{"id": "PMID:1193352", "title": "[Complications of pregnancy in female anesthesiologists (author's transl)].", "content": "A questionnaire was sent out to the members of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Reanimation with the purpose to clarify whether there is an increased incidence of certain complications during pregnancy among anesthesiologists. The results obtained allow the tentative conclusion that there is a higher abortion rate. There was also an increase of premature deliveries and congenital malformations. Surprisingly, a significant increase in births of females was observed among female anesthesiologists (with or without exposure) and among the offspring of male anesthesiologists (with or without exposure). Therefore this observation cannot be related to the exposure in operating rooms. On the basis of these results and reports from literature it is not permissible to relate the incidence of these complications exclusively to the chronic inhalation of narcotic gases. Other covariables which might cause the complications were not considered in this study. Nevertheless in spite of these limitations narcotic gases should be removed from the atmosphere of operating theatres as completely as possible.", "contents": "[Complications of pregnancy in female anesthesiologists (author's transl)]. A questionnaire was sent out to the members of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Reanimation with the purpose to clarify whether there is an increased incidence of certain complications during pregnancy among anesthesiologists. The results obtained allow the tentative conclusion that there is a higher abortion rate. There was also an increase of premature deliveries and congenital malformations. Surprisingly, a significant increase in births of females was observed among female anesthesiologists (with or without exposure) and among the offspring of male anesthesiologists (with or without exposure). Therefore this observation cannot be related to the exposure in operating rooms. On the basis of these results and reports from literature it is not permissible to relate the incidence of these complications exclusively to the chronic inhalation of narcotic gases. Other covariables which might cause the complications were not considered in this study. Nevertheless in spite of these limitations narcotic gases should be removed from the atmosphere of operating theatres as completely as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1193353", "title": "[Donor cervical mucous in the treatment of the persistent cervical factor in infertility (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of persistent infertility due to a cervical factor is reported which did not respond to several treatment regimes to make the cervical mucous penetrable for the sperms of the husband. Intra-uterine insemination was equally unsuccessful, however the in-vitro incubation of the semen of the husband in donor cervical mucous and subsequent intra-uterine insemination of this incubated mucous resulted in a pregnancy.", "contents": "[Donor cervical mucous in the treatment of the persistent cervical factor in infertility (author's transl)]. A case of persistent infertility due to a cervical factor is reported which did not respond to several treatment regimes to make the cervical mucous penetrable for the sperms of the husband. Intra-uterine insemination was equally unsuccessful, however the in-vitro incubation of the semen of the husband in donor cervical mucous and subsequent intra-uterine insemination of this incubated mucous resulted in a pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1193354", "title": "[The treatment of carcinoma in situ of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The management of 63 carcinomas in situ of the breast is reviewed. These 63 carcinomas in situ occurred among 575 carcinomas of the breast from 1969 to 1973. The treatment consisted of simple mastectomy. In cases of early invasion the axilla was explored by palpation of the adipose tissue for enlarged lymph nodes. None were found and no extirpation of the axillary nodes was carried out. Of 59 patients with carcinoma in situ of the breast, 3 later had a local recurrence. Two patients later died of distant metastases. In view of these inadequate results of simple mastectomy it is recommended that a modified radical mastectomy should also be done in all cases of carcinoma in situ of the breast.", "contents": "[The treatment of carcinoma in situ of the breast (author's transl)]. The management of 63 carcinomas in situ of the breast is reviewed. These 63 carcinomas in situ occurred among 575 carcinomas of the breast from 1969 to 1973. The treatment consisted of simple mastectomy. In cases of early invasion the axilla was explored by palpation of the adipose tissue for enlarged lymph nodes. None were found and no extirpation of the axillary nodes was carried out. Of 59 patients with carcinoma in situ of the breast, 3 later had a local recurrence. Two patients later died of distant metastases. In view of these inadequate results of simple mastectomy it is recommended that a modified radical mastectomy should also be done in all cases of carcinoma in situ of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:1193355", "title": "[Endometrial cyto-histology by PISTOLET-aspiration technic (author's transl)].", "content": "A modified intrauterine aspiration technic for detection of endometrial adenocarcinoma and its precursors has been described. This method which is simple, inexpensive and requires neither anaesthesia nor analgesia, allows cyto-histologic diagnoses of endometrial lesions. A correct cytologic or cyto-histologic diagnosis was made in 93.9% of the 277 cases examined. Of the premalignant and malignant endometrial lesions, the diagnostic accuracy was 100%.", "contents": "[Endometrial cyto-histology by PISTOLET-aspiration technic (author's transl)]. A modified intrauterine aspiration technic for detection of endometrial adenocarcinoma and its precursors has been described. This method which is simple, inexpensive and requires neither anaesthesia nor analgesia, allows cyto-histologic diagnoses of endometrial lesions. A correct cytologic or cyto-histologic diagnosis was made in 93.9% of the 277 cases examined. Of the premalignant and malignant endometrial lesions, the diagnostic accuracy was 100%."}
{"id": "PMID:1193356", "title": "[The ultrasonic diagnosis of breast prosthesis implanted after operative treatment of tumors or augmentation plastic of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrasonic diagnosis as a method of recognising postoperative subprosthetical breast pathological changes (respectively of simulated tumor recidivs and implanted breast prosthesis) located near the thorax and therefore difficult to detect by external palpation and mammography examination have been described in a follow-up study, and further possibilities of application suggested.", "contents": "[The ultrasonic diagnosis of breast prosthesis implanted after operative treatment of tumors or augmentation plastic of the breast (author's transl)]. The ultrasonic diagnosis as a method of recognising postoperative subprosthetical breast pathological changes (respectively of simulated tumor recidivs and implanted breast prosthesis) located near the thorax and therefore difficult to detect by external palpation and mammography examination have been described in a follow-up study, and further possibilities of application suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1193357", "title": "[Estimation of fetal weight by ultrasound (author's transl)].", "content": "In attempt to estimate birth weight in utero several dimensions of fetal head and trunk cross-sections, obtained by ultrasonic A- and B-scan techniques (Kretz-Technik), were related to postnatal weights in 108 normal and abnormal pregnancies. Abdominal parameters showed better correlation with weights than did head parameters. Evaluations derived from mean diameter, circumference or area yielded more accurate estimations than those derived from single diameter. In addition, the combination of both head and abdomen measurements increased accuracy. The best results were obtained by planimetric determination of head and trunk cross-sectional areas. Using this method the standard error of estimates was 233 gm. as compared with 423 gm. employing biparietal diameter alone.", "contents": "[Estimation of fetal weight by ultrasound (author's transl)]. In attempt to estimate birth weight in utero several dimensions of fetal head and trunk cross-sections, obtained by ultrasonic A- and B-scan techniques (Kretz-Technik), were related to postnatal weights in 108 normal and abnormal pregnancies. Abdominal parameters showed better correlation with weights than did head parameters. Evaluations derived from mean diameter, circumference or area yielded more accurate estimations than those derived from single diameter. In addition, the combination of both head and abdomen measurements increased accuracy. The best results were obtained by planimetric determination of head and trunk cross-sectional areas. Using this method the standard error of estimates was 233 gm. as compared with 423 gm. employing biparietal diameter alone."}
{"id": "PMID:1193358", "title": "[Early ultrasonic diagnosis of anencephaly and iniencephaly (author's transl)].", "content": "The routine and repeated ultrasonic examination during pregnancy gives the possibility of observing fetal malformation, especially of the head and the spinal column, at an early stage of pregnancy. One case of anencephalus and two cases of iniencephalus diagnosed by ultrasonic between the 16th and 28th week of pregnancy are described. The method is compared with other diagnostical possibilities and the consequences for the further pregnancy are discussed. The ultrasonic examinations were done with the Vidoson 635 from Siemens Company/Erlangen.", "contents": "[Early ultrasonic diagnosis of anencephaly and iniencephaly (author's transl)]. The routine and repeated ultrasonic examination during pregnancy gives the possibility of observing fetal malformation, especially of the head and the spinal column, at an early stage of pregnancy. One case of anencephalus and two cases of iniencephalus diagnosed by ultrasonic between the 16th and 28th week of pregnancy are described. The method is compared with other diagnostical possibilities and the consequences for the further pregnancy are discussed. The ultrasonic examinations were done with the Vidoson 635 from Siemens Company/Erlangen."}
{"id": "PMID:1193359", "title": "[Malignant ovarian neoplasms in young women (author's transl)].", "content": "15 cases of malignant ovarian neoplasms of the period 1948-1974 are being reported. All these women were less than 30 years of age. The youngest patient was 15 years old and 7 were less than 25 years old. These 15 cases represent 2,2% of all ovarian neoplasms with primary surgical treatment at the I. University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Vienna in this period. Anamnestic datas, symptomatology and clinical aspects of these cases are reported. Surprisingly high was the rate of 9 cases of primary stage cancer Ia in these young women and girls, which was significant higher than in the total material of the clinic. Therefore it seems intelligible that in spite of the high rate of conservative surgical treatment 9 patients have survived 5 and more years without any symptoms. The possibility of conservative surgical treatment of malignant ovarian neoplasms in young women and teenaged girls of primary stage of cancer Ia is discussed.", "contents": "[Malignant ovarian neoplasms in young women (author's transl)]. 15 cases of malignant ovarian neoplasms of the period 1948-1974 are being reported. All these women were less than 30 years of age. The youngest patient was 15 years old and 7 were less than 25 years old. These 15 cases represent 2,2% of all ovarian neoplasms with primary surgical treatment at the I. University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Vienna in this period. Anamnestic datas, symptomatology and clinical aspects of these cases are reported. Surprisingly high was the rate of 9 cases of primary stage cancer Ia in these young women and girls, which was significant higher than in the total material of the clinic. Therefore it seems intelligible that in spite of the high rate of conservative surgical treatment 9 patients have survived 5 and more years without any symptoms. The possibility of conservative surgical treatment of malignant ovarian neoplasms in young women and teenaged girls of primary stage of cancer Ia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1193360", "title": "[Infantile and hypoplastic uterus: a contribution to overcome the confusion of terms (author's transl)].", "content": "The confusion of terms between the radiological literature and the gynaecological and anatomical literature regarding the definitions of the infantile and the hypoplastic uterus are described. The history of this confusion is traced. The two types of uterus were clearly defined by K. Menge and K.v. Oettingen in 1930. The infantile uterus shows an abnormal relationship between the length of the cervix and the length of the uterine cavity of 1:1 or 2:1, whereas the hypoplastic uterus shows a normal relationship between the length of the cervix and the length of the uterine cavity of approximately 1:2.", "contents": "[Infantile and hypoplastic uterus: a contribution to overcome the confusion of terms (author's transl)]. The confusion of terms between the radiological literature and the gynaecological and anatomical literature regarding the definitions of the infantile and the hypoplastic uterus are described. The history of this confusion is traced. The two types of uterus were clearly defined by K. Menge and K.v. Oettingen in 1930. The infantile uterus shows an abnormal relationship between the length of the cervix and the length of the uterine cavity of 1:1 or 2:1, whereas the hypoplastic uterus shows a normal relationship between the length of the cervix and the length of the uterine cavity of approximately 1:2."}
{"id": "PMID:1193361", "title": "[The excretion of chorionic gonadotropin in ectopic pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 244 cases of ectopic pregnancy the excretion of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine was determined in 459 tests. In 88% of the cases an immunologic pregnancy test (pregnosticontest) was positive. The mean quantitive excretion of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine was 20 +/- 13% of the values for normal pregnancy. In 11.4% of the cases, values compatible with the chorionic gonadotropin excretion in normal intra-uterine pregnancy were observed. Repeat quantitative tests on the same patient showed a decrease of the mean chorionic gonadotropin titre in the urine with increasing gestational age. The results are shown in diagrams.", "contents": "[The excretion of chorionic gonadotropin in ectopic pregnancy (author's transl)]. In 244 cases of ectopic pregnancy the excretion of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine was determined in 459 tests. In 88% of the cases an immunologic pregnancy test (pregnosticontest) was positive. The mean quantitive excretion of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine was 20 +/- 13% of the values for normal pregnancy. In 11.4% of the cases, values compatible with the chorionic gonadotropin excretion in normal intra-uterine pregnancy were observed. Repeat quantitative tests on the same patient showed a decrease of the mean chorionic gonadotropin titre in the urine with increasing gestational age. The results are shown in diagrams."}
{"id": "PMID:1193372", "title": "A new type of mutation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: vegetative iodine reaction.", "content": "Colonies of Schizosaccharomyces pombe that contain ascospores (e.g., colonies of homothallic strains) turn black after treatment with iodine vapors. Heterothallic strains of S. pombe normally do not show this reaction. In experiments with the latter strains we found mutants which exhibit a positive iodine reaction though they do not contain ascospores. This phenotype is due to mutations in a new gene, vir1 (vegatative iodine reaction). The vir1 locus is not linked with the mating-type genes.--Strains of mating-type h-S are known not to give any spontaneous mating-type mutations. Mating-type mutations were also not found after treatment with nitrous acid.", "contents": "A new type of mutation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: vegetative iodine reaction. Colonies of Schizosaccharomyces pombe that contain ascospores (e.g., colonies of homothallic strains) turn black after treatment with iodine vapors. Heterothallic strains of S. pombe normally do not show this reaction. In experiments with the latter strains we found mutants which exhibit a positive iodine reaction though they do not contain ascospores. This phenotype is due to mutations in a new gene, vir1 (vegatative iodine reaction). The vir1 locus is not linked with the mating-type genes.--Strains of mating-type h-S are known not to give any spontaneous mating-type mutations. Mating-type mutations were also not found after treatment with nitrous acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1193373", "title": "Population genetics of allozyme variation in Neurospora intermedia.", "content": "Electrophoretically detectable variation in the fungus Neurospora intermedia has been surveyed among isolates from natural populations in Malaya, Papua, Australia and Florida. The principal result is a pattern of genetic variation within and between populations that is qualitatively no different than the well documented patterns for Drosophila and humans. In particular, there is a high level of genetic variation, the majority of which occurs at the level of local populations. Evidence is presented which argues that N. intermedia has a population structure analogous to that of an annual vascular plant with a high level of vegetative reproduction. Sexual reproduction appears to be a regular feature in the biology of the species. Substantial heterokaryon function seems unlikely in natural populations of N. intermedia. Theoretical considerations concerning the mechanisms underlying the observed pattern of variation most likely should be consistent with haploid selection theory. The implications of this constraint upon the theory are discussed in detail, leading to the presentation of a model based upon the concept of environmental heterogenicity. The essence of the model, which is equally applicable to haploid and diploid situations, is a shifting distribution of multiple adaptive niches among local populations such that a given population has a small net selective pressure in favor of one allele or another, depending upon its particular distribution of niches. Gene flow among neighboring populations with differing net selective pressures is postulated as the principal factor underlying intrapopulational allozyme variation.", "contents": "Population genetics of allozyme variation in Neurospora intermedia. Electrophoretically detectable variation in the fungus Neurospora intermedia has been surveyed among isolates from natural populations in Malaya, Papua, Australia and Florida. The principal result is a pattern of genetic variation within and between populations that is qualitatively no different than the well documented patterns for Drosophila and humans. In particular, there is a high level of genetic variation, the majority of which occurs at the level of local populations. Evidence is presented which argues that N. intermedia has a population structure analogous to that of an annual vascular plant with a high level of vegetative reproduction. Sexual reproduction appears to be a regular feature in the biology of the species. Substantial heterokaryon function seems unlikely in natural populations of N. intermedia. Theoretical considerations concerning the mechanisms underlying the observed pattern of variation most likely should be consistent with haploid selection theory. The implications of this constraint upon the theory are discussed in detail, leading to the presentation of a model based upon the concept of environmental heterogenicity. The essence of the model, which is equally applicable to haploid and diploid situations, is a shifting distribution of multiple adaptive niches among local populations such that a given population has a small net selective pressure in favor of one allele or another, depending upon its particular distribution of niches. Gene flow among neighboring populations with differing net selective pressures is postulated as the principal factor underlying intrapopulational allozyme variation."}
{"id": "PMID:1193377", "title": "What influence does age have on rehabilitation of amputees?", "content": "A study of 194 male lower extremity amputees, with an average age of 56.8 years, showed that vascular disease is the most common cause of limb loss at all ages. Increasing age was correlated with an increasing incidence of bilateral amputation and arteriosclerotic and pulmonary problems, lower goals and levels of achievement, increased mortality during therapy, fewer amputees who were able to return home, an increased number of aids (cane, crutches, wheelchair), and a longer rehabilitation period. Many patients over age 65 required nearly a year of rehabilitation to achieve maximum benefit.", "contents": "What influence does age have on rehabilitation of amputees? A study of 194 male lower extremity amputees, with an average age of 56.8 years, showed that vascular disease is the most common cause of limb loss at all ages. Increasing age was correlated with an increasing incidence of bilateral amputation and arteriosclerotic and pulmonary problems, lower goals and levels of achievement, increased mortality during therapy, fewer amputees who were able to return home, an increased number of aids (cane, crutches, wheelchair), and a longer rehabilitation period. Many patients over age 65 required nearly a year of rehabilitation to achieve maximum benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:1193415", "title": "Impaired anamnestic cellular immune response in patients with Crohn's disease.", "content": "The cellular immune system was studied in patients with Crohn's disease (CD), not receiving corticosteroids, or azathioprine, by means of in vitro and in vivo methods. It was found, that the in vitro lymphocyte reactivity of 54 CD patients after stimulation with a cocktail of antigens (varidase, trichophyton, candida, mumps, and PPD) was significantly depressed when compared with the response of 20 simultaneously cultured healthy controls (p less than 0-001) or a group of 54 separately cultured healthy controls, matched for age and sex (p less than 0-001). The lymphocyte response of a control group of 18 patients with malnutrition or malabsorption without any evidence of inflammatory bowel disease, was higher than the response of an equal number of CD cases, although the difference failed to reach significance. Intradermally injection of the same five antigens, as used in the antigen cocktail, showed a failure to react to any antigen in 13 out of 48 CD patients, in comparison with three of 48 matched healthy controls (p less than 0-01). In both CD patients, as well as in healthy controls a significant correlation could be demonstrated between the number of positive skin tests, the area of skin induration, and the in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness after stimulation with the antigen cocktail. In the CD group no correlation was found between in vitro responsiveness and disease activity, as defined by a score of clinical and biochemical parameters. The depressed skin reactivity and the hyporesponsiveness in the lymphocyte transformation test after stimulation by an antigen cocktail suggest that depression of the anamnestic cellular immune response is a basic feature in patients with Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Impaired anamnestic cellular immune response in patients with Crohn's disease. The cellular immune system was studied in patients with Crohn's disease (CD), not receiving corticosteroids, or azathioprine, by means of in vitro and in vivo methods. It was found, that the in vitro lymphocyte reactivity of 54 CD patients after stimulation with a cocktail of antigens (varidase, trichophyton, candida, mumps, and PPD) was significantly depressed when compared with the response of 20 simultaneously cultured healthy controls (p less than 0-001) or a group of 54 separately cultured healthy controls, matched for age and sex (p less than 0-001). The lymphocyte response of a control group of 18 patients with malnutrition or malabsorption without any evidence of inflammatory bowel disease, was higher than the response of an equal number of CD cases, although the difference failed to reach significance. Intradermally injection of the same five antigens, as used in the antigen cocktail, showed a failure to react to any antigen in 13 out of 48 CD patients, in comparison with three of 48 matched healthy controls (p less than 0-01). In both CD patients, as well as in healthy controls a significant correlation could be demonstrated between the number of positive skin tests, the area of skin induration, and the in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness after stimulation with the antigen cocktail. In the CD group no correlation was found between in vitro responsiveness and disease activity, as defined by a score of clinical and biochemical parameters. The depressed skin reactivity and the hyporesponsiveness in the lymphocyte transformation test after stimulation by an antigen cocktail suggest that depression of the anamnestic cellular immune response is a basic feature in patients with Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1193416", "title": "Viral antibody studies in pancreatic disease.", "content": "Viral studies were performed on sera from 54 patients with recent acute pancreatitis, 10 with recurrent acute pancreatitis, seven with chronic pancreatitis, and 10 with pancreatic carcinoma, and on sera from 81 age- and sex-matched controls. In 29 of the acute pancreatitis patients from whom paired sera were obtained no convincing evidence of recent viral infection was found. A higher incidence of raised antibody titres against Coxsackie B3 and B4 was observed in the group of acute pancreatitis patients compared with their controls. The possible signficance of these observations and their relationship to the aetiology of the pancreatitis and to other immunological findings are discussed.", "contents": "Viral antibody studies in pancreatic disease. Viral studies were performed on sera from 54 patients with recent acute pancreatitis, 10 with recurrent acute pancreatitis, seven with chronic pancreatitis, and 10 with pancreatic carcinoma, and on sera from 81 age- and sex-matched controls. In 29 of the acute pancreatitis patients from whom paired sera were obtained no convincing evidence of recent viral infection was found. A higher incidence of raised antibody titres against Coxsackie B3 and B4 was observed in the group of acute pancreatitis patients compared with their controls. The possible signficance of these observations and their relationship to the aetiology of the pancreatitis and to other immunological findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1193417", "title": "Importance of the site of endoscopic gastric biopsy in ulcerating lesions of the stomach.", "content": "Twenty freshly resected stomach specimens, each containing an ulcerated carcinoma, were studied in an attempt to determine the best site for gastric biopsy. Using endoscopic biopsy forceps multiple biopsies were obtained from various sites around the ulcer. Carcinoma was detected with similar frequency in biopsies from the slough and from the rim of the ulcer. The positive biopsy rate was increased to 95% when the results from the rim and the slough were combined. It is suggested that the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic gastric biopsy can be improved by taking biopsies from both the rim and the slough of an ulcer.", "contents": "Importance of the site of endoscopic gastric biopsy in ulcerating lesions of the stomach. Twenty freshly resected stomach specimens, each containing an ulcerated carcinoma, were studied in an attempt to determine the best site for gastric biopsy. Using endoscopic biopsy forceps multiple biopsies were obtained from various sites around the ulcer. Carcinoma was detected with similar frequency in biopsies from the slough and from the rim of the ulcer. The positive biopsy rate was increased to 95% when the results from the rim and the slough were combined. It is suggested that the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic gastric biopsy can be improved by taking biopsies from both the rim and the slough of an ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:1193418", "title": "Bile acids and colonic motility in the rabbit and the human.", "content": "Colonic motor activity was initiated by infusions of bile salts into the caecum or rectum of the anaesthetized rabbit. Primary bile acids were examined proximally and distally in the colon and elicited marked motor responses. Sinc dihydroxy bile acids are known to be potent inhibitors of electrolyte and water absorption in the colon, the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid, the dihydroxyl compound most related to cholic acid which is the main bile acid in the rabbit, was examined distally and was also active, but to a lesser extent than cholic acid conjugates in this species. In man, a relationship was found between the faecal bile acid excretion and colonic motility: the introduction of bile acids directly into the human sigmoid colon and rectum also stimulated colonic motility. In man, the dihydroxy compound chenodeoxycholic acid was slightly more active than conjugates of cholic acid.", "contents": "Bile acids and colonic motility in the rabbit and the human. Colonic motor activity was initiated by infusions of bile salts into the caecum or rectum of the anaesthetized rabbit. Primary bile acids were examined proximally and distally in the colon and elicited marked motor responses. Sinc dihydroxy bile acids are known to be potent inhibitors of electrolyte and water absorption in the colon, the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid, the dihydroxyl compound most related to cholic acid which is the main bile acid in the rabbit, was examined distally and was also active, but to a lesser extent than cholic acid conjugates in this species. In man, a relationship was found between the faecal bile acid excretion and colonic motility: the introduction of bile acids directly into the human sigmoid colon and rectum also stimulated colonic motility. In man, the dihydroxy compound chenodeoxycholic acid was slightly more active than conjugates of cholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1193419", "title": "Alterations in tissue ferritins in iron storage disorders.", "content": "Purified tissue ferritins isolated from Bantu subjects with gross haemosiderosis, from a patient with idiopathic haemochromatosis (HC) treated by phlebotomy, and from rats with experimental iron overload were studied in order to determine the significance of the abnormality previously demonstrated in tissue isoferritins in patients with IHC. The isoferrin profile of the tissues from the Bantu subjects and the iron-loaded rats showed a similar abnormality to that previously found in patients with untreated IHC--that is, an abnormally uniform distribution of iron-containing isoferritins with an increase in the more basic isoferritins and an apparent absence of the more acidic ones. In contrast, tissues from the patient with treated IHC, who was iron depleted at the time of death, showed the normal organ-specific isoferritin distribution. These findings strongly suggest that the abnormal distribution of tissue isoferritins in IHC is an acquired phenomenon and unlikely to be related to an underlying genetic defect in ferritin or iron metabolism.", "contents": "Alterations in tissue ferritins in iron storage disorders. Purified tissue ferritins isolated from Bantu subjects with gross haemosiderosis, from a patient with idiopathic haemochromatosis (HC) treated by phlebotomy, and from rats with experimental iron overload were studied in order to determine the significance of the abnormality previously demonstrated in tissue isoferritins in patients with IHC. The isoferrin profile of the tissues from the Bantu subjects and the iron-loaded rats showed a similar abnormality to that previously found in patients with untreated IHC--that is, an abnormally uniform distribution of iron-containing isoferritins with an increase in the more basic isoferritins and an apparent absence of the more acidic ones. In contrast, tissues from the patient with treated IHC, who was iron depleted at the time of death, showed the normal organ-specific isoferritin distribution. These findings strongly suggest that the abnormal distribution of tissue isoferritins in IHC is an acquired phenomenon and unlikely to be related to an underlying genetic defect in ferritin or iron metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1193420", "title": "Jaundice due to carbimazole.", "content": "On three occasions, a 63 year old housewife with hyperthyroidism developed a reaction which included fever, pruritus, malaise, and, on one occasion, jaundice one to 17 days after taking carbimazole. Challenge with carbimazole was followed within 12 hours by abdominal pain, pruritus, and increased serum transaminase levels. Light microscopy of a liver biopsy showed increase of portal zone cellularity over the control and the electron microscopy revealed fine structural changes compatible with drug-related liver injury.", "contents": "Jaundice due to carbimazole. On three occasions, a 63 year old housewife with hyperthyroidism developed a reaction which included fever, pruritus, malaise, and, on one occasion, jaundice one to 17 days after taking carbimazole. Challenge with carbimazole was followed within 12 hours by abdominal pain, pruritus, and increased serum transaminase levels. Light microscopy of a liver biopsy showed increase of portal zone cellularity over the control and the electron microscopy revealed fine structural changes compatible with drug-related liver injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1193421", "title": "Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. I. Electron microscopic evidence of 'blast transformation' in epithelial lymphocytes of mouse small intestinal mucosa.", "content": "The morphology of epithelial lymphocytes in osmium-fixed, Epon-embedded jejunum of adult mice was studied by light and electron microscopy. Toluidine blue-stained 1 mum 'thick' plastic sections were compared with adjacent thin sections, thereby permitting precise ultrastructural identification and description of selected epithelial lymphocytes. Their size and appearances varied considerably, ranging from typical small lymphocytes through medium-sized lymphocytes to large immunoblasts. A high proportion of medium-sized epithelial lymphocytes (mean diameter 6-9 +/- 1-1 mum) contained several lysosomes, extensive Golgi complexes, prominent centrioles and abundant ribosomes. Their appearances, therefore, corresponded directly to mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. In contrast, immunoblasts were big cells (mean diameter 11-0 +/- 0-8 mum) with large, euchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The majority had pale-staining, ribosome-studded cytoplasm and thus resembled type I, or T blasts. Very rarely, densely staining blasts containing ribosomes and well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed; these corresponded to type II or B blasts. These observations indicate that transformation of lymphocytes occurs within the interepithelial cell spaces of the small intestinal mucosa, suggesting that epithelial lymphocytes are immunocompetent cells which may be responsive to local antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. I. Electron microscopic evidence of 'blast transformation' in epithelial lymphocytes of mouse small intestinal mucosa. The morphology of epithelial lymphocytes in osmium-fixed, Epon-embedded jejunum of adult mice was studied by light and electron microscopy. Toluidine blue-stained 1 mum 'thick' plastic sections were compared with adjacent thin sections, thereby permitting precise ultrastructural identification and description of selected epithelial lymphocytes. Their size and appearances varied considerably, ranging from typical small lymphocytes through medium-sized lymphocytes to large immunoblasts. A high proportion of medium-sized epithelial lymphocytes (mean diameter 6-9 +/- 1-1 mum) contained several lysosomes, extensive Golgi complexes, prominent centrioles and abundant ribosomes. Their appearances, therefore, corresponded directly to mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. In contrast, immunoblasts were big cells (mean diameter 11-0 +/- 0-8 mum) with large, euchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The majority had pale-staining, ribosome-studded cytoplasm and thus resembled type I, or T blasts. Very rarely, densely staining blasts containing ribosomes and well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed; these corresponded to type II or B blasts. These observations indicate that transformation of lymphocytes occurs within the interepithelial cell spaces of the small intestinal mucosa, suggesting that epithelial lymphocytes are immunocompetent cells which may be responsive to local antigenic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1193422", "title": "Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. II. Aspects of proliferation and migration of epithelial lymphocytes in the small intestine of mice.", "content": "Mice were given either intraperitoneal tritiated thymidine (3H-Tdr) or colchicine to study proliferation and migration of intestinal epithelial lymphocytes. Both labelled medium and large lymphocytes ('immunoblasts') were observed throughout the epithelium, crossing the basement membrane and within villous lymphatics for at least seven days after 3H-Tdr administration. Epithelial lymphocytes are predominantly young cells, actively dividing at the rate of 1% per hour. They do not migrate along the villi, unlike epithelial cells, but circulate rapidly through the epithelium, returning to the lamina propria at the rate of approximately 3 epithelial lymphocytes/1000 epithelial cell nuclei/hour. The labelling pattern of epithelial lymphocytes and intralymphatic cells with time was very similar suggesting that epithelial lymphocytes therefore may directly enter adjacent lymphatics and hence gain access to thoracic duct lymph.", "contents": "Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. II. Aspects of proliferation and migration of epithelial lymphocytes in the small intestine of mice. Mice were given either intraperitoneal tritiated thymidine (3H-Tdr) or colchicine to study proliferation and migration of intestinal epithelial lymphocytes. Both labelled medium and large lymphocytes ('immunoblasts') were observed throughout the epithelium, crossing the basement membrane and within villous lymphatics for at least seven days after 3H-Tdr administration. Epithelial lymphocytes are predominantly young cells, actively dividing at the rate of 1% per hour. They do not migrate along the villi, unlike epithelial cells, but circulate rapidly through the epithelium, returning to the lamina propria at the rate of approximately 3 epithelial lymphocytes/1000 epithelial cell nuclei/hour. The labelling pattern of epithelial lymphocytes and intralymphatic cells with time was very similar suggesting that epithelial lymphocytes therefore may directly enter adjacent lymphatics and hence gain access to thoracic duct lymph."}
{"id": "PMID:1193423", "title": "The cellular infiltrate of the jejunum in adult coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis following the reintroduction of dietary gluten.", "content": "The cellular infiltrate of the jejunal mucosa has been studied in patients with both treated and untreated adult coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis and serially in treated patients before and after the reintroduction of gluten to the diet. In adult coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis the jejunal mucosa showed similar abnormalities of the cellular infiltrate which was characterized by an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria plasma cells and eosinophils, with the greatest numbers of cells occurring in untreated patients. At 24-48 hours following a single 25-g gluten challenge there was an increase in lamina propria plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils and intraepithelial lymphocytes. This rise was sustained after seven days on a gluten-containing diet for all of these cell groups except lamina propria lymphocytes. These responses were essentially similar in both adult coeliac disease and in those dermatitis herpetiformis patients who had jejunal lesions before treatment. In dermatitis herpetiformis patients with normal jejunal morphology on a normal diet there was an upward trend in lamina propria plasma cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes within one to three weeks of taking extra dietary gluten. These results are compatible with the view that more than one immunological mechanism may be responsible for the pathogenesis of the jejunal lesion of coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis.", "contents": "The cellular infiltrate of the jejunum in adult coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis following the reintroduction of dietary gluten. The cellular infiltrate of the jejunal mucosa has been studied in patients with both treated and untreated adult coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis and serially in treated patients before and after the reintroduction of gluten to the diet. In adult coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis the jejunal mucosa showed similar abnormalities of the cellular infiltrate which was characterized by an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria plasma cells and eosinophils, with the greatest numbers of cells occurring in untreated patients. At 24-48 hours following a single 25-g gluten challenge there was an increase in lamina propria plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils and intraepithelial lymphocytes. This rise was sustained after seven days on a gluten-containing diet for all of these cell groups except lamina propria lymphocytes. These responses were essentially similar in both adult coeliac disease and in those dermatitis herpetiformis patients who had jejunal lesions before treatment. In dermatitis herpetiformis patients with normal jejunal morphology on a normal diet there was an upward trend in lamina propria plasma cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes within one to three weeks of taking extra dietary gluten. These results are compatible with the view that more than one immunological mechanism may be responsible for the pathogenesis of the jejunal lesion of coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis."}
{"id": "PMID:1193424", "title": "Postoperative motility of the large intestine in man.", "content": "Motor activity of the colon in the immediate postoperative period has been studied in human subjects using radiotelemetering capsules, radioopaque markers and serial abdominal radiographs. Following operations outside the abdomen there is a delay of about 16 hours before colonic activity returns. After abdominal operations the delay is from 40 to 48 hours. The length of an operation has no significant effect upon the duration of colonic ileus. The amount of postoperative analgesia has no significant effect upon the duration of colonic ileus. Gaseous distension after laparotomy is confined to the colon.", "contents": "Postoperative motility of the large intestine in man. Motor activity of the colon in the immediate postoperative period has been studied in human subjects using radiotelemetering capsules, radioopaque markers and serial abdominal radiographs. Following operations outside the abdomen there is a delay of about 16 hours before colonic activity returns. After abdominal operations the delay is from 40 to 48 hours. The length of an operation has no significant effect upon the duration of colonic ileus. The amount of postoperative analgesia has no significant effect upon the duration of colonic ileus. Gaseous distension after laparotomy is confined to the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:1193425", "title": "A relation between the energy of food and gastric emptying in men with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Using information about the volume and energy density of meals, results from the literature on gastric emptying for healthy men can be marshalled into a consistent body. The same process applied to the published papers on men with duodenal ulcer shows that they have abnormally rapid gastric emptying, especially for meals of high-energy density. This provides confirmation of the view of Shay (1944) that the slowing of gastric emptying by duodenal receptors is less in men with duodenal ulcer than it is in healthy men.", "contents": "A relation between the energy of food and gastric emptying in men with duodenal ulcer. Using information about the volume and energy density of meals, results from the literature on gastric emptying for healthy men can be marshalled into a consistent body. The same process applied to the published papers on men with duodenal ulcer shows that they have abnormally rapid gastric emptying, especially for meals of high-energy density. This provides confirmation of the view of Shay (1944) that the slowing of gastric emptying by duodenal receptors is less in men with duodenal ulcer than it is in healthy men."}
{"id": "PMID:1193426", "title": "The pseudomembranous colitis associated with clindamycin therapy--a viral colitis.", "content": "Four patients are described who developed pseudomembranous colitis in association with clindamycin therapy. Rectal biopsies from two patients were studied with the electron microscope and compared with the ultrastructural appearance of the rectal mucosa from seven normal people. Ultrastructural evidence for a viral colitis was obtained. The significance of the clindamycin therapy to the viral colitis and the contribution of the viral colitis to the clinical state are discussed.", "contents": "The pseudomembranous colitis associated with clindamycin therapy--a viral colitis. Four patients are described who developed pseudomembranous colitis in association with clindamycin therapy. Rectal biopsies from two patients were studied with the electron microscope and compared with the ultrastructural appearance of the rectal mucosa from seven normal people. Ultrastructural evidence for a viral colitis was obtained. The significance of the clindamycin therapy to the viral colitis and the contribution of the viral colitis to the clinical state are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1193427", "title": "Factors relevant to the prognosis of chronic gastric ulcer.", "content": "The factors that determine the recurrence rate of chronic gastric ulcer were studied in 105 patients. It was found that complete healing of the ulcer significantly reduced the recurrence rate and subsequent need for hospital admission because of ulcer symptoms when this group was compared with those who left hospital with their ulcers unhealed. Those admitted with large ulcers also had a higher recurrence rate. The age and sex of the patient, ingestion of analgesics and cigarette smoking did not influence recurrence. The initial healing rate of the ulcer also had no effect on the subsequent course of the patient.", "contents": "Factors relevant to the prognosis of chronic gastric ulcer. The factors that determine the recurrence rate of chronic gastric ulcer were studied in 105 patients. It was found that complete healing of the ulcer significantly reduced the recurrence rate and subsequent need for hospital admission because of ulcer symptoms when this group was compared with those who left hospital with their ulcers unhealed. Those admitted with large ulcers also had a higher recurrence rate. The age and sex of the patient, ingestion of analgesics and cigarette smoking did not influence recurrence. The initial healing rate of the ulcer also had no effect on the subsequent course of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1193428", "title": "Quantitative liver imaging using 131-I Rose Bengal as an index of liver function and prognosis.", "content": "A technique for assessing quantitatively hepatic function by direct measurement of liver parenchymal cell uptake of 131I Rose Bengal using a scintillation camera with a digital store and retrieval system is described. Ninety-four studies were performed on 84 patients with a variety of hepatic disorders over a two-year period, the diagnosis in each case being established by liver biopsy or laparotomy. The results were compared with the clinical, biochemical and histological assessment of the patients. A good correlation was found between the half-time for hepatic uptake of 131I Rose Bengal and the histological changes, as well as with clinical prognosis measured in terms of clinical improvement or deterioration to death. The rate of liver uptake was found to be a better index than the clearance of radioisotope from the blood and was superior to conventional biochemical investigations in both icteric and anicteric patients. The test was not shown to be of clinical value in discriminating between intra- and extrahepatic causes of jaundice. It is suggested that this technique may provide a safe and sensitive method for assessing the severity of liver dysfunction and also for monitoring clinical progress, especially in situations where liver biopsy may be unreliable or hazardous.", "contents": "Quantitative liver imaging using 131-I Rose Bengal as an index of liver function and prognosis. A technique for assessing quantitatively hepatic function by direct measurement of liver parenchymal cell uptake of 131I Rose Bengal using a scintillation camera with a digital store and retrieval system is described. Ninety-four studies were performed on 84 patients with a variety of hepatic disorders over a two-year period, the diagnosis in each case being established by liver biopsy or laparotomy. The results were compared with the clinical, biochemical and histological assessment of the patients. A good correlation was found between the half-time for hepatic uptake of 131I Rose Bengal and the histological changes, as well as with clinical prognosis measured in terms of clinical improvement or deterioration to death. The rate of liver uptake was found to be a better index than the clearance of radioisotope from the blood and was superior to conventional biochemical investigations in both icteric and anicteric patients. The test was not shown to be of clinical value in discriminating between intra- and extrahepatic causes of jaundice. It is suggested that this technique may provide a safe and sensitive method for assessing the severity of liver dysfunction and also for monitoring clinical progress, especially in situations where liver biopsy may be unreliable or hazardous."}
{"id": "PMID:1193452", "title": "Influence of intravenously administered acetylsalicylic acid on platelet functions. A pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study.", "content": "The influence of intravenously administered acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the kinetics of platelet function was examined in 10 patients. Simultaneously, assays of salicylate in plasma were performed. A significant inhibition of platelet aggregation as well as PF 3 and PF 4 availabilities could be demonstrated 2 min after injection. A decrease of platelet adhesion was significant after 15 min. The inhibition of platelet functions was still present after 24 h and was partially demonstrable after 72 h. The concentration of salicylate in plasma 2 min after injection of ASA was only about two thirds of the level calculated from mere distribution in circulation. After 1 h, half of the initial salicylate had disappeared from plasma. No salicylate could be found after 24 hours. ASA also depressed platelet functions when added to platelet-rich plasma in vitro in a concentration of 100 mug/ml. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and of PF 4 availability were dependent on the time of incubation. Their onset was much slower in vitro than in vivo. No inhibition of the PF 3 availability could be found in vitro. The inhibition of platelet functions by ASA is demonstrable almost immediately after injection while the duration of this inhibition is considerably longer than the elimination time of salicylate from plasma. This allows the conclusion that a direct intravascular reaction between ASA and platelets occurs and that the inhibition of platelet functions is irreversible.", "contents": "Influence of intravenously administered acetylsalicylic acid on platelet functions. A pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study. The influence of intravenously administered acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the kinetics of platelet function was examined in 10 patients. Simultaneously, assays of salicylate in plasma were performed. A significant inhibition of platelet aggregation as well as PF 3 and PF 4 availabilities could be demonstrated 2 min after injection. A decrease of platelet adhesion was significant after 15 min. The inhibition of platelet functions was still present after 24 h and was partially demonstrable after 72 h. The concentration of salicylate in plasma 2 min after injection of ASA was only about two thirds of the level calculated from mere distribution in circulation. After 1 h, half of the initial salicylate had disappeared from plasma. No salicylate could be found after 24 hours. ASA also depressed platelet functions when added to platelet-rich plasma in vitro in a concentration of 100 mug/ml. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and of PF 4 availability were dependent on the time of incubation. Their onset was much slower in vitro than in vivo. No inhibition of the PF 3 availability could be found in vitro. The inhibition of platelet functions by ASA is demonstrable almost immediately after injection while the duration of this inhibition is considerably longer than the elimination time of salicylate from plasma. This allows the conclusion that a direct intravascular reaction between ASA and platelets occurs and that the inhibition of platelet functions is irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:1193453", "title": "Adenine nucleotide metabolism during the aggregation of human platelets by bovine factor VIII.", "content": "Human platelets, prelabelled with [3H]-adenine in vitro, were aggregated biphasically by bovine fibrinogen/factor VIII, and the amounts and specific radioactivity of ADP and ATP as well as the radioactivity of ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP and hypoxanthine + inosine were determined intracellularly and extracellularly. During the second phase of aggregation, ATP and ADP were released (50% of total) with a specific radioactivity 15-20 times lower than that of the ATP and ADP retained in the cells. The specific radioactivity of the ATP and ADP in the cells increased during release. Radioactive ATP was converted to radioactive hypoxanthine during release. These findings correlated well with those obtained with collagen, and indicate that bovine factor VIII induces the platelet release reaction whereby the storage (non-metabolic) pool of ATP and ADP is released while the metabolic pool is retained.", "contents": "Adenine nucleotide metabolism during the aggregation of human platelets by bovine factor VIII. Human platelets, prelabelled with [3H]-adenine in vitro, were aggregated biphasically by bovine fibrinogen/factor VIII, and the amounts and specific radioactivity of ADP and ATP as well as the radioactivity of ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP and hypoxanthine + inosine were determined intracellularly and extracellularly. During the second phase of aggregation, ATP and ADP were released (50% of total) with a specific radioactivity 15-20 times lower than that of the ATP and ADP retained in the cells. The specific radioactivity of the ATP and ADP in the cells increased during release. Radioactive ATP was converted to radioactive hypoxanthine during release. These findings correlated well with those obtained with collagen, and indicate that bovine factor VIII induces the platelet release reaction whereby the storage (non-metabolic) pool of ATP and ADP is released while the metabolic pool is retained."}
{"id": "PMID:1193454", "title": "Electroencephalography in haemophilia and Christmas disease.", "content": "Electroencephalography has been performed in a series of patients with haemophilia and Christmas disease because of the suggestion by other authors of a high incidence of abnormality. In an adult population of haemophiliacs no difference was found in the incidence of abnormalities compared with the general hospital population.", "contents": "Electroencephalography in haemophilia and Christmas disease. Electroencephalography has been performed in a series of patients with haemophilia and Christmas disease because of the suggestion by other authors of a high incidence of abnormality. In an adult population of haemophiliacs no difference was found in the incidence of abnormalities compared with the general hospital population."}
{"id": "PMID:1193455", "title": "Studies on catabolism of 125I-labelled fibrinogen in normal rabbits and in rabbits with indwelling intravenous catheters: methodologic aspects.", "content": "The catabolism of rabbit fibrinogen labelled with radioactive iodine was studied over a period of 7-9 days in normal rabbits and in rabbits with indwelling intravenous catheters. The labelled fibrinogen was highly clottable and homogeneous on immunoelectrophoresis and disc electrophoresis. The protein-bound 125I-activity amounted to at least 99%. Normal rabbits with a weight between 1.6 and 2.2 kg exhibited a mean plasma volume of 41.65 ml/kg. A mean half-life time of 1.69 days and a mean fractional catabolic rate of 59.8% of the plasma fibrinogen pool per day was computed by tracing labelled fibrinogen. The absolute catabolic rate revealed a mean value of 58.7 mg/kg body weight/day. Comparable results were obtained for all three labelled fibrinogen batches. A siliconized polyvinyl tubing with an outer diameter of 2.0 mm inserted into a jugular vein up to a length of 10-12 cm and indwelling for more than 10 days did not significantly influence the parameters studied for controlling the fibrinogen catabolism except for the absolute catabolic rate of 112.8 mg/kg/day which differed significantly from that of the control group. Thus, the indwelling intravenous catheter had no or only a minor effect on the activation of intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Studies on catabolism of 125I-labelled fibrinogen in normal rabbits and in rabbits with indwelling intravenous catheters: methodologic aspects. The catabolism of rabbit fibrinogen labelled with radioactive iodine was studied over a period of 7-9 days in normal rabbits and in rabbits with indwelling intravenous catheters. The labelled fibrinogen was highly clottable and homogeneous on immunoelectrophoresis and disc electrophoresis. The protein-bound 125I-activity amounted to at least 99%. Normal rabbits with a weight between 1.6 and 2.2 kg exhibited a mean plasma volume of 41.65 ml/kg. A mean half-life time of 1.69 days and a mean fractional catabolic rate of 59.8% of the plasma fibrinogen pool per day was computed by tracing labelled fibrinogen. The absolute catabolic rate revealed a mean value of 58.7 mg/kg body weight/day. Comparable results were obtained for all three labelled fibrinogen batches. A siliconized polyvinyl tubing with an outer diameter of 2.0 mm inserted into a jugular vein up to a length of 10-12 cm and indwelling for more than 10 days did not significantly influence the parameters studied for controlling the fibrinogen catabolism except for the absolute catabolic rate of 112.8 mg/kg/day which differed significantly from that of the control group. Thus, the indwelling intravenous catheter had no or only a minor effect on the activation of intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1193456", "title": "Fibrinogenolytic substance (hementerin) of Brazilian blood-sucking leeches (Haementeria lutzi Pinto 1920).", "content": "The fibrinogenolytic activity of the salivary gland extract from the Brazilian blood-sucking leech Haementeria lutzi Pinto 1920 is characterized. The substance, named here hementerin, is stable and active at very low protein concentration, does not exhibit direct proteolytic activity on casein, fibrinogen, or fibrin, and is able to activate the human plasma fibrinolytic system in the presence of a serum cofactor and/or calcium. This indirect activation mechanism distinguishes hementerin from hirudin and shows a similarity with streptokinase. The effect on blood coagulation tests is reported.", "contents": "Fibrinogenolytic substance (hementerin) of Brazilian blood-sucking leeches (Haementeria lutzi Pinto 1920). The fibrinogenolytic activity of the salivary gland extract from the Brazilian blood-sucking leech Haementeria lutzi Pinto 1920 is characterized. The substance, named here hementerin, is stable and active at very low protein concentration, does not exhibit direct proteolytic activity on casein, fibrinogen, or fibrin, and is able to activate the human plasma fibrinolytic system in the presence of a serum cofactor and/or calcium. This indirect activation mechanism distinguishes hementerin from hirudin and shows a similarity with streptokinase. The effect on blood coagulation tests is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1193471", "title": "The effect of 5-fluorouracil on the mitotic cycle and DNA synthesis in the epithelium of mouse small intestine.", "content": "The examinations were performed on 42 mice of the Porton strain. The experimental animals were injected intraperitoneally with the dose of 75 mg of 5-fluorouracil per kg body weight. The first experimental group received injections of [3H]thymidine within 48 hours and the second group within 96 hours of the injection of 5-fluorouracil. Two mice from each group were killed at within 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours of the [3H]thymidine injection. Calculations of the mitotic index and time of duration of individual phases of the mitotic cycle in epithelial cells of the small intestine were based on application of the autoradiographic method. These studies lead to the conclusion that 5-fluorouracil disturbs the course of metabolic processes in the cell, which are also related with the distribution of the genetic material. Histological examinations show that 5-fluorouracil produces profound morphological changes in the intestine, which affect both the intestinal epithelium and the connective tissue stroma. The autoradiographic tests revealed a considerable suppression of the mitotic activity of the epithelium of intestinal crypts. Moreover, it was shown that 5-fluorouracil inhibits the mitotic activity of the intestinal epithelium by diminishing the number of cells capable of entering into mitosis. Nevertheless, by 96 hours following introduction of a single dose of 5-fluorouracil normal morphological structure and mitotic activity of the intestinal wall cells are restored.", "contents": "The effect of 5-fluorouracil on the mitotic cycle and DNA synthesis in the epithelium of mouse small intestine. The examinations were performed on 42 mice of the Porton strain. The experimental animals were injected intraperitoneally with the dose of 75 mg of 5-fluorouracil per kg body weight. The first experimental group received injections of [3H]thymidine within 48 hours and the second group within 96 hours of the injection of 5-fluorouracil. Two mice from each group were killed at within 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours of the [3H]thymidine injection. Calculations of the mitotic index and time of duration of individual phases of the mitotic cycle in epithelial cells of the small intestine were based on application of the autoradiographic method. These studies lead to the conclusion that 5-fluorouracil disturbs the course of metabolic processes in the cell, which are also related with the distribution of the genetic material. Histological examinations show that 5-fluorouracil produces profound morphological changes in the intestine, which affect both the intestinal epithelium and the connective tissue stroma. The autoradiographic tests revealed a considerable suppression of the mitotic activity of the epithelium of intestinal crypts. Moreover, it was shown that 5-fluorouracil inhibits the mitotic activity of the intestinal epithelium by diminishing the number of cells capable of entering into mitosis. Nevertheless, by 96 hours following introduction of a single dose of 5-fluorouracil normal morphological structure and mitotic activity of the intestinal wall cells are restored."}
{"id": "PMID:1193472", "title": "Ingestion and digestion of erythocytes by non-irradiated and irradiated macrophages.", "content": "The effect of X-rays (1300 R) and gamma irradiation (3000 R) on phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated in vitro was studied using human glutaraldehyde-fixed red blood cells. The peroxidative activity of haemoglobin was cytochemically detected by the DAB method. The obtained results indicate that the applied dose of X-irradiation does not affect the phagocytic activity of macrophages. On the contrary, the gamma irradiation (3000 R) causes acceleration of phagocytic activity of macrophages with concomitant impairment of intracellular digestion of ingested material. Weakened cytochemical reaction for acid phosphatase suggests that sufficiently high doses of irradiation cause some disturbances in the biosynthesis of lysosomal enzymes in exposed macrophages.", "contents": "Ingestion and digestion of erythocytes by non-irradiated and irradiated macrophages. The effect of X-rays (1300 R) and gamma irradiation (3000 R) on phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated in vitro was studied using human glutaraldehyde-fixed red blood cells. The peroxidative activity of haemoglobin was cytochemically detected by the DAB method. The obtained results indicate that the applied dose of X-irradiation does not affect the phagocytic activity of macrophages. On the contrary, the gamma irradiation (3000 R) causes acceleration of phagocytic activity of macrophages with concomitant impairment of intracellular digestion of ingested material. Weakened cytochemical reaction for acid phosphatase suggests that sufficiently high doses of irradiation cause some disturbances in the biosynthesis of lysosomal enzymes in exposed macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:1193473", "title": "Oxidative enzymes in the development of Fasciola hepatica L. II. Dehydrogenase activity of miracidium.", "content": "Histochemical methods were used to detect succinate, isocitrate, malate, lactate, alpha-glycerol phosphate' L-glutamate, alcohol, glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases in miracidium--a free living larva of Fasciola hepatica. Examinations were carried out on miracidia which had just left egg covers and on those which had survived for 18 and 24 hours, respectively. Differences were observed regarding the occurrence and intensity of the enzyme activity depending on the age of the larvae. On the basis of the localization of dehydrogenases and persistence of their activity in the miracidia in various periods of their lives, the author concludes that in young larvae there exist three parallel modes of oxidation: glycolytic, in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and in the pentose cycle. Moreover, there occur processes of amino acid metabolism and of fatty acid oxidation. The 18-hour larvae exhibit a marked predominance of oxidation in the Krebs cycle, the remaining modes being less pronounced, and after 24 hours the only way to obtain energy in the miracidium is oxidation in the Krebs cycle. Likewise noteworthy is the enhancement of the processes of fatty acid oxidation, this being evidenced by an intensified activity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The role of each enzyme in the metabolism of the larva is discussed.", "contents": "Oxidative enzymes in the development of Fasciola hepatica L. II. Dehydrogenase activity of miracidium. Histochemical methods were used to detect succinate, isocitrate, malate, lactate, alpha-glycerol phosphate' L-glutamate, alcohol, glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases in miracidium--a free living larva of Fasciola hepatica. Examinations were carried out on miracidia which had just left egg covers and on those which had survived for 18 and 24 hours, respectively. Differences were observed regarding the occurrence and intensity of the enzyme activity depending on the age of the larvae. On the basis of the localization of dehydrogenases and persistence of their activity in the miracidia in various periods of their lives, the author concludes that in young larvae there exist three parallel modes of oxidation: glycolytic, in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and in the pentose cycle. Moreover, there occur processes of amino acid metabolism and of fatty acid oxidation. The 18-hour larvae exhibit a marked predominance of oxidation in the Krebs cycle, the remaining modes being less pronounced, and after 24 hours the only way to obtain energy in the miracidium is oxidation in the Krebs cycle. Likewise noteworthy is the enhancement of the processes of fatty acid oxidation, this being evidenced by an intensified activity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The role of each enzyme in the metabolism of the larva is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1193474", "title": "Oxidative enzymes in the development of Fasciola hepatica L. III. The activities of oxidases and dehydrogenases in the sporocyst.", "content": "The object of the study was the investigation of the occurrence and distribution of some oxidative enzymes in the sporocyst of Fasciola hepatica L. The samples were examined for the presence of cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase, NADH and NADPH tetrazolium reductases, as well as succinate, isocitrate, malate, lactate, alpha-glycerophosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, L-glutamate and alcohol dehydrogenases. All of them save cytochrome oxidase were found to occur in the sporocyst. The presence and localization of these enzymes were examined by histochemical methods in various stages of development of the sporocyst. These investigations permitted it to be established that glycolytic processes are the principal way of release of energy for all developmental groups of this larva. Moreover, the functions of the tricarboxyl acid and pentose-phosphate cycles were detected and found to play a less important part in processes of energy production in the sporocyst. In addition, the functioning and metabolism of each larval organ in various stages of its development were discussed in so far as was possible on the basis of the analysis of the above-mentioned oxidative enzymes.", "contents": "Oxidative enzymes in the development of Fasciola hepatica L. III. The activities of oxidases and dehydrogenases in the sporocyst. The object of the study was the investigation of the occurrence and distribution of some oxidative enzymes in the sporocyst of Fasciola hepatica L. The samples were examined for the presence of cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase, NADH and NADPH tetrazolium reductases, as well as succinate, isocitrate, malate, lactate, alpha-glycerophosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, L-glutamate and alcohol dehydrogenases. All of them save cytochrome oxidase were found to occur in the sporocyst. The presence and localization of these enzymes were examined by histochemical methods in various stages of development of the sporocyst. These investigations permitted it to be established that glycolytic processes are the principal way of release of energy for all developmental groups of this larva. Moreover, the functions of the tricarboxyl acid and pentose-phosphate cycles were detected and found to play a less important part in processes of energy production in the sporocyst. In addition, the functioning and metabolism of each larval organ in various stages of its development were discussed in so far as was possible on the basis of the analysis of the above-mentioned oxidative enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:1193475", "title": "Synthesis of glucuronoglucans in chicken cartilage cultured in synthetic medium.", "content": "Cartilaginous femur and tibia rudiments from 10-day-old chick embryos were grown in vitro for 4 days in Parker's solution without protein added, and subsequently fixed and extracted successively with 0-2 N HClO4 at 4 degrees C (fraction A), 5 per cent trichloracetic acid (TCA) at 4 degrees C (fraction B), and 5 per cent TCA at 90 degrees C (fraction C). The residue after extraction was dissolved in 1 N NaOH at room temperature (fraction D). Fraction C containing most of hexuronic acids and aminosugars of the cartilage was used to study the quantitative changes of glucuronoglucans throughout the culture period. The amount  of hexuronic acids and aminosugars was increased after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of culture. After 96 hours the level of hexuronic acids was twice that found prior to establishing the culture. The increment was statistically significant.", "contents": "Synthesis of glucuronoglucans in chicken cartilage cultured in synthetic medium. Cartilaginous femur and tibia rudiments from 10-day-old chick embryos were grown in vitro for 4 days in Parker's solution without protein added, and subsequently fixed and extracted successively with 0-2 N HClO4 at 4 degrees C (fraction A), 5 per cent trichloracetic acid (TCA) at 4 degrees C (fraction B), and 5 per cent TCA at 90 degrees C (fraction C). The residue after extraction was dissolved in 1 N NaOH at room temperature (fraction D). Fraction C containing most of hexuronic acids and aminosugars of the cartilage was used to study the quantitative changes of glucuronoglucans throughout the culture period. The amount  of hexuronic acids and aminosugars was increased after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of culture. After 96 hours the level of hexuronic acids was twice that found prior to establishing the culture. The increment was statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1193481", "title": "Interaction between macrophages of various origin and Toxoplasma gondii under conditions in vitro.", "content": "The study of proliferation of a virulent strain of Toxoplasma in cultures of macrophages of various origin revealed a certain sequence in the development of the pathogen: penetration and phagocytosis of the parasite, the stage of disintegration of one part of population and active proliferation of the other, resulting in the destruction of host cells. It was found that the penetration and phacocytosis were more active if macrophages from resistant animals (rats) were used, in comparison with those isolated from susceptible animals (white mice, guinea pigs). The activity of proliferation of a virulent strain of Toxoplasma also differs with the host cells: the toxoplasma multiply more rapidly in macrophages from susceptible animals than in those from resistant animals. The following changes of macrophages due to proliferation of the parasite were observed: change of form of the cell accompanied with the loss of cytoplasmatic processes, vacuolation of the cytoplasm, displacement of the nucleus towards the periphery followed by its pycnosis and rupture of the cell.", "contents": "Interaction between macrophages of various origin and Toxoplasma gondii under conditions in vitro. The study of proliferation of a virulent strain of Toxoplasma in cultures of macrophages of various origin revealed a certain sequence in the development of the pathogen: penetration and phagocytosis of the parasite, the stage of disintegration of one part of population and active proliferation of the other, resulting in the destruction of host cells. It was found that the penetration and phacocytosis were more active if macrophages from resistant animals (rats) were used, in comparison with those isolated from susceptible animals (white mice, guinea pigs). The activity of proliferation of a virulent strain of Toxoplasma also differs with the host cells: the toxoplasma multiply more rapidly in macrophages from susceptible animals than in those from resistant animals. The following changes of macrophages due to proliferation of the parasite were observed: change of form of the cell accompanied with the loss of cytoplasmatic processes, vacuolation of the cytoplasm, displacement of the nucleus towards the periphery followed by its pycnosis and rupture of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1193483", "title": "[Serological studies of cestode cysts. P1 blood-group activity in cysts of zoo animals].", "content": "The cyst fluid of cestodes from various animals kept in zoological gardens was examined for the presence of A-, B-, H- and P1-blood group activity. While the results in the ABH-system were negative, the cysts from 2 of 13 animals examined (1 elk and 1 reindeer) presented P1-blood group activity.", "contents": "[Serological studies of cestode cysts. P1 blood-group activity in cysts of zoo animals]. The cyst fluid of cestodes from various animals kept in zoological gardens was examined for the presence of A-, B-, H- and P1-blood group activity. While the results in the ABH-system were negative, the cysts from 2 of 13 animals examined (1 elk and 1 reindeer) presented P1-blood group activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1193484", "title": "Population structure and dynamics of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (Acarina: Pyroglyphidae) in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "The relationship between the room microclimate and population dynamics of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961 was studied. A distinct increase of the mite population density in mattresses was observed only in the period, when the monthly means of relative air humidity in rooms were higher than 47-50%, denominated by the author as critical air humidity. This is a considerably lower value than that relevant to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart, 1897) from the paper by Bronswijk et al. (1971) (critical air humidity 60-65%). The climatic humidity affecting the room microclimate is consequently the main reason why one species or another is predominant under different geographical conditions. From October till May the D. farinae population is primarily composed of protonymphs, in the period of maximum population density (May-October) the presence of adults is predominant. Protonymphs are considered to be least resistant to the humidity decrease in their environment.", "contents": "Population structure and dynamics of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (Acarina: Pyroglyphidae) in Czechoslovakia. The relationship between the room microclimate and population dynamics of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961 was studied. A distinct increase of the mite population density in mattresses was observed only in the period, when the monthly means of relative air humidity in rooms were higher than 47-50%, denominated by the author as critical air humidity. This is a considerably lower value than that relevant to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart, 1897) from the paper by Bronswijk et al. (1971) (critical air humidity 60-65%). The climatic humidity affecting the room microclimate is consequently the main reason why one species or another is predominant under different geographical conditions. From October till May the D. farinae population is primarily composed of protonymphs, in the period of maximum population density (May-October) the presence of adults is predominant. Protonymphs are considered to be least resistant to the humidity decrease in their environment."}
{"id": "PMID:1193485", "title": "Parasitic mites of Surinam. XXXII. New species of feather mites (Sarcoptiformes, Analgoidea).", "content": "Seven new species of feather mites belonging to families Analgidae, Falculiferidae, Pterolichidae, Pteronyssidae and Xolalgidae are described from Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Piciformes and Passeriformes of Surinam.", "contents": "Parasitic mites of Surinam. XXXII. New species of feather mites (Sarcoptiformes, Analgoidea). Seven new species of feather mites belonging to families Analgidae, Falculiferidae, Pterolichidae, Pteronyssidae and Xolalgidae are described from Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Piciformes and Passeriformes of Surinam."}
{"id": "PMID:1193489", "title": "Intestinal helminths from grey mullets, Mugil capito Cuv. and M. cephalus L., of Lake Borullus, A.R.E.", "content": "Helminthological examination of grey mullets, Mugil capito Cuv. and M. cephalus L. from brackish Lake Borullus in the Nile Delta in the Lower Egypt revealed that these fishes are infected with two species of digenetic trematodes, Haplosplanchnus pachystoma (Eysenhardt, 1829) and Saccocoelium obesum Loos, 1902 and one acanthocephalan species, Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Rudolphi, 1819). On comparing the incidence and intensity of infection of individual fish samples it was found that after migration from the sea to the lake the grey mullets lose gradually their intestinal trematodes.", "contents": "Intestinal helminths from grey mullets, Mugil capito Cuv. and M. cephalus L., of Lake Borullus, A.R.E. Helminthological examination of grey mullets, Mugil capito Cuv. and M. cephalus L. from brackish Lake Borullus in the Nile Delta in the Lower Egypt revealed that these fishes are infected with two species of digenetic trematodes, Haplosplanchnus pachystoma (Eysenhardt, 1829) and Saccocoelium obesum Loos, 1902 and one acanthocephalan species, Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Rudolphi, 1819). On comparing the incidence and intensity of infection of individual fish samples it was found that after migration from the sea to the lake the grey mullets lose gradually their intestinal trematodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1193493", "title": "Biological changes in the rhizosphere of wheat after foliar application of chlorocholinechloride, urea and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid.", "content": "In field experiments wheat in the phase of shooting was sprayed with solutions of chlorocholinechloride (CCC) and urea, CCC and ammonium salt MCPA (Aminex) or CCC, urea and Aminex. The effect of the treatment on dry weight of overground parts of wheat, number of bacteria, production of carbon dioxide, urease activity and content of ammonium in the rhizosphere soil was investigated. In all cases evolution of carbon dioxide in the rhizosphere soil was higher than that in the control soil. Highest numbers of bacteria were found in the rhizosphere soil of plants treated with urea, the herbicide and their mixtures. Content of ammonium was higher in the control soil than in the rhizosphere soils, the urease activity was highest in the rhizosphere soil of plants treated with the solution of the herbicide and with the combination of the herbicide with urea.", "contents": "Biological changes in the rhizosphere of wheat after foliar application of chlorocholinechloride, urea and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid. In field experiments wheat in the phase of shooting was sprayed with solutions of chlorocholinechloride (CCC) and urea, CCC and ammonium salt MCPA (Aminex) or CCC, urea and Aminex. The effect of the treatment on dry weight of overground parts of wheat, number of bacteria, production of carbon dioxide, urease activity and content of ammonium in the rhizosphere soil was investigated. In all cases evolution of carbon dioxide in the rhizosphere soil was higher than that in the control soil. Highest numbers of bacteria were found in the rhizosphere soil of plants treated with urea, the herbicide and their mixtures. Content of ammonium was higher in the control soil than in the rhizosphere soils, the urease activity was highest in the rhizosphere soil of plants treated with the solution of the herbicide and with the combination of the herbicide with urea."}
{"id": "PMID:1193494", "title": "The Azotobacter flora of some Czechoslovakian watercourses.", "content": "The occurrence of Azotobacter in some Szechoslovakian watercourses has been investigated. Several strains belonging to A. chroococcum and A. beijerinckii were isolated from 7 out of 18 samples. A. insignis has been isolated from the flowing water of Lake Machovo at Doksy. This is first report of this strictly aquatic Azotobacter species in Czechoslovakian watercourses. The taxonomy of the genus Azotobacter was discussed against the background of the existing knowledge resulting mainly from other taxonomic techniques than those based on the phenotypically expressed characters.", "contents": "The Azotobacter flora of some Czechoslovakian watercourses. The occurrence of Azotobacter in some Szechoslovakian watercourses has been investigated. Several strains belonging to A. chroococcum and A. beijerinckii were isolated from 7 out of 18 samples. A. insignis has been isolated from the flowing water of Lake Machovo at Doksy. This is first report of this strictly aquatic Azotobacter species in Czechoslovakian watercourses. The taxonomy of the genus Azotobacter was discussed against the background of the existing knowledge resulting mainly from other taxonomic techniques than those based on the phenotypically expressed characters."}
{"id": "PMID:1193496", "title": "Genetic variability of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii induced by six urea derivatives.", "content": "The lethal and mutagenic effect of six urea derivatives applied to the cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang was investigated. The mutagenic effect of two N-alkylnitroso derivatives (N-methyl-N-nitroso- and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea), two monoalkyl derivatives (N-methyl- and N-ethylurea) and two dialkyl derivatives (N,N'-dimethyl- and N,N'-diethylurea) was compared at equal molar concentrations and different cell survival or at equitoxic concentrations, i.e. at equal survival. The former type of appraisal shows the alkylnitroso derivatives to be strong mutagenic agents, exceeding in their effect several times both monoalkyl- and dialkyl derivatives. MNU is seen to be a stronger mutagen than ENU. Alkyl derivatives are generally weak mutagens, the strongest being DEU and the least potent DMU. On using the latter type of evaluation MNU is seen to be clearly the strongest mutagen while the other five compounds, including ENU, have, at equitoxic concentrations, approximately the same effect.", "contents": "Genetic variability of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii induced by six urea derivatives. The lethal and mutagenic effect of six urea derivatives applied to the cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang was investigated. The mutagenic effect of two N-alkylnitroso derivatives (N-methyl-N-nitroso- and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea), two monoalkyl derivatives (N-methyl- and N-ethylurea) and two dialkyl derivatives (N,N'-dimethyl- and N,N'-diethylurea) was compared at equal molar concentrations and different cell survival or at equitoxic concentrations, i.e. at equal survival. The former type of appraisal shows the alkylnitroso derivatives to be strong mutagenic agents, exceeding in their effect several times both monoalkyl- and dialkyl derivatives. MNU is seen to be a stronger mutagen than ENU. Alkyl derivatives are generally weak mutagens, the strongest being DEU and the least potent DMU. On using the latter type of evaluation MNU is seen to be clearly the strongest mutagen while the other five compounds, including ENU, have, at equitoxic concentrations, approximately the same effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1193497", "title": "Transport properties of membrane vesicles from Acholeplasma laidlawii. III. Evidence of active nature of glucose transport.", "content": "Membrane vesicles obtained from Acholeplasma laidlawii accumulate glucose as well as maltose and fructose against their concentration gradient in the absence of exogenous energy sources. Glucose uptake by membrane vesicles is inhibited by anaerobiosis and by electron transfer inhibitors, such as rotenone and amytal, but not by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, antimycin A, cyanide and azide. Rotenone, cyanide and amytal also produce a rapid efflux of glucose from the membrane vesicles. Arsenate, oligomycin and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodimide do not inhibit glucose transport. Transport of glucose is markedly inhibited by proton conductors such as CCCP and pentachlorophenol. It is concluded that glucose transport can be driven by a high-energy state of the membrane or by the membrane potential.", "contents": "Transport properties of membrane vesicles from Acholeplasma laidlawii. III. Evidence of active nature of glucose transport. Membrane vesicles obtained from Acholeplasma laidlawii accumulate glucose as well as maltose and fructose against their concentration gradient in the absence of exogenous energy sources. Glucose uptake by membrane vesicles is inhibited by anaerobiosis and by electron transfer inhibitors, such as rotenone and amytal, but not by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, antimycin A, cyanide and azide. Rotenone, cyanide and amytal also produce a rapid efflux of glucose from the membrane vesicles. Arsenate, oligomycin and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodimide do not inhibit glucose transport. Transport of glucose is markedly inhibited by proton conductors such as CCCP and pentachlorophenol. It is concluded that glucose transport can be driven by a high-energy state of the membrane or by the membrane potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1193498", "title": "Serum lysozyme in mice subjected to combined immunosuppression with 6-mercaptopurine and hydrocortisone.", "content": "Simultaneous peroral administration of 6-mercaptopurine (80 mg/kg per day) and subcutaneous injection of hydrocortisone (1 mg/mouse per day) for ten days results in increased lethality and more pronounced decrease in total peripheral leukocyte count and serum lysozyme levels as compared with mice receiving each drug separately. The possible mechanism of this effect is discussed.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme in mice subjected to combined immunosuppression with 6-mercaptopurine and hydrocortisone. Simultaneous peroral administration of 6-mercaptopurine (80 mg/kg per day) and subcutaneous injection of hydrocortisone (1 mg/mouse per day) for ten days results in increased lethality and more pronounced decrease in total peripheral leukocyte count and serum lysozyme levels as compared with mice receiving each drug separately. The possible mechanism of this effect is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1193514", "title": "[Alcoholism in school-age children].", "content": "Curiosity motivated consumption of illegal drugs by young people decreased during the last 5 years. At the same time the problem of school-children abusing alcohol increased. This has to be seen against the background of more general epidemiological data of alcohol consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany: --between 1961 and 1974 the expenditure for alcoholic beverages more than doubled; --according to serious estimations there are between 700,000 and 1 million of alcoholics in this country (from these about 8-10% being minors); --the average age of inmates of clinics for alcoholics dropped considerably during the last decade. Main findings of a follow-up survey conducted (size of sample: about 10,000 school-children in Hamburg, age 13-20, representative of a total of 110,000) are: --more than 25% of the above mentioned 110,000 school-children showed a rather excessive drinking behaviour (i.e. having been drunk 1-5 or more than 5 times during a period of 2 months prior to the interviews); --positive correlations were found to exist between excessive drinking habits and certain psycho-social variables (i.e. broken home, suicide-attempts, excessive consumption of alcohol by the parents, etc.); --the subgroup of those school-children who were users of illegal drugs: about 60% of them belong also to the category of \"excessive alcohol user\". Reasons for the general increase of alcohol consumption in Western Germany are for instance: --a change of drinking habits (more frequently, drinking at home and alone); --a shift of preferances (from relatively low percentage-beverages like beer and wine to so-called hard liquors); --an increase of alcohol consumption among those societal groups--the young and women--who formerly were almost abstinent. Some reasons and causes for the increase of alcohol consumption among school-children are: --being exposed to negative model-behaviour of adults and especially of parents; --peer-group pressure; --the discovery of school-children by the industry as an important consumer group, i.e. shape of images through advertisement (for example \"drinking makes you appear strong\" etc.); --the increasing loss of functions of traditional agents of socialization (i.e. family, school and religion).", "contents": "[Alcoholism in school-age children]. Curiosity motivated consumption of illegal drugs by young people decreased during the last 5 years. At the same time the problem of school-children abusing alcohol increased. This has to be seen against the background of more general epidemiological data of alcohol consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany: --between 1961 and 1974 the expenditure for alcoholic beverages more than doubled; --according to serious estimations there are between 700,000 and 1 million of alcoholics in this country (from these about 8-10% being minors); --the average age of inmates of clinics for alcoholics dropped considerably during the last decade. Main findings of a follow-up survey conducted (size of sample: about 10,000 school-children in Hamburg, age 13-20, representative of a total of 110,000) are: --more than 25% of the above mentioned 110,000 school-children showed a rather excessive drinking behaviour (i.e. having been drunk 1-5 or more than 5 times during a period of 2 months prior to the interviews); --positive correlations were found to exist between excessive drinking habits and certain psycho-social variables (i.e. broken home, suicide-attempts, excessive consumption of alcohol by the parents, etc.); --the subgroup of those school-children who were users of illegal drugs: about 60% of them belong also to the category of \"excessive alcohol user\". Reasons for the general increase of alcohol consumption in Western Germany are for instance: --a change of drinking habits (more frequently, drinking at home and alone); --a shift of preferances (from relatively low percentage-beverages like beer and wine to so-called hard liquors); --an increase of alcohol consumption among those societal groups--the young and women--who formerly were almost abstinent. Some reasons and causes for the increase of alcohol consumption among school-children are: --being exposed to negative model-behaviour of adults and especially of parents; --peer-group pressure; --the discovery of school-children by the industry as an important consumer group, i.e. shape of images through advertisement (for example \"drinking makes you appear strong\" etc.); --the increasing loss of functions of traditional agents of socialization (i.e. family, school and religion)."}
{"id": "PMID:1193515", "title": "[Problems of toxic psychosis as illustrated on the example of the so-called LSD psychosis].", "content": "The effects of LSD are characterized by a number of disturbances of perception and experience, which can be observed in the fields of visual, spatial and temporal perception and of affectivity. We also see disturbances of experience, which can otherwise be observed only in psychoses, for example reduction or change of cognitive functions, but also depersonalization and euphoria. In atypical courses of intoxication (\"horror-trips\") anxiety and excitement are predominant. Atypical courses of intoxication may be interrupted by \"talk down\" and additional application of tranquilizers. In a certain number of LSD-users in our clinic we saw psychoses. We classify them into flash-backs, exogenic (toxic) psychoses and so-called \"endoform psychoses\". The latter implies three possible constellations: accidental coincidence of LSD-use and psychosis; pre-existing psychosis with symptomatic use of LSD as an attempt of self-treatment; finally the onset of a psychosis may be triggered by the use of the halluzinogen. From the symptomatological cross-section they cannot reliably be distinguished from real schizophrenia. An independent nosological unit \"LSD-psychosis\" does not seem to exist.", "contents": "[Problems of toxic psychosis as illustrated on the example of the so-called LSD psychosis]. The effects of LSD are characterized by a number of disturbances of perception and experience, which can be observed in the fields of visual, spatial and temporal perception and of affectivity. We also see disturbances of experience, which can otherwise be observed only in psychoses, for example reduction or change of cognitive functions, but also depersonalization and euphoria. In atypical courses of intoxication (\"horror-trips\") anxiety and excitement are predominant. Atypical courses of intoxication may be interrupted by \"talk down\" and additional application of tranquilizers. In a certain number of LSD-users in our clinic we saw psychoses. We classify them into flash-backs, exogenic (toxic) psychoses and so-called \"endoform psychoses\". The latter implies three possible constellations: accidental coincidence of LSD-use and psychosis; pre-existing psychosis with symptomatic use of LSD as an attempt of self-treatment; finally the onset of a psychosis may be triggered by the use of the halluzinogen. From the symptomatological cross-section they cannot reliably be distinguished from real schizophrenia. An independent nosological unit \"LSD-psychosis\" does not seem to exist."}
{"id": "PMID:1193516", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis].", "content": "Not less than 4% of live-born individuals suffer from some genetic or partly genetic condition. The risk in genetic high risk pregnancies is dependant on the mode of inheritance. Genetic-counselling and in some severe disorders prenatal diagnosis can help to avoid genetic diseases. Indications, technique and results of amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases are discussed.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis]. Not less than 4% of live-born individuals suffer from some genetic or partly genetic condition. The risk in genetic high risk pregnancies is dependant on the mode of inheritance. Genetic-counselling and in some severe disorders prenatal diagnosis can help to avoid genetic diseases. Indications, technique and results of amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1193518", "title": "[Pregnancy with an intrauterine pessary in the placenta].", "content": "A case of a 23 year old patient which had become pregnant with a copper-T-IUD in situ is presented. After a pregnancy without many complications a healthy child was born. The copper-T-IUD was partially embedded in the placenta. Usually the delivery of a living and healthy child will not take place if a foreign body is situated in the placenta. If a woman becomes pregnant in spite of an IUD in situ, the IUD should be removed, even if this removal should terminate pregnancy. The risk of septic abortion in a pregnant woman with an IUD in situ is 1 in 15 to 1 in 30.", "contents": "[Pregnancy with an intrauterine pessary in the placenta]. A case of a 23 year old patient which had become pregnant with a copper-T-IUD in situ is presented. After a pregnancy without many complications a healthy child was born. The copper-T-IUD was partially embedded in the placenta. Usually the delivery of a living and healthy child will not take place if a foreign body is situated in the placenta. If a woman becomes pregnant in spite of an IUD in situ, the IUD should be removed, even if this removal should terminate pregnancy. The risk of septic abortion in a pregnant woman with an IUD in situ is 1 in 15 to 1 in 30."}
{"id": "PMID:1193519", "title": "[Legal abortions at the University-Gynecological Clinic Mannheim during 1971-1974].", "content": "Between 1971 and 1974 142 legal abortions were performed. Methods used were determined by gestational age, size of the uterus and whether or not abortion in conjunction with sterilization was indicated. Dilatation and evacuation was employed in 46% of cases; in 8% of these sterilization was performed at a later date. A further 55% were treated by means of primary hysterectomy, 38% via the vaginal route, 17% via the abdominal route. Complications were observed in 4 cases (3 perforations, 1 post-operative haemorrhage, 1 case of endometritis). The complication rate was not higher than in non-pregnant women.", "contents": "[Legal abortions at the University-Gynecological Clinic Mannheim during 1971-1974]. Between 1971 and 1974 142 legal abortions were performed. Methods used were determined by gestational age, size of the uterus and whether or not abortion in conjunction with sterilization was indicated. Dilatation and evacuation was employed in 46% of cases; in 8% of these sterilization was performed at a later date. A further 55% were treated by means of primary hysterectomy, 38% via the vaginal route, 17% via the abdominal route. Complications were observed in 4 cases (3 perforations, 1 post-operative haemorrhage, 1 case of endometritis). The complication rate was not higher than in non-pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:1193520", "title": "[Potency disorders in the aging men. Psychiatric aspects].", "content": "Based on experiences gained in psychiatric counselling for patients with problems specific to climacterium virile, the climacterium virile as a time of crisis is compared to the period of puberty. Suggestions are given to provide a crisis management for this particular period of life in order to improve the chances for a satisfactory development during the subsequent years of life.", "contents": "[Potency disorders in the aging men. Psychiatric aspects]. Based on experiences gained in psychiatric counselling for patients with problems specific to climacterium virile, the climacterium virile as a time of crisis is compared to the period of puberty. Suggestions are given to provide a crisis management for this particular period of life in order to improve the chances for a satisfactory development during the subsequent years of life."}
{"id": "PMID:1193521", "title": "[Exo- and endocrine testicular function in the aging man].", "content": "In males over 60 years of age FSH excretion remains within the same range, whilst LH secretion increases significantly. Plasma testosterone and the biological active testosterone fraction decreases whilst at the same time the percentage of protein bound biological inactive testosterone increases. The androgen dependent target tissues become less sensitive to testosterone. The metabolic clearance rate for testosterone decreases. Spermatogenesis seems to stay intact in male senescence but exhaustive research in this field is not available.", "contents": "[Exo- and endocrine testicular function in the aging man]. In males over 60 years of age FSH excretion remains within the same range, whilst LH secretion increases significantly. Plasma testosterone and the biological active testosterone fraction decreases whilst at the same time the percentage of protein bound biological inactive testosterone increases. The androgen dependent target tissues become less sensitive to testosterone. The metabolic clearance rate for testosterone decreases. Spermatogenesis seems to stay intact in male senescence but exhaustive research in this field is not available."}
{"id": "PMID:1193522", "title": "[Testicular histology in the aging man].", "content": "In aged men beyond 50 years--regardless of claims of impotence or infertility--testicular biopsies are discussed. Generally speaking all biopsies show more or less histological changes due to old age. Reduced spermatogenesis, fibrosis of tubule walls and retrogression of Leydig cells are mostly seen. The morphological changes in Leydig cells reflect the usual cell failure more convincably than the decrease in number. Selected microphotographs represent characteristic biopsies in old age. These findings confirm the previous results of other investigators. The various histological changes explain the different intensity and the variety of the claims in aged men as definite signs for male climacteric.", "contents": "[Testicular histology in the aging man]. In aged men beyond 50 years--regardless of claims of impotence or infertility--testicular biopsies are discussed. Generally speaking all biopsies show more or less histological changes due to old age. Reduced spermatogenesis, fibrosis of tubule walls and retrogression of Leydig cells are mostly seen. The morphological changes in Leydig cells reflect the usual cell failure more convincably than the decrease in number. Selected microphotographs represent characteristic biopsies in old age. These findings confirm the previous results of other investigators. The various histological changes explain the different intensity and the variety of the claims in aged men as definite signs for male climacteric."}
{"id": "PMID:1193523", "title": "[Qualitative and quantitative determination of proteins in the seminal plasma of the aging man].", "content": "A short review on the origin of the human spermaplasma proteins and their different methods of examination is given. It follows a description of the results of 44 men over 50 years of age concerning albumin and immunoglobulin IgA and IgG. These results were obtained with an immunodiffusion technique.", "contents": "[Qualitative and quantitative determination of proteins in the seminal plasma of the aging man]. A short review on the origin of the human spermaplasma proteins and their different methods of examination is given. It follows a description of the results of 44 men over 50 years of age concerning albumin and immunoglobulin IgA and IgG. These results were obtained with an immunodiffusion technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1193524", "title": "[Foreign proteins in the blood and lymph after oral administration. Giant molecular foreign proteins in the blood and lymph of adult animals and men and their biological effectiveness after enteral administration].", "content": "With isotopic and immunological methods it could be demonstrated that: 1. Rabbit- and horse-proteins can be absorbed from the gut into blood and lymph of rats and dogs in highmolecular form. 2. The highmolecular part after the passage of the intestinal wall was calculated between 5 and 20%. 3. The increase of the lymphocytotoxicity in the lymph of rats from 1:2 to 1:16 after enteral application of horse-antihuman-lymphocyte-gammaglobulin indicates the biological activity of the protein after the penetration through the gut. Furthermore the immunosuppressive effect of ALS after oral application could be demonstrated on the survival time of allogeneic skin transplants. A significant lymphopenia could be induced in dogs after the oral application of horse-antidog-gammaglobulin. From these findings far reaching consequences must be drawn concerning nutritional and immunological aspects. By the enteral absorption of proteins for example a natural tolerance must be induced which is broken in food allergies. Furthermore it is conceivable that the immunocompetent cells of the gastro-intestinal tract can be manipulated for the purpose of immunization or desensibilization within therapeutical programs of prophylactic medicine.", "contents": "[Foreign proteins in the blood and lymph after oral administration. Giant molecular foreign proteins in the blood and lymph of adult animals and men and their biological effectiveness after enteral administration]. With isotopic and immunological methods it could be demonstrated that: 1. Rabbit- and horse-proteins can be absorbed from the gut into blood and lymph of rats and dogs in highmolecular form. 2. The highmolecular part after the passage of the intestinal wall was calculated between 5 and 20%. 3. The increase of the lymphocytotoxicity in the lymph of rats from 1:2 to 1:16 after enteral application of horse-antihuman-lymphocyte-gammaglobulin indicates the biological activity of the protein after the penetration through the gut. Furthermore the immunosuppressive effect of ALS after oral application could be demonstrated on the survival time of allogeneic skin transplants. A significant lymphopenia could be induced in dogs after the oral application of horse-antidog-gammaglobulin. From these findings far reaching consequences must be drawn concerning nutritional and immunological aspects. By the enteral absorption of proteins for example a natural tolerance must be induced which is broken in food allergies. Furthermore it is conceivable that the immunocompetent cells of the gastro-intestinal tract can be manipulated for the purpose of immunization or desensibilization within therapeutical programs of prophylactic medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:1193526", "title": "[Anemia in chronic renal insufficiency].", "content": "Anemia is known as one of the earliest manifestations of chronic renal insufficiency. Anemia begins at a serum creatinine level of 2 mg/100 ml. There is no correlation between the degree of anemia and the etiology of renal disease. Patients on chronic hemodialysis shown an average hematocrit of 23%. In the pathogenesis of renal anemia various factors may be discussed, especially a deficiency of iron and erythropoietin. A method of conservative therapy which would allow optimal treatment of renal anemia is not yet available. Successful renal transplantation has to be considered the best therapeutic measure in terminal renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Anemia in chronic renal insufficiency]. Anemia is known as one of the earliest manifestations of chronic renal insufficiency. Anemia begins at a serum creatinine level of 2 mg/100 ml. There is no correlation between the degree of anemia and the etiology of renal disease. Patients on chronic hemodialysis shown an average hematocrit of 23%. In the pathogenesis of renal anemia various factors may be discussed, especially a deficiency of iron and erythropoietin. A method of conservative therapy which would allow optimal treatment of renal anemia is not yet available. Successful renal transplantation has to be considered the best therapeutic measure in terminal renal insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1193527", "title": "[Sonographic thyroid diagnosis].", "content": "Sonography is suitable for the examination of thyroid glands respectively goiters. This method particularly gains in the differentiation of cold nodules or cold regions. In more than 50% of patients with cold nodules sonography showed cystic lesions. In addition, ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle biopsy is employed for emptying cysts or gaining material for cytological examination.", "contents": "[Sonographic thyroid diagnosis]. Sonography is suitable for the examination of thyroid glands respectively goiters. This method particularly gains in the differentiation of cold nodules or cold regions. In more than 50% of patients with cold nodules sonography showed cystic lesions. In addition, ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle biopsy is employed for emptying cysts or gaining material for cytological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1193528", "title": "[Modification of infectious-allergic processes by oral administration of antigens].", "content": "The oral administration of appropriate antigens causes a decrease in sensitization as shown by the models of tuberculin allergy in guinea pigs and of the sensitization of guinea pigs and rabbits to corynebacterium acnes antigens.", "contents": "[Modification of infectious-allergic processes by oral administration of antigens]. The oral administration of appropriate antigens causes a decrease in sensitization as shown by the models of tuberculin allergy in guinea pigs and of the sensitization of guinea pigs and rabbits to corynebacterium acnes antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:1193537", "title": "The relationship between mitochondrial heterogeneity and gluconeogenesis in liver mitochondria of the rat, pigeon and guinea pig.", "content": "Isolated mitochondria of pigeon and guinea pig liver were subjected to zonal centrifugation. With pigeon liver mitochondria there was uniform distribution of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities. Guinea pig liver mitochondria demonstrated two pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase maxima but only one maximum with aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Mitochondrial enzyme levels in rat, pigeon and guinea pig indicate different roles of certain gluconeogenic enzymes in the transport of carbon and hydrogen in and out of mitochondria.", "contents": "The relationship between mitochondrial heterogeneity and gluconeogenesis in liver mitochondria of the rat, pigeon and guinea pig. Isolated mitochondria of pigeon and guinea pig liver were subjected to zonal centrifugation. With pigeon liver mitochondria there was uniform distribution of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities. Guinea pig liver mitochondria demonstrated two pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase maxima but only one maximum with aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Mitochondrial enzyme levels in rat, pigeon and guinea pig indicate different roles of certain gluconeogenic enzymes in the transport of carbon and hydrogen in and out of mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1193538", "title": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and hypoxanthine uptake in human erythrocytes.", "content": "A system of hypoxanthine uptake and IMP retention was studied and characterized in human erythrocytes. It follows closely the system already described for rabbit erythrocytes[7]. IMP formation and retention are dependent on the activity of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase and on intracellular availability of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (P-Rib-PP), which is one of the substrates. In the extrecellular medium, neither P-Rib-PP nor GMP -- a potent inhibitor of the enzyme in vitro -- has any influence on IMP retention. The amount of residual hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase in erythrocyte ghost preparations is directly related to the residual hemoglobin content. Thus the enzyme is characterized as typically soluble and \"loosely bound\" to membranes. There is a slight difference in the kinetic properties of the ghost-bound and the free soluble enzyme. The possible importance of these results for purine uptake and utilization in human red cells is discussed.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and hypoxanthine uptake in human erythrocytes. A system of hypoxanthine uptake and IMP retention was studied and characterized in human erythrocytes. It follows closely the system already described for rabbit erythrocytes[7]. IMP formation and retention are dependent on the activity of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase and on intracellular availability of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (P-Rib-PP), which is one of the substrates. In the extrecellular medium, neither P-Rib-PP nor GMP -- a potent inhibitor of the enzyme in vitro -- has any influence on IMP retention. The amount of residual hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase in erythrocyte ghost preparations is directly related to the residual hemoglobin content. Thus the enzyme is characterized as typically soluble and \"loosely bound\" to membranes. There is a slight difference in the kinetic properties of the ghost-bound and the free soluble enzyme. The possible importance of these results for purine uptake and utilization in human red cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1193539", "title": "Drug-induced foam cell reactions in rats, II. Chemical analysis of lipids stored in lungs and foam cells after treatment with chlorphentermine, 5-[p-(fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl)phenyl]-2-piperidineethanol (RMI 10.393) and 1-chloramitriptyline.", "content": "Lipidosis and foam cell reaction was induced in rat lungs by repeated administration of chlorphentermine, RMI 10.393 (=5-[p-(fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl)phenyl]-2-piperidineethanol), and 1-chloramitriptyline. Foam cell and lung lipids were extracted and separated in classes by thin-layer chromatography. Phospholipids were determined by phosphorus analysis, while neutral lipids were measured densitometrically. In lungs of drug-treated rats lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl inositol and free fatty acids accumulated in varying amounts. All other lipids were present in normal or reduced concentrations. Foam cells of chlorphentermine- and RMI 10.393-treated rats contained mainly phospholipids, i.e. lecithin and only small amounts of neutral lipids, i.e. cholesterol. Foam cells induced by 1-chloramitriptyline contained besides phospholipids also large amounts of neutral lipids, i.e. cholesterol, free fatty acids and cholesterol esters. This study and recent reports of others show that certain drugs produce a generalized metabolic disturbance characterized by accumulation of various lipids in several tissues. The distribution patterns of lipids induced by various drugs may differ considerably. This indicates that several biochemical mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of drug-induced lipidosis.", "contents": "Drug-induced foam cell reactions in rats, II. Chemical analysis of lipids stored in lungs and foam cells after treatment with chlorphentermine, 5-[p-(fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl)phenyl]-2-piperidineethanol (RMI 10.393) and 1-chloramitriptyline. Lipidosis and foam cell reaction was induced in rat lungs by repeated administration of chlorphentermine, RMI 10.393 (=5-[p-(fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl)phenyl]-2-piperidineethanol), and 1-chloramitriptyline. Foam cell and lung lipids were extracted and separated in classes by thin-layer chromatography. Phospholipids were determined by phosphorus analysis, while neutral lipids were measured densitometrically. In lungs of drug-treated rats lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl inositol and free fatty acids accumulated in varying amounts. All other lipids were present in normal or reduced concentrations. Foam cells of chlorphentermine- and RMI 10.393-treated rats contained mainly phospholipids, i.e. lecithin and only small amounts of neutral lipids, i.e. cholesterol. Foam cells induced by 1-chloramitriptyline contained besides phospholipids also large amounts of neutral lipids, i.e. cholesterol, free fatty acids and cholesterol esters. This study and recent reports of others show that certain drugs produce a generalized metabolic disturbance characterized by accumulation of various lipids in several tissues. The distribution patterns of lipids induced by various drugs may differ considerably. This indicates that several biochemical mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of drug-induced lipidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1193540", "title": "[Accumulation of basic amino acid residues, rate of autolysis and relative length of gut during trypsin evolution (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of six trypsins (crayfish, dogfish, horse, pig, sheep, bovine) showed that among these the highest lysine + arginine content and the highest inactivation rate occur in specialized herbivorous animals with extreme length of gut. Since the autocatalytic degradation in trypsins can take place only at lysine or arginine residues, an accumulation of basic amino acids, the increase of the autocatalytic inactivation rate and the relative length of gut might be correlated during the evolution of mammalian trypsins.", "contents": "[Accumulation of basic amino acid residues, rate of autolysis and relative length of gut during trypsin evolution (author's transl)]. The study of six trypsins (crayfish, dogfish, horse, pig, sheep, bovine) showed that among these the highest lysine + arginine content and the highest inactivation rate occur in specialized herbivorous animals with extreme length of gut. Since the autocatalytic degradation in trypsins can take place only at lysine or arginine residues, an accumulation of basic amino acids, the increase of the autocatalytic inactivation rate and the relative length of gut might be correlated during the evolution of mammalian trypsins."}
{"id": "PMID:1193550", "title": "A survey of factors related to mental hospital readmissions.", "content": "The authors followed up 107 patients selected at random from those discharged from a southern state mental hospital in fiscal year 1972-73. They attempted to differentiate those who were readmitted to the hospital from those who were not on the basis of 52 factors, both personal and environmental, and also compared those who misused alcohol with those who did not. In their sample, 36 of the patients returned to theinstitution, and 71 did not. One of the findings was that in both the total sample and in the nonalcoholic subsample, those readmitted more often received income ffrom sources other than their own employment or the employment of someone in their household. They also tended to be single, separated, or divorced. In both the alcoholic and nonalcoholic subsamples, those readmitted reported more contacts with the community mental health center after their discharge than those not readmitted. In the total sample, the readmitted patients engaged in fewer leisure-time activities and were more likely to report a drinking problem.", "contents": "A survey of factors related to mental hospital readmissions. The authors followed up 107 patients selected at random from those discharged from a southern state mental hospital in fiscal year 1972-73. They attempted to differentiate those who were readmitted to the hospital from those who were not on the basis of 52 factors, both personal and environmental, and also compared those who misused alcohol with those who did not. In their sample, 36 of the patients returned to theinstitution, and 71 did not. One of the findings was that in both the total sample and in the nonalcoholic subsample, those readmitted more often received income ffrom sources other than their own employment or the employment of someone in their household. They also tended to be single, separated, or divorced. In both the alcoholic and nonalcoholic subsamples, those readmitted reported more contacts with the community mental health center after their discharge than those not readmitted. In the total sample, the readmitted patients engaged in fewer leisure-time activities and were more likely to report a drinking problem."}
{"id": "PMID:1193551", "title": "Follow-up of mentally retarded adults successfully and unsuccessfully placed in community group homes.", "content": "State hospital staff members compared 72 retarded adult patients who had been successfully placed in group homes in the community with 13 patients who had been placed but rehospitalized. No significant differences were found between the groups on the four variables of sex, age at the time of the study, age at first admission to the hospital, and time spent in the hospital. A comparison of preplacement problems listed in the patients' hospital records with the reasons for rehospitalization of the unsuccessfully placed group suggests that both hospital staff and group home parents find aggressive behaviors a problem, but that group home parents are more concerned than hospital staff with deficiencies in self-care.", "contents": "Follow-up of mentally retarded adults successfully and unsuccessfully placed in community group homes. State hospital staff members compared 72 retarded adult patients who had been successfully placed in group homes in the community with 13 patients who had been placed but rehospitalized. No significant differences were found between the groups on the four variables of sex, age at the time of the study, age at first admission to the hospital, and time spent in the hospital. A comparison of preplacement problems listed in the patients' hospital records with the reasons for rehospitalization of the unsuccessfully placed group suggests that both hospital staff and group home parents find aggressive behaviors a problem, but that group home parents are more concerned than hospital staff with deficiencies in self-care."}
{"id": "PMID:1193599", "title": "Human triploid cell strain. Phenotype on cellular level.", "content": "The complex investigation of the bilogical properties of the triploid cell strain derived from a spontaneous abortus was carried out. Cytomorphological, autoradiographic, cytochemical, biochemical and immunochemical investigation showed that, according to most of the investigated properties, triploid cells did not differ from normal diploid cells. The cells had normal form, were well orientated, revealed expressed fibrillar apparatus and viability in the culture during 15--17 passages. The decrease of the alkaline phosphatase level, increase of acid phosphatase, lactate and malatdehydrogenase and greater nuclei area were the essential differences from the control. The cells had normal mitotic cycle parameters and the antigenic spectrum was practically identical to the normal cells.", "contents": "Human triploid cell strain. Phenotype on cellular level. The complex investigation of the bilogical properties of the triploid cell strain derived from a spontaneous abortus was carried out. Cytomorphological, autoradiographic, cytochemical, biochemical and immunochemical investigation showed that, according to most of the investigated properties, triploid cells did not differ from normal diploid cells. The cells had normal form, were well orientated, revealed expressed fibrillar apparatus and viability in the culture during 15--17 passages. The decrease of the alkaline phosphatase level, increase of acid phosphatase, lactate and malatdehydrogenase and greater nuclei area were the essential differences from the control. The cells had normal mitotic cycle parameters and the antigenic spectrum was practically identical to the normal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1193600", "title": "Tandem duplication q14 and dicentric formation by end-to-end chromosome fusions in ataxia telandiectasia (AT). Clinical and cytogenetic findings in 5 patients.", "content": "Chromosome studies on lymphocyte cultures were performed in 5 patients with AT, 2 of whom had been followed for 4 years. Four out of these patients showed an increased incidence of chromosome-type aberrations. A clonal development was present in one patient, 96% of his metaphases containing a tandem duplication of almost the entire long arm 14. Four years earlier the proportion of these cells was 80%. Two other patients presented a small proportion of cells with an unidentified abnormally long D chromosome. In a total of 724 metaphases from 4 patients 31 dicentric chromosomes were observed, all of a peculiar type; in their formation no chromosome material was lost and they all seem to have arisen by end-to-end fusions. The incidence of chromatid-type aberrations was normal or at the upper limit of control values in all 5 cases. The sister chromatid exchange rate studied with BUDR in 3 patients was found to be normal.", "contents": "Tandem duplication q14 and dicentric formation by end-to-end chromosome fusions in ataxia telandiectasia (AT). Clinical and cytogenetic findings in 5 patients. Chromosome studies on lymphocyte cultures were performed in 5 patients with AT, 2 of whom had been followed for 4 years. Four out of these patients showed an increased incidence of chromosome-type aberrations. A clonal development was present in one patient, 96% of his metaphases containing a tandem duplication of almost the entire long arm 14. Four years earlier the proportion of these cells was 80%. Two other patients presented a small proportion of cells with an unidentified abnormally long D chromosome. In a total of 724 metaphases from 4 patients 31 dicentric chromosomes were observed, all of a peculiar type; in their formation no chromosome material was lost and they all seem to have arisen by end-to-end fusions. The incidence of chromatid-type aberrations was normal or at the upper limit of control values in all 5 cases. The sister chromatid exchange rate studied with BUDR in 3 patients was found to be normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1193601", "title": "The human leulocyte test system. VII. Further investigations concerning micronucleus-derived premature chromosome condensation.", "content": "Premature chromosome condensation (PCC) from X-ray induced micronuclei shows a dose-effect relationship in human leukocytes in vitro. Preparations at different culture times without colcemide treatment reveal complex variations of the frequencies of micronuclei and PCC correlated with the fixation time. The positions of PCC patches in the metaphase plate and the frequencies of different PCC types (S and G2) ar independent on the X-ray dose. The latter indicates that the slowing down of the micronuclei in the cell cycle, which is the reason for the formation of PCC, may be an outcome rather of a regulatory phenomenon than of an unspecific physiological damage of the chromatin included in the micronuclei. This is especially evident from labeling experiments with tritiated thymidine, showing that the extent of asynchrony between main nuclei and micronuclei is independent on the X-ray dose. Labeling experiments with tritiated uridine reveal a X-ray dose dependent suppression of RNA synthesis in cells with main nuclei and micronuclei. THE S-phase nature of \"pulverized\" PCC patches could be verified by incorporation of tritiated thymidine in aound 50%. Staining of centromeric heterochromatin in micronuclei reveal a frequency of micronuclei with centromeric heterochromatin resembling the frequency of G2-phase PCC found in mitoses.", "contents": "The human leulocyte test system. VII. Further investigations concerning micronucleus-derived premature chromosome condensation. Premature chromosome condensation (PCC) from X-ray induced micronuclei shows a dose-effect relationship in human leukocytes in vitro. Preparations at different culture times without colcemide treatment reveal complex variations of the frequencies of micronuclei and PCC correlated with the fixation time. The positions of PCC patches in the metaphase plate and the frequencies of different PCC types (S and G2) ar independent on the X-ray dose. The latter indicates that the slowing down of the micronuclei in the cell cycle, which is the reason for the formation of PCC, may be an outcome rather of a regulatory phenomenon than of an unspecific physiological damage of the chromatin included in the micronuclei. This is especially evident from labeling experiments with tritiated thymidine, showing that the extent of asynchrony between main nuclei and micronuclei is independent on the X-ray dose. Labeling experiments with tritiated uridine reveal a X-ray dose dependent suppression of RNA synthesis in cells with main nuclei and micronuclei. THE S-phase nature of \"pulverized\" PCC patches could be verified by incorporation of tritiated thymidine in aound 50%. Staining of centromeric heterochromatin in micronuclei reveal a frequency of micronuclei with centromeric heterochromatin resembling the frequency of G2-phase PCC found in mitoses."}
{"id": "PMID:1193602", "title": "The metaphase chromosome ultrastructure. II. Helical organization of the basic chromosome fiber as revealed by acute angle metal deposition.", "content": "The acute angle metal depositon technique, discloses a helical chromosome fiber substructure. The microdensitometric analysis of the fiber parameters shows that a fibril 152 A in diameter coils to form the basic chromosome fiber 295 A in diameter with a pitch of 247 A. These figures should be corrected because of the thickening due to metal deposition, the real dimensions would be closer to 112 A for the fibril diameter and 255 A for fiber diameter. The real pitch value is probably somewhat smaller than 247 A (approximatively 200 A) as the values were obtained by analysing slightly stretched fibers. These results support the helical model of the chromosomes fiber organization and show that, most probably, the metaphase chromosome fiber as seen in electron microscopy is the second order of helical packing.", "contents": "The metaphase chromosome ultrastructure. II. Helical organization of the basic chromosome fiber as revealed by acute angle metal deposition. The acute angle metal depositon technique, discloses a helical chromosome fiber substructure. The microdensitometric analysis of the fiber parameters shows that a fibril 152 A in diameter coils to form the basic chromosome fiber 295 A in diameter with a pitch of 247 A. These figures should be corrected because of the thickening due to metal deposition, the real dimensions would be closer to 112 A for the fibril diameter and 255 A for fiber diameter. The real pitch value is probably somewhat smaller than 247 A (approximatively 200 A) as the values were obtained by analysing slightly stretched fibers. These results support the helical model of the chromosomes fiber organization and show that, most probably, the metaphase chromosome fiber as seen in electron microscopy is the second order of helical packing."}
{"id": "PMID:1193603", "title": "An abortus with a normal/trisomy 16 mosaicism: instability of trisomic cells in vitro.", "content": "A 46,XX/47,XX,+16 mosaicism was demonstrated in cultured chorionic cells obtained from an abortion material. By tracing polymorphic fluorescent chromosome markers in the abortus and the parents, the karyotypically normal component was confirmed to be non-maternal in origin. The trisomic cells showed a growth disadvantage, and were overtaken by the normal cells in prolonged cultivation.", "contents": "An abortus with a normal/trisomy 16 mosaicism: instability of trisomic cells in vitro. A 46,XX/47,XX,+16 mosaicism was demonstrated in cultured chorionic cells obtained from an abortion material. By tracing polymorphic fluorescent chromosome markers in the abortus and the parents, the karyotypically normal component was confirmed to be non-maternal in origin. The trisomic cells showed a growth disadvantage, and were overtaken by the normal cells in prolonged cultivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1193604", "title": "Hexokinase isozymes in human neoplastic and fetal tissues: the existence of hexokinase II in malignant tumors and in placenta.", "content": "The distribution of electrophoretic fractions of hexokinase (HK E.C. 2.7.1.1) in extracts of 53 human primary tumors, homologous normal tissues and fetal organs was investigated. It was found that the fraction HK II is present in every malignant tumor and in placenta tissue.", "contents": "Hexokinase isozymes in human neoplastic and fetal tissues: the existence of hexokinase II in malignant tumors and in placenta. The distribution of electrophoretic fractions of hexokinase (HK E.C. 2.7.1.1) in extracts of 53 human primary tumors, homologous normal tissues and fetal organs was investigated. It was found that the fraction HK II is present in every malignant tumor and in placenta tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1193605", "title": "Predominance of the haemoglobin E gene in a Mongoloid population in Assam (India).", "content": "A high frequency of the haemoglobin E gene (HbbetaE) had been found in 1972 in the Ahom, a mongoloid population in Upper Assam. The present study confirms frequencies between 0.3 and 0.35 for this population in a larger sample from different areas. An even higher frequency near 0.5 was found in the Kachari of Upper Assam, a tribe of the tibetoburman Bodo group. HbbetaE frequencies in these groups are compared with the frequencies in the general Assamese population and the austroasiatic Khasi of Meghalaya.", "contents": "Predominance of the haemoglobin E gene in a Mongoloid population in Assam (India). A high frequency of the haemoglobin E gene (HbbetaE) had been found in 1972 in the Ahom, a mongoloid population in Upper Assam. The present study confirms frequencies between 0.3 and 0.35 for this population in a larger sample from different areas. An even higher frequency near 0.5 was found in the Kachari of Upper Assam, a tribe of the tibetoburman Bodo group. HbbetaE frequencies in these groups are compared with the frequencies in the general Assamese population and the austroasiatic Khasi of Meghalaya."}
{"id": "PMID:1193606", "title": "Y-chromatin positive cells in the smear preparations of the gonad from a XX male.", "content": "An ambisexual male infant showed a normal female karyotype by the leukocyte culture technique in two different occasions. Cultured fibroblasts from the right gonad had also a 46, XX complement. They were Y-chromatin negative. To our surprise, Y-chromatin was observed in 96% of the nuclei in smears from the uncultured gonad. It is emphasized that the examination of the uncultured gonad by the quinacrine technique is mandatory in the study of \"XX males\".", "contents": "Y-chromatin positive cells in the smear preparations of the gonad from a XX male. An ambisexual male infant showed a normal female karyotype by the leukocyte culture technique in two different occasions. Cultured fibroblasts from the right gonad had also a 46, XX complement. They were Y-chromatin negative. To our surprise, Y-chromatin was observed in 96% of the nuclei in smears from the uncultured gonad. It is emphasized that the examination of the uncultured gonad by the quinacrine technique is mandatory in the study of \"XX males\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1193607", "title": "[Trisomy 4p. Three new observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Three new observations of trisomy 4p are reported. Two are due to a maternal translocation t(4;15). The third is due to a \"mirror\" duplication, it is the first case of trisomy 4p without balanced parental rearrangement. The very characteristic phenotype is compared to that of 13 other patients already reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Trisomy 4p. Three new observations (author's transl)]. Three new observations of trisomy 4p are reported. Two are due to a maternal translocation t(4;15). The third is due to a \"mirror\" duplication, it is the first case of trisomy 4p without balanced parental rearrangement. The very characteristic phenotype is compared to that of 13 other patients already reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1193682", "title": "Control of the immune response. I. Depression of DNA synthesis by immune lymph node cells.", "content": "The DNA response in the regional lymph nodes draining the site of immunization with contact sensitizing agents was assessed by measuring the uptake of radioactive iododeoxyuridine. The DNA response in the regional lymph nodes reached a peak on day 3 after immunization and fell to pre-immunization levels by day 6. The hypothesis was tested that lymph node cells from mice immunized with picryl chloride might depress the DNA response to the same antigen. Immune lymph node cells were injected intravenously and the recipient mice were immunized with picryl chloride on the same day. The immune cells depressed the DNA response on day 4 by an average of about 60 per cent. Smaller but significant depression also occurred on day 3. The cells responsible for the depression appeared in the regional lymph nodes 3-4 days after immunization and disappeared by day 21. The transfer of small numbers of immune cells (less than 2-5 X 10(6)) increased the DNA response in recipients 4 days after immunization with picryl chloride. The depression of the DNA response was largely specific. Pooled data from ten experiments showed that cells immunized with 4-ethoxymethylene-phenyl oxazolone ('oxazolone') caused no depression of the DNA response to picryl chloride, although in two of these experiments significant depression of about 21 per cent was seen. Similar results were obtained when immune cells were injected into mice immunized with 'oxazolone'.", "contents": "Control of the immune response. I. Depression of DNA synthesis by immune lymph node cells. The DNA response in the regional lymph nodes draining the site of immunization with contact sensitizing agents was assessed by measuring the uptake of radioactive iododeoxyuridine. The DNA response in the regional lymph nodes reached a peak on day 3 after immunization and fell to pre-immunization levels by day 6. The hypothesis was tested that lymph node cells from mice immunized with picryl chloride might depress the DNA response to the same antigen. Immune lymph node cells were injected intravenously and the recipient mice were immunized with picryl chloride on the same day. The immune cells depressed the DNA response on day 4 by an average of about 60 per cent. Smaller but significant depression also occurred on day 3. The cells responsible for the depression appeared in the regional lymph nodes 3-4 days after immunization and disappeared by day 21. The transfer of small numbers of immune cells (less than 2-5 X 10(6)) increased the DNA response in recipients 4 days after immunization with picryl chloride. The depression of the DNA response was largely specific. Pooled data from ten experiments showed that cells immunized with 4-ethoxymethylene-phenyl oxazolone ('oxazolone') caused no depression of the DNA response to picryl chloride, although in two of these experiments significant depression of about 21 per cent was seen. Similar results were obtained when immune cells were injected into mice immunized with 'oxazolone'."}
{"id": "PMID:1193683", "title": "Immune plasma-dependent cytotoxicity of immune and non-immune peripheral lymphoid cells for target cells coated with bacterial outer unit membrane.", "content": "The development of a model system for use in the study of lymphoid cell cytotoxicity to bacterial membrane antigens was attempted. In this system 51 Cr-labelled chicken red blood target cells were coated with pieces of the outer unit membrane of leptospirae rather than with soluble antigens. Using the model system to study dog peripheral immune lymphoid cell cytotoxicity to coated target cells we found that both immune and non-immune lymphocytes are antibody dependent for the expression of their cytotoxicity. It was also found that the unit membrane preparation from leptospirae can serve as a good antigenic stimulant to immune dog lymphoid cells as measured by increased [3H]thymidine uptake.", "contents": "Immune plasma-dependent cytotoxicity of immune and non-immune peripheral lymphoid cells for target cells coated with bacterial outer unit membrane. The development of a model system for use in the study of lymphoid cell cytotoxicity to bacterial membrane antigens was attempted. In this system 51 Cr-labelled chicken red blood target cells were coated with pieces of the outer unit membrane of leptospirae rather than with soluble antigens. Using the model system to study dog peripheral immune lymphoid cell cytotoxicity to coated target cells we found that both immune and non-immune lymphocytes are antibody dependent for the expression of their cytotoxicity. It was also found that the unit membrane preparation from leptospirae can serve as a good antigenic stimulant to immune dog lymphoid cells as measured by increased [3H]thymidine uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:1193684", "title": "Autoimmune New Zealand mouse. Alterations in C3 receptors, complement-induced clumps and follicular adherence of immune complexes.", "content": "Lymphocytes with free complement receptors are markedly diminished in autoimmune mice, probably as a reflection of a receptor blockage by immune complexes. There is also a slight decrease in Fc receptor-bearing cells and an increase in complement-induced clumps. These alterations may be related to a lack of immune complex fixation onto germinal centres and also may play a part in possible defects in T-B-cell co-operation, follicular localization of immune complexes and immune response control in autoimmune mice.", "contents": "Autoimmune New Zealand mouse. Alterations in C3 receptors, complement-induced clumps and follicular adherence of immune complexes. Lymphocytes with free complement receptors are markedly diminished in autoimmune mice, probably as a reflection of a receptor blockage by immune complexes. There is also a slight decrease in Fc receptor-bearing cells and an increase in complement-induced clumps. These alterations may be related to a lack of immune complex fixation onto germinal centres and also may play a part in possible defects in T-B-cell co-operation, follicular localization of immune complexes and immune response control in autoimmune mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1193685", "title": "Investigation of the binding site of mouse IgG subclasses to homologous peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The binding of mouse myeloma IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG1 Fc, IgG2b Fc and a pepsin produced C-terminal subfragment of IgG1 Fc and IgG2b Fc (provisionally identified as pFc') to mouse peritoneal macrophages was investigated. The high affinity cytophilic antibodies belonged to IgG2 subclasses and the binding site of these antibodies was located in the CH3 homology region.", "contents": "Investigation of the binding site of mouse IgG subclasses to homologous peritoneal macrophages. The binding of mouse myeloma IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG1 Fc, IgG2b Fc and a pepsin produced C-terminal subfragment of IgG1 Fc and IgG2b Fc (provisionally identified as pFc') to mouse peritoneal macrophages was investigated. The high affinity cytophilic antibodies belonged to IgG2 subclasses and the binding site of these antibodies was located in the CH3 homology region."}
{"id": "PMID:1193686", "title": "N-bromosuccinimide oxidation of anti-DNP and anti-DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate antibodies in the presence and absence of protecting hapten.", "content": "The reagent N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been employed to investigate the role of tryptophan in hapten binding in anti-DNP (H-1) and anti-DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate (DNP-ABG) (I-13) antibodies. In 0-1 M acetate (pH 4-0) buffer fifteen and sixteen moles of tryptophan in the anti-DNP and anti-DNP-ABG antibodies respectively were reactive toward NBS. The hapten DNP-lysine protected 1 tryptophan in antibody H-1 and three tryptophans in antibody I-13 from NBS modification. DNP-ABG protected three tryptophans in antibody H-1 and five tryptophans in antibody I-13 from NBS oxidation. NBS treatment of the unprotected antibodies resulted in a significant, but not total inhibition of hapten binding, while in the hapten protected antibody preparation no significant loss of binding occurred due to NBS treatment. The binding activity of the anti-DNP antibody H-1 was more sensitive to NBS oxidation than was the anti-DNAP-ABG antibody I-13. This was apparently due to the larger number of oxidizable tryptophans in I-13 making it less sensitive to overall tryptophan modification. The results of these investigations are discussed in terms of the antibody combining site model proposed by Haselkorn et al. (Haselkorn, Friedman, Givol and Pecht, 1974) derived from kinetic mapping of the antibody-combining site by chemical relaxation spectroscopy.", "contents": "N-bromosuccinimide oxidation of anti-DNP and anti-DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate antibodies in the presence and absence of protecting hapten. The reagent N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been employed to investigate the role of tryptophan in hapten binding in anti-DNP (H-1) and anti-DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate (DNP-ABG) (I-13) antibodies. In 0-1 M acetate (pH 4-0) buffer fifteen and sixteen moles of tryptophan in the anti-DNP and anti-DNP-ABG antibodies respectively were reactive toward NBS. The hapten DNP-lysine protected 1 tryptophan in antibody H-1 and three tryptophans in antibody I-13 from NBS modification. DNP-ABG protected three tryptophans in antibody H-1 and five tryptophans in antibody I-13 from NBS oxidation. NBS treatment of the unprotected antibodies resulted in a significant, but not total inhibition of hapten binding, while in the hapten protected antibody preparation no significant loss of binding occurred due to NBS treatment. The binding activity of the anti-DNP antibody H-1 was more sensitive to NBS oxidation than was the anti-DNAP-ABG antibody I-13. This was apparently due to the larger number of oxidizable tryptophans in I-13 making it less sensitive to overall tryptophan modification. The results of these investigations are discussed in terms of the antibody combining site model proposed by Haselkorn et al. (Haselkorn, Friedman, Givol and Pecht, 1974) derived from kinetic mapping of the antibody-combining site by chemical relaxation spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:1193687", "title": "Anti-galactan activity in Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding) haemolymph. Calcium dependence of the haemagglutinins and precipitins.", "content": "A powerful natural agglutinin with haemagglutinating and precipitating properties has been found in the haemolymph from the elongate clam Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding). The agglutinin shows anti-galactan properties and reacts with a variety of bacteria-, plant-, invertebrate- and vertebrate-derived galactans, glycopeptides and polysaccharides. Previous studies which showed that the agglutinin-combining sites were inhibited by 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and D-galactose also revealed some anomalies in the reactions of the agglutinin with different saccharide-containing macromolecules. In an attempt to resolve these anomalies, the present study further examines the precipitating and haemagglutinating properties of the agglutinin and illustrates a requirement of the agglutinin for Ca2+. The ability of the T. maxima agglutinin to precipitate with structures containing terminal beta-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranosyl or D-galactopyranosyl groups suggests that the Tridacna haemolymph and purified lectin will find considerable application in the study of many biologically important carbohydrates.", "contents": "Anti-galactan activity in Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding) haemolymph. Calcium dependence of the haemagglutinins and precipitins. A powerful natural agglutinin with haemagglutinating and precipitating properties has been found in the haemolymph from the elongate clam Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding). The agglutinin shows anti-galactan properties and reacts with a variety of bacteria-, plant-, invertebrate- and vertebrate-derived galactans, glycopeptides and polysaccharides. Previous studies which showed that the agglutinin-combining sites were inhibited by 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and D-galactose also revealed some anomalies in the reactions of the agglutinin with different saccharide-containing macromolecules. In an attempt to resolve these anomalies, the present study further examines the precipitating and haemagglutinating properties of the agglutinin and illustrates a requirement of the agglutinin for Ca2+. The ability of the T. maxima agglutinin to precipitate with structures containing terminal beta-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranosyl or D-galactopyranosyl groups suggests that the Tridacna haemolymph and purified lectin will find considerable application in the study of many biologically important carbohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1193688", "title": "Studies on phagocytosis in fish. I. In vitro uptake and killing of living Staphylococcus aureus by peripheral leucocytes of carp (Cyprinus carpio).", "content": "The clearance and uptake of Staphylococcus aureus were studied in vitro in whole blood of immunized and non-immunized carp. Bacterial numbers were determined by : (1) counting viable cells in agar plates; (2) counting radioactivity of 14C-labelled bacteria. Similar results were obtained by these two methods. Neither the bacterial growth nor the ingestion of bacteria into the cells seem to be influences by immunization. In both immunized and non-immunized groups the number of intracellular bacteria increased rapidly during the first 120 minutes, then progressed at a slow rate during the next 60 minutes, after which there was a rapid decrease in the number of bacteria only in the immune blood. It is concluded that the phagocytic cells of immune blood are more effective in activating or killing bacteria.", "contents": "Studies on phagocytosis in fish. I. In vitro uptake and killing of living Staphylococcus aureus by peripheral leucocytes of carp (Cyprinus carpio). The clearance and uptake of Staphylococcus aureus were studied in vitro in whole blood of immunized and non-immunized carp. Bacterial numbers were determined by : (1) counting viable cells in agar plates; (2) counting radioactivity of 14C-labelled bacteria. Similar results were obtained by these two methods. Neither the bacterial growth nor the ingestion of bacteria into the cells seem to be influences by immunization. In both immunized and non-immunized groups the number of intracellular bacteria increased rapidly during the first 120 minutes, then progressed at a slow rate during the next 60 minutes, after which there was a rapid decrease in the number of bacteria only in the immune blood. It is concluded that the phagocytic cells of immune blood are more effective in activating or killing bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:1193689", "title": "Relationship between age of allogeneic thymus donor and immunological restoration of athymic ('nude\") mice.", "content": "In nude mice back-crossed a minimum of five times to BALB/c, solid thymus grafts from C57Bl donors 3 days of age or younger restored both the humoral immune response against sheep erythrocytes and cellular immunity as tested by rejection of CBA skin grafts. Donor thymus placed under the renal capsule at a dose of 0-5 mg/g of recipient resulted in normal humoral immunity, while a minimum dose of 1-5 mg/g was required to reconstitute cellular competence. None of the various amounts of allogeneic thymus tissue transplanted affected the immunological status of nude recipients when grafts were obtained from donors 4 days of age or older. Histological findings correlated with the humoral and cellular responses observed. In nudes grafted with neonatal tissue, the thymus implant proliferated and developed normal architecture. The density of lymphocytes in thymus-dependent regions of peripheral lymphoid organs was near normal. On the other hand, most grafts from older (3-week-old) donors were resorbed by 90 days after implantation. In a number of cases, however, Russell bodies and numerous blast and plasma cells were seen in the graft site. Our observations suggest a possible cytotoxic rejection of implants from older allogeneic donors, while the survival and restorative capacity of transplants from 3-day-old or younger donors may have been due to a tolerogenic effect of the graft on the nude recipient.", "contents": "Relationship between age of allogeneic thymus donor and immunological restoration of athymic ('nude\") mice. In nude mice back-crossed a minimum of five times to BALB/c, solid thymus grafts from C57Bl donors 3 days of age or younger restored both the humoral immune response against sheep erythrocytes and cellular immunity as tested by rejection of CBA skin grafts. Donor thymus placed under the renal capsule at a dose of 0-5 mg/g of recipient resulted in normal humoral immunity, while a minimum dose of 1-5 mg/g was required to reconstitute cellular competence. None of the various amounts of allogeneic thymus tissue transplanted affected the immunological status of nude recipients when grafts were obtained from donors 4 days of age or older. Histological findings correlated with the humoral and cellular responses observed. In nudes grafted with neonatal tissue, the thymus implant proliferated and developed normal architecture. The density of lymphocytes in thymus-dependent regions of peripheral lymphoid organs was near normal. On the other hand, most grafts from older (3-week-old) donors were resorbed by 90 days after implantation. In a number of cases, however, Russell bodies and numerous blast and plasma cells were seen in the graft site. Our observations suggest a possible cytotoxic rejection of implants from older allogeneic donors, while the survival and restorative capacity of transplants from 3-day-old or younger donors may have been due to a tolerogenic effect of the graft on the nude recipient."}
{"id": "PMID:1193713", "title": "Type specificity of complement-requiring and immunoglobulin M neutralizing antibody in initial herpes simplex virus infections of humans.", "content": "Studies comparing the enhancing effect of guinea pig complement on homotypic and heterotypic neutralizing antibodies produced in initial herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of humans indicated that antibodies to HSV type 1 and HSV type 2 were enhanced to about the same extent, and there was no signigicant difference in the degree to which complement enhanced homotypic and heterotypic HSV-neutralizing antibody. Homotypic and heterotypic immunoglobulin G neutralizing antibodies were enhanced by complement to as great, or greater, an extent as immunoglobulin M (IgM) HSV antibodies in the same sera. In patients with initial HSV type 1 infections, the IgM neutralizing antibody response was type specific. On the other hand, patients with initial HSV type 2 infections produced both homotypic and heterotypic IgM neutralizing antibody. An initial HSV type 2 infection in an individual previously infected with HSV type 1 elicited the production of IgM neutralizing antibody to both HSV type 1 and HSV type 2. However, patients with recurrent HSV type 1 infections failed to produce IgM antibody to either HSV type during reactivation of the virus.", "contents": "Type specificity of complement-requiring and immunoglobulin M neutralizing antibody in initial herpes simplex virus infections of humans. Studies comparing the enhancing effect of guinea pig complement on homotypic and heterotypic neutralizing antibodies produced in initial herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of humans indicated that antibodies to HSV type 1 and HSV type 2 were enhanced to about the same extent, and there was no signigicant difference in the degree to which complement enhanced homotypic and heterotypic HSV-neutralizing antibody. Homotypic and heterotypic immunoglobulin G neutralizing antibodies were enhanced by complement to as great, or greater, an extent as immunoglobulin M (IgM) HSV antibodies in the same sera. In patients with initial HSV type 1 infections, the IgM neutralizing antibody response was type specific. On the other hand, patients with initial HSV type 2 infections produced both homotypic and heterotypic IgM neutralizing antibody. An initial HSV type 2 infection in an individual previously infected with HSV type 1 elicited the production of IgM neutralizing antibody to both HSV type 1 and HSV type 2. However, patients with recurrent HSV type 1 infections failed to produce IgM antibody to either HSV type during reactivation of the virus."}
{"id": "PMID:1193714", "title": "Characterization of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity of Steptococcus mutans.", "content": "The extracellular glycosyltransferase activity of Sterptococcus mutans GS-5 has been resolved into two non-overlapping fractions after gel filtration chromatography on Bio Gel A-15 columns. The activity eluting in the void volume, fraction A, was highly aggregated and synthesized both soluble and insoluble glucans. The activity retarded by the resin, fraction B, synthesized only soluble glucan. Almost all of the extracellular glucosyltransferase activity was eluted in the void volume when the cells were grown in Todd-Hewitt medium. However, most of the activity migrated as the lower-molecular-weight species when cells were grown under conditions which inhibit insoluble glucan formation. The activities in both fractions had identical temperature and pH optima as well as similar Km values for sucrose. Fraction A synthesized both alpha-1,3- and alpha-1,6- linked glucans, whereas fraction B catalyzed alpha-1,6-glucan formation. Fraction B has been purified to near homogeneity and is also aggregated with a subunit molecular weight of 45,000. The properties of the glucosyltransferases in both fractions are discussed in terms of the role of the enzymes in both soluble and insoluble glucan formation.", "contents": "Characterization of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity of Steptococcus mutans. The extracellular glycosyltransferase activity of Sterptococcus mutans GS-5 has been resolved into two non-overlapping fractions after gel filtration chromatography on Bio Gel A-15 columns. The activity eluting in the void volume, fraction A, was highly aggregated and synthesized both soluble and insoluble glucans. The activity retarded by the resin, fraction B, synthesized only soluble glucan. Almost all of the extracellular glucosyltransferase activity was eluted in the void volume when the cells were grown in Todd-Hewitt medium. However, most of the activity migrated as the lower-molecular-weight species when cells were grown under conditions which inhibit insoluble glucan formation. The activities in both fractions had identical temperature and pH optima as well as similar Km values for sucrose. Fraction A synthesized both alpha-1,3- and alpha-1,6- linked glucans, whereas fraction B catalyzed alpha-1,6-glucan formation. Fraction B has been purified to near homogeneity and is also aggregated with a subunit molecular weight of 45,000. The properties of the glucosyltransferases in both fractions are discussed in terms of the role of the enzymes in both soluble and insoluble glucan formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1193715", "title": "Experimental measles encephalitis: a genetic analysis.", "content": "The encephalitogenic potential of nine temperature-sensitive mutants of measles virus was determined in newborn golden Syrian hamsters. The parental virus produced acute encephalitis without any prior adaptation. Six of the mutants were attenuated, two were virulent, and one was associated with hydrocephalus with acute onset. The attenuated mutants, blocked before measles virus antigen and ribonucleic acid synthesis at 39 C, were all members of one complementation group. The virulent temperature-sensitive mutants, defective in hemolysin antigen synthesis at 39 C, were members of a second complementation group. The hydrocephalus-inducing mutant was genetically distinct from the other mutants. The mechanism of attenuation most probably does not involve a temperature-induced inhibition of virus replication, but rather appears to be related to the partial defectiveness of the mutants under permissive conditions.", "contents": "Experimental measles encephalitis: a genetic analysis. The encephalitogenic potential of nine temperature-sensitive mutants of measles virus was determined in newborn golden Syrian hamsters. The parental virus produced acute encephalitis without any prior adaptation. Six of the mutants were attenuated, two were virulent, and one was associated with hydrocephalus with acute onset. The attenuated mutants, blocked before measles virus antigen and ribonucleic acid synthesis at 39 C, were all members of one complementation group. The virulent temperature-sensitive mutants, defective in hemolysin antigen synthesis at 39 C, were members of a second complementation group. The hydrocephalus-inducing mutant was genetically distinct from the other mutants. The mechanism of attenuation most probably does not involve a temperature-induced inhibition of virus replication, but rather appears to be related to the partial defectiveness of the mutants under permissive conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1193716", "title": "Immunological properties of glycolipids from membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii.", "content": "Glycolipids, the predominant class of lipids in the membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii, are the haptenic determinants that react with anti-A. Laidlawii serum to fix complement. The predominant complement-fixing activity of the membrane glycolipids was associated with the monoglucoysyl diglyceride, diglucosyl diglyceride, glycerlphosphoryl diglucosyl diglyceride (GPDD), and an unknown lipid B, which did not react with ninhydrin but release glucose and glycerol and traces of phosphorus upon hydrolysis. The glycolipids monoglucosyl diglyceride and diglucosyl diglyceride or GPDD and unknown lipid B were paired as a result of their cross-reactions with selective antisera prepared with the aid of reconstituted membrane complexes containing membrane lipids. Reconstituted membrane complexes assembled from [14C]monoglucosyl diglyceride and delipidated membrane proteins gave optimal complement fixation titers before saturation of the complexes with the ]14C]monoglucosyl diglyceride. The phosphoglycolipid of the membrane, GPDD, was anticomplementary as a pure lipid, a cholesterol liposome, and a reconstituted membrane complex. This anticomplementary activity, which was caused by 3 mug of pure GPDD, affected both human and guinea pig complement. Although human C1, C4, C3, and C5 were not inhibited by GPDD, C2 was inhibited 10-fold by reconstituted membrane complexes containing 150 mug of GPDD. A role for this phosphoglycolipid is discussed in the hypothetical mechanism of inhibition of C2 attachment to SAC1, 4 sites.", "contents": "Immunological properties of glycolipids from membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii. Glycolipids, the predominant class of lipids in the membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii, are the haptenic determinants that react with anti-A. Laidlawii serum to fix complement. The predominant complement-fixing activity of the membrane glycolipids was associated with the monoglucoysyl diglyceride, diglucosyl diglyceride, glycerlphosphoryl diglucosyl diglyceride (GPDD), and an unknown lipid B, which did not react with ninhydrin but release glucose and glycerol and traces of phosphorus upon hydrolysis. The glycolipids monoglucosyl diglyceride and diglucosyl diglyceride or GPDD and unknown lipid B were paired as a result of their cross-reactions with selective antisera prepared with the aid of reconstituted membrane complexes containing membrane lipids. Reconstituted membrane complexes assembled from [14C]monoglucosyl diglyceride and delipidated membrane proteins gave optimal complement fixation titers before saturation of the complexes with the ]14C]monoglucosyl diglyceride. The phosphoglycolipid of the membrane, GPDD, was anticomplementary as a pure lipid, a cholesterol liposome, and a reconstituted membrane complex. This anticomplementary activity, which was caused by 3 mug of pure GPDD, affected both human and guinea pig complement. Although human C1, C4, C3, and C5 were not inhibited by GPDD, C2 was inhibited 10-fold by reconstituted membrane complexes containing 150 mug of GPDD. A role for this phosphoglycolipid is discussed in the hypothetical mechanism of inhibition of C2 attachment to SAC1, 4 sites."}
{"id": "PMID:1193717", "title": "Pathogenicity of an attenuated, temperature-sensitive mutant of western equine encephalitis virus induced by a chemical mutagen.", "content": "To know the pathogenicity of the chemically induced, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of western equine encephalitis virus, designated tsNG39, the lethality for mice injected with tsNG39, virus yield, interferon production, and histological changes in the brains of these mice were examined in parallel with those of mice inoculated with the parent strain (PS). All of the mice injected intracranially with PS died within 3.5 days after injection irrespective of the inoculum size of virus, whereas the lethality of the mice inoculated with tsNG39 varied from 94.3 to 65.5% among groups of mice and this variation seemed to be correlated with the inoculum size of virus rather than with the maximum virus titer in the brain. By histological examination, two types of changes in the brain were distinguished, inflammatory and degenerative ones. Inflammatory changes were more prominent in the brains injected with tsNG39 than in those receiving PS. Degenerative changes were dominant in the brains injected with PS, but they were slight in the earlier phase of infection by tsNG39 became prominent only later. The degree of degenerative change was well correlated with both the virus titer in the mouse brain and the death pattern of mice injected with PS or tsNG39. Since degenerative changes are thought to be caused by the direct effect of injected virus, these results indicated that the factor responsible for the low virulence of tsNG39 was the slow viral growth in the brain.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of an attenuated, temperature-sensitive mutant of western equine encephalitis virus induced by a chemical mutagen. To know the pathogenicity of the chemically induced, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of western equine encephalitis virus, designated tsNG39, the lethality for mice injected with tsNG39, virus yield, interferon production, and histological changes in the brains of these mice were examined in parallel with those of mice inoculated with the parent strain (PS). All of the mice injected intracranially with PS died within 3.5 days after injection irrespective of the inoculum size of virus, whereas the lethality of the mice inoculated with tsNG39 varied from 94.3 to 65.5% among groups of mice and this variation seemed to be correlated with the inoculum size of virus rather than with the maximum virus titer in the brain. By histological examination, two types of changes in the brain were distinguished, inflammatory and degenerative ones. Inflammatory changes were more prominent in the brains injected with tsNG39 than in those receiving PS. Degenerative changes were dominant in the brains injected with PS, but they were slight in the earlier phase of infection by tsNG39 became prominent only later. The degree of degenerative change was well correlated with both the virus titer in the mouse brain and the death pattern of mice injected with PS or tsNG39. Since degenerative changes are thought to be caused by the direct effect of injected virus, these results indicated that the factor responsible for the low virulence of tsNG39 was the slow viral growth in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1193718", "title": "Effect of glucocorticosteroids on phagosome-lysosome interaction.", "content": "The effects of hydrocortisone on fusion of thorotrast-labeled lysosomes with phagosomes containing killed toxoplasmas was studied. Mouse peritoneal macrophages from glucocorticosteroid-treated animals fromed phagolysosomes just as effectively as macrophages from untreated animals (72% thorotrast-positive vacuoles in hydrocortisone-treated animals; 78% in controls). The electron microscopic appearence of macrophages from treated or untreated animals was similar. This observation complements studies which show no change in intracellular microbicidal activity in macrophages treated with glucocorticosteriods.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticosteroids on phagosome-lysosome interaction. The effects of hydrocortisone on fusion of thorotrast-labeled lysosomes with phagosomes containing killed toxoplasmas was studied. Mouse peritoneal macrophages from glucocorticosteroid-treated animals fromed phagolysosomes just as effectively as macrophages from untreated animals (72% thorotrast-positive vacuoles in hydrocortisone-treated animals; 78% in controls). The electron microscopic appearence of macrophages from treated or untreated animals was similar. This observation complements studies which show no change in intracellular microbicidal activity in macrophages treated with glucocorticosteriods."}
{"id": "PMID:1193719", "title": "Cell-associated subacute sclerosing panencephalitis agent studied in organotypic central nervous system cultures: viral rescue attempts and morphology.", "content": "Organotypic cultures of hamster cerebellum were exposed to the IP-3-Ca cell line , which contains a cell-associated subacute sclerosing panencephalitis agent. Central nervous system (CNS) cultures were examined by light and electron microscopy as well as standard virological techniques from 3 to 46 days postinfection. The results indicate that although viral nucleocapsid material was transferred to elements of the CNS, cell-free virus could not be detected by virological techniques and by electron microscopy, and budding viral particles were not observed. Attempts to recover cell-free virus from hamster CNS tissue exposed to IP-3-Ca cells were generally negative. However, 2% of the cultures yielded low levels of infectious virus. IP-3-Ca cells were able to transfer the cell-associated viral material to all cell types found in the CNS cultures and were capable of inducing polykaryocytes in the CNS cultures. The role of cell-associated virus-like agents in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and other chronic CNS infections is discussed.", "contents": "Cell-associated subacute sclerosing panencephalitis agent studied in organotypic central nervous system cultures: viral rescue attempts and morphology. Organotypic cultures of hamster cerebellum were exposed to the IP-3-Ca cell line , which contains a cell-associated subacute sclerosing panencephalitis agent. Central nervous system (CNS) cultures were examined by light and electron microscopy as well as standard virological techniques from 3 to 46 days postinfection. The results indicate that although viral nucleocapsid material was transferred to elements of the CNS, cell-free virus could not be detected by virological techniques and by electron microscopy, and budding viral particles were not observed. Attempts to recover cell-free virus from hamster CNS tissue exposed to IP-3-Ca cells were generally negative. However, 2% of the cultures yielded low levels of infectious virus. IP-3-Ca cells were able to transfer the cell-associated viral material to all cell types found in the CNS cultures and were capable of inducing polykaryocytes in the CNS cultures. The role of cell-associated virus-like agents in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and other chronic CNS infections is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1193720", "title": "Inhibition of hemolytic activity of the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by ganglioside.", "content": "The hemolytic activity of the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus was inhibited by a ganglioside mixture. The ganglioside component which inhibited the hemolysin was not FM1 ganglioside.", "contents": "Inhibition of hemolytic activity of the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by ganglioside. The hemolytic activity of the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus was inhibited by a ganglioside mixture. The ganglioside component which inhibited the hemolysin was not FM1 ganglioside."}
{"id": "PMID:1193721", "title": "Production of elevated levels of dextransucrase by a mutant of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "A mutant (S19) of Sreptococcus mutans strain 6715 which produces elevated levels of dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) was isolated. Soluble enzyme in culture supernatant solutions from S19 polymerized the glucosyl moiety of sucrose into alcohol-insoluble and water-insoluble glucans at a rate three to six times greater than that of the parent strain. Washed-cell suspensions of S19 also contained increased amounts of cell-associated enzyme. Adherence of S19 to glass in the presence of sucrose occurred at twice the rate of strain 6715. The Km values for sucrose and primer dextran were similar for the mutant and parent enzymes. Mutant S19 should facilitate studies on the mechanism of adherence of S. Mutans and the control of dextransucrase production by this bacterium.", "contents": "Production of elevated levels of dextransucrase by a mutant of Streptococcus mutans. A mutant (S19) of Sreptococcus mutans strain 6715 which produces elevated levels of dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) was isolated. Soluble enzyme in culture supernatant solutions from S19 polymerized the glucosyl moiety of sucrose into alcohol-insoluble and water-insoluble glucans at a rate three to six times greater than that of the parent strain. Washed-cell suspensions of S19 also contained increased amounts of cell-associated enzyme. Adherence of S19 to glass in the presence of sucrose occurred at twice the rate of strain 6715. The Km values for sucrose and primer dextran were similar for the mutant and parent enzymes. Mutant S19 should facilitate studies on the mechanism of adherence of S. Mutans and the control of dextransucrase production by this bacterium."}
{"id": "PMID:1193722", "title": "Mitogenicity of formalinized toxoids of staphylococcal enterotoxin B.", "content": "Staphylococcal enterotoxin B is a potent mitogen for mouse and human lymphocytes. Mitogenic activity was retained after detoxification of the enterotoxin by formaldehyde at pH 5.0, 7.5, OR 9.5. The most active toxoid (pH 7.5) was separated into a monomeric, a dimeric, and a polymeric fraction (1 x 10(5) to 3 x 10(5) molecular weight) by gel filtration, and although each fraction demonstrated mitogenic activity, the polymeric fraction was clearly the most efficacious. These data show that mitogenicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B does not depend on toxicity. This suggests that the mitogenic and toxic activities are effected by different sites on the molecule.", "contents": "Mitogenicity of formalinized toxoids of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B is a potent mitogen for mouse and human lymphocytes. Mitogenic activity was retained after detoxification of the enterotoxin by formaldehyde at pH 5.0, 7.5, OR 9.5. The most active toxoid (pH 7.5) was separated into a monomeric, a dimeric, and a polymeric fraction (1 x 10(5) to 3 x 10(5) molecular weight) by gel filtration, and although each fraction demonstrated mitogenic activity, the polymeric fraction was clearly the most efficacious. These data show that mitogenicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B does not depend on toxicity. This suggests that the mitogenic and toxic activities are effected by different sites on the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:1193723", "title": "In vivo and in vitro stimulation of mouse spleen leukocytes by BL-20803, a low-molecular-weight interferon inducer.", "content": "BL-20803, a low-molecular-weight compound, although able to elicit circulating interferon in the mouse, failed to protect cultured cell lines in vitro from infection by interferon-sensitive viruses. Of the tissues analyzed for interferon content after oral administration of the drug to mice, spleen and lung contained the largest amounts of the virus inhibitor. Spleen cells from such dosed animals when isolated into in vitro cultures elaborated small amounts of interferon into the culture medium. The time sequence of acquisition by spleen cells of the ability to produce interferon closely correlated with the kinetics of development of the circulating interferon response in the intact mouse. When spleen cells were separated on the basis of adherence or nonadherence to a plastic surface, the bulk of the interferon activity was found to be associated with the adherent cells. Upon exposure to BL-20803 in cell culture, adherent cells and, to a lesser extent, nonadherent cells from untreated mice were stimulated to produce interferon-like activity. The biological behavior of BL-20803 is shown to have striking similarities with that of the structurally different low-molecular-weight inducer tilorone hydrochloride.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro stimulation of mouse spleen leukocytes by BL-20803, a low-molecular-weight interferon inducer. BL-20803, a low-molecular-weight compound, although able to elicit circulating interferon in the mouse, failed to protect cultured cell lines in vitro from infection by interferon-sensitive viruses. Of the tissues analyzed for interferon content after oral administration of the drug to mice, spleen and lung contained the largest amounts of the virus inhibitor. Spleen cells from such dosed animals when isolated into in vitro cultures elaborated small amounts of interferon into the culture medium. The time sequence of acquisition by spleen cells of the ability to produce interferon closely correlated with the kinetics of development of the circulating interferon response in the intact mouse. When spleen cells were separated on the basis of adherence or nonadherence to a plastic surface, the bulk of the interferon activity was found to be associated with the adherent cells. Upon exposure to BL-20803 in cell culture, adherent cells and, to a lesser extent, nonadherent cells from untreated mice were stimulated to produce interferon-like activity. The biological behavior of BL-20803 is shown to have striking similarities with that of the structurally different low-molecular-weight inducer tilorone hydrochloride."}
{"id": "PMID:1193724", "title": "Arthritis of mice induced by Mycoplasma pulmonis: humoral antibody and lymphocyte responses of CBA mice.", "content": "Peak arthritis occurred 14 days after intravenous injection of Mycoplasma pulmonis and persisted in some mice at low levels for 84 days. A marked lymphocytosis occurred during the first week of infection  with only a slight increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Complement-fixing antibodies appeared in low titer 3 days after infection and moderate levels persisted for 84 days. The metabolic-inhibiting and mycoplasmacidal antibody responses were absent or minimal. M. pulmonis appeared to be mitogenic for mouse lymphocytes as evidenced by (i) increased uptake of [3H]thymidine for normal lymphocytes exposed to various concentrations of nonviable M. pulmonis antigen, and (ii) a 13-fold increase in [3H]thymidine uptake in lymphocytes taken from mice 3 days after infection with M. pulmonis in the absence of added antigen. Lymphocytes taken from infected mice transformed significantly more at all time periods than control lymphocytes when exposed to M. pulmonis antigen. This response was maximal at 3 days and minimal at 21 to 35 days after infection. Lymphocytes sensitized to M. pulmonis did not transform when exposed to M. arthritidis antigen or vice versa. M. pulmonis infection had no effect upon the mitogenic responses of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide. There was no statistically significant correlation between persistence of arthritis and degree of humor antibody or lymphocyte responses. However, persisting arthritis was associated with a higher incidence of mycoplasma isolations.", "contents": "Arthritis of mice induced by Mycoplasma pulmonis: humoral antibody and lymphocyte responses of CBA mice. Peak arthritis occurred 14 days after intravenous injection of Mycoplasma pulmonis and persisted in some mice at low levels for 84 days. A marked lymphocytosis occurred during the first week of infection  with only a slight increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Complement-fixing antibodies appeared in low titer 3 days after infection and moderate levels persisted for 84 days. The metabolic-inhibiting and mycoplasmacidal antibody responses were absent or minimal. M. pulmonis appeared to be mitogenic for mouse lymphocytes as evidenced by (i) increased uptake of [3H]thymidine for normal lymphocytes exposed to various concentrations of nonviable M. pulmonis antigen, and (ii) a 13-fold increase in [3H]thymidine uptake in lymphocytes taken from mice 3 days after infection with M. pulmonis in the absence of added antigen. Lymphocytes taken from infected mice transformed significantly more at all time periods than control lymphocytes when exposed to M. pulmonis antigen. This response was maximal at 3 days and minimal at 21 to 35 days after infection. Lymphocytes sensitized to M. pulmonis did not transform when exposed to M. arthritidis antigen or vice versa. M. pulmonis infection had no effect upon the mitogenic responses of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide. There was no statistically significant correlation between persistence of arthritis and degree of humor antibody or lymphocyte responses. However, persisting arthritis was associated with a higher incidence of mycoplasma isolations."}
{"id": "PMID:1193725", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to a cell wall fraction of the mycelial phase of Coccidioides immitis.", "content": "A skin test-active fraction was isolated from the mycelial-phase cell walls of Coccidioides immitis. This alkali-soluble, water-soluble antigen (C-ASWS) elicited positive reactions in 22 of 24 (92%) of the Coccidioides-sensitized guinea pigs whereas only 14 (54%) of the same guinea pigs reacted to commercial coccidioidin (BioCox). None of the 21 Histoplasma-sensitized guinea pigs cross-reacted with the C-ASWS antigen. Footpad tests in mice actively infected with Coccidioides further established the efficacy of the C-ASWS antigen in eliciting a delayed-type hypersensitivity response. One-microgram doses of C-ASWS produced reactions comparable to 100-mug doses of nondialyzable coccidioidin (Smith's lot 64 D4). The C-ASWS fractions isolated from three different C. immitis strains showed similar reactivity in terms of the number of positive reactions produced in Coccidioides-sensitized guinea pigs. However, the induration responses (diameter in millimeters) elicited by the C-ASWS fraction of one strain were significantly less than those elicited by the C-ASWS fractions of the other two C. immitis strains.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to a cell wall fraction of the mycelial phase of Coccidioides immitis. A skin test-active fraction was isolated from the mycelial-phase cell walls of Coccidioides immitis. This alkali-soluble, water-soluble antigen (C-ASWS) elicited positive reactions in 22 of 24 (92%) of the Coccidioides-sensitized guinea pigs whereas only 14 (54%) of the same guinea pigs reacted to commercial coccidioidin (BioCox). None of the 21 Histoplasma-sensitized guinea pigs cross-reacted with the C-ASWS antigen. Footpad tests in mice actively infected with Coccidioides further established the efficacy of the C-ASWS antigen in eliciting a delayed-type hypersensitivity response. One-microgram doses of C-ASWS produced reactions comparable to 100-mug doses of nondialyzable coccidioidin (Smith's lot 64 D4). The C-ASWS fractions isolated from three different C. immitis strains showed similar reactivity in terms of the number of positive reactions produced in Coccidioides-sensitized guinea pigs. However, the induration responses (diameter in millimeters) elicited by the C-ASWS fraction of one strain were significantly less than those elicited by the C-ASWS fractions of the other two C. immitis strains."}
{"id": "PMID:1193726", "title": "Enhanced resistance to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections associated with reduced serum immunoglobulin levels in levamisole-treated mice.", "content": "The effect of levamisole (1-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole monohydrochloride) treatment on the course of a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection and the ability of either vaccinated or unvaccinated randomly bred mice to resist challenge were investigated. It was found that either a double treatment of levamisole administered with or without a sublethal inoculation of C. pseudotuberculosis or a single treatment of levamisole alone had a significant effect on the ability of mice to resist challenge with virulent C. pseudotuberculosis. This prolonged, enhanced nonspecific and specific resistance was associated with a quantitative reduction in the geometric mean serum immunoglobulin levels, with the immunoglobulin G2 and immunoglobulin A levels being more severely affected. As the enhanced nonspecific resistance to C. pseudotuberculosis was associated with depressed serum immunoglobulin levels in the mice pretreated with levamisole alone, it was suggested that the cell-mediated immunity may play a more important role than the humoral immunity in the resistance to C. pseudotuberculosis infection.", "contents": "Enhanced resistance to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections associated with reduced serum immunoglobulin levels in levamisole-treated mice. The effect of levamisole (1-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole monohydrochloride) treatment on the course of a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection and the ability of either vaccinated or unvaccinated randomly bred mice to resist challenge were investigated. It was found that either a double treatment of levamisole administered with or without a sublethal inoculation of C. pseudotuberculosis or a single treatment of levamisole alone had a significant effect on the ability of mice to resist challenge with virulent C. pseudotuberculosis. This prolonged, enhanced nonspecific and specific resistance was associated with a quantitative reduction in the geometric mean serum immunoglobulin levels, with the immunoglobulin G2 and immunoglobulin A levels being more severely affected. As the enhanced nonspecific resistance to C. pseudotuberculosis was associated with depressed serum immunoglobulin levels in the mice pretreated with levamisole alone, it was suggested that the cell-mediated immunity may play a more important role than the humoral immunity in the resistance to C. pseudotuberculosis infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1193727", "title": "Intrauterine infection of mice with St. Louis encephalitis virus: immunological, physiological, neurological, and behavioral effects on progeny.", "content": "Intravenous injection of pregnant mice with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus at 8 days of gestation resulted in infection of the fetus. Progeny developed no antibody or tolerance to SLE virus since the viral antigen was cleared by maternal antibody before antibody-forming competence developed in the young. Temporary growth retardation was observed in a number of young at 3 weeks of age. After the initial setback the growth rate increased, indicating that early runting was due to an inability to adjust adequately to extrauterine life, which was subsequently overcome. In most other young there were no significant effects on growth, reproduction, or life expectancy. A few young died at or shortly after birth; in these, neurological changes ranging from gross defects such as encephaloceles and hydrocephalus to histological evidence of necrosis and congestion were observed. Neurologically related behavioral changes were detected by using the open field test and the rotating-rod test, which indicated neurological damage and memory impairment in the surviving intrauterinely infected animals.", "contents": "Intrauterine infection of mice with St. Louis encephalitis virus: immunological, physiological, neurological, and behavioral effects on progeny. Intravenous injection of pregnant mice with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus at 8 days of gestation resulted in infection of the fetus. Progeny developed no antibody or tolerance to SLE virus since the viral antigen was cleared by maternal antibody before antibody-forming competence developed in the young. Temporary growth retardation was observed in a number of young at 3 weeks of age. After the initial setback the growth rate increased, indicating that early runting was due to an inability to adjust adequately to extrauterine life, which was subsequently overcome. In most other young there were no significant effects on growth, reproduction, or life expectancy. A few young died at or shortly after birth; in these, neurological changes ranging from gross defects such as encephaloceles and hydrocephalus to histological evidence of necrosis and congestion were observed. Neurologically related behavioral changes were detected by using the open field test and the rotating-rod test, which indicated neurological damage and memory impairment in the surviving intrauterinely infected animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1193728", "title": "Analysis of growth rate in sucrose-supplemented cultures of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "In the presence of sucrose, Streptococcus mutans grows in large glucan-containing aggregates. Because of reports of linear rather than exponential growth of sucrose-grown cultures, the kinetics of growth of sucrose-grown cultures of S. mutans strain OMZ-176 were compared with those of glucose-grown cultures. Culture turbidity measurements indicated that growth of sucrose cultures was slower, did not follow exponential kinetics, and slowed and stopped at lower absorbance values than did glucose-grown cultures. However, measurements of the rates of accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein using fully equilibrated radioactively labeled precursors of each of these macromolecular species in sucrose and glucose-grown cultures showed that: (i) for glucose cultures the synthesis of each of the three informational molecules occurred at the same exponential rate, which was identical to the rate of turbidity increase; (ii) for sucrose cultures each macromolecular species was synthesized at the same exponential rate and these rates were identical to the rate of increase of turbidity of the glucose-grown culture for periods of up to 7 h. Furthermore, the ratios of DNA to RNA, RNA to protein, and protein to DNA for the sucrose cultures were identical to those for the glucose cultures for up to 10 doublings. From these data it was concluded that in the presence of sucrose S. mutans grows in a balanced fashion at the same exponential rate as it does in glucose. The deviation from an exponential growth model of the absorbance in sucrose cultures was attributed to an optical artifact due to the formation of large glucan-containing aggregates of cells. The addition of dextranase to sucrose cultures resulted in cultures which increased in turbidity at the same exponential rate as glucose-grown cultures, without affecting the rate or extent of macromolecular synthesis.", "contents": "Analysis of growth rate in sucrose-supplemented cultures of Streptococcus mutans. In the presence of sucrose, Streptococcus mutans grows in large glucan-containing aggregates. Because of reports of linear rather than exponential growth of sucrose-grown cultures, the kinetics of growth of sucrose-grown cultures of S. mutans strain OMZ-176 were compared with those of glucose-grown cultures. Culture turbidity measurements indicated that growth of sucrose cultures was slower, did not follow exponential kinetics, and slowed and stopped at lower absorbance values than did glucose-grown cultures. However, measurements of the rates of accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein using fully equilibrated radioactively labeled precursors of each of these macromolecular species in sucrose and glucose-grown cultures showed that: (i) for glucose cultures the synthesis of each of the three informational molecules occurred at the same exponential rate, which was identical to the rate of turbidity increase; (ii) for sucrose cultures each macromolecular species was synthesized at the same exponential rate and these rates were identical to the rate of increase of turbidity of the glucose-grown culture for periods of up to 7 h. Furthermore, the ratios of DNA to RNA, RNA to protein, and protein to DNA for the sucrose cultures were identical to those for the glucose cultures for up to 10 doublings. From these data it was concluded that in the presence of sucrose S. mutans grows in a balanced fashion at the same exponential rate as it does in glucose. The deviation from an exponential growth model of the absorbance in sucrose cultures was attributed to an optical artifact due to the formation of large glucan-containing aggregates of cells. The addition of dextranase to sucrose cultures resulted in cultures which increased in turbidity at the same exponential rate as glucose-grown cultures, without affecting the rate or extent of macromolecular synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1193729", "title": "Production, purification, and chemical characterization of Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin.", "content": "Methods for the production and isolation of exfoliative toxin are described. Fermentation conditions were established under which large quantities of the crude material can be produced. Column chromatography methods, including carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyapatite, were utilized to purify the toxic protein. The pure toxin had a molecular weight of 26,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The pure toxin is a simple protein composed of 17 amino acids. Tests for carbohydrate and for alpha- and beta-hemolysin were negative. The mean effective dose of the purified toxin was 0.5 mug per newborn mouse.", "contents": "Production, purification, and chemical characterization of Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin. Methods for the production and isolation of exfoliative toxin are described. Fermentation conditions were established under which large quantities of the crude material can be produced. Column chromatography methods, including carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyapatite, were utilized to purify the toxic protein. The pure toxin had a molecular weight of 26,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The pure toxin is a simple protein composed of 17 amino acids. Tests for carbohydrate and for alpha- and beta-hemolysin were negative. The mean effective dose of the purified toxin was 0.5 mug per newborn mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:1193730", "title": "Induction of resistance with heat-killed compact-type strains of Staphylococcus aureus against challenge with the diffuse variant of the Smith strain of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Active immunization of mice with high doses of heat-killed and autoclaved vaccine of unencapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus, which was grown in brain heart infusion media, protected against challenge with the Smith diffuse strain of Staphylococcus aureus. These organisms were capable of absorbing the protective antibody in rabbit hyperimmune sera prepared with the Smith diffuse strain. Also, mice treated with rabbit hyperimmune sera prepared with these strains (four out of six strains) protected against challenge with the Smith diffuse strain. Protective activities of these rabbit hyperimmune sera were assumed to be essentially identical to the protective antibody induced by the Smith diffuse strain.", "contents": "Induction of resistance with heat-killed compact-type strains of Staphylococcus aureus against challenge with the diffuse variant of the Smith strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Active immunization of mice with high doses of heat-killed and autoclaved vaccine of unencapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus, which was grown in brain heart infusion media, protected against challenge with the Smith diffuse strain of Staphylococcus aureus. These organisms were capable of absorbing the protective antibody in rabbit hyperimmune sera prepared with the Smith diffuse strain. Also, mice treated with rabbit hyperimmune sera prepared with these strains (four out of six strains) protected against challenge with the Smith diffuse strain. Protective activities of these rabbit hyperimmune sera were assumed to be essentially identical to the protective antibody induced by the Smith diffuse strain."}
{"id": "PMID:1193731", "title": "Effect of the antitumor antibiotic chromomycin A3 on the humoral immune response in rats.", "content": "Chromomycin A3 (250 mug/kg) suppressed the humoral immune response in rats against sheep erythrocytes when administered 48 h or later after antigenic stimulus. The antibiotic at this dose enhanced immunity when given along with or before antigen administration. The natural heterohemagglutinin levels in rabbits and guinea pigs were not affected by the antibiotic (10 mug/kg per day x 7).", "contents": "Effect of the antitumor antibiotic chromomycin A3 on the humoral immune response in rats. Chromomycin A3 (250 mug/kg) suppressed the humoral immune response in rats against sheep erythrocytes when administered 48 h or later after antigenic stimulus. The antibiotic at this dose enhanced immunity when given along with or before antigen administration. The natural heterohemagglutinin levels in rabbits and guinea pigs were not affected by the antibiotic (10 mug/kg per day x 7)."}
{"id": "PMID:1193732", "title": "Localized immunity in experimental bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma dispar.", "content": "Development of immunity to reinfection with Mycoplasma dispar occurred in the bovine mammary gland and appeared to be confined to the quarter or quarters previously infected with this mycoplasma; it was not generalized throughout the gland. Immunity followed the inoculation of virulent strains of M. dispar but not of an avirulent strain. The immunity engendered protected against both homologous and heterologous strains of M. dispar. Challenge of immune quarters with virulent M. dispar resulted in a transient polymorphonuclear cell response greater than that observed in previously uninoculated quarters.", "contents": "Localized immunity in experimental bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma dispar. Development of immunity to reinfection with Mycoplasma dispar occurred in the bovine mammary gland and appeared to be confined to the quarter or quarters previously infected with this mycoplasma; it was not generalized throughout the gland. Immunity followed the inoculation of virulent strains of M. dispar but not of an avirulent strain. The immunity engendered protected against both homologous and heterologous strains of M. dispar. Challenge of immune quarters with virulent M. dispar resulted in a transient polymorphonuclear cell response greater than that observed in previously uninoculated quarters."}
{"id": "PMID:1193733", "title": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes by a vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis.", "content": "An immune response to Francisella tularensis was demonstrated in man by the lymphocyte stimulation test. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from 26 individuals vaccinated with a viable tularemia vaccine, from 29 unvaccinated individuals, and from two patients who had recently undergone tularemia. The lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of various dilutions of heat-killed bacteria of the vaccine strain. The bacteria induced a deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the lymphocytes from 18 of the vaccinated individuals and from the two patients which was higher than that in the lymphocytes from any of the unvaccinated individuals. The deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was maximal after about 6 days of incubation irrespective of concentration of bacteria. Lymphocytes from vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were stimulated by two unrelated agents, tuberculin purified protein derivative and pokeweed mitogen. Lymphocytes from the vaccinated individuals did not show a higher response to these agents than did those of the unvaccinated. This suggests that the lymphocyte response to the Francisella bacteria was not due to a nonspecific activation. The vaccine-induced lymphocyte stimulation did not correlate with serum antibodies agglutinating F. tularensis antigen.", "contents": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes by a vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis. An immune response to Francisella tularensis was demonstrated in man by the lymphocyte stimulation test. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from 26 individuals vaccinated with a viable tularemia vaccine, from 29 unvaccinated individuals, and from two patients who had recently undergone tularemia. The lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of various dilutions of heat-killed bacteria of the vaccine strain. The bacteria induced a deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the lymphocytes from 18 of the vaccinated individuals and from the two patients which was higher than that in the lymphocytes from any of the unvaccinated individuals. The deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was maximal after about 6 days of incubation irrespective of concentration of bacteria. Lymphocytes from vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were stimulated by two unrelated agents, tuberculin purified protein derivative and pokeweed mitogen. Lymphocytes from the vaccinated individuals did not show a higher response to these agents than did those of the unvaccinated. This suggests that the lymphocyte response to the Francisella bacteria was not due to a nonspecific activation. The vaccine-induced lymphocyte stimulation did not correlate with serum antibodies agglutinating F. tularensis antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:1193734", "title": "Selective inhibition of cholera toxin- and catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis by blocking agents.", "content": "Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin stimulates lipolysis in rat epididymal fat cell suspensions. Like hormones this toxin increases adenylate cyclase activity, raising levels of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), which activates a cellular lipase. Using specific blocking agents, we studied the responses to the adrenergic lipolytic hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol, and to cholera toxin. All stimulators were used at 100 x threshold dose. Propranolol (34 muM), a beta blocking agent, inhibited epinephrine stimulation (P less than 0.001) but not that of toxin (P greater than 0.2). Choleragenoid (25 mug/ml), a natural toxoid of cholera toxin, blocked stimulation by toxin (P less than 0.001) but not that of the adrenergic agents (P greater than 0.2). A beta blocker, practolol (3 mM), inhibited stimulation by the catecholamines tested (P less than 0.005) but not that of toxin (P greater than 0.05). Higher concentrations of propranolol (340 muM) and the alpha blocking agents phenoxybenzamine (3 mM) and phentolamine (1.6 mM) inhibited all agonists (P less than 0.001). The response to theophylline was inhibited by all blockers (P less than 0.05) except propranolol at the lower concentration (34 muM). A combined beta and alpha blockade using propranolol and epinephrine together did not inhibit toxin-mediated lipolysis. It appears that stimulation by cholera toxin is independent of beta adrenergic receptors. A major inhibition of theophylline-mediated lipolysis by alpha blocking drugs indicated a nonspecific effect of these agents at the concentrations used. The uninhibited response to toxin in the presence of propranolol and epinephrine suggests a lack of relationship of the toxin receptor to either alpha or beta receptors.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of cholera toxin- and catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis by blocking agents. Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin stimulates lipolysis in rat epididymal fat cell suspensions. Like hormones this toxin increases adenylate cyclase activity, raising levels of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), which activates a cellular lipase. Using specific blocking agents, we studied the responses to the adrenergic lipolytic hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol, and to cholera toxin. All stimulators were used at 100 x threshold dose. Propranolol (34 muM), a beta blocking agent, inhibited epinephrine stimulation (P less than 0.001) but not that of toxin (P greater than 0.2). Choleragenoid (25 mug/ml), a natural toxoid of cholera toxin, blocked stimulation by toxin (P less than 0.001) but not that of the adrenergic agents (P greater than 0.2). A beta blocker, practolol (3 mM), inhibited stimulation by the catecholamines tested (P less than 0.005) but not that of toxin (P greater than 0.05). Higher concentrations of propranolol (340 muM) and the alpha blocking agents phenoxybenzamine (3 mM) and phentolamine (1.6 mM) inhibited all agonists (P less than 0.001). The response to theophylline was inhibited by all blockers (P less than 0.05) except propranolol at the lower concentration (34 muM). A combined beta and alpha blockade using propranolol and epinephrine together did not inhibit toxin-mediated lipolysis. It appears that stimulation by cholera toxin is independent of beta adrenergic receptors. A major inhibition of theophylline-mediated lipolysis by alpha blocking drugs indicated a nonspecific effect of these agents at the concentrations used. The uninhibited response to toxin in the presence of propranolol and epinephrine suggests a lack of relationship of the toxin receptor to either alpha or beta receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:1193735", "title": "Endotoxin-binding substances from human leukocytes and platelets.", "content": "We have found whole human platelets, granulocytes, and mononuclear leukocytes to possess high affinity for the toxic lipopolysaccharide from all gram-negative bacteria tested. We have extracted these cells and platelets with n-butanol-water; all endotoxin-binding activity resided in the organic phase. These endotoxin-binding extracts did not block serologically active groupings on  endotoxins or receptors on the erythrocytes. The specificity of these still crude materials was less that that of the highly purified erythrocyte lipopolysaccharide receptor previously described by us, since they bound some bacterial antigens not related to endotoxins. Depending on source, the n-butanol extracts contained 40 to 52% glycerophosphatides (most active), 15 to 22% sphingomyelin, 17% cholesterol, less than 2 to 5% triglycerides, and 7 to 13% inactive peptide. The most active substances in the n-butanol extract were soluble in petroleum ether, whereas the peptide and sphingomyelin were not. Thus, no constituent protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid was present in the most highly active material. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the petroleum ether-soluble material showed for each extract one lipid band only, which was well defined and migrated similarly to phosphatidyllipids. Because of the lipidic nature of the inhibitory substances from leukocytes and platelets we also tested the lipid A component of bacterial endotoxins and some of its derivatives. Lipid A inhibited endotoxin coating of erythrocytes. De-O-acylation of lipid A left amide-linked 3-D-hydroxymyristic acid intact and increased the inhibitory activity of lipid A 20-fold. Complete de-O- and de-N-acylation destroyed its inhibitory effect.", "contents": "Endotoxin-binding substances from human leukocytes and platelets. We have found whole human platelets, granulocytes, and mononuclear leukocytes to possess high affinity for the toxic lipopolysaccharide from all gram-negative bacteria tested. We have extracted these cells and platelets with n-butanol-water; all endotoxin-binding activity resided in the organic phase. These endotoxin-binding extracts did not block serologically active groupings on  endotoxins or receptors on the erythrocytes. The specificity of these still crude materials was less that that of the highly purified erythrocyte lipopolysaccharide receptor previously described by us, since they bound some bacterial antigens not related to endotoxins. Depending on source, the n-butanol extracts contained 40 to 52% glycerophosphatides (most active), 15 to 22% sphingomyelin, 17% cholesterol, less than 2 to 5% triglycerides, and 7 to 13% inactive peptide. The most active substances in the n-butanol extract were soluble in petroleum ether, whereas the peptide and sphingomyelin were not. Thus, no constituent protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid was present in the most highly active material. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the petroleum ether-soluble material showed for each extract one lipid band only, which was well defined and migrated similarly to phosphatidyllipids. Because of the lipidic nature of the inhibitory substances from leukocytes and platelets we also tested the lipid A component of bacterial endotoxins and some of its derivatives. Lipid A inhibited endotoxin coating of erythrocytes. De-O-acylation of lipid A left amide-linked 3-D-hydroxymyristic acid intact and increased the inhibitory activity of lipid A 20-fold. Complete de-O- and de-N-acylation destroyed its inhibitory effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1193736", "title": "Murine model for study of cell-mediated immunity: protection against death from fully virulent Francisella tularensis infection.", "content": "To assess cell-mediated immunity in terms of host protection, an experimental model was developed in which passively transferred spleen cells from immunized AKR/J mice enabled nonimmume syngeneic recipients to survive an otherwise fatal infection with fully virulent Francisella tularensis. Donor immunization was achieved by administering live attenuted tularemia vaccine and, subsequently, the virulent streptomycin-sensitive SCHU S4 strain of F. tularensis. At selected intervals after immunization, donor spleen cells were transferred to streptomycin-treated recipients challenged subcutaneously, intravenously, or intraperitoneally with 25 to 50 minimal lethal doses of virulent streptomycin-resistant F. tularensis SCHU S5. The protection afforded by immune spleen cells was maximal (essentially 100%) 12 days after the SCHU S4 secondary immunization.", "contents": "Murine model for study of cell-mediated immunity: protection against death from fully virulent Francisella tularensis infection. To assess cell-mediated immunity in terms of host protection, an experimental model was developed in which passively transferred spleen cells from immunized AKR/J mice enabled nonimmume syngeneic recipients to survive an otherwise fatal infection with fully virulent Francisella tularensis. Donor immunization was achieved by administering live attenuted tularemia vaccine and, subsequently, the virulent streptomycin-sensitive SCHU S4 strain of F. tularensis. At selected intervals after immunization, donor spleen cells were transferred to streptomycin-treated recipients challenged subcutaneously, intravenously, or intraperitoneally with 25 to 50 minimal lethal doses of virulent streptomycin-resistant F. tularensis SCHU S5. The protection afforded by immune spleen cells was maximal (essentially 100%) 12 days after the SCHU S4 secondary immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:1193786", "title": "Superego processes in a collective society: the Israeli kibbutz.", "content": "An attempt has been made to examine some aspects of cultural conformity and superego development in the Israeli Kibbutz. The basic premise has been that in a collective society, such as the kibbutz, with its multiple child-caretakers, we find a superego based on internalized values rather than introjected specific figures--a collective superego. The result is a shame- as opposed to a guilt-oriented conscience, with resulting emphasis on the need for the presence of others as controlling forces.", "contents": "Superego processes in a collective society: the Israeli kibbutz. An attempt has been made to examine some aspects of cultural conformity and superego development in the Israeli Kibbutz. The basic premise has been that in a collective society, such as the kibbutz, with its multiple child-caretakers, we find a superego based on internalized values rather than introjected specific figures--a collective superego. The result is a shame- as opposed to a guilt-oriented conscience, with resulting emphasis on the need for the presence of others as controlling forces."}
{"id": "PMID:1193788", "title": "Problems of a temporary adolescent psychiatrist.", "content": "I have tried to describe just less than one year of learning experience on my part in one type of adolescent unit. Only 16 inpatients were treated at a time while I was there: there were only 25 discharges and 19 admissions in my time. We knew we were making little inroad into our whole regional problem of adolescent disturbance; but we believe that as a team, able to work closely with each other and with our patients and their relatives, in a therapeutic community of undogmatic ideology, we were able to give a little to almost all and, to those who did best, a great deal. Very few ex-inpatients lost all touch with us. Nearly all came back from scattered homes for our Christmas discotheque. Even our very modest aim, to reset and then foster the natural development of the personalities of our patients, rather than break them down in deep analysis and radically reconstruct them, required an intensity of psychotherapeutic effort which engaged all we had to offer, and often drained us at the end of the day. Yet those who joined us transiently, particularly student nurses and medical students, seemed to find the experience significant--occasionally deeply so--and came back to visit us. Our social worker has now departed to have a baby. Our three senior nurses have left, two to university as mature students, one to prepare for a no. 7 post. Possibly the intensity of the demand upon them would have made them leave, anyway. For myself, it was a year of development of my psychotherapeutic sensitivity and of close working with a valued team of colleagues in a setting new to me, which I shall never forget.", "contents": "Problems of a temporary adolescent psychiatrist. I have tried to describe just less than one year of learning experience on my part in one type of adolescent unit. Only 16 inpatients were treated at a time while I was there: there were only 25 discharges and 19 admissions in my time. We knew we were making little inroad into our whole regional problem of adolescent disturbance; but we believe that as a team, able to work closely with each other and with our patients and their relatives, in a therapeutic community of undogmatic ideology, we were able to give a little to almost all and, to those who did best, a great deal. Very few ex-inpatients lost all touch with us. Nearly all came back from scattered homes for our Christmas discotheque. Even our very modest aim, to reset and then foster the natural development of the personalities of our patients, rather than break them down in deep analysis and radically reconstruct them, required an intensity of psychotherapeutic effort which engaged all we had to offer, and often drained us at the end of the day. Yet those who joined us transiently, particularly student nurses and medical students, seemed to find the experience significant--occasionally deeply so--and came back to visit us. Our social worker has now departed to have a baby. Our three senior nurses have left, two to university as mature students, one to prepare for a no. 7 post. Possibly the intensity of the demand upon them would have made them leave, anyway. For myself, it was a year of development of my psychotherapeutic sensitivity and of close working with a valued team of colleagues in a setting new to me, which I shall never forget."}
{"id": "PMID:1193790", "title": "Reestablishing duodenal continuity after previous gastrectomy for peptic ulcer.", "content": "Gastroduodenal anastomosis is not routine during reoperation for stomal ulcers after primary Billroth II gastrectomy. It nevertheless is a sure way to prevent an increased peptic potential which is brought about by a duodenal bypass. We have reviewed the published cases and added three more, bringing the total to 47. We analyzed the modalities, indications and results of this method. Gastroduodenal anastomosis can be accomplished more often than is thought, despite the often necessary large gastric resections. Separation of the duodenopancreatic block and liberation of the fundus allows suturing without traction. End-to-side anastomosis of the stomach on the anterior wall of the second portion of the duodenum avoids dissection of the duodenal stump. Vagotomy is required when basal acidity is greater than 20 mEq/liter. Reestablishing a physiologic alimentary tract is particularly indicated in chronic obstruction due to stenosis associated with a proximal loop syndrome in young patients. Jejunal interposition becomes necessary when total gastrectomy is the result of repeated surgery. Such a method is the best solution for agastria. The excellent results obtained by gastroduodenal anastomosis after repeat gastrectomy should encourage wider use.", "contents": "Reestablishing duodenal continuity after previous gastrectomy for peptic ulcer. Gastroduodenal anastomosis is not routine during reoperation for stomal ulcers after primary Billroth II gastrectomy. It nevertheless is a sure way to prevent an increased peptic potential which is brought about by a duodenal bypass. We have reviewed the published cases and added three more, bringing the total to 47. We analyzed the modalities, indications and results of this method. Gastroduodenal anastomosis can be accomplished more often than is thought, despite the often necessary large gastric resections. Separation of the duodenopancreatic block and liberation of the fundus allows suturing without traction. End-to-side anastomosis of the stomach on the anterior wall of the second portion of the duodenum avoids dissection of the duodenal stump. Vagotomy is required when basal acidity is greater than 20 mEq/liter. Reestablishing a physiologic alimentary tract is particularly indicated in chronic obstruction due to stenosis associated with a proximal loop syndrome in young patients. Jejunal interposition becomes necessary when total gastrectomy is the result of repeated surgery. Such a method is the best solution for agastria. The excellent results obtained by gastroduodenal anastomosis after repeat gastrectomy should encourage wider use."}
{"id": "PMID:1193791", "title": "Blood coagulation studies in children with surface hemangiomas.", "content": "Thirty patients with surface hemangiomas were investigated for any latent coagulopathy. Whole blood clotting time, kaolin cephalin clotting time, prothrombin time, thrombin time and platelet counts did not differ significantly from the control group values. The values of plasma fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time and serum levels of fibrinogen degradation products remained within the normal ranges but their mean values were significantly different from those of healthy children. The findings may be attributed to a chronic incipient type of \"consumption coagulopathy\" occurring locally in the hemangiomas.", "contents": "Blood coagulation studies in children with surface hemangiomas. Thirty patients with surface hemangiomas were investigated for any latent coagulopathy. Whole blood clotting time, kaolin cephalin clotting time, prothrombin time, thrombin time and platelet counts did not differ significantly from the control group values. The values of plasma fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time and serum levels of fibrinogen degradation products remained within the normal ranges but their mean values were significantly different from those of healthy children. The findings may be attributed to a chronic incipient type of \"consumption coagulopathy\" occurring locally in the hemangiomas."}
{"id": "PMID:1193794", "title": "Thyroid nodules and thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Seventy carcinomas of the thyroid gland were found in 1300 thyroidectomies for an incidence of 5.4%. The incidence of malignancy in single nodules was 9.7% and in multinodular nontoxic goiter 4.3%. The risk of cancer was higher (14.2%) in males than in females (4.3%). The highest incidence of cancer was found in children under the age of 10 (40%). Radioactive iodine scintiscanning was of limited help in differentiating benign from malignant nodules. Early surgery is advised for all patients with single thyroid nodules and all thyroid nodules in children should be excised.", "contents": "Thyroid nodules and thyroid carcinoma. Seventy carcinomas of the thyroid gland were found in 1300 thyroidectomies for an incidence of 5.4%. The incidence of malignancy in single nodules was 9.7% and in multinodular nontoxic goiter 4.3%. The risk of cancer was higher (14.2%) in males than in females (4.3%). The highest incidence of cancer was found in children under the age of 10 (40%). Radioactive iodine scintiscanning was of limited help in differentiating benign from malignant nodules. Early surgery is advised for all patients with single thyroid nodules and all thyroid nodules in children should be excised."}
{"id": "PMID:1193795", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma. Correlation between clinical and pathological findings.", "content": "Our survey of 146 cases of thyroid carcinoma showed the following points: (a) in 20% of the cases the gland was diffusely enlarged without nodules; (b) in 35% of 34 cases, thyroid carcinoma was located in areas other than the \"cold\" zones; (c) multiple foci of carcinoma were found in 67% of cases with total or subtotal thyroidectomy and in 33% of cases with partial thyroidectomy; (d) anaplastic carcinomas (13% of cases) occurred in patients of all ages, 29% of them in patients younger than 30 years.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma. Correlation between clinical and pathological findings. Our survey of 146 cases of thyroid carcinoma showed the following points: (a) in 20% of the cases the gland was diffusely enlarged without nodules; (b) in 35% of 34 cases, thyroid carcinoma was located in areas other than the \"cold\" zones; (c) multiple foci of carcinoma were found in 67% of cases with total or subtotal thyroidectomy and in 33% of cases with partial thyroidectomy; (d) anaplastic carcinomas (13% of cases) occurred in patients of all ages, 29% of them in patients younger than 30 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1193797", "title": "Etiology of venous disorders.", "content": "We have investigated the role played by the bulk and transit time of food in the bowel and the squatting position characteristically adopted by Africans and Asians for defecation in the causation of venous disorders. Refinement of carbohydrates leads to low residue diets and consequent prolonged transit time through the intestines. This, together with abandonment of squatting, as the use of water closets increased, has contributed to the increase in incidence of venous disorders among Westerners.", "contents": "Etiology of venous disorders. We have investigated the role played by the bulk and transit time of food in the bowel and the squatting position characteristically adopted by Africans and Asians for defecation in the causation of venous disorders. Refinement of carbohydrates leads to low residue diets and consequent prolonged transit time through the intestines. This, together with abandonment of squatting, as the use of water closets increased, has contributed to the increase in incidence of venous disorders among Westerners."}
{"id": "PMID:1193798", "title": "Lumbar stenosis.", "content": "We have analyzed the clinical features, radiologic, myelographic and operative findings in 11 cases of lumbar stenosis. Adequate decompressive laminectomy is necessary in these cases to relieve the symptoms.", "contents": "Lumbar stenosis. We have analyzed the clinical features, radiologic, myelographic and operative findings in 11 cases of lumbar stenosis. Adequate decompressive laminectomy is necessary in these cases to relieve the symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1193799", "title": "Surgical treatment of 150 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth.", "content": "A series of 150 commando operations performed for squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth has been presented. This series is analyzed according to a staging which differs from the TNM standard classification of the Joint Committee. Our criteria of staging are based on local invasion by the primary lesion more than on the size of the lesion alone. The five-year survival for the 50 patients with lesions in the anterior part of the mouth was 62%; for the middle mouth group, 48%; and for the posterior mouth group, 24%.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of 150 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. A series of 150 commando operations performed for squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth has been presented. This series is analyzed according to a staging which differs from the TNM standard classification of the Joint Committee. Our criteria of staging are based on local invasion by the primary lesion more than on the size of the lesion alone. The five-year survival for the 50 patients with lesions in the anterior part of the mouth was 62%; for the middle mouth group, 48%; and for the posterior mouth group, 24%."}
{"id": "PMID:1193806", "title": "Ultrastructural description of a \"cylinder organelle\" in the outer plexiform layer of human retinas.", "content": "A cylinder-like organelle (\"cylinder organelle\") present in the outer plexiform layer of the retina and apparently confined to the horizontal cell processess is described. This structure was studied in detail in three normal human retinas from eyes enucleated for ciliary body melanomas. The cylinder organelle, when cut longitudinally, showed an electron-lucent area bound by two bands of electron-dense filaments. In transverse section, the cylinder organelle revealed a circular profile of electron-dense crisscrossing filaments about an electron-lucent matrix. Since this structure was only found in the rod spherule synaptic complex, it is hypothesized that it may be involved in transmitting impulses.", "contents": "Ultrastructural description of a \"cylinder organelle\" in the outer plexiform layer of human retinas. A cylinder-like organelle (\"cylinder organelle\") present in the outer plexiform layer of the retina and apparently confined to the horizontal cell processess is described. This structure was studied in detail in three normal human retinas from eyes enucleated for ciliary body melanomas. The cylinder organelle, when cut longitudinally, showed an electron-lucent area bound by two bands of electron-dense filaments. In transverse section, the cylinder organelle revealed a circular profile of electron-dense crisscrossing filaments about an electron-lucent matrix. Since this structure was only found in the rod spherule synaptic complex, it is hypothesized that it may be involved in transmitting impulses."}
{"id": "PMID:1193807", "title": "Crossing axons in the third nerve nucleus.", "content": "The research presented in this paper studied the pathway taken by the crossed fibers of the third nerve nucleus in an animal whose nucleus has been well mapped and found to correlate well with higher mammals and man. Autoradiography using tritiated amino acid labeled the cell bodies an axons of the left side of the oculomotor nucleus of the cat. Axons so labeled could be seen emerging from the ventral portion of the left nucleus through the median longitudinal fasciculus (mlf) to join the left oculomotor nerve. Labeled axons were also seen to emerge from the medial border of the caudal left nucleus, cross the midline, and pass through the right nucleus and the right mlf to join the right oculomotor nerve. These latter axons must be the crossed axons of the superior rectus and levator palpebrae subnuclei. Since the path of these crossed axons is through the caudal portion of the nucleus of the opposite side, the destruction of one lateral half of the oculomotor nucleus would result in a bilateral palsy of the crossed subnuclei. Bilateral palsy of the superior rectus and bilateral assymetrical palsy of the levator palpebrae muscles would result.", "contents": "Crossing axons in the third nerve nucleus. The research presented in this paper studied the pathway taken by the crossed fibers of the third nerve nucleus in an animal whose nucleus has been well mapped and found to correlate well with higher mammals and man. Autoradiography using tritiated amino acid labeled the cell bodies an axons of the left side of the oculomotor nucleus of the cat. Axons so labeled could be seen emerging from the ventral portion of the left nucleus through the median longitudinal fasciculus (mlf) to join the left oculomotor nerve. Labeled axons were also seen to emerge from the medial border of the caudal left nucleus, cross the midline, and pass through the right nucleus and the right mlf to join the right oculomotor nerve. These latter axons must be the crossed axons of the superior rectus and levator palpebrae subnuclei. Since the path of these crossed axons is through the caudal portion of the nucleus of the opposite side, the destruction of one lateral half of the oculomotor nucleus would result in a bilateral palsy of the crossed subnuclei. Bilateral palsy of the superior rectus and bilateral assymetrical palsy of the levator palpebrae muscles would result."}
{"id": "PMID:1193808", "title": "The effects of acetazolamide on the human electroretinogram.", "content": "The effects of acetazolamied on the cerebral circulation and metabolism was previously shown to be due to a raised PCO2 in brain tissue. The effects of the drug on the human electroretinogram (ERG) are investigated in fifteen human volunteer subjects. A significant increase in the b-wave was found. A similitude with the mechanism of acetazolamide administration in brain and retinal tissue seems to be a possible explanation.", "contents": "The effects of acetazolamide on the human electroretinogram. The effects of acetazolamied on the cerebral circulation and metabolism was previously shown to be due to a raised PCO2 in brain tissue. The effects of the drug on the human electroretinogram (ERG) are investigated in fifteen human volunteer subjects. A significant increase in the b-wave was found. A similitude with the mechanism of acetazolamide administration in brain and retinal tissue seems to be a possible explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:1193809", "title": "Crystals in corneal epithelial lesions of tyrosine-fed rats.", "content": "Tyrosine-fed rats develop corneal disease which mimics that found in the human metabolic disorder, tyrosinosis. By electron and polarizing microscopy needle-shaped birefringent crystals are demonstrable in early corneal epithelial lesions of tyronsine-fed rats. The crystals appear as negative images by electron microscopy, their content apparently extracted by fixation and/or embedding fluids. Crystals may be arranged in sheaves or bundles and pass from one cell to another disrupting the continuity of membranes of both cells and nuclei. They are present in desquamating epithelial cells along corneal ulcers. Polarizing microscopy of whole mounts of diseased tissue shows that the crystals are limited to epithelial lesion areas. We hypothesize that the crystals are tyrosine and that crystal growth in cells initiates lesion and subsequent ulcer formation.", "contents": "Crystals in corneal epithelial lesions of tyrosine-fed rats. Tyrosine-fed rats develop corneal disease which mimics that found in the human metabolic disorder, tyrosinosis. By electron and polarizing microscopy needle-shaped birefringent crystals are demonstrable in early corneal epithelial lesions of tyronsine-fed rats. The crystals appear as negative images by electron microscopy, their content apparently extracted by fixation and/or embedding fluids. Crystals may be arranged in sheaves or bundles and pass from one cell to another disrupting the continuity of membranes of both cells and nuclei. They are present in desquamating epithelial cells along corneal ulcers. Polarizing microscopy of whole mounts of diseased tissue shows that the crystals are limited to epithelial lesion areas. We hypothesize that the crystals are tyrosine and that crystal growth in cells initiates lesion and subsequent ulcer formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1193810", "title": "Experimental tonography on enucleated human eyes. II. The loss of intraocular fluid caused by tonography.", "content": "In clinical work, the loss of intraocular fluid caused by tonography (dV) is usually calculated according to the formula of Grant and Friedenwald. The validity of this formula has been tested by comparing the dV calculated from known factors in the formula with the dV measured directly on enucleated eyes. Our results show a good correlation between the two methods, especially when the rigidity coefficient at the beginning of tonography is used in the calculations. It is concluded from our experiments here and in our previous paper that the theoretical foundation of tonography in principle is valid.", "contents": "Experimental tonography on enucleated human eyes. II. The loss of intraocular fluid caused by tonography. In clinical work, the loss of intraocular fluid caused by tonography (dV) is usually calculated according to the formula of Grant and Friedenwald. The validity of this formula has been tested by comparing the dV calculated from known factors in the formula with the dV measured directly on enucleated eyes. Our results show a good correlation between the two methods, especially when the rigidity coefficient at the beginning of tonography is used in the calculations. It is concluded from our experiments here and in our previous paper that the theoretical foundation of tonography in principle is valid."}
{"id": "PMID:1193811", "title": "Analysis of ascorbate concentration in the aqueous humor by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatography instrument has been used to establish a method for the analyses of ascorbate concentration in aqueous humor. The method detects only the reduced form of ascorbate. The values obtained by this method are very similar to those of the colorimetric method. The ascorbate value in a group of random samples obtained from human glaucoma eyes varied between 3.5 to 31 mg. per cent, independent to blood ascorbate concentration.", "contents": "Analysis of ascorbate concentration in the aqueous humor by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A high-pressure liquid chromatography instrument has been used to establish a method for the analyses of ascorbate concentration in aqueous humor. The method detects only the reduced form of ascorbate. The values obtained by this method are very similar to those of the colorimetric method. The ascorbate value in a group of random samples obtained from human glaucoma eyes varied between 3.5 to 31 mg. per cent, independent to blood ascorbate concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1193812", "title": "Electrolyte and acid-base status of aqueous humor in perinatal and adult goats.", "content": "These experiments were undertaken to determine electrolyte concentration and acid-base status of aqueous humor and arterial plasma H2O in perinatal and adult goats. The distribution of potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, and calcium between aqueous humor and plasma H2O in fetal, neonatal, and adult goats changed independently with age and could not be explained by passive Gibbs-Donnan equilibria. Anterior chamber aqueous humor has a reduced pH, PO2, HCO3-, and an elevated PCO2 compared to arterial blood in the neonate and adult.", "contents": "Electrolyte and acid-base status of aqueous humor in perinatal and adult goats. These experiments were undertaken to determine electrolyte concentration and acid-base status of aqueous humor and arterial plasma H2O in perinatal and adult goats. The distribution of potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, and calcium between aqueous humor and plasma H2O in fetal, neonatal, and adult goats changed independently with age and could not be explained by passive Gibbs-Donnan equilibria. Anterior chamber aqueous humor has a reduced pH, PO2, HCO3-, and an elevated PCO2 compared to arterial blood in the neonate and adult."}
{"id": "PMID:1193813", "title": "Aqueous and serum lysozyme values in experimental uveitis in rabbits.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine what happens to normal aqueous lysozyme levels during experimentally induced uveitis. Horse-serum-induced uveitis increased the average rabbit aqueous lysozyme value (0.9 mug per milliliter) to 13.8 mug per milliliter, but did not elevate the average serum lysozyme value (4.0 mug per milliliter). These findings suggest that ocular inflammation alone is not sufficient to elevate the serum lysozyme level.", "contents": "Aqueous and serum lysozyme values in experimental uveitis in rabbits. The purpose of this study was to determine what happens to normal aqueous lysozyme levels during experimentally induced uveitis. Horse-serum-induced uveitis increased the average rabbit aqueous lysozyme value (0.9 mug per milliliter) to 13.8 mug per milliliter, but did not elevate the average serum lysozyme value (4.0 mug per milliliter). These findings suggest that ocular inflammation alone is not sufficient to elevate the serum lysozyme level."}
{"id": "PMID:1193814", "title": "New concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. II. Anatomy of the levator ani muscle with special reference to puborectalis.", "content": "A study of the surgical anatomy of the levator ani muscles, with special stress on the puborectalis, was performed on 22 cadaveric specimens. The study comprised dissection and microscopic examination. The levator ani was found to consist of two portions only: pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus, the puborectalis being a part of the external anal sphincter. Both levatores decussate at the anococcygeal raphe, which represents a \"decussation line\" and not a site of insertion for the muscle fibers. A \"digastric\" pattern of the levator is demonstrated, which is responsible for the harmonic nature of the function of the muscle bundles on each side of the pelvis. The levator hiatus was found to be formed of the medial borders of the pubococcygeus, , and not the puborectalis. A \"hiatal ligament\" was identified, stretched between the edges of the levator hiatus and the intrahiatal viscera. The role of the pubococcygeus in anal fixation is discussed, and a new concept that the puborectalis does not belong to the levator ani but constitutes na integral portion of the external and sphincter. The puborectalis and the deep external anal sphincter were found to be fused together and identical from the morphologic, histologic, and functional points of view as well as with respect to innervation. Both form a single U-shaped loop which is given the name \"top loop.\"", "contents": "New concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. II. Anatomy of the levator ani muscle with special reference to puborectalis. A study of the surgical anatomy of the levator ani muscles, with special stress on the puborectalis, was performed on 22 cadaveric specimens. The study comprised dissection and microscopic examination. The levator ani was found to consist of two portions only: pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus, the puborectalis being a part of the external anal sphincter. Both levatores decussate at the anococcygeal raphe, which represents a \"decussation line\" and not a site of insertion for the muscle fibers. A \"digastric\" pattern of the levator is demonstrated, which is responsible for the harmonic nature of the function of the muscle bundles on each side of the pelvis. The levator hiatus was found to be formed of the medial borders of the pubococcygeus, , and not the puborectalis. A \"hiatal ligament\" was identified, stretched between the edges of the levator hiatus and the intrahiatal viscera. The role of the pubococcygeus in anal fixation is discussed, and a new concept that the puborectalis does not belong to the levator ani but constitutes na integral portion of the external and sphincter. The puborectalis and the deep external anal sphincter were found to be fused together and identical from the morphologic, histologic, and functional points of view as well as with respect to innervation. Both form a single U-shaped loop which is given the name \"top loop.\""}
{"id": "PMID:1193815", "title": "Neurourologic evaluation after resection of the sacrum.", "content": "Five patients with bilateral, and four patients with unilateral, well defined sacral nerve lesions after sacral resection for tumor were examined with a clinical evaluation, cystometry, and cystoscopy including a test of vesical and urethal sensibility with different stimuli. In patients with bilateral division of the sacral nerves below the S 2 level, no active detrusor contractions were registered, indicating that the second sacral segment alone cannot subserve the micturition reflex. In patients with unilateral division of sacral nerves 1 to 5 or 2 to 5, a normal micturition reflex was registered. There was a complete loss of bladder mucosal pain when sacral nerves 3 to 5 had been cut bilaterally, while the sensibility was normal when sacral nerves 4 to 5 had been cut bilaterally. In patients with unilateral division of all sacral nerves below L 5 or S 1, mucosal pain tested by means of electrcoagulation of the bladder and pin-pricking of the urethra could not be felt on the denervated side. Stretching of the detrusor wall with a ureteral catheter, however, could be felt on the denervated side, indicating that this sensation was not mediated in sacral nerves but probably in the hypogastric nerves. Thermesthesia of the mucosa was demonstrated on the intact side of the bladder but not on the denervated side when the patients with unilateral sacral nerve lesions were tested with jet streams of cold or hot saline against the bladder wall.", "contents": "Neurourologic evaluation after resection of the sacrum. Five patients with bilateral, and four patients with unilateral, well defined sacral nerve lesions after sacral resection for tumor were examined with a clinical evaluation, cystometry, and cystoscopy including a test of vesical and urethal sensibility with different stimuli. In patients with bilateral division of the sacral nerves below the S 2 level, no active detrusor contractions were registered, indicating that the second sacral segment alone cannot subserve the micturition reflex. In patients with unilateral division of sacral nerves 1 to 5 or 2 to 5, a normal micturition reflex was registered. There was a complete loss of bladder mucosal pain when sacral nerves 3 to 5 had been cut bilaterally, while the sensibility was normal when sacral nerves 4 to 5 had been cut bilaterally. In patients with unilateral division of all sacral nerves below L 5 or S 1, mucosal pain tested by means of electrcoagulation of the bladder and pin-pricking of the urethra could not be felt on the denervated side. Stretching of the detrusor wall with a ureteral catheter, however, could be felt on the denervated side, indicating that this sensation was not mediated in sacral nerves but probably in the hypogastric nerves. Thermesthesia of the mucosa was demonstrated on the intact side of the bladder but not on the denervated side when the patients with unilateral sacral nerve lesions were tested with jet streams of cold or hot saline against the bladder wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1193816", "title": "Role of the kidney in development of cystitis and other toxic effects of cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Cystitis caused by excretion of cyclophosphamide (CY) metabolites in the urine was prevented by nephrectomy. There was a concomitant increase of CY lesions in brain, eye, and spleen due to the avoidance of urinary losses. Anuria caused by extra- or intrarenal obstruction, or by prerenal deviation of water, also prevented cystis; these procedures enhanced other CY lesions more than nephrectomy did. The data are interpreted to indicate significant production of active CY metabolites by the kidneys, a production which is eliminated by nephrectomy but not by other procedures.", "contents": "Role of the kidney in development of cystitis and other toxic effects of cyclophosphamide. Cystitis caused by excretion of cyclophosphamide (CY) metabolites in the urine was prevented by nephrectomy. There was a concomitant increase of CY lesions in brain, eye, and spleen due to the avoidance of urinary losses. Anuria caused by extra- or intrarenal obstruction, or by prerenal deviation of water, also prevented cystis; these procedures enhanced other CY lesions more than nephrectomy did. The data are interpreted to indicate significant production of active CY metabolites by the kidneys, a production which is eliminated by nephrectomy but not by other procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1193817", "title": "Experimental lymphangiography. Experience with direct medium injection into the parenchyma of the rat testis and prostate.", "content": "Direct injection of a new hyperemulsified radiopaque medium into the parenchyma of the testes produced rapid and excellent visualization of testicular lymphatic vessels and nodes. The technique is much simpler than previous methods. No ill effects on reproduction were demonstrated. Prostatic injections demonstrated the parenchyma well but no nodes or vessels were demonstrated.", "contents": "Experimental lymphangiography. Experience with direct medium injection into the parenchyma of the rat testis and prostate. Direct injection of a new hyperemulsified radiopaque medium into the parenchyma of the testes produced rapid and excellent visualization of testicular lymphatic vessels and nodes. The technique is much simpler than previous methods. No ill effects on reproduction were demonstrated. Prostatic injections demonstrated the parenchyma well but no nodes or vessels were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1193818", "title": "Comparison of polypropylene and polyglycolic acid suture in experimental vasovasostomy.", "content": "A preliminary study upon seven dogs comparing vasovasostomy using polypropylene suture to vasovasostomy using polyglycolic acid suture was carried out. Five of the seven vasa anastomosed with polyglycolic acid sutures were patent wherease none of the seven vasa anastomosed with polypropylene sutures were patent. There appeared to be less vasal inflammatory reaction where vasovasostomy had been accomplished with polyglycolic acid. This study indicates that further investigation comparing these and other suture materials in vasovasostomy is justified. It also suggests that improved results in vasovasostomy might be obtained by the use of polyglycolic acid suture.", "contents": "Comparison of polypropylene and polyglycolic acid suture in experimental vasovasostomy. A preliminary study upon seven dogs comparing vasovasostomy using polypropylene suture to vasovasostomy using polyglycolic acid suture was carried out. Five of the seven vasa anastomosed with polyglycolic acid sutures were patent wherease none of the seven vasa anastomosed with polypropylene sutures were patent. There appeared to be less vasal inflammatory reaction where vasovasostomy had been accomplished with polyglycolic acid. This study indicates that further investigation comparing these and other suture materials in vasovasostomy is justified. It also suggests that improved results in vasovasostomy might be obtained by the use of polyglycolic acid suture."}
{"id": "PMID:1193819", "title": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria, bacteremia, and other infections due to NSU corynebacteria.", "content": "By means of the new medium, nonspecific urethritis (NSU) chocolate agar, NSU corymebacteria were isolated from patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria, bacteremia, cervicitis, conjuctivitis, and pericarditis, and also with bone marrow, wound, and cul-de-sac infections. The NSU corynebacteria were considered the etiologic agents. On the basis of biochemical reactions, antibiotic sensitivity, and complement fixation tests some isolates were the same microorganisms. Both patients with conjunctivitis were infected with the same NSU corynebacteria. A second isolate was cultured from patients with osteomyelitis and cervicitis, while a third was recovered from an infected leg wound and from a patient with pericarditis. Seven of the isolates, when injected into rabbits hypersensitive to four NSU corynebacteria isolated from the inflamed epididymis of patients with epididymitis, elicited delayed hypersensitivity reactions, which indicated that they also were related antigenically. It is suggested that nonspecific urethritis and eididymitis may represent an infection with NSU corynebacteria, or may be an extension of bacteriuria due to these microorganisms, with a delayed hypersensitivity reaction as a possible additional complication. Colony counts on NSU chocolate agar of the bacteria in urines from male and female patients were higher than those obtained on conventional agar media. NSU chocolate agar is superior to other agar media for the isolation of pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria not only from the urogenital tract but also from other foci of infection. It is easily prepared from commercial blood agar plates and its use should be considered when a selective medium is not required.", "contents": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria, bacteremia, and other infections due to NSU corynebacteria. By means of the new medium, nonspecific urethritis (NSU) chocolate agar, NSU corymebacteria were isolated from patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria, bacteremia, cervicitis, conjuctivitis, and pericarditis, and also with bone marrow, wound, and cul-de-sac infections. The NSU corynebacteria were considered the etiologic agents. On the basis of biochemical reactions, antibiotic sensitivity, and complement fixation tests some isolates were the same microorganisms. Both patients with conjunctivitis were infected with the same NSU corynebacteria. A second isolate was cultured from patients with osteomyelitis and cervicitis, while a third was recovered from an infected leg wound and from a patient with pericarditis. Seven of the isolates, when injected into rabbits hypersensitive to four NSU corynebacteria isolated from the inflamed epididymis of patients with epididymitis, elicited delayed hypersensitivity reactions, which indicated that they also were related antigenically. It is suggested that nonspecific urethritis and eididymitis may represent an infection with NSU corynebacteria, or may be an extension of bacteriuria due to these microorganisms, with a delayed hypersensitivity reaction as a possible additional complication. Colony counts on NSU chocolate agar of the bacteria in urines from male and female patients were higher than those obtained on conventional agar media. NSU chocolate agar is superior to other agar media for the isolation of pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria not only from the urogenital tract but also from other foci of infection. It is easily prepared from commercial blood agar plates and its use should be considered when a selective medium is not required."}
{"id": "PMID:1193820", "title": "Urecholine test for denervated bladder-.", "content": "In the dog the denervation supersensitivity response of the detrusor appears within 7 to 21 days after bilateral pelvic nerve transection. Unilateral denervation cannot be detected by the standard Urecholine test.", "contents": "Urecholine test for denervated bladder-. In the dog the denervation supersensitivity response of the detrusor appears within 7 to 21 days after bilateral pelvic nerve transection. Unilateral denervation cannot be detected by the standard Urecholine test."}
{"id": "PMID:1193821", "title": "Side-to-side right renal artery-vena caval fistula. A new model for experimental hypertension.", "content": "A model for the investigation of blood pressure changes resulting from a renal arteriovenous (A-V) fistula is presented. After base line blood pressures were established in five adult mongrel dogs by carotid loop puncture, an A-V fistula was constructed between the right renal artery and vena cava. Weekly blood pressure determination showed a rise in systolic and diastolic pressure over control values. Split renal vein renins and split function studies were obtained at 3 months postfistula. Right nephrectomy at 6 months postfistula resulted in return of blood pressure readings to control values. Although no consistent pattern in the split renal vein renins and split function studies was seen, the data suggest that renin production may be responsible for the rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.", "contents": "Side-to-side right renal artery-vena caval fistula. A new model for experimental hypertension. A model for the investigation of blood pressure changes resulting from a renal arteriovenous (A-V) fistula is presented. After base line blood pressures were established in five adult mongrel dogs by carotid loop puncture, an A-V fistula was constructed between the right renal artery and vena cava. Weekly blood pressure determination showed a rise in systolic and diastolic pressure over control values. Split renal vein renins and split function studies were obtained at 3 months postfistula. Right nephrectomy at 6 months postfistula resulted in return of blood pressure readings to control values. Although no consistent pattern in the split renal vein renins and split function studies was seen, the data suggest that renin production may be responsible for the rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1193822", "title": "Relationship between renal blood flow and ureteral pressure during 18 hours of total unilateral uretheral occlusion. Implications for changing sites of increased renal resistance.", "content": "Continuous monitoring of ipsilateral renal blood flow and ureteral pressure during 18 hr of complete unilateral ureteral occlusion in five awake dogs defined the onset of preglomerular vasoconstriction, characteristic of chronic ureteral occlusion. There was a triphasic relationship between ipsilateral renal blood flow and ureteral pressure during the 18 hr of acute ureteral occlusion: (i) 0 to 1 1/2 hr, renal blood flow and ureteral pressure rose; (ii) 1 1/2 to 5 hr, renal blood flow fell while ureteral pressure continued rising; (iii) 5 to 18 hr, renal blood flow and ureteral pressure fell together. These relationships suggest different pathophysiologic mechanisms changing renal vascular resistance during the first 18 hr of complete ureteral occlusion, with increased preglomerular resistance occurring after 5 hr and being dominant in chronic ureteral occlusion.", "contents": "Relationship between renal blood flow and ureteral pressure during 18 hours of total unilateral uretheral occlusion. Implications for changing sites of increased renal resistance. Continuous monitoring of ipsilateral renal blood flow and ureteral pressure during 18 hr of complete unilateral ureteral occlusion in five awake dogs defined the onset of preglomerular vasoconstriction, characteristic of chronic ureteral occlusion. There was a triphasic relationship between ipsilateral renal blood flow and ureteral pressure during the 18 hr of acute ureteral occlusion: (i) 0 to 1 1/2 hr, renal blood flow and ureteral pressure rose; (ii) 1 1/2 to 5 hr, renal blood flow fell while ureteral pressure continued rising; (iii) 5 to 18 hr, renal blood flow and ureteral pressure fell together. These relationships suggest different pathophysiologic mechanisms changing renal vascular resistance during the first 18 hr of complete ureteral occlusion, with increased preglomerular resistance occurring after 5 hr and being dominant in chronic ureteral occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1193823", "title": "Dengue carrier culture and antigen production in human lymphoblastoid lines.", "content": "Replication of dengue type 2 (D2) viruses was studied in four lymphoblastoid cell lines; Raji, HR1, EB3 and RPMI 6410. The HR1 cell line failed to support D2 growth while the other cell lines showed varying susceptibility. Both D2 strain 16681 and strain New Guinea C (NGC) passaged in LLC-MK2 cells replicated readily in Raji cells, while a high mouse-brain-passaged NGC strain did not. A soluble complement-fixing (SCF) antigen from D2-infected Raji cells showed lines of identity with a D2SCF antigen prepared from infected suckling mouse brains. Electron microscopic studies of a D2 Raji carrier culture showed that virions were located in a membrane-vesicle complex in the cytoplasm of the cells. Precursors of viral particles were more frequently observed in the parts of the vesicle which had rough endoplasmic reticular membranes. Mature virus particles were observed often at the boundary of the other part of the vesicle, which consisted of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Occasionally, a large crystalloid structure consisting of incomplete viral particles was seen in degenerative cells. Dengue carrier cultures in human lymphoblastoid lines may provide a convenient in vitro system for study of aspects of dengue virus-leukocyte interactions.", "contents": "Dengue carrier culture and antigen production in human lymphoblastoid lines. Replication of dengue type 2 (D2) viruses was studied in four lymphoblastoid cell lines; Raji, HR1, EB3 and RPMI 6410. The HR1 cell line failed to support D2 growth while the other cell lines showed varying susceptibility. Both D2 strain 16681 and strain New Guinea C (NGC) passaged in LLC-MK2 cells replicated readily in Raji cells, while a high mouse-brain-passaged NGC strain did not. A soluble complement-fixing (SCF) antigen from D2-infected Raji cells showed lines of identity with a D2SCF antigen prepared from infected suckling mouse brains. Electron microscopic studies of a D2 Raji carrier culture showed that virions were located in a membrane-vesicle complex in the cytoplasm of the cells. Precursors of viral particles were more frequently observed in the parts of the vesicle which had rough endoplasmic reticular membranes. Mature virus particles were observed often at the boundary of the other part of the vesicle, which consisted of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Occasionally, a large crystalloid structure consisting of incomplete viral particles was seen in degenerative cells. Dengue carrier cultures in human lymphoblastoid lines may provide a convenient in vitro system for study of aspects of dengue virus-leukocyte interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1193824", "title": "Dane particles, DNA polymerase, and e-antigen in two different categories of hepatitis B antigen carriers.", "content": "Two different categories of hepatitis B antigen carriers have been investigated. One comprises patients treated with dialysis and known to be highly infectious. The other consists of blood donors found in routine screenings. Serum specimens have been studied with regard to Dane particles. Dane-core-associated DNA polymerase activity, and e-antigen. The two groups differed markedly in the aspects studied. The five healthy blood donors had no, or very few, detectable Dane particles and no detectable DNA polymerase activity; four of the five healthy donors had antibodies against e-antigen. The one xickk donor and all six dialysis patients had many Dane particles and polymerase activity; five of the sick dialysis patients had  e-antigen. Thus, these results further underline the difference between the two groups, and e-antigen and DNA polymerase activity could represent possible useful parameters for judging infectivity.", "contents": "Dane particles, DNA polymerase, and e-antigen in two different categories of hepatitis B antigen carriers. Two different categories of hepatitis B antigen carriers have been investigated. One comprises patients treated with dialysis and known to be highly infectious. The other consists of blood donors found in routine screenings. Serum specimens have been studied with regard to Dane particles. Dane-core-associated DNA polymerase activity, and e-antigen. The two groups differed markedly in the aspects studied. The five healthy blood donors had no, or very few, detectable Dane particles and no detectable DNA polymerase activity; four of the five healthy donors had antibodies against e-antigen. The one xickk donor and all six dialysis patients had many Dane particles and polymerase activity; five of the sick dialysis patients had  e-antigen. Thus, these results further underline the difference between the two groups, and e-antigen and DNA polymerase activity could represent possible useful parameters for judging infectivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1193830", "title": "Acute neonatal isovaleric acidemia. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two fatal cases of the fulminant type of isovaleric acidemia are described. Attention is drawn to the existence of two forms of the disease, the severe \"Newman\" type, occurring in the first week of life and the milder \"Tanaka\" type, with a later onset. The importance of ruling out isovaleric acidemia in any newborn infant with acidosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Acute neonatal isovaleric acidemia. A report of two cases. Two fatal cases of the fulminant type of isovaleric acidemia are described. Attention is drawn to the existence of two forms of the disease, the severe \"Newman\" type, occurring in the first week of life and the milder \"Tanaka\" type, with a later onset. The importance of ruling out isovaleric acidemia in any newborn infant with acidosis is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1193831", "title": "Cytogenetic evaluation of 500 Jerusalem newborn infants.", "content": "Cytogenetic investigations were carried out on cord blood lymphocytes of 500 normal healthy newborns. This population was divided into seven geoethnic groups according to the birthplace of the four grandparents of the infant. No numerical chromosomal aberrations were observed, but 10% of the individuals manifested cytogenetic variants. Six inherited structural abnormalities (four inversions and two deletions) were observed, while the remainder were classified as \"minor variants.\" The chromosomal variants were randomly distributed among the population, and no particular variant was characteristic of a given subgroup.", "contents": "Cytogenetic evaluation of 500 Jerusalem newborn infants. Cytogenetic investigations were carried out on cord blood lymphocytes of 500 normal healthy newborns. This population was divided into seven geoethnic groups according to the birthplace of the four grandparents of the infant. No numerical chromosomal aberrations were observed, but 10% of the individuals manifested cytogenetic variants. Six inherited structural abnormalities (four inversions and two deletions) were observed, while the remainder were classified as \"minor variants.\" The chromosomal variants were randomly distributed among the population, and no particular variant was characteristic of a given subgroup."}
{"id": "PMID:1193832", "title": "The lymphoid bone marrow. An experimental model.", "content": "An experimental model is proposed whereby rat bone marrow is converted to a lymphoid-like tissue. A single i.p. injection of hydroxyurea (250 mg/kg body weight) destroys replicating marrow cells in DNA synthesis. Bone marrow erythroblasts constitute the vast majority of cells in cycle under the steady-state of hematopoiesis. Six hours following a single injection of hydroxyurea, selective damage of erythroblasts is noted. The depleted erythroid compartment appears to be replenished by cells of a lymphoid configuration. At 24 hr after injection the erythroid compartment is restored to normal activity. It is suggested that 6 hr after administration of hydroxyurea, lymphoid cells of rat bone marrow may be a source of stem cells for the depleted erythroid compartment.", "contents": "The lymphoid bone marrow. An experimental model. An experimental model is proposed whereby rat bone marrow is converted to a lymphoid-like tissue. A single i.p. injection of hydroxyurea (250 mg/kg body weight) destroys replicating marrow cells in DNA synthesis. Bone marrow erythroblasts constitute the vast majority of cells in cycle under the steady-state of hematopoiesis. Six hours following a single injection of hydroxyurea, selective damage of erythroblasts is noted. The depleted erythroid compartment appears to be replenished by cells of a lymphoid configuration. At 24 hr after injection the erythroid compartment is restored to normal activity. It is suggested that 6 hr after administration of hydroxyurea, lymphoid cells of rat bone marrow may be a source of stem cells for the depleted erythroid compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:1193833", "title": "Methohexital as an activator in epileptic patients with normal electroencephalograms.", "content": "The activation by a short-acting barbiturate, methohexital, of spike and wave discharges in epileptic patients with normal EEG tracings was evaluated. Seventy-five patients and 20 healthy control subjects were studied. Non-specific changes--desynchronization, fast sharp activity and diffuse slowing--appeared in all the tracings. Only eleven patients had positive activation after methohexital administration. The results were not encouraging and indicate that methohexital is not reliable as a diagnostic tool in problematic cases of verified or suspected epilepsy with normal EEG tracings.", "contents": "Methohexital as an activator in epileptic patients with normal electroencephalograms. The activation by a short-acting barbiturate, methohexital, of spike and wave discharges in epileptic patients with normal EEG tracings was evaluated. Seventy-five patients and 20 healthy control subjects were studied. Non-specific changes--desynchronization, fast sharp activity and diffuse slowing--appeared in all the tracings. Only eleven patients had positive activation after methohexital administration. The results were not encouraging and indicate that methohexital is not reliable as a diagnostic tool in problematic cases of verified or suspected epilepsy with normal EEG tracings."}
{"id": "PMID:1193909", "title": "Problems in the evaluation of training health personnel.", "content": "The place of evaluation in the several phases of training programs is presented as an on-going education process. The framework specifies the sources and methods of data collection on: (1) the improvement in trainee performance; (2) the relevance of the program to the community; (3) the involvement of appropriate groups in planning; (4) the planning process itself; (5) the utilization and diffusion of evaluative feedback; and (6) the consequences of the training activity for the sponsoring organization and consumer.", "contents": "Problems in the evaluation of training health personnel. The place of evaluation in the several phases of training programs is presented as an on-going education process. The framework specifies the sources and methods of data collection on: (1) the improvement in trainee performance; (2) the relevance of the program to the community; (3) the involvement of appropriate groups in planning; (4) the planning process itself; (5) the utilization and diffusion of evaluative feedback; and (6) the consequences of the training activity for the sponsoring organization and consumer."}
{"id": "PMID:1193910", "title": "The impact of training on consumer participation in the delivery of health services.", "content": "A retrospective evaluation of training provided to six hospital consumer advisory groups is described. The training program was designed to provide information and decision-making skills to consumers of services and community representatives serving on voluntary hospital advisory boards. The evaluation, initiated after the end of the training program, demonstrates different effects of training depending on the stage of development of the consumer board. All but one of the six boards studied showed positive changes in the number and type of activities following training.", "contents": "The impact of training on consumer participation in the delivery of health services. A retrospective evaluation of training provided to six hospital consumer advisory groups is described. The training program was designed to provide information and decision-making skills to consumers of services and community representatives serving on voluntary hospital advisory boards. The evaluation, initiated after the end of the training program, demonstrates different effects of training depending on the stage of development of the consumer board. All but one of the six boards studied showed positive changes in the number and type of activities following training."}
{"id": "PMID:1193911", "title": "A perspective on non-traditional academic programs in the health sciences.", "content": "In the 1970s, non-traditional academic programs began to gain impetus, aided by studies and recommendations by such groups as the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education and the Commission on Non-Traditional study. Schools of public health have taken the lead in implementing non-traditional, off-campus programs which are relevant to personnel in health service agencies. Reported in this monograph are three programs representing alternative approaches to off-campus public health programs. As our data base increases and new programs are reported, we may see rapid growth in non-traditional programs, resulting in significant changes in academic programs preparing public health practitioners.", "contents": "A perspective on non-traditional academic programs in the health sciences. In the 1970s, non-traditional academic programs began to gain impetus, aided by studies and recommendations by such groups as the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education and the Commission on Non-Traditional study. Schools of public health have taken the lead in implementing non-traditional, off-campus programs which are relevant to personnel in health service agencies. Reported in this monograph are three programs representing alternative approaches to off-campus public health programs. As our data base increases and new programs are reported, we may see rapid growth in non-traditional programs, resulting in significant changes in academic programs preparing public health practitioners."}
{"id": "PMID:1194085", "title": "Alkali burns of the rabbit cornea. I. A histochemical study of beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase.", "content": "In alkali burned rabbit corneas activities of beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and acid beta-galactosidase were studied histochemically in various time intervals after the traumatization. The technic with semipermeable membranes was employed. Within four days after the injury enzyme activities in the traumatized area were almost lacking. The corresponding activities in the unaffected part of the cornea were within the norm. On the 7th day enzyme activities were on an increase (but still subnormal) in the traumatized area. This area was surrounded by a zone of keratocytes with high levels of enzyme activities. This was particularly remarkable in keratocytes subjacent to the epithelium. The activation of all enzymes studied was present in the basal layer of the epithelium and in the endothelium as well. On the 14th day enzyme activities in the traumatized area were nearly restored and on the 32nd day they could not be distinguished from the normal cornea. Beta-galactosidase displayed a relatively maximal increase in the activity of all enzymes investigated.", "contents": "Alkali burns of the rabbit cornea. I. A histochemical study of beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. In alkali burned rabbit corneas activities of beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and acid beta-galactosidase were studied histochemically in various time intervals after the traumatization. The technic with semipermeable membranes was employed. Within four days after the injury enzyme activities in the traumatized area were almost lacking. The corresponding activities in the unaffected part of the cornea were within the norm. On the 7th day enzyme activities were on an increase (but still subnormal) in the traumatized area. This area was surrounded by a zone of keratocytes with high levels of enzyme activities. This was particularly remarkable in keratocytes subjacent to the epithelium. The activation of all enzymes studied was present in the basal layer of the epithelium and in the endothelium as well. On the 14th day enzyme activities in the traumatized area were nearly restored and on the 32nd day they could not be distinguished from the normal cornea. Beta-galactosidase displayed a relatively maximal increase in the activity of all enzymes investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:1194086", "title": "Microfluorometric measurement at low temperature.", "content": "A cooling chamber for microfluorometric measurement is described, which allows to cool under a microscope a biological sample till 77 K and to measure it with an objective of a numerical aperture 0.6. From first experiments with BAO (5)-stained Tradescantia pollen it can be concluded, that experiments in this range of temperature open new aspects regarding the interpretation of microfluorometric phenomena.", "contents": "Microfluorometric measurement at low temperature. A cooling chamber for microfluorometric measurement is described, which allows to cool under a microscope a biological sample till 77 K and to measure it with an objective of a numerical aperture 0.6. From first experiments with BAO (5)-stained Tradescantia pollen it can be concluded, that experiments in this range of temperature open new aspects regarding the interpretation of microfluorometric phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:1194087", "title": "A fluorescent water soluable carbodiimide-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrozide reaction for the demonstration of carboxyl groups in proteins and mucosubstances.", "content": "The carbodiimide-2-hydroxy-3-haphthoic acid hydrazide reaction as developed by Geyer (1964) was used without subsequent diazonium coupling as a fluorescent method for the demonstration of carboxyl groups in both proteins and mucosubstances. The topological distribution of the fluorophore was similar to that reported by Geyer. Quantitative microfluorometric studies on cartilage sections revealed differences in detail between emissions in cartilage matrix mucoprotein as compared to the dense connective tissue associated with the perichondrium which consists principally of protein. It would also appear that the primary fluorescent emission of unstained preparations at 450 mm should be useful in microfluorometric determinations of proteins.", "contents": "A fluorescent water soluable carbodiimide-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrozide reaction for the demonstration of carboxyl groups in proteins and mucosubstances. The carbodiimide-2-hydroxy-3-haphthoic acid hydrazide reaction as developed by Geyer (1964) was used without subsequent diazonium coupling as a fluorescent method for the demonstration of carboxyl groups in both proteins and mucosubstances. The topological distribution of the fluorophore was similar to that reported by Geyer. Quantitative microfluorometric studies on cartilage sections revealed differences in detail between emissions in cartilage matrix mucoprotein as compared to the dense connective tissue associated with the perichondrium which consists principally of protein. It would also appear that the primary fluorescent emission of unstained preparations at 450 mm should be useful in microfluorometric determinations of proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1194088", "title": "Cytochemistry of the differentiating flight muscles of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria.", "content": "Cytochemical changes in the metathoracic dorsal longitudinal flight muscle of the female desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, during its differentiation from the last day of the fourth larval instar, through the fifth larval instar up to the eighth day after the imaginal moult were examined with respect to: (1) DNA content, (2) transcriptional activity, (3) degree of chromatin condensation, (4) RNA content, (5) protein content and (6) cross-secetional fibre area. Microspectrophotometric analysis of Feulgen-stained nuclei shows that polyploidization is not a phenomenon associated with the differentiation of these muscles. The nuclei remain diploid throughout the developmental period. By \"staining\" with 3H-Actinomycin D, followed by autoradiography, the changes in transcriptional activity coincedent with flight muscle development were examined. At the beginning of the developmental period the transcriptional activity is relatively high and remains so up until about the middle of the fifth instar after which time it declines fairly steadily. These changes in transcriptional activity are accompanied by changes in the degree of chromatin condensation. Generally, the periods of high transcriptional activity exhibit less condensation of the chromatin. The originally high transcriptional activity is accompanied by a steady over-all increase in total RNA content during the developmental period; and in turn a large increase in total protein content. The cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres increases significantly during the growth and differentiation of the flight muscles.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of the differentiating flight muscles of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Cytochemical changes in the metathoracic dorsal longitudinal flight muscle of the female desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, during its differentiation from the last day of the fourth larval instar, through the fifth larval instar up to the eighth day after the imaginal moult were examined with respect to: (1) DNA content, (2) transcriptional activity, (3) degree of chromatin condensation, (4) RNA content, (5) protein content and (6) cross-secetional fibre area. Microspectrophotometric analysis of Feulgen-stained nuclei shows that polyploidization is not a phenomenon associated with the differentiation of these muscles. The nuclei remain diploid throughout the developmental period. By \"staining\" with 3H-Actinomycin D, followed by autoradiography, the changes in transcriptional activity coincedent with flight muscle development were examined. At the beginning of the developmental period the transcriptional activity is relatively high and remains so up until about the middle of the fifth instar after which time it declines fairly steadily. These changes in transcriptional activity are accompanied by changes in the degree of chromatin condensation. Generally, the periods of high transcriptional activity exhibit less condensation of the chromatin. The originally high transcriptional activity is accompanied by a steady over-all increase in total RNA content during the developmental period; and in turn a large increase in total protein content. The cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres increases significantly during the growth and differentiation of the flight muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:1194089", "title": "[Must therapy be continued at all costs (author's transl)].", "content": "In acknowledging the remarkable progress of medicine, the possible consequential harmful effects should not be overlooked. Judgement should be based on the total welfare of the patient and not on the ease with which technical procedures can be executed. The prolongation of life per se by any means is not the only principal of conduct, especially when it results in extension of the patient's misery. In some situations it may be necessary to renounce any form of treatment from the beginning or to abandon any already in progress. This apparent harshness however does not imply that the terminally ill must be abandoned in his suffering.", "contents": "[Must therapy be continued at all costs (author's transl)]. In acknowledging the remarkable progress of medicine, the possible consequential harmful effects should not be overlooked. Judgement should be based on the total welfare of the patient and not on the ease with which technical procedures can be executed. The prolongation of life per se by any means is not the only principal of conduct, especially when it results in extension of the patient's misery. In some situations it may be necessary to renounce any form of treatment from the beginning or to abandon any already in progress. This apparent harshness however does not imply that the terminally ill must be abandoned in his suffering."}
{"id": "PMID:1194090", "title": "[Successful decompression of the facial nerve in facial spasm (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of successful surgical treatment of facial spasm by seventh nerve decompression is reported in a female patient who failed to improve by usual methods of treatment. Prior to surgery, tomography of the facial canal was obtained, and revealed an osseous spine involving the posterior wall of the canal. During surgery, this spine was uncovered and removed with pneumatized retrofacial air cells. The patient's spasm disappeared completely following surgery. The present case indicates that the possibility of osseous spines impinging on the facial nerve should be considered in all cases of facial spasm.", "contents": "[Successful decompression of the facial nerve in facial spasm (author's transl)]. A case of successful surgical treatment of facial spasm by seventh nerve decompression is reported in a female patient who failed to improve by usual methods of treatment. Prior to surgery, tomography of the facial canal was obtained, and revealed an osseous spine involving the posterior wall of the canal. During surgery, this spine was uncovered and removed with pneumatized retrofacial air cells. The patient's spasm disappeared completely following surgery. The present case indicates that the possibility of osseous spines impinging on the facial nerve should be considered in all cases of facial spasm."}
{"id": "PMID:1194091", "title": "[Acute obstructive laryngitis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Three types of acute obstructive laryngitis in children are distinguished: 1. Acute supraglottic laryngitis (Epiglottitis acuta): The usual causative organism is Hemophilus influenzae, type B. Characteristic findings include a swollen red epiglottis. Treatment is based on Ampicillin, Solucortef (hydrocortisone-sodium succinate) i.m., air humidification, intravenous infusions and airway protection (tracheotomy or intubation). From 1958-1967, 68 children were treated, of whom boys were twice as commonly affected as girls. In about 80% of cases, tracheotomy was still found necessary. 2. Acute subglottic laryngitis: Mucosal swelling in the subglottic space causes a clinical picture which initially is common to several groups of deseases. In allergic subglottic edema, a pale \"pillow-shaped\" swelling occurs which responds favorably to antiallergenics and cortisone. In contrast, infectious swelling is partially caused by the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Parainfluenzae virus was isolated in 60% of these cases at our hospital. During the period studied, 2,741 cases were treated, of whom boys were 3.3 times more frequently affected than girls. The use of Solu-cortef i.m. has decreased the tracheotomy rate from 12% to 0. 3. Acute laryngotracheobronchitis: In this disease process, the initial infection is attributed to a virus, with the infected mucosa secondarily invaded by bacteria. The clinical course is prolonged when compared to subglottic laryngitis, and the general condition seriously affected. Both expiratory and inspiratory stridors occur. Tracheotomy is usually required, with viscous crusts removed by bronchoscopy. Respirator treatment is also often required. Fourteen children have been treated, of whom two have died.", "contents": "[Acute obstructive laryngitis in children (author's transl)]. Three types of acute obstructive laryngitis in children are distinguished: 1. Acute supraglottic laryngitis (Epiglottitis acuta): The usual causative organism is Hemophilus influenzae, type B. Characteristic findings include a swollen red epiglottis. Treatment is based on Ampicillin, Solucortef (hydrocortisone-sodium succinate) i.m., air humidification, intravenous infusions and airway protection (tracheotomy or intubation). From 1958-1967, 68 children were treated, of whom boys were twice as commonly affected as girls. In about 80% of cases, tracheotomy was still found necessary. 2. Acute subglottic laryngitis: Mucosal swelling in the subglottic space causes a clinical picture which initially is common to several groups of deseases. In allergic subglottic edema, a pale \"pillow-shaped\" swelling occurs which responds favorably to antiallergenics and cortisone. In contrast, infectious swelling is partially caused by the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Parainfluenzae virus was isolated in 60% of these cases at our hospital. During the period studied, 2,741 cases were treated, of whom boys were 3.3 times more frequently affected than girls. The use of Solu-cortef i.m. has decreased the tracheotomy rate from 12% to 0. 3. Acute laryngotracheobronchitis: In this disease process, the initial infection is attributed to a virus, with the infected mucosa secondarily invaded by bacteria. The clinical course is prolonged when compared to subglottic laryngitis, and the general condition seriously affected. Both expiratory and inspiratory stridors occur. Tracheotomy is usually required, with viscous crusts removed by bronchoscopy. Respirator treatment is also often required. Fourteen children have been treated, of whom two have died."}
{"id": "PMID:1194093", "title": "[25 years experience with glottis widening surgery in our clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1949 and 1974, 137 patients with bilateral vocal cord paralyses were operated upon in our Department. In 127 cases King's method of extralaryngeal lateral fixation of the vocal cord or a modification thereof was executed on one or both sides. The modification consisted of securing the lateral-fixating suture around the superior thyroid cornu. This produces an additional displacement of the vocal cord in the vertical plane which provides good respiratory function in spite of only moderate lateral displacement of the cord. In seven cases endolaryngeal arytaenoidectomies and submucus hemicordectomies using Kleinsassers' technique were performed. In three cases endo- and extralaryngeal methods were combined. 120 (87.6%) of all patients could be decannulated. After unilateral extralaryngeal lateral cord fixation, 77.2% of patients could be decannulated within three weeks following operation. Operative results were analysed according to respiratory and vocal function two years postoperatively. After unilateral lateral cord fixation, breathing was good or sufficient in 73.6% of cases and insufficient in 26.4% of cases. The voice was normal or dysphonic in 86% of cases while aphonic in 14% of cases. Among the causes of bilateral vocal cord paralysis, primary strumectomies and operations for recurrent goiter were predominant (95%). All patients were tracheotomized before or after the operation. Two years postoperatively, incidental tracheal stenosis was noted in 73% of all patients. This was insignificant to moderate in 63.5% of cases and severe in 9.5% of the cases.", "contents": "[25 years experience with glottis widening surgery in our clinic (author's transl)]. Between 1949 and 1974, 137 patients with bilateral vocal cord paralyses were operated upon in our Department. In 127 cases King's method of extralaryngeal lateral fixation of the vocal cord or a modification thereof was executed on one or both sides. The modification consisted of securing the lateral-fixating suture around the superior thyroid cornu. This produces an additional displacement of the vocal cord in the vertical plane which provides good respiratory function in spite of only moderate lateral displacement of the cord. In seven cases endolaryngeal arytaenoidectomies and submucus hemicordectomies using Kleinsassers' technique were performed. In three cases endo- and extralaryngeal methods were combined. 120 (87.6%) of all patients could be decannulated. After unilateral extralaryngeal lateral cord fixation, 77.2% of patients could be decannulated within three weeks following operation. Operative results were analysed according to respiratory and vocal function two years postoperatively. After unilateral lateral cord fixation, breathing was good or sufficient in 73.6% of cases and insufficient in 26.4% of cases. The voice was normal or dysphonic in 86% of cases while aphonic in 14% of cases. Among the causes of bilateral vocal cord paralysis, primary strumectomies and operations for recurrent goiter were predominant (95%). All patients were tracheotomized before or after the operation. Two years postoperatively, incidental tracheal stenosis was noted in 73% of all patients. This was insignificant to moderate in 63.5% of cases and severe in 9.5% of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1194094", "title": "[Deafness due to hyperinsulinism (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported of progressive bilateral sensorineural deafness and recurrent unilateral facial paralysis in a patient suffering from hypoglycaemia due to pancreatic Islet cell hyperplasia. Subtotal pancreatectomy was followed by resolution of hyperinsulinism and improvement of the hearing.", "contents": "[Deafness due to hyperinsulinism (author's transl)]. A case is reported of progressive bilateral sensorineural deafness and recurrent unilateral facial paralysis in a patient suffering from hypoglycaemia due to pancreatic Islet cell hyperplasia. Subtotal pancreatectomy was followed by resolution of hyperinsulinism and improvement of the hearing."}
{"id": "PMID:1194095", "title": "[Uncommon findings during surgery of the internal auditory canal (author's transl)].", "content": "The following cases are demonstrated:postoperative deafness probably caused by abnormal blood supply to the cochlea, clinical findings of an acoustic neuroma without tumor, atrophy of cochlear and vestibular nerves, bone-like tissue growth in the labyrinthine trauma, hearing improvement after removal of an arachnoid cyst from the internal auditory canal.", "contents": "[Uncommon findings during surgery of the internal auditory canal (author's transl)]. The following cases are demonstrated:postoperative deafness probably caused by abnormal blood supply to the cochlea, clinical findings of an acoustic neuroma without tumor, atrophy of cochlear and vestibular nerves, bone-like tissue growth in the labyrinthine trauma, hearing improvement after removal of an arachnoid cyst from the internal auditory canal."}
{"id": "PMID:1194096", "title": "[The pathogenesis of functional dysphonias (author's transl)].", "content": "The definition, aetiology and symptomatology of functional disorders of the voice are discussed. A classification for these phoniatric disturbances based in clinical and practical issues, especially general psychosocial, latent depressive and neurotic, is recommended.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of functional dysphonias (author's transl)]. The definition, aetiology and symptomatology of functional disorders of the voice are discussed. A classification for these phoniatric disturbances based in clinical and practical issues, especially general psychosocial, latent depressive and neurotic, is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1194097", "title": "[The circadian structure of the parotid gland. morphologic and morphometric investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Male Wistar rats were standardized on a \"light-dark\" cycle. Daily light exposure was maintained from 07.00 to 19.00, while food and water were freely provided to each animal. During one 24-hour period, subgroups of five animals were sacrificed at four-hour intervals. The parotid glands were quickly removed from each animal, after which individual gland volume and weight were determined. Tissue samples were then fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium and embedded in epon. Other samples were fixed in Carnoy and embedded in paraffin. A stereologic model of the rat parotid gland was constructed by morphometric methods. It could be demonstrated that the volume and weight of the glandular components changed during a 24-hour period. The maximum and minimum for each component were found to vary significantly; in most instances, the maximum occured during the evening at the onset of the eating cycle, whereas the minimum occurred in the morning with the completion of eating. The most dramatic differences were seen within the glandular acinar cells (Fig. 1 and 2). During a normal 24-hour period or physiological secretory cycle, the following volume changes were found: secretory granules, 160%; nuclei, 30%; nucleoli, 80%; golgi-areas, 60%; rough endoplasmic reticulum, 10%. The present study indicates that the parotid gland has a time-dependent structure which reflects the rhythmic activity of the gland in production, storage and extrusion of secretory material.", "contents": "[The circadian structure of the parotid gland. morphologic and morphometric investigations (author's transl)]. Male Wistar rats were standardized on a \"light-dark\" cycle. Daily light exposure was maintained from 07.00 to 19.00, while food and water were freely provided to each animal. During one 24-hour period, subgroups of five animals were sacrificed at four-hour intervals. The parotid glands were quickly removed from each animal, after which individual gland volume and weight were determined. Tissue samples were then fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium and embedded in epon. Other samples were fixed in Carnoy and embedded in paraffin. A stereologic model of the rat parotid gland was constructed by morphometric methods. It could be demonstrated that the volume and weight of the glandular components changed during a 24-hour period. The maximum and minimum for each component were found to vary significantly; in most instances, the maximum occured during the evening at the onset of the eating cycle, whereas the minimum occurred in the morning with the completion of eating. The most dramatic differences were seen within the glandular acinar cells (Fig. 1 and 2). During a normal 24-hour period or physiological secretory cycle, the following volume changes were found: secretory granules, 160%; nuclei, 30%; nucleoli, 80%; golgi-areas, 60%; rough endoplasmic reticulum, 10%. The present study indicates that the parotid gland has a time-dependent structure which reflects the rhythmic activity of the gland in production, storage and extrusion of secretory material."}
{"id": "PMID:1194098", "title": "[Indications for mediatinoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems of routine mediastinoscopy such as the differential diagnosis of unrecognisable specific pathology of the mediastinum or lung, assessment of the operability of malignancy in the thorax prior to surgery, and the execution of minor mediastinal surgery are discussed. It is recommended that mediastinoscopy may also be performed where no radiological abnormality exists, and it is considered necessary that it is performed with biopsy where bronchial carcinoma has already been positively identified. Personal experience shows that previous mediastinoscopy or mediastinal irradiation are not contraindications to this procedure, but an adequate thoracic surgical unit and adequate after-care are essential prerequisites.", "contents": "[Indications for mediatinoscopy (author's transl)]. The problems of routine mediastinoscopy such as the differential diagnosis of unrecognisable specific pathology of the mediastinum or lung, assessment of the operability of malignancy in the thorax prior to surgery, and the execution of minor mediastinal surgery are discussed. It is recommended that mediastinoscopy may also be performed where no radiological abnormality exists, and it is considered necessary that it is performed with biopsy where bronchial carcinoma has already been positively identified. Personal experience shows that previous mediastinoscopy or mediastinal irradiation are not contraindications to this procedure, but an adequate thoracic surgical unit and adequate after-care are essential prerequisites."}
{"id": "PMID:1194099", "title": "[A persistent craniopharyngeal canal combined with a meningoencephalocele (author's transl)].", "content": "The anatomical and embryological facets of the persistent craniopharyngeal canal combined with a meningoencephalocele are reviewed, and the case of a 6 year old girl is reported. Postnatal dyspnea and cyanosis improved after perforation of nasopharyngeal cyst, and adenoidectomy was performed at the age of 8 months. The second episode of meningitis led to its radiological assessment and correct diagnosis. Surgical treatment is limited because the location of the pituitary in this child is not known.", "contents": "[A persistent craniopharyngeal canal combined with a meningoencephalocele (author's transl)]. The anatomical and embryological facets of the persistent craniopharyngeal canal combined with a meningoencephalocele are reviewed, and the case of a 6 year old girl is reported. Postnatal dyspnea and cyanosis improved after perforation of nasopharyngeal cyst, and adenoidectomy was performed at the age of 8 months. The second episode of meningitis led to its radiological assessment and correct diagnosis. Surgical treatment is limited because the location of the pituitary in this child is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:1194100", "title": "[An observation on cricothyroid muscle function (author's transl)].", "content": "The cricothyroid muscle is important to the singing voice, in the male in the chest and falsetto registers and in the female in the head register, assisting in production of the highest notes. In speech its contraction only occurs during high pitched speech. It serves as an additional tensor of the vocal cord.", "contents": "[An observation on cricothyroid muscle function (author's transl)]. The cricothyroid muscle is important to the singing voice, in the male in the chest and falsetto registers and in the female in the head register, assisting in production of the highest notes. In speech its contraction only occurs during high pitched speech. It serves as an additional tensor of the vocal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1194101", "title": "[The local treatment of ozaena with streptomycin and novocaine (author's transl)].", "content": "The essence of this treatment is the injection of a mixture of 250 mgm of streptomycin (5 ml) and novocaine 1% (5 ml) on alternate days. The 10 ml mixture was injected into the conchae and submucosally into the septum on either side. Cure generally required a total of 2--3 gm of streptomycin over 15--20 days. Review of 25 cases treated over the past 15 years showed that 44% became symptom free and \"good\" results occurred in another 40%. In 16% treatment proved ineffective. Rehabilation was manifest by relief of subjective symptoms and disappearance of crusting and foetor. Atrophy remained irreversible.", "contents": "[The local treatment of ozaena with streptomycin and novocaine (author's transl)]. The essence of this treatment is the injection of a mixture of 250 mgm of streptomycin (5 ml) and novocaine 1% (5 ml) on alternate days. The 10 ml mixture was injected into the conchae and submucosally into the septum on either side. Cure generally required a total of 2--3 gm of streptomycin over 15--20 days. Review of 25 cases treated over the past 15 years showed that 44% became symptom free and \"good\" results occurred in another 40%. In 16% treatment proved ineffective. Rehabilation was manifest by relief of subjective symptoms and disappearance of crusting and foetor. Atrophy remained irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:1194102", "title": "[Legal responsibilities in patient explanation prior to ethmoid surgery].", "content": "The Superior Court of Stuttgart sentenced an E.N.T. surgeon for neglecting to explain the possible consequences and dangers to life of radical maxillary surgery and ethmoidectomy. As a result of this surgery meningitis occurred. The Court decided that the operative risks carried by surgeons is greater outside University or large hospitals. The Court therefore demanded full preoperative explaination only at the smaller hospital. Comparison of statistics from between the T\u00fcbingen University E.N.T. Clinic and a non-teaching clinic confirmed that the operative risks with ethmoid surgery is lower with the latter unit, and the the judgement of the Stuttgart Superior Court is based on fallacy. The further views and conclusions of the court are critically reviewed, and aspects of patient clarification are discussed.", "contents": "[Legal responsibilities in patient explanation prior to ethmoid surgery]. The Superior Court of Stuttgart sentenced an E.N.T. surgeon for neglecting to explain the possible consequences and dangers to life of radical maxillary surgery and ethmoidectomy. As a result of this surgery meningitis occurred. The Court decided that the operative risks carried by surgeons is greater outside University or large hospitals. The Court therefore demanded full preoperative explaination only at the smaller hospital. Comparison of statistics from between the T\u00fcbingen University E.N.T. Clinic and a non-teaching clinic confirmed that the operative risks with ethmoid surgery is lower with the latter unit, and the the judgement of the Stuttgart Superior Court is based on fallacy. The further views and conclusions of the court are critically reviewed, and aspects of patient clarification are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194103", "title": "[Rhinogenic subdural abscesses in childhood and their successful treatement (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of rhinogenic subdural abscesses are described, and the characteristic symptoms of the lesions summarized. Each presents a typical temporal sequence which is similar to that of frontal brain abscesses and permits differentiation of each into initial, latent and terminal stages. In collaboration with our neurosurgeon, a treatment was devised which included drilling two or more bore holes over the abscess area and irragating this site with an antibiotic solution. This technique provided favourable conditions for rhinosurgical operation as well as for complete healing.", "contents": "[Rhinogenic subdural abscesses in childhood and their successful treatement (author's transl)]. Three cases of rhinogenic subdural abscesses are described, and the characteristic symptoms of the lesions summarized. Each presents a typical temporal sequence which is similar to that of frontal brain abscesses and permits differentiation of each into initial, latent and terminal stages. In collaboration with our neurosurgeon, a treatment was devised which included drilling two or more bore holes over the abscess area and irragating this site with an antibiotic solution. This technique provided favourable conditions for rhinosurgical operation as well as for complete healing."}
{"id": "PMID:1194104", "title": "[Atresia of the ear (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of operations for congenital deformities of the external and middle ear throughout a 10-year period, 1962-1972, are presented. 38 ears were operated upon, of which 26 obtained an average hearing gain of 25 dB. In 12 ears no improvement was obtained, and no ear became worse. Among the 15 patients with bilateral deformities 11 obtained a postoperative hearing in one or both ears of 40 dB or better, in average 30 dB.", "contents": "[Atresia of the ear (author's transl)]. The results of operations for congenital deformities of the external and middle ear throughout a 10-year period, 1962-1972, are presented. 38 ears were operated upon, of which 26 obtained an average hearing gain of 25 dB. In 12 ears no improvement was obtained, and no ear became worse. Among the 15 patients with bilateral deformities 11 obtained a postoperative hearing in one or both ears of 40 dB or better, in average 30 dB."}
{"id": "PMID:1194105", "title": "[The natural progress of atherosclerosis of the lateral vessels of the tongue (author's transl)].", "content": "The writer discusses the progress of atherosclerosis of the lateral vessels of the tongue and also demonstrates the clinical and diagnostic value of observing these changes. On the lateral undersurface of the tongue, which is uniformly pink in young persons on account of the delicate and rich vascular network, blue and pointed nodules start to appear in the fourth decade. These nodules are pathological and represent venous dilatations and thromboses. In advancing age more and more vessels obstruct, and the reduction of perfusion causes in all individuals a paleness and advancing atrophy. Examination of this region discloses the state of the vascular system. The number, location and severity of the thromboses has an important relevance in the assessment of vitality and biological aging of the individual.", "contents": "[The natural progress of atherosclerosis of the lateral vessels of the tongue (author's transl)]. The writer discusses the progress of atherosclerosis of the lateral vessels of the tongue and also demonstrates the clinical and diagnostic value of observing these changes. On the lateral undersurface of the tongue, which is uniformly pink in young persons on account of the delicate and rich vascular network, blue and pointed nodules start to appear in the fourth decade. These nodules are pathological and represent venous dilatations and thromboses. In advancing age more and more vessels obstruct, and the reduction of perfusion causes in all individuals a paleness and advancing atrophy. Examination of this region discloses the state of the vascular system. The number, location and severity of the thromboses has an important relevance in the assessment of vitality and biological aging of the individual."}
{"id": "PMID:1194106", "title": "[Two cases of hepatic complication from halothane anesthesia following pediatric tonsillectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of two cases of hepatic complications (one of these with fatal consequence) after pediatric tonsillectomy using halothane anesthesia is given. Although in both cases it could not be proven that the halothane was the cause of the hepatic complication, an exacerbation of occult liver dystfunction by the anesthetic was considered possible.", "contents": "[Two cases of hepatic complication from halothane anesthesia following pediatric tonsillectomy (author's transl)]. A report of two cases of hepatic complications (one of these with fatal consequence) after pediatric tonsillectomy using halothane anesthesia is given. Although in both cases it could not be proven that the halothane was the cause of the hepatic complication, an exacerbation of occult liver dystfunction by the anesthetic was considered possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1194107", "title": "[Spontaneous remission of objective tinnitus (author's transl)].", "content": "The presence of a systolic loud tinnitus over the right mastoid in a 21 year old male was established by auscultation and phonocardiograph recording. Selective angiography of the carotids excluded a vascular abnormality. The tinnitus, which persited for 1 year, disappeared spontaneously over a 4 week period. The cause and the course of this tinnitus are discussed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous remission of objective tinnitus (author's transl)]. The presence of a systolic loud tinnitus over the right mastoid in a 21 year old male was established by auscultation and phonocardiograph recording. Selective angiography of the carotids excluded a vascular abnormality. The tinnitus, which persited for 1 year, disappeared spontaneously over a 4 week period. The cause and the course of this tinnitus are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194108", "title": "[Age-dependent electric response audiometry (ERA)-findings in correlation with speech development (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of periods of speech-certainty and speech-uncertainty can be observed in normal as well as in children impaired with hearing, voice and speech defects. This behaviour of voice and speech development has not yet been explained by subjective pure-tone or speech audiometry. 19 normal children were grouped into four age populations according to electroglotto- and phonographic analysis. This collective was then examined by Electric Response Audiometry (ERA) at the frequencies of 0.5 kHz, 1.0 kHz, 2.0 kHz, and 4.0 kHz. Speech-certainty was observed at a mean age of 4.5 years (Group II) and 6.5 years (Group IV), whereas speech-uncertainty was found at a mean age of 2.5 years (Group I) and 5.5 years (Group III). The supraliminal ERA results of contralteral pickup were evaluated in amplitude and in behaviour of latency. Because of the variety of ERA-characteristics, the age-dependent and frequency-specific development of the acoustic system is figured by integration below the characteristics in the supraliminal range. The mathematical result shows two opposite regions as well as the \"hearing dynamic\" as at the \"dynamic of the behaviour of latency\": a low-frequency region of 0.5 and 1.0 kHz and a high-frequency region of 2.0 and 4.0 kHz. Evaluation of the electroglottograms following Fourier's analysis shows a typical amplitude spectrum at speech-certainty and at speech-uncertainty.", "contents": "[Age-dependent electric response audiometry (ERA)-findings in correlation with speech development (author's transl)]. The occurrence of periods of speech-certainty and speech-uncertainty can be observed in normal as well as in children impaired with hearing, voice and speech defects. This behaviour of voice and speech development has not yet been explained by subjective pure-tone or speech audiometry. 19 normal children were grouped into four age populations according to electroglotto- and phonographic analysis. This collective was then examined by Electric Response Audiometry (ERA) at the frequencies of 0.5 kHz, 1.0 kHz, 2.0 kHz, and 4.0 kHz. Speech-certainty was observed at a mean age of 4.5 years (Group II) and 6.5 years (Group IV), whereas speech-uncertainty was found at a mean age of 2.5 years (Group I) and 5.5 years (Group III). The supraliminal ERA results of contralteral pickup were evaluated in amplitude and in behaviour of latency. Because of the variety of ERA-characteristics, the age-dependent and frequency-specific development of the acoustic system is figured by integration below the characteristics in the supraliminal range. The mathematical result shows two opposite regions as well as the \"hearing dynamic\" as at the \"dynamic of the behaviour of latency\": a low-frequency region of 0.5 and 1.0 kHz and a high-frequency region of 2.0 and 4.0 kHz. Evaluation of the electroglottograms following Fourier's analysis shows a typical amplitude spectrum at speech-certainty and at speech-uncertainty."}
{"id": "PMID:1194109", "title": "Surgical management of radial physeal growth disturbance in dogs.", "content": "Premature closure of the distal radial physis can result in severe developmental deformities of the involved forelimb. Recognition of the problem early in its course is necessary to minimize valgus deformity and secondary osteoarthritis of the elbow and carpus. By  forcing the radius to elongate, following radial osteotomy and use of a Stader apparatus, these deformities can be minimized.", "contents": "Surgical management of radial physeal growth disturbance in dogs. Premature closure of the distal radial physis can result in severe developmental deformities of the involved forelimb. Recognition of the problem early in its course is necessary to minimize valgus deformity and secondary osteoarthritis of the elbow and carpus. By  forcing the radius to elongate, following radial osteotomy and use of a Stader apparatus, these deformities can be minimized."}
{"id": "PMID:1194111", "title": "Blood lead concentrations in three groups of dogs from a suburban Illinois community.", "content": "Of 89 clinically normal dogs that were regular patients of a suburban Illinois veterinary hospital, all had blood-lead concentrations (BLC) within the range cited as normal in the literature. In contrast, 22% of 50 dogs from city pound and 15.3% of 98 dogs owned by low-income families of the community had BLC in excess of the normal limits. Additionally, 8% of dogs from the city pound and 4.1% of dogs from low-income families had BLC that are reported to the reliably associated with clinical lead poisoning. Socioeconomic characcteristics of the dog-owning family were more reliably associated with abnormally high BLC than were either history or clinical signs.", "contents": "Blood lead concentrations in three groups of dogs from a suburban Illinois community. Of 89 clinically normal dogs that were regular patients of a suburban Illinois veterinary hospital, all had blood-lead concentrations (BLC) within the range cited as normal in the literature. In contrast, 22% of 50 dogs from city pound and 15.3% of 98 dogs owned by low-income families of the community had BLC in excess of the normal limits. Additionally, 8% of dogs from the city pound and 4.1% of dogs from low-income families had BLC that are reported to the reliably associated with clinical lead poisoning. Socioeconomic characcteristics of the dog-owning family were more reliably associated with abnormally high BLC than were either history or clinical signs."}
{"id": "PMID:1194114", "title": "Effect of five daily intravenous treatments with oxytetracycline hydrochloride on the carrier status of bovine anaplasmosis.", "content": "Intravenous administration of oxytetracycline hydrochloride at the rate of 22 mg/kg daily for 5 days was effective in rendering parasite-free 11 adult cattle that were naturally infected Anaplasma marginale carriers. The treatment did not cause any noticeable distress or side effect. Through 12 posttreatment months, the efficacy of the treatment procedure was evaluated by serologic tests and subinoculation of blood into susceptible splenectomized calves. Results of the rapid card agglutination test were positive for 5 cattle at 2 months after treatment, but negative for all cattle at 4 through 12 months. Complement-fixation titers were variable and transient in posttreatment serologic studies. After subinoculation of blood into splenectomized calves (at 4 and 12 months after chemotherapy), serologic, hematologic, or clinical evidence of infection with A marginale was not seen during a 60-day observation period.", "contents": "Effect of five daily intravenous treatments with oxytetracycline hydrochloride on the carrier status of bovine anaplasmosis. Intravenous administration of oxytetracycline hydrochloride at the rate of 22 mg/kg daily for 5 days was effective in rendering parasite-free 11 adult cattle that were naturally infected Anaplasma marginale carriers. The treatment did not cause any noticeable distress or side effect. Through 12 posttreatment months, the efficacy of the treatment procedure was evaluated by serologic tests and subinoculation of blood into susceptible splenectomized calves. Results of the rapid card agglutination test were positive for 5 cattle at 2 months after treatment, but negative for all cattle at 4 through 12 months. Complement-fixation titers were variable and transient in posttreatment serologic studies. After subinoculation of blood into splenectomized calves (at 4 and 12 months after chemotherapy), serologic, hematologic, or clinical evidence of infection with A marginale was not seen during a 60-day observation period."}
{"id": "PMID:1194115", "title": "Brucella infections in Illinois veterinarians.", "content": "Serums collected from Illinois veterinarians at 6 state conventions between 1956 and 1972 were tested for Brucella antibodies, with 70 of 394 (17.8%) samples reactive. Interviews with 1,261 veterinarians in 1967 and 1968 yielded 175 (13.9%) with a history of a prior clinical illness diagnosed as brucellosis. When duplicates were eliminated, there was a 17.0% (224/1,315) infection ratio. The prevalence of infection was found to be decreasing, as reflected by decreasing serologic reactor rates and by decreasing numbers of clinical diagnoses during the period. Strain 19 brucella vaccine appeared to be increasing in relative importance as a source of infection for veterinarians. Most of the small animal practitioners with a history of clinical brucellosis had been infected either as students or in an earlier practice type. Onset of clinical illness occurred the year of graduation for 21 (13%) veterinarians, with 62% between 4 years before and 4 years after graduation. Part of the explanation for the decreasing infection rates following graduation might have been the existence of a group of veterinarians at high risk of infection because of personal habits. Early infection, because of their high risk, would have resulted in rapid depletion of susceptible individuals from this group. As a result, in a few years the infection rate of the total veterinary population would no longer be dominated by this high risk group but would more nearly reflect the infection probability for the average veterinarian. There was no significant difference in death rates or cause of death between infected and noninfected veterinarians.", "contents": "Brucella infections in Illinois veterinarians. Serums collected from Illinois veterinarians at 6 state conventions between 1956 and 1972 were tested for Brucella antibodies, with 70 of 394 (17.8%) samples reactive. Interviews with 1,261 veterinarians in 1967 and 1968 yielded 175 (13.9%) with a history of a prior clinical illness diagnosed as brucellosis. When duplicates were eliminated, there was a 17.0% (224/1,315) infection ratio. The prevalence of infection was found to be decreasing, as reflected by decreasing serologic reactor rates and by decreasing numbers of clinical diagnoses during the period. Strain 19 brucella vaccine appeared to be increasing in relative importance as a source of infection for veterinarians. Most of the small animal practitioners with a history of clinical brucellosis had been infected either as students or in an earlier practice type. Onset of clinical illness occurred the year of graduation for 21 (13%) veterinarians, with 62% between 4 years before and 4 years after graduation. Part of the explanation for the decreasing infection rates following graduation might have been the existence of a group of veterinarians at high risk of infection because of personal habits. Early infection, because of their high risk, would have resulted in rapid depletion of susceptible individuals from this group. As a result, in a few years the infection rate of the total veterinary population would no longer be dominated by this high risk group but would more nearly reflect the infection probability for the average veterinarian. There was no significant difference in death rates or cause of death between infected and noninfected veterinarians."}
{"id": "PMID:1194116", "title": "Renal failure associated with pericardial effusion in a dog.", "content": "Signs of heart failure due to cardiac tamponade developed in a young dog with previously unrecognized renal disease. The uremic syndrome was considered the likely cause of the effusive pericarditis found at necropsy. In a review of necropsy records from 150 dogs with renal disease, 11 had pericardial lesions.", "contents": "Renal failure associated with pericardial effusion in a dog. Signs of heart failure due to cardiac tamponade developed in a young dog with previously unrecognized renal disease. The uremic syndrome was considered the likely cause of the effusive pericarditis found at necropsy. In a review of necropsy records from 150 dogs with renal disease, 11 had pericardial lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194117", "title": "Aorticopulmonary septal defect in a dog.", "content": "A 2-year-old Brittany Spaniel ahd clinical signs of pulmonary diseases and pulmonary hypertension, with cardiac murmur and congestive heart failure. Aorticopulmonary septal defect was detected by means of cardiac catheterization. Attempted surgical correciton was unsuccessful.", "contents": "Aorticopulmonary septal defect in a dog. A 2-year-old Brittany Spaniel ahd clinical signs of pulmonary diseases and pulmonary hypertension, with cardiac murmur and congestive heart failure. Aorticopulmonary septal defect was detected by means of cardiac catheterization. Attempted surgical correciton was unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:1194139", "title": "Some effects of reinforcement schedules in teaching picture names to retarded children.", "content": "The effects of several different schedules of primary reinforcement were compared in a picture-naming task with retarded children. In Experiment I, number of correct responses and learning rate were higher under fixed-ratio schedules than under continuous reinforcement. In Experiment II, number of correct responses and learning rate tended to be greater under in intermediate than under low or high fixed-ratio schedules. In Experiment III, number of correct responses was higher under interlocking schedules, in which the response requirement increased with time following the previous reinforcement, than under comparable fixed-ratio schedules. Learning rates were generally low and, perhaps because of this, not very different under the two types of schedules in this experiment. Accuracy (i.e., proportion of trials on which correct responses occurred) was typically high and insensitive to variations in schedule and schedule parameter throughout each experiment.", "contents": "Some effects of reinforcement schedules in teaching picture names to retarded children. The effects of several different schedules of primary reinforcement were compared in a picture-naming task with retarded children. In Experiment I, number of correct responses and learning rate were higher under fixed-ratio schedules than under continuous reinforcement. In Experiment II, number of correct responses and learning rate tended to be greater under in intermediate than under low or high fixed-ratio schedules. In Experiment III, number of correct responses was higher under interlocking schedules, in which the response requirement increased with time following the previous reinforcement, than under comparable fixed-ratio schedules. Learning rates were generally low and, perhaps because of this, not very different under the two types of schedules in this experiment. Accuracy (i.e., proportion of trials on which correct responses occurred) was typically high and insensitive to variations in schedule and schedule parameter throughout each experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:1194141", "title": "Electrical activity of phrenic nerve and diaphragm in utero.", "content": "Phrenic nerve activity, diaphragmatic EMG, and tracheal or pleural pressure changes were recorded in a chronic fetal sheep preparation. Three patterns of fetal phrenic nerve activity were observed: 1) a single burst; 2) irregular nonrhythmic bursts; and 3) prolonged rhythmic activity, seen only prior to fetal death. The total recording time was 54.53 h and the total duration of phrenic nerve activity was 65.34 min (2.16%). When an inactive period was defined as the absence of phrenic nerve activity for 60 s or more, active periods occupied 44.7% of the total time. Phrenic nerve activity was present in all fetuses and 97.5% of the time was coupled with diaphragmatic EMG. Both diaphragmatic EMG and intrapulmonary pressure changes occurred in the absence of phrenic nerve activity. In three fetal animals both phrenic nerves were transected. Tracheal pressure changes were seen which were not coupled with corresponding intrauterine pressure changes. Thus, changes in fetal tracheal pressure or diaphragmatic EMG do not necessarily represent the output of the fetal respiratory center. This study suggests that the fetal respiratory center is active in utero, but this activity is minimal and has a different pattern that that present after birth.", "contents": "Electrical activity of phrenic nerve and diaphragm in utero. Phrenic nerve activity, diaphragmatic EMG, and tracheal or pleural pressure changes were recorded in a chronic fetal sheep preparation. Three patterns of fetal phrenic nerve activity were observed: 1) a single burst; 2) irregular nonrhythmic bursts; and 3) prolonged rhythmic activity, seen only prior to fetal death. The total recording time was 54.53 h and the total duration of phrenic nerve activity was 65.34 min (2.16%). When an inactive period was defined as the absence of phrenic nerve activity for 60 s or more, active periods occupied 44.7% of the total time. Phrenic nerve activity was present in all fetuses and 97.5% of the time was coupled with diaphragmatic EMG. Both diaphragmatic EMG and intrapulmonary pressure changes occurred in the absence of phrenic nerve activity. In three fetal animals both phrenic nerves were transected. Tracheal pressure changes were seen which were not coupled with corresponding intrauterine pressure changes. Thus, changes in fetal tracheal pressure or diaphragmatic EMG do not necessarily represent the output of the fetal respiratory center. This study suggests that the fetal respiratory center is active in utero, but this activity is minimal and has a different pattern that that present after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:1194142", "title": "Evaluation of a reservoir in the main excretory duct of rat submaxillary gland.", "content": "Cannulation of salivary gland main excretory duct at its oral opening is routinely used for collecting fluid, in situ, from the luminally perfused duct, or saliva from the stimulated gland. For perfusion of the main excretory duct, in situ, or for saliva collection, rat submaxillary gland is often the organ of choice, since electrolyte transport occurs at high rates both in the whole gland and in the main excretory duct. Recently, it has been reported that there is a pouchlike dilatation of the main excretory duct at its oral end, and that this dilatation may serve as a fluid reservoir. Because of possible effects of such a reservoir on measurements of electrolyte transport by the whole gland or the main duct segment, the size and form of the reservoir have now been examined. For this, techniques of histology, radiography, and microcatherization were employed. It was found that, while the functional volume of the reservoir exceeds that of the main duct proper, the time needed for displacement of reservoir fluid by perfusate or saliva would probably be only on the order of 1-3 min at higher rates of saliva or perfusate flow. Therefore, if adequate allowance is made for equilibration time, collection of saliva or luminal perfusate by oral cannula seems justified.", "contents": "Evaluation of a reservoir in the main excretory duct of rat submaxillary gland. Cannulation of salivary gland main excretory duct at its oral opening is routinely used for collecting fluid, in situ, from the luminally perfused duct, or saliva from the stimulated gland. For perfusion of the main excretory duct, in situ, or for saliva collection, rat submaxillary gland is often the organ of choice, since electrolyte transport occurs at high rates both in the whole gland and in the main excretory duct. Recently, it has been reported that there is a pouchlike dilatation of the main excretory duct at its oral end, and that this dilatation may serve as a fluid reservoir. Because of possible effects of such a reservoir on measurements of electrolyte transport by the whole gland or the main duct segment, the size and form of the reservoir have now been examined. For this, techniques of histology, radiography, and microcatherization were employed. It was found that, while the functional volume of the reservoir exceeds that of the main duct proper, the time needed for displacement of reservoir fluid by perfusate or saliva would probably be only on the order of 1-3 min at higher rates of saliva or perfusate flow. Therefore, if adequate allowance is made for equilibration time, collection of saliva or luminal perfusate by oral cannula seems justified."}
{"id": "PMID:1194143", "title": "Frequency response of the chest: modeling and parameter estimation.", "content": "The frequency response of the respiratory system was studied in the range from 3 to 70 Hz in 15 normal subjects by applying sinusoidal pressure variations around the chest and measuring gas flow at the mouth. The observed input-output relationships were systematically compared to those predicted on the basis of linear differential equations of increasing order. From 3 to 20 Hz the behavior of the system was best described by a 3rd-order equation, and from 3 to 50 Hz by a 4th-order one. A mechanistic model of the 4th order, featuring tissue compliance (Ct), resistance (Rt) and inertance (It), alveolar gas compressibility (Cg) and airway resistance (Raw), and inertance (Iaw) was developed. Using that model, the following mean values were found: Ct = 2.08-10(-2)1-hPa-1 (1 hPa congruent to 1 cm of water); Rt = 1.10-hPa-1(-1)-s; It = 0.21-10(-2)hPa-1(-1)-s2; Raw = 1.35-hPa-1(-1)-s; Iaw = 2.55-10(-2)hPa-1(-1)-s2. Additional experiments devised to validate the model were reasonably successful, suggesting that the physical meaning attributed to the coefficients was correct. The validity of the assumptions and the physiological meaning of the coefficients are discussed.", "contents": "Frequency response of the chest: modeling and parameter estimation. The frequency response of the respiratory system was studied in the range from 3 to 70 Hz in 15 normal subjects by applying sinusoidal pressure variations around the chest and measuring gas flow at the mouth. The observed input-output relationships were systematically compared to those predicted on the basis of linear differential equations of increasing order. From 3 to 20 Hz the behavior of the system was best described by a 3rd-order equation, and from 3 to 50 Hz by a 4th-order one. A mechanistic model of the 4th order, featuring tissue compliance (Ct), resistance (Rt) and inertance (It), alveolar gas compressibility (Cg) and airway resistance (Raw), and inertance (Iaw) was developed. Using that model, the following mean values were found: Ct = 2.08-10(-2)1-hPa-1 (1 hPa congruent to 1 cm of water); Rt = 1.10-hPa-1(-1)-s; It = 0.21-10(-2)hPa-1(-1)-s2; Raw = 1.35-hPa-1(-1)-s; Iaw = 2.55-10(-2)hPa-1(-1)-s2. Additional experiments devised to validate the model were reasonably successful, suggesting that the physical meaning attributed to the coefficients was correct. The validity of the assumptions and the physiological meaning of the coefficients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194144", "title": "Effect of elastic loading on ventilatory response to hypoxia in conscious man.", "content": "Ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia, with and without an inspiratory elastic load (12.1 cmH2O/l), were measured in seven healthy subjects using a rebreathing technique. During each experiment, the end-tidal PCO2 was held constant using a variable-speed pump to draw gas from the rebreathing bag through a CO2 absorbing bypass. Studies with and without the load were performed in a formally randomized order for each subject. Linear regressions for rise in ventilation against fall in SaO2 were calculated. The range of unloaded responses was 0.74-1.38 1/min per 1% fall in SaO2 and loaded responses 0.71-1.56 1/min per 1% fall in SaO2. Elastic loading did not significantly alter the ventilatory response to progressive hypoxia (P greater than 0.2). In all subjects there was, however, a change in breathing pattern during loading, whereby increments in ventilation were attained by smaller tidal volumes and higher frequencies than in the control experiments. These results support the hypothesis previously proposed in our studies of resistive loading during progressive hypoxia, that a similar control pathway appears to be involved in response to the application of loads to breathing, whether ventilation is stimulated by hypoxia or hypercapnia.", "contents": "Effect of elastic loading on ventilatory response to hypoxia in conscious man. Ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia, with and without an inspiratory elastic load (12.1 cmH2O/l), were measured in seven healthy subjects using a rebreathing technique. During each experiment, the end-tidal PCO2 was held constant using a variable-speed pump to draw gas from the rebreathing bag through a CO2 absorbing bypass. Studies with and without the load were performed in a formally randomized order for each subject. Linear regressions for rise in ventilation against fall in SaO2 were calculated. The range of unloaded responses was 0.74-1.38 1/min per 1% fall in SaO2 and loaded responses 0.71-1.56 1/min per 1% fall in SaO2. Elastic loading did not significantly alter the ventilatory response to progressive hypoxia (P greater than 0.2). In all subjects there was, however, a change in breathing pattern during loading, whereby increments in ventilation were attained by smaller tidal volumes and higher frequencies than in the control experiments. These results support the hypothesis previously proposed in our studies of resistive loading during progressive hypoxia, that a similar control pathway appears to be involved in response to the application of loads to breathing, whether ventilation is stimulated by hypoxia or hypercapnia."}
{"id": "PMID:1194145", "title": "Modification of respiratory center output in the unanesthetized fetal sheep \"in utero\".", "content": "Diaphragmatic electromyographic activity, tracheal and amniotic fluid pressures, lung liquid flow, and carotid and jugular venous pressures were measured on eight fetal lambs who survived for periods of 9-43 days postoperatively. The fetal gestational age ranged from 98 to 113 days at operation. Respiratory center output of the fetus as indicated by electromyographic activity was modified by the following stimuli. It was suppressed by anesthesia and fetal hypoxia (Pao2 = 12 mmHg), tonically reduced by lung inflation, and stimulated by cyanide injections (150-600 mug) into the fetal jugular vein. Neuromuscular transmission to the diaphragm was blocked with d-tubocurarine (0.2-0.6 mg). These experiments indicate that central and motor pathways to the diaphragm are sufficiently mature by 101 days in the fetal sheep to permit their output to be modified by chemical and mechanical stimuli.", "contents": "Modification of respiratory center output in the unanesthetized fetal sheep \"in utero\". Diaphragmatic electromyographic activity, tracheal and amniotic fluid pressures, lung liquid flow, and carotid and jugular venous pressures were measured on eight fetal lambs who survived for periods of 9-43 days postoperatively. The fetal gestational age ranged from 98 to 113 days at operation. Respiratory center output of the fetus as indicated by electromyographic activity was modified by the following stimuli. It was suppressed by anesthesia and fetal hypoxia (Pao2 = 12 mmHg), tonically reduced by lung inflation, and stimulated by cyanide injections (150-600 mug) into the fetal jugular vein. Neuromuscular transmission to the diaphragm was blocked with d-tubocurarine (0.2-0.6 mg). These experiments indicate that central and motor pathways to the diaphragm are sufficiently mature by 101 days in the fetal sheep to permit their output to be modified by chemical and mechanical stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:1194146", "title": "Body composition and Vo2max of exceptional weight-trained athletes.", "content": "The maximal oxygen uptake and body composition of 30 exceptional athletes who have trained extensively with weights was measured. The sample included 3 world record holders, 8 other world class athletes, and 19 national class competitors. The sports represented were shot-putting, discus throwing, body building, power lifting, wrestling, and olympic lifting. Vo2max as determined on a bicycle ergometer by the open-circuit method was 4.6 +/- 0.7 1-min-1 (mean +/- SD) (48.8 +/- 7 ml-kg-1., 56.4 +/- 8.6 ml-(kg LBW)-1). The mean maximal heart rate was 185.3 +/- 11.6 beats-min-1. The subjects attained a work rate of 1,728.2 +/- 223 kpm-min-1 on a continuous progressive bicycle ergometer test and had mean maximal ventilations of 152.5 +/- 27.7 1-min-1 BTPS. Body composition was determined by densitometry. Body weight averaged 96.0 +/- 14.9 kg, with mean percent fat of 13.8 +/- 4.5. The results of this study indicate that exceptional weight-trained athletes are within the normal college-age population range in body fat and of somewhat higher physical working capacity.", "contents": "Body composition and Vo2max of exceptional weight-trained athletes. The maximal oxygen uptake and body composition of 30 exceptional athletes who have trained extensively with weights was measured. The sample included 3 world record holders, 8 other world class athletes, and 19 national class competitors. The sports represented were shot-putting, discus throwing, body building, power lifting, wrestling, and olympic lifting. Vo2max as determined on a bicycle ergometer by the open-circuit method was 4.6 +/- 0.7 1-min-1 (mean +/- SD) (48.8 +/- 7 ml-kg-1., 56.4 +/- 8.6 ml-(kg LBW)-1). The mean maximal heart rate was 185.3 +/- 11.6 beats-min-1. The subjects attained a work rate of 1,728.2 +/- 223 kpm-min-1 on a continuous progressive bicycle ergometer test and had mean maximal ventilations of 152.5 +/- 27.7 1-min-1 BTPS. Body composition was determined by densitometry. Body weight averaged 96.0 +/- 14.9 kg, with mean percent fat of 13.8 +/- 4.5. The results of this study indicate that exceptional weight-trained athletes are within the normal college-age population range in body fat and of somewhat higher physical working capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1194147", "title": "Some factors affecting tissue Po2 in the carotid body.", "content": "In the carotid body (CB) of the anesthetized cat tissue Po2 (Pto2) measured with a micro O2 electrode averaged about 65 mmHg at normal arterial pressure (mean = 96 mmHg). Pto2 correlated significantly with the hematocrit of the arterial blood but not with % saturation. When arterial pressure was reduced (mean = 58 mmHg) by bleeding Pto2 fell significantly. Phentolamine injection (1 mg/kg iv) at the reduced pressure caused Pto2 to rise significantly. At normal arterial pressure blowing moistened O2 over the CB did not affect Pto2 if the electrode tip was about 90 mum into the CB. At a reduced pressure (and blood flow) the sensitive depth increased to about 301 mum, and to about 600 mum when flow was stopped. We concluded that a) the increased chemoceptor discharge usually seen with hemorrhage is due to reduced Pto2; b) the reduction in Pto2 is probably due to reduced blood flow which is, in turn, caused partly, at least, by sympathetic nervous system activity; c) O2 content, rather than Po2, may determine chemoreceptor discharge rate; and d) there are no barriers in the CB which are impermeable to O2.", "contents": "Some factors affecting tissue Po2 in the carotid body. In the carotid body (CB) of the anesthetized cat tissue Po2 (Pto2) measured with a micro O2 electrode averaged about 65 mmHg at normal arterial pressure (mean = 96 mmHg). Pto2 correlated significantly with the hematocrit of the arterial blood but not with % saturation. When arterial pressure was reduced (mean = 58 mmHg) by bleeding Pto2 fell significantly. Phentolamine injection (1 mg/kg iv) at the reduced pressure caused Pto2 to rise significantly. At normal arterial pressure blowing moistened O2 over the CB did not affect Pto2 if the electrode tip was about 90 mum into the CB. At a reduced pressure (and blood flow) the sensitive depth increased to about 301 mum, and to about 600 mum when flow was stopped. We concluded that a) the increased chemoceptor discharge usually seen with hemorrhage is due to reduced Pto2; b) the reduction in Pto2 is probably due to reduced blood flow which is, in turn, caused partly, at least, by sympathetic nervous system activity; c) O2 content, rather than Po2, may determine chemoreceptor discharge rate; and d) there are no barriers in the CB which are impermeable to O2."}
{"id": "PMID:1194148", "title": "Relationship between respiratory nerve and muscle activity and muscle force output.", "content": "To demonstrate the most satisfactory way of using electrical activities of respiratory nerves and muscles, activities of phrenic nerve and external intercostal muscle (ICM) and the airway pressure changes generated by respiratory muscle contraction were recorded in anesthetized cats during complete airway occlusion. Electrical activities were rectified, integrated and processed in terms of peak and average inspiratory rates per 0.1 s and of total activity per breath. Peak rate of phrenic nerve activity exhibited a high linear correlation (r = 0.974) with peak inspiratory pressure. Average phrenic rate showed a similar high correlation (r = 0.973). Peak rate of external ICM was linearly related to peak pressure but the correlation was less good (r = 0.915). Total phrenic activity per breath was too dependent upon inspiratory duration to be a satisfactory correlate (r = 0.674). In this experiment occlusion pressure was an index of muscle force generation and respiratory control system output. It is concluded that peak or average rates of phrenic activity provide an electrical index of output changes. On theoretical grounds, peak rate is probably better.", "contents": "Relationship between respiratory nerve and muscle activity and muscle force output. To demonstrate the most satisfactory way of using electrical activities of respiratory nerves and muscles, activities of phrenic nerve and external intercostal muscle (ICM) and the airway pressure changes generated by respiratory muscle contraction were recorded in anesthetized cats during complete airway occlusion. Electrical activities were rectified, integrated and processed in terms of peak and average inspiratory rates per 0.1 s and of total activity per breath. Peak rate of phrenic nerve activity exhibited a high linear correlation (r = 0.974) with peak inspiratory pressure. Average phrenic rate showed a similar high correlation (r = 0.973). Peak rate of external ICM was linearly related to peak pressure but the correlation was less good (r = 0.915). Total phrenic activity per breath was too dependent upon inspiratory duration to be a satisfactory correlate (r = 0.674). In this experiment occlusion pressure was an index of muscle force generation and respiratory control system output. It is concluded that peak or average rates of phrenic activity provide an electrical index of output changes. On theoretical grounds, peak rate is probably better."}
{"id": "PMID:1194149", "title": "Salicylate hypothermia in rats exposed to hyperbaric air and helium.", "content": "Rectal temperatures of salicylate-treated and untreated rats were observed in 21-23 degrees C air at 1, 3, 6, and 8 ATA, in 21-23 degrees C helium at 1 and 6 ATA, and in 1 ATA thermal neutral air (28 degrees C). Significant dose-related temperature decreases occurred in 21-23 degrees C 1 ATA air with 180 and 300 mg/kg of salicylate; 60 mg/kg had no effect. However, in thermal neutral air, 300 mg/kg significantly elevated temperatures. Hyperbaric air and helium had temperature-lowering effects which were correlated with thermal properties of these environments, and in them the hypothermic effects of salicylate were similar to those in 1 ATA air, the total temperature decreases being the sum of the salicylate hypothermia and that caused by the hyperbaric air or helium. These additive temperature effects are unlike previously reported results in which the temperature lowering effects of 5 degrees C cold exposure and salicylate together were greater than the sum of the two individual effects.", "contents": "Salicylate hypothermia in rats exposed to hyperbaric air and helium. Rectal temperatures of salicylate-treated and untreated rats were observed in 21-23 degrees C air at 1, 3, 6, and 8 ATA, in 21-23 degrees C helium at 1 and 6 ATA, and in 1 ATA thermal neutral air (28 degrees C). Significant dose-related temperature decreases occurred in 21-23 degrees C 1 ATA air with 180 and 300 mg/kg of salicylate; 60 mg/kg had no effect. However, in thermal neutral air, 300 mg/kg significantly elevated temperatures. Hyperbaric air and helium had temperature-lowering effects which were correlated with thermal properties of these environments, and in them the hypothermic effects of salicylate were similar to those in 1 ATA air, the total temperature decreases being the sum of the salicylate hypothermia and that caused by the hyperbaric air or helium. These additive temperature effects are unlike previously reported results in which the temperature lowering effects of 5 degrees C cold exposure and salicylate together were greater than the sum of the two individual effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1194150", "title": "Orthostatism and heat acclimation.", "content": "Three groups of subjects (6 subj in each group) underwent the following precedures: group A was given a 20-min head-up tilt at 21 degrees C followed by 4 h of exercise at 33.9 degrees C DB, 32.2 degrees C WB, and a repetition of tilting after exercise in heat; group B underwent the same procedure at 21 degrees C; group C was tilted at 21 degrees C, rested in heat for 4 h and was retilted in heat. The above procedures were repeated for 8 days, and on the last day groups B and C underwent the same treatment as group A. Group A showed the usual decreases in heart rate and rectal temperature and an increase in sweat rate on acclimation. This corresponded to marked improvements in heat-orthostatism. While five subjects in group A fainted during post-exposure tilting on the first exposure, none fainted on the last day. Resting in heat (group C) did not cause any acclimation to work in heat. This corresponded to poor heat-orthostatism after the work-heat procedure when five subjects fainted. Mild training at 21 degrees C (group B) resulted in minor improvements to work in heat as evident by some improvements in heart rate responses after the 1st and 2nd h of exposure. This corresponded to better heat-orthostatism and fewer men fainting than in group C. The results indicated that heat-orthostatism improves on acclimation to the same extent as exercise heart rate and rectal temperature.", "contents": "Orthostatism and heat acclimation. Three groups of subjects (6 subj in each group) underwent the following precedures: group A was given a 20-min head-up tilt at 21 degrees C followed by 4 h of exercise at 33.9 degrees C DB, 32.2 degrees C WB, and a repetition of tilting after exercise in heat; group B underwent the same procedure at 21 degrees C; group C was tilted at 21 degrees C, rested in heat for 4 h and was retilted in heat. The above procedures were repeated for 8 days, and on the last day groups B and C underwent the same treatment as group A. Group A showed the usual decreases in heart rate and rectal temperature and an increase in sweat rate on acclimation. This corresponded to marked improvements in heat-orthostatism. While five subjects in group A fainted during post-exposure tilting on the first exposure, none fainted on the last day. Resting in heat (group C) did not cause any acclimation to work in heat. This corresponded to poor heat-orthostatism after the work-heat procedure when five subjects fainted. Mild training at 21 degrees C (group B) resulted in minor improvements to work in heat as evident by some improvements in heart rate responses after the 1st and 2nd h of exposure. This corresponded to better heat-orthostatism and fewer men fainting than in group C. The results indicated that heat-orthostatism improves on acclimation to the same extent as exercise heart rate and rectal temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:1194151", "title": "Residual levels and biochemical changes after ventilation with perfluorinated liquid.", "content": "Twenty-three beagle dogs were ventilated with perfluorinated liquid, perfluoro-1-isopropoxy-hexane (Caroxin-F) for 1 h and were reconverted to gaseous breathing. Hematologic and biochemical changes were studied in five dogs for 1 yr and the remaining animals were followed for evidence of retained Caroxin-F for up to 3 yr. We found that the dogs could be ventilated with liquid Caroxin-F and returned to spontaneous breathing of gaseous oxygen with normal blood gas exchange within 24-72 h. Serum alkaline phosphatase, serum cholesterol, and white blood cell count increased with liquid ventilation but returned to normal in less than 1 wk. Trace amounts of Caroxin-F were detected by chromatography in all tissues studied for the entire 3-yr period. The highest levels of Caroxin-F were found in the lungs and associated lymph nodes. No histologic evidence of the presence of Caroxin-F was seen except for local accumulations of vacuolated macrophages in the lungs and associated lymph nodes. We conclude that Caroxin-F can be breathed without residual deleterious effects, even though trace amounts remained for at least 3 yr.", "contents": "Residual levels and biochemical changes after ventilation with perfluorinated liquid. Twenty-three beagle dogs were ventilated with perfluorinated liquid, perfluoro-1-isopropoxy-hexane (Caroxin-F) for 1 h and were reconverted to gaseous breathing. Hematologic and biochemical changes were studied in five dogs for 1 yr and the remaining animals were followed for evidence of retained Caroxin-F for up to 3 yr. We found that the dogs could be ventilated with liquid Caroxin-F and returned to spontaneous breathing of gaseous oxygen with normal blood gas exchange within 24-72 h. Serum alkaline phosphatase, serum cholesterol, and white blood cell count increased with liquid ventilation but returned to normal in less than 1 wk. Trace amounts of Caroxin-F were detected by chromatography in all tissues studied for the entire 3-yr period. The highest levels of Caroxin-F were found in the lungs and associated lymph nodes. No histologic evidence of the presence of Caroxin-F was seen except for local accumulations of vacuolated macrophages in the lungs and associated lymph nodes. We conclude that Caroxin-F can be breathed without residual deleterious effects, even though trace amounts remained for at least 3 yr."}
{"id": "PMID:1194152", "title": "Relative contributions of rib cage and abdomen to breathing in normal subjects.", "content": "By use of the method of Konno and Mead and the respiratory magnetometer, the partition of respired gas volumes into rib cage and diaphragm-abdomen components was accomplished in 81 normal subjects including 32 young and middle-aged men, 29 young and middle-aged women, and 20 elderly men. Studied were isovolume maneuvers and the relaxation configuration over the inspiratory capacity range, quiet tidal breathing, increased amplitudes of slow breathing, rapid inspirations and expirations, and both quiet and forceful phonation. No major differences were noted between men and women or between the young and the elderly during any respiratory acts. During quiet breathing most normal subjects are abdominal breathers when supine and thoracic breathers when upright. Rapid respiratory maneuvers were accomplished mostly through rib cage displacement suggesting that rib cage muscles are capable of more rapid action than diaphragm and abdominal muscles. Data from deep breathing and rapid maneuvers supported the view that abdominal and rib cage muscles often act to optimize the mechanical (length-tension) advantage of the diaphragm.", "contents": "Relative contributions of rib cage and abdomen to breathing in normal subjects. By use of the method of Konno and Mead and the respiratory magnetometer, the partition of respired gas volumes into rib cage and diaphragm-abdomen components was accomplished in 81 normal subjects including 32 young and middle-aged men, 29 young and middle-aged women, and 20 elderly men. Studied were isovolume maneuvers and the relaxation configuration over the inspiratory capacity range, quiet tidal breathing, increased amplitudes of slow breathing, rapid inspirations and expirations, and both quiet and forceful phonation. No major differences were noted between men and women or between the young and the elderly during any respiratory acts. During quiet breathing most normal subjects are abdominal breathers when supine and thoracic breathers when upright. Rapid respiratory maneuvers were accomplished mostly through rib cage displacement suggesting that rib cage muscles are capable of more rapid action than diaphragm and abdominal muscles. Data from deep breathing and rapid maneuvers supported the view that abdominal and rib cage muscles often act to optimize the mechanical (length-tension) advantage of the diaphragm."}
{"id": "PMID:1194153", "title": "Using body size to understand the structural design of animals: quadrupedal locomotion.", "content": "Many parameters of gait and performance, including stride frequency, stride length, maximum speed, and rate of O2 uptake are experimentally found to be power-law functions of body weight in running quadrupeds. All of these parameters are reasonably easy to measure except maximum speed, where the question arises whether one means top sprinting speed or top speed for sustained running. Moreover, differences in training and motivation make comparisons of top speed difficult. The problem is circumvented by comparing animals running at the transition between trotting and galloping, a physiologically similar speed. Theoretical models are proposed which preserve either geometric similarity, elastic similarity, or static stress similarity between animals of large and small body weights. The model postulating elastic similarity provides the best correlation with published data on body and bone proportions, body surface area, resting metabolic rate, and basal heart and lung frequencies. It also makes the most successful prediction of stride frequency, stride length, limb excursion angles, and the metabolic power required for running at the trot-gallop transition in quadrupeds ranging in size from mice to horses.", "contents": "Using body size to understand the structural design of animals: quadrupedal locomotion. Many parameters of gait and performance, including stride frequency, stride length, maximum speed, and rate of O2 uptake are experimentally found to be power-law functions of body weight in running quadrupeds. All of these parameters are reasonably easy to measure except maximum speed, where the question arises whether one means top sprinting speed or top speed for sustained running. Moreover, differences in training and motivation make comparisons of top speed difficult. The problem is circumvented by comparing animals running at the transition between trotting and galloping, a physiologically similar speed. Theoretical models are proposed which preserve either geometric similarity, elastic similarity, or static stress similarity between animals of large and small body weights. The model postulating elastic similarity provides the best correlation with published data on body and bone proportions, body surface area, resting metabolic rate, and basal heart and lung frequencies. It also makes the most successful prediction of stride frequency, stride length, limb excursion angles, and the metabolic power required for running at the trot-gallop transition in quadrupeds ranging in size from mice to horses."}
{"id": "PMID:1194154", "title": "Man's physiologic response to long-term work during thermal and pollutant stress.", "content": "Metabolic, temperature, and cardiorespiratory responses of 19 healthy males, age range 18-30 yr for one group and 40-55 yr for another, were studied during 210 minutes submaximal work at 35% Vo2 max. The subjects were exposed to four different pollutant gas mixtures at two different temperatures, 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C (relative humidity 30%). The four gas mixtures were filtered air (FA), 50 ppm carbon monoxide in filtered air (CO), 0.24 ppm peroxyacetyl nitrate in filtered air (PAN), and a combination of all three mixtures (PANCO). In the CO exposure, the heart rate was significantly greater than that observed during FA conditions (P less than 0.05). Metabolic and thermoregulatory responses to long-term work were not different in the various pollutant environments. Significant decreases in stroke volume and increases in heart rate were observed during the course of the 25 degrees C exposures with no alteration in cardiac output. Heart rates were higher during 35 degrees C exposures while cardiac output remained at the same level with a consequent further reduction in stroke output.", "contents": "Man's physiologic response to long-term work during thermal and pollutant stress. Metabolic, temperature, and cardiorespiratory responses of 19 healthy males, age range 18-30 yr for one group and 40-55 yr for another, were studied during 210 minutes submaximal work at 35% Vo2 max. The subjects were exposed to four different pollutant gas mixtures at two different temperatures, 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C (relative humidity 30%). The four gas mixtures were filtered air (FA), 50 ppm carbon monoxide in filtered air (CO), 0.24 ppm peroxyacetyl nitrate in filtered air (PAN), and a combination of all three mixtures (PANCO). In the CO exposure, the heart rate was significantly greater than that observed during FA conditions (P less than 0.05). Metabolic and thermoregulatory responses to long-term work were not different in the various pollutant environments. Significant decreases in stroke volume and increases in heart rate were observed during the course of the 25 degrees C exposures with no alteration in cardiac output. Heart rates were higher during 35 degrees C exposures while cardiac output remained at the same level with a consequent further reduction in stroke output."}
{"id": "PMID:1194155", "title": "Predicting the carboxyhemoglobin levels resulting from carbon monoxide exposures.", "content": "Data from a series of human exposures to carbon monoxide (CO) were analyzed to determine the fit to the theoretical Coburn-Forster-Kane (CFK) equation which describes CO absorption and excretion. The equation was found to predict carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) saturations for both men and women at exercise rates ranging from sedentary to 300 kpm/min when they were exposed to steady CO concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 ppm for 0.33-5.25 h. Methods for determining values of each of the variables in the CFK equation were collected and a rational, efficient procedure for solving the equation by trial and error was outlined. The CFK equation was then used to prepare a graph, relating HbCO saturation to exposure duration and concentration, and also to describe the effect of several variables on the rate of CO uptake and equilibrium HbCO levels, important considerations in the determination of permissible public, occupational, and experimental exposure to CO.", "contents": "Predicting the carboxyhemoglobin levels resulting from carbon monoxide exposures. Data from a series of human exposures to carbon monoxide (CO) were analyzed to determine the fit to the theoretical Coburn-Forster-Kane (CFK) equation which describes CO absorption and excretion. The equation was found to predict carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) saturations for both men and women at exercise rates ranging from sedentary to 300 kpm/min when they were exposed to steady CO concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 ppm for 0.33-5.25 h. Methods for determining values of each of the variables in the CFK equation were collected and a rational, efficient procedure for solving the equation by trial and error was outlined. The CFK equation was then used to prepare a graph, relating HbCO saturation to exposure duration and concentration, and also to describe the effect of several variables on the rate of CO uptake and equilibrium HbCO levels, important considerations in the determination of permissible public, occupational, and experimental exposure to CO."}
{"id": "PMID:1194156", "title": "Insulative power of body fat on deep muscle temperatures and isometric endurance.", "content": "Four male subjects were examined to assess the relationship of body fat content to deep muscle temperature and the endurance of a fatiguing isometric handgrip contraction at a tension set at 40% MVC. Muscle temperature was altered by the immersion of the forearm in water at temperatures varying from 7.5 to 40 degrees C. In all subjects, there was a water bath temperature above and below which isometric endurance decreased markedly; the difference among individuals was solely accounted for by the individual's body fat content. Thus, subjects with higher body fat content required lower bath temperatures to cool the forearm musculature to its optimum temperature, which we found to always be approximately 27 degrees C measured 2 cm perpendicularly to the skin in the belly of the brachioradialis muscle. Further, in one subject, we found that a reduction in this subject's body fat content resulted in a corresponding increase in the water bath temperature necessary to cool his muscles to their optimum isometric performance. The data demonstrate the striking insulative power of the thin layer of fat around the forearm in man in protecting shell tissues from cold exposure.", "contents": "Insulative power of body fat on deep muscle temperatures and isometric endurance. Four male subjects were examined to assess the relationship of body fat content to deep muscle temperature and the endurance of a fatiguing isometric handgrip contraction at a tension set at 40% MVC. Muscle temperature was altered by the immersion of the forearm in water at temperatures varying from 7.5 to 40 degrees C. In all subjects, there was a water bath temperature above and below which isometric endurance decreased markedly; the difference among individuals was solely accounted for by the individual's body fat content. Thus, subjects with higher body fat content required lower bath temperatures to cool the forearm musculature to its optimum temperature, which we found to always be approximately 27 degrees C measured 2 cm perpendicularly to the skin in the belly of the brachioradialis muscle. Further, in one subject, we found that a reduction in this subject's body fat content resulted in a corresponding increase in the water bath temperature necessary to cool his muscles to their optimum isometric performance. The data demonstrate the striking insulative power of the thin layer of fat around the forearm in man in protecting shell tissues from cold exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:1194157", "title": "Untrained females: effects of submaximal exercise and heat on body fluids.", "content": "Five untrained females having no history of heat exposure worked in a cool (16-20 degrees C db, 28% rh) environment on day 1 and a warm environment on day 2 (45 degrees C db, 28% rh). Exercise level (bicycle ergometer) was 30% of individual Vo2 max values and work time on both days was 45 min. Venous blood samples were obtained at rest, after 40 min of exercise and 25 min after exercise ceased. Analysis of blood samples indicated an 8.3% increase in Hct during exercise on day 1 and a plasma volume reduction of 12.8% though total circulating protein increased 11.5%. Except for K+ all parameters approximated control values within 25 min postexercise. On day 2, exercise in heat caused a 12% increase in Hct and a plasma volume reduction of 17.7%. Mean total protein did not significantly change from resting values. These data indicated that for a given % Vo2 max, untrained females suffer considerably greater reductions in plasma volumes than do exercised males. Similar to males, dilatation of the cutaneous vascular bed in unacclimatized females resulted in loss of protein from the vascular volume.", "contents": "Untrained females: effects of submaximal exercise and heat on body fluids. Five untrained females having no history of heat exposure worked in a cool (16-20 degrees C db, 28% rh) environment on day 1 and a warm environment on day 2 (45 degrees C db, 28% rh). Exercise level (bicycle ergometer) was 30% of individual Vo2 max values and work time on both days was 45 min. Venous blood samples were obtained at rest, after 40 min of exercise and 25 min after exercise ceased. Analysis of blood samples indicated an 8.3% increase in Hct during exercise on day 1 and a plasma volume reduction of 12.8% though total circulating protein increased 11.5%. Except for K+ all parameters approximated control values within 25 min postexercise. On day 2, exercise in heat caused a 12% increase in Hct and a plasma volume reduction of 17.7%. Mean total protein did not significantly change from resting values. These data indicated that for a given % Vo2 max, untrained females suffer considerably greater reductions in plasma volumes than do exercised males. Similar to males, dilatation of the cutaneous vascular bed in unacclimatized females resulted in loss of protein from the vascular volume."}
{"id": "PMID:1194158", "title": "Effect of altitude exposure on platelets.", "content": "Since decompression from depth is known to produce a fall in platelet count, the effect of altitude decompression and high-altitude exposure on platelets was investigated. Sixteen subjects decompressed without hypoxia to 20,000 ft simulated altitude for two hours showed a significant (P less than 0.01) drop in circulating platelet count of approximately 10% for three days following decompression. Four of five subjects similarly exposed had a shortened autologous platelet survival compared to that prior to exposure. Subjects exposed to 9,800 ft and then 17,600 ft in a mountain environment showed a significant mean decrease in platelet count on day 2 of 7% and 25% respectively, which had returned to control by day 5. Nonhypoxic and hypoxic decompressed rabbits which received homologous chromium-51-labeled platelets had an increase in lung radioactivity compared with sea-level controls. It is postulated that altitude decompression produces platelet reductions similar to these seen after decompression from depth, and that platelets sequester in the pulmonary vascular bed.", "contents": "Effect of altitude exposure on platelets. Since decompression from depth is known to produce a fall in platelet count, the effect of altitude decompression and high-altitude exposure on platelets was investigated. Sixteen subjects decompressed without hypoxia to 20,000 ft simulated altitude for two hours showed a significant (P less than 0.01) drop in circulating platelet count of approximately 10% for three days following decompression. Four of five subjects similarly exposed had a shortened autologous platelet survival compared to that prior to exposure. Subjects exposed to 9,800 ft and then 17,600 ft in a mountain environment showed a significant mean decrease in platelet count on day 2 of 7% and 25% respectively, which had returned to control by day 5. Nonhypoxic and hypoxic decompressed rabbits which received homologous chromium-51-labeled platelets had an increase in lung radioactivity compared with sea-level controls. It is postulated that altitude decompression produces platelet reductions similar to these seen after decompression from depth, and that platelets sequester in the pulmonary vascular bed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194159", "title": "D2 18O (deuterium oxide) method for CO2 output in small mammals and economic feasibility in man.", "content": "A test of the validity of the isotopic steady state relationships of the doubly labeled water (H2O) method has been carried out with D2 18O in small mammals (three chipmunks and one mouse). CO2 outputs calculated just from 1) the rate of water intake and 2) the ratios of the isotopic concentrations in the body water to the intake water agreed satisfactorily with observed values. Moreover, reconstructed energy and material balances agreed reasonably with similar balances reconstructed for an immediately succeeding period on the same animals studied by the previously validated decay procedure. We conclude from an error analysis that by expressing the isotopic specific activities as abundances in excess of the body water of a subject on a given regimen, the decay procedure is economically feasible in the human with available accuracy of isotopic analyses and the present cost of H2 18O. The method therefore appears to be a useful tool ready for application to the field of human energy metabolism.", "contents": "D2 18O (deuterium oxide) method for CO2 output in small mammals and economic feasibility in man. A test of the validity of the isotopic steady state relationships of the doubly labeled water (H2O) method has been carried out with D2 18O in small mammals (three chipmunks and one mouse). CO2 outputs calculated just from 1) the rate of water intake and 2) the ratios of the isotopic concentrations in the body water to the intake water agreed satisfactorily with observed values. Moreover, reconstructed energy and material balances agreed reasonably with similar balances reconstructed for an immediately succeeding period on the same animals studied by the previously validated decay procedure. We conclude from an error analysis that by expressing the isotopic specific activities as abundances in excess of the body water of a subject on a given regimen, the decay procedure is economically feasible in the human with available accuracy of isotopic analyses and the present cost of H2 18O. The method therefore appears to be a useful tool ready for application to the field of human energy metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1194160", "title": "Dynamic stiffness profiles in the left ventricle.", "content": "Diastolic pressure-volume (P-V) curves were calculated on a beat-to-beat basis in the open-chest, pentobarbital-anesthetized dog, using the technique of direct transmitral flow measurement previously described. P-V curves were constructed and the slope (dP/dV) was plotted vs. pressure and time. dP/dV was used as an index of stiffness in each heart and its instantaneous changes with time were followed throughout the diastolic period. The end-diastolic P-V relation based on points from successive cycles during volume loading was found to be exponential. In contrast, the instantaneous P-V relation during any one diastolic period was not exponential. That is, the dynamic dP/dV vs. pressure plot was nonlinear. In the normal heart, stiffness was characterized in early diastole by a negative dP/dV as the ventricle continued to relax, and then frequently decreased prior to a second stiffness rise with atrial augmentation. These findings can be explained by a model containing an element whose deformation is rate dependent, i.e., a parallel viscous element. Stiffness profiles in mitral stenosis where dynamic effects are minimized substantiate this conclusion.", "contents": "Dynamic stiffness profiles in the left ventricle. Diastolic pressure-volume (P-V) curves were calculated on a beat-to-beat basis in the open-chest, pentobarbital-anesthetized dog, using the technique of direct transmitral flow measurement previously described. P-V curves were constructed and the slope (dP/dV) was plotted vs. pressure and time. dP/dV was used as an index of stiffness in each heart and its instantaneous changes with time were followed throughout the diastolic period. The end-diastolic P-V relation based on points from successive cycles during volume loading was found to be exponential. In contrast, the instantaneous P-V relation during any one diastolic period was not exponential. That is, the dynamic dP/dV vs. pressure plot was nonlinear. In the normal heart, stiffness was characterized in early diastole by a negative dP/dV as the ventricle continued to relax, and then frequently decreased prior to a second stiffness rise with atrial augmentation. These findings can be explained by a model containing an element whose deformation is rate dependent, i.e., a parallel viscous element. Stiffness profiles in mitral stenosis where dynamic effects are minimized substantiate this conclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1194161", "title": "DC temperature-regulating device for anesthetized experimental animals.", "content": "A temperature-regulating device for anesthetized experimental animals is presented. The rectal temperature of the animal is measured with a thermistor and this variable controls via nonlinear amplification the power fed to the heating pad on which the animal is placed. Rectal temperature variations of not more than +/- 0.1 degrees C are reached after 30 min of operation.", "contents": "DC temperature-regulating device for anesthetized experimental animals. A temperature-regulating device for anesthetized experimental animals is presented. The rectal temperature of the animal is measured with a thermistor and this variable controls via nonlinear amplification the power fed to the heating pad on which the animal is placed. Rectal temperature variations of not more than +/- 0.1 degrees C are reached after 30 min of operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194162", "title": "Surgical techniques for long-term studies of thoracic duct circulation in the rat.", "content": "Two techniques for cannulation of the thoracic duct in the rat, thoracic duct shunt and thoracic duct side fistula, are described. They give access, for repetitive sampling, to a normal thoracic duct circulation and are suited for study of the circulation under physiologic conditions. The thoracic duct shunt creates, with tubing, a shunt between the caudad and cephalad ends to the cisterna chyli. The exteriorized midportion of the shunt allows observation of the lymph. In the thoracic duct side fistula, the short arm of a T tube is placed within the cisterna and sampling is done via the long arm of the tube. Ten shunts functioned for 8-26 days and 10 side fistulas functioned for 8-30 days. Average lymph flow was 0.044 ml/min (shunts) and 0.042 ml/min (side fistulas). Average thoracic duct lymphocyte output was 1,729,000 cells/min (shunts) and 2,310,000 cells/min (side fistulas). Average blood lymphocyte count was 11,700 cells/mm3 (shunts) and 12,600 cells/mm3 (side fistulas). All parameters remained stable during the period of study. Advantages of those techniques over the Bollman end fistula are presented.", "contents": "Surgical techniques for long-term studies of thoracic duct circulation in the rat. Two techniques for cannulation of the thoracic duct in the rat, thoracic duct shunt and thoracic duct side fistula, are described. They give access, for repetitive sampling, to a normal thoracic duct circulation and are suited for study of the circulation under physiologic conditions. The thoracic duct shunt creates, with tubing, a shunt between the caudad and cephalad ends to the cisterna chyli. The exteriorized midportion of the shunt allows observation of the lymph. In the thoracic duct side fistula, the short arm of a T tube is placed within the cisterna and sampling is done via the long arm of the tube. Ten shunts functioned for 8-26 days and 10 side fistulas functioned for 8-30 days. Average lymph flow was 0.044 ml/min (shunts) and 0.042 ml/min (side fistulas). Average thoracic duct lymphocyte output was 1,729,000 cells/min (shunts) and 2,310,000 cells/min (side fistulas). Average blood lymphocyte count was 11,700 cells/mm3 (shunts) and 12,600 cells/mm3 (side fistulas). All parameters remained stable during the period of study. Advantages of those techniques over the Bollman end fistula are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1194163", "title": "Quantitation of pharyngeal motor function in normal human subjects.", "content": "A need exists for accurate pressure recording of pharyngeal motor events. Results of this study indicate that accurate quantitation of pharyngeal motor activity is not possible using a water-filled catheter system, even when high infusion rates are used. An intraluminal strain gauge system, however, achieves high-fidelity recording. Quantitation of pharyngeal peristalsis using the intraluminal strain gauge system reveals peristaltic pressure amplitudes higher than those hitherto recorded. In normal subjects, peristaltic amplitude averages about 200 mmHg in the hypopharynx, complexes in one subject being as high as 600 mmHg. A zone of relatively low pressure exists in the oropharynx. Mean pharyngeal wave duration decreases progressively in an aboral direction, from 1.0 to 0.3 s, and peristaltic wave speeds range between 9 and 25 cm/s. Accurate quantitation of pharyngeal peristaltic variables provides the necessary basis for characterization and assessment of pharyngeal motor disorders.", "contents": "Quantitation of pharyngeal motor function in normal human subjects. A need exists for accurate pressure recording of pharyngeal motor events. Results of this study indicate that accurate quantitation of pharyngeal motor activity is not possible using a water-filled catheter system, even when high infusion rates are used. An intraluminal strain gauge system, however, achieves high-fidelity recording. Quantitation of pharyngeal peristalsis using the intraluminal strain gauge system reveals peristaltic pressure amplitudes higher than those hitherto recorded. In normal subjects, peristaltic amplitude averages about 200 mmHg in the hypopharynx, complexes in one subject being as high as 600 mmHg. A zone of relatively low pressure exists in the oropharynx. Mean pharyngeal wave duration decreases progressively in an aboral direction, from 1.0 to 0.3 s, and peristaltic wave speeds range between 9 and 25 cm/s. Accurate quantitation of pharyngeal peristaltic variables provides the necessary basis for characterization and assessment of pharyngeal motor disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1194176", "title": "Pyrolysis-gas chromatographic analysis of black paints.", "content": "Samples of 79 black paints from 27 manufacturers in the United States were examined to determine the extent to which paints can be distinguished by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Evaluation by a Carbowax column showed some differences among paints from different manufacturers and among batches of paints from the same manufacturer. However, it was not possible to conclude that paints with identical chromatograms had a common origin.", "contents": "Pyrolysis-gas chromatographic analysis of black paints. Samples of 79 black paints from 27 manufacturers in the United States were examined to determine the extent to which paints can be distinguished by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Evaluation by a Carbowax column showed some differences among paints from different manufacturers and among batches of paints from the same manufacturer. However, it was not possible to conclude that paints with identical chromatograms had a common origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1194177", "title": "Direct plating method for enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus: collaborative study.", "content": "Considerable evidence has been published regarding the adverse effect of sodium chloride on physiologically impaired cells of Staphylococcus aureus, such as are to be expected in processed foods. A direct plating method for enumeration of S. aureus eliminating the use of sodium chloride was devised and subjected to collaborative study by 16 analysts. Results obtained by the direct plating method were compared to those obtained by the AOAC official first action method (46.036--46.040). Participating analysts examined duplicate samples at population levels of 91, 34, and 20 S. aureus/g. Coefficients of variation among analysts were considerably lower for the direct plating method (31, 81, and 48%, respectively) than for method 46.040 (59, 156, and 150%, respectively) at all 3 population levels. High coefficients of variation for the direct plating method at 2 of the 3 levels were due principally to low populations of S. aureus. The direct plating method has been adopted as official first action for general purpose use and use of method 46.036--46.040 has been restricted to raw food ingredients and nonprocessed foods.", "contents": "Direct plating method for enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus: collaborative study. Considerable evidence has been published regarding the adverse effect of sodium chloride on physiologically impaired cells of Staphylococcus aureus, such as are to be expected in processed foods. A direct plating method for enumeration of S. aureus eliminating the use of sodium chloride was devised and subjected to collaborative study by 16 analysts. Results obtained by the direct plating method were compared to those obtained by the AOAC official first action method (46.036--46.040). Participating analysts examined duplicate samples at population levels of 91, 34, and 20 S. aureus/g. Coefficients of variation among analysts were considerably lower for the direct plating method (31, 81, and 48%, respectively) than for method 46.040 (59, 156, and 150%, respectively) at all 3 population levels. High coefficients of variation for the direct plating method at 2 of the 3 levels were due principally to low populations of S. aureus. The direct plating method has been adopted as official first action for general purpose use and use of method 46.036--46.040 has been restricted to raw food ingredients and nonprocessed foods."}
{"id": "PMID:1194178", "title": "Thermal susceptibility of Salmonella in the Moroccan food snail, Helix aspersa.", "content": "Thirty samples of 10-15 Helix aspersa food snails were examined for Salmonella by a surface rinsing method and by analysis of whole snails rinsed with 70% ethanol. Thirteen samples were positive by the rinsing method and 6 were positive by whole snail analysis, with this difference being significant (P less than 0.01). Although Salmonella contamination in H. aspersa appeared to be predominantly surface, the pathogen was also found within the snail meat. The ability of surface and subsurface Salmonella organisms to survive in cooked snails was determined in 90 samples. Thermocouple readings indicated that an internal temperature of at least 200 degrees F (93 degrees C) was reached within the snail meat during cooking by a typical recipe. This temperature was sufficient to kill both surface and subsurface Salmonella in 29 samples positive for the pathogen prior to heating. A variety of serotypes representing several somatic groups was isolated.", "contents": "Thermal susceptibility of Salmonella in the Moroccan food snail, Helix aspersa. Thirty samples of 10-15 Helix aspersa food snails were examined for Salmonella by a surface rinsing method and by analysis of whole snails rinsed with 70% ethanol. Thirteen samples were positive by the rinsing method and 6 were positive by whole snail analysis, with this difference being significant (P less than 0.01). Although Salmonella contamination in H. aspersa appeared to be predominantly surface, the pathogen was also found within the snail meat. The ability of surface and subsurface Salmonella organisms to survive in cooked snails was determined in 90 samples. Thermocouple readings indicated that an internal temperature of at least 200 degrees F (93 degrees C) was reached within the snail meat during cooking by a typical recipe. This temperature was sufficient to kill both surface and subsurface Salmonella in 29 samples positive for the pathogen prior to heating. A variety of serotypes representing several somatic groups was isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:1194179", "title": "Spectrophotometric assay of salsolidine hydrochloride.", "content": "The proposed method is based on the reaction of salsolidine HCl with carbon disulfide and ammoniacal copper sulfate. The resulting salsolidine-copper-dithiocarbamate complex is extracted with benzene and measured spectrophotometrically at 448 nm. The method is applicable for the detection of 40-500 mug salsolidine/5 ml.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric assay of salsolidine hydrochloride. The proposed method is based on the reaction of salsolidine HCl with carbon disulfide and ammoniacal copper sulfate. The resulting salsolidine-copper-dithiocarbamate complex is extracted with benzene and measured spectrophotometrically at 448 nm. The method is applicable for the detection of 40-500 mug salsolidine/5 ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1194180", "title": "Colorimetric and volumetric assays of colchicine in galenicals and in pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "In the method described the amide group in the colchicine molecule is reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to the corresponding secondary amine. The latter is extracted with chloroform and then determined either colorimetrically by the copper dithiocarbamate reaction or volumetrically by dissolving in acid and titrating with sodium hydroxide or perchloric acid. The results were comparable with those obtained by the Egyptian Pharmacopoeia spectrophotometric method.", "contents": "Colorimetric and volumetric assays of colchicine in galenicals and in pharmaceutical preparations. In the method described the amide group in the colchicine molecule is reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to the corresponding secondary amine. The latter is extracted with chloroform and then determined either colorimetrically by the copper dithiocarbamate reaction or volumetrically by dissolving in acid and titrating with sodium hydroxide or perchloric acid. The results were comparable with those obtained by the Egyptian Pharmacopoeia spectrophotometric method."}
{"id": "PMID:1194181", "title": "Determination of amphetamine by Schiff base formation and quantitative gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A procedure was developed to determine amphetamine salts in solid dosage forms. Amphetamine was extracted from the solid matrix with dilute hydrochloric acid and reacted with cyclohexanone in a strongly basic aqueous methanolic solution. The Schiff base reaction product was extracted with hexane for gas chromatographic determination. Reaction time and optimum conditions were studied. Phenethylamine, similarly treated, was used as an internal standard. Results compared favorably with those obtained by using USP methods.", "contents": "Determination of amphetamine by Schiff base formation and quantitative gas-liquid chromatography. A procedure was developed to determine amphetamine salts in solid dosage forms. Amphetamine was extracted from the solid matrix with dilute hydrochloric acid and reacted with cyclohexanone in a strongly basic aqueous methanolic solution. The Schiff base reaction product was extracted with hexane for gas chromatographic determination. Reaction time and optimum conditions were studied. Phenethylamine, similarly treated, was used as an internal standard. Results compared favorably with those obtained by using USP methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1194182", "title": "Detection of twelve mycotoxins in mixed animal feedstuffs, using a novel membrane cleanup procedure.", "content": "A multimycotoxin thin layer chromatographic screening method is described which is applicable to most animal feedstuffs. Interference from nonspecific lipid, pigment, and other components of simple and mixed feeds is reduced to a minimum by using a membrane cleanup step. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, penitrem A, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone may be reliably detected. The sensitivity of the method is generally low for mixed feeds but even so aflatoxin B1 can be detected at a level of 3 ppb and ochratoxin A at 80 ppb. While the basic method is less sensitive for sterigmatocystin (330 ppb), patulin (600 ppb), zearalenone (1000 ppb), and the trichothecenes (1000-4000 ppb), it may be adapted so as to reduce the above detection limits when the presence of these toxins is suspected. Lower levels may be detected in extracts of simple feeds.", "contents": "Detection of twelve mycotoxins in mixed animal feedstuffs, using a novel membrane cleanup procedure. A multimycotoxin thin layer chromatographic screening method is described which is applicable to most animal feedstuffs. Interference from nonspecific lipid, pigment, and other components of simple and mixed feeds is reduced to a minimum by using a membrane cleanup step. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, penitrem A, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone may be reliably detected. The sensitivity of the method is generally low for mixed feeds but even so aflatoxin B1 can be detected at a level of 3 ppb and ochratoxin A at 80 ppb. While the basic method is less sensitive for sterigmatocystin (330 ppb), patulin (600 ppb), zearalenone (1000 ppb), and the trichothecenes (1000-4000 ppb), it may be adapted so as to reduce the above detection limits when the presence of these toxins is suspected. Lower levels may be detected in extracts of simple feeds."}
{"id": "PMID:1194183", "title": "Confirmation of polybrominated biphenyl residues in feeds and dairy products, using an ultraviolet irradiation-gas-liquid chromatographic technique.", "content": "An ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) detection procedure was used to confirm the presence of polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) residues in sample extracts after GLC quantitation. Chromatograms of PBB standard and sample extract solutions showed similar photodecomposition peak patterns dependent on time and intensity of UV irradiation. Confirmation of PBBs in sample extracts by this procedure was possible for any amount detectable by the GLC system employed. Prolonged UV irradiation resulted in complete disappearance of all PBB peaks from the chromatogram, permitting their distinction from background peaks due to extraneous sample material unaffected by UV irradiation.", "contents": "Confirmation of polybrominated biphenyl residues in feeds and dairy products, using an ultraviolet irradiation-gas-liquid chromatographic technique. An ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) detection procedure was used to confirm the presence of polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) residues in sample extracts after GLC quantitation. Chromatograms of PBB standard and sample extract solutions showed similar photodecomposition peak patterns dependent on time and intensity of UV irradiation. Confirmation of PBBs in sample extracts by this procedure was possible for any amount detectable by the GLC system employed. Prolonged UV irradiation resulted in complete disappearance of all PBB peaks from the chromatogram, permitting their distinction from background peaks due to extraneous sample material unaffected by UV irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194184", "title": "Determination of polybrominated biphenyl residues in dry animal feeds.", "content": "A new procedure is described for the determination of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in dry animal feeds and developmental results are discussed. Finely ground feed is packed into a chromatographic column containing Celite and then eluted with methylene chloride. The concentrated extract is cleaned up by elution with petroleum ether through Florisil before gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation. Chromatograms thus obtained were essentially free of the interfering peaks encountered when using AOAC methods for pesticide residues in dry products. Results of feed analyses by the proposed procedure averaged 30% higher than those obtained by AOAC procedures. Recoveries of PBBs from samples fortified at levels of 0.04 to 0.4 ppm ranged from 90 to 104%, with an average of 98%.", "contents": "Determination of polybrominated biphenyl residues in dry animal feeds. A new procedure is described for the determination of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in dry animal feeds and developmental results are discussed. Finely ground feed is packed into a chromatographic column containing Celite and then eluted with methylene chloride. The concentrated extract is cleaned up by elution with petroleum ether through Florisil before gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation. Chromatograms thus obtained were essentially free of the interfering peaks encountered when using AOAC methods for pesticide residues in dry products. Results of feed analyses by the proposed procedure averaged 30% higher than those obtained by AOAC procedures. Recoveries of PBBs from samples fortified at levels of 0.04 to 0.4 ppm ranged from 90 to 104%, with an average of 98%."}
{"id": "PMID:1194185", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of vinyl chloride in vinyl chloride polymers, food-simulating solvents, and other samples.", "content": "The determination of vinyl chloride (VC) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), vegetable oils, food-simulating solvents, mouthwashes, and blood anticoagulant solutions by gas-liquid chromatography is described. PVC polymers are disolved in either tetrahydrofuran or dimethyl acetamide. Vegetable oils are diluted with an equal volume of tetrahydrofuran. The resulting solutions are injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Mouthwashes, blood anticoagulant solutions, and 3 food-simulating solvents, 3% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, and heptane, are analyzed by direct injection into a chromatograph. Sensitivities are such that 0.05 ppm VC in solution or 1 ppm VC in PVC can be quantitated.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of vinyl chloride in vinyl chloride polymers, food-simulating solvents, and other samples. The determination of vinyl chloride (VC) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), vegetable oils, food-simulating solvents, mouthwashes, and blood anticoagulant solutions by gas-liquid chromatography is described. PVC polymers are disolved in either tetrahydrofuran or dimethyl acetamide. Vegetable oils are diluted with an equal volume of tetrahydrofuran. The resulting solutions are injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Mouthwashes, blood anticoagulant solutions, and 3 food-simulating solvents, 3% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, and heptane, are analyzed by direct injection into a chromatograph. Sensitivities are such that 0.05 ppm VC in solution or 1 ppm VC in PVC can be quantitated."}
{"id": "PMID:1194186", "title": "A screening method for determining nitrofuran drug residues in animal tissues.", "content": "A method was developed for measuring low levels of total nitrofurans in animal tissues and milk. The antimicrobial nitrofurans (5 or more products) used in agriculture are extracted from tissue with aqueous acid in the presence of ethyl acetate. After centrifugation and evaporation, the organic residue is washed with hexane and the nitrofurans are hydrolyzed to 5-nitrofuraldehyde in aqueous acid at 70 degrees C. The hydrolysis product is extracted with benzene and measured by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. Recoveries  of nitrofurazone and furazolidone from fortified poultry and swine tissues at the levels of 0.5 and 0.1 ppm are 75 and 65%, respectively. This procedure can be used to detect the total nitrofuran content of as little as 10 ppb muscle tissues and milk, 100 ppb liver, and 50 ppb fat with no interference from related veterinary nitrodrugs.", "contents": "A screening method for determining nitrofuran drug residues in animal tissues. A method was developed for measuring low levels of total nitrofurans in animal tissues and milk. The antimicrobial nitrofurans (5 or more products) used in agriculture are extracted from tissue with aqueous acid in the presence of ethyl acetate. After centrifugation and evaporation, the organic residue is washed with hexane and the nitrofurans are hydrolyzed to 5-nitrofuraldehyde in aqueous acid at 70 degrees C. The hydrolysis product is extracted with benzene and measured by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. Recoveries  of nitrofurazone and furazolidone from fortified poultry and swine tissues at the levels of 0.5 and 0.1 ppm are 75 and 65%, respectively. This procedure can be used to detect the total nitrofuran content of as little as 10 ppb muscle tissues and milk, 100 ppb liver, and 50 ppb fat with no interference from related veterinary nitrodrugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1194187", "title": "A rapid method for the determination of manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate and its residues on grains.", "content": "A method has been developed, based on the periodate oxidation of the manganese in the coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate to permanganic acid, to determine DithaneM-45. The relationship between the intensity of color and the concentration of manganese obeys Beer's law up to 100 mug at 540 nm. The method can be easily applied to the determination of the active ingredient in formulations and also for residue analysis. The method is sensitive to 0.6 mug and can be used to determine 6 mug fungicide at the 20 g sample level.", "contents": "A rapid method for the determination of manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate and its residues on grains. A method has been developed, based on the periodate oxidation of the manganese in the coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate to permanganic acid, to determine DithaneM-45. The relationship between the intensity of color and the concentration of manganese obeys Beer's law up to 100 mug at 540 nm. The method can be easily applied to the determination of the active ingredient in formulations and also for residue analysis. The method is sensitive to 0.6 mug and can be used to determine 6 mug fungicide at the 20 g sample level."}
{"id": "PMID:1194188", "title": "Collaborative study of a spectrophotometric method for determining maleic hydrazide residues in tobacco and vegetables.", "content": "A distillation-spectrophotometric method for the determination of maleic hydrazide residues in tobacco and vegetables reported previously was studied collaboratively. Ten laboratories submitted analytical results on 10 samples containing residues resulting either from field treatment or laboratory fortification. The samples were estimated to contain from 0.99 to 16.36 mug maleic hydrazide/0.5 g sample analyzed. The coefficients of variation based on precision standard deviation ranged from 57.7% for the lowest residue content to 32.4% for the highest. The corresponding coefficients of variation based on overall standard deviations were estimated to be at least one-fifth larger. Strong evidence of systematic laboratory differences was found (F-test, significant at 0.1%). Apparent recoveries of 10.0 mug maleic hydrazide added to 0.5 g fluecured tobacco and potato were 97.3 and 89.7%, respectively. Apparent recoveries of 16.0 and 16.5 mug added to 0.5 g green bean were 87.4 and 85.5%, respectively. The precision of the method studied was no better than that of the current official final action method, 29.121--29.127, and its adoption is not recommended.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a spectrophotometric method for determining maleic hydrazide residues in tobacco and vegetables. A distillation-spectrophotometric method for the determination of maleic hydrazide residues in tobacco and vegetables reported previously was studied collaboratively. Ten laboratories submitted analytical results on 10 samples containing residues resulting either from field treatment or laboratory fortification. The samples were estimated to contain from 0.99 to 16.36 mug maleic hydrazide/0.5 g sample analyzed. The coefficients of variation based on precision standard deviation ranged from 57.7% for the lowest residue content to 32.4% for the highest. The corresponding coefficients of variation based on overall standard deviations were estimated to be at least one-fifth larger. Strong evidence of systematic laboratory differences was found (F-test, significant at 0.1%). Apparent recoveries of 10.0 mug maleic hydrazide added to 0.5 g fluecured tobacco and potato were 97.3 and 89.7%, respectively. Apparent recoveries of 16.0 and 16.5 mug added to 0.5 g green bean were 87.4 and 85.5%, respectively. The precision of the method studied was no better than that of the current official final action method, 29.121--29.127, and its adoption is not recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1194189", "title": "Comparative study of methods for the extraction of eleven organophosphorus pesticide residues in rice.", "content": "Several extraction methods are compared for the simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in unpolished rice. Four stationary phases were used for the subsequent gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) determination of the selected pesticides. Using 3 different GLC columns, 11 pesticides were completely separated and identified. The efficiency of the cleanup and the sensitivity of the analytical method were evaluated by using powdered unpolished rice samples fortified with the pesticides and also wheat and dried bean samples. Average recoveries ranged from 74.7% for disulfoton to 97.4% for malathion in unpolished rice and from 68.1% for disulfoton to 108.3% for malathion in other crops. The method described is applicable to the analysis of selected organophosphorus pesticide residues in unpolished rice, wheat, buckwheat, and dried beans.", "contents": "Comparative study of methods for the extraction of eleven organophosphorus pesticide residues in rice. Several extraction methods are compared for the simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in unpolished rice. Four stationary phases were used for the subsequent gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) determination of the selected pesticides. Using 3 different GLC columns, 11 pesticides were completely separated and identified. The efficiency of the cleanup and the sensitivity of the analytical method were evaluated by using powdered unpolished rice samples fortified with the pesticides and also wheat and dried bean samples. Average recoveries ranged from 74.7% for disulfoton to 97.4% for malathion in unpolished rice and from 68.1% for disulfoton to 108.3% for malathion in other crops. The method described is applicable to the analysis of selected organophosphorus pesticide residues in unpolished rice, wheat, buckwheat, and dried beans."}
{"id": "PMID:1194191", "title": "Asthma predictors in infantile atopic dermatitis.", "content": "In a search for predictive factors in early childhood for later developing childhood asthma, sixty chidren who suffered in the first year of life from atopic dermatitis were examined at ages between 6-11 years. There were 40 boys and 20 girls, of whom 21 were asthmatic boys and 10 asthmatic girls. The non-asthma group was similar to the asthma group in age, sex and socio-economic background and familial-hereditary background. The psychosocial aspects of the study were not reported in this paper. The atopic dermatitis followed a different pattern in the asthmatic group than in the non-asthma group. A continuation of the atopic eczematous condition in infancy beyond two years appeared to be highly predictive for future childhood asthma. Severity of the eczema in infancy does not seem to be a strong predictor in boys and not at all in the small group of girls. Persistent eczema appeared twice as much in the asthmatic boys as in the asthmatic girls. There was no distinct difference between the asthmatic children and the non-asthmatic children in time of onset of the infantile eczema nor in the location of the atopic dermatitis.", "contents": "Asthma predictors in infantile atopic dermatitis. In a search for predictive factors in early childhood for later developing childhood asthma, sixty chidren who suffered in the first year of life from atopic dermatitis were examined at ages between 6-11 years. There were 40 boys and 20 girls, of whom 21 were asthmatic boys and 10 asthmatic girls. The non-asthma group was similar to the asthma group in age, sex and socio-economic background and familial-hereditary background. The psychosocial aspects of the study were not reported in this paper. The atopic dermatitis followed a different pattern in the asthmatic group than in the non-asthma group. A continuation of the atopic eczematous condition in infancy beyond two years appeared to be highly predictive for future childhood asthma. Severity of the eczema in infancy does not seem to be a strong predictor in boys and not at all in the small group of girls. Persistent eczema appeared twice as much in the asthmatic boys as in the asthmatic girls. There was no distinct difference between the asthmatic children and the non-asthmatic children in time of onset of the infantile eczema nor in the location of the atopic dermatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1194229", "title": "Effect of growth conditions on the activation and inactivation of citrate lyase of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa.", "content": "Cells of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa growing with citrate anaerobically in the light contained citrate lyase only in the acetylated, enzymatically active form of this enzyme. After exhaustion of citrate in the culture medium citrate lyase was deacetylated to yield the inactive sulfhydryl (HS) enzyme. Acetylation of HS-citrate lyase required light, anaerobic conditions and the availability of citrate as substrate. The acetylation reaction already in progress stopped immediately when the culture was placed in the dark. Deacetylation of citrate lyase occurred anaerobically in the light when citrate was exhausted and under aerobic conditions in the presence or absence of citrate. In cells of R. gelatinosa fermenting citrate in the dark neither the acetylating enzyme nor the deacetylating enzyme was active.", "contents": "Effect of growth conditions on the activation and inactivation of citrate lyase of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa. Cells of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa growing with citrate anaerobically in the light contained citrate lyase only in the acetylated, enzymatically active form of this enzyme. After exhaustion of citrate in the culture medium citrate lyase was deacetylated to yield the inactive sulfhydryl (HS) enzyme. Acetylation of HS-citrate lyase required light, anaerobic conditions and the availability of citrate as substrate. The acetylation reaction already in progress stopped immediately when the culture was placed in the dark. Deacetylation of citrate lyase occurred anaerobically in the light when citrate was exhausted and under aerobic conditions in the presence or absence of citrate. In cells of R. gelatinosa fermenting citrate in the dark neither the acetylating enzyme nor the deacetylating enzyme was active."}
{"id": "PMID:1194230", "title": "Metabolism of phenol and cresols by Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "An obligate thermophilic strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, strain PH24, isolated from industrial sediment by elective culture, grew readily at 55 C on phenol or on one of the isomers of cresol as the major carbon source. Intact cells grown in the presence of phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, or p-cresol were induced to oxidize, without lag, these substrates together with catechol, 3-methylcatechol, and 4-methylcatechol. Cell extracts prepared from B. stearothermophilus PH24 after growth in the presence of phenol converted phenol to catechol with a concomitant uptake of 1 mol of oxygen per mol of substrate in reaction mixtures supplemented with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. These preparations also catalyzed the oxidation of o-cresol to 3-methylcatechol and of m-cresol and p-cresol to 4-methylcatechol. Enzyme activity was inhibited by 1 mM p-chloromercuribenzoate and by 0.1 mM 0-phenanthroline. Catechol and the corresponding methylcatechol intermediates were further dissimilated by cell extracts of phenol-grown cells via the meta-cleavage route to yield 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and the respective methylated derivatives.", "contents": "Metabolism of phenol and cresols by Bacillus stearothermophilus. An obligate thermophilic strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, strain PH24, isolated from industrial sediment by elective culture, grew readily at 55 C on phenol or on one of the isomers of cresol as the major carbon source. Intact cells grown in the presence of phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, or p-cresol were induced to oxidize, without lag, these substrates together with catechol, 3-methylcatechol, and 4-methylcatechol. Cell extracts prepared from B. stearothermophilus PH24 after growth in the presence of phenol converted phenol to catechol with a concomitant uptake of 1 mol of oxygen per mol of substrate in reaction mixtures supplemented with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. These preparations also catalyzed the oxidation of o-cresol to 3-methylcatechol and of m-cresol and p-cresol to 4-methylcatechol. Enzyme activity was inhibited by 1 mM p-chloromercuribenzoate and by 0.1 mM 0-phenanthroline. Catechol and the corresponding methylcatechol intermediates were further dissimilated by cell extracts of phenol-grown cells via the meta-cleavage route to yield 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and the respective methylated derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:1194231", "title": "Induction of citrate lyase in Enterobacter cloacae grown under aerated conditions and its effect on citrate metabolism.", "content": "Growth of Enterobacter cloacae on K+ citrate under aerated conditions (no detectable oxygen tension in the medium even though it was aerated) was slower (mean generation time, 130 min) than under aerobic conditions (mean generation time, 72 min), but with a faster utilization of citrate, resulting in a molar growth yield of 10.6 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of citrate utilized versus 40 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of citrate utilized for aerobic growth. The rapid utilization of citrate under aerated conditions was apparently due to the induction of citrate lyase and was supported by the finding that cells excreted acetate and a small amount of oxalacetate under aerated conditions, but not under aerobic conditions when the cells were devoid of citrate lyase activity. The activity of oxalacetate decarboxylase in aerated cells was slightly lower than in aerobic cells, indicating that little of the oxalacetate produced by the citrate lyase was metabolized by the decarboxylase. Oxalacetate was probably metabolized by malate dehydrogenase, previously shown to be present in anaerobic and aerobic cells. Thus, about 70% of the citrate was cleaved by the citrate lyase, resulting in little or no production of energy for growth. The remaining citrate was metabolized via the citric acid cycle under aerated conditions, since the cells contained alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase at the same level as in aerobically grown cells. The presence of the other enzymes of the cycle was shown in earlier studies.", "contents": "Induction of citrate lyase in Enterobacter cloacae grown under aerated conditions and its effect on citrate metabolism. Growth of Enterobacter cloacae on K+ citrate under aerated conditions (no detectable oxygen tension in the medium even though it was aerated) was slower (mean generation time, 130 min) than under aerobic conditions (mean generation time, 72 min), but with a faster utilization of citrate, resulting in a molar growth yield of 10.6 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of citrate utilized versus 40 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of citrate utilized for aerobic growth. The rapid utilization of citrate under aerated conditions was apparently due to the induction of citrate lyase and was supported by the finding that cells excreted acetate and a small amount of oxalacetate under aerated conditions, but not under aerobic conditions when the cells were devoid of citrate lyase activity. The activity of oxalacetate decarboxylase in aerated cells was slightly lower than in aerobic cells, indicating that little of the oxalacetate produced by the citrate lyase was metabolized by the decarboxylase. Oxalacetate was probably metabolized by malate dehydrogenase, previously shown to be present in anaerobic and aerobic cells. Thus, about 70% of the citrate was cleaved by the citrate lyase, resulting in little or no production of energy for growth. The remaining citrate was metabolized via the citric acid cycle under aerated conditions, since the cells contained alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase at the same level as in aerobically grown cells. The presence of the other enzymes of the cycle was shown in earlier studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1194232", "title": "Analysis of the cell wall and lipopolysaccharide of Spirillum serpens.", "content": "Isolated walls of Spirillum serpens VHA contained lipid, lipopolysaccharide, and protein in amounts similar to those of other gram-negative organisms. The loosely bound lipids consisted mainly of phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. Lipopolysaccharide was tightly bound to the wall and could only be removed in a substantial amount after digestion of the wall with Pronase. The lipopolysaccharide contained L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, rhamnose, glucosamine, ethanolamine, and phosphate in common with many of the lipopolysaccharides isolated from the Enterobacteriaceae. However, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid was not detected. Several unidentified sugars were present. The fatty acid composition resembled that found in lipopolysaccharides isolated from various pseudomonads. Two major regions were identified in the polysaccharide moiety, one apparently corresponding to the core polysaccharide and the other corresponding to the side-chain polysaccharide as in enterobacterial and pseudomonad lipopolysaccharides. The side chains were obtained as low-molecular-weight material and their structure was partially elucidated by the isolation and partial characterization of N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1 leads to 4)-rhamnose.", "contents": "Analysis of the cell wall and lipopolysaccharide of Spirillum serpens. Isolated walls of Spirillum serpens VHA contained lipid, lipopolysaccharide, and protein in amounts similar to those of other gram-negative organisms. The loosely bound lipids consisted mainly of phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. Lipopolysaccharide was tightly bound to the wall and could only be removed in a substantial amount after digestion of the wall with Pronase. The lipopolysaccharide contained L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, rhamnose, glucosamine, ethanolamine, and phosphate in common with many of the lipopolysaccharides isolated from the Enterobacteriaceae. However, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid was not detected. Several unidentified sugars were present. The fatty acid composition resembled that found in lipopolysaccharides isolated from various pseudomonads. Two major regions were identified in the polysaccharide moiety, one apparently corresponding to the core polysaccharide and the other corresponding to the side-chain polysaccharide as in enterobacterial and pseudomonad lipopolysaccharides. The side chains were obtained as low-molecular-weight material and their structure was partially elucidated by the isolation and partial characterization of N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1 leads to 4)-rhamnose."}
{"id": "PMID:1194233", "title": "Characterization of neutral amino acid transport in a marine pseudomonad.", "content": "The transport of neutral amino acids in marine pseudomonad B-16 (ATCC 19855) has been investigated. From patterns of competitive inhibition, mutant analysis, and kinetic data, two active transport systems with overlapping substrate specificities were distinguished and characterized. One system (DAG) served glycine, D-alanine, D-serine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and, to a lesser extent, L-alanine and possibly other related neutral D- and L-amino acids. The other system (LIV) showed high stereospecificity for neutral amino acids with the L configuration and served primarily to transport L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, and L-alanine. This system exhibited low affinity for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Neither system was able to recognize structural analogues with modified alpha-amino or alpha-carboxyl groups. The kinetic parameters for L-alanine transport by the DAG and LIV systems were determined with appropriate mutants defective in either system. For L-alanine, Kt values of 4.6 X 10(-5) and 1.9 X 10(-4) M and Vmax values of 6.9 and 20.8 nmol/min per mg of cell dry weight were obtained for transport via the DAG and LIV systems respectively. alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid transport heterogeneity was also resolved with the mutants, and Kt values of 2.8 X 10(-5) and 1.4 X 10(-3) M AIB were obtained for transport via the DAG and LIV systems, respectively. Both systems required Na+ for activity (0.3 M Na+ optimal) and in this regard are distinguished from systems of similar substrate specificity reported in nonmarine bacteria.", "contents": "Characterization of neutral amino acid transport in a marine pseudomonad. The transport of neutral amino acids in marine pseudomonad B-16 (ATCC 19855) has been investigated. From patterns of competitive inhibition, mutant analysis, and kinetic data, two active transport systems with overlapping substrate specificities were distinguished and characterized. One system (DAG) served glycine, D-alanine, D-serine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and, to a lesser extent, L-alanine and possibly other related neutral D- and L-amino acids. The other system (LIV) showed high stereospecificity for neutral amino acids with the L configuration and served primarily to transport L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, and L-alanine. This system exhibited low affinity for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Neither system was able to recognize structural analogues with modified alpha-amino or alpha-carboxyl groups. The kinetic parameters for L-alanine transport by the DAG and LIV systems were determined with appropriate mutants defective in either system. For L-alanine, Kt values of 4.6 X 10(-5) and 1.9 X 10(-4) M and Vmax values of 6.9 and 20.8 nmol/min per mg of cell dry weight were obtained for transport via the DAG and LIV systems respectively. alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid transport heterogeneity was also resolved with the mutants, and Kt values of 2.8 X 10(-5) and 1.4 X 10(-3) M AIB were obtained for transport via the DAG and LIV systems, respectively. Both systems required Na+ for activity (0.3 M Na+ optimal) and in this regard are distinguished from systems of similar substrate specificity reported in nonmarine bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:1194234", "title": "Characterization of a naturally occurring diamine auxotroph of Veillonella alcalescens.", "content": "Veillonella alcalescens strain ATCC 17745 was shown to require putrescine or cadaverine for growth. None of the other compounds tried, including magnesium and spermidine, were able to substitute for the diamines. Studies with labeled diamines showed that spermidine was made from putrescine in this organism. A polyamine analogous to spermidine, but made from cadaverine, was not found. A combination of growth experiments and chemical assays suggested that protein synthesis was limited in diamine-starved cells. Protein synthesis occurred prior to nucleic acid synthesis when putrescine was added to starved cells.", "contents": "Characterization of a naturally occurring diamine auxotroph of Veillonella alcalescens. Veillonella alcalescens strain ATCC 17745 was shown to require putrescine or cadaverine for growth. None of the other compounds tried, including magnesium and spermidine, were able to substitute for the diamines. Studies with labeled diamines showed that spermidine was made from putrescine in this organism. A polyamine analogous to spermidine, but made from cadaverine, was not found. A combination of growth experiments and chemical assays suggested that protein synthesis was limited in diamine-starved cells. Protein synthesis occurred prior to nucleic acid synthesis when putrescine was added to starved cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1194235", "title": "On the question of integration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens deoxyribonucleic acid by tomato plants.", "content": "Treatment of tomato plants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes subsequently administered [3H]thymidine to be preferentially incorporated into a satellite deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) whose buoyant density is between that of bacterial DNA (rho = 1.718 g/cm3) and plant main band DNA (rho = 1.692 g/cm3). Satellite DNA upon shearing or sonic treatment releases fragments of higher and lower buoyant density, as reported by earlier investigators. The satellite has no significant base sequence homology with A. tumefaciens DNA, for its rate of reassociation is not accelerated by the addition of high concentrations of the latter. Tomato DNA isolated from shoots or from leaf nuclei accelerates renaturation of labeled satellite DNA. We conclude that the intermediate density labeled DNA is a plant satellite and not the product of covalent joining of bacterial and plant DNA as suggested by earlier investigators.", "contents": "On the question of integration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens deoxyribonucleic acid by tomato plants. Treatment of tomato plants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes subsequently administered [3H]thymidine to be preferentially incorporated into a satellite deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) whose buoyant density is between that of bacterial DNA (rho = 1.718 g/cm3) and plant main band DNA (rho = 1.692 g/cm3). Satellite DNA upon shearing or sonic treatment releases fragments of higher and lower buoyant density, as reported by earlier investigators. The satellite has no significant base sequence homology with A. tumefaciens DNA, for its rate of reassociation is not accelerated by the addition of high concentrations of the latter. Tomato DNA isolated from shoots or from leaf nuclei accelerates renaturation of labeled satellite DNA. We conclude that the intermediate density labeled DNA is a plant satellite and not the product of covalent joining of bacterial and plant DNA as suggested by earlier investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:1194236", "title": "Lipid metabolism during bacterial growth, sporulation, and germination: differential synthesis of individual branched- and normal-chain fatty acids during spore germination and outgrowth of Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "The biosynthesis of individual branched- and normal-chain fatty acids during Bacillus thuringiensis spore germination and outgrowth was studied by comparing pulsed and continuous labeling of these fatty acids with [U-14C]acetate. The relative specific activity of each fatty acid varies with time as the cell progresses through outgrowth. However, fatty acid synthesis does occur in two distinct phases. Upon germination, acetate is incorporated only into the iso-isomers i-C13, i-C14, and i-C16; no normal or anteiso synthesis occurs. Subsequent to T30, the full complement of branched- and normal-chain homologues is formed and there is a dramatic enhancement in the overall rate of fatty acid synthesis. Significantly, this rate increase coincides with a marked shift from the synthesis of short-chain to long-chain fatty acids. These findings illustrate a dichotomy in synthesis that may result from initial fatty acid formation by preexisting spore fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. Elucidation of the timing and kinetics of individual fatty acid formation provides a biochemical profile of activities directly related to membrane differentiation and cellular development.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism during bacterial growth, sporulation, and germination: differential synthesis of individual branched- and normal-chain fatty acids during spore germination and outgrowth of Bacillus thuringiensis. The biosynthesis of individual branched- and normal-chain fatty acids during Bacillus thuringiensis spore germination and outgrowth was studied by comparing pulsed and continuous labeling of these fatty acids with [U-14C]acetate. The relative specific activity of each fatty acid varies with time as the cell progresses through outgrowth. However, fatty acid synthesis does occur in two distinct phases. Upon germination, acetate is incorporated only into the iso-isomers i-C13, i-C14, and i-C16; no normal or anteiso synthesis occurs. Subsequent to T30, the full complement of branched- and normal-chain homologues is formed and there is a dramatic enhancement in the overall rate of fatty acid synthesis. Significantly, this rate increase coincides with a marked shift from the synthesis of short-chain to long-chain fatty acids. These findings illustrate a dichotomy in synthesis that may result from initial fatty acid formation by preexisting spore fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. Elucidation of the timing and kinetics of individual fatty acid formation provides a biochemical profile of activities directly related to membrane differentiation and cellular development."}
{"id": "PMID:1194237", "title": "Physiological consequences of starvation in Pseudomonas putida: degradation of intracellular protein and loss of activity of the inducible enzymes of L-arginine catabolism.", "content": "We investigated the degradation of radioisotopically labeled intracellular protein in starved, intact cells of Pseudomonas putida P2 (ATCC 25571) and the regulation of this process. Intracellular protein isotopically labeled with L-[4,5-3H]leucine during log-phase growth at 30 C is degraded at rates of 1 to 2%/h in log-phase cells and 7 to 9%/h in starved cells. Rifampin, chloramphenicol, and tosyllysine chloromethylketone lower the rate of protein degradation by starved cells. Addition to starved cells of a nutrient upon which the culture is induced for growth rapidly lowers the rate of protein degradation from 7 to 9%/h to less than 1.5%/h. A nutrient that is oxidized but that cannot immediately support growth also lowers the rate of starvation-induced protein degradation. Proteolytic activity of cell extracts requires a divalent metal ion and may be inhibited up to 60% by tosyllysine chloromethylketone or p-toluenesulfonyl fluoride. Rifampin and chloramphenicol have no effect. In contrast to intact cells, extracts of growing or starving cells degrade protein at equivalent rates. We also investigated the stabilities of the inducible transport system and of four inducible intracellular enzymes of L-arginine catabolism. These include: the membrane-associated, L-arginine-specific transport system; L-arginine oxidase (oxidase); alpha-ketoarginine decarboxylase (decarboxylase); gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase ( dehydrogenase); and gamma-guanidinobutyrate amidinohydrolase (hydrolase). In starved cells, the rates of loss of activities were: transport and dehydrogenase activities, stable; oxidase and decarboxylase activities, 20 to 30%/h; hydrolase activity, 5 to 8%/h. Chloramphenicol decreases the rate of loss of oxidase, decarboxylase, and hydrolase activity, whereas p-toluenesulfonyl fluoride lowers the rate of loss of decarboxylase but not of oxidase or hydrolase activity. Addition to starved cells of a nutrient for which they are already induced for growth (e.g., malate, a noninducer of arginine catabolic enzymes) decreases the rate of loss of oxidase and decarboxylase activity but not that of the hydrolase.", "contents": "Physiological consequences of starvation in Pseudomonas putida: degradation of intracellular protein and loss of activity of the inducible enzymes of L-arginine catabolism. We investigated the degradation of radioisotopically labeled intracellular protein in starved, intact cells of Pseudomonas putida P2 (ATCC 25571) and the regulation of this process. Intracellular protein isotopically labeled with L-[4,5-3H]leucine during log-phase growth at 30 C is degraded at rates of 1 to 2%/h in log-phase cells and 7 to 9%/h in starved cells. Rifampin, chloramphenicol, and tosyllysine chloromethylketone lower the rate of protein degradation by starved cells. Addition to starved cells of a nutrient upon which the culture is induced for growth rapidly lowers the rate of protein degradation from 7 to 9%/h to less than 1.5%/h. A nutrient that is oxidized but that cannot immediately support growth also lowers the rate of starvation-induced protein degradation. Proteolytic activity of cell extracts requires a divalent metal ion and may be inhibited up to 60% by tosyllysine chloromethylketone or p-toluenesulfonyl fluoride. Rifampin and chloramphenicol have no effect. In contrast to intact cells, extracts of growing or starving cells degrade protein at equivalent rates. We also investigated the stabilities of the inducible transport system and of four inducible intracellular enzymes of L-arginine catabolism. These include: the membrane-associated, L-arginine-specific transport system; L-arginine oxidase (oxidase); alpha-ketoarginine decarboxylase (decarboxylase); gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase ( dehydrogenase); and gamma-guanidinobutyrate amidinohydrolase (hydrolase). In starved cells, the rates of loss of activities were: transport and dehydrogenase activities, stable; oxidase and decarboxylase activities, 20 to 30%/h; hydrolase activity, 5 to 8%/h. Chloramphenicol decreases the rate of loss of oxidase, decarboxylase, and hydrolase activity, whereas p-toluenesulfonyl fluoride lowers the rate of loss of decarboxylase but not of oxidase or hydrolase activity. Addition to starved cells of a nutrient for which they are already induced for growth (e.g., malate, a noninducer of arginine catabolic enzymes) decreases the rate of loss of oxidase and decarboxylase activity but not that of the hydrolase."}
{"id": "PMID:1194238", "title": "Alternative routes of aromatic catabolism in Pseudomonas acidovorans and Pseudomonas putida: gallic acid as a substrate and inhibitor of dioxygenases.", "content": "When 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (homoprotocatechuic acid) was added to Pseudomonase acidovorans growing at the expense of succinate, enzymes required for degrading homoprotocatechuate to pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde were strongly induced. These enzymes were effectively absent from cell extracts of the organism grown with 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and this substrate was metabolized by the catabolic enzymes of the homogentisate pathway. Two separate ring-fission dioxygenases for 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid) were present in cell extracts of Pseudomonas putida when grown with syringic acid, and gallate was degraded by reactions associated with meta fission. One of the two gallate dioxygenases also attacked 3-O-methylgallic acid; the other, which did not, was induced when cells were exposed to gallate. This organism possessed ortho fission enzymes, including protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.3) and cis,cis-carboxymuconate-lactonizing enzyme (EC 5.5.1.2), after induction with 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid). Gallate was a substrate for protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, with a Vmax about 3% of that of protocatechuate and with an apparent Km slightly lower. Gallate was a powerful competitive inhibitor of protocatechuate oxidation.", "contents": "Alternative routes of aromatic catabolism in Pseudomonas acidovorans and Pseudomonas putida: gallic acid as a substrate and inhibitor of dioxygenases. When 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (homoprotocatechuic acid) was added to Pseudomonase acidovorans growing at the expense of succinate, enzymes required for degrading homoprotocatechuate to pyruvate and succinate semialdehyde were strongly induced. These enzymes were effectively absent from cell extracts of the organism grown with 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and this substrate was metabolized by the catabolic enzymes of the homogentisate pathway. Two separate ring-fission dioxygenases for 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid) were present in cell extracts of Pseudomonas putida when grown with syringic acid, and gallate was degraded by reactions associated with meta fission. One of the two gallate dioxygenases also attacked 3-O-methylgallic acid; the other, which did not, was induced when cells were exposed to gallate. This organism possessed ortho fission enzymes, including protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.3) and cis,cis-carboxymuconate-lactonizing enzyme (EC 5.5.1.2), after induction with 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid). Gallate was a substrate for protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, with a Vmax about 3% of that of protocatechuate and with an apparent Km slightly lower. Gallate was a powerful competitive inhibitor of protocatechuate oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194239", "title": "Detection and quantitation of Staphylococcus aureus penicillinase plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by reassociation kinetics.", "content": "The quantity of penicillinase plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in various strains of Staphylococcus aureus has been determined by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics. Specifically, 32P- or 125I-labeled denatured probes of purified plasmid DNA were reassociated in the presence of denatured DNAs isolated from the bacterial strains in question. The number of plasmid copies per cell was calculated from the effect of the latter nucleic acid samples on the reassociation rate of the radiolabeled probe. Among the S. aureus strains examined were monoplasmid, diplasmid and replication-defective representatives, and the effect of temperature on wild-type plasmid content was also investigated.", "contents": "Detection and quantitation of Staphylococcus aureus penicillinase plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by reassociation kinetics. The quantity of penicillinase plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in various strains of Staphylococcus aureus has been determined by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics. Specifically, 32P- or 125I-labeled denatured probes of purified plasmid DNA were reassociated in the presence of denatured DNAs isolated from the bacterial strains in question. The number of plasmid copies per cell was calculated from the effect of the latter nucleic acid samples on the reassociation rate of the radiolabeled probe. Among the S. aureus strains examined were monoplasmid, diplasmid and replication-defective representatives, and the effect of temperature on wild-type plasmid content was also investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:1194240", "title": "Nucleic acid hybridization analysis of an integrated plasmid in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A series of studies were performed on a Staphylococcus aureus strain thought to contain a pencillinase plasmid integrated into the host chromosome. Reassociation kinetics analysis of whole-cell deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the presence of pure radioactive plasmid DNA revealed that plasmid-specific sequences were present at about 1 copy per chromosome equivalent as compared to 3.6 copies for the same plasmid in its autonomous state. Consistent with this observation was the finding that penicillinase activity was lower for the former strain than for the latter. It was shown further that the plasmid-specific sequences cosedimented on neutral sucrose gradients with fragments of whole-cell DNA many times larger than the plasmid. These two findings were taken as strongly confirmatory of the integrated state. Analysis of whole-cell ribonucleic acid for the presence of plasmid-specific messengers revealed that these were present in approximately the amounts expected on the basis of the DNA study.", "contents": "Nucleic acid hybridization analysis of an integrated plasmid in Staphylococcus aureus. A series of studies were performed on a Staphylococcus aureus strain thought to contain a pencillinase plasmid integrated into the host chromosome. Reassociation kinetics analysis of whole-cell deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the presence of pure radioactive plasmid DNA revealed that plasmid-specific sequences were present at about 1 copy per chromosome equivalent as compared to 3.6 copies for the same plasmid in its autonomous state. Consistent with this observation was the finding that penicillinase activity was lower for the former strain than for the latter. It was shown further that the plasmid-specific sequences cosedimented on neutral sucrose gradients with fragments of whole-cell DNA many times larger than the plasmid. These two findings were taken as strongly confirmatory of the integrated state. Analysis of whole-cell ribonucleic acid for the presence of plasmid-specific messengers revealed that these were present in approximately the amounts expected on the basis of the DNA study."}
{"id": "PMID:1194241", "title": "Mannitol transport in Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "A hexitol-inducible, phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system was demonstrated in Streptococcus mutans. Cell-free extracts obtained from mannitol-grown cells from a representative strain of each of the five S. mutans serotypes (AHT, BHT, C-67-1, 6715, and LM7) were capable of converting mannitol to mannitol-1-phosphate by a reaction which required phosphoenolpyruvate and Mg2+. Mannitol and sorbitol phosphotransferase activities were found in cell-free extracts prepared from cells grown on the respective substrate, but neither hexitol phosphotransferase activity was present in extracts obtained from cells grown on other substrates examined. A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight component was partially purified from glucose-grown cells and found to stimulate the mannitol phosphotransferase system. Divalent cations Mn2+ and Ca2+ partially replaced Mg2+, while Zn2+ was found to be highly inhibitory.", "contents": "Mannitol transport in Streptococcus mutans. A hexitol-inducible, phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system was demonstrated in Streptococcus mutans. Cell-free extracts obtained from mannitol-grown cells from a representative strain of each of the five S. mutans serotypes (AHT, BHT, C-67-1, 6715, and LM7) were capable of converting mannitol to mannitol-1-phosphate by a reaction which required phosphoenolpyruvate and Mg2+. Mannitol and sorbitol phosphotransferase activities were found in cell-free extracts prepared from cells grown on the respective substrate, but neither hexitol phosphotransferase activity was present in extracts obtained from cells grown on other substrates examined. A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight component was partially purified from glucose-grown cells and found to stimulate the mannitol phosphotransferase system. Divalent cations Mn2+ and Ca2+ partially replaced Mg2+, while Zn2+ was found to be highly inhibitory."}
{"id": "PMID:1194242", "title": "Lipid-phase transitions of the strictly anaerobic bacteria Veillonella parvula and Anaerovibrio lipolytica.", "content": "As a basis for physicochemical studies on the membranes of the strictly anaerobic bacteria Veillonella parvula, Anaerovibrio lipolytica, and Megasphaera elsdenii, the fatty acyl and alk-1-enyl moieties on the phosphoglycerides of these organism were characterized. Uncommon is the high proportion of a heptadecenoic acyl and alk-1-enyl moiety in these three lactate-fermenting bacteria. In contrast to V. parvula and A. lipolytica, M. elsdenii contains high amounts of branched-chain acyl and alk-1-enyl moieties. Freeze-etching electron microscopy showed that the lipids of the plasma membranes of V. parvula and A. lipolytica go from the liquid crystalline to the gel state upon lowering of the temperature, indicating that the membrane lipids are predominantly in the fluid state. No lipid-protein segregation could be detected in the plasma membrane of M. elsdenii. This can be explained by the abundance of branched-chain fatty acyl and alk-1-enyl residues in the membranes of this organism which may prevent lipid-protein segregation during the lipid-phase transition.", "contents": "Lipid-phase transitions of the strictly anaerobic bacteria Veillonella parvula and Anaerovibrio lipolytica. As a basis for physicochemical studies on the membranes of the strictly anaerobic bacteria Veillonella parvula, Anaerovibrio lipolytica, and Megasphaera elsdenii, the fatty acyl and alk-1-enyl moieties on the phosphoglycerides of these organism were characterized. Uncommon is the high proportion of a heptadecenoic acyl and alk-1-enyl moiety in these three lactate-fermenting bacteria. In contrast to V. parvula and A. lipolytica, M. elsdenii contains high amounts of branched-chain acyl and alk-1-enyl moieties. Freeze-etching electron microscopy showed that the lipids of the plasma membranes of V. parvula and A. lipolytica go from the liquid crystalline to the gel state upon lowering of the temperature, indicating that the membrane lipids are predominantly in the fluid state. No lipid-protein segregation could be detected in the plasma membrane of M. elsdenii. This can be explained by the abundance of branched-chain fatty acyl and alk-1-enyl residues in the membranes of this organism which may prevent lipid-protein segregation during the lipid-phase transition."}
{"id": "PMID:1194243", "title": "Surface arrays on the cell wall of Spirillum metamorphum.", "content": "A complex and easily disrupted arrangement of macromolecules was present on the outer (lipopolysaccharide) membrane of the cell wall of Spirillum metamorphum. Separation of the arrays from the cell and spontaneous reassembly into regularly structured complexes usually occurred during preparation for electron microscopy. Freeze etchings, thin sections, and optical diffraction analysis of negatively stained fragments indicated that they consisted of two sets of a thin layer which was studied with 3-nm particles arranged in a loose (OL). The OSL consisted of a hexagonal arrangement of 8-nm disks and the OL of a thin layer which was studied with 3-nm particles arranged in a loose rectangular manner. The OSL of reassembled fragments displayed numerous broken delta-linkers between units and a center-to-center spacing of half the expected distance, which suggests that an interdigitation of two OSL arrays had occurred. The observations combined with freeze etchings and thin sections of whole cells suggested a possible reassembly mechanism. The normal surface arrangement of these layers on cells was thought to consist of the OL overlying one set of OSL which was loosely adherent to a thin amorphous backing layer.", "contents": "Surface arrays on the cell wall of Spirillum metamorphum. A complex and easily disrupted arrangement of macromolecules was present on the outer (lipopolysaccharide) membrane of the cell wall of Spirillum metamorphum. Separation of the arrays from the cell and spontaneous reassembly into regularly structured complexes usually occurred during preparation for electron microscopy. Freeze etchings, thin sections, and optical diffraction analysis of negatively stained fragments indicated that they consisted of two sets of a thin layer which was studied with 3-nm particles arranged in a loose (OL). The OSL consisted of a hexagonal arrangement of 8-nm disks and the OL of a thin layer which was studied with 3-nm particles arranged in a loose rectangular manner. The OSL of reassembled fragments displayed numerous broken delta-linkers between units and a center-to-center spacing of half the expected distance, which suggests that an interdigitation of two OSL arrays had occurred. The observations combined with freeze etchings and thin sections of whole cells suggested a possible reassembly mechanism. The normal surface arrangement of these layers on cells was thought to consist of the OL overlying one set of OSL which was loosely adherent to a thin amorphous backing layer."}
{"id": "PMID:1194244", "title": "Yeast plasma membrane vesicles suitable for transport studies.", "content": "Isolated yeast plasma membrane vesicles demonstrate a permeability barrier toward K(+) and glucose. Influx and efflux of glucose are inhibited by UO(2) (2+) ions.", "contents": "Yeast plasma membrane vesicles suitable for transport studies. Isolated yeast plasma membrane vesicles demonstrate a permeability barrier toward K(+) and glucose. Influx and efflux of glucose are inhibited by UO(2) (2+) ions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194245", "title": "Ultrastructure of crossbands in prosthecae of Asticcacaulis species.", "content": "Triton X-treated prosthecae from Asticcacaulis excentricus and A. biprosthecum were sonicated and examined with a electron microscope. Crossbands had a substructure of concentric rings and were digested by lysozyme.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of crossbands in prosthecae of Asticcacaulis species. Triton X-treated prosthecae from Asticcacaulis excentricus and A. biprosthecum were sonicated and examined with a electron microscope. Crossbands had a substructure of concentric rings and were digested by lysozyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1194246", "title": "Esterase activity during the life cycle of Blastocladiella emersonii.", "content": "Total esterase activity was measured in extracts on Blastocladiella throughout its life cycle by the degradation of alpha-naphthyl acetate. A fivefold incease in activity, apparently due to the synthesis of new enzymes, was found during sporulation.", "contents": "Esterase activity during the life cycle of Blastocladiella emersonii. Total esterase activity was measured in extracts on Blastocladiella throughout its life cycle by the degradation of alpha-naphthyl acetate. A fivefold incease in activity, apparently due to the synthesis of new enzymes, was found during sporulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194247", "title": "Isolation and chemcial properties of A-protein from filamentous phage Fd.", "content": "A-Protein was isolated from a purified male-specific filamentous phage fd particle. A-Protein has a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 daltons, as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The amino-terminal residue was glycine as determined by the dansylation technique. Amino acid analysis showed that histidine, arginine, and cysteine, which are not contained in B-protein, are present in A-protein.", "contents": "Isolation and chemcial properties of A-protein from filamentous phage Fd. A-Protein was isolated from a purified male-specific filamentous phage fd particle. A-Protein has a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 daltons, as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The amino-terminal residue was glycine as determined by the dansylation technique. Amino acid analysis showed that histidine, arginine, and cysteine, which are not contained in B-protein, are present in A-protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1194248", "title": "A nucleoside triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease from Bacillus laterosporus. The mode of action of the enzyme.", "content": "The acid-soluble products of exhaustive digestion of native DNA with Bacillus laterosporus DNase consist of 6.5% of mononucleotides and 93.5% of oligonucleotides with an average chain length of 3.2. The results of viscometric studies and inactivation of transforming DNA indicate the existence of acid-insoluble intermediates and the selective degradation of the population of substrate molecules rather than a  random nucleolytic action. Furthermore, sucrose density gradient analysis of  partially digested DNA showed that the initial DNA added as a substrate disappeared progressively during the reaction, being replaced by much more slowly sedimenting acid-insoluble materials, which were eventually degraded into acid-soluble end products during the reaction; products intermediate in size between these two components were not detectable. Studies with DNA labeled at the 3'-terminus indicate that Bacillus laterosporus DNase does not attack DNA from 3'-hydroxyl ends to  yeild acid-soluble or acid-insoluble materials in a random manner. The results presented in this paper indicate that the nature of the attack of B. laterosporus nuclease is similar to that previously proposed for Micrococcus luteus DNase. The possibility of the sequential release of acid-insoluble intermediate fragments as well as acid-soluble products from the terminal portion of DNA by the enzyme is discussed.", "contents": "A nucleoside triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease from Bacillus laterosporus. The mode of action of the enzyme. The acid-soluble products of exhaustive digestion of native DNA with Bacillus laterosporus DNase consist of 6.5% of mononucleotides and 93.5% of oligonucleotides with an average chain length of 3.2. The results of viscometric studies and inactivation of transforming DNA indicate the existence of acid-insoluble intermediates and the selective degradation of the population of substrate molecules rather than a  random nucleolytic action. Furthermore, sucrose density gradient analysis of  partially digested DNA showed that the initial DNA added as a substrate disappeared progressively during the reaction, being replaced by much more slowly sedimenting acid-insoluble materials, which were eventually degraded into acid-soluble end products during the reaction; products intermediate in size between these two components were not detectable. Studies with DNA labeled at the 3'-terminus indicate that Bacillus laterosporus DNase does not attack DNA from 3'-hydroxyl ends to  yeild acid-soluble or acid-insoluble materials in a random manner. The results presented in this paper indicate that the nature of the attack of B. laterosporus nuclease is similar to that previously proposed for Micrococcus luteus DNase. The possibility of the sequential release of acid-insoluble intermediate fragments as well as acid-soluble products from the terminal portion of DNA by the enzyme is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194249", "title": "Purification properties and subunit composition of pig heart lipoate acetyltransferase.", "content": "Lipoate acetyltransferase [acetyl-CoA: dihydrolipoate S-acetyl-transferase, EC 2.3.1.12], the core enzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, has been highly purified by gel chromatography on Sepharose 6B and sucrose density gradient centrifugation in the presence of potassium iodide. The native enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient (S020,W) of 26.7S and a diffusion coefficient (D020,W) of 1.25 x 10(-7) cm2.-sec-1. The weight-average molecular weight was estimated to be 1.8 million from the sedimentation equilibrium data. The content of right-handed alpha helix in the enzyme molecule was estimated to be about 25% by optical rotatory dispersion and about 22% from the circular dichroism spectra. The enzyme was found to contain about 23 moles of protein-bound lipoic acid per mole of enzyme; some other properties are also reported. Lipoate acetyltransferase dissociated to yield a single subunit with a molecular weight of 74,000 as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and by gel filtration on Bio-Gel in 6 M guanidine-HCl. The molecular weight was also estimated to be 74,000 from sedimentation equilibrium data in 6 M guanidine-HCl] containing 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. Evidence is presented that 1 molecule of lipoate acetyltransferase apparently consists of 24 very similar subunits, each of which contains NH2-terminal alanine. Each subunit contains 1 molecule of covalently bound lipoic acid.", "contents": "Purification properties and subunit composition of pig heart lipoate acetyltransferase. Lipoate acetyltransferase [acetyl-CoA: dihydrolipoate S-acetyl-transferase, EC 2.3.1.12], the core enzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, has been highly purified by gel chromatography on Sepharose 6B and sucrose density gradient centrifugation in the presence of potassium iodide. The native enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient (S020,W) of 26.7S and a diffusion coefficient (D020,W) of 1.25 x 10(-7) cm2.-sec-1. The weight-average molecular weight was estimated to be 1.8 million from the sedimentation equilibrium data. The content of right-handed alpha helix in the enzyme molecule was estimated to be about 25% by optical rotatory dispersion and about 22% from the circular dichroism spectra. The enzyme was found to contain about 23 moles of protein-bound lipoic acid per mole of enzyme; some other properties are also reported. Lipoate acetyltransferase dissociated to yield a single subunit with a molecular weight of 74,000 as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and by gel filtration on Bio-Gel in 6 M guanidine-HCl. The molecular weight was also estimated to be 74,000 from sedimentation equilibrium data in 6 M guanidine-HCl] containing 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. Evidence is presented that 1 molecule of lipoate acetyltransferase apparently consists of 24 very similar subunits, each of which contains NH2-terminal alanine. Each subunit contains 1 molecule of covalently bound lipoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1194250", "title": "Preparation and chemical characterization of the three chains of the major hemoglobin of the sea snake, Pelamis platurus.", "content": "One of the 2 main hemoglobins of the sea snake Pelamis platurus, (the Yellow-bellied sea snake) comprising about 70% of the total hemoglobin, was separated by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. From results of gel filtration and iron content determination, both intact sea snake hemoglobin, and the isolated major hemoglobin, were concluded to be composed of 4 subunits with a molecular weight of 66,000-67,000 daltons. Separation of the chains of globin of the major hemoglobin by CM 52 column chromatography gave 3 peaks, named, chains a, b, and c. The approximate molecular weights of chains a, b, and c were deduced by SDS gel electrophoresis to be 14,000, 16,000, and 20,000 daltons, respectively. The peptide maps  and amino acid compositions of the three chains were distinctly different. N-Terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequence studies reveal that chains a, b, and c represented the alpha-chain, beta-chain, and beta'-chain differing from the normal beta-chain in having a C-terminal sequence of -Arg-Leu-His-Tyr. From the peak areas of the 3 chains obtained by CM 52 column chromatography, and the peak sizes of the 3 bands separated by SDS gel electrophoresis, it was concluded that the sea snake hemoglobin is composed of a hybrid tetramer, alpha2betabeta'.", "contents": "Preparation and chemical characterization of the three chains of the major hemoglobin of the sea snake, Pelamis platurus. One of the 2 main hemoglobins of the sea snake Pelamis platurus, (the Yellow-bellied sea snake) comprising about 70% of the total hemoglobin, was separated by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. From results of gel filtration and iron content determination, both intact sea snake hemoglobin, and the isolated major hemoglobin, were concluded to be composed of 4 subunits with a molecular weight of 66,000-67,000 daltons. Separation of the chains of globin of the major hemoglobin by CM 52 column chromatography gave 3 peaks, named, chains a, b, and c. The approximate molecular weights of chains a, b, and c were deduced by SDS gel electrophoresis to be 14,000, 16,000, and 20,000 daltons, respectively. The peptide maps  and amino acid compositions of the three chains were distinctly different. N-Terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequence studies reveal that chains a, b, and c represented the alpha-chain, beta-chain, and beta'-chain differing from the normal beta-chain in having a C-terminal sequence of -Arg-Leu-His-Tyr. From the peak areas of the 3 chains obtained by CM 52 column chromatography, and the peak sizes of the 3 bands separated by SDS gel electrophoresis, it was concluded that the sea snake hemoglobin is composed of a hybrid tetramer, alpha2betabeta'."}
{"id": "PMID:1194251", "title": "Analysis of macromolecule-macromolecule interactions by the moving boundary method.", "content": "A constituent velocity equation has been derived which permits analysis of macromolecule (P)--macromolecule (A) interactions in which a number of complexes, PA, PA2, PA3,---,PAn, are in rapid equilibrium. In previous treatments, it was assumed that the velocity of complex PAi (i = 1,2,3,---,n) increased linearly with i, an assumption limiting the validity of the resulting equation. In the present treatment, the velocity of PAi is expressed in the form of a polynomial function in i and a generalized equation has been formulated.", "contents": "Analysis of macromolecule-macromolecule interactions by the moving boundary method. A constituent velocity equation has been derived which permits analysis of macromolecule (P)--macromolecule (A) interactions in which a number of complexes, PA, PA2, PA3,---,PAn, are in rapid equilibrium. In previous treatments, it was assumed that the velocity of complex PAi (i = 1,2,3,---,n) increased linearly with i, an assumption limiting the validity of the resulting equation. In the present treatment, the velocity of PAi is expressed in the form of a polynomial function in i and a generalized equation has been formulated."}
{"id": "PMID:1194252", "title": "Structural determination of glucans from Streptococcus mutans JC-2 (dental caries bacterium) by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "The 13C NMR spectra of glucans from Streptococcus mutans JC-2 show that those glucans have alpha-(1,3) and alpha-(1,6) linkages.", "contents": "Structural determination of glucans from Streptococcus mutans JC-2 (dental caries bacterium) by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. The 13C NMR spectra of glucans from Streptococcus mutans JC-2 show that those glucans have alpha-(1,3) and alpha-(1,6) linkages."}
{"id": "PMID:1194253", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the state of water in protein solution.", "content": "The line width of the NMR signal of water protons in solutions of native actomyosin and actomyosin denatured by heat, acetone or urea was measured over the temperature range from -10 degrees to below the freezing point. The line widths of the water band which increased exponentially with decreasing temperature were compared with each other and also with those of the corresponding control solution without actomyosin. The line broadening observed for native actomyosin solution on lowering the temperature was significantly smaller than that for heat-denatured actomyosin solution. This difference implies that this signal is sensitive to conformational perturbations of the protein. In addition, the temperature dependence of the line width for heat-, acetone-, or urea-denatured actomyosin solution was similar to that for the corresponding control solution. These phenomena can be interpreted in terms of the state of water associated with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues. Similar NMR studies of actomyosin solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF) showed that DMSO and DMF prevent the formation of ice crystals until about -70 degrees, suggesting that the cryoprotective effects of DMSO and DMF are due to the change in the state of water described above. These differences in temperature dependence between the sample and control solutions are well-correlated with the viscosity of the solution. This correlation is useful for elucidation of the mechanism of the protein denaturation.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the state of water in protein solution. The line width of the NMR signal of water protons in solutions of native actomyosin and actomyosin denatured by heat, acetone or urea was measured over the temperature range from -10 degrees to below the freezing point. The line widths of the water band which increased exponentially with decreasing temperature were compared with each other and also with those of the corresponding control solution without actomyosin. The line broadening observed for native actomyosin solution on lowering the temperature was significantly smaller than that for heat-denatured actomyosin solution. This difference implies that this signal is sensitive to conformational perturbations of the protein. In addition, the temperature dependence of the line width for heat-, acetone-, or urea-denatured actomyosin solution was similar to that for the corresponding control solution. These phenomena can be interpreted in terms of the state of water associated with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues. Similar NMR studies of actomyosin solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF) showed that DMSO and DMF prevent the formation of ice crystals until about -70 degrees, suggesting that the cryoprotective effects of DMSO and DMF are due to the change in the state of water described above. These differences in temperature dependence between the sample and control solutions are well-correlated with the viscosity of the solution. This correlation is useful for elucidation of the mechanism of the protein denaturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194254", "title": "Non-polymerizable tropomyosin and control of the superprecipitation of actomyosin.", "content": "Non-polymerizable tropomyosin was prepared by the digestion of several C-terminal residues of tropomyosin with carboxypeptidase A [EC 3.4.12.2]. The intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight of the non-polymerizable tropomyosin were almost the same as those of untreated tropomyosin. Like untreated tropomyosin, the non-polymerizable tropomyosin in combination with troponin repressed the superprecipitation of actomyosin in the absence of calcium, while this repression was released by addition of calcium. However, the curve representing the superprecipitation rate as a function of pCa was less steep than that found with actomyosin containing untreated tropomyosin: in the former case, the rate increased to a plateau over about 2 pCa units, while in the latter case, it did so over about 1 pCa unit. These experimental results provide evidence that the \"co-operation\" in the regulation mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction, which is indicated by the steep curve of the contraction versus pCa relation, is mediated by tropomyosin-tropomyosin interaction along the thin filament.", "contents": "Non-polymerizable tropomyosin and control of the superprecipitation of actomyosin. Non-polymerizable tropomyosin was prepared by the digestion of several C-terminal residues of tropomyosin with carboxypeptidase A [EC 3.4.12.2]. The intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight of the non-polymerizable tropomyosin were almost the same as those of untreated tropomyosin. Like untreated tropomyosin, the non-polymerizable tropomyosin in combination with troponin repressed the superprecipitation of actomyosin in the absence of calcium, while this repression was released by addition of calcium. However, the curve representing the superprecipitation rate as a function of pCa was less steep than that found with actomyosin containing untreated tropomyosin: in the former case, the rate increased to a plateau over about 2 pCa units, while in the latter case, it did so over about 1 pCa unit. These experimental results provide evidence that the \"co-operation\" in the regulation mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction, which is indicated by the steep curve of the contraction versus pCa relation, is mediated by tropomyosin-tropomyosin interaction along the thin filament."}
{"id": "PMID:1194255", "title": "Calcium-induced conformational changes and mutual interactions of troponin components as studied by spin labeling.", "content": "The three troponin components, TN-C, TN-I, and TN-T, were spin-labeled with two different derivatives of the nitroxide radical, a maleimide and an imidazole reagent. The ESR spectra of various combinations of labeled and unlabeled components were measured both in the presence and absence of calcium. Conformational changes due to the binding of the components and also due to the binding of calcium were sensitively detected in many combinations as large changes in the spectrum. The conformation of TN-C was modified by both TN-T and TN-I. The effects were larger in the presence of calcium than in its absence. In the presence of calcium, TN-T and TN-I both showed large effects with the maleimide label, while TN-I showed a larger effect than TN-T with the imidazole label. In the absence of calcium, the effect of TN-I was larger than that of TN-T. The senstivitiy of TN-C to calcium was magnified by component binding, since the conformation of TN-C itself was not greatly affected by calcium. The conformation of TN-I was greatly altered only in the presence of both TN-C and calcium. This indicates that the calcium-induced conformational change in TN-C is transmitted to the adjacent TN-I. In reconstituted troponin, the conformation of TN-C was more influenced by TN-I in the presence of calcium and by TN-T in its absence as indicated by the imidazole label. With the maleimide label, TN-I was more influential in the absence of calcium. The effect of calcium on the troponin complex was to make the local environment of the label more rigid. The half-maximal effect was observed at 2 X 10(-6)M calcium with TN-I in various complexes, while it was 10(-5)M with TN-C in the complexes. In any case the calcium effects became discernible at 10(-6)M and saturated at 10(-4)M.", "contents": "Calcium-induced conformational changes and mutual interactions of troponin components as studied by spin labeling. The three troponin components, TN-C, TN-I, and TN-T, were spin-labeled with two different derivatives of the nitroxide radical, a maleimide and an imidazole reagent. The ESR spectra of various combinations of labeled and unlabeled components were measured both in the presence and absence of calcium. Conformational changes due to the binding of the components and also due to the binding of calcium were sensitively detected in many combinations as large changes in the spectrum. The conformation of TN-C was modified by both TN-T and TN-I. The effects were larger in the presence of calcium than in its absence. In the presence of calcium, TN-T and TN-I both showed large effects with the maleimide label, while TN-I showed a larger effect than TN-T with the imidazole label. In the absence of calcium, the effect of TN-I was larger than that of TN-T. The senstivitiy of TN-C to calcium was magnified by component binding, since the conformation of TN-C itself was not greatly affected by calcium. The conformation of TN-I was greatly altered only in the presence of both TN-C and calcium. This indicates that the calcium-induced conformational change in TN-C is transmitted to the adjacent TN-I. In reconstituted troponin, the conformation of TN-C was more influenced by TN-I in the presence of calcium and by TN-T in its absence as indicated by the imidazole label. With the maleimide label, TN-I was more influential in the absence of calcium. The effect of calcium on the troponin complex was to make the local environment of the label more rigid. The half-maximal effect was observed at 2 X 10(-6)M calcium with TN-I in various complexes, while it was 10(-5)M with TN-C in the complexes. In any case the calcium effects became discernible at 10(-6)M and saturated at 10(-4)M."}
{"id": "PMID:1194256", "title": "Stereochemical aspects of the biosynthesis of the epimeric cyanogenic glucosides dhurrin and taxiphyllin.", "content": "Dhurrin, I ((S)-p-hydroxymandelonitrile-beta-D-glucopyranoside), and taxiphyllin, II (the (R) epimer), occur in the genera Sorghum and Taxus, respectively. Both derive biosynthetically from L-tyrosine via the hydroxylation of p-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, III. (3R)- and (3S)-L-[3-3H1]tyrosine, prepared by enzymic hydroxylation of the corresponding phenylalanines, were fed separately to shoots from sorghum seedlings (Sorghum bicolor (Linn) Moench) and cuttings from Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. and Zucc.) and the appropriate cyanogenic glycoside was isolated (I or II). The fraction of the 3H conserved in I and II was calculated from both parallel feeding and 3H:14C double labeling experiments. The results for II were the reverse of I. Both hydroxylations of III, which give rise to the enantiomeric products (S)- and (R)-p-hydroxymandelonitrile, occurred with retention of configuration. The retention mode is characteristic of hydroxylations at aliphatic carbons catalyzed by mixed function oxidases.", "contents": "Stereochemical aspects of the biosynthesis of the epimeric cyanogenic glucosides dhurrin and taxiphyllin. Dhurrin, I ((S)-p-hydroxymandelonitrile-beta-D-glucopyranoside), and taxiphyllin, II (the (R) epimer), occur in the genera Sorghum and Taxus, respectively. Both derive biosynthetically from L-tyrosine via the hydroxylation of p-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, III. (3R)- and (3S)-L-[3-3H1]tyrosine, prepared by enzymic hydroxylation of the corresponding phenylalanines, were fed separately to shoots from sorghum seedlings (Sorghum bicolor (Linn) Moench) and cuttings from Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. and Zucc.) and the appropriate cyanogenic glycoside was isolated (I or II). The fraction of the 3H conserved in I and II was calculated from both parallel feeding and 3H:14C double labeling experiments. The results for II were the reverse of I. Both hydroxylations of III, which give rise to the enantiomeric products (S)- and (R)-p-hydroxymandelonitrile, occurred with retention of configuration. The retention mode is characteristic of hydroxylations at aliphatic carbons catalyzed by mixed function oxidases."}
{"id": "PMID:1194257", "title": "Reactions at prochiral centers. Interdependence in the estimation of enzyme stereospecificity toward prochiral centers and the configurational purity of labeled substrates.", "content": "In many enzymic reactions one or the other hydrogen is released from a prochiral center abCH2. To determine the stereospecificity with respect to such centers under nonreversal conditions a substrate with a chiral center abC1HH is employed (H = 3H or 2H). Assuming the simplest possible model, the R specificity of an enzyme or enzyme system (eR) may be defined in terms of the configurational R purity of the substrate with respect to the labeled center (pR), and the fraction of H released (r) or conserved (l - r) during the reaction by the equation eR = [(l - r) -pR]/[1 - 2pR]. Where r is constant, this is a rectangular hyperbola. The apparent stereospecificity calculated with this equation serves as a characteristic of the experimental system irrespective of the assumed model. The problems arising from direct isotope effects are discussed and the theoretical advantages of using product 3H:14C ratios under low conversion conditions noted. Applications of the equation to the determination of configurational purity at labeled centers, to the study of stereospecificity in enzymes and enzyme systems, and to the study of the biosynthesis of natural products are discussed.", "contents": "Reactions at prochiral centers. Interdependence in the estimation of enzyme stereospecificity toward prochiral centers and the configurational purity of labeled substrates. In many enzymic reactions one or the other hydrogen is released from a prochiral center abCH2. To determine the stereospecificity with respect to such centers under nonreversal conditions a substrate with a chiral center abC1HH is employed (H = 3H or 2H). Assuming the simplest possible model, the R specificity of an enzyme or enzyme system (eR) may be defined in terms of the configurational R purity of the substrate with respect to the labeled center (pR), and the fraction of H released (r) or conserved (l - r) during the reaction by the equation eR = [(l - r) -pR]/[1 - 2pR]. Where r is constant, this is a rectangular hyperbola. The apparent stereospecificity calculated with this equation serves as a characteristic of the experimental system irrespective of the assumed model. The problems arising from direct isotope effects are discussed and the theoretical advantages of using product 3H:14C ratios under low conversion conditions noted. Applications of the equation to the determination of configurational purity at labeled centers, to the study of stereospecificity in enzymes and enzyme systems, and to the study of the biosynthesis of natural products are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194258", "title": "Effect of glucocorticoids on the glucose transport system of isolated fat cells.", "content": "Glucocorticoids inhibit glucose utilization by fat cells. The possibility that this effect results from altered glucose transport was investigated using an oil-centrifugation technique which allows a rapid (within 45 s) estimation of glucose or 3-O-methylglucose uptake by isolated fat cells. At high concentration (greater than 25 muM), dexamethasone inhibited glucose uptake within 1 min of its addition to fat cells. Efflux of 3-O-methylglucose was also impaired by 0.1 mM dexamethasone. However, diminished glucose uptake was not a specific effect of glucocorticoids; high concentrations (0.1 mM) of 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, and deoxycorticosterone produced a similar response in adipocytes. At a more physiologic steroid concentration (0.1 muM), glucocorticoids inhibited glucose uptake in a time-dependent manner (maximum effect in 1 to 2 hours). This effect was specific for glucocorticoids since, under these conditions, glucose uptake was not changed by the non-glucocorticoid steroids. Lineweaver-Burk analysis showed that 0.1 muM dexamethasone treatment produced a decrease in Vmax for glucose uptake but did not change the Ku. Hexokinase activity and ATP levels were not altered by this treatment, suggesting that processes involved in glucose phosphorylation were not affected. Dexamethasone treatment also caused a reduction in uptake of 3-O-methylglucose when assayed using a low sugar concentration (0.1 mM). At a high concentration (10 mM), uptake of the methyl sugar was only slightly less than normal in treated cells. Stimulation by insulin markedly enhanced uptake of glucose and 3-O-methylglucose by both treated and untreated cells. At a low hexose concentration (0.1 mM) and in the presence of insulin, sugar uptake by dexamethasone-treated cells was slightly less than control cells. Stimulation by insulin did however completely overcome the alteration in hexose uptake when larger concentrations of sugars (greater than 5 mM) were used. There was no detectable change in total protein synthesis during incubation of fat cells with dexamethasone. However, actinomycin C blocked the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on glucose uptake. Cycloheximide, which caused a small inhibition in glucose uptake, prevented the full expression of the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on glucose transport. These results indicate that dexamethasone alters the facilitated transport of glucose and, secondly, suggest that synthesis of RNA and protein is needed for glucocorticoid action.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticoids on the glucose transport system of isolated fat cells. Glucocorticoids inhibit glucose utilization by fat cells. The possibility that this effect results from altered glucose transport was investigated using an oil-centrifugation technique which allows a rapid (within 45 s) estimation of glucose or 3-O-methylglucose uptake by isolated fat cells. At high concentration (greater than 25 muM), dexamethasone inhibited glucose uptake within 1 min of its addition to fat cells. Efflux of 3-O-methylglucose was also impaired by 0.1 mM dexamethasone. However, diminished glucose uptake was not a specific effect of glucocorticoids; high concentrations (0.1 mM) of 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, and deoxycorticosterone produced a similar response in adipocytes. At a more physiologic steroid concentration (0.1 muM), glucocorticoids inhibited glucose uptake in a time-dependent manner (maximum effect in 1 to 2 hours). This effect was specific for glucocorticoids since, under these conditions, glucose uptake was not changed by the non-glucocorticoid steroids. Lineweaver-Burk analysis showed that 0.1 muM dexamethasone treatment produced a decrease in Vmax for glucose uptake but did not change the Ku. Hexokinase activity and ATP levels were not altered by this treatment, suggesting that processes involved in glucose phosphorylation were not affected. Dexamethasone treatment also caused a reduction in uptake of 3-O-methylglucose when assayed using a low sugar concentration (0.1 mM). At a high concentration (10 mM), uptake of the methyl sugar was only slightly less than normal in treated cells. Stimulation by insulin markedly enhanced uptake of glucose and 3-O-methylglucose by both treated and untreated cells. At a low hexose concentration (0.1 mM) and in the presence of insulin, sugar uptake by dexamethasone-treated cells was slightly less than control cells. Stimulation by insulin did however completely overcome the alteration in hexose uptake when larger concentrations of sugars (greater than 5 mM) were used. There was no detectable change in total protein synthesis during incubation of fat cells with dexamethasone. However, actinomycin C blocked the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on glucose uptake. Cycloheximide, which caused a small inhibition in glucose uptake, prevented the full expression of the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on glucose transport. These results indicate that dexamethasone alters the facilitated transport of glucose and, secondly, suggest that synthesis of RNA and protein is needed for glucocorticoid action."}
{"id": "PMID:1194259", "title": "The steady state concentrations of coenzyme A-SH and coenzyme A thioester, citrate, and isocitrate during tricarboxylate cycle oxidations in rabbit heart mitochondria.", "content": "The steady state mitochondrial content of coenzyme A-SH (CoA), acetyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, and long chain acyl-CoA has been determined during the oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine by rabbit heart mitochondria. Variation of the substrate concentration during ADP-stimulated (state 3) respiration varies the mitochondrial content of long chain acyl-CoA and the rate of O2 uptake, and permits the conclusion that the Km of beta oxidation for intramitochondrial long chain acyl-CoA is approximately 1 nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein. At near saturating concentrations of palmitoylcarnitine, plus L-malate, the addition of ADP causes a decrease in acetyl-CoA, an increase in CoA and succinyl-CoA, and no clear change in long chain acyl-CoA content. These changes reverse upon the depletion of ADP (state 3 leads to 4 transition). Similar changes in CoA, acetyl-CoA, and succinyl-CoA are seen during state 4 leads to 3 leads to 4 transitions with pyruvate plus L-malate and octanoate plus L-malate as substrates. These results suggest a limitation of flux by citrate synthase during the controlled oxidation of these three substrates. The ratio acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA was determined not only during state 3 and state 4 oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine plus L-malate and pyruvate plus L-malate, but also during intermediate respiratory states (state 3 1/2) generated by adding glucose and varying amounts of hexokinase. These intermediate states are characterized by a high succinyl-CoA content, relative to either state 3 or state 4, and a suboptimal flux through citrate synthase, estimated either by pyruvate disappearance or by O2 uptake.", "contents": "The steady state concentrations of coenzyme A-SH and coenzyme A thioester, citrate, and isocitrate during tricarboxylate cycle oxidations in rabbit heart mitochondria. The steady state mitochondrial content of coenzyme A-SH (CoA), acetyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, and long chain acyl-CoA has been determined during the oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine by rabbit heart mitochondria. Variation of the substrate concentration during ADP-stimulated (state 3) respiration varies the mitochondrial content of long chain acyl-CoA and the rate of O2 uptake, and permits the conclusion that the Km of beta oxidation for intramitochondrial long chain acyl-CoA is approximately 1 nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein. At near saturating concentrations of palmitoylcarnitine, plus L-malate, the addition of ADP causes a decrease in acetyl-CoA, an increase in CoA and succinyl-CoA, and no clear change in long chain acyl-CoA content. These changes reverse upon the depletion of ADP (state 3 leads to 4 transition). Similar changes in CoA, acetyl-CoA, and succinyl-CoA are seen during state 4 leads to 3 leads to 4 transitions with pyruvate plus L-malate and octanoate plus L-malate as substrates. These results suggest a limitation of flux by citrate synthase during the controlled oxidation of these three substrates. The ratio acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA was determined not only during state 3 and state 4 oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine plus L-malate and pyruvate plus L-malate, but also during intermediate respiratory states (state 3 1/2) generated by adding glucose and varying amounts of hexokinase. These intermediate states are characterized by a high succinyl-CoA content, relative to either state 3 or state 4, and a suboptimal flux through citrate synthase, estimated either by pyruvate disappearance or by O2 uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:1194260", "title": "Mammalian DNA ligases. Serological evidence for two separate enzymes.", "content": "Mammalian cells contain two DNA ligase activities with different chromatographic properties, referred to as DNA ligase I and II. The major ligase activity present in calf thymus cell extracts, DNA ligase I, has been purified 1000-fold. After repeated injections of this enzyme with complete Freund's adjuvant into a rabbit, antibodies were induced that inhibit DNA ligase I from calf, human, mouse, and rabbit tissues. This antiserum did not affect DNA ligase II from the same sources to a detectable extent, even at a concentration 10-fold higher than that required for 98% inhibition of DNA ligase I. These data strongly indicate that the two mammalian DNA ligase activities are due to two separate enzymes, and not to two forms of the same enzyme. Both enzymes are present in the nuclear fraction, but are also found in the cytoplasmic fraction. Rapidly dividing cells (mouse ascites tumor cells and calf thymus) contain higher amounts of DNA ligase I than other cells (calf liver and spleen, human placenta, and rabbit spleen), while no such correlation was observed for DNA ligase II.", "contents": "Mammalian DNA ligases. Serological evidence for two separate enzymes. Mammalian cells contain two DNA ligase activities with different chromatographic properties, referred to as DNA ligase I and II. The major ligase activity present in calf thymus cell extracts, DNA ligase I, has been purified 1000-fold. After repeated injections of this enzyme with complete Freund's adjuvant into a rabbit, antibodies were induced that inhibit DNA ligase I from calf, human, mouse, and rabbit tissues. This antiserum did not affect DNA ligase II from the same sources to a detectable extent, even at a concentration 10-fold higher than that required for 98% inhibition of DNA ligase I. These data strongly indicate that the two mammalian DNA ligase activities are due to two separate enzymes, and not to two forms of the same enzyme. Both enzymes are present in the nuclear fraction, but are also found in the cytoplasmic fraction. Rapidly dividing cells (mouse ascites tumor cells and calf thymus) contain higher amounts of DNA ligase I than other cells (calf liver and spleen, human placenta, and rabbit spleen), while no such correlation was observed for DNA ligase II."}
{"id": "PMID:1194261", "title": "Metal and metal-ATP interactions with brain and cardiac adenylate cyclases.", "content": "Metal (Me) and MeATP interactions with adenylate cyclases associated with rabbit ventricular particles and with a detergent-dispersed preparation from rat cerebellum have been studied. data were simulated to fit kinetic models in which an inhibitor (HATP or ATP) is added in constant proportion to the variable substrate (MeATP). The specific models considered were that the enzyme binds (a) MeATP as the substrate; (b) MeATP as the substrate and HATP or ATP as an inhibitor; (c) MeATP as the substrate and free Me as an activator; and (d) MeATP as the substrate, free Me as an activator, and HATP or ATP as an inhibitor. Both equilibrium-ordered and random (rapid equilibrium assumption) types of sequential kinetic models were considered. The various models were tested using cardiac particulate adenylate cyclase in the presence of either a phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate kinase or a creatine phosphate-creatine kinase ATP-regeneration system. Although the enzyme with either system appeared to bind Mg2+ as an activator, one or both ATP-regeneration systems also seemed to interact directly with adenylate cyclase, making clear interpretations difficult. With the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate kinase system, kinetic patterns on double reciprocal plots were linear as a function of MgATP, but with creatine phosphate-creatine kinase, kinetic patterns were concave downward. The kinetic models were further tested using the detergent-dispersed cerebellar enzyme, a preparation with low adenosine triphosphatase activity and not requiring the addition of an ATP-regeneration system. Reciprocal plots were linear and intersecting as a function of either MeATP or Me (Me = Mg2+ or Mn2+), and secondary replots of slopes and intersecting as function of either MeATP or Me (Me = Mg2+ or Mn2+), and secondary replots of slopes and intercepts also were linear. These data indicate that the brain detergent-dispersed enzyme conforms to a bireactant, sequential mechanism where free cation is a required activator and free ATP is not a potent inhibitor.", "contents": "Metal and metal-ATP interactions with brain and cardiac adenylate cyclases. Metal (Me) and MeATP interactions with adenylate cyclases associated with rabbit ventricular particles and with a detergent-dispersed preparation from rat cerebellum have been studied. data were simulated to fit kinetic models in which an inhibitor (HATP or ATP) is added in constant proportion to the variable substrate (MeATP). The specific models considered were that the enzyme binds (a) MeATP as the substrate; (b) MeATP as the substrate and HATP or ATP as an inhibitor; (c) MeATP as the substrate and free Me as an activator; and (d) MeATP as the substrate, free Me as an activator, and HATP or ATP as an inhibitor. Both equilibrium-ordered and random (rapid equilibrium assumption) types of sequential kinetic models were considered. The various models were tested using cardiac particulate adenylate cyclase in the presence of either a phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate kinase or a creatine phosphate-creatine kinase ATP-regeneration system. Although the enzyme with either system appeared to bind Mg2+ as an activator, one or both ATP-regeneration systems also seemed to interact directly with adenylate cyclase, making clear interpretations difficult. With the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate kinase system, kinetic patterns on double reciprocal plots were linear as a function of MgATP, but with creatine phosphate-creatine kinase, kinetic patterns were concave downward. The kinetic models were further tested using the detergent-dispersed cerebellar enzyme, a preparation with low adenosine triphosphatase activity and not requiring the addition of an ATP-regeneration system. Reciprocal plots were linear and intersecting as a function of either MeATP or Me (Me = Mg2+ or Mn2+), and secondary replots of slopes and intersecting as function of either MeATP or Me (Me = Mg2+ or Mn2+), and secondary replots of slopes and intercepts also were linear. These data indicate that the brain detergent-dispersed enzyme conforms to a bireactant, sequential mechanism where free cation is a required activator and free ATP is not a potent inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:1194262", "title": "Methylated basic amino acid composition of histones from the various organs from the rat.", "content": "Newborn rats received 5 muCi each of [3H]lysine and [methyl-14C]methionine/g body weight. They were killed 10 days later and the nuclei prepared from the kidneys, liver, cerebrum, cerebellum, and thymus. The five major histones were extracted from these nuclei by the method of Johns and further purified on Bio-Gel P-10. The histones were hydrolyzed and the basic amino acids fractionated on Beckman PA-35 resin. Only the F3 and Fia1 histones contained any significant amounts of methylated amino acid residues as measured by chemical or radiological assay. The product of methylation of F2a1 was predominantly dimethyllysine with trace quantities of monomethyllysine detectable in rapidly proliferating tissue. The products of methylation of F3 were mono-, di-, and trimethyllysine in an approximate molar ratio of 0.55:1.0:0.35. This ratio did not vary significantly in the F3 histones prepared from the different organs. No methylarginine or methylhistidine was detected in any of the histones prepared from the five organs. The total amount of dimethyllysine in F2a1 from the different organs of adult rats was approximately 2.0 mol/mol of polypeptide. It appears that the distribution of methyl groups on the lysyl residues in the F3 and F2a1 histones from the different organs is similar and does not contribute to tissue heterogeneity.", "contents": "Methylated basic amino acid composition of histones from the various organs from the rat. Newborn rats received 5 muCi each of [3H]lysine and [methyl-14C]methionine/g body weight. They were killed 10 days later and the nuclei prepared from the kidneys, liver, cerebrum, cerebellum, and thymus. The five major histones were extracted from these nuclei by the method of Johns and further purified on Bio-Gel P-10. The histones were hydrolyzed and the basic amino acids fractionated on Beckman PA-35 resin. Only the F3 and Fia1 histones contained any significant amounts of methylated amino acid residues as measured by chemical or radiological assay. The product of methylation of F2a1 was predominantly dimethyllysine with trace quantities of monomethyllysine detectable in rapidly proliferating tissue. The products of methylation of F3 were mono-, di-, and trimethyllysine in an approximate molar ratio of 0.55:1.0:0.35. This ratio did not vary significantly in the F3 histones prepared from the different organs. No methylarginine or methylhistidine was detected in any of the histones prepared from the five organs. The total amount of dimethyllysine in F2a1 from the different organs of adult rats was approximately 2.0 mol/mol of polypeptide. It appears that the distribution of methyl groups on the lysyl residues in the F3 and F2a1 histones from the different organs is similar and does not contribute to tissue heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:1194263", "title": "Nonenzymic reactivation of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease by air oxidation and by glutathione oxidoreduction buffers.", "content": "With the glutathione system that leads to rapid regeneration of reduced lysozyme (Saxena, V. P., and Wetlaufer, D. B. (1971) Biochemistry 9, 5015), reduced pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) regenerated activity in high yield (greater than 90%) but at a considerably lower rate (t1/2 approximately 75 min). Systematic examination of the effects upon regeneration of the concentrations and ratios of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG) showed the same broad optima for RNase as were earlier found for lysozyme: [GSSG] = 5 X 10(-4) M, [GSH] = 5 X 10(-3) M. Regeneration of reduced RNase by air oxidation was shown to be inhibitable by 10(-4) M EDTA, whereas the glutathione regeneration was unaffected by EDTA. In addition the air-oxidative regeneration showed a strong temperature dependence, in contrast with the glutathione system. The mechanisms of these two kinds of regenerations are therefore different. Six potentially catalytic metal ions were tested in the air-oxidative regeneration of RNase: Cu2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, and Ni2+. Of these, only Cu2+ enhanced the rate of regeneration of RNase activity, although both Cu2+ and Co2+ catalyzed thioloxidation of reduced RNase. The rates and yields of RNase regenerations were independent of protein concentration from 3 X 10(-7) M to 1.2 X 10(-5) M in the glutathione system. Preincubation of freshly dissolved reduced RNase under nonoxidizing conditions before adding glutathione did not change the rate or extent of regeneration. Studies of its pH dependence showed that the glutathione regeneration depends on the deprotonation of prototropic groups with 7.5 less than pK less than 8.0. The major ion exchange chromatographic peaks from glutathione and air-oxidative regenerations appeared to be identical with native RNase, by the criteria of specific activity, chromatographic mobility, and circular dichroic spectra. The glutathione system permits regeneration at much higher RNase concentration than the air regeneration, with rates and yields comparable to the greatest reported for air regeneration.", "contents": "Nonenzymic reactivation of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease by air oxidation and by glutathione oxidoreduction buffers. With the glutathione system that leads to rapid regeneration of reduced lysozyme (Saxena, V. P., and Wetlaufer, D. B. (1971) Biochemistry 9, 5015), reduced pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) regenerated activity in high yield (greater than 90%) but at a considerably lower rate (t1/2 approximately 75 min). Systematic examination of the effects upon regeneration of the concentrations and ratios of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG) showed the same broad optima for RNase as were earlier found for lysozyme: [GSSG] = 5 X 10(-4) M, [GSH] = 5 X 10(-3) M. Regeneration of reduced RNase by air oxidation was shown to be inhibitable by 10(-4) M EDTA, whereas the glutathione regeneration was unaffected by EDTA. In addition the air-oxidative regeneration showed a strong temperature dependence, in contrast with the glutathione system. The mechanisms of these two kinds of regenerations are therefore different. Six potentially catalytic metal ions were tested in the air-oxidative regeneration of RNase: Cu2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, and Ni2+. Of these, only Cu2+ enhanced the rate of regeneration of RNase activity, although both Cu2+ and Co2+ catalyzed thioloxidation of reduced RNase. The rates and yields of RNase regenerations were independent of protein concentration from 3 X 10(-7) M to 1.2 X 10(-5) M in the glutathione system. Preincubation of freshly dissolved reduced RNase under nonoxidizing conditions before adding glutathione did not change the rate or extent of regeneration. Studies of its pH dependence showed that the glutathione regeneration depends on the deprotonation of prototropic groups with 7.5 less than pK less than 8.0. The major ion exchange chromatographic peaks from glutathione and air-oxidative regenerations appeared to be identical with native RNase, by the criteria of specific activity, chromatographic mobility, and circular dichroic spectra. The glutathione system permits regeneration at much higher RNase concentration than the air regeneration, with rates and yields comparable to the greatest reported for air regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:1194264", "title": "Purification and chemical properities of mouse liver lysosomal (L form) beta-glucuronidase.", "content": "The lysosomal form (L form) of beta-glucuronidase was purified 6,500-fold from the liver of C57BL/6J mice with high yield. Purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of sodium dodetcyl sulfate. The microsomal forms of beta-glucuronidase were spontaneously converted to the L form. The purified L form is a tetramer of molecular weight of 280,000 to 300,000, composedd of four identical subunits of 75,000 molecular weight. The enzyme contains a high content of arginine and glutamic acid and a very low content of sulfur-containing amino acids. Approximately 7% of the enzyme molecule is compose of carbohydrate. Sugars in the L form are glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and glucose. Sialic acid and fucose are absent in the enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and chemical properities of mouse liver lysosomal (L form) beta-glucuronidase. The lysosomal form (L form) of beta-glucuronidase was purified 6,500-fold from the liver of C57BL/6J mice with high yield. Purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of sodium dodetcyl sulfate. The microsomal forms of beta-glucuronidase were spontaneously converted to the L form. The purified L form is a tetramer of molecular weight of 280,000 to 300,000, composedd of four identical subunits of 75,000 molecular weight. The enzyme contains a high content of arginine and glutamic acid and a very low content of sulfur-containing amino acids. Approximately 7% of the enzyme molecule is compose of carbohydrate. Sugars in the L form are glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and glucose. Sialic acid and fucose are absent in the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1194265", "title": "Dissociation of aspartate aminotransferase into subunits. Effect of ligands upon this dissociation.", "content": "Frontal and zonal analysis of the chromatography of aspartate aminotransferase (EC2.61.1), pig heart cytosolic enzyme, on Bio-Gel P150 shows that holo- and apoenzyme can dissociate at pH 8.3. Ultracentrifugation and fluorescence depolarization confirm this result. Kinetic analysis of the fluorescence depolarization experiments favors a biphasic phenomenon: a few minutes for the faster one and several hours for the slower one. The apparent dissociation constant is 0.8 muM for the apoenzyme and 0.18 muM for the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate form of the holoenzyme. In the presence of sucrose or 0.1 M L-aspartate or a mixture of 70 mM L-glutamate and 2 mM alpha-ketoglutarate, the holoenzyme is dimeric at concentrations higher than 5 nM. The addition of a mixture of the substrates L-glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate to a monomeric holoenzyme leads to dimerization. The stability of the dimeric form is in the order: holoenzyme + substrates greater than apoenzyme.", "contents": "Dissociation of aspartate aminotransferase into subunits. Effect of ligands upon this dissociation. Frontal and zonal analysis of the chromatography of aspartate aminotransferase (EC2.61.1), pig heart cytosolic enzyme, on Bio-Gel P150 shows that holo- and apoenzyme can dissociate at pH 8.3. Ultracentrifugation and fluorescence depolarization confirm this result. Kinetic analysis of the fluorescence depolarization experiments favors a biphasic phenomenon: a few minutes for the faster one and several hours for the slower one. The apparent dissociation constant is 0.8 muM for the apoenzyme and 0.18 muM for the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate form of the holoenzyme. In the presence of sucrose or 0.1 M L-aspartate or a mixture of 70 mM L-glutamate and 2 mM alpha-ketoglutarate, the holoenzyme is dimeric at concentrations higher than 5 nM. The addition of a mixture of the substrates L-glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate to a monomeric holoenzyme leads to dimerization. The stability of the dimeric form is in the order: holoenzyme + substrates greater than apoenzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1194266", "title": "Inhibition of human factor IXa by human antithrombin.", "content": "A procedure is presented for the purification of Factor IX from human plasma. The final product is homogeneous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, it is completely free of other coagulation component activities. Factor IX is converted to its enzymatically active form by the addition of small quantities of Factor IXa in the presence of calcium ions. This activated species is added to purified antithrombin-heparin cofactor and the interaction is studied in the presence and absence of heparin. Antithrombin-heparin cofactor is found to be a progressive, time-dependent inhibitor of Factor IXa and neutralizes approximately 57% of this enzyme's proteolytic activity within 30 min. The addition of heparin dramatically accelerates the rate of this interaction with virtually complete inhibition of Factor IXa occurring within 15 s. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of reduced and nonreduced proteins indicates that antithrombin-heparin cofactor functions as a potent inhibitor of Factor IXa by forming an undissociable complex with the enzyme which is stable in the presence of denaturing or reducing agents (or both). This complex represents a 1:1 stoichiometric combination of enzyme and inhibitor. Heparin increases the rate of formation of this complex without affecting its dissociability or stoichiometry.", "contents": "Inhibition of human factor IXa by human antithrombin. A procedure is presented for the purification of Factor IX from human plasma. The final product is homogeneous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, it is completely free of other coagulation component activities. Factor IX is converted to its enzymatically active form by the addition of small quantities of Factor IXa in the presence of calcium ions. This activated species is added to purified antithrombin-heparin cofactor and the interaction is studied in the presence and absence of heparin. Antithrombin-heparin cofactor is found to be a progressive, time-dependent inhibitor of Factor IXa and neutralizes approximately 57% of this enzyme's proteolytic activity within 30 min. The addition of heparin dramatically accelerates the rate of this interaction with virtually complete inhibition of Factor IXa occurring within 15 s. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of reduced and nonreduced proteins indicates that antithrombin-heparin cofactor functions as a potent inhibitor of Factor IXa by forming an undissociable complex with the enzyme which is stable in the presence of denaturing or reducing agents (or both). This complex represents a 1:1 stoichiometric combination of enzyme and inhibitor. Heparin increases the rate of formation of this complex without affecting its dissociability or stoichiometry."}
{"id": "PMID:1194267", "title": "Function of 5'-nucleotidase in the uptake of adenosine from AMP by human lymphocytes.", "content": "The function of 5'-nucleotidase in nucleoside uptake from AMP was investigated in human lymphocytes by comparing the transport in cells containing this enzyme (5'N+) with that in cells deficient in the activity (5'N-). The rate of adenosine and Pi uptake from AMP was 3.9-fold greater in the 5'N+ then in the 5'N- lymphocytes. There was no difference in transport between these cells when incubated with adenosine or Pi. These results indicate that phosphorylytic cleavage of AMP by 5'-nucleotidase is necessary for the uptake of the nucleotide and Pi moieties by the human lymphocyte.", "contents": "Function of 5'-nucleotidase in the uptake of adenosine from AMP by human lymphocytes. The function of 5'-nucleotidase in nucleoside uptake from AMP was investigated in human lymphocytes by comparing the transport in cells containing this enzyme (5'N+) with that in cells deficient in the activity (5'N-). The rate of adenosine and Pi uptake from AMP was 3.9-fold greater in the 5'N+ then in the 5'N- lymphocytes. There was no difference in transport between these cells when incubated with adenosine or Pi. These results indicate that phosphorylytic cleavage of AMP by 5'-nucleotidase is necessary for the uptake of the nucleotide and Pi moieties by the human lymphocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:1194268", "title": "Proteins of the periodontium. Identification of collagens with the [alpha1(I)]2alpha2 and [alpha1(III)]3 structures in bovine periodontal ligament.", "content": "Insoluble collagen was prepared from bovine periodontal ligament. Isolation and characterization of CNBr peptides originating from the alpha1(I), alpha2, and alpha1(III) chains showed that the tissue contained both type I and type III collagens. Further evidence for the presence of type III collagen was obtained by the isolation of alpha1(III) chains from pepsin-treated ligament collagen, with properties similar to those of human alpha1(III) chains. Estimates based on the amounts of certain CNBr peptides indicated that about one-fifth of the collagen of periodontal ligament is type III, the remainder being type I collagen.", "contents": "Proteins of the periodontium. Identification of collagens with the [alpha1(I)]2alpha2 and [alpha1(III)]3 structures in bovine periodontal ligament. Insoluble collagen was prepared from bovine periodontal ligament. Isolation and characterization of CNBr peptides originating from the alpha1(I), alpha2, and alpha1(III) chains showed that the tissue contained both type I and type III collagens. Further evidence for the presence of type III collagen was obtained by the isolation of alpha1(III) chains from pepsin-treated ligament collagen, with properties similar to those of human alpha1(III) chains. Estimates based on the amounts of certain CNBr peptides indicated that about one-fifth of the collagen of periodontal ligament is type III, the remainder being type I collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:1194269", "title": "Inhibition of transcription in vitro by a non-histone protein isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor chromatin.", "content": "A non-histone protein has been isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor chromatin. The minimum molecular weight of this non-histone protein, estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis, is approximately 10 to 11,000. This non-histone protein is acidic, contains 2.7% alkalilabile phosphorus, binds to DNA, and inhibits transcription of DNA in vitro by the homologous RNA polymerase. The per cent inhibition of RNA synthesis is not affected by increasing amounts of RNA polymerase, but is reduced by addition of excess DNA. In the presence of the non-histone protein, incorporation of [gamma-32P]ATP into RNA in the in vitro RNA synthesizing system is inhibited, with no apparent change in the average chain length of the RNA product. Inhibition of RNA synthesis is completely eliminated if the DNA template is allowed to interact with ATP prior to the addition of the non-histone protein. These results indicate that the observed repression of in vitro RNA synthesis is due to the effect of the non-histone protein on the DNA, inhibiting the initiation of RNA chain formation.", "contents": "Inhibition of transcription in vitro by a non-histone protein isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor chromatin. A non-histone protein has been isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor chromatin. The minimum molecular weight of this non-histone protein, estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis, is approximately 10 to 11,000. This non-histone protein is acidic, contains 2.7% alkalilabile phosphorus, binds to DNA, and inhibits transcription of DNA in vitro by the homologous RNA polymerase. The per cent inhibition of RNA synthesis is not affected by increasing amounts of RNA polymerase, but is reduced by addition of excess DNA. In the presence of the non-histone protein, incorporation of [gamma-32P]ATP into RNA in the in vitro RNA synthesizing system is inhibited, with no apparent change in the average chain length of the RNA product. Inhibition of RNA synthesis is completely eliminated if the DNA template is allowed to interact with ATP prior to the addition of the non-histone protein. These results indicate that the observed repression of in vitro RNA synthesis is due to the effect of the non-histone protein on the DNA, inhibiting the initiation of RNA chain formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194270", "title": "Mechanism of KCN inhibition of photosystem I.", "content": "Experiments with chloroplasts and purified spinach plastocyanin suggest a mechanism for KCN inhibition of Photosystem I. KCN inhibition can be bypassed by a detergent or reversed by replacement of the inactive plastocyanin. KCN bleaches and inactivates purified plastocyanin. KCN releases copper from chloroplast membranes and from purified plastocyanin. Cyanide does not bind to the apoprotein produced when plastocyanin is treated with KCN, and KCN-produced apoplastocyanin has a N-ethylmaleimide-reactive sulfhydryl group not found in holoplastocyanin. Apoplastocyanin is not active in restoring Photosystem I activity to plastocyanin-depleted membranes. Holoplastocyanin restores Photosystem I activities to plastocyanin-depleted membranes prepared from either control or KCN-treated chloroplasts to about the same extent. KCN-treated chloroplast membranes are found to have higher amounts of apoplastocyanin than do control chloroplast membranes. These results offer evidence that KCN removes the copper from plastocyanin in the chloroplast membrane, leaving the inactive apoplastocyanin which is unable to transfer electrons to Photosystem I.", "contents": "Mechanism of KCN inhibition of photosystem I. Experiments with chloroplasts and purified spinach plastocyanin suggest a mechanism for KCN inhibition of Photosystem I. KCN inhibition can be bypassed by a detergent or reversed by replacement of the inactive plastocyanin. KCN bleaches and inactivates purified plastocyanin. KCN releases copper from chloroplast membranes and from purified plastocyanin. Cyanide does not bind to the apoprotein produced when plastocyanin is treated with KCN, and KCN-produced apoplastocyanin has a N-ethylmaleimide-reactive sulfhydryl group not found in holoplastocyanin. Apoplastocyanin is not active in restoring Photosystem I activity to plastocyanin-depleted membranes. Holoplastocyanin restores Photosystem I activities to plastocyanin-depleted membranes prepared from either control or KCN-treated chloroplasts to about the same extent. KCN-treated chloroplast membranes are found to have higher amounts of apoplastocyanin than do control chloroplast membranes. These results offer evidence that KCN removes the copper from plastocyanin in the chloroplast membrane, leaving the inactive apoplastocyanin which is unable to transfer electrons to Photosystem I."}
{"id": "PMID:1194271", "title": "Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the guinea pig by fatty acids and ammonia.", "content": "Octanoate and L-palmitylcarnitine inhibited the synthesis of P-enolpyruvate from alpha-ketoglutarate and malate by isolated guinea pig liver mitochondria. A 50% reduction in P-enolpyruvate formation was obtained with 0.1 to 0.2 mM octanoate or with 0.06 to 0.10 mM L-palmitylcarnitine. At these concentrations, oxidative phosphorylation remained intact and only much higher concentrations of fatty acids altered this process. The addition of NH4Cl in the presence of malate and increasing concentrations of alpha-ketoglutarate (or vice versa) enhanced the formation of glutamate, aspartate, and P-enolpyruvate. The addition of increasing concentrations of NH4Cl in the presence of fixed amounts of malate and alpha-ketoglutarate had a similar effect. Furthermore, the inhibition of P-enolpyruvate synthesis by fatty acids and the reduction of the acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate ratio were reversed by the addition of NH4Cl. Cycloheximide, which blocks energy transfer at site 1 of the respiratory chain, decreased P-enolpyruvate formation. When cycloheximide and either octanoate or L-palmitylcarnitine were added together, there was an even greater reduction in P-enolpyruvate synthesis from either malate or alpha-ketoglutarate than was noted with either fatty acid alone. Since cycloheximide lowers the rate of ATP synthesis this may in turn reduce P-enolpyruvate formation by a mechanism independent of changes in the mitochondrial NAD+/NADH ratio caused by fatty acids. In the isolated perfused liver metabolizing lactate, the inhibitory effect of octanoate on gluconeogenesis was partially relieved by the addition of 1 mM NH4Cl, but remained unchanged in the presence of 2 mM NH4Cl, despite a highly oxidized NAD+/NADH ratio in the mitochondria. In contrast to glucose synthesis, urea formation was markedly increased during the infusion of 1 mM as well as 2 mM NH4Cl. After cessation of NH4Cl infusion, there was an increase in glucose production, to a rate as high as that observed in the absence of octanoate. This increase was accompanied by the disappearance of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate which had been stored in the liver during NH4Cl infusion. Urea synthesis also decreased progressively. These results indicate that gluconeogenesis in guinea pig liver is regulated, in part, by alterations in the mitochondrial oxidation-reduction state. However, the modulation of this effect by changing the concentrations of intermediates of the aspartate aminotransferase reaction indicates competition for oxalacetate between the aminotransferase reaction and P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase.", "contents": "Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the guinea pig by fatty acids and ammonia. Octanoate and L-palmitylcarnitine inhibited the synthesis of P-enolpyruvate from alpha-ketoglutarate and malate by isolated guinea pig liver mitochondria. A 50% reduction in P-enolpyruvate formation was obtained with 0.1 to 0.2 mM octanoate or with 0.06 to 0.10 mM L-palmitylcarnitine. At these concentrations, oxidative phosphorylation remained intact and only much higher concentrations of fatty acids altered this process. The addition of NH4Cl in the presence of malate and increasing concentrations of alpha-ketoglutarate (or vice versa) enhanced the formation of glutamate, aspartate, and P-enolpyruvate. The addition of increasing concentrations of NH4Cl in the presence of fixed amounts of malate and alpha-ketoglutarate had a similar effect. Furthermore, the inhibition of P-enolpyruvate synthesis by fatty acids and the reduction of the acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate ratio were reversed by the addition of NH4Cl. Cycloheximide, which blocks energy transfer at site 1 of the respiratory chain, decreased P-enolpyruvate formation. When cycloheximide and either octanoate or L-palmitylcarnitine were added together, there was an even greater reduction in P-enolpyruvate synthesis from either malate or alpha-ketoglutarate than was noted with either fatty acid alone. Since cycloheximide lowers the rate of ATP synthesis this may in turn reduce P-enolpyruvate formation by a mechanism independent of changes in the mitochondrial NAD+/NADH ratio caused by fatty acids. In the isolated perfused liver metabolizing lactate, the inhibitory effect of octanoate on gluconeogenesis was partially relieved by the addition of 1 mM NH4Cl, but remained unchanged in the presence of 2 mM NH4Cl, despite a highly oxidized NAD+/NADH ratio in the mitochondria. In contrast to glucose synthesis, urea formation was markedly increased during the infusion of 1 mM as well as 2 mM NH4Cl. After cessation of NH4Cl infusion, there was an increase in glucose production, to a rate as high as that observed in the absence of octanoate. This increase was accompanied by the disappearance of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate which had been stored in the liver during NH4Cl infusion. Urea synthesis also decreased progressively. These results indicate that gluconeogenesis in guinea pig liver is regulated, in part, by alterations in the mitochondrial oxidation-reduction state. However, the modulation of this effect by changing the concentrations of intermediates of the aspartate aminotransferase reaction indicates competition for oxalacetate between the aminotransferase reaction and P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase."}
{"id": "PMID:1194272", "title": "Effect of cytochrome b5 on the size, density, and permeability of phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "Cytochrome b5, isolated from rabbit liver by a procedure using detergent, was incubated with phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles at 37 degrees for 30 min. A comparison of a number of physical properties was made between the cytochrome b5-phosphatidylcholine complex (at a molar ratio of 1:1000) and the phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The binding of the protein to the vesicle caused no aggregation and no detectable change in Stokes radius of the vesicle as monitored by gel filtration. Only small increases in s20 (from 2.67 up to 3.82 X 10(-13) s) and density (from 1.025 up to 1.042 g ml(-1)) were observed upon binding of the cytochrome b5 to phosphatidylcholine vesicles. At molar ratios of 5:1000, and above, two types of complexes could be detected by sucrose density gradient centrifugation: one had a molar ratio of approximately 1.066 g ml(-1)) the other, a more constant ratio of 20:1000 (density greater than 1.107 g ml(-1)). Cytochrome b5 was also incubated with phosphatidylcholine vesicles prepared with ferricyanide trapped inside. The leakage of the ferricyanide from inside the vesicles was increased when cytochrome b5 was present, but the vesicles, although leaking, were not completely depleted of their ferricyande, and so must still be intact. It is suggested that at molar ratios of cytochrome b5 to phosphatidylcholine below 5:1000, the binding of the protein causes minimal change in vesicle structure.", "contents": "Effect of cytochrome b5 on the size, density, and permeability of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Cytochrome b5, isolated from rabbit liver by a procedure using detergent, was incubated with phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles at 37 degrees for 30 min. A comparison of a number of physical properties was made between the cytochrome b5-phosphatidylcholine complex (at a molar ratio of 1:1000) and the phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The binding of the protein to the vesicle caused no aggregation and no detectable change in Stokes radius of the vesicle as monitored by gel filtration. Only small increases in s20 (from 2.67 up to 3.82 X 10(-13) s) and density (from 1.025 up to 1.042 g ml(-1)) were observed upon binding of the cytochrome b5 to phosphatidylcholine vesicles. At molar ratios of 5:1000, and above, two types of complexes could be detected by sucrose density gradient centrifugation: one had a molar ratio of approximately 1.066 g ml(-1)) the other, a more constant ratio of 20:1000 (density greater than 1.107 g ml(-1)). Cytochrome b5 was also incubated with phosphatidylcholine vesicles prepared with ferricyanide trapped inside. The leakage of the ferricyanide from inside the vesicles was increased when cytochrome b5 was present, but the vesicles, although leaking, were not completely depleted of their ferricyande, and so must still be intact. It is suggested that at molar ratios of cytochrome b5 to phosphatidylcholine below 5:1000, the binding of the protein causes minimal change in vesicle structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1194273", "title": "Characterization and physical properties of the major form of phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) that has a molecular weight of 11,000.", "content": "The major form of phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) was prepared in 30% yield and was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate and on Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The monomer molecular weight is about 11,000 according to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ultracentrifugation and molecular sieve techniques were employed to confirm the molecular weight and to demonstrate a concentration-dependent aggregation of the enzyme. It was found that at concentrations below about 0.05 mg ml(-1), the enzyme exists predominantly in the monomeric form; kinetic studies are usually conducted in much more dilute solutions (0.2 mug ml(-1)). The amino acid composition of the enzyme is reported. Of special interest is the presence of five to six disulfide bonds, 1 tryptophan residue, and 1 histidine residue. It is stable at high temperatures and is unusually resistant to denaturing agents. The isoelectric point was found to be 4.95. The findings that the protein is unusually resistant to denaturing agents and that it undergoes a concentration-dependent aggregation help to explain some of the previous reports in the literature on the apparent multiple forms of the cobra enzyme and their separation.", "contents": "Characterization and physical properties of the major form of phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) that has a molecular weight of 11,000. The major form of phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) was prepared in 30% yield and was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate and on Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The monomer molecular weight is about 11,000 according to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ultracentrifugation and molecular sieve techniques were employed to confirm the molecular weight and to demonstrate a concentration-dependent aggregation of the enzyme. It was found that at concentrations below about 0.05 mg ml(-1), the enzyme exists predominantly in the monomeric form; kinetic studies are usually conducted in much more dilute solutions (0.2 mug ml(-1)). The amino acid composition of the enzyme is reported. Of special interest is the presence of five to six disulfide bonds, 1 tryptophan residue, and 1 histidine residue. It is stable at high temperatures and is unusually resistant to denaturing agents. The isoelectric point was found to be 4.95. The findings that the protein is unusually resistant to denaturing agents and that it undergoes a concentration-dependent aggregation help to explain some of the previous reports in the literature on the apparent multiple forms of the cobra enzyme and their separation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194274", "title": "Kinetic analysis of phospholipase A2 activity toward mixed micelles and its implications for the study of lipolytic enzymes.", "content": "A detailed kinetic scheme is proposed for the action of phospholipase A2 on mixed micelles of phospholipid and surfactant: see article. where E is the enzyme, A is the mixed micelle, and B is the phospholipid substrate in the mixed micelle. This scheme takes into account quantitatively the involvement of the lipid-water interface in the action of this enzyme toward substrate in macromolecular lipid complexes. The kinetic equation for this scheme is derived and four simplifying assumptions which are necessary for its practical application are described. Kinetic data are reported for the action of cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Naja naja naja) on 1,2-dipalmitosyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in mixed micelles with the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100, and these data are analyzed in terms of the kinetic equation presented. At 40 degrees, pH 8.0, and in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+, V was found to be about 4 X 10(3) mumol min(-1) mg of protein(-1). KsA, which is the dissociation constant for the enzyme-mixed micelle complex, is about 5 X 10(-4) M. KmB, the Michaelis constant for the catalytic step, which is (k-2 + k3)/k2, is 1 to 2 X 10(-10) mol cm-2. This kinetic treatment, together with the fact that the mixed micelle system allows the concentration of the substrate in the lipid-water interface to be varied, has made possible the quantitative separation of the association of a lipolytic enzyme with the lipid-water interface (expressed as KsA) and the binding to the substrate in the interface (reflected in the KmB term). The implications of this kinetic scheme for the analysis of phospholipase A2 from other sources acting on other aggregated forms of phospholipid and for the study of other phospholipases and lipases is considered.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of phospholipase A2 activity toward mixed micelles and its implications for the study of lipolytic enzymes. A detailed kinetic scheme is proposed for the action of phospholipase A2 on mixed micelles of phospholipid and surfactant: see article. where E is the enzyme, A is the mixed micelle, and B is the phospholipid substrate in the mixed micelle. This scheme takes into account quantitatively the involvement of the lipid-water interface in the action of this enzyme toward substrate in macromolecular lipid complexes. The kinetic equation for this scheme is derived and four simplifying assumptions which are necessary for its practical application are described. Kinetic data are reported for the action of cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Naja naja naja) on 1,2-dipalmitosyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in mixed micelles with the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100, and these data are analyzed in terms of the kinetic equation presented. At 40 degrees, pH 8.0, and in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+, V was found to be about 4 X 10(3) mumol min(-1) mg of protein(-1). KsA, which is the dissociation constant for the enzyme-mixed micelle complex, is about 5 X 10(-4) M. KmB, the Michaelis constant for the catalytic step, which is (k-2 + k3)/k2, is 1 to 2 X 10(-10) mol cm-2. This kinetic treatment, together with the fact that the mixed micelle system allows the concentration of the substrate in the lipid-water interface to be varied, has made possible the quantitative separation of the association of a lipolytic enzyme with the lipid-water interface (expressed as KsA) and the binding to the substrate in the interface (reflected in the KmB term). The implications of this kinetic scheme for the analysis of phospholipase A2 from other sources acting on other aggregated forms of phospholipid and for the study of other phospholipases and lipases is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1194275", "title": "Proton magnetic relaxation studies of the interaction of D-xylose and xylitol with D-xylose isomerase. Characterization of metal-enzyme-substrate interactions.", "content": "The interaction of D-xylose isomerase purified from two sources with Mn2+ and D-xylose or the competitive inhibitor xylitol has been examined by nuclear magnetic resonance. A greater paramagnetic effect of enzyme-bound Mn2+ on the alpha anomer of D-xylose than on the beta anomer was observed, providing independent evidence for the specificity of D-xylose isomerase for the alpha anomeric form of D-xylose. The exchange rate of alpha-D-xylose into the ternary complex, determined from the normalized paramagnetic contribution to the transverse relaxation rate (1/fT2p) of the carbon 1 proton of alpha-D-xylose, exceeds Vmax for the enzymatic reaction by 3 orders of magnitude. The amount of xylitol necessary to displace alpha-D-xylose from the substrate-enzyme-Mn2+ complex is consistent with the Km value for alpha-D-xylose and the inhibitor constant Ki for xylitol previously determined by the methods of enzyme kinetics. These results suggest that the NMR experiments observe complexes of D-xylose isomerase which are kinetically and thermodynamically competent to participate in catalysis. From the frequency dependence of the paramagnetic contribution to the longitudinal relaxation rate (1/T1p) of the carbon 1 proton of alpha-D-xylose, the correlation time (tauc) which modulates the dipolar interaction between enzyme-bound Mn2+ and alpha-D-xylose has been determined (5.1 x 1o(-10) s). From these observations a range of calculated distances between enzyme-bound Mn2+ and the carbon 1 proton of alpha-D-xylose (9.1 +/- 0.7 A) has been found. The enzyme-bound Mn2+ has comparable effects on the carbon 1, carbon 2, and carbon 5 protons of alpha-D-xylose, suggesting that these protons of the enzyme-bound substrate are equidistant from the bound Mn2+. A similar distance (9.4 +/- 0.7 A) between the enzyme-bound Mn2+ and the terminal methylene protons of xylitol, an analog of the open chain intermediate in the reaction, has been determined. The results of the present substrate relaxation and previous water relaxation studies suggest that two small ligands such as water molecules or a large portion of the protein intervene between the bound metal ion and the bound substrate in the active ternary complex.", "contents": "Proton magnetic relaxation studies of the interaction of D-xylose and xylitol with D-xylose isomerase. Characterization of metal-enzyme-substrate interactions. The interaction of D-xylose isomerase purified from two sources with Mn2+ and D-xylose or the competitive inhibitor xylitol has been examined by nuclear magnetic resonance. A greater paramagnetic effect of enzyme-bound Mn2+ on the alpha anomer of D-xylose than on the beta anomer was observed, providing independent evidence for the specificity of D-xylose isomerase for the alpha anomeric form of D-xylose. The exchange rate of alpha-D-xylose into the ternary complex, determined from the normalized paramagnetic contribution to the transverse relaxation rate (1/fT2p) of the carbon 1 proton of alpha-D-xylose, exceeds Vmax for the enzymatic reaction by 3 orders of magnitude. The amount of xylitol necessary to displace alpha-D-xylose from the substrate-enzyme-Mn2+ complex is consistent with the Km value for alpha-D-xylose and the inhibitor constant Ki for xylitol previously determined by the methods of enzyme kinetics. These results suggest that the NMR experiments observe complexes of D-xylose isomerase which are kinetically and thermodynamically competent to participate in catalysis. From the frequency dependence of the paramagnetic contribution to the longitudinal relaxation rate (1/T1p) of the carbon 1 proton of alpha-D-xylose, the correlation time (tauc) which modulates the dipolar interaction between enzyme-bound Mn2+ and alpha-D-xylose has been determined (5.1 x 1o(-10) s). From these observations a range of calculated distances between enzyme-bound Mn2+ and the carbon 1 proton of alpha-D-xylose (9.1 +/- 0.7 A) has been found. The enzyme-bound Mn2+ has comparable effects on the carbon 1, carbon 2, and carbon 5 protons of alpha-D-xylose, suggesting that these protons of the enzyme-bound substrate are equidistant from the bound Mn2+. A similar distance (9.4 +/- 0.7 A) between the enzyme-bound Mn2+ and the terminal methylene protons of xylitol, an analog of the open chain intermediate in the reaction, has been determined. The results of the present substrate relaxation and previous water relaxation studies suggest that two small ligands such as water molecules or a large portion of the protein intervene between the bound metal ion and the bound substrate in the active ternary complex."}
{"id": "PMID:1194276", "title": "Role of myoglobin in the oxygen supply to red skeletal muscle.", "content": "The contribution of nyoglobin to the oxygen uptake of red skeletal muscle was estimated from the difference in oxygen uptake with and without functional myoglobin. The oxygen uptake of bundles (25 mm long, 0.5 mm mean diameter) of muscle fibers teased from pigeon breast muscle was measured in families of steady states of oxygen pressure from 0 to 250 mm Hg. The oxygen-binding function of myoglobin, in situ in muscle fiber bundles, was abolished by treatment with nitrite of hydroxylamine, which convert oxymyoglobin in situ to high spin ferric myoglobin, or with phenylhydrazine, which converts oxymyoglobin to denatured products, or with 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine, which appears to remove myoglobin from the muslce. The oxygen uptake was again measured. At higher oxygen pressure, where oxygen availability does not limit the respiration of the fiber bundles, oxygen uptake is not affected by any of the four reagents, which is evidence that mitochondrial oxygen uptake is not impaired. At lower oxygen pressure, where oxygen uptake is one-half maximal, the steady state oxygen consumption is roughly halved by abolishing functional myoglobin. Under the steady state conditions studied, the storage function of myoglobin, being static, vanishes and the transport function stands revealed. We conclude from these experiments that myoglobin may transport a significant fraction of the oxygen consumed by muscle mitochondria.", "contents": "Role of myoglobin in the oxygen supply to red skeletal muscle. The contribution of nyoglobin to the oxygen uptake of red skeletal muscle was estimated from the difference in oxygen uptake with and without functional myoglobin. The oxygen uptake of bundles (25 mm long, 0.5 mm mean diameter) of muscle fibers teased from pigeon breast muscle was measured in families of steady states of oxygen pressure from 0 to 250 mm Hg. The oxygen-binding function of myoglobin, in situ in muscle fiber bundles, was abolished by treatment with nitrite of hydroxylamine, which convert oxymyoglobin in situ to high spin ferric myoglobin, or with phenylhydrazine, which converts oxymyoglobin to denatured products, or with 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine, which appears to remove myoglobin from the muslce. The oxygen uptake was again measured. At higher oxygen pressure, where oxygen availability does not limit the respiration of the fiber bundles, oxygen uptake is not affected by any of the four reagents, which is evidence that mitochondrial oxygen uptake is not impaired. At lower oxygen pressure, where oxygen uptake is one-half maximal, the steady state oxygen consumption is roughly halved by abolishing functional myoglobin. Under the steady state conditions studied, the storage function of myoglobin, being static, vanishes and the transport function stands revealed. We conclude from these experiments that myoglobin may transport a significant fraction of the oxygen consumed by muscle mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1194277", "title": "Purification and physical properties of homogeneous initiation factor MP from rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "Initiation factor MP was purified 1570-fold with 67% recovery of total activity present in 0.5 M KCl extracts of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. Initiation factor MP forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP or a binary complex with Met-tRNAf alone, the details of which are presented in the accompanying paper (Safer, B., Adams, S. L., Anderson. W. F., and Merrick, W. C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9076-9082). Initiation factor MP was homogeneous by the following criteria: (a) electrophoresis as a single band in gels of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10% acrylamide; (b) equilibration as a single band during isoelectric focusing; (c) sedimentation as a single symmetrical boundary during sedimentation velocity experiments; (d) linear plots of sedimentation equilibrium data; (e) symmetrical absorbance (at 280 nm) and activity profiles during DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography, and (f) symmetrical distribution of initiation factor MP during sucrose density gradient band sedimentation. The molecular weight of the initiation factor MP monomer (0.2 mg/ml) by low speed sedimentation equilibrium was 90,800. Calculations based on the Stokes radius and sedimentation velocity show the existence of relatively stable 90,000-dalton monomers or 180,000-dalton dimers at low (0.1 mg/ml) and high (9.75 mg/ml) concentrations of initiation factor MP, respectively. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels indicates that initiation factor MP monomer is composed of two noncovalently linked subunits with molecular weights of 52,000 and 34,000. Despite a relatively normal amino acid composition and an isoelectric point of 6.4, initiation factor MP behaves as a basic protein, eluting from phosphocellulose at 650 mM KCl (pH 7.9). Both ternary complex formation and methionyl-puromycin synthesis co-purify, indicating that a single protein is required for both activities.", "contents": "Purification and physical properties of homogeneous initiation factor MP from rabbit reticulocytes. Initiation factor MP was purified 1570-fold with 67% recovery of total activity present in 0.5 M KCl extracts of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. Initiation factor MP forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP or a binary complex with Met-tRNAf alone, the details of which are presented in the accompanying paper (Safer, B., Adams, S. L., Anderson. W. F., and Merrick, W. C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9076-9082). Initiation factor MP was homogeneous by the following criteria: (a) electrophoresis as a single band in gels of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10% acrylamide; (b) equilibration as a single band during isoelectric focusing; (c) sedimentation as a single symmetrical boundary during sedimentation velocity experiments; (d) linear plots of sedimentation equilibrium data; (e) symmetrical absorbance (at 280 nm) and activity profiles during DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography, and (f) symmetrical distribution of initiation factor MP during sucrose density gradient band sedimentation. The molecular weight of the initiation factor MP monomer (0.2 mg/ml) by low speed sedimentation equilibrium was 90,800. Calculations based on the Stokes radius and sedimentation velocity show the existence of relatively stable 90,000-dalton monomers or 180,000-dalton dimers at low (0.1 mg/ml) and high (9.75 mg/ml) concentrations of initiation factor MP, respectively. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels indicates that initiation factor MP monomer is composed of two noncovalently linked subunits with molecular weights of 52,000 and 34,000. Despite a relatively normal amino acid composition and an isoelectric point of 6.4, initiation factor MP behaves as a basic protein, eluting from phosphocellulose at 650 mM KCl (pH 7.9). Both ternary complex formation and methionyl-puromycin synthesis co-purify, indicating that a single protein is required for both activities."}
{"id": "PMID:1194278", "title": "Eukaryotic initiation complex formation. Evidence for two distinct pathways.", "content": "Two distinct pathways have been elucidated which lead to the formation of an AUG-dependent initiation complex. One pathway involves the use of initiation factor M1 (IF-M1) to promote AUG-dependent binding of the initiator tRNA to the 40 S subunit, followed by joining of the 60 S subunit in the presence of IF-M2A, IF-M2B, and GTP. The second pathway involves the IF-MP-directed binding of initiator tRNA to the 40 S subunit via a ternary complex of IF-MP-GTP-Met-tRNAf. This reaction does not require AUG codon. However, subsequent formation of an 80 S initiation complex (as determined by methionyl-puromycin synthesis) required AUG as well as IF-M2A, IF-M2B, and GTP. Since both pathways require the same complementary initiation factors (at the same level), it would appear that the only difference is the manner in which the initiator tRNA is bound to the 40 S subunit, either by IF-M1 or IF-MP. Examination of the requirements for endogenous mRNA-directed methionyl-puromycin synthesis indicates a greater difference between IF-MP and IF-M1 in that only IF-MP was capable of forming an 80 S initiation complex which was sensitive to puromycin.", "contents": "Eukaryotic initiation complex formation. Evidence for two distinct pathways. Two distinct pathways have been elucidated which lead to the formation of an AUG-dependent initiation complex. One pathway involves the use of initiation factor M1 (IF-M1) to promote AUG-dependent binding of the initiator tRNA to the 40 S subunit, followed by joining of the 60 S subunit in the presence of IF-M2A, IF-M2B, and GTP. The second pathway involves the IF-MP-directed binding of initiator tRNA to the 40 S subunit via a ternary complex of IF-MP-GTP-Met-tRNAf. This reaction does not require AUG codon. However, subsequent formation of an 80 S initiation complex (as determined by methionyl-puromycin synthesis) required AUG as well as IF-M2A, IF-M2B, and GTP. Since both pathways require the same complementary initiation factors (at the same level), it would appear that the only difference is the manner in which the initiator tRNA is bound to the 40 S subunit, either by IF-M1 or IF-MP. Examination of the requirements for endogenous mRNA-directed methionyl-puromycin synthesis indicates a greater difference between IF-MP and IF-M1 in that only IF-MP was capable of forming an 80 S initiation complex which was sensitive to puromycin."}
{"id": "PMID:1194279", "title": "Isolation and characterization of band 3, the predominant polypeptide of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Band 3 is the predominant approximately 90,000-dalton polypeptide component of the human erythrocyte membrane. It was solubilized selectively, along with the other major glycoproteins, by extracting membrane ghosts with Triton X-100 under nondenaturing conditions. Two major polypeptides remained associated with Band 3 under these conditions; however one (Band 6) could be dissociated at an ionic strength of 0.15 and the other (Band 4.2) by treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoate. Band 3 was then purified (greater than or equal to 97%) by aminoethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The isolated protein was free of phospholipid and was moderately enriched in apolar amino acid residues; it contained galactose and glucosamine but very little sialic acid and galactosamine. When Band 3 was labeled by treatment of ghosts with galactose oxidase plus KB3H4 and then purified, the electrophoretic mobility of its radioactivity lagged slightly behing that of its Coomassie blue staining profile. Variation in glycosylation could therefore cause the diffuse trailing zone characteristically observed for Band 3 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The ultraviolet circular dichroism of Band 3 was stable in nonionic detergent and suggested an alpha helix content of 43%, a value close to that estimated for this polypeptide in the membrane.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of band 3, the predominant polypeptide of the human erythrocyte membrane. Band 3 is the predominant approximately 90,000-dalton polypeptide component of the human erythrocyte membrane. It was solubilized selectively, along with the other major glycoproteins, by extracting membrane ghosts with Triton X-100 under nondenaturing conditions. Two major polypeptides remained associated with Band 3 under these conditions; however one (Band 6) could be dissociated at an ionic strength of 0.15 and the other (Band 4.2) by treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoate. Band 3 was then purified (greater than or equal to 97%) by aminoethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The isolated protein was free of phospholipid and was moderately enriched in apolar amino acid residues; it contained galactose and glucosamine but very little sialic acid and galactosamine. When Band 3 was labeled by treatment of ghosts with galactose oxidase plus KB3H4 and then purified, the electrophoretic mobility of its radioactivity lagged slightly behing that of its Coomassie blue staining profile. Variation in glycosylation could therefore cause the diffuse trailing zone characteristically observed for Band 3 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The ultraviolet circular dichroism of Band 3 was stable in nonionic detergent and suggested an alpha helix content of 43%, a value close to that estimated for this polypeptide in the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1194280", "title": "Polyanion-induced release of polyribosomes from HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "Intact detergent-washed HeLa nuclei contain a population of polyribisomes that were released by exposure to polyanions such as RNA or poly(U). The released material appeared by electron microscopic examination to be particles averaging about 200 to 300 angstroms in diameter. Sedimentation velocity analysis of the released particles indicated that the particles had S20,w values of 75 and 110. The particles stimulated amino acid incorporation in an ascites S-30 or S-100 extract at 2.5 mM Mg2+. Studies with a variety of antibiotics indicated that these polyribosomes were capable of elongating but not initiating protein synthesis. Although these polyribosomes may be of cytoplasmic origin, they appear unique in that agents thought to disperse chromatin are required for their release from the nucleus.", "contents": "Polyanion-induced release of polyribosomes from HeLa cell nuclei. Intact detergent-washed HeLa nuclei contain a population of polyribisomes that were released by exposure to polyanions such as RNA or poly(U). The released material appeared by electron microscopic examination to be particles averaging about 200 to 300 angstroms in diameter. Sedimentation velocity analysis of the released particles indicated that the particles had S20,w values of 75 and 110. The particles stimulated amino acid incorporation in an ascites S-30 or S-100 extract at 2.5 mM Mg2+. Studies with a variety of antibiotics indicated that these polyribosomes were capable of elongating but not initiating protein synthesis. Although these polyribosomes may be of cytoplasmic origin, they appear unique in that agents thought to disperse chromatin are required for their release from the nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:1194281", "title": "Gene V protein of fd bacteriophage. Dimer formation and the role of tyrosyl groups in DNA binding.", "content": "Gene V protein exists principally as a dimer in neutral buffers which are 0.15 M in NaCl, NaF, or NaClO4. Higher concentrations of NaClO4 or NaCl disrupt the dimers, but higher concentrations of NaF do not. There is a single sulfhydryl group per gene V protein monomer in native monomers, dimers, and DNA-protein complexes. Disulfide formation leads to loss of protein solubility and DNA binding capacity. The fluorescence of tyrosyl groups is the same for monomers and dimers in NaCl and NaClO4 solutions, but it is extensively quenched on binding to poly(dT) and fd-DNA. Complexes of gene V protein and fd-DNA isolated from lysates of infected cells were found to contain 4.70- +/- 0.13 nucleotides per monomer of gene V protein whereas complexes formed in vitro contain 4.05 +/- 0.17 nucleotides/monomer. It is postulated that tyrosyl groups are not involved in the protein-protein interactions of the monomer-dimer equilibrium, that tyrosyl groups stack with DNA bases in the complexes, and that each subunit of gene V protein in the intracellular complexes with fd-DNA is replaced by exactly two subunits of major coat protein during final assembly of the virus.", "contents": "Gene V protein of fd bacteriophage. Dimer formation and the role of tyrosyl groups in DNA binding. Gene V protein exists principally as a dimer in neutral buffers which are 0.15 M in NaCl, NaF, or NaClO4. Higher concentrations of NaClO4 or NaCl disrupt the dimers, but higher concentrations of NaF do not. There is a single sulfhydryl group per gene V protein monomer in native monomers, dimers, and DNA-protein complexes. Disulfide formation leads to loss of protein solubility and DNA binding capacity. The fluorescence of tyrosyl groups is the same for monomers and dimers in NaCl and NaClO4 solutions, but it is extensively quenched on binding to poly(dT) and fd-DNA. Complexes of gene V protein and fd-DNA isolated from lysates of infected cells were found to contain 4.70- +/- 0.13 nucleotides per monomer of gene V protein whereas complexes formed in vitro contain 4.05 +/- 0.17 nucleotides/monomer. It is postulated that tyrosyl groups are not involved in the protein-protein interactions of the monomer-dimer equilibrium, that tyrosyl groups stack with DNA bases in the complexes, and that each subunit of gene V protein in the intracellular complexes with fd-DNA is replaced by exactly two subunits of major coat protein during final assembly of the virus."}
{"id": "PMID:1194282", "title": "Interaction of Vinblastine with Calf Brain Microtubule protein.", "content": "The interaction of vinblastine with calf brain tubulin has been studied by velocity sedimentation, gel filtration, and fluorescence. It has been established that vinblastine induces the stable tubulin dimers to dimerize further to tetramers. The sedimentation patterns at low vinblastine concentration were analyzed by the ligand-induced dimerization theory of Cann and Goad ((1972) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 153, 603-609). The association constant and stoichiometry for the binding of vinblastine to tubulin, determined by gel filtration and spectrofluorometry, were (2.3 +/- 0.1) X 10(4) liters/mol at 25 degrees and two vinblastine binding sites per tubulin dimer of molecular weight 110,000. The binding of vinblastine to tubulin is characterized by an enthalpy change of 5.8 kcal/mol and a positive unitary entropy change. Binding of vinblastine did not induce any significant conformational changes in tubulin as monitored by circular dichroism. However, the vinblastine-tubulin complex displayed an ultraviolet difference spectrum, which appears to reflect mostly the transfer of vinblastine to a less polar environment. Besides binding vinblastine, tubulin was shown to bind vincristine with identical free energy and stoichiometry and to have a single binding site for 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid per tubulin dimer, which is independent of those for vinblastine.", "contents": "Interaction of Vinblastine with Calf Brain Microtubule protein. The interaction of vinblastine with calf brain tubulin has been studied by velocity sedimentation, gel filtration, and fluorescence. It has been established that vinblastine induces the stable tubulin dimers to dimerize further to tetramers. The sedimentation patterns at low vinblastine concentration were analyzed by the ligand-induced dimerization theory of Cann and Goad ((1972) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 153, 603-609). The association constant and stoichiometry for the binding of vinblastine to tubulin, determined by gel filtration and spectrofluorometry, were (2.3 +/- 0.1) X 10(4) liters/mol at 25 degrees and two vinblastine binding sites per tubulin dimer of molecular weight 110,000. The binding of vinblastine to tubulin is characterized by an enthalpy change of 5.8 kcal/mol and a positive unitary entropy change. Binding of vinblastine did not induce any significant conformational changes in tubulin as monitored by circular dichroism. However, the vinblastine-tubulin complex displayed an ultraviolet difference spectrum, which appears to reflect mostly the transfer of vinblastine to a less polar environment. Besides binding vinblastine, tubulin was shown to bind vincristine with identical free energy and stoichiometry and to have a single binding site for 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid per tubulin dimer, which is independent of those for vinblastine."}
{"id": "PMID:1194283", "title": "Glycoprotein biosynthesis in plants. Demonstration of lipid-linked oligosaccharides of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that particulate preparations from maturing cotton fibers catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into mannosylphosphorylpolyisoprenol (Forsee, W. T., and Elbein,A. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2858-2867). In this report, we show that these particulate preparations also catalyze the inocoporation of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides and into glycoprotein. The oligosaccharide-lipids were treated with dilute acid to liberate the water-soluble oligosaccharides and these oligosaccharides could then be separated into seven or eight distinct radioactive peaks by paper chromatography in isobutyric acid/NH4OH/H2betaO (57/4/39). The smallest of the oligosaccharides appears to be a trisaccharide with the structure Man leads to GlcNAc-GlcNAc. Thus the oligosaccharides attached to the lipids apparently range in size from those having 3 glycose units to those having approximately 8 to 10 glycose units. The radioactivity in the smaller-sized oligosaccharide-lipids could be chased into the larger oligosaccharide-lipids by a second incubation in the presence of unlabeled GDP-mannose. The sugar at the reducing ends of the oligosaccharides was identified as GlcNAc while some mannose (20 to 30%) was present in alpha linkages at the nonreducing ends...", "contents": "Glycoprotein biosynthesis in plants. Demonstration of lipid-linked oligosaccharides of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that particulate preparations from maturing cotton fibers catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into mannosylphosphorylpolyisoprenol (Forsee, W. T., and Elbein,A. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2858-2867). In this report, we show that these particulate preparations also catalyze the inocoporation of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides and into glycoprotein. The oligosaccharide-lipids were treated with dilute acid to liberate the water-soluble oligosaccharides and these oligosaccharides could then be separated into seven or eight distinct radioactive peaks by paper chromatography in isobutyric acid/NH4OH/H2betaO (57/4/39). The smallest of the oligosaccharides appears to be a trisaccharide with the structure Man leads to GlcNAc-GlcNAc. Thus the oligosaccharides attached to the lipids apparently range in size from those having 3 glycose units to those having approximately 8 to 10 glycose units. The radioactivity in the smaller-sized oligosaccharide-lipids could be chased into the larger oligosaccharide-lipids by a second incubation in the presence of unlabeled GDP-mannose. The sugar at the reducing ends of the oligosaccharides was identified as GlcNAc while some mannose (20 to 30%) was present in alpha linkages at the nonreducing ends..."}
{"id": "PMID:1194284", "title": "Identification of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the ligand in the green form of old yellow enzyme.", "content": "We have previously reported the isolation of old yellow enzyme complexed with a ligand of low molecular weight which imparts a distinctive charge-transfer absorption to the enzyme, making it green in color (Matthews, R. G., and Massey, V. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 1779-1789). This ligand has now been identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by removal from the enzyme and characterization of its optical spectrum and subsequent mass spectral analysis. Similar compounds which are also bound to old yellow enzyme have been isolated from yeast extract and identified. These compounds give rise to complexes with old yellow enzyme which are characterized by broad long wavelength absorption bands, and they lead to inhibition of the NADPH-O2 oxidoreductase activity catalyzed by old yellow enzyme.", "contents": "Identification of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the ligand in the green form of old yellow enzyme. We have previously reported the isolation of old yellow enzyme complexed with a ligand of low molecular weight which imparts a distinctive charge-transfer absorption to the enzyme, making it green in color (Matthews, R. G., and Massey, V. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 1779-1789). This ligand has now been identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by removal from the enzyme and characterization of its optical spectrum and subsequent mass spectral analysis. Similar compounds which are also bound to old yellow enzyme have been isolated from yeast extract and identified. These compounds give rise to complexes with old yellow enzyme which are characterized by broad long wavelength absorption bands, and they lead to inhibition of the NADPH-O2 oxidoreductase activity catalyzed by old yellow enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1194285", "title": "Isolation and characterization of CNBr peptides of human (alpha 1 (III) )3 collagen and tissue distribution of (alpha 1 (I) )2 alpha 2 and (alpha 1 (III) )3 collagens.", "content": "[Alpha 1(III)]3 collagen was solubilized by pepsin digestion of normal human placental membranes and was purified by differential salt precipitation and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. This collagen was digested with CNBr, and the resultant nine peptides were isolated and characterized. The chains are cross-linked by cysteinyl residues in the COOH-terminal peptide. Isolation of peptides derived from CNBr digestion of insoluble tissues was used as an assay for the presence of [alpha 1(I)]2alpha 2 and [alpha 1(III)]3 collagens. Both types are present in human skin, intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, aorta, umbilical cord, placental membranes, and myocardium. Bone and tendon contain [alpha 1(I)]2alpha 2 collagen but, unlike the other tissues, lack [alpha 1(III)]3 collagen. Both [alpha 1(I)]2alpha 2 and[alpha 1(III)]3 collagens are present in scars of human skin, myocardium, tendon, and liver and of rabbit skin. The degree of hydroxylation of proline was 4 to 5% lower in the same peptides in skin, bone, and tendon than in the other tissues. The degree of hydroxylation of lysine in the same peptides derived from different tissues varied more widely.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of CNBr peptides of human (alpha 1 (III) )3 collagen and tissue distribution of (alpha 1 (I) )2 alpha 2 and (alpha 1 (III) )3 collagens. [Alpha 1(III)]3 collagen was solubilized by pepsin digestion of normal human placental membranes and was purified by differential salt precipitation and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. This collagen was digested with CNBr, and the resultant nine peptides were isolated and characterized. The chains are cross-linked by cysteinyl residues in the COOH-terminal peptide. Isolation of peptides derived from CNBr digestion of insoluble tissues was used as an assay for the presence of [alpha 1(I)]2alpha 2 and [alpha 1(III)]3 collagens. Both types are present in human skin, intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, aorta, umbilical cord, placental membranes, and myocardium. Bone and tendon contain [alpha 1(I)]2alpha 2 collagen but, unlike the other tissues, lack [alpha 1(III)]3 collagen. Both [alpha 1(I)]2alpha 2 and[alpha 1(III)]3 collagens are present in scars of human skin, myocardium, tendon, and liver and of rabbit skin. The degree of hydroxylation of proline was 4 to 5% lower in the same peptides in skin, bone, and tendon than in the other tissues. The degree of hydroxylation of lysine in the same peptides derived from different tissues varied more widely."}
{"id": "PMID:1194286", "title": "Purification of mRNA guanylyltransferase and mRNA (guanine-7-) methyltransferase from vaccinia virions.", "content": "The sequences m7G(5')pppGm-and m7G(5')pppAm-are located at the 5' termini of vaccinia mRNAs. Two novel enzymatic activities have been purified from vaccinia virus cores which modify the 5' terminus of unmethylated mRNA. One activity transfers GMP from GTP to mRNA and is designated a GTP: mRNA guanylyltransferase. The second activity transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to position 7 of the added guanosine and is designated a S-adenosylmethionine: mRNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase. Advantage was taken of the selective binding of these activities to homopolyribonucleotides relative to DNA to achieve a 200-fold increase in specific activity. The guanylyl- and methyltransferase remained inseparable during chromatography on DNA-agarose, poly(U)-Sepharose, poly(A)-Sepharose, and Sephadex G-200 and during sedimentation through sucrose density gradients suggesting they were associated. A Stokes radius of 5.0 nm, an S20,w of 6.0 and a molecular weight of 127,000 were obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. Under denaturing conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis two major polypeptides were detected in purified enzyme preparations. Their molecular weights of 95,000 and 31,400 suggested they were polypeptide components of the 127,000 molecular weight enzyme system.", "contents": "Purification of mRNA guanylyltransferase and mRNA (guanine-7-) methyltransferase from vaccinia virions. The sequences m7G(5')pppGm-and m7G(5')pppAm-are located at the 5' termini of vaccinia mRNAs. Two novel enzymatic activities have been purified from vaccinia virus cores which modify the 5' terminus of unmethylated mRNA. One activity transfers GMP from GTP to mRNA and is designated a GTP: mRNA guanylyltransferase. The second activity transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to position 7 of the added guanosine and is designated a S-adenosylmethionine: mRNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase. Advantage was taken of the selective binding of these activities to homopolyribonucleotides relative to DNA to achieve a 200-fold increase in specific activity. The guanylyl- and methyltransferase remained inseparable during chromatography on DNA-agarose, poly(U)-Sepharose, poly(A)-Sepharose, and Sephadex G-200 and during sedimentation through sucrose density gradients suggesting they were associated. A Stokes radius of 5.0 nm, an S20,w of 6.0 and a molecular weight of 127,000 were obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. Under denaturing conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis two major polypeptides were detected in purified enzyme preparations. Their molecular weights of 95,000 and 31,400 suggested they were polypeptide components of the 127,000 molecular weight enzyme system."}
{"id": "PMID:1194287", "title": "Modification of RNA by mRNA guanylyltransferase and mRNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase from vaccinia virions.", "content": "A purified enzyme system isolated from vaccinia virus cores has been shown to modify the 5' termini of viral mRNA and synthetic poly(A) and poly(G) to form the structures m7G(5')pppA- and m7G(5')pppG-. The enzyme system has both guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase activities. The GTP:mRNA guanylyltransferase activity incorporates GMP into the 5' terminus via a 5'-5' triphosphate bond. The properties of this reaction are: (a) of the four nucleoside triphosphates only GTP is a donor, (b) mRNA with two phosphates at the 5' terminus is an acceptor while RNA with a single 5'-terminal phosphate is not, (c) Mg2+ is required, (d) the pH optimum is 7.8, (e) PP1 is a strong inhibitor, and (f) the reverse reaction, namely the formation of GTP from PP1 and RNA containing the 5'-terminal structure G(5')pppN-, readily occurs. The S-adenosylmethionine:mRNA(guanine-7-)methyltransferase activity catalyzes the methylation of the 5'-terminal guanosine. This reaction exhibits the following characteristics: (a) mRNA with the 5'-terminal sequences G(5')pppA- and G(5')pppG- are acceptors, (b) only position 7 of the terminal guanosine is methylated; internal or conventional 5'-terminal guanosine residues are not methylated, (c) the reaction is not dependent upon GTP or divalent cations, (d) optimal activity is observed in a broad pH range around neutrality, (e) the reaction is inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine. Both the guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase reactions exhibit bisubstrate kinetics and proceed via a sequential mechanism. The reactions may be summarized: (see article).", "contents": "Modification of RNA by mRNA guanylyltransferase and mRNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase from vaccinia virions. A purified enzyme system isolated from vaccinia virus cores has been shown to modify the 5' termini of viral mRNA and synthetic poly(A) and poly(G) to form the structures m7G(5')pppA- and m7G(5')pppG-. The enzyme system has both guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase activities. The GTP:mRNA guanylyltransferase activity incorporates GMP into the 5' terminus via a 5'-5' triphosphate bond. The properties of this reaction are: (a) of the four nucleoside triphosphates only GTP is a donor, (b) mRNA with two phosphates at the 5' terminus is an acceptor while RNA with a single 5'-terminal phosphate is not, (c) Mg2+ is required, (d) the pH optimum is 7.8, (e) PP1 is a strong inhibitor, and (f) the reverse reaction, namely the formation of GTP from PP1 and RNA containing the 5'-terminal structure G(5')pppN-, readily occurs. The S-adenosylmethionine:mRNA(guanine-7-)methyltransferase activity catalyzes the methylation of the 5'-terminal guanosine. This reaction exhibits the following characteristics: (a) mRNA with the 5'-terminal sequences G(5')pppA- and G(5')pppG- are acceptors, (b) only position 7 of the terminal guanosine is methylated; internal or conventional 5'-terminal guanosine residues are not methylated, (c) the reaction is not dependent upon GTP or divalent cations, (d) optimal activity is observed in a broad pH range around neutrality, (e) the reaction is inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine. Both the guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase reactions exhibit bisubstrate kinetics and proceed via a sequential mechanism. The reactions may be summarized: (see article)."}
{"id": "PMID:1194288", "title": "mRNA methylation and protein synthesis in extracts from embryos of brine shrimp, Artemia salina.", "content": "Cell-free protein-synthesizing extracts prepared from the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, translate methylated mRNAs. Reovirus unmethylated mRNA is inactive as a template when methylation is prevented by the inhibitor, S-adenosylhomocysteine. A salina mRNAs from both undeveloped and developed embryos contain 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine in an inverted 5'-5' linkage through three phosphate groups to the rest of the polynucleotide chain. Removal of the 7-methylguanosine by beta elimination converts the mRNA from an active form to one inactive in protein synthesis in extracts of A. salina or wheat germ. Extracts of undeveloped and developed embryos methylate reovirus unmethylated mRNA at the 5' ends to form 5'-terminal structures of the type, m7G(5')ppp(5')G and m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm.", "contents": "mRNA methylation and protein synthesis in extracts from embryos of brine shrimp, Artemia salina. Cell-free protein-synthesizing extracts prepared from the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, translate methylated mRNAs. Reovirus unmethylated mRNA is inactive as a template when methylation is prevented by the inhibitor, S-adenosylhomocysteine. A salina mRNAs from both undeveloped and developed embryos contain 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine in an inverted 5'-5' linkage through three phosphate groups to the rest of the polynucleotide chain. Removal of the 7-methylguanosine by beta elimination converts the mRNA from an active form to one inactive in protein synthesis in extracts of A. salina or wheat germ. Extracts of undeveloped and developed embryos methylate reovirus unmethylated mRNA at the 5' ends to form 5'-terminal structures of the type, m7G(5')ppp(5')G and m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm."}
{"id": "PMID:1194289", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a new pancreatic polypeptide hormone.", "content": "A method is described for isolation, from chicken pancreas, of an avian pancreatic polypeptide which may be a new hormone. This method involves acid-alcohol extraction, gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and droplet countercurrent distribution. The peptide contains 36 amino acids, has a molecular weight of 4240 and the isoelectric point if pH 6 to 7. The average amount of avian pancreatic polypeptide extractable from chicken pancreas was 4 mg/100 g of pancreas. The amino acid sequence of the peptide is Gly-Pro-Ser-Gln-Pro-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Asp-Asp-Ala-Pro-Val-Glu-Asp-Leu-Ile-Arg-Phe-Tyr-Asp-Asn-Leu-Gln-Gln-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Val-Val-Thr-Arg-His-Arg-Tyr-NH2.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a new pancreatic polypeptide hormone. A method is described for isolation, from chicken pancreas, of an avian pancreatic polypeptide which may be a new hormone. This method involves acid-alcohol extraction, gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and droplet countercurrent distribution. The peptide contains 36 amino acids, has a molecular weight of 4240 and the isoelectric point if pH 6 to 7. The average amount of avian pancreatic polypeptide extractable from chicken pancreas was 4 mg/100 g of pancreas. The amino acid sequence of the peptide is Gly-Pro-Ser-Gln-Pro-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Asp-Asp-Ala-Pro-Val-Glu-Asp-Leu-Ile-Arg-Phe-Tyr-Asp-Asn-Leu-Gln-Gln-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Val-Val-Thr-Arg-His-Arg-Tyr-NH2."}
{"id": "PMID:1194290", "title": "Chicken glucagon. Isolation and amino acid sequence studies.", "content": "Glucagon was isolated from a side fraction generated during the preparation of insulin and the new pancreatic peptide, avian pancreatic polypeptide from chicken pancreas. The immunological and biological properties are similar to those of beef-pork glucagon. The amino acid composition of chicken glucagon indicates that it contains 1 more serine residue than the porcine hormone and 1 less aspartic acid (asparagine) residue. Thus, chicken glucagon appears to be identical with turkey glucagon.", "contents": "Chicken glucagon. Isolation and amino acid sequence studies. Glucagon was isolated from a side fraction generated during the preparation of insulin and the new pancreatic peptide, avian pancreatic polypeptide from chicken pancreas. The immunological and biological properties are similar to those of beef-pork glucagon. The amino acid composition of chicken glucagon indicates that it contains 1 more serine residue than the porcine hormone and 1 less aspartic acid (asparagine) residue. Thus, chicken glucagon appears to be identical with turkey glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:1194291", "title": "Influence of inositol hexaphosphate binding on subunit dissociation in methemoglobin.", "content": "The tetramer-dimer equilibria of various forms of methemoglobin have been measured by sedimentation equilibrium to test the hypothesis of Perutz that high spin derivatives can be switched by inositol hexaphosphate (Inos-P6) from the R state to the T state more readily than low spin derivatives. Since transitions from the R state to the T state are accompanied by a decrease in the tetramer-dimer dissociation constant (K4,2), this parameter is a quantitative indicator of the conformational state. Measurements of K4,2 were performed using an analytical ultracentrifuge with absorption optics and a scanner-computer system. Statistical analysis of the sedimentation data indicated that the stoichiometry if Inos-P6 binding is 1 molecule/hemoglobin tetramer and 2 molecules/hemoglobin dimer. The apparent affinity of the dimer sites for Inos-P6 is much lower than the corresponding value for the tetramer site. As a result of the stoichiometries, at low concentrations Inos-P6 shifts the tetramer-dimer equilibrium in favor of the tetramer, but at high concentrations Inos-P6 shifts the equilibrium in favor of the dimer. Te tetramer binding site for Inos-P6 of various liganded forms of hemoglobin appears to be the same as has been established for deoxyhemoglobin, since the effect of Inos-P6 on subunit dissociation is reduced in pyridoxylated derivatives. Values of K4,2 for aquo-, azido- and cyanomethemoglobin in 0.01 M 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2',2''-nitroethanol buffer, pH 6.0/0.1 M NaCl, are all near 2 X 10(-5) M. Upon addition of 50 muM Inos-P6 the values of K4,2 for all three forms are shifted to near 10(-9) M. Since the aquo derivative is high spin, while the azido and cyano derivatives are low spin, the similarity of values for the derivatives in the presence and absence of Inos-P6 indicate that the changes in K4,2 are not spin-spin state dependent. For another high spin derivative, fluoromethemoglobin, such high concentrations of NaF are required that ionic strength effects are encountered. When data at several NaF concentrations are extrapolated to 0.1 M NaF to correct for the ionic strength effects, values of K4,2 of 7 X 10(-6) M and 10(-8) M are obtained for solutions in the absence and in the presence of 50 muM Inos-P6, respectively. Therefore the results with the fluoro derivative, in conjunction with the other forms of methemoglobin, support the view that high spin derivatives do not exhibit a greater response to Inos-P6 than low spin derivatives.", "contents": "Influence of inositol hexaphosphate binding on subunit dissociation in methemoglobin. The tetramer-dimer equilibria of various forms of methemoglobin have been measured by sedimentation equilibrium to test the hypothesis of Perutz that high spin derivatives can be switched by inositol hexaphosphate (Inos-P6) from the R state to the T state more readily than low spin derivatives. Since transitions from the R state to the T state are accompanied by a decrease in the tetramer-dimer dissociation constant (K4,2), this parameter is a quantitative indicator of the conformational state. Measurements of K4,2 were performed using an analytical ultracentrifuge with absorption optics and a scanner-computer system. Statistical analysis of the sedimentation data indicated that the stoichiometry if Inos-P6 binding is 1 molecule/hemoglobin tetramer and 2 molecules/hemoglobin dimer. The apparent affinity of the dimer sites for Inos-P6 is much lower than the corresponding value for the tetramer site. As a result of the stoichiometries, at low concentrations Inos-P6 shifts the tetramer-dimer equilibrium in favor of the tetramer, but at high concentrations Inos-P6 shifts the equilibrium in favor of the dimer. Te tetramer binding site for Inos-P6 of various liganded forms of hemoglobin appears to be the same as has been established for deoxyhemoglobin, since the effect of Inos-P6 on subunit dissociation is reduced in pyridoxylated derivatives. Values of K4,2 for aquo-, azido- and cyanomethemoglobin in 0.01 M 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2',2''-nitroethanol buffer, pH 6.0/0.1 M NaCl, are all near 2 X 10(-5) M. Upon addition of 50 muM Inos-P6 the values of K4,2 for all three forms are shifted to near 10(-9) M. Since the aquo derivative is high spin, while the azido and cyano derivatives are low spin, the similarity of values for the derivatives in the presence and absence of Inos-P6 indicate that the changes in K4,2 are not spin-spin state dependent. For another high spin derivative, fluoromethemoglobin, such high concentrations of NaF are required that ionic strength effects are encountered. When data at several NaF concentrations are extrapolated to 0.1 M NaF to correct for the ionic strength effects, values of K4,2 of 7 X 10(-6) M and 10(-8) M are obtained for solutions in the absence and in the presence of 50 muM Inos-P6, respectively. Therefore the results with the fluoro derivative, in conjunction with the other forms of methemoglobin, support the view that high spin derivatives do not exhibit a greater response to Inos-P6 than low spin derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:1194292", "title": "Stimulation of 3-O-methylglucose transport by anaerobiosis in rat thymocytes.", "content": "Transport of 3-O-methylglucose by rat thymocytes occurs by facilitated diffusion and follows a biphasic time course. The half-times of the two phases of uptake are 0.8 min and 20 to 30 min; the rapid phase contributes 10 to 20% of the total 3-O-methylglucose taken up at equilibrium. Cells incubated under anaerobic conditions for 1 hour undergo a 3- to 4-fold increase in the initial rate of 3-O-methylglucose uptake. The relative contribution of the rapid phase of uptake increases nearly 4-fold in anaerobically incubated cells, although the half-time of the rapid phase remains the same. Anaerobiosis also reduces the half-time of the slow phase of uptake by a factor of three. In the absence of exogenous glucose, anaerobiosis reduces cellular ATP by 97% after 1 hour at 37 degrees. However, full stimulation of transport activity does not occur in cells with such low levels of ATP. When anaerobically incubated cells are re-exposed to oxygen, ATP synthesis proceeds and transport activity increases by 100% within 5 to 10 min. Adding 1 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol at the time the anaerobic cells are reexposed to oxygen completely blocks the subsequent ATP synthesis and the associated increase in transport activity. Cells incubated aerobically in the presence of 1 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol show a 90% reduction in ATP levels and a 2-fold increase in the rate of 3-O-methylglucose uptake. An additional 70% increase in transport activity is observed when the cells are washed free of uncoupler and incubated an additional 10 min. The results suggest that transport activity is stimulated when cellular ATP levels decline but that the stimulation process requires some minimal level of ATP for full expression.", "contents": "Stimulation of 3-O-methylglucose transport by anaerobiosis in rat thymocytes. Transport of 3-O-methylglucose by rat thymocytes occurs by facilitated diffusion and follows a biphasic time course. The half-times of the two phases of uptake are 0.8 min and 20 to 30 min; the rapid phase contributes 10 to 20% of the total 3-O-methylglucose taken up at equilibrium. Cells incubated under anaerobic conditions for 1 hour undergo a 3- to 4-fold increase in the initial rate of 3-O-methylglucose uptake. The relative contribution of the rapid phase of uptake increases nearly 4-fold in anaerobically incubated cells, although the half-time of the rapid phase remains the same. Anaerobiosis also reduces the half-time of the slow phase of uptake by a factor of three. In the absence of exogenous glucose, anaerobiosis reduces cellular ATP by 97% after 1 hour at 37 degrees. However, full stimulation of transport activity does not occur in cells with such low levels of ATP. When anaerobically incubated cells are re-exposed to oxygen, ATP synthesis proceeds and transport activity increases by 100% within 5 to 10 min. Adding 1 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol at the time the anaerobic cells are reexposed to oxygen completely blocks the subsequent ATP synthesis and the associated increase in transport activity. Cells incubated aerobically in the presence of 1 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol show a 90% reduction in ATP levels and a 2-fold increase in the rate of 3-O-methylglucose uptake. An additional 70% increase in transport activity is observed when the cells are washed free of uncoupler and incubated an additional 10 min. The results suggest that transport activity is stimulated when cellular ATP levels decline but that the stimulation process requires some minimal level of ATP for full expression."}
{"id": "PMID:1194293", "title": "Regulation of in vitro mRNA transcription by a fraction of chromosomal proteins.", "content": "A fractionation scheme was developed which permits the isolation of chromosomal non-histone protein fraction associated with DNA in chromatin. This fraction which represents less than 10% of the total protein content of reticulocyte chromatin was found to be essential for the in vitro transcription of globin mRNA by chromatin preparations reconstituted from DNA and isolated chromosomal protein components.", "contents": "Regulation of in vitro mRNA transcription by a fraction of chromosomal proteins. A fractionation scheme was developed which permits the isolation of chromosomal non-histone protein fraction associated with DNA in chromatin. This fraction which represents less than 10% of the total protein content of reticulocyte chromatin was found to be essential for the in vitro transcription of globin mRNA by chromatin preparations reconstituted from DNA and isolated chromosomal protein components."}
{"id": "PMID:1194300", "title": "Fractures of the neural arch of the axis. A report of twenty-nine cases.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with fractures of the neural arch of the axis (hangman's fracture) were followed for an average of six years. Hyperextension and longitudinal compression were probably the forces most frequently causing this injury. Serious neurological damage was uncommon; none of these patients had any neural deficit at follow-up. In addition to the six patients in this series who were treated by surgical fusion, the remaining twenty-three patients, treated by traction and immobilization, all regained a stable cervical spine. Because healing of the fracture of the neural arch or spontaneous interbody fusion between the axis and the third cervical vertebra invariably occurs, surgical treatment of this injury is seldom if ever necessary.", "contents": "Fractures of the neural arch of the axis. A report of twenty-nine cases. Twenty-nine patients with fractures of the neural arch of the axis (hangman's fracture) were followed for an average of six years. Hyperextension and longitudinal compression were probably the forces most frequently causing this injury. Serious neurological damage was uncommon; none of these patients had any neural deficit at follow-up. In addition to the six patients in this series who were treated by surgical fusion, the remaining twenty-three patients, treated by traction and immobilization, all regained a stable cervical spine. Because healing of the fracture of the neural arch or spontaneous interbody fusion between the axis and the third cervical vertebra invariably occurs, surgical treatment of this injury is seldom if ever necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1194301", "title": "Cavus deformity of the foot after fracture of the tibial shaft.", "content": "Twenty-three cases of claw foot with limited talocrural and subtalar mobility were the result of muscle contracture of the leg after tibial-shaft fracture. A roentgenographic study including arteriography was performed. It was concluded that the typical short cavus foot is due to fibrous contracture of the muscles in the deep posterior compartment caused by vascular damage, swelling in the deep posterior compartment, or severe muscle laceration. On physical examination the distance between the lateral malleolus and the Achilles tendon was shortened in comparison with the sound side in all cases. This was found to be caused by dorsiflexion in the talocrural joint coincident with adduction in the mid-tarsal joint. The angulation of the foot forced the patients to rotate the leg outward in order to get the feet in parallel position for walking. This deformity could be misinterpreted as an inward malrotation of the tibial fracture. In severe cases a derotating three-dimensional wedge osteotomy of the distal part of the tibia was performed with promising results.", "contents": "Cavus deformity of the foot after fracture of the tibial shaft. Twenty-three cases of claw foot with limited talocrural and subtalar mobility were the result of muscle contracture of the leg after tibial-shaft fracture. A roentgenographic study including arteriography was performed. It was concluded that the typical short cavus foot is due to fibrous contracture of the muscles in the deep posterior compartment caused by vascular damage, swelling in the deep posterior compartment, or severe muscle laceration. On physical examination the distance between the lateral malleolus and the Achilles tendon was shortened in comparison with the sound side in all cases. This was found to be caused by dorsiflexion in the talocrural joint coincident with adduction in the mid-tarsal joint. The angulation of the foot forced the patients to rotate the leg outward in order to get the feet in parallel position for walking. This deformity could be misinterpreted as an inward malrotation of the tibial fracture. In severe cases a derotating three-dimensional wedge osteotomy of the distal part of the tibia was performed with promising results."}
{"id": "PMID:1194302", "title": "Intramedullary nailing in the treatment of open fractures of the tibia and fibula.", "content": "Intramedullary nailing of thirty acute displaced open fractures of the tibia and fibula resulted in union with only one superficial infection. The low incidence of sepsis is attributed to the use of the curved malleable Hodgkinson tibial nail which requires no reaming, renders the operation less difficult and traumatic, and interferes minimally with bone vascularity. Fibular nailing was an effective means of stabilizing nine of the twelve fractures close to the ankle joint.", "contents": "Intramedullary nailing in the treatment of open fractures of the tibia and fibula. Intramedullary nailing of thirty acute displaced open fractures of the tibia and fibula resulted in union with only one superficial infection. The low incidence of sepsis is attributed to the use of the curved malleable Hodgkinson tibial nail which requires no reaming, renders the operation less difficult and traumatic, and interferes minimally with bone vascularity. Fibular nailing was an effective means of stabilizing nine of the twelve fractures close to the ankle joint."}
{"id": "PMID:1194303", "title": "Analysis of knee-joint forces during flexed-knee stance.", "content": "Using an instrumented cadaver lower extremity, the forces in the quadriceps, patella, and tibia during flexed-knee stance were measured and the calculated and experimental data were found to correlate with an average discrepancy of 6 per cent. The quadriceps force required to stabilize the knee was 75 per cent of the load on the femoral head at 15 degrees of knee flexion, 210 per cent at 30 degrees, and 410 per cent at 60 degrees. Stresses at the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint surfaces increased in similar fashion. The quadriceps force was equivalent to 20 per cent of average maximum quadriceps strength at 15 degrees and to 50 per cent at 30 degrees, as determined from torque tests on five normal subjects.", "contents": "Analysis of knee-joint forces during flexed-knee stance. Using an instrumented cadaver lower extremity, the forces in the quadriceps, patella, and tibia during flexed-knee stance were measured and the calculated and experimental data were found to correlate with an average discrepancy of 6 per cent. The quadriceps force required to stabilize the knee was 75 per cent of the load on the femoral head at 15 degrees of knee flexion, 210 per cent at 30 degrees, and 410 per cent at 60 degrees. Stresses at the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint surfaces increased in similar fashion. The quadriceps force was equivalent to 20 per cent of average maximum quadriceps strength at 15 degrees and to 50 per cent at 30 degrees, as determined from torque tests on five normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:1194304", "title": "Scoliosis: A prospective epidemiological study.", "content": "A two and a half-year prospective study was carried out to determine incidence rates and distributions of various parameters associated with idiopathic scoliosis. Data were also collected on the progression curves detected at the initial screening. The results showed: (1) that the incidence rate was 13.6 per cent with a female-to-male ratio of 1.2:1, (2) that the most common type of curve was thoracolumbar, and (3) that spontaneous improvement occurred in approximately 22 per cent of those patients followed for an average of one year.", "contents": "Scoliosis: A prospective epidemiological study. A two and a half-year prospective study was carried out to determine incidence rates and distributions of various parameters associated with idiopathic scoliosis. Data were also collected on the progression curves detected at the initial screening. The results showed: (1) that the incidence rate was 13.6 per cent with a female-to-male ratio of 1.2:1, (2) that the most common type of curve was thoracolumbar, and (3) that spontaneous improvement occurred in approximately 22 per cent of those patients followed for an average of one year."}
{"id": "PMID:1194305", "title": "Complications of total hip arthroplasty treated by reoperation.", "content": "In a series of 3,204 consecutive total hip arthroplasties performed on 2,684 patients at the Mayo Clinic from March 1, 1969, through February 28, 1972, reoperation for a complication was necessary in 125 hips (3.9 per cent). The complications, in order of frequency, were infection, dislocation, trochanteric problems, ectopic bone, and loosening of the femoral prosthesis. There were less frequent complications that also required further surgery. Attention to specific technical details is the most important means of avoiding a complication that requires reoperation.", "contents": "Complications of total hip arthroplasty treated by reoperation. In a series of 3,204 consecutive total hip arthroplasties performed on 2,684 patients at the Mayo Clinic from March 1, 1969, through February 28, 1972, reoperation for a complication was necessary in 125 hips (3.9 per cent). The complications, in order of frequency, were infection, dislocation, trochanteric problems, ectopic bone, and loosening of the femoral prosthesis. There were less frequent complications that also required further surgery. Attention to specific technical details is the most important means of avoiding a complication that requires reoperation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194308", "title": "Fractures of the calcaneus with displacement of the thalamic portion.", "content": "The thalamus is the part of the calcaneus that supports the posterior articular facet and continues forward, becoming thinner towards the groove of the sinus tarsi. The main displacements after fracture depend on 1) a primary fracture line dividing the bone into anterior and posterior fragments, and 2) a semilunar fragment in the thalamic region. In the operation advised the sinus tarsi is exposed and the semilunar fragment is reduced by rotation in the opposite direction and is fixed to the medial fragment (the sustenaculum tali not being displaced) by a transverse Kirschner wire. The twp ,aom frag,emts are foxed bu am amtero-posterior wire. Plaster is applied and is retained for twelve weeks. Weight-bearing is not permitted for the first four weeks. There were no major complications in fifty-eight operations. The anatomical results were good: restoration of the tuber-joint angle by reduction of the semilunar fragment was maintained. The functional results were very satisfactory: permanent disability was slight or mild.", "contents": "Fractures of the calcaneus with displacement of the thalamic portion. The thalamus is the part of the calcaneus that supports the posterior articular facet and continues forward, becoming thinner towards the groove of the sinus tarsi. The main displacements after fracture depend on 1) a primary fracture line dividing the bone into anterior and posterior fragments, and 2) a semilunar fragment in the thalamic region. In the operation advised the sinus tarsi is exposed and the semilunar fragment is reduced by rotation in the opposite direction and is fixed to the medial fragment (the sustenaculum tali not being displaced) by a transverse Kirschner wire. The twp ,aom frag,emts are foxed bu am amtero-posterior wire. Plaster is applied and is retained for twelve weeks. Weight-bearing is not permitted for the first four weeks. There were no major complications in fifty-eight operations. The anatomical results were good: restoration of the tuber-joint angle by reduction of the semilunar fragment was maintained. The functional results were very satisfactory: permanent disability was slight or mild."}
{"id": "PMID:1194309", "title": "Thompson prosthesis for fractured neck of femur. A comparison of surgical approaches.", "content": "The records of 243 patients with Thompson prostheses for displaced femoral neck fractures have been studied. One hundred and seven prostheses were inserted through an anterior approach and 136 by a posterior approach. The short-term results and complications in these otherwise comparable groups are discussed. The infection rate of 18.5 percent in the group operated upon by the posterior approach was thrice that after operations by the anterior route (6.5 per cent infected). Drained wounds had significantly less infection (6.3 per cent) compared with the undrained group (28 per cent infected). Other factors influencing the infection rate are discussed. The anterior approach offered greater stability. Of the twenty dislocations in the series, nineteen followed operations by the posterior approach. The mortality rate six weeks after operation was 6.5 per cent after the anterior approach and 20.6 per cent after the posterior approach. Statistical analysis significantly favours the anterior approach.", "contents": "Thompson prosthesis for fractured neck of femur. A comparison of surgical approaches. The records of 243 patients with Thompson prostheses for displaced femoral neck fractures have been studied. One hundred and seven prostheses were inserted through an anterior approach and 136 by a posterior approach. The short-term results and complications in these otherwise comparable groups are discussed. The infection rate of 18.5 percent in the group operated upon by the posterior approach was thrice that after operations by the anterior route (6.5 per cent infected). Drained wounds had significantly less infection (6.3 per cent) compared with the undrained group (28 per cent infected). Other factors influencing the infection rate are discussed. The anterior approach offered greater stability. Of the twenty dislocations in the series, nineteen followed operations by the posterior approach. The mortality rate six weeks after operation was 6.5 per cent after the anterior approach and 20.6 per cent after the posterior approach. Statistical analysis significantly favours the anterior approach."}
{"id": "PMID:1194310", "title": "A study on the effects of particulate metals of orthopaedic interest on murine macrophages in vitro.", "content": "This is part of a larger study designed to investigate the action of particulate metals of orthopaedic interest on tissues. Damaging effects were determined by cytological examination and the assay of two enzymes. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) if released into the supernatant indicates a damaged cell membrane; decreased intracellular levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) indicates a lowered phagocytic capacity of the cells. Soluble and wear products around implanted prostheses could facilitate late infections by impairing local reactions to bacteria. Particulate cobalt, nickel and cobalt-chromium alloy were found to damage the cells and to cause LDH release. G6PD was found to have a lower activity in the cells exposed to these materials. In contrast, titanium, chromium and molybdenum were well tolerated by macrophages and had no effect on the distribution and activity of either enzyme. The solubility of these metals in the culture medium was also measured.", "contents": "A study on the effects of particulate metals of orthopaedic interest on murine macrophages in vitro. This is part of a larger study designed to investigate the action of particulate metals of orthopaedic interest on tissues. Damaging effects were determined by cytological examination and the assay of two enzymes. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) if released into the supernatant indicates a damaged cell membrane; decreased intracellular levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) indicates a lowered phagocytic capacity of the cells. Soluble and wear products around implanted prostheses could facilitate late infections by impairing local reactions to bacteria. Particulate cobalt, nickel and cobalt-chromium alloy were found to damage the cells and to cause LDH release. G6PD was found to have a lower activity in the cells exposed to these materials. In contrast, titanium, chromium and molybdenum were well tolerated by macrophages and had no effect on the distribution and activity of either enzyme. The solubility of these metals in the culture medium was also measured."}
{"id": "PMID:1194311", "title": "An unusual reaction in muscle in association with Vitallium plate: a report of possible metal hypersensitivity.", "content": "A case is reported in which fractures of the radius and ulna were fixed with Vitallium plates and screws. Seven years later a painful swelling appeared over the extensor aspect of the forearm. After eight years sarcoma was suspected and a pale tumour infiltrating muscle was found at operation. However, the histology excluded neoplasia and showed massive fibrosis and patchy necrosis of muscle, with chronic inflammatory changes peripherally. After the removal of the metal the swelling disappeared. A sinus down to the ulna followed operation and was not cured two years later. At this stage standard patch testing showed skin sensitivity to cobalt. Metal sensitivity is proposed as the cause of this extraordinary reaction in muscle.", "contents": "An unusual reaction in muscle in association with Vitallium plate: a report of possible metal hypersensitivity. A case is reported in which fractures of the radius and ulna were fixed with Vitallium plates and screws. Seven years later a painful swelling appeared over the extensor aspect of the forearm. After eight years sarcoma was suspected and a pale tumour infiltrating muscle was found at operation. However, the histology excluded neoplasia and showed massive fibrosis and patchy necrosis of muscle, with chronic inflammatory changes peripherally. After the removal of the metal the swelling disappeared. A sinus down to the ulna followed operation and was not cured two years later. At this stage standard patch testing showed skin sensitivity to cobalt. Metal sensitivity is proposed as the cause of this extraordinary reaction in muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1194312", "title": "Synovial regeneration and articular cartilage changes after synovectomy in normal and steroid-treated rabbits.", "content": "Ltttle is known of the effects of synovectomy on articular cartilage. In order to investigate this matter, anterior synovectomy of the knee was performed in thirty-five normal adult rabbits and in thirty-five which were given 25 milligrams of hydrocortisone intramuscularly each week afterwards. The animals were killed at intervals from four to 110 days after synovectomy. Histological examination of the regenerating synovium in both groups showed complete structural and functional regeneration by eighty days in the first group and a delay in regeneration in the steroid group. Sulphur autoradiographs of the articular cartilage of femoral and tibial condyles revealed surface fibrillation and chondrocyte death in 23 per cent of normal knees after eighty days but only 1.8 per cent of knees of animals receiving hydrocortisone. Thus synovectomy in a healthy joint may have an unfavourable effect on the physiology of cartilage by alteration of synovial composition and hyaluronate content in normal joints. Systemically-administered hydrocortisone may reduce this harmful effect in normal cartilage.", "contents": "Synovial regeneration and articular cartilage changes after synovectomy in normal and steroid-treated rabbits. Ltttle is known of the effects of synovectomy on articular cartilage. In order to investigate this matter, anterior synovectomy of the knee was performed in thirty-five normal adult rabbits and in thirty-five which were given 25 milligrams of hydrocortisone intramuscularly each week afterwards. The animals were killed at intervals from four to 110 days after synovectomy. Histological examination of the regenerating synovium in both groups showed complete structural and functional regeneration by eighty days in the first group and a delay in regeneration in the steroid group. Sulphur autoradiographs of the articular cartilage of femoral and tibial condyles revealed surface fibrillation and chondrocyte death in 23 per cent of normal knees after eighty days but only 1.8 per cent of knees of animals receiving hydrocortisone. Thus synovectomy in a healthy joint may have an unfavourable effect on the physiology of cartilage by alteration of synovial composition and hyaluronate content in normal joints. Systemically-administered hydrocortisone may reduce this harmful effect in normal cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:1194313", "title": "Abduction contracture of the hip in children.", "content": "Nine cases of abduction contracture of the hip in children from contracture of the gluteus maximus muscle are reported. Division of the aponeurosis glutens maximus over the greater trochanter always permitted full adduction.", "contents": "Abduction contracture of the hip in children. Nine cases of abduction contracture of the hip in children from contracture of the gluteus maximus muscle are reported. Division of the aponeurosis glutens maximus over the greater trochanter always permitted full adduction."}
{"id": "PMID:1194314", "title": "Intertrochanteric osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the hip. A radiological assessment of non-compressive and compressive methods.", "content": "A radiological review of two groups of intertrochanteric osteotomies of the femur for primary osteoarthritis of the hip has been made. Each group oroginally consisted of forty-one hips. In one group a Wainwright straight V-spline without compression had been used for fixation, and in the other group an AO angled plate with compression. The time for bony union was equal in the two groups but the incidence of non-union was lower in the AO group. Regression of cysts and of bone sclerosis was more frequent in the Wainwright group, possible as a consequence of the greater medial displacement and varus angulation.", "contents": "Intertrochanteric osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the hip. A radiological assessment of non-compressive and compressive methods. A radiological review of two groups of intertrochanteric osteotomies of the femur for primary osteoarthritis of the hip has been made. Each group oroginally consisted of forty-one hips. In one group a Wainwright straight V-spline without compression had been used for fixation, and in the other group an AO angled plate with compression. The time for bony union was equal in the two groups but the incidence of non-union was lower in the AO group. Regression of cysts and of bone sclerosis was more frequent in the Wainwright group, possible as a consequence of the greater medial displacement and varus angulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194315", "title": "The clinical syndromes and surgical treatment of thoracic intervertebral disc prolapse.", "content": "Doubt remains as to the safest surgical approach to the prolapsed thoracic intervertebral disc. Laminectomy, lateral rhachotomy and the transthoracic approach all have their protagonists. Twenty-two patients from the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, and Atkinson Morley's Hospital have been reviewed. Their clinical presentation is discussed and the ancillary aids to diagnosis assessed. The diagnostic value of disc space calcification is stressed, and the use of air myelography as an adjunct to positive contrast myelography is noted. Fifteen patients were subjected to laminectomy, and seven to lateral rhachotomy. Each group contained patients with a wide range of neurological deficit. Six of the patients who underwent laminectomy were improved, two were unchanged, six deteriorated and one died. Of the patients who had lateral rhachotomy, six were improved, one was unchanged and none deteriorated. The conclusion is drawn that lateral rhachotomy is a safer procedure.", "contents": "The clinical syndromes and surgical treatment of thoracic intervertebral disc prolapse. Doubt remains as to the safest surgical approach to the prolapsed thoracic intervertebral disc. Laminectomy, lateral rhachotomy and the transthoracic approach all have their protagonists. Twenty-two patients from the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, and Atkinson Morley's Hospital have been reviewed. Their clinical presentation is discussed and the ancillary aids to diagnosis assessed. The diagnostic value of disc space calcification is stressed, and the use of air myelography as an adjunct to positive contrast myelography is noted. Fifteen patients were subjected to laminectomy, and seven to lateral rhachotomy. Each group contained patients with a wide range of neurological deficit. Six of the patients who underwent laminectomy were improved, two were unchanged, six deteriorated and one died. Of the patients who had lateral rhachotomy, six were improved, one was unchanged and none deteriorated. The conclusion is drawn that lateral rhachotomy is a safer procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1194316", "title": "The use of footprints in assessing the results of operations for hallux valgus. A comparison of Keller's operation and arthrodesis.", "content": "One hundred and seventy feet have been reviewed after operations for hallux valgus; eighty-five had had arthrodesis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint and eighty-five had had Keller's operation. Footprints were made in order to assess the patterns of weight-bearing on the big toe and on the lesser metatarsal heads. After arthodesis the big toe bore weight in 80 per cent compared with 40 per cent after Keller's operation. The ability to bear weight on the big toe is related to the presence of metatarsalgia and excessive weight-bearing on the lesser metatarsal heads. These complicaitons were seen more commonly after Keller's operation (particularly when more than one-third of the phalanx had been excised) than after arthrodesis.", "contents": "The use of footprints in assessing the results of operations for hallux valgus. A comparison of Keller's operation and arthrodesis. One hundred and seventy feet have been reviewed after operations for hallux valgus; eighty-five had had arthrodesis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint and eighty-five had had Keller's operation. Footprints were made in order to assess the patterns of weight-bearing on the big toe and on the lesser metatarsal heads. After arthodesis the big toe bore weight in 80 per cent compared with 40 per cent after Keller's operation. The ability to bear weight on the big toe is related to the presence of metatarsalgia and excessive weight-bearing on the lesser metatarsal heads. These complicaitons were seen more commonly after Keller's operation (particularly when more than one-third of the phalanx had been excised) than after arthrodesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1194317", "title": "Stimulation of bone growth by periosteal stripping. A clinical study.", "content": "Periosteal stripping in the long lower limb bones of thirty children with shortening after poliomyelitis was performed. All have been followed up for five years. A relative increase in length attributable to the periosteal stripping procedure was seen in the majority. The conclusions are that this simple procedure is indicated in minor degrees of limb inequality in growing children, but that the haphazare response precludes any accurate estimation of the final outcome of such a procedure.", "contents": "Stimulation of bone growth by periosteal stripping. A clinical study. Periosteal stripping in the long lower limb bones of thirty children with shortening after poliomyelitis was performed. All have been followed up for five years. A relative increase in length attributable to the periosteal stripping procedure was seen in the majority. The conclusions are that this simple procedure is indicated in minor degrees of limb inequality in growing children, but that the haphazare response precludes any accurate estimation of the final outcome of such a procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1194318", "title": "Variations in the nerves of the thumb and index finger.", "content": "The digital nerves to the thumb and index finger have been studied by dissecting twenty-five embalmed upper limbs. The palmar digital nerves to the thumb were constant in position and course, with a short lateral cutaneous branch from the radial palmar digital nerve in 30 per cent of cases. The palmar digital nerves to the index finger had a variable pattern, the commonest arrangement, well described in Gray's Anatomy, occurring in 74 per cent of cases. The variations and their frequency are described. By examining histological cross-sections of the index finger it was found that of about 5,000 endoneurial tubes entering the finger, 60 per cent passed beyond the distal digital crease to supply the pulp and nail bed. The depth of the palmar digital nerves was about 3 millimetres, but less at the digital creases, and their diameter lay between 1 and 1.5 millimetres as far as the distal digital crease. Clinical applications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Variations in the nerves of the thumb and index finger. The digital nerves to the thumb and index finger have been studied by dissecting twenty-five embalmed upper limbs. The palmar digital nerves to the thumb were constant in position and course, with a short lateral cutaneous branch from the radial palmar digital nerve in 30 per cent of cases. The palmar digital nerves to the index finger had a variable pattern, the commonest arrangement, well described in Gray's Anatomy, occurring in 74 per cent of cases. The variations and their frequency are described. By examining histological cross-sections of the index finger it was found that of about 5,000 endoneurial tubes entering the finger, 60 per cent passed beyond the distal digital crease to supply the pulp and nail bed. The depth of the palmar digital nerves was about 3 millimetres, but less at the digital creases, and their diameter lay between 1 and 1.5 millimetres as far as the distal digital crease. Clinical applications of the findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194319", "title": "Spinal fusion with free periosteal grafts and its effect on vertebral growth in yound rabbits.", "content": "The effect of early fusion on growth of the spine has been studied in rabbits. Free periosteal grafts from the tibia were transplanted either posteriorly between the spinous and articular processes or postero-laterally between the articular and transverse processes. Sound bony fusion was achieved in both the thoracic and the lumbar spine. Spinal fusion caused local narrowing and wedging of the intervertebral spaces, followed by retardation of growth and wedging of the vertebrae. A progressive structural scoliosis developed after unilateral postero-lateral fusion and a lordosis developed after posterior fusion.", "contents": "Spinal fusion with free periosteal grafts and its effect on vertebral growth in yound rabbits. The effect of early fusion on growth of the spine has been studied in rabbits. Free periosteal grafts from the tibia were transplanted either posteriorly between the spinous and articular processes or postero-laterally between the articular and transverse processes. Sound bony fusion was achieved in both the thoracic and the lumbar spine. Spinal fusion caused local narrowing and wedging of the intervertebral spaces, followed by retardation of growth and wedging of the vertebrae. A progressive structural scoliosis developed after unilateral postero-lateral fusion and a lordosis developed after posterior fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1194322", "title": "Giant chondromas arising from the ribs. A report of four cases.", "content": "Chondromas may arise from the ribs but seldom grow to giant size. In a series of twenty-one cases, four giant tumours were encountered. Three were treated by excision without leaving a significant defect of the chest wall or impairment of respiration; the fourth was examined by biopsy. No evidence of malignant change was discovered in these four large tumours.", "contents": "Giant chondromas arising from the ribs. A report of four cases. Chondromas may arise from the ribs but seldom grow to giant size. In a series of twenty-one cases, four giant tumours were encountered. Three were treated by excision without leaving a significant defect of the chest wall or impairment of respiration; the fourth was examined by biopsy. No evidence of malignant change was discovered in these four large tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1194321", "title": "Thermal aspects of self-curing polymethylmethacrylate.", "content": "Bone necrosis adjacent to self-curing polymethylmethacrylate is a matter of accepted fact. Among the possible causes are mechanical and vascular damage from the preparation of the bone cavity, chemical damage from the monomer and free radicals in the cement dough, and thermal damage from the heat of polymerisation, occurring in this order. Consideration of the tissue reaction to this material, theoretical calculation of the heat output from polymerising acrylic and interface temperature profiles, experimental observations of interface temperatures and maximal temperatures at polymerisation, together with clinical observations, all lead to the view that the bone necrosis is not a consequence of thermal damage, which is unlikely to be a cuase of failure of prosthetic fixation. Temperatures recorded from within polymerising acrylic masses are related primarily to the amount of monomer polymerising and are of no clinical significance in the fixation of prostheses. Interface temperatures are related primarily to the surface area of the interface and the thermal characteristics of the cooler material.", "contents": "Thermal aspects of self-curing polymethylmethacrylate. Bone necrosis adjacent to self-curing polymethylmethacrylate is a matter of accepted fact. Among the possible causes are mechanical and vascular damage from the preparation of the bone cavity, chemical damage from the monomer and free radicals in the cement dough, and thermal damage from the heat of polymerisation, occurring in this order. Consideration of the tissue reaction to this material, theoretical calculation of the heat output from polymerising acrylic and interface temperature profiles, experimental observations of interface temperatures and maximal temperatures at polymerisation, together with clinical observations, all lead to the view that the bone necrosis is not a consequence of thermal damage, which is unlikely to be a cuase of failure of prosthetic fixation. Temperatures recorded from within polymerising acrylic masses are related primarily to the amount of monomer polymerising and are of no clinical significance in the fixation of prostheses. Interface temperatures are related primarily to the surface area of the interface and the thermal characteristics of the cooler material."}
{"id": "PMID:1194323", "title": "Radial nerve enclosed in the callus of a supracondylar fracture.", "content": "At operation for the correction of cubitus varus by removal of a wedge based laterally, the radial nerve fortunately was first explored and found to run through a transverse bony tummel at the posterior level of a suprocondylar fracture sustained eight years previously. After elevation of the bony tunnel and nerve en bloc the osteotomy was completed; neurapraxia of the radial nerve soon recovered. With hindsight, the entrance and exit foramina of the tunnel could be clearly seen in the antero-posterior radiograph taken before the operation.", "contents": "Radial nerve enclosed in the callus of a supracondylar fracture. At operation for the correction of cubitus varus by removal of a wedge based laterally, the radial nerve fortunately was first explored and found to run through a transverse bony tummel at the posterior level of a suprocondylar fracture sustained eight years previously. After elevation of the bony tunnel and nerve en bloc the osteotomy was completed; neurapraxia of the radial nerve soon recovered. With hindsight, the entrance and exit foramina of the tunnel could be clearly seen in the antero-posterior radiograph taken before the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194320", "title": "14C-glucose and 35S-metabolism of pig epiphysial cartilage and its variations after osteotomy.", "content": "On in vitro incubation of articular and epiphysial cartilage of the ulna of the domestic pig 70 to 80 per cent of [U-14C] glucose was metabolised to 14C-lactate, but cartilage of the epiphysial plate produced up to five times as much 14C-CO2 as articular cartilage, and the specific radioactivity of 14C(or 35S)-chondroitin 4(6)-sulphate isolated from epiphysial cartilage (following 35S-sulphate incorporation) was about twice as high as that of articular cartilage. Six weeks after an osteotomy on both sides of the proximal epiphysial plate of the lift ulna, the glucose uptake, lactate production, and the specific radioactivity of the glycosaminoglycans displayed no significant differences when compared with those of the corresponding epiphysial plate of the control right ulna, whereas a 50 per cent increase in the oxidation of 14C-glucose to 14C-CO2 was observed.", "contents": "14C-glucose and 35S-metabolism of pig epiphysial cartilage and its variations after osteotomy. On in vitro incubation of articular and epiphysial cartilage of the ulna of the domestic pig 70 to 80 per cent of [U-14C] glucose was metabolised to 14C-lactate, but cartilage of the epiphysial plate produced up to five times as much 14C-CO2 as articular cartilage, and the specific radioactivity of 14C(or 35S)-chondroitin 4(6)-sulphate isolated from epiphysial cartilage (following 35S-sulphate incorporation) was about twice as high as that of articular cartilage. Six weeks after an osteotomy on both sides of the proximal epiphysial plate of the lift ulna, the glucose uptake, lactate production, and the specific radioactivity of the glycosaminoglycans displayed no significant differences when compared with those of the corresponding epiphysial plate of the control right ulna, whereas a 50 per cent increase in the oxidation of 14C-glucose to 14C-CO2 was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194325", "title": "Results of hypotonic duodenography in the diagnosis of pancreaticoduodenal cancer.", "content": "Hypotonic duodenography has become a well accepted procedure for diagnosing pancreaticoduodenal cancer. In order to provide further data about the accuracy of this examination, 170 patients were reviewed who were suspected of having this disease and whose duodenogram diagnosis was later confirmed or disproved by surgery, autopsy, or clinical follow-up. The correct diagnosis was made in 158 patients (over-all accuracy of 93%). Of 31 ultimately proved pancreaticoduodenal cancers, 24 were correctly identified (specific accuracy of 77%). For 27 patients a positive diagnosis of pancreaticoduodenal cancer was made, and 24 of these later proved to have this disease (positive accuracy of 89%). For 110 patients, a negative diagnosis was made, and 103 of these proved to be free of pancreaticoduodenal cancer (negative accuracy of 94%).", "contents": "Results of hypotonic duodenography in the diagnosis of pancreaticoduodenal cancer. Hypotonic duodenography has become a well accepted procedure for diagnosing pancreaticoduodenal cancer. In order to provide further data about the accuracy of this examination, 170 patients were reviewed who were suspected of having this disease and whose duodenogram diagnosis was later confirmed or disproved by surgery, autopsy, or clinical follow-up. The correct diagnosis was made in 158 patients (over-all accuracy of 93%). Of 31 ultimately proved pancreaticoduodenal cancers, 24 were correctly identified (specific accuracy of 77%). For 27 patients a positive diagnosis of pancreaticoduodenal cancer was made, and 24 of these later proved to have this disease (positive accuracy of 89%). For 110 patients, a negative diagnosis was made, and 103 of these proved to be free of pancreaticoduodenal cancer (negative accuracy of 94%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1194329", "title": "Five years experience with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve in isolated aortic valvular disease.", "content": "The non-overlapping tilting disc of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis has proved its efficiency in two respects: It provides an optimal orifice to tissue diameter ratio with a favourable rheology both at rest and during exercise even in the smaller valve sizes used for insertion in narrow aortic roots. It accounts for a minimal haemolysis because mechanical crushing of the red cells is minimized by such a non-overlapping closing mechanism. Regurgitation is negligible. The excellent durability of the prosthesis has been clinically testified. Thrombo-embolism has not so far occurred with effective Dicumarol treatment. Aortic valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve is regarded as an elimination of the volume load of the left ventricle in AI and the pressure load in AS, thereby creating a pre-requisite for a normalization of the pump function of the heart.", "contents": "Five years experience with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve in isolated aortic valvular disease. The non-overlapping tilting disc of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis has proved its efficiency in two respects: It provides an optimal orifice to tissue diameter ratio with a favourable rheology both at rest and during exercise even in the smaller valve sizes used for insertion in narrow aortic roots. It accounts for a minimal haemolysis because mechanical crushing of the red cells is minimized by such a non-overlapping closing mechanism. Regurgitation is negligible. The excellent durability of the prosthesis has been clinically testified. Thrombo-embolism has not so far occurred with effective Dicumarol treatment. Aortic valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve is regarded as an elimination of the volume load of the left ventricle in AI and the pressure load in AS, thereby creating a pre-requisite for a normalization of the pump function of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:1194332", "title": "Divalent ions and myocardial function during cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB). Changes of total calcium, ionized calcium, and magnesium in plasma.", "content": "In 17 patients who underwent openheart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass using heparinized fresh blood for priming the heart-lung machine the following investigations were done: Blood samples taken at different periods of surgery were assayed for total calcium (Catot), ionized calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg), hemoglobin, total pasma proteins, and the acid-base-status. Considering the different kinds of cardiopulmonary bypass the patients were divided into three groups: In the first group the results ofsurgical procedure with and without hemodilution perfusion were compared. During hemodilution perfusion Catot decreased markedly whereas Ca++ remained nearly constant. In the second group the influence of different calcium concentrations of the prime solution on Catot and Ca was tested. A low calcium content of 2.8 mEq/1 lowered Catot and Ca++ to subnormal levels. In the third group results of Mg-induced cardioplegia were compared with findings during surgical procedure with anoxic cardiac arrest. A remarkable increase of magnesium at the perfusion onset could be observed. Magnesium remained within the upper level of normal range until surgery end and decreased to normal values in the postoperative stage. Since energy requirements of the arrested heart and thus the velocity of ATP-breakdown during ischemia are closely related to the Ca++ concentration of the extracellular space low plasma calcium levels are considered to be advantageous during cardiopulmonary bypass. Only at the end of partial bypass before the heart fully takes over circulating work a sufficient calcium substitution is recommended.", "contents": "Divalent ions and myocardial function during cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB). Changes of total calcium, ionized calcium, and magnesium in plasma. In 17 patients who underwent openheart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass using heparinized fresh blood for priming the heart-lung machine the following investigations were done: Blood samples taken at different periods of surgery were assayed for total calcium (Catot), ionized calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg), hemoglobin, total pasma proteins, and the acid-base-status. Considering the different kinds of cardiopulmonary bypass the patients were divided into three groups: In the first group the results ofsurgical procedure with and without hemodilution perfusion were compared. During hemodilution perfusion Catot decreased markedly whereas Ca++ remained nearly constant. In the second group the influence of different calcium concentrations of the prime solution on Catot and Ca was tested. A low calcium content of 2.8 mEq/1 lowered Catot and Ca++ to subnormal levels. In the third group results of Mg-induced cardioplegia were compared with findings during surgical procedure with anoxic cardiac arrest. A remarkable increase of magnesium at the perfusion onset could be observed. Magnesium remained within the upper level of normal range until surgery end and decreased to normal values in the postoperative stage. Since energy requirements of the arrested heart and thus the velocity of ATP-breakdown during ischemia are closely related to the Ca++ concentration of the extracellular space low plasma calcium levels are considered to be advantageous during cardiopulmonary bypass. Only at the end of partial bypass before the heart fully takes over circulating work a sufficient calcium substitution is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1194331", "title": "Induced ischemic cardiac arrest. Clinical and experimental results with magnesium-aspartate-procaine solution (Cardioplegin).", "content": "The risk of open heart surgery can be lowered by combination of different methods of myocardial protection. 1. Cardioplegia with a potassium free Mg-1-aspartate and Procaine-solution (Cardioplegin). 2. Coronary perfusion after ischemia longer than 35-40 minutes in case of excessive left ventricular hypertrophy or failure. 3. Hypothermia. Surface cooling gives an additional safety if coronary perfusion is not ideal possible in case of multiple coronary stenoses. For patients with this dispositions a continuous coronary perfusion with cardioplegic solution might be advisable, as it was presented by Gercken in his paper. This method was used three times already in human, but is still in an experimental stage.", "contents": "Induced ischemic cardiac arrest. Clinical and experimental results with magnesium-aspartate-procaine solution (Cardioplegin). The risk of open heart surgery can be lowered by combination of different methods of myocardial protection. 1. Cardioplegia with a potassium free Mg-1-aspartate and Procaine-solution (Cardioplegin). 2. Coronary perfusion after ischemia longer than 35-40 minutes in case of excessive left ventricular hypertrophy or failure. 3. Hypothermia. Surface cooling gives an additional safety if coronary perfusion is not ideal possible in case of multiple coronary stenoses. For patients with this dispositions a continuous coronary perfusion with cardioplegic solution might be advisable, as it was presented by Gercken in his paper. This method was used three times already in human, but is still in an experimental stage."}
{"id": "PMID:1194334", "title": "Anoxic cardiac arrest: Its effect on myocardial mitochondrial metabolism.", "content": "Forty eight healthy dogs are subjects to cardiopulmonary bypass and divide into two groups according to whether the perfusion is performed in normothermia or moderate hypothermia (30 degrees C). The effects on oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial respiration, produced by increasing periods of myocardial anoxia from aortic cross clamping, are studied. A clear correlation is found between the disturbances of mitochondrial metabolism and the future cardiac recovery. Hypothermia shows a protective effect on the anoxic myocardium. It is concluded that the period of absolute safety in cardiac anoxia, as far as mitochondrial function is concerned, is 15 minutes in normal thermic perfusion and 90 minutes in moderately hypothermic ones.", "contents": "Anoxic cardiac arrest: Its effect on myocardial mitochondrial metabolism. Forty eight healthy dogs are subjects to cardiopulmonary bypass and divide into two groups according to whether the perfusion is performed in normothermia or moderate hypothermia (30 degrees C). The effects on oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial respiration, produced by increasing periods of myocardial anoxia from aortic cross clamping, are studied. A clear correlation is found between the disturbances of mitochondrial metabolism and the future cardiac recovery. Hypothermia shows a protective effect on the anoxic myocardium. It is concluded that the period of absolute safety in cardiac anoxia, as far as mitochondrial function is concerned, is 15 minutes in normal thermic perfusion and 90 minutes in moderately hypothermic ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1194330", "title": "What constitutes adequate perfusion?", "content": "Success of a perfusion depends not as much on the perfusion system as how that system is applied. A bubble oxygenator system properly managed can be safely run for many hours. Perfusion rate alone is an inadequate criteria for conduct of an adequate perfusion. 75 to 100 cc/kilo/min. perfusion rate is recommended. Minimal mean arterial pressures (60-70 mmHg) are essential to maintain good function of all organ systems for many hours of perfusion and to avoid disseminated intravascular coagulation by keeping capillary beds open. Foreign blood (bank blood) should be avoided to a maximal degree as foreign blood along with hypotensive situations as with poor perfusions can increase predisposition to DIC and organ failure. Hypokalemia (plasma and intracellular) predisposes to poor peripheral resistance during perfusion and consequent low mean arterial pressures. Fifty to 150 meq. of potassium chloride injected into the perfusate is generally required. Excessively high pO2 (over 150) and/or excessively low pCO2 (under 35) may contribute to CNS aberrations. Cannula placement and size are important considerations as well as suction forces on the venous cannula due to hydrostatic pressure on the venous return line. This force must be varied at times for maximal return. The inferior canal catheter must be kept out of the hepatic veins.", "contents": "What constitutes adequate perfusion? Success of a perfusion depends not as much on the perfusion system as how that system is applied. A bubble oxygenator system properly managed can be safely run for many hours. Perfusion rate alone is an inadequate criteria for conduct of an adequate perfusion. 75 to 100 cc/kilo/min. perfusion rate is recommended. Minimal mean arterial pressures (60-70 mmHg) are essential to maintain good function of all organ systems for many hours of perfusion and to avoid disseminated intravascular coagulation by keeping capillary beds open. Foreign blood (bank blood) should be avoided to a maximal degree as foreign blood along with hypotensive situations as with poor perfusions can increase predisposition to DIC and organ failure. Hypokalemia (plasma and intracellular) predisposes to poor peripheral resistance during perfusion and consequent low mean arterial pressures. Fifty to 150 meq. of potassium chloride injected into the perfusate is generally required. Excessively high pO2 (over 150) and/or excessively low pCO2 (under 35) may contribute to CNS aberrations. Cannula placement and size are important considerations as well as suction forces on the venous cannula due to hydrostatic pressure on the venous return line. This force must be varied at times for maximal return. The inferior canal catheter must be kept out of the hepatic veins."}
{"id": "PMID:1194333", "title": "Coronary circulation and myocardial oxygen consumption after extracorporeal circulation and after cardioplegic arrest.", "content": "The influence of haemodilution or of blood perfusion on the coronary circulation, myocardial oxygen consumption and on haemodynamic parameters was examined in two comparable groups of patients with slight congenital acyanotic cardiac malformation without indications of myocardial damage. In a third group of patients similar data were collected before and after artificial cardiac arrest by cardioplegic solutions. No findings concerning this question could be found in the literature. Coronary circulation was measured by the argon-gas-technique of Bretschneider et al. A fall in haemoglobin of 4.8% caused by haemodilution resulted in the first group in an increase in the cardiac index of about 8% and an increase in the coronary circulation of about 100% over the initial value with a simultaneous decrease in the coronary resistance due to coronary dilatation and reduction in blood viscosity. The myocardial O2 consumption was raised in spite of an increase in the coronary-venous O2 saturation and a clear reduction in the AVD O2. In contrast, the patients in the blood perfusion group showed no change in the coronary circulation and coronary resistance although a decrease of the myocardial O2 consumption was observed. The cardiac index fell to about 16% in these patients. After cardioplegic cardiac arrest there was no significant reduction in myocardial blood flow except for a decrease of myocardial oxygen consumption of about 20% The results are discussed and cantra-indications of haemodilution perfusion and cardioplegic cardiac arrest mentioned.", "contents": "Coronary circulation and myocardial oxygen consumption after extracorporeal circulation and after cardioplegic arrest. The influence of haemodilution or of blood perfusion on the coronary circulation, myocardial oxygen consumption and on haemodynamic parameters was examined in two comparable groups of patients with slight congenital acyanotic cardiac malformation without indications of myocardial damage. In a third group of patients similar data were collected before and after artificial cardiac arrest by cardioplegic solutions. No findings concerning this question could be found in the literature. Coronary circulation was measured by the argon-gas-technique of Bretschneider et al. A fall in haemoglobin of 4.8% caused by haemodilution resulted in the first group in an increase in the cardiac index of about 8% and an increase in the coronary circulation of about 100% over the initial value with a simultaneous decrease in the coronary resistance due to coronary dilatation and reduction in blood viscosity. The myocardial O2 consumption was raised in spite of an increase in the coronary-venous O2 saturation and a clear reduction in the AVD O2. In contrast, the patients in the blood perfusion group showed no change in the coronary circulation and coronary resistance although a decrease of the myocardial O2 consumption was observed. The cardiac index fell to about 16% in these patients. After cardioplegic cardiac arrest there was no significant reduction in myocardial blood flow except for a decrease of myocardial oxygen consumption of about 20% The results are discussed and cantra-indications of haemodilution perfusion and cardioplegic cardiac arrest mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1194335", "title": "Anomalous origin and distribution of coronary arteries. Review of 38 patients who underwent operation.", "content": "Between October 1961 and December 1973, 38 patients with an anomaly in origin (15 patients) or distribution (23 patients) of the main coronary artery or one of its branches underwent operation at the Texas Heart Institute. The left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery occurred most frequently-in 13 of 15 patients. An aortocoronary artery bypass was performed in 12 patients with the saphenous vein used in ten of the 12, initially in 1965; and a Dacron tube graft in the other two. Of the 15 patients, only one died during the early period after operation. A follow-up of ten years revealed 11 asymptomatic patients; to date the longest period of patency of a saphenous vein graft is seven years in an 11-year-old girl. Of 23 patients with an unusual coronary artery distribution, 22 had tetralogy of Fallot, 20 of whom underwent total correction. In 21 of the 23 patients the left anterior descending coronary artery originated from the right coronary artery and crossed the right ventricular outflow tract. In two patients this abnormally distributed artery was injured through a vertical right ventriculotomy; both patients died from myocardial failure during the early postoperative period. Subsequently a transverse right ventriculotomy, either alone or combined with a right ventricular outflow and/or pulmonary artery patch enlargement was performed in 16 patients, and a double outlet right ventricle was created through insertion of a Dacron tube graft in two patients. With this method injury to the abnormal left anterior descending coronary artery was avoided and all 18 patients survived the operation. On the basis of our experience and today's advanced techniques, it is believed that most patients, including some under two years of age, can undergo correction of a left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery through insertion of a saphenous vein graft between the aorta and left coronary artery. During the surgical correction of cardiac anomalies necessitating a right ventriculotomy, a transverse or double incision in the right ventricular outflow tract in most patients will prevent injury to an abnormally distributed coronary artery branch; sometimes insertion of a Dacron tube graft between the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary artery is necessary.", "contents": "Anomalous origin and distribution of coronary arteries. Review of 38 patients who underwent operation. Between October 1961 and December 1973, 38 patients with an anomaly in origin (15 patients) or distribution (23 patients) of the main coronary artery or one of its branches underwent operation at the Texas Heart Institute. The left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery occurred most frequently-in 13 of 15 patients. An aortocoronary artery bypass was performed in 12 patients with the saphenous vein used in ten of the 12, initially in 1965; and a Dacron tube graft in the other two. Of the 15 patients, only one died during the early period after operation. A follow-up of ten years revealed 11 asymptomatic patients; to date the longest period of patency of a saphenous vein graft is seven years in an 11-year-old girl. Of 23 patients with an unusual coronary artery distribution, 22 had tetralogy of Fallot, 20 of whom underwent total correction. In 21 of the 23 patients the left anterior descending coronary artery originated from the right coronary artery and crossed the right ventricular outflow tract. In two patients this abnormally distributed artery was injured through a vertical right ventriculotomy; both patients died from myocardial failure during the early postoperative period. Subsequently a transverse right ventriculotomy, either alone or combined with a right ventricular outflow and/or pulmonary artery patch enlargement was performed in 16 patients, and a double outlet right ventricle was created through insertion of a Dacron tube graft in two patients. With this method injury to the abnormal left anterior descending coronary artery was avoided and all 18 patients survived the operation. On the basis of our experience and today's advanced techniques, it is believed that most patients, including some under two years of age, can undergo correction of a left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery through insertion of a saphenous vein graft between the aorta and left coronary artery. During the surgical correction of cardiac anomalies necessitating a right ventriculotomy, a transverse or double incision in the right ventricular outflow tract in most patients will prevent injury to an abnormally distributed coronary artery branch; sometimes insertion of a Dacron tube graft between the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary artery is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1194336", "title": "Persistent atrio-ventricular canal. Case report of an unusual intermediate form.", "content": "A case is described, which presented the following combination of anomalies: An interatrial and interventricular septal defect, absence of a cleft in the aortic leaflet of the mitral valve and in the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. The latter leaflet was underdeveloped and presented several perforations. On the bases of the characteristic electrocardiographic, angiocardiographic and anatomical findings this anomaly was considered to be an intermediate form of a common atrioventricular canal. Total repair was successfully performed utilizing the technique of Rastelli and McGoon.", "contents": "Persistent atrio-ventricular canal. Case report of an unusual intermediate form. A case is described, which presented the following combination of anomalies: An interatrial and interventricular septal defect, absence of a cleft in the aortic leaflet of the mitral valve and in the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. The latter leaflet was underdeveloped and presented several perforations. On the bases of the characteristic electrocardiographic, angiocardiographic and anatomical findings this anomaly was considered to be an intermediate form of a common atrioventricular canal. Total repair was successfully performed utilizing the technique of Rastelli and McGoon."}
{"id": "PMID:1194338", "title": "Left atrial myxoma causing mitral insufficiency. Report of a case treated with mitral valve replacement.", "content": "A case of left atrial myxoma causing mitral insufficiency treated with valve replacement and diagnosed preoperatively as mitral stenosis is presented. The presence of mitral regurgitation is very rare in atrial myxomas and requires mitral valve replacement. In our case mitral regurgitaion was due to the mechanical trauma of the valve by the tumor mass because the patient had no history of rheumatic fever and the pathologic examination of the valve displayed neither rheumatic nor myxomatous degeneration.", "contents": "Left atrial myxoma causing mitral insufficiency. Report of a case treated with mitral valve replacement. A case of left atrial myxoma causing mitral insufficiency treated with valve replacement and diagnosed preoperatively as mitral stenosis is presented. The presence of mitral regurgitation is very rare in atrial myxomas and requires mitral valve replacement. In our case mitral regurgitaion was due to the mechanical trauma of the valve by the tumor mass because the patient had no history of rheumatic fever and the pathologic examination of the valve displayed neither rheumatic nor myxomatous degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:1194339", "title": "Revascularization of the superior mesenteric artery.", "content": "From 1965 to 1973, 7 patients with severe chronic mesenteric vascular insufficiency have been successfully operated upon. Abdominal pain, weight loss and epigastric murmur were the most significant symptoms and signs in these diffusely atheromatous patients. Aortography with exposure in the lateral projection was essential for diagnosis and operative planning. Although two and often all three main splanchnic arteries were involved, revasculariztion of only the superior mesenteric artery restored normal hemodynamics. There was no operative mortality. Weight gain was dramatic and post-prandial pain disappeared in all patients. One patient diedone year and one half after the operation from an acute cerebro-vascular accidnet. Our surgical experience in this field, although small, is very gratifying and rewarding.", "contents": "Revascularization of the superior mesenteric artery. From 1965 to 1973, 7 patients with severe chronic mesenteric vascular insufficiency have been successfully operated upon. Abdominal pain, weight loss and epigastric murmur were the most significant symptoms and signs in these diffusely atheromatous patients. Aortography with exposure in the lateral projection was essential for diagnosis and operative planning. Although two and often all three main splanchnic arteries were involved, revasculariztion of only the superior mesenteric artery restored normal hemodynamics. There was no operative mortality. Weight gain was dramatic and post-prandial pain disappeared in all patients. One patient diedone year and one half after the operation from an acute cerebro-vascular accidnet. Our surgical experience in this field, although small, is very gratifying and rewarding."}
{"id": "PMID:1194341", "title": "Renal function following aortic surgery.", "content": "Following aortic surgery nearly two thirds of patients (65%) have demonstrable renal tubular damage, which is related to the disease process (aneurysmal disease being more commonly associated with renal damage than occlusive disease), the duration of aortic cross clamping and the volume of blood transfused. No relationship appears to exist between age, pre-operative hypertension, or chronic renal failure, and post operative renal tubular function.", "contents": "Renal function following aortic surgery. Following aortic surgery nearly two thirds of patients (65%) have demonstrable renal tubular damage, which is related to the disease process (aneurysmal disease being more commonly associated with renal damage than occlusive disease), the duration of aortic cross clamping and the volume of blood transfused. No relationship appears to exist between age, pre-operative hypertension, or chronic renal failure, and post operative renal tubular function."}
{"id": "PMID:1194337", "title": "Comparative analysis of prosthetic heart valve replacement on the basis of 300 cases.", "content": "1. The 224 patients have been followed-up for postoperative intervals of 1 to 8 years after operation, and the average duration of the follow-up has been 4 years. 2. Six types of heart valve prostheses have been utilized and evaluated with the longest (9 years) period of follow-up (a Starr-Edwards prothesis) and the shortest a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve. The best clinical hemodynamic characteristics, no thromboembolic complications were observed with the Lillehei-Kaster valve. Evaluation of longterm wear and thrombosis require further follow-up studies. 3. All patients, but 21, improved in functional capacity and are NYHA class I and II. Most of the patients had heart failure at the time of operation. These patients would have had a life expectancy of about two years from the onset of symptoms. Seventy two patients with heart failure as a prime symptom have thus outlived their anticipated life expectancy. 4. Systemic embolization was the most common postoperative complication in spite of the anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of prosthetic heart valve replacement on the basis of 300 cases. 1. The 224 patients have been followed-up for postoperative intervals of 1 to 8 years after operation, and the average duration of the follow-up has been 4 years. 2. Six types of heart valve prostheses have been utilized and evaluated with the longest (9 years) period of follow-up (a Starr-Edwards prothesis) and the shortest a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve. The best clinical hemodynamic characteristics, no thromboembolic complications were observed with the Lillehei-Kaster valve. Evaluation of longterm wear and thrombosis require further follow-up studies. 3. All patients, but 21, improved in functional capacity and are NYHA class I and II. Most of the patients had heart failure at the time of operation. These patients would have had a life expectancy of about two years from the onset of symptoms. Seventy two patients with heart failure as a prime symptom have thus outlived their anticipated life expectancy. 4. Systemic embolization was the most common postoperative complication in spite of the anticoagulant therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1194343", "title": "Radiological study of the aetiological factors in venous obstruction of the upper limb.", "content": "This study was undertaken in an attempt to define the exact relationship between intermittent venous obstruction of the upper limb and the acute condition of primary axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. Three groups of patients were investigated, namely those with evidence of intermittent venous obstruction in one or both upper limbs, those with a previous history of an acute primary axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis in one upper limb and the control group of patients. The patients were investigated by subclavian venography with the limbs in both adduction and abduction. All patients with intermittent venous obstruction were shown to have bilateral evidence of venous compression in abduction in the region of the root of the neck and half of them showed a similar bilateral compression in adduction. All patients with a previous acute thrombotic state showed venographic evidence of post-thrombotic changes in the affected limb and in the unaffected limb all showed evidence of venous compression in abduction and half showed evidence of venous compression in adduction. The control group exhibited no evidence of venous compression in either adduction or abduction.", "contents": "Radiological study of the aetiological factors in venous obstruction of the upper limb. This study was undertaken in an attempt to define the exact relationship between intermittent venous obstruction of the upper limb and the acute condition of primary axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis. Three groups of patients were investigated, namely those with evidence of intermittent venous obstruction in one or both upper limbs, those with a previous history of an acute primary axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis in one upper limb and the control group of patients. The patients were investigated by subclavian venography with the limbs in both adduction and abduction. All patients with intermittent venous obstruction were shown to have bilateral evidence of venous compression in abduction in the region of the root of the neck and half of them showed a similar bilateral compression in adduction. All patients with a previous acute thrombotic state showed venographic evidence of post-thrombotic changes in the affected limb and in the unaffected limb all showed evidence of venous compression in abduction and half showed evidence of venous compression in adduction. The control group exhibited no evidence of venous compression in either adduction or abduction."}
{"id": "PMID:1194345", "title": "The injury potential of Fogarty balloon catheters.", "content": "The problem of arterial injury following embolectomy using a balloon catheter is reviewed. Three illustrative clinical cases are presented. The cause of the arterial injury in these cases was due to rupture of the vessel. The hypotheses were that either the vessel was ruptured by direct penetration or bursting by overdistension of the balloon. The linear appearances of the arterial tear in two patients and a false aneurysm in the third suggested that bursting was the correct explanation. Laboratory investigation was carried out on animals and human cadavers and these confirmed that arterial injury and bursting can be caused by over-distension of the balloon catheter. If the maker's recommendations are strictly adhered to; that is, the balloon should not be over-inflated and the correct volume of fluid used then rupture of the artery is unlikely by occur.", "contents": "The injury potential of Fogarty balloon catheters. The problem of arterial injury following embolectomy using a balloon catheter is reviewed. Three illustrative clinical cases are presented. The cause of the arterial injury in these cases was due to rupture of the vessel. The hypotheses were that either the vessel was ruptured by direct penetration or bursting by overdistension of the balloon. The linear appearances of the arterial tear in two patients and a false aneurysm in the third suggested that bursting was the correct explanation. Laboratory investigation was carried out on animals and human cadavers and these confirmed that arterial injury and bursting can be caused by over-distension of the balloon catheter. If the maker's recommendations are strictly adhered to; that is, the balloon should not be over-inflated and the correct volume of fluid used then rupture of the artery is unlikely by occur."}
{"id": "PMID:1194346", "title": "An improved technique for below knee amputation.", "content": "The author describes a technique for below knee amputation using a long and very broad posterior flap where the main vessels are divided and ligated distally. Two large \"dog ears\" at the end of the stump are de-epithelialized and buried providing extra padding. The technique conserves maximum blood supply and has proved to be safer than the methods described previously.", "contents": "An improved technique for below knee amputation. The author describes a technique for below knee amputation using a long and very broad posterior flap where the main vessels are divided and ligated distally. Two large \"dog ears\" at the end of the stump are de-epithelialized and buried providing extra padding. The technique conserves maximum blood supply and has proved to be safer than the methods described previously."}
{"id": "PMID:1194351", "title": "In vivo assembly of tight junctions in fetal rat liver.", "content": "Examination of glutaraldehyde-fixed, freeze-fractured livers from 14-15-day rat fetuses provided the basis for the following observations. Membrane particles align in otherwise poorly particulated areas of the presumptive pericanalicular plasma membrane (A face), frequently forming a discontinuous \"honey-comb\" network joining small particle islands. Even at this early stage, contiguous B-fracture faces contain furrows, rather than rows of pits, distinguishing the linear particle aggregates on the A face as developing tight junctions rather than gap junctions. Short segments of these linear arrays merge with smooth ridges clearly identifiable as segments of discontinuous tight junctions. With the continuing confluence of particulate and smooth ridge segments, mature tight junctions become fully appreciable. We conclude that tight junctions form de novo by the alignment and fusion of separate particles into beaded ridges which, in turn, become confluent and are transformed into continuous smooth ones. At 21 days of fetal life, most of the images of assembly have disappeared, and the liver reveals well-formed bile canaliculi sealed by mature tight junctions.", "contents": "In vivo assembly of tight junctions in fetal rat liver. Examination of glutaraldehyde-fixed, freeze-fractured livers from 14-15-day rat fetuses provided the basis for the following observations. Membrane particles align in otherwise poorly particulated areas of the presumptive pericanalicular plasma membrane (A face), frequently forming a discontinuous \"honey-comb\" network joining small particle islands. Even at this early stage, contiguous B-fracture faces contain furrows, rather than rows of pits, distinguishing the linear particle aggregates on the A face as developing tight junctions rather than gap junctions. Short segments of these linear arrays merge with smooth ridges clearly identifiable as segments of discontinuous tight junctions. With the continuing confluence of particulate and smooth ridge segments, mature tight junctions become fully appreciable. We conclude that tight junctions form de novo by the alignment and fusion of separate particles into beaded ridges which, in turn, become confluent and are transformed into continuous smooth ones. At 21 days of fetal life, most of the images of assembly have disappeared, and the liver reveals well-formed bile canaliculi sealed by mature tight junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194348", "title": "Ten years' experience in heart valve replacement with artificial prostheses: immediate and long-term results in 1812 cases.", "content": "A ten year follow up of 1,812 patients who underwent heart valve replacement with artificial prothesis between October 1963 and December 1973 is reported. Hospital mortality was 8.5% for aortic valve replacement; 13.6% for mitral valve replacement and 19.3% for multiple valve replacement. Late mortality was 13.3% for aortic valve replacement; 25.7% for mitral valve replacement and 25.9% for multiple valve replacement. The survival rate of the different groups of patients were actuarially determined. The survival rates following replacement of the aortic valves was 81% after 9 years. The main late complications are embolism and valve leakage. All surviving patients show a clinical improvement, particularly in the groups of isolated aortic a mitral valve replacement. The heart size reduction after operation has been measured. This is more evident 6 months after surgery: the average reduction was 23% after aortic valve replacement and 20% after mitral valve replacement.", "contents": "Ten years' experience in heart valve replacement with artificial prostheses: immediate and long-term results in 1812 cases. A ten year follow up of 1,812 patients who underwent heart valve replacement with artificial prothesis between October 1963 and December 1973 is reported. Hospital mortality was 8.5% for aortic valve replacement; 13.6% for mitral valve replacement and 19.3% for multiple valve replacement. Late mortality was 13.3% for aortic valve replacement; 25.7% for mitral valve replacement and 25.9% for multiple valve replacement. The survival rate of the different groups of patients were actuarially determined. The survival rates following replacement of the aortic valves was 81% after 9 years. The main late complications are embolism and valve leakage. All surviving patients show a clinical improvement, particularly in the groups of isolated aortic a mitral valve replacement. The heart size reduction after operation has been measured. This is more evident 6 months after surgery: the average reduction was 23% after aortic valve replacement and 20% after mitral valve replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:1194349", "title": "Vena cava umbrella filter: experimental, hemodynamic and embolization studies.", "content": "The Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter was placed into the inferior vena cava of mongrel dogs. Studies on hemodynamics and embolization were performed using blood flow and pressure determinations, cineangiography, and radiopaque emboli. Initially flow and pressure remained unaffected by the filter. At 70 minutes flow was only one fourth of the initial IVC flow. Immediately after positioning of the filter emboli up to 6 mm in diameter bypassed the filter, and smaller emboli passed through the perforations in the filter. Thrombus formation on the surface of the umbrella was already noted within one hour. At autopsy after two hours all the perforations were occluded by thrombus on both sides of the filter, and one week later the infrarenal vena cava was completely occluded by firm organized thrombus below and above the filter.", "contents": "Vena cava umbrella filter: experimental, hemodynamic and embolization studies. The Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter was placed into the inferior vena cava of mongrel dogs. Studies on hemodynamics and embolization were performed using blood flow and pressure determinations, cineangiography, and radiopaque emboli. Initially flow and pressure remained unaffected by the filter. At 70 minutes flow was only one fourth of the initial IVC flow. Immediately after positioning of the filter emboli up to 6 mm in diameter bypassed the filter, and smaller emboli passed through the perforations in the filter. Thrombus formation on the surface of the umbrella was already noted within one hour. At autopsy after two hours all the perforations were occluded by thrombus on both sides of the filter, and one week later the infrarenal vena cava was completely occluded by firm organized thrombus below and above the filter."}
{"id": "PMID:1194352", "title": "In vitro incorporation of (3H)threonine and (3H)glucose by the mucous and serous cells of the human bronchial submucosal gland. A quantitative electron microscope study.", "content": "Incorporation of [3H]threonine and [3H]glucose by the mucous and serous cells of the human bronchial submucosal gland has been studied over 8 h using, for the first time in vitro pulse labeling and electron microscope autoradiography. In assessing the autoradiographs, two methods were compared, the circle analysis and the recently described hypothetical grain analysis. Preliminary studies showed formaldehyde to be the most suitable fixative. Chemical analysis of tissue revealed that [3H]threonine was incorporated into the polypeptide moiety of the bronchial gland product and that metabolites of [3H]-glucose were incorporated into the carbohydrate. Tritiated threonine was first localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of both mucous and serous cells and later migrated to the Golgi apparatus, while metabolites of [3H]glucose localized first mainly in the Golgi apparatus. From here, both radioactive precursors were next identified in vacuoles and, finally, in secretory granules. The mucous cell incorporated strikingly more of both radioactive precursors than the serous cell. Thus, it seems that oligosaccharides of mucous and serous cell glycoproteins are synthesized mainly in the Golgi apparatus and added there to the polypeptide core which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The relationship of the mucous cell to the serous cell is discussed. It seems that under \"normal\" conditions each cell represents a different line but that injury may transform a serous cell into a mucous cell.", "contents": "In vitro incorporation of (3H)threonine and (3H)glucose by the mucous and serous cells of the human bronchial submucosal gland. A quantitative electron microscope study. Incorporation of [3H]threonine and [3H]glucose by the mucous and serous cells of the human bronchial submucosal gland has been studied over 8 h using, for the first time in vitro pulse labeling and electron microscope autoradiography. In assessing the autoradiographs, two methods were compared, the circle analysis and the recently described hypothetical grain analysis. Preliminary studies showed formaldehyde to be the most suitable fixative. Chemical analysis of tissue revealed that [3H]threonine was incorporated into the polypeptide moiety of the bronchial gland product and that metabolites of [3H]-glucose were incorporated into the carbohydrate. Tritiated threonine was first localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of both mucous and serous cells and later migrated to the Golgi apparatus, while metabolites of [3H]glucose localized first mainly in the Golgi apparatus. From here, both radioactive precursors were next identified in vacuoles and, finally, in secretory granules. The mucous cell incorporated strikingly more of both radioactive precursors than the serous cell. Thus, it seems that oligosaccharides of mucous and serous cell glycoproteins are synthesized mainly in the Golgi apparatus and added there to the polypeptide core which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The relationship of the mucous cell to the serous cell is discussed. It seems that under \"normal\" conditions each cell represents a different line but that injury may transform a serous cell into a mucous cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1194350", "title": "The effect of isolated perfusion on limb circulation in peripheral arterial occlusion.", "content": "The effects of isolated limb perfusion were studied in 12 patients suffering from peripheral arterial occlusion. The hemodynamic investigations show that the vascular resistance decreases considerably during isolated limb perfusion. After administration of a vasodilator cocktail, added to the perfusion, the vascular resistance continues to decrease. Angiographic records, made before, during and after the perfusion, suggest that the calibre of the collateral vessels increases significantly and besides new collaterals can also be observed. The mechanism of the effects of isolated hyperbaric limb perfusion and its clinical value are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of isolated perfusion on limb circulation in peripheral arterial occlusion. The effects of isolated limb perfusion were studied in 12 patients suffering from peripheral arterial occlusion. The hemodynamic investigations show that the vascular resistance decreases considerably during isolated limb perfusion. After administration of a vasodilator cocktail, added to the perfusion, the vascular resistance continues to decrease. Angiographic records, made before, during and after the perfusion, suggest that the calibre of the collateral vessels increases significantly and besides new collaterals can also be observed. The mechanism of the effects of isolated hyperbaric limb perfusion and its clinical value are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194353", "title": "A chlorophyll-protein complex lacking in photosystem I mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of unheated, detergent-solubilized thylakoid membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gives two chlorophyll-protein complexes. Chlorophyll-protein complex I (CP I) is the blue-green in color and can be dissociated by heat into \"free\" chlorophyll and a constituent polypeptide (polypeptide 2; mol wt 66,000). Similar experiments with spinach and Chinese cabbage show that the higher plant CP I contains an equivalent polypeptide but of slightly lower molecular weight (64,000). Both polypeptide 2 and its counterpart in spinach are soluble in a 2:1 (vol/vol) mixture of chloroform-methanol. Chemical analysis reveals that C. reinhardtii CP I has a chlorophyll a to b weight ratio of about 5 and that it contains approximately 5% of the total chlorophyll and 8-9% of the total protein of the thylakoid membranes. Thus, it can be calculated that each constituent polypeptide chain is associated with eight to nine chlorophyll molecules. Attempts to measure the molecular weight of CP I by calibrated SDS gels were unsuccessul since the complex migrates anomalously in such gels. Two Mendelian mutants of C. reinhardtii, F1 and F14, which lack P700 but have normal photosystem I activity, do not contain CP I or the 66,000-dalton polypeptide in their thylakoid membranes. Our results suggest that CP I is essential for photosystem I reaction center activity and that P700 may be associated with the 66,000-dalton polypeptide.", "contents": "A chlorophyll-protein complex lacking in photosystem I mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of unheated, detergent-solubilized thylakoid membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gives two chlorophyll-protein complexes. Chlorophyll-protein complex I (CP I) is the blue-green in color and can be dissociated by heat into \"free\" chlorophyll and a constituent polypeptide (polypeptide 2; mol wt 66,000). Similar experiments with spinach and Chinese cabbage show that the higher plant CP I contains an equivalent polypeptide but of slightly lower molecular weight (64,000). Both polypeptide 2 and its counterpart in spinach are soluble in a 2:1 (vol/vol) mixture of chloroform-methanol. Chemical analysis reveals that C. reinhardtii CP I has a chlorophyll a to b weight ratio of about 5 and that it contains approximately 5% of the total chlorophyll and 8-9% of the total protein of the thylakoid membranes. Thus, it can be calculated that each constituent polypeptide chain is associated with eight to nine chlorophyll molecules. Attempts to measure the molecular weight of CP I by calibrated SDS gels were unsuccessul since the complex migrates anomalously in such gels. Two Mendelian mutants of C. reinhardtii, F1 and F14, which lack P700 but have normal photosystem I activity, do not contain CP I or the 66,000-dalton polypeptide in their thylakoid membranes. Our results suggest that CP I is essential for photosystem I reaction center activity and that P700 may be associated with the 66,000-dalton polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:1194354", "title": "The behavior of fibroblasts from the developing avian cornea. Morphology and movement in situ and in vitro.", "content": "The early chick cornea is composed of an acellular collagenous stroma lined with an anterior epithelium and a posterior endothelium. At stage 27-28 of development (5 1/2 days), this stroma swells so that the cornea is 75-120 mum thick. At the same time, fibroblasts that originate from the neural crest begin to invade this stroma. Using Nomarski light microscopy, we have compared the behavior of moving cells in isolated corneas with the migratory activities of the same cells in artificial collagen lattices and on glass. In situ, fibroblasts have cyclindrical bodies from which extend several thick pseudopodia and/or finer filopodia. Movement is accompanied by activity in these cytoplasmic processes. The flat ruffling lamelli-podia that characterize these cells on glass are not seen in situ, but the general mechanism of cell movement seems to be the same as that observed in vitro: either gross contraction or recoil of the cell body (now pear shaped) into the forward cell process, or more subtle \"flowing\" of cytoplasm into the forward cell process without immediate loss of the trailing cell process. We filmed collisions between cells in situ and in three-dimensional collagen lattices. These fibroblasts show, in their pair-wise collisions, the classical contact inhibition of movement (CIM) exhibited in vitro even though they lack ruffled borders. On glass these cells multi-layer, showing that, while CIM affects cell movement, fibroblasts can use one another as a substratum. Postmitotic cells show CIM in moving away from each other. Interestingly, dividing cells in situ do not exhibit surface blebbing, but do extend filopodia at telophase. The role of CIM in controlling cell movement in vivo and in vitro is stressed in the discussion.", "contents": "The behavior of fibroblasts from the developing avian cornea. Morphology and movement in situ and in vitro. The early chick cornea is composed of an acellular collagenous stroma lined with an anterior epithelium and a posterior endothelium. At stage 27-28 of development (5 1/2 days), this stroma swells so that the cornea is 75-120 mum thick. At the same time, fibroblasts that originate from the neural crest begin to invade this stroma. Using Nomarski light microscopy, we have compared the behavior of moving cells in isolated corneas with the migratory activities of the same cells in artificial collagen lattices and on glass. In situ, fibroblasts have cyclindrical bodies from which extend several thick pseudopodia and/or finer filopodia. Movement is accompanied by activity in these cytoplasmic processes. The flat ruffling lamelli-podia that characterize these cells on glass are not seen in situ, but the general mechanism of cell movement seems to be the same as that observed in vitro: either gross contraction or recoil of the cell body (now pear shaped) into the forward cell process, or more subtle \"flowing\" of cytoplasm into the forward cell process without immediate loss of the trailing cell process. We filmed collisions between cells in situ and in three-dimensional collagen lattices. These fibroblasts show, in their pair-wise collisions, the classical contact inhibition of movement (CIM) exhibited in vitro even though they lack ruffled borders. On glass these cells multi-layer, showing that, while CIM affects cell movement, fibroblasts can use one another as a substratum. Postmitotic cells show CIM in moving away from each other. Interestingly, dividing cells in situ do not exhibit surface blebbing, but do extend filopodia at telophase. The role of CIM in controlling cell movement in vivo and in vitro is stressed in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:1194355", "title": "Mobility of normal and virus-transformed cells in cellular aggregates.", "content": "The mobility of embryonic chick cells and cells of four established cell lines was examined in cellular aggregates. This was done by preparing aggregates of unlabeled cells and allowing cells of the same type, but prelabeled with [3H]thymidine, to adhere to the surface of the aggregates. After 2-1/2 days in agitated liquid culture the positions of the labeled cells within the aggregates were determined by autoradiographic techniques. Since the labeled and unlabeled cells were otherwise identical, the degree of penetration of the labeled cells into the aggregates was taken as a measure of the mixing or mobility of cells in the aggregate. With this procedure, embryonic chick liver, heart, and neural retina cells were found to move an average of 2.12, 2.68, and 4.00 cell diameters inward, respectively. Mouse fibroblast BALB/c 3T3 cells moved an average of 1.13 cell diameters inward, while Simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed BALB/c 3T3 cells moved as much as 8.80 cell diameters inward, indicating that cells of the malignant SV40-transformed line were considerably more mobile than the corresponding nonmalignant 3T3 cells. In contrast, cells of the hamster fibroblast line NIL B moved 4.17 cell diameters in 2-1/2 days, while SV40-transformed NIL B cells moved 3.00 cell diameters in the same time. It was therefore concluded that infection with oncogenic viruses does not necessarily result in increased cellular mobility.", "contents": "Mobility of normal and virus-transformed cells in cellular aggregates. The mobility of embryonic chick cells and cells of four established cell lines was examined in cellular aggregates. This was done by preparing aggregates of unlabeled cells and allowing cells of the same type, but prelabeled with [3H]thymidine, to adhere to the surface of the aggregates. After 2-1/2 days in agitated liquid culture the positions of the labeled cells within the aggregates were determined by autoradiographic techniques. Since the labeled and unlabeled cells were otherwise identical, the degree of penetration of the labeled cells into the aggregates was taken as a measure of the mixing or mobility of cells in the aggregate. With this procedure, embryonic chick liver, heart, and neural retina cells were found to move an average of 2.12, 2.68, and 4.00 cell diameters inward, respectively. Mouse fibroblast BALB/c 3T3 cells moved an average of 1.13 cell diameters inward, while Simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed BALB/c 3T3 cells moved as much as 8.80 cell diameters inward, indicating that cells of the malignant SV40-transformed line were considerably more mobile than the corresponding nonmalignant 3T3 cells. In contrast, cells of the hamster fibroblast line NIL B moved 4.17 cell diameters in 2-1/2 days, while SV40-transformed NIL B cells moved 3.00 cell diameters in the same time. It was therefore concluded that infection with oncogenic viruses does not necessarily result in increased cellular mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:1194356", "title": "A stereological study of the glomerular filter in the rat. Morphometry of the slit diaphragm and basement membrane.", "content": "Kidney from normal male albino rats, of body weight 170-200 g, was fixed by arterial perfusion with buffered tannic acid-glutaraldehyde, and postfixed with osmium tetroxide. Random and isotropic ultrathin sections from 23 different glomeruli from five rats were mounted on slot grids for staining and electron microscopy. Prints of whole glomeruli at a magnification of 3,909 were analyzed by stereological methods. The mean glomerular volume was (8.048 +/- 0.474) X 10(5) mum3 if the glomeruli are treated as spheres. The area of the basement membrane was 0.281 +/- 0.017 mm2 per glomerulus, of which 0.184 +/- 0.011 mm2 represents peripheral basement membrane. The aggregate epithelial slit length per glomerulus was 65.19 +/- 3.84 cm, of which 48.69 +/- 2.87  cm represents epithelial slits abutting on the peripheral basement membrane. Assuming that a slit diaphragm is 390 A wide, and that the pores of the slit diaphragm represent 26% of its area, the mean pore area is 3.96 cm2, of which 2.96 cm2 represents the area of peripheral pores. These findings are discussed in the context of the hydrodynamic theory of glomerular ultrafiltration. We conclude that the porous substructure of the glomerular slit diaphragm is significant in determining the hydraulic conductivity of the glomerulus and hence also solute flux during ultrafiltration.", "contents": "A stereological study of the glomerular filter in the rat. Morphometry of the slit diaphragm and basement membrane. Kidney from normal male albino rats, of body weight 170-200 g, was fixed by arterial perfusion with buffered tannic acid-glutaraldehyde, and postfixed with osmium tetroxide. Random and isotropic ultrathin sections from 23 different glomeruli from five rats were mounted on slot grids for staining and electron microscopy. Prints of whole glomeruli at a magnification of 3,909 were analyzed by stereological methods. The mean glomerular volume was (8.048 +/- 0.474) X 10(5) mum3 if the glomeruli are treated as spheres. The area of the basement membrane was 0.281 +/- 0.017 mm2 per glomerulus, of which 0.184 +/- 0.011 mm2 represents peripheral basement membrane. The aggregate epithelial slit length per glomerulus was 65.19 +/- 3.84 cm, of which 48.69 +/- 2.87  cm represents epithelial slits abutting on the peripheral basement membrane. Assuming that a slit diaphragm is 390 A wide, and that the pores of the slit diaphragm represent 26% of its area, the mean pore area is 3.96 cm2, of which 2.96 cm2 represents the area of peripheral pores. These findings are discussed in the context of the hydrodynamic theory of glomerular ultrafiltration. We conclude that the porous substructure of the glomerular slit diaphragm is significant in determining the hydraulic conductivity of the glomerulus and hence also solute flux during ultrafiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:1194357", "title": "Intercellular communication in the rat anterior pituitary gland. An in vivo and in vitro study.", "content": "The concept of \"stimulus-secretion coupling\" suggested by Douglas and co-workers to explain the events related to monamine discharge by the adrenal medulla (5, 7) may be applied to other endocrine tissues, such as adrenal cortex (36), pancreatic islets (4), and magnocellular hypothalamic neurons (6), which exhibit a similar ion-dependent process of hormone elaboration. In addition, they share another feature, that of joining neighbor cells via membrane junctions (12, 26, and Fletcher, unpublished observation). Given this, and the reports that hormone secretion by the pars distalis also involves a secretagogue-induced decrease in membrane bioelectric potential accompanied by a rise in cellular [Ca++] (27, 34, 41), it was appropriate to test the possibility that cells of the anterior pituitary gland are united by junctions.", "contents": "Intercellular communication in the rat anterior pituitary gland. An in vivo and in vitro study. The concept of \"stimulus-secretion coupling\" suggested by Douglas and co-workers to explain the events related to monamine discharge by the adrenal medulla (5, 7) may be applied to other endocrine tissues, such as adrenal cortex (36), pancreatic islets (4), and magnocellular hypothalamic neurons (6), which exhibit a similar ion-dependent process of hormone elaboration. In addition, they share another feature, that of joining neighbor cells via membrane junctions (12, 26, and Fletcher, unpublished observation). Given this, and the reports that hormone secretion by the pars distalis also involves a secretagogue-induced decrease in membrane bioelectric potential accompanied by a rise in cellular [Ca++] (27, 34, 41), it was appropriate to test the possibility that cells of the anterior pituitary gland are united by junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194358", "title": "Double labeling with [3H]thymidine and [125I]iododeoxyuridine as a method for determining the fate of injected DNA and cells in vivo.", "content": "Mice were injected intravenously and intraperitoneally with preparations of intestinal nucleoprotein, spleen nuclei, mouse thymus cells, or human kidney T cells whose DNA had been labeled with both [3H]thymidine (TdR) and [125I]-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR). Since free TdR is reutilized more efficiently than free IUdR produced by enzymic hydrolysis of the exogenous DNA, the ratio of [3H]TdR/[125I]IUdR in the DNA fraction of the tissues of the recipient mice provides a measure of the amount of intact exogenous DNA in the tissue. In most instances, the doubly labeled exogenous DNA was almost completely hydrolyzed within 1 day injection, but survival of the DNA from whole cells could be demonstrated in some cases.", "contents": "Double labeling with [3H]thymidine and [125I]iododeoxyuridine as a method for determining the fate of injected DNA and cells in vivo. Mice were injected intravenously and intraperitoneally with preparations of intestinal nucleoprotein, spleen nuclei, mouse thymus cells, or human kidney T cells whose DNA had been labeled with both [3H]thymidine (TdR) and [125I]-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR). Since free TdR is reutilized more efficiently than free IUdR produced by enzymic hydrolysis of the exogenous DNA, the ratio of [3H]TdR/[125I]IUdR in the DNA fraction of the tissues of the recipient mice provides a measure of the amount of intact exogenous DNA in the tissue. In most instances, the doubly labeled exogenous DNA was almost completely hydrolyzed within 1 day injection, but survival of the DNA from whole cells could be demonstrated in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1194359", "title": "Calcium accumulations within the growing tips of pollen tubes.", "content": "Pollen of L. longiflorum was grown in 45Ca-labeled medium and washed with nonradioactive medium. Whole, labeled pollen was then frozen and autoradiographed at -78 degrees C. The autoradiographs show striking accumulations of 45Ca in the growing tips of the pollen tubes. This result is obtained when the pollen is labeled for times as short as 1 min, or as long as 5 h. In most cases, the tip concentration is about two to four times greater than that in the bulk of the pollen tube, and extends for a length of about 20 mum. In autoradiographs of tubes longer than 1 mm, a small fraction of cells show a distinctly larger 45Ca accumulation, the tip containing more than 100 times that in the rest of the cell. The 1- to 5-h labeling experiments show that calcium is relatively concentrated within the cytoplasm of the growing tip. The 1- to 3-min labeling experiments suggest that calcium may enter the tip faster than it enters other regions. These patterns of calcium accumulation and flux may be related to the localized secretion of vesicles at the grow;ng tip.", "contents": "Calcium accumulations within the growing tips of pollen tubes. Pollen of L. longiflorum was grown in 45Ca-labeled medium and washed with nonradioactive medium. Whole, labeled pollen was then frozen and autoradiographed at -78 degrees C. The autoradiographs show striking accumulations of 45Ca in the growing tips of the pollen tubes. This result is obtained when the pollen is labeled for times as short as 1 min, or as long as 5 h. In most cases, the tip concentration is about two to four times greater than that in the bulk of the pollen tube, and extends for a length of about 20 mum. In autoradiographs of tubes longer than 1 mm, a small fraction of cells show a distinctly larger 45Ca accumulation, the tip containing more than 100 times that in the rest of the cell. The 1- to 5-h labeling experiments show that calcium is relatively concentrated within the cytoplasm of the growing tip. The 1- to 3-min labeling experiments suggest that calcium may enter the tip faster than it enters other regions. These patterns of calcium accumulation and flux may be related to the localized secretion of vesicles at the grow;ng tip."}
{"id": "PMID:1194360", "title": "Concurrent development of resistance to 6-azauridine and adenosine in a mouse cell line.", "content": "A variant of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficient, and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficient mouse resistant to 6-azauridine. These cells are not only resistant to 6-azauridine (5 X 10(-4) M), but also to adenosine (10(-3) M). Resistance persists indefinitely even in the absence of both compounds. The resistant cells are killed by 5-fluorouridine (10(-6) M), indicating that the part of the salvage pathway for pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis which is relevant to the action of 6-azauridine is intact. The heritable change producing concurrent resistance to 6-azauridine and adenosine probably involves the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.", "contents": "Concurrent development of resistance to 6-azauridine and adenosine in a mouse cell line. A variant of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficient, and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficient mouse resistant to 6-azauridine. These cells are not only resistant to 6-azauridine (5 X 10(-4) M), but also to adenosine (10(-3) M). Resistance persists indefinitely even in the absence of both compounds. The resistant cells are killed by 5-fluorouridine (10(-6) M), indicating that the part of the salvage pathway for pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis which is relevant to the action of 6-azauridine is intact. The heritable change producing concurrent resistance to 6-azauridine and adenosine probably involves the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:1194361", "title": "A reduction in energy-dependent amino acid transport by microtubular inhibitors in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Vincristine, other periwinkle alkaloids, and colchicine partially inhibit the energy dependent transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The properties of this phenomenon were characterized in detail for vincristine. Maximum depression of the steady-state intracellular alpha-aminoisobutyric acid level was achieved with a vincristine concentration of less than 0.5 muM. The inhibitory effect of vincristine increases as the extracellular alpha-aminoisobutyric acid concentration is increased reaching a maximum, however, of only approximately to 25% at a level of 5 mM, leaving a large gradient for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid across the cell membrane. Vincristine produced an asymmetrical uptake rate, while increasing the efflux of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Inhibition of net alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport by vincristine was partially reversible (approximately to 40%). Colchicine (50 muM) reduced the steady-state alpha-aminoisobutyric acid level by 30%, an effect that was not reversible. Inhibition by vinleurosine and vinrosidine was comparable to that of vincristine. Addition of glucose to the medium resulted in a small, but significant, decrease in the inhibitory effects of both vincristine and colchicine. The data indicate that these agents inhibit a small component of the uphill transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The inhibitory effect of vincristine cannot be attributed to an increase in the passive permeability of the cell membrane to this agent. Rather, the data along with other studies from this laboratory suggest that vincristine reduces the energy-dependent transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by either inhibiting cellular energy metabolism or by inhibiting cellular energy metabolism or by inhibiting the coupling of energy-metabolism to the transport of this amino acid and raises the possibility that cellular microtubules play a role in these processes.", "contents": "A reduction in energy-dependent amino acid transport by microtubular inhibitors in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Vincristine, other periwinkle alkaloids, and colchicine partially inhibit the energy dependent transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The properties of this phenomenon were characterized in detail for vincristine. Maximum depression of the steady-state intracellular alpha-aminoisobutyric acid level was achieved with a vincristine concentration of less than 0.5 muM. The inhibitory effect of vincristine increases as the extracellular alpha-aminoisobutyric acid concentration is increased reaching a maximum, however, of only approximately to 25% at a level of 5 mM, leaving a large gradient for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid across the cell membrane. Vincristine produced an asymmetrical uptake rate, while increasing the efflux of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Inhibition of net alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport by vincristine was partially reversible (approximately to 40%). Colchicine (50 muM) reduced the steady-state alpha-aminoisobutyric acid level by 30%, an effect that was not reversible. Inhibition by vinleurosine and vinrosidine was comparable to that of vincristine. Addition of glucose to the medium resulted in a small, but significant, decrease in the inhibitory effects of both vincristine and colchicine. The data indicate that these agents inhibit a small component of the uphill transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The inhibitory effect of vincristine cannot be attributed to an increase in the passive permeability of the cell membrane to this agent. Rather, the data along with other studies from this laboratory suggest that vincristine reduces the energy-dependent transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by either inhibiting cellular energy metabolism or by inhibiting cellular energy metabolism or by inhibiting the coupling of energy-metabolism to the transport of this amino acid and raises the possibility that cellular microtubules play a role in these processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1194362", "title": "Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. VIII. Induction of differentiation to mature granulocytes in mass culture.", "content": "There are three types of myeloid leukemic cells, IR+D, IR+D- and IR-D-. IR+D+ cells were induced to differentiate to granulocytes in mass culture in liquid medium by conditioned medium (CM) from cultures of lungs from mice injected with endotoxin. About 90% of the leukemic cells were induced to differentiate, 50% to mature granulocytes and 40% to intermediate stages. An efficient induction of granulocyte differentiation was also obtained with CM from primary cultures of rat embryo or human spleen and there was a lower activity with CM from various other sources. IR+D- cells were induced to differentiate to about 20% cells with intermediate stages but not to mature granulocytes; IR-D- cells could not be induced to differentiate to intermediate or mature stages. IR+D+ cells were induced to form intermediate stages of granulocyte differentiation, to phagocytose and to attach to the surface of the Petri dish, three days after incubation with CM. Optimum induction of mature granulocytes required six more days incubation with CM. Mature granulocytes induced from leukemic cells showed cytochemical properties and a morphology in the electron microscope similar to that of normal mature granulocytes. These induced granulocytes did not form leukemiac in animals or colonies in agar. The granulocytes induced from the myeloid leukemic cells, therefore, behaved like normal mature granulocytes.", "contents": "Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. VIII. Induction of differentiation to mature granulocytes in mass culture. There are three types of myeloid leukemic cells, IR+D, IR+D- and IR-D-. IR+D+ cells were induced to differentiate to granulocytes in mass culture in liquid medium by conditioned medium (CM) from cultures of lungs from mice injected with endotoxin. About 90% of the leukemic cells were induced to differentiate, 50% to mature granulocytes and 40% to intermediate stages. An efficient induction of granulocyte differentiation was also obtained with CM from primary cultures of rat embryo or human spleen and there was a lower activity with CM from various other sources. IR+D- cells were induced to differentiate to about 20% cells with intermediate stages but not to mature granulocytes; IR-D- cells could not be induced to differentiate to intermediate or mature stages. IR+D+ cells were induced to form intermediate stages of granulocyte differentiation, to phagocytose and to attach to the surface of the Petri dish, three days after incubation with CM. Optimum induction of mature granulocytes required six more days incubation with CM. Mature granulocytes induced from leukemic cells showed cytochemical properties and a morphology in the electron microscope similar to that of normal mature granulocytes. These induced granulocytes did not form leukemiac in animals or colonies in agar. The granulocytes induced from the myeloid leukemic cells, therefore, behaved like normal mature granulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1194363", "title": "Cell attachment to collagen: the requirement for energy.", "content": "It has previously been demonstrated that cell attachment to collagen depends on the presence of a serum-derived cell attachment factor. Two steps in the cell attachment process have been defined. First, the cell attachment factor can bind to collagen in the absence of divalent cations. Secondly, either Ca++ or Mg++ are required for cells to attach to the collagen-cell attachment factor complex. A third requirement for cell attachment to collagen is demonstrated here; namely, cellular metabolic energy. A simple method for the assay of ATP in tissue culture cells is presented.", "contents": "Cell attachment to collagen: the requirement for energy. It has previously been demonstrated that cell attachment to collagen depends on the presence of a serum-derived cell attachment factor. Two steps in the cell attachment process have been defined. First, the cell attachment factor can bind to collagen in the absence of divalent cations. Secondly, either Ca++ or Mg++ are required for cells to attach to the collagen-cell attachment factor complex. A third requirement for cell attachment to collagen is demonstrated here; namely, cellular metabolic energy. A simple method for the assay of ATP in tissue culture cells is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1194364", "title": "Isolation and characterization of alkaline phosphatase-constitutive variants from Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-k1).", "content": "Pure clones with high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were isolated from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells which showed no detectable ALP activity. ALP-positive cells appeared at the frequency of 10(-4) in the N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine-treated cell population. With respect for cellular morphology, plating efficiency and several other enzymatic activities, no distinct difference was found between the original CHO-K1 cells and its ALP-positive variants, although some alterations in karyotype were found. Levels of ALP activity in these clones was stably maintained during serial cultivation. Some of the enzymological properties of ALP in the isolated clones were similar to those in bone or kidney.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of alkaline phosphatase-constitutive variants from Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-k1). Pure clones with high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were isolated from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells which showed no detectable ALP activity. ALP-positive cells appeared at the frequency of 10(-4) in the N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine-treated cell population. With respect for cellular morphology, plating efficiency and several other enzymatic activities, no distinct difference was found between the original CHO-K1 cells and its ALP-positive variants, although some alterations in karyotype were found. Levels of ALP activity in these clones was stably maintained during serial cultivation. Some of the enzymological properties of ALP in the isolated clones were similar to those in bone or kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:1194365", "title": "A comparative study of the effects of lucanthone (miracil D) and actinomycin D on the Chinese hamster cells grown in cultures.", "content": "Chinese hamster cells of an established clone line grown in monolayers were incubated for up to two hours with either lucanthone (0.3-30 mug/ml) or actinomycin D (0.06-0.10 MUG/ML) AND SUbjected to radioautographic investigations with 3H-uridine during the period of treatment. At concentration of 9 mug/ml lucanthone selectively inhibited the synthesis of nucleolar (ribosomal) RNA while the extranucleolar RNA synthesis proceeded at a high level. Similar results were obtained with 0.08 mug/ml actinomycin D. Protein synthesis and mitotic activity were also affected by lucanthone but the drug did not markedly interfere with DNA synthesis. Lucanthone appeared to be much less effective in cell killing than  actinomycin D and its inhibitory effects on the nucleolar RNA synthesis and other cellular processes proved readily reversible. The results allow to conclude that lucanthone may be useful as a tool for studying RNA synthesis in animal cells.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effects of lucanthone (miracil D) and actinomycin D on the Chinese hamster cells grown in cultures. Chinese hamster cells of an established clone line grown in monolayers were incubated for up to two hours with either lucanthone (0.3-30 mug/ml) or actinomycin D (0.06-0.10 MUG/ML) AND SUbjected to radioautographic investigations with 3H-uridine during the period of treatment. At concentration of 9 mug/ml lucanthone selectively inhibited the synthesis of nucleolar (ribosomal) RNA while the extranucleolar RNA synthesis proceeded at a high level. Similar results were obtained with 0.08 mug/ml actinomycin D. Protein synthesis and mitotic activity were also affected by lucanthone but the drug did not markedly interfere with DNA synthesis. Lucanthone appeared to be much less effective in cell killing than  actinomycin D and its inhibitory effects on the nucleolar RNA synthesis and other cellular processes proved readily reversible. The results allow to conclude that lucanthone may be useful as a tool for studying RNA synthesis in animal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1194367", "title": "Growth limitation of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts by available growth surface area and medium components.", "content": "Studies with untransformed fibroblasts demonstrate that growth of these cells in culture can be limited by the availability of both growth surface and medium components. Experiments using cells grown on coverslips, in which the only variable was available growth surface, indicate that when the medium to cell ratio is high, surface area is the principal factor limiting growth. At low medium to cell ratios, however, growth of cells is predominantly limited by medium components. The final number of cells per culture is almost directly proportional to available surface area when the culture medium is changed daily.", "contents": "Growth limitation of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts by available growth surface area and medium components. Studies with untransformed fibroblasts demonstrate that growth of these cells in culture can be limited by the availability of both growth surface and medium components. Experiments using cells grown on coverslips, in which the only variable was available growth surface, indicate that when the medium to cell ratio is high, surface area is the principal factor limiting growth. At low medium to cell ratios, however, growth of cells is predominantly limited by medium components. The final number of cells per culture is almost directly proportional to available surface area when the culture medium is changed daily."}
{"id": "PMID:1194366", "title": "N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine, an inhibitor of cellular transport of uridine and cytidine.", "content": "N6-(delta2-Isopentenyl)adenosine (IPAR) inhibited severely the incorporation of uridine and cytidine into S-180 cells in culture. When IPAR and the nucleosides were simultaneously present in the medium the inhibition was competitive (Ki 3.4 muM) and indicated inhibition of transport. However, the inhibition occurred even in the absence of extracellular IPAR if the cells had been preincubated with IPAR. Since 5'-IPAMP was the product which accumulated in large quantities in S-180 cells when incubated with IPAR, the effects of this AMP analog of the intracellular metabolism of uridine had to be considered. No direct correlation between the amount of intracellular IPAMP and the degree of inhibition of uridine utilization was observed and the relative distribution of uridine nucleotides in the acid soluble pool of the cells was unaltered in cells treated with IPAR. Also, IPAMP was not an inhibitor of uridine kinase in a cell free system nor was the activity of this enzyme affected by treatment of cells with IPAR. In addition, a profound inhibition of uridine utilization was also observed in a resistant subline of S-180 cells, which is unable to form IPAMP. These data suggest that IPAMP was not the inhibitory agent. Furthermore, the observation that the inhibition in both sensitive and resistant cells was caused even by a 15-second exposure to 100 muM IPAR, followed by rinsing, suggests that IPAR itself is the effective agent. It is concluded that IPAR exerts its inhibitory effect on uridine and cytidine utilization by becoming lodged in the cell membrane and thereby preventing the passage of these nucleosides into the cells. It is also shown that the inhibition of uridine and cytidine utilization by IPAR and by other potent nucleoside uptake inhibitors is unrelated to inhibition of growth or RNA-synthesis when the cells do not depend on an extracellular source of a nucleoside for growth.", "contents": "N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine, an inhibitor of cellular transport of uridine and cytidine. N6-(delta2-Isopentenyl)adenosine (IPAR) inhibited severely the incorporation of uridine and cytidine into S-180 cells in culture. When IPAR and the nucleosides were simultaneously present in the medium the inhibition was competitive (Ki 3.4 muM) and indicated inhibition of transport. However, the inhibition occurred even in the absence of extracellular IPAR if the cells had been preincubated with IPAR. Since 5'-IPAMP was the product which accumulated in large quantities in S-180 cells when incubated with IPAR, the effects of this AMP analog of the intracellular metabolism of uridine had to be considered. No direct correlation between the amount of intracellular IPAMP and the degree of inhibition of uridine utilization was observed and the relative distribution of uridine nucleotides in the acid soluble pool of the cells was unaltered in cells treated with IPAR. Also, IPAMP was not an inhibitor of uridine kinase in a cell free system nor was the activity of this enzyme affected by treatment of cells with IPAR. In addition, a profound inhibition of uridine utilization was also observed in a resistant subline of S-180 cells, which is unable to form IPAMP. These data suggest that IPAMP was not the inhibitory agent. Furthermore, the observation that the inhibition in both sensitive and resistant cells was caused even by a 15-second exposure to 100 muM IPAR, followed by rinsing, suggests that IPAR itself is the effective agent. It is concluded that IPAR exerts its inhibitory effect on uridine and cytidine utilization by becoming lodged in the cell membrane and thereby preventing the passage of these nucleosides into the cells. It is also shown that the inhibition of uridine and cytidine utilization by IPAR and by other potent nucleoside uptake inhibitors is unrelated to inhibition of growth or RNA-synthesis when the cells do not depend on an extracellular source of a nucleoside for growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1194368", "title": "Effects of withdrawal of a serum stimulus on the protein-synthesizing machinery of cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "3T6 cells resting in medium containing 0.5% serum were stimulated to prepare for multiplication by the addition of medium containing 10% serum. After a number of hours, when the rate of preribosomal RNA synthesis, total RNA content (mainly ribosomal), and the cytoplasmic content of poly A (a measure of poly A(+) mRNA) were considerably elevated, the serum-rich medium was withdrawn, and the original medium replaced. The rate of preribosomal RNA synthesis began to drop within 30 minutes, but required a much longer time to fall to a new resting level. When the serum-rich medium was withdrawn after 12 hours of stimulation, the total RNA content required 12-18 hours to fall to the resting level, whereas cytoplasmic poly A content and the rate of protein synthesis declined more rapidly, reaching a new resting level within eight hours. During the 12 hours following withdrawal of the serum-rich medium an appreciable fraction of the cells initiated DNA synthesis. Presumably, the cellular preparations for DNA synthesis cannot be immediately reversed because of the inertial factors related to the protein-synthesizing machinery.", "contents": "Effects of withdrawal of a serum stimulus on the protein-synthesizing machinery of cultured fibroblasts. 3T6 cells resting in medium containing 0.5% serum were stimulated to prepare for multiplication by the addition of medium containing 10% serum. After a number of hours, when the rate of preribosomal RNA synthesis, total RNA content (mainly ribosomal), and the cytoplasmic content of poly A (a measure of poly A(+) mRNA) were considerably elevated, the serum-rich medium was withdrawn, and the original medium replaced. The rate of preribosomal RNA synthesis began to drop within 30 minutes, but required a much longer time to fall to a new resting level. When the serum-rich medium was withdrawn after 12 hours of stimulation, the total RNA content required 12-18 hours to fall to the resting level, whereas cytoplasmic poly A content and the rate of protein synthesis declined more rapidly, reaching a new resting level within eight hours. During the 12 hours following withdrawal of the serum-rich medium an appreciable fraction of the cells initiated DNA synthesis. Presumably, the cellular preparations for DNA synthesis cannot be immediately reversed because of the inertial factors related to the protein-synthesizing machinery."}
{"id": "PMID:1194369", "title": "Growth enhancement of myogenic tumor cells by conditioned medium from embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Growth medium was conditioned by incubation on mouse embryo cells in vitro. Supplementation of agar suspension cultures with conditioned medium from primary cells, but not from established lines, readily enhanced colony development by mouse tumor cells. Only cells with the properties of myoblasts responded to conditioned medium. Other fibroblastoid cells and virus-transformed cell lines were not affected. Myogenic cells in agar cultures grew in the presence of conditioned medium but did not differentiate. Soluble collagen at 400 mug/ml possessed little colony-stimulating activity by comparison with fresh conditioned medium.", "contents": "Growth enhancement of myogenic tumor cells by conditioned medium from embryo fibroblasts. Growth medium was conditioned by incubation on mouse embryo cells in vitro. Supplementation of agar suspension cultures with conditioned medium from primary cells, but not from established lines, readily enhanced colony development by mouse tumor cells. Only cells with the properties of myoblasts responded to conditioned medium. Other fibroblastoid cells and virus-transformed cell lines were not affected. Myogenic cells in agar cultures grew in the presence of conditioned medium but did not differentiate. Soluble collagen at 400 mug/ml possessed little colony-stimulating activity by comparison with fresh conditioned medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1194370", "title": "Myosin in developing normal and dystrophic chicken pectoralis. I. Synthesis and degradation.", "content": "The synthesis and degradation of pectoralis myosin have been investigated in chickens 15-23 days after hatching. An essentially nonreutilizable tracer amino acid was used to demonstrate differences in the rates of synthesis and degradation of myosin isolated from normal and hypertrophied, cystrophic breast tissue. The analyses have shown that the dystrophic system  synthesizes myosin faster than the normal system and that only myosin in dystrophic pectoralis is degraded during the experimental period. Double label experiments have indicated that the heavy chains of dystrophic myosin are destroyed at a rate greater than that characteristic of the light chains.", "contents": "Myosin in developing normal and dystrophic chicken pectoralis. I. Synthesis and degradation. The synthesis and degradation of pectoralis myosin have been investigated in chickens 15-23 days after hatching. An essentially nonreutilizable tracer amino acid was used to demonstrate differences in the rates of synthesis and degradation of myosin isolated from normal and hypertrophied, cystrophic breast tissue. The analyses have shown that the dystrophic system  synthesizes myosin faster than the normal system and that only myosin in dystrophic pectoralis is degraded during the experimental period. Double label experiments have indicated that the heavy chains of dystrophic myosin are destroyed at a rate greater than that characteristic of the light chains."}
{"id": "PMID:1194371", "title": "Myosin in developing normal and dystrophic chicken pectoralis. II. The relationship between intracellular and extracellular aspartate pools and myosin synthesis.", "content": "The present studies establish the cellular pool of aspartate as the major source of this amino acid used during the biosynthesis of skeletal muscle myosin. The precursor=product relationship has been established in growing, normal pectoralis and has been suggested in hypertrophied, dystrophic pectoralis. Specific activities of aspartic acid in plasma and cellular pools corrected for extracellular space contributions have been correlated with aspartate incorporation onto myosin. These data have been coupled with quantitative data on myosin accumulation and have established the cellular pool as the major precursor pool. The data also give further insight into some of the factors responsible for the observation that in vivo dystrophic tissue gives higher levels of aspartate incorporation than normal tissue.", "contents": "Myosin in developing normal and dystrophic chicken pectoralis. II. The relationship between intracellular and extracellular aspartate pools and myosin synthesis. The present studies establish the cellular pool of aspartate as the major source of this amino acid used during the biosynthesis of skeletal muscle myosin. The precursor=product relationship has been established in growing, normal pectoralis and has been suggested in hypertrophied, dystrophic pectoralis. Specific activities of aspartic acid in plasma and cellular pools corrected for extracellular space contributions have been correlated with aspartate incorporation onto myosin. These data have been coupled with quantitative data on myosin accumulation and have established the cellular pool as the major precursor pool. The data also give further insight into some of the factors responsible for the observation that in vivo dystrophic tissue gives higher levels of aspartate incorporation than normal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1194372", "title": "Decreased 3H-uridine incorporation and increased 3H-adenosine incorporation by HeLa cells exposed to autologous culture fluid.", "content": "Actively growing HeLa monolayer cultures briefly exposed to the culture fluids (CF) from confluent HeLa cultures and labeled simultaneously or subsequently, incorporated less 3H-uridine (3H-UR) but more 3H-adenosine (3H-AR) than control cultures similarly exposed to fresh medium and labeled. Exposure to CF inhibited the uptake as well as the incorporation of 3H-UR by cultures. The inhibition of 3H-UR incorporation by CF-exposed cultures could be reduced by increasing the concentration of 3H-UR in the labeling medium. Both the inhibition of 3H-UR incorporation and the stimulation of 3H-AR incorporation were prevented by washing the CF-treated cultures with phosphate buffered saline before labeling. Similarly, both effects could be producted in HeLa cultures exposed to fresh medium containing 1 X 10(-5) M uridine instead of to CF. Therefore, the observed effects of CF on label incorporation were probably due to the presence of uridine or a related compound, and the inhibition of 3H-UR incorporation resulted from reduced uptake of 3H-UR rather than from reduced RNA synthesis by exposed cells. The active agent in the CF, formed only when cultures were incubated at physiological temperatures, was not a product of medium decay. It was a cellular product formed equally well by cultures incubated in medium containing dialysed or whole serum.", "contents": "Decreased 3H-uridine incorporation and increased 3H-adenosine incorporation by HeLa cells exposed to autologous culture fluid. Actively growing HeLa monolayer cultures briefly exposed to the culture fluids (CF) from confluent HeLa cultures and labeled simultaneously or subsequently, incorporated less 3H-uridine (3H-UR) but more 3H-adenosine (3H-AR) than control cultures similarly exposed to fresh medium and labeled. Exposure to CF inhibited the uptake as well as the incorporation of 3H-UR by cultures. The inhibition of 3H-UR incorporation by CF-exposed cultures could be reduced by increasing the concentration of 3H-UR in the labeling medium. Both the inhibition of 3H-UR incorporation and the stimulation of 3H-AR incorporation were prevented by washing the CF-treated cultures with phosphate buffered saline before labeling. Similarly, both effects could be producted in HeLa cultures exposed to fresh medium containing 1 X 10(-5) M uridine instead of to CF. Therefore, the observed effects of CF on label incorporation were probably due to the presence of uridine or a related compound, and the inhibition of 3H-UR incorporation resulted from reduced uptake of 3H-UR rather than from reduced RNA synthesis by exposed cells. The active agent in the CF, formed only when cultures were incubated at physiological temperatures, was not a product of medium decay. It was a cellular product formed equally well by cultures incubated in medium containing dialysed or whole serum."}
{"id": "PMID:1194373", "title": "The kinetics of serum-induced initiation of DNA synthesis in BHK 21/C13 cells, and the influence of exogenous adenosine.", "content": "After the re-addition of serum in the presence of adenosine (25 muM), the entry of quiescent, serum starved BHK 21 cells into DNA synthesis follows first order kinetics after a well defined lag period of eight hours, and with a rate constant dependent on serum concentration. Initiation of DNA synthesis under these conditions can therefore be considered to be a random event occurring with a \"Transition Probability\" determined by the serum concentration. In the presence of adenosine, the change of Transition Probability following the addition of serum occurs abruptly. In the absence of exogenous adenosine, however, the change of Transition Probability after serum addition appears to be both gradual and bi-phasic. The initial changes in the absence of adenosine, though smaller in magnitude, display a similar dependence on serum concentration to the changes occurring in the presence of the nucleoside. In contrast, the secondary gradual increase of Transition Probability in the absence of added purines exhibits a higher serum requirement. It is suggested that the regulation of Transition Probability by serum involves some purine-dependent process, and that in the absence of an exogenous supply this becomes limited by endogenous synthesis which in turn may be dependent on serum concentration.", "contents": "The kinetics of serum-induced initiation of DNA synthesis in BHK 21/C13 cells, and the influence of exogenous adenosine. After the re-addition of serum in the presence of adenosine (25 muM), the entry of quiescent, serum starved BHK 21 cells into DNA synthesis follows first order kinetics after a well defined lag period of eight hours, and with a rate constant dependent on serum concentration. Initiation of DNA synthesis under these conditions can therefore be considered to be a random event occurring with a \"Transition Probability\" determined by the serum concentration. In the presence of adenosine, the change of Transition Probability following the addition of serum occurs abruptly. In the absence of exogenous adenosine, however, the change of Transition Probability after serum addition appears to be both gradual and bi-phasic. The initial changes in the absence of adenosine, though smaller in magnitude, display a similar dependence on serum concentration to the changes occurring in the presence of the nucleoside. In contrast, the secondary gradual increase of Transition Probability in the absence of added purines exhibits a higher serum requirement. It is suggested that the regulation of Transition Probability by serum involves some purine-dependent process, and that in the absence of an exogenous supply this becomes limited by endogenous synthesis which in turn may be dependent on serum concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1194374", "title": "Anchorage dependent changes in transport of glucose, adenosine, uridine and leucine in 3T3 cells.", "content": "There is a low uptake of leucine in suspension cultures of 3T3 cells relative to the uptake in sparse monolayer cultures. The pattern of uptake of deoxyglucose is similar in suspension and monolayer cultures and changing the medium or adding serum stimulates uptake under both culture conditions. The uptake of uridine and adenosine is greater in suspension culture than in monolayer culture. Cells do not multiply in suspension culture but do multiply in monolayer culture and thus there is a correlation between uptake of leucine and conditions which stimulate cell multiplication, but not correlation of the uptake of deoxyglucose, uridine and adenosine with these conditions.", "contents": "Anchorage dependent changes in transport of glucose, adenosine, uridine and leucine in 3T3 cells. There is a low uptake of leucine in suspension cultures of 3T3 cells relative to the uptake in sparse monolayer cultures. The pattern of uptake of deoxyglucose is similar in suspension and monolayer cultures and changing the medium or adding serum stimulates uptake under both culture conditions. The uptake of uridine and adenosine is greater in suspension culture than in monolayer culture. Cells do not multiply in suspension culture but do multiply in monolayer culture and thus there is a correlation between uptake of leucine and conditions which stimulate cell multiplication, but not correlation of the uptake of deoxyglucose, uridine and adenosine with these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194375", "title": "Non-mendelian segregation in hybrids between chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Mechanisms of segregation have been examined in hybrids between Chinese hamster cells, where chromosome loss in comparison to other systems is minimal. Hybrid cells were grown in HAT medium and subjected to back selection with bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) or azaguanine (AZG). In AZG or BUDR at 30 mug/ml, segregation began with a random high frequency event  that gave rise to cells capable of growth in both HAT and back selection medium, unlike the precursor hybrid or original parental cell types. BUDR-resistant segregants were propagated serially in the presence of BUDR, and were examined by clonal analysis for changes in plating properties during long term culture. Over a period of 300 days the HAT/BUDR plating ratio for sergregant cells declined continuously. A parallel decrease was observed in the rate of H3-thymidine incorporation, along with a drop in thymidine kinase activity. These shifts took place only in the presence of BUDR, and could be reversed by altered selection in HAT medium. Clonal studies showed that the evolution of segregant properties occurred in most if not all cells of the population, and did not arise from variation and selection of minority cell types. These properties of the segregating system are not consistent with models based on gene mutation, chromosome  rearrangements, or chromosome loss. The evolution of segregants resembles more closely a sorting-out progress, taking place by intracellular selection over many generations. The segregating units may conceivably be cytoplasmic determinants linked functionally to nuclear genes, and which serve to modulate the events of phenotypic expression. Several lines of evidence which bear on this concept are discussed.", "contents": "Non-mendelian segregation in hybrids between chinese hamster cells. Mechanisms of segregation have been examined in hybrids between Chinese hamster cells, where chromosome loss in comparison to other systems is minimal. Hybrid cells were grown in HAT medium and subjected to back selection with bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) or azaguanine (AZG). In AZG or BUDR at 30 mug/ml, segregation began with a random high frequency event  that gave rise to cells capable of growth in both HAT and back selection medium, unlike the precursor hybrid or original parental cell types. BUDR-resistant segregants were propagated serially in the presence of BUDR, and were examined by clonal analysis for changes in plating properties during long term culture. Over a period of 300 days the HAT/BUDR plating ratio for sergregant cells declined continuously. A parallel decrease was observed in the rate of H3-thymidine incorporation, along with a drop in thymidine kinase activity. These shifts took place only in the presence of BUDR, and could be reversed by altered selection in HAT medium. Clonal studies showed that the evolution of segregant properties occurred in most if not all cells of the population, and did not arise from variation and selection of minority cell types. These properties of the segregating system are not consistent with models based on gene mutation, chromosome  rearrangements, or chromosome loss. The evolution of segregants resembles more closely a sorting-out progress, taking place by intracellular selection over many generations. The segregating units may conceivably be cytoplasmic determinants linked functionally to nuclear genes, and which serve to modulate the events of phenotypic expression. Several lines of evidence which bear on this concept are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194376", "title": "Chromosomal proteins of rat brain: increased synthesis and affinity for DNA following a pulse of the carcinogen ethyinitrosourea in vivo.", "content": "A single pulse of ethlnitrosourea (EtNU), administered to 10-day-old BD IX-rats, specifically results in a high incidence of neuroectodermal tumors in the central and peripheral nervous system. At five days after an EtNU-pulse, analyses of protein-DNA interactions were performed using chromatin dissociation and re-association experiments, following incorporation of radioactive leucine into brain chromosomal proteins (CP) during short-term suspension culture. In comparison with 15-day-old control animals, the brain cells of EtNU-treated rats exhibited (i) an increased rate of CP synthesis, and (ii) an increased affinity of the newly-synthesized CP for brain DNA of both control and EtNU-treated animals.", "contents": "Chromosomal proteins of rat brain: increased synthesis and affinity for DNA following a pulse of the carcinogen ethyinitrosourea in vivo. A single pulse of ethlnitrosourea (EtNU), administered to 10-day-old BD IX-rats, specifically results in a high incidence of neuroectodermal tumors in the central and peripheral nervous system. At five days after an EtNU-pulse, analyses of protein-DNA interactions were performed using chromatin dissociation and re-association experiments, following incorporation of radioactive leucine into brain chromosomal proteins (CP) during short-term suspension culture. In comparison with 15-day-old control animals, the brain cells of EtNU-treated rats exhibited (i) an increased rate of CP synthesis, and (ii) an increased affinity of the newly-synthesized CP for brain DNA of both control and EtNU-treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1194382", "title": "A method of structure-activity correlation using Wiswesser Line Notation.", "content": "Fragment sets generated manually from Wiswesser Line Notation have been used to correlate the chemical structures of a group of 79 penicillins with their serum binding activity, using multiple regression analysis. Statistically significant correlations were found, with results in accordance with the generally accepted nature of the binding. Algorithmic methods for the generation of such fragment sets are proposed and the use of various structural representations for structure-property correlation within chemical information systems is discussed.", "contents": "A method of structure-activity correlation using Wiswesser Line Notation. Fragment sets generated manually from Wiswesser Line Notation have been used to correlate the chemical structures of a group of 79 penicillins with their serum binding activity, using multiple regression analysis. Statistically significant correlations were found, with results in accordance with the generally accepted nature of the binding. Algorithmic methods for the generation of such fragment sets are proposed and the use of various structural representations for structure-property correlation within chemical information systems is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194383", "title": "Developing drug literatures. 1. Bibliometrics of baclofen and dantrolene sodium.", "content": "The literatures of two antispastic drugs, baclofen and dantrolene sodium, were studied bibliometrically for their first decade and were found to be generally similar. Baclofen had 93 papers and dantrolene sodium had 70. About a quarter of the baclofen papers were in a foreign language, whereas almost all dantrolene sodium papers were in English. Baclofen literature had a lower nonscholarly content, but the scholarly increase, 5%, was the same for both. Both drugs had an average of 12 references per paper. The literatures of both drugs had a similar degree of internal cohesiveness; almost half of their papers referred to other papers in the same drug collection. The first human paper for baclofen was the second published; for dantrolene sodium, it was the eleventh. The distribution of journals carrying papers on each of these drugs followed Bradford's law. Two authors per paper was the average for each drug. The productivity of authors approximated Lotka's law for both drugs. About two-thirds of the papers of both drugs had a drug-word in their titles. The literature of both drugs contained about 15% legendary papers, typical of clinical pharmacology. The most intense papers, 15 for baclofen and 11 for dantrolene sodium, were identified, using citation, bibliographic coupling, and co-citation frequencies. A generalization predicts what might be expected from the literature of future antispastic drugs.", "contents": "Developing drug literatures. 1. Bibliometrics of baclofen and dantrolene sodium. The literatures of two antispastic drugs, baclofen and dantrolene sodium, were studied bibliometrically for their first decade and were found to be generally similar. Baclofen had 93 papers and dantrolene sodium had 70. About a quarter of the baclofen papers were in a foreign language, whereas almost all dantrolene sodium papers were in English. Baclofen literature had a lower nonscholarly content, but the scholarly increase, 5%, was the same for both. Both drugs had an average of 12 references per paper. The literatures of both drugs had a similar degree of internal cohesiveness; almost half of their papers referred to other papers in the same drug collection. The first human paper for baclofen was the second published; for dantrolene sodium, it was the eleventh. The distribution of journals carrying papers on each of these drugs followed Bradford's law. Two authors per paper was the average for each drug. The productivity of authors approximated Lotka's law for both drugs. About two-thirds of the papers of both drugs had a drug-word in their titles. The literature of both drugs contained about 15% legendary papers, typical of clinical pharmacology. The most intense papers, 15 for baclofen and 11 for dantrolene sodium, were identified, using citation, bibliographic coupling, and co-citation frequencies. A generalization predicts what might be expected from the literature of future antispastic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1194384", "title": "Specialized reference works and their users. A preliminary study.", "content": "An examination of the use of three specialized reference works was made to identify users of the reference tools and the benefits from their use. The feasibility of locating and interviewing users was tested, and an attempt was made to determine the situations in which the works are used. Methods of locating users are described. Users were interviewed to determine the value of each work and alternative sources of information. The works were compared with alternative sources to test their comprehensiveness. Conclusions are: (1) identification of users and their needs is complex, and requires the combination of a number of research methods; (2) the availability and accessibility of alternate information sources varies with both the reference work and the type of user.", "contents": "Specialized reference works and their users. A preliminary study. An examination of the use of three specialized reference works was made to identify users of the reference tools and the benefits from their use. The feasibility of locating and interviewing users was tested, and an attempt was made to determine the situations in which the works are used. Methods of locating users are described. Users were interviewed to determine the value of each work and alternative sources of information. The works were compared with alternative sources to test their comprehensiveness. Conclusions are: (1) identification of users and their needs is complex, and requires the combination of a number of research methods; (2) the availability and accessibility of alternate information sources varies with both the reference work and the type of user."}
{"id": "PMID:1194385", "title": "A survey of the use of on-line computer-based scientific search services by academic libraries.", "content": "To explore their use of on-line computer-based bibliographic search services, a one-page questionnaire was sent to 100 academic libraries in the United States having separate departmental chemistry or science libraries. An attempt was made to determine the background training of the persons performing the searches, who the end users were, the growth trend, the funding, the data bases used, and the value to the users. Of the 73 replies, 49.3% indicated use of such services, while 24.6% were planning to use them primarily by faculty and graduate students. Of those reporting, 83.3% used searchers with a background in library or information science; 47.2% had a background in scientific discipline. Two or more on-line services were used by 72.2%. A majority of respondents stated that the user paid all expenses or a portion of the expenses. The searches met the needs of the user most of the time in 83.3% of the cases, and all of the time in 5.4%.", "contents": "A survey of the use of on-line computer-based scientific search services by academic libraries. To explore their use of on-line computer-based bibliographic search services, a one-page questionnaire was sent to 100 academic libraries in the United States having separate departmental chemistry or science libraries. An attempt was made to determine the background training of the persons performing the searches, who the end users were, the growth trend, the funding, the data bases used, and the value to the users. Of the 73 replies, 49.3% indicated use of such services, while 24.6% were planning to use them primarily by faculty and graduate students. Of those reporting, 83.3% used searchers with a background in library or information science; 47.2% had a background in scientific discipline. Two or more on-line services were used by 72.2%. A majority of respondents stated that the user paid all expenses or a portion of the expenses. The searches met the needs of the user most of the time in 83.3% of the cases, and all of the time in 5.4%."}
{"id": "PMID:1194386", "title": "[Indications for re-operation for infectious complication of abdominal surgery].", "content": "The onset of infective phenomena following abdominal surgical operations requires a full assessment based on the danger of septic intraperitoneal focus, which can only be cured by surgery. The indications for re-operation depend on the presence, or absence, of two types of symptom: Firstly, the existence of local signs, such as peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, whether clinically or on XRay. Furthermore, the onset of general signs, such as septicemia, septic shock, acute organic renal failure, or interstitial pneumonia, may lead to re-operation, even in the absence of local abdominal signs, provided one has eliminated any obvious extra-peritoneal septic focus.", "contents": "[Indications for re-operation for infectious complication of abdominal surgery]. The onset of infective phenomena following abdominal surgical operations requires a full assessment based on the danger of septic intraperitoneal focus, which can only be cured by surgery. The indications for re-operation depend on the presence, or absence, of two types of symptom: Firstly, the existence of local signs, such as peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, whether clinically or on XRay. Furthermore, the onset of general signs, such as septicemia, septic shock, acute organic renal failure, or interstitial pneumonia, may lead to re-operation, even in the absence of local abdominal signs, provided one has eliminated any obvious extra-peritoneal septic focus."}
{"id": "PMID:1194387", "title": "[Embolism in healthy arteries].", "content": "The authors present a series of 64 patients with arterial embolism in healthy arteries. 53 of these patients underwent one or several embolectomies, using a Fogarty catheter. Although arterial embolism has a poor prognosis owing to the constitutional background (15 p. 100 mortality and 12 p. 100 amputations), this is mainly due to the age of the patient. The severity of the initial attack and the delay between embolism and embolectomy seem to be the main factors in prognosis. Massive ischemia causes severe symptoms in these fragile patients and an early cure is necessary to compensate this disturbance. Heparin perfusion, whilst awaiting surgical treatment, is essential. Embolectomy by Fogarty's catheter may be carried out under local anesthesia; this remains the essential measure and has greatly improved the prognosis of this disease which used to be fatal in almost 60 p. 100 of cases, even in healthy arteries.", "contents": "[Embolism in healthy arteries]. The authors present a series of 64 patients with arterial embolism in healthy arteries. 53 of these patients underwent one or several embolectomies, using a Fogarty catheter. Although arterial embolism has a poor prognosis owing to the constitutional background (15 p. 100 mortality and 12 p. 100 amputations), this is mainly due to the age of the patient. The severity of the initial attack and the delay between embolism and embolectomy seem to be the main factors in prognosis. Massive ischemia causes severe symptoms in these fragile patients and an early cure is necessary to compensate this disturbance. Heparin perfusion, whilst awaiting surgical treatment, is essential. Embolectomy by Fogarty's catheter may be carried out under local anesthesia; this remains the essential measure and has greatly improved the prognosis of this disease which used to be fatal in almost 60 p. 100 of cases, even in healthy arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:1194388", "title": "[Experimental portal hypertension in the dog].", "content": "Portal hypertension may be obtained in the dog at three levels: by blocking the venous circulation either above, within or below the liver. Portal hypertension by venous obstruction below the liver is obtained by partial ligature of the portal vein using a ring covered with talcum powder. The fibrous reaction thus created causes occlusion of the portal vein in 50 p. 100 of cases. This portal hypertension is transient and is not accompanied by oesophageal varices. The special anatomical lay-out of the portal system in the dog, explains these findings.", "contents": "[Experimental portal hypertension in the dog]. Portal hypertension may be obtained in the dog at three levels: by blocking the venous circulation either above, within or below the liver. Portal hypertension by venous obstruction below the liver is obtained by partial ligature of the portal vein using a ring covered with talcum powder. The fibrous reaction thus created causes occlusion of the portal vein in 50 p. 100 of cases. This portal hypertension is transient and is not accompanied by oesophageal varices. The special anatomical lay-out of the portal system in the dog, explains these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:1194394", "title": "Rapid and selective determination of free barbiturates by gas chromatography using the electrolytic conductivity detector.", "content": "A rapid and specific gas chromatographic method for the analysis of free barbiturates in serum and urine at all levels of clinical interest is described. The method employs an improved electrolytic conductivity detector, and can be used for the determination of barbiturate levels of 0.01 mg/dl without sample clean-up. The preparation of columns for the analysis of nanogram quantities of free barbiturates is also discussed.", "contents": "Rapid and selective determination of free barbiturates by gas chromatography using the electrolytic conductivity detector. A rapid and specific gas chromatographic method for the analysis of free barbiturates in serum and urine at all levels of clinical interest is described. The method employs an improved electrolytic conductivity detector, and can be used for the determination of barbiturate levels of 0.01 mg/dl without sample clean-up. The preparation of columns for the analysis of nanogram quantities of free barbiturates is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194389", "title": "[Surgical treatment of autonomous chronic pancreatitis (apropos of 147 cases)].", "content": "Surgery in chronic pancreatitis gives only poor results: 40 p. 100 of cures or long-term improvements. Apart from certain mistaken indications, three factors are associated with a poor prognosis: calcification, late operation, persistence of alcoholism. However, mechanical complications, such as jaundice, pyloric stenosis, digestive hemorrhage and pseudo-cyst, are the main undoubted indications for operation. The choice of operation depends mainly on the state of Wirsung's duct. Usually, either part of the gland is removed or an internal digestive fistula is performed. Removal of the left lobe of the pancreas gives good results. Cephalic duodeno-pancreatectomy which is satisfactory in the short term, does not give, in the long run, better results than those of drainage operations. Pseudo-cysts are treated by removal when situated in the body or the tail and a drainage operation in the cephalic form. Simple operations should be preferred.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of autonomous chronic pancreatitis (apropos of 147 cases)]. Surgery in chronic pancreatitis gives only poor results: 40 p. 100 of cures or long-term improvements. Apart from certain mistaken indications, three factors are associated with a poor prognosis: calcification, late operation, persistence of alcoholism. However, mechanical complications, such as jaundice, pyloric stenosis, digestive hemorrhage and pseudo-cyst, are the main undoubted indications for operation. The choice of operation depends mainly on the state of Wirsung's duct. Usually, either part of the gland is removed or an internal digestive fistula is performed. Removal of the left lobe of the pancreas gives good results. Cephalic duodeno-pancreatectomy which is satisfactory in the short term, does not give, in the long run, better results than those of drainage operations. Pseudo-cysts are treated by removal when situated in the body or the tail and a drainage operation in the cephalic form. Simple operations should be preferred."}
{"id": "PMID:1194395", "title": "Chromatographic analysis of hydrocarbons in marine sediments and seawater.", "content": "The low concentration of hydrocarbons anticipated in pollution baseline studies necessitates the development of analytical techniques sensitive at the sub-microgram per kilogram concentration level. The method of analysis developed in this laboratory involves dynamic headspace sampling for volatile hydrocarbon components of the sample, followed by coupled-column liquid chromatography for the non-volatile components. These techniques require minimal sample handling, reducing the risk of sample component loss and/or sample contamination. Volatile sample components are separated from the matrix in a closed system and concentrated on a TENAX-GC packed pre-column, free from large amounts of solvent and ready for GC/GC-MS analysis. Non-volatile compounds, such as the benzpyrenes, may be extracted from large volumes of water and concentrated on a Bondapak C18 packed pre-column for coupled-column liquid chromatographic separation and analysis. Results of the application of these techniques to the analysis of samples from sites of known low level hydrocarbon contamination are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Chromatographic analysis of hydrocarbons in marine sediments and seawater. The low concentration of hydrocarbons anticipated in pollution baseline studies necessitates the development of analytical techniques sensitive at the sub-microgram per kilogram concentration level. The method of analysis developed in this laboratory involves dynamic headspace sampling for volatile hydrocarbon components of the sample, followed by coupled-column liquid chromatography for the non-volatile components. These techniques require minimal sample handling, reducing the risk of sample component loss and/or sample contamination. Volatile sample components are separated from the matrix in a closed system and concentrated on a TENAX-GC packed pre-column, free from large amounts of solvent and ready for GC/GC-MS analysis. Non-volatile compounds, such as the benzpyrenes, may be extracted from large volumes of water and concentrated on a Bondapak C18 packed pre-column for coupled-column liquid chromatographic separation and analysis. Results of the application of these techniques to the analysis of samples from sites of known low level hydrocarbon contamination are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194397", "title": "Reverse phase thin-layer chromatographic separation of bromodiphenhydramine and diphenhydramine.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic system is described for the separation of diphenhydramine and bromodiphenhydramine which is based on a reverse phase paper chromatographic system developed by J. Vecerkov\u00e1 (2,3) in 1962. Chromatographic systems for this separation described in the literature and several systems attempted in this laboratory using normal chromatography have not proven successful. The method using reverse phase thin-layer chromatography involves a stationary phase of mineral oil on silica gel G and a mobile phase of ethanol:water:ammonium hydroxide, 28% NH3, (55:43:2). A 10-cm length of run requires about three hours and provides an excellent separation of the two compounds for identification-differentiation purposes.", "contents": "Reverse phase thin-layer chromatographic separation of bromodiphenhydramine and diphenhydramine. A thin-layer chromatographic system is described for the separation of diphenhydramine and bromodiphenhydramine which is based on a reverse phase paper chromatographic system developed by J. Vecerkov\u00e1 (2,3) in 1962. Chromatographic systems for this separation described in the literature and several systems attempted in this laboratory using normal chromatography have not proven successful. The method using reverse phase thin-layer chromatography involves a stationary phase of mineral oil on silica gel G and a mobile phase of ethanol:water:ammonium hydroxide, 28% NH3, (55:43:2). A 10-cm length of run requires about three hours and provides an excellent separation of the two compounds for identification-differentiation purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:1194398", "title": "TLC screening techniques for the qualitative determination of natural and synthetic capsaicinoids.", "content": "Three TLC methods of qualitative screening of capsicum products are described. A procedure using a two-dimensional reversed phase system and bromination of the sample gave the greatest flexibility but required the longest time. A one-dimensional reversed phase system using silver ion to complex with the unsaturated components is also described. Polyamide plates using silver ion in the developing solvent gave the greatest speed of the three methods compared.", "contents": "TLC screening techniques for the qualitative determination of natural and synthetic capsaicinoids. Three TLC methods of qualitative screening of capsicum products are described. A procedure using a two-dimensional reversed phase system and bromination of the sample gave the greatest flexibility but required the longest time. A one-dimensional reversed phase system using silver ion to complex with the unsaturated components is also described. Polyamide plates using silver ion in the developing solvent gave the greatest speed of the three methods compared."}
{"id": "PMID:1194399", "title": "Preparation of superior thin-layer chromatograms for quantitative in situ densitometry by nonequilibrated development. I. Trisulfapyrimidines: sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine.", "content": "A method of obtaining controlled nonequilibrated horizontal plate development by employing a developing system open to room atmosphere is described and compared with other plate-developing techniques. Nonequilibrated plate development produced spot configurations with the precise physical outline and densitometric distribution needed for optical scanning.", "contents": "Preparation of superior thin-layer chromatograms for quantitative in situ densitometry by nonequilibrated development. I. Trisulfapyrimidines: sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine. A method of obtaining controlled nonequilibrated horizontal plate development by employing a developing system open to room atmosphere is described and compared with other plate-developing techniques. Nonequilibrated plate development produced spot configurations with the precise physical outline and densitometric distribution needed for optical scanning."}
{"id": "PMID:1194400", "title": "Luminescence analysis of anti-inflammatory agents in blood or plasma following thin-layer chromatographic separation.", "content": "The luminescence properties of some anti-inflammatory agents and of 6-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-2-carbox-ylic acid, 6-chloro-9-[2-(2-methyl-5-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,2,3,4-tet-rahydrocarbazole-2-methanol.HCl, and (d,l)-6-chloro-alpha-methyl-carbazole-2-acetic acid have been examined at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Assays were developed for indomethacin, the tetrahydrocarbazoles, and the carbazole based upon solvent extraction from blood or plasma, thin-layer chromatographic separation of the drugs from interfering materials and phosphorimetry of the eluted materials. The solvent elution may be accomplished either by manual scraping and elution or by the use of a semiautomated elution apparatus. These two techniques were compared with respect to overall recovery and precision using both fluorometry and phosphorimetry.", "contents": "Luminescence analysis of anti-inflammatory agents in blood or plasma following thin-layer chromatographic separation. The luminescence properties of some anti-inflammatory agents and of 6-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-2-carbox-ylic acid, 6-chloro-9-[2-(2-methyl-5-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,2,3,4-tet-rahydrocarbazole-2-methanol.HCl, and (d,l)-6-chloro-alpha-methyl-carbazole-2-acetic acid have been examined at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Assays were developed for indomethacin, the tetrahydrocarbazoles, and the carbazole based upon solvent extraction from blood or plasma, thin-layer chromatographic separation of the drugs from interfering materials and phosphorimetry of the eluted materials. The solvent elution may be accomplished either by manual scraping and elution or by the use of a semiautomated elution apparatus. These two techniques were compared with respect to overall recovery and precision using both fluorometry and phosphorimetry."}
{"id": "PMID:1194401", "title": "Thin-layer and gas chromatographic screening programs for new drug substances.", "content": "Procedures are described for evaluation of the thin-layer and gas chromatographic properties of new raw material drug substances over a broad spectrum of conditions. Chromatographic profiles are established for each drug, and these are used as starting points for analytical procedures for the drug, its synthetic precursors, and its degradation products. Thin-layer chromatography is performed initially by use of three absorbents and a series of six solvents. Gas chromatography is performed initially by temperature programming on a series of six different columns, followed by isothermal experiments. Evaluation of resulting chromatograms from both techniques determines whether more experiments are necessary or whether an analytical method can be developed based directly on one of the results of the initial screening.", "contents": "Thin-layer and gas chromatographic screening programs for new drug substances. Procedures are described for evaluation of the thin-layer and gas chromatographic properties of new raw material drug substances over a broad spectrum of conditions. Chromatographic profiles are established for each drug, and these are used as starting points for analytical procedures for the drug, its synthetic precursors, and its degradation products. Thin-layer chromatography is performed initially by use of three absorbents and a series of six solvents. Gas chromatography is performed initially by temperature programming on a series of six different columns, followed by isothermal experiments. Evaluation of resulting chromatograms from both techniques determines whether more experiments are necessary or whether an analytical method can be developed based directly on one of the results of the initial screening."}
{"id": "PMID:1194390", "title": "[Direct approach for bypass of the distal deep femoral artery. The supra mediocrural route].", "content": "The medio-femoral route permits a simple, direct approach to the distal part of the profunda femoris artery outside Scarpas triangle, i.e. below the first perforating artery. The quadriceps femoris and sartorius muscles are separated. This segment may reach the lower part of the popliteal artery through various collaterals supplying the muscle and nerve arteries and, hence, the leg. In selected cases with severe ischemia and absent femoral pulse, a by-pass operation carried out at this level permitted one to obtain a satisfactory arterial blood supply to the leg and foot. Used in only three patients, with a follow-up of several months, we cannot yet draw final conclusions, but the quality of the early results is evidence for the interest of the method.", "contents": "[Direct approach for bypass of the distal deep femoral artery. The supra mediocrural route]. The medio-femoral route permits a simple, direct approach to the distal part of the profunda femoris artery outside Scarpas triangle, i.e. below the first perforating artery. The quadriceps femoris and sartorius muscles are separated. This segment may reach the lower part of the popliteal artery through various collaterals supplying the muscle and nerve arteries and, hence, the leg. In selected cases with severe ischemia and absent femoral pulse, a by-pass operation carried out at this level permitted one to obtain a satisfactory arterial blood supply to the leg and foot. Used in only three patients, with a follow-up of several months, we cannot yet draw final conclusions, but the quality of the early results is evidence for the interest of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:1194391", "title": "[Results of primary reconstructive arthrodesis of the calcaneus (study of a homogenous series of 55 fractures of the medical surface of the calceneus)].", "content": "55 cases of calcanear fractures (thalamus) have been treated with the Stulz procedure (early subtalar arthrodesis and calcanear reconstruction), associated with a repair of the great apophyse. All the cases are comparable and the results are considered as good or excellent in 93,8 p. 100 of them. The results are interpreted accordingly to subjective and objective tests. The result is depending of the type of the lesion, the patient's profession and the nature of the trauma. The result obtained at the time of fracture uniting will stay stable, will never deteriorate and sometimes improve. The early arthrodesis and reconstruction remains a good procedure for the comminutive fractures of the thalamus, which are considered as the most difficult to correct perfectly. For this reason, the simple reconstruction is often responsible of secondary subtalar arthrosis.", "contents": "[Results of primary reconstructive arthrodesis of the calcaneus (study of a homogenous series of 55 fractures of the medical surface of the calceneus)]. 55 cases of calcanear fractures (thalamus) have been treated with the Stulz procedure (early subtalar arthrodesis and calcanear reconstruction), associated with a repair of the great apophyse. All the cases are comparable and the results are considered as good or excellent in 93,8 p. 100 of them. The results are interpreted accordingly to subjective and objective tests. The result is depending of the type of the lesion, the patient's profession and the nature of the trauma. The result obtained at the time of fracture uniting will stay stable, will never deteriorate and sometimes improve. The early arthrodesis and reconstruction remains a good procedure for the comminutive fractures of the thalamus, which are considered as the most difficult to correct perfectly. For this reason, the simple reconstruction is often responsible of secondary subtalar arthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1194403", "title": "Comparison of the counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique with the Reiter protein and three other serological tests as a first line test for syphilis.", "content": "The counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique with the Reiter protein (RP-CIE) was compared with two complement fixation tests (Kolmer and RPCF) and a flocculation test (VDRL) in sensitivity and specificity. Of the 1,927 consecutive attendants of a venereal disease clinic whose serum samples were used, 250 were considered to be syphilitic. The number of true-positive and false-positive reactions were: 121 and 4 (VDRL), 124 and 2 (Kolmer), 179 and 41 (RPCF), 166 and 16 (RP-CIE). The VDRL and the RPCF combined were more sensitive and less specific than the VDRL combined with the Kolmer. If the RPCF was replaced by the RP-CIE the sensitivity remained the same but the specificity was higher. The RP-CIE scored more positives than the RPCF in untreated cases of primary syphilis. The results argue for substitution of the RP-CIE for the Kolmer in the combination with the VDRL in the serodiagnosis for syphilis. Moreover, the RP-CIE presents the technical advantages of simplicity, speed of performance, and of not being hampered by the anticomplementary nature of the serum sample.", "contents": "Comparison of the counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique with the Reiter protein and three other serological tests as a first line test for syphilis. The counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique with the Reiter protein (RP-CIE) was compared with two complement fixation tests (Kolmer and RPCF) and a flocculation test (VDRL) in sensitivity and specificity. Of the 1,927 consecutive attendants of a venereal disease clinic whose serum samples were used, 250 were considered to be syphilitic. The number of true-positive and false-positive reactions were: 121 and 4 (VDRL), 124 and 2 (Kolmer), 179 and 41 (RPCF), 166 and 16 (RP-CIE). The VDRL and the RPCF combined were more sensitive and less specific than the VDRL combined with the Kolmer. If the RPCF was replaced by the RP-CIE the sensitivity remained the same but the specificity was higher. The RP-CIE scored more positives than the RPCF in untreated cases of primary syphilis. The results argue for substitution of the RP-CIE for the Kolmer in the combination with the VDRL in the serodiagnosis for syphilis. Moreover, the RP-CIE presents the technical advantages of simplicity, speed of performance, and of not being hampered by the anticomplementary nature of the serum sample."}
{"id": "PMID:1194404", "title": "Rapid separation of immunoglobulin M from immunoglobulin G antibodies for reliable diagnosis of recent rubella infections.", "content": "Chromatography on controlled pore glass was adapted for the separation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) rubella antibodies from 0.3-ml samples of human serum. An extremely sharp separation of IgM from IgG antibodies could be obtained within 40 min. Nonspecific inhibitors were removed before chromatography by precipitation with high-molecular-weight dextran sulfate, and the titer of rubella antibodies in the different classes of immunoglobulins were assayed with a modified hemagglutination inhibition technique. The combination of these methods is recommended for routine tests. It permits an accurate diagnosis of recent rubella infection within a few hours.", "contents": "Rapid separation of immunoglobulin M from immunoglobulin G antibodies for reliable diagnosis of recent rubella infections. Chromatography on controlled pore glass was adapted for the separation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) rubella antibodies from 0.3-ml samples of human serum. An extremely sharp separation of IgM from IgG antibodies could be obtained within 40 min. Nonspecific inhibitors were removed before chromatography by precipitation with high-molecular-weight dextran sulfate, and the titer of rubella antibodies in the different classes of immunoglobulins were assayed with a modified hemagglutination inhibition technique. The combination of these methods is recommended for routine tests. It permits an accurate diagnosis of recent rubella infection within a few hours."}
{"id": "PMID:1194405", "title": "Seroepidemiological investigation of Brucella canis antibodies in different human population groups.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Brucella canis antibodies in specified groups based on their exposure to dogs. The method used was a microtiter technique, and the presence of antibodies at a 1:12 or greater dilution of serum was considered a positive test. Eleven (5.7%) of the newborn infants had evidence of maternal antibodies, and 67.8% of the persons with an average exposure to dogs had B. canis antibodies, with a 62.1% prevalence in males and a 72.4% prevalence in females (P less than or equal to 0.001). Veterinarians had a much higher rate of infection (72.6%) than male blood donors (56.9%) (P less than or equal to 0.01). Patients with fevers of undetermined origin had significantly higher antibody titers to B. canis than all other patients (P less than or equal to 0.001). This study presents evidence that the prevalence of B. canis antibodies in humans is high, and that the incidence of brucellosis may increase when physicians consider B. canis as a possible etiological agent in febrile illnesses.", "contents": "Seroepidemiological investigation of Brucella canis antibodies in different human population groups. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Brucella canis antibodies in specified groups based on their exposure to dogs. The method used was a microtiter technique, and the presence of antibodies at a 1:12 or greater dilution of serum was considered a positive test. Eleven (5.7%) of the newborn infants had evidence of maternal antibodies, and 67.8% of the persons with an average exposure to dogs had B. canis antibodies, with a 62.1% prevalence in males and a 72.4% prevalence in females (P less than or equal to 0.001). Veterinarians had a much higher rate of infection (72.6%) than male blood donors (56.9%) (P less than or equal to 0.01). Patients with fevers of undetermined origin had significantly higher antibody titers to B. canis than all other patients (P less than or equal to 0.001). This study presents evidence that the prevalence of B. canis antibodies in humans is high, and that the incidence of brucellosis may increase when physicians consider B. canis as a possible etiological agent in febrile illnesses."}
{"id": "PMID:1194406", "title": "Discriminant analysis of antibiotic susceptibility as a means of bacterial identification.", "content": "This study shows that antibiotic susceptibility data can be used effectively in the presumptive identification of bacteria. Using 12 antibiotics and determining the zone sizes for each, 82% of the isolates considered were correctly identified without any other information. If the inability to distinguish between Escherichia coli and Shigella is disregarded, the percentage of correct identification is 92%. The method involves determining a set of discriminant functions and defining each taxon by a unique function. An unknown isolate is identified by evaluating each discriminant function and assigning the isolate to the taxon whose discriminant function has the largest value. A total of 468 isolates were examined. After eliminating the multiply resistant isolates, the remaining 369 isolates were used to determine the discriminant functions for the eight taxa considered.", "contents": "Discriminant analysis of antibiotic susceptibility as a means of bacterial identification. This study shows that antibiotic susceptibility data can be used effectively in the presumptive identification of bacteria. Using 12 antibiotics and determining the zone sizes for each, 82% of the isolates considered were correctly identified without any other information. If the inability to distinguish between Escherichia coli and Shigella is disregarded, the percentage of correct identification is 92%. The method involves determining a set of discriminant functions and defining each taxon by a unique function. An unknown isolate is identified by evaluating each discriminant function and assigning the isolate to the taxon whose discriminant function has the largest value. A total of 468 isolates were examined. After eliminating the multiply resistant isolates, the remaining 369 isolates were used to determine the discriminant functions for the eight taxa considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1194407", "title": "Relationship of indole production and antibiotic susceptibility in the Klebsiella bacillus.", "content": "Of 2,442 Klebsiella strains isolated from clinical specimens at the University of Minnesota hospitals, 18.3% were found to be indole positive. A randomly selected equal number of indole-positive and indole-negative control isolates, characterized by 27 biochemical tests and by serotyping against 72 antisera, were tested against 14 antibiotics. The results indicated a greater incidence of multiple drug resistance among the indole-negative strains among those that produced indole. The organisms in the former group, in comparison to their indole-positive counterparts, were significantly more resistant to nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, neomycin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, and kanamycin. Both groups of organisms were similar in their degree of resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, sulfisoxazole, colistimethate, polymyxin B, and gentamicin. The biochemical properties of the two indole groups were essentially identical. Correlation between serotype and multidrug resistance was inapparent.", "contents": "Relationship of indole production and antibiotic susceptibility in the Klebsiella bacillus. Of 2,442 Klebsiella strains isolated from clinical specimens at the University of Minnesota hospitals, 18.3% were found to be indole positive. A randomly selected equal number of indole-positive and indole-negative control isolates, characterized by 27 biochemical tests and by serotyping against 72 antisera, were tested against 14 antibiotics. The results indicated a greater incidence of multiple drug resistance among the indole-negative strains among those that produced indole. The organisms in the former group, in comparison to their indole-positive counterparts, were significantly more resistant to nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, neomycin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, and kanamycin. Both groups of organisms were similar in their degree of resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, sulfisoxazole, colistimethate, polymyxin B, and gentamicin. The biochemical properties of the two indole groups were essentially identical. Correlation between serotype and multidrug resistance was inapparent."}
{"id": "PMID:1194408", "title": "Unusual colonies of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T mycoplasmas) in primary agar cultures of certain urine specimens.", "content": "The existence of unusual colonies of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T mycoplasmas) in primary agar cultures of certain urine specimens is reported and their morphology is illustrated.", "contents": "Unusual colonies of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T mycoplasmas) in primary agar cultures of certain urine specimens. The existence of unusual colonies of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T mycoplasmas) in primary agar cultures of certain urine specimens is reported and their morphology is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1194409", "title": "Color reaction streak test for catalase-positive microorganisms.", "content": "A stable purple color results when a reagent solution is applied to a smear of catalase-positive organisms streaked on a glass slide.", "contents": "Color reaction streak test for catalase-positive microorganisms. A stable purple color results when a reagent solution is applied to a smear of catalase-positive organisms streaked on a glass slide."}
{"id": "PMID:1194410", "title": "Effects of phenothiazines and social skills training in a withdrawn schizophrenic.", "content": "The effects of phenothiazines and social skills training on a severely withdrawn schizophrenic were examined. Regulation of phenothiazine levels had the result that the patient became more receptive to behavioral interventions. Specific application of a token economy program effected a marked improvement in the assertive training was employed to improve the patient's repertoire of ininterpersonal responses. Prior to actual hospital discharge the patient was faded back into his natural environment during a job retraining phase at Goodwill Industries. Specific data on the patient's improved social functioning are presented in a multiple baseline analysis. Follow-up data document the patient's successful adaptation of his natural enviroment.", "contents": "Effects of phenothiazines and social skills training in a withdrawn schizophrenic. The effects of phenothiazines and social skills training on a severely withdrawn schizophrenic were examined. Regulation of phenothiazine levels had the result that the patient became more receptive to behavioral interventions. Specific application of a token economy program effected a marked improvement in the assertive training was employed to improve the patient's repertoire of ininterpersonal responses. Prior to actual hospital discharge the patient was faded back into his natural environment during a job retraining phase at Goodwill Industries. Specific data on the patient's improved social functioning are presented in a multiple baseline analysis. Follow-up data document the patient's successful adaptation of his natural enviroment."}
{"id": "PMID:1194411", "title": "The effect of severity, consistency, and typicalness information on clinicians' causal attributions.", "content": "Sixty-four clinicians responded to a brief description of a depressed student by indicating the extent to which each of four possible causes contributed to the depression. The descriptions were varied systematically so that the student's depression was described as either mild or severe, typical or atypical, and as having occurred before or as never having occurred before. Results indicated greater attribution of the depression to internal causal factors when the individual's depression was described as atypical and greater attribution to stable causal factors when the depression was described as having occurred previously. When the depression was described as severe, the clinicians tended to attribute it to external unstable causes. It was suggested that clinicians may differ from other populations in some of the causal attributions that they make for psychological difficulties.", "contents": "The effect of severity, consistency, and typicalness information on clinicians' causal attributions. Sixty-four clinicians responded to a brief description of a depressed student by indicating the extent to which each of four possible causes contributed to the depression. The descriptions were varied systematically so that the student's depression was described as either mild or severe, typical or atypical, and as having occurred before or as never having occurred before. Results indicated greater attribution of the depression to internal causal factors when the individual's depression was described as atypical and greater attribution to stable causal factors when the depression was described as having occurred previously. When the depression was described as severe, the clinicians tended to attribute it to external unstable causes. It was suggested that clinicians may differ from other populations in some of the causal attributions that they make for psychological difficulties."}
{"id": "PMID:1194412", "title": "Paranoid integration and thought disorder.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between thought disorder as measured by Bannister's Grid Test and paranoid integration. Twenty-six hospitalized schizophrenics were subdivided into High Integration and Low integration groups on the basis of scores on Foulds' System-Sign Inventory. No significant differences were found between these groups on the thought-disorder measure. When the sample was subdivided into paranoid and nonparanoid groups on the basis of clinical diagnosis, paranoids were found to be significantly less thought disordered than nonparanoids.", "contents": "Paranoid integration and thought disorder. This study investigated the relationship between thought disorder as measured by Bannister's Grid Test and paranoid integration. Twenty-six hospitalized schizophrenics were subdivided into High Integration and Low integration groups on the basis of scores on Foulds' System-Sign Inventory. No significant differences were found between these groups on the thought-disorder measure. When the sample was subdivided into paranoid and nonparanoid groups on the basis of clinical diagnosis, paranoids were found to be significantly less thought disordered than nonparanoids."}
{"id": "PMID:1194413", "title": "A factorial approach to neuropsychological assessment.", "content": "A factorial structure approach is examined in the assessment of test behaviors related to brain damage. A factor analysis performed on data from an extensive battery of psychological tests administered to 292 adult brain-damaged patients yielded five clearly defined factors. Multiple regression analysis was employed to predict performance on a second set of criterion tests that used, first, actual test scores, and second, factor scores. Formulae are presented to predict factor scores from the few best contributing variables. These estimated factor scores applied on independent patients indicate predictability through the use of raw test scores as good as that derived through the use of estimated factor scores. Results reveal an economical and comprehensive method to assess brain functioning through the use of factor categories rather than isolated test scores.", "contents": "A factorial approach to neuropsychological assessment. A factorial structure approach is examined in the assessment of test behaviors related to brain damage. A factor analysis performed on data from an extensive battery of psychological tests administered to 292 adult brain-damaged patients yielded five clearly defined factors. Multiple regression analysis was employed to predict performance on a second set of criterion tests that used, first, actual test scores, and second, factor scores. Formulae are presented to predict factor scores from the few best contributing variables. These estimated factor scores applied on independent patients indicate predictability through the use of raw test scores as good as that derived through the use of estimated factor scores. Results reveal an economical and comprehensive method to assess brain functioning through the use of factor categories rather than isolated test scores."}
{"id": "PMID:1194414", "title": "Personality, body image, and eating pattern changes in overweight persons after weight loss.", "content": "A group of overweight persons who achieved a substantial weight loss over a 6-month period were compared with a group of overweight persons who showed an unsubstantial weight change and a normal weight control group. All groups were evaluated before the weight program began and at a 6-month follow-up. The substantial weight loss group showed a number of significant changes after weight reduction. Body image rating shifted in the direction of evaluating onself as less heavy, eating was rated as less good and more heavy, and a greater feeling of self-control was indicated. Over time, the change group learned to limit the number of emotional and environmental cues that were discriminative stimuli for eating behavior. There also were more frequent reports of eating in response to cues of hunger after substantial weight loss.", "contents": "Personality, body image, and eating pattern changes in overweight persons after weight loss. A group of overweight persons who achieved a substantial weight loss over a 6-month period were compared with a group of overweight persons who showed an unsubstantial weight change and a normal weight control group. All groups were evaluated before the weight program began and at a 6-month follow-up. The substantial weight loss group showed a number of significant changes after weight reduction. Body image rating shifted in the direction of evaluating onself as less heavy, eating was rated as less good and more heavy, and a greater feeling of self-control was indicated. Over time, the change group learned to limit the number of emotional and environmental cues that were discriminative stimuli for eating behavior. There also were more frequent reports of eating in response to cues of hunger after substantial weight loss."}
{"id": "PMID:1194415", "title": "The dependence of psychiatric diagnosis on psychological assessment.", "content": "This study examined the dependence of 500 inpatient psychiatric diagnoses on the results of standard psychological assessment procedures. A 43% agreement was found between psychological test findings and psychiatric discharge diagnoses. While this level of agreeement is greater than chance, it suggests that psychological test results are not of value in more than one-half of the cases investigated. Specific diagnostic discrepancies between clinical and psychological diagnostic results were noted, and several explanations for these differences were offered.", "contents": "The dependence of psychiatric diagnosis on psychological assessment. This study examined the dependence of 500 inpatient psychiatric diagnoses on the results of standard psychological assessment procedures. A 43% agreement was found between psychological test findings and psychiatric discharge diagnoses. While this level of agreeement is greater than chance, it suggests that psychological test results are not of value in more than one-half of the cases investigated. Specific diagnostic discrepancies between clinical and psychological diagnostic results were noted, and several explanations for these differences were offered."}
{"id": "PMID:1194416", "title": "Depression and senility.", "content": "The literature suggests a closer relationship between reversible depression and irreversible senile organicity than generally has been accepted. Accordingly, Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale was given to 120 men and women, aged 60 or older, of whom 30 of each sex were classified as nonsenile and 30 of each sex were classified as moderately senile by the personnel of senior citizen centers, convalescent hospitals, and nursing homes. The results indicated that moderately senile Ss scored significantly higher on the SRDS than did the nonsenile Ss, that sex differences were not significant, that there were no significant differences between institutionalized and noninstutionalized Ss of either sex in either the nonsenile or the moderately senile groups, and that further refinement of the SRDS and a longitudinal study of personality, experience, and depression would be extremely useful.", "contents": "Depression and senility. The literature suggests a closer relationship between reversible depression and irreversible senile organicity than generally has been accepted. Accordingly, Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale was given to 120 men and women, aged 60 or older, of whom 30 of each sex were classified as nonsenile and 30 of each sex were classified as moderately senile by the personnel of senior citizen centers, convalescent hospitals, and nursing homes. The results indicated that moderately senile Ss scored significantly higher on the SRDS than did the nonsenile Ss, that sex differences were not significant, that there were no significant differences between institutionalized and noninstutionalized Ss of either sex in either the nonsenile or the moderately senile groups, and that further refinement of the SRDS and a longitudinal study of personality, experience, and depression would be extremely useful."}
{"id": "PMID:1194417", "title": "A study in childhood egocentricity.", "content": "The SFSC was administered to 79 children and 63 adolescents who were considered to be functioning at a normal level. The ratio of self-focus to environment focus scores was related significantly to age, which confirms a hypothesis based upon Piaget's theory of mental development. Deviations from a relatively equal S/E ratio have been associated previously with psychopathology in adults. This was not found in the present study. It was suggested that an even S/E ratio may be inappropriate for children and youth, whose response styles are still in a state of development.", "contents": "A study in childhood egocentricity. The SFSC was administered to 79 children and 63 adolescents who were considered to be functioning at a normal level. The ratio of self-focus to environment focus scores was related significantly to age, which confirms a hypothesis based upon Piaget's theory of mental development. Deviations from a relatively equal S/E ratio have been associated previously with psychopathology in adults. This was not found in the present study. It was suggested that an even S/E ratio may be inappropriate for children and youth, whose response styles are still in a state of development."}
{"id": "PMID:1194418", "title": "Increase of personality response consistency by prior response.", "content": "Twenty-nine Ss were given the MMPI weekly for 4 weeks. Experiments 1, 2 and 3 reported data that support each of the following specific predictions: (1) scale reliabilities over trials 3-4 will be greater than over trials 1-2; and (3) correlation of standard score patterns over trials 3-4 will be greater than similar correlations over trials 1-2. These results, as well as other literature, support the general hypothesis that personality response consistency is increased by prior response. A negatively accelerated decreasing curve of novelty was proposed to account for this general hypothesis. In addition, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability showed moderate intercorrelation. Moderate support also was derived for Windle's generalization that maladjustment scores decrease on retest.", "contents": "Increase of personality response consistency by prior response. Twenty-nine Ss were given the MMPI weekly for 4 weeks. Experiments 1, 2 and 3 reported data that support each of the following specific predictions: (1) scale reliabilities over trials 3-4 will be greater than over trials 1-2; and (3) correlation of standard score patterns over trials 3-4 will be greater than similar correlations over trials 1-2. These results, as well as other literature, support the general hypothesis that personality response consistency is increased by prior response. A negatively accelerated decreasing curve of novelty was proposed to account for this general hypothesis. In addition, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability showed moderate intercorrelation. Moderate support also was derived for Windle's generalization that maladjustment scores decrease on retest."}
{"id": "PMID:1194419", "title": "Validation of a brain-damage vs. schizophrenia MMPI key.", "content": "Since neuropsychologic tests largely have failed to separate schizophrenic from brain-damaged patients, an MMPI key was constructed to make such a separation. When cross-validated, this key provided a 76% correct separation and achi2 significant beyond the .001 level for 50 schizophrenic and 50 brain-damaged profiles. Neuropsychologic tests should be used to separate normals from brain-damaged patients and the MMPI to separate schizophrenic from brain-damaged patients.", "contents": "Validation of a brain-damage vs. schizophrenia MMPI key. Since neuropsychologic tests largely have failed to separate schizophrenic from brain-damaged patients, an MMPI key was constructed to make such a separation. When cross-validated, this key provided a 76% correct separation and achi2 significant beyond the .001 level for 50 schizophrenic and 50 brain-damaged profiles. Neuropsychologic tests should be used to separate normals from brain-damaged patients and the MMPI to separate schizophrenic from brain-damaged patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1194420", "title": "Introversion-extraversion and topological representations of self and others.", "content": "This study indicates that the vertical ordering of self-social others is a potent measure of individual differences in social orientations. Since the extravert is the more sociable, excitement-seeking, carefree individual, while the introvert is more retiring, aloof and introspective, it would be worthwhile in future research to determine whether the dominance, vs. submissive or the high vs. low status dimension is the essential correlate of these spatial differences.", "contents": "Introversion-extraversion and topological representations of self and others. This study indicates that the vertical ordering of self-social others is a potent measure of individual differences in social orientations. Since the extravert is the more sociable, excitement-seeking, carefree individual, while the introvert is more retiring, aloof and introspective, it would be worthwhile in future research to determine whether the dominance, vs. submissive or the high vs. low status dimension is the essential correlate of these spatial differences."}
{"id": "PMID:1194421", "title": "EPI and IPAT anxiety scale performance in young women as related to breast feeding during infancy.", "content": "Performance of female first-year psychology students on the EPI and IPAT anxiety scale were examined in relation to length of breast-feeding during infancy. Ss who never were breast fed scored significantly higher on the IPAT scale and the EPI neuroticism dimension than breast-fed Ss irrespective of duration. The results were discussed in the light of future investigations of mother-child relationships.", "contents": "EPI and IPAT anxiety scale performance in young women as related to breast feeding during infancy. Performance of female first-year psychology students on the EPI and IPAT anxiety scale were examined in relation to length of breast-feeding during infancy. Ss who never were breast fed scored significantly higher on the IPAT scale and the EPI neuroticism dimension than breast-fed Ss irrespective of duration. The results were discussed in the light of future investigations of mother-child relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:1194422", "title": "Prisoner intellectual and personality correlates of offense severity and recidivism probability.", "content": "Multiple regression analyses were performed relating the severity of offense and probability of recidivism of 295 prison inmates to their performance on the MMPI and AGCT. The MMPI was found to be correlated with recidivism probability and the recidivism-related component of the Offense Severity variable, while AGCT IQ was found to be correlated with recidivism probability and the non-recidivism-related component of the Offense Severity variable. The implications for future research were discussed regarding this selective sensitivity of the MMPI to recidivism-related variables.", "contents": "Prisoner intellectual and personality correlates of offense severity and recidivism probability. Multiple regression analyses were performed relating the severity of offense and probability of recidivism of 295 prison inmates to their performance on the MMPI and AGCT. The MMPI was found to be correlated with recidivism probability and the recidivism-related component of the Offense Severity variable, while AGCT IQ was found to be correlated with recidivism probability and the non-recidivism-related component of the Offense Severity variable. The implications for future research were discussed regarding this selective sensitivity of the MMPI to recidivism-related variables."}
{"id": "PMID:1194423", "title": "Relationship between the Mini-Mult and the MMPI with medical patients.", "content": "The correspondence between the MMPI and a shortened version of the MMPI, the Mini-Mult, was examined with 50 male and 50 female medical outpatients. The results indicated that the individual scales of the Mini-Mult produced results highly similar to those produced by the standard MMPI scales. As a screening device in a medical setting, the Mini-Mult appears to be a farily accurate substitute for the MMPI.", "contents": "Relationship between the Mini-Mult and the MMPI with medical patients. The correspondence between the MMPI and a shortened version of the MMPI, the Mini-Mult, was examined with 50 male and 50 female medical outpatients. The results indicated that the individual scales of the Mini-Mult produced results highly similar to those produced by the standard MMPI scales. As a screening device in a medical setting, the Mini-Mult appears to be a farily accurate substitute for the MMPI."}
{"id": "PMID:1194424", "title": "Relationship between the Death Anxiety Scale and repression.", "content": "Fifty female undergraduate Ss participated in a study designed to test the hypothesis that the DAS is a valid measure of repression. The results supported the hypothesis and provided an indication that the repression of feelings is the major aspect that accounts for the relationship between the DAS and repression as measured by Gleser and Ihilevich's Defense Mechanism Inventory.", "contents": "Relationship between the Death Anxiety Scale and repression. Fifty female undergraduate Ss participated in a study designed to test the hypothesis that the DAS is a valid measure of repression. The results supported the hypothesis and provided an indication that the repression of feelings is the major aspect that accounts for the relationship between the DAS and repression as measured by Gleser and Ihilevich's Defense Mechanism Inventory."}
{"id": "PMID:1194425", "title": "The sensation seeker and anxiety reactivity: relationships between the sensation-seeking scales and the activity preference questionnaire.", "content": "The five scales of the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scale and Lykken's Activity Preference Questionnaire were administered to 83 male and female college students to test the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between sensation seeking and anxiety reactivity. The data were intercorrelated separately for males and females. Results were, in general, consistent with expectations: individuals high in optimal level of stimulation are low in anxiety reactivity in situations that involve physical danger and in situations related to social fears or embarrassment. This relationship was found for most of the dimensions of sensation seeking for males, but was confined to specific subscales for females.", "contents": "The sensation seeker and anxiety reactivity: relationships between the sensation-seeking scales and the activity preference questionnaire. The five scales of the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scale and Lykken's Activity Preference Questionnaire were administered to 83 male and female college students to test the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between sensation seeking and anxiety reactivity. The data were intercorrelated separately for males and females. Results were, in general, consistent with expectations: individuals high in optimal level of stimulation are low in anxiety reactivity in situations that involve physical danger and in situations related to social fears or embarrassment. This relationship was found for most of the dimensions of sensation seeking for males, but was confined to specific subscales for females."}
{"id": "PMID:1194426", "title": "Relationships among locus of control, self-concept, and anxiety.", "content": "Sixty male alcoholic inpatients were administered the Locus of Control scale (IE), the Activity Preference Questionnaire (APQ), the Manifest Anxiety scale (MAS), and the Tennessee Self Concept scale (TSCS). Ss defined as having an external locus of control appeared significantly more anxious than internal Ss on the MAS; however, no differences were found between groups on the APQ or TSCS scales. The self-report (MAS) and nonobtrusive (APQ) measures of anxiety were not correlated significantly. A differential pattern of correlations was found between the MAS and APQ and TCSC subscale scores. The obtained correlations support the contention that the MAS may measure more accurately a dimension of neuroticism and/or negative self-concept rather than anxiety. Further research appears necessary to investigate the internal consistency and dimensionality of the MAS.", "contents": "Relationships among locus of control, self-concept, and anxiety. Sixty male alcoholic inpatients were administered the Locus of Control scale (IE), the Activity Preference Questionnaire (APQ), the Manifest Anxiety scale (MAS), and the Tennessee Self Concept scale (TSCS). Ss defined as having an external locus of control appeared significantly more anxious than internal Ss on the MAS; however, no differences were found between groups on the APQ or TSCS scales. The self-report (MAS) and nonobtrusive (APQ) measures of anxiety were not correlated significantly. A differential pattern of correlations was found between the MAS and APQ and TCSC subscale scores. The obtained correlations support the contention that the MAS may measure more accurately a dimension of neuroticism and/or negative self-concept rather than anxiety. Further research appears necessary to investigate the internal consistency and dimensionality of the MAS."}
{"id": "PMID:1194427", "title": "The MMPI in the differential diagnosis of organicity vs. schizophrenia: empirical findings and a somewhat different perspective.", "content": "Watson's MMPI Scale for differentiating organicity from schizophrenia was found to correlate significantly with the MMPI Schizophrenia Scale and was found not to differentiate significantly better than the Schizophrenia Scale for the two patient groups under consideration. Watson's general approach of using personality measures for such differential diagnosis was lauded, although doubt that his scale is superior to other methods of diagnosing schizophrenia was expressed.", "contents": "The MMPI in the differential diagnosis of organicity vs. schizophrenia: empirical findings and a somewhat different perspective. Watson's MMPI Scale for differentiating organicity from schizophrenia was found to correlate significantly with the MMPI Schizophrenia Scale and was found not to differentiate significantly better than the Schizophrenia Scale for the two patient groups under consideration. Watson's general approach of using personality measures for such differential diagnosis was lauded, although doubt that his scale is superior to other methods of diagnosing schizophrenia was expressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194428", "title": "Intellectual functioning and psychopathology: a canonical analysis of WAIS and MMPI relationships.", "content": "This study investigated the relationships between WAIS and MMPI scales in high pathology-average intelligence outpatients referred for psychological evaluation. No significant relationships were obtained. Apparently, no lawful relationships exist between WAIS and MMPI scales, and further investigation seems unwarranted.", "contents": "Intellectual functioning and psychopathology: a canonical analysis of WAIS and MMPI relationships. This study investigated the relationships between WAIS and MMPI scales in high pathology-average intelligence outpatients referred for psychological evaluation. No significant relationships were obtained. Apparently, no lawful relationships exist between WAIS and MMPI scales, and further investigation seems unwarranted."}
{"id": "PMID:1194429", "title": "Wechsler memory scale indices of brain pathology.", "content": "The present study reported on preliminary findings of two experimental forms of Wechsler Memory Scale subtest analyses that show promise as screening procedures for neurologically impaired Ss. Both methods discriminated the organic Ss for controls with 70% accuracy. Both methods compare \"hold\" subtest scores to \"don't hold\" subtest scores by the use of a regression equation, a procedure that attempts to compensate for the lack of standard scores. The reasons why the regression equation that uses digits score as a hold criterion is regarded as potentially the more useful were discussed.", "contents": "Wechsler memory scale indices of brain pathology. The present study reported on preliminary findings of two experimental forms of Wechsler Memory Scale subtest analyses that show promise as screening procedures for neurologically impaired Ss. Both methods discriminated the organic Ss for controls with 70% accuracy. Both methods compare \"hold\" subtest scores to \"don't hold\" subtest scores by the use of a regression equation, a procedure that attempts to compensate for the lack of standard scores. The reasons why the regression equation that uses digits score as a hold criterion is regarded as potentially the more useful were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194430", "title": "Correlates of initial client disturbance: expectations for therapy, dropout, resistance, and demographic description.", "content": "Relationships were investigated between initial levels of client disturbance in each of 10 problem areas and client drop-out, lateness to, and absence from therapy, expectations with regard to therapy, and various demographic variables. Data were obtained from 154 outpatients at a university psychological clinic. Correlations computed between initial disturbance scores and all other variables revealed many significant relationships. Most noteworthy were the significant relationships betwee initial disturbance levels in the areas of future goals and self-satisfaction and expectations in a psychodynamically oriented therapist. Results were discussed in terms of client's awareness of the need to deal with the psychological factors that underlie their problems and their desire for the therapist to focus on such material.", "contents": "Correlates of initial client disturbance: expectations for therapy, dropout, resistance, and demographic description. Relationships were investigated between initial levels of client disturbance in each of 10 problem areas and client drop-out, lateness to, and absence from therapy, expectations with regard to therapy, and various demographic variables. Data were obtained from 154 outpatients at a university psychological clinic. Correlations computed between initial disturbance scores and all other variables revealed many significant relationships. Most noteworthy were the significant relationships betwee initial disturbance levels in the areas of future goals and self-satisfaction and expectations in a psychodynamically oriented therapist. Results were discussed in terms of client's awareness of the need to deal with the psychological factors that underlie their problems and their desire for the therapist to focus on such material."}
{"id": "PMID:1194431", "title": "Self-esteem, locus of control, and approval motivation in married couples.", "content": "The authors feel that the two observations in this study of greatest importance to researchers and practitioners alike are the sex difference observed in homogeneity of self-perception and the significant correlation between SEI and MCSD. In the case of the former observation further research will be necessary to clarify this difference, but a good starting point would be to establish whether it can be replicated on college students. There may be a generational shift in this phenomenon, and it will be necessary to establish this observation before further analysis is possible. The implications of the second observation have been discussed. Of course, independent confirmation is necessary in order to substantiate the observation that MCSD is a measure of defensiveness. If so, researcher and clinician alike can begin to work toward an important refinement of this very basic phenomenon of self-esteem.", "contents": "Self-esteem, locus of control, and approval motivation in married couples. The authors feel that the two observations in this study of greatest importance to researchers and practitioners alike are the sex difference observed in homogeneity of self-perception and the significant correlation between SEI and MCSD. In the case of the former observation further research will be necessary to clarify this difference, but a good starting point would be to establish whether it can be replicated on college students. There may be a generational shift in this phenomenon, and it will be necessary to establish this observation before further analysis is possible. The implications of the second observation have been discussed. Of course, independent confirmation is necessary in order to substantiate the observation that MCSD is a measure of defensiveness. If so, researcher and clinician alike can begin to work toward an important refinement of this very basic phenomenon of self-esteem."}
{"id": "PMID:1194432", "title": "Time factor as a prognostic indicator on the Bender-Gestalt test.", "content": "Z-scores from Bender-Gestalt records of 62 psychiatric in- and outpatients were computed. The patients were put on active treatment, and a psychiatric rating was done to evaluate therapeutic recovery after a period of 19 to 24 months. These patients were grouped into three categories, i.e., patients with low Z-scores and good therapeutic recovery; patients with high Z-scores and poor therapeutic recovery; patients with low Z-scores who still showed poor response to treatment. Total time taken by each patient to reprduce the BG designs was noted as well. Results indicate that Z-score was a significant prognostic indicator for schizophrenics, affective psychotics, organic psychotics and patients who were suffering from anxiety and conversion reactions, but not for obsessive compulsive neurotics. Time taken for BG reproductions proved to be an important prognostic indicator, as patients who did not respond satisfactorily to the treatment took significantly more time than those who responded well to treatment. Hence, time taken by the patients for BG reproductions also needs to be considered when any predictions are made with regard to therapeutic outcome.", "contents": "Time factor as a prognostic indicator on the Bender-Gestalt test. Z-scores from Bender-Gestalt records of 62 psychiatric in- and outpatients were computed. The patients were put on active treatment, and a psychiatric rating was done to evaluate therapeutic recovery after a period of 19 to 24 months. These patients were grouped into three categories, i.e., patients with low Z-scores and good therapeutic recovery; patients with high Z-scores and poor therapeutic recovery; patients with low Z-scores who still showed poor response to treatment. Total time taken by each patient to reprduce the BG designs was noted as well. Results indicate that Z-score was a significant prognostic indicator for schizophrenics, affective psychotics, organic psychotics and patients who were suffering from anxiety and conversion reactions, but not for obsessive compulsive neurotics. Time taken for BG reproductions proved to be an important prognostic indicator, as patients who did not respond satisfactorily to the treatment took significantly more time than those who responded well to treatment. Hence, time taken by the patients for BG reproductions also needs to be considered when any predictions are made with regard to therapeutic outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:1194433", "title": "Extramarital relationships: a reapraisal.", "content": "Extramarital relationships may not always disturb marital interaction, but on the contrary, marriages may have more permanence because many individuals find an answer to unmet needs in such relationships. In addition, a factor that rarely is mentioned in our society, which has vestiges of a puritanical ethic, is that an extramarital relationship can be an enjoyable experience for the individuals in and of itself. In a democratic society, which values choice, perhaps extramarital relationships can be undertaken if the individuals involved recognize: (1) the consequences of discovery, which may result in a threat to the solidarity of the marriage(s) involved; (2) the possibility that individuals so involved ultimately may wish to leave their own mates; and (3) that such a relationship may strengthen, not destroy, the unity of marriage.", "contents": "Extramarital relationships: a reapraisal. Extramarital relationships may not always disturb marital interaction, but on the contrary, marriages may have more permanence because many individuals find an answer to unmet needs in such relationships. In addition, a factor that rarely is mentioned in our society, which has vestiges of a puritanical ethic, is that an extramarital relationship can be an enjoyable experience for the individuals in and of itself. In a democratic society, which values choice, perhaps extramarital relationships can be undertaken if the individuals involved recognize: (1) the consequences of discovery, which may result in a threat to the solidarity of the marriage(s) involved; (2) the possibility that individuals so involved ultimately may wish to leave their own mates; and (3) that such a relationship may strengthen, not destroy, the unity of marriage."}
{"id": "PMID:1194434", "title": "Impact of therapist interventions on early sessions of group therapy.", "content": "A methodology for studying the effect of therapist style on the process of group therapy was developed and applied to two early sessions in two different therapy groups. In general, the results supported the hypothesis that individually directed, confrontative interventions would lead to emotionally focused and immediate client responding. The results failed to confirm the hypothesis that relatively interpretive interventions would be the most productive. In fact, simple facilitations tended to produce higher mean focusing than all other types of interventions. Perhaps in very early sessions the most productive interventions are those designed simply to encourage patients to talk and interact. The decisive technique of a group therapist may be interpretation, which helps patients to comprehend the significance of personally relevant, emotionally charged interactions. However, in the fledgling group, the therapist may be most helpful by simply facilitating members' speaking up and interacting. Indeed, clarifications and interpretations may turn out to be the group therapist's most productive interventions, but perhaps not until after group cohesiveness is developed in early sessions.", "contents": "Impact of therapist interventions on early sessions of group therapy. A methodology for studying the effect of therapist style on the process of group therapy was developed and applied to two early sessions in two different therapy groups. In general, the results supported the hypothesis that individually directed, confrontative interventions would lead to emotionally focused and immediate client responding. The results failed to confirm the hypothesis that relatively interpretive interventions would be the most productive. In fact, simple facilitations tended to produce higher mean focusing than all other types of interventions. Perhaps in very early sessions the most productive interventions are those designed simply to encourage patients to talk and interact. The decisive technique of a group therapist may be interpretation, which helps patients to comprehend the significance of personally relevant, emotionally charged interactions. However, in the fledgling group, the therapist may be most helpful by simply facilitating members' speaking up and interacting. Indeed, clarifications and interpretations may turn out to be the group therapist's most productive interventions, but perhaps not until after group cohesiveness is developed in early sessions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194435", "title": "The use of psychotherapy with dying patients: an exploratory study.", "content": "A group of terminally ill patients received six sessions of psychotherapy. A second group of six patients served as nontreated controls. At the conclusion of the treatment sessions, psychotherapy patients reported a significantly greater increase in death-related anxiety and in their perceived purpose in life than did the nontreated group. Clinical impressions indicated that patients who participated in psychotherapy perceived their treatment experience positively and appreciated the opportunity to explore their feelings about imminent death. These results offer considerable support for the usefulness of psychotherapy to help such patients cope with the emotional stress generated by their limited life expectancy.", "contents": "The use of psychotherapy with dying patients: an exploratory study. A group of terminally ill patients received six sessions of psychotherapy. A second group of six patients served as nontreated controls. At the conclusion of the treatment sessions, psychotherapy patients reported a significantly greater increase in death-related anxiety and in their perceived purpose in life than did the nontreated group. Clinical impressions indicated that patients who participated in psychotherapy perceived their treatment experience positively and appreciated the opportunity to explore their feelings about imminent death. These results offer considerable support for the usefulness of psychotherapy to help such patients cope with the emotional stress generated by their limited life expectancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1194436", "title": "Neurotic verbalizations: an exploration of a Gestalt therapy assumption.", "content": "Based upon assumptions of Gestalt Therapy, an objective, reliable scoring system for analyzing a specific aspect of verbal behavior, avoidant verbalization, was developed. Verbal samples were elicited from 30 female college students who previously had been rank ordered on the Neuroticism scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. The expectation that psychologically stressful questions would result in a significantly greater number of avoidant verbalizations was confirmed. Contrary to another expectation, no significant correlation between neuroticism as measured by the MPI and total number of avoidant verbalizations uttered by the Ss was found. Results were interpreted on the basis of the Gestalt Therapy theory of personality.", "contents": "Neurotic verbalizations: an exploration of a Gestalt therapy assumption. Based upon assumptions of Gestalt Therapy, an objective, reliable scoring system for analyzing a specific aspect of verbal behavior, avoidant verbalization, was developed. Verbal samples were elicited from 30 female college students who previously had been rank ordered on the Neuroticism scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. The expectation that psychologically stressful questions would result in a significantly greater number of avoidant verbalizations was confirmed. Contrary to another expectation, no significant correlation between neuroticism as measured by the MPI and total number of avoidant verbalizations uttered by the Ss was found. Results were interpreted on the basis of the Gestalt Therapy theory of personality."}
{"id": "PMID:1194437", "title": "The stimulation of insight and self-awareness through body-movement exercise.", "content": "The results suggest that even a brief body-movement experience can enhance understanding and self-awareness among normal students in a classroom setting. It may be that exercises could be used in other areas of learning or exploration. These completely noverbal activities may have the same beneficial effects as role-playing, with respect to increasing insight and self-awareness.", "contents": "The stimulation of insight and self-awareness through body-movement exercise. The results suggest that even a brief body-movement experience can enhance understanding and self-awareness among normal students in a classroom setting. It may be that exercises could be used in other areas of learning or exploration. These completely noverbal activities may have the same beneficial effects as role-playing, with respect to increasing insight and self-awareness."}
{"id": "PMID:1194438", "title": "Prediction of homicide with the Rorschach.", "content": "The use of a step-wise multiple discriminant analysis indicated that the Rorschach variables of S, A, P and m could discriminate with a good degree of accuracy the Rorschach protocols of murderers from those of nonmurderers. These empirically derived linear discriminant functions may serve as a useful adjunct to the clinical interpretation of Rorschach protocols in a criminal population.", "contents": "Prediction of homicide with the Rorschach. The use of a step-wise multiple discriminant analysis indicated that the Rorschach variables of S, A, P and m could discriminate with a good degree of accuracy the Rorschach protocols of murderers from those of nonmurderers. These empirically derived linear discriminant functions may serve as a useful adjunct to the clinical interpretation of Rorschach protocols in a criminal population."}
{"id": "PMID:1194439", "title": "The Holtzman Inkblot Technique in the assessment of organic brain damage.", "content": "HIT performance of Barnes and Velez-Diaz' brain-damaged and control samples was contrasted. The results indicated good discrimination between Barnes' controls and both brain-damaged samples, but a poorer discrimination between Velez-Diaz' controls and the brain-damaged samples. This latter finding was attributed to the small N in Velez-Diaz' controls. Velez-Diaz' brain-damaged Ss showed the greatest degree of impairment of all samples, but Velez-Diaz' aged controls showed a poorer level of performance than did Barnes' brain-damaged patients.", "contents": "The Holtzman Inkblot Technique in the assessment of organic brain damage. HIT performance of Barnes and Velez-Diaz' brain-damaged and control samples was contrasted. The results indicated good discrimination between Barnes' controls and both brain-damaged samples, but a poorer discrimination between Velez-Diaz' controls and the brain-damaged samples. This latter finding was attributed to the small N in Velez-Diaz' controls. Velez-Diaz' brain-damaged Ss showed the greatest degree of impairment of all samples, but Velez-Diaz' aged controls showed a poorer level of performance than did Barnes' brain-damaged patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1194440", "title": "Alcoholism and alienation.", "content": "Dean's alienation scale was administered to comparable samples of alcoholic and normal males and females in groups of 10 to 12. Alcoholics not only evidenced significantly greater overall alienation than normals, but also demonstrated greater specific alienation, namely social isolation, powerlessness and normlessness. Furthermore, the degree of specific alienation reported by alcoholics, but not by normals, differed significantly. Social isolation reflected the greatest amount of alienation, then powerlessness, and normlessness revealed the least. Sex differences were found for the alcoholic sample, but not for the normals in terms of the specific forms of alienation, although not for overall alienation. In each of these instances, males expressed more alienation than females. The meaning of the results was discussed in view of both the etiology and treatment of alcoholism.", "contents": "Alcoholism and alienation. Dean's alienation scale was administered to comparable samples of alcoholic and normal males and females in groups of 10 to 12. Alcoholics not only evidenced significantly greater overall alienation than normals, but also demonstrated greater specific alienation, namely social isolation, powerlessness and normlessness. Furthermore, the degree of specific alienation reported by alcoholics, but not by normals, differed significantly. Social isolation reflected the greatest amount of alienation, then powerlessness, and normlessness revealed the least. Sex differences were found for the alcoholic sample, but not for the normals in terms of the specific forms of alienation, although not for overall alienation. In each of these instances, males expressed more alienation than females. The meaning of the results was discussed in view of both the etiology and treatment of alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:1194445", "title": "Neuroanatomical basis of binaural phase-difference analysis for sound localization: a comparative study.", "content": "Four varieties of mammals whose medial superior olives range from large to none at all were tested for their ability to localize single, brief tone pips at various frequencies. Although each animal could localize high-frequency tone pips, their ability to localize middle- and low-frequency tone pips corresponded to the size of their medial superior olive (MSO). Since this latter range of frequencies is the one in which binaural phase-difference cues predominate, this anatomical-behavioral correspondence supports the idea that MSO is the chief binaural time-analyzing center for sound localization.", "contents": "Neuroanatomical basis of binaural phase-difference analysis for sound localization: a comparative study. Four varieties of mammals whose medial superior olives range from large to none at all were tested for their ability to localize single, brief tone pips at various frequencies. Although each animal could localize high-frequency tone pips, their ability to localize middle- and low-frequency tone pips corresponded to the size of their medial superior olive (MSO). Since this latter range of frequencies is the one in which binaural phase-difference cues predominate, this anatomical-behavioral correspondence supports the idea that MSO is the chief binaural time-analyzing center for sound localization."}
{"id": "PMID:1194446", "title": "Development of species identification in ducklings: I. Nature of perceptual deficit caused by embryonic auditory deprivation.", "content": "In simultaneous choice tests with normal and filtered maternal calls, devocal-isolated ducklings were much more likely than vocal-communal ducklings to select the mallard maternal call in which the higher frequencies were severely attenuated, thus indicating their relative insensitivity to the higher frequency components of the maternal call. On the other hand, the devocal ducklings were as adept as vocal ducklings in selecting the normal mallard maternal cal1 when it was pitted against a low-frequency attenuated mallard call. Thus, the perceptual deficiency resulting from embryonic and postnatal auditory deprivation is selective in the sense of being relegated to the higher frequency components of the maternal call. Devocalization prevents the embryo and hatchling from hearing their own vocalizations all of which happen to be in the high-frequency range (greater than or equal to 1,500 Hz).", "contents": "Development of species identification in ducklings: I. Nature of perceptual deficit caused by embryonic auditory deprivation. In simultaneous choice tests with normal and filtered maternal calls, devocal-isolated ducklings were much more likely than vocal-communal ducklings to select the mallard maternal call in which the higher frequencies were severely attenuated, thus indicating their relative insensitivity to the higher frequency components of the maternal call. On the other hand, the devocal ducklings were as adept as vocal ducklings in selecting the normal mallard maternal cal1 when it was pitted against a low-frequency attenuated mallard call. Thus, the perceptual deficiency resulting from embryonic and postnatal auditory deprivation is selective in the sense of being relegated to the higher frequency components of the maternal call. Devocalization prevents the embryo and hatchling from hearing their own vocalizations all of which happen to be in the high-frequency range (greater than or equal to 1,500 Hz)."}
{"id": "PMID:1194447", "title": "Role of interference in retention by rats with hippocampal lesions.", "content": "Involvement of the hippocampus in memory was studied in the rat by employing a retention task with and without interpolated activity. Rats with extensive damage to hippocampus were able to relearn a preoperatively acquired single-alternation task with savings and to perform the single alternation with relatively long delays at a level similar to that of control subjects. However, hippocampals were more affected than normals by an interpolated activity that interferes with retention. The finding of normal retention combined with increased susceptibility to interference supports the view that the memory impairment in subjects with damage to hippocampus may be due to an excess of interference among stored information.", "contents": "Role of interference in retention by rats with hippocampal lesions. Involvement of the hippocampus in memory was studied in the rat by employing a retention task with and without interpolated activity. Rats with extensive damage to hippocampus were able to relearn a preoperatively acquired single-alternation task with savings and to perform the single alternation with relatively long delays at a level similar to that of control subjects. However, hippocampals were more affected than normals by an interpolated activity that interferes with retention. The finding of normal retention combined with increased susceptibility to interference supports the view that the memory impairment in subjects with damage to hippocampus may be due to an excess of interference among stored information."}
{"id": "PMID:1194448", "title": "Cholinergic blockade, septal lesions, and DRL performance in the rat.", "content": "Four experiments describing the effects of cholinergic blockade produced by systemic injection of either atropine sulfate or atropine methyl nitrate on the differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) responding of rats are reported. It was shown that atropine sulfate injected either chronically or at high dosage suppressed DRL responding. Injected acutely, atropine sulfate produced disinhibitory effects. When atropine was injected either chronically or acutely into animals with septal lesions, there was suppression of responding. It was suggested that the specific behavioral outcome resulting from cholinergic blockade depends on the balance resulting from the competing peripheral and central effects of such blockade.", "contents": "Cholinergic blockade, septal lesions, and DRL performance in the rat. Four experiments describing the effects of cholinergic blockade produced by systemic injection of either atropine sulfate or atropine methyl nitrate on the differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) responding of rats are reported. It was shown that atropine sulfate injected either chronically or at high dosage suppressed DRL responding. Injected acutely, atropine sulfate produced disinhibitory effects. When atropine was injected either chronically or acutely into animals with septal lesions, there was suppression of responding. It was suggested that the specific behavioral outcome resulting from cholinergic blockade depends on the balance resulting from the competing peripheral and central effects of such blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:1194449", "title": "Interactive effects of training condition and septal lesions on perseverative responding in the rat.", "content": "Rats that had received septal lesions either prior to acquisition of a position habit (Group SAR) or immediately after position habit acquisition (Group SR) were tested on two reversals of the task. Compared with control-operated rats, both groups of rats with septal lesions exhibited position-habit reversal deficits. The two groups with septal lesions could not be distinguished in terms of the total number of errors made during reversal learning, but could be distinguished on the basis of the type of error committed. Compared with Group SR, Group SAR made significantly more perservative errors on the first reversal and significantly fewer perserverative errors on the second reversal. Group SR made significantly more nonperservative errors than Group SAR on both reversals.", "contents": "Interactive effects of training condition and septal lesions on perseverative responding in the rat. Rats that had received septal lesions either prior to acquisition of a position habit (Group SAR) or immediately after position habit acquisition (Group SR) were tested on two reversals of the task. Compared with control-operated rats, both groups of rats with septal lesions exhibited position-habit reversal deficits. The two groups with septal lesions could not be distinguished in terms of the total number of errors made during reversal learning, but could be distinguished on the basis of the type of error committed. Compared with Group SR, Group SAR made significantly more perservative errors on the first reversal and significantly fewer perserverative errors on the second reversal. Group SR made significantly more nonperservative errors than Group SAR on both reversals."}
{"id": "PMID:1194450", "title": "Interhemispheric transfer of extinction of the active avoidance reaction in rats.", "content": "Cortical spreading depression (CSD) was employed in rats to study the lateralization of extinction of a jumping avoidance reaction. Under unilateral CSD, 181 nonreinforced trials were needed to extinguish the avoidance reaction acquired in three 100-trial sessions of intact-brain training. During a second extinction session, either with the same or with the contralateral hemisphere depressed, the mean number of trials to the extinction criterion (9/10) was 39 (n = 12) or 186 (n = 15), respectively. Five extinction trials performed with the brain intact 1 hr before extinction with contralateral CSD decreased the number of trials to extinction of 98 (n = 11). Thus, extinction of active avoidance can be lateralized and interhemispherically transferred in the same way as acquisition of this habit.", "contents": "Interhemispheric transfer of extinction of the active avoidance reaction in rats. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) was employed in rats to study the lateralization of extinction of a jumping avoidance reaction. Under unilateral CSD, 181 nonreinforced trials were needed to extinguish the avoidance reaction acquired in three 100-trial sessions of intact-brain training. During a second extinction session, either with the same or with the contralateral hemisphere depressed, the mean number of trials to the extinction criterion (9/10) was 39 (n = 12) or 186 (n = 15), respectively. Five extinction trials performed with the brain intact 1 hr before extinction with contralateral CSD decreased the number of trials to extinction of 98 (n = 11). Thus, extinction of active avoidance can be lateralized and interhemispherically transferred in the same way as acquisition of this habit."}
{"id": "PMID:1194444", "title": "Pharmacolinetics of fluorocarbon 11 and 12 in dogs and humans.", "content": "Blood levels and exhalation bag contents of FC-11 and FC-12 from dogs and humans were used to elucidate the pharmacokinetic model describing the time-course of these agents. The derived pharmacokinetic parameters were in good agreement with the physicochemical properties of these substances. The model was used to estimate the percentage of dose absorbed, which averaged 77 per cent for FC-11 and 55 per cent for FC-12, and to predict the level of FC-11 and FC-12 under a variety of conditions simulating both short- and long-term exposure to the maximum allowable concentrations of these agents. With similar doses, an 8-hour continuous exposure was estimated to produce levels of FC-11 and FC-12 that are much lower than the corresponding levels reported to induce cardiac sensitization in dogs.", "contents": "Pharmacolinetics of fluorocarbon 11 and 12 in dogs and humans. Blood levels and exhalation bag contents of FC-11 and FC-12 from dogs and humans were used to elucidate the pharmacokinetic model describing the time-course of these agents. The derived pharmacokinetic parameters were in good agreement with the physicochemical properties of these substances. The model was used to estimate the percentage of dose absorbed, which averaged 77 per cent for FC-11 and 55 per cent for FC-12, and to predict the level of FC-11 and FC-12 under a variety of conditions simulating both short- and long-term exposure to the maximum allowable concentrations of these agents. With similar doses, an 8-hour continuous exposure was estimated to produce levels of FC-11 and FC-12 that are much lower than the corresponding levels reported to induce cardiac sensitization in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1194451", "title": "Neonatal androgenic stimulation and adult sexual behavior in male and female golden hamsters.", "content": "Neonatally and adult castrated male hamsters as well as neonatally androgenized and nonandrogenized female hamsters were tested for both mounting and lordosis behaviors during treatment with either testosterone or ovarian hormones. Neonatal androgenization facilitated mounting behavior in adult animals administered either testosterone or ovarian hormones and suppressed lordosis behavior in adult ovarian-hormone-treated animals. Early androgen effects on the display of lordosis behavior during adult testosterone treatment were complex and varied with the exact timing of perinatal endogenous or exogenous androgenization. Species differences in hormone-behavior relationships and the possible role of perinatal androgenization in the development of rodents' ability to aromatize androgens were discussed.", "contents": "Neonatal androgenic stimulation and adult sexual behavior in male and female golden hamsters. Neonatally and adult castrated male hamsters as well as neonatally androgenized and nonandrogenized female hamsters were tested for both mounting and lordosis behaviors during treatment with either testosterone or ovarian hormones. Neonatal androgenization facilitated mounting behavior in adult animals administered either testosterone or ovarian hormones and suppressed lordosis behavior in adult ovarian-hormone-treated animals. Early androgen effects on the display of lordosis behavior during adult testosterone treatment were complex and varied with the exact timing of perinatal endogenous or exogenous androgenization. Species differences in hormone-behavior relationships and the possible role of perinatal androgenization in the development of rodents' ability to aromatize androgens were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194452", "title": "Demonstrations of neophobia and enhanced neophobia in the albino rat.", "content": "The conditions under which neophobia and enhanced neophobia occur in the albino rat were studied. Neophobia to a .1% saccharin solution was demonstrated in a 10-min single-bottle test. This neophobia was enhanced by pairing water ingestion with a radiation exposure of 100 r. or an injection of lithium chloride 24 hr prior to the saccharin test. In addition, it was found that the differences in consumption of saccharin in a 10-min single-bottle test due to neophobia and enhanced neophobia were produced by consistent differences in drinking rates which appeared early in the 10-min period. The disappearance of neophobia and enhanced neophobia in a 1-hr single-bottle test suggested that the effects of neophobia and enhanced neophobia are short-lived and are best measured in a brief single-bottle test. Finally, enhanced neophobia was not found when 2 days of water drinking were interposed between LiCl poisoning and saccharin testing.", "contents": "Demonstrations of neophobia and enhanced neophobia in the albino rat. The conditions under which neophobia and enhanced neophobia occur in the albino rat were studied. Neophobia to a .1% saccharin solution was demonstrated in a 10-min single-bottle test. This neophobia was enhanced by pairing water ingestion with a radiation exposure of 100 r. or an injection of lithium chloride 24 hr prior to the saccharin test. In addition, it was found that the differences in consumption of saccharin in a 10-min single-bottle test due to neophobia and enhanced neophobia were produced by consistent differences in drinking rates which appeared early in the 10-min period. The disappearance of neophobia and enhanced neophobia in a 1-hr single-bottle test suggested that the effects of neophobia and enhanced neophobia are short-lived and are best measured in a brief single-bottle test. Finally, enhanced neophobia was not found when 2 days of water drinking were interposed between LiCl poisoning and saccharin testing."}
{"id": "PMID:1194453", "title": "Relationship between absolute body-fluid deficits and fluid intake in the rat.", "content": "Acute absolute body-fluid deficits were induced in rats by injection of the diuretic drug furosemide, which caused up to 20% reduction of extracellular fluid volume and up to 2% reduction of intracellular fluid volume. Water and .3 M NaCl were subsequently made available to allow the rats to replace their body fluids by drinking. The rats increased their intake of both fluids, but replaced less than half of the total deficit, thereby tolerating larger and larger voluntary body-fluid deficits as the size of the diuretic fluid loss increased. Plasma measures showed that the rats sustained hypovolemia after drinking, while intracellular fluid volume was apparently restored. Fluid-depleted rats drank normally in response to intracellular dehydration induced by a sodium chloride load. Incomplete restoration of body-fluid balance after body-fluid depletion is due to a failure to drink in response to extracellular dehydration.", "contents": "Relationship between absolute body-fluid deficits and fluid intake in the rat. Acute absolute body-fluid deficits were induced in rats by injection of the diuretic drug furosemide, which caused up to 20% reduction of extracellular fluid volume and up to 2% reduction of intracellular fluid volume. Water and .3 M NaCl were subsequently made available to allow the rats to replace their body fluids by drinking. The rats increased their intake of both fluids, but replaced less than half of the total deficit, thereby tolerating larger and larger voluntary body-fluid deficits as the size of the diuretic fluid loss increased. Plasma measures showed that the rats sustained hypovolemia after drinking, while intracellular fluid volume was apparently restored. Fluid-depleted rats drank normally in response to intracellular dehydration induced by a sodium chloride load. Incomplete restoration of body-fluid balance after body-fluid depletion is due to a failure to drink in response to extracellular dehydration."}
{"id": "PMID:1194454", "title": "Passive avoidance behavior in rats after electroconvulsive shock: facilitative effect of response retardation.", "content": "Rats were trained in a one-trial passive avoidance task and then were submitted to electroconvulsive shock (ECS) or to sham ECS. Twenty-four hours later they were tested for retention, with the door opened either immediately or 30 sec after the beginning of the test. Rats initially forced to avoid for 30 sec continued to avoid for the entire test, but the others had the usual low step-through latencies seen with ECS-treated animals. Activity measures for those animals stepping through differentiated groups having received footshock from those not having footshock and ECS. A retest 5--10 min later showed \"recovery\" in the amnestic animals and continued avoidance behavior for those that avoided on the first test. Results are taken as evidence that ECS effects are not on memory storage but on the capacity of the animal to organize information effectively and quickly in order to produce an adaptive response.", "contents": "Passive avoidance behavior in rats after electroconvulsive shock: facilitative effect of response retardation. Rats were trained in a one-trial passive avoidance task and then were submitted to electroconvulsive shock (ECS) or to sham ECS. Twenty-four hours later they were tested for retention, with the door opened either immediately or 30 sec after the beginning of the test. Rats initially forced to avoid for 30 sec continued to avoid for the entire test, but the others had the usual low step-through latencies seen with ECS-treated animals. Activity measures for those animals stepping through differentiated groups having received footshock from those not having footshock and ECS. A retest 5--10 min later showed \"recovery\" in the amnestic animals and continued avoidance behavior for those that avoided on the first test. Results are taken as evidence that ECS effects are not on memory storage but on the capacity of the animal to organize information effectively and quickly in order to produce an adaptive response."}
{"id": "PMID:1194455", "title": "Neocortex and feeding behavior in the rat.", "content": "Consummatory behavior and weight-regulation capacity were measured in 12 normal rats and in 43 rats that survived complete (C), sequential unilateral (U), anterolateral (A), or posterior (P) neocortical ablations. Groups C and A displayed aphagia and adipsia followed by a sequence of recovery stages gualitatively identical to, but shorter than, recovery typically seen following lateral hypothalamic lesions. After recovery, Group C displayed long-term effects of finickiness and pradial drinking. These effects as well as a measure of recovery of body-weight-regulation capacity were significantly intercorrelated with lesion size, and body-weight set point remained significantly lower than normal. Group U was relatively unaffected by the first unilateral ablation and showed, relative the second ablation but displayed the long-term effects. Group P, though significantly affected by the lesion, did not display the pattern or intensity of effects described for the other bilaterally ablated groups.", "contents": "Neocortex and feeding behavior in the rat. Consummatory behavior and weight-regulation capacity were measured in 12 normal rats and in 43 rats that survived complete (C), sequential unilateral (U), anterolateral (A), or posterior (P) neocortical ablations. Groups C and A displayed aphagia and adipsia followed by a sequence of recovery stages gualitatively identical to, but shorter than, recovery typically seen following lateral hypothalamic lesions. After recovery, Group C displayed long-term effects of finickiness and pradial drinking. These effects as well as a measure of recovery of body-weight-regulation capacity were significantly intercorrelated with lesion size, and body-weight set point remained significantly lower than normal. Group U was relatively unaffected by the first unilateral ablation and showed, relative the second ablation but displayed the long-term effects. Group P, though significantly affected by the lesion, did not display the pattern or intensity of effects described for the other bilaterally ablated groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1194456", "title": "Septal influences on operant responding in the rat.", "content": "The afferent and efferent connections of the septum with the hippocampus (fornix) of with the hypothalamus and lower brain stem (medial forebrain bundle) were transected by means of an encephalotome near the point where these pathways enter or leave the septal area. A transection of the fornix that produced minimal direct damage to cellular components of the septum of hippocampus reproduced the effects of large septal lesions on responding in several temporally defined paradigms that involve periods of response suppression (differential reinforcement of low rates, discriminated Sidman avoidance, fixed interval). Transection of the medial forebrain bundle fibers that interconnect the septum with the hypothalamus and lower brain stem did not affect behavior in any of these paradigms. These observations should be veiwed in the context of the results of earlier investigations which demonstrated that transection of the medial forebrain bundle reproduces several other components of the septal lesion syndrome.", "contents": "Septal influences on operant responding in the rat. The afferent and efferent connections of the septum with the hippocampus (fornix) of with the hypothalamus and lower brain stem (medial forebrain bundle) were transected by means of an encephalotome near the point where these pathways enter or leave the septal area. A transection of the fornix that produced minimal direct damage to cellular components of the septum of hippocampus reproduced the effects of large septal lesions on responding in several temporally defined paradigms that involve periods of response suppression (differential reinforcement of low rates, discriminated Sidman avoidance, fixed interval). Transection of the medial forebrain bundle fibers that interconnect the septum with the hypothalamus and lower brain stem did not affect behavior in any of these paradigms. These observations should be veiwed in the context of the results of earlier investigations which demonstrated that transection of the medial forebrain bundle reproduces several other components of the septal lesion syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1194457", "title": "Asymmetrical state dependency from temporary septal area dysfunction in rats.", "content": "Rats with cannulas implanted in the septal area were conditioned, tested, or both conditioned and tested shortly after intracerebral injection of local anesthetic via the cannulas. A 2 X 2 factorial design was used to determine whether the presumed state of temporary septal area dysfunction, previously shown to produce amnesia, has state-dependent properties. A state-dependent learning effect was observed in the rats both conditioned and tested in the dysfunctional stat remembered the aversive conditioning better than those conditioned in the dysfunctional state but tested in the normal state. Since rats conditioned in the normal state but tested during septal dysfunction did appear to exhibit conditioned fear when tested, the state-dependent effect was asymmetrical. Performance effects of the procaine injection were observed and accounted for in determining the state-dependent nature of temporary septal area dysfunction.", "contents": "Asymmetrical state dependency from temporary septal area dysfunction in rats. Rats with cannulas implanted in the septal area were conditioned, tested, or both conditioned and tested shortly after intracerebral injection of local anesthetic via the cannulas. A 2 X 2 factorial design was used to determine whether the presumed state of temporary septal area dysfunction, previously shown to produce amnesia, has state-dependent properties. A state-dependent learning effect was observed in the rats both conditioned and tested in the dysfunctional stat remembered the aversive conditioning better than those conditioned in the dysfunctional state but tested in the normal state. Since rats conditioned in the normal state but tested during septal dysfunction did appear to exhibit conditioned fear when tested, the state-dependent effect was asymmetrical. Performance effects of the procaine injection were observed and accounted for in determining the state-dependent nature of temporary septal area dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:1194458", "title": "Effects of prefeeding on the DRL preformance of rats with septal lesions.", "content": "Two experiments  reported the effects of prefeeding normal and septal rats prior to their daily sessions on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL-20) schedule. Prefeeding reduced responses and increased reinforcements in the case of septal animals, regardless of the level of body weight. In the case of normal animals, prefeeding led to a decrease in responding and an increase in the number of reinforcements obtained only when the animals were at 85% of ad-lib levels, prefeeding, although it decreased responding, also decreased the frequency of obtained reinforcements. These results implied an impairment in normal animals in the discrimination of response feedback by stimulation arising from stomach distention.", "contents": "Effects of prefeeding on the DRL preformance of rats with septal lesions. Two experiments  reported the effects of prefeeding normal and septal rats prior to their daily sessions on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL-20) schedule. Prefeeding reduced responses and increased reinforcements in the case of septal animals, regardless of the level of body weight. In the case of normal animals, prefeeding led to a decrease in responding and an increase in the number of reinforcements obtained only when the animals were at 85% of ad-lib levels, prefeeding, although it decreased responding, also decreased the frequency of obtained reinforcements. These results implied an impairment in normal animals in the discrimination of response feedback by stimulation arising from stomach distention."}
{"id": "PMID:1194459", "title": "Role of estrogens in androgen-induced spontaneous activity in male rats.", "content": "Three experiments tested the hypothesis that testosterone may be aromatized to an estrogen to stimulate running-wheel activity in rats. Aromatizable (testosterone propionate: TP) and nonaromatizable (dihydrotestosterone propionate; DHTP) androgens were compared with estradiol benzoate (EB) for the ability to induce running in castrated male rats. The DHTP had no effect on running. The TP increased running, but EB was more than 100 times as effective. A relatively small dose of a specific estrogen antagonist, MER-25, was shown to attenuate the effects of both EB and TP on male running. The MER-25 did not affect the running of castrated, oil-treated male rats and did not inhibit the running induced by food deprivation.", "contents": "Role of estrogens in androgen-induced spontaneous activity in male rats. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that testosterone may be aromatized to an estrogen to stimulate running-wheel activity in rats. Aromatizable (testosterone propionate: TP) and nonaromatizable (dihydrotestosterone propionate; DHTP) androgens were compared with estradiol benzoate (EB) for the ability to induce running in castrated male rats. The DHTP had no effect on running. The TP increased running, but EB was more than 100 times as effective. A relatively small dose of a specific estrogen antagonist, MER-25, was shown to attenuate the effects of both EB and TP on male running. The MER-25 did not affect the running of castrated, oil-treated male rats and did not inhibit the running induced by food deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194460", "title": "Effects of perinatal gonadal secretions on parameters of receptivity and weight gain in hamsters.", "content": "Influence of ovarian and testicular secretions on lordosis was examined in 64 female hamsters ovariectomized when 1 or 43 days old and in 80 males castrated when 1, 3, 5, or 43 days old. The first of eight weekly 10-min mating tests was initiated at 57 or 113 days. Receptivity was not different among female groups except for higher initial scores for those with ovaries through puberty. Initial and maximum receptivity in males was inversely proportional to castration age. Rate of decrease from maximum appeared higher in males castrated at Days 3 and 5 than at Day 1. Age of initial test was significant for males; older animals had lower initial and maximum receptivity scores. Gonadal secretions decreased weights in both sexes.", "contents": "Effects of perinatal gonadal secretions on parameters of receptivity and weight gain in hamsters. Influence of ovarian and testicular secretions on lordosis was examined in 64 female hamsters ovariectomized when 1 or 43 days old and in 80 males castrated when 1, 3, 5, or 43 days old. The first of eight weekly 10-min mating tests was initiated at 57 or 113 days. Receptivity was not different among female groups except for higher initial scores for those with ovaries through puberty. Initial and maximum receptivity in males was inversely proportional to castration age. Rate of decrease from maximum appeared higher in males castrated at Days 3 and 5 than at Day 1. Age of initial test was significant for males; older animals had lower initial and maximum receptivity scores. Gonadal secretions decreased weights in both sexes."}
{"id": "PMID:1194461", "title": "Runway performance of rats for brain-stimulation or food reward: effects of hunger and priming.", "content": "In a runway paradigm, pretrial electric stimulation of the brain (ESB), food deprivation, and to a lesser extent water deprivation increased the running speed of rats to an ESB reward. The trial-by-trail course of the change in running speed after the manipulation of food deprivation resembled the steplike performance effect seen when pretrial priming ESB is changed rather than the incremental learning effect seen when the response contingent ESB is changed. In a second experiment, pretrial ESB enhance rats' performance for an ESB reward, but act in opposing directions rats' performance for a food reward. Implications for Deutsch's model of self-stimulation are discussed.", "contents": "Runway performance of rats for brain-stimulation or food reward: effects of hunger and priming. In a runway paradigm, pretrial electric stimulation of the brain (ESB), food deprivation, and to a lesser extent water deprivation increased the running speed of rats to an ESB reward. The trial-by-trail course of the change in running speed after the manipulation of food deprivation resembled the steplike performance effect seen when pretrial priming ESB is changed rather than the incremental learning effect seen when the response contingent ESB is changed. In a second experiment, pretrial ESB enhance rats' performance for an ESB reward, but act in opposing directions rats' performance for a food reward. Implications for Deutsch's model of self-stimulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194462", "title": "Hyperstriatal function in the pigeon: response inhibition or response shift?", "content": "Experiment 1 showed that pigeons with lesions of the anterior or posterior hyperstriatum were impaired relative to unoperated controls and to control operates having neostriatal lesions on both acquisition and reversal of a simultaneous position discrimination. The observation that hyperstriatal birds showed more tendency than controls to halt responding altogether in this situation cast doubt on the notion that the reversal deficit was due to a loss of response inhibition. A second experiment supported an alternative hypothesis, that hyperstriatal birds have a deficit in the ability to shift responding to an alternative stimulus as a consequence of nonreinforcement.", "contents": "Hyperstriatal function in the pigeon: response inhibition or response shift? Experiment 1 showed that pigeons with lesions of the anterior or posterior hyperstriatum were impaired relative to unoperated controls and to control operates having neostriatal lesions on both acquisition and reversal of a simultaneous position discrimination. The observation that hyperstriatal birds showed more tendency than controls to halt responding altogether in this situation cast doubt on the notion that the reversal deficit was due to a loss of response inhibition. A second experiment supported an alternative hypothesis, that hyperstriatal birds have a deficit in the ability to shift responding to an alternative stimulus as a consequence of nonreinforcement."}
{"id": "PMID:1194463", "title": "Effect of calories on appetite for palatable food in obese and nonobese humans.", "content": "Palatable food stimuli were presented to 11 obese and 11 nonobese male human subjects (in three experiments) 1 hr after ingestion of 900-calorie liquid lunches and (on separate days) indentically tasting 450-calorie liquid lunches of equal volume. Salivary responses to the presentation of the stimuli (i.e., appetite) by the nonobese were inhibited by the high-calorie meal, but those by the obses were less inhibited. Hunger ratings were unaffected by calories in either group. Food stimuli were rated as more appetizing by the nonobese after high-calorie meals, but not so by the obese. Parallels with animal findings suggest that salivary responses reflect lateral hypothalamic activity.", "contents": "Effect of calories on appetite for palatable food in obese and nonobese humans. Palatable food stimuli were presented to 11 obese and 11 nonobese male human subjects (in three experiments) 1 hr after ingestion of 900-calorie liquid lunches and (on separate days) indentically tasting 450-calorie liquid lunches of equal volume. Salivary responses to the presentation of the stimuli (i.e., appetite) by the nonobese were inhibited by the high-calorie meal, but those by the obses were less inhibited. Hunger ratings were unaffected by calories in either group. Food stimuli were rated as more appetizing by the nonobese after high-calorie meals, but not so by the obese. Parallels with animal findings suggest that salivary responses reflect lateral hypothalamic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1194464", "title": "Posttrial d-amphetamine sulfate and one-trail learning in mice.", "content": "Experiments are reported which show that 2 mg/kg of d-amphetamine sulfate injected intravenously immediately after footshock on a one-trail passive aviodance learning task impairs the performance of mice in retention tests 24 and 96 hr late. When the injection is delayed by as little as 90 sec, no such impairment is seen. A similar intravenous injection immediately after the learning trail of a water-rewarded one-trail appetitive task has no discernible affect on performance in retention trails 24 hr and 6 wk later. It is argued that the effects of the amphetamines on learning behavior depend on whether reward or punishment is involoved and, further, that all such effects could be accounted for in terms of the drugs' influence on memory mechanisms.", "contents": "Posttrial d-amphetamine sulfate and one-trail learning in mice. Experiments are reported which show that 2 mg/kg of d-amphetamine sulfate injected intravenously immediately after footshock on a one-trail passive aviodance learning task impairs the performance of mice in retention tests 24 and 96 hr late. When the injection is delayed by as little as 90 sec, no such impairment is seen. A similar intravenous injection immediately after the learning trail of a water-rewarded one-trail appetitive task has no discernible affect on performance in retention trails 24 hr and 6 wk later. It is argued that the effects of the amphetamines on learning behavior depend on whether reward or punishment is involoved and, further, that all such effects could be accounted for in terms of the drugs' influence on memory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1194465", "title": "Selection of strain, growth conditions, and extraction procedures for optimum production of lactase from Kluyveromyces fragilis.", "content": "Forty-one strains of Kluyveromyces fragilis (J\u00f6rgensen) van der Walt 1909 varied 60-fold in ability to produce lactase (beta-galactosidase). The four best strains were UCD No. 55-31 (Northern Regional Research Center NRRL Y-1196), UCD No. C21(-), UCD No. 72-297(-), and UCD No. 55-61 (NRRL Y-1109). Biosynthesis of lactase during the growth of K. fragilis strain UCD No. 55-61 was followed on both lactose and sweet whey media. Maximum enzyme yield was obtained at the beginning of the stationary phase of growth. Bets lactase yields from K. fragilis UCD No. 55-61 were obtained with 15% lactose and an aeration rate of at least .2 mmol oxygen/liter per min. Supplementary growth factors were unneccessary for good lactase yeilds when yeast was grown on whey media. Best extraction of lactase from fresh yeast cells was obtained by toluene autolysis (2% vol/vol) at 37 C in .1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing .1 mM manganese chloride and .5 mM magnesium sulfate. The enzyme was concentrated and purified partially by acetone precipitation. At least 95% of the enzyme activity of the concentrated solution was retained after storage for 7 days at 22 C, for 3 wk at 4 C, and for 6 wk at -20 C.", "contents": "Selection of strain, growth conditions, and extraction procedures for optimum production of lactase from Kluyveromyces fragilis. Forty-one strains of Kluyveromyces fragilis (J\u00f6rgensen) van der Walt 1909 varied 60-fold in ability to produce lactase (beta-galactosidase). The four best strains were UCD No. 55-31 (Northern Regional Research Center NRRL Y-1196), UCD No. C21(-), UCD No. 72-297(-), and UCD No. 55-61 (NRRL Y-1109). Biosynthesis of lactase during the growth of K. fragilis strain UCD No. 55-61 was followed on both lactose and sweet whey media. Maximum enzyme yield was obtained at the beginning of the stationary phase of growth. Bets lactase yields from K. fragilis UCD No. 55-61 were obtained with 15% lactose and an aeration rate of at least .2 mmol oxygen/liter per min. Supplementary growth factors were unneccessary for good lactase yeilds when yeast was grown on whey media. Best extraction of lactase from fresh yeast cells was obtained by toluene autolysis (2% vol/vol) at 37 C in .1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing .1 mM manganese chloride and .5 mM magnesium sulfate. The enzyme was concentrated and purified partially by acetone precipitation. At least 95% of the enzyme activity of the concentrated solution was retained after storage for 7 days at 22 C, for 3 wk at 4 C, and for 6 wk at -20 C."}
{"id": "PMID:1194466", "title": "Absorption of antibiotics by the bovine udder.", "content": "Absorption of 39 antibiotics from the nonlactating bovine udder was compared with absorption of [carbon-14] urea as reference. First order kinetics characterized the absorption of urea and most of the antibiotics during the first 8 to 12 h after intramammary infusion. The absorption of polymyxin B, colistin, neomycin, spiramycin, and several tetracyclines was biexponential. The physicochemical properties of drugs which appeared to govern their absorption from the udder were the degree of lipid-solubility of the nonionized fraction and the dissociation constant. Antibiotic protein binding also influenced absorption. Lipid-solubility was the rate-limiting factor with drugs that are mainly dissociated in milk at pH 6.8. These compounds were absorbed at rates related to their degree of lipid-solubility of nonionized fraction. The concentration of the nonionized molecule in milk was the rate-limiting factor with drugs that were highly lipid-soluble. Results with a number of structurally-related antiobiotics, and with others of diverse structures and physical properties, added considerable confidence to the assumption that antibiotics are absorbed from the udder by nonionic (passive) diffusion. The blood-milk barrier behaves as an inert lipoid membrane to these drugs.", "contents": "Absorption of antibiotics by the bovine udder. Absorption of 39 antibiotics from the nonlactating bovine udder was compared with absorption of [carbon-14] urea as reference. First order kinetics characterized the absorption of urea and most of the antibiotics during the first 8 to 12 h after intramammary infusion. The absorption of polymyxin B, colistin, neomycin, spiramycin, and several tetracyclines was biexponential. The physicochemical properties of drugs which appeared to govern their absorption from the udder were the degree of lipid-solubility of the nonionized fraction and the dissociation constant. Antibiotic protein binding also influenced absorption. Lipid-solubility was the rate-limiting factor with drugs that are mainly dissociated in milk at pH 6.8. These compounds were absorbed at rates related to their degree of lipid-solubility of nonionized fraction. The concentration of the nonionized molecule in milk was the rate-limiting factor with drugs that were highly lipid-soluble. Results with a number of structurally-related antiobiotics, and with others of diverse structures and physical properties, added considerable confidence to the assumption that antibiotics are absorbed from the udder by nonionic (passive) diffusion. The blood-milk barrier behaves as an inert lipoid membrane to these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1194467", "title": "Efficiency of energy utilization by mixed rumen bacteria in continuous culture.", "content": "Mixed bacterial cultures derived from the rumen were grown in a remen fluid medium in a chemostat at three dilution rates (.02, .06, and .12 per h), each at four growth-limiting glucose concentrations (5.8, 9.9, 12.7, and 25.0 mM). Microscopic observations indicated that a relatively complex mixture of bacterial species was maintained and proportions of fermentations products were similar to those of the rumen except for elevated proportions of methane and acetate. Cell concentration increased linearly with increases in glucose concentration. The range of glucose concentrations had little effect on yields of cells or products produced per mole of glucose fermented. With increases in dilution rates, the amount of butyrate and methane produced per mole of glucose fermented decreased and the amount of propionate increased. Yield glucose (grams cells produced per mole of glucose fermented) increased from 42 at a dilution rate of .02 to 84 at a dilution rate of .12. These large increases are discussed in relationship to the energy requirements for maintenance of bacteria. A theoretical maximum yield glucose of 89.3 and a maintenance requirement of .26 mmol glucose per g cells per h were calculated. Moles of adenosine triphosphate produced per mole of glucose fermented and yield of cells produced per mole of adenosine triphosphate are discussed.", "contents": "Efficiency of energy utilization by mixed rumen bacteria in continuous culture. Mixed bacterial cultures derived from the rumen were grown in a remen fluid medium in a chemostat at three dilution rates (.02, .06, and .12 per h), each at four growth-limiting glucose concentrations (5.8, 9.9, 12.7, and 25.0 mM). Microscopic observations indicated that a relatively complex mixture of bacterial species was maintained and proportions of fermentations products were similar to those of the rumen except for elevated proportions of methane and acetate. Cell concentration increased linearly with increases in glucose concentration. The range of glucose concentrations had little effect on yields of cells or products produced per mole of glucose fermented. With increases in dilution rates, the amount of butyrate and methane produced per mole of glucose fermented decreased and the amount of propionate increased. Yield glucose (grams cells produced per mole of glucose fermented) increased from 42 at a dilution rate of .02 to 84 at a dilution rate of .12. These large increases are discussed in relationship to the energy requirements for maintenance of bacteria. A theoretical maximum yield glucose of 89.3 and a maintenance requirement of .26 mmol glucose per g cells per h were calculated. Moles of adenosine triphosphate produced per mole of glucose fermented and yield of cells produced per mole of adenosine triphosphate are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194468", "title": "Ensiled diet containing processed municipal garbage and sorghum forage for heifers.", "content": "Diets of similar proximate analysis formulated with a base of sorghum forage and primarily supplemented with equivalent dry matter of 18.4% of aerobically digested municipal garbage (garbage diet) or 17.5% of cottonseed hulls (control diet) were ensiled for 52 days and then individually and group fed to 16 dairy heifers for 56 and 35 days. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract in garbage and control diets averaged 54.2 and 47.4, 50.0 and 41.3, 62.0 and 65.1, 53.1 and 42.3, and 61.8 and 54.5% as determined by chromium oxide technique. Potential advantages from digestibility of the garbage diet appeared to be nullified by a 12% depression of dry matter intake and a consequent deterioration of feed efficiency. Dry matter intakes of garbage and control diets during the 56-day comparison were 1.98 and 2.25% of body weight and daily gains of .42 and .57 kg required 13.9 and 11.8 kg dry matter per kilogram of gain. Over the 91 days of combined comparison feeding, the .62 kg of average daily gain from control diet was 32% above the .47 kg from the garbage diet.", "contents": "Ensiled diet containing processed municipal garbage and sorghum forage for heifers. Diets of similar proximate analysis formulated with a base of sorghum forage and primarily supplemented with equivalent dry matter of 18.4% of aerobically digested municipal garbage (garbage diet) or 17.5% of cottonseed hulls (control diet) were ensiled for 52 days and then individually and group fed to 16 dairy heifers for 56 and 35 days. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract in garbage and control diets averaged 54.2 and 47.4, 50.0 and 41.3, 62.0 and 65.1, 53.1 and 42.3, and 61.8 and 54.5% as determined by chromium oxide technique. Potential advantages from digestibility of the garbage diet appeared to be nullified by a 12% depression of dry matter intake and a consequent deterioration of feed efficiency. Dry matter intakes of garbage and control diets during the 56-day comparison were 1.98 and 2.25% of body weight and daily gains of .42 and .57 kg required 13.9 and 11.8 kg dry matter per kilogram of gain. Over the 91 days of combined comparison feeding, the .62 kg of average daily gain from control diet was 32% above the .47 kg from the garbage diet."}
{"id": "PMID:1194469", "title": "Growth and carcass evaluation of Holstein steers fed liquid acid whey.", "content": "Thirty Holstein steer calves, 96.5 kg, were assigned to three groups. Two groups received liquid acid whey, and one was the water control. Grain was fed either restricted or ad libitum to the whey groups and ad libitum to the water control group over three 14-wk growth periods. Hay, up to .4% body weight, reduced symptoms of bloat. Period 1: Calves started on a 20% crude protein dry ration for 7 wk and then changed to a 16% crude protein dry ration for 7 wk gained faster and were heavier than calves statred on a 30% crude protein dry ration for 7 wk and then changed to a 20% crude protein dry ration for 7 wk. Period 2: Body weights among groups were not different by the end of the period. Intakes of whey were 33.6 kg daily with grain ad libitum and 49.7 kg daily with restricted grain feeding. Water intake was 22.2 kg daily. The steers obtained 28% of their total dry matter intake from acid whey under ad libitum feeding, and 48% from acid whey under restricted feeding. Period 3: Final body weights were decreased by restricted feeding, but acid whey intake increased to 55.6 kg daily. These steers obtained 57% of their total dry matter intake from acid whey. Acid whey treatment resulted in lower carcass dressing percent, rib fat cover, and loin eye area. Grades averaged Standard for acid whey, restricted grain feeding and Low Good for acid whey, ad libitum grain feeding. Lower panel scores were given for aroma and quantity of juice for restricted grain feeding. Acid whey treatment did not change tenderness, shear values, or overall carcass desirability.", "contents": "Growth and carcass evaluation of Holstein steers fed liquid acid whey. Thirty Holstein steer calves, 96.5 kg, were assigned to three groups. Two groups received liquid acid whey, and one was the water control. Grain was fed either restricted or ad libitum to the whey groups and ad libitum to the water control group over three 14-wk growth periods. Hay, up to .4% body weight, reduced symptoms of bloat. Period 1: Calves started on a 20% crude protein dry ration for 7 wk and then changed to a 16% crude protein dry ration for 7 wk gained faster and were heavier than calves statred on a 30% crude protein dry ration for 7 wk and then changed to a 20% crude protein dry ration for 7 wk. Period 2: Body weights among groups were not different by the end of the period. Intakes of whey were 33.6 kg daily with grain ad libitum and 49.7 kg daily with restricted grain feeding. Water intake was 22.2 kg daily. The steers obtained 28% of their total dry matter intake from acid whey under ad libitum feeding, and 48% from acid whey under restricted feeding. Period 3: Final body weights were decreased by restricted feeding, but acid whey intake increased to 55.6 kg daily. These steers obtained 57% of their total dry matter intake from acid whey. Acid whey treatment resulted in lower carcass dressing percent, rib fat cover, and loin eye area. Grades averaged Standard for acid whey, restricted grain feeding and Low Good for acid whey, ad libitum grain feeding. Lower panel scores were given for aroma and quantity of juice for restricted grain feeding. Acid whey treatment did not change tenderness, shear values, or overall carcass desirability."}
{"id": "PMID:1194470", "title": "Effect of prepartal hormone administration on feed intake and mineral metabolism of cows.", "content": "Subcutaneous administration of progesterone (.25 mg/kg body weight per day) to mature cows from 14 days before projected parturition until parturition increased feed intake over control cows. Incidence of milk fever and plasma calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and hydroxyproline were not significantly different between treated and control cows. Subcutaneous administration of estradiol-17beta (.05 mg/kg body weight per day) or oral administration of melengestrol acetate (1 mg/day) from 7 days before projected parturition date until parturition decreased feed intake over control cows. Milk fever incidence and absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were not significantly different between treatment groups. Plasma calcium was not significantly different between treatment groups during either the prepartum or postpartal periods but tended to be higher postpartum in cows treated with estrogen.", "contents": "Effect of prepartal hormone administration on feed intake and mineral metabolism of cows. Subcutaneous administration of progesterone (.25 mg/kg body weight per day) to mature cows from 14 days before projected parturition until parturition increased feed intake over control cows. Incidence of milk fever and plasma calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and hydroxyproline were not significantly different between treated and control cows. Subcutaneous administration of estradiol-17beta (.05 mg/kg body weight per day) or oral administration of melengestrol acetate (1 mg/day) from 7 days before projected parturition date until parturition decreased feed intake over control cows. Milk fever incidence and absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were not significantly different between treatment groups. Plasma calcium was not significantly different between treatment groups during either the prepartum or postpartal periods but tended to be higher postpartum in cows treated with estrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1194471", "title": "Milk progesterone in postpartum and pregnant cows as a monitor of reproductive status.", "content": "Milk samples were analyzed for progesterone content by a petroleum ehter extraction and competitive protein binding assay validated for milk. In one experiment, 11 cows were sampled twice daily for 24 days beginning with an observed estrus 15 to 45 days postpartum, and again 19, 21, 23, and 25 days after breeding. Progesterone values during the estrous cycle paralleled those for blood plasma but were slightly higher at estrus (1.49 ng/ml milk) and maximum (9 ng/ml) on days 11 to 16 of the estrous cycle. After breeding, cows later diagnosed pregnant averaged 7.12 ng/ml while those later found to be nonpregnant averaged 2.36 ng/ml. All diagnoses of pregnancy were correct. In a separate experiment there was no difference between milk from front and rear quarters, but progesterone was highest in last milk, intermediate in composite milk, and lowest in first milk.", "contents": "Milk progesterone in postpartum and pregnant cows as a monitor of reproductive status. Milk samples were analyzed for progesterone content by a petroleum ehter extraction and competitive protein binding assay validated for milk. In one experiment, 11 cows were sampled twice daily for 24 days beginning with an observed estrus 15 to 45 days postpartum, and again 19, 21, 23, and 25 days after breeding. Progesterone values during the estrous cycle paralleled those for blood plasma but were slightly higher at estrus (1.49 ng/ml milk) and maximum (9 ng/ml) on days 11 to 16 of the estrous cycle. After breeding, cows later diagnosed pregnant averaged 7.12 ng/ml while those later found to be nonpregnant averaged 2.36 ng/ml. All diagnoses of pregnancy were correct. In a separate experiment there was no difference between milk from front and rear quarters, but progesterone was highest in last milk, intermediate in composite milk, and lowest in first milk."}
{"id": "PMID:1194593", "title": "Relationships of children's grade in school, sex, and social class to teachers' ratings on the behavior problem checklist.", "content": "The present study investigated the relationships of children's grade in school, sex, and social class to teachers' ratings on the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPCL). The sample consisted of 1,999 white children from kindergarten through fifth grade who were in regular classes. Three conclusions may be drawn from the study. The first is that grade and the interactions of grade with sex and social class are determinants of scores on the BPCL, but that no particular trends are characteristic of the relationships between these and the dependent variables. The second is that sex and social class are also determinants of scores on the BPCL, with boys and children from the lower social classes having more problems and girls and children from the higher social classes having fewer problems. The third is that the differences between schools and between teachers are responsible for more of the variance on the BPCL than grade, sex, and social class.", "contents": "Relationships of children's grade in school, sex, and social class to teachers' ratings on the behavior problem checklist. The present study investigated the relationships of children's grade in school, sex, and social class to teachers' ratings on the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPCL). The sample consisted of 1,999 white children from kindergarten through fifth grade who were in regular classes. Three conclusions may be drawn from the study. The first is that grade and the interactions of grade with sex and social class are determinants of scores on the BPCL, but that no particular trends are characteristic of the relationships between these and the dependent variables. The second is that sex and social class are also determinants of scores on the BPCL, with boys and children from the lower social classes having more problems and girls and children from the higher social classes having fewer problems. The third is that the differences between schools and between teachers are responsible for more of the variance on the BPCL than grade, sex, and social class."}
{"id": "PMID:1194594", "title": "Elective mutism in a first grader: the remediation of a complex behavioral problem.", "content": "Teachers frequently deal with unusual and perplexing behavioral problems in their classes. This study demonstrates how spontaneous and prompted speech were produced in a six-year-old mute by a first-grade teacher and her aide. A reinforcement system for peer-prompted speech and spontaneous speech was employed in three separate school classes in a multiple-baseline fashion. The reinforcement system produced prompted and spontaneous speech in each situation. Postchecks in the second grade indicated the child was still speaking and conversing spontaneously with his peers. This study suggests a method that teachers can use in the classroom to deal with this severely handicapping condition.", "contents": "Elective mutism in a first grader: the remediation of a complex behavioral problem. Teachers frequently deal with unusual and perplexing behavioral problems in their classes. This study demonstrates how spontaneous and prompted speech were produced in a six-year-old mute by a first-grade teacher and her aide. A reinforcement system for peer-prompted speech and spontaneous speech was employed in three separate school classes in a multiple-baseline fashion. The reinforcement system produced prompted and spontaneous speech in each situation. Postchecks in the second grade indicated the child was still speaking and conversing spontaneously with his peers. This study suggests a method that teachers can use in the classroom to deal with this severely handicapping condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1194595", "title": "Multiple criteria follow-up of behavior modification with families.", "content": "This report presents termination and follow-up evaluations of a parent training program based on behavior modification principles. Treatment termination outcome data were obtained for 22 families, and follow-up data were collected on 14 of these families 3 and 8 months after treatment. Results indicated a fairly high level of success at termination on the basis of parent-collected observational data, parent attitude change toward the children, and parent attitude concerning the process and outcome of treatment. Modest levels of success were evidenced on the basis of behavioral data recorded by trained observers in the home. Families who participated in follow-up demonstrated greater cooperation and involvement with the treatment program than those who did not participate. In all other respects, however, these two groups were similar. Follow-up data on parent attitude measures demonstrated maintenance of the treatment effects. Parent observational data were incomplete, but also showed maintenance in follow-up. For the subsample of 14 cases, home observation records indicated a nonsignificant decline in deviant behavior at termination followed by a nonsignificant increase in deviant behavior during follow-up. The meaning and implications of these discrepant findings were discussed and compared with results from other laboratories.", "contents": "Multiple criteria follow-up of behavior modification with families. This report presents termination and follow-up evaluations of a parent training program based on behavior modification principles. Treatment termination outcome data were obtained for 22 families, and follow-up data were collected on 14 of these families 3 and 8 months after treatment. Results indicated a fairly high level of success at termination on the basis of parent-collected observational data, parent attitude change toward the children, and parent attitude concerning the process and outcome of treatment. Modest levels of success were evidenced on the basis of behavioral data recorded by trained observers in the home. Families who participated in follow-up demonstrated greater cooperation and involvement with the treatment program than those who did not participate. In all other respects, however, these two groups were similar. Follow-up data on parent attitude measures demonstrated maintenance of the treatment effects. Parent observational data were incomplete, but also showed maintenance in follow-up. For the subsample of 14 cases, home observation records indicated a nonsignificant decline in deviant behavior at termination followed by a nonsignificant increase in deviant behavior during follow-up. The meaning and implications of these discrepant findings were discussed and compared with results from other laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:1194596", "title": "Contingency management of self-report and cleaning behavior.", "content": "The effects of a contingency management program utilizing a reinforcing event (breakfast) were investigated in respect to cabin-cleaning and self-report behaviors in a group of nine male campers, ranging in age from 11 to 13. Control of cabin-cleaning behavior was clearly demonstrated. The large discrepancy between camper self-ratings and counselor ratings disappeared when the opportunity to line up for breakfast was made contingent upon both accuracy of self-report and improved cleaning performance.", "contents": "Contingency management of self-report and cleaning behavior. The effects of a contingency management program utilizing a reinforcing event (breakfast) were investigated in respect to cabin-cleaning and self-report behaviors in a group of nine male campers, ranging in age from 11 to 13. Control of cabin-cleaning behavior was clearly demonstrated. The large discrepancy between camper self-ratings and counselor ratings disappeared when the opportunity to line up for breakfast was made contingent upon both accuracy of self-report and improved cleaning performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1194597", "title": "Children vulnerable to psychopathology: the Stony Brook high-risk project.", "content": "The study of children at risk for the development of schizophrenia is a promising research strategy for increasing our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia. This paper describes the methods and procedures of such an investigation. Three groups of children are being followed: those who have a schizophrenic parent, those who have a depressive parent, and tose whose parents have no psychiatric history. There are three major foci of our assessment procedures. First, the patient, spouse, and family environment are examined. Second, the children are assessed in school from the vantage point of both peers and teachers. Finally, the children are tested with several laboratory measures of cognitive processes, attention, emotional responsivity, and social interaction.", "contents": "Children vulnerable to psychopathology: the Stony Brook high-risk project. The study of children at risk for the development of schizophrenia is a promising research strategy for increasing our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia. This paper describes the methods and procedures of such an investigation. Three groups of children are being followed: those who have a schizophrenic parent, those who have a depressive parent, and tose whose parents have no psychiatric history. There are three major foci of our assessment procedures. First, the patient, spouse, and family environment are examined. Second, the children are assessed in school from the vantage point of both peers and teachers. Finally, the children are tested with several laboratory measures of cognitive processes, attention, emotional responsivity, and social interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1194630", "title": "[Phosphorus-32 test and thermography in hormonal study of breast cancers].", "content": "The results given by the P 32 test and thermography were compared in 92 cases of cancer of the breast, of which 7 appeared after oestrogens or androgens had been administered. After a hormone test of short duration it seemed that reliable results indicating hormone-dependent cancers would only be obtained with the thermographic test.", "contents": "[Phosphorus-32 test and thermography in hormonal study of breast cancers]. The results given by the P 32 test and thermography were compared in 92 cases of cancer of the breast, of which 7 appeared after oestrogens or androgens had been administered. After a hormone test of short duration it seemed that reliable results indicating hormone-dependent cancers would only be obtained with the thermographic test."}
{"id": "PMID:1194631", "title": "[Study of breast cancer by means of liquid crystals thermography].", "content": "Liquid crystals thermography allows a very precise study of breast cancers. It is particularly important for diagnosis of very small tumors and for follow-up of irradiated breasts. It gives pronostic and therapeutic information.", "contents": "[Study of breast cancer by means of liquid crystals thermography]. Liquid crystals thermography allows a very precise study of breast cancers. It is particularly important for diagnosis of very small tumors and for follow-up of irradiated breasts. It gives pronostic and therapeutic information."}
{"id": "PMID:1194632", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of breast diseases].", "content": "The main interest of diagnostic ultrasound for breast diseases is the differentiation between solid and cystic masses, between benign and malignant tumors, the precise measurement of tumors. From 601 cases compiled in the litterature, ultrasonic correct diagnosis reach 88% and more than 90% if tumor size is 2 cm or more. Differentiation between cancerous and benign tumor is based on the sensitivity graded tomograms method.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of breast diseases]. The main interest of diagnostic ultrasound for breast diseases is the differentiation between solid and cystic masses, between benign and malignant tumors, the precise measurement of tumors. From 601 cases compiled in the litterature, ultrasonic correct diagnosis reach 88% and more than 90% if tumor size is 2 cm or more. Differentiation between cancerous and benign tumor is based on the sensitivity graded tomograms method."}
{"id": "PMID:1194633", "title": "[Radiology of the pathology of benign breast diseases].", "content": "The authors have presented several radiologics aspects of benign tumors insisting on the difficulty to make the limit between benignity and malignity and that in this cases one minute clinical examination can be contributive. Complementaries examinations so are cystography and galactography are often necessary to precise the diagnostic. The authors remind that it is not easy to define radiologics patterns of benignity.", "contents": "[Radiology of the pathology of benign breast diseases]. The authors have presented several radiologics aspects of benign tumors insisting on the difficulty to make the limit between benignity and malignity and that in this cases one minute clinical examination can be contributive. Complementaries examinations so are cystography and galactography are often necessary to precise the diagnostic. The authors remind that it is not easy to define radiologics patterns of benignity."}
{"id": "PMID:1194634", "title": "[Value of breast xerography].", "content": "The interest of breast xerography is: Diagnostic study of dense breast. Diagnostic study of axillar region. Follow-up of breast cancer treated by radiations only.", "contents": "[Value of breast xerography]. The interest of breast xerography is: Diagnostic study of dense breast. Diagnostic study of axillar region. Follow-up of breast cancer treated by radiations only."}
{"id": "PMID:1194635", "title": "[Classification of radiographic findings in breast tumors].", "content": "By establishing an original protocol and pooling their results, the authors have attempted, at the level of their respective centers, to define statistically the results obtained by these methods of comparison with regard to two large groups of patient recruitment one depending on controlled consultations, the other on the consultations for early detection of disease. The comparative study of the results obtained on these two groups provides useful information on the significance which one should attribute to the frequency given by the different authors for several types of tumors.", "contents": "[Classification of radiographic findings in breast tumors]. By establishing an original protocol and pooling their results, the authors have attempted, at the level of their respective centers, to define statistically the results obtained by these methods of comparison with regard to two large groups of patient recruitment one depending on controlled consultations, the other on the consultations for early detection of disease. The comparative study of the results obtained on these two groups provides useful information on the significance which one should attribute to the frequency given by the different authors for several types of tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:1194636", "title": "[Prognostic classification of mammary cancers based on mammography].", "content": "The pronostic classification based upon 8 radiographic signs (concerning malignant edema, tumor size and opacity aspect) allows to precise the clinical classification and is in good aggreement with the thermography classification of these cases. Localized or diffuse malignant edema is always of poor prognosis.", "contents": "[Prognostic classification of mammary cancers based on mammography]. The pronostic classification based upon 8 radiographic signs (concerning malignant edema, tumor size and opacity aspect) allows to precise the clinical classification and is in good aggreement with the thermography classification of these cases. Localized or diffuse malignant edema is always of poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1194637", "title": "[Diagnostic difficulties in mammography].", "content": "The authors point out the main causes of error in the radiology of the mammary gland. The source of these errors may be found at several levels in the diagnostic scale ranging from the object itself to the interpretation of the image by the examiner. Some of these causes are illustrated by definite examples: the absence of a radiographic translation of a tumor; round or finely irregular opacities. It is in the collaboration of radiologists with pathologists that the diagnosis is improved.", "contents": "[Diagnostic difficulties in mammography]. The authors point out the main causes of error in the radiology of the mammary gland. The source of these errors may be found at several levels in the diagnostic scale ranging from the object itself to the interpretation of the image by the examiner. Some of these causes are illustrated by definite examples: the absence of a radiographic translation of a tumor; round or finely irregular opacities. It is in the collaboration of radiologists with pathologists that the diagnosis is improved."}
{"id": "PMID:1194638", "title": "[Role of hormones in the genesis of breast cancer].", "content": "The author makes a general review of the influence of hormones on carcinogenesis of the breast. He explains the efforts wich have been made these last years in order to formulate a pronostic which could predict the efficacy of a treatment. He finally discuss the possible part hormones could play and among them principally oestrogens and prolactin in the breast cancer.", "contents": "[Role of hormones in the genesis of breast cancer]. The author makes a general review of the influence of hormones on carcinogenesis of the breast. He explains the efforts wich have been made these last years in order to formulate a pronostic which could predict the efficacy of a treatment. He finally discuss the possible part hormones could play and among them principally oestrogens and prolactin in the breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1194639", "title": "[Cytology of nipple discharge and breast cysts].", "content": "The reliability of this cytodiagnosis is less good than for malignant tumors cytology by fine needle puncture.", "contents": "[Cytology of nipple discharge and breast cysts]. The reliability of this cytodiagnosis is less good than for malignant tumors cytology by fine needle puncture."}
{"id": "PMID:1194640", "title": "[Nipple discharges without palpable tumor].", "content": "In the majority of the cases of nipple discharge the cause is a benign lesion: nearly 50% are papillomas. Biopsy is always indicated in nipple discharge without palpable tumor. A long follow-up of the patients is necessary.", "contents": "[Nipple discharges without palpable tumor]. In the majority of the cases of nipple discharge the cause is a benign lesion: nearly 50% are papillomas. Biopsy is always indicated in nipple discharge without palpable tumor. A long follow-up of the patients is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1194641", "title": "[Histology of precancerous lesions of the breast].", "content": "The authors are dealing with the problem of pre-cancerous lesions from data contained in the pathological archives of the Institut Gustave-Roussy. One series consists of 320 cases operated upon for benign lesions or tumors of the breast (Fibroadenomas appearing at a relatively advanced age) of which 4 developed cancers. The past histories of another series of 730 patients having had mastectomies for cancer are examined; 24 of these had been operated upon previously for benign tumours or lesions of the breast. Attention is drawn to a number of histological signs the presence of which in an \"a priori\" benign lesion should evoke caution: multilayered epithelium of the galactophores glands with an \"en flamm\u00e8che\" appearance, tubular adenomatous hyperplasia, irregular lobular hyperplasia, microcalcifications... Despite careful examination of multiple sections, the pathologists decision between benign and malignant lesion continue to be difficult.", "contents": "[Histology of precancerous lesions of the breast]. The authors are dealing with the problem of pre-cancerous lesions from data contained in the pathological archives of the Institut Gustave-Roussy. One series consists of 320 cases operated upon for benign lesions or tumors of the breast (Fibroadenomas appearing at a relatively advanced age) of which 4 developed cancers. The past histories of another series of 730 patients having had mastectomies for cancer are examined; 24 of these had been operated upon previously for benign tumours or lesions of the breast. Attention is drawn to a number of histological signs the presence of which in an \"a priori\" benign lesion should evoke caution: multilayered epithelium of the galactophores glands with an \"en flamm\u00e8che\" appearance, tubular adenomatous hyperplasia, irregular lobular hyperplasia, microcalcifications... Despite careful examination of multiple sections, the pathologists decision between benign and malignant lesion continue to be difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:1194642", "title": "[Cytological examination. Solid breast tumors examined by means of fine-needle puncture].", "content": "The value of cytological diagnosis of solid tumours of the breast where the cells were obtained by suction aspiration through a needle has been analysed in a consecutive series of 2,401 cases, all of which were checked by histological examination. They consisted of 1,745 malignant tumours and 656 benign tumours. The cytological diagnosis of malignancy was confirmed, almost always, error being practically non-existent (4 out of 1,000). This confirms that this simple and rapid test is very valuable in the diagnosis of mammary cancer. On the other hand, when the diagnosis of a benign tumour was made a certain number of cancers were missed (3.6 per cent). This is not therefore as valuable a test when the result is negative as when the result is positive. All the same, in certain cases it can suggest the diagnosis without giving the precise type of lesion, which can only be finally diagnosed histologically.", "contents": "[Cytological examination. Solid breast tumors examined by means of fine-needle puncture]. The value of cytological diagnosis of solid tumours of the breast where the cells were obtained by suction aspiration through a needle has been analysed in a consecutive series of 2,401 cases, all of which were checked by histological examination. They consisted of 1,745 malignant tumours and 656 benign tumours. The cytological diagnosis of malignancy was confirmed, almost always, error being practically non-existent (4 out of 1,000). This confirms that this simple and rapid test is very valuable in the diagnosis of mammary cancer. On the other hand, when the diagnosis of a benign tumour was made a certain number of cancers were missed (3.6 per cent). This is not therefore as valuable a test when the result is negative as when the result is positive. All the same, in certain cases it can suggest the diagnosis without giving the precise type of lesion, which can only be finally diagnosed histologically."}
{"id": "PMID:1194643", "title": "[Correlation between histology, cytology and clinical examination].", "content": "There exist, very frequently, an excellent correlation between cytology, histology and clinical examination in breast diseases. Combination of different methods reduce the risk of false diagnosis.", "contents": "[Correlation between histology, cytology and clinical examination]. There exist, very frequently, an excellent correlation between cytology, histology and clinical examination in breast diseases. Combination of different methods reduce the risk of false diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1194644", "title": "[Inspection in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma].", "content": "The School of Centre Broca has improved the clinical procedures of early  detection of breast carcinoma. For 421 checked up carcinomas, including micro-carcinomas, in more than 9 out of 10 cases, the diagnosis has been based on the inspection signs. The latter has to be a dynamical inspection. Description is given of the various phases of this inspection, i.e. postural phases and phases of mobilization. The rate of the false negative clinical results does not exceed the one of each of the para-clinical investigations (mammography or thermography). An early detection of a mass may be made if each practioner contraints himself to perform systematically in his female patients the dynamic inspection of the breast.", "contents": "[Inspection in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma]. The School of Centre Broca has improved the clinical procedures of early  detection of breast carcinoma. For 421 checked up carcinomas, including micro-carcinomas, in more than 9 out of 10 cases, the diagnosis has been based on the inspection signs. The latter has to be a dynamical inspection. Description is given of the various phases of this inspection, i.e. postural phases and phases of mobilization. The rate of the false negative clinical results does not exceed the one of each of the para-clinical investigations (mammography or thermography). An early detection of a mass may be made if each practioner contraints himself to perform systematically in his female patients the dynamic inspection of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:1194645", "title": "[Telethermography of the breast].", "content": "Thermography has become indispensable for diagnosis of malignant and benign breast diseases. Technique and interpretation of the thermogram are described. The place of Thermography amongst the various breast investigations is discussed.", "contents": "[Telethermography of the breast]. Thermography has become indispensable for diagnosis of malignant and benign breast diseases. Technique and interpretation of the thermogram are described. The place of Thermography amongst the various breast investigations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194646", "title": "[Telethermographic follow-up of breast cancers treated by radiotherapy].", "content": "The study of 635 breast cancers before and after radical radiation therapy, allows us to define 4 different ways of evolution: progressive linear cooling or sterilization, persistent thermal abnormalities or non-sterilization, relighting following a cooling phase or recurrence, persistent tepid breasts, meaning a radiation sequela (radiotherapic breast). We must emphasize that telethermography allows us to define the opportunity and timing of secondary surgery.", "contents": "[Telethermographic follow-up of breast cancers treated by radiotherapy]. The study of 635 breast cancers before and after radical radiation therapy, allows us to define 4 different ways of evolution: progressive linear cooling or sterilization, persistent thermal abnormalities or non-sterilization, relighting following a cooling phase or recurrence, persistent tepid breasts, meaning a radiation sequela (radiotherapic breast). We must emphasize that telethermography allows us to define the opportunity and timing of secondary surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1194661", "title": "Altered reabsorption of protein by the renal cortex in rats treated with hypertonic saline or mannitol.", "content": "The reabsorption of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by the proximal tubule cells of rat kidneys was investigated by measuring the concentration of HRP in total particulate fractions of the cortex 1/4 and 1 hr after intravenous injection, and by correlated cytochemical observations. When compared to the corresponding values of the control animals, the concentration of HRP 1 hr after injection was decreased approximately 10-fold in the renal cortex of rats which had received an intravenous injection of hypertonic saline or two subcutaneous injections of mannitol. The plasma clearance and the urinary excretion of HRP were not altered significantly after injection of hypertonic saline, but the plasma clearance was decreased and the urinary excretion increased after injection of mannitol. When the dose of injected HRP was varied, the reabsorption of HRP by the renal cortex was proportional to the dose in the experimental and the control animals. Cytochemical staining for peroxidase activity also showed that the phagosomes and phagolysosomes of the proximal tubule cells contained much less peroxidase in the experimental rats than in the control rats. After injection of mannitol, large vacuoles appeared in the proximal tubule cells. The vacuoles often contained peroxidase-positive granules (phagosomes) which varied in diameter from the limit of microscopic visibility up to several microns. Most of the vacuoles did not react for acid phosphatase activity, but lysosomes were often aggregated around the vacuoles and seemed to release acid phosphatase into the cytoplasm. Certain analogies between the reabsorption of protein and that of water by the proximal tubule cells are discussed.", "contents": "Altered reabsorption of protein by the renal cortex in rats treated with hypertonic saline or mannitol. The reabsorption of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by the proximal tubule cells of rat kidneys was investigated by measuring the concentration of HRP in total particulate fractions of the cortex 1/4 and 1 hr after intravenous injection, and by correlated cytochemical observations. When compared to the corresponding values of the control animals, the concentration of HRP 1 hr after injection was decreased approximately 10-fold in the renal cortex of rats which had received an intravenous injection of hypertonic saline or two subcutaneous injections of mannitol. The plasma clearance and the urinary excretion of HRP were not altered significantly after injection of hypertonic saline, but the plasma clearance was decreased and the urinary excretion increased after injection of mannitol. When the dose of injected HRP was varied, the reabsorption of HRP by the renal cortex was proportional to the dose in the experimental and the control animals. Cytochemical staining for peroxidase activity also showed that the phagosomes and phagolysosomes of the proximal tubule cells contained much less peroxidase in the experimental rats than in the control rats. After injection of mannitol, large vacuoles appeared in the proximal tubule cells. The vacuoles often contained peroxidase-positive granules (phagosomes) which varied in diameter from the limit of microscopic visibility up to several microns. Most of the vacuoles did not react for acid phosphatase activity, but lysosomes were often aggregated around the vacuoles and seemed to release acid phosphatase into the cytoplasm. Certain analogies between the reabsorption of protein and that of water by the proximal tubule cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194662", "title": "Bismuth localization within nuclear inclusions by x-ray microanalysis. Effects of accelerating voltage.", "content": "This report details the localization of bismuth by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis within characteristic nuclear inclusion bodies of renal tubular lining cells of rats following excessive exposure to this element. Peak to background ratios and analytical detection sensitivities for bismuth were found to vary for 04, 60 or 80 keV electron accelerating voltages. Optimum peak to background ratios were observed at 40 keV due to lower background generation, while greater detection sensitivities were recorded at 80 keV due to enhanced generation of bismuth characteristic x-rays.", "contents": "Bismuth localization within nuclear inclusions by x-ray microanalysis. Effects of accelerating voltage. This report details the localization of bismuth by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis within characteristic nuclear inclusion bodies of renal tubular lining cells of rats following excessive exposure to this element. Peak to background ratios and analytical detection sensitivities for bismuth were found to vary for 04, 60 or 80 keV electron accelerating voltages. Optimum peak to background ratios were observed at 40 keV due to lower background generation, while greater detection sensitivities were recorded at 80 keV due to enhanced generation of bismuth characteristic x-rays."}
{"id": "PMID:1194663", "title": "The coating of mouse myocardial cells. A cytochemical electron microscopical study.", "content": "The coating of mouse myocardial cells has been investigated with a variety of cytochemical methods. The coating of the surface membrane gives a positive reaction with ruthenium red, colloidal thorium, phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at low pH, silver methenamine after periodic oxidation (PA-silver technique) and with silver proteinate after periodic oxidation and thiocarbohydrazide treatment (PA-TCH-silver technique). The coating of the T system gives almost similar results. The nexuses do not react with PTA nor with the PA-silver and PA-TCH-silver techniques, but they are strongly stained with ruthenium red which reveals periodic structures in their gaps. The specificities of the colloidal thorium technique and PAT staining have been tested by chemical treatments (methylation, acetylation, saponification), enzymatic digestions (pronase, trypsin, hyaluronidase, neuraminidase) and carbohydrate extractions (with 0.1 N NaOH and 0.05 M H2SO4). These cytochemical data indicate, considering the specificity of the reactions, that the coating of the membrane surface and the T system contains polyanionic groups. A part of them, at least, would belong to a carbohydrate-containing material (glycoproteins), whereas at the level of nexuses the sugar residues would probably be absent.", "contents": "The coating of mouse myocardial cells. A cytochemical electron microscopical study. The coating of mouse myocardial cells has been investigated with a variety of cytochemical methods. The coating of the surface membrane gives a positive reaction with ruthenium red, colloidal thorium, phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at low pH, silver methenamine after periodic oxidation (PA-silver technique) and with silver proteinate after periodic oxidation and thiocarbohydrazide treatment (PA-TCH-silver technique). The coating of the T system gives almost similar results. The nexuses do not react with PTA nor with the PA-silver and PA-TCH-silver techniques, but they are strongly stained with ruthenium red which reveals periodic structures in their gaps. The specificities of the colloidal thorium technique and PAT staining have been tested by chemical treatments (methylation, acetylation, saponification), enzymatic digestions (pronase, trypsin, hyaluronidase, neuraminidase) and carbohydrate extractions (with 0.1 N NaOH and 0.05 M H2SO4). These cytochemical data indicate, considering the specificity of the reactions, that the coating of the membrane surface and the T system contains polyanionic groups. A part of them, at least, would belong to a carbohydrate-containing material (glycoproteins), whereas at the level of nexuses the sugar residues would probably be absent."}
{"id": "PMID:1194664", "title": "Electrophoretic studies on the phosphorylase isozymes.", "content": "The electrophoretic method of Davis, Schliselfeld, Wolf, Leavitt and Krebs (1967) for phosphorylase isozymes has been modified. By this method, five isozymes were separated in various organs of rat and pig and were disignated as phosphorylase L, LI, I, II and III. The L and III enzymes were the only forms found in liver and skeletal muscle, respectively, while the I enzyme was dominant in brain, uterus, lung and small intestine, which also contained some fractions of the II and III enzymes. The I enzyme was also dominant in adrenal, ovary and kidney, but these organs contained the L+II or L+LI as minor components. The L and LI were richly found in spleen and leukocytes of adult rats and pigs and in liver of newborn rats. Such organ-specific heterogeneity of phosphorylase was confirmed by the immunological tests with the antibodies prepared against phosphorylases I, III and L. The II and LI enzymes were found to be the hybrid molecules between the I and III enzymes, and between the I and L enzymes which have been previously reported as unhybridizable, respectively. In view of the above findings, it was concluded that the rat and pig possessed at least five molecular forms of phosphorylase.", "contents": "Electrophoretic studies on the phosphorylase isozymes. The electrophoretic method of Davis, Schliselfeld, Wolf, Leavitt and Krebs (1967) for phosphorylase isozymes has been modified. By this method, five isozymes were separated in various organs of rat and pig and were disignated as phosphorylase L, LI, I, II and III. The L and III enzymes were the only forms found in liver and skeletal muscle, respectively, while the I enzyme was dominant in brain, uterus, lung and small intestine, which also contained some fractions of the II and III enzymes. The I enzyme was also dominant in adrenal, ovary and kidney, but these organs contained the L+II or L+LI as minor components. The L and LI were richly found in spleen and leukocytes of adult rats and pigs and in liver of newborn rats. Such organ-specific heterogeneity of phosphorylase was confirmed by the immunological tests with the antibodies prepared against phosphorylases I, III and L. The II and LI enzymes were found to be the hybrid molecules between the I and III enzymes, and between the I and L enzymes which have been previously reported as unhybridizable, respectively. In view of the above findings, it was concluded that the rat and pig possessed at least five molecular forms of phosphorylase."}
{"id": "PMID:1194665", "title": "N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in normal and malignant leukocytes.", "content": "An improved cytochemical method demonstrating N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in peripheral blood and bone marrow leukocytes is described. A significant elevation in enzyme activity in circulating monocytes from patients with solid tumor malignancies was observed. In a large series of cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, elevated levels were found in the vast majority of those leukemias that had a predominant monocytic component identified either morphologically or by standard cytochemical methods. This reaction would appear to be useful as a monocyte marker.", "contents": "N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in normal and malignant leukocytes. An improved cytochemical method demonstrating N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in peripheral blood and bone marrow leukocytes is described. A significant elevation in enzyme activity in circulating monocytes from patients with solid tumor malignancies was observed. In a large series of cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, elevated levels were found in the vast majority of those leukemias that had a predominant monocytic component identified either morphologically or by standard cytochemical methods. This reaction would appear to be useful as a monocyte marker."}
{"id": "PMID:1194666", "title": "Adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine levels in cochlear structures. Use rate and effect of salicylates.", "content": "Guinea pigs were injected with various dosages of salicylate for varying time periods. The temporal bones were removed, frozen quickly, freeze-dried, and the cochlea was dissected into essential auditory component parts and subjected to microchemical analysis for phospho-creatine (P-creatine) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. It was found that high energy phosphates were not decreased by therapeutic or acutely toxic levels of salicylate. Only when chronic intoxication with salicylate was accomplished was there a reduction in ATP and P-creatine. The data presented do not provide support for the widely held view that uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation or inhibition of enzymes involved in energy generation in the inner ear structures studied (organ of Corti, stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, modiolar blood vessels, cochlear nerve and spiral ganglion) are the mechanisms by which salicylates cause reversible hearing loss. The study confirms the existence of a P-creatine gradient opposite to the well known glycogen gradient in the organ of Corti (Krzanowski JJ Jr, Matschinsky M: J Histochem 19:321, 1971) and suggests a relatively uniform energy use rate of this tissue for all four turns (20 mmoles of approximately phosphorus used/kg dry weight/min).", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine levels in cochlear structures. Use rate and effect of salicylates. Guinea pigs were injected with various dosages of salicylate for varying time periods. The temporal bones were removed, frozen quickly, freeze-dried, and the cochlea was dissected into essential auditory component parts and subjected to microchemical analysis for phospho-creatine (P-creatine) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. It was found that high energy phosphates were not decreased by therapeutic or acutely toxic levels of salicylate. Only when chronic intoxication with salicylate was accomplished was there a reduction in ATP and P-creatine. The data presented do not provide support for the widely held view that uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation or inhibition of enzymes involved in energy generation in the inner ear structures studied (organ of Corti, stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, modiolar blood vessels, cochlear nerve and spiral ganglion) are the mechanisms by which salicylates cause reversible hearing loss. The study confirms the existence of a P-creatine gradient opposite to the well known glycogen gradient in the organ of Corti (Krzanowski JJ Jr, Matschinsky M: J Histochem 19:321, 1971) and suggests a relatively uniform energy use rate of this tissue for all four turns (20 mmoles of approximately phosphorus used/kg dry weight/min)."}
{"id": "PMID:1194669", "title": "7-Amino-actinomycin D as a cytochemical probe. I. Spectral properties.", "content": "The optical absorption and fluorescence characteristics of 7-animo-actinomycin D were determined to evaluate its potential as a fluorescent cytochemical probe. At pH 7.0, the absorption maximum and fluorescence excitation maximum are both at 503 nm; the fluorescence emission is at 675 nm. When this compound forms complexes with DNA in solution, the absorption and fluorescence excitation maxima shift to 543 nm and the fluorescence emission shifts to 655 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield is 0.016 for 7-amino-actinomycin D free in solution and 0.01-0.02 for complexes with native DNA. The 7-amino-actinomycin D also exhibits fluorescence shifts characteristic of binding when put into solution with poly(dG-dC) poly(dG-dC), but not with poly(dI-dC) poly(dI-dC). The spectral characteristics are the same at pH 7.0 whether the solvent is 0.01 M PO4 with 0.0001 M EDTA or Earle's salts with 0.025 M N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N1-2-ethanesulfonic acid.", "contents": "7-Amino-actinomycin D as a cytochemical probe. I. Spectral properties. The optical absorption and fluorescence characteristics of 7-animo-actinomycin D were determined to evaluate its potential as a fluorescent cytochemical probe. At pH 7.0, the absorption maximum and fluorescence excitation maximum are both at 503 nm; the fluorescence emission is at 675 nm. When this compound forms complexes with DNA in solution, the absorption and fluorescence excitation maxima shift to 543 nm and the fluorescence emission shifts to 655 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield is 0.016 for 7-amino-actinomycin D free in solution and 0.01-0.02 for complexes with native DNA. The 7-amino-actinomycin D also exhibits fluorescence shifts characteristic of binding when put into solution with poly(dG-dC) poly(dG-dC), but not with poly(dI-dC) poly(dI-dC). The spectral characteristics are the same at pH 7.0 whether the solvent is 0.01 M PO4 with 0.0001 M EDTA or Earle's salts with 0.025 M N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N1-2-ethanesulfonic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1194670", "title": "Histochemical localization of trehalase activity in dorsal flight muscle of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata with light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Trehalase activity in flight muscle of the flesh fly Sacrophaga bullata is detected histochemically at light- and electron-microscopic levels by using diaminobenzidine, glucose oxidase and peroxidase in the incubation medium. The association of trehalase activity with the inner mitochondrial membrane is confirmed. Biochemical assay shows that about 50% of the initial total trehalase activity is lost from the tissue during the histochemical processing and about 50% remains for histochemical detection.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of trehalase activity in dorsal flight muscle of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata with light and electron microscopy. Trehalase activity in flight muscle of the flesh fly Sacrophaga bullata is detected histochemically at light- and electron-microscopic levels by using diaminobenzidine, glucose oxidase and peroxidase in the incubation medium. The association of trehalase activity with the inner mitochondrial membrane is confirmed. Biochemical assay shows that about 50% of the initial total trehalase activity is lost from the tissue during the histochemical processing and about 50% remains for histochemical detection."}
{"id": "PMID:1194671", "title": "The ultracytochemical demonstration of a formaldehyde-resistant dehydrogenase of leuco nitroxyl analogues.", "content": "A dehydrogenase which is relatively stable in formaldehyde fixative is demonstrated ultracytochemically by the reduction of various leuco nitroxyl analogues in rat hepatic, renal, myocardial, skeletal muscle and prostatic tubuloalveolar glandular tissues. The nonosmiophilic tetrazolium salt, t-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-5-styryl-3-(4'-phtalhydrazidyl) tetrazolium chloride, is subsequently reduced to an insoluble osmiophilic formazan by the hydrogen ions resulting from the dehydrogenase activity. Exposure of the formazan to osmium tetroxide results in electron density enabling visualization of the reaction product in the electron microscope. Known inhibitors of various dehydrogenases were utilized in an attempt to determine the existence and/or extent of any specific characteristics of the dehydrogenase(s) involved.", "contents": "The ultracytochemical demonstration of a formaldehyde-resistant dehydrogenase of leuco nitroxyl analogues. A dehydrogenase which is relatively stable in formaldehyde fixative is demonstrated ultracytochemically by the reduction of various leuco nitroxyl analogues in rat hepatic, renal, myocardial, skeletal muscle and prostatic tubuloalveolar glandular tissues. The nonosmiophilic tetrazolium salt, t-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-5-styryl-3-(4'-phtalhydrazidyl) tetrazolium chloride, is subsequently reduced to an insoluble osmiophilic formazan by the hydrogen ions resulting from the dehydrogenase activity. Exposure of the formazan to osmium tetroxide results in electron density enabling visualization of the reaction product in the electron microscope. Known inhibitors of various dehydrogenases were utilized in an attempt to determine the existence and/or extent of any specific characteristics of the dehydrogenase(s) involved."}
{"id": "PMID:1194673", "title": "Quantitative light microscopic autoradiography. Emulsion sensitivity and latent image fading.", "content": "Emulsion sensitivity, latent image fading, and the effects of temperature, humidity, radiation dose and chemography on them were measured for NTB2 autoradiographic emulsion using quantitative methods. Sensitivity of NTB2 emulsion increased as the temperature during exposure increased, with the greatest increase per degree occurring between -20 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, emulsion sensitivity remained constant with time and radiation dose. Direct measurement of latent image fading showed no latent image fading for 60 weeks on slides exposed at 4 degrees C with Drierite. Slides exposed at 27 degrees C showed significant latent image fading and great variation between samples. High humidity decreased emulsion sensitivity and increased latent image fading. No evidence of either positive or negative chemography was found. The practical use of autoradiography requires an internal standard on each slide to correct for fluctuations in temperature and humidity during exposure time.", "contents": "Quantitative light microscopic autoradiography. Emulsion sensitivity and latent image fading. Emulsion sensitivity, latent image fading, and the effects of temperature, humidity, radiation dose and chemography on them were measured for NTB2 autoradiographic emulsion using quantitative methods. Sensitivity of NTB2 emulsion increased as the temperature during exposure increased, with the greatest increase per degree occurring between -20 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, emulsion sensitivity remained constant with time and radiation dose. Direct measurement of latent image fading showed no latent image fading for 60 weeks on slides exposed at 4 degrees C with Drierite. Slides exposed at 27 degrees C showed significant latent image fading and great variation between samples. High humidity decreased emulsion sensitivity and increased latent image fading. No evidence of either positive or negative chemography was found. The practical use of autoradiography requires an internal standard on each slide to correct for fluctuations in temperature and humidity during exposure time."}
{"id": "PMID:1194675", "title": "Electro-immunoabsorption in gel, application to enzyme studies (alpha- and beta-amylases from barley).", "content": "A technique combining immunoabsorption, electrophoresis and enzymatic characterization reactions in the same gel medium is described using alpha- and beta-amylases from barley seeds, their corresponding immune sera, and alpha-amylases from bacteria. The sensitivity and the specificity of the technique have been determined for alpha-amylase. Two applications of this technique are presented: 1) in physiological studies to ascertain whether an anti-enzyme immune serum reacts with all the forms of the enzyme under study and, 2) for detecting, among antigenically characterized enzymes, proteins which have the same enzymatic activity but are antigenically different. The possibility of applying this technique to other enzymes is discussed.", "contents": "Electro-immunoabsorption in gel, application to enzyme studies (alpha- and beta-amylases from barley). A technique combining immunoabsorption, electrophoresis and enzymatic characterization reactions in the same gel medium is described using alpha- and beta-amylases from barley seeds, their corresponding immune sera, and alpha-amylases from bacteria. The sensitivity and the specificity of the technique have been determined for alpha-amylase. Two applications of this technique are presented: 1) in physiological studies to ascertain whether an anti-enzyme immune serum reacts with all the forms of the enzyme under study and, 2) for detecting, among antigenically characterized enzymes, proteins which have the same enzymatic activity but are antigenically different. The possibility of applying this technique to other enzymes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194676", "title": "Quantitative estimation of cytotoxic activity of immune lymphocytes using 51Cr-labelled peritoneal macrophages as target cells.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages labelled with 51Cr in suspension and cultivated for 48 hr on glass pretreated with poly-L-lysine were used as target cells for determination of the cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes. 51Cr release from such target cell from different strains of mice is 15.5 +/- 0.8% of the total target cell radioactivity after 20 hr incubation with normal allogeneic lymphocytes. The use of 2% sodium dodecylsulphate ensures 100 percent solubilisation of labelled target cells growing on the glass surface and permits the cytotoxic effect to be determined by both 51Cr release and measuring the label retained by the intact cells. The two methods proved to be accurate, reproducible and in accord with each other as well as with the method of direct cell counting. Determination of released 51Cr enables the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes to be measured after 4 hr incubation with the macrophage monolayer. SaI and Mc11 ascitic sarcomas display different sensitivities to the cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes and require different optimum conditions for its development.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of cytotoxic activity of immune lymphocytes using 51Cr-labelled peritoneal macrophages as target cells. Peritoneal macrophages labelled with 51Cr in suspension and cultivated for 48 hr on glass pretreated with poly-L-lysine were used as target cells for determination of the cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes. 51Cr release from such target cell from different strains of mice is 15.5 +/- 0.8% of the total target cell radioactivity after 20 hr incubation with normal allogeneic lymphocytes. The use of 2% sodium dodecylsulphate ensures 100 percent solubilisation of labelled target cells growing on the glass surface and permits the cytotoxic effect to be determined by both 51Cr release and measuring the label retained by the intact cells. The two methods proved to be accurate, reproducible and in accord with each other as well as with the method of direct cell counting. Determination of released 51Cr enables the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes to be measured after 4 hr incubation with the macrophage monolayer. SaI and Mc11 ascitic sarcomas display different sensitivities to the cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes and require different optimum conditions for its development."}
{"id": "PMID:1194707", "title": "Effect of lipid solvents on protein, DNA, and collagen synthesis in human skin: an electron microscopic autoradiographic study.", "content": "The effect of acetone and kerosene on the synthesis of protein, DNA, and collagen was studied by electron microscopic autoradiography using [3H]leucine, [3H]thymidine, and [3H]proline as tracers in human skin. Quantitative analyses following concomitant administration of tritiated leucine and acetone or kerosene demonstrated, at 90 min, a marked decrease in silver grains as compared to control or nonexposed areas. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine is moderately stimulated only by acetone, whereas radioactive proline distribution is not significantly affected. Electron microscopic autoradiograms revealed that tritiated leucine is distributed over all epidermal cells, mostly in the stratum spinosum of control epidermis; a marked decrease of silver grains from [3H]leucine followed both lipid solvent exposures. The autoradiographic reaction is specifically located over cytoplasmic organelles, such as polysomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and especially tonofilaments. Tritiated thymidine resulted in silver grains mostly over nuclear chromatin and these were moderatly increased after acetone application, whereas the incorporation of radioactive proline in the fibroblasts and collagen fibrils were not significantly influenced. These investigations indicate a dissociated effect of lipid solvents on protein, DNA, and collagen synthesis in human skin.", "contents": "Effect of lipid solvents on protein, DNA, and collagen synthesis in human skin: an electron microscopic autoradiographic study. The effect of acetone and kerosene on the synthesis of protein, DNA, and collagen was studied by electron microscopic autoradiography using [3H]leucine, [3H]thymidine, and [3H]proline as tracers in human skin. Quantitative analyses following concomitant administration of tritiated leucine and acetone or kerosene demonstrated, at 90 min, a marked decrease in silver grains as compared to control or nonexposed areas. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine is moderately stimulated only by acetone, whereas radioactive proline distribution is not significantly affected. Electron microscopic autoradiograms revealed that tritiated leucine is distributed over all epidermal cells, mostly in the stratum spinosum of control epidermis; a marked decrease of silver grains from [3H]leucine followed both lipid solvent exposures. The autoradiographic reaction is specifically located over cytoplasmic organelles, such as polysomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and especially tonofilaments. Tritiated thymidine resulted in silver grains mostly over nuclear chromatin and these were moderatly increased after acetone application, whereas the incorporation of radioactive proline in the fibroblasts and collagen fibrils were not significantly influenced. These investigations indicate a dissociated effect of lipid solvents on protein, DNA, and collagen synthesis in human skin."}
{"id": "PMID:1194708", "title": "Pagetoid premalignant melanosis and melanoma: differentiation from Hutchinson's melanotic freckle.", "content": "Twenty-three examples of pagetoid premalignant melanosis have been analyzed by clinical, histologic, histochemical, and microscopic techniques. Utilizing criteria based on these findings, the pagetoid lesions can be differentiated from Hutchinson's melanotic freckel and seem to be particular types of nevocytic pigment cell tumors.", "contents": "Pagetoid premalignant melanosis and melanoma: differentiation from Hutchinson's melanotic freckle. Twenty-three examples of pagetoid premalignant melanosis have been analyzed by clinical, histologic, histochemical, and microscopic techniques. Utilizing criteria based on these findings, the pagetoid lesions can be differentiated from Hutchinson's melanotic freckel and seem to be particular types of nevocytic pigment cell tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:1194709", "title": "New observations in the histopathology of erythema nodosum.", "content": "Erythema nodosum presents variable clinical and histologic patterns of response in the vessels, septa, and fat lobules of the subcutaneous tissue. Acute or chronic phlebitis with hemorrhage may be commonly observed; acute panniculitis is observed in foci, but at time it may be the principal histologic feature; lymphocytic infiltration of fat lobules is often found, and lymphoid nodules are not infrequent; rarely, chronic granulomatous lesions involve septa or fat lobules; and proliferative lipocyte response may be observed. Because these variable histologic patterns may be coexistent, excision biopsy and multiple sections are necessary to recognize them. The variable histologic features correlate with the different clinical forms: acute nodular, chronic nodular, migrating plaque lesion, cellulitis, and the rate suppurative form. This variety of panniculus response in erythema nodosum can be explained on the basis of host-tissue response to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to an antigenic stimulus.", "contents": "New observations in the histopathology of erythema nodosum. Erythema nodosum presents variable clinical and histologic patterns of response in the vessels, septa, and fat lobules of the subcutaneous tissue. Acute or chronic phlebitis with hemorrhage may be commonly observed; acute panniculitis is observed in foci, but at time it may be the principal histologic feature; lymphocytic infiltration of fat lobules is often found, and lymphoid nodules are not infrequent; rarely, chronic granulomatous lesions involve septa or fat lobules; and proliferative lipocyte response may be observed. Because these variable histologic patterns may be coexistent, excision biopsy and multiple sections are necessary to recognize them. The variable histologic features correlate with the different clinical forms: acute nodular, chronic nodular, migrating plaque lesion, cellulitis, and the rate suppurative form. This variety of panniculus response in erythema nodosum can be explained on the basis of host-tissue response to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to an antigenic stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:1194711", "title": "Further studies of photoaugmentation in humans: phototoxic reactions.", "content": "The addition of modest amounts of long ultraviolet light (UV-A) to 1/2 minimal erythema dose (MED) of sunburning irradiation (UV-B) produced erythema visible at 24 hr, the prototype of the photoaugmentation phenomenon. The results were the same whether UV-A was given before or after UV-B. Photoaugmentation could be demonstrated after an inverval of 6 hr between doses, but not after 1 day. Photoaugmentation has also been demonstrated clinically and histologically with two topical photosensitizers, coal tar and 8-methoxy-psoralen.", "contents": "Further studies of photoaugmentation in humans: phototoxic reactions. The addition of modest amounts of long ultraviolet light (UV-A) to 1/2 minimal erythema dose (MED) of sunburning irradiation (UV-B) produced erythema visible at 24 hr, the prototype of the photoaugmentation phenomenon. The results were the same whether UV-A was given before or after UV-B. Photoaugmentation could be demonstrated after an inverval of 6 hr between doses, but not after 1 day. Photoaugmentation has also been demonstrated clinically and histologically with two topical photosensitizers, coal tar and 8-methoxy-psoralen."}
{"id": "PMID:1194710", "title": "Pulmonary elastic tissue in generalized elastolysis (cutis laxa) and Marfan's syndrome: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "We have studied elastic tissue changes in the lungs from patients with Marfan's syndrome, generalized elastolysis, patients with emphysema of other cause, and those dying from unrelated causes. Degenerative changes were seen in the elastic tissue fibers in patient's with Marfan's syndrome; they varied from mild to severe. Elastic fibers in the lungs of patients with cutis laxa showed by light and electron microscopy the same morphologic changes previously reported in the skin and vessels. While the alterations in individual elastic fibers in the alveolar septa appeared similar, in cutix laxa there was severe involvement of almost all fibers, whereas in Marfan's syndrome the involvement was not so severe, nor did it affect all fibers. On examination of lung sections from patients with cutis laxa or Marfan's syndrome, both were readily separable from normal and abnormal controls.", "contents": "Pulmonary elastic tissue in generalized elastolysis (cutis laxa) and Marfan's syndrome: a light and electron microscopic study. We have studied elastic tissue changes in the lungs from patients with Marfan's syndrome, generalized elastolysis, patients with emphysema of other cause, and those dying from unrelated causes. Degenerative changes were seen in the elastic tissue fibers in patient's with Marfan's syndrome; they varied from mild to severe. Elastic fibers in the lungs of patients with cutis laxa showed by light and electron microscopy the same morphologic changes previously reported in the skin and vessels. While the alterations in individual elastic fibers in the alveolar septa appeared similar, in cutix laxa there was severe involvement of almost all fibers, whereas in Marfan's syndrome the involvement was not so severe, nor did it affect all fibers. On examination of lung sections from patients with cutis laxa or Marfan's syndrome, both were readily separable from normal and abnormal controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1194712", "title": "Melanogenesis from topical mechlorethamine and analogues in skin of hairless mice and in vitiligo.", "content": "Progressive repigmentation occurred in vitiliginous skin of two patients topically treated with aqueous solutions of mechlorethamine. Hairless mice were found to provide what seems to be a satisfactory cutaneous system for evaluating potential melanogenic properties of topically applied test compounds.", "contents": "Melanogenesis from topical mechlorethamine and analogues in skin of hairless mice and in vitiligo. Progressive repigmentation occurred in vitiliginous skin of two patients topically treated with aqueous solutions of mechlorethamine. Hairless mice were found to provide what seems to be a satisfactory cutaneous system for evaluating potential melanogenic properties of topically applied test compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1194713", "title": "Changing patterns of incorporation of (14C)histidine and (3H)leucine into epidermal proteins during differentiation of fetal rat skin.", "content": "Synthesis of epidermal proteins has been assessed during epidermal differentiation in fetal rat skin by studies of the simultaneous incorporation of [14C]histidine (H) and [3H]leucine (L) in vitro. Relative incorporation of the two amino acids into epidermal proteins was assessed in terms of H/L ratios and absolute rates of incorporation related to DNA content. Biochemical parameters were correlated with morphologic development. An increase in incorporation of both amino acids accompanied stratification and development of granular and cornified layers between 18 days of gestation and 3 to 5 days postpartum. Relatively greater incorporation of histidine after development of mature granular cells and stratum corneum was reflected in increasing H/L ratios. These results correlated with negative Pauly staining of the initial fetal keratohyaline granules at day 18 and positive staining of mature granules at subsequent stages of development. H/L ratios appear to represent a sensitive marker for differential protein synthesis during differentiation in whole epidermis. The results suggest that biosynthesis of histidine-rich protein is associated with production of mature keratohyaline granules during fetal development.", "contents": "Changing patterns of incorporation of (14C)histidine and (3H)leucine into epidermal proteins during differentiation of fetal rat skin. Synthesis of epidermal proteins has been assessed during epidermal differentiation in fetal rat skin by studies of the simultaneous incorporation of [14C]histidine (H) and [3H]leucine (L) in vitro. Relative incorporation of the two amino acids into epidermal proteins was assessed in terms of H/L ratios and absolute rates of incorporation related to DNA content. Biochemical parameters were correlated with morphologic development. An increase in incorporation of both amino acids accompanied stratification and development of granular and cornified layers between 18 days of gestation and 3 to 5 days postpartum. Relatively greater incorporation of histidine after development of mature granular cells and stratum corneum was reflected in increasing H/L ratios. These results correlated with negative Pauly staining of the initial fetal keratohyaline granules at day 18 and positive staining of mature granules at subsequent stages of development. H/L ratios appear to represent a sensitive marker for differential protein synthesis during differentiation in whole epidermis. The results suggest that biosynthesis of histidine-rich protein is associated with production of mature keratohyaline granules during fetal development."}
{"id": "PMID:1194714", "title": "Staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis: pathogenesis and studies on the subcellular site of action of exfoliatin.", "content": "An exfoliating substance elaborated by certain phage Group 2 staphylococci causes toxic epidermal necrolysis. Both in man and in the newborn mouse, intraepidermal cleavage is the predominant histologic feature following exposure to this toxin. Electron microscopic study of sequential biopsy specimens obtained from neonatal mice and from organ cultures of human skin revealed intercellular cleavage and cell separation. The extracellular nature of the exfoliative process was confirmed in several ways: (1) perfused tracers did not penetrate cells during cell separation; (2) cultured cells exposed to high doses of exfoliating fractions demonstrated no signs of injury; and (3) cleaved surfaces examined by scanning electron microscopy and surface replication demonstrated intact plasma membranes. When fractions capable of inducing exfoliation were applied to cultured keratinocytes of fibroblasts, sperm, or lymphocyte suspensions, and to human or mouse skin in vivo, they did not alter the distribution or intensity of concanavalin A binding, ruthenium red staining, pemphigus antibody binding, or HL-A surface antigens. Therefore, while the pathogenesis of staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis involves intercellular cleavage, the molecular cell surface target remains unknown.", "contents": "Staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis: pathogenesis and studies on the subcellular site of action of exfoliatin. An exfoliating substance elaborated by certain phage Group 2 staphylococci causes toxic epidermal necrolysis. Both in man and in the newborn mouse, intraepidermal cleavage is the predominant histologic feature following exposure to this toxin. Electron microscopic study of sequential biopsy specimens obtained from neonatal mice and from organ cultures of human skin revealed intercellular cleavage and cell separation. The extracellular nature of the exfoliative process was confirmed in several ways: (1) perfused tracers did not penetrate cells during cell separation; (2) cultured cells exposed to high doses of exfoliating fractions demonstrated no signs of injury; and (3) cleaved surfaces examined by scanning electron microscopy and surface replication demonstrated intact plasma membranes. When fractions capable of inducing exfoliation were applied to cultured keratinocytes of fibroblasts, sperm, or lymphocyte suspensions, and to human or mouse skin in vivo, they did not alter the distribution or intensity of concanavalin A binding, ruthenium red staining, pemphigus antibody binding, or HL-A surface antigens. Therefore, while the pathogenesis of staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis involves intercellular cleavage, the molecular cell surface target remains unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:1194715", "title": "Rapid regeneration of the dermal-epidermal junction after partial separation by vacuum: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "A process of rapid repair of dermal-epidermal adherence, as found in experiments with interrupted suction, was investigated electron microscopically. Biopsies in different stages of the process of suction blister formation and of the repair process were studied. Results show that suction blister formation occurs by successive detachment of hemidesmosomes from the basement membrane, and that, after partial separation of the epidermis from the dermis, a rapid regeneration of the dermal-epidermal junction takes place. This regeneration process apparently consists of two steps: realignment of basal cells to the basement membrane accompanied by autophagocytosis of detached hemidesmosomes, and de novo formation of hemidesmosomes. The time required for this structural regeneration corresponds well with the speed of the functional repair of dermal-epidermal adherence measured with the technique of interrupted suction.", "contents": "Rapid regeneration of the dermal-epidermal junction after partial separation by vacuum: an electron microscopic study. A process of rapid repair of dermal-epidermal adherence, as found in experiments with interrupted suction, was investigated electron microscopically. Biopsies in different stages of the process of suction blister formation and of the repair process were studied. Results show that suction blister formation occurs by successive detachment of hemidesmosomes from the basement membrane, and that, after partial separation of the epidermis from the dermis, a rapid regeneration of the dermal-epidermal junction takes place. This regeneration process apparently consists of two steps: realignment of basal cells to the basement membrane accompanied by autophagocytosis of detached hemidesmosomes, and de novo formation of hemidesmosomes. The time required for this structural regeneration corresponds well with the speed of the functional repair of dermal-epidermal adherence measured with the technique of interrupted suction."}
{"id": "PMID:1194716", "title": "Anti-inflammatory effects of antimicrobial agents: an in vivo study.", "content": "Antimicrobials are used emperically in a variety of inflammatory dermatoses such as rosacea and dermatitis herpetiformis, although these diseases are not believed to be of bacterial etiology. We have used potassium iodide ointment to induce follicular pustules and have found in this in vivo model properties of antimicrobials not related to their antibacterial actions. Topical demethylchlortetracycline and erythromycin (5%) lead to suppression of KI-induced inflammation (erythema, pustules) and systemic use of these drugs as well as diaminodiphenylsulfone produces the same effect.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory effects of antimicrobial agents: an in vivo study. Antimicrobials are used emperically in a variety of inflammatory dermatoses such as rosacea and dermatitis herpetiformis, although these diseases are not believed to be of bacterial etiology. We have used potassium iodide ointment to induce follicular pustules and have found in this in vivo model properties of antimicrobials not related to their antibacterial actions. Topical demethylchlortetracycline and erythromycin (5%) lead to suppression of KI-induced inflammation (erythema, pustules) and systemic use of these drugs as well as diaminodiphenylsulfone produces the same effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1194717", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis with oral mycophenolic acid.", "content": "Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of purine synthesis, was evaluated for its therapeutic and adverse effects in 29 patients with psoriasis. MPA was administered orally for at least 12 weeks, during which time the daily dose was increased from 1600 to 4800 mg depending on occurrence of adverse reactions. Complete clearing occurred in 1 of the patients, almost complete clearing in 14, definite improvement in 13, slight or doubtful improvement in 1. The full effect of MPA required a median time of 8 weeks (range 5-14). After discontinuing MPA, relapses began at a median time of 4 weeks (range 3-8). The severity of psoriasis was scored on a 0 to 108 scale using a newly devised system. The mean severity and range before treatment was 47 (21-88); after 12 weeks, 15 (0-50). Adjustment of dose on the basis of side effects resulted in a median daily dose of 3600 mg (range 2400-4800 mg; 30-96 mg/kg ideal weight). Characteristic dose-limiting side effects were soft or frequent bowel movements, diarrhea, nausea, and anorexia. One instance of reversible, dose-related leukopenia was identified.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis with oral mycophenolic acid. Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of purine synthesis, was evaluated for its therapeutic and adverse effects in 29 patients with psoriasis. MPA was administered orally for at least 12 weeks, during which time the daily dose was increased from 1600 to 4800 mg depending on occurrence of adverse reactions. Complete clearing occurred in 1 of the patients, almost complete clearing in 14, definite improvement in 13, slight or doubtful improvement in 1. The full effect of MPA required a median time of 8 weeks (range 5-14). After discontinuing MPA, relapses began at a median time of 4 weeks (range 3-8). The severity of psoriasis was scored on a 0 to 108 scale using a newly devised system. The mean severity and range before treatment was 47 (21-88); after 12 weeks, 15 (0-50). Adjustment of dose on the basis of side effects resulted in a median daily dose of 3600 mg (range 2400-4800 mg; 30-96 mg/kg ideal weight). Characteristic dose-limiting side effects were soft or frequent bowel movements, diarrhea, nausea, and anorexia. One instance of reversible, dose-related leukopenia was identified."}
{"id": "PMID:1194718", "title": "Ability of PABA to protect mammalian skin from ultraviolet light-induced skin tumors and actinic damage.", "content": "Application of 50 para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to hairless mice one hour prior to ultraviolet light (UVL) irradiation will almost totally protect these animals from developing tumors induced by chronic exposure to UVL in the 290 to 320 nm range in conjunction with a chemical carcinogen. Mice exposed to UVL and not protected by PABA developed primarily squamous cell carcinomas. Two months after cessation of chronic UVL exposure, the non-PABA-treated irradiated mouse skin appeared thickened, yellow, and wrinkled while showing elevated DNA synthesis, hyperplasia, hypergranulosis, and increased amounts of elastotic material. The PABA-treated skin was grossly normal.", "contents": "Ability of PABA to protect mammalian skin from ultraviolet light-induced skin tumors and actinic damage. Application of 50 para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to hairless mice one hour prior to ultraviolet light (UVL) irradiation will almost totally protect these animals from developing tumors induced by chronic exposure to UVL in the 290 to 320 nm range in conjunction with a chemical carcinogen. Mice exposed to UVL and not protected by PABA developed primarily squamous cell carcinomas. Two months after cessation of chronic UVL exposure, the non-PABA-treated irradiated mouse skin appeared thickened, yellow, and wrinkled while showing elevated DNA synthesis, hyperplasia, hypergranulosis, and increased amounts of elastotic material. The PABA-treated skin was grossly normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1194719", "title": "The inefficacy of riboflavin against ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis.", "content": "Flavins are reported to protect cellular DNA against UV irradiation injury in vitro. The possible photoprotective effects of riboflavin in vivo on UV-induced carcinogenesis were studied in three groups of HR-hairless mice. Group I served as control. Group II was painted daily with a 15 mg per ml solution of riboflavin. In Group III, drinking water was replaced with a 15 mg per ml solution of riboflavin in water. All three groups were simultaneously irradiated in a light box with two Westinghouse FS20 sunlamps from a distance of 30 cm for 5 min daily 6 days a week throughout the experiment. By the 11th month all surviving mice developed several histologically proven squamous cell carcinomas. The total numbers and times of onset of tumors did not vary in the three groups. Thus, no protective effect of massive amounts of riboflavin on ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis in the hairless mouse could be demonstrated when such high dose rates of UV were used.", "contents": "The inefficacy of riboflavin against ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis. Flavins are reported to protect cellular DNA against UV irradiation injury in vitro. The possible photoprotective effects of riboflavin in vivo on UV-induced carcinogenesis were studied in three groups of HR-hairless mice. Group I served as control. Group II was painted daily with a 15 mg per ml solution of riboflavin. In Group III, drinking water was replaced with a 15 mg per ml solution of riboflavin in water. All three groups were simultaneously irradiated in a light box with two Westinghouse FS20 sunlamps from a distance of 30 cm for 5 min daily 6 days a week throughout the experiment. By the 11th month all surviving mice developed several histologically proven squamous cell carcinomas. The total numbers and times of onset of tumors did not vary in the three groups. Thus, no protective effect of massive amounts of riboflavin on ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis in the hairless mouse could be demonstrated when such high dose rates of UV were used."}
{"id": "PMID:1194748", "title": "Simultaneous determination of extracellular fluid and total body water. I.", "content": "A method for the simultaneous determination of extracellular fluid volume by radiosulfate-35 and total body water by tritiated water is described. Protein was precipitated from plasma with 10 per cent trichloroacetic acid. Radiosulfate-35 and tritiated water were counted in a dual-channel liquid scintillation spectrometer, using an automatic external standard to correct for quench. The sulfate space was calculated by the isotope dilution principle. Crossover counts contributed by radiosulfate-35 into the tritium channel were subtracted from the total counts in that channel. The tritiated water space was then calculated by the isotope dilution principle. Studies were performed in vitro and in 8 bilaterally nephrectomized rats. In vitro extracellular space by radiosulfate-35 and total body water by tritiated water demonstrated less than 3 per cent variation from the predicted volumes. In the rat, total body water determined with tritiated water demonstrated 4 per cent variation from that determined by desiccation. The method is simple, accurate, reproducible, and readily applicable for use in man and animals.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of extracellular fluid and total body water. I. A method for the simultaneous determination of extracellular fluid volume by radiosulfate-35 and total body water by tritiated water is described. Protein was precipitated from plasma with 10 per cent trichloroacetic acid. Radiosulfate-35 and tritiated water were counted in a dual-channel liquid scintillation spectrometer, using an automatic external standard to correct for quench. The sulfate space was calculated by the isotope dilution principle. Crossover counts contributed by radiosulfate-35 into the tritium channel were subtracted from the total counts in that channel. The tritiated water space was then calculated by the isotope dilution principle. Studies were performed in vitro and in 8 bilaterally nephrectomized rats. In vitro extracellular space by radiosulfate-35 and total body water by tritiated water demonstrated less than 3 per cent variation from the predicted volumes. In the rat, total body water determined with tritiated water demonstrated 4 per cent variation from that determined by desiccation. The method is simple, accurate, reproducible, and readily applicable for use in man and animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1194749", "title": "Volume studies. II. Simultaneous determination of plasma volume, red cell mass, extracellular fluid, and total body water before and after volume expansion in dog and man.", "content": "A method for the simultaneous determination of plasma volume, red cell mass, extracellular fluid volume, and total body water is described. Plasma volume and red cell mass were determined by a standard dual gamma-tracer technique using 125radioiodinated labeled human serum albumin (125RISA) and 51radiochromate-tagged red cells (51Cr-RBC). Extracellular fluid volume and total body water were determined by a dual beta-tracer technique which utilized radiosulfate-35 (35SO4) and tritiated water (THO), respectively. Kinetic studies of each radionuclide in normal and fluid expanded states demonstrated equilibration of 125RISA and 51Cr-RBC in 5 minutes, 35SO4 and THO in 30 minutes. The results of the volume studies in dog and man demonstrated less than 10 per cent variation on repetitive study, and better than 70 per cent accuracy in estimating a known fluid change. This technique will enable a more precise and simplified investigation of the physiology of body fluid volume regulation in health and disease.", "contents": "Volume studies. II. Simultaneous determination of plasma volume, red cell mass, extracellular fluid, and total body water before and after volume expansion in dog and man. A method for the simultaneous determination of plasma volume, red cell mass, extracellular fluid volume, and total body water is described. Plasma volume and red cell mass were determined by a standard dual gamma-tracer technique using 125radioiodinated labeled human serum albumin (125RISA) and 51radiochromate-tagged red cells (51Cr-RBC). Extracellular fluid volume and total body water were determined by a dual beta-tracer technique which utilized radiosulfate-35 (35SO4) and tritiated water (THO), respectively. Kinetic studies of each radionuclide in normal and fluid expanded states demonstrated equilibration of 125RISA and 51Cr-RBC in 5 minutes, 35SO4 and THO in 30 minutes. The results of the volume studies in dog and man demonstrated less than 10 per cent variation on repetitive study, and better than 70 per cent accuracy in estimating a known fluid change. This technique will enable a more precise and simplified investigation of the physiology of body fluid volume regulation in health and disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1194750", "title": "Isolation and chemical characterization of a granuloma glycoprotein that inhibits macrophage phagocytosis.", "content": "A saline soluble glycoprotein isolated from 14- and 42-day polyvinyl sponge granulomas was shown to depress in vitro phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages. The glycoprotein had no effect on polymorphonuclear phagocytosis. Chemical and physical characterization of the inhibitor protein obtained from mature (42-day) granulomas developed in guinea pigs indicated that the protein had a molecular weight of 48,500 and an isoelectric point of 5.3. It was homogeneous when examined in three polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoretic buffer systems. The carbohydrate and amino acid content of the protein are reported. The chemical and physical characteristics of the inhibitor protein suggest that it is of nonserum origin. It is postulated that the glycoprotein inhibitor from chronic granulation tissue may participate in regulation of mononuclear phagocyte (macrophage) function within a local inflammatory focus.", "contents": "Isolation and chemical characterization of a granuloma glycoprotein that inhibits macrophage phagocytosis. A saline soluble glycoprotein isolated from 14- and 42-day polyvinyl sponge granulomas was shown to depress in vitro phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages. The glycoprotein had no effect on polymorphonuclear phagocytosis. Chemical and physical characterization of the inhibitor protein obtained from mature (42-day) granulomas developed in guinea pigs indicated that the protein had a molecular weight of 48,500 and an isoelectric point of 5.3. It was homogeneous when examined in three polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoretic buffer systems. The carbohydrate and amino acid content of the protein are reported. The chemical and physical characteristics of the inhibitor protein suggest that it is of nonserum origin. It is postulated that the glycoprotein inhibitor from chronic granulation tissue may participate in regulation of mononuclear phagocyte (macrophage) function within a local inflammatory focus."}
{"id": "PMID:1194751", "title": "Indirect blood pressure measurements in the rabbit: correlations with direct aortic and ear pressures.", "content": "Blood pressures in the central artery of the ear were determined in rabbits by the use of a modified Grant-Rothschild pressure capsule using two end-points defined as the complete cessation (occlusion) or restoration (opening) of the arterial blood flow. In normal rabbits, the opening values measured by the capsule were closely related to diastolic pressures measured directly in the aorta or in the central artery of the ear, whereas the values obtained during arterial occlusion were higher, by a reproducible amount, than the direct systolic recordings in both the ear and the aorta. In rabbits rendered chronically hypertensive, systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured directly in the aorta and the ear were less (in a predictable manner) than their correspondent occlusion and opening values recorded with the capsule. The amount of this difference increased proportionally as blood pressure increased. Differences between direct and capsular recordings were less consistent in rabbits made acutely hypertensive with infusions of angiotensin. Through regression analysis, systolic and diastolic pressures in the aorta and in the central artery of the ear can be reliably predicted from capsular reading.", "contents": "Indirect blood pressure measurements in the rabbit: correlations with direct aortic and ear pressures. Blood pressures in the central artery of the ear were determined in rabbits by the use of a modified Grant-Rothschild pressure capsule using two end-points defined as the complete cessation (occlusion) or restoration (opening) of the arterial blood flow. In normal rabbits, the opening values measured by the capsule were closely related to diastolic pressures measured directly in the aorta or in the central artery of the ear, whereas the values obtained during arterial occlusion were higher, by a reproducible amount, than the direct systolic recordings in both the ear and the aorta. In rabbits rendered chronically hypertensive, systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured directly in the aorta and the ear were less (in a predictable manner) than their correspondent occlusion and opening values recorded with the capsule. The amount of this difference increased proportionally as blood pressure increased. Differences between direct and capsular recordings were less consistent in rabbits made acutely hypertensive with infusions of angiotensin. Through regression analysis, systolic and diastolic pressures in the aorta and in the central artery of the ear can be reliably predicted from capsular reading."}
{"id": "PMID:1194753", "title": "A micromethod for the quantitative analysis of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in human skin.", "content": "An inexpensive and simple micromethod is described for determining calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in a 4 mm. punch biopsy of human skin. This small biopsy requires no sutures, and can be repeated frequently with minimal trauma to patients in long-term studies. Normal ranges of calcium (125 to 300 mg. per kilogram of dry defatted weight (DDW), phosphates (450 to 980 mg. per kilogram of DDW), and magnesium (75 to 112 mg. per kilogram of DDW) are similar to reported results on much larger biopsies. Skin calcium but not skin magnesium or phosphate was significantly higher in 40- to 76-year-old subjects when compared to the 20- to 39-year-old individuals. Comparison of an acid extraction method with the standard ashing procedure showed no significant differences in calcium and magnesium content, but the acid extractable phosphate was significantly lower than the total phosphorus found in the ash.", "contents": "A micromethod for the quantitative analysis of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in human skin. An inexpensive and simple micromethod is described for determining calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in a 4 mm. punch biopsy of human skin. This small biopsy requires no sutures, and can be repeated frequently with minimal trauma to patients in long-term studies. Normal ranges of calcium (125 to 300 mg. per kilogram of dry defatted weight (DDW), phosphates (450 to 980 mg. per kilogram of DDW), and magnesium (75 to 112 mg. per kilogram of DDW) are similar to reported results on much larger biopsies. Skin calcium but not skin magnesium or phosphate was significantly higher in 40- to 76-year-old subjects when compared to the 20- to 39-year-old individuals. Comparison of an acid extraction method with the standard ashing procedure showed no significant differences in calcium and magnesium content, but the acid extractable phosphate was significantly lower than the total phosphorus found in the ash."}
{"id": "PMID:1194755", "title": "Renal vein renin in essential hypertension.", "content": "A frequency distribution curve and interval percentages of variations in right versus left renal vein renin (RVR) were calculated from 227 sets of renin data from patients with mild and moderate essential hypertension (EH). A renal vein renin ratio (RVRR), large/small, of approximately 2.0 or more falls beyond the 95 per cent confidence interval, and may therefore by considered to be abnormal. Although assay variability and sampling errors may contribute to artifactually large RVRR's in EH, they usually indicate true disparity, probably secondary to asymmetrical nephrosclerosis. Recent hypotheses regarding diagnostic value of RVR in hypertension are evaluated in light of data yielded by this investigation. Simultaneous and/or replicate sampling should reduced within-patient variability and improve clinical interpretation of test results.", "contents": "Renal vein renin in essential hypertension. A frequency distribution curve and interval percentages of variations in right versus left renal vein renin (RVR) were calculated from 227 sets of renin data from patients with mild and moderate essential hypertension (EH). A renal vein renin ratio (RVRR), large/small, of approximately 2.0 or more falls beyond the 95 per cent confidence interval, and may therefore by considered to be abnormal. Although assay variability and sampling errors may contribute to artifactually large RVRR's in EH, they usually indicate true disparity, probably secondary to asymmetrical nephrosclerosis. Recent hypotheses regarding diagnostic value of RVR in hypertension are evaluated in light of data yielded by this investigation. Simultaneous and/or replicate sampling should reduced within-patient variability and improve clinical interpretation of test results."}
{"id": "PMID:1194756", "title": "Correlation of radial bone mineral content with total body calcium in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Loss of bone mineral of the skeleton in renal disease can be measured directly by total body neutron activation analysis (TBNAA), and also by an absorptiometric technique applied to the appendicular skeleton (radius). In the present study the results of these two techniques are compared in 25 patients with renal insufficiency, 53 patients with end-stage renal failure on dialysis, and 24 normal control subjects. It is apparent that there is good correlation between total body calcium(TBCa) and bone mineral content (BMC) in all groups studied. The correlation in the normal contrast group was 0.944 as compared to 0.919 for the renal patients and 0.892 for patients with end-stage renal failure on dialysis. In order to measure the relative deficit in TBCa in individual patients from the absolute Ca measurement, it is necessary to normalize the data for sex, age, and skeletal size. For this purpose, an empirically derived relationship was used to predict the normal skeletal Ca in each subject, based on weight, height, sex, and age. The measured TBCa divided by the predicted TBCa is referred to as the calcium ratio. This ratio is useful in expressing the relative deficit of Ca in individual renal patients. In similar manner, BMC data were normalized, with the same relationship used to obtain BMC ratios. The normalization procedures allow both the TBCa and BMC measurements to be used to quantitate the Ca deficit in individual patients with renal insufficiency. However, the correlation coefficient relating changes in TBCa and BMC in individual patients on dialysis was very poor (0.25). It is clear that the BMC measurement alone cannot always predict the level of the total body Ca in individual patients with renal failure. In like manner, TBCa measurement alone does not define the distribution of total body Ca between the skeleton and soft tissue in these patients. However, taken together, the BMC measure along with that of TBCa does suggest possible alterations in the skeletal calcium distribution associated with renal disease.", "contents": "Correlation of radial bone mineral content with total body calcium in chronic renal failure. Loss of bone mineral of the skeleton in renal disease can be measured directly by total body neutron activation analysis (TBNAA), and also by an absorptiometric technique applied to the appendicular skeleton (radius). In the present study the results of these two techniques are compared in 25 patients with renal insufficiency, 53 patients with end-stage renal failure on dialysis, and 24 normal control subjects. It is apparent that there is good correlation between total body calcium(TBCa) and bone mineral content (BMC) in all groups studied. The correlation in the normal contrast group was 0.944 as compared to 0.919 for the renal patients and 0.892 for patients with end-stage renal failure on dialysis. In order to measure the relative deficit in TBCa in individual patients from the absolute Ca measurement, it is necessary to normalize the data for sex, age, and skeletal size. For this purpose, an empirically derived relationship was used to predict the normal skeletal Ca in each subject, based on weight, height, sex, and age. The measured TBCa divided by the predicted TBCa is referred to as the calcium ratio. This ratio is useful in expressing the relative deficit of Ca in individual renal patients. In similar manner, BMC data were normalized, with the same relationship used to obtain BMC ratios. The normalization procedures allow both the TBCa and BMC measurements to be used to quantitate the Ca deficit in individual patients with renal insufficiency. However, the correlation coefficient relating changes in TBCa and BMC in individual patients on dialysis was very poor (0.25). It is clear that the BMC measurement alone cannot always predict the level of the total body Ca in individual patients with renal failure. In like manner, TBCa measurement alone does not define the distribution of total body Ca between the skeleton and soft tissue in these patients. However, taken together, the BMC measure along with that of TBCa does suggest possible alterations in the skeletal calcium distribution associated with renal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1194757", "title": "Effect of uremia on rates of ethanol disappearance from the blood and on the activities of the ethanol-oxidizing enzymes.", "content": "The effect of uremia on ethanol metabolism was investigated. Uremia was induced in male Spraque-Dawley rats by removal of approximately 85 per cent of the renal mass. Control animals had a sham operation. The mean activity of alcohol dehydrogenase was markedly increased in the uremic rats to 2.12 +/- 0.13 (S.E.M.) mumoles per milligram of protein per hours as compared with a control value of 1.39 +/- 0.13 mumoles per milligram of protein per hour (p less than 0.001). There were no changes in the activity of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, in catalase activity present in the microsomes, or in the rates of ethanol disappearance from the blood. Uremia resulted in decreases in microsomal cytochrome -450, but no changes in cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, or in the activities of aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase. The increase in alcohol dehydrogenase activity could not be reproduced by incubation of liver from a normal rat with uremic rat plasma, uremic human serum, or urea. Also, the increase in the enzyme activity was not associated with changes in leucocyte ascorbic acid levels. The cause and physiologic significance of the increase in alcohol dehydrogenase activity in uremia remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Effect of uremia on rates of ethanol disappearance from the blood and on the activities of the ethanol-oxidizing enzymes. The effect of uremia on ethanol metabolism was investigated. Uremia was induced in male Spraque-Dawley rats by removal of approximately 85 per cent of the renal mass. Control animals had a sham operation. The mean activity of alcohol dehydrogenase was markedly increased in the uremic rats to 2.12 +/- 0.13 (S.E.M.) mumoles per milligram of protein per hours as compared with a control value of 1.39 +/- 0.13 mumoles per milligram of protein per hour (p less than 0.001). There were no changes in the activity of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, in catalase activity present in the microsomes, or in the rates of ethanol disappearance from the blood. Uremia resulted in decreases in microsomal cytochrome -450, but no changes in cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, or in the activities of aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase. The increase in alcohol dehydrogenase activity could not be reproduced by incubation of liver from a normal rat with uremic rat plasma, uremic human serum, or urea. Also, the increase in the enzyme activity was not associated with changes in leucocyte ascorbic acid levels. The cause and physiologic significance of the increase in alcohol dehydrogenase activity in uremia remain to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:1194758", "title": "Effects on cancer patients of leukapheresis with the continuous-flow blood cell separator. I. Hematologic and immunologic parameters in vivo.", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate the hematologic and in vivo immunologic effects of leukapheresis of from 2 X 10(9) to 1.6 X 10(10) peripheral blood lymphocytes from 9 cancer patients and 13 normal donors on the blood cell separator. The same parameters were measured in 10 individuals who did not undergo leukapheresis and 4 individuals who underwent sham leukapheresis. Studies were performed immediately prior to and following leukapheresis and at 4 hours, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days following leukapheresis. There was a transient decline in blood lymphocyte pool (BLP) of the normal donors which returned to preleukapheresis values within 72 hours. Six of 13 normal donors and 2 of 9 cancer patients had a fall in blood lymphocyte count which was below the lower limit of the range of change in control donors immediately following leukapheresis, but all returned to control range within 24 hours. Five cancer patients had increases in lymphocyte count. DNCB reactivity and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to common recall antigens were performed 2 weeks before, immediately before, and after leukapheresis, at 7 days and at 4 to 6 weeks following leukapheresis. There were no differences in skin test reactivity between groups. No clinical exacerbations of malignant disease occurred which might be construed to be due to leukapheresis.", "contents": "Effects on cancer patients of leukapheresis with the continuous-flow blood cell separator. I. Hematologic and immunologic parameters in vivo. A study was undertaken to investigate the hematologic and in vivo immunologic effects of leukapheresis of from 2 X 10(9) to 1.6 X 10(10) peripheral blood lymphocytes from 9 cancer patients and 13 normal donors on the blood cell separator. The same parameters were measured in 10 individuals who did not undergo leukapheresis and 4 individuals who underwent sham leukapheresis. Studies were performed immediately prior to and following leukapheresis and at 4 hours, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days following leukapheresis. There was a transient decline in blood lymphocyte pool (BLP) of the normal donors which returned to preleukapheresis values within 72 hours. Six of 13 normal donors and 2 of 9 cancer patients had a fall in blood lymphocyte count which was below the lower limit of the range of change in control donors immediately following leukapheresis, but all returned to control range within 24 hours. Five cancer patients had increases in lymphocyte count. DNCB reactivity and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to common recall antigens were performed 2 weeks before, immediately before, and after leukapheresis, at 7 days and at 4 to 6 weeks following leukapheresis. There were no differences in skin test reactivity between groups. No clinical exacerbations of malignant disease occurred which might be construed to be due to leukapheresis."}
{"id": "PMID:1194759", "title": "Vasodilator responses to K+ in genetic hypertensive and in renal hypertensive rats.", "content": "Vascular responses to K+ were studied in 37 genetically hypertensive (GH) rats of the New Zealand strain, 12 weight-matched and 11 age-matched normotensive control rats, 21 renal hypertensive (RH) rats with one renal artery clipped and the other kidney untouched, and 18 sham-clipped normotensive control (N) rats, under intravenous chloralose and pentobarbitol anesthesia. KCI in an isosmolar solution, delivering 1.84 X 10(-3), 3.07 X 10(-3), or 4.60 X 10(-3) mEq. K+ per minute was infused intra-arterially into the isolated pump-perfused (blood, 1 ml. per minute) hindlimb vascular beds, increasing measured limb arterial plasma [K+] up to 12 mEq. per liter without changing arterial pressure. The K+ infusions at all three rates reduced limb resistance (P less than 0.01). There was a linear correlation (P less than 0.01) between initial limb resistance and magnitude of response. Analysis of covariance indicated that there were no significant differences between responses in GH and normotensive control rats (P less than 0.1). In contrast, responses in RH rats were decreased (P less than 0.01) when compared to responses in N and GH rats. Thus, the vascular response to K+ is attenuated in renal hypertensive rats, as we have previously found in renal hypertensive dogs and essential hypertensive men, suggesting an underlying defect in vascular K+ metabolism. This abnormality is apparently not shared by genetically hypertensive rats of the New Zealand strain.", "contents": "Vasodilator responses to K+ in genetic hypertensive and in renal hypertensive rats. Vascular responses to K+ were studied in 37 genetically hypertensive (GH) rats of the New Zealand strain, 12 weight-matched and 11 age-matched normotensive control rats, 21 renal hypertensive (RH) rats with one renal artery clipped and the other kidney untouched, and 18 sham-clipped normotensive control (N) rats, under intravenous chloralose and pentobarbitol anesthesia. KCI in an isosmolar solution, delivering 1.84 X 10(-3), 3.07 X 10(-3), or 4.60 X 10(-3) mEq. K+ per minute was infused intra-arterially into the isolated pump-perfused (blood, 1 ml. per minute) hindlimb vascular beds, increasing measured limb arterial plasma [K+] up to 12 mEq. per liter without changing arterial pressure. The K+ infusions at all three rates reduced limb resistance (P less than 0.01). There was a linear correlation (P less than 0.01) between initial limb resistance and magnitude of response. Analysis of covariance indicated that there were no significant differences between responses in GH and normotensive control rats (P less than 0.1). In contrast, responses in RH rats were decreased (P less than 0.01) when compared to responses in N and GH rats. Thus, the vascular response to K+ is attenuated in renal hypertensive rats, as we have previously found in renal hypertensive dogs and essential hypertensive men, suggesting an underlying defect in vascular K+ metabolism. This abnormality is apparently not shared by genetically hypertensive rats of the New Zealand strain."}
{"id": "PMID:1194760", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation tests and suspected drug allergy.", "content": "The problems of confirming that a suspected drug allergy exists and which of the administered drugs is the allergen were studied in 43 patients in whom such a diagnosis was considered. Heparinized whole blood was drawn from each patient and 1 ml. aliquots of the supernatant leucocyte-rich plasma were cultured for 3 to 5 days. Individual drugs were added to cultures at the start of incubation. Thymidine3H was added and the incorporated radioactivity measured. Control cultures were done concurrently. Twelve patients had increased thymidine uptake by their drug-treated cells (positive lymphocyte transformation tests). Five patients with positive tests had them repeated. Thymidine uptake decreased with time after the suspect drug was stopped and all the tests eventually became negative. The lymphocyte transformation test appears to be clinically useful for some patients and can confirm suspected drug allergy at times. Its further development appears warranted.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation tests and suspected drug allergy. The problems of confirming that a suspected drug allergy exists and which of the administered drugs is the allergen were studied in 43 patients in whom such a diagnosis was considered. Heparinized whole blood was drawn from each patient and 1 ml. aliquots of the supernatant leucocyte-rich plasma were cultured for 3 to 5 days. Individual drugs were added to cultures at the start of incubation. Thymidine3H was added and the incorporated radioactivity measured. Control cultures were done concurrently. Twelve patients had increased thymidine uptake by their drug-treated cells (positive lymphocyte transformation tests). Five patients with positive tests had them repeated. Thymidine uptake decreased with time after the suspect drug was stopped and all the tests eventually became negative. The lymphocyte transformation test appears to be clinically useful for some patients and can confirm suspected drug allergy at times. Its further development appears warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:1194764", "title": "Granulomas in nasal polyps.", "content": "Three specimens of simple nasal polyps which were examined in a routine histopathology laboratory contained tubereuloid granulomas. One of these patients was found to have systemic sarcoidosis. The other two continue to be asymptomatic and in one of these rupture of cystic nasal mucous glands with the liberation of epithelial mucin into the stroma appears to have excited the granulomatous reaction. The causation, investigation and significance of granulomas at this site are discussed.", "contents": "Granulomas in nasal polyps. Three specimens of simple nasal polyps which were examined in a routine histopathology laboratory contained tubereuloid granulomas. One of these patients was found to have systemic sarcoidosis. The other two continue to be asymptomatic and in one of these rupture of cystic nasal mucous glands with the liberation of epithelial mucin into the stroma appears to have excited the granulomatous reaction. The causation, investigation and significance of granulomas at this site are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194765", "title": "Transcranial orbital decompression in severe cases of unilateral exophthalmos.", "content": "Intracranial transtemporal orbital decompressions in one case of massive fibrous dysplasia of temporal, parietal and maxillary bones and in two cases of meningioma of the sphenoidal region are described. Surgery for fibrous dysplasia, even if extensive, must always be modified according to cosmetic and functional aspects. In bone-invading meningioma, large decompressing resections should be made. They may save the eye and arrest the progress of the disease for long periods of time.", "contents": "Transcranial orbital decompression in severe cases of unilateral exophthalmos. Intracranial transtemporal orbital decompressions in one case of massive fibrous dysplasia of temporal, parietal and maxillary bones and in two cases of meningioma of the sphenoidal region are described. Surgery for fibrous dysplasia, even if extensive, must always be modified according to cosmetic and functional aspects. In bone-invading meningioma, large decompressing resections should be made. They may save the eye and arrest the progress of the disease for long periods of time."}
{"id": "PMID:1194785", "title": "Conversion of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol to 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy- and 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-steroids in vitro.", "content": "The metabolism of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol (24alpha-ethyl-5-cholestene-3beta,7alpha-diol) has been compared in rat liver subcellular fractions. 7alpha-Hydroxy-beta-sitosterol was shown to be metabolized in the same manner as 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Thus, the following C29 metabolites have been identified: 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha,12alpha-dihydrozy-5beta-cholestan-3-one, and 24alpha-ethyl-5beta-cholestane-3alha,7alpha,12alpha-triol. The C29 compounds were generally less efficient substrates. The most pronounced difference was noted for the delta4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase. Thus, 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was three to four times as efficiently reduced as the C29 analog. The oxidation of the 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-delta5-steroid to the 7alpha-hydroxy-delta4-3-oxosteroid, the 12alpha-hydroxylation of the 7alpha-hydroxy-delta4-3-oxosteroid, and the reduction of the 7alpha-hydroxy-5beta-3-oxosteroid to the 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-steroid occurred in up to two times better yields for the C27 steroids.", "contents": "Conversion of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol to 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy- and 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-steroids in vitro. The metabolism of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol (24alpha-ethyl-5-cholestene-3beta,7alpha-diol) has been compared in rat liver subcellular fractions. 7alpha-Hydroxy-beta-sitosterol was shown to be metabolized in the same manner as 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Thus, the following C29 metabolites have been identified: 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha,12alpha-dihydrozy-5beta-cholestan-3-one, and 24alpha-ethyl-5beta-cholestane-3alha,7alpha,12alpha-triol. The C29 compounds were generally less efficient substrates. The most pronounced difference was noted for the delta4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase. Thus, 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was three to four times as efficiently reduced as the C29 analog. The oxidation of the 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-delta5-steroid to the 7alpha-hydroxy-delta4-3-oxosteroid, the 12alpha-hydroxylation of the 7alpha-hydroxy-delta4-3-oxosteroid, and the reduction of the 7alpha-hydroxy-5beta-3-oxosteroid to the 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-steroid occurred in up to two times better yields for the C27 steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:1194786", "title": "Lipid compositions of cells isolated from pig, human, and rat epidermis.", "content": "Epidermal slices from pig, human, and rat skin were treated with dilute buffered trypsin solution (0.005%, w/v), and suspensions of mixed basal and spinous cells were obtained in good yield. Total lipids accounted for approximately 8% of the pig, 10% of the human, and 20% of the rat epidermal cell (dry weight). Phospholipids in pig, human, and rat cells accounted for, respectively, 62%, 53%, and 35% of the total lipids. Phosphatidylcholine (34-38%), phosphatidylethanolamine (18-23%), and sphingomyelin (17-21%) were major compounds in all species. The major neutral lipids were sterols (mostly cholesterol) and triglycerides. Free fatty acids were a major lipid class in pig and human cells, whereas wax esters were a major component in rat epidermal cells. Nearly half (45%) of the sterols in rat cells but less than 10% of those in pig and human cells were esterified. Cholest-7-ene-3beta-ol accounted for 20% of the total sterols in rat cells. Cholesteryl sulfate and ceramide were minor lipids in the three species. The predominant glycosphingolipid (greater than 99%) was glucosylceramide, which accounted for 7% and 9%, respectively, of the total lipids in pig and human cells. A significant proportion (pig, 17%; human, 11%) of the fatty acids in the glucosylceramides were C26:0 and C28:0.", "contents": "Lipid compositions of cells isolated from pig, human, and rat epidermis. Epidermal slices from pig, human, and rat skin were treated with dilute buffered trypsin solution (0.005%, w/v), and suspensions of mixed basal and spinous cells were obtained in good yield. Total lipids accounted for approximately 8% of the pig, 10% of the human, and 20% of the rat epidermal cell (dry weight). Phospholipids in pig, human, and rat cells accounted for, respectively, 62%, 53%, and 35% of the total lipids. Phosphatidylcholine (34-38%), phosphatidylethanolamine (18-23%), and sphingomyelin (17-21%) were major compounds in all species. The major neutral lipids were sterols (mostly cholesterol) and triglycerides. Free fatty acids were a major lipid class in pig and human cells, whereas wax esters were a major component in rat epidermal cells. Nearly half (45%) of the sterols in rat cells but less than 10% of those in pig and human cells were esterified. Cholest-7-ene-3beta-ol accounted for 20% of the total sterols in rat cells. Cholesteryl sulfate and ceramide were minor lipids in the three species. The predominant glycosphingolipid (greater than 99%) was glucosylceramide, which accounted for 7% and 9%, respectively, of the total lipids in pig and human cells. A significant proportion (pig, 17%; human, 11%) of the fatty acids in the glucosylceramides were C26:0 and C28:0."}
{"id": "PMID:1194787", "title": "Different populations of pig epidermal cells: isolation and lipid composition.", "content": "Preparations representing populations of (a) basal and spinous cells, (b) granular cells, and (c) stratum corneum cells were obtained by successive treatments of epidermal slices from pig skin with dilute buffered trypsin solutions. Total lipids accounted for about 8% of the cell dry weight in each of the three populations. Phospholipids, which predominated in the basal and spinous cells, accounted for only 21% of the total lipids in the granular cells and less than 0.1% in the stratum corneum. The latter cells contained more cholesterol (23% of total lipid) than either the granular cells (18%) or the basal and spinous cells (8%). The proportion of ceramide was also much higher in the stratum corneum (17%) and granular cells (9%) than in the basal and spinous cells (1%). The relative amounts of glycosphingolipid (glucosylceramide) and cholesteryl sulfate in the total lipids of stratum corneum cells were less than half those in the granular cells and basal and spinous cells. A novel phospholipid was a major component (26% of total) of the phospholipids from granular cells. The compound, which was partially characterized, contained phosphorus, fatty acids, and glycerol (molar ratio 1:3:2) and appeared to be a neutral derivative of phosphatidic acid.", "contents": "Different populations of pig epidermal cells: isolation and lipid composition. Preparations representing populations of (a) basal and spinous cells, (b) granular cells, and (c) stratum corneum cells were obtained by successive treatments of epidermal slices from pig skin with dilute buffered trypsin solutions. Total lipids accounted for about 8% of the cell dry weight in each of the three populations. Phospholipids, which predominated in the basal and spinous cells, accounted for only 21% of the total lipids in the granular cells and less than 0.1% in the stratum corneum. The latter cells contained more cholesterol (23% of total lipid) than either the granular cells (18%) or the basal and spinous cells (8%). The proportion of ceramide was also much higher in the stratum corneum (17%) and granular cells (9%) than in the basal and spinous cells (1%). The relative amounts of glycosphingolipid (glucosylceramide) and cholesteryl sulfate in the total lipids of stratum corneum cells were less than half those in the granular cells and basal and spinous cells. A novel phospholipid was a major component (26% of total) of the phospholipids from granular cells. The compound, which was partially characterized, contained phosphorus, fatty acids, and glycerol (molar ratio 1:3:2) and appeared to be a neutral derivative of phosphatidic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1194789", "title": "Effects of age and cell size on rat adipose tissue metabolism.", "content": "In order to analyze separately the effects of cell size and age on the metabolism of rat adipose tissue, fat cells of different sizes were obtained from the same animals. The rats were 4 or 15 wk old. The results show that age as well as cell size influences the metabolic rates. At a given cell size, the basal lipolysis, the lipolytic effects of glucagon and noradrenaline, the rate of glucose incorporation into the triglycerides, and the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism were considerably increased in the young animals. Furthermore, irrespective of fat cell size the lipolytic action of glucagon was reduced in old animals. The data thus show that experiments with large fat cells from old rats and with small cells from young animals cannot be directly compared because both variables may influence metabolic reactions.", "contents": "Effects of age and cell size on rat adipose tissue metabolism. In order to analyze separately the effects of cell size and age on the metabolism of rat adipose tissue, fat cells of different sizes were obtained from the same animals. The rats were 4 or 15 wk old. The results show that age as well as cell size influences the metabolic rates. At a given cell size, the basal lipolysis, the lipolytic effects of glucagon and noradrenaline, the rate of glucose incorporation into the triglycerides, and the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism were considerably increased in the young animals. Furthermore, irrespective of fat cell size the lipolytic action of glucagon was reduced in old animals. The data thus show that experiments with large fat cells from old rats and with small cells from young animals cannot be directly compared because both variables may influence metabolic reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194788", "title": "Genesis of fatty liver and hyperlipemia in the fetal guinea pig.", "content": "10 to 20% of [1-14C] palmitate injected into pregnant guinea pigs was recovered in lipids of their fetuses. From these data and the rate of transport of palmitate in maternal blood, it appears that placental transport of free fatty acids can account for the accumulation of lipids in late gestational fetuses. About 80% of the labeled palmitate in the fetus appeared initially in lipids of the liver. 14C appeared in plasma triglyceride fatty acids after a few minutes and subsequently accumulated in lipids of white and brown adipose tissue, suggesting that much of the palmitate deposited in adipose tissue were derived from hepatogenous triglyceride fatty acids. By contrast, 14C was usually maximal in heart and carcass lipids before it appeared in plasma triglyceride fatty acids. Lipoprotein lipase activity in fetal adipose tissue was low, and activity of cofactor protein of lipoprotein lipase in fetal blood plasma was much lower than that observed in other mammalian species. On the basis of these and earlier observations, it is concluded that the accumulation of triglycerides in liver and blood plasma of fetal guinea pigs during late gestation is at least partly the result of the large uptake of maternally derived free fatty acids by the fetal liver accompanied by rapid synthesis and secretion of triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins into the blood. However, limited uptake of triglyceride fatty acids in adipose tissue may contribute to the fatty liver and hyperlipemia.", "contents": "Genesis of fatty liver and hyperlipemia in the fetal guinea pig. 10 to 20% of [1-14C] palmitate injected into pregnant guinea pigs was recovered in lipids of their fetuses. From these data and the rate of transport of palmitate in maternal blood, it appears that placental transport of free fatty acids can account for the accumulation of lipids in late gestational fetuses. About 80% of the labeled palmitate in the fetus appeared initially in lipids of the liver. 14C appeared in plasma triglyceride fatty acids after a few minutes and subsequently accumulated in lipids of white and brown adipose tissue, suggesting that much of the palmitate deposited in adipose tissue were derived from hepatogenous triglyceride fatty acids. By contrast, 14C was usually maximal in heart and carcass lipids before it appeared in plasma triglyceride fatty acids. Lipoprotein lipase activity in fetal adipose tissue was low, and activity of cofactor protein of lipoprotein lipase in fetal blood plasma was much lower than that observed in other mammalian species. On the basis of these and earlier observations, it is concluded that the accumulation of triglycerides in liver and blood plasma of fetal guinea pigs during late gestation is at least partly the result of the large uptake of maternally derived free fatty acids by the fetal liver accompanied by rapid synthesis and secretion of triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins into the blood. However, limited uptake of triglyceride fatty acids in adipose tissue may contribute to the fatty liver and hyperlipemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1194809", "title": "Region-specific immunoassays for parathyroid hormone.", "content": "Immunoassays specific for limited regions of bovine parathyroid hormone were developed in four ways. With the heterogeneous antisera produced by immunizing with intact bovine parathyroid hormone (BPTH 1-84), the specificity of radioimmunoassays could be enhanced by presaturating either with an amino-terminal (BPTH 1-34) or carboxy-terminal (BPTH 53-84) fragment. Then, the antibodies which had not been neutralized reacted exclusively with the opposite end of the molecule, even using [125I]BPTH 1-84 as tracer. With some antisera, the appropriate fragment and intact hormone reacted identically. However, with other antisera, the fragment reacted less well than the intact hormone, possibly because these antisera contain antibodies reacting with the middle of the molcule. Using the labelled fragment ([125I]BPTH 1-34) as tracer, with heterogeneous antisera, radioimmunoassays specific for the amino-terminal region were obtained. With one antiserum, BPTH 1.34 reached identically with the intact hormone, but with another antiserum, the fragment was more reactive than the intact molecule. A region-specific radioimmunoassay was also developed using antibodies produced by immunization with a fragment of the hormone. An antiserum raised against BPTH 1-34 had high affinity for the amino-terminal fragement, but reacted less well with the intact hormone. Immunoradiometric assays, specific for the amino- or carboxy-terminal regions, developed by using immunoadsorbents consisting of a fragment (either BPTH 1-34 or BPTH 53-84) coupled to cellulose. These were used to fractionate 125I-labelled antibodies. With some of these selected antibodies, the appropriate fragment was of lower reactivity than the intact hormone. This may have been due to the presence of an incomplete antigenic site on the fragment, or to conformational differences between the fragment and the corresponding region of the intact hormone. With other selected antibodies the fragment and the intact molecule reacted identically. Careful selection of antisera and of technique is necessary to obtain an assay in which a fragment and the intact hormone behave identically.", "contents": "Region-specific immunoassays for parathyroid hormone. Immunoassays specific for limited regions of bovine parathyroid hormone were developed in four ways. With the heterogeneous antisera produced by immunizing with intact bovine parathyroid hormone (BPTH 1-84), the specificity of radioimmunoassays could be enhanced by presaturating either with an amino-terminal (BPTH 1-34) or carboxy-terminal (BPTH 53-84) fragment. Then, the antibodies which had not been neutralized reacted exclusively with the opposite end of the molecule, even using [125I]BPTH 1-84 as tracer. With some antisera, the appropriate fragment and intact hormone reacted identically. However, with other antisera, the fragment reacted less well than the intact hormone, possibly because these antisera contain antibodies reacting with the middle of the molcule. Using the labelled fragment ([125I]BPTH 1-34) as tracer, with heterogeneous antisera, radioimmunoassays specific for the amino-terminal region were obtained. With one antiserum, BPTH 1.34 reached identically with the intact hormone, but with another antiserum, the fragment was more reactive than the intact molecule. A region-specific radioimmunoassay was also developed using antibodies produced by immunization with a fragment of the hormone. An antiserum raised against BPTH 1-34 had high affinity for the amino-terminal fragement, but reacted less well with the intact hormone. Immunoradiometric assays, specific for the amino- or carboxy-terminal regions, developed by using immunoadsorbents consisting of a fragment (either BPTH 1-34 or BPTH 53-84) coupled to cellulose. These were used to fractionate 125I-labelled antibodies. With some of these selected antibodies, the appropriate fragment was of lower reactivity than the intact hormone. This may have been due to the presence of an incomplete antigenic site on the fragment, or to conformational differences between the fragment and the corresponding region of the intact hormone. With other selected antibodies the fragment and the intact molecule reacted identically. Careful selection of antisera and of technique is necessary to obtain an assay in which a fragment and the intact hormone behave identically."}
{"id": "PMID:1194810", "title": "Stimulation effect of prostaglandin F2ALPHA on the plasma concentration of testosterone in bulls.", "content": "The concentrations of peripheral plasma testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in samples collected from five bulls, each given i.m. injections of 0, 5. 15, 30 and 60 mg prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Synchronized peaks in testosterone concentration occurred with maximum values 1.2h after treatment. These increases of testosterone persisted significantly longer than those observed to occur as natural episodic peaks during two 24 h periods in the same bulls. The mean peak testosterone concentration after PGF2alpha injection was related to the dose of PGF2alpha, values after 60 and 30 mg doses being significantly greater than after 15 mg. The response produced by a 5 mg dose was not significant. The results indicate that intramuscular injection of PGF2alpha, acutely stimulates synthesis and release of testosterone in fulls.", "contents": "Stimulation effect of prostaglandin F2ALPHA on the plasma concentration of testosterone in bulls. The concentrations of peripheral plasma testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in samples collected from five bulls, each given i.m. injections of 0, 5. 15, 30 and 60 mg prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Synchronized peaks in testosterone concentration occurred with maximum values 1.2h after treatment. These increases of testosterone persisted significantly longer than those observed to occur as natural episodic peaks during two 24 h periods in the same bulls. The mean peak testosterone concentration after PGF2alpha injection was related to the dose of PGF2alpha, values after 60 and 30 mg doses being significantly greater than after 15 mg. The response produced by a 5 mg dose was not significant. The results indicate that intramuscular injection of PGF2alpha, acutely stimulates synthesis and release of testosterone in fulls."}
{"id": "PMID:1194811", "title": "Changes in the concentration of calcitonin in the plasma of chick embryos during incubation.", "content": "Calcitonin (CT) was assayed in the plasma of chick embryos at eight stages of development from  day 17 of incubation to day 1 after hatching by a rat bioassay. The concentration of CT rose steadily from 1060 mu./1 on day 17 to 4700 mu./1 at the stage when pulmonary respiration was initiated on day 20. Nine hours later, when the embryos 'pipped' the shells, the concentration of the hormone more than doubled to reach a peak of 11000 mu./1. At hatching the level had fallen to 1400 mu./1 and 24 h later it was undetectable (less than 500 mu./1). The physiological significance of these changes is discussed in relation to the development of the embryo.", "contents": "Changes in the concentration of calcitonin in the plasma of chick embryos during incubation. Calcitonin (CT) was assayed in the plasma of chick embryos at eight stages of development from  day 17 of incubation to day 1 after hatching by a rat bioassay. The concentration of CT rose steadily from 1060 mu./1 on day 17 to 4700 mu./1 at the stage when pulmonary respiration was initiated on day 20. Nine hours later, when the embryos 'pipped' the shells, the concentration of the hormone more than doubled to reach a peak of 11000 mu./1. At hatching the level had fallen to 1400 mu./1 and 24 h later it was undetectable (less than 500 mu./1). The physiological significance of these changes is discussed in relation to the development of the embryo."}
{"id": "PMID:1194812", "title": "Biosynthesis of gonadotrophins by rat pituitaries in vitro.", "content": "A method has been developed for studying biosynthesis of FSH in the rat pituitary in vitro. Anterior pituitary glands were incubated with [3H]leucine; a specific and sensitive immunoprecipitation technique was used to isolate FSH from the pituitary homogenate. Total FSH content of the samples was measured by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay technique. Using this technique, a comparative study of LH and FSH synthesis in the same pituitary of adult male rats incubated for various intervals (0-5-6 h) was done. Increased incorporation of [3H]leucine into both LH and FSH with time was noted. The rate and amount of [3H]leucine incorporation into FSH was found to be higher than that into LH, indicating that either the rate of FSH synthesis is higher than that of LH or FSH has more leucine residues than LH. Greater susceptibility of LH to degradation by endogenous proteases during dialysis may also reflect less incorporation of [3H]leucine into LH. This method provides a reliable tool for evaluating FSH synthesis under various experimental conditions.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of gonadotrophins by rat pituitaries in vitro. A method has been developed for studying biosynthesis of FSH in the rat pituitary in vitro. Anterior pituitary glands were incubated with [3H]leucine; a specific and sensitive immunoprecipitation technique was used to isolate FSH from the pituitary homogenate. Total FSH content of the samples was measured by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay technique. Using this technique, a comparative study of LH and FSH synthesis in the same pituitary of adult male rats incubated for various intervals (0-5-6 h) was done. Increased incorporation of [3H]leucine into both LH and FSH with time was noted. The rate and amount of [3H]leucine incorporation into FSH was found to be higher than that into LH, indicating that either the rate of FSH synthesis is higher than that of LH or FSH has more leucine residues than LH. Greater susceptibility of LH to degradation by endogenous proteases during dialysis may also reflect less incorporation of [3H]leucine into LH. This method provides a reliable tool for evaluating FSH synthesis under various experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194813", "title": "Effect of intraventricular administration of noradrenaline on water diuresis in goats.", "content": "Duriing water diuresis in conscious goats, noradrenaline (NA), its antagonists phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol and also atropine were administered into the 3rd ventricle. The subsequent effects on water diuresis and on the excretion rates of Na+, K+ and Cl- were investigated. Infusion of NA into the 3rd ventricle induced a strong and significant antidiuretic response and a decrease in the Na+ : K+ excretion ratio; these effects were dose-dependent. High doses of NA produced a significant increase in urinary K+ excretion. Similar results were observed after i.v. administration of arginine-vasopressin. Pretreatment with phentolamine injected into the 3rd ventricle produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the NA-induced antidiuretic effects. Phenoxybenzamine also blocked the response to NA but a dose-response relationship was not apparent. Atropine and propranolol did not block the response to NA.", "contents": "Effect of intraventricular administration of noradrenaline on water diuresis in goats. Duriing water diuresis in conscious goats, noradrenaline (NA), its antagonists phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol and also atropine were administered into the 3rd ventricle. The subsequent effects on water diuresis and on the excretion rates of Na+, K+ and Cl- were investigated. Infusion of NA into the 3rd ventricle induced a strong and significant antidiuretic response and a decrease in the Na+ : K+ excretion ratio; these effects were dose-dependent. High doses of NA produced a significant increase in urinary K+ excretion. Similar results were observed after i.v. administration of arginine-vasopressin. Pretreatment with phentolamine injected into the 3rd ventricle produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the NA-induced antidiuretic effects. Phenoxybenzamine also blocked the response to NA but a dose-response relationship was not apparent. Atropine and propranolol did not block the response to NA."}
{"id": "PMID:1194814", "title": "Perfusion of intercellular spaces in the pars distalis and their variation with time of day.", "content": "Microperfusion of the tissue parenchyma of regions of the rat pituitary gland with 1:1 dilutions of India ink revealed a network of fine intercellular spaces or canaliculi throughout the pars distalis. They were demonstrable in animals of all ages from 1-5 months to over 1 year, in both sexes, and at various times during the 24 h light-darkness cycle. However, 24 h rhythms were suggested in the radial perfusion distance (P LESS 0.05) and tissue density (P LESS 0.01) of the perfused canaliculi in adult male rats. The amplitude of the 24 h rhythmicity in these pituitary canaliculi was lower than that shown recently in pineal canaliculi of the same species. Structural regularity and evidence of rhythmic and physiologically correlated changes in the pituitary canaliculi suggest that they relate to natural features rather than being only artifactual, and that analysis of their possible functional significance is appropriate.", "contents": "Perfusion of intercellular spaces in the pars distalis and their variation with time of day. Microperfusion of the tissue parenchyma of regions of the rat pituitary gland with 1:1 dilutions of India ink revealed a network of fine intercellular spaces or canaliculi throughout the pars distalis. They were demonstrable in animals of all ages from 1-5 months to over 1 year, in both sexes, and at various times during the 24 h light-darkness cycle. However, 24 h rhythms were suggested in the radial perfusion distance (P LESS 0.05) and tissue density (P LESS 0.01) of the perfused canaliculi in adult male rats. The amplitude of the 24 h rhythmicity in these pituitary canaliculi was lower than that shown recently in pineal canaliculi of the same species. Structural regularity and evidence of rhythmic and physiologically correlated changes in the pituitary canaliculi suggest that they relate to natural features rather than being only artifactual, and that analysis of their possible functional significance is appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:1194815", "title": "The synergistic action of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and testosterone of the sebaceous, prostate, preputial, Harderian and lachrymal glands, seminal vesicles and brown adipose tissue in the hypophysectomized-castrated rat.", "content": "Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone was shown to act synergistically with testosterone to stimulate the sebaceous, prostate and the seminal vesicles in hypophys-ectomized-castrated rats. The sebaceous glands differed from the other three organs in that alpha-MSH not only acted synergistically, but also had a significant effect which was independent of the presence of exogenous testosterone. The response of the brown adipose tissue to testerone, considerably reduced by hypophysectomy, was not restored by alpha-MSH. The Harderian and lachrymal glands were also pituitary-dependent and their weights in hypophysectomized-castrated rats were not restored by alpha-MSH.", "contents": "The synergistic action of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and testosterone of the sebaceous, prostate, preputial, Harderian and lachrymal glands, seminal vesicles and brown adipose tissue in the hypophysectomized-castrated rat. Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone was shown to act synergistically with testosterone to stimulate the sebaceous, prostate and the seminal vesicles in hypophys-ectomized-castrated rats. The sebaceous glands differed from the other three organs in that alpha-MSH not only acted synergistically, but also had a significant effect which was independent of the presence of exogenous testosterone. The response of the brown adipose tissue to testerone, considerably reduced by hypophysectomy, was not restored by alpha-MSH. The Harderian and lachrymal glands were also pituitary-dependent and their weights in hypophysectomized-castrated rats were not restored by alpha-MSH."}
{"id": "PMID:1194816", "title": "Differences in serum corticosterone patterns in individual rats: relationship to ovulatory cycles.", "content": "Blood samples were collected on several occasions from Sprague-Dawley-derived rats by means of cardiac puncture at 8 h intervals over a 24 h period. Rats were sampled four times before ovariectomy, after ovariectomy and after replacement therapy with oestradiol benzoate. It was discovered that each rat tended to maintain a distinct pattern of serum corticosterone. While some rats developed hormonal rhythms, other rats showed no evidence of such rhythms as indicated by patterns of serum corticosterone concentation. The majority of rats that did not show daily corticosterone rhythms were found to have irregular ovulatory cycles as indicated by vaginal smears. Each characteristic hormonal pattern remained after ovariectomy and subsequent oestrogen replacement although resting levels of corticosterone were lower after ovariectomy and higher after oestrogen treatment than before the operation. It is concluded that the presence of an adrenal rhythm is usually associated with regular vaginal smear cycles.", "contents": "Differences in serum corticosterone patterns in individual rats: relationship to ovulatory cycles. Blood samples were collected on several occasions from Sprague-Dawley-derived rats by means of cardiac puncture at 8 h intervals over a 24 h period. Rats were sampled four times before ovariectomy, after ovariectomy and after replacement therapy with oestradiol benzoate. It was discovered that each rat tended to maintain a distinct pattern of serum corticosterone. While some rats developed hormonal rhythms, other rats showed no evidence of such rhythms as indicated by patterns of serum corticosterone concentation. The majority of rats that did not show daily corticosterone rhythms were found to have irregular ovulatory cycles as indicated by vaginal smears. Each characteristic hormonal pattern remained after ovariectomy and subsequent oestrogen replacement although resting levels of corticosterone were lower after ovariectomy and higher after oestrogen treatment than before the operation. It is concluded that the presence of an adrenal rhythm is usually associated with regular vaginal smear cycles."}
{"id": "PMID:1194820", "title": "Pituitary hormone response to brain stimulation in man.", "content": "Plasma cortisol, GH and LH responses to electrical stimulation of the orbital part of the frontal lobe and the cingulate area of the brain were studied in patients undergoing limbic leucotomy. In six out of 15 patients the plasma cortisol levels increased by 5-7--18-0 mug/100 ml after orbito-frontal stimulation whereas plasma GH values did not rise during this period. Plasma LH levels remained unchanged. No definite hormone responses could be attributed to stimulation of the cingulate area. It appears that the orbito-frontal area of the brain is concerned with augmenting the release of ACTH but not that of GH or LH.", "contents": "Pituitary hormone response to brain stimulation in man. Plasma cortisol, GH and LH responses to electrical stimulation of the orbital part of the frontal lobe and the cingulate area of the brain were studied in patients undergoing limbic leucotomy. In six out of 15 patients the plasma cortisol levels increased by 5-7--18-0 mug/100 ml after orbito-frontal stimulation whereas plasma GH values did not rise during this period. Plasma LH levels remained unchanged. No definite hormone responses could be attributed to stimulation of the cingulate area. It appears that the orbito-frontal area of the brain is concerned with augmenting the release of ACTH but not that of GH or LH."}
{"id": "PMID:1194826", "title": "Effects of ovarian steroids and prolactin on the sequential development of nesting behaviour in female budgerigars.", "content": "As intact, breeding female budgerigars approach egg-laying, they spend an increasing amount of time in the nestbox and nest hollow. The brood patch area begins to defeather and becomes vascular and the oviduct increases in weight. Precursory albumen forms in the tubular glands of the oviduct. Oestradiol (OB) treatment in combination with prolactin (OB+PL) induced ovariectomized budgerigars to display nesting behaviour which did not differ from that shown by intact females in the 3 days immediately preceding egg-laying. In contrast, OB induced only the initial phase of the nesting sequence and the effects of OB in combination with progesterone (OB+PR) were intermediate between treatments with OB alone and OB+PL. Incubation of artificial eggs occurred only in the OB+PL group and the latency to display of the incubation posture was shorter in the OB+PL group than in the OB+PR group. No incubation posture was displayed by the OB-treated group. Oviduct development was not influenced by prolactin, but progesterone induced precocious development of tubular glands in the magnum region of the oviduct. Treatment with OB+PR induced uniform development of precursor albumen in the tubular glands. Development of the brood patch occurred with both OB+PL and OB+PR treatment. However, OB+PR resulted in defeathering which was advanced in relation to vascularity when compared with intact breeding females, whereas defeathering and vascularity of the OB+PL group did not differ from that of intact females at egg-laying. These results indicate that prolactin in combination with oestradiol was more effective than progesterone not only in inducing the later phases of nesting behaviour but also in initiating incubation behaviour and defeathering of the brood patch area.", "contents": "Effects of ovarian steroids and prolactin on the sequential development of nesting behaviour in female budgerigars. As intact, breeding female budgerigars approach egg-laying, they spend an increasing amount of time in the nestbox and nest hollow. The brood patch area begins to defeather and becomes vascular and the oviduct increases in weight. Precursory albumen forms in the tubular glands of the oviduct. Oestradiol (OB) treatment in combination with prolactin (OB+PL) induced ovariectomized budgerigars to display nesting behaviour which did not differ from that shown by intact females in the 3 days immediately preceding egg-laying. In contrast, OB induced only the initial phase of the nesting sequence and the effects of OB in combination with progesterone (OB+PR) were intermediate between treatments with OB alone and OB+PL. Incubation of artificial eggs occurred only in the OB+PL group and the latency to display of the incubation posture was shorter in the OB+PL group than in the OB+PR group. No incubation posture was displayed by the OB-treated group. Oviduct development was not influenced by prolactin, but progesterone induced precocious development of tubular glands in the magnum region of the oviduct. Treatment with OB+PR induced uniform development of precursor albumen in the tubular glands. Development of the brood patch occurred with both OB+PL and OB+PR treatment. However, OB+PR resulted in defeathering which was advanced in relation to vascularity when compared with intact breeding females, whereas defeathering and vascularity of the OB+PL group did not differ from that of intact females at egg-laying. These results indicate that prolactin in combination with oestradiol was more effective than progesterone not only in inducing the later phases of nesting behaviour but also in initiating incubation behaviour and defeathering of the brood patch area."}
{"id": "PMID:1194827", "title": "Identification of human luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone beta-subunit and gonadotrophin alpha-subunit in foetal and adult pituitary glands.", "content": "Specific radioimmunoassays were used to assess the content of LH, FSH, the gonadotrophin alpha-subunit and the LH beta-subunit in four adult, 19 normal foetal pituitary glands (9-5--32 weeks of gestation) and a pituitary extract from an anencephalic foetus (36 weeks). The hormones and subunits were further identified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-100. All pituitary glands contained free alpha-subunit and intact LH but the alpha-subunit:LH ratio was significantly higher in the early foetal pituitaries (9-5--16 weeks) than in the four adult pituitaries. Only small or undetectable amounts of LH beta-subunit and 'undetectable' FSH were found in these early foetal pituitaries (9-5--11-5 weeks). The concentration of intact hormones or subunits in the pituitaries showed no significant sex difference in any of the groups. In contrast to these results, only alpha-subunit was detectable in the pituitary of the anencephalic foetus. For 14 early foetuses (age of gestation 10--16 weeks) the serum levels of LH-HCG, FSH, and alpha-subunit in the circulation were significantly higher than in 26 foetuses at term (37--41 weeks). On the basis of these results a theory for the development of the gonadotrophin secretion from the foetal pituitary gland is outlined.", "contents": "Identification of human luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone beta-subunit and gonadotrophin alpha-subunit in foetal and adult pituitary glands. Specific radioimmunoassays were used to assess the content of LH, FSH, the gonadotrophin alpha-subunit and the LH beta-subunit in four adult, 19 normal foetal pituitary glands (9-5--32 weeks of gestation) and a pituitary extract from an anencephalic foetus (36 weeks). The hormones and subunits were further identified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-100. All pituitary glands contained free alpha-subunit and intact LH but the alpha-subunit:LH ratio was significantly higher in the early foetal pituitaries (9-5--16 weeks) than in the four adult pituitaries. Only small or undetectable amounts of LH beta-subunit and 'undetectable' FSH were found in these early foetal pituitaries (9-5--11-5 weeks). The concentration of intact hormones or subunits in the pituitaries showed no significant sex difference in any of the groups. In contrast to these results, only alpha-subunit was detectable in the pituitary of the anencephalic foetus. For 14 early foetuses (age of gestation 10--16 weeks) the serum levels of LH-HCG, FSH, and alpha-subunit in the circulation were significantly higher than in 26 foetuses at term (37--41 weeks). On the basis of these results a theory for the development of the gonadotrophin secretion from the foetal pituitary gland is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1194828", "title": "Changes in plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone after injection of progesterone at various times during the ovulatory cycle of the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Changes in plasma LH concentrations after i.m. injections of 0-5 mg progesterone/kg at various stages of the ovulatory cycle were measured by radioimmunoassay. Four types of response were observed. (1) When the steroid was injected between 4 h after and 12 h before an ovulation, LH levels started to rise after 15--45 min and reached peak values within 90--120 min. The mean maximal incremental change in the level of LH was 1-58 +/- 0-10(S.E.M.) ng/ml (n = 37). (2) In contrast, when progesterone was injected 12--8 h before ovulation, i.e. immediately before a spontaneous pre-ovulatory LH surge, the resulting mean maximal incremental change in LH level, 0-79 +/- 0-12 ng/ml (n = 9), was significantly smaller (P less than 0-001). (3) If progesterone was injected 8--4 h before ovulation, i.e. when pre-ovulatory LH levels were rising, they immediately started to rise more rapidly and reached peak values within 45 min. The maximal incremental change in the level of LH under these circumstances, 2-34 +/- 0-20 ng/ml (n = 12), was significantly greater (P less than 0-001) in both cases) than the changes observed in the responses 1 and 2 described above. (4) Levels of LH generally showed no incremental change in response to injections of progesterone given 4--0 h before ovulation, i.e. when pre-ovulatory LH levels were falling. It was concluded that the type of change in plasma LH levels induced by progesterone depended upon the stage of the ovulatory cycle at which the steroid was injected.", "contents": "Changes in plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone after injection of progesterone at various times during the ovulatory cycle of the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). Changes in plasma LH concentrations after i.m. injections of 0-5 mg progesterone/kg at various stages of the ovulatory cycle were measured by radioimmunoassay. Four types of response were observed. (1) When the steroid was injected between 4 h after and 12 h before an ovulation, LH levels started to rise after 15--45 min and reached peak values within 90--120 min. The mean maximal incremental change in the level of LH was 1-58 +/- 0-10(S.E.M.) ng/ml (n = 37). (2) In contrast, when progesterone was injected 12--8 h before ovulation, i.e. immediately before a spontaneous pre-ovulatory LH surge, the resulting mean maximal incremental change in LH level, 0-79 +/- 0-12 ng/ml (n = 9), was significantly smaller (P less than 0-001). (3) If progesterone was injected 8--4 h before ovulation, i.e. when pre-ovulatory LH levels were rising, they immediately started to rise more rapidly and reached peak values within 45 min. The maximal incremental change in the level of LH under these circumstances, 2-34 +/- 0-20 ng/ml (n = 12), was significantly greater (P less than 0-001) in both cases) than the changes observed in the responses 1 and 2 described above. (4) Levels of LH generally showed no incremental change in response to injections of progesterone given 4--0 h before ovulation, i.e. when pre-ovulatory LH levels were falling. It was concluded that the type of change in plasma LH levels induced by progesterone depended upon the stage of the ovulatory cycle at which the steroid was injected."}
{"id": "PMID:1194829", "title": "Effects of testosterone mediated or modulated by pituitary factors.", "content": "Adult rats of both sexes were either gonadectomized or hypophysectomized and gonadectomized. Three to eight weeks later they were treated for 14 consecutive days with oil or with 75 or 200 mug testosterone propionate (TP) per 100 g body weight. The animals were killed and for each sex the gonadectomized animals were compared with the hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals as far as their NADPH- and NADH-dependent 3alpha-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenases (3alpha-HSD) in renal microsomes, transcortin levels in serum and five organ weights relative to total body weight were concerned. For two of the latter, i.e. the relative kidney and prostatic weights, no significant differences were found. Transcortin levels, relative adrenal weights and renal NADPH-dependent 3alpha-HSD activities were higher in oil-treated gonadectomized animals than in oil-treated hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals. The opposite was found for the relative weights of uterus and seminal vesicles and renal NADH-dependent 3alpha-HSD activities. These differences between gonadectomized and hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals disappeared after TP treatment as far as transcortin levels were concerned but remained for the five other parameters. After gonadectomy sexual differences subsisted for all parameters studied. But whereas intact male rats had higher NADH-dependent 3alpha-HSD activities than female rats the opposite was found after gonadectomy. After gonadectomy plus hypophysectomy the between sex differences disappeared as far as transcortin levels were concerned but remained in the other parameters studied.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone mediated or modulated by pituitary factors. Adult rats of both sexes were either gonadectomized or hypophysectomized and gonadectomized. Three to eight weeks later they were treated for 14 consecutive days with oil or with 75 or 200 mug testosterone propionate (TP) per 100 g body weight. The animals were killed and for each sex the gonadectomized animals were compared with the hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals as far as their NADPH- and NADH-dependent 3alpha-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenases (3alpha-HSD) in renal microsomes, transcortin levels in serum and five organ weights relative to total body weight were concerned. For two of the latter, i.e. the relative kidney and prostatic weights, no significant differences were found. Transcortin levels, relative adrenal weights and renal NADPH-dependent 3alpha-HSD activities were higher in oil-treated gonadectomized animals than in oil-treated hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals. The opposite was found for the relative weights of uterus and seminal vesicles and renal NADH-dependent 3alpha-HSD activities. These differences between gonadectomized and hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals disappeared after TP treatment as far as transcortin levels were concerned but remained for the five other parameters. After gonadectomy sexual differences subsisted for all parameters studied. But whereas intact male rats had higher NADH-dependent 3alpha-HSD activities than female rats the opposite was found after gonadectomy. After gonadectomy plus hypophysectomy the between sex differences disappeared as far as transcortin levels were concerned but remained in the other parameters studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1194830", "title": "Increased concentrations of 17alpha, 20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in maternal and foetal plasma near parturition in sheep.", "content": "Using specific radioimmunoassays, 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and progesterone were measured in maternal utero-ovarian venous plasma from four sheep during parturition induced with dexamethasone and two sheep at spontaneous delivery. 17alpha,20alpha-Dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was also measured in maternal jugular venous and foetal posterior vena caval plasma from one dexamethasone-induced animal over the same period. Basal utero-ovarian venous levels of 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one were in the range 3-7 ng/ml; at the time of the pre-labour fall in maternal progesterone, the concentration of 17alpha-20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one increased, reaching 17-76 ng/ml at delivery. Maternal levels fell rapidly after delivery. In contrast to foetal progesterone concentrations, which are low, foetal 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one levels were approximately the same as those in the maternal utero-ovarian vein. Maternal jugular venous levels in one animal were 50-80% of those in the utero-ovarian vein. These findings confirm earlier results obtained in vitro which indicated that exposure to glucocorticoid results in increased activity of a steroid 17alpha-hydroxylase in the ovine foetal placenta.", "contents": "Increased concentrations of 17alpha, 20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in maternal and foetal plasma near parturition in sheep. Using specific radioimmunoassays, 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and progesterone were measured in maternal utero-ovarian venous plasma from four sheep during parturition induced with dexamethasone and two sheep at spontaneous delivery. 17alpha,20alpha-Dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was also measured in maternal jugular venous and foetal posterior vena caval plasma from one dexamethasone-induced animal over the same period. Basal utero-ovarian venous levels of 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one were in the range 3-7 ng/ml; at the time of the pre-labour fall in maternal progesterone, the concentration of 17alpha-20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one increased, reaching 17-76 ng/ml at delivery. Maternal levels fell rapidly after delivery. In contrast to foetal progesterone concentrations, which are low, foetal 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one levels were approximately the same as those in the maternal utero-ovarian vein. Maternal jugular venous levels in one animal were 50-80% of those in the utero-ovarian vein. These findings confirm earlier results obtained in vitro which indicated that exposure to glucocorticoid results in increased activity of a steroid 17alpha-hydroxylase in the ovine foetal placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:1194831", "title": "Differential reinforcement and signal detection.", "content": "Reinforcement was introduced for responses normally treated as errors in signal-detection procedures. The first experiment used a standard two-response discrete-trial procedure with no reinforcement for errors. Results showed that rats altered their response biases but maintained constant sensitivity to visual signals when reinforcement probabilities varied, and that their sensitivity depended on the physical difference between signals, in accordance with the predictions of signal-detection theory. Experiment II, with rats, and Experiment III, with pigeons, demonstrated that sensitivity decreased in this procedure when reinforcement was scheduled for errors with the signals held constant, despite independence of overall number of reinforcers and sensitivity. Experiment IV, with rats, replicated the decrease in sensitivity in a continuous procedure employing only one response. The decrements in sensitivity were similar across Experiments II, III, and IV, and accorded well with earlier research. Thus, contrary to a fundamental assumption of signal-detection theory, estimates of sensitivity are not always invariant with respect to the outcomes of responding, but depend on relative reinforcement of correct responses.", "contents": "Differential reinforcement and signal detection. Reinforcement was introduced for responses normally treated as errors in signal-detection procedures. The first experiment used a standard two-response discrete-trial procedure with no reinforcement for errors. Results showed that rats altered their response biases but maintained constant sensitivity to visual signals when reinforcement probabilities varied, and that their sensitivity depended on the physical difference between signals, in accordance with the predictions of signal-detection theory. Experiment II, with rats, and Experiment III, with pigeons, demonstrated that sensitivity decreased in this procedure when reinforcement was scheduled for errors with the signals held constant, despite independence of overall number of reinforcers and sensitivity. Experiment IV, with rats, replicated the decrease in sensitivity in a continuous procedure employing only one response. The decrements in sensitivity were similar across Experiments II, III, and IV, and accorded well with earlier research. Thus, contrary to a fundamental assumption of signal-detection theory, estimates of sensitivity are not always invariant with respect to the outcomes of responding, but depend on relative reinforcement of correct responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1194832", "title": "The RNA polymerase activity of the preimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "The activation of the mouse embryo genome has been studied during early cleavage, in vivo. Individual embryos, prepared as whole mounts, were assayed for endogenous RNA polymerase activity. RNA synthesis was detected by autoradiography as the incorporation of [3H]UMP into an acid-insoluble product. No RNA polymerase activity could be detected in the pronuclei of one-cell embryos. Radioactive incorporation was first evident in the nuclei of two-cell embryos. This appeared to be confined to the nucleoplasm and could be abolished by alpha-amanitin but not by low concentrations of actinomycin D. Polymerase activity which was not affected by alpha-amanitin was first detected in the four-cell embryo, predominantly at the peripheries of the nucleoli. Nucleolar labelling increased markedly between subsequent cleavages, reaching a peak in early morulae. In one- and two-cell embryos, label incorporation could be found in the nucleus of the persisting polar body.", "contents": "The RNA polymerase activity of the preimplantation mouse embryo. The activation of the mouse embryo genome has been studied during early cleavage, in vivo. Individual embryos, prepared as whole mounts, were assayed for endogenous RNA polymerase activity. RNA synthesis was detected by autoradiography as the incorporation of [3H]UMP into an acid-insoluble product. No RNA polymerase activity could be detected in the pronuclei of one-cell embryos. Radioactive incorporation was first evident in the nuclei of two-cell embryos. This appeared to be confined to the nucleoplasm and could be abolished by alpha-amanitin but not by low concentrations of actinomycin D. Polymerase activity which was not affected by alpha-amanitin was first detected in the four-cell embryo, predominantly at the peripheries of the nucleoli. Nucleolar labelling increased markedly between subsequent cleavages, reaching a peak in early morulae. In one- and two-cell embryos, label incorporation could be found in the nucleus of the persisting polar body."}
{"id": "PMID:1194833", "title": "Neuroectodermal origin of avian hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex: the role of the ventral neural ridge.", "content": "Embryonic discs from White Leghorn chick embryos (presomite to 12-omite stages) were examined in serial transverse and longitudinal sections. Later stages, up to 21 days, were also examined. The following observations were made: (1) Lateral folding rather than head folding is the mechanism by which the avian embryo is delimited. The process takes place at two terminal points, one cephalic the other caudal. (2) Thickening of the ventral ectoderm around the tip of the presumptive anterior neuropore, beginning at the 4-somite stage, subsequently extends the dorsal neural ridge to form a ventral neural ridge. (3) The cephalic portion of the ventral neural ridge, extending from anterior neuropore to optic chiasma, is mainly incorporated into the alar plates of the diencephalon. (4) The caudal portion, extending from optic chiasma to the stomodeum, gives rise to Rathke's pouch and thus to the adenohypophysis. We conclude that the latter is to be regarded as of neuroectodermal rather than ectodermal (stomodeal) origin, and that some or all of the neuroendocrine nuclei of the hypothalamus are similarly derived from the neuroectoderm of the neural ridge. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex is thus to be regarded as a single rather than a composite entity.", "contents": "Neuroectodermal origin of avian hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex: the role of the ventral neural ridge. Embryonic discs from White Leghorn chick embryos (presomite to 12-omite stages) were examined in serial transverse and longitudinal sections. Later stages, up to 21 days, were also examined. The following observations were made: (1) Lateral folding rather than head folding is the mechanism by which the avian embryo is delimited. The process takes place at two terminal points, one cephalic the other caudal. (2) Thickening of the ventral ectoderm around the tip of the presumptive anterior neuropore, beginning at the 4-somite stage, subsequently extends the dorsal neural ridge to form a ventral neural ridge. (3) The cephalic portion of the ventral neural ridge, extending from anterior neuropore to optic chiasma, is mainly incorporated into the alar plates of the diencephalon. (4) The caudal portion, extending from optic chiasma to the stomodeum, gives rise to Rathke's pouch and thus to the adenohypophysis. We conclude that the latter is to be regarded as of neuroectodermal rather than ectodermal (stomodeal) origin, and that some or all of the neuroendocrine nuclei of the hypothalamus are similarly derived from the neuroectoderm of the neural ridge. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex is thus to be regarded as a single rather than a composite entity."}
{"id": "PMID:1194834", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on chick limb cartilage differentiated in tissue culture.", "content": "The hind limb-bud mesenchyme of chick embryos 4-4 1/2 days old was cultured in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium supplemented with both horse serum and fresh chick embryo extract. Whereas no differences are seen at the light-microscope level, at the electron-microscope level the chondroblasts differentiated in tissue culture are noticeably different from those differentiated in vivo, particularly in the possession of some cytoplasmic fibrils and vacuoles. It is proposed that the secretion of the extracellular matrix alone is not sufficient to account for the pattern of cellular arrangement in a cartilaginous condensation.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on chick limb cartilage differentiated in tissue culture. The hind limb-bud mesenchyme of chick embryos 4-4 1/2 days old was cultured in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium supplemented with both horse serum and fresh chick embryo extract. Whereas no differences are seen at the light-microscope level, at the electron-microscope level the chondroblasts differentiated in tissue culture are noticeably different from those differentiated in vivo, particularly in the possession of some cytoplasmic fibrils and vacuoles. It is proposed that the secretion of the extracellular matrix alone is not sufficient to account for the pattern of cellular arrangement in a cartilaginous condensation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194835", "title": "Iron incorporation and haemoglobin synthesis in erythropoietic cells during the ontogenesis of the mouse.", "content": "Iron incorporation (59Fe) into erythropoietic cells from adult and foetal (11- to 15-day) peripheral blood and from foetal (12- to 15-day) livers has been investigated. Ion-exchange chromatography of haemolysates from such cells revealed two groups of 59Fe-containing proteins. The first group (X-fraction) was eluted from CMC-columns in the void volume and was highest in lysates of immature erythropoietic cells. This fraction contained a radiolabelled haemprotein of high molecular weight as well as other 59Fe-containing proteins. The haemprotein does not appear to be related to haemoglobin. The second group consisted of haemoglobins. One major (A1) and two minor (A2 and A3) haemoglobins were found in adult peripheral blood. In foetal liver lysates two major (F1 and A1) and two minor (F2 and A3) haemoglobins were present. The relative proportion of the major haemoglobins changed during development. Haemoglobin F1 was highest in the more mature livers. F1 proved to be different from A1 by chromatographic behaviour, in polypeptide chain composition and in fingerprints. A unique foetal polypeptide chain, intermediate in electrophoretic behaviour between the adult alpha- and beta-chain, was identified. In young foetal peripheral blood (11-day), in which 95% of the cells are of yolk-sac origin, one major (E1), two intermediate (E2 and E3) and one minor (F1) haemoglobin were demonstrable. Haemolysates of the peripheral blood of older embryos contain haemoglobins from erythroid cells of both yolk-sac and foetal liver origin. The haemoglobin pattern of such lysates is explicable in terms of the decreasing amount of embryonic haemoglobins (E1, E2 and E3) and the increasing amount of foetal haemoglobins (F1 and A1). Since A1 and E1 are the most prominent haemoglobins of livers from young embryos and yolk-sac erythrocytes respectively, and since they are very similar in chromatographic behaviour, foetal peripheral blood at all stages contain one dominant haemoglobin peak in the A1-E1 region. Most authors have neglected the relatively slight elevation of the foetal haemoglobin peak (F1) in front of A1-E1, the more because the F1-A1 region has been suspected sometimes to contain artificial haemoglobin components (Riggs, 1965). This probably explains why no foetal haemoglobin (F1) has been reported previously in the peripheral blood of foetal mice.", "contents": "Iron incorporation and haemoglobin synthesis in erythropoietic cells during the ontogenesis of the mouse. Iron incorporation (59Fe) into erythropoietic cells from adult and foetal (11- to 15-day) peripheral blood and from foetal (12- to 15-day) livers has been investigated. Ion-exchange chromatography of haemolysates from such cells revealed two groups of 59Fe-containing proteins. The first group (X-fraction) was eluted from CMC-columns in the void volume and was highest in lysates of immature erythropoietic cells. This fraction contained a radiolabelled haemprotein of high molecular weight as well as other 59Fe-containing proteins. The haemprotein does not appear to be related to haemoglobin. The second group consisted of haemoglobins. One major (A1) and two minor (A2 and A3) haemoglobins were found in adult peripheral blood. In foetal liver lysates two major (F1 and A1) and two minor (F2 and A3) haemoglobins were present. The relative proportion of the major haemoglobins changed during development. Haemoglobin F1 was highest in the more mature livers. F1 proved to be different from A1 by chromatographic behaviour, in polypeptide chain composition and in fingerprints. A unique foetal polypeptide chain, intermediate in electrophoretic behaviour between the adult alpha- and beta-chain, was identified. In young foetal peripheral blood (11-day), in which 95% of the cells are of yolk-sac origin, one major (E1), two intermediate (E2 and E3) and one minor (F1) haemoglobin were demonstrable. Haemolysates of the peripheral blood of older embryos contain haemoglobins from erythroid cells of both yolk-sac and foetal liver origin. The haemoglobin pattern of such lysates is explicable in terms of the decreasing amount of embryonic haemoglobins (E1, E2 and E3) and the increasing amount of foetal haemoglobins (F1 and A1). Since A1 and E1 are the most prominent haemoglobins of livers from young embryos and yolk-sac erythrocytes respectively, and since they are very similar in chromatographic behaviour, foetal peripheral blood at all stages contain one dominant haemoglobin peak in the A1-E1 region. Most authors have neglected the relatively slight elevation of the foetal haemoglobin peak (F1) in front of A1-E1, the more because the F1-A1 region has been suspected sometimes to contain artificial haemoglobin components (Riggs, 1965). This probably explains why no foetal haemoglobin (F1) has been reported previously in the peripheral blood of foetal mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1194836", "title": "Activities of haem synthetic enzymes in blood cells of pre-natal flexed-tailed (f/f) anaemic mice.", "content": "Levels of activity of beta-aminolaevulinate synthetase, delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, porphyrinogen synthetase and haem synthetase in circulating reticulocytes of pre-natal FL4/Re +/+ and congenitally anaemic FL1/Re f/f mice have been determined. The activities of delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase and delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase were found to be decreased in proportion to the hypochromia observed in mature liver-derived erythrocytes in neonatal f/f mice, but activities of enzymes later in the haem synthetic pathway were relatively undisturbed. No significant differences were found in levels of haem synthetic enzymes in foetal livers of +/+ and f/f mice. These results indicate that the severe anaemia of late prenatal and neonatal f/f mice is due both to reduction in haem synthesis expressed at the reticulocyte stage of erythroid differentiation and to restricted production of erythroid progenitor cells. Retarded foetal growth and skeletal abnormalities, both characteristic of the pre-natal expression of the f/f gene complement, can also be related to reduced levels of haem synthesis, but the abnormal distribution of pigment cells seen in f/f animals appears to be a secondary effect of reduced tissue oxygenation resulting from pre-natal anaemia.", "contents": "Activities of haem synthetic enzymes in blood cells of pre-natal flexed-tailed (f/f) anaemic mice. Levels of activity of beta-aminolaevulinate synthetase, delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, porphyrinogen synthetase and haem synthetase in circulating reticulocytes of pre-natal FL4/Re +/+ and congenitally anaemic FL1/Re f/f mice have been determined. The activities of delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase and delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase were found to be decreased in proportion to the hypochromia observed in mature liver-derived erythrocytes in neonatal f/f mice, but activities of enzymes later in the haem synthetic pathway were relatively undisturbed. No significant differences were found in levels of haem synthetic enzymes in foetal livers of +/+ and f/f mice. These results indicate that the severe anaemia of late prenatal and neonatal f/f mice is due both to reduction in haem synthesis expressed at the reticulocyte stage of erythroid differentiation and to restricted production of erythroid progenitor cells. Retarded foetal growth and skeletal abnormalities, both characteristic of the pre-natal expression of the f/f gene complement, can also be related to reduced levels of haem synthesis, but the abnormal distribution of pigment cells seen in f/f animals appears to be a secondary effect of reduced tissue oxygenation resulting from pre-natal anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1194837", "title": "Development of parthenogenetic and fertilized mouse embryos in the uterus and in extra-uterine sites.", "content": "Mouse eggs were activated with hyaluronidase in vitro and subsequently transferred to the oviduct. In the female reproductive tract they formed morulae and blastocysts which died soon after implantation. Haploid blastocysts were transferred beneath the kidney capsule and here some formed disorganized egg-cylinder structures in a week. Morulae and blastocysts from haploid and diploid parthenogenones were also transferred beneath the testis capsule. Two to four months later the growths which had formed were sectioned. They contained neural tissue, pigment, keratinized epithelium, glandular epithelium, ciliated epithelium, cartilage, bone, muscle, adipose tissue, and haemopoietic tissue. The range of cell types was similar to that produced by fertilized control blastocysts except that the parthenogenones did not form identifiable yolk-sac carcinoma or embryonal carcinoma cells. The growths from haploid and diploid parthenogenones in the testis were stained with Feulgen and their DNA content measured. Growths from diploid embryos contained the normal diploid amount of DNA while growths from haploid embryos contained less than this amount. Cell cultures were prepared from the growths. The cells which were investigated contained no Y chromosome, suggesting that they were derived from the embryonic cells rather than the cells of the male host. These cells contained a near diploid chromosome number, although some of them were originally derived from haploid embryos.", "contents": "Development of parthenogenetic and fertilized mouse embryos in the uterus and in extra-uterine sites. Mouse eggs were activated with hyaluronidase in vitro and subsequently transferred to the oviduct. In the female reproductive tract they formed morulae and blastocysts which died soon after implantation. Haploid blastocysts were transferred beneath the kidney capsule and here some formed disorganized egg-cylinder structures in a week. Morulae and blastocysts from haploid and diploid parthenogenones were also transferred beneath the testis capsule. Two to four months later the growths which had formed were sectioned. They contained neural tissue, pigment, keratinized epithelium, glandular epithelium, ciliated epithelium, cartilage, bone, muscle, adipose tissue, and haemopoietic tissue. The range of cell types was similar to that produced by fertilized control blastocysts except that the parthenogenones did not form identifiable yolk-sac carcinoma or embryonal carcinoma cells. The growths from haploid and diploid parthenogenones in the testis were stained with Feulgen and their DNA content measured. Growths from diploid embryos contained the normal diploid amount of DNA while growths from haploid embryos contained less than this amount. Cell cultures were prepared from the growths. The cells which were investigated contained no Y chromosome, suggesting that they were derived from the embryonic cells rather than the cells of the male host. These cells contained a near diploid chromosome number, although some of them were originally derived from haploid embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:1194838", "title": "[The first stages of genesis of the pelvic fin analage in the trout (Salmo fario and Salmo gairdneri). III. Regulation capacities (author's transl)].", "content": "In S. fario and S. gairdneri, microsurgical excisions of parts of pelvic fin-buds showed the important regulation capacities of the fin anlage. At the stages studied, a complete unilateral excision is generally not followed by a regulatory response. On the contrary, a unilateral partial excision performed at the same developmental stages is followed by a regulatory response. Bilateral excision of the fin-buds, performed at earlier developmental stages than unilateral ones (and at a slightly different level for mesoderm) are followed by regulation. The results are discussed in this article. It appears that the mesoderm is a determining factor in the development of the fin-buds; the epidermis does not appear influential - at least in the first stages of regulation. We noticed a higer percentage of regulation in S. gairdneri than in S. fario; the results obtained are analysed with regard to histoenzymological data.", "contents": "[The first stages of genesis of the pelvic fin analage in the trout (Salmo fario and Salmo gairdneri). III. Regulation capacities (author's transl)]. In S. fario and S. gairdneri, microsurgical excisions of parts of pelvic fin-buds showed the important regulation capacities of the fin anlage. At the stages studied, a complete unilateral excision is generally not followed by a regulatory response. On the contrary, a unilateral partial excision performed at the same developmental stages is followed by a regulatory response. Bilateral excision of the fin-buds, performed at earlier developmental stages than unilateral ones (and at a slightly different level for mesoderm) are followed by regulation. The results are discussed in this article. It appears that the mesoderm is a determining factor in the development of the fin-buds; the epidermis does not appear influential - at least in the first stages of regulation. We noticed a higer percentage of regulation in S. gairdneri than in S. fario; the results obtained are analysed with regard to histoenzymological data."}
{"id": "PMID:1194839", "title": "The development of embryos in the uteri of mice treated with actinomycin D before implantation.", "content": "This investigation follows the development of embryos in the uteri of mice in which the differentiation of the implantation chamber has been retarded by the administration of actinomycin D before implantation. For the first 48 h after the induction of implantation both embryonic and extra-embryonic parts of the blastocyst develop, but after 72 h the embryonic parts cease to grow and die. The giant cells and other extra-embryonic tissues, on the other hand, continue to develop for a much longer period, up to 288 h. It is suggested that the actinomycin D, by delaying the formation of the implantation chamber in the endometrium, interferes with the formation of a proper functional connection between the trophoblast and endometrium with the result that the embryo receives insufficient nutrition for its development.", "contents": "The development of embryos in the uteri of mice treated with actinomycin D before implantation. This investigation follows the development of embryos in the uteri of mice in which the differentiation of the implantation chamber has been retarded by the administration of actinomycin D before implantation. For the first 48 h after the induction of implantation both embryonic and extra-embryonic parts of the blastocyst develop, but after 72 h the embryonic parts cease to grow and die. The giant cells and other extra-embryonic tissues, on the other hand, continue to develop for a much longer period, up to 288 h. It is suggested that the actinomycin D, by delaying the formation of the implantation chamber in the endometrium, interferes with the formation of a proper functional connection between the trophoblast and endometrium with the result that the embryo receives insufficient nutrition for its development."}
{"id": "PMID:1194840", "title": "Progesterone-induced in vitro maturation in oocytes of Notophthalmus viridescens (Amphibia Urodela) and some observations on cytological aspects of maturation.", "content": "Maturation in vitro of oocytes of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, is inducible with progesterone after in vivo treatment of females with gonadotropin; few oocytes mature in vitro in the absence of such gonadotropin treatment. Chromosomes of most large oocytes of animals not receiving gonadotropin are still in the lampbrush condition; chromosomes from gonadotropin-treated animals are shorter and the lateral loops are less profuse and somewhat retracted. The chromosome condition, then, can be correlated with susceptibility to progesterone induction of maturation in vitro. As maturation progresses, the germinal vesicle moves toward the surface and decreases in size, with an apparent loss of nuclear material from the centripetal end. Although lateral loops of most chromosomes disappear during the changes in the germinal vesicle, profuse loops develop during this period at the sphere loci, which were previously devoid of loops.", "contents": "Progesterone-induced in vitro maturation in oocytes of Notophthalmus viridescens (Amphibia Urodela) and some observations on cytological aspects of maturation. Maturation in vitro of oocytes of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, is inducible with progesterone after in vivo treatment of females with gonadotropin; few oocytes mature in vitro in the absence of such gonadotropin treatment. Chromosomes of most large oocytes of animals not receiving gonadotropin are still in the lampbrush condition; chromosomes from gonadotropin-treated animals are shorter and the lateral loops are less profuse and somewhat retracted. The chromosome condition, then, can be correlated with susceptibility to progesterone induction of maturation in vitro. As maturation progresses, the germinal vesicle moves toward the surface and decreases in size, with an apparent loss of nuclear material from the centripetal end. Although lateral loops of most chromosomes disappear during the changes in the germinal vesicle, profuse loops develop during this period at the sphere loci, which were previously devoid of loops."}
{"id": "PMID:1194841", "title": "Cell cycle parameters in dedifferentiating iris epithelial cells.", "content": "After lentectomy of the adult newt eye, non-dividing iris epithelial cells re-enter the cell cycle. Some of the iris epithelial cells become completely depigmented while they are in the cell cycle, and then differentiate into lens cells. The remaining iris epithelial cells become partially depigmented in the induced cell cycle, but resynthesize melanosomes and recover the normal state of iris epithelial cells. The two groups of cells are spatially separated within the iris epithelium. The cell cycle parameters of both groups of iris epithelial cells were estimated by a mathematical procedure on a computerized programme from the percentage of labelled mitotic cells as a function of time after peritoneal injection of [3H]methyl-thymidine on day 6 after lentectomy. The total cell cycle time was found significantly shorter in the cell population with complete depigmentation as compared with that with partial depigmentation. Based on these results the possible role of differential cell cycle time in the control of dedifferentiation was discussed. Grafting of unlabelled iris into the optic cavity of host animals injected 6 h beforehand with [3H]methyl-thymidine, followed by a study of radioactivity of iris epithelial cells of the graft demonstrated incorporation at a low level during the whole period of experiment in which the cell cycle parameters were estimated. The data used for the estimation were corrected for the delayed incorporation.", "contents": "Cell cycle parameters in dedifferentiating iris epithelial cells. After lentectomy of the adult newt eye, non-dividing iris epithelial cells re-enter the cell cycle. Some of the iris epithelial cells become completely depigmented while they are in the cell cycle, and then differentiate into lens cells. The remaining iris epithelial cells become partially depigmented in the induced cell cycle, but resynthesize melanosomes and recover the normal state of iris epithelial cells. The two groups of cells are spatially separated within the iris epithelium. The cell cycle parameters of both groups of iris epithelial cells were estimated by a mathematical procedure on a computerized programme from the percentage of labelled mitotic cells as a function of time after peritoneal injection of [3H]methyl-thymidine on day 6 after lentectomy. The total cell cycle time was found significantly shorter in the cell population with complete depigmentation as compared with that with partial depigmentation. Based on these results the possible role of differential cell cycle time in the control of dedifferentiation was discussed. Grafting of unlabelled iris into the optic cavity of host animals injected 6 h beforehand with [3H]methyl-thymidine, followed by a study of radioactivity of iris epithelial cells of the graft demonstrated incorporation at a low level during the whole period of experiment in which the cell cycle parameters were estimated. The data used for the estimation were corrected for the delayed incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194842", "title": "[Morphogenesis of the chick embryo foot].", "content": "Observations were made on chick embryo feet between 6 and 12 1/2 days of incubation in order to (a) give a precise description of programmed cell death in the interdigital membranes; (b) correlate the evolution of interdigital necrosis with the differentiation of the cartilaginous phalangeal skeleton; (c) measure the relative growth rates of digits and interdigits. The programme of interdigital cell death proceeds in three phages which comprise the appearance, the extension and the disappearance of necrotic areas. Fourteen distinct stages are described. The evolution of programmed cell death can be strictly correlated to the chondrogenesis of successive phalanges, in the sense that each stage of necrosis (except two of them) differs from the preceding one by the differentiation of an additional phalanx. Shaping of the foot results from differential growth rates and proceeds in three phases, the second of which is characterized, between days 8 and 10 of incubation, by the actual shortening (decrease of absolute length) of the interdigital membranes. These observations are compared to those that were previously made on other avian and mammalian species and the morphogenetic role of programmed cell death is discussed in the light of that comparison.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of the chick embryo foot]. Observations were made on chick embryo feet between 6 and 12 1/2 days of incubation in order to (a) give a precise description of programmed cell death in the interdigital membranes; (b) correlate the evolution of interdigital necrosis with the differentiation of the cartilaginous phalangeal skeleton; (c) measure the relative growth rates of digits and interdigits. The programme of interdigital cell death proceeds in three phages which comprise the appearance, the extension and the disappearance of necrotic areas. Fourteen distinct stages are described. The evolution of programmed cell death can be strictly correlated to the chondrogenesis of successive phalanges, in the sense that each stage of necrosis (except two of them) differs from the preceding one by the differentiation of an additional phalanx. Shaping of the foot results from differential growth rates and proceeds in three phases, the second of which is characterized, between days 8 and 10 of incubation, by the actual shortening (decrease of absolute length) of the interdigital membranes. These observations are compared to those that were previously made on other avian and mammalian species and the morphogenetic role of programmed cell death is discussed in the light of that comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:1194848", "title": "Interactions of C-reactive protein with the complement system. III. Complement-dependent passive hemolysis initiated by CRP.", "content": "Interactions of CRP with various substrates in the presence of human serum have been shown to result in efficient activation of C components C1-C5. We now report the ability of CRP to initiate C-dependent hemolysis. For this purpose CRP was isolated by affinity chromatography using pneumococcal CPS and gel filtration; its purity was established by several criteria. Erythrocytes were coated with CPS (E-CPS) and passively sensitized with CRP. C-dependent lysis of these cells was observed upon the addition of suitably absorbed human serum, and the efficiency of hemolysis compared favorably with that initiated by rabbit IgG anti-CPS antibody. CRP also sensitized E-CPS for lysis by guinea pig C; partial lysis was seen when C4-deficient guinea pig serum was used, suggesting that CRP also shares with antibody the ability of CRP to fully activate the C system and provide further evidence for a role for CRP similar to that of antibody in the initiation and modulation of inflammatory reactions via the complete system.", "contents": "Interactions of C-reactive protein with the complement system. III. Complement-dependent passive hemolysis initiated by CRP. Interactions of CRP with various substrates in the presence of human serum have been shown to result in efficient activation of C components C1-C5. We now report the ability of CRP to initiate C-dependent hemolysis. For this purpose CRP was isolated by affinity chromatography using pneumococcal CPS and gel filtration; its purity was established by several criteria. Erythrocytes were coated with CPS (E-CPS) and passively sensitized with CRP. C-dependent lysis of these cells was observed upon the addition of suitably absorbed human serum, and the efficiency of hemolysis compared favorably with that initiated by rabbit IgG anti-CPS antibody. CRP also sensitized E-CPS for lysis by guinea pig C; partial lysis was seen when C4-deficient guinea pig serum was used, suggesting that CRP also shares with antibody the ability of CRP to fully activate the C system and provide further evidence for a role for CRP similar to that of antibody in the initiation and modulation of inflammatory reactions via the complete system."}
{"id": "PMID:1194849", "title": "Frequency and avidity of specific antigen-binding cells in developing mice.", "content": "In order to analyze the development of antibody diversity in which the genes coding for the antigen-specific cells we have compared the binding of diverse antigens by cells in the fetal, neonatal, and adult mouse. Although the numbers of antigen-binding cells present in fetuses and young animals were smaller than in adults, no restriction could be detected in the varity of specificities expressed in the fetuses, either with respect to the kinds of antigens bound, or to the range of avidities of binding. Cells specific for each of the 11 antigens tested could be detected in the fetus only in the last 4 days before birth, at which time they appeared both in the liver and in the spleen. In all cases, these cells disappeared both in the liver and in the spleen. In all cases, these cells disappeared from the liver within a day of birth, but continued to increase in number in the spleen until adulthood...", "contents": "Frequency and avidity of specific antigen-binding cells in developing mice. In order to analyze the development of antibody diversity in which the genes coding for the antigen-specific cells we have compared the binding of diverse antigens by cells in the fetal, neonatal, and adult mouse. Although the numbers of antigen-binding cells present in fetuses and young animals were smaller than in adults, no restriction could be detected in the varity of specificities expressed in the fetuses, either with respect to the kinds of antigens bound, or to the range of avidities of binding. Cells specific for each of the 11 antigens tested could be detected in the fetus only in the last 4 days before birth, at which time they appeared both in the liver and in the spleen. In all cases, these cells disappeared both in the liver and in the spleen. In all cases, these cells disappeared from the liver within a day of birth, but continued to increase in number in the spleen until adulthood..."}
{"id": "PMID:1194850", "title": "Humoral immunostimulation. V. Selection of variant cell lines.", "content": "A permanent L-cell variant cell line (LC1) was isolated by the growth of the parent L-cell line (L) in the presence of a cytostimulatory dose (1:200) of rabbit anti-L-cell antiserum (AL) for 9 mo. LC1 differed from L in many aspects: (a) it was larger (1,533 mm3 vs. 1,284 mm3), (b) it grew faster (1.5- to 2-fold), (c) it grew in aggregated fashion, (d) its growth was no longer stimulated by AL, (e) it was almost completely resistant to high concentrations of AL in the presence of complement (C), (f) its original membrane antigens (immunogenic for AL) were redistributed in sparse and patchy clumps as noted by fluorescence microscopy, (g) it contained about 65% of the total original 125I-AL membrane-binding sites (1.4 X 10(7)/cell vs. 2.2 X 10(7)/cell), (h) its AL-binding sites displayed a lower average affinity constant (K = 0.9 X 10(5) M-1 vs. 2.8 X 10(5) M-1), (i) it contained a smaller proportion of high affinity (K greater than 10(6) M-1) binding sites (13% vs 21%), and (j) LC1 was fully immunogenic in that it was readily killed by homologous antiserum (ALC1) and C, whereas L was not similarly affected by ALC1 indicating that LC1 contained new membrane antigens not present on L. Another variant (LC2) was produced by growth of LC1 in a 10-fold higher dose (1:20) of AL (cytotoxic for L) for 1 mo. LC2 was even more resistant to AL in the presence of C, contained 0.84 X 10(7) AL-binding sites/cell with an average affinity constant of 1 X 10(5) M-1 (unchanged from LC1), and was less susceptible than LC1 to lysis in the presence of ALC1 and C. These findings confirm and extend our previous in vitro and in vivo observations dealing with the direct stimulation effects of antibody on tumor cell metabolism and suggest that immunostimulation may be a mechanism of tumor escape from immune control in vivo possibly by immunoselection and antigenic modulation as proposed by other investigators.", "contents": "Humoral immunostimulation. V. Selection of variant cell lines. A permanent L-cell variant cell line (LC1) was isolated by the growth of the parent L-cell line (L) in the presence of a cytostimulatory dose (1:200) of rabbit anti-L-cell antiserum (AL) for 9 mo. LC1 differed from L in many aspects: (a) it was larger (1,533 mm3 vs. 1,284 mm3), (b) it grew faster (1.5- to 2-fold), (c) it grew in aggregated fashion, (d) its growth was no longer stimulated by AL, (e) it was almost completely resistant to high concentrations of AL in the presence of complement (C), (f) its original membrane antigens (immunogenic for AL) were redistributed in sparse and patchy clumps as noted by fluorescence microscopy, (g) it contained about 65% of the total original 125I-AL membrane-binding sites (1.4 X 10(7)/cell vs. 2.2 X 10(7)/cell), (h) its AL-binding sites displayed a lower average affinity constant (K = 0.9 X 10(5) M-1 vs. 2.8 X 10(5) M-1), (i) it contained a smaller proportion of high affinity (K greater than 10(6) M-1) binding sites (13% vs 21%), and (j) LC1 was fully immunogenic in that it was readily killed by homologous antiserum (ALC1) and C, whereas L was not similarly affected by ALC1 indicating that LC1 contained new membrane antigens not present on L. Another variant (LC2) was produced by growth of LC1 in a 10-fold higher dose (1:20) of AL (cytotoxic for L) for 1 mo. LC2 was even more resistant to AL in the presence of C, contained 0.84 X 10(7) AL-binding sites/cell with an average affinity constant of 1 X 10(5) M-1 (unchanged from LC1), and was less susceptible than LC1 to lysis in the presence of ALC1 and C. These findings confirm and extend our previous in vitro and in vivo observations dealing with the direct stimulation effects of antibody on tumor cell metabolism and suggest that immunostimulation may be a mechanism of tumor escape from immune control in vivo possibly by immunoselection and antigenic modulation as proposed by other investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:1194851", "title": "Proliferative characteristics of monoblasts grown in vitro.", "content": "In a previous study also done with a liquid culture technique, the monoblast was identified and characterized as the most immature cell of the mononuclear phagocyte cell line recognized so far. The present study concerned the proliferative behavior of the monoblast and promonocyte in colonies. The cell-cycle times of both cell types were determined on the basis of four independent methods. The resulting values all show excellent agreement: for the monoblast 11.0-11.9 h, and for the promonocyte 11.4-12.8 h. The DNA-synthesis time found for the two cell types amounted to 5.7 h for the monoblast and 5.5 h for the promonocyte. The duration of the other phages of the cell cycle of the proliferating mononuclear phagocytes proved to be: G2 phase, 0.6 h; mitosis phage, 1.8 h; and G1 phase, 3.5-3.8 h. The individual colonies showed a biphasic pattern of colony growth, an initial phase of rapid proliferation being followed by a stage wtih a markedly decreased growth rate. In the initial stage only monoblasts are present in the colony; when the growth rate slows down promonocytes and macrophages appear. These observations support the earlier conclusion that the monoblast is without doubt the precursor of the promonycyte. Colony size was found to vary widely. The main factor underlying this variation proved to be the lag time between the start of the culture and the time point at which the colony-forming cells begin to divide. Mathematical analysis showed that the variation in colony size probably does not arise from heterogeneity of the population of colony-forming cells. A mathematical approach was used to determine the proportion of self-replicating and differentiating cells among the dividing monoblasts and promonocytes in the colony. The results indicate that initially in vitro the majority of the cells of both types are self-replicating cells, but later an increasing proportion of the dividing cells give rise to another, more mature type of cell. On the basis of the conclusion that the monoblast initiates the mononuclear phagocyte colony, the number of monoblasts (2.5 X 10(5)) present in vivo was estimated to be half the number of the promonocytes. In view of this ratio the mostly likely pattern for the proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes in the bone marrow is that a monoblast divides once, giving rise to two promonocytes which in their turn divide once and form two nonproliferating monocytes.", "contents": "Proliferative characteristics of monoblasts grown in vitro. In a previous study also done with a liquid culture technique, the monoblast was identified and characterized as the most immature cell of the mononuclear phagocyte cell line recognized so far. The present study concerned the proliferative behavior of the monoblast and promonocyte in colonies. The cell-cycle times of both cell types were determined on the basis of four independent methods. The resulting values all show excellent agreement: for the monoblast 11.0-11.9 h, and for the promonocyte 11.4-12.8 h. The DNA-synthesis time found for the two cell types amounted to 5.7 h for the monoblast and 5.5 h for the promonocyte. The duration of the other phages of the cell cycle of the proliferating mononuclear phagocytes proved to be: G2 phase, 0.6 h; mitosis phage, 1.8 h; and G1 phase, 3.5-3.8 h. The individual colonies showed a biphasic pattern of colony growth, an initial phase of rapid proliferation being followed by a stage wtih a markedly decreased growth rate. In the initial stage only monoblasts are present in the colony; when the growth rate slows down promonocytes and macrophages appear. These observations support the earlier conclusion that the monoblast is without doubt the precursor of the promonycyte. Colony size was found to vary widely. The main factor underlying this variation proved to be the lag time between the start of the culture and the time point at which the colony-forming cells begin to divide. Mathematical analysis showed that the variation in colony size probably does not arise from heterogeneity of the population of colony-forming cells. A mathematical approach was used to determine the proportion of self-replicating and differentiating cells among the dividing monoblasts and promonocytes in the colony. The results indicate that initially in vitro the majority of the cells of both types are self-replicating cells, but later an increasing proportion of the dividing cells give rise to another, more mature type of cell. On the basis of the conclusion that the monoblast initiates the mononuclear phagocyte colony, the number of monoblasts (2.5 X 10(5)) present in vivo was estimated to be half the number of the promonocytes. In view of this ratio the mostly likely pattern for the proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes in the bone marrow is that a monoblast divides once, giving rise to two promonocytes which in their turn divide once and form two nonproliferating monocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1194852", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of phagocytosis. I. Requirements for circumferential attachment of particle-bound ligands to specific receptors on the macrophage plasma membrane.", "content": "These experiments were designed to evaluate the role of macrophage plasma membrane receptors for the third component of complement (C) and for the Fc portion of IgG in the ingestion phase of phagocytosis. Sheep erythrocyte (E) were coated with anti-E IgG [E(IgG)]; these E(IgG) were then attached to cultivated monolayers of mouse peritoneal macrophages under conditions which reversibly inhibit ingestion of E(IgG). The E(IgG)-macrophage complexes were further incubated under similar conditions with an antimacrophage IgG fraction which blocks Fc receptor-mediated ingestion but has no effect upon ingestion mediated by other phagocytic receptors. When these cultures were subsequently incubated under conditions optimal for particle ingestion, phagocytosis of the IgG-coated erythrocytes did not occur; the erythrocytes remained bound to the Fc receptors of the macrophage plasma membrane. To determine whether ligands must cover the entire surface of an attached particle to permit ingestion of that particle, C-coated E [E(IgM)C] were bound to the C receptors of thioglycollate-induced (activated) macrophages at 4 degrees C. E(IgM)C-macrophage complexes were then trypsinized at 4 degrees C, a procedure which resulted in cleavage of erythrocyte-bound C3b molecules to a form of C3 not recognized by the macrophage receptors for C3b. Under the conditions used, trypsin did not affect the attachment of E(IgM)C to the macrophage surface or the macrophage receptors for C3b. When these trypsin treated E(IgM)C-macrophage complexes were incubated at 37 degrees C, the bound E(IgM)C were not ingested; the erythrocytes remained attached to the macrophage plasma membrane via the macrophage's C receptors. These results indicate that attachment of a particle to specific receptors on the macrophage plasma membrane is not sufficient to trigger ingestion of that particle. Rather, ingestion requires the sequential, circumferential interaction of particle-bound ligands with specific plasma membrane receptors not involved in the initial attachment process.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of phagocytosis. I. Requirements for circumferential attachment of particle-bound ligands to specific receptors on the macrophage plasma membrane. These experiments were designed to evaluate the role of macrophage plasma membrane receptors for the third component of complement (C) and for the Fc portion of IgG in the ingestion phase of phagocytosis. Sheep erythrocyte (E) were coated with anti-E IgG [E(IgG)]; these E(IgG) were then attached to cultivated monolayers of mouse peritoneal macrophages under conditions which reversibly inhibit ingestion of E(IgG). The E(IgG)-macrophage complexes were further incubated under similar conditions with an antimacrophage IgG fraction which blocks Fc receptor-mediated ingestion but has no effect upon ingestion mediated by other phagocytic receptors. When these cultures were subsequently incubated under conditions optimal for particle ingestion, phagocytosis of the IgG-coated erythrocytes did not occur; the erythrocytes remained bound to the Fc receptors of the macrophage plasma membrane. To determine whether ligands must cover the entire surface of an attached particle to permit ingestion of that particle, C-coated E [E(IgM)C] were bound to the C receptors of thioglycollate-induced (activated) macrophages at 4 degrees C. E(IgM)C-macrophage complexes were then trypsinized at 4 degrees C, a procedure which resulted in cleavage of erythrocyte-bound C3b molecules to a form of C3 not recognized by the macrophage receptors for C3b. Under the conditions used, trypsin did not affect the attachment of E(IgM)C to the macrophage surface or the macrophage receptors for C3b. When these trypsin treated E(IgM)C-macrophage complexes were incubated at 37 degrees C, the bound E(IgM)C were not ingested; the erythrocytes remained attached to the macrophage plasma membrane via the macrophage's C receptors. These results indicate that attachment of a particle to specific receptors on the macrophage plasma membrane is not sufficient to trigger ingestion of that particle. Rather, ingestion requires the sequential, circumferential interaction of particle-bound ligands with specific plasma membrane receptors not involved in the initial attachment process."}
{"id": "PMID:1194853", "title": "C1 fixation and classical complement pathway activation by a fragment of the Cmu4 domain of IgM.", "content": "A 56 residue fragment derived from a Waldenstr\u00f6me IgM protein and consisting of 24 residues of the amino-terminal portion of the Cmu4 domain disulfide bonded to 32 residues of the carboxy-terminal region of the loop has been shown to fix active C1 (C1) in a C1-fixation assay. Cleavage of the disulfide bond within the CH4 fragment resulted in a marked decrease of C1-fixing ability, although the isolated A and B fragments did retain a limited ability to fix C1. Upon incubation with normal human serum the intact CH4 fragment and equal molar amounts of the isolated A and B peptides consumed C4 suggesting that the C1-activating determinant of IgM remains intact in these three fragments. Furthermore, on a molar basis the intact or the reduced CH4 fragment consumed C4 as effectively as each of its component chains suggesting that transient binding of C1 by the individual A and B peptide chains is sufficient to activate C1. On the basis of these observations it is proposed that a classical complement fixation function, i.e. C1 binding and activation, can be localized within a region of the IgM molecule corresponding to the Cmu4 domain.", "contents": "C1 fixation and classical complement pathway activation by a fragment of the Cmu4 domain of IgM. A 56 residue fragment derived from a Waldenstr\u00f6me IgM protein and consisting of 24 residues of the amino-terminal portion of the Cmu4 domain disulfide bonded to 32 residues of the carboxy-terminal region of the loop has been shown to fix active C1 (C1) in a C1-fixation assay. Cleavage of the disulfide bond within the CH4 fragment resulted in a marked decrease of C1-fixing ability, although the isolated A and B fragments did retain a limited ability to fix C1. Upon incubation with normal human serum the intact CH4 fragment and equal molar amounts of the isolated A and B peptides consumed C4 suggesting that the C1-activating determinant of IgM remains intact in these three fragments. Furthermore, on a molar basis the intact or the reduced CH4 fragment consumed C4 as effectively as each of its component chains suggesting that transient binding of C1 by the individual A and B peptide chains is sufficient to activate C1. On the basis of these observations it is proposed that a classical complement fixation function, i.e. C1 binding and activation, can be localized within a region of the IgM molecule corresponding to the Cmu4 domain."}
{"id": "PMID:1194854", "title": "Antigenic properties of cultured tumor cell lines derived from spleens of Friend virus-infected BALB/c and BALB/c-H-2b mice.", "content": "BALB/c-H-2b (BALB.B) mice are less susceptible to the Friend virus (FV) disease syndrome than congenic BALB/c (H-2d) mice, and spleen cells from FV-infected BALB.B mice are markedly less tumorigenic on transplantation to syngeneic hosts than those from FV-infected BALB/c mice. For these reasons we investigated the expression of FV-associated cell surface antigens on cultured, FV-trnasformed cell lines of BALB.B and BALB/c origin. Both cell lines induced transplantation immunity in syngeneic hosts toward further implantations of the same tumor, BALB.B cells being significantly more potent in this respect than BALB/c cells. BALB.B tumor cells, which produce complete, infectious FV, expressed both the cell surface antigen, FMR (corresponding to the cytotoxic antibodies in anti-FV antisera), and virus envelope antigen (VEA, corresponding to the virus-neutralizing antibodies in the anti-FV antisera). BALB/c tumor cells, on the other hand, which are FV-nonproducers, expressed no FMR antigen, but did express VEA on their surfaces for at least 100 passages in culture. These cells could induce FV-neutralizing but not cytotoxic anti-FMR antibodies when used to immunize syngeneic hosts. The absence of FMR antigen may be the basis for the reduced capacity of BALB/c tumor cells, by comparison with BALB.B tumor cells, to induce transplantation immunity. After about the 125th serial transfer in culture, BALB/c tumor cells spontaneously ceased to express VEA and simultaneously became very weak inducers of transplantation immunity in BALB/c hosts. This loss of VEA did not stem from the loss of either the spleen focus-forming virus or the helper virus genomes from these cells, since both viruses could still be recovered from the cell line.", "contents": "Antigenic properties of cultured tumor cell lines derived from spleens of Friend virus-infected BALB/c and BALB/c-H-2b mice. BALB/c-H-2b (BALB.B) mice are less susceptible to the Friend virus (FV) disease syndrome than congenic BALB/c (H-2d) mice, and spleen cells from FV-infected BALB.B mice are markedly less tumorigenic on transplantation to syngeneic hosts than those from FV-infected BALB/c mice. For these reasons we investigated the expression of FV-associated cell surface antigens on cultured, FV-trnasformed cell lines of BALB.B and BALB/c origin. Both cell lines induced transplantation immunity in syngeneic hosts toward further implantations of the same tumor, BALB.B cells being significantly more potent in this respect than BALB/c cells. BALB.B tumor cells, which produce complete, infectious FV, expressed both the cell surface antigen, FMR (corresponding to the cytotoxic antibodies in anti-FV antisera), and virus envelope antigen (VEA, corresponding to the virus-neutralizing antibodies in the anti-FV antisera). BALB/c tumor cells, on the other hand, which are FV-nonproducers, expressed no FMR antigen, but did express VEA on their surfaces for at least 100 passages in culture. These cells could induce FV-neutralizing but not cytotoxic anti-FMR antibodies when used to immunize syngeneic hosts. The absence of FMR antigen may be the basis for the reduced capacity of BALB/c tumor cells, by comparison with BALB.B tumor cells, to induce transplantation immunity. After about the 125th serial transfer in culture, BALB/c tumor cells spontaneously ceased to express VEA and simultaneously became very weak inducers of transplantation immunity in BALB/c hosts. This loss of VEA did not stem from the loss of either the spleen focus-forming virus or the helper virus genomes from these cells, since both viruses could still be recovered from the cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:1194855", "title": "Genetic control of specific immune suppression. II. H-2-linked dominant genetic control of immune suppression by the random copolymer L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT).", "content": "Several inbred as well as congenic resistant strains of mice, which fail to respond to the random copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT), were shown to develop specific PFC responses when stimulated by GT complexed to an immunogenic carrier such as methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). In these studies we have found that GT preimmunization has a tolerogenic effect on the response to GT-MBSA in some mouse strains; whereas in other strains of mice, GT fails to inhibit the GT-MBSA response. We may, therefore, conclude that immune suppression cannot account for nonresponsiveness in all cases. The development of specific immune suppression in response to GT was shown to be inherited as a dominant trait in F1 hybrids resulting from the mating of suppressor with nonsuppressor strains. This trait is, therefore, under the control of a gene or genes that we have designated as specific immune suppression gene(s) Is genes. The strain distribution of GT induced suppression demonstrates that Is genes are coded for in the H-2 complex. Furthermore, immune suppression by the two related copolymers, GT and GAT, are distinct in different strains of mice. The significance of these data for our understanding of the regulation of the immune response is discussed.", "contents": "Genetic control of specific immune suppression. II. H-2-linked dominant genetic control of immune suppression by the random copolymer L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT). Several inbred as well as congenic resistant strains of mice, which fail to respond to the random copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT), were shown to develop specific PFC responses when stimulated by GT complexed to an immunogenic carrier such as methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). In these studies we have found that GT preimmunization has a tolerogenic effect on the response to GT-MBSA in some mouse strains; whereas in other strains of mice, GT fails to inhibit the GT-MBSA response. We may, therefore, conclude that immune suppression cannot account for nonresponsiveness in all cases. The development of specific immune suppression in response to GT was shown to be inherited as a dominant trait in F1 hybrids resulting from the mating of suppressor with nonsuppressor strains. This trait is, therefore, under the control of a gene or genes that we have designated as specific immune suppression gene(s) Is genes. The strain distribution of GT induced suppression demonstrates that Is genes are coded for in the H-2 complex. Furthermore, immune suppression by the two related copolymers, GT and GAT, are distinct in different strains of mice. The significance of these data for our understanding of the regulation of the immune response is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194856", "title": "Dominant nonresponsiveness in the induction of autoimmunity to liver-specific F antigen.", "content": "The liver-specific F antigen, although not an autoimmunogen, can induce the production of autoantibodies in responder strains. The ability to respond is under the control of two genes, one linked to the H-2 locus of mice, the other not. Responders possessing both genes produce high anti-F titers, while the H-2-linked gene alone permits a significant but low antibody response. (Responder X nonresponder) F1 hybrids derived from parents possessing identical F molecules are nonresponders, in contrast with the dominance of responsiveness in Ir gene systems. The presence of the H-2 locus from nonresponders appears involved in the inability to respond. This is discussed in terms of self-tolerance and suppression.", "contents": "Dominant nonresponsiveness in the induction of autoimmunity to liver-specific F antigen. The liver-specific F antigen, although not an autoimmunogen, can induce the production of autoantibodies in responder strains. The ability to respond is under the control of two genes, one linked to the H-2 locus of mice, the other not. Responders possessing both genes produce high anti-F titers, while the H-2-linked gene alone permits a significant but low antibody response. (Responder X nonresponder) F1 hybrids derived from parents possessing identical F molecules are nonresponders, in contrast with the dominance of responsiveness in Ir gene systems. The presence of the H-2 locus from nonresponders appears involved in the inability to respond. This is discussed in terms of self-tolerance and suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:1194857", "title": "Binding of monomeric immunoglobulins to Fc receptors of mouse macrophages.", "content": "The binding properties of surface receptors of immunoglobulins on mouse macrophages were studied with mouse myeloma proteins and normal peritoneal macrophages, thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages, and a macrophage cell line, P388D1. Primary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts served as controls. IgG2a proteins were bound strongly;IgG2b was bound weakly (one-twentieth as well as IgG2a);IgM, IgA, and IgG1 were not bound significantly. The number of binding sites per cell for IgG2a was 4 X 10(5) for thioglycollate-stimulated cells and 1 X 10(5) for normal and P388D1 cells. Binding was exothermal: with decreasing temperature the equilibrium (association) constants increased and dissociation rate constants decreased (at 37degreesC the respective values were 2 X 10(7) M-1 and 0.26 min-1, the latter value corresponds to a half time for dissociation of 2.6 min). From the rapidity of association and dissociation, it appears that the surface of the macrophage is in a dynamic equilibrium with IgG2a molecules in the cell's immediate microenvironment. The receptors for IgG2a are clearly specific for determinants in the immunoglobulin constant domain: two IgG2a proteins with greatly different isoelectric points (determined by isoelectric focusing) were bound with the same affinity to the same receptors; moreover, the Fc fragment was bound and Fab fragments were not. The Fc receptors for IgG2a proteins were readily eliminated by exposing macrophages briefly to trypsin. The receptors were regenerated during subsequent cultivation in serum-free medium; regeneration was inhibited totally by cycloheximide and partially by actinomycin D.", "contents": "Binding of monomeric immunoglobulins to Fc receptors of mouse macrophages. The binding properties of surface receptors of immunoglobulins on mouse macrophages were studied with mouse myeloma proteins and normal peritoneal macrophages, thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages, and a macrophage cell line, P388D1. Primary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts served as controls. IgG2a proteins were bound strongly;IgG2b was bound weakly (one-twentieth as well as IgG2a);IgM, IgA, and IgG1 were not bound significantly. The number of binding sites per cell for IgG2a was 4 X 10(5) for thioglycollate-stimulated cells and 1 X 10(5) for normal and P388D1 cells. Binding was exothermal: with decreasing temperature the equilibrium (association) constants increased and dissociation rate constants decreased (at 37degreesC the respective values were 2 X 10(7) M-1 and 0.26 min-1, the latter value corresponds to a half time for dissociation of 2.6 min). From the rapidity of association and dissociation, it appears that the surface of the macrophage is in a dynamic equilibrium with IgG2a molecules in the cell's immediate microenvironment. The receptors for IgG2a are clearly specific for determinants in the immunoglobulin constant domain: two IgG2a proteins with greatly different isoelectric points (determined by isoelectric focusing) were bound with the same affinity to the same receptors; moreover, the Fc fragment was bound and Fab fragments were not. The Fc receptors for IgG2a proteins were readily eliminated by exposing macrophages briefly to trypsin. The receptors were regenerated during subsequent cultivation in serum-free medium; regeneration was inhibited totally by cycloheximide and partially by actinomycin D."}
{"id": "PMID:1194858", "title": "Activated macrophages release a factor which lyses malignant cells but not normal cells.", "content": "When rat macrophages are activated by exposure to bacterial endotoxin they acquire the capacity to lyse sarcoma cells in tissue culture. Although showing no immunological specificity this lytic effect was only detectable on malignant cells; normal cells were unaffected. This tumor-selective lytic effect is mediated by a labile supernatant product.", "contents": "Activated macrophages release a factor which lyses malignant cells but not normal cells. When rat macrophages are activated by exposure to bacterial endotoxin they acquire the capacity to lyse sarcoma cells in tissue culture. Although showing no immunological specificity this lytic effect was only detectable on malignant cells; normal cells were unaffected. This tumor-selective lytic effect is mediated by a labile supernatant product."}
{"id": "PMID:1194859", "title": "Hemispheric processing differences revealed by differential conditioning and reaction time performance.", "content": "Two different experimental procedures were used to examine (a) information-processing differences between two groups of subjects (Cs versus Vs) identified by the form of their conditioned eyeblinks; (b) information-processing differences between the right and left cerebral hemispheres; and (c) parallels between hypothesized C-V differences and right-left hemisphere differences. In the first experiment, the evocative command words BLINK and DON'T BLINK served as positive and negative conditioned stimuli. It was found that Vs gave more conditioned eyeblinks than Cs and that differential eyelid conditioning of Vs more than Cs was influenced by the semantic content of the stimuli. More importantly, the conditioning performance of Cs was more influenced by the semantic attributes of the stimuli when they were presented directly to the right visual field (left hemisphere) than when they were presented directly to the left visual field (right hemisphere). In contrast, the conditioning performance of Vs was equally influenced by the semantic attributes regardless of which hemisphere received direct stimulation. A second experiment was designed to determine whether such hemisphere-of-presentation differences for Cs versus Vs could also be obtained in a very different task. Subjects classified as Cs or Vs during a differential eyelid conditioning task then performed two same-different reaction time (RT) tasks that required discrimination of complex polygons in one case and the names of letters in another. On each RT trial both stimuli of a pair appeared briefly either in the center, left, or right visual field. For both Cs and Vs RTs to complex polygon pairs averaged 20 msec faster on left visual field trials than on right visual field trials, consistent with current hypotheses about right-hemisphere specialization for visuospatial processing. In contrast, the results for letter pairs generally confirmed the C-V differences found in Experiment 1. That is, the right visual field (left-hemisphere) advantage for these verbal stimuli was once again larger for Cs than for Vs. The present results suggest that the two groups of subjects (Cs versus Vs) differ qualitatively in the modes of information processing that they typically employ. The results also suggest that these different modes of processing are related to aspects of cerebral hemisphere organization and that even right-handed individuals may differ from each other in the extent to which each cerebral hemisphere is mobilized for a given experimental task. Such individual differences must be incorporated into both models of classical eyelid conditioning and models of cerebral hemisphere specialization.", "contents": "Hemispheric processing differences revealed by differential conditioning and reaction time performance. Two different experimental procedures were used to examine (a) information-processing differences between two groups of subjects (Cs versus Vs) identified by the form of their conditioned eyeblinks; (b) information-processing differences between the right and left cerebral hemispheres; and (c) parallels between hypothesized C-V differences and right-left hemisphere differences. In the first experiment, the evocative command words BLINK and DON'T BLINK served as positive and negative conditioned stimuli. It was found that Vs gave more conditioned eyeblinks than Cs and that differential eyelid conditioning of Vs more than Cs was influenced by the semantic content of the stimuli. More importantly, the conditioning performance of Cs was more influenced by the semantic attributes of the stimuli when they were presented directly to the right visual field (left hemisphere) than when they were presented directly to the left visual field (right hemisphere). In contrast, the conditioning performance of Vs was equally influenced by the semantic attributes regardless of which hemisphere received direct stimulation. A second experiment was designed to determine whether such hemisphere-of-presentation differences for Cs versus Vs could also be obtained in a very different task. Subjects classified as Cs or Vs during a differential eyelid conditioning task then performed two same-different reaction time (RT) tasks that required discrimination of complex polygons in one case and the names of letters in another. On each RT trial both stimuli of a pair appeared briefly either in the center, left, or right visual field. For both Cs and Vs RTs to complex polygon pairs averaged 20 msec faster on left visual field trials than on right visual field trials, consistent with current hypotheses about right-hemisphere specialization for visuospatial processing. In contrast, the results for letter pairs generally confirmed the C-V differences found in Experiment 1. That is, the right visual field (left-hemisphere) advantage for these verbal stimuli was once again larger for Cs than for Vs. The present results suggest that the two groups of subjects (Cs versus Vs) differ qualitatively in the modes of information processing that they typically employ. The results also suggest that these different modes of processing are related to aspects of cerebral hemisphere organization and that even right-handed individuals may differ from each other in the extent to which each cerebral hemisphere is mobilized for a given experimental task. Such individual differences must be incorporated into both models of classical eyelid conditioning and models of cerebral hemisphere specialization."}
{"id": "PMID:1194860", "title": "Verbal coding and redintegrative memory for shapes.", "content": "Four experiments examined the effect of label training on redintegrative memory for novel shapes (remembering the whole shape when only a part is presented). Redintegrative memory was markedly better when subjects were trained with names as compared to unnamed control conditions. The first two experiments demonstrated that the effect of labeling was even stronger when subjects were required to use the labels during the transfer test. This result suggests that the naming effect is not due to attentional differences during training. The last two experiments explored the quality of the assigned labels and the relationship of the label to the visual stimulus. There was a slightly greater effect of relevant meaningful labels on redintegrative memory, but in general all types of names (relevant, irrelevant, and paralog) were facilitative. The experiments suggest that a verbal code can exert a strong influence in tasks that require the integration and retrieval of visual information.", "contents": "Verbal coding and redintegrative memory for shapes. Four experiments examined the effect of label training on redintegrative memory for novel shapes (remembering the whole shape when only a part is presented). Redintegrative memory was markedly better when subjects were trained with names as compared to unnamed control conditions. The first two experiments demonstrated that the effect of labeling was even stronger when subjects were required to use the labels during the transfer test. This result suggests that the naming effect is not due to attentional differences during training. The last two experiments explored the quality of the assigned labels and the relationship of the label to the visual stimulus. There was a slightly greater effect of relevant meaningful labels on redintegrative memory, but in general all types of names (relevant, irrelevant, and paralog) were facilitative. The experiments suggest that a verbal code can exert a strong influence in tasks that require the integration and retrieval of visual information."}
{"id": "PMID:1194861", "title": "Auditory location as an encoding dimension.", "content": "In two experiments, subjects were given five successive short-term memory tests. In Experiment 1, recall was not significantly facilitated when memory material in the final test was delivered to the ear opposite to the one that received the memory material in the four preceding tests. In Experiment 2, events were presented from two differentially located speakers rather than through headphones. A shift across speakers on the final test did produce proactive interference release. These findings suggest spatial location as a potential encoding dimension of verbal material.", "contents": "Auditory location as an encoding dimension. In two experiments, subjects were given five successive short-term memory tests. In Experiment 1, recall was not significantly facilitated when memory material in the final test was delivered to the ear opposite to the one that received the memory material in the four preceding tests. In Experiment 2, events were presented from two differentially located speakers rather than through headphones. A shift across speakers on the final test did produce proactive interference release. These findings suggest spatial location as a potential encoding dimension of verbal material."}
{"id": "PMID:1194862", "title": "Stimulus structure, discrimination, and interference.", "content": "Subjects learned lists of consonant trigram word pairs varying in intralist formal stimulus similarity. On test trials, subjects were tested with all but one stimulus, then presented either the missing stimulus or one previously tested. Subjects had to correctly identify this stimulus, then recall its associated word. Both recall and recognition performance varied with the difficulty of discovering and utilizing a discriminated element. However, when subjects were instructed as to list structure, recall was improved without improvement in recognition in one condition, and recognition was improved without recall in another. This indicates that stimulus discrimination is neither necessary nor sufficient to reduce intralist interference.", "contents": "Stimulus structure, discrimination, and interference. Subjects learned lists of consonant trigram word pairs varying in intralist formal stimulus similarity. On test trials, subjects were tested with all but one stimulus, then presented either the missing stimulus or one previously tested. Subjects had to correctly identify this stimulus, then recall its associated word. Both recall and recognition performance varied with the difficulty of discovering and utilizing a discriminated element. However, when subjects were instructed as to list structure, recall was improved without improvement in recognition in one condition, and recognition was improved without recall in another. This indicates that stimulus discrimination is neither necessary nor sufficient to reduce intralist interference."}
{"id": "PMID:1194863", "title": "Classical skin conductance response conditioning: effects of intermittent reinforcement and information about schedule contingencies.", "content": "Skin conductance responses were differentially conditioned using reinforcement schedules of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, manipulated between subjects. Half of the subjects were informed about schedule contingencies, and half were uninformed. The interstimulus interval was 6 sec. Discrimination of first-interval responses (1.0-3.5 sec after conditioned stimulus [CS] onset) by informed subjects did not vary with the ratio variable, but that by uninformed subjects improved with increasing reinforcement ratio because of diminished response levels to the nonreinforced CS (CS-). Discrimination of second-interval responses (3.6-7.0 sec after CS onset) improved as a function of increasing reinforcement ratio because of elevated response levels to the reinforced CS (CS+), but the effect was not persistent across trials in informed subjects. Performance in the first and second intervals did not reflect sequential increments and decrements as a function of reinforced and nonreinforced trials. Third-interval responses (7.1-9.9 sec after CS on nonreinforced trials) were not affected by schedule manipulations, but unconditioned responses diminished with increasing reinforcement ratio. Information about schedule contingencies led to superior discrimination of first-, second-, and third-interval responses and to suppression of unconditioned responses.", "contents": "Classical skin conductance response conditioning: effects of intermittent reinforcement and information about schedule contingencies. Skin conductance responses were differentially conditioned using reinforcement schedules of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, manipulated between subjects. Half of the subjects were informed about schedule contingencies, and half were uninformed. The interstimulus interval was 6 sec. Discrimination of first-interval responses (1.0-3.5 sec after conditioned stimulus [CS] onset) by informed subjects did not vary with the ratio variable, but that by uninformed subjects improved with increasing reinforcement ratio because of diminished response levels to the nonreinforced CS (CS-). Discrimination of second-interval responses (3.6-7.0 sec after CS onset) improved as a function of increasing reinforcement ratio because of elevated response levels to the reinforced CS (CS+), but the effect was not persistent across trials in informed subjects. Performance in the first and second intervals did not reflect sequential increments and decrements as a function of reinforced and nonreinforced trials. Third-interval responses (7.1-9.9 sec after CS on nonreinforced trials) were not affected by schedule manipulations, but unconditioned responses diminished with increasing reinforcement ratio. Information about schedule contingencies led to superior discrimination of first-, second-, and third-interval responses and to suppression of unconditioned responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1194864", "title": "Aspects of phonological fusion.", "content": "Phonological fusion occurs when the phonemes of two different speech stimuli are combined into a new percept that is longer and linguistically more complex than either of the two inputs. For example, when PAY is presented to one ear and LAY to the other, the subject often perceives PLAY. The present article is an investigation of the conditions necessary and sufficient for fusion to occur. The rules governing phonological fusion appear to be the same for synthetic and natural speech, but synthetic stimuli fuse more readily. Fusion occurs considerably more often in dichotic stimulus presentation than in binaural presentation. The phenomenon is remarkably tolerant of differences in relative onset time between the to-be-fused stimuli and of relative differences in fundamental frequency, intensity, and vocal tract configuration. Although phonological fusion is insensitive to such nonlinguistic stimulus parameters, it is sensitive to linguistic variations at the semantic, phonemic, and acoustic levels.", "contents": "Aspects of phonological fusion. Phonological fusion occurs when the phonemes of two different speech stimuli are combined into a new percept that is longer and linguistically more complex than either of the two inputs. For example, when PAY is presented to one ear and LAY to the other, the subject often perceives PLAY. The present article is an investigation of the conditions necessary and sufficient for fusion to occur. The rules governing phonological fusion appear to be the same for synthetic and natural speech, but synthetic stimuli fuse more readily. Fusion occurs considerably more often in dichotic stimulus presentation than in binaural presentation. The phenomenon is remarkably tolerant of differences in relative onset time between the to-be-fused stimuli and of relative differences in fundamental frequency, intensity, and vocal tract configuration. Although phonological fusion is insensitive to such nonlinguistic stimulus parameters, it is sensitive to linguistic variations at the semantic, phonemic, and acoustic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1194865", "title": "Ratio scale measurement of the perceived lengths of lines.", "content": "In Experiments 1 and 2, magnitude and category estimates of perceived line length difference were used to rank order 36 pairs of lines with respect to the psychological length difference between the lines forming a pair. In Experiment 3 magnitude estimates of line length ratios were used to order the same 36 pairs with respect to the psychological length ratio between the lines comprising a pair. A nonmetric analysis of the rank-order of the difference and ratio judgments was used to construct a ratio scale of perceived line length. Perceived line length was found to be a power function of physical line length with an exponent of .46. In Experiments 4 and 5, magnitude and category estimates of line length similarity were obtained. A nonmetric analysis of these data indicated that similarity judgments were monotonic inverses of judgments of psychological ratios.", "contents": "Ratio scale measurement of the perceived lengths of lines. In Experiments 1 and 2, magnitude and category estimates of perceived line length difference were used to rank order 36 pairs of lines with respect to the psychological length difference between the lines forming a pair. In Experiment 3 magnitude estimates of line length ratios were used to order the same 36 pairs with respect to the psychological length ratio between the lines comprising a pair. A nonmetric analysis of the rank-order of the difference and ratio judgments was used to construct a ratio scale of perceived line length. Perceived line length was found to be a power function of physical line length with an exponent of .46. In Experiments 4 and 5, magnitude and category estimates of line length similarity were obtained. A nonmetric analysis of these data indicated that similarity judgments were monotonic inverses of judgments of psychological ratios."}
{"id": "PMID:1194866", "title": "Perception of temporal order in vowel sequences with and without formant transitions.", "content": "Temporal-order perception of phoneme segments in running speech is much superior to temporal-order perception in repeating vowel sequences. The more rapid rates possible in running speech may be due largely to the presence of formant transitions. In a series of five experiments we observed that many temporal-order misjudgements of repeating vowels can be explained in terms of auditory stream segregation, triggered for the most part by discontinuities in first-formant frequencies of adjacent vowels. Streaming, however, can be suppressed by formant transitions appropriate for the perception of stop consonants and by continuous transitions resembling those in coarticulated vowels. At rapid sequence rates, when the constraints of auditory streaming are removed, correct temporal-order identification is limited by linguistic transformations of vowels into other phoneme segments.", "contents": "Perception of temporal order in vowel sequences with and without formant transitions. Temporal-order perception of phoneme segments in running speech is much superior to temporal-order perception in repeating vowel sequences. The more rapid rates possible in running speech may be due largely to the presence of formant transitions. In a series of five experiments we observed that many temporal-order misjudgements of repeating vowels can be explained in terms of auditory stream segregation, triggered for the most part by discontinuities in first-formant frequencies of adjacent vowels. Streaming, however, can be suppressed by formant transitions appropriate for the perception of stop consonants and by continuous transitions resembling those in coarticulated vowels. At rapid sequence rates, when the constraints of auditory streaming are removed, correct temporal-order identification is limited by linguistic transformations of vowels into other phoneme segments."}
{"id": "PMID:1194867", "title": "Feedback versus motor programming in the control of aimed movements.", "content": "In the Fitts paradigm the subject moves a stylus to the left or right of an initial rest position to reach targets that vary in size and in distance from the initial position. The classic finding for relatively long movements is that movement time, measured from leaving the initial position until contact with the target, depends on both distance and target size according to a relationship known as \"Fitts' law.\" By contrast, reaction time, measured from the signal to move until the stylus leaves the initial position, is independent of these parameters. While replicating these results for long movements, the present data show a different pattern for very short movements, for which Fitts' law no longer holds and for which reaction time increases as the size of the target is decreased. These findings were interpreted as implying that long movements are under feedback control, whereas short movements are predominately programmed and ballistic. This conclusion was supported by the additional finding that elimination of visual feedback was more disruptive to the long than to the short movements.", "contents": "Feedback versus motor programming in the control of aimed movements. In the Fitts paradigm the subject moves a stylus to the left or right of an initial rest position to reach targets that vary in size and in distance from the initial position. The classic finding for relatively long movements is that movement time, measured from leaving the initial position until contact with the target, depends on both distance and target size according to a relationship known as \"Fitts' law.\" By contrast, reaction time, measured from the signal to move until the stylus leaves the initial position, is independent of these parameters. While replicating these results for long movements, the present data show a different pattern for very short movements, for which Fitts' law no longer holds and for which reaction time increases as the size of the target is decreased. These findings were interpreted as implying that long movements are under feedback control, whereas short movements are predominately programmed and ballistic. This conclusion was supported by the additional finding that elimination of visual feedback was more disruptive to the long than to the short movements."}
{"id": "PMID:1194868", "title": "Feedback as a source of information and as a source of noise in absolute judgments of loudness.", "content": "Two experiments investigated the effects of feedback on absolute judgements of loudness. In Experiment 1, subjects received aceurate, unreliable, or no feedback. While feedback improved the information transmitted in judgments, it gave lower d' values than no feedback. These results were not compatible with a signal detection model with a noisy sensory stage and a decision stage with a fixed criterion, but suggested that criteria move in response to feedback and thus contribute judgmental noise to perceptual processes. Further confirmation for a variable criterion was obtained in Experiment 2, where reliability of feedback was held constant, but feedback was biased to favor some response alternatives more than others. Biased feedback shifted the positions of criteria, but also increased the inertia of some criteria in responding to feedback which caused changes in d'.", "contents": "Feedback as a source of information and as a source of noise in absolute judgments of loudness. Two experiments investigated the effects of feedback on absolute judgements of loudness. In Experiment 1, subjects received aceurate, unreliable, or no feedback. While feedback improved the information transmitted in judgments, it gave lower d' values than no feedback. These results were not compatible with a signal detection model with a noisy sensory stage and a decision stage with a fixed criterion, but suggested that criteria move in response to feedback and thus contribute judgmental noise to perceptual processes. Further confirmation for a variable criterion was obtained in Experiment 2, where reliability of feedback was held constant, but feedback was biased to favor some response alternatives more than others. Biased feedback shifted the positions of criteria, but also increased the inertia of some criteria in responding to feedback which caused changes in d'."}
{"id": "PMID:1194869", "title": "Tests of the psychological meaning of the power law.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to establish a theoretical framework for Stevens' empirically derived power law. Three models were proposed to explain the power law. They respectively outline how sensory, stimulus, and response variables determine the judgmental behavior in a psychophysical task. A correlational study on individual differences in exponents was carried out to test the predictions derived from each model. The use of four different sensory continua and four scaling procedures provided the experimental means of manipulating the sensory, stimulus, and response variables in the scaling situation. The results showed that response variables are important determinants of judgmental behavior in psychophysical scaling. These findings suggest that subjects' responses to stimulus intensities in a scaling task are largely cognitive.", "contents": "Tests of the psychological meaning of the power law. The purpose of this study was to establish a theoretical framework for Stevens' empirically derived power law. Three models were proposed to explain the power law. They respectively outline how sensory, stimulus, and response variables determine the judgmental behavior in a psychophysical task. A correlational study on individual differences in exponents was carried out to test the predictions derived from each model. The use of four different sensory continua and four scaling procedures provided the experimental means of manipulating the sensory, stimulus, and response variables in the scaling situation. The results showed that response variables are important determinants of judgmental behavior in psychophysical scaling. These findings suggest that subjects' responses to stimulus intensities in a scaling task are largely cognitive."}
{"id": "PMID:1194871", "title": "Comparative strategies in the investigation of neural networks.", "content": "Comparative studies on nervous systems, though infrequently undertaken for the purpose of comparison, have yielded some important generalities about the formats of nervous networks, and about the cell biology of certain neural types. In the first category, it is clear that convergent evolutionary processes arrived at very similar networks to accomplish reciprocal and lateral inhibition, and load-compensation in \"resistance reflexes.\" A newer general network format is described, command-derived inhibition, in which the central nervous elements controlling a rapid movement deliver presynaptic inhibition to the terminals of sensory neurons that carry reafferent excitation from the movement. It is argued that such circuits occur in several groups of animals, and that they include as a special class the efferent inhibitory neurons innervating acoustico-lateralis receptors in vertebrates. The properties of circuit elements that now seem to constitute useful generalizations include size principle (the inverse relationship between size and excitability in a variety of neurons), and the late differentiation of sensory neurons, failure to decussate, and their inability to mediate inhibition. Many other generalities have emerged, only to fall; one conclusion from such searches is that many supposedly \"basic\" properties of cell types or neural circuits are in fact not phylogenetically conservative, however much the physiologist may expect them to be.", "contents": "Comparative strategies in the investigation of neural networks. Comparative studies on nervous systems, though infrequently undertaken for the purpose of comparison, have yielded some important generalities about the formats of nervous networks, and about the cell biology of certain neural types. In the first category, it is clear that convergent evolutionary processes arrived at very similar networks to accomplish reciprocal and lateral inhibition, and load-compensation in \"resistance reflexes.\" A newer general network format is described, command-derived inhibition, in which the central nervous elements controlling a rapid movement deliver presynaptic inhibition to the terminals of sensory neurons that carry reafferent excitation from the movement. It is argued that such circuits occur in several groups of animals, and that they include as a special class the efferent inhibitory neurons innervating acoustico-lateralis receptors in vertebrates. The properties of circuit elements that now seem to constitute useful generalizations include size principle (the inverse relationship between size and excitability in a variety of neurons), and the late differentiation of sensory neurons, failure to decussate, and their inability to mediate inhibition. Many other generalities have emerged, only to fall; one conclusion from such searches is that many supposedly \"basic\" properties of cell types or neural circuits are in fact not phylogenetically conservative, however much the physiologist may expect them to be."}
{"id": "PMID:1194872", "title": "Neural factors and evitability in insect behavior.", "content": "Compared with more complex behavior patterns involving goal selection, evasive behavior of prey animals elicited by the presence of a natural predator is usually considered to be relatively inevitable and stereotyped. Noctuid moths, while flying in the field at night, show two types of evasive response pattern when their tympanic organs detect the ultrasonic cries of marauding insectivorous bats. Since sound is the sole communication channel between prey and predator, this situation invites neurophysiological and behavioral analysis. When, in the course of studying this behavior, moths are removed by stages from the natural circumstances of this interaction their evasion responses become much less invariant; that is, more evitable. The possible survival value of some evitability in this behavior under natural circumstances is discussed. The afferent nerve response of the noctuid auditory organ is highly stable; therefore, the source or sources of this evitability must lie down-stream in the moth central nervous system. Acoustic interneuronal systems within the thoracic ganglia and the brain have been examined for lapses in responsiveness and for other indications of transsynaptic instability that might correlate with the demonstrated behavioral evitability.", "contents": "Neural factors and evitability in insect behavior. Compared with more complex behavior patterns involving goal selection, evasive behavior of prey animals elicited by the presence of a natural predator is usually considered to be relatively inevitable and stereotyped. Noctuid moths, while flying in the field at night, show two types of evasive response pattern when their tympanic organs detect the ultrasonic cries of marauding insectivorous bats. Since sound is the sole communication channel between prey and predator, this situation invites neurophysiological and behavioral analysis. When, in the course of studying this behavior, moths are removed by stages from the natural circumstances of this interaction their evasion responses become much less invariant; that is, more evitable. The possible survival value of some evitability in this behavior under natural circumstances is discussed. The afferent nerve response of the noctuid auditory organ is highly stable; therefore, the source or sources of this evitability must lie down-stream in the moth central nervous system. Acoustic interneuronal systems within the thoracic ganglia and the brain have been examined for lapses in responsiveness and for other indications of transsynaptic instability that might correlate with the demonstrated behavioral evitability."}
{"id": "PMID:1194873", "title": "The role of sex hormones in the growth of antler bone tissue. I: Endocrine and metabolic effects of antiandrogen therapy.", "content": "Cyproterone acetate (CA), an antiandrogenic compound, was used in order to investigate the role of testosterone in bone growth processes. The formation of Haversian systems in the growing antlers of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were substantially affected by only 3.5 mg of CA kg/wk. The mineralization processes of the bone matrix were almost completely blocked and the antlers persisted in growing throughout the whole year. Plasma levels of thyroxine, alkaline phosphatase and GH were higher while cortisol and testosterone levels were lower than in controls. No differences were registered in plasma levels of Ca, P or urea nitrogen. Despite hypertrophy of interstitial tissue, spermatogenesis was almost completely blocked. The sexual behaviour and the body appearance of experimental animals was typical for castrates.", "contents": "The role of sex hormones in the growth of antler bone tissue. I: Endocrine and metabolic effects of antiandrogen therapy. Cyproterone acetate (CA), an antiandrogenic compound, was used in order to investigate the role of testosterone in bone growth processes. The formation of Haversian systems in the growing antlers of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were substantially affected by only 3.5 mg of CA kg/wk. The mineralization processes of the bone matrix were almost completely blocked and the antlers persisted in growing throughout the whole year. Plasma levels of thyroxine, alkaline phosphatase and GH were higher while cortisol and testosterone levels were lower than in controls. No differences were registered in plasma levels of Ca, P or urea nitrogen. Despite hypertrophy of interstitial tissue, spermatogenesis was almost completely blocked. The sexual behaviour and the body appearance of experimental animals was typical for castrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1194874", "title": "The relation of nerves to multiple regeneration in a single newt limb.", "content": "Three amputation surfaces were formed on the lower arm of a single newt. Growth occurred on all combinations of these surfaces. The proximal surface (the only single surface to form regenerates) produced more regenerates (76% of the cases) than the two more distal surfaces. Blocking the proximal surface with whole skin greatly stimulates the production of accessory structures on the first and/or second more distal surfaces. The mean number of nerve fibers on the proximal surface is considerably higher than the nerve counts of the first more and second most distal surfaces. Limbs possessing a notch or digit(s) on the proximal surface and the absence of growth on the first more and second distal surfaces also show a decrease in nerve number on the first more and second most distal surfaces. An analysis of the mean number of nerve fibers on the blocked (proximal) surface shows a noticeable decrease in comparison with nerve fibers in an equivalent level on normal limbs. Nerve fiber counts on the first more and second most distal surfaces are markedly increased on those limbs where the proximal surface was blocked with whole skin. Threshold experiments suggest that the irregular occurrence of accessory structures on the first more distal and second most distal surfaces may be related to an insufficient number of nerve fibers on these surfaces. Similarly, a possible explanation for the regular occurrence of accessory structures on the proximal surface is that nerve number on this surface is always above threshold.", "contents": "The relation of nerves to multiple regeneration in a single newt limb. Three amputation surfaces were formed on the lower arm of a single newt. Growth occurred on all combinations of these surfaces. The proximal surface (the only single surface to form regenerates) produced more regenerates (76% of the cases) than the two more distal surfaces. Blocking the proximal surface with whole skin greatly stimulates the production of accessory structures on the first and/or second more distal surfaces. The mean number of nerve fibers on the proximal surface is considerably higher than the nerve counts of the first more and second most distal surfaces. Limbs possessing a notch or digit(s) on the proximal surface and the absence of growth on the first more and second distal surfaces also show a decrease in nerve number on the first more and second most distal surfaces. An analysis of the mean number of nerve fibers on the blocked (proximal) surface shows a noticeable decrease in comparison with nerve fibers in an equivalent level on normal limbs. Nerve fiber counts on the first more and second most distal surfaces are markedly increased on those limbs where the proximal surface was blocked with whole skin. Threshold experiments suggest that the irregular occurrence of accessory structures on the first more distal and second most distal surfaces may be related to an insufficient number of nerve fibers on these surfaces. Similarly, a possible explanation for the regular occurrence of accessory structures on the proximal surface is that nerve number on this surface is always above threshold."}
{"id": "PMID:1194875", "title": "Structural and functional heterogeneity in an insect muscle.", "content": "Singing muscles of the katydid, Neoconocephalus robustus (Insecta, Tettigoniidae) are neurogenic, yet perform at contraction-relaxation frequencies as high as 212 Hz (Josephson and Halverson, '71). The mechanical and electrical responses of different bands of one of these muscles (the dorsal longitudinal muscle, DLM) has been examined with respect to ultrastructural features of each part which may be related to muscle performance. The DLM is composed of three bands and is innervated by four motoneurones. The cell bodies of three of these motoneurones occur ipsilaterally in the prothroracic ganglion; the cell body of the other motoneurone is contralateral in the mesothoracic ganglion. Three of the motoneurones (as yet unidentified fast axons) initiate extraordinarily fast twitches (rise time equal 7.3 msec, half duration equals 14.3 msec, 25 C), the fourth (an unidentified slower axon) evokes twitches which are considerably slower (rise time equals 18.9 msec, half duration equals 5.10 msec). Whereas the ventral and medial bands of the muscle are innervated only by fast axons (some fibers of the medial band are doubly innervated), the dorsal band is innervated by both a fast axon and the slower axon. A few fibers of the dorsal band are doubly innervated. The structure of fibers from the ventral and medial bands is very similar, with short sarcomeres (4.0 and 4.3 mum, respectively) and thin strap-like myofibrils delineated by well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Twenty-four percent of the volume of ventral band fibers is SR and the diffusion distance from SR to the center of the adjacent myofibril averages 0.083 mum. Twenty percent of the medial band fiber volume is SR, with a diffusion distance of 0.118 mum. Ventral and medial band fibers contain about 40% mitochondria, and 33% myofibrils. The dorsal band fibers have longer sarcomeres (9.5 mum), and only 10% of the fiber volume is SR. The muscle fibrils of the dorsal band are larger and consequently the diffusion distance is greater (0.227 mum) than in the ventral and medial bands. Mitochondria comprise 23% of the volume of dorsal band fibers. Most dorsal band mitochondria are aggregated into distinct clumps. Although some dorsal band fibers are innervated by a fast axon and some by the slower axon, the dorsal band fibers are structurally homogeneous, suggesting that neurotrophic effects are not important in maintaining the structure of dorsal band fibers. The mechanical-electrical performance and ultrastructure of the ventral and medial bands suggest their roll as fast, metabolically active but weak muscles, used in singing; the dorsal band as a slower but stronger muscle, perhaps involved in postural movements of the wing during singing.", "contents": "Structural and functional heterogeneity in an insect muscle. Singing muscles of the katydid, Neoconocephalus robustus (Insecta, Tettigoniidae) are neurogenic, yet perform at contraction-relaxation frequencies as high as 212 Hz (Josephson and Halverson, '71). The mechanical and electrical responses of different bands of one of these muscles (the dorsal longitudinal muscle, DLM) has been examined with respect to ultrastructural features of each part which may be related to muscle performance. The DLM is composed of three bands and is innervated by four motoneurones. The cell bodies of three of these motoneurones occur ipsilaterally in the prothroracic ganglion; the cell body of the other motoneurone is contralateral in the mesothoracic ganglion. Three of the motoneurones (as yet unidentified fast axons) initiate extraordinarily fast twitches (rise time equal 7.3 msec, half duration equals 14.3 msec, 25 C), the fourth (an unidentified slower axon) evokes twitches which are considerably slower (rise time equals 18.9 msec, half duration equals 5.10 msec). Whereas the ventral and medial bands of the muscle are innervated only by fast axons (some fibers of the medial band are doubly innervated), the dorsal band is innervated by both a fast axon and the slower axon. A few fibers of the dorsal band are doubly innervated. The structure of fibers from the ventral and medial bands is very similar, with short sarcomeres (4.0 and 4.3 mum, respectively) and thin strap-like myofibrils delineated by well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Twenty-four percent of the volume of ventral band fibers is SR and the diffusion distance from SR to the center of the adjacent myofibril averages 0.083 mum. Twenty percent of the medial band fiber volume is SR, with a diffusion distance of 0.118 mum. Ventral and medial band fibers contain about 40% mitochondria, and 33% myofibrils. The dorsal band fibers have longer sarcomeres (9.5 mum), and only 10% of the fiber volume is SR. The muscle fibrils of the dorsal band are larger and consequently the diffusion distance is greater (0.227 mum) than in the ventral and medial bands. Mitochondria comprise 23% of the volume of dorsal band fibers. Most dorsal band mitochondria are aggregated into distinct clumps. Although some dorsal band fibers are innervated by a fast axon and some by the slower axon, the dorsal band fibers are structurally homogeneous, suggesting that neurotrophic effects are not important in maintaining the structure of dorsal band fibers. The mechanical-electrical performance and ultrastructure of the ventral and medial bands suggest their roll as fast, metabolically active but weak muscles, used in singing; the dorsal band as a slower but stronger muscle, perhaps involved in postural movements of the wing during singing."}
{"id": "PMID:1194876", "title": "Disruption of normal forelimb regeneration in adult Notophthalmus viridescens by sublethal concentrations of trypan blue.", "content": "The effects of the vital dye trypan blue (TpB) on the regeneration of amputated newt forelimbs were examined. Administration of the dye (10 mug/g body weight) via IP injection during the early wound healing and dedifferentiation phases of regeneration inhibited the normal regenerative response. The accumulation phases of regeneration are similarly halted but only by greater concentrations of TpB (50 mug/g body weight) while redifferentiation and morphogenesis are only affected by still greater concentrations of the dye (100 mug/g body weight). In addition to abolishing the regenerative response, low levels of TpB were also capable of inducing skeletal abnormalities in the regenerates as might be expected from previous reports on the teratogenicity of the dye. The in vitro action of newt hyaluronidase (as well as purified testicular hyaluronidase) on hyaluronate was diminished by TpB, with virtually complete inhibition observed at initial reaction mixture concentrations of 100 mug/ml. The results of this study suggest that TpB acts to disrupt the normal regenerative response by preventing dedifferentiation and remodeling, perhaps by inhibition of various necessary lytic enzyme functions or by interference with normal intercellular communications.", "contents": "Disruption of normal forelimb regeneration in adult Notophthalmus viridescens by sublethal concentrations of trypan blue. The effects of the vital dye trypan blue (TpB) on the regeneration of amputated newt forelimbs were examined. Administration of the dye (10 mug/g body weight) via IP injection during the early wound healing and dedifferentiation phases of regeneration inhibited the normal regenerative response. The accumulation phases of regeneration are similarly halted but only by greater concentrations of TpB (50 mug/g body weight) while redifferentiation and morphogenesis are only affected by still greater concentrations of the dye (100 mug/g body weight). In addition to abolishing the regenerative response, low levels of TpB were also capable of inducing skeletal abnormalities in the regenerates as might be expected from previous reports on the teratogenicity of the dye. The in vitro action of newt hyaluronidase (as well as purified testicular hyaluronidase) on hyaluronate was diminished by TpB, with virtually complete inhibition observed at initial reaction mixture concentrations of 100 mug/ml. The results of this study suggest that TpB acts to disrupt the normal regenerative response by preventing dedifferentiation and remodeling, perhaps by inhibition of various necessary lytic enzyme functions or by interference with normal intercellular communications."}
{"id": "PMID:1194877", "title": "Multienzymic nature of pyruvate kinase during development of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda).", "content": "H. diminuta at different stages of development contained as many as five pyruvate kinase isozymes. Four of these were unusually sensitive to allosteric activation by fructose-1,6-P2. One isozyme which occurred only in adults or near-adults was insensitive but had a relatively low Km. All were inhibited by ATP and Ca2+, none by alanine, and the pH optimum was unaffected by fructose-1,6-P2. The five isozymes were present in gravid or reproductively active proglottids. Two of them occurred after eight days growth in the rat intestine, and three after four days. These three were also present in the immature, anterior proglottids of adult parasites. Hexacanth larvae from gravid proglottids, as well as cysticercoids developing from these larvae in Tenebrio molitor, possessed only two isozymes. It was inferred from information on tissue concentrations of ADP, ATP, phosphoenolypyruvate (PEP) and on K0.5S and Km that competition between pyruvate kinase and PEP carboxykinase is probably controlled by fructose-1,6-P2 concentrations. Since H. diminuta is an obligatory fermenter in which gluconeogenesis is minimal, the probable function of its L-type pyruvate kinases is to control the specific composition of lactic, acetic and succinic acid mixtures that are excreted at different stages of development.", "contents": "Multienzymic nature of pyruvate kinase during development of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). H. diminuta at different stages of development contained as many as five pyruvate kinase isozymes. Four of these were unusually sensitive to allosteric activation by fructose-1,6-P2. One isozyme which occurred only in adults or near-adults was insensitive but had a relatively low Km. All were inhibited by ATP and Ca2+, none by alanine, and the pH optimum was unaffected by fructose-1,6-P2. The five isozymes were present in gravid or reproductively active proglottids. Two of them occurred after eight days growth in the rat intestine, and three after four days. These three were also present in the immature, anterior proglottids of adult parasites. Hexacanth larvae from gravid proglottids, as well as cysticercoids developing from these larvae in Tenebrio molitor, possessed only two isozymes. It was inferred from information on tissue concentrations of ADP, ATP, phosphoenolypyruvate (PEP) and on K0.5S and Km that competition between pyruvate kinase and PEP carboxykinase is probably controlled by fructose-1,6-P2 concentrations. Since H. diminuta is an obligatory fermenter in which gluconeogenesis is minimal, the probable function of its L-type pyruvate kinases is to control the specific composition of lactic, acetic and succinic acid mixtures that are excreted at different stages of development."}
{"id": "PMID:1194884", "title": "Activities of potassium and sodium ions in rabbit heart muscle.", "content": "Activities (a) of intracellular K and Na in rabbit ventricular papillary muslces were determined with cation-selectivve glass microelectrodes and concentrations (C) were estimated with flame photometry. The CK and aK of the muscles were 134.9 +/- 3.1 mM (mean value +/- SE) and 82.6 mM, respectively, at 25 degrees C. The corresponding CNa and aNa were 32.7 +/- 2.7 and 5.7, respectively. The apparent intracellular activity coefficients for K (gammaK) and Na (gammaNa) were 0.612 and 0.175, respectively. Similar results were obtained at 35 +/- 1 degree C. gammaK was substantially lower than the activity coefficient (0.745) of extracellular fluid (Tyrode's solution), which might be expected on the basis of a different intracellular ionic strength. gammaNa was much lower than that of extracellular fluid, and suggest that much of the Na was compartmentalized or sequestered. For external K concentrations greater than 5 mM, the resting membrane potentials agreed well with the potential differences calculated from the K activity gradients across the cell membrane as a potassium electrode. These results emphasize that potassium equilibrium potentials in heart muscle should be calculated by activities rather than concentrations.", "contents": "Activities of potassium and sodium ions in rabbit heart muscle. Activities (a) of intracellular K and Na in rabbit ventricular papillary muslces were determined with cation-selectivve glass microelectrodes and concentrations (C) were estimated with flame photometry. The CK and aK of the muscles were 134.9 +/- 3.1 mM (mean value +/- SE) and 82.6 mM, respectively, at 25 degrees C. The corresponding CNa and aNa were 32.7 +/- 2.7 and 5.7, respectively. The apparent intracellular activity coefficients for K (gammaK) and Na (gammaNa) were 0.612 and 0.175, respectively. Similar results were obtained at 35 +/- 1 degree C. gammaK was substantially lower than the activity coefficient (0.745) of extracellular fluid (Tyrode's solution), which might be expected on the basis of a different intracellular ionic strength. gammaNa was much lower than that of extracellular fluid, and suggest that much of the Na was compartmentalized or sequestered. For external K concentrations greater than 5 mM, the resting membrane potentials agreed well with the potential differences calculated from the K activity gradients across the cell membrane as a potassium electrode. These results emphasize that potassium equilibrium potentials in heart muscle should be calculated by activities rather than concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1194885", "title": "Conductance increases produced by bath application of cholinergic agonists to Electrophorus electroplaques.", "content": "When solutions containing agonists are applied to the innervated face of an Electrophorus electroplaque, the membrane's conductance increases. The agonist-induced conductance is increased at more negative membrane potentials. The \"instantaneous\" current-voltage curve for agonist-induced currents is linear and shows a reversal potential near zero mV; chord conductances, calculated on the basis of this reversal potential, change epsilon-fold for every 62-mV change in potential when the conductance is small. Conductance depends non-linearly on small agonist concentrations; at all potentials, the dose-response curve has a Hill coefficient of 1.45 for decamethonium (Deca) and 1.90 for carbamylcholine (Carb). With agonist concentrations greater than 10(-4) M Carb or 10(-%) M Deca, the conductance rises to a peak 0.5-1.5 min after introduction of agonist, then declines with time; this effect resembles the \"desensitization\" reported for myoneural junctions. Elapid alpha-toxin, tubocurarine, and desensitization reduce the conductance without changing the effects of potential; the apparent dissociation constant for tubocurarine is 2 X 10(-7) M. By contrast, procaine effects a greater fractional inhibition of the conductance at high negative potentials.", "contents": "Conductance increases produced by bath application of cholinergic agonists to Electrophorus electroplaques. When solutions containing agonists are applied to the innervated face of an Electrophorus electroplaque, the membrane's conductance increases. The agonist-induced conductance is increased at more negative membrane potentials. The \"instantaneous\" current-voltage curve for agonist-induced currents is linear and shows a reversal potential near zero mV; chord conductances, calculated on the basis of this reversal potential, change epsilon-fold for every 62-mV change in potential when the conductance is small. Conductance depends non-linearly on small agonist concentrations; at all potentials, the dose-response curve has a Hill coefficient of 1.45 for decamethonium (Deca) and 1.90 for carbamylcholine (Carb). With agonist concentrations greater than 10(-4) M Carb or 10(-%) M Deca, the conductance rises to a peak 0.5-1.5 min after introduction of agonist, then declines with time; this effect resembles the \"desensitization\" reported for myoneural junctions. Elapid alpha-toxin, tubocurarine, and desensitization reduce the conductance without changing the effects of potential; the apparent dissociation constant for tubocurarine is 2 X 10(-7) M. By contrast, procaine effects a greater fractional inhibition of the conductance at high negative potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:1194886", "title": "Ionic selectivity, saturation, and block in sodium channels. A four-barrier model.", "content": "Ionic fluxes in Na channels of myelinated axons show ionic competition, block, and deviations from simple flux independence. These phenomena are particularly evident when external Na+ ions are replaced by other permeant or impermeant ions. The observed currents require new flux equations not based on the concepts of free diffusion. A specific permeability model for the Na channel is developed from Eyring rate theory applied to a chain of saturable binding sites. There are four energy barriers in the pore and only one ion is allowed inside at a time. Deviations from independence arise from saturation. The model shows that ionic permeability ratios measured from zero-current potentials can differ from those measured from relative current amplitudes or conductances. The model can be fitted to experiments with various external sodium substitutes by varying only two parameters: For each ion the height of the major energy barrier (the selectivity filter) determines the biionic zero-current potential and the depth of the energy well (binding site) just external to that barrier then determines the current amplitudes. Voltage clamp measurements with myelinated nerve fibers are given showing numerous examples of deviations from independence in ionic fluxes. Strong blocks of ionic currents by guanidinium compounds and Tl+ ions are fitted by binding within the channel with apparent dissociation constants in the range 50-122 mM. A small block with high Na+ concentrations can be fitted by Na+ ion binding with a dissociation constant of 368 mM. The barrier model is given a molecular interpretation that includes stepwise dehydration of the permeating ion as it interacts with an ionized carboxylic acid.", "contents": "Ionic selectivity, saturation, and block in sodium channels. A four-barrier model. Ionic fluxes in Na channels of myelinated axons show ionic competition, block, and deviations from simple flux independence. These phenomena are particularly evident when external Na+ ions are replaced by other permeant or impermeant ions. The observed currents require new flux equations not based on the concepts of free diffusion. A specific permeability model for the Na channel is developed from Eyring rate theory applied to a chain of saturable binding sites. There are four energy barriers in the pore and only one ion is allowed inside at a time. Deviations from independence arise from saturation. The model shows that ionic permeability ratios measured from zero-current potentials can differ from those measured from relative current amplitudes or conductances. The model can be fitted to experiments with various external sodium substitutes by varying only two parameters: For each ion the height of the major energy barrier (the selectivity filter) determines the biionic zero-current potential and the depth of the energy well (binding site) just external to that barrier then determines the current amplitudes. Voltage clamp measurements with myelinated nerve fibers are given showing numerous examples of deviations from independence in ionic fluxes. Strong blocks of ionic currents by guanidinium compounds and Tl+ ions are fitted by binding within the channel with apparent dissociation constants in the range 50-122 mM. A small block with high Na+ concentrations can be fitted by Na+ ion binding with a dissociation constant of 368 mM. The barrier model is given a molecular interpretation that includes stepwise dehydration of the permeating ion as it interacts with an ionized carboxylic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1194887", "title": "Intracellular recordings from gecko photoreceptors during light and dark adaptation.", "content": "Intracellular recordings were obtained from rods in the Gekko gekko retina and the adaptation characteristics of their responses studied during light and dark adaptation. Steady background illumination induced graded and sustained hyperpolarizing potentials and compressed the incremental voltage range of the receptor. Steady backgrounds also shifted the receptor's voltage-intensity curve along the intensity axis, and bright backgrounds lowered the saturation potential of the receptor. Increment thresholds of single receptors followed Weber's law over a range of about 3.5 log units and then saturated. Most of the receptor sensitivity change in light derived from the shift of the voltage-intensity curve, only little from the voltage compression. Treatment of the eyecup with sodium aspartate at concentrations sufficient to eliminate the beta-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG) abolished initial transients in the receptor response, possibly indicating the removal of horizontal cell feedback. Aspartate treatment, however, did not significantly alter the adaptation characteristics of receptor responses, indicating that they derive from processes intrinsic to the receptors. Dark adaptation after a strongly adapting stimulus was similarly associated with temporary elevation of membrane potential, initial lowering of the saturation potential, and shift of the voltage-intensity curve. Under all conditions of adaptation studied, small amplitude responses were linear with light intensity. Further, there was no unique relation between sensitivity and membrane potential suggesting that receptor sensitivity is controlled at least in part by a step of visual transduction preceding the generation of membrane voltage change.", "contents": "Intracellular recordings from gecko photoreceptors during light and dark adaptation. Intracellular recordings were obtained from rods in the Gekko gekko retina and the adaptation characteristics of their responses studied during light and dark adaptation. Steady background illumination induced graded and sustained hyperpolarizing potentials and compressed the incremental voltage range of the receptor. Steady backgrounds also shifted the receptor's voltage-intensity curve along the intensity axis, and bright backgrounds lowered the saturation potential of the receptor. Increment thresholds of single receptors followed Weber's law over a range of about 3.5 log units and then saturated. Most of the receptor sensitivity change in light derived from the shift of the voltage-intensity curve, only little from the voltage compression. Treatment of the eyecup with sodium aspartate at concentrations sufficient to eliminate the beta-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG) abolished initial transients in the receptor response, possibly indicating the removal of horizontal cell feedback. Aspartate treatment, however, did not significantly alter the adaptation characteristics of receptor responses, indicating that they derive from processes intrinsic to the receptors. Dark adaptation after a strongly adapting stimulus was similarly associated with temporary elevation of membrane potential, initial lowering of the saturation potential, and shift of the voltage-intensity curve. Under all conditions of adaptation studied, small amplitude responses were linear with light intensity. Further, there was no unique relation between sensitivity and membrane potential suggesting that receptor sensitivity is controlled at least in part by a step of visual transduction preceding the generation of membrane voltage change."}
{"id": "PMID:1194888", "title": "Repetitive spikes in photoreceptor axons of the scorpion eye. Invertebrate eye structure and tetrodotoxin.", "content": "A graded depolarization accompanied by nerve impulses can be recorded from the scorpion lateral and median eyes in response to light. Electron microscopy shows that axons forming the optic nerve arise directly from the photoreceptors. Thus, photoreceptors must respond both by the generation of a slow receptor potential and the initiation of spikes. The latency of the first spike, and the maximal and mean discharge frequencies were a function of light intensity. Spikes were abolished by tetrodotoxin. Repetitive firing to light therefore appears to be a normal response of scorpion photoreceptors and is the result of regenerative Na influx in the cell membrane.", "contents": "Repetitive spikes in photoreceptor axons of the scorpion eye. Invertebrate eye structure and tetrodotoxin. A graded depolarization accompanied by nerve impulses can be recorded from the scorpion lateral and median eyes in response to light. Electron microscopy shows that axons forming the optic nerve arise directly from the photoreceptors. Thus, photoreceptors must respond both by the generation of a slow receptor potential and the initiation of spikes. The latency of the first spike, and the maximal and mean discharge frequencies were a function of light intensity. Spikes were abolished by tetrodotoxin. Repetitive firing to light therefore appears to be a normal response of scorpion photoreceptors and is the result of regenerative Na influx in the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1194889", "title": "Selective modification of sodium channel gating in lobster axons by 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol: Evidence for two inactivation mechanisms.", "content": "Trinitrophernol (TNP) selectively alters the sodium conductance system of lobster giant axons as measured in current clamp and voltage clamp experiments using the double sucrose gap technique. TNP has no measurable effect on potassium currents but reversibly prolongs the time-course of sodium currents during maintained depolarizations over the full voltage range of observable currents. Action potential durations are increased also. Tm of the Hodgkin-Huxley model is not markedly altered during activation of the sodium conductance but is prolonged during removal of activation by repolarization, as observed in sodium tail experiments. The sodium inactivation versus voltage curve is shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction as is the inactivation time constant curve, measured with conditioning voltage steps. This shift speeds the kinetics of inactivation over part of the same voltage range in which sodium currents are prolonged, a contradiction incompatible with the Hodgkin-Huxley model. These results are interpreted as support for a hypothesis of two inactivation processes, one proceeding directly from the resting state and the other coupled to the active state of sodium conductance.", "contents": "Selective modification of sodium channel gating in lobster axons by 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol: Evidence for two inactivation mechanisms. Trinitrophernol (TNP) selectively alters the sodium conductance system of lobster giant axons as measured in current clamp and voltage clamp experiments using the double sucrose gap technique. TNP has no measurable effect on potassium currents but reversibly prolongs the time-course of sodium currents during maintained depolarizations over the full voltage range of observable currents. Action potential durations are increased also. Tm of the Hodgkin-Huxley model is not markedly altered during activation of the sodium conductance but is prolonged during removal of activation by repolarization, as observed in sodium tail experiments. The sodium inactivation versus voltage curve is shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction as is the inactivation time constant curve, measured with conditioning voltage steps. This shift speeds the kinetics of inactivation over part of the same voltage range in which sodium currents are prolonged, a contradiction incompatible with the Hodgkin-Huxley model. These results are interpreted as support for a hypothesis of two inactivation processes, one proceeding directly from the resting state and the other coupled to the active state of sodium conductance."}
{"id": "PMID:1194890", "title": "Local adaptation in the ventral photoreceptors of Limulus.", "content": "Local adaptation was demonstrated in the ventral photoreceptors of Lumulus using either flashes or continuous illumination. Spots of light locally desensitized the region of the photoreceptor on which they were focused. In dark-adapted photoreceptors where \"quantum bumps\" were clearly discernible, local adaptation of the quantum bumps was observed. Local adaptation could induce differences of threshold of 1 decade over distances of 50-80 mum. With continuous local illumination these gradients could be maintained from 2 s to 30 min. In addition, the decrease in time scale associated with light adaptation was also found to be localized to the region of illumination.", "contents": "Local adaptation in the ventral photoreceptors of Limulus. Local adaptation was demonstrated in the ventral photoreceptors of Lumulus using either flashes or continuous illumination. Spots of light locally desensitized the region of the photoreceptor on which they were focused. In dark-adapted photoreceptors where \"quantum bumps\" were clearly discernible, local adaptation of the quantum bumps was observed. Local adaptation could induce differences of threshold of 1 decade over distances of 50-80 mum. With continuous local illumination these gradients could be maintained from 2 s to 30 min. In addition, the decrease in time scale associated with light adaptation was also found to be localized to the region of illumination."}
{"id": "PMID:1194891", "title": "Factors influencing the formation and stability of D-glucoside 3-dehydrogenase activity in cultures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "D-glucoside 3-dehydrogenase specific activity in Agrobacterium tumefaciens was maximal towards the end of the exponential growth phase of batch cultures; over 90% of the activity disappeared within the next 15 h. Manganese ions, although essential for growth of the organism, strongly repressed D-glucoside 3-dehydrogenase synthesis in sucrose medium but had little effect when the carbon source was methyl alpha-D-glucoside. D-Glucoside 3-dehydrogenase activity increased linearly with increasing specific growth rate in chemostat cultures limited by carbon, nitrogen, phosphate or manganese when methyl alpha-D-glucoside was the carbon source. High enzyme activity was found with sucrose as carbon source only when the growth medium was manganese-limited. D-Glucoside 3-dehydrogenase activity disappeared from A. tumefaciens incubated in carbon- and nitrogen-free medium or in nitrogen-free medium containing succinate, but on continued incubation the activity returned and was then stable. The recovery of activity could be prevented by chloramphenicol or erythromycin. Bacteria containing the recovered dehydrogenase activity could not convert sucrose to 3-ketosucrose when oxygen acted as the terminal electron acceptor, but produced 3-ketosucrose at the normal rate in the presence of ferricyanide. D-Glucoside 3-dehydrogenase activity disappeared irreversibly from bacteria incubated in nitrogen-free medium containing sucrose. Loss of activity followed first order kinetics in bacteria taken from nitrogen-, phosphate- or manganese-limited chemostat steady states; an accelerating rate of decay occurred in cells grown under carbon-limitation. 8-Hydroxyquinoline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and manganese ions could reduce the rate of decay.", "contents": "Factors influencing the formation and stability of D-glucoside 3-dehydrogenase activity in cultures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. D-glucoside 3-dehydrogenase specific activity in Agrobacterium tumefaciens was maximal towards the end of the exponential growth phase of batch cultures; over 90% of the activity disappeared within the next 15 h. Manganese ions, although essential for growth of the organism, strongly repressed D-glucoside 3-dehydrogenase synthesis in sucrose medium but had little effect when the carbon source was methyl alpha-D-glucoside. D-Glucoside 3-dehydrogenase activity increased linearly with increasing specific growth rate in chemostat cultures limited by carbon, nitrogen, phosphate or manganese when methyl alpha-D-glucoside was the carbon source. High enzyme activity was found with sucrose as carbon source only when the growth medium was manganese-limited. D-Glucoside 3-dehydrogenase activity disappeared from A. tumefaciens incubated in carbon- and nitrogen-free medium or in nitrogen-free medium containing succinate, but on continued incubation the activity returned and was then stable. The recovery of activity could be prevented by chloramphenicol or erythromycin. Bacteria containing the recovered dehydrogenase activity could not convert sucrose to 3-ketosucrose when oxygen acted as the terminal electron acceptor, but produced 3-ketosucrose at the normal rate in the presence of ferricyanide. D-Glucoside 3-dehydrogenase activity disappeared irreversibly from bacteria incubated in nitrogen-free medium containing sucrose. Loss of activity followed first order kinetics in bacteria taken from nitrogen-, phosphate- or manganese-limited chemostat steady states; an accelerating rate of decay occurred in cells grown under carbon-limitation. 8-Hydroxyquinoline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and manganese ions could reduce the rate of decay."}
{"id": "PMID:1194892", "title": "Molar growth yields, respiration and cytochrome patterns of Beneckea natriegens when grown at different medium dissolved-oxygen tensions.", "content": "The effect of medium dissolved-oxygen tension on the molar growth yield, respiration and cytochrome content of Beneckea natriegens in chemostat culture (D 0-37 H-1) was examined. The molar growth yield (Y), the specific rate of oxygen (qo2) and glucose consumption, and the specific rate of carbon dioxide evolution were independent of the dissolved-oxygen tension above a critical value (greatest than 2 mmHg). However, the potential respiration rate increased with reduction in the dissolved-oxygen tension at values of the dissolved-oxygen tension well above the critical value. Changes in the cytochrome content occurred at dissolved-oxygen tensions well above the critical value. An increase in cytochrome c relative to cytochrome b was observed as the dissolved-oxygen tension was decreased. Reduction of the dissolved-oxygen tension to less than I mmHg caused a switch to fermentative metabolism shown by the apparent rise in YO2 and decrease in the molar growth yield from glucose. At this point the potential respiration rate (qO2) increased to its highest value, while the cytochrome pattern reverted to that observed at dissolved-oxygen tensions above 96 mmHg. There appeared to be no correlation between cytochrome content, potential qO2, in situ qO2, and cyanide sensitivity of the organism at various dissolved-oxygen tensions.", "contents": "Molar growth yields, respiration and cytochrome patterns of Beneckea natriegens when grown at different medium dissolved-oxygen tensions. The effect of medium dissolved-oxygen tension on the molar growth yield, respiration and cytochrome content of Beneckea natriegens in chemostat culture (D 0-37 H-1) was examined. The molar growth yield (Y), the specific rate of oxygen (qo2) and glucose consumption, and the specific rate of carbon dioxide evolution were independent of the dissolved-oxygen tension above a critical value (greatest than 2 mmHg). However, the potential respiration rate increased with reduction in the dissolved-oxygen tension at values of the dissolved-oxygen tension well above the critical value. Changes in the cytochrome content occurred at dissolved-oxygen tensions well above the critical value. An increase in cytochrome c relative to cytochrome b was observed as the dissolved-oxygen tension was decreased. Reduction of the dissolved-oxygen tension to less than I mmHg caused a switch to fermentative metabolism shown by the apparent rise in YO2 and decrease in the molar growth yield from glucose. At this point the potential respiration rate (qO2) increased to its highest value, while the cytochrome pattern reverted to that observed at dissolved-oxygen tensions above 96 mmHg. There appeared to be no correlation between cytochrome content, potential qO2, in situ qO2, and cyanide sensitivity of the organism at various dissolved-oxygen tensions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194893", "title": "Keto acid metabolism in Desulfovibrio.", "content": "Four strains of Desulfovibrio each excreted pyruvate to a constant level during growth; it was re-absorbed when the substrate (lactate) was exhausted. Malate, succinate, fumarate and malonate also accumulated during growth. One of the strains (Hildenborough) excreted alpha-ketoglutarate as well as pyruvate when incubated in nitrogen-free medium; the former was re-absorbed on addition of NH4Cl. In a low-lactate nitrogen-free medium, strain Hildenborough rapidly re-absorbed the pyruvate initially excreted, but did not re-absorb the alpha-ketoglutarate. Arsenite (I mM) prevented the accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate; I mM-malonate did not affect the accumulation of keto acids. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activity (NAD-specific) in all strains was lower than NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase activity. Alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase could not be detected in any strain. NADPH oxidase activity was demonstrated. This and previous work indicate that a tricarboxylic acid pathway from citrate to alpha-ketoglutarate exists in Desulfovibrio spp., and that succinate can be synthesized via malate and fumarate; however, an intact tricarboxylic acid cycle is evidently not present. The findings are compared with observations on biosynthetic pathways in clostridia, obligate lithotrophs, phototrophs, and methylotrophs, and various facultative bacteria.", "contents": "Keto acid metabolism in Desulfovibrio. Four strains of Desulfovibrio each excreted pyruvate to a constant level during growth; it was re-absorbed when the substrate (lactate) was exhausted. Malate, succinate, fumarate and malonate also accumulated during growth. One of the strains (Hildenborough) excreted alpha-ketoglutarate as well as pyruvate when incubated in nitrogen-free medium; the former was re-absorbed on addition of NH4Cl. In a low-lactate nitrogen-free medium, strain Hildenborough rapidly re-absorbed the pyruvate initially excreted, but did not re-absorb the alpha-ketoglutarate. Arsenite (I mM) prevented the accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate; I mM-malonate did not affect the accumulation of keto acids. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activity (NAD-specific) in all strains was lower than NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase activity. Alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase could not be detected in any strain. NADPH oxidase activity was demonstrated. This and previous work indicate that a tricarboxylic acid pathway from citrate to alpha-ketoglutarate exists in Desulfovibrio spp., and that succinate can be synthesized via malate and fumarate; however, an intact tricarboxylic acid cycle is evidently not present. The findings are compared with observations on biosynthetic pathways in clostridia, obligate lithotrophs, phototrophs, and methylotrophs, and various facultative bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:1194894", "title": "Potassium fluxes in Neocosmospora vasinfecta.", "content": "The unidirectional K+ fluxes across the mycelial surface of Neocosmospora vasinfecta were determined using 42K. Influx was mediated by at least two kinetically distinct systems, one having an apparent Km of 6-5 mu-equiv. K+/l and the other of about 1-0 m-equiv. K+/l. The VMAX for both systems was in the range 18 to 22 mu-equiv. K+/100 mg mycelial dry matter/h (1-0 to 1-2 m-equiv. K+/l cell-water/min). Influx was strongly inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide, sodium arsenate and anaerobiosis. K+ efflux was dependent on the external K+ concentration and ranged from 3 to 10% of mycelial K+/h. The maximum efflux rate was always considerably less than the initial influx rate for the K+ concentrations examined. During incubation in dilute KCl solutions, K+ influx decreased to a value approaching the K+ efflux rate. It is considered that equilibrium with external K+ is attained primarily by the regulation of K+ influx, and that this may be the principal mechanism controlling cytoplasmic K+ levels. Adsorption of K+ was also observed throughout the K+ concentration range examined and can be attributed to two distinct K+-binding entities at the mycelial surface, half-saturating at approximately O-I mM-and 4-4 mM-KCl respectively.", "contents": "Potassium fluxes in Neocosmospora vasinfecta. The unidirectional K+ fluxes across the mycelial surface of Neocosmospora vasinfecta were determined using 42K. Influx was mediated by at least two kinetically distinct systems, one having an apparent Km of 6-5 mu-equiv. K+/l and the other of about 1-0 m-equiv. K+/l. The VMAX for both systems was in the range 18 to 22 mu-equiv. K+/100 mg mycelial dry matter/h (1-0 to 1-2 m-equiv. K+/l cell-water/min). Influx was strongly inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide, sodium arsenate and anaerobiosis. K+ efflux was dependent on the external K+ concentration and ranged from 3 to 10% of mycelial K+/h. The maximum efflux rate was always considerably less than the initial influx rate for the K+ concentrations examined. During incubation in dilute KCl solutions, K+ influx decreased to a value approaching the K+ efflux rate. It is considered that equilibrium with external K+ is attained primarily by the regulation of K+ influx, and that this may be the principal mechanism controlling cytoplasmic K+ levels. Adsorption of K+ was also observed throughout the K+ concentration range examined and can be attributed to two distinct K+-binding entities at the mycelial surface, half-saturating at approximately O-I mM-and 4-4 mM-KCl respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1194895", "title": "A plasmid involved in chloramphenicol production in Streptomyces venezuelae: evidence from genetic mapping.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that chloramphenicol production in Streptomyces venezuelae depends on the presence of a plasmid, mapping analysis was carried out by using eight markers in addition to chloramphenicol production and melanoid pigment formation. The sequence of the eight markers was determined on a circular linkage map as follows: -his-ade-str-leu-lys-met-ilv-pro-(his-). This sequence resulted in the frequency of quadruple crossover (q.c.o.) recombinants having the lowest value, 3-2 to 4-9%. However, the character of chloramphenicol non-production, which was obtained by incubating mycelia with acriflavin, was not required to explain the results. From these results and other tests, it is concluded that chloramphenicol production is controlled by a plasmid. This plasmid appeared to be non-transferable in conjugation.", "contents": "A plasmid involved in chloramphenicol production in Streptomyces venezuelae: evidence from genetic mapping. To test the hypothesis that chloramphenicol production in Streptomyces venezuelae depends on the presence of a plasmid, mapping analysis was carried out by using eight markers in addition to chloramphenicol production and melanoid pigment formation. The sequence of the eight markers was determined on a circular linkage map as follows: -his-ade-str-leu-lys-met-ilv-pro-(his-). This sequence resulted in the frequency of quadruple crossover (q.c.o.) recombinants having the lowest value, 3-2 to 4-9%. However, the character of chloramphenicol non-production, which was obtained by incubating mycelia with acriflavin, was not required to explain the results. From these results and other tests, it is concluded that chloramphenicol production is controlled by a plasmid. This plasmid appeared to be non-transferable in conjugation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194896", "title": "Self-parental alientation and locus of control in delinquent girls.", "content": "Social maladjustment has been related to an external locus of control orientation. It was hypothesized, therefore, that delinquent females would be more external than a control sample. Further, since alienation from others is also associated with maladjustment, it was expected that the delinquents would also prefer greater distance from others. These hypotheses were confirmed with discussion being in terms of implication for rehabilitation of delinquents.", "contents": "Self-parental alientation and locus of control in delinquent girls. Social maladjustment has been related to an external locus of control orientation. It was hypothesized, therefore, that delinquent females would be more external than a control sample. Further, since alienation from others is also associated with maladjustment, it was expected that the delinquents would also prefer greater distance from others. These hypotheses were confirmed with discussion being in terms of implication for rehabilitation of delinquents."}
{"id": "PMID:1194897", "title": "Recognition of inverted photographs of faces by children and adults.", "content": "Inverted black-white photographs of the faces of highly familiar peers (classmates, fraternity brothers, etc.) were presented to 350 Ss ranging from 3 to 20 years of age. In an untimed test session, S tried to identify the person in the inverted photograph. Success in this task was positively correlated with age up to approximately 14 years, but performance deteriorated after this age; college-age Ss and preschool Ss' performances were approximately equal. This finding contrasts with the current view that the effects of disorientation on perception becomes less potent with age. A cognitive explanation is offered for the early rise in the performance curve; the subsequent reduction in level of performance is attributed to rigidity of the perceptual mechanism as a function of overlearning of a mono-oriented configuration.", "contents": "Recognition of inverted photographs of faces by children and adults. Inverted black-white photographs of the faces of highly familiar peers (classmates, fraternity brothers, etc.) were presented to 350 Ss ranging from 3 to 20 years of age. In an untimed test session, S tried to identify the person in the inverted photograph. Success in this task was positively correlated with age up to approximately 14 years, but performance deteriorated after this age; college-age Ss and preschool Ss' performances were approximately equal. This finding contrasts with the current view that the effects of disorientation on perception becomes less potent with age. A cognitive explanation is offered for the early rise in the performance curve; the subsequent reduction in level of performance is attributed to rigidity of the perceptual mechanism as a function of overlearning of a mono-oriented configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:1194900", "title": "The relationship between perceptual egocentrism and field-dependence in early childhood.", "content": "Fifty-three kindergarten children were administered tests of inductive reasoning and field-dependence and a series of perceptual egocentrism tasks. The principal expectation of the study, that field-dependence would relate positively to perceptual egocentrism, was confirmed. Perceptual egocentrism was found to be independent of induction for the age range studied; however the relatively low correlations obtained between the field-dependence measures and their common relationship with induction led to the questioning of the validity of the field-dependence construct in early childhood.", "contents": "The relationship between perceptual egocentrism and field-dependence in early childhood. Fifty-three kindergarten children were administered tests of inductive reasoning and field-dependence and a series of perceptual egocentrism tasks. The principal expectation of the study, that field-dependence would relate positively to perceptual egocentrism, was confirmed. Perceptual egocentrism was found to be independent of induction for the age range studied; however the relatively low correlations obtained between the field-dependence measures and their common relationship with induction led to the questioning of the validity of the field-dependence construct in early childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:1194901", "title": "Affective relationship, locus of control, and imitative behavior.", "content": "The effects of the affective relationship between the model and the observer and locus of control on imitative behavior were investigated by exposing 28 boys to their most liked peer and least liked peer on a simple imitative task. Locus of control was determined by the Nowicki-Strickland (6) Locus of Control Scale for Children. More imitative responses were exhibited to the most liked peer than to the least liked peer, and a positive correlation between number of imitative responses and internal locus of control was found. Results were interpreted as indicating the need to control the affective relationship between the model and observer and as supporting Bandura (1) in the imitative behavior is primarily under self-reinforcement control.", "contents": "Affective relationship, locus of control, and imitative behavior. The effects of the affective relationship between the model and the observer and locus of control on imitative behavior were investigated by exposing 28 boys to their most liked peer and least liked peer on a simple imitative task. Locus of control was determined by the Nowicki-Strickland (6) Locus of Control Scale for Children. More imitative responses were exhibited to the most liked peer than to the least liked peer, and a positive correlation between number of imitative responses and internal locus of control was found. Results were interpreted as indicating the need to control the affective relationship between the model and observer and as supporting Bandura (1) in the imitative behavior is primarily under self-reinforcement control."}
{"id": "PMID:1194902", "title": "Sex differences in the activity level of preschool children as a possible precursor of hyperactivity.", "content": "The major objective of the present study was to determine whether or not preschool age boys had a higher activity level than girls. While it is a widely known fact that more boys than girls are referred to specialists for being hyperactive, the question of whether a sex-linked pattern of hyperactivity is observable in the general population remains unanswered. To investigate this issue, the activity levels of preschool children from a \"normal\" sample were measured randomly by an observation technique as they took part in a nursery school program. The results not only indicated that boys were more active than girls, but that the boy's behavioral activity was manifested in patterns that were similar in nature to those often included as part of the various definitions of hyperactivity. The implication of the results were discussed, and future research needs were delineated.", "contents": "Sex differences in the activity level of preschool children as a possible precursor of hyperactivity. The major objective of the present study was to determine whether or not preschool age boys had a higher activity level than girls. While it is a widely known fact that more boys than girls are referred to specialists for being hyperactive, the question of whether a sex-linked pattern of hyperactivity is observable in the general population remains unanswered. To investigate this issue, the activity levels of preschool children from a \"normal\" sample were measured randomly by an observation technique as they took part in a nursery school program. The results not only indicated that boys were more active than girls, but that the boy's behavioral activity was manifested in patterns that were similar in nature to those often included as part of the various definitions of hyperactivity. The implication of the results were discussed, and future research needs were delineated."}
{"id": "PMID:1194903", "title": "Drive and reward in an acquired-fear paradigm.", "content": "Either five minutes or 48 hours following classical fear conditioning (CS paired with inescapable shock) four groups of rats were trained to jump a hurdle from the conditioning box into an adjoining box. During hurdle jumping one-half of the Ss in each delay condition had the CS present in both boxes, while for the remaining Ss it was absent (NCS). CS Ss performed better than NCSSs (p less than or equal to .005) and five-minute Ss performed better than 48-hour Ss (p less than or equal to .001). The results suggest (a) that there is a need for a drive concept in behavior theory, (b) that drive and reward combine additively, and (c) that there is a loss over 48 hours of fear conditioned to apparatus cues, but not of fear conditioned to the CS.", "contents": "Drive and reward in an acquired-fear paradigm. Either five minutes or 48 hours following classical fear conditioning (CS paired with inescapable shock) four groups of rats were trained to jump a hurdle from the conditioning box into an adjoining box. During hurdle jumping one-half of the Ss in each delay condition had the CS present in both boxes, while for the remaining Ss it was absent (NCS). CS Ss performed better than NCSSs (p less than or equal to .005) and five-minute Ss performed better than 48-hour Ss (p less than or equal to .001). The results suggest (a) that there is a need for a drive concept in behavior theory, (b) that drive and reward combine additively, and (c) that there is a loss over 48 hours of fear conditioned to apparatus cues, but not of fear conditioned to the CS."}
{"id": "PMID:1194904", "title": "Cognitive and nonverbal perceptual processing in dyslexics.", "content": "A sample of 33 dyslexic and 33 control children were compared on tasks involving visual matching with spatial transformation (VMST), tactual serial matching (TSM), visual sequential memory (VSM), and auditory sequential memory (ASM). Contrary to expectation, the dyslexics performed at the same level as controls on VMST. This result was not explicable as a floor or ceiling effect and was considered evidence that dyslexics do not suffer impairment in visual spatial transformation ability per se. Dyslexics were not significantly different on TSM, but were inferior to controls on VSM and ASM.", "contents": "Cognitive and nonverbal perceptual processing in dyslexics. A sample of 33 dyslexic and 33 control children were compared on tasks involving visual matching with spatial transformation (VMST), tactual serial matching (TSM), visual sequential memory (VSM), and auditory sequential memory (ASM). Contrary to expectation, the dyslexics performed at the same level as controls on VMST. This result was not explicable as a floor or ceiling effect and was considered evidence that dyslexics do not suffer impairment in visual spatial transformation ability per se. Dyslexics were not significantly different on TSM, but were inferior to controls on VSM and ASM."}
{"id": "PMID:1194905", "title": "Measurements of a single galvanic skin response based upon its rate topography.", "content": "Methods for the identification of the points of transition among three states (nonresponse, response, and recovery) of a single GSR are described. It is proposed that the topography of the rate of change of the skin resistance provides a basis for both the identification of the initiation and termination of a simple GSR and the estimation of the GSR magnitude. Data selected from a study in differential GSR conditioning suggest, for the present purposes, the desirability of a trichotomous classification of GSRs depending upon the response rates which typify the nonresponse state of a particular S under a particular set of conditions. Comparisons among estimates of the time of GSR initiation and termination and of the GSR magnitude by three different methods are made for each of the three proposed method of estimating the GSR magnitude, latency, and recruitment--may increasingly misestimate their values as the preresponse or nonresponse rate departs from zero and as the duration of the response increases.", "contents": "Measurements of a single galvanic skin response based upon its rate topography. Methods for the identification of the points of transition among three states (nonresponse, response, and recovery) of a single GSR are described. It is proposed that the topography of the rate of change of the skin resistance provides a basis for both the identification of the initiation and termination of a simple GSR and the estimation of the GSR magnitude. Data selected from a study in differential GSR conditioning suggest, for the present purposes, the desirability of a trichotomous classification of GSRs depending upon the response rates which typify the nonresponse state of a particular S under a particular set of conditions. Comparisons among estimates of the time of GSR initiation and termination and of the GSR magnitude by three different methods are made for each of the three proposed method of estimating the GSR magnitude, latency, and recruitment--may increasingly misestimate their values as the preresponse or nonresponse rate departs from zero and as the duration of the response increases."}
{"id": "PMID:1194906", "title": "Apparent reversals seen by three types of perceiver of the Ames trapezoid illusion.", "content": "Three groups of subjects (three right-handed, right-eye-dominant men in each group), differing in the overall extent to which they perceived illusory oscillation with Ames's rotating trapezoidal window, were tested for their susceptibility to parameters of the illusion previously shown relevant in unselected samples. Differential response of these three perceiver groups to variations in viewing distance and target form was demonstrated; but target pattern produced no significant effects. It was concluded that consideration should be given to the distribution of these perceiver \"types\" in samples taken to study illusions of oscillatory motion.", "contents": "Apparent reversals seen by three types of perceiver of the Ames trapezoid illusion. Three groups of subjects (three right-handed, right-eye-dominant men in each group), differing in the overall extent to which they perceived illusory oscillation with Ames's rotating trapezoidal window, were tested for their susceptibility to parameters of the illusion previously shown relevant in unselected samples. Differential response of these three perceiver groups to variations in viewing distance and target form was demonstrated; but target pattern produced no significant effects. It was concluded that consideration should be given to the distribution of these perceiver \"types\" in samples taken to study illusions of oscillatory motion."}
{"id": "PMID:1194907", "title": "An auditory analog of the Stroop Test.", "content": "With use of a tape-recorded auditory method of stimulus presentation, 112 undergraduates were required to identify the tonal concepts of high and low when these concepts were symbolically coded both in terms of high and low pitches of voice and by the spoken words \"high\" and \"low.\" Trials consisted of 44-item sequential identifications of the concepts. Results were consistent with those in other realms. With use of a speeded accuracy criterion, findings were that Ss could identify the concepts faster from word symbols than from pitch symbols and faster from the two types of symbol information correctly matched than from either component type alone. More interference was produced when half of the symbols on a trial were mismatched and the other half matched than when all of the symbols were mismatched. Interference effects in both directions were found, but there was a larger interference of words on pitch than of pitch on words.", "contents": "An auditory analog of the Stroop Test. With use of a tape-recorded auditory method of stimulus presentation, 112 undergraduates were required to identify the tonal concepts of high and low when these concepts were symbolically coded both in terms of high and low pitches of voice and by the spoken words \"high\" and \"low.\" Trials consisted of 44-item sequential identifications of the concepts. Results were consistent with those in other realms. With use of a speeded accuracy criterion, findings were that Ss could identify the concepts faster from word symbols than from pitch symbols and faster from the two types of symbol information correctly matched than from either component type alone. More interference was produced when half of the symbols on a trial were mismatched and the other half matched than when all of the symbols were mismatched. Interference effects in both directions were found, but there was a larger interference of words on pitch than of pitch on words."}
{"id": "PMID:1194908", "title": "A clinical application of subliminal psychodynamic activation. On the stimulation of symbiotic fantasies as an adjunct in the treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics.", "content": "This study attempted to utilize the subliminal psychodynamic activation method as an aid in the treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics. More specifically, we inbestigated whether the subliminal activation of a fantasy of symbiotic gratification would produce an increment in the degree of improvement that schizophrenics manifested as a result of hospitalization. Forty male patients were seen individually for three weekly sessions over a 6-week period for a fantasy expression task carried out by a psychology graduate student. Both at the beginning and at the end of each session and whenever during the session anxiety was in evidence, the patient was exposed to subliminal stimulation. The patients were divided into two groups equated for intelligence, pathology level, and other pertinent variables. For one group, the tachistoscopically presented stimulus consisted of MOMMY AND I ARE ONE, a verbal message which, in several prior studies, produced a significant reduction in ego impairment within a laboratory session. The other group served as a control, and their stimulus was PEOPLE ARE WALKING. The subjects in each group were subdivided in order to investigate the effects of two other interventions in addition to the subliminal symbiotic stimulation. One of these was aggressive expression consisting of an attempt to elicit specifically aggressive fantasies in the fantasy expression task. The other was self-focuing, designed to strengthen self-boundaries. All patients were blindly assessed for seven measures of ego impairment before and after the intervention period and for the number of rehospitalizations over a 9-month follow-up period. Of the three types of interventions impairment measures. For on of the variables, the symbiotic group showed significantly more improvement than the control group, while for two others the results approached significance. In addition, on an overall measure of ego impairment, there was significantly mor improvement for the symbiotic group than for the control patients.", "contents": "A clinical application of subliminal psychodynamic activation. On the stimulation of symbiotic fantasies as an adjunct in the treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics. This study attempted to utilize the subliminal psychodynamic activation method as an aid in the treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics. More specifically, we inbestigated whether the subliminal activation of a fantasy of symbiotic gratification would produce an increment in the degree of improvement that schizophrenics manifested as a result of hospitalization. Forty male patients were seen individually for three weekly sessions over a 6-week period for a fantasy expression task carried out by a psychology graduate student. Both at the beginning and at the end of each session and whenever during the session anxiety was in evidence, the patient was exposed to subliminal stimulation. The patients were divided into two groups equated for intelligence, pathology level, and other pertinent variables. For one group, the tachistoscopically presented stimulus consisted of MOMMY AND I ARE ONE, a verbal message which, in several prior studies, produced a significant reduction in ego impairment within a laboratory session. The other group served as a control, and their stimulus was PEOPLE ARE WALKING. The subjects in each group were subdivided in order to investigate the effects of two other interventions in addition to the subliminal symbiotic stimulation. One of these was aggressive expression consisting of an attempt to elicit specifically aggressive fantasies in the fantasy expression task. The other was self-focuing, designed to strengthen self-boundaries. All patients were blindly assessed for seven measures of ego impairment before and after the intervention period and for the number of rehospitalizations over a 9-month follow-up period. Of the three types of interventions impairment measures. For on of the variables, the symbiotic group showed significantly more improvement than the control group, while for two others the results approached significance. In addition, on an overall measure of ego impairment, there was significantly mor improvement for the symbiotic group than for the control patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1194909", "title": "Cerebral localization and the psi syndrome.", "content": "On trying to correlate the psi syndrome with a neural substrate, it is necessary to distinguish between spontaneous, \"macropsychological\" and experimenta, \"micropsychological\" incidents of the card-calling type. On comparing telepathic drawings with drawings made by brain-injured patients suffering from optical agnosia, the identical tendency to distortion and disorganization of the target materials can be discerned. It suggests that the telepathic subject is \"agnostic\" in relation to psi impressions, and that his central processing takes place in the right rather than the left hemisphere. The capricious nature of extrasensory perception (ESP) responses of the card-calling type points to fluctuations in the reticular and limbic midbrain system in warding off the intrusion into awareness are subliminal or irrelevant perceptions from the outside world.", "contents": "Cerebral localization and the psi syndrome. On trying to correlate the psi syndrome with a neural substrate, it is necessary to distinguish between spontaneous, \"macropsychological\" and experimenta, \"micropsychological\" incidents of the card-calling type. On comparing telepathic drawings with drawings made by brain-injured patients suffering from optical agnosia, the identical tendency to distortion and disorganization of the target materials can be discerned. It suggests that the telepathic subject is \"agnostic\" in relation to psi impressions, and that his central processing takes place in the right rather than the left hemisphere. The capricious nature of extrasensory perception (ESP) responses of the card-calling type points to fluctuations in the reticular and limbic midbrain system in warding off the intrusion into awareness are subliminal or irrelevant perceptions from the outside world."}
{"id": "PMID:1194910", "title": "Hypohedonia in schizophrenia.", "content": "The affective disorder in schizophrenia is an important manifestation of the schizophrenic illness. Such clinical features of joylessness, interpersonal aversion, and affective blunting have been considered by Rado and Meehl to represent a neurophysiological deficit in pleasure capacity which they termed anhedonia, but is more aptly characterized by the term hypohedonia. A free-recall task employing 24 affectively laden words presented in random order over nine trials was given to a carefully selected group of nonpsychotic hospitalized schizophrenics, hospitalized nonschizophrenics, and normals. The results of the study demonstrate that normals remember pleasant words to a significantly greater extent than upleasant words. This Pollyanna tendency or the tendency to utilize pleasant words over upleasant words has been described by Osgood as a stable cross-cultural phenomenon. By contrast, the schizophrenics show a significantly lower recall of pleasant words when compared with normals, although they remember unpleasant words to a comparable degree as normals. These findings provide experimental support for the hypohedonia hypothesis in schizophrenia. The nonshcizophrenic patients recall pleasant and unpleasant words to a significantly greater degree than neutral words. They are thus affectively governed in the free-recall task and seem equally sensitized to both pleasant and unpleasant affect in their mnemonic processing.", "contents": "Hypohedonia in schizophrenia. The affective disorder in schizophrenia is an important manifestation of the schizophrenic illness. Such clinical features of joylessness, interpersonal aversion, and affective blunting have been considered by Rado and Meehl to represent a neurophysiological deficit in pleasure capacity which they termed anhedonia, but is more aptly characterized by the term hypohedonia. A free-recall task employing 24 affectively laden words presented in random order over nine trials was given to a carefully selected group of nonpsychotic hospitalized schizophrenics, hospitalized nonschizophrenics, and normals. The results of the study demonstrate that normals remember pleasant words to a significantly greater extent than upleasant words. This Pollyanna tendency or the tendency to utilize pleasant words over upleasant words has been described by Osgood as a stable cross-cultural phenomenon. By contrast, the schizophrenics show a significantly lower recall of pleasant words when compared with normals, although they remember unpleasant words to a comparable degree as normals. These findings provide experimental support for the hypohedonia hypothesis in schizophrenia. The nonshcizophrenic patients recall pleasant and unpleasant words to a significantly greater degree than neutral words. They are thus affectively governed in the free-recall task and seem equally sensitized to both pleasant and unpleasant affect in their mnemonic processing."}
{"id": "PMID:1194911", "title": "Depressive symptoms and the glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test.", "content": "Patients with severe depression have been observed previously to have a reduced rate of glucose utilization accompanied by elevated serum insulin levels during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) and a reduced metabolic responsiveness to exogenous insulin during the insulin tolerance test (ITT). These abnormalities were less obvious in patients with neurotic depression as compared to patients with severe endogenous or \"psychotic\" depression. To evaluate more fully the relationships of depressive symptomatology to these metabolic abnormalities, patients were rated by nursing staff on a short clinical rating scale (SCRS) and by a psychiatrist on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) at the time the metabolic measurements were made. Patients were given the GTT and the ITT once when they were off medication and symptomatic and then again 3 to 8 weeks later when symptoms had decreased following amitriptyline treatment. Fasting serum-free fatty acid levels (FFA) had a significant positive correlation to rating of anxiety. Fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and human growth hormone (HGH) did not significantly correlate to any of the ratings. A decreased rate of glucose utilization (k) correlated significantly with increased ratings of motor retardation, emotional withdrawal, and blunt affects, but not to other depressive symptoms. The responsiveness of FFA and HGH during the ITT was significantly less in patients with more severe symptomatology; responsiveness improved when those patients improved. Neither incorrelated to the ratings. These data suggest that within the sydrome of depression, increased FFA is realated to anxiety, decreased glucose utilization is related to motor retardation, emotional withdrawal, and blunt affect, and that decreased FFA and HGH responsiveness to insulin is a nonspecific correlate of the general depressive syndrome.", "contents": "Depressive symptoms and the glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test. Patients with severe depression have been observed previously to have a reduced rate of glucose utilization accompanied by elevated serum insulin levels during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) and a reduced metabolic responsiveness to exogenous insulin during the insulin tolerance test (ITT). These abnormalities were less obvious in patients with neurotic depression as compared to patients with severe endogenous or \"psychotic\" depression. To evaluate more fully the relationships of depressive symptomatology to these metabolic abnormalities, patients were rated by nursing staff on a short clinical rating scale (SCRS) and by a psychiatrist on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) at the time the metabolic measurements were made. Patients were given the GTT and the ITT once when they were off medication and symptomatic and then again 3 to 8 weeks later when symptoms had decreased following amitriptyline treatment. Fasting serum-free fatty acid levels (FFA) had a significant positive correlation to rating of anxiety. Fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and human growth hormone (HGH) did not significantly correlate to any of the ratings. A decreased rate of glucose utilization (k) correlated significantly with increased ratings of motor retardation, emotional withdrawal, and blunt affects, but not to other depressive symptoms. The responsiveness of FFA and HGH during the ITT was significantly less in patients with more severe symptomatology; responsiveness improved when those patients improved. Neither incorrelated to the ratings. These data suggest that within the sydrome of depression, increased FFA is realated to anxiety, decreased glucose utilization is related to motor retardation, emotional withdrawal, and blunt affect, and that decreased FFA and HGH responsiveness to insulin is a nonspecific correlate of the general depressive syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1194930", "title": "Experimental necrosis and arrest of proliferation of Schwann cells by cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "In developing rat cervical sympathetic trunks, Schwann cells proliferate intensely during the first week after birth but axonal populations do not increase. Thus, experimental inhibition of DNA synthesis should affect Schwann cells and spare axons whose cell bodies are not dividing. The present investigation was aimed at determining the effects of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis-cytosine arabinoside (ara-C)--on axons and Schwann cells in developing nerves. Ara-C (60 mg kg(-1) body weight) was injected subcutaneously to newborn rats every six hours for 36 hours. At intervals from 2--4 days of age, animals were given tritiated thymidine (4 muCi per gram body weight) to label Schwann cells in synthesis phase. One hour later rats were killed by systemic perfusion of phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Cervical sympathetic trunks (CST's) and sciatic nerves were removed and processed for radioautography and electron microscopy (EM). Labelled and unlabelled Schwann cell nuclei were counted to determine the labelling index (LI%) for each nerve. By the end of ara-C treatment there was almost complete absence of labelling but LI's rose sharply 24 hours after discontinuing ara-C. By EM axons appeared normal; Schwann cells, however, showed prominent nuclear and cytoplasmic changes consisting of nuclear degeneration, dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and increased cytoplasmic density. Ara-C, by suppressing proliferation and causing necrosis of Schwann cells but sparing axons, results in a developmental alteration of axon-Schwann cell relationships. It is suggested that the pathogenetic mechanism involves an inbalance in DNA/RNA synthesis metabolism.", "contents": "Experimental necrosis and arrest of proliferation of Schwann cells by cytosine arabinoside. In developing rat cervical sympathetic trunks, Schwann cells proliferate intensely during the first week after birth but axonal populations do not increase. Thus, experimental inhibition of DNA synthesis should affect Schwann cells and spare axons whose cell bodies are not dividing. The present investigation was aimed at determining the effects of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis-cytosine arabinoside (ara-C)--on axons and Schwann cells in developing nerves. Ara-C (60 mg kg(-1) body weight) was injected subcutaneously to newborn rats every six hours for 36 hours. At intervals from 2--4 days of age, animals were given tritiated thymidine (4 muCi per gram body weight) to label Schwann cells in synthesis phase. One hour later rats were killed by systemic perfusion of phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Cervical sympathetic trunks (CST's) and sciatic nerves were removed and processed for radioautography and electron microscopy (EM). Labelled and unlabelled Schwann cell nuclei were counted to determine the labelling index (LI%) for each nerve. By the end of ara-C treatment there was almost complete absence of labelling but LI's rose sharply 24 hours after discontinuing ara-C. By EM axons appeared normal; Schwann cells, however, showed prominent nuclear and cytoplasmic changes consisting of nuclear degeneration, dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and increased cytoplasmic density. Ara-C, by suppressing proliferation and causing necrosis of Schwann cells but sparing axons, results in a developmental alteration of axon-Schwann cell relationships. It is suggested that the pathogenetic mechanism involves an inbalance in DNA/RNA synthesis metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1194931", "title": "Synaptic membrane structure in Torpedo electric organ.", "content": "The innervated and noninnervated membranes of Torpedo electrocytes have been examined by electron microscopy of thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured specimens. The ventral innervated membrane is approximately 120 A thick and is characterized by an unusually broad outer dense lamina (approximately 60 A) in which a granular substructure can be resolved. The granules are approximately 70 A in diameter and are spaced irregularly. The same membrane specialization was noted in a previous study of amphibian myoneural junctions, and it was proposed then that the granular elements represent ACh receptor molecules. The morphologically equivalent structures presumably have the same significance in the Torpedo electric organ. However, in this case the specialized membrane covers the entire innervated surface, leading to the conclusion that high concentrations of receptors occur normally in extrajunctional as well as post-junctional regions of the innervated membrane of the electrocyte. In replicas of freeze-fractured specimens, the A face of this membrane is covered with large particles having the same distribution and approximate concentration as the granules visible in thin sections, indicating that the granules visible at the outer surface of the membrane extend at least into the hydrophobic middle layer of the membrane. The cytoplasmic surface of this membrane has an amorphous coating into which 'decorated' cytoplasmic filaments insert. Synaptic vesicle and axon terminal membranes also contain granules visible in thin sections but with a much sparser distribution. These probably correspond to the intramembranous particles seen in freeze-fractured specimens. Vesicles are occasionally attached to the axolemma by thin linear strands.", "contents": "Synaptic membrane structure in Torpedo electric organ. The innervated and noninnervated membranes of Torpedo electrocytes have been examined by electron microscopy of thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured specimens. The ventral innervated membrane is approximately 120 A thick and is characterized by an unusually broad outer dense lamina (approximately 60 A) in which a granular substructure can be resolved. The granules are approximately 70 A in diameter and are spaced irregularly. The same membrane specialization was noted in a previous study of amphibian myoneural junctions, and it was proposed then that the granular elements represent ACh receptor molecules. The morphologically equivalent structures presumably have the same significance in the Torpedo electric organ. However, in this case the specialized membrane covers the entire innervated surface, leading to the conclusion that high concentrations of receptors occur normally in extrajunctional as well as post-junctional regions of the innervated membrane of the electrocyte. In replicas of freeze-fractured specimens, the A face of this membrane is covered with large particles having the same distribution and approximate concentration as the granules visible in thin sections, indicating that the granules visible at the outer surface of the membrane extend at least into the hydrophobic middle layer of the membrane. The cytoplasmic surface of this membrane has an amorphous coating into which 'decorated' cytoplasmic filaments insert. Synaptic vesicle and axon terminal membranes also contain granules visible in thin sections but with a much sparser distribution. These probably correspond to the intramembranous particles seen in freeze-fractured specimens. Vesicles are occasionally attached to the axolemma by thin linear strands."}
{"id": "PMID:1194932", "title": "Electron microscopy of synaptic structures in olfactory cortex of early postnatal rats.", "content": "Layer 1 of the rat olfactory cortex has been studied with the electron microscope at birth and at several consecutive postnatal days up to 14 days of age. Special attention was directed towards synaptic structures and axons of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). Numerous mature synapses are seen at birth and estimates were made of their subsequent increase in number. In addition, immature synapses are seen and mature postsynaptic sites occur with atypical, partial, multiple or no contact. The findings suggest: (1) considerable prenatal synaptogenesis in contrast to other cortical systems; (2) the maturation of the postsynaptic site may precede that of the presynaptic contact and vesicle accumulation; (3) there may be competition by more than one process for one postsynaptic specialization; (4) the non-innervated sites may result from deafferentation caused by prenatal cell death, although no degeneration was seen, and the atypical contacts may be a stage in the reinnervation of these sites; (5) the LOT develops in parallel with the synaptic neuropil and (6) by 14 days of age the area closely resembles adult tissue.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of synaptic structures in olfactory cortex of early postnatal rats. Layer 1 of the rat olfactory cortex has been studied with the electron microscope at birth and at several consecutive postnatal days up to 14 days of age. Special attention was directed towards synaptic structures and axons of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). Numerous mature synapses are seen at birth and estimates were made of their subsequent increase in number. In addition, immature synapses are seen and mature postsynaptic sites occur with atypical, partial, multiple or no contact. The findings suggest: (1) considerable prenatal synaptogenesis in contrast to other cortical systems; (2) the maturation of the postsynaptic site may precede that of the presynaptic contact and vesicle accumulation; (3) there may be competition by more than one process for one postsynaptic specialization; (4) the non-innervated sites may result from deafferentation caused by prenatal cell death, although no degeneration was seen, and the atypical contacts may be a stage in the reinnervation of these sites; (5) the LOT develops in parallel with the synaptic neuropil and (6) by 14 days of age the area closely resembles adult tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1194933", "title": "The \"future trends\" in neurosurgery are here. The 1975 AANS presidential address.", "content": "The President of The American Association of Neurological Surgeons discusses the three major problems of his year in office -- medical education, neurosurgical manpower, and professional medical liability -- and the attempts that are being made to solve them.", "contents": "The \"future trends\" in neurosurgery are here. The 1975 AANS presidential address. The President of The American Association of Neurological Surgeons discusses the three major problems of his year in office -- medical education, neurosurgical manpower, and professional medical liability -- and the attempts that are being made to solve them."}
{"id": "PMID:1194934", "title": "Cerebral hemorrhage following heart surgery.", "content": "The authors report a study of the problem of intracranial hemorrhage in 16 children following cardiac surgery, four studied clinically, and 12 by postmortem pathological review. Eleven children sustained subdural hematomas of varying sizes, one had a massive extradural clot, and four had intracerebral clots. The pre-, intra-, and postoperative data of these 16 patients are presented, but the specific factors causing the intracranial hemorrhage remain unexplained. The neurological course was similar to that of patients with an intracranial space-occupying lesion, and fundamental neurosurgical management principles for the treatment of this potentially reversible process should be observed.", "contents": "Cerebral hemorrhage following heart surgery. The authors report a study of the problem of intracranial hemorrhage in 16 children following cardiac surgery, four studied clinically, and 12 by postmortem pathological review. Eleven children sustained subdural hematomas of varying sizes, one had a massive extradural clot, and four had intracerebral clots. The pre-, intra-, and postoperative data of these 16 patients are presented, but the specific factors causing the intracranial hemorrhage remain unexplained. The neurological course was similar to that of patients with an intracranial space-occupying lesion, and fundamental neurosurgical management principles for the treatment of this potentially reversible process should be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194935", "title": "Neurogenic control of cerebral blood flow in the baboon.", "content": "Cerebral chemical vasomotor reactivity and autoregulation were tested in normal baboons before and after the intravenous or intravertebral infusion of atropine sulfate (0.02 mg/kg). Atropine did not appreciably effect autoregulatory response, but intravertebral injection suppressed the increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF) by inhalation of 5% CO2 and enhanced the decrease of CEF induced by hyperventilation. These changes produced by intravertebral injection of atropine were not observed after intravenous injection. Since the vertebrobasilar arterial system supplies the brain stem and diencephalon, this suggests that a central vasodilator tonus of the cerebral vessels is maintained by the innervation of the cerebral vessels by cholinegic neurons which have their central origin in the brain sterm and diencephalic area.", "contents": "Neurogenic control of cerebral blood flow in the baboon. Cerebral chemical vasomotor reactivity and autoregulation were tested in normal baboons before and after the intravenous or intravertebral infusion of atropine sulfate (0.02 mg/kg). Atropine did not appreciably effect autoregulatory response, but intravertebral injection suppressed the increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF) by inhalation of 5% CO2 and enhanced the decrease of CEF induced by hyperventilation. These changes produced by intravertebral injection of atropine were not observed after intravenous injection. Since the vertebrobasilar arterial system supplies the brain stem and diencephalon, this suggests that a central vasodilator tonus of the cerebral vessels is maintained by the innervation of the cerebral vessels by cholinegic neurons which have their central origin in the brain sterm and diencephalic area."}
{"id": "PMID:1194936", "title": "Central cholinergic control of cerebral blood flow in the baboon. Effect of cholinesterase inhibition with neostigmine on autoregulation and CO2 responsiveness.", "content": "Cerebral autoregulation and vastomotor responsiveness to carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured quantitatively by the use of the autoregulation index and chemical index, respectively, in normal baboons before and after intravertebral and intracarotid infusion of the anticholinesterase agent, neostigmine methylsufate (Prostigmin). Continuous measurements were made of cerebral blood flow (measured as bilateral internal jugular venous outflow), arterial and cerebral venous pO2 and pCO2, cerebral arteriovenous oxygen differences, and endotracheal CO2. The effect of intravertebral infusion of neostigmine (12.5 mug/kg body weight) was compared to intravertebral infusion of neostigmine (25 mug/kg body weight) for assessment of any specific action of the drug on a hypothetical cholinergic vasomotor center, presumed to be located in the territory of the vertebrobasilar supply. No significant or persistent changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) followed either intravertebral or intracarotid infusion of neostigmine. Cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), however, decreased significantly after intravertebral infusion. Cerebral autoregulatory vasoconstriction during increases of CCP was significantly reduced following both intravertebral and intracarotid infusion. Cerebral autoregulatory vasodilatation was not altered as CPP was lowered. Cerebral vasodilatory reactivity to CO2 inhalation was significantly enhanced following intravertebral neostigime but not following intracarotid neostigmine. Cerebral vasoconstrictive response to hyperventilation was not influenced by neostigmine. These results support the view that central cholinergic cerebrovascular influences exist, and are vasodilatory in nature.", "contents": "Central cholinergic control of cerebral blood flow in the baboon. Effect of cholinesterase inhibition with neostigmine on autoregulation and CO2 responsiveness. Cerebral autoregulation and vastomotor responsiveness to carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured quantitatively by the use of the autoregulation index and chemical index, respectively, in normal baboons before and after intravertebral and intracarotid infusion of the anticholinesterase agent, neostigmine methylsufate (Prostigmin). Continuous measurements were made of cerebral blood flow (measured as bilateral internal jugular venous outflow), arterial and cerebral venous pO2 and pCO2, cerebral arteriovenous oxygen differences, and endotracheal CO2. The effect of intravertebral infusion of neostigmine (12.5 mug/kg body weight) was compared to intravertebral infusion of neostigmine (25 mug/kg body weight) for assessment of any specific action of the drug on a hypothetical cholinergic vasomotor center, presumed to be located in the territory of the vertebrobasilar supply. No significant or persistent changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) followed either intravertebral or intracarotid infusion of neostigmine. Cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), however, decreased significantly after intravertebral infusion. Cerebral autoregulatory vasoconstriction during increases of CCP was significantly reduced following both intravertebral and intracarotid infusion. Cerebral autoregulatory vasodilatation was not altered as CPP was lowered. Cerebral vasodilatory reactivity to CO2 inhalation was significantly enhanced following intravertebral neostigime but not following intracarotid neostigmine. Cerebral vasoconstrictive response to hyperventilation was not influenced by neostigmine. These results support the view that central cholinergic cerebrovascular influences exist, and are vasodilatory in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1194937", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow studies following superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) studies were performed during the postoperative period on 16 patients with internal carotid occlusions and inaccessible stenoses, and middle cerebral artery occlusion and stenoses, who underwent superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomoses. The intra-arterial xenon method with selective application of the xenon bolus through the internal carotid and the newly established superficial temporal channel has allowed comparison of the flow provided by the pathological input with flow through the new input. The results show that initial rCBF (rCBF1) was globally reduced in all patients to a mean of 28.4 +/- 11.9 ml/100 gm/min at a mean pCO2 of 29.6 +/- 9.55 mm Hg. Patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and minor strokes with minimal residua (RIND) had a mean rCBF1 of 30.4 +/- 11.6 ml/100 gm/min at a mean pCO2 of 30 +/- 10 mm Hg, while patients with completed strokes had a mean rCBF1 of 25.0 +/- 12.4 ml/100 gm/min at a mean pCO2 of 29.1 +/- 8.8 mm Hg. There was no significant difference between these two groups. This finding suggests that in this small group of patients with TIA's and RIND's, the cause of the stroke is probably related more to decreased perfusion than embolus, and may explain why these patients' symptoms improve after STA-MCA anastomosis. The results of this study suggest that in addition to an inaccessible lesion, global or focal decreased rCBF is a necessary criterion in the definition of indications for intracranial revascularization procedures.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow studies following superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) studies were performed during the postoperative period on 16 patients with internal carotid occlusions and inaccessible stenoses, and middle cerebral artery occlusion and stenoses, who underwent superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomoses. The intra-arterial xenon method with selective application of the xenon bolus through the internal carotid and the newly established superficial temporal channel has allowed comparison of the flow provided by the pathological input with flow through the new input. The results show that initial rCBF (rCBF1) was globally reduced in all patients to a mean of 28.4 +/- 11.9 ml/100 gm/min at a mean pCO2 of 29.6 +/- 9.55 mm Hg. Patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and minor strokes with minimal residua (RIND) had a mean rCBF1 of 30.4 +/- 11.6 ml/100 gm/min at a mean pCO2 of 30 +/- 10 mm Hg, while patients with completed strokes had a mean rCBF1 of 25.0 +/- 12.4 ml/100 gm/min at a mean pCO2 of 29.1 +/- 8.8 mm Hg. There was no significant difference between these two groups. This finding suggests that in this small group of patients with TIA's and RIND's, the cause of the stroke is probably related more to decreased perfusion than embolus, and may explain why these patients' symptoms improve after STA-MCA anastomosis. The results of this study suggest that in addition to an inaccessible lesion, global or focal decreased rCBF is a necessary criterion in the definition of indications for intracranial revascularization procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1194938", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics and wound infections following laminectomy for lumber disc herniation.", "content": "The authors review 531 consecutive operations for lumbar disc herniation performed on 496 patients by one neurosurgeon to determine the effect of prophylactic antibiotics upon postoperative wound infections. In this retrospective analysis 16 instances of sepsis were found, 11 considered to be major and five minor. In the 128 cases in which no antibacterial agents were given, 11 major and 1 minor infection occurred. Four minor infections developed in the 402 occasions when antibiotics were given in the perioperative period. Men had a significantly greater risk of developing infection than women. These data suggest that pre- and postoperative antibiotic therapy directed at a narrow spectrum of microorganisms reduced the incidence of significant wound infections in patients undergoing laminectomy for lumbar disc herniation.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics and wound infections following laminectomy for lumber disc herniation. The authors review 531 consecutive operations for lumbar disc herniation performed on 496 patients by one neurosurgeon to determine the effect of prophylactic antibiotics upon postoperative wound infections. In this retrospective analysis 16 instances of sepsis were found, 11 considered to be major and five minor. In the 128 cases in which no antibacterial agents were given, 11 major and 1 minor infection occurred. Four minor infections developed in the 402 occasions when antibiotics were given in the perioperative period. Men had a significantly greater risk of developing infection than women. These data suggest that pre- and postoperative antibiotic therapy directed at a narrow spectrum of microorganisms reduced the incidence of significant wound infections in patients undergoing laminectomy for lumbar disc herniation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194939", "title": "Management of cervical spinal cord trauma in Southern California.", "content": "Acute cervical spinal cord injuries were reviewed in 356 patients treated by the neurosurgical community in Southern California. Neurological recovery was compared in operated and nonoperated patients with complete and incomplete cervical myelopathies. The complications of nonsurgical and surgical therapy are identified. No neurological improvement was noted in any patient with a complete lesion who underwent early surgical decompression. In those with incomplete sensorimotor paralysis, it was difficult to document any effect of surgical decompression on neurological recovery. Patients with some degree of sensory preservation had a similar incidence of motor recovery in both surgical and nonsurgical groups. With complete sensorimotor paralysis, anterior cervical fusion within the first week of injury was associated with increased pulmonary morbidity.", "contents": "Management of cervical spinal cord trauma in Southern California. Acute cervical spinal cord injuries were reviewed in 356 patients treated by the neurosurgical community in Southern California. Neurological recovery was compared in operated and nonoperated patients with complete and incomplete cervical myelopathies. The complications of nonsurgical and surgical therapy are identified. No neurological improvement was noted in any patient with a complete lesion who underwent early surgical decompression. In those with incomplete sensorimotor paralysis, it was difficult to document any effect of surgical decompression on neurological recovery. Patients with some degree of sensory preservation had a similar incidence of motor recovery in both surgical and nonsurgical groups. With complete sensorimotor paralysis, anterior cervical fusion within the first week of injury was associated with increased pulmonary morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:1194940", "title": "Electrospinogram and spinal and cortical evoked potentials in experimental spinal cord trauma.", "content": "Studies in 28 traumatized cats showed the following acute changes after spinal cord compression in the cord segment below the trauma: 1) increase in size of the spinal cord evoked potential; 2) increase in size of the electrospinogram; and 3) increase in frequency of the electrospinogram.", "contents": "Electrospinogram and spinal and cortical evoked potentials in experimental spinal cord trauma. Studies in 28 traumatized cats showed the following acute changes after spinal cord compression in the cord segment below the trauma: 1) increase in size of the spinal cord evoked potential; 2) increase in size of the electrospinogram; and 3) increase in frequency of the electrospinogram."}
{"id": "PMID:1194941", "title": "Infiltrative potentiality of brain tumors in organ culture.", "content": "The invasive potential of 15 brain tumors (seven meningiomas, and eight astrocytomas) as studied in cultures with Gelfoam used as a substrate. A three-stage system is introduced to classify in vitro invasiveness according to the depth of Gelfoam infiltration after 2 weeks' culture. This system proved to be simple and accurate. Meningiomas revealed greater activity in culture as compared to astrocytomas and infiltrated deeper into the Gelfoam. Dura mater explants were placed next to the culture of the tumors to study their interaction. Dura mater acted as a relatively strong barrier against tumor cell invasion in culture. In the majority of the explants, tumor cells revealed either contact arrest or spread underneath the dura and rarely spread over it. Tumor cells were seen infiltrating the dural explants in three cases, all of which were meningiomas.", "contents": "Infiltrative potentiality of brain tumors in organ culture. The invasive potential of 15 brain tumors (seven meningiomas, and eight astrocytomas) as studied in cultures with Gelfoam used as a substrate. A three-stage system is introduced to classify in vitro invasiveness according to the depth of Gelfoam infiltration after 2 weeks' culture. This system proved to be simple and accurate. Meningiomas revealed greater activity in culture as compared to astrocytomas and infiltrated deeper into the Gelfoam. Dura mater explants were placed next to the culture of the tumors to study their interaction. Dura mater acted as a relatively strong barrier against tumor cell invasion in culture. In the majority of the explants, tumor cells revealed either contact arrest or spread underneath the dura and rarely spread over it. Tumor cells were seen infiltrating the dural explants in three cases, all of which were meningiomas."}
{"id": "PMID:1194942", "title": "Cervical spondylolysis with spondylolisthesis. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe as case in which cervical spondylolysis was found at multiple levels with spondylolisthesis and associated neurological deficits. Radiographic findings with the absence of history of trauma suggest a congenital etiology.", "contents": "Cervical spondylolysis with spondylolisthesis. Case report. The authors describe as case in which cervical spondylolysis was found at multiple levels with spondylolisthesis and associated neurological deficits. Radiographic findings with the absence of history of trauma suggest a congenital etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:1194943", "title": "Ventriculo-orbital fistula in closed head injury. Case report.", "content": "A ventriculo-orbital fistula developing as a result of closed head injury produced intraorbital compression symptoms including downward deviation of the globe and inability of upward gaze. Percutaneous injection of Conray clearly demonstrated the fustula, which was successfully closed by frontal craniotomy.", "contents": "Ventriculo-orbital fistula in closed head injury. Case report. A ventriculo-orbital fistula developing as a result of closed head injury produced intraorbital compression symptoms including downward deviation of the globe and inability of upward gaze. Percutaneous injection of Conray clearly demonstrated the fustula, which was successfully closed by frontal craniotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1194944", "title": "Ependymal cyst of the spinal cord. Case report.", "content": "A case with extramedullary ependymal cyst of the spinal cord is presented. The clinical, operative, and pathological findings are discussed and a review of previous cases and a nosologic classification of ependymal lined cysts given.", "contents": "Ependymal cyst of the spinal cord. Case report. A case with extramedullary ependymal cyst of the spinal cord is presented. The clinical, operative, and pathological findings are discussed and a review of previous cases and a nosologic classification of ependymal lined cysts given."}
{"id": "PMID:1194945", "title": "Malignant teratoma arising within a lipomeningocele. Case report.", "content": "The authors report the case of an 11-year-old, neurologically normal girl, followed since birth for lipomeningocele, who developed a malignant teratoma within the lymbosacral lesion and presented with metastases to the lungs and groin. This rare occurrence is discussed from an embryological and management viewpoint.", "contents": "Malignant teratoma arising within a lipomeningocele. Case report. The authors report the case of an 11-year-old, neurologically normal girl, followed since birth for lipomeningocele, who developed a malignant teratoma within the lymbosacral lesion and presented with metastases to the lungs and groin. This rare occurrence is discussed from an embryological and management viewpoint."}
{"id": "PMID:1194946", "title": "Vasospastic dystrophy of the hand. Case report.", "content": "The author reports a patient with a history of left arm pain and wasting of the hand who had absent radial and ulnar pulses. Sympathectomy restored the arterial circulation to the hand with nearly complete return of function.", "contents": "Vasospastic dystrophy of the hand. Case report. The author reports a patient with a history of left arm pain and wasting of the hand who had absent radial and ulnar pulses. Sympathectomy restored the arterial circulation to the hand with nearly complete return of function."}
{"id": "PMID:1194947", "title": "Enlargement of an arteriovenous malformation documented by angiography. Case report.", "content": "The authors present a case in which an enlarging arteriovenous malformation was documented angiographically. Enlargement of the malformation concurrent with the appearence of basilar artery insufficiency was ascribed to a sump effect (steal) by the arteriovenous shunt.", "contents": "Enlargement of an arteriovenous malformation documented by angiography. Case report. The authors present a case in which an enlarging arteriovenous malformation was documented angiographically. Enlargement of the malformation concurrent with the appearence of basilar artery insufficiency was ascribed to a sump effect (steal) by the arteriovenous shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:1194948", "title": "Percutaneous lumboperitoneal shunt. Technical note.", "content": "The authors describe a new catheter for use in percutaneous lumboperitoneal shunting, designed to overcome the problem of kinking. They present their experience with the catheter in 14 patients.", "contents": "Percutaneous lumboperitoneal shunt. Technical note. The authors describe a new catheter for use in percutaneous lumboperitoneal shunting, designed to overcome the problem of kinking. They present their experience with the catheter in 14 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1194949", "title": "Transsphenoidal selective anterior hypophysectomy in cats for microsurgical training. Technical note.", "content": "A technique for selective anterior hypophysectomy along a transsphenoidal route in the cat is described in detail. This operation is valuable for advanced microneurosurgical training.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal selective anterior hypophysectomy in cats for microsurgical training. Technical note. A technique for selective anterior hypophysectomy along a transsphenoidal route in the cat is described in detail. This operation is valuable for advanced microneurosurgical training."}
{"id": "PMID:1194957", "title": "Diagnostic value of renal imaging incidental to bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-phosphate compounds.", "content": "An assessment of the sensitivity and reliability of renal images obtained incidentally to bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-phosphate compounds is reported, and certain patterns of abnormalities associated with those renal images are described. Renal images in 119 bone scintigrams were reviewed and correlated retrospectively with radiographic procedures done within 2 weeks of the bone images. The detection rate for renal abnormalities was 97.4%; the \"false-positive\" rate was 8.6% and the \"false-negative\" rate was 2.6%. Abnormal renal images were categorized as (A) nonvisualization of one kidney (13 cases), (B) asymmetric uptake (11 cases), (C) focal decreased uptake (4 cases), (D) bilateral decreased uptake (6 cases), (E) focal increased uptake (4 cases), And (F) miscellaneous (6 cases). The first three categories were always associated with renal abnormalities. Bilaterally decreased uptake and focal increased uptake were not reliable in detecting disease. Extensive metastatic carcinoma of the prostate was noted in three of four patients with bilateral decreased uptake and normal intravenous pyelography. We conclude that renal imaging incidental to bone scintigraphy with phosphate compounds is a valuable diagnostic test. An understanding of the different patterns of abnormalities described should improve the overall reliability of the test.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of renal imaging incidental to bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-phosphate compounds. An assessment of the sensitivity and reliability of renal images obtained incidentally to bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-phosphate compounds is reported, and certain patterns of abnormalities associated with those renal images are described. Renal images in 119 bone scintigrams were reviewed and correlated retrospectively with radiographic procedures done within 2 weeks of the bone images. The detection rate for renal abnormalities was 97.4%; the \"false-positive\" rate was 8.6% and the \"false-negative\" rate was 2.6%. Abnormal renal images were categorized as (A) nonvisualization of one kidney (13 cases), (B) asymmetric uptake (11 cases), (C) focal decreased uptake (4 cases), (D) bilateral decreased uptake (6 cases), (E) focal increased uptake (4 cases), And (F) miscellaneous (6 cases). The first three categories were always associated with renal abnormalities. Bilaterally decreased uptake and focal increased uptake were not reliable in detecting disease. Extensive metastatic carcinoma of the prostate was noted in three of four patients with bilateral decreased uptake and normal intravenous pyelography. We conclude that renal imaging incidental to bone scintigraphy with phosphate compounds is a valuable diagnostic test. An understanding of the different patterns of abnormalities described should improve the overall reliability of the test."}
{"id": "PMID:1194958", "title": "The Gamut approach to scintigram interpretation--diagnostic aid and teaching method.", "content": "A Gamut is defined as a complete list of anything. As utilized here, it indicates a complete list of the possible causes of a particular scintigram finding. The procedure for developing a Gamut is discussed, ant its use as a tool for instructing residents in nuclear medicine is described. Sample Gamuts are presented and the Gamut approach to scintigram differential diagnosis is described.", "contents": "The Gamut approach to scintigram interpretation--diagnostic aid and teaching method. A Gamut is defined as a complete list of anything. As utilized here, it indicates a complete list of the possible causes of a particular scintigram finding. The procedure for developing a Gamut is discussed, ant its use as a tool for instructing residents in nuclear medicine is described. Sample Gamuts are presented and the Gamut approach to scintigram differential diagnosis is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1194959", "title": "Increased 99mTc-polyphosphate muscle uptake in a patient with polymyositis: case report.", "content": "A patient with well-documented rheumatoid arthritis and polymyositis displayed abnormal muscle uptake of 99mTc-polyphosphate during routine bone scanning for occult malignancy. The regions of increased uptake corresponded to the areas of clinically active inflammatory muscle disease. On serial scans the degree of muscle labeling correlated well with both clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity.", "contents": "Increased 99mTc-polyphosphate muscle uptake in a patient with polymyositis: case report. A patient with well-documented rheumatoid arthritis and polymyositis displayed abnormal muscle uptake of 99mTc-polyphosphate during routine bone scanning for occult malignancy. The regions of increased uptake corresponded to the areas of clinically active inflammatory muscle disease. On serial scans the degree of muscle labeling correlated well with both clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1194960", "title": "Liver-spleen scintiscan in kala-azar: case report.", "content": "Massive splenomegaly was found in a liver-spleen scan in a young man from Greece. Kala-azar was suggested as a possible cause and was confirmed by culturing Leishmania donovani from the bone marrow aspirate. The differential diagnosis of massive splenomegaly should include kala-azar when a patient has been in an endemic area.", "contents": "Liver-spleen scintiscan in kala-azar: case report. Massive splenomegaly was found in a liver-spleen scan in a young man from Greece. Kala-azar was suggested as a possible cause and was confirmed by culturing Leishmania donovani from the bone marrow aspirate. The differential diagnosis of massive splenomegaly should include kala-azar when a patient has been in an endemic area."}
{"id": "PMID:1194961", "title": "Technetium-99m-sulfur colloid and pertechnetate blood pool scans in hepatic veno-occlusive disease: case report.", "content": "A liver scan on a patient with biopsy-proven hepatic veno-occlusive disease showed multiple areas of decreased sulfur colloid uptake which were not perfused on the blood pool phase of a pertechnetate bolus study.", "contents": "Technetium-99m-sulfur colloid and pertechnetate blood pool scans in hepatic veno-occlusive disease: case report. A liver scan on a patient with biopsy-proven hepatic veno-occlusive disease showed multiple areas of decreased sulfur colloid uptake which were not perfused on the blood pool phase of a pertechnetate bolus study."}
{"id": "PMID:1194962", "title": "Identification of an infected pseudocyst of the pancreas with 67Ga-citrate: case report.", "content": "A case in which the preoperative diagnosis of an infected pseudocyst of the pancreas was made by 67Ga-citrate scanning is reported. Other approaches to the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocysts are reviewed.", "contents": "Identification of an infected pseudocyst of the pancreas with 67Ga-citrate: case report. A case in which the preoperative diagnosis of an infected pseudocyst of the pancreas was made by 67Ga-citrate scanning is reported. Other approaches to the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocysts are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1194963", "title": "Accessory thyroid in the anterior mediastinum: case report.", "content": "A case of accessory thyroid in the anterior mediastinum, physically separated from the thyroid gland, is reported. The mediastinal thyroid was incidentally discovered during the preoperative evaluation of a patient with breast carcinoma. The extreme rarity of the case is outlined.", "contents": "Accessory thyroid in the anterior mediastinum: case report. A case of accessory thyroid in the anterior mediastinum, physically separated from the thyroid gland, is reported. The mediastinal thyroid was incidentally discovered during the preoperative evaluation of a patient with breast carcinoma. The extreme rarity of the case is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1194964", "title": "Technetium-99m-labeled stannous imidodiphosphate, a new radiodiagnostic agent for bone scanning: comparison with other 99mTc complexes.", "content": "Imidodiphosphate (IDP) is an analog of pyrophosphate and diphosphonate, with a P-N-P bond instead of P-O-P or P-C-P. We have labeled IDP with 99mTc quantitatively (98%) using stannous ions as the reducing/complexing agent in a freeze-dried kit form. Radiobioassay of this compound was carried out in rabbits and the results were compared with those of eight other Tc-labeled bone-imaging agents, using the performance of simultaneously administered 85Sr as a reference standard. The 99mTc-IDP concentrated 20% higher in the bone, and its soft-tissue and blood levels were lower than with 85Sr. By comparison, the concentrations in the bone of the other 99mTc agents were 20% less than that of 85Sr. Regarding blood levels, Tc-IDP performed worse than the Tc-diphosphonate but better than the pyrophosphate and the other technetium complexes. Scintillation camera images of 99mTc-IDP in both rabbits and dogs showed excellent details of the skeleton. In a preliminary human study, images with 99mTc-IDP were somewhat inferior to those comparably procured with 99Tc-methylene diphosphonate, but count rates with the IDP complex were about twice those with the MDP compound. Because of its better bone uptake, however, it is suggested that 99mTc-IDP may be clinically useful in spite of its relatively slow blood clearance.", "contents": "Technetium-99m-labeled stannous imidodiphosphate, a new radiodiagnostic agent for bone scanning: comparison with other 99mTc complexes. Imidodiphosphate (IDP) is an analog of pyrophosphate and diphosphonate, with a P-N-P bond instead of P-O-P or P-C-P. We have labeled IDP with 99mTc quantitatively (98%) using stannous ions as the reducing/complexing agent in a freeze-dried kit form. Radiobioassay of this compound was carried out in rabbits and the results were compared with those of eight other Tc-labeled bone-imaging agents, using the performance of simultaneously administered 85Sr as a reference standard. The 99mTc-IDP concentrated 20% higher in the bone, and its soft-tissue and blood levels were lower than with 85Sr. By comparison, the concentrations in the bone of the other 99mTc agents were 20% less than that of 85Sr. Regarding blood levels, Tc-IDP performed worse than the Tc-diphosphonate but better than the pyrophosphate and the other technetium complexes. Scintillation camera images of 99mTc-IDP in both rabbits and dogs showed excellent details of the skeleton. In a preliminary human study, images with 99mTc-IDP were somewhat inferior to those comparably procured with 99Tc-methylene diphosphonate, but count rates with the IDP complex were about twice those with the MDP compound. Because of its better bone uptake, however, it is suggested that 99mTc-IDP may be clinically useful in spite of its relatively slow blood clearance."}
{"id": "PMID:1194965", "title": "Time course of 99mTc(Sn)-tetracycline uptake in experimental acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The relative concentration of 99mTc(Sn)-tetracycline in infarcted myocardium was determined as a function of time after coronary artery occlusion in mongrel dogs. The concentration ratio (infarct-to-normal myocardium) was highest within the first 2 days after occlusion (6.7 +/- 0.5 at 1 day and 8.0 +/- 1.6 at 2 days). By 1 week after occlusion the ratio had fallen to 1.9 +/- 0.2. In the region of infarction, the concentration of 99mTc(Sn)-tetracycline was homogeneously distributed across the inner three-quraters of the myocardial wall; the outer quarter of the wall had substantially lower concentrations during the first 5 days after infarction. The present study confirms the observation suggested in initial investigations in man that scintigraphy performed with 99mTc(Sn)-tetracycline will distinguish between acute and chronic myocardial infarctions.", "contents": "Time course of 99mTc(Sn)-tetracycline uptake in experimental acute myocardial infarction. The relative concentration of 99mTc(Sn)-tetracycline in infarcted myocardium was determined as a function of time after coronary artery occlusion in mongrel dogs. The concentration ratio (infarct-to-normal myocardium) was highest within the first 2 days after occlusion (6.7 +/- 0.5 at 1 day and 8.0 +/- 1.6 at 2 days). By 1 week after occlusion the ratio had fallen to 1.9 +/- 0.2. In the region of infarction, the concentration of 99mTc(Sn)-tetracycline was homogeneously distributed across the inner three-quraters of the myocardial wall; the outer quarter of the wall had substantially lower concentrations during the first 5 days after infarction. The present study confirms the observation suggested in initial investigations in man that scintigraphy performed with 99mTc(Sn)-tetracycline will distinguish between acute and chronic myocardial infarctions."}
{"id": "PMID:1194966", "title": "Concentration of dopamine analogs in the adrenal medulla.", "content": "Seven labeled sulfonanilide analogs of dipamine were synthesized and their tissue distribution in rats were determined as a function of time. The methanesulfonanilide derivative, NP-27, showed significant uptake and retention in the rat adrenal, with 0.66% dose/gm at 5 min and 0.27% dose/gm at 24 h. The 24-hr target-to-nontarget concentration ratios for the adrenal versus liver, blood, kidney, and heart were 13, 27, 30, and 60, respectively. These results compared reasonably with the corresponding target-to-nontarget ratios of 23, 45, 8, and 15 obtained for 14C-dopamine. The six other analogs showed considerably less uptake and retention. Further evaluation of NP-27 in dogs indicated selective uptake in the adrenal medulla.", "contents": "Concentration of dopamine analogs in the adrenal medulla. Seven labeled sulfonanilide analogs of dipamine were synthesized and their tissue distribution in rats were determined as a function of time. The methanesulfonanilide derivative, NP-27, showed significant uptake and retention in the rat adrenal, with 0.66% dose/gm at 5 min and 0.27% dose/gm at 24 h. The 24-hr target-to-nontarget concentration ratios for the adrenal versus liver, blood, kidney, and heart were 13, 27, 30, and 60, respectively. These results compared reasonably with the corresponding target-to-nontarget ratios of 23, 45, 8, and 15 obtained for 14C-dopamine. The six other analogs showed considerably less uptake and retention. Further evaluation of NP-27 in dogs indicated selective uptake in the adrenal medulla."}
{"id": "PMID:1194967", "title": "Converging collimation and a large-field-of-view scintillation camera.", "content": "Three low-energy multihole converging collimators were evaluated in reference to accepted imaging parameters using a prototype large-field-of-view scintillation camera. A substantial improvement in resolution and/or sensitivity with depth was observed. Because of the large detector, the inherent reduction in field size due to convergence was not detrimental to satisfactory imaging of most target volumes. Such collimation should prove to be of significant clinical value.", "contents": "Converging collimation and a large-field-of-view scintillation camera. Three low-energy multihole converging collimators were evaluated in reference to accepted imaging parameters using a prototype large-field-of-view scintillation camera. A substantial improvement in resolution and/or sensitivity with depth was observed. Because of the large detector, the inherent reduction in field size due to convergence was not detrimental to satisfactory imaging of most target volumes. Such collimation should prove to be of significant clinical value."}
{"id": "PMID:1194968", "title": "Clinical efficacy of a large-field-of-view scintillation camera.", "content": "In evaluating the clinical application of a prototype large-field-of-view scintillation camera, a significant increase in the quality of static and cynamic images was observed. With parallel-hole collimation, imaging time for large areas was reduced by more than 50% and a marked enhancement in resolution and sensitivity of lung images occurred in relation to those obtained with diverging collimation on a conventional camera. Using converging collimation, the prototype camera produced images of brain and other organs with considerably better depth response than comparative studies performed with standard size cameras. These results demonstrate that further clinically relevant improvement in scintillation camera performance is possible.", "contents": "Clinical efficacy of a large-field-of-view scintillation camera. In evaluating the clinical application of a prototype large-field-of-view scintillation camera, a significant increase in the quality of static and cynamic images was observed. With parallel-hole collimation, imaging time for large areas was reduced by more than 50% and a marked enhancement in resolution and sensitivity of lung images occurred in relation to those obtained with diverging collimation on a conventional camera. Using converging collimation, the prototype camera produced images of brain and other organs with considerably better depth response than comparative studies performed with standard size cameras. These results demonstrate that further clinically relevant improvement in scintillation camera performance is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1194969", "title": "Analytical study of a high-resolution positron ring detector system for transaxial reconstruction tomography.", "content": "This paper presents an analytical study of a high-resolution positron ring detector system for transaxial reconstruction tomography. Our goal is a combination of good spatial resolution, high sensitivity, rejection of scattered photons, variable section thickness, and the minimization of the number of photomultipliers and coincidence circuits. A circular ring of 288 NaI(Tl) crystals 0.8 cm wide should provide a resolution of 4--7 mm FWHM over a circular region 30 cm in diameter. Coded light pipes permit readout using only 72 photomultipliers and 12 coincidence circuits. With properly designed shielding and an energy resolution of 30% FWHM, a positron activity of 200 muCi per axial centimeter in a 20-cm-diam cylinder of tissue should provide approximately 7,000 events/sex from a 2-cm-thick transaxial section (including a 5% accidental coincident background and a 26% scattered coincident background). This rate is adequate for both static and dynamic imaging. The device can operate at two to three times higher event rates with increased backgrounds.", "contents": "Analytical study of a high-resolution positron ring detector system for transaxial reconstruction tomography. This paper presents an analytical study of a high-resolution positron ring detector system for transaxial reconstruction tomography. Our goal is a combination of good spatial resolution, high sensitivity, rejection of scattered photons, variable section thickness, and the minimization of the number of photomultipliers and coincidence circuits. A circular ring of 288 NaI(Tl) crystals 0.8 cm wide should provide a resolution of 4--7 mm FWHM over a circular region 30 cm in diameter. Coded light pipes permit readout using only 72 photomultipliers and 12 coincidence circuits. With properly designed shielding and an energy resolution of 30% FWHM, a positron activity of 200 muCi per axial centimeter in a 20-cm-diam cylinder of tissue should provide approximately 7,000 events/sex from a 2-cm-thick transaxial section (including a 5% accidental coincident background and a 26% scattered coincident background). This rate is adequate for both static and dynamic imaging. The device can operate at two to three times higher event rates with increased backgrounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1194970", "title": "Positron ranges obtained from biomedically important positron-emitting radionuclides.", "content": "Positron ranges were obtained experimentally for several nuclides used in scintigraphic imaging. The nuclides examined were 13C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 68Ga, and 82Rb. The results are discussed with respect to the ultimate spatial resolution obrained in a scintigraphic image.", "contents": "Positron ranges obtained from biomedically important positron-emitting radionuclides. Positron ranges were obtained experimentally for several nuclides used in scintigraphic imaging. The nuclides examined were 13C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 68Ga, and 82Rb. The results are discussed with respect to the ultimate spatial resolution obrained in a scintigraphic image."}
{"id": "PMID:1194971", "title": "Iron-induced enhancement of 67Ga uptake in a model human leukocyte culture system.", "content": "The addition of iron, either as Fe dextran or FeCl3, to leukocyte tissue culture medium (containing 20% fetal calf serum) significantly increased the cellular accumulation of subsequently added 67Ga-citrate. This effect of iron was dose-related and decreased, after the initial increase, with increasing concentrations of elemental iron. There was a significant negative correlation (P less than 0.025) between the concentrations of gallium and iron in the medium indicating competition between the two elements for the same serum binding sites. Although it is not yet justified to begin clinical trials, these experiments suggest the possibility that prior administration of iron may increase the usefulness of 67Ga scanning for the diagnosis of neoplasms or abscesses. Further testing of this hypothesis in animals with such lesions would seem indicated.", "contents": "Iron-induced enhancement of 67Ga uptake in a model human leukocyte culture system. The addition of iron, either as Fe dextran or FeCl3, to leukocyte tissue culture medium (containing 20% fetal calf serum) significantly increased the cellular accumulation of subsequently added 67Ga-citrate. This effect of iron was dose-related and decreased, after the initial increase, with increasing concentrations of elemental iron. There was a significant negative correlation (P less than 0.025) between the concentrations of gallium and iron in the medium indicating competition between the two elements for the same serum binding sites. Although it is not yet justified to begin clinical trials, these experiments suggest the possibility that prior administration of iron may increase the usefulness of 67Ga scanning for the diagnosis of neoplasms or abscesses. Further testing of this hypothesis in animals with such lesions would seem indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1194972", "title": "Indium-113m perfusion study and the nonfunctioning thyroid nodule.", "content": "Indium-113m eluate has been used to study the perfusion of 12 patients with solitary thyroid nodules that appeared \"cold\" in the 131I and 99mTc image studies. Seven patients with colloid nodules showed no perfusion and the remaining five (three adenomas and two carcinomas) showed good perfusion with indium. Histologic confirmation was obtained in all cases. Indium-113m perfusion study may be useful in differentiating colloid nodules from either adenomas or carcinomas.", "contents": "Indium-113m perfusion study and the nonfunctioning thyroid nodule. Indium-113m eluate has been used to study the perfusion of 12 patients with solitary thyroid nodules that appeared \"cold\" in the 131I and 99mTc image studies. Seven patients with colloid nodules showed no perfusion and the remaining five (three adenomas and two carcinomas) showed good perfusion with indium. Histologic confirmation was obtained in all cases. Indium-113m perfusion study may be useful in differentiating colloid nodules from either adenomas or carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:1194973", "title": "Modification of a rectilinear scanner to improve 67Ga scans.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive electrical modification of the pulse-height analyzers of the Ohio-Nuclear Model 84FD rectilinear scanner, which allows the use of wide pulse-height intervals, is described. The modified instrument is applied to 67Ga scanning, in which the increase acceptance of gamma rays produces scans of increased count density and improved image quality.", "contents": "Modification of a rectilinear scanner to improve 67Ga scans. A simple and inexpensive electrical modification of the pulse-height analyzers of the Ohio-Nuclear Model 84FD rectilinear scanner, which allows the use of wide pulse-height intervals, is described. The modified instrument is applied to 67Ga scanning, in which the increase acceptance of gamma rays produces scans of increased count density and improved image quality."}
{"id": "PMID:1194974", "title": "Simple and efficient system for fast interchange of low-energy collimators.", "content": "The inconvenience and time required for changing collimators on a scinticamera are major problems in the efficient use of the apparatus. A system is described, based on the lightweight, reversible DIVCON collimator made by Searle Radiographics for the Pho/Gamma camera that solves this problem. The core of a straight-bore, low-energy collimator is adapted to fit the DIVCON outer ring and a low-energy pinhole collimator is constructed to fit the same mounting system. Finally, an adapter using a bayonet-mount slot system is added to make collimator changing by hand possible in a minute or less.", "contents": "Simple and efficient system for fast interchange of low-energy collimators. The inconvenience and time required for changing collimators on a scinticamera are major problems in the efficient use of the apparatus. A system is described, based on the lightweight, reversible DIVCON collimator made by Searle Radiographics for the Pho/Gamma camera that solves this problem. The core of a straight-bore, low-energy collimator is adapted to fit the DIVCON outer ring and a low-energy pinhole collimator is constructed to fit the same mounting system. Finally, an adapter using a bayonet-mount slot system is added to make collimator changing by hand possible in a minute or less."}
{"id": "PMID:1194975", "title": "A calibrated dose dispenser for gaseous 133Xe.", "content": "A device that permits accurate dispensing of individual doses of 133Xe from multicurie ampuls is described. The advantages include economy, flexibility in dose selection, and radiologic safety.", "contents": "A calibrated dose dispenser for gaseous 133Xe. A device that permits accurate dispensing of individual doses of 133Xe from multicurie ampuls is described. The advantages include economy, flexibility in dose selection, and radiologic safety."}
{"id": "PMID:1194976", "title": "Simplified method for determining the modulation transfer function for the scintillation camera.", "content": "The modulation transfer function (MTF) has long been accepted as an index of scintillation camera system resolution, but the technique necessary for the derivation of the MTF has discouraged its widespread acceptance because of its tedious and time-consuming nature. We have shown that the generation of LSFs for input into computer programs for MTF generation can be accomplished very easily and in short periods of time by using a simplified method. Establishment of the validity of this simplified procedure should contribute to more widespread utilization of the MTF in routine quality control programs as a check for crystal deterioration, electronic circuitry degradation, and/or collimator damage.", "contents": "Simplified method for determining the modulation transfer function for the scintillation camera. The modulation transfer function (MTF) has long been accepted as an index of scintillation camera system resolution, but the technique necessary for the derivation of the MTF has discouraged its widespread acceptance because of its tedious and time-consuming nature. We have shown that the generation of LSFs for input into computer programs for MTF generation can be accomplished very easily and in short periods of time by using a simplified method. Establishment of the validity of this simplified procedure should contribute to more widespread utilization of the MTF in routine quality control programs as a check for crystal deterioration, electronic circuitry degradation, and/or collimator damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1194984", "title": "Technetium-99m-human fibrinogen.", "content": "Exogenous fibrinogen has been successfully labeled with 99mTc using a modified electrolytic method. The exact labeling mechanism has not been determined. Experimental data suggest that the labeling process of 99mTc-fibrinogen is quite similar to that of 99mTc-human serum albumin as reported earlier by Benjamin. Technetium-99m-fibrinogen is stable in human plasma or in 1% buffered human serum albumin. A binding efficiency of 76% has been achieved with approximately 25% clottable protein. The entire labeling procedure requires less than 1 hr of preparation time. This short labeling time in a closed system may allow development of a practical method for labeling autologous fibrinogen, thus eliminating the risk of hepatitis transmission.", "contents": "Technetium-99m-human fibrinogen. Exogenous fibrinogen has been successfully labeled with 99mTc using a modified electrolytic method. The exact labeling mechanism has not been determined. Experimental data suggest that the labeling process of 99mTc-fibrinogen is quite similar to that of 99mTc-human serum albumin as reported earlier by Benjamin. Technetium-99m-fibrinogen is stable in human plasma or in 1% buffered human serum albumin. A binding efficiency of 76% has been achieved with approximately 25% clottable protein. The entire labeling procedure requires less than 1 hr of preparation time. This short labeling time in a closed system may allow development of a practical method for labeling autologous fibrinogen, thus eliminating the risk of hepatitis transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:1194985", "title": "Calculation of relative weights for nuclear medicine procedures.", "content": "Relative weights for nuclear medicine procedures have been assigned previously on the basis of subjective estimates of resources expended. Thus, ultimate values frequently have not reflected time and cost of personnel and equipment accurately. Based on computerized data collected on over 8,000 patients, we have attempted to calculate relative weights more objectively by analyzing the following parameters: (A) physician time; (B) technologist time; (C) nurse (or aide) time; (D) equipment time and depreciation; and (E) radiopharmaceutical cost, or cost equivalent. Most major organ scans were found to have quite similar values whereas procedures with low ratings on previous value schedules were found to have high relative values when analyzed objectively.", "contents": "Calculation of relative weights for nuclear medicine procedures. Relative weights for nuclear medicine procedures have been assigned previously on the basis of subjective estimates of resources expended. Thus, ultimate values frequently have not reflected time and cost of personnel and equipment accurately. Based on computerized data collected on over 8,000 patients, we have attempted to calculate relative weights more objectively by analyzing the following parameters: (A) physician time; (B) technologist time; (C) nurse (or aide) time; (D) equipment time and depreciation; and (E) radiopharmaceutical cost, or cost equivalent. Most major organ scans were found to have quite similar values whereas procedures with low ratings on previous value schedules were found to have high relative values when analyzed objectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1194986", "title": "Comparison of 99mTc complexes for renal imaging.", "content": "The distribution of 17 different agents for renal imaging was compared in the rabbit by organ radioassay at 1 hr. Similarly, 99mTc complexes of iron-ascorbate, glucoheptonate (GHA) and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS), and 203Hg-chlormerodrin were compared in the dog. The distribution of 99mTc-GHA and DMS was assessed in the human by blood and urinary clearance, external renal measurements, and scintillation camera imaging, and compared with older renal radiopharmaceuticals. Radiation dose estimates, based chiefly on human data, were calculated. Technetium-99m-DMS reaches a high concentration in the renal cortex and its urinary excretion rate and blood clearance are slow. It is excellent for imaging the renal parenchyma without activity in pelvocalyceal collecting system. However, it readily oxidizes and must be used within 30 min of preparation. The biologic distribution of 99mTc-GHA is similar to gluconate and iron-ascorbate complex. Its renal concentration is not as great as that of DMS but its blood and urinary clearances are much faster, resulting in lower radiation doses to most organs. Early camera images with this agent usually demonstrate both the renal parenchyma and collecting system. In later images, ther is excellent demonstration of the parenchyma alone, superior to that obtained with 99mTc-Sn-DTPA. It is a very stable complex and may be used for at least 5 hr after preparation. All radioactive renal agents examined to date have a significant concentration in the liver, making an accurate quantitative comparison between the two kidneys difficult.", "contents": "Comparison of 99mTc complexes for renal imaging. The distribution of 17 different agents for renal imaging was compared in the rabbit by organ radioassay at 1 hr. Similarly, 99mTc complexes of iron-ascorbate, glucoheptonate (GHA) and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS), and 203Hg-chlormerodrin were compared in the dog. The distribution of 99mTc-GHA and DMS was assessed in the human by blood and urinary clearance, external renal measurements, and scintillation camera imaging, and compared with older renal radiopharmaceuticals. Radiation dose estimates, based chiefly on human data, were calculated. Technetium-99m-DMS reaches a high concentration in the renal cortex and its urinary excretion rate and blood clearance are slow. It is excellent for imaging the renal parenchyma without activity in pelvocalyceal collecting system. However, it readily oxidizes and must be used within 30 min of preparation. The biologic distribution of 99mTc-GHA is similar to gluconate and iron-ascorbate complex. Its renal concentration is not as great as that of DMS but its blood and urinary clearances are much faster, resulting in lower radiation doses to most organs. Early camera images with this agent usually demonstrate both the renal parenchyma and collecting system. In later images, ther is excellent demonstration of the parenchyma alone, superior to that obtained with 99mTc-Sn-DTPA. It is a very stable complex and may be used for at least 5 hr after preparation. All radioactive renal agents examined to date have a significant concentration in the liver, making an accurate quantitative comparison between the two kidneys difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:1194987", "title": "Technique for producing cardiac radionuclide motion images.", "content": "Sequential frames of different portions of the cardiac cycle are gated into a minicomputer by using an EKG signal recorded onto digital tape simultaneously with imaging information. Serial display of these frames on the computer oscilloscope or projection of 35-mm half frames of these images provides a cardiac motion image with information content adequate for qualitatively assessing cardiac motion.", "contents": "Technique for producing cardiac radionuclide motion images. Sequential frames of different portions of the cardiac cycle are gated into a minicomputer by using an EKG signal recorded onto digital tape simultaneously with imaging information. Serial display of these frames on the computer oscilloscope or projection of 35-mm half frames of these images provides a cardiac motion image with information content adequate for qualitatively assessing cardiac motion."}
{"id": "PMID:1194988", "title": "Fibrinogen uptake by thrombi: effect of thrombus age.", "content": "The uptake of radiolabeled fibrinogen in canine thrombi was determined at varying times after thrombus induction by electric current. The greatest thrombus/blood ratio was achieved when fibrinogen was administered 4 hr after thrombus induction but definite thrombus fibrinogen uptake was still observed when the tracer was administered up to 72 hr after thrombus induction. There was continued fibrinogen accumulation despite a decrease in weight of older thrombi suggesting that net thrombus propagation is not necessary for labeled fibrinogen uptake. Our results suggest that the fibrinogen uptake test may be useful for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis for several days after the onset of thrombosis.", "contents": "Fibrinogen uptake by thrombi: effect of thrombus age. The uptake of radiolabeled fibrinogen in canine thrombi was determined at varying times after thrombus induction by electric current. The greatest thrombus/blood ratio was achieved when fibrinogen was administered 4 hr after thrombus induction but definite thrombus fibrinogen uptake was still observed when the tracer was administered up to 72 hr after thrombus induction. There was continued fibrinogen accumulation despite a decrease in weight of older thrombi suggesting that net thrombus propagation is not necessary for labeled fibrinogen uptake. Our results suggest that the fibrinogen uptake test may be useful for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis for several days after the onset of thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1194989", "title": "The effect of contrast lymphangiography on localization of 67Ga-citrate.", "content": "Oily lymphangiographic contrast material introduced prior to total-body 67Ga-citrate scanning may be responsible for accumulation of the radionuclide within the lungs. The possibility of false-positive examinations suggests caution in the interpretation of the scan which evidences this finding. When possible, gallium scintiscans should be scheduled prior to contrast lymphangiography.", "contents": "The effect of contrast lymphangiography on localization of 67Ga-citrate. Oily lymphangiographic contrast material introduced prior to total-body 67Ga-citrate scanning may be responsible for accumulation of the radionuclide within the lungs. The possibility of false-positive examinations suggests caution in the interpretation of the scan which evidences this finding. When possible, gallium scintiscans should be scheduled prior to contrast lymphangiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1194990", "title": "Uptake of a colloid in rat liver following intravenous intrasplenic and intramesenteric injection.", "content": "Intramesenteric and intrasplenic injections of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in the rat resulted in significant differences between the mean uptakes in only some of the liver lobes. More important were the wider interlobular variations seen in the intrasplenic and intramesenteric routes of injection compared with the intravenous route. It is suggested that these differences result from laminar blood flow in the portal vein. In the light of our findings, previous evidence must be considered inconclusive. Laminar flow appears to vary between individual animals and may also vary from time to time in the same animal. Caution is therefore advised when other than systemic routes of injection are used.", "contents": "Uptake of a colloid in rat liver following intravenous intrasplenic and intramesenteric injection. Intramesenteric and intrasplenic injections of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in the rat resulted in significant differences between the mean uptakes in only some of the liver lobes. More important were the wider interlobular variations seen in the intrasplenic and intramesenteric routes of injection compared with the intravenous route. It is suggested that these differences result from laminar blood flow in the portal vein. In the light of our findings, previous evidence must be considered inconclusive. Laminar flow appears to vary between individual animals and may also vary from time to time in the same animal. Caution is therefore advised when other than systemic routes of injection are used."}
{"id": "PMID:1194991", "title": "In vivo assessment of liver size in the rat.", "content": "In vivo assessment of liver mass in the rat was achieved using several parameters obtained by scintigraphy, including one computed using a Nuclear Data 50:50 analysis system. All correlated well with the directly measured liver weight. The simplest parameter, the area of the anterior view measured from the Polaroid scintigraph, was therefore the one preferred. The results so obtained were compared with those derived from the relationship between liver and body weights. It is suggested that this accurate in vivo measurement of liver mass is of value in the study of the pathophysiology of this organ.", "contents": "In vivo assessment of liver size in the rat. In vivo assessment of liver mass in the rat was achieved using several parameters obtained by scintigraphy, including one computed using a Nuclear Data 50:50 analysis system. All correlated well with the directly measured liver weight. The simplest parameter, the area of the anterior view measured from the Polaroid scintigraph, was therefore the one preferred. The results so obtained were compared with those derived from the relationship between liver and body weights. It is suggested that this accurate in vivo measurement of liver mass is of value in the study of the pathophysiology of this organ."}
{"id": "PMID:1194992", "title": "NUMEDICS: a system for on-line data processing in nuclear medicine.", "content": "A multiterminal system --NUMEDICS--has been developed to study the problems of on-line acquisition, processing, and display of scintigraphic data. The hardware-software configuration of NUMEDICS permits simultaneous and independent operation of terminals in the Division of Nuclear Medicine, the Physics Research Laboratory, and the Cyclotron Laboratory of the Massachusetts General Hospital. This paper describes the hardware and software developments in NUMEDICS which have been proven to be of value in clinical and research applications. These features are illustrated by applications to the evaluation of left ventricular performance, three-dimensional imaging, and functional imaging of rCBF.", "contents": "NUMEDICS: a system for on-line data processing in nuclear medicine. A multiterminal system --NUMEDICS--has been developed to study the problems of on-line acquisition, processing, and display of scintigraphic data. The hardware-software configuration of NUMEDICS permits simultaneous and independent operation of terminals in the Division of Nuclear Medicine, the Physics Research Laboratory, and the Cyclotron Laboratory of the Massachusetts General Hospital. This paper describes the hardware and software developments in NUMEDICS which have been proven to be of value in clinical and research applications. These features are illustrated by applications to the evaluation of left ventricular performance, three-dimensional imaging, and functional imaging of rCBF."}
{"id": "PMID:1194993", "title": "Autologous radioiodinated fibrinogen, simplified.", "content": "A method for the rapid preparation of radioiodinated autologous fibrinogen has been improved. Plasma is separated from cells by a single centrifugation. Fibrinogen is isolated in two salting-out steps at a 1:4 dilution of plasma and 22.5% saturated ammonium sulfate. Iodination is accomplished with chloramine T at a chloramine T-to-fibrinogen molar ratio of 12:1. Free iodide is removed by a single dilution and salting-out step at 29% saturated ammonium sulfate. Preparation time is about 1 hr; clottable radioactivity is 90-95%. Denaturation due to storage is undetectable at 6 weeks. Advantages of this procedure are (A) a short preparation time and (B) a purified autologous radioiodinated fibrinogen preparation.", "contents": "Autologous radioiodinated fibrinogen, simplified. A method for the rapid preparation of radioiodinated autologous fibrinogen has been improved. Plasma is separated from cells by a single centrifugation. Fibrinogen is isolated in two salting-out steps at a 1:4 dilution of plasma and 22.5% saturated ammonium sulfate. Iodination is accomplished with chloramine T at a chloramine T-to-fibrinogen molar ratio of 12:1. Free iodide is removed by a single dilution and salting-out step at 29% saturated ammonium sulfate. Preparation time is about 1 hr; clottable radioactivity is 90-95%. Denaturation due to storage is undetectable at 6 weeks. Advantages of this procedure are (A) a short preparation time and (B) a purified autologous radioiodinated fibrinogen preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:1194994", "title": "Digital tomographic imaging with time-modulated pseudorandom coded aperture and Anger camera.", "content": "The properties of a time-modulated pseudorandom coded aperture with digital reconstruction are compared with those of conventional collimators used in gamma-ray imaging. The theory of this coded aperture is given and the signal-to-noise ratio in an element of the reconstructed image is shown to depend on the entire source distribution. Experimental results with a preliminary 4 X 4-cm pseudorandom coded aperture and an Anger camera are presented. These results include phantom and human thyroid images and tomographic images of a rat bone scan. The experimental realization of the theoretical advantages of the time-modulated coded aperture gives reason for continuing the clinical implementation and further development of the method.", "contents": "Digital tomographic imaging with time-modulated pseudorandom coded aperture and Anger camera. The properties of a time-modulated pseudorandom coded aperture with digital reconstruction are compared with those of conventional collimators used in gamma-ray imaging. The theory of this coded aperture is given and the signal-to-noise ratio in an element of the reconstructed image is shown to depend on the entire source distribution. Experimental results with a preliminary 4 X 4-cm pseudorandom coded aperture and an Anger camera are presented. These results include phantom and human thyroid images and tomographic images of a rat bone scan. The experimental realization of the theoretical advantages of the time-modulated coded aperture gives reason for continuing the clinical implementation and further development of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:1194995", "title": "A general method for labeling proteins with 11C.", "content": "A method for labeling proteins with 11C has been developed. The method consists of adding 11C-formaldehyde (derived from 11CO2 by catalytic oxidation of 11C-methanol) to a buffered protein solution, followed by reduction of the resulting formaldehyde-protein adduct with aliquots of sodium borohydride. Separation of the desired product is achieved simply and efficiently using high-speed liquid chromatography or, in the case of fibrinogen, by ammonium sulfate precipitation. This mild technique leads to high yields of labeled protein and is adaptable to the labeling of proteins and peptides or other molecules which contain a free amino group and which are stable at pH 8.", "contents": "A general method for labeling proteins with 11C. A method for labeling proteins with 11C has been developed. The method consists of adding 11C-formaldehyde (derived from 11CO2 by catalytic oxidation of 11C-methanol) to a buffered protein solution, followed by reduction of the resulting formaldehyde-protein adduct with aliquots of sodium borohydride. Separation of the desired product is achieved simply and efficiently using high-speed liquid chromatography or, in the case of fibrinogen, by ammonium sulfate precipitation. This mild technique leads to high yields of labeled protein and is adaptable to the labeling of proteins and peptides or other molecules which contain a free amino group and which are stable at pH 8."}
{"id": "PMID:1194996", "title": "A comparison of 82Rb+ and 13NH3 for myocardial positron scintigraphy.", "content": "Rubidium-82 (75-sec half-life) is eluted from a 82Sr (25-day half-life) generator and infused into phantom and dog to show that it gives images of myocardial accumulation comparable to 13N-ammonia with the positron camera.", "contents": "A comparison of 82Rb+ and 13NH3 for myocardial positron scintigraphy. Rubidium-82 (75-sec half-life) is eluted from a 82Sr (25-day half-life) generator and infused into phantom and dog to show that it gives images of myocardial accumulation comparable to 13N-ammonia with the positron camera."}
{"id": "PMID:1194997", "title": "An unusual cause of \"doughnut\" sign in brain scanning.", "content": "The \"doughnut\" sign in brain scanning was originally described in association with certain mass lesions having central necrotic, cystic, or avascular areas. A case in which this pattern occurred as a result of a superficial lesion, a large cephalhematoma, is presented.", "contents": "An unusual cause of \"doughnut\" sign in brain scanning. The \"doughnut\" sign in brain scanning was originally described in association with certain mass lesions having central necrotic, cystic, or avascular areas. A case in which this pattern occurred as a result of a superficial lesion, a large cephalhematoma, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1194998", "title": "Production of cerebrospinal fluid leak artifact by residual 99mTc-pertechnetate.", "content": "Residual oropharyngeal 99mTc activity was detected on an 111In-DTPA cisternogram creating the appearance of a CSF leak. This can be prevented by employing a spectrometer setting that encompasses only the higher principal photopeak of 111In.", "contents": "Production of cerebrospinal fluid leak artifact by residual 99mTc-pertechnetate. Residual oropharyngeal 99mTc activity was detected on an 111In-DTPA cisternogram creating the appearance of a CSF leak. This can be prevented by employing a spectrometer setting that encompasses only the higher principal photopeak of 111In."}
{"id": "PMID:1195004", "title": "Effects of pyridoxine deficiency on the composition of plasma and liver fatty acids in rats fed low and high fat diets.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of pyridoxine deficiency on the fatty acids of liver and plasma in rats fed diets containing 1, 10, or 20% fat. Both ad libitum-fed and pair-fed control rats were used. In pyridoxine deficiency, arachidonic acid decreased with a concomitant increase in linoleic acid. Incubation of liver slices with [1-14C]acetate showed no significant alteration of fatty acid synthesis in pyridoxine-deficient rats fed 1 or 10% fat when compared with the ad libitum-fed control rats, but revealed a marked increase in cholesterogenesis compared with either control group. Incubations with [1-14C]linoleate resulted in no differences in the synthesis of arachidonate between the experimental and the ad libitum-fed control rats. Incubations with [5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3H]arachidonate showed decreased incorporation of this fatty acid in total liver lipids in pyridoxine-deficient rats compared with ad libitum fed control rats. We concluded that the diminution in arachidonate observed in liver lipids of pyridoxine-deficient rats does not result from a lower conversion of linoleate into arachidonate, but possibly from an increased degradation of this fatty acid.", "contents": "Effects of pyridoxine deficiency on the composition of plasma and liver fatty acids in rats fed low and high fat diets. A study was made of the effect of pyridoxine deficiency on the fatty acids of liver and plasma in rats fed diets containing 1, 10, or 20% fat. Both ad libitum-fed and pair-fed control rats were used. In pyridoxine deficiency, arachidonic acid decreased with a concomitant increase in linoleic acid. Incubation of liver slices with [1-14C]acetate showed no significant alteration of fatty acid synthesis in pyridoxine-deficient rats fed 1 or 10% fat when compared with the ad libitum-fed control rats, but revealed a marked increase in cholesterogenesis compared with either control group. Incubations with [1-14C]linoleate resulted in no differences in the synthesis of arachidonate between the experimental and the ad libitum-fed control rats. Incubations with [5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3H]arachidonate showed decreased incorporation of this fatty acid in total liver lipids in pyridoxine-deficient rats compared with ad libitum fed control rats. We concluded that the diminution in arachidonate observed in liver lipids of pyridoxine-deficient rats does not result from a lower conversion of linoleate into arachidonate, but possibly from an increased degradation of this fatty acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1195005", "title": "Ammonia intoxication: a hazard during rehabilitation of protein-deprived rats.", "content": "The ammonia tolerance of weanling rats raised for 3 to 6 weeks on a protein-deficient diet was compared with that of a group of age-matched control animals raised from weaning on an optimal protein diet. The groups were challenged with a nitrogen load of either ammonium chloride or amino acids. The results of the loading studies indicate that severe protein deprivation increases vulnerability to ammonia poisoning. These observations suggest that ammonia-induced coma may pose a significant hazard during the initial intravenous rehabilitation of malnourished subjects, if replenishment is undertaken too vigorously.", "contents": "Ammonia intoxication: a hazard during rehabilitation of protein-deprived rats. The ammonia tolerance of weanling rats raised for 3 to 6 weeks on a protein-deficient diet was compared with that of a group of age-matched control animals raised from weaning on an optimal protein diet. The groups were challenged with a nitrogen load of either ammonium chloride or amino acids. The results of the loading studies indicate that severe protein deprivation increases vulnerability to ammonia poisoning. These observations suggest that ammonia-induced coma may pose a significant hazard during the initial intravenous rehabilitation of malnourished subjects, if replenishment is undertaken too vigorously."}
{"id": "PMID:1195006", "title": "Effects of amino acid imbalance and protein content of diets on food intake and preference of young, adult, and diabetic rats.", "content": "Effects of histidine or methionine imbalance and dietary levels (3-50%) of casein on food intake and preference of young, adult, and diabetic (2.5 month old) rats were examined. Depressions in food intake and growth caused by ingestion of the imbalanced diet were greatest in young rats and least or absent in diabetic rats. Alloxan diabetes induced hyperphagia and elevated concentrations of plasma branched-chain amino acids and decreased concentrations of tryptophan and tyrosine. The diabetic rats fed the imbalanced diet for 9 days had a higher concentration of the limiting amino acid in the plasma than the adult normal rats fed the same diet. The diabetic rats preferred the imbalanced diet over a protein-free diet when they were fed these diets concurrently. Ingestion of the imbalanced diet by normal rats caused greater changes in plasma and brain amino acid patterns than did the protein-free diet. Unlike the diabetic rats, the normal rats, especially the young rats, strongly preferred the protein-free diet over the imbalanced diet. The normal rats also preferred a 10% casein diet supplemented with L-methionine over a low or high casein diet. It seemed that young rats were able to select a protein diet that supported maximal growth when proportions of dietary amino acids were balanced. It also seemed that the susceptibility of the rats to amino acid imbalance varied directly with the status of overall protein synthesis of the animals.", "contents": "Effects of amino acid imbalance and protein content of diets on food intake and preference of young, adult, and diabetic rats. Effects of histidine or methionine imbalance and dietary levels (3-50%) of casein on food intake and preference of young, adult, and diabetic (2.5 month old) rats were examined. Depressions in food intake and growth caused by ingestion of the imbalanced diet were greatest in young rats and least or absent in diabetic rats. Alloxan diabetes induced hyperphagia and elevated concentrations of plasma branched-chain amino acids and decreased concentrations of tryptophan and tyrosine. The diabetic rats fed the imbalanced diet for 9 days had a higher concentration of the limiting amino acid in the plasma than the adult normal rats fed the same diet. The diabetic rats preferred the imbalanced diet over a protein-free diet when they were fed these diets concurrently. Ingestion of the imbalanced diet by normal rats caused greater changes in plasma and brain amino acid patterns than did the protein-free diet. Unlike the diabetic rats, the normal rats, especially the young rats, strongly preferred the protein-free diet over the imbalanced diet. The normal rats also preferred a 10% casein diet supplemented with L-methionine over a low or high casein diet. It seemed that young rats were able to select a protein diet that supported maximal growth when proportions of dietary amino acids were balanced. It also seemed that the susceptibility of the rats to amino acid imbalance varied directly with the status of overall protein synthesis of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1195007", "title": "Food intake regulation in the weanling rat: effects of the most limiting essential amino acids of gluten, casein, and zein on the self-selection of protein and energy.", "content": "The effects of altering the quality of the dietary protein source on the self-selection of protein and energy by the weanling rat simultaneously offered a choice of two diets differing only in protein concentration were tested. The protein-energy selected was measured when the first limiting amino acid lysine was added to gluten; when lysine, methionine, or the first four limiting amino acids were added to gluten or to casein; or when the nutritional quality of zein was altered by manipulation of the content of tryptophan, lysine, or the four most limiting amino acids. The additions of lysine to gluten caused a decrease in the protein-energy selected and an increase in growth rate of the weanling rat. However, improving the amino acid balance of casein or zein did not have this effect. It was concluded that the selection of protein and energy by weanling rats is not related to the nutritional quality of the protein fed.", "contents": "Food intake regulation in the weanling rat: effects of the most limiting essential amino acids of gluten, casein, and zein on the self-selection of protein and energy. The effects of altering the quality of the dietary protein source on the self-selection of protein and energy by the weanling rat simultaneously offered a choice of two diets differing only in protein concentration were tested. The protein-energy selected was measured when the first limiting amino acid lysine was added to gluten; when lysine, methionine, or the first four limiting amino acids were added to gluten or to casein; or when the nutritional quality of zein was altered by manipulation of the content of tryptophan, lysine, or the four most limiting amino acids. The additions of lysine to gluten caused a decrease in the protein-energy selected and an increase in growth rate of the weanling rat. However, improving the amino acid balance of casein or zein did not have this effect. It was concluded that the selection of protein and energy by weanling rats is not related to the nutritional quality of the protein fed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195008", "title": "Correlation between the plasma tryptophan to neutral amino acid ratio and protein intake in the self-selecting weanling rat.", "content": "The relationship between changes in blood plasma amino acids and the quantity of protein and energy self-selected by the weanling rat, simultaneously offered two diets varying only in protein concentration, was examined. The changes in the quantity of protein and energy consumed by the rats, which were brought about by the addition of the essential limiting amino acids and groups of essential amino acids to gluten, casein, and zein, were not linearly related to alterations in the total plasma amino acid concentrations or to the accumulation of the added amino acids in the blood plasma. However a consistent relationship between food intake and plasma acids was identified when the plasma tryptophan to neutral amino acid ratio was correlated with the protein intake selected. It is postulated that the ratio of tryptophan to neutral amino acids in the plasma is involved in, or reflects, a mechanism regulating protein intake.", "contents": "Correlation between the plasma tryptophan to neutral amino acid ratio and protein intake in the self-selecting weanling rat. The relationship between changes in blood plasma amino acids and the quantity of protein and energy self-selected by the weanling rat, simultaneously offered two diets varying only in protein concentration, was examined. The changes in the quantity of protein and energy consumed by the rats, which were brought about by the addition of the essential limiting amino acids and groups of essential amino acids to gluten, casein, and zein, were not linearly related to alterations in the total plasma amino acid concentrations or to the accumulation of the added amino acids in the blood plasma. However a consistent relationship between food intake and plasma acids was identified when the plasma tryptophan to neutral amino acid ratio was correlated with the protein intake selected. It is postulated that the ratio of tryptophan to neutral amino acids in the plasma is involved in, or reflects, a mechanism regulating protein intake."}
{"id": "PMID:1195009", "title": "Effects of high carbohydrate, high fat, or high protein diets on glucose oxidation by isolated intestinal epithelial cells of the chick.", "content": "A parallel study of 3-O-methyl glucose transport by everted intestinal sacs and [U-14C]glucose oxidation by isolated, dispersed intestinal cells was done in chicks (1) adapted to a high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF), or high protein (HP) diet for 2 weeks or (2) fasted up to 5 days. HF and HP diets significantly decreased both serosal : mucosal (S : M) distribution ratios of 3-O-methyl glucose by everted sacs and glucose oxidation by dispersed cells. The effects were more pronounced in HF diet-fed chicks. Fasting signficiantly increased the S : M ratio throughout a 5-day fasting period, whereas glucose oxidation was increased after a 1-day fast and was decreased after a 5-day fast. Feeding HC diet for 1 week to chicks adapted to HF diet restored both functions to control levels. Refeeding fasted chicks for 3 days also restored S : M ratio to control levels. Histological examination of tissues from various treatment groups revealed no obvious morphological differences. The results suggest that the functional changes described represent adaptive changes at the cellular level and that these changes are readily reversible.", "contents": "Effects of high carbohydrate, high fat, or high protein diets on glucose oxidation by isolated intestinal epithelial cells of the chick. A parallel study of 3-O-methyl glucose transport by everted intestinal sacs and [U-14C]glucose oxidation by isolated, dispersed intestinal cells was done in chicks (1) adapted to a high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF), or high protein (HP) diet for 2 weeks or (2) fasted up to 5 days. HF and HP diets significantly decreased both serosal : mucosal (S : M) distribution ratios of 3-O-methyl glucose by everted sacs and glucose oxidation by dispersed cells. The effects were more pronounced in HF diet-fed chicks. Fasting signficiantly increased the S : M ratio throughout a 5-day fasting period, whereas glucose oxidation was increased after a 1-day fast and was decreased after a 5-day fast. Feeding HC diet for 1 week to chicks adapted to HF diet restored both functions to control levels. Refeeding fasted chicks for 3 days also restored S : M ratio to control levels. Histological examination of tissues from various treatment groups revealed no obvious morphological differences. The results suggest that the functional changes described represent adaptive changes at the cellular level and that these changes are readily reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:1195010", "title": "Relative importance of the two major pathways for the conversion of cysteine to glucose in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "The effects of dietary treatments and substrate availability on the rate of gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine has been investigated in the perfused rat liver. At an optimal concentration (10 mM) of [U-14C]cysteine, after 40 minutes, 3.9% of the label appeared in glucose. This corresponded to 90% of the net glucose coming from cysteine. Cysteine was then shown to be converted to glucose at a physiological concentration of substrate (0.1 mM) as well as at the optimal concentration. After 40 minutes of perfusion with 0.1 mM [U-14C]cysteine as the substrate, livers of 72-hour starved rats incorporated 1.7% of the label into glucose, and livers of rats perfused without prior starvation incorporated 0.53% of the label into glucose. This suggested that cysteine was glucogenic at optimal and physiological concentrations of cysteine in both fed and starved rats. To determine which, if either, of the two suggested pathways for the conversion of cysteine to glucose was quantitatively more important, livers were perfused with [U-14C]cysteine alone or with [U-14C]cysteine plus cysteine sulfinic acid. The addition of cysteine sulfinate (10 mM) reduced the incorporation of 14C from cysteine into glucose from 3.9 to 2.7%. This suggested that one-third of the cysteine to glucose proceeded via the cysteine sulfinate-dependent pathway.", "contents": "Relative importance of the two major pathways for the conversion of cysteine to glucose in the perfused rat liver. The effects of dietary treatments and substrate availability on the rate of gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine has been investigated in the perfused rat liver. At an optimal concentration (10 mM) of [U-14C]cysteine, after 40 minutes, 3.9% of the label appeared in glucose. This corresponded to 90% of the net glucose coming from cysteine. Cysteine was then shown to be converted to glucose at a physiological concentration of substrate (0.1 mM) as well as at the optimal concentration. After 40 minutes of perfusion with 0.1 mM [U-14C]cysteine as the substrate, livers of 72-hour starved rats incorporated 1.7% of the label into glucose, and livers of rats perfused without prior starvation incorporated 0.53% of the label into glucose. This suggested that cysteine was glucogenic at optimal and physiological concentrations of cysteine in both fed and starved rats. To determine which, if either, of the two suggested pathways for the conversion of cysteine to glucose was quantitatively more important, livers were perfused with [U-14C]cysteine alone or with [U-14C]cysteine plus cysteine sulfinic acid. The addition of cysteine sulfinate (10 mM) reduced the incorporation of 14C from cysteine into glucose from 3.9 to 2.7%. This suggested that one-third of the cysteine to glucose proceeded via the cysteine sulfinate-dependent pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:1195011", "title": "Zinc deficiency during the latter third of pregnancy: effects on fetal rat brain, liver, and placenta.", "content": "The effects of zinc deficiency during the last third of gestation on the growth and development of the fetal rat at term were investigated. Zinc deficiency resulted in anorexia and weight loss of the pregnant dams. Fetuses from such dams displayed intrauterine growth retardation when compared with fetuses from pair-fed or ad libitum-fed controls given adequate zinc. Although the brains of the zinc-deficient fetuses were smaller than those of the controls, the brain was relatively spared while the liver was severely affected. The total cell number was reduced and there was an apparent increase in cell size in the brains of zinc-deficient fetuses in comparison with the brains of the controls. The growth failure of the zinc-deficient liver resulted in a smaller complement of total DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid, and there was less incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA in the liver. The placenta appeared to be only marginally affected by the zinc deficiency.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency during the latter third of pregnancy: effects on fetal rat brain, liver, and placenta. The effects of zinc deficiency during the last third of gestation on the growth and development of the fetal rat at term were investigated. Zinc deficiency resulted in anorexia and weight loss of the pregnant dams. Fetuses from such dams displayed intrauterine growth retardation when compared with fetuses from pair-fed or ad libitum-fed controls given adequate zinc. Although the brains of the zinc-deficient fetuses were smaller than those of the controls, the brain was relatively spared while the liver was severely affected. The total cell number was reduced and there was an apparent increase in cell size in the brains of zinc-deficient fetuses in comparison with the brains of the controls. The growth failure of the zinc-deficient liver resulted in a smaller complement of total DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid, and there was less incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA in the liver. The placenta appeared to be only marginally affected by the zinc deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1195012", "title": "Effects of zinc deficiency on the oxidation of retinol and ethanol in rats.", "content": "The zinc metalloenzyme alcohol dehydrogenase was assayed in subcellular fractions of liver and retina from zinc-deficient and control rats using retinol and ethanol as substrates. When the zinc concentrations of these tissues were reduced because of feeding inadequate dietary zinc, alcohol dehydrogenase was significantly lowered, and the retinol-retinal as well as the ethanol-ethyladehyde conversion was significantly reduced. While in older rats no changes occurred in liver zinc and alcohol dehydrogenase, the retina was more sensitive to the lack of dietary zinc than the liver. Young rats nursed by zinc-deficient dams showed the most severe changes in both tissues. The data suggest that zinc deficiency affects the utilization of vitamin A as well as the catabolism of ethanol.", "contents": "Effects of zinc deficiency on the oxidation of retinol and ethanol in rats. The zinc metalloenzyme alcohol dehydrogenase was assayed in subcellular fractions of liver and retina from zinc-deficient and control rats using retinol and ethanol as substrates. When the zinc concentrations of these tissues were reduced because of feeding inadequate dietary zinc, alcohol dehydrogenase was significantly lowered, and the retinol-retinal as well as the ethanol-ethyladehyde conversion was significantly reduced. While in older rats no changes occurred in liver zinc and alcohol dehydrogenase, the retina was more sensitive to the lack of dietary zinc than the liver. Young rats nursed by zinc-deficient dams showed the most severe changes in both tissues. The data suggest that zinc deficiency affects the utilization of vitamin A as well as the catabolism of ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:1195013", "title": "Protection against zinc deficiency by prior excess dietary zinc in young Japanese quail.", "content": "Three experiments were designed to determine whether an excess of zinc during the first week of life would afford any protection to young Japanese quail during a subsequent period of zinc deprivation. Day-old birds of both sexes were fed an adequate purified diet containing soybean protein with requirement (25-30 mg/kg of diet) or higher levels of zinc for 1 week. The zinc level was reduced during the second week to the deficient level of 1mg/kg of diet, except for the controls which continued to receive an adequate or higher level of zinc (25, 30 or 75 mg/kg of diet). With this low zinc intake, birds that received an initial level of zinc in excess of requirement grew significantly better (body weight and length of primary wing feathers) than those that initially received the required amount of zinc. Data on zinc content of liver, breast muscle, tibia and whole body retention suggest that bone may store zinc consumed in excess of requirement and that this zinc may be available for utilization during a subsequent period of zinc deprivation in a growing animal that has rapidly remodeling bones.", "contents": "Protection against zinc deficiency by prior excess dietary zinc in young Japanese quail. Three experiments were designed to determine whether an excess of zinc during the first week of life would afford any protection to young Japanese quail during a subsequent period of zinc deprivation. Day-old birds of both sexes were fed an adequate purified diet containing soybean protein with requirement (25-30 mg/kg of diet) or higher levels of zinc for 1 week. The zinc level was reduced during the second week to the deficient level of 1mg/kg of diet, except for the controls which continued to receive an adequate or higher level of zinc (25, 30 or 75 mg/kg of diet). With this low zinc intake, birds that received an initial level of zinc in excess of requirement grew significantly better (body weight and length of primary wing feathers) than those that initially received the required amount of zinc. Data on zinc content of liver, breast muscle, tibia and whole body retention suggest that bone may store zinc consumed in excess of requirement and that this zinc may be available for utilization during a subsequent period of zinc deprivation in a growing animal that has rapidly remodeling bones."}
{"id": "PMID:1195014", "title": "Metabolism and biological activity of cis- and trans-phylloquinone in the rat.", "content": "The separation of sufficient cis and trans forms of vitamin K for feeding and metabolic studies was accomplished on silica gel columns eluted with solvent containing n-butyl ether. The lack of biological activity of the cis isomer of phylloquinone was observed. The cis isomer was retained longer in liver, particularly in mitochondria, but had low retention in that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum isolated as the rough membrane fraction. The cis isomer of phylloquinone was a poor substrate for 2,3-epoxidation in vivo and in vitro. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that epoxidation of vitamin K is coupled to the biological activity of the vitamin, and that microsomes are the site of metabolism and function of vitamin K.", "contents": "Metabolism and biological activity of cis- and trans-phylloquinone in the rat. The separation of sufficient cis and trans forms of vitamin K for feeding and metabolic studies was accomplished on silica gel columns eluted with solvent containing n-butyl ether. The lack of biological activity of the cis isomer of phylloquinone was observed. The cis isomer was retained longer in liver, particularly in mitochondria, but had low retention in that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum isolated as the rough membrane fraction. The cis isomer of phylloquinone was a poor substrate for 2,3-epoxidation in vivo and in vitro. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that epoxidation of vitamin K is coupled to the biological activity of the vitamin, and that microsomes are the site of metabolism and function of vitamin K."}
{"id": "PMID:1195015", "title": "Energy wastage in rats given drugs that induce microsomal enzymes.", "content": "Metabolic efficiency was studied in rats given drugs known to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes. The presence of an increased metabolic rate was indicated by increases in oxygen consumption under various experimental conditions and by changes in body weight. The latter was not accounted for by increased losses of energy in excreta. The results support the hypothesis that hepatic microsomal enzyme induction can significantly alter the body's metabolic efficiency.", "contents": "Energy wastage in rats given drugs that induce microsomal enzymes. Metabolic efficiency was studied in rats given drugs known to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes. The presence of an increased metabolic rate was indicated by increases in oxygen consumption under various experimental conditions and by changes in body weight. The latter was not accounted for by increased losses of energy in excreta. The results support the hypothesis that hepatic microsomal enzyme induction can significantly alter the body's metabolic efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1195016", "title": "Effects of some nutritional deficiencies on parturition in rats.", "content": "Relation of food consumption to stress at parturition in rats was investigated in three experiments. (1) Females receiving a low thiamin intake during gestation were compared with those receiving a low zinc intake and those receiving either a restricted or ad libitum food intake with adequate zinc. Litter size was reduced in the low thiamin group. Malformed offspring were noted in the other three groups. Little stress at parturition was evident in any of the groups. Serum progesterone concentrations on day 18 were elevated in all three experimental groups relative to ad libitum controls. Urinary hydroxyproline in females with low zinc intakes did not differ from that in ad libitum controls. (2) A 5% protein diet increased food intake only slightly in females with low zinc intake and resulted in death at the end of gestation. (3) Force feeding of pregnant females was unsuccessful, but results with females given the low zinc diet or restricted amounts of the diet plus zinc supported results obtained in the other two experiments. The possibility that stress at parturition was related to the ability of the females to make normal hemodynamic adjustments to pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of some nutritional deficiencies on parturition in rats. Relation of food consumption to stress at parturition in rats was investigated in three experiments. (1) Females receiving a low thiamin intake during gestation were compared with those receiving a low zinc intake and those receiving either a restricted or ad libitum food intake with adequate zinc. Litter size was reduced in the low thiamin group. Malformed offspring were noted in the other three groups. Little stress at parturition was evident in any of the groups. Serum progesterone concentrations on day 18 were elevated in all three experimental groups relative to ad libitum controls. Urinary hydroxyproline in females with low zinc intakes did not differ from that in ad libitum controls. (2) A 5% protein diet increased food intake only slightly in females with low zinc intake and resulted in death at the end of gestation. (3) Force feeding of pregnant females was unsuccessful, but results with females given the low zinc diet or restricted amounts of the diet plus zinc supported results obtained in the other two experiments. The possibility that stress at parturition was related to the ability of the females to make normal hemodynamic adjustments to pregnancy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195017", "title": "Calcium kinetics in the Solanum malacoxylon-treated rat.", "content": "The chronic ingestion of the leaves of the plant Solanum malacoxylon (SM) causes an endemic disease in the cattle of some areas of Buenos Aires province. The animals affected manifest loss of appetite and weight, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and ectopic calcifications. In order to study the mechanism of the hypercalcemia provoked by the administration of SM, a calcium kinetic study was performed in control and treated adult intact rats. The animals receiving SM showed higher levels of serum calcium throughout the study. The body excretion of 47Ca and the size of the most rapidly exchangeable calcium pool were also elevated. On the other hand, the bone accretion rate and the urinary excretion of total hydroxyproline were significantly diminished. The results indicate that during the early phase of SM administration in intact rats, bone turnover rate is depressed.", "contents": "Calcium kinetics in the Solanum malacoxylon-treated rat. The chronic ingestion of the leaves of the plant Solanum malacoxylon (SM) causes an endemic disease in the cattle of some areas of Buenos Aires province. The animals affected manifest loss of appetite and weight, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and ectopic calcifications. In order to study the mechanism of the hypercalcemia provoked by the administration of SM, a calcium kinetic study was performed in control and treated adult intact rats. The animals receiving SM showed higher levels of serum calcium throughout the study. The body excretion of 47Ca and the size of the most rapidly exchangeable calcium pool were also elevated. On the other hand, the bone accretion rate and the urinary excretion of total hydroxyproline were significantly diminished. The results indicate that during the early phase of SM administration in intact rats, bone turnover rate is depressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195018", "title": "Cardiac structure and function in vitamin B-12-deprived rats.", "content": "The effect of prolonged vitamin B-12 deprivation in rats on the histological structure of heart and on cardiac linoleic acid oxidation has been investigated. Offspring from pregnant females fed vitamin B-12-deficient diets were fed the deprivation diet for up to 16 months, and the development of B-12 deficiency was monitored by determination of urinary methylmalonic acid levels. These levels averaged 4.2 mg/day by 9 months of B-12-deprivation diet, and 142 mg/day after 16 months. The hearts of these animals were characterized by extensive fibrosis, and electron microscopy revealed cardiac mitochondria that were grossly enlarged and distorted. The metabolic defect of B-12 deprivation in heart muscle was determined in isolated hearts during recirculating perfusion of labeled propionic acid. Both the uptake and oxidation of propionic acid were markedly reduced in hearts from B-12-deprived rats (16 months) compared with controls, and the site of the metabolic block, i.e., accumulation of labeled methylmalonate, was established. Vitamin B-12 deprivation did not affect the extraction of recirculating labeled linoleic acid by perfused hearts, in contrast to the effect on propionic extraction. Furthermore, the oxidation of the extracted fatty acid was markedly increased over controls. Analysis of the circulating media after 45-minute perfusions showed no accumulation of labeled methylmalonate but did contain significantly less succinate than perfusion media from control hearts. The results are discussed with respect to cardiac structure and to the oxidative pathway(s) for polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Cardiac structure and function in vitamin B-12-deprived rats. The effect of prolonged vitamin B-12 deprivation in rats on the histological structure of heart and on cardiac linoleic acid oxidation has been investigated. Offspring from pregnant females fed vitamin B-12-deficient diets were fed the deprivation diet for up to 16 months, and the development of B-12 deficiency was monitored by determination of urinary methylmalonic acid levels. These levels averaged 4.2 mg/day by 9 months of B-12-deprivation diet, and 142 mg/day after 16 months. The hearts of these animals were characterized by extensive fibrosis, and electron microscopy revealed cardiac mitochondria that were grossly enlarged and distorted. The metabolic defect of B-12 deprivation in heart muscle was determined in isolated hearts during recirculating perfusion of labeled propionic acid. Both the uptake and oxidation of propionic acid were markedly reduced in hearts from B-12-deprived rats (16 months) compared with controls, and the site of the metabolic block, i.e., accumulation of labeled methylmalonate, was established. Vitamin B-12 deprivation did not affect the extraction of recirculating labeled linoleic acid by perfused hearts, in contrast to the effect on propionic extraction. Furthermore, the oxidation of the extracted fatty acid was markedly increased over controls. Analysis of the circulating media after 45-minute perfusions showed no accumulation of labeled methylmalonate but did contain significantly less succinate than perfusion media from control hearts. The results are discussed with respect to cardiac structure and to the oxidative pathway(s) for polyunsaturated fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1195019", "title": "Labile nitrogen reserves in the ruminant. Metabolic changes in growing cattle employing a nitrogen depletion-repletion treatment.", "content": "A metabolism study was conducted in which eight growing steers were subjected to a nitrogen (N) depletion-repletion regime. Three consecutive time periods were used to standardize, to deplete, and to replete body N. Diets fed in the respective periods provided by analysis 6 and 16% protein equivalent, respectively, from corn gluten or urea. Metabolic parameters were monitored during weeks 3 and 5 of standardization, weeks 1, 3, and 5 of depletion, and weeks 1 through 7 of repletion. Growth-rate trends started to deviate downward from linearity during the last 2 weeks of depletion; a trend that was not reversed until week 3 of repletion. Apparently digested N was defined by regression equations in which truly digested N was 94 and 83% of ingested N and metabolic fecal N totaled 0.64 and 0.48 g N/100 g ingested dry matter for corn gluten and urea N, respectively. The relationship between total urinary N losses and truly digested N was determined in which biological value equaled 60 and endogenous urinary N losses totaled 0.34 g N/kg0.60/day (equivalent to 0.040 g N/kg/day). Retained N decreased from 1.09 g during standardization to 0.16 g/kg0.60/day after 1 week of depletion. A subsequent improvement in retained N to 0.36 g in week 3 was followed by a decrease to 0.19 g/kg0.60/day after week 5 of depletion. In repletion, lowest and highest retained N occurred during weeks 1 and 4. Changes in retained N were produced by changes in urinary urea N excretion. Ammonia N accounted for 20, 21, and 24% of the total urinary N voided during standardization, depletion, and repletion. Except for urinary urea N losses that were greater and inversely related to fecal losses in urea-fed steers, dietary N source did not influence the excretion of ammonia, creatinine, or residual N.", "contents": "Labile nitrogen reserves in the ruminant. Metabolic changes in growing cattle employing a nitrogen depletion-repletion treatment. A metabolism study was conducted in which eight growing steers were subjected to a nitrogen (N) depletion-repletion regime. Three consecutive time periods were used to standardize, to deplete, and to replete body N. Diets fed in the respective periods provided by analysis 6 and 16% protein equivalent, respectively, from corn gluten or urea. Metabolic parameters were monitored during weeks 3 and 5 of standardization, weeks 1, 3, and 5 of depletion, and weeks 1 through 7 of repletion. Growth-rate trends started to deviate downward from linearity during the last 2 weeks of depletion; a trend that was not reversed until week 3 of repletion. Apparently digested N was defined by regression equations in which truly digested N was 94 and 83% of ingested N and metabolic fecal N totaled 0.64 and 0.48 g N/100 g ingested dry matter for corn gluten and urea N, respectively. The relationship between total urinary N losses and truly digested N was determined in which biological value equaled 60 and endogenous urinary N losses totaled 0.34 g N/kg0.60/day (equivalent to 0.040 g N/kg/day). Retained N decreased from 1.09 g during standardization to 0.16 g/kg0.60/day after 1 week of depletion. A subsequent improvement in retained N to 0.36 g in week 3 was followed by a decrease to 0.19 g/kg0.60/day after week 5 of depletion. In repletion, lowest and highest retained N occurred during weeks 1 and 4. Changes in retained N were produced by changes in urinary urea N excretion. Ammonia N accounted for 20, 21, and 24% of the total urinary N voided during standardization, depletion, and repletion. Except for urinary urea N losses that were greater and inversely related to fecal losses in urea-fed steers, dietary N source did not influence the excretion of ammonia, creatinine, or residual N."}
{"id": "PMID:1195020", "title": "Labile nitrogen reserves and plasma nitrogen fractions in growing cattle.", "content": "The existence and magnitude of labile nitrogen (N) reserves were studied in growing cattle using a dietary N depletion-repletion technique. Blood parameters and urinary N excretion patterns were monitored. Blood hematocrit (Ht) did not respond to reduced ingested N until after week 3 of depletion at which time it began to fall. About 3 weeks of repletion regime was required before Ht values increased again. Plasma protein and albumin decreased from 6.05 and 2.70 g during standardization to 5.44 and 2.44 g/100 ml after 5 weeks of depletion and did not approach predepletion levels until week 6 of repletion. Plasma urea N decreased from 16 mg in standardization to 0.08 mg/100 ml in depletion and required 3 weeks of repletion treatment to attain a peak of 18 mg/100 ml. Labile N reserves were determined by integrating the areas from total urinary N excretion curves obtained during depletion and repletion periods. On a live body weight basis labile N represented 5.6% of total body N. When computed on an empty body weight basis (does not include weight of gastrointestinal tract), labile N totalled 6.0%. The magnitude of labile N stroes as a percentage of total body N was 44% greater in steers with a mean body weight of 280 kg compared with animals weighing 144 kg.", "contents": "Labile nitrogen reserves and plasma nitrogen fractions in growing cattle. The existence and magnitude of labile nitrogen (N) reserves were studied in growing cattle using a dietary N depletion-repletion technique. Blood parameters and urinary N excretion patterns were monitored. Blood hematocrit (Ht) did not respond to reduced ingested N until after week 3 of depletion at which time it began to fall. About 3 weeks of repletion regime was required before Ht values increased again. Plasma protein and albumin decreased from 6.05 and 2.70 g during standardization to 5.44 and 2.44 g/100 ml after 5 weeks of depletion and did not approach predepletion levels until week 6 of repletion. Plasma urea N decreased from 16 mg in standardization to 0.08 mg/100 ml in depletion and required 3 weeks of repletion treatment to attain a peak of 18 mg/100 ml. Labile N reserves were determined by integrating the areas from total urinary N excretion curves obtained during depletion and repletion periods. On a live body weight basis labile N represented 5.6% of total body N. When computed on an empty body weight basis (does not include weight of gastrointestinal tract), labile N totalled 6.0%. The magnitude of labile N stroes as a percentage of total body N was 44% greater in steers with a mean body weight of 280 kg compared with animals weighing 144 kg."}
{"id": "PMID:1195021", "title": "Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction in rats fed varietal cauliflower leaves.", "content": "Leaves from a standard, insect-susceptible cauliflower variety and an insect-resistant strain were formulated at either 10 or 25% into semipurified diets for male and female weanling rats. After 3 weeks, relative liver weights, microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450, and activities of hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, and N-methylaniline N-demethylase were determined. Growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency of male rats were not affected by the inclusion of the dried cauliflower leaf in the diet. However, female rats exhibited a depressed feed intake and increased feed efficiency with cauliflower leaf supplemental diets. Relative liver weights increased with increasing percentage of cauliflower leaves in the diet. Hepatic microsomal enzyme response to cauliflower leaf supplementation of the diet was greater in males than in females. Only aniline hydroxylase activity remained unchanged by the test diets. Male rats showed significant increases in N- and O-demethylation with both the 10 and 25% cauliflower diets, and increased values for microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450 at the 25% supplemental level. Female rats did not show significant hepatic microsomal induction from cauliflower leaf consumption at the 10% level. However, cytochrome P-450 and the metabolism of aminopyrine and p-nitroanisole were enhanced by consumption of cauliflower leaves at 25% of their diet. None of the parameters tested in this study evidenced a difference between the two cauliflower cultivars fed to either sex.", "contents": "Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction in rats fed varietal cauliflower leaves. Leaves from a standard, insect-susceptible cauliflower variety and an insect-resistant strain were formulated at either 10 or 25% into semipurified diets for male and female weanling rats. After 3 weeks, relative liver weights, microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450, and activities of hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, and N-methylaniline N-demethylase were determined. Growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency of male rats were not affected by the inclusion of the dried cauliflower leaf in the diet. However, female rats exhibited a depressed feed intake and increased feed efficiency with cauliflower leaf supplemental diets. Relative liver weights increased with increasing percentage of cauliflower leaves in the diet. Hepatic microsomal enzyme response to cauliflower leaf supplementation of the diet was greater in males than in females. Only aniline hydroxylase activity remained unchanged by the test diets. Male rats showed significant increases in N- and O-demethylation with both the 10 and 25% cauliflower diets, and increased values for microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450 at the 25% supplemental level. Female rats did not show significant hepatic microsomal induction from cauliflower leaf consumption at the 10% level. However, cytochrome P-450 and the metabolism of aminopyrine and p-nitroanisole were enhanced by consumption of cauliflower leaves at 25% of their diet. None of the parameters tested in this study evidenced a difference between the two cauliflower cultivars fed to either sex."}
{"id": "PMID:1195022", "title": "Nickel deficiency and nickel-rhodium interaction in chicks.", "content": "Nickel deficiency was produced in chicks under near optimal growth conditions. This judgment is based on the finding that chicks fed the experimental diet supplemented with nickel had a very satisfactory growth rate, over 600 g in 4 weeks. To induce nickel deficiency, chicks were raised in plastic cages located inside plastic isolators and were fed diets (containing 2-15 ng of nickel/g) based on dried skim milk, acid-washed ground corn, EDTA-extracted soy protein, and corn oil. In 2 experiments, controls were fed 3 mug of nickel/g as NiCl2-6H2O. In experiment 3, instead of 1 control group 25, 50, 250, and 2,500 ng/g of supplemental dietary nickel as NiCl2-6H2O were each given to separate groups of chicks. Nickel deprivation resulted in: ultrastructural changes in the liver with the most obvious abnormality in the organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; altered gross appearance, reduced oxidative ability, and decreased lipid phosphorus in the liver; altered shank skin pigmentation that was associated with a decrease in yellow lipochrome pigments; and lower hematocrits. Deficiency also tended to increase the thickness of the legs and size of the hock; decrease the length:width ratios of the tibias and femurs; and decrease the plasma cholesterol. None of the signs of deficiency were seen in chicks fed diets containing at least 52 ng of nickel/g. In one experiment, a group of birds was fed 50 mug of rhodium/g of diet as (ClRh(NH3)5)SO4 to ascertain whether rhodium is a metabolic antagonist of nickel. Supplemental rhodium increased the hematocrits and liver oxidative ability of both nickel-deficient and -supplemented chicks, and increased total liver lipids, liver lipid phosphorus, and liver cholesterol in the nickel-deficient chicks alone. Rhodium did not increase the signs of nickel deficiency.", "contents": "Nickel deficiency and nickel-rhodium interaction in chicks. Nickel deficiency was produced in chicks under near optimal growth conditions. This judgment is based on the finding that chicks fed the experimental diet supplemented with nickel had a very satisfactory growth rate, over 600 g in 4 weeks. To induce nickel deficiency, chicks were raised in plastic cages located inside plastic isolators and were fed diets (containing 2-15 ng of nickel/g) based on dried skim milk, acid-washed ground corn, EDTA-extracted soy protein, and corn oil. In 2 experiments, controls were fed 3 mug of nickel/g as NiCl2-6H2O. In experiment 3, instead of 1 control group 25, 50, 250, and 2,500 ng/g of supplemental dietary nickel as NiCl2-6H2O were each given to separate groups of chicks. Nickel deprivation resulted in: ultrastructural changes in the liver with the most obvious abnormality in the organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; altered gross appearance, reduced oxidative ability, and decreased lipid phosphorus in the liver; altered shank skin pigmentation that was associated with a decrease in yellow lipochrome pigments; and lower hematocrits. Deficiency also tended to increase the thickness of the legs and size of the hock; decrease the length:width ratios of the tibias and femurs; and decrease the plasma cholesterol. None of the signs of deficiency were seen in chicks fed diets containing at least 52 ng of nickel/g. In one experiment, a group of birds was fed 50 mug of rhodium/g of diet as (ClRh(NH3)5)SO4 to ascertain whether rhodium is a metabolic antagonist of nickel. Supplemental rhodium increased the hematocrits and liver oxidative ability of both nickel-deficient and -supplemented chicks, and increased total liver lipids, liver lipid phosphorus, and liver cholesterol in the nickel-deficient chicks alone. Rhodium did not increase the signs of nickel deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1195023", "title": "Nickel deficiency in rats.", "content": "Nickel deficiency was produced in rats fed diet (containing 2-15 ng of mickel/g) based on dried skim mile, acid-washed ground corn, EDTA-extracted soy protein, and corn oil. Controls were fed a supplemental 3 mug of nickel/g of diet as NiCl2-6H2O. The rats were raised in plastic cages located inside laminar flow racks. Nickel deprivation resulted in several consistent pathological findings. These included: (1) increased perinatal mortality, (2) unthriftiness in young rats characterized by a rough coat and/or uneven hair development, (3) altered gross appearance (color) of the liver, (4) increased rate of alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation by liver homogenates, (5) decreased liver cholesterol, and (6) ultrastructural changes in the liver with the most obvious difference in the amount and organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Nickel deficiency in rats tended to decrease growth, hematocrits, and liver total lipids and phospholipids.", "contents": "Nickel deficiency in rats. Nickel deficiency was produced in rats fed diet (containing 2-15 ng of mickel/g) based on dried skim mile, acid-washed ground corn, EDTA-extracted soy protein, and corn oil. Controls were fed a supplemental 3 mug of nickel/g of diet as NiCl2-6H2O. The rats were raised in plastic cages located inside laminar flow racks. Nickel deprivation resulted in several consistent pathological findings. These included: (1) increased perinatal mortality, (2) unthriftiness in young rats characterized by a rough coat and/or uneven hair development, (3) altered gross appearance (color) of the liver, (4) increased rate of alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation by liver homogenates, (5) decreased liver cholesterol, and (6) ultrastructural changes in the liver with the most obvious difference in the amount and organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Nickel deficiency in rats tended to decrease growth, hematocrits, and liver total lipids and phospholipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1195025", "title": "The validity of preemployment medical evaluations.", "content": "A protocol is described to determine whether a medical preemployment evaluation can be predictive for attendance or work performance. In addition, the dollar benefit and the cost of such a program is assessed. The present analysis is based on 4,936 men and women, who were processed as prospective hires into non-hazardous job assignments. A medical preemployment evaluation was performed on all applicants, identifying factors which could influence attendance or work performance. Sixty-nine per cent of the examined applicants were hired. During the employment process, all applicants were randomly assigned to a control or trial group. Those in the trial group were hired by the employment office without knowledge of the results of the medical preemployment evaluation, whereas these results were fully disclosed for applicants in the control group. Three months after hire, supervisors answered a detailed questionnaire relating to absence and work performance for each hire. No differences were identified between control and trial groups for overall job performance, appropriateness of the job match and work force losses. A small but significant difference, on the other hand, was identified for sickness absence in the trial group between medical evaluation category A (normal risk) and category R (increased risk identified). Omission of a preemployment medical evaluation, as simulated by the trial group, increased the absence cost for the company by $2.30 per year for each new hire. Compared to a $17.50 cost per preemployment health evaluation, the average length of service of new hires would have to exceed 7.6 years to realize a dollar benefit from the medical examination. Examinations performed on applicants who were never hired further increases the cost of a medical preemployment examination program.", "contents": "The validity of preemployment medical evaluations. A protocol is described to determine whether a medical preemployment evaluation can be predictive for attendance or work performance. In addition, the dollar benefit and the cost of such a program is assessed. The present analysis is based on 4,936 men and women, who were processed as prospective hires into non-hazardous job assignments. A medical preemployment evaluation was performed on all applicants, identifying factors which could influence attendance or work performance. Sixty-nine per cent of the examined applicants were hired. During the employment process, all applicants were randomly assigned to a control or trial group. Those in the trial group were hired by the employment office without knowledge of the results of the medical preemployment evaluation, whereas these results were fully disclosed for applicants in the control group. Three months after hire, supervisors answered a detailed questionnaire relating to absence and work performance for each hire. No differences were identified between control and trial groups for overall job performance, appropriateness of the job match and work force losses. A small but significant difference, on the other hand, was identified for sickness absence in the trial group between medical evaluation category A (normal risk) and category R (increased risk identified). Omission of a preemployment medical evaluation, as simulated by the trial group, increased the absence cost for the company by $2.30 per year for each new hire. Compared to a $17.50 cost per preemployment health evaluation, the average length of service of new hires would have to exceed 7.6 years to realize a dollar benefit from the medical examination. Examinations performed on applicants who were never hired further increases the cost of a medical preemployment examination program."}
{"id": "PMID:1195026", "title": "Near-maximal ECG stress testing and coronary artery disease risk factor analysis in Los Angeles City fire fighters.", "content": "Near-maximal ECG stress testing and coronary artery disease risk factor analysis including blood pressure, serum cholesterol and smoking habits were conducted on a randomly selected group (N=90) of Los Angeles City Fire Fighters ranging in age from 40 to 59 yrs. The data obtained from the fire fighters were compared to data previously reported for a group of Los Angeles insurance underwriters of the same age range. Only 12% of the fire fighters had cholesterol values greater than 260 mg% while 18% of the insurance executives fell into this category. Only 2% of the fire fighters had blood pressure values greater than 160/90 mm Hg while 25% of the insurance executives were hypertensive. Thirty-two percent of the fire fighters were smokers at the time of testing as compared to 26% for the insurance executives. Only one fire fighter had all three risk factors elevated and only five had two risk factors elevated. Forty-seven of the fire fighters had no risk factors elevated. Ten percent of the fire fighters had ischemic stress tests as compared to 8% for the insurance executives. Of the nine fire fighters with ischemic stress tests one was hypertensive, one had elevated serum triglycerides, and three were smokers at the time of testing. Since the fire fighters are a medically-selected population with low risk factors for CHD, the observed incidence of ischemic stress tests is surprising and suggests that ischemic heart disease may be job associated.", "contents": "Near-maximal ECG stress testing and coronary artery disease risk factor analysis in Los Angeles City fire fighters. Near-maximal ECG stress testing and coronary artery disease risk factor analysis including blood pressure, serum cholesterol and smoking habits were conducted on a randomly selected group (N=90) of Los Angeles City Fire Fighters ranging in age from 40 to 59 yrs. The data obtained from the fire fighters were compared to data previously reported for a group of Los Angeles insurance underwriters of the same age range. Only 12% of the fire fighters had cholesterol values greater than 260 mg% while 18% of the insurance executives fell into this category. Only 2% of the fire fighters had blood pressure values greater than 160/90 mm Hg while 25% of the insurance executives were hypertensive. Thirty-two percent of the fire fighters were smokers at the time of testing as compared to 26% for the insurance executives. Only one fire fighter had all three risk factors elevated and only five had two risk factors elevated. Forty-seven of the fire fighters had no risk factors elevated. Ten percent of the fire fighters had ischemic stress tests as compared to 8% for the insurance executives. Of the nine fire fighters with ischemic stress tests one was hypertensive, one had elevated serum triglycerides, and three were smokers at the time of testing. Since the fire fighters are a medically-selected population with low risk factors for CHD, the observed incidence of ischemic stress tests is surprising and suggests that ischemic heart disease may be job associated."}
{"id": "PMID:1195028", "title": "Professional counseling in a company with a broad dispersion of work locations.", "content": "Personal counseling by a well trained professional has been available to employees and their families in the Northwestern Bell Telephone Company in parts of the State of Iowa for five years. The service has been available on a voluntary basis at no charge at the work location. The program has been very successful when measured by the acceptance of the service by the empolyees and by the results of the counseling experience as evaluated by the counselor. The service has not been abused. The range of clinical problems presented fills the entire spectrum of case work. It is interesting that few of the problems are directly due to the work situation. There have been very few appointment cancellations, and most of the cases are closed as \"improved\". The program was started without a model and has developed slowly. The wide geographic dispersion of our employee work locations has added to the complexity of the program's management. We hope to extend this program of personal counseling to employees in other states in our company. We have demonstrated in Iowa that there is a need for this kind of service at the work location. We have shown that a counselor can be of service with credibility away from a medical department if organizational lines to the company medical department are clearly defined. Our humanity directs us to help our fellow man when he is troubled. Good management philosophy respects the need for physical and emotional health in the employee. A personal counseling program is in harmony with both of the philosophic principles.", "contents": "Professional counseling in a company with a broad dispersion of work locations. Personal counseling by a well trained professional has been available to employees and their families in the Northwestern Bell Telephone Company in parts of the State of Iowa for five years. The service has been available on a voluntary basis at no charge at the work location. The program has been very successful when measured by the acceptance of the service by the empolyees and by the results of the counseling experience as evaluated by the counselor. The service has not been abused. The range of clinical problems presented fills the entire spectrum of case work. It is interesting that few of the problems are directly due to the work situation. There have been very few appointment cancellations, and most of the cases are closed as \"improved\". The program was started without a model and has developed slowly. The wide geographic dispersion of our employee work locations has added to the complexity of the program's management. We hope to extend this program of personal counseling to employees in other states in our company. We have demonstrated in Iowa that there is a need for this kind of service at the work location. We have shown that a counselor can be of service with credibility away from a medical department if organizational lines to the company medical department are clearly defined. Our humanity directs us to help our fellow man when he is troubled. Good management philosophy respects the need for physical and emotional health in the employee. A personal counseling program is in harmony with both of the philosophic principles."}
{"id": "PMID:1195029", "title": "Immunoglobulins in workers with traumatic vasospastic disease.", "content": "Twenty-seven rockdrillers of whom 63% had symptoms of Traumatic Vasospastic Disease were examined. The concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM in serum were determined with immunoelectrophoresis. The immunoglobulins were found not to be significantly raised.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in workers with traumatic vasospastic disease. Twenty-seven rockdrillers of whom 63% had symptoms of Traumatic Vasospastic Disease were examined. The concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM in serum were determined with immunoelectrophoresis. The immunoglobulins were found not to be significantly raised."}
{"id": "PMID:1195031", "title": "Mortality factors in diabetes. A 20 year mortality study.", "content": "The life expectancy of well controlled diabetics has been considered to be approximately that of the normal individual. A 20 year prospective study of the mortality of diabetics who applied for life insurance to the Equitable Life Assurance Society did not confirm this. The study population comprised 10,538 individuals with an average exposure of 7.9 years. During the period of the study 1,478 deaths were recorded, giving a mortality ratio of 335%. Mortality decreased with increasing age at diagnosis of diabetes. Mortality increased with increasing duration of the disease. Mortality was lowest in cases treated by diet only. Mortality in cases with poor control was two and one-half times that of cases with good control. Albuminuria on examination was an extremely unfavorable prognostic factor. Hypertension had a particularly adverse effect on the diabetic as compared to the non-diabetic, especially at ages under 40.", "contents": "Mortality factors in diabetes. A 20 year mortality study. The life expectancy of well controlled diabetics has been considered to be approximately that of the normal individual. A 20 year prospective study of the mortality of diabetics who applied for life insurance to the Equitable Life Assurance Society did not confirm this. The study population comprised 10,538 individuals with an average exposure of 7.9 years. During the period of the study 1,478 deaths were recorded, giving a mortality ratio of 335%. Mortality decreased with increasing age at diagnosis of diabetes. Mortality increased with increasing duration of the disease. Mortality was lowest in cases treated by diet only. Mortality in cases with poor control was two and one-half times that of cases with good control. Albuminuria on examination was an extremely unfavorable prognostic factor. Hypertension had a particularly adverse effect on the diabetic as compared to the non-diabetic, especially at ages under 40."}
{"id": "PMID:1195050", "title": "An electron-microscope study of the mode of cell death induced by cancer-chemotherapeutic agents in populations of proliferating normal and neoplastic cells.", "content": "Deletion of scattered single cells by ultrastructurally typical apoptosis was observed to take place continuously in the lining of the small intestinal crypts of normal mice, and in untreated Crocker mouse ascites tumours. Injection of the cancer-chemotherapeutic agents actinomycin D, mitomycin C, cytosine arabinoside and cycloheximide massively enhanced the rate of apoptosis in each situation, the morphology of cell death induced by these drugs being fundamentally different from that of coagulative necrosis, which developed without treatment in the centres of solid nodules that grew after subcutaneous inoculation of the tumour. In the crypt lining, where the predominant cell type affected appeared to be epithelial, the apoptotic bodies were either extruded into the lumen or rapidly phagocytosed and degraded by adjacent viable cells. But bodies in the ascites tumour were rarely ingested by uninvolved cells, presumably because of their wide dispersal in a fluid medium, and the stages in their development were seen more clearly than has been possible in solid tissues, where phagocytosis is ususlly rapid: they eventually underwent a change resembling coagulative necrosis or in-vitro autolysis. Reports suggesting that cancer-chemotherapeutic agents enhance autophagy in solid malignant neoplasms require confirmation, for secondary lysosomes of any sort were found to be uncommon in the treated ascites tumours, and there is little doubt that phagocytosed apoptotic bodies have been mistaken for autophagic vacuoles in the past. The significance of the fact that cancer-chemotherapeutic agents induce a type of cell death that is found in normal tissues is at present unknown.", "contents": "An electron-microscope study of the mode of cell death induced by cancer-chemotherapeutic agents in populations of proliferating normal and neoplastic cells. Deletion of scattered single cells by ultrastructurally typical apoptosis was observed to take place continuously in the lining of the small intestinal crypts of normal mice, and in untreated Crocker mouse ascites tumours. Injection of the cancer-chemotherapeutic agents actinomycin D, mitomycin C, cytosine arabinoside and cycloheximide massively enhanced the rate of apoptosis in each situation, the morphology of cell death induced by these drugs being fundamentally different from that of coagulative necrosis, which developed without treatment in the centres of solid nodules that grew after subcutaneous inoculation of the tumour. In the crypt lining, where the predominant cell type affected appeared to be epithelial, the apoptotic bodies were either extruded into the lumen or rapidly phagocytosed and degraded by adjacent viable cells. But bodies in the ascites tumour were rarely ingested by uninvolved cells, presumably because of their wide dispersal in a fluid medium, and the stages in their development were seen more clearly than has been possible in solid tissues, where phagocytosis is ususlly rapid: they eventually underwent a change resembling coagulative necrosis or in-vitro autolysis. Reports suggesting that cancer-chemotherapeutic agents enhance autophagy in solid malignant neoplasms require confirmation, for secondary lysosomes of any sort were found to be uncommon in the treated ascites tumours, and there is little doubt that phagocytosed apoptotic bodies have been mistaken for autophagic vacuoles in the past. The significance of the fact that cancer-chemotherapeutic agents induce a type of cell death that is found in normal tissues is at present unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:1195051", "title": "The response of the newborn rat to injury. I. Vascular and humoral aspects.", "content": "The development of oedema in response to irritants injected into the skin, or pleural cavity of rats, has been shown to differ according to the age of rat studied. It was found that newborn rats were less responsive, with respect to oedema formation, at certain times after the injection of a particular irritant. Attempts to suppress the reactions of these animals using anti-histamines, anti-serotonin and kinin-depleting agents were less successful than in adults. Analysis of serum, plasma and exudate proteins revealed quantitative and qualitative differences between newborn and adult rats. The ability of various agents to cause increased vascular permeability in the skin of newborn rats was found to vary with the age of animal studied. Thus histamine, 5-hydroxytryptomine, cellulose sulphate and prostaglandin E2, all failed to cause increased vascular permeability in the skin of rats younger than 3 wk of age. However, lymph-node permeability factor induced increased vascular permeability in newborn (i.e., 6-hr-old) rats. An attempt was made to correlate these results with those of oedema formation following the infections of certain irritants.", "contents": "The response of the newborn rat to injury. I. Vascular and humoral aspects. The development of oedema in response to irritants injected into the skin, or pleural cavity of rats, has been shown to differ according to the age of rat studied. It was found that newborn rats were less responsive, with respect to oedema formation, at certain times after the injection of a particular irritant. Attempts to suppress the reactions of these animals using anti-histamines, anti-serotonin and kinin-depleting agents were less successful than in adults. Analysis of serum, plasma and exudate proteins revealed quantitative and qualitative differences between newborn and adult rats. The ability of various agents to cause increased vascular permeability in the skin of newborn rats was found to vary with the age of animal studied. Thus histamine, 5-hydroxytryptomine, cellulose sulphate and prostaglandin E2, all failed to cause increased vascular permeability in the skin of rats younger than 3 wk of age. However, lymph-node permeability factor induced increased vascular permeability in newborn (i.e., 6-hr-old) rats. An attempt was made to correlate these results with those of oedema formation following the infections of certain irritants."}
{"id": "PMID:1195052", "title": "Studies of the responses of basophil and eosinophil leucocytes and mast cells to the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. II. Changes in cell numbers following infection of thymectomised and adoptively or passively immunised guinea-pigs.", "content": "The role of the immune response in the generation of the basophilia and eosinophilia found during expulsion of the intestinal nematode parasite, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, by guinea-pigs was investigated by studying cell numbers in animals whose immune responsiveness had been modified by thymectomy and adoptive or passive immunisation. Basophilia, but not eosinophilia, was depressed in thymectomised guinea-pigs. Bone marrow basophil numbers were significantly increased in T. colubriformis-infected guinea-pigs following the infection of mesenteric lymph-node cells from both normal and T. colubriformis-immune syngeneic donors. Bone marrow basophil counts were also increased following the injection of immune lymph-node cells into uninfected recipients. Small intestine eosinophil numbers in adoptively immunised guinea-pigs showed a pronounced increase following infection with T. colubriformis. A smaller increase followed infection of passively immunised guinea-pigs. These results, and other work with this system, suggest that basophilia and eosinophilia during T. colubriformis infection, although associated with the immune response, might not be fully explained as direct consequences of the interaction of parasitic antigens and sensitised lymphocytes or antibodies.", "contents": "Studies of the responses of basophil and eosinophil leucocytes and mast cells to the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. II. Changes in cell numbers following infection of thymectomised and adoptively or passively immunised guinea-pigs. The role of the immune response in the generation of the basophilia and eosinophilia found during expulsion of the intestinal nematode parasite, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, by guinea-pigs was investigated by studying cell numbers in animals whose immune responsiveness had been modified by thymectomy and adoptive or passive immunisation. Basophilia, but not eosinophilia, was depressed in thymectomised guinea-pigs. Bone marrow basophil numbers were significantly increased in T. colubriformis-infected guinea-pigs following the infection of mesenteric lymph-node cells from both normal and T. colubriformis-immune syngeneic donors. Bone marrow basophil counts were also increased following the injection of immune lymph-node cells into uninfected recipients. Small intestine eosinophil numbers in adoptively immunised guinea-pigs showed a pronounced increase following infection with T. colubriformis. A smaller increase followed infection of passively immunised guinea-pigs. These results, and other work with this system, suggest that basophilia and eosinophilia during T. colubriformis infection, although associated with the immune response, might not be fully explained as direct consequences of the interaction of parasitic antigens and sensitised lymphocytes or antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:1195053", "title": "Gaucher's disease associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, gout and carcinoma.", "content": "A case report of Gaucher's disease associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is described in a patient with gout and carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. This the first reported case of Gaucher's disease associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "contents": "Gaucher's disease associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, gout and carcinoma. A case report of Gaucher's disease associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is described in a patient with gout and carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. This the first reported case of Gaucher's disease associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1195054", "title": "Neuroblastoma in the dog.", "content": "Two malignant canine tumours of peripheral neuronal tissue are described. A mediastinal neuroblastoma was found in a 15-mth-old Boston Terrier with dyspnoea. The tumour compressed adjacent lung and invaded the cervical spinal cord. A retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma was found in a 2-yr-old Labrador with posterior ataxia and atrophy of the muscles of the hind legs. This tumour surrounded adjacent adjacent soft tissues and invaded the overlying vertebrae.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma in the dog. Two malignant canine tumours of peripheral neuronal tissue are described. A mediastinal neuroblastoma was found in a 15-mth-old Boston Terrier with dyspnoea. The tumour compressed adjacent lung and invaded the cervical spinal cord. A retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma was found in a 2-yr-old Labrador with posterior ataxia and atrophy of the muscles of the hind legs. This tumour surrounded adjacent adjacent soft tissues and invaded the overlying vertebrae."}
{"id": "PMID:1195055", "title": "Primary epithelial tumour in the right atrium of the heart and inferior vena cava in NZR/gd inbred rats; pathology of 18 cases.", "content": "In NZR/Gd inbred albino rats, tumours occurred in the right atrium or inferior vena cava of approximately 20 per cent. of untreated animals, of both sexes, over the age of 1 yr. The tumours were centred in the wall of the right atrium in 15 cases, and in the inferior vena cava in another three cases; they appeared to be primary in these sites. The tumours were slowly growing, but eventually malignant. Light- and electron-microscopic study showed the tumours were composed of epithelial alveoli imbedded in a collagenous connective tissue containing spindle cells and thin-walled blood capillaries. The epithelium varied from flat to low columnar, and often secreted mucoid material into the lumina, or sometimes into surrounding tissue. This tumour, for which the name atrio-caval epithelial mesothelioma is suggested, very closely resembles a rare epithelial tumour of the right atrium previously described in humans under a variety of names. An underlying embryological anomaly had been postulated in these tumours in humans, and the occurrence of pathologically similar lesions in high incidence in hearts of NZR/Gd inbred rats should help test the hypothesis of genetic and developmental causes in the genesis of this rare cardiac neoplasm.", "contents": "Primary epithelial tumour in the right atrium of the heart and inferior vena cava in NZR/gd inbred rats; pathology of 18 cases. In NZR/Gd inbred albino rats, tumours occurred in the right atrium or inferior vena cava of approximately 20 per cent. of untreated animals, of both sexes, over the age of 1 yr. The tumours were centred in the wall of the right atrium in 15 cases, and in the inferior vena cava in another three cases; they appeared to be primary in these sites. The tumours were slowly growing, but eventually malignant. Light- and electron-microscopic study showed the tumours were composed of epithelial alveoli imbedded in a collagenous connective tissue containing spindle cells and thin-walled blood capillaries. The epithelium varied from flat to low columnar, and often secreted mucoid material into the lumina, or sometimes into surrounding tissue. This tumour, for which the name atrio-caval epithelial mesothelioma is suggested, very closely resembles a rare epithelial tumour of the right atrium previously described in humans under a variety of names. An underlying embryological anomaly had been postulated in these tumours in humans, and the occurrence of pathologically similar lesions in high incidence in hearts of NZR/Gd inbred rats should help test the hypothesis of genetic and developmental causes in the genesis of this rare cardiac neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:1195056", "title": "Mixed mesenchymal differentiation in meningiomas.", "content": "Five intracranial meningiomas showing mixed mesenchymal differentiation are described. Three contained cartilage, three contained bone, four contained hyaline fibrous strands or nodules which in two instances were calcified, three contained angiomatous areas, one contained pericytoma-like areas, four contained pleomorphic and sometimes multinucleate giant cells, and one contained a mucoid matrix including spheroidal cells superficially resembling chordoma. The importance of recognising such tumours is emphasised as they can be misdiagnosed as metastatic deposits, particularly in a frozen section.", "contents": "Mixed mesenchymal differentiation in meningiomas. Five intracranial meningiomas showing mixed mesenchymal differentiation are described. Three contained cartilage, three contained bone, four contained hyaline fibrous strands or nodules which in two instances were calcified, three contained angiomatous areas, one contained pericytoma-like areas, four contained pleomorphic and sometimes multinucleate giant cells, and one contained a mucoid matrix including spheroidal cells superficially resembling chordoma. The importance of recognising such tumours is emphasised as they can be misdiagnosed as metastatic deposits, particularly in a frozen section."}
{"id": "PMID:1195057", "title": "The pathology of elastase-induced panacinar emphysema in hamsters.", "content": "A single dose of crystalline, porcine pancreatic elastase injected intratracheally into hamsters induces widespread alveolar enlargement with subpleural bullae. A uniformly severe lesion is consistently induced by 0-2 mg elastase per 100 g body weight and with negligible mortality. Compared with controls, which showed no lesion, elastase-damaged lungs show a highly significant (P less than or equal to 0-001) increase in alveolar size and a decrease in internal surface area. Taken with the associated physiological abnormalities, these findings closely simulate human emphysema of the panlobular (panacinar) type. Histologically it appears that elastase converts the fine elastic fibres in alveolar walls and pleura into thickened, nodular fibres which may also be broken along their length. With higher doses of elastase, i.e., 0-5 mg/100 g body weight, many pulmonary arteries showed segmental loss of inner and outer elastic laminae, usually with thrombosis on the overlying endothelium. The mechanism of this thrombosis is unclear. These experiments suggest that damage to elastic fibres may be an important element in the development of human panacinar emphysema, and that the damage could be one pathogenetic mechanism which produces damage of elastic fibres.", "contents": "The pathology of elastase-induced panacinar emphysema in hamsters. A single dose of crystalline, porcine pancreatic elastase injected intratracheally into hamsters induces widespread alveolar enlargement with subpleural bullae. A uniformly severe lesion is consistently induced by 0-2 mg elastase per 100 g body weight and with negligible mortality. Compared with controls, which showed no lesion, elastase-damaged lungs show a highly significant (P less than or equal to 0-001) increase in alveolar size and a decrease in internal surface area. Taken with the associated physiological abnormalities, these findings closely simulate human emphysema of the panlobular (panacinar) type. Histologically it appears that elastase converts the fine elastic fibres in alveolar walls and pleura into thickened, nodular fibres which may also be broken along their length. With higher doses of elastase, i.e., 0-5 mg/100 g body weight, many pulmonary arteries showed segmental loss of inner and outer elastic laminae, usually with thrombosis on the overlying endothelium. The mechanism of this thrombosis is unclear. These experiments suggest that damage to elastic fibres may be an important element in the development of human panacinar emphysema, and that the damage could be one pathogenetic mechanism which produces damage of elastic fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1195058", "title": "Squamous metaplasia in the healing of chronic colonic ulcers of the rat.", "content": "Chronic ulcers of the rat colon were produced by a administering a 3 per cent. hydrogen peroxide enema. Twenty-three per cent. of the animals with chronic ulcers had areas of squamous metaplasia at the wound margins which in some cases covered the defect. Electron microscopy revealed some areas similar to epidermis with the four characteristic cell layers. The cells demonstrated many filaments, membrane-coated granules, keratohyalin granules and keratin. The cells were linked by complex of cytoplasmic bridges and frequent desmosomes. Basal cells often displayed large irregular nuclei with double nucleoli. Other areas demonstrated a grossly irregular surface with marked cellular pleomorphism and defects in the basement lamina. The incidence of squamous metaplasia and squamous-cell carcinoma in the colon of man is discussed. The ultrastructural characteristics of squamous metaplasia in the trachea and bronchi is recorded and compared with those of the colon. It is suggested that as neoplasia has been observed to follow experimental metaplastic lesions in the bronchus, a similar ocurrence could take place in the colon as the squamous cells exhibited similar characteristics.", "contents": "Squamous metaplasia in the healing of chronic colonic ulcers of the rat. Chronic ulcers of the rat colon were produced by a administering a 3 per cent. hydrogen peroxide enema. Twenty-three per cent. of the animals with chronic ulcers had areas of squamous metaplasia at the wound margins which in some cases covered the defect. Electron microscopy revealed some areas similar to epidermis with the four characteristic cell layers. The cells demonstrated many filaments, membrane-coated granules, keratohyalin granules and keratin. The cells were linked by complex of cytoplasmic bridges and frequent desmosomes. Basal cells often displayed large irregular nuclei with double nucleoli. Other areas demonstrated a grossly irregular surface with marked cellular pleomorphism and defects in the basement lamina. The incidence of squamous metaplasia and squamous-cell carcinoma in the colon of man is discussed. The ultrastructural characteristics of squamous metaplasia in the trachea and bronchi is recorded and compared with those of the colon. It is suggested that as neoplasia has been observed to follow experimental metaplastic lesions in the bronchus, a similar ocurrence could take place in the colon as the squamous cells exhibited similar characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:1195059", "title": "Pulmonary oedema in rats given dehydromonocrotaline: a topographic and electron-microscope study.", "content": "Study of cleared, histological and electron-microscope specimens shows that increased vascular permeability plays a major role in the formation of the pulmonary oedema and pleural effusions that occur in rats following the intravenous injection of a large dose of dehydromonocrotaline. There is a latent interval of 6-8 hr between injection of the dehydroalkaloid and the start of increased permeability which appears to be due to a direct damaging effect of the toxin on the endothelium of pulmonary capillaries and small venules. The endothelial injury does not cause permanent disruption of small blood vessels, and 2 days after injury all vessels are patent and lined by a complete layer of endothelium. Large numbers of mononuclear cells are present in the interstitial tissues of the lung 44 hr after injury. These cells appear to be emigrated blood monocytes but the cause of their emigration and their role in the subsequent progression of this type of injury to the lung are not clear.", "contents": "Pulmonary oedema in rats given dehydromonocrotaline: a topographic and electron-microscope study. Study of cleared, histological and electron-microscope specimens shows that increased vascular permeability plays a major role in the formation of the pulmonary oedema and pleural effusions that occur in rats following the intravenous injection of a large dose of dehydromonocrotaline. There is a latent interval of 6-8 hr between injection of the dehydroalkaloid and the start of increased permeability which appears to be due to a direct damaging effect of the toxin on the endothelium of pulmonary capillaries and small venules. The endothelial injury does not cause permanent disruption of small blood vessels, and 2 days after injury all vessels are patent and lined by a complete layer of endothelium. Large numbers of mononuclear cells are present in the interstitial tissues of the lung 44 hr after injury. These cells appear to be emigrated blood monocytes but the cause of their emigration and their role in the subsequent progression of this type of injury to the lung are not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:1195060", "title": "Localisation and pathology of Mortierella wolfii toxin in mice.", "content": "Using 125I labelled M. wolfii toxin the site of action in mice was shown to be the kidney. Autoradiographic studies revealed the label to be localised in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney, where there was a marked necrosis and degeneration of the epithelium causing the tubules to become considerably distended. Although the distal and collecting tubules maintained their integrity, many contained amorphous casts. An injected dose of 1 toxic unit (10 mug protein) was sufficient to produce damage to the kidney with subsequent anaemia, azotemia and albuminuria. Other organs appeared to be essentially normal and renal failure was the probable cause of death of mice.", "contents": "Localisation and pathology of Mortierella wolfii toxin in mice. Using 125I labelled M. wolfii toxin the site of action in mice was shown to be the kidney. Autoradiographic studies revealed the label to be localised in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney, where there was a marked necrosis and degeneration of the epithelium causing the tubules to become considerably distended. Although the distal and collecting tubules maintained their integrity, many contained amorphous casts. An injected dose of 1 toxic unit (10 mug protein) was sufficient to produce damage to the kidney with subsequent anaemia, azotemia and albuminuria. Other organs appeared to be essentially normal and renal failure was the probable cause of death of mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1195061", "title": "Periductal foam cells in benign mammary dysplasia.", "content": "The morphology and associations of periductal foam cells were studied in an unselected consecutive series of 576 lesions of benign mammary dysplasia. Periductal foam cells were found to all ages in 10-1 per cent. of the lesions. Their copious foamy cytoplasm, associations with giant cells and infiltrates of periductal small round cells, ochrocytes and colostrum cells suggest that they are macrophages. Mammary epithelium was often damaged at the site of periductal foam-cell infiltration.", "contents": "Periductal foam cells in benign mammary dysplasia. The morphology and associations of periductal foam cells were studied in an unselected consecutive series of 576 lesions of benign mammary dysplasia. Periductal foam cells were found to all ages in 10-1 per cent. of the lesions. Their copious foamy cytoplasm, associations with giant cells and infiltrates of periductal small round cells, ochrocytes and colostrum cells suggest that they are macrophages. Mammary epithelium was often damaged at the site of periductal foam-cell infiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:1195062", "title": "Sudden death in infancy in Inner North London.", "content": "All cases of sudden infant death occurring over a 2-yr period in Inner North London were subjected to pathological and sociological analysis, using detailed expert interviewing of the mother soon after the event by doctors and Health Visitors. Of the cases showing no cause of death at autopsy (Cot Death) the great majority were found subsequently to have microscopic pathology sufficient to cause death, mainly respiratory tract inflammation. In addition, the majority of the \"Cot Death\" group had a clinical history of illness and in many of these cases hindsight suggested that the quality of health care could have been improved. Only a small minority of sudden infant deaths were found to have no history of illness and no microscope pathology. The results suggest that most cases of sudden infant death may result from a combination of respiratory infection with either special physiological or special sociological factors.", "contents": "Sudden death in infancy in Inner North London. All cases of sudden infant death occurring over a 2-yr period in Inner North London were subjected to pathological and sociological analysis, using detailed expert interviewing of the mother soon after the event by doctors and Health Visitors. Of the cases showing no cause of death at autopsy (Cot Death) the great majority were found subsequently to have microscopic pathology sufficient to cause death, mainly respiratory tract inflammation. In addition, the majority of the \"Cot Death\" group had a clinical history of illness and in many of these cases hindsight suggested that the quality of health care could have been improved. Only a small minority of sudden infant deaths were found to have no history of illness and no microscope pathology. The results suggest that most cases of sudden infant death may result from a combination of respiratory infection with either special physiological or special sociological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1195077", "title": "Carbohydrate transport in Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala). I. The kinetics and specificity of hexose absorption.", "content": "The uptakes of 14C-glucose, -2-deoxyglucose, -mannose, -N-acetylglucosamine, -3-0-methylglucose, -fructose, and -galactose by female Moniliformis dubius were nonlinear, saturable functions of hexose concentration. Kinetic and inhibition studies indicated that glucose and 2-deoxyglucose were absorbed via a single common transport locus. Mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, 3-0-methylglucose, fructose, and galactose (in decreasing order of effectiveness) inhibited the uptake of glucose in a completely competitive manner; their absorptions appeared to be mediated by the glucose transport locus and, to some degree, by one or more additional transport systems. Kinetic studies suggested that the apparent inhibitions of 14C-glucose uptake by maltose and glucose-6-phosphate were due to free glucose liberated through the action of surface hydrolases. The uptake of 14C-glucose was also inhibited by salicin, alpha-methylglucoside, and beta-methylglucoside, but not by pentoses, L-hexoses, sugar alcohols, disaccharides (except maltose), gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, phlorizin, or ouabain. Glucose uptake was not Na+-dependent.", "contents": "Carbohydrate transport in Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala). I. The kinetics and specificity of hexose absorption. The uptakes of 14C-glucose, -2-deoxyglucose, -mannose, -N-acetylglucosamine, -3-0-methylglucose, -fructose, and -galactose by female Moniliformis dubius were nonlinear, saturable functions of hexose concentration. Kinetic and inhibition studies indicated that glucose and 2-deoxyglucose were absorbed via a single common transport locus. Mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, 3-0-methylglucose, fructose, and galactose (in decreasing order of effectiveness) inhibited the uptake of glucose in a completely competitive manner; their absorptions appeared to be mediated by the glucose transport locus and, to some degree, by one or more additional transport systems. Kinetic studies suggested that the apparent inhibitions of 14C-glucose uptake by maltose and glucose-6-phosphate were due to free glucose liberated through the action of surface hydrolases. The uptake of 14C-glucose was also inhibited by salicin, alpha-methylglucoside, and beta-methylglucoside, but not by pentoses, L-hexoses, sugar alcohols, disaccharides (except maltose), gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, phlorizin, or ouabain. Glucose uptake was not Na+-dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:1195079", "title": "Morphological variation of Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser 1811) Travassos 1915 and Moniliformis clarki (Ward 1917) Chandler 1921.", "content": "A two-way fixed model analysis of variance was used to test Moniliformis moniliformis and M. clarki for inter- and intraspecific differences with respect to 7 morphological characters used to distinguish species of the genus. M. clarki was sexually dimorphic in more characters than was M. moniliformis when specimens from their usual definitive hosts, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and Rattus norvegicus, respectively, were compared. More characters were sexually dimorphic in both species reared in hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, than in their usual definitive hosts or M. clarki from rats. Moniliformis clarki and M. moniliformis (n = 25 each sex, each species) from their usual hosts were significantly different at the 1% level in 6 of 7 characters studied. Further M. clarki of either sex from ground squirrels did not differ significantly in any of the 7 characters from those of the same sex from rats. When reared in hamsters, the range in number of longitudinal rows of proboscis hooks of female M. moniliformis included that of M. clarki, but the 2 species were distinct in each of the other features which distinguished them in rats and ground squirrels.", "contents": "Morphological variation of Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser 1811) Travassos 1915 and Moniliformis clarki (Ward 1917) Chandler 1921. A two-way fixed model analysis of variance was used to test Moniliformis moniliformis and M. clarki for inter- and intraspecific differences with respect to 7 morphological characters used to distinguish species of the genus. M. clarki was sexually dimorphic in more characters than was M. moniliformis when specimens from their usual definitive hosts, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and Rattus norvegicus, respectively, were compared. More characters were sexually dimorphic in both species reared in hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, than in their usual definitive hosts or M. clarki from rats. Moniliformis clarki and M. moniliformis (n = 25 each sex, each species) from their usual hosts were significantly different at the 1% level in 6 of 7 characters studied. Further M. clarki of either sex from ground squirrels did not differ significantly in any of the 7 characters from those of the same sex from rats. When reared in hamsters, the range in number of longitudinal rows of proboscis hooks of female M. moniliformis included that of M. clarki, but the 2 species were distinct in each of the other features which distinguished them in rats and ground squirrels."}
{"id": "PMID:1195081", "title": "Infants of mothers with a high and of mothers with a low insulin response to glucose infusion. Glucose tolerance, insulin response and clinical appearance during the early neonatal period.", "content": "Diabetic mothers affect their offspring during pregnancy, sometimes giving rise to the complete symptoms of diabetic fetopathia with the typical appearance of the child high birth weight, hyperinsulinism, etc. Some of these traits have also been reported to appear in the infants some time before the onset of diabetes in the mother, but no prospective study of infants born to truly prediabetic mothers has yet been reported. Thus it is not possible to say whether or not the previously reported effects are related to an undetected, subclinical diabetes in the mother. A prospective study of the insulin reponse to glucose during pregnancy [9] has been previously published, which included 11 women with a low insulin response to glucose infusion (GIT) - a prediabetic type of insulin response according to the definition of Cerasi and Luft [5] -  and a control group of 14 women with a high insulin response to glucose infusion. In the following the neonatal findings in these 13 infants of low insulin responders (ILR) aand 14 infants of high responders (IHR) are reported...", "contents": "Infants of mothers with a high and of mothers with a low insulin response to glucose infusion. Glucose tolerance, insulin response and clinical appearance during the early neonatal period. Diabetic mothers affect their offspring during pregnancy, sometimes giving rise to the complete symptoms of diabetic fetopathia with the typical appearance of the child high birth weight, hyperinsulinism, etc. Some of these traits have also been reported to appear in the infants some time before the onset of diabetes in the mother, but no prospective study of infants born to truly prediabetic mothers has yet been reported. Thus it is not possible to say whether or not the previously reported effects are related to an undetected, subclinical diabetes in the mother. A prospective study of the insulin reponse to glucose during pregnancy [9] has been previously published, which included 11 women with a low insulin response to glucose infusion (GIT) - a prediabetic type of insulin response according to the definition of Cerasi and Luft [5] -  and a control group of 14 women with a high insulin response to glucose infusion. In the following the neonatal findings in these 13 infants of low insulin responders (ILR) aand 14 infants of high responders (IHR) are reported..."}
{"id": "PMID:1195083", "title": "The scope of prenatal therapy in severe rhesus hemolytic disease.", "content": "Prenatal blood transfusion of a fetus established anemia due to rhesus hemolytic disease can be life saving. In Hamburg-Eppendorf 252 transfusions in 130 babies have so far been carried out. The success rate was 51%. Out of 39 babies who had ascites at the time of the first transfusion, 13 survived. The amount of ascites aspirated at the first transfusion correlates with the prognosis: The chance of producing a living and healthy child is greater when the amount of ascites is under 5 mls than when it is over 5 mls. Babies with amniotic fluid bilirubin values from 0.4 to 0.6 still have a good chance of survival, whereas the prospects of success with values over 0.6 are very small. The technical risk of prenatal transfusion before the 27th week amounts, according to our observations, to about 6%.", "contents": "The scope of prenatal therapy in severe rhesus hemolytic disease. Prenatal blood transfusion of a fetus established anemia due to rhesus hemolytic disease can be life saving. In Hamburg-Eppendorf 252 transfusions in 130 babies have so far been carried out. The success rate was 51%. Out of 39 babies who had ascites at the time of the first transfusion, 13 survived. The amount of ascites aspirated at the first transfusion correlates with the prognosis: The chance of producing a living and healthy child is greater when the amount of ascites is under 5 mls than when it is over 5 mls. Babies with amniotic fluid bilirubin values from 0.4 to 0.6 still have a good chance of survival, whereas the prospects of success with values over 0.6 are very small. The technical risk of prenatal transfusion before the 27th week amounts, according to our observations, to about 6%."}
{"id": "PMID:1195085", "title": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in newborn infants after delivery and in the puerperium.", "content": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity increases progressively during pregnancy, returning to non-pregnant levels 6 weeks post-partum. This enzymatic activity is under the influence of placental steroid hormones, thus reflecting placental function. LAP activity is thus a reflection of the dynamic relations between estrogenic, progestational and corticoid activity during pregnancy. LAP activity was studied in 60 women and in their 61 newborn infants at delivery and during the first five days of the puerperium. The Kaplow cytochemical technique was employed. The average maternal LAP score as well as the average newborn infant LAP score was considerably higher than the LAP score of the normal adult. The level of the enzyme in the maternal granulocytes was significantly higher than that of the newborn (Tab. I). During the first five days after labor, there was progressive decrease in the LAP score in the maternal and the newborn blood; on the fifth day the LAP scores of both were only slightly above the normal adult score (Figs. 1, 2). An inverse relation between the LAP score and the birth weight of the infant was found (Tab. III). These results confirm the view that LAP activity in the fetus in utero, are dependent on placental steroid function. The lower LAP values in the newborn, as compared to those of the mother are probably dependent on the lower newborn hormone levels. The significance of the relation between LAP scores and the infants birth weight is not clear.", "contents": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in newborn infants after delivery and in the puerperium. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity increases progressively during pregnancy, returning to non-pregnant levels 6 weeks post-partum. This enzymatic activity is under the influence of placental steroid hormones, thus reflecting placental function. LAP activity is thus a reflection of the dynamic relations between estrogenic, progestational and corticoid activity during pregnancy. LAP activity was studied in 60 women and in their 61 newborn infants at delivery and during the first five days of the puerperium. The Kaplow cytochemical technique was employed. The average maternal LAP score as well as the average newborn infant LAP score was considerably higher than the LAP score of the normal adult. The level of the enzyme in the maternal granulocytes was significantly higher than that of the newborn (Tab. I). During the first five days after labor, there was progressive decrease in the LAP score in the maternal and the newborn blood; on the fifth day the LAP scores of both were only slightly above the normal adult score (Figs. 1, 2). An inverse relation between the LAP score and the birth weight of the infant was found (Tab. III). These results confirm the view that LAP activity in the fetus in utero, are dependent on placental steroid function. The lower LAP values in the newborn, as compared to those of the mother are probably dependent on the lower newborn hormone levels. The significance of the relation between LAP scores and the infants birth weight is not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:1195087", "title": "Reward and purpose as incentives for children differing in locus of control expectancies.", "content": "The Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire was used to classify 248 fourth- and fifth-graders as internals, mediums, and externals on the internal-external locus of control personality dimension. Subjects were assigned to four treatment groups resulting from the manipulation of intrinsic (purpose vs. non purpose) and extrinsic (reward vs. no reward) motivational conditions and administered a coding task with number of figures coded as the dependent variable. An analysis of variance with IE, reward, purpose, sex, and grade as factors yielded significant purpose, sex, grade, and IE X Reward X Purpose effects. The performance of internals was found to be unaffected by motivational manipulations; purpose together with reward improved the performance of mediums: reward and purpose (individually and together) improved the performance of externals. Implications for future investigation of the IE construct and the social psychology of psychological research were discussed.", "contents": "Reward and purpose as incentives for children differing in locus of control expectancies. The Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire was used to classify 248 fourth- and fifth-graders as internals, mediums, and externals on the internal-external locus of control personality dimension. Subjects were assigned to four treatment groups resulting from the manipulation of intrinsic (purpose vs. non purpose) and extrinsic (reward vs. no reward) motivational conditions and administered a coding task with number of figures coded as the dependent variable. An analysis of variance with IE, reward, purpose, sex, and grade as factors yielded significant purpose, sex, grade, and IE X Reward X Purpose effects. The performance of internals was found to be unaffected by motivational manipulations; purpose together with reward improved the performance of mediums: reward and purpose (individually and together) improved the performance of externals. Implications for future investigation of the IE construct and the social psychology of psychological research were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195088", "title": "False physiological feedback and persuasion: effect of fear arousal vs. fear reduction on attitude change.", "content": "Two experiments tested the hypothesis that increases in false physiological feedback of fear arousal will enhance persuasion and that reduction in the arousal feedback is unnecessary for increased persuasion to occur. Prior research has usually found a positive relation between level of arousal and persuasion, but support for the drive reduction hypothesis is tenuous. However, Harris and Jellison (1971) claimed support for such a hypothesis. They manipulated subjects' fear arousal cognitively via false physiological feedback while the subjects listened to a persuasive communication. The present experiments used a similar procedure in an attempt to test an \"arousal only\" against an \"arousal reduction\" hypothesis. Subjects listened to a persuasive speech while receiving false feedback via a meter concerning their fear arousal. In Experiment I half of the subjects received high arousal and half received moderate arousal information. Within each of these conditions half of the subjects had their arousal reduced, and the other half did not. In Experiment II subjects received either low arousal, high arousal, or high then low arousal feedback while listening. The results of the two studies generally provided support for the \"arousal only\" hypothesis. An interpretation in terms of Bem's attribution theory was tentatively suggested.", "contents": "False physiological feedback and persuasion: effect of fear arousal vs. fear reduction on attitude change. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that increases in false physiological feedback of fear arousal will enhance persuasion and that reduction in the arousal feedback is unnecessary for increased persuasion to occur. Prior research has usually found a positive relation between level of arousal and persuasion, but support for the drive reduction hypothesis is tenuous. However, Harris and Jellison (1971) claimed support for such a hypothesis. They manipulated subjects' fear arousal cognitively via false physiological feedback while the subjects listened to a persuasive communication. The present experiments used a similar procedure in an attempt to test an \"arousal only\" against an \"arousal reduction\" hypothesis. Subjects listened to a persuasive speech while receiving false feedback via a meter concerning their fear arousal. In Experiment I half of the subjects received high arousal and half received moderate arousal information. Within each of these conditions half of the subjects had their arousal reduced, and the other half did not. In Experiment II subjects received either low arousal, high arousal, or high then low arousal feedback while listening. The results of the two studies generally provided support for the \"arousal only\" hypothesis. An interpretation in terms of Bem's attribution theory was tentatively suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1195089", "title": "Ego functioning and acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs.", "content": "The relationship between ego functioning and acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs was examined using retrospective data. The data were consistent with a causal model in which characteristic use of regression (and to a lesser extent repression) was associated with acute adverse reactions to marijuana and to LSD. Regression also had an indirect effect through increased usage of LSD. Subjects characterized by the use of intellectualization and denial were less likely to report developing acute adverse reactions. A higher score on a general measure of coping was related to avoiding acute adverse reactions to LSD, but not to marijuana. Projection, regression in the service of the ego, and tolerance of ambiguity has no effect on acute adverse reactions.", "contents": "Ego functioning and acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs. The relationship between ego functioning and acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs was examined using retrospective data. The data were consistent with a causal model in which characteristic use of regression (and to a lesser extent repression) was associated with acute adverse reactions to marijuana and to LSD. Regression also had an indirect effect through increased usage of LSD. Subjects characterized by the use of intellectualization and denial were less likely to report developing acute adverse reactions. A higher score on a general measure of coping was related to avoiding acute adverse reactions to LSD, but not to marijuana. Projection, regression in the service of the ego, and tolerance of ambiguity has no effect on acute adverse reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1195090", "title": "Face validity of test and acceptance of generalized personality interpretations.", "content": "After students in different groups took one of four \"personality tests\" that varied in face validity, they received a generalized personality interpretation. Even though the test lowest in face validity merely required the subject to circle digits, judged accuracy of the interpretation (a) was high for all tests (76-87% of the ratings in the various test groups were good or excellent) and (b) was independent of type of test upon which the interpretation was purportedly derived. From 46-60% of the subjects in the various groups \"definitely liked\" or \"liked\" the interpretation; likability was independent of face validity of the test. Judged accuracy and likability of the interpretation correlated positively and significantly. The willingness of individuals to accept generalized statements about themselves is a researchable problem area suggested by the present research.", "contents": "Face validity of test and acceptance of generalized personality interpretations. After students in different groups took one of four \"personality tests\" that varied in face validity, they received a generalized personality interpretation. Even though the test lowest in face validity merely required the subject to circle digits, judged accuracy of the interpretation (a) was high for all tests (76-87% of the ratings in the various test groups were good or excellent) and (b) was independent of type of test upon which the interpretation was purportedly derived. From 46-60% of the subjects in the various groups \"definitely liked\" or \"liked\" the interpretation; likability was independent of face validity of the test. Judged accuracy and likability of the interpretation correlated positively and significantly. The willingness of individuals to accept generalized statements about themselves is a researchable problem area suggested by the present research."}
{"id": "PMID:1195091", "title": "Self-help with diagnosis (a self-administered semi-projective device).", "content": "Studied the validity of a self-administered semi-projective packet of tests and questionnaires developed to provide quick, inexpensive information preparatory, or ancillary, to further diagnostic examinations. Brief writeups of inferences derived from the packet of tests were compared to diagnostic inferences based on from one to three psychiatric interviews, and with full examinations, which included psychiatric and social work interviews and extensive psychological testing. Generally, high comparability between the packet and both criteria were shown on questions of global diagnostic impression, character and defense, central conflicts, and basic ego functions; and significant information was often added by the packet to the data collected in diagnostic interviews. The patients filled out the packet forms conscientiously, and their written self-reports indicated that some patients could learn and otherwise benefit just from performing this task.", "contents": "Self-help with diagnosis (a self-administered semi-projective device). Studied the validity of a self-administered semi-projective packet of tests and questionnaires developed to provide quick, inexpensive information preparatory, or ancillary, to further diagnostic examinations. Brief writeups of inferences derived from the packet of tests were compared to diagnostic inferences based on from one to three psychiatric interviews, and with full examinations, which included psychiatric and social work interviews and extensive psychological testing. Generally, high comparability between the packet and both criteria were shown on questions of global diagnostic impression, character and defense, central conflicts, and basic ego functions; and significant information was often added by the packet to the data collected in diagnostic interviews. The patients filled out the packet forms conscientiously, and their written self-reports indicated that some patients could learn and otherwise benefit just from performing this task."}
{"id": "PMID:1195092", "title": "A criminal offender introspective report.", "content": "The development of a new scale suitable for research with the criminal offender was described. Based on the factor analysis of an item pool delineating sociopathic personality traits, five factors were derived to compose an 80-item criminal offender introspective report (COIR).", "contents": "A criminal offender introspective report. The development of a new scale suitable for research with the criminal offender was described. Based on the factor analysis of an item pool delineating sociopathic personality traits, five factors were derived to compose an 80-item criminal offender introspective report (COIR)."}
{"id": "PMID:1195093", "title": "Regression in the service of the ego in young children.", "content": "Analysis of studies of primary process thinking as manifested in Rorschach and TAT production of young children (ages 6 to 10) indicate that children show approximately the same amount of primary process production as do young adults (48% vs 54%). However, this primary process does not appear to be clearly related to the child's creative, scholastic, or perceptual-motor development as measured by appropriate tests. High levels of primary process appear to be significantly related only to the negative qualities of the personality, that is, to high levels of tension, anxiety, and poor control of aggression. It is possible that young children have not yet learned to use it in the service of the ego, although they do not seem to be encumbered by its presence.", "contents": "Regression in the service of the ego in young children. Analysis of studies of primary process thinking as manifested in Rorschach and TAT production of young children (ages 6 to 10) indicate that children show approximately the same amount of primary process production as do young adults (48% vs 54%). However, this primary process does not appear to be clearly related to the child's creative, scholastic, or perceptual-motor development as measured by appropriate tests. High levels of primary process appear to be significantly related only to the negative qualities of the personality, that is, to high levels of tension, anxiety, and poor control of aggression. It is possible that young children have not yet learned to use it in the service of the ego, although they do not seem to be encumbered by its presence."}
{"id": "PMID:1195094", "title": "There is an alternative to the IQ.", "content": "Another approach was indicated for understanding the intellectual functioning of the person considered to be retarded from the viewpoint of measured intelligence. Rather than utilizing the standard, usually academically-oriented, test, the inkblot method was used to differentiate how the individual deals with familiar and unfamiliar problems. The emphasis was not on the predetermined responses and verbal meanings of the test constructor, but the language and mode of perceiving, organizing, and responding of the individual to the problems presented to him.", "contents": "There is an alternative to the IQ. Another approach was indicated for understanding the intellectual functioning of the person considered to be retarded from the viewpoint of measured intelligence. Rather than utilizing the standard, usually academically-oriented, test, the inkblot method was used to differentiate how the individual deals with familiar and unfamiliar problems. The emphasis was not on the predetermined responses and verbal meanings of the test constructor, but the language and mode of perceiving, organizing, and responding of the individual to the problems presented to him."}
{"id": "PMID:1195095", "title": "Response to cigarette deprivation as a function of oral fantasy.", "content": "The role of oral fantasy in reactions of heavy smokers to smoking deprivation was studied. Experimental subjects were first evaluated with the Holtzman Inkblot Test to measure amount of oral fantasy. They also evaluated themselves on a number of Semantic Differential continua. Smoking deprivation followed. Retest Holtzman blots and Semantic Differential rating scales were then administered. Subjects also indicated number of somatic symptoms and body image distortions produced by deprivation. Control subjects followed the same paradigm except they smoked throughout the procedure. It was found that the greater the orality of experimental subjects the greater the number of somatic symptoms and body distortions they experienced following deprivation; and the more they viewed self as having shifted in a less favorable and less potent direction. Such relationships were absent in the control group.", "contents": "Response to cigarette deprivation as a function of oral fantasy. The role of oral fantasy in reactions of heavy smokers to smoking deprivation was studied. Experimental subjects were first evaluated with the Holtzman Inkblot Test to measure amount of oral fantasy. They also evaluated themselves on a number of Semantic Differential continua. Smoking deprivation followed. Retest Holtzman blots and Semantic Differential rating scales were then administered. Subjects also indicated number of somatic symptoms and body image distortions produced by deprivation. Control subjects followed the same paradigm except they smoked throughout the procedure. It was found that the greater the orality of experimental subjects the greater the number of somatic symptoms and body distortions they experienced following deprivation; and the more they viewed self as having shifted in a less favorable and less potent direction. Such relationships were absent in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:1195096", "title": "The Mini-Mult with criminal psychiatric patients.", "content": "In order to determine the usefulness of the Mini-Mult with criminal psychiatric patients, 107 MMPI profiles were rescored for the Mini-Mult and compared with the standard MMPI. Correlations between the two test forms were high but eight of the eleven means of the scales on the Mini-Mult were significantly different from the MMPI. A modest correspondence between indexes of psychopathology and scale peaks was found. Results were interpreted as indicating that the use of the Mini-Mult is not justified with this population.", "contents": "The Mini-Mult with criminal psychiatric patients. In order to determine the usefulness of the Mini-Mult with criminal psychiatric patients, 107 MMPI profiles were rescored for the Mini-Mult and compared with the standard MMPI. Correlations between the two test forms were high but eight of the eleven means of the scales on the Mini-Mult were significantly different from the MMPI. A modest correspondence between indexes of psychopathology and scale peaks was found. Results were interpreted as indicating that the use of the Mini-Mult is not justified with this population."}
{"id": "PMID:1195097", "title": "Temporal relatedness: personality and behavioral correlates.", "content": "The relationships between the tendency of subjects to perceive temporal zones as interrelated or discrete and other temporal behaviors and personality factors were explored in two studies, one using 115 college students and the other 60 college students, employing the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Temporal Orientation Inventory, and the Circles Test. Subjects who obtained higher time-relatedness scores were found to demonstrate greater self-actualization, evaluate the present time mode more positively, over-estimate time intervals in an estimation task, and to perform less accurately in time estimation than low time relaters.", "contents": "Temporal relatedness: personality and behavioral correlates. The relationships between the tendency of subjects to perceive temporal zones as interrelated or discrete and other temporal behaviors and personality factors were explored in two studies, one using 115 college students and the other 60 college students, employing the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Temporal Orientation Inventory, and the Circles Test. Subjects who obtained higher time-relatedness scores were found to demonstrate greater self-actualization, evaluate the present time mode more positively, over-estimate time intervals in an estimation task, and to perform less accurately in time estimation than low time relaters."}
{"id": "PMID:1195098", "title": "Test-induced anxiety with children.", "content": "Thirty-five elementary school children received the WISC, Rorschach, CAT, and Sentence Completion Test in counterbalanced order with a test-test interval of approximately 24 hours. State and trait anxiety measures were assessed immediately prior to and immediately following each test administration. Results indicated that state anxiety measures increased significantly following administration of the more ambigious and school related assessment tests, namely the Rorschach and WISC. In contrast, the more structured, less amorphous CAT and Sentence Completion Test, did not induce any significant changes in state anxiety. In all cases, trait anxiety measures remained relatively stable. Implications for assessment techniques with children were discussed.", "contents": "Test-induced anxiety with children. Thirty-five elementary school children received the WISC, Rorschach, CAT, and Sentence Completion Test in counterbalanced order with a test-test interval of approximately 24 hours. State and trait anxiety measures were assessed immediately prior to and immediately following each test administration. Results indicated that state anxiety measures increased significantly following administration of the more ambigious and school related assessment tests, namely the Rorschach and WISC. In contrast, the more structured, less amorphous CAT and Sentence Completion Test, did not induce any significant changes in state anxiety. In all cases, trait anxiety measures remained relatively stable. Implications for assessment techniques with children were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195099", "title": "Masculinity-femininity in creative college women.", "content": "The possible relationship between masculinity and creativity in college women was investigated through a battery of masculinity-femininity scales that tapped both manifest and latent masculinity, factorially derived clusters, and an ipsative measure. Two samples (n = 45 each) of women who had scored above the 75th percentile and below the 25th percentile respectively on two measures of creativity were used. High creative subjects scored higher on activity and described themselves as more masculine; indications are that they possess a broader, less stereotyped sex-role identity.", "contents": "Masculinity-femininity in creative college women. The possible relationship between masculinity and creativity in college women was investigated through a battery of masculinity-femininity scales that tapped both manifest and latent masculinity, factorially derived clusters, and an ipsative measure. Two samples (n = 45 each) of women who had scored above the 75th percentile and below the 25th percentile respectively on two measures of creativity were used. High creative subjects scored higher on activity and described themselves as more masculine; indications are that they possess a broader, less stereotyped sex-role identity."}
{"id": "PMID:1195100", "title": "Development of a reaction inventory to measure guilt.", "content": "The Reaction Inventory-Guilt was developed to isolate, in individuals, the specific stimulus situations which result in guilt. The 50-item inventory was administered to 96 subjects. The estimate of the internal consistency coefficient was .94. The inter-item correlations were factor analyzed by the principle axis method, and rotation to oblique simple structure was accomplished by the Promax method. Four oblique factors were obtained: intentional behavior disrupting interpersonal relations; self-destructive behavior; behavior contrary to moral or ethical principles; and unintentional behavior disrupting interpersonal relationships.", "contents": "Development of a reaction inventory to measure guilt. The Reaction Inventory-Guilt was developed to isolate, in individuals, the specific stimulus situations which result in guilt. The 50-item inventory was administered to 96 subjects. The estimate of the internal consistency coefficient was .94. The inter-item correlations were factor analyzed by the principle axis method, and rotation to oblique simple structure was accomplished by the Promax method. Four oblique factors were obtained: intentional behavior disrupting interpersonal relations; self-destructive behavior; behavior contrary to moral or ethical principles; and unintentional behavior disrupting interpersonal relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:1195101", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants. XIV: relationship between protein binding, distribution, and elimination kinetics of warfarin in rats.", "content": "The relationships between the protein binding, distribution in the body, and kinetics of elimination of warfarin were studied. Individual rats eliminated warfarin by apparent first-order kinetics, with a biological half-life of 5.9-41 hr and a total plasma clearance of 2.4-22 ml kg(-1) hr(-1). There is a strong positive correlation between the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) and the elimination rate constant (kel). There was no apparent concentration dependance of warfarin binding to serum proteins over a wide concentration range, but there were pronounced intersubject variations in protein binding, with the free fraction of drug (f) in serum ranging from 0.172 x 10(-2) to 1.53 x 10(-2). There are strong positive correlations between f and kel, f and Vd, and f and the kidney-serum concentration ratio of warfarin. Consistent with theory, there is an excellent positive linear correlation between f and total plasma clearance of the drug. The intersubject variation in f is not related to variations in serum albumin or total protein concentration. There is a strong correlation between values of f for serum and liver homogenate in individual animals, consistent with the lack of correlation between f in serum and the liver-serum concentration ratio of warfarin. These results show that the pronounced intersubject variation in the elimination of warfarin observed in this investigation was related to interindividual differences in plasma protein binding of the drug. The differences in protein binding cannot be ascribed to differences in plasma protein concentrations and may reflect configurational differences of proteins or the presence of an endogenous displacing agent at different concentrations.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants. XIV: relationship between protein binding, distribution, and elimination kinetics of warfarin in rats. The relationships between the protein binding, distribution in the body, and kinetics of elimination of warfarin were studied. Individual rats eliminated warfarin by apparent first-order kinetics, with a biological half-life of 5.9-41 hr and a total plasma clearance of 2.4-22 ml kg(-1) hr(-1). There is a strong positive correlation between the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) and the elimination rate constant (kel). There was no apparent concentration dependance of warfarin binding to serum proteins over a wide concentration range, but there were pronounced intersubject variations in protein binding, with the free fraction of drug (f) in serum ranging from 0.172 x 10(-2) to 1.53 x 10(-2). There are strong positive correlations between f and kel, f and Vd, and f and the kidney-serum concentration ratio of warfarin. Consistent with theory, there is an excellent positive linear correlation between f and total plasma clearance of the drug. The intersubject variation in f is not related to variations in serum albumin or total protein concentration. There is a strong correlation between values of f for serum and liver homogenate in individual animals, consistent with the lack of correlation between f in serum and the liver-serum concentration ratio of warfarin. These results show that the pronounced intersubject variation in the elimination of warfarin observed in this investigation was related to interindividual differences in plasma protein binding of the drug. The differences in protein binding cannot be ascribed to differences in plasma protein concentrations and may reflect configurational differences of proteins or the presence of an endogenous displacing agent at different concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1195105", "title": "Solvolytic reactions of cyclic anhydrides in anhydrous acetic acid.", "content": "The reversible reactions of several cyclic anhydrides with acetic acid to form acetic anhydride and the corresponding dicarboxylic acid, catalyzed by perchloric acid at 25degree, were studied. The equilibrium constants, calculated from spectral data, were 4.85 X 10-4, 1.08 X 10-1, and 4.6 X 10-1 M for succinic, trans-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic, and glutaric anhydrides, respectively. Maleic, phthalic, and cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydrides did not undergo any detectable reaction with acetic acid under these conditions, suggesting still higher stability. The reverse rate constants were found to be relatively independent of the structure of the attacking diacid, while the forward rate constants were found to parrallel the equilibrium constants. The rate-determining step for the forward reaction appears to be the breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate formed by the attack of an acetic acid molecule on the protonated cyclic anhydride.", "contents": "Solvolytic reactions of cyclic anhydrides in anhydrous acetic acid. The reversible reactions of several cyclic anhydrides with acetic acid to form acetic anhydride and the corresponding dicarboxylic acid, catalyzed by perchloric acid at 25degree, were studied. The equilibrium constants, calculated from spectral data, were 4.85 X 10-4, 1.08 X 10-1, and 4.6 X 10-1 M for succinic, trans-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic, and glutaric anhydrides, respectively. Maleic, phthalic, and cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydrides did not undergo any detectable reaction with acetic acid under these conditions, suggesting still higher stability. The reverse rate constants were found to be relatively independent of the structure of the attacking diacid, while the forward rate constants were found to parrallel the equilibrium constants. The rate-determining step for the forward reaction appears to be the breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate formed by the attack of an acetic acid molecule on the protonated cyclic anhydride."}
{"id": "PMID:1195106", "title": "Dissolution patterns of polydisperse powders: oxalic acid dihydrate.", "content": "The dissolution of oxalic acid dihydrate crystals of log-normal particle-size distribution in 0.1 N HC1 was studied. A biphasic cube root dependence was found; the slopes of the initial cube root plots were consistent with theory based on dissolution of isometric, isotropic particles where assumptions were made of: (a) sink conditions, (b) particle-size-independent solubility, and (c) particle-size-independent film thickness of adsorbed liquid layers.", "contents": "Dissolution patterns of polydisperse powders: oxalic acid dihydrate. The dissolution of oxalic acid dihydrate crystals of log-normal particle-size distribution in 0.1 N HC1 was studied. A biphasic cube root dependence was found; the slopes of the initial cube root plots were consistent with theory based on dissolution of isometric, isotropic particles where assumptions were made of: (a) sink conditions, (b) particle-size-independent solubility, and (c) particle-size-independent film thickness of adsorbed liquid layers."}
{"id": "PMID:1195107", "title": "Controlled drug release from polymeric delivery devices. III: In vitro-in vivo correlation for intravaginal release of ethynodiol diacetate from silicone devices in rabbits.", "content": "Forty female rabbits were implanted with silicone vaginal devices containing ethynodiol diacetate for up to 8 weeks. As predicted from in vitro studies, a Q - t1/2 (matrix-controlled) release profile was observed in vivo. The in vivo drug release profile was compared with in vitro data measured at three hydrodynamic conditions, and the diffusional resistance across the vaginal wall was estimated. Drug released from silicone devices yielded a prolonged plasma level when compared with data following intravaginal or intravenous administration of a solution dose. The rate constant for elimination was unchanged. The plasma concentration of the drug was related to the intravaginal drug release profile both theoretically and experimentally and was above the concentration required to inhibit fertilization.", "contents": "Controlled drug release from polymeric delivery devices. III: In vitro-in vivo correlation for intravaginal release of ethynodiol diacetate from silicone devices in rabbits. Forty female rabbits were implanted with silicone vaginal devices containing ethynodiol diacetate for up to 8 weeks. As predicted from in vitro studies, a Q - t1/2 (matrix-controlled) release profile was observed in vivo. The in vivo drug release profile was compared with in vitro data measured at three hydrodynamic conditions, and the diffusional resistance across the vaginal wall was estimated. Drug released from silicone devices yielded a prolonged plasma level when compared with data following intravaginal or intravenous administration of a solution dose. The rate constant for elimination was unchanged. The plasma concentration of the drug was related to the intravaginal drug release profile both theoretically and experimentally and was above the concentration required to inhibit fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1195108", "title": "Kinetics and mechanisms of monolayer interactions. III: models to explain time-dependent effects of injected cetrimonium bromide.", "content": "Two kinetic models are derived to explain the time-dependent effects of cetrimonium ions injected beneath an air-aqueous solution interface without any previously adsorbed or spread monolayer at different ionic strengths. The data show excellent fit and consistency with a nulticompartmental kinetic model which postulates a barrier or intermediate compartment between the ionic surfactant in the subphase and the sites on the surface. Such a barrier inhibits free diffusion of the surfactant from the bulk of the solution to these sites. The experimental data are not inconsistent with a model that postulates a time-dependent binding process and the absence of a diffusion-limiting subinterface since, within the limits of the error, the derived rate constants conform to the model prediction that they should be proportional to the surfactant-ion concentration.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanisms of monolayer interactions. III: models to explain time-dependent effects of injected cetrimonium bromide. Two kinetic models are derived to explain the time-dependent effects of cetrimonium ions injected beneath an air-aqueous solution interface without any previously adsorbed or spread monolayer at different ionic strengths. The data show excellent fit and consistency with a nulticompartmental kinetic model which postulates a barrier or intermediate compartment between the ionic surfactant in the subphase and the sites on the surface. Such a barrier inhibits free diffusion of the surfactant from the bulk of the solution to these sites. The experimental data are not inconsistent with a model that postulates a time-dependent binding process and the absence of a diffusion-limiting subinterface since, within the limits of the error, the derived rate constants conform to the model prediction that they should be proportional to the surfactant-ion concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1195109", "title": "Characterization of hydrogen bonding between selected barbiturates and polyethylene glycol 4000 by IR spectral analysis.", "content": "Several barbiturates and primidone were equilibrated with polyethylene glycol 4000 in pyridine. IR spectral properties of these samples indicate that seven disubstituted barbiturates complex with polyethylene glycol 4000 while five disubstituted barbiturates and two trisubstituted barbiturates as well as primidone do not. Forces responsible for complexation of barbiturates with polyethylene glycol 4000, as inferred from spectral data, consist of hydrogen bonds formed between N1 and N3 hydrogens of the barbiturate ring and two oxygen atoms of the --O--CH2CH2--O--moiety. Also, there appear to be three configurations of intermolecular hydrogen bonding sites between disubstituted barbiturates. Several factors affect the barbiturate-polyethylene glycol 4000 interaction, including the nature of the solvent, C5 substituents, the number of hydrogen bonds formed between reactants, and the 2-carbonyl group of the barbiturate ring. Complexes of polyethylene glycol 4000 with phenobarbital, butabarbital, and cyclobarbital are stable in water at 26 degrees or below, but complexes of polyethylene glycol 4000 with butethal, cyclopentenyl allylbarbituric acid, pentobarbital, and probarbital are not.", "contents": "Characterization of hydrogen bonding between selected barbiturates and polyethylene glycol 4000 by IR spectral analysis. Several barbiturates and primidone were equilibrated with polyethylene glycol 4000 in pyridine. IR spectral properties of these samples indicate that seven disubstituted barbiturates complex with polyethylene glycol 4000 while five disubstituted barbiturates and two trisubstituted barbiturates as well as primidone do not. Forces responsible for complexation of barbiturates with polyethylene glycol 4000, as inferred from spectral data, consist of hydrogen bonds formed between N1 and N3 hydrogens of the barbiturate ring and two oxygen atoms of the --O--CH2CH2--O--moiety. Also, there appear to be three configurations of intermolecular hydrogen bonding sites between disubstituted barbiturates. Several factors affect the barbiturate-polyethylene glycol 4000 interaction, including the nature of the solvent, C5 substituents, the number of hydrogen bonds formed between reactants, and the 2-carbonyl group of the barbiturate ring. Complexes of polyethylene glycol 4000 with phenobarbital, butabarbital, and cyclobarbital are stable in water at 26 degrees or below, but complexes of polyethylene glycol 4000 with butethal, cyclopentenyl allylbarbituric acid, pentobarbital, and probarbital are not."}
{"id": "PMID:1195110", "title": "Binding of metronidazole and its derivatives to plasma proteins: an assessment of drug binding phenomenon.", "content": "Metronidazole and four derivatives were studied in vitro to investigate the differences in the extent of their binding to plasma proteins. Modification at the terminal portion of the alkyl side chain resulted in wide differences in the extent of binding. Molecular orbital calculations were performed by the CNDO and MINDO/2 methods to estimate the frontier electron density on the hetero atom at the 3'-position of the alkyl side chain. A linear correlation between the protein binding parameter (loge P) and the frontier electron density (qr) was observed for the binding of this group of trichomonicidal drugs. NMR spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that the alkyl side chain participated in the binding of these compounds to plasma proteins.", "contents": "Binding of metronidazole and its derivatives to plasma proteins: an assessment of drug binding phenomenon. Metronidazole and four derivatives were studied in vitro to investigate the differences in the extent of their binding to plasma proteins. Modification at the terminal portion of the alkyl side chain resulted in wide differences in the extent of binding. Molecular orbital calculations were performed by the CNDO and MINDO/2 methods to estimate the frontier electron density on the hetero atom at the 3'-position of the alkyl side chain. A linear correlation between the protein binding parameter (loge P) and the frontier electron density (qr) was observed for the binding of this group of trichomonicidal drugs. NMR spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that the alkyl side chain participated in the binding of these compounds to plasma proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1195111", "title": "Utilization of model compounds to evaluate effects of slight chemical modifications on their distribution. Pharmacokinetic parameters in rats and mechanisms inferred for their transmembrane transport.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of each of the model compounds benzoylformic acid (I), p-methylbenzoylformic acid (II), p-ethylbenzoylformic acid (III), D-(-)-mandelic acid (IV), D-(-)-p-methylmandelic acid (V), D-(-)-p-ethylmandelic acid (VI), and D-(-)-p-isopropylmandelic acid (VII) were studied in rats to determine the influence of slight chemical modifications of the compounds on their distribution pharmacokinetic parameters in rats. The effects of the specific chemical modifications considered were those of the less than CHOH group of IV against the less than C=0 group of I, the para-alkylation of I and IV, and the branched alkyl group (isopropyl) against the straight chain alkyl groups of the homologs of IV. While the disappearance of I from the blood was describable by the three-compartment open model, that of IV was describable by the two-compartment open model. The apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment (V1) for IV was smaller than that for I, but the volume of the peripheral compartment (V2) for IV was greater than that (V2 + V3) for I. The disappearance of V, VI, and VII from the blood was also describable by the two-compartment open model, but the apparent V1 and V2 for these compounds were lower than those for the parent compound, IV. However, the disappearance of II and II from the blood was describable by a one-compartment open model. Evaluation of the appropriate distribution pharmacokinetic parameters suggested that the peripheral compartment for the anions of these compounds consisted of moderately perfused tissues and that the transmembrane transport of these organic anions between the central and peripheral compartments occurs by diffusion mainly through the aqueous membrane pores, which are lined with polar portions of membrane proteins and/or phospholipids. The possible increased hydrophobic bonding between the alkyl groups of these compounds and the hydrophobic groups of the proteins and/or phospholipids of the membrane pores is implicated to decrease the distribution of the para-alkylated homologs into the peripheral compartments and, consequently, diminish the volumes of their peripheral compartments. The heteroporosity of the membranes of the tissues of the central compartment is proposed as the reason for the diminished volume of the central compartment for V and VI as compared to that of IV or VII.", "contents": "Utilization of model compounds to evaluate effects of slight chemical modifications on their distribution. Pharmacokinetic parameters in rats and mechanisms inferred for their transmembrane transport. The pharmacokinetics of each of the model compounds benzoylformic acid (I), p-methylbenzoylformic acid (II), p-ethylbenzoylformic acid (III), D-(-)-mandelic acid (IV), D-(-)-p-methylmandelic acid (V), D-(-)-p-ethylmandelic acid (VI), and D-(-)-p-isopropylmandelic acid (VII) were studied in rats to determine the influence of slight chemical modifications of the compounds on their distribution pharmacokinetic parameters in rats. The effects of the specific chemical modifications considered were those of the less than CHOH group of IV against the less than C=0 group of I, the para-alkylation of I and IV, and the branched alkyl group (isopropyl) against the straight chain alkyl groups of the homologs of IV. While the disappearance of I from the blood was describable by the three-compartment open model, that of IV was describable by the two-compartment open model. The apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment (V1) for IV was smaller than that for I, but the volume of the peripheral compartment (V2) for IV was greater than that (V2 + V3) for I. The disappearance of V, VI, and VII from the blood was also describable by the two-compartment open model, but the apparent V1 and V2 for these compounds were lower than those for the parent compound, IV. However, the disappearance of II and II from the blood was describable by a one-compartment open model. Evaluation of the appropriate distribution pharmacokinetic parameters suggested that the peripheral compartment for the anions of these compounds consisted of moderately perfused tissues and that the transmembrane transport of these organic anions between the central and peripheral compartments occurs by diffusion mainly through the aqueous membrane pores, which are lined with polar portions of membrane proteins and/or phospholipids. The possible increased hydrophobic bonding between the alkyl groups of these compounds and the hydrophobic groups of the proteins and/or phospholipids of the membrane pores is implicated to decrease the distribution of the para-alkylated homologs into the peripheral compartments and, consequently, diminish the volumes of their peripheral compartments. The heteroporosity of the membranes of the tissues of the central compartment is proposed as the reason for the diminished volume of the central compartment for V and VI as compared to that of IV or VII."}
{"id": "PMID:1195112", "title": "Mechanistic evaluation of modifications of distribution. Pharmacokinetic parameters of model organic anions in presence of a model renal tubular secretion inhibitor in rats.", "content": "The effects of DL-tropic acid (VIII) on the distribution pharmacokinetic parameters of the model compounds benzoylformic acid (I), p-methylbenzoylformic acid (II), p-ethylbenzoylformic acid (III), D-(-)-mandelic acid (IV), D-(-)-p-methyl-mandelic acid (V), D-(-)-p-ethylmandelic acid (VI), and D-(-)-p-isopropylmandelic acid (VII) were studied in rats. Since VIII is a competitive inhibitor of renal tubular secretion of I-VII and since all of these compounds (I-VIII) are negligibly bound to plasma proteins and are neither metabolized nor reabsorbed from the renal tubules, they were considered as model compounds. Therefore, changes observed in the values of the distribution pharmacokinetic parameters of I-VII were attributed to the influence of VIII on the transmembrane transport of the compounds between body compartments in rats. The decrease in the apparent volumes of the central compartments for I, IV, and VII, the increase in the apparent volumes of the peripheral compartments for IV-VII, the absence of change in the volumes of the central or peripheral compartments for the other compounds, and the increase in the ratios of the rate constants of the transfer of compounds from one compartment into another for I and IV-VII were explained in terms of the \"aqueous pore\" mechanism for the transmembrane transport of the anions of the compounds as well as the heteroporosity of the tissue membranes.", "contents": "Mechanistic evaluation of modifications of distribution. Pharmacokinetic parameters of model organic anions in presence of a model renal tubular secretion inhibitor in rats. The effects of DL-tropic acid (VIII) on the distribution pharmacokinetic parameters of the model compounds benzoylformic acid (I), p-methylbenzoylformic acid (II), p-ethylbenzoylformic acid (III), D-(-)-mandelic acid (IV), D-(-)-p-methyl-mandelic acid (V), D-(-)-p-ethylmandelic acid (VI), and D-(-)-p-isopropylmandelic acid (VII) were studied in rats. Since VIII is a competitive inhibitor of renal tubular secretion of I-VII and since all of these compounds (I-VIII) are negligibly bound to plasma proteins and are neither metabolized nor reabsorbed from the renal tubules, they were considered as model compounds. Therefore, changes observed in the values of the distribution pharmacokinetic parameters of I-VII were attributed to the influence of VIII on the transmembrane transport of the compounds between body compartments in rats. The decrease in the apparent volumes of the central compartments for I, IV, and VII, the increase in the apparent volumes of the peripheral compartments for IV-VII, the absence of change in the volumes of the central or peripheral compartments for the other compounds, and the increase in the ratios of the rate constants of the transfer of compounds from one compartment into another for I and IV-VII were explained in terms of the \"aqueous pore\" mechanism for the transmembrane transport of the anions of the compounds as well as the heteroporosity of the tissue membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:1195113", "title": "Behavior of erythrocytes in ternary solvent systems.", "content": "The effect of ternary solvent systems on erythrocytes was investigated. Hemolysis experiments were run at 37degree in solutions containing various amounts of water, two nonaqueous solvents, and 0.9% sodium chloride. The nonaqueous solvents were propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and tetramethylurea. Ternary diagrams based on the critical hemolytic compositions of the various ternary systems are presented.", "contents": "Behavior of erythrocytes in ternary solvent systems. The effect of ternary solvent systems on erythrocytes was investigated. Hemolysis experiments were run at 37degree in solutions containing various amounts of water, two nonaqueous solvents, and 0.9% sodium chloride. The nonaqueous solvents were propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and tetramethylurea. Ternary diagrams based on the critical hemolytic compositions of the various ternary systems are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1195114", "title": "Micelle formation and its relationship to solubility behavior of 2-butyl-3-benzofuranyl-4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl ketone hydrochloride.", "content": "Micelle formation by 2-butyl-3-benzofuranyl-4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodophenyl ketone hydrochloride was studied by conductance measurements. The CMC was approximately 0.05% and was independent of temperature between 20 and 50degree. The heat of formation for the micelle was calculated to be 6.9 kcal/mole. The unusual solubility behavior of the compound was attributed to its ability to form micelles. Ultracentrifuge studies indicate the molecular weight of the micelle to be approximately 100,000. Anions such as chloride, sulfate, acetate, tartrate, and citrate significantly affect the equilibrium solubility of the compound. NMR spectroscopic data indicate that the solubility behavior, in part, is related to an effect on the CMC of the compound by the anionic environment.", "contents": "Micelle formation and its relationship to solubility behavior of 2-butyl-3-benzofuranyl-4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl ketone hydrochloride. Micelle formation by 2-butyl-3-benzofuranyl-4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodophenyl ketone hydrochloride was studied by conductance measurements. The CMC was approximately 0.05% and was independent of temperature between 20 and 50degree. The heat of formation for the micelle was calculated to be 6.9 kcal/mole. The unusual solubility behavior of the compound was attributed to its ability to form micelles. Ultracentrifuge studies indicate the molecular weight of the micelle to be approximately 100,000. Anions such as chloride, sulfate, acetate, tartrate, and citrate significantly affect the equilibrium solubility of the compound. NMR spectroscopic data indicate that the solubility behavior, in part, is related to an effect on the CMC of the compound by the anionic environment."}
{"id": "PMID:1195115", "title": "Isolation and identification of three new flavones from Achillea millefolium L.", "content": "Column chromatography on silica gel of a petroleum ether extract of the flowering heads of Achillea millefolium L. allowed three flavones to be separated and identified. Spectral studies (PMR, mass spectrometry, and UV) and a comparison with data for compounds reported in the literature established the flavones as 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone, artemetin, and casticin. These compounds have not been reported previously as constituents of A. millefolium.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of three new flavones from Achillea millefolium L. Column chromatography on silica gel of a petroleum ether extract of the flowering heads of Achillea millefolium L. allowed three flavones to be separated and identified. Spectral studies (PMR, mass spectrometry, and UV) and a comparison with data for compounds reported in the literature established the flavones as 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone, artemetin, and casticin. These compounds have not been reported previously as constituents of A. millefolium."}
{"id": "PMID:1195116", "title": "Quantitative GLC determination of pentylenetetrazol in biological fluids.", "content": "A quantitative, sensitive, and specific GLC method was developed for the determination of pentylenetetrazol in water, plasma, and urine. The assay involves a single extraction of the sample into chloroform followed by centrifugation, evaporation, and chromatography. The method for pentylenetetrazol is reproducible, and the sensitivity limit of the assay is 0.5 mug of pentylenetetrazol/ml of biological fluid using a 2-ml sample. This method has a sensitivty sufficient to detect human plasma levels after therapeutic clinical doses and was successfully applied to monitor complete plasma level profiles of this drug in dogs. The data indicate that this drug is very rapidly absorbed following an oral dose, and the half-life of the drug in plasma is approximately 1 hr.", "contents": "Quantitative GLC determination of pentylenetetrazol in biological fluids. A quantitative, sensitive, and specific GLC method was developed for the determination of pentylenetetrazol in water, plasma, and urine. The assay involves a single extraction of the sample into chloroform followed by centrifugation, evaporation, and chromatography. The method for pentylenetetrazol is reproducible, and the sensitivity limit of the assay is 0.5 mug of pentylenetetrazol/ml of biological fluid using a 2-ml sample. This method has a sensitivty sufficient to detect human plasma levels after therapeutic clinical doses and was successfully applied to monitor complete plasma level profiles of this drug in dogs. The data indicate that this drug is very rapidly absorbed following an oral dose, and the half-life of the drug in plasma is approximately 1 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:1195117", "title": "Enterohepatic circulation of tetracycline in rats.", "content": "The absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride excreted in the bile of rats was evaluated using the insitu intestinal preparation. For comparative purposes, the absorption of the drug from an aqueous solution having the same pH as that of the bile was also determined. After 4 hr, the amounts of tetracycline absorbed from the bile and aqueous solutions were 72.92 and 77.34%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the amount of drug accumulated in the gut tissue. The disappearance of the drug from the intestinal lumen was biexponential, and the kinetic parameters appeared to be similar. It was concluded that tetracycline excreted in the bile is readily absorbed from the rat intestine. Accordingly, biliary excretion does not seem to account for a significant elimination of this antibiotic from the body.", "contents": "Enterohepatic circulation of tetracycline in rats. The absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride excreted in the bile of rats was evaluated using the insitu intestinal preparation. For comparative purposes, the absorption of the drug from an aqueous solution having the same pH as that of the bile was also determined. After 4 hr, the amounts of tetracycline absorbed from the bile and aqueous solutions were 72.92 and 77.34%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the amount of drug accumulated in the gut tissue. The disappearance of the drug from the intestinal lumen was biexponential, and the kinetic parameters appeared to be similar. It was concluded that tetracycline excreted in the bile is readily absorbed from the rat intestine. Accordingly, biliary excretion does not seem to account for a significant elimination of this antibiotic from the body."}
{"id": "PMID:1195118", "title": "Determination of mercury-containing pharmaceuticals by vapor phase atomic absorption spectroscopy.", "content": "A procedure was developed for the determination of mercurials of pharmaceutical interest. Protic acid cleavage of the compound was followed by reduction of the resulting mercuric ion and vapor phase atomic absorption spectroscopy. This procedure was applied to 11 different mercurial compounds in various pharmaceutical preparations and offers excellent sensitivity with respect to presently used compendial assays. Comparative analytical data between this procedure and compendial methodology are presented.", "contents": "Determination of mercury-containing pharmaceuticals by vapor phase atomic absorption spectroscopy. A procedure was developed for the determination of mercurials of pharmaceutical interest. Protic acid cleavage of the compound was followed by reduction of the resulting mercuric ion and vapor phase atomic absorption spectroscopy. This procedure was applied to 11 different mercurial compounds in various pharmaceutical preparations and offers excellent sensitivity with respect to presently used compendial assays. Comparative analytical data between this procedure and compendial methodology are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1195119", "title": "GLC determination of hexadiphane in pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "A specific, rapid, and sensitive GLC method for purity control of hexadiphane and its determination in pharmaceutical perparations is described. The method utilizes an extraction of the free base, followed by GLC on a 0.5% OV-17 column at isothermal temperature for 6 min and then the temperature was programmed. Results from this method and from a titrimetric method were compared, and no significant differences were found.", "contents": "GLC determination of hexadiphane in pharmaceutical preparations. A specific, rapid, and sensitive GLC method for purity control of hexadiphane and its determination in pharmaceutical perparations is described. The method utilizes an extraction of the free base, followed by GLC on a 0.5% OV-17 column at isothermal temperature for 6 min and then the temperature was programmed. Results from this method and from a titrimetric method were compared, and no significant differences were found."}
{"id": "PMID:1195120", "title": "Diffusion model for fluidized-bed drying.", "content": "A sucrose-lactose-starch granulation was used to study particulate motion and attrition in a fluid bed dryer. There is some classification of material in the dryer as drying proceeds; fine particles are dried faster and become less dense, and the less dry but denser large particles show some (although not great) accumulation tendencies in the lower central area. Unlike countercurrent rotary drying, fluid bed drying cannot be accounted for by water diffusion inside the granule as the rate-limiting step. In its place, a model of external water vapor diffusion is proposed and is supported by vapor-concentration curves and by the linear dependence of the rate constants on the linear air velocities. The dried granulation exhibits the same trend as does countercurrent dried material in that larger particles have higher moisture contents than do smaller particles. Quantitative relationships between content of moisture and size were developed and are supported by experimental data. The granulation, upon storage, does not equilibrate, indicating that this type of water distribution is a problem in batch process granulations as well as in the earlier reported case of granulations for continuous production.", "contents": "Diffusion model for fluidized-bed drying. A sucrose-lactose-starch granulation was used to study particulate motion and attrition in a fluid bed dryer. There is some classification of material in the dryer as drying proceeds; fine particles are dried faster and become less dense, and the less dry but denser large particles show some (although not great) accumulation tendencies in the lower central area. Unlike countercurrent rotary drying, fluid bed drying cannot be accounted for by water diffusion inside the granule as the rate-limiting step. In its place, a model of external water vapor diffusion is proposed and is supported by vapor-concentration curves and by the linear dependence of the rate constants on the linear air velocities. The dried granulation exhibits the same trend as does countercurrent dried material in that larger particles have higher moisture contents than do smaller particles. Quantitative relationships between content of moisture and size were developed and are supported by experimental data. The granulation, upon storage, does not equilibrate, indicating that this type of water distribution is a problem in batch process granulations as well as in the earlier reported case of granulations for continuous production."}
{"id": "PMID:1195121", "title": "Spectrofluorometric determination of the antibiotic lasalocid in blood.", "content": "A spectrofluorometric assay was developed for the determination of the antibiotic lasalocid in dog blood, based on the intrinsic fluorescence of the compound in ethyl acetate. The assay can measure \"total\" levels of drug and any metabolites present. The specificity of the assay was verified by TLC separation of the dog blood extract, which indicated the presence of only intact drug. The overall recovery (+/- SD) of lasalocid was 62.0 +/- 3.6% in the concentration range of 1.0-10 mug of compound/ml of dog blood. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.5 mug/ml. The assay was applied to the determination of blood levels of lasalocid in the dog following the intravenous administration of a 5-mg/kg dose.", "contents": "Spectrofluorometric determination of the antibiotic lasalocid in blood. A spectrofluorometric assay was developed for the determination of the antibiotic lasalocid in dog blood, based on the intrinsic fluorescence of the compound in ethyl acetate. The assay can measure \"total\" levels of drug and any metabolites present. The specificity of the assay was verified by TLC separation of the dog blood extract, which indicated the presence of only intact drug. The overall recovery (+/- SD) of lasalocid was 62.0 +/- 3.6% in the concentration range of 1.0-10 mug of compound/ml of dog blood. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.5 mug/ml. The assay was applied to the determination of blood levels of lasalocid in the dog following the intravenous administration of a 5-mg/kg dose."}
{"id": "PMID:1195122", "title": "Electron-capture GLC determination of timolol in human plasma and urine.", "content": "A GLC procedure was developed for measuring nanogram quantities of timolol in plasma and urine. The unchanged drug was extracted into heptane-4% isoamyl alcohol from alkalinized plasma or urine, together with a homolog of timolol which served as the internal standard. The compounds were subsequently back-extracted into 0.1 N HC1 and then into chloroform following adjustment of the acid phase to an alkaline pH. The compounds in the chloroform extract were derivatized with heptafluorobutyrylimidazole to form the diheptafluorobutyryl derivatives; these were quantitated by electron-capture GLC. Recovery of timolol added to normal plasma and urine was quantitative and reproducible, and no interfering substances were observed in normal biological samples. The method is capable of measuring concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in plasma or 20 ng/ml in urine. After a 10-mg oral dose of 14C-timolol, peak plasma levels of approximately 30 ng/ml were ovserved in 1-2 hr.", "contents": "Electron-capture GLC determination of timolol in human plasma and urine. A GLC procedure was developed for measuring nanogram quantities of timolol in plasma and urine. The unchanged drug was extracted into heptane-4% isoamyl alcohol from alkalinized plasma or urine, together with a homolog of timolol which served as the internal standard. The compounds were subsequently back-extracted into 0.1 N HC1 and then into chloroform following adjustment of the acid phase to an alkaline pH. The compounds in the chloroform extract were derivatized with heptafluorobutyrylimidazole to form the diheptafluorobutyryl derivatives; these were quantitated by electron-capture GLC. Recovery of timolol added to normal plasma and urine was quantitative and reproducible, and no interfering substances were observed in normal biological samples. The method is capable of measuring concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in plasma or 20 ng/ml in urine. After a 10-mg oral dose of 14C-timolol, peak plasma levels of approximately 30 ng/ml were ovserved in 1-2 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:1195123", "title": "Synthesis of dl-4xi-(2-carboxyethyl)-cis-hexahydropyrrolo-[3,4-d]imidazol-2-one (bisnorazabiotin).", "content": "Bisnorazabiotin was synthesized in a six-step sequence from 1,5-dioxo-2-carbethoxypyrrolizidine. It is anticipated that the molecule will serve as a cofactor for biotin-requiring enzymes.", "contents": "Synthesis of dl-4xi-(2-carboxyethyl)-cis-hexahydropyrrolo-[3,4-d]imidazol-2-one (bisnorazabiotin). Bisnorazabiotin was synthesized in a six-step sequence from 1,5-dioxo-2-carbethoxypyrrolizidine. It is anticipated that the molecule will serve as a cofactor for biotin-requiring enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:1195124", "title": "Sodium chloride equivalents, cryoscopic properties, and hemolytic effects of certain medicinals in aqueous solution. III: Supplemental values.", "content": "A supplemental table of sodium chloride equivalents and freezing-point depressions at various concentrations for 44 different substances in aqueous solution is presented. Also given in the table is the isosmotic concentration of each material that can form such a solution. The degree of hemolysis of human erythrocytes was determined in 24 different isosmotic solutions, and the data are presented in a table to supplement the previously pub lished values. Eleven isosmotic solutions prevented hemolysis, and 13 others failed to prevent hemolysis.", "contents": "Sodium chloride equivalents, cryoscopic properties, and hemolytic effects of certain medicinals in aqueous solution. III: Supplemental values. A supplemental table of sodium chloride equivalents and freezing-point depressions at various concentrations for 44 different substances in aqueous solution is presented. Also given in the table is the isosmotic concentration of each material that can form such a solution. The degree of hemolysis of human erythrocytes was determined in 24 different isosmotic solutions, and the data are presented in a table to supplement the previously pub lished values. Eleven isosmotic solutions prevented hemolysis, and 13 others failed to prevent hemolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1195125", "title": "Tumor-inhibitory agent from Montezuma speciosissima (Malvaceae).", "content": "The petroleum ether extract of Montezuma speciosissima Sesse and Moc. demonstrated tumor-inhibiting properties in the P-338 lympocytic leukemia test system (3PS). The constituent responsible for this activity was shown to be a symmetrically substituted 2,2'-dinaphthol, identified as gossypol (C30H30O8).", "contents": "Tumor-inhibitory agent from Montezuma speciosissima (Malvaceae). The petroleum ether extract of Montezuma speciosissima Sesse and Moc. demonstrated tumor-inhibiting properties in the P-338 lympocytic leukemia test system (3PS). The constituent responsible for this activity was shown to be a symmetrically substituted 2,2'-dinaphthol, identified as gossypol (C30H30O8)."}
{"id": "PMID:1195127", "title": "Bioavailability analysis of chlorpromazine in humans from pupilometric data.", "content": "Results of studying the time variation of the miotic response intensity for periods of 6 to 8 hours after dosing in up to 16 normal human subjects who received various oral liquid and intravenous doses of chlorpromazine are reported. Relative to oral liquid doses of chlorpromazine syrup, intravenous doses of the drug slowly infused over a consistent time interval of 30 minutes are approximately 11 times as potent in eliciting miotic response activity. Miotic activity was found to be quite dose sensitive as seen from the response vs. time profiles and the dose-effect curves constructed as plots of areas under the response curves and peak response intensities. The dose-effect curves are approximately linear for both intravenous and oral dosing over the majority of the dose ranges studied. Pupilometry is demonstrated as providing a highly sensitive, reliable, rapid and convenient method for detecting differences in both rates and extents of systemic chlorpromazine bioavailability after parenteral or oral dosing with chlorpromazine. Pupilometry allows comparative bioavailability studies to be readily completed for low oral doses, e.g., 10 mg/70 kg, which are not possible to perform even under the most ideal conditions, using the best direct assay techniques presently available. It is precisely at such low oral doses that bioavailability between oral dosage forms are most pronounced and the use of pupilometry has its greatest utility.", "contents": "Bioavailability analysis of chlorpromazine in humans from pupilometric data. Results of studying the time variation of the miotic response intensity for periods of 6 to 8 hours after dosing in up to 16 normal human subjects who received various oral liquid and intravenous doses of chlorpromazine are reported. Relative to oral liquid doses of chlorpromazine syrup, intravenous doses of the drug slowly infused over a consistent time interval of 30 minutes are approximately 11 times as potent in eliciting miotic response activity. Miotic activity was found to be quite dose sensitive as seen from the response vs. time profiles and the dose-effect curves constructed as plots of areas under the response curves and peak response intensities. The dose-effect curves are approximately linear for both intravenous and oral dosing over the majority of the dose ranges studied. Pupilometry is demonstrated as providing a highly sensitive, reliable, rapid and convenient method for detecting differences in both rates and extents of systemic chlorpromazine bioavailability after parenteral or oral dosing with chlorpromazine. Pupilometry allows comparative bioavailability studies to be readily completed for low oral doses, e.g., 10 mg/70 kg, which are not possible to perform even under the most ideal conditions, using the best direct assay techniques presently available. It is precisely at such low oral doses that bioavailability between oral dosage forms are most pronounced and the use of pupilometry has its greatest utility."}
{"id": "PMID:1195128", "title": "Effect of portacaval shunt on the disposition of drugs with and without first-pass effect.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine, antipyrine and salicylamide were studied in dogs before and after construction of a portacaval shunt. The systemic availability of antipyrine was not altered significantly by the surgical procedure whereas the availability of lidocaine and salicylamide, drugs with a marked first-pass effect, was increased from 14.8 +/- 2.8 to 81.3 +/- 5.2% and from 21.8 +/- 7.8 to 57.5 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Of the 78% first-pass extraction of salicylamide, 36% is due to hepatic extraction whereas the remaining 42% is accounted for by intestinal wall extraction. The presence of a portacaval shunt also reduced the plasma clearance of lidocaine and antipyrine, but not salicylamide. The apparent volume of distribution was decreased only with salicylamide. Surgical construction of a portacaval shunt in dogs in a good model to evaluate first-pass effect. Physicians should adjust downward the dose of drugs with a first-pass effect. Physicians should adjust downward the dose of drugs with a first-pass effect in patients with a surgical portacaval shunt or endogenous portal systemic shunts such as seen in cirrhosis of the liver.", "contents": "Effect of portacaval shunt on the disposition of drugs with and without first-pass effect. The pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine, antipyrine and salicylamide were studied in dogs before and after construction of a portacaval shunt. The systemic availability of antipyrine was not altered significantly by the surgical procedure whereas the availability of lidocaine and salicylamide, drugs with a marked first-pass effect, was increased from 14.8 +/- 2.8 to 81.3 +/- 5.2% and from 21.8 +/- 7.8 to 57.5 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Of the 78% first-pass extraction of salicylamide, 36% is due to hepatic extraction whereas the remaining 42% is accounted for by intestinal wall extraction. The presence of a portacaval shunt also reduced the plasma clearance of lidocaine and antipyrine, but not salicylamide. The apparent volume of distribution was decreased only with salicylamide. Surgical construction of a portacaval shunt in dogs in a good model to evaluate first-pass effect. Physicians should adjust downward the dose of drugs with a first-pass effect. Physicians should adjust downward the dose of drugs with a first-pass effect in patients with a surgical portacaval shunt or endogenous portal systemic shunts such as seen in cirrhosis of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1195129", "title": "Effects of route of administration and blood flow on hepatic drug elimination.", "content": "The effects of route of administration and blood flow on the elimination of lidocaine, diphenylhydantoin and propranolol have been investigated in the isolated perfused rat liver. After administration directly into the portal vein, drug concentrations in the reservoir were the same at a given flow rate as concentrations in the hepatic vein after drug was placed directly into the reservoir. The apparent clearance of the drug calculated from these concentrations gave an estimate of intrinsic drug clearance, which is an estimate of the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes. Intrinsic clearance is defined as drug clearance when flow is not rate limiting and therefore should be independent of flow. This was confirmed by showing that, at steady state, neither hepatic venous drug concentrations nor concentrations in the reservoir after portal venous administration of lidocaine were affected by altering hepatic blood flow from 10 to 20 ml/min. Propranolol was given as a single dose into the reservoir at flows of 10 and 20 ml/min. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in the reservoir was decreased by increased flow, but AUC for hepatic venous blood was unchanged. Although AUC in hepatic venous blood was unchanged. Although AUC in hepatic venous blood was unchanged, higher peak concentrations and a more rapid half-life was seen in keeping with the clearance of drug from the reservoir. These data suggest that after oral drug administration, steady-state concentrations or AUC in systemic blood is dependent only on the activity of the enzymes involved (i.e., intrinsic clearance) and unaffected by flow, provided drug is completely absorbed and eliminated only by the liver. Furthermore, this will apply even to drugs whose systemic clearance and drug half-life after i.v. administration is profoundly affected by altered hepatic blood flow.", "contents": "Effects of route of administration and blood flow on hepatic drug elimination. The effects of route of administration and blood flow on the elimination of lidocaine, diphenylhydantoin and propranolol have been investigated in the isolated perfused rat liver. After administration directly into the portal vein, drug concentrations in the reservoir were the same at a given flow rate as concentrations in the hepatic vein after drug was placed directly into the reservoir. The apparent clearance of the drug calculated from these concentrations gave an estimate of intrinsic drug clearance, which is an estimate of the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes. Intrinsic clearance is defined as drug clearance when flow is not rate limiting and therefore should be independent of flow. This was confirmed by showing that, at steady state, neither hepatic venous drug concentrations nor concentrations in the reservoir after portal venous administration of lidocaine were affected by altering hepatic blood flow from 10 to 20 ml/min. Propranolol was given as a single dose into the reservoir at flows of 10 and 20 ml/min. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in the reservoir was decreased by increased flow, but AUC for hepatic venous blood was unchanged. Although AUC in hepatic venous blood was unchanged. Although AUC in hepatic venous blood was unchanged, higher peak concentrations and a more rapid half-life was seen in keeping with the clearance of drug from the reservoir. These data suggest that after oral drug administration, steady-state concentrations or AUC in systemic blood is dependent only on the activity of the enzymes involved (i.e., intrinsic clearance) and unaffected by flow, provided drug is completely absorbed and eliminated only by the liver. Furthermore, this will apply even to drugs whose systemic clearance and drug half-life after i.v. administration is profoundly affected by altered hepatic blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1195130", "title": "Metabolism, tissue distribution and covalent binding of tripelennamine and its N-nitroso derivative in the rat.", "content": "Benzyl-14C-labeled tripelennamine and its N-nitroso derivative (NDT) were administered (20 mg/kg; 50 muc/kg i.p.) separately to control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Tissue distribution and covalent binding of the two compounds in liver, lung, kidney, fat and muscle tissues, as well as in the plasma, were determined at 4 and 24 hours after the administration. No specific localization of the test compounds to any tissue or to the plasma was observed. The in vivo covalent binding of both the compounds to the proteins of the tissues and plasma was low; the highest binding occurred in the liver (approximately 25 pmol/mg of protein). Within 24 hours about 78% of the injected tripelennamine and its metabolites was excreted into the urine whereas only about 35% of the radioactivity of NDT was eliminated. Pretreatment with phenobarbital accelerated the elimination of both substances. The metabolites of the drug and NDT were isolated from urine, hydrolyzed by glucuronidase-sulfatase and identified as their trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tripelennamine was found to be extensively metabolized by N-demethylation and aromatic hydroxylation pathways. By contrast most of the NDT was eliminated as NDT and hydroxylated metabolites; very little was excreted as N-demethylated metabolites. The hydroxylated metabolites identified were p-hydroxybenzyl, p-hydroxybenzyl-5-hydroxypyridyl and m,p-dihydroxybenzyl derivatives of the drug, its N-demethylated analog and NDT. The catechol formation with NDT was found to be 4 times that observed with tripelennamine.", "contents": "Metabolism, tissue distribution and covalent binding of tripelennamine and its N-nitroso derivative in the rat. Benzyl-14C-labeled tripelennamine and its N-nitroso derivative (NDT) were administered (20 mg/kg; 50 muc/kg i.p.) separately to control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Tissue distribution and covalent binding of the two compounds in liver, lung, kidney, fat and muscle tissues, as well as in the plasma, were determined at 4 and 24 hours after the administration. No specific localization of the test compounds to any tissue or to the plasma was observed. The in vivo covalent binding of both the compounds to the proteins of the tissues and plasma was low; the highest binding occurred in the liver (approximately 25 pmol/mg of protein). Within 24 hours about 78% of the injected tripelennamine and its metabolites was excreted into the urine whereas only about 35% of the radioactivity of NDT was eliminated. Pretreatment with phenobarbital accelerated the elimination of both substances. The metabolites of the drug and NDT were isolated from urine, hydrolyzed by glucuronidase-sulfatase and identified as their trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tripelennamine was found to be extensively metabolized by N-demethylation and aromatic hydroxylation pathways. By contrast most of the NDT was eliminated as NDT and hydroxylated metabolites; very little was excreted as N-demethylated metabolites. The hydroxylated metabolites identified were p-hydroxybenzyl, p-hydroxybenzyl-5-hydroxypyridyl and m,p-dihydroxybenzyl derivatives of the drug, its N-demethylated analog and NDT. The catechol formation with NDT was found to be 4 times that observed with tripelennamine."}
{"id": "PMID:1195131", "title": "The separation and identification of dopamine 3-O-sulfate and dopamine 4-O-sulfate in urine of Parkinsonian patients.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation and measurement of dopamine 3-O-sulfate and dopamine 4-O-sulfate. The sulfate isomers of dopamine were synthesized chemically by the reaction of dopamine with sulfuric acid. The isomers were isolated by anion-exchange column chromatography and the identities of the two isomers were confirmed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A method is described for the assay of the two isomers by high-pressure liquid chromatography. When Parkinsonian patients were treated with 4.0 g/day of L-dopa, the amount of dopamine 3-O-sulfate excreted in the urine was 19.6 times that of dopamine 4-O-sulfate. When untreated Parkinsonian patients received tracer quantities of 3H-L-dopa either intravenously or orally, 3H-dopamine 3-O-sulfate was the predominant isomer but the amounts were only 3 times those of the 4-isomer. Greater quantities of both isomers were excreted when 3H-L-dopa was given orally as compared to intravenous administration. Since dopamine 3-O-sulfate is the predominant sulfate isomer, it is concluded that sulfate conjugation of dopamine could possibly compete with 3-O-methylation in determining the resultant conjugated product.", "contents": "The separation and identification of dopamine 3-O-sulfate and dopamine 4-O-sulfate in urine of Parkinsonian patients. A method is described for the isolation and measurement of dopamine 3-O-sulfate and dopamine 4-O-sulfate. The sulfate isomers of dopamine were synthesized chemically by the reaction of dopamine with sulfuric acid. The isomers were isolated by anion-exchange column chromatography and the identities of the two isomers were confirmed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A method is described for the assay of the two isomers by high-pressure liquid chromatography. When Parkinsonian patients were treated with 4.0 g/day of L-dopa, the amount of dopamine 3-O-sulfate excreted in the urine was 19.6 times that of dopamine 4-O-sulfate. When untreated Parkinsonian patients received tracer quantities of 3H-L-dopa either intravenously or orally, 3H-dopamine 3-O-sulfate was the predominant isomer but the amounts were only 3 times those of the 4-isomer. Greater quantities of both isomers were excreted when 3H-L-dopa was given orally as compared to intravenous administration. Since dopamine 3-O-sulfate is the predominant sulfate isomer, it is concluded that sulfate conjugation of dopamine could possibly compete with 3-O-methylation in determining the resultant conjugated product."}
{"id": "PMID:1195132", "title": "Effects of divalent cations, cation chelators and an ionophore on morphine analgesia and tolerance.", "content": "The analgesic effect of morphine was antagonized in mice by intracerebroventricular injection of Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++ and was potentiated by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid but was not altered by Sr++, Ba++, Ni++, Hg++, Cd++ or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. The antagonistic effect of Ca++ was not altered by pretreatment with pargyline or 6-hydroxydopamine indicating that altered release of catecholamines or serotonin was not involved in this action of Ca++. Induction of morphine tolerance by pellet implantation also did not alter the antagonistic effect of Ca++. The antagonistic effects of Ca++ and naloxone were additive in both nontolerant and tolerant animals and the apparent affinity of naloxone for its receptors, as estimated by in vivo pA2 determinations, was not altered by Ca++. However, the ionophore X537A was found to increase greatly the narcotic antagonist effect of a low dose of Ca++ although the ionophore alone did not alter the effects of morphine. This indicates that Ca\"++ must penetrate cell membranes in order to reduce the analgesic effects of morphine. These findings indicate the importance of Ca++ localization in the actions of narcotic agonists and antagonists.", "contents": "Effects of divalent cations, cation chelators and an ionophore on morphine analgesia and tolerance. The analgesic effect of morphine was antagonized in mice by intracerebroventricular injection of Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++ and was potentiated by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid but was not altered by Sr++, Ba++, Ni++, Hg++, Cd++ or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. The antagonistic effect of Ca++ was not altered by pretreatment with pargyline or 6-hydroxydopamine indicating that altered release of catecholamines or serotonin was not involved in this action of Ca++. Induction of morphine tolerance by pellet implantation also did not alter the antagonistic effect of Ca++. The antagonistic effects of Ca++ and naloxone were additive in both nontolerant and tolerant animals and the apparent affinity of naloxone for its receptors, as estimated by in vivo pA2 determinations, was not altered by Ca++. However, the ionophore X537A was found to increase greatly the narcotic antagonist effect of a low dose of Ca++ although the ionophore alone did not alter the effects of morphine. This indicates that Ca\"++ must penetrate cell membranes in order to reduce the analgesic effects of morphine. These findings indicate the importance of Ca++ localization in the actions of narcotic agonists and antagonists."}
{"id": "PMID:1195133", "title": "Disposition of naloxone: use of a new radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Understanding of the pharmacology of the narcotic antagonist naloxone has been limited by the lack of a convenient and sensitive method of assay. A radioimmunoassay for naloxone has been developed and is described. It is applicable for drug analysis in either serum or brain. The limit of sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 ng. Naloxone glucuronide, noroxymorphone (nor-naloxone) and morphine were not recognized by the antibody whereas naltrexone and 6-hydroxynaloxone were able to displace naloxone-3H from the antibody. The assay was of sufficient sensitivity to follow the serum levels of naloxone in man for up to 2 hours after an i.v. injection of 0.4 mg. In animal studies, the biologic half-lives of naloxone or morphine (5 mg/kg) were compared after s.c. injection in rats. The peak serum levels A (1 mu/mo), time to peak serum levels (less than 1/2 hour), and serum half-life (40 minutes) were comparable. However, the brain entry and egress of the two compounds differed markedly. Peak brain levels of naloxone occurred within 15 minutes and had declined by 50% within 1 hour, whereas the peak brain levels of morphine were sustained for up to 2 hours. At peak serum levels, the brain/serum ratio for morphine was 0.1 whereas for naloxone it was 15 times greater. We suggest the high brain/serum ratio of naloxone contributes to its potency whereas the rapid egress from the brain is important in the short duration of action of naloxone.", "contents": "Disposition of naloxone: use of a new radioimmunoassay. Understanding of the pharmacology of the narcotic antagonist naloxone has been limited by the lack of a convenient and sensitive method of assay. A radioimmunoassay for naloxone has been developed and is described. It is applicable for drug analysis in either serum or brain. The limit of sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 ng. Naloxone glucuronide, noroxymorphone (nor-naloxone) and morphine were not recognized by the antibody whereas naltrexone and 6-hydroxynaloxone were able to displace naloxone-3H from the antibody. The assay was of sufficient sensitivity to follow the serum levels of naloxone in man for up to 2 hours after an i.v. injection of 0.4 mg. In animal studies, the biologic half-lives of naloxone or morphine (5 mg/kg) were compared after s.c. injection in rats. The peak serum levels A (1 mu/mo), time to peak serum levels (less than 1/2 hour), and serum half-life (40 minutes) were comparable. However, the brain entry and egress of the two compounds differed markedly. Peak brain levels of naloxone occurred within 15 minutes and had declined by 50% within 1 hour, whereas the peak brain levels of morphine were sustained for up to 2 hours. At peak serum levels, the brain/serum ratio for morphine was 0.1 whereas for naloxone it was 15 times greater. We suggest the high brain/serum ratio of naloxone contributes to its potency whereas the rapid egress from the brain is important in the short duration of action of naloxone."}
{"id": "PMID:1195134", "title": "The depressant effect of halothane and sodium thiopental on the spontaneous and evoked activity of dorsal horn cells: lamina specificity, time course and dose dependence.", "content": "The effects of halothane and sodium thiopental on dorsal horn cell unit activity were studied in the lumbar spinal cord of decerebrate, low thoracic spinal cats. Both halothane (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) and sodium thiopental (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) depressed, in a dose-dependent manner, the spontaneous firing frequency of cells in Rexed laminae I, V and VI and the evoked firing frequency of cells in laminae I and V. They, however, had no effect on cells in lamina IV. The maximum depression of cell activity occurred 5 to 8 minutes after inhalation of halothane and 2 to 3 minutes after the intravenous administration of sodium thiopental. The recovery of cell activity occurred within 15 to 30 minutes after discontinuation of halothane and within 10 to 30 minutes after intravenous administration of sodium thiopental. The depressive effect of halothane and sodium thiopental, both primarily hypnotic anesthetics, on lamina VI cells is in contrast to our previous finding that morphine sulfate, nitrous oxide and ketamine hydrochloride, primarily analgesic agents, had no significant effect on this lamina.", "contents": "The depressant effect of halothane and sodium thiopental on the spontaneous and evoked activity of dorsal horn cells: lamina specificity, time course and dose dependence. The effects of halothane and sodium thiopental on dorsal horn cell unit activity were studied in the lumbar spinal cord of decerebrate, low thoracic spinal cats. Both halothane (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) and sodium thiopental (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) depressed, in a dose-dependent manner, the spontaneous firing frequency of cells in Rexed laminae I, V and VI and the evoked firing frequency of cells in laminae I and V. They, however, had no effect on cells in lamina IV. The maximum depression of cell activity occurred 5 to 8 minutes after inhalation of halothane and 2 to 3 minutes after the intravenous administration of sodium thiopental. The recovery of cell activity occurred within 15 to 30 minutes after discontinuation of halothane and within 10 to 30 minutes after intravenous administration of sodium thiopental. The depressive effect of halothane and sodium thiopental, both primarily hypnotic anesthetics, on lamina VI cells is in contrast to our previous finding that morphine sulfate, nitrous oxide and ketamine hydrochloride, primarily analgesic agents, had no significant effect on this lamina."}
{"id": "PMID:1195135", "title": "Local anesthetics and barbiturates: effects on evoked potentials in isolated mammalian cortex.", "content": "Slices of olfactory cortex from guinea pig, incorporating the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), were maintained in a glucose-bicarbonate solution in vitro. Stimulation of the LOT produced: 1) A summed LOT action potential; 2) A monosynaptic surface-negative wave (N-wave); and 3) A polysynaptic surface-positive wave (P-wave) as recorded from the pial surface of the slice at 24 degrees C. During a period of single stimulus pulses to the LOT, local anesthetics and barbiturates, applied to the incubating solution, depressed the amplitude of the action potential (while increasing its latency and threshold) with the following potencies: tetracaine greater than cocaine greater than lidocaine greater than procaine greater than pentobarbital greater than phenobarbital. The order of potencies was similar for the synaptic potentials. Each local anesthetic or bartiturate first depressed the P-wave, the N-wave and then the LOT potential, with all three potentials being affected within a narrow range of drug concentrations. There was a good linear relationship between drug potency on all potentials and the distribution coefficients of the drugs in octanol-water. During a period of double stimulus pulses to the LOT, up to 10 seconds apart, low concentrations of barbiturates depressed the N-wave to the second pulse with little effect on the first, conditioning pulse, an effect not seen with local anesthetics. The bath concentrations required for this effect of both barbiturates were similar to previous reports of blood concentrations required for general anesthesia. It appears that local anesthetics have actions on brain similar to those reported for other tissues and that barbiturates share some of the actions of local anesthetics, but exert a selective depression on repetitively elicited synaptic potentials.", "contents": "Local anesthetics and barbiturates: effects on evoked potentials in isolated mammalian cortex. Slices of olfactory cortex from guinea pig, incorporating the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), were maintained in a glucose-bicarbonate solution in vitro. Stimulation of the LOT produced: 1) A summed LOT action potential; 2) A monosynaptic surface-negative wave (N-wave); and 3) A polysynaptic surface-positive wave (P-wave) as recorded from the pial surface of the slice at 24 degrees C. During a period of single stimulus pulses to the LOT, local anesthetics and barbiturates, applied to the incubating solution, depressed the amplitude of the action potential (while increasing its latency and threshold) with the following potencies: tetracaine greater than cocaine greater than lidocaine greater than procaine greater than pentobarbital greater than phenobarbital. The order of potencies was similar for the synaptic potentials. Each local anesthetic or bartiturate first depressed the P-wave, the N-wave and then the LOT potential, with all three potentials being affected within a narrow range of drug concentrations. There was a good linear relationship between drug potency on all potentials and the distribution coefficients of the drugs in octanol-water. During a period of double stimulus pulses to the LOT, up to 10 seconds apart, low concentrations of barbiturates depressed the N-wave to the second pulse with little effect on the first, conditioning pulse, an effect not seen with local anesthetics. The bath concentrations required for this effect of both barbiturates were similar to previous reports of blood concentrations required for general anesthesia. It appears that local anesthetics have actions on brain similar to those reported for other tissues and that barbiturates share some of the actions of local anesthetics, but exert a selective depression on repetitively elicited synaptic potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:1195136", "title": "Inhibitory effects of adenine nucleotide analogs on the isolated guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "The inhibitory actions of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine and 16 adenine nucleotide and nucleoside analogs on the isolated guinea-pig taenia coli preparation were compared with those of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Responses were quantitated as magnitude of maximal relaxation, time taken to reach maximal relaxation and activity relative to that of ATP. Inhibitory responses induced by the 5'-di- and triphosphates of 2-chloroadenosine and 2-methylthioadenosine resembled those elicited by ADP and ATP, but the 2-substituted analogs were markedly more potent. AMP and adenosine were less active than ATP; their activities were enhanced by 2-chloro substitution but not by 2-methylthio substitution. 2-Methylthio-AMP and 2-methylthioadenosine were the only analogs which did not elicit maximal relaxation of the taenia coli. 6'-Deoxyhomoadenosine 6'-phosphonic acid was inactive. Adenine nucleotide analogs in which the polyphosphate moiety was modified had steeper log dose-response curves than ATP and induced greater maximal responses than ATP. Analogs in which the polyphosphate alpha, beta-anhydride oxygen was replaced by methylene took up to 5 times longer than ATP to cause maximal relaxation. Other analogs with modified or unmodified polyphosphate side chains caused rapid relaxation of the taenia coli. There was no apparent correlation between relative activity and time to reach maximal response. The findings obtained indicate that di- or triphosphate groupings are of prime importance in binding adenine nucleotides to the putative smooth muscle receptor which mediates their inhibitory responses, and that hydrolysis of the terminal phosphates of adenosine 5'-polyphosphates is not a requirement for inhibitory activity. Reasons for the distinctive inhibitory actions of the phosphate-modified adenine nucleotide analogs are considered.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of adenine nucleotide analogs on the isolated guinea-pig taenia coli. The inhibitory actions of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine and 16 adenine nucleotide and nucleoside analogs on the isolated guinea-pig taenia coli preparation were compared with those of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Responses were quantitated as magnitude of maximal relaxation, time taken to reach maximal relaxation and activity relative to that of ATP. Inhibitory responses induced by the 5'-di- and triphosphates of 2-chloroadenosine and 2-methylthioadenosine resembled those elicited by ADP and ATP, but the 2-substituted analogs were markedly more potent. AMP and adenosine were less active than ATP; their activities were enhanced by 2-chloro substitution but not by 2-methylthio substitution. 2-Methylthio-AMP and 2-methylthioadenosine were the only analogs which did not elicit maximal relaxation of the taenia coli. 6'-Deoxyhomoadenosine 6'-phosphonic acid was inactive. Adenine nucleotide analogs in which the polyphosphate moiety was modified had steeper log dose-response curves than ATP and induced greater maximal responses than ATP. Analogs in which the polyphosphate alpha, beta-anhydride oxygen was replaced by methylene took up to 5 times longer than ATP to cause maximal relaxation. Other analogs with modified or unmodified polyphosphate side chains caused rapid relaxation of the taenia coli. There was no apparent correlation between relative activity and time to reach maximal response. The findings obtained indicate that di- or triphosphate groupings are of prime importance in binding adenine nucleotides to the putative smooth muscle receptor which mediates their inhibitory responses, and that hydrolysis of the terminal phosphates of adenosine 5'-polyphosphates is not a requirement for inhibitory activity. Reasons for the distinctive inhibitory actions of the phosphate-modified adenine nucleotide analogs are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1195137", "title": "Interactions between several rare earth ions and calcium ion in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The effects of lutetium (Lu+++), europium (Eu+++) and neodymium (Nd+++) on 45Ca distribution, 45Ca movements and contractions were examined in rabbit aortic smooth muscle. Tension responses to norepinephrine were markedly inhibited by all three rare earth ions; K+-induced responses and those to histamine were partially blocked. Addition of 1.5 mM Lu+++, Eu+++ or Nd+++ to the bathing solution reduced 45Ca uptake (Nd+++ greater than Eu+++ greater than greater than Lu+++), produced a maintained increase in 45Ca efflux from strips of media-intimal layer washed out in a 0-Ca++ solution (Nd+++ greater than Eu+++ greater than Lu+++), and, when present during 45Ca incubation (before 45Ca washout), altered the release of 45Ca elicited by addition of 1.5 mM Ca++ during the 45Ca washout (inhibition by Nd+++ greater than Eu+++ greater than Lu+++). The 3-fold greater uptake of 45Ca in a 0-Ca++ and 1.5 mM Lu+++ solution than in an equivalent Sr++ solution results from a decreased effect of Lu+++ upon the slower 45Ca washout component. The actions of Lu+++ were quantitatively similar to those of low La+++ concentrations (0.05-0.10 mM), whereas those of Nd+++ and Eu+++ resembled effects obtained with equimolar concentrations of La+++. Thus, the three rare earth ions produce qualitatively similar alterations in 45Ca uptake and superficial binding. The difference observed can be attributed to variations in their affinity for superficial Ca++ binding sites and in their ability to block Ca++ uptake.", "contents": "Interactions between several rare earth ions and calcium ion in vascular smooth muscle. The effects of lutetium (Lu+++), europium (Eu+++) and neodymium (Nd+++) on 45Ca distribution, 45Ca movements and contractions were examined in rabbit aortic smooth muscle. Tension responses to norepinephrine were markedly inhibited by all three rare earth ions; K+-induced responses and those to histamine were partially blocked. Addition of 1.5 mM Lu+++, Eu+++ or Nd+++ to the bathing solution reduced 45Ca uptake (Nd+++ greater than Eu+++ greater than greater than Lu+++), produced a maintained increase in 45Ca efflux from strips of media-intimal layer washed out in a 0-Ca++ solution (Nd+++ greater than Eu+++ greater than Lu+++), and, when present during 45Ca incubation (before 45Ca washout), altered the release of 45Ca elicited by addition of 1.5 mM Ca++ during the 45Ca washout (inhibition by Nd+++ greater than Eu+++ greater than Lu+++). The 3-fold greater uptake of 45Ca in a 0-Ca++ and 1.5 mM Lu+++ solution than in an equivalent Sr++ solution results from a decreased effect of Lu+++ upon the slower 45Ca washout component. The actions of Lu+++ were quantitatively similar to those of low La+++ concentrations (0.05-0.10 mM), whereas those of Nd+++ and Eu+++ resembled effects obtained with equimolar concentrations of La+++. Thus, the three rare earth ions produce qualitatively similar alterations in 45Ca uptake and superficial binding. The difference observed can be attributed to variations in their affinity for superficial Ca++ binding sites and in their ability to block Ca++ uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:1195138", "title": "Interaction of prostaglandin A2 and prostaglandin B2 on vascular smooth muscle tone, vascular reactivity and electrolyte transport.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) and prostaglandin B2 (PGB2) on vascular smooth muscle tone, electrolyte movements and responses to vasoactive stimuli were evaluated with superfused canine tibial arteries. PGA2 and PGB2 constricted superfused tibial arteries. PGB2 was 10.7 (8.3-14.1) times more potent as a constrictor than PGA2. PGA2 and PGB2-induced vasoconstriction was associated with a decrease in 22Na efflux and a tendency toward an increase in cellular sodium (expressed as micromoles per gram of wet weight). These prostaglandins also decreased the total potassium content of tibial arteries. 45Ca exchange was enhanced by PGA2 and PGB2. The time course of PG-induced increases in 45Ca efflux was similar to the temporal increase in force produced by PGA2 and PGB2. The duration of the contractile response to barium chloride was greatly prolonged during superfusion with both PGA2 and PGB2. These effects were probably not mediated by PG-induced alterations in the resting membrane potential of tibial arteries since presumed depolarization by both high potassium and zero-potassium physiologic saline solutions did not mimic the effects of these prostaglandins on vascular smooth muscle tone or responses to barium chloride. These data suggest that PGA2 and PGB2 may increase tone of vascular smooth muscle by inhibition of those processes involved in sequestration of calcium ion, i.e., the relaxation process, rather than acting on the contractile process.", "contents": "Interaction of prostaglandin A2 and prostaglandin B2 on vascular smooth muscle tone, vascular reactivity and electrolyte transport. The effects of prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) and prostaglandin B2 (PGB2) on vascular smooth muscle tone, electrolyte movements and responses to vasoactive stimuli were evaluated with superfused canine tibial arteries. PGA2 and PGB2 constricted superfused tibial arteries. PGB2 was 10.7 (8.3-14.1) times more potent as a constrictor than PGA2. PGA2 and PGB2-induced vasoconstriction was associated with a decrease in 22Na efflux and a tendency toward an increase in cellular sodium (expressed as micromoles per gram of wet weight). These prostaglandins also decreased the total potassium content of tibial arteries. 45Ca exchange was enhanced by PGA2 and PGB2. The time course of PG-induced increases in 45Ca efflux was similar to the temporal increase in force produced by PGA2 and PGB2. The duration of the contractile response to barium chloride was greatly prolonged during superfusion with both PGA2 and PGB2. These effects were probably not mediated by PG-induced alterations in the resting membrane potential of tibial arteries since presumed depolarization by both high potassium and zero-potassium physiologic saline solutions did not mimic the effects of these prostaglandins on vascular smooth muscle tone or responses to barium chloride. These data suggest that PGA2 and PGB2 may increase tone of vascular smooth muscle by inhibition of those processes involved in sequestration of calcium ion, i.e., the relaxation process, rather than acting on the contractile process."}
{"id": "PMID:1195139", "title": "Effect of ouabain and its interaction with diphenylhydantoin on cardiac arrhythmias induced by hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "Cardiac arrhythmias induced by central nervous system stimulation in the cat were used to evaluate the possible central nervous system effects of ouabain and diphenylhydantoin. Electrical stimulation of the posterior portion of the hypothalamus resulted in alterations of cardiac rhythm, and recordings from cardiac-bound sympathetic nerves revealed continuous activity during the time of arrhythmia. Intravenous administration of small doses of ouabain (i.e., 10-30 mug/kg) prevented both the arrhythmias and the associated hyperactivity on the sympathetic nerves. The antiarrhythmic effect was not present in animals with denervated baroreceptors indicating that the ouabain effects were due to sensitization of baroreceptor reflexes. Intravenous administration of large but subarrhythmic doses of ouabain (i.e., 60-80 mug/kg) converted a subarrhythmogenic hypothalamic electrical stimulus to a threshold stimulus for arrhythmias. The increased response of the heart to brain stimulation in the presence of these doses of ouabain was associated with an increased discharge of cardiac sympathetic nerves, indicating that ouabain was exerting its arrhythmogenic enhancing effect on the central nervous system rather than on the heart. Pretreatment with diphenylhydantoin prevented the arrhythmias produced by the combination of ouabain and hypothalamic stimulation. Prevention of the arrhythmia was associated with prevention of the associated sympathetic hyperactivity responsible for the arrhythmia, thus indicating a central nervous system site of action of diphenylhydantoin. These data suggest that central nervous effects of ouabain and diphenylhydantoin are important in the ability of these drugs to alter cardiac rhythm.", "contents": "Effect of ouabain and its interaction with diphenylhydantoin on cardiac arrhythmias induced by hypothalamic stimulation. Cardiac arrhythmias induced by central nervous system stimulation in the cat were used to evaluate the possible central nervous system effects of ouabain and diphenylhydantoin. Electrical stimulation of the posterior portion of the hypothalamus resulted in alterations of cardiac rhythm, and recordings from cardiac-bound sympathetic nerves revealed continuous activity during the time of arrhythmia. Intravenous administration of small doses of ouabain (i.e., 10-30 mug/kg) prevented both the arrhythmias and the associated hyperactivity on the sympathetic nerves. The antiarrhythmic effect was not present in animals with denervated baroreceptors indicating that the ouabain effects were due to sensitization of baroreceptor reflexes. Intravenous administration of large but subarrhythmic doses of ouabain (i.e., 60-80 mug/kg) converted a subarrhythmogenic hypothalamic electrical stimulus to a threshold stimulus for arrhythmias. The increased response of the heart to brain stimulation in the presence of these doses of ouabain was associated with an increased discharge of cardiac sympathetic nerves, indicating that ouabain was exerting its arrhythmogenic enhancing effect on the central nervous system rather than on the heart. Pretreatment with diphenylhydantoin prevented the arrhythmias produced by the combination of ouabain and hypothalamic stimulation. Prevention of the arrhythmia was associated with prevention of the associated sympathetic hyperactivity responsible for the arrhythmia, thus indicating a central nervous system site of action of diphenylhydantoin. These data suggest that central nervous effects of ouabain and diphenylhydantoin are important in the ability of these drugs to alter cardiac rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:1195141", "title": "Evidence for a transient potassium membrane current dependent on calcium influx in crab muscle fibre.", "content": "1. Voltage-clamp experiments were achieved on crab muscle fibre with the double sucrose-gap technique. 2. The accuracy of the imposed voltage has been controlled with an impaled micro-electrode connected to an external circuit. 3. Step depolarizations elicit two kinds of records. In type I fibres, the initial current exhibits only an inward calcium component. In type II fibres, the initial current exhibits a hump, transient outward current, mixed with the calcium current; these fibres exhibit always action potentials with fast repolarization. 4. A potassium origin is suggested for this outward current, due to its dependence on [K]o and its inhibition by TEA. 5. In fibres with a composite initial current, the voltage dependence of the availability of the measured inward current appears complex. It can be shown to be the sum of a simple calcium inactivation (which is observed alone in TEA solution) and a fast potassium inactivation. This potassium conductance is nearly half-available at the resting membrane potential. 6. The origin of the transient outward current is tentatively described. Consecutive to a transient internal increase of calcium ions (due to the calcium current) its activation curve is shifted in an hyperpolarizing direction resulting in an increased activation for an apparent identical depolarization. 7. This fast outward current which overlaps the calcium inward current can account for the low amplitude and the variability of the electrical activity of crab muscle fibres.", "contents": "Evidence for a transient potassium membrane current dependent on calcium influx in crab muscle fibre. 1. Voltage-clamp experiments were achieved on crab muscle fibre with the double sucrose-gap technique. 2. The accuracy of the imposed voltage has been controlled with an impaled micro-electrode connected to an external circuit. 3. Step depolarizations elicit two kinds of records. In type I fibres, the initial current exhibits only an inward calcium component. In type II fibres, the initial current exhibits a hump, transient outward current, mixed with the calcium current; these fibres exhibit always action potentials with fast repolarization. 4. A potassium origin is suggested for this outward current, due to its dependence on [K]o and its inhibition by TEA. 5. In fibres with a composite initial current, the voltage dependence of the availability of the measured inward current appears complex. It can be shown to be the sum of a simple calcium inactivation (which is observed alone in TEA solution) and a fast potassium inactivation. This potassium conductance is nearly half-available at the resting membrane potential. 6. The origin of the transient outward current is tentatively described. Consecutive to a transient internal increase of calcium ions (due to the calcium current) its activation curve is shifted in an hyperpolarizing direction resulting in an increased activation for an apparent identical depolarization. 7. This fast outward current which overlaps the calcium inward current can account for the low amplitude and the variability of the electrical activity of crab muscle fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1195142", "title": "Effects of deindividuation, removal of responsibility, and coaction on impulsive and cyclical aggression.", "content": "The influence of two deindividuating variables, altered responsibility and coaction in groups, on one's tendency to deliver noxious or helpful stimulation impulsively and in a cyclical pattern to a target person was investigated in a laboratory experiment with use of 96 male and female junior college students. Analysis of variance revealed that, as hypothesized, Ss who coacted in groups of three and who had the responsibility for their behavior removed delivered noxious (but not helpful) stimuli more impulsively than Ss who worked alone and were made to feel responsible (p less than .01). Ss responded in a more cyclical pattern which delivering aversive tones than when delivering facilitating tones (p less than .005). A marginally significant finding was that Ss in groups responded in a more cyclical pattern than Ss alone only when the response was seen as aversive. It was concluded that the probability of impulsive and cyclical aggression may be increased by altered responsibility and coaction.", "contents": "Effects of deindividuation, removal of responsibility, and coaction on impulsive and cyclical aggression. The influence of two deindividuating variables, altered responsibility and coaction in groups, on one's tendency to deliver noxious or helpful stimulation impulsively and in a cyclical pattern to a target person was investigated in a laboratory experiment with use of 96 male and female junior college students. Analysis of variance revealed that, as hypothesized, Ss who coacted in groups of three and who had the responsibility for their behavior removed delivered noxious (but not helpful) stimuli more impulsively than Ss who worked alone and were made to feel responsible (p less than .01). Ss responded in a more cyclical pattern which delivering aversive tones than when delivering facilitating tones (p less than .005). A marginally significant finding was that Ss in groups responded in a more cyclical pattern than Ss alone only when the response was seen as aversive. It was concluded that the probability of impulsive and cyclical aggression may be increased by altered responsibility and coaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1195143", "title": "Sex differences in preadolescent self-esteem.", "content": "It was predicted from the theories of Bardwick that 1) made self-esteem would be greater than female self-esteem only among the older children of the preadolescent sample, 2) reading achievement would correlate with self-esteem for boys in all age groups but only for the younger girls, and 3) individual self-esteem items that showed sex differences would be sex-role related. Data on self-esteem and reading score were collected on 307 urban children in second through sixth grades. Analysis of results confirmed predictions 1 and 3, but not prediction 2. Reading score did not show a significant correlation with self-esteem for girls at any age level tested. Results were discussed in terms of differing sources of male and female self-esteem.", "contents": "Sex differences in preadolescent self-esteem. It was predicted from the theories of Bardwick that 1) made self-esteem would be greater than female self-esteem only among the older children of the preadolescent sample, 2) reading achievement would correlate with self-esteem for boys in all age groups but only for the younger girls, and 3) individual self-esteem items that showed sex differences would be sex-role related. Data on self-esteem and reading score were collected on 307 urban children in second through sixth grades. Analysis of results confirmed predictions 1 and 3, but not prediction 2. Reading score did not show a significant correlation with self-esteem for girls at any age level tested. Results were discussed in terms of differing sources of male and female self-esteem."}
{"id": "PMID:1195144", "title": "Melanin as a predictor in the acquisition of developmental skills.", "content": "Seventy-two subjects were randomly drawn across grades K-12 and administered an instrument designed to measure developmental skills within seven skill area categories. A three-way ANOVA, fixed effects model, was used for data analysis. Subjects were blocked by eye color, sex, and grade level for the purpose of investigating the relationship between eye color and sex to self-paced and reactive behaviors. Significant differences were obtained on the main effect of eye color in five of the seven categories examined. There were three significant first order interactions (sex X eye color) and one three-way interaction. The findings support the hypothesis of Worthy that eye color is a dependable predictor of subjects' general behavioral competency area (self-paced or reactive) and adds considerable support for his thesis that self-paced and reactive behaviors are to some degree inherited.", "contents": "Melanin as a predictor in the acquisition of developmental skills. Seventy-two subjects were randomly drawn across grades K-12 and administered an instrument designed to measure developmental skills within seven skill area categories. A three-way ANOVA, fixed effects model, was used for data analysis. Subjects were blocked by eye color, sex, and grade level for the purpose of investigating the relationship between eye color and sex to self-paced and reactive behaviors. Significant differences were obtained on the main effect of eye color in five of the seven categories examined. There were three significant first order interactions (sex X eye color) and one three-way interaction. The findings support the hypothesis of Worthy that eye color is a dependable predictor of subjects' general behavioral competency area (self-paced or reactive) and adds considerable support for his thesis that self-paced and reactive behaviors are to some degree inherited."}
{"id": "PMID:1195145", "title": "Cognitive tempo and the mode of representation in emotionally disturbed and normal children.", "content": "The relationship between cognitive tempo, MA, and mode of representation as inferred from equivalence groupings was investigated in 60 emotionally disturbed and normal boys and girls. No differences on any of the measures were obtained between the two groups of children or between males and females, so the data were combined for further analysis. A significant negative correlation between MA and both the number of errors on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF) and the proportion of analytic concepts on the equivalence task was found. MFF latency was related to MFF errors only. On the other hand, MFF errors were related inversely to the proportion of both superordinate and functional concepts. Results were discussed in terms of supporting the previous findings of Olver and Hornsby in regard to equivalence and MA. Contrasts between the present findings and those of Kagan, Rosman, Day, Albert, and Phillips were discussed, and the differences in the nature if the array emphasized.", "contents": "Cognitive tempo and the mode of representation in emotionally disturbed and normal children. The relationship between cognitive tempo, MA, and mode of representation as inferred from equivalence groupings was investigated in 60 emotionally disturbed and normal boys and girls. No differences on any of the measures were obtained between the two groups of children or between males and females, so the data were combined for further analysis. A significant negative correlation between MA and both the number of errors on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF) and the proportion of analytic concepts on the equivalence task was found. MFF latency was related to MFF errors only. On the other hand, MFF errors were related inversely to the proportion of both superordinate and functional concepts. Results were discussed in terms of supporting the previous findings of Olver and Hornsby in regard to equivalence and MA. Contrasts between the present findings and those of Kagan, Rosman, Day, Albert, and Phillips were discussed, and the differences in the nature if the array emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1195146", "title": "Ethanol induced slowing of human reaction time and speed of voluntary movement.", "content": "This study tested the hypothesis that a CNS depressant (ethanol) would affect self-initiated psychomotor movement speed as much as the speed of an homologous movement made in response to an external stimulus. Four normal Ss (three male, one female, aged between 33-45 years) provided well-practiced measures of reaction time and a simple homologous traverse movement (a) in response to a signal from the E and (b) initiated at the S's own discretion. Performance by each S under ethanol conditions (B. A. L. .22%) was compared with his own baseline (pre- and postdrug) scores. Traverse originated by the S was consistently faster in the nondrug condition. Under peak-ethanol, both forms of traverse were slowed significantly in all Ss. Speed reductions were similar but consistently greater for self-initiated movement. A single S who repeated the experimental sequence under a minimally effective dosage (B. A. L. .08%) showed no important reduction in reactive movement speed, but was slowed significantly in self-initiated traverse measured concomitantly. The selective sensitivity of self-initiated movement to ethanol provides added evidence that a higher level of neural organization underlies control of human voluntary action.", "contents": "Ethanol induced slowing of human reaction time and speed of voluntary movement. This study tested the hypothesis that a CNS depressant (ethanol) would affect self-initiated psychomotor movement speed as much as the speed of an homologous movement made in response to an external stimulus. Four normal Ss (three male, one female, aged between 33-45 years) provided well-practiced measures of reaction time and a simple homologous traverse movement (a) in response to a signal from the E and (b) initiated at the S's own discretion. Performance by each S under ethanol conditions (B. A. L. .22%) was compared with his own baseline (pre- and postdrug) scores. Traverse originated by the S was consistently faster in the nondrug condition. Under peak-ethanol, both forms of traverse were slowed significantly in all Ss. Speed reductions were similar but consistently greater for self-initiated movement. A single S who repeated the experimental sequence under a minimally effective dosage (B. A. L. .08%) showed no important reduction in reactive movement speed, but was slowed significantly in self-initiated traverse measured concomitantly. The selective sensitivity of self-initiated movement to ethanol provides added evidence that a higher level of neural organization underlies control of human voluntary action."}
{"id": "PMID:1195147", "title": "Linguistic nonimmediacy and self-presentation.", "content": "It has been previously shown that Ss accurately infer communicators' levels of negative effect on the basis of communicators' levels of linguistic nonimmediacy (the degree of verbal indirectness with which a communicator refers to himself or to that about which he communicates). It was hypothesized that Ss would also rely on communicators' levels of linguistic nonimmediacy for impression formation, specifically that Ss would perceive communicators using lower levels of linguistic nonimmediacy as more authoritative and as having a more positive character than communicators using higher levels of linguistic nonimmediacy. The hypothesis was partially confirmed in a study of 12 college students who rated samples of student speeches by means of McCroskey's impression formation instrument for public speakers. The results were discussed in terms of the role of language in self-presentation and the role of interpretative procedures in social interaction.", "contents": "Linguistic nonimmediacy and self-presentation. It has been previously shown that Ss accurately infer communicators' levels of negative effect on the basis of communicators' levels of linguistic nonimmediacy (the degree of verbal indirectness with which a communicator refers to himself or to that about which he communicates). It was hypothesized that Ss would also rely on communicators' levels of linguistic nonimmediacy for impression formation, specifically that Ss would perceive communicators using lower levels of linguistic nonimmediacy as more authoritative and as having a more positive character than communicators using higher levels of linguistic nonimmediacy. The hypothesis was partially confirmed in a study of 12 college students who rated samples of student speeches by means of McCroskey's impression formation instrument for public speakers. The results were discussed in terms of the role of language in self-presentation and the role of interpretative procedures in social interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1195148", "title": "Social decentering and locus of control in children.", "content": "Relationships beteen social decentering, personality variables, and social competence were investigated for children attending a seven-week therapeutic summer camp. Ss were 23 males and females ranging in age from 10 to 13 years old had been referred to the camp because they lacked age-appropriate social skills. Feffer's Role Taking Task was used to measure social decentering, and counselor ratings of camper adjustment were measures of social competence. Predicted positive relationships between decentering and competence were found. Striking sex differences were found, however, when comparisons were made between social decentering and two personality variables--the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and the Kiddie Mach. Predicted negative correlations were found between Role Taking Task scores and externality and machiavellianism for females, but not for males. Implications concerning age by sex interactions in the study of personality correlates of social decentering were discussed.", "contents": "Social decentering and locus of control in children. Relationships beteen social decentering, personality variables, and social competence were investigated for children attending a seven-week therapeutic summer camp. Ss were 23 males and females ranging in age from 10 to 13 years old had been referred to the camp because they lacked age-appropriate social skills. Feffer's Role Taking Task was used to measure social decentering, and counselor ratings of camper adjustment were measures of social competence. Predicted positive relationships between decentering and competence were found. Striking sex differences were found, however, when comparisons were made between social decentering and two personality variables--the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and the Kiddie Mach. Predicted negative correlations were found between Role Taking Task scores and externality and machiavellianism for females, but not for males. Implications concerning age by sex interactions in the study of personality correlates of social decentering were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195149", "title": "Authoritarianism and All in the Family.", "content": "A questionnaire survey of a random sample of the adult population of Portland, Maine (N = 233) was used to determine (a) any relationship between authoritarianism and viewing the television program All in the Family, and (b) viewers' perceptions of the major character, Archie Bunker. No relationship was found to exist between authoritarianism and viewing. Archer Bunker was found to be a likable loser. Viewers generally disagreed with him and found him dissimilar to themselves. High authoritarians judged him slightly more positively on all dimensions than did low authoritarians. Recent speculation as to the popularity and effects of the show were discussed in terms of the data.", "contents": "Authoritarianism and All in the Family. A questionnaire survey of a random sample of the adult population of Portland, Maine (N = 233) was used to determine (a) any relationship between authoritarianism and viewing the television program All in the Family, and (b) viewers' perceptions of the major character, Archie Bunker. No relationship was found to exist between authoritarianism and viewing. Archer Bunker was found to be a likable loser. Viewers generally disagreed with him and found him dissimilar to themselves. High authoritarians judged him slightly more positively on all dimensions than did low authoritarians. Recent speculation as to the popularity and effects of the show were discussed in terms of the data."}
{"id": "PMID:1195150", "title": "The influence of males and females on the psychophysical judgments of females.", "content": "A transfer paradigm was employed to test the hypothesis that females influenced by males on one task would show more carryover of the influence effect to other tasks than would females influenced by other females. Thirty female college students made judgments on three cross-modal matching tasks. Experimental subjects gave their judgments on one task along with two male or two female confederates, who appeared to give discrepant judgments. They then made another series of private judgments on the other two tasks. Comparison to a control group and to an original series of provate judgments revealed a significant direct influence effect, but minimal transfer to the other two tasks. There was a nonsignificant tendency for the subjects to be more directly influenced by other females than by males, but this influence by the other females was accompanied by a decline in task confidence. Influence by males on females did not result in lowered confidence. This finding may be restricted to quantitative tasks and to American college students.", "contents": "The influence of males and females on the psychophysical judgments of females. A transfer paradigm was employed to test the hypothesis that females influenced by males on one task would show more carryover of the influence effect to other tasks than would females influenced by other females. Thirty female college students made judgments on three cross-modal matching tasks. Experimental subjects gave their judgments on one task along with two male or two female confederates, who appeared to give discrepant judgments. They then made another series of private judgments on the other two tasks. Comparison to a control group and to an original series of provate judgments revealed a significant direct influence effect, but minimal transfer to the other two tasks. There was a nonsignificant tendency for the subjects to be more directly influenced by other females than by males, but this influence by the other females was accompanied by a decline in task confidence. Influence by males on females did not result in lowered confidence. This finding may be restricted to quantitative tasks and to American college students."}
{"id": "PMID:1195151", "title": "A comparison of two measures of ego identity in high school adolescents.", "content": "A sample of 279 male and female high school seniors participated in a study on ego identity and personality structure. The adolescents completed the Constantinople Inventory of Psychosocial Development (IPD) and, on the basis of the principal components method of factor analysis, were found to group on three factors: Adolescent Identified, Industry Crisis, and Unresolved Crisis. A further subsample of 86 adolescents also completed the Rasmussen Ego Identity Scale (EIS). Comparisons of the two instruments yielded significant positive relationships on subscales, but indicated differential sources of identity scores and resultant possible misclassification of subjects through the use of a single identity score measure.", "contents": "A comparison of two measures of ego identity in high school adolescents. A sample of 279 male and female high school seniors participated in a study on ego identity and personality structure. The adolescents completed the Constantinople Inventory of Psychosocial Development (IPD) and, on the basis of the principal components method of factor analysis, were found to group on three factors: Adolescent Identified, Industry Crisis, and Unresolved Crisis. A further subsample of 86 adolescents also completed the Rasmussen Ego Identity Scale (EIS). Comparisons of the two instruments yielded significant positive relationships on subscales, but indicated differential sources of identity scores and resultant possible misclassification of subjects through the use of a single identity score measure."}
{"id": "PMID:1195152", "title": "Studies in the neurophysiology of learning: IX. Conditioning of evoked potentials due to cerebral stimulation.", "content": "The hypothesis to be tested was that if characteristic undulatory evoked potentials could be produced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, sensory stimuli originally neutral should evoke such potentials, if only of smaller amplitude. The results of experiments on four albino rats are reported. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus by electrical current at 200 biphasic rectangular pulses per second results in 7-12 cycles-per-second undulations persisting for about .5 second and derivable from several regions of the cerbrum. By means of the Pavlovian paradigm, it was possible to condition these to an auditory and to a visual stimulus. The conditioned undulations had smaller amplitudes, did not persist as long to CS as to US, and were characterized by considerable lability. From 100 to 300 CS-US pairings were required.", "contents": "Studies in the neurophysiology of learning: IX. Conditioning of evoked potentials due to cerebral stimulation. The hypothesis to be tested was that if characteristic undulatory evoked potentials could be produced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, sensory stimuli originally neutral should evoke such potentials, if only of smaller amplitude. The results of experiments on four albino rats are reported. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus by electrical current at 200 biphasic rectangular pulses per second results in 7-12 cycles-per-second undulations persisting for about .5 second and derivable from several regions of the cerbrum. By means of the Pavlovian paradigm, it was possible to condition these to an auditory and to a visual stimulus. The conditioned undulations had smaller amplitudes, did not persist as long to CS as to US, and were characterized by considerable lability. From 100 to 300 CS-US pairings were required."}
{"id": "PMID:1195153", "title": "Behavior therapy versus \"will power\" in the management of obesity.", "content": "In a study of the management of obesity 43 patients were randomly assigned to behavior therapy, will power, and no-treatment control groups. The behavioral treatment involved contingency contracting, stimulus control, self-monitoring, energy expenditure, and group reinforcement procedures over an 18-week period. The will power patients were told to do the same thing as the behavior therapy patients; however, instead of having formal contingencies and meeting regularly, they were told to apply \"will power\" on their own, as this was the most important aspect of losing weight. The third group was a standard no-treatment control group. Analyses of covariance indicated that (a) the behavior therapy group lost significantly more weight than the will power (p less than .05) and no-treatment control (p less than .01) groups, and (b) the will power and no-treatment control groups did not differ significantly from each other. An 18-week maintenance follow-up of the behavior therapy group indicated that there was no significant weight gain from the end of treatment to follow-up. Also, an analysis of time spent per patient suggested that the behavioral treatment employed in this study was more efficient than previous treatments.", "contents": "Behavior therapy versus \"will power\" in the management of obesity. In a study of the management of obesity 43 patients were randomly assigned to behavior therapy, will power, and no-treatment control groups. The behavioral treatment involved contingency contracting, stimulus control, self-monitoring, energy expenditure, and group reinforcement procedures over an 18-week period. The will power patients were told to do the same thing as the behavior therapy patients; however, instead of having formal contingencies and meeting regularly, they were told to apply \"will power\" on their own, as this was the most important aspect of losing weight. The third group was a standard no-treatment control group. Analyses of covariance indicated that (a) the behavior therapy group lost significantly more weight than the will power (p less than .05) and no-treatment control (p less than .01) groups, and (b) the will power and no-treatment control groups did not differ significantly from each other. An 18-week maintenance follow-up of the behavior therapy group indicated that there was no significant weight gain from the end of treatment to follow-up. Also, an analysis of time spent per patient suggested that the behavioral treatment employed in this study was more efficient than previous treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:1195154", "title": "Two new species of Eimeria from colubrid snakes in Iowa.", "content": "Oocysts of Eimeria natricis sp. n. and Eimeria sipedon sp. n. were isolated from 2 Northern Water Snakes, Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus), in Iowa. Oocysts of E. natricis were elongate, slightly ovoid, averaging in size 32.3 X 17.5 mum; sporocysts averaged 15.7 X 8.2 mum. Oocysts of E. sipedon were broadly ovoid averaging in size 18.0 X 15.9 mum; sporocysts averaged 12.0 X 7.4 mum. In both species, sporocyst residua were present, but micropyles, polar granules and oocyst residua were lacking.", "contents": "Two new species of Eimeria from colubrid snakes in Iowa. Oocysts of Eimeria natricis sp. n. and Eimeria sipedon sp. n. were isolated from 2 Northern Water Snakes, Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus), in Iowa. Oocysts of E. natricis were elongate, slightly ovoid, averaging in size 32.3 X 17.5 mum; sporocysts averaged 15.7 X 8.2 mum. Oocysts of E. sipedon were broadly ovoid averaging in size 18.0 X 15.9 mum; sporocysts averaged 12.0 X 7.4 mum. In both species, sporocyst residua were present, but micropyles, polar granules and oocyst residua were lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:1195155", "title": "Eimeria cicaki sp. n. and Isospora thavari sp. n. from the house lizard Gehyra mutilata Boulenger in Malaysia.", "content": "Oocysts and endogenous stages  of new species of Eimeria and Isospora from the house lizard, Gehyra mutilata, are described. The ellipsoid to subspherical 2-layered oocysts of E. cicaki averaged 24.0 X 21.0 mum. Polar granules are present. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. Ellipsoid sporocysts average 12.2 X 9.0 mum. A sporocyst residuum is present, but the Stieda body is absent. Endogenous stages are in epithelial cells of the small intestine. The subspherical single-layered oocysts of I. thavari average 23.8 X 22.8 mum. The polar granule is present; micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. Ellipsoid sporocysts average 12.8 X 9.4 mum. Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. There are endogenous stages in epithelial cells of the small intestine.", "contents": "Eimeria cicaki sp. n. and Isospora thavari sp. n. from the house lizard Gehyra mutilata Boulenger in Malaysia. Oocysts and endogenous stages  of new species of Eimeria and Isospora from the house lizard, Gehyra mutilata, are described. The ellipsoid to subspherical 2-layered oocysts of E. cicaki averaged 24.0 X 21.0 mum. Polar granules are present. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. Ellipsoid sporocysts average 12.2 X 9.0 mum. A sporocyst residuum is present, but the Stieda body is absent. Endogenous stages are in epithelial cells of the small intestine. The subspherical single-layered oocysts of I. thavari average 23.8 X 22.8 mum. The polar granule is present; micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. Ellipsoid sporocysts average 12.8 X 9.4 mum. Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. There are endogenous stages in epithelial cells of the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:1195156", "title": "Quantitative ultrastructural investigations of the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei: a morphometric analysis.", "content": "The quantitative ultrastructure of the developmental stages of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in its vector Glossina morsitans was studied by morphometric analysis. Values from ectoperitrophic midgut forms, proventricular forms, epimastigote and metacyclic forms in the salivary gland are compared with results from bloodstream forms, published previously. Significant differences in the volume densities of the trypanosome's single mitochondrion, of microbody-like organelles and in the surface densities of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes were found throughout the whole life cycle. A great increase in volume density of the mitochondrion was observed after transfer to the insect host; reduction took place during metacyclic development. Parallel to the biogenesis of the mitochondrion a reduction of microbodies was found in proventricular forms and there was a great increase in metacyclic forms concomitant with the regression of the mitochondrion. Metacyclic forms had a close quantitative morphologic similarity to bloodstream forms. The results are discussed in connection with changes in structure and in oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "Quantitative ultrastructural investigations of the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei: a morphometric analysis. The quantitative ultrastructure of the developmental stages of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in its vector Glossina morsitans was studied by morphometric analysis. Values from ectoperitrophic midgut forms, proventricular forms, epimastigote and metacyclic forms in the salivary gland are compared with results from bloodstream forms, published previously. Significant differences in the volume densities of the trypanosome's single mitochondrion, of microbody-like organelles and in the surface densities of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes were found throughout the whole life cycle. A great increase in volume density of the mitochondrion was observed after transfer to the insect host; reduction took place during metacyclic development. Parallel to the biogenesis of the mitochondrion a reduction of microbodies was found in proventricular forms and there was a great increase in metacyclic forms concomitant with the regression of the mitochondrion. Metacyclic forms had a close quantitative morphologic similarity to bloodstream forms. The results are discussed in connection with changes in structure and in oxidative metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1195157", "title": "Fine structure of the oocyst walls of Isospora serini and Isospora canaria and excystation of Isospora serini from the canary, Serinus canarius L.", "content": "Oocysts of Isospora serini and Isospora canaria, from the canary Serinus canarius, were broken, added to a cell suspension, fixed in Karnovsky's fluid, and studied in the electron microscope. The oocyst wall of each species had an electron-lucent inner layer, a more osmiophilic middle layer and an outer layer of electron-lucent (I. serini) or electron-dense material interspersed with some electron-lucent material (I. canaria). A few, relatively large lipid-like bodies were present in the outer or middle layer of the oocyst wall of I. canaria. As many as 9 membranes were present in the oocyst wall of I. canaria and 3 in that of I. serini. When exposed to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate fluid, sporozoites of I. serini excysted from 5-month-old sporocysts in vitro, but not from sporocysts stored for more than 6 months. No excystation occurred in 15-month-old I. canaria sporocysts. Similarities and differences in excystation between I. serini and other Isospora, Eimeria, and Sarcocystis species are discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the oocyst walls of Isospora serini and Isospora canaria and excystation of Isospora serini from the canary, Serinus canarius L. Oocysts of Isospora serini and Isospora canaria, from the canary Serinus canarius, were broken, added to a cell suspension, fixed in Karnovsky's fluid, and studied in the electron microscope. The oocyst wall of each species had an electron-lucent inner layer, a more osmiophilic middle layer and an outer layer of electron-lucent (I. serini) or electron-dense material interspersed with some electron-lucent material (I. canaria). A few, relatively large lipid-like bodies were present in the outer or middle layer of the oocyst wall of I. canaria. As many as 9 membranes were present in the oocyst wall of I. canaria and 3 in that of I. serini. When exposed to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate fluid, sporozoites of I. serini excysted from 5-month-old sporocysts in vitro, but not from sporocysts stored for more than 6 months. No excystation occurred in 15-month-old I. canaria sporocysts. Similarities and differences in excystation between I. serini and other Isospora, Eimeria, and Sarcocystis species are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195158", "title": "Growth in vitro and metabolism of Plasmodium vinckei chabaudi.", "content": "An in vitro system, based on the rocker dilution technic, has been developed that supports intraerythrocytic growth of a rat-adapted strain of Plasmodium vinckei chabaudi from ring to schizont stages; some reinvasion was obtained, although invariably, this was associated with a decrease in parasite numbers. Pertinent features were the very high buffer content of the medium and the low oxygen tension of the gaseous phase. Lactate production, glucose utilization, and 3H-leucine and 3H-adenosine incorporations were investigated for their suitability to monitor parasite growth. Throughout an 18-hr incubation there was a continuous and increasing production of lactate and utilization of glucose, which correlated well with the development of the parasites from ring to schizont stages. During the same period, there was a low but continuous and increasing incorporation of 3H-leucine into parasite protein. However, 3H-adenosine was incorporated only for the 1st hr of incubation, after which time no net incorporation occurred. Parasites grew normally from ring to schizont stages even in the absence of adenosine from the dilution medium.", "contents": "Growth in vitro and metabolism of Plasmodium vinckei chabaudi. An in vitro system, based on the rocker dilution technic, has been developed that supports intraerythrocytic growth of a rat-adapted strain of Plasmodium vinckei chabaudi from ring to schizont stages; some reinvasion was obtained, although invariably, this was associated with a decrease in parasite numbers. Pertinent features were the very high buffer content of the medium and the low oxygen tension of the gaseous phase. Lactate production, glucose utilization, and 3H-leucine and 3H-adenosine incorporations were investigated for their suitability to monitor parasite growth. Throughout an 18-hr incubation there was a continuous and increasing production of lactate and utilization of glucose, which correlated well with the development of the parasites from ring to schizont stages. During the same period, there was a low but continuous and increasing incorporation of 3H-leucine into parasite protein. However, 3H-adenosine was incorporated only for the 1st hr of incubation, after which time no net incorporation occurred. Parasites grew normally from ring to schizont stages even in the absence of adenosine from the dilution medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1195159", "title": "Isolation of amylopectin granules and identification of amylopectin phosphorylase in the oocysts of Eimeria tenella.", "content": "Amylopectin granules were purified from Eimeria tenella oocysts following digestion with sodium dodecyl sulfate and pronase. The oval granules had a uniform size of 0.5 X 0.7 mum, and consisted of only glucose polymers. alpha-Amylase treatment yielded 235 nmoles of maltose from the granules from 10(6) unsporulated oocysts and 93 nmoles maltose from those from 10(6) sporulated oocysts. Amylopectin phosphorylase activity was detected in the cytoplasm of unsporulated oocysts of E. tenella. It had a specific activity of 13 U/mg protein in crude extracts, and a pH optimum of 6.0. The Km values determined were 9.1 mM for glucose-1-phosphate and 5.6 mM for glucose end groups in potato amylopectin. Enzyme activity declined at a linear rate during sporulation, sporulated oocysts containing less than 8% of the activity of unsporulated oocysts. No amylase-type activity was found in the parasite.", "contents": "Isolation of amylopectin granules and identification of amylopectin phosphorylase in the oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Amylopectin granules were purified from Eimeria tenella oocysts following digestion with sodium dodecyl sulfate and pronase. The oval granules had a uniform size of 0.5 X 0.7 mum, and consisted of only glucose polymers. alpha-Amylase treatment yielded 235 nmoles of maltose from the granules from 10(6) unsporulated oocysts and 93 nmoles maltose from those from 10(6) sporulated oocysts. Amylopectin phosphorylase activity was detected in the cytoplasm of unsporulated oocysts of E. tenella. It had a specific activity of 13 U/mg protein in crude extracts, and a pH optimum of 6.0. The Km values determined were 9.1 mM for glucose-1-phosphate and 5.6 mM for glucose end groups in potato amylopectin. Enzyme activity declined at a linear rate during sporulation, sporulated oocysts containing less than 8% of the activity of unsporulated oocysts. No amylase-type activity was found in the parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:1195208", "title": "[Comparison between gastric radiology and fiber endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper summarizes the experience from 1969 to 1972 of a mixed team of radiologists and endoscopists at the Northern Marseilles University Hospital Centre. The patients were unselected and the team were not given all the information. After recalling the clinical and radiological conditions, together with the endoscopic conditions of the examination, the authors define the criteria which they chose to orient patients towards fiber endoscopy, i.e. either frankly abnormal radiology, or a radiological examination classed as normal in 563 cases, but which the team considered doubtful. They then report their results. Under these conditions, the results seem to be less unfavourable for radiology than would have been thought, for only 7% of the results were made by endoscopy alone (96 cases out of 1,500). In both benign and malignant ulcer, fiber endoscopy simply confirmed the radiological diagnosis and, in 54% of all the examinations, fiber endoscopy confirmed the normal character of radiology. However, in deciding whether carcinoma or benign ulcer, i.e. 11% of the cases of carcinoma and 14% of the cases of benign ulcer, radiology completely omitted the diagnosis of the lesion which might seem unacceptable. They conclude by asking radiologists to improve their technique of lesion detection and concentrate their examination on the smallest visible lesion in areas considered diffcult to explore radiologically. They are more and more circumspect about giving a full etiological diagnosis of lesions by radiology, especially in gastric ulceration where fiber endoscopy and direct biopsy seems more and more advisable.", "contents": "[Comparison between gastric radiology and fiber endoscopy (author's transl)]. This paper summarizes the experience from 1969 to 1972 of a mixed team of radiologists and endoscopists at the Northern Marseilles University Hospital Centre. The patients were unselected and the team were not given all the information. After recalling the clinical and radiological conditions, together with the endoscopic conditions of the examination, the authors define the criteria which they chose to orient patients towards fiber endoscopy, i.e. either frankly abnormal radiology, or a radiological examination classed as normal in 563 cases, but which the team considered doubtful. They then report their results. Under these conditions, the results seem to be less unfavourable for radiology than would have been thought, for only 7% of the results were made by endoscopy alone (96 cases out of 1,500). In both benign and malignant ulcer, fiber endoscopy simply confirmed the radiological diagnosis and, in 54% of all the examinations, fiber endoscopy confirmed the normal character of radiology. However, in deciding whether carcinoma or benign ulcer, i.e. 11% of the cases of carcinoma and 14% of the cases of benign ulcer, radiology completely omitted the diagnosis of the lesion which might seem unacceptable. They conclude by asking radiologists to improve their technique of lesion detection and concentrate their examination on the smallest visible lesion in areas considered diffcult to explore radiologically. They are more and more circumspect about giving a full etiological diagnosis of lesions by radiology, especially in gastric ulceration where fiber endoscopy and direct biopsy seems more and more advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:1195209", "title": "[Anastomoses of the hepatic arteries angiographic appearances (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 3,000 selective arteriograms of the coeliac trunk, the authors described the radiological appearance of anastomoses existing between the hepatic arteries. The anatomical study of COUINAUD had shown their existence. The increasingly frequent use of hepatic arteriography makes the demonstration easier. Such anastomoses exist under normal conditions but are more obvious, since they are increased in size, in various pathological states, in particular when there is obstruction of a hepatic artery. The anastomoses are of two types: of small calibre and usually situated in the porta hepatis or in the upper part of the hepatic pedicle; of wide calibre, a true embryonic rest, providing a communication between branches of the hepatic arteries. Such anastomoses may function in both directions. They are of great value under pathological conditions, avoiding hepatic necrosis. They are particularly common in complications following surgery on the common or other bile ducts.", "contents": "[Anastomoses of the hepatic arteries angiographic appearances (author's transl)]. On the basis of 3,000 selective arteriograms of the coeliac trunk, the authors described the radiological appearance of anastomoses existing between the hepatic arteries. The anatomical study of COUINAUD had shown their existence. The increasingly frequent use of hepatic arteriography makes the demonstration easier. Such anastomoses exist under normal conditions but are more obvious, since they are increased in size, in various pathological states, in particular when there is obstruction of a hepatic artery. The anastomoses are of two types: of small calibre and usually situated in the porta hepatis or in the upper part of the hepatic pedicle; of wide calibre, a true embryonic rest, providing a communication between branches of the hepatic arteries. Such anastomoses may function in both directions. They are of great value under pathological conditions, avoiding hepatic necrosis. They are particularly common in complications following surgery on the common or other bile ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:1195210", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of pancreatic conditions: a new tentative at a rational approach based on the analysis of 300 cases which were checked (with real time and degraded intensity scale). (author's transl)].", "content": "For a long time, echotomography of the pancreas was limited to the identification of pseudocysts. Little by little, those using ultrasound learnt how to construct images of the pancreatic gland itself, and faced with the changes in size and shape of the latter to recognize lesional processes. Analysis of the pancreatic echostructure represents an important step in the progress of the diagnosis of lesions. Echotomography, the results of which must be compared with those of roentgenological methods of exploration, as well as the clinical and laboratory data, enables the attainment of very fiable diagnoses of chronic pancreatitis with or without pseudo-cysts, of acute pancreatitis or of rare cystic tumors. The precision of the results however depends fundamentally on technical data: it is necessary to combine with the classical apparatus, with manual displacement of the wave, a tomo-echoscopic apparatus, with real time; above all, it is necessary to use the degraded intensity scale. This scale is innate in real time apparatuses. At present it takes the form of a complementary module, on the classical apparatuses. Without these technical conditions, real time and degraded intensity scale, it seems impossible to attack the problem of ultrasonic diagnosis of pancreatic conditions, except by exposing oneself to disappointments which would unmeritedly cast discredit on the method. Six years of experience, several thousands of pancreatic examinations, three hundred pancreatic lesions which were anatomically checked has however convinced us of the importance of echotomography in this field.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of pancreatic conditions: a new tentative at a rational approach based on the analysis of 300 cases which were checked (with real time and degraded intensity scale). (author's transl)]. For a long time, echotomography of the pancreas was limited to the identification of pseudocysts. Little by little, those using ultrasound learnt how to construct images of the pancreatic gland itself, and faced with the changes in size and shape of the latter to recognize lesional processes. Analysis of the pancreatic echostructure represents an important step in the progress of the diagnosis of lesions. Echotomography, the results of which must be compared with those of roentgenological methods of exploration, as well as the clinical and laboratory data, enables the attainment of very fiable diagnoses of chronic pancreatitis with or without pseudo-cysts, of acute pancreatitis or of rare cystic tumors. The precision of the results however depends fundamentally on technical data: it is necessary to combine with the classical apparatus, with manual displacement of the wave, a tomo-echoscopic apparatus, with real time; above all, it is necessary to use the degraded intensity scale. This scale is innate in real time apparatuses. At present it takes the form of a complementary module, on the classical apparatuses. Without these technical conditions, real time and degraded intensity scale, it seems impossible to attack the problem of ultrasonic diagnosis of pancreatic conditions, except by exposing oneself to disappointments which would unmeritedly cast discredit on the method. Six years of experience, several thousands of pancreatic examinations, three hundred pancreatic lesions which were anatomically checked has however convinced us of the importance of echotomography in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:1195211", "title": "[Selective tomography in the study of the temporo-mandibular joint. (author's transl)].", "content": "The majority of temporo-mandibular pains and dysfunction can be related directly or indirectly to the occlusal relationship of the teeth. The first manifestation is a slight reduction of the interarticular space, that must be early diagnosed, to prevent organic changes. Tomography is the one technique able to give a exact information of temporo-mandibular joint. But if we ask to that examination to detect very slight change of the interarticular space, the technique must be accurate and established in function of morphology of the patient; we have observed great variations in direction of the axis of condyles from one person to the other, and even from one side to the other for the same subject. So that, the first stage of the roentgen examination will be a radiograph taken in submentovertical (Hirtz) position. We measure the angle formed by the axis of each condyle and the sagittal median plane. The maim beam wil be directed in the axis of the condyle for sagittal tomography and perpendicularly for frontal tomography. It is important to state precisely that for tomography \"closed mouth\", the patient must be in terminal occlusion during the whole examination. For tomography \"open mouth\" we place a wedge between dental arches.", "contents": "[Selective tomography in the study of the temporo-mandibular joint. (author's transl)]. The majority of temporo-mandibular pains and dysfunction can be related directly or indirectly to the occlusal relationship of the teeth. The first manifestation is a slight reduction of the interarticular space, that must be early diagnosed, to prevent organic changes. Tomography is the one technique able to give a exact information of temporo-mandibular joint. But if we ask to that examination to detect very slight change of the interarticular space, the technique must be accurate and established in function of morphology of the patient; we have observed great variations in direction of the axis of condyles from one person to the other, and even from one side to the other for the same subject. So that, the first stage of the roentgen examination will be a radiograph taken in submentovertical (Hirtz) position. We measure the angle formed by the axis of each condyle and the sagittal median plane. The maim beam wil be directed in the axis of the condyle for sagittal tomography and perpendicularly for frontal tomography. It is important to state precisely that for tomography \"closed mouth\", the patient must be in terminal occlusion during the whole examination. For tomography \"open mouth\" we place a wedge between dental arches."}
{"id": "PMID:1195212", "title": "[Radiological atteration of sacro-iliac junctions in secondary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "The systematic exploration of the skeleton on patients in periodic hemodialysis, has shown a high incidence in alteration of sacro-iliac junctions. In respect of osteodystrophic alteration of the phalanges, the appearance is late and with continued hemodialytic treatment there is a turn for the worse. The exact definition has been obtained only with tomography. The radiological picture show a pseudoenlargement of the articular cleft, with shaded aspect of outlines and phenomena of periarticular bone thickening.", "contents": "[Radiological atteration of sacro-iliac junctions in secondary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. The systematic exploration of the skeleton on patients in periodic hemodialysis, has shown a high incidence in alteration of sacro-iliac junctions. In respect of osteodystrophic alteration of the phalanges, the appearance is late and with continued hemodialytic treatment there is a turn for the worse. The exact definition has been obtained only with tomography. The radiological picture show a pseudoenlargement of the articular cleft, with shaded aspect of outlines and phenomena of periarticular bone thickening."}
{"id": "PMID:1195213", "title": "[Abnormalities of the aortic arches discovered at bronchography in children with bronchial disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "In four children, aged respectively 2, 6, 8 and 11 years, an abnormality of the aortic arches was discovered fortuitously during bronchoscopy. The latter was carried out in an attempt to assess bronchial lesions in children suffering from chronic or recurrent bronchopneumonia. The authors stress the importance of careful examination of the mediastinum in such cases, the diagnosis of the causal vascular abnormality (double aortic arch in all four cases) being possible by simple radiological examinations with no element of aggression.", "contents": "[Abnormalities of the aortic arches discovered at bronchography in children with bronchial disorders (author's transl)]. In four children, aged respectively 2, 6, 8 and 11 years, an abnormality of the aortic arches was discovered fortuitously during bronchoscopy. The latter was carried out in an attempt to assess bronchial lesions in children suffering from chronic or recurrent bronchopneumonia. The authors stress the importance of careful examination of the mediastinum in such cases, the diagnosis of the causal vascular abnormality (double aortic arch in all four cases) being possible by simple radiological examinations with no element of aggression."}
{"id": "PMID:1195214", "title": "[Post-traumatic pseudo-aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of post-traumatic pseudo-aneurysm of the pericallosal artery in an 11 year old child. The lesion was secondary to a perforating wound of the roof of the right orbit, the eye itself being undamaged.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic pseudo-aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of post-traumatic pseudo-aneurysm of the pericallosal artery in an 11 year old child. The lesion was secondary to a perforating wound of the roof of the right orbit, the eye itself being undamaged."}
{"id": "PMID:1195215", "title": "[Gaseous encephalography under ketamine hydrochloride general anesthesia in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this technical note is to show that ketamine hydrochloride anesthesia, owing to the preservation of muscle tone, enables one to safely and comfortably carry out gaseous encephalography on a simple radiological table in the toddler or child. However the authors very strictly select the indications for this investigation. Whenever the child's clinical condition leads one to suspect intracranial hypertension and/or a cerebral tumor, they think it more prudent, owing to the vasopressor effect of ketamine hydrochloride and a possible elevation in the cerebrospinal fluid pressure, to transfer the child to a specialized neuroradiological center, where the investigations would be carried out under the best technical conditions, and close to a neurosurgical unit which is capable of intervening rapidly in case of complications. The authors voluntarily limit their indications to children suffering from psychomotor retardation, epilepsy or neurological disorders which make one suspect a congenital malformation.", "contents": "[Gaseous encephalography under ketamine hydrochloride general anesthesia in the child (author's transl)]. The aim of this technical note is to show that ketamine hydrochloride anesthesia, owing to the preservation of muscle tone, enables one to safely and comfortably carry out gaseous encephalography on a simple radiological table in the toddler or child. However the authors very strictly select the indications for this investigation. Whenever the child's clinical condition leads one to suspect intracranial hypertension and/or a cerebral tumor, they think it more prudent, owing to the vasopressor effect of ketamine hydrochloride and a possible elevation in the cerebrospinal fluid pressure, to transfer the child to a specialized neuroradiological center, where the investigations would be carried out under the best technical conditions, and close to a neurosurgical unit which is capable of intervening rapidly in case of complications. The authors voluntarily limit their indications to children suffering from psychomotor retardation, epilepsy or neurological disorders which make one suspect a congenital malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:1195216", "title": "[Pelvimetry (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple and precise technique for pelvimetry, delivering only a low dose of irradiation, is described. It includes the usual lateral view, but for the AP uses that of Fernstro\u00ebm. The technique and results are described.", "contents": "[Pelvimetry (author's transl)]. A simple and precise technique for pelvimetry, delivering only a low dose of irradiation, is described. It includes the usual lateral view, but for the AP uses that of Fernstro\u00ebm. The technique and results are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1195217", "title": "[The uterine contents (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique used for radiological examination of the uterine contents must be adapted to the reason for which it is being carried out. In particular, a study of bony maturation of the foetal knee may be carried out using a localised film, with compression and in lateral view, of the maternal abdomen. The technique of the large scoit film in ventral decubitus is reviewed; the study of the uterine contents, on lateral projection, which localisation and compression is described.", "contents": "[The uterine contents (author's transl)]. The technique used for radiological examination of the uterine contents must be adapted to the reason for which it is being carried out. In particular, a study of bony maturation of the foetal knee may be carried out using a localised film, with compression and in lateral view, of the maternal abdomen. The technique of the large scoit film in ventral decubitus is reviewed; the study of the uterine contents, on lateral projection, which localisation and compression is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1195218", "title": "[Measurement of the anteversion angle of the femoral neck (author's transl)].", "content": "The recommended technique is based on the principles of descriptive geometric. The views of the femoral neck in two perpendicular positions suffice to measure two projected angles, the degrees of which are used to make up a very simple drawing which gives the exact value of the anteversion angle.", "contents": "[Measurement of the anteversion angle of the femoral neck (author's transl)]. The recommended technique is based on the principles of descriptive geometric. The views of the femoral neck in two perpendicular positions suffice to measure two projected angles, the degrees of which are used to make up a very simple drawing which gives the exact value of the anteversion angle."}
{"id": "PMID:1195219", "title": "[Trial of a new flexible cassette in general radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The flexible cassette is a detector of undisputable value, particularly in the radiology of patients who have been subjected to trauma, patients who cannot be transported and above all in \"locked\" joints. Thus the authors think that it is indispensable for all radiologists to have a set of flexible cassettes at their disposal.", "contents": "[Trial of a new flexible cassette in general radiology (author's transl)]. The flexible cassette is a detector of undisputable value, particularly in the radiology of patients who have been subjected to trauma, patients who cannot be transported and above all in \"locked\" joints. Thus the authors think that it is indispensable for all radiologists to have a set of flexible cassettes at their disposal."}
{"id": "PMID:1195220", "title": "Deafness in middle age--how big is the problem?", "content": "Screening for hearing defect by questionnaire and audiogram was undertaken in two group practices in the South-east of England in a total of 2,278 people aged 40-64 years.The prevalence of deafness in the combined populations of these two practices as measured by audiogram was found to be 5.8 per cent (+/- 0.5 per cent; one standard error). This figure is much more than estimates derived from American data for use in Britain. The prevalence of deafness was shown to increase with lower social class and age. The questionnaire was found to be unreliable for prevalence studies, but was thought to have some use as a screening instrument.There was an incidental finding of increased hearing defects in the left ears of men. The firing of rifles was felt to be a possible explanation of this.", "contents": "Deafness in middle age--how big is the problem? Screening for hearing defect by questionnaire and audiogram was undertaken in two group practices in the South-east of England in a total of 2,278 people aged 40-64 years.The prevalence of deafness in the combined populations of these two practices as measured by audiogram was found to be 5.8 per cent (+/- 0.5 per cent; one standard error). This figure is much more than estimates derived from American data for use in Britain. The prevalence of deafness was shown to increase with lower social class and age. The questionnaire was found to be unreliable for prevalence studies, but was thought to have some use as a screening instrument.There was an incidental finding of increased hearing defects in the left ears of men. The firing of rifles was felt to be a possible explanation of this."}
{"id": "PMID:1195221", "title": "Long-surviving hypertensives--a 15-year follow-up.", "content": "In a London suburban general practice 87 hypertensives have been followed up for more than 15 years. These represented one third of all those (270) aged 30-59 diagnosed as being hypertensive. Females outnumbered males by 2.5: 1. Most (85 per cent), had mild or moderate high blood pressure at first diagnosis with a diastolic blood pressure less than 120mm Hg.At assessment 15-25 years from first diagnosis, 58 (78 per cent) were still alive and of these 51 (58 per cent) were well and had no obvious ill effects; 17 (20 per cent) had complications from their high blood pressures. Deaths occurred in 19 (22 per cent) after more than 15 years of observation.I suggest that within the condition which we label as hypertension there are many in whom the condition is relatively benign and may be left untreated with hypotensives. These tend to be women rather than men, the older rather than the younger, and those with lower diastolic blood pressures.Once diagnosed, high blood pressure is not necessarily a progressive condition. In one third (30 per cent) of this group the diastolic blood pressures fell during the period of observation, in 18 per cent it remained unchanged and in 52 per cent it rose.", "contents": "Long-surviving hypertensives--a 15-year follow-up. In a London suburban general practice 87 hypertensives have been followed up for more than 15 years. These represented one third of all those (270) aged 30-59 diagnosed as being hypertensive. Females outnumbered males by 2.5: 1. Most (85 per cent), had mild or moderate high blood pressure at first diagnosis with a diastolic blood pressure less than 120mm Hg.At assessment 15-25 years from first diagnosis, 58 (78 per cent) were still alive and of these 51 (58 per cent) were well and had no obvious ill effects; 17 (20 per cent) had complications from their high blood pressures. Deaths occurred in 19 (22 per cent) after more than 15 years of observation.I suggest that within the condition which we label as hypertension there are many in whom the condition is relatively benign and may be left untreated with hypotensives. These tend to be women rather than men, the older rather than the younger, and those with lower diastolic blood pressures.Once diagnosed, high blood pressure is not necessarily a progressive condition. In one third (30 per cent) of this group the diastolic blood pressures fell during the period of observation, in 18 per cent it remained unchanged and in 52 per cent it rose."}
{"id": "PMID:1195222", "title": "Deaths and complications from hypertension.", "content": "In a long term follow-up over 25 years in a general practice the observed courses of complications and deaths in a group of 704 hypertensives were recorded and compared with those that occurred in the practice as a whole over the same period. The risks to the hypertensives were calculated as ratios of the observed: expected (O/E) complications and mortalities.Of the total number of complications and deaths (418), one half were cardiovascular and one-third were strokes.The O/E rates for coronary artery diseases as a whole showed no extra risks for the hypertensives, but the risks for young female hypertensives were appreciably higher. The O/E rates were nearly three times higher for females. The risks of hypertensives suffering from coronary artery diseases fell with age in both sexes.The observed rates for strokes were nearly four times greater than those expected. The O/E rates were similar in males and females. There was a decline with age.An unexpected finding was the higher O/E rate for dementia in elderly female hypertensives.The findings confirm the higher risks of complications and deaths for hypertensives, but within the whole spectrum of hypertension are some groups who are more vulnerable than others. These are males and those under 60 years of age. These vulnerables probably account for less than one half of all hypertensives diagnosed. It is suggested that a much more discriminating policy for the management of hypertension is accepted in order to make diagnosis and treatment of those hypertensives who really need intensive care practical, feasible, and possible.", "contents": "Deaths and complications from hypertension. In a long term follow-up over 25 years in a general practice the observed courses of complications and deaths in a group of 704 hypertensives were recorded and compared with those that occurred in the practice as a whole over the same period. The risks to the hypertensives were calculated as ratios of the observed: expected (O/E) complications and mortalities.Of the total number of complications and deaths (418), one half were cardiovascular and one-third were strokes.The O/E rates for coronary artery diseases as a whole showed no extra risks for the hypertensives, but the risks for young female hypertensives were appreciably higher. The O/E rates were nearly three times higher for females. The risks of hypertensives suffering from coronary artery diseases fell with age in both sexes.The observed rates for strokes were nearly four times greater than those expected. The O/E rates were similar in males and females. There was a decline with age.An unexpected finding was the higher O/E rate for dementia in elderly female hypertensives.The findings confirm the higher risks of complications and deaths for hypertensives, but within the whole spectrum of hypertension are some groups who are more vulnerable than others. These are males and those under 60 years of age. These vulnerables probably account for less than one half of all hypertensives diagnosed. It is suggested that a much more discriminating policy for the management of hypertension is accepted in order to make diagnosis and treatment of those hypertensives who really need intensive care practical, feasible, and possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1195223", "title": "The choice of practice location.", "content": "A ten per cent sample survey of all general practitioners in England and Wales in 1969-70 included two questions about the choice of practice location. The most common reasons given were the absence of any real alternatives (in the immediate post-war period), the influence of family or friends, the existence of medical contacts in the area, and favourable points about the practice itself.In considering possible future moves, general practitioners would pay closest attention to the educational facilities of an area, its rural or coastal location, its social and cultural amenities, and the practice conditions. The conclusion is drawn that financial incentives are unlikely to contribute much towards a more equal distribution of general-practitioner manpower. More thought should be given to recruitment to the medical profession in under-doctored areas through the development of the highest professional standards and facilities in such places.", "contents": "The choice of practice location. A ten per cent sample survey of all general practitioners in England and Wales in 1969-70 included two questions about the choice of practice location. The most common reasons given were the absence of any real alternatives (in the immediate post-war period), the influence of family or friends, the existence of medical contacts in the area, and favourable points about the practice itself.In considering possible future moves, general practitioners would pay closest attention to the educational facilities of an area, its rural or coastal location, its social and cultural amenities, and the practice conditions. The conclusion is drawn that financial incentives are unlikely to contribute much towards a more equal distribution of general-practitioner manpower. More thought should be given to recruitment to the medical profession in under-doctored areas through the development of the highest professional standards and facilities in such places."}
{"id": "PMID:1195224", "title": "The diagnosis of pregnancy in general practice.", "content": "In 1,631 pregnancies presenting to general practitioners, the reliability of three proprietary slide tests for the diagnosis of pregnancy was assessed both against the outcome and against the results of hospital tests done at the same time. When all patients were considered the reliability of such tests done in the surgery was 85 per cent against a 90 per cent for hospital tests and when only patients who were more than 42 days pregnant were included, the accuracy figure rose to 87 per cent in general practice and 91 per cent in hospital.The time delay before the results of the hospital test was assessed showed a mean of three days which is considered unacceptable if there are urgent clinical reasons for the test being done. The doctors participating listed their reasons for doing tests and in 54 per cent of cases urgent confirmation or otherwise of the pregnancy was considered essential by either doctor or patient. In the remaining 46 per cent this confirmation was considered simply helpful rather than essential. The study showed that the accuracy of the test, when delegated to a nurse, was acceptable and that in a proportion of three to one the participating doctors considered that the test was of value and worthwhile in patient care.", "contents": "The diagnosis of pregnancy in general practice. In 1,631 pregnancies presenting to general practitioners, the reliability of three proprietary slide tests for the diagnosis of pregnancy was assessed both against the outcome and against the results of hospital tests done at the same time. When all patients were considered the reliability of such tests done in the surgery was 85 per cent against a 90 per cent for hospital tests and when only patients who were more than 42 days pregnant were included, the accuracy figure rose to 87 per cent in general practice and 91 per cent in hospital.The time delay before the results of the hospital test was assessed showed a mean of three days which is considered unacceptable if there are urgent clinical reasons for the test being done. The doctors participating listed their reasons for doing tests and in 54 per cent of cases urgent confirmation or otherwise of the pregnancy was considered essential by either doctor or patient. In the remaining 46 per cent this confirmation was considered simply helpful rather than essential. The study showed that the accuracy of the test, when delegated to a nurse, was acceptable and that in a proportion of three to one the participating doctors considered that the test was of value and worthwhile in patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:1195225", "title": "Family portraits--a method of recording family history.", "content": "Family doctors are particularly concerned with family relationships. Family relationships are generally poorly recorded in general practice in the traditional records. Conversion to A4 folders in the practice provided an opportunity to develop a diagramatic representation of family structure and thus create for each patient a family ;portrait.'", "contents": "Family portraits--a method of recording family history. Family doctors are particularly concerned with family relationships. Family relationships are generally poorly recorded in general practice in the traditional records. Conversion to A4 folders in the practice provided an opportunity to develop a diagramatic representation of family structure and thus create for each patient a family ;portrait.'"}
{"id": "PMID:1195226", "title": "Moving to a health centre--the effect on workload and patients.", "content": "A detailed study of the workload of an urban practice was made during a six-month period before and after moving into a health centre to see if the pattern changed after the move. It was found that the services provided enabled a much greater proportion of routine work to be done by the practice nurse so that the doctor could spend more time with the patients seen by him.A survey of the opinion of patients showed that the great majority was pleased with the services offered in the new premises and did not feel that they had lost contact with their own doctor.", "contents": "Moving to a health centre--the effect on workload and patients. A detailed study of the workload of an urban practice was made during a six-month period before and after moving into a health centre to see if the pattern changed after the move. It was found that the services provided enabled a much greater proportion of routine work to be done by the practice nurse so that the doctor could spend more time with the patients seen by him.A survey of the opinion of patients showed that the great majority was pleased with the services offered in the new premises and did not feel that they had lost contact with their own doctor."}
{"id": "PMID:1195227", "title": "Referral letters from general practitioners.", "content": "If continuity of care is to be preserved, then the process by which a patient is referred to hospital is important. We have analysed a series of letters of referral from general practitioners with special reference to the diagnoses made and the inclusion of a relevant history.", "contents": "Referral letters from general practitioners. If continuity of care is to be preserved, then the process by which a patient is referred to hospital is important. We have analysed a series of letters of referral from general practitioners with special reference to the diagnoses made and the inclusion of a relevant history."}
{"id": "PMID:1195230", "title": "Patients' satisfaction and reported acceptance of advice in general practice.", "content": "Patients' views were sought by questionnaires and home visits on how satisfied they were with the care they received from their general practitioners and how much of the advice received they were prepared to accept. The results showed a high degree of satisfaction and a higher level than has been found in hospital. Studies like this may identify difficulties which some patients may have and help doctors to make difficult advice easier to follow.", "contents": "Patients' satisfaction and reported acceptance of advice in general practice. Patients' views were sought by questionnaires and home visits on how satisfied they were with the care they received from their general practitioners and how much of the advice received they were prepared to accept. The results showed a high degree of satisfaction and a higher level than has been found in hospital. Studies like this may identify difficulties which some patients may have and help doctors to make difficult advice easier to follow."}
{"id": "PMID:1195231", "title": "Postherpetic neuralgia.", "content": "Postherpetic neuralgia was studied in a general-practice population (3,600-3,800) for 26 years, 1947-1972. Postherpetic neuralgia followed 46 (14.3 per cent) of the 321 cases of zoster. No neuralgia occurred after zoster in those under 30 years old. The incidence was strongly associated with age, the highest, 34.4 per cent of the zosters, being in people over 80 years old.Women, especially between 50 and 69 years old, suffered more zoster than men, and women with zoster suffered more postherpetic neuralgia.The incidence of neuralgia was not affected by the anatomical location of the zoster. The duration of neuralgia was unrelated to the age of the patient. Cranial neuralgias lasted much longer on average than neuralgia in other sites. Lumbar and sacral neuralgia were short-lived.", "contents": "Postherpetic neuralgia. Postherpetic neuralgia was studied in a general-practice population (3,600-3,800) for 26 years, 1947-1972. Postherpetic neuralgia followed 46 (14.3 per cent) of the 321 cases of zoster. No neuralgia occurred after zoster in those under 30 years old. The incidence was strongly associated with age, the highest, 34.4 per cent of the zosters, being in people over 80 years old.Women, especially between 50 and 69 years old, suffered more zoster than men, and women with zoster suffered more postherpetic neuralgia.The incidence of neuralgia was not affected by the anatomical location of the zoster. The duration of neuralgia was unrelated to the age of the patient. Cranial neuralgias lasted much longer on average than neuralgia in other sites. Lumbar and sacral neuralgia were short-lived."}
{"id": "PMID:1195232", "title": "Organising a physiotherapy service in general practice.", "content": "This paper describes three years' experience of running a domiciliary physiotherapy service based on general practice and financed by limited voluntary funds.The need arose from the remoteness of, and lack of, open access to, hospital physiotherapy. This was particularly so for elderly patients who were often frail and mentally confused. In addition there were obvious advantages in properly instructing relatives in management and treatment, especially since many of the patients and their relatives expressed a desire for home treatment.There was also a desire on the part of the general practitioners, nurses, and ancillary workers to develop further the teamwork in the health services of the four villages involved. Details of the constitution of the voluntary service and its financial arrangements are given.The results of the service and the nature of its work are described. There were no difficulties experienced in selecting the correct patients for treatment and the type of equipment required was almost all normally available through the health authority nursing service. There was no great need for expensive or heavy equipment and no transport problems arose.It was found that one hour of physiotherapist's time per 1,000 patients per week was adequate to cover all patients requiring short-term intensive therapy and to allow a small amount of palliative therapy in addition, although this had not been the original intention of the service.The physiotherapist averaged about 40 hours work per month and under these conditions the travelling and costs averaged 1.54 miles and 83 pence per visit. With self-determined hours of work and flexible timing, these conditions proved ideal for a married physiotherapist with the responsibility of a young family. Expansion of the hours of work in this particular area would have led to wasteful visits devoted to palliative and placebo therapy; and extension of the service beyond the area defined, would have increased travelling time at the expense of working time. Thus there appear to be considerable advantages in keeping general-practice based domiciliary physiotherapy work on a part-time basis and looking for staff living close to the practice.", "contents": "Organising a physiotherapy service in general practice. This paper describes three years' experience of running a domiciliary physiotherapy service based on general practice and financed by limited voluntary funds.The need arose from the remoteness of, and lack of, open access to, hospital physiotherapy. This was particularly so for elderly patients who were often frail and mentally confused. In addition there were obvious advantages in properly instructing relatives in management and treatment, especially since many of the patients and their relatives expressed a desire for home treatment.There was also a desire on the part of the general practitioners, nurses, and ancillary workers to develop further the teamwork in the health services of the four villages involved. Details of the constitution of the voluntary service and its financial arrangements are given.The results of the service and the nature of its work are described. There were no difficulties experienced in selecting the correct patients for treatment and the type of equipment required was almost all normally available through the health authority nursing service. There was no great need for expensive or heavy equipment and no transport problems arose.It was found that one hour of physiotherapist's time per 1,000 patients per week was adequate to cover all patients requiring short-term intensive therapy and to allow a small amount of palliative therapy in addition, although this had not been the original intention of the service.The physiotherapist averaged about 40 hours work per month and under these conditions the travelling and costs averaged 1.54 miles and 83 pence per visit. With self-determined hours of work and flexible timing, these conditions proved ideal for a married physiotherapist with the responsibility of a young family. Expansion of the hours of work in this particular area would have led to wasteful visits devoted to palliative and placebo therapy; and extension of the service beyond the area defined, would have increased travelling time at the expense of working time. Thus there appear to be considerable advantages in keeping general-practice based domiciliary physiotherapy work on a part-time basis and looking for staff living close to the practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1195233", "title": "Physiotherapy in general practice.", "content": "Approximately nine per cent of all episodes and of all consultations in this practice during a two-year period were for musculo-skeletal disorders. Absence of ready access to hospital physiotherapy departments stimulated us to explore the possibilities of organising a private physiotherapy service.A scheme has now been in operation for over two years in which a physiotherapist treats patients on the practice premises. In this way it has been possible to provide prompt effective treatment at about one third of normal private physiotherapy charges. The scheme has succeeded from the points of view of therapeutic efficacy, of convenience to patients, to doctors and to physiotherapist, and of economy. The range of conditions treated and the results of treatment are described.", "contents": "Physiotherapy in general practice. Approximately nine per cent of all episodes and of all consultations in this practice during a two-year period were for musculo-skeletal disorders. Absence of ready access to hospital physiotherapy departments stimulated us to explore the possibilities of organising a private physiotherapy service.A scheme has now been in operation for over two years in which a physiotherapist treats patients on the practice premises. In this way it has been possible to provide prompt effective treatment at about one third of normal private physiotherapy charges. The scheme has succeeded from the points of view of therapeutic efficacy, of convenience to patients, to doctors and to physiotherapist, and of economy. The range of conditions treated and the results of treatment are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1195240", "title": "Evidence of the Royal College of General Practitioners to the Select Committee of Parliament on the Abortion (Amendment) Bill.", "content": "The Royal College of General Practitioners is, of course, fully aware that the regulation of the conditions for abortion is inevitably difficult and complex and that opinions are often difficult to reconcile.Nevertheless, the College has been able to establish the grave concern of many of its members at the proposals outlined in this Bill. The College has not received one single letter in support of the Abortion (Amendment) Bill.The College notes that the Lane Committee (1974) carried out a very full and detailed review of the working of the Abortion Act and published its view only last year. The College notes that the Lane Committee took evidence from those with every shade of opinion, examined in detail virtually every published scientific report on abortion in this country, and, furthermore, commissioned and published specific evidence about the working of the 1967 Abortion Act.The College notes that the Lane Committee contained members, in addition to general practitioners, who were lawyers, administrative medical officers, psychiatrists, gynaecologists, social workers, and women representing the public, and that its work took about three years to carry out.The Royal College of General Practitioners endorses the work of the Lane Committee and therefore recommends that the recommendations of that Committee should be implemented instead of the proposals in the Abortion (Amendment) Bill.", "contents": "Evidence of the Royal College of General Practitioners to the Select Committee of Parliament on the Abortion (Amendment) Bill. The Royal College of General Practitioners is, of course, fully aware that the regulation of the conditions for abortion is inevitably difficult and complex and that opinions are often difficult to reconcile.Nevertheless, the College has been able to establish the grave concern of many of its members at the proposals outlined in this Bill. The College has not received one single letter in support of the Abortion (Amendment) Bill.The College notes that the Lane Committee (1974) carried out a very full and detailed review of the working of the Abortion Act and published its view only last year. The College notes that the Lane Committee took evidence from those with every shade of opinion, examined in detail virtually every published scientific report on abortion in this country, and, furthermore, commissioned and published specific evidence about the working of the 1967 Abortion Act.The College notes that the Lane Committee contained members, in addition to general practitioners, who were lawyers, administrative medical officers, psychiatrists, gynaecologists, social workers, and women representing the public, and that its work took about three years to carry out.The Royal College of General Practitioners endorses the work of the Lane Committee and therefore recommends that the recommendations of that Committee should be implemented instead of the proposals in the Abortion (Amendment) Bill."}
{"id": "PMID:1195241", "title": "Doctors and drug dependency. Beyond the fringe.", "content": "Three widely different fringe organisations outside the National Health Service working on the treatment of drug dependence are described.The immense problems facing one organisation dealing with barbiturate addiction are emphasised, with hope for more widespread recognition of this addiction by general practitioners combined with more strenuous efforts by medical politicians to reduce the sources of supply.", "contents": "Doctors and drug dependency. Beyond the fringe. Three widely different fringe organisations outside the National Health Service working on the treatment of drug dependence are described.The immense problems facing one organisation dealing with barbiturate addiction are emphasised, with hope for more widespread recognition of this addiction by general practitioners combined with more strenuous efforts by medical politicians to reduce the sources of supply."}
{"id": "PMID:1195242", "title": "Experiments on egg transfer in the cow and ewe: dependence of conception rate on the transfer procedure and stage of the oestrous cycle.", "content": "The effects on embryo survival of procedures used in transferring eggs non-surgically were investigated in three experiments in ewes and heifers. In Exp. 1, two techniques for introducing eggs into the uterus through the cervix in heifers were compared; namely (i) deposition of the eggs high into the uterine horn or (ii) into the body of the uterus. Both methods were followed by inflation of the uterus with carbon dioxide. Out of a total of 34 heifers, only one became pregnant by the use of Method (i). Non-surgical egg tansfers early (Days 3 to 5) or later (Days 6 to 9) in the oestrous cycles of heifers  were carried out in Exp. 2. Three transfer procedures were compared: (i) pipette transfer of an egg into the body of the uterus through the cervix (control), (ii) the control procedure performed under Fluothane anaesthesia, or (iii) followed by inflation of the uterus with carbon dioxide. Wide transfers carried out early in the cycle, pregnancies resulted in 1/10, 0/10 and 1/10 of the heifers in the control, carbon dioxide and Fluothane groups, respectively. With late transfers, 7/20, 1/10 and 8/20 heifers became pregnant in the respective treatment groups. This trend for pregnancy rate to be improved when late transfers were done in the control and Fluothane groups was significant only at the 10% level of probability when both groups were pooled. It was tentatively concluded, however, that non-surgical transfers of fertilized eggs to heifers may be best done during mid-cycle, after Day 6. Fluothane anaesthesia did not improve conception rate. Inflation of the uterus with carbon dioxide appeared to be deleterious when used at the mid-cycle stage in heifers. In Exp. 3, it was found that inflation of the ewe's uterus with carbon dioxide or nitrogen following the surgical thansfer of an egg did not affect the incidence of pregnancy. The introduction of 50 mul liquid Fluothane into the lumen of the uterus was embryotoxic.", "contents": "Experiments on egg transfer in the cow and ewe: dependence of conception rate on the transfer procedure and stage of the oestrous cycle. The effects on embryo survival of procedures used in transferring eggs non-surgically were investigated in three experiments in ewes and heifers. In Exp. 1, two techniques for introducing eggs into the uterus through the cervix in heifers were compared; namely (i) deposition of the eggs high into the uterine horn or (ii) into the body of the uterus. Both methods were followed by inflation of the uterus with carbon dioxide. Out of a total of 34 heifers, only one became pregnant by the use of Method (i). Non-surgical egg tansfers early (Days 3 to 5) or later (Days 6 to 9) in the oestrous cycles of heifers  were carried out in Exp. 2. Three transfer procedures were compared: (i) pipette transfer of an egg into the body of the uterus through the cervix (control), (ii) the control procedure performed under Fluothane anaesthesia, or (iii) followed by inflation of the uterus with carbon dioxide. Wide transfers carried out early in the cycle, pregnancies resulted in 1/10, 0/10 and 1/10 of the heifers in the control, carbon dioxide and Fluothane groups, respectively. With late transfers, 7/20, 1/10 and 8/20 heifers became pregnant in the respective treatment groups. This trend for pregnancy rate to be improved when late transfers were done in the control and Fluothane groups was significant only at the 10% level of probability when both groups were pooled. It was tentatively concluded, however, that non-surgical transfers of fertilized eggs to heifers may be best done during mid-cycle, after Day 6. Fluothane anaesthesia did not improve conception rate. Inflation of the uterus with carbon dioxide appeared to be deleterious when used at the mid-cycle stage in heifers. In Exp. 3, it was found that inflation of the ewe's uterus with carbon dioxide or nitrogen following the surgical thansfer of an egg did not affect the incidence of pregnancy. The introduction of 50 mul liquid Fluothane into the lumen of the uterus was embryotoxic."}
{"id": "PMID:1195243", "title": "The effects of alpha-chlorohydrin on the composition of rat and rabbit epididymal plasma: a possible explanation of species difference.", "content": "The relationship between the antifertility effect of alpha-chlorohydrin and changes in composition of luminal plasma from the cauda epididymidis of rats and rabbits has been investigated. At each dose regimen studied, the fertilizing capacity of rats treated with alpha-chlorohydrin was reduced to zero. The levels of sodium, potassium, glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in epididymal plasma were not markedly affected by drug treatment. The most noticeable change was a considerable increase in the concentration of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) at all dose levels and of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) after 7 days of treatment with 8 and 16 mg/kg. The effect of cold shock on the composition of epididymal plasma showed that LDH and GOT are, at least in part, derived from spermatozoa. In contrast, alpha-chlorohydrin did not have an antifertility action in the rabbit, and the only notable change in the compositon of epididymal plasma was an increase in the level of GPC.  These results provide evidence that, in the rat, alpha-chlorohydrin or a metabolite primarily exerts its antifertility effect by a direct action on the spermatozoa, whilst in the rabbit a barrier may exist to the entrance of the drug into the lumen of the epididymal duct.", "contents": "The effects of alpha-chlorohydrin on the composition of rat and rabbit epididymal plasma: a possible explanation of species difference. The relationship between the antifertility effect of alpha-chlorohydrin and changes in composition of luminal plasma from the cauda epididymidis of rats and rabbits has been investigated. At each dose regimen studied, the fertilizing capacity of rats treated with alpha-chlorohydrin was reduced to zero. The levels of sodium, potassium, glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in epididymal plasma were not markedly affected by drug treatment. The most noticeable change was a considerable increase in the concentration of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) at all dose levels and of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) after 7 days of treatment with 8 and 16 mg/kg. The effect of cold shock on the composition of epididymal plasma showed that LDH and GOT are, at least in part, derived from spermatozoa. In contrast, alpha-chlorohydrin did not have an antifertility action in the rabbit, and the only notable change in the compositon of epididymal plasma was an increase in the level of GPC.  These results provide evidence that, in the rat, alpha-chlorohydrin or a metabolite primarily exerts its antifertility effect by a direct action on the spermatozoa, whilst in the rabbit a barrier may exist to the entrance of the drug into the lumen of the epididymal duct."}
{"id": "PMID:1195244", "title": "Nucleic acid metabolism of cells of the luminal epithelium and stroma of the rat uterus during early pregnancy.", "content": "The uptake of [5-3H]uridine into RNA and DNA of the cells of the uterine luminal epithelium, stroma and myometrium of the rat has been studied in early pregnancy using a technique for separation of the cell fractions before quantitative analysis. Comparisons of the metabolism between the pregnant and pseudopregnant horn of the unilaterally ovariectomized rat has shown that RNA and DNA synthesis are markedly increased by 04.00 hours on the morning of Day 5 in the pregnant horn. This increased metabolism occurs in all cell fractions and before the zona pellucida is shed. The results are discussed in relation to the onset of the decidual response.", "contents": "Nucleic acid metabolism of cells of the luminal epithelium and stroma of the rat uterus during early pregnancy. The uptake of [5-3H]uridine into RNA and DNA of the cells of the uterine luminal epithelium, stroma and myometrium of the rat has been studied in early pregnancy using a technique for separation of the cell fractions before quantitative analysis. Comparisons of the metabolism between the pregnant and pseudopregnant horn of the unilaterally ovariectomized rat has shown that RNA and DNA synthesis are markedly increased by 04.00 hours on the morning of Day 5 in the pregnant horn. This increased metabolism occurs in all cell fractions and before the zona pellucida is shed. The results are discussed in relation to the onset of the decidual response."}
{"id": "PMID:1195245", "title": "Histochemical observations on the lipid changes in the ovarian interstitial gland tissue of rats.", "content": "Lipid changes were studied histochemically in the ovarian interstitial tissue of untreated and hormone-treated rats during the oestrous cycle, pseudopregnancy, pregnancy and lactation. The hormones tested were LH, prolactin and oestradiol benzoate, alone or in combination. Conspicuous lipid changes occurred only in response to LH.", "contents": "Histochemical observations on the lipid changes in the ovarian interstitial gland tissue of rats. Lipid changes were studied histochemically in the ovarian interstitial tissue of untreated and hormone-treated rats during the oestrous cycle, pseudopregnancy, pregnancy and lactation. The hormones tested were LH, prolactin and oestradiol benzoate, alone or in combination. Conspicuous lipid changes occurred only in response to LH."}
{"id": "PMID:1195249", "title": "Effects on long-term cadmium exposure on the seminal vesicles of mice.", "content": "Male CBA-mice were exposed to cadmium by subcutaneous injection of 2-2 mumol CdCl2/kg body weight for 5 days/week for 6 months. A decrease in normal (testosterone-dependent) proteinuria was shown, and morphological examination of the seminal vesicles revealed a smaller weight and size as well as histological indication of lower secretory activity of the epithelium compared to controls. The findings are consistent with a theory implying a decreased testosterone activity in cadmium-treated animals.", "contents": "Effects on long-term cadmium exposure on the seminal vesicles of mice. Male CBA-mice were exposed to cadmium by subcutaneous injection of 2-2 mumol CdCl2/kg body weight for 5 days/week for 6 months. A decrease in normal (testosterone-dependent) proteinuria was shown, and morphological examination of the seminal vesicles revealed a smaller weight and size as well as histological indication of lower secretory activity of the epithelium compared to controls. The findings are consistent with a theory implying a decreased testosterone activity in cadmium-treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1195255", "title": "Effect of epididymal isolation on the protein component of bull eididymal tissue.", "content": "Four fractions of protein from intact and 'isolated' bull epididymides were extracted. The total extractable protein was increased by isolation mainly due to increases in the lipoprotein and DNA-protein fractions. Changes of lipoprotein may be associated with the increase of lipid which also occurs in isolated tissue. This may reflect the increase of pentose cycle activity and lipogenesis due to the absence of spermatozoa in the epididymal tubules. Changes of DNA-protein may indicate a change of protein metabolism. Electrophoresis of protein fractions showed that individual proteins may be changed by the zonal origin of the epididymal tissue and the presence or absence of spermatozoa in the epididymal tubules.", "contents": "Effect of epididymal isolation on the protein component of bull eididymal tissue. Four fractions of protein from intact and 'isolated' bull epididymides were extracted. The total extractable protein was increased by isolation mainly due to increases in the lipoprotein and DNA-protein fractions. Changes of lipoprotein may be associated with the increase of lipid which also occurs in isolated tissue. This may reflect the increase of pentose cycle activity and lipogenesis due to the absence of spermatozoa in the epididymal tubules. Changes of DNA-protein may indicate a change of protein metabolism. Electrophoresis of protein fractions showed that individual proteins may be changed by the zonal origin of the epididymal tissue and the presence or absence of spermatozoa in the epididymal tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:1195256", "title": "Plasma progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone concentrations in freemartin heifers.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione and progesterone in freemartins, and normal cyclic and non-cyclic heifers were studied. The plasma testosterone concentrations were in general less than 10 pg/ml in all animals. The mean androstenedione concentration of 28 pg/ml in 10- to 12-month-old freemartins was significantly lower than the mean of 58 to 60 pg/ml for normal 10- to 12-month-old heifers. At 24 months of age the mean androstenedione concentration in the freemartins had risen significantly to 65 pg/ml.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone concentrations in freemartin heifers. Plasma concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione and progesterone in freemartins, and normal cyclic and non-cyclic heifers were studied. The plasma testosterone concentrations were in general less than 10 pg/ml in all animals. The mean androstenedione concentration of 28 pg/ml in 10- to 12-month-old freemartins was significantly lower than the mean of 58 to 60 pg/ml for normal 10- to 12-month-old heifers. At 24 months of age the mean androstenedione concentration in the freemartins had risen significantly to 65 pg/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1195257", "title": "Temporary sterility produced in male mice by 5-thio-D-glucose.", "content": "When 5-thio-D-glucose was fed to male mice at daily dose levels greater than 30 mg/kg sperm development was completely inhibited within 3 weeks and remained so without impairment of libido for the experimental period of 7 weeks. Removal of this substance from the diet resulted in a resumption of sperm development and fertility within 5 to 8 weeks. Normal litters were sired by males which had recovered after this treatment.", "contents": "Temporary sterility produced in male mice by 5-thio-D-glucose. When 5-thio-D-glucose was fed to male mice at daily dose levels greater than 30 mg/kg sperm development was completely inhibited within 3 weeks and remained so without impairment of libido for the experimental period of 7 weeks. Removal of this substance from the diet resulted in a resumption of sperm development and fertility within 5 to 8 weeks. Normal litters were sired by males which had recovered after this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1195258", "title": "Relationship between the electrical activity of the oviduct and the uterus of the rabbit in vivo.", "content": "The electrical activity of the whole genital tract of the rabbit was recorded by means of chronically implanted electrodes after section of the uterotubal junction on one side. When the junction was intact, the activity of the isthmus and that of the proximal uterine horn occurred almost simultaneously, but uterine activity decreased after the junction was cut. During the preovulatory phase and also after administration of HCG, synchronos activity due to adrenergic drugs, smoke or oxytocin persisted on both sides of the uterotubal junction. Hypersensitivity of the isthmus and the proximal segment of the uterine horn was recorded on the cut side after ovariectomy. The concept of a local control mechanism in the region of the uterotubal junction with a positive control of the uterus by the oviduct is suggested.", "contents": "Relationship between the electrical activity of the oviduct and the uterus of the rabbit in vivo. The electrical activity of the whole genital tract of the rabbit was recorded by means of chronically implanted electrodes after section of the uterotubal junction on one side. When the junction was intact, the activity of the isthmus and that of the proximal uterine horn occurred almost simultaneously, but uterine activity decreased after the junction was cut. During the preovulatory phase and also after administration of HCG, synchronos activity due to adrenergic drugs, smoke or oxytocin persisted on both sides of the uterotubal junction. Hypersensitivity of the isthmus and the proximal segment of the uterine horn was recorded on the cut side after ovariectomy. The concept of a local control mechanism in the region of the uterotubal junction with a positive control of the uterus by the oviduct is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1195259", "title": "Maturation iv vitro of ovarian oocytes of prepubertal and adult hamsters.", "content": "Oocytes of various sizes were isolated from ovaries of sexually mature and prepubertal hamsters and cultured ot determine whether all the oocytes were capable of maturing in vitro. It was found that only the oocytes that had attained maximum size (about 80 mum in the vitelline diameter) were capable of undergoing maturation in vitro. Smaller oocytes (less than 80 mum in diameter) failed either to initiate or to complete maturation. The oocytes which were capable of maturing in vitro (competent oocytes) were present in the ovaries of adult females 136 to 138 hr before ovulation. The competent oocytes first appeared in the ovaries of prepubertal females on the 23rd day after birth, about 10 days before puberty.", "contents": "Maturation iv vitro of ovarian oocytes of prepubertal and adult hamsters. Oocytes of various sizes were isolated from ovaries of sexually mature and prepubertal hamsters and cultured ot determine whether all the oocytes were capable of maturing in vitro. It was found that only the oocytes that had attained maximum size (about 80 mum in the vitelline diameter) were capable of undergoing maturation in vitro. Smaller oocytes (less than 80 mum in diameter) failed either to initiate or to complete maturation. The oocytes which were capable of maturing in vitro (competent oocytes) were present in the ovaries of adult females 136 to 138 hr before ovulation. The competent oocytes first appeared in the ovaries of prepubertal females on the 23rd day after birth, about 10 days before puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:1195260", "title": "Evidence of prolactin cell deficiency in connection with low reproductive efficiency of female 'torpid' mice.", "content": "The pituitary of female 'torpid' mice at the age of sexual maturity was deficient in prolactin cells. This deficiency is thought to contribute to the infertility of the affected mice.", "contents": "Evidence of prolactin cell deficiency in connection with low reproductive efficiency of female 'torpid' mice. The pituitary of female 'torpid' mice at the age of sexual maturity was deficient in prolactin cells. This deficiency is thought to contribute to the infertility of the affected mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1195261", "title": "Correlation of colposcopically directed biopsy and conization with histologic diagnosis of cervical lesions.", "content": "This study describes 50 patients with abnormal cervical Papanicolaou smears who had colposcopically directed biopsies and then subsequent cervical conization. The objective was to test the accuracy of directed biopsies compared with that of standard method of diagnosis. A significant difference between the two methods occurred in 4% of patients. This figure is the same as that gained from a review of current literature (3.8%). There were no invasive carcinomas in this series.", "contents": "Correlation of colposcopically directed biopsy and conization with histologic diagnosis of cervical lesions. This study describes 50 patients with abnormal cervical Papanicolaou smears who had colposcopically directed biopsies and then subsequent cervical conization. The objective was to test the accuracy of directed biopsies compared with that of standard method of diagnosis. A significant difference between the two methods occurred in 4% of patients. This figure is the same as that gained from a review of current literature (3.8%). There were no invasive carcinomas in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:1195262", "title": "Induction of midtrimester abortion with intraamniotic urea, intravenous oxytocin and laminaria.", "content": "Midtrimester abortion was accomplished in 75 patients by the intraamniotic instillation of 80 g of urea and the intravenous administration of oxytocin. In 33 of the patients, laminaria tents were inserted into the cervix. No severe complication occurred; all fetuses were stillborn. A single urea instillation was effective in 94.6% of the patients. The mean instillation-abortion interval was significantly (p less than 0.02) shorter in patients with laminaria tents than in those without. The tents probably prevent cervical rupture in s-me patients. Significant but transient changes occurred in platelet count and blood urea nitrogen one hour after urea instillation. Surgical removal of the placenta was required in 18.7% of the 75 patients; infection occurred in 2.6%. The combined use of urea, oxytocin, and laminaria appears to be an effective and relatively safe method of inducing abortion during the second trimester.", "contents": "Induction of midtrimester abortion with intraamniotic urea, intravenous oxytocin and laminaria. Midtrimester abortion was accomplished in 75 patients by the intraamniotic instillation of 80 g of urea and the intravenous administration of oxytocin. In 33 of the patients, laminaria tents were inserted into the cervix. No severe complication occurred; all fetuses were stillborn. A single urea instillation was effective in 94.6% of the patients. The mean instillation-abortion interval was significantly (p less than 0.02) shorter in patients with laminaria tents than in those without. The tents probably prevent cervical rupture in s-me patients. Significant but transient changes occurred in platelet count and blood urea nitrogen one hour after urea instillation. Surgical removal of the placenta was required in 18.7% of the 75 patients; infection occurred in 2.6%. The combined use of urea, oxytocin, and laminaria appears to be an effective and relatively safe method of inducing abortion during the second trimester."}
{"id": "PMID:1195263", "title": "The effect of isoxsuprine treatment of estrogen levels in maternal and umbilical cord plasma.", "content": "Estrogen concentrations in maternal plasma were determined in ten apparently normal patients attending clinic in the last trimester of pregnancy before, during, and after a maximum of four weeks isoxsuprine treatment. Eleven control patients were also studied at similar times of pregnancy. Isoxsuprine treatment appeared to have no specific effect on the levels of either estradiol alone or on total estrogens with all patients studied showing some increase in the concentrations of these estrogens as the pregnancies approached term. In four other patients treated with isoxsuprine for pregnancy complications, changes in plasma total estrogen concentrations during treatment were variable and did not correlate with the amount administered. The levels of estradiol in umbilical cord plasma from 17 isoxsuprine-treated pregnancies were similar to those observed in 24 non-treated pregnancies.", "contents": "The effect of isoxsuprine treatment of estrogen levels in maternal and umbilical cord plasma. Estrogen concentrations in maternal plasma were determined in ten apparently normal patients attending clinic in the last trimester of pregnancy before, during, and after a maximum of four weeks isoxsuprine treatment. Eleven control patients were also studied at similar times of pregnancy. Isoxsuprine treatment appeared to have no specific effect on the levels of either estradiol alone or on total estrogens with all patients studied showing some increase in the concentrations of these estrogens as the pregnancies approached term. In four other patients treated with isoxsuprine for pregnancy complications, changes in plasma total estrogen concentrations during treatment were variable and did not correlate with the amount administered. The levels of estradiol in umbilical cord plasma from 17 isoxsuprine-treated pregnancies were similar to those observed in 24 non-treated pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:1195265", "title": "The choleretic action of Genebile in a dog.", "content": "A procedure for cannulating the bile duct of the dog is described. An intramuscular injection of Genebile increased the bile flow rate. A possible mechanism for this increase is suggested.", "contents": "The choleretic action of Genebile in a dog. A procedure for cannulating the bile duct of the dog is described. An intramuscular injection of Genebile increased the bile flow rate. A possible mechanism for this increase is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1195266", "title": "A method for the in vitro study of drug transfer across ruminal epithelium.", "content": "A simple method for the in vitro study of drug diffusion across ruminal epithelium is described. The characteristics of the isolated membrane were defined by studies of ketone production from butyrate, histological studies, phenolsulphonthalein penetration and permeability to pentobarbital, antipyrine and tetraethylammonium. The preparation was found to be suitable for studies of less than 12 hours duration; after that time the integrity of the membrane as a barrier was lost due to degenerative changes. The method had a primary advantage in that experimental variables could be rigorously controlled.", "contents": "A method for the in vitro study of drug transfer across ruminal epithelium. A simple method for the in vitro study of drug diffusion across ruminal epithelium is described. The characteristics of the isolated membrane were defined by studies of ketone production from butyrate, histological studies, phenolsulphonthalein penetration and permeability to pentobarbital, antipyrine and tetraethylammonium. The preparation was found to be suitable for studies of less than 12 hours duration; after that time the integrity of the membrane as a barrier was lost due to degenerative changes. The method had a primary advantage in that experimental variables could be rigorously controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:1195267", "title": "Chronic fluoride poisoning in sheep.", "content": "Chronic fluoride poisoning in sheep and cattle was diagnosed on a farm in the Vredenburg district, Cape Province, and confirmed by laboratory analysis. The source of the poisoning was pastures contaminated with rock phosphate dust containing 2,1 to 3,3% of fluoride emitted from a fertilizer factory. Tabulated analyses of blood, liver, bone, pasture and water are given.", "contents": "Chronic fluoride poisoning in sheep. Chronic fluoride poisoning in sheep and cattle was diagnosed on a farm in the Vredenburg district, Cape Province, and confirmed by laboratory analysis. The source of the poisoning was pastures contaminated with rock phosphate dust containing 2,1 to 3,3% of fluoride emitted from a fertilizer factory. Tabulated analyses of blood, liver, bone, pasture and water are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1195268", "title": "Chlamydiosis in a beef herd.", "content": "Chlamydial infection in a large beef herd is illustrated and discussed. The pre-natal and post-natal losses that occurred during 1972 are highlighted. Total pre-natal losses for the nine calving herds comprising 2,915 animals varied between 3,7% and 12,4%. Between 1,2% and 11,4% of the calves born alive in the nine herds died before weaning with 70% of the losses occurring within the first three weeks of life. Chlamydial organisms were demonstrated in pre-natal and post-natal losses from all nine herds. Clinical manifestations and lesions involving the intestinal, respiratory, nervous, skeletal, reticulo-endothelial and urinary systems were observed in chlamydia-infected calves. Invariably at autopsy in chlamydia positive cases there was some degree of a fibrinous inflammatory process present. Serological evidence showed that chlamydial organisms had been present on both farms prior to the 1972 investigations.", "contents": "Chlamydiosis in a beef herd. Chlamydial infection in a large beef herd is illustrated and discussed. The pre-natal and post-natal losses that occurred during 1972 are highlighted. Total pre-natal losses for the nine calving herds comprising 2,915 animals varied between 3,7% and 12,4%. Between 1,2% and 11,4% of the calves born alive in the nine herds died before weaning with 70% of the losses occurring within the first three weeks of life. Chlamydial organisms were demonstrated in pre-natal and post-natal losses from all nine herds. Clinical manifestations and lesions involving the intestinal, respiratory, nervous, skeletal, reticulo-endothelial and urinary systems were observed in chlamydia-infected calves. Invariably at autopsy in chlamydia positive cases there was some degree of a fibrinous inflammatory process present. Serological evidence showed that chlamydial organisms had been present on both farms prior to the 1972 investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1195269", "title": "Haemoglobin types in African cattle.", "content": "The migration of domesticated animals in Africa is of particular interest to the anthropologist and ethnologist in that it may provide valuable information concerning the migration of human tribes that accompanied these animals. Haemoglobin C is only found to be present in indigenous breeds of African cattle and can therefore be used as one of the best genetic markers of these animals. Haemoglobin B has been established in many breeds in Africa and India. It seems that the further away the animals migrated from India, the lower is the frequency of HbB. Breed comparisons from numerous breeds in Africa are made, including the results of the present investigations on breeds of different countries in Southern Africa.", "contents": "Haemoglobin types in African cattle. The migration of domesticated animals in Africa is of particular interest to the anthropologist and ethnologist in that it may provide valuable information concerning the migration of human tribes that accompanied these animals. Haemoglobin C is only found to be present in indigenous breeds of African cattle and can therefore be used as one of the best genetic markers of these animals. Haemoglobin B has been established in many breeds in Africa and India. It seems that the further away the animals migrated from India, the lower is the frequency of HbB. Breed comparisons from numerous breeds in Africa are made, including the results of the present investigations on breeds of different countries in Southern Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:1195270", "title": "Standard serum chemical and haematological values in the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus).", "content": "Blood chemical and haematological determinations were carried out on 64 baboons. The blood chemical and haematological values determined were found to be in general agreement with the values for man and other primate species. Some blood constituents however, did show noteworthy differences. Marked sex differences were demonstrated in some blood chemical and haematological parameters.", "contents": "Standard serum chemical and haematological values in the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus). Blood chemical and haematological determinations were carried out on 64 baboons. The blood chemical and haematological values determined were found to be in general agreement with the values for man and other primate species. Some blood constituents however, did show noteworthy differences. Marked sex differences were demonstrated in some blood chemical and haematological parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:1195271", "title": "Experimental Phomopsis leptostromiformis mycotoxicosis of pigs.", "content": "The susceptibility of the domestic pig to intoxication by the causative mycotoxin of lupinosis was established experimentally. The symptomatology and pathology of the disease produced by the administration of toxic cultures of the fungus, Phomopsis leptostromiformis (K\u00fchn) Bub\u00e1k ex Lind to pigs are described. The toxin induced severe loss of weight and, in many cases, posterior paresis or paralysis. The principal gross lesions were generalised icterus, orange-red discoloration of the liver, nephrosis and, in some, enterorrhagia. Microscopically there was severe necrosis of hepatocytes and kidney tubular epithelium as well as myocardial degeneration. In the more chronic cases hepatocytes became anaplastic and arranged in acini. The production of toxin by P. leptostromiformis on yellow maize is reported and a method for production of toxic material is described.", "contents": "Experimental Phomopsis leptostromiformis mycotoxicosis of pigs. The susceptibility of the domestic pig to intoxication by the causative mycotoxin of lupinosis was established experimentally. The symptomatology and pathology of the disease produced by the administration of toxic cultures of the fungus, Phomopsis leptostromiformis (K\u00fchn) Bub\u00e1k ex Lind to pigs are described. The toxin induced severe loss of weight and, in many cases, posterior paresis or paralysis. The principal gross lesions were generalised icterus, orange-red discoloration of the liver, nephrosis and, in some, enterorrhagia. Microscopically there was severe necrosis of hepatocytes and kidney tubular epithelium as well as myocardial degeneration. In the more chronic cases hepatocytes became anaplastic and arranged in acini. The production of toxin by P. leptostromiformis on yellow maize is reported and a method for production of toxic material is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1195274", "title": "Synthesis of lysophosphatidylethanolamine analogs that inhibit renin activity.", "content": "A series of lysophosphatidylethanolamine analogs containing saturated and methylene-interrupted cis-olefinic fatty chains was synthesized by phosphorylation and phosphonylation of respective fatty alcohols. Arachidonyl- and linolenylphosphorylethanolamines (12, 13), arachidonyl (2-phthalimidoethyl)phosphonate (17), and arachidonyl (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate (18) were found to be effective inhibitors of the renin-renin substrate reaction in vitro; lysophosphatidylethanolamine analogs 14-16 of lesser unsaturation were either weakly active or inactive. In a preliminary study, intramuscular administration of 25 mg/kg/day of arachidonyl (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate (18) to the hypertensive rat caused pronounced reduction (50 mm) in blood pressure within 3 days; upon continued dosage (15 mg/kg/day) of 18 for an additional 4 days, plasma renin activity was found to be 16 ng/0.1 ml/15 hr as compared with 69 ng/0.1 ml/15 hr before initial drug administration. Arachidonic acid (3), arachidonyl alcohol (8), and several corresponding tetraenoid ester, amide, mesylate, and glyceryl ether derivatives (4-7, 10, 11), that are not phosphate or phosphonate esters, were found to exhibit negligible or modest inhibition of renin activity in vitro.", "contents": "Synthesis of lysophosphatidylethanolamine analogs that inhibit renin activity. A series of lysophosphatidylethanolamine analogs containing saturated and methylene-interrupted cis-olefinic fatty chains was synthesized by phosphorylation and phosphonylation of respective fatty alcohols. Arachidonyl- and linolenylphosphorylethanolamines (12, 13), arachidonyl (2-phthalimidoethyl)phosphonate (17), and arachidonyl (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate (18) were found to be effective inhibitors of the renin-renin substrate reaction in vitro; lysophosphatidylethanolamine analogs 14-16 of lesser unsaturation were either weakly active or inactive. In a preliminary study, intramuscular administration of 25 mg/kg/day of arachidonyl (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate (18) to the hypertensive rat caused pronounced reduction (50 mm) in blood pressure within 3 days; upon continued dosage (15 mg/kg/day) of 18 for an additional 4 days, plasma renin activity was found to be 16 ng/0.1 ml/15 hr as compared with 69 ng/0.1 ml/15 hr before initial drug administration. Arachidonic acid (3), arachidonyl alcohol (8), and several corresponding tetraenoid ester, amide, mesylate, and glyceryl ether derivatives (4-7, 10, 11), that are not phosphate or phosphonate esters, were found to exhibit negligible or modest inhibition of renin activity in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1195275", "title": "Psychotomimetic phenylisopropylamines. 5. 4-Alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines.", "content": "A homologous series of 4-alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines (alkyl = H through n-C5H11 and t-C4H9) was synthesized and compared with mescaline as serotonin agonists in a sheep umbilical preparation. The three-carbon homolog 6d was found to be the most potent of the straight-chain series in accordance with its observed psychotomimetic effectiveness in man.", "contents": "Psychotomimetic phenylisopropylamines. 5. 4-Alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines. A homologous series of 4-alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines (alkyl = H through n-C5H11 and t-C4H9) was synthesized and compared with mescaline as serotonin agonists in a sheep umbilical preparation. The three-carbon homolog 6d was found to be the most potent of the straight-chain series in accordance with its observed psychotomimetic effectiveness in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1195276", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of antiarrhythmic 6-substituted decahydroisoquinolines.", "content": "A series of diastereoisomeric 6-benzoyloxy- and 6-benzamido-2-methyldecahydroisoquinolines has been prepared and screened for antiarrhythmic effectiveness. In a continuation of our interest in identifying significant physicochemical properties of antiarrhythmic decahydroisoquinolines, octanol-water partition coefficients and pKa values have been determined for each member of the series. In general, antiarrhythmic activities superior to that of quinidine were observed. From a general structure-activity viewpoint, substitutions possessing greater lipophilicities produced compounds with superior antiarrhythmic properties. However, there appears to be optimal lipophilic character beyond which increased lipophilicity results in a decrease in antiarrhythmic potency. No discernible correlations with pKa values were evident. As noted in our earlier studies the esters were more potent and more lipophilic than the corresponding amides. No obvious correlations with stereochemistry were found; however, in three pairs of diastereoisomers, the more lipophilic cis compounds were found to be the superior isomers. A surprisingly high potency was noted with a tetrahydroisoquinoline benzamide--a finding unexpected from our earlier work. The 3,4-dichlorobenzamido grouping appeared to be the substituting moiety for optimal antiarrhythmic effectiveness.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of antiarrhythmic 6-substituted decahydroisoquinolines. A series of diastereoisomeric 6-benzoyloxy- and 6-benzamido-2-methyldecahydroisoquinolines has been prepared and screened for antiarrhythmic effectiveness. In a continuation of our interest in identifying significant physicochemical properties of antiarrhythmic decahydroisoquinolines, octanol-water partition coefficients and pKa values have been determined for each member of the series. In general, antiarrhythmic activities superior to that of quinidine were observed. From a general structure-activity viewpoint, substitutions possessing greater lipophilicities produced compounds with superior antiarrhythmic properties. However, there appears to be optimal lipophilic character beyond which increased lipophilicity results in a decrease in antiarrhythmic potency. No discernible correlations with pKa values were evident. As noted in our earlier studies the esters were more potent and more lipophilic than the corresponding amides. No obvious correlations with stereochemistry were found; however, in three pairs of diastereoisomers, the more lipophilic cis compounds were found to be the superior isomers. A surprisingly high potency was noted with a tetrahydroisoquinoline benzamide--a finding unexpected from our earlier work. The 3,4-dichlorobenzamido grouping appeared to be the substituting moiety for optimal antiarrhythmic effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:1195277", "title": "Studies on 1-substituted 4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine derivatives and their analgesic activities. 1.", "content": "The preparation and analgesic activities of a series of the entitled compounds (5-22) and the optical isomers of the 1-cyclohexyl derivative 5 are described. Reactions of N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,2-diphenylethylamine (3) with ammonia and primary amines gave N-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (4) and N1-substituted derivatives (5-20, 22), respectively. The alkylation of 4 afforded 12-21. Compounds 5-18 and 22 were also obtained by the reactions of 1,2-diphenylethylamine (23) and N-substituted 2,2'-dichlorodiethylamine. Racemate 5 was resolved with (+)- or (-)-2'-nitrotartranilic acid into its optical isomers [(+)-5 and (-)-5], and the absolute configuration of (+)-5 was determined to be S configuration by the synthesis and optical rotatory dispersion measurements. The most active members in this series of compounds were 5-7, which were approximately as potent as (-)-morphine. In the case of 5, the more potent enantiomer (S)-(+)-5 has the opposite configuration to that of (-)-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine (Spa) or (-)-morphine with respect to the (C-9) asymmetric center and belongs to a new series of compounds having potent analgesic activity.", "contents": "Studies on 1-substituted 4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine derivatives and their analgesic activities. 1. The preparation and analgesic activities of a series of the entitled compounds (5-22) and the optical isomers of the 1-cyclohexyl derivative 5 are described. Reactions of N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,2-diphenylethylamine (3) with ammonia and primary amines gave N-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (4) and N1-substituted derivatives (5-20, 22), respectively. The alkylation of 4 afforded 12-21. Compounds 5-18 and 22 were also obtained by the reactions of 1,2-diphenylethylamine (23) and N-substituted 2,2'-dichlorodiethylamine. Racemate 5 was resolved with (+)- or (-)-2'-nitrotartranilic acid into its optical isomers [(+)-5 and (-)-5], and the absolute configuration of (+)-5 was determined to be S configuration by the synthesis and optical rotatory dispersion measurements. The most active members in this series of compounds were 5-7, which were approximately as potent as (-)-morphine. In the case of 5, the more potent enantiomer (S)-(+)-5 has the opposite configuration to that of (-)-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine (Spa) or (-)-morphine with respect to the (C-9) asymmetric center and belongs to a new series of compounds having potent analgesic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1195278", "title": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide analogs. 1. Benzo annulated cyclophosphamide and related systems.", "content": "Synthesis of 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3,2-benzoxazaphosphorin 2-oxide (2), which is a benzo annulated analog of cyclophosphamide [2-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminotetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin 2-oxide (1)], was carried out in order to test for possible increased antitumor activity relative to 1 due to the presence of an oxidatively reactive C-4 benzylic site in 2. A structural isomer of 2, 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1,2-benzoxazaphosphorin 2-oxide (3), and cognate systems 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,3,2-benzodiazaphosphorin 2-oxide (4) and 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin 2-oxide (5) were also prepared for comparative purposes. In vivo antitumor evaluation in mice against L1210 lymphoid leukemia indicated no significant activity for compound 2. Compounds 3 and 4 were likewise found to be inactive and only marginal activity was exhibited by 5.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide analogs. 1. Benzo annulated cyclophosphamide and related systems. Synthesis of 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3,2-benzoxazaphosphorin 2-oxide (2), which is a benzo annulated analog of cyclophosphamide [2-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminotetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin 2-oxide (1)], was carried out in order to test for possible increased antitumor activity relative to 1 due to the presence of an oxidatively reactive C-4 benzylic site in 2. A structural isomer of 2, 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1,2-benzoxazaphosphorin 2-oxide (3), and cognate systems 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,3,2-benzodiazaphosphorin 2-oxide (4) and 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin 2-oxide (5) were also prepared for comparative purposes. In vivo antitumor evaluation in mice against L1210 lymphoid leukemia indicated no significant activity for compound 2. Compounds 3 and 4 were likewise found to be inactive and only marginal activity was exhibited by 5."}
{"id": "PMID:1195279", "title": "Synthesis of some glycoside analogs and related compounds from 9-amino-6-(methylthio)-9H-purine.", "content": "Additional information on the anticancer activity of 9-amino-9H-purine-6(1H)-thione and its derivatives was sought by the synthesis of some 9-(substituted amino)-6-(methylthio)-9H-purines in which the 9-substituent contained functional groups capable of either reversible or irreversible binding with an enzymatic site. Condensation of 9-amino-6-(methylthio)-9H-purine (1) with some carbonyl compounds followed by hydride reduction of the azomethine linkage in the intermediates leads to the 2-pyrrolylmethyl (8), 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl (10), and the 1,5-dihydroxy-2- and 3-pentyl (11 and 12) compounds. A 4-hydroxybutyl derivative (13) was obtained by alkylation of 18, the 9-acetyl derivative of 1, with 4-chlorobutyl acetate followed by saponification. The cyclization of 13 and 11 with a sulfonyl chloride gave the 9-pyrrolidin-1-yl (27) and the 9-[2-(tosyloxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl] (28), respectively. Acylation of 1 with ethyl L-2-pyrrolidine-5-carboxylate and ethyl 1-methyl-5-pyrrolidone-3-carboxylate, respectively, in Me2SO containing NaH gave the corresponding amides 15 and 17. Alkylation of 18 with 1-bromo-2-chloroethane and epichlorohydrin gave the N-(2-chloroethyl) and N-(1,2-epoxy-3-propyl) derivatives 19 and 20. The chloro group of the chlorobutyl derivative of 18 was displaced with KSCN and NaN3, respectively, to give the thiocyanate and azido derivatives 23 and 24. Hydrogenation of the latter gave the amine (25), which was acylated with ethyl chloroformate to give the (ethoxycarbonyl)amino compound 26. None of these compounds showed activity against L1210 leukemia cells implanted ip in mice on a single-dose schedule, suggesting that the activity observed in the simpler 9-aminopurines resulted from cleavage of the hydrazino linkage to give pH-purine-6(1H)-thione.", "contents": "Synthesis of some glycoside analogs and related compounds from 9-amino-6-(methylthio)-9H-purine. Additional information on the anticancer activity of 9-amino-9H-purine-6(1H)-thione and its derivatives was sought by the synthesis of some 9-(substituted amino)-6-(methylthio)-9H-purines in which the 9-substituent contained functional groups capable of either reversible or irreversible binding with an enzymatic site. Condensation of 9-amino-6-(methylthio)-9H-purine (1) with some carbonyl compounds followed by hydride reduction of the azomethine linkage in the intermediates leads to the 2-pyrrolylmethyl (8), 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl (10), and the 1,5-dihydroxy-2- and 3-pentyl (11 and 12) compounds. A 4-hydroxybutyl derivative (13) was obtained by alkylation of 18, the 9-acetyl derivative of 1, with 4-chlorobutyl acetate followed by saponification. The cyclization of 13 and 11 with a sulfonyl chloride gave the 9-pyrrolidin-1-yl (27) and the 9-[2-(tosyloxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl] (28), respectively. Acylation of 1 with ethyl L-2-pyrrolidine-5-carboxylate and ethyl 1-methyl-5-pyrrolidone-3-carboxylate, respectively, in Me2SO containing NaH gave the corresponding amides 15 and 17. Alkylation of 18 with 1-bromo-2-chloroethane and epichlorohydrin gave the N-(2-chloroethyl) and N-(1,2-epoxy-3-propyl) derivatives 19 and 20. The chloro group of the chlorobutyl derivative of 18 was displaced with KSCN and NaN3, respectively, to give the thiocyanate and azido derivatives 23 and 24. Hydrogenation of the latter gave the amine (25), which was acylated with ethyl chloroformate to give the (ethoxycarbonyl)amino compound 26. None of these compounds showed activity against L1210 leukemia cells implanted ip in mice on a single-dose schedule, suggesting that the activity observed in the simpler 9-aminopurines resulted from cleavage of the hydrazino linkage to give pH-purine-6(1H)-thione."}
{"id": "PMID:1195280", "title": "Synthesis of 6alpha-methyldigitoxigenin 3-acetate.", "content": "In order to determine the influence of a 6alpha-methyl group activity, the 6alpha-methyl derivative of digitoxigenin 3-acetate 14 was prepared and pharmacologically tested in comparison with digitoxigenen 3-acetate. The synthesis of 6alpha-methyldigitoxigenin 3-acetate (14) was performed starting from 21-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (1). According to the cardiac activity determined on guinea-pig isolated heart and by slow infusion in the cat, the 6alpha-methyldigitoxigenin 3-acetate (14) is not more active than digitoxigenin 3-acetate.", "contents": "Synthesis of 6alpha-methyldigitoxigenin 3-acetate. In order to determine the influence of a 6alpha-methyl group activity, the 6alpha-methyl derivative of digitoxigenin 3-acetate 14 was prepared and pharmacologically tested in comparison with digitoxigenen 3-acetate. The synthesis of 6alpha-methyldigitoxigenin 3-acetate (14) was performed starting from 21-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (1). According to the cardiac activity determined on guinea-pig isolated heart and by slow infusion in the cat, the 6alpha-methyldigitoxigenin 3-acetate (14) is not more active than digitoxigenin 3-acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:1195281", "title": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of [1-beta-mercapto-beta,beta-diethylpropionic acid,2-(3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine)]oxytocin.", "content": "The synthesis of the protected polypeptide precursor of [1-beta-mercapto-beta,beta-diethylpropionic acid,2-(3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine)]oxytocin was performed in a stepwise manner by solution techniques. This analog of oxytocin has two modifications, each of which taken alone gives analogs which inhibit some of the pharmacological responses to oxytocin. The S-ethylcarbamoyl protecting groups of beta-Mpa(beta-Et2)(Ec)-Dbt-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys(Ec)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 were removed in refluxing liquid NH3, and the resulting disulfhydryl compound was oxidatively cyclized in H2O-MeOH with ICH2CH2I. Purification was effected by partition chromatography and gel filtration. The analog possesses antioxytocic (pA2 = 7.08) and antiavian vasodepressor (pA2 = 7.38) activities but has neither agonist nor antagonist activity in the rat pressor assay. These potencies are close to those exhibited by [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid,2-(3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine)]oxytocin but different from those of [1-beta-mercapto-beta,beta-diethylpropionic acid]oxytocin.", "contents": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of [1-beta-mercapto-beta,beta-diethylpropionic acid,2-(3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine)]oxytocin. The synthesis of the protected polypeptide precursor of [1-beta-mercapto-beta,beta-diethylpropionic acid,2-(3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine)]oxytocin was performed in a stepwise manner by solution techniques. This analog of oxytocin has two modifications, each of which taken alone gives analogs which inhibit some of the pharmacological responses to oxytocin. The S-ethylcarbamoyl protecting groups of beta-Mpa(beta-Et2)(Ec)-Dbt-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys(Ec)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 were removed in refluxing liquid NH3, and the resulting disulfhydryl compound was oxidatively cyclized in H2O-MeOH with ICH2CH2I. Purification was effected by partition chromatography and gel filtration. The analog possesses antioxytocic (pA2 = 7.08) and antiavian vasodepressor (pA2 = 7.38) activities but has neither agonist nor antagonist activity in the rat pressor assay. These potencies are close to those exhibited by [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid,2-(3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine)]oxytocin but different from those of [1-beta-mercapto-beta,beta-diethylpropionic acid]oxytocin."}
{"id": "PMID:1195282", "title": "2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,6-methano-1H-3-benzazonine derivatives as analgesics.", "content": "10-Methoxy- (10) and 10-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-3-benzazonine (11) have been synthesized from 7-methoxy-alpha-tetralone (1) via the 1-aminomethyl compound 4, which was converted to the amino acid derivative 7. Hydrogenation and cyclization of 7 afforded the lactam 9, which was reduced with LiAlH4, followed by N-methylation to give 10, from which 11 was obtained. Compounds 10 and 11 have analgetic activity, and the former was found to be comparable to codeine.", "contents": "2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,6-methano-1H-3-benzazonine derivatives as analgesics. 10-Methoxy- (10) and 10-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-3-benzazonine (11) have been synthesized from 7-methoxy-alpha-tetralone (1) via the 1-aminomethyl compound 4, which was converted to the amino acid derivative 7. Hydrogenation and cyclization of 7 afforded the lactam 9, which was reduced with LiAlH4, followed by N-methylation to give 10, from which 11 was obtained. Compounds 10 and 11 have analgetic activity, and the former was found to be comparable to codeine."}
{"id": "PMID:1195283", "title": "Absolute configuration of the major metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin, 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin.", "content": "Chemical conversions, optical comparisons, and chiroptical measurements (CD) were employed to determine the absolute configuration of the enantiomers of 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH) (1b and 1c). Studies on a key intermediate, (-)-2-cyclohexyl-2-phenylglycine (5b), led to the reexamination of the well-known rule of Clough-Lutz-Jirgensons. Optical comparisons by means of derivatization into hydantoins and 3-phenyl-2-thiohydantoins (application of Freudenberg's rule of shift) gave conclusions which were consistent with chiroptical measurements on the above compounds. Thus, (-)-HPPH (1c), the major metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in man, has the S configuration. This assignment was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis of (+)-HPPH 10-(+)-camphorsulfonate (18b).", "contents": "Absolute configuration of the major metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin, 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin. Chemical conversions, optical comparisons, and chiroptical measurements (CD) were employed to determine the absolute configuration of the enantiomers of 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH) (1b and 1c). Studies on a key intermediate, (-)-2-cyclohexyl-2-phenylglycine (5b), led to the reexamination of the well-known rule of Clough-Lutz-Jirgensons. Optical comparisons by means of derivatization into hydantoins and 3-phenyl-2-thiohydantoins (application of Freudenberg's rule of shift) gave conclusions which were consistent with chiroptical measurements on the above compounds. Thus, (-)-HPPH (1c), the major metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in man, has the S configuration. This assignment was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis of (+)-HPPH 10-(+)-camphorsulfonate (18b)."}
{"id": "PMID:1195322", "title": "Teaching students the relationship between quality and cost of medical care.", "content": "The usefulness of hospital charges as a means of teaching medical students the relationship between the quality of the cost of medical care provided by primary care physicians (internists and family physicians) is presented. The comparative role of these two types of primary care physicians as \"generators of costs\" is described. The cost of hospital care provided by primary care physicians is also compared with the cost of care provided by the cardiologist, a prototype of the highest quality of secondary and tertiary care for cardiovascular diseases. Data indicate that internists generated hospital costs that were consistently higher than family physicians. Moreover, a comparison of costs generated by internists, family physicians, and cardiologists in managing patients with cardiovascular diseases revealed that cardiologists generated lower costs than the other two types of specialists. It is believed that case studies such as this will provide evidence that will enable undergraduate medical students to reflect upon their own attitudes toward their developing role as \"generators of cost\".", "contents": "Teaching students the relationship between quality and cost of medical care. The usefulness of hospital charges as a means of teaching medical students the relationship between the quality of the cost of medical care provided by primary care physicians (internists and family physicians) is presented. The comparative role of these two types of primary care physicians as \"generators of costs\" is described. The cost of hospital care provided by primary care physicians is also compared with the cost of care provided by the cardiologist, a prototype of the highest quality of secondary and tertiary care for cardiovascular diseases. Data indicate that internists generated hospital costs that were consistently higher than family physicians. Moreover, a comparison of costs generated by internists, family physicians, and cardiologists in managing patients with cardiovascular diseases revealed that cardiologists generated lower costs than the other two types of specialists. It is believed that case studies such as this will provide evidence that will enable undergraduate medical students to reflect upon their own attitudes toward their developing role as \"generators of cost\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1195323", "title": "The characteristics of medical students and their views of the first year.", "content": "The results of a national longitudinal study of the educational choices of a large sample of students are summarized with emphasis on the results for medical students. Surveyed as college seniors, students were followed up a year later. The senior results indicated that the future medical students were usually bright, academically successful, male, and frequently from relatively affluent families. Their self-conceptions and work values were consistent with the career of medicine. As medical students, they reported that they worked hard. They did not describe their professors as particularly good teachers, but they felt they had good relations with them. Similarly, although they felt the first year offered limited opportunities for individualization, they were generally quite satisfied with their schools.", "contents": "The characteristics of medical students and their views of the first year. The results of a national longitudinal study of the educational choices of a large sample of students are summarized with emphasis on the results for medical students. Surveyed as college seniors, students were followed up a year later. The senior results indicated that the future medical students were usually bright, academically successful, male, and frequently from relatively affluent families. Their self-conceptions and work values were consistent with the career of medicine. As medical students, they reported that they worked hard. They did not describe their professors as particularly good teachers, but they felt they had good relations with them. Similarly, although they felt the first year offered limited opportunities for individualization, they were generally quite satisfied with their schools."}
{"id": "PMID:1195324", "title": "Issues and methods in curriculum evaluation.", "content": "Studies of medical school curricula need not meet the criteria of systematic experimental designs. Instead of compromising aspects of the curriculum to meet such requirements as random sampling, the authors suggest the development of representative curricular research. Such designs require the development of population validity, ecological validity, and referent generality. Examples of these aspects of representative design are derived from the development of a health-maintenance-organization-based primary care curriculum.", "contents": "Issues and methods in curriculum evaluation. Studies of medical school curricula need not meet the criteria of systematic experimental designs. Instead of compromising aspects of the curriculum to meet such requirements as random sampling, the authors suggest the development of representative curricular research. Such designs require the development of population validity, ecological validity, and referent generality. Examples of these aspects of representative design are derived from the development of a health-maintenance-organization-based primary care curriculum."}
{"id": "PMID:1195325", "title": "A systems approach to patient care, curriculum, and research in family practice.", "content": "The system of data recording and retrieval which defines a family practice population of patients is described. It is organized at two levels, as a series of manual instruments or as a single instrument used as data input to a computer. Depending on resources available, it is possible to record demographic and morbidity data from the patient populations of both teaching and nonteaching practices. Data have been collected from a patient population of 88,000 in 26 practicing sites in Virginia, totaling 380,000 diagnostic and follow-up visits. Presentations are made of some of this data. The costs of this recording process in nonteaching practices, the use of such data as an educational resource for the training of primary care physicians, and the evaluations of health care delivered are discussed.", "contents": "A systems approach to patient care, curriculum, and research in family practice. The system of data recording and retrieval which defines a family practice population of patients is described. It is organized at two levels, as a series of manual instruments or as a single instrument used as data input to a computer. Depending on resources available, it is possible to record demographic and morbidity data from the patient populations of both teaching and nonteaching practices. Data have been collected from a patient population of 88,000 in 26 practicing sites in Virginia, totaling 380,000 diagnostic and follow-up visits. Presentations are made of some of this data. The costs of this recording process in nonteaching practices, the use of such data as an educational resource for the training of primary care physicians, and the evaluations of health care delivered are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195326", "title": "A clinical clerkship in psychiatry.", "content": "A clinical clerkship was organized around the goal of teaching information and skills that would be needed by the nonpsychiatrist physician. In most clinical clerkships the students work on an inpatient service. In the clerkship described here the setting is an outpatient clinic, which provides a more relevant experience. Videotaped psychiatric interviews are used extensively and have been found to provide a valuable teaching format. They are effective in holding student interest, in avoiding the practical difficulties of live interviews, and in teaching active listening and interviewing technique, as well as in demonstrating a variety of psychopathology. Field trips to state psychiatric hospitals, institutions for mental defectives, clinics for treating alcoholics or addicts, and other mental health facilities have been used but have not been found to be a very valuable part of the program.", "contents": "A clinical clerkship in psychiatry. A clinical clerkship was organized around the goal of teaching information and skills that would be needed by the nonpsychiatrist physician. In most clinical clerkships the students work on an inpatient service. In the clerkship described here the setting is an outpatient clinic, which provides a more relevant experience. Videotaped psychiatric interviews are used extensively and have been found to provide a valuable teaching format. They are effective in holding student interest, in avoiding the practical difficulties of live interviews, and in teaching active listening and interviewing technique, as well as in demonstrating a variety of psychopathology. Field trips to state psychiatric hospitals, institutions for mental defectives, clinics for treating alcoholics or addicts, and other mental health facilities have been used but have not been found to be a very valuable part of the program."}
{"id": "PMID:1195333", "title": "Interactions of liver encoplasmic reticulum membranes and polysomes in vitro.", "content": "The interactions of various preparations of endoplasmic reticulum membranes and polysomes have been studied by means of a sandwich sucrose gradient that clearly isolates free ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S.E.R.) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (R.E.R.) from the microsomal fraction of rat liver homogenates. Reconstructed rough membranes separate well from the native R.E.R. but occupy the same position along the gradient as the S.E.R. and the rough membranes, stripped of their ribosomes by means of LiCl. Native R.E.R. and S.E.R. do not bind any added labeled polysomes at 0 degree C; previous treatment with LiCl does not modify the behavior of S.E.R. The presence of cell sap during the binding reaction does not increase polysome fixation by stripped-rough membranes but protects in some way the polysomes and preserves all their original functional capacity of amino acid incorporation into protein.", "contents": "Interactions of liver encoplasmic reticulum membranes and polysomes in vitro. The interactions of various preparations of endoplasmic reticulum membranes and polysomes have been studied by means of a sandwich sucrose gradient that clearly isolates free ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S.E.R.) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (R.E.R.) from the microsomal fraction of rat liver homogenates. Reconstructed rough membranes separate well from the native R.E.R. but occupy the same position along the gradient as the S.E.R. and the rough membranes, stripped of their ribosomes by means of LiCl. Native R.E.R. and S.E.R. do not bind any added labeled polysomes at 0 degree C; previous treatment with LiCl does not modify the behavior of S.E.R. The presence of cell sap during the binding reaction does not increase polysome fixation by stripped-rough membranes but protects in some way the polysomes and preserves all their original functional capacity of amino acid incorporation into protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1195334", "title": "Calcium-binding of Synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex. II. Inhibitory effects of magnesium ions and some other cations.", "content": "As in our previous report (Kamino, Uyesaka & Inouye, J. Membrane Biol. 17:13 1974), the absorbance changes of murexide caused by Ca2+ and followed up by a dual wavelength spectrophotometer were applied to measure synaptosomal Ca2+-binding in the presence of cations such as Rb+, Mn2+ or La3+. All the cations tested showed a significant inhibition of synaptosomal Ca2+-binding except Li+. The inhibitory effects could be divided into the following three categories: (1) noncompetive, co-operative K+-type, which includes alkali metal ions. The potency of inhibition is K+ greater than Rb+ greater than Cs+ greater than Li+, Na+ =0; (2) competitive Mn2+ -type which includes many divalent cations. The inhibitory potency was found to be in the following order: Mn2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Cd2+, Ba2+ greater than Mg2+; (3) nonspecific, noncompetitive La3+ -type; among the cations tested, La3+ and Ce3+ were found to markedly reduce the Ca-binding capacity of synaptosomal particles, resulting in a noncompetitive inhibition, at least in the range of Ca2+ concentration used.", "contents": "Calcium-binding of Synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex. II. Inhibitory effects of magnesium ions and some other cations. As in our previous report (Kamino, Uyesaka & Inouye, J. Membrane Biol. 17:13 1974), the absorbance changes of murexide caused by Ca2+ and followed up by a dual wavelength spectrophotometer were applied to measure synaptosomal Ca2+-binding in the presence of cations such as Rb+, Mn2+ or La3+. All the cations tested showed a significant inhibition of synaptosomal Ca2+-binding except Li+. The inhibitory effects could be divided into the following three categories: (1) noncompetive, co-operative K+-type, which includes alkali metal ions. The potency of inhibition is K+ greater than Rb+ greater than Cs+ greater than Li+, Na+ =0; (2) competitive Mn2+ -type which includes many divalent cations. The inhibitory potency was found to be in the following order: Mn2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Cd2+, Ba2+ greater than Mg2+; (3) nonspecific, noncompetitive La3+ -type; among the cations tested, La3+ and Ce3+ were found to markedly reduce the Ca-binding capacity of synaptosomal particles, resulting in a noncompetitive inhibition, at least in the range of Ca2+ concentration used."}
{"id": "PMID:1195335", "title": "Fluorescence polarization in a planar array of pigment molecules: theoretical treatment and application to flavins incorporated into artificial membranes.", "content": "A quantitative fluorescence polarization theory of molecules bound to two-dimensional plane layers has been developed when the electronic transition moments of absorption and emission are parallel within the fluorescent molecules. The transition moments are assumed to be in preferred orientation with respect to the normal to the plane and to be randomly oriented within the plane (rotational symmetry with the normal as axis of symmetry). Three basic model distributions of transition moments are investigated quantitatively. These model distributions represent a simplification but in most cases may be expected to describe reality with sufficient accuracy. For all distributions, two cases of different mobility of molecules are treated: (a) the lifetime of fluorescence is small compared with the characteristic relaxation time of the distribution, and (b) the lifetime of fluorescence is long, so that a complete reorientation of transition moments during the excited state can take place. From the quantitative calculations four characteristic quantities are derived, which are appropriate for the analysis of experimental data. Experiments are carried out with phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes which contain three differently substituted amphiphilic flavins. All three flavins yield similar data. Their analyses predict free and fast mobility of the flavin chromophore.", "contents": "Fluorescence polarization in a planar array of pigment molecules: theoretical treatment and application to flavins incorporated into artificial membranes. A quantitative fluorescence polarization theory of molecules bound to two-dimensional plane layers has been developed when the electronic transition moments of absorption and emission are parallel within the fluorescent molecules. The transition moments are assumed to be in preferred orientation with respect to the normal to the plane and to be randomly oriented within the plane (rotational symmetry with the normal as axis of symmetry). Three basic model distributions of transition moments are investigated quantitatively. These model distributions represent a simplification but in most cases may be expected to describe reality with sufficient accuracy. For all distributions, two cases of different mobility of molecules are treated: (a) the lifetime of fluorescence is small compared with the characteristic relaxation time of the distribution, and (b) the lifetime of fluorescence is long, so that a complete reorientation of transition moments during the excited state can take place. From the quantitative calculations four characteristic quantities are derived, which are appropriate for the analysis of experimental data. Experiments are carried out with phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes which contain three differently substituted amphiphilic flavins. All three flavins yield similar data. Their analyses predict free and fast mobility of the flavin chromophore."}
{"id": "PMID:1195336", "title": "Measurement of membrane potential and estimation of effective fixed-charge density in membranes.", "content": "Electrical potentials Em arising across cross-linked phenolsulfonate membrane separating NaCl solutions of molality M1 and M2 have been measured at 25 degrees C. These values of Em have been used in the Nernst equation to calculate values for the apparent transport number ti(app) for the counterion or the co-ion in the membrane. Values of ti(app) together with the limiting value for the cation transport number in the aqueous phase have been used in the equation developed by Kobatake and co-workers to evaluate the membrane permselectivity Ps as a function of external electrolyte concentration. With the help of the equation relating Ps to phiX, the effective fixed-charge density in the membrane (where phi is a constant, 0 less than phi less than 1, and X is the membrane stochiometric charge density and can be evaluated by chemical analysis of the membrane phase), values for phiX and phi have been determined. Values of phi were low in dilute solutions and increased with increase in the concentration of the external solution. Similar behavior was noted in the case of another membrane system, cross-linked polymethacrylic acid in contact with KOH solutions. On the other hand, the membrane system, \"untreated\" collodion in contact with KCl solutions, exhibited a behavior in which the values of phi, low in dilute solutions, increased and then decreased following a gradual increase in the external concentration. This slight divergence in its behavior was attributed to the heterogeneity of the collodion membrane structure. The reliability of this potentiometric method to estimate effective fixed-charge density in membranes has been discussed in relation to a similar but old method due to Teorell, Meyer and Sievers. Also the significance of the values derived for phi has been pointed out.", "contents": "Measurement of membrane potential and estimation of effective fixed-charge density in membranes. Electrical potentials Em arising across cross-linked phenolsulfonate membrane separating NaCl solutions of molality M1 and M2 have been measured at 25 degrees C. These values of Em have been used in the Nernst equation to calculate values for the apparent transport number ti(app) for the counterion or the co-ion in the membrane. Values of ti(app) together with the limiting value for the cation transport number in the aqueous phase have been used in the equation developed by Kobatake and co-workers to evaluate the membrane permselectivity Ps as a function of external electrolyte concentration. With the help of the equation relating Ps to phiX, the effective fixed-charge density in the membrane (where phi is a constant, 0 less than phi less than 1, and X is the membrane stochiometric charge density and can be evaluated by chemical analysis of the membrane phase), values for phiX and phi have been determined. Values of phi were low in dilute solutions and increased with increase in the concentration of the external solution. Similar behavior was noted in the case of another membrane system, cross-linked polymethacrylic acid in contact with KOH solutions. On the other hand, the membrane system, \"untreated\" collodion in contact with KCl solutions, exhibited a behavior in which the values of phi, low in dilute solutions, increased and then decreased following a gradual increase in the external concentration. This slight divergence in its behavior was attributed to the heterogeneity of the collodion membrane structure. The reliability of this potentiometric method to estimate effective fixed-charge density in membranes has been discussed in relation to a similar but old method due to Teorell, Meyer and Sievers. Also the significance of the values derived for phi has been pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:1195338", "title": "Determination of the resistance in series with the membranes of giant axons.", "content": "Measurements of the resistance in series with the excitable membrane for giant axons of two different phylla (the squid Loligo pealii and the marine worm Myxicola infundibulum) were obtained. Efforts were made to take into account the errors introduced by the finite rise-time of the measuring apparatus. The series resistance value, obtained very quickly by the method described, may be used in setting the compensation potentiometer to offset this resistance in voltage-clamp measurements. Estimates of the resistance of the periaxonal tissue layer were made. Analyses were done on some of the problems involved in attempting to make an unambiguous determination of the series resistance.", "contents": "Determination of the resistance in series with the membranes of giant axons. Measurements of the resistance in series with the excitable membrane for giant axons of two different phylla (the squid Loligo pealii and the marine worm Myxicola infundibulum) were obtained. Efforts were made to take into account the errors introduced by the finite rise-time of the measuring apparatus. The series resistance value, obtained very quickly by the method described, may be used in setting the compensation potentiometer to offset this resistance in voltage-clamp measurements. Estimates of the resistance of the periaxonal tissue layer were made. Analyses were done on some of the problems involved in attempting to make an unambiguous determination of the series resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:1195339", "title": "Studies on the brush border membrane of the mouse duodenum. I. Membrane isolation and analysis of protein components.", "content": "Brush border membranes have been isolated from villus epithelial cells of the adult Swiss mouse duodenum. Preparations of these membranes are not contaminated by other organelles as judged from electron-micrographs of sectioned pellets of brush borders. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins from brush borders solubilized in Tris-sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer reveals a reproducible Coomassie Brilliant Blue pattern of 17 bands. By comparing the brush border protein band positions with those of standard proteins run concurrently on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel slabs it is estimated that the 17 brush border proteins and subunits have molecular weights ranging from over 250,000 to around 16,000. Periodate-fuchsin sulfite staining shows that the five more slowly migrating, high molecular weight proteins are glycoproteins. The two proteins of smallest molecular size react positively with Oil Red O but have very small amounts of lipophilic amino acid residues, which indicates that the lipid extractable from the gels in these areas is a contaminant and is not bound to the proteins.", "contents": "Studies on the brush border membrane of the mouse duodenum. I. Membrane isolation and analysis of protein components. Brush border membranes have been isolated from villus epithelial cells of the adult Swiss mouse duodenum. Preparations of these membranes are not contaminated by other organelles as judged from electron-micrographs of sectioned pellets of brush borders. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins from brush borders solubilized in Tris-sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer reveals a reproducible Coomassie Brilliant Blue pattern of 17 bands. By comparing the brush border protein band positions with those of standard proteins run concurrently on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel slabs it is estimated that the 17 brush border proteins and subunits have molecular weights ranging from over 250,000 to around 16,000. Periodate-fuchsin sulfite staining shows that the five more slowly migrating, high molecular weight proteins are glycoproteins. The two proteins of smallest molecular size react positively with Oil Red O but have very small amounts of lipophilic amino acid residues, which indicates that the lipid extractable from the gels in these areas is a contaminant and is not bound to the proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1195340", "title": "Studies on the structure of milk fat globule membrane.", "content": "Milk fat globule membrane was solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol and the membrane proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The membrane preparations contained three major size classes of polypeptide of 155,000, 62,500 and 43,500 daltons. At least five glycopeptides were separated of which two stained intensely with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, but poorly with coomassie blue. Trypsin hydrolysis of whole cream and isolated milk fat globule membrane revealed major differences in the rates of protein hydrolysis. Many of the membrane proteins of whole cream resisted proteolysis compared with the same proteins in the isolated membrane. Two glycopeptides were resistant to trypsin digestion in either preparation. Treatment of whole cream with neuraminidase led to the release of at least 70% of the protein-bound sialic acid. Whole cream and isolated membrane samples were iodinated with 125I in the presence of lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide. The membrane proteins were significantly more accessible to lactoperoxidase-125I i in isolated membrane compared with the proteins of whole cream. Polypeptides of molecular weight 43,500 and approximately 48,000 daltons were predominantly labelled in whole cream and could be eluted from the fat globules with magnesium chloride (1.5m). The results strongly suggest that the proteins of milk fat globule membrane are asymmetrically arranged in the membrane and that most of the protein-bound sialic acid is present on the external surface of milk fat globules.", "contents": "Studies on the structure of milk fat globule membrane. Milk fat globule membrane was solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol and the membrane proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The membrane preparations contained three major size classes of polypeptide of 155,000, 62,500 and 43,500 daltons. At least five glycopeptides were separated of which two stained intensely with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, but poorly with coomassie blue. Trypsin hydrolysis of whole cream and isolated milk fat globule membrane revealed major differences in the rates of protein hydrolysis. Many of the membrane proteins of whole cream resisted proteolysis compared with the same proteins in the isolated membrane. Two glycopeptides were resistant to trypsin digestion in either preparation. Treatment of whole cream with neuraminidase led to the release of at least 70% of the protein-bound sialic acid. Whole cream and isolated membrane samples were iodinated with 125I in the presence of lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide. The membrane proteins were significantly more accessible to lactoperoxidase-125I i in isolated membrane compared with the proteins of whole cream. Polypeptides of molecular weight 43,500 and approximately 48,000 daltons were predominantly labelled in whole cream and could be eluted from the fat globules with magnesium chloride (1.5m). The results strongly suggest that the proteins of milk fat globule membrane are asymmetrically arranged in the membrane and that most of the protein-bound sialic acid is present on the external surface of milk fat globules."}
{"id": "PMID:1195341", "title": "Sodium fluxes through the active transport pathway in toad bladder.", "content": "To assess the active components of sodium flux across toad bladder as a function of transepithelial potential, unidirectional sodium fluxes between identical media were measured before and after adding sufficient ouabain (1.89 X 10(-3)M) to eliminate active transport, while clamping transepithelial potential to 0, 100 or 150 mV. Evidence was adduced that ouabain does not alter passive fluxes, and that fluxes remain constant if ouabain is not added. Hence, the ouabain-inhibitable fluxes represent fluxes through the active path. Results were analyzed by a set of equations, previously shown to describe adequately passive fluxes under electrical gradients in this tissue, here modified by the insertion of E, the potential at which bidirectional sodium fluxes (beta E, and theta E) through the active pathway are equal. According to these equations, beta E and theta E are the logarithmic mean of bidirectional fluxes through the active path at any potential, and the flux ratio in this path is modified by a constant factor Qia, which represents the ratio of the bulk diffusion coefficient to the tracer diffusion coefficient in this pathway. The data are shown to conform closely to these equations. Qia averages 2.54. Hence, serosal-to-mucosal flux vanishes rapidly as potential falls below E. Mean E in these experiments was 158 +/- 1 mV. Thus, linear dependence of net flux in both active and passive pathways on potential is present, even though the sodium fluxes in both paths fail to conform to the Ussing flux ratio equation. Qip less than 1 in the passive path (qualitatively similar to exchange diffusion) and Qia greater than 1 in the active path (as in single file pore diffusion). Both of these features tend to reduce the change in serosal-to-mucosal sodium flux induced by depolarization from spontaneous potential to zero potential (\"short-circuiting\").", "contents": "Sodium fluxes through the active transport pathway in toad bladder. To assess the active components of sodium flux across toad bladder as a function of transepithelial potential, unidirectional sodium fluxes between identical media were measured before and after adding sufficient ouabain (1.89 X 10(-3)M) to eliminate active transport, while clamping transepithelial potential to 0, 100 or 150 mV. Evidence was adduced that ouabain does not alter passive fluxes, and that fluxes remain constant if ouabain is not added. Hence, the ouabain-inhibitable fluxes represent fluxes through the active path. Results were analyzed by a set of equations, previously shown to describe adequately passive fluxes under electrical gradients in this tissue, here modified by the insertion of E, the potential at which bidirectional sodium fluxes (beta E, and theta E) through the active pathway are equal. According to these equations, beta E and theta E are the logarithmic mean of bidirectional fluxes through the active path at any potential, and the flux ratio in this path is modified by a constant factor Qia, which represents the ratio of the bulk diffusion coefficient to the tracer diffusion coefficient in this pathway. The data are shown to conform closely to these equations. Qia averages 2.54. Hence, serosal-to-mucosal flux vanishes rapidly as potential falls below E. Mean E in these experiments was 158 +/- 1 mV. Thus, linear dependence of net flux in both active and passive pathways on potential is present, even though the sodium fluxes in both paths fail to conform to the Ussing flux ratio equation. Qip less than 1 in the passive path (qualitatively similar to exchange diffusion) and Qia greater than 1 in the active path (as in single file pore diffusion). Both of these features tend to reduce the change in serosal-to-mucosal sodium flux induced by depolarization from spontaneous potential to zero potential (\"short-circuiting\")."}
{"id": "PMID:1195342", "title": "The effect of anti-L on ouabain binding to sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Binding of 3H-ouabain was studied in high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) sheep red cells. In particular, we investigated the effect of anti-L, an antibody raised in HK sheep against L-positive LK sheep red cells, on 3H-oubain binding and its relation to K+ -pump flux inhibition in LK cells. HK cells were found to have about twice as many 3H-ouabain binding sites and a higher association rate for 3H-ouabain than homozygous LL-type LK cells. The number of 3H-ouabain molecules bound to heterozygous LM-type LK cells is lower than that on LL cells, but the rate of ouabain binding is between that of HK and LL red cells. A close correlation was observed between the rates of 3H-oubain binding and fraction K+-pump inhibition. Exposure of LM and LL cells to anti-L did not affect the number of 3H-ouabain molecules bound at saturation, but increased the rates of glycoside binding and K+ -pump inhibition proportionately, so that for LK cells in the presence of anti-L, the rates of the two processes approximate those of HK cells. These data exclude the possibility that anti-L generates entirely new pump sites in LK sheep cells, but suggest that the antibody increases the affinity of the existing -a+ -K+ pumps for the glycoside.", "contents": "The effect of anti-L on ouabain binding to sheep erythrocytes. Binding of 3H-ouabain was studied in high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) sheep red cells. In particular, we investigated the effect of anti-L, an antibody raised in HK sheep against L-positive LK sheep red cells, on 3H-oubain binding and its relation to K+ -pump flux inhibition in LK cells. HK cells were found to have about twice as many 3H-ouabain binding sites and a higher association rate for 3H-ouabain than homozygous LL-type LK cells. The number of 3H-ouabain molecules bound to heterozygous LM-type LK cells is lower than that on LL cells, but the rate of ouabain binding is between that of HK and LL red cells. A close correlation was observed between the rates of 3H-oubain binding and fraction K+-pump inhibition. Exposure of LM and LL cells to anti-L did not affect the number of 3H-ouabain molecules bound at saturation, but increased the rates of glycoside binding and K+ -pump inhibition proportionately, so that for LK cells in the presence of anti-L, the rates of the two processes approximate those of HK cells. These data exclude the possibility that anti-L generates entirely new pump sites in LK sheep cells, but suggest that the antibody increases the affinity of the existing -a+ -K+ pumps for the glycoside."}
{"id": "PMID:1195346", "title": "Hypotonic hemolysis of human red blood cells: a two-phase process.", "content": "Previous use of hemolysis time measurement to determine permeability coefficients for the red blood cell membrane rested on the assumption that cells swelling in a hypotonic medium hemolyzed immediately on reaching critical volume. By preswelling red cells to various volumes prior to immersion in hemolytic solutions we extrapolate to the hemolysis time of red cells immersed at critical volume and thereby find a significant period of time during which the cells apparently remain in a spherical form prior to release of hemoglobin. Revised estimates of permeability coefficients follow from including this spherical (nonswelling) phase. In addition, the appreciation of a characteristic time period during which the membrane is under tension provides new opportunity to study physical and chemical properties of the membrane.", "contents": "Hypotonic hemolysis of human red blood cells: a two-phase process. Previous use of hemolysis time measurement to determine permeability coefficients for the red blood cell membrane rested on the assumption that cells swelling in a hypotonic medium hemolyzed immediately on reaching critical volume. By preswelling red cells to various volumes prior to immersion in hemolytic solutions we extrapolate to the hemolysis time of red cells immersed at critical volume and thereby find a significant period of time during which the cells apparently remain in a spherical form prior to release of hemoglobin. Revised estimates of permeability coefficients follow from including this spherical (nonswelling) phase. In addition, the appreciation of a characteristic time period during which the membrane is under tension provides new opportunity to study physical and chemical properties of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1195347", "title": "Voltage jump/capacitance relaxation studies of bilayer structure and dynamics. Studies on oxidized cholesterol membranes.", "content": "A voltage-jump technique for the study of the time course of small, voltage-induced changes in the structure of single bilayers is presented, and a method is introduced whereby electromechanical (electrostrictive) phenomena can be separated from dielectric relaxations. As no foreign molecules need be introduced into the bilayers, the question about probe artifacts is eliminated. The time constants and amplitudes of dielectric relaxations in oxidized cholesterol bilayers at 21 degrees C, along with their tentative identification are: (a) tau = 3.3 msec, deltaC/Co = 0.8% and tau = 0.7 msec, deltaC/Co = 0.6%: reorientation in the plane of the membrane of domains or clusters of dipoles. (b) tau = 155 musec, deltaC/Co = 1.5-3%: rotational reorientation of individual molecules. (c) tau = 18 musec, deltaC/Co - 1.4%: small amplitude reorientations individual dipoles about an axis lying in the plane of the membrane. Electrostictive effects with time constants between about 2 and 50 msec were also detected. A temperature study of both the dielectric and electrostrictive phenomena is reported. The application of the technique to other membrane compositions and to a variety of BLM problems is discussed.", "contents": "Voltage jump/capacitance relaxation studies of bilayer structure and dynamics. Studies on oxidized cholesterol membranes. A voltage-jump technique for the study of the time course of small, voltage-induced changes in the structure of single bilayers is presented, and a method is introduced whereby electromechanical (electrostrictive) phenomena can be separated from dielectric relaxations. As no foreign molecules need be introduced into the bilayers, the question about probe artifacts is eliminated. The time constants and amplitudes of dielectric relaxations in oxidized cholesterol bilayers at 21 degrees C, along with their tentative identification are: (a) tau = 3.3 msec, deltaC/Co = 0.8% and tau = 0.7 msec, deltaC/Co = 0.6%: reorientation in the plane of the membrane of domains or clusters of dipoles. (b) tau = 155 musec, deltaC/Co = 1.5-3%: rotational reorientation of individual molecules. (c) tau = 18 musec, deltaC/Co - 1.4%: small amplitude reorientations individual dipoles about an axis lying in the plane of the membrane. Electrostictive effects with time constants between about 2 and 50 msec were also detected. A temperature study of both the dielectric and electrostrictive phenomena is reported. The application of the technique to other membrane compositions and to a variety of BLM problems is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195348", "title": "Estimation of surface charges in some biological membranes.", "content": "The resting membrane potential data existing in the literature for the giant axon of the squid, frog muscle and barnacle muscle have been analyzed from the standpoint of the theory of membrane potential due to Kobatake and co-workers. The average values derived for the effective charge density phi chi (where phi is a constant, 0 less than phi less than 1, and represents the fraction of counterions that are free, and chi is the stoichiometric charge density in the membrane) present on the different biomembranes existing in their normal ionic environment are 0.3, 0.325 and 0.17 M for the squid axon, frog and barnacle muscles, respectively. On the assumption that the values of phi are 0.4 and 0.2 for nerve and muscle membranes, respectively, values of 0.75, 1.62 and 0.85 M have been derived for the stoichiometric charge density (chi) present in the respective biological membranes. These correspond to 1 negative charge per 222, 103 and 195 A2 of the membrane area of the squid axon, frog and barnacle muscles, respectively.", "contents": "Estimation of surface charges in some biological membranes. The resting membrane potential data existing in the literature for the giant axon of the squid, frog muscle and barnacle muscle have been analyzed from the standpoint of the theory of membrane potential due to Kobatake and co-workers. The average values derived for the effective charge density phi chi (where phi is a constant, 0 less than phi less than 1, and represents the fraction of counterions that are free, and chi is the stoichiometric charge density in the membrane) present on the different biomembranes existing in their normal ionic environment are 0.3, 0.325 and 0.17 M for the squid axon, frog and barnacle muscles, respectively. On the assumption that the values of phi are 0.4 and 0.2 for nerve and muscle membranes, respectively, values of 0.75, 1.62 and 0.85 M have been derived for the stoichiometric charge density (chi) present in the respective biological membranes. These correspond to 1 negative charge per 222, 103 and 195 A2 of the membrane area of the squid axon, frog and barnacle muscles, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1195349", "title": "A model of NaCl and water flow through paracellular pathways of renal proximal tubules.", "content": "To explain how hydrostatic pressure differences between tubule lumen and interstitium modulate isotonic reabsorption rates, we developed a model of NaCl and water flow through paracellular pathways of the proximal tubule. Structural elements of the model are a tight junction membrane, an intercellular channel whose walls transport NaCl actively at a constant rate, and a basement membrane. Equations of change were derived for the channel, boundary conditions were formulated from irreversible thermodynamics, and a pressure-area relationship typical of thin-walled tubing was assumed. The boundary value problem was solved numerically. The principal conclusions are: 1) channel NaCl concentration must remain within a few mOsm of isotonic values for reabsorption rates to be modulated by transtubular pressure differences known to affect this system: 2) basement membrane and channel wall parameters determine reabsorbate tonicity; tight junction parameters affect the sensitivity of reabsorption to transmural pressure; 3) channel NaCl concentration varies inversely with transmural pressure difference; this concentration variation controls NaCl diffusion through the tight junction; 4) modulation of NaCl diffusion through the tight junction controls the rate of isotonic reabsorption; modulation of water flow can increase sensitivity to transmural pressure; 5) no pressure-induced change in permeability of the tight junction or basement membrane is needed for pressure to modulate reabsorption; and 6) system performance is indifferent to the distribution of active transport sites, to the numerical value of the compliance function, and to the relationship between lumen and cell pressures.", "contents": "A model of NaCl and water flow through paracellular pathways of renal proximal tubules. To explain how hydrostatic pressure differences between tubule lumen and interstitium modulate isotonic reabsorption rates, we developed a model of NaCl and water flow through paracellular pathways of the proximal tubule. Structural elements of the model are a tight junction membrane, an intercellular channel whose walls transport NaCl actively at a constant rate, and a basement membrane. Equations of change were derived for the channel, boundary conditions were formulated from irreversible thermodynamics, and a pressure-area relationship typical of thin-walled tubing was assumed. The boundary value problem was solved numerically. The principal conclusions are: 1) channel NaCl concentration must remain within a few mOsm of isotonic values for reabsorption rates to be modulated by transtubular pressure differences known to affect this system: 2) basement membrane and channel wall parameters determine reabsorbate tonicity; tight junction parameters affect the sensitivity of reabsorption to transmural pressure; 3) channel NaCl concentration varies inversely with transmural pressure difference; this concentration variation controls NaCl diffusion through the tight junction; 4) modulation of NaCl diffusion through the tight junction controls the rate of isotonic reabsorption; modulation of water flow can increase sensitivity to transmural pressure; 5) no pressure-induced change in permeability of the tight junction or basement membrane is needed for pressure to modulate reabsorption; and 6) system performance is indifferent to the distribution of active transport sites, to the numerical value of the compliance function, and to the relationship between lumen and cell pressures."}
{"id": "PMID:1195350", "title": "Permeability characteristics of the adipocyte cell membrane and partitioning characteristics of the adipocyte triglyceride core.", "content": "The unidirectional rates of passive permeation of a homologous series of saturated fatty acids and bile acids into rat epididymal adipocytes were measured to determine the permeability characteristics of this mammalian cell membrane. For fatty acids containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms the logarithm of the permeability coefficient was a linear function of the number of carbons in the fatty acid chain: fatty acids with less than five carbon atoms showed anomalously high permeabilities. Using the data for the fatty acids with 5 to 12 carbon atoms, the incremental free energy of transfer (delta delta F w leads to l) of the -CH2 moiety from the aqueous environment into the fat cell was calculated to equal -547 cal mole-1. The delta delta F w leads to l of the -OH moiety calculated from data using bile acids as the probe molecules was +1,225 cal mole-1. After rupturing the fat cells by freeze-thawing, partition ratios also were measured between bubber and the lipid phase of the adipocyte core using both the fatty acid series and a series of terminal diols as probe molecules. Using these partition ratios delta delta F w leads to l for the -CH2 and -OH substituent groups was calculated to equal -830 and +2,070 cal mole-1, respectively. On the basis of these studies, two conclusions were drawn. First, like many epithelial surfaces and the erythrocyte membrane, the fat cell membrane exhibits anomalously high permeabilities to small molecular weight, polar compounds. Since this behavior in the adipocyte, as in the erythrocyte, cannot be attributed to structures such as tight junctions, it must be explained on the basis of some physico-chemical feature of the cell membrane itself. Secondly, the values of the delta delta F w leads to l indicate that the adipocyte membrane is less polar than the intestinal and gallbladder membranes but more polar than the membranes of Nitella and the erythrocyte.", "contents": "Permeability characteristics of the adipocyte cell membrane and partitioning characteristics of the adipocyte triglyceride core. The unidirectional rates of passive permeation of a homologous series of saturated fatty acids and bile acids into rat epididymal adipocytes were measured to determine the permeability characteristics of this mammalian cell membrane. For fatty acids containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms the logarithm of the permeability coefficient was a linear function of the number of carbons in the fatty acid chain: fatty acids with less than five carbon atoms showed anomalously high permeabilities. Using the data for the fatty acids with 5 to 12 carbon atoms, the incremental free energy of transfer (delta delta F w leads to l) of the -CH2 moiety from the aqueous environment into the fat cell was calculated to equal -547 cal mole-1. The delta delta F w leads to l of the -OH moiety calculated from data using bile acids as the probe molecules was +1,225 cal mole-1. After rupturing the fat cells by freeze-thawing, partition ratios also were measured between bubber and the lipid phase of the adipocyte core using both the fatty acid series and a series of terminal diols as probe molecules. Using these partition ratios delta delta F w leads to l for the -CH2 and -OH substituent groups was calculated to equal -830 and +2,070 cal mole-1, respectively. On the basis of these studies, two conclusions were drawn. First, like many epithelial surfaces and the erythrocyte membrane, the fat cell membrane exhibits anomalously high permeabilities to small molecular weight, polar compounds. Since this behavior in the adipocyte, as in the erythrocyte, cannot be attributed to structures such as tight junctions, it must be explained on the basis of some physico-chemical feature of the cell membrane itself. Secondly, the values of the delta delta F w leads to l indicate that the adipocyte membrane is less polar than the intestinal and gallbladder membranes but more polar than the membranes of Nitella and the erythrocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:1195351", "title": "Fusion in phospholipid spherical membranes. I. Effect of temperature and lysolecithin.", "content": "A study concerning membrane contact and fusion phenomena was made for phospholipid spherical bilayer systems with respect to temperature. Specific temperatures were obtained for the spherical bilayer membranes of phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl serine (PS) which indicated a greater degree of membrane fusion and were designated Tf (the fusion temperature -- PC: 43 degrees C, PS: 38 degrees C). These temperatures were reduced by about 10 degrees C for the membranes incorporated with 20% lysophosphatidyl choline. The results of the contact and fusion observed in the spherical membranes are compared and discussed with the conductance characteristics of the PC and PS planar bilayer membranes as well as dissolution study on the phospholipid monolayers formed at the air/water interface with respect to temperature. Also, a possible molecular mechanism of membrane fusion is discussed in terms of the fluidity and instability of the membrane.", "contents": "Fusion in phospholipid spherical membranes. I. Effect of temperature and lysolecithin. A study concerning membrane contact and fusion phenomena was made for phospholipid spherical bilayer systems with respect to temperature. Specific temperatures were obtained for the spherical bilayer membranes of phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl serine (PS) which indicated a greater degree of membrane fusion and were designated Tf (the fusion temperature -- PC: 43 degrees C, PS: 38 degrees C). These temperatures were reduced by about 10 degrees C for the membranes incorporated with 20% lysophosphatidyl choline. The results of the contact and fusion observed in the spherical membranes are compared and discussed with the conductance characteristics of the PC and PS planar bilayer membranes as well as dissolution study on the phospholipid monolayers formed at the air/water interface with respect to temperature. Also, a possible molecular mechanism of membrane fusion is discussed in terms of the fluidity and instability of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1195352", "title": "Effects of unstirred layers on the steady-state zero-current conductance of bilayer membranes mediated by neutral carriers of ions.", "content": "Some effects of diffusion polarization and chemical reactions on the steady-state zero-current conductance of lipid bilayers mediated by neutral carriers of ions have been studied theoretically and experimentally. Assuming that ion permeation across the interfaces occurs via a heterogeneous reaction between ions in the solution and carriers in the membrane, the relationship between the conductance and the aqueous concentration of carriers is shown to be linear only in a limited range of sufficiently low concentrations. At higher carrier concentrations, which for the most strongly bound cations are within the range of the experimentally accessible values, the conductance is expected to become limited by diffusion of the carried ion in the unstirred layers and therefore reach an upper limiting value independent of the membrane properties. This expectation has been successfully verified for glyceryl-monooleate membranes in the presence of the ions K+, Rb+ and NH+4 and carriers such as valinomycin and trinactin. The experimental results support, at least for the present system, the generally accepted view that complexation between ions and the macrocyclic antibiotics occurs at the membrane surface; it is shown, in fact, that for a different mechanism, such as that by which the complexes would form in the aqueous solutions and cross the interfaces as lipid-soluble ions, the same type of saturation would be expected to be observable only for unrealistically high values of the rate constants of the ion-carrier association. A previously proposed criterion to distinguish between these two mechanisms, based on the dependence of the conductance on the ion concentration, is discussed from the viewpoint of this more comprehensive model.", "contents": "Effects of unstirred layers on the steady-state zero-current conductance of bilayer membranes mediated by neutral carriers of ions. Some effects of diffusion polarization and chemical reactions on the steady-state zero-current conductance of lipid bilayers mediated by neutral carriers of ions have been studied theoretically and experimentally. Assuming that ion permeation across the interfaces occurs via a heterogeneous reaction between ions in the solution and carriers in the membrane, the relationship between the conductance and the aqueous concentration of carriers is shown to be linear only in a limited range of sufficiently low concentrations. At higher carrier concentrations, which for the most strongly bound cations are within the range of the experimentally accessible values, the conductance is expected to become limited by diffusion of the carried ion in the unstirred layers and therefore reach an upper limiting value independent of the membrane properties. This expectation has been successfully verified for glyceryl-monooleate membranes in the presence of the ions K+, Rb+ and NH+4 and carriers such as valinomycin and trinactin. The experimental results support, at least for the present system, the generally accepted view that complexation between ions and the macrocyclic antibiotics occurs at the membrane surface; it is shown, in fact, that for a different mechanism, such as that by which the complexes would form in the aqueous solutions and cross the interfaces as lipid-soluble ions, the same type of saturation would be expected to be observable only for unrealistically high values of the rate constants of the ion-carrier association. A previously proposed criterion to distinguish between these two mechanisms, based on the dependence of the conductance on the ion concentration, is discussed from the viewpoint of this more comprehensive model."}
{"id": "PMID:1195353", "title": "Properties of the conductance induced in lecithin bilayer membranes by alamethicin.", "content": "Current-voltage relations have been measured across lecithin bilayers doped with alamethicin molecules. The results show that there are two aspects of the induced conductances, a voltage-dependent and a voltage-independent conductance. Both have been characterized as a function of alamethicin and KCl concentration. The two aspects of the conductances do not show the same changes with those two variables. The voltage-independent conductance is affected very little by changes in KCl concentration, and its dependance on alamethicin concentration reveals that it is produced by two or three alamethicin molecules. The voltage-dependent conductance is shifted by the changes in KCl concentration only when the concentrations are greater than or equal to 100 mM; below 100 mM KCl the slope of the log conductance-voltage curve is also reduced. The effect of changing alamethicin concentration reveals that nine or ten molecules are involved for KCl concentrations larger than 100 mM; if the KCl concentration is less than 100 mM, the effect of changing the alamethicin concentration is reduced. Time-dependent measurements have also been performed; only one time constant was found and it is strongly voltage-dependent. Also a very slow voltage-dependent absorption process is found. These results can be explained if it is assumed that pores are formed of a mixture of charged and uncharged alamethicin molecules when a voltage is applied and that uncharged alamethicin can also form pores without applying a voltage, once the absorption process has been started by previously applied voltages. The voltage dependence of the time constant seems to indicate that the voltage-dependent pore formation is produced by aggregates of charged alamethicin rather than independent molecules.", "contents": "Properties of the conductance induced in lecithin bilayer membranes by alamethicin. Current-voltage relations have been measured across lecithin bilayers doped with alamethicin molecules. The results show that there are two aspects of the induced conductances, a voltage-dependent and a voltage-independent conductance. Both have been characterized as a function of alamethicin and KCl concentration. The two aspects of the conductances do not show the same changes with those two variables. The voltage-independent conductance is affected very little by changes in KCl concentration, and its dependance on alamethicin concentration reveals that it is produced by two or three alamethicin molecules. The voltage-dependent conductance is shifted by the changes in KCl concentration only when the concentrations are greater than or equal to 100 mM; below 100 mM KCl the slope of the log conductance-voltage curve is also reduced. The effect of changing alamethicin concentration reveals that nine or ten molecules are involved for KCl concentrations larger than 100 mM; if the KCl concentration is less than 100 mM, the effect of changing the alamethicin concentration is reduced. Time-dependent measurements have also been performed; only one time constant was found and it is strongly voltage-dependent. Also a very slow voltage-dependent absorption process is found. These results can be explained if it is assumed that pores are formed of a mixture of charged and uncharged alamethicin molecules when a voltage is applied and that uncharged alamethicin can also form pores without applying a voltage, once the absorption process has been started by previously applied voltages. The voltage dependence of the time constant seems to indicate that the voltage-dependent pore formation is produced by aggregates of charged alamethicin rather than independent molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:1195354", "title": "Osmotic regulation in the marine alga, Codium decorticatum. I. Regulation of turgor pressure by control of ionic composition.", "content": "Codium decorticatum regulates its internal ionic composition and osmotic pressure in response to changes in external salinity. Over a salinity range of 23 to 37% (675 to 1120 mosmol/kg) Codium maintains a constant turgor pressure of 95 mosmol/kg (2.3 atm), observed as a constant difference between internal and external osmotic pressures. The changes in internal osmotic pressure are due to changes in intracellular inorganic ions. At 30 0/00 salinity the major intracellular ions are present in the following concentrations (mmol/kg cell H20): K+, 295; Na+, 255; Cl-, 450. At different salinities intracellular ion concentrations remain in constant proportion to the external ion concentrations, and thus the equilibrium potentials are approximately constant. The potential difference between the vacuole and seawater (-76 mV), whici is predominantly a K+ diffusion potential, is also constant with changing salinity. Comparison of the equilibrium potentials with the vacuole potential suggests that Cl- is actively absorbed and Na+ actively extruded, whereas K+ may be passively distributed between the vacuole and seawater. Turgor pressure does not change with environmental hydrostatic pressure, and increasing the external osmotic pressure with raffinose elicits a response similar to that obtained by increasing the salinity. These two results suggest that the stimulus for turgor regulation is a change in turgor pressure rather than a change in internal hydrostatic pressure or ion concentrations.", "contents": "Osmotic regulation in the marine alga, Codium decorticatum. I. Regulation of turgor pressure by control of ionic composition. Codium decorticatum regulates its internal ionic composition and osmotic pressure in response to changes in external salinity. Over a salinity range of 23 to 37% (675 to 1120 mosmol/kg) Codium maintains a constant turgor pressure of 95 mosmol/kg (2.3 atm), observed as a constant difference between internal and external osmotic pressures. The changes in internal osmotic pressure are due to changes in intracellular inorganic ions. At 30 0/00 salinity the major intracellular ions are present in the following concentrations (mmol/kg cell H20): K+, 295; Na+, 255; Cl-, 450. At different salinities intracellular ion concentrations remain in constant proportion to the external ion concentrations, and thus the equilibrium potentials are approximately constant. The potential difference between the vacuole and seawater (-76 mV), whici is predominantly a K+ diffusion potential, is also constant with changing salinity. Comparison of the equilibrium potentials with the vacuole potential suggests that Cl- is actively absorbed and Na+ actively extruded, whereas K+ may be passively distributed between the vacuole and seawater. Turgor pressure does not change with environmental hydrostatic pressure, and increasing the external osmotic pressure with raffinose elicits a response similar to that obtained by increasing the salinity. These two results suggest that the stimulus for turgor regulation is a change in turgor pressure rather than a change in internal hydrostatic pressure or ion concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1195355", "title": "Intra-subject controlled time-out (social isolation) in the modification of self-injurious behaviour.", "content": "This study deals with the controlling of self-injurious behaviour in a profoundly retarded girl. The main therapeutic tool, social isolation, was carried out under normal ward conditions and was statistically evaluated in an intra-subject design without reversal conditions. The procedure reduced the self-injurious behaviour to a near-zero level.", "contents": "Intra-subject controlled time-out (social isolation) in the modification of self-injurious behaviour. This study deals with the controlling of self-injurious behaviour in a profoundly retarded girl. The main therapeutic tool, social isolation, was carried out under normal ward conditions and was statistically evaluated in an intra-subject design without reversal conditions. The procedure reduced the self-injurious behaviour to a near-zero level."}
{"id": "PMID:1195356", "title": "Some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in Prader-Willi syndrome.", "content": "Three patients with Prader-Willi syndrome are reported. The subjects presented chemical diabetes mellitus. All patients were hypersentsiive to exogenous insulin and they showed poor adrenal medullary response to hypoglycaemics. It was postulated that the poor adrenal medullary response to the insulin injection may be a contributing factor in the excessive hypoglycaemic response, and that the diabetes mellitus observed in the patients could be due to inactivation of endogenous insulin.", "contents": "Some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in Prader-Willi syndrome. Three patients with Prader-Willi syndrome are reported. The subjects presented chemical diabetes mellitus. All patients were hypersentsiive to exogenous insulin and they showed poor adrenal medullary response to hypoglycaemics. It was postulated that the poor adrenal medullary response to the insulin injection may be a contributing factor in the excessive hypoglycaemic response, and that the diabetes mellitus observed in the patients could be due to inactivation of endogenous insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:1195357", "title": "Long arm deletion of chromosome no. 6 in a mentally retarded boy with multiple physical malformations.", "content": "In a severe mentally retarded boy with multiple physical malformations cytogenetic analysis by the method of heat Giemsa staining confirmed the long arm deletion of chromosome No. 6--46, XY, del(6) (q2). Cytogenetic finding in parents were normal.", "contents": "Long arm deletion of chromosome no. 6 in a mentally retarded boy with multiple physical malformations. In a severe mentally retarded boy with multiple physical malformations cytogenetic analysis by the method of heat Giemsa staining confirmed the long arm deletion of chromosome No. 6--46, XY, del(6) (q2). Cytogenetic finding in parents were normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1195437", "title": "Microcirculation of traumatized spinal cord. A correlation of microangiography and blood flow patterns in transitory and permanent paraplegia.", "content": "A relationship of microangiography and blood flow patterns in the contused feline spinal cord is reported. In transitory traumatic paraplegia, an injury from which there is a return of function in several weeks, impaired vascular perfusion occurs in the white matter through 1 hour after contusion, then stabilizes and returns to normal by 24 hours. In permanent traumatic paraplegia, an injury from which no sensory or motor function returns, the vascular perfusion of the white matter continues to decrease after 1 hour and returns to normal by 24 hours at which time irreversible damage has occurred to the major sensory and motor tracts. Within the first 30 minutes post-trauma, intramedullary vasospasm is noted. In both the transitory and permanent lesions the gray matter becomes hemorrhagic and has no evidence of perfusion by fluorescent techniques by 1 hour after injury.", "contents": "Microcirculation of traumatized spinal cord. A correlation of microangiography and blood flow patterns in transitory and permanent paraplegia. A relationship of microangiography and blood flow patterns in the contused feline spinal cord is reported. In transitory traumatic paraplegia, an injury from which there is a return of function in several weeks, impaired vascular perfusion occurs in the white matter through 1 hour after contusion, then stabilizes and returns to normal by 24 hours. In permanent traumatic paraplegia, an injury from which no sensory or motor function returns, the vascular perfusion of the white matter continues to decrease after 1 hour and returns to normal by 24 hours at which time irreversible damage has occurred to the major sensory and motor tracts. Within the first 30 minutes post-trauma, intramedullary vasospasm is noted. In both the transitory and permanent lesions the gray matter becomes hemorrhagic and has no evidence of perfusion by fluorescent techniques by 1 hour after injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1195438", "title": "Pulmonary aerobic bacterial flora after aspiration pneumonitis.", "content": "Preventive antibiotic therapy in patients with aspiration pneumonitis remains controversial. Observations from culture of bronchial secretions indicate that patients who aspire of gastric contents whould receive antibiotics prophylactically only if there is another infective focus present or strongly suspected. Otherwise antibiotics should be withheld until clinically or radiologically indicated.", "contents": "Pulmonary aerobic bacterial flora after aspiration pneumonitis. Preventive antibiotic therapy in patients with aspiration pneumonitis remains controversial. Observations from culture of bronchial secretions indicate that patients who aspire of gastric contents whould receive antibiotics prophylactically only if there is another infective focus present or strongly suspected. Otherwise antibiotics should be withheld until clinically or radiologically indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1195439", "title": "Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury: literature review and case reports.", "content": "A review of the recent literature on posterior cruciate ligament injury reveals few descriptions of isolated injury. The major findings in this injury include abrasions over the anterior tibial surface, presence of a posterior drawer sign, recurvatum of the knee, bloody effusion, and X-ray evidence of avulsion of the posterior tibial margin. The mechanism of injury appears to be a direct blow to the anterior tibial surface with the knee acutely flexed and the posterior capsule lax. The force of the blow drives the tibia posterior, thereby causing a tension injury to the posterior cruciate ligament while actually increasing the laxity in the posterior capsule. All injuries were treated surgically through a posterior approach using internal fixation of the avulsion fracture. Satisfactory wound and fracture healing occurred in all cases and function at 3 months was good with ligamentous stability present.", "contents": "Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury: literature review and case reports. A review of the recent literature on posterior cruciate ligament injury reveals few descriptions of isolated injury. The major findings in this injury include abrasions over the anterior tibial surface, presence of a posterior drawer sign, recurvatum of the knee, bloody effusion, and X-ray evidence of avulsion of the posterior tibial margin. The mechanism of injury appears to be a direct blow to the anterior tibial surface with the knee acutely flexed and the posterior capsule lax. The force of the blow drives the tibia posterior, thereby causing a tension injury to the posterior cruciate ligament while actually increasing the laxity in the posterior capsule. All injuries were treated surgically through a posterior approach using internal fixation of the avulsion fracture. Satisfactory wound and fracture healing occurred in all cases and function at 3 months was good with ligamentous stability present."}
{"id": "PMID:1195440", "title": "Diagnosis of osteochondral fractures in acute traumatic patellar dislocations using air arthrography.", "content": "A case of osteochondral fracture following acute patellar injury has been presented, demonstrating the usefulness of air arthrography in diagnosis of selected cases.", "contents": "Diagnosis of osteochondral fractures in acute traumatic patellar dislocations using air arthrography. A case of osteochondral fracture following acute patellar injury has been presented, demonstrating the usefulness of air arthrography in diagnosis of selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1195441", "title": "Homicidal death by air rifle.", "content": "A fatal injury of the brain from a penetrating air rifle is described. Deaths due to air rifles are extremely rare; only four other cases were found in the recent English-language literature. All deaths resulted from pellet wounds of the brain. The portal of entry for the pellet was the eye in two instances and the frontal bone of a child in the other two.", "contents": "Homicidal death by air rifle. A fatal injury of the brain from a penetrating air rifle is described. Deaths due to air rifles are extremely rare; only four other cases were found in the recent English-language literature. All deaths resulted from pellet wounds of the brain. The portal of entry for the pellet was the eye in two instances and the frontal bone of a child in the other two."}
{"id": "PMID:1195442", "title": "Synovitis secondary to non-metallic foreign bodies.", "content": "Eight cases of non-metallic foreign body synovitis are presented. In all cases, an apparently innocuous penetrating injury led to synovitis, and early articular cartilage destruction. Delay in appropriate diagnosis frequently occurred because of confusion regarding the management of these injuries. Pitfalls identified were: 1) failure to appreciate the seriousness of the initial injury and to debride the wound appropriately; 2) failure to obtain satisfactory initial radiographs; 3) failure to explore the wounds surgically; 4) failure to appreciate that a symptom-free interval may follow foreign body penetration. Synovectomy was necessary in six cases to ensure removal of either microscopic or hidden gross particulate matter. Pathologically, these specimens showed chronic synovitis and foreign body granuloma. The implications of such foreign bodies to longterm joint degeneration are discussed.", "contents": "Synovitis secondary to non-metallic foreign bodies. Eight cases of non-metallic foreign body synovitis are presented. In all cases, an apparently innocuous penetrating injury led to synovitis, and early articular cartilage destruction. Delay in appropriate diagnosis frequently occurred because of confusion regarding the management of these injuries. Pitfalls identified were: 1) failure to appreciate the seriousness of the initial injury and to debride the wound appropriately; 2) failure to obtain satisfactory initial radiographs; 3) failure to explore the wounds surgically; 4) failure to appreciate that a symptom-free interval may follow foreign body penetration. Synovectomy was necessary in six cases to ensure removal of either microscopic or hidden gross particulate matter. Pathologically, these specimens showed chronic synovitis and foreign body granuloma. The implications of such foreign bodies to longterm joint degeneration are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195444", "title": "Two false aneurysms of the common carotide artery--a delayed complication of penetrating cervical trauma.", "content": "An unusual case of false aneurysms of the common carotid artery is presented, and the topic of penetrating cervical trauma and its management is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Two false aneurysms of the common carotide artery--a delayed complication of penetrating cervical trauma. An unusual case of false aneurysms of the common carotid artery is presented, and the topic of penetrating cervical trauma and its management is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195445", "title": "Penetrating intracranial foreign bodies in children.", "content": "Four cases illustrating low-velocity penetrating injuries from foreign bodies are presented. The importance of formal intracranial exposure is emphasized. When used in these four cases, all patients had good recoveries. In children, penetration of the brain is likely because of the fragility of the orbital roof. The English-language literature on penetrating intracranial foreign bodies is also reviewed.", "contents": "Penetrating intracranial foreign bodies in children. Four cases illustrating low-velocity penetrating injuries from foreign bodies are presented. The importance of formal intracranial exposure is emphasized. When used in these four cases, all patients had good recoveries. In children, penetration of the brain is likely because of the fragility of the orbital roof. The English-language literature on penetrating intracranial foreign bodies is also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195446", "title": "Injuries in children sustained in free falls: an analysis of 66 cases.", "content": "Sixty-six children who fell distances up to 96 feet were studied to determine the frequency and patterns of injuries sustained. Upper extremity, skull, and femoral fractures were most common; there was only one pelvic fracture and one os calcis fracture. Two of the children died, and 64 children returned to normal activities.", "contents": "Injuries in children sustained in free falls: an analysis of 66 cases. Sixty-six children who fell distances up to 96 feet were studied to determine the frequency and patterns of injuries sustained. Upper extremity, skull, and femoral fractures were most common; there was only one pelvic fracture and one os calcis fracture. Two of the children died, and 64 children returned to normal activities."}
{"id": "PMID:1195447", "title": "Correction by hyaluronidase of the interstitial tissue transport defect during shock: a new approach to therapy.", "content": "We have demonstrated a defect in tissue perfusion during hemorrhagic shock in dogs that is due in part to poor capillary flow, and in part to a defect in interstitial tissue diffusion. Treatment with whole blood alone improves capillary flow but diffusion remains defective. The use of hyaluronidase appears to correct the interstitial diffusion defect observed during shock.", "contents": "Correction by hyaluronidase of the interstitial tissue transport defect during shock: a new approach to therapy. We have demonstrated a defect in tissue perfusion during hemorrhagic shock in dogs that is due in part to poor capillary flow, and in part to a defect in interstitial tissue diffusion. Treatment with whole blood alone improves capillary flow but diffusion remains defective. The use of hyaluronidase appears to correct the interstitial diffusion defect observed during shock."}
{"id": "PMID:1195448", "title": "A technique for measuring blood pressure in a medical evacuation helicopter.", "content": "In view of the increasing use of helicopters in the evacuation of patients in both military and civilian settings and the longer missions being flown, more efficient methods of monitoring patients' vital signs are needed. One such method has been evaluated utilizing the ultrasonic flowmeter to measure blood pressure. This study indicates that a reliable technique is now available for measuring systolic blood pressure even in low flow states in the noisy environment of a medical evacuation helicopter.", "contents": "A technique for measuring blood pressure in a medical evacuation helicopter. In view of the increasing use of helicopters in the evacuation of patients in both military and civilian settings and the longer missions being flown, more efficient methods of monitoring patients' vital signs are needed. One such method has been evaluated utilizing the ultrasonic flowmeter to measure blood pressure. This study indicates that a reliable technique is now available for measuring systolic blood pressure even in low flow states in the noisy environment of a medical evacuation helicopter."}
{"id": "PMID:1195454", "title": "Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in man.", "content": "Treatment with the chemotherapeutic combination of 160 mg. trimethoprim plus 800 mg. sulfamethoxazole twice daily increased the serum creatinine level by an average of 2 mg. per 1. in 21 patients. The effect was clearly reversible. The chemical analysis of creatinine was not affected by the addition of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole or their metabolites. In 2 subjects given the drug combination for 12 days renal excretion and 24-hour clearances of creatinine decreased but iothalamate 131I clearance was unchanged. Consequently, the rise in serum creatinine does not indicate any decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. The serum creatinine started to rise within 4 hours after oral administration of a single dose. The rise in serum creatinine could be produced with trimethoprim alone but not with sulfamethoxazole alone. When the plasma creatinine was raised to 100 mg. per l. in healthy subjects (by giving creatinine orally), trimethoprim increased the creatinine levels 10 times as much as at normal plasma levels. The effect was interpreted as a competitive inhibition of the mechanism for tubular secretion of creatinine through the base-secreting pathway.", "contents": "Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in man. Treatment with the chemotherapeutic combination of 160 mg. trimethoprim plus 800 mg. sulfamethoxazole twice daily increased the serum creatinine level by an average of 2 mg. per 1. in 21 patients. The effect was clearly reversible. The chemical analysis of creatinine was not affected by the addition of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole or their metabolites. In 2 subjects given the drug combination for 12 days renal excretion and 24-hour clearances of creatinine decreased but iothalamate 131I clearance was unchanged. Consequently, the rise in serum creatinine does not indicate any decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. The serum creatinine started to rise within 4 hours after oral administration of a single dose. The rise in serum creatinine could be produced with trimethoprim alone but not with sulfamethoxazole alone. When the plasma creatinine was raised to 100 mg. per l. in healthy subjects (by giving creatinine orally), trimethoprim increased the creatinine levels 10 times as much as at normal plasma levels. The effect was interpreted as a competitive inhibition of the mechanism for tubular secretion of creatinine through the base-secreting pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:1195455", "title": "The place of diagnostic ultrasound in the examination of kidneys not seen on excretory urography.", "content": "An examination was done on 28 patients with renal failure, 20 with unilateral hydronephrosis, 8 with multicystic kidneys, 3 with hypoplastic or chronically infected kidneys, and single examples of renal vein thrombosis, renal artery occlusion, xanthogranulomatous pyonephrosis with perinephric abscess, trauma and tumor invading the whole kidney. The distinct ultrasonic appearances of the various conditions causing radiographic non-visualization of the kidney are described.", "contents": "The place of diagnostic ultrasound in the examination of kidneys not seen on excretory urography. An examination was done on 28 patients with renal failure, 20 with unilateral hydronephrosis, 8 with multicystic kidneys, 3 with hypoplastic or chronically infected kidneys, and single examples of renal vein thrombosis, renal artery occlusion, xanthogranulomatous pyonephrosis with perinephric abscess, trauma and tumor invading the whole kidney. The distinct ultrasonic appearances of the various conditions causing radiographic non-visualization of the kidney are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1195460", "title": "Long-term radiographic changes of the kidney following the ileal ureter operation.", "content": "A long-term retrospective evaluation was done on the preoperative and postoperative radiographic studies from patients who had undergone the ileal ureter operation. The comparative studies demonstrated decreased or stable pelviocaliceal dilatation, no measurable parenchymal loss, frequent high pressure vesico-ileac reflux and decreased number of renal calculi. Radiographically there was no evidence of renal morphological deterioration.", "contents": "Long-term radiographic changes of the kidney following the ileal ureter operation. A long-term retrospective evaluation was done on the preoperative and postoperative radiographic studies from patients who had undergone the ileal ureter operation. The comparative studies demonstrated decreased or stable pelviocaliceal dilatation, no measurable parenchymal loss, frequent high pressure vesico-ileac reflux and decreased number of renal calculi. Radiographically there was no evidence of renal morphological deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:1195461", "title": "Study on use of isolated segment of ileum in urological plastic operation.", "content": "Studies were done on 33 cases of plastic reconstruction of the urinary tract with an isolated ileal segment. We found that electrolytes and other components in the urine can be absorbed or excreted by the isolated ileal mucosa. Although electrolyte balance was preserved in most cases the tendency for hyperchloremic acidosis and high blood urea nitrogen was observed in some patients with poor renal function. The degree and the incidence of these changes were influenced by the length of ileal segment used and the volume of urine excreted. These 2 factors were related to infection, which gave deleterious effects on renal function. Among the tests used for prognosis the excretory urogram was found to be the most simple and provided the best information.", "contents": "Study on use of isolated segment of ileum in urological plastic operation. Studies were done on 33 cases of plastic reconstruction of the urinary tract with an isolated ileal segment. We found that electrolytes and other components in the urine can be absorbed or excreted by the isolated ileal mucosa. Although electrolyte balance was preserved in most cases the tendency for hyperchloremic acidosis and high blood urea nitrogen was observed in some patients with poor renal function. The degree and the incidence of these changes were influenced by the length of ileal segment used and the volume of urine excreted. These 2 factors were related to infection, which gave deleterious effects on renal function. Among the tests used for prognosis the excretory urogram was found to be the most simple and provided the best information."}
{"id": "PMID:1195462", "title": "Histologic appearance of the intestinal urinary conduit.", "content": "The histology of intestinal urinary conduits (8 ileal and 2 sigmoid) in place for 10 months to 10 years was studied in 10 patients between 20 and 65 years old. It is concluded that the ileum and the large intestine do not undergo adaptive metaplastic transformation. The only changes observed are related to a condition of chronic irritation to which the response is a chronic inflammatory reaction. Structures proving to be the most resistant were the cells of Paneth. The latter were not damaged in appearance and number as compared to normal, even when the conduit was in place for 10 years.", "contents": "Histologic appearance of the intestinal urinary conduit. The histology of intestinal urinary conduits (8 ileal and 2 sigmoid) in place for 10 months to 10 years was studied in 10 patients between 20 and 65 years old. It is concluded that the ileum and the large intestine do not undergo adaptive metaplastic transformation. The only changes observed are related to a condition of chronic irritation to which the response is a chronic inflammatory reaction. Structures proving to be the most resistant were the cells of Paneth. The latter were not damaged in appearance and number as compared to normal, even when the conduit was in place for 10 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1195463", "title": "Epidemiology and treatment of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors.", "content": "Throughout the world the number of cases of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors has increased considerably during the last 2 decades. In Yugoslavia this increase has been exceptionally high since about 1953 or 1954. Many of our patients with these tumors come from regions where the population is affected by endemic nephropathy, the frequency of tumors in these regions being about 100 times higher than it is in other parts of Yugoslavia. In many cases these patients have renal failure and, therefore, conservative procedures are undertaken. Herein are reported the causes and results of therapy in 972 cases of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors collected in Yugoslavia. Particular attention has been paid to conservative operations (37 cases of renal pelvic and 64 cases of ureteral tumors), including their indications and possibilities. That many patients with renal pelvic and ureteral tumors have favorable conditions for a conservative procedure is confirmed by the comparatively good followup. However, in other cases a conservative operation is unreasonable and nephroureterectomy is mandatory.", "contents": "Epidemiology and treatment of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors. Throughout the world the number of cases of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors has increased considerably during the last 2 decades. In Yugoslavia this increase has been exceptionally high since about 1953 or 1954. Many of our patients with these tumors come from regions where the population is affected by endemic nephropathy, the frequency of tumors in these regions being about 100 times higher than it is in other parts of Yugoslavia. In many cases these patients have renal failure and, therefore, conservative procedures are undertaken. Herein are reported the causes and results of therapy in 972 cases of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors collected in Yugoslavia. Particular attention has been paid to conservative operations (37 cases of renal pelvic and 64 cases of ureteral tumors), including their indications and possibilities. That many patients with renal pelvic and ureteral tumors have favorable conditions for a conservative procedure is confirmed by the comparatively good followup. However, in other cases a conservative operation is unreasonable and nephroureterectomy is mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:1195464", "title": "Effects of formalin on bladder urothelium.", "content": "Formalin instillation into canine bladders was followed by serial radiographic and histologic evaluation. A generalized slough of epithelial tissue was seen with the deposition of an amorphous substance. Telangiectasia resulted in moderate bleeding. No ureterovesical junction obstruction was seen and reflux occurring in 60 per cent of the animals reverted to normal. Correlation with clinical experience is made.", "contents": "Effects of formalin on bladder urothelium. Formalin instillation into canine bladders was followed by serial radiographic and histologic evaluation. A generalized slough of epithelial tissue was seen with the deposition of an amorphous substance. Telangiectasia resulted in moderate bleeding. No ureterovesical junction obstruction was seen and reflux occurring in 60 per cent of the animals reverted to normal. Correlation with clinical experience is made."}
{"id": "PMID:1195465", "title": "An evaluation of average flow rate in traumatic neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "content": "The average flow rate of 60 male patients with spinal cord injuries was studied in a simplified method with a urine cup and a stopwatch. Results were based on the level of the lesion, course of injury, sensation of micturition, cystometric type and cystographic change. The average flow rate of 60 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury was 10.62 plus or minus 5.37 ml. per second, while that of 10 normal adult male patients was 15.70 plus or minus 3.10 ml. per second. The average flow rate was better in patients who had normal or nearly normal proprioceptive sensation than in those without this sensation. Bladder deterioration was not noted on the cystograms of patients who had normal proprioceptive sensations. Therefore, patients with traumatic cord bladders with normal urinary sensation may have a good prognosis, while those with disturbed proprioceptive sensation may require some urological manipulation to reduce urethral resistance.", "contents": "An evaluation of average flow rate in traumatic neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The average flow rate of 60 male patients with spinal cord injuries was studied in a simplified method with a urine cup and a stopwatch. Results were based on the level of the lesion, course of injury, sensation of micturition, cystometric type and cystographic change. The average flow rate of 60 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury was 10.62 plus or minus 5.37 ml. per second, while that of 10 normal adult male patients was 15.70 plus or minus 3.10 ml. per second. The average flow rate was better in patients who had normal or nearly normal proprioceptive sensation than in those without this sensation. Bladder deterioration was not noted on the cystograms of patients who had normal proprioceptive sensations. Therefore, patients with traumatic cord bladders with normal urinary sensation may have a good prognosis, while those with disturbed proprioceptive sensation may require some urological manipulation to reduce urethral resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:1195466", "title": "Antigenic deletion and prognosis of patients with stage A transitional cell bladder carcinoma.", "content": "The mixed cell agglutination reaction was studied in 22 patients with stage A transitional cell bladder tumors. The absence of antigens on the original tumor was found to correlate with development of invasive cancer on followup. The presence of antigens on the original tumor correlated with failure to develop stage B or greater disease within 5 to 14 years of followup.", "contents": "Antigenic deletion and prognosis of patients with stage A transitional cell bladder carcinoma. The mixed cell agglutination reaction was studied in 22 patients with stage A transitional cell bladder tumors. The absence of antigens on the original tumor was found to correlate with development of invasive cancer on followup. The presence of antigens on the original tumor correlated with failure to develop stage B or greater disease within 5 to 14 years of followup."}
{"id": "PMID:1195467", "title": "Evaluation of biological markers in bladder cancer.", "content": "The value of biological markers of bladder cancer was studied in 66 patients. The markers included serum and urine carcinoembryonic antigens, serum and urine fibrinogen degradation products, total lymphocyte counts, urine lymphocytes and urine cytology. A high degree of accuracy (90 per cent) was found in correlating cytology and urinary fibrinogen degradation products with the activity of the disease. Serum and urine carcinoembryonic antigens, serum fibrinogen degradation products, total lymphocyte counts and urine lymphocytes were found to have no value in screening bladder cancer patients. Urinary fibrinogen degradation products and cytology in combination are recommended for screening and followup of patients at high risk.", "contents": "Evaluation of biological markers in bladder cancer. The value of biological markers of bladder cancer was studied in 66 patients. The markers included serum and urine carcinoembryonic antigens, serum and urine fibrinogen degradation products, total lymphocyte counts, urine lymphocytes and urine cytology. A high degree of accuracy (90 per cent) was found in correlating cytology and urinary fibrinogen degradation products with the activity of the disease. Serum and urine carcinoembryonic antigens, serum fibrinogen degradation products, total lymphocyte counts and urine lymphocytes were found to have no value in screening bladder cancer patients. Urinary fibrinogen degradation products and cytology in combination are recommended for screening and followup of patients at high risk."}
{"id": "PMID:1195469", "title": "The surgical correction of retrograde ejaculation.", "content": "Two patients with retrograde ejaculation subsequent to Y-V plasty of the bladder neck underwent a surgical procedure to reconstruct the internal vesical sphincter and correct the phenomenon. The approach is transvesical and the internal vesical sphincter is reconstructed to the diameter of a No. 16 Foley catheter. The normal muscle of the bladder neck is approximated after the mucosa and scar tissue are excised. Both patients now have normal ejaculation and one has fathered a child.", "contents": "The surgical correction of retrograde ejaculation. Two patients with retrograde ejaculation subsequent to Y-V plasty of the bladder neck underwent a surgical procedure to reconstruct the internal vesical sphincter and correct the phenomenon. The approach is transvesical and the internal vesical sphincter is reconstructed to the diameter of a No. 16 Foley catheter. The normal muscle of the bladder neck is approximated after the mucosa and scar tissue are excised. Both patients now have normal ejaculation and one has fathered a child."}
{"id": "PMID:1195468", "title": "Chemotherapy of bladder carcinoma with cyclophosphamide and adriamycin.", "content": "We assigned 49 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder to 1 of 3 groups: 21 patients (group 1) received cyclophosphamide alone, 10 patients (group 2) received adriamycin alone and 18 patients (group 3) received cyclophosphamide and adriamycin. The objective responses were 52.3 per cent in group 1, 10 per cent in group 2 and 50 per cent in group 3. These results suggest a significant activity of the drugs (especially in groups 1 and 3) tested in bladder cancer.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of bladder carcinoma with cyclophosphamide and adriamycin. We assigned 49 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder to 1 of 3 groups: 21 patients (group 1) received cyclophosphamide alone, 10 patients (group 2) received adriamycin alone and 18 patients (group 3) received cyclophosphamide and adriamycin. The objective responses were 52.3 per cent in group 1, 10 per cent in group 2 and 50 per cent in group 3. These results suggest a significant activity of the drugs (especially in groups 1 and 3) tested in bladder cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1195470", "title": "Sphincter stretch: a new technique resulting in continence and complete voiding in paraplegics.", "content": "A technique is described to facilitate voiding in the paraplegic, whereby external sphincter spasm is eliminated as a source of obstruction. Digital stretch on the anal sphincter combined with the Valsalva maneuver has resulted in satisfactory bladder emptying in 16 paraplegic patients. The technique has been found unsatisfactory in patients with contracted bladders or with incomplete lesions of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Sphincter stretch: a new technique resulting in continence and complete voiding in paraplegics. A technique is described to facilitate voiding in the paraplegic, whereby external sphincter spasm is eliminated as a source of obstruction. Digital stretch on the anal sphincter combined with the Valsalva maneuver has resulted in satisfactory bladder emptying in 16 paraplegic patients. The technique has been found unsatisfactory in patients with contracted bladders or with incomplete lesions of the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1195471", "title": "Peyronie's disease: results with dermo-jet injection of dexamethasone.", "content": "The results in 21 patients with Peyronie's disease who were managed with a course of dermo-jet percutaneous injections of dexamethasone into the plaques are described herein. These patients had 6 to 10 injections at intervals of 1 month for 6 months. In a high percentage of the cases there occurred a disappearance or decrease in the size of the plaques, pain on erection and discomfort during sexual relations. Also, there was a high rate of improvement in the chordee. Because of the natural history of resolution of the plaques and the small number of patients, statistical significance is not believed applicable, although 71 per cent of the patients had experienced prior failure with other modes of therapy. Eight patients experienced urinary or prostato-epididymal infections at some time in their medical history, correlating well with the inflammatory theory as the cause of the disorder.", "contents": "Peyronie's disease: results with dermo-jet injection of dexamethasone. The results in 21 patients with Peyronie's disease who were managed with a course of dermo-jet percutaneous injections of dexamethasone into the plaques are described herein. These patients had 6 to 10 injections at intervals of 1 month for 6 months. In a high percentage of the cases there occurred a disappearance or decrease in the size of the plaques, pain on erection and discomfort during sexual relations. Also, there was a high rate of improvement in the chordee. Because of the natural history of resolution of the plaques and the small number of patients, statistical significance is not believed applicable, although 71 per cent of the patients had experienced prior failure with other modes of therapy. Eight patients experienced urinary or prostato-epididymal infections at some time in their medical history, correlating well with the inflammatory theory as the cause of the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:1195473", "title": "Isolation and identification of the human malignant prostatic epithelial cell in pure monolayer culture.", "content": "Isolation of the human malignant prostatic epithelial cell in pure monolayer culture was accomplished by clonal growth of single cells derived from metastatic deposits of prostatic carcinoma. Identification of these cells was established by the fact that the acid phosphatase of the prostatic epithelial cell is not inhibited by immersion in 10 per cent neutral formalin up to 24 hours, whereas all other acid phosphatases are destroyed by the formalin.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of the human malignant prostatic epithelial cell in pure monolayer culture. Isolation of the human malignant prostatic epithelial cell in pure monolayer culture was accomplished by clonal growth of single cells derived from metastatic deposits of prostatic carcinoma. Identification of these cells was established by the fact that the acid phosphatase of the prostatic epithelial cell is not inhibited by immersion in 10 per cent neutral formalin up to 24 hours, whereas all other acid phosphatases are destroyed by the formalin."}
{"id": "PMID:1195474", "title": "Sulfacytine: a new sulfonamide. Double-blind comparison with sulfisoxazole in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections.", "content": "A new sulfonamide, sulfacytine, was compared in a double-blind study with sulfisoxazole for the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in 98 outpatients. Patients received either 4 gm. sulfisoxazole or 1 gm. sulfacytine daily for 10 days. Evaluation was made of the bacteriologic and clinical success within the period of treatment and at some point after treatment. Bacteriologic success, or reduction of urine bacterial count from 100,000 or more micro-organisms per ml. to 1,000 or less, was observed in 95 to 100 per cent of the patients in each group during treatment as well as at the post-treatment evaluation. Clinical success, or the abolition of dysuria and frequency of urination and the reduction of pyuria to less than 10 white blood cells per high power field, was observed in 75 to 85 per cent of the patients. Adverse reactions were rare, involving 1 instance each of headache, nausea and hematuria in the sulfisoxazole group, and drug attributability was only possibly established. Mild laboratory abnormalities occurred in each group, 2 cases each of decreased white blood count and 1 instance of a lowered hemoglobin in a patient in the sulfacytine group. The results of our study seem to indicate that sulfacytine is an effective drug for the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Sulfacytine: a new sulfonamide. Double-blind comparison with sulfisoxazole in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections. A new sulfonamide, sulfacytine, was compared in a double-blind study with sulfisoxazole for the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in 98 outpatients. Patients received either 4 gm. sulfisoxazole or 1 gm. sulfacytine daily for 10 days. Evaluation was made of the bacteriologic and clinical success within the period of treatment and at some point after treatment. Bacteriologic success, or reduction of urine bacterial count from 100,000 or more micro-organisms per ml. to 1,000 or less, was observed in 95 to 100 per cent of the patients in each group during treatment as well as at the post-treatment evaluation. Clinical success, or the abolition of dysuria and frequency of urination and the reduction of pyuria to less than 10 white blood cells per high power field, was observed in 75 to 85 per cent of the patients. Adverse reactions were rare, involving 1 instance each of headache, nausea and hematuria in the sulfisoxazole group, and drug attributability was only possibly established. Mild laboratory abnormalities occurred in each group, 2 cases each of decreased white blood count and 1 instance of a lowered hemoglobin in a patient in the sulfacytine group. The results of our study seem to indicate that sulfacytine is an effective drug for the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections."}
{"id": "PMID:1195475", "title": "Prognostic value of host immunocompetence in urologic cancer patients.", "content": "To evaluate the prognostic significance of host immunocompetence in urologic cancer patients, the subsequent clinical course of 95 patients was determined a year after skin testing with dinitrochlorobenzene. A close correlation was demonstrated between dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity and prognosis among 38 transitional carcinoma patients. Of 19 patients with impaired reactivity 13 had tumor recurrences and 11 of these died of cancer within 1 year. Only 5 of 19 patients with normal dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity had recurrences and none died during the same interval. Although not statistically significant, similar results were observed among 10 renal cell carcinoma patients of whom 3 of 5 with impaired dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity had tumor recurrences, while 4 of 5 with normal reactivity remained free of tumor. One testis tumor patient with impaired dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity died of cancer, while 3 of 4 with normal reactivity remained free of tumor. Similarly, 1 patient with carcinoma of the penis with impaired dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity died of cancer, while 2 of 3 with normal reactivity remained free of tumor. In contrast, reactivity to dinitrochlorobenzene did not correlate with the clinical course of 38 prostatic carcinoma patients. Ten of 19 patients with normal dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity and 9 of 19 with impaired reactivity were dead or had symptomatic recurrences within 1 year, while 9 of 19 with normal reactivity and 10 of 19 with impaired reactivity were either free of tumor or asymptomatic. However, a trend toward a correlation between dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity and tumor progression was observed among patients not receiving endocrine therapy. The differences with respect to the prognostic significance of host immunocompetence between transitional carcinoma patients and those with prostatic carcinoma may be explained by fundamental differences in the biologic properties of these tumors, especially the endocrine sensitivity of prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Prognostic value of host immunocompetence in urologic cancer patients. To evaluate the prognostic significance of host immunocompetence in urologic cancer patients, the subsequent clinical course of 95 patients was determined a year after skin testing with dinitrochlorobenzene. A close correlation was demonstrated between dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity and prognosis among 38 transitional carcinoma patients. Of 19 patients with impaired reactivity 13 had tumor recurrences and 11 of these died of cancer within 1 year. Only 5 of 19 patients with normal dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity had recurrences and none died during the same interval. Although not statistically significant, similar results were observed among 10 renal cell carcinoma patients of whom 3 of 5 with impaired dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity had tumor recurrences, while 4 of 5 with normal reactivity remained free of tumor. One testis tumor patient with impaired dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity died of cancer, while 3 of 4 with normal reactivity remained free of tumor. Similarly, 1 patient with carcinoma of the penis with impaired dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity died of cancer, while 2 of 3 with normal reactivity remained free of tumor. In contrast, reactivity to dinitrochlorobenzene did not correlate with the clinical course of 38 prostatic carcinoma patients. Ten of 19 patients with normal dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity and 9 of 19 with impaired reactivity were dead or had symptomatic recurrences within 1 year, while 9 of 19 with normal reactivity and 10 of 19 with impaired reactivity were either free of tumor or asymptomatic. However, a trend toward a correlation between dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity and tumor progression was observed among patients not receiving endocrine therapy. The differences with respect to the prognostic significance of host immunocompetence between transitional carcinoma patients and those with prostatic carcinoma may be explained by fundamental differences in the biologic properties of these tumors, especially the endocrine sensitivity of prostatic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1195477", "title": "New Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation, simultaneous suction and low intravesical pressure.", "content": "The new Iglesias resectoscope that allows simultaneous suction, continuous irrigation and low intravesical pressure is described. Advantages of this instrument include no interruption, better endoscopic vision by a continuous clear inflow of more than 600 ml. per minute, a low intravesical pressure less than 10 mm. Hg during the transurethral resection, shorter operating time, less bleeding, easier teaching and no more wet floor and wet surgeon. Since the entire amount of irrigating fluid is collected blood loss can be calculated and the amount of absorption can be determined.", "contents": "New Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation, simultaneous suction and low intravesical pressure. The new Iglesias resectoscope that allows simultaneous suction, continuous irrigation and low intravesical pressure is described. Advantages of this instrument include no interruption, better endoscopic vision by a continuous clear inflow of more than 600 ml. per minute, a low intravesical pressure less than 10 mm. Hg during the transurethral resection, shorter operating time, less bleeding, easier teaching and no more wet floor and wet surgeon. Since the entire amount of irrigating fluid is collected blood loss can be calculated and the amount of absorption can be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1195481", "title": "Blunt ureteral trauma with perineal urine fistulization: review of the literature.", "content": "The first case of blunt ureteral disruption with external urine fistulization is presented. Reanastomosis with temporary urine diversion by a nephrostomy tube was successful. A review of the literature since 1950 revealed only 49 cases that proved this pathology should be considered in the differential diagnosis of post-traumatic hematuria or the development of mass in the flank. Nephrectomy is no longer used since a thorough attempt at reconstructive surgery will provide good functional results.", "contents": "Blunt ureteral trauma with perineal urine fistulization: review of the literature. The first case of blunt ureteral disruption with external urine fistulization is presented. Reanastomosis with temporary urine diversion by a nephrostomy tube was successful. A review of the literature since 1950 revealed only 49 cases that proved this pathology should be considered in the differential diagnosis of post-traumatic hematuria or the development of mass in the flank. Nephrectomy is no longer used since a thorough attempt at reconstructive surgery will provide good functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:1195482", "title": "Chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.", "content": "A case of postoperative chylous ascites accumulation after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is reviewed. Although uncommon, this complication is distressing and because of the close proximity of the cisterna chyli to the renal pedicles it may be encountered with any retroperitoneal procedures involving this area. Avoidance of the complication by specific identification and ligation of these structures appears to be the best treatment. Several forms of operative and non-operative therapy have been noted and survival rates in the iatrogenic form of chylous ascites appear to be good based on a limited series of cases.", "contents": "Chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. A case of postoperative chylous ascites accumulation after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is reviewed. Although uncommon, this complication is distressing and because of the close proximity of the cisterna chyli to the renal pedicles it may be encountered with any retroperitoneal procedures involving this area. Avoidance of the complication by specific identification and ligation of these structures appears to be the best treatment. Several forms of operative and non-operative therapy have been noted and survival rates in the iatrogenic form of chylous ascites appear to be good based on a limited series of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1195485", "title": "Necrotic stomatitis in a dolphin.", "content": "Necrotic stomatitis of undetermined etiology was found in an Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. The case history, treatment and hematologic findings are described. The animal remained anorectic throughout the course of the illness, and was force fed on a daily basis for approximately 5 weeks.", "contents": "Necrotic stomatitis in a dolphin. Necrotic stomatitis of undetermined etiology was found in an Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. The case history, treatment and hematologic findings are described. The animal remained anorectic throughout the course of the illness, and was force fed on a daily basis for approximately 5 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:1195486", "title": "Detection and transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout.", "content": "Detection and transmission of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied at a commercial trout hatchery. Transmission of virus was demonstrated via water, feed and contaminated eggs. If eggs from carrier females were incubated several weeks in virus-free water, the resulting fry did not become infected. However, if fry subsequently became infected they were lifetime carriers. Infectious virus was readily detectable in most tissues of moribund fish; in carriers it was detected in sex products of spawning fish, and in samples from the intestine of post-spawning fish, but not in samples from blood, feces, kidney, or liver. The carrier rate was not significantly different between sexes. It was concluded that adult carriers are the reservoir of infection and that transmission occurs primarily when carriers shed virus and expose susceptable fish or eggs.", "contents": "Detection and transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout. Detection and transmission of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied at a commercial trout hatchery. Transmission of virus was demonstrated via water, feed and contaminated eggs. If eggs from carrier females were incubated several weeks in virus-free water, the resulting fry did not become infected. However, if fry subsequently became infected they were lifetime carriers. Infectious virus was readily detectable in most tissues of moribund fish; in carriers it was detected in sex products of spawning fish, and in samples from the intestine of post-spawning fish, but not in samples from blood, feces, kidney, or liver. The carrier rate was not significantly different between sexes. It was concluded that adult carriers are the reservoir of infection and that transmission occurs primarily when carriers shed virus and expose susceptable fish or eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:1195487", "title": "Effect of virulent Trichomonas gallinae on the band-tailed pigeon.", "content": "Nine Trichomonas-free band-tailed pigeons (Columba fasciata fasciata) trapped in Colorado died from experimental infection with Jones' Barn Trichomonas gallinae 7.1 days (av.) post-inoculation. Three experimentally infected domestic pigeons (C. livia) used as controls died 5.7 days (av.) post-inoculation. Three band-tailed pigeons from Colorado naturally infected with avirulent T. gallinae. Trichomonads obtained from a fatal case of trichomoniasis in a band-tailed pigeon from California killed a band-tailed pigeon from Colorado; they did not kill five domestic pigeons but did induce severe oral caseation.", "contents": "Effect of virulent Trichomonas gallinae on the band-tailed pigeon. Nine Trichomonas-free band-tailed pigeons (Columba fasciata fasciata) trapped in Colorado died from experimental infection with Jones' Barn Trichomonas gallinae 7.1 days (av.) post-inoculation. Three experimentally infected domestic pigeons (C. livia) used as controls died 5.7 days (av.) post-inoculation. Three band-tailed pigeons from Colorado naturally infected with avirulent T. gallinae. Trichomonads obtained from a fatal case of trichomoniasis in a band-tailed pigeon from California killed a band-tailed pigeon from Colorado; they did not kill five domestic pigeons but did induce severe oral caseation."}
{"id": "PMID:1195488", "title": "Experimentally transmitted marble spleen disease in pen-raised wild turkeys.", "content": "Pen-raised North American wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo L.) were experimentally infected with marble spleen disease (MSD) to determine their susceptibility to this disease. Gross and microscopic lesions were consistent with experimental MSD in pheasants and domestic turkeys: an enlarged mottled spleen, intranuclear inclusion bodies, and absence of pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. Detectable levels of viral antigen were not demonstrable in sera of turkeys using the agar gell precipitin test.", "contents": "Experimentally transmitted marble spleen disease in pen-raised wild turkeys. Pen-raised North American wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo L.) were experimentally infected with marble spleen disease (MSD) to determine their susceptibility to this disease. Gross and microscopic lesions were consistent with experimental MSD in pheasants and domestic turkeys: an enlarged mottled spleen, intranuclear inclusion bodies, and absence of pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. Detectable levels of viral antigen were not demonstrable in sera of turkeys using the agar gell precipitin test."}
{"id": "PMID:1195489", "title": "Fish furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida var. achromogenes.", "content": "An epizootic of sub-acute furunculosis caused by an acromogenic variety of Aeromonas salmonicida is described. Bacteriologic, serologic and virulence characteristics of the isolate are presented.", "contents": "Fish furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida var. achromogenes. An epizootic of sub-acute furunculosis caused by an acromogenic variety of Aeromonas salmonicida is described. Bacteriologic, serologic and virulence characteristics of the isolate are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1195490", "title": "Congenital anomalies in a neonatal white-tailed deer in Alberta.", "content": "In September, 1973, a live male 2-3 day old white-tailed deer (Odocoileur virginianus) with multiple anomalies of the head and forelimbs was found near Lethbridge, Alberta. Notable gross findings inculded brachygnathia inferior, atypical incisor tooth alignment, medially folded ears, humero-radial arthrogryposis and bowing of the radius and ulna. Hematologic determinations indicated increased erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Histopathologic examination revealed mineralized spherites in the cerebellum and midbrain.", "contents": "Congenital anomalies in a neonatal white-tailed deer in Alberta. In September, 1973, a live male 2-3 day old white-tailed deer (Odocoileur virginianus) with multiple anomalies of the head and forelimbs was found near Lethbridge, Alberta. Notable gross findings inculded brachygnathia inferior, atypical incisor tooth alignment, medially folded ears, humero-radial arthrogryposis and bowing of the radius and ulna. Hematologic determinations indicated increased erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Histopathologic examination revealed mineralized spherites in the cerebellum and midbrain."}
{"id": "PMID:1195491", "title": "Public health and the urban gray squirrel: mycology.", "content": "From 180 gray squirrels (Sciurus c. carolinesis), 942 isolates of fungi representing 19 genera were recovered upon culture of hair-skin scrapings and toenails. Of the isolates, 170 represented known human pathogens and 142, squirrel pathogens. A human infection of Trichophyton mentagrophytes was derived from handling the squirrels. Skin lesions of seven squirrels were attributable to T. mentagrophytes and Mucor sp.", "contents": "Public health and the urban gray squirrel: mycology. From 180 gray squirrels (Sciurus c. carolinesis), 942 isolates of fungi representing 19 genera were recovered upon culture of hair-skin scrapings and toenails. Of the isolates, 170 represented known human pathogens and 142, squirrel pathogens. A human infection of Trichophyton mentagrophytes was derived from handling the squirrels. Skin lesions of seven squirrels were attributable to T. mentagrophytes and Mucor sp."}
{"id": "PMID:1195492", "title": "Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish.", "content": "Water contaminated by Myxosoma cerebralis was disinfected with ultraviolet irradiation to control whirling disease. Irradiation at 18,000 microwatt seconds/cm2 (MWS/cm2) reduced infectivity of M. cerebralis by 31-86% and 27,650 MWS/cm2 reduced infectivity by 86-100%, even in the presence of a small amount of silt.", "contents": "Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish. Water contaminated by Myxosoma cerebralis was disinfected with ultraviolet irradiation to control whirling disease. Irradiation at 18,000 microwatt seconds/cm2 (MWS/cm2) reduced infectivity of M. cerebralis by 31-86% and 27,650 MWS/cm2 reduced infectivity by 86-100%, even in the presence of a small amount of silt."}
{"id": "PMID:1195493", "title": "Experimental infection of white-tailed deer with rinderpest virus.", "content": "White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) succumbed to experimental infection with virulent rinderpest (RP) virus that was also lethal to cattle and goats. The deer developed clinical signs typical of RP and died 5 and 6 days post-inoculation. Infection was confirmed by recovery of virus from blood before death, from lymph node tissue after necropsy, and demonstration of specific complement fixing antigen in those tissues. Electron micrographs of infected Vero cell cultures revealed extracellular virions and intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions made of randomly distributed fibrillar strands.", "contents": "Experimental infection of white-tailed deer with rinderpest virus. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) succumbed to experimental infection with virulent rinderpest (RP) virus that was also lethal to cattle and goats. The deer developed clinical signs typical of RP and died 5 and 6 days post-inoculation. Infection was confirmed by recovery of virus from blood before death, from lymph node tissue after necropsy, and demonstration of specific complement fixing antigen in those tissues. Electron micrographs of infected Vero cell cultures revealed extracellular virions and intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions made of randomly distributed fibrillar strands."}
{"id": "PMID:1195494", "title": "Trypanosomes from mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus in Wyoming.", "content": "Examination of mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, from Wyoming in Spring, 1974 (8) and in Winter of 1974-75 (8) revealed trypanosomes in all 16 deer. Spring samples showed dividing epimastigotes as well as normal bloodstream forms. Winter samples showed only normal blood stream forms. These differences are considered to be seasonally related.", "contents": "Trypanosomes from mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus in Wyoming. Examination of mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, from Wyoming in Spring, 1974 (8) and in Winter of 1974-75 (8) revealed trypanosomes in all 16 deer. Spring samples showed dividing epimastigotes as well as normal bloodstream forms. Winter samples showed only normal blood stream forms. These differences are considered to be seasonally related."}
{"id": "PMID:1195495", "title": "Control of house fly and stable fly breeding in rhinoceros dung with an insect growth regulator used as a feed additive.", "content": "An insect grwoth regulator (IGR), Thompson-Hayward TH 6040 (N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N'-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea), incorporated in the feed of rhinoceroses at rates of 1 and 0.1 mg/kg inhibited development of Musca domestica L. and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in the feces.", "contents": "Control of house fly and stable fly breeding in rhinoceros dung with an insect growth regulator used as a feed additive. An insect grwoth regulator (IGR), Thompson-Hayward TH 6040 (N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N'-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea), incorporated in the feed of rhinoceroses at rates of 1 and 0.1 mg/kg inhibited development of Musca domestica L. and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in the feces."}
{"id": "PMID:1195496", "title": "Mycotic granuloma in a tiger salamander.", "content": "An unidentified brown-pigmented fungus was the cause of a granuloma in the left lumbar musculature of a captive female tiger salamander. Histologically, the fungus appeared in the granulomatous tissue both as round yeastlike budding cells and as long septate hyphae.", "contents": "Mycotic granuloma in a tiger salamander. An unidentified brown-pigmented fungus was the cause of a granuloma in the left lumbar musculature of a captive female tiger salamander. Histologically, the fungus appeared in the granulomatous tissue both as round yeastlike budding cells and as long septate hyphae."}
{"id": "PMID:1195497", "title": "Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living African mammals.", "content": "Twelve species of free-living African mammals from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. Of 157 animals sampled, 20 (13%) were seropositive. T. gondii antibodies were detected in Burchell's zebra, (Equus burchelli), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), African elephant (Loxodonta africana), defassa waterbuck (Kobus defassa), lion (Panthera leo), and rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), The highest titers were found in elephants, two having titers of 1:4096 and one of 1:8192. These results are discussed in relation to the maintenance of T. gondii among African wildlife.", "contents": "Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living African mammals. Twelve species of free-living African mammals from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. Of 157 animals sampled, 20 (13%) were seropositive. T. gondii antibodies were detected in Burchell's zebra, (Equus burchelli), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), African elephant (Loxodonta africana), defassa waterbuck (Kobus defassa), lion (Panthera leo), and rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), The highest titers were found in elephants, two having titers of 1:4096 and one of 1:8192. These results are discussed in relation to the maintenance of T. gondii among African wildlife."}
{"id": "PMID:1195498", "title": "Fluoroacetamide (1081) oisoning in wild birds.", "content": "An outbreak of poisoning in four greylag geese (Anser anser) and 35-45 teal (Anas crecca) is described. Laboratory findings led to the conclusion that a wheat bait containing the rodenticide fluoracetamide (1081) caused the poisoning. Circumstantial evidence incriminated fluoracetamide as the cause of death in white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and chukars (Alectoris chukar).", "contents": "Fluoroacetamide (1081) oisoning in wild birds. An outbreak of poisoning in four greylag geese (Anser anser) and 35-45 teal (Anas crecca) is described. Laboratory findings led to the conclusion that a wheat bait containing the rodenticide fluoracetamide (1081) caused the poisoning. Circumstantial evidence incriminated fluoracetamide as the cause of death in white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and chukars (Alectoris chukar)."}
{"id": "PMID:1195499", "title": "Ectopic fetuses in two cottontail rabbits.", "content": "Mummified fetuses were discovered in the abdominal cavities of two cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) collected during separate years from the same geographical location in Virginia. One of these rabbits had a patent opening through the vaginal wall to the abdominal cavity. The uterus and vagina of the second rabbit appeared normal.", "contents": "Ectopic fetuses in two cottontail rabbits. Mummified fetuses were discovered in the abdominal cavities of two cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) collected during separate years from the same geographical location in Virginia. One of these rabbits had a patent opening through the vaginal wall to the abdominal cavity. The uterus and vagina of the second rabbit appeared normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1195500", "title": "Toxoplasmosis in dasyurid marsupials.", "content": "During a histopathologic survey of 240 dasyurid marsupials a high prevalence of infection of Toxoplasma gondii was found in eight of thenine species examined. Amongst the infected species, endemic infection in field animals was proved in Dasyuroides byrnei, but there was also good evidence of laboratory infection probably derived from raw sheep tissues in their diet. Infection was never demonstrated in animals less than six months of age. The 21 Antechinus stuartii examined remained free from infection despited a lengthy stay in the laboratory and a similar diet. This freedom from infection may indicate a particular resistance to Toxoplasma infection by this species.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis in dasyurid marsupials. During a histopathologic survey of 240 dasyurid marsupials a high prevalence of infection of Toxoplasma gondii was found in eight of thenine species examined. Amongst the infected species, endemic infection in field animals was proved in Dasyuroides byrnei, but there was also good evidence of laboratory infection probably derived from raw sheep tissues in their diet. Infection was never demonstrated in animals less than six months of age. The 21 Antechinus stuartii examined remained free from infection despited a lengthy stay in the laboratory and a similar diet. This freedom from infection may indicate a particular resistance to Toxoplasma infection by this species."}
{"id": "PMID:1195501", "title": "Presumptive paratuberculosis in a Virginia white-tailed deer.", "content": "Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is described in a 5-month-old white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Diagnosis was based on clinical signs and pathology.", "contents": "Presumptive paratuberculosis in a Virginia white-tailed deer. Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is described in a 5-month-old white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Diagnosis was based on clinical signs and pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:1195502", "title": "Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) in feral swine from southern Texas.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1975, Fascioloides magna was found in 46 of 67 (69%) feral swine (Sus scrofa) in southern Texas. Flukes were recovered from swine in areas where F. magna commonly has been recovered from white-tailed deer and cattle. One to 12 flukes were recovered from each infected animal. Their presence was indicated by black hematin pigment on the liver and various other internal organs. Eggs were not detected in the gallbladder or feces of infected animals although mature flukes and eggs were recovered in the livers suggesting that, like cattle, feral swine can be infected but are aberrant hosts for the parasite and do not disseminate eggs.", "contents": "Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) in feral swine from southern Texas. Between 1971 and 1975, Fascioloides magna was found in 46 of 67 (69%) feral swine (Sus scrofa) in southern Texas. Flukes were recovered from swine in areas where F. magna commonly has been recovered from white-tailed deer and cattle. One to 12 flukes were recovered from each infected animal. Their presence was indicated by black hematin pigment on the liver and various other internal organs. Eggs were not detected in the gallbladder or feces of infected animals although mature flukes and eggs were recovered in the livers suggesting that, like cattle, feral swine can be infected but are aberrant hosts for the parasite and do not disseminate eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:1195503", "title": "Tularemia in Florida: Sylvilagus palustris as a source of human infection.", "content": "The marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris, was epidemiologically incriminated as the source of two human cases of tularemia. This represents the first published report of involvement for this species in the human disease.", "contents": "Tularemia in Florida: Sylvilagus palustris as a source of human infection. The marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris, was epidemiologically incriminated as the source of two human cases of tularemia. This represents the first published report of involvement for this species in the human disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1195504", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a herpesvirus from wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo osceola) in Florida.", "content": "Viral agents producing both a syncytial-type cytopathic effect and type A intranuclear inclusion bodies in vitro were isolated from the kidneys of five of 10 wild turkeys. A plaque assay system for viral infectivity was developed and used to characterize one of the wild turkey viruses (WTV). WTV replication was inhibited by 5-bromodeoxyuridine, indicating the virus contained DNA as its genetic material. Virus infectivity could be transferred only as viable whole cell preparations; one cycle of rapid freezing and thawing completely inactivated the virus. Typical herpes-like virions were found within the nuclei when cells infected with WTV were examined by electron microscopy. WTV had characteristics typical of the herpes group of viruses.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a herpesvirus from wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo osceola) in Florida. Viral agents producing both a syncytial-type cytopathic effect and type A intranuclear inclusion bodies in vitro were isolated from the kidneys of five of 10 wild turkeys. A plaque assay system for viral infectivity was developed and used to characterize one of the wild turkey viruses (WTV). WTV replication was inhibited by 5-bromodeoxyuridine, indicating the virus contained DNA as its genetic material. Virus infectivity could be transferred only as viable whole cell preparations; one cycle of rapid freezing and thawing completely inactivated the virus. Typical herpes-like virions were found within the nuclei when cells infected with WTV were examined by electron microscopy. WTV had characteristics typical of the herpes group of viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:1195505", "title": "Intussusception in a Florida manatee.", "content": "An intussusception resulting from an embedded fishhook and a mass of nylon cord, monofilament line, and wire was determined to be the cause of death in a Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Pathologic findings are given along with information on bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda), pesticide residues (DDE, PCB's and dieldrin), and parasites (Chiorchis fabaceus).", "contents": "Intussusception in a Florida manatee. An intussusception resulting from an embedded fishhook and a mass of nylon cord, monofilament line, and wire was determined to be the cause of death in a Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Pathologic findings are given along with information on bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda), pesticide residues (DDE, PCB's and dieldrin), and parasites (Chiorchis fabaceus)."}
{"id": "PMID:1195506", "title": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in essential hypertension and in chronic renal failure with hypertension.", "content": "Elevated serum DBH (dopamine-beta-hydroxylase) activity was found in essential hypertension. The elevated level was not reduced when blood pressure was brought to normotensive level by administration of thiazide or rauwolfia. In contrast, serum DBH activity was low in both normotensive and hypertensive patients treated on prolonged hemodialysis. However, there was no correlation between serum DBH activity and blood pressure level. It was suggested that the pathogenesis of high blood pressure might be different between essential hypertension and hypertension with chronic renal failure, and that measurement of serum DBH activity might help for clinical differentiation of essential hypertension from certain forms of secondary hypertension.", "contents": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in essential hypertension and in chronic renal failure with hypertension. Elevated serum DBH (dopamine-beta-hydroxylase) activity was found in essential hypertension. The elevated level was not reduced when blood pressure was brought to normotensive level by administration of thiazide or rauwolfia. In contrast, serum DBH activity was low in both normotensive and hypertensive patients treated on prolonged hemodialysis. However, there was no correlation between serum DBH activity and blood pressure level. It was suggested that the pathogenesis of high blood pressure might be different between essential hypertension and hypertension with chronic renal failure, and that measurement of serum DBH activity might help for clinical differentiation of essential hypertension from certain forms of secondary hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1195507", "title": "The effects of respiratory acidosis on plasma renin activity in the dog.", "content": "The effects of arterial PCO2 on plasma activity was studied in chloralose anesthetized dogs undergoing carefully controlled respiratory acidosis. Plasma renin activity, measured by radioimmunoassay, was enhanced (P less than 0.001) during inhalation of CO2 despite insignificant changes in renal blood flow and arterial pressure. Although underlying mechanism remained to be investigated, activation of sympathetic nervous system and intrarenal effects of CO2 seemed to be involved in this enchancement.", "contents": "The effects of respiratory acidosis on plasma renin activity in the dog. The effects of arterial PCO2 on plasma activity was studied in chloralose anesthetized dogs undergoing carefully controlled respiratory acidosis. Plasma renin activity, measured by radioimmunoassay, was enhanced (P less than 0.001) during inhalation of CO2 despite insignificant changes in renal blood flow and arterial pressure. Although underlying mechanism remained to be investigated, activation of sympathetic nervous system and intrarenal effects of CO2 seemed to be involved in this enchancement."}
{"id": "PMID:1195508", "title": "Ultrastructure of the cardiac muscle of early human embryo.", "content": "In order to compare the ultrastructural difference between cardiac myocytes of the 54 day gestational age and that of the 114 day gestational age, the human fetal hearts were studied by means of electron microscopy. In the 54 day heart, although the nexus was developed already, contractile elements were immature and there was no close association between myofibril and mitochondria, and also sarcoplasmic reticulum was not accomplished. On the contrary, in the 114 day heart, the contractile elements, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum were partially developed fairly well in myocytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the cardiac muscle of early human embryo. In order to compare the ultrastructural difference between cardiac myocytes of the 54 day gestational age and that of the 114 day gestational age, the human fetal hearts were studied by means of electron microscopy. In the 54 day heart, although the nexus was developed already, contractile elements were immature and there was no close association between myofibril and mitochondria, and also sarcoplasmic reticulum was not accomplished. On the contrary, in the 114 day heart, the contractile elements, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum were partially developed fairly well in myocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1195509", "title": "Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis resulting from overuse of magnesium oxide.", "content": "A 23 year old woman had taken large doses of magnesium oxide (up to 20 to 30g per day) initially for habitual constipation and later for idiopathic edema instead of diuretics, until the concealed abuse was discovered. During the abuse she showed hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. When the ingestion was stopped, the electrolyte imbalance recovered within two weeks.", "contents": "Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis resulting from overuse of magnesium oxide. A 23 year old woman had taken large doses of magnesium oxide (up to 20 to 30g per day) initially for habitual constipation and later for idiopathic edema instead of diuretics, until the concealed abuse was discovered. During the abuse she showed hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. When the ingestion was stopped, the electrolyte imbalance recovered within two weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:1195510", "title": "Annular subvalvular left ventricular aneurysm -an autopsy case-.", "content": "An case of annular submitral left ventricular aneurysm in a 67-year-old woman was presented. Complication of the severe tuberculosis might have played a part in the pathogenesis of the annular subvalvular left ventricular aneurysm.", "contents": "Annular subvalvular left ventricular aneurysm -an autopsy case-. An case of annular submitral left ventricular aneurysm in a 67-year-old woman was presented. Complication of the severe tuberculosis might have played a part in the pathogenesis of the annular subvalvular left ventricular aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:1195511", "title": "[Effect of anoxia on the excitability of the canine ventricular muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been believed that completion of refractory period does coincide with full repolarization in cardiac muscle. So, the duration of action potensial (APD) has not infrequently been derived from refractory period. But recently some authors pointed out that duration of total refractory period (TRP) was not identical with APD in anoxic state and prolonged severe anoxia might occasionally increase effective refractory period (ERP). Nevertheless, marked reduction has been consistently noted in APD by many workers during severe anoxic period. Then, it seems to deserve more detailed investigation whether the refractory period may represent APD under any condition. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of studies on the effects of anoxia on the relationship between refractoriness and transmembrane action potential.", "contents": "[Effect of anoxia on the excitability of the canine ventricular muscle (author's transl)]. It has been believed that completion of refractory period does coincide with full repolarization in cardiac muscle. So, the duration of action potensial (APD) has not infrequently been derived from refractory period. But recently some authors pointed out that duration of total refractory period (TRP) was not identical with APD in anoxic state and prolonged severe anoxia might occasionally increase effective refractory period (ERP). Nevertheless, marked reduction has been consistently noted in APD by many workers during severe anoxic period. Then, it seems to deserve more detailed investigation whether the refractory period may represent APD under any condition. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of studies on the effects of anoxia on the relationship between refractoriness and transmembrane action potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1195512", "title": "[Laboratory studies on doxycycline intravenous (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of laboratory studies on doxycycline intravenous are summarized as follows: 1. The standard curves of doxycycline in five dilution systems were compared. Zones of growth inhibition were largest in the phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.2 and smallest in human serum. Lung system was close to the buffer system, liver system close to the serum system, and kidney system intermediate. 2. The doxycycline concentrations in blood of healthy male adults were compared by cross-over method. The concentration following intravenous injection of 200 mg, dissolved in 40 ml of 20% glucose and injected in 5 minutes, was high than that after oral administration of 200 mg immediately after the injection, but was same after 3 hours and thenafter. 3. No tendency of accumulation was observed in six volunteers injected intravenously with 100 approximately to 200 mg of doxycycline daily for three days. 4. In a patient with chronic broncho-bronchitis injected intravenously with 200 mg, the blood level reached a peak of 4.8 mcg/ml after 30 minutes, while the sputum level reached a peak of 1.8mcg/ml after 90 minutes. The sputum level was 30 to approximately 40% that of serum. 5. The urinary excretion of doxycycline was 94 mg/day (47.0%) after a single intravenous injection of 200 mg. and 53 mg/day (26.5%) after a single oral administration of 200 mg.", "contents": "[Laboratory studies on doxycycline intravenous (author's transl)]. The results of laboratory studies on doxycycline intravenous are summarized as follows: 1. The standard curves of doxycycline in five dilution systems were compared. Zones of growth inhibition were largest in the phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.2 and smallest in human serum. Lung system was close to the buffer system, liver system close to the serum system, and kidney system intermediate. 2. The doxycycline concentrations in blood of healthy male adults were compared by cross-over method. The concentration following intravenous injection of 200 mg, dissolved in 40 ml of 20% glucose and injected in 5 minutes, was high than that after oral administration of 200 mg immediately after the injection, but was same after 3 hours and thenafter. 3. No tendency of accumulation was observed in six volunteers injected intravenously with 100 approximately to 200 mg of doxycycline daily for three days. 4. In a patient with chronic broncho-bronchitis injected intravenously with 200 mg, the blood level reached a peak of 4.8 mcg/ml after 30 minutes, while the sputum level reached a peak of 1.8mcg/ml after 90 minutes. The sputum level was 30 to approximately 40% that of serum. 5. The urinary excretion of doxycycline was 94 mg/day (47.0%) after a single intravenous injection of 200 mg. and 53 mg/day (26.5%) after a single oral administration of 200 mg."}
{"id": "PMID:1195513", "title": "[Clinical studies on OE-7 chiefly in the treatment of acute respiratory infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of clinical studies on OE-7 (erythromycin stearate, enteric coated granule) were as follows. (1) Thirty-two cases with respiratory infections were treated OE-7 by the oral route of 300 mg every 6 hours in 5 cases and 400 mg every 8 hours in 27 cases. In 28 of 32 cases (87.5%) OE-7 was effective. Gram-positive cocci, namely pneumococcus, alpha- and beta-streptococcus, staphylococcus etc. are the most important pathogens in acute respiratory infections statistically and the most of them are susceptible to many chemotherapeutic agents, especially to erythromycin and penicillin. This is the case also with our studies. Acute exacerbation of asthmatic patients are frequently complicated with secondary respiratory infections caused by those pathogens and sometimes this condition in turn exacerbate asthmatic states. In our studies OE-7 displayed a good effect to such cases. (2) As the side effect gastrointestinal disturbances were slightly observed in 8 of 32 cases and allergic reactions in none. Hepatic and renal function test examined in 17 cases revealed no change after treatment. (3) The mean serum concentration of OE-7 by the oral route of 300 mg every 6 hours revealed about two times higher levels than by the same route of 400 mg every 8 hours, the peak was both reached after 3 hours after ingestion 1.96 mcg/ml and 0.97 mcg/ml respectively. This experiment was done for 5 healthy persons in the condition of free food ingestion and cross over in one week interval.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on OE-7 chiefly in the treatment of acute respiratory infections (author's transl)]. The results of clinical studies on OE-7 (erythromycin stearate, enteric coated granule) were as follows. (1) Thirty-two cases with respiratory infections were treated OE-7 by the oral route of 300 mg every 6 hours in 5 cases and 400 mg every 8 hours in 27 cases. In 28 of 32 cases (87.5%) OE-7 was effective. Gram-positive cocci, namely pneumococcus, alpha- and beta-streptococcus, staphylococcus etc. are the most important pathogens in acute respiratory infections statistically and the most of them are susceptible to many chemotherapeutic agents, especially to erythromycin and penicillin. This is the case also with our studies. Acute exacerbation of asthmatic patients are frequently complicated with secondary respiratory infections caused by those pathogens and sometimes this condition in turn exacerbate asthmatic states. In our studies OE-7 displayed a good effect to such cases. (2) As the side effect gastrointestinal disturbances were slightly observed in 8 of 32 cases and allergic reactions in none. Hepatic and renal function test examined in 17 cases revealed no change after treatment. (3) The mean serum concentration of OE-7 by the oral route of 300 mg every 6 hours revealed about two times higher levels than by the same route of 400 mg every 8 hours, the peak was both reached after 3 hours after ingestion 1.96 mcg/ml and 0.97 mcg/ml respectively. This experiment was done for 5 healthy persons in the condition of free food ingestion and cross over in one week interval."}
{"id": "PMID:1195516", "title": "[Therapeutic effect of sulfobenzyl-penicillin (SB-PC) on the concentration of SB-PC in human bile (author's transl)].", "content": "Sulfobenzyl-penicillin (SB-PC) is currently being investigated for use in man. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of SB-PC on Salmonella typhosa and biliary excretion of SB-PC in disease of the biliary tract. 1) Clinically, typhoid carriers without cholelithiasis were initiated with 4.0 g/day of SB-PC. Stool and bile became negative for Salmonella typhosa 14 days after initial treatment. 2) In typhoid carriers with cholelithiasis, Salmonella typhosa were not isolated from bile, wall of the gallbladder and surface of gallstone, but were isolated from nuclei of gallstones. The treatment of typhoid carriers with cholelithiasis may belong to a most difficult problem. 3) Biliary excretion of SB-PC in the patient given a single dose of 2.0 g/day im. was markedly dependent on characteristics of the patient, situation of external drainage and volume of bile excretion. High concentration in bile in some patient was 298 mug/ml at 3 hours after administration. 4) In intravenous administration of single dose of 6.0 g. maximum concentration in bile was about 2,000 mug/ml at 2 hours after administration and bactericidal concentration was obtained for resistant bacteria (Pseudomonas, Proteus, etc.) in biliary infection. 5) As side effects, pain and redness were infrequent after im. administration. Toxicity was not experienced in the patients injected intravenously.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effect of sulfobenzyl-penicillin (SB-PC) on the concentration of SB-PC in human bile (author's transl)]. Sulfobenzyl-penicillin (SB-PC) is currently being investigated for use in man. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of SB-PC on Salmonella typhosa and biliary excretion of SB-PC in disease of the biliary tract. 1) Clinically, typhoid carriers without cholelithiasis were initiated with 4.0 g/day of SB-PC. Stool and bile became negative for Salmonella typhosa 14 days after initial treatment. 2) In typhoid carriers with cholelithiasis, Salmonella typhosa were not isolated from bile, wall of the gallbladder and surface of gallstone, but were isolated from nuclei of gallstones. The treatment of typhoid carriers with cholelithiasis may belong to a most difficult problem. 3) Biliary excretion of SB-PC in the patient given a single dose of 2.0 g/day im. was markedly dependent on characteristics of the patient, situation of external drainage and volume of bile excretion. High concentration in bile in some patient was 298 mug/ml at 3 hours after administration. 4) In intravenous administration of single dose of 6.0 g. maximum concentration in bile was about 2,000 mug/ml at 2 hours after administration and bactericidal concentration was obtained for resistant bacteria (Pseudomonas, Proteus, etc.) in biliary infection. 5) As side effects, pain and redness were infrequent after im. administration. Toxicity was not experienced in the patients injected intravenously."}
{"id": "PMID:1195517", "title": "Virologic and serologic studies on an outbreak of echovirus type 11 infection in a hospital maternity unit.", "content": "An outbreak of echovirus type 11 (E-11) infection occurred among newborn babies in a hospital maternity unit in the summer of 1971. The results of studies are as follows: 1) Forty-one of 188 infants developed febrile illness with stomatitis during one and a half months from July to September. E-11 was isolated from stool specimens of 14 infants and two throat swabs. Antibody response to the virus was shown in all the 19 cases examined. Some of their mothers were suffering from subclinical infection. 2) The isolates were identified as a variant of E-11 which is not neutralized with antiserum against prototype E-11. Antiserum against the current virus neutralized both current and prototype viruses. 3) Sucrose gradient centrifugation of sera from infants revealed that the neutralizing antibody activity resided more predominantly in 19S than in 7S fractions. These antibodies reacted more specifically with the current strain than with the prototype Gregory strain.", "contents": "Virologic and serologic studies on an outbreak of echovirus type 11 infection in a hospital maternity unit. An outbreak of echovirus type 11 (E-11) infection occurred among newborn babies in a hospital maternity unit in the summer of 1971. The results of studies are as follows: 1) Forty-one of 188 infants developed febrile illness with stomatitis during one and a half months from July to September. E-11 was isolated from stool specimens of 14 infants and two throat swabs. Antibody response to the virus was shown in all the 19 cases examined. Some of their mothers were suffering from subclinical infection. 2) The isolates were identified as a variant of E-11 which is not neutralized with antiserum against prototype E-11. Antiserum against the current virus neutralized both current and prototype viruses. 3) Sucrose gradient centrifugation of sera from infants revealed that the neutralizing antibody activity resided more predominantly in 19S than in 7S fractions. These antibodies reacted more specifically with the current strain than with the prototype Gregory strain."}
{"id": "PMID:1195538", "title": "[Functional state of the cardiovascular system in experimental acute occlusion of the terminal segment of the aorta].", "content": "In 30 experiments on dogs a study was conducted of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disorders in central haemodynamics and myocardial contractility during an acute occlusion of the terminal aorta and after reestablishment of the circulation in the diseases extremities. In response to the occlusion an elevation was noted in the total peripheral resistance, in the force and rate of the cardiac contractions, and a compensatory hyperfunction of the heart developed. By 6 hours of the occlusion the total peripheral resistance increased, the force and rate of the cardiac contractions decreased, the myocardial tension increased, the external work of the heart decreased, and myocardial hypodynamy developed. In 45 min following the restoration of the circulation a reduction of the total peripheral resistance was observed, the myocardial contractility was inhibited, the phase structure of the cardiac cycle was disturbed. A further observation for 45 min failed to reveal any changes in the indices of cardio- and haemodynamics, the phase structure of the cardiac contractions and myocardial contractility, as compared to the data obtained in the preceeding study.", "contents": "[Functional state of the cardiovascular system in experimental acute occlusion of the terminal segment of the aorta]. In 30 experiments on dogs a study was conducted of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disorders in central haemodynamics and myocardial contractility during an acute occlusion of the terminal aorta and after reestablishment of the circulation in the diseases extremities. In response to the occlusion an elevation was noted in the total peripheral resistance, in the force and rate of the cardiac contractions, and a compensatory hyperfunction of the heart developed. By 6 hours of the occlusion the total peripheral resistance increased, the force and rate of the cardiac contractions decreased, the myocardial tension increased, the external work of the heart decreased, and myocardial hypodynamy developed. In 45 min following the restoration of the circulation a reduction of the total peripheral resistance was observed, the myocardial contractility was inhibited, the phase structure of the cardiac cycle was disturbed. A further observation for 45 min failed to reveal any changes in the indices of cardio- and haemodynamics, the phase structure of the cardiac contractions and myocardial contractility, as compared to the data obtained in the preceeding study."}
{"id": "PMID:1195539", "title": "[State of hemodynamics, according to radiocardiographic data, in persons working in contact with ionizing radiation sources].", "content": "The presented results illustrate the study of the cardiovascular system by means of radiocardiography conducted in normal individuals working in contact with sources of ionizing radiation. The study includes 51 persons in the test group and 42 in the control group that was similar to the test one in terms of age, sex and type of work performed, with the only exception that these in the control group had no contact with ionizing radiation. Persons working under the effect of ionizing radiation displayed a moderate increase in the stroke and minute index and the circulating blood volume, with the blood flow rate somewhat decelerated. The changes were deeper in those with over 5 years of service, and in those with functional changes in the nervous system, like neurocirculatory dystonia. The moderate level of these reactions and their reversibility permit to interpret them as an adaptative reaction to the effect of low doses of ionizing radiation.", "contents": "[State of hemodynamics, according to radiocardiographic data, in persons working in contact with ionizing radiation sources]. The presented results illustrate the study of the cardiovascular system by means of radiocardiography conducted in normal individuals working in contact with sources of ionizing radiation. The study includes 51 persons in the test group and 42 in the control group that was similar to the test one in terms of age, sex and type of work performed, with the only exception that these in the control group had no contact with ionizing radiation. Persons working under the effect of ionizing radiation displayed a moderate increase in the stroke and minute index and the circulating blood volume, with the blood flow rate somewhat decelerated. The changes were deeper in those with over 5 years of service, and in those with functional changes in the nervous system, like neurocirculatory dystonia. The moderate level of these reactions and their reversibility permit to interpret them as an adaptative reaction to the effect of low doses of ionizing radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1195546", "title": "[Functional state of baroreceptors of the aortic arch in experimental hypertension].", "content": "The bioelectrical activity of the aortic nerve was studied in normal rabbits and in those with experimentally induced hypertension. Electroneurograms of the aortic nerve of rabbits with renal and coarctational (stenosis of the abdominal aorta) hypertension demonstrated the same burst-like activity synchronous with the systolic contractions of the heart that was noted in normotensive animals. The threshold of the transit of the burst-like activity of the aortic nerve into the uniform one in cases of acutely elevated arterial pressure (induced by injections of noradrenalin and angiotensin) and the threshold of the disappearance of the mentioned activity after an acute reduction of the arterial pressure (induced by injections of acetylcholine, tetra-ethylammonium or by acute bleeding) in rabbits with renal and coarctational hypertension are shifted upwards, as compared to those in normotensive rabbits. It is the more true of the former threshold. The depressor reaction to the administration of the ganglionic blocker -- tetra-ethyl-ammonium -- in renal hypertension during the initial 2 months of the disease remains unchanged, with the exception of the 4th and 8th weeks, when it is elevated. It is concluded that the baroreceptors of the aortic arch percept the chronically elevated arterial pressure as a normal one reacting adequately to its acute changes in either direction. Thanks to this the barorecptors of the aortic arch strive to maintain a high level of the arterial pressure and provide for a stabilization of hypertension.", "contents": "[Functional state of baroreceptors of the aortic arch in experimental hypertension]. The bioelectrical activity of the aortic nerve was studied in normal rabbits and in those with experimentally induced hypertension. Electroneurograms of the aortic nerve of rabbits with renal and coarctational (stenosis of the abdominal aorta) hypertension demonstrated the same burst-like activity synchronous with the systolic contractions of the heart that was noted in normotensive animals. The threshold of the transit of the burst-like activity of the aortic nerve into the uniform one in cases of acutely elevated arterial pressure (induced by injections of noradrenalin and angiotensin) and the threshold of the disappearance of the mentioned activity after an acute reduction of the arterial pressure (induced by injections of acetylcholine, tetra-ethylammonium or by acute bleeding) in rabbits with renal and coarctational hypertension are shifted upwards, as compared to those in normotensive rabbits. It is the more true of the former threshold. The depressor reaction to the administration of the ganglionic blocker -- tetra-ethyl-ammonium -- in renal hypertension during the initial 2 months of the disease remains unchanged, with the exception of the 4th and 8th weeks, when it is elevated. It is concluded that the baroreceptors of the aortic arch percept the chronically elevated arterial pressure as a normal one reacting adequately to its acute changes in either direction. Thanks to this the barorecptors of the aortic arch strive to maintain a high level of the arterial pressure and provide for a stabilization of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1195547", "title": "[Distribution of sodium in the tissues in experimental salt hypertension].", "content": "The distribution of sodium in the aortal wall, myocardium and skin of rats was studied by a tracer technique. An increase of the bound fraction of extracellular sodium was found in the aortal wall and skin of rats with hypertension produced by a 90-day salt load. A positive correlation was found between the content of bound sodium in the aorta and the arterial pressure level.", "contents": "[Distribution of sodium in the tissues in experimental salt hypertension]. The distribution of sodium in the aortal wall, myocardium and skin of rats was studied by a tracer technique. An increase of the bound fraction of extracellular sodium was found in the aortal wall and skin of rats with hypertension produced by a 90-day salt load. A positive correlation was found between the content of bound sodium in the aorta and the arterial pressure level."}
{"id": "PMID:1195548", "title": "[Relationship between corticosteroids, catecholamines and electrolytes in rats kept on sodium-rich diet].", "content": "The changes in the content of catecholamines, electrolytes and corticosteroids were studied dynamically and simultaneously in rats under salt stimulation. Long-term maintenance of the animals on sodium-rich diets results in its accumulation in blood plasma and heart muscle, the tissue depot of catecholamines diminishing at the same time. The changes in the functional state of the adrenal glands and of the catecholamines content in the myocardium are of a phased nature. The activation of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal glands on the 18th day of the experiment is substituted by its reduction on the 56th day. The presence of a distinct relationship between the functional state of the adrenal glands and the level af adrenalin in the heart indicates the regulatory role of glucocorticoids in this experimental situation.", "contents": "[Relationship between corticosteroids, catecholamines and electrolytes in rats kept on sodium-rich diet]. The changes in the content of catecholamines, electrolytes and corticosteroids were studied dynamically and simultaneously in rats under salt stimulation. Long-term maintenance of the animals on sodium-rich diets results in its accumulation in blood plasma and heart muscle, the tissue depot of catecholamines diminishing at the same time. The changes in the functional state of the adrenal glands and of the catecholamines content in the myocardium are of a phased nature. The activation of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal glands on the 18th day of the experiment is substituted by its reduction on the 56th day. The presence of a distinct relationship between the functional state of the adrenal glands and the level af adrenalin in the heart indicates the regulatory role of glucocorticoids in this experimental situation."}
{"id": "PMID:1195549", "title": "[Peculiarities of cardiac activity in renal form of experimental hypertension with different hemodynamic characteristics].", "content": "The main haemodynamic indices were studied in rabbits of two age groups (young -- 10--12 month, and old -- 3--4 years) under normal conditions and those with experimentally induced renal hypertension. Significant changes were observed in the proportion of the main parameters of haemodynamics -- cardiac output per 1 min and total peripheral resistance -- in the presence of persistent arterial hypertension, which permitted to single out three haemodynamic forms of experimentally induced renal hypertension. The first and second haemodynamic forms are characterized by a sharp enhancement of the total peripheral resistance and diverse changes in the values of cardiac output per 1 min.: the third haemodynamic form is predmoninatly characterized by an elevation of the cardiac output. The compensatory hyper-function of the myocardium in the first and second forms of renal hypertension develops usually isometrically, in the third form -- according to the mixed variant.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of cardiac activity in renal form of experimental hypertension with different hemodynamic characteristics]. The main haemodynamic indices were studied in rabbits of two age groups (young -- 10--12 month, and old -- 3--4 years) under normal conditions and those with experimentally induced renal hypertension. Significant changes were observed in the proportion of the main parameters of haemodynamics -- cardiac output per 1 min and total peripheral resistance -- in the presence of persistent arterial hypertension, which permitted to single out three haemodynamic forms of experimentally induced renal hypertension. The first and second haemodynamic forms are characterized by a sharp enhancement of the total peripheral resistance and diverse changes in the values of cardiac output per 1 min.: the third haemodynamic form is predmoninatly characterized by an elevation of the cardiac output. The compensatory hyper-function of the myocardium in the first and second forms of renal hypertension develops usually isometrically, in the third form -- according to the mixed variant."}
{"id": "PMID:1195550", "title": "[Surgical treatment of patients with symptomatic hypertension].", "content": "Symptomatic hypertension is observed in numerous patients with elevated blood pressure. Special attention is paid in the paper to the diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta, nonspecific aortitis and renovascular hypertension. The possibility of diagnosing these lesions by means of the routine diagnostic techniques is indicated. The experimence of surgical treatment of 476 patients with coarctation of the aorta demonstrates the efficiency of the surgical procedures. No postoperative mortality cases have been observed in the recent 5 years. Non-specific aortitis that is the second-frequent process diseasing the aorta has a polymorphous clinical pattern. Hypertension is the leading symptom of aortitis. The results of various reconstructive procedures prove their high efficacy in decreasing the hypertension in patients with aortitis. According to the author's data, renovascular hypertension is found in 54% of the patients examined only on an out-patient basis. Among 354 operations, 204 included a reconstructive procedure on the renal artery. The importance of proper rehabilitation of the postoperative patients is emphasized.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of patients with symptomatic hypertension]. Symptomatic hypertension is observed in numerous patients with elevated blood pressure. Special attention is paid in the paper to the diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta, nonspecific aortitis and renovascular hypertension. The possibility of diagnosing these lesions by means of the routine diagnostic techniques is indicated. The experimence of surgical treatment of 476 patients with coarctation of the aorta demonstrates the efficiency of the surgical procedures. No postoperative mortality cases have been observed in the recent 5 years. Non-specific aortitis that is the second-frequent process diseasing the aorta has a polymorphous clinical pattern. Hypertension is the leading symptom of aortitis. The results of various reconstructive procedures prove their high efficacy in decreasing the hypertension in patients with aortitis. According to the author's data, renovascular hypertension is found in 54% of the patients examined only on an out-patient basis. Among 354 operations, 204 included a reconstructive procedure on the renal artery. The importance of proper rehabilitation of the postoperative patients is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1195551", "title": "[Psychovegetative interrelations in hypertensive disease and arterial hypotension].", "content": "Proceeding from an analysis of haemodynamic shifts in patients with hypertension and primary arterial hypotension, the paper demonstrates their specificity depending on the severity of the vascular syndrome, the form of functional exercise (physical, intellectual, emotional), and the nature of psychological conditioning (psychogeny, personality peculiarities). The obtained data are discussed with regard of the concepts of functional neurology.", "contents": "[Psychovegetative interrelations in hypertensive disease and arterial hypotension]. Proceeding from an analysis of haemodynamic shifts in patients with hypertension and primary arterial hypotension, the paper demonstrates their specificity depending on the severity of the vascular syndrome, the form of functional exercise (physical, intellectual, emotional), and the nature of psychological conditioning (psychogeny, personality peculiarities). The obtained data are discussed with regard of the concepts of functional neurology."}
{"id": "PMID:1195552", "title": "[Sympathico-adrenal system in elderly patients with systolic hypertension].", "content": "A study of the catecholamines passage with urine in patients of advanced age with systolic hypertension has revealed features specific for the activity of their sympathico-adrenal-system by comparison with that in patients with hypertensive disease (with systolic-diastolic pressure rise) and in persons of the same age with normal pressure. In systolic hypertension an inhibition of the mediatory link finding its expression in a decreased noradrenaline excretion, was noted, while that of adrenalin remained normal which led to a fall in the ration noradrenaline/adrenalin. Inasmuch as adrenalin causes chiefly the rise of systolic pressure and noradrenaline -- that of diastolic it may be presumed that the established features of the sympathico-adrenalin activity appear to be a factor contributing to the systolic nature of the hypertension under review, which stems primarily from other major pathogenetic factors. At the same time in subjects of advanced age the reactivity of the mediatory link in systolic hypertension remains intact, this manifesting itself in a significantly increased noradrenaline passage, as compared to a low initial level following administration of insulin.", "contents": "[Sympathico-adrenal system in elderly patients with systolic hypertension]. A study of the catecholamines passage with urine in patients of advanced age with systolic hypertension has revealed features specific for the activity of their sympathico-adrenal-system by comparison with that in patients with hypertensive disease (with systolic-diastolic pressure rise) and in persons of the same age with normal pressure. In systolic hypertension an inhibition of the mediatory link finding its expression in a decreased noradrenaline excretion, was noted, while that of adrenalin remained normal which led to a fall in the ration noradrenaline/adrenalin. Inasmuch as adrenalin causes chiefly the rise of systolic pressure and noradrenaline -- that of diastolic it may be presumed that the established features of the sympathico-adrenalin activity appear to be a factor contributing to the systolic nature of the hypertension under review, which stems primarily from other major pathogenetic factors. At the same time in subjects of advanced age the reactivity of the mediatory link in systolic hypertension remains intact, this manifesting itself in a significantly increased noradrenaline passage, as compared to a low initial level following administration of insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:1195553", "title": "[Isolated and combined lesions of renal arteries in patients with vaso-renal hypertension].", "content": "In the course of a 10-year study of the problem of renovascular hypertension in the A.N. Bakuley Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery, concomitant pathology of other arterial systems was found in 144 patients among 218 cases of acquired lesions of the renal arteries. The combination of the lesions of the renal arteries with those of other arteries (branches of the aortic arch, descending thoracic and abdominal aorta, its visceral branches and the arteries of the lower extremities) is, according to the author, one of the main peculiarities of renovascular hypertension that predetermines its malignant course. A purposeful study of the state of the major vessels in a patient with arterial hypertension permits to reveal their lesion or intactness, and to conduct a detailed clinical investigation accordingly, as well as to choose the proper method of angiography and surgery.", "contents": "[Isolated and combined lesions of renal arteries in patients with vaso-renal hypertension]. In the course of a 10-year study of the problem of renovascular hypertension in the A.N. Bakuley Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery, concomitant pathology of other arterial systems was found in 144 patients among 218 cases of acquired lesions of the renal arteries. The combination of the lesions of the renal arteries with those of other arteries (branches of the aortic arch, descending thoracic and abdominal aorta, its visceral branches and the arteries of the lower extremities) is, according to the author, one of the main peculiarities of renovascular hypertension that predetermines its malignant course. A purposeful study of the state of the major vessels in a patient with arterial hypertension permits to reveal their lesion or intactness, and to conduct a detailed clinical investigation accordingly, as well as to choose the proper method of angiography and surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1195554", "title": "[Primary aldosteronism and arterial hypertension].", "content": "The experience of surgical management of 16 patients with primary aldosteronism is summarized. The aspects of its diagnosis are analysed, and its possible atypical course indicated. The authors used pneumoretroperitoneography for determining the localization of the aldosteromas. The localization of an aldosteroma having been established, the best approach is the modified Smithweak's one, for the revision of both adrenal glands a median or transversal laparotomy is employed. All the 16 patients survived the operations favourably.", "contents": "[Primary aldosteronism and arterial hypertension]. The experience of surgical management of 16 patients with primary aldosteronism is summarized. The aspects of its diagnosis are analysed, and its possible atypical course indicated. The authors used pneumoretroperitoneography for determining the localization of the aldosteromas. The localization of an aldosteroma having been established, the best approach is the modified Smithweak's one, for the revision of both adrenal glands a median or transversal laparotomy is employed. All the 16 patients survived the operations favourably."}
{"id": "PMID:1195555", "title": "[Unusual localization of the excitation impulse block in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "A case of an unusual localization of the conductivity block is described in a female patient with acute myocardial infarction, that was demonstrated by way of recording the electrical activity of the cardiac conductive pathways. The peculiarity of the case was also demonstrated to consist in the multiplicity of the levels of conductivity disorders. For the first time in the literature, the development of a block in the main stem of the bundle of his was traced in detail.", "contents": "[Unusual localization of the excitation impulse block in acute myocardial infarct]. A case of an unusual localization of the conductivity block is described in a female patient with acute myocardial infarction, that was demonstrated by way of recording the electrical activity of the cardiac conductive pathways. The peculiarity of the case was also demonstrated to consist in the multiplicity of the levels of conductivity disorders. For the first time in the literature, the development of a block in the main stem of the bundle of his was traced in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1195556", "title": "[Changes in the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in patients with myocardial infarct treated with trioxazine and aminazine].", "content": "A protracted observation over the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal gland in patients with myocardial infarction educed a biphasic nature of changes in the concentration of the plasma and urine corticosteroids in this affection. Most informative are shown to be the evidences of activation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal system furnished by the biologically active 11-oxycorticosteroids in the peripheral blood plasma. Psychopharmacological drugs produced a less intensive activation of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in the acute period of myocardial infarction and they smooth down a renewed rise in the level of steroid during the subacute period of the disease. Chlorpromazine displays a stronger antistress action than does trioxazine, but the available data justify recommending both these drugs for the treatment of patients with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Changes in the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in patients with myocardial infarct treated with trioxazine and aminazine]. A protracted observation over the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal gland in patients with myocardial infarction educed a biphasic nature of changes in the concentration of the plasma and urine corticosteroids in this affection. Most informative are shown to be the evidences of activation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal system furnished by the biologically active 11-oxycorticosteroids in the peripheral blood plasma. Psychopharmacological drugs produced a less intensive activation of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in the acute period of myocardial infarction and they smooth down a renewed rise in the level of steroid during the subacute period of the disease. Chlorpromazine displays a stronger antistress action than does trioxazine, but the available data justify recommending both these drugs for the treatment of patients with myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1195557", "title": "[Effect of polarizing mixture on the toxicity and cardiotonic effect of strophanthin].", "content": "Experiments on doves and frogs with a biological valorization of Strophantin reveale a decreasing biological activity of the glycoside under the effect of a polarizing mixture by 54.2% and 28.5%, respectively. The LD50 test in mice also demonstrated a 50% decrease of Strophantin toxicity. Electrocardiographic studies conducted in mice and rats (with a fractionated administration of the glycoside) showed that the polarizing mixture decelerates the development of a negative chronotropic action of Strophantin, and in the presence of toxic doses of the glycoside it weakens its effect upon the excitability and conductivity of the myocardium. In experiments with rabbits and recording of their left ventricular pressure a decreasing cardiotonic effect of Strophantin under the effect of the polarizing mixture was also established, both in the intact animals, and in those with an experimentally induced myocardial infarction. The weakening of the cardiotonic effect and of the toxicity of Strophantin is interpreted in terms of the anatagonistic effects of the glycoside and insulin on the system \"catecholamines -- cyclic 3,5 -- AMP\", as well as in terms of their effect on the bioenergetics of the myocardium and the dynamics of the content of intracellular potassium.", "contents": "[Effect of polarizing mixture on the toxicity and cardiotonic effect of strophanthin]. Experiments on doves and frogs with a biological valorization of Strophantin reveale a decreasing biological activity of the glycoside under the effect of a polarizing mixture by 54.2% and 28.5%, respectively. The LD50 test in mice also demonstrated a 50% decrease of Strophantin toxicity. Electrocardiographic studies conducted in mice and rats (with a fractionated administration of the glycoside) showed that the polarizing mixture decelerates the development of a negative chronotropic action of Strophantin, and in the presence of toxic doses of the glycoside it weakens its effect upon the excitability and conductivity of the myocardium. In experiments with rabbits and recording of their left ventricular pressure a decreasing cardiotonic effect of Strophantin under the effect of the polarizing mixture was also established, both in the intact animals, and in those with an experimentally induced myocardial infarction. The weakening of the cardiotonic effect and of the toxicity of Strophantin is interpreted in terms of the anatagonistic effects of the glycoside and insulin on the system \"catecholamines -- cyclic 3,5 -- AMP\", as well as in terms of their effect on the bioenergetics of the myocardium and the dynamics of the content of intracellular potassium."}
{"id": "PMID:1195558", "title": "[Use of inderal for the treatment of different forms of arterial hypertension].", "content": "Results are presented on the treatment with Inderal of 57 patients with essential hypertension and symptomatic renal hypertension in whom the changes in central and renal haemodynamics were carefully traced. In all the patients with renal hypertension (chronic pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis) the function of the kidneys was adequate. Inderal when used in a daily dose of 120--160 mg produces a hypotensive effect in patients with stage IB and IIA essential hypertension with unstable symptomatic renal hypertension who have a predominantly hyperkinetic type of the circulation. In such cases the haemodynamic changes manifest themselves in a considerable reduction of the cardiac output at the expense of a slower pulse rate and decreased stroke volume; the total peripheral resistance was moderately elevated. In patients with stage IIB of essential hypertension and in those with persistent and severe symptomatic renal hypertension the hypotensive effect of Inderal given in a daily dose of 480 mg and sometimes even higher was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in the total peripheral resistance and a moderate reduction of the cardiac output and cardiac index at the expense of a slower pulse rate.", "contents": "[Use of inderal for the treatment of different forms of arterial hypertension]. Results are presented on the treatment with Inderal of 57 patients with essential hypertension and symptomatic renal hypertension in whom the changes in central and renal haemodynamics were carefully traced. In all the patients with renal hypertension (chronic pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis) the function of the kidneys was adequate. Inderal when used in a daily dose of 120--160 mg produces a hypotensive effect in patients with stage IB and IIA essential hypertension with unstable symptomatic renal hypertension who have a predominantly hyperkinetic type of the circulation. In such cases the haemodynamic changes manifest themselves in a considerable reduction of the cardiac output at the expense of a slower pulse rate and decreased stroke volume; the total peripheral resistance was moderately elevated. In patients with stage IIB of essential hypertension and in those with persistent and severe symptomatic renal hypertension the hypotensive effect of Inderal given in a daily dose of 480 mg and sometimes even higher was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in the total peripheral resistance and a moderate reduction of the cardiac output and cardiac index at the expense of a slower pulse rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1195559", "title": "[Evaluation of physical adaptation of patients after surgical correction of congenital non-cyanotic heart defects].", "content": "A successful surgical correction of congenital non-cyanotic heart diseases (patent arterial duct, ventricular and atrial septal defects, isolated pulmonary stenosis) results in full normalization of the haemodynamics. But the long-lasting existance of the pathology, the limited phsical activity of the patient result in the development of a state of lack of training. In such cases the degree of the physical adaptation of the patient after surgery had to be assessed which will permit to determine the program of his physical rehabilitation. The studies conducted by means of bicycle tests and running on the spot with recording the pulse rate, respiration rate, arterial pressure and ECG have demonstrated that the degree of the physical adaptation of the patients varies, although the general results of surgery are qualified as good. No correlation of this adaptation with the clinical factors could be revealed in this study. Further investigations are necessary in order to take into account the effect of the training regimens on the degree of physical rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Evaluation of physical adaptation of patients after surgical correction of congenital non-cyanotic heart defects]. A successful surgical correction of congenital non-cyanotic heart diseases (patent arterial duct, ventricular and atrial septal defects, isolated pulmonary stenosis) results in full normalization of the haemodynamics. But the long-lasting existance of the pathology, the limited phsical activity of the patient result in the development of a state of lack of training. In such cases the degree of the physical adaptation of the patient after surgery had to be assessed which will permit to determine the program of his physical rehabilitation. The studies conducted by means of bicycle tests and running on the spot with recording the pulse rate, respiration rate, arterial pressure and ECG have demonstrated that the degree of the physical adaptation of the patients varies, although the general results of surgery are qualified as good. No correlation of this adaptation with the clinical factors could be revealed in this study. Further investigations are necessary in order to take into account the effect of the training regimens on the degree of physical rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:1195561", "title": "Role of the disulfide bridge and the C-terminal tripeptide in the antidiuretic action of vasopressin in man and the rat.", "content": "The antidiuretic action of a number of vasopressin analogues has been measured in the rat and man in water diuresis. These analogues had the following categories of structural alteration: a) substitution of -CH2CH2-(dicarba) and -SCH2-(6-monocarba) for the natural -SS- bridge between residues 1 and 6, b) changes in the nature of the C-terminal tripeptide produced by substitution of D-arginine and L-Nalpha-methylarginine for L-arginine in sequence position 8 and L-leucine for proline in position 7, and c) combinations of a and b. In addition, a highly active analogue which results when valine is substituted for glutamine in position 4 was tested. Trained, unanesthetized rats and normal human volunteers were complemented by a volunteer patient with posttraumatic diabetes insipidus (DI) in the total group of experimental subjects. The only change in the C-terminal tripeptide which was associated with a high antidiuretic action was D-Arg substitution. The meArg and Leu analogues showed low to very little activity and no signs of antidiuretic antagonist action. All of the carba analogues showed both high potency and prolongation of antidiuretic action in the following order (for both potency and duration): monocarba + 8-D-Arg greater than 4-Val + 8-D-Arg greater than 8-D-Arg alone, all in deamino form. None of the 8-D-Arg analogues had any side effects on the cardiovascular system, gut, uterus, bladder, etc. The prolongation was such that even with a DI patient refractory to the action of lysine-vasopressin and relatively resistant to deamino-[8-D-Arg]-vasopressin, water turnover could be reduced from untreated levels of 20 to 30 liters/day to less than 2 liters/day with only a single administration of deamino-6-carba-[8-D-Arg]-vasopressin as nose drops. The significance of these structural alterations in the vasopressin molecule for interaction with both antidiuretic and smooth muscle receptors was discussed.", "contents": "Role of the disulfide bridge and the C-terminal tripeptide in the antidiuretic action of vasopressin in man and the rat. The antidiuretic action of a number of vasopressin analogues has been measured in the rat and man in water diuresis. These analogues had the following categories of structural alteration: a) substitution of -CH2CH2-(dicarba) and -SCH2-(6-monocarba) for the natural -SS- bridge between residues 1 and 6, b) changes in the nature of the C-terminal tripeptide produced by substitution of D-arginine and L-Nalpha-methylarginine for L-arginine in sequence position 8 and L-leucine for proline in position 7, and c) combinations of a and b. In addition, a highly active analogue which results when valine is substituted for glutamine in position 4 was tested. Trained, unanesthetized rats and normal human volunteers were complemented by a volunteer patient with posttraumatic diabetes insipidus (DI) in the total group of experimental subjects. The only change in the C-terminal tripeptide which was associated with a high antidiuretic action was D-Arg substitution. The meArg and Leu analogues showed low to very little activity and no signs of antidiuretic antagonist action. All of the carba analogues showed both high potency and prolongation of antidiuretic action in the following order (for both potency and duration): monocarba + 8-D-Arg greater than 4-Val + 8-D-Arg greater than 8-D-Arg alone, all in deamino form. None of the 8-D-Arg analogues had any side effects on the cardiovascular system, gut, uterus, bladder, etc. The prolongation was such that even with a DI patient refractory to the action of lysine-vasopressin and relatively resistant to deamino-[8-D-Arg]-vasopressin, water turnover could be reduced from untreated levels of 20 to 30 liters/day to less than 2 liters/day with only a single administration of deamino-6-carba-[8-D-Arg]-vasopressin as nose drops. The significance of these structural alterations in the vasopressin molecule for interaction with both antidiuretic and smooth muscle receptors was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195562", "title": "Effects of dietary protein restriction and glucocorticoid administration on urea excretion in rats.", "content": "Rats were sampled for clearance studies under anesthesia after 0, 2, 4, 7 and 14 days of dietary protein restriction. Mean fractional urea excretion decreased between day 2 and day 7 of protein restriction after a two-day lag in response. Seven-day administration of dexamethasone in protein-restricted rats caused a significant increase in mean fractional urea excretion. Adrenalectomized rats fed a normal diet had fractional urea excretion values resembling those in protein-restricted rats. Chronic administration of dexamethasone in adrenalectomized rats caused a consistent increase in fractional urea excretion. Fractional urea excretion values were no lower in protein-restricted adrenalectomized rats fed a normal diet. The mean plasma corticosterone concentration (measured 6 to 8 PM) was decreased in rats fed a low protein diet relative to rats fed a high protein diet. The results suggest that glucocorticoids may play a role in the tubular regulation of urea excretion either by a direct effect on the renal tubule or through some intermediate factor. A mediating role of glomerular filtration rate in glucocorticoid-induced changes of fractional urea excretion could not be ruled out, however.", "contents": "Effects of dietary protein restriction and glucocorticoid administration on urea excretion in rats. Rats were sampled for clearance studies under anesthesia after 0, 2, 4, 7 and 14 days of dietary protein restriction. Mean fractional urea excretion decreased between day 2 and day 7 of protein restriction after a two-day lag in response. Seven-day administration of dexamethasone in protein-restricted rats caused a significant increase in mean fractional urea excretion. Adrenalectomized rats fed a normal diet had fractional urea excretion values resembling those in protein-restricted rats. Chronic administration of dexamethasone in adrenalectomized rats caused a consistent increase in fractional urea excretion. Fractional urea excretion values were no lower in protein-restricted adrenalectomized rats fed a normal diet. The mean plasma corticosterone concentration (measured 6 to 8 PM) was decreased in rats fed a low protein diet relative to rats fed a high protein diet. The results suggest that glucocorticoids may play a role in the tubular regulation of urea excretion either by a direct effect on the renal tubule or through some intermediate factor. A mediating role of glomerular filtration rate in glucocorticoid-induced changes of fractional urea excretion could not be ruled out, however."}
{"id": "PMID:1195563", "title": "Effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in chronic renal disease.", "content": "Calcium absorption was measured in eight uremic patients before and after eight days of treatment with 100 or 500 mug of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) per day. Fractional calcium absorption was estimated by administering 47Ca i.v. and orally on separate days and counting forearm radioactivity four hours later. Calcium absorption in four patients with residual renal function rose from 16.3 +/- 2.5 to 40.8 +/- 5.5% after treatment. In order to determine if the increased calcium absorption was mediated by an increase in the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) by virtue of increased substrate delivery to the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase system present in the residual renal tissue, identical studies were performed in four anephric patients. Calcium absorption in these patients averaged 15.7 +/- 2.2% during the control period and rose to 46.0 +/- 11.1% after treatment. Increments in serum calcium after treatment were similar in both groups of patients; the mean concentration rose from 9.6 +/- 0.3 to 11.0 +/- 0.6 mg/100 ml. The results indicate that 25(OH)D3 can improve calcium absorption in the absence of renal tissue suggesting that its conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 may not be necessary for its effect on the gastrointestinal tract in the uremic patient.", "contents": "Effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption in chronic renal disease. Calcium absorption was measured in eight uremic patients before and after eight days of treatment with 100 or 500 mug of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) per day. Fractional calcium absorption was estimated by administering 47Ca i.v. and orally on separate days and counting forearm radioactivity four hours later. Calcium absorption in four patients with residual renal function rose from 16.3 +/- 2.5 to 40.8 +/- 5.5% after treatment. In order to determine if the increased calcium absorption was mediated by an increase in the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) by virtue of increased substrate delivery to the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase system present in the residual renal tissue, identical studies were performed in four anephric patients. Calcium absorption in these patients averaged 15.7 +/- 2.2% during the control period and rose to 46.0 +/- 11.1% after treatment. Increments in serum calcium after treatment were similar in both groups of patients; the mean concentration rose from 9.6 +/- 0.3 to 11.0 +/- 0.6 mg/100 ml. The results indicate that 25(OH)D3 can improve calcium absorption in the absence of renal tissue suggesting that its conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 may not be necessary for its effect on the gastrointestinal tract in the uremic patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1195631", "title": "[Experiences with the treatment of amblyopia with excentric fixation by means of changes of the innervation stimulus of the external eye muscles by means of prismes and operative methods according to C\u00fcppers' principles (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 59 cases with excentric fixation shows the special efficacy of treatment methods, which are related to variations of the innervation stimulus with prisme, operative methods and especially with the \"Fadenoperation\" developed by C\u00fcppers.", "contents": "[Experiences with the treatment of amblyopia with excentric fixation by means of changes of the innervation stimulus of the external eye muscles by means of prismes and operative methods according to C\u00fcppers' principles (author's transl)]. An analysis of 59 cases with excentric fixation shows the special efficacy of treatment methods, which are related to variations of the innervation stimulus with prisme, operative methods and especially with the \"Fadenoperation\" developed by C\u00fcppers."}
{"id": "PMID:1195632", "title": "[The paralytic dyssynergies--the squint dyssynergies, and C\u00fcppers' syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of kinetic pattern is essential for all oculo-motor disorders. The authors have settled on an original electro-oculographic device for potential recordings, and a new apparatus allowing various types of ocular movements, mathematically specified (Ocular-kinetic explorer). With this method they have been able to discover important and various kinetic troubles. The present work is devoted only to the kinetic dyssynergies. Firstly the authors state the very particular features of dyssynergies with opticokinetic nystagmus, the pursuit and saccardic movements in ocular palsies. Then the kinetic dyssynergies registered in squints are enumerated; the recordings prove they are mostly dissociated, and therefore entirely different from paralytic anomalies. The oculographic facts in the blocking nystagmus syndrome firmly prove the conception of C\u00fcppers' about the blocking of convergence. The dissociated dyssynergies are the exact expression of this motor phenomenon.", "contents": "[The paralytic dyssynergies--the squint dyssynergies, and C\u00fcppers' syndrome (author's transl)]. The study of kinetic pattern is essential for all oculo-motor disorders. The authors have settled on an original electro-oculographic device for potential recordings, and a new apparatus allowing various types of ocular movements, mathematically specified (Ocular-kinetic explorer). With this method they have been able to discover important and various kinetic troubles. The present work is devoted only to the kinetic dyssynergies. Firstly the authors state the very particular features of dyssynergies with opticokinetic nystagmus, the pursuit and saccardic movements in ocular palsies. Then the kinetic dyssynergies registered in squints are enumerated; the recordings prove they are mostly dissociated, and therefore entirely different from paralytic anomalies. The oculographic facts in the blocking nystagmus syndrome firmly prove the conception of C\u00fcppers' about the blocking of convergence. The dissociated dyssynergies are the exact expression of this motor phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1195633", "title": "[A method of feating intermittent divergence strabismus (author's transl)].", "content": "Patching appears to have sensory and motor effects on intermittent exotropia. The sensory effects we have observed are reduction in the size of the scotoma as measured on haploscopic devices and improvement in fusional amplitudes. The motor effects has been increased control of the deviation. A series of patients was studied to document these effects, and their significance in management was discussed.", "contents": "[A method of feating intermittent divergence strabismus (author's transl)]. Patching appears to have sensory and motor effects on intermittent exotropia. The sensory effects we have observed are reduction in the size of the scotoma as measured on haploscopic devices and improvement in fusional amplitudes. The motor effects has been increased control of the deviation. A series of patients was studied to document these effects, and their significance in management was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195634", "title": "[Suprachoroidal (subscleral) fillings of human fat for the operation of retinal ablations (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of experimental and clinical experiences on application of suprachoroidal (subscleral) fillings of human fat (0,5-0,8 cm3) for the operation for retinal detachment. The subcutaneous homoioplastic fat is homogenized and injected under the sclera close behind ligamentum pectinatum. After injection there is a hump similar to choroidal amotio. The filling is tolerated well. It serves to reduce the space of vitreous in relation with Custodis operation and cerclage of the bulbus. It is resorbed slowly and incompletely, or organised. Complications are to be feared if the ciliary body is perforated by injection and fat comes into the vitreous.", "contents": "[Suprachoroidal (subscleral) fillings of human fat for the operation of retinal ablations (author's transl)]. A report is given of experimental and clinical experiences on application of suprachoroidal (subscleral) fillings of human fat (0,5-0,8 cm3) for the operation for retinal detachment. The subcutaneous homoioplastic fat is homogenized and injected under the sclera close behind ligamentum pectinatum. After injection there is a hump similar to choroidal amotio. The filling is tolerated well. It serves to reduce the space of vitreous in relation with Custodis operation and cerclage of the bulbus. It is resorbed slowly and incompletely, or organised. Complications are to be feared if the ciliary body is perforated by injection and fat comes into the vitreous."}
{"id": "PMID:1195635", "title": "[Atypical oculoplastic surgery in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems of restorative surgery for inborn eyelid-alterations are indicated here with examples. The following experiences result. 1. Inborn eyelid colobomas without disfigurement of the inner canthus are in general readily correctable. 2. Inborn eyelid colobomas with a disfigured inner canthus and atresia of the canaliculi hardly ever permit the production of a cosmetically satisfactory inner canthus, and never permit a functionally satisfactory one. The use of lacoductorhinostomy, according to L. Jones, is problematic here. 3. The correction of inborn eyelid colobomas in the case of Goldenhar's syndrome is difficult because, due to additional dermoids and fibromas, irregular excisions become necessary. Thus, the lid margin becomes significantly deformed. A considerable temporal displacement of the skin cannot be avoided. 4. Any plastic correction of an inborn, genuine eyelid tumor is difficult, if the important structures of the eyelid--especially the tarsus and levator muscles--are only fragmentarily developed. In the case of the large, soft fibroma of the upper eyelid in neurofibromatosis, only a static eyelid in middle position can be accomplished. 5. Very often, motility problems arise in this connection. Both in Goldenhar's disease and in Recklinghausen's disease, primary dysplasis of the rectus externus muscle occurs.", "contents": "[Atypical oculoplastic surgery in children (author's transl)]. The problems of restorative surgery for inborn eyelid-alterations are indicated here with examples. The following experiences result. 1. Inborn eyelid colobomas without disfigurement of the inner canthus are in general readily correctable. 2. Inborn eyelid colobomas with a disfigured inner canthus and atresia of the canaliculi hardly ever permit the production of a cosmetically satisfactory inner canthus, and never permit a functionally satisfactory one. The use of lacoductorhinostomy, according to L. Jones, is problematic here. 3. The correction of inborn eyelid colobomas in the case of Goldenhar's syndrome is difficult because, due to additional dermoids and fibromas, irregular excisions become necessary. Thus, the lid margin becomes significantly deformed. A considerable temporal displacement of the skin cannot be avoided. 4. Any plastic correction of an inborn, genuine eyelid tumor is difficult, if the important structures of the eyelid--especially the tarsus and levator muscles--are only fragmentarily developed. In the case of the large, soft fibroma of the upper eyelid in neurofibromatosis, only a static eyelid in middle position can be accomplished. 5. Very often, motility problems arise in this connection. Both in Goldenhar's disease and in Recklinghausen's disease, primary dysplasis of the rectus externus muscle occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:1195636", "title": "[Experiences in the measurements of correspondence using dark red glass and according to image after C\u00fcppers (author's transl)].", "content": "The measurement of correspondence using a dark red glass in front of the fixating eye and a foveal after image in the deviating eye according to C\u00fcppers is really an efficient clinical method. In spite of the fact that we are dealing with a dissociating test this method offers these advantages: 1. The objective angle is well known at any time. 2. This method allows a sufficient discrimination in the range of 15 min. of arc. 3. There is a permanent retinal stimulation contrary to the method utilizing after-flash images.--General objections to dissociating tests, for example that given by Goldman, are only limited value, because of the fact that patients with disturbed functions must be differentiated easily from normal persons. Sources of error system mainly from inconcentrated fixation. There is a great demand for attention on the part of the patient. Using this method we have been able to show the 17 cases examined up to now a paradoxical anomaly, demonstrated by a larger subjective angle than the objective angle. Besides that we could prove that lability of correspondence, characteristic for an anomaly, and its alteration depending on which method was used. A paradoxical anomaly was also obtained with other methods such as Hering's after images alone, after image plus real object + Haidinger brushes (synoptophor). From five examples the conditions are presented under which this phenomenon was observed up to the present. The reason of paradoxical anomaly may be seen in the loss of specific ability of cortical cells to localize exactly, especially those cells which are stimulated by foveal area, so that subjective localisation becomes very inexact.", "contents": "[Experiences in the measurements of correspondence using dark red glass and according to image after C\u00fcppers (author's transl)]. The measurement of correspondence using a dark red glass in front of the fixating eye and a foveal after image in the deviating eye according to C\u00fcppers is really an efficient clinical method. In spite of the fact that we are dealing with a dissociating test this method offers these advantages: 1. The objective angle is well known at any time. 2. This method allows a sufficient discrimination in the range of 15 min. of arc. 3. There is a permanent retinal stimulation contrary to the method utilizing after-flash images.--General objections to dissociating tests, for example that given by Goldman, are only limited value, because of the fact that patients with disturbed functions must be differentiated easily from normal persons. Sources of error system mainly from inconcentrated fixation. There is a great demand for attention on the part of the patient. Using this method we have been able to show the 17 cases examined up to now a paradoxical anomaly, demonstrated by a larger subjective angle than the objective angle. Besides that we could prove that lability of correspondence, characteristic for an anomaly, and its alteration depending on which method was used. A paradoxical anomaly was also obtained with other methods such as Hering's after images alone, after image plus real object + Haidinger brushes (synoptophor). From five examples the conditions are presented under which this phenomenon was observed up to the present. The reason of paradoxical anomaly may be seen in the loss of specific ability of cortical cells to localize exactly, especially those cells which are stimulated by foveal area, so that subjective localisation becomes very inexact."}
{"id": "PMID:1195637", "title": "[C\u00fcppers' \"Fadenoperation\" for complicated eye-muscle disturbances and non-accomodative convergence-excess (author's transl)].", "content": "More than ever the \"Fadenoperation\" according to C\u00fcppers has become an important method to improve the pathological relation between eye position, innervation, and resulting motility. This is achieved by sutural fixation of an over-acting muscle far behind its original insertion. In particular a palsy can be influenced by making a handicap for the contralateral yoke muscle. 40 patients (palsies, nystagmus, strabismus incomitans), who have been treated so far, may demonstrate how the purpose of changing the innervation rather than the length of muscles can be integrated in general therapeutic schemes. The procedure is also helpful in weakening the over-acting int. rectus muscle in strabismus cases with habitual excessive convergence.", "contents": "[C\u00fcppers' \"Fadenoperation\" for complicated eye-muscle disturbances and non-accomodative convergence-excess (author's transl)]. More than ever the \"Fadenoperation\" according to C\u00fcppers has become an important method to improve the pathological relation between eye position, innervation, and resulting motility. This is achieved by sutural fixation of an over-acting muscle far behind its original insertion. In particular a palsy can be influenced by making a handicap for the contralateral yoke muscle. 40 patients (palsies, nystagmus, strabismus incomitans), who have been treated so far, may demonstrate how the purpose of changing the innervation rather than the length of muscles can be integrated in general therapeutic schemes. The procedure is also helpful in weakening the over-acting int. rectus muscle in strabismus cases with habitual excessive convergence."}
{"id": "PMID:1195638", "title": "[Results of penalisation treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of penalisation treatment are given in the cases of 233 children with squint and 9 with amblyopia without a squint angle. With regard to amblyopia treatment penalisation is indeed not so effective as direct total occlusion, but it can be used, for example when the parents or children fight against the occlusion or when a plaster allergy is present. Even in school children the near-penalisation in cases of amblyopia diagnosed too late can bring very satisfactory visual improvements (in over 50%), provide care and stamina are present. For prophylaxis against amblyopia, the penalisation is especially suitable. In only 1/3 of cases the squint angle becomes obviously smaller, and signs of incomitance are not affected. Less than one third incomitance are not affected. Less than one third of the children attain with penalisation alone binocular vision--and even this usually on the basis of anomalous development.", "contents": "[Results of penalisation treatment (author's transl)]. The results of penalisation treatment are given in the cases of 233 children with squint and 9 with amblyopia without a squint angle. With regard to amblyopia treatment penalisation is indeed not so effective as direct total occlusion, but it can be used, for example when the parents or children fight against the occlusion or when a plaster allergy is present. Even in school children the near-penalisation in cases of amblyopia diagnosed too late can bring very satisfactory visual improvements (in over 50%), provide care and stamina are present. For prophylaxis against amblyopia, the penalisation is especially suitable. In only 1/3 of cases the squint angle becomes obviously smaller, and signs of incomitance are not affected. Less than one third incomitance are not affected. Less than one third of the children attain with penalisation alone binocular vision--and even this usually on the basis of anomalous development."}
{"id": "PMID:1195639", "title": "[Postoperativ binocular function after full prismatic correction in patients with concomitant convergent strabismus and exuberance of convergence (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated the cases of 50 non amblyopic children with concomitant convergent strabismus and exuberance of convergence, in which a prolonged prismatic correction was performed. 31 children had a 5 degree higher angle of squint in near vision before the application of prism. In 13 out of 31 the angle of squint, which was measured at the gaze for distance, increased more than 6 degrees. The ratio of normal retinal correspondence (NRC) to abnormal retinal correspondence  (ARC) is 14:17. 19 patients developed only after prismatic correction of the angle of squint an exuberance of convergence. This phenomenon we call secundary exuberance of convergence. In this group the angle of squint for distance vision increased in only three children more than 6 degrees, while 6 children had a decrease by up to 11 degrees. The ratio NRC: ARC is 7:12. Postoperativ follow-up of binocular function over 4-5 years showed, that the prognosis in case of primary exuberance of convergence is worse than in secondary.", "contents": "[Postoperativ binocular function after full prismatic correction in patients with concomitant convergent strabismus and exuberance of convergence (author's transl)]. We investigated the cases of 50 non amblyopic children with concomitant convergent strabismus and exuberance of convergence, in which a prolonged prismatic correction was performed. 31 children had a 5 degree higher angle of squint in near vision before the application of prism. In 13 out of 31 the angle of squint, which was measured at the gaze for distance, increased more than 6 degrees. The ratio of normal retinal correspondence (NRC) to abnormal retinal correspondence  (ARC) is 14:17. 19 patients developed only after prismatic correction of the angle of squint an exuberance of convergence. This phenomenon we call secundary exuberance of convergence. In this group the angle of squint for distance vision increased in only three children more than 6 degrees, while 6 children had a decrease by up to 11 degrees. The ratio NRC: ARC is 7:12. Postoperativ follow-up of binocular function over 4-5 years showed, that the prognosis in case of primary exuberance of convergence is worse than in secondary."}
{"id": "PMID:1195640", "title": "[The results of surgical treatment of convergent strabismus (author's transl)].", "content": "From the results of 628 operations on strabismus convergens, the individual corrections were related to the achieved reduction of the angle of deviation. The evaluation showed that strabismus operations may be well dosed not only with a view to a general improvement of the squint angle but also as a specific influence on the squint angle as to distant vision and near vision.", "contents": "[The results of surgical treatment of convergent strabismus (author's transl)]. From the results of 628 operations on strabismus convergens, the individual corrections were related to the achieved reduction of the angle of deviation. The evaluation showed that strabismus operations may be well dosed not only with a view to a general improvement of the squint angle but also as a specific influence on the squint angle as to distant vision and near vision."}
{"id": "PMID:1195641", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of post-traumatic diplopia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the diagnosis and operative methods for the treatment of 36 patients which were operated on in the last two years. These patients included 32 with various face fractures, of which 7 had blow-out fractures. In 4 patients the diplopia was caused by injuries to the soft tissues without bony fracture. The examinations comprised x-ray methods and also ophthalmological examinations, especially with the synoptometer. In 24 operated patients, reposition of the bony fragments or autologous bone grafts were done according to the kind of injury present. Although 17 patients were operated on very late (some weeks up to several months after the trauma), in 13 patients (54%) a complete cure could be achieved, and all the other patients showed an improvement. In 3 patients there was only a minor improvement, and it was decided to perform further operations on the extrinsic eye muscles. The authors emphasize the special sense of multi-disciplinary working together in the diagnosis and therapy of patients with face injuries, while this is very important for the success of the treatment.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of post-traumatic diplopia (author's transl)]. The authors describe the diagnosis and operative methods for the treatment of 36 patients which were operated on in the last two years. These patients included 32 with various face fractures, of which 7 had blow-out fractures. In 4 patients the diplopia was caused by injuries to the soft tissues without bony fracture. The examinations comprised x-ray methods and also ophthalmological examinations, especially with the synoptometer. In 24 operated patients, reposition of the bony fragments or autologous bone grafts were done according to the kind of injury present. Although 17 patients were operated on very late (some weeks up to several months after the trauma), in 13 patients (54%) a complete cure could be achieved, and all the other patients showed an improvement. In 3 patients there was only a minor improvement, and it was decided to perform further operations on the extrinsic eye muscles. The authors emphasize the special sense of multi-disciplinary working together in the diagnosis and therapy of patients with face injuries, while this is very important for the success of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1195642", "title": "[Problems on expert classification in cases of traumatic disturbances of ocular motility (author's transl)].", "content": "The classification of reduction in ability to earn a livelihood in cases of traumatical disturbances of ocular motility is still mainly based on antiquated values which no longer do justice to the real sensomotor situations. Today new diagnostic methods, most of them developed by C\u00fcppers, give a better and more certain base as to the objectivation of the disturbances and the subjective troubles of the subjet. Moreover, new operative indications and techniques can cure them. Four cases are demonstrated as examples for an equivalent and adequate classification.", "contents": "[Problems on expert classification in cases of traumatic disturbances of ocular motility (author's transl)]. The classification of reduction in ability to earn a livelihood in cases of traumatical disturbances of ocular motility is still mainly based on antiquated values which no longer do justice to the real sensomotor situations. Today new diagnostic methods, most of them developed by C\u00fcppers, give a better and more certain base as to the objectivation of the disturbances and the subjective troubles of the subjet. Moreover, new operative indications and techniques can cure them. Four cases are demonstrated as examples for an equivalent and adequate classification."}
{"id": "PMID:1195643", "title": "[Microscopic examination of unused synthetic suturing material before and after ray-treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Unused 9/0 nylon suture show before and after ray-treatment mostly sagittal tears, besides this oblique and horizontal tears. Circumscribed distensions and attentuations were only found in suturing material which had undergone ray-treatment therapy. Microscopic examination was done in 474 cm unused suturing material, that means 203 cm 9/0 nylon sutures after and 81 cm before ray-treatment; these sutures were manufactored by the firm Klein, Heidelberg- besides this 98 cm 9/0 nylon sutures after and 92 cm before ray-treatment; these sutures were manufactored by the firm Ethicon, Hamburg.", "contents": "[Microscopic examination of unused synthetic suturing material before and after ray-treatment (author's transl)]. Unused 9/0 nylon suture show before and after ray-treatment mostly sagittal tears, besides this oblique and horizontal tears. Circumscribed distensions and attentuations were only found in suturing material which had undergone ray-treatment therapy. Microscopic examination was done in 474 cm unused suturing material, that means 203 cm 9/0 nylon sutures after and 81 cm before ray-treatment; these sutures were manufactored by the firm Klein, Heidelberg- besides this 98 cm 9/0 nylon sutures after and 92 cm before ray-treatment; these sutures were manufactored by the firm Ethicon, Hamburg."}
{"id": "PMID:1195644", "title": "[Morphology of the peripheral choriocapillaris in patients of various ages (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of the choroidal vascular system in post-mortem eyes with negative histories of ocular and systemic vascular disease showed that there are progressive capillary changes with increasing age. The investigation was limited to the equatorial and peripheral choriocapillaries. Capillary changes and a patchy vascular atrophy of the capillary layer with increasing width of the intercapillary connective tissue were observed to start in the area of the ora serrata. Atrophic changes were most commonly located in the temporal zones. In contrast to the senescent changes of the capillaries, involvement of the arterioles was relatively mild; complete obliteration of an arteriole has not been observed even in atrophic capillary zones. Causal relationships of senile capillary changes could not be ascertained on a pure morphological basis. Clinical relevance has been discussed.", "contents": "[Morphology of the peripheral choriocapillaris in patients of various ages (author's transl)]. A study of the choroidal vascular system in post-mortem eyes with negative histories of ocular and systemic vascular disease showed that there are progressive capillary changes with increasing age. The investigation was limited to the equatorial and peripheral choriocapillaries. Capillary changes and a patchy vascular atrophy of the capillary layer with increasing width of the intercapillary connective tissue were observed to start in the area of the ora serrata. Atrophic changes were most commonly located in the temporal zones. In contrast to the senescent changes of the capillaries, involvement of the arterioles was relatively mild; complete obliteration of an arteriole has not been observed even in atrophic capillary zones. Causal relationships of senile capillary changes could not be ascertained on a pure morphological basis. Clinical relevance has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195645", "title": "[Aqueous dynamics and ciliary epithelium enzyme systems (author's transl)].", "content": "Aqueous humour is produced by ultrafiltration (30%) and active ion transport (70%) predominantly achieved by nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells. They need chemical energy supplied by intracellular metabolisms. Suspensions of isolated ciliary epithelial cells and ciliary cell layers prepared from single rabbit eyes have been assayed for activities of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NAD- and NADP-depending isocitrate dehydrogenase. Levels of enzyme activity were found to be higher in the nonpigmented cell type. Enzyme activity of cell layers exceeded those of isolated cells for technical reasons. By comparing ciliary epithelial enzyme patterns to those of different tissues it may be deduced that ciliary epithelium draws its energy chiefly from pentosephosphate and citric cycle. High levels of lactate dehydrogenase activity suggest special functions of this in enzyme in aqueous formation.", "contents": "[Aqueous dynamics and ciliary epithelium enzyme systems (author's transl)]. Aqueous humour is produced by ultrafiltration (30%) and active ion transport (70%) predominantly achieved by nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells. They need chemical energy supplied by intracellular metabolisms. Suspensions of isolated ciliary epithelial cells and ciliary cell layers prepared from single rabbit eyes have been assayed for activities of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NAD- and NADP-depending isocitrate dehydrogenase. Levels of enzyme activity were found to be higher in the nonpigmented cell type. Enzyme activity of cell layers exceeded those of isolated cells for technical reasons. By comparing ciliary epithelial enzyme patterns to those of different tissues it may be deduced that ciliary epithelium draws its energy chiefly from pentosephosphate and citric cycle. High levels of lactate dehydrogenase activity suggest special functions of this in enzyme in aqueous formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1195646", "title": "[Fixation devices for the cover-test (author's transl)].", "content": "A special fixation device for distance consisting of a music box and a fixation light with changing colour is described. For near examination a fixation bar with a vertical row of pictures and numbers, and a fixation cube with pictures are recommanded.", "contents": "[Fixation devices for the cover-test (author's transl)]. A special fixation device for distance consisting of a music box and a fixation light with changing colour is described. For near examination a fixation bar with a vertical row of pictures and numbers, and a fixation cube with pictures are recommanded."}
{"id": "PMID:1195647", "title": "[Lid retraction in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia are presented. They showed an upper lid, retraction which was due to a better preservation of lid elevator function as compared to ocular elevator function.", "contents": "[Lid retraction in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)]. Three cases with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia are presented. They showed an upper lid, retraction which was due to a better preservation of lid elevator function as compared to ocular elevator function."}
{"id": "PMID:1195648", "title": "[Penalization in microtropia (author's transl)].", "content": "Near penalization was carried out in 113 children, from which 35 were younger than 5 1/2, and 78 older than 5 1/2 years. We were especially interested in the older group with small angles of squint from zero to five degrees. The treatment with regard to amblyopia in this group is difficult, but we saw also in cases with non-foveal fixation a rapid increase of the near visual acuity because of spherical overcorrection. The distant visual acuity was increased mainly to 0.6. There was no influence upon the angle of squint and the correspondence. In the younger group (below 5 1/2 years) the results with regard to visual acuity, fixation and angle of squint were more favourable. We think, that we will get these results only by occlusion and prism over- and full-correction, if there are no external reasons, such as schoolage, which prevent this treatment.", "contents": "[Penalization in microtropia (author's transl)]. Near penalization was carried out in 113 children, from which 35 were younger than 5 1/2, and 78 older than 5 1/2 years. We were especially interested in the older group with small angles of squint from zero to five degrees. The treatment with regard to amblyopia in this group is difficult, but we saw also in cases with non-foveal fixation a rapid increase of the near visual acuity because of spherical overcorrection. The distant visual acuity was increased mainly to 0.6. There was no influence upon the angle of squint and the correspondence. In the younger group (below 5 1/2 years) the results with regard to visual acuity, fixation and angle of squint were more favourable. We think, that we will get these results only by occlusion and prism over- and full-correction, if there are no external reasons, such as schoolage, which prevent this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1195649", "title": "[Contribution to the problem of central serous retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "We described extensive and multifocal serous detachment of the neuroretina in cases of Harada's disease, optic head pitting, coloboma of choroid and optic nerve-head and bullous retinal detachment (Gass). Peripapillary serous detachment occurred in an additional case after branch occlusion of central retinal artery. Systemic steroids were useful in Harada's disease. The other cases required photocoagulation or argon laser treatment. Bullous retinal detachment did not heal until a buckling procedure was performed. The serous detachment of the neuroretina is considered as an uniform tissue-reaction of choroid, pigmentepithelium and neuroretina. The pathogenesis for this is unknown.", "contents": "[Contribution to the problem of central serous retinal detachment (author's transl)]. We described extensive and multifocal serous detachment of the neuroretina in cases of Harada's disease, optic head pitting, coloboma of choroid and optic nerve-head and bullous retinal detachment (Gass). Peripapillary serous detachment occurred in an additional case after branch occlusion of central retinal artery. Systemic steroids were useful in Harada's disease. The other cases required photocoagulation or argon laser treatment. Bullous retinal detachment did not heal until a buckling procedure was performed. The serous detachment of the neuroretina is considered as an uniform tissue-reaction of choroid, pigmentepithelium and neuroretina. The pathogenesis for this is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:1195650", "title": "[Congenital hypoplasia of the optic nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors investigated 7 children with developmental anomalies of the optic disc. In all cases a typical pattern of hypoplasia was observed. In all patients was found a very marked impairment of visual acuity or even blindness of the affected eye with most frequently squint and nystagmus. Besides ophthalmological investigation, neurological examination were carried out in these children and the Wassermann reaction was determined, together with tests for toxoplasmosis and radiograms of the optic foramina.", "contents": "[Congenital hypoplasia of the optic nerve (author's transl)]. The authors investigated 7 children with developmental anomalies of the optic disc. In all cases a typical pattern of hypoplasia was observed. In all patients was found a very marked impairment of visual acuity or even blindness of the affected eye with most frequently squint and nystagmus. Besides ophthalmological investigation, neurological examination were carried out in these children and the Wassermann reaction was determined, together with tests for toxoplasmosis and radiograms of the optic foramina."}
{"id": "PMID:1195651", "title": "[Further investigations on cellular immunodeficiency in uraemic patients and the effect of haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The spontaneous rossette-formation of lymphocytes and the rate of the DNA-synthesis was determined in 33 uremic patients of the haemodialysis unit. 1. Spontaneous rosette-formation of uremic lymphocytes (39,5%,n=16) did not differ from normal lymphocytes (39,3%,n=39). 2. The absolute lymphocyte count was slightly but not significantly reduced in uremic patients compared to normal controls and the slight increase after dialysis was not significant. 3. The PHA-induced DNA-synthesis of lymphocytes of 23 uremic patients was significantly reduced compared to normal controls. 4. The reduced PHA-induced DNA-synthesis of lymphocytes of uremic patients was not different in patients dialysed two times (22 hours) per week and patients dialysed three times (30 hours) per week. 5. No correlation of the reduction of PHA-induced DNA-synthesis to the underlying renal-diseases could be found.", "contents": "[Further investigations on cellular immunodeficiency in uraemic patients and the effect of haemodialysis (author's transl)]. The spontaneous rossette-formation of lymphocytes and the rate of the DNA-synthesis was determined in 33 uremic patients of the haemodialysis unit. 1. Spontaneous rosette-formation of uremic lymphocytes (39,5%,n=16) did not differ from normal lymphocytes (39,3%,n=39). 2. The absolute lymphocyte count was slightly but not significantly reduced in uremic patients compared to normal controls and the slight increase after dialysis was not significant. 3. The PHA-induced DNA-synthesis of lymphocytes of 23 uremic patients was significantly reduced compared to normal controls. 4. The reduced PHA-induced DNA-synthesis of lymphocytes of uremic patients was not different in patients dialysed two times (22 hours) per week and patients dialysed three times (30 hours) per week. 5. No correlation of the reduction of PHA-induced DNA-synthesis to the underlying renal-diseases could be found."}
{"id": "PMID:1195652", "title": "[Morbid-anatomical findings in human bone marrow in shock (author's transl)].", "content": "In a post mortem study of shock-induced changes in the bone marrow, marrow from six different parts of the skeletal system was examined in a total of 109 patients. The comparison of a group of 64 subjects deceased in shock conditions with a control group of 25 deceased without shock showed: In 76,6% of all patients with shock, fibrin networks were found in the sinus and perisinoidal interstice of bone marrow. This can be demonstrated abundantly in every fourth patient with shock. Microthrombi and emboli occluding vessels in the marrow were seen in only 6.3% of the shock cases (controls 0%). The different forms of fibrin precipitates appear most commonly after shock caused by infection. Platelet aggregates in the vessels are seen in 28.2% of all cases with shock (controls 8%). 5% of the cases with shock showed infarction-like necroses of the bone marrow and a further 23% necroses of small cell groups. In every fifth patient with shock, a great number of nucleated blood cells and their precursors were found in the marrow sinus (controls 8%). In a third group of 20 patients with serious illness alledgedly without shock, 45 per cent had a fibrin network when compared with the control group. When several of these findings are present simultaneously, one can apply the term \"shock marrow\".", "contents": "[Morbid-anatomical findings in human bone marrow in shock (author's transl)]. In a post mortem study of shock-induced changes in the bone marrow, marrow from six different parts of the skeletal system was examined in a total of 109 patients. The comparison of a group of 64 subjects deceased in shock conditions with a control group of 25 deceased without shock showed: In 76,6% of all patients with shock, fibrin networks were found in the sinus and perisinoidal interstice of bone marrow. This can be demonstrated abundantly in every fourth patient with shock. Microthrombi and emboli occluding vessels in the marrow were seen in only 6.3% of the shock cases (controls 0%). The different forms of fibrin precipitates appear most commonly after shock caused by infection. Platelet aggregates in the vessels are seen in 28.2% of all cases with shock (controls 8%). 5% of the cases with shock showed infarction-like necroses of the bone marrow and a further 23% necroses of small cell groups. In every fifth patient with shock, a great number of nucleated blood cells and their precursors were found in the marrow sinus (controls 8%). In a third group of 20 patients with serious illness alledgedly without shock, 45 per cent had a fibrin network when compared with the control group. When several of these findings are present simultaneously, one can apply the term \"shock marrow\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1195653", "title": "Immunological study of HB-AG carriers.", "content": "The serum immunoglobulin levels, the presence of circulating autoantibodies, the number of peripheral \"atypical\" lymphocytes and the number of DNA and RNA synthesizing mononuclear cells were studied in a group of \"healthy\" HB-Ag (australia Antigen) carriers and in a group of healthy HB-Ag negative control subjects. In the HB-Ag carriers, in spite of the persistent antigenaemia, all these immunological findings were normal (as in the control subjects).", "contents": "Immunological study of HB-AG carriers. The serum immunoglobulin levels, the presence of circulating autoantibodies, the number of peripheral \"atypical\" lymphocytes and the number of DNA and RNA synthesizing mononuclear cells were studied in a group of \"healthy\" HB-Ag (australia Antigen) carriers and in a group of healthy HB-Ag negative control subjects. In the HB-Ag carriers, in spite of the persistent antigenaemia, all these immunological findings were normal (as in the control subjects)."}
{"id": "PMID:1195655", "title": "[Mode of action of bisacodyl (dulcolax) on isolated muscles of human colon (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of bisacodyl (4,4-diacetyl-bis-hydroxyphenyl-pyridyl-(2)-methan, Dulcolax) on the tone of isolated muscle strips of human colon were examined. Maximal contractions achieved by 10 mug/ml of bisacodyl were quite comparable to those due to 1 mug/ml of acetylcholine, 1 mug/ml of histamine and 0.5 mug/ml of nicotine, respectively. However, peak contractions were attained with a greater latency and could not be prevented by the anticholinergic agent atropine, the H1-antihistaminic diphenhydramin or tetrodotoxin blocking axonal conduction. On the other hand, pretreatment with verapamil -- antagonizing calcium influx into the muscle cell -- abolished bisacodyl effects. These results provide evidence for a direct action of bisacodyl on smooth muscle cells of human colon.", "contents": "[Mode of action of bisacodyl (dulcolax) on isolated muscles of human colon (author's transl)]. The effects of bisacodyl (4,4-diacetyl-bis-hydroxyphenyl-pyridyl-(2)-methan, Dulcolax) on the tone of isolated muscle strips of human colon were examined. Maximal contractions achieved by 10 mug/ml of bisacodyl were quite comparable to those due to 1 mug/ml of acetylcholine, 1 mug/ml of histamine and 0.5 mug/ml of nicotine, respectively. However, peak contractions were attained with a greater latency and could not be prevented by the anticholinergic agent atropine, the H1-antihistaminic diphenhydramin or tetrodotoxin blocking axonal conduction. On the other hand, pretreatment with verapamil -- antagonizing calcium influx into the muscle cell -- abolished bisacodyl effects. These results provide evidence for a direct action of bisacodyl on smooth muscle cells of human colon."}
{"id": "PMID:1195656", "title": "Present status of 32P-therapy in management of polycythemia vera.", "content": "The aim of this study is to assess the present status of 32P-therapy in the management of polycythemia vera. The nature of the disease and its associated clinical problems was considered with respect to the characteristics of the different therapeutic approaches. We concluded that 32P is preferably administered to older patients, especially if long term remissions are achieved, if drugs are taken unreliably, or if patients are difficult to supervise. At present chemotherapy is preferably administered to younger patients, to those who respond inadequately to 32P, or who demonstrate early relapsing hyperproliferation of granulocytopoiesis, or who require 32P-administration at intervals shorter than one year.", "contents": "Present status of 32P-therapy in management of polycythemia vera. The aim of this study is to assess the present status of 32P-therapy in the management of polycythemia vera. The nature of the disease and its associated clinical problems was considered with respect to the characteristics of the different therapeutic approaches. We concluded that 32P is preferably administered to older patients, especially if long term remissions are achieved, if drugs are taken unreliably, or if patients are difficult to supervise. At present chemotherapy is preferably administered to younger patients, to those who respond inadequately to 32P, or who demonstrate early relapsing hyperproliferation of granulocytopoiesis, or who require 32P-administration at intervals shorter than one year."}
{"id": "PMID:1195657", "title": "[The effect of acute diuresis augmentation on urea and creatinine clearance in healthy people and in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "According to earlier observations no further augmentation of urea clearance should be possible above a urine flow of 2 ml/min (so-called augmentation limit). In normal people and in patients with renal insufficiency no augmentation limit of urea and creatinine clearance could be ascertained: increasing urine flow was correlated with augmentation of urea and creatinine clearance. Calculating the protein equivalent the augmentation of urea excretion by increased diuresis seems to be of clinical importance only in the treatment of renal insufficiency with small basic diuresis.", "contents": "[The effect of acute diuresis augmentation on urea and creatinine clearance in healthy people and in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. According to earlier observations no further augmentation of urea clearance should be possible above a urine flow of 2 ml/min (so-called augmentation limit). In normal people and in patients with renal insufficiency no augmentation limit of urea and creatinine clearance could be ascertained: increasing urine flow was correlated with augmentation of urea and creatinine clearance. Calculating the protein equivalent the augmentation of urea excretion by increased diuresis seems to be of clinical importance only in the treatment of renal insufficiency with small basic diuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:1195658", "title": "[Aplastic anemia-a preleukemic stage (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 44 patients with primary and secondary aplastic anemia, four (9%) developed an acute leukemia. Cytological changes that pointed to a preleukemia were not observed during the preleukemic stage. The possibility is discussed whether a aplastic anemia and a preleukemia can be distinguished by cytological, cytochemical and cytogenetic tests, by agar-culture technique, liquid-culture and determination of reverse transcriptase.", "contents": "[Aplastic anemia-a preleukemic stage (author's transl)]. In a group of 44 patients with primary and secondary aplastic anemia, four (9%) developed an acute leukemia. Cytological changes that pointed to a preleukemia were not observed during the preleukemic stage. The possibility is discussed whether a aplastic anemia and a preleukemia can be distinguished by cytological, cytochemical and cytogenetic tests, by agar-culture technique, liquid-culture and determination of reverse transcriptase."}
{"id": "PMID:1195659", "title": "[Regan-isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in sera of cancer patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The Regan-Isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase was determined immunologically measuring the antibody-fixed tumor alkaline phosphatase activity. In 68 blood donors the normal range varied from 0.1145 to 0.6351 (delta E/20 min at 405 nm, chi = 0.3748, standard deviation = 0.1013). 28.9% of 83 patients with different carcinomas showed a pathologically elevated Regan-Isoenzyme activity in the serum. The percentage of positive results as compared to previous reports is higher due to a more sensitive technique.", "contents": "[Regan-isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in sera of cancer patients (author's transl)]. The Regan-Isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase was determined immunologically measuring the antibody-fixed tumor alkaline phosphatase activity. In 68 blood donors the normal range varied from 0.1145 to 0.6351 (delta E/20 min at 405 nm, chi = 0.3748, standard deviation = 0.1013). 28.9% of 83 patients with different carcinomas showed a pathologically elevated Regan-Isoenzyme activity in the serum. The percentage of positive results as compared to previous reports is higher due to a more sensitive technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1195660", "title": "[Investigation of the mucociliary clearance by means of 99mTc-labelled sulfur colloid (author's transl)].", "content": "The mucociliary system of the lung was studied in eight normal subjects and ten patients with chronic bronchitis, using sulfur colloids, labelled with 99mTechnetium. By recording the radioactive impulses over the lung with a scintillation camera and analysing the data with a computer, we were able to exclude extrapulmonary artefacts and to select central areas of the tracheobronchial tree. Time activity curves obtained over the central airways were interpreted by means of a model. In bronchitics the disappearance rate of the radioactive particles was found to depend upon the pattern of deposition and the degress of airway obstruction. Because of the good reproducibility in one and the same subject, the effect of drugs, influencing the mucociliary system, can be tested. We used a newly developed vagolytic substance which did not influence the mucociliary system and which reduced little the airway resistance in patients with chronic bronchitis at the administered dose.", "contents": "[Investigation of the mucociliary clearance by means of 99mTc-labelled sulfur colloid (author's transl)]. The mucociliary system of the lung was studied in eight normal subjects and ten patients with chronic bronchitis, using sulfur colloids, labelled with 99mTechnetium. By recording the radioactive impulses over the lung with a scintillation camera and analysing the data with a computer, we were able to exclude extrapulmonary artefacts and to select central areas of the tracheobronchial tree. Time activity curves obtained over the central airways were interpreted by means of a model. In bronchitics the disappearance rate of the radioactive particles was found to depend upon the pattern of deposition and the degress of airway obstruction. Because of the good reproducibility in one and the same subject, the effect of drugs, influencing the mucociliary system, can be tested. We used a newly developed vagolytic substance which did not influence the mucociliary system and which reduced little the airway resistance in patients with chronic bronchitis at the administered dose."}
{"id": "PMID:1195661", "title": "[Red cell mass and plasma volume in chronic cor pulmonale (author's transl)].", "content": "Red cell mass and plasma volume were simultaneously measured by Cr51 and J125-albumine, respectively, in 36 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and cor pulmonale. Additionally, pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas analyses as well as pulmonary circulatory and right ventricular hemodynamic measurements were performed the same day. Patients were divided into 3 clinical subgroups: 1. a predominantely emphysematous A-type (n =12), 2. a predominantly bronchial B-type (n = 12), and 3. an intermediate type (n = 12) with about equal scores for A and B. With regard to the cardiac state, A-patients were clinically characterized by small ptotic hearts on chest x-ray and the absence of overt cardiac failure during the whole course of illness whereas B-patients generally showed radiological evidence of heart dilatation associated with recurrent episodes of manifest right ventricular failure. Patients of the intermediate type mostly had recovered from cardiac failure. The following results were obtained: 1. Red cell volume, plasma volume, and total blood volume were within normal limits in A-patients and in patients of the intermediate type. A marked hypervolemia in B-patients was almost entirely due to an increased red cell volume. 2. Close correlations of the red cell volume and total blood volume, respectively, to the arterial PO2 as well as to the arterial PCO2 could be established. 3. Total blood volume was significantly correlated to certain hemodynamic parameters, including cardiac output, stroke volume, pulmonary artery pressure, and right ventricular enddiastolic pressure. 4. The quotient body hematocrit/venous hematocrit was lowered to a significant degree as compared to normal subjects. As a consequence, indirect determination of red cell volume and total blood volume from plasma volume and venous hematocrit leads to a consistent overestimation of both parameters, amounting to 28% in the mean for the red cell mass and to 12% for the total blood volume in the present series.", "contents": "[Red cell mass and plasma volume in chronic cor pulmonale (author's transl)]. Red cell mass and plasma volume were simultaneously measured by Cr51 and J125-albumine, respectively, in 36 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and cor pulmonale. Additionally, pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas analyses as well as pulmonary circulatory and right ventricular hemodynamic measurements were performed the same day. Patients were divided into 3 clinical subgroups: 1. a predominantely emphysematous A-type (n =12), 2. a predominantly bronchial B-type (n = 12), and 3. an intermediate type (n = 12) with about equal scores for A and B. With regard to the cardiac state, A-patients were clinically characterized by small ptotic hearts on chest x-ray and the absence of overt cardiac failure during the whole course of illness whereas B-patients generally showed radiological evidence of heart dilatation associated with recurrent episodes of manifest right ventricular failure. Patients of the intermediate type mostly had recovered from cardiac failure. The following results were obtained: 1. Red cell volume, plasma volume, and total blood volume were within normal limits in A-patients and in patients of the intermediate type. A marked hypervolemia in B-patients was almost entirely due to an increased red cell volume. 2. Close correlations of the red cell volume and total blood volume, respectively, to the arterial PO2 as well as to the arterial PCO2 could be established. 3. Total blood volume was significantly correlated to certain hemodynamic parameters, including cardiac output, stroke volume, pulmonary artery pressure, and right ventricular enddiastolic pressure. 4. The quotient body hematocrit/venous hematocrit was lowered to a significant degree as compared to normal subjects. As a consequence, indirect determination of red cell volume and total blood volume from plasma volume and venous hematocrit leads to a consistent overestimation of both parameters, amounting to 28% in the mean for the red cell mass and to 12% for the total blood volume in the present series."}
{"id": "PMID:1195662", "title": "[Effect of D-penicillamine on the humoral primary response (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of D-penicillamine (Pen) on the humoral primary response was studied systematically. Inbred rats are sensitized with erythrocytes of mice of one strain. Pen given at various schedules (dosage: 3 X 100 resp. 3 X 1000 mg/kg at 24 h intervals) showed no effect on antibody titer 7 days after sensitization. When Pen is given before the antigen the slope of the titer after day 7 is accelerated. Compared to experiments with alkylating drugs and antimetabolites in the same model Pen does not show immunosuppressive potency.", "contents": "[Effect of D-penicillamine on the humoral primary response (author's transl)]. The influence of D-penicillamine (Pen) on the humoral primary response was studied systematically. Inbred rats are sensitized with erythrocytes of mice of one strain. Pen given at various schedules (dosage: 3 X 100 resp. 3 X 1000 mg/kg at 24 h intervals) showed no effect on antibody titer 7 days after sensitization. When Pen is given before the antigen the slope of the titer after day 7 is accelerated. Compared to experiments with alkylating drugs and antimetabolites in the same model Pen does not show immunosuppressive potency."}
{"id": "PMID:1195663", "title": "[Perimembranous glomerulonephritis after treatment with D-penicillamine. Report on 31 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This report includes 31 patients who developed a perimembranous glomerulonephritis generally 7 months after the onset of the treatment of various illnesses with D-Penicillamine. In all cases the patients had a proteinuria, associated with a hematuria in 12 cases. After the treatment was stopped 8 patients rapidly developed a nephrotic syndrome, while its onset was more gradual in 12 other patients. 5 patients initially with a nephrotic syndrome had no proteinuria at the time of a second biopsy made up to 12 months later. In these 5 cases the typical changes of perimembranous glomerulonephritis observed on electron microscopy were much reduced in the second biopsy.", "contents": "[Perimembranous glomerulonephritis after treatment with D-penicillamine. Report on 31 cases (author's transl)]. This report includes 31 patients who developed a perimembranous glomerulonephritis generally 7 months after the onset of the treatment of various illnesses with D-Penicillamine. In all cases the patients had a proteinuria, associated with a hematuria in 12 cases. After the treatment was stopped 8 patients rapidly developed a nephrotic syndrome, while its onset was more gradual in 12 other patients. 5 patients initially with a nephrotic syndrome had no proteinuria at the time of a second biopsy made up to 12 months later. In these 5 cases the typical changes of perimembranous glomerulonephritis observed on electron microscopy were much reduced in the second biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1195668", "title": "The pathogenesis of Vaccinia virus toxicity. I. The role of virus-platelet interaction.", "content": "When mice are injected intravenously with a large dose of vaccinia virus, prepared in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma of the mouse, there is a precipitous loss of plasma fibrinogen and blood platelets. Death occurs usually within 24 hours. A specific role of the virus in this toxic syndrome can be demonstrated when heparin is employed to circumvent intravascular coagulation and fibrinogen loss. Heparin does not prevent a profound thrombocytopenia from occurring, but it modifies the rate of platelet loss. Toxicity is prevented when heparinized virus preparations are pretreated with beta-propiolactone or specific antibody, although a mild thrombocytopenia occurs. Thrombocytopenia does not occur in mice injected with heparinized material prepared from uninfected tumors. These studies indicate that the basic mechanism of vaccinia virus toxicity is an early interaction between infectious virus and blood platelets, with marked thrombocytopenia and consequential pathophysiologic changes.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Vaccinia virus toxicity. I. The role of virus-platelet interaction. When mice are injected intravenously with a large dose of vaccinia virus, prepared in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma of the mouse, there is a precipitous loss of plasma fibrinogen and blood platelets. Death occurs usually within 24 hours. A specific role of the virus in this toxic syndrome can be demonstrated when heparin is employed to circumvent intravascular coagulation and fibrinogen loss. Heparin does not prevent a profound thrombocytopenia from occurring, but it modifies the rate of platelet loss. Toxicity is prevented when heparinized virus preparations are pretreated with beta-propiolactone or specific antibody, although a mild thrombocytopenia occurs. Thrombocytopenia does not occur in mice injected with heparinized material prepared from uninfected tumors. These studies indicate that the basic mechanism of vaccinia virus toxicity is an early interaction between infectious virus and blood platelets, with marked thrombocytopenia and consequential pathophysiologic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1195692", "title": "Personal evaluations, laughter, and affective judgments.", "content": "Fifty-six subjects read positive or negative evaluations of their personality made by a bogus same-sex peer and then rated their immediate feelings. A second group of 22 subjects rated their feelings after reading the evaluations of a third person. It was found that personal evaluations evoked more spontaneous laughter than did the evaluation of a third person (p less than .001). Inclusion of the factor of laughter in the experimental design disclosed that subjects who laughed felt more pleasant than those who did not laugh (p less than .008) and that laughter was associated with affective state only in the negative evaluation condition (p less than .003).. Also, positive evaluations made the subjects feel good, and negative ones made them feel bad (p less than .001). Results seemed to suggest that extreme affective arousal engenders laughter which, in turn, alters the judgments of one's affective state.", "contents": "Personal evaluations, laughter, and affective judgments. Fifty-six subjects read positive or negative evaluations of their personality made by a bogus same-sex peer and then rated their immediate feelings. A second group of 22 subjects rated their feelings after reading the evaluations of a third person. It was found that personal evaluations evoked more spontaneous laughter than did the evaluation of a third person (p less than .001). Inclusion of the factor of laughter in the experimental design disclosed that subjects who laughed felt more pleasant than those who did not laugh (p less than .008) and that laughter was associated with affective state only in the negative evaluation condition (p less than .003).. Also, positive evaluations made the subjects feel good, and negative ones made them feel bad (p less than .001). Results seemed to suggest that extreme affective arousal engenders laughter which, in turn, alters the judgments of one's affective state."}
{"id": "PMID:1195694", "title": "Habitual exercisers: a blood serum and personality profile.", "content": "In summary, this study indicated that those subjects who participated in regular physical activity were distinguished from nonexercisers by being more tough-minded, prudent, and relaxed in so far as their personality characteristics (16 PF) are concerned. If we consider the above mentioned statement by Birren, it is our feeling that these traits are highly desirable for interpersonal relations and are antithetic to the theory of avoidance behavior shown to increase with age. In relation to the blood serum profile, the habitual exercisers were seen to possess, in particular, lower levels of serum alkaline phosphatase. This finding may be indicative of the compressive or tensile effect of chronic physical activity on the skeletal system and has led us to embark upon further studies in this area.", "contents": "Habitual exercisers: a blood serum and personality profile. In summary, this study indicated that those subjects who participated in regular physical activity were distinguished from nonexercisers by being more tough-minded, prudent, and relaxed in so far as their personality characteristics (16 PF) are concerned. If we consider the above mentioned statement by Birren, it is our feeling that these traits are highly desirable for interpersonal relations and are antithetic to the theory of avoidance behavior shown to increase with age. In relation to the blood serum profile, the habitual exercisers were seen to possess, in particular, lower levels of serum alkaline phosphatase. This finding may be indicative of the compressive or tensile effect of chronic physical activity on the skeletal system and has led us to embark upon further studies in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:1195695", "title": "Cardiac stroke volume: effects of athletic training.", "content": "A high capacity oxygen transport system requires a large cardiac stroke volume. This may be achieved by an increase in the systolic emptying of the heart as might occur with training programs of one to three months. Any major increase in stroke volume must be achieved by an increase in the diastolic heart volume. Only the athlete with an extraordinary degree of endurance fitness develops this change and it likely requires at least a few years of training. Some of this training may have to take place during puberty and rapid growth years. To some extent the capacity to increase stroke volume may be genetically determined. We have no information on the best way to train the heart to have a high stroke volume. The inadequate data available suggest that moderately intense interval work with supine recovery periods results in the largest possible stroke volume, but it is not known whether this is of any practical value for training athletes.", "contents": "Cardiac stroke volume: effects of athletic training. A high capacity oxygen transport system requires a large cardiac stroke volume. This may be achieved by an increase in the systolic emptying of the heart as might occur with training programs of one to three months. Any major increase in stroke volume must be achieved by an increase in the diastolic heart volume. Only the athlete with an extraordinary degree of endurance fitness develops this change and it likely requires at least a few years of training. Some of this training may have to take place during puberty and rapid growth years. To some extent the capacity to increase stroke volume may be genetically determined. We have no information on the best way to train the heart to have a high stroke volume. The inadequate data available suggest that moderately intense interval work with supine recovery periods results in the largest possible stroke volume, but it is not known whether this is of any practical value for training athletes."}
{"id": "PMID:1195697", "title": "Swimming and cardiovascular fitness in the older age group.", "content": "Coronary artery disease is an extraordinarily common and devastating disorder of middle aged and even young men in the United States and Western Europe. An increasing risk of developing the disease is associated with such factors as high blood pressure, obesity, high levels of cholesterol in the blood serum, cigarette smoking, certain behavioral patterns, decreased vital capacity and a low level of physical activity. There is much evidence to indicate that exercise may well help prevent heart attacks through such mechanisms as increasing heart efficiency, decreasing the level of serum cholesterol, decreasing obesity, decreasing high blood pressure and promoting psychic well-being. It is necessary, however, that the exercise be continued throughout life. Athletic activity in high school or college is of no help in later years. The exercise must be part of a regular scheduled year-round activity. It is suggested that swimming has many unique advantages for such an endeavor. The Amateur Athletic Union of the United States has developed competition in older age groups as a motivating force for the continuance of a regular training program of a healthful nature.", "contents": "Swimming and cardiovascular fitness in the older age group. Coronary artery disease is an extraordinarily common and devastating disorder of middle aged and even young men in the United States and Western Europe. An increasing risk of developing the disease is associated with such factors as high blood pressure, obesity, high levels of cholesterol in the blood serum, cigarette smoking, certain behavioral patterns, decreased vital capacity and a low level of physical activity. There is much evidence to indicate that exercise may well help prevent heart attacks through such mechanisms as increasing heart efficiency, decreasing the level of serum cholesterol, decreasing obesity, decreasing high blood pressure and promoting psychic well-being. It is necessary, however, that the exercise be continued throughout life. Athletic activity in high school or college is of no help in later years. The exercise must be part of a regular scheduled year-round activity. It is suggested that swimming has many unique advantages for such an endeavor. The Amateur Athletic Union of the United States has developed competition in older age groups as a motivating force for the continuance of a regular training program of a healthful nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1195703", "title": "Traumatic joint effusion and the synovium.", "content": "The morphology and function of synovial membrane is considered for its roles in development of traumatic joint effusions. Careful diagnostic study, including analysis of synovial fluid, is needed to be certain that one is dealing with uncomplicated traumatic effusion. Conservative treatment with cold application, rest and aspiration, seems effective and in line with known, basic experimental work for this generally self-limiting problem.", "contents": "Traumatic joint effusion and the synovium. The morphology and function of synovial membrane is considered for its roles in development of traumatic joint effusions. Careful diagnostic study, including analysis of synovial fluid, is needed to be certain that one is dealing with uncomplicated traumatic effusion. Conservative treatment with cold application, rest and aspiration, seems effective and in line with known, basic experimental work for this generally self-limiting problem."}
{"id": "PMID:1195702", "title": "Stereotypes of football players as a function of positions.", "content": "Sports experts agree that different football positions require different personality characteristics and a varied level of motor skill, e.g., quarterback position presumably demands a calm personality, a cerebral endowment, and great motor finesse. By contrast, some other positions may require sheer physical strength and a combative aggressive personality. This study investigated whether football coaches stereotype players according to their various positions and attempted to determine the profile, magnitude and consistency of such stereotyping on both personality traits and motor skill dimensions. This study also investigated the relationship between such stereotypes and the players' scores on psychological tests. On two separate occasions, each of six coaches rated thirteen football positions as to their players' motor skill and personality characteristics. Coaches were instructed to base their ratings on their actual experiences with the players of each position throughout their coaching careers. MMPI-derived scales and the 16 PF test were administered to 251 players. Test-retest correlation coefficients indicate that the six coaches were reliably stable in their stereotypes of the players. Coefficients of concordance indicate significant agreement among the coaches on the stereotypes. Only the 16 PF scores yielded a personality picture consistent with the coaches' stereotypes. Effect of such stereotyping on interpersonal relationships between coach and player are discussed.", "contents": "Stereotypes of football players as a function of positions. Sports experts agree that different football positions require different personality characteristics and a varied level of motor skill, e.g., quarterback position presumably demands a calm personality, a cerebral endowment, and great motor finesse. By contrast, some other positions may require sheer physical strength and a combative aggressive personality. This study investigated whether football coaches stereotype players according to their various positions and attempted to determine the profile, magnitude and consistency of such stereotyping on both personality traits and motor skill dimensions. This study also investigated the relationship between such stereotypes and the players' scores on psychological tests. On two separate occasions, each of six coaches rated thirteen football positions as to their players' motor skill and personality characteristics. Coaches were instructed to base their ratings on their actual experiences with the players of each position throughout their coaching careers. MMPI-derived scales and the 16 PF test were administered to 251 players. Test-retest correlation coefficients indicate that the six coaches were reliably stable in their stereotypes of the players. Coefficients of concordance indicate significant agreement among the coaches on the stereotypes. Only the 16 PF scores yielded a personality picture consistent with the coaches' stereotypes. Effect of such stereotyping on interpersonal relationships between coach and player are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1195705", "title": "Adrenaline, arousal and sport.", "content": "In general, the literautre review provides theoretical explanations for the popular, common-sense belief that a little stress improves performance, whereas when stress becomes severe, performance declines and ultimately breaks down. In terms of psychological stress (as opposed to physiological) the single most important variable appears to be the subject's interpretation of the stress-producing stimuli. Increases in adrenaline and noradrenaline accompany a variety of emotional responses, but differential proportions are not seen as characterizing the various emotions. Noradrenaline secretion appears to be related to physiological stress, or the amount of work attempted by the organism. Adrenaline secretion seems to be more-directly related to mental stress and emotional response. As emotional involvement increases, adrenal medullary secretion of adrenaline increases. The accompanying physiological and metabolic responses faciltate performance to a point; however, extremely high levels of arousal may adversely affect the athlete's proficiency. This is expecially true of sport skills requiring steadiness, precision, and concentration. Finally, for the sake of perspective, it should be stated that any contribution or complication created by the catecholamines is minimal when the entire ability range of competitors is considered. Whereas near superhuman feats by ordinary individuals caught in life-threatening situations have been reported, variations of great magnitude are unlikely in sport. The average individual is not transformed into a world class athlete merely by \"getting the adrenaline flowing.\" Among athletes of similar physical stature and physiological function, however, adrenaline and arousal may certainly tip the scale of performance in sport.", "contents": "Adrenaline, arousal and sport. In general, the literautre review provides theoretical explanations for the popular, common-sense belief that a little stress improves performance, whereas when stress becomes severe, performance declines and ultimately breaks down. In terms of psychological stress (as opposed to physiological) the single most important variable appears to be the subject's interpretation of the stress-producing stimuli. Increases in adrenaline and noradrenaline accompany a variety of emotional responses, but differential proportions are not seen as characterizing the various emotions. Noradrenaline secretion appears to be related to physiological stress, or the amount of work attempted by the organism. Adrenaline secretion seems to be more-directly related to mental stress and emotional response. As emotional involvement increases, adrenal medullary secretion of adrenaline increases. The accompanying physiological and metabolic responses faciltate performance to a point; however, extremely high levels of arousal may adversely affect the athlete's proficiency. This is expecially true of sport skills requiring steadiness, precision, and concentration. Finally, for the sake of perspective, it should be stated that any contribution or complication created by the catecholamines is minimal when the entire ability range of competitors is considered. Whereas near superhuman feats by ordinary individuals caught in life-threatening situations have been reported, variations of great magnitude are unlikely in sport. The average individual is not transformed into a world class athlete merely by \"getting the adrenaline flowing.\" Among athletes of similar physical stature and physiological function, however, adrenaline and arousal may certainly tip the scale of performance in sport."}
{"id": "PMID:1195706", "title": "\"Helicopter\" fracture.", "content": "An interesting fracture of the fibula is described which occurs very close to the radiographic isthmus of the bone. This fracture is produced by a rotational maneuver but does not result in a rotational type injury. It is our conclusion that these fractures were produced by a force distributed along the long axis of the fibula and bear a direct relationship to that fibula's anatomical ability or inability to transmit the force required of it at the moment of forcible dorsiflexion of the foot.", "contents": "\"Helicopter\" fracture. An interesting fracture of the fibula is described which occurs very close to the radiographic isthmus of the bone. This fracture is produced by a rotational maneuver but does not result in a rotational type injury. It is our conclusion that these fractures were produced by a force distributed along the long axis of the fibula and bear a direct relationship to that fibula's anatomical ability or inability to transmit the force required of it at the moment of forcible dorsiflexion of the foot."}
{"id": "PMID:1195711", "title": "The effects of conditioning on cardiorespiratory function in adolescent boys.", "content": "Pulse rate and oxygen consumption were measured for 19 boys (agen 12-13) assigned to either Distance, Interval, or No-Training regimens, during a 5 min. run at 6 m.p.h., zero % grade on a motor driven treadmill prior to a 12 week conditioning period, following conditioning, and after four months of deconditioning. Oxygen consumption was assessed by opencircuitry and heart rate monitored by direct electrocardiography. Both conditioning groups significantly improved cardiovascular fitness (Distance group: 175-152 beats/min. and Interval group: 175-159 beats/min.) at P less than .01, but no differences were noted between them. They differed significantly from the Control group (P less than .05) which showed no change (172-173 beats/min.). No significant differences occurred between any of the groups for Vo2 variables, but Within group analysis statistically favored the Distance group. Post-conditioning and -deconditioning comparisoms indicated taht deconditioning had a deleterious effect on cardiorespiratory function. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved to the extent that competitive running events of 2-6 miles are suggested for this age group, but as the data indicated, only after sufficient training. Task similarity of training and standard test and running volume apparently afforded a slightly greater improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness in the Distance group. Marked deterioration of fitness during deconditioning was attributed to complete absence of a training stimulus.", "contents": "The effects of conditioning on cardiorespiratory function in adolescent boys. Pulse rate and oxygen consumption were measured for 19 boys (agen 12-13) assigned to either Distance, Interval, or No-Training regimens, during a 5 min. run at 6 m.p.h., zero % grade on a motor driven treadmill prior to a 12 week conditioning period, following conditioning, and after four months of deconditioning. Oxygen consumption was assessed by opencircuitry and heart rate monitored by direct electrocardiography. Both conditioning groups significantly improved cardiovascular fitness (Distance group: 175-152 beats/min. and Interval group: 175-159 beats/min.) at P less than .01, but no differences were noted between them. They differed significantly from the Control group (P less than .05) which showed no change (172-173 beats/min.). No significant differences occurred between any of the groups for Vo2 variables, but Within group analysis statistically favored the Distance group. Post-conditioning and -deconditioning comparisoms indicated taht deconditioning had a deleterious effect on cardiorespiratory function. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved to the extent that competitive running events of 2-6 miles are suggested for this age group, but as the data indicated, only after sufficient training. Task similarity of training and standard test and running volume apparently afforded a slightly greater improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness in the Distance group. Marked deterioration of fitness during deconditioning was attributed to complete absence of a training stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:1195742", "title": "Heat production and metabolism during the contraction of mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "Methods are described whereby initial processes of muscular contraction may be investigated in a mammalian preparation, the soleus muscle of the rat. Conditions are chosen so that recovery is avoided. An isometric tetanus is investigated and an energy balance sheet is drawn up. It is found that there is more heat evolved than can be accounted for in terms of measured chemical reaction. This discrepancy is discussed with reference to the similar results that have been obtained using frog muscle.", "contents": "Heat production and metabolism during the contraction of mammalian skeletal muscle. Methods are described whereby initial processes of muscular contraction may be investigated in a mammalian preparation, the soleus muscle of the rat. Conditions are chosen so that recovery is avoided. An isometric tetanus is investigated and an energy balance sheet is drawn up. It is found that there is more heat evolved than can be accounted for in terms of measured chemical reaction. This discrepancy is discussed with reference to the similar results that have been obtained using frog muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1195743", "title": "Conformational flexibility and structure of creatine kinase.", "content": "The structural flexibility of creatine kinase has been investigated with the covalent hydrophobic probe 2-[4'-(2\"-iodoacetamido) phenyl] aminonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (IAANS) which reacts at vastly different rates with the two subunits to give a protein conjugate with fluorescence characteristic of reaction with a site in a hydrophobic cleft. Binding of purine nucleotides greatly enhances the probe fluorescence while pyrimidine nucleotides quench the fluorescence. Small anions bind to nucleotide-free creatine kinase near the location of the transferable phosphoryl group and quench both the IAANS fluorescence of modified creatine kinase and the tryptophan fluorescence of native creatine kinase. Chloride and nitrate non-competitively inhibit MgADP binding both with and without creatine. Fluorescence energy transfer demonstrates that the active sites of creatine kinase are well separated and become further apart after the nucleotide-induced conformational change.", "contents": "Conformational flexibility and structure of creatine kinase. The structural flexibility of creatine kinase has been investigated with the covalent hydrophobic probe 2-[4'-(2\"-iodoacetamido) phenyl] aminonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (IAANS) which reacts at vastly different rates with the two subunits to give a protein conjugate with fluorescence characteristic of reaction with a site in a hydrophobic cleft. Binding of purine nucleotides greatly enhances the probe fluorescence while pyrimidine nucleotides quench the fluorescence. Small anions bind to nucleotide-free creatine kinase near the location of the transferable phosphoryl group and quench both the IAANS fluorescence of modified creatine kinase and the tryptophan fluorescence of native creatine kinase. Chloride and nitrate non-competitively inhibit MgADP binding both with and without creatine. Fluorescence energy transfer demonstrates that the active sites of creatine kinase are well separated and become further apart after the nucleotide-induced conformational change."}
{"id": "PMID:1195778", "title": "Successful surgical repair of aortico-left ventricular tunnel in an infant.", "content": "Aortico-left ventricular tunnel is a rare congenital malformation in which a perivalvular tunnel produces free communication between the aortic root and left ventricle. The hemodynamic consequences of this lesion are similar to those of aortic valve incompetence. Infants with this condition have clinical findings that should suggest it as a diagnostic possibility, and aortic root angiocardiography can establish the diagnosis. Early severe congestive heart failure is common in infants with this malformation, and in such patients prompt surgical correction of the deformity is recommended. This paper reports surgical correction of aortico-left ventricular tunnel in a 9-month-old child, the first reported patient to be successfully operated on before age 2 years.", "contents": "Successful surgical repair of aortico-left ventricular tunnel in an infant. Aortico-left ventricular tunnel is a rare congenital malformation in which a perivalvular tunnel produces free communication between the aortic root and left ventricle. The hemodynamic consequences of this lesion are similar to those of aortic valve incompetence. Infants with this condition have clinical findings that should suggest it as a diagnostic possibility, and aortic root angiocardiography can establish the diagnosis. Early severe congestive heart failure is common in infants with this malformation, and in such patients prompt surgical correction of the deformity is recommended. This paper reports surgical correction of aortico-left ventricular tunnel in a 9-month-old child, the first reported patient to be successfully operated on before age 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1195779", "title": "C-peptide analysis in diagnosis of factitial hypoglycemia in an insulin-dependent diabetic.", "content": "Factitial hypoglycemia from the surreptitious self-administration of insulin by an insulin-dependent diabetic, shown to have C-peptide secretory ability by glucose and tolbutamide stimulation tests, was strongly suspected by finding low plasma C-peptide immuno-reactivity and high plasma insulin levels during \"spontaneous\" hypoglycemia whereas during hyperglycemia the D-peptide immunoreacitivity was higher and the plasma insulin was lower.", "contents": "C-peptide analysis in diagnosis of factitial hypoglycemia in an insulin-dependent diabetic. Factitial hypoglycemia from the surreptitious self-administration of insulin by an insulin-dependent diabetic, shown to have C-peptide secretory ability by glucose and tolbutamide stimulation tests, was strongly suspected by finding low plasma C-peptide immuno-reactivity and high plasma insulin levels during \"spontaneous\" hypoglycemia whereas during hyperglycemia the D-peptide immunoreacitivity was higher and the plasma insulin was lower."}
{"id": "PMID:1195780", "title": "Mediastinal granuloma.", "content": "In a group of 47 patients with mediastinal granulomas, the most common clinical symptoms were cough, chest pain, dysphagia, hemoptysis, and dyspnea. The main laboratory findings were right paratracheal or hilar mass on chest roentgenogram, positive histoplasmin skin test, and caseating granuloma on histopathologic examination. Complications included fibrosing mediastinitis with superior vena cava obstruction, esophageal compression, and major upper airway compression. Treatment was usually surgical resection or evacuation of caseous contents. The prognosis in most patients with mediastinal granulomas appears to be good--long-term survival with minimal or no disability.", "contents": "Mediastinal granuloma. In a group of 47 patients with mediastinal granulomas, the most common clinical symptoms were cough, chest pain, dysphagia, hemoptysis, and dyspnea. The main laboratory findings were right paratracheal or hilar mass on chest roentgenogram, positive histoplasmin skin test, and caseating granuloma on histopathologic examination. Complications included fibrosing mediastinitis with superior vena cava obstruction, esophageal compression, and major upper airway compression. Treatment was usually surgical resection or evacuation of caseous contents. The prognosis in most patients with mediastinal granulomas appears to be good--long-term survival with minimal or no disability."}
{"id": "PMID:1195781", "title": "Surreptitious laxative ingestion. Delayed recognition of a serious condition: a case report.", "content": "A 46-year-old man with chronic diarrhea underwent exhaustive investigations, including laparotomy, but a definitive diagnosis could not be made. It was not until a colonoscopic biopsy demonstrated the pigment of melanosis coli that the surreptitious use of laxatives was considered seriously. This diagnosis was confirmed by simple chemical tests that demonstrated phenolphthalein in the feces and urine.", "contents": "Surreptitious laxative ingestion. Delayed recognition of a serious condition: a case report. A 46-year-old man with chronic diarrhea underwent exhaustive investigations, including laparotomy, but a definitive diagnosis could not be made. It was not until a colonoscopic biopsy demonstrated the pigment of melanosis coli that the surreptitious use of laxatives was considered seriously. This diagnosis was confirmed by simple chemical tests that demonstrated phenolphthalein in the feces and urine."}
{"id": "PMID:1195786", "title": "Age-related changes in a spontaneously reassociating fraction of mouse DNA.", "content": "Rapidly reassociating fractions have been isolated from mouse brain and liver nuclear DNA by hydroxyapatite fractionation of sonicated and denatured preparations incubated at a Cot of 1. When prepared by thermal denaturation, a subfraction of this DNA, representing approximately 0.6% of liver and brain DNA, has been shown to spontaneously reassociate at Cot 10(-5). This fraction increases 3-fold in DNA from old animals. When prepared by alkaline denaturation or treated with pronase, no age-related increase is observed, suggesting the presence of an alkali-labile stabilizing protein component in DNA from old cells. A portion of this fraction is observed by electron microscopy under denaturing conditions to consists of looped hairpin structures in DNA from old, but not from yound or mature animals. These structures are not seen after pronase treatment.", "contents": "Age-related changes in a spontaneously reassociating fraction of mouse DNA. Rapidly reassociating fractions have been isolated from mouse brain and liver nuclear DNA by hydroxyapatite fractionation of sonicated and denatured preparations incubated at a Cot of 1. When prepared by thermal denaturation, a subfraction of this DNA, representing approximately 0.6% of liver and brain DNA, has been shown to spontaneously reassociate at Cot 10(-5). This fraction increases 3-fold in DNA from old animals. When prepared by alkaline denaturation or treated with pronase, no age-related increase is observed, suggesting the presence of an alkali-labile stabilizing protein component in DNA from old cells. A portion of this fraction is observed by electron microscopy under denaturing conditions to consists of looped hairpin structures in DNA from old, but not from yound or mature animals. These structures are not seen after pronase treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1195785", "title": "Cholesterol turnover in plasma, aorta, muscles and erythrocytes in young and old rats.", "content": "Turnover of cholesterol was measured in 2 and 14 months old male rats (120 yound and 109 old) using a single intravenous injection of 3H-cholesterol and following the radioactivity of serum, aorta and muscle for 12 days. Blood cholesterol level is higher in the older animals. T 1/2 of the fast exchanging pool of cholesterol (compartment A) is 0.7 days in young rats and 0.9 days in the old rats )p is less than 0.025). T 1/2 of the slow exchanging pool of cholesterol (compartment B) in the young rats is 22 days and 32 days in the old rats (p is less than 0.025). Additional mathematical analysis showed that there is a decrease of the production of cholesterol and slower removal of cholesterol from both pools during aging. The effect of aging on cholesterol metabolism is exactly the opposite to the effect of cholestyramine as described in the literature. The speed of exchange of 3H-cholesterol between the plasma lipoproteins and erythrocytes is the same in the young and old rats both in vivo and in vitro measurements. Exchange of cholesterol between the blood and muscle or aorta is slower in older animals. Specific activity of the aorta in the old animals never reaches the specific activity of the blood. This shows that a part of the cholesterol pool in the aorta of old animals in metabolically very inert.", "contents": "Cholesterol turnover in plasma, aorta, muscles and erythrocytes in young and old rats. Turnover of cholesterol was measured in 2 and 14 months old male rats (120 yound and 109 old) using a single intravenous injection of 3H-cholesterol and following the radioactivity of serum, aorta and muscle for 12 days. Blood cholesterol level is higher in the older animals. T 1/2 of the fast exchanging pool of cholesterol (compartment A) is 0.7 days in young rats and 0.9 days in the old rats )p is less than 0.025). T 1/2 of the slow exchanging pool of cholesterol (compartment B) in the young rats is 22 days and 32 days in the old rats (p is less than 0.025). Additional mathematical analysis showed that there is a decrease of the production of cholesterol and slower removal of cholesterol from both pools during aging. The effect of aging on cholesterol metabolism is exactly the opposite to the effect of cholestyramine as described in the literature. The speed of exchange of 3H-cholesterol between the plasma lipoproteins and erythrocytes is the same in the young and old rats both in vivo and in vitro measurements. Exchange of cholesterol between the blood and muscle or aorta is slower in older animals. Specific activity of the aorta in the old animals never reaches the specific activity of the blood. This shows that a part of the cholesterol pool in the aorta of old animals in metabolically very inert."}
{"id": "PMID:1195787", "title": "Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine in different tissues of human embryos.", "content": "The collagen content in various tissues of human embryos was studied at four different steps of the maturation process. The umbilical cord of a 16-17 week old embryo was found to be active in collagen biosynthesis, Tibia, articular cartilage and skin showed of a peak of total hydroxyproline in the 16-17th week, decreasing later on, while the hydroxyproline decreased in umbilical cord from the 15-16th week to the 24th week. Hydroxylysine followed the hydroxyproline changes in articular cartilage and umbilical cord.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine in different tissues of human embryos. The collagen content in various tissues of human embryos was studied at four different steps of the maturation process. The umbilical cord of a 16-17 week old embryo was found to be active in collagen biosynthesis, Tibia, articular cartilage and skin showed of a peak of total hydroxyproline in the 16-17th week, decreasing later on, while the hydroxyproline decreased in umbilical cord from the 15-16th week to the 24th week. Hydroxylysine followed the hydroxyproline changes in articular cartilage and umbilical cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1195788", "title": "The lack of altered enzyme molecules in \"senescent\" mouse embryo fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "In order to compare the biochemical events occurring in senescent animals in vivo with those of fibroblasts demonstrating a limited life span in tissue culture, experiments were performed to determine whether altered enzyme molecules are produced in late passage mouse embryo fibroblasts in tissue culture. Such altered enzymes have been previously described by us in both senescent mice and nematodes. Fibroblast cultures, initiated from BALB/c embryos underwent approximately 7 population doublings before reaching stationary phase. A comparison was made of the enzyme activity and the quantity of antigen of the enzyme aldolase present in these cultures. The amound of aldolase per cell as well as the amount of enzyme per unit of antigen remained constant throughout the in vitro lifespan of these cells. Further evidence testifying to a lack of enzyme alteration in vitro was obtained in experiments testing temperature sensitivity. The aldolase from all passages was equally sensitive to heating at 60 degrees C.", "contents": "The lack of altered enzyme molecules in \"senescent\" mouse embryo fibroblasts in culture. In order to compare the biochemical events occurring in senescent animals in vivo with those of fibroblasts demonstrating a limited life span in tissue culture, experiments were performed to determine whether altered enzyme molecules are produced in late passage mouse embryo fibroblasts in tissue culture. Such altered enzymes have been previously described by us in both senescent mice and nematodes. Fibroblast cultures, initiated from BALB/c embryos underwent approximately 7 population doublings before reaching stationary phase. A comparison was made of the enzyme activity and the quantity of antigen of the enzyme aldolase present in these cultures. The amound of aldolase per cell as well as the amount of enzyme per unit of antigen remained constant throughout the in vitro lifespan of these cells. Further evidence testifying to a lack of enzyme alteration in vitro was obtained in experiments testing temperature sensitivity. The aldolase from all passages was equally sensitive to heating at 60 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:1195898", "title": "Lay-professional conflict in a Canadian community health center: a case report.", "content": "Early in 1974, the entire medical staff resigned from the Regina Community Clinic over a dispute with the lay board of directors. The turbulent history of this pioneer consumer-sponsored clinic is reviewed and documented. The affair provides a case study in the conflict between the traditional professional dominance of doctors and the demand of consumers for a role in decision-making in areas of health care delivery.", "contents": "Lay-professional conflict in a Canadian community health center: a case report. Early in 1974, the entire medical staff resigned from the Regina Community Clinic over a dispute with the lay board of directors. The turbulent history of this pioneer consumer-sponsored clinic is reviewed and documented. The affair provides a case study in the conflict between the traditional professional dominance of doctors and the demand of consumers for a role in decision-making in areas of health care delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:1195899", "title": "Medical ideologies in conflict.", "content": "During the 1960s, the growing dissent within the medical profession heightened the ideological differences among physicians. This paper focuses on the ideological differences among three groups within medicine: traditionalists, liberals, and radicals. A content analysis of selected medical editorials and articles during 1972 was used to identify differences in ideological content for the following areas: professional unity; authority; self-regulations; self-education; the role of health professionals; manpower; medical education; research; health care; financing health care; and governmental relations.", "contents": "Medical ideologies in conflict. During the 1960s, the growing dissent within the medical profession heightened the ideological differences among physicians. This paper focuses on the ideological differences among three groups within medicine: traditionalists, liberals, and radicals. A content analysis of selected medical editorials and articles during 1972 was used to identify differences in ideological content for the following areas: professional unity; authority; self-regulations; self-education; the role of health professionals; manpower; medical education; research; health care; financing health care; and governmental relations."}
{"id": "PMID:1195900", "title": "Use of traditional Indian medicine among urban native Americans.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic explanation of the use of traditional medicine among the native American population living in the San Francisco Bay area. Several hypotheses concerning the factors associated with this behavior are tested. These include tribal grouping, socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, as well as the relationship between traditional medicine and modern Anglo medicine. The analysis is based on a probability sample of 277 native American families, systematically drawn from a specially prepared list of 5,000 in three Bay area counties with the largest native American population (Alameda, San Francisco, and Santa Clara). Traditional medicine was used by almost one of three families in the sample and it is shown that use of traditional medicine, although related to sociocultural factors, did not detract from the use of modern Anglo medicine.", "contents": "Use of traditional Indian medicine among urban native Americans. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic explanation of the use of traditional medicine among the native American population living in the San Francisco Bay area. Several hypotheses concerning the factors associated with this behavior are tested. These include tribal grouping, socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, as well as the relationship between traditional medicine and modern Anglo medicine. The analysis is based on a probability sample of 277 native American families, systematically drawn from a specially prepared list of 5,000 in three Bay area counties with the largest native American population (Alameda, San Francisco, and Santa Clara). Traditional medicine was used by almost one of three families in the sample and it is shown that use of traditional medicine, although related to sociocultural factors, did not detract from the use of modern Anglo medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:1195901", "title": "Inequality of the services received by individuals: a suggested index and an illustrative application.", "content": "Population groups that are homogeneous with respect to such factors as insurance status, income level, and proximity to sources of care can still exhibit great internal inequality in the amount of care received by individuals. A statistical measure of this inequality is proposed and its application illustrated on employee groups living in two underdoctored areas. Utilization of physician services in these areas was found to be significantly less equal (as well as lower) than in comparable groups who live in areas with higher ratio of physicians to total population.", "contents": "Inequality of the services received by individuals: a suggested index and an illustrative application. Population groups that are homogeneous with respect to such factors as insurance status, income level, and proximity to sources of care can still exhibit great internal inequality in the amount of care received by individuals. A statistical measure of this inequality is proposed and its application illustrated on employee groups living in two underdoctored areas. Utilization of physician services in these areas was found to be significantly less equal (as well as lower) than in comparable groups who live in areas with higher ratio of physicians to total population."}
{"id": "PMID:1195902", "title": "Impact of integration of mental health service and comprehensive medical care.", "content": "Effect of the introduction of mental health services into a comprehensive prepaid medical care facility was studied. The subjects were two independent subsamples of all individuals seen in the mental health service for the first time in 1967, and two comparison groups not seen in the mental health service. Data consisted of medical visits from 1962 through 1969 and mental health visits from 1967 through 1969. Insufficient support was found for the assertion that mental health services produce savings of medical care. Some of the complex interactions between care for somatic and mental health treatment variables, and points for future study are noted.", "contents": "Impact of integration of mental health service and comprehensive medical care. Effect of the introduction of mental health services into a comprehensive prepaid medical care facility was studied. The subjects were two independent subsamples of all individuals seen in the mental health service for the first time in 1967, and two comparison groups not seen in the mental health service. Data consisted of medical visits from 1962 through 1969 and mental health visits from 1967 through 1969. Insufficient support was found for the assertion that mental health services produce savings of medical care. Some of the complex interactions between care for somatic and mental health treatment variables, and points for future study are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1195903", "title": "An examination of the effect of market demographic and competitive characteristics on gross margins of prescription drugs.", "content": "This study was carried out to determine the influence of selected demographic and competitive market factors on community pharmacy operations. Data were collected from a panel of pharmacies located in large mid-western city. A sample of 300 prescriptions was obtained from each of the panel pharmacies. From the prescriptions, the gross margins and the addresses of the patrons were determined. A profile of the demographic and competitive factors was determined. Eight research hypotheses were tested. The variables were subjected to regression analysis with per cent markup and dollar markup-on-retail being the dependent variables in each case. The simple regression analysis did reflect a significant relationship between select competitive variables and per cent markup. The stepwise regressions indicated a significant relationship between all demographic and competitive market factors and per cent markup. No significant relationships were found in the simple regression treatment of a dollar markup and the market variables. The stepwise regression routine yielded a nonsignificant relationship between dollar markup and all market variables except income and education. It can be concluded that pricing in this market is reflective of both demographic and competitive market factors of the trading area.", "contents": "An examination of the effect of market demographic and competitive characteristics on gross margins of prescription drugs. This study was carried out to determine the influence of selected demographic and competitive market factors on community pharmacy operations. Data were collected from a panel of pharmacies located in large mid-western city. A sample of 300 prescriptions was obtained from each of the panel pharmacies. From the prescriptions, the gross margins and the addresses of the patrons were determined. A profile of the demographic and competitive factors was determined. Eight research hypotheses were tested. The variables were subjected to regression analysis with per cent markup and dollar markup-on-retail being the dependent variables in each case. The simple regression analysis did reflect a significant relationship between select competitive variables and per cent markup. The stepwise regressions indicated a significant relationship between all demographic and competitive market factors and per cent markup. No significant relationships were found in the simple regression treatment of a dollar markup and the market variables. The stepwise regression routine yielded a nonsignificant relationship between dollar markup and all market variables except income and education. It can be concluded that pricing in this market is reflective of both demographic and competitive market factors of the trading area."}
{"id": "PMID:1195904", "title": "Resources utilized for the care of surgical patients in the emergency department.", "content": "A classification system for surgical patients and a quantitative index of services have been developed to determine the resources utilized for medical care in an urban hospital emergency department. Five classes of surgical patients based on patient management reflect, the amount of diagnostic and therapeutic work performed. Quantitative estimates of workload and rates at which services are delivered to each patient class are included. This classification of patients which is derived from a natural grouping of common patient problems with common patterns of management, can be an important aid to effective analysis and planning of medical care in outpatient settings.", "contents": "Resources utilized for the care of surgical patients in the emergency department. A classification system for surgical patients and a quantitative index of services have been developed to determine the resources utilized for medical care in an urban hospital emergency department. Five classes of surgical patients based on patient management reflect, the amount of diagnostic and therapeutic work performed. Quantitative estimates of workload and rates at which services are delivered to each patient class are included. This classification of patients which is derived from a natural grouping of common patient problems with common patterns of management, can be an important aid to effective analysis and planning of medical care in outpatient settings."}
{"id": "PMID:1195905", "title": "Computer-aided management of hypertensive patients.", "content": "A computerized system has been developed which potentially enables a single expert physician to monitor a large number of hypertensive patients being seen at distant locations. The patients may receive their care directly from primary care physicians or nurse-physician surrogates. Primary care physicians can use the same data bank to monitor their own panels of patients. These goals are accomplished through a special purpose, interactive programming language which can be used to perform sophisticated data retrieval along different complexes of parameters. The physician is able to query the computer, via a terminal, about any group of patient he defines and have displayed to him the clinical data requested. The system is open-ended, enabling one query to lead to another. Four hundred and ninety-three patients have been entered into this program so far, including 29 patients with diastolic pressures greater than 115, 92 with diastolic pressures of 104 to 114, and 372 with diastolics of 90 to 104. Among patients who have been on therapy for at least six weeks, 80 per cent were at goal blood pressure. Ten to 14 weeks after therapy was initiated, 69 per cent of all patients in the program were at goal blood pressure. The system provides a useful means of monitoring a large hypertensive population of patients. Such a system can result in a more efficient utilization of medical personnel and can bring the consultative services of highly trained specialists to larger segments of the population.", "contents": "Computer-aided management of hypertensive patients. A computerized system has been developed which potentially enables a single expert physician to monitor a large number of hypertensive patients being seen at distant locations. The patients may receive their care directly from primary care physicians or nurse-physician surrogates. Primary care physicians can use the same data bank to monitor their own panels of patients. These goals are accomplished through a special purpose, interactive programming language which can be used to perform sophisticated data retrieval along different complexes of parameters. The physician is able to query the computer, via a terminal, about any group of patient he defines and have displayed to him the clinical data requested. The system is open-ended, enabling one query to lead to another. Four hundred and ninety-three patients have been entered into this program so far, including 29 patients with diastolic pressures greater than 115, 92 with diastolic pressures of 104 to 114, and 372 with diastolics of 90 to 104. Among patients who have been on therapy for at least six weeks, 80 per cent were at goal blood pressure. Ten to 14 weeks after therapy was initiated, 69 per cent of all patients in the program were at goal blood pressure. The system provides a useful means of monitoring a large hypertensive population of patients. Such a system can result in a more efficient utilization of medical personnel and can bring the consultative services of highly trained specialists to larger segments of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:1195906", "title": "Data retrieval in the coronary care unit: prospective vs. retrospective.", "content": "A standardized system for recording patient care data for medical audit was developed and implemented in six community hospitals' coronary care units. It utilized the principles of predefining the data base and having both nurses and physicians participate. This system was compared with conventional retrospective record abstraction as a source of information for medical audit. The results suggest that the proposed system produces slightly more clinical data relevant to diagnostic impressions. Accuracy is comparable to that achieved by standard computerized abstraction procedures. Such an approach is readily adaptable for implementing medical audit to meet the requirements currently imposed upon community hospitals.", "contents": "Data retrieval in the coronary care unit: prospective vs. retrospective. A standardized system for recording patient care data for medical audit was developed and implemented in six community hospitals' coronary care units. It utilized the principles of predefining the data base and having both nurses and physicians participate. This system was compared with conventional retrospective record abstraction as a source of information for medical audit. The results suggest that the proposed system produces slightly more clinical data relevant to diagnostic impressions. Accuracy is comparable to that achieved by standard computerized abstraction procedures. Such an approach is readily adaptable for implementing medical audit to meet the requirements currently imposed upon community hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:1195907", "title": "A demographic evaluation of acute drug reactions in a hospital emergency room.", "content": "This study investigated a sample of persons treated for acute drug reactions (overdoses) in a hospital emergency room setting to determine the general characteristics of these drug abusers and the incidence of drugs responsible for their admission. Detailed information is provided on the race and sex composition of these drug abusing patinets and comparisons are made with the general population of the area serviced by the hospital. The sample consisted of 1,128 persons who entered Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Dade County, Florida during 1972. A profile of the typical admission for emergency care of a nonfatal overdose reveals a white female, who is 18 to 24 years old and who has overdosed on a single legally manufactured and distributed substance, usually a sedative. Implications from the data for changes in health care delivery for acute drug reactions are provided.", "contents": "A demographic evaluation of acute drug reactions in a hospital emergency room. This study investigated a sample of persons treated for acute drug reactions (overdoses) in a hospital emergency room setting to determine the general characteristics of these drug abusers and the incidence of drugs responsible for their admission. Detailed information is provided on the race and sex composition of these drug abusing patinets and comparisons are made with the general population of the area serviced by the hospital. The sample consisted of 1,128 persons who entered Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Dade County, Florida during 1972. A profile of the typical admission for emergency care of a nonfatal overdose reveals a white female, who is 18 to 24 years old and who has overdosed on a single legally manufactured and distributed substance, usually a sedative. Implications from the data for changes in health care delivery for acute drug reactions are provided."}
{"id": "PMID:1195966", "title": "Glottic cancer with extension to the arytenoid.", "content": "Hemilaryngectomy with removal of a greater part or all of the arytenoid was done in 79 patients with good functional results with an overall cure rate of 94 percent. The survival rate for the primary modality of therapy was 90 percent.", "contents": "Glottic cancer with extension to the arytenoid. Hemilaryngectomy with removal of a greater part or all of the arytenoid was done in 79 patients with good functional results with an overall cure rate of 94 percent. The survival rate for the primary modality of therapy was 90 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:1195967", "title": "Laryngeal structure following microcauterization.", "content": "The paper supports and reaffirms the objectives of contemporary laryngology in the treatment of cancer of this organ. These objectives are, first and foremost, the eradication of the tumor, and second, the preservation of function. A relatively recent contribution to the \"state of the art\" has been the development of the field of microlaryngology. The introduction of the surgical microscope has provided the laryngologist with better means to judge the type, localization and extent of neoplastic lesions. Reports indicate that superficial limited carcinomas of the larynx with good vocal cord mobility can be successfully treated by vocal cord stripping and/or radiotherapy. This paper presents the serious challenge posed by these limited tumors when they recur after radiotherapy. In a selected number of these patients radical surgery has been prevented by treating these recurrent tumors with the microcautery. Some of these patients, so treated, have been free of disease for more than three years after their recurrent tumors were destroyed with the microcautery. During this time these patients have enjoyed adequate voices. Extensive studies that have been performed in dogs with the microcautery indicate that: a. An excellent recovery of the larynx is the rule, if microcauterization is carried out superficially. These initial experiments were performed on 10 dogs, duplicating the type and extension of microcauterization, as this procedure is usually performed clinically in the treatment of patients. b. The anterior and posterior commissures of the larynx were found understandably vulnerable to severe degrees of cauterization.", "contents": "Laryngeal structure following microcauterization. The paper supports and reaffirms the objectives of contemporary laryngology in the treatment of cancer of this organ. These objectives are, first and foremost, the eradication of the tumor, and second, the preservation of function. A relatively recent contribution to the \"state of the art\" has been the development of the field of microlaryngology. The introduction of the surgical microscope has provided the laryngologist with better means to judge the type, localization and extent of neoplastic lesions. Reports indicate that superficial limited carcinomas of the larynx with good vocal cord mobility can be successfully treated by vocal cord stripping and/or radiotherapy. This paper presents the serious challenge posed by these limited tumors when they recur after radiotherapy. In a selected number of these patients radical surgery has been prevented by treating these recurrent tumors with the microcautery. Some of these patients, so treated, have been free of disease for more than three years after their recurrent tumors were destroyed with the microcautery. During this time these patients have enjoyed adequate voices. Extensive studies that have been performed in dogs with the microcautery indicate that: a. An excellent recovery of the larynx is the rule, if microcauterization is carried out superficially. These initial experiments were performed on 10 dogs, duplicating the type and extension of microcauterization, as this procedure is usually performed clinically in the treatment of patients. b. The anterior and posterior commissures of the larynx were found understandably vulnerable to severe degrees of cauterization."}
{"id": "PMID:1195968", "title": "Intratracheal thyroid.", "content": "Ectopic thyroid tissue within the trachea (intratracheal or endotracheal tissue) is a rare cause of upper airway obstruction. The symptoms may be classical or, as in most cases in which the voice is not affected, the first sign may be a wheeze. This may result in the symptoms being mistaken for asthma. The presence of a submucosal upper tracheal mass is quite unusual. If one is familiar with the fact that thyroid tissue may occur in this location, then this diagnosis should be considered in patients with such symptoms, and the appropriate diagnostic studies and surgical management should be instituted. The present case report entailed a 56-year-old female who was admitted to the hospital after having been treated for a year in an outlying area. She had increasing shortness of breath and wheezing and had been treated several times for asthma. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed an upper tracheal submucosal mass which was confirmed by direct laryngoscopy and by tomography. Biopsies were taken confirming nodular ectopic thyroid tissue. The patient was operated on through a cervical incision and a tracheal flap was elevated in order to carry out a submucosal dissection of this mass. The patient has done well for more than a year following surgery, and histologically this lesion was benign in the thyroid tissue.", "contents": "Intratracheal thyroid. Ectopic thyroid tissue within the trachea (intratracheal or endotracheal tissue) is a rare cause of upper airway obstruction. The symptoms may be classical or, as in most cases in which the voice is not affected, the first sign may be a wheeze. This may result in the symptoms being mistaken for asthma. The presence of a submucosal upper tracheal mass is quite unusual. If one is familiar with the fact that thyroid tissue may occur in this location, then this diagnosis should be considered in patients with such symptoms, and the appropriate diagnostic studies and surgical management should be instituted. The present case report entailed a 56-year-old female who was admitted to the hospital after having been treated for a year in an outlying area. She had increasing shortness of breath and wheezing and had been treated several times for asthma. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed an upper tracheal submucosal mass which was confirmed by direct laryngoscopy and by tomography. Biopsies were taken confirming nodular ectopic thyroid tissue. The patient was operated on through a cervical incision and a tracheal flap was elevated in order to carry out a submucosal dissection of this mass. The patient has done well for more than a year following surgery, and histologically this lesion was benign in the thyroid tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1195969", "title": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy in the treatment of dysphagia.", "content": "Deglutition is a complex neuromuscular act. Alterations in anatomy and physiology may lead to dysphagia. The role of the cricopharyngeus appears to be the keystone in the rehabilitation of many patients with dysphagia. This paper examines the physiology of swallowing as well as the patho-physiology of its abberations. Techniques and complications of cricopharyngeal myotomy are presented. Cases of dysphagia due to ablative surgery of the head and neck, dermatomyositis, cerebrovascular accidents, and cricopharyngeal achalasia in which cricopharyngeal myotomy was utilized, are reported. It would appear from this small number of cases, that cricopharyngeal myotomy is indicated in the rehabilitation of dysphagia in patients with varied disease states.", "contents": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy in the treatment of dysphagia. Deglutition is a complex neuromuscular act. Alterations in anatomy and physiology may lead to dysphagia. The role of the cricopharyngeus appears to be the keystone in the rehabilitation of many patients with dysphagia. This paper examines the physiology of swallowing as well as the patho-physiology of its abberations. Techniques and complications of cricopharyngeal myotomy are presented. Cases of dysphagia due to ablative surgery of the head and neck, dermatomyositis, cerebrovascular accidents, and cricopharyngeal achalasia in which cricopharyngeal myotomy was utilized, are reported. It would appear from this small number of cases, that cricopharyngeal myotomy is indicated in the rehabilitation of dysphagia in patients with varied disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:1195970", "title": "\"Smokers' larynx\" and carcinoma of the larynx in Syrian hamsters exposed to cigarette smoke.", "content": "Several groups of investigators have recently produced carcinoma of the larynx in Syrian hamsters. This study reports on the effects of cigarette smoke from Kentucky reference cigarettes in an inbred strain (BIO 15.16) of Syrian hamsters. After \"smoking\" five days each week for two years, 20 percent of the surviving animals had cancer of the larynx; 40 percent had severe epithelial changes. These observations emphasize the role of cigarette smoke in the genesis of laryngeal cancer and respiratory tract cancer in general. An experimental method is now available for comparative studies of cigarettes and as a quide toward less hazardous smoking materials.", "contents": "\"Smokers' larynx\" and carcinoma of the larynx in Syrian hamsters exposed to cigarette smoke. Several groups of investigators have recently produced carcinoma of the larynx in Syrian hamsters. This study reports on the effects of cigarette smoke from Kentucky reference cigarettes in an inbred strain (BIO 15.16) of Syrian hamsters. After \"smoking\" five days each week for two years, 20 percent of the surviving animals had cancer of the larynx; 40 percent had severe epithelial changes. These observations emphasize the role of cigarette smoke in the genesis of laryngeal cancer and respiratory tract cancer in general. An experimental method is now available for comparative studies of cigarettes and as a quide toward less hazardous smoking materials."}
{"id": "PMID:1195971", "title": "Etiologic factors in non-suppurative otitis media.", "content": "Two observations in non-suppurative otitis media, namely the serous fluid and the tympanic membrane retraction, may have separate explanations as to the etiologic factors. The first is the obstruction of the collecting lymphatic tubules of the middle ear and eustachian tube as they drain to the retropharyngeal lymphatics. This leads to a transudation of fluid in the middle ear or serous fluid. The second observation, retraction of the tympanic membrane, may be due to an absence or significant reduction of the surface tension lowering substance (Surface Active Membrane) of the eustachian tube, preventing the transmission of air to the middle ear from the nasopharynx.", "contents": "Etiologic factors in non-suppurative otitis media. Two observations in non-suppurative otitis media, namely the serous fluid and the tympanic membrane retraction, may have separate explanations as to the etiologic factors. The first is the obstruction of the collecting lymphatic tubules of the middle ear and eustachian tube as they drain to the retropharyngeal lymphatics. This leads to a transudation of fluid in the middle ear or serous fluid. The second observation, retraction of the tympanic membrane, may be due to an absence or significant reduction of the surface tension lowering substance (Surface Active Membrane) of the eustachian tube, preventing the transmission of air to the middle ear from the nasopharynx."}
{"id": "PMID:1195972", "title": "Hearing loss of acquired syphilis: diagnosis confirmed by incudectomy.", "content": "Syphilis, both congenital and acquired, may cause sensori-neural hearing loss. Congenital syphilis presents in two forms: early (infantile), and late (tardive). Acquired syphilis, both secondary and tertiary, may cause deafness. The clinical course of the acquired and congenital forms are similar. Sensori-neural hearing loss with low discrimination scores may affect both ears simultaneously or sequentially, and vestibular complaints are common. A clinical diagnosis can be made on the basis of history, the presence of other stigmata of syphilis, and serological tests, including the FTA-ABS. The histopathology of acquired and congenital forms is indistinguishable and is essentially twofold: first, syphilis may cause a miningo-neurolabyrinthitis with round cell infiltration of the labyrinth and VIIIth nerve as the predominant lesion in early congenital syphilis and the acute meningitides of secondary and tertiary acquired syphilis. Second, syphilis may cause a perivascular round cell osteitis of the temporal bone with secondary involvement of the membranous labyrinth in both late congenital and acquired late latent or tertiary syphilis. Endolymphatic hydrops may be seen in both the congenital and acquired forms. A case of bilateral sequential sudden deafness due to acquired syphilis is presented. A histological diagnosis of syphilitic involvement of the temporal bone was made by incudectomy. Treatment with prednisone and penicillin over a three-month period resulted in return of good cochlear function in one ear.", "contents": "Hearing loss of acquired syphilis: diagnosis confirmed by incudectomy. Syphilis, both congenital and acquired, may cause sensori-neural hearing loss. Congenital syphilis presents in two forms: early (infantile), and late (tardive). Acquired syphilis, both secondary and tertiary, may cause deafness. The clinical course of the acquired and congenital forms are similar. Sensori-neural hearing loss with low discrimination scores may affect both ears simultaneously or sequentially, and vestibular complaints are common. A clinical diagnosis can be made on the basis of history, the presence of other stigmata of syphilis, and serological tests, including the FTA-ABS. The histopathology of acquired and congenital forms is indistinguishable and is essentially twofold: first, syphilis may cause a miningo-neurolabyrinthitis with round cell infiltration of the labyrinth and VIIIth nerve as the predominant lesion in early congenital syphilis and the acute meningitides of secondary and tertiary acquired syphilis. Second, syphilis may cause a perivascular round cell osteitis of the temporal bone with secondary involvement of the membranous labyrinth in both late congenital and acquired late latent or tertiary syphilis. Endolymphatic hydrops may be seen in both the congenital and acquired forms. A case of bilateral sequential sudden deafness due to acquired syphilis is presented. A histological diagnosis of syphilitic involvement of the temporal bone was made by incudectomy. Treatment with prednisone and penicillin over a three-month period resulted in return of good cochlear function in one ear."}
{"id": "PMID:1196015", "title": "Synthesis and analysis of phytyl and phytenoyl wax esters.", "content": "An efficient procedure for preparing phytenic acid methyl ester, free of isomers, from phytol is reported. Phytyl phytenate and other isoprenoid wax esters were synthesized. Gas liquid chromatography of these wax esters and other compounds related to phytol and phytenic acid is described. The alkyl constituents of isoprenoid wax esters can be analyzed after alkaline methanolysis and the acyl constituents after acidic methanolysis. The applicability of these methods to natural mixtures was demonstrated with wax esters from mosses which contained both types of isoprenoids and with wax esters from healthy and frost damaged grass which contained phytol, but not phytenic acid.", "contents": "Synthesis and analysis of phytyl and phytenoyl wax esters. An efficient procedure for preparing phytenic acid methyl ester, free of isomers, from phytol is reported. Phytyl phytenate and other isoprenoid wax esters were synthesized. Gas liquid chromatography of these wax esters and other compounds related to phytol and phytenic acid is described. The alkyl constituents of isoprenoid wax esters can be analyzed after alkaline methanolysis and the acyl constituents after acidic methanolysis. The applicability of these methods to natural mixtures was demonstrated with wax esters from mosses which contained both types of isoprenoids and with wax esters from healthy and frost damaged grass which contained phytol, but not phytenic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1196016", "title": "Failure to demonstrate degradation of (4-14C) cholesterol to volatile hydrocarbons in rats and in human fecal homogenates.", "content": "The inability of previous workers to recover completely the radioactivity from ingested [4-14C] cholesterol has led to the hypothesis that the colonic flora of some individuals degrade the sterol nucleus to volatile hydrocarbons, particularly CH4. In the present investigation, the production of radioactive volatiles was measured following incubation of [4-14C] cholesterol with 8 human fecal homogenates or after instillation of the labeled sterol into the cecum of 3 rats housed in a closed rebreathing system. Three of the 8 homogenates and each of the 3 rats produced copious CH4. However, analysis by combustion demonstrated no radioactivity above background in the volatile headspace of the homogenates or the gas space of the closed system housing the rats, indicating that less than 0.001% of the number 4 carbon of [4-14C] cholesterol could have been converted to volatile hydrocarbons. This study, therefore, provides no support for the concept that volatile products account for the incomplete recovery of ingested sterols observed in certain subjects. However, this hypothesis can not be excluded entirely until similar results are obtained with subjects who can be shown to degrade cholesterol.", "contents": "Failure to demonstrate degradation of (4-14C) cholesterol to volatile hydrocarbons in rats and in human fecal homogenates. The inability of previous workers to recover completely the radioactivity from ingested [4-14C] cholesterol has led to the hypothesis that the colonic flora of some individuals degrade the sterol nucleus to volatile hydrocarbons, particularly CH4. In the present investigation, the production of radioactive volatiles was measured following incubation of [4-14C] cholesterol with 8 human fecal homogenates or after instillation of the labeled sterol into the cecum of 3 rats housed in a closed rebreathing system. Three of the 8 homogenates and each of the 3 rats produced copious CH4. However, analysis by combustion demonstrated no radioactivity above background in the volatile headspace of the homogenates or the gas space of the closed system housing the rats, indicating that less than 0.001% of the number 4 carbon of [4-14C] cholesterol could have been converted to volatile hydrocarbons. This study, therefore, provides no support for the concept that volatile products account for the incomplete recovery of ingested sterols observed in certain subjects. However, this hypothesis can not be excluded entirely until similar results are obtained with subjects who can be shown to degrade cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:1196017", "title": "Examination of acetolysis products of phosphatidylcholine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A comparison of monoacetyldiglycerides obtained from authentic phosphatidylcholines by acetolysis with those obtained by phospholipase C-acetylation was made to examine the intermolecular acyl migration, the intramolecular acyl migration between C-1 and C-2, and the formation of 1,3-isomer in the acetolysis reaction. Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine also was used. It was revealed that is acetolysis, the intermolecular acyl migration and selective degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids did not take place at all. The intramolecular acyl migration, including the formation of 1,3-isomer, occurred to a small extent. Appreciable difference was not found in comparison of molecular species compositions of monoacetyldiglycerides derived by both methods from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, except small differences found in the contents of two kinds of molecular species.", "contents": "Examination of acetolysis products of phosphatidylcholine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A comparison of monoacetyldiglycerides obtained from authentic phosphatidylcholines by acetolysis with those obtained by phospholipase C-acetylation was made to examine the intermolecular acyl migration, the intramolecular acyl migration between C-1 and C-2, and the formation of 1,3-isomer in the acetolysis reaction. Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine also was used. It was revealed that is acetolysis, the intermolecular acyl migration and selective degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids did not take place at all. The intramolecular acyl migration, including the formation of 1,3-isomer, occurred to a small extent. Appreciable difference was not found in comparison of molecular species compositions of monoacetyldiglycerides derived by both methods from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, except small differences found in the contents of two kinds of molecular species."}
{"id": "PMID:1196018", "title": "Comparison of phospholipid composition of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases of growth.", "content": "Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells were grown in tissue culture and harvested at logarithmic and stationary phases of development. The phospholipids were extracted, separated into lipid classes, and fatty acid composition of each fraction determined. The phosphatidylethanolamine fraction was the major lipid (42-54%). With aging, the A. aegypti cells showed an increase in polyenes in the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions and in monoenes and polyenes in the phosphatidylinositol fraction. The lysophosphatidylcholine fraction had an increase in chain length of the fatty acids with aging of the A. aegypti cells. The A. albopictus cells, with aging, showed increases in chain length and in the relative percentage of polyenes in the lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine fractions. In the phosphatidylinositol fraction, chain elongation of fatty acids occurred as the cells aged. In the ceramide phosphorylcholine fraction, there were increases in saturation and chain elongation of the fatty acids from the logarithmic to the stationary phase of the A. albopictus cells. An increase in polyenes was observed with aging of the cells in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction.", "contents": "Comparison of phospholipid composition of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells were grown in tissue culture and harvested at logarithmic and stationary phases of development. The phospholipids were extracted, separated into lipid classes, and fatty acid composition of each fraction determined. The phosphatidylethanolamine fraction was the major lipid (42-54%). With aging, the A. aegypti cells showed an increase in polyenes in the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions and in monoenes and polyenes in the phosphatidylinositol fraction. The lysophosphatidylcholine fraction had an increase in chain length of the fatty acids with aging of the A. aegypti cells. The A. albopictus cells, with aging, showed increases in chain length and in the relative percentage of polyenes in the lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine fractions. In the phosphatidylinositol fraction, chain elongation of fatty acids occurred as the cells aged. In the ceramide phosphorylcholine fraction, there were increases in saturation and chain elongation of the fatty acids from the logarithmic to the stationary phase of the A. albopictus cells. An increase in polyenes was observed with aging of the cells in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1196019", "title": "Furanoid fatty acids from fish lipids.", "content": "Fatty acids, recently reported as constituents of certain fish lipids, were identified to be derivatives of furan (furanoid fish fatty acids). 12,15-Epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoic acid is predominant among the furan acids and is associated with bis-homologs in regard to chain length. Monomethyl acids, such as 12,15-epoxy-13-methyleicosa-12,14-dienoic, are present in appreciable amounts. The structures were concluded from oxidative degradations, from mass spectrometry of methyl esters of the novel acids and fatty acids derived from them by opening the ring, and from nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and Raman spectra. The results from chemical procedures and from spectrometric methods were in agreement with those obtained with authentic methyl 9,12-epoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate. The number of substituents at the furan ring greatly influences hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and hydrolysis reactions of the ring.", "contents": "Furanoid fatty acids from fish lipids. Fatty acids, recently reported as constituents of certain fish lipids, were identified to be derivatives of furan (furanoid fish fatty acids). 12,15-Epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoic acid is predominant among the furan acids and is associated with bis-homologs in regard to chain length. Monomethyl acids, such as 12,15-epoxy-13-methyleicosa-12,14-dienoic, are present in appreciable amounts. The structures were concluded from oxidative degradations, from mass spectrometry of methyl esters of the novel acids and fatty acids derived from them by opening the ring, and from nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and Raman spectra. The results from chemical procedures and from spectrometric methods were in agreement with those obtained with authentic methyl 9,12-epoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate. The number of substituents at the furan ring greatly influences hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and hydrolysis reactions of the ring."}
{"id": "PMID:1196020", "title": "Distribution of cholesteryl esters and other lipids in subcellular fractions of the adrenal gland of the pig.", "content": "Total lipids from whole pig adrenal glands as well as from their mitochondria, microsomes, liposomes, and cell sap were extracted and fractionated first into neutral lipids and phospholipids. The highest percentage of neutral lipids was found in the cell sap, and the lowest in the microsomal fraction. Neutral lipids were subfractionated into cholesteryl esters, free cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids. Cholesteryl esters were distributed throughout the liposomes. Free fatty acids represented a substantial part of cell sap lipids, but were present also in the mitochondria, microsomes, and liposomes. Fatty acids of all fractions were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Free fatty acids and cholesteryl ester fatty acids from all cellular fractions were similar in composition and were characterized by considerable quantities of linoleic and arachidonic acid. Triglycerides were characterized by an increased percentage of palmitic and a low content of arachidonic acid. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, diphosphatidyl glycerol, and sphingomyelin plus phosphatidyl inositol were isolated from the lipids by preparative thin layer chromatography, and their fatty acids analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine from mitochondria, microsomes, and cell sap were very similar in respect of their fatty acid composition. Sphingomyelin plus phosphatidyl inositol was characterized by a high content of C22:2omega6. Diphosphatidyl glycerol was present in mitochondria and in the cell sap.", "contents": "Distribution of cholesteryl esters and other lipids in subcellular fractions of the adrenal gland of the pig. Total lipids from whole pig adrenal glands as well as from their mitochondria, microsomes, liposomes, and cell sap were extracted and fractionated first into neutral lipids and phospholipids. The highest percentage of neutral lipids was found in the cell sap, and the lowest in the microsomal fraction. Neutral lipids were subfractionated into cholesteryl esters, free cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids. Cholesteryl esters were distributed throughout the liposomes. Free fatty acids represented a substantial part of cell sap lipids, but were present also in the mitochondria, microsomes, and liposomes. Fatty acids of all fractions were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Free fatty acids and cholesteryl ester fatty acids from all cellular fractions were similar in composition and were characterized by considerable quantities of linoleic and arachidonic acid. Triglycerides were characterized by an increased percentage of palmitic and a low content of arachidonic acid. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, diphosphatidyl glycerol, and sphingomyelin plus phosphatidyl inositol were isolated from the lipids by preparative thin layer chromatography, and their fatty acids analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine from mitochondria, microsomes, and cell sap were very similar in respect of their fatty acid composition. Sphingomyelin plus phosphatidyl inositol was characterized by a high content of C22:2omega6. Diphosphatidyl glycerol was present in mitochondria and in the cell sap."}
{"id": "PMID:1196021", "title": "Subnanogram detection of t-butyldimethylsilyl fatty acid esters by mass fragmentography.", "content": "The mass spectra of t-butyldimethylsilyl fatty acid esters all display a pronounced (M-C4H9)+ ion. The proportion of the total ionization carried by this fragment, particularly for saturated and mono-, di-, and tri-unsaturated acid derivatives, facilitates their qualitative analysis at the subanogram level by mass fragmentography.", "contents": "Subnanogram detection of t-butyldimethylsilyl fatty acid esters by mass fragmentography. The mass spectra of t-butyldimethylsilyl fatty acid esters all display a pronounced (M-C4H9)+ ion. The proportion of the total ionization carried by this fragment, particularly for saturated and mono-, di-, and tri-unsaturated acid derivatives, facilitates their qualitative analysis at the subanogram level by mass fragmentography."}
{"id": "PMID:1196022", "title": "Mass spectrometric localization of methyl branching in fatty acids using acylpyrrolidines.", "content": "Localization of a methyl branch in a fatty acid molecule by mass spectrometry is facilitated by using the pyrrolidide rather than the methyl ester. Branched fatty acid methyl esters are converted to pyrrolidides and are than analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The diagnostic fragments indicate position of the methyl branch.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric localization of methyl branching in fatty acids using acylpyrrolidines. Localization of a methyl branch in a fatty acid molecule by mass spectrometry is facilitated by using the pyrrolidide rather than the methyl ester. Branched fatty acid methyl esters are converted to pyrrolidides and are than analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The diagnostic fragments indicate position of the methyl branch."}
{"id": "PMID:1196128", "title": "Emergence of overt diabetes in offspring of rats with induced latent diabetes.", "content": "A single subdiabetogenic dose of alloxan administered to the weanling rat induces a persistent state of latent diabetes which progresses to fasting hyperglycemia by the seventh generation. Initial descendants of alloxan-treated animals have hyperinsulinism which progresses to insulinopenia in later generations. Later generation animals develop ketoacidosis when challenged with a dose of alloxan that has no effect on control animals. The significant sex difference in glucose tolerance rates disappears as the animals become more diabetic and decreased fertility and parity become apparent. One explanation for this data remains the hypothesis of paramutation, induced by alloxan, affecting regulator gene activity. Light microscopy of diabetic animals shows no pathology.", "contents": "Emergence of overt diabetes in offspring of rats with induced latent diabetes. A single subdiabetogenic dose of alloxan administered to the weanling rat induces a persistent state of latent diabetes which progresses to fasting hyperglycemia by the seventh generation. Initial descendants of alloxan-treated animals have hyperinsulinism which progresses to insulinopenia in later generations. Later generation animals develop ketoacidosis when challenged with a dose of alloxan that has no effect on control animals. The significant sex difference in glucose tolerance rates disappears as the animals become more diabetic and decreased fertility and parity become apparent. One explanation for this data remains the hypothesis of paramutation, induced by alloxan, affecting regulator gene activity. Light microscopy of diabetic animals shows no pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:1196129", "title": "Metabolic and histopathologic changes in arteriosclerotic versus nonarteriosclerotic rats following isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction with superimposed diabetes.", "content": "Male and female, arteriosclerotic and nonarteriosclerotic rats were subjected to acute myocardial infarction by two, subcutaneous injections (spaced 24 hr apart) of isoproterenol. During the immediate postinfarct repair phase all of the experimental animals were made severely diabetic with alloxan. Two weeks later the animals were sacrificed and their blood and pertinent organs analyzed for biochemical and pathologic changes. Females survived the myocardial infarct with superimposed diabetes in significantly greater than males. In addition to marked loss in body weight all of the experimental animals developed marked adrenal hypertrophy and thymus gland involution, cardiac hypertrophy, and unusual increase in ovarian or testicular size and weight. The combined conditions of myocardial infarction + diabetes led to substantial increases in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) whereas the enzymes glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were reduced. Although serum triglyceride levels were greatly elevated, total cholesterol and free fatty acids were reduced. All of the animals were severely hyperglycemic and had greatly increased B.U.N. levels. Diabetes caused hypercalcemia but diabetes + myocardial infarction was associated with a definite reduction of this hypercalcemia. Despite marked adrenal hypertrophy, circulating Cmpd. B levels were subnormal. The diabetic condition and its attendant hyperlipidemia did not alter the morphologic nature of the arterial lesions in the breeder rats but the diabetes did cause definite impairment of the usual myocardial repair process observed in these rats with a particularly high incidence of left ventricular aneurysms in males.", "contents": "Metabolic and histopathologic changes in arteriosclerotic versus nonarteriosclerotic rats following isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction with superimposed diabetes. Male and female, arteriosclerotic and nonarteriosclerotic rats were subjected to acute myocardial infarction by two, subcutaneous injections (spaced 24 hr apart) of isoproterenol. During the immediate postinfarct repair phase all of the experimental animals were made severely diabetic with alloxan. Two weeks later the animals were sacrificed and their blood and pertinent organs analyzed for biochemical and pathologic changes. Females survived the myocardial infarct with superimposed diabetes in significantly greater than males. In addition to marked loss in body weight all of the experimental animals developed marked adrenal hypertrophy and thymus gland involution, cardiac hypertrophy, and unusual increase in ovarian or testicular size and weight. The combined conditions of myocardial infarction + diabetes led to substantial increases in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) whereas the enzymes glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were reduced. Although serum triglyceride levels were greatly elevated, total cholesterol and free fatty acids were reduced. All of the animals were severely hyperglycemic and had greatly increased B.U.N. levels. Diabetes caused hypercalcemia but diabetes + myocardial infarction was associated with a definite reduction of this hypercalcemia. Despite marked adrenal hypertrophy, circulating Cmpd. B levels were subnormal. The diabetic condition and its attendant hyperlipidemia did not alter the morphologic nature of the arterial lesions in the breeder rats but the diabetes did cause definite impairment of the usual myocardial repair process observed in these rats with a particularly high incidence of left ventricular aneurysms in males."}
{"id": "PMID:1196130", "title": "Effects of mazindol on carbohydrate and insulin metabolism in obesity.", "content": "Oral administration of a single dose of the anorectic agent mazindol to obese subjects led to a significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance and a concomitant reduction in insulin secretion, but had no effect on the blood glucose and plasma insulin responses to glucose given intravenously. Mazindol, when given to obese subjects in conjunction with a hypocaloric diet, was associated with progressive weight loss and reduction in the fasting levels of blood glucose, plasma insulin, serum triglyceride, and serum cholesterol. When oral glucose tolerance was retested after 16-20 wk, blood glucose and plasma insulin responses were significantly decreased compared with initial control values. It is concluded that one effect of mazindol, when given acutely, is to impair absorption of glucose from the gut. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism after chronic administration of mazindol are entirely consistent with weight loss, although a separate effect of the drug cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Effects of mazindol on carbohydrate and insulin metabolism in obesity. Oral administration of a single dose of the anorectic agent mazindol to obese subjects led to a significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance and a concomitant reduction in insulin secretion, but had no effect on the blood glucose and plasma insulin responses to glucose given intravenously. Mazindol, when given to obese subjects in conjunction with a hypocaloric diet, was associated with progressive weight loss and reduction in the fasting levels of blood glucose, plasma insulin, serum triglyceride, and serum cholesterol. When oral glucose tolerance was retested after 16-20 wk, blood glucose and plasma insulin responses were significantly decreased compared with initial control values. It is concluded that one effect of mazindol, when given acutely, is to impair absorption of glucose from the gut. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism after chronic administration of mazindol are entirely consistent with weight loss, although a separate effect of the drug cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:1196131", "title": "Dissociation of calcium and sodium clearances in patients with hypoparathyroidism by infusion of chlorothiazide.", "content": "Previous reports have identified a deficient hypocalciuric response to chronic treatment with thiazide diuretics in patients with hypoparathyroidism. The present study was designed to ascertain if the acute response to thiazide diuretics is impaired in hypoparathyroidism. Five normal subjects and five patients with hypoparathyroidism were studied with the renal clearance technique during water diuresis. In normal subjects the clearance of calcium/clearance of sodium was 0.98 +/- 0.14 before, and 0.33 +/-0.03 during the intravenous infusion of chlorothiazide. In patients with hypoparathyroidism the corresponding ratios were 1.69 +/- 0.27 and 0.57 +/- 0.10. In both groups the drug-induced fall in clearance was 65% of control. The concentration of chlorothiazide in plasma and its rate of excretion were comparable in both groups. It is concluded that the acute action of thiazides is not impaired in hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Dissociation of calcium and sodium clearances in patients with hypoparathyroidism by infusion of chlorothiazide. Previous reports have identified a deficient hypocalciuric response to chronic treatment with thiazide diuretics in patients with hypoparathyroidism. The present study was designed to ascertain if the acute response to thiazide diuretics is impaired in hypoparathyroidism. Five normal subjects and five patients with hypoparathyroidism were studied with the renal clearance technique during water diuresis. In normal subjects the clearance of calcium/clearance of sodium was 0.98 +/- 0.14 before, and 0.33 +/-0.03 during the intravenous infusion of chlorothiazide. In patients with hypoparathyroidism the corresponding ratios were 1.69 +/- 0.27 and 0.57 +/- 0.10. In both groups the drug-induced fall in clearance was 65% of control. The concentration of chlorothiazide in plasma and its rate of excretion were comparable in both groups. It is concluded that the acute action of thiazides is not impaired in hypoparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:1196132", "title": "Adipocyte metabolism in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "In order to define specific metabolic abnormalities of adipose tissue metabolism in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia (EH) patients with this condition were compared with normolipidemic controls matched for body fat and fat cell size. In vitro the enlarged fat cells of EH were found to have an increased basal and noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in comparison with cells of the same size from normolipidemic controls. The insulin inhibition of noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis was blunted. Lipoprotein lipase activity in these cells was clearly depressed. Basal triglyceride synthesis from labeled glucose was low in relation to plasma insulin. The reduction of insulin tolerance in vivo suggested that the depression of plasma glycerol and free fatty acid concentration was small in EH, suggesting that the more detailed findings in vitro were of relevance for in vivo conditions. It was suggested that the hyperinsulinemia and decreased glucose tolerance of EH may well be responsible for some of the aberrations of adipocyte metabolism in EH. The decreased responsiveness of lipolysis to insulin and the low lipoprotein lipase activity are, however, findings not typical for enlarged fat cells exposed chronically to insulin and might be characteristic for the fat cells of EH. It seems of importance to further define the factor(s) responsible for these metabolic aberrations, because the abnormalities of the acipocyte metabolism in EH may well offer a possible explanation to the pathogenesis of that condition.", "contents": "Adipocyte metabolism in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. In order to define specific metabolic abnormalities of adipose tissue metabolism in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia (EH) patients with this condition were compared with normolipidemic controls matched for body fat and fat cell size. In vitro the enlarged fat cells of EH were found to have an increased basal and noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in comparison with cells of the same size from normolipidemic controls. The insulin inhibition of noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis was blunted. Lipoprotein lipase activity in these cells was clearly depressed. Basal triglyceride synthesis from labeled glucose was low in relation to plasma insulin. The reduction of insulin tolerance in vivo suggested that the depression of plasma glycerol and free fatty acid concentration was small in EH, suggesting that the more detailed findings in vitro were of relevance for in vivo conditions. It was suggested that the hyperinsulinemia and decreased glucose tolerance of EH may well be responsible for some of the aberrations of adipocyte metabolism in EH. The decreased responsiveness of lipolysis to insulin and the low lipoprotein lipase activity are, however, findings not typical for enlarged fat cells exposed chronically to insulin and might be characteristic for the fat cells of EH. It seems of importance to further define the factor(s) responsible for these metabolic aberrations, because the abnormalities of the acipocyte metabolism in EH may well offer a possible explanation to the pathogenesis of that condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1196133", "title": "The effect of iodine deficiency on thyroid function in the infant rat.", "content": "We have studied rats born to severely iodine-deficient mothers and subsequently maintained on a low-iodine diet (LID) from birth to 41 days. They were compared with controls born to mothers fed a high-iodine diet (HID). LID babies from birth on had large goiters, high thyroid labeled MIT/DIT ratios and radioiodine uptakes, high plasma TSH and low plasma T4 in comparison to HID controls. Thyroid labeled T3/T4 ratios were low in all babies at birth but were higher in the LID than HID babies from day 5 on and were greater than 1 after day 10, approximating the T3/T4 of the mothers. Coupling efficiency, as indicated by thyroid labeled (T3 + T4)/(MIT + DIT), was relatively low for the first 4 postnatal days for both the HID and LID babies and was associated with a lower plasma T4 than at later intervals. Injection of 0.05 mug 127I- simultaneously with 131I- caused an acute increase in labeled T4 and decrease in MIT formation in LID babies of all ages, but did not affect T3 synthesis. Doses of 127I- 20 times as large had no effect on labeled iodoamino acid synthesis in HID babies. Thyroid organic radioiodine content in newborn LID rats was 65% lower at 24 hr than at 4 hr after 131I injection, indicating that thyroid secretion was occurring. A few of the LID pups were \"runts\" approximately 60% the size of HID babies the same age. However, the overwhelming majority of LID babies maintained the same weight as HID controls from birth until weaning. After weaning, the LID babies grew at a slower rate than the HID controls. Relative thyroid weight, radioiodine metabolism and plasma TSH were no different in runts of various ages or in their mothers than in the \"normal\" LID controls. Adaptation was apparently adequate in the LID babies to maintain a nearly euthyroid state. We suggest that the low labeled T3/T4 ratio in the first few days of life in the LID babies may be due to a coupling deficiency in newborn rats resulting in a proportionately greater formation of iodotyrosines than of iodothyronines compared to older animals. This results in a greater intrathyroidal retention of iodine during intracellular thyroglobulin proteolysis and a more highly iodinated thyroglobulin in the LID babies than after normal coupling is achieved.", "contents": "The effect of iodine deficiency on thyroid function in the infant rat. We have studied rats born to severely iodine-deficient mothers and subsequently maintained on a low-iodine diet (LID) from birth to 41 days. They were compared with controls born to mothers fed a high-iodine diet (HID). LID babies from birth on had large goiters, high thyroid labeled MIT/DIT ratios and radioiodine uptakes, high plasma TSH and low plasma T4 in comparison to HID controls. Thyroid labeled T3/T4 ratios were low in all babies at birth but were higher in the LID than HID babies from day 5 on and were greater than 1 after day 10, approximating the T3/T4 of the mothers. Coupling efficiency, as indicated by thyroid labeled (T3 + T4)/(MIT + DIT), was relatively low for the first 4 postnatal days for both the HID and LID babies and was associated with a lower plasma T4 than at later intervals. Injection of 0.05 mug 127I- simultaneously with 131I- caused an acute increase in labeled T4 and decrease in MIT formation in LID babies of all ages, but did not affect T3 synthesis. Doses of 127I- 20 times as large had no effect on labeled iodoamino acid synthesis in HID babies. Thyroid organic radioiodine content in newborn LID rats was 65% lower at 24 hr than at 4 hr after 131I injection, indicating that thyroid secretion was occurring. A few of the LID pups were \"runts\" approximately 60% the size of HID babies the same age. However, the overwhelming majority of LID babies maintained the same weight as HID controls from birth until weaning. After weaning, the LID babies grew at a slower rate than the HID controls. Relative thyroid weight, radioiodine metabolism and plasma TSH were no different in runts of various ages or in their mothers than in the \"normal\" LID controls. Adaptation was apparently adequate in the LID babies to maintain a nearly euthyroid state. We suggest that the low labeled T3/T4 ratio in the first few days of life in the LID babies may be due to a coupling deficiency in newborn rats resulting in a proportionately greater formation of iodotyrosines than of iodothyronines compared to older animals. This results in a greater intrathyroidal retention of iodine during intracellular thyroglobulin proteolysis and a more highly iodinated thyroglobulin in the LID babies than after normal coupling is achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:1196134", "title": "Effects of 1alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "The effects of 1alpha-OH D3 or 1,25-(OH)2D3 on calcium and phosphorus metabolism have been evaluated in five hypoparathyroid patients to establish the direct effects of these compounds in adult humans, uncomplicated by compensatory changes in parathyroid hormone secretion. Doses of 1-2.5 mug/day in four patients (5 mug/day in a fifth patient on diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital) caused a marked increase in serum calcium concentration and urinary calcium excretion, without significant changes in renal calcium clearance or urinary hydroxyproline excretion. These results suggest that the correction of hypocalcemia involved primarily a stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption rather than a stimulation of skeletal calcium resorption. Simultaneously, there were increases in urinary phosphorus excretion and variable changes in serum inorganic phosphate concentration. These effects were produced by doses of 1alpha-OH D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 which approach the dose needed to prevent rickets, in contrast to the very large doses of vitamin D or 25-OH D3 required for comparable effects in hypoparathyroid patients. The increased relative effectiveness of these one-hydroxylated forms of vitamin D reveals a deficiency of vitamin D one-hydroxylation in hypoparathyroidism. The rapidity of action of 1alpha-OH D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 was also striking. Apart from its physiologic implications, the potency of the one-hydroxylated forms of vitamin D offers significant therapeutic advantages in some patients whose hypoparathyroidism is difficult to control with vitamin D itself.", "contents": "Effects of 1alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in hypoparathyroidism. The effects of 1alpha-OH D3 or 1,25-(OH)2D3 on calcium and phosphorus metabolism have been evaluated in five hypoparathyroid patients to establish the direct effects of these compounds in adult humans, uncomplicated by compensatory changes in parathyroid hormone secretion. Doses of 1-2.5 mug/day in four patients (5 mug/day in a fifth patient on diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital) caused a marked increase in serum calcium concentration and urinary calcium excretion, without significant changes in renal calcium clearance or urinary hydroxyproline excretion. These results suggest that the correction of hypocalcemia involved primarily a stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption rather than a stimulation of skeletal calcium resorption. Simultaneously, there were increases in urinary phosphorus excretion and variable changes in serum inorganic phosphate concentration. These effects were produced by doses of 1alpha-OH D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 which approach the dose needed to prevent rickets, in contrast to the very large doses of vitamin D or 25-OH D3 required for comparable effects in hypoparathyroid patients. The increased relative effectiveness of these one-hydroxylated forms of vitamin D reveals a deficiency of vitamin D one-hydroxylation in hypoparathyroidism. The rapidity of action of 1alpha-OH D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 was also striking. Apart from its physiologic implications, the potency of the one-hydroxylated forms of vitamin D offers significant therapeutic advantages in some patients whose hypoparathyroidism is difficult to control with vitamin D itself."}
{"id": "PMID:1196135", "title": "Chromosomal aberrations in malnutrition.", "content": "The effects of feeding high (18%) and low (5%) protein diets on chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of rats were investigated. Malnourished rats maintained on low protein diet had significantly higher incidence of breaks and deletions as compared to wellfed rats maintained on high protein diet. Well fed rats showed an increased aberration rate when switched over to a 9% protein diet. On the other hand, malnourished rats showed a decrease in aberration frequency when fed 9% protein diet and still lower frequency when fed 18% protein diet.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberrations in malnutrition. The effects of feeding high (18%) and low (5%) protein diets on chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of rats were investigated. Malnourished rats maintained on low protein diet had significantly higher incidence of breaks and deletions as compared to wellfed rats maintained on high protein diet. Well fed rats showed an increased aberration rate when switched over to a 9% protein diet. On the other hand, malnourished rats showed a decrease in aberration frequency when fed 9% protein diet and still lower frequency when fed 18% protein diet."}
{"id": "PMID:1196142", "title": "On the nature of hyaline zones in the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus.", "content": "Investigations with the Nomarski DIC (differential interferece contrast) microscope and the electron microscope on the nature of hyaline zones in the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus revealed that these regions represent pure ground cytoplasm. Differences between specimens 1) treated with 2% ethanol, 2) released from high hydrostatic pressure or 3) preincubated at 35 degrees C for 30 minutes could not be observed. Only dying cells undergoing lysis contained a watery solution within the zones of hyaline appearance. The existence of a so-called cell surface complex composed of the plasma membrane and an electron dense filamentous layer of groundplasm was demonstrated by the electron microscopical analysis of narcotized and pre-heated amoebae. This complex corresponds morphologically to the cell surface complexes in tissue cells. Hence it seems possible that the cell surface complex of amoebae is also responsible for changes of the cell shape and movements of the cell membrane. Observations with the DIC microscope also revealed the existence of two types of hyaline caps in A. proteus: in pseudopodia extending during normal locomotion the hyaline cap consists of pure ground cytoplasm, whereas in specimens  showing fountain-like streaming the cap is built up by a large vacuole containing a watery fluid.", "contents": "On the nature of hyaline zones in the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus. Investigations with the Nomarski DIC (differential interferece contrast) microscope and the electron microscope on the nature of hyaline zones in the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus revealed that these regions represent pure ground cytoplasm. Differences between specimens 1) treated with 2% ethanol, 2) released from high hydrostatic pressure or 3) preincubated at 35 degrees C for 30 minutes could not be observed. Only dying cells undergoing lysis contained a watery solution within the zones of hyaline appearance. The existence of a so-called cell surface complex composed of the plasma membrane and an electron dense filamentous layer of groundplasm was demonstrated by the electron microscopical analysis of narcotized and pre-heated amoebae. This complex corresponds morphologically to the cell surface complexes in tissue cells. Hence it seems possible that the cell surface complex of amoebae is also responsible for changes of the cell shape and movements of the cell membrane. Observations with the DIC microscope also revealed the existence of two types of hyaline caps in A. proteus: in pseudopodia extending during normal locomotion the hyaline cap consists of pure ground cytoplasm, whereas in specimens  showing fountain-like streaming the cap is built up by a large vacuole containing a watery fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:1196183", "title": "Hypnosis in medical practice.", "content": "Hypnosis has a role in medical practice as an adjunct to many therapies. A brief review of the history, theory, induction procedures, phenomena and practice of hypnosis is given. The use of hypnosis in the therapy of anxiety is illustrated by a report of a 44-year-old woman suffering from an aeroplane phobia.", "contents": "Hypnosis in medical practice. Hypnosis has a role in medical practice as an adjunct to many therapies. A brief review of the history, theory, induction procedures, phenomena and practice of hypnosis is given. The use of hypnosis in the therapy of anxiety is illustrated by a report of a 44-year-old woman suffering from an aeroplane phobia."}
{"id": "PMID:1196184", "title": "The value of endoscopy and biopsy in the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma.", "content": "The value of endoscopy and biopsy in the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma has been examined. Out of a total of 550 patients, gastric carcinoma was suspected in 101. Endoscopy and biopsy provided a firm diagnosis in 43 of the 44 cases of gastric carcinoma present, and effectively excluded gastric carcinoma in 48 cases. We recommend endoscopy and biopsy as valuable diagnostic procedures in the investigation of patients suspected of having gastric carcinoma. Used together they can eliminate the necessity for diagnostic laparotomy.", "contents": "The value of endoscopy and biopsy in the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. The value of endoscopy and biopsy in the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma has been examined. Out of a total of 550 patients, gastric carcinoma was suspected in 101. Endoscopy and biopsy provided a firm diagnosis in 43 of the 44 cases of gastric carcinoma present, and effectively excluded gastric carcinoma in 48 cases. We recommend endoscopy and biopsy as valuable diagnostic procedures in the investigation of patients suspected of having gastric carcinoma. Used together they can eliminate the necessity for diagnostic laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1196185", "title": "Melioidosis in a child in papua new guinea successful treatment with kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.", "content": "An instance of melioidosis is described in a five-year-old Papua New Guinean. The disease did not involve the lungs, but the patient presented with an abscess on the abdomen and with numerous abscesses on the feet. The disease was successfully treated with kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. This is the fourth case known to have occurred in Papua New Guinea, and the patient is the first to have survived.", "contents": "Melioidosis in a child in papua new guinea successful treatment with kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. An instance of melioidosis is described in a five-year-old Papua New Guinean. The disease did not involve the lungs, but the patient presented with an abscess on the abdomen and with numerous abscesses on the feet. The disease was successfully treated with kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. This is the fourth case known to have occurred in Papua New Guinea, and the patient is the first to have survived."}
{"id": "PMID:1196186", "title": "Chronic melioidosis.", "content": "This report is of a man who suffered from chronic melioidosis contracted in Malaysia. In the course of the disease he had a lobe of a lung resected, developed empyema and, while this was still draining, developed infection in an ankle. Both the empyema thoracis and the ankle infection were due to Pseudomonas pseudomallel. He now appears to be cured, probably by massive doses of tetracycline.", "contents": "Chronic melioidosis. This report is of a man who suffered from chronic melioidosis contracted in Malaysia. In the course of the disease he had a lobe of a lung resected, developed empyema and, while this was still draining, developed infection in an ankle. Both the empyema thoracis and the ankle infection were due to Pseudomonas pseudomallel. He now appears to be cured, probably by massive doses of tetracycline."}
{"id": "PMID:1196188", "title": "Use of on-line computer facilities in a respiratory function laboratory.", "content": "Experience in the use of on-line computer facilities in a respiratory function laboratory is described. An improved level of service and patient care has been demonstrated. Avenues for further development are discussed.", "contents": "Use of on-line computer facilities in a respiratory function laboratory. Experience in the use of on-line computer facilities in a respiratory function laboratory is described. An improved level of service and patient care has been demonstrated. Avenues for further development are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196197", "title": "A department of personal and family medicine.", "content": "There has been increasing, worldwide dissatisfaction with the relevance of medical education to health care. Recently, a special task group set up by The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners made a study of how a department of personal and family medicine could participate in the education of the medical student. The task was to present first steps in a research and development programme for education of health personnel to work in and near the family setting. Two academics, two nurse educators, two general practitioners, one specialist surgeon involved in medical education and a fifth-year medical student made up the group. It worked at the task during a six-day live-in teaching and leadership seminar at Leura, New South Wales, in February, 1973.", "contents": "A department of personal and family medicine. There has been increasing, worldwide dissatisfaction with the relevance of medical education to health care. Recently, a special task group set up by The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners made a study of how a department of personal and family medicine could participate in the education of the medical student. The task was to present first steps in a research and development programme for education of health personnel to work in and near the family setting. Two academics, two nurse educators, two general practitioners, one specialist surgeon involved in medical education and a fifth-year medical student made up the group. It worked at the task during a six-day live-in teaching and leadership seminar at Leura, New South Wales, in February, 1973."}
{"id": "PMID:1196198", "title": "Education in community medicine with an emphasis on the health of an Aboriginal community: a pilot project.", "content": "An outline is given of a pilot project to introduce medical students to the broad concept of community medical practice with the emphasis on a rural Aboriginal community. The subjective experiences of the students are recorded and discussed. It is suggested that similar projects are essential to give balance to the bias of hospital training of medical students and to attract doctors to this discipline. The main advantages of such a scheme are that it broadens the perspective of the medical student, widens his potential choice of career, and gives him insight into the medical needs of a socioeconomically deprived group and into the wider role that a doctor can play in the health of the community.", "contents": "Education in community medicine with an emphasis on the health of an Aboriginal community: a pilot project. An outline is given of a pilot project to introduce medical students to the broad concept of community medical practice with the emphasis on a rural Aboriginal community. The subjective experiences of the students are recorded and discussed. It is suggested that similar projects are essential to give balance to the bias of hospital training of medical students and to attract doctors to this discipline. The main advantages of such a scheme are that it broadens the perspective of the medical student, widens his potential choice of career, and gives him insight into the medical needs of a socioeconomically deprived group and into the wider role that a doctor can play in the health of the community."}
{"id": "PMID:1196200", "title": "Learning by experience. A student residential workshop in hospital.", "content": "A four-day residential workshop was conducted for students beginning their clinical studies at the St George Hospital in 1974. The aim of the workshop was that the students should understand the functioning of the hospital and feel comfortable as students in the hospital, so that they would learn their clinical skills more effectively in their subsequent years at the hospital. Each student lived in a hospital bed with an \"illness\" for two days, and spent another two days helping care for these \"student patients\" and exploring the hospital. Evaluation at the end of the workshop suggested that the objectives had been achieved.", "contents": "Learning by experience. A student residential workshop in hospital. A four-day residential workshop was conducted for students beginning their clinical studies at the St George Hospital in 1974. The aim of the workshop was that the students should understand the functioning of the hospital and feel comfortable as students in the hospital, so that they would learn their clinical skills more effectively in their subsequent years at the hospital. Each student lived in a hospital bed with an \"illness\" for two days, and spent another two days helping care for these \"student patients\" and exploring the hospital. Evaluation at the end of the workshop suggested that the objectives had been achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:1196201", "title": "Undergraduate general practice teaching in Australasian medical schools: the student viewpoint.", "content": "A survey was conducted to find what type of general practice teaching is offered to Australasian undergraduates. Of 11 medical schools, one had no pretence at general practice teaching, four had very inadequate and six had sufficient courses devoted to the subject. Comments on the place of general practice teaching in the medical curriculum are added. An attempt is made to summarize student expectations.", "contents": "Undergraduate general practice teaching in Australasian medical schools: the student viewpoint. A survey was conducted to find what type of general practice teaching is offered to Australasian undergraduates. Of 11 medical schools, one had no pretence at general practice teaching, four had very inadequate and six had sufficient courses devoted to the subject. Comments on the place of general practice teaching in the medical curriculum are added. An attempt is made to summarize student expectations."}
{"id": "PMID:1196204", "title": "An experimental brief course in sexual behaviour and counseling.", "content": "A brief course in sexual behaviour and counseling was given to a sample of 30 fifth-year medical students from Monash University, as an adjunct to their curriculum in gynaecology. The effectiveness of the course in increasing the student's knowledge of sexual behaviour and ability in sexual counselling, and in reducing anticipated anxiety or embarrassment in sexual discussions, was assessed by precourse and postcourse measures. It was concluded that the course was reasonably successful in achieving these aims and provides a basis for desirable future developments in this area.", "contents": "An experimental brief course in sexual behaviour and counseling. A brief course in sexual behaviour and counseling was given to a sample of 30 fifth-year medical students from Monash University, as an adjunct to their curriculum in gynaecology. The effectiveness of the course in increasing the student's knowledge of sexual behaviour and ability in sexual counselling, and in reducing anticipated anxiety or embarrassment in sexual discussions, was assessed by precourse and postcourse measures. It was concluded that the course was reasonably successful in achieving these aims and provides a basis for desirable future developments in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:1196209", "title": "Combined diphtheria-tetanus immunization of adults.", "content": "The administration of a combined adult-type diphtheria-tetanus vaccine to a group of 35 adults seeking booster tetanus immunization produced a secondary immune response to the diphtheria antigen in 26. A satisfactory response to the tetanus antigen was noted in all those who gave a reliable history of active tetanus immunization, including eight individuals who had not received a dose of toxoid for 25 to 28 years. No systemic reactions were observed, but significant correlation was found between local reactivity and a high post-booster titre of tetanus antitoxin. Selective use of the combined vaccine instead of tetanus toxoid alone offers a means of raising the diphtheria immunity in the adult population.", "contents": "Combined diphtheria-tetanus immunization of adults. The administration of a combined adult-type diphtheria-tetanus vaccine to a group of 35 adults seeking booster tetanus immunization produced a secondary immune response to the diphtheria antigen in 26. A satisfactory response to the tetanus antigen was noted in all those who gave a reliable history of active tetanus immunization, including eight individuals who had not received a dose of toxoid for 25 to 28 years. No systemic reactions were observed, but significant correlation was found between local reactivity and a high post-booster titre of tetanus antitoxin. Selective use of the combined vaccine instead of tetanus toxoid alone offers a means of raising the diphtheria immunity in the adult population."}
{"id": "PMID:1196210", "title": "Effect of long-term co-trimoxazole therapy on renal function.", "content": "In order to study the effect of long-term administration of co-trimoxazole on renal function, creatinine clearance rates were measured in 18 patients with neurogenic hypotonia of the bladder due to paraplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia and cerebrocervical injuries. The duration of the prophylactic treatment was between 60 and 80 days. The initial average creatinine clearance rate of this group was 99-0 ml/min and the final one was 110-7 ml/min (P = 0-15, n.s.). In addition, in seven cases the prophylaxis was extended to a period of 330 to 430 days. In this group the initial average creatinine clearance rate was 104-4 ml/min and the final one was 94-7 ml/min (P greater than 0-3, n.s.). It is concluded, therefore, that prolonged administration of co-trimoxazole to patients with creatinine clearance above 50 ml/min does not cause any marked deterioration in the renal function.", "contents": "Effect of long-term co-trimoxazole therapy on renal function. In order to study the effect of long-term administration of co-trimoxazole on renal function, creatinine clearance rates were measured in 18 patients with neurogenic hypotonia of the bladder due to paraplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia and cerebrocervical injuries. The duration of the prophylactic treatment was between 60 and 80 days. The initial average creatinine clearance rate of this group was 99-0 ml/min and the final one was 110-7 ml/min (P = 0-15, n.s.). In addition, in seven cases the prophylaxis was extended to a period of 330 to 430 days. In this group the initial average creatinine clearance rate was 104-4 ml/min and the final one was 94-7 ml/min (P greater than 0-3, n.s.). It is concluded, therefore, that prolonged administration of co-trimoxazole to patients with creatinine clearance above 50 ml/min does not cause any marked deterioration in the renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:1196211", "title": "Birth weight in pregnancies after induction of ovulation with pituitary gonadotrophins.", "content": "Birth weights offer a means of determining normality of babies born after induction of ovulation with human pituitary gonadotrophins. A study of 62 patients treated under the auspices of the Australian Human Pituitary Advisory Committee shows that birth weights of the babies were not significantly different from those in two large Australian obstetric populations. Multiple pregnancies are more common after ovulation induction. Birth weights in twins are approximately 85% of those in singleton pregnancies.", "contents": "Birth weight in pregnancies after induction of ovulation with pituitary gonadotrophins. Birth weights offer a means of determining normality of babies born after induction of ovulation with human pituitary gonadotrophins. A study of 62 patients treated under the auspices of the Australian Human Pituitary Advisory Committee shows that birth weights of the babies were not significantly different from those in two large Australian obstetric populations. Multiple pregnancies are more common after ovulation induction. Birth weights in twins are approximately 85% of those in singleton pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:1196213", "title": "Villous adenoma of the colon with electrolyte depletion.", "content": "The case is presented of a villous adenoma of the colon associated with profuse, watery diarrhoea of such severity as to cause dehydration and electrolyte depletion.", "contents": "Villous adenoma of the colon with electrolyte depletion. The case is presented of a villous adenoma of the colon associated with profuse, watery diarrhoea of such severity as to cause dehydration and electrolyte depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:1196215", "title": "Anaesthesia in a delightful setting: Gull Force Medical Aid Project in Ambon.", "content": "Civil aid projects in developing countries and military experience in South Vietnam have enabled numerous Australian and New Zealand anaesthetists to experience and evaluate anaesthetic techniques, drugs, unfamiliar apparatus and the anaesthetic training of paramedical personnel under unusual conditions. Supply problems, economic conditions, climate, educational standards of trainees, and the health of the community are some of the factors which influence the methods which have been adopted. The value of this experience is seen in its continuing commitment to civil aid projects in developing countries, and parallels are also seen in the anaesthetic requirements for major disasters, whether civil or military.", "contents": "Anaesthesia in a delightful setting: Gull Force Medical Aid Project in Ambon. Civil aid projects in developing countries and military experience in South Vietnam have enabled numerous Australian and New Zealand anaesthetists to experience and evaluate anaesthetic techniques, drugs, unfamiliar apparatus and the anaesthetic training of paramedical personnel under unusual conditions. Supply problems, economic conditions, climate, educational standards of trainees, and the health of the community are some of the factors which influence the methods which have been adopted. The value of this experience is seen in its continuing commitment to civil aid projects in developing countries, and parallels are also seen in the anaesthetic requirements for major disasters, whether civil or military."}
{"id": "PMID:1196216", "title": "The Dalkon Shield contraceptive device in general practice.", "content": "The value of the Dalkon Shield as a means of birth control in general practice is reviewed, and the continuation rate is found to be disappointingly low in a well motivated group of women. These findings are at complete variance with those of Watson (1975).", "contents": "The Dalkon Shield contraceptive device in general practice. The value of the Dalkon Shield as a means of birth control in general practice is reviewed, and the continuation rate is found to be disappointingly low in a well motivated group of women. These findings are at complete variance with those of Watson (1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:1196222", "title": "Hydrocephaly, microcephaly and anencephaly diagnosed in pregnancy by ultrasonic echography.", "content": "The antenatal diagnosis of hydrocephaly, microcephaly and anencephaly is discussed and it is shown that ultrasonic echography is suited to the earliest diagnosis of these conditions. In hydrocephaly, demonstration of ventricular size and anatomy is used to assess the severity of the disease.", "contents": "Hydrocephaly, microcephaly and anencephaly diagnosed in pregnancy by ultrasonic echography. The antenatal diagnosis of hydrocephaly, microcephaly and anencephaly is discussed and it is shown that ultrasonic echography is suited to the earliest diagnosis of these conditions. In hydrocephaly, demonstration of ventricular size and anatomy is used to assess the severity of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1196223", "title": "Bioavailability of phenytoin from various pharmaceutical preparations in children.", "content": "In children, the blood level of phenytoin was found to be significantly higher when 100 mg capsules rather than 100 mg tablets were administered. When, on the other hand, 30 mg capsules and tablets were compared; the situation was reversed; tablets produced significantly higher blood levels of phenytoin than did the capsules. The significance and possible explantation of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Bioavailability of phenytoin from various pharmaceutical preparations in children. In children, the blood level of phenytoin was found to be significantly higher when 100 mg capsules rather than 100 mg tablets were administered. When, on the other hand, 30 mg capsules and tablets were compared; the situation was reversed; tablets produced significantly higher blood levels of phenytoin than did the capsules. The significance and possible explantation of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196224", "title": "The incidence of Australia antigen in hospital staff members.", "content": "A survey of Sydney Hospital staff members for Au antigenaemia was performed during a six-month period in 1972. Nine hundred and forty-six staff members were tested by the immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) method and two asymptomatic chronic carriers were detected. Subsequently, it has been hospital policy to test all new staff members. Eight hundred and ninety additional sera from staff members were obtained and 12 were found to be Au positive. Of these, only one had evidence of liver disease. The results show a slight increase in the incidence of Au positivity in hospital staff members as compared with that of the general Australian population. However, in our series the majority of chronic carriers were immigrants from countries with known high incidence of Au antigen positivity. We therefore postulate that this increase is due not to the hospital environment, but to the carrier's country of origin.", "contents": "The incidence of Australia antigen in hospital staff members. A survey of Sydney Hospital staff members for Au antigenaemia was performed during a six-month period in 1972. Nine hundred and forty-six staff members were tested by the immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) method and two asymptomatic chronic carriers were detected. Subsequently, it has been hospital policy to test all new staff members. Eight hundred and ninety additional sera from staff members were obtained and 12 were found to be Au positive. Of these, only one had evidence of liver disease. The results show a slight increase in the incidence of Au positivity in hospital staff members as compared with that of the general Australian population. However, in our series the majority of chronic carriers were immigrants from countries with known high incidence of Au antigen positivity. We therefore postulate that this increase is due not to the hospital environment, but to the carrier's country of origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1196225", "title": "Uterine fibroid: an unusual cause of recurrent haemorrhagic pleural effusion.", "content": "A 51-year-old woman presented with dyspnoea due to pleural effusion, which repeatedly reaccumulated rapidly after tapping. A pelvic mass was present and she was considered to have disseminated ovarian malignant tumour. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed, and the tumour was shown to be a necrotic uterine fibromyoma. After the operation the patient has been well, with no recurrence of the effusion. This is the twelfth reported case of the association of hydrothorax with uterine fibromyoma, and is a form of the rare pseudo-Meigs' syndrome.", "contents": "Uterine fibroid: an unusual cause of recurrent haemorrhagic pleural effusion. A 51-year-old woman presented with dyspnoea due to pleural effusion, which repeatedly reaccumulated rapidly after tapping. A pelvic mass was present and she was considered to have disseminated ovarian malignant tumour. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed, and the tumour was shown to be a necrotic uterine fibromyoma. After the operation the patient has been well, with no recurrence of the effusion. This is the twelfth reported case of the association of hydrothorax with uterine fibromyoma, and is a form of the rare pseudo-Meigs' syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1196227", "title": "The role of the general practitioner in an obstetrics teaching hospital.", "content": "A scheme is presented for the appointment of general practitioners to the staff of a university teaching hospital. The doctors have bed rights for the management of their private and intermediate patients. They are appointed to the teaching and service units of the hospital and cooperate with a Department of Community Medicine, the full-time Director of which is also a general practitioner with senior staff status. The hospital appointment has the title Affiliated Medical Officer and is made subject to written acceptance of special conditions which include practice restriction in the management of complicated cases. The scheme has operated satisfactorily for two years.", "contents": "The role of the general practitioner in an obstetrics teaching hospital. A scheme is presented for the appointment of general practitioners to the staff of a university teaching hospital. The doctors have bed rights for the management of their private and intermediate patients. They are appointed to the teaching and service units of the hospital and cooperate with a Department of Community Medicine, the full-time Director of which is also a general practitioner with senior staff status. The hospital appointment has the title Affiliated Medical Officer and is made subject to written acceptance of special conditions which include practice restriction in the management of complicated cases. The scheme has operated satisfactorily for two years."}
{"id": "PMID:1196260", "title": "Four hour-test for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "A set of 12 rapid biochemical tests--lysinedecarboxylase, ornithinedecarboxylase, beta-galactosidase, urease, hydrogensulphide, indole, acetoin, deoxyribonuclease, esculin, mannitol, raffinose and sorbitol--were selected from an original set of 13 tests and were found to give 98% accurate reactions within 4 hrs of incubation for the identification of bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae. This set permits identification on the genus and/or species level for Escherichia, Shigella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia and Proteus.", "contents": "Four hour-test for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae. A set of 12 rapid biochemical tests--lysinedecarboxylase, ornithinedecarboxylase, beta-galactosidase, urease, hydrogensulphide, indole, acetoin, deoxyribonuclease, esculin, mannitol, raffinose and sorbitol--were selected from an original set of 13 tests and were found to give 98% accurate reactions within 4 hrs of incubation for the identification of bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae. This set permits identification on the genus and/or species level for Escherichia, Shigella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia and Proteus."}
{"id": "PMID:1196261", "title": "Studies on bacteriophages of Propionibacterium acnes.", "content": "With the help of adaptation experiments, 61 phage preparations out of 36 Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages (32 isolated by us and 4 sent from abroad) were established. On the basis of their stability, spectrum of activity, and virulence, 13 phages were selected for phagetyping. 58 well-classified P. acnes strains were grouped into 7 phage-types. 7 strains of P. granulosum, two strains of P. avidum, and one yet ungroupable microserophilic propionibacterium strain were resistant to all 61 phages, even when tested in 100 X RTD. A combination of phagetyping with biotyping resulted in data especially useful for the differentiation of P. acnes.", "contents": "Studies on bacteriophages of Propionibacterium acnes. With the help of adaptation experiments, 61 phage preparations out of 36 Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages (32 isolated by us and 4 sent from abroad) were established. On the basis of their stability, spectrum of activity, and virulence, 13 phages were selected for phagetyping. 58 well-classified P. acnes strains were grouped into 7 phage-types. 7 strains of P. granulosum, two strains of P. avidum, and one yet ungroupable microserophilic propionibacterium strain were resistant to all 61 phages, even when tested in 100 X RTD. A combination of phagetyping with biotyping resulted in data especially useful for the differentiation of P. acnes."}
{"id": "PMID:1196262", "title": "X-ray images of small blood vessels in angiography: question of isoplanatism.", "content": "The basic theory of x-ray image formation of blood vessels, which is related to isoplanatism, is discussed. The x-ray intensity distributions of the blood vessel images are derived first for the actual case, which gives \"correct\" x-ray images obtained by the ray-tracing method. Secondly, as an approximation of the actual case, the image distributions are derived by the convolution method, which corresponds to an isoplanatic case. It is concluded that, under practical conditions, x-ray images of blood vessels are given approximately by a convolution integral of the object distribution, that is, the input x-ray pattern of the vessel exposed with a parallel x-ray beam, with the line spread function of geometric unsharpness. Therefore, this theory provides support for the experimental procedure commonly used in obtaining blood vessel images, and for the validity of applying in angiography the concept of the line spread function and the modulation transfer function of geometric unsharpness.", "contents": "X-ray images of small blood vessels in angiography: question of isoplanatism. The basic theory of x-ray image formation of blood vessels, which is related to isoplanatism, is discussed. The x-ray intensity distributions of the blood vessel images are derived first for the actual case, which gives \"correct\" x-ray images obtained by the ray-tracing method. Secondly, as an approximation of the actual case, the image distributions are derived by the convolution method, which corresponds to an isoplanatic case. It is concluded that, under practical conditions, x-ray images of blood vessels are given approximately by a convolution integral of the object distribution, that is, the input x-ray pattern of the vessel exposed with a parallel x-ray beam, with the line spread function of geometric unsharpness. Therefore, this theory provides support for the experimental procedure commonly used in obtaining blood vessel images, and for the validity of applying in angiography the concept of the line spread function and the modulation transfer function of geometric unsharpness."}
{"id": "PMID:1196263", "title": "Lesion detectability as a function of pulse-height selection for dynamic imaging with 99mTc.", "content": "Previous studies on pulse-height selection for scintillation cameras have been concerned with static imaging or asymmetric window settings around the photo peak. For count densities typical of those encountered in flow studies and for the customary symmetric window it is shown here, both computationally and experimentally, that a window setting in the range of 25-35% provides the maximum lesion detectability rate for lesions of 0.5- to 2.0-cm diameter.", "contents": "Lesion detectability as a function of pulse-height selection for dynamic imaging with 99mTc. Previous studies on pulse-height selection for scintillation cameras have been concerned with static imaging or asymmetric window settings around the photo peak. For count densities typical of those encountered in flow studies and for the customary symmetric window it is shown here, both computationally and experimentally, that a window setting in the range of 25-35% provides the maximum lesion detectability rate for lesions of 0.5- to 2.0-cm diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:1196265", "title": "Accuracy in patient setup and its consequence in dosimetry.", "content": "Analysis of 5575 settings on a computer-monitered Theratron-80 60Co unit demonstrates that human error does occur in treating patients with radiation. The errors are due to inaccurate setting of such parameters as field size, gantry angle, collimator rotation, treatment time, etc. The error rate per parameter was found to be about 3%, and more than two-thirds of the patients monitored with the PDP 11/45 computer had at least one error at some stage during the full course of treatment. Both the dose and the dose distribution may be affected by these errors and have been studied in a few typical cases. The errors in timer setting have the largest effect on the prescribed dose and may change the probability of local control appreciably.", "contents": "Accuracy in patient setup and its consequence in dosimetry. Analysis of 5575 settings on a computer-monitered Theratron-80 60Co unit demonstrates that human error does occur in treating patients with radiation. The errors are due to inaccurate setting of such parameters as field size, gantry angle, collimator rotation, treatment time, etc. The error rate per parameter was found to be about 3%, and more than two-thirds of the patients monitored with the PDP 11/45 computer had at least one error at some stage during the full course of treatment. Both the dose and the dose distribution may be affected by these errors and have been studied in a few typical cases. The errors in timer setting have the largest effect on the prescribed dose and may change the probability of local control appreciably."}
{"id": "PMID:1196264", "title": "Stem corrections for ionization chambers.", "content": "Ionization chambers often exhibit a stem effect, caused by interactions of radiation with air near the chamber end, or with dielectric in the chamber stem or cable. These interactions contribute to the apparent measured exposure. To determine the stem efffect for several common ionization chamber systems, exposures were measured with TLD capsules placed at the center of 60Co fields of various sizes. These exposure measurements then were repeated with various ionization chamber systems, including two Victoreen R meters (25- and 100-R chambers), a Capintec 192 dosimeter with a Farmer 0.6-cm3 probe, a PTW transit dose probe, and an EG and G IC-18 probe with a Keithley 610-B electrometer. From a comparison of TLD and ionization chamber measurements of the variation in exposure rate with field size, stem corrections for the different systems were determined within 1%.", "contents": "Stem corrections for ionization chambers. Ionization chambers often exhibit a stem effect, caused by interactions of radiation with air near the chamber end, or with dielectric in the chamber stem or cable. These interactions contribute to the apparent measured exposure. To determine the stem efffect for several common ionization chamber systems, exposures were measured with TLD capsules placed at the center of 60Co fields of various sizes. These exposure measurements then were repeated with various ionization chamber systems, including two Victoreen R meters (25- and 100-R chambers), a Capintec 192 dosimeter with a Farmer 0.6-cm3 probe, a PTW transit dose probe, and an EG and G IC-18 probe with a Keithley 610-B electrometer. From a comparison of TLD and ionization chamber measurements of the variation in exposure rate with field size, stem corrections for the different systems were determined within 1%."}
{"id": "PMID:1196296", "title": "Calf blood extract in treatment of equine foot lesions.", "content": "A deproteinized calf blood extract (Solcoseryl: Solco Basle, Ltd, Switzerland) enhanced healing of induced and naturally-occurring lesions in the feet of 30 horses and donkeys.", "contents": "Calf blood extract in treatment of equine foot lesions. A deproteinized calf blood extract (Solcoseryl: Solco Basle, Ltd, Switzerland) enhanced healing of induced and naturally-occurring lesions in the feet of 30 horses and donkeys."}
{"id": "PMID:1196299", "title": "Cycloheximide resistance in Chinese hamster cells. III. Characterization of cell-free protein synthesis by polysomes.", "content": "Two clones were selected for mass cultivation from 18 phenotypically stable CHM-resistant CHO clones. The polysomes isolated from these two clones were compared with CHO wildtype polysomes and rat liver polysomes in a cell-free protein synthesis system for their ability to incorporate amino acids. CHM had an inhibitory effect on the protein synthesis activity of CHO wildtype and rat liver polysomes, but had no effect on the polysomes obtained from either of the mutant CHO clones.", "contents": "Cycloheximide resistance in Chinese hamster cells. III. Characterization of cell-free protein synthesis by polysomes. Two clones were selected for mass cultivation from 18 phenotypically stable CHM-resistant CHO clones. The polysomes isolated from these two clones were compared with CHO wildtype polysomes and rat liver polysomes in a cell-free protein synthesis system for their ability to incorporate amino acids. CHM had an inhibitory effect on the protein synthesis activity of CHO wildtype and rat liver polysomes, but had no effect on the polysomes obtained from either of the mutant CHO clones."}
{"id": "PMID:1196300", "title": "A pleiotropic regulatory mutation in lambda bacteriophage.", "content": "Lambda bacteriophage mutants, lambdasar, were isolated. These mutants can form plaques on a non lysogenic lawn and are unable to grow on nonimmune (imm-), cro constitutive hosts. Analysis of the restriction of lambdasar by a set of defective lysogens suggested that both the cro and cII gene products participate in the inhibition. The sar mutations were mapped in the ori region between the genes cII and O. Complementation experiments showed that under the restrictive conditions lamdasar is defective in the expression of both the N and the O genes. Transcription analyses support these findings, as lambdasar is unable to serve as a template for transcription after infecting cro constitutive hosts. In addition lambdasar does not replicate under the restrictive conditions, although its DNA can bind to the host membrane to some extent. The Sar phenotype can be relieved by removing sites of action of cro either by a V2 mutation or by substituting the lambda immunity region by imm434 or imm21. Similarly introducing a cy mutation, which interferes with the action of the cII gene product, also eliminates the Sar effect. The sar mutation can suppress cy mutations as manifested in plaque morphology, lysogenization frequency, cI repressor synthesis and the expression of rex function. Suppression takes place only when the sar mutation is present in cis to cy and it requires the action of the cII and cIII gene products. It is suggested that the sar mutation suppresses cy by activating a new promoter for repressor synthesis, pro. The results also suggest that the cII and cIII gene products may act at a site other than y.", "contents": "A pleiotropic regulatory mutation in lambda bacteriophage. Lambda bacteriophage mutants, lambdasar, were isolated. These mutants can form plaques on a non lysogenic lawn and are unable to grow on nonimmune (imm-), cro constitutive hosts. Analysis of the restriction of lambdasar by a set of defective lysogens suggested that both the cro and cII gene products participate in the inhibition. The sar mutations were mapped in the ori region between the genes cII and O. Complementation experiments showed that under the restrictive conditions lamdasar is defective in the expression of both the N and the O genes. Transcription analyses support these findings, as lambdasar is unable to serve as a template for transcription after infecting cro constitutive hosts. In addition lambdasar does not replicate under the restrictive conditions, although its DNA can bind to the host membrane to some extent. The Sar phenotype can be relieved by removing sites of action of cro either by a V2 mutation or by substituting the lambda immunity region by imm434 or imm21. Similarly introducing a cy mutation, which interferes with the action of the cII gene product, also eliminates the Sar effect. The sar mutation can suppress cy mutations as manifested in plaque morphology, lysogenization frequency, cI repressor synthesis and the expression of rex function. Suppression takes place only when the sar mutation is present in cis to cy and it requires the action of the cII and cIII gene products. It is suggested that the sar mutation suppresses cy by activating a new promoter for repressor synthesis, pro. The results also suggest that the cII and cIII gene products may act at a site other than y."}
{"id": "PMID:1196301", "title": "Glycolytic metabolism in cultured cells of the nervous system. II. Regulation of pyruvate and lactate metabolism in the C-6 glioma cell line.", "content": "Pyruvate and lactate efflux from C-6 glioma cells has been found to be regulated by both the medium glucose concentration and the medium concentration of the two acids. Each moves down a concentration gradient until the extracellular level is in equilibrium with the intracellular. Long-term growth studies demonstrated that the cells preferentially utilize glucose but that once it is depleted, they will take up first pyruvate, followed by lactate, for further metabolism. Changes in the intracellular levels of the two metabolites correspond to those seen in the medium. The rate of glycogen breakdown parallels that of medium glucose ultilization. Preliminary results with the C-1300 neuroblastoma cells showed pyruvate and lactate efflux rates comparable to those of the glioma cells.", "contents": "Glycolytic metabolism in cultured cells of the nervous system. II. Regulation of pyruvate and lactate metabolism in the C-6 glioma cell line. Pyruvate and lactate efflux from C-6 glioma cells has been found to be regulated by both the medium glucose concentration and the medium concentration of the two acids. Each moves down a concentration gradient until the extracellular level is in equilibrium with the intracellular. Long-term growth studies demonstrated that the cells preferentially utilize glucose but that once it is depleted, they will take up first pyruvate, followed by lactate, for further metabolism. Changes in the intracellular levels of the two metabolites correspond to those seen in the medium. The rate of glycogen breakdown parallels that of medium glucose ultilization. Preliminary results with the C-1300 neuroblastoma cells showed pyruvate and lactate efflux rates comparable to those of the glioma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1196302", "title": "Glycolytic metabolism in cultured cells of the nervous system. III. The effects of thiamine deficiency and pyrithiamine on the C-6 glioma and C-1300 neuroblastoma cell lines.", "content": "The effects of thiamine deficiency and of the antithiamine drug pyrithiamine on the C-6 glioma and the C-1300 neuroblastoma cell lines have been studied. Thiamine deficiency increased the doubling time of the neuroblastoma cells without affecting that of the glioma cells. Pyrithiamine prevented both cell lines from doubling even once. (hiamine deficiency had only slight effects on intracellular pyruvate and lactate levels or on efflux rates for the acids, but pyrithiamine treatment resulted in large increases in both the intracellular levels and the efflux in both cell lines. For comparison, the pyruvate and lactate levels in mouse brain were measured. The levels from thiamine-deficient mouse brain were essentially unchanged from controls while pyrithiamine treatment caused a significant elevation only of the pyruvate concentration.", "contents": "Glycolytic metabolism in cultured cells of the nervous system. III. The effects of thiamine deficiency and pyrithiamine on the C-6 glioma and C-1300 neuroblastoma cell lines. The effects of thiamine deficiency and of the antithiamine drug pyrithiamine on the C-6 glioma and the C-1300 neuroblastoma cell lines have been studied. Thiamine deficiency increased the doubling time of the neuroblastoma cells without affecting that of the glioma cells. Pyrithiamine prevented both cell lines from doubling even once. (hiamine deficiency had only slight effects on intracellular pyruvate and lactate levels or on efflux rates for the acids, but pyrithiamine treatment resulted in large increases in both the intracellular levels and the efflux in both cell lines. For comparison, the pyruvate and lactate levels in mouse brain were measured. The levels from thiamine-deficient mouse brain were essentially unchanged from controls while pyrithiamine treatment caused a significant elevation only of the pyruvate concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1196303", "title": "The relationships between vitamin B12 and folic acid and the effect of methionine on folate metabolism.", "content": "The relationship between vitamin B12 and folate and the effect of methionine on folate metabolism during B12 deficiency in rats is best explained by the prevention of the accumulation of 5-methyl-H4PteGlu by vitamin B12 and/or methionine. Although several points remain to be clarified, the 'methyl trap' hypothesis provides the most satisfactory explanation for the relation between vitamin B12, methionine and folic acid. This concept is extended by the hypothesis that H4PteGlu is the most active substrate for pteroylpolyglutamate synthetase, and thus accounts for the effect of methionine or vitamin B12 increasing liver folate levels.", "contents": "The relationships between vitamin B12 and folic acid and the effect of methionine on folate metabolism. The relationship between vitamin B12 and folate and the effect of methionine on folate metabolism during B12 deficiency in rats is best explained by the prevention of the accumulation of 5-methyl-H4PteGlu by vitamin B12 and/or methionine. Although several points remain to be clarified, the 'methyl trap' hypothesis provides the most satisfactory explanation for the relation between vitamin B12, methionine and folic acid. This concept is extended by the hypothesis that H4PteGlu is the most active substrate for pteroylpolyglutamate synthetase, and thus accounts for the effect of methionine or vitamin B12 increasing liver folate levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1196304", "title": "Variation in average unit chain length of glycogen in relation to developmental stage in Blastocladiella emersonii.", "content": "Synchronous, single generations of Blastocladiella emersonii were grown along either the ordinary colorless or resistant sporangial plant pathways. Samples of cells were withdrawn at different developmental stages and glycogen was extracted, purified, debranched by isoamylase treatment, and its component unit chains separated by gel permeation chromatography. The elution profiles showed the distribution of unit chains. Average unit chain length was determined for plants at different developmental stages and shown to vary between 9 and 16. Some of these variations were correlated with other developmental events in the fungus.", "contents": "Variation in average unit chain length of glycogen in relation to developmental stage in Blastocladiella emersonii. Synchronous, single generations of Blastocladiella emersonii were grown along either the ordinary colorless or resistant sporangial plant pathways. Samples of cells were withdrawn at different developmental stages and glycogen was extracted, purified, debranched by isoamylase treatment, and its component unit chains separated by gel permeation chromatography. The elution profiles showed the distribution of unit chains. Average unit chain length was determined for plants at different developmental stages and shown to vary between 9 and 16. Some of these variations were correlated with other developmental events in the fungus."}
{"id": "PMID:1196306", "title": "Run-off ribosomes in liver, spleen and pancreas of the rat.", "content": "Free polyribosomes, isolated from liver, spleen and pancreas of the rat, were suspended in a medium at 0.5 mM Mg2+ and analyzed in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The percentage of run-off ribosomes, distinguised by a sedimentation coefficient below 77S was calculated from centrifugal experiments. The amount of run-off ribosomes differed in the various tissues of the rat but was not influenced by fasting overnight.", "contents": "Run-off ribosomes in liver, spleen and pancreas of the rat. Free polyribosomes, isolated from liver, spleen and pancreas of the rat, were suspended in a medium at 0.5 mM Mg2+ and analyzed in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The percentage of run-off ribosomes, distinguised by a sedimentation coefficient below 77S was calculated from centrifugal experiments. The amount of run-off ribosomes differed in the various tissues of the rat but was not influenced by fasting overnight."}
{"id": "PMID:1196305", "title": "Aspects of ketogenesis: control and mechanism of ketone-body formation in isolated rat-liver mitochondria.", "content": "The synthesis of ketone bodies by intact isolated rat-liver mitochondria has been studied at varying rates of acetyl-CoA production and of acetyl-CoA utilization in the Krebs cycle. Factors which enhanced the rate of acetyl-CoA production caused an increase in the fraction of acetyl-CoA which was incorporated into ketone bodies. On the other hand, it was found that factors which  stimulated the formation of citrate lowered the relative rate of ketogenesis. It is concluded that acetyl-CoA is preferentially used for citrate synthesis, if the level of oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial matrix space is adequate. The intramitochondrial level of oxaloacetate, which is determined by the malate concentration and the ratio of NADH over NAD+, is the main factor controlling the rate of citrate synthesis. The ATP/ADP ratio per se does not affect the activity of citrate synthase in this in vitro system. Ketogenesis can be described as an overflow of acetyl-groups: Ketone-body formation is stimulated only when the rate of acetyl-CoA production increases beyond the capacity for citrate synthesis. The interaction between fatty acid oxidation and pyruvate metabolism and the effects of long-chain acyl-CoA on mitochondrial metabolism are discussed. Ketone bodies which were generated during the oxidation of [1-14C] fatty acids were preferentially labelled in their carboxyl group. This carboxyl group had the same specific activity as the acetyl-CoA pool, whereas the specific activity of the acetone moiety of acetoacetate was much lower, especially at low rates of ketone-body formation. The activities of acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase and the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) pathway were compared in soluble and mitochondrial fractions of rat- and cow-liver in different ketotic states. In rat-liver mitochondria, both pathways of acetoacetate synthesis were stimulated upon starvation or in alloxan diabetes. In cow liver, only the HMG-CoA pathway was increased during ketosis in the mitochondrial as well as in the soluble fraction.", "contents": "Aspects of ketogenesis: control and mechanism of ketone-body formation in isolated rat-liver mitochondria. The synthesis of ketone bodies by intact isolated rat-liver mitochondria has been studied at varying rates of acetyl-CoA production and of acetyl-CoA utilization in the Krebs cycle. Factors which enhanced the rate of acetyl-CoA production caused an increase in the fraction of acetyl-CoA which was incorporated into ketone bodies. On the other hand, it was found that factors which  stimulated the formation of citrate lowered the relative rate of ketogenesis. It is concluded that acetyl-CoA is preferentially used for citrate synthesis, if the level of oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial matrix space is adequate. The intramitochondrial level of oxaloacetate, which is determined by the malate concentration and the ratio of NADH over NAD+, is the main factor controlling the rate of citrate synthesis. The ATP/ADP ratio per se does not affect the activity of citrate synthase in this in vitro system. Ketogenesis can be described as an overflow of acetyl-groups: Ketone-body formation is stimulated only when the rate of acetyl-CoA production increases beyond the capacity for citrate synthesis. The interaction between fatty acid oxidation and pyruvate metabolism and the effects of long-chain acyl-CoA on mitochondrial metabolism are discussed. Ketone bodies which were generated during the oxidation of [1-14C] fatty acids were preferentially labelled in their carboxyl group. This carboxyl group had the same specific activity as the acetyl-CoA pool, whereas the specific activity of the acetone moiety of acetoacetate was much lower, especially at low rates of ketone-body formation. The activities of acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase and the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) pathway were compared in soluble and mitochondrial fractions of rat- and cow-liver in different ketotic states. In rat-liver mitochondria, both pathways of acetoacetate synthesis were stimulated upon starvation or in alloxan diabetes. In cow liver, only the HMG-CoA pathway was increased during ketosis in the mitochondrial as well as in the soluble fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1196307", "title": "The presence of 5 S RNA genes in two consecutive chromosome bands in Chironomus tentans.", "content": "It has earlier been shown by in situ hybridization that the 5 S RNA genes are located in region 2A of chromosome II in Chironomus tentans [1]. In the present study the resolution in this chromosome region could be considerably improved by using the inversion 1 A/9C of chromosome II, which carries region 2A, not in the usual position close to one end of chromosome II, but in the middle of the chromosome. It was then revealed that electrophoretically isolated 5 S RNA hybridized in situ with two adjacent bands in the region 2A. It was also observed that in heterozygotes harbouring one normal chromosome II and one with the inversion 1 A/9C, there is a close physical contact between the bands containing the 5 S RNA genes and the nucleolar organizer region.", "contents": "The presence of 5 S RNA genes in two consecutive chromosome bands in Chironomus tentans. It has earlier been shown by in situ hybridization that the 5 S RNA genes are located in region 2A of chromosome II in Chironomus tentans [1]. In the present study the resolution in this chromosome region could be considerably improved by using the inversion 1 A/9C of chromosome II, which carries region 2A, not in the usual position close to one end of chromosome II, but in the middle of the chromosome. It was then revealed that electrophoretically isolated 5 S RNA hybridized in situ with two adjacent bands in the region 2A. It was also observed that in heterozygotes harbouring one normal chromosome II and one with the inversion 1 A/9C, there is a close physical contact between the bands containing the 5 S RNA genes and the nucleolar organizer region."}
{"id": "PMID:1196308", "title": "The relationship between molecular size and electrphoretic mobility in agarose gels as determined from a single population of growing RNA molecules.", "content": "Growing RNA molecules obtained from a defined transcription unit, the 75 S RNA transcription unit in Balbiani ring  2 of Chironomus tentans, have been analysed by electrophoresis in agarose. This set of RNA molecules forms a broad distribution of molecules with sizes ranging from very small up to the final product of giant size corresponding to 75 S RNA. The relative molecular weights along the migration path were calculated from a simple activity relationship derived from the expected distribution properties of a single population of growing RNA molecules. It was concluded that there is a linear relationship between the molecular weight and the logarithm for the mobility.", "contents": "The relationship between molecular size and electrphoretic mobility in agarose gels as determined from a single population of growing RNA molecules. Growing RNA molecules obtained from a defined transcription unit, the 75 S RNA transcription unit in Balbiani ring  2 of Chironomus tentans, have been analysed by electrophoresis in agarose. This set of RNA molecules forms a broad distribution of molecules with sizes ranging from very small up to the final product of giant size corresponding to 75 S RNA. The relative molecular weights along the migration path were calculated from a simple activity relationship derived from the expected distribution properties of a single population of growing RNA molecules. It was concluded that there is a linear relationship between the molecular weight and the logarithm for the mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:1196309", "title": "Studies on chromatin. III. v-Bodies and free DNA in chromatin lacking histone H1.", "content": "Chromatin lacking histone H1 was found by electron microscopy to contain 'beaded' deoxyribonucleoprotein fibers. Adjacent beads are connected with each other by threads having a DNA-like appearance. At least some of threads are shown to be free DNA stretches. Average length and the content of free DNA stretches in histone H1-depleted chromatin depends on the ionic conditions of the medium. The appearance of individual beads is similar to that of chromatin subunits or v-bodies [1] in the original chromatin. Thus, in agreement with the X-ray data [2], histone H1 apparently is not required for maintenance of a compact state of DNA in chromatin subunits.", "contents": "Studies on chromatin. III. v-Bodies and free DNA in chromatin lacking histone H1. Chromatin lacking histone H1 was found by electron microscopy to contain 'beaded' deoxyribonucleoprotein fibers. Adjacent beads are connected with each other by threads having a DNA-like appearance. At least some of threads are shown to be free DNA stretches. Average length and the content of free DNA stretches in histone H1-depleted chromatin depends on the ionic conditions of the medium. The appearance of individual beads is similar to that of chromatin subunits or v-bodies [1] in the original chromatin. Thus, in agreement with the X-ray data [2], histone H1 apparently is not required for maintenance of a compact state of DNA in chromatin subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:1196310", "title": "Analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the in vivo phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins derived from free and membrane-bound polysomes.", "content": "Analysis of in vivo phosphorylation of mouse liver ribosomal proteins was performed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following 32P-injection. Our method is special and differs from other eukaryotic systems reported in that all proteins separated on the first dimension gel are completely solubilized, moving quantitatively to the second dimension gel. Only ribosomes from polysomes were used, ensuring analysis of ribosomes actively engaged in protein synthesis. We resolved sixty-five distinct proteins from ribosomes from membrane bound or free polysomes. In both cases radioautography revealed similar labeled patterns with one highly phosphorylated ribosomal protein and five marginally labeled spots.", "contents": "Analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the in vivo phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins derived from free and membrane-bound polysomes. Analysis of in vivo phosphorylation of mouse liver ribosomal proteins was performed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following 32P-injection. Our method is special and differs from other eukaryotic systems reported in that all proteins separated on the first dimension gel are completely solubilized, moving quantitatively to the second dimension gel. Only ribosomes from polysomes were used, ensuring analysis of ribosomes actively engaged in protein synthesis. We resolved sixty-five distinct proteins from ribosomes from membrane bound or free polysomes. In both cases radioautography revealed similar labeled patterns with one highly phosphorylated ribosomal protein and five marginally labeled spots."}
{"id": "PMID:1196311", "title": "Globin messenger sequences in nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles of avian erythroblasts.", "content": "Nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles were isolated from chick erythroblast nuclei. The particles were found to sediment as heterogeneous material. The major fraction of the rapidly synthesized RNP sedimented at 30 S, whereas the nuclei were found to contain a major, apparently more stable, RNP component sedimenting at about 40 S. The RNA isolated from the RNP particles was assayed for globin messenger activity in a wheat germ cell-free system. RNP sedimenting at relatively low S values (approx. 15 S) as well as RNP-particles of larger size code for globin. In addition to globin, the RNA of the particles codes also for other, not yet identified, proteins.", "contents": "Globin messenger sequences in nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles of avian erythroblasts. Nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles were isolated from chick erythroblast nuclei. The particles were found to sediment as heterogeneous material. The major fraction of the rapidly synthesized RNP sedimented at 30 S, whereas the nuclei were found to contain a major, apparently more stable, RNP component sedimenting at about 40 S. The RNA isolated from the RNP particles was assayed for globin messenger activity in a wheat germ cell-free system. RNP sedimenting at relatively low S values (approx. 15 S) as well as RNP-particles of larger size code for globin. In addition to globin, the RNA of the particles codes also for other, not yet identified, proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1196312", "title": "Studies on chromatin. IV. Evidence for a toroidal shape of chromatin subunits.", "content": "Electron microscopy of purified chromatin subunits (v-bodies [17] or nucleosomes [2] revealed a hole or at least a deep indentation in the globular nucleosome. A hole in the nucleosome was visualized using rotatory shadowing with platinum-palladium or more directly, by negative staining with sodium phosphotungstate. The diameter of the hole as measured from negatively stained samples is 10-25 A. The external diameter of the negatively stained nucleosome equals 75 +/- 15 A. Although most of the data are formally compatible with either a hole or a deep indentation in the nucleosome, some views of the particles in the negatively stained samples suggest a hole rather than an indentation. The possible significance of a toroidal structure of the chromatin subunit is discussed in the accompanying paper [3].", "contents": "Studies on chromatin. IV. Evidence for a toroidal shape of chromatin subunits. Electron microscopy of purified chromatin subunits (v-bodies [17] or nucleosomes [2] revealed a hole or at least a deep indentation in the globular nucleosome. A hole in the nucleosome was visualized using rotatory shadowing with platinum-palladium or more directly, by negative staining with sodium phosphotungstate. The diameter of the hole as measured from negatively stained samples is 10-25 A. The external diameter of the negatively stained nucleosome equals 75 +/- 15 A. Although most of the data are formally compatible with either a hole or a deep indentation in the nucleosome, some views of the particles in the negatively stained samples suggest a hole rather than an indentation. The possible significance of a toroidal structure of the chromatin subunit is discussed in the accompanying paper [3]."}
{"id": "PMID:1196313", "title": "Studies on chromatin. V. A model for the structure of chromatin subunit.", "content": "A new model for the fine structure of the chromatin subunit (or 'nucleosome') is proposed. The model is based on previous experimental findings [1-14] and on two new suggestions, namely: (1) Eight histones form a toroidal-shaped histone coe of nucleosome and are arranged in the following ciruclar sequence: (see article). (2) DNA is 'kinked' around a toroidal-shaped histone core in a 'solenoid-like' mode, each kink occurring every 10 base pairs along DNA. The electron microscopic evidence for a toroidal shape of the nucleosome is described in the preceding paper [13]. The possibility of the existence of kinks in the DNA double helix was considered recently by Crick and Klug [14]. The proposed model of the nucleosome, being more detailed than earlier models permits us to explain in direct structural terms the yet unordered set of data bearing on the pattern of histone-histone interactions in chromatin, the results of a mild deoxyribonuclease digestion of DNA within the nucleosomal particle and also the quantitative data on the unwinding of the DNA duplex upon formation of the nucleosome.", "contents": "Studies on chromatin. V. A model for the structure of chromatin subunit. A new model for the fine structure of the chromatin subunit (or 'nucleosome') is proposed. The model is based on previous experimental findings [1-14] and on two new suggestions, namely: (1) Eight histones form a toroidal-shaped histone coe of nucleosome and are arranged in the following ciruclar sequence: (see article). (2) DNA is 'kinked' around a toroidal-shaped histone core in a 'solenoid-like' mode, each kink occurring every 10 base pairs along DNA. The electron microscopic evidence for a toroidal shape of the nucleosome is described in the preceding paper [13]. The possibility of the existence of kinks in the DNA double helix was considered recently by Crick and Klug [14]. The proposed model of the nucleosome, being more detailed than earlier models permits us to explain in direct structural terms the yet unordered set of data bearing on the pattern of histone-histone interactions in chromatin, the results of a mild deoxyribonuclease digestion of DNA within the nucleosomal particle and also the quantitative data on the unwinding of the DNA duplex upon formation of the nucleosome."}
{"id": "PMID:1196314", "title": "On the nature of stability of the nucleotide base associates in water solution.", "content": "Expression for the long-range intermolecular interaction energy obtained by the perturbation theory method in atomic dipole approximation are used for the study of the nature of base interaction in stacked dimers formed of two neighbouring DNA base pairs. Base wave functions are computed by the CNDO-CI method. The inplane interactions are shown to give the dominant contribution into the DNA stabilization energy in vacuum. The estimations performed for the solvent effect on intermolecular interaction energy allowed us to draw conclusions about the decisive role of hydrophobic interactions in a base stacking.", "contents": "On the nature of stability of the nucleotide base associates in water solution. Expression for the long-range intermolecular interaction energy obtained by the perturbation theory method in atomic dipole approximation are used for the study of the nature of base interaction in stacked dimers formed of two neighbouring DNA base pairs. Base wave functions are computed by the CNDO-CI method. The inplane interactions are shown to give the dominant contribution into the DNA stabilization energy in vacuum. The estimations performed for the solvent effect on intermolecular interaction energy allowed us to draw conclusions about the decisive role of hydrophobic interactions in a base stacking."}
{"id": "PMID:1196315", "title": "[Thyroxine treatment in acute renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "8 patients suffering from acute renal failure (shock kidney) with anuria extending over 3 to 5 days, were treated with L-thyroxine for 5 to 9 days (5-6 mug per kg body weight per day orally). Diuresis was restored within 34 to 46 hrs. Plasma levels of urea and creatinine decreased earlier and much more rapidly to normal than was to be expected from the natural history of the disease, indicating the prompt and extensive increase of glomerular filtration rate. Polyuria seemed less pronounced and also shortened as compared with the ordinary course of that form of sudden renal insufficiency. Obviously, the well-known diuretic response in the normal individual to high doses of thyroid hormones in not a factor in the induction of diuresis in acute renal failure. The tendency with L-thyroxine treatment to dilate the preglomerular arterial vessel is considered a consequence of the stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the upper nephron. High values of RPF and GFR, regularly observed in hyperthyroidism or after L-thyroxine administration, do not depend on any augmentation of cardiac output or on arterial hypertension, since such symptoms were missed in our patients and, in our view, such an interpretation is excluded by the very existence of the so-called autoregulation of the kidney which leaves RPF (and therefore GFR) independent of systemic blood pressure. The same intrarenal feed-back mechanism, normally adapting the glomerular blood supply to the resorptive capacity of the proximal-tubular epithelium (mediation via the juxta-glomerular apparatus), is responsible for the GFR- and RPF-raising effect of exogenous L-thyroxine in the intact kidney as well as in acute renal failure: both sodium reabsorption and sodium filtration are accelerated.--The special conditions under which L-thyroxine interferes with the pathogenetic process of acute renal failure, the latter being characterised by the critical insufficiency of tubular sodium reabsorption and therefore by preglomerular arterial constriction, is discussed on the basis of a new hypothesis concerning the thyrogenic nephrotropic effects in general.", "contents": "[Thyroxine treatment in acute renal failure (author's transl)]. 8 patients suffering from acute renal failure (shock kidney) with anuria extending over 3 to 5 days, were treated with L-thyroxine for 5 to 9 days (5-6 mug per kg body weight per day orally). Diuresis was restored within 34 to 46 hrs. Plasma levels of urea and creatinine decreased earlier and much more rapidly to normal than was to be expected from the natural history of the disease, indicating the prompt and extensive increase of glomerular filtration rate. Polyuria seemed less pronounced and also shortened as compared with the ordinary course of that form of sudden renal insufficiency. Obviously, the well-known diuretic response in the normal individual to high doses of thyroid hormones in not a factor in the induction of diuresis in acute renal failure. The tendency with L-thyroxine treatment to dilate the preglomerular arterial vessel is considered a consequence of the stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the upper nephron. High values of RPF and GFR, regularly observed in hyperthyroidism or after L-thyroxine administration, do not depend on any augmentation of cardiac output or on arterial hypertension, since such symptoms were missed in our patients and, in our view, such an interpretation is excluded by the very existence of the so-called autoregulation of the kidney which leaves RPF (and therefore GFR) independent of systemic blood pressure. The same intrarenal feed-back mechanism, normally adapting the glomerular blood supply to the resorptive capacity of the proximal-tubular epithelium (mediation via the juxta-glomerular apparatus), is responsible for the GFR- and RPF-raising effect of exogenous L-thyroxine in the intact kidney as well as in acute renal failure: both sodium reabsorption and sodium filtration are accelerated.--The special conditions under which L-thyroxine interferes with the pathogenetic process of acute renal failure, the latter being characterised by the critical insufficiency of tubular sodium reabsorption and therefore by preglomerular arterial constriction, is discussed on the basis of a new hypothesis concerning the thyrogenic nephrotropic effects in general."}
{"id": "PMID:1196316", "title": "[The difficulties to diagnose a clinical important defect of disaccharidases (author's transl)].", "content": "Duodenal mucosa of 100 infants and children was histologically investigated and the activities of dissaccharidases in the mucosa homogenate were determined. In addition, a combined xylose-lactose loading test was carried out and the behaviour of the stools under the test conditions was observed. The results were compared with regard to the clinical importance of an enzyme defect. The rise of xylose in blood gives no evidence for a defect of disaccharidases in the mucosa. The determination of the glucose maximum after a loading test with disaccharides seems rather to lead to false-normal results. The possiblity of a false-pathological interpretation by an exclusive determination of enzymes must be prevented by further gastroenterological examinations.", "contents": "[The difficulties to diagnose a clinical important defect of disaccharidases (author's transl)]. Duodenal mucosa of 100 infants and children was histologically investigated and the activities of dissaccharidases in the mucosa homogenate were determined. In addition, a combined xylose-lactose loading test was carried out and the behaviour of the stools under the test conditions was observed. The results were compared with regard to the clinical importance of an enzyme defect. The rise of xylose in blood gives no evidence for a defect of disaccharidases in the mucosa. The determination of the glucose maximum after a loading test with disaccharides seems rather to lead to false-normal results. The possiblity of a false-pathological interpretation by an exclusive determination of enzymes must be prevented by further gastroenterological examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1196317", "title": "[Course and treatment of osteomyelitis in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In the years 1955-1972 132 children with osteomyelitis were treated in the Pediatric, Surgical and Orthopedic Department of the university of Kiel. There was no increase in the incidence of osteomyelitis during this period. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis was diagnosed in 111 children, chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in 11 children, traumatic and postoperative osteomyelitis in 10 children. Secondary chronic osteomyelitis occurred in 1 patient. Mainly staphylococci (in 90%) were the pathogenic bacteria, whereas haemophilus, pseudomonas, streptococci group A, E. coli and mixed infections occurred less frequently. In 17 of 111 patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis there were no roentgenological changes. Bacteriological investigations of blood and pus, and the antistaphylolysin reaction (repeated in the course of the disease) were helpful to establish the diagnosis in many cases. 107 of 111 patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis were cured (8 patients with defects). 4 children died in septic shock or because of complications (meningitis, pleural empyema, pneumonia). Bactericidal antibiotics in high dosage (penicillins, gentamicin) were superior to bacteriostatic antibiotics. Additional surgical treatment was necessary in 49 of 111 patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Recommendations for antibiotic therapy of osteomyelitis are given.", "contents": "[Course and treatment of osteomyelitis in childhood (author's transl)]. In the years 1955-1972 132 children with osteomyelitis were treated in the Pediatric, Surgical and Orthopedic Department of the university of Kiel. There was no increase in the incidence of osteomyelitis during this period. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis was diagnosed in 111 children, chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in 11 children, traumatic and postoperative osteomyelitis in 10 children. Secondary chronic osteomyelitis occurred in 1 patient. Mainly staphylococci (in 90%) were the pathogenic bacteria, whereas haemophilus, pseudomonas, streptococci group A, E. coli and mixed infections occurred less frequently. In 17 of 111 patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis there were no roentgenological changes. Bacteriological investigations of blood and pus, and the antistaphylolysin reaction (repeated in the course of the disease) were helpful to establish the diagnosis in many cases. 107 of 111 patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis were cured (8 patients with defects). 4 children died in septic shock or because of complications (meningitis, pleural empyema, pneumonia). Bactericidal antibiotics in high dosage (penicillins, gentamicin) were superior to bacteriostatic antibiotics. Additional surgical treatment was necessary in 49 of 111 patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Recommendations for antibiotic therapy of osteomyelitis are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1196321", "title": "[Ten years' daily prophylaxis against rickets--review and outlook (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten years of experience with daily prophylaxis of rickets brought about isolated knowledge which corrected old mistakes and demands a revision of older attitudes towards the usual prophylaxis. Prophylaxis of vitamin D according to the most modern and reliable knowledge in the best way promotes the growth and mineralisation of the skeleton with dosages of 400 to 800 I.U. smaller or higher dosages are disadvantageous. By observing the above given dosage, rickets and hypercalcaemia are rare and only conceivable under special pathological conditions. The diagnosis of beginning rickets must be well known, otherwise unspecific symptoms of rickets may induce the administration of unnecessarily high amounts of vitamin D. The symptoms of rickets show a gradual increase: the increase of serum alkaline phosphatase precedes the clinical and radiological symptoms. The reliable radiographic deformities of the hand can first be seen at the Ulna, then at the Radius and later at the secondary centers of Metacarpals. Among the relatively reliable clinical symptoms there its first the rosary later the Marfan-sign and eventually the deformation of the long bones. For infants protected by vitamin D, craniotabes as a sign of rickets is completely unreliable as well as the Harrison grooves and rachitic kyphosis. If one observes all these rules and rachitic kyphosis. If one observes all these rules and criterions vitamin D is as reliable in the prophylaxis as in the therapy of vitamin D deficiency rickets.", "contents": "[Ten years' daily prophylaxis against rickets--review and outlook (author's transl)]. Ten years of experience with daily prophylaxis of rickets brought about isolated knowledge which corrected old mistakes and demands a revision of older attitudes towards the usual prophylaxis. Prophylaxis of vitamin D according to the most modern and reliable knowledge in the best way promotes the growth and mineralisation of the skeleton with dosages of 400 to 800 I.U. smaller or higher dosages are disadvantageous. By observing the above given dosage, rickets and hypercalcaemia are rare and only conceivable under special pathological conditions. The diagnosis of beginning rickets must be well known, otherwise unspecific symptoms of rickets may induce the administration of unnecessarily high amounts of vitamin D. The symptoms of rickets show a gradual increase: the increase of serum alkaline phosphatase precedes the clinical and radiological symptoms. The reliable radiographic deformities of the hand can first be seen at the Ulna, then at the Radius and later at the secondary centers of Metacarpals. Among the relatively reliable clinical symptoms there its first the rosary later the Marfan-sign and eventually the deformation of the long bones. For infants protected by vitamin D, craniotabes as a sign of rickets is completely unreliable as well as the Harrison grooves and rachitic kyphosis. If one observes all these rules and rachitic kyphosis. If one observes all these rules and criterions vitamin D is as reliable in the prophylaxis as in the therapy of vitamin D deficiency rickets."}
{"id": "PMID:1196336", "title": "Epidemic lead absorption near an ore smelter. The role of particulate lead.", "content": "Blood lead levels were determined on a random sample of persons in all age groups living near a lead-emitting smelter in El Paso, Texas. A blood lead level of greater than or equal to 40 mug per 100 ml, which was considered indicative of undue lead absorption, was found in 53 per cent of the children one to nine years old living within 1.6 km of the smelter and in 18 per cent of those from 1.6 to 6.6 km; beyond that distance in older persons levels were lower. Children in the first 1.6 km with blood levels of greater than or equal to mug per 100 ml were exposed to 3.1 times as much lead in dust as children there with lower blood values (6447 vs 2067 ppm). There was also airborne lead exposure (8 to 10 mug per cubic meter, annual mean). Paint, water, food, and pottery were less important as sources. The data suggest that particulate lead in dust and air accounted for most of the lead absorption in El Paso children. The smelter was the principal source of this lead, especially within 1.6km of itself.", "contents": "Epidemic lead absorption near an ore smelter. The role of particulate lead. Blood lead levels were determined on a random sample of persons in all age groups living near a lead-emitting smelter in El Paso, Texas. A blood lead level of greater than or equal to 40 mug per 100 ml, which was considered indicative of undue lead absorption, was found in 53 per cent of the children one to nine years old living within 1.6 km of the smelter and in 18 per cent of those from 1.6 to 6.6 km; beyond that distance in older persons levels were lower. Children in the first 1.6 km with blood levels of greater than or equal to mug per 100 ml were exposed to 3.1 times as much lead in dust as children there with lower blood values (6447 vs 2067 ppm). There was also airborne lead exposure (8 to 10 mug per cubic meter, annual mean). Paint, water, food, and pottery were less important as sources. The data suggest that particulate lead in dust and air accounted for most of the lead absorption in El Paso children. The smelter was the principal source of this lead, especially within 1.6km of itself."}
{"id": "PMID:1196337", "title": "Use of platelet aggregometry in selection of compatible platelet donors.", "content": "To determine if platelet aggregometry was useful in selecting compatible platelet donors, six patients who had become refractory to random platelets were studied. Serum from the patient was added to citrated platelet-rich plasma from the prospective donor in a standard aggregometry system. Serial aggregometry studies revealed no platelet aggregation unless the refractory state had been reached. At that time positive aggregation occurred only between the poorly matched pairs. A correlation between platelet aggregation and HL-A histocompatibility was noted. Family members with negative aggregation were selected as donors, and their platelets were able to provide consistently satisfactory increments in the platelet count of the recipient who was refractory to random donors. In contrast, platelets from family members who exhibited positive aggregation failed to do so. These findings suggest that platelet aggregometry can be used to select compatible platelet donors.", "contents": "Use of platelet aggregometry in selection of compatible platelet donors. To determine if platelet aggregometry was useful in selecting compatible platelet donors, six patients who had become refractory to random platelets were studied. Serum from the patient was added to citrated platelet-rich plasma from the prospective donor in a standard aggregometry system. Serial aggregometry studies revealed no platelet aggregation unless the refractory state had been reached. At that time positive aggregation occurred only between the poorly matched pairs. A correlation between platelet aggregation and HL-A histocompatibility was noted. Family members with negative aggregation were selected as donors, and their platelets were able to provide consistently satisfactory increments in the platelet count of the recipient who was refractory to random donors. In contrast, platelets from family members who exhibited positive aggregation failed to do so. These findings suggest that platelet aggregometry can be used to select compatible platelet donors."}
{"id": "PMID:1196338", "title": "Total cortisol in amniotic fluid and fetal lung maturation.", "content": "Total cortisol was determined by radioimmunoassay in 48 samples of amniotic fluid obtained at various stages of normal pregnancy. Before the 34th week, all cortisol levels were less than 40 ng per milliliter. At 35 to 40 weeks the mean value was 2.4 times higher than that at 20 to 34 weeks. In pregnancies greater than 40 weeks, a further increase in total amniotic-fluid cortisol was observed, and values greater than 120 ng per milliliter were found only in patients of this group. A good rank correlation between cortisol and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was found in 43 samples (r = 0.83, p less than 0.001). No respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn occurred when total amniotic-fluid cortisol was greater than 60 ng per milliliter (16 patients). Total amniotic-fluid cortisol may reflect initiation of fetal lung maturation, and may help identify pregnancies with a gestation period of over 40 weeks.", "contents": "Total cortisol in amniotic fluid and fetal lung maturation. Total cortisol was determined by radioimmunoassay in 48 samples of amniotic fluid obtained at various stages of normal pregnancy. Before the 34th week, all cortisol levels were less than 40 ng per milliliter. At 35 to 40 weeks the mean value was 2.4 times higher than that at 20 to 34 weeks. In pregnancies greater than 40 weeks, a further increase in total amniotic-fluid cortisol was observed, and values greater than 120 ng per milliliter were found only in patients of this group. A good rank correlation between cortisol and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was found in 43 samples (r = 0.83, p less than 0.001). No respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn occurred when total amniotic-fluid cortisol was greater than 60 ng per milliliter (16 patients). Total amniotic-fluid cortisol may reflect initiation of fetal lung maturation, and may help identify pregnancies with a gestation period of over 40 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:1196339", "title": "Licensure, competence, and manpower distribution. A follow-up study of foreign medical graduates.", "content": "Medical statistics report United States medical graduates licensed at higher rates than foreign medical graduates. This difference is often interpreted to show greater medical competence of United States graduates. This study questions this interpretation by analyzing 1971 licensure rates for both groups who had been interns and residents in 1963. We found that factors unrelated to competence--namely, visa-citizenship status and state of examination--are associated with holding a license. Moreover, quality of medical education is not an accurate predictor of licensure. It follows that the use of licensure rates as measures of medical competence distorts understanding of the quality of medical care in the United States. More probably, the difficulties in obtaining medical licensure experienced by foreign graduates result from the use of such graduates to relieve specific medical-manpower shortages.", "contents": "Licensure, competence, and manpower distribution. A follow-up study of foreign medical graduates. Medical statistics report United States medical graduates licensed at higher rates than foreign medical graduates. This difference is often interpreted to show greater medical competence of United States graduates. This study questions this interpretation by analyzing 1971 licensure rates for both groups who had been interns and residents in 1963. We found that factors unrelated to competence--namely, visa-citizenship status and state of examination--are associated with holding a license. Moreover, quality of medical education is not an accurate predictor of licensure. It follows that the use of licensure rates as measures of medical competence distorts understanding of the quality of medical care in the United States. More probably, the difficulties in obtaining medical licensure experienced by foreign graduates result from the use of such graduates to relieve specific medical-manpower shortages."}
{"id": "PMID:1196352", "title": "Linkage disequilibrium between H-2 and t complexes in chromosome 17 of the mouse.", "content": "Mice with t factors belonging to the same complementation group carry similar, if not identical, H--2 haplotypes although these factors were derived from widely separated geographical areas. This association between t and H--2 complexes suggests more than a casual relationship between the two complexes, at least at the population level.", "contents": "Linkage disequilibrium between H-2 and t complexes in chromosome 17 of the mouse. Mice with t factors belonging to the same complementation group carry similar, if not identical, H--2 haplotypes although these factors were derived from widely separated geographical areas. This association between t and H--2 complexes suggests more than a casual relationship between the two complexes, at least at the population level."}
{"id": "PMID:1196369", "title": "Statistical mechanics and topology of polymer chains.", "content": "The statistical-mechanical treatment of closed polymer chains based on algebraic topology is proposed. Using the Monte-Carlo method numerical results were obtained for the probability to knot formation during random closing of polymer chains of different length. For very rigid chains such as DNA double helix the probability of knot formation is rather great. Topological restrictions in a system of two polymer chains are shown to lead to a specific topological interaction between them.", "contents": "Statistical mechanics and topology of polymer chains. The statistical-mechanical treatment of closed polymer chains based on algebraic topology is proposed. Using the Monte-Carlo method numerical results were obtained for the probability to knot formation during random closing of polymer chains of different length. For very rigid chains such as DNA double helix the probability of knot formation is rather great. Topological restrictions in a system of two polymer chains are shown to lead to a specific topological interaction between them."}
{"id": "PMID:1196370", "title": "Heat resistance of bacterial endospores and concept of an expanded osmoregulatory cortex.", "content": "The extreme resistance of bacterial endospores to heat may result from dehydration of the central protoplast brought about and maintained by osmotic activity of expanded electronegative peptidoglycan polymer, and positively charged counterions associated with it, in the surrounding cortex. The cortex may thus act as a specialised osmoregulatory organelle. Changes in the environment which would be expected reversibly to affect osmotic properties alter the heat resistance of spores.", "contents": "Heat resistance of bacterial endospores and concept of an expanded osmoregulatory cortex. The extreme resistance of bacterial endospores to heat may result from dehydration of the central protoplast brought about and maintained by osmotic activity of expanded electronegative peptidoglycan polymer, and positively charged counterions associated with it, in the surrounding cortex. The cortex may thus act as a specialised osmoregulatory organelle. Changes in the environment which would be expected reversibly to affect osmotic properties alter the heat resistance of spores."}
{"id": "PMID:1196391", "title": "As a guest of the Chinese Academy in Peking and Shanghai.", "content": "At the invitation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Academia Sinica) the President and seven members of the Max-Planck Society visited the People's Republic of China in April 1974. Their aim was to become acquainted with the scientific activities at the institutes of the Academy in Peking and Shanghai. They also established contact with the University of Peking. In the course of the visit, the Academia Sinica and the Max-Planck Society agreed to have a regular exchange of scientists in future.", "contents": "As a guest of the Chinese Academy in Peking and Shanghai. At the invitation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Academia Sinica) the President and seven members of the Max-Planck Society visited the People's Republic of China in April 1974. Their aim was to become acquainted with the scientific activities at the institutes of the Academy in Peking and Shanghai. They also established contact with the University of Peking. In the course of the visit, the Academia Sinica and the Max-Planck Society agreed to have a regular exchange of scientists in future."}
{"id": "PMID:1196403", "title": "Choleresis and hepatic transport mechanisms. II. Influence of bile salt choleresis and biliary micelle binding on biliary excretion of various organic anions.", "content": "To investigate, whether binding to micelles has a function in hepatic transport, biliary excretion of three organic anions, phenolphthalein-beta-D-glucuronide (PG), dibromosulphthalein (DBSP) and indocyanine green (ICG) was studied in rats during saline, taurocholate or dehydrocholate administration. Taurocholate causes a weak choleresis with formation of biliary micelles, dehydrocholate a strong choleresis with little micelle formation. The two bile salts did not uniformly influence biliary excretion of the organic anions: biliary excretion of ICG (12.9 mumoles/kg) and DBSP (75.0 mumoles/kg) was stimulated by both bile salts: ICG excretion most pronounced by taurocholate and DBSP excretion most strongly by dehydrocholate. Biliary output of PG (25.8 and 200 mumoles/kg) was not stimulated by bile salt administration. Binding of PG, DBSP and ICG to biliary micelles was studied in sedimentation experiments by ultracentrifugation. PG, DBSP and ICG in bile showed a similar sedimentation pattern as 3H-taurocholate in bile, which indicates an association of all three anions with biliary micelles. Thus, the influence of bile salts on biliary transport of organic anions varies with the compound studied and the bile salt used, effects which cannot be explained by differences in binding to biliary micelles.", "contents": "Choleresis and hepatic transport mechanisms. II. Influence of bile salt choleresis and biliary micelle binding on biliary excretion of various organic anions. To investigate, whether binding to micelles has a function in hepatic transport, biliary excretion of three organic anions, phenolphthalein-beta-D-glucuronide (PG), dibromosulphthalein (DBSP) and indocyanine green (ICG) was studied in rats during saline, taurocholate or dehydrocholate administration. Taurocholate causes a weak choleresis with formation of biliary micelles, dehydrocholate a strong choleresis with little micelle formation. The two bile salts did not uniformly influence biliary excretion of the organic anions: biliary excretion of ICG (12.9 mumoles/kg) and DBSP (75.0 mumoles/kg) was stimulated by both bile salts: ICG excretion most pronounced by taurocholate and DBSP excretion most strongly by dehydrocholate. Biliary output of PG (25.8 and 200 mumoles/kg) was not stimulated by bile salt administration. Binding of PG, DBSP and ICG to biliary micelles was studied in sedimentation experiments by ultracentrifugation. PG, DBSP and ICG in bile showed a similar sedimentation pattern as 3H-taurocholate in bile, which indicates an association of all three anions with biliary micelles. Thus, the influence of bile salts on biliary transport of organic anions varies with the compound studied and the bile salt used, effects which cannot be explained by differences in binding to biliary micelles."}
{"id": "PMID:1196404", "title": "Inhibition of the action of bradykinin and acetylcholine on paravascular pain receptors by tetrodotoxin and procaine.", "content": "Intra-arterial injection of the algogens bradykinin and acetylcholine into the isolated perfused rabbit ear connected to the body by its nerve only elicit a dose-dependent reflex fall in blood pressure. Procaine and tetrodotoxin were used to investigate whether bradykinin and acetylcholine exerted their algesic effect via different types of nerve fibers. Procaine reduced the effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine to a very similar degree. Tetrodotoxin reduced the effect of bradykinin slightly more than that of acetylcholine. It is assumed that on the whole bradykinin and acetylcholine act via the same nerve fibers but bradykinin seems to have some more affinity to fibers with a fewer number of sodium channels than acetylcholine.", "contents": "Inhibition of the action of bradykinin and acetylcholine on paravascular pain receptors by tetrodotoxin and procaine. Intra-arterial injection of the algogens bradykinin and acetylcholine into the isolated perfused rabbit ear connected to the body by its nerve only elicit a dose-dependent reflex fall in blood pressure. Procaine and tetrodotoxin were used to investigate whether bradykinin and acetylcholine exerted their algesic effect via different types of nerve fibers. Procaine reduced the effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine to a very similar degree. Tetrodotoxin reduced the effect of bradykinin slightly more than that of acetylcholine. It is assumed that on the whole bradykinin and acetylcholine act via the same nerve fibers but bradykinin seems to have some more affinity to fibers with a fewer number of sodium channels than acetylcholine."}
{"id": "PMID:1196405", "title": "Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the pineal gland increases the noradrenaline stores of its sympathetic nerves.", "content": "The administration of isoproterenol decreases the level of serotonin in the rat pineal gland and at the same time it increases pineal noradrenaline. These effects depend on the stimulation of a beta-adrenergic receptor because they are blocked by pretreatment of the animals with propranolol; this drug by itself does not modify either serotonin or noradrenaline levels in the pineal. The elevation of noradrenaline produced by isoproterenol is selective for the pineal because it is not observed in the salivary gland innervated by postganglionic adrenergic fibers from the same origin as pineal nerves. Pineal serotonin is stored in equilibrium in two compartments, i.e., the parenchymal cells and the adrenergic nerves and thus is most probably reduced in both sites. Since noradrenaline and serotonin are detected in pineal nerve vesicles and may coexist in them, the diminution of intravesicular serotonin, by making more storage sites available, probably determines the selective increase of pineal noradrenaline. A similar modification in the ratio of intravesicular amines as a result of the physiological stimulation of pineal beta-adrenergic receptors by the adrenergic neurotransmitter may explain some of the changes observed in the content of pineal amines.", "contents": "Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the pineal gland increases the noradrenaline stores of its sympathetic nerves. The administration of isoproterenol decreases the level of serotonin in the rat pineal gland and at the same time it increases pineal noradrenaline. These effects depend on the stimulation of a beta-adrenergic receptor because they are blocked by pretreatment of the animals with propranolol; this drug by itself does not modify either serotonin or noradrenaline levels in the pineal. The elevation of noradrenaline produced by isoproterenol is selective for the pineal because it is not observed in the salivary gland innervated by postganglionic adrenergic fibers from the same origin as pineal nerves. Pineal serotonin is stored in equilibrium in two compartments, i.e., the parenchymal cells and the adrenergic nerves and thus is most probably reduced in both sites. Since noradrenaline and serotonin are detected in pineal nerve vesicles and may coexist in them, the diminution of intravesicular serotonin, by making more storage sites available, probably determines the selective increase of pineal noradrenaline. A similar modification in the ratio of intravesicular amines as a result of the physiological stimulation of pineal beta-adrenergic receptors by the adrenergic neurotransmitter may explain some of the changes observed in the content of pineal amines."}
{"id": "PMID:1196406", "title": "Muscarinic inhibition of potassium-induced noradrenaline release and its dependence on the calcium concentration.", "content": "1. Noradrenaline release from the isolated rabbit heart was evoked by perfusion with a medium containing 135 mM potassium and 17 mM sodium ions (high K+-low Na+). 2. The noradrenaline output in response to high K+-low Na+ was dose-dependently decreased by methacholine (0.625-320 muM) and this effect was reserved by atropine 1.44 mM. 3. Lowering the calcium concentration of high K+-low Na+ from 1.8-0.1125 mM decreased the noradrenaline output by 85%. The effect of methacholine, expressed as % inhibition of noradrenaline release, was potentiated by lowering of the calcium concentration. 4. Both at normal and lowered calcium concentrations the inhibitory action of methacholine was larger from 0-5 than from 5-10 min after perfusion with high K+-low Na+. 5. Perfusion of hearts with media containing high K+-low Na+ or normal K+-low Na+ caused noradrenaline outputs somewhat smaller than those after high K+-low Na+. The release from 0-5 min was both calcium-dependent and inhibited by methacholine. 6. High K+ and/or low Na+ solutions caused an increase in coronary perfusion pressure which was little affected by the noradrenaline released simultaneously. 7. It is concluded that activation of muscarine receptors at the terminal adrenergic fibre decreases the availability of calcium for transmitter release.", "contents": "Muscarinic inhibition of potassium-induced noradrenaline release and its dependence on the calcium concentration. 1. Noradrenaline release from the isolated rabbit heart was evoked by perfusion with a medium containing 135 mM potassium and 17 mM sodium ions (high K+-low Na+). 2. The noradrenaline output in response to high K+-low Na+ was dose-dependently decreased by methacholine (0.625-320 muM) and this effect was reserved by atropine 1.44 mM. 3. Lowering the calcium concentration of high K+-low Na+ from 1.8-0.1125 mM decreased the noradrenaline output by 85%. The effect of methacholine, expressed as % inhibition of noradrenaline release, was potentiated by lowering of the calcium concentration. 4. Both at normal and lowered calcium concentrations the inhibitory action of methacholine was larger from 0-5 than from 5-10 min after perfusion with high K+-low Na+. 5. Perfusion of hearts with media containing high K+-low Na+ or normal K+-low Na+ caused noradrenaline outputs somewhat smaller than those after high K+-low Na+. The release from 0-5 min was both calcium-dependent and inhibited by methacholine. 6. High K+ and/or low Na+ solutions caused an increase in coronary perfusion pressure which was little affected by the noradrenaline released simultaneously. 7. It is concluded that activation of muscarine receptors at the terminal adrenergic fibre decreases the availability of calcium for transmitter release."}
{"id": "PMID:1196407", "title": "Phencyclidine and ketamine: comparison with the effect of cocaine on the noradrenergic neurones of the rat brain cortex.", "content": "In slices of rat occipital cortex, the influence of phencyclidine and ketamine on the accumulation of 3H-noradrenaline and the subsequent outflow of tritium was investigated, and was compared with the effect of cocaine.--All three drugs inhibited the accumulation of tritium during incubation of the slices with 3H-noradrenaline. Phencyclidine was slightly, whereas ketamine was much less effective than cocaine.--All three drugs accelerated the spontaneous outflow of tritium from slices preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline. The acceleration caused by low concentrations probably reflects an inhibition of the re-uptake of spontaneously released 3H-noradrenaline; in addition, high concentrations (10(-4) M phencyclidine, 3 X 10(-4)-10(-3) M cocaine and 10(-3)-3 X 10(-3) M ketamine) appear to release tritiated compounds from the neurones. The distance between uptake-inhibiting and releasing concentrations was much greater for cocaine than for phencyclidine and ketamine.--All three drugs enhanced the overflow of tritium evoked by electrical field stimulation. The increase probably reflects an inhibition of the re-uptake of released 3H-noradrenaline; in addition, phencyclidine appears to enhance the release of noradrenaline per pulse.--The actions of phencyclidine and ketamine on central noradrenergic neurones may contribute to the characteristic psychotropic side-effects of these general anaesthetics.", "contents": "Phencyclidine and ketamine: comparison with the effect of cocaine on the noradrenergic neurones of the rat brain cortex. In slices of rat occipital cortex, the influence of phencyclidine and ketamine on the accumulation of 3H-noradrenaline and the subsequent outflow of tritium was investigated, and was compared with the effect of cocaine.--All three drugs inhibited the accumulation of tritium during incubation of the slices with 3H-noradrenaline. Phencyclidine was slightly, whereas ketamine was much less effective than cocaine.--All three drugs accelerated the spontaneous outflow of tritium from slices preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline. The acceleration caused by low concentrations probably reflects an inhibition of the re-uptake of spontaneously released 3H-noradrenaline; in addition, high concentrations (10(-4) M phencyclidine, 3 X 10(-4)-10(-3) M cocaine and 10(-3)-3 X 10(-3) M ketamine) appear to release tritiated compounds from the neurones. The distance between uptake-inhibiting and releasing concentrations was much greater for cocaine than for phencyclidine and ketamine.--All three drugs enhanced the overflow of tritium evoked by electrical field stimulation. The increase probably reflects an inhibition of the re-uptake of released 3H-noradrenaline; in addition, phencyclidine appears to enhance the release of noradrenaline per pulse.--The actions of phencyclidine and ketamine on central noradrenergic neurones may contribute to the characteristic psychotropic side-effects of these general anaesthetics."}
{"id": "PMID:1196420", "title": "On the influence of chloramphenicol on the induction of lung adenomas by urethane in mice.", "content": "It has been shown by a number of authors that the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CP), produced in the USSE under the name of levomycetin, had considerably inhibited the growth of liver tumors, induced by various carcinogenic compounds [3,7,8,21]. Moreover, it has been found by ourselves and other authors that CP greatly reduces the toxic effect of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons on cultures of embryonic fibroblasts of mice and the adrenals of rats [5,9,20,23]. As the full extent of the antiblastomogenic activity of CP has so far not been studied, it was important to elucidate its influence on other groups of chemical carcinogens. In experiments described in the present paper we have investigated the influence of CP on the incidence of lung adenomas in mice after administration of urethane.", "contents": "On the influence of chloramphenicol on the induction of lung adenomas by urethane in mice. It has been shown by a number of authors that the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CP), produced in the USSE under the name of levomycetin, had considerably inhibited the growth of liver tumors, induced by various carcinogenic compounds [3,7,8,21]. Moreover, it has been found by ourselves and other authors that CP greatly reduces the toxic effect of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons on cultures of embryonic fibroblasts of mice and the adrenals of rats [5,9,20,23]. As the full extent of the antiblastomogenic activity of CP has so far not been studied, it was important to elucidate its influence on other groups of chemical carcinogens. In experiments described in the present paper we have investigated the influence of CP on the incidence of lung adenomas in mice after administration of urethane."}
{"id": "PMID:1196421", "title": "On the enhancement of oncolytic effect of laser radiation by means of fast electrons.", "content": "Non-inbred albino mice were inoculated subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with Ehrlich carcinoma cells pre-exposed in vitro either to different doses of laser radiation or to fast electrons alone, or to both agents. The statistical data on the latency of tumors, their weights (subcutaneous inoculation) and the survival time in group \"laser + electrons\" (intraperitoneal inoculation) were found to differ considerably from those for the mice inoculated with the ascitic tumor cells pre-exposed either to laser radiation or fast electrons alone. The enhancement of the oncolytic effect of laser radiation combined with fast electrons is gained through the addition of the effects of each of these agents.", "contents": "On the enhancement of oncolytic effect of laser radiation by means of fast electrons. Non-inbred albino mice were inoculated subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with Ehrlich carcinoma cells pre-exposed in vitro either to different doses of laser radiation or to fast electrons alone, or to both agents. The statistical data on the latency of tumors, their weights (subcutaneous inoculation) and the survival time in group \"laser + electrons\" (intraperitoneal inoculation) were found to differ considerably from those for the mice inoculated with the ascitic tumor cells pre-exposed either to laser radiation or fast electrons alone. The enhancement of the oncolytic effect of laser radiation combined with fast electrons is gained through the addition of the effects of each of these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1196422", "title": "A freeze-etch study of occurrence of nuclear pores in normal and tumor cells.", "content": "A freeze-etch study of nuclear pores performed on human lymphocytes, epidermal and corneal cells, on hamster fibroblasts, on rat and hamster sarcoma cells and cells from a human malignant melanoma, revealed that the frequency of pores as a part of very important biological cellular structures increases in proliferating cells, and that there is a statistically significand difference between normal and tumor cells. Once produced the pores maintain and their frequency practically does not change. The pores are randomly distributed on the nuclear envelope. Markham rotating method revealed an octa- or nonaedric outside shape of the pores and round inner margin with eight or nine granules. One bigger granule was found in the center of the pores. The granule is with a great probability filamentously attached to the margin of the pore. Fibrillar structures running to the pores on inner surface of nuclear envelope as far as the chemical composition of granules need special cytochemical examinations.", "contents": "A freeze-etch study of occurrence of nuclear pores in normal and tumor cells. A freeze-etch study of nuclear pores performed on human lymphocytes, epidermal and corneal cells, on hamster fibroblasts, on rat and hamster sarcoma cells and cells from a human malignant melanoma, revealed that the frequency of pores as a part of very important biological cellular structures increases in proliferating cells, and that there is a statistically significand difference between normal and tumor cells. Once produced the pores maintain and their frequency practically does not change. The pores are randomly distributed on the nuclear envelope. Markham rotating method revealed an octa- or nonaedric outside shape of the pores and round inner margin with eight or nine granules. One bigger granule was found in the center of the pores. The granule is with a great probability filamentously attached to the margin of the pore. Fibrillar structures running to the pores on inner surface of nuclear envelope as far as the chemical composition of granules need special cytochemical examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1196423", "title": "Changes in nucleolar number of ascites tumor cells treated with actinomycin D.", "content": "In the nuclei of Ehrligh and NK/Ly mouse ascites tumor cells the number of nucleoli varies between 1 and 10. The average nucleolar number is 3.3 +/- 1.3 for both tumors. This value as well as the distribution of nuclei with various nucleolar number are parctically constant between the 5th and 15th day of transplantation. The nucleolar changes resulting from the effect of a single 200 mug/kg i.p. dose of actinomycin D take place in two phases, almost in the same manner for both tumors. Within 24 hours the mean nucleolar number decreases by about 20 percent accompanied by a diminution of size of nucleoli. 15 to 20 percent of nuclei does not contain real nucleoli but has small spots showing nucleolus-like staining (\"scattered\" nucleolar cells). The second phase is characterized by a 25-35 percent increase in the mean nucleolar number followed by a nucleolar enlargement. The process returns to normal within 6-7 days.", "contents": "Changes in nucleolar number of ascites tumor cells treated with actinomycin D. In the nuclei of Ehrligh and NK/Ly mouse ascites tumor cells the number of nucleoli varies between 1 and 10. The average nucleolar number is 3.3 +/- 1.3 for both tumors. This value as well as the distribution of nuclei with various nucleolar number are parctically constant between the 5th and 15th day of transplantation. The nucleolar changes resulting from the effect of a single 200 mug/kg i.p. dose of actinomycin D take place in two phases, almost in the same manner for both tumors. Within 24 hours the mean nucleolar number decreases by about 20 percent accompanied by a diminution of size of nucleoli. 15 to 20 percent of nuclei does not contain real nucleoli but has small spots showing nucleolus-like staining (\"scattered\" nucleolar cells). The second phase is characterized by a 25-35 percent increase in the mean nucleolar number followed by a nucleolar enlargement. The process returns to normal within 6-7 days."}
{"id": "PMID:1196424", "title": "Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity in hybrids derived from HGPRT+ and HGPRT- mouse cells.", "content": "By utilizing the selection system, a population of hybrid cells with the gene coding HGPRT and sensitive to 8-azaguanine (8-AG) was isolated from a mixed population of hybrid cells derived from malignant diploid HGPRT+ mouse lymphosarcoma cells (LS/BL) and L cells resistant to 8-AG (HGPRT-, R-AG/20 strain). During back-selection of this hybrid population , cultivated in vitro, HGPRT- negative fractions of the cell population, resistant to 8-AG, appeared in a high frequency. As a rule, the telocentric chromosomes (or chromosome), originated from the HGPRT+ parental cells (LS/BL), were lost in these cells. The X chromosome of the LS/BL cells coding the HGPRT enzyme was not present in all cells of the hybrid HGPRT+ population. Hence it is assumed that the fusion of HGPRT+ (LS/BL) and HGPRT- (R-AG/20) cells resulted in a reexpression of the HGPRT activity from the R-AG/20 parental cells.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity in hybrids derived from HGPRT+ and HGPRT- mouse cells. By utilizing the selection system, a population of hybrid cells with the gene coding HGPRT and sensitive to 8-azaguanine (8-AG) was isolated from a mixed population of hybrid cells derived from malignant diploid HGPRT+ mouse lymphosarcoma cells (LS/BL) and L cells resistant to 8-AG (HGPRT-, R-AG/20 strain). During back-selection of this hybrid population , cultivated in vitro, HGPRT- negative fractions of the cell population, resistant to 8-AG, appeared in a high frequency. As a rule, the telocentric chromosomes (or chromosome), originated from the HGPRT+ parental cells (LS/BL), were lost in these cells. The X chromosome of the LS/BL cells coding the HGPRT enzyme was not present in all cells of the hybrid HGPRT+ population. Hence it is assumed that the fusion of HGPRT+ (LS/BL) and HGPRT- (R-AG/20) cells resulted in a reexpression of the HGPRT activity from the R-AG/20 parental cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1196425", "title": "Heterogeneity of human adenocarcinomas of the colon and the stomach as regards sensitivity to cytostatic drugs.", "content": "In the present paper a test model was used to examine if human adenocarcinomas of the colon and the stomach are heterogenous as regards the sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside, melphalan, vinblastine sulphate, amethopterin and 5-fluorouracil in vitro. The effects of the five drugs were measured as the differences in incorporation of tritiated thymidine and deoxyuridine in drug-containing tubes and control tubes. It was found, that different parts of eleven colon and five stomach cancers differ significantly in their sensitivity to the same cytostatic treatment in vitro.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of human adenocarcinomas of the colon and the stomach as regards sensitivity to cytostatic drugs. In the present paper a test model was used to examine if human adenocarcinomas of the colon and the stomach are heterogenous as regards the sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside, melphalan, vinblastine sulphate, amethopterin and 5-fluorouracil in vitro. The effects of the five drugs were measured as the differences in incorporation of tritiated thymidine and deoxyuridine in drug-containing tubes and control tubes. It was found, that different parts of eleven colon and five stomach cancers differ significantly in their sensitivity to the same cytostatic treatment in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1196426", "title": "Occurrence of paraproteins in melanoblastoma.", "content": "Besides paraproteins in melanoblastoma, the study also follows the quantitative values of immunoglobulins during the course of the disease. According to the immunoglobulin values, the patients may be divided into two groups: those with a striking decline of IgG and a simultaneous generalization of the process; those without any significant alteration in the immunoglobulin values, but with paraproteins. The presence of the latter, particularly of gM became reflected in a stagnation of the entire process. Immunological results of sera from patients surviving 5 years, bear out this finding.", "contents": "Occurrence of paraproteins in melanoblastoma. Besides paraproteins in melanoblastoma, the study also follows the quantitative values of immunoglobulins during the course of the disease. According to the immunoglobulin values, the patients may be divided into two groups: those with a striking decline of IgG and a simultaneous generalization of the process; those without any significant alteration in the immunoglobulin values, but with paraproteins. The presence of the latter, particularly of gM became reflected in a stagnation of the entire process. Immunological results of sera from patients surviving 5 years, bear out this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:1196427", "title": "Atopy and cancer.", "content": "Malignancies were observed less frequently in the closest relatives of the patients suffering from hay fever with the most proved hereditary liability of atopy than in the relatives of control groups.", "contents": "Atopy and cancer. Malignancies were observed less frequently in the closest relatives of the patients suffering from hay fever with the most proved hereditary liability of atopy than in the relatives of control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1196428", "title": "Vitiligo and malignant melanoma.", "content": "Six patients with vitiligo and malignant melanoma are reported. The relationship between vitiligo and melanoma seems to be a firm one. This process is supposed to represent an expression of induced autoimmunity.", "contents": "Vitiligo and malignant melanoma. Six patients with vitiligo and malignant melanoma are reported. The relationship between vitiligo and melanoma seems to be a firm one. This process is supposed to represent an expression of induced autoimmunity."}
{"id": "PMID:1196429", "title": "Main principles of the organization of cancer control in USSR and selected data on cancer incidence.", "content": "The main principles and the structure of the cancer control organization in the USSR are described. The trends in the incidence of selected forms of malignant tumors and regional differences in USSR are documented with statistical data.", "contents": "Main principles of the organization of cancer control in USSR and selected data on cancer incidence. The main principles and the structure of the cancer control organization in the USSR are described. The trends in the incidence of selected forms of malignant tumors and regional differences in USSR are documented with statistical data."}
{"id": "PMID:1196430", "title": "On the so-called MAC (Maximal Allowable Concentrations) for carcinogenic hydrocarbons.", "content": "The paper deals with some results of work done in the USSR to establish maximal allowable doses (MAC) for the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benza(a)pyrene in human environment. At the same time it is a brief review of some discussions on this item which took place in USSR and on the international level.", "contents": "On the so-called MAC (Maximal Allowable Concentrations) for carcinogenic hydrocarbons. The paper deals with some results of work done in the USSR to establish maximal allowable doses (MAC) for the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benza(a)pyrene in human environment. At the same time it is a brief review of some discussions on this item which took place in USSR and on the international level."}
{"id": "PMID:1196431", "title": "Electrochemical properties of polycyclic compounds studied by the polarographic method in anhydrous systems. II. Polarographic study of carcinogenic nitrogen compounds in dimethylformamide and comparison of half-wave potentials with quantum-chemical calculations of molecular orbitals.", "content": "Reduction of half-wave potentials and the mechanism of reduction of 20 polycyclic nitrogen compounds were studied on a dropping-mercury electrode in anhydrous dimethylformamide using tetrabuthylammonium perchlorate as the supporting electrolyte. The measured values of the reducing half-wave potentials of the polycyclic aza-compounds were compared in view of their carcinogenic activity with parental carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. Electrochemical measurements have confirmed that the size of the shift in reducing potentials towards the more positive values and the decline of the carcinogenic activity generally depend on the number and position of the nitrogen atoms in the molecule of the polycyclic nitrogen compound under study. At the same time, the experimental electrochemical measurements were matched with the results of the quantum-chemical calculations of the molecular orbitals and this showed a good agreement to exist between the values of reducing half-wave potentials obtained by experimental measurement and by calculation.", "contents": "Electrochemical properties of polycyclic compounds studied by the polarographic method in anhydrous systems. II. Polarographic study of carcinogenic nitrogen compounds in dimethylformamide and comparison of half-wave potentials with quantum-chemical calculations of molecular orbitals. Reduction of half-wave potentials and the mechanism of reduction of 20 polycyclic nitrogen compounds were studied on a dropping-mercury electrode in anhydrous dimethylformamide using tetrabuthylammonium perchlorate as the supporting electrolyte. The measured values of the reducing half-wave potentials of the polycyclic aza-compounds were compared in view of their carcinogenic activity with parental carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. Electrochemical measurements have confirmed that the size of the shift in reducing potentials towards the more positive values and the decline of the carcinogenic activity generally depend on the number and position of the nitrogen atoms in the molecule of the polycyclic nitrogen compound under study. At the same time, the experimental electrochemical measurements were matched with the results of the quantum-chemical calculations of the molecular orbitals and this showed a good agreement to exist between the values of reducing half-wave potentials obtained by experimental measurement and by calculation."}
{"id": "PMID:1196432", "title": "Incorporation of exogenous DNA and its localization in the chromosomes of the host cell.", "content": "Incorporation of isologous 3H-DNA of exogenous origin into chromosomes of the L cells was investigated by means of autoradiographical technique. It was shown that during short time intervals of incubation of 3H-DNA with the host cells (1--3 hr), nearly double quantity of the mitoses was labelled, when compared with 3H-TdR used as a control. During longer time intervals, no difference between number of the mitoses labelled with 3H-TdR and exogenous isologous 3H-DNA was observed.", "contents": "Incorporation of exogenous DNA and its localization in the chromosomes of the host cell. Incorporation of isologous 3H-DNA of exogenous origin into chromosomes of the L cells was investigated by means of autoradiographical technique. It was shown that during short time intervals of incubation of 3H-DNA with the host cells (1--3 hr), nearly double quantity of the mitoses was labelled, when compared with 3H-TdR used as a control. During longer time intervals, no difference between number of the mitoses labelled with 3H-TdR and exogenous isologous 3H-DNA was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196433", "title": "Methotrexate and folic acid effect in normal and sarcoma 180 bearing mice.", "content": "Four- to six-fold surplus of folic acid in oral application reduced the toxicity of methotrexate administered repeatedly in high therapeutic doses. The therapeutic effect of methotrexate applied intraperitoneally to mice with the ascitic S 180 sarcoma, as measured by their survival, can be reliably demonstrated; moreover, the survival can be prolonged by adding folic acid into drinking water. In the solid form S 180 the intraperitoneal administration of methotrexate did not significantly reduce the weight of tumors of treated aminals as compared to untreated animals. The maximum tolerated dose of methotrexate was lower in animals with the ascitic tumor than in non-tumorous animals.", "contents": "Methotrexate and folic acid effect in normal and sarcoma 180 bearing mice. Four- to six-fold surplus of folic acid in oral application reduced the toxicity of methotrexate administered repeatedly in high therapeutic doses. The therapeutic effect of methotrexate applied intraperitoneally to mice with the ascitic S 180 sarcoma, as measured by their survival, can be reliably demonstrated; moreover, the survival can be prolonged by adding folic acid into drinking water. In the solid form S 180 the intraperitoneal administration of methotrexate did not significantly reduce the weight of tumors of treated aminals as compared to untreated animals. The maximum tolerated dose of methotrexate was lower in animals with the ascitic tumor than in non-tumorous animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1196434", "title": "The influence of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-palmitamide on virus-induced sarcomas in chickens and Rauscher leukemia in mice.", "content": "The effect of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-palmitamide (PEA), an active endogenous compound, which may be useful in preventing virus infections of the respiratory tract, was studied in chicken sarcoma RBA-34 and mouse Rauscher leukemia. The experiments showed that PEA did not influence the induction, development and severity of experimental oncogenic diseases investigated.", "contents": "The influence of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-palmitamide on virus-induced sarcomas in chickens and Rauscher leukemia in mice. The effect of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-palmitamide (PEA), an active endogenous compound, which may be useful in preventing virus infections of the respiratory tract, was studied in chicken sarcoma RBA-34 and mouse Rauscher leukemia. The experiments showed that PEA did not influence the induction, development and severity of experimental oncogenic diseases investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:1196435", "title": "Soluble melanoprotein of tumor origin.", "content": "The procedure for isolating soluble melanoprotein from human malignant melanoma was described. Electron microscopy confirmed the absence of any contaminating organized particles. The melanoprotein was brown hygroscopic substance with 8.8% of melanin, easily soluble in water. The solution revealed general absorption with a shoulder at 280 nm. Chemical composition was typical for a melanoprotein complex with characteristic high sulphur content (2.1%) and abundance in zinc (210 mug Zn/g dry sample). Sedimentation and electrophoretic properties indicated relative homogeneity. Similar substance could also be isolated from Harding-Passey mouse melanoma. Such soluble melanoproteins have been needed for their broad exploitation in tumor immunology.", "contents": "Soluble melanoprotein of tumor origin. The procedure for isolating soluble melanoprotein from human malignant melanoma was described. Electron microscopy confirmed the absence of any contaminating organized particles. The melanoprotein was brown hygroscopic substance with 8.8% of melanin, easily soluble in water. The solution revealed general absorption with a shoulder at 280 nm. Chemical composition was typical for a melanoprotein complex with characteristic high sulphur content (2.1%) and abundance in zinc (210 mug Zn/g dry sample). Sedimentation and electrophoretic properties indicated relative homogeneity. Similar substance could also be isolated from Harding-Passey mouse melanoma. Such soluble melanoproteins have been needed for their broad exploitation in tumor immunology."}
{"id": "PMID:1196436", "title": "Level of SH groups in paraproteinemic sera.", "content": "SH groups were determined in the sera of 131 subjects with paraproteinemia and in 100 healthy controls of a corresponding age. Significant decrease in the amount of SH groups in the serum was observed in IgG and IgM paraproteinemias.", "contents": "Level of SH groups in paraproteinemic sera. SH groups were determined in the sera of 131 subjects with paraproteinemia and in 100 healthy controls of a corresponding age. Significant decrease in the amount of SH groups in the serum was observed in IgG and IgM paraproteinemias."}
{"id": "PMID:1196437", "title": "Perspectives in scintigraphic detection of gynecologic tumors using labeled estrogen.", "content": "After having succeeded in imaging the prostate with 131I-Estracyt in our former experiments we tried to use the same method for scanning gynecological tumors. In about fifty per cent of the patients (34 cases) there was a convenient accumulation of the labeled estrogen, first of all the adenoid tumors, myomas of uteri and carcinomas can take up this radiopharmacon. Though the number of cases is rather low it is to be concluded that tumors of hormonal dependence can be scanned using estrogen hormon. Further investigations are in progress.", "contents": "Perspectives in scintigraphic detection of gynecologic tumors using labeled estrogen. After having succeeded in imaging the prostate with 131I-Estracyt in our former experiments we tried to use the same method for scanning gynecological tumors. In about fifty per cent of the patients (34 cases) there was a convenient accumulation of the labeled estrogen, first of all the adenoid tumors, myomas of uteri and carcinomas can take up this radiopharmacon. Though the number of cases is rather low it is to be concluded that tumors of hormonal dependence can be scanned using estrogen hormon. Further investigations are in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:1196438", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in cancer patients. I. Serum immunoglobulins and primary tumor localization.", "content": "A comparison was made between the mean values of immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM in patients sera in various primary localizations of malignant tumors. The values ranged generally above the upper limit stated for the so-called healthy population, the highest being in Ca of kidneys of Grawitz type, Ca laryngis and Co bronchogenes. In the IgG class higher values appeared mainly in Grawitz tumor, however, a certain elevated level with respect to the other groups of malignancies occurred also in Ca vesicae urinariae and in Ca bronchogenes, but the differences are without statistical significance. No changes were observed in the IgM group.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in cancer patients. I. Serum immunoglobulins and primary tumor localization. A comparison was made between the mean values of immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM in patients sera in various primary localizations of malignant tumors. The values ranged generally above the upper limit stated for the so-called healthy population, the highest being in Ca of kidneys of Grawitz type, Ca laryngis and Co bronchogenes. In the IgG class higher values appeared mainly in Grawitz tumor, however, a certain elevated level with respect to the other groups of malignancies occurred also in Ca vesicae urinariae and in Ca bronchogenes, but the differences are without statistical significance. No changes were observed in the IgM group."}
{"id": "PMID:1196439", "title": "A definition problem in cancer metastasis.", "content": "Orthodox definitions of cancer metastasis state that deposits which qualify for this name are those found distant from the primary tumor. This qualification has led to considerable confusion in the literature. A study of the etymology and pathology of metastasis leads to the conclusion that the essential feature is transportation and not distance. Accordingly, metastasis should be defined simply as \"the formation of another growth in any site following the transportation of tumor cells from the initial growth\". This definition will probably improve knowledge of the statistics of cancer metastasis.", "contents": "A definition problem in cancer metastasis. Orthodox definitions of cancer metastasis state that deposits which qualify for this name are those found distant from the primary tumor. This qualification has led to considerable confusion in the literature. A study of the etymology and pathology of metastasis leads to the conclusion that the essential feature is transportation and not distance. Accordingly, metastasis should be defined simply as \"the formation of another growth in any site following the transportation of tumor cells from the initial growth\". This definition will probably improve knowledge of the statistics of cancer metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1196440", "title": "Large-scale screening of the population of early detection of malignant tumors in the USSR.", "content": "Some selected data on cancer statistics in the USSR and results of the nationwide cancer screening activities are presented. The usefullness of some new methods in prophylactic examination is discussed.", "contents": "Large-scale screening of the population of early detection of malignant tumors in the USSR. Some selected data on cancer statistics in the USSR and results of the nationwide cancer screening activities are presented. The usefullness of some new methods in prophylactic examination is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196441", "title": "Stimulation of rat liver regeneration by chloramphenicol.", "content": "The administration of chloramphenicol in high doses (300 mg per kg body weight in 6 hour intervals) to partially (70%) hepatectomized rats resulted in a marked stimulation of liver regeneration.", "contents": "Stimulation of rat liver regeneration by chloramphenicol. The administration of chloramphenicol in high doses (300 mg per kg body weight in 6 hour intervals) to partially (70%) hepatectomized rats resulted in a marked stimulation of liver regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:1196461", "title": "Effects of long-term low protein diet on albumin metabolism in chronic uremia.", "content": "The effects of long-term low protein diet on albumin metabolism of uremic patients were evaluated. Studies were performed on 62 patients divided into two groups depending on the duration of the diet (35 subjects from 6 to 30 days, 27 subjects from 6 months to 5 years). All patients received a diet containing at least 20 g of high biological value proteins per day. Albumin catabolism and distribution were measured by the two-tracer technique, after simultaneous i.v. injection of 131I-human serum albumin and of free 125I-iodide. Albumin synthesis was directly determined in 10 patients by two tracers, 14C-carbonate and 131I-albumin, according to the xanthydrol technique for specific activities of urea and albumin guanido carbon in plasma. The main features of albumin metabolism observed in both groups studied were: normal intravascular albumin mass, marked reduction of extravascular and total albumin pools, with proportionally reduced catabolism. No significant turnover difference was found between the first group and the patients on diet from 0.5 to 5 years, thus suggesting that dietary treatment per se is not responsible for the albumin depletion observed in chronic uremia.", "contents": "Effects of long-term low protein diet on albumin metabolism in chronic uremia. The effects of long-term low protein diet on albumin metabolism of uremic patients were evaluated. Studies were performed on 62 patients divided into two groups depending on the duration of the diet (35 subjects from 6 to 30 days, 27 subjects from 6 months to 5 years). All patients received a diet containing at least 20 g of high biological value proteins per day. Albumin catabolism and distribution were measured by the two-tracer technique, after simultaneous i.v. injection of 131I-human serum albumin and of free 125I-iodide. Albumin synthesis was directly determined in 10 patients by two tracers, 14C-carbonate and 131I-albumin, according to the xanthydrol technique for specific activities of urea and albumin guanido carbon in plasma. The main features of albumin metabolism observed in both groups studied were: normal intravascular albumin mass, marked reduction of extravascular and total albumin pools, with proportionally reduced catabolism. No significant turnover difference was found between the first group and the patients on diet from 0.5 to 5 years, thus suggesting that dietary treatment per se is not responsible for the albumin depletion observed in chronic uremia."}
{"id": "PMID:1196462", "title": "Autonomic function in patients with chronic renal failure on intermittent haemodialysis.", "content": "The cardiovascular responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre and sustained handgrip were measured in 26 patients with chronic renal failure treated with intermittent haemodialysis. Twelve (50%) had an abnormal Valsalva response and ten (45%) had an abnormal handgrip response. There was a reduction in the beat-to-beat variation of heart rate at rest in those patients who had abnormal Valsalva manoeuvres, independent of age or the resting heart rate. It is concluded that autonomic nerve fibres may be damaged in patients with chronic renal failure on intermittent haemodialysis in the absence of symptoms of autonomic neuropathy. These studies suggest three simple ways of testing autonomic function in haemodialysis patients which could routinely be performed to detect patients at risk of developing an abnormal reaction to volume depletion during haemodialysis.", "contents": "Autonomic function in patients with chronic renal failure on intermittent haemodialysis. The cardiovascular responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre and sustained handgrip were measured in 26 patients with chronic renal failure treated with intermittent haemodialysis. Twelve (50%) had an abnormal Valsalva response and ten (45%) had an abnormal handgrip response. There was a reduction in the beat-to-beat variation of heart rate at rest in those patients who had abnormal Valsalva manoeuvres, independent of age or the resting heart rate. It is concluded that autonomic nerve fibres may be damaged in patients with chronic renal failure on intermittent haemodialysis in the absence of symptoms of autonomic neuropathy. These studies suggest three simple ways of testing autonomic function in haemodialysis patients which could routinely be performed to detect patients at risk of developing an abnormal reaction to volume depletion during haemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1196463", "title": "Chronic haemodialysis using saphenous vein fistulae.", "content": "Since 1969 four leg fistulae and 14 arm fistulae using the saphenous vein have been constructed in chronic haemodialysis patients. The operative procedures are described and the results show that these fistulae are an excellent alternative when the construction of Cimino-Brescia fistulae becomes impossible. Of the 14 arm fistulae, nine are still patent and in use, three have thrombosed and two patients have died of unrelated causes with the fistulae intact.", "contents": "Chronic haemodialysis using saphenous vein fistulae. Since 1969 four leg fistulae and 14 arm fistulae using the saphenous vein have been constructed in chronic haemodialysis patients. The operative procedures are described and the results show that these fistulae are an excellent alternative when the construction of Cimino-Brescia fistulae becomes impossible. Of the 14 arm fistulae, nine are still patent and in use, three have thrombosed and two patients have died of unrelated causes with the fistulae intact."}
{"id": "PMID:1196464", "title": "[Giant bilateral parasagittal fronto-parietal hyperostosing meningioma. Clinico-therapeutic considerations in a particular case].", "content": "A case of giant bilateral parasagittal fronto-parietal hyperostosing meningioma is discussed. Its weight was 910 gr., it was removed in two operations and finally an acrilic cranioplasty was done. The patient pas followed for 24 years and no neurological sequelae have been found. He is still working as a farmer. The author reviews the relevant literature and discusses the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Giant bilateral parasagittal fronto-parietal hyperostosing meningioma. Clinico-therapeutic considerations in a particular case]. A case of giant bilateral parasagittal fronto-parietal hyperostosing meningioma is discussed. Its weight was 910 gr., it was removed in two operations and finally an acrilic cranioplasty was done. The patient pas followed for 24 years and no neurological sequelae have been found. He is still working as a farmer. The author reviews the relevant literature and discusses the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1196465", "title": "[Catheterization of the sylvian aqueduct. Its present role in the surgical treatment of sylvian aqueduct stenosis of PCF tumors, and of syringomyelia].", "content": "Catheterization of the Sylvian aqueduct is an elective technique for the surgical treatment of syringomyelia with Chiari's defect. It completes efficiently the decompression of the defect and makes possible exclusion of the IV th. ventricle and of the ependymal orifice of the syringomyelic cavity. The operative results appear thus more regular and more stable than those obtained with simple decompression. Intubation of the aqueduct has opportune indications in the treatment of tumors of the P.C.F. in the case of incomplete exeresis or when a secondary blockade of the spinal fluid is to be feared. Intubation of the aqueduct constitutes a useful complement for those patients treated during childhood for hydrocephalon with sylviduct stenosis and that evidence lately a poor functioning of the ventricular tube with ventricles exhibiting a reduced volume and hypereacute accidents of intra-cranial hypertension.", "contents": "[Catheterization of the sylvian aqueduct. Its present role in the surgical treatment of sylvian aqueduct stenosis of PCF tumors, and of syringomyelia]. Catheterization of the Sylvian aqueduct is an elective technique for the surgical treatment of syringomyelia with Chiari's defect. It completes efficiently the decompression of the defect and makes possible exclusion of the IV th. ventricle and of the ependymal orifice of the syringomyelic cavity. The operative results appear thus more regular and more stable than those obtained with simple decompression. Intubation of the aqueduct has opportune indications in the treatment of tumors of the P.C.F. in the case of incomplete exeresis or when a secondary blockade of the spinal fluid is to be feared. Intubation of the aqueduct constitutes a useful complement for those patients treated during childhood for hydrocephalon with sylviduct stenosis and that evidence lately a poor functioning of the ventricular tube with ventricles exhibiting a reduced volume and hypereacute accidents of intra-cranial hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1196466", "title": "[Neurosurgery in strict asepsis. First trials in an operation isolator during the placement of 10 ventriculoperitoneal derivations].", "content": "Authors report on a series of ten ventricular-cardiac or peritoneal derivations performed under operative field isolation, air-tight and sterile enclosure that makes possible to perform surgery under strict aspsis. The first results compared with those mentioned in the medical literature, let foresee a fall in the occurence of post-operative infections. The technique is adaptable to neurosurgery and does not complicate the operative process.", "contents": "[Neurosurgery in strict asepsis. First trials in an operation isolator during the placement of 10 ventriculoperitoneal derivations]. Authors report on a series of ten ventricular-cardiac or peritoneal derivations performed under operative field isolation, air-tight and sterile enclosure that makes possible to perform surgery under strict aspsis. The first results compared with those mentioned in the medical literature, let foresee a fall in the occurence of post-operative infections. The technique is adaptable to neurosurgery and does not complicate the operative process."}
{"id": "PMID:1196467", "title": "[Comparative study of complications observed in ventriculo-atrial and ventriculo-peritoneal derivations. Apropos of 106 cases].", "content": "In this study that concerns 106 cases, authors insist on the frequency of the infectious and mechanical complications. They make a review of the etiologies and of the various materials used by themselves and study successively the mechanical, infectious and mixed complications, sector by sector. They drive, at each level, conclusions concerning the results with their subsequent lessons. Having recalled, in short, the principles of supervision of any child bearer of a \"valve\", they conclude by developing their present idea of the \"ideal derivation\" by on the base of the material submitted to experimentation. They insist on the value of the ventricular-peritoneal derivations in the new-born.", "contents": "[Comparative study of complications observed in ventriculo-atrial and ventriculo-peritoneal derivations. Apropos of 106 cases]. In this study that concerns 106 cases, authors insist on the frequency of the infectious and mechanical complications. They make a review of the etiologies and of the various materials used by themselves and study successively the mechanical, infectious and mixed complications, sector by sector. They drive, at each level, conclusions concerning the results with their subsequent lessons. Having recalled, in short, the principles of supervision of any child bearer of a \"valve\", they conclude by developing their present idea of the \"ideal derivation\" by on the base of the material submitted to experimentation. They insist on the value of the ventricular-peritoneal derivations in the new-born."}
{"id": "PMID:1196468", "title": "[Arteriography in pituitary tumors. Pseudotumoral aneurysm].", "content": "In the presence of any \"expansive process\" of the sellar region, one must recall that in I % of the instances there may be the possibility of a pseudo-tumoral aneurysm. In a number of cases, neither the clinical study, nor the roentgenologic and tomographic balance of the sellar region, will allow to differentiate an aneurysm and a pituitary tumor. Only the carotid arteriography makes possible a diagnosis of certainty under the condition to make a bilateral study (compression being insufficient). This kind of investigation will therefore be systematic, particularly in those cases in which a sphenoid route of access is considered for the management of the expansive process of the sellar region.", "contents": "[Arteriography in pituitary tumors. Pseudotumoral aneurysm]. In the presence of any \"expansive process\" of the sellar region, one must recall that in I % of the instances there may be the possibility of a pseudo-tumoral aneurysm. In a number of cases, neither the clinical study, nor the roentgenologic and tomographic balance of the sellar region, will allow to differentiate an aneurysm and a pituitary tumor. Only the carotid arteriography makes possible a diagnosis of certainty under the condition to make a bilateral study (compression being insufficient). This kind of investigation will therefore be systematic, particularly in those cases in which a sphenoid route of access is considered for the management of the expansive process of the sellar region."}
{"id": "PMID:1196469", "title": "[Radicular sciatica due to an intrarachidian mucoid cyst in a child].", "content": "In a 15 years old boy, a sciatica appears, at surgery, to be related with the compression of one SI root, and into the epidural space, by a pseudo-cyst, limited by a connective wall and containing a mucoid substance. Authors note the similarity of this lesion with the para-synovial cysts of extremities and with the colloid degeneration of the tunica adventitia of some vessels or of the connective sheath of the peripheric nerves. To their knowledge, such formations with mucoid content, at the spinal level, have only been reported on in the adult subject; they insist therefore on their patient's young age.", "contents": "[Radicular sciatica due to an intrarachidian mucoid cyst in a child]. In a 15 years old boy, a sciatica appears, at surgery, to be related with the compression of one SI root, and into the epidural space, by a pseudo-cyst, limited by a connective wall and containing a mucoid substance. Authors note the similarity of this lesion with the para-synovial cysts of extremities and with the colloid degeneration of the tunica adventitia of some vessels or of the connective sheath of the peripheric nerves. To their knowledge, such formations with mucoid content, at the spinal level, have only been reported on in the adult subject; they insist therefore on their patient's young age."}
{"id": "PMID:1196484", "title": "Serial angiotomography in supratentorial tumors.", "content": "Serial angiotomography is a selective investigative method which contributes to exact differential diagnosis and localization of the tumor. With the localization near the midline of the supratentorial tumors it can occasionally be the only arteriographical method which will bring a definite result. With basal processes the relationship of the tumor to the bones and dura can be demonstrated more accurately. In addition angiotomography brings new haemodynamic aspects with regard to the circulation time and intensity of the tumor stain of glioblastoma.", "contents": "Serial angiotomography in supratentorial tumors. Serial angiotomography is a selective investigative method which contributes to exact differential diagnosis and localization of the tumor. With the localization near the midline of the supratentorial tumors it can occasionally be the only arteriographical method which will bring a definite result. With basal processes the relationship of the tumor to the bones and dura can be demonstrated more accurately. In addition angiotomography brings new haemodynamic aspects with regard to the circulation time and intensity of the tumor stain of glioblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1196485", "title": "Pineal veins in vertebral angiography.", "content": "Angiographic patterns of pineal veins in normal and pathological conditions are examined. The diagnostic value of these veins for midline growths is limited owing to their inconstant visualization, multifarious angiographic patterns and minute size. With this in mind, greater significance of classical displacements of the internal and basal veins is outlined.", "contents": "Pineal veins in vertebral angiography. Angiographic patterns of pineal veins in normal and pathological conditions are examined. The diagnostic value of these veins for midline growths is limited owing to their inconstant visualization, multifarious angiographic patterns and minute size. With this in mind, greater significance of classical displacements of the internal and basal veins is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1196486", "title": "A practical approach to the phlebographic study of the lateral cerebral ventricles.", "content": "The main anatomical features of the subependymal veins of the lateral ventricles are summarized. The important role of the subependymal veins for the study of the size and shape of the lateral ventricles is outlined. The most typical modifications which occur in cases of ventricular enlargement or ventricular deformation due to cerebral tumors are illustrated. The importance of the criteria to be followed for the exact identification of the lateral and medial veins to each ventricular portion are stressed. This is possible thanks to the combined study of the phlebograms in the right angled projections.", "contents": "A practical approach to the phlebographic study of the lateral cerebral ventricles. The main anatomical features of the subependymal veins of the lateral ventricles are summarized. The important role of the subependymal veins for the study of the size and shape of the lateral ventricles is outlined. The most typical modifications which occur in cases of ventricular enlargement or ventricular deformation due to cerebral tumors are illustrated. The importance of the criteria to be followed for the exact identification of the lateral and medial veins to each ventricular portion are stressed. This is possible thanks to the combined study of the phlebograms in the right angled projections."}
{"id": "PMID:1196487", "title": "Dissecting aneurysm of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery. Case report and review of previous cases.", "content": "A \"spontaneous\" dissecting aneurysm of the petrous portion of the right internal cartoid artery in a 60 year old man was demonstrated angiographically. It showed a typical double lumen which is rarely demonstrated by angiography. It was probably of atherosclerotic origin. In addition, a survey of the positions and angiographic characteristics of the 29 traumatic and \"spontaneous\" dissecting aneurysms of the common and internal carotid arteries found in the literature is presented.", "contents": "Dissecting aneurysm of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery. Case report and review of previous cases. A \"spontaneous\" dissecting aneurysm of the petrous portion of the right internal cartoid artery in a 60 year old man was demonstrated angiographically. It showed a typical double lumen which is rarely demonstrated by angiography. It was probably of atherosclerotic origin. In addition, a survey of the positions and angiographic characteristics of the 29 traumatic and \"spontaneous\" dissecting aneurysms of the common and internal carotid arteries found in the literature is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1196488", "title": "Outlet obstruction of the fourth ventricle in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Central nervous system sarcoidosis and its varied neuroradiological manifestations are reviewed. Two cases of mechanical obstruction secondary to sarcoid granulomata at the outlet of the fourth ventricle are described.", "contents": "Outlet obstruction of the fourth ventricle in sarcoidosis. Central nervous system sarcoidosis and its varied neuroradiological manifestations are reviewed. Two cases of mechanical obstruction secondary to sarcoid granulomata at the outlet of the fourth ventricle are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1196489", "title": "Hemoclip-gelfoam emboli in the treatment of facial arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "Hemoclip-gelfoam emboli are more efficient than plain gelfoam for therapeutic embolization of arteriovenous malformations because of their weight and length. Additional advantages are ease of handling, fluoroscopic monitoring and suitability for conventional neuroradiological catheters.", "contents": "Hemoclip-gelfoam emboli in the treatment of facial arteriovenous malformations. Hemoclip-gelfoam emboli are more efficient than plain gelfoam for therapeutic embolization of arteriovenous malformations because of their weight and length. Additional advantages are ease of handling, fluoroscopic monitoring and suitability for conventional neuroradiological catheters."}
{"id": "PMID:1196490", "title": "Catheter embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malformations as an aid to surgical excision.", "content": "Eleven cases of large arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) were treated from February 1974 to March 1975 by embolization via the internal carotid artery with beads, and 8 of them had subsequent surgery. There was one post-operative death. A second embolization was performed in 3 patients with further diminution of vascularity. Embolization improved the perfusion of the adjacent normal brain and was an important preoperative procedure which facilitated the operation and made it surgically feasible to operate on some cases which might otherwise have been considered to be inoperable.", "contents": "Catheter embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malformations as an aid to surgical excision. Eleven cases of large arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) were treated from February 1974 to March 1975 by embolization via the internal carotid artery with beads, and 8 of them had subsequent surgery. There was one post-operative death. A second embolization was performed in 3 patients with further diminution of vascularity. Embolization improved the perfusion of the adjacent normal brain and was an important preoperative procedure which facilitated the operation and made it surgically feasible to operate on some cases which might otherwise have been considered to be inoperable."}
{"id": "PMID:1196492", "title": "Rotational cerebral roentgenography. I. Evaluation of the technical procedure and diagnostic application with model studies.", "content": "A rotational cerebral roentgenographic technique with a 70 mm camera is elaborated in model studies of the plain and cerebrovascular system. The tube-camera-unit rotates in a semicircle in 5 to 6 seconds around a skull placed in the isocentrum. All special projections of the skull are obtained routinely during one rotational manoeuvre, and intracranial calcifications, foreign bodies and abnormalities of the calvarium are demonstrated sequentially in oblique or tangential views. Studies of the basal cerebral arteries have shown that the localization, size and configuration of arterial aneurysms and stenoses can be demonstrated reliably without changing the position of the skull. An exposure frequency of 6/sec results invariably in excellent stereoscopic views. The diagnostic value and applicability of this technique is discussed.", "contents": "Rotational cerebral roentgenography. I. Evaluation of the technical procedure and diagnostic application with model studies. A rotational cerebral roentgenographic technique with a 70 mm camera is elaborated in model studies of the plain and cerebrovascular system. The tube-camera-unit rotates in a semicircle in 5 to 6 seconds around a skull placed in the isocentrum. All special projections of the skull are obtained routinely during one rotational manoeuvre, and intracranial calcifications, foreign bodies and abnormalities of the calvarium are demonstrated sequentially in oblique or tangential views. Studies of the basal cerebral arteries have shown that the localization, size and configuration of arterial aneurysms and stenoses can be demonstrated reliably without changing the position of the skull. An exposure frequency of 6/sec results invariably in excellent stereoscopic views. The diagnostic value and applicability of this technique is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196528", "title": "[Mortality of cardiovascular diseases and hardness of the water in Turin in 1972 and 1973: preliminary results of an epidemiological survey].", "content": "An assessment is made of the possible relation between deaths due to cardiovascular disease and hardness of the water in Turin during 1973 on the basis of a division into areas with different degrees of hardness and cardiovascular mortality.", "contents": "[Mortality of cardiovascular diseases and hardness of the water in Turin in 1972 and 1973: preliminary results of an epidemiological survey]. An assessment is made of the possible relation between deaths due to cardiovascular disease and hardness of the water in Turin during 1973 on the basis of a division into areas with different degrees of hardness and cardiovascular mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:1196529", "title": "[Anomalous immunoelectrophoretic behavior of ceruloplasmin in severely burned patients].", "content": "Laurell's two-dimensional technique was employed in a study of the immunoelectrophoretic behaviour of caeruloplasmin in 10 major burn cases. A double peak was noted throughout the entire course. The second peak disappeared on recovery whereas it persisted and was well marked in the case of those who died. It is suggested that this pattern reflects the severe liver damage sustained by burn patients.", "contents": "[Anomalous immunoelectrophoretic behavior of ceruloplasmin in severely burned patients]. Laurell's two-dimensional technique was employed in a study of the immunoelectrophoretic behaviour of caeruloplasmin in 10 major burn cases. A double peak was noted throughout the entire course. The second peak disappeared on recovery whereas it persisted and was well marked in the case of those who died. It is suggested that this pattern reflects the severe liver damage sustained by burn patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1196530", "title": "[Significance of lactate dehydrogenase levels in the fluid and serum in the diagnosis of pleural effusions].", "content": "Lactic acid dehydrogenase (LAD) levels were determined in 82 pleural effusion liquids and the respective blood samples from 58 patients. Effusions were classed as transudates and exudates on the basis of clinical and laboratory data. The 16 transudates had absolute protein levels of less than 3 g/100 ml and a liquid: serum protein ratio below 0.5. LAD values were below 100 mU/ml and the liquid: serum ratio was less than 0.33, whereas both these levels were exceeded in the case of the 66 exudates. The liquid: serum LAD ratio is better suited for the differentiation of transudates and exudates, particularly if it is related to the liquid: serum protein ratio. Neoplastic effusions have the highest absolute LAD values and liquid: serum LAD ratios. Slighter lower values are noted in TB. Taken in conjunction with other parameters, liquid and serum LAD levels enable a transudate to be distinguished from an exudate and assist in aetiological diagnosis.", "contents": "[Significance of lactate dehydrogenase levels in the fluid and serum in the diagnosis of pleural effusions]. Lactic acid dehydrogenase (LAD) levels were determined in 82 pleural effusion liquids and the respective blood samples from 58 patients. Effusions were classed as transudates and exudates on the basis of clinical and laboratory data. The 16 transudates had absolute protein levels of less than 3 g/100 ml and a liquid: serum protein ratio below 0.5. LAD values were below 100 mU/ml and the liquid: serum ratio was less than 0.33, whereas both these levels were exceeded in the case of the 66 exudates. The liquid: serum LAD ratio is better suited for the differentiation of transudates and exudates, particularly if it is related to the liquid: serum protein ratio. Neoplastic effusions have the highest absolute LAD values and liquid: serum LAD ratios. Slighter lower values are noted in TB. Taken in conjunction with other parameters, liquid and serum LAD levels enable a transudate to be distinguished from an exudate and assist in aetiological diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1196531", "title": "[Modified graphic solutions for determination of the K coefficient in the rapid intravenous hyperglycemia test].", "content": "Standard and modified graphical solutions for K rate determination of intravenous glucose tolerance test are presented and discussed. Some practical notices are collected. The procedures proved useful for the diagnosis of subclinical diabetes according to the WHO.", "contents": "[Modified graphic solutions for determination of the K coefficient in the rapid intravenous hyperglycemia test]. Standard and modified graphical solutions for K rate determination of intravenous glucose tolerance test are presented and discussed. Some practical notices are collected. The procedures proved useful for the diagnosis of subclinical diabetes according to the WHO."}
{"id": "PMID:1196533", "title": "[Pathogenesis of cerebral hemorrhage considered in the light of objective lesions in the arteries of the brain (in 226 cases studied by autopsy)].", "content": "Conclusions drawn from the post-mortem examination of 226 subjects who died of cerebral haemorrhage are presented. There were slightly more women than men (53%) in the series. Arterial hypertension (68%) was the main cause of death, while renal disease, leukaemia, angioma of the pons, and embolism due to bacterial endocarditis were also observed. The most frequently noted sites are listed. Since cerebral haemorrhage follows the rupture of one or more already damaged deep arteries, as assessment was made of the part played by vascular lesions. 13 cases due to leukaemia and 35 to rupture of aneurysms of the polygon of Willis were discarded. In only 20 cases out of 138 in which convincing microscopic evidence of the vascular situation could be obtained was there an absence of significant alterations. The remaining cases consisted of serious hyalinosis (56%), fibrinoid necrosis (13%), and siderocalciosis (12%). An account is also given of the special pathogenetic conditions applicable to cerebral haemorrhage associated wtih serious gastrointestinal haemorrhage or recent myocardial infarct.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of cerebral hemorrhage considered in the light of objective lesions in the arteries of the brain (in 226 cases studied by autopsy)]. Conclusions drawn from the post-mortem examination of 226 subjects who died of cerebral haemorrhage are presented. There were slightly more women than men (53%) in the series. Arterial hypertension (68%) was the main cause of death, while renal disease, leukaemia, angioma of the pons, and embolism due to bacterial endocarditis were also observed. The most frequently noted sites are listed. Since cerebral haemorrhage follows the rupture of one or more already damaged deep arteries, as assessment was made of the part played by vascular lesions. 13 cases due to leukaemia and 35 to rupture of aneurysms of the polygon of Willis were discarded. In only 20 cases out of 138 in which convincing microscopic evidence of the vascular situation could be obtained was there an absence of significant alterations. The remaining cases consisted of serious hyalinosis (56%), fibrinoid necrosis (13%), and siderocalciosis (12%). An account is also given of the special pathogenetic conditions applicable to cerebral haemorrhage associated wtih serious gastrointestinal haemorrhage or recent myocardial infarct."}
{"id": "PMID:1196534", "title": "[The anatomo-radiological syndrome of the empty sella turcica].", "content": "The anatomo-radiological picture of \"empty sella\" is defined. Cisterno - pneumo - encephalographic investigation for correct diagnosis is indispensable every time standard radiography of the cranium shows enlarged sella turcica in subjects presenting poorly characterized polymorphous symptomatology. This rare syndrome is encountered prevalently in generally obese females of middle age. A case is presented.", "contents": "[The anatomo-radiological syndrome of the empty sella turcica]. The anatomo-radiological picture of \"empty sella\" is defined. Cisterno - pneumo - encephalographic investigation for correct diagnosis is indispensable every time standard radiography of the cranium shows enlarged sella turcica in subjects presenting poorly characterized polymorphous symptomatology. This rare syndrome is encountered prevalently in generally obese females of middle age. A case is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1196535", "title": "[Directional hearing, temporal order, auditory pattern: new methods of symptomatological study of the central auditory pathways. Physiological data].", "content": "New tonal audiometry tests: directional hearing, temporal order and hearing pattern were experimented in 50 healthy subjects with normal hearing. These tests involve the ability to integrate and elaborate complex tonal stimuli at the central pathway level, in addition to the perception of tonal stimuli. The method and apparatus employed are described. In spite of the complexity of the latter, the tests are rapid and easily understood by the subject. They are thus suitable for extension from the laboratory into clinical practice. Their use has shown that the central routes display a variety of capabilities at different levels, of both dynamic and static type; the former are evaluated by the directional hearing test, the latter by the other two tests.", "contents": "[Directional hearing, temporal order, auditory pattern: new methods of symptomatological study of the central auditory pathways. Physiological data]. New tonal audiometry tests: directional hearing, temporal order and hearing pattern were experimented in 50 healthy subjects with normal hearing. These tests involve the ability to integrate and elaborate complex tonal stimuli at the central pathway level, in addition to the perception of tonal stimuli. The method and apparatus employed are described. In spite of the complexity of the latter, the tests are rapid and easily understood by the subject. They are thus suitable for extension from the laboratory into clinical practice. Their use has shown that the central routes display a variety of capabilities at different levels, of both dynamic and static type; the former are evaluated by the directional hearing test, the latter by the other two tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1196537", "title": "[Disadvantages of mechanical valve prostheses in the surgical treatment of mitral insufficiency].", "content": "Various disadvantages may be encountered with mechanical valve prostheses in the surgical management of mitral insufficiency; namely: 1) Early and secondary disinsertion; this is nearly always partial and is usually accompanied by haemolytic anaemial. 2) Infection with nil response to antibiotics. Death from septicaemia may be rapid. Replacement of the prosthesis is otherwise mandatory. 3) Thrombosis, usually partial, accompanied by one or more embolisms. Thrombo-embolism is more frequently noted in the first 6 months after implantation and becomes less common as time passes. 4) Deterioration of the movable part (ball variance) consisting of changes in colour and shape, with swelling and unevenness of the surface, breakage, pitting and loss of elasticity. 5) Low stroke volume syndrome. 6) Erosion of the septum and serious rhythm disturbances. 7) Proliferation of endothelial tissue leading to narrowing of the orifice. 8) Disturbed movement of the movable part, leading to intermittent or permanent blockage and loss of opening or closing play due to the interposition of fibrin and blood clots.", "contents": "[Disadvantages of mechanical valve prostheses in the surgical treatment of mitral insufficiency]. Various disadvantages may be encountered with mechanical valve prostheses in the surgical management of mitral insufficiency; namely: 1) Early and secondary disinsertion; this is nearly always partial and is usually accompanied by haemolytic anaemial. 2) Infection with nil response to antibiotics. Death from septicaemia may be rapid. Replacement of the prosthesis is otherwise mandatory. 3) Thrombosis, usually partial, accompanied by one or more embolisms. Thrombo-embolism is more frequently noted in the first 6 months after implantation and becomes less common as time passes. 4) Deterioration of the movable part (ball variance) consisting of changes in colour and shape, with swelling and unevenness of the surface, breakage, pitting and loss of elasticity. 5) Low stroke volume syndrome. 6) Erosion of the septum and serious rhythm disturbances. 7) Proliferation of endothelial tissue leading to narrowing of the orifice. 8) Disturbed movement of the movable part, leading to intermittent or permanent blockage and loss of opening or closing play due to the interposition of fibrin and blood clots."}
{"id": "PMID:1196538", "title": "[Effect of 3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl-aminocaproic acid on the cytolytic process in myocardial infarct. Working hypothesis].", "content": "The equilibrium of the ion pump is seriously disturbed at the cell level in acute myocardial infarct. The damaged cells are unable to take up potassium and this remains in the intercellular spaces, bound to acid substances released by the necrotic site. This results in self-perpetuating damage to surrounding tissue, together with extension and aggravation of the infarct. Early treatment with 3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl-aminocaproic acid enables this secondary type of lesion to be prevented, since this substance is capable of fixing potassium ions and returning them to the cell.", "contents": "[Effect of 3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl-aminocaproic acid on the cytolytic process in myocardial infarct. Working hypothesis]. The equilibrium of the ion pump is seriously disturbed at the cell level in acute myocardial infarct. The damaged cells are unable to take up potassium and this remains in the intercellular spaces, bound to acid substances released by the necrotic site. This results in self-perpetuating damage to surrounding tissue, together with extension and aggravation of the infarct. Early treatment with 3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl-aminocaproic acid enables this secondary type of lesion to be prevented, since this substance is capable of fixing potassium ions and returning them to the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1196539", "title": "[Social importance of cardiovascular diseases].", "content": "The continual increase in such cardiovascular diseases as rheumatic and sclerotic cardiopathy and cardiovascular syphilis over the last 30 yr is noted. The social and economic effects of these diseases is stressed and the hope is expressed that more active and effective measures will be taken by the State, especially with respect to worthwhile and radical prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Social importance of cardiovascular diseases]. The continual increase in such cardiovascular diseases as rheumatic and sclerotic cardiopathy and cardiovascular syphilis over the last 30 yr is noted. The social and economic effects of these diseases is stressed and the hope is expressed that more active and effective measures will be taken by the State, especially with respect to worthwhile and radical prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:1196540", "title": "[Radioisotope methods and technics in obstetrical and gynecological diagnosis].", "content": "Certain applications of radioisotopes to obstetric and gynaecological diagnosis are illustrated. Radioisotopes have been widely employed since the improvement in instrumental methods and the availability of short-life radioisotopes has removed the basic limitation which once prevented their use during the entire fecund period of the woman owing to the risk of radiation damage to the reproductive system. Particular attention is paid to the advances made in placental localization, in the study of thyroid and renal function in pregnancy, in the study of the diffusion of female genital tumours and relapses, and in early diagnosis of tumours of the uterus and ovaries. Dosimetric problems arising when using diagnostic techniques with radioisotopes in obstetrics and gynaecology are analysed.", "contents": "[Radioisotope methods and technics in obstetrical and gynecological diagnosis]. Certain applications of radioisotopes to obstetric and gynaecological diagnosis are illustrated. Radioisotopes have been widely employed since the improvement in instrumental methods and the availability of short-life radioisotopes has removed the basic limitation which once prevented their use during the entire fecund period of the woman owing to the risk of radiation damage to the reproductive system. Particular attention is paid to the advances made in placental localization, in the study of thyroid and renal function in pregnancy, in the study of the diffusion of female genital tumours and relapses, and in early diagnosis of tumours of the uterus and ovaries. Dosimetric problems arising when using diagnostic techniques with radioisotopes in obstetrics and gynaecology are analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196541", "title": "[Review of studies on the epidemiology of obliterating arteriopathies in Sicily].", "content": "Data relating to three statistical, clinical and epidemiological research projects covering a total of 350 cases of peripheral obliterating arteriopathy, collected by the same group from different Sicilian provinces and based on the same classification, are presented. Athersclerosis was a prominent feature (50% in the eastern provinces, 60% in the west), especially in the 6th decade of life. Diabetes, alone or in association with athersclerosis, was also more common in the west (18%) as opposed to the east (5--%). Burger's disease was noted in 3% and infection in 8% (presumably viral on 3.5%). Comparison is made with the national statistics produced by Corsi and the partial results of other Sicilian workers. The clinical data showed: a) the disease appeared at least 10 years earlier in subjects with athersclerosis and diabetes; 2) these subjects was also more exposed to the risk of coronary and cereabral involvement; c) asymptomatic forms were observable in 8% of atherosclerotics and 20% of those with both diabetes and athersclerosis. Reasons for the increase of degenerative forms throughout the world are discussed. Correct, systematic examination for the detection of forms with few or no symptoms is definitely required.", "contents": "[Review of studies on the epidemiology of obliterating arteriopathies in Sicily]. Data relating to three statistical, clinical and epidemiological research projects covering a total of 350 cases of peripheral obliterating arteriopathy, collected by the same group from different Sicilian provinces and based on the same classification, are presented. Athersclerosis was a prominent feature (50% in the eastern provinces, 60% in the west), especially in the 6th decade of life. Diabetes, alone or in association with athersclerosis, was also more common in the west (18%) as opposed to the east (5--%). Burger's disease was noted in 3% and infection in 8% (presumably viral on 3.5%). Comparison is made with the national statistics produced by Corsi and the partial results of other Sicilian workers. The clinical data showed: a) the disease appeared at least 10 years earlier in subjects with athersclerosis and diabetes; 2) these subjects was also more exposed to the risk of coronary and cereabral involvement; c) asymptomatic forms were observable in 8% of atherosclerotics and 20% of those with both diabetes and athersclerosis. Reasons for the increase of degenerative forms throughout the world are discussed. Correct, systematic examination for the detection of forms with few or no symptoms is definitely required."}
{"id": "PMID:1196542", "title": "[Correlation of some instrumental, metabolic and clinical parameters in cerebral atherosclerosis].", "content": "The epidemiological, clinical and instrumental features of cerebral circulatory insufficiency are examined in an assessment of the criteria required for correct diagnosis. The need to refer to both direct and indirect criteria is illustrated in the light of a series of cases. From the 4th decade of life onwards, males are more prone to cerebral arteriosclerosis. Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are significant risk factors. The findings obtained by various methods of examination are critically discussed. Their correct interpretation naturally demands correlation with the clinical data.", "contents": "[Correlation of some instrumental, metabolic and clinical parameters in cerebral atherosclerosis]. The epidemiological, clinical and instrumental features of cerebral circulatory insufficiency are examined in an assessment of the criteria required for correct diagnosis. The need to refer to both direct and indirect criteria is illustrated in the light of a series of cases. From the 4th decade of life onwards, males are more prone to cerebral arteriosclerosis. Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are significant risk factors. The findings obtained by various methods of examination are critically discussed. Their correct interpretation naturally demands correlation with the clinical data."}
{"id": "PMID:1196543", "title": "[Studies of cardiovascular damage in subjects with altered purine metabolism].", "content": "The percentage of arteriosclerotic changes with or without dyslipaemic humoral deviation was studied in a sample of subjects with altered purine metabolism of various corresponding clinical expression and the percentage of hyperuricaemia in a homologous sample of arteriosclerotics. It is concluded that a definite dependent relationship between arteriosclerotic lesions and abnormality of purine metabolism remains a hypothesis and that between the two metabolic alterations there is a more or less indirect associative, chronological and dysmetabolic involvement relationship.", "contents": "[Studies of cardiovascular damage in subjects with altered purine metabolism]. The percentage of arteriosclerotic changes with or without dyslipaemic humoral deviation was studied in a sample of subjects with altered purine metabolism of various corresponding clinical expression and the percentage of hyperuricaemia in a homologous sample of arteriosclerotics. It is concluded that a definite dependent relationship between arteriosclerotic lesions and abnormality of purine metabolism remains a hypothesis and that between the two metabolic alterations there is a more or less indirect associative, chronological and dysmetabolic involvement relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:1196544", "title": "[Protective effect of some hormones (insulin, testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropins) on testicular damage in alloxan diabetes in rats].", "content": "The effect of treatment with insulin, testosterone propionate and HCG on testicular damage in alloxan-induced diabetes was investigated in the rat. Both insulin and HCG offered protection, whereas testosterone, although it reduced blood sugar, did not have this effect. The protective action of HCG may be dependent on a reactive incretion of hypophyseal FSH.", "contents": "[Protective effect of some hormones (insulin, testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropins) on testicular damage in alloxan diabetes in rats]. The effect of treatment with insulin, testosterone propionate and HCG on testicular damage in alloxan-induced diabetes was investigated in the rat. Both insulin and HCG offered protection, whereas testosterone, although it reduced blood sugar, did not have this effect. The protective action of HCG may be dependent on a reactive incretion of hypophyseal FSH."}
{"id": "PMID:1196545", "title": "[The efficacy of pyridonolcarbamate in diabetic angiopathy].", "content": "A group of atherosclerotic patients, some of whom were diabetics with clinical and instrumental signs of angiopathy, was treated with pyridinolcarbamate which was found to be elective for diabetic angiopathy. This was seen in the improvement in haemocoagulative alterations (platelet adhesiveness and clumping), that in certain lipidico-plasmatic alterations (normalization or reduction of glycoproteins) and in anatomofunctional modifications at wall level (rheographic modifications and changes in the diffusion curves with Alb labelled with I 131). These improvements were not observed in atherosclerotic subjects.", "contents": "[The efficacy of pyridonolcarbamate in diabetic angiopathy]. A group of atherosclerotic patients, some of whom were diabetics with clinical and instrumental signs of angiopathy, was treated with pyridinolcarbamate which was found to be elective for diabetic angiopathy. This was seen in the improvement in haemocoagulative alterations (platelet adhesiveness and clumping), that in certain lipidico-plasmatic alterations (normalization or reduction of glycoproteins) and in anatomofunctional modifications at wall level (rheographic modifications and changes in the diffusion curves with Alb labelled with I 131). These improvements were not observed in atherosclerotic subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:1196546", "title": "Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to long-chain alcohols from plasma.", "content": "Cis-9-octadecenyl alcohol was fed as a dietary supplement to adult male rats for 7 and 14 days. At the end of these feeding intervals, lipids were extracted from brain and liver. The neutral lipids were analyzed for free and esterified long-chain alcohols and alkyl and alk-1-enyl glycerols. Total lipid phosphorus, alkyl acyl and alk-1-enyl acyl phosphoglycerides were determined in the phospholipid fraction. A marked change was observed in these lipid types in the liver, but not in the brain. In liver the free and esterified long-chain alcohols increased threefold following feeding of the dietary supplement. Feeding cis-9-octadecenyl alcohol had no effect on the neutral alkoxy lipids of liver but resulted in an approximately three- to eightfold increase in the ionic alkoxy lipids.", "contents": "Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to long-chain alcohols from plasma. Cis-9-octadecenyl alcohol was fed as a dietary supplement to adult male rats for 7 and 14 days. At the end of these feeding intervals, lipids were extracted from brain and liver. The neutral lipids were analyzed for free and esterified long-chain alcohols and alkyl and alk-1-enyl glycerols. Total lipid phosphorus, alkyl acyl and alk-1-enyl acyl phosphoglycerides were determined in the phospholipid fraction. A marked change was observed in these lipid types in the liver, but not in the brain. In liver the free and esterified long-chain alcohols increased threefold following feeding of the dietary supplement. Feeding cis-9-octadecenyl alcohol had no effect on the neutral alkoxy lipids of liver but resulted in an approximately three- to eightfold increase in the ionic alkoxy lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1196547", "title": "Food and nutrient consumption of two rural population groups of Italy followed for ten years.", "content": "Two groups of men, 40 through 59 years old, from two rural areas of Italy (one in the north and one in the centre) were subjects of dietary surveys on three occasions over 10 years, using the individual weighing technique. Over the 10 years, changes in the consumption of some foods were observed; these were most striking in respect to cereals and legumes, which decreased, and to animal protein and fats, which increased. The decrease of energy was much greater than expected (partly explained by the current mechanization in agriculture in Italy). In one area a low intake of riboflavin was observed, but otherwise the diets could be considered to be nutritionally good. There was no correlation between some dietary variables and anthropometric and blood lipid data, as observed previously. This was probably because the population groups examined were practically homogeneous in regard to habits.", "contents": "Food and nutrient consumption of two rural population groups of Italy followed for ten years. Two groups of men, 40 through 59 years old, from two rural areas of Italy (one in the north and one in the centre) were subjects of dietary surveys on three occasions over 10 years, using the individual weighing technique. Over the 10 years, changes in the consumption of some foods were observed; these were most striking in respect to cereals and legumes, which decreased, and to animal protein and fats, which increased. The decrease of energy was much greater than expected (partly explained by the current mechanization in agriculture in Italy). In one area a low intake of riboflavin was observed, but otherwise the diets could be considered to be nutritionally good. There was no correlation between some dietary variables and anthropometric and blood lipid data, as observed previously. This was probably because the population groups examined were practically homogeneous in regard to habits."}
{"id": "PMID:1196548", "title": "Protein metabolism in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions: dietary effects on nitrogen retention.", "content": "The protein metabolism of rats bearing bilateral lesions in the ventromedial area of hypothalamus (VMH) was studied in nitrogen balance experiments employing high protein and high fat diets. The catabolic effect of VMH destruction was to a great extent counterbalanced by increased protein intake. This indicates that increased amino acid catabolism, rather than impaired mechanisms for protein synthesis, is responsible for the poor nitrogen retention of VMH-lesioned rat fed normal amounts of protein. A trend of increasing nitrogen excretion with increasing dietary fat was found when the caloric intake of VMH-lesioned animals was elevated by substitution of dietary carbohydrates with fat. Persistent liponeogenesis in spite of the high fat intake, is suggested as a possible explanation for this observation.", "contents": "Protein metabolism in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions: dietary effects on nitrogen retention. The protein metabolism of rats bearing bilateral lesions in the ventromedial area of hypothalamus (VMH) was studied in nitrogen balance experiments employing high protein and high fat diets. The catabolic effect of VMH destruction was to a great extent counterbalanced by increased protein intake. This indicates that increased amino acid catabolism, rather than impaired mechanisms for protein synthesis, is responsible for the poor nitrogen retention of VMH-lesioned rat fed normal amounts of protein. A trend of increasing nitrogen excretion with increasing dietary fat was found when the caloric intake of VMH-lesioned animals was elevated by substitution of dietary carbohydrates with fat. Persistent liponeogenesis in spite of the high fat intake, is suggested as a possible explanation for this observation."}
{"id": "PMID:1196549", "title": "Bulking agents in the treatment of obesity.", "content": "The effect of two bulk-forming appetite depressants, methylcellulose and gum guar, on food intake has been studied in 11 (4 male, 7 female) healthy volunteers--3 of whom were overweight. 10 g of active ingredient were given in two equal doses daily for periods of 1 week of each agent. Individually weighed dietary intakes were obtained over four consecutive weeks; the first and third weeks were without medication. Both gum guar and methylcellulose were equally effective in reducing appetite by 10%.", "contents": "Bulking agents in the treatment of obesity. The effect of two bulk-forming appetite depressants, methylcellulose and gum guar, on food intake has been studied in 11 (4 male, 7 female) healthy volunteers--3 of whom were overweight. 10 g of active ingredient were given in two equal doses daily for periods of 1 week of each agent. Individually weighed dietary intakes were obtained over four consecutive weeks; the first and third weeks were without medication. Both gum guar and methylcellulose were equally effective in reducing appetite by 10%."}
{"id": "PMID:1196550", "title": "Effect of a low protein diet and isoenergetic amounts of a high protein diet in the weanling rat on the free amino acids of the brain.", "content": "Giving weanling rats a low protein diet for 56 days retarded the growth of the brain, whereas giving isoenergic amounts of a high protein diet did not. The low protein diet resulted in higher concentrations of aspartic acid, glycine, alanine and histidine in the plasma and of glycine and histidine in the brain. The concentration of methionine was unchanged in the plasma, but raised in the brain. Isoenergetic amounts of the high protein diet did not change the concentration of plasma amino acids, but resulted in some changes in brain amino acids. On rehabilitation the plasma and brain amino acids of the low protein animals returned to normal.", "contents": "Effect of a low protein diet and isoenergetic amounts of a high protein diet in the weanling rat on the free amino acids of the brain. Giving weanling rats a low protein diet for 56 days retarded the growth of the brain, whereas giving isoenergic amounts of a high protein diet did not. The low protein diet resulted in higher concentrations of aspartic acid, glycine, alanine and histidine in the plasma and of glycine and histidine in the brain. The concentration of methionine was unchanged in the plasma, but raised in the brain. Isoenergetic amounts of the high protein diet did not change the concentration of plasma amino acids, but resulted in some changes in brain amino acids. On rehabilitation the plasma and brain amino acids of the low protein animals returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1196551", "title": "Endometrial carcinoma in young women taking oral contraceptive agents.", "content": "The first 21 cases recorded in the Registry for Endometrial Carcinoma in Young Women Taking Oral Contraceptive Agents are reported. We have found no other such cases in the literature, and indeed several authors have stated that these agents, because of their predominantly progestional action, would be expected to be protective against this disease. In 8 of the 21 patients, factors were present which militated against a close relation between oral contraceptives and carcinoma, and 5 of these 8 patients had taken only or predominantly combined agents. On the other hand, 11 of the remaining 13 patients took sequential agents, a ratio directly opposite that of the usage of combined and sequential agents in the American population. The possible reasons for the excess of sequential agents, chiefly Oracon, are discussed, and directions for future study are suggested.", "contents": "Endometrial carcinoma in young women taking oral contraceptive agents. The first 21 cases recorded in the Registry for Endometrial Carcinoma in Young Women Taking Oral Contraceptive Agents are reported. We have found no other such cases in the literature, and indeed several authors have stated that these agents, because of their predominantly progestional action, would be expected to be protective against this disease. In 8 of the 21 patients, factors were present which militated against a close relation between oral contraceptives and carcinoma, and 5 of these 8 patients had taken only or predominantly combined agents. On the other hand, 11 of the remaining 13 patients took sequential agents, a ratio directly opposite that of the usage of combined and sequential agents in the American population. The possible reasons for the excess of sequential agents, chiefly Oracon, are discussed, and directions for future study are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1196552", "title": "Prognostic significance of cervical lesion size and pelvic node metastases in cervical carcinoma.", "content": "There were 289 radical hysterectomies performed at Roswell Park Memorial Institute for Stage IB, IIA, and recurrent cervical cancer from 1957 to 1967. The prognostic significance of cervical lesion size, pelvic node metastases, and type of radical hysterectomy have been evaluated. Excellent 5-year survival rates for women with Stage IB cervical carcinoma were associated with cervical lesions measuring less than 3 cm and resected pelvic lymph nodes which did not contain metastatic cancer. In addition, 31% of women with recurrent cervical cancer treated by radical hysterectomy survived 5 years without recurrence.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of cervical lesion size and pelvic node metastases in cervical carcinoma. There were 289 radical hysterectomies performed at Roswell Park Memorial Institute for Stage IB, IIA, and recurrent cervical cancer from 1957 to 1967. The prognostic significance of cervical lesion size, pelvic node metastases, and type of radical hysterectomy have been evaluated. Excellent 5-year survival rates for women with Stage IB cervical carcinoma were associated with cervical lesions measuring less than 3 cm and resected pelvic lymph nodes which did not contain metastatic cancer. In addition, 31% of women with recurrent cervical cancer treated by radical hysterectomy survived 5 years without recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:1196553", "title": "Treatment of irradiation injury to the ureter by ileal substitution.", "content": "Ureteral obstruction following radiotherapy for cervical cancer is most often due to recurrent tumor. However, in a few patients ureteral stricture is secondary to radiation damage. Surgical treatment of this obstruction requires special consideration since many procedures for urinary diversion may be contraindicated in an irradiated pelvis. Ileal substitution (uretero-ileoneocystostomy) preserves renal function without resorting to external diversion of urine. A discussion of the method together with a report of 6 patients treated in this manner is presented. Results were excellent, with followup ranging from 11/2 to 4 years. A brief history of irradiation damage to the ureter and the use of small bowel as substitute ureter is discussed. Patient acceptance of this surgical approach was gratifying.", "contents": "Treatment of irradiation injury to the ureter by ileal substitution. Ureteral obstruction following radiotherapy for cervical cancer is most often due to recurrent tumor. However, in a few patients ureteral stricture is secondary to radiation damage. Surgical treatment of this obstruction requires special consideration since many procedures for urinary diversion may be contraindicated in an irradiated pelvis. Ileal substitution (uretero-ileoneocystostomy) preserves renal function without resorting to external diversion of urine. A discussion of the method together with a report of 6 patients treated in this manner is presented. Results were excellent, with followup ranging from 11/2 to 4 years. A brief history of irradiation damage to the ureter and the use of small bowel as substitute ureter is discussed. Patient acceptance of this surgical approach was gratifying."}
{"id": "PMID:1196554", "title": "Surgery for gynecologic malignancy in the aged.", "content": "The hospital records of 24 patients over 75 years of age who had 25 surgical procedures in treatment for invasive gynecologic cancer were viewed. The patients were matched with control intraoperative and postoperative complications compared. The incidence of wound complications was higher in the elderly patients, while the other complications were lower. Age should not be an absolute contraindication to surgery for gynecologic malignancy if the prospects of cure are good.", "contents": "Surgery for gynecologic malignancy in the aged. The hospital records of 24 patients over 75 years of age who had 25 surgical procedures in treatment for invasive gynecologic cancer were viewed. The patients were matched with control intraoperative and postoperative complications compared. The incidence of wound complications was higher in the elderly patients, while the other complications were lower. Age should not be an absolute contraindication to surgery for gynecologic malignancy if the prospects of cure are good."}
{"id": "PMID:1196555", "title": "Effect of povidone-iodine on herpesvirus type 2, in vitro.", "content": "Povidone-iodine solution (Betadine) at concentrations of 0.167% (v/v) reduced the end-point titers of Strain E.M. herpesvirus, type 2, by more than 99.99%. Even at concentrations of 0.0167% (v/v), povidone-iodine solution reduced the titers by 92%. The iodine solution, per se, had no effect on cultured human fibroblasts in concentrations of 1.67% (v/v).", "contents": "Effect of povidone-iodine on herpesvirus type 2, in vitro. Povidone-iodine solution (Betadine) at concentrations of 0.167% (v/v) reduced the end-point titers of Strain E.M. herpesvirus, type 2, by more than 99.99%. Even at concentrations of 0.0167% (v/v), povidone-iodine solution reduced the titers by 92%. The iodine solution, per se, had no effect on cultured human fibroblasts in concentrations of 1.67% (v/v)."}
{"id": "PMID:1196556", "title": "Primary empty sella syndrome and amenorrhea.", "content": "The empty sella syndrome is defined anatomically and radiologically. A case report of an amenorrheic patient who was diagnosed as having the primary empty sella syndrome is presented. Its pathogenesis, clinical profile, and endocrine relationships are discussed. Specific reference is directed toward the capability of the empty sella syndrome to produce pituitary impairment and possibly amenorrhea.", "contents": "Primary empty sella syndrome and amenorrhea. The empty sella syndrome is defined anatomically and radiologically. A case report of an amenorrheic patient who was diagnosed as having the primary empty sella syndrome is presented. Its pathogenesis, clinical profile, and endocrine relationships are discussed. Specific reference is directed toward the capability of the empty sella syndrome to produce pituitary impairment and possibly amenorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:1196557", "title": "The residual ovary syndrome.", "content": "Previous reports have demonstrated a significant incidence of pelvic symptomatology involving ovaries preserved following hysterectomy, to be called \"the residual ovary syndrome.\" This report, in an 11-year retrospective analysis of all oophorectomies at The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, identified 202 cases in which a previous hysterectomy had been performed. The majority of these patients presented with varying degrees of chronic pelvic pain (77.2%), asymptomatic pelvic mass (14.4%), and dyspareunia (67.0%). The incidence of malignant neoplastic change in these patients was 3.0%, related to whether hysterectomy was performed before or after the age of 40. In view of the incidence of the residual ovary syndrome and the risk of malignant neoplastic change when hysterectomy is performed after the age of 40, serious consideration of total ovarian ablation at the time of hysterectomy should be weighed against any temporary physiologic and/or psychologic benefits to be gained from conservation.", "contents": "The residual ovary syndrome. Previous reports have demonstrated a significant incidence of pelvic symptomatology involving ovaries preserved following hysterectomy, to be called \"the residual ovary syndrome.\" This report, in an 11-year retrospective analysis of all oophorectomies at The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, identified 202 cases in which a previous hysterectomy had been performed. The majority of these patients presented with varying degrees of chronic pelvic pain (77.2%), asymptomatic pelvic mass (14.4%), and dyspareunia (67.0%). The incidence of malignant neoplastic change in these patients was 3.0%, related to whether hysterectomy was performed before or after the age of 40. In view of the incidence of the residual ovary syndrome and the risk of malignant neoplastic change when hysterectomy is performed after the age of 40, serious consideration of total ovarian ablation at the time of hysterectomy should be weighed against any temporary physiologic and/or psychologic benefits to be gained from conservation."}
{"id": "PMID:1196558", "title": "Progesterone and estrogen secretion by puerperal human ovaries.", "content": "Plasma progesterone, estrone, and estradiol concentrations were determined in peripheral and ovarian vein samples in 9 women 20 to 30 minutes after delivery of the placenta during cesarean section. Progesterone concentrations in the ovarian vein draining the corpus luteum were significantly higher than the contralateral side or the peripheral concentration, confirming the activity of the puerperal corpus luteum. Estrone concentrations showed no significant difference between peripheral and ovarian vein samples, indicating little or no ovarian estrone secretion. The estradiol concentrations of the ovarian vein samples were significantly higher than peripheral levels. This indicates ovarian secretion of estradiol in the puerperium by areas other than the corpus luteum.", "contents": "Progesterone and estrogen secretion by puerperal human ovaries. Plasma progesterone, estrone, and estradiol concentrations were determined in peripheral and ovarian vein samples in 9 women 20 to 30 minutes after delivery of the placenta during cesarean section. Progesterone concentrations in the ovarian vein draining the corpus luteum were significantly higher than the contralateral side or the peripheral concentration, confirming the activity of the puerperal corpus luteum. Estrone concentrations showed no significant difference between peripheral and ovarian vein samples, indicating little or no ovarian estrone secretion. The estradiol concentrations of the ovarian vein samples were significantly higher than peripheral levels. This indicates ovarian secretion of estradiol in the puerperium by areas other than the corpus luteum."}
{"id": "PMID:1196559", "title": "Effects of norethindrone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the carbohydrate and lipid metabolic effects of the oral contraceptive norethindrone. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed before and 1 year after the daily oral administration of 0.35 mg of norethindrome to 31 women. Measurements were made of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. During the year there was no significant weight change in the women, and the fasting cholesterol values were unaffected by the steroid. The fasting triglycerides decreased as normally occurs in the late postpartum period. There was no change in the blood glucose curve, but there was a statistically significant elevation produced in all of the plasma insulin values. These data suggest that this 19-nor progestogen steroid can affect the peripheral activity of insulin and thus require higher blood levels in order to obtain the same glucose homeostasis.", "contents": "Effects of norethindrone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the carbohydrate and lipid metabolic effects of the oral contraceptive norethindrone. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed before and 1 year after the daily oral administration of 0.35 mg of norethindrome to 31 women. Measurements were made of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. During the year there was no significant weight change in the women, and the fasting cholesterol values were unaffected by the steroid. The fasting triglycerides decreased as normally occurs in the late postpartum period. There was no change in the blood glucose curve, but there was a statistically significant elevation produced in all of the plasma insulin values. These data suggest that this 19-nor progestogen steroid can affect the peripheral activity of insulin and thus require higher blood levels in order to obtain the same glucose homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1196560", "title": "Initiation of human parturition. III. Fetal membrane content of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha precursor.", "content": "Unesterified arachidonic acid is the obligatory precursor of the prostaglandins (PG), PGF2alpha and PGE2. In order to ascertain whether or not the human fetal membranes could represent a storage site for prostaglandin(s) precursor, the fatty acid content of human fetal membranes was measured. Approximately 20% of the fatty acids found in fetal membranes obtained from near-term, non-laboring women was arachidonic acid, whereas only 0.4% of the fatty acids of the parietal peritoneum of the mother is arachidonic acid. A small but significant decrease in the arachidonic acid concentration was found in the fetal membranes obtained from laboring women compared to that found prior to labor. On the other hand, the concentration of palmitic acid was increased in membranes obtained during labor while no significant changes in concentration in the remaining fatty acids were observed in membranes from laboring compared to non-laboring near-term gravidas. The significance of these observations in relation to the availability of prostaglandin precursor and the initiation of human parturition is considered.", "contents": "Initiation of human parturition. III. Fetal membrane content of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha precursor. Unesterified arachidonic acid is the obligatory precursor of the prostaglandins (PG), PGF2alpha and PGE2. In order to ascertain whether or not the human fetal membranes could represent a storage site for prostaglandin(s) precursor, the fatty acid content of human fetal membranes was measured. Approximately 20% of the fatty acids found in fetal membranes obtained from near-term, non-laboring women was arachidonic acid, whereas only 0.4% of the fatty acids of the parietal peritoneum of the mother is arachidonic acid. A small but significant decrease in the arachidonic acid concentration was found in the fetal membranes obtained from laboring women compared to that found prior to labor. On the other hand, the concentration of palmitic acid was increased in membranes obtained during labor while no significant changes in concentration in the remaining fatty acids were observed in membranes from laboring compared to non-laboring near-term gravidas. The significance of these observations in relation to the availability of prostaglandin precursor and the initiation of human parturition is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1196561", "title": "Bladder injury associated with rupture of the uterus.", "content": "Rupture of the uterus is still a very common obstetric emergency in developing countries, and the urinary bladder is often injured in these patients. This fact is not fully documented in the literature. One hundred consecutive cases of rupture of the uterus in patients admitted during a 10-year period to the King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, India, were analyzed. Bladder injury occurred in 22%. Thus, uterine rupture constitutes one of the important causes of bladder injury. In uterine rupture cases the most common clinical signs of concomitant bladder damage are hematuria and meconium-stained urine. Instillation of methylene blue solution into the bladder during surgery can help to identify small bladder rents. Routine postoperative drainage of the bladder by indwelling catheter in all cases of ruptured uterus with suspected bladder injury is an important aid to healing of the contused, devitalized bladder and can avert vesicovaginal fistula formation.", "contents": "Bladder injury associated with rupture of the uterus. Rupture of the uterus is still a very common obstetric emergency in developing countries, and the urinary bladder is often injured in these patients. This fact is not fully documented in the literature. One hundred consecutive cases of rupture of the uterus in patients admitted during a 10-year period to the King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, India, were analyzed. Bladder injury occurred in 22%. Thus, uterine rupture constitutes one of the important causes of bladder injury. In uterine rupture cases the most common clinical signs of concomitant bladder damage are hematuria and meconium-stained urine. Instillation of methylene blue solution into the bladder during surgery can help to identify small bladder rents. Routine postoperative drainage of the bladder by indwelling catheter in all cases of ruptured uterus with suspected bladder injury is an important aid to healing of the contused, devitalized bladder and can avert vesicovaginal fistula formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1196562", "title": "Relation of steroids and prostaglandin at vaginal delivery and cesarean section.", "content": "The simultaneous determination of estradiol, estrone, progesterone, and prostaglandins E and F has been made in fetal and maternal compartments in patients with and without the onset of labor. The decidua rather than the fetus or placenta was considered to be the site of prostaglandin synthesis, and prostaglandins present in the amniotic fluid during labor were thought to be a byproduct by myometrial activity rather than the factor initiating the onset of labor. Progesterone levels in the maternal plasma were lower during labor but estradiol levels were elevated. It was concluded that the steroid environment may contribute to the clinical course of labor by facilitating the local uterine production of prostaglandins. Whereas estradiol was high and estrone low in maternal circulation, the ratio was reversed in the fetus. This reversal may serve to protect the fetus from high maternal levels of estradiol.", "contents": "Relation of steroids and prostaglandin at vaginal delivery and cesarean section. The simultaneous determination of estradiol, estrone, progesterone, and prostaglandins E and F has been made in fetal and maternal compartments in patients with and without the onset of labor. The decidua rather than the fetus or placenta was considered to be the site of prostaglandin synthesis, and prostaglandins present in the amniotic fluid during labor were thought to be a byproduct by myometrial activity rather than the factor initiating the onset of labor. Progesterone levels in the maternal plasma were lower during labor but estradiol levels were elevated. It was concluded that the steroid environment may contribute to the clinical course of labor by facilitating the local uterine production of prostaglandins. Whereas estradiol was high and estrone low in maternal circulation, the ratio was reversed in the fetus. This reversal may serve to protect the fetus from high maternal levels of estradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:1196563", "title": "Further observations on the nature of pressor responsivity to angiotensin II in human pregnancy.", "content": "The pressor dose of infused angiotensin II was determined before and after rapid volume expansion with 800 to 1075 ml of high-hematocrit blood. There was no remarkable change in sensitivity to infused angiotensin demonstrated except in two instances in which transient volume overload developed. The data support the hypothesis that increased angiotensin sensitivity observed in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension is the consequence of increased vascular responsivity.", "contents": "Further observations on the nature of pressor responsivity to angiotensin II in human pregnancy. The pressor dose of infused angiotensin II was determined before and after rapid volume expansion with 800 to 1075 ml of high-hematocrit blood. There was no remarkable change in sensitivity to infused angiotensin demonstrated except in two instances in which transient volume overload developed. The data support the hypothesis that increased angiotensin sensitivity observed in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension is the consequence of increased vascular responsivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1196564", "title": "Amniotic fluid volume, total phospholipids concentratio, and L/S ratio in term pregnancies.", "content": "Amniotic fluid volume, lecithin/sphringomyelin ratio, total phospholipid concentration and total phospholipid per sac were investigated in 53 term pregnancies. A definite influence of amniotic fluid volume on the phospholipid concentration was noted, while no influence on the L/S ratio was observed. Amniotic fluid volume showed a tendency to decrease after the 40th week of gestation. The total quantity of phospholipids per sac showed no significant variation between the 36th and 42nd week of gestation.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid volume, total phospholipids concentratio, and L/S ratio in term pregnancies. Amniotic fluid volume, lecithin/sphringomyelin ratio, total phospholipid concentration and total phospholipid per sac were investigated in 53 term pregnancies. A definite influence of amniotic fluid volume on the phospholipid concentration was noted, while no influence on the L/S ratio was observed. Amniotic fluid volume showed a tendency to decrease after the 40th week of gestation. The total quantity of phospholipids per sac showed no significant variation between the 36th and 42nd week of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:1196565", "title": "Clinical experience using intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha for midtrimester abortion in 600 patients.", "content": "Six hundred consecutive patients received intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha to induce midtrimester abortion. The PGF2alpha was administered by a general population of gynecologists according to a standard protocol. The aim of the study was to observe whether results would be similar to those reported in various research studies. Of 600 abortions, 460 were complete, 140 were incomplete, and there were no abortion failures. Other parameters were also similar to previous research results, indicating that PGF2alpha can be an effective and safe means of inducing midtrimester abortion when administered by the practicing gynecologist.", "contents": "Clinical experience using intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha for midtrimester abortion in 600 patients. Six hundred consecutive patients received intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha to induce midtrimester abortion. The PGF2alpha was administered by a general population of gynecologists according to a standard protocol. The aim of the study was to observe whether results would be similar to those reported in various research studies. Of 600 abortions, 460 were complete, 140 were incomplete, and there were no abortion failures. Other parameters were also similar to previous research results, indicating that PGF2alpha can be an effective and safe means of inducing midtrimester abortion when administered by the practicing gynecologist."}
{"id": "PMID:1196566", "title": "Menstrual induction: its place in clinical practice.", "content": "From June 1973 to October 1974, 221 patients underwent menstrual induction in the private offices at a University Medical Faculty Group located in its major teaching hospital with ready access to operating room facilities. The rationale for subclassifying early abortion as \"menstrual induction\" is discussed. In this series menstrual induction was performed on patients who were 7 to 21 days beyond the date of an expected menses. Histologic examination of the tissue removed was consistent with a diagnosis of pregnancy in 98.2% of the patients. Complication rates following the use of the practices outlined in this report were acceptably low.", "contents": "Menstrual induction: its place in clinical practice. From June 1973 to October 1974, 221 patients underwent menstrual induction in the private offices at a University Medical Faculty Group located in its major teaching hospital with ready access to operating room facilities. The rationale for subclassifying early abortion as \"menstrual induction\" is discussed. In this series menstrual induction was performed on patients who were 7 to 21 days beyond the date of an expected menses. Histologic examination of the tissue removed was consistent with a diagnosis of pregnancy in 98.2% of the patients. Complication rates following the use of the practices outlined in this report were acceptably low."}
{"id": "PMID:1196567", "title": "High-risk pregnancy. Unresolved problems of screening, management, and prognosis.", "content": "In the field of maternal and child health the concept of the high-risk pregnancy has been used in many studies. However, it is still beset by problems that must be solved if any real progress is to be made. The ideal of a simple, reliable screening technique has not yet been achieved. Present methods are not only complex, they are not well validated. High-risk factors must be quantified if the values of various regimens of obstetric care are to be measured and if prognostic success is to be attained. Moreover, efforts at prediction should not cease with the current pregnancy but should extend to subsequent reproductive performance. This long-range approach to prognosis could not only improve patient care during the current pregnancy but could also become an essential factor in achieving optimal results throughout reproductive life. An extensive bibliography of studies of high-risk pregnancies is presented.", "contents": "High-risk pregnancy. Unresolved problems of screening, management, and prognosis. In the field of maternal and child health the concept of the high-risk pregnancy has been used in many studies. However, it is still beset by problems that must be solved if any real progress is to be made. The ideal of a simple, reliable screening technique has not yet been achieved. Present methods are not only complex, they are not well validated. High-risk factors must be quantified if the values of various regimens of obstetric care are to be measured and if prognostic success is to be attained. Moreover, efforts at prediction should not cease with the current pregnancy but should extend to subsequent reproductive performance. This long-range approach to prognosis could not only improve patient care during the current pregnancy but could also become an essential factor in achieving optimal results throughout reproductive life. An extensive bibliography of studies of high-risk pregnancies is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1196568", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in gynecologic cancer.", "content": "Disturbances in the blood coagulation mechanism are seen by the obstetrician and gynecologist as rare complications of abruptio placentae, retained dead fetus syndrome, amniotic fluid embolism, toxemia, saline amnioinfusion, and septic abortion. Two cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating gynecologic malignancy are presented. Laboratory studies showed thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and increased fibrin degradation products. Derangements of hemostasis in patients with malignancy are discussed from a clinical viewpoint.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in gynecologic cancer. Disturbances in the blood coagulation mechanism are seen by the obstetrician and gynecologist as rare complications of abruptio placentae, retained dead fetus syndrome, amniotic fluid embolism, toxemia, saline amnioinfusion, and septic abortion. Two cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating gynecologic malignancy are presented. Laboratory studies showed thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and increased fibrin degradation products. Derangements of hemostasis in patients with malignancy are discussed from a clinical viewpoint."}
{"id": "PMID:1196569", "title": "Large bowel perforation by intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Two cases of large bowel perforation by intrauterine contraceptive devices are presented. Both the Lippes LoopTM and Dalkon ShieldTM have the potential of evoking omental adhesions and causing bowel perforation. These serious complications justify the immediate removal of a contraceptive device from the peritoneal cavity by either laparoscopy or laparatomy.", "contents": "Large bowel perforation by intrauterine contraceptive devices. Two cases of large bowel perforation by intrauterine contraceptive devices are presented. Both the Lippes LoopTM and Dalkon ShieldTM have the potential of evoking omental adhesions and causing bowel perforation. These serious complications justify the immediate removal of a contraceptive device from the peritoneal cavity by either laparoscopy or laparatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1196570", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal life in early pregnancy.", "content": "Ultrasound methods for detecting fetal life during early pregnancy are reviewed. By using recently developed techniques, fetal heart function can be detected as early as the 44th to 45th day of amenorrhea. Fetal movements in the amniotic cavity can be visualized from the 10th week on. If no signs of fetal life can be detected by ultrasound examination by the 10th week, the pregnancy is in jeopardy. However, the prognosis is favorable in over 90% of those cases of threatened abortion in which fetal life has been confirmed by ultrasound.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal life in early pregnancy. Ultrasound methods for detecting fetal life during early pregnancy are reviewed. By using recently developed techniques, fetal heart function can be detected as early as the 44th to 45th day of amenorrhea. Fetal movements in the amniotic cavity can be visualized from the 10th week on. If no signs of fetal life can be detected by ultrasound examination by the 10th week, the pregnancy is in jeopardy. However, the prognosis is favorable in over 90% of those cases of threatened abortion in which fetal life has been confirmed by ultrasound."}
{"id": "PMID:1196571", "title": "Determination of regional manpower requirements in obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "The number of trainees produced by a residency program must relate directly to manpower needs in a specialty, not to the service needs of the training institution. In order to avoid geographic maldistribution of specialists, it is preferable to determine correct trainee output on a regional basis and combine such information inductively to determine overall national needs. A model for determination of the number of residents appropriate to train in obstetrics and gynecology by 1985 in the University of Utah program has been constructed in the setting of regional requirements. Components of this model include detailed population growth forecasts at the county level, consideration of the impact of increased urbanization, age-specific data for attrition of regional specialists by death or retirement, and estimation of the proportion of regional requirements to be met by the University of Utah program on the basis of distribution data of previous graduates.", "contents": "Determination of regional manpower requirements in obstetrics and gynecology. The number of trainees produced by a residency program must relate directly to manpower needs in a specialty, not to the service needs of the training institution. In order to avoid geographic maldistribution of specialists, it is preferable to determine correct trainee output on a regional basis and combine such information inductively to determine overall national needs. A model for determination of the number of residents appropriate to train in obstetrics and gynecology by 1985 in the University of Utah program has been constructed in the setting of regional requirements. Components of this model include detailed population growth forecasts at the county level, consideration of the impact of increased urbanization, age-specific data for attrition of regional specialists by death or retirement, and estimation of the proportion of regional requirements to be met by the University of Utah program on the basis of distribution data of previous graduates."}
{"id": "PMID:1196575", "title": "Mitoses in human epidermis. Clustering, sister cells, and findings suggestive of a spreading mitotic stimulus.", "content": "40 sections 8 mum/thick from each of 60 biopsies of human skin were studied intensively by oil immersion microscopy. Mitoses occurred isolated, and as clusters of twos and threes. Some clusters consisted of or contained touching mitoses. These touching mitoses could result from sister cells of a prior mitoses staying together through a cell cycle and entering mitosis again together. However, even when these touching mitoses were excluded, the number of clusters left was significantly more than expected from chance. To account for the clustering we may postulate a mitotic stimulus spreading from mitotic cells in human epidermis.", "contents": "Mitoses in human epidermis. Clustering, sister cells, and findings suggestive of a spreading mitotic stimulus. 40 sections 8 mum/thick from each of 60 biopsies of human skin were studied intensively by oil immersion microscopy. Mitoses occurred isolated, and as clusters of twos and threes. Some clusters consisted of or contained touching mitoses. These touching mitoses could result from sister cells of a prior mitoses staying together through a cell cycle and entering mitosis again together. However, even when these touching mitoses were excluded, the number of clusters left was significantly more than expected from chance. To account for the clustering we may postulate a mitotic stimulus spreading from mitotic cells in human epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:1196576", "title": "Cancer of the thyroid following radium application to the neck.", "content": "A young patient, suffering from thyroid carcinoma 24 years after radium treatment of the neck, is presented. The cancer appeared in the area which has been irradiated. In the present case, the thyroid was exposed to a relatively low dose of radiation. The importance of ionizing radiation and its carcinogenic effect in the juvenile thyroid are discussed.", "contents": "Cancer of the thyroid following radium application to the neck. A young patient, suffering from thyroid carcinoma 24 years after radium treatment of the neck, is presented. The cancer appeared in the area which has been irradiated. In the present case, the thyroid was exposed to a relatively low dose of radiation. The importance of ionizing radiation and its carcinogenic effect in the juvenile thyroid are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196577", "title": "Lymphangitic pulmonary metastases secondary to breast cancer with normal chest x-rays and abnormal perfusion lung scans.", "content": "Three patients with advanced breast cancer are described who developed lymphangitic pulmonary metastases with normal chest x-rays and abnormal perfusion lung scans. The abnormal lung scans can probably be attributed to embolization of the pulmonary vasculature, first described in association with lymphangitic pulmonary metastases in 1903. The importance of recognizing this condition in patients with breast cancer is shown by their frequently good responses to combination chemotherapy.", "contents": "Lymphangitic pulmonary metastases secondary to breast cancer with normal chest x-rays and abnormal perfusion lung scans. Three patients with advanced breast cancer are described who developed lymphangitic pulmonary metastases with normal chest x-rays and abnormal perfusion lung scans. The abnormal lung scans can probably be attributed to embolization of the pulmonary vasculature, first described in association with lymphangitic pulmonary metastases in 1903. The importance of recognizing this condition in patients with breast cancer is shown by their frequently good responses to combination chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1196578", "title": "Plasma and body lipids in patients with carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Patients with breast carcinoma had elevated levels of plasma total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol which were associated with increased amount of subcutaneous body fat as compared with the patients bearing non-breast carcinomas. The raised plasma concentrations of these parameters in the patients bearing breast carcinoma may be due to increased rate of lipid absorption as the fat-splitting enzymes, lipases, were also found to be increased in the patients.", "contents": "Plasma and body lipids in patients with carcinoma of the breast. Patients with breast carcinoma had elevated levels of plasma total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol which were associated with increased amount of subcutaneous body fat as compared with the patients bearing non-breast carcinomas. The raised plasma concentrations of these parameters in the patients bearing breast carcinoma may be due to increased rate of lipid absorption as the fat-splitting enzymes, lipases, were also found to be increased in the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1196579", "title": "Preliminary report on the effects of localized head irradiation on the development of transplanted tumors in C3H/HeJ mice.", "content": "The growth rate, as measured by increases in volume of a transplanted tumor (adenocarcinoma), was compared in mice that were irradiated locally to the head and in nonirradiated mice. 6-month-old female C3H/HeJ mice were used, and those that were irradiated received dosages of 100 and 200 r from a Keleket 220 KVP 20 Ma X-ray machine. The dosages were delivered at 6.66 r/sec through a 0.25 cu/1.0 aluminium filter. The beam from the X-ray tube was then collimated through a series of lead shields before reaching the cranium of the mouse. 24 h after irradiation, some mice were transplanted into the left side of the axillary fold, with small pieces, approximately 2 mm3, of tumor tissue. Careful weekly examinations for 15 weeks after the initial transplantation revealed major differences in tumor volume between irradiated and nonirradiated animals.", "contents": "Preliminary report on the effects of localized head irradiation on the development of transplanted tumors in C3H/HeJ mice. The growth rate, as measured by increases in volume of a transplanted tumor (adenocarcinoma), was compared in mice that were irradiated locally to the head and in nonirradiated mice. 6-month-old female C3H/HeJ mice were used, and those that were irradiated received dosages of 100 and 200 r from a Keleket 220 KVP 20 Ma X-ray machine. The dosages were delivered at 6.66 r/sec through a 0.25 cu/1.0 aluminium filter. The beam from the X-ray tube was then collimated through a series of lead shields before reaching the cranium of the mouse. 24 h after irradiation, some mice were transplanted into the left side of the axillary fold, with small pieces, approximately 2 mm3, of tumor tissue. Careful weekly examinations for 15 weeks after the initial transplantation revealed major differences in tumor volume between irradiated and nonirradiated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1196580", "title": "Species-specific neoplastic progression by ultraviolet light on the skin of rats, guinea pigs, hamsters and mice.", "content": "Repeated ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation on the skin of rats caused ulceration, scarring and epithelial tumors; 38% of the animals had ear tumors and 5% skin tumors. Guinea pigs presented minimal evidence of neoplastic transformation; only two tumors were seen while hamsters displayed localized epidermal hyperplasia, and 35% of the animals had papillomas and keratoacanthomas of the dorsal skin. In Swiss mice UV irradiation caused ulceration, necrosis and hyperplasia; moreover, fibromas and fibrosarcomas occurred in 17 of 20 tumor-bearing mice. Epithelial tumors originated from the proliferation of benign epidermal cells, through dysplastic changes in the surface epithelium, or from the borders of skin ulcers (in rats). These tumors were local and circumscribed in the hamsters, while covering the entire ear tip in rats. Dermal tumors, consisting of fibroblastic 'light' and 'dark' cells, occurred in mice previously showing extensive ulceration and scarring.", "contents": "Species-specific neoplastic progression by ultraviolet light on the skin of rats, guinea pigs, hamsters and mice. Repeated ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation on the skin of rats caused ulceration, scarring and epithelial tumors; 38% of the animals had ear tumors and 5% skin tumors. Guinea pigs presented minimal evidence of neoplastic transformation; only two tumors were seen while hamsters displayed localized epidermal hyperplasia, and 35% of the animals had papillomas and keratoacanthomas of the dorsal skin. In Swiss mice UV irradiation caused ulceration, necrosis and hyperplasia; moreover, fibromas and fibrosarcomas occurred in 17 of 20 tumor-bearing mice. Epithelial tumors originated from the proliferation of benign epidermal cells, through dysplastic changes in the surface epithelium, or from the borders of skin ulcers (in rats). These tumors were local and circumscribed in the hamsters, while covering the entire ear tip in rats. Dermal tumors, consisting of fibroblastic 'light' and 'dark' cells, occurred in mice previously showing extensive ulceration and scarring."}
{"id": "PMID:1196581", "title": "A new approach to testing the effect of ultrasound on tissue growth and differentiation.", "content": "Pulsed ultrasound from a Picker Ultrasonoscopy Model 102, with a frequency of 500 Hz and an energy of 2.2 MHz was applied to the amputated left forelimbs of 24 adult newts. Exposure time was 5 min in half of the animals and 10 min in the remainder. The right forelimbs of these newts were also amputated at the same time, at the same anatomical level, and by the same operator of the left forelimbs, but were not exposed to sonication. Regeneration of both forelimbs was compared and found to be generally slower in the ultrasonicated limb. In 75% there was a definite retardation of growth. The results suggest that the the growth of rapidly proliferating embryonic tissue (newt regenerates are formed from embryonic cells in the stump) is inhibited by ultrasonication.", "contents": "A new approach to testing the effect of ultrasound on tissue growth and differentiation. Pulsed ultrasound from a Picker Ultrasonoscopy Model 102, with a frequency of 500 Hz and an energy of 2.2 MHz was applied to the amputated left forelimbs of 24 adult newts. Exposure time was 5 min in half of the animals and 10 min in the remainder. The right forelimbs of these newts were also amputated at the same time, at the same anatomical level, and by the same operator of the left forelimbs, but were not exposed to sonication. Regeneration of both forelimbs was compared and found to be generally slower in the ultrasonicated limb. In 75% there was a definite retardation of growth. The results suggest that the the growth of rapidly proliferating embryonic tissue (newt regenerates are formed from embryonic cells in the stump) is inhibited by ultrasonication."}
{"id": "PMID:1196582", "title": "Tumour-associated surface antigen(s) in human astrocytomas.", "content": "The cytotoxic properties of a hetero-antiserum have been used to demonstrate surface antigen(s) common to seven human astrocytomas. This has been designated human astrocytoma-associated antigen (HAAA). Tissue cultures of astrocytomas were prepared. A rabbit antiserum was raised to one of these and its antibody activity on the original tumour cells assayed by dye exclusion cytotoxicity testing. After repeated absorption with associated antigen(s). In a series of absorption experiments, HAAA was detected in six other human astrocytoma cultures, but not found in a series of other human tumours and tissues tested. Homogenates of two original astrocytomas absorbed out HAAA activity in a similar way indicating the presence of the antigen(s) in vivo. The significance of this HAAA is discussed.", "contents": "Tumour-associated surface antigen(s) in human astrocytomas. The cytotoxic properties of a hetero-antiserum have been used to demonstrate surface antigen(s) common to seven human astrocytomas. This has been designated human astrocytoma-associated antigen (HAAA). Tissue cultures of astrocytomas were prepared. A rabbit antiserum was raised to one of these and its antibody activity on the original tumour cells assayed by dye exclusion cytotoxicity testing. After repeated absorption with associated antigen(s). In a series of absorption experiments, HAAA was detected in six other human astrocytoma cultures, but not found in a series of other human tumours and tissues tested. Homogenates of two original astrocytomas absorbed out HAAA activity in a similar way indicating the presence of the antigen(s) in vivo. The significance of this HAAA is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196583", "title": "Electron-microscopie observations of a human schwannoma in organotypic culture.", "content": "A malignant Schwannoma of the cauda equina has been studied in long-term organotypic culture. Electron-microscopic observation demonstrates that, along with tissue organization, characteristic cell differentiation was retained in this type of culture, but with some morphological changes. As in the biopsy, the tumor cells were elongated and had abundant cell processes in vitro. An increase in the quantity of cytoplasmic filaments and changes in the form of cell processes were observed. Thus organotypic culture of human Schwann cell tumors provides a method of investigating factors which affect their development and differentiation.", "contents": "Electron-microscopie observations of a human schwannoma in organotypic culture. A malignant Schwannoma of the cauda equina has been studied in long-term organotypic culture. Electron-microscopic observation demonstrates that, along with tissue organization, characteristic cell differentiation was retained in this type of culture, but with some morphological changes. As in the biopsy, the tumor cells were elongated and had abundant cell processes in vitro. An increase in the quantity of cytoplasmic filaments and changes in the form of cell processes were observed. Thus organotypic culture of human Schwann cell tumors provides a method of investigating factors which affect their development and differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1196584", "title": "Some toxic, physical and chemical properties of the oral secretion of the sand tampan, Ornithodoros savignyl Audouin (1827).", "content": "Mice, exposed to the effects of the oral secretion of Ornithodorus savignyi by injection, revealed that a potent toxin is present in the secretion. Electrophoretic and chromatographic separations of the secretion showed a heterogeneous pattern of protein-like substances. Toxicity trials on these fractions showed that the toxic principle is protein in nature and fairly heat stable.", "contents": "Some toxic, physical and chemical properties of the oral secretion of the sand tampan, Ornithodoros savignyl Audouin (1827). Mice, exposed to the effects of the oral secretion of Ornithodorus savignyi by injection, revealed that a potent toxin is present in the secretion. Electrophoretic and chromatographic separations of the secretion showed a heterogeneous pattern of protein-like substances. Toxicity trials on these fractions showed that the toxic principle is protein in nature and fairly heat stable."}
{"id": "PMID:1196651", "title": "[Psychotic manifestations in childhood. III. Abnormal reactions to adventures (author's transl)].", "content": "In childhood psychotic manifestations are in most cases due to somatic diseases, but may be psychogenic. Abnormal reactions to adventures especially to very abnormal occurances--for instance in families with psychotic members--lead to psychotic symptoms. The appearence of those psychotic manifestations is influenced by the age of the child, by his hysterical, anancastic or austistic character and the pathological features (paranoic or depressive) of the inducing person. Usually hospitalization for diagnostic and therapeutical reasons is necessary. In case of induced psychoses separation must be long enough and has to be combined with treatment of the primary patient.", "contents": "[Psychotic manifestations in childhood. III. Abnormal reactions to adventures (author's transl)]. In childhood psychotic manifestations are in most cases due to somatic diseases, but may be psychogenic. Abnormal reactions to adventures especially to very abnormal occurances--for instance in families with psychotic members--lead to psychotic symptoms. The appearence of those psychotic manifestations is influenced by the age of the child, by his hysterical, anancastic or austistic character and the pathological features (paranoic or depressive) of the inducing person. Usually hospitalization for diagnostic and therapeutical reasons is necessary. In case of induced psychoses separation must be long enough and has to be combined with treatment of the primary patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1196652", "title": "[Nitroblue tetrazolium-test and encephalitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The NBT-Test which is applied now in the differential diagnosis of viral and bacterial diseases was performed in 6 children sufferring from encephalitis. The modified technique described by Kim et al. was used. According to other reports dealing with NBT-Test in viral diseases all our patients showed normal percentages of NBT-positive cells. On the other hand a few authors report \"false positive\" NBT-tests in viral diseases. Therefore various factors, like stage and duration of the disease, damage of the phagocytes by toxins, influence of antibiotics, are discussed. Because of the occurrence of negative results in the early stages of bacterial meningitis the NBT-test in its present technique should not be used in differentiating bacterial meningitis from viral encephalitis.", "contents": "[Nitroblue tetrazolium-test and encephalitis (author's transl)]. The NBT-Test which is applied now in the differential diagnosis of viral and bacterial diseases was performed in 6 children sufferring from encephalitis. The modified technique described by Kim et al. was used. According to other reports dealing with NBT-Test in viral diseases all our patients showed normal percentages of NBT-positive cells. On the other hand a few authors report \"false positive\" NBT-tests in viral diseases. Therefore various factors, like stage and duration of the disease, damage of the phagocytes by toxins, influence of antibiotics, are discussed. Because of the occurrence of negative results in the early stages of bacterial meningitis the NBT-test in its present technique should not be used in differentiating bacterial meningitis from viral encephalitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1196653", "title": "[Dysplasia renofacialis (author's transl)].", "content": "Potter-syndrome with agenesia of the kidneys and typical face is only one variation of the big group of renofacial dysplasia. Among our patients which are under treatment because of malformations of the urinary tract very often we see children with dysplastic faces or malformed ears. Therefore vice versa patients with alterations of ears and face should be exactly investigated to exclude urinary tract malformations.", "contents": "[Dysplasia renofacialis (author's transl)]. Potter-syndrome with agenesia of the kidneys and typical face is only one variation of the big group of renofacial dysplasia. Among our patients which are under treatment because of malformations of the urinary tract very often we see children with dysplastic faces or malformed ears. Therefore vice versa patients with alterations of ears and face should be exactly investigated to exclude urinary tract malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:1196654", "title": "[Cyclizine-intoxication in six children (author's transl)].", "content": "Cyclizine hydrochloride (Marezine, Echnatol) an antihistaminic drug is commonly used for the treatment of motion sickness. During the past two years we observed six cases of accidental moderate intoxication with an average of 200 mg of cyclizine hydrochloride in children between 2 and 4 years of age. The symptoms became obvious about 1 to 2 hours following ingestion. Among the main symptoms our patients revealed were such as excitement, incoordination, ataxia, athetoid movements and severe hallucinationes. The faces were flushed, the pupils dilated, but dryness of the mouth and hoarseness were never found. Convulsions did not occur. The treatment is purely symtomatic, histamine, apomorphine, phenothiazines and analeptics should not be used.", "contents": "[Cyclizine-intoxication in six children (author's transl)]. Cyclizine hydrochloride (Marezine, Echnatol) an antihistaminic drug is commonly used for the treatment of motion sickness. During the past two years we observed six cases of accidental moderate intoxication with an average of 200 mg of cyclizine hydrochloride in children between 2 and 4 years of age. The symptoms became obvious about 1 to 2 hours following ingestion. Among the main symptoms our patients revealed were such as excitement, incoordination, ataxia, athetoid movements and severe hallucinationes. The faces were flushed, the pupils dilated, but dryness of the mouth and hoarseness were never found. Convulsions did not occur. The treatment is purely symtomatic, histamine, apomorphine, phenothiazines and analeptics should not be used."}
{"id": "PMID:1196655", "title": "[Epidemiologic and bronchologic aspects of chronic bronchitis in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "After establishing a suitable definition of chronic and relapsing bronchitis in childhood in the G.D.R. in 1969 corresponding epidemiologic studies carried out in school beginners and school children in Dresden revealed a prevalence rate of 1,64% to 3,06% for this disease. The analysis of bronchologic examinations of 274 children performed at the Pediatric Clinic of the Medical Academy Dresden during the last four years showed a deforming bronchitis as the most frequent finding in the bronchogram of 51% of the patients. Malformations of the tracheobronchial tree could be demonstrated in 16% of the children examined. The frequency of bronchiectases was at a very low level (9%) and showed a regression by the half as compared with former results. The results of bacteriological examinations of the bronchial secretion, quantitative analyses of the immune globulins in the serum and the bronchial secretion and the alpha-1-antitrypsin are discussed as causative factors for chronic and relapsing bronchitis in childhood. For assessing the prognosis of deforming bronchitis 220 children had a bronchologic follow-up examination in four bronchologic centers for children in the G.D.R. after a one or several years' dispensary treatment. An improvement or a normalisation of the findings could be demonstrated by means of the bronchogram in 62% of these patients, whereas a deterioration or a transition to bronchiectases was observed in only 22% of the patients.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic and bronchologic aspects of chronic bronchitis in childhood (author's transl)]. After establishing a suitable definition of chronic and relapsing bronchitis in childhood in the G.D.R. in 1969 corresponding epidemiologic studies carried out in school beginners and school children in Dresden revealed a prevalence rate of 1,64% to 3,06% for this disease. The analysis of bronchologic examinations of 274 children performed at the Pediatric Clinic of the Medical Academy Dresden during the last four years showed a deforming bronchitis as the most frequent finding in the bronchogram of 51% of the patients. Malformations of the tracheobronchial tree could be demonstrated in 16% of the children examined. The frequency of bronchiectases was at a very low level (9%) and showed a regression by the half as compared with former results. The results of bacteriological examinations of the bronchial secretion, quantitative analyses of the immune globulins in the serum and the bronchial secretion and the alpha-1-antitrypsin are discussed as causative factors for chronic and relapsing bronchitis in childhood. For assessing the prognosis of deforming bronchitis 220 children had a bronchologic follow-up examination in four bronchologic centers for children in the G.D.R. after a one or several years' dispensary treatment. An improvement or a normalisation of the findings could be demonstrated by means of the bronchogram in 62% of these patients, whereas a deterioration or a transition to bronchiectases was observed in only 22% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1196656", "title": "[On the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia is discussed, with regard to the classification into corpuscular and extracorpuscular types of hemolysis. Presence of antibodies in a patient's serum, indicate extracorpuscular-acquired hemolytic anemia. Coombs test may be positive or negative according to the antibody present. A primary disease has to be excluded in each case. Abnormal hemoglobin, defect of the corpuscular-hereditary type. Direct laboratory enzyme estimation indicate enzyme deficiency (Glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase, Pyruvate-kinase, Glutathione-reductase). Hemoglobinelectrophoresis and special tests for unstable hemoglobins indicate this type of disturbance. For defect of the membrane measuring of osmotic fragility might be helpful. Activity of membrane enzymes and introduction of 32P in the fractionated membrane lipids, point out special types of a deficient membrane. 6 of our own cases are discussed.", "contents": "[On the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia (author's transl)]. Differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia is discussed, with regard to the classification into corpuscular and extracorpuscular types of hemolysis. Presence of antibodies in a patient's serum, indicate extracorpuscular-acquired hemolytic anemia. Coombs test may be positive or negative according to the antibody present. A primary disease has to be excluded in each case. Abnormal hemoglobin, defect of the corpuscular-hereditary type. Direct laboratory enzyme estimation indicate enzyme deficiency (Glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase, Pyruvate-kinase, Glutathione-reductase). Hemoglobinelectrophoresis and special tests for unstable hemoglobins indicate this type of disturbance. For defect of the membrane measuring of osmotic fragility might be helpful. Activity of membrane enzymes and introduction of 32P in the fractionated membrane lipids, point out special types of a deficient membrane. 6 of our own cases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196657", "title": "[Congenital pernicious anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Pernicious anemia is a rare disease of the pediatric age-group. Two kinds of pernicious anemia are known for this period, the \"congenital\" and the \"iuvenile\" form. Both are characterized by a megaloblastic anemia and a deficiency of the intrinsic-factor. The congenital form unusually begins before the second year of age and does not have changes of the mucous membranes of the stomach. The iuvenile form also called \"adolescent or auto-immune pernicious anemia\" has its beginning in the later childhood and shows like the adult form atrophy of the mucous membrane of the stomach, anacidity and antibodies against the intrinsic factor and parietalcells. A patient with congenital pernicious anemia is presented; the symptoms, diagnosis, differentialdiagnosis and therapy of this disease is reviewed.", "contents": "[Congenital pernicious anemia (author's transl)]. Pernicious anemia is a rare disease of the pediatric age-group. Two kinds of pernicious anemia are known for this period, the \"congenital\" and the \"iuvenile\" form. Both are characterized by a megaloblastic anemia and a deficiency of the intrinsic-factor. The congenital form unusually begins before the second year of age and does not have changes of the mucous membranes of the stomach. The iuvenile form also called \"adolescent or auto-immune pernicious anemia\" has its beginning in the later childhood and shows like the adult form atrophy of the mucous membrane of the stomach, anacidity and antibodies against the intrinsic factor and parietalcells. A patient with congenital pernicious anemia is presented; the symptoms, diagnosis, differentialdiagnosis and therapy of this disease is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196658", "title": "[Coarctation of the aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "There is given a short summary of coarctation of the aorta, with clinical picture, complications and indication for operation. Pre- and postoperative blood-pressures are correlated in the own material of 43 children.", "contents": "[Coarctation of the aorta (author's transl)]. There is given a short summary of coarctation of the aorta, with clinical picture, complications and indication for operation. Pre- and postoperative blood-pressures are correlated in the own material of 43 children."}
{"id": "PMID:1196660", "title": "[Effect of insulin and glucagon on the anomeric composition of D-glucose in blood (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of insulin and glucagon on the anomeric composition of D-glucose in blood of children in the timecourse of tolerance tests has been investigated. Employing an improved enzymatic micromethod, specific for the anomers of D-glucose, insulin could be shown to raise the percentage of the alpha-anomer of the total serum glucose, whereas glucagon has no direct effect on the anomeric composition. However, an insulin-like effect could be observed in the second part of the glucagon tolerance test, e.g. alpha-D-glucose increased relatively to total glucose in serum and erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin and glucagon on the anomeric composition of D-glucose in blood (author's transl)]. The effect of insulin and glucagon on the anomeric composition of D-glucose in blood of children in the timecourse of tolerance tests has been investigated. Employing an improved enzymatic micromethod, specific for the anomers of D-glucose, insulin could be shown to raise the percentage of the alpha-anomer of the total serum glucose, whereas glucagon has no direct effect on the anomeric composition. However, an insulin-like effect could be observed in the second part of the glucagon tolerance test, e.g. alpha-D-glucose increased relatively to total glucose in serum and erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1196661", "title": "[Diagnosis of intelligence and personality in 23 cases of Turner syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychological examination of 23 Turner-patients from 6 to 35 years of age gave the following results: 1. The mean Verbal IQ in the Hamburg-Wechsler-Test was 100,7. The Performance IQ was significantly lower, a result which is characteristic for organic brain damages. 2. Two thirds of the patients had a better curriculum than one would expect from the IQ. 3. In the Rorschach Test most patients showed signs of inhibition. 4. In reaction to the disorders the patients have inferiority complexes during puberty. When marriageable most patients find a partner. The desire for a child then tends to become less important.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of intelligence and personality in 23 cases of Turner syndrome (author's transl)]. The psychological examination of 23 Turner-patients from 6 to 35 years of age gave the following results: 1. The mean Verbal IQ in the Hamburg-Wechsler-Test was 100,7. The Performance IQ was significantly lower, a result which is characteristic for organic brain damages. 2. Two thirds of the patients had a better curriculum than one would expect from the IQ. 3. In the Rorschach Test most patients showed signs of inhibition. 4. In reaction to the disorders the patients have inferiority complexes during puberty. When marriageable most patients find a partner. The desire for a child then tends to become less important."}
{"id": "PMID:1196662", "title": "[A scheme for RDS-prediction (author's transl)].", "content": "The presented scheme combines perinatal data through a formal-logic conclusion to a prediction concerning the occurrence of a respiratory disease, respiratory symptoms within the first 6 postnatal hours, RDS and death from RDS. The quality of prediction was examined on 140 prematures by calculating predictiv value, sensitivity and specificity of the selectiv scheme. In addition the prognosis for the selected groups was determined at four different times.", "contents": "[A scheme for RDS-prediction (author's transl)]. The presented scheme combines perinatal data through a formal-logic conclusion to a prediction concerning the occurrence of a respiratory disease, respiratory symptoms within the first 6 postnatal hours, RDS and death from RDS. The quality of prediction was examined on 140 prematures by calculating predictiv value, sensitivity and specificity of the selectiv scheme. In addition the prognosis for the selected groups was determined at four different times."}
{"id": "PMID:1196666", "title": "[Cercaria splendens Szidat--larva of the trematode Azygia lucii Looss].", "content": "The belonging of the only one \"gigantic cercaria\", Cercaria splendens, to the species Azygia lucii was proved experimentally. The geographic distribution of A. lucii is considerably wider than it has been indicated up to now. The distribution area of A. robusta is also confined not only to the Asiatic part of the USSR. The following characters are suggested for distinguishing the Azygia species: the shape and size of the pharynx, the spread of vitellaria beyond the posterior border of the testes and ratio between the sizes of suckers.", "contents": "[Cercaria splendens Szidat--larva of the trematode Azygia lucii Looss]. The belonging of the only one \"gigantic cercaria\", Cercaria splendens, to the species Azygia lucii was proved experimentally. The geographic distribution of A. lucii is considerably wider than it has been indicated up to now. The distribution area of A. robusta is also confined not only to the Asiatic part of the USSR. The following characters are suggested for distinguishing the Azygia species: the shape and size of the pharynx, the spread of vitellaria beyond the posterior border of the testes and ratio between the sizes of suckers."}
{"id": "PMID:1196667", "title": "[Dynamics of the parasite fauna of various forms of chars, salvelinus alpinus L., of the Lake Azabach'e basin].", "content": "The paper deals with age changes in the parasite fauna of different intraspecific forms of chars. It is shown that this year brood and yearlings of predatory, benthofagous, stream and anadromous chars up to 10 cm in length have a similar parasite fauna. During the second year of life the chars come to different feeding; correspondingly changes their parasite fauna which differs considerably in the above forms of chars. Two groups of parasites are distinguished the infection with which increases and decreases with the age of fishes. Observations were carried out on the life cycles, developmental and maturation periods of some parasites of chars. Biological peculiarities of some mixosporidia are studied. A shift in the developmental periods of helminths is noted as compared to those from the European part of the USSR.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the parasite fauna of various forms of chars, salvelinus alpinus L., of the Lake Azabach'e basin]. The paper deals with age changes in the parasite fauna of different intraspecific forms of chars. It is shown that this year brood and yearlings of predatory, benthofagous, stream and anadromous chars up to 10 cm in length have a similar parasite fauna. During the second year of life the chars come to different feeding; correspondingly changes their parasite fauna which differs considerably in the above forms of chars. Two groups of parasites are distinguished the infection with which increases and decreases with the age of fishes. Observations were carried out on the life cycles, developmental and maturation periods of some parasites of chars. Biological peculiarities of some mixosporidia are studied. A shift in the developmental periods of helminths is noted as compared to those from the European part of the USSR."}
{"id": "PMID:1196669", "title": "[Experience in the study of the peculiarities of the distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus in a large territory].", "content": "Attempts were undertaken to study the character of the distribution of I. ricinus over a large territory. Methodic principles of the land survey of arthropods distribution and laboratory processing of its results, that were used before for I. persulcatus, were found to be quite suitable for I. ricinus. It was established that hungry adults of I. ricinus have at least three types of the distribution throughout the forests of Lithuania. Types of the distribution can be ascertained by the results of the record of I. ricinus nymphs with a flag.", "contents": "[Experience in the study of the peculiarities of the distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus in a large territory]. Attempts were undertaken to study the character of the distribution of I. ricinus over a large territory. Methodic principles of the land survey of arthropods distribution and laboratory processing of its results, that were used before for I. persulcatus, were found to be quite suitable for I. ricinus. It was established that hungry adults of I. ricinus have at least three types of the distribution throughout the forests of Lithuania. Types of the distribution can be ascertained by the results of the record of I. ricinus nymphs with a flag."}
{"id": "PMID:1196675", "title": "Hemopoietic stem cells: An analytic review of hemopoiesis.", "content": "Current knowledge and concepts about stem cells are reviewed. The best morphologic candidate today is a small nonlymphocytic bone marrow cell in mouse and monkey. Methods for concentration and separation of pluripotent and committed stem cells in mouse and monkey are well advanced. There is a common committed stem cell for granulocytes and macrophages. Tissue microenvironment and cell-cell interaction play important roles in determining the direction of differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in vivo. These factors are not required for in vitro growth and differentiation or in vivo growth in diffusion chambers. The CSF is produced by the monocyte-macrophage family of cells as well as other tissues. CSF is not produced by granulocytes. The latter, in fact, appear to inhibit granulopoiesis. An in vivo effect of CSF has not yet been convincingly demonstrated. Erythropoietin acts by initiating hemoglobin synthesis at CSC level and accelerating its synthesis in the differentiated erythropoietic compartments. Hypoxia produces respiratory alkalosis leading to an increased erythrocyte oxygen affinity Ep secretion followed by an increase in 2,3 DPG in erythrocytes and an increased flow of oxygen to tissues. Pluripotent and committed stem cells migrate through the blood. The daily blood turnover rate is equal to estimated pool of PHSC in the marrow. Presumably, the PHSC and the CSC are in dynamic exchange between the blood and blood-forming tissues. There is growing evidence that thymic cells exert a stimulatory effect on regeneration of injured PHSC and may in fact be related to normal steady-state kinetics. Hypoxia, bleeding, radiation, chemotherapeutic agents, and endotoxin direct an increased fraction of PHSC and CFU-C into DNA synthesis, thus increasing the number of cells produced per cell present. Whether absolute production increases depends on the total number of PHSC in S. Several lines of evidence now suggest the existence of a fast intramedullary feedback loop by which the PHSC senses depletion of the differentiated compartments and directs PHSC to differentiate, thus initially depleting the PHSC, which then shifts gears and produces more cells by the remaining cells going into S. A kinetic model of human PHSC and CSC is proposed based on known erythrocyte cell and granulocyte turnover rates and the structure of human marrow. This model states that in vitro assays for CSC grossly underestimate their abundance in the marrow. The frequency of mitosis was calculated based on the foregoing model, and it was suggested that human stem cells can divide many more times than human fibroblasts in culture.", "contents": "Hemopoietic stem cells: An analytic review of hemopoiesis. Current knowledge and concepts about stem cells are reviewed. The best morphologic candidate today is a small nonlymphocytic bone marrow cell in mouse and monkey. Methods for concentration and separation of pluripotent and committed stem cells in mouse and monkey are well advanced. There is a common committed stem cell for granulocytes and macrophages. Tissue microenvironment and cell-cell interaction play important roles in determining the direction of differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in vivo. These factors are not required for in vitro growth and differentiation or in vivo growth in diffusion chambers. The CSF is produced by the monocyte-macrophage family of cells as well as other tissues. CSF is not produced by granulocytes. The latter, in fact, appear to inhibit granulopoiesis. An in vivo effect of CSF has not yet been convincingly demonstrated. Erythropoietin acts by initiating hemoglobin synthesis at CSC level and accelerating its synthesis in the differentiated erythropoietic compartments. Hypoxia produces respiratory alkalosis leading to an increased erythrocyte oxygen affinity Ep secretion followed by an increase in 2,3 DPG in erythrocytes and an increased flow of oxygen to tissues. Pluripotent and committed stem cells migrate through the blood. The daily blood turnover rate is equal to estimated pool of PHSC in the marrow. Presumably, the PHSC and the CSC are in dynamic exchange between the blood and blood-forming tissues. There is growing evidence that thymic cells exert a stimulatory effect on regeneration of injured PHSC and may in fact be related to normal steady-state kinetics. Hypoxia, bleeding, radiation, chemotherapeutic agents, and endotoxin direct an increased fraction of PHSC and CFU-C into DNA synthesis, thus increasing the number of cells produced per cell present. Whether absolute production increases depends on the total number of PHSC in S. Several lines of evidence now suggest the existence of a fast intramedullary feedback loop by which the PHSC senses depletion of the differentiated compartments and directs PHSC to differentiate, thus initially depleting the PHSC, which then shifts gears and produces more cells by the remaining cells going into S. A kinetic model of human PHSC and CSC is proposed based on known erythrocyte cell and granulocyte turnover rates and the structure of human marrow. This model states that in vitro assays for CSC grossly underestimate their abundance in the marrow. The frequency of mitosis was calculated based on the foregoing model, and it was suggested that human stem cells can divide many more times than human fibroblasts in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:1196670", "title": "[Feeding and reproduction of XX Ctenophthalus wagneri Tifl., 1928 (Ctenophthalmidae, Siphonaptera) in experiments].", "content": "Under laboratory conditions at 20 to 21 degrees C young imagos of C. wagneri proceed quickly to feeding and reproduction. They suck blood about three times a day and females oviposit three times, each laying consisting of three eggs. When placed in a refrigirator at 2 to 5 degrees some young individuals lay eggs, while others do not start oviposition up to 5 months (observation period). Fleas, which already laid eggs under laboratory conditions, being transferred into a refrigirator decrease the degree of their attachment to the host and feeding frequency (up to one time a day). Oogenesis of females is inhibited and most of them cease egg laying.", "contents": "[Feeding and reproduction of XX Ctenophthalus wagneri Tifl., 1928 (Ctenophthalmidae, Siphonaptera) in experiments]. Under laboratory conditions at 20 to 21 degrees C young imagos of C. wagneri proceed quickly to feeding and reproduction. They suck blood about three times a day and females oviposit three times, each laying consisting of three eggs. When placed in a refrigirator at 2 to 5 degrees some young individuals lay eggs, while others do not start oviposition up to 5 months (observation period). Fleas, which already laid eggs under laboratory conditions, being transferred into a refrigirator decrease the degree of their attachment to the host and feeding frequency (up to one time a day). Oogenesis of females is inhibited and most of them cease egg laying."}
{"id": "PMID:1196676", "title": "Atypical fibroxanthoma of skin: an electron microscope study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of two atypical fibroxanthomas of skin is described. Most of the tumour cells were elongate, and contained abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, well developed Golgi zones, and numerous small vesicles and filaments, the latter sometimes being related to masses of electron-dense material near the plasma-lemma. Their nuclei often showed deep surface indentations. The appearances were similar to those found in the socalled myfibroblasts that occur in granulation tissue. Multinucleated giant cells and lipid-laden cells in the tumours appeared to be merely modified forms of the basic cells type.", "contents": "Atypical fibroxanthoma of skin: an electron microscope study. The ultrastructure of two atypical fibroxanthomas of skin is described. Most of the tumour cells were elongate, and contained abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, well developed Golgi zones, and numerous small vesicles and filaments, the latter sometimes being related to masses of electron-dense material near the plasma-lemma. Their nuclei often showed deep surface indentations. The appearances were similar to those found in the socalled myfibroblasts that occur in granulation tissue. Multinucleated giant cells and lipid-laden cells in the tumours appeared to be merely modified forms of the basic cells type."}
{"id": "PMID:1196671", "title": "[Viability of sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) under the influence of infection with promastigotes of various species of Leishmania].", "content": "Sand flies were infected with different species of promastigotes from reptiles and warm-blooded animals. Optimal doses of promastigotes were used which ensured the adaptation of Protozoa in the host's intestine. The infection with a mixed culture resulted in the death of most Sand flies: the mortality rate was the highest at the simultaneous introduction of two species and was some what lower at the subsequent infection. The survival of Sand flies infected with one species of leishmania decreased to the greatest extent if \"incidental\" for them strains of promastigotes were introduced: for Ph. papatasi -- cultures isolated from reptiles, for Sergentomyia arpaklensis -- those isolated from L. tropica major. Natural infection rate of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia with leishmania of different species agrees with laboratory data on the survival of sand flies. Ph. caucasicus and Ph. papatasi are infected, in general, with L. tropica major, S. arpaklensis -- with L. gymnodactyli.", "contents": "[Viability of sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) under the influence of infection with promastigotes of various species of Leishmania]. Sand flies were infected with different species of promastigotes from reptiles and warm-blooded animals. Optimal doses of promastigotes were used which ensured the adaptation of Protozoa in the host's intestine. The infection with a mixed culture resulted in the death of most Sand flies: the mortality rate was the highest at the simultaneous introduction of two species and was some what lower at the subsequent infection. The survival of Sand flies infected with one species of leishmania decreased to the greatest extent if \"incidental\" for them strains of promastigotes were introduced: for Ph. papatasi -- cultures isolated from reptiles, for Sergentomyia arpaklensis -- those isolated from L. tropica major. Natural infection rate of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia with leishmania of different species agrees with laboratory data on the survival of sand flies. Ph. caucasicus and Ph. papatasi are infected, in general, with L. tropica major, S. arpaklensis -- with L. gymnodactyli."}
{"id": "PMID:1196677", "title": "Immunoglobulin M in Murray Valley encephalitis.", "content": "Twelve clinical cases of Murray Valley encephalitis are described, in which the sero-diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of Murray Valley encephalitis immunoglobulin M.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin M in Murray Valley encephalitis. Twelve clinical cases of Murray Valley encephalitis are described, in which the sero-diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of Murray Valley encephalitis immunoglobulin M."}
{"id": "PMID:1196672", "title": "[Distribution of apiosomae on the body of fishes in the light of the parasite-host relationship].", "content": "The paper deals with the distribution of apiosomae over the body of fishes. The microecological condition (inhabitation on the skin, fins and gills) are analysed. Quantitative regularities are revealed in the distribution of apiosomae which are associated with differences in the inhabitation conditions on various parts of the nost's body and the character or morphological variability resulting from these differences. It was established that the fins, espeically the paired ones, and the surface of the body are most favourable for apiosomae. The gills have the least invasion density.", "contents": "[Distribution of apiosomae on the body of fishes in the light of the parasite-host relationship]. The paper deals with the distribution of apiosomae over the body of fishes. The microecological condition (inhabitation on the skin, fins and gills) are analysed. Quantitative regularities are revealed in the distribution of apiosomae which are associated with differences in the inhabitation conditions on various parts of the nost's body and the character or morphological variability resulting from these differences. It was established that the fins, espeically the paired ones, and the surface of the body are most favourable for apiosomae. The gills have the least invasion density."}
{"id": "PMID:1196673", "title": "[Some problems in the study of mermitids for the purpose of the biological control of midges].", "content": "The method of \"flooding\" with mermitids, which was successfully used against mosquitoes, is unreal for biological control of black flies because of difficulties and unprofitableness of their laboratory maintenance and reproduction. A more probable way of solving the problem is the untroduction of effective forms of parasites. In perspective the cultivation of the adipose tissue of the host and biochemical overcoming of its protective reactions are necessary.", "contents": "[Some problems in the study of mermitids for the purpose of the biological control of midges]. The method of \"flooding\" with mermitids, which was successfully used against mosquitoes, is unreal for biological control of black flies because of difficulties and unprofitableness of their laboratory maintenance and reproduction. A more probable way of solving the problem is the untroduction of effective forms of parasites. In perspective the cultivation of the adipose tissue of the host and biochemical overcoming of its protective reactions are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1196678", "title": "Minocycline, doxycycline and tetracycline levels in serum and bronchial secretions of patients with chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Serum and sputum levels of minocycline, doxycycline and tetracycline were determined in patients with chronic bronchitis who were producing copious amounts of purulent sputum. Antibiotic estimations were carried out by the plate agar diffusion method using the Oxford staphylococcus. A close correlation was obtained between the sputum and the average serum levels for patients receiving tetracycline. Values obtained for minocycline showed a poor correlation between serum and sputum. A correlation between serum and sputum levels of doxycycline could not be established due to the low levels present in sputum. Our results indicate that while adequate serum levels of tetracycline reflect the attainment of theapeutic concentrations in bronchial secretions; the same predictions cannot be made for minocycline or doxycycline.", "contents": "Minocycline, doxycycline and tetracycline levels in serum and bronchial secretions of patients with chronic bronchitis. Serum and sputum levels of minocycline, doxycycline and tetracycline were determined in patients with chronic bronchitis who were producing copious amounts of purulent sputum. Antibiotic estimations were carried out by the plate agar diffusion method using the Oxford staphylococcus. A close correlation was obtained between the sputum and the average serum levels for patients receiving tetracycline. Values obtained for minocycline showed a poor correlation between serum and sputum. A correlation between serum and sputum levels of doxycycline could not be established due to the low levels present in sputum. Our results indicate that while adequate serum levels of tetracycline reflect the attainment of theapeutic concentrations in bronchial secretions; the same predictions cannot be made for minocycline or doxycycline."}
{"id": "PMID:1196679", "title": "Teratomas in childhood.", "content": "Of 107 teratomas in children, 86 were benign and 21 malignant. Sacrococcygeal and pelvic teratomas predominated (51 cases) and these fell into 3 groups: post sacral, dumb-bell and presacral. The 34 purely posterior tumours were always congenital and benign, whilst the incidence of malignancy in dumb-bell and presacral teratomas increased as the tumour became more internal. Malignant teratomas were carcinomas, usually containing glandular, papillary and clear-cell areas, and metastases were similar. Immature tissues in benign teratomas were usually neural or connective tissue. They did not give rise to neuroblastomas or sarcomas, and did not indicate a worse prognosis. Only 2 originally benign teratomas later developed malignancy.", "contents": "Teratomas in childhood. Of 107 teratomas in children, 86 were benign and 21 malignant. Sacrococcygeal and pelvic teratomas predominated (51 cases) and these fell into 3 groups: post sacral, dumb-bell and presacral. The 34 purely posterior tumours were always congenital and benign, whilst the incidence of malignancy in dumb-bell and presacral teratomas increased as the tumour became more internal. Malignant teratomas were carcinomas, usually containing glandular, papillary and clear-cell areas, and metastases were similar. Immature tissues in benign teratomas were usually neural or connective tissue. They did not give rise to neuroblastomas or sarcomas, and did not indicate a worse prognosis. Only 2 originally benign teratomas later developed malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1196680", "title": "Antigen absorption from the small intestine and gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "In this article, I have attempted to summarize the concept of intestinal permeability to antigens such as ingested food proteins, bacterial breakdown products, endotoxins, and enzymes. The mature gut retains the capacity to absorb macromolecules by a pinocytotic mechanism which is more pronounced during the neonatal period. The vast majority of individuals have no ill effects from the intestinal transport of large molecules. However, when increased quantities of toxic or antigenic macromolecules gain access to the body because of a derangement in the intraluminal digestive process or because of a defect in the mucosal barrier, antigen absorption may be altered and result in either local intestinal or systemic disorders. The speculative concepts suggesting that clinical disease states may be associated with altered mucosal permeability have been discussed.", "contents": "Antigen absorption from the small intestine and gastrointestinal disease. In this article, I have attempted to summarize the concept of intestinal permeability to antigens such as ingested food proteins, bacterial breakdown products, endotoxins, and enzymes. The mature gut retains the capacity to absorb macromolecules by a pinocytotic mechanism which is more pronounced during the neonatal period. The vast majority of individuals have no ill effects from the intestinal transport of large molecules. However, when increased quantities of toxic or antigenic macromolecules gain access to the body because of a derangement in the intraluminal digestive process or because of a defect in the mucosal barrier, antigen absorption may be altered and result in either local intestinal or systemic disorders. The speculative concepts suggesting that clinical disease states may be associated with altered mucosal permeability have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196703", "title": "Some biochemical effects of chloral hydrate in an infant with a tyrosinemia-like syndrome.", "content": "An infant with a combination of clinical and biochemical features resembling those found in hereditary tyrosinemia (\"inborn hepatorenal dysfunction with tyrosyluria\") but with spontaneous recovery is described briefly. The child also had severe congenital hydrocephalus, and was being given chloral hydrate. She was not treated by restriction of dietary phenylalanine and tyrosine. The abnormal aromatic aciduria was unaltered by ascorbic acid administration. The results of loading tests with phenylalanine, tyrosine, and sodium 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate are compatible with the existence of a partial block in the oxidation of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate which was exacerbated by administering chloral hydrate.", "contents": "Some biochemical effects of chloral hydrate in an infant with a tyrosinemia-like syndrome. An infant with a combination of clinical and biochemical features resembling those found in hereditary tyrosinemia (\"inborn hepatorenal dysfunction with tyrosyluria\") but with spontaneous recovery is described briefly. The child also had severe congenital hydrocephalus, and was being given chloral hydrate. She was not treated by restriction of dietary phenylalanine and tyrosine. The abnormal aromatic aciduria was unaltered by ascorbic acid administration. The results of loading tests with phenylalanine, tyrosine, and sodium 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate are compatible with the existence of a partial block in the oxidation of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate which was exacerbated by administering chloral hydrate."}
{"id": "PMID:1196704", "title": "Somatic-respiratory reflex and onset of regular breathing movements in the lamb fetus in utero.", "content": "Breathing activity of six mature lamb fetuses (greater than 135 days of gestation) in utero was monitored from recordings of intraesophageal pressure, intratracheal pressure, and tracheal circumference from a mercury strain gauge before, during, and after stimulation of the central end of a cut sciatic nerve. Stimuli were either low (0.5-2.0 cps) or high (66 cps) frequency, 6-15-V square wave pulses of 0.6-1.25 msec duration. The fetuses remained in utero throughout the experiments in which ambient temperature, paO2, paCO2, arterial pH, mechanical stimulation, and spontaneous respiratory center activity could be ruled out as primary stimuli of the breathing movements observed. In one-third of the trials a \"somatic-respiratory reflex\" was elicited in which breathing coincided with the period of stimulation: in over 85% of these trials with low frequency stimulation, breathing movements were synchronous with the stimuli; in the rest the synchrony was broken during the period of stimulation. In two-thirds of the trials the \"reflex\" response was followed by spontaneous regular breathing movements (\"onset of regular breathing\") which continued for 1 min to 2 hr 30 min after the stimulation was stopped. Thiopental administration to the ewe (5 mg/kg) seemed to depress respiratory responsivity for about 60 min. Changes of tracheal circumference reflected both transmural pressure gradients and possibly also rhythmic vagal activity associated with breathing.", "contents": "Somatic-respiratory reflex and onset of regular breathing movements in the lamb fetus in utero. Breathing activity of six mature lamb fetuses (greater than 135 days of gestation) in utero was monitored from recordings of intraesophageal pressure, intratracheal pressure, and tracheal circumference from a mercury strain gauge before, during, and after stimulation of the central end of a cut sciatic nerve. Stimuli were either low (0.5-2.0 cps) or high (66 cps) frequency, 6-15-V square wave pulses of 0.6-1.25 msec duration. The fetuses remained in utero throughout the experiments in which ambient temperature, paO2, paCO2, arterial pH, mechanical stimulation, and spontaneous respiratory center activity could be ruled out as primary stimuli of the breathing movements observed. In one-third of the trials a \"somatic-respiratory reflex\" was elicited in which breathing coincided with the period of stimulation: in over 85% of these trials with low frequency stimulation, breathing movements were synchronous with the stimuli; in the rest the synchrony was broken during the period of stimulation. In two-thirds of the trials the \"reflex\" response was followed by spontaneous regular breathing movements (\"onset of regular breathing\") which continued for 1 min to 2 hr 30 min after the stimulation was stopped. Thiopental administration to the ewe (5 mg/kg) seemed to depress respiratory responsivity for about 60 min. Changes of tracheal circumference reflected both transmural pressure gradients and possibly also rhythmic vagal activity associated with breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:1196705", "title": "Serum glutathione reductase and cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Serum glutathione reductase (NADPH-GSSG oxidoreductase, EC. 1.6.4.2 (GR)) has been examined in cystic fibrosis subjects (CF), obligate CF heterozygotes, and control subjects. Serum protein concentration was similar in the three groups. Regardless of the units used to express activity (milligrams of protein or milliters of serum) or whether or not samples were dialyzed against water or phosphate buffer, mean serum GR in CF was greater than in control subjects (P less than or equal to 0.002) in all series over several years. Under the above assay conditions no difference in serum GR between control subjects and carriers was detected. Calculated and assayed values of combined control and CF sera agreed as did expected and observed 50% activity in 1:2 sera dilutions in CF, control subjects, and carriers. Addition of FAD to incubation media did not effect enzyme activity in the three groups. Differences between CF and control subjects persisted after dialysis in membranes permitting passage of molecules of approximately 12,000 mol wt or less. These findings would tend to exclude the effect of extraneous serum factors in explaining the diffferences between CF and control subjects. The percentage of initial GR activity after four days storage (0-4 degrees) was significantly greater in CF than in control subjects (P less than 0.025). The effect of heparin on serum GR was recorded as the percentage of activity after incubation with heparin vs. activity in the standard assay for individual subjects. The effect of incubation with 5 mug/ml heparin on serum GR activity was greater in control subjects than in carriers (P less than 0.0005) and CF (P less than 0.0005). Mean serum GR activity in CF and carriers was unaffected by heparin, whereas mean activity in control subjects was decreased. In no control was the percentage of initial activity with heparin greater than the mean of CF and carrier groups. Only 3 of 20 CF and 4 of 20 carrier individuals had percentages lower than the control mean. The CF and carrier distributions were clearly different from the control distribution. Serum GR was determined in seven non-CF individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Activity in the COPD was different from CF and no different from control subjects. In none of these controls or COPD was serum GR as great as the CF mean. Serum GR in no CF was as low as the mean of control subjects or COPD. It is concluded that serum GR activity is greater in CF than in control subjects, carriers, and non-CF COPD subjects; that the difference in activity is not attributable to an extraneous serum factor, that the activity difference is not secondary to chronic respiratory disease; that in comparison with control subjects, GR from CF serum behaves differently after storage; and that serum GR from CF and carriers behaves differently from control GR in the presence of heparin.", "contents": "Serum glutathione reductase and cystic fibrosis. Serum glutathione reductase (NADPH-GSSG oxidoreductase, EC. 1.6.4.2 (GR)) has been examined in cystic fibrosis subjects (CF), obligate CF heterozygotes, and control subjects. Serum protein concentration was similar in the three groups. Regardless of the units used to express activity (milligrams of protein or milliters of serum) or whether or not samples were dialyzed against water or phosphate buffer, mean serum GR in CF was greater than in control subjects (P less than or equal to 0.002) in all series over several years. Under the above assay conditions no difference in serum GR between control subjects and carriers was detected. Calculated and assayed values of combined control and CF sera agreed as did expected and observed 50% activity in 1:2 sera dilutions in CF, control subjects, and carriers. Addition of FAD to incubation media did not effect enzyme activity in the three groups. Differences between CF and control subjects persisted after dialysis in membranes permitting passage of molecules of approximately 12,000 mol wt or less. These findings would tend to exclude the effect of extraneous serum factors in explaining the diffferences between CF and control subjects. The percentage of initial GR activity after four days storage (0-4 degrees) was significantly greater in CF than in control subjects (P less than 0.025). The effect of heparin on serum GR was recorded as the percentage of activity after incubation with heparin vs. activity in the standard assay for individual subjects. The effect of incubation with 5 mug/ml heparin on serum GR activity was greater in control subjects than in carriers (P less than 0.0005) and CF (P less than 0.0005). Mean serum GR activity in CF and carriers was unaffected by heparin, whereas mean activity in control subjects was decreased. In no control was the percentage of initial activity with heparin greater than the mean of CF and carrier groups. Only 3 of 20 CF and 4 of 20 carrier individuals had percentages lower than the control mean. The CF and carrier distributions were clearly different from the control distribution. Serum GR was determined in seven non-CF individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Activity in the COPD was different from CF and no different from control subjects. In none of these controls or COPD was serum GR as great as the CF mean. Serum GR in no CF was as low as the mean of control subjects or COPD. It is concluded that serum GR activity is greater in CF than in control subjects, carriers, and non-CF COPD subjects; that the difference in activity is not attributable to an extraneous serum factor, that the activity difference is not secondary to chronic respiratory disease; that in comparison with control subjects, GR from CF serum behaves differently after storage; and that serum GR from CF and carriers behaves differently from control GR in the presence of heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:1196706", "title": "Enzymatic adaptations by cultured adipocytes of human infants and children: effect of obese serum on the activities of lactate-, malate-, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases.", "content": "To determine whether there are any biochemical characteristics which distinguish human adipose cells from human skin fibroblasts, assays of lactate dehydrogenase with pyruvate as substrate (LDH-P), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were done on both cell types after they had been successfully adapted to artificial medium in tissue culture and also while they were growing temporarily in serum from an obese individual. After undergoing transformation to a fibroblast-like appearance, the adipose cells (adipofibroblasts) contained significantly more of each enzyme than did the initial adipose cell isolates. The level of activities of LDH-P and G6PDH increased to the same levels as in skin fibroblasts (Table 2); however, MDH activities rose to much higher levels than those found in skin fibroblasts (Table 2). In obese serum, activities of LDH-P did not significantly change but the activities of MDH and G6PDH dropped sharply in adipofibroblasts (P less than 0.005, Table 2 and Fig. 5), whereas in cultures of skin fibroblasts, only the activities of G6PDH dropped significantly (P less than 0.025 Table 2), the other enzyme activities being unchanged. It is concluded that, on the basis of the biochemical behaviors of these two cell lines in culture, adipose cells are biochemically different from skin fibroblasts and are not to be regarded as just fibroblasts with lipid-storing ability.", "contents": "Enzymatic adaptations by cultured adipocytes of human infants and children: effect of obese serum on the activities of lactate-, malate-, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. To determine whether there are any biochemical characteristics which distinguish human adipose cells from human skin fibroblasts, assays of lactate dehydrogenase with pyruvate as substrate (LDH-P), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were done on both cell types after they had been successfully adapted to artificial medium in tissue culture and also while they were growing temporarily in serum from an obese individual. After undergoing transformation to a fibroblast-like appearance, the adipose cells (adipofibroblasts) contained significantly more of each enzyme than did the initial adipose cell isolates. The level of activities of LDH-P and G6PDH increased to the same levels as in skin fibroblasts (Table 2); however, MDH activities rose to much higher levels than those found in skin fibroblasts (Table 2). In obese serum, activities of LDH-P did not significantly change but the activities of MDH and G6PDH dropped sharply in adipofibroblasts (P less than 0.005, Table 2 and Fig. 5), whereas in cultures of skin fibroblasts, only the activities of G6PDH dropped significantly (P less than 0.025 Table 2), the other enzyme activities being unchanged. It is concluded that, on the basis of the biochemical behaviors of these two cell lines in culture, adipose cells are biochemically different from skin fibroblasts and are not to be regarded as just fibroblasts with lipid-storing ability."}
{"id": "PMID:1196707", "title": "Assessment of left ventricular function in secundum atrial septal defect: evaluation by determination of volume, pressure, and external systolic time indices.", "content": "Left ventricular function and volume data from 17 control subjects and 27 young patients with secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) without overt left or right ventricular failure were compared. ASD patients were subdivided in low shunt (Qp/Qs less than 2.0) and high shunt (Qp/Qs larger than or equal to 2.0) groups. Mean left ventricular (LV) stroke volume was significantly less in ASD patients (46 +/- 16 ml/m2 in the low shunt and 44 +/- 9 ml/m2 in high shunt group) compared with control patients (51 +/- 13 ml/m2, P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively). There was no significant difference in mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) between any group of patients (control subjects 67 +/- 17 ml/m2; low shunt ASD 66 +/- 17 Ml/m2, and high shunt ASD 62 +/- 12 ml/m2). High shunt ASD had a significantly lower cardiac index compared with control patients (5.0 liters/min/m2 vs. 5.9 liters/min/m2, P less than 0.02). Both low shunt and high shunt ASD showed significantly lower stroke work indices than control subjects (42 +/- 13 GmM/m2 and 37 +/- 8 GmM/m2 compared with 51 +/- 14 GmM/M2 , P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.001, respectively) but only the high shunt group had a significantly lower peak systolic pressure (94 +/- 12 mm Hg vs. 109 +/- 11 mm Hg for control patients, P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the control and ASD groups in LV end-diastolic, mean right atrial, right ventricular end-diastolic, and pulmonary pressures. External systolic time intervals were compared in 5 control and 12 ASD patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients in absolute values or indices for pre-ejection period, ejection time, or electromechanical systole. However, the ratio of the pre-ejection period index to left ventricular ejection time index (PEPI/LVETI) was significantly higher in ASD patients (P less than 0.05). In young subjects with large shunt ASD, certain indicators of left ventricular function are depressed. Evaluation of PEPI/LVETI may allow noninvasive determination of LV function.", "contents": "Assessment of left ventricular function in secundum atrial septal defect: evaluation by determination of volume, pressure, and external systolic time indices. Left ventricular function and volume data from 17 control subjects and 27 young patients with secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) without overt left or right ventricular failure were compared. ASD patients were subdivided in low shunt (Qp/Qs less than 2.0) and high shunt (Qp/Qs larger than or equal to 2.0) groups. Mean left ventricular (LV) stroke volume was significantly less in ASD patients (46 +/- 16 ml/m2 in the low shunt and 44 +/- 9 ml/m2 in high shunt group) compared with control patients (51 +/- 13 ml/m2, P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively). There was no significant difference in mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) between any group of patients (control subjects 67 +/- 17 ml/m2; low shunt ASD 66 +/- 17 Ml/m2, and high shunt ASD 62 +/- 12 ml/m2). High shunt ASD had a significantly lower cardiac index compared with control patients (5.0 liters/min/m2 vs. 5.9 liters/min/m2, P less than 0.02). Both low shunt and high shunt ASD showed significantly lower stroke work indices than control subjects (42 +/- 13 GmM/m2 and 37 +/- 8 GmM/m2 compared with 51 +/- 14 GmM/M2 , P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.001, respectively) but only the high shunt group had a significantly lower peak systolic pressure (94 +/- 12 mm Hg vs. 109 +/- 11 mm Hg for control patients, P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the control and ASD groups in LV end-diastolic, mean right atrial, right ventricular end-diastolic, and pulmonary pressures. External systolic time intervals were compared in 5 control and 12 ASD patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients in absolute values or indices for pre-ejection period, ejection time, or electromechanical systole. However, the ratio of the pre-ejection period index to left ventricular ejection time index (PEPI/LVETI) was significantly higher in ASD patients (P less than 0.05). In young subjects with large shunt ASD, certain indicators of left ventricular function are depressed. Evaluation of PEPI/LVETI may allow noninvasive determination of LV function."}
{"id": "PMID:1196708", "title": "Determination of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in patients with phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia.", "content": "The phenylalanine hydroxylase assay was modified by using biopterin, lysolecithin, and dithioerythritol. Liver tissue was obtained by percutaneous needle biopsies in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia. The use of the naturally occurring cofactor biopterin is essential to measure low enzyme activities. Thirteen of 14 assay specimens in which no activity was detectable correlated with the clinical picture of classic PKU. Twelve assay specimens showed a residual activity up to 6% of normal. This group comprises patients with classic PKU and with so-called hyperphenylalaninemia. Four specimens ranged between 8.7 and 34.5% of the normal values. Patients in this group have developed normally so far without dietary treatment. It seems that patients with residual activity tolerate more phenylalanine in the diet than patients with no detectable activity. One infant with biochemical symptoms of classic PKU was found to have a normal phenylalanine hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "Determination of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in patients with phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia. The phenylalanine hydroxylase assay was modified by using biopterin, lysolecithin, and dithioerythritol. Liver tissue was obtained by percutaneous needle biopsies in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia. The use of the naturally occurring cofactor biopterin is essential to measure low enzyme activities. Thirteen of 14 assay specimens in which no activity was detectable correlated with the clinical picture of classic PKU. Twelve assay specimens showed a residual activity up to 6% of normal. This group comprises patients with classic PKU and with so-called hyperphenylalaninemia. Four specimens ranged between 8.7 and 34.5% of the normal values. Patients in this group have developed normally so far without dietary treatment. It seems that patients with residual activity tolerate more phenylalanine in the diet than patients with no detectable activity. One infant with biochemical symptoms of classic PKU was found to have a normal phenylalanine hydroxylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1196709", "title": "Ligandin reverses bilirubin inhibition of liver mitochondrial respiration in vitro.", "content": "Ligandin, an abundant cytoplasmic binding protein of bilirubin and other ligands in liver cells, completely prevented the inhibitory effect of bilirubin on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation by isolated rat liver mitochondria. At equimolar concentrations of bilirubin and ligandin or human serum albumin, mitochondrial respiration was fully restored to control values. At greater ratios of bilirubin and ligandin or human serum albumin, the latter had a stronger protective effect. These studies suggest that ligandin may have a physiologic role in protecting mitochondrial systems against bilirubin toxicity.", "contents": "Ligandin reverses bilirubin inhibition of liver mitochondrial respiration in vitro. Ligandin, an abundant cytoplasmic binding protein of bilirubin and other ligands in liver cells, completely prevented the inhibitory effect of bilirubin on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation by isolated rat liver mitochondria. At equimolar concentrations of bilirubin and ligandin or human serum albumin, mitochondrial respiration was fully restored to control values. At greater ratios of bilirubin and ligandin or human serum albumin, the latter had a stronger protective effect. These studies suggest that ligandin may have a physiologic role in protecting mitochondrial systems against bilirubin toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:1196710", "title": "Enzyme therapy. V. In vivo fate of erythrocyte-entrapped beta-glucuronidase in beta-glucuronidase-deficient mice.", "content": "The use of erythrocyte entrapment as a strategy to deliver and protect exogenously administered enzymes for replacement therapy in selected genetic diseases has been evaluated in a mammalian model system. The uptake, tissue distribution, intracellular localization, and in vivo lifetime of erythrocyte-entrapped bovine beta-glucuronidase were determined by a selective thermal inactivation assay after intravenous administration into beta-glucuronidase-deficient mice. The exogenous activity was cleared from the circulation with a half-life of about 20 min and was no longer detectable at 2 hr. A concomitant uptake of the injected enzyme was observed in murine tissues, primarily the liver; approximately 30% of the bovine activity was recovered at 30 min and maximal hepatic uptake, 71% of dose, was detected at 2 hr. Hepatic recovery of the bovine activity was observed to decrease in a biphasic pattern to nondetectable levels by 5 days. The recovery of the entrapped activity was characterized by a latency of detection in hepatic tissue up to 13 hr postinjection. At each time point more than 80% (84-100%) of the recovered bovine activity was detected in the lysosomally enriched hepatic subcellular fraction. Maximal recoveries of 10% and 15% of administered dose were observed in splenic and renal tissues, respectively, soon after enzyme administration. In comparison to results obtained after intravenous administration of unentrapped bovine beta-glucuronidase, erythrocyte-entrapped activity was retained fourfold longer in the circulation, fivefold longer in hepatic tissue, and was more efficiently delivered to a variety of tissues.", "contents": "Enzyme therapy. V. In vivo fate of erythrocyte-entrapped beta-glucuronidase in beta-glucuronidase-deficient mice. The use of erythrocyte entrapment as a strategy to deliver and protect exogenously administered enzymes for replacement therapy in selected genetic diseases has been evaluated in a mammalian model system. The uptake, tissue distribution, intracellular localization, and in vivo lifetime of erythrocyte-entrapped bovine beta-glucuronidase were determined by a selective thermal inactivation assay after intravenous administration into beta-glucuronidase-deficient mice. The exogenous activity was cleared from the circulation with a half-life of about 20 min and was no longer detectable at 2 hr. A concomitant uptake of the injected enzyme was observed in murine tissues, primarily the liver; approximately 30% of the bovine activity was recovered at 30 min and maximal hepatic uptake, 71% of dose, was detected at 2 hr. Hepatic recovery of the bovine activity was observed to decrease in a biphasic pattern to nondetectable levels by 5 days. The recovery of the entrapped activity was characterized by a latency of detection in hepatic tissue up to 13 hr postinjection. At each time point more than 80% (84-100%) of the recovered bovine activity was detected in the lysosomally enriched hepatic subcellular fraction. Maximal recoveries of 10% and 15% of administered dose were observed in splenic and renal tissues, respectively, soon after enzyme administration. In comparison to results obtained after intravenous administration of unentrapped bovine beta-glucuronidase, erythrocyte-entrapped activity was retained fourfold longer in the circulation, fivefold longer in hepatic tissue, and was more efficiently delivered to a variety of tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1196711", "title": "Cation transport and its altered regulations in human stomatocytic erythrocytes.", "content": "Cation transport in a population of stomatocytic red blood cells (RBC) is abnormal in the following respects. First, active transport against a gradient, defined as the nonisotopic net accumulation of Na+ or loss of K+ induced by 0.1 mM ouabain, is markedly elevated (7.3 and 6.3 mEq/liter cells/hr for Na+ and K+, respectively), but the Na+:K+ active transport ratio is normal. Apparent uncoupling of the Na+ and K+ isotope transport is due to disproportionately increased ouabain-sensitive 24Na+-23Na+ exchange (32.7 mEq/liter cells/hr), which is measured as a portion of 24Na+ isotope efflux. Second, cation transport is unresponsive to variations in internal Na+ concentration but decreases with decreasing extracellular Na+.", "contents": "Cation transport and its altered regulations in human stomatocytic erythrocytes. Cation transport in a population of stomatocytic red blood cells (RBC) is abnormal in the following respects. First, active transport against a gradient, defined as the nonisotopic net accumulation of Na+ or loss of K+ induced by 0.1 mM ouabain, is markedly elevated (7.3 and 6.3 mEq/liter cells/hr for Na+ and K+, respectively), but the Na+:K+ active transport ratio is normal. Apparent uncoupling of the Na+ and K+ isotope transport is due to disproportionately increased ouabain-sensitive 24Na+-23Na+ exchange (32.7 mEq/liter cells/hr), which is measured as a portion of 24Na+ isotope efflux. Second, cation transport is unresponsive to variations in internal Na+ concentration but decreases with decreasing extracellular Na+."}
{"id": "PMID:1196712", "title": "A new assay for cystic fibrosis factor: effects of sera from patients with cystic fibrosis in the in vitro electrical properaties of rat jejunum.", "content": "The in vitro electrical properties of rat jejunum were utilized to assay a factor or factors in serum from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Sera from patients with CF were found to decrease short circuit current (SCC) and the SCC response to glucose, and to increase electrical resistance. These effects were present in all 24 patients with CF and 10 of 14 parents of CF patients and absent from the serum of 21 control subjects. This quantitative technique provides an alternative to the ciliostatic assays for the detection of the CF factor or factors.", "contents": "A new assay for cystic fibrosis factor: effects of sera from patients with cystic fibrosis in the in vitro electrical properaties of rat jejunum. The in vitro electrical properties of rat jejunum were utilized to assay a factor or factors in serum from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Sera from patients with CF were found to decrease short circuit current (SCC) and the SCC response to glucose, and to increase electrical resistance. These effects were present in all 24 patients with CF and 10 of 14 parents of CF patients and absent from the serum of 21 control subjects. This quantitative technique provides an alternative to the ciliostatic assays for the detection of the CF factor or factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1196727", "title": "Hospital management of patients and personnel exposed to communicable diseases.", "content": "Patients and personnel who are exposed to certain communicable diseases in a hospital setting often require therapeutic or epidemic control measures which may differ from measures employed following community exposure. This paper offers guidelines for reducing the hospital spread of communicable diseases by preventive measures (admission screening procedures, immunizations for personnel), and post-exposure management of patients and personnel. It is intended as a companion to the \"Hospital Isolation and Precaution Guidelines\" for patients with clinically manifest infections which appeared previously.", "contents": "Hospital management of patients and personnel exposed to communicable diseases. Patients and personnel who are exposed to certain communicable diseases in a hospital setting often require therapeutic or epidemic control measures which may differ from measures employed following community exposure. This paper offers guidelines for reducing the hospital spread of communicable diseases by preventive measures (admission screening procedures, immunizations for personnel), and post-exposure management of patients and personnel. It is intended as a companion to the \"Hospital Isolation and Precaution Guidelines\" for patients with clinically manifest infections which appeared previously."}
{"id": "PMID:1196728", "title": "The adaptation of parents to the birth of an infant with a congenital malformation: a hypothetical model.", "content": "To determine the course of parental reactions to the birth of a child with a congenital malformation and the process of parental attachment, the parents of 20 children with a wide range of malformations including mongolism, congenital heart disease, and cleft palate were interviewed. Structured interviews took place 7 days to 60 months after birth. Despite the wide variation of malformations, analysis of the interviews demonstrated five stages of parental reactions--shock, denial, sadness and anger, adaptation, and reorganization--in dealing with a congenitally malformed child during the course of his development and care. Observations of these patients suggest that early crisis counseling in the first months of life may be particularly crucial in parental attachment and adjustment.", "contents": "The adaptation of parents to the birth of an infant with a congenital malformation: a hypothetical model. To determine the course of parental reactions to the birth of a child with a congenital malformation and the process of parental attachment, the parents of 20 children with a wide range of malformations including mongolism, congenital heart disease, and cleft palate were interviewed. Structured interviews took place 7 days to 60 months after birth. Despite the wide variation of malformations, analysis of the interviews demonstrated five stages of parental reactions--shock, denial, sadness and anger, adaptation, and reorganization--in dealing with a congenitally malformed child during the course of his development and care. Observations of these patients suggest that early crisis counseling in the first months of life may be particularly crucial in parental attachment and adjustment."}
{"id": "PMID:1196729", "title": "Basilar artery migraine in young children.", "content": "Eight children with recurrent attacks of neurologic dysfunction referable to the brainstem and cerebellum are reported. The episodes occur suddenly, clear completely, and leave the patient without residua. The most frequent signs are ataxia, alternating hemipareses, and vertigo. The majority of patients are girls, and most have the onset of the condition prior to the age of 4 years. Headache was definitely present in three children, and possibly present in four. A striking history of migraine was found in seven families, accounting for 16 affected relatives. Fifteen of these were female and 14 were on the maternal side. Follow-up of the children has not provided any evidence for progressive neurologic disease. The patient followed for the longest period of time has developed classic migraine.", "contents": "Basilar artery migraine in young children. Eight children with recurrent attacks of neurologic dysfunction referable to the brainstem and cerebellum are reported. The episodes occur suddenly, clear completely, and leave the patient without residua. The most frequent signs are ataxia, alternating hemipareses, and vertigo. The majority of patients are girls, and most have the onset of the condition prior to the age of 4 years. Headache was definitely present in three children, and possibly present in four. A striking history of migraine was found in seven families, accounting for 16 affected relatives. Fifteen of these were female and 14 were on the maternal side. Follow-up of the children has not provided any evidence for progressive neurologic disease. The patient followed for the longest period of time has developed classic migraine."}
{"id": "PMID:1196730", "title": "Renal function in obstructive nephropathy: long-term effect of reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Renal function was studied in 24 children with chronic hydronephrosis and renal insufficiency. The follow-up period after reconstructive surgery was 1 to 12 years. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was assessed by the clearance of endogenous creatinine or inulin. Effective renal plasma flow was assessed by the clearance of PAH. Reconstructive surgery was performed during the first year of life in 12 out of 24 patients, between one and two years of life in 6 patients, and after two years of life in 6 patients. Three different patterns of evolution could be observed after relief of obstruction: (1) An improvement or a normalization of renal function only occurred in patients operated upon before one year of life. (2) A stabilization of renal function without normalization was observed in patients operated upon between one and two years of life. (3) A progressive deterioration of renal function towards terminal renal failure was observed in five out of six patients operated upon after two years of age. This deterioration could not be explained by recurrence of detectable urinary tract infection or urinary stasis. The changes in GRF in four patients with a solitary kidney followed the same pattern. We conclude that it is essential to correct severe chronic hydronephrosis associated with renal insufficiency before one year of age if a lasting improvement of renal function is to be expected.", "contents": "Renal function in obstructive nephropathy: long-term effect of reconstructive surgery. Renal function was studied in 24 children with chronic hydronephrosis and renal insufficiency. The follow-up period after reconstructive surgery was 1 to 12 years. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was assessed by the clearance of endogenous creatinine or inulin. Effective renal plasma flow was assessed by the clearance of PAH. Reconstructive surgery was performed during the first year of life in 12 out of 24 patients, between one and two years of life in 6 patients, and after two years of life in 6 patients. Three different patterns of evolution could be observed after relief of obstruction: (1) An improvement or a normalization of renal function only occurred in patients operated upon before one year of life. (2) A stabilization of renal function without normalization was observed in patients operated upon between one and two years of life. (3) A progressive deterioration of renal function towards terminal renal failure was observed in five out of six patients operated upon after two years of age. This deterioration could not be explained by recurrence of detectable urinary tract infection or urinary stasis. The changes in GRF in four patients with a solitary kidney followed the same pattern. We conclude that it is essential to correct severe chronic hydronephrosis associated with renal insufficiency before one year of age if a lasting improvement of renal function is to be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:1196731", "title": "The trisomy 9p syndrome.", "content": "Since the first description of trisomy 9p in 1970, there has been a rapidly increasing recognition and reporting of new cases. The physical and mental features of retarded growth and development, down-turned corners of the mouth, mildly globular nose, slightly wide-set and deep-set eyes with anti-Mongoloid slant, and unusual dermatoglyphics are distinctive enough to establish trisomy 9p as a clinical chromosomal entity--one which may prove to be the fourth most common autosomal syndrome (after trisomies 21, 13, and 18). This paper includes a review and tabulation of features seen in the 20 reported cases and photographs of the faces of ten of these children. A new case included in this survey demonstrates the practical application of four types of chromosome banding identification (C, G, Q, and R). The confirmation of the chromosomal aberration in this syndrome is dependent on the use of one or more of these special laboratory techniques. Most of the clinical characteristics distinctive of the trisomy 9p syndrome are seen also in other trisomies involving more or less of the number 9 chromosome. From these observations it is determined that the crucial determinants of the classical features of this syndrome lie within the distal half of the number 9 short arm.", "contents": "The trisomy 9p syndrome. Since the first description of trisomy 9p in 1970, there has been a rapidly increasing recognition and reporting of new cases. The physical and mental features of retarded growth and development, down-turned corners of the mouth, mildly globular nose, slightly wide-set and deep-set eyes with anti-Mongoloid slant, and unusual dermatoglyphics are distinctive enough to establish trisomy 9p as a clinical chromosomal entity--one which may prove to be the fourth most common autosomal syndrome (after trisomies 21, 13, and 18). This paper includes a review and tabulation of features seen in the 20 reported cases and photographs of the faces of ten of these children. A new case included in this survey demonstrates the practical application of four types of chromosome banding identification (C, G, Q, and R). The confirmation of the chromosomal aberration in this syndrome is dependent on the use of one or more of these special laboratory techniques. Most of the clinical characteristics distinctive of the trisomy 9p syndrome are seen also in other trisomies involving more or less of the number 9 chromosome. From these observations it is determined that the crucial determinants of the classical features of this syndrome lie within the distal half of the number 9 short arm."}
{"id": "PMID:1196732", "title": "Familial partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 10 (q24-26).", "content": "Two fourth cousins with a strikingly similar pattern of malformation and who have an unbalanced translocation (46, XY, -17, +t (17p; 10q) are described. From an analysis of the phenotypes of these patients and others reported with 10q trisomy, we propose that the trisomy 10q 24-26 syndrome includes: growth and mental retardation, a characteristic facies (microcephaly, flat face with spacious forehead, small nose, depressed nasal bridge, arched wide-spaced eyebrows, blepharophimosis, microphthalmia, low-set ears, bow-shaped mouth with prominent upper lip, micrognathia), palate anomalies (high-arched cleft or agenesis), congenital heart disease, and anomalies of the hands and feet. Anomalies common to the cousins, but not described in other patients with trisomy 10q, are believed to be expressions of a partial monosomy of 17p.", "contents": "Familial partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 10 (q24-26). Two fourth cousins with a strikingly similar pattern of malformation and who have an unbalanced translocation (46, XY, -17, +t (17p; 10q) are described. From an analysis of the phenotypes of these patients and others reported with 10q trisomy, we propose that the trisomy 10q 24-26 syndrome includes: growth and mental retardation, a characteristic facies (microcephaly, flat face with spacious forehead, small nose, depressed nasal bridge, arched wide-spaced eyebrows, blepharophimosis, microphthalmia, low-set ears, bow-shaped mouth with prominent upper lip, micrognathia), palate anomalies (high-arched cleft or agenesis), congenital heart disease, and anomalies of the hands and feet. Anomalies common to the cousins, but not described in other patients with trisomy 10q, are believed to be expressions of a partial monosomy of 17p."}
{"id": "PMID:1196733", "title": "Trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome.", "content": "Chromosome 8 is the largest autosome thus far found to be trisomic among liveborn infants. Trisomy 8 \"mosaicism\" syndrome (T8mS) consists primarily of individuals whose chromosome complement is mosaic for chromosome 8 (T8m), i.e., patients with a chromosomally normal cell line in addition to the trisomic 8 cell line, and a few known individuals with full trisomy 8 (T8), i.e., each cell observed contains an extra chromosome 8. Reported cases of both types share a number of common features and thus have helped to delineate a new syndrome. Common features of T8mS include mild-to-moderate mental retardation, strabismus, osseous and soft tissue abnormalities, lowset and/or malformed ears, broad bulbous nose, palate deformity, various types of congenital cardiovascular disorders, hydronephrosis, cryptorchidism, and characteristic dermatoglyphics. Since chromosomal mosaicism is often present in this syndrome it is not surprising that considerable phenotypic variation exists. The present report of one of the youngest individuals yet described with T8m adds two more physical findings (dense corneal clouding and a heretofore undescribed clavicular deformity) to the constellation of abnormalities associated with T8mS. On the basis of the phenotypic and cytogenetic findings in this and 17 similar patients previously reported it is proposed that T8mS is a distinct clinical entity.", "contents": "Trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome. Chromosome 8 is the largest autosome thus far found to be trisomic among liveborn infants. Trisomy 8 \"mosaicism\" syndrome (T8mS) consists primarily of individuals whose chromosome complement is mosaic for chromosome 8 (T8m), i.e., patients with a chromosomally normal cell line in addition to the trisomic 8 cell line, and a few known individuals with full trisomy 8 (T8), i.e., each cell observed contains an extra chromosome 8. Reported cases of both types share a number of common features and thus have helped to delineate a new syndrome. Common features of T8mS include mild-to-moderate mental retardation, strabismus, osseous and soft tissue abnormalities, lowset and/or malformed ears, broad bulbous nose, palate deformity, various types of congenital cardiovascular disorders, hydronephrosis, cryptorchidism, and characteristic dermatoglyphics. Since chromosomal mosaicism is often present in this syndrome it is not surprising that considerable phenotypic variation exists. The present report of one of the youngest individuals yet described with T8m adds two more physical findings (dense corneal clouding and a heretofore undescribed clavicular deformity) to the constellation of abnormalities associated with T8mS. On the basis of the phenotypic and cytogenetic findings in this and 17 similar patients previously reported it is proposed that T8mS is a distinct clinical entity."}
{"id": "PMID:1196734", "title": "Parental use of \"positive contact\" in child-rearing: its relationship to child behavior patterns and other variables.", "content": "In an investigation of child-rearing styles maternal use of \"positive contact\" was measured by asking the mother how often she played with the child, praised the child, and the like, and combining the responses into a score. Home observations on a sample of families revealed that mothers scoring above the mean used fewer communications in the form of directives and \"unmodified power\" and more communication in the form of praise and social conversation than mothers scoring below the mean. The mother's use of positive contact was related to her educational level, the birth order of the child and number of children in the family, the father's use of positive contact, and to a friendly outgoing pattern of child behavior. There was no relation to the mother's use of physical punishment, her protectiveness, her tendency to comply with the child's demands, or her child-rearing ideology and other attitudes. Child care workers are in a strategic position to educate parents about the importance of this kind of contact, especially with later-born children in large families.", "contents": "Parental use of \"positive contact\" in child-rearing: its relationship to child behavior patterns and other variables. In an investigation of child-rearing styles maternal use of \"positive contact\" was measured by asking the mother how often she played with the child, praised the child, and the like, and combining the responses into a score. Home observations on a sample of families revealed that mothers scoring above the mean used fewer communications in the form of directives and \"unmodified power\" and more communication in the form of praise and social conversation than mothers scoring below the mean. The mother's use of positive contact was related to her educational level, the birth order of the child and number of children in the family, the father's use of positive contact, and to a friendly outgoing pattern of child behavior. There was no relation to the mother's use of physical punishment, her protectiveness, her tendency to comply with the child's demands, or her child-rearing ideology and other attitudes. Child care workers are in a strategic position to educate parents about the importance of this kind of contact, especially with later-born children in large families."}
{"id": "PMID:1196735", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome and subsequent pregnancy.", "content": "In psychological conditions of mourning and guilt, women who have lost children often attempt to quickly conceive a \"replacement\" child. This study examines the subsequent pregnancies of 32 women whose children died of sudden infant death syndrom (SIDS). The expected rate of infertility in a normal population is 10%. Spontaneous abortion has an incidence of 12% to 15%. Among the 32 women attempting to conceive after the loss of their child, 10 (31%) had spontaneous abortions and 11 (34%) could not conceive after attempts for at least one year. This association between psychological and biological phenomena require special recognition by physicians who are advising parents who have lost children to SIDS. The management of these families includes compassion, understanding, and regard for the psychological environment of the subsequent pregnancy.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome and subsequent pregnancy. In psychological conditions of mourning and guilt, women who have lost children often attempt to quickly conceive a \"replacement\" child. This study examines the subsequent pregnancies of 32 women whose children died of sudden infant death syndrom (SIDS). The expected rate of infertility in a normal population is 10%. Spontaneous abortion has an incidence of 12% to 15%. Among the 32 women attempting to conceive after the loss of their child, 10 (31%) had spontaneous abortions and 11 (34%) could not conceive after attempts for at least one year. This association between psychological and biological phenomena require special recognition by physicians who are advising parents who have lost children to SIDS. The management of these families includes compassion, understanding, and regard for the psychological environment of the subsequent pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1196736", "title": "Urbanization and differentials in white and nonwhite infant mortality.", "content": "This study analyzes infant deaths in the United States, 1962 to 1967, by place of residence, to determine to what degree variations in age at death are related to degree of urbanization and race. Results of the study indicate that: (1) after one day of life infant mortality increases progressively as degree of urbanization decreases; (2) the differences between urban and rural death rates are greatest in the posthebdomadal (1 week or older) period; (3) in all age groups at all levels of urbanization, the nonwhite infant is at a marked disadvantage relative to the white infant; (4) the older the infant, the greater the disadvantage for nonwhite infants in rural areas; (5) had the white infant mortality rate prevailed among the nonwhite population over the six-year period from 1962 to 1967 an estimated annual total of 11,597 nonwhite infants would have survived their first year of life; (6) 40% of the excess deaths are in infants under 7 days and 60% in the posthebdomadal period; (7) fetal death rates increase progressively as degree of urbanization decreases, complementing a direct relationship between under 1 day mortality and urbanization resulting in a level trend for perinatal mortality.", "contents": "Urbanization and differentials in white and nonwhite infant mortality. This study analyzes infant deaths in the United States, 1962 to 1967, by place of residence, to determine to what degree variations in age at death are related to degree of urbanization and race. Results of the study indicate that: (1) after one day of life infant mortality increases progressively as degree of urbanization decreases; (2) the differences between urban and rural death rates are greatest in the posthebdomadal (1 week or older) period; (3) in all age groups at all levels of urbanization, the nonwhite infant is at a marked disadvantage relative to the white infant; (4) the older the infant, the greater the disadvantage for nonwhite infants in rural areas; (5) had the white infant mortality rate prevailed among the nonwhite population over the six-year period from 1962 to 1967 an estimated annual total of 11,597 nonwhite infants would have survived their first year of life; (6) 40% of the excess deaths are in infants under 7 days and 60% in the posthebdomadal period; (7) fetal death rates increase progressively as degree of urbanization decreases, complementing a direct relationship between under 1 day mortality and urbanization resulting in a level trend for perinatal mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:1196737", "title": "Studies in meconium: disaccharidase activities in meconium from cystic fibrosis patients and controls.", "content": "Meconium ileus represents the earliest clinical manifestation of cystic fibrosis. The differences found in the composition and amount of protein, mucoprotein, mucopolysaccharides, and reducing sugars in meconium from newborns with cystic fibrosis might be of significance relative to the pathogenesis and early diagnosis of this disease. We studied the enzymatic activity of disaccharidases (lactase, sucrase, maltase, and palatinase) in meconium of infants with cystic fibrosis and controls. We found an increase in the specific activity of these enzymes in the meconium from infants with cystic fibrosis as compared to the specific activity in meconium from normal infants. The increase in the activities, expressed as micromols per gram of protein per minute was: lactase, 100 times higher; sucrase, 18 times; maltase, 4.8 times, and palatinase, 8.9 times.", "contents": "Studies in meconium: disaccharidase activities in meconium from cystic fibrosis patients and controls. Meconium ileus represents the earliest clinical manifestation of cystic fibrosis. The differences found in the composition and amount of protein, mucoprotein, mucopolysaccharides, and reducing sugars in meconium from newborns with cystic fibrosis might be of significance relative to the pathogenesis and early diagnosis of this disease. We studied the enzymatic activity of disaccharidases (lactase, sucrase, maltase, and palatinase) in meconium of infants with cystic fibrosis and controls. We found an increase in the specific activity of these enzymes in the meconium from infants with cystic fibrosis as compared to the specific activity in meconium from normal infants. The increase in the activities, expressed as micromols per gram of protein per minute was: lactase, 100 times higher; sucrase, 18 times; maltase, 4.8 times, and palatinase, 8.9 times."}
{"id": "PMID:1196738", "title": "Hypercortisolism in childhood: shortcomings of conventional diagnostic criteria.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom hypercortisolism occurred prepubertally as a consequence of bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia. In contrast with the manifestations of Cushing's syndrome in adults, these children presented with obesity and reduced stature and no other symptoms. Both patients excreted amounts of urinary 17-OHCS before and during a conventional suppression test with dexamethasone (0.5 mg every six hours) which were within the usual normal range. However, when urinary 17-OHCS excretion was expressed per gram of urinary creatinine or per square meter of surface area, and when the dose of dexamethasone was tailored to body mass (20mug/kg/day) the results were clearly abnormal, as were plasma corticoids and (in one patient) cortisol secretion rate. Resumption of linear growth occurred after bilateral adrenalectomy in both patients and was associated, in the one patient so studied, by a return of hypoglycemia-stimulated increases in plasma growth hormone levels from previously suppressed values to the normal range, and by a slight increase in the fasting plasma somatomedin concentration. The observations suggest that pediatric patients with hypercortisolism are likely to be overlooked when conventional criteria for laboratory diagnosis are used, but can be recognized by the simple diagnostic modifications used in these studies.", "contents": "Hypercortisolism in childhood: shortcomings of conventional diagnostic criteria. Two patients are described in whom hypercortisolism occurred prepubertally as a consequence of bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia. In contrast with the manifestations of Cushing's syndrome in adults, these children presented with obesity and reduced stature and no other symptoms. Both patients excreted amounts of urinary 17-OHCS before and during a conventional suppression test with dexamethasone (0.5 mg every six hours) which were within the usual normal range. However, when urinary 17-OHCS excretion was expressed per gram of urinary creatinine or per square meter of surface area, and when the dose of dexamethasone was tailored to body mass (20mug/kg/day) the results were clearly abnormal, as were plasma corticoids and (in one patient) cortisol secretion rate. Resumption of linear growth occurred after bilateral adrenalectomy in both patients and was associated, in the one patient so studied, by a return of hypoglycemia-stimulated increases in plasma growth hormone levels from previously suppressed values to the normal range, and by a slight increase in the fasting plasma somatomedin concentration. The observations suggest that pediatric patients with hypercortisolism are likely to be overlooked when conventional criteria for laboratory diagnosis are used, but can be recognized by the simple diagnostic modifications used in these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1196739", "title": "Propranolol-augmented, exercise-induced human growth hormone release.", "content": "Serum growth hormone (HGH) responses to 20 minutes of exercise 90 minutes after orally given propranolol (0.5 mg/kg; maximum, 40 mg), were assessed in 15 short but otherwise normal children, in 2 obese teen-agers, in 3 hypopituitary children, and in 8 healthy adult volunteers. In six adults HGH responses to exercise alone were also assessed one week previously. Normal children responded with a peak serum HGH concentration of 10 ng/ml or greater, except one whose peak was 7 ng/ml (normal, greater than 7 ng/ml). The obese girls showed smaller responses to exercise with propranolol (ex/prop) (peak HGH, 6 ng/ml), to hypoglycemia, and to levodopa (peak HGH, 7 and 4 ng/ml). The three hypopituitary  children did not respond to ex/prop or to two other stimuli. In the volunteer adults, the mean HGH responses were greater to ex/prop than to exercise alone, although two out of six did not have increased levels with exercise. There were also elevations of fasting serum HGH levels before exercise and propranolol on repeat testing. These results suggest that orally given propranolol improves the exercise-HGH stimulation test both in the number of responders and in the degree of response. Some individuals have an anticipatory HGH secretion before exercise due to a conditioned response.", "contents": "Propranolol-augmented, exercise-induced human growth hormone release. Serum growth hormone (HGH) responses to 20 minutes of exercise 90 minutes after orally given propranolol (0.5 mg/kg; maximum, 40 mg), were assessed in 15 short but otherwise normal children, in 2 obese teen-agers, in 3 hypopituitary children, and in 8 healthy adult volunteers. In six adults HGH responses to exercise alone were also assessed one week previously. Normal children responded with a peak serum HGH concentration of 10 ng/ml or greater, except one whose peak was 7 ng/ml (normal, greater than 7 ng/ml). The obese girls showed smaller responses to exercise with propranolol (ex/prop) (peak HGH, 6 ng/ml), to hypoglycemia, and to levodopa (peak HGH, 7 and 4 ng/ml). The three hypopituitary  children did not respond to ex/prop or to two other stimuli. In the volunteer adults, the mean HGH responses were greater to ex/prop than to exercise alone, although two out of six did not have increased levels with exercise. There were also elevations of fasting serum HGH levels before exercise and propranolol on repeat testing. These results suggest that orally given propranolol improves the exercise-HGH stimulation test both in the number of responders and in the degree of response. Some individuals have an anticipatory HGH secretion before exercise due to a conditioned response."}
{"id": "PMID:1196752", "title": "Growth standards for infants and children: a cross-sectional study.", "content": "Measurements of height and weight were collected on 1,233 Black and white infants and children attending a Child Health Clinic in Washtenaw County, Michigan. Polynomial curves were fitted to each race and sex group and, from these, estimates were made of the 3rd, 50th, and 97th percentiles for height and weight. Blacks tended to be lighter and shorter than whites in early infancy. In the second year of life, Blacks tended to exceed whites in height and weight achievement. For infants and children in the 97th percentile this change in status occurred earlier. The differences in weight and height achievement were statistically significant in the two race groups, but not between sexes. The percentile estimates differed significantly from the percentiles of local as well as the \"Iowa,\" \"Harvard,\" and \"Tanner\" (United Kingdom) standards. Differences in the racial and environmental background of the clinic population and the samples used in the development of the national standards probably accounts for the variations in the percentile estimates. It is concluded that race- and sex-specific standards are required before growth achievements in infants and children can be properly evaluated.", "contents": "Growth standards for infants and children: a cross-sectional study. Measurements of height and weight were collected on 1,233 Black and white infants and children attending a Child Health Clinic in Washtenaw County, Michigan. Polynomial curves were fitted to each race and sex group and, from these, estimates were made of the 3rd, 50th, and 97th percentiles for height and weight. Blacks tended to be lighter and shorter than whites in early infancy. In the second year of life, Blacks tended to exceed whites in height and weight achievement. For infants and children in the 97th percentile this change in status occurred earlier. The differences in weight and height achievement were statistically significant in the two race groups, but not between sexes. The percentile estimates differed significantly from the percentiles of local as well as the \"Iowa,\" \"Harvard,\" and \"Tanner\" (United Kingdom) standards. Differences in the racial and environmental background of the clinic population and the samples used in the development of the national standards probably accounts for the variations in the percentile estimates. It is concluded that race- and sex-specific standards are required before growth achievements in infants and children can be properly evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:1196753", "title": "Death anxiety in the outpatient leukemic child.", "content": "Awareness of the seriousness of their illness seems to persist with fatally ill children, even when they are not in the hospital. As did the fatally ill hospitalized children in previous studies so, too, the fatally ill outpatient children in the present study related significantly more stories that contained elements of preoccupation with threat to their body integrity and functioning than did the control group of children with non-fatal chronic illnesses. Not only did they express a greater general anxiety and greater anxiety in relating the stories, but, in contrast to their chronically ill counterparts, the leukemic children exhibited a lack of adaptability to the necessity of clinic visits, becoming increasingly more anxious about the clinic both as visits became more frequent and as their illness became of longer duration. The children continue to dwell on their illness, even when treated as outpatients.", "contents": "Death anxiety in the outpatient leukemic child. Awareness of the seriousness of their illness seems to persist with fatally ill children, even when they are not in the hospital. As did the fatally ill hospitalized children in previous studies so, too, the fatally ill outpatient children in the present study related significantly more stories that contained elements of preoccupation with threat to their body integrity and functioning than did the control group of children with non-fatal chronic illnesses. Not only did they express a greater general anxiety and greater anxiety in relating the stories, but, in contrast to their chronically ill counterparts, the leukemic children exhibited a lack of adaptability to the necessity of clinic visits, becoming increasingly more anxious about the clinic both as visits became more frequent and as their illness became of longer duration. The children continue to dwell on their illness, even when treated as outpatients."}
{"id": "PMID:1196754", "title": "Enhanced renal excretion of dicloxacillin in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Single oral doses of 6.25 mg/kg of dicloxacillin suspension were given to ten cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and eight normal subjects. Peak serum concentrations and areas under the concentration versus time curves for dicloxacillin were variable and, on average, were 2 1/2 times lower in the CF patients. The time of occurrence of the peak serum concentration was similar in both groups and the total urinary recovery of dicloxacillin was normal or increased in the CF patients, suggesting that the intestinal absorption of the drug was unaffected by the disease. The low serum concentrations in the CF patients were caused by unusually high renal clearances of dicloxacillin which average 282 +/- 135 compared to 95 +/- 28 ml/min/1.73 sq m in the normal subjects. Creatinine clearances were also elevated in the CF patients by 55% on average, while urea clearances were normal. The serum protein binding of dicloxacillin was similar in both groups of subjects. Because the rapid excretion results in low and variable serum concentrations of the antibiotic, treatment of CF patients with dicloxacillin may warrant use of increased or more frequent doses and monitoring of serum antibiotic levels.", "contents": "Enhanced renal excretion of dicloxacillin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Single oral doses of 6.25 mg/kg of dicloxacillin suspension were given to ten cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and eight normal subjects. Peak serum concentrations and areas under the concentration versus time curves for dicloxacillin were variable and, on average, were 2 1/2 times lower in the CF patients. The time of occurrence of the peak serum concentration was similar in both groups and the total urinary recovery of dicloxacillin was normal or increased in the CF patients, suggesting that the intestinal absorption of the drug was unaffected by the disease. The low serum concentrations in the CF patients were caused by unusually high renal clearances of dicloxacillin which average 282 +/- 135 compared to 95 +/- 28 ml/min/1.73 sq m in the normal subjects. Creatinine clearances were also elevated in the CF patients by 55% on average, while urea clearances were normal. The serum protein binding of dicloxacillin was similar in both groups of subjects. Because the rapid excretion results in low and variable serum concentrations of the antibiotic, treatment of CF patients with dicloxacillin may warrant use of increased or more frequent doses and monitoring of serum antibiotic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1196755", "title": "Diagnosis of neuroblastoma by electron microscopy of bone marrow aspirates.", "content": "Three patients are reported in whom the diagnosis of neuroblastoma was made following electron microscopy of a bone marrow aspirate. The ultrastructure of neuroblastoma cells is distinctive, and they can be distinguished by electron microscopy from cells of the other tumors with which neuroblastoma is often confused by light microscopy. The rapidity with which the diagnosis can be obtained through use of this procedure argues for its adoption in any patient in whom the diagnosis is suspected and who has tumor cells in bone marrow. Early initiation of appropriate therapy is made possible, and elaborate diagnostic procedures may be avoided.", "contents": "Diagnosis of neuroblastoma by electron microscopy of bone marrow aspirates. Three patients are reported in whom the diagnosis of neuroblastoma was made following electron microscopy of a bone marrow aspirate. The ultrastructure of neuroblastoma cells is distinctive, and they can be distinguished by electron microscopy from cells of the other tumors with which neuroblastoma is often confused by light microscopy. The rapidity with which the diagnosis can be obtained through use of this procedure argues for its adoption in any patient in whom the diagnosis is suspected and who has tumor cells in bone marrow. Early initiation of appropriate therapy is made possible, and elaborate diagnostic procedures may be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:1196764", "title": "Nasopharyngitis and prolonged sleep Apnea.", "content": "The effect of nasopharyngitis on the simultaneous occurrence of prolonged sleep apnea (greater than or equal to 20 seconds in duration) was studied in 26 infants managed at home on an apnea monitor. During the observation period, these infants had a total of 69 illnesses which appeared to represent an upper respiratory tract inflammatory process. In general, the daily frequency of prolonged apneic episodes was  significantly greater during nasopharyngitis when compared to comparable time intervals immediately prior to and following the illness. In addition, there was a decrease in the frequency of apneic episodes with increasing postnatal age until the episodes finally ceased to occur during the illness-related intervals. Apneic episodes ceased to occur at an earlier age for the before- and after-illness intervals than for the time interval during which there were clinical symptoms. Thus, it would appear that infants go through an age-related phase wherein prolonged apnea occurs during nasopharyngitis but not when free of illness. The implications of these results for the management of infants having prolonged sleep apnea are discussed. In view of the hypothesis that prolonged sleep apnea is part of the physiological process resulting in the sudden infant death syndrome, these results also provide for the prediction that infants who suddenly die in association with nasopharyngitis would do so, in general, at a later age than those who succumb when free of an upper respiratory tract inflammatory process.", "contents": "Nasopharyngitis and prolonged sleep Apnea. The effect of nasopharyngitis on the simultaneous occurrence of prolonged sleep apnea (greater than or equal to 20 seconds in duration) was studied in 26 infants managed at home on an apnea monitor. During the observation period, these infants had a total of 69 illnesses which appeared to represent an upper respiratory tract inflammatory process. In general, the daily frequency of prolonged apneic episodes was  significantly greater during nasopharyngitis when compared to comparable time intervals immediately prior to and following the illness. In addition, there was a decrease in the frequency of apneic episodes with increasing postnatal age until the episodes finally ceased to occur during the illness-related intervals. Apneic episodes ceased to occur at an earlier age for the before- and after-illness intervals than for the time interval during which there were clinical symptoms. Thus, it would appear that infants go through an age-related phase wherein prolonged apnea occurs during nasopharyngitis but not when free of illness. The implications of these results for the management of infants having prolonged sleep apnea are discussed. In view of the hypothesis that prolonged sleep apnea is part of the physiological process resulting in the sudden infant death syndrome, these results also provide for the prediction that infants who suddenly die in association with nasopharyngitis would do so, in general, at a later age than those who succumb when free of an upper respiratory tract inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:1196765", "title": "A new method of evaluating the chemosensitivity of the respiratory center in children.", "content": "Decreased ventilatory response to carbon dioxide is often present in lung disease. This can be due to a reduction in the output of the respiratory center or an inability of the respiratory pump to respond to a normal output because of the size or impedence of the pump. To separate these mechanisms we have measured the isometric force developed by the respiratory muscle during brief airway occlusion, by measuring the pressure generated at 100 msec (Pm100). We studied 43 subjects ranging in age from 6 to 50 years, and nine neonates. We found a linear rise of Pm100 with rising PAco2 during carbon dioxide rebreathing maneuvers. Our results also show that although there are wide variations in slopes of Pm100 to carbon dioxide tension (SPm100/PAco2) between individuals, in a given subject this slope remains constant even following repeated studies. It also remains constant for age and size, indicating that the neuromechanical output of the respiratory apparatus does not change with growth. In contrast the ventilatory response either assessed as Ve/PAco2 or Vt/PAco2 depended on age and lung size. The results suggest that throughout growth, comparison of Pm100/PAco2 and Ve/PAco2 can distinguish between abnormalities of neuromuscular output from other causes of ventilatory impairment.", "contents": "A new method of evaluating the chemosensitivity of the respiratory center in children. Decreased ventilatory response to carbon dioxide is often present in lung disease. This can be due to a reduction in the output of the respiratory center or an inability of the respiratory pump to respond to a normal output because of the size or impedence of the pump. To separate these mechanisms we have measured the isometric force developed by the respiratory muscle during brief airway occlusion, by measuring the pressure generated at 100 msec (Pm100). We studied 43 subjects ranging in age from 6 to 50 years, and nine neonates. We found a linear rise of Pm100 with rising PAco2 during carbon dioxide rebreathing maneuvers. Our results also show that although there are wide variations in slopes of Pm100 to carbon dioxide tension (SPm100/PAco2) between individuals, in a given subject this slope remains constant even following repeated studies. It also remains constant for age and size, indicating that the neuromechanical output of the respiratory apparatus does not change with growth. In contrast the ventilatory response either assessed as Ve/PAco2 or Vt/PAco2 depended on age and lung size. The results suggest that throughout growth, comparison of Pm100/PAco2 and Ve/PAco2 can distinguish between abnormalities of neuromuscular output from other causes of ventilatory impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:1196766", "title": "Reduced thrombus formation with silicone elastomere (silastic) umbilical artery catheters.", "content": "This report describes clinical experience with a radiopaque silicone elastomere (Silastic) umbilical artery catheter. Twenty infants, ten with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) umbilical artery catheters and ten with Silastic umbilical artery catheters, all positioned at the aortic bifurcation, had aortograms performed at the time of catheter removal. Catheter-associated thrombus formation was observed in nine of the ten infants (90%) with PVC umbilical artery catheters and in one of the ten infants(10%) with Silastic catheters. The incidence of lower extremity vasospasm associated with the two catheters was not significantly different. Aortic pressure tracing recorded through Silastic catheters were accurate, but slightly damped. Autopsies were performed on five additional infants who died with indwelling Silastic umbilical artery catheters. None of the catheters, nor their surrounding tissues, showed evidence of thrombus formation on either gross or microscopic examination. It is our experience that radiopaque silicone elastomere tubing can be used as an umbilical artery catheter and appears to have the advantage of being less thrombogenic than the standard PVC tubing currently in general use.", "contents": "Reduced thrombus formation with silicone elastomere (silastic) umbilical artery catheters. This report describes clinical experience with a radiopaque silicone elastomere (Silastic) umbilical artery catheter. Twenty infants, ten with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) umbilical artery catheters and ten with Silastic umbilical artery catheters, all positioned at the aortic bifurcation, had aortograms performed at the time of catheter removal. Catheter-associated thrombus formation was observed in nine of the ten infants (90%) with PVC umbilical artery catheters and in one of the ten infants(10%) with Silastic catheters. The incidence of lower extremity vasospasm associated with the two catheters was not significantly different. Aortic pressure tracing recorded through Silastic catheters were accurate, but slightly damped. Autopsies were performed on five additional infants who died with indwelling Silastic umbilical artery catheters. None of the catheters, nor their surrounding tissues, showed evidence of thrombus formation on either gross or microscopic examination. It is our experience that radiopaque silicone elastomere tubing can be used as an umbilical artery catheter and appears to have the advantage of being less thrombogenic than the standard PVC tubing currently in general use."}
{"id": "PMID:1196767", "title": "Live attenuated influenza virus vaccine trial in children.", "content": "Thirty-four children received intranasally a live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine, and were then followed for six months to evaluate the vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. All but one of the 31 children with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers less than 64 before inoculation responded with at least a four-fold rise in antibody titer to a single dose of vaccine. One child required two doses. Seven (21%) of the vaccinees also responded with production of nasal neutralizing antibody. The vaccine was well tolerated with few clinical reactions. Two vaccinees developed fever possibly attributable to the vaccine. No transmission of the vaccine virus to any of the 25 unvaccinated contact children was demonstrable. Five months after this vaccine trial an influenza epidemic due to a heterologous influenza A strain occurred in the community. During this outbreak acute febrile and/or respiratory illness occurred in 12 or 52% of the contact controls, and in six or 19% of the vaccinees. In two of these six vaccinees, influenza A infection was confirmed by at least a four-fold increase in HI titer. This study suggests this study suggests that this vaccine is safe, easily administered, highly immunogenic in children, and is protective against a heterologous strain epidemic in the community.", "contents": "Live attenuated influenza virus vaccine trial in children. Thirty-four children received intranasally a live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine, and were then followed for six months to evaluate the vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. All but one of the 31 children with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers less than 64 before inoculation responded with at least a four-fold rise in antibody titer to a single dose of vaccine. One child required two doses. Seven (21%) of the vaccinees also responded with production of nasal neutralizing antibody. The vaccine was well tolerated with few clinical reactions. Two vaccinees developed fever possibly attributable to the vaccine. No transmission of the vaccine virus to any of the 25 unvaccinated contact children was demonstrable. Five months after this vaccine trial an influenza epidemic due to a heterologous influenza A strain occurred in the community. During this outbreak acute febrile and/or respiratory illness occurred in 12 or 52% of the contact controls, and in six or 19% of the vaccinees. In two of these six vaccinees, influenza A infection was confirmed by at least a four-fold increase in HI titer. This study suggests this study suggests that this vaccine is safe, easily administered, highly immunogenic in children, and is protective against a heterologous strain epidemic in the community."}
{"id": "PMID:1196768", "title": "Studies on the pathophysiology of encephalopathy in Reye's syndrome; Hyperammonemia in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "The initial acid-base status of eight survivors of Reye's syndrome was characterized by acute respiratory alkalosis (Pco2=32 mm Hg; Hco3-=22.0 mEq/liter) while that of eight children who died was associated with metabolic acidosis as well (HCO3-=10.0 mEg/liter). Arterial-internal jugular venous ammonia concentration differences on day 1 (299 mg/100 ml) and day 2 (90 mg/100 ml) reflected cerebral uptake of ammonia while those on days 3 and 4 (-43 and -55 mg/100 ml) demonstrated cerebral release. Arterial blood hyperammonemia can be detoxified safely in the brain as long as the levels do not exceed approximately 300mug/100 ml. Beyond that level lactic acidosis is observed, particularly in cerebral venous drainage. Arterial blood hyperammonemia was also related to the extent of alveolar hyperventilation. These findings are very similar to those seen in experimental hyperammonemia and support the concept that neurotoxicity in children with Reye's syndrome is at least partly due to impaired oxidative metabolism secondary to hyperammonemia.", "contents": "Studies on the pathophysiology of encephalopathy in Reye's syndrome; Hyperammonemia in Reye's syndrome. The initial acid-base status of eight survivors of Reye's syndrome was characterized by acute respiratory alkalosis (Pco2=32 mm Hg; Hco3-=22.0 mEq/liter) while that of eight children who died was associated with metabolic acidosis as well (HCO3-=10.0 mEg/liter). Arterial-internal jugular venous ammonia concentration differences on day 1 (299 mg/100 ml) and day 2 (90 mg/100 ml) reflected cerebral uptake of ammonia while those on days 3 and 4 (-43 and -55 mg/100 ml) demonstrated cerebral release. Arterial blood hyperammonemia can be detoxified safely in the brain as long as the levels do not exceed approximately 300mug/100 ml. Beyond that level lactic acidosis is observed, particularly in cerebral venous drainage. Arterial blood hyperammonemia was also related to the extent of alveolar hyperventilation. These findings are very similar to those seen in experimental hyperammonemia and support the concept that neurotoxicity in children with Reye's syndrome is at least partly due to impaired oxidative metabolism secondary to hyperammonemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1196844", "title": "[The Red Cross and Scandinavian disaster aid].", "content": "In 1970, the League of Red Cross Societies drew up a plan for the training of delegates in international relief work. The main tasks of the delegates can be divided into: 1) disaster relief, 2) war-time relief work, 3) assistance in organising national Red Cross societies. Special training of certain categories, e. g. doctors, is now being considered. In many relief operations it would be of value to have a doctor as an administrative delegate. It should be easier for the doctor than for a non-medically trained person to decide where and when medical aid should be administered.", "contents": "[The Red Cross and Scandinavian disaster aid]. In 1970, the League of Red Cross Societies drew up a plan for the training of delegates in international relief work. The main tasks of the delegates can be divided into: 1) disaster relief, 2) war-time relief work, 3) assistance in organising national Red Cross societies. Special training of certain categories, e. g. doctors, is now being considered. In many relief operations it would be of value to have a doctor as an administrative delegate. It should be easier for the doctor than for a non-medically trained person to decide where and when medical aid should be administered."}
{"id": "PMID:1196849", "title": "[A hypophysis-absces-syndrome in cattle. II. Pathomorphological investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical description (Espersen 1975) of a hypophysis-absces-syndrome in cattle is based on a retrospective analysis of 25 cases, which all were subjected to a patho-morphological examination after death or euthanasia. The post-mortem picture is characterized grossly by purulent, sero-fibrinous or serous inflammation of meninges, brain, cerebral ventricles, and pituitary region, with accumulation of pus in the pituitary region. The purlent inflammation in the pituitary region is often progressing intracranially but extradurally and involves adjacent cranial nerves, particularly the trigeminal and optic nerves. The extraneural viscera show chronic, embolic inflammatory processes in different organs in several cases as well as acute, agonal circulatory changes in the dead animals. A histological examination of selected parts of the brain and of the pituitary region from eleven of the cases shows in ten of these a protracted meningo-encephalitis and ventriculitis with gravitational extension to the basal meninges and the infundibulum of the hypophysis. The suppuration is further involving the pituitary cleft and adjacent parts of the pituitary (cf. fig. 1--6, 8--11). In one case only a large abces in teh adenohypophysis is found, without a concominant meningo-encephalitis (cf. fig. 7).", "contents": "[A hypophysis-absces-syndrome in cattle. II. Pathomorphological investigations (author's transl)]. The clinical description (Espersen 1975) of a hypophysis-absces-syndrome in cattle is based on a retrospective analysis of 25 cases, which all were subjected to a patho-morphological examination after death or euthanasia. The post-mortem picture is characterized grossly by purulent, sero-fibrinous or serous inflammation of meninges, brain, cerebral ventricles, and pituitary region, with accumulation of pus in the pituitary region. The purlent inflammation in the pituitary region is often progressing intracranially but extradurally and involves adjacent cranial nerves, particularly the trigeminal and optic nerves. The extraneural viscera show chronic, embolic inflammatory processes in different organs in several cases as well as acute, agonal circulatory changes in the dead animals. A histological examination of selected parts of the brain and of the pituitary region from eleven of the cases shows in ten of these a protracted meningo-encephalitis and ventriculitis with gravitational extension to the basal meninges and the infundibulum of the hypophysis. The suppuration is further involving the pituitary cleft and adjacent parts of the pituitary (cf. fig. 1--6, 8--11). In one case only a large abces in teh adenohypophysis is found, without a concominant meningo-encephalitis (cf. fig. 7)."}
{"id": "PMID:1196850", "title": "Studies on the possible occurrence of mycoplasmas in boar semen.", "content": "Having regard to the possibility that semen from conventional animals at the five Danish boar centres for artificial insemination may be used for insemination in SPF herds, raw semen from these boars (169) was examined for mycoplasmas. In addition, nasal swab samples and blood samples from 10 animals per centre were examined, respectively for mycoplasmas and antibodies against M. suipneumoniae and M. flocculare. Although the latter examinations gave evidence of a wide distribution of mycoplasmas, such were in no case recovered from raw semen. It hereafter appears that boars do not usually excrete mycoplasmas with semen, even if carrying the infection in the respiratory tract.", "contents": "Studies on the possible occurrence of mycoplasmas in boar semen. Having regard to the possibility that semen from conventional animals at the five Danish boar centres for artificial insemination may be used for insemination in SPF herds, raw semen from these boars (169) was examined for mycoplasmas. In addition, nasal swab samples and blood samples from 10 animals per centre were examined, respectively for mycoplasmas and antibodies against M. suipneumoniae and M. flocculare. Although the latter examinations gave evidence of a wide distribution of mycoplasmas, such were in no case recovered from raw semen. It hereafter appears that boars do not usually excrete mycoplasmas with semen, even if carrying the infection in the respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:1196851", "title": "The effect of storage on the estrogenic effect of red clover silage.", "content": "Pure red clover was selected for plant estrogen analyses from the fresh fodder crops of 1972 and 1973. The investigations were made on fresh red clover and on the same red clover after periods of storage of varying length. The red clover was stored in manilla bags in a silo among the ordinary silge fodder, use being of the \"green solution method\" (Farmos Oy). In the studies the estrogenic effect of the fodder was ascertained by means of bioassay, the criterion being the increase in murine uterine weight. The known plant estrogens were determined by thin layer chromatography and by liquid chromatography. The estrogenic effect of the red clover silage fodder of 1972 was greater in all the silage fodder samples than it was in the fresh red clover. The quantity of individual isoflavones and \"transformed\" estrogen too, was greater in many of the silage fodder samples than it was in the respective fresh red clover. The estrogenic effect of the silage fodder made from the red clover of 1973 varied considerably; in some samples it was greater but in most it was smaller than the estrogen effect of the fresh red clover. However, apart from a few exceptions, the quantity of individual isoflavones and of transformed estrogens was smaller than it was the fresh red clover.", "contents": "The effect of storage on the estrogenic effect of red clover silage. Pure red clover was selected for plant estrogen analyses from the fresh fodder crops of 1972 and 1973. The investigations were made on fresh red clover and on the same red clover after periods of storage of varying length. The red clover was stored in manilla bags in a silo among the ordinary silge fodder, use being of the \"green solution method\" (Farmos Oy). In the studies the estrogenic effect of the fodder was ascertained by means of bioassay, the criterion being the increase in murine uterine weight. The known plant estrogens were determined by thin layer chromatography and by liquid chromatography. The estrogenic effect of the red clover silage fodder of 1972 was greater in all the silage fodder samples than it was in the fresh red clover. The quantity of individual isoflavones and \"transformed\" estrogen too, was greater in many of the silage fodder samples than it was in the respective fresh red clover. The estrogenic effect of the silage fodder made from the red clover of 1973 varied considerably; in some samples it was greater but in most it was smaller than the estrogen effect of the fresh red clover. However, apart from a few exceptions, the quantity of individual isoflavones and of transformed estrogens was smaller than it was the fresh red clover."}
{"id": "PMID:1196852", "title": "[Plasma progesterone in mares showing oestrus during early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixtyfour mares were examined 3 and 6 weeks after mating. Progesterone was measured in 22 mares 3 weeks after mating in order to see if this could be of any help in the oestrous diagnosis. None of the pregnant mares had plasma progesterone below 2 ng/ml. Pregnant mares that did not show oestrus had higher levels of plasma progesterone than pregnant mares showing signs of oestrus 3 weeks after mating. Clinical findings in pregnant and nonpregnant mares 3 weeks after mating is compared, and oestrus in pregnant mares is discussed.", "contents": "[Plasma progesterone in mares showing oestrus during early pregnancy (author's transl)]. Sixtyfour mares were examined 3 and 6 weeks after mating. Progesterone was measured in 22 mares 3 weeks after mating in order to see if this could be of any help in the oestrous diagnosis. None of the pregnant mares had plasma progesterone below 2 ng/ml. Pregnant mares that did not show oestrus had higher levels of plasma progesterone than pregnant mares showing signs of oestrus 3 weeks after mating. Clinical findings in pregnant and nonpregnant mares 3 weeks after mating is compared, and oestrus in pregnant mares is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196853", "title": "The effect of different calcium doses in milk fever therapy. A comparative internordic field study.", "content": "In an internordic field study of the effect of the Ca dose (6, 9 and 12 g) on the therapeutic result in parturient paresis, considerably better results were recorded in Finland than in the other countries at all dose levels. In Finland a full effect was obtained with 6 g, while in all others 9 g Ca yielded a significantly better result than 6 g. Raising of the dose to 12 g produced no improvement. There was a significant difference in therapeutic results between the two Finnish breeds. A larger number of fatal cases was recorded among paretic cows with plasma Ca greater then 8.0 mg/100 ml.", "contents": "The effect of different calcium doses in milk fever therapy. A comparative internordic field study. In an internordic field study of the effect of the Ca dose (6, 9 and 12 g) on the therapeutic result in parturient paresis, considerably better results were recorded in Finland than in the other countries at all dose levels. In Finland a full effect was obtained with 6 g, while in all others 9 g Ca yielded a significantly better result than 6 g. Raising of the dose to 12 g produced no improvement. There was a significant difference in therapeutic results between the two Finnish breeds. A larger number of fatal cases was recorded among paretic cows with plasma Ca greater then 8.0 mg/100 ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1196854", "title": "[A hypophysis-abscess-syndrome in cattle III. Pathogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathogenesis of a hypophysis-absces-syndrome in cattle is discussed on the basis of clinical (Espersen 1975) and pathomorphological (M\u00f8ller and Espersen 1975) investigations. It is concluded that several pathogenetic mechanisms are possible. A remarkable high incidence of the syndrome in recently ringed bulls point to the possibility of a porogenous spread from the nasal septum to the meninges and brain. The often occurring traumatic horn lesions with subsequent sinusitis suggest a porogenous spread from the sinus to the meninges and brain. On the other hand, traumatic horn lesions seem more often to occur as a secondary event and caused by automutilation, as a consequence of the pain, which is thought to accompany a primary meningo-encephalitis. The localization of the abscess in the hypophysis seems, in the majority of cases, to be a result of a primary, purulent meningo-encephalitis, with accumulation of pus from the brain ventricles to the infundibulum and pituitary cleft, due to gravitational forces. In some cases possibly as an extension from a basal meningitis. A direct, hematogenous metastasis to the frontal lobe of the pituitary is a further possibility. Ascending infection through a persistent cranio-pharyngeal duct and infection due to a primary cranial fracture represents other hypothetical, pathogentical possibilities. They have not been shown to occur. Severe clinical symptoms seem to be absent until the inflammation in the basal meninges and in the pituitary region attacks the adjacent cranial nerves, causing a paresis/paralysis.", "contents": "[A hypophysis-abscess-syndrome in cattle III. Pathogenesis (author's transl)]. The pathogenesis of a hypophysis-absces-syndrome in cattle is discussed on the basis of clinical (Espersen 1975) and pathomorphological (M\u00f8ller and Espersen 1975) investigations. It is concluded that several pathogenetic mechanisms are possible. A remarkable high incidence of the syndrome in recently ringed bulls point to the possibility of a porogenous spread from the nasal septum to the meninges and brain. The often occurring traumatic horn lesions with subsequent sinusitis suggest a porogenous spread from the sinus to the meninges and brain. On the other hand, traumatic horn lesions seem more often to occur as a secondary event and caused by automutilation, as a consequence of the pain, which is thought to accompany a primary meningo-encephalitis. The localization of the abscess in the hypophysis seems, in the majority of cases, to be a result of a primary, purulent meningo-encephalitis, with accumulation of pus from the brain ventricles to the infundibulum and pituitary cleft, due to gravitational forces. In some cases possibly as an extension from a basal meningitis. A direct, hematogenous metastasis to the frontal lobe of the pituitary is a further possibility. Ascending infection through a persistent cranio-pharyngeal duct and infection due to a primary cranial fracture represents other hypothetical, pathogentical possibilities. They have not been shown to occur. Severe clinical symptoms seem to be absent until the inflammation in the basal meninges and in the pituitary region attacks the adjacent cranial nerves, causing a paresis/paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1196855", "title": "[Mercury residues in goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in 1966 and 1974 (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of liver, muscle and kidney specimens from goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) shot in 1966 and 1974 respectively shows that a significant decrease in the mercury levels has taken place. The mean values in the liver specimens have changed from 2.27 mg/kg to 0.50 mg/kg, in the muscle specimens from 0.99 mg/kg to 0.20 mg/kg and in the kidney specimens from 3.06 mg/kg to 0.57 mg/kg. The main cause of this decrease is supposed to depend upon the recommendations since 1969 to avoid alkylmercurials as seed dressing.", "contents": "[Mercury residues in goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in 1966 and 1974 (author's transl)]. A comparative study of liver, muscle and kidney specimens from goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) shot in 1966 and 1974 respectively shows that a significant decrease in the mercury levels has taken place. The mean values in the liver specimens have changed from 2.27 mg/kg to 0.50 mg/kg, in the muscle specimens from 0.99 mg/kg to 0.20 mg/kg and in the kidney specimens from 3.06 mg/kg to 0.57 mg/kg. The main cause of this decrease is supposed to depend upon the recommendations since 1969 to avoid alkylmercurials as seed dressing."}
{"id": "PMID:1196856", "title": "Quantitative analysis of thiaminase activity in certain fish species.", "content": "Thiaminase I and II activity of Baltic herring, vendace, smelt and dace was measured. All four fish species were found to contain thiaminase activity. The amounts of thiaminase activity in mug of thiamine split per 100 g of fish tissue per hour at 37 degrees C were: in Baltic herring 115 +/- 60, in dace 11500 +/- 2050, in smelt 25 +/- 25 and in vendace 30+/- 15.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of thiaminase activity in certain fish species. Thiaminase I and II activity of Baltic herring, vendace, smelt and dace was measured. All four fish species were found to contain thiaminase activity. The amounts of thiaminase activity in mug of thiamine split per 100 g of fish tissue per hour at 37 degrees C were: in Baltic herring 115 +/- 60, in dace 11500 +/- 2050, in smelt 25 +/- 25 and in vendace 30+/- 15."}
{"id": "PMID:1196857", "title": "[Left ventricular perforation after insertion of a mitral prosthesis. 6 cases].", "content": "The external ruptures of the left ventricule occuring in the first twelve postoperative hours and demonstrated by a disastrous haemorrhage or cardiac failure, the other traumatics accidents could be delayed and be observed during the first month, or even later. Essentially two mechanisms are implicated: -- Direct traumatism by a ball valve on the ventricular septrum. -- Sub-annular splitting in connection with the excision of a piece of calcareous valve. Two lines of approch can be offered to avoid these accidents: -- Choose a disc valve when the surgeon finds a small left ventricle below a stenosed and calcified mitral valve. -- Care in the decalcification of the mitral ring and the valvular resection, leaving in case of need a small calcified cuff for safety. The analysis of these findings clarify the main causes of left ventricular rupture after mitral replacement, rare complications, but ones which are very real.", "contents": "[Left ventricular perforation after insertion of a mitral prosthesis. 6 cases]. The external ruptures of the left ventricule occuring in the first twelve postoperative hours and demonstrated by a disastrous haemorrhage or cardiac failure, the other traumatics accidents could be delayed and be observed during the first month, or even later. Essentially two mechanisms are implicated: -- Direct traumatism by a ball valve on the ventricular septrum. -- Sub-annular splitting in connection with the excision of a piece of calcareous valve. Two lines of approch can be offered to avoid these accidents: -- Choose a disc valve when the surgeon finds a small left ventricle below a stenosed and calcified mitral valve. -- Care in the decalcification of the mitral ring and the valvular resection, leaving in case of need a small calcified cuff for safety. The analysis of these findings clarify the main causes of left ventricular rupture after mitral replacement, rare complications, but ones which are very real."}
{"id": "PMID:1196858", "title": "[Hemodynamic study of pulmonary edemas due to the increase of alveolo-capillary permeability].", "content": "Hemodynamic data were collected in 42 patients with pulmonary edema (P.E.) due to altered permeability of various causes. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PWP) was normal, whatever the time of the study and the severity of the P.E. Pulmonary artery hypertension was present in the cases with severe hypoxemia, but disappeared with hypoxemia correction. In some cases, a hyperkinetic or a hypovolemic syndrome was found, being induced by the cause of P.E. Although within normal limits, PWP was significantly higher at the first hours of P.E. than after the 6th hour. Perfusion of colloid solutes worsened P.E., although increasing PWP by only a few mmHg. Dehydration using diuretics markedly improved the venous admixture, although PWP was previously normal. These data document the production of P.E. in many causes-such as severe sepsis, drowning, fat embolism, barbiturate overdose-by impaired alveolo-capillary permeability, PWP and blood protein content remaining within normal limits. They also demonstrate the noxious effects of overperfusion and the efficiency of dehydration in such pulmonary edemas.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic study of pulmonary edemas due to the increase of alveolo-capillary permeability]. Hemodynamic data were collected in 42 patients with pulmonary edema (P.E.) due to altered permeability of various causes. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PWP) was normal, whatever the time of the study and the severity of the P.E. Pulmonary artery hypertension was present in the cases with severe hypoxemia, but disappeared with hypoxemia correction. In some cases, a hyperkinetic or a hypovolemic syndrome was found, being induced by the cause of P.E. Although within normal limits, PWP was significantly higher at the first hours of P.E. than after the 6th hour. Perfusion of colloid solutes worsened P.E., although increasing PWP by only a few mmHg. Dehydration using diuretics markedly improved the venous admixture, although PWP was previously normal. These data document the production of P.E. in many causes-such as severe sepsis, drowning, fat embolism, barbiturate overdose-by impaired alveolo-capillary permeability, PWP and blood protein content remaining within normal limits. They also demonstrate the noxious effects of overperfusion and the efficiency of dehydration in such pulmonary edemas."}
{"id": "PMID:1196859", "title": "[Tumoral extension by inversion of the lymphatic flow in colonic cancer].", "content": "In a patient with an adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon, the jejunal central villous lymphatics were dilated and contained tumour cells. This case, apparently the only one of its type, demonstrates the proof of a phenomenon sometimes described in connection with malignant diseases, but rarely proven; that of the dissemination of tumour cells by reversal of lymphatic flow.", "contents": "[Tumoral extension by inversion of the lymphatic flow in colonic cancer]. In a patient with an adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon, the jejunal central villous lymphatics were dilated and contained tumour cells. This case, apparently the only one of its type, demonstrates the proof of a phenomenon sometimes described in connection with malignant diseases, but rarely proven; that of the dissemination of tumour cells by reversal of lymphatic flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1196871", "title": "[Research of an association between HL-A antigens and systemic scleroderma].", "content": "49 unrelated subjects suffering from systemic scleroderma were typed for 28 HL-A antigens, without any particular significant association of an antigen with the disease or one of its manifestations being noted. In addition, 13 patients from the same family were genotyped for HL-A. Transmission of the disease through 4 generations does not seem to be linked to a particular haplotype and no pair of sibling HL-A identical patients were seen in the same generation. By contrast, two pairs of sibling patients were HL-A different. Nevertheless, other cases, and in particular familial, will be necessary before an association between the genes of susceptibility to S.S. and a gene in the chromosomal HL-A region may be definitely eliminated.", "contents": "[Research of an association between HL-A antigens and systemic scleroderma]. 49 unrelated subjects suffering from systemic scleroderma were typed for 28 HL-A antigens, without any particular significant association of an antigen with the disease or one of its manifestations being noted. In addition, 13 patients from the same family were genotyped for HL-A. Transmission of the disease through 4 generations does not seem to be linked to a particular haplotype and no pair of sibling HL-A identical patients were seen in the same generation. By contrast, two pairs of sibling patients were HL-A different. Nevertheless, other cases, and in particular familial, will be necessary before an association between the genes of susceptibility to S.S. and a gene in the chromosomal HL-A region may be definitely eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:1196872", "title": "[The deterioration of patients with parkinsonism treated with L-dopa].", "content": "A progressive deterioration in clinical state was noted in more than half of a group of 87 patients with parkinsonism treated with dopa for 4 to 6 years. The pattern of this deterioration is often quite particular: frequency of troubles with walking, falls, predominance of akinesia in certain motor functions, inconstant recurrence of tremor or rigidity. Some intellectual deterioration is sometimes seen, more common in those patients who had suffered episodes of mental confusion. 11 patients died. It may, however, be hoped that the average life expectancy will increase.", "contents": "[The deterioration of patients with parkinsonism treated with L-dopa]. A progressive deterioration in clinical state was noted in more than half of a group of 87 patients with parkinsonism treated with dopa for 4 to 6 years. The pattern of this deterioration is often quite particular: frequency of troubles with walking, falls, predominance of akinesia in certain motor functions, inconstant recurrence of tremor or rigidity. Some intellectual deterioration is sometimes seen, more common in those patients who had suffered episodes of mental confusion. 11 patients died. It may, however, be hoped that the average life expectancy will increase."}
{"id": "PMID:1196873", "title": "[Acanthosis nigricans associated with diffuse esophageal papillomatosis].", "content": "Two cases of acanthosis nigricans seen in 2 women, the characteristics of which were those of malignant forms, showed oesophageal involvment, the appearance of which was quite similar to that of the mucosal localisations of the syndrome. The authors discuss the features which distinguish the oesophageal localisation of acanthosis nigricans from other types of oesophageal acanthosis or papillomata. In one case, this type of acanthosis, seven years after its onset, was not associated with any detectable malignant change and in the other the cutaneous lesions were improved following surgery at which the associated gastric tumour was not removed.", "contents": "[Acanthosis nigricans associated with diffuse esophageal papillomatosis]. Two cases of acanthosis nigricans seen in 2 women, the characteristics of which were those of malignant forms, showed oesophageal involvment, the appearance of which was quite similar to that of the mucosal localisations of the syndrome. The authors discuss the features which distinguish the oesophageal localisation of acanthosis nigricans from other types of oesophageal acanthosis or papillomata. In one case, this type of acanthosis, seven years after its onset, was not associated with any detectable malignant change and in the other the cutaneous lesions were improved following surgery at which the associated gastric tumour was not removed."}
{"id": "PMID:1196875", "title": "[Determination of the microcirculatory blood flow by pulp plethysmography].", "content": "A method for clinical determination of blood inflow at the tip of digit, using mercury strain gauge plethysmography with venous occlusion, is presented, including a satisfactory way of calibration of the \"closed type\" gauges. Theoretical considerations and experimental data allow to consider the accuracy of the method (of +/- 7 p.cent) to be of clinical value.", "contents": "[Determination of the microcirculatory blood flow by pulp plethysmography]. A method for clinical determination of blood inflow at the tip of digit, using mercury strain gauge plethysmography with venous occlusion, is presented, including a satisfactory way of calibration of the \"closed type\" gauges. Theoretical considerations and experimental data allow to consider the accuracy of the method (of +/- 7 p.cent) to be of clinical value."}
{"id": "PMID:1196884", "title": "[Hereditary coproporphyria. 7 cases].", "content": "Hereditary coprophyria, known since 1955, is a rare variety of hepatic porphyria. The clinical picture is similar to that of acute intermittent porphyria with certain minor differences; neurological manifestations being rarer in particular. The essential biological characteristic is the massive excretion, in the urine and faeces, of coproporphyrins whilst the excretion of porphobilinogen and delta-amino-laevulinic acid is only slightly increased. As in acute intermittent porphyria, certain medications have an adverse effect, especially the barbiturates. The exact nature of the biochemical lesion is not understood but its hereditary nature has been demonstrated. 25 families have been reported in the literature up to the present time. The authors report two cases of hereditary coproporphyria with peripheral paralysis and respiratory failure, the outcome being fatal in one case. Study of the families led to the discovery of 3 other cases in the second family and 2 latent forms in the first.", "contents": "[Hereditary coproporphyria. 7 cases]. Hereditary coprophyria, known since 1955, is a rare variety of hepatic porphyria. The clinical picture is similar to that of acute intermittent porphyria with certain minor differences; neurological manifestations being rarer in particular. The essential biological characteristic is the massive excretion, in the urine and faeces, of coproporphyrins whilst the excretion of porphobilinogen and delta-amino-laevulinic acid is only slightly increased. As in acute intermittent porphyria, certain medications have an adverse effect, especially the barbiturates. The exact nature of the biochemical lesion is not understood but its hereditary nature has been demonstrated. 25 families have been reported in the literature up to the present time. The authors report two cases of hereditary coproporphyria with peripheral paralysis and respiratory failure, the outcome being fatal in one case. Study of the families led to the discovery of 3 other cases in the second family and 2 latent forms in the first."}
{"id": "PMID:1197141", "title": "Analysis of the hypotensive action of prazosin.", "content": "Results of animal studies indicate that the hypotensive effect of prazosin is due to vasodilatation which is dependent on two discernible components of drug action: (1) direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and (2) interference with peripheral sympathetic function at a site distal to the alpha-adrenergic receptor.", "contents": "Analysis of the hypotensive action of prazosin. Results of animal studies indicate that the hypotensive effect of prazosin is due to vasodilatation which is dependent on two discernible components of drug action: (1) direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and (2) interference with peripheral sympathetic function at a site distal to the alpha-adrenergic receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:1197142", "title": "Effects of prazosin on renal function and fluid-electrolyte metabolism.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the effects on renal function and fluid-electrolyte metabolism of prazosin administered intravenously in a single dose and administered orally in a single dose and in multiple doses to patients with essential hypertension. The results indicate that clinically effective doses of prazosin do not observably alter parameters of kidney function. No side effects were reported by patients, all of whom followed the medication schedule as prescribed (adherence was confirmed by measurement of blood levels of the agent).", "contents": "Effects of prazosin on renal function and fluid-electrolyte metabolism. This study was designed to determine the effects on renal function and fluid-electrolyte metabolism of prazosin administered intravenously in a single dose and administered orally in a single dose and in multiple doses to patients with essential hypertension. The results indicate that clinically effective doses of prazosin do not observably alter parameters of kidney function. No side effects were reported by patients, all of whom followed the medication schedule as prescribed (adherence was confirmed by measurement of blood levels of the agent)."}
{"id": "PMID:1197143", "title": "Hemodynamic changes at rest and during exercise in long-term prazosin therapy for essential hypertension.", "content": "Fourteen men 30 to 50 years of age (mean, 42) with untreated essential hypertension, WHO stage I or II, and no other demonstrable disease were studied as outpatients. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, cardiac output, and intraarterial brachial pressure were recorded at rest in the supine and sitting positions and during exercise in the form of bicycling. The subjects were then treated with prazosin in a dosage of 3 to 7.5 mg/day. Eleven subjects responded well, and in 10 of these the hemodynamic study was repeated after one year. At the time of restudy, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures were reduced about 11% at rest and during exercise. Pressure reduction was associated with a marked decrease in the previously increased total peripheral resistance of about 17% during rest and 22% during exercise. In all but two subjects, total peripheral resistance was reduced 10% or more at rest and during exercise. During exercise, the total peripheral resistance was reduced more than 10% in all subjects. Heart rate and cardiac output were not changed significantly but tended to be higher after one year of therapy. A comparison of the results with those obtained in patients treated with other antihypertensive agents shows that the reduction in total peripheral resistance was greatest in the group receiving prazosin.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes at rest and during exercise in long-term prazosin therapy for essential hypertension. Fourteen men 30 to 50 years of age (mean, 42) with untreated essential hypertension, WHO stage I or II, and no other demonstrable disease were studied as outpatients. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, cardiac output, and intraarterial brachial pressure were recorded at rest in the supine and sitting positions and during exercise in the form of bicycling. The subjects were then treated with prazosin in a dosage of 3 to 7.5 mg/day. Eleven subjects responded well, and in 10 of these the hemodynamic study was repeated after one year. At the time of restudy, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures were reduced about 11% at rest and during exercise. Pressure reduction was associated with a marked decrease in the previously increased total peripheral resistance of about 17% during rest and 22% during exercise. In all but two subjects, total peripheral resistance was reduced 10% or more at rest and during exercise. During exercise, the total peripheral resistance was reduced more than 10% in all subjects. Heart rate and cardiac output were not changed significantly but tended to be higher after one year of therapy. A comparison of the results with those obtained in patients treated with other antihypertensive agents shows that the reduction in total peripheral resistance was greatest in the group receiving prazosin."}
{"id": "PMID:1197144", "title": "Pediatrics: ridding children of common worm infections.", "content": "The most common worm infection in children in the United States is pinworm infection. In second place is roundworm infection. Agents that are effective against these nematodes in a high proportion of cases are available. In hookworm disease, generally seen in older children, tetrachloroethylene treatment is being supplanted by use of drugs less likely to have adverse side effect. Visceral larva migrans is difficult to diagnose and to treat, and our best hope for control lies in prevention.", "contents": "Pediatrics: ridding children of common worm infections. The most common worm infection in children in the United States is pinworm infection. In second place is roundworm infection. Agents that are effective against these nematodes in a high proportion of cases are available. In hookworm disease, generally seen in older children, tetrachloroethylene treatment is being supplanted by use of drugs less likely to have adverse side effect. Visceral larva migrans is difficult to diagnose and to treat, and our best hope for control lies in prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:1197147", "title": "Eye disorders: common ocular injuries: assessing the severity.", "content": "Any eye injruy due to blunt trauma calls for a measurement of visual acuity as part of the initial examination. Blunt trauma may result in a black eye or in a far more serious injury such as blowout fracture, hyphema, or macular edema.", "contents": "Eye disorders: common ocular injuries: assessing the severity. Any eye injruy due to blunt trauma calls for a measurement of visual acuity as part of the initial examination. Blunt trauma may result in a black eye or in a far more serious injury such as blowout fracture, hyphema, or macular edema."}
{"id": "PMID:1197242", "title": "Removal by dialysis of methylguanidine from body fluids.", "content": "The dialysis clearance of methylguanidine (MG) was found to be lower 'in vivo' than 'in vitro' and to decrease during a haemodialysis. Its protein binding, which rises as the plasma pH rises during haemodialysis, accounts for its dialysis behaviour. The low dialysis clearance of MG 'in vivo' explains why the post dialysis percentage decrease in its plasma levels is lower than that of urea (U) and of creatinine (CR). The slow transfer of MG from tissue during dialysis, shown by direct measurements on plasma and muscle tissue of anuric dogs, accounts for its high plasma rebound level after haemodialysis. Rebounds after peritoneal dialysis were lower and the plasma MG levels 12 hr after the termination of the two dialysis procedures were not different. The dialytic behaviour of MG is different from that of U and of CR which have similar molecular weights and the conclusions drawn from the behaviour of the latter two metabolites cannot be applied to MG. On the contrary, the removal of MG from body fluids of uraemic patients by dialysis is equal with peritoneal dialysis and with the various haemodialysis schedules that ensure good clinical results, while leaving plasma U and CR concentrations in a high range.", "contents": "Removal by dialysis of methylguanidine from body fluids. The dialysis clearance of methylguanidine (MG) was found to be lower 'in vivo' than 'in vitro' and to decrease during a haemodialysis. Its protein binding, which rises as the plasma pH rises during haemodialysis, accounts for its dialysis behaviour. The low dialysis clearance of MG 'in vivo' explains why the post dialysis percentage decrease in its plasma levels is lower than that of urea (U) and of creatinine (CR). The slow transfer of MG from tissue during dialysis, shown by direct measurements on plasma and muscle tissue of anuric dogs, accounts for its high plasma rebound level after haemodialysis. Rebounds after peritoneal dialysis were lower and the plasma MG levels 12 hr after the termination of the two dialysis procedures were not different. The dialytic behaviour of MG is different from that of U and of CR which have similar molecular weights and the conclusions drawn from the behaviour of the latter two metabolites cannot be applied to MG. On the contrary, the removal of MG from body fluids of uraemic patients by dialysis is equal with peritoneal dialysis and with the various haemodialysis schedules that ensure good clinical results, while leaving plasma U and CR concentrations in a high range."}
{"id": "PMID:1197243", "title": "Short dialysis schedules (SDS)--finally ready to become routine?", "content": "One hundred and one patients were treated for up to two years for three hours every other day (10.5 hr/week), or four hours thrice-weekly with conventional disposable 1m2 dialysers have been investigated. Rigorous control of water balance and the maintenance of predialysis serum K and PO4 within normal limits were the main criteria for judging the adequacy of the treatment. The results regarding blood pressure, phosphate problems, haematocrit, peripheral nerve status, pericarditis and range of rehabilitation are discussed.", "contents": "Short dialysis schedules (SDS)--finally ready to become routine? One hundred and one patients were treated for up to two years for three hours every other day (10.5 hr/week), or four hours thrice-weekly with conventional disposable 1m2 dialysers have been investigated. Rigorous control of water balance and the maintenance of predialysis serum K and PO4 within normal limits were the main criteria for judging the adequacy of the treatment. The results regarding blood pressure, phosphate problems, haematocrit, peripheral nerve status, pericarditis and range of rehabilitation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197244", "title": "Clinical evaluation of patients dialysed with double Gambro 4 hours, three times per week.", "content": "To reduce the hours and cost of each dialysis and/or to increase adequacy of haemodialysis treatment 14 chronic dialysis patients were dialysed with two Gambro dialysers, 4 hr for 3 days per week. General well-being, anaemia, and nerve conduction velocity improved in some patients during the study period. Increasing dialysis surface area by using two Gambro dialysers enabled reduction of hours of dialysis, which was favourably accepted by all patients and decreased cost of dialysis, mainly by increasing the capacity of a unit to dialyse more patients with the same personnel and equipment.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of patients dialysed with double Gambro 4 hours, three times per week. To reduce the hours and cost of each dialysis and/or to increase adequacy of haemodialysis treatment 14 chronic dialysis patients were dialysed with two Gambro dialysers, 4 hr for 3 days per week. General well-being, anaemia, and nerve conduction velocity improved in some patients during the study period. Increasing dialysis surface area by using two Gambro dialysers enabled reduction of hours of dialysis, which was favourably accepted by all patients and decreased cost of dialysis, mainly by increasing the capacity of a unit to dialyse more patients with the same personnel and equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:1197246", "title": "A mathematical single-pool model for short time haemodialysis.", "content": "The objective was to reduce treatment time while the average concentration of all molecular sizes was maintained equal to that in a standard treatment. A nomogram based on the one-pool patient-dialyser system has been devised. The patient variables are presented in dimensionless forms, thus making on diagram suffice for all patients and all molecular sizes. Seven patients were first observed during a standard programme and later during an individually calculated short-time programme. The clinical parameters indicated equal treatment. The method was practical enough for clinical use.", "contents": "A mathematical single-pool model for short time haemodialysis. The objective was to reduce treatment time while the average concentration of all molecular sizes was maintained equal to that in a standard treatment. A nomogram based on the one-pool patient-dialyser system has been devised. The patient variables are presented in dimensionless forms, thus making on diagram suffice for all patients and all molecular sizes. Seven patients were first observed during a standard programme and later during an individually calculated short-time programme. The clinical parameters indicated equal treatment. The method was practical enough for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:1197247", "title": "Short time personalised dialysis: good results in spite of high levels of small and middle molecules.", "content": "After almost two years of experience with 43 patients we believe that a short (3 X 4, 3 X 3 hr/week) personalised dialysis is a safe treatment that allows a high survival rate and a good rehabilitation of patients. Pre-dialysis levels of small and middle molecules, the latter only calculated, did not correlate with 5 typical uraemic parameters. Some patients, who formerly experienced standard dialysis, are now equally well or better, without evidence of increasing toxicity, in spite of their higher pre-dialysis levels of small and especially of middle molecules.", "contents": "Short time personalised dialysis: good results in spite of high levels of small and middle molecules. After almost two years of experience with 43 patients we believe that a short (3 X 4, 3 X 3 hr/week) personalised dialysis is a safe treatment that allows a high survival rate and a good rehabilitation of patients. Pre-dialysis levels of small and middle molecules, the latter only calculated, did not correlate with 5 typical uraemic parameters. Some patients, who formerly experienced standard dialysis, are now equally well or better, without evidence of increasing toxicity, in spite of their higher pre-dialysis levels of small and especially of middle molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:1197254", "title": "Audiometry in chronic renal failure before and after intermittent haemodialysis.", "content": "In seven cases, audiometric studies were carried out immediately before and after haemodialysis. Hearing was found to be affected in all cases, and the impairment was particularly significant in higher frequency ranges. Following haemodialysis an average improvement of 20 dB was found for the highest frequencies, and in most cases a narrowing of the bone-air gap was also observed. As the improvement was reflected mainly in serum osmolality, BUN and fluid retention in the post-dialysis stage, it was thought that the mechanism reversing the hearing impairment might be due to these parameters.", "contents": "Audiometry in chronic renal failure before and after intermittent haemodialysis. In seven cases, audiometric studies were carried out immediately before and after haemodialysis. Hearing was found to be affected in all cases, and the impairment was particularly significant in higher frequency ranges. Following haemodialysis an average improvement of 20 dB was found for the highest frequencies, and in most cases a narrowing of the bone-air gap was also observed. As the improvement was reflected mainly in serum osmolality, BUN and fluid retention in the post-dialysis stage, it was thought that the mechanism reversing the hearing impairment might be due to these parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:1197255", "title": "Microampere electrocution during haemodialysis -- an unrecognised cause of sudden death.", "content": "A case of electrocution during haemodialysis is reported. Danger of microampere electrocution via artificial kidneys is emphasized. Prophylactic measures are recommended.", "contents": "Microampere electrocution during haemodialysis -- an unrecognised cause of sudden death. A case of electrocution during haemodialysis is reported. Danger of microampere electrocution via artificial kidneys is emphasized. Prophylactic measures are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1197258", "title": "Severe hypertension in chronic renal failure treated successfully with Minoxidil.", "content": "In fifteen patients with severe hypertension, eight of whom had end-stage kidney disease, blood pressure could not be adequately controlled with conventional oral antihypertensive drugs. Minoxidil, an orally administered drug which lowers blood pressure by reducing total peripheral resistance, produced a substantial reduction in blood pressure in all patients who were treated, including patients who prior to its availiability would have been considered for bilateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "Severe hypertension in chronic renal failure treated successfully with Minoxidil. In fifteen patients with severe hypertension, eight of whom had end-stage kidney disease, blood pressure could not be adequately controlled with conventional oral antihypertensive drugs. Minoxidil, an orally administered drug which lowers blood pressure by reducing total peripheral resistance, produced a substantial reduction in blood pressure in all patients who were treated, including patients who prior to its availiability would have been considered for bilateral nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1197259", "title": "An attempt to prevent hepatitis B in a haemodialysis unit's team utilisation of specific immunoglobulins.", "content": "From November, 1972 to November, 1974 the members of the team of a haemodialysis unit were systematically given Australia antigen immunoglobulin protection. Only one case of hepatitis occurred among the 53 members treated. The value of the antibody is discussed.", "contents": "An attempt to prevent hepatitis B in a haemodialysis unit's team utilisation of specific immunoglobulins. From November, 1972 to November, 1974 the members of the team of a haemodialysis unit were systematically given Australia antigen immunoglobulin protection. Only one case of hepatitis occurred among the 53 members treated. The value of the antibody is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197260", "title": "Effect of haemodialysis on immune response.", "content": "Uraemia depresses immune response by altering cellular reactivity to mitogenic and antigenic stimulation. One might expect that amelioration of uraemia by dialysis would improve immune responses. We have investigated the effect of haemodialysis on in-vitro parameters of cellular immunity. Our data suggest that haemodialysis leads to loss of a factor or factors from both uraemic and normal plasma essential for DNA synthesis. Our data do not suggest that measurements of celluar immunity are useful in monitoring adequacy of haemodialysis in chronic uraemic patients.", "contents": "Effect of haemodialysis on immune response. Uraemia depresses immune response by altering cellular reactivity to mitogenic and antigenic stimulation. One might expect that amelioration of uraemia by dialysis would improve immune responses. We have investigated the effect of haemodialysis on in-vitro parameters of cellular immunity. Our data suggest that haemodialysis leads to loss of a factor or factors from both uraemic and normal plasma essential for DNA synthesis. Our data do not suggest that measurements of celluar immunity are useful in monitoring adequacy of haemodialysis in chronic uraemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1197261", "title": "Dialysis time and the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids.", "content": "The present paper reports some aspects of glycolipid metabolism observed during and after dialysis of varying duration, and the effects of glucose content in dialysis fluid. Some substances used in dialysis interfere with glycolipid metabolism: heparin (Robinson and French, 1960; Wolff and Wolff, 1960); sodium acetate (Bloch, 1947; Ghosal et al, 1969; Mion et al, 1964); and glucose in high (Leonards et al, 1961; Mendelssonhn et al, 1967) or low concentrations (Drukker et al, 1964; Hagstam et al, 1969) or, more recently, completely eliminated (Alwall et al, 1970; Hubner et al, 1971).", "contents": "Dialysis time and the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. The present paper reports some aspects of glycolipid metabolism observed during and after dialysis of varying duration, and the effects of glucose content in dialysis fluid. Some substances used in dialysis interfere with glycolipid metabolism: heparin (Robinson and French, 1960; Wolff and Wolff, 1960); sodium acetate (Bloch, 1947; Ghosal et al, 1969; Mion et al, 1964); and glucose in high (Leonards et al, 1961; Mendelssonhn et al, 1967) or low concentrations (Drukker et al, 1964; Hagstam et al, 1969) or, more recently, completely eliminated (Alwall et al, 1970; Hubner et al, 1971)."}
{"id": "PMID:1197262", "title": "Porphobilinogen and porphyrin synthesis in reticulocytes from uraemic patients.", "content": "Since no information exists concerning porphyrin metabolism in uraemic patients we have measured the activities of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydrase (D-ALA-D) and porphobilinogen desaminase (PBG-D) in reticulocytes from uraemic patients, anaemic patients without uraemia and in healthy subjects. Despite a severe anaemia uraemic patients had the same amount of reticulocytes/mul blood. In uraemic patients D-ALA-D activity was reduced to about 20% compared to healthy subjects, PBG-D in uraemia was decreased to about 70%. It is concluded that porphyrin metabolism is altered in uraemic patients.", "contents": "Porphobilinogen and porphyrin synthesis in reticulocytes from uraemic patients. Since no information exists concerning porphyrin metabolism in uraemic patients we have measured the activities of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydrase (D-ALA-D) and porphobilinogen desaminase (PBG-D) in reticulocytes from uraemic patients, anaemic patients without uraemia and in healthy subjects. Despite a severe anaemia uraemic patients had the same amount of reticulocytes/mul blood. In uraemic patients D-ALA-D activity was reduced to about 20% compared to healthy subjects, PBG-D in uraemia was decreased to about 70%. It is concluded that porphyrin metabolism is altered in uraemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1197263", "title": "Histidine and iron supplementation in dialysis and pre-dialysis patients.", "content": "Chronic renal failure (CRF) patients treated with histidine alone did not show any effect with respect to anaemia or protein metabolism, despite a rise in serum histidine levels. Beneficial effect of iron with regards to anaemia and protein metabolism was seen in CRF patients treated with iron alone or in combination with histidine. Patients with combination therapy showed accelerated improvement of anaemia in comparison with patients treated with iron alone. In RDT patients, who underwent basic treatment with parenteral iron, histidine failed to show any effect with regards to anaemia, despite significantly lowered serum histidine levels. But under histidine treatment a significant rise of transferrin levels occurred in RDT patients, so that histidine must be considered as a limiting factor in protein metabolism in these cases. Histidine requirements of RDT patients are more than 1-2 g/day, and are higher than the requirements of patients conservatively treated.", "contents": "Histidine and iron supplementation in dialysis and pre-dialysis patients. Chronic renal failure (CRF) patients treated with histidine alone did not show any effect with respect to anaemia or protein metabolism, despite a rise in serum histidine levels. Beneficial effect of iron with regards to anaemia and protein metabolism was seen in CRF patients treated with iron alone or in combination with histidine. Patients with combination therapy showed accelerated improvement of anaemia in comparison with patients treated with iron alone. In RDT patients, who underwent basic treatment with parenteral iron, histidine failed to show any effect with regards to anaemia, despite significantly lowered serum histidine levels. But under histidine treatment a significant rise of transferrin levels occurred in RDT patients, so that histidine must be considered as a limiting factor in protein metabolism in these cases. Histidine requirements of RDT patients are more than 1-2 g/day, and are higher than the requirements of patients conservatively treated."}
{"id": "PMID:1197265", "title": "Delayed excretion of conjugated sulphamethoxazole in uraemia.", "content": "Persistence in the serum of free and conjugated sulphamethoxazole was estimated in five normal controls and in nine uraemic patients with creatinine clearances under 20 ml/min, after a single one-gram dose of the drug. In the uraemic group delayed disappearance of the free drug was found. Conjugated sulphamethoxazole retention was 62.44% at 24 hr after the oral load, and 13.7% 19 days later. Risk of accumulation of sulphamethoxazole in uraemia is emphasised. Re-evaluation of the use of this drug in patients with impaired renal function is recommended.", "contents": "Delayed excretion of conjugated sulphamethoxazole in uraemia. Persistence in the serum of free and conjugated sulphamethoxazole was estimated in five normal controls and in nine uraemic patients with creatinine clearances under 20 ml/min, after a single one-gram dose of the drug. In the uraemic group delayed disappearance of the free drug was found. Conjugated sulphamethoxazole retention was 62.44% at 24 hr after the oral load, and 13.7% 19 days later. Risk of accumulation of sulphamethoxazole in uraemia is emphasised. Re-evaluation of the use of this drug in patients with impaired renal function is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1197266", "title": "Adaptations in metabolic acidosis: a reinterpretation.", "content": "Hydrochloric-acid induced acidosis reduced urea excretion in the rat, with an equimolar increase in NH+4 excreation and no change in their sum. By contrast, in the guinea pig, where ammonium excretion is small, HC1 administration did not effect urea excretion. Ammonium administered as NH4HCO3 was excreted mainly in the form of urinary urea, whereas that administered as NH4C1 was mainly in the form of ammonium. Methionine sulphoximine did not impair the increased ammonium excretion induced by acidosis, but did lead to a marked decrease in plasma glutamine levels and an overall increase in total urinary urea and ammonium nitrogen excretion. A reinterpretation of some aspects of the adaptations to metabolic acidosis is made based on these findings.", "contents": "Adaptations in metabolic acidosis: a reinterpretation. Hydrochloric-acid induced acidosis reduced urea excretion in the rat, with an equimolar increase in NH+4 excreation and no change in their sum. By contrast, in the guinea pig, where ammonium excretion is small, HC1 administration did not effect urea excretion. Ammonium administered as NH4HCO3 was excreted mainly in the form of urinary urea, whereas that administered as NH4C1 was mainly in the form of ammonium. Methionine sulphoximine did not impair the increased ammonium excretion induced by acidosis, but did lead to a marked decrease in plasma glutamine levels and an overall increase in total urinary urea and ammonium nitrogen excretion. A reinterpretation of some aspects of the adaptations to metabolic acidosis is made based on these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:1197268", "title": "Alteration of hepatic acetylation in uraemia.", "content": "The rate of acetylation of sulphadimidine was estimated in 25 normals and in two groups of patients on intermittent haemodialysis. Group A consisted of nine patients who were about to commence or had already been on dialysis for less than one year. Group B consisted of eight patients dialysed for one to six years. There was a highly significant increase in the incidence of fast acetylators in group A (p less than 0.001) compared with a normal population. There is an alteration of hepatic acetylation in chronic uraemia. This trend appears to be reversed by prolonged intermittent dialysis. Alteration of hepatic metabolism may indicate an important compensatory role for the liver in uraemia.", "contents": "Alteration of hepatic acetylation in uraemia. The rate of acetylation of sulphadimidine was estimated in 25 normals and in two groups of patients on intermittent haemodialysis. Group A consisted of nine patients who were about to commence or had already been on dialysis for less than one year. Group B consisted of eight patients dialysed for one to six years. There was a highly significant increase in the incidence of fast acetylators in group A (p less than 0.001) compared with a normal population. There is an alteration of hepatic acetylation in chronic uraemia. This trend appears to be reversed by prolonged intermittent dialysis. Alteration of hepatic metabolism may indicate an important compensatory role for the liver in uraemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1197272", "title": "The investigation and treatment of renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "Skeletal demineralisation was measured for two years in 16 patients on maintenance haemodialysis; the technique employed was neutron activation analysis of a hand. The magnesium concentration of the dialysate was increased in six of the patients; oral calcium carbonate was administered to seven patients and 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, a potent vitamin-D analogue was supplied to a further three patients. An increase in skeletal calcium content of a hand was noted in the groups of patients receiving supplementary calcium and 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. It is concluded that 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol appears to be effective therapy for renal osteodystropy, that oral calcium supplements may promote skeletal remineralisation and that supplementary magnesium therapy may reduce the progressive losses of skeletal calcium from some patients on maintenance haemodialysis.", "contents": "The investigation and treatment of renal osteodystrophy. Skeletal demineralisation was measured for two years in 16 patients on maintenance haemodialysis; the technique employed was neutron activation analysis of a hand. The magnesium concentration of the dialysate was increased in six of the patients; oral calcium carbonate was administered to seven patients and 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, a potent vitamin-D analogue was supplied to a further three patients. An increase in skeletal calcium content of a hand was noted in the groups of patients receiving supplementary calcium and 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. It is concluded that 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol appears to be effective therapy for renal osteodystropy, that oral calcium supplements may promote skeletal remineralisation and that supplementary magnesium therapy may reduce the progressive losses of skeletal calcium from some patients on maintenance haemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1197273", "title": "Reversible acute anuric lupus nephritis.", "content": "Six cases of acute anuric lupus nephritis are described; renal biopsy showed intracapillary proliferation, epithelial crescents in some glomeruli, wire loops, and intracapillary thrombi. In two patients there were thrombotic occlusions and fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles. The patients were treated by heparin at anticoagulant doses, corticosteroids and dialysis (four). All patients showed improvement of renal function. One died following a gastric haemorrhage - the others were alive and well 64, 61, 40, 40 and 22 months from the onset of renal failure. One patient had a second episode of acute renal failure after 39 months and improved after resumption of heparin and high doses of steroids. It is suggested that heparin and high doses of corticosteroids may be a successful treatment in acute anuric lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Reversible acute anuric lupus nephritis. Six cases of acute anuric lupus nephritis are described; renal biopsy showed intracapillary proliferation, epithelial crescents in some glomeruli, wire loops, and intracapillary thrombi. In two patients there were thrombotic occlusions and fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles. The patients were treated by heparin at anticoagulant doses, corticosteroids and dialysis (four). All patients showed improvement of renal function. One died following a gastric haemorrhage - the others were alive and well 64, 61, 40, 40 and 22 months from the onset of renal failure. One patient had a second episode of acute renal failure after 39 months and improved after resumption of heparin and high doses of steroids. It is suggested that heparin and high doses of corticosteroids may be a successful treatment in acute anuric lupus nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1197275", "title": "The significance of extracapillary proliferation.", "content": "Renal biopsy and clinical data from 60 patients with crescent formation were correlated. Nephropathy was related to infection (15 cases), malignancy (four) and trichlorethylene exposure (two). Four cases had extrarenal signs. Isolated proteinuria was found 0.5-20 yr before biopsy in 16. Only 17 patients had rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis on clinical criteria. Nineteen patients (35%) are alive with functioning kidneys. Outcome was significantly related to percentage crescentic involvement (p less than 0.02) and oliguria (p less than 0.05) and renal function (p less than 0.01) at presentation. Preceding infection was a favourable sign. Extracapilly glomerulonephritis is not a single entity.", "contents": "The significance of extracapillary proliferation. Renal biopsy and clinical data from 60 patients with crescent formation were correlated. Nephropathy was related to infection (15 cases), malignancy (four) and trichlorethylene exposure (two). Four cases had extrarenal signs. Isolated proteinuria was found 0.5-20 yr before biopsy in 16. Only 17 patients had rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis on clinical criteria. Nineteen patients (35%) are alive with functioning kidneys. Outcome was significantly related to percentage crescentic involvement (p less than 0.02) and oliguria (p less than 0.05) and renal function (p less than 0.01) at presentation. Preceding infection was a favourable sign. Extracapilly glomerulonephritis is not a single entity."}
{"id": "PMID:1197356", "title": "Phonophoresis with 1 percent versus 10 percent hydrocortisone.", "content": "Phonophoresis, using a topical hydrocortisone preparation, is a little-used method of delivering concentrated antiinflammatory medication to inflamed subcutaneous areas. A retrospective study of 285 patients treated for a variety of common inflammatory conditions compared the results of treatment using a 1 percent hydrocortisone solution preparation and a 10 percent hydrocortisone preparation. The results of the study demonstrated the efficacy of the treatment and the superiority of the 10 percent preparation. The method offers a painless alternative to percutaneous steroid injections in the treatment of selected inflammatory conditions.", "contents": "Phonophoresis with 1 percent versus 10 percent hydrocortisone. Phonophoresis, using a topical hydrocortisone preparation, is a little-used method of delivering concentrated antiinflammatory medication to inflamed subcutaneous areas. A retrospective study of 285 patients treated for a variety of common inflammatory conditions compared the results of treatment using a 1 percent hydrocortisone solution preparation and a 10 percent hydrocortisone preparation. The results of the study demonstrated the efficacy of the treatment and the superiority of the 10 percent preparation. The method offers a painless alternative to percutaneous steroid injections in the treatment of selected inflammatory conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1197357", "title": "Sampling in physical therapy research.", "content": "Although the importance of appropriate statistical analyses of the results of physical therapy research is well documented, the theory and methodology of sampling, the procedure by which the data of research are usually obtained, has received much less attention in the physical therapy literature. To help fill this gap, some of the basic concepts and techniques of sampling are discussed.", "contents": "Sampling in physical therapy research. Although the importance of appropriate statistical analyses of the results of physical therapy research is well documented, the theory and methodology of sampling, the procedure by which the data of research are usually obtained, has received much less attention in the physical therapy literature. To help fill this gap, some of the basic concepts and techniques of sampling are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197363", "title": "[Statistical study of laryngeal frequency. Application to the analysis and synthesis of prosodic features of French].", "content": "Some precisions concerning the specification and the instruments developed for the measurement of laryngeal frequency F1 being stated, the authors give statistical results for French. In first approximation, the F1 distribution is gaussian for a given corpus; the standard deviation measured and given in percentage referring to the mean laryngeal frequency F1 is about 16% for male and female speakers. Ceteris partibus, the variations of F1 are relatively low for a given speaker from one record to an other (about +/- 1/2 tone). The means of F1 are given for samples (gaussian) concerning adults (30 males and 30 female): respectively 118 and 207 Hz with standard deviation sigma (F1) of 18 and 20 Hz. The ratio tau 1 of the voiced duration to the total duration of the corpus, dependant on the sex: 0.50 for men and 0.63 for women (the difference is significant at the 0.001 level) allows the specification of the speaking rate. When the speaking rate increases, the length of pauses decreases. These results can be used for an estimation of the precision of the statistical measurement of F1 and sigma (F1), in relation to the number of periods N. To N appears a total duration of the corpus determined by tau 1. A comparison is made between the results of the calculation and the measurement. The F1 specification can be used for determination of the vocal source of synthesizer to improve naturalness of synthetic sounds and for analysis and synthesis of prosodic features using the results of two previous papers which have allowed to specify the position of level 1, 2 and 4 and to show the differences in the perceptual importance of the variations introduced in connection with the three levels.", "contents": "[Statistical study of laryngeal frequency. Application to the analysis and synthesis of prosodic features of French]. Some precisions concerning the specification and the instruments developed for the measurement of laryngeal frequency F1 being stated, the authors give statistical results for French. In first approximation, the F1 distribution is gaussian for a given corpus; the standard deviation measured and given in percentage referring to the mean laryngeal frequency F1 is about 16% for male and female speakers. Ceteris partibus, the variations of F1 are relatively low for a given speaker from one record to an other (about +/- 1/2 tone). The means of F1 are given for samples (gaussian) concerning adults (30 males and 30 female): respectively 118 and 207 Hz with standard deviation sigma (F1) of 18 and 20 Hz. The ratio tau 1 of the voiced duration to the total duration of the corpus, dependant on the sex: 0.50 for men and 0.63 for women (the difference is significant at the 0.001 level) allows the specification of the speaking rate. When the speaking rate increases, the length of pauses decreases. These results can be used for an estimation of the precision of the statistical measurement of F1 and sigma (F1), in relation to the number of periods N. To N appears a total duration of the corpus determined by tau 1. A comparison is made between the results of the calculation and the measurement. The F1 specification can be used for determination of the vocal source of synthesizer to improve naturalness of synthetic sounds and for analysis and synthesis of prosodic features using the results of two previous papers which have allowed to specify the position of level 1, 2 and 4 and to show the differences in the perceptual importance of the variations introduced in connection with the three levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1197364", "title": "[Specific duration and specific tongue height of vowels].", "content": "The hypothesis that intrinsic duration of vowels correlated with tongue height is dependent on the extent of the articulatory movements is refuted. If one chooses vowels in a consonantal environment which allow far-reaching co-articulation (vowels between bilabial consonants), the phenomenon of intrinsic duration still remains. The same is valid for whispered vowels. The phenomenon of intrinsic pitch is confirmed. The author establishes the hypothesis that intrinsic duration and intrinsic pitch of vowels are a matter of compensation conditioned by different resonance factors of the vocal tract when high and low vowels are produced.", "contents": "[Specific duration and specific tongue height of vowels]. The hypothesis that intrinsic duration of vowels correlated with tongue height is dependent on the extent of the articulatory movements is refuted. If one chooses vowels in a consonantal environment which allow far-reaching co-articulation (vowels between bilabial consonants), the phenomenon of intrinsic duration still remains. The same is valid for whispered vowels. The phenomenon of intrinsic pitch is confirmed. The author establishes the hypothesis that intrinsic duration and intrinsic pitch of vowels are a matter of compensation conditioned by different resonance factors of the vocal tract when high and low vowels are produced."}
{"id": "PMID:1197365", "title": "Tongue musculature and the feature of tension in English vowels.", "content": "Electromyographic techniques were employed to discover which, if any, intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles displayed a difference in overall amount of activity corresponding to the traditional tense-lax distinction between members of the English vowel pairs /i-I/, /e-epsilon/, and /u-u/. Although some muscles revealed a consistent difference, most did not. Even for those muscles where a tense-lax difference was found, the data do not support the notion that tension was a necessary of sufficient differentia of production.", "contents": "Tongue musculature and the feature of tension in English vowels. Electromyographic techniques were employed to discover which, if any, intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles displayed a difference in overall amount of activity corresponding to the traditional tense-lax distinction between members of the English vowel pairs /i-I/, /e-epsilon/, and /u-u/. Although some muscles revealed a consistent difference, most did not. Even for those muscles where a tense-lax difference was found, the data do not support the notion that tension was a necessary of sufficient differentia of production."}
{"id": "PMID:1197366", "title": "Velopharyngeal opening in the formation of voiced stops in Sindhi.", "content": "It was proprioceptively felt that voiced and aspirated voiced stops in Sindhi are characterized by a slight nasalization. Nasal airflow during the production of voiced stops was therefore measured with a Froikaer-Jensen Electro-Aerometer. Results suggest that there is an imcomplete velopharyngeal closure which helps to absorb the transglottal airflow and thus prevents the rise in the supraglottal pressure. For the affricated palatal stops of Sindhi, the vocal fold vibrations were, however, maintained by expanding the walls of the supraglottal cavities.", "contents": "Velopharyngeal opening in the formation of voiced stops in Sindhi. It was proprioceptively felt that voiced and aspirated voiced stops in Sindhi are characterized by a slight nasalization. Nasal airflow during the production of voiced stops was therefore measured with a Froikaer-Jensen Electro-Aerometer. Results suggest that there is an imcomplete velopharyngeal closure which helps to absorb the transglottal airflow and thus prevents the rise in the supraglottal pressure. For the affricated palatal stops of Sindhi, the vocal fold vibrations were, however, maintained by expanding the walls of the supraglottal cavities."}
{"id": "PMID:1197367", "title": "Experimental approach to the study of vowel perception in German.", "content": "An experimental phonetic investigation is described whose goal it was to develop a test which could be used to establish norms in the perception of vowels by native speakers of German. Particular emphasis is placed upon the design of the experiment. The test procedure and the results are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental approach to the study of vowel perception in German. An experimental phonetic investigation is described whose goal it was to develop a test which could be used to establish norms in the perception of vowels by native speakers of German. Particular emphasis is placed upon the design of the experiment. The test procedure and the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197368", "title": "Tongue-lip pressures during speech of Australian aborigines.", "content": "Electronic instruments to measure tongue and lip pressures and pressure patterns in Australian aborigines made it possible to differentiate physiologically between certain sounds. Lingual pressure patterns indicate that the /t/, /nt/ and /tj/ sounds in the Walbiri language require different articulatory gestures and are properly considered separate phonemes. Labial pressures distinguish classes of phonemes but not individual sounds. Tongue positioning within the oral cavity of aborigines reveals compensations for their different anatomy, but articulatory gestures are remarkably similar in aborigines and Americans.", "contents": "Tongue-lip pressures during speech of Australian aborigines. Electronic instruments to measure tongue and lip pressures and pressure patterns in Australian aborigines made it possible to differentiate physiologically between certain sounds. Lingual pressure patterns indicate that the /t/, /nt/ and /tj/ sounds in the Walbiri language require different articulatory gestures and are properly considered separate phonemes. Labial pressures distinguish classes of phonemes but not individual sounds. Tongue positioning within the oral cavity of aborigines reveals compensations for their different anatomy, but articulatory gestures are remarkably similar in aborigines and Americans."}
{"id": "PMID:1197369", "title": "The features of the larynx: N-ary or binary?", "content": "Multivalued features have generally not been permitted on the classificatory level of representation by generative phonologists. It is found necessary, however, to posit a multivalued scalar feature \"glottal width\" on the classificatory level of representation in order to provide a satisfactory explanation of the diachronic tone splits conditioned by the phonation type of the syllable-initial consonants among the languages and dialects of the Tai language family in Southeast Asia. The feature \"glottal width\" consists of a lineraly ordered set of terms along a single physical continuum that extends from the widest open position of the glottis to the fully closed position (i.e. glottal stop). Other proposed sets of laryngeal features are tested against this evidence and found to be inadequate. A binary feature \"vibrating\" is also proposed within this theoretical framework.", "contents": "The features of the larynx: N-ary or binary? Multivalued features have generally not been permitted on the classificatory level of representation by generative phonologists. It is found necessary, however, to posit a multivalued scalar feature \"glottal width\" on the classificatory level of representation in order to provide a satisfactory explanation of the diachronic tone splits conditioned by the phonation type of the syllable-initial consonants among the languages and dialects of the Tai language family in Southeast Asia. The feature \"glottal width\" consists of a lineraly ordered set of terms along a single physical continuum that extends from the widest open position of the glottis to the fully closed position (i.e. glottal stop). Other proposed sets of laryngeal features are tested against this evidence and found to be inadequate. A binary feature \"vibrating\" is also proposed within this theoretical framework."}
{"id": "PMID:1197370", "title": "Variation in lingual coarticulation at certain juncture boundaries.", "content": "The acoustic spectra of [m] produced by speakers of American English in various [mV] contexts was studied for coarticulatory variations caused by the [vowel] under conditions of varying juncture boundaries occurring between [m] and [vowel]. Dispersion analysis was used to estimate the coarticulatory variation in [m] spectra. Low level junctures marked by short pauses do not disrupt nasal-vowel coarticulation. However, higher leveljunctures such as between extraposed clauses or phrases and the body of an utterance are more often than not marked with long pauses, and concomitant reduction of nasal-vowel coarticulation.", "contents": "Variation in lingual coarticulation at certain juncture boundaries. The acoustic spectra of [m] produced by speakers of American English in various [mV] contexts was studied for coarticulatory variations caused by the [vowel] under conditions of varying juncture boundaries occurring between [m] and [vowel]. Dispersion analysis was used to estimate the coarticulatory variation in [m] spectra. Low level junctures marked by short pauses do not disrupt nasal-vowel coarticulation. However, higher leveljunctures such as between extraposed clauses or phrases and the body of an utterance are more often than not marked with long pauses, and concomitant reduction of nasal-vowel coarticulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1197371", "title": "[Neutralization of English stress differences in the intonation contour].", "content": "PILCH'S analysis of the English intonation contour implies that the difference between the primary and secondary stresses exists only in the contour nucleus, but is inaudible elsewhere. This hypothesis has been checked and confirmed both by auditory and acoustic analysis and by the test responses of native speakers. The parameters by which primary and secondary stresses are heard as different are length and pitch change. The pitch difference disappears outside the contour nucleus, and the length relations may be reversed causing wrong identifications by the listeners.", "contents": "[Neutralization of English stress differences in the intonation contour]. PILCH'S analysis of the English intonation contour implies that the difference between the primary and secondary stresses exists only in the contour nucleus, but is inaudible elsewhere. This hypothesis has been checked and confirmed both by auditory and acoustic analysis and by the test responses of native speakers. The parameters by which primary and secondary stresses are heard as different are length and pitch change. The pitch difference disappears outside the contour nucleus, and the length relations may be reversed causing wrong identifications by the listeners."}
{"id": "PMID:1197382", "title": "Effects of several unusual sulfur-containing amino acids on rat liver cystathionine-gamma-lyase.", "content": "1. The mode of inhibition of rat liver cystathionine-gamma-lyase [L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1] was studied by using several unusual sulfur-containing amino acids newly found in this laboratory. Some cysteine conjugates (CMC, Beta-CEC, HCETC and HCPC) inhibited noncompetitively both homoserine dehydratase and diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activities, and competitively gamma-cystathionase activity. CMTC exhibited a mixed type inhibition on both homoserine dehydratase and gamma-cystathionase activities, and a noncompetitive inhibition on the diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activity. Some homocysteine conjugates (CMHC, beta-CEHC and HCEHC) inhibited competitively both the activity of homoserine dehydratase and of gamma-cystathionase, and exhibited a mixed type inhibition on the diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activity. beta-CEC, CMHC and beta-CEHC were also effective inhibitors to cysteine desulfhydrase activity. 2. Among the other amino acids tested, DL-homocysteine and D-cysteine, irrespective of their concentration, exhibited a mixed type inhibition on the homoserine dehydratase activity. However, they promoted gamma-cystathionase activity at their lower concentrations and inhibited at their higher concentrations, more so than cystathionine. DL-alpha-Aminobutyric acid was a weak competitive inhibitor of the homoserine dehydratase, gamma-cystathionase and diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activities. DL-alpha-Aminopimeric acid has the same chain length as beta-CEC, CMHC and CMTC, but it showed a very weak inhibitory effect compared with the latter sulfur-containing compounds. L-Methionine, DL-methionine sulfoxide, L-ethionine, L-cysteic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, D-alanine, beta-alanine, L-ornithine and L-lysine had little or no effect on any activities of the enzyme preparation. These results were discussed in relation to the catalytic center of cystathionine-gamma-lyase.", "contents": "Effects of several unusual sulfur-containing amino acids on rat liver cystathionine-gamma-lyase. 1. The mode of inhibition of rat liver cystathionine-gamma-lyase [L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1] was studied by using several unusual sulfur-containing amino acids newly found in this laboratory. Some cysteine conjugates (CMC, Beta-CEC, HCETC and HCPC) inhibited noncompetitively both homoserine dehydratase and diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activities, and competitively gamma-cystathionase activity. CMTC exhibited a mixed type inhibition on both homoserine dehydratase and gamma-cystathionase activities, and a noncompetitive inhibition on the diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activity. Some homocysteine conjugates (CMHC, beta-CEHC and HCEHC) inhibited competitively both the activity of homoserine dehydratase and of gamma-cystathionase, and exhibited a mixed type inhibition on the diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activity. beta-CEC, CMHC and beta-CEHC were also effective inhibitors to cysteine desulfhydrase activity. 2. Among the other amino acids tested, DL-homocysteine and D-cysteine, irrespective of their concentration, exhibited a mixed type inhibition on the homoserine dehydratase activity. However, they promoted gamma-cystathionase activity at their lower concentrations and inhibited at their higher concentrations, more so than cystathionine. DL-alpha-Aminobutyric acid was a weak competitive inhibitor of the homoserine dehydratase, gamma-cystathionase and diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase activities. DL-alpha-Aminopimeric acid has the same chain length as beta-CEC, CMHC and CMTC, but it showed a very weak inhibitory effect compared with the latter sulfur-containing compounds. L-Methionine, DL-methionine sulfoxide, L-ethionine, L-cysteic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, D-alanine, beta-alanine, L-ornithine and L-lysine had little or no effect on any activities of the enzyme preparation. These results were discussed in relation to the catalytic center of cystathionine-gamma-lyase."}
{"id": "PMID:1197383", "title": "The mechanism for the exclusion of sugars from the water in a model of the liveing cell: the ion-exchange resin: pore size or water structure?", "content": "The equilibrium distribution coefficients (p-value) of D-arabinose between the water in sulfonate ion-exchange resin and the external aqueous solution vary with the nature of the five alkali metal counterions studied. The strongest exclusion (lowest p-value) is found in the Li+ resin and the least exclusion (highest p-value) in the Cs+ resin. The p-value decreases with the increasing atomic weights for the alkali-metal ions: pCs+ greater than or equal to pRb+ greater than or equal to pRb+ greater than or equal to pK+ greater than pNa+ greater than pLi+. The water contents of these resins, on the other hand, vary in the opposite direction, being highest for the Li+ resin and lowest for the Cs+ resin. These data disprove the pore size theory but fully substantiate the predictions of the association-induction hypothesis.", "contents": "The mechanism for the exclusion of sugars from the water in a model of the liveing cell: the ion-exchange resin: pore size or water structure? The equilibrium distribution coefficients (p-value) of D-arabinose between the water in sulfonate ion-exchange resin and the external aqueous solution vary with the nature of the five alkali metal counterions studied. The strongest exclusion (lowest p-value) is found in the Li+ resin and the least exclusion (highest p-value) in the Cs+ resin. The p-value decreases with the increasing atomic weights for the alkali-metal ions: pCs+ greater than or equal to pRb+ greater than or equal to pRb+ greater than or equal to pK+ greater than pNa+ greater than pLi+. The water contents of these resins, on the other hand, vary in the opposite direction, being highest for the Li+ resin and lowest for the Cs+ resin. These data disprove the pore size theory but fully substantiate the predictions of the association-induction hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1197384", "title": "Kinetics and thermodynamics of the slow hydrophobic deactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "A quantitative model for the slow reversible hydrophobic deactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-CT) is proposed. Kinetic results are obtained for (1) the situation in which the inhibitor concentration, although remaining constant during the course of a run, can be varied independently of the concentration of nonself-inhibiting substrate, and for (2) the situation in which the self-inhibiting substrate concentration decreases during the course of a run, and independent variation of inhibitor and substrate concentrations is not possible. Excellent quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for a wide range of conditions using 3-(n-hexanoyl-O-benzoate (with dodecylsulfate as the inhibitor), and 3-(n-decanoyl)-O-benzoate as the self-inhibiting substrate. Activation enthalpies and entropies for the hydrophobic deactivation of alpha-CT by dodecylsulfate and tetradecyltrimethylammonium are determined. For comparison, activation enthalpies and entropies for the alpha-CT hydrolysis of 3-(n-heptanoyl)-O-benzoate are determined; evidence for a thermally induced conformational transition in alpha-CT at 30 degrees C is obtained.", "contents": "Kinetics and thermodynamics of the slow hydrophobic deactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin. A quantitative model for the slow reversible hydrophobic deactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-CT) is proposed. Kinetic results are obtained for (1) the situation in which the inhibitor concentration, although remaining constant during the course of a run, can be varied independently of the concentration of nonself-inhibiting substrate, and for (2) the situation in which the self-inhibiting substrate concentration decreases during the course of a run, and independent variation of inhibitor and substrate concentrations is not possible. Excellent quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for a wide range of conditions using 3-(n-hexanoyl-O-benzoate (with dodecylsulfate as the inhibitor), and 3-(n-decanoyl)-O-benzoate as the self-inhibiting substrate. Activation enthalpies and entropies for the hydrophobic deactivation of alpha-CT by dodecylsulfate and tetradecyltrimethylammonium are determined. For comparison, activation enthalpies and entropies for the alpha-CT hydrolysis of 3-(n-heptanoyl)-O-benzoate are determined; evidence for a thermally induced conformational transition in alpha-CT at 30 degrees C is obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1197385", "title": "The effect of the presence of the metal prosthetic groups on the subunit structure of bovine superoxide dismutase in sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "content": "Dissociation into protomers of bovine superoxide dismutase by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) depends on the metal prosthetic group and incubation time in the presence of detergent. The holoenzyme containing either copper and zinc or copper and cobalt is not dissociated. The fully metal-free apoenzyme is dissociated into protomers after short preincubation in SDS. The copper-free enzyme, still containing zinc or cobalt, is dissociated to a significant extent only after 24 hours preincubation in SDS. This effect is associated with a gradual alteration of the native zinc site, as followed by optical spectra of the homologous cobalt enzyme. Removal of SDS results in significant reassociation of protomers which is apparently independent of the presence of metals.", "contents": "The effect of the presence of the metal prosthetic groups on the subunit structure of bovine superoxide dismutase in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Dissociation into protomers of bovine superoxide dismutase by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) depends on the metal prosthetic group and incubation time in the presence of detergent. The holoenzyme containing either copper and zinc or copper and cobalt is not dissociated. The fully metal-free apoenzyme is dissociated into protomers after short preincubation in SDS. The copper-free enzyme, still containing zinc or cobalt, is dissociated to a significant extent only after 24 hours preincubation in SDS. This effect is associated with a gradual alteration of the native zinc site, as followed by optical spectra of the homologous cobalt enzyme. Removal of SDS results in significant reassociation of protomers which is apparently independent of the presence of metals."}
{"id": "PMID:1197389", "title": "X-ray induced behavioral reactions and detection mechanisms in the shrimp.", "content": "Red Ghost Shrimp, Callianassa californiensis, were shown from behavioral and electrophysiological studies to respond to ionizing radiation. When exposed to X-rays at 52 R/sec, the majority of intact animals could detect and avoid further irradiation by escaping into a shielded section of the test chamber. Animals continued to display escape responses after removal of eyestalks and antennae. Significant avoidance activity also occurred with partial-body exposure and indicated the existence of a radiation-sensitive receptor on the abdomen. Electroretinograms elecited by beta- and X-radiation sources corresponded closely with the waveforms produced by visible light stimulation. Electroantennograms were recorded from isolated antennules following stimulation with glutamic acid, beta-, and X-radiation. Biphasic on-off phases were recorded with an intermediate phase present during the longer duration exposures. Similarly, bioelectrical potentials were recorded from swimmeret preparations with exposure to beta- and X-radiation. The electrophysiological evidence indicates that the eye, antennules, and possibly chemoreceptors on the abdominal segments serve as routes for detection of ionizing radiations.", "contents": "X-ray induced behavioral reactions and detection mechanisms in the shrimp. Red Ghost Shrimp, Callianassa californiensis, were shown from behavioral and electrophysiological studies to respond to ionizing radiation. When exposed to X-rays at 52 R/sec, the majority of intact animals could detect and avoid further irradiation by escaping into a shielded section of the test chamber. Animals continued to display escape responses after removal of eyestalks and antennae. Significant avoidance activity also occurred with partial-body exposure and indicated the existence of a radiation-sensitive receptor on the abdomen. Electroretinograms elecited by beta- and X-radiation sources corresponded closely with the waveforms produced by visible light stimulation. Electroantennograms were recorded from isolated antennules following stimulation with glutamic acid, beta-, and X-radiation. Biphasic on-off phases were recorded with an intermediate phase present during the longer duration exposures. Similarly, bioelectrical potentials were recorded from swimmeret preparations with exposure to beta- and X-radiation. The electrophysiological evidence indicates that the eye, antennules, and possibly chemoreceptors on the abdominal segments serve as routes for detection of ionizing radiations."}
{"id": "PMID:1197390", "title": "Graded levels of hemorrhage, thirst and angiotensin II in the rat.", "content": "Hemorrhage was evaluated as a stimulus to drink in rats prepared with chronically implanted jugular cannulae and bled either 20, 30, 40 or 50 percent of their total blood volume. Hourly observations of water intake for 5 hr after hemorrhage revealed that the volume drunk was proportional to the degree of hemorrhage. Drinking induced by 20 percent hemorrhage did not differ significantly from control values, and intake was greatest and most persistent after 50 percent blood loss. The onset of maximal drinking at 1 hr after 40 percent hemorrhage was preceded by a twofold increase in plasma concentrations of angiotensin II. This is compatible with previous suggestions that angiotensin plays a role in hypovolemic thirst.", "contents": "Graded levels of hemorrhage, thirst and angiotensin II in the rat. Hemorrhage was evaluated as a stimulus to drink in rats prepared with chronically implanted jugular cannulae and bled either 20, 30, 40 or 50 percent of their total blood volume. Hourly observations of water intake for 5 hr after hemorrhage revealed that the volume drunk was proportional to the degree of hemorrhage. Drinking induced by 20 percent hemorrhage did not differ significantly from control values, and intake was greatest and most persistent after 50 percent blood loss. The onset of maximal drinking at 1 hr after 40 percent hemorrhage was preceded by a twofold increase in plasma concentrations of angiotensin II. This is compatible with previous suggestions that angiotensin plays a role in hypovolemic thirst."}
{"id": "PMID:1197391", "title": "Ability of the pig to distinguish between conspecific urine samples using olfaction.", "content": "In two female pigs it has been shown using operant conditioning techniques in which the animals pushed panels with their snouts in order to obtain food, that they could distinguish between the oder from urine samples taken from other pigs. In the discrimination task, the pigs faced two panels and a tube adjacent to one of the panels emitted urine odor used as the positive discriminative stimulus while another tube adjacent to the other panel emitted the negative discriminative stimulus consisting of odor from another urine sample. Only presses on the panel associated with the positive stimulus were reinforced on a fixed ratio schedule of 6. Both positive and negative discrimination stimuli were presented simultaneously. After each reinforcement the position of the positive and negative odor stimuli was varied according to the Gellerman series. When fully trained, the pigs made very few responses on the incorrect panel.", "contents": "Ability of the pig to distinguish between conspecific urine samples using olfaction. In two female pigs it has been shown using operant conditioning techniques in which the animals pushed panels with their snouts in order to obtain food, that they could distinguish between the oder from urine samples taken from other pigs. In the discrimination task, the pigs faced two panels and a tube adjacent to one of the panels emitted urine odor used as the positive discriminative stimulus while another tube adjacent to the other panel emitted the negative discriminative stimulus consisting of odor from another urine sample. Only presses on the panel associated with the positive stimulus were reinforced on a fixed ratio schedule of 6. Both positive and negative discrimination stimuli were presented simultaneously. After each reinforcement the position of the positive and negative odor stimuli was varied according to the Gellerman series. When fully trained, the pigs made very few responses on the incorrect panel."}
{"id": "PMID:1197392", "title": "An economical operant space interface for the PDP-8 computer.", "content": "An inexpensive input/output transfer system between a PDP-8/1 Digital Equipment Corporation computer and two operant stations is described. An interrupt facility is included. Slight modification of this interface will also permit it to work with the newer PDP-8 series computers.", "contents": "An economical operant space interface for the PDP-8 computer. An inexpensive input/output transfer system between a PDP-8/1 Digital Equipment Corporation computer and two operant stations is described. An interrupt facility is included. Slight modification of this interface will also permit it to work with the newer PDP-8 series computers."}
{"id": "PMID:1197393", "title": "Meal pattern correlations: facts and artifacts.", "content": "The feeding behavior of 37 albino rats was used to demonstrate that significant postprandial correlations could be obtained from unordered raw data when actual intake was used as the measure of meal size. When meal duration was used instead, substantially lower correlations were obtained. It was further demonstrated that caution must be used when correlating ratio measures of feeding behavior. If the ratios are not independent then significant correlations can be obtained due to statistical bias alone. Implications and suggestions for the analysis of meal patterns were discussed.", "contents": "Meal pattern correlations: facts and artifacts. The feeding behavior of 37 albino rats was used to demonstrate that significant postprandial correlations could be obtained from unordered raw data when actual intake was used as the measure of meal size. When meal duration was used instead, substantially lower correlations were obtained. It was further demonstrated that caution must be used when correlating ratio measures of feeding behavior. If the ratios are not independent then significant correlations can be obtained due to statistical bias alone. Implications and suggestions for the analysis of meal patterns were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197394", "title": "An automated apparatus for the determination of visual thresholds in turtles.", "content": "An automated apparatus is described that permits precise and reliable measurements of visual thresholds in turtles using a conditioned avoidance technique. The entire sequence of stimulus management and the collection of response data are under programmed control.", "contents": "An automated apparatus for the determination of visual thresholds in turtles. An automated apparatus is described that permits precise and reliable measurements of visual thresholds in turtles using a conditioned avoidance technique. The entire sequence of stimulus management and the collection of response data are under programmed control."}
{"id": "PMID:1197395", "title": "A critical evaluation of body weight loss following lateral hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "The possibility that factors in addition to motivational or psychomotor deficits contribute to body weight losses following lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions was assessed in 2 experiments. Rats with LH lesions failed to gain weight when compared to sham-operated controls, when equal quantities of nutrients were given by intragastric feeding. They also lost weight more rapidly than controls under total starvation conditions regardless of whether food was present or absent in the G1 tract prior to surgery. These results could not be explained on the basis of differences in urine or fecal output or activity levels. An increase in core temperature was found in LH lesioned rats immediately following surgery and throughout the experimental period. These results suggest that lateral hypothalamic lesions induce a metabolic impairment.", "contents": "A critical evaluation of body weight loss following lateral hypothalamic lesions. The possibility that factors in addition to motivational or psychomotor deficits contribute to body weight losses following lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions was assessed in 2 experiments. Rats with LH lesions failed to gain weight when compared to sham-operated controls, when equal quantities of nutrients were given by intragastric feeding. They also lost weight more rapidly than controls under total starvation conditions regardless of whether food was present or absent in the G1 tract prior to surgery. These results could not be explained on the basis of differences in urine or fecal output or activity levels. An increase in core temperature was found in LH lesioned rats immediately following surgery and throughout the experimental period. These results suggest that lateral hypothalamic lesions induce a metabolic impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:1197396", "title": "Ability of rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions to work: effects of ambient temperature.", "content": "Rats with bilateral ventromedial hypothalamic lesions decreased bar pressing at FR 64 at high ambient temperatures. No significant decrease was noted at low temperatures for VMH rats. Controls evidence no response suppression at any temperature. Pause time for the VMH rats at high temperatures suggest a VMH lesion-ambient temperature interaction.", "contents": "Ability of rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions to work: effects of ambient temperature. Rats with bilateral ventromedial hypothalamic lesions decreased bar pressing at FR 64 at high ambient temperatures. No significant decrease was noted at low temperatures for VMH rats. Controls evidence no response suppression at any temperature. Pause time for the VMH rats at high temperatures suggest a VMH lesion-ambient temperature interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1197397", "title": "Feeding studies in weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions: maintenance of competence to compensate for additional calories.", "content": "Weanling rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamus primarily destroying the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMN). Sham-operated rats served as controls. After a 14 day postoperative period during which food intake (lab chow) and body weight were recorded, each of the above groups were subdivided into 2 groups. One DMN group and one sham-operated control group were continued on lab chow alone throughout the remainder of the study. The other DMN group and the second control group were given additional calories in the form of a liquid diet by stomach tube during 2 separate periods of 10 and 14 days, respectivly, to increase their caloric intake beyond that taken in spontaneously. Both tube-fed groups reduced their ad lib caloric intake from chow considerably and to the same extent. Body weight gains were similar in tube-fed versus non-tube-fed rats, whether with or without DMN lesions. After the second, 14-day-long tube feeding period, however, DMN rats regulated their body weight somewhat less precisely than the controls. This may be related to their reduced food intake during that time period. The data indicate that weanling rats with DMN lesions, despite their basic hypophagia, do not show a deficit in caloric metering and gross body weight regulation.", "contents": "Feeding studies in weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions: maintenance of competence to compensate for additional calories. Weanling rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamus primarily destroying the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMN). Sham-operated rats served as controls. After a 14 day postoperative period during which food intake (lab chow) and body weight were recorded, each of the above groups were subdivided into 2 groups. One DMN group and one sham-operated control group were continued on lab chow alone throughout the remainder of the study. The other DMN group and the second control group were given additional calories in the form of a liquid diet by stomach tube during 2 separate periods of 10 and 14 days, respectivly, to increase their caloric intake beyond that taken in spontaneously. Both tube-fed groups reduced their ad lib caloric intake from chow considerably and to the same extent. Body weight gains were similar in tube-fed versus non-tube-fed rats, whether with or without DMN lesions. After the second, 14-day-long tube feeding period, however, DMN rats regulated their body weight somewhat less precisely than the controls. This may be related to their reduced food intake during that time period. The data indicate that weanling rats with DMN lesions, despite their basic hypophagia, do not show a deficit in caloric metering and gross body weight regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1197398", "title": "[Effects of glucose, aminoacid or lipid infusion on dietary self-selection in the rat].", "content": "Rats with an intracardiac chronic catheter were offered dietary self-selection between glucids, proteins and lipids intakes. They are infused continuously with 0.9% NaCl except on the test day with glucose, amino acids or lipids. Parenteral load is about 25% of the daily total food intake. With glucose infusion a selective decrease in glucids intake is observed of about 80% of the caloric glucose  load. Aminoacidemic and lipidic infusions lead not only to decrease respectively in proteins and lipids intakes, but also in glucids intakes. So, in this case, total caloric intake decreased more than caloric load. Results are discussed in the hypothesis of existence of a hepatic chemosensibility.", "contents": "[Effects of glucose, aminoacid or lipid infusion on dietary self-selection in the rat]. Rats with an intracardiac chronic catheter were offered dietary self-selection between glucids, proteins and lipids intakes. They are infused continuously with 0.9% NaCl except on the test day with glucose, amino acids or lipids. Parenteral load is about 25% of the daily total food intake. With glucose infusion a selective decrease in glucids intake is observed of about 80% of the caloric glucose  load. Aminoacidemic and lipidic infusions lead not only to decrease respectively in proteins and lipids intakes, but also in glucids intakes. So, in this case, total caloric intake decreased more than caloric load. Results are discussed in the hypothesis of existence of a hepatic chemosensibility."}
{"id": "PMID:1197399", "title": "Aversive effects and retention impairment induced by acetoxycycloheximide in an instrumental task.", "content": "AXM, when subcutaneously injected during the first 3 min following the acquisition of a nondiscriminative instrumental learning task, induced an aversion for the food reinforcement which had been associated with the training situation and with the pharmacological treatment. The high number of nonreinforced responses preceding the first reinforced response(RR) that animals performed when tested 6 days after AXM treatment, was not due to forgetting of the lever significance, but to this aversion. Animals treated with AXM showed low levels of lever pressing response and long latencies for their first RR; this deficit did not seem only to be due to food reinforcement aversion; it disappeared, as well as food aversion, when food reinforcement which had been associated with the learning situation and to treatment, was added to the daily feeding regimen during treatment-test interval. It has been shown, moreover, that more than 90 percent of cerebral protein synthesis was inhibited during the 5 hr following subcutaneous AXM injection. These findings are interpreted as an indication that AXM does not affect memory consolidation of a non discriminative instrumental learning.", "contents": "Aversive effects and retention impairment induced by acetoxycycloheximide in an instrumental task. AXM, when subcutaneously injected during the first 3 min following the acquisition of a nondiscriminative instrumental learning task, induced an aversion for the food reinforcement which had been associated with the training situation and with the pharmacological treatment. The high number of nonreinforced responses preceding the first reinforced response(RR) that animals performed when tested 6 days after AXM treatment, was not due to forgetting of the lever significance, but to this aversion. Animals treated with AXM showed low levels of lever pressing response and long latencies for their first RR; this deficit did not seem only to be due to food reinforcement aversion; it disappeared, as well as food aversion, when food reinforcement which had been associated with the learning situation and to treatment, was added to the daily feeding regimen during treatment-test interval. It has been shown, moreover, that more than 90 percent of cerebral protein synthesis was inhibited during the 5 hr following subcutaneous AXM injection. These findings are interpreted as an indication that AXM does not affect memory consolidation of a non discriminative instrumental learning."}
{"id": "PMID:1197400", "title": "Effects of hypothalamic knife cuts on the ingestive responses to glucose and insulin.", "content": "Parasagittal knife cuts through the perifornical hypothalamus either medial or lateral to the fornix produced hyperphagia and obesity and altered the rat's ingestive responses to dilute glucose solutions. The lateral knife cut rats drank less dilute glucose solution under both nondeprived and food deprived conditions and displayed less of a feeding suppressive response to glucose ingestion compared to controls. The lateral cut rats were also deficient in their feeding response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, although their altered sensitivity to glucose and insulin did not appear to be causally related. The medial knife cuts decreased the responsivity to glucose, but less so than the lateral cuts, and did not alter the ingestive response to insulin. Both the medial and lateral knife cuts did not appear to change the rat's responsivity to concentrated blucose solutions. The neuroanatomical and functional nature of the disorder responsible for these effects and its relationship to the hyper-phagia-obesity syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of hypothalamic knife cuts on the ingestive responses to glucose and insulin. Parasagittal knife cuts through the perifornical hypothalamus either medial or lateral to the fornix produced hyperphagia and obesity and altered the rat's ingestive responses to dilute glucose solutions. The lateral knife cut rats drank less dilute glucose solution under both nondeprived and food deprived conditions and displayed less of a feeding suppressive response to glucose ingestion compared to controls. The lateral cut rats were also deficient in their feeding response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, although their altered sensitivity to glucose and insulin did not appear to be causally related. The medial knife cuts decreased the responsivity to glucose, but less so than the lateral cuts, and did not alter the ingestive response to insulin. Both the medial and lateral knife cuts did not appear to change the rat's responsivity to concentrated blucose solutions. The neuroanatomical and functional nature of the disorder responsible for these effects and its relationship to the hyper-phagia-obesity syndrome are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197401", "title": "VMH lesions facilitate baitshyness in the rat.", "content": "Normal rats and rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus were compared on the acquisition of a single trial, long CS-US interval, conditioning task (baitshyness). The rats with hypothalamic damage exhibited facilitated baitshyness when tested both shortly after surgery and several months after surgery. The magnitude of the suppression observed in these animals could not be related to either specific anatomical structures within the hypothalamus or to the amount of obesity exhibited following the lesions. Similarities and differences between the results of the present study and previous studies are discussed.", "contents": "VMH lesions facilitate baitshyness in the rat. Normal rats and rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus were compared on the acquisition of a single trial, long CS-US interval, conditioning task (baitshyness). The rats with hypothalamic damage exhibited facilitated baitshyness when tested both shortly after surgery and several months after surgery. The magnitude of the suppression observed in these animals could not be related to either specific anatomical structures within the hypothalamus or to the amount of obesity exhibited following the lesions. Similarities and differences between the results of the present study and previous studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197402", "title": "Pavlovian conditioning of eating induced by spreading depression in cortex, striatum and hippocampus of rats.", "content": "A single wave of unilateral spreading depression in the cortex, hippocampus or caudate nucleus of rats elicits eating after 2-6 min. The present experiments provide evidence that such spreading depression-induced eating can be classically conditioned to a complex conditioned stimulus. A wave of spreading depression was triggered by injection of 0.5-2.0 mul of 25 percent KCl solution. In a first experiment successful conditioning was demonstrated in 20 rats, involving 7 cortical, 5 caudate and 8 hippocampal spreading depression sites. Four animals failed to show any conditioned eating. A control group of 8 animals, in which cortical spreading depression did not induce eating, showed no increase in eating in the presence of the CS after conditioning trials. A second experiment, which included pseudoconditioning and NaCl control groups, confirmed the results obtained in Experiment 1. Classical conditioning was successful in 11 animals, involving 6 cortical and 5 caudate spreading depression sites. Neither the pseudoconditioning (14 animals, involving 8 cortical and 6 caudate spreading depression sites) not the NaCl control group (8 animals, all with cortical sites), showed eating in the presence of the CS. In both experiments the conditioned eating underwent gradual extinction.", "contents": "Pavlovian conditioning of eating induced by spreading depression in cortex, striatum and hippocampus of rats. A single wave of unilateral spreading depression in the cortex, hippocampus or caudate nucleus of rats elicits eating after 2-6 min. The present experiments provide evidence that such spreading depression-induced eating can be classically conditioned to a complex conditioned stimulus. A wave of spreading depression was triggered by injection of 0.5-2.0 mul of 25 percent KCl solution. In a first experiment successful conditioning was demonstrated in 20 rats, involving 7 cortical, 5 caudate and 8 hippocampal spreading depression sites. Four animals failed to show any conditioned eating. A control group of 8 animals, in which cortical spreading depression did not induce eating, showed no increase in eating in the presence of the CS after conditioning trials. A second experiment, which included pseudoconditioning and NaCl control groups, confirmed the results obtained in Experiment 1. Classical conditioning was successful in 11 animals, involving 6 cortical and 5 caudate spreading depression sites. Neither the pseudoconditioning (14 animals, involving 8 cortical and 6 caudate spreading depression sites) not the NaCl control group (8 animals, all with cortical sites), showed eating in the presence of the CS. In both experiments the conditioned eating underwent gradual extinction."}
{"id": "PMID:1197403", "title": "Patterned response of lamina V cells: cutaneous and dorsal funicular stimulation.", "content": "Single unit activity was recorded in spinal lamina V (LV) in unansthetized cats. Poststimulus-time histogram (PSTH) analysis of responses to intracutaneous stimulation demonstrated similar firing patterns for all cells. In addition to a direct relationship between stimulus intensity and the duration of cellular response, modulation of firing frequency and distinct delayed PSTH peaks in 77 percent of the units were observed. The pattern of delayed peaks was associated with the same high intensity intracutaneous stimulation reported as painful when applied to human observers. A background of dorsal funicular stimulation selectively inhibited the delayed response of LV cells to high intensity stimulation. Thus, LV cells, by their duration of firing, trasmit information related to stimulus intensity, and by their patterned responses, have the potential to relay other information, possibly related to their nociceptive role. As delayed LV activity is associated with a high proportion of small fibers in the afferent input, presynaptic inhibition of A-delta and C fibers might account for the selective inhibition associated with dorsal funicular stimulation.", "contents": "Patterned response of lamina V cells: cutaneous and dorsal funicular stimulation. Single unit activity was recorded in spinal lamina V (LV) in unansthetized cats. Poststimulus-time histogram (PSTH) analysis of responses to intracutaneous stimulation demonstrated similar firing patterns for all cells. In addition to a direct relationship between stimulus intensity and the duration of cellular response, modulation of firing frequency and distinct delayed PSTH peaks in 77 percent of the units were observed. The pattern of delayed peaks was associated with the same high intensity intracutaneous stimulation reported as painful when applied to human observers. A background of dorsal funicular stimulation selectively inhibited the delayed response of LV cells to high intensity stimulation. Thus, LV cells, by their duration of firing, trasmit information related to stimulus intensity, and by their patterned responses, have the potential to relay other information, possibly related to their nociceptive role. As delayed LV activity is associated with a high proportion of small fibers in the afferent input, presynaptic inhibition of A-delta and C fibers might account for the selective inhibition associated with dorsal funicular stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1197404", "title": "Low dose-response for 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced feeding, and the involvement of peripheral factors.", "content": "Latencies to feed and meal sizes were observed in recently satiated rats injected intraperitoneally with an isotonic solution of 2-deoxyglucose, using 3-0-methyl glucose for the control injection. The feeding response latency shortened monotonically with dose from about 0.3 mmole/kg (50 mg/kg) to 0.5-0.6 mmole/kg, with an extended plateau up to dehilitating doses. At modest doses, the latency to feed was shorter in adrenal demedullated rats than in intact rats, suggesting that the hyperglycemic response to 2DG partially inhibits the feeding response. Food-deprived rats took larger meals following 2DG injection, if there had been recent rapid intestinal absorption of glucose. It is suggested that a major action of 2DG is to block the satiating consequences of the process of absorption, possibly at hepatic receptors.", "contents": "Low dose-response for 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced feeding, and the involvement of peripheral factors. Latencies to feed and meal sizes were observed in recently satiated rats injected intraperitoneally with an isotonic solution of 2-deoxyglucose, using 3-0-methyl glucose for the control injection. The feeding response latency shortened monotonically with dose from about 0.3 mmole/kg (50 mg/kg) to 0.5-0.6 mmole/kg, with an extended plateau up to dehilitating doses. At modest doses, the latency to feed was shorter in adrenal demedullated rats than in intact rats, suggesting that the hyperglycemic response to 2DG partially inhibits the feeding response. Food-deprived rats took larger meals following 2DG injection, if there had been recent rapid intestinal absorption of glucose. It is suggested that a major action of 2DG is to block the satiating consequences of the process of absorption, possibly at hepatic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:1197437", "title": "The increasing complexities in the world of plastic surgery.", "content": "The increasing complexities in medicine, in medical education, and in plastic surgery seem to almost defy resolution. The best way to cope with these complexities, and to provide opportunity on an individual or a group basis, is by adherence to quality training program of the type which has served us well and in which the objective is constant. This implies the selection of high-quality candidates for training, and the control of resident flow, so that we may continue as a learned profession. History witnesses change--and time will bring new philsophies, new surgeons with changing values, and a public oriented to a different system of medical care. Shakespeare said, \"when the day ends, the end will be known.\" I am confident that plastic surgery, with its traditional emphasis on quality and excellence, will long endure as a most learned profession.", "contents": "The increasing complexities in the world of plastic surgery. The increasing complexities in medicine, in medical education, and in plastic surgery seem to almost defy resolution. The best way to cope with these complexities, and to provide opportunity on an individual or a group basis, is by adherence to quality training program of the type which has served us well and in which the objective is constant. This implies the selection of high-quality candidates for training, and the control of resident flow, so that we may continue as a learned profession. History witnesses change--and time will bring new philsophies, new surgeons with changing values, and a public oriented to a different system of medical care. Shakespeare said, \"when the day ends, the end will be known.\" I am confident that plastic surgery, with its traditional emphasis on quality and excellence, will long endure as a most learned profession."}
{"id": "PMID:1197438", "title": "Lymphangioma. A long-term follow-up study.", "content": "At the Hospital for Sick Children 177 patients with lymphangioma, exclusive of those who had intra-abdominal lesions, were seen between 1927 and 1964. Forty-nine of these (aged 8 to 41 years) were available for follow-up examination. The results of treatment by surgical excision, aspiration, incision and drainage, and radiation are reported. No cases confirmed histologically as lymphangioma underwent spontaneous regression. Two histologically unconfirmed cases underwent partial regression. Four of the 11 who were left with lymphangioma tissue at operation never had significant recurrences. Therefore, this clinical study does not clarify the possible role of spontaneous regression in lymphangioma. Extensive surgery is the treatment of choice whenever feasible, but in unilocular or bilocular cystic lymphagnioma subsequent regression can be expected after palliative treatment (aspiration, or incision and drainage). Clinical and pathological criteria should be established for differentiation between lymphangioma and primary lymphedema. Lesions involving subepithelial, subdermal, and subcutaneous or internodal networks of lymphatics will produce lymphagioma; lesions of the collecting lymphatic trunks will result in lymphedema.", "contents": "Lymphangioma. A long-term follow-up study. At the Hospital for Sick Children 177 patients with lymphangioma, exclusive of those who had intra-abdominal lesions, were seen between 1927 and 1964. Forty-nine of these (aged 8 to 41 years) were available for follow-up examination. The results of treatment by surgical excision, aspiration, incision and drainage, and radiation are reported. No cases confirmed histologically as lymphangioma underwent spontaneous regression. Two histologically unconfirmed cases underwent partial regression. Four of the 11 who were left with lymphangioma tissue at operation never had significant recurrences. Therefore, this clinical study does not clarify the possible role of spontaneous regression in lymphangioma. Extensive surgery is the treatment of choice whenever feasible, but in unilocular or bilocular cystic lymphagnioma subsequent regression can be expected after palliative treatment (aspiration, or incision and drainage). Clinical and pathological criteria should be established for differentiation between lymphangioma and primary lymphedema. Lesions involving subepithelial, subdermal, and subcutaneous or internodal networks of lymphatics will produce lymphagioma; lesions of the collecting lymphatic trunks will result in lymphedema."}
{"id": "PMID:1197444", "title": "Surgical management of lymphedema of the extremity.", "content": "Lymphedema of the extremity has been managed in 14 patients by staged excisions of the edematous subcutaneous tissue beneath skin flaps. Six patients have been followed for 4 to 6 years. This method has been successful in dealing with the symptoms of this condition. No episodes of postoperative celluitis have occurred in these patients. Normal function of the extremity has been achieved, and the contour has been preserved. It appears at this time that excision of the subcutaneous tissue is the most important aspect of the surgical management of lymphedema.", "contents": "Surgical management of lymphedema of the extremity. Lymphedema of the extremity has been managed in 14 patients by staged excisions of the edematous subcutaneous tissue beneath skin flaps. Six patients have been followed for 4 to 6 years. This method has been successful in dealing with the symptoms of this condition. No episodes of postoperative celluitis have occurred in these patients. Normal function of the extremity has been achieved, and the contour has been preserved. It appears at this time that excision of the subcutaneous tissue is the most important aspect of the surgical management of lymphedema."}
{"id": "PMID:1197445", "title": "[The problem of apparent schizophrenic symptoms in juveniles].", "content": "In the clinic we frequently come across cases of indistinct accentuated schizophrenic behaviour in youth. We mention here a casuistry which can be considered as a juvenile asthenic denial syndrome with coenaesthetic symptoms. This picture can be differentiated from coenaesthetic schizophrenia, hebephrenia, neurotic symptoms and physical psychoses which can be proven. The problem of differential diagnosis is considered with particular regard to progressive diagnosis.", "contents": "[The problem of apparent schizophrenic symptoms in juveniles]. In the clinic we frequently come across cases of indistinct accentuated schizophrenic behaviour in youth. We mention here a casuistry which can be considered as a juvenile asthenic denial syndrome with coenaesthetic symptoms. This picture can be differentiated from coenaesthetic schizophrenia, hebephrenia, neurotic symptoms and physical psychoses which can be proven. The problem of differential diagnosis is considered with particular regard to progressive diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1197446", "title": "[The use of nitrous oxide as a contrast medium during fractionated gas encephalography in halane-nitrous-oxide anesthesia].", "content": "40 children were employed as test cases in fractionated gas encephalography using Halan-nitrous oxide anesthesia, and the level of cerebrospinal pressure, the r\u00f6ntgenoparent quality of the extracerebral spaces and the duration of postencephalographical symptoms were examined using air and nitrous oxide as contrast media. In the course of the examination the cerebrospinal pressure showed a tendency to rise when air was introduced, to fall when nitrous oxide was introduced. After instillation of N2O however the filling of the subarachnoid space was over so quickly that it could not be included in the assessment. Sufficient r\u00f6ntgenograms were obtained for all diagnostic demands through 'hybrid filling', (introduction of nitrous oxide into the ventricles, introduction of air into the subarachnoid spaces). With the aid of the results obtained from this examination attempts will be made to derive differentiated indications for filling with nitrous oxide.", "contents": "[The use of nitrous oxide as a contrast medium during fractionated gas encephalography in halane-nitrous-oxide anesthesia]. 40 children were employed as test cases in fractionated gas encephalography using Halan-nitrous oxide anesthesia, and the level of cerebrospinal pressure, the r\u00f6ntgenoparent quality of the extracerebral spaces and the duration of postencephalographical symptoms were examined using air and nitrous oxide as contrast media. In the course of the examination the cerebrospinal pressure showed a tendency to rise when air was introduced, to fall when nitrous oxide was introduced. After instillation of N2O however the filling of the subarachnoid space was over so quickly that it could not be included in the assessment. Sufficient r\u00f6ntgenograms were obtained for all diagnostic demands through 'hybrid filling', (introduction of nitrous oxide into the ventricles, introduction of air into the subarachnoid spaces). With the aid of the results obtained from this examination attempts will be made to derive differentiated indications for filling with nitrous oxide."}
{"id": "PMID:1197447", "title": "[Against the concept of a uniform schizophrenia].", "content": "500 chronic schizophrenics (250 men and 250 women) were examined and divided up into two groups according to whether occurrences of psychosis had been proved in the family ('family' cases) or not ('spordic' cases). Considerable discrepancies were found when the two groups were compared. The examination showed the 'sporadic' schizophrenics to be older; their first admission to hospital lay further in the past, they had been in the meantime less frequently discharged, they stayed longer in hospital, more frequently never left hospital after their first admission and showed more rarely fluctuations of the syndrome between two poles. With a more insidious development of the disorder there thus followed a worse prognosis for the sporadic patients than for the familiy patients. The basic discrepancies were significant, for the most part very significant. Sporadic schizophrenics are found more frequently amongst men, family schizophrenics more frequently amongst women. The vast majority of schizophrenics in the families of our test cases were women.", "contents": "[Against the concept of a uniform schizophrenia]. 500 chronic schizophrenics (250 men and 250 women) were examined and divided up into two groups according to whether occurrences of psychosis had been proved in the family ('family' cases) or not ('spordic' cases). Considerable discrepancies were found when the two groups were compared. The examination showed the 'sporadic' schizophrenics to be older; their first admission to hospital lay further in the past, they had been in the meantime less frequently discharged, they stayed longer in hospital, more frequently never left hospital after their first admission and showed more rarely fluctuations of the syndrome between two poles. With a more insidious development of the disorder there thus followed a worse prognosis for the sporadic patients than for the familiy patients. The basic discrepancies were significant, for the most part very significant. Sporadic schizophrenics are found more frequently amongst men, family schizophrenics more frequently amongst women. The vast majority of schizophrenics in the families of our test cases were women."}
{"id": "PMID:1197448", "title": "[Pattern of familial psychoses--systematic and unsystematic schizophrenia and cycloid psychoses].", "content": "604 cases were examined, 309 of which were systematic schizophrenics, 191 were unsystematic schizophrenics and 104 cycloid psychotics. With the systematic schizophrenics the average period spent in hospital amounted to 16.9 years, with the unsystematic schizophrenics 13.8 years, with the cycloid psychotics 8.2 years. The systematic schizophrenics were discharged from hospital on average 1.5 times, the unsystematic 2.3 times, the cycloid psychotics 4.1 times. Of the systematic schizophrenics, 37.5% were never discharged after their first admittance to hospital, of the unsystematic 25.7%, of the cycloid psychotics 9.6%. Bipolar fluctuations were detected in 1.6% of the systematic schizophrenics, 49.7% of the unsystematic and 78.8% of the cycloid psychotics. 15.9% of the systematic schizophrenics had occurrences of psychoses in their family compared to 50.8% of the unsystematic and 22.1% of the cycloid psychotics. The systematic schizophrenics had 17.5% of their family ill, the unsystematic 69.6%, the cycloid psychotics 25.0%. Of the parents of the systematic schizophrenics 2.3% were ill, of the parents of the unsystematic schizophrenics 11.6%, of the parents of the cycloid psychotics 5.0%. Of the brothers and sisters of the systematic schizophrenics 2.4% were ill, of the unsystematic schizophrenics 10.9%, of the cycloid psychotics 3.0%. These variations in the pattern and occurrence of psychoses in the family seem to prove that the three groups of endogenous psychoses are genetically separable. There are also differentiating features inside the groups. Periodic catatonia in particular is characterized by the great number of psychotics in the family.", "contents": "[Pattern of familial psychoses--systematic and unsystematic schizophrenia and cycloid psychoses]. 604 cases were examined, 309 of which were systematic schizophrenics, 191 were unsystematic schizophrenics and 104 cycloid psychotics. With the systematic schizophrenics the average period spent in hospital amounted to 16.9 years, with the unsystematic schizophrenics 13.8 years, with the cycloid psychotics 8.2 years. The systematic schizophrenics were discharged from hospital on average 1.5 times, the unsystematic 2.3 times, the cycloid psychotics 4.1 times. Of the systematic schizophrenics, 37.5% were never discharged after their first admittance to hospital, of the unsystematic 25.7%, of the cycloid psychotics 9.6%. Bipolar fluctuations were detected in 1.6% of the systematic schizophrenics, 49.7% of the unsystematic and 78.8% of the cycloid psychotics. 15.9% of the systematic schizophrenics had occurrences of psychoses in their family compared to 50.8% of the unsystematic and 22.1% of the cycloid psychotics. The systematic schizophrenics had 17.5% of their family ill, the unsystematic 69.6%, the cycloid psychotics 25.0%. Of the parents of the systematic schizophrenics 2.3% were ill, of the parents of the unsystematic schizophrenics 11.6%, of the parents of the cycloid psychotics 5.0%. Of the brothers and sisters of the systematic schizophrenics 2.4% were ill, of the unsystematic schizophrenics 10.9%, of the cycloid psychotics 3.0%. These variations in the pattern and occurrence of psychoses in the family seem to prove that the three groups of endogenous psychoses are genetically separable. There are also differentiating features inside the groups. Periodic catatonia in particular is characterized by the great number of psychotics in the family."}
{"id": "PMID:1197449", "title": "[Radiological pictures of the skull following brain-tumor surgery].", "content": "In 90 patients, the majority of whom was operated upon for a brain tumour, we have systematically controlled the post-operative x-ray pictures of the skull. Clips set in during surgery, calcified epiphysis and changes of the sella due to pressure were the most important signs. To complete the follow-up of tumours we should like to propose to use clips not only as a hemostyptic measure, but also to have marks in cases of possible relapses.", "contents": "[Radiological pictures of the skull following brain-tumor surgery]. In 90 patients, the majority of whom was operated upon for a brain tumour, we have systematically controlled the post-operative x-ray pictures of the skull. Clips set in during surgery, calcified epiphysis and changes of the sella due to pressure were the most important signs. To complete the follow-up of tumours we should like to propose to use clips not only as a hemostyptic measure, but also to have marks in cases of possible relapses."}
{"id": "PMID:1197450", "title": "[Group round].", "content": "The traditional clinical round as a means of communication, information and teaching has considerable disadvantages; therefore a procedure is proposed after 5-years testing called \"group round\" as a supplementary procedure. It spares the time of the physician, enables the orientation in the individual patient and moreover the observation of interaction between the patients themselves and between patients and personal staff and facilitates teaching. The less experienced physician gets an easier approach to group psychotherapy, essential effects of which become effective in the procedure. The breaking of professional secrecy can be avoided.", "contents": "[Group round]. The traditional clinical round as a means of communication, information and teaching has considerable disadvantages; therefore a procedure is proposed after 5-years testing called \"group round\" as a supplementary procedure. It spares the time of the physician, enables the orientation in the individual patient and moreover the observation of interaction between the patients themselves and between patients and personal staff and facilitates teaching. The less experienced physician gets an easier approach to group psychotherapy, essential effects of which become effective in the procedure. The breaking of professional secrecy can be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:1197451", "title": "[Serum creatinphosphokinase (CPK) in endogenic psychoses].", "content": "Creatinphosphokinase (CPK) was determined in 141 patients with manic-depressive and schizophrenic psychoses. In general endogenic psychoses of the manic and depressive type as well as chronic schizophrenias show normal CPK values. In acute cases of paranoid-halluzinatory schizophrenias normal values are predominant. In catatonic schizophrenias, as a rule, clearly increased enzyme activities are found. Thise increased values suggest a postulated somatic disease as a cause of the psychosis. Thus, the determination of CPK provides a useful aid in the diagnosis and control of the course of catatonic schizophrenic.", "contents": "[Serum creatinphosphokinase (CPK) in endogenic psychoses]. Creatinphosphokinase (CPK) was determined in 141 patients with manic-depressive and schizophrenic psychoses. In general endogenic psychoses of the manic and depressive type as well as chronic schizophrenias show normal CPK values. In acute cases of paranoid-halluzinatory schizophrenias normal values are predominant. In catatonic schizophrenias, as a rule, clearly increased enzyme activities are found. Thise increased values suggest a postulated somatic disease as a cause of the psychosis. Thus, the determination of CPK provides a useful aid in the diagnosis and control of the course of catatonic schizophrenic."}
{"id": "PMID:1197452", "title": "[Electroencephalographic examinations following strangulation].", "content": "An electroencephalogram (E.E.G.) was recorded from 12 patients within 4 hours after strangulation. The tracings were mainly flat and showed severe general alterations. Repeated recordings were performed in 16 patients during the further course at regular intervals until the findings had normalized. Despite the marked initial findings, in 13 patients the basic activity had normalized within 48 hours after strangulation, but often it was asymmetric. Marked asymmetry and focal findings subsided within a year. Only in juvenile patients with initially marked neurological symptoms and subsequent demential course focal findings were found over several years. Contrary to the results of other investigations, spike potentials occurred in 2 patients with tonic-clonic seizures as focal and generalized, resp. steep. waves.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic examinations following strangulation]. An electroencephalogram (E.E.G.) was recorded from 12 patients within 4 hours after strangulation. The tracings were mainly flat and showed severe general alterations. Repeated recordings were performed in 16 patients during the further course at regular intervals until the findings had normalized. Despite the marked initial findings, in 13 patients the basic activity had normalized within 48 hours after strangulation, but often it was asymmetric. Marked asymmetry and focal findings subsided within a year. Only in juvenile patients with initially marked neurological symptoms and subsequent demential course focal findings were found over several years. Contrary to the results of other investigations, spike potentials occurred in 2 patients with tonic-clonic seizures as focal and generalized, resp. steep. waves."}
{"id": "PMID:1197453", "title": "[Examinations with the modified VNPI].", "content": "The revised design of a psychometric procedure (VNPI) is described. Additional factors were extracted by intercorrelations and factor analysis: increased perseveration, inhibited contact, defective flexibility, instability of moods. They provide information, additionally to the evaluation of the factors of vegetative lability, neuroticism, and introversion. A random test in 360 persons from a screening series is used for the presentation of the relations between VNPI values and findings of social and internal medicine. The possibilities of individual diagnosis of the procedure are demonstrated by VNPI profiles of patients.", "contents": "[Examinations with the modified VNPI]. The revised design of a psychometric procedure (VNPI) is described. Additional factors were extracted by intercorrelations and factor analysis: increased perseveration, inhibited contact, defective flexibility, instability of moods. They provide information, additionally to the evaluation of the factors of vegetative lability, neuroticism, and introversion. A random test in 360 persons from a screening series is used for the presentation of the relations between VNPI values and findings of social and internal medicine. The possibilities of individual diagnosis of the procedure are demonstrated by VNPI profiles of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1197454", "title": "[Side-effects of lithium therapy].", "content": "Side-effects and complications of lithium therapy were examined by evaluation of data registered from 73 patients. Transitory subjective complaints would often occur during the initial phase of therapy, but they do not require any additional therapy. Occasional development of struma and sometimes high increase of body weight require regular controls of these values. Disposing factors concerning the possible occurrence of epileptic seizures and extra-pyramidal disorders under lithium therapy are Melipramin as well as organic cerebral lesions.", "contents": "[Side-effects of lithium therapy]. Side-effects and complications of lithium therapy were examined by evaluation of data registered from 73 patients. Transitory subjective complaints would often occur during the initial phase of therapy, but they do not require any additional therapy. Occasional development of struma and sometimes high increase of body weight require regular controls of these values. Disposing factors concerning the possible occurrence of epileptic seizures and extra-pyramidal disorders under lithium therapy are Melipramin as well as organic cerebral lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1197455", "title": "[On the problem of psychodiagnosis in psychiatry and psychotherapy].", "content": "Owing to the changed concept of psychiatry and psychotherapy, greater demands are also being made on psychodiagnostics. The article deals with the prerequisites, possible significance and application of the clinical methods and psychological tests, describes the problems of standardization and quality testing and discusses indications and problems of the different groups of methods. The demands of the clinician addressed to test designers are dealt with, as well as the question of which group of methods should be used and by whom.", "contents": "[On the problem of psychodiagnosis in psychiatry and psychotherapy]. Owing to the changed concept of psychiatry and psychotherapy, greater demands are also being made on psychodiagnostics. The article deals with the prerequisites, possible significance and application of the clinical methods and psychological tests, describes the problems of standardization and quality testing and discusses indications and problems of the different groups of methods. The demands of the clinician addressed to test designers are dealt with, as well as the question of which group of methods should be used and by whom."}
{"id": "PMID:1197456", "title": "[On the problems of psychophysiological data determination].", "content": "Together with the description of difficulties of registration specific individual, stimulus, and motivation reactions are dealt with. Possibilities are shown of changes of the signalto-noise ratio in the example of a superimposition related to an event. Particularly the problems of the design of psychological complementary diagnostics for the recognition of habitual factors and factor related to specific reactions to trauma are discussed.", "contents": "[On the problems of psychophysiological data determination]. Together with the description of difficulties of registration specific individual, stimulus, and motivation reactions are dealt with. Possibilities are shown of changes of the signalto-noise ratio in the example of a superimposition related to an event. Particularly the problems of the design of psychological complementary diagnostics for the recognition of habitual factors and factor related to specific reactions to trauma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197457", "title": "[Incidence of infantile cerebral lesions in children with behavioral disorders].", "content": "The delimitation of behavioural disturbances predominantly due to organic brain lesions from those caused by reactions due to environmental factors has practical importance for drug therapy and pedagogic guidance. Figures on the incidence of infantile brain lesions among children with behavioural disorders range from between 20 to 90%. However, comparison of the results is difficult, because different authors followed different aspects for the evaluation of their material. The authors have collected data from 497 children from the 3 to 15 year-old age group who suffer from behavioural disturbances: history, neurological and psychological findings, electroencephalogram, native x-ray picture of the skull, pneumo-encephalogram and echoencephalogram were reviewed for signs and findings suggesting infantile brain damage. Certain signs of intantile brain lesion were found in 28.6% of the children. Among the apparative diagnostic procedures without impairment to the patients, the electroencephalogram proved particularly suited for the support of the diagnosis. The most accurate data on the localization and extent of the lesion are provided by the pneumo-encephalogram. However, its performance is not possible or justified in each child.", "contents": "[Incidence of infantile cerebral lesions in children with behavioral disorders]. The delimitation of behavioural disturbances predominantly due to organic brain lesions from those caused by reactions due to environmental factors has practical importance for drug therapy and pedagogic guidance. Figures on the incidence of infantile brain lesions among children with behavioural disorders range from between 20 to 90%. However, comparison of the results is difficult, because different authors followed different aspects for the evaluation of their material. The authors have collected data from 497 children from the 3 to 15 year-old age group who suffer from behavioural disturbances: history, neurological and psychological findings, electroencephalogram, native x-ray picture of the skull, pneumo-encephalogram and echoencephalogram were reviewed for signs and findings suggesting infantile brain damage. Certain signs of intantile brain lesion were found in 28.6% of the children. Among the apparative diagnostic procedures without impairment to the patients, the electroencephalogram proved particularly suited for the support of the diagnosis. The most accurate data on the localization and extent of the lesion are provided by the pneumo-encephalogram. However, its performance is not possible or justified in each child."}
{"id": "PMID:1197458", "title": "[Studies on protein genetic factors in multiple sclerosis and psychoses].", "content": "In more than 200 cases of multiple sclerosis, psychosis and cyclothymia, the Hp types are studied with the help of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Schreyer and Schaible, 1967) and the Gc types wtih agar gel electrophoresis (Schlesinger, Vogt and Prokop, 1963). All Hp and Gc types were found in these diseases, but there was no frequent occurence of any particular type in multiple acleroses of psychoses. According to our results, there is no interdependence between these diseases and the Hp and Gc types.", "contents": "[Studies on protein genetic factors in multiple sclerosis and psychoses]. In more than 200 cases of multiple sclerosis, psychosis and cyclothymia, the Hp types are studied with the help of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Schreyer and Schaible, 1967) and the Gc types wtih agar gel electrophoresis (Schlesinger, Vogt and Prokop, 1963). All Hp and Gc types were found in these diseases, but there was no frequent occurence of any particular type in multiple acleroses of psychoses. According to our results, there is no interdependence between these diseases and the Hp and Gc types."}
{"id": "PMID:1197459", "title": "[Regressive myopathy with myasthenic syndrome in idiopathic gluten enteropathy].", "content": "The authors report on a case of sprue myopathy with myasthenic syndrome. Pathophysiological ideas are discussed and the necessity of complex examinations in myopathy-syndromes is emphasized.", "contents": "[Regressive myopathy with myasthenic syndrome in idiopathic gluten enteropathy]. The authors report on a case of sprue myopathy with myasthenic syndrome. Pathophysiological ideas are discussed and the necessity of complex examinations in myopathy-syndromes is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1197460", "title": "[Out-patient treatment of psychoses using depot-fluphenazin].", "content": "43 courses of treatment in various psychoses are reported. Peculiarities of dosage and application, and the position of Depot-Fluphenazin as compared to other Depot-neuroliptics are considered in detail.", "contents": "[Out-patient treatment of psychoses using depot-fluphenazin]. 43 courses of treatment in various psychoses are reported. Peculiarities of dosage and application, and the position of Depot-Fluphenazin as compared to other Depot-neuroliptics are considered in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1197461", "title": "[Suicidal trends in urban and rural districts of Brandenburg].", "content": "Statistic methods are used to investigate the discrepancy in the occurrence of suicides and attempted suicides in the urban and rural districts of Brandenburg. Although the socilolgical structures of the rural districts are much like those of the town, there exist obvious discrepancies in the incidence rate. The suicide rate is paradoxically in contrast with what may be expected when one has read the literature. The rate is higher in the rural districts than in the town. The possible causes of this phenomenon are discussed indetail. It is considered recommendable for the planning of preventive measures that not only the figures for actual suicides  be taken as a representative rate and starting point, but also the figures for suicidal acts (suicides and attempted suicides).", "contents": "[Suicidal trends in urban and rural districts of Brandenburg]. Statistic methods are used to investigate the discrepancy in the occurrence of suicides and attempted suicides in the urban and rural districts of Brandenburg. Although the socilolgical structures of the rural districts are much like those of the town, there exist obvious discrepancies in the incidence rate. The suicide rate is paradoxically in contrast with what may be expected when one has read the literature. The rate is higher in the rural districts than in the town. The possible causes of this phenomenon are discussed indetail. It is considered recommendable for the planning of preventive measures that not only the figures for actual suicides  be taken as a representative rate and starting point, but also the figures for suicidal acts (suicides and attempted suicides)."}
{"id": "PMID:1197463", "title": "[Pathological visual field and brain tumor].", "content": "The general relationships between an operatively or autoptically localized tumor and the visual field determined by means of ikineticer perimetry are investigated, the patient stock being a total of 1756 neurosurgical brain-tumor inpatients. Examination of the visual field was possible with four fifths of the brain-tumor patients. Hemianopic, quadrantanopsic, or scotomatous defects of a topically localizable nature could be found in almost one third of the total patient stock available for examination. The clinically particularly interesting criteria of localization of homonymous-hemianopsia defects such as macular sparing and incongruence/congruence of visual field changes should be of no importance to the localization within the visual pathway of brain-tumor patients.", "contents": "[Pathological visual field and brain tumor]. The general relationships between an operatively or autoptically localized tumor and the visual field determined by means of ikineticer perimetry are investigated, the patient stock being a total of 1756 neurosurgical brain-tumor inpatients. Examination of the visual field was possible with four fifths of the brain-tumor patients. Hemianopic, quadrantanopsic, or scotomatous defects of a topically localizable nature could be found in almost one third of the total patient stock available for examination. The clinically particularly interesting criteria of localization of homonymous-hemianopsia defects such as macular sparing and incongruence/congruence of visual field changes should be of no importance to the localization within the visual pathway of brain-tumor patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1197464", "title": "[Changes of the visual field with cerebral tumors].", "content": "Neurosurgical material of 1,746 tumours is reviewed for the relations between operative and post mortem localization of cerebral tumours and pathological findings of isopteric perimetry; and the incidence of defects of the visual field with the different localizations of tumours is discussed. The aim was to localize the tumours as accurately as possible. At least in brain tumour patients the defect of the visual field does not allow conclusions on the level of lesions to the visual pathway. Only the superior quadranopsia is important for the temporal localization.", "contents": "[Changes of the visual field with cerebral tumors]. Neurosurgical material of 1,746 tumours is reviewed for the relations between operative and post mortem localization of cerebral tumours and pathological findings of isopteric perimetry; and the incidence of defects of the visual field with the different localizations of tumours is discussed. The aim was to localize the tumours as accurately as possible. At least in brain tumour patients the defect of the visual field does not allow conclusions on the level of lesions to the visual pathway. Only the superior quadranopsia is important for the temporal localization."}
{"id": "PMID:1197465", "title": "[Liepmann's test and its specific significance in the alcoholic delirium].", "content": "The perceptional characteristics of hallucinatory events and the phenomenal forms of artificially produced hallucinations were studied on a total of 210 patients (144 patients with delirium tremens, alcoholic hallucinosis, abstention from alcoholic beverages freedom from abstinence symptoms and 66 subjects with schizophrenia, symptomatic epilepsy, general paralysis, neuroses, and conditions of intoxication). The results of our studies show that Liepmann's test may be used to reliably diagnose genuine hallucinoses. They are usually preceded by a number of different stages, these being the stages of stability of development and full development of prehallucinatory phenomena, simultaneous and suggestive periods of geniune hallucinations. Liepmann's test is specifically distinctive of psychopathological disorders associated with delirium tremens.", "contents": "[Liepmann's test and its specific significance in the alcoholic delirium]. The perceptional characteristics of hallucinatory events and the phenomenal forms of artificially produced hallucinations were studied on a total of 210 patients (144 patients with delirium tremens, alcoholic hallucinosis, abstention from alcoholic beverages freedom from abstinence symptoms and 66 subjects with schizophrenia, symptomatic epilepsy, general paralysis, neuroses, and conditions of intoxication). The results of our studies show that Liepmann's test may be used to reliably diagnose genuine hallucinoses. They are usually preceded by a number of different stages, these being the stages of stability of development and full development of prehallucinatory phenomena, simultaneous and suggestive periods of geniune hallucinations. Liepmann's test is specifically distinctive of psychopathological disorders associated with delirium tremens."}
{"id": "PMID:1197466", "title": "[Disorders of higher mentae functions as first symptoms in patients with brain tumors].", "content": "It has been established that in 29 (or 36,25%) of examined patients with neoplasms of the brain in the left dominant hemisphere, disturbances in the psychic functions seem to be the first and most early symptoms of the disease. They develop slowly, progressively, or in the form of epileptic language equivalents (in 5% of examined patients). As early symptoms, disturbances in language indicate existance of a brain disease and give cause to suspect a neoplasm, in this way stating the necessity of further examination, and from the other side - in some cases show the localization of the process.", "contents": "[Disorders of higher mentae functions as first symptoms in patients with brain tumors]. It has been established that in 29 (or 36,25%) of examined patients with neoplasms of the brain in the left dominant hemisphere, disturbances in the psychic functions seem to be the first and most early symptoms of the disease. They develop slowly, progressively, or in the form of epileptic language equivalents (in 5% of examined patients). As early symptoms, disturbances in language indicate existance of a brain disease and give cause to suspect a neoplasm, in this way stating the necessity of further examination, and from the other side - in some cases show the localization of the process."}
{"id": "PMID:1197467", "title": "[The integration of methods in residential psychotherapy].", "content": "The trend toward integration of psychotherapy into general medical practice has, especially in inpatient treatment of neurotic diseases, led to the development of psychotherapeutic systems, the differences of which are largely dependent upon both clinical conditions and therapeutical objectives. The author, in the light of ten years of practical experience with group psychotherapy of patients living in a hospital, gives a schematic outline of the Berlin system of integration of methods, discussing the system with reference to Kabanov's four basic principles, namely, the principle of the partnership of doctor and patient, the principle of the differences in efforts and effects, the principle of the unity of efficacy of methods, and the principle of the gradual transitions between methods and procedures. A detailed discussion is given of the gradual transition principle by reference to the phase-specific procedure of group psychotherapy and the methods of treatment coordinated therewith.", "contents": "[The integration of methods in residential psychotherapy]. The trend toward integration of psychotherapy into general medical practice has, especially in inpatient treatment of neurotic diseases, led to the development of psychotherapeutic systems, the differences of which are largely dependent upon both clinical conditions and therapeutical objectives. The author, in the light of ten years of practical experience with group psychotherapy of patients living in a hospital, gives a schematic outline of the Berlin system of integration of methods, discussing the system with reference to Kabanov's four basic principles, namely, the principle of the partnership of doctor and patient, the principle of the differences in efforts and effects, the principle of the unity of efficacy of methods, and the principle of the gradual transitions between methods and procedures. A detailed discussion is given of the gradual transition principle by reference to the phase-specific procedure of group psychotherapy and the methods of treatment coordinated therewith."}
{"id": "PMID:1197468", "title": "[Individual therapy as a special form of complex psychotherapy].", "content": "A combination of several psychotherapeutic methods will be meaningfull only if they are tuned to, and supplement, each other. Indiscriminate combinations may produce harmful effects. The choice of psychotherapeutic methods depends upon the objective that the psychotherapist desires to accomplish. In psychotherapy it is essential that all actions taken be governed by plans worked out in accordance with the particular objectives to be accomplished.", "contents": "[Individual therapy as a special form of complex psychotherapy]. A combination of several psychotherapeutic methods will be meaningfull only if they are tuned to, and supplement, each other. Indiscriminate combinations may produce harmful effects. The choice of psychotherapeutic methods depends upon the objective that the psychotherapist desires to accomplish. In psychotherapy it is essential that all actions taken be governed by plans worked out in accordance with the particular objectives to be accomplished."}
{"id": "PMID:1197469", "title": "[Objectifying the effect of autogenic training on disordered ventilation in bronchial asthma].", "content": "Forty-one persons suffering from asthma (aged 20 to 55; duration of disease: greater than or equal 2 years) were divided into 2 groups and participated in courses of instruction in autogenic training. The control group was comprised of 14 patients. The effects of autogenic training on the maximum rate of expiration as well as the limiting respiratory value were recorded. The control group showed a seasonal decrease in the maximum rate of expiration and the limiting respiratory value by 10 to 20% in the period extending from April through November. The autogenic-training patients showed a temporally similar increase in the maximum rate of expiration of 27 and 22%, respectively (the difference to the control group being 47 and 42%, respectively). In 35 patients the increase in the limiting respiratory value was equal to or greater than the effect produced by novodrine. Catamnesis after one year (n = 40): Absence from work in a twelve-month period was 663 days prior to autogenic training and 77 days (11.6%) subsequent to autogenic training. Accordingly, autogenic training may be considered to be an objectively effective component of a combination of therapeutical methods used in the treatment of bronchial asthma.", "contents": "[Objectifying the effect of autogenic training on disordered ventilation in bronchial asthma]. Forty-one persons suffering from asthma (aged 20 to 55; duration of disease: greater than or equal 2 years) were divided into 2 groups and participated in courses of instruction in autogenic training. The control group was comprised of 14 patients. The effects of autogenic training on the maximum rate of expiration as well as the limiting respiratory value were recorded. The control group showed a seasonal decrease in the maximum rate of expiration and the limiting respiratory value by 10 to 20% in the period extending from April through November. The autogenic-training patients showed a temporally similar increase in the maximum rate of expiration of 27 and 22%, respectively (the difference to the control group being 47 and 42%, respectively). In 35 patients the increase in the limiting respiratory value was equal to or greater than the effect produced by novodrine. Catamnesis after one year (n = 40): Absence from work in a twelve-month period was 663 days prior to autogenic training and 77 days (11.6%) subsequent to autogenic training. Accordingly, autogenic training may be considered to be an objectively effective component of a combination of therapeutical methods used in the treatment of bronchial asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:1197470", "title": "[Reactive music therapy in psychotherapeutic group talks].", "content": "The authors, after presenting a survey of the literature on techniques of receptive musical therapy used for both individuals and groups, describe the use of Schwabe's reactive musical therapy within psychotherapeutical group talks. Experience gained using this particular technique of muscial therapy is reported, the institutional and theoretical reference system, by which reactive musical group therapy may be used, being described in greater detail. Also, special mention is made in this paper of contraindications and their respective conditions.", "contents": "[Reactive music therapy in psychotherapeutic group talks]. The authors, after presenting a survey of the literature on techniques of receptive musical therapy used for both individuals and groups, describe the use of Schwabe's reactive musical therapy within psychotherapeutical group talks. Experience gained using this particular technique of muscial therapy is reported, the institutional and theoretical reference system, by which reactive musical group therapy may be used, being described in greater detail. Also, special mention is made in this paper of contraindications and their respective conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1197471", "title": "[The multiple selection vocabulary test (MSVT-B)--an accelerated intelligence test].", "content": "A new accelerated intelligence test is presented which is known as the multiple selection vocabulary test B. This is a very objective and reliable test measuring the general level of intelligence. The time of testing will be about three to five minutes in the case of persons that are free of any psychiatric disorders. Test results will be only negligibly influenced by psychic and mental disorders.", "contents": "[The multiple selection vocabulary test (MSVT-B)--an accelerated intelligence test]. A new accelerated intelligence test is presented which is known as the multiple selection vocabulary test B. This is a very objective and reliable test measuring the general level of intelligence. The time of testing will be about three to five minutes in the case of persons that are free of any psychiatric disorders. Test results will be only negligibly influenced by psychic and mental disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1197472", "title": "[Relations between pneumoencephalographic and electroencephalographic findings in childhood].", "content": "During simultaneous testing of electro-encephalograms and pneumoencephalograms in 200 children of various ages a proven correlation of statistics between both test procedures emerged as a well-defined parameter for evaluation. When making a statement about the correlation in findings between E.E.G. and P.E.G. the age of development in a child must be taken into consideration. Thus it emerged that in infants pronounced enlargement of the ventricular system correlates with active tension E.E.G. at increased inter-cranial pressure, while the coincidence of focal changes in E.E.G. and P.E.G. with advancing years becomes at first more pronounced after the tenth year of life (or puberty) but afterwards lessens.", "contents": "[Relations between pneumoencephalographic and electroencephalographic findings in childhood]. During simultaneous testing of electro-encephalograms and pneumoencephalograms in 200 children of various ages a proven correlation of statistics between both test procedures emerged as a well-defined parameter for evaluation. When making a statement about the correlation in findings between E.E.G. and P.E.G. the age of development in a child must be taken into consideration. Thus it emerged that in infants pronounced enlargement of the ventricular system correlates with active tension E.E.G. at increased inter-cranial pressure, while the coincidence of focal changes in E.E.G. and P.E.G. with advancing years becomes at first more pronounced after the tenth year of life (or puberty) but afterwards lessens."}
{"id": "PMID:1197473", "title": "[Interpersonal exposure to danger and risk-taking in the group therapy process].", "content": "The writer singles out from the complexities of the group psychotherapeutic process the dynamic pair: inter-personal exposure to danger and the taking of risk. According to his empirical experience and tests the degree of risk-taking is a good parameter for assessing the psychotherapeutic process. For this purpose the inter-action matrix devised by Hill proves itself most useful.", "contents": "[Interpersonal exposure to danger and risk-taking in the group therapy process]. The writer singles out from the complexities of the group psychotherapeutic process the dynamic pair: inter-personal exposure to danger and the taking of risk. According to his empirical experience and tests the degree of risk-taking is a good parameter for assessing the psychotherapeutic process. For this purpose the inter-action matrix devised by Hill proves itself most useful."}
{"id": "PMID:1197474", "title": "[The personality of the teacher as a patient type in psychological diagnosis].", "content": "The report concerns the questioning of 200 pedagogues using the questionnaire concerning introversion, neuroticism, rigidity and autonomic instability. All the patients are teachers and pupils in working relationships who were chosen from medical dispensary care with present symptoms of exhaustion and conflicting reactions, and who were transferred to psychological supervision. From the resulting data in the scales investigated, a configuration frequency analysis of the symptoms of introversion, neuroticism, rigidity and autonomic instability is given. Three oft-occurring typical configurations of scale can be found. From this a configuration type (with stikingly rigid behaviour and an otherwise unobtrusive scale constellation) can be interpreted as the \"typical tacher\" product of lengthy pedagogic activity.", "contents": "[The personality of the teacher as a patient type in psychological diagnosis]. The report concerns the questioning of 200 pedagogues using the questionnaire concerning introversion, neuroticism, rigidity and autonomic instability. All the patients are teachers and pupils in working relationships who were chosen from medical dispensary care with present symptoms of exhaustion and conflicting reactions, and who were transferred to psychological supervision. From the resulting data in the scales investigated, a configuration frequency analysis of the symptoms of introversion, neuroticism, rigidity and autonomic instability is given. Three oft-occurring typical configurations of scale can be found. From this a configuration type (with stikingly rigid behaviour and an otherwise unobtrusive scale constellation) can be interpreted as the \"typical tacher\" product of lengthy pedagogic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1197475", "title": "[Dispensary care of suicidal cases in later life].", "content": "Experience drawn from daily work with suicidal cases and from special tests related to and connected with this work is generalized. Differences in suicidal behaviour between people in later life and the younger age grouping are elaborated, corresponding characteristics of suicidal behaviour are specified and information or suggestions on the guidelines for the necessary therapeutic and preventative work are given.", "contents": "[Dispensary care of suicidal cases in later life]. Experience drawn from daily work with suicidal cases and from special tests related to and connected with this work is generalized. Differences in suicidal behaviour between people in later life and the younger age grouping are elaborated, corresponding characteristics of suicidal behaviour are specified and information or suggestions on the guidelines for the necessary therapeutic and preventative work are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1197476", "title": "[Care of the mentally defective in Finland].", "content": "In Finland the organisation for the rehabilitation of those of retarded development is independent and total, It includes all special welfare needs. Its main objects are the normalisation and integration of those of retarded development into society; this means creating personal and social opportunities for them and helping them in many ways to facilitate thier integration into society.", "contents": "[Care of the mentally defective in Finland]. In Finland the organisation for the rehabilitation of those of retarded development is independent and total, It includes all special welfare needs. Its main objects are the normalisation and integration of those of retarded development into society; this means creating personal and social opportunities for them and helping them in many ways to facilitate thier integration into society."}
{"id": "PMID:1197477", "title": "[Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension].", "content": "The disease picture of idiopathic orthostatic hypotonia is described from a clinical and histological point of view with reference to a case treated by the present authors. The independent character of this particular ailment may be considered as resulting from the virtually uncontrollable orthostatic decreases in blood pressure in connection with the progressive disorders especially of the motor system. Also, the etiology is not yet fully understood.", "contents": "[Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension]. The disease picture of idiopathic orthostatic hypotonia is described from a clinical and histological point of view with reference to a case treated by the present authors. The independent character of this particular ailment may be considered as resulting from the virtually uncontrollable orthostatic decreases in blood pressure in connection with the progressive disorders especially of the motor system. Also, the etiology is not yet fully understood."}
{"id": "PMID:1197499", "title": "Dynamic and holistic ideas of neurosis and psychotherapy.", "content": "In this paper I want to discuss certain weaknesses of the traditional dynamic psychoanalytic conception of neurosis and their psychotherapeutic consequences. At the same time, I would like to advocate an alternative conception of neurosis, a holistic or characterological conception, and I will try to indicate some of the therapeutic ideas and practices which follow from it.", "contents": "Dynamic and holistic ideas of neurosis and psychotherapy. In this paper I want to discuss certain weaknesses of the traditional dynamic psychoanalytic conception of neurosis and their psychotherapeutic consequences. At the same time, I would like to advocate an alternative conception of neurosis, a holistic or characterological conception, and I will try to indicate some of the therapeutic ideas and practices which follow from it."}
{"id": "PMID:1197501", "title": "Masochism: a clinical and theoretical overview.", "content": "This paper will review some of the theoretical and clinical features of masochism from an eclectic point of view. The topic of masochism has been taken up by authors of many perspectives because it addresses one of the anomalous, absurd, difficult-to-explain aspects of behavior for which no psychological system has an easy answer. Therefore, a wide-ranging literature on the topic of masochism is available. However, few previous reviewers have attempted to draw from a variety of disciplines and theoretical frameworks. In this review the historical development of the term and some of the psychoanalytic conceptualizations will be presented first. Since previous reviews of masochism from a strictly psychoanalytic perspective are adequate (Brenner, 1959; Eisenbud, 1967; Fenichel, 1945; Loewenstein, 1957; Panken, 1967), our discussions of masochism will be developed employing more extensively the interpersonal, social, learning theory, and biological perspectives.", "contents": "Masochism: a clinical and theoretical overview. This paper will review some of the theoretical and clinical features of masochism from an eclectic point of view. The topic of masochism has been taken up by authors of many perspectives because it addresses one of the anomalous, absurd, difficult-to-explain aspects of behavior for which no psychological system has an easy answer. Therefore, a wide-ranging literature on the topic of masochism is available. However, few previous reviewers have attempted to draw from a variety of disciplines and theoretical frameworks. In this review the historical development of the term and some of the psychoanalytic conceptualizations will be presented first. Since previous reviews of masochism from a strictly psychoanalytic perspective are adequate (Brenner, 1959; Eisenbud, 1967; Fenichel, 1945; Loewenstein, 1957; Panken, 1967), our discussions of masochism will be developed employing more extensively the interpersonal, social, learning theory, and biological perspectives."}
{"id": "PMID:1197502", "title": "Epidemic hysteria in Malaysian schools: an illustrative episode.", "content": "This paper discusses the prevalence and characteristics of epidemic hysteria among predominantly rural Malay schools in Malaysia. An illustrative episode in a Malay residential girls' school is described, and contributory factors to this outbreak are elaborated. An attempt is made to analyze the complex interweaving of psychological, religious, cultural, and sociological factors in the precipitation of the outbreak.", "contents": "Epidemic hysteria in Malaysian schools: an illustrative episode. This paper discusses the prevalence and characteristics of epidemic hysteria among predominantly rural Malay schools in Malaysia. An illustrative episode in a Malay residential girls' school is described, and contributory factors to this outbreak are elaborated. An attempt is made to analyze the complex interweaving of psychological, religious, cultural, and sociological factors in the precipitation of the outbreak."}
{"id": "PMID:1197503", "title": "The Chinese student--acculturation and mental illness.", "content": "This paper reviews the history of the Chinese student in America and examines the conflicts which the special role of the Chinese on campus created. Specifically the nature of the problems manifested by Chinese students who sought help through the student health program at a large West Coast university are examined as a reflection of the stresses caused by currently changing attitudes toward assimilation in the Chinese-American population. Interestingly, except for a brief overview by Fong, this is a group that, despite its size and significance, has been ignored in the literature.", "contents": "The Chinese student--acculturation and mental illness. This paper reviews the history of the Chinese student in America and examines the conflicts which the special role of the Chinese on campus created. Specifically the nature of the problems manifested by Chinese students who sought help through the student health program at a large West Coast university are examined as a reflection of the stresses caused by currently changing attitudes toward assimilation in the Chinese-American population. Interestingly, except for a brief overview by Fong, this is a group that, despite its size and significance, has been ignored in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1197529", "title": "Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. The structural hypothesis--theoretical considerations.", "content": "Freud reformulated his model of the psychic apparatus because certain clinical observations did not fit into the earlier framework of his theory. In the new theory, he emphasized the role each element plays in psychic conflict. Because Freud philosophically was committed to a materialistic, nonteleological, biologically based theory, he carried over into the new formulations some of the metapsychological assumptions of the earlier theory. It is suggested that this transposition is responsible for some of the confusion concerning the application of the structural theory. It is proposed that if a more strict usage of the concept of metapsychology with more precise conceptualization is employed, some of the problems connected with the application of the structural theory may be overcome.", "contents": "Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. The structural hypothesis--theoretical considerations. Freud reformulated his model of the psychic apparatus because certain clinical observations did not fit into the earlier framework of his theory. In the new theory, he emphasized the role each element plays in psychic conflict. Because Freud philosophically was committed to a materialistic, nonteleological, biologically based theory, he carried over into the new formulations some of the metapsychological assumptions of the earlier theory. It is suggested that this transposition is responsible for some of the confusion concerning the application of the structural theory. It is proposed that if a more strict usage of the concept of metapsychology with more precise conceptualization is employed, some of the problems connected with the application of the structural theory may be overcome."}
{"id": "PMID:1197530", "title": "Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. Clinical formulations and research.", "content": "The Ego and the Id has served as an organizing model which has advanced psychoanalysis as a science and as a therapy. The paradigm offered by the structural formulations provided a framework for many developmental and clinical studies as well as an approach to a general psychology of human behavior. Therapeutic advances have been made, but the art of therapy has not kept pace with the scientific advances. Dissatisfaction with psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory is discussed. Theories have become too far removed from their clinical base; a changing sociologic climate that has reduced the impact of the rational attitude offered by psychoanalysis and the failure of psychoanalytic therapy to cure all ills have contributed to the dissatisfaction.", "contents": "Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. Clinical formulations and research. The Ego and the Id has served as an organizing model which has advanced psychoanalysis as a science and as a therapy. The paradigm offered by the structural formulations provided a framework for many developmental and clinical studies as well as an approach to a general psychology of human behavior. Therapeutic advances have been made, but the art of therapy has not kept pace with the scientific advances. Dissatisfaction with psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory is discussed. Theories have become too far removed from their clinical base; a changing sociologic climate that has reduced the impact of the rational attitude offered by psychoanalysis and the failure of psychoanalytic therapy to cure all ills have contributed to the dissatisfaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1197531", "title": "Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. The need for a new general theoretical frame of reference for psychoanalysis.", "content": "This paper briefly discusses some of the serious problems in current psychoanalytic metapsychology and the need for a new general theoretical frame of reference. It highlights the lack of explanatory power and the primitive nature of current metapsychology. The paper suggests the usefulness of an information processing and systems model which is consistent with neurophysiology.", "contents": "Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. The need for a new general theoretical frame of reference for psychoanalysis. This paper briefly discusses some of the serious problems in current psychoanalytic metapsychology and the need for a new general theoretical frame of reference. It highlights the lack of explanatory power and the primitive nature of current metapsychology. The paper suggests the usefulness of an information processing and systems model which is consistent with neurophysiology."}
{"id": "PMID:1197532", "title": "Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. The past and future of ego psychology.", "content": "Having six roots in ordinary observation and introspection, ego psychology has a long pre-Freudian history, which influenced Freud's first usages of Ich. His works before 1923 contain much that is substantively ego psychology; The Ego and the Id was not a paradigm change but a consolidation of pre-existing ideas. The structural theory replaced a model (topographic) which Freud actually used very little, especially clinically, and he failed to remedy its gravest methodological faults. The ego-id model is an integral part of metapsychology, and will pass out of use as the latter dies, with no detriment to clinical psychoanalysis.", "contents": "Symposium on The Ego and the Id after fifty years. The past and future of ego psychology. Having six roots in ordinary observation and introspection, ego psychology has a long pre-Freudian history, which influenced Freud's first usages of Ich. His works before 1923 contain much that is substantively ego psychology; The Ego and the Id was not a paradigm change but a consolidation of pre-existing ideas. The structural theory replaced a model (topographic) which Freud actually used very little, especially clinically, and he failed to remedy its gravest methodological faults. The ego-id model is an integral part of metapsychology, and will pass out of use as the latter dies, with no detriment to clinical psychoanalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1197533", "title": "Three strands of narcissism.", "content": "The development of narcissism is usually studied from the standpoint of the drives, or more specifically of the libido. This paper considers narcissism from the standpoint of the ego and seeks to delineate separate developmental lines. From this point of view, a variety of forms may be distinguished which are ordinarily structured during the oedipal period. It is postulated that narcissism cannot be considered as truly separable from the vicissitudes of the love and hate of objects. This formulation makes possible consideration of recent observations concerning the 'narcissistic personality' without requiring major new economic, structural, or dynamic metapsychological constructs.", "contents": "Three strands of narcissism. The development of narcissism is usually studied from the standpoint of the drives, or more specifically of the libido. This paper considers narcissism from the standpoint of the ego and seeks to delineate separate developmental lines. From this point of view, a variety of forms may be distinguished which are ordinarily structured during the oedipal period. It is postulated that narcissism cannot be considered as truly separable from the vicissitudes of the love and hate of objects. This formulation makes possible consideration of recent observations concerning the 'narcissistic personality' without requiring major new economic, structural, or dynamic metapsychological constructs."}
{"id": "PMID:1197534", "title": "Early object loss and denial. Developmental considerations.", "content": "The psychoanalytic treatment of a young woman whose father had been killed in a concentration camp when she was four years old serves to illuminate certain aspects of libidinal and ego development, particularly as it touched on the effects of losing one's father just before entering the oedipal phase and on the defensive use of denial in lieu of mourning. Further consequences of the patient's loss are seen in the extent to which it influenced the self-image, sexual identity formation, and superego functioning, especially with regard to the role of guilt.", "contents": "Early object loss and denial. Developmental considerations. The psychoanalytic treatment of a young woman whose father had been killed in a concentration camp when she was four years old serves to illuminate certain aspects of libidinal and ego development, particularly as it touched on the effects of losing one's father just before entering the oedipal phase and on the defensive use of denial in lieu of mourning. Further consequences of the patient's loss are seen in the extent to which it influenced the self-image, sexual identity formation, and superego functioning, especially with regard to the role of guilt."}
{"id": "PMID:1197537", "title": "Psychobiology of partnership behaviour.", "content": "Animal experiments demonstrate that it is not only the quality of transmitted and received social signals that is important, but also their frequency and the timing of the information transmitted. In order for progress to be made in the investigation of human social behaviour and its disorders, methods must be developed which allow the transmission of verbal and non-verbal information to be measured. Experiments carried out with healthy adults and healthy and disturbed children to investigate human eye contact and distance behaviour are reported, along with experiments on the influence of gaze and body posture on spoken communication. Finally, a report on the use of behaviour therapy for an autistic child is outlined in order to explore the psychobiological correlations between social behaviour and language, which concur with extensive experiments on brain stimulation. It is suggested that there is a cerebral representation for species-specific social behaviour and a vocalization system embedded in these brain structures which is a phylogenetically-patterned prerequisite for the development of human language.", "contents": "Psychobiology of partnership behaviour. Animal experiments demonstrate that it is not only the quality of transmitted and received social signals that is important, but also their frequency and the timing of the information transmitted. In order for progress to be made in the investigation of human social behaviour and its disorders, methods must be developed which allow the transmission of verbal and non-verbal information to be measured. Experiments carried out with healthy adults and healthy and disturbed children to investigate human eye contact and distance behaviour are reported, along with experiments on the influence of gaze and body posture on spoken communication. Finally, a report on the use of behaviour therapy for an autistic child is outlined in order to explore the psychobiological correlations between social behaviour and language, which concur with extensive experiments on brain stimulation. It is suggested that there is a cerebral representation for species-specific social behaviour and a vocalization system embedded in these brain structures which is a phylogenetically-patterned prerequisite for the development of human language."}
{"id": "PMID:1197538", "title": "Value of family background and clinical features as predictors of long-term outcome in anorexia nervosa: four-year follow-up study of 41 patients.", "content": "This is a prognostic study on 41 patients with anorexia nervosa (including three males) who satisfied defined diagnostic criteria. The patients had all been admitted to a metabolic unit where the mainstay of treatment was nursing care aimed at rapid restoration of body weight. A follow-up was conducted after a minimum lapse of four years after each patient's discharge from hospital. The outcome of the patient's illness was expressed in terms of an 'average outcome score' and a 'general outcome'. The series included a relatively high proportion of patients with a long illness who had received previous psychiatric treatment. Their families tended to come from higher social classes; a disturbed relationship with the patient was frequent. Premorbid disturbances in personality development were also common. The immediate response to treatment was excellent, with the majority of the patients returning to a normal weight, but relapses after discharge were common and readmissions were necessary in half the patients. At follow-up, the patients fell into the following defined categories: 'good' (39%), 'intermediate' (27%), 'poor' (29%), died (5%). Most of the patients who failed to recover continued to display the clinical features characteristic of anorexia nervosa. Among predictors of an unfavourable outcome were found a relatively late age of onset, a longer duration of illness, previous admissions to psychiatric hospitals, a disturbed relationship between the patient and other members of the family, and premorbid personality difficulties. It is suggested according to the severity of their illness, rather than on the method of treatment itself. The illness may last several years before eventual improvement or recovery, and a follow-up study must be extended over at least four years to be meaningful. An accurate prediction of eventual outcome is almost impossible, but late recoveries justify an optimistic outlook and continued therapeutic endeavour.", "contents": "Value of family background and clinical features as predictors of long-term outcome in anorexia nervosa: four-year follow-up study of 41 patients. This is a prognostic study on 41 patients with anorexia nervosa (including three males) who satisfied defined diagnostic criteria. The patients had all been admitted to a metabolic unit where the mainstay of treatment was nursing care aimed at rapid restoration of body weight. A follow-up was conducted after a minimum lapse of four years after each patient's discharge from hospital. The outcome of the patient's illness was expressed in terms of an 'average outcome score' and a 'general outcome'. The series included a relatively high proportion of patients with a long illness who had received previous psychiatric treatment. Their families tended to come from higher social classes; a disturbed relationship with the patient was frequent. Premorbid disturbances in personality development were also common. The immediate response to treatment was excellent, with the majority of the patients returning to a normal weight, but relapses after discharge were common and readmissions were necessary in half the patients. At follow-up, the patients fell into the following defined categories: 'good' (39%), 'intermediate' (27%), 'poor' (29%), died (5%). Most of the patients who failed to recover continued to display the clinical features characteristic of anorexia nervosa. Among predictors of an unfavourable outcome were found a relatively late age of onset, a longer duration of illness, previous admissions to psychiatric hospitals, a disturbed relationship between the patient and other members of the family, and premorbid personality difficulties. It is suggested according to the severity of their illness, rather than on the method of treatment itself. The illness may last several years before eventual improvement or recovery, and a follow-up study must be extended over at least four years to be meaningful. An accurate prediction of eventual outcome is almost impossible, but late recoveries justify an optimistic outlook and continued therapeutic endeavour."}
{"id": "PMID:1197539", "title": "Mental health care in the community: an evaluative study.", "content": "A study was designed to assess the therapeutic value of attaching a social worker to a metropolitan group practice in the management of chronic neurotic illness. The psychiatric and social status of a group of patients before treatment and after one year was compared with the status of a control group treated more conventionally over the same period. The results indicate that the experimental service conferred some benefit on the patient population.", "contents": "Mental health care in the community: an evaluative study. A study was designed to assess the therapeutic value of attaching a social worker to a metropolitan group practice in the management of chronic neurotic illness. The psychiatric and social status of a group of patients before treatment and after one year was compared with the status of a control group treated more conventionally over the same period. The results indicate that the experimental service conferred some benefit on the patient population."}
{"id": "PMID:1197540", "title": "Factors associated with attempted suicide among hospitalized depressed patients.", "content": "An attempt was made to identify background, sociodemographic and clinical variables which are associated with attempted suicide in depression. Within a sample of 308 depressed psychiatric inpatients, suicide attempters were younger than non-attempters and were identified by a pattern of chronic interpersonal maladjustment reflected clinically in withdrawal from social contact and the display of hostility or irritability toward others.", "contents": "Factors associated with attempted suicide among hospitalized depressed patients. An attempt was made to identify background, sociodemographic and clinical variables which are associated with attempted suicide in depression. Within a sample of 308 depressed psychiatric inpatients, suicide attempters were younger than non-attempters and were identified by a pattern of chronic interpersonal maladjustment reflected clinically in withdrawal from social contact and the display of hostility or irritability toward others."}
{"id": "PMID:1197541", "title": "Correlates of placebo reaction in an outpatient population.", "content": "Variables describing 113 outpatients of a mental health clinic were derived from a Placebo Test, the MMPI, a Symptom Check List, measures a response style, and a questionnaire containing historical and demographic information. Two highly reliable scales, the Placebo Effect Scale (PES) and the Side Effect Scale (SES) were derived from the Placebo Test and served as dependent variables. PES scores were inversely related to reporting symptoms and unrelated to measures of response style. SES scores were directly related to reporting symptoms and with several measures of response style. There was a curvilinear relationship between placebo response and reporting side effects. Implications of results for further research are presented.", "contents": "Correlates of placebo reaction in an outpatient population. Variables describing 113 outpatients of a mental health clinic were derived from a Placebo Test, the MMPI, a Symptom Check List, measures a response style, and a questionnaire containing historical and demographic information. Two highly reliable scales, the Placebo Effect Scale (PES) and the Side Effect Scale (SES) were derived from the Placebo Test and served as dependent variables. PES scores were inversely related to reporting symptoms and unrelated to measures of response style. SES scores were directly related to reporting symptoms and with several measures of response style. There was a curvilinear relationship between placebo response and reporting side effects. Implications of results for further research are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1197542", "title": "Changes in serum tryptophan and albumin binding of tryptophan in chlorpromazine-treated chronic schizophrenics on withdrawal and restoration of drug therapy.", "content": "Withdrawal of drug from a group of chlorpromazine-treated chronic male schizophrenics led to a significant rise in the initially low serum tryptophan concentration, and a rise in the fraction freely diffusible. These changes, which would be expected to lead to an increase in tryptophan influx into the brain, and hence to an increase in cerebral serotonin synthesis, could be related to the clinical effects of drug withdrawal.", "contents": "Changes in serum tryptophan and albumin binding of tryptophan in chlorpromazine-treated chronic schizophrenics on withdrawal and restoration of drug therapy. Withdrawal of drug from a group of chlorpromazine-treated chronic male schizophrenics led to a significant rise in the initially low serum tryptophan concentration, and a rise in the fraction freely diffusible. These changes, which would be expected to lead to an increase in tryptophan influx into the brain, and hence to an increase in cerebral serotonin synthesis, could be related to the clinical effects of drug withdrawal."}
{"id": "PMID:1197574", "title": "Time course for the effects of cocaine on fixed-ratio water-reinforced responding in rats.", "content": "Four male rats performed during 35-min sessions under a schedule that arranged water delivery (0.04 ml) after every fortieth response. Cocaine (1.0-16.0 mg per rat, i.p.) was administered 15 min, 30 min, 60 min or 120 min prior to a session. When given 15 min prior to a session, cocaine (1.0-8.0 mg) in all rats produced dose-related decreases in responding. The largest dose, when given 15 min pre-session to two rats, almost completely suppressed responding. Lengthening the time between drug injection and test session attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of cocaine (1.0-8.0 mg), but did not affect the almost complete suppression of performance seen with the largest dose. Small doses (1.0-4.0 mg) had no effect on the pause in responding that occurred after water delivery. The 8.0-mg dose lengthened the pause by approximately 9000% and 650% when given 15 and 30 min prior to a session, respectively, but by less than 50% when given 60 or 120 min pre-session. Cocaine effects depend on the dose as well as the time of its administration prior to testing.", "contents": "Time course for the effects of cocaine on fixed-ratio water-reinforced responding in rats. Four male rats performed during 35-min sessions under a schedule that arranged water delivery (0.04 ml) after every fortieth response. Cocaine (1.0-16.0 mg per rat, i.p.) was administered 15 min, 30 min, 60 min or 120 min prior to a session. When given 15 min prior to a session, cocaine (1.0-8.0 mg) in all rats produced dose-related decreases in responding. The largest dose, when given 15 min pre-session to two rats, almost completely suppressed responding. Lengthening the time between drug injection and test session attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of cocaine (1.0-8.0 mg), but did not affect the almost complete suppression of performance seen with the largest dose. Small doses (1.0-4.0 mg) had no effect on the pause in responding that occurred after water delivery. The 8.0-mg dose lengthened the pause by approximately 9000% and 650% when given 15 and 30 min prior to a session, respectively, but by less than 50% when given 60 or 120 min pre-session. Cocaine effects depend on the dose as well as the time of its administration prior to testing."}
{"id": "PMID:1197575", "title": "Differential effects of methylphenidate on reticular formation and thalamic neuronal activity.", "content": "Intravenous administration of methylphenidate (1 or 2 mg/kg) markedly attenuated the unit discharge rate in the mesencephalic reticular formation of rats and cats. Concurrently this drug enhanced the neural activity in the primary sensory nuclei of the thalamus. The differential effect of methylphenidate on these two neural systems suggest a possible mechanism by which it may improve attentive processes in hyperkinesis.", "contents": "Differential effects of methylphenidate on reticular formation and thalamic neuronal activity. Intravenous administration of methylphenidate (1 or 2 mg/kg) markedly attenuated the unit discharge rate in the mesencephalic reticular formation of rats and cats. Concurrently this drug enhanced the neural activity in the primary sensory nuclei of the thalamus. The differential effect of methylphenidate on these two neural systems suggest a possible mechanism by which it may improve attentive processes in hyperkinesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1197576", "title": "The effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET), d-amphetamine, and cocaine in rats trained with mescaline as a discriminative stimulus.", "content": "The effects of mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine), a hallucinogen, can function as a discriminative stimulus in appropriately trained rats. As a test of the hypothesis that those pharmacologic properties which distinguish hallucinogens and non-hallucinogens in man are reflected in distinctive stimuli in rats, the present experiments examined the effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET), d-amphetamine, and cocaine in rats trained with mescaline as a discriminative stimulus. Administration of a range of doses of DOM and DOET to subjects in which saline functioned as SD and mescaline as Sdelta revealed that a dose of 0.3 mg of either DOM or DOET was equivalent to the training dose of mescaline. When tested in rats in which mescaline served as SD, DOM and DOET were likewise found to mimic mescaline. In contrast, doses of d-amphetamine and cocaine (1 and 30 mg/kg, respectively) which were equivalent to the training dose of mescaline as Sdelta, did not result in responding appropriate for the mescaline condition when mescaline was trained as SD. When DOET (0.3 mg/kg) was substituted for saline as Sdelta, no evidence of discriminated responding was obtained in the course of 50 sessions. The present data, in conjunction with previous observations, suggest that those effects of mescaline in the rat which function as a discriminative stimulus are better correlated with pre-hallucinogenic LSD-like activity in man then with hallucinogenic activity per se. Thus, these effects in rats represent a necessary but not a sufficient condition for prediction of hallucinogenic activity in man.", "contents": "The effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET), d-amphetamine, and cocaine in rats trained with mescaline as a discriminative stimulus. The effects of mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine), a hallucinogen, can function as a discriminative stimulus in appropriately trained rats. As a test of the hypothesis that those pharmacologic properties which distinguish hallucinogens and non-hallucinogens in man are reflected in distinctive stimuli in rats, the present experiments examined the effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET), d-amphetamine, and cocaine in rats trained with mescaline as a discriminative stimulus. Administration of a range of doses of DOM and DOET to subjects in which saline functioned as SD and mescaline as Sdelta revealed that a dose of 0.3 mg of either DOM or DOET was equivalent to the training dose of mescaline. When tested in rats in which mescaline served as SD, DOM and DOET were likewise found to mimic mescaline. In contrast, doses of d-amphetamine and cocaine (1 and 30 mg/kg, respectively) which were equivalent to the training dose of mescaline as Sdelta, did not result in responding appropriate for the mescaline condition when mescaline was trained as SD. When DOET (0.3 mg/kg) was substituted for saline as Sdelta, no evidence of discriminated responding was obtained in the course of 50 sessions. The present data, in conjunction with previous observations, suggest that those effects of mescaline in the rat which function as a discriminative stimulus are better correlated with pre-hallucinogenic LSD-like activity in man then with hallucinogenic activity per se. Thus, these effects in rats represent a necessary but not a sufficient condition for prediction of hallucinogenic activity in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1197577", "title": "The effects of metiamide on the \"activity-stress\" ulcer in rats.", "content": "Forty rats were housed in standard activity wheel cages and fed for only 1 hr per day. The animals were equally divided into 4 groups that received either saline, 12.5 mg/kg, 25.0 mg/kg or 50.0 mg/kg of metiamide, an H2 receptor antagonist, 3 times a day. All animals died within 11 days and all demonstrated significant gastric lesions in the glandular fundus of the stomach. The 50.0 mg/kg dosage group, however, demonstrated significantly fewer ulcers than the saline animals and the lesions that did occur were significantly smaller than those noted in the control animals. Several hypotheses were offered to explain these results which took into account metiamide's effects on gastric secretion and motor activity. It was suggested that secretion of acid may be an important contributing factor in the formation of gastric ulcers in animals subjected to the \"activity-stress\" procedure.", "contents": "The effects of metiamide on the \"activity-stress\" ulcer in rats. Forty rats were housed in standard activity wheel cages and fed for only 1 hr per day. The animals were equally divided into 4 groups that received either saline, 12.5 mg/kg, 25.0 mg/kg or 50.0 mg/kg of metiamide, an H2 receptor antagonist, 3 times a day. All animals died within 11 days and all demonstrated significant gastric lesions in the glandular fundus of the stomach. The 50.0 mg/kg dosage group, however, demonstrated significantly fewer ulcers than the saline animals and the lesions that did occur were significantly smaller than those noted in the control animals. Several hypotheses were offered to explain these results which took into account metiamide's effects on gastric secretion and motor activity. It was suggested that secretion of acid may be an important contributing factor in the formation of gastric ulcers in animals subjected to the \"activity-stress\" procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1197578", "title": "Cocaine and amphetamine modification of cerebral energy metabolism in vivo.", "content": "At the time of maximal behavioral stimulation after injection of amphetamine (5 mg/kg) in mice, elevation of cerebral cortical levels of malate in the citric acid cycle and of the amino acid, alanine, was observed, suggesting that this drug has widespread effects on energy metabolism. Cocaine (20 mg/kg), in contrast, produced elevation of brain glucose but not of citric acid cycle substrates or amino acids at the time of maximal hyperactivity. These observations are discussed in terms of the mechanisms of action of these two central nervous system stimulants.", "contents": "Cocaine and amphetamine modification of cerebral energy metabolism in vivo. At the time of maximal behavioral stimulation after injection of amphetamine (5 mg/kg) in mice, elevation of cerebral cortical levels of malate in the citric acid cycle and of the amino acid, alanine, was observed, suggesting that this drug has widespread effects on energy metabolism. Cocaine (20 mg/kg), in contrast, produced elevation of brain glucose but not of citric acid cycle substrates or amino acids at the time of maximal hyperactivity. These observations are discussed in terms of the mechanisms of action of these two central nervous system stimulants."}
{"id": "PMID:1197579", "title": "The reliability of the hole-board apparatus.", "content": "Two aspects of the reliability of the hole-board apparatus were investigated-the similarity between scores of different samples of the same population on their first exposure to the apparatus, and the test-retest reliability. Rats and mice were given a 5-min exposure to the hole-board and then retested for 5 min after 1, 2 or 8 days. Male rats and mice showed good initial exposure reliability, whereas the female mouse groups differed significantly. All animals showed a positive test-retest correlation (range 0.31-0.78), but a homogeneous group (e.g. all animals habituating) produced higher correlations (range 0.60-0.99). Comparison of scores on the two 5-min exposures showed that not all groups showed significant habituation, but the animals exposed to the hole-board for two 10-min periods showed both significant habituation and test-retest reliability.", "contents": "The reliability of the hole-board apparatus. Two aspects of the reliability of the hole-board apparatus were investigated-the similarity between scores of different samples of the same population on their first exposure to the apparatus, and the test-retest reliability. Rats and mice were given a 5-min exposure to the hole-board and then retested for 5 min after 1, 2 or 8 days. Male rats and mice showed good initial exposure reliability, whereas the female mouse groups differed significantly. All animals showed a positive test-retest correlation (range 0.31-0.78), but a homogeneous group (e.g. all animals habituating) produced higher correlations (range 0.60-0.99). Comparison of scores on the two 5-min exposures showed that not all groups showed significant habituation, but the animals exposed to the hole-board for two 10-min periods showed both significant habituation and test-retest reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:1197580", "title": "Validity of head-dipping as a measure of exploration in a modified hole-board.", "content": "To determine whether head-dipping could be validated as a measure of exploration a modified hole-board was developed with four holes in the floor, under which novel objects could be placed. Two criteria for considering head-dipping as a measure of exploration were proposed: firstly that it should reflect novel aspects of the environment; secondly, that exposure to the hole-board should result in information storage. That head-dipping reflected novelty was indicated by the longer duration of head-dips on initial exposure if objects were present, and also on a second exposure when objects were introduced for the first time. Information storage was indicated by habituation on re-exposure to the hole-board. A significant positive correlation between head-dipping in the \"four\" and \"sixteen\" hole-boards was obtained for rats, but not for mice. This provided some indirect evidence that rat head-dipping in the \"sixteen hole-board\" also reflects exploration. (+)Amphetamine and alcohol were tested in the modified hole-board, and (+)amphetamine decreased and alcohol increased the frequency and duration of head-dips.", "contents": "Validity of head-dipping as a measure of exploration in a modified hole-board. To determine whether head-dipping could be validated as a measure of exploration a modified hole-board was developed with four holes in the floor, under which novel objects could be placed. Two criteria for considering head-dipping as a measure of exploration were proposed: firstly that it should reflect novel aspects of the environment; secondly, that exposure to the hole-board should result in information storage. That head-dipping reflected novelty was indicated by the longer duration of head-dips on initial exposure if objects were present, and also on a second exposure when objects were introduced for the first time. Information storage was indicated by habituation on re-exposure to the hole-board. A significant positive correlation between head-dipping in the \"four\" and \"sixteen\" hole-boards was obtained for rats, but not for mice. This provided some indirect evidence that rat head-dipping in the \"sixteen hole-board\" also reflects exploration. (+)Amphetamine and alcohol were tested in the modified hole-board, and (+)amphetamine decreased and alcohol increased the frequency and duration of head-dips."}
{"id": "PMID:1197581", "title": "Response suppression in rats: a comparison of response-contingent and noncontingent punishment and the effect of the minor tranquilizer, chlordiazepoxide.", "content": "A comparison of the behavioural effects of response-contingent and noncontingent shock was carried out in a series of experiments examining (a) suppression of an operant response (lever-pressing); (b) release from suppression following injection of the minor tranquilizer chlordiazepoxide, and (c) suppression of behaviour in a situation not associated with shock. The major findings were that response-contingent shock produced far greater suppression of the operant response than did noncontingent shock, as well as greater suppression of behaviour in a neutral environment following the shock experience. Chlordiazepoxide was found to be far more effective in releasing behaviour from suppression when shock was response-contingent than when shock was noncontingent, a result which does not appear to reflect simply the greater suppression produced by response-contingent shock. A discussion of methodology and interpretations in this field, suggests why discrpancies have arisen in the past.", "contents": "Response suppression in rats: a comparison of response-contingent and noncontingent punishment and the effect of the minor tranquilizer, chlordiazepoxide. A comparison of the behavioural effects of response-contingent and noncontingent shock was carried out in a series of experiments examining (a) suppression of an operant response (lever-pressing); (b) release from suppression following injection of the minor tranquilizer chlordiazepoxide, and (c) suppression of behaviour in a situation not associated with shock. The major findings were that response-contingent shock produced far greater suppression of the operant response than did noncontingent shock, as well as greater suppression of behaviour in a neutral environment following the shock experience. Chlordiazepoxide was found to be far more effective in releasing behaviour from suppression when shock was response-contingent than when shock was noncontingent, a result which does not appear to reflect simply the greater suppression produced by response-contingent shock. A discussion of methodology and interpretations in this field, suggests why discrpancies have arisen in the past."}
{"id": "PMID:1197582", "title": "Chlordiazepoxide and isolation induced timidity in rats.", "content": "The effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on emergence behavior was examined in socially reared and isolation reared rats. It was found that low doses of CDP decreased the emergence times of isolated animals but had little effect on the emergence of social animals. At higher doses the drug retarded emergence in all groups but there were no differential effects. The results do not support claims that rearing conditions influence the susceptability of rats to CNS depressants, rather they suggest that particular levels of CDP selectively influence \"emotional\" behavior.", "contents": "Chlordiazepoxide and isolation induced timidity in rats. The effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on emergence behavior was examined in socially reared and isolation reared rats. It was found that low doses of CDP decreased the emergence times of isolated animals but had little effect on the emergence of social animals. At higher doses the drug retarded emergence in all groups but there were no differential effects. The results do not support claims that rearing conditions influence the susceptability of rats to CNS depressants, rather they suggest that particular levels of CDP selectively influence \"emotional\" behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1197583", "title": "Morphine enhancement of shuttle avoidance prevented by alpha-methyltyrosine.", "content": "Rats were given 6 days of training (180 trials) to make a two-way (shuttle) avoidance response. \"Poor performers\" making less than 50% avoidances in the 6th block of 30 tials were given drug treatments on the next 2 days. Both morphine sulfate (15 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine sulfate (1 mg/kg) increased the avoidance level by 70-100%. Prior treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine (50 mg/kg) prevented the effects of both drugs. Nalorphine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) also blocked the effect of morphine. The action of alpha-methyltyrosine to block enhancement of avoidance is taken to indicate that this effect of morphine is attributable to a catecholamine-dependent excitatory component of its activity profile.", "contents": "Morphine enhancement of shuttle avoidance prevented by alpha-methyltyrosine. Rats were given 6 days of training (180 trials) to make a two-way (shuttle) avoidance response. \"Poor performers\" making less than 50% avoidances in the 6th block of 30 tials were given drug treatments on the next 2 days. Both morphine sulfate (15 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine sulfate (1 mg/kg) increased the avoidance level by 70-100%. Prior treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine (50 mg/kg) prevented the effects of both drugs. Nalorphine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) also blocked the effect of morphine. The action of alpha-methyltyrosine to block enhancement of avoidance is taken to indicate that this effect of morphine is attributable to a catecholamine-dependent excitatory component of its activity profile."}
{"id": "PMID:1197585", "title": "Assessing the aversiveness of intracranial stimulation.", "content": "A comparison was made between rats' performance to escape intracranial stimulation in a shuttle-box, two-lever box and a single-lever Sidman avoidance situation. The former two tasks also provided concurrent rate-independent measures of the rewarding properties of ICS. The rate-independent measures of aversion (latency to escape ICS) obtained in the shuttle-box and two-lever task were significantly correlated with each other but were not significantly correlated with the lever-press rates on Sidman avoidance. A number of animals that would not lever-press to initiate ICS would perform the locomotor response very vigorously to initiate the same ICS suggesting that even rate-independent lever-press measures may not accurately reflect the motivational characteristics of ICS. These data are discussed in the context of the problem as to why animals escape rewarding ICS and it is suggested that the escape behaviour is an independent phenomenon which merits further study in its own right.", "contents": "Assessing the aversiveness of intracranial stimulation. A comparison was made between rats' performance to escape intracranial stimulation in a shuttle-box, two-lever box and a single-lever Sidman avoidance situation. The former two tasks also provided concurrent rate-independent measures of the rewarding properties of ICS. The rate-independent measures of aversion (latency to escape ICS) obtained in the shuttle-box and two-lever task were significantly correlated with each other but were not significantly correlated with the lever-press rates on Sidman avoidance. A number of animals that would not lever-press to initiate ICS would perform the locomotor response very vigorously to initiate the same ICS suggesting that even rate-independent lever-press measures may not accurately reflect the motivational characteristics of ICS. These data are discussed in the context of the problem as to why animals escape rewarding ICS and it is suggested that the escape behaviour is an independent phenomenon which merits further study in its own right."}
{"id": "PMID:1197584", "title": "The effects of tranquillizing drugs on timing behaviour in rats.", "content": "Timing behaviour was generated in rats by a schedule which required responses to be spaced at least 15 sec apart in order for them to produce food reinforcement (DRL 15 sec). The behaviour maintained by this schedule was then studied after administration of chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbitone and chlorpromazine. Several doses of both chlordiazepoxide and phenobarbitone were found to disrupt timing behaviour by increasing overall response rates although the highest dose of each of these two drugs produced sedative effects. Chlorpromazine produced mainly a decrease in overall response rates. Analysis of performance in terms of interresponse times (IRTs) showed that both chlordiazepoxide and phenobarbitone markedly increased the percentage of IRTs less than 1.5 sec in duration (response bursts). Chlorpromazine had no consistent effect on response bursts. Reduction of the animals' body weights from 85% to 75% of their preexperimental levels had no effect on operant performance, suggesting that the effects of the drugs were probably not due to actions on motivational processes.", "contents": "The effects of tranquillizing drugs on timing behaviour in rats. Timing behaviour was generated in rats by a schedule which required responses to be spaced at least 15 sec apart in order for them to produce food reinforcement (DRL 15 sec). The behaviour maintained by this schedule was then studied after administration of chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbitone and chlorpromazine. Several doses of both chlordiazepoxide and phenobarbitone were found to disrupt timing behaviour by increasing overall response rates although the highest dose of each of these two drugs produced sedative effects. Chlorpromazine produced mainly a decrease in overall response rates. Analysis of performance in terms of interresponse times (IRTs) showed that both chlordiazepoxide and phenobarbitone markedly increased the percentage of IRTs less than 1.5 sec in duration (response bursts). Chlorpromazine had no consistent effect on response bursts. Reduction of the animals' body weights from 85% to 75% of their preexperimental levels had no effect on operant performance, suggesting that the effects of the drugs were probably not due to actions on motivational processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1197586", "title": "Effect of chlorpromazine on the interaction between phasic and tonic electrocortical arousal mechanisms.", "content": "The effect of chlorpromazine on the rate of habituation of phasic arousal responses has been studied in cats carrying permanently implanted cortical recording electrodes. In the sleeping animal repeated presentation of an auditory stimulus (1 sec duration, 3000 Hz) at intensities which only produced a localised, phasic electrocortical change in the auditory cortex, resulted in the rapid habituation of this latter response. Once habituation had occurred the intensity of the stimulus was increased until a similar change in electrocortical activity once again appeared in the auditory cortex. The habituation procedure was then repeated. In this way it was possible to habituate the animal gradually to successively higher intensities of auditory stimulation without ever inducing behavioural arousal or tonic, generalised changes in electrocortical activity. Indeed, it was possible to reach a level of stimulation which previously would have induced overt behavioural effects and tonic arousal. It may be concluded that alterations in the activity of the mechanisms responsible for phasic electrocortical responses leads to changes in the responsiveness of the animal even during sleep. Following chlorpromazine phasic electrocortical responses were still elicited but their rate of habituation was significantly increased. Thus the overall effect of chlorpromazine was a marked shortening in the time taken to \"train\" the animal while still asleep, not to respond behaviourally or with tonic electrocortical changes to a particular auditory stimulus.", "contents": "Effect of chlorpromazine on the interaction between phasic and tonic electrocortical arousal mechanisms. The effect of chlorpromazine on the rate of habituation of phasic arousal responses has been studied in cats carrying permanently implanted cortical recording electrodes. In the sleeping animal repeated presentation of an auditory stimulus (1 sec duration, 3000 Hz) at intensities which only produced a localised, phasic electrocortical change in the auditory cortex, resulted in the rapid habituation of this latter response. Once habituation had occurred the intensity of the stimulus was increased until a similar change in electrocortical activity once again appeared in the auditory cortex. The habituation procedure was then repeated. In this way it was possible to habituate the animal gradually to successively higher intensities of auditory stimulation without ever inducing behavioural arousal or tonic, generalised changes in electrocortical activity. Indeed, it was possible to reach a level of stimulation which previously would have induced overt behavioural effects and tonic arousal. It may be concluded that alterations in the activity of the mechanisms responsible for phasic electrocortical responses leads to changes in the responsiveness of the animal even during sleep. Following chlorpromazine phasic electrocortical responses were still elicited but their rate of habituation was significantly increased. Thus the overall effect of chlorpromazine was a marked shortening in the time taken to \"train\" the animal while still asleep, not to respond behaviourally or with tonic electrocortical changes to a particular auditory stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:1197668", "title": "[Whiplash injury (author's transl)].", "content": "The whiplash injury is the result of a collision from behind in the motorized street traffic. The impact in the rear of the vehicle causes a sudden thrust to of the head and cervical spine in dorsal direction. The result is a shear effect of the cervical spine. Pathologically, this is characterized by hematoma of the capsules of the joints of the vertebral arches and contents of intervertebral foramina. Tears of discs and vertebral fractures are usually absent. The prognosis is good.", "contents": "[Whiplash injury (author's transl)]. The whiplash injury is the result of a collision from behind in the motorized street traffic. The impact in the rear of the vehicle causes a sudden thrust to of the head and cervical spine in dorsal direction. The result is a shear effect of the cervical spine. Pathologically, this is characterized by hematoma of the capsules of the joints of the vertebral arches and contents of intervertebral foramina. Tears of discs and vertebral fractures are usually absent. The prognosis is good."}
{"id": "PMID:1197669", "title": "[Orthopaedic treatment of whiplash injuries of the cervical spine (author's transl)].", "content": "Short review of the different types of propulsion injuries of the cervical spine in acute and chronic cases. The basic principles of the therapy as well as the different techniques of physiotherapy, orthesis and surgical treatment and described.", "contents": "[Orthopaedic treatment of whiplash injuries of the cervical spine (author's transl)]. Short review of the different types of propulsion injuries of the cervical spine in acute and chronic cases. The basic principles of the therapy as well as the different techniques of physiotherapy, orthesis and surgical treatment and described."}
{"id": "PMID:1197670", "title": "[Whiplash injuries of the cervical spine and Swiss insurance against accidents (author's transl)].", "content": "The indemnity for the consequences of a whiplash injury on the cervical spine by the Swiss Insurance against Accidents is discussed. The number of these cases can be only roughly extimated. We can calculate yearly with about 600 distortions of the cervical spine resulting from motoring accidents. The definition of the whiplash injury is defined on the base of recent German literature. The supposed mechanical assumptions for a lesion of the cervical spine are based mainly on the works of Erdmann (Frandfurt). The relations between the lesion of the cervical spine an the rebound injuries of the skull are discussed. The significance of the preexistent degenerative alterations of the cervical spine in the whiplash injury and the problem of the psychogenic superposition are presented by means of 46 observed cases.", "contents": "[Whiplash injuries of the cervical spine and Swiss insurance against accidents (author's transl)]. The indemnity for the consequences of a whiplash injury on the cervical spine by the Swiss Insurance against Accidents is discussed. The number of these cases can be only roughly extimated. We can calculate yearly with about 600 distortions of the cervical spine resulting from motoring accidents. The definition of the whiplash injury is defined on the base of recent German literature. The supposed mechanical assumptions for a lesion of the cervical spine are based mainly on the works of Erdmann (Frandfurt). The relations between the lesion of the cervical spine an the rebound injuries of the skull are discussed. The significance of the preexistent degenerative alterations of the cervical spine in the whiplash injury and the problem of the psychogenic superposition are presented by means of 46 observed cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1197671", "title": "[Radiological study of osteoarticular lesions secondary to cervical trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological study of the traumatic cervical spine must often be undertaken in two different ways depending on the time of examination. In patients severely involved, no manipulations can be undertaken during the acute state. Later on in these patients, as well as in those not so deeply involved, a thorough radiological investigation may be performed, e.g. in sitting position. The characteristics of both types are reviewed. Various syndromes are then considered following the different mechanisms of production.", "contents": "[Radiological study of osteoarticular lesions secondary to cervical trauma (author's transl)]. The radiological study of the traumatic cervical spine must often be undertaken in two different ways depending on the time of examination. In patients severely involved, no manipulations can be undertaken during the acute state. Later on in these patients, as well as in those not so deeply involved, a thorough radiological investigation may be performed, e.g. in sitting position. The characteristics of both types are reviewed. Various syndromes are then considered following the different mechanisms of production."}
{"id": "PMID:1197672", "title": "[The post-traumatic cervical syndrome. The whiplash injury. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The post-traumatic cervical syndrome (PTCS) is analysed in 61 cases. the symptomatology can be local (neck pain), cervicocephalic (traumatic vertebrobasilar insufficiency), cervicobrachialgic and also in some cases cervicomedullar. The PTCS is classified into the injuries of the cervical spine with vascular lesions: these injuries may induce severe or benign osteoarticular lesions on the one hand, sevre or reversible vascular lesions on the other hand. All these combinations are studied. The diagnosis of the PTCS is established by vertebral angiography. The surgical treatment according to the authors consists in freeing the vertebral artery or cervical nerve roots by uncusectomy or uncoforaminectomy. The results of these operations are analysed; they are very successful.", "contents": "[The post-traumatic cervical syndrome. The whiplash injury. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment (author's transl)]. The post-traumatic cervical syndrome (PTCS) is analysed in 61 cases. the symptomatology can be local (neck pain), cervicocephalic (traumatic vertebrobasilar insufficiency), cervicobrachialgic and also in some cases cervicomedullar. The PTCS is classified into the injuries of the cervical spine with vascular lesions: these injuries may induce severe or benign osteoarticular lesions on the one hand, sevre or reversible vascular lesions on the other hand. All these combinations are studied. The diagnosis of the PTCS is established by vertebral angiography. The surgical treatment according to the authors consists in freeing the vertebral artery or cervical nerve roots by uncusectomy or uncoforaminectomy. The results of these operations are analysed; they are very successful."}
{"id": "PMID:1197673", "title": "[New aspects in the treatment of breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The specific treatment of primary breast carcinoma in the future may depend on viral genes in the development of antiviral substances, or a specific chemotherapeutic method. In this manner the turnover rate of the RNS virus is successfully inhibited (as the preceding communicated observations about the probably produced inhibition effect of rifampicin derivates of streptovarizin complexes). Prophylactically, by familiar breast cancer, breast feeding must be prohibited so that a supposed virus factor would not transfer with the milk. So far we hope that a supposed virus diagnosis of the primary tumor leads to decreased surgical interventions (tumorectomy, radical mastectomy), and technical as well as high energy postradiotherapy. This would not only give a smaller psychologic shock to the patient (small operation trauma) but would also decrease the complications (arm edema, movement restriction). This opinion now appears to effect international thinking after radical and subradical surgery have not given better results. For the late stage there is modern chemotherapy, combined with proper radiotherapy treatment of painful skeletal metastases, eventually also brain metastases which can now be successfully irradiated. Whether better late results are obtained by the early chemotherapy as well as the improvement of the immunity reaction quickly after sugical intervention (modified radical mastectomy) will be seen in the near future.", "contents": "[New aspects in the treatment of breast cancer (author's transl)]. The specific treatment of primary breast carcinoma in the future may depend on viral genes in the development of antiviral substances, or a specific chemotherapeutic method. In this manner the turnover rate of the RNS virus is successfully inhibited (as the preceding communicated observations about the probably produced inhibition effect of rifampicin derivates of streptovarizin complexes). Prophylactically, by familiar breast cancer, breast feeding must be prohibited so that a supposed virus factor would not transfer with the milk. So far we hope that a supposed virus diagnosis of the primary tumor leads to decreased surgical interventions (tumorectomy, radical mastectomy), and technical as well as high energy postradiotherapy. This would not only give a smaller psychologic shock to the patient (small operation trauma) but would also decrease the complications (arm edema, movement restriction). This opinion now appears to effect international thinking after radical and subradical surgery have not given better results. For the late stage there is modern chemotherapy, combined with proper radiotherapy treatment of painful skeletal metastases, eventually also brain metastases which can now be successfully irradiated. Whether better late results are obtained by the early chemotherapy as well as the improvement of the immunity reaction quickly after sugical intervention (modified radical mastectomy) will be seen in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:1197674", "title": "[Surgical treatment of breast cancer. Present problems (author's transl)].", "content": "The protocol of surgical treatment of breast cancer at the Institut Gustave-Roussy is presented. The long-term results concerning 1,002 patients treated according to this protocol are reported. Considering these results, the place of extended mastectomy and of conservative procedures is discussed. The necessity of randomized trails to appreciate the real value of the different treatements is emphasized, and two international trials proposed by the Institut Gustave-Roussy are briefly described.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of breast cancer. Present problems (author's transl)]. The protocol of surgical treatment of breast cancer at the Institut Gustave-Roussy is presented. The long-term results concerning 1,002 patients treated according to this protocol are reported. Considering these results, the place of extended mastectomy and of conservative procedures is discussed. The necessity of randomized trails to appreciate the real value of the different treatements is emphasized, and two international trials proposed by the Institut Gustave-Roussy are briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:1197675", "title": "[Small breast cancer and radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Small breast cancer is not a clear entity and is often very difficult to classify (e.g. TNM). The role of radiotherapy is far from being generally accepted; it is now clear that the smaller the tumor is, the better are its chances to be cured by X-rays. The first step after diagnosis is the search for distant metastases. That postoperative radiotherapy increases the risk of distant metastases remains to be proved and clinical trials are under way. At the present time, the treatment of breast cancer requires a multidisciplinary approach.", "contents": "[Small breast cancer and radiotherapy (author's transl)]. Small breast cancer is not a clear entity and is often very difficult to classify (e.g. TNM). The role of radiotherapy is far from being generally accepted; it is now clear that the smaller the tumor is, the better are its chances to be cured by X-rays. The first step after diagnosis is the search for distant metastases. That postoperative radiotherapy increases the risk of distant metastases remains to be proved and clinical trials are under way. At the present time, the treatment of breast cancer requires a multidisciplinary approach."}
{"id": "PMID:1197676", "title": "[Radiotherapy of mammary cancer related to tumor size, tumor localization and surgical management (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative irradiation of the regional lymphatics is indicated when suspected positive lymph nodes remain after mastectomy. Postoperative chest wall irradiation is carried out in cases where staging of the tumor is T-3 and T-4. A local tumor control can be achieved with irradiation as the only means of therapy. Preoperative radiotherapy seems to lead to favorable results and should be encouraged in cases of advanced breast cancer.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of mammary cancer related to tumor size, tumor localization and surgical management (author's transl)]. Postoperative irradiation of the regional lymphatics is indicated when suspected positive lymph nodes remain after mastectomy. Postoperative chest wall irradiation is carried out in cases where staging of the tumor is T-3 and T-4. A local tumor control can be achieved with irradiation as the only means of therapy. Preoperative radiotherapy seems to lead to favorable results and should be encouraged in cases of advanced breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1197677", "title": "[Systemic chemotherapy of early breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The management of early cancer of the female breast still remains an unsolved problem. Current information on the spread of the disease indicates that metastases are present in one quarter of the patients even if thorough clinical investigation reveals local tumor invasion only. There is no substantial evidence that unproved surgical or radiotherapeutical procedures in the future might improve cure rates. Cytostatic chemotherapy given early in the course of the disease, i.e. following surgery of a primary breast cancer, therefore, has been advocated. Arguments pro and con postoperative chemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Systemic chemotherapy of early breast cancer (author's transl)]. The management of early cancer of the female breast still remains an unsolved problem. Current information on the spread of the disease indicates that metastases are present in one quarter of the patients even if thorough clinical investigation reveals local tumor invasion only. There is no substantial evidence that unproved surgical or radiotherapeutical procedures in the future might improve cure rates. Cytostatic chemotherapy given early in the course of the disease, i.e. following surgery of a primary breast cancer, therefore, has been advocated. Arguments pro and con postoperative chemotherapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197678", "title": "[Pretherapeutic evaluation of bone matastases in patients with potentially curable breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "A pretherapeutic evaluation of skeletal metastases should be carried out in all patients with proven mammary cancer including early stages. The scintigraphy is more reliable for detecting bone metastases than the conventional roentgenological survey. We recommend to employ complementally skeletall scintigraphy and conventional X-ray survey in the search for bone tumors. Negative scintigraphical results do not require any supplementary research. In case of a pathological scan or skeletal pain, a target roentgneological examination should be carried out to differentiate between benign diseases and neoplatic lesions.", "contents": "[Pretherapeutic evaluation of bone matastases in patients with potentially curable breast cancer (author's transl)]. A pretherapeutic evaluation of skeletal metastases should be carried out in all patients with proven mammary cancer including early stages. The scintigraphy is more reliable for detecting bone metastases than the conventional roentgenological survey. We recommend to employ complementally skeletall scintigraphy and conventional X-ray survey in the search for bone tumors. Negative scintigraphical results do not require any supplementary research. In case of a pathological scan or skeletal pain, a target roentgneological examination should be carried out to differentiate between benign diseases and neoplatic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1197712", "title": "[Radiological diagnostic of retroperitoneal extrarenal tumors in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "This reports about 54 children suffering from retroperitoneal tumors excluding renal tumors. Characteristic radiological findings of neuroblastomas, pheochromocytomas, suprarenal carcinomas, adenomas, and teratomas are discussed. The diagnosis is made by the following roentgenological investigations: intravenous urography via the V. cava as \"Cavo-Urography\" or infusion urography (including zonography), sonography and nuclear medicine studies. Arteriography, pneumoretroperitoneum and lymphography are indicated if the primary tumor is unknown, in order to reveal suspected metastases, to decide about operability and for controlling radiotherapy. Further radiological examinations are made depending on the type of the metastasis.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnostic of retroperitoneal extrarenal tumors in childhood (author's transl)]. This reports about 54 children suffering from retroperitoneal tumors excluding renal tumors. Characteristic radiological findings of neuroblastomas, pheochromocytomas, suprarenal carcinomas, adenomas, and teratomas are discussed. The diagnosis is made by the following roentgenological investigations: intravenous urography via the V. cava as \"Cavo-Urography\" or infusion urography (including zonography), sonography and nuclear medicine studies. Arteriography, pneumoretroperitoneum and lymphography are indicated if the primary tumor is unknown, in order to reveal suspected metastases, to decide about operability and for controlling radiotherapy. Further radiological examinations are made depending on the type of the metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1197713", "title": "[Contribution to diagnostic radiology of tumors of the adrenal glands (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic radiological procedures in tumors of the adrenals are demonstrated and correlated to their clinical symptoms. Radiographic findings and special symptoms are described in 21 cases. Various investigative methods are demonstrated and their diagnostic value and approach in cases of adrenal diseases are debated. Differential diagnostic problems of tumors of the adrenals are discussed also.", "contents": "[Contribution to diagnostic radiology of tumors of the adrenal glands (author's transl)]. Diagnostic radiological procedures in tumors of the adrenals are demonstrated and correlated to their clinical symptoms. Radiographic findings and special symptoms are described in 21 cases. Various investigative methods are demonstrated and their diagnostic value and approach in cases of adrenal diseases are debated. Differential diagnostic problems of tumors of the adrenals are discussed also."}
{"id": "PMID:1197714", "title": "[Technique and results in adrenal phlebography (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a brief description of the anatomy of the adrenal gland the technique of adrenal phlebography is explained. So far this method has been used in 118 patients. This examination is indicated in cases with suspected hormon - active disease of the adrenal glands and to rule out spaceoccupying lesions as well as metastases in the adrenal gland. Characteristic radiologic findings are demonstrated. Causes for complications of this method and their possible prevention are discussed.", "contents": "[Technique and results in adrenal phlebography (author's transl)]. Following a brief description of the anatomy of the adrenal gland the technique of adrenal phlebography is explained. So far this method has been used in 118 patients. This examination is indicated in cases with suspected hormon - active disease of the adrenal glands and to rule out spaceoccupying lesions as well as metastases in the adrenal gland. Characteristic radiologic findings are demonstrated. Causes for complications of this method and their possible prevention are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197715", "title": "[Contribution to the radiological diagnosis of primary retroperitoneal sarcomas in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Modern radiological procedures to diagnose rare tumors of the retroperitoneal space and especially of the mesenchyma are discussed. Previous publications are considered and five own new cases are described (2 spindle-cell sarcomas, 1 reticulo-sarcoma, 1 fibrochondroblastic sarcoma, 1 teratogenic sarcoma). Since retroperitoneal sarcomas are in most cases detected very late, results of surgery and radiation therapy as prognosis of these diseases are very poor. The value of different radiological investigations and their significance for early recognition of these tumors are emphasized. In patients with obscure abdominal symptoms knowledge about retroperitoneal sarcomas and their differential diagnosis is important. In consequence, special diagnostic procedures and therapy will become more successful.", "contents": "[Contribution to the radiological diagnosis of primary retroperitoneal sarcomas in adults (author's transl)]. Modern radiological procedures to diagnose rare tumors of the retroperitoneal space and especially of the mesenchyma are discussed. Previous publications are considered and five own new cases are described (2 spindle-cell sarcomas, 1 reticulo-sarcoma, 1 fibrochondroblastic sarcoma, 1 teratogenic sarcoma). Since retroperitoneal sarcomas are in most cases detected very late, results of surgery and radiation therapy as prognosis of these diseases are very poor. The value of different radiological investigations and their significance for early recognition of these tumors are emphasized. In patients with obscure abdominal symptoms knowledge about retroperitoneal sarcomas and their differential diagnosis is important. In consequence, special diagnostic procedures and therapy will become more successful."}
{"id": "PMID:1197716", "title": "[Ureteral obstruction caused by the right ovarian vein (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a right sided ureteral obstruction is reported. This may be interpreted as ovarian vein syndrome. It demonstrates that not only aberrant renal arteries but also atypically running veins may produce ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "[Ureteral obstruction caused by the right ovarian vein (author's transl)]. A case of a right sided ureteral obstruction is reported. This may be interpreted as ovarian vein syndrome. It demonstrates that not only aberrant renal arteries but also atypically running veins may produce ureteral obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:1197708", "title": "Role of a University Medical Center in the education of radiologic technologists: advanced education in radiologic technology.", "content": "The development of new and sophisticated imaging equipment, the rapidly changing medical diagnostic techniques, and larger and busier radiology departments put increasingly heavy demands on radiologic technologists. To cope with these demands, superficial knowledge and experience is not enough. The technologist who wished to advance on the career ladder must have more solid facts at his disposal and know how and when to use them if he is to perform efficiently and satisfactorily. The program described here provides a type of education that will permit the technologist to so advance with a feeling of security in the knowledge that he has the foundation needed to meet the challenges of his profession.", "contents": "Role of a University Medical Center in the education of radiologic technologists: advanced education in radiologic technology. The development of new and sophisticated imaging equipment, the rapidly changing medical diagnostic techniques, and larger and busier radiology departments put increasingly heavy demands on radiologic technologists. To cope with these demands, superficial knowledge and experience is not enough. The technologist who wished to advance on the career ladder must have more solid facts at his disposal and know how and when to use them if he is to perform efficiently and satisfactorily. The program described here provides a type of education that will permit the technologist to so advance with a feeling of security in the knowledge that he has the foundation needed to meet the challenges of his profession."}
{"id": "PMID:1197751", "title": "The case for colorimetric two-point stopped-enzyme-activity determinations exhibiting zero-order reactions.", "content": "A careful assessment is made of the relative merits of the two common approaches to enzyme determinations: the so-called kinetic and the two-point colorimetric. A plea is made for a pluralistic approach to the selection of enzyme methods based on a full understanding of the modalities of each procedure. A rational approach to clinical enzymology demands an intellignet choice of methods, irrespective of mode, that will best suit a particular laboratory situation.", "contents": "The case for colorimetric two-point stopped-enzyme-activity determinations exhibiting zero-order reactions. A careful assessment is made of the relative merits of the two common approaches to enzyme determinations: the so-called kinetic and the two-point colorimetric. A plea is made for a pluralistic approach to the selection of enzyme methods based on a full understanding of the modalities of each procedure. A rational approach to clinical enzymology demands an intellignet choice of methods, irrespective of mode, that will best suit a particular laboratory situation."}
{"id": "PMID:1197778", "title": "Effect of PGF2 alpha and 15(S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester on feline generalized penicillin epilepsy.", "content": "The effect of PGF2alpha and 15(S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester on transient generalized epilepsy in the cat induced by penicillin was examined. Epileptic activity before and after administration of the prostaglandins by several routes was determined from continuous EEG recordings and expressed in epileptic bursts per min. The PGE2 analogue given in single non-toxic doses (1.6-3 mug/kg) by intramuscular or intravenous routes at the peak of epileptic activity significantly reduced epileptic activity for up to four hours. Subcutaneous administration was less effective. PG2alpha given by the intramuscular route (0.3 mg/kg) also markedly reduced the number of epileptic bursts. Increasing the dosage 4-fold almost completely suppressed epileptic activity. Intracarotid infusion of PGF2alpha for one hour (10 mug/min) almost abolished all epileptic activity. Neither prostaglandin given in non-toxic doses induced EEG abnormalities in non-epileptic cats. Toxic doses of the E2 analogue (greater than 16 mug/kg) caused bilaterally synchronous high voltage slow wave activity. It is concluded that these prostaglandins reduce penicillin epilepsy in the cat. The findings are consistent with either a direct excitatory action on neurones of the medial reticular formation or anatagonism of the depressant action of norepinephrine on Purkinje cells.", "contents": "Effect of PGF2 alpha and 15(S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester on feline generalized penicillin epilepsy. The effect of PGF2alpha and 15(S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester on transient generalized epilepsy in the cat induced by penicillin was examined. Epileptic activity before and after administration of the prostaglandins by several routes was determined from continuous EEG recordings and expressed in epileptic bursts per min. The PGE2 analogue given in single non-toxic doses (1.6-3 mug/kg) by intramuscular or intravenous routes at the peak of epileptic activity significantly reduced epileptic activity for up to four hours. Subcutaneous administration was less effective. PG2alpha given by the intramuscular route (0.3 mg/kg) also markedly reduced the number of epileptic bursts. Increasing the dosage 4-fold almost completely suppressed epileptic activity. Intracarotid infusion of PGF2alpha for one hour (10 mug/min) almost abolished all epileptic activity. Neither prostaglandin given in non-toxic doses induced EEG abnormalities in non-epileptic cats. Toxic doses of the E2 analogue (greater than 16 mug/kg) caused bilaterally synchronous high voltage slow wave activity. It is concluded that these prostaglandins reduce penicillin epilepsy in the cat. The findings are consistent with either a direct excitatory action on neurones of the medial reticular formation or anatagonism of the depressant action of norepinephrine on Purkinje cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1197780", "title": "Production of prostaglandin-like substance at the time of mating in the rat.", "content": "The amount of prostaglandin-like substance (PG--LS) in the reproductive tract of the male and female rat following mating (p.c.) has been measured and compared with non-mated (control) values. Negligable amounts of PG-LS were detected in the control female tracts but a mean of 2 mug PGE, equivalents was detected immediately p.c. The PG--LS is probably generated in the vas deferens since nearly 1 mug PGE1 equivalents per rat remained there p.c. No other tissue in the male reproductive tract contained significant amounts of PG--LS suggests that the bulk of the activity is due to PGE2 with a smaller amount being due to PGF2 alpha.", "contents": "Production of prostaglandin-like substance at the time of mating in the rat. The amount of prostaglandin-like substance (PG--LS) in the reproductive tract of the male and female rat following mating (p.c.) has been measured and compared with non-mated (control) values. Negligable amounts of PG-LS were detected in the control female tracts but a mean of 2 mug PGE, equivalents was detected immediately p.c. The PG--LS is probably generated in the vas deferens since nearly 1 mug PGE1 equivalents per rat remained there p.c. No other tissue in the male reproductive tract contained significant amounts of PG--LS suggests that the bulk of the activity is due to PGE2 with a smaller amount being due to PGF2 alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:1197779", "title": "Prostaglandins in neural crest-tumors.", "content": "Prostaglandin and catecholamine concentrations were estimated in tumour tissues taken from four phaeochromcytomas and five other neural-crest tumours. Prostaglandins were found to be present in tumours both associated and non-associated with chronic diarrhoea. Prostaglandin F, as well as catecholamine, concentrations were higher in phaeochromocytomas than in other tumours. The hypothesis has been made that while prostaglandins do not reach arterial circulation to give rise to pharmacological effects, such as chronic diarrhoea, prostaglandins F present in phaeochromocytomas may contribute to a higher catecholamine synthesis and/or release, resulting in a higher incidence of hypertension associated with these tumours.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in neural crest-tumors. Prostaglandin and catecholamine concentrations were estimated in tumour tissues taken from four phaeochromcytomas and five other neural-crest tumours. Prostaglandins were found to be present in tumours both associated and non-associated with chronic diarrhoea. Prostaglandin F, as well as catecholamine, concentrations were higher in phaeochromocytomas than in other tumours. The hypothesis has been made that while prostaglandins do not reach arterial circulation to give rise to pharmacological effects, such as chronic diarrhoea, prostaglandins F present in phaeochromocytomas may contribute to a higher catecholamine synthesis and/or release, resulting in a higher incidence of hypertension associated with these tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1197781", "title": "The biosynthesis of 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2 and 1a,1b-dihomo-PGF2 alpha from 7, 10, 13, 16-docosatetraenoic acid by an acetone-pentane powder of sheep vesicular gland microsomes.", "content": "Thin-layer chromatographic (t.l.c.) analysis of the products formed from the incubation of an acetone-pentane powder of sheep vesicular gland microsomes with 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid (adrenic acid) revealed the presence of two products having Rf values identical to PGE2 and PGF2alpha. These products were purified by t.l.c., derivatized by treatment with methoxyamine, diazomethane, and N,O-bis-(trimethylsily1)-trifluoroacetamide, and these derivatives used for gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results were consistent with 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2 and 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2alpha proposed structures. Formation of 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2 alpha could be increased, at the expense of 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGE2 by the addition of copper and reduced glutathione to the incubation mixture. Reduction of 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGE2 with NaBH4 in methanol resulted in total conversion to two products having chemical and physical properties consistent with 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2alpha and 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2beta proposed structures. The initial rate of adrenic acid-dependent oxygen uptake was determined to be 25% of that of arachidonic acid. The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, naproxen and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (Ro 3-1428) inhibited adrenic acid-dependent oxygen uptake; Ro 3-1428 was shown to be a time-dependent inhibitor.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2 and 1a,1b-dihomo-PGF2 alpha from 7, 10, 13, 16-docosatetraenoic acid by an acetone-pentane powder of sheep vesicular gland microsomes. Thin-layer chromatographic (t.l.c.) analysis of the products formed from the incubation of an acetone-pentane powder of sheep vesicular gland microsomes with 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid (adrenic acid) revealed the presence of two products having Rf values identical to PGE2 and PGF2alpha. These products were purified by t.l.c., derivatized by treatment with methoxyamine, diazomethane, and N,O-bis-(trimethylsily1)-trifluoroacetamide, and these derivatives used for gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results were consistent with 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2 and 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2alpha proposed structures. Formation of 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2 alpha could be increased, at the expense of 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGE2 by the addition of copper and reduced glutathione to the incubation mixture. Reduction of 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGE2 with NaBH4 in methanol resulted in total conversion to two products having chemical and physical properties consistent with 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2alpha and 1a, 1b-dihomo-PGF2beta proposed structures. The initial rate of adrenic acid-dependent oxygen uptake was determined to be 25% of that of arachidonic acid. The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, naproxen and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (Ro 3-1428) inhibited adrenic acid-dependent oxygen uptake; Ro 3-1428 was shown to be a time-dependent inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:1197782", "title": "Stimulation by prostaglandin E2 of glucagon and insulin release from isolated rat pancreas.", "content": "To ascertain whether prostaglandins (PG) may play a role in the secretion of glucagon and in an attempt to elucidate the conflicting observations on the effects of PG on insulin release, the isolated intact rat pancreas was perfused with solutions containing 1.1 x 10(-9) to 1.8 x 10(-5)m PGE2. In the presence of 5.6 mM glucose significant increments in portal venous effluent levels of glucagon and insulin were observed in response to minimal concentrations of 2.8 X 10(-8) and 1.4 X 10(-7) PGE2, respectively; a dose-response relationship was evident for both hormones at higher concentrations of PGE2. When administered over 60 seconds, 1.4 X 10(-6)M PGE2 resulted in a significant increase in glucagon levels within 24 seconds and in insulin within 48 seconds. Ten-minute perfusions of 1.4 X 10(-6)M PGE2 elicited biphasic release of both islet hormones; Phase I glucagon release preceded that of insulin. Both phases of the biphasic glucagon and insulin release which occurred in response to 15-minute perfusions of 10 mM arginine were augmented by PGE2. These observations indicate that PGE2 can evoke glucagon and insulin release at concentrations close to those observed by others in the extracts of rat pancreas. We conclude that PG may be involved in the regulation of secretion of glucagon and insulin and may mediate and/or modify the pancreatic islet hormone response to other secretagogues.", "contents": "Stimulation by prostaglandin E2 of glucagon and insulin release from isolated rat pancreas. To ascertain whether prostaglandins (PG) may play a role in the secretion of glucagon and in an attempt to elucidate the conflicting observations on the effects of PG on insulin release, the isolated intact rat pancreas was perfused with solutions containing 1.1 x 10(-9) to 1.8 x 10(-5)m PGE2. In the presence of 5.6 mM glucose significant increments in portal venous effluent levels of glucagon and insulin were observed in response to minimal concentrations of 2.8 X 10(-8) and 1.4 X 10(-7) PGE2, respectively; a dose-response relationship was evident for both hormones at higher concentrations of PGE2. When administered over 60 seconds, 1.4 X 10(-6)M PGE2 resulted in a significant increase in glucagon levels within 24 seconds and in insulin within 48 seconds. Ten-minute perfusions of 1.4 X 10(-6)M PGE2 elicited biphasic release of both islet hormones; Phase I glucagon release preceded that of insulin. Both phases of the biphasic glucagon and insulin release which occurred in response to 15-minute perfusions of 10 mM arginine were augmented by PGE2. These observations indicate that PGE2 can evoke glucagon and insulin release at concentrations close to those observed by others in the extracts of rat pancreas. We conclude that PG may be involved in the regulation of secretion of glucagon and insulin and may mediate and/or modify the pancreatic islet hormone response to other secretagogues."}
{"id": "PMID:1197784", "title": "The measurement of E and 19-hydroxy E prostaglandins in human seminal plasma.", "content": "A method is described which measures the four main prostaglandins of human semen (PGE1, E2, 19-hydroxy PGE1, and 19-hydroxy PGE2). For routine measurements E1 and E2 are measured together as are 19-OH E1 and 19-OH E2. These are measured by forming oximes in aqueous solution extraction, methylation and trimethyl silylation followed by gas chromatography. The method has sufficient sensitivity to measure the levels found in the majority of semen samples. The normal range in men with proven fertility was 90 to 260 mug/ml of 19-hydroxy Es and 30-200 mug/ml of Es.", "contents": "The measurement of E and 19-hydroxy E prostaglandins in human seminal plasma. A method is described which measures the four main prostaglandins of human semen (PGE1, E2, 19-hydroxy PGE1, and 19-hydroxy PGE2). For routine measurements E1 and E2 are measured together as are 19-OH E1 and 19-OH E2. These are measured by forming oximes in aqueous solution extraction, methylation and trimethyl silylation followed by gas chromatography. The method has sufficient sensitivity to measure the levels found in the majority of semen samples. The normal range in men with proven fertility was 90 to 260 mug/ml of 19-hydroxy Es and 30-200 mug/ml of Es."}
{"id": "PMID:1197785", "title": "Premature labor and indomethacin.", "content": "Women in the 29th - 32nd week of gestation were admitted to hospital following the onset of premature labor contractions. After treatment with bed rest and beta-stimulating drugs, those patients with persistent uterine contractions were treated with oral indomethacin (25 mg every 6 hours for 5 days). The effect of indomethacin therapy was monitored by serial external tocometry recordings. This treatment schedule with indomethacin was repeated on several occasions at intervals of 5 to 10 days. Using a standardized technique, uterine contractility was monitored every second or third day throughout the entire treatment period. In this way, the frequency of contractions was evaluated in the presence or absence of indomethacin therapy. Following indomethacin treatment, there was a significant decrease in the frequency of contractions in all cases and a complete arrest of contractions occurred in some women. An increased frequency of contractions was observed during those times that the patient did not receive indomethacin. The plasms concentration of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2alpha, the major serum metabolite of PGF2alpha, was determined by the gas chromatography - mass spectrometry method before and after indomethacin in a limited number of cases. At the doses given for the duration of therapy used, no untoward effects could be detected in either the mother or the infant. These results indicate that indomethacin is a potent and useful drug in the treatment of premature labor.", "contents": "Premature labor and indomethacin. Women in the 29th - 32nd week of gestation were admitted to hospital following the onset of premature labor contractions. After treatment with bed rest and beta-stimulating drugs, those patients with persistent uterine contractions were treated with oral indomethacin (25 mg every 6 hours for 5 days). The effect of indomethacin therapy was monitored by serial external tocometry recordings. This treatment schedule with indomethacin was repeated on several occasions at intervals of 5 to 10 days. Using a standardized technique, uterine contractility was monitored every second or third day throughout the entire treatment period. In this way, the frequency of contractions was evaluated in the presence or absence of indomethacin therapy. Following indomethacin treatment, there was a significant decrease in the frequency of contractions in all cases and a complete arrest of contractions occurred in some women. An increased frequency of contractions was observed during those times that the patient did not receive indomethacin. The plasms concentration of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2alpha, the major serum metabolite of PGF2alpha, was determined by the gas chromatography - mass spectrometry method before and after indomethacin in a limited number of cases. At the doses given for the duration of therapy used, no untoward effects could be detected in either the mother or the infant. These results indicate that indomethacin is a potent and useful drug in the treatment of premature labor."}
{"id": "PMID:1197788", "title": "Influence of dietary vitamin E on prostaglandin biosynthesis in rat blood.", "content": "A vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) deficient diet stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis in coagulating rat blood. Prostaglandins were extracted from serum, purified and bioassayed. The identity of prostaglandin E2 was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Withholding vitamin E from the diet caused a marked increase in PGE2 and a lesser increase in PGF2alpha production in serum. In rats maintained on diets containing different concentrations of vitamin E, serum concentrations of PGE2 and PGF2alpha were inversely related to serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol. These data suggest that in vitro alpha-tocopherol inhibits the endogenous conversion of arachidonic acid into PGE2 and PGF2alpha. The possibility that alpha-tocopherol may inhibit the formation of endoperoxide intermediates of PGE2 and PGF2alpha biosynthesis and subsequent induction of platelet aggregation is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of dietary vitamin E on prostaglandin biosynthesis in rat blood. A vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) deficient diet stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis in coagulating rat blood. Prostaglandins were extracted from serum, purified and bioassayed. The identity of prostaglandin E2 was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Withholding vitamin E from the diet caused a marked increase in PGE2 and a lesser increase in PGF2alpha production in serum. In rats maintained on diets containing different concentrations of vitamin E, serum concentrations of PGE2 and PGF2alpha were inversely related to serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol. These data suggest that in vitro alpha-tocopherol inhibits the endogenous conversion of arachidonic acid into PGE2 and PGF2alpha. The possibility that alpha-tocopherol may inhibit the formation of endoperoxide intermediates of PGE2 and PGF2alpha biosynthesis and subsequent induction of platelet aggregation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197789", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins on protein, RNA, DNA and collagen synthesis in experimental wounds.", "content": "The effect of exogenous prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2alpha) on 3H-leucine, 3H-uridine, 3H-thymidine and 3H-proline incorporation in experimental cutaneous wounds has been studied in rats. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 markedly stimulate the incorporation of these tritiated precursors, into protein, RNA, DNA and collagen synthesis, whereas F2 inhibits it. All tested prostaglandins exhibit their maximum effect within the first hours following administration. Most active is PGE1. These observations indicate that application of prostaglandins significantly stimulate incorporation with protein, RNA, DNA and collagen synthesis in the skin of wounded rats and thus, may play a role in epidermal cell growth and division as well as in scar-forming tissue.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins on protein, RNA, DNA and collagen synthesis in experimental wounds. The effect of exogenous prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2alpha) on 3H-leucine, 3H-uridine, 3H-thymidine and 3H-proline incorporation in experimental cutaneous wounds has been studied in rats. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 markedly stimulate the incorporation of these tritiated precursors, into protein, RNA, DNA and collagen synthesis, whereas F2 inhibits it. All tested prostaglandins exhibit their maximum effect within the first hours following administration. Most active is PGE1. These observations indicate that application of prostaglandins significantly stimulate incorporation with protein, RNA, DNA and collagen synthesis in the skin of wounded rats and thus, may play a role in epidermal cell growth and division as well as in scar-forming tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1197790", "title": "The effects of some natural prostaglandins on isolated human circular bronchial muscle.", "content": "PGE1 relaxed isolated human circular bronchial muscle over a wide concentration range as did isoprenaline. Surprisingly isoprenaline was more potent than PGE1. PGF2alpha weakly contracted this muscle preparation whereas histamine was more potent. PGE2, however, produced paradoxical results, relaxing some tissues and contracting others, always in a concentration-related manner irrespective of tissue tone. In preparations that contracted to PGE2, tachyphylaxis induced to PGF2alpha also applied to PGE2, but did not affect PGE1 relaxations of histamine contractions. These findings suggest that pge2 can stimulate either PGF2alpha or PGE1 receptors of isolated human bronchial muscle.", "contents": "The effects of some natural prostaglandins on isolated human circular bronchial muscle. PGE1 relaxed isolated human circular bronchial muscle over a wide concentration range as did isoprenaline. Surprisingly isoprenaline was more potent than PGE1. PGF2alpha weakly contracted this muscle preparation whereas histamine was more potent. PGE2, however, produced paradoxical results, relaxing some tissues and contracting others, always in a concentration-related manner irrespective of tissue tone. In preparations that contracted to PGE2, tachyphylaxis induced to PGF2alpha also applied to PGE2, but did not affect PGE1 relaxations of histamine contractions. These findings suggest that pge2 can stimulate either PGF2alpha or PGE1 receptors of isolated human bronchial muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1197791", "title": "Prostaglandin E1 inhibits the pulmonary vascular pressor response to hypoxia and prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "In the anesthetised dog an infusion of exogenous prostaglandin E1 (100muG/min) inhibits the pulmonary vascular pressor response to hypoxia. Both 25 and 100muG/min PGE1 can reduce the transient pulmonary hypertension caused by a bolus of prostaglandin F2alpha. This suggests that hypoxia and PGF2alpha may share a final common pathway in producing pulmonary vasoconstriction. These results may help to explain the mechanism by which endotoxin inhibits the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. This effect is probably achieved by stimulating the production of an endogenous dilator prostaglandin. Exogenous PGE1 can mimic this effect.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1 inhibits the pulmonary vascular pressor response to hypoxia and prostaglandin F2alpha. In the anesthetised dog an infusion of exogenous prostaglandin E1 (100muG/min) inhibits the pulmonary vascular pressor response to hypoxia. Both 25 and 100muG/min PGE1 can reduce the transient pulmonary hypertension caused by a bolus of prostaglandin F2alpha. This suggests that hypoxia and PGF2alpha may share a final common pathway in producing pulmonary vasoconstriction. These results may help to explain the mechanism by which endotoxin inhibits the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. This effect is probably achieved by stimulating the production of an endogenous dilator prostaglandin. Exogenous PGE1 can mimic this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1197794", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and prolactin secretion in rats.", "content": "Plasma prolactin and F-prostaglandins (PGF) were measured anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats before and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes following i.v. injection of either PGF2alpha (4 mg/kg), chlorpromazine, 1 mg/kg or chlorpormazine (1 mg/kg) after pretreatment with i.p. indomethacin (2 mg/kg). Following PGF2alpha administration, plasma prolactin levels increased significantly only at 15 and 30 minutes in spite of extremely high PGF levels throughout 60 minutes. Besides the expected rise in plasma prolactin, chlorpromazine caused a transient but statistically significant increase in PGF. Indomethacin blocked the chlorpormazine-induced PGF rise but not prolactin increase. Animals stressed with ether anesthesia showed elevation of plasma prolactin, which was not blocked by indomethacin although PGF concentration fell. Theese results indicate that PGF2alpha can stimulate prolactin release. This effect does not appear to be physiologic since very high PGF levels are required. Furthermore, blockade of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin does not prevent the release of prolactin in response to chlorpormazine or stress. Our findings do not support a possible role of PGFs as intermediaries in prolactin release. However, it is possible that PGFs may work through other mechanisms not investigated in our study.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and prolactin secretion in rats. Plasma prolactin and F-prostaglandins (PGF) were measured anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats before and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes following i.v. injection of either PGF2alpha (4 mg/kg), chlorpromazine, 1 mg/kg or chlorpormazine (1 mg/kg) after pretreatment with i.p. indomethacin (2 mg/kg). Following PGF2alpha administration, plasma prolactin levels increased significantly only at 15 and 30 minutes in spite of extremely high PGF levels throughout 60 minutes. Besides the expected rise in plasma prolactin, chlorpromazine caused a transient but statistically significant increase in PGF. Indomethacin blocked the chlorpormazine-induced PGF rise but not prolactin increase. Animals stressed with ether anesthesia showed elevation of plasma prolactin, which was not blocked by indomethacin although PGF concentration fell. Theese results indicate that PGF2alpha can stimulate prolactin release. This effect does not appear to be physiologic since very high PGF levels are required. Furthermore, blockade of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin does not prevent the release of prolactin in response to chlorpormazine or stress. Our findings do not support a possible role of PGFs as intermediaries in prolactin release. However, it is possible that PGFs may work through other mechanisms not investigated in our study."}
{"id": "PMID:1197796", "title": "The effect of the prostaglandin F2alpha analogue ICI 81008 on uterine small arteries and on blood pressure.", "content": "The effects of PGF2alpha and its analogue ICI 81008 have been compared on the small arteries of the omentum uteri on the rat. The vessels measured 20-80 mum in diameter and were examined by intra-vital-microscopy. While the maximum responses of PGF2alpha and ICI 81008 were similar, the duration of the effect of ICI 81008 was significantly longer (P is less than 0.001). At 15 minutes after the administration of the drugs the effect of ICI 81008 was still almost maximal, while the PGF2alpha response disappeared.", "contents": "The effect of the prostaglandin F2alpha analogue ICI 81008 on uterine small arteries and on blood pressure. The effects of PGF2alpha and its analogue ICI 81008 have been compared on the small arteries of the omentum uteri on the rat. The vessels measured 20-80 mum in diameter and were examined by intra-vital-microscopy. While the maximum responses of PGF2alpha and ICI 81008 were similar, the duration of the effect of ICI 81008 was significantly longer (P is less than 0.001). At 15 minutes after the administration of the drugs the effect of ICI 81008 was still almost maximal, while the PGF2alpha response disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:1197797", "title": "Neonatal serum bilirubin levels following the use of prostaglandin E2 in labour.", "content": "A prospective study of 447 labours and the resulting neonates failed to reveal a significant difference between the mean serum bilirubin concentrations on the third and sixth day following spontaneous, accelerated or induced labour. A similar incidence of neonatal jaundice (bilirubin concentrations of 10 mg/100 or more) was found in the studied groups. However, there was a tendency for neonates born after accelerated or induced labour to have slightly higher bilirubin levels than those born after spontaneous labour. No strong dose dependent effect on the level of bilirubin concentration following Prostaglandin E2 induced labour was demonstrated.", "contents": "Neonatal serum bilirubin levels following the use of prostaglandin E2 in labour. A prospective study of 447 labours and the resulting neonates failed to reveal a significant difference between the mean serum bilirubin concentrations on the third and sixth day following spontaneous, accelerated or induced labour. A similar incidence of neonatal jaundice (bilirubin concentrations of 10 mg/100 or more) was found in the studied groups. However, there was a tendency for neonates born after accelerated or induced labour to have slightly higher bilirubin levels than those born after spontaneous labour. No strong dose dependent effect on the level of bilirubin concentration following Prostaglandin E2 induced labour was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1197798", "title": "Progesterone withdrawal induced by ICI 81008 in pregnant rats.", "content": "Of a total of 343 pregnant rats treated with the prostaglandin F2alpha analogue ICI 81008, 137 aborted, while 83 had reduced and 123 intact litter. These biological variations depended primarily on the gestational timing of treatment and on the dose and route of administration of this synthetic PG. In comparison with the 107 controls, all experimental rats which aborted had a drastic reduction in plasma progesterone levels which was highly significant (P is less than 0.001) until day 18. In contrast, those animals which escaped suboptimal ICI 81001 treatment with a partly resorbed litter, only had a moderate reduction in progesterone which was statistically significant (P is less than 0.01) until day 16 when levels of this steroid normally begin to decrease. Ineffective treatment did not affect progesterone levels and intact pregnancy. In contrast to progesterone, there was no correlation between plasma estradiol-17beta levels and the consequences of ICI 81008 treatment.", "contents": "Progesterone withdrawal induced by ICI 81008 in pregnant rats. Of a total of 343 pregnant rats treated with the prostaglandin F2alpha analogue ICI 81008, 137 aborted, while 83 had reduced and 123 intact litter. These biological variations depended primarily on the gestational timing of treatment and on the dose and route of administration of this synthetic PG. In comparison with the 107 controls, all experimental rats which aborted had a drastic reduction in plasma progesterone levels which was highly significant (P is less than 0.001) until day 18. In contrast, those animals which escaped suboptimal ICI 81001 treatment with a partly resorbed litter, only had a moderate reduction in progesterone which was statistically significant (P is less than 0.01) until day 16 when levels of this steroid normally begin to decrease. Ineffective treatment did not affect progesterone levels and intact pregnancy. In contrast to progesterone, there was no correlation between plasma estradiol-17beta levels and the consequences of ICI 81008 treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1197814", "title": "[Chlorophyll mutations induced by gamma radiation in Phaseolus vulgaris L].", "content": "In a study of chlorophyll mutants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. through Co60 gamma radiation, five types of mutants, classified as albino, cream, yellow, yellow-green and light green were obtained; all were lethal; their segregation was always proportionally lower than the Mendelian. Gamma radiation-induced mutations in black beans do not depart significantly from those obtained elsewhere in barley and wheat.", "contents": "[Chlorophyll mutations induced by gamma radiation in Phaseolus vulgaris L]. In a study of chlorophyll mutants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. through Co60 gamma radiation, five types of mutants, classified as albino, cream, yellow, yellow-green and light green were obtained; all were lethal; their segregation was always proportionally lower than the Mendelian. Gamma radiation-induced mutations in black beans do not depart significantly from those obtained elsewhere in barley and wheat."}
{"id": "PMID:1197815", "title": "[Spasmolytic effect of histamine in the isolated intestine of the hamster (Cricetus auratus)].", "content": "A comparative study of the effects produced by histamine on 15 different sections of the small intestine of hamsters (Cricetus auratus) from the stomach to the ileocecal valve was performed to find a substitute for that of guinea pigs and to ascertain which of the sections was the most sensitive. Changes in tone, amplitude and frequency of contractions with respect to control (spontaneous motility, were significant (P less than 0.01); the variance analysis showed no significant variations in the sensitivity or the motility of the different sections.", "contents": "[Spasmolytic effect of histamine in the isolated intestine of the hamster (Cricetus auratus)]. A comparative study of the effects produced by histamine on 15 different sections of the small intestine of hamsters (Cricetus auratus) from the stomach to the ileocecal valve was performed to find a substitute for that of guinea pigs and to ascertain which of the sections was the most sensitive. Changes in tone, amplitude and frequency of contractions with respect to control (spontaneous motility, were significant (P less than 0.01); the variance analysis showed no significant variations in the sensitivity or the motility of the different sections."}
{"id": "PMID:1197816", "title": "[Various aspects of comparative leaf anatomy of 2 Bromeliaceae (Aechema mexicana Baker and Hechtia glomerata Zucc)].", "content": "The leaf anatomy of two Bromeliaceae, Hechtia glomerata Zucc., a terrestrial xerophyte of arid zones, and Acehmea mexicana Baker, a tropical moist forest epiphyte, is compared; these species show adaptations to different extremes of adverse environmental conditions as to water uptake. The leaves of A. mexicana have more water storage tissue than those of H. glomerata; on the other hand, H. glomerata is capable of root absorption. In A. mexicana, modified nonfunctional stomata increase transpiration resistance. Also, this species shows more specialized foliar trichomes which permit the uptake of water and possibly of nutrients. The balance between transpiration and absorption rates is regulated in both species by the combined presence of peltate scales and stomata. The degree of adaptation to drought presented by epiphytic species is more complicated than that shown by terrestrial species. Epiphytic plants like A. mexicana may be derived from xerophytic species that have undergone readaptation to a humid climate. The conspicuous negative geotropism in the leaves of A. mexicana causes the formation of basal deposits of water, which play an important functional role in survival.", "contents": "[Various aspects of comparative leaf anatomy of 2 Bromeliaceae (Aechema mexicana Baker and Hechtia glomerata Zucc)]. The leaf anatomy of two Bromeliaceae, Hechtia glomerata Zucc., a terrestrial xerophyte of arid zones, and Acehmea mexicana Baker, a tropical moist forest epiphyte, is compared; these species show adaptations to different extremes of adverse environmental conditions as to water uptake. The leaves of A. mexicana have more water storage tissue than those of H. glomerata; on the other hand, H. glomerata is capable of root absorption. In A. mexicana, modified nonfunctional stomata increase transpiration resistance. Also, this species shows more specialized foliar trichomes which permit the uptake of water and possibly of nutrients. The balance between transpiration and absorption rates is regulated in both species by the combined presence of peltate scales and stomata. The degree of adaptation to drought presented by epiphytic species is more complicated than that shown by terrestrial species. Epiphytic plants like A. mexicana may be derived from xerophytic species that have undergone readaptation to a humid climate. The conspicuous negative geotropism in the leaves of A. mexicana causes the formation of basal deposits of water, which play an important functional role in survival."}
{"id": "PMID:1197874", "title": "Restriction of isoproterenol-induced myocardial Ca uptake and necrotization in rats by a new Ca-antagonistic compound (ethyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl) piperazinyl acetate (Vascordil)).", "content": "As shown in previous investigations overdoses of isoproterenol produce an abundant myocardial Ca uptake, followed by high energy phosphate breakdown, mitochondrial damage and, eventually, cardiac fibre necrotization. Conversely Ca antagonistic compounds such as verapamil, D 600 or prenylamine which reduce the transmembrane Ca influx into the heart muscle cells, can prevent high energy phosphate deficiency and cardiac lesions. Ethyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl) poperazinyl acetate (Vascoril) is another compound which, according to our tracer studies, interferes with transmembrane Ca uptake into the myocardium. As expected the rat hearts were also protected by Vascoril against isoproterenol-induced metabolic disorders and structural alterations. Equiprotective subcutaneous doses, as studied on the right ventricular myocardium of rats, were 600 mg/kg Vascoril, 250 mg/kg prenylamine, 17 mg/kg verapamil or 10 mg/kg D 600.", "contents": "Restriction of isoproterenol-induced myocardial Ca uptake and necrotization in rats by a new Ca-antagonistic compound (ethyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl) piperazinyl acetate (Vascordil)). As shown in previous investigations overdoses of isoproterenol produce an abundant myocardial Ca uptake, followed by high energy phosphate breakdown, mitochondrial damage and, eventually, cardiac fibre necrotization. Conversely Ca antagonistic compounds such as verapamil, D 600 or prenylamine which reduce the transmembrane Ca influx into the heart muscle cells, can prevent high energy phosphate deficiency and cardiac lesions. Ethyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl) poperazinyl acetate (Vascoril) is another compound which, according to our tracer studies, interferes with transmembrane Ca uptake into the myocardium. As expected the rat hearts were also protected by Vascoril against isoproterenol-induced metabolic disorders and structural alterations. Equiprotective subcutaneous doses, as studied on the right ventricular myocardium of rats, were 600 mg/kg Vascoril, 250 mg/kg prenylamine, 17 mg/kg verapamil or 10 mg/kg D 600."}
{"id": "PMID:1197875", "title": "Inhibition by cinnarizine of heart ionic changes induced by isoprenaline.", "content": "Cinnarizine, a specific blocker of Ca entry in depolarized smooth muscles, exerts a protection upon cardiac lesions induced by isoprenaline. Its action has been studied on ionic changes induced in hearts of rats injected with 30 mg/kg isoprenaline subcutaneously. Cinnarizine (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 2 hours before isoprenaline. Ionic contents (Na,K,C,Mg) were measured over an observation period of 3 days following drug treatment. Isoprenaline induced changes in the content of the various ions studied. Changes occurring in the atria were reversible. The following observations were made in the apex: Mg, transient increase in the first hour followed by a long-lasting decrease; Ca, progressive increase up to 6 hours followed by a progressive restoration; Na, increase up to 24 hours followed by restoration. These ionic changes were significantly reduced by cinnarizine.", "contents": "Inhibition by cinnarizine of heart ionic changes induced by isoprenaline. Cinnarizine, a specific blocker of Ca entry in depolarized smooth muscles, exerts a protection upon cardiac lesions induced by isoprenaline. Its action has been studied on ionic changes induced in hearts of rats injected with 30 mg/kg isoprenaline subcutaneously. Cinnarizine (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 2 hours before isoprenaline. Ionic contents (Na,K,C,Mg) were measured over an observation period of 3 days following drug treatment. Isoprenaline induced changes in the content of the various ions studied. Changes occurring in the atria were reversible. The following observations were made in the apex: Mg, transient increase in the first hour followed by a long-lasting decrease; Ca, progressive increase up to 6 hours followed by a progressive restoration; Na, increase up to 24 hours followed by restoration. These ionic changes were significantly reduced by cinnarizine."}
{"id": "PMID:1197876", "title": "Transmural metabolic gradients of the canine left ventricle in coronary constriction, systemic hypoxia, hemorrhagic shock, and isoproterenol infusion.", "content": "In the left ventricle of the dog, a transmural difference is present in the normal state for various metabolites and persists in the experimental conditions studied. ATP stores are maintained both in the endo-as well as epicardium at the expense of PC. This is true for systemic hypoxia, hemorrhagic shock, and isoproterenol infusion. In severe ischemia, however, endocardial ATP is lower, while the transmural gradient for PC is increased due to a marked decrease in endocardial PC content. Our studies underline the importance of nonhomogeneity of the left ventricular wall and demonstrate that the subendocardium is more subject to anaerobic metabolism, especially when coronary perfusion pressure is decreased.", "contents": "Transmural metabolic gradients of the canine left ventricle in coronary constriction, systemic hypoxia, hemorrhagic shock, and isoproterenol infusion. In the left ventricle of the dog, a transmural difference is present in the normal state for various metabolites and persists in the experimental conditions studied. ATP stores are maintained both in the endo-as well as epicardium at the expense of PC. This is true for systemic hypoxia, hemorrhagic shock, and isoproterenol infusion. In severe ischemia, however, endocardial ATP is lower, while the transmural gradient for PC is increased due to a marked decrease in endocardial PC content. Our studies underline the importance of nonhomogeneity of the left ventricular wall and demonstrate that the subendocardium is more subject to anaerobic metabolism, especially when coronary perfusion pressure is decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:1197878", "title": "Myocardial metabolism at different environmental temperatures in experimental myocardial necrosis.", "content": "Although the effect of cold and heat stress on myocardial metabolisms has been widely studied, this parameter has not been investigated over a wide range of environmental temperatures after myocardial infarction. Since high as well as low temperatures are known to adversely affect the myocardium, changes in enviromental temperature are likely to be of great importance to patients suffering from acute coronary insult. Therefore, the myocardial metabolism was studied at different environmental temperatures in albino rats with isoproterenol-induced infarct-like myocardial necrosis. Male albino rats weighing 100 to 150 g were selected for the study. The investigations included ECG (lead II), histology, serum free fatty acids (FFA), serum triglycerides (TGS), cardiac noradrenaline, cardiac glycogen, and adrenal ascorbic acid, after the induction of myocardial necrosis. The biochemical changes were minimum between 10 and 15 degrees C while, at 4 degrees C, marked changes were observed. No significant change was seen in the serum triglycerides.", "contents": "Myocardial metabolism at different environmental temperatures in experimental myocardial necrosis. Although the effect of cold and heat stress on myocardial metabolisms has been widely studied, this parameter has not been investigated over a wide range of environmental temperatures after myocardial infarction. Since high as well as low temperatures are known to adversely affect the myocardium, changes in enviromental temperature are likely to be of great importance to patients suffering from acute coronary insult. Therefore, the myocardial metabolism was studied at different environmental temperatures in albino rats with isoproterenol-induced infarct-like myocardial necrosis. Male albino rats weighing 100 to 150 g were selected for the study. The investigations included ECG (lead II), histology, serum free fatty acids (FFA), serum triglycerides (TGS), cardiac noradrenaline, cardiac glycogen, and adrenal ascorbic acid, after the induction of myocardial necrosis. The biochemical changes were minimum between 10 and 15 degrees C while, at 4 degrees C, marked changes were observed. No significant change was seen in the serum triglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:1197879", "title": "Membrane phospholipid metabolism in the isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy of the rat.", "content": "Within 60 minutes after treatment with low doses of IPR (5 mg/kg), relative specific activity of cardiolipin and sphingomyelin significantly increased in the heart. Other phospholipids of the heart were not significantly changed. Relative specific activity of cardiolipin increased much later in liver and salivary gland. Activity of CTP:PA cytidyl transferase increases 40% at 1 hour following treatment with IPR. No significant change was observed in the respiratory control ratio of heart mitochondria for 2 hours following injection with IPR; however, a significant decrease was observed 24 hours after IPR.", "contents": "Membrane phospholipid metabolism in the isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy of the rat. Within 60 minutes after treatment with low doses of IPR (5 mg/kg), relative specific activity of cardiolipin and sphingomyelin significantly increased in the heart. Other phospholipids of the heart were not significantly changed. Relative specific activity of cardiolipin increased much later in liver and salivary gland. Activity of CTP:PA cytidyl transferase increases 40% at 1 hour following treatment with IPR. No significant change was observed in the respiratory control ratio of heart mitochondria for 2 hours following injection with IPR; however, a significant decrease was observed 24 hours after IPR."}
{"id": "PMID:1197880", "title": "Role of free fatty acids in catecholamine-induced cardiac necrosis.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that catecholamines produce massiive disseminated cardiac necrosis closely resembling experimental myocardial infarction. Since catecholamine-induced lipolysis increases myocardial oxygen demand and increased levels of FFA are associated with a depression of myocardial function during myocardial hypoxia, the effect of inhibition of lipolysis on myocardial necrosis induced by isoproterenol was studied. Measurements of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in extracts of whole heart homogenates provide a sensitive and relatively specific index of cellular necrosis. Accordingly, CPK activity was measured in rat hearts 48 hours after the animals had received either isoproterenol, given s.c., 3 times at hourly intervals, or isoproterenol after prior administration of nicotinic acid. Control animals were given saline. With increasing doses of isoproterenol, CPK activity in whole heart homogenates was depressed from 21.7 +/- 0.40 in untreated animals (N = 36) to 14.9 +/- 0.46 in animals given the highest dose of isoproterenol (N = 47). In animals in which isoproterenol-induced lipolysis was inhibited by nicotinic acid, CPK was less depressed (16.3 +/- 0.36, N = 47) than with isoproterenol alone (p less 0.02). Nicotinic acid given alone did not interfere with CPK activity. This study suggests that part of the necrosis induced by isoproterenol is due to increased release and oxidation of FFA in the rat heart.", "contents": "Role of free fatty acids in catecholamine-induced cardiac necrosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that catecholamines produce massiive disseminated cardiac necrosis closely resembling experimental myocardial infarction. Since catecholamine-induced lipolysis increases myocardial oxygen demand and increased levels of FFA are associated with a depression of myocardial function during myocardial hypoxia, the effect of inhibition of lipolysis on myocardial necrosis induced by isoproterenol was studied. Measurements of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in extracts of whole heart homogenates provide a sensitive and relatively specific index of cellular necrosis. Accordingly, CPK activity was measured in rat hearts 48 hours after the animals had received either isoproterenol, given s.c., 3 times at hourly intervals, or isoproterenol after prior administration of nicotinic acid. Control animals were given saline. With increasing doses of isoproterenol, CPK activity in whole heart homogenates was depressed from 21.7 +/- 0.40 in untreated animals (N = 36) to 14.9 +/- 0.46 in animals given the highest dose of isoproterenol (N = 47). In animals in which isoproterenol-induced lipolysis was inhibited by nicotinic acid, CPK was less depressed (16.3 +/- 0.36, N = 47) than with isoproterenol alone (p less 0.02). Nicotinic acid given alone did not interfere with CPK activity. This study suggests that part of the necrosis induced by isoproterenol is due to increased release and oxidation of FFA in the rat heart."}
{"id": "PMID:1197881", "title": "Changes in fatty acid composition of cardiac lipids accompanying myocardial necrosis.", "content": "Administration of isoproterenol induces changes in phospholipids of heart muscle membranes. Longer and more unsaturated fatty acids replace shorter and less unsaturated fatty acids. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e., C22:6, replace C18:2 and C20:4 in phospholipids of heart muscle. Increased sensitivity to isoproterenol and increased myocardial cell damage is accompanied by a relative increase in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids of heart muscle. Development of myocardial necrosis increases with a progressive replacement of C18:2 and C20:4 by C22:6. Alterations in fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids and consequent changes in membrane properties may play an important role in myocardial cell damage. Myocardial damage following administration of isoproterenol is increased when there is enhanced intramyocardial lipolysis and an increased amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids. Mocardial damage is decreased when there is reduced intramyocardial lipolysis and the membrane response makes the membranes less permeable and more stable.", "contents": "Changes in fatty acid composition of cardiac lipids accompanying myocardial necrosis. Administration of isoproterenol induces changes in phospholipids of heart muscle membranes. Longer and more unsaturated fatty acids replace shorter and less unsaturated fatty acids. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e., C22:6, replace C18:2 and C20:4 in phospholipids of heart muscle. Increased sensitivity to isoproterenol and increased myocardial cell damage is accompanied by a relative increase in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids of heart muscle. Development of myocardial necrosis increases with a progressive replacement of C18:2 and C20:4 by C22:6. Alterations in fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids and consequent changes in membrane properties may play an important role in myocardial cell damage. Myocardial damage following administration of isoproterenol is increased when there is enhanced intramyocardial lipolysis and an increased amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids. Mocardial damage is decreased when there is reduced intramyocardial lipolysis and the membrane response makes the membranes less permeable and more stable."}
{"id": "PMID:1197882", "title": "Disturbed myocardial calcium metabolism: a possible pathogenetic factor in the hereditary cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster.", "content": "In the BIO 8262 inbred strain of cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters, a latent disturbance of their myocardial calcium metabolism could be evidenced. Whereas the myocardial calcium content of untreated young cardiomyopathic hamsters with prenecrotic hearts did not differ from that of healthy control animals, it was distinctly elevated 6 hours after injection of isoproterenol (1 mg/kg body weight s.c.) in cardiomyopathic animals remaining unchanged in healthy controls. However, the same dose of isoproterenol induced elevated myocardial 45Ca uptake in both strains, although that of the cardiomyopathic hearts was distinctly greater. Later, during the stage of spontaneous progressive necrotization of the hearts, a spontaneously increased myocardial uptake of 45Ca and calcium content became manifest. By combined treatment with isoproterenol and verapamil, a substance which is known to decrease the calcium conductivity of myocardial cell membranes without blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, the isoproterenol-stimulated 45Ca uptake by prenecrotic cardiomyopathic hearts as well as the increase of their calcium content could be inhibited. Long-term treatment with verapamil alone beginning during the prenecrotic phase of the cardiac condition, was fully effective in preventing myocardial overload as well as necrotization. These findings demonstrate that overload with calcium of cardiomyopathic cells of the hamsters can be influenced beneficially. Therefore, the disturbed myocardial calcium metabolism in the hereditary cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster is considered a decisive pathogenetic factor.", "contents": "Disturbed myocardial calcium metabolism: a possible pathogenetic factor in the hereditary cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster. In the BIO 8262 inbred strain of cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters, a latent disturbance of their myocardial calcium metabolism could be evidenced. Whereas the myocardial calcium content of untreated young cardiomyopathic hamsters with prenecrotic hearts did not differ from that of healthy control animals, it was distinctly elevated 6 hours after injection of isoproterenol (1 mg/kg body weight s.c.) in cardiomyopathic animals remaining unchanged in healthy controls. However, the same dose of isoproterenol induced elevated myocardial 45Ca uptake in both strains, although that of the cardiomyopathic hearts was distinctly greater. Later, during the stage of spontaneous progressive necrotization of the hearts, a spontaneously increased myocardial uptake of 45Ca and calcium content became manifest. By combined treatment with isoproterenol and verapamil, a substance which is known to decrease the calcium conductivity of myocardial cell membranes without blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, the isoproterenol-stimulated 45Ca uptake by prenecrotic cardiomyopathic hearts as well as the increase of their calcium content could be inhibited. Long-term treatment with verapamil alone beginning during the prenecrotic phase of the cardiac condition, was fully effective in preventing myocardial overload as well as necrotization. These findings demonstrate that overload with calcium of cardiomyopathic cells of the hamsters can be influenced beneficially. Therefore, the disturbed myocardial calcium metabolism in the hereditary cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster is considered a decisive pathogenetic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1197883", "title": "Key role of Ca in the production of noncoronarogenic myocardial necroses.", "content": "Skeletal and heart muscle fibers undergo severe functional and structural alterations, resulting in necrotization as soon as extracellular Ca ions penetrate excessively into the sarcoplasm, so that the capacities of the Ca binding or extrusion processes become insufficient. In mechanically injured skeletal muscle fibers, this necrotization process begins in the neighborhood of the membrane lesion where a large Ca inward transport takes place. Accordingly, elimination of Ca from the Ringer solution or an outward electric current which blocks the influx of extracellular Ca prevents the onset of necrotization, whereas additional Ca or an inward electric current which augments the influx of Ca potentiates the course of degradation. The crucial reaction in the production of necroses in skeletal and heart muscle fibers is a high energy phosphate deficiency which results (a) from excessive activation of Ca-dependent intracellular ATPases, and (b) from Ca-induced mitochondrial destruction. This applies especially to myocardial fiber damage caused by large doses of beta-adrenergic catecholamines such as isoproterenol. The number and size of the isoproterenol-induced cardiac lesions are obviously determined by the extent and, particularly, by the duration of the Ca-mediated high energy phosphate penury. Substances which sensitize the myocardium to catecholamine-induced necrotization (9-alpha-fluorocortisol, dihydrotachysterol, NaH2PO4) act by potentiating intracellular Ca overload and high energy phosphate breakdown. Conversely, verapamil D 600, and other Ca-antagonistic compounds protect the structural integrity of the heart muscle fibers by restricting transmembrane Ca influx and, consequently, ATP and creatine phosphate exhaustion.", "contents": "Key role of Ca in the production of noncoronarogenic myocardial necroses. Skeletal and heart muscle fibers undergo severe functional and structural alterations, resulting in necrotization as soon as extracellular Ca ions penetrate excessively into the sarcoplasm, so that the capacities of the Ca binding or extrusion processes become insufficient. In mechanically injured skeletal muscle fibers, this necrotization process begins in the neighborhood of the membrane lesion where a large Ca inward transport takes place. Accordingly, elimination of Ca from the Ringer solution or an outward electric current which blocks the influx of extracellular Ca prevents the onset of necrotization, whereas additional Ca or an inward electric current which augments the influx of Ca potentiates the course of degradation. The crucial reaction in the production of necroses in skeletal and heart muscle fibers is a high energy phosphate deficiency which results (a) from excessive activation of Ca-dependent intracellular ATPases, and (b) from Ca-induced mitochondrial destruction. This applies especially to myocardial fiber damage caused by large doses of beta-adrenergic catecholamines such as isoproterenol. The number and size of the isoproterenol-induced cardiac lesions are obviously determined by the extent and, particularly, by the duration of the Ca-mediated high energy phosphate penury. Substances which sensitize the myocardium to catecholamine-induced necrotization (9-alpha-fluorocortisol, dihydrotachysterol, NaH2PO4) act by potentiating intracellular Ca overload and high energy phosphate breakdown. Conversely, verapamil D 600, and other Ca-antagonistic compounds protect the structural integrity of the heart muscle fibers by restricting transmembrane Ca influx and, consequently, ATP and creatine phosphate exhaustion."}
{"id": "PMID:1197884", "title": "Prevention of myocardial generation in hamsters with hereditary cardiomyopathy.", "content": "A number of drugs have been tested for their ability to prevent or change the course of skeletal and heart lesions occurring with a 100% incidence in cardiomyopathic hamsters (UM-X7.1). These drugs were selected because they act either on the metabolism or turnover of Ca or on adrenergic receptors. Verapamil (Isoptin), a potent inhibitor of myocardial transmembrane Ca conductivity, was found to completely prevent the myocardial lesions in myopathic hamsters. The hamsters were 28 to 30 days of age at the beginning of the experiment and were injected subcutaneously twice daily during 30 consecutive days in doses of 0.5 mg during the first week and 0.75 mg during the subsequent weeks. The protection afforded by Verapamil was no longer evident 30 days after interruption of the treatment. The severity of both cardiac and skeletal muscle lesions was found significantly lowered in hamsters receiving Dibenamine. It is assumed that Verapamil acts mainly by preventing excessive calcium influx in cardiomyocytes, whereas Dibenamine improves the microcirculation, which is deficient during the necrotizing phase of the polymyopathy. The latter assumption rests on the fact that, in myopathic hamsters, the reactivity pattern of alkaline phosphatase is altered at the level of the capillaries of cardiac and skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Prevention of myocardial generation in hamsters with hereditary cardiomyopathy. A number of drugs have been tested for their ability to prevent or change the course of skeletal and heart lesions occurring with a 100% incidence in cardiomyopathic hamsters (UM-X7.1). These drugs were selected because they act either on the metabolism or turnover of Ca or on adrenergic receptors. Verapamil (Isoptin), a potent inhibitor of myocardial transmembrane Ca conductivity, was found to completely prevent the myocardial lesions in myopathic hamsters. The hamsters were 28 to 30 days of age at the beginning of the experiment and were injected subcutaneously twice daily during 30 consecutive days in doses of 0.5 mg during the first week and 0.75 mg during the subsequent weeks. The protection afforded by Verapamil was no longer evident 30 days after interruption of the treatment. The severity of both cardiac and skeletal muscle lesions was found significantly lowered in hamsters receiving Dibenamine. It is assumed that Verapamil acts mainly by preventing excessive calcium influx in cardiomyocytes, whereas Dibenamine improves the microcirculation, which is deficient during the necrotizing phase of the polymyopathy. The latter assumption rests on the fact that, in myopathic hamsters, the reactivity pattern of alkaline phosphatase is altered at the level of the capillaries of cardiac and skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:1197885", "title": "Metabolic changes in the myocardium of hamsters with hereditary muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Depressed fatty acid (FA) oxidation found previously in various types of cardiomyopathies has been attributed to the lack of carnitine in heart muscle. This is not the case in the cardiac lesion of hamsters, strain BIO 14.6, between the ages of 3 and 6 months. We observed depressed CO2 production by heart homogenates of diseased animals from labeled acetate (1/20), butyrate (1/15), octanoate (1/3, and palmitate (1/4) in the presence of carnitine. The activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (forward reaction) and FA activating enzymes was unchanged. The oxidation of 1,4-labeled succinate as well as acetyl CoA was depressed to approximately 40% of the control, whereas [2-14C]pyruvate and [U-14C]oxoglutarate were oxidized at 60 to 70% of the control level. The CO2 production from [1-14C]pyruvate and [1-14C]oxoglutarate showed no reduction. No significant difference was found in myocardial triglyceride content and palmitate esterification into neutral lipids. The possible cause of different magnitudes of depressed oxidation of these substrates is unknown. It may be that the acetyl-CoA derived from FAs and that derived from pyruvate are metabolized by the TCA cycle to different extents, or that the endogenous metabolism participates to different degrees in the presence of different substrates.", "contents": "Metabolic changes in the myocardium of hamsters with hereditary muscular dystrophy. Depressed fatty acid (FA) oxidation found previously in various types of cardiomyopathies has been attributed to the lack of carnitine in heart muscle. This is not the case in the cardiac lesion of hamsters, strain BIO 14.6, between the ages of 3 and 6 months. We observed depressed CO2 production by heart homogenates of diseased animals from labeled acetate (1/20), butyrate (1/15), octanoate (1/3, and palmitate (1/4) in the presence of carnitine. The activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (forward reaction) and FA activating enzymes was unchanged. The oxidation of 1,4-labeled succinate as well as acetyl CoA was depressed to approximately 40% of the control, whereas [2-14C]pyruvate and [U-14C]oxoglutarate were oxidized at 60 to 70% of the control level. The CO2 production from [1-14C]pyruvate and [1-14C]oxoglutarate showed no reduction. No significant difference was found in myocardial triglyceride content and palmitate esterification into neutral lipids. The possible cause of different magnitudes of depressed oxidation of these substrates is unknown. It may be that the acetyl-CoA derived from FAs and that derived from pyruvate are metabolized by the TCA cycle to different extents, or that the endogenous metabolism participates to different degrees in the presence of different substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1197886", "title": "Morphological and biochemical studies on the heart of the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster.", "content": "Histological and ultrastructural observations of embryonic hearts and cultured cells from hamsters with inherited cardiomyopathy (BIO 14.6 line) showed a significant delay in maturation of the sarcomeric units in comparison with those of unrelated healthy control hamsters. Phase-contrast microscopic observation of the cultured cardiomyocytes revealed more rapid diminution of beating frequencies in the diseased hamsters than in the controls. Negatively stained ultrastructure and yield of the actomyosin extracted both from the cardiomyopathic and the control hamsters showed no fundamental differences. Disc electrophoresis of the erythrocyte ghosts revealed, at least, a quantitative difference in one of the composing proteins between these two groups.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical studies on the heart of the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster. Histological and ultrastructural observations of embryonic hearts and cultured cells from hamsters with inherited cardiomyopathy (BIO 14.6 line) showed a significant delay in maturation of the sarcomeric units in comparison with those of unrelated healthy control hamsters. Phase-contrast microscopic observation of the cultured cardiomyocytes revealed more rapid diminution of beating frequencies in the diseased hamsters than in the controls. Negatively stained ultrastructure and yield of the actomyosin extracted both from the cardiomyopathic and the control hamsters showed no fundamental differences. Disc electrophoresis of the erythrocyte ghosts revealed, at least, a quantitative difference in one of the composing proteins between these two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1197887", "title": "Left ventricular function in Syrian hamsters of different ages with hereditary cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Hemodynamic data of cardiomyopathic hamsters of the strain BIO 8262 aged 70 days and more than 200 days were compared with those of control groups. Left ventricular systolic pressures and heart rate revealed no great differences between the groups. Left ventricular diastolic pressure was lower in both older groups than in both younger groups. Contractility, as measured by dp/dt max as well as VCE and Vmax, showed considerably lower values in the myopathic groups. Although congestive heart failure connot be observed in the BIO 8262 strain, a decrease in cardiac performance can be postulated particularly in the 70-day age group in the stage of acute necrosis. The hypothesis is supported that circulatory congestion seen in the BIO 14.6 hamster is a separate entity, not necessarily connected to the myocardial lesions.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in Syrian hamsters of different ages with hereditary cardiomyopathy. Hemodynamic data of cardiomyopathic hamsters of the strain BIO 8262 aged 70 days and more than 200 days were compared with those of control groups. Left ventricular systolic pressures and heart rate revealed no great differences between the groups. Left ventricular diastolic pressure was lower in both older groups than in both younger groups. Contractility, as measured by dp/dt max as well as VCE and Vmax, showed considerably lower values in the myopathic groups. Although congestive heart failure connot be observed in the BIO 8262 strain, a decrease in cardiac performance can be postulated particularly in the 70-day age group in the stage of acute necrosis. The hypothesis is supported that circulatory congestion seen in the BIO 14.6 hamster is a separate entity, not necessarily connected to the myocardial lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1197888", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of dopamine in the normal and failing heart of experimental animals.", "content": "Dopamine exerts marked positive inotropic effects in the dog with no effect on heart rate. This effect is abolished by propranolol, reduced by reserpine, and unaffected by atropine. Dopamine exhibits similar inotropic activity in the normal guinea pig and in guinea pigs with experimentally induced heart failure. In the isolated perfused hamster heart, dopamine caused marked increases in left ventricular pressure with slight increases in heart rate. However, in the failing heart of the myopathic Syrian hamster, dopamine caused moderate increases in left ventricular pressure with much greater increases in heart rate. The total heart work of the failing heart under the influence of dopamine is significantly higher than that of the normal heart. The energy utilization under this condition is equal in both hearts. Therefore, the calculated efficiency of the failing heart treated with dopamine is much higher than that of the normal heart treated similarly.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of dopamine in the normal and failing heart of experimental animals. Dopamine exerts marked positive inotropic effects in the dog with no effect on heart rate. This effect is abolished by propranolol, reduced by reserpine, and unaffected by atropine. Dopamine exhibits similar inotropic activity in the normal guinea pig and in guinea pigs with experimentally induced heart failure. In the isolated perfused hamster heart, dopamine caused marked increases in left ventricular pressure with slight increases in heart rate. However, in the failing heart of the myopathic Syrian hamster, dopamine caused moderate increases in left ventricular pressure with much greater increases in heart rate. The total heart work of the failing heart under the influence of dopamine is significantly higher than that of the normal heart. The energy utilization under this condition is equal in both hearts. Therefore, the calculated efficiency of the failing heart treated with dopamine is much higher than that of the normal heart treated similarly."}
{"id": "PMID:1197889", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the heart.", "content": "Dog hearts were studied with the scanning electron microscope. This technique provides a better perspective of the relationships between organelles than can be obtained with other methods. Extensive communications between mitochondria, sarcoplasmic retiuclum, and nuclear envelop were demonstrated; this suggests the presence of a direct pathway between mitochondria and nuclei for the transport of ATP and perhaps other substances.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the heart. Dog hearts were studied with the scanning electron microscope. This technique provides a better perspective of the relationships between organelles than can be obtained with other methods. Extensive communications between mitochondria, sarcoplasmic retiuclum, and nuclear envelop were demonstrated; this suggests the presence of a direct pathway between mitochondria and nuclei for the transport of ATP and perhaps other substances."}
{"id": "PMID:1197890", "title": "Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content in congenital cardiac malformations.", "content": "Cytophotometric measurements of the DNA content of human heart muscle nuclei were performed on normal and congenitally malformed hearts of children. Congenital malformations of the heart lead to an early increase of the ploidy pattern as a sign of myocardial overload. This increase is significant. It starts, at the earliest, after the 3rd week of life. The degree of polyploidization of the muscle nuclei in malformed hearts is dependent on the type of overload. Pressure load produces a stronger shift to higher ploidy values than does volume load. The polyploidization is not dependent on either the heart weight at autopsy or the age of the child. It may be concluded that increasing functional requirement is the main cause of physiological and pathological polyploidization in hearts of children.", "contents": "Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content in congenital cardiac malformations. Cytophotometric measurements of the DNA content of human heart muscle nuclei were performed on normal and congenitally malformed hearts of children. Congenital malformations of the heart lead to an early increase of the ploidy pattern as a sign of myocardial overload. This increase is significant. It starts, at the earliest, after the 3rd week of life. The degree of polyploidization of the muscle nuclei in malformed hearts is dependent on the type of overload. Pressure load produces a stronger shift to higher ploidy values than does volume load. The polyploidization is not dependent on either the heart weight at autopsy or the age of the child. It may be concluded that increasing functional requirement is the main cause of physiological and pathological polyploidization in hearts of children."}
{"id": "PMID:1197891", "title": "Ultrastructure of human myocardium after total cardiopulmonary bypass during open-heart surgery.", "content": "During cardiopulmonary bypass surgery without coronary perfusion, most myocardial cells show ischemic lesions of the mitochondria but all other cell organelles remain unchanged. Ischemic damage to the myocardial cells caused by cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for a period of 47 minutes is reversible, since, after 20 minutes of reperfusion of the heart, the first signs of mitochondrial recovery can be observed. Bypass times exceeding 50 minutes cause severe irreversible damage to many myocardial cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of human myocardium after total cardiopulmonary bypass during open-heart surgery. During cardiopulmonary bypass surgery without coronary perfusion, most myocardial cells show ischemic lesions of the mitochondria but all other cell organelles remain unchanged. Ischemic damage to the myocardial cells caused by cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for a period of 47 minutes is reversible, since, after 20 minutes of reperfusion of the heart, the first signs of mitochondrial recovery can be observed. Bypass times exceeding 50 minutes cause severe irreversible damage to many myocardial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1197893", "title": "Myofibrillar alterations in ischemic myocardium after glucose-insulin-potassium infusion.", "content": "GIK infusion after experimental coronary artery ligation in dogs appears to reduce the size of the infarct and influence the ultrastructure of some of the cells bordering the infarct. These cells contain fine filamentous material thought to be actin, which appears to originate near the intercalated disc and is thought to represent a reparative process in reversibly injured cells and a hypertrophic response in normal cells adjacent to the infarct.", "contents": "Myofibrillar alterations in ischemic myocardium after glucose-insulin-potassium infusion. GIK infusion after experimental coronary artery ligation in dogs appears to reduce the size of the infarct and influence the ultrastructure of some of the cells bordering the infarct. These cells contain fine filamentous material thought to be actin, which appears to originate near the intercalated disc and is thought to represent a reparative process in reversibly injured cells and a hypertrophic response in normal cells adjacent to the infarct."}
{"id": "PMID:1197894", "title": "Myocardial ultrastructure and contraction during short periods of experimental ischemia.", "content": "The relationship of structure and function of the intact myocardium during the early minutes of experimental ischemia was studied in the anesthetized, open-chest pig. Regional contraction of ischemic and normal myocardium was measured, using isometric strain gauges on the anterior and lateral left ventricle. Biopsies for electron microscopy were taken consecutively 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after anterior descending artery occlusion-each followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion. Contraction of the ischemic area fell significantly within 15 to 30 seconds following occlusion, returning to 68, 50, 40, and 28%, respectively, after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes fo ischemia. In contrast, slight morphological changes were detected only after 5 and 10 minutes of ischemia, becoming more clear after 15 minutes, and unequivocal after 20 minutes-when return of contraction was minimal. The morphologic alterations in the ischemic area as seen by electron microscopy were: reduction of glycogen granules and specific changes in the mitochondria. The latter, consisting of swelling, disruption of cristae, and reduction of matrix, began to appear at 5 minutes and were more evident after 10 minutes of ischemia. These changes, although present, were not always proportional to sequential ischemic periods. This apparent lack of correlation between contraction and morphology could be due to sampling problems or to the focal nature of the ischemic process. However, it could imply that the changes seen by electron microscopy are a \"late\" phenomenon as compared to the loss of function. Morphologic corroboration of the immediate decrease of contraction of ischemic myocardium still escapes the perception of current morphological techniques. It is hoped that more refined stereological measurements will help bridge the present gap between function and morphology in early myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Myocardial ultrastructure and contraction during short periods of experimental ischemia. The relationship of structure and function of the intact myocardium during the early minutes of experimental ischemia was studied in the anesthetized, open-chest pig. Regional contraction of ischemic and normal myocardium was measured, using isometric strain gauges on the anterior and lateral left ventricle. Biopsies for electron microscopy were taken consecutively 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after anterior descending artery occlusion-each followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion. Contraction of the ischemic area fell significantly within 15 to 30 seconds following occlusion, returning to 68, 50, 40, and 28%, respectively, after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes fo ischemia. In contrast, slight morphological changes were detected only after 5 and 10 minutes of ischemia, becoming more clear after 15 minutes, and unequivocal after 20 minutes-when return of contraction was minimal. The morphologic alterations in the ischemic area as seen by electron microscopy were: reduction of glycogen granules and specific changes in the mitochondria. The latter, consisting of swelling, disruption of cristae, and reduction of matrix, began to appear at 5 minutes and were more evident after 10 minutes of ischemia. These changes, although present, were not always proportional to sequential ischemic periods. This apparent lack of correlation between contraction and morphology could be due to sampling problems or to the focal nature of the ischemic process. However, it could imply that the changes seen by electron microscopy are a \"late\" phenomenon as compared to the loss of function. Morphologic corroboration of the immediate decrease of contraction of ischemic myocardium still escapes the perception of current morphological techniques. It is hoped that more refined stereological measurements will help bridge the present gap between function and morphology in early myocardial ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1197895", "title": "Electrolyte changes in myocardial injury.", "content": "The shifts in the myocardial electrolyte metabolism during secondary or primary cardiopathies in dogs and rats, respectively, are described. Major attention is paid to the changes of Ca in the myocardial tissue. The increase in the Ca level after ligation of ramus circumflex of the left coronary artery, or after F-COL + Na2HPO4, and vitamin D2 administration, is regarded as a triggering process for more profound successive changes in the metabolism of the myocardial cell, which eventually lead to depletion of the high energy phosphate reserves. In the dogs with experimental coronary occlusion, the normalization of the myocardial ionogram, i.e., the ratio of K, Na, Ca, and Mg, was achieved by means of the mechanical heart assist, using the original design of the blood pump, where bypass and counterpulsation principles work simultaneously. The normalization of the Ca level in this case was achieved on the basis of a marked reduction of the volume work of the left ventricle, which is secured by the bypass component; on the other hand, the counterpulsation component of the combined pump secures the reduction of pressure work placed upon the left ventricle (represented by the decrease fo the end-diastolic pressure) and helps in the opening of the collaterals in the infarcted area during early diastole. Thus, the oxygen supply to the ischemic zone is improved. On the basis of our experiments with the combined blood pump, the failing heart is supported, not only hemodynamically, but also from the metabolic point of view. A similar effect is achieved by the administration of K-Mg-aspartate, and K-L- or K-DL-aspartate in dogs with experimental infarction. In primary electrolyte steroid cardiopathies characterized by necrosis, K-Mg-aspartate or K-aspartate only prevents the Ca increase in the myocardial tissue, whereas Mg-L- or Mg-DL-aspartate remains without andy effect. The necrotic changes observed after vitamin D2 administration are always accompanied by extremely high Ca levels in the myocardium. It shown in our experiments that administration of K-Mg-aspartate or Fe-dextran decreases the Ca level and reduces the necrotic and myolytic changes in the cardiac tissue. The authors recommend as an effective means in the therapy of acute heart failure the combination of mechanical heart support with the causative pharmacological therapy.", "contents": "Electrolyte changes in myocardial injury. The shifts in the myocardial electrolyte metabolism during secondary or primary cardiopathies in dogs and rats, respectively, are described. Major attention is paid to the changes of Ca in the myocardial tissue. The increase in the Ca level after ligation of ramus circumflex of the left coronary artery, or after F-COL + Na2HPO4, and vitamin D2 administration, is regarded as a triggering process for more profound successive changes in the metabolism of the myocardial cell, which eventually lead to depletion of the high energy phosphate reserves. In the dogs with experimental coronary occlusion, the normalization of the myocardial ionogram, i.e., the ratio of K, Na, Ca, and Mg, was achieved by means of the mechanical heart assist, using the original design of the blood pump, where bypass and counterpulsation principles work simultaneously. The normalization of the Ca level in this case was achieved on the basis of a marked reduction of the volume work of the left ventricle, which is secured by the bypass component; on the other hand, the counterpulsation component of the combined pump secures the reduction of pressure work placed upon the left ventricle (represented by the decrease fo the end-diastolic pressure) and helps in the opening of the collaterals in the infarcted area during early diastole. Thus, the oxygen supply to the ischemic zone is improved. On the basis of our experiments with the combined blood pump, the failing heart is supported, not only hemodynamically, but also from the metabolic point of view. A similar effect is achieved by the administration of K-Mg-aspartate, and K-L- or K-DL-aspartate in dogs with experimental infarction. In primary electrolyte steroid cardiopathies characterized by necrosis, K-Mg-aspartate or K-aspartate only prevents the Ca increase in the myocardial tissue, whereas Mg-L- or Mg-DL-aspartate remains without andy effect. The necrotic changes observed after vitamin D2 administration are always accompanied by extremely high Ca levels in the myocardium. It shown in our experiments that administration of K-Mg-aspartate or Fe-dextran decreases the Ca level and reduces the necrotic and myolytic changes in the cardiac tissue. The authors recommend as an effective means in the therapy of acute heart failure the combination of mechanical heart support with the causative pharmacological therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1197896", "title": "Membrane permeability alterations as manifestation of early cardiac muscle cell injury.", "content": "Studies with extracellular fine structural diffusion protein tracers, horseradish peroxidase and ferritin, were carried out on catecholamine-induced cardiac muscle cell injury. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol were administered in a dose of 4- 6 mug/100g body weight by continuous intravenous infusion. For follow-up studies, isoproterenol was also given subcutaneously in a dose of 8.5 mg/100 g body weight as a single injection. In contrast to saline-infused controls and following epinephrine infusion, where these tracers always remained extracellular, norepinephrine- and isoproterenol-infused animals exhibited alteration of sarcoplasmic membrane permeability to macromolecules in the early stage of evolution preceding fine structural changes of cardiac muscle cells. This was reflected by the intrasarcoplasmic presence of peroxidase in some cardiac muscle cells which otherwise showed no ultrastructural alteration. Deposition upon and selective binding of the extracellular protein tracer, peroxidase, to intact myofilament was also a characteristic early change that may affect the contraction-relaxation mechanism of the myofilaments and may contribute to the evolution of necrobiotic alteration. In structurally altered cells, peroxidase showed similar affinity to contraction bands and fragmented myofilaments. Furthermore, these studies disclosed different sensitivities of various membrane components of the cardiac muscle cell. While in the early pahse of cell damage no peroxidase could be detected in various intrasarcoplasmic compartments, with increasing severity of the lesion the external and internal mitochondrial membranes as well as the sarcoplasmic reticulum were also affected. When the large molecular tracer, ferritin, was used, the sequence of events in altered cardiac muscle cells followed that outlined for peroxidase. However, free ferritin molecules could not be demonstrated in the sarcoplasm of cardiac muscle cells which exhibited normal ultrastructure.", "contents": "Membrane permeability alterations as manifestation of early cardiac muscle cell injury. Studies with extracellular fine structural diffusion protein tracers, horseradish peroxidase and ferritin, were carried out on catecholamine-induced cardiac muscle cell injury. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol were administered in a dose of 4- 6 mug/100g body weight by continuous intravenous infusion. For follow-up studies, isoproterenol was also given subcutaneously in a dose of 8.5 mg/100 g body weight as a single injection. In contrast to saline-infused controls and following epinephrine infusion, where these tracers always remained extracellular, norepinephrine- and isoproterenol-infused animals exhibited alteration of sarcoplasmic membrane permeability to macromolecules in the early stage of evolution preceding fine structural changes of cardiac muscle cells. This was reflected by the intrasarcoplasmic presence of peroxidase in some cardiac muscle cells which otherwise showed no ultrastructural alteration. Deposition upon and selective binding of the extracellular protein tracer, peroxidase, to intact myofilament was also a characteristic early change that may affect the contraction-relaxation mechanism of the myofilaments and may contribute to the evolution of necrobiotic alteration. In structurally altered cells, peroxidase showed similar affinity to contraction bands and fragmented myofilaments. Furthermore, these studies disclosed different sensitivities of various membrane components of the cardiac muscle cell. While in the early pahse of cell damage no peroxidase could be detected in various intrasarcoplasmic compartments, with increasing severity of the lesion the external and internal mitochondrial membranes as well as the sarcoplasmic reticulum were also affected. When the large molecular tracer, ferritin, was used, the sequence of events in altered cardiac muscle cells followed that outlined for peroxidase. However, free ferritin molecules could not be demonstrated in the sarcoplasm of cardiac muscle cells which exhibited normal ultrastructure."}
{"id": "PMID:1197897", "title": "Isoproterenol-induced necrotic lesions of embryonic heart tissue.", "content": "Chick embryos were used for analyzing the effect of isoproterenol on the embryonic heart. Isoproterenol (2 x 80 mg/kg in 48 hrs) was injected into the amniotic sac from the 5th embryonic day to the time of hatching. From the 5th to the 7th embryonic day (ed), transposition of great vessels occurs. From the 7th to the 14th ed, blockade of development of coronary vascularization was regularly observed, particularly in the ventral wall of the right ventricle. This effect is always associated with persistence of intertrabecular spaces in the nonvascularized area and with a higher water content in the heart. From the 10th to the 12th ed, degenerative changes of the cardiac musculature can be observed. Lesions were characterized by typical myolysis; capillaries in the affected area were dilated and blocked with packed erythrocytes. Necrotic changes were localized only in those parts of the ventricular walls where the vascular bed and myoarchitecture were normally developed. In comparison with similar changes in adult specimens, inflammatory cellularization is lacking.", "contents": "Isoproterenol-induced necrotic lesions of embryonic heart tissue. Chick embryos were used for analyzing the effect of isoproterenol on the embryonic heart. Isoproterenol (2 x 80 mg/kg in 48 hrs) was injected into the amniotic sac from the 5th embryonic day to the time of hatching. From the 5th to the 7th embryonic day (ed), transposition of great vessels occurs. From the 7th to the 14th ed, blockade of development of coronary vascularization was regularly observed, particularly in the ventral wall of the right ventricle. This effect is always associated with persistence of intertrabecular spaces in the nonvascularized area and with a higher water content in the heart. From the 10th to the 12th ed, degenerative changes of the cardiac musculature can be observed. Lesions were characterized by typical myolysis; capillaries in the affected area were dilated and blocked with packed erythrocytes. Necrotic changes were localized only in those parts of the ventricular walls where the vascular bed and myoarchitecture were normally developed. In comparison with similar changes in adult specimens, inflammatory cellularization is lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:1197898", "title": "Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of acute cardiomyopathy induced by restraint stress in pigs.", "content": "In 23 healthy crossbred pigs of Yorkshire and Swedish Landrace (body weight 85 to 90 kg), stress was produced by pharmacological restraint. Cardiac lesions were observed in all the experimental animals, but no alterations were seen in the 9 controls. The lesions consisted of focal myocardial necrosis with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. Histochemical stains for two dehydrogenases, cytochrome oxidase and unspecific esterase, were applied to fresh-frozen sections of heart muscle. The damaged muscle fibers exhibited initially an increase in formazan deposits, and then a decrease and total loss of enzymatic activity. A reduction or total loss of glycogen and accumulation of lipids were demonstrated in the damaged myocardium ultrastructurally. The mitochondria were swollen with focal loss of the cristae. They often exhibited electron-dense of diverse appearance. In degenerating cells, the myofilaments usually lacked the normal cross-striations whereas, in necrotic foci, the changes ranged from clumping to complete lysis of the myofilaments. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T system contained numerous dilated vesicles in cells with mitochondrial and myofibrillar damage. It was concluded that the myocardial alterations, following restraint stress, were caused by a reflex liberation of cardiotoxic catecholamines.", "contents": "Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of acute cardiomyopathy induced by restraint stress in pigs. In 23 healthy crossbred pigs of Yorkshire and Swedish Landrace (body weight 85 to 90 kg), stress was produced by pharmacological restraint. Cardiac lesions were observed in all the experimental animals, but no alterations were seen in the 9 controls. The lesions consisted of focal myocardial necrosis with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. Histochemical stains for two dehydrogenases, cytochrome oxidase and unspecific esterase, were applied to fresh-frozen sections of heart muscle. The damaged muscle fibers exhibited initially an increase in formazan deposits, and then a decrease and total loss of enzymatic activity. A reduction or total loss of glycogen and accumulation of lipids were demonstrated in the damaged myocardium ultrastructurally. The mitochondria were swollen with focal loss of the cristae. They often exhibited electron-dense of diverse appearance. In degenerating cells, the myofilaments usually lacked the normal cross-striations whereas, in necrotic foci, the changes ranged from clumping to complete lysis of the myofilaments. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T system contained numerous dilated vesicles in cells with mitochondrial and myofibrillar damage. It was concluded that the myocardial alterations, following restraint stress, were caused by a reflex liberation of cardiotoxic catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:1197899", "title": "Myocardial lesions induced by rapeseed oil-rich diet in the rat: ultrastructural aspects.", "content": "Rats were fed a diet containing 15 g% of rapeseed oil rich in erucic acid (55%). At different stages of the experiment, the hearts were examined in the electron microscope and planimetric studies were performed, with special attention to lipid accumulation and mitochondrial mass. The already known data concerning the early appearance and reversibility of the intracellular lipidosis, the delay (2 to 3 months) in the occurrence of the cellular lesions, and the lack of correlation between the degree of lipidosis and degenerative changes were confirmed...", "contents": "Myocardial lesions induced by rapeseed oil-rich diet in the rat: ultrastructural aspects. Rats were fed a diet containing 15 g% of rapeseed oil rich in erucic acid (55%). At different stages of the experiment, the hearts were examined in the electron microscope and planimetric studies were performed, with special attention to lipid accumulation and mitochondrial mass. The already known data concerning the early appearance and reversibility of the intracellular lipidosis, the delay (2 to 3 months) in the occurrence of the cellular lesions, and the lack of correlation between the degree of lipidosis and degenerative changes were confirmed..."}
{"id": "PMID:1197900", "title": "Myocardial injury produced by antineoplastic drugs.", "content": "Histologic and ultrastructural studies were performed on the heart of 16 patients with fatal leukemias or solid tumors. Multifocal myocardial degenerative lesions, characterized by alterations in contractile elements, mitochondria, and nuclei, were found in 12 patients treated with high total doses of anthracyclines, but not in 3 patients who did receive such therapy. One patient who received a high dose of cyclophosphamide as well as a high total dose of daunorubicin exhibited extensive hemorrhagic myocardial necrosis and multifocal degenerative lesions. This study documents the cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Myocardial injury produced by antineoplastic drugs. Histologic and ultrastructural studies were performed on the heart of 16 patients with fatal leukemias or solid tumors. Multifocal myocardial degenerative lesions, characterized by alterations in contractile elements, mitochondria, and nuclei, were found in 12 patients treated with high total doses of anthracyclines, but not in 3 patients who did receive such therapy. One patient who received a high dose of cyclophosphamide as well as a high total dose of daunorubicin exhibited extensive hemorrhagic myocardial necrosis and multifocal degenerative lesions. This study documents the cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide."}
{"id": "PMID:1197901", "title": "Depressed myocardial function in subacute experimental viral myocarditis.", "content": "A model of experimental Coxsackie virus B3 myocarditis has been developed in the weaning Syrian golden hamster. The acute infection is characterized by extensive viral replication in the myocardium, associated with transient myocytolysis and leukocytic infiltration. At 2 weeks after inoculation, there is survival without evidence of cardiac hypertrophy or failure, and minimal residual light microscopic changes. In order to evaluate myocardial function during convalescence form this form of myocarditis, muscle mechanics were studied in left ventricular trabeculae careae in 10 infected and 7 control animals, 18 days after inoculation. Maximum developed tension of the infected animals was depressed by 25%, and there was a significant decrease in the time to peak tension. Furthermore, the infected muscles required less stretch to reach that length at which maximal developed tension was produced. These data indicate that myocardial function remains depressed during early convalescence from acute Coxsackie virus B3 myocarditis and suggest that this state is associated with decreased compliance. Studies of myocardial morphology and function at longer intervals after acute experimental viral myocarditis are indicated, to further test the hypothesis that viral myocarditis might be a precursor chronic isiopathic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Depressed myocardial function in subacute experimental viral myocarditis. A model of experimental Coxsackie virus B3 myocarditis has been developed in the weaning Syrian golden hamster. The acute infection is characterized by extensive viral replication in the myocardium, associated with transient myocytolysis and leukocytic infiltration. At 2 weeks after inoculation, there is survival without evidence of cardiac hypertrophy or failure, and minimal residual light microscopic changes. In order to evaluate myocardial function during convalescence form this form of myocarditis, muscle mechanics were studied in left ventricular trabeculae careae in 10 infected and 7 control animals, 18 days after inoculation. Maximum developed tension of the infected animals was depressed by 25%, and there was a significant decrease in the time to peak tension. Furthermore, the infected muscles required less stretch to reach that length at which maximal developed tension was produced. These data indicate that myocardial function remains depressed during early convalescence from acute Coxsackie virus B3 myocarditis and suggest that this state is associated with decreased compliance. Studies of myocardial morphology and function at longer intervals after acute experimental viral myocarditis are indicated, to further test the hypothesis that viral myocarditis might be a precursor chronic isiopathic cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1197902", "title": "Morphological changes after combined administration of isoproterenol and K+,Mg2+-aspartate as a physiological Ca2+ antagonist.", "content": "The possibility of prevention of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced morphological changes by Ca2+ antagonists was investigated in the heart muscle of dogs. ISO in a dose of 7 mg/kg caused marked histochemical and electron microscopical necrotic changes. K+, Mg2+ aspartate (K,Mg-ASP) administered alone in a dose of 100 mg/kg changed slightly almost all cell components. K,Mg-ASP treatment applied prior to administration of ISO after 24 hours resulted in an improvement of the ultrastructure, which generally exhibited marked restoration resembling metabolic regeneration and/or enhanced metabolic activity.", "contents": "Morphological changes after combined administration of isoproterenol and K+,Mg2+-aspartate as a physiological Ca2+ antagonist. The possibility of prevention of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced morphological changes by Ca2+ antagonists was investigated in the heart muscle of dogs. ISO in a dose of 7 mg/kg caused marked histochemical and electron microscopical necrotic changes. K+, Mg2+ aspartate (K,Mg-ASP) administered alone in a dose of 100 mg/kg changed slightly almost all cell components. K,Mg-ASP treatment applied prior to administration of ISO after 24 hours resulted in an improvement of the ultrastructure, which generally exhibited marked restoration resembling metabolic regeneration and/or enhanced metabolic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1197903", "title": "Pathological accumulation of calcium by mitochondria: modulation by magnesium.", "content": "Magnesium causes a marked decrease in the initial rates of respiration-supported calcium uptake by isolated heart mitochondria. Differential responses of mitochondrial respiration and cytochrome b redox states in the presence and absence of magnesium indicate that with magnesium present, heart mitochondria retain the ability to phosphorylate ADP after calcium uptake. Electron microscopy of the isolated mitochondria after calcium accumulation revealed markedly different crystal structures within the matrix space depending on the presence or absence of magnesium. The results suggest a \"protective\" effect of magnesium on the phosphorylating mechanism of mitochondria during active calcium uptake. Further, magnesium appears to determine the type of crystal structure formation within the intramitochondrial compartment.", "contents": "Pathological accumulation of calcium by mitochondria: modulation by magnesium. Magnesium causes a marked decrease in the initial rates of respiration-supported calcium uptake by isolated heart mitochondria. Differential responses of mitochondrial respiration and cytochrome b redox states in the presence and absence of magnesium indicate that with magnesium present, heart mitochondria retain the ability to phosphorylate ADP after calcium uptake. Electron microscopy of the isolated mitochondria after calcium accumulation revealed markedly different crystal structures within the matrix space depending on the presence or absence of magnesium. The results suggest a \"protective\" effect of magnesium on the phosphorylating mechanism of mitochondria during active calcium uptake. Further, magnesium appears to determine the type of crystal structure formation within the intramitochondrial compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:1197904", "title": "Possible role of magnesium loss in the pathogenesis of myocardial fiber necrosis.", "content": "Cellular loss of Mg is associated with uncoupling of oxydative phosphorylation and disruption of Mg-dependent intra-mitochondrial enzyme systems. The link of Mg loss and its association with intracellular Ca accumulation in the pathogenesis of myocardial fiber necrosis (MFN) has been clearly established in dietary Mg deficiency. Rapid loss of myocardial Mg has been demonstrated also in acute hypoxic states and in patients succumbing to myocardial infarction. Evidence from this laboratory indicates that loss of myocardial Mg may be a basic biochemical denominator in the development of MFN of diverse etiology, initiating a stereotyped ionic disequilibrium which encompasses loss of inorg. P and K accumulation of Na and Ca. This applies to MFN elicited by NaH2PO4 loading of parathyroidectomized rats, by injection of cardiotoxic dosages of adrenergic amines or by ligation of coronary vessels. Prevention of myocardial Ca accumulation by prior parathyroidectomy, did not interefere with emergence of MFN nor did it obviate the Mg loss and the remaining electrolyte disturbances. These parallel findings with three unrelated models of MFN do not support the view of a determinant role of CA overload. Administration of Mg salts, on the other hand, provided substantial protection against MFN induced by NaH2PO4 loading of PTX rats or by isoproterenol. The protective effect was reflected in a highly significant shift of the deranged myocardial electrolyte pattern towards normal. In rats pretreated for 3 weeks with DCA-saline, isoproterenol induced myocardial electrolyte changes including Mg depletion were associated with an enormous potentiation of the arrhythmogenic propensity of this catecholamine, resulting in almost 20,000-fold increase in its acute toxicity. Pretreatment with Mg salts or Mg-sparing drugs offered clear-out protection against arrhythmias as well as against catecholamine-induced MFN.", "contents": "Possible role of magnesium loss in the pathogenesis of myocardial fiber necrosis. Cellular loss of Mg is associated with uncoupling of oxydative phosphorylation and disruption of Mg-dependent intra-mitochondrial enzyme systems. The link of Mg loss and its association with intracellular Ca accumulation in the pathogenesis of myocardial fiber necrosis (MFN) has been clearly established in dietary Mg deficiency. Rapid loss of myocardial Mg has been demonstrated also in acute hypoxic states and in patients succumbing to myocardial infarction. Evidence from this laboratory indicates that loss of myocardial Mg may be a basic biochemical denominator in the development of MFN of diverse etiology, initiating a stereotyped ionic disequilibrium which encompasses loss of inorg. P and K accumulation of Na and Ca. This applies to MFN elicited by NaH2PO4 loading of parathyroidectomized rats, by injection of cardiotoxic dosages of adrenergic amines or by ligation of coronary vessels. Prevention of myocardial Ca accumulation by prior parathyroidectomy, did not interefere with emergence of MFN nor did it obviate the Mg loss and the remaining electrolyte disturbances. These parallel findings with three unrelated models of MFN do not support the view of a determinant role of CA overload. Administration of Mg salts, on the other hand, provided substantial protection against MFN induced by NaH2PO4 loading of PTX rats or by isoproterenol. The protective effect was reflected in a highly significant shift of the deranged myocardial electrolyte pattern towards normal. In rats pretreated for 3 weeks with DCA-saline, isoproterenol induced myocardial electrolyte changes including Mg depletion were associated with an enormous potentiation of the arrhythmogenic propensity of this catecholamine, resulting in almost 20,000-fold increase in its acute toxicity. Pretreatment with Mg salts or Mg-sparing drugs offered clear-out protection against arrhythmias as well as against catecholamine-induced MFN."}
{"id": "PMID:1197911", "title": "Effect of ethanol on diazepam distribution in rat.", "content": "The effect of an acute oral dose of ethanol (3 g/kg), administered 30 min prior to oral administration of 14C-diazepam (5 mg/kg), on the fate of radioactivity in rats was examined. Ethanol pretreated rats possessed higher tissue levels at 60, 90 and 120 min than control animals. Blood, liver, kidney and plasma tissues showed 1.5 fold differences, adipose tissue exhibited a 2.4 to 3.6-fold increase, with brain showing 3.9, 4.5 and 5.4 fold higher levels of 14C at 60, 90 and 120 min respectively. Octanol extraction of plasma and ethyl acetate extraction of brain tissues indicated ethanol pretreated animals possessed a higher percentage of extractable radioactivity than controls. Thin-layer chromatography of the extracts suggested that biotransformation of 14C-diazepam was inhibited by ethanol, causing brain levels of 14C-diazepam at 60 min to be 6.4 fold higher than that observed in controls.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on diazepam distribution in rat. The effect of an acute oral dose of ethanol (3 g/kg), administered 30 min prior to oral administration of 14C-diazepam (5 mg/kg), on the fate of radioactivity in rats was examined. Ethanol pretreated rats possessed higher tissue levels at 60, 90 and 120 min than control animals. Blood, liver, kidney and plasma tissues showed 1.5 fold differences, adipose tissue exhibited a 2.4 to 3.6-fold increase, with brain showing 3.9, 4.5 and 5.4 fold higher levels of 14C at 60, 90 and 120 min respectively. Octanol extraction of plasma and ethyl acetate extraction of brain tissues indicated ethanol pretreated animals possessed a higher percentage of extractable radioactivity than controls. Thin-layer chromatography of the extracts suggested that biotransformation of 14C-diazepam was inhibited by ethanol, causing brain levels of 14C-diazepam at 60 min to be 6.4 fold higher than that observed in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1197912", "title": "Substituted cycloalkanol ethers of psychostimulant activity: studies on quantitative structure-activity relationships.", "content": "Quantitative relationships between chemical structures and locomotor activities of 20 substituted cycloalcanol basic ethers have been investigated using Hansch- and Free-Wilson methods. The Hansch-type regression analysis performed on 10 compounds having different cycloalkyl-rings revealed the highly significant role of the hydrophobic characteristics on the activity tested. The QSAR-study of 20 cycloalcanol-ethers according to Free and Wilson gave a significant equation with good statistical indices. On the basis of the results the compounds under study appear not to exert their activity through interaction with receptor raising strict sterical and electrical requirements.", "contents": "Substituted cycloalkanol ethers of psychostimulant activity: studies on quantitative structure-activity relationships. Quantitative relationships between chemical structures and locomotor activities of 20 substituted cycloalcanol basic ethers have been investigated using Hansch- and Free-Wilson methods. The Hansch-type regression analysis performed on 10 compounds having different cycloalkyl-rings revealed the highly significant role of the hydrophobic characteristics on the activity tested. The QSAR-study of 20 cycloalcanol-ethers according to Free and Wilson gave a significant equation with good statistical indices. On the basis of the results the compounds under study appear not to exert their activity through interaction with receptor raising strict sterical and electrical requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:1197913", "title": "The selective effects of alpha-methyl aromatic amino acids on brain monoamine metabolites and behavior in cats.", "content": "Alpha-methyldopa or alpha-methylmetatyrosine (100 mg/kg) were administered orally to cats and the EEG recorded for 9 hours. Through the first 6 hours after each administration, the concentration of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) selectively decreased from control (hour 0) while homovanillic acid (HVA) levels showed only small changes. On observation, the animals were quiet but awake. At 9 hours after alpha-methyldopa administration, the percentage decrease of 5-HIAA was significantly greater from the percentage decrease of HVA. The EEG record from 6-9 hours following either drug showed fewer intervals of EEG synchronization in both duration and frequency. These results indicate that behavior and EEG can be related to changes in brain monoamine metabolism determined in CSF. After either drug administration, dopamine turnover (as indicated by HVA) was higher than that of serotonin (as indicated by 5-HIAA) which corresponded to EEG desynchronization and other behavioral indicators of wakefulness.", "contents": "The selective effects of alpha-methyl aromatic amino acids on brain monoamine metabolites and behavior in cats. Alpha-methyldopa or alpha-methylmetatyrosine (100 mg/kg) were administered orally to cats and the EEG recorded for 9 hours. Through the first 6 hours after each administration, the concentration of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) selectively decreased from control (hour 0) while homovanillic acid (HVA) levels showed only small changes. On observation, the animals were quiet but awake. At 9 hours after alpha-methyldopa administration, the percentage decrease of 5-HIAA was significantly greater from the percentage decrease of HVA. The EEG record from 6-9 hours following either drug showed fewer intervals of EEG synchronization in both duration and frequency. These results indicate that behavior and EEG can be related to changes in brain monoamine metabolism determined in CSF. After either drug administration, dopamine turnover (as indicated by HVA) was higher than that of serotonin (as indicated by 5-HIAA) which corresponded to EEG desynchronization and other behavioral indicators of wakefulness."}
{"id": "PMID:1197914", "title": "The influence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on tissue oxygen consumption.", "content": "The mechanism of the hypothermia produced in mice by the naturally occurring cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol, was investigated by evaluating the direct effect of these drugs on the oxygen consumption of tissue homogenates and isolated mitochondria. The tissues studied were brain, liver, skeletal muscle, and heart; the mitochondrial preparations were limited to brain and skeletal muscle. The in-vitro studies included a description of the influence of various cannabinoid vehicles containing Tween 80, ethanol, Pluronic F68, and albumin on the oxygen consumption of tissue preparations. Of these vehicles, only albumin was without effect on all tissues. The other vehicles produced diverse responses, including some that were qualitatively different; the data illustrate that the influence of each vehicle on oxygen consumption must be defined for each tissue employed. In spite of the different vehicle effects, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol generally reduced oxygen consumption of all tissue preparations; however, the vehicles were capable of modifying the dose-effect relationship. The results of all three drugs prepared in Pluronic F68 on brain and skeletal muscle indicated that the cannabinoids generally cause a dose-related depression of oxygen consumption. The findings demonstrate that the cannabinoids can directly decrease oxidative metabolism of tissue and isolated mitochondria and that a marked response occurs in the concentration range of 1 X 10(-5) to 1 X 10(-4) M. Because these concentrations can exist in tissues following the in-vivo administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the results suggest that the depressant effect of the cannabinoids on metabolic rate may contribute to the mechanism of the hypothermia produced by the drugs.", "contents": "The influence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on tissue oxygen consumption. The mechanism of the hypothermia produced in mice by the naturally occurring cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol, was investigated by evaluating the direct effect of these drugs on the oxygen consumption of tissue homogenates and isolated mitochondria. The tissues studied were brain, liver, skeletal muscle, and heart; the mitochondrial preparations were limited to brain and skeletal muscle. The in-vitro studies included a description of the influence of various cannabinoid vehicles containing Tween 80, ethanol, Pluronic F68, and albumin on the oxygen consumption of tissue preparations. Of these vehicles, only albumin was without effect on all tissues. The other vehicles produced diverse responses, including some that were qualitatively different; the data illustrate that the influence of each vehicle on oxygen consumption must be defined for each tissue employed. In spite of the different vehicle effects, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol generally reduced oxygen consumption of all tissue preparations; however, the vehicles were capable of modifying the dose-effect relationship. The results of all three drugs prepared in Pluronic F68 on brain and skeletal muscle indicated that the cannabinoids generally cause a dose-related depression of oxygen consumption. The findings demonstrate that the cannabinoids can directly decrease oxidative metabolism of tissue and isolated mitochondria and that a marked response occurs in the concentration range of 1 X 10(-5) to 1 X 10(-4) M. Because these concentrations can exist in tissues following the in-vivo administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the results suggest that the depressant effect of the cannabinoids on metabolic rate may contribute to the mechanism of the hypothermia produced by the drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1197915", "title": "Effect of selenium on methylmercury binding to subcellular and soluble proteins in rat tissues.", "content": "The possible mechanism involved in the protection of Se against the toxicity of methylmercury was investigated with rats. Pretreatment with Se increased the Hg content slightly in the blood (30%), moderately in the testes (doubled), and markedly in the brain (5 times), while decreasing that in the kidneys by half. The Hg content in the liver, spleen, heart and plasma was not significantly affected. Of the subcellular fractions, most (40-50%) of the tissue Hg was found in the soluble fraction (cytosol) of the liver, kidneys and spleen, but not the brain which had 65% of its Hg located in the crude nuclear fraction and only 24% in the soluble fraction. Se did not significantly affect the subcellular Hg distribution other than that which could be accounted for by its effect on the whole tissue uptake. In the soluble fraction, most of the Hg was associated with hemoglobin-containing and low molecular weight (MW less than 5,000) fractions, which is in contrast to reported data for inorganic Hg which binds to metallothionein (MW = 10,000). The distribution pattern of methylmercury between different molecular weight proteins within the soluble fraction was not significantly affected by Se which is also in contrast to reported work on inorganic Hg. Thus, Se pretreatment may protect the kidneys by reducing their methylmercury uptake, but apparently protects other organs by a different mechanism. The possible mechanism of protection by Se against inorganic Hg in which this element is diverted to presumably less critical proteins in the soluble fraction is apparently not operating in the case of methylmercury.", "contents": "Effect of selenium on methylmercury binding to subcellular and soluble proteins in rat tissues. The possible mechanism involved in the protection of Se against the toxicity of methylmercury was investigated with rats. Pretreatment with Se increased the Hg content slightly in the blood (30%), moderately in the testes (doubled), and markedly in the brain (5 times), while decreasing that in the kidneys by half. The Hg content in the liver, spleen, heart and plasma was not significantly affected. Of the subcellular fractions, most (40-50%) of the tissue Hg was found in the soluble fraction (cytosol) of the liver, kidneys and spleen, but not the brain which had 65% of its Hg located in the crude nuclear fraction and only 24% in the soluble fraction. Se did not significantly affect the subcellular Hg distribution other than that which could be accounted for by its effect on the whole tissue uptake. In the soluble fraction, most of the Hg was associated with hemoglobin-containing and low molecular weight (MW less than 5,000) fractions, which is in contrast to reported data for inorganic Hg which binds to metallothionein (MW = 10,000). The distribution pattern of methylmercury between different molecular weight proteins within the soluble fraction was not significantly affected by Se which is also in contrast to reported work on inorganic Hg. Thus, Se pretreatment may protect the kidneys by reducing their methylmercury uptake, but apparently protects other organs by a different mechanism. The possible mechanism of protection by Se against inorganic Hg in which this element is diverted to presumably less critical proteins in the soluble fraction is apparently not operating in the case of methylmercury."}
{"id": "PMID:1197916", "title": "Barbital-induced cross-tolerance to barbiturates by the intracisternal route of administration.", "content": "Male rats receiving 2.4 mg of barbital-sodium intracisternally every 3 hours for 4 injections exhibited a significant decrease in sleeping time over that of control animals when challenged with pentobarbital 17 hours after the last pretreatment. These tolerant animals did not show a significant increase in either (14C)-leucine incorporating activity or hepatic aminopyrine demethylase activity. This intracisternal induced cross tolerance to pentobarbital is apparently not due to hepatic enzyme induction, but may be related to an altered sensitivity of the central nervous system to these agents.", "contents": "Barbital-induced cross-tolerance to barbiturates by the intracisternal route of administration. Male rats receiving 2.4 mg of barbital-sodium intracisternally every 3 hours for 4 injections exhibited a significant decrease in sleeping time over that of control animals when challenged with pentobarbital 17 hours after the last pretreatment. These tolerant animals did not show a significant increase in either (14C)-leucine incorporating activity or hepatic aminopyrine demethylase activity. This intracisternal induced cross tolerance to pentobarbital is apparently not due to hepatic enzyme induction, but may be related to an altered sensitivity of the central nervous system to these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1197917", "title": "Reserpine and calcium: interaction at the injection site.", "content": "The subcutaneous administration of calcium prior to reserpine prevented the development of the well-known reserpine effects. Pretreatment with other bivalent cations induced a similar effect. The inhibitory effect of reserpine on the in vitro uptake of labelled catecholamines in brain homogenates was also prevented in rats pretreated with bivalent cations. On the other hand when calcium was injected at a site other than that of reserpine, there was no antagonistic effect. The latter results suggest an interaction between bivalent cations and reserpine at the injection site that prevents the systemic absorption of reserpine.", "contents": "Reserpine and calcium: interaction at the injection site. The subcutaneous administration of calcium prior to reserpine prevented the development of the well-known reserpine effects. Pretreatment with other bivalent cations induced a similar effect. The inhibitory effect of reserpine on the in vitro uptake of labelled catecholamines in brain homogenates was also prevented in rats pretreated with bivalent cations. On the other hand when calcium was injected at a site other than that of reserpine, there was no antagonistic effect. The latter results suggest an interaction between bivalent cations and reserpine at the injection site that prevents the systemic absorption of reserpine."}
{"id": "PMID:1197918", "title": "Regional formation of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in rat brain extract.", "content": "In the presence of 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT), 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) yields 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-MeOTHbetaC) in rat brain extracts, possibly via formaldehyde formation catalyzed by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. The formation of 6-MeOTHbetaC in selected brain regions, ranging from 452 +/- 40 pmol formed per mg protein per hour in corpus striatum to 119 +/- 17 pmol in cingulate cortex, is significantly correlated with the regional distribution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THbetaC) formed from 5-MTHF and tryptamine (r = 0.76, p less than 0.01) as well as that of methylene-beta-phenylethylimine (MbetaphiEI) from 5-MTHF and beta-phenylethylamine (betaphiEA; r = 0.90, p less than 0.01). FAD enhances the activity, lowering both Vmax and Km values with respect to 5-MeOT and Vmax, but not Km, with respect to 5-MTHF.", "contents": "Regional formation of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in rat brain extract. In the presence of 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT), 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) yields 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-MeOTHbetaC) in rat brain extracts, possibly via formaldehyde formation catalyzed by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. The formation of 6-MeOTHbetaC in selected brain regions, ranging from 452 +/- 40 pmol formed per mg protein per hour in corpus striatum to 119 +/- 17 pmol in cingulate cortex, is significantly correlated with the regional distribution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THbetaC) formed from 5-MTHF and tryptamine (r = 0.76, p less than 0.01) as well as that of methylene-beta-phenylethylimine (MbetaphiEI) from 5-MTHF and beta-phenylethylamine (betaphiEA; r = 0.90, p less than 0.01). FAD enhances the activity, lowering both Vmax and Km values with respect to 5-MeOT and Vmax, but not Km, with respect to 5-MTHF."}
{"id": "PMID:1197919", "title": "Effect of pretreatment with prednisolone on enzyme efflux from isolated skeletal and heart muscle.", "content": "In a previous study, the efflux of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) which takes place from isolated mouse skeletal muscle was shown to be significantly reduced by pretreatment of the intact animal with diethylstilbestrol (DES). This compound is known to reduce the high serum enzymes present in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). Glucocorticoids also reduce the serum enzymes in DMD. The purpose of this study was to determine if pretreatment with the glucocorticoid, prednisolone, also lowered the efflux from isolated mouse skeletal and cardiac muscle. The results of these studies show that prednisolone pretreatment lowers the enzyme efflux from isolated skeletal muscle, but not from heart. There is an optimal dose which produces this reduction, which if exceeded, augments the efflux. Thus two agents are now known which lower the efflux of CPK and LDH from isolated skeletal muscle. These same two agents lower the high serum enzymes in DMD. This suggests, but does not prove, that the mechanism by which these agents lower the serum enzymes in DMD is by reducing enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Effect of pretreatment with prednisolone on enzyme efflux from isolated skeletal and heart muscle. In a previous study, the efflux of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) which takes place from isolated mouse skeletal muscle was shown to be significantly reduced by pretreatment of the intact animal with diethylstilbestrol (DES). This compound is known to reduce the high serum enzymes present in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). Glucocorticoids also reduce the serum enzymes in DMD. The purpose of this study was to determine if pretreatment with the glucocorticoid, prednisolone, also lowered the efflux from isolated mouse skeletal and cardiac muscle. The results of these studies show that prednisolone pretreatment lowers the enzyme efflux from isolated skeletal muscle, but not from heart. There is an optimal dose which produces this reduction, which if exceeded, augments the efflux. Thus two agents are now known which lower the efflux of CPK and LDH from isolated skeletal muscle. These same two agents lower the high serum enzymes in DMD. This suggests, but does not prove, that the mechanism by which these agents lower the serum enzymes in DMD is by reducing enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1197920", "title": "Absorption of sulfate ions in the rat lung.", "content": "To investigate the absorption of 35S-sulfate ions from the rat lung in the presence of sodium, ammonium, and chloride ions, 0.1 ml of isotonic sucrose solution containing the salts was instilled via a tracheal cannula into anesthetized animals. After various times the lungs were removed and assayed for 35S-radioactivity. Sulfate ion absorption was found to be nonsaturable and proportional to the concentration of sulfate ion, with a t 1/2 =34.5 minutes. Ammonium ions enhanced the absorption of sulfate ions by 10.8 +/- 3.1% and chloride ions decreased the absorption of sulfate ions by 6.6 +/- 3.0%.", "contents": "Absorption of sulfate ions in the rat lung. To investigate the absorption of 35S-sulfate ions from the rat lung in the presence of sodium, ammonium, and chloride ions, 0.1 ml of isotonic sucrose solution containing the salts was instilled via a tracheal cannula into anesthetized animals. After various times the lungs were removed and assayed for 35S-radioactivity. Sulfate ion absorption was found to be nonsaturable and proportional to the concentration of sulfate ion, with a t 1/2 =34.5 minutes. Ammonium ions enhanced the absorption of sulfate ions by 10.8 +/- 3.1% and chloride ions decreased the absorption of sulfate ions by 6.6 +/- 3.0%."}
{"id": "PMID:1197921", "title": "Effect of plasma protein binding on the anticoagulant action of warfarin in rats.", "content": "The relationships between the anticoagulant effect and the concentrations of free and total (sum of free and protein-bound) warfarin in plasma were determined in rats following intravenous administration of single doses of racemic warfarin or S(-)-warfarin. The concentration of total warfarin required to elicit a defined anticoagulant effect varied widely between animals while the concentration of free warfarin showed much less variation. This indicates that the anticoagulant effect of warfarin is a function of its free concentration in plasma.", "contents": "Effect of plasma protein binding on the anticoagulant action of warfarin in rats. The relationships between the anticoagulant effect and the concentrations of free and total (sum of free and protein-bound) warfarin in plasma were determined in rats following intravenous administration of single doses of racemic warfarin or S(-)-warfarin. The concentration of total warfarin required to elicit a defined anticoagulant effect varied widely between animals while the concentration of free warfarin showed much less variation. This indicates that the anticoagulant effect of warfarin is a function of its free concentration in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:1197922", "title": "Saturable binding of morphine to rat brain-stem slices and the effect of chronic morphine treatment.", "content": "The binding of morphine to brainstem slices was studied with nanomolar concentrations of (3H)-morphine. Rat brainstem slices were incubated at 35 degrees C and immediately homogenized. Bound morphine was estimated using Millipore filters to separate unbound morphine. Binding of labelled morphine was markedly inhibited by either non-labelled morphine or naloxone, indicating that a substantial portion of the binding is saturable. The saturable morphine binding to slices was significantly greater than that to brainstem tissue homogenized prior to incubation with morphine, whereas non-saturable binding was the same in both preparations. Saturable binding of morphine to brainstem slices was lower in rats rendered tolerant to morphine (using pellet implantation) than in non-tolerant controls. It appears that chronic morphine treatment decreases the affinity of the opiate receptor for morphine. It is concluded that the slice is the preferable preparation for the in vitro estimation of opiate receptor binding and that chronic morphine treatment alters the binding of morphine to brainstem.", "contents": "Saturable binding of morphine to rat brain-stem slices and the effect of chronic morphine treatment. The binding of morphine to brainstem slices was studied with nanomolar concentrations of (3H)-morphine. Rat brainstem slices were incubated at 35 degrees C and immediately homogenized. Bound morphine was estimated using Millipore filters to separate unbound morphine. Binding of labelled morphine was markedly inhibited by either non-labelled morphine or naloxone, indicating that a substantial portion of the binding is saturable. The saturable morphine binding to slices was significantly greater than that to brainstem tissue homogenized prior to incubation with morphine, whereas non-saturable binding was the same in both preparations. Saturable binding of morphine to brainstem slices was lower in rats rendered tolerant to morphine (using pellet implantation) than in non-tolerant controls. It appears that chronic morphine treatment decreases the affinity of the opiate receptor for morphine. It is concluded that the slice is the preferable preparation for the in vitro estimation of opiate receptor binding and that chronic morphine treatment alters the binding of morphine to brainstem."}
{"id": "PMID:1197923", "title": "Stabilization of brain free polysomes by morphine.", "content": "The effect of morphine on brain free polysomes prepared from mouse brain was studied. It was found that morphine binds to polysomes and protects them from disaggregation. The significance of this effect with respect to brain protein is discussed.", "contents": "Stabilization of brain free polysomes by morphine. The effect of morphine on brain free polysomes prepared from mouse brain was studied. It was found that morphine binds to polysomes and protects them from disaggregation. The significance of this effect with respect to brain protein is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197924", "title": "Acetylcholine storage and its stabilization by morphine.", "content": "Acetylcholine binds to adenosine-triphosphate in vitro by ionic bonds between the ammonium ion and the phosphate, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance data. This binding is further increased by morphine, which also binds to adenosine-triphosphate, but not to acetylcholine. The opiate antagonists naloxone and naltrexone show similar effects. This may offer a molecular explanation of acetylcholine release impairment in nerve endings by narcotic analgestic drugs.", "contents": "Acetylcholine storage and its stabilization by morphine. Acetylcholine binds to adenosine-triphosphate in vitro by ionic bonds between the ammonium ion and the phosphate, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance data. This binding is further increased by morphine, which also binds to adenosine-triphosphate, but not to acetylcholine. The opiate antagonists naloxone and naltrexone show similar effects. This may offer a molecular explanation of acetylcholine release impairment in nerve endings by narcotic analgestic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1197925", "title": "Noradrenergic involvement in the acute effects of ethanol.", "content": "These studies were designed to determine several, possibly related, physiological correlates of an acute dose of ethanol. Male rats were injected with 0.5, 1.0, or 2.5 g/kg of ethanol intraperitoneally, and the accumulation of newly synthesized labeled norepinephrine (from 3H-tyrosine) and of labeled norepinephrine metabolites was examined in several brain regions. Ethanol treatment increased labeled norepinephrine and decreased norepinephrine metabolities in the hypothalamus, brain stem plus midbrain, and telencephalon, without altering endogenous norepinephrine levels. A time course, selected on the basis of previous behavioral studies (Jaffe and Pohorecky, submitted manuscript) on the effects of ethanol on central noradrenergic neurons, disclosed that the accumulation of labeled norepinephrine metabolites was higher than that in saline-injected controls from 30-60 minutes after ethanol injection in the brainstem plus midbrain area, while between 5 and 35 minutes levels were lower than those in control animals. Plasma corticosterone levels were highest 30 minutes after saline injection, while in the ethanol group (1 g/kg) steroids were highest 60 minutes after the injection. Body temperature was significantly decreased only by the 2.5 g/kg dose of ethanol; the hypothermia became evident 50 minutes after an injection of this dosage. We conclude that the brief hypermotile stage produced by a 1 g/kg dose of ethanol (Jaffe and Pohorecky, submitted manuscript) is possibly related to the increased synthesis and release of norepinephrine from central noradrenergic neurons.", "contents": "Noradrenergic involvement in the acute effects of ethanol. These studies were designed to determine several, possibly related, physiological correlates of an acute dose of ethanol. Male rats were injected with 0.5, 1.0, or 2.5 g/kg of ethanol intraperitoneally, and the accumulation of newly synthesized labeled norepinephrine (from 3H-tyrosine) and of labeled norepinephrine metabolites was examined in several brain regions. Ethanol treatment increased labeled norepinephrine and decreased norepinephrine metabolities in the hypothalamus, brain stem plus midbrain, and telencephalon, without altering endogenous norepinephrine levels. A time course, selected on the basis of previous behavioral studies (Jaffe and Pohorecky, submitted manuscript) on the effects of ethanol on central noradrenergic neurons, disclosed that the accumulation of labeled norepinephrine metabolites was higher than that in saline-injected controls from 30-60 minutes after ethanol injection in the brainstem plus midbrain area, while between 5 and 35 minutes levels were lower than those in control animals. Plasma corticosterone levels were highest 30 minutes after saline injection, while in the ethanol group (1 g/kg) steroids were highest 60 minutes after the injection. Body temperature was significantly decreased only by the 2.5 g/kg dose of ethanol; the hypothermia became evident 50 minutes after an injection of this dosage. We conclude that the brief hypermotile stage produced by a 1 g/kg dose of ethanol (Jaffe and Pohorecky, submitted manuscript) is possibly related to the increased synthesis and release of norepinephrine from central noradrenergic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1197926", "title": "Thermal alterations in onset and offset rate constants for chlorpheniramine.", "content": "The onset and offset rate constants for chlorpheniramine were obtained using the longitudinal muscle of guinea pig ileum. Between 21 degrees C and 37 degrees C these values follwed linear Arrhenius plots with activation energies similar to other biological systems. Below 18 degrees C the nature of the antagonism changed prohibiting estimation of the rate constants. It is concluded that at higher temperatures the histamine receptor behaves in a uniform manner, but below 20 degrees C a change in properties occurs.", "contents": "Thermal alterations in onset and offset rate constants for chlorpheniramine. The onset and offset rate constants for chlorpheniramine were obtained using the longitudinal muscle of guinea pig ileum. Between 21 degrees C and 37 degrees C these values follwed linear Arrhenius plots with activation energies similar to other biological systems. Below 18 degrees C the nature of the antagonism changed prohibiting estimation of the rate constants. It is concluded that at higher temperatures the histamine receptor behaves in a uniform manner, but below 20 degrees C a change in properties occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:1197927", "title": "Avoidance and poke behavior in rats after gonadectomy and hormanal treatment.", "content": "The effects of gonadectomy and hormonal treatment upon such emotional behavior as discriminated lever-press avoidance and poke activity were examined in the rat. Gonadectomy at 2 mo of age significantly increased the avoidance of female animals but did not affect those of males or the poke performance of either sex. High, multiple, subcutaneous injections of estradiol benzoate (125 mug/kg), progesterone (80 mg/kg) or their combination led to significant declines in avoidance behavior among females spayed at 2 mo of age. Other significant findings included a sex difference in poke performance where intact females, compared to intact males, executed more responses. Significant decrements in poke behavior were also observed for all subjects, regardless of sex, during testing and from one session to the next.", "contents": "Avoidance and poke behavior in rats after gonadectomy and hormanal treatment. The effects of gonadectomy and hormonal treatment upon such emotional behavior as discriminated lever-press avoidance and poke activity were examined in the rat. Gonadectomy at 2 mo of age significantly increased the avoidance of female animals but did not affect those of males or the poke performance of either sex. High, multiple, subcutaneous injections of estradiol benzoate (125 mug/kg), progesterone (80 mg/kg) or their combination led to significant declines in avoidance behavior among females spayed at 2 mo of age. Other significant findings included a sex difference in poke performance where intact females, compared to intact males, executed more responses. Significant decrements in poke behavior were also observed for all subjects, regardless of sex, during testing and from one session to the next."}
{"id": "PMID:1197928", "title": "The role of the adrenal medulla in the contol of gluconeogenesis in the rat.", "content": "The role of adrenal catecholamines in the control of gluconeogenesis was determined in adrenal-demedullated (AD) and sham-operated (SO) rats. In animals which were fasted, plasma levels of glucose, lactic acid, glycerol, alanine as well as liver or skeletal muscle glycogen, and incorporation of lactic acid-14C into glucose were not significantly different between AD and SO rats. During exercise (forced running), SO rats were found to have significantly higher plasma glucose levels, lower skeletal muscle glycogen levels, and greater incorporation of lactic acid-14C into glucose that AD rats. No significant differences in plasma levels of lactic acid, glycerol, alanine, or liver glycogen were detected in the animals which were exercised. During a combined regimen of fasting and exercise, SO rats exhibited higher plasms glucose levels and significantly greater incorporation of lactic acid-14C into glucose than did AD rats. Epinephrine administration produce quantitatively similar effects on blood glucose levels and on incorporation of lactic acid-14C into glucose in fasted, exercised AD and SO rats. Glucose utilization, as measured by the disapperance of glucose-14C from the plasma of fasted, exercised rats, was not altered by adrenal demedullation. It is concluded that, under certain conditions, adrenal medullary catecholamines play a significant role in the control of gluconeogenesis in the rat, probably through an effect on the glucose synthesizing enzyme systems of the liver.", "contents": "The role of the adrenal medulla in the contol of gluconeogenesis in the rat. The role of adrenal catecholamines in the control of gluconeogenesis was determined in adrenal-demedullated (AD) and sham-operated (SO) rats. In animals which were fasted, plasma levels of glucose, lactic acid, glycerol, alanine as well as liver or skeletal muscle glycogen, and incorporation of lactic acid-14C into glucose were not significantly different between AD and SO rats. During exercise (forced running), SO rats were found to have significantly higher plasma glucose levels, lower skeletal muscle glycogen levels, and greater incorporation of lactic acid-14C into glucose that AD rats. No significant differences in plasma levels of lactic acid, glycerol, alanine, or liver glycogen were detected in the animals which were exercised. During a combined regimen of fasting and exercise, SO rats exhibited higher plasms glucose levels and significantly greater incorporation of lactic acid-14C into glucose than did AD rats. Epinephrine administration produce quantitatively similar effects on blood glucose levels and on incorporation of lactic acid-14C into glucose in fasted, exercised AD and SO rats. Glucose utilization, as measured by the disapperance of glucose-14C from the plasma of fasted, exercised rats, was not altered by adrenal demedullation. It is concluded that, under certain conditions, adrenal medullary catecholamines play a significant role in the control of gluconeogenesis in the rat, probably through an effect on the glucose synthesizing enzyme systems of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1197929", "title": "Incidence and range of microscopic hematuria in patients with indwelling urinary catheters.", "content": "The presence and number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine after catheterization were ascertained in 40 patients without urinary tract pathology or other cause for hematuria. Before catheterization, 90% of the patients had less than or equal to 1 RBC/high power field (HPF), a figure similar to that for normal volunteers. Two days after catheterization, however, 61,5% of the patients had 2 RBC/HPF with a range between zero and \"too numerous to count.\" The incidence of \"hematuria\" (greater than or equal to 2 RBC/HPF) declined with time. Neither urinary specific gravity nor urinary tract infection could be correlated with hematuria. At any time after catheterization, 90% of the patients had greater than or equal to 50 RBC/HPF. These data may be helpful in differentiating hematuria caused by the catheter from that due to drug reactions or disease states.", "contents": "Incidence and range of microscopic hematuria in patients with indwelling urinary catheters. The presence and number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine after catheterization were ascertained in 40 patients without urinary tract pathology or other cause for hematuria. Before catheterization, 90% of the patients had less than or equal to 1 RBC/high power field (HPF), a figure similar to that for normal volunteers. Two days after catheterization, however, 61,5% of the patients had 2 RBC/HPF with a range between zero and \"too numerous to count.\" The incidence of \"hematuria\" (greater than or equal to 2 RBC/HPF) declined with time. Neither urinary specific gravity nor urinary tract infection could be correlated with hematuria. At any time after catheterization, 90% of the patients had greater than or equal to 50 RBC/HPF. These data may be helpful in differentiating hematuria caused by the catheter from that due to drug reactions or disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:1197930", "title": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. III. Inhibition of coenzyme Q10-enzymes by clinically used anti-hypertensive drugs.", "content": "Background data revealed that some American and Japanese patients with essential hypertension, including many who were not being treated with any anti-hypertensive drug, had a deficiency of coenzyme Q10. Eight clinically used anti-hypertensive drugs have now been tested for inhibition of two mitochondrial coenzyme Q10-enzymes of heart tissue, succinoxidase and NADH-oxidase. Diazoxide and propranolol significantly inhibited the CoQ10-succinoxidase and CoQ10-NADH-oxidase, respectively. Metoprolol did not inhibit succinoxidase, and was one-fourth as active as propranolol for inhibition of NADH-oxidase. Hydrochlorothiazide, hydralazine, ans clonidine also inhibited CoQ10-NADH-oxidase. Reserpine did not inhibit either CoQ10-enzyme, and methyldopa was a very eak inhibitor of succinoxidase. The internationally recognized clinical side-effects of propranolol may be due, in part, to inhibition of CoQ10-enzymes which are indispensable in the bioenergetics of cardiac function. A pre-existing deficiency of coenzyme Q10 in the myocardium of hypertensive patients could be augmented by subsequent treatment with propranolol, possibly to the \"life-threatening\" state described by others.", "contents": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. III. Inhibition of coenzyme Q10-enzymes by clinically used anti-hypertensive drugs. Background data revealed that some American and Japanese patients with essential hypertension, including many who were not being treated with any anti-hypertensive drug, had a deficiency of coenzyme Q10. Eight clinically used anti-hypertensive drugs have now been tested for inhibition of two mitochondrial coenzyme Q10-enzymes of heart tissue, succinoxidase and NADH-oxidase. Diazoxide and propranolol significantly inhibited the CoQ10-succinoxidase and CoQ10-NADH-oxidase, respectively. Metoprolol did not inhibit succinoxidase, and was one-fourth as active as propranolol for inhibition of NADH-oxidase. Hydrochlorothiazide, hydralazine, ans clonidine also inhibited CoQ10-NADH-oxidase. Reserpine did not inhibit either CoQ10-enzyme, and methyldopa was a very eak inhibitor of succinoxidase. The internationally recognized clinical side-effects of propranolol may be due, in part, to inhibition of CoQ10-enzymes which are indispensable in the bioenergetics of cardiac function. A pre-existing deficiency of coenzyme Q10 in the myocardium of hypertensive patients could be augmented by subsequent treatment with propranolol, possibly to the \"life-threatening\" state described by others."}
{"id": "PMID:1197931", "title": "Reduction of enzyme efflux from isolated skeletal muscle and heart by diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "It was previously shown that the efflux of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from isolated mouse gastrocnemius was reduced 20% by a daily dose of 10 mug of diethylstilbestrol (DES) given for 14 or 21 days. The present study was designed to ascertain to what degree increasing doses of DES could suppress the CPK and LDH efflux from isolated skeletal muscle, and if DES affected heart in a similar manner. A total of 36 mice were injected with saline or 20, 100, 250 and 500 mug DES in saline daily for 14 days. The spontaneous efflux of CPK and LDH from the isolated gastrocnemius and heart was then compared in control and treated mice. The reduction in efflux was partially dose-dependent: increasing doses up to 100 mug DES per day, progressively reduced skeletal muscle efflux of CPK to 50% and LDH to 30%; higher doses had no additional effect. LDH efflux from heart was similarly reduced by DES, but over a narrower dosage range. This is the first agent shown to lower the spontaneous enzyme efflux from these two organs. These studies confirm that DES lowers the enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle; and though this effect is dose-related, the efflux could not be completely suppressed. The mechanism responsible for this reduction remains to be determined.", "contents": "Reduction of enzyme efflux from isolated skeletal muscle and heart by diethylstilbestrol. It was previously shown that the efflux of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from isolated mouse gastrocnemius was reduced 20% by a daily dose of 10 mug of diethylstilbestrol (DES) given for 14 or 21 days. The present study was designed to ascertain to what degree increasing doses of DES could suppress the CPK and LDH efflux from isolated skeletal muscle, and if DES affected heart in a similar manner. A total of 36 mice were injected with saline or 20, 100, 250 and 500 mug DES in saline daily for 14 days. The spontaneous efflux of CPK and LDH from the isolated gastrocnemius and heart was then compared in control and treated mice. The reduction in efflux was partially dose-dependent: increasing doses up to 100 mug DES per day, progressively reduced skeletal muscle efflux of CPK to 50% and LDH to 30%; higher doses had no additional effect. LDH efflux from heart was similarly reduced by DES, but over a narrower dosage range. This is the first agent shown to lower the spontaneous enzyme efflux from these two organs. These studies confirm that DES lowers the enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle; and though this effect is dose-related, the efflux could not be completely suppressed. The mechanism responsible for this reduction remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1197932", "title": "Human deficiencies of vitamin B6. I. Studies on parameters of the assay of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase by the CAS principle.", "content": "Human deficiencies of vitamin B6 may be detected and accurately measured by a dual enzymic assay which is based on the CAS principle, i.e., the unsaturation and saturation of the coenzyme (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate) of a Coenzyme - Apoenzyme System. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) is excellent for this assay. Two control groups (24 athletes and 25 students) showed deficiencies of GOT activity of 11+/-6% and 12+/-7%, respectively, which are negligible and which may be compared with analogous data from disease states. Contrary to a previous report, GOT activities must be determined within one day of preparation of the enzyme for meaningful assays. Frozen storage of erythrocyte hemolysates up to 21 days showed increasing apparent dissociation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from the coenzyme - apoenzyme system corresponding to increasing false deficiency levels. Dilution of the hemolysates and frozen storage augmented the apparent dissociation and false levels. This dual GOT assay is effective to detect and measure human deficiencies of vitamin B6.", "contents": "Human deficiencies of vitamin B6. I. Studies on parameters of the assay of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase by the CAS principle. Human deficiencies of vitamin B6 may be detected and accurately measured by a dual enzymic assay which is based on the CAS principle, i.e., the unsaturation and saturation of the coenzyme (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate) of a Coenzyme - Apoenzyme System. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) is excellent for this assay. Two control groups (24 athletes and 25 students) showed deficiencies of GOT activity of 11+/-6% and 12+/-7%, respectively, which are negligible and which may be compared with analogous data from disease states. Contrary to a previous report, GOT activities must be determined within one day of preparation of the enzyme for meaningful assays. Frozen storage of erythrocyte hemolysates up to 21 days showed increasing apparent dissociation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from the coenzyme - apoenzyme system corresponding to increasing false deficiency levels. Dilution of the hemolysates and frozen storage augmented the apparent dissociation and false levels. This dual GOT assay is effective to detect and measure human deficiencies of vitamin B6."}
{"id": "PMID:1197933", "title": "Identification and quantification of drugs in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "Since drugs administered to gravid females are rapidly transferred to the fetus, transplacentally acquired drugs and drug metabolities should be excreted by the fetus into amniotic fluid. Analyses have been carried out on amniotic fluid obtained at the time of delivery using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system. The drugs that have been identified are caffeine, secobarbital and phenobarbital. Theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) and smaller amounts of 1,7- and 1,3-dimethylxanthine, three metabolites of caffeine, were also found in amniotic fluid, but metabolites of secobarbital and phenobarbital were not detected. It is known that human fetal tissues have active enzyme systems for metabolizing drugs, but these results suggest that this may be a selective rather than general occurence.", "contents": "Identification and quantification of drugs in human amniotic fluid. Since drugs administered to gravid females are rapidly transferred to the fetus, transplacentally acquired drugs and drug metabolities should be excreted by the fetus into amniotic fluid. Analyses have been carried out on amniotic fluid obtained at the time of delivery using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system. The drugs that have been identified are caffeine, secobarbital and phenobarbital. Theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) and smaller amounts of 1,7- and 1,3-dimethylxanthine, three metabolites of caffeine, were also found in amniotic fluid, but metabolites of secobarbital and phenobarbital were not detected. It is known that human fetal tissues have active enzyme systems for metabolizing drugs, but these results suggest that this may be a selective rather than general occurence."}
{"id": "PMID:1197934", "title": "Decreased drug tolerance following endocrinological manipulation in the rat.", "content": "Nine groups of rats of rats were either hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized or left unoperated. These groups were then subjected to daily increasing injections of either morphine HCL, sodium pentobarbital, chloridiazepoxide or saline. Hypophysectomy seemed to lower the lethal dose of the three drugs tested. Adrenalectomy seemed to have only a minimal effect on the lethal dose of morphine HCL or sodium pentobarbital.", "contents": "Decreased drug tolerance following endocrinological manipulation in the rat. Nine groups of rats of rats were either hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized or left unoperated. These groups were then subjected to daily increasing injections of either morphine HCL, sodium pentobarbital, chloridiazepoxide or saline. Hypophysectomy seemed to lower the lethal dose of the three drugs tested. Adrenalectomy seemed to have only a minimal effect on the lethal dose of morphine HCL or sodium pentobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:1197935", "title": "Drug induced biogenesis of nitrosamines.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that potentially corcinogenic nitroso compounds are readily formed when certain widely used drugs with secondary alkylaminostructures (e.g. nortriptyline and fenfluramine) or drug metabolities with such structures (e.g. norpropoxyphene) are reacted with nitrite in dilute acid aqueous medium or in human gastric juice under simulated gastric conditions. The reactions occur so readily in vitro that new quantitative procedures for the determination of these drugs have been developed and based on these principles. The potential hazards associated with the long term clinical use of such drugs are discussed.", "contents": "Drug induced biogenesis of nitrosamines. It has been demonstrated that potentially corcinogenic nitroso compounds are readily formed when certain widely used drugs with secondary alkylaminostructures (e.g. nortriptyline and fenfluramine) or drug metabolities with such structures (e.g. norpropoxyphene) are reacted with nitrite in dilute acid aqueous medium or in human gastric juice under simulated gastric conditions. The reactions occur so readily in vitro that new quantitative procedures for the determination of these drugs have been developed and based on these principles. The potential hazards associated with the long term clinical use of such drugs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197936", "title": "Effect of various pharmacological agents on prostaglandin induced increases in microvascular permeability.", "content": "The anti-histamines, pyrilamine and chlorpheniramine, the serotonin antagonist, methysergide, the beta-adrenolytic, phenoxybenzamine and the anti-cholinergic, atropine, antagonized the prostaglandin E1 induced increases in vascular permeability. None of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents acted as antagonists at these doses.", "contents": "Effect of various pharmacological agents on prostaglandin induced increases in microvascular permeability. The anti-histamines, pyrilamine and chlorpheniramine, the serotonin antagonist, methysergide, the beta-adrenolytic, phenoxybenzamine and the anti-cholinergic, atropine, antagonized the prostaglandin E1 induced increases in vascular permeability. None of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents acted as antagonists at these doses."}
{"id": "PMID:1197937", "title": "Free amino acids in plasma and erythrocytes during and after cardiopulmonary by-pass in open-heart surgery.", "content": "The concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes of free amino acids before, during and after cardiopulmonary by-pass have been determined. During by-pass and the early postoperative period the total alpha-amino nitrogen decreased, mainly because of changes in glucogenic amino acids; ketogenic amino acids, on the other hand, increased. The phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio was markedly increased in all cases.", "contents": "Free amino acids in plasma and erythrocytes during and after cardiopulmonary by-pass in open-heart surgery. The concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes of free amino acids before, during and after cardiopulmonary by-pass have been determined. During by-pass and the early postoperative period the total alpha-amino nitrogen decreased, mainly because of changes in glucogenic amino acids; ketogenic amino acids, on the other hand, increased. The phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio was markedly increased in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1197938", "title": "Restoration of nucleic acid biosynthesis after clinical death and factors stimulating the process in vivo.", "content": "The biosynthesis of RNA and DNA falls almost to zero in 60 min after the death of rabbits from anoxia, in all the organs of the body. Rapid artificial cooling of the rabbits to 20 degrees C undertaken within 10 min after death preserved nucleic acid biosynthesis and permitted restoration of life 3-4 h after death, with recovery beginning in 60 min. During the reanimation the addition of ATP to the blood stimulated the restoration of RNA biosynthesis in the spinal cord to a considerable extent; the addition of cocarboxylase to the blood promoted cardiac RNA biosynthesis as well as cardiac and pancreatic DNA biosynthesis during recovery.", "contents": "Restoration of nucleic acid biosynthesis after clinical death and factors stimulating the process in vivo. The biosynthesis of RNA and DNA falls almost to zero in 60 min after the death of rabbits from anoxia, in all the organs of the body. Rapid artificial cooling of the rabbits to 20 degrees C undertaken within 10 min after death preserved nucleic acid biosynthesis and permitted restoration of life 3-4 h after death, with recovery beginning in 60 min. During the reanimation the addition of ATP to the blood stimulated the restoration of RNA biosynthesis in the spinal cord to a considerable extent; the addition of cocarboxylase to the blood promoted cardiac RNA biosynthesis as well as cardiac and pancreatic DNA biosynthesis during recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:1197939", "title": "Concentrations of free amino acids in plasma, erythrocytes and cerebrospinal fluid in coma.", "content": "The concentrations of free amino acids were measured in plasma and erythrocytes in 15 patients, and in cerebrospinal fluid in eight patients, who were in coma. Although there was a variety of causes of coma, there seemed to be a characteristic pattern of the concentrations of amino acids for coma, and the plasma/cerebrospinal fluid ratios also showed constant patterns.", "contents": "Concentrations of free amino acids in plasma, erythrocytes and cerebrospinal fluid in coma. The concentrations of free amino acids were measured in plasma and erythrocytes in 15 patients, and in cerebrospinal fluid in eight patients, who were in coma. Although there was a variety of causes of coma, there seemed to be a characteristic pattern of the concentrations of amino acids for coma, and the plasma/cerebrospinal fluid ratios also showed constant patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:1197940", "title": "The use of cholinesterase in severe head injury.", "content": "White rats were subjected experimentally to head injury, and also observations were made on them and on 12 patients with head injuries. It was found that injection of cholinesterase brought back to normal function the endogenous cholinesterase system, the adrenal cortex and the properdine--albumin complex system. Stabilization of these indices of homeostatic activity improved the chances of survival of the animals and patients. It was concluded that it would be desirable to administer cholinesterase more frequently in the treatment of head injury.", "contents": "The use of cholinesterase in severe head injury. White rats were subjected experimentally to head injury, and also observations were made on them and on 12 patients with head injuries. It was found that injection of cholinesterase brought back to normal function the endogenous cholinesterase system, the adrenal cortex and the properdine--albumin complex system. Stabilization of these indices of homeostatic activity improved the chances of survival of the animals and patients. It was concluded that it would be desirable to administer cholinesterase more frequently in the treatment of head injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1197942", "title": "Aspects of anaesthetic management of heterologous extracorporeal hepatic support in patients with acute liver failure.", "content": "Some anaesthetic aspects of heterologous extracorporeal hepatic support for patients with acute liver failure have been investigated in animals and men. Two types of anaesthesia during hepatectomy in pigs were performed in 20 experiments divided into two groups. A convenient anaesthetic technique was found to be the combined use of neuroleptanalgesics, gamma-OH, small doses of thiopental sodium and nitrous oxide--oxygen mixture. The necessity for care in the procedure of temporary liver support for 'poor-risk' patients is outlined. A minimal use of drugs which are metabolized by the liver, and avoidance of potent analgesics, narcotics, hypotension and hypoxia are the main principles for safe extracorporeal hepatic assistance to critically ill patients.", "contents": "Aspects of anaesthetic management of heterologous extracorporeal hepatic support in patients with acute liver failure. Some anaesthetic aspects of heterologous extracorporeal hepatic support for patients with acute liver failure have been investigated in animals and men. Two types of anaesthesia during hepatectomy in pigs were performed in 20 experiments divided into two groups. A convenient anaesthetic technique was found to be the combined use of neuroleptanalgesics, gamma-OH, small doses of thiopental sodium and nitrous oxide--oxygen mixture. The necessity for care in the procedure of temporary liver support for 'poor-risk' patients is outlined. A minimal use of drugs which are metabolized by the liver, and avoidance of potent analgesics, narcotics, hypotension and hypoxia are the main principles for safe extracorporeal hepatic assistance to critically ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1197943", "title": "Localization of irritant receptors in the airways of the dog.", "content": "In dogs the authors have recorded from single fibres of the vagus nerve the action potentials originating from rapidly adapting receptors (irritant receptors) of the tracheo-bronchial tree activated both by inflation and deflation and by i.v. injection of histamine. A gross localization between extrapulmonary airways was established for 196 such receptors by probing the structures containing them. For 82 receptors a precise localization was determined within the extrapulmonary airways and for 51 receptors, localized in the lung parenchyma, a further precise localization was established along the intrapulmonary airways be dissecting the lung tissue. 66.9% of these receptors were found to be in the intrapulmonary airways and 33.1% in the extrapulmonary airways. Their distribution along the tracheo-bronchial tree resulted as follows: 4.75% in the higher 2/3 of the trachea, 9.25% in the lower 1/3 of the trachea and the carina, 19.0% in the main bronchus, 25.0% in the lobar bronchi, 36.8% in bronchi having a diameter larger than 1 mm and 5.2% in bronchi having a diameter smaller than 1 mm. Therefore the concentration of irritant receptors increases going from the upper trachea to the lobar bronchi and then sharply decreases reaching the smaller airways.", "contents": "Localization of irritant receptors in the airways of the dog. In dogs the authors have recorded from single fibres of the vagus nerve the action potentials originating from rapidly adapting receptors (irritant receptors) of the tracheo-bronchial tree activated both by inflation and deflation and by i.v. injection of histamine. A gross localization between extrapulmonary airways was established for 196 such receptors by probing the structures containing them. For 82 receptors a precise localization was determined within the extrapulmonary airways and for 51 receptors, localized in the lung parenchyma, a further precise localization was established along the intrapulmonary airways be dissecting the lung tissue. 66.9% of these receptors were found to be in the intrapulmonary airways and 33.1% in the extrapulmonary airways. Their distribution along the tracheo-bronchial tree resulted as follows: 4.75% in the higher 2/3 of the trachea, 9.25% in the lower 1/3 of the trachea and the carina, 19.0% in the main bronchus, 25.0% in the lobar bronchi, 36.8% in bronchi having a diameter larger than 1 mm and 5.2% in bronchi having a diameter smaller than 1 mm. Therefore the concentration of irritant receptors increases going from the upper trachea to the lobar bronchi and then sharply decreases reaching the smaller airways."}
{"id": "PMID:1197944", "title": "Kinetics of inert gas equilibration in an exclusively skin-breathing salamander, Desmognathus fuscus.", "content": "Characteristics of cutaneous gas exchange in amphibians were studied by analysis of the equilibration kinetics of an inert test gas in salamanders which have neither lungs nor gills. Specimens of the common dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus, Plethodontidae, Urodela), average body mass 6.1 g were equilibrated with 20% chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22) in oxygen. The time course of subsequent elimination of Freon 22 into atmospheric air was more rapid in living than in dead animals. This difference was attributed to convective transport by blood flow. Several alternative models were proposed, providing a basis for quantitative analysis of the data. All models yielded similar values for convective conductance due to blood flow. In order to calculate blood flow therefrom, a simplified circulation model based on anatomical evidence was used: the cardiac output is in part directed to the skin, subserving gas exchange with the environment, and in part to the internal organs; the blood returning from both skin and internal organs is mixed before reaching the heart. Depending on assumptions regarding the model and the partitioning of blood flow to the skin and to internal organs, the following range of values was calculated from the experimental data: cardiac output, 85-195 mul/(min-g body mass); cutaneous blood flow, 27-63 mul/(min-g body mass). Due to inherent assumptions these values must be considered minimum estimates.", "contents": "Kinetics of inert gas equilibration in an exclusively skin-breathing salamander, Desmognathus fuscus. Characteristics of cutaneous gas exchange in amphibians were studied by analysis of the equilibration kinetics of an inert test gas in salamanders which have neither lungs nor gills. Specimens of the common dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus, Plethodontidae, Urodela), average body mass 6.1 g were equilibrated with 20% chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22) in oxygen. The time course of subsequent elimination of Freon 22 into atmospheric air was more rapid in living than in dead animals. This difference was attributed to convective transport by blood flow. Several alternative models were proposed, providing a basis for quantitative analysis of the data. All models yielded similar values for convective conductance due to blood flow. In order to calculate blood flow therefrom, a simplified circulation model based on anatomical evidence was used: the cardiac output is in part directed to the skin, subserving gas exchange with the environment, and in part to the internal organs; the blood returning from both skin and internal organs is mixed before reaching the heart. Depending on assumptions regarding the model and the partitioning of blood flow to the skin and to internal organs, the following range of values was calculated from the experimental data: cardiac output, 85-195 mul/(min-g body mass); cutaneous blood flow, 27-63 mul/(min-g body mass). Due to inherent assumptions these values must be considered minimum estimates."}
{"id": "PMID:1197945", "title": "Action of intercostal muscle afferents on the respiratory rhythm of anesthetized cats.", "content": "Experiments designed to reveal an action of intercostal afferent stimulation on the rhythm of breathing were carried out on barbiturate-anesthetized, paralyzed cats, ventilated by a positive pressure respirator. Tetanic stimuli were applied to midthoracic, external intercostal nerves of intact animals and of animals displaying an apneustic pattern consequent to vagotomy and pontine lesions. In intact animals, the respiratory rhythm, as indicated by phrenic efferent activity, could be paced by intercostal nerve stimuli when they were timed to occur in a particular relationship to the lung volume cycle. Apparently, the action of the stimuli supplemented the phasic, volume-related afferent input. The response required considerable spatial summation and resulted from the action of intercostal afferents to either shorten inspiration or prolong expiration. These reflex effects could be attributed to activation of group II afferents. Although the actions of these afferents were relatively weak in the intact preparation, they proved potent in terminating an apneustic breath; brief stimuli, if they activated group II afferents, cut short phrenic discharge and initiated an expiratory phase, thereby restoring a reasonably normal respiratory rhythm.", "contents": "Action of intercostal muscle afferents on the respiratory rhythm of anesthetized cats. Experiments designed to reveal an action of intercostal afferent stimulation on the rhythm of breathing were carried out on barbiturate-anesthetized, paralyzed cats, ventilated by a positive pressure respirator. Tetanic stimuli were applied to midthoracic, external intercostal nerves of intact animals and of animals displaying an apneustic pattern consequent to vagotomy and pontine lesions. In intact animals, the respiratory rhythm, as indicated by phrenic efferent activity, could be paced by intercostal nerve stimuli when they were timed to occur in a particular relationship to the lung volume cycle. Apparently, the action of the stimuli supplemented the phasic, volume-related afferent input. The response required considerable spatial summation and resulted from the action of intercostal afferents to either shorten inspiration or prolong expiration. These reflex effects could be attributed to activation of group II afferents. Although the actions of these afferents were relatively weak in the intact preparation, they proved potent in terminating an apneustic breath; brief stimuli, if they activated group II afferents, cut short phrenic discharge and initiated an expiratory phase, thereby restoring a reasonably normal respiratory rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:1197946", "title": "Krogh constants for diffusion of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in bladder tissue.", "content": "We have measured diffusion of N2 and CO through the walls of urinary bladders of cats. The excised bladders were inflated with various gas mixtures and suspended in air. Values of the Krogh diffusion constants at 37 degrees C are 1.14 X 10(-5) for N2, and 1.79 X 10(-5) for CO (units are cm2-min-1-atm-1 and standard errors are less than 10% of the values).", "contents": "Krogh constants for diffusion of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in bladder tissue. We have measured diffusion of N2 and CO through the walls of urinary bladders of cats. The excised bladders were inflated with various gas mixtures and suspended in air. Values of the Krogh diffusion constants at 37 degrees C are 1.14 X 10(-5) for N2, and 1.79 X 10(-5) for CO (units are cm2-min-1-atm-1 and standard errors are less than 10% of the values)."}
{"id": "PMID:1197947", "title": "Medullary relay neurons in the carotid-body chemoreceptor pathway of cats.", "content": "Central terminations of the carotid body chemoreceptor afferents were localized by recording field potentials and unit activity evoked by electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve, and unit activity during chemical stimulation of the chemoreceptors. Areas where evoked responses with short latency could be recorded and which contained neurons that responded to carotid body excitation were located in two regions of the medulla, about the level of the obex: a dorsal region which included the nucleus tractus solitarius and the reticular formation just below this nucleus; and a ventrolateral region which included the nucleus ambiguus and the ventrolateral reticular formation around that nucleus. The evoked field responses in the two regions were similar. In these two regions, the only neurons which increased their firing both to NaCN and a decreased PIO2 had a respiratory, bursting activity which was phase locked with phrenic nerve firing. The authors' findings suggest that there is a direct synaptic input from carotid body chemoreceptor afferents onto medullary respiratory neurons.", "contents": "Medullary relay neurons in the carotid-body chemoreceptor pathway of cats. Central terminations of the carotid body chemoreceptor afferents were localized by recording field potentials and unit activity evoked by electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve, and unit activity during chemical stimulation of the chemoreceptors. Areas where evoked responses with short latency could be recorded and which contained neurons that responded to carotid body excitation were located in two regions of the medulla, about the level of the obex: a dorsal region which included the nucleus tractus solitarius and the reticular formation just below this nucleus; and a ventrolateral region which included the nucleus ambiguus and the ventrolateral reticular formation around that nucleus. The evoked field responses in the two regions were similar. In these two regions, the only neurons which increased their firing both to NaCN and a decreased PIO2 had a respiratory, bursting activity which was phase locked with phrenic nerve firing. The authors' findings suggest that there is a direct synaptic input from carotid body chemoreceptor afferents onto medullary respiratory neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1197948", "title": "Role of histamine in the hypoxic vascular response of the lung.", "content": "The lung vasculature responds to alveolar hypoxia by constriction and when the hypoxia is localized to one region of the lung, vasoconstriction is also localized to that region. Histamine has been alleged to have a role in the vasoconstrictor response with generalized alveolar and thus systemic hypoxia, but the role for histamine is not clear in localized alveolar hypoxia. Studies were, therefore, undertaken to determine the contribution of histamine to the localized pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia. A divided tracheal cannula was used in anesthetized dogs which allowed for ventilation of one lung with oxygen to maintain normal systemic oxygenation (mean PaO2 =73 mm Hg) while the other lung was ventilated with nitrogen as an alveolar hypoxic stimulus. Perfusion to each lung was determined with the 133Xe technique utilizing external counters over the chest. Perfusion (Q) was decreased by 32% (P = 0.002) to the hypoxic lung after 10 minutes of unilateral nitrogen breathing. After intravenous infusion of 20 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate, a potent antihistamine, the decrease in Q to the hypoxic lung was unchanged at 30%. After 40-100 mg chlorpheniramine the decrease in perfusion was again unchanged at 34%. Therefore a significant role was not demonstrated for histamine in the regional pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia in the absence of systemic hypoxemia.", "contents": "Role of histamine in the hypoxic vascular response of the lung. The lung vasculature responds to alveolar hypoxia by constriction and when the hypoxia is localized to one region of the lung, vasoconstriction is also localized to that region. Histamine has been alleged to have a role in the vasoconstrictor response with generalized alveolar and thus systemic hypoxia, but the role for histamine is not clear in localized alveolar hypoxia. Studies were, therefore, undertaken to determine the contribution of histamine to the localized pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia. A divided tracheal cannula was used in anesthetized dogs which allowed for ventilation of one lung with oxygen to maintain normal systemic oxygenation (mean PaO2 =73 mm Hg) while the other lung was ventilated with nitrogen as an alveolar hypoxic stimulus. Perfusion to each lung was determined with the 133Xe technique utilizing external counters over the chest. Perfusion (Q) was decreased by 32% (P = 0.002) to the hypoxic lung after 10 minutes of unilateral nitrogen breathing. After intravenous infusion of 20 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate, a potent antihistamine, the decrease in Q to the hypoxic lung was unchanged at 30%. After 40-100 mg chlorpheniramine the decrease in perfusion was again unchanged at 34%. Therefore a significant role was not demonstrated for histamine in the regional pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia in the absence of systemic hypoxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1197949", "title": "The CO2 conductivity electrode, a fast-responding CO2 microelectrode.", "content": "A fast-responding CO2 microelectrode system is presented; it consists of a double-lumen polyethylene catheter provided with a stainless steel catheter tip covered by a CO2-permeable membrane, and connected with each lumen separately to a conductivity cell. The catheter is flushed with bidistilled water at constant flow rate and conductivity of inflowing and outflowing water is measured. The change of conductivity in the water leaving the catheter after exposure of the electrode to a medium containing CO2 is related to the PCO2 of the medium. High sensitivity and fast response, both depending on the flow rate of the carrier water, are shown to oppose each other. When cells are placed at a distance of 45 cm from the membrane, response time for 90% deflection is about 10 sec (at flow rates of 5 ml/min), but when located inside the electrode tip at a distance of within 10 mm from the membrane response time is reduced to about 4 sec. Hydrodynamical aspects concerning dispersion of CO2 in the carrier water and reaction kinetics of CO2 hydration are discussed.", "contents": "The CO2 conductivity electrode, a fast-responding CO2 microelectrode. A fast-responding CO2 microelectrode system is presented; it consists of a double-lumen polyethylene catheter provided with a stainless steel catheter tip covered by a CO2-permeable membrane, and connected with each lumen separately to a conductivity cell. The catheter is flushed with bidistilled water at constant flow rate and conductivity of inflowing and outflowing water is measured. The change of conductivity in the water leaving the catheter after exposure of the electrode to a medium containing CO2 is related to the PCO2 of the medium. High sensitivity and fast response, both depending on the flow rate of the carrier water, are shown to oppose each other. When cells are placed at a distance of 45 cm from the membrane, response time for 90% deflection is about 10 sec (at flow rates of 5 ml/min), but when located inside the electrode tip at a distance of within 10 mm from the membrane response time is reduced to about 4 sec. Hydrodynamical aspects concerning dispersion of CO2 in the carrier water and reaction kinetics of CO2 hydration are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1197979", "title": "[Carotid auscultation. Correlation in 200 patients with 332 angiograms].", "content": "1. Results of auscultation of carotid arteries have been reviewed in 200 adults patients with 332 carotid angiograms. Cases with abnormal cardiac bruits of supraclavicular buits were excluded. There was no case with stenosis of the external artery or significant anemia. 2. The present series of patients comprises : 100 with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, 50 with ICA occlusion and normal contralateral ICA, 50 with cerebral space-occupying lesions. 3. A bruit was present in 80/132 ICA stenosis (60 per cent), 60/84 ICA stenoses reducing the lumen by more than 75 per cent (71 per cent), 20/48 ICA stenoses reducing the lumen by less than 75 per cent (41 per cent). It appeared likely that the presence of an ICA stenosis plays a role in the presence of a contralateral bruit where a contralateral stenosis or occlusion are present. 4. An ipsilateral bruit was present in 50/50 ICA occlusions. A contralateral bruit was present in 7 patients the ICA angiogram being normal. A bruit was present on both sides in 4 patients and it may be that some patients are somewhat apt to have bruits. 5. There was no bruit in 49 patients with normal carotid angiograms and a cerebral space-occupying lesion. Data from the present series suggest that where both ICA's are normal auscultation is falsely positive in less than 10 per cent of patients.", "contents": "[Carotid auscultation. Correlation in 200 patients with 332 angiograms]. 1. Results of auscultation of carotid arteries have been reviewed in 200 adults patients with 332 carotid angiograms. Cases with abnormal cardiac bruits of supraclavicular buits were excluded. There was no case with stenosis of the external artery or significant anemia. 2. The present series of patients comprises : 100 with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, 50 with ICA occlusion and normal contralateral ICA, 50 with cerebral space-occupying lesions. 3. A bruit was present in 80/132 ICA stenosis (60 per cent), 60/84 ICA stenoses reducing the lumen by more than 75 per cent (71 per cent), 20/48 ICA stenoses reducing the lumen by less than 75 per cent (41 per cent). It appeared likely that the presence of an ICA stenosis plays a role in the presence of a contralateral bruit where a contralateral stenosis or occlusion are present. 4. An ipsilateral bruit was present in 50/50 ICA occlusions. A contralateral bruit was present in 7 patients the ICA angiogram being normal. A bruit was present on both sides in 4 patients and it may be that some patients are somewhat apt to have bruits. 5. There was no bruit in 49 patients with normal carotid angiograms and a cerebral space-occupying lesion. Data from the present series suggest that where both ICA's are normal auscultation is falsely positive in less than 10 per cent of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1197980", "title": "[Amyotrophy and neuronal depopulation of cerebral origin].", "content": "Amyotrophy of cerebral origin was analyzed in 12 hemiplegics by means of comparative histological, histoenzymological, histographic and biochemical analysis of biopsies carried out in symmetrical zones. In the 6 cases in which atrophy predominated on the paralyzed side, it occurred early, the deficiency affecting the upper limb in particular and the sensory disturbance being irregular. Attempted numeration of the motor units remaining, according to the \"incremential\" method of stimulation, suggests a numerical reduction on the hemipelgic side. Despite reservations and general criticisms of this method, its comparative value, although approximate, must be acknowledged. However, although amyotrophy presumes a transsynaptic change in trophic function to have taken place in the peripheral neurone, neuronal depopulation--if one accepts it--cannot be other than functional.", "contents": "[Amyotrophy and neuronal depopulation of cerebral origin]. Amyotrophy of cerebral origin was analyzed in 12 hemiplegics by means of comparative histological, histoenzymological, histographic and biochemical analysis of biopsies carried out in symmetrical zones. In the 6 cases in which atrophy predominated on the paralyzed side, it occurred early, the deficiency affecting the upper limb in particular and the sensory disturbance being irregular. Attempted numeration of the motor units remaining, according to the \"incremential\" method of stimulation, suggests a numerical reduction on the hemipelgic side. Despite reservations and general criticisms of this method, its comparative value, although approximate, must be acknowledged. However, although amyotrophy presumes a transsynaptic change in trophic function to have taken place in the peripheral neurone, neuronal depopulation--if one accepts it--cannot be other than functional."}
{"id": "PMID:1197981", "title": "[Resistance in cerebrospinal fluid flow in normal pressure hydrocephalus].", "content": "C.S.F. resistance to flow (Rf) was measured in 24 patients by the mean of a constant infusion manometric test, and the results were compared with those of pneumo-encephalography and isotope cisternography. It is concluded that Rf is constantly elevated in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, is at least as reliable as the two other tests and therefore provides a really valuable aid to the identification of the patients to be shunted.", "contents": "[Resistance in cerebrospinal fluid flow in normal pressure hydrocephalus]. C.S.F. resistance to flow (Rf) was measured in 24 patients by the mean of a constant infusion manometric test, and the results were compared with those of pneumo-encephalography and isotope cisternography. It is concluded that Rf is constantly elevated in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, is at least as reliable as the two other tests and therefore provides a really valuable aid to the identification of the patients to be shunted."}
{"id": "PMID:1197982", "title": "[Methyl bromide poisoning. 3 cases, 1 fatal. Neruopathological study of one case of coma with myoclonus followed for 5 years].", "content": "Three new cases of methyl bromide poisoning (leakage from a fire extinguisher) are reported. Two of these were characterized, after an initial period of coma and myoclonic status, by an action myoclonus. Electrical data are presented. A follow up of 4 and 8 years allowed to study the effect of drugs, two of which (clonazepam and baclofene) being pecularly contributive. The third patient outlived for 5 years in a stuporous state with myoclonus. The anatomical findings consisted mainly of a necrosis of both inferior colliculi with gliosis in the upper brain stem reticular formation and moderate changes in the dentate and pontine nuclei. Their significance is discussed in view of physiological and experimental knowledge.", "contents": "[Methyl bromide poisoning. 3 cases, 1 fatal. Neruopathological study of one case of coma with myoclonus followed for 5 years]. Three new cases of methyl bromide poisoning (leakage from a fire extinguisher) are reported. Two of these were characterized, after an initial period of coma and myoclonic status, by an action myoclonus. Electrical data are presented. A follow up of 4 and 8 years allowed to study the effect of drugs, two of which (clonazepam and baclofene) being pecularly contributive. The third patient outlived for 5 years in a stuporous state with myoclonus. The anatomical findings consisted mainly of a necrosis of both inferior colliculi with gliosis in the upper brain stem reticular formation and moderate changes in the dentate and pontine nuclei. Their significance is discussed in view of physiological and experimental knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:1197983", "title": "[Pure (dynamic ?) agraphia of frontal origin. Apropos of one case].", "content": "A case of pure graphic disorder without any disorder of speech, reading or praxis is described. The conditions under which it occurred after surgery for frontal oligodendroglioma would seem to confirm that a single frontal lesion is involve affecting in particular the foot of F2. This case is compared with similar ones which have appeared in the literature and are classified within the wider category of kinesthetic disorders caused by frontal lobe lesion.", "contents": "[Pure (dynamic ?) agraphia of frontal origin. Apropos of one case]. A case of pure graphic disorder without any disorder of speech, reading or praxis is described. The conditions under which it occurred after surgery for frontal oligodendroglioma would seem to confirm that a single frontal lesion is involve affecting in particular the foot of F2. This case is compared with similar ones which have appeared in the literature and are classified within the wider category of kinesthetic disorders caused by frontal lobe lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:1198010", "title": "Vertebral trephine biopsy.", "content": "Vertebral trephine biopsy is a safe and swift method of diagnosis of vertebral abnormality. The procedure is no more disturbing for the patient than lumbar puncture, and saves the patient, radiologist and clinician, considerable time and effort.", "contents": "Vertebral trephine biopsy. Vertebral trephine biopsy is a safe and swift method of diagnosis of vertebral abnormality. The procedure is no more disturbing for the patient than lumbar puncture, and saves the patient, radiologist and clinician, considerable time and effort."}
{"id": "PMID:1198011", "title": "Nerve entrapment at the elbow in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Although there was some delay in the posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve conduction time in six of the 152 rheumatoid elbows, in no case were there clinical signs attributable to entrapment of this nerve. Some delay in ulnar nerve conduction was recorded in 27 of the 152 elbows; this was marked in 12. These patients tended to be older and to have more severe disease of the elbow.", "contents": "Nerve entrapment at the elbow in rheumatoid arthritis. Although there was some delay in the posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve conduction time in six of the 152 rheumatoid elbows, in no case were there clinical signs attributable to entrapment of this nerve. Some delay in ulnar nerve conduction was recorded in 27 of the 152 elbows; this was marked in 12. These patients tended to be older and to have more severe disease of the elbow."}
{"id": "PMID:1198012", "title": "Occupation in relation to the carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "A survey was made of the work and hobbies of 658 patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome. Seventy-nine per cent of the patients were employed in work requiring light, highly repetitive movements of the wrists and fingers. Fifty-one per cent of the unemployed housewives knitted. It is suggested that this type of manual activity can be a causal factor in the development of the, so-called, 'spontaneous' carpal tunnel syndrome.", "contents": "Occupation in relation to the carpal tunnel syndrome. A survey was made of the work and hobbies of 658 patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome. Seventy-nine per cent of the patients were employed in work requiring light, highly repetitive movements of the wrists and fingers. Fifty-one per cent of the unemployed housewives knitted. It is suggested that this type of manual activity can be a causal factor in the development of the, so-called, 'spontaneous' carpal tunnel syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1198013", "title": "The use of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase excretion to investigate renal disease in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Urine levels of the lysosomal enzyme beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase have been measured in patients with arthritic disorders; significantly higher levels were found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (mean: 332.9 nmol/h/mg creat.) than in those with degenerative joint disease (mean: 86.31 nmol/h/mg creat.; P less than 0.001). Analysis of the results shows that salicylates were responsible for some of this difference, but suggests that rheumatoid disease itself may cause renal damage.", "contents": "The use of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase excretion to investigate renal disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Urine levels of the lysosomal enzyme beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase have been measured in patients with arthritic disorders; significantly higher levels were found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (mean: 332.9 nmol/h/mg creat.) than in those with degenerative joint disease (mean: 86.31 nmol/h/mg creat.; P less than 0.001). Analysis of the results shows that salicylates were responsible for some of this difference, but suggests that rheumatoid disease itself may cause renal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1198014", "title": "Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a seven-year survey.", "content": "The seven-year results of all cases (84) diagnosed as polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis are reported. The diagnosis proved to be incorrect in seven, of which six had a polyarthritis. Most cases were treated with prednisolone, starting with 20 mg daily for those with evidence of cranial arteritis, and 10 mg for those without. Fourteen patients were withdrawn from treatment (after three months to 31/2 years--mean 21 months), but three relapsed and treatment has been restarted. There was no correlation between the presence or absence of arteritis, the starting dose of prednisolone and the subsequent duration of treatment. A small group (7) received higher doses without obvious advantage. Twenty-two started on 5-9 mg daily, but the dose had to be increased in 13 because of inadequate control of symptoms. Objective physical abnormality, particularly painful limitation of shoulder movement, was present in most cases. No patient developed a serious complication of the disease after treatment had been started. Complications of treatment were infrequent. Spinal osteoporosis occurred in seven, but did not cause long-term disability.", "contents": "Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a seven-year survey. The seven-year results of all cases (84) diagnosed as polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis are reported. The diagnosis proved to be incorrect in seven, of which six had a polyarthritis. Most cases were treated with prednisolone, starting with 20 mg daily for those with evidence of cranial arteritis, and 10 mg for those without. Fourteen patients were withdrawn from treatment (after three months to 31/2 years--mean 21 months), but three relapsed and treatment has been restarted. There was no correlation between the presence or absence of arteritis, the starting dose of prednisolone and the subsequent duration of treatment. A small group (7) received higher doses without obvious advantage. Twenty-two started on 5-9 mg daily, but the dose had to be increased in 13 because of inadequate control of symptoms. Objective physical abnormality, particularly painful limitation of shoulder movement, was present in most cases. No patient developed a serious complication of the disease after treatment had been started. Complications of treatment were infrequent. Spinal osteoporosis occurred in seven, but did not cause long-term disability."}
{"id": "PMID:1198018", "title": "Synovitis in polymyalgia rheumatica.", "content": "Synovitis was observed in 13 out of 88 consecutive patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. It is described in detail in five patients, on the basis of clinical radiological observations, joint aspiration, arthroscopy and biopsy. The synovitis of polymyalgia rheumatica cannot be distinguished histologically or at arthroscopy from the appearance seen in mild rheumatoid arthritis. Clinically, however, the synovitis of polymyalgia rheumatica is mild, transient and confined to one or two joints or tendon sheaths. It is not followed by joint deformity or by radiological erosive changes in the bone ends. It may occur at any stage of the disease but particularly at its onset, or when the dose of corticosteroid treatment is reduced.", "contents": "Synovitis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Synovitis was observed in 13 out of 88 consecutive patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. It is described in detail in five patients, on the basis of clinical radiological observations, joint aspiration, arthroscopy and biopsy. The synovitis of polymyalgia rheumatica cannot be distinguished histologically or at arthroscopy from the appearance seen in mild rheumatoid arthritis. Clinically, however, the synovitis of polymyalgia rheumatica is mild, transient and confined to one or two joints or tendon sheaths. It is not followed by joint deformity or by radiological erosive changes in the bone ends. It may occur at any stage of the disease but particularly at its onset, or when the dose of corticosteroid treatment is reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1198019", "title": "Scleritis associated with hyperuricaemia.", "content": "A patient with scleritis associated with hyperuricaemia successfully treated with colchicine is described. The relationship between scleritis and hyperuricaemia is discussed.", "contents": "Scleritis associated with hyperuricaemia. A patient with scleritis associated with hyperuricaemia successfully treated with colchicine is described. The relationship between scleritis and hyperuricaemia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198030", "title": "[Chronic traumatic arteriovenous fistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "In two patients with femoral arterio-venous fistulae angiography could show arterial and venous collaterals with differing circulation phases. When angiography shows retrograde flow in the artery distal to the fistula, the volume of arterial collateral circulation is unrelated to the peripheral blood-supply. Venous collateral circulation has to be included in the fistular circulation. Angiography permits distinguishing a venous by-pass circulation for the return of blood from the periphery. In one patient a large aneurysm of the iliac vein was found. Special features of angiography, particularly after surgical closure of the fistula, are mentioned.", "contents": "[Chronic traumatic arteriovenous fistulae (author's transl)]. In two patients with femoral arterio-venous fistulae angiography could show arterial and venous collaterals with differing circulation phases. When angiography shows retrograde flow in the artery distal to the fistula, the volume of arterial collateral circulation is unrelated to the peripheral blood-supply. Venous collateral circulation has to be included in the fistular circulation. Angiography permits distinguishing a venous by-pass circulation for the return of blood from the periphery. In one patient a large aneurysm of the iliac vein was found. Special features of angiography, particularly after surgical closure of the fistula, are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1198031", "title": "[Isomorphism of primary and secondary tumors of bone in radiographs (author's transl)]Radiologic findings of spread of malignant lymphoreticular processes in the lungs and their response to cytostatic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Retrospective evaluation of follow-up series of chestfilms of 30 patients suffering from malignant lympho-reticular processes of the lungs and treated with cytostatic drugs. Among 130 changes of form there were foci of infiltration which could be recognized as due to malignant lymphoreticular deposits. They were large zones of shrinking, stripey scars, perivascular densities with vague contrours, an accent on reticular basic pulmonary structure, widening of interlobar septa and stripey shadows in the shape of plate atelectases. During the changes developing in time, the tumor adhered to a certain degree to its primary pattern of spread. Combinations of different types of foci appear to be signs of the severity of the disease.", "contents": "[Isomorphism of primary and secondary tumors of bone in radiographs (author's transl)]Radiologic findings of spread of malignant lymphoreticular processes in the lungs and their response to cytostatic therapy (author's transl)]. Retrospective evaluation of follow-up series of chestfilms of 30 patients suffering from malignant lympho-reticular processes of the lungs and treated with cytostatic drugs. Among 130 changes of form there were foci of infiltration which could be recognized as due to malignant lymphoreticular deposits. They were large zones of shrinking, stripey scars, perivascular densities with vague contrours, an accent on reticular basic pulmonary structure, widening of interlobar septa and stripey shadows in the shape of plate atelectases. During the changes developing in time, the tumor adhered to a certain degree to its primary pattern of spread. Combinations of different types of foci appear to be signs of the severity of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1198032", "title": "[Tomometry, a novel radiological procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "The physical and technical principles of this revolutionary method of investigation are described. They explain the advantages over usual radiological techniques, i.e. mainly the possibility of showing far smaller density steps of intracranial structures, as well as some drawbacks. Finally, indications, limits and sources of possible errors are outlined.", "contents": "[Tomometry, a novel radiological procedure (author's transl)]. The physical and technical principles of this revolutionary method of investigation are described. They explain the advantages over usual radiological techniques, i.e. mainly the possibility of showing far smaller density steps of intracranial structures, as well as some drawbacks. Finally, indications, limits and sources of possible errors are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1198033", "title": "[The diagnosis of occult mammarian carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The proceeding of dedection of ocult mammarian carcinomas by an effective coordination of mammography and thermography is described. The frequency was 7%o of 2000 examinations and with that higher than given in the literature. The importance of post-operative controls is emphasized.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of occult mammarian carcinoma (author's transl)]. The proceeding of dedection of ocult mammarian carcinomas by an effective coordination of mammography and thermography is described. The frequency was 7%o of 2000 examinations and with that higher than given in the literature. The importance of post-operative controls is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1198052", "title": "The clinical significance of biphasic venous emptying curves from the lower limb in venous occlusion plethysmography.", "content": "The utilization of venous occlusion plethysmography in the routine diagnosis of acute venous thrombosis in the leg has disclosed a previously unreported type of biphasic venous emptying curve that has proved to be of special diagnostic significance. The examinations were undertaken with a Dohn plethysmograph for segmental application of the calf. The emptying curves in question had an initial phase at the ordinary rapid rate, changing distinctly within 1.5 sec into a definitely slower phase of venous emptying. Biphasic emptying curves were found to be characteristic of patients with isolated, high venous obstruction, mostly acute thromboses, but more or less intact veins in peripheral parts of the leg. The same type of pathological emptying curves could be provoked by external compression of the femoral vein or Valsalva's manoeuvre, providing experimental evidence of the underlying mechanism. The venous emptying course might be similarly influenced also by varicose veins, pregnancy, and right heart failure. The diagnostic experience of biphasic emptying curves in clinical practice indicates, that this particular way of interpreting venous occlusion plethysmography is a valuable complement to phlebography in the detection of proximal venous obstructions in the lower limb, whether due to iliac thrombosis or elusive intrapelvic tumours.", "contents": "The clinical significance of biphasic venous emptying curves from the lower limb in venous occlusion plethysmography. The utilization of venous occlusion plethysmography in the routine diagnosis of acute venous thrombosis in the leg has disclosed a previously unreported type of biphasic venous emptying curve that has proved to be of special diagnostic significance. The examinations were undertaken with a Dohn plethysmograph for segmental application of the calf. The emptying curves in question had an initial phase at the ordinary rapid rate, changing distinctly within 1.5 sec into a definitely slower phase of venous emptying. Biphasic emptying curves were found to be characteristic of patients with isolated, high venous obstruction, mostly acute thromboses, but more or less intact veins in peripheral parts of the leg. The same type of pathological emptying curves could be provoked by external compression of the femoral vein or Valsalva's manoeuvre, providing experimental evidence of the underlying mechanism. The venous emptying course might be similarly influenced also by varicose veins, pregnancy, and right heart failure. The diagnostic experience of biphasic emptying curves in clinical practice indicates, that this particular way of interpreting venous occlusion plethysmography is a valuable complement to phlebography in the detection of proximal venous obstructions in the lower limb, whether due to iliac thrombosis or elusive intrapelvic tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1198053", "title": "Bone mineral content and estimated total body calcium in normal children and adolescents.", "content": "Bone mineral content in the distal part of the forearm was measured in 301 normal children and adolescents aged from 7-20 years to estimate total body calcium in these age groups. From year 7 to 9 and from year 15 to 20 the mean values in boys were significantly higher than those in girls. In the lower age groups there was a slow increase in estimated total body calcium with age, followed by a sharp increase at the age of puberty.", "contents": "Bone mineral content and estimated total body calcium in normal children and adolescents. Bone mineral content in the distal part of the forearm was measured in 301 normal children and adolescents aged from 7-20 years to estimate total body calcium in these age groups. From year 7 to 9 and from year 15 to 20 the mean values in boys were significantly higher than those in girls. In the lower age groups there was a slow increase in estimated total body calcium with age, followed by a sharp increase at the age of puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:1198054", "title": "Determination of fractional renal function in renography with and without individually [131I]albumin-determined blood background.", "content": "Fractional renal function was determined from 122 renographies using three different blood background subtractions: with individually [131I]albumin-determined correction factors, with direct subtraction of the thorax background curve. In the latter case a systematic error was introduced, since the right kidney's fractional function was overestimated and that of the left kidney accordingly underestimated. With mean correction factors the deviation from 'true' fractional function (as determined individually with [131I]albumin) was negligible. We recommend this principle since it is simple and sufficiently accurate.", "contents": "Determination of fractional renal function in renography with and without individually [131I]albumin-determined blood background. Fractional renal function was determined from 122 renographies using three different blood background subtractions: with individually [131I]albumin-determined correction factors, with direct subtraction of the thorax background curve. In the latter case a systematic error was introduced, since the right kidney's fractional function was overestimated and that of the left kidney accordingly underestimated. With mean correction factors the deviation from 'true' fractional function (as determined individually with [131I]albumin) was negligible. We recommend this principle since it is simple and sufficiently accurate."}
{"id": "PMID:1198055", "title": "A scintillation camera technique for quantitative estimation of separate kidney function and its use before nephrectomy.", "content": "A scintillation camera technique was used for measuring renal uptake of [131I]Hippuran 80-110 s after injection. Externally measured Hippuran uptake was markedly influenced by kidney depth, which was measured by lateral-view image after injection of [99mTc]iron ascorbic acid complex or [197Hg]chlormerodrine. When one kidney was nearer to the dorsal surface of the body than the other, it was necessary to correct the externally measured Hippuran uptake for kidney depth to obtain reliable information on the true partition of Hippuran between the two kidneys. In some patients the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured before and after nephrectomy. Measured postoperative GFR was compared with preoperatively predicted GFR, which was calculated by multiplying the preoperative Hippuran uptake of the kidney to be left in situ, as a fraction of the preoperative Hippuran uptake of both kidneys, by the measured preoperative GFR. The measured postoperative GFR was usually moderately higher than the preoperatively predicted GFR. The difference could be explained by a postoperative compensatory increase in function of the remaining kidney. Thus, the present method offers a possibility of estimating separate kidney function without arterial or ureteric catheterization.", "contents": "A scintillation camera technique for quantitative estimation of separate kidney function and its use before nephrectomy. A scintillation camera technique was used for measuring renal uptake of [131I]Hippuran 80-110 s after injection. Externally measured Hippuran uptake was markedly influenced by kidney depth, which was measured by lateral-view image after injection of [99mTc]iron ascorbic acid complex or [197Hg]chlormerodrine. When one kidney was nearer to the dorsal surface of the body than the other, it was necessary to correct the externally measured Hippuran uptake for kidney depth to obtain reliable information on the true partition of Hippuran between the two kidneys. In some patients the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured before and after nephrectomy. Measured postoperative GFR was compared with preoperatively predicted GFR, which was calculated by multiplying the preoperative Hippuran uptake of the kidney to be left in situ, as a fraction of the preoperative Hippuran uptake of both kidneys, by the measured preoperative GFR. The measured postoperative GFR was usually moderately higher than the preoperatively predicted GFR. The difference could be explained by a postoperative compensatory increase in function of the remaining kidney. Thus, the present method offers a possibility of estimating separate kidney function without arterial or ureteric catheterization."}
{"id": "PMID:1198056", "title": "Work capacity, muscle strength and SDH activity in both legs of hemiparetic patients and patients with Parkinson's disease.", "content": "In recent muscle metabolic studies, patients with moderate upper motor neuron lesions showed marked difficulty in performing an equal submaximal work load (bilaterally) in two-legged exercise. For a better evaluation of these patients, studies were performed on each leg separately. Six patients with Parkinson's disease and six with moderate hemiparesis were studied. During one-legged submaximal and maximal exercise heart rate, oxygen uptake, and blood lactate were determined. Maximal voluntary contraction in knee and ankle flexion and extension for each leg was measured. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the thigh muscles was determined. During  submaximal exercise, oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate increased more in the paretic leg of hemiparetic patients and in the more affected leg of the Parkinson patients. In hemiparetic patients maximal voluntary contraction of flexors and extensors of the knee was significantly reduced in the paretic leg but was reduced even in the nonparetic knee flexors. SDH activity was very low in both legs in all patients and lowest in the paretic and more affected leg, respectively. It is concluded that (a) the general muscle inactivity per se, secondary to the neurological disorder, may lead to a reduced work capacity; (b) the increased heart rate and blood lactate level seem to be correlated to the relative exercise level of each leg; and (c) in patients with impaired muscle function of one or both legs, evaluation of each leg separately with regard to work capacity and muscle metabolism is of value.", "contents": "Work capacity, muscle strength and SDH activity in both legs of hemiparetic patients and patients with Parkinson's disease. In recent muscle metabolic studies, patients with moderate upper motor neuron lesions showed marked difficulty in performing an equal submaximal work load (bilaterally) in two-legged exercise. For a better evaluation of these patients, studies were performed on each leg separately. Six patients with Parkinson's disease and six with moderate hemiparesis were studied. During one-legged submaximal and maximal exercise heart rate, oxygen uptake, and blood lactate were determined. Maximal voluntary contraction in knee and ankle flexion and extension for each leg was measured. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the thigh muscles was determined. During  submaximal exercise, oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate increased more in the paretic leg of hemiparetic patients and in the more affected leg of the Parkinson patients. In hemiparetic patients maximal voluntary contraction of flexors and extensors of the knee was significantly reduced in the paretic leg but was reduced even in the nonparetic knee flexors. SDH activity was very low in both legs in all patients and lowest in the paretic and more affected leg, respectively. It is concluded that (a) the general muscle inactivity per se, secondary to the neurological disorder, may lead to a reduced work capacity; (b) the increased heart rate and blood lactate level seem to be correlated to the relative exercise level of each leg; and (c) in patients with impaired muscle function of one or both legs, evaluation of each leg separately with regard to work capacity and muscle metabolism is of value."}
{"id": "PMID:1198057", "title": "Temperature of mixed venous blood during exercise.", "content": "The temperature of mixed venous blood (PA-temp) was measured in the pulmonary artery of healthy male volunteers at rest and during bicycle exercise in the supine position. Oxygen uptake, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and heart rate were determined simultaneously. The subjects were studied both in their basal normokinetic circulatory state and in a hypokinetic circulatory state induced by beta-receptor blockade with propranolol. The PA-temp increased linearly with rising oxygen uptake. During beta-receptor blockade the exercise-induced rise in PA-temp was considerably steeper in relation to work load and to oxygen uptake. Thus when the ordinary ability to increase cardiac output was suppressed by propranolol, an identical dynamic exercise induced a significantly higher PA-temp. A significant correlation (r = 0.92) was found between the rise in PA-temp during exercise and the increase in the arteriovenous oxygen difference. This correlation, which has not been described previously, was not altered by beta-receptor blockade. It is concluded that the close correlation between blood temperature and arteriovenous oxygen difference has a clinical potential for hemodynamic measurements. A simple method for the indirect estimation of arteriovenous oxygen difference by means of blood thermometry would be a considerable laboratory advantage.", "contents": "Temperature of mixed venous blood during exercise. The temperature of mixed venous blood (PA-temp) was measured in the pulmonary artery of healthy male volunteers at rest and during bicycle exercise in the supine position. Oxygen uptake, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and heart rate were determined simultaneously. The subjects were studied both in their basal normokinetic circulatory state and in a hypokinetic circulatory state induced by beta-receptor blockade with propranolol. The PA-temp increased linearly with rising oxygen uptake. During beta-receptor blockade the exercise-induced rise in PA-temp was considerably steeper in relation to work load and to oxygen uptake. Thus when the ordinary ability to increase cardiac output was suppressed by propranolol, an identical dynamic exercise induced a significantly higher PA-temp. A significant correlation (r = 0.92) was found between the rise in PA-temp during exercise and the increase in the arteriovenous oxygen difference. This correlation, which has not been described previously, was not altered by beta-receptor blockade. It is concluded that the close correlation between blood temperature and arteriovenous oxygen difference has a clinical potential for hemodynamic measurements. A simple method for the indirect estimation of arteriovenous oxygen difference by means of blood thermometry would be a considerable laboratory advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:1198058", "title": "Available bilirubin binding sites of serum from newborns determined by a direct spectrometric method using bromphenol blue.", "content": "A new direct spectrometric micromethod for the determination of the available bilirubin binding sites of serum (S-ABBS) using bromphenol blue has been applied to 298 blood specimens collected from infants immediately before starting the first exchange transfusion. A relative number fraction of 0.07 of the material, characterized by having the lowest S-ABBS values, includes seven of the nine cases (i.e. a relative number fraction of 0.78) with autoptically verified kernicterus (KI). The two infants with KI but higher S-ABBS values differed in having severe neurological symptoms before the examination. The mean substance concentration of bilirubin in these nine sera was 288 mumol/l. The correlation of KI to the body mass at birth, to the substance concentration of serum albumin, and to the substance concentration of serum bilirubin is given, and the sources of error concerning the method are discussed. The present method is proposed for determining a type of quantity that is important, among other types of data, in deciding on the need for exchange transfusion in icteric (premature) newborns.", "contents": "Available bilirubin binding sites of serum from newborns determined by a direct spectrometric method using bromphenol blue. A new direct spectrometric micromethod for the determination of the available bilirubin binding sites of serum (S-ABBS) using bromphenol blue has been applied to 298 blood specimens collected from infants immediately before starting the first exchange transfusion. A relative number fraction of 0.07 of the material, characterized by having the lowest S-ABBS values, includes seven of the nine cases (i.e. a relative number fraction of 0.78) with autoptically verified kernicterus (KI). The two infants with KI but higher S-ABBS values differed in having severe neurological symptoms before the examination. The mean substance concentration of bilirubin in these nine sera was 288 mumol/l. The correlation of KI to the body mass at birth, to the substance concentration of serum albumin, and to the substance concentration of serum bilirubin is given, and the sources of error concerning the method are discussed. The present method is proposed for determining a type of quantity that is important, among other types of data, in deciding on the need for exchange transfusion in icteric (premature) newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:1198059", "title": "Characterization and significance of collagen induced biphasic aggregation of human platelets.", "content": "Biphasic collagen-induced platelet aggregation, resembling that induced by epinephrine, was noted in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) of 11 stroke and 1 coronary disease patients. Similar pattern of aggregation was not observed in normal PRP. The occurrence of the biphasic collagen aggregation does not appear to relate to platelet count, smoking habit, medication, or other abnormalities such as hypertension, diabetes, and elevated serum lipid levels. However, platelets of these patients were very sensitive to aggregating agents including epinephrine and adenosine diphosphate. The concentration of collagen that elicited biphasic aggregation in these platelets was too weak to aggregate platelets of normal subjects. We believe that the release threshold of these platelets is reduced to such an extent that minute amounts of collagen, which would be insufficient to induce release from normal platelets, are capable of inducing release from these platelets. Both phases of collagen induced aggregation are probably resulted from the activation of the release mechanism.", "contents": "Characterization and significance of collagen induced biphasic aggregation of human platelets. Biphasic collagen-induced platelet aggregation, resembling that induced by epinephrine, was noted in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) of 11 stroke and 1 coronary disease patients. Similar pattern of aggregation was not observed in normal PRP. The occurrence of the biphasic collagen aggregation does not appear to relate to platelet count, smoking habit, medication, or other abnormalities such as hypertension, diabetes, and elevated serum lipid levels. However, platelets of these patients were very sensitive to aggregating agents including epinephrine and adenosine diphosphate. The concentration of collagen that elicited biphasic aggregation in these platelets was too weak to aggregate platelets of normal subjects. We believe that the release threshold of these platelets is reduced to such an extent that minute amounts of collagen, which would be insufficient to induce release from normal platelets, are capable of inducing release from these platelets. Both phases of collagen induced aggregation are probably resulted from the activation of the release mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1198060", "title": "Amino acid concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes in aregeneratory and haemolytic anaemias.", "content": "The concentrations of unbound amino acids in erythrocytes and in plasma from 7 normal individuals, 11 patients with various types of aregeneratory anaemia, and 4 patients with hereditary haemolytic anaemias were determined on a Technicon Amino Acid Analyzer (Perry et al 1970). Most amino acids were normally found in higher concentrations in plasma than intracellularly. Cystine, methionine and trypotophan were almost exclusively present in plasma. Aspartic acid, however, was mainly found in erythrocytes, and glutathione only in erythrocytes. Glutamic acid and ornithine were more concentrated in the cells, while glycine and asparagine showed approximately the same concentrations in erythrocytes as in plasma. In the patients, plasma amino acids showed little deviations from normal, but in the erythrocytes there were striking changes. Erythrocyte glutamic acid concentrations were moderately to markedly elevated in all patients studied, and glycine concentrations in 13 out of 15 patients. In addition, the following amino acids were increased intracellularly in more than one patient: glutamine (8 patients), serine (7), asparagine (5), threonine (4), taurine (3), alanine (2), valine (2), ornithine (2), lysine (2), citrulline (2). Aspartic acid was decreased in erythrocytes from 4 patients with aregeneratory and 1 with haemolytic anaemia.", "contents": "Amino acid concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes in aregeneratory and haemolytic anaemias. The concentrations of unbound amino acids in erythrocytes and in plasma from 7 normal individuals, 11 patients with various types of aregeneratory anaemia, and 4 patients with hereditary haemolytic anaemias were determined on a Technicon Amino Acid Analyzer (Perry et al 1970). Most amino acids were normally found in higher concentrations in plasma than intracellularly. Cystine, methionine and trypotophan were almost exclusively present in plasma. Aspartic acid, however, was mainly found in erythrocytes, and glutathione only in erythrocytes. Glutamic acid and ornithine were more concentrated in the cells, while glycine and asparagine showed approximately the same concentrations in erythrocytes as in plasma. In the patients, plasma amino acids showed little deviations from normal, but in the erythrocytes there were striking changes. Erythrocyte glutamic acid concentrations were moderately to markedly elevated in all patients studied, and glycine concentrations in 13 out of 15 patients. In addition, the following amino acids were increased intracellularly in more than one patient: glutamine (8 patients), serine (7), asparagine (5), threonine (4), taurine (3), alanine (2), valine (2), ornithine (2), lysine (2), citrulline (2). Aspartic acid was decreased in erythrocytes from 4 patients with aregeneratory and 1 with haemolytic anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1198061", "title": "Cytogenetic differences between bone marrow and spleen in a case of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia developing blast crisis.", "content": "Chromosome studies of cells from bone marrow and spleen were performed in a patient with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (MM) developing blast crisis after a chronic phase lasting for 6.5 years. The proportions of blast cells were roughly the same in bone marrow and spleen. In the bone marrow 43 % of the metaphases were abnormal with a marker chromosome whereas all spleen metaphases were normal. The results indicate that chromosomal changes associated with blast transformation in MM may occur in the bone marrow prior to such changes in the spleen and support the concept that bone marrow and spleen may constitute relatively separate pools of haemopoietic tissue in chronic myeloproliferative diseases.", "contents": "Cytogenetic differences between bone marrow and spleen in a case of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia developing blast crisis. Chromosome studies of cells from bone marrow and spleen were performed in a patient with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (MM) developing blast crisis after a chronic phase lasting for 6.5 years. The proportions of blast cells were roughly the same in bone marrow and spleen. In the bone marrow 43 % of the metaphases were abnormal with a marker chromosome whereas all spleen metaphases were normal. The results indicate that chromosomal changes associated with blast transformation in MM may occur in the bone marrow prior to such changes in the spleen and support the concept that bone marrow and spleen may constitute relatively separate pools of haemopoietic tissue in chronic myeloproliferative diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1198062", "title": "A positive ethanol gelation test associated with high plasma fibrinogen concentration - evidence for soluble fibrin. An experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "By infusion of large amounts of human fibrinogen into rabbits, the ethanol gelation test turned positive at various plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, depending on the fibrinogen preparation used, and on individual differences among the animals. After incubation of the fibrinogen preparation in the cold the precipitated material gave a positive ethanol gelation test at lower fibrinogen concentration whereas the ethanol gelation test remained negative in the supernatant at a higher fibrinogen level than that of the starting material. It is concluded that the finding of a positive ethanol gelation test is not due to the fibrinogen concentration per se. Most likely the test becomes positive due to the presence of soluble fibrin in the commercial preparations.", "contents": "A positive ethanol gelation test associated with high plasma fibrinogen concentration - evidence for soluble fibrin. An experimental study in rabbits. By infusion of large amounts of human fibrinogen into rabbits, the ethanol gelation test turned positive at various plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, depending on the fibrinogen preparation used, and on individual differences among the animals. After incubation of the fibrinogen preparation in the cold the precipitated material gave a positive ethanol gelation test at lower fibrinogen concentration whereas the ethanol gelation test remained negative in the supernatant at a higher fibrinogen level than that of the starting material. It is concluded that the finding of a positive ethanol gelation test is not due to the fibrinogen concentration per se. Most likely the test becomes positive due to the presence of soluble fibrin in the commercial preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:1198063", "title": "Karyotypes in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Using a trypsin-Giemsa banding procedure, chromosome analysis was performed on blood from 21 consecutive patients hospitalized for infectious mononucleosis. Mitoses were harvested after 2 and 24 h in vitro incubation without PHA and after 48 h with PHA. No abnormalities were seen.", "contents": "Karyotypes in infectious mononucleosis. Using a trypsin-Giemsa banding procedure, chromosome analysis was performed on blood from 21 consecutive patients hospitalized for infectious mononucleosis. Mitoses were harvested after 2 and 24 h in vitro incubation without PHA and after 48 h with PHA. No abnormalities were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:1198064", "title": "Death of blood lymphocytes studied by supravital dye exclusion and 3H-thymidine-autoradiography.", "content": "Lymphocyte death in peripheral blood of the mouse represents the death of both short- and long-lived lymphocytes. The present data were based on lymphocyte separation, supravital dye exclusion, and autoradiographical procedures. The data strongly indicate that the frequency of intravascular cell death in the population of short-lived lymphocytes is 4-10 times higher than the frequency of intravascular cell death of long-lived lymphocytes.", "contents": "Death of blood lymphocytes studied by supravital dye exclusion and 3H-thymidine-autoradiography. Lymphocyte death in peripheral blood of the mouse represents the death of both short- and long-lived lymphocytes. The present data were based on lymphocyte separation, supravital dye exclusion, and autoradiographical procedures. The data strongly indicate that the frequency of intravascular cell death in the population of short-lived lymphocytes is 4-10 times higher than the frequency of intravascular cell death of long-lived lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1198065", "title": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with peculiar nuclear abnormality.", "content": "A patient with clinical and haematological findings compatible with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (CDA) most porbably type II is described. In contradistinction to previous observations, electron microscope examination of the erythroid cells in the bone marrow showed the concomitant appearance of nuclei at different maturation stages in a single cell. In addition, a marked tendency toward multinuclearity of the megakaryocytes was found. The mature erythroblasts showed an increased uptake of 3H-thymidine less than is normally found in these cells. Thes findings suggest an impairment in RNA and DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with peculiar nuclear abnormality. A patient with clinical and haematological findings compatible with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (CDA) most porbably type II is described. In contradistinction to previous observations, electron microscope examination of the erythroid cells in the bone marrow showed the concomitant appearance of nuclei at different maturation stages in a single cell. In addition, a marked tendency toward multinuclearity of the megakaryocytes was found. The mature erythroblasts showed an increased uptake of 3H-thymidine less than is normally found in these cells. Thes findings suggest an impairment in RNA and DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198066", "title": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with features of both type I and TYPE II.", "content": "A 13 year old girl with the typical clinical and haematological picture of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (CDA) is reported. The bone marrow is highly cellular with 70 per cent erythroid cells, and 28% bi- and multinuclear cells among the orthochromatic and polychromatic erythroblasts. Moderate megaloblastoid changes are present. On light microscopy the findings are in agreement with those described in CDA type II. On electron microscopy both the cytoplasmatic changes described as typical of CDA type II, and the nuclear changes found in type I can be demonstrated. The acidified serum test (Ham test) is negative with normal sera. The patient's red blood cells show increased agglutinability with anti-I and and anti-I antibodies, but no haemolysis. Total serum lipids are about 50% of the normal average. All lipoprotein classes are lowered to about the same extent. The total phospholipid content of the erythrocytes is slightly reduced, with a moderate, relative increase of the lecithin fraction and a decrease of the sphingomyelin fraction. Doubts can be raised about the tenability of the current classification of CDA based on morphological and serological criteria, especially about the distinction between types I and II.", "contents": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia with features of both type I and TYPE II. A 13 year old girl with the typical clinical and haematological picture of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (CDA) is reported. The bone marrow is highly cellular with 70 per cent erythroid cells, and 28% bi- and multinuclear cells among the orthochromatic and polychromatic erythroblasts. Moderate megaloblastoid changes are present. On light microscopy the findings are in agreement with those described in CDA type II. On electron microscopy both the cytoplasmatic changes described as typical of CDA type II, and the nuclear changes found in type I can be demonstrated. The acidified serum test (Ham test) is negative with normal sera. The patient's red blood cells show increased agglutinability with anti-I and and anti-I antibodies, but no haemolysis. Total serum lipids are about 50% of the normal average. All lipoprotein classes are lowered to about the same extent. The total phospholipid content of the erythrocytes is slightly reduced, with a moderate, relative increase of the lecithin fraction and a decrease of the sphingomyelin fraction. Doubts can be raised about the tenability of the current classification of CDA based on morphological and serological criteria, especially about the distinction between types I and II."}
{"id": "PMID:1198067", "title": "Mechanism of anaemia in experimental bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Rabits with Streptococcus viridans aortic valve endocarditis develop anaemia and reticulocytosis which increase with the duration of infection. Mean red cell counts decreased from 6.05 +/- 0.29 X 10(6) per mul before infection to 4.10 +/- 0.18 X 10(6) per mul after 11 to 20 days of endocarditis and reticulocytes increased from 1.16 +/- 0.14 X 10(5) per mul to 4.91 +/- 0.83 X 10(5) per mul after more than 20 days of endocarditis. The anaemia could not be explained by intravascular haemolysis. Anti-erythrocyte antibodies were not detected. Splenomegaly was a consistent finding and also increased with the duration of infection. Red cell half life (T1/2) was shortened to 4.7 +/- 0.3 days in rabbits with endocarditis compared with normal T1/2 of 11.1 +/- 0.5 days. The T1/2 of red cells from infected animals was prolonged when measured in noninfected rabbits and splenectomized animals had a mean red cell T1/2 of 9.25 days after three weeks of infection. These studies suggest that splenic enlargement associated with infection results in red cell sequestration, a mechanism not well recognized as contributing to the anaemia of endocarditis.", "contents": "Mechanism of anaemia in experimental bacterial endocarditis. Rabits with Streptococcus viridans aortic valve endocarditis develop anaemia and reticulocytosis which increase with the duration of infection. Mean red cell counts decreased from 6.05 +/- 0.29 X 10(6) per mul before infection to 4.10 +/- 0.18 X 10(6) per mul after 11 to 20 days of endocarditis and reticulocytes increased from 1.16 +/- 0.14 X 10(5) per mul to 4.91 +/- 0.83 X 10(5) per mul after more than 20 days of endocarditis. The anaemia could not be explained by intravascular haemolysis. Anti-erythrocyte antibodies were not detected. Splenomegaly was a consistent finding and also increased with the duration of infection. Red cell half life (T1/2) was shortened to 4.7 +/- 0.3 days in rabbits with endocarditis compared with normal T1/2 of 11.1 +/- 0.5 days. The T1/2 of red cells from infected animals was prolonged when measured in noninfected rabbits and splenectomized animals had a mean red cell T1/2 of 9.25 days after three weeks of infection. These studies suggest that splenic enlargement associated with infection results in red cell sequestration, a mechanism not well recognized as contributing to the anaemia of endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198068", "title": "Immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro by cerebrospinal fluid cells in patients with meningoencephalitis of presumed viral origin.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells from six patients with meningoencephalitis of presumed viral origin were incubated in the presence of labeled amino acids. The cells of two of the patients synthesized IgG, IgA, and IgM (one patient) in vitro. The CSF of these two patients had an elevated level of IgG with oligoclonal distribution. The newly synthesized IgG also had an oligoclonal distribution. CSF cells of the other four patients were not shown to synthesize immunoglobulins in vitro. The CSF of these patients had a normal level of IgG with polyclonal distribution. The results demonstrate that in some patients with virus meningoencephalitis an immunoglobulin synthesis takes place locally and that at least part of the IgG shows a restricted heterogeneity. The results also suggest the presence of stimulated lymphocytes in the CSF of the same patients.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro by cerebrospinal fluid cells in patients with meningoencephalitis of presumed viral origin. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells from six patients with meningoencephalitis of presumed viral origin were incubated in the presence of labeled amino acids. The cells of two of the patients synthesized IgG, IgA, and IgM (one patient) in vitro. The CSF of these two patients had an elevated level of IgG with oligoclonal distribution. The newly synthesized IgG also had an oligoclonal distribution. CSF cells of the other four patients were not shown to synthesize immunoglobulins in vitro. The CSF of these patients had a normal level of IgG with polyclonal distribution. The results demonstrate that in some patients with virus meningoencephalitis an immunoglobulin synthesis takes place locally and that at least part of the IgG shows a restricted heterogeneity. The results also suggest the presence of stimulated lymphocytes in the CSF of the same patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1198069", "title": "Detection of IgG aggregates or immune complexes using solid-phase C1q and protein A-rich Staphylococcus aureus as an indicator system.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for detection of C1q-binding IgG aggregates and antigen-IgG antibody complexes is described. The assay makes use of solid-phase C1q and 32p-labelled protein A-rich Staphylococcus aureus as an indicator system. Both 19S and heavier IgG aggregates that fixed C1q were detected. The sensitivity of the assay permitted detection of heavy (19-25S) IgG aggregates at a concentration of 8 mug/ml or less. The results indicated that detection of IgG in this assay is dependent on the degree of IgG polymerization and the molar ratio between the solid-phase C1q and the IgG polymers. Albumin-anti-albumin complexes, preformed at equilibrium with antibody to antigen molar ratios of 2:1 to 3:1 and at antigen concentrations of 25 to 40 mug/ml, were also detectable using the described radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Detection of IgG aggregates or immune complexes using solid-phase C1q and protein A-rich Staphylococcus aureus as an indicator system. A radioimmunoassay for detection of C1q-binding IgG aggregates and antigen-IgG antibody complexes is described. The assay makes use of solid-phase C1q and 32p-labelled protein A-rich Staphylococcus aureus as an indicator system. Both 19S and heavier IgG aggregates that fixed C1q were detected. The sensitivity of the assay permitted detection of heavy (19-25S) IgG aggregates at a concentration of 8 mug/ml or less. The results indicated that detection of IgG in this assay is dependent on the degree of IgG polymerization and the molar ratio between the solid-phase C1q and the IgG polymers. Albumin-anti-albumin complexes, preformed at equilibrium with antibody to antigen molar ratios of 2:1 to 3:1 and at antigen concentrations of 25 to 40 mug/ml, were also detectable using the described radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:1198070", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for C1q-binding immune complexes. I. Delta IgG as indicator molecule.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of circulating C1q-binding immune complexes (IC) or heat-aggregated IgG (delta IgG) is described. Purified human C1q protein was adsorbed to a fixed area of polystyrene tube surface for 1 hr at 22 degrees C, pH 7.3, mu 0.15. Binding of delta IgG or IC to solid-phase C1q at 22 degrees C progressed over several hours and was enhanced at low mu (0.05). Heating of C1q (56 degrees C for 30 min) reduced the binding by 85%-90%. Binding of IC or delta IgG was retained after several weeks' storage of solid-phase C1q at 4 degrees C. Detection of 2-5 ng delta IgG and less than 50 ng IC (in antibody excess) was achieved in competitive binding or inhibition tests with [125I]delta IgG. Preliminary testing of 48 human sera indicated the usefulness of the assay for detection of IC in patient sera.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for C1q-binding immune complexes. I. Delta IgG as indicator molecule. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of circulating C1q-binding immune complexes (IC) or heat-aggregated IgG (delta IgG) is described. Purified human C1q protein was adsorbed to a fixed area of polystyrene tube surface for 1 hr at 22 degrees C, pH 7.3, mu 0.15. Binding of delta IgG or IC to solid-phase C1q at 22 degrees C progressed over several hours and was enhanced at low mu (0.05). Heating of C1q (56 degrees C for 30 min) reduced the binding by 85%-90%. Binding of IC or delta IgG was retained after several weeks' storage of solid-phase C1q at 4 degrees C. Detection of 2-5 ng delta IgG and less than 50 ng IC (in antibody excess) was achieved in competitive binding or inhibition tests with [125I]delta IgG. Preliminary testing of 48 human sera indicated the usefulness of the assay for detection of IC in patient sera."}
{"id": "PMID:1198071", "title": "Fc receptors in human placenta.", "content": "Cryostat sections of placental tissue strongly adsorbed erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies of human, rabbit, and guinea pig origin. No adsorption occurred using erythrocytes sensitized with F(ab')2 fragments. The reaction was strongly inhibited by intact IgG and by Fc fragments, weakly inhibited by pFc' fragments, and not inhibited by Facb and F(ab')2 or albumin. These properties are similar to those of corresponding receptors in normal lymphoid tissues. Results obtained with sections of hydatidiform mole showed that the reaction occurred with the trophoblastic tissue. Porcine placenta had no Fc receptor activity. The presence of an Fc receptor in human placental tissue may therefore be of significance for the selective transfer of IgG from mother to foetus.", "contents": "Fc receptors in human placenta. Cryostat sections of placental tissue strongly adsorbed erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies of human, rabbit, and guinea pig origin. No adsorption occurred using erythrocytes sensitized with F(ab')2 fragments. The reaction was strongly inhibited by intact IgG and by Fc fragments, weakly inhibited by pFc' fragments, and not inhibited by Facb and F(ab')2 or albumin. These properties are similar to those of corresponding receptors in normal lymphoid tissues. Results obtained with sections of hydatidiform mole showed that the reaction occurred with the trophoblastic tissue. Porcine placenta had no Fc receptor activity. The presence of an Fc receptor in human placental tissue may therefore be of significance for the selective transfer of IgG from mother to foetus."}
{"id": "PMID:1198072", "title": "The natural history of the frozen shoulder syndrome.", "content": "A prospective study has been made of 49 patients with the frozen shoulder syndrome (as distinct from tendinitis, calcific deposits and frozen shoulders occurring after coronary infarction or with pulmonary tuberculosis) of whom forty-one have been followed up for 5-10 years, always to their greatest recovery. There were three consecutive stages: pain, stiffness, and recovery. The stiffness stage was usually related to the duration of the recovery stage. The total duration was longer than is generally supposed (an average total of 30.1 months in contrast to about 18 months as often postulated). Generally speaking, the longer the stiffness stage is, the longer is the recovery stage. In 4 patients the second shoulder became similarly affected, 6 months to 7 years after the first, and followed a similar chronological sequence to the first. After greatest recovery, slight restriction of movement was found in more than half the cases, but in only 3, all of long duration, was the restriction a handicap. Arthrography, carried out on both shoulders in all patients during the recovery stage, showed in the affected shoulder fewer rotator cuff defects than expected at this age and fewer (four) than in the contralateral one (twenty-three); seemingly, the condition leads to the obliteration of some defects.", "contents": "The natural history of the frozen shoulder syndrome. A prospective study has been made of 49 patients with the frozen shoulder syndrome (as distinct from tendinitis, calcific deposits and frozen shoulders occurring after coronary infarction or with pulmonary tuberculosis) of whom forty-one have been followed up for 5-10 years, always to their greatest recovery. There were three consecutive stages: pain, stiffness, and recovery. The stiffness stage was usually related to the duration of the recovery stage. The total duration was longer than is generally supposed (an average total of 30.1 months in contrast to about 18 months as often postulated). Generally speaking, the longer the stiffness stage is, the longer is the recovery stage. In 4 patients the second shoulder became similarly affected, 6 months to 7 years after the first, and followed a similar chronological sequence to the first. After greatest recovery, slight restriction of movement was found in more than half the cases, but in only 3, all of long duration, was the restriction a handicap. Arthrography, carried out on both shoulders in all patients during the recovery stage, showed in the affected shoulder fewer rotator cuff defects than expected at this age and fewer (four) than in the contralateral one (twenty-three); seemingly, the condition leads to the obliteration of some defects."}
{"id": "PMID:1198073", "title": "Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of muscle in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Muscle biopsy material from 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was investigated by electron microscopy. Degenerative changes and atrophy of the muscle fibres were observed. The periphery of the fibre was indistinct and showed an increased content of lipofuscin granules and remnants of myofilaments. Mitochondria were frequent in the subsarcolemmal regions, but between the myofibrils these were rarer than in healthy subjects. The triads were often swollen and displaced. Capillaries were more frequent than in normal material; the endothelial cells and especially the basement membrane showed pathological changes. Satellite cells were frequent and are regarded as an indication of regeneration.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of muscle in rheumatoid arthritis. Muscle biopsy material from 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was investigated by electron microscopy. Degenerative changes and atrophy of the muscle fibres were observed. The periphery of the fibre was indistinct and showed an increased content of lipofuscin granules and remnants of myofilaments. Mitochondria were frequent in the subsarcolemmal regions, but between the myofibrils these were rarer than in healthy subjects. The triads were often swollen and displaced. Capillaries were more frequent than in normal material; the endothelial cells and especially the basement membrane showed pathological changes. Satellite cells were frequent and are regarded as an indication of regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:1198074", "title": "Death rate and causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 500 males and 500 females, aged 40 years or over, and an age- and sex-matched control population were observed over a 3-year period. During the follow-up, 122 RA patients and 69 controls had died. The most common causes of death in RA patients were cardiovascular diseases (57 patients), renal failure (27 patients), infections (19 patients), and malignant neoplasms (11 patients); in the controls, the respective data are: cardiovascular diseases (35 people), malignant neoplasms (21 people), accidents (7 people), and infections (5 people).", "contents": "Death rate and causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 500 males and 500 females, aged 40 years or over, and an age- and sex-matched control population were observed over a 3-year period. During the follow-up, 122 RA patients and 69 controls had died. The most common causes of death in RA patients were cardiovascular diseases (57 patients), renal failure (27 patients), infections (19 patients), and malignant neoplasms (11 patients); in the controls, the respective data are: cardiovascular diseases (35 people), malignant neoplasms (21 people), accidents (7 people), and infections (5 people)."}
{"id": "PMID:1198075", "title": "Generalised and localised bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Osteoporosis was studied in 307 patients with \"definite\" or \"classical\" rheumatoid arthritis by measurement of the clavicular cortical thickness (C.C.T.). Bone loss, as measured by this index, fell with advancing age, and was significantly greater than in non-rheumatoid control subjects matched for age and sex. Bone loss from the clavicles was not greater in patients treated with corticosteroid drugs. Loss of bone from the clavicle correlated with osteoporosis in other parts of the skeleton, as determined by the femoral and metacarpal indices. This suggests that osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis is a generalised phenomenon rather than a localised process secondary to adjacent joint inflammation.", "contents": "Generalised and localised bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporosis was studied in 307 patients with \"definite\" or \"classical\" rheumatoid arthritis by measurement of the clavicular cortical thickness (C.C.T.). Bone loss, as measured by this index, fell with advancing age, and was significantly greater than in non-rheumatoid control subjects matched for age and sex. Bone loss from the clavicles was not greater in patients treated with corticosteroid drugs. Loss of bone from the clavicle correlated with osteoporosis in other parts of the skeleton, as determined by the femoral and metacarpal indices. This suggests that osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis is a generalised phenomenon rather than a localised process secondary to adjacent joint inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198076", "title": "Questionable effects of Myocrisin in experimental arthritis in rabbits.", "content": "In 18 rabbits arthritis was induced in one knee joint by injection with 0.2 ml 3% ovalbumin 4 weeks after sensitization by 3% ovalbumin and 2 mg/ml tubercle bacilli suspended in Freunds incomplete adjuvant. Half of the rabbits were treated with Myocrisin 4 mg i.m. once a week during the experimental period lasting 4-5 months. At killing, both knee joints were examined macroscopically and microscopically. In all rabbits a distinct synovitis was found in the injected knee joint. Histologically, the changes were most pronounced in the rabbits not treated with Myocrisin. An activity index of the synovial membrane changes in the Myocrisin-treated and untreated cases was calculated to 6.3 and 3.6 respectively. Some changes were also found in the uninjected knee joints of 50% of the rabbits. In contrast to some other works, this preliminary investigation suggests that antigen-induced experimental arthritis is suppressed by gold. We feel that this model of experimental arthritis may be suitable for trying out the effect of various drugs.", "contents": "Questionable effects of Myocrisin in experimental arthritis in rabbits. In 18 rabbits arthritis was induced in one knee joint by injection with 0.2 ml 3% ovalbumin 4 weeks after sensitization by 3% ovalbumin and 2 mg/ml tubercle bacilli suspended in Freunds incomplete adjuvant. Half of the rabbits were treated with Myocrisin 4 mg i.m. once a week during the experimental period lasting 4-5 months. At killing, both knee joints were examined macroscopically and microscopically. In all rabbits a distinct synovitis was found in the injected knee joint. Histologically, the changes were most pronounced in the rabbits not treated with Myocrisin. An activity index of the synovial membrane changes in the Myocrisin-treated and untreated cases was calculated to 6.3 and 3.6 respectively. Some changes were also found in the uninjected knee joints of 50% of the rabbits. In contrast to some other works, this preliminary investigation suggests that antigen-induced experimental arthritis is suppressed by gold. We feel that this model of experimental arthritis may be suitable for trying out the effect of various drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1198078", "title": "A comparative study of the protein pattern in serum and synovial fluid.", "content": "A routine program for evaluation of the protein pattern in serum and synovial fluid has been tested on 25 patients in a consecutive study. The program comprised agar gel electrophoresis, total protein and albumin determination, and immunochemical determination of antitrypsin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, IgR, and IgA. Linear correlation analysis of corresponding data in serum and synovial fluid gave r-values for the five latter components which varied from 0.74 to 0.87. On this basis reference intervals in synovial fluid could be established. Total protein, haptoglobin and IgG were elevated in rheumatoid arthritis, compared with osteoarthritis.", "contents": "A comparative study of the protein pattern in serum and synovial fluid. A routine program for evaluation of the protein pattern in serum and synovial fluid has been tested on 25 patients in a consecutive study. The program comprised agar gel electrophoresis, total protein and albumin determination, and immunochemical determination of antitrypsin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, IgR, and IgA. Linear correlation analysis of corresponding data in serum and synovial fluid gave r-values for the five latter components which varied from 0.74 to 0.87. On this basis reference intervals in synovial fluid could be established. Total protein, haptoglobin and IgG were elevated in rheumatoid arthritis, compared with osteoarthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198079", "title": "Renal glomerular function in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "From a study of 38 consecutive patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) it is concluded that impairment of renal glomerular function is not seen, despite the recognised pathological changes.", "contents": "Renal glomerular function in ankylosing spondylitis. From a study of 38 consecutive patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) it is concluded that impairment of renal glomerular function is not seen, despite the recognised pathological changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1198080", "title": "Zinc: its relationship to osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Preliminary studies indicate that plasma zinc concentrations, as estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, are reduced in rheumatoid arthritis. A relationship has also been established between metacarpal index of osteoporosis and plasma zinc concentrations in rheumatoid subjects.", "contents": "Zinc: its relationship to osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Preliminary studies indicate that plasma zinc concentrations, as estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, are reduced in rheumatoid arthritis. A relationship has also been established between metacarpal index of osteoporosis and plasma zinc concentrations in rheumatoid subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:1198081", "title": "Dosage of salicylates for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A preliminary report.", "content": "The daily dosage of salicylates is traditionally very high for patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In order to achieve the optimal therapeutic effect, serum salicylate levels are kept at 30-35 mg/100 ml (2175-2540 mumol/l). The recommended daily dosage in the textbooks is about 100 mg/kg of body weight, and the reported dosage/m2 of body surface area has been 3.2 g/m2/day. These dosages are, however, too high in clinical routine. In the present investigation, 19 children were treated with salicylates for 15 days with daily check-ups of the serum salicylate levels. Seven of these children had symptoms of salicylate intoxication which corresponded closely to the serum salicylate levels. If the daily dosage of salicylates exceeds 3 g/m2 of body surface area, intoxication can be expected.", "contents": "Dosage of salicylates for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A preliminary report. The daily dosage of salicylates is traditionally very high for patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In order to achieve the optimal therapeutic effect, serum salicylate levels are kept at 30-35 mg/100 ml (2175-2540 mumol/l). The recommended daily dosage in the textbooks is about 100 mg/kg of body weight, and the reported dosage/m2 of body surface area has been 3.2 g/m2/day. These dosages are, however, too high in clinical routine. In the present investigation, 19 children were treated with salicylates for 15 days with daily check-ups of the serum salicylate levels. Seven of these children had symptoms of salicylate intoxication which corresponded closely to the serum salicylate levels. If the daily dosage of salicylates exceeds 3 g/m2 of body surface area, intoxication can be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:1198085", "title": "Bacteriological findings in transtracheal aspirates from patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis: a preliminary report.", "content": "Thirty-six transtracheal aspirates from 34 patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis were examined bacteriologically. Bacteria were isolated from 30 aspirates, 23 of which yielded pure culture. Anaerobic bacteria were found in three aspirates, all in pure culture. This preliminary report indicates a greater complexity of the microbial flora in chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis than hitherto appreciated.", "contents": "Bacteriological findings in transtracheal aspirates from patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis: a preliminary report. Thirty-six transtracheal aspirates from 34 patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis were examined bacteriologically. Bacteria were isolated from 30 aspirates, 23 of which yielded pure culture. Anaerobic bacteria were found in three aspirates, all in pure culture. This preliminary report indicates a greater complexity of the microbial flora in chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis than hitherto appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:1198086", "title": "Pulmonary lesions and autoimmune reactions after long-term nitrofurantoin treatment.", "content": "Hypersensitivity reactions in two women with pulmonary lesions, autoimmune reactions with positive antinuclear factor and liver damage following long-term nitrofurantoin treatment are discussed. One patient had taken nitrofurantoin for more than 1 year and the other for more than 2 when their symptoms appeared. They were in a very poor condition, but recovered when the drug was withdrawn. Lymphocyte transformation test in vitro showed significant blast-transformation, indicating the involvement of immunological mechanisms. Treatment with corticosteroids had not been instituted.", "contents": "Pulmonary lesions and autoimmune reactions after long-term nitrofurantoin treatment. Hypersensitivity reactions in two women with pulmonary lesions, autoimmune reactions with positive antinuclear factor and liver damage following long-term nitrofurantoin treatment are discussed. One patient had taken nitrofurantoin for more than 1 year and the other for more than 2 when their symptoms appeared. They were in a very poor condition, but recovered when the drug was withdrawn. Lymphocyte transformation test in vitro showed significant blast-transformation, indicating the involvement of immunological mechanisms. Treatment with corticosteroids had not been instituted."}
{"id": "PMID:1198087", "title": "Effects of practolol in combination with terbutaline in the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmias in asthmatic patients.", "content": "After a run-in period practolol was given in the dose of 100 mg twice daily to 29 patients with chronic bronchial asthma on the indication hypertension (12) and supraventricular arrhythmia (17). During the run-in period, as well as during the practolol period, a long-acting beta2-stimulator, terbutaline, was given in the dose of 5 mg three times daily. Peak expiratory flow (PEF), heart rate and blood pressure were measured under standardized conditions. No change of the lung function was observed during practolol therapy. Systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure fell significantly. The heart rhythm was normalized in 15 of the arrhythmic subjects. No subjective worsening of the asthmatic symptoms or any other side effects were noted. It is suggested that practolol can be safely used in patients prone to bronchospasm, provided a long-acting beta2-stimulating drug is given concomitantly on the usual indications for beta blockers in acute situations.", "contents": "Effects of practolol in combination with terbutaline in the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmias in asthmatic patients. After a run-in period practolol was given in the dose of 100 mg twice daily to 29 patients with chronic bronchial asthma on the indication hypertension (12) and supraventricular arrhythmia (17). During the run-in period, as well as during the practolol period, a long-acting beta2-stimulator, terbutaline, was given in the dose of 5 mg three times daily. Peak expiratory flow (PEF), heart rate and blood pressure were measured under standardized conditions. No change of the lung function was observed during practolol therapy. Systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure fell significantly. The heart rhythm was normalized in 15 of the arrhythmic subjects. No subjective worsening of the asthmatic symptoms or any other side effects were noted. It is suggested that practolol can be safely used in patients prone to bronchospasm, provided a long-acting beta2-stimulating drug is given concomitantly on the usual indications for beta blockers in acute situations."}
{"id": "PMID:1198088", "title": "Predominantly unilateral asthma studied with 133Xe-radiospirometry.", "content": "Regional lung function in the supine position was studied with 133Xe-radiospirometry in 10 asthmatic subjects in remission, before and after inhalation of specific allergens in the right lateral decubitus position. Regional ventilation and regional lung volume showed a significant decrease in the right lung. The decrease in ventilation was most pronounced in the diaphragmatic half of the lung. The regional perfusion of the right lung decreased less than the ventilation. The change in perfusion, however, became greater with time, whereas the decrease in ventilation remained the same as shortly after the provocation. Predominantly regional asthma could thus be provoked in the regions that receive most of the allergen in the right lateral position. The asthma was easily controlled and caused little discomfort.", "contents": "Predominantly unilateral asthma studied with 133Xe-radiospirometry. Regional lung function in the supine position was studied with 133Xe-radiospirometry in 10 asthmatic subjects in remission, before and after inhalation of specific allergens in the right lateral decubitus position. Regional ventilation and regional lung volume showed a significant decrease in the right lung. The decrease in ventilation was most pronounced in the diaphragmatic half of the lung. The regional perfusion of the right lung decreased less than the ventilation. The change in perfusion, however, became greater with time, whereas the decrease in ventilation remained the same as shortly after the provocation. Predominantly regional asthma could thus be provoked in the regions that receive most of the allergen in the right lateral position. The asthma was easily controlled and caused little discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:1198094", "title": "Spleen cells transmit osteopetrosis in mice.", "content": "Osteopetrosis was induced in lethally irradiated, normal mice of grey-lethal and microphthalmic stocks by cell infusions prepared from the spleens of osteopetrotic littermates. Failure of skeletal remodeling became evident within a few weeks after transplantation as calcified cartilage and bone accumulated excessively in the active metaphyses of the long bones. The massive lesions produced were extensively infiltrated with abnormal osteoclasts.", "contents": "Spleen cells transmit osteopetrosis in mice. Osteopetrosis was induced in lethally irradiated, normal mice of grey-lethal and microphthalmic stocks by cell infusions prepared from the spleens of osteopetrotic littermates. Failure of skeletal remodeling became evident within a few weeks after transplantation as calcified cartilage and bone accumulated excessively in the active metaphyses of the long bones. The massive lesions produced were extensively infiltrated with abnormal osteoclasts."}
{"id": "PMID:1198092", "title": "The quantitative relations between diffusion-controlled reaction rate and characteristic parameters in enzyme-substrate reactions systems. II. Charged substrates.", "content": "The quantitative relationship between the spatial factor and the force-range factor on the one hand and the ionic strength and the charges of reactants on the other has been calculated for non-spherically symmetric reaction systems. New upper limits of combination reactions between enzymes and charged substrates have been obtained. Applying the calculated results to the reactions catalyzed by fumarase and D-glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, we have been able to interpret experimental phenomena which could not be accounted for by the conventional theory of the diffusion-controlled reaction. Furthermore, the conditions under which the Bronsted equation is valid in the non-equilibrium steady state reaction system have been discussed.", "contents": "The quantitative relations between diffusion-controlled reaction rate and characteristic parameters in enzyme-substrate reactions systems. II. Charged substrates. The quantitative relationship between the spatial factor and the force-range factor on the one hand and the ionic strength and the charges of reactants on the other has been calculated for non-spherically symmetric reaction systems. New upper limits of combination reactions between enzymes and charged substrates have been obtained. Applying the calculated results to the reactions catalyzed by fumarase and D-glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, we have been able to interpret experimental phenomena which could not be accounted for by the conventional theory of the diffusion-controlled reaction. Furthermore, the conditions under which the Bronsted equation is valid in the non-equilibrium steady state reaction system have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198093", "title": "Experimental studies on curing elapid bite with trypsin.", "content": "The local injection of trypsin can be regarded as a new and effective therapy for venomous snakebite. Our experiments indicate that when mice or dogs have been injected with the lethal dose of elapid venom subcutaneously, they can all survive and have no symptoms of systemic poisoning if necessary dose of trypsin is injected locally and promptly. When the lethal dose of cobra venom is injected into mice, all of them can survive if trypsin is given within 15 minutes. And even if trypsin is given 20--50 minutes later, 50--90% of the mice can avoid death. The prompt local injection of trypsin is found effective to cure elapid bite as well as antivenins and is a very \"broad spectrum' therapy having no specificity. There are no severe side-effects when trypsin is injected locally. The production of trypsin is rather simple and its preservation needs no special conditions. Trypsin can be put into pocketable first-aid auto-injector and can be used after snakebite at the possible earlier time. Even though a rather long time has elapsed after snakebite, the local injection of trypsin is still useful to destroy the large amount of venom stored in the tissues of the bitten area.", "contents": "Experimental studies on curing elapid bite with trypsin. The local injection of trypsin can be regarded as a new and effective therapy for venomous snakebite. Our experiments indicate that when mice or dogs have been injected with the lethal dose of elapid venom subcutaneously, they can all survive and have no symptoms of systemic poisoning if necessary dose of trypsin is injected locally and promptly. When the lethal dose of cobra venom is injected into mice, all of them can survive if trypsin is given within 15 minutes. And even if trypsin is given 20--50 minutes later, 50--90% of the mice can avoid death. The prompt local injection of trypsin is found effective to cure elapid bite as well as antivenins and is a very \"broad spectrum' therapy having no specificity. There are no severe side-effects when trypsin is injected locally. The production of trypsin is rather simple and its preservation needs no special conditions. Trypsin can be put into pocketable first-aid auto-injector and can be used after snakebite at the possible earlier time. Even though a rather long time has elapsed after snakebite, the local injection of trypsin is still useful to destroy the large amount of venom stored in the tissues of the bitten area."}
{"id": "PMID:1198095", "title": "Hepatic peroxisome proliferation: induction by two novel compounds structurally unrelated to clofibrate.", "content": "Two hypolipidemic compounds [ 4-chloro-6(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinyl-thio] acetic acid, and 2-chloro-5(3,5-dimethylpiperidinosufony)benzoic acid (tibric acid) greatly increased the number of peroxisomes (microbodies) in liver cells of rats and mice. This augmented peroxisome population was accompanied by significant elevation of liver catalase activity. These two hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators are structurally different from ethyl a-p-chlorophenozyisobutyrate (clofibrate) and other hypolipidemic, arylocyisobutyrate derivatives which cause hepatic peroxisome proliferation. Induction of peroxisome proliferation by these structurally unrelated hypolipidemic compounds suggests a possible relation between hepatic peroxisome proliferation and hypolipidemia.", "contents": "Hepatic peroxisome proliferation: induction by two novel compounds structurally unrelated to clofibrate. Two hypolipidemic compounds [ 4-chloro-6(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinyl-thio] acetic acid, and 2-chloro-5(3,5-dimethylpiperidinosufony)benzoic acid (tibric acid) greatly increased the number of peroxisomes (microbodies) in liver cells of rats and mice. This augmented peroxisome population was accompanied by significant elevation of liver catalase activity. These two hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators are structurally different from ethyl a-p-chlorophenozyisobutyrate (clofibrate) and other hypolipidemic, arylocyisobutyrate derivatives which cause hepatic peroxisome proliferation. Induction of peroxisome proliferation by these structurally unrelated hypolipidemic compounds suggests a possible relation between hepatic peroxisome proliferation and hypolipidemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1198096", "title": "Alcoholic hepatomegaly: accumulation of protein in the liver.", "content": "The hepatomegaly that appears after long-term feeding of ethanol results in accumulation of protein that is quantitatively as important as the increase in lipid. The bulk of protein accumulated in the soluble fraction of the cell. Hepatic albumin and transferrin concentrations increase and colchicine-binding protein decreases, thus suggesting an intrahepatic retention of export proteins.", "contents": "Alcoholic hepatomegaly: accumulation of protein in the liver. The hepatomegaly that appears after long-term feeding of ethanol results in accumulation of protein that is quantitatively as important as the increase in lipid. The bulk of protein accumulated in the soluble fraction of the cell. Hepatic albumin and transferrin concentrations increase and colchicine-binding protein decreases, thus suggesting an intrahepatic retention of export proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1198097", "title": "Enemy specification in the alarm-recruitment system of an ant.", "content": "Many kinds of ants use odor trails to recruit nestmates to food discoveries and new sites; minor workers of the myrmicine Pheidole dentata also use them to recruit major workers (\"soldiers\") to the vicinity of intruders. This newly discovered alarm-recruitment system has proved to be narrowly specific. Only fire ants and other members of the genus Solenopsis, which include some of the potentially most dangerous enemies of Pheidole, have been found to evoke the response when present as single scouts or small invading forces. The glandular source of the Pheidole trail pheromone and the cues by which Pheidole recognize Solenopsis have been experimentally determined.", "contents": "Enemy specification in the alarm-recruitment system of an ant. Many kinds of ants use odor trails to recruit nestmates to food discoveries and new sites; minor workers of the myrmicine Pheidole dentata also use them to recruit major workers (\"soldiers\") to the vicinity of intruders. This newly discovered alarm-recruitment system has proved to be narrowly specific. Only fire ants and other members of the genus Solenopsis, which include some of the potentially most dangerous enemies of Pheidole, have been found to evoke the response when present as single scouts or small invading forces. The glandular source of the Pheidole trail pheromone and the cues by which Pheidole recognize Solenopsis have been experimentally determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1198098", "title": "Orientation of water in striated frog muscle.", "content": "Proton and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of striated frog gastrocnemius muscle exhibit angular dependence, indicating partial orientation of water in the muscle. Nonzero static dipolar and quadrupolar interactions resulting from the anisotropic motion of the water molecules modulate the spin echo decays, contributing to their nonxponential behavior.", "contents": "Orientation of water in striated frog muscle. Proton and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of striated frog gastrocnemius muscle exhibit angular dependence, indicating partial orientation of water in the muscle. Nonzero static dipolar and quadrupolar interactions resulting from the anisotropic motion of the water molecules modulate the spin echo decays, contributing to their nonxponential behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1198099", "title": "Direction finding by hornets under gravitational and centrifugal forces.", "content": "The effect of centrifugal and gravitational forces whose resultant ranged between 26 degrees and 45 degrees on comb construction by hornet workers was assessed experimentally. Comb construction by hornets exposed to centrifugation at 1 to 2 days of age differed from that of hornets similarly exposed at 3 to 7 days of age. Juvenile hornets built their cells in the direction of the resultant force, whereas adults resisted the centrifugal force and tried to build in the direction of the gravitational force. Juveniles started their comb from the side walls, whereas adults started from the roof, as did nonspinning, control hornets. The findings suggest that hornets rapidly learn the gravitational force during the first days of life, and that they are aided by geometric cues of the breeding box to build in the direction of the force to which they had become habituated.", "contents": "Direction finding by hornets under gravitational and centrifugal forces. The effect of centrifugal and gravitational forces whose resultant ranged between 26 degrees and 45 degrees on comb construction by hornet workers was assessed experimentally. Comb construction by hornets exposed to centrifugation at 1 to 2 days of age differed from that of hornets similarly exposed at 3 to 7 days of age. Juvenile hornets built their cells in the direction of the resultant force, whereas adults resisted the centrifugal force and tried to build in the direction of the gravitational force. Juveniles started their comb from the side walls, whereas adults started from the roof, as did nonspinning, control hornets. The findings suggest that hornets rapidly learn the gravitational force during the first days of life, and that they are aided by geometric cues of the breeding box to build in the direction of the force to which they had become habituated."}
{"id": "PMID:1198105", "title": "Retention of nonhelical procollagen containing cis-hydroxyproline in rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Fibroblasts freshly isolated from embryonic tendons were incubated with a proline analog, cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline, which is incorporated into protein and which leads to the intracellular accumulation of nonhelical procollagen. Evidence is presented here that the nonhelical procollagen containing the analog is retained within the rough endoplasmic reticulum and does not pass to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi vacuoles at a normal rate.", "contents": "Retention of nonhelical procollagen containing cis-hydroxyproline in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Fibroblasts freshly isolated from embryonic tendons were incubated with a proline analog, cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline, which is incorporated into protein and which leads to the intracellular accumulation of nonhelical procollagen. Evidence is presented here that the nonhelical procollagen containing the analog is retained within the rough endoplasmic reticulum and does not pass to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi vacuoles at a normal rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1198106", "title": "Calcium ion distribution in cytoplasm visualised by aequorin: diffusion in cytosol restricted by energized sequestering.", "content": "The distribution of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm following a local rise in Ca2+ concentration is visualized by means of aequorin luminescence and a television system with an image intensifier. Diffusion of Ca2+ through the cytosol is so constrained that a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration produced by local Ca2+ entry through cell membrane or by local Ca2+ injection is confined to the immediate vicinity of these sites. The diffusion constraints are lifted by treatment with cyanide or ruthenium red. Thus, energized calcium sequestering, probably by mitochondria, is the dominant factor in the constraints. In cell regions where the sequestering machinery is sufficiently dense, different Ca2+ message functions inside a cell may be effectively segregated, permitting private-line intracellular communication.", "contents": "Calcium ion distribution in cytoplasm visualised by aequorin: diffusion in cytosol restricted by energized sequestering. The distribution of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm following a local rise in Ca2+ concentration is visualized by means of aequorin luminescence and a television system with an image intensifier. Diffusion of Ca2+ through the cytosol is so constrained that a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration produced by local Ca2+ entry through cell membrane or by local Ca2+ injection is confined to the immediate vicinity of these sites. The diffusion constraints are lifted by treatment with cyanide or ruthenium red. Thus, energized calcium sequestering, probably by mitochondria, is the dominant factor in the constraints. In cell regions where the sequestering machinery is sufficiently dense, different Ca2+ message functions inside a cell may be effectively segregated, permitting private-line intracellular communication."}
{"id": "PMID:1198107", "title": "Minor salivary glands as a major source of secretory immunoglobin A in the human oral cavity.", "content": "Secretory immunoglobulin A is the predominant immunoglobulin in labial minor salivary gland secretions. Its mean concentration is four times higher in these secretions than in parotid gland secretion. The minor salivary glands can produce 30 to 35 percent of the immunoglobulin A that enters the oral cavity. This, together with the potential accessibility of these glands to antigenic stimulation, suggest that they may be an important source of the immune factors that are involved in the regulation of the microorganisms in the oral environment.", "contents": "Minor salivary glands as a major source of secretory immunoglobin A in the human oral cavity. Secretory immunoglobulin A is the predominant immunoglobulin in labial minor salivary gland secretions. Its mean concentration is four times higher in these secretions than in parotid gland secretion. The minor salivary glands can produce 30 to 35 percent of the immunoglobulin A that enters the oral cavity. This, together with the potential accessibility of these glands to antigenic stimulation, suggest that they may be an important source of the immune factors that are involved in the regulation of the microorganisms in the oral environment."}
{"id": "PMID:1198108", "title": "Vitamin B6-responsive and -unresponsive cystathioninuria: two variant molecular forms.", "content": "Cystathionase activity in a lymphoid cell line extracts from a vitamin B6-responsive patient with cystathioninuria was increased strikingly by pyridoxal phosphate. Immunodiffusion with antiserum to human hepatic cystathionase showed identity between this cystathionase protein and cystathionase from an extract of normal lymphoid cells. Neither an increase in cystathionase activity nor immunochemical identity was found using extract of cells from a B6-unresponsive patient.", "contents": "Vitamin B6-responsive and -unresponsive cystathioninuria: two variant molecular forms. Cystathionase activity in a lymphoid cell line extracts from a vitamin B6-responsive patient with cystathioninuria was increased strikingly by pyridoxal phosphate. Immunodiffusion with antiserum to human hepatic cystathionase showed identity between this cystathionase protein and cystathionase from an extract of normal lymphoid cells. Neither an increase in cystathionase activity nor immunochemical identity was found using extract of cells from a B6-unresponsive patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1198109", "title": "Cross-cultural differences in simple taste preferences.", "content": "A population of Indian laborers who show high preferences for sour and bitter tastes has been studied. Their judgments of taste intensity and pleasantness of sweet and salty stimuli are in accord with European population estimates, which suggests that dietary history may alter preferences for simple taste stimuli without affecting the gustatory system.", "contents": "Cross-cultural differences in simple taste preferences. A population of Indian laborers who show high preferences for sour and bitter tastes has been studied. Their judgments of taste intensity and pleasantness of sweet and salty stimuli are in accord with European population estimates, which suggests that dietary history may alter preferences for simple taste stimuli without affecting the gustatory system."}
{"id": "PMID:1198110", "title": "Cochlear tuning properties: concurrent basilar membrane and single nerve fiber measurements.", "content": "Removal of perilymph from the cochlea has been reported to destroy the sharp tuning of cochlear neurons. That these changes are mechanical in origin is refuted by the concurrent recording of sharp neural tuning with broad basilar membrane responses from the same region of the partially drained cat cochlea. A second cochlear filter is therefore necessary.", "contents": "Cochlear tuning properties: concurrent basilar membrane and single nerve fiber measurements. Removal of perilymph from the cochlea has been reported to destroy the sharp tuning of cochlear neurons. That these changes are mechanical in origin is refuted by the concurrent recording of sharp neural tuning with broad basilar membrane responses from the same region of the partially drained cat cochlea. A second cochlear filter is therefore necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1198111", "title": "Sex recognition in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii.", "content": "Male crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, show different behaviors toward males (aggression) and females (submission, courtship). Behavioral and neurophysiological tests with water in which the crayfish had been held demonstrated the existence of sex pheromones. The inner rami of the antennules are the site of reception, and the chemicals are probably carbohydrates.", "contents": "Sex recognition in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Male crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, show different behaviors toward males (aggression) and females (submission, courtship). Behavioral and neurophysiological tests with water in which the crayfish had been held demonstrated the existence of sex pheromones. The inner rami of the antennules are the site of reception, and the chemicals are probably carbohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1198112", "title": "Social class and frequency of XYY and XXY.", "content": "The karyotype and paternal social class were determined for 10,348 consecutively born males. No significant difference in paternal social class was associated with the occurrence of the XYY or the XXY karyotype. This argues against the suggestion that socioeconomic factors significantly affect the frequency of the nondisjunctional events leading to these chromosome abnormalities.", "contents": "Social class and frequency of XYY and XXY. The karyotype and paternal social class were determined for 10,348 consecutively born males. No significant difference in paternal social class was associated with the occurrence of the XYY or the XXY karyotype. This argues against the suggestion that socioeconomic factors significantly affect the frequency of the nondisjunctional events leading to these chromosome abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:1198113", "title": "Stimulation in vitro by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 of intestinal cell calcium uptake and calcium-binding protein.", "content": "Treatment of duodenal tissue from rats deficient in vitamin D with 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2-D3] led to more than a doubling of calcium uptake by the isolated cells and the appearacne in those cells of previously undetectable calcium-binding protein (CaBP). Treatment with the precursor, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3, was without effect on calcium uptake or CaBP. Cells from vitamin D-replete animals took up three and a half times more calcium than cells from deficient animals. This rapid (90-minute) effect of in vitro treatment with a physiological dose (4.7 X 10(-8)M) of 1,25-(OH)2-D is the first such report and is in accord with the regulatory role of the hormone-like sterol.", "contents": "Stimulation in vitro by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 of intestinal cell calcium uptake and calcium-binding protein. Treatment of duodenal tissue from rats deficient in vitamin D with 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2-D3] led to more than a doubling of calcium uptake by the isolated cells and the appearacne in those cells of previously undetectable calcium-binding protein (CaBP). Treatment with the precursor, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3, was without effect on calcium uptake or CaBP. Cells from vitamin D-replete animals took up three and a half times more calcium than cells from deficient animals. This rapid (90-minute) effect of in vitro treatment with a physiological dose (4.7 X 10(-8)M) of 1,25-(OH)2-D is the first such report and is in accord with the regulatory role of the hormone-like sterol."}
{"id": "PMID:1198114", "title": "Transferrin: internal homology in the amino acid sequence.", "content": "Two regions of the primary structure of human serum transferrin, of 87 and 57 residues, are reported. When these are suitably aligned by placing two gaps, 40 percent of the amino acids in corresponding positions are identical. This indicates that the doubling of an ancestral structural gene occurred during the evolution of the transferrins.", "contents": "Transferrin: internal homology in the amino acid sequence. Two regions of the primary structure of human serum transferrin, of 87 and 57 residues, are reported. When these are suitably aligned by placing two gaps, 40 percent of the amino acids in corresponding positions are identical. This indicates that the doubling of an ancestral structural gene occurred during the evolution of the transferrins."}
{"id": "PMID:1198115", "title": "Lymphocytes of the toad Xenopus laevis have the gene set for promoting tadpole development.", "content": "Nuclear transplantation experiments show that differentiated cells, such as lymphocytes, from the adult frog can express the genes necessary for tadpole development. The transplanted cells were proven to be lymphocytes by immunological methods. The origin of the tadpoles that developed after lymphocyte nuclei injections was ascertained by a karyotypic marker.", "contents": "Lymphocytes of the toad Xenopus laevis have the gene set for promoting tadpole development. Nuclear transplantation experiments show that differentiated cells, such as lymphocytes, from the adult frog can express the genes necessary for tadpole development. The transplanted cells were proven to be lymphocytes by immunological methods. The origin of the tadpoles that developed after lymphocyte nuclei injections was ascertained by a karyotypic marker."}
{"id": "PMID:1198116", "title": "Weaning and growth of artificially reared rats.", "content": "The importance of suckling experience for later feeding in the rat was tested by means of an isolate rearing technique that eliminated oral feeding. Pups reared in the nearly complete absence of suckling and feeding ate and drank at weaning and then grew normally. Furthermore, the characteristics of apparently normal ingestion and growth make the artificially reared rat a useful preparation for other developmental investigations.", "contents": "Weaning and growth of artificially reared rats. The importance of suckling experience for later feeding in the rat was tested by means of an isolate rearing technique that eliminated oral feeding. Pups reared in the nearly complete absence of suckling and feeding ate and drank at weaning and then grew normally. Furthermore, the characteristics of apparently normal ingestion and growth make the artificially reared rat a useful preparation for other developmental investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1198117", "title": "Locus of short-term visual storage.", "content": "A rod monochromat can preserve visual information in iconic memory even when the initial stimulus is invisible to the subject. Since the initial invisibility is due to rod saturation, it can be shown that all the information must have been stored inside the photoreceptors. Because the spectral sensitivity for producing icons in normal subjects is that of the rods, the conclusion is that in normal subjects, under ordinary viewing conditions, the photoreceptors are the primary store for iconic memory.", "contents": "Locus of short-term visual storage. A rod monochromat can preserve visual information in iconic memory even when the initial stimulus is invisible to the subject. Since the initial invisibility is due to rod saturation, it can be shown that all the information must have been stored inside the photoreceptors. Because the spectral sensitivity for producing icons in normal subjects is that of the rods, the conclusion is that in normal subjects, under ordinary viewing conditions, the photoreceptors are the primary store for iconic memory."}
{"id": "PMID:1198127", "title": "Spurious polycythemia.", "content": "Spurious polycythemia is not a primary disease process. It sometimes may be nothing more than an unusual, but normal, physiologic state. In other instances, however, it is associated with a true abnormality of plasma volume. Although there is probably overlap between these extremes, differentiation of these subclasses may be of prognostic significance. The elevation in hematocrit bears no relation to morbidity, and, because there is no evidence of abnormal erythroid proliferation, reduction of red cell volume via phlebotomy or myelosuppression is inappropriate. Nonhematologic parameters, particularly hypertension, are the major factors of significance in the substantial cardiovascular morbidity in spurious polycythemia, and they demand attentive and aggressive management.", "contents": "Spurious polycythemia. Spurious polycythemia is not a primary disease process. It sometimes may be nothing more than an unusual, but normal, physiologic state. In other instances, however, it is associated with a true abnormality of plasma volume. Although there is probably overlap between these extremes, differentiation of these subclasses may be of prognostic significance. The elevation in hematocrit bears no relation to morbidity, and, because there is no evidence of abnormal erythroid proliferation, reduction of red cell volume via phlebotomy or myelosuppression is inappropriate. Nonhematologic parameters, particularly hypertension, are the major factors of significance in the substantial cardiovascular morbidity in spurious polycythemia, and they demand attentive and aggressive management."}
{"id": "PMID:1198149", "title": "[Use of gas chromatography--mass spectrometry in toxicology].", "content": "In the present paper, discussion has been focused upon the problem of identifying toxic substances with the aid of the GC/MS system, i.e. gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Factors involved in a successful combination of a gas chromatography with a mass spectrophotometer have been pointed out. In addition attention has been drawn to the two various ways of obtaining the spectra, i.e. the classic EI spectra and those obtained during chemical ionization, the mode of performing mass fragmentography and, last, the importance and characteristic features of the computer-controlled GC/MS systems.", "contents": "[Use of gas chromatography--mass spectrometry in toxicology]. In the present paper, discussion has been focused upon the problem of identifying toxic substances with the aid of the GC/MS system, i.e. gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Factors involved in a successful combination of a gas chromatography with a mass spectrophotometer have been pointed out. In addition attention has been drawn to the two various ways of obtaining the spectra, i.e. the classic EI spectra and those obtained during chemical ionization, the mode of performing mass fragmentography and, last, the importance and characteristic features of the computer-controlled GC/MS systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1198205", "title": "The topology of red cell membrane lipids in hereditary spherocytosis.", "content": "The topology of membrane phospholipids in the red cells of patients with hereditary spherocytosis has been studied with the non-penetrating probe 2,3,5-trinitrobenzenesulphonate. There was no significant difference in the assymetric distribution of the aminophospholipids phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine across the two halves of the membrane bilayer in red cells of five patients with hereditary spherocytosis as compared to seven normal controls. These studies indicated that the complex processes responsible for membrane lipid assymetry are intact in hereditary spherocytosis.", "contents": "The topology of red cell membrane lipids in hereditary spherocytosis. The topology of membrane phospholipids in the red cells of patients with hereditary spherocytosis has been studied with the non-penetrating probe 2,3,5-trinitrobenzenesulphonate. There was no significant difference in the assymetric distribution of the aminophospholipids phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine across the two halves of the membrane bilayer in red cells of five patients with hereditary spherocytosis as compared to seven normal controls. These studies indicated that the complex processes responsible for membrane lipid assymetry are intact in hereditary spherocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198206", "title": "Identification of some substances secreted by the bovine pineal body and their antigonadotrophic activity in an in vitro system.", "content": "To aid elucidation of the chemical composition of the antigonadotrophic substances produced by the epiphysis cerebri, 100 bovine pineal bodies were incubated in Krebs-Ringer buffer and the incubate treated to give an ethyl acetate and an aqueous extract. Using thin layer chromatography on fluorescent silica gel plates, 5 indoles were identified and 6 unknown substances isolated from the pineal incubate and from both extracts. The presence of peptides was detected in the incubate and in the aqueous extract. The antigonadotrophic activity of the incubate and of the two extracts was examined using a continuous flow in vitro system with the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) from bovine adenohypophysial tissue as the final parameter. All three fractions were found to result in a somewhat similar production of LH. To distinguish between the antigonadotrophic activity attributable to the indole and the indole/protein components of the pineal secretion, 90 bovine pineal bodies were homogenized and the homogenate incubated in the continuous flow in vitro system in the presence or absence of trypsin and trypsin-inhibitor. Results were inconclusive regarding the role played by the indole and indole/protein fractions in the antigonadotrophic activity of the pineal body.", "contents": "Identification of some substances secreted by the bovine pineal body and their antigonadotrophic activity in an in vitro system. To aid elucidation of the chemical composition of the antigonadotrophic substances produced by the epiphysis cerebri, 100 bovine pineal bodies were incubated in Krebs-Ringer buffer and the incubate treated to give an ethyl acetate and an aqueous extract. Using thin layer chromatography on fluorescent silica gel plates, 5 indoles were identified and 6 unknown substances isolated from the pineal incubate and from both extracts. The presence of peptides was detected in the incubate and in the aqueous extract. The antigonadotrophic activity of the incubate and of the two extracts was examined using a continuous flow in vitro system with the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) from bovine adenohypophysial tissue as the final parameter. All three fractions were found to result in a somewhat similar production of LH. To distinguish between the antigonadotrophic activity attributable to the indole and the indole/protein components of the pineal secretion, 90 bovine pineal bodies were homogenized and the homogenate incubated in the continuous flow in vitro system in the presence or absence of trypsin and trypsin-inhibitor. Results were inconclusive regarding the role played by the indole and indole/protein fractions in the antigonadotrophic activity of the pineal body."}
{"id": "PMID:1198207", "title": "The effect of inclusion of cerebrospinal fluid in the incubation medium on the in vitro secretion of luteinizing hormone from the bovine adenohypophysis.", "content": "Six in vitro trials were conducted using bovine tissues to study the effects of addition of cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) to the incubation medium on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) from adenohypophysial tissue, both in the presence and absence of hypothalami. Additionally, a study was made of the effect of including pineal bodies on the secretion of LH in both medium alone and in medium + C.S.F. No marked or consistent effect on LH secretion was observed when the C.S.F. concentration ranged between 5 per cent and 40 per cent, when the tissues were incubated in C.S.F. alone, nor when pineal bodies were added to the culture system. These results do not support the concept that the C.S.F. contains substantial amounts of substances which enhance secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "The effect of inclusion of cerebrospinal fluid in the incubation medium on the in vitro secretion of luteinizing hormone from the bovine adenohypophysis. Six in vitro trials were conducted using bovine tissues to study the effects of addition of cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) to the incubation medium on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) from adenohypophysial tissue, both in the presence and absence of hypothalami. Additionally, a study was made of the effect of including pineal bodies on the secretion of LH in both medium alone and in medium + C.S.F. No marked or consistent effect on LH secretion was observed when the C.S.F. concentration ranged between 5 per cent and 40 per cent, when the tissues were incubated in C.S.F. alone, nor when pineal bodies were added to the culture system. These results do not support the concept that the C.S.F. contains substantial amounts of substances which enhance secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:1198213", "title": "Acute renal failure in Indian and Black patients.", "content": "This preliminary study of 50 patients suffering from acute renal failure showed the aetiology to be medical in 30 patients, gynaecological in 9 patients, abstetric in 6 patients, and surgical in 5 patients. The commonest medical causes of acute renal failure were septicaemia and nephrotoxins (mainly from herbal medicines). The commonest gynaecological cause of acute renal failure was self-induced abortion. The relevant clinical and biochemical features are described. In spite of adequate dialysis and antibiotic therapy, the mortality was 34%. Adverse factors affecting prognosis were septicaemia, jaundice, the cause itself of the acute renal failure, and delay in beginning dialysis.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in Indian and Black patients. This preliminary study of 50 patients suffering from acute renal failure showed the aetiology to be medical in 30 patients, gynaecological in 9 patients, abstetric in 6 patients, and surgical in 5 patients. The commonest medical causes of acute renal failure were septicaemia and nephrotoxins (mainly from herbal medicines). The commonest gynaecological cause of acute renal failure was self-induced abortion. The relevant clinical and biochemical features are described. In spite of adequate dialysis and antibiotic therapy, the mortality was 34%. Adverse factors affecting prognosis were septicaemia, jaundice, the cause itself of the acute renal failure, and delay in beginning dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198214", "title": "The surgery of frontal sinus infection.", "content": "A clinical and surgical review of 37 patients treated for acute and chronic frontal sinusitis at Groote Schuur Hospital during the 6-year period 1967-1972, is presented. The mode of clinical presentation of this disease and its complications are discussed, and the surgical management of frontal sinus disease as practised at this hospital is described.", "contents": "The surgery of frontal sinus infection. A clinical and surgical review of 37 patients treated for acute and chronic frontal sinusitis at Groote Schuur Hospital during the 6-year period 1967-1972, is presented. The mode of clinical presentation of this disease and its complications are discussed, and the surgical management of frontal sinus disease as practised at this hospital is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1198215", "title": "Non-surgical management of a retained common duct stone. A case report.", "content": "A case report of a retained common duct stone is presented, where a successful outcome was achieved with a solution of sodium cholate as a solvent. The non-surgical techniques of removal of retained common duct stones are discussed, and it is concluded that operative intervention is seldom necessary.", "contents": "Non-surgical management of a retained common duct stone. A case report. A case report of a retained common duct stone is presented, where a successful outcome was achieved with a solution of sodium cholate as a solvent. The non-surgical techniques of removal of retained common duct stones are discussed, and it is concluded that operative intervention is seldom necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1198216", "title": "Ethrane anaesthesia for caesarean section.", "content": "Fifty patients scheduled for elective Caesarean section were anaesthetised with nitrous oxide, oxygen, relaxant, and 0,5 - 1,5% Ethrane. The mothers were tilted laterally throughout the operation. Analysis of the maternal blood gas status before induction and at delivery revealed a mild respiratory alkalosis with an associated metabolic acidosis. The mean modified Apgar score (Apgar minus colour) of the infants 1 minute after delivery, was 7/8. All infants achieved the maximum score at 5 minutes. Blood gas studies on umbilical cord blood indicated a relative lack of fetal acidaemia. The results suggest that Ethrane does not cause significant perinatal depression, and that fetoplacental exchange is well maintaned during anaesthesia. The anaesthetic was well tolerated by the mothers and there were no instances of factual recall, no cardiac arrhythmias were observed, no significant hypotension was encountered and blood loss was average.", "contents": "Ethrane anaesthesia for caesarean section. Fifty patients scheduled for elective Caesarean section were anaesthetised with nitrous oxide, oxygen, relaxant, and 0,5 - 1,5% Ethrane. The mothers were tilted laterally throughout the operation. Analysis of the maternal blood gas status before induction and at delivery revealed a mild respiratory alkalosis with an associated metabolic acidosis. The mean modified Apgar score (Apgar minus colour) of the infants 1 minute after delivery, was 7/8. All infants achieved the maximum score at 5 minutes. Blood gas studies on umbilical cord blood indicated a relative lack of fetal acidaemia. The results suggest that Ethrane does not cause significant perinatal depression, and that fetoplacental exchange is well maintaned during anaesthesia. The anaesthetic was well tolerated by the mothers and there were no instances of factual recall, no cardiac arrhythmias were observed, no significant hypotension was encountered and blood loss was average."}
{"id": "PMID:1198217", "title": "Fungus cerebri--an unusual complication of mastoidectomy.", "content": "A case of fungus cerebri complicating mastoidectomy is presented and the pathogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Fungus cerebri--an unusual complication of mastoidectomy. A case of fungus cerebri complicating mastoidectomy is presented and the pathogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198218", "title": "Ulceration caused by cytotoxic drugs.", "content": "Five cases of severe ulceration of the dorsum of the hand and forearm, caused by the large extravasation of a cytotoxic agent, administered for haematological disorders, are presented.", "contents": "Ulceration caused by cytotoxic drugs. Five cases of severe ulceration of the dorsum of the hand and forearm, caused by the large extravasation of a cytotoxic agent, administered for haematological disorders, are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1198219", "title": "Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and air encephalography.", "content": "Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord is a rare complication of vitamin B12 deficiency and is seldom encountered today. A case of Addisonian pernicious anaemia is reported in which the classical signs of subacute combined degeneration developed suddenly after air encephalography had been performed. The patient made a complete recovery.", "contents": "Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and air encephalography. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord is a rare complication of vitamin B12 deficiency and is seldom encountered today. A case of Addisonian pernicious anaemia is reported in which the classical signs of subacute combined degeneration developed suddenly after air encephalography had been performed. The patient made a complete recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:1198225", "title": "A minimum age for measles vaccine administration to coloured children.", "content": "The antibody response to further-attenuated live virus measles vaccine was assessed in 67 Coloured children between the ages of 6 and 12 months. Children less than 9 months of age were found to have suboptimal seroconversion rates and it is recommended that the routine administration of measles vaccine should be restricted to children over the age of 8 months. High-risk groups and problems of vaccine administration and storage are discussed.", "contents": "A minimum age for measles vaccine administration to coloured children. The antibody response to further-attenuated live virus measles vaccine was assessed in 67 Coloured children between the ages of 6 and 12 months. Children less than 9 months of age were found to have suboptimal seroconversion rates and it is recommended that the routine administration of measles vaccine should be restricted to children over the age of 8 months. High-risk groups and problems of vaccine administration and storage are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198226", "title": "The management of colon injuries.", "content": "Surgical management of colon injuries was assessed in 97 patients. Injuries comprised stab wounds (88 cases), blunt trauma (5 cases), and gunshot wounds (4 cases). Injury involved the right colon in 52,6% and the left colon in 47,4% of patients. Fifty-eight per cent had associated major visceral injury. Patients were divided into two categories; those in whom proximal colostomy or exteriorisation of the perforation was performed constituted the one group, and those who had primary closure, the other. Analysis of results were made with regard to the incidence of wound infection, intra-abdominal abscess formation, peritonitis, and other postoperative complications. Seventeen patients had exteriorisation of the colon performed. Colostomy and colostomy closure had a significant morbidity rate, with a mean total period of hospitalisation of 58,5 days. Eighty patients were treated by primary closure. Septic complications occurred in 36,7% of cases. An analysis of the factors influencing mortality and morbidity was made, with reference to the side of the colon involved, the time interval between injury and surgery, faecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, associated visceral injury and the presence of more than one colonic perforation. Increased morbidity was noted when the operative delay exceeded 6 hours and when faecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity was marked. Primary closure of a lacerated colon is safe provided that careful consideration is given to the above factors.", "contents": "The management of colon injuries. Surgical management of colon injuries was assessed in 97 patients. Injuries comprised stab wounds (88 cases), blunt trauma (5 cases), and gunshot wounds (4 cases). Injury involved the right colon in 52,6% and the left colon in 47,4% of patients. Fifty-eight per cent had associated major visceral injury. Patients were divided into two categories; those in whom proximal colostomy or exteriorisation of the perforation was performed constituted the one group, and those who had primary closure, the other. Analysis of results were made with regard to the incidence of wound infection, intra-abdominal abscess formation, peritonitis, and other postoperative complications. Seventeen patients had exteriorisation of the colon performed. Colostomy and colostomy closure had a significant morbidity rate, with a mean total period of hospitalisation of 58,5 days. Eighty patients were treated by primary closure. Septic complications occurred in 36,7% of cases. An analysis of the factors influencing mortality and morbidity was made, with reference to the side of the colon involved, the time interval between injury and surgery, faecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, associated visceral injury and the presence of more than one colonic perforation. Increased morbidity was noted when the operative delay exceeded 6 hours and when faecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity was marked. Primary closure of a lacerated colon is safe provided that careful consideration is given to the above factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1198227", "title": "The Bernard-Soulier syndrome: hereditary giant platelet disease.", "content": "A patient with the Bernard-Soulier or hereditary giant platelet syndrome, in whom the characteristic morphological features were present and the in vitro abnormalities of platelet aggregation were demonstrated, is reported. Although rare, this syndrome is important, since surgical procedures may be carried out under cover of infused allogeneic platelets.", "contents": "The Bernard-Soulier syndrome: hereditary giant platelet disease. A patient with the Bernard-Soulier or hereditary giant platelet syndrome, in whom the characteristic morphological features were present and the in vitro abnormalities of platelet aggregation were demonstrated, is reported. Although rare, this syndrome is important, since surgical procedures may be carried out under cover of infused allogeneic platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:1198228", "title": "Typhoid polymyositis.", "content": "Four patients with typhoid polymyositis, 3 of whom were members of one family, are described. There was clinical, biochemical and histological evidence of severe muscle involvement which reversed on treatment with Chloromycetin. Muscle involvement in typhoid fever is a recognised pathological entity, but a clinical syndrome involving muscle has not previously been described.", "contents": "Typhoid polymyositis. Four patients with typhoid polymyositis, 3 of whom were members of one family, are described. There was clinical, biochemical and histological evidence of severe muscle involvement which reversed on treatment with Chloromycetin. Muscle involvement in typhoid fever is a recognised pathological entity, but a clinical syndrome involving muscle has not previously been described."}
{"id": "PMID:1198229", "title": "Denervation treatment of affective disorders.", "content": "It was assumed that affective disorders of any aetiology are systemised adrenergic neuronal denervative conditions. If so, short-term pharmacological denervation must result in completion of pre-existing partial neuronal denervation and in subsequent postdenervation supersensitivity and neuronal recovery. Clinically controlled trials in depressive syndromes of various aetiology support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Denervation treatment of affective disorders. It was assumed that affective disorders of any aetiology are systemised adrenergic neuronal denervative conditions. If so, short-term pharmacological denervation must result in completion of pre-existing partial neuronal denervation and in subsequent postdenervation supersensitivity and neuronal recovery. Clinically controlled trials in depressive syndromes of various aetiology support this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198230", "title": "Trial labour conducted under continuous epidural analgesia.", "content": "Two hundred Black women who required trial labour for suspected disproportion were adminstered continuous lumbar epidural analgesia by an obstetrician. The effects, side-effects, and results are described and discussed. Epidural block provides safe, effective analgesia for trial labour, and does not adversely affect the delivery or fetal condition.", "contents": "Trial labour conducted under continuous epidural analgesia. Two hundred Black women who required trial labour for suspected disproportion were adminstered continuous lumbar epidural analgesia by an obstetrician. The effects, side-effects, and results are described and discussed. Epidural block provides safe, effective analgesia for trial labour, and does not adversely affect the delivery or fetal condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1198231", "title": "Internal iliac artery ligation in obstetrics and gynaecology.", "content": "Ligation of one or both internal iliac arteries is described in 5 obstetric and 5 gynaecological patients. The procedure was performed for control of severe pelvic haemorrhage. The anatomy and technique are briefly outlined, and the freedom from complications is stressed. Modern views as to the probable postoperative haemodynamics are discussed. A plea is made for more frequent use of this simple operation, and for its routine teaching during the training of pelvic surgeons.", "contents": "Internal iliac artery ligation in obstetrics and gynaecology. Ligation of one or both internal iliac arteries is described in 5 obstetric and 5 gynaecological patients. The procedure was performed for control of severe pelvic haemorrhage. The anatomy and technique are briefly outlined, and the freedom from complications is stressed. Modern views as to the probable postoperative haemodynamics are discussed. A plea is made for more frequent use of this simple operation, and for its routine teaching during the training of pelvic surgeons."}
{"id": "PMID:1198232", "title": "Induction of labour with prostaglandin E2 tablets.", "content": "The induction of labour with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) tablets in two dosage regimens, and with desamino-oxy-tocin, has been studied in association with amniotomy. In multiparas at or near term and with a high Bishop score. PGE2 appears superior with regard to the induction-to-delivery interval and the duration of labour, but both preparations are highly effective in this respect. In nulliparas with a low Bishop score, however, intravenous oxytocin after amniotomy is the method of choice.", "contents": "Induction of labour with prostaglandin E2 tablets. The induction of labour with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) tablets in two dosage regimens, and with desamino-oxy-tocin, has been studied in association with amniotomy. In multiparas at or near term and with a high Bishop score. PGE2 appears superior with regard to the induction-to-delivery interval and the duration of labour, but both preparations are highly effective in this respect. In nulliparas with a low Bishop score, however, intravenous oxytocin after amniotomy is the method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:1198233", "title": "An assessment of the criteria for selection of patients for an obstetric intensive care unit.", "content": "Intensive care monitoring of the fetus during labour improves perinatal conditions in 'high-risk\" Black women. If the available facilities and staff are to be used with maximal efficiency, a system of priorities is necessary. It would appear that patients with meconium staining of the liquor, with cephalopelvic disproportion, or with two or more indications for monitoring, should have priority for admission to our intensive care unit. Hypertension and antepartum haemorrhage are of less importance, but there are two other problems which need investigation. There is a group of patients in labour who arrive too late to be monitored. They have a considerable perinatal mortality and the reasons for their late arrival need to be ascertained. There is a second group of patients who begin labour before term and deliver babies with a high risk of perinatal death. These problems require further investigation.", "contents": "An assessment of the criteria for selection of patients for an obstetric intensive care unit. Intensive care monitoring of the fetus during labour improves perinatal conditions in 'high-risk\" Black women. If the available facilities and staff are to be used with maximal efficiency, a system of priorities is necessary. It would appear that patients with meconium staining of the liquor, with cephalopelvic disproportion, or with two or more indications for monitoring, should have priority for admission to our intensive care unit. Hypertension and antepartum haemorrhage are of less importance, but there are two other problems which need investigation. There is a group of patients in labour who arrive too late to be monitored. They have a considerable perinatal mortality and the reasons for their late arrival need to be ascertained. There is a second group of patients who begin labour before term and deliver babies with a high risk of perinatal death. These problems require further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198234", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of advanced extra-uterine pregnancy.", "content": "Eighteen cases of advanced extra-uterine pregnancy are reported. The difficulty of diagnosis is discussed; the only symptoms of any help were amenorrhoea, lower abdominal pain, postmaturity and failed induction of labour. The physical findings were variable and none were absolutely reliable. In 17 cases the fetus was dead on admission and early laparotomy was performed, and in 17 patients it was possible to remove the placenta completely.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of advanced extra-uterine pregnancy. Eighteen cases of advanced extra-uterine pregnancy are reported. The difficulty of diagnosis is discussed; the only symptoms of any help were amenorrhoea, lower abdominal pain, postmaturity and failed induction of labour. The physical findings were variable and none were absolutely reliable. In 17 cases the fetus was dead on admission and early laparotomy was performed, and in 17 patients it was possible to remove the placenta completely."}
{"id": "PMID:1198235", "title": "Prolapse of the urethra in young Zulu girls.", "content": "Four young Zulu girls with urethral prolapse are presented; all were under 10 years of age and all were poorly nourished. The treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Prolapse of the urethra in young Zulu girls. Four young Zulu girls with urethral prolapse are presented; all were under 10 years of age and all were poorly nourished. The treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198236", "title": "Serum human placental lactogen levels in intra-uterine fetal growth retardation.", "content": "Serum human placental lactogen (HPL) levels were measured in the last trimester of pregnancy in 16 mothers who delivered small-for-gestational-age babies. Only 3 patients had levels which were below the normal range, while 4 others had levels close to the lower limit of the normal range. The finding of a normal serum HPL level therefore does not exclude the possibility of intra-uterine fetal growth retardation. No correlation was found between serum HPL levels at 37-39 weeks and infant or placental weights in full-term normal deliveries.", "contents": "Serum human placental lactogen levels in intra-uterine fetal growth retardation. Serum human placental lactogen (HPL) levels were measured in the last trimester of pregnancy in 16 mothers who delivered small-for-gestational-age babies. Only 3 patients had levels which were below the normal range, while 4 others had levels close to the lower limit of the normal range. The finding of a normal serum HPL level therefore does not exclude the possibility of intra-uterine fetal growth retardation. No correlation was found between serum HPL levels at 37-39 weeks and infant or placental weights in full-term normal deliveries."}
{"id": "PMID:1198237", "title": "Biliary pancreatitis.", "content": "Seventy-one patients with acute pancreatitis are reviewed. Biliary disease was incriminated as an aetiological factor in 17 of these patients. During the period under review, 141 patients with acute cholecystitis were treated. The age and sex incidence in these 3 groups are compared, and some diagnostic problems are discussed.", "contents": "Biliary pancreatitis. Seventy-one patients with acute pancreatitis are reviewed. Biliary disease was incriminated as an aetiological factor in 17 of these patients. During the period under review, 141 patients with acute cholecystitis were treated. The age and sex incidence in these 3 groups are compared, and some diagnostic problems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198239", "title": "Tropical thrombophlebitis. The role of relapsing fever in its causation.", "content": "In tropical thrombophlebitis the leg veins are most often involved, but in some patients thrombosis of the visceral veins may be fatal. As its cause is unknown, attention is called to outbreaks of relapsing fever in the Transvaal which effects labourers on citrus and maize farms and which often develops into thrombophlebitis. Appropriate tests for relapsing fever should be done in patients who develop this complication. Passengers on long overnight journeys by air are liable to deep vein thrombosis and should exercise to avoid it.", "contents": "Tropical thrombophlebitis. The role of relapsing fever in its causation. In tropical thrombophlebitis the leg veins are most often involved, but in some patients thrombosis of the visceral veins may be fatal. As its cause is unknown, attention is called to outbreaks of relapsing fever in the Transvaal which effects labourers on citrus and maize farms and which often develops into thrombophlebitis. Appropriate tests for relapsing fever should be done in patients who develop this complication. Passengers on long overnight journeys by air are liable to deep vein thrombosis and should exercise to avoid it."}
{"id": "PMID:1198243", "title": "Maternal drug ingestion and congenital malformations.", "content": "Possible interrelationships between maternal drug ingestion and infections during the first trimester and the occurrence of congenital malformations have been studied. Of 1 142 pregnancies, 3,4% ended in malformations clinically detected within 1 week of birth. For the group as a whole there was no evidence of an increased risk ratio in those mothers who ingested medicines. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Similar evaluations were carried out for pregnancies with threatened or actual miscarriages, stillbirths, and deaths occurring between birth and 1 week thereafter. The data from this limited study suggest that drugs are too often incorrectly incriminated when malformations occur. There are many other factors which can create a hostile environment for the fetus. The recommendation however, that women should avoid medicines in the first trimester, unless there are compelling reasons to the contrary, must remain.", "contents": "Maternal drug ingestion and congenital malformations. Possible interrelationships between maternal drug ingestion and infections during the first trimester and the occurrence of congenital malformations have been studied. Of 1 142 pregnancies, 3,4% ended in malformations clinically detected within 1 week of birth. For the group as a whole there was no evidence of an increased risk ratio in those mothers who ingested medicines. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Similar evaluations were carried out for pregnancies with threatened or actual miscarriages, stillbirths, and deaths occurring between birth and 1 week thereafter. The data from this limited study suggest that drugs are too often incorrectly incriminated when malformations occur. There are many other factors which can create a hostile environment for the fetus. The recommendation however, that women should avoid medicines in the first trimester, unless there are compelling reasons to the contrary, must remain."}
{"id": "PMID:1198244", "title": "Warfarin as a possible teratogen.", "content": "A case of congenital stippled epiphyses is presented, and attention is drawn to the possibility that this condition was caused by maternal ingestion of warfarin during early pregnancy.", "contents": "Warfarin as a possible teratogen. A case of congenital stippled epiphyses is presented, and attention is drawn to the possibility that this condition was caused by maternal ingestion of warfarin during early pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1198245", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Southern Africa.", "content": "A first attempt to gather the available information on subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in Southern Africa has produced records of 79 cases which have occurred since 1955. An important feature of the epidemiology is the clustering of 48 cases in the 5-year period 1970-1974. Thirty of these patients were resident in the Cape Province, and most of them were from the Coloured community. An SSPE registry will be maintained at the MRC Virus Research Unit of the University of Cape Town and an appeal is made to all practitioners to contribute any relevant data on patients with this disease.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Southern Africa. A first attempt to gather the available information on subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in Southern Africa has produced records of 79 cases which have occurred since 1955. An important feature of the epidemiology is the clustering of 48 cases in the 5-year period 1970-1974. Thirty of these patients were resident in the Cape Province, and most of them were from the Coloured community. An SSPE registry will be maintained at the MRC Virus Research Unit of the University of Cape Town and an appeal is made to all practitioners to contribute any relevant data on patients with this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1198246", "title": "The effect of lidoflazine on ventricular ectopic activity in chronic ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "The efficacy of lidoflazine was evaluated in 11 patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease. All patients had suffered one or more myocardial infarctions and all were bad risk patients with frequent ventricular ectopic beats. The patients were followed for periods of up to 23 months and 6-7 Holter tape recordings were performed at 4-weekly intervals. The frequency of ventricular ectopic beats decreased in 7 and remained unchanged in only 1 patient. One patient developed a recurrent acute myocardial infarction and 2 patients died, presumably of cardiogenic cause, but drug causation could not be excluded. It is concluded that the results justify further study of lidoflazine, not only as an anti-anginal but also as a ventricular antidysrhythmic agent.", "contents": "The effect of lidoflazine on ventricular ectopic activity in chronic ischaemic heart disease. The efficacy of lidoflazine was evaluated in 11 patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease. All patients had suffered one or more myocardial infarctions and all were bad risk patients with frequent ventricular ectopic beats. The patients were followed for periods of up to 23 months and 6-7 Holter tape recordings were performed at 4-weekly intervals. The frequency of ventricular ectopic beats decreased in 7 and remained unchanged in only 1 patient. One patient developed a recurrent acute myocardial infarction and 2 patients died, presumably of cardiogenic cause, but drug causation could not be excluded. It is concluded that the results justify further study of lidoflazine, not only as an anti-anginal but also as a ventricular antidysrhythmic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1198287", "title": "Gas in the wound: what does it mean?", "content": "Gas-forming infections on the surgical service are usually due to anaerobic microorganisms such as clostridia, peptostreptococci or bacteroides, or to one of the aerobic coliforms. Factors that predispose to the development of gas infections include lower extremity vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Early treatment based on the inital Gram-stain study as well as the clinical presentation is helpful in reducing tissue losses and increasing overall survival. Treatment for nonclostridial gas infections includes prompt adequate surgical debridement and appropriate parenteral antibiotics. When available, hyperbaric oxygen should be added to the treatment plan in all extensive clostridial infections.", "contents": "Gas in the wound: what does it mean? Gas-forming infections on the surgical service are usually due to anaerobic microorganisms such as clostridia, peptostreptococci or bacteroides, or to one of the aerobic coliforms. Factors that predispose to the development of gas infections include lower extremity vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Early treatment based on the inital Gram-stain study as well as the clinical presentation is helpful in reducing tissue losses and increasing overall survival. Treatment for nonclostridial gas infections includes prompt adequate surgical debridement and appropriate parenteral antibiotics. When available, hyperbaric oxygen should be added to the treatment plan in all extensive clostridial infections."}
{"id": "PMID:1198288", "title": "Etiology of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis.", "content": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an uncommon condition of previously unknown etiology. Experimental work is discussed which proves that either one of at least two clostridial species can produce PCI after relatively atraumatic contamination of the peritoneal cavity of germfree animals. This work strongly supports the bacterial etiology of PCI. It further suggests that vigorous and early treatment be directed toward control of the clostridial organisms in those cases where fulminating conditions associated with PCI are present.", "contents": "Etiology of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an uncommon condition of previously unknown etiology. Experimental work is discussed which proves that either one of at least two clostridial species can produce PCI after relatively atraumatic contamination of the peritoneal cavity of germfree animals. This work strongly supports the bacterial etiology of PCI. It further suggests that vigorous and early treatment be directed toward control of the clostridial organisms in those cases where fulminating conditions associated with PCI are present."}
{"id": "PMID:1198294", "title": "Septic complications following gastric surgery: relationship to the endogenous gastric microflora.", "content": "The microflora of the stomach is derived from both the ingestion of food and saliva and the reflux of proximal intestinal contents through the pylorus. Normally, this microflora is inhibited by gastric acid and normal gastric motility. In disease states, however, such as bleeding or obstructing duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or carcinoma, the level of gastric acid is reduced or the gastric motility is altered. Thus, endogenous microflora persists and often becomes the source of postoperative wound infections following gastric resection.", "contents": "Septic complications following gastric surgery: relationship to the endogenous gastric microflora. The microflora of the stomach is derived from both the ingestion of food and saliva and the reflux of proximal intestinal contents through the pylorus. Normally, this microflora is inhibited by gastric acid and normal gastric motility. In disease states, however, such as bleeding or obstructing duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or carcinoma, the level of gastric acid is reduced or the gastric motility is altered. Thus, endogenous microflora persists and often becomes the source of postoperative wound infections following gastric resection."}
{"id": "PMID:1198298", "title": "Management of infected vascular prostheses.", "content": "Management of an infected vascular prosthesis must be aggressive. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures should be obtained immediately and broad spectrum antibiotics started at once and modified as culture and sensitivities direct. A period of intensive local wound care should be carried out for several days if possible, before removal of the infected prosthesis. Prolonged local therapy is usually ill-advised since healing is rarely permanent until the graft is removed and the patient is constantly in danger of suture line disruption. Hemorrhage requires immediate removal of the infected portion of the prosthesis. Revascularization should be considered at the time of graft excision only if limb viability is questionable; otherwise it is best to wait until the infection has cleared and the wound has healed. Immediate or late revascularization will usually require an extra-anatomic bypass through uninfected tissue. The best form of treatment is, of course, prevention, which includes meticulous surgical technique, elimination of sources of contamination prior to surgery, and the use of prophylactic, systemic and local antibiotics.", "contents": "Management of infected vascular prostheses. Management of an infected vascular prosthesis must be aggressive. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures should be obtained immediately and broad spectrum antibiotics started at once and modified as culture and sensitivities direct. A period of intensive local wound care should be carried out for several days if possible, before removal of the infected prosthesis. Prolonged local therapy is usually ill-advised since healing is rarely permanent until the graft is removed and the patient is constantly in danger of suture line disruption. Hemorrhage requires immediate removal of the infected portion of the prosthesis. Revascularization should be considered at the time of graft excision only if limb viability is questionable; otherwise it is best to wait until the infection has cleared and the wound has healed. Immediate or late revascularization will usually require an extra-anatomic bypass through uninfected tissue. The best form of treatment is, of course, prevention, which includes meticulous surgical technique, elimination of sources of contamination prior to surgery, and the use of prophylactic, systemic and local antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:1198299", "title": "The problem of infection in total prosthetic arthroplasty of the hip.", "content": "In summary, deep wound infection carries a special and disastrous significance for the patient with a total joint prosthesis. Such patients seem to be at greater than usual risk of infection, and special precautionary measures to prevent it are not only justified but imperative. These include careful preoperative preparation; special attention to rigid and exacting operative techniques for control of potential exogenous contaminants; sensible preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis for control of potential endogenous cantaminants; and continued supervision of the patient throughout the postoperative years so as to prevent potential metastatic infection from other primary sources. Pre-existing and active infections of the hip constitute contraindications to total prosthetic arthroplasty, but these rules may be suspended in certain special situations provided that the patient is willing to cooperate with the arduous and prolonged program of treatment, and fully understands the special risks involved.", "contents": "The problem of infection in total prosthetic arthroplasty of the hip. In summary, deep wound infection carries a special and disastrous significance for the patient with a total joint prosthesis. Such patients seem to be at greater than usual risk of infection, and special precautionary measures to prevent it are not only justified but imperative. These include careful preoperative preparation; special attention to rigid and exacting operative techniques for control of potential exogenous contaminants; sensible preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis for control of potential endogenous cantaminants; and continued supervision of the patient throughout the postoperative years so as to prevent potential metastatic infection from other primary sources. Pre-existing and active infections of the hip constitute contraindications to total prosthetic arthroplasty, but these rules may be suspended in certain special situations provided that the patient is willing to cooperate with the arduous and prolonged program of treatment, and fully understands the special risks involved."}
{"id": "PMID:1198300", "title": "The use of antibiotics in open fractures.", "content": "The use of the term \"prophylactic antibiotics\" is probably not appropriate because we are in fact treating contaminated wounds. Only broad spectrum antibiotics that can be expected to be effective against coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus should be selected for antibiotic therapy in open fractures. We have found cephalothin-cephalexin therapy to be effective in significantly reducing the infection rate. However, the final selection of antibiotic treatment should be determined by the previous experience of organisms isolated and sensitivity studies done from open fracture wounds in each institution. These organisms will vary from hospital to hospital.", "contents": "The use of antibiotics in open fractures. The use of the term \"prophylactic antibiotics\" is probably not appropriate because we are in fact treating contaminated wounds. Only broad spectrum antibiotics that can be expected to be effective against coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus should be selected for antibiotic therapy in open fractures. We have found cephalothin-cephalexin therapy to be effective in significantly reducing the infection rate. However, the final selection of antibiotic treatment should be determined by the previous experience of organisms isolated and sensitivity studies done from open fracture wounds in each institution. These organisms will vary from hospital to hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:1198301", "title": "Pathophysiologic alterations during bacterial infusions for the study of bacteremic shock.", "content": "Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the blood stream in normal dogs was measured. An intravenous infusion of bacteria at a dose of 10(6) per milliliter per minute for two or five hours resulted in reproducible bacteremia in the 10(2) range per milliliter of blood without systemic side-effects. An identical bacterial infusion 24 hours later was characterized by enhanced clearance of bacteria and partial pyrogenic tolerance. A lethal bacterial dose of 4 X 10(7) per milliliter per minute infused for five hours exhibited an eightyfold higher bacteremia, shock and death within 24 hours. These events were characterized by leukopenia, hypothermia and hypoglycemia. Experimental results indicated that intact leukocyte bactericidal activity is the most important defense mechanism of the host in bacterial systemic infections.", "contents": "Pathophysiologic alterations during bacterial infusions for the study of bacteremic shock. Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the blood stream in normal dogs was measured. An intravenous infusion of bacteria at a dose of 10(6) per milliliter per minute for two or five hours resulted in reproducible bacteremia in the 10(2) range per milliliter of blood without systemic side-effects. An identical bacterial infusion 24 hours later was characterized by enhanced clearance of bacteria and partial pyrogenic tolerance. A lethal bacterial dose of 4 X 10(7) per milliliter per minute infused for five hours exhibited an eightyfold higher bacteremia, shock and death within 24 hours. These events were characterized by leukopenia, hypothermia and hypoglycemia. Experimental results indicated that intact leukocyte bactericidal activity is the most important defense mechanism of the host in bacterial systemic infections."}
{"id": "PMID:1198302", "title": "Role of peritoneal absorption in ascites.", "content": "The movement of water, electrolytes and protein across the peritoneum was studied experimentally and clinically in ascites. In the experimental and clinically in ascites. In the experimental studies, large amounts of solutions of various osmolar and colloid osmolar concentrations were infused rapidly into the peritoneal cavities of 32 dogs. In 26 of these dogs, the ureters were ligated before the experiment was begun; the other six dogs served as controls. The clinical studies were done in five patients with ascites. Tritium, 35S and RISA dilution techniques were used to study the kinetics of the different components of peritoneal fluid. Osmolarity changes were measured in plasma and peritoneal fluid by the freezing point depression method. Volume changes of peritoneal fluid were measured serially up to 24 hours for the assessment of the peritoneal absorption rate. The rate of fluid movement across the peritoneal membrane seems to be influenced, among others, by the composition of the intraperitoneal fluid, as well as by the properties of the membrane itself. An asymmetric pattern of peritoneal absorption rate of the different compositional elements of ascitic fluid was observed in this study which seems to interrelate with dynamic equilibrium which develops between ascites and the physiologic body fluid compartments. No cessation of peritoneal fluid absorption or a maximal reabsorption rate was observed in this study; nevertheless, variations in the rate of peritoneal absorption due to miscellaneous influences are possible.", "contents": "Role of peritoneal absorption in ascites. The movement of water, electrolytes and protein across the peritoneum was studied experimentally and clinically in ascites. In the experimental and clinically in ascites. In the experimental studies, large amounts of solutions of various osmolar and colloid osmolar concentrations were infused rapidly into the peritoneal cavities of 32 dogs. In 26 of these dogs, the ureters were ligated before the experiment was begun; the other six dogs served as controls. The clinical studies were done in five patients with ascites. Tritium, 35S and RISA dilution techniques were used to study the kinetics of the different components of peritoneal fluid. Osmolarity changes were measured in plasma and peritoneal fluid by the freezing point depression method. Volume changes of peritoneal fluid were measured serially up to 24 hours for the assessment of the peritoneal absorption rate. The rate of fluid movement across the peritoneal membrane seems to be influenced, among others, by the composition of the intraperitoneal fluid, as well as by the properties of the membrane itself. An asymmetric pattern of peritoneal absorption rate of the different compositional elements of ascitic fluid was observed in this study which seems to interrelate with dynamic equilibrium which develops between ascites and the physiologic body fluid compartments. No cessation of peritoneal fluid absorption or a maximal reabsorption rate was observed in this study; nevertheless, variations in the rate of peritoneal absorption due to miscellaneous influences are possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1198303", "title": "A demonstration of microvilli on the luminal surfaces of epithelial cells of the canine extrahepatic biliary tract.", "content": "Micromorphologic evidence is presented which indicates that in the dog the lining epitheliums of the intramural portion of the common bile duct and proximal part of the cystic duct are organized into convoluted folds. The mucosal lining of the extramural portion of the common bile duct appears to contain simple crypt structures. The mucosal surface of the hepatic duct is characterized by parallel ridges, longitudinally aligned with the long axis of the duct. The epithelial cells of the entire canine extrahepatic biliary tree present a topographic-dome shaped appearance, and their luminal surfaces are densely covered with microvilli.", "contents": "A demonstration of microvilli on the luminal surfaces of epithelial cells of the canine extrahepatic biliary tract. Micromorphologic evidence is presented which indicates that in the dog the lining epitheliums of the intramural portion of the common bile duct and proximal part of the cystic duct are organized into convoluted folds. The mucosal lining of the extramural portion of the common bile duct appears to contain simple crypt structures. The mucosal surface of the hepatic duct is characterized by parallel ridges, longitudinally aligned with the long axis of the duct. The epithelial cells of the entire canine extrahepatic biliary tree present a topographic-dome shaped appearance, and their luminal surfaces are densely covered with microvilli."}
{"id": "PMID:1198304", "title": "Some immunologic characteristics of carcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "The leukocyte migration inhibition assay was used to asses in vitro cell mediated immunity in patients with surgically staged carcinoma of colon and rectum. Tumor cells and extracts were used in both the autologous and the homologous systems. The study was doubly controlled by the use of leukocytes from normal healthy volunteers and by autologous intestinal mucosa cells and extracts. The results revealed that the leukocytes of patients were significantly sensitized to autologous tumor cells but not to homologous tumor cells or extracts when compared with the leukocytes of normal healthy volunteers. Leukocytes of patients tested with autologous tumors or mucosa showed that only those of patients with Dukes C classification were significantly sensitized to their tumors. These results would suggest that patients with Dukes C classification were highly sensitized to their tumors and that carcinomas of the colon and rectum are heterogenous tumors.", "contents": "Some immunologic characteristics of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. The leukocyte migration inhibition assay was used to asses in vitro cell mediated immunity in patients with surgically staged carcinoma of colon and rectum. Tumor cells and extracts were used in both the autologous and the homologous systems. The study was doubly controlled by the use of leukocytes from normal healthy volunteers and by autologous intestinal mucosa cells and extracts. The results revealed that the leukocytes of patients were significantly sensitized to autologous tumor cells but not to homologous tumor cells or extracts when compared with the leukocytes of normal healthy volunteers. Leukocytes of patients tested with autologous tumors or mucosa showed that only those of patients with Dukes C classification were significantly sensitized to their tumors. These results would suggest that patients with Dukes C classification were highly sensitized to their tumors and that carcinomas of the colon and rectum are heterogenous tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:1198305", "title": "Microaggregate formation during regional hypoperfusion.", "content": "Occlusion of the infrarenal aorta in the dog is associated with formation of microaggregates. Etiologic factors involve stasis, acidosis and hypoperfusion. Upon restoration of flow, microaggregates are transported through the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary circulation as microemboli. The volume of microaggregates appearing in the inferior vena cava after restoration of flow in our experiments is small and seems inadequate to cause significant pulmonary mechanical obstruction. The vasoactivity of these microparticles, although to date unknown, may be significant in the etiology of the pulmonary alterations which were described previously.", "contents": "Microaggregate formation during regional hypoperfusion. Occlusion of the infrarenal aorta in the dog is associated with formation of microaggregates. Etiologic factors involve stasis, acidosis and hypoperfusion. Upon restoration of flow, microaggregates are transported through the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary circulation as microemboli. The volume of microaggregates appearing in the inferior vena cava after restoration of flow in our experiments is small and seems inadequate to cause significant pulmonary mechanical obstruction. The vasoactivity of these microparticles, although to date unknown, may be significant in the etiology of the pulmonary alterations which were described previously."}
{"id": "PMID:1198306", "title": "Mechanisms of hypocalcemia in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.", "content": "Thyrocalcitonin release mediated by glucagon secreted from the acutely inflamed pancreas has been postulated as a possible mechanism for hypocalcemia in acute pancreatitis. To test this hypothesis, hemorrhagic pancreatitis was induced in a group of thyroidectomized pigs. No source of thyrocalcitonin other than the thyroid has been described in the pig. Their subsequent serum calcium concentrations were compared with those in a group of thyroid intact pigs also given hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The results indicate that the hypocalcemia observed during the first 24 hours following induction of pancreatitis is not related to the presence of an intact thyroid. Differences observed in the degree of hypocalcemia between the two groups 30 to 48 hours after pancreatitis developed may be of significance but could be explained by dilutional differences alone. Thyrocalcitonin apparently has little if any role in the hypocalcemia observed during the course of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Mechanisms of hypocalcemia in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Thyrocalcitonin release mediated by glucagon secreted from the acutely inflamed pancreas has been postulated as a possible mechanism for hypocalcemia in acute pancreatitis. To test this hypothesis, hemorrhagic pancreatitis was induced in a group of thyroidectomized pigs. No source of thyrocalcitonin other than the thyroid has been described in the pig. Their subsequent serum calcium concentrations were compared with those in a group of thyroid intact pigs also given hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The results indicate that the hypocalcemia observed during the first 24 hours following induction of pancreatitis is not related to the presence of an intact thyroid. Differences observed in the degree of hypocalcemia between the two groups 30 to 48 hours after pancreatitis developed may be of significance but could be explained by dilutional differences alone. Thyrocalcitonin apparently has little if any role in the hypocalcemia observed during the course of acute pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198307", "title": "Hypoglycemic effects of endotoxin in eviscerated dogs.", "content": "Terminal stage, endotoxin shock in the dog is associated with profound hypoglycemia. The response of eviscerated dogs with absent pancreatic and hepatic function is compatible with insulin independent peripheral tissue catabolism of glucose, and an increased lactate-pyruvate ratio suggests anaerobic metabolism. Increased survival in dogs administered exogenous glucose indicates reversible, fuel dependent changes of peripheral tissue metabolism. Since hyperglycemia has been a predominant finding in clinical endotoxin shock, species differences are emphasized, but perhaps closer scrutiny of the terminal stages of clinical endotoxin shock would be more compatible with this experimental model. In any event, an explanation of the metabolic changes in this model may prove valuable in understanding the physiopathology of endotoxin shock.", "contents": "Hypoglycemic effects of endotoxin in eviscerated dogs. Terminal stage, endotoxin shock in the dog is associated with profound hypoglycemia. The response of eviscerated dogs with absent pancreatic and hepatic function is compatible with insulin independent peripheral tissue catabolism of glucose, and an increased lactate-pyruvate ratio suggests anaerobic metabolism. Increased survival in dogs administered exogenous glucose indicates reversible, fuel dependent changes of peripheral tissue metabolism. Since hyperglycemia has been a predominant finding in clinical endotoxin shock, species differences are emphasized, but perhaps closer scrutiny of the terminal stages of clinical endotoxin shock would be more compatible with this experimental model. In any event, an explanation of the metabolic changes in this model may prove valuable in understanding the physiopathology of endotoxin shock."}
{"id": "PMID:1198308", "title": "Intraoperative bacterial transmission.", "content": "A clinical evaluation of bacterial penetration through operating room gowns was made during 100 general surgical procedures. A comparison of the degree of penetration through the standard cloth and a commercially available disposible gown was carried out. Cloth gowns, even in the dry state, were shown to be ineffective bacterial barriers. In addition, routine laundering of scrub suits failed to eliminate pathogenic bacteria.", "contents": "Intraoperative bacterial transmission. A clinical evaluation of bacterial penetration through operating room gowns was made during 100 general surgical procedures. A comparison of the degree of penetration through the standard cloth and a commercially available disposible gown was carried out. Cloth gowns, even in the dry state, were shown to be ineffective bacterial barriers. In addition, routine laundering of scrub suits failed to eliminate pathogenic bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:1198309", "title": "Experience with extended use of Foley catheter following repair of the bladder.", "content": "This study compares the results in patients who had anterior repair of the bladder managed with Foley catheter drainage for the traditional four or five postoperative days with a similar group of patients managed with continuous Foley catheter drainage far beyond the traditional period. Although the series was not large, the consistent, excellent results indicated that extended indwelling transurethral catheter technique is highly successful in avoiding common problems frequently encountered with operations upon the bladder and it is safe, effective and exceptionally simple.", "contents": "Experience with extended use of Foley catheter following repair of the bladder. This study compares the results in patients who had anterior repair of the bladder managed with Foley catheter drainage for the traditional four or five postoperative days with a similar group of patients managed with continuous Foley catheter drainage far beyond the traditional period. Although the series was not large, the consistent, excellent results indicated that extended indwelling transurethral catheter technique is highly successful in avoiding common problems frequently encountered with operations upon the bladder and it is safe, effective and exceptionally simple."}
{"id": "PMID:1198310", "title": "The timing of biliary tract operations in patients with pancreatitis associated with gallstones.", "content": "In a review of the surgical management of 64 patients with gallstone pancreatitis, recurrence of pancreatitis requiring readmission was noted in 48 per cent of those who had correction of biliary tract disease delayed to a separate admission. When patients were operated upon during the recovery phase of the first admission for pancreatitis, the hospital stay was reduced, there were no deaths and the morbidity was not increased. None of these patients had a documented recurrence of pancreatitis.", "contents": "The timing of biliary tract operations in patients with pancreatitis associated with gallstones. In a review of the surgical management of 64 patients with gallstone pancreatitis, recurrence of pancreatitis requiring readmission was noted in 48 per cent of those who had correction of biliary tract disease delayed to a separate admission. When patients were operated upon during the recovery phase of the first admission for pancreatitis, the hospital stay was reduced, there were no deaths and the morbidity was not increased. None of these patients had a documented recurrence of pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198316", "title": "Percutaneous cannulation of the femoral artery for monitoring.", "content": "This technique for the percutaneous placement of an intra-arterial cannula in the common femoral artery offers a simple method for the monitoring of blood pressure and blood gases. The morbidity of this procedure is low, and it is technically less difficult than radial artery cannulation.", "contents": "Percutaneous cannulation of the femoral artery for monitoring. This technique for the percutaneous placement of an intra-arterial cannula in the common femoral artery offers a simple method for the monitoring of blood pressure and blood gases. The morbidity of this procedure is low, and it is technically less difficult than radial artery cannulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198321", "title": "Pre- and postnatal toxicity induced in guinea pigs by N-nitrosomethylurea.", "content": "Oral administration of N-nitrosomethylurea at maximally tolerated doses to guinea pigs on alternate days from days 34-58 of pregnancy induced prenatal toxicity, as evidenced by a high frequency of stillbirths and intrauterine growth retardation, and postnatal toxicity, as evidenced by stunting and progressive mortality. Similar administration of N-nitrosomethylurethane at maximally tolerated doses did not induce such toxic effects.", "contents": "Pre- and postnatal toxicity induced in guinea pigs by N-nitrosomethylurea. Oral administration of N-nitrosomethylurea at maximally tolerated doses to guinea pigs on alternate days from days 34-58 of pregnancy induced prenatal toxicity, as evidenced by a high frequency of stillbirths and intrauterine growth retardation, and postnatal toxicity, as evidenced by stunting and progressive mortality. Similar administration of N-nitrosomethylurethane at maximally tolerated doses did not induce such toxic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1198322", "title": "The effects of exogenous cortisone acetate on development (especially skeletal development) and on circulating levels of corticosteroids in chick embryos.", "content": "Chick embryos were treated with cortisone acetate on day 8 of incubation and the subsequent growth of the whole embryo and the development of the tibia studied to day 18 of incubation. Cortisone, at 10 ng to 2 mg/embryo decreased general body growth; above 0.5 mg/embryo it also retarded morphogenesis by as much as 3 Hamilton-Hamburger stages; and above 1 mg/embryo gross abnormalities were produced. The growth and differentiation of the tibia were affected to a greater extent than was the whole body. The reductions in tibial and total body weight were not linearly related to dose of cortisone injected. The exogenous cortisone acetate resulted in drastic alterations in the circulating levels of cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone, and progesterone, but plasma progesterone level was most readily correlated with the growth retardation. This study emphasizes that avian embryos can readily compensate for exogenous corticosteroids and that caution must be exercised when attributing causality to the substance administered.", "contents": "The effects of exogenous cortisone acetate on development (especially skeletal development) and on circulating levels of corticosteroids in chick embryos. Chick embryos were treated with cortisone acetate on day 8 of incubation and the subsequent growth of the whole embryo and the development of the tibia studied to day 18 of incubation. Cortisone, at 10 ng to 2 mg/embryo decreased general body growth; above 0.5 mg/embryo it also retarded morphogenesis by as much as 3 Hamilton-Hamburger stages; and above 1 mg/embryo gross abnormalities were produced. The growth and differentiation of the tibia were affected to a greater extent than was the whole body. The reductions in tibial and total body weight were not linearly related to dose of cortisone injected. The exogenous cortisone acetate resulted in drastic alterations in the circulating levels of cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone, and progesterone, but plasma progesterone level was most readily correlated with the growth retardation. This study emphasizes that avian embryos can readily compensate for exogenous corticosteroids and that caution must be exercised when attributing causality to the substance administered."}
{"id": "PMID:1198323", "title": "An unusual two-tailed mouse.", "content": "A malformation that resulted in the formation of 2 complete tails is described in a mouse that was heterozygous for the sex-linked gene Bent-tail (Bn). One of the tails appeared normal and contained 29 vertebrae, whereas the other tail consisted of 27 vertebrae and had several bends or kinks in it and also had malformed vertebrae similar to those described for the Bn gene. A comparison of the malformation with previously described bifurcated tail conditions in the mouse is presented. It is possible that this 2-tailed mouse represents a special case of X-chromosome inactivation.", "contents": "An unusual two-tailed mouse. A malformation that resulted in the formation of 2 complete tails is described in a mouse that was heterozygous for the sex-linked gene Bent-tail (Bn). One of the tails appeared normal and contained 29 vertebrae, whereas the other tail consisted of 27 vertebrae and had several bends or kinks in it and also had malformed vertebrae similar to those described for the Bn gene. A comparison of the malformation with previously described bifurcated tail conditions in the mouse is presented. It is possible that this 2-tailed mouse represents a special case of X-chromosome inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198318", "title": "Chemosis, proptosis and amaurosis in a 19-year-old male.", "content": "An ectopic pinealoma was excised in 1966 and the patient received radiotherapy postoperatively. The patient developed diabeted insipidus, hypopituitarism, chemosis, proptosis, and loss of vision in the left eye. The left eye was enucleated in 1974 and a large orbital mass was found to contain malignant cells consistent with the diagnosis of germinoma. The orbital mass was in all likelihood a metastasis from the original focus of the tumor.", "contents": "Chemosis, proptosis and amaurosis in a 19-year-old male. An ectopic pinealoma was excised in 1966 and the patient received radiotherapy postoperatively. The patient developed diabeted insipidus, hypopituitarism, chemosis, proptosis, and loss of vision in the left eye. The left eye was enucleated in 1974 and a large orbital mass was found to contain malignant cells consistent with the diagnosis of germinoma. The orbital mass was in all likelihood a metastasis from the original focus of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1198324", "title": "Cholinomimetic teratogens: studies with chicken embryos.", "content": "The cholinomimetic compounds carbachol, decamethonium, neostigmine, succinylcholine, trimethylphenylammonium, and others were tested for their interference with normal chick development. All these compounds led to abnormalities of the cervical vertebrae; at higher dosage interference with normal morphogenesis involved the whole vertebral column. Hypoplasia of the leg muscles occurred with lower incidence. Responses, tested with carbachol, rose from 24 to 72 and 96 h, then declined to 120 h of incubation. Two of the cholinometic compounds used in combined treatment produced a high degree of synergism. Gallamine, benzoquinomium, butyrylcholine, and bethanechol had protective effects. Acetylcholine, at high dosage, caused defects different from the above. It is suggested that the cholinomimetic teratogens interfere with normal development by displacing acetylcholine from its receptors or by forming complexes with it.", "contents": "Cholinomimetic teratogens: studies with chicken embryos. The cholinomimetic compounds carbachol, decamethonium, neostigmine, succinylcholine, trimethylphenylammonium, and others were tested for their interference with normal chick development. All these compounds led to abnormalities of the cervical vertebrae; at higher dosage interference with normal morphogenesis involved the whole vertebral column. Hypoplasia of the leg muscles occurred with lower incidence. Responses, tested with carbachol, rose from 24 to 72 and 96 h, then declined to 120 h of incubation. Two of the cholinometic compounds used in combined treatment produced a high degree of synergism. Gallamine, benzoquinomium, butyrylcholine, and bethanechol had protective effects. Acetylcholine, at high dosage, caused defects different from the above. It is suggested that the cholinomimetic teratogens interfere with normal development by displacing acetylcholine from its receptors or by forming complexes with it."}
{"id": "PMID:1198319", "title": "The case of the dramatic impression.", "content": "A patient has presented with mysterious vision loss following administration of eye drops for lid edema. The patient (and his attorney) blame the eye drops and the prescribing ophthalmologist. The consulting ophthalmologist describes the examination techniques and rationale that led to correct diagnosis and cure.", "contents": "The case of the dramatic impression. A patient has presented with mysterious vision loss following administration of eye drops for lid edema. The patient (and his attorney) blame the eye drops and the prescribing ophthalmologist. The consulting ophthalmologist describes the examination techniques and rationale that led to correct diagnosis and cure."}
{"id": "PMID:1198325", "title": "Effects in mice of high and low environmental temperature on the maternal and fetal toxicity of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) and on disposition of [14C]-dinoseb(12).", "content": "Swiss-Webster female mice were treated with 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) and maintained in an increased environmental temperature (32 degrees C) for 24 h or a decreased temperature (0-6 degrees C) for 1.5-4 h. In two experiemtns animals maintained at low temperature were kept wet during the cold exposure, to enhance the reduction in body temperature, by rinsing them with water at approximately 30 min intervals. Results from nonpregnant females indicated that increased temperature lowered the LD50 for single injections of dinoseb from 20.2 to 14.1 mg/kg and that reduced temperature for 4 h had no effect on the LD50. A 24 h exposure to 32 degrees C enhanced the effect of 3 daily dinoseb treatments of pregnant mice; it increased maternal mortality, decreased fetal body weight, and increased frequency of fetal anomalies. Fetal body weight and the frequency of malformations were the same in groups exposed to low temperature and maintained at room temperature. Disposition of [14 C] dinoseb was also determined in nonpregnant mice exposed to temperatures of 0, 24, and 32 degrees C. The periods of environmental temperature studied (3-24 h) had no effect on the rate of disappearance of dinoseb from plasma or other tissues examined.", "contents": "Effects in mice of high and low environmental temperature on the maternal and fetal toxicity of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) and on disposition of [14C]-dinoseb(12). Swiss-Webster female mice were treated with 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) and maintained in an increased environmental temperature (32 degrees C) for 24 h or a decreased temperature (0-6 degrees C) for 1.5-4 h. In two experiemtns animals maintained at low temperature were kept wet during the cold exposure, to enhance the reduction in body temperature, by rinsing them with water at approximately 30 min intervals. Results from nonpregnant females indicated that increased temperature lowered the LD50 for single injections of dinoseb from 20.2 to 14.1 mg/kg and that reduced temperature for 4 h had no effect on the LD50. A 24 h exposure to 32 degrees C enhanced the effect of 3 daily dinoseb treatments of pregnant mice; it increased maternal mortality, decreased fetal body weight, and increased frequency of fetal anomalies. Fetal body weight and the frequency of malformations were the same in groups exposed to low temperature and maintained at room temperature. Disposition of [14 C] dinoseb was also determined in nonpregnant mice exposed to temperatures of 0, 24, and 32 degrees C. The periods of environmental temperature studied (3-24 h) had no effect on the rate of disappearance of dinoseb from plasma or other tissues examined."}
{"id": "PMID:1198320", "title": "A comparison of four projection perimeters. Instrument specifications.", "content": "In addition to the original and highly popular instrument designed by Goldmann, three other projection perimeters are now available. Features of the Goldmann, Topcon, Marco and Rodenstock machines are examined and compared.", "contents": "A comparison of four projection perimeters. Instrument specifications. In addition to the original and highly popular instrument designed by Goldmann, three other projection perimeters are now available. Features of the Goldmann, Topcon, Marco and Rodenstock machines are examined and compared."}
{"id": "PMID:1198326", "title": "Incorporation of 5-lododeoxyuridine into the DNA of mouse embryos: its relation to embryotoxicity.", "content": "Pregnant female ICR mice were administered, ip, either a trace (200 muCi/kg) or teratogenic (200 muCi + 300 mg/kg) dose of [6(-3)H] 5-iododeoxyuridine (IdU) on day 10 of gestation. Maternal liver, spleen, intestine, and kidneys, and placentas and embryos were removed at various time intervals after injection, weighed, and homogenized in cold 0.5 m perchloric acid. The half-lives of IdU-derived nucleotides in the acid-soluble fraction ranged from 31-46 min (trace) to 57-131 min (teratogenic) for the tissues analyzed. [3H]IdU was incorporated into the DNA of all mitotically active tissues after both dosages. The presence of the label in iodouracil was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography of DNA bases extracted from maternal spleen and embryo. Growth of embryos following injection on day 10 resulted in decreased 3H-specific activity in the DNA fraction and concomitant retention of total activity. It is suggested that the previously demonstrated embryotoxicity of IdU is related to its retention at its presumed intracellular site of action.", "contents": "Incorporation of 5-lododeoxyuridine into the DNA of mouse embryos: its relation to embryotoxicity. Pregnant female ICR mice were administered, ip, either a trace (200 muCi/kg) or teratogenic (200 muCi + 300 mg/kg) dose of [6(-3)H] 5-iododeoxyuridine (IdU) on day 10 of gestation. Maternal liver, spleen, intestine, and kidneys, and placentas and embryos were removed at various time intervals after injection, weighed, and homogenized in cold 0.5 m perchloric acid. The half-lives of IdU-derived nucleotides in the acid-soluble fraction ranged from 31-46 min (trace) to 57-131 min (teratogenic) for the tissues analyzed. [3H]IdU was incorporated into the DNA of all mitotically active tissues after both dosages. The presence of the label in iodouracil was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography of DNA bases extracted from maternal spleen and embryo. Growth of embryos following injection on day 10 resulted in decreased 3H-specific activity in the DNA fraction and concomitant retention of total activity. It is suggested that the previously demonstrated embryotoxicity of IdU is related to its retention at its presumed intracellular site of action."}
{"id": "PMID:1198327", "title": "Selection of the experimental unit in teratology studies.", "content": "In teratology experiments the litter (pregnant female) rather than the fetus is advocated as being the proper experimental unit upon which to base the statistical analysis. It is pointed out that per litter tests, by being based on the average fetal response within a litter, do take the individual fetus into account. Actual experimental data are used to show that when litter effects are present a per fetus analysis is invalid and may seriously exaggerate the significance level. It is also shown that there appears to be little loss in sensitivity in performing per litter tests even in the unlikely event that there are no litter effects. Thus it certainly seems prudent to analyze teratology data with test procedures that treat the litter as the experimental unit.", "contents": "Selection of the experimental unit in teratology studies. In teratology experiments the litter (pregnant female) rather than the fetus is advocated as being the proper experimental unit upon which to base the statistical analysis. It is pointed out that per litter tests, by being based on the average fetal response within a litter, do take the individual fetus into account. Actual experimental data are used to show that when litter effects are present a per fetus analysis is invalid and may seriously exaggerate the significance level. It is also shown that there appears to be little loss in sensitivity in performing per litter tests even in the unlikely event that there are no litter effects. Thus it certainly seems prudent to analyze teratology data with test procedures that treat the litter as the experimental unit."}
{"id": "PMID:1198328", "title": "The relation between maternal restraint and food deprivation, plasma corticosterone, and induction of cleft palate in the offspring of mice.", "content": "The blood level of corticosterone was measured in mice following the injection on day 14 of pregnancy of a dose of corticosterone sufficient to cause a low frequency of cleft palate in the fetuses. This was compared with the blood levels present during maternal restraint and food deprivation that produced a similar frequency of cleft palate. The mean blood level over the 24 h following injection of corticosterone was 660 mug/100 ml, and during a similar period of restraint was 485 mug/100 ml. Other mice were subjected either to restraint or food deprivation for 24 h beginning day 14 of pregnancy, the plasma corticosterone levels measured during that time, and the frequency of cleft palate in late fetuses compared with the individual plasma corticosterone levels during treatment. There was a significant (P less than 0.025) correlation between high maternal corticosteroid levels and the frequency of cleft palate in the offspring of the restrained mice but not in the food-deprived animals. It is suggested that in some stressed mice endogenous plasma corticosterone can reach levels sufficient to account for the development of cleft palate.", "contents": "The relation between maternal restraint and food deprivation, plasma corticosterone, and induction of cleft palate in the offspring of mice. The blood level of corticosterone was measured in mice following the injection on day 14 of pregnancy of a dose of corticosterone sufficient to cause a low frequency of cleft palate in the fetuses. This was compared with the blood levels present during maternal restraint and food deprivation that produced a similar frequency of cleft palate. The mean blood level over the 24 h following injection of corticosterone was 660 mug/100 ml, and during a similar period of restraint was 485 mug/100 ml. Other mice were subjected either to restraint or food deprivation for 24 h beginning day 14 of pregnancy, the plasma corticosterone levels measured during that time, and the frequency of cleft palate in late fetuses compared with the individual plasma corticosterone levels during treatment. There was a significant (P less than 0.025) correlation between high maternal corticosteroid levels and the frequency of cleft palate in the offspring of the restrained mice but not in the food-deprived animals. It is suggested that in some stressed mice endogenous plasma corticosterone can reach levels sufficient to account for the development of cleft palate."}
{"id": "PMID:1198329", "title": "Chromosomal abnormalities in maternal and fetal tissues of magnesium- or zinc-deficient rats.", "content": "The effect of dietary deficiency during pregnancy of zinc or magnesium on maternal and fetal chromosomes was studied. Pregnant rats were given a zinc-deficient or a magnesium-deficient diet from the beginning of pregnancy and maternal bone marrow and fetal liver were removed on day 19 of gestation. Chromosome spreads were prepared and metaphases examined for abnormalities. Both magnesium- and zinc-deficient maternal bone-marrow and fetal liver cells showed significantly more chromosomal abnormalities than did those of controls. The chromosomal aberrations occurring in highest incidence in magnesium-deficient animals were terminal deletions and fragments. A higher than normal incidence of \"stickiness\" was also observed in cells from magnesium-deficient animals. In zinc-deficient animals, on the other hand, the chromosomal aberrations with the highest incidence were gaps and terminal deletions.", "contents": "Chromosomal abnormalities in maternal and fetal tissues of magnesium- or zinc-deficient rats. The effect of dietary deficiency during pregnancy of zinc or magnesium on maternal and fetal chromosomes was studied. Pregnant rats were given a zinc-deficient or a magnesium-deficient diet from the beginning of pregnancy and maternal bone marrow and fetal liver were removed on day 19 of gestation. Chromosome spreads were prepared and metaphases examined for abnormalities. Both magnesium- and zinc-deficient maternal bone-marrow and fetal liver cells showed significantly more chromosomal abnormalities than did those of controls. The chromosomal aberrations occurring in highest incidence in magnesium-deficient animals were terminal deletions and fragments. A higher than normal incidence of \"stickiness\" was also observed in cells from magnesium-deficient animals. In zinc-deficient animals, on the other hand, the chromosomal aberrations with the highest incidence were gaps and terminal deletions."}
{"id": "PMID:1198330", "title": "Influence of low-intensity ultrasonic irradiation on prenatal development of two inbred mouse strains.", "content": "Effects of low-intensity ultrasonic irradiation on prenatal development of DHS and A/HeMk mice were studied. On day 8 of gestation (VP day = 0) pregnant females were exposed to ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 2.25 MHz and power of 40 mW/cm2 for 5 h. A low frequency of severe cranial and facial anomalies occurred that was attributable to the irradiation in both strains. The difference in frequency of malformed fetuses was marked between irradiated and untreated control A/HeMk mice, but not DHS mice. Fetal growth inhibition and death were also produced in both strains, although the possible effect of binding the pregnant mice for irradiation cannot be discounted.", "contents": "Influence of low-intensity ultrasonic irradiation on prenatal development of two inbred mouse strains. Effects of low-intensity ultrasonic irradiation on prenatal development of DHS and A/HeMk mice were studied. On day 8 of gestation (VP day = 0) pregnant females were exposed to ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 2.25 MHz and power of 40 mW/cm2 for 5 h. A low frequency of severe cranial and facial anomalies occurred that was attributable to the irradiation in both strains. The difference in frequency of malformed fetuses was marked between irradiated and untreated control A/HeMk mice, but not DHS mice. Fetal growth inhibition and death were also produced in both strains, although the possible effect of binding the pregnant mice for irradiation cannot be discounted."}
{"id": "PMID:1198331", "title": "Prenatal exposure to oral contraceptives and transposition of the great vessels in man.", "content": "The hypothesis that female sex hormones in the first trimester of pregnancy are causally related to transposition of the great vessels (TGV) was tested by a retrospective study of 135 cases of TGV ascertained through the British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry. During 1962-1972 there was no increase in the annual incidence rates of TGV. Analysis of questionnaires completed on 58 cases revealed no definite association between inadvertent use of oral contraceptives or other sex hormones during early pregnancy and TGV.", "contents": "Prenatal exposure to oral contraceptives and transposition of the great vessels in man. The hypothesis that female sex hormones in the first trimester of pregnancy are causally related to transposition of the great vessels (TGV) was tested by a retrospective study of 135 cases of TGV ascertained through the British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry. During 1962-1972 there was no increase in the annual incidence rates of TGV. Analysis of questionnaires completed on 58 cases revealed no definite association between inadvertent use of oral contraceptives or other sex hormones during early pregnancy and TGV."}
{"id": "PMID:1198332", "title": "Cellular and biochemical aspects of growth retardation in rat fetuses induced by maternal administration of selected anticancer agents.", "content": "Single ip injections of 600 mg/kg 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DIC) and 900 mg/kg 5-[3,3-bis(2-chlorethyl)-1-triazeno]-imidazole-4-carboxamide (BIC) were given to pregnant Wistar rats at day 12 and the animals were killed 4 h after injection and at days 13-17 of gestation. Fetal tissues were used to determine total DNA, RNA, and protein and the data used to derive cell number and cell weight, RNA, and protein/cell. Both compounds reduced total fetal body weight, DNA, RNA, and protein but reduction of RNA by BIC was not statistically significant. These effects were observed 4 h after injection, increased with age (days 13-17), and were 3-4 times greater for DIC than BIC. By using the value of 6.2 mumug DNA/cell, cell number and per-cell values for weight, RNA, and protein, and weight: DNA, RNA:DNA, and protein:DNA ratios were computed. The per-cell values and ratios in the DIC-exposed animals were 8-44% greater and in BIC-treated animals 0-11% greater than control animals of the same gestational age. Percentage of body water was the same in the experimental and control animals. The differences in DNA, RNA, and protein are believed to be related to drug-induced growth retardation incident to total fetal DNA reduction resulting in diminished cell number.", "contents": "Cellular and biochemical aspects of growth retardation in rat fetuses induced by maternal administration of selected anticancer agents. Single ip injections of 600 mg/kg 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DIC) and 900 mg/kg 5-[3,3-bis(2-chlorethyl)-1-triazeno]-imidazole-4-carboxamide (BIC) were given to pregnant Wistar rats at day 12 and the animals were killed 4 h after injection and at days 13-17 of gestation. Fetal tissues were used to determine total DNA, RNA, and protein and the data used to derive cell number and cell weight, RNA, and protein/cell. Both compounds reduced total fetal body weight, DNA, RNA, and protein but reduction of RNA by BIC was not statistically significant. These effects were observed 4 h after injection, increased with age (days 13-17), and were 3-4 times greater for DIC than BIC. By using the value of 6.2 mumug DNA/cell, cell number and per-cell values for weight, RNA, and protein, and weight: DNA, RNA:DNA, and protein:DNA ratios were computed. The per-cell values and ratios in the DIC-exposed animals were 8-44% greater and in BIC-treated animals 0-11% greater than control animals of the same gestational age. Percentage of body water was the same in the experimental and control animals. The differences in DNA, RNA, and protein are believed to be related to drug-induced growth retardation incident to total fetal DNA reduction resulting in diminished cell number."}
{"id": "PMID:1198333", "title": "Cholinomimetic teratogens. II. Interaction with inorganic ions.", "content": "Treatment of chicken embryos after 96 h of incubation showed that the teratogenic activity of the cholinomimetic compounds carbachol, neostigmine, decamethonium, and tetramethylammonium is reduced in the presence of calcium acetate. Similarly, supplementation with potassium acetate reduced the teratogenicity of carbachol and tetramethylammonium.", "contents": "Cholinomimetic teratogens. II. Interaction with inorganic ions. Treatment of chicken embryos after 96 h of incubation showed that the teratogenic activity of the cholinomimetic compounds carbachol, neostigmine, decamethonium, and tetramethylammonium is reduced in the presence of calcium acetate. Similarly, supplementation with potassium acetate reduced the teratogenicity of carbachol and tetramethylammonium."}
{"id": "PMID:1198334", "title": "Pattern of anomalies following single oral doses of ethylenethiourea to pregnant rats.", "content": "Single oral administration to rats of 240 mg/kg ethylenethiourea on days 10-21 of gestation produced visceral anomalies involving the nervous, urogenital, and ocular systems, and osseous anomalies affecting the axial and appendicular skeletons. The types of anomalies and organs affected were dependent on the stage of prenatal development at the time of treatment.", "contents": "Pattern of anomalies following single oral doses of ethylenethiourea to pregnant rats. Single oral administration to rats of 240 mg/kg ethylenethiourea on days 10-21 of gestation produced visceral anomalies involving the nervous, urogenital, and ocular systems, and osseous anomalies affecting the axial and appendicular skeletons. The types of anomalies and organs affected were dependent on the stage of prenatal development at the time of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1198335", "title": "Successive spontaneous abortions with diverse chromosomal aberrations in human translocation heterozygote.", "content": "A patient who had 3 first-trimester spontaneous abortions (blighted ova) was found to be carrying a balanced 13/14 Robertsonian translocation. In the 2 cases cytogenetically analyzed, different chromosomal aberration were found (trisomy 16 and supernumerary D elements). Histologic examination of the placentas of all 3 abortions revealed hypovascular or avascular villi, hydropic degeneration, and occasional atypical stromal (Hofbauer-like) cells. In 2 cases the decidua was examined by light microscopy and was diffusely inflamed with a plasmolymphocytic infiltrate. The relation of the maternal translocation to the repeated abortions with chromosome anomalies is discussed.", "contents": "Successive spontaneous abortions with diverse chromosomal aberrations in human translocation heterozygote. A patient who had 3 first-trimester spontaneous abortions (blighted ova) was found to be carrying a balanced 13/14 Robertsonian translocation. In the 2 cases cytogenetically analyzed, different chromosomal aberration were found (trisomy 16 and supernumerary D elements). Histologic examination of the placentas of all 3 abortions revealed hypovascular or avascular villi, hydropic degeneration, and occasional atypical stromal (Hofbauer-like) cells. In 2 cases the decidua was examined by light microscopy and was diffusely inflamed with a plasmolymphocytic infiltrate. The relation of the maternal translocation to the repeated abortions with chromosome anomalies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198336", "title": "Studies of the development of congenital anomalies in rats. III. Effects of inhibition of mitochondrial energy systems on embryonic development.", "content": "Pregnant rats were treated with various inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism and with lowered oxygen tension, and the embryo fetuses examined for the occurrence of congenital malformations and for changes in enzymatic activities. Treatment with all agents tested resulted in the production of skeletal anomalies. Sodium phenobarbital was the most teratogenic of the drugs tested and produced a high incidence of malformations which included cleft palate, tail anomalies, spinal retroflexion, domed head, and facial hypoplasia. Diphenylhydantoin produced a low incidence of syndactyly and oligodactyly. In addition to its effects on fetal growth and development chloramphenicol appeared to interfere with implantation. Tissue preparations from embryos exposed to sodium phenobarbital and chloramphenicol showed markedly lowered levels of DPNH oxidase activity. Cytochrome oxidase activity was also markedly lowered in the preparations from chloramphenicol-exposed embryos. Enzyme activities in preparations from embryos exposed to malonate and diphenylhydantoin appeared unaffected, although the drugs are strong inhibitors of electron transport in vitro; the lack of apparent effect may be due to the fact that both drugs do not bind to the enzyme preparations and were diluted 100- to 200-fold during preparation and assay of the tissue homogenates.", "contents": "Studies of the development of congenital anomalies in rats. III. Effects of inhibition of mitochondrial energy systems on embryonic development. Pregnant rats were treated with various inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism and with lowered oxygen tension, and the embryo fetuses examined for the occurrence of congenital malformations and for changes in enzymatic activities. Treatment with all agents tested resulted in the production of skeletal anomalies. Sodium phenobarbital was the most teratogenic of the drugs tested and produced a high incidence of malformations which included cleft palate, tail anomalies, spinal retroflexion, domed head, and facial hypoplasia. Diphenylhydantoin produced a low incidence of syndactyly and oligodactyly. In addition to its effects on fetal growth and development chloramphenicol appeared to interfere with implantation. Tissue preparations from embryos exposed to sodium phenobarbital and chloramphenicol showed markedly lowered levels of DPNH oxidase activity. Cytochrome oxidase activity was also markedly lowered in the preparations from chloramphenicol-exposed embryos. Enzyme activities in preparations from embryos exposed to malonate and diphenylhydantoin appeared unaffected, although the drugs are strong inhibitors of electron transport in vitro; the lack of apparent effect may be due to the fact that both drugs do not bind to the enzyme preparations and were diluted 100- to 200-fold during preparation and assay of the tissue homogenates."}
{"id": "PMID:1198337", "title": "The teratogenic effects in rabbits of doxycycline, dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidone, injected into the yolk sac.", "content": "A technique was developed for injecting agents into the yolk sac of rabbits to study their teratogenic effects. On the 9th day of gestation the rabbits were laparotomized during ether-oxygen narcosis. The test substance was injected into the yolk sacs in one horn of the uterus, and as control the corresponding solvent was injected into the other horn. On the 28th day of gestation the rabbits were killed, resorptions counted, and fetuses examined for malformations. Three series of studies were made: physiological saline; polyvinylpyrrolidone; and doxycycline dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidone (DIP). The rate of resorptions and malformations significantly increased after injection of Vibravenos. As polyvinylpyrrolidone was not teratogenic it is concluded that the teratogenic effects of DIP were probably caused by doxycycline.", "contents": "The teratogenic effects in rabbits of doxycycline, dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidone, injected into the yolk sac. A technique was developed for injecting agents into the yolk sac of rabbits to study their teratogenic effects. On the 9th day of gestation the rabbits were laparotomized during ether-oxygen narcosis. The test substance was injected into the yolk sacs in one horn of the uterus, and as control the corresponding solvent was injected into the other horn. On the 28th day of gestation the rabbits were killed, resorptions counted, and fetuses examined for malformations. Three series of studies were made: physiological saline; polyvinylpyrrolidone; and doxycycline dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidone (DIP). The rate of resorptions and malformations significantly increased after injection of Vibravenos. As polyvinylpyrrolidone was not teratogenic it is concluded that the teratogenic effects of DIP were probably caused by doxycycline."}
{"id": "PMID:1198388", "title": "The lungs in lymphangiomyomatosis and in tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "Two cases of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis (PL) are described and 33 other cases from the literature are reviewed. These are compared with one case of tuberous sclerosis with pulmonary involvement (PTS) and 32 other cases from the literature. There are no differences in lung function between these two conditions, both of which show airways obstruction associated with diffuse radiological lung changes. There are, however, both clinical and radiological differences and also differences in the distribution of the lesions and the histological location of the excessive smooth muscle; these indicate that PL and PTS are probably different entities and not polar forms of one condition. Finally, the strictly female incidence of PL suggests a sex-linked disorder, and it is postulated that this may be related to congenital pulmonary lymphangiectases.", "contents": "The lungs in lymphangiomyomatosis and in tuberous sclerosis. Two cases of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis (PL) are described and 33 other cases from the literature are reviewed. These are compared with one case of tuberous sclerosis with pulmonary involvement (PTS) and 32 other cases from the literature. There are no differences in lung function between these two conditions, both of which show airways obstruction associated with diffuse radiological lung changes. There are, however, both clinical and radiological differences and also differences in the distribution of the lesions and the histological location of the excessive smooth muscle; these indicate that PL and PTS are probably different entities and not polar forms of one condition. Finally, the strictly female incidence of PL suggests a sex-linked disorder, and it is postulated that this may be related to congenital pulmonary lymphangiectases."}
{"id": "PMID:1198389", "title": "Physiological activity in mediastinal teratomata.", "content": "The clinical details of two patients with benign mediastinal teratomata are presented. Both patients developed inflammation of the root of the neck, the first after a small dose of radiotherapy and the second after a larger dose of radiotherapy and exploration of the thoracic inlet. In both cases, exploration of the inflamed area was followed by persistent discharge of fluid which was sterile on culture. In the first case, this was found to have a high cholesterol, lipid, and amylase content. In both cases, a benign mixed teratoma, with contents including intestinal epithelium and pancreatic tissue, was removed at thoracotomy. The suggestion is made that leakage of digestive enzymes from pancreatic, intestinal or salivary tissue may be a cause of inflammation in and around teratomata, especially after surgical exploration. Early thoracotomy is advised when the condition is recognized.", "contents": "Physiological activity in mediastinal teratomata. The clinical details of two patients with benign mediastinal teratomata are presented. Both patients developed inflammation of the root of the neck, the first after a small dose of radiotherapy and the second after a larger dose of radiotherapy and exploration of the thoracic inlet. In both cases, exploration of the inflamed area was followed by persistent discharge of fluid which was sterile on culture. In the first case, this was found to have a high cholesterol, lipid, and amylase content. In both cases, a benign mixed teratoma, with contents including intestinal epithelium and pancreatic tissue, was removed at thoracotomy. The suggestion is made that leakage of digestive enzymes from pancreatic, intestinal or salivary tissue may be a cause of inflammation in and around teratomata, especially after surgical exploration. Early thoracotomy is advised when the condition is recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:1198390", "title": "Primary sarcoma of the lung.", "content": "Primary sarcoma of lung is defined to exclude sarcomata of lymphatic origin. A series of nine patients is presented, all of whom were seen in Edinburgh. In each case there is histological proof of the diagnosis or sarcoma. From the same population and during the same period of time, 6000 cases of bronchial carcinoma presented. Eight of the nine patients underwent resection of the tumour, and the pathological findings and clinical results are described. From a review of the literature and from the Edinburgh series, a general series of 59 cases of primary sarcoma of the lung has been selected. The criteria for selection were directed at the assessment of the results of surgery in the treatment of this lesion. The five-year survival rate after 'curative' surgery is 52%, and the prognosis after surgery does not appear to depend on the radical nature of the operation.", "contents": "Primary sarcoma of the lung. Primary sarcoma of lung is defined to exclude sarcomata of lymphatic origin. A series of nine patients is presented, all of whom were seen in Edinburgh. In each case there is histological proof of the diagnosis or sarcoma. From the same population and during the same period of time, 6000 cases of bronchial carcinoma presented. Eight of the nine patients underwent resection of the tumour, and the pathological findings and clinical results are described. From a review of the literature and from the Edinburgh series, a general series of 59 cases of primary sarcoma of the lung has been selected. The criteria for selection were directed at the assessment of the results of surgery in the treatment of this lesion. The five-year survival rate after 'curative' surgery is 52%, and the prognosis after surgery does not appear to depend on the radical nature of the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198391", "title": "Fascia lata valves: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "Sixteen frame-mounted fascia lata valves removed from the mitral, aortic or--in one patient--pulmonary position have been detailed histologically. These valves had remained in 15 patients (11 men and four women) for periods varying between 10 and 44 months. The reason for the original transplantation was either chronic rheumatic endocarditis or calcific aortic disease. In the mitral position, the leaflet in position nearest the site of the original anterior mitral valve cusp showed the least changes. The remaining two leaflets of the fascia lata valve in the mitral position, as well as those removed from the aortic or pulmonary position, showed more severe changes; these consisted of degeneration of collagen tissue and often a severe decrease of nuclei belonging to the fibroblastic series. These changes, as well as superimposition of fibrin or fibrous tissue, tended to become more pronounced the longer the valve had remained in the patient. Viability studies in valves removed from two patients have also been undertaken showing very greatly reduced activity. The possible causes for valve dysfunction have been reviewed, and the findings in this study suggest that contraction of fibrous tissue, which sandwiches the fascia lata valve cusps, may contribute to failure of satisfactory valve function. It is concluded that fascia lata forms a poor substitute for replacement of diseased cardiac valves.", "contents": "Fascia lata valves: a clinicopathological study. Sixteen frame-mounted fascia lata valves removed from the mitral, aortic or--in one patient--pulmonary position have been detailed histologically. These valves had remained in 15 patients (11 men and four women) for periods varying between 10 and 44 months. The reason for the original transplantation was either chronic rheumatic endocarditis or calcific aortic disease. In the mitral position, the leaflet in position nearest the site of the original anterior mitral valve cusp showed the least changes. The remaining two leaflets of the fascia lata valve in the mitral position, as well as those removed from the aortic or pulmonary position, showed more severe changes; these consisted of degeneration of collagen tissue and often a severe decrease of nuclei belonging to the fibroblastic series. These changes, as well as superimposition of fibrin or fibrous tissue, tended to become more pronounced the longer the valve had remained in the patient. Viability studies in valves removed from two patients have also been undertaken showing very greatly reduced activity. The possible causes for valve dysfunction have been reviewed, and the findings in this study suggest that contraction of fibrous tissue, which sandwiches the fascia lata valve cusps, may contribute to failure of satisfactory valve function. It is concluded that fascia lata forms a poor substitute for replacement of diseased cardiac valves."}
{"id": "PMID:1198392", "title": "Coronary artery fistula: report of three cases.", "content": "Three children are described with a right coronary artery fistula communicating with a right heart chamber. Each had a continuous murmur like that of a patent ductus arteriosus but situated at a lower level. Aortography established the diagnosis and excluded any accompanying malformation. It is concluded that to prevent complications surgical treatment should be recommended.", "contents": "Coronary artery fistula: report of three cases. Three children are described with a right coronary artery fistula communicating with a right heart chamber. Each had a continuous murmur like that of a patent ductus arteriosus but situated at a lower level. Aortography established the diagnosis and excluded any accompanying malformation. It is concluded that to prevent complications surgical treatment should be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1198393", "title": "Oesophagomyotomy for achalasia of the cardia.", "content": "Experience of 48 cases of achalasia of the cardia, treated by oesophagomyotomy, and of three cases of failed 'Heller' operation, treated by jejunal interposition, is recorded. Some technical details and the results are discussed.", "contents": "Oesophagomyotomy for achalasia of the cardia. Experience of 48 cases of achalasia of the cardia, treated by oesophagomyotomy, and of three cases of failed 'Heller' operation, treated by jejunal interposition, is recorded. Some technical details and the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198394", "title": "Effect of atropine on sputum production.", "content": "The effect of atropine on sputum production has been studied in patients with asthama, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis in some of whom there was bronchorrhoea. In three patients a reduction in sputum volume was observed after atropine but it would seem that the decrease was mainly due to the inhibitory effect on salivary secretion which facilitates spitting. The one patient treated with long-term oral atropine showed a marked reduction in sputum volume although chemical constituents and viscosity levels remained unchanged, suggesting that in this case atropine had an inhibitory effect on bronchial gland secretion.", "contents": "Effect of atropine on sputum production. The effect of atropine on sputum production has been studied in patients with asthama, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis in some of whom there was bronchorrhoea. In three patients a reduction in sputum volume was observed after atropine but it would seem that the decrease was mainly due to the inhibitory effect on salivary secretion which facilitates spitting. The one patient treated with long-term oral atropine showed a marked reduction in sputum volume although chemical constituents and viscosity levels remained unchanged, suggesting that in this case atropine had an inhibitory effect on bronchial gland secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1198395", "title": "Variability of routine pulmonary function tests.", "content": "Pulmonary function tests sometimes indicate a progressive deterioration and at other times a 'stepwise' worsening which may be followed by improvement. Interpretation depends on the extent of random or diurnal variations in function. Routing pulmonary function tests (VC, FEV1, FRC, and airway resistance (Raw)) were repeatedly measured in normal subjects, patients with stable irreversible airways obstruction, and patients with stable restrictive disease. In all groups there was a significant (P less than 0.001) diurnal variation in Raw, with high values in the morning, low values at noon, and rising values in the evening. The midday Raw values were about 80% of the highest daily values. The considerable random and diurnal variability seen in all tests is reflected in the range of high and low values (% of mean individual response) in individuals. The largest variation in an individual between measurements taken at two different times was 81% in Raw (range: 40% above to 41% below the mean). There was less variation in FEV1 (29%), FRC (62%), and VC (30%). Thus the finding of a stepwise change in function could reflect its natrual variability. When repeated studies are done to assess progress or the effects of therapy on disease, there are many factors, including the time of day at which the tests are performed, which should be standardized as far as possible.", "contents": "Variability of routine pulmonary function tests. Pulmonary function tests sometimes indicate a progressive deterioration and at other times a 'stepwise' worsening which may be followed by improvement. Interpretation depends on the extent of random or diurnal variations in function. Routing pulmonary function tests (VC, FEV1, FRC, and airway resistance (Raw)) were repeatedly measured in normal subjects, patients with stable irreversible airways obstruction, and patients with stable restrictive disease. In all groups there was a significant (P less than 0.001) diurnal variation in Raw, with high values in the morning, low values at noon, and rising values in the evening. The midday Raw values were about 80% of the highest daily values. The considerable random and diurnal variability seen in all tests is reflected in the range of high and low values (% of mean individual response) in individuals. The largest variation in an individual between measurements taken at two different times was 81% in Raw (range: 40% above to 41% below the mean). There was less variation in FEV1 (29%), FRC (62%), and VC (30%). Thus the finding of a stepwise change in function could reflect its natrual variability. When repeated studies are done to assess progress or the effects of therapy on disease, there are many factors, including the time of day at which the tests are performed, which should be standardized as far as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1198396", "title": "Forced expiratory time--its reliability as a lung function test.", "content": "Three studies of factors affecting variability of forced expiratory time (FET) have been carried out. In the first, different observers or repeated measurements over a few minutes were shown to make no significant contribution to FET variability. Time of day was also relatively unimportant. In the second study, FET was shown to vary considerably more than peak flow rate, forced expiratory volumes, and mid expiratory flow rates over the course of five days. In the third study, FET was shown to correlate with other measurements of airways obstruction though the correlation coefficients were relatively low. The measurement of FET is thought to be too variable to be of practical use as a screening test for small airways disease, though its clinical value is not questioned.", "contents": "Forced expiratory time--its reliability as a lung function test. Three studies of factors affecting variability of forced expiratory time (FET) have been carried out. In the first, different observers or repeated measurements over a few minutes were shown to make no significant contribution to FET variability. Time of day was also relatively unimportant. In the second study, FET was shown to vary considerably more than peak flow rate, forced expiratory volumes, and mid expiratory flow rates over the course of five days. In the third study, FET was shown to correlate with other measurements of airways obstruction though the correlation coefficients were relatively low. The measurement of FET is thought to be too variable to be of practical use as a screening test for small airways disease, though its clinical value is not questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1198397", "title": "Plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in bronchial carcinoma and chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen were increased in 80% of 49 patients with bronchial carcinoma and in 68% of 25 patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. A single determination of the plasma carcinoembryonic antigen level has no prognostic value in patients with bronchial carcinoma.", "contents": "Plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in bronchial carcinoma and chronic bronchitis. The plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen were increased in 80% of 49 patients with bronchial carcinoma and in 68% of 25 patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. A single determination of the plasma carcinoembryonic antigen level has no prognostic value in patients with bronchial carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1198398", "title": "Effect of lung resection for bronchial carcinoma on pulmonary function in patients with and without chronic obstructive bronchitis.", "content": "Pulmonary function was measured before and after lung resection (pneumonectomy or lobectomy) in 58 patients with bronchial carcinoma, 33 of whom also had chronic obstructive bronchitis. Lung resection was well tolerated and caused no greater impairment of lung function postoperatively in the bronchitics than in those without bronchitis.", "contents": "Effect of lung resection for bronchial carcinoma on pulmonary function in patients with and without chronic obstructive bronchitis. Pulmonary function was measured before and after lung resection (pneumonectomy or lobectomy) in 58 patients with bronchial carcinoma, 33 of whom also had chronic obstructive bronchitis. Lung resection was well tolerated and caused no greater impairment of lung function postoperatively in the bronchitics than in those without bronchitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198399", "title": "Use of an ear oximeter to assess lung function.", "content": "Values of arterial oxygen saturation were estimated using an ear oximeter while subjects breathed a mixture of 15% oxygen in nitrogen. Results obtained from patients with lung disease were clearly separated from results obtained from normal subjects, and the lowereing of saturation was related to the clinical severity of the disease. Patients with low oximeter readings with 15% oxygen also had low levels of arterial oxygen tension during exercise.", "contents": "Use of an ear oximeter to assess lung function. Values of arterial oxygen saturation were estimated using an ear oximeter while subjects breathed a mixture of 15% oxygen in nitrogen. Results obtained from patients with lung disease were clearly separated from results obtained from normal subjects, and the lowereing of saturation was related to the clinical severity of the disease. Patients with low oximeter readings with 15% oxygen also had low levels of arterial oxygen tension during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:1198400", "title": "Performance of heat exchangers used in whole body perfusion circuits.", "content": "The performance of some commonly used heat exchangers has been investigated with particular reference to the effect of varying the water flow. The results demonstrate that there is considerable variation in the performance of most units when the water flow is changed. It is suggested that more information should be provided by the manufacturers of heat exchangers and that there should be a supply of water in cardiothoracic theatres at a sufficient pressure to allow the full performance of the heat exchangers to be realized.", "contents": "Performance of heat exchangers used in whole body perfusion circuits. The performance of some commonly used heat exchangers has been investigated with particular reference to the effect of varying the water flow. The results demonstrate that there is considerable variation in the performance of most units when the water flow is changed. It is suggested that more information should be provided by the manufacturers of heat exchangers and that there should be a supply of water in cardiothoracic theatres at a sufficient pressure to allow the full performance of the heat exchangers to be realized."}
{"id": "PMID:1198401", "title": "Pulmonary function in tropical eosinophilia before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine.", "content": "Spirometric and lung volume measurements were carried out before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine in 19 patients with tropical eosinophilia. The total lung capacity and vital capacity returned to or nearly to normal while the FEV1 and PEFR, though improved, tended to remain below normal, indicating some residual airways obstruction especially in patients whose treatment began more than one month from the onset of symptoms. The time taken for the pulmonary function to return to normal with treatment was found to be much longer than for the clinical and haematological response.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in tropical eosinophilia before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine. Spirometric and lung volume measurements were carried out before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine in 19 patients with tropical eosinophilia. The total lung capacity and vital capacity returned to or nearly to normal while the FEV1 and PEFR, though improved, tended to remain below normal, indicating some residual airways obstruction especially in patients whose treatment began more than one month from the onset of symptoms. The time taken for the pulmonary function to return to normal with treatment was found to be much longer than for the clinical and haematological response."}
{"id": "PMID:1198402", "title": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function in intrinsic non-atopic asthma.", "content": "Sixteen patients with intrinsic non-atopic asthma with persistent wheezing who had never been treated with corticosteroids showed normal adrenocortical responses to prolonged stimulation with Tetracosactin Depot. In a subgroup of six patients the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to a standard insulin stress test was normal. It is concluded that impaired responsiveness of the HPA axis is unlikely to be a common factor in initiating or maintaining airways obstruction in patients with intrinsic asthma.", "contents": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function in intrinsic non-atopic asthma. Sixteen patients with intrinsic non-atopic asthma with persistent wheezing who had never been treated with corticosteroids showed normal adrenocortical responses to prolonged stimulation with Tetracosactin Depot. In a subgroup of six patients the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to a standard insulin stress test was normal. It is concluded that impaired responsiveness of the HPA axis is unlikely to be a common factor in initiating or maintaining airways obstruction in patients with intrinsic asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:1198403", "title": "An intrapulmonary teratoma associated with thymic tissue.", "content": "A benign teratoma was removed by segmental resection from the upper lobe of the right lung in a girl aged 19 years. This is the twentieth case report of a teratoma occurring in the lung substance and is of special interest because of the identification of thymic tissue histologically. The significance of this in relation to the pathogenesis of intrathoracic teratoma is discussed.", "contents": "An intrapulmonary teratoma associated with thymic tissue. A benign teratoma was removed by segmental resection from the upper lobe of the right lung in a girl aged 19 years. This is the twentieth case report of a teratoma occurring in the lung substance and is of special interest because of the identification of thymic tissue histologically. The significance of this in relation to the pathogenesis of intrathoracic teratoma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198404", "title": "Thymic lymphoma--an unusual presentation.", "content": "A patient with a thymic lymphoma invading both chest wall and lung is presented. Extensive systemic-pulmonary arterial communications had developed through this lymphoma. Hodgkin's disease should be included as a rare cause of systemic to pulmonary communications.", "contents": "Thymic lymphoma--an unusual presentation. A patient with a thymic lymphoma invading both chest wall and lung is presented. Extensive systemic-pulmonary arterial communications had developed through this lymphoma. Hodgkin's disease should be included as a rare cause of systemic to pulmonary communications."}
{"id": "PMID:1198405", "title": "Oral anticoagulant therapy and its control: an international survey.", "content": "A survey for the International Study Group for Anticoagulant Control has been conducted in which a questionnaire was sent to members in 39 countries. Information based on 37 replies obtained indicated that the most widely used test in oral anticoagulant therapy is the Quick one stage prothrombin estimation. There is a great diversity in the method of reporting prothrombin time results. Percentage activity of normal on the basis of saline dilution curves is the most popular. Only six countries have national or regional systems for anticoagulant control. Recommendations for the therapeutic range of dosage vary widely. The upper limit in one country may be the lower limit in another. In many centres doses of anticoagulant drugs are advocated which elsewhere are considered either inadequate anticoagulation or dangerous overdosages. The variation of therapeutic range may still be considerable even when a standard thromboplastin is available.  Data collected from the survey indicates the need for urgent measures to provide a uniform of laboratory control of clinical dosage of anticoagulant drugs. Until such measures are implemented it is meaningless to try to compare the efficacy of oral anticoagulant therapy from country to country or even to attempt multicentre trials within national boundaries.", "contents": "Oral anticoagulant therapy and its control: an international survey. A survey for the International Study Group for Anticoagulant Control has been conducted in which a questionnaire was sent to members in 39 countries. Information based on 37 replies obtained indicated that the most widely used test in oral anticoagulant therapy is the Quick one stage prothrombin estimation. There is a great diversity in the method of reporting prothrombin time results. Percentage activity of normal on the basis of saline dilution curves is the most popular. Only six countries have national or regional systems for anticoagulant control. Recommendations for the therapeutic range of dosage vary widely. The upper limit in one country may be the lower limit in another. In many centres doses of anticoagulant drugs are advocated which elsewhere are considered either inadequate anticoagulation or dangerous overdosages. The variation of therapeutic range may still be considerable even when a standard thromboplastin is available.  Data collected from the survey indicates the need for urgent measures to provide a uniform of laboratory control of clinical dosage of anticoagulant drugs. Until such measures are implemented it is meaningless to try to compare the efficacy of oral anticoagulant therapy from country to country or even to attempt multicentre trials within national boundaries."}
{"id": "PMID:1198406", "title": "Use of a lyophilized reference plasma to compare coagulation test procedures: Normotest, Simplastin-A and Thrombotest.", "content": "In 4 collaborative trials, involving a varying number of hospital laboratories in the Stockholm area, the coagulation activity of different test materials was estimated with the one-stage prothrombin tests routinely used in the laboratories, viz. Normotest, Simplastin-A and Thrombotest. The test materials included different batches of a lyophilized reference plasma, deep-frozen specimens of diluted and undiluted normal plasmas, and fresh and deep-frozen specimens from patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Although a close relationship was found between different methods, Simplastin-A gave consistently lower values than Normotest, the difference being proportional to the estimated activity. The discrepancy was of about the same magnitude on all the test materials, and was probably due to a divergence between the manufacturers' procedures used to set \"normal percentage activity\", as well as to a varying ratio of measured activity to plasma concentration. The extent of discrepancy may vary with the batch-to-batch variation of thromboplastin reagents. The close agreement between results obtained on different test materials suggests that the investigated reference plasma could be used to calibrate the examined thromboplastin reagents, and to compare the degree of hypocoagulability estimated by the examined PIVKA-insensitive thromboplastin reagents. The assigned coagulation activity of batches of the reference plasma agreed closely with experimentally obtained values. The stability of supplied batches was satisfactory as judged from the reproducibility of repeated measurements. The variability of test procedures was approximately the same on different test materials.", "contents": "Use of a lyophilized reference plasma to compare coagulation test procedures: Normotest, Simplastin-A and Thrombotest. In 4 collaborative trials, involving a varying number of hospital laboratories in the Stockholm area, the coagulation activity of different test materials was estimated with the one-stage prothrombin tests routinely used in the laboratories, viz. Normotest, Simplastin-A and Thrombotest. The test materials included different batches of a lyophilized reference plasma, deep-frozen specimens of diluted and undiluted normal plasmas, and fresh and deep-frozen specimens from patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Although a close relationship was found between different methods, Simplastin-A gave consistently lower values than Normotest, the difference being proportional to the estimated activity. The discrepancy was of about the same magnitude on all the test materials, and was probably due to a divergence between the manufacturers' procedures used to set \"normal percentage activity\", as well as to a varying ratio of measured activity to plasma concentration. The extent of discrepancy may vary with the batch-to-batch variation of thromboplastin reagents. The close agreement between results obtained on different test materials suggests that the investigated reference plasma could be used to calibrate the examined thromboplastin reagents, and to compare the degree of hypocoagulability estimated by the examined PIVKA-insensitive thromboplastin reagents. The assigned coagulation activity of batches of the reference plasma agreed closely with experimentally obtained values. The stability of supplied batches was satisfactory as judged from the reproducibility of repeated measurements. The variability of test procedures was approximately the same on different test materials."}
{"id": "PMID:1198407", "title": "Alterations in the effects of warfarin in dogs by halofenate: an influence upon the kinetics of prothrombin.", "content": "The interaction between warfarin and the new lipid lowering agent halofenate (MK 185) [2- acetamidoethyl (p-chlorophenyl) (m-trifluoromethylphenoxy) acetate] was studied in dogs in both short- and long-term experiments. Our data suggest that halofenate potentiates the anticoagulant effect of warfarin by increasing the degradation of prothrombin (factor II) (Kdeg on placebo = 211 +/- 32 X 10(-4) X Hr-1 mean +/- SEM; on halofenate = 268 +/- 39 X 10(-4) X Hr-1 mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.01). However, a concomitant increase in factor II synthesis of 34% results in resistance to warfarin's effect if halofenate is administered prior to warfarin. The mean prothrombin time of 4 dogs on 2 mg of warfarin following halofenate pretreatment for 8 weeks was 74.8% +/- 17.3 (SE) of the anticoagulated control dog. On 2 mg of warfarin alone, it was 133.7% +/- 42.0 (P less than 0.001). Cessation of halofenate from combined therapy resulted in a delayed augmentation of warfarin effect. These data suggest that the nature of the interaction between warfarin and drugs such as halofenate which alter the kinetics of prothrombin may depend on the sequence of administration.", "contents": "Alterations in the effects of warfarin in dogs by halofenate: an influence upon the kinetics of prothrombin. The interaction between warfarin and the new lipid lowering agent halofenate (MK 185) [2- acetamidoethyl (p-chlorophenyl) (m-trifluoromethylphenoxy) acetate] was studied in dogs in both short- and long-term experiments. Our data suggest that halofenate potentiates the anticoagulant effect of warfarin by increasing the degradation of prothrombin (factor II) (Kdeg on placebo = 211 +/- 32 X 10(-4) X Hr-1 mean +/- SEM; on halofenate = 268 +/- 39 X 10(-4) X Hr-1 mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.01). However, a concomitant increase in factor II synthesis of 34% results in resistance to warfarin's effect if halofenate is administered prior to warfarin. The mean prothrombin time of 4 dogs on 2 mg of warfarin following halofenate pretreatment for 8 weeks was 74.8% +/- 17.3 (SE) of the anticoagulated control dog. On 2 mg of warfarin alone, it was 133.7% +/- 42.0 (P less than 0.001). Cessation of halofenate from combined therapy resulted in a delayed augmentation of warfarin effect. These data suggest that the nature of the interaction between warfarin and drugs such as halofenate which alter the kinetics of prothrombin may depend on the sequence of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1198408", "title": "Serial changes in the coagulation system following clotting factor concentrate infusion.", "content": "Various parameters of the coagulation system have been monitored in patients with Christmas disease following the infusion of clotting factor concentrates. Significant reduction of clotting factor VIII and serum antithrombin III were observed in each of the five studies, whilst the plasma fibrinogen level fell in four subjects. The induced abnormalities were shortlived and there were no clinical sequelae. Further studies are required to assess the effects of similar concentrates in patients with liver disease.", "contents": "Serial changes in the coagulation system following clotting factor concentrate infusion. Various parameters of the coagulation system have been monitored in patients with Christmas disease following the infusion of clotting factor concentrates. Significant reduction of clotting factor VIII and serum antithrombin III were observed in each of the five studies, whilst the plasma fibrinogen level fell in four subjects. The induced abnormalities were shortlived and there were no clinical sequelae. Further studies are required to assess the effects of similar concentrates in patients with liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1198409", "title": "Studies in experimental animals on disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).", "content": "Changes in the clotting system, as well as morphological and functional alterations corresponding to that of the pathologic phenomenon of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or consumption coagulopathy, were produced by thrombin infusion (550 NIH U X kg-1 X h-1) in rats and simultaneous inhibition of fibrinolysis by PAMBA (100 mg/kg). Changes in the fibrinogen level and platelet count as well as the appearances of fibrin monomers and the formation of microthrombi in several organs were evaluated. Simultaneously, the function of the respiratory system was investigated by continuous measurement of oxygen consumption as well as elasticity and water content of the lung. From the time course of the alterations in the several parameters, conclusions can be drawn for the pathogenesis and the possible therapeutic influence on DIC.", "contents": "Studies in experimental animals on disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Changes in the clotting system, as well as morphological and functional alterations corresponding to that of the pathologic phenomenon of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or consumption coagulopathy, were produced by thrombin infusion (550 NIH U X kg-1 X h-1) in rats and simultaneous inhibition of fibrinolysis by PAMBA (100 mg/kg). Changes in the fibrinogen level and platelet count as well as the appearances of fibrin monomers and the formation of microthrombi in several organs were evaluated. Simultaneously, the function of the respiratory system was investigated by continuous measurement of oxygen consumption as well as elasticity and water content of the lung. From the time course of the alterations in the several parameters, conclusions can be drawn for the pathogenesis and the possible therapeutic influence on DIC."}
{"id": "PMID:1198410", "title": "Assessment of different mathematical models for calculating and expressing the results of coagulation test procedures.", "content": "Coagulation activity, expressed as percentage of normal and as clotting time ratio, was estimated in 220 specimens from patients on long-term anticoagulant treatment by 3 different coagulation test procedures, i.e. Thrombotest, Simplastin-A and Normotest. The estimates were calculated from the same determinations. The distribution of percentage values showed a fairly pronounced deviation from normality. After logarithmic transformation, the distribution was normalized, the regression lines between Thrombotest and other tests became parallel, and that between PIVKA-insensitive systems was shifted to a 45 degree line. Logarithmic transformation also stabilized the residual variance. These features make percentage values accessible for treatment according to the standard methods of bioassay statistics. Attempts to normalize the distribution of ratio values by various transformations were unsuccessful. Formal analysis of data revealed a variation in the proportionality of ratio values with the level of estimated coagulation defect. This may restrict the usefulness of the ratio approach. Logarithmic transformation partly reduced the discrepancy.", "contents": "Assessment of different mathematical models for calculating and expressing the results of coagulation test procedures. Coagulation activity, expressed as percentage of normal and as clotting time ratio, was estimated in 220 specimens from patients on long-term anticoagulant treatment by 3 different coagulation test procedures, i.e. Thrombotest, Simplastin-A and Normotest. The estimates were calculated from the same determinations. The distribution of percentage values showed a fairly pronounced deviation from normality. After logarithmic transformation, the distribution was normalized, the regression lines between Thrombotest and other tests became parallel, and that between PIVKA-insensitive systems was shifted to a 45 degree line. Logarithmic transformation also stabilized the residual variance. These features make percentage values accessible for treatment according to the standard methods of bioassay statistics. Attempts to normalize the distribution of ratio values by various transformations were unsuccessful. Formal analysis of data revealed a variation in the proportionality of ratio values with the level of estimated coagulation defect. This may restrict the usefulness of the ratio approach. Logarithmic transformation partly reduced the discrepancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1198411", "title": "The filtragometer: a new device for measuring platelet aggregation in venous blood of man.", "content": "A new device for the direct assessment of spontaneous platelet aggregation in human venous blood is described: the Filtragometer. The principle of the method is based on measurement of the pressure difference across a filter with pores of 20 mum diameter through which blood from a forearm vein is drawn. Platelet aggregates, obstructing the filter, cause a change in the pressure difference which is proportional to the degree of platelet aggregation. The measurement takes only a short time and a small amount (5-10 ml) of blood. Platelet aggregation as measured with the Filtragometer depends on the type of anticoagulant used. The Filtragometer response decreases on inhibition of platelet stickiness in vitro by prostaglandin E1 and in vivo by aspirin ingestion. Moreover it appeared to be higher in a group with a high thrombosis tendency than in a group less susceptible to fatal arterial thrombosis. The Filtragometer seems especially useful in monitoring the results of diet and/or drug therapy.", "contents": "The filtragometer: a new device for measuring platelet aggregation in venous blood of man. A new device for the direct assessment of spontaneous platelet aggregation in human venous blood is described: the Filtragometer. The principle of the method is based on measurement of the pressure difference across a filter with pores of 20 mum diameter through which blood from a forearm vein is drawn. Platelet aggregates, obstructing the filter, cause a change in the pressure difference which is proportional to the degree of platelet aggregation. The measurement takes only a short time and a small amount (5-10 ml) of blood. Platelet aggregation as measured with the Filtragometer depends on the type of anticoagulant used. The Filtragometer response decreases on inhibition of platelet stickiness in vitro by prostaglandin E1 and in vivo by aspirin ingestion. Moreover it appeared to be higher in a group with a high thrombosis tendency than in a group less susceptible to fatal arterial thrombosis. The Filtragometer seems especially useful in monitoring the results of diet and/or drug therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1198572", "title": "An investigation of the parameters which determine the fertility of a cattle population and of some factors which influence these parameters.", "content": "The investigation consisted of the analysis of the records of four A.I. centers, Apart from a calculation of the average value of the parameters which determine the fertility of a cattle population (the calving rate, the number of inseminations per conception, and the interval from parturition to conception), the investigation covered also the influence on these parameters of respectively, the age of the inseminated cow, the month in which insemination took place, the interval from parturition to first insemination, the course of parturition, the retention or non-retention of the placenta, and the size of the herd.", "contents": "An investigation of the parameters which determine the fertility of a cattle population and of some factors which influence these parameters. The investigation consisted of the analysis of the records of four A.I. centers, Apart from a calculation of the average value of the parameters which determine the fertility of a cattle population (the calving rate, the number of inseminations per conception, and the interval from parturition to conception), the investigation covered also the influence on these parameters of respectively, the age of the inseminated cow, the month in which insemination took place, the interval from parturition to first insemination, the course of parturition, the retention or non-retention of the placenta, and the size of the herd."}
{"id": "PMID:1198573", "title": "Plasma concentrations, plasma protein binding and residues of sulfamonomethoxine in pigs, horses and cattle.", "content": "The protein binding, the plasma half-life and the residue depletion of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) after intramuscular administration were investigated in pigs, horses and cattle. Protein binding was weakly concentration-dependent. The bound fraction in plasma in the therapeutic range amounted to approximately 45, 40 and 50% for pigs, horses and cattle respectively, and the plasma half-lives were approximately 5.1, 5.7 and 3.1 hours respectively. SMM levels were less than 1 mug/g in muscle tissue after 36, 20 and 12 hours in pigs, horses and cattle respectively. In the kidney SMM levels were not less than 1 mug/g until 48, 60 (extrapolated) and 36 (extrapolated) hours respectively. In pigs and horses SMM residues in the injection site were extremely variable. In cattle, SMM disappearance from the injection site was more regular. SMM concentrations in pig, horse and cattle liver remained more or less constant in the latter part of the period investigated.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations, plasma protein binding and residues of sulfamonomethoxine in pigs, horses and cattle. The protein binding, the plasma half-life and the residue depletion of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) after intramuscular administration were investigated in pigs, horses and cattle. Protein binding was weakly concentration-dependent. The bound fraction in plasma in the therapeutic range amounted to approximately 45, 40 and 50% for pigs, horses and cattle respectively, and the plasma half-lives were approximately 5.1, 5.7 and 3.1 hours respectively. SMM levels were less than 1 mug/g in muscle tissue after 36, 20 and 12 hours in pigs, horses and cattle respectively. In the kidney SMM levels were not less than 1 mug/g until 48, 60 (extrapolated) and 36 (extrapolated) hours respectively. In pigs and horses SMM residues in the injection site were extremely variable. In cattle, SMM disappearance from the injection site was more regular. SMM concentrations in pig, horse and cattle liver remained more or less constant in the latter part of the period investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:1198574", "title": "[Estimation of the concentration of urea in the blood of horses, cattle, goats and dogs using the \"Merckognost Harnstoff\" method compared with an enzymatic, photometric method (author's transl)].", "content": "To examine the suitability and reliability in field use of the \"Merckognost Harnstoff\" method in estimating the concentration of urea in the blood of horses, cattle, goats and dogs, the levels determined by this procedure were compared with those determined by an enzymatic (urease) photometric method widely used in laboratories. It was concluded from the results obtained that estimation using the \"Merckognost Harnstoff\" is sufficiently reliable for the rapid assay of urea in the blood under field conditions.", "contents": "[Estimation of the concentration of urea in the blood of horses, cattle, goats and dogs using the \"Merckognost Harnstoff\" method compared with an enzymatic, photometric method (author's transl)]. To examine the suitability and reliability in field use of the \"Merckognost Harnstoff\" method in estimating the concentration of urea in the blood of horses, cattle, goats and dogs, the levels determined by this procedure were compared with those determined by an enzymatic (urease) photometric method widely used in laboratories. It was concluded from the results obtained that estimation using the \"Merckognost Harnstoff\" is sufficiently reliable for the rapid assay of urea in the blood under field conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1198575", "title": "[Committee on anthelmintics. Residual group].", "content": "A number of the older and a few recent anthelmintics are enumerated or briefly discussed. Moreover some attention is paid to anthelmintics, used for nematodes and trematodes which have a limited effect on cestodes.", "contents": "[Committee on anthelmintics. Residual group]. A number of the older and a few recent anthelmintics are enumerated or briefly discussed. Moreover some attention is paid to anthelmintics, used for nematodes and trematodes which have a limited effect on cestodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1198577", "title": "[Comparative studies on the effectiveness of intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "To study the effectiveness of intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis in cattle, three different suspensions containing antibiotics for intramammary injection were compared in a field trial in the provinces of Friesland and North Brabant. Milk samples from the clinically abnormal as well as from the clinically normal quarters were examined for pathogenic bacteria and cell counts were made prior to treatment, within one week after treatment and within three weeks after treatment. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory studies in approximately 90 per cent of the cases in which quarters were abnormal. However, 50 per cent of the clinically normal quarters also showed increased cell counts and/or bacterial infection. Treatment of these quarters should therefore be considered. Apart from regional variations as regards the character of the mastitis and the results of treatment, there were no significant differences between the effects of the three suspensions. Clinical recovery occurred in approximately 90 per cent of the cases, the pathogenic bacteria disappeared in approximately 75 per cent of the cases and the increased cell counts were restored to normal in approximately 60 per cent of the abnormal quarters.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the effectiveness of intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis cattle (author's transl)]. To study the effectiveness of intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis in cattle, three different suspensions containing antibiotics for intramammary injection were compared in a field trial in the provinces of Friesland and North Brabant. Milk samples from the clinically abnormal as well as from the clinically normal quarters were examined for pathogenic bacteria and cell counts were made prior to treatment, within one week after treatment and within three weeks after treatment. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory studies in approximately 90 per cent of the cases in which quarters were abnormal. However, 50 per cent of the clinically normal quarters also showed increased cell counts and/or bacterial infection. Treatment of these quarters should therefore be considered. Apart from regional variations as regards the character of the mastitis and the results of treatment, there were no significant differences between the effects of the three suspensions. Clinical recovery occurred in approximately 90 per cent of the cases, the pathogenic bacteria disappeared in approximately 75 per cent of the cases and the increased cell counts were restored to normal in approximately 60 per cent of the abnormal quarters."}
{"id": "PMID:1198581", "title": "HL-A transplantation antigens in subjects susceptible to recrudescent herpes labialis.", "content": "We have shown in retrospective and prospective studies that there is an increased frequency of HL-A1 in subjects with recrudescent circum-oral herpes when compared with the frequency in the background population. This is the first association of a human disease of known viral aetiology with a specific transplantation antigen, and it is possible that this may represent a marker for an immune response gene.", "contents": "HL-A transplantation antigens in subjects susceptible to recrudescent herpes labialis. We have shown in retrospective and prospective studies that there is an increased frequency of HL-A1 in subjects with recrudescent circum-oral herpes when compared with the frequency in the background population. This is the first association of a human disease of known viral aetiology with a specific transplantation antigen, and it is possible that this may represent a marker for an immune response gene."}
{"id": "PMID:1198620", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, estradiol-17beta and prostaglandin F in human corpus luteum.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay procedures have been adapted for the assay of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, estradiol-17beta, and prostaglandin F in human corpus luteum. The method utilises a single homogenisation and extraction of the tissue followed by fractionation of the steroids on alumina, and separation of the prostaglandins of the F series from the E and A series on silica gel, prior to radioimmunoassay. An attempt has been made to validate the method for the progestins by comparison with results after fractionation of the progestins on Sephadex LH-20, for estradiol-17beta by comparison with values obtained with competitive protein-binding, and for prostaglandin F by comparison with values after additional purification. The results showed that peak concentrations of the three steroids in corpora lutea from women during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle were comparable to those found in corpora lutea from women in early pregnancy. However, in six out of fourteen corpora lutea from non-pregnant women, prostaglandin F levels were higher than those found in corpora lutea from seven women in early pregnancy, i.e. 13-46 ng/g compared with 1-7 ng/g. Of the above six corpora lutea, four were on days 23-25 of the cycle, at a time when luteolysis would be commencing. The results in this paper support the conclusion that the corpus luteum is a major site of synthesis of the three steroids examined, although the site of synthesis of prostaglandin F is still equivocal.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, estradiol-17beta and prostaglandin F in human corpus luteum. Radioimmunoassay procedures have been adapted for the assay of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, estradiol-17beta, and prostaglandin F in human corpus luteum. The method utilises a single homogenisation and extraction of the tissue followed by fractionation of the steroids on alumina, and separation of the prostaglandins of the F series from the E and A series on silica gel, prior to radioimmunoassay. An attempt has been made to validate the method for the progestins by comparison with results after fractionation of the progestins on Sephadex LH-20, for estradiol-17beta by comparison with values obtained with competitive protein-binding, and for prostaglandin F by comparison with values after additional purification. The results showed that peak concentrations of the three steroids in corpora lutea from women during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle were comparable to those found in corpora lutea from women in early pregnancy. However, in six out of fourteen corpora lutea from non-pregnant women, prostaglandin F levels were higher than those found in corpora lutea from seven women in early pregnancy, i.e. 13-46 ng/g compared with 1-7 ng/g. Of the above six corpora lutea, four were on days 23-25 of the cycle, at a time when luteolysis would be commencing. The results in this paper support the conclusion that the corpus luteum is a major site of synthesis of the three steroids examined, although the site of synthesis of prostaglandin F is still equivocal."}
{"id": "PMID:1198621", "title": "The determination of five steroids in avian plasma by radioimmunoassay and competitive protein-binding.", "content": "A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and corticosterone, or of estrone,  estradiol-17beta and corticosterone, after separation on a Celite:propylene glycol:ethylene glycol column (6:1.5:1.5 w/v/v). The lower quarter of the column was packed with a Celite: water mixture (3:1 w/v) as a stationary phase (glycol) 'trap'. This effectively prevented leaching of the glycols into the eluate as the concentration of ethyl acetate in the mobile phase was increased to elute the more polar steroids. In addition, a second system utilizing a Celite: ethylene glycol column (2:1 w/v) for the separation of estrone and estradiol-17beta is described. Testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, estrone and estradiol-17beta were measured by radioimmunoassay and corticosterone by a competitive protein-binding technique. Reliability criteria are presented showing that the assay systems used are accurate and reproducible. Plasma-steroid levels of eight avian species are also presented and compared with those found by other investigators.", "contents": "The determination of five steroids in avian plasma by radioimmunoassay and competitive protein-binding. A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and corticosterone, or of estrone,  estradiol-17beta and corticosterone, after separation on a Celite:propylene glycol:ethylene glycol column (6:1.5:1.5 w/v/v). The lower quarter of the column was packed with a Celite: water mixture (3:1 w/v) as a stationary phase (glycol) 'trap'. This effectively prevented leaching of the glycols into the eluate as the concentration of ethyl acetate in the mobile phase was increased to elute the more polar steroids. In addition, a second system utilizing a Celite: ethylene glycol column (2:1 w/v) for the separation of estrone and estradiol-17beta is described. Testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, estrone and estradiol-17beta were measured by radioimmunoassay and corticosterone by a competitive protein-binding technique. Reliability criteria are presented showing that the assay systems used are accurate and reproducible. Plasma-steroid levels of eight avian species are also presented and compared with those found by other investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:1198622", "title": "Chemical synthesis, spectral properties, and chromatography of 4alpha-methyl and 4beta-methyl isomers of (24R)-24-ethyl-5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol and (24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol.", "content": "Described  herein are chemical syntheses of the following compounds: 4-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-4,22-dien-3-one, 4,4-dimethyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3-one, 4beta-methyl-(24R)-24-ethyl-5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol, 4alpha-methyl-(24R)-24-ethyl-5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol, 4alpha-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-5alpha-cholest-22-en-3beta-ol, 4-methyl-6beta-bromo-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-4,22-dien-3-one, 4alpha-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol, 4alpha,5alpha-epoxy-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-4,22-dien-3beta-yl acetate, 4beta-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholest-22-en-3beta,5alpha-diol, 4beta-methyl-5alpha-hydroxy-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholest-22-en-3beta-yl acetate, 4beta-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-yl acetate and 4beta-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol. Chromatographic, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral data are presented for the compounds under consideration.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis, spectral properties, and chromatography of 4alpha-methyl and 4beta-methyl isomers of (24R)-24-ethyl-5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol and (24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol. Described  herein are chemical syntheses of the following compounds: 4-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-4,22-dien-3-one, 4,4-dimethyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3-one, 4beta-methyl-(24R)-24-ethyl-5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol, 4alpha-methyl-(24R)-24-ethyl-5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol, 4alpha-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-5alpha-cholest-22-en-3beta-ol, 4-methyl-6beta-bromo-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-4,22-dien-3-one, 4alpha-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol, 4alpha,5alpha-epoxy-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-4,22-dien-3beta-yl acetate, 4beta-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholest-22-en-3beta,5alpha-diol, 4beta-methyl-5alpha-hydroxy-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholest-22-en-3beta-yl acetate, 4beta-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-yl acetate and 4beta-methyl-(24S)-24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol. Chromatographic, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral data are presented for the compounds under consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:1198624", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) in women following oral and intravaginal administration.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for measuring medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, Provera) in serum has been developed utilizing benzene:iso-octane extraction, 3H-MPA to assess procedural losses, goat anti-MPA-3-(0-carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin serum and dextran-coated charcoal separation. Control serum blanks were undetectable, 200 pg/ml of MPA was measurable with a high reliability, and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 6 and 13 percent, respectively. MPA added to control serum was quantitatively recovered. Serum MPA levels measured in 2 women after ingestion of 10 mg MPA rose to 3.4 to 4.4 ng/ml within 1 to 4 hours after oral intake and fell rapidly thereafter to 0.3 to 0.6 ng/ml within 24 hours. Insertion of Silastic intra-vaginal rings (IVRs), containing 100 or 200 mg of MPA, into 4 women for periods of 3 weeks resulted in a rapid rise of serum MPA after insertion, rather stable MPA levels of 0.9 to 1.6 ng/ml while the IVRs were in place, and a rapid decline of serum MPA following IVR removal. Serum estradiol-17beta and progesterone concentrations, measured about 3 times a week in these patients, indicated that ovulation was consistently inhibited. The serum MPA levels observed in this study were approximately 5 times lower than those reported by other investigators using a double-antibody RIA of MPA in unextracted serum.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) in women following oral and intravaginal administration. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for measuring medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, Provera) in serum has been developed utilizing benzene:iso-octane extraction, 3H-MPA to assess procedural losses, goat anti-MPA-3-(0-carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin serum and dextran-coated charcoal separation. Control serum blanks were undetectable, 200 pg/ml of MPA was measurable with a high reliability, and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 6 and 13 percent, respectively. MPA added to control serum was quantitatively recovered. Serum MPA levels measured in 2 women after ingestion of 10 mg MPA rose to 3.4 to 4.4 ng/ml within 1 to 4 hours after oral intake and fell rapidly thereafter to 0.3 to 0.6 ng/ml within 24 hours. Insertion of Silastic intra-vaginal rings (IVRs), containing 100 or 200 mg of MPA, into 4 women for periods of 3 weeks resulted in a rapid rise of serum MPA after insertion, rather stable MPA levels of 0.9 to 1.6 ng/ml while the IVRs were in place, and a rapid decline of serum MPA following IVR removal. Serum estradiol-17beta and progesterone concentrations, measured about 3 times a week in these patients, indicated that ovulation was consistently inhibited. The serum MPA levels observed in this study were approximately 5 times lower than those reported by other investigators using a double-antibody RIA of MPA in unextracted serum."}
{"id": "PMID:1198625", "title": "The metabolism of the epoxide of testosterone by human placental microsomes.", "content": "Although 19-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3,17 dione (2a) is converted to estradiol-17beta by human placental microsomes, the incubation of 17beta-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstan-3-one (2b) under the same conditions produces only metabolites which are more polar than 17beta-estradiol. The metabolites have been isolated and identified as 3alpha-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstan-17-one (4a), 4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (5a) and 4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (6a). These results indicate that functionalization at C-19 is a prerequisite for the biological aromatization of such androgen epoxides.", "contents": "The metabolism of the epoxide of testosterone by human placental microsomes. Although 19-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3,17 dione (2a) is converted to estradiol-17beta by human placental microsomes, the incubation of 17beta-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstan-3-one (2b) under the same conditions produces only metabolites which are more polar than 17beta-estradiol. The metabolites have been isolated and identified as 3alpha-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstan-17-one (4a), 4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (5a) and 4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (6a). These results indicate that functionalization at C-19 is a prerequisite for the biological aromatization of such androgen epoxides."}
{"id": "PMID:1198626", "title": "Animal model of TIA: an experimental study with intracarotid ADP infusion in rabbits.", "content": "Adenosine diphosphate (8 mg per minute for five minutes) was infused into the carotid artery of 63 rabbits. The effects were twofold: systemic hypotension and platelet aggregation in the cerebral circulation. As a consequence of the last effect, platelet emboli were produced which occluded cerebral arteries in a number and size sufficient to cause cerebral ischemia. Areas of focal ischemia were observed through a cranial window, and documented with antipyrine autoradiography. Platelet thrombi were almost entirely transient, being fragmented and removed within a very short time of cessation of ADP infusion. Consequently, no permanent tissue damage ensued. This experimental model approaches the spontaneous transient ischemia attacks (TIAs) in man, demonstrating that these can be caused by pure platelet emboli. A high cholesterol diet administered for two months prior to ADP infusion did not enhance the effect of the procedure or make the platelet aggregation and the following ischemia longer in duration or more severe.", "contents": "Animal model of TIA: an experimental study with intracarotid ADP infusion in rabbits. Adenosine diphosphate (8 mg per minute for five minutes) was infused into the carotid artery of 63 rabbits. The effects were twofold: systemic hypotension and platelet aggregation in the cerebral circulation. As a consequence of the last effect, platelet emboli were produced which occluded cerebral arteries in a number and size sufficient to cause cerebral ischemia. Areas of focal ischemia were observed through a cranial window, and documented with antipyrine autoradiography. Platelet thrombi were almost entirely transient, being fragmented and removed within a very short time of cessation of ADP infusion. Consequently, no permanent tissue damage ensued. This experimental model approaches the spontaneous transient ischemia attacks (TIAs) in man, demonstrating that these can be caused by pure platelet emboli. A high cholesterol diet administered for two months prior to ADP infusion did not enhance the effect of the procedure or make the platelet aggregation and the following ischemia longer in duration or more severe."}
{"id": "PMID:1198627", "title": "Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A cooperative study. Antifibrinolytic therapy in recent onset subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "In this cooperative study among 13 institutions, 502 patients were treated with antifibrinolytic medication (epsilon-aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid) within a 14-day period following rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Mortality at the end of 14 days was 11.6%; proved rebleed rate was 12.7%. Patients with an internal carotid or anterior cerebral aneurysm had the highest mortality and rebleed rate. Most rebleeds occurred between the sixth and eleventh days following the initial bleed. Significantly higher mortality was reported among patients with cerebral vasospasm, yet rebleed rate was no different among those patients with or without vasospasm. The same pattern was observed among patients with a mean blood pressure value above and below 110 mm Hg. We conclude that antifibrinolytic therapy provides beneficial treatment to patients with recent onset subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) following rupture of an intracranial aneurysm.", "contents": "Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A cooperative study. Antifibrinolytic therapy in recent onset subarachnoid hemorrhage. In this cooperative study among 13 institutions, 502 patients were treated with antifibrinolytic medication (epsilon-aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid) within a 14-day period following rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Mortality at the end of 14 days was 11.6%; proved rebleed rate was 12.7%. Patients with an internal carotid or anterior cerebral aneurysm had the highest mortality and rebleed rate. Most rebleeds occurred between the sixth and eleventh days following the initial bleed. Significantly higher mortality was reported among patients with cerebral vasospasm, yet rebleed rate was no different among those patients with or without vasospasm. The same pattern was observed among patients with a mean blood pressure value above and below 110 mm Hg. We conclude that antifibrinolytic therapy provides beneficial treatment to patients with recent onset subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) following rupture of an intracranial aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:1198628", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral hemorrhage and infarction.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities were correlated with pathological diagnoses in 61 patients with autopsy-verified intracerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction. Lumbar punctures were performed within one week of onset of symptoms. The CSF color and red blood cell counts were the most useful CSF parameters in differentiating between intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. In 75% of the patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, the CSF was either grossly bloody or xanthochromic; in 25%, the CSF was clear. In patients with cerebral infarction, the CSF was never grossly bloody; in two patients with hemorrhagic infarction, the CSF was xanthochromic. The CSF pressure, protein values and leukocyte counts were less useful in differentiating intracerebral hemorrhage from cerebral infarction. Cases with hemorrhagic infarction could not be separated from those with ischemic infarction on the basis of CSF analysis. In clear CSF, the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte (PNL) counts were never greater than 20 per cubic millimeter. In xanthochromic or cloudy CSF, leukocyte counts, especially PNLs, were frequently elevated, occasionally to the high levels.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral hemorrhage and infarction. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities were correlated with pathological diagnoses in 61 patients with autopsy-verified intracerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction. Lumbar punctures were performed within one week of onset of symptoms. The CSF color and red blood cell counts were the most useful CSF parameters in differentiating between intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. In 75% of the patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, the CSF was either grossly bloody or xanthochromic; in 25%, the CSF was clear. In patients with cerebral infarction, the CSF was never grossly bloody; in two patients with hemorrhagic infarction, the CSF was xanthochromic. The CSF pressure, protein values and leukocyte counts were less useful in differentiating intracerebral hemorrhage from cerebral infarction. Cases with hemorrhagic infarction could not be separated from those with ischemic infarction on the basis of CSF analysis. In clear CSF, the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte (PNL) counts were never greater than 20 per cubic millimeter. In xanthochromic or cloudy CSF, leukocyte counts, especially PNLs, were frequently elevated, occasionally to the high levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1198629", "title": "Kinks, coils, and carotids: a review.", "content": "Kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery (ICA) sometimes may result in symptomatic cerebrovascular disease, but indisputable evidence linking the two conditions is lacking. However, there is enough evidence to warrant careful consideration of surgical correction in patients who have features of the carotid artery syndrome and kinking of the ICA as shown on angiography. Kinking or buckling of the artery is due to atherosclerosis and is to be distinguished from coiling, which is ascribed to embryological causes. Definite recommendations regarding the advisability of surgery for infants who are discovered to have coils cannot be made, but coiling is generally asymptomatic. Adults with kinks in their carotid arteries who have recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) benefit most from surgical correction, particularly if symptoms are aggravated on head rotation, which may cause the kink to obstruct.", "contents": "Kinks, coils, and carotids: a review. Kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery (ICA) sometimes may result in symptomatic cerebrovascular disease, but indisputable evidence linking the two conditions is lacking. However, there is enough evidence to warrant careful consideration of surgical correction in patients who have features of the carotid artery syndrome and kinking of the ICA as shown on angiography. Kinking or buckling of the artery is due to atherosclerosis and is to be distinguished from coiling, which is ascribed to embryological causes. Definite recommendations regarding the advisability of surgery for infants who are discovered to have coils cannot be made, but coiling is generally asymptomatic. Adults with kinks in their carotid arteries who have recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) benefit most from surgical correction, particularly if symptoms are aggravated on head rotation, which may cause the kink to obstruct."}
{"id": "PMID:1198630", "title": "Determinants of response of pial arteries to norepinephrine and sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "content": "Feline pial arteries larger than 100 mu in diameter constricted in response to cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation suggests or in response to topical application of norepinephrine. Smaller pial arteries were unresponsive to norepinephrine. This unresponsiveness persisted when norepinephrine was dissolved in CSF with high calcium ion concentration, or in CSF with both high calcium ion and zero magnesium ion concentration, or when it was dissolved in the acid fluid used by Wahl et al. and applied by constant infusion or by intermittent application. Comparison of the responses of the larger pial vessels to norepinephrine and to sympathetic nerve stimulation that maximal activation of sympathetic nerves achieves a concentration of released norepinephrine equal to 5.9 x 10(-6) M. The constriction of the larger pial vessels in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation could account for modest reductions in cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "Determinants of response of pial arteries to norepinephrine and sympathetic nerve stimulation. Feline pial arteries larger than 100 mu in diameter constricted in response to cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation suggests or in response to topical application of norepinephrine. Smaller pial arteries were unresponsive to norepinephrine. This unresponsiveness persisted when norepinephrine was dissolved in CSF with high calcium ion concentration, or in CSF with both high calcium ion and zero magnesium ion concentration, or when it was dissolved in the acid fluid used by Wahl et al. and applied by constant infusion or by intermittent application. Comparison of the responses of the larger pial vessels to norepinephrine and to sympathetic nerve stimulation that maximal activation of sympathetic nerves achieves a concentration of released norepinephrine equal to 5.9 x 10(-6) M. The constriction of the larger pial vessels in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation could account for modest reductions in cerebral blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1198631", "title": "The value of brain scanning in the management of strokes.", "content": "The usefulness of brain scanning in the diagnosis and management of strokes was evaluated in 313 serial cases. Of 38 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), only one had a positive test. The optimal time for scanning completed strokes was between seven and 14 days after onset. The pattern of uptake was characteristic of a vascular lesion in 76.8%. When uptake was indistinguishable from tumor, follow-up scans were useful. Patients with negative scans in the second week have a significantly better prognosis than the ones with a positive study. Cerebral angiography and brain scan correlated well in 56 patients who had both tests performed. The postmortem findings in 12 cases again emphasize the importance of the correct timing of the study, and the fact that a brain scan does not usually demonstrate lesions smaller than 2 cm in diameter. It is concluded that the brain scan represents a useful tool in the diagnosis of strokes and helps in predicting the degree of recovery following a vascular insult.", "contents": "The value of brain scanning in the management of strokes. The usefulness of brain scanning in the diagnosis and management of strokes was evaluated in 313 serial cases. Of 38 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), only one had a positive test. The optimal time for scanning completed strokes was between seven and 14 days after onset. The pattern of uptake was characteristic of a vascular lesion in 76.8%. When uptake was indistinguishable from tumor, follow-up scans were useful. Patients with negative scans in the second week have a significantly better prognosis than the ones with a positive study. Cerebral angiography and brain scan correlated well in 56 patients who had both tests performed. The postmortem findings in 12 cases again emphasize the importance of the correct timing of the study, and the fact that a brain scan does not usually demonstrate lesions smaller than 2 cm in diameter. It is concluded that the brain scan represents a useful tool in the diagnosis of strokes and helps in predicting the degree of recovery following a vascular insult."}
{"id": "PMID:1198632", "title": "Comparative study of cerebral vasoactivity in vascular sclerosis of the brain in elderly men.", "content": "Thirty-five elderly patients underwent a systematic series of cerebrovascular examinations. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of clinical criteria: normal patients (Group 1), patients with sequelae of a previous stroke or with minor mental disorders (Group 2), and patients with arteriosclerosis dementia (Group 3). The vasomotor reactions of the cerebral arteries were investigated by estimating regional cerebral blood flow (133Xe clearance technique). The authors emphasize the existence of cerebral vasoreactivity in subjects with clinical symptoms of senile dementia. Furthermore, in each of the three groups of elderly patients, there seemed to be a lack of correlation between the clinical symptoms and certain specific vascular examinations.", "contents": "Comparative study of cerebral vasoactivity in vascular sclerosis of the brain in elderly men. Thirty-five elderly patients underwent a systematic series of cerebrovascular examinations. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of clinical criteria: normal patients (Group 1), patients with sequelae of a previous stroke or with minor mental disorders (Group 2), and patients with arteriosclerosis dementia (Group 3). The vasomotor reactions of the cerebral arteries were investigated by estimating regional cerebral blood flow (133Xe clearance technique). The authors emphasize the existence of cerebral vasoreactivity in subjects with clinical symptoms of senile dementia. Furthermore, in each of the three groups of elderly patients, there seemed to be a lack of correlation between the clinical symptoms and certain specific vascular examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1198633", "title": "Energy metabolism during brain ischemia. Stability during reversible and irreversible damage.", "content": "The permissible duration of brain ischemia without sustaining damage is short. Less clear are the mechanisms accounting for the vulnerability of brain to ischemic insults. Neurochemical factors implicated include impairment of energy synthesis by mitochondria and of energy-dependent processes such as synaptic transmission, ATPase activity, membrane conductance and altered protein and lipid synthesis. To clarify the vulnerability of energy metabolism, we investigated energy availability and synthesis in our model of global cerebral ischemia. Our studies evaluated in vitro mitochondrial ATP synthesis and the in vivo quantitation of the cortical adenylate pool. Results of our investigations support a growing body of evidence showing the energy state to be relatively stable to ischemia. We conclude that an energy-dependent process of brain is primarily vulnerable to ischemia.", "contents": "Energy metabolism during brain ischemia. Stability during reversible and irreversible damage. The permissible duration of brain ischemia without sustaining damage is short. Less clear are the mechanisms accounting for the vulnerability of brain to ischemic insults. Neurochemical factors implicated include impairment of energy synthesis by mitochondria and of energy-dependent processes such as synaptic transmission, ATPase activity, membrane conductance and altered protein and lipid synthesis. To clarify the vulnerability of energy metabolism, we investigated energy availability and synthesis in our model of global cerebral ischemia. Our studies evaluated in vitro mitochondrial ATP synthesis and the in vivo quantitation of the cortical adenylate pool. Results of our investigations support a growing body of evidence showing the energy state to be relatively stable to ischemia. We conclude that an energy-dependent process of brain is primarily vulnerable to ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1198634", "title": "Trace metal content of cerebral vessels in American Blacks, Caucasians and Nigerian Africans.", "content": "Trace metal contents of cerebral vessels in age-matched and sex-matched subjects from three population groups were estimated. The trace metals included calcium, manganese, zinc, magnesium, copper and iron. The American blacks in Washington, D.C., who are ethnologically related to Nigerian Africans, have different patterns of trace metal contents in their cerebral vessels and the observed levels also differed in some respects from Minnesota Caucasians living in a similar environment. The greatest amounts of calcium, zinc, and copper were found in the vessels of American blacks while the greatest amount of magnesium was found in vessels of Minnesota Caucasians. There was no statistically significant difference in the manganese content of the cerebral vessels in three population groups. Nigerian Africans had the least amounts of copper and magnesium but had the highest iron content. A similar high level of iron was observed in the vessels of American blacks. Since it has been shown that American blacks have the most extensive and severe degree of atherosclerosis among the three population groups, it would appear that iron, calcium and manganese in the cerebral vessels may not directly relate to the severity of cerebral atherosclerosis. Relatively high levels of copper and magnesium, which were observed in the cerebral vessels of American blacks and Caucasians, may be of significance in the pathogenesis of cerebral atherosclerosis. The low levels of the trace metals in Nigerians may be protective. The possible role of zinc requires further studies.", "contents": "Trace metal content of cerebral vessels in American Blacks, Caucasians and Nigerian Africans. Trace metal contents of cerebral vessels in age-matched and sex-matched subjects from three population groups were estimated. The trace metals included calcium, manganese, zinc, magnesium, copper and iron. The American blacks in Washington, D.C., who are ethnologically related to Nigerian Africans, have different patterns of trace metal contents in their cerebral vessels and the observed levels also differed in some respects from Minnesota Caucasians living in a similar environment. The greatest amounts of calcium, zinc, and copper were found in the vessels of American blacks while the greatest amount of magnesium was found in vessels of Minnesota Caucasians. There was no statistically significant difference in the manganese content of the cerebral vessels in three population groups. Nigerian Africans had the least amounts of copper and magnesium but had the highest iron content. A similar high level of iron was observed in the vessels of American blacks. Since it has been shown that American blacks have the most extensive and severe degree of atherosclerosis among the three population groups, it would appear that iron, calcium and manganese in the cerebral vessels may not directly relate to the severity of cerebral atherosclerosis. Relatively high levels of copper and magnesium, which were observed in the cerebral vessels of American blacks and Caucasians, may be of significance in the pathogenesis of cerebral atherosclerosis. The low levels of the trace metals in Nigerians may be protective. The possible role of zinc requires further studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1198635", "title": "The Behr pupil revisited. Anisocoria following cerebrovascular accidents.", "content": "Three hundred and sixty-three cases of cerebral infarction were reviewed: 19 had anisocoria. Eighty percent had the larger pupil contralateral to the hemispheric lesion. The mydriasis was associated with long tract signs in all instances. If the abnormal pupil and long tract signs are not on the same side, the long tract signs are the most accurate evidence of the side of thhe hemispheric lesions. When the pupil was 4 mm or larger and reacted sluggishly, the prognosis was poor. The mechanism of the production of the anisocoria is still uncertain; the lesion is probably \"cortical\" and in the contralateral hemisphere.", "contents": "The Behr pupil revisited. Anisocoria following cerebrovascular accidents. Three hundred and sixty-three cases of cerebral infarction were reviewed: 19 had anisocoria. Eighty percent had the larger pupil contralateral to the hemispheric lesion. The mydriasis was associated with long tract signs in all instances. If the abnormal pupil and long tract signs are not on the same side, the long tract signs are the most accurate evidence of the side of thhe hemispheric lesions. When the pupil was 4 mm or larger and reacted sluggishly, the prognosis was poor. The mechanism of the production of the anisocoria is still uncertain; the lesion is probably \"cortical\" and in the contralateral hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:1198636", "title": "Brain scan in cerebral ischemia. An experimental model in the rat.", "content": "A rapid embolic method for consistent induction of stroke in the rat is described. Brain scans were performed using a micro-pinhole collimator system, and the value of the model for studies in localization of radiopharmaceuticals in cerebral ischemia is demonstrated.", "contents": "Brain scan in cerebral ischemia. An experimental model in the rat. A rapid embolic method for consistent induction of stroke in the rat is described. Brain scans were performed using a micro-pinhole collimator system, and the value of the model for studies in localization of radiopharmaceuticals in cerebral ischemia is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1198637", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid and arterial lactate, pyruvate and acid-base balance in patients with intracranial hemorrhages.", "content": "Lactate and pyruvate concentrations and acid-base balance in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and arterial blood were determined in patients with intracranial hemorrhages (28 subarachnoid hemorrhages and 15 intracerebral hemorrhages). A greater increase in CSF lactate and lactate-pyruvate ratio (L/P ratio) was observed in patients with impairment of consciousness, focal neurological deficits, poor prognosis, or CSF pressures higher than 300 mm H2O. A combination of CSF lactate greater than 2.5 mM per liter, L/P ration above 20, bicarbonate less than 20.4 mEq per liter, pH below 7.276, or arterial PCO2 below 31.5 mm Hg seems to indicate poor prognosis from intracranial hemorrhage. The mechanism of hyperventilation in acute cerebrovascular diseases and of CSF pH regulation in acid-base disturbances was also discussed.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid and arterial lactate, pyruvate and acid-base balance in patients with intracranial hemorrhages. Lactate and pyruvate concentrations and acid-base balance in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and arterial blood were determined in patients with intracranial hemorrhages (28 subarachnoid hemorrhages and 15 intracerebral hemorrhages). A greater increase in CSF lactate and lactate-pyruvate ratio (L/P ratio) was observed in patients with impairment of consciousness, focal neurological deficits, poor prognosis, or CSF pressures higher than 300 mm H2O. A combination of CSF lactate greater than 2.5 mM per liter, L/P ration above 20, bicarbonate less than 20.4 mEq per liter, pH below 7.276, or arterial PCO2 below 31.5 mm Hg seems to indicate poor prognosis from intracranial hemorrhage. The mechanism of hyperventilation in acute cerebrovascular diseases and of CSF pH regulation in acid-base disturbances was also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198681", "title": "Antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen in immune serum globulin.", "content": "A collection of 1,278 lots of immune serum globulin (ISG) prepared by 19 United States manufacturers between 1962 and 1974 were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) and antibody (anti-HBS). Ten lots (0.8%), all of which were produced between 1962 and 1965 by two different manufacturers, were weakly positive for HBSAg (by radioimmunoassay). Seven hundred and seven lots (55.3%) were positive for anti-HBS (by passive hemagglutination). In general, titers of anti- HBS in lots of ISG were low, and the prevalence of anti HBS positive lots varied considerably among different manufacturers. ISG prepared from placental material was more commonly positive for anti-HBS than was ISG prepared from plasma. There was a striking overall increase in prevalence and titer of anti-HBS in ISG lots prepared during 1973 and 1974. This probably reflects the effect of elimination of strongly HBSAg-positive plasma units with the onset of routine screening for HBSAg which began in 1972.", "contents": "Antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen in immune serum globulin. A collection of 1,278 lots of immune serum globulin (ISG) prepared by 19 United States manufacturers between 1962 and 1974 were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) and antibody (anti-HBS). Ten lots (0.8%), all of which were produced between 1962 and 1965 by two different manufacturers, were weakly positive for HBSAg (by radioimmunoassay). Seven hundred and seven lots (55.3%) were positive for anti-HBS (by passive hemagglutination). In general, titers of anti- HBS in lots of ISG were low, and the prevalence of anti HBS positive lots varied considerably among different manufacturers. ISG prepared from placental material was more commonly positive for anti-HBS than was ISG prepared from plasma. There was a striking overall increase in prevalence and titer of anti-HBS in ISG lots prepared during 1973 and 1974. This probably reflects the effect of elimination of strongly HBSAg-positive plasma units with the onset of routine screening for HBSAg which began in 1972."}
{"id": "PMID:1198682", "title": "Viable lymphocytes in frozen washed blood.", "content": "Samples of glycerolized, frozen, packed cells, were washed by each of three systems and then were cultrued for viable lymphocytes using the short-term culture method. Of the 39 samples, 17 (43.6%) showed definite evidence of growth of lymphocytes. Of the 17, 11(64.7%) were washed by Elutramatic, two (11.8%) by Haemonetics, and four (23.5%) by IBM. The 4 C prefreeze (two to five days) as well as the -80 C (21 To 40 days) storage times were the same for both positive and negative specimens. In all samples, clumps of distorted granulocytes with pyknotic nuclei were seen in addition to a number of well-preserved mononucleated white cells. In the 17 specimens which showed growth, incorporation of 3H-thymidine was seen only in the PHA-induced blast cells; typical mitotic figures were seen in some cultures. These observations demonstrate that lymphocytes remain viable in frozen blood stored at -80 C up to 40 days. The significant difference in removal of viable lymphocytes noted in specimens washed by different instruments requires further evaluation.", "contents": "Viable lymphocytes in frozen washed blood. Samples of glycerolized, frozen, packed cells, were washed by each of three systems and then were cultrued for viable lymphocytes using the short-term culture method. Of the 39 samples, 17 (43.6%) showed definite evidence of growth of lymphocytes. Of the 17, 11(64.7%) were washed by Elutramatic, two (11.8%) by Haemonetics, and four (23.5%) by IBM. The 4 C prefreeze (two to five days) as well as the -80 C (21 To 40 days) storage times were the same for both positive and negative specimens. In all samples, clumps of distorted granulocytes with pyknotic nuclei were seen in addition to a number of well-preserved mononucleated white cells. In the 17 specimens which showed growth, incorporation of 3H-thymidine was seen only in the PHA-induced blast cells; typical mitotic figures were seen in some cultures. These observations demonstrate that lymphocytes remain viable in frozen blood stored at -80 C up to 40 days. The significant difference in removal of viable lymphocytes noted in specimens washed by different instruments requires further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198685", "title": "Unusual response to ABO incompatible blood transfusion.", "content": "Three units of group A blood were inadvertently administered to a group O recipient during surgery without evidence of hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute renal tubular necrosis, or other signs and symptoms of transfusion reaction. The recipient had normal concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM as well as complement (C3) prior to transfusion and anti-A agglutinins titered to 64 (titer of 128 by the antiglobulin technic). Seventeen hours following the transfusion, 28 per cent of the circulating red blood cells were group A (equivalent to 475 ml of packed cells); they were eliminated by day 5 without evidence of hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia or hyperbilirubinemia. Anti-A titers (antiglobulin) had risen from a posttransfusion low of 4 to 4,096 by day 10. After treatment of serum with 2-mercaptoethanol, however, hemolytic activity which was first noted on day 5 was lost and the antiglobulin titer dropped to 24 which suggested that most of the anti-A produced in response to the transfusion was IgM rather than IgG. The anti-A titer had dropped to essentialyy pretransfusion levels and the majority of anti-A present was IgM by day 91. The recipient suffered no untoward effects from the transfusion and was in good health three months following the transfusion.", "contents": "Unusual response to ABO incompatible blood transfusion. Three units of group A blood were inadvertently administered to a group O recipient during surgery without evidence of hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute renal tubular necrosis, or other signs and symptoms of transfusion reaction. The recipient had normal concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM as well as complement (C3) prior to transfusion and anti-A agglutinins titered to 64 (titer of 128 by the antiglobulin technic). Seventeen hours following the transfusion, 28 per cent of the circulating red blood cells were group A (equivalent to 475 ml of packed cells); they were eliminated by day 5 without evidence of hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia or hyperbilirubinemia. Anti-A titers (antiglobulin) had risen from a posttransfusion low of 4 to 4,096 by day 10. After treatment of serum with 2-mercaptoethanol, however, hemolytic activity which was first noted on day 5 was lost and the antiglobulin titer dropped to 24 which suggested that most of the anti-A produced in response to the transfusion was IgM rather than IgG. The anti-A titer had dropped to essentialyy pretransfusion levels and the majority of anti-A present was IgM by day 91. The recipient suffered no untoward effects from the transfusion and was in good health three months following the transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1198683", "title": "Granylocyte transfusion: a controlled study in patients with acuute nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Granulocyte transfusions are frequently used during the leukopenic phase of induction chemotherapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) although no controlled study has documented their usefulness. We have compared the morbidity and mortality of febrile episodes in granulocytopenic (less than 500/mm3) adults with ANLL who received granulocytes and those who did not. Granulocytes were obtained from related normal donors using a continuous flow centrifuge. Seventeen patients who received 98 transfusions during 23 febrile episodes were compared with 22 patients who received no granulocytes during 35 febrile episodes. No significant difference in clearing of documented infection occurred between the transfused (71%) or the control (76%) group. Granulocytes did not result in more rapid termination of febrile episodes nor in significant decrease in fever 24 hours following the transfusion. Factors contributing to the lack of obvious clincal benefit are discussed.", "contents": "Granylocyte transfusion: a controlled study in patients with acuute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Granulocyte transfusions are frequently used during the leukopenic phase of induction chemotherapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) although no controlled study has documented their usefulness. We have compared the morbidity and mortality of febrile episodes in granulocytopenic (less than 500/mm3) adults with ANLL who received granulocytes and those who did not. Granulocytes were obtained from related normal donors using a continuous flow centrifuge. Seventeen patients who received 98 transfusions during 23 febrile episodes were compared with 22 patients who received no granulocytes during 35 febrile episodes. No significant difference in clearing of documented infection occurred between the transfused (71%) or the control (76%) group. Granulocytes did not result in more rapid termination of febrile episodes nor in significant decrease in fever 24 hours following the transfusion. Factors contributing to the lack of obvious clincal benefit are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198687", "title": "Inherited mosaicism affecting the ABO blood groups.", "content": "Blood samples from two families and three other unrelated people contain a mixture of red blood cells of two different ABO types. Previously described causes of red blood cell mosaicism have been excluded from responsibility. Other blood group systems are not involved. The phenotypes, which have been designated ABO mos, are inherited through a variant allele at the ABO locus and appear to arise from a change in regulation of an ABO gene of some somatic cells.", "contents": "Inherited mosaicism affecting the ABO blood groups. Blood samples from two families and three other unrelated people contain a mixture of red blood cells of two different ABO types. Previously described causes of red blood cell mosaicism have been excluded from responsibility. Other blood group systems are not involved. The phenotypes, which have been designated ABO mos, are inherited through a variant allele at the ABO locus and appear to arise from a change in regulation of an ABO gene of some somatic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1198684", "title": "Improved granulocyte collection from normal donors by combination of continuous-flow centrifugation and filtration leukapheresis.", "content": "A total of 30 leukaphereses were performed with the Aminco Cellseparator on 27 healthy donots. Pretreatment by steroids and addition of fluid gelatin to the input line was performed in all runs. The combination of continuous flow centrifugation and filtration leukapheresis (CFC-FL) in nine of the 30 runs resulted in a highly significant increase of the yield to a mean of 59.6 X 1o(9) granulocytes as compared with a mean of 30.8 X 10(9) granulocytes obtained with conventional CFC. This significance is valid for the total yield of granulocytes, the yield per hour of run, or per liter of blood processed. No adverse reaction occurred.", "contents": "Improved granulocyte collection from normal donors by combination of continuous-flow centrifugation and filtration leukapheresis. A total of 30 leukaphereses were performed with the Aminco Cellseparator on 27 healthy donots. Pretreatment by steroids and addition of fluid gelatin to the input line was performed in all runs. The combination of continuous flow centrifugation and filtration leukapheresis (CFC-FL) in nine of the 30 runs resulted in a highly significant increase of the yield to a mean of 59.6 X 1o(9) granulocytes as compared with a mean of 30.8 X 10(9) granulocytes obtained with conventional CFC. This significance is valid for the total yield of granulocytes, the yield per hour of run, or per liter of blood processed. No adverse reaction occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:1198686", "title": "An adverse pulmonary reaction to cryoprecipitate in a hemophiliac.", "content": "An adult with classif Hemophilia A experienced a very severe reaction to transfusion with cryoprecipitate which was manifested as an adverse pulmonary reaction with marked hypoxemia in spite of oxygen therapy. The patient had neither leukoagglutinins nor lymphocytoxic, anti-platelet, or anti-Gm antibodies. His IgA level was normal. The possibility that debris in the cryoprecipitate from leukocytes and platelets contributed to the reaction is discussed.", "contents": "An adverse pulmonary reaction to cryoprecipitate in a hemophiliac. An adult with classif Hemophilia A experienced a very severe reaction to transfusion with cryoprecipitate which was manifested as an adverse pulmonary reaction with marked hypoxemia in spite of oxygen therapy. The patient had neither leukoagglutinins nor lymphocytoxic, anti-platelet, or anti-Gm antibodies. His IgA level was normal. The possibility that debris in the cryoprecipitate from leukocytes and platelets contributed to the reaction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198690", "title": "Anti-Holley (hy): characterization of another example.", "content": "Anti-Hy, in a serum of a black man who had received multiple blood transfusions, was found to be a warm reactive and polyclonal IgG antibody which did not bind complement in vitro. 51Cr-labeled Hy-positive red blood cells in the patient showed a shortened \"2-component\" survival curve. Hy antigens were not detected on leukocytes, platelets, or in the serum of Hy-positive individuals.", "contents": "Anti-Holley (hy): characterization of another example. Anti-Hy, in a serum of a black man who had received multiple blood transfusions, was found to be a warm reactive and polyclonal IgG antibody which did not bind complement in vitro. 51Cr-labeled Hy-positive red blood cells in the patient showed a shortened \"2-component\" survival curve. Hy antigens were not detected on leukocytes, platelets, or in the serum of Hy-positive individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:1198689", "title": "Banked and fresh autologous blood in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.", "content": "When 50 patients having autologous transfusions of two units of blood collected intraoperatively during coronary bypass surgery were compared with 50 patients receiving only homologous donor blood, it was found that a two-unit (20%) decrease in homologous blood usage per case occurred in the group receiving the autologous blood. No decrease occurred in total units of blood used per case. In 15 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, in addition to the two units of autolobous blood collected during surgery, two or four units of autologous blood were obtained preoperatively and administered intraoperatively. When four units were collected, the red blood cells were frozen until just prior to surgery. Total blood usage per case remained unchanged but a 4.6 unit (41%) decrease in homologous donor blood usage was noted. Patients phlebotomized preoperatively took 325 mgm of oral iron t.i.d. through the postoperative recovery period. These patients had an average decrease in hematocrit of 4.25 to 4.3 per cent following the final phlebotomy and just prior to surgery.", "contents": "Banked and fresh autologous blood in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. When 50 patients having autologous transfusions of two units of blood collected intraoperatively during coronary bypass surgery were compared with 50 patients receiving only homologous donor blood, it was found that a two-unit (20%) decrease in homologous blood usage per case occurred in the group receiving the autologous blood. No decrease occurred in total units of blood used per case. In 15 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, in addition to the two units of autolobous blood collected during surgery, two or four units of autologous blood were obtained preoperatively and administered intraoperatively. When four units were collected, the red blood cells were frozen until just prior to surgery. Total blood usage per case remained unchanged but a 4.6 unit (41%) decrease in homologous donor blood usage was noted. Patients phlebotomized preoperatively took 325 mgm of oral iron t.i.d. through the postoperative recovery period. These patients had an average decrease in hematocrit of 4.25 to 4.3 per cent following the final phlebotomy and just prior to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1198688", "title": "In vivo platelet function following cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "In order to test the in vivo hemostatic function of platelets exposed to cardiopulmonary bypass, template bleeding times (TBT) were performed prebypass, three hours postbypass and 18 to 20 hours postoperatively in 22 patients undergoing open-heart surgery. The Harker-Slichter formula was applied to platelet counts below 100,000/cu mm to determine the expected TBT if the platelets function normally but were associated with a prolonged bleeding time merely from thrombocytopenia. Half of the patients received only frozen erythrocyte transfusions. Twenty of the 22 patients (91%) had normal or shorter than the expected TBT. Eight of the ten patients with platelet counts under 100,000/cu mm had shorter than predicted TBTs. All of the patients receiving only frozen erythrocytes had normal or shorter than predicted TBTs. It is concluded that in vivo platelet hemostatic function is usually normal postbypass, that routine platelet transfusions are therefore not necessary, and that most open-heart surgical procedures can be performed using frozen erythrocyte transfusions exclusively.", "contents": "In vivo platelet function following cardiopulmonary bypass. In order to test the in vivo hemostatic function of platelets exposed to cardiopulmonary bypass, template bleeding times (TBT) were performed prebypass, three hours postbypass and 18 to 20 hours postoperatively in 22 patients undergoing open-heart surgery. The Harker-Slichter formula was applied to platelet counts below 100,000/cu mm to determine the expected TBT if the platelets function normally but were associated with a prolonged bleeding time merely from thrombocytopenia. Half of the patients received only frozen erythrocyte transfusions. Twenty of the 22 patients (91%) had normal or shorter than the expected TBT. Eight of the ten patients with platelet counts under 100,000/cu mm had shorter than predicted TBTs. All of the patients receiving only frozen erythrocytes had normal or shorter than predicted TBTs. It is concluded that in vivo platelet hemostatic function is usually normal postbypass, that routine platelet transfusions are therefore not necessary, and that most open-heart surgical procedures can be performed using frozen erythrocyte transfusions exclusively."}
{"id": "PMID:1198691", "title": "ABO discrepancy caused by an auto anti-N.", "content": "This report describes an auto anti-N reacting at a high thermal amplitude that caused an ABO cell and serum discrepancy.", "contents": "ABO discrepancy caused by an auto anti-N. This report describes an auto anti-N reacting at a high thermal amplitude that caused an ABO cell and serum discrepancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1198702", "title": "Characterization of IgG-containing DEAE fractions of canine serum.", "content": "A high-titered canine antilymphocyte serum was chromatographed on DE-52 cellulose and the fractions were assayed for cytotoxic activity. Although cytotoxicity was associated with the first 63% of the column effluent corresponding to fractions 1 through 7, significant activity (256) was demonstrable only in fractions 2, 3, 4, and 5. An immunoelectrophoretic study of fractions 1 through 5 showed only IgGa in fraction 1, IgGa and IgGb as electrophoretically separate arcs in fraction 2, and as electrophoretically inseparable arcs in fractions 3 through 5. Cytotoxicity is postulated to be associated with the IgGb subclass, since titers correspond with the distribution of IgGb in column fractions.", "contents": "Characterization of IgG-containing DEAE fractions of canine serum. A high-titered canine antilymphocyte serum was chromatographed on DE-52 cellulose and the fractions were assayed for cytotoxic activity. Although cytotoxicity was associated with the first 63% of the column effluent corresponding to fractions 1 through 7, significant activity (256) was demonstrable only in fractions 2, 3, 4, and 5. An immunoelectrophoretic study of fractions 1 through 5 showed only IgGa in fraction 1, IgGa and IgGb as electrophoretically separate arcs in fraction 2, and as electrophoretically inseparable arcs in fractions 3 through 5. Cytotoxicity is postulated to be associated with the IgGb subclass, since titers correspond with the distribution of IgGb in column fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:1198693", "title": "Successful control of life-threatening thrombocytosis with a blood processor.", "content": "A patient with polycythemia rubra vera developed marked thrombocytosis and hemorrhage after splenectomy. Plateletpheresis with a blood processor proved to be a safe, efficient, and rapid method for the mechanical removal of large quantities of platelets prior to adequate control with chemotherapy.", "contents": "Successful control of life-threatening thrombocytosis with a blood processor. A patient with polycythemia rubra vera developed marked thrombocytosis and hemorrhage after splenectomy. Plateletpheresis with a blood processor proved to be a safe, efficient, and rapid method for the mechanical removal of large quantities of platelets prior to adequate control with chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1198703", "title": "Preliminary evidence for a fourth phosphoglucomutase (PGM) locus in the dog.", "content": "The PGM polymorphisms were investigated in starch gel electrophoresis in a total of 34 dogs. After prolonged incubation, a zone located 5-6 cm anodal to PGM3 was found in which two clear bands were identified. Two dogs had only the faster band, and two dogs had only the slower band. This provides preliminary evidence for the existence of a fourth PGM locus in dogs. A series of exclusion experiments indicates that the newly found bands contain PGM activity.", "contents": "Preliminary evidence for a fourth phosphoglucomutase (PGM) locus in the dog. The PGM polymorphisms were investigated in starch gel electrophoresis in a total of 34 dogs. After prolonged incubation, a zone located 5-6 cm anodal to PGM3 was found in which two clear bands were identified. Two dogs had only the faster band, and two dogs had only the slower band. This provides preliminary evidence for the existence of a fourth PGM locus in dogs. A series of exclusion experiments indicates that the newly found bands contain PGM activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1198692", "title": "Functional and ultrastructural status of platelets prepared by the Celltrifuge.", "content": "Function and morphology of platelets collected by the Celltrifuge were investigated. In vitro platelet tests included aggregation by adenosine diplhosphate, collagen, and epinephrine, ability to support clot retraction, uptake and release of labeles serotonin, and morphology at the ultrastructural level. Each of these tests was also performed on platelets obtained from the same donor before the collection procedure was instituted. Data obtained from pre- and post-Celltrifuge platelet samples were compared and analyzed on individual donor basis as wass as on eight donors as a group. The hemostatic effectiveness of Celltrifuge-collected platelets was evaluated by their ability to raise platelet counts and to shorten the template bleeding time in four thrombocytopenic recipients. Our results indicate that platelets prepared by this continuous flow centrifugation equipment retained their functional and ultrastructural integrity, and significantly raised the platelet counts and shortened the bleeding time of all four patients.", "contents": "Functional and ultrastructural status of platelets prepared by the Celltrifuge. Function and morphology of platelets collected by the Celltrifuge were investigated. In vitro platelet tests included aggregation by adenosine diplhosphate, collagen, and epinephrine, ability to support clot retraction, uptake and release of labeles serotonin, and morphology at the ultrastructural level. Each of these tests was also performed on platelets obtained from the same donor before the collection procedure was instituted. Data obtained from pre- and post-Celltrifuge platelet samples were compared and analyzed on individual donor basis as wass as on eight donors as a group. The hemostatic effectiveness of Celltrifuge-collected platelets was evaluated by their ability to raise platelet counts and to shorten the template bleeding time in four thrombocytopenic recipients. Our results indicate that platelets prepared by this continuous flow centrifugation equipment retained their functional and ultrastructural integrity, and significantly raised the platelet counts and shortened the bleeding time of all four patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1198709", "title": "Snyaptic and dendritic development and mental defect.", "content": "The hypothesis that specific defects in synaptic and dendritic development of cerebral cortex may form the anatomical basis in some cases of mental defect has been examined by electron microscopy and by use of the Golgi-Cos method. Two types of abnormality have been identified to date. One is a specific lesion of presynaptic terminals, first reported by Gonatas and Goldensohn (14) in a child with mental retardation and myoclonic seizures. This lesion, consisting of massive proliferation of membranous structures in terminal axons, appears to be rare and may be the anatomical substrate of one or more genetically determined dementing illnesses in infancy. More commonly, cerebral cortex from the severely retarded shows defects in number, length, and spatial arrangement of dendrites and synapses, best demonstrated by the Golgi method. Such abnormalities have been found in six out of eleven brains from severely retarded individuals examined by us. The etiology of the retardation was unknown in the majority; two had other recognizable developmental malformations of brain. It is suggested that a number of different etiological factors, if active during the period of rapid synaptic and dendritic growth in cerebral cortex (i. e., from the last trimester of pregnancy to the end of the first postnatal year) may result in stunted development of these structures.", "contents": "Snyaptic and dendritic development and mental defect. The hypothesis that specific defects in synaptic and dendritic development of cerebral cortex may form the anatomical basis in some cases of mental defect has been examined by electron microscopy and by use of the Golgi-Cos method. Two types of abnormality have been identified to date. One is a specific lesion of presynaptic terminals, first reported by Gonatas and Goldensohn (14) in a child with mental retardation and myoclonic seizures. This lesion, consisting of massive proliferation of membranous structures in terminal axons, appears to be rare and may be the anatomical substrate of one or more genetically determined dementing illnesses in infancy. More commonly, cerebral cortex from the severely retarded shows defects in number, length, and spatial arrangement of dendrites and synapses, best demonstrated by the Golgi method. Such abnormalities have been found in six out of eleven brains from severely retarded individuals examined by us. The etiology of the retardation was unknown in the majority; two had other recognizable developmental malformations of brain. It is suggested that a number of different etiological factors, if active during the period of rapid synaptic and dendritic growth in cerebral cortex (i. e., from the last trimester of pregnancy to the end of the first postnatal year) may result in stunted development of these structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1198715", "title": "Unit recordings during Pavlovian conditioning.", "content": "The aim is to find some switches in the brain and to characterize them if possible as either temporary and requiring some reverberatory process or as more stable and structural. There were five assumptions involved; (a) that the very large population of neurons in the brain could be effectively sampled in a limited set of experiments; (b) that a middle kind of electrodes could direct themselves to a sufficiently stable single unit population to permit extended conditioning experiments: (c) that averaging could be used to eliminate the effects of all unwanted variables that were not correlated with the main auditory signals: (d) that latency mapping would permit the tracing of a signal even through the multiple-channeled pathways of the brain (and would help us to identify switching points; (e) that a middle kind of conditioning (not Pavlovian entirely nor Slinner experiment with the clear CS of a Pavlovian one...", "contents": "Unit recordings during Pavlovian conditioning. The aim is to find some switches in the brain and to characterize them if possible as either temporary and requiring some reverberatory process or as more stable and structural. There were five assumptions involved; (a) that the very large population of neurons in the brain could be effectively sampled in a limited set of experiments; (b) that a middle kind of electrodes could direct themselves to a sufficiently stable single unit population to permit extended conditioning experiments: (c) that averaging could be used to eliminate the effects of all unwanted variables that were not correlated with the main auditory signals: (d) that latency mapping would permit the tracing of a signal even through the multiple-channeled pathways of the brain (and would help us to identify switching points; (e) that a middle kind of conditioning (not Pavlovian entirely nor Slinner experiment with the clear CS of a Pavlovian one..."}
{"id": "PMID:1198718", "title": "Hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase and PKU.", "content": "The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine in mammalian tissues is catalyzed by a complex enzyme system composed of several essential enzymes and cofactors. All of these components have been assayed in liver biopsy samples from patients with the classic form of PKU. They are all present except for phenylalanine hydroxylase, thus establishing this enzyme as the missing component. This conclusion has been confirmed in immunotitration experiments with a specific antiserum to phenylalanine hydroxylase. With the use of a highly sensitive assay for the hydroxylase, 0.27% of the normal activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase has been detected in a liver sample from a patient with classic PKU. There is some evidence that this low level of catalytic activity is due to the presence of a nutant form of the enzyme rather than to very low levels of the normal enzyme. These results rule out the possibility that clasic PKU is caused by a deletion mutation. The finding that the properties of the enzyme are different from the normal enzyme also suggests that the low hydroxylase activity in PKU is not caused by a regulatory hene mutation, but rather by a mutation in the gene that codes for the structure of the hydroxylase.", "contents": "Hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase and PKU. The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine in mammalian tissues is catalyzed by a complex enzyme system composed of several essential enzymes and cofactors. All of these components have been assayed in liver biopsy samples from patients with the classic form of PKU. They are all present except for phenylalanine hydroxylase, thus establishing this enzyme as the missing component. This conclusion has been confirmed in immunotitration experiments with a specific antiserum to phenylalanine hydroxylase. With the use of a highly sensitive assay for the hydroxylase, 0.27% of the normal activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase has been detected in a liver sample from a patient with classic PKU. There is some evidence that this low level of catalytic activity is due to the presence of a nutant form of the enzyme rather than to very low levels of the normal enzyme. These results rule out the possibility that clasic PKU is caused by a deletion mutation. The finding that the properties of the enzyme are different from the normal enzyme also suggests that the low hydroxylase activity in PKU is not caused by a regulatory hene mutation, but rather by a mutation in the gene that codes for the structure of the hydroxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:1198720", "title": "Neuronal sprouting after hippocampal lesions.", "content": "It appears that aberrant but functional circuitry can rapidly develop after removal of particular afferent projections. The parameters describing this process appear to vary according to (1) the age at which the experimental manipulation was performed, (2) the specific afferent being studied, and (3) the particular input which is eliminated or possibly the brain region which is deafferented. It must also be emphasized that abnormal growth is not always found after lesions even in situations which a priori appear appropriate. Hopefully, these anatomical and physiological results obtained in a relatively \"simple\" brain system will be of help in evaluating the role played by abnormal wiring in the development of behavioral deficits.", "contents": "Neuronal sprouting after hippocampal lesions. It appears that aberrant but functional circuitry can rapidly develop after removal of particular afferent projections. The parameters describing this process appear to vary according to (1) the age at which the experimental manipulation was performed, (2) the specific afferent being studied, and (3) the particular input which is eliminated or possibly the brain region which is deafferented. It must also be emphasized that abnormal growth is not always found after lesions even in situations which a priori appear appropriate. Hopefully, these anatomical and physiological results obtained in a relatively \"simple\" brain system will be of help in evaluating the role played by abnormal wiring in the development of behavioral deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:1198764", "title": "Segmental ultrasonic test for the study of cholecystodyskinesia.", "content": "Ten patients of ages 35 to 61 years with 'cholecystopathy' received an injection of 20 ml, 40% biligrafin. X-rays of the gall-bladder area were taken before and at certain intervals after the injection. This was followed by ultrasonic stimulation (applied using the impulse technique) for ten to twenty minutes at frequencies of 3 MHz, effective intensity of 1.4-2.8 W cm-2 and with paraffin oil as a contact agent. The dorsal segments were subjected to ultrasonic stimulation of weaker intensity but longer duration than the ventral segment. The gall-bladder shadow was analysed planimetrically, and an approximate volumetric calculation was attempted. The results show that the gall-bladder responds to segmental ultrasonic stimulation by both contraction and dilatation, presumably through a cutaneous visceral reflex arch, a qualitatively and quantitatively different response to that of egg yolk. Segmental ultrasonic stimulation of the gall-bladder seems to be a suitable complement to fatty meal treatment, particularly where this 'contra-indicated'. In addition it offers the possibility of differentiating between hyper and hypokinetic forms of gall-bladder dyskinesia. Finally, it was observed that a more marked effect on the gall-bladder can be produced by dorsal-segmental stimulation than by stimulation over the ventral points.", "contents": "Segmental ultrasonic test for the study of cholecystodyskinesia. Ten patients of ages 35 to 61 years with 'cholecystopathy' received an injection of 20 ml, 40% biligrafin. X-rays of the gall-bladder area were taken before and at certain intervals after the injection. This was followed by ultrasonic stimulation (applied using the impulse technique) for ten to twenty minutes at frequencies of 3 MHz, effective intensity of 1.4-2.8 W cm-2 and with paraffin oil as a contact agent. The dorsal segments were subjected to ultrasonic stimulation of weaker intensity but longer duration than the ventral segment. The gall-bladder shadow was analysed planimetrically, and an approximate volumetric calculation was attempted. The results show that the gall-bladder responds to segmental ultrasonic stimulation by both contraction and dilatation, presumably through a cutaneous visceral reflex arch, a qualitatively and quantitatively different response to that of egg yolk. Segmental ultrasonic stimulation of the gall-bladder seems to be a suitable complement to fatty meal treatment, particularly where this 'contra-indicated'. In addition it offers the possibility of differentiating between hyper and hypokinetic forms of gall-bladder dyskinesia. Finally, it was observed that a more marked effect on the gall-bladder can be produced by dorsal-segmental stimulation than by stimulation over the ventral points."}
{"id": "PMID:1198771", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the sphenoid sinus.", "content": "Aneurysmal bone cyst is now recognized as a distinct clinicopathologic entity. It has characteristic clinical, radiologic, and pathologic feactures. The two modalities of treatment are surgical resection or curettage and radiotherapy: recurrence rates with each modality are discussed. A case report of an aneurysmal bone cyst presenting in the sphenoid sinus and treated with the compbined modalities of irradiation and surgical curettage is presented.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the sphenoid sinus. Aneurysmal bone cyst is now recognized as a distinct clinicopathologic entity. It has characteristic clinical, radiologic, and pathologic feactures. The two modalities of treatment are surgical resection or curettage and radiotherapy: recurrence rates with each modality are discussed. A case report of an aneurysmal bone cyst presenting in the sphenoid sinus and treated with the compbined modalities of irradiation and surgical curettage is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1198774", "title": "Surgical reconstruction of complications associated with fronto-ethmoid mucocele surgery.", "content": "Devastating complications can occur following an uncomplicated resection of a fronto-ethmoid mucocele, namely, total blepharoptosis, diplopia, and vertical-horizontal extraocular muscle abnormalities. Four stages of reconstructive surgery were required over a two-year period of time to arrive at an acceptable appearance and useful binocular vision. Maximum care must be exercised when resecting a fronto-ethmoid mucocele. Inadvertent trauma to the orbital anatomy may result in a multitude of serious ocular complications.", "contents": "Surgical reconstruction of complications associated with fronto-ethmoid mucocele surgery. Devastating complications can occur following an uncomplicated resection of a fronto-ethmoid mucocele, namely, total blepharoptosis, diplopia, and vertical-horizontal extraocular muscle abnormalities. Four stages of reconstructive surgery were required over a two-year period of time to arrive at an acceptable appearance and useful binocular vision. Maximum care must be exercised when resecting a fronto-ethmoid mucocele. Inadvertent trauma to the orbital anatomy may result in a multitude of serious ocular complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1198783", "title": "[Effect of mitral valve calcinosis on the remote results of commissurotomy].", "content": "The results of 249 mitral commissurotomies in calcification of the mitral valve are analysed. The authors have differentiated three grades of calcification of the valve and two groups according to its functional state. Late results were followed up in 177 patients within the terms up to 10 years and longer. The persistant positive result was noted in 99 patients, in 11 cases it was regarded as poor, and in 37--unstable. Postoperatively 34 patients died. The analysis enabled the authors to state that the positive effect of closed mitral commissurotomy could be also gained in considerable calcification. Prosthetic replacement of the valve is indicated in the presence of massive calcinosis associated with the rigidity of cusps and marked regurgitation.", "contents": "[Effect of mitral valve calcinosis on the remote results of commissurotomy]. The results of 249 mitral commissurotomies in calcification of the mitral valve are analysed. The authors have differentiated three grades of calcification of the valve and two groups according to its functional state. Late results were followed up in 177 patients within the terms up to 10 years and longer. The persistant positive result was noted in 99 patients, in 11 cases it was regarded as poor, and in 37--unstable. Postoperatively 34 patients died. The analysis enabled the authors to state that the positive effect of closed mitral commissurotomy could be also gained in considerable calcification. Prosthetic replacement of the valve is indicated in the presence of massive calcinosis associated with the rigidity of cusps and marked regurgitation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198784", "title": "[Importance of lactacidemia for evaluation of severe postoperative condition of patients with peritonitis].", "content": "Based on the analysis of a number of organic acids, blood pH in the early postoperative period in 56 patients with diffuse peritonitis, it is concluded that the level of lactic acid depends both on the intensity of the inflammatory process in the peritoneum and on the degree of tissue perfusion disorders. During the intensive therapy these microcirculatory disturbances are liquidated during initial two postoperative days, whereas the kinetics of blood organic acids reduction allow characterization of the degree of pathophysiological shifts in diffuse peritonitis and possible issues of the disease.", "contents": "[Importance of lactacidemia for evaluation of severe postoperative condition of patients with peritonitis]. Based on the analysis of a number of organic acids, blood pH in the early postoperative period in 56 patients with diffuse peritonitis, it is concluded that the level of lactic acid depends both on the intensity of the inflammatory process in the peritoneum and on the degree of tissue perfusion disorders. During the intensive therapy these microcirculatory disturbances are liquidated during initial two postoperative days, whereas the kinetics of blood organic acids reduction allow characterization of the degree of pathophysiological shifts in diffuse peritonitis and possible issues of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1198790", "title": "[Causes of errors in x-ray diagnosis of diseases of the digestive tract].", "content": "Eighty three cases of an erroneous x-ray diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were analyzed and compared with operative findings (3269) operations. In 75 observations a divergency in diagnoses was related with pathological conditions of the stomach and pancreatoduodenal zone. The greatest number of erroneous diagnoses is due to an improper interpretation of roentgenological symptoms and underestimation of functional signs of the lesion. Errors in the method of roentgenological studies resulted in a wrong diagnosis. There were 8 cases of incorrect diagnosis in tumors of the small and large bowel, 5--in diseases of the operated stomach and 2--in nonepithelial gastric tumors, these were mostly due to objective difficulties of the differential diagnosis and limitations of the roentgenological method of investigation.", "contents": "[Causes of errors in x-ray diagnosis of diseases of the digestive tract]. Eighty three cases of an erroneous x-ray diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were analyzed and compared with operative findings (3269) operations. In 75 observations a divergency in diagnoses was related with pathological conditions of the stomach and pancreatoduodenal zone. The greatest number of erroneous diagnoses is due to an improper interpretation of roentgenological symptoms and underestimation of functional signs of the lesion. Errors in the method of roentgenological studies resulted in a wrong diagnosis. There were 8 cases of incorrect diagnosis in tumors of the small and large bowel, 5--in diseases of the operated stomach and 2--in nonepithelial gastric tumors, these were mostly due to objective difficulties of the differential diagnosis and limitations of the roentgenological method of investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198794", "title": "[Modification of step-by-step aortography].", "content": "A modified technic of step aortography was suggested and used clinically. Following it a metallic obturator, used for closing a top portion of a catheter, is introduced hydraulically. The suggested modification would allow angiographic studies of a more short duration, that is of special importance in case of an emergency investigation.", "contents": "[Modification of step-by-step aortography]. A modified technic of step aortography was suggested and used clinically. Following it a metallic obturator, used for closing a top portion of a catheter, is introduced hydraulically. The suggested modification would allow angiographic studies of a more short duration, that is of special importance in case of an emergency investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198795", "title": "[Repeated lung resections in patients with bronchiectasis].", "content": "Among 1000 patients with unilateral and bilateral bronchiectases 35 patients were subjected to repeat pneumonectomies for residual and recurrent bronchiectases. In residual bronchiectases segmental resections are mostly indicated, while in persistant atelectasis with bronchial fistula, chronic pleural empyema and bronchiectases a removal of the remain lung portions seems to be the only radical method of treatment.", "contents": "[Repeated lung resections in patients with bronchiectasis]. Among 1000 patients with unilateral and bilateral bronchiectases 35 patients were subjected to repeat pneumonectomies for residual and recurrent bronchiectases. In residual bronchiectases segmental resections are mostly indicated, while in persistant atelectasis with bronchial fistula, chronic pleural empyema and bronchiectases a removal of the remain lung portions seems to be the only radical method of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1198796", "title": "[Outcome of surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis at different phases of the disease].", "content": "Due to some features in the clinical course of acute cholecystitis operative interventions may be performed in different terms. \"Emergency\" operations are performed on vital indications during the first day of patient's stay at the hospital; \"urgent\" operations are indicated, if there is no improvement in patients' status despite energetic conservative measures with antibiotics during 2-6 days. Delayed surgery is accomplished following the subsidence of clinical signs of the inflammatory process and adequate investigation of the object. Delay operations are certainly more advantageous, nevertheless in established diagnosis of suppurative inflammation in the gallbladder the expectation policy and persistant conservative therapy are hazardous because of a possibility of development of grave and multiple complications. A question of indications to emergency operations should be solved, if possible, during the first day of patients' stay at the hospital. According to the author's material the mortality rate after emergency operations was 3.1%, after urgent procedures--10%, and delayed operations--1.6%. An average per cent of the mortality in surgical therapy for acute cholecystitis makes 4.3%.", "contents": "[Outcome of surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis at different phases of the disease]. Due to some features in the clinical course of acute cholecystitis operative interventions may be performed in different terms. \"Emergency\" operations are performed on vital indications during the first day of patient's stay at the hospital; \"urgent\" operations are indicated, if there is no improvement in patients' status despite energetic conservative measures with antibiotics during 2-6 days. Delayed surgery is accomplished following the subsidence of clinical signs of the inflammatory process and adequate investigation of the object. Delay operations are certainly more advantageous, nevertheless in established diagnosis of suppurative inflammation in the gallbladder the expectation policy and persistant conservative therapy are hazardous because of a possibility of development of grave and multiple complications. A question of indications to emergency operations should be solved, if possible, during the first day of patients' stay at the hospital. According to the author's material the mortality rate after emergency operations was 3.1%, after urgent procedures--10%, and delayed operations--1.6%. An average per cent of the mortality in surgical therapy for acute cholecystitis makes 4.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:1198797", "title": "[Thromboendarterectomy of the aorta and renal arteries in vaso-renal hypertension].", "content": "Based on the clinical experience with 309 operations performed for the renal arteries pathology indications to and pecularities of various modifications of the operation are analysec. According to the authors' data the specific weight of thrombendarterectomy made 42.9%. The technic of transaortic eversion thrombendarterectomy from the renal artery by means of a posterior arciform seems to be preferable. As evidenced by the authors' findings transarterial methods of thrombendarterectomy proved to be a failure. The technic of thrombectomy from the aorta and renal artereis ostia in a high ascending thrombosis of the aorta is discussed in detail. More frequently reconstructive procedures for the associated pathology of the abdominal aorta and its branches have been performed. During 73 operations totally 106 kidneys were revascularized. It is emphasized that this technic of renal arteries plasty is one of basic importance in surgery for vasorenal hypertension, but it should not be opposed to other methods of an operative correction of the renal circulation.", "contents": "[Thromboendarterectomy of the aorta and renal arteries in vaso-renal hypertension]. Based on the clinical experience with 309 operations performed for the renal arteries pathology indications to and pecularities of various modifications of the operation are analysec. According to the authors' data the specific weight of thrombendarterectomy made 42.9%. The technic of transaortic eversion thrombendarterectomy from the renal artery by means of a posterior arciform seems to be preferable. As evidenced by the authors' findings transarterial methods of thrombendarterectomy proved to be a failure. The technic of thrombectomy from the aorta and renal artereis ostia in a high ascending thrombosis of the aorta is discussed in detail. More frequently reconstructive procedures for the associated pathology of the abdominal aorta and its branches have been performed. During 73 operations totally 106 kidneys were revascularized. It is emphasized that this technic of renal arteries plasty is one of basic importance in surgery for vasorenal hypertension, but it should not be opposed to other methods of an operative correction of the renal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198799", "title": "[Additional diagnostic symptoms of perforated peptic ulcer].", "content": "Utilization of abdominal puncture after the author's technic and the analysis of pathological peritoneal content enabled the recognition of a number of signs typical for perforated gastroduodenal ulcer, which are described in this communication. Such conclusion was drawn based on the use of punctures in 167 patients and examination of the peritoneal exudate in 375 patients with different surgical affections of abdominal organs.", "contents": "[Additional diagnostic symptoms of perforated peptic ulcer]. Utilization of abdominal puncture after the author's technic and the analysis of pathological peritoneal content enabled the recognition of a number of signs typical for perforated gastroduodenal ulcer, which are described in this communication. Such conclusion was drawn based on the use of punctures in 167 patients and examination of the peritoneal exudate in 375 patients with different surgical affections of abdominal organs."}
{"id": "PMID:1198801", "title": "[Clinico-roentgenological parallels in congenital hypoplasia of the deep veins of the limbs].", "content": "The authors report  the results of clinical and phlebographic investigations in 34 patients with congenital hypoplasia of profound veins of the extremities. The specific weight of this lesion among phlebological patients was 2.7%. An extreme degree of aplasia--the total absence of deep crural and femoral veins was diagnosed in 4 cases, arteriovenous fistulas--in 14. The studies performed allowed wider indications to operative treatment employed in 21 cases. It was accomplished with the purpose to unload the lower limb venous system (ligation of arterio-venous fistulas, excision of angiomas and varices, ligation of communicant veins). These interventions improve considerably the patients' state and prevent a progression of the disease. However, they are but of a palliative character.", "contents": "[Clinico-roentgenological parallels in congenital hypoplasia of the deep veins of the limbs]. The authors report  the results of clinical and phlebographic investigations in 34 patients with congenital hypoplasia of profound veins of the extremities. The specific weight of this lesion among phlebological patients was 2.7%. An extreme degree of aplasia--the total absence of deep crural and femoral veins was diagnosed in 4 cases, arteriovenous fistulas--in 14. The studies performed allowed wider indications to operative treatment employed in 21 cases. It was accomplished with the purpose to unload the lower limb venous system (ligation of arterio-venous fistulas, excision of angiomas and varices, ligation of communicant veins). These interventions improve considerably the patients' state and prevent a progression of the disease. However, they are but of a palliative character."}
{"id": "PMID:1198802", "title": "[Roentgeno-functional comparisons in post-thrombotic disease of the lower limbs].", "content": "In patients with the sequelae of acute thrombosis of profound large veins the results of kinetic phlebotonometry, venous blood flow rate, tissue hydrophilia, shin electrothermometry and arterial oscillography were compared with the degree of decompensation of the collateral venous outflow, revealed phlebographically. With the development of phlebographic signs of decompensated collateral venous outflow a progressing venous atonia, diminished venous tonus and venous pressure, the valvular apparatus insuffieicny, retardation of the venous blood flow, alterations in tissue microcirculation and insufficient peripheral arterial circulation were detected. The authors' materials allowed a conclusion as to the important role of collateral venous outflow in pathogenesis of postthrombic disease, development of hemodynamic disorders in the involved extremity, and the rationality of using functional methods of investigation to characterize compensatory capacities of the venous network.", "contents": "[Roentgeno-functional comparisons in post-thrombotic disease of the lower limbs]. In patients with the sequelae of acute thrombosis of profound large veins the results of kinetic phlebotonometry, venous blood flow rate, tissue hydrophilia, shin electrothermometry and arterial oscillography were compared with the degree of decompensation of the collateral venous outflow, revealed phlebographically. With the development of phlebographic signs of decompensated collateral venous outflow a progressing venous atonia, diminished venous tonus and venous pressure, the valvular apparatus insuffieicny, retardation of the venous blood flow, alterations in tissue microcirculation and insufficient peripheral arterial circulation were detected. The authors' materials allowed a conclusion as to the important role of collateral venous outflow in pathogenesis of postthrombic disease, development of hemodynamic disorders in the involved extremity, and the rationality of using functional methods of investigation to characterize compensatory capacities of the venous network."}
{"id": "PMID:1198803", "title": "[Remote results of surgical treatment of post-thrombophlebitic disease of the lower limbs].", "content": "An analysis of late results of surgery for thrombophlebitic affection is reported. 55 patients were examined in different terms (up to 7 years after reconstructive operative procedures). Favourable and satisfactory issues were gained in 44 of them Control phlebograms proved the patency of anastomosed and free grafted veins. The following operations are recommended for a wider clinical application: croos shunting, the femoral vein plasty with a free venous autograft, the construction of anastomoses between v. saphena magna and profound veins of the extremity. The need for reconstructive procedures that would be associated with the removal of pathologically changed subcutaneous veins and ligation of insufficient communicant veins of the leg and foot is emphasized.", "contents": "[Remote results of surgical treatment of post-thrombophlebitic disease of the lower limbs]. An analysis of late results of surgery for thrombophlebitic affection is reported. 55 patients were examined in different terms (up to 7 years after reconstructive operative procedures). Favourable and satisfactory issues were gained in 44 of them Control phlebograms proved the patency of anastomosed and free grafted veins. The following operations are recommended for a wider clinical application: croos shunting, the femoral vein plasty with a free venous autograft, the construction of anastomoses between v. saphena magna and profound veins of the extremity. The need for reconstructive procedures that would be associated with the removal of pathologically changed subcutaneous veins and ligation of insufficient communicant veins of the leg and foot is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1198805", "title": "[Lymphographic semeiotics of inflammatory and dystrophic lesions of the lymph nodes in the light of morphological data].", "content": "The authors report clinica, roentgeno-lymphographic and morphological findings in 164 patients whom lymph nodes showed various changes of non-tumor origin, 584 lymph nodes being studied by aimed lymphographic and morphological correlations. The changes observed were subdivided into 2 groups: diffuse and focal. Diffuse inflammatory and reactive changes, and multiple micrometastases as well, are manifested by an analogous lymphographic picture. In focal hyperplasia a lymph node is somewhat increased in size, it shows smooth and distinct contours, defects of filling and absorption.", "contents": "[Lymphographic semeiotics of inflammatory and dystrophic lesions of the lymph nodes in the light of morphological data]. The authors report clinica, roentgeno-lymphographic and morphological findings in 164 patients whom lymph nodes showed various changes of non-tumor origin, 584 lymph nodes being studied by aimed lymphographic and morphological correlations. The changes observed were subdivided into 2 groups: diffuse and focal. Diffuse inflammatory and reactive changes, and multiple micrometastases as well, are manifested by an analogous lymphographic picture. In focal hyperplasia a lymph node is somewhat increased in size, it shows smooth and distinct contours, defects of filling and absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1198806", "title": "[Treatment of diabetic gangrene].", "content": "The results of treatment in 68 patients with vascular lesions of the lower limbs in diabetes mellitus are analysed. Fifty patients showed a necrotic and gangrenous stage of the disease. A grave form of diabetes was observed in half of them. In every case of diabetic angiopathy of the lower extremities vessels, irrespective of the gravity and stage of the process, insulinotherapy should be instituted. A complex therapy and preoperative management also include an adequate physiological diet, spasmolytics, vitamins, antibiotics according to an antibioticogram, and anticoagulants, local enzymotherapy, if indicated. In 13 cases spontaneous sequestration occurred, 31 patients were operated upon: sequestration--in 6, amputation--in 25. The operation was performed after elimination of auetonuria and ketonuria and reduction of hyperglycemia as low as 200 mg% (the latter was gained but not always). Recently, low amputations have been accomplished more frequently than before. No postoperative mortality was noted.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetic gangrene]. The results of treatment in 68 patients with vascular lesions of the lower limbs in diabetes mellitus are analysed. Fifty patients showed a necrotic and gangrenous stage of the disease. A grave form of diabetes was observed in half of them. In every case of diabetic angiopathy of the lower extremities vessels, irrespective of the gravity and stage of the process, insulinotherapy should be instituted. A complex therapy and preoperative management also include an adequate physiological diet, spasmolytics, vitamins, antibiotics according to an antibioticogram, and anticoagulants, local enzymotherapy, if indicated. In 13 cases spontaneous sequestration occurred, 31 patients were operated upon: sequestration--in 6, amputation--in 25. The operation was performed after elimination of auetonuria and ketonuria and reduction of hyperglycemia as low as 200 mg% (the latter was gained but not always). Recently, low amputations have been accomplished more frequently than before. No postoperative mortality was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1198807", "title": "[Surgical treatment of injuries of the anterior segment of the pelvic girdle].", "content": "The author described the results of surgical therapy for fractures of the anterior portion of the pelvic girdle and rupture of the pubic symphysis. The author has studied the surgical anatmy of these injuries, also original securing devices and some instruments were devised and operative approaches, employed in surgical procedures on pelvic bones, were elaborated. Indications and contraindications to surgery and the rationality of using some or other metallic constructions were studied. Observations over 27 of 76 patients operated upon for different pelvic fractures during the period of 1963-1974 are reported. The method allowed a close juxtaposition and fixation of fragments with the resulting good anatomical and functional issues without using external immobilization. The results of the treatment were mostly favourable.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of injuries of the anterior segment of the pelvic girdle]. The author described the results of surgical therapy for fractures of the anterior portion of the pelvic girdle and rupture of the pubic symphysis. The author has studied the surgical anatmy of these injuries, also original securing devices and some instruments were devised and operative approaches, employed in surgical procedures on pelvic bones, were elaborated. Indications and contraindications to surgery and the rationality of using some or other metallic constructions were studied. Observations over 27 of 76 patients operated upon for different pelvic fractures during the period of 1963-1974 are reported. The method allowed a close juxtaposition and fixation of fragments with the resulting good anatomical and functional issues without using external immobilization. The results of the treatment were mostly favourable."}
{"id": "PMID:1198810", "title": "[State of hemodynamics and external respiration during peridural anesthesia].", "content": "The author reports the results of hemoynamic, spirographic and biochemical studies conducted in patients, operated upon on the organs of the lower abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities. Arterial pressure and pulse rate were studied in 165 patients, venous pressue--in 50, spirographic studies--in 50, blood alkaline reserve--in 42.", "contents": "[State of hemodynamics and external respiration during peridural anesthesia]. The author reports the results of hemoynamic, spirographic and biochemical studies conducted in patients, operated upon on the organs of the lower abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities. Arterial pressure and pulse rate were studied in 165 patients, venous pressue--in 50, spirographic studies--in 50, blood alkaline reserve--in 42."}
{"id": "PMID:1198811", "title": "[Sacro-epidural anesthesia in an out-patient clinic].", "content": "During operative procedures the authors have employed sarcoepidural anesthesia successfully in 51 patients, operated upon under outpatient conditions. No complications while using this kind of anesthesia were observed. Due to its duration and feasibility the latter seems to be rational in ambulatory conditions.", "contents": "[Sacro-epidural anesthesia in an out-patient clinic]. During operative procedures the authors have employed sarcoepidural anesthesia successfully in 51 patients, operated upon under outpatient conditions. No complications while using this kind of anesthesia were observed. Due to its duration and feasibility the latter seems to be rational in ambulatory conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1198812", "title": "[Errors, risks and complications in esophageal alloplasty].", "content": "The author summarized systematically errors, hazards, difficulties and complications encountered in esophageal alloplasty. An analysis of 50 clinical observations (diverticulectomy, intubation of the esophagus in inoperable cancers, recanalization of stenosed entero-esophageal anastomoses after esophagoplasty, intubation of the enteroesophageal anastomosis in cancer recurrence after gastrectomy, previously performed) and 260 experiments on dogs (autoalloplasty of terminal and segmental portions of the esophagus) is given. Some measures for prevention of possible complications are recommended.", "contents": "[Errors, risks and complications in esophageal alloplasty]. The author summarized systematically errors, hazards, difficulties and complications encountered in esophageal alloplasty. An analysis of 50 clinical observations (diverticulectomy, intubation of the esophagus in inoperable cancers, recanalization of stenosed entero-esophageal anastomoses after esophagoplasty, intubation of the enteroesophageal anastomosis in cancer recurrence after gastrectomy, previously performed) and 260 experiments on dogs (autoalloplasty of terminal and segmental portions of the esophagus) is given. Some measures for prevention of possible complications are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1198813", "title": "[Complications in extrafocal compression and distraction for nonunion of the tibia].", "content": "While analysing the results of 118 operations for extrafocal compression, distraction and compression-distraction osteosynthesis with the G. A. Ilizarov apparatus in 116 patients showing nonunion of fractures and pseudarthrosis of the tibia, the author observed 53 various complications among 40 operations (33.9%). 78 operations were without any complications (66.1%). The greatest number of complications was noted while using a distraction method. Some recommendations on the treatment and prophylaxis of such complications are given.", "contents": "[Complications in extrafocal compression and distraction for nonunion of the tibia]. While analysing the results of 118 operations for extrafocal compression, distraction and compression-distraction osteosynthesis with the G. A. Ilizarov apparatus in 116 patients showing nonunion of fractures and pseudarthrosis of the tibia, the author observed 53 various complications among 40 operations (33.9%). 78 operations were without any complications (66.1%). The greatest number of complications was noted while using a distraction method. Some recommendations on the treatment and prophylaxis of such complications are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1198814", "title": "[Complications of reconstructive jejunogastroplasty in the late periods following surgery].", "content": "In the late period after reconstructive jejunogastroplasty such complications would arise as the resumed hydrochloric acid production and resulting peptic ulcers. Vagotomy is felt to be an effective measure for prevention and treatment of peptic ulcers of this origin. Some other complications of reconstructive jejunogastroplasty proved to be an obstruction of the interposed intestine of the functional character. The latter may necessitate surgical therapy.", "contents": "[Complications of reconstructive jejunogastroplasty in the late periods following surgery]. In the late period after reconstructive jejunogastroplasty such complications would arise as the resumed hydrochloric acid production and resulting peptic ulcers. Vagotomy is felt to be an effective measure for prevention and treatment of peptic ulcers of this origin. Some other complications of reconstructive jejunogastroplasty proved to be an obstruction of the interposed intestine of the functional character. The latter may necessitate surgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1198823", "title": "[Functional state of the resected stomach stump in peptic ulcer].", "content": "The authors report the results of examination of 80 patients with ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum prior to and in the immediate period, as well as in 85 patients in late terms after typical Hofmeister-Finsterer gastrectomy. The acid-production of the stomach and its stump was studied by intragastric pH-metry, pepsine in the gastric juice was determined and also the resected stomach excretory function was studied by fibrochromogastroscopy. It is shown that the method of intragastric pH-metry is more advanrageous, since it gives an estimation of acid-production of the resected stomach in the immediate postoperative period, in particular.", "contents": "[Functional state of the resected stomach stump in peptic ulcer]. The authors report the results of examination of 80 patients with ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum prior to and in the immediate period, as well as in 85 patients in late terms after typical Hofmeister-Finsterer gastrectomy. The acid-production of the stomach and its stump was studied by intragastric pH-metry, pepsine in the gastric juice was determined and also the resected stomach excretory function was studied by fibrochromogastroscopy. It is shown that the method of intragastric pH-metry is more advanrageous, since it gives an estimation of acid-production of the resected stomach in the immediate postoperative period, in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:1198824", "title": "[Metastases of esophageal cancer to the bones].", "content": "The data reported support the idea on possible hematogenic metastases spread in esophageal cancer, especially in bones (in 5 of 209 examined patients). Clinical and roentgenological findings of esophageal cancer metastases in bones do not differ from the manifestations of osteolytic metastases in bones of malignant tumors of other localizations. Timely recognition of distant metastases in esophageal cancer seems to be important from the point of view of selecting the most rational and warranted method of treatment.", "contents": "[Metastases of esophageal cancer to the bones]. The data reported support the idea on possible hematogenic metastases spread in esophageal cancer, especially in bones (in 5 of 209 examined patients). Clinical and roentgenological findings of esophageal cancer metastases in bones do not differ from the manifestations of osteolytic metastases in bones of malignant tumors of other localizations. Timely recognition of distant metastases in esophageal cancer seems to be important from the point of view of selecting the most rational and warranted method of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1198825", "title": "[Tumor-like formations in the stomach wall].", "content": "Six cases of pseudotumorous lesions simulating gastric cancer are described. Pathological changes in the gastric wall were characterized by diffuse mainly lymphoid infiltration, associated with sclerosis and ulcers. These lesions are regarded as pseudo-sarcomatous lymphomatosis of the stomach. It is the authors' opinion that these are a benign nonsystemic reactive process in response to the previously suffered inflammation.", "contents": "[Tumor-like formations in the stomach wall]. Six cases of pseudotumorous lesions simulating gastric cancer are described. Pathological changes in the gastric wall were characterized by diffuse mainly lymphoid infiltration, associated with sclerosis and ulcers. These lesions are regarded as pseudo-sarcomatous lymphomatosis of the stomach. It is the authors' opinion that these are a benign nonsystemic reactive process in response to the previously suffered inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198826", "title": "[Prolonged infusion therapy via the major vessels].", "content": "Some aspects of continuous infusion therapy by means of catheterization of large vessels are discussed. The authors share their experience of 215 punctures and catheterizations of the subclavian vein for persistent parenteral feeding after various thoracoabdominal operative interventions in patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, mediastinum and other lesions. The puncturing resulted in 13 complications, making 5.2%.", "contents": "[Prolonged infusion therapy via the major vessels]. Some aspects of continuous infusion therapy by means of catheterization of large vessels are discussed. The authors share their experience of 215 punctures and catheterizations of the subclavian vein for persistent parenteral feeding after various thoracoabdominal operative interventions in patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, mediastinum and other lesions. The puncturing resulted in 13 complications, making 5.2%."}
{"id": "PMID:1198827", "title": "[Use of polidez for treating patients with endarteritis obliterans of the lower extremities].", "content": "To treat patients with chronic arterial occlusion of the lower extremities, the authors used 3% solution of low molecular polyvinyl alcohol in 0.9% sodium chloride solution-polydese. The substance was injected intravenously and intraarterially in a dosage of 10 ml per k Kg of weight. There was noted a good tolerance of the drug, and also the absence of toxic, pyrogenic and allergic reactions. In polydese therapy a marked improvement of the peripheral blood circulation was observed. The conducted clinical observations, laboratory studies have proved polydese to be the drug of a positive rheological effect.", "contents": "[Use of polidez for treating patients with endarteritis obliterans of the lower extremities]. To treat patients with chronic arterial occlusion of the lower extremities, the authors used 3% solution of low molecular polyvinyl alcohol in 0.9% sodium chloride solution-polydese. The substance was injected intravenously and intraarterially in a dosage of 10 ml per k Kg of weight. There was noted a good tolerance of the drug, and also the absence of toxic, pyrogenic and allergic reactions. In polydese therapy a marked improvement of the peripheral blood circulation was observed. The conducted clinical observations, laboratory studies have proved polydese to be the drug of a positive rheological effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1198828", "title": "[Clinical x-ray characteristics of acute suppurative destructions of the lungs of a nonstaphylococcal nature in children].", "content": "The authors conducted complex clinico-roentgenological and immuno-bacteriological studies in 63 children, aged from 14 days to 14 years, with acute suppurative destructions of the lung, complicated with the development of pyothorax. As a result of these investigations, it was found that clinico-roentgenological symptomatics in children with acute suppurative destructions of the lung of the non-staphylococcal nature (Proteus, pyocyanic bacillus and others) show evident peculiarities and differ from typical manifestations of staphylococcal destruction of the l,ng in children. Complex clinico-roentgenological and immuno-bacteriological studies in children with the mentioned pathology enabled the authors to differentiate an infective nature of the disease.", "contents": "[Clinical x-ray characteristics of acute suppurative destructions of the lungs of a nonstaphylococcal nature in children]. The authors conducted complex clinico-roentgenological and immuno-bacteriological studies in 63 children, aged from 14 days to 14 years, with acute suppurative destructions of the lung, complicated with the development of pyothorax. As a result of these investigations, it was found that clinico-roentgenological symptomatics in children with acute suppurative destructions of the lung of the non-staphylococcal nature (Proteus, pyocyanic bacillus and others) show evident peculiarities and differ from typical manifestations of staphylococcal destruction of the l,ng in children. Complex clinico-roentgenological and immuno-bacteriological studies in children with the mentioned pathology enabled the authors to differentiate an infective nature of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1198829", "title": "[Lesion of the hip joint in osteomyelitis of the pelvic bones and of the proximal portion of the femur in the newborn].", "content": "During 14 years the authors observed 52 newborn infants with acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of pelvic bones and proximal femoral portion, complicated with coxitis in 43 patients, pathological dislocation - in 32, phlegmon with burrowing in 37. A septicopyemic form of the disease was noted in 33 subjects, local-focal in 19. The symptomatics and an early topic diagnosis depending on a stage of the process are described in detail. The treatment includes timely surgical intervention on the pathological focus, intensive genaxis and treatment of pathological dislocation of the femur. An early diagnosis and timely complex therapy within recent 5 years provided the opportunity to reduce the mortality and the percentage of disability due to this disease.", "contents": "[Lesion of the hip joint in osteomyelitis of the pelvic bones and of the proximal portion of the femur in the newborn]. During 14 years the authors observed 52 newborn infants with acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of pelvic bones and proximal femoral portion, complicated with coxitis in 43 patients, pathological dislocation - in 32, phlegmon with burrowing in 37. A septicopyemic form of the disease was noted in 33 subjects, local-focal in 19. The symptomatics and an early topic diagnosis depending on a stage of the process are described in detail. The treatment includes timely surgical intervention on the pathological focus, intensive genaxis and treatment of pathological dislocation of the femur. An early diagnosis and timely complex therapy within recent 5 years provided the opportunity to reduce the mortality and the percentage of disability due to this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1198835", "title": "[Peridural anesthesia with neuroleptoanalgesia in operations for goiter].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the use of peridural anesthesia (PA) in operations for struma in a considerable size and retrosternal localization of the latter, thyrotoxicosis, grave concomitant lesions. The authors have employed PA in 12 patients, in 2 of them in association with endotracheal narcosis, in 9 in combination with neuroleptoanalgesia (NLA), and in 1 postoperatively to liquidate successfully the laryngeal mucosa edema, developed following surgery for struma performed under endotracheal narcosis.", "contents": "[Peridural anesthesia with neuroleptoanalgesia in operations for goiter]. The paper is concerned with the use of peridural anesthesia (PA) in operations for struma in a considerable size and retrosternal localization of the latter, thyrotoxicosis, grave concomitant lesions. The authors have employed PA in 12 patients, in 2 of them in association with endotracheal narcosis, in 9 in combination with neuroleptoanalgesia (NLA), and in 1 postoperatively to liquidate successfully the laryngeal mucosa edema, developed following surgery for struma performed under endotracheal narcosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198837", "title": "[Hemodynamics of the lesser circulation following bronchial resection for bronchiectasis in children].", "content": "In 12 patients in different terms after bronchial resection for bronchiectases changes in the minor circulatory circuit were analysed, taking into account catheterization findings in the pulmonary artery and the data of angiopneumonography. The studies have indicated that after resection of segmental bronchi the corresponding segments remain airful, if in the boundaries of the same lobe normally ventilated segments are preserved. Blood flow through pneumotized (with resected bronchi) segments is functionally blocked. Segmental angiopneumonography performed following a year and a half proved a complete anatomical patency of the vascular bed.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics of the lesser circulation following bronchial resection for bronchiectasis in children]. In 12 patients in different terms after bronchial resection for bronchiectases changes in the minor circulatory circuit were analysed, taking into account catheterization findings in the pulmonary artery and the data of angiopneumonography. The studies have indicated that after resection of segmental bronchi the corresponding segments remain airful, if in the boundaries of the same lobe normally ventilated segments are preserved. Blood flow through pneumotized (with resected bronchi) segments is functionally blocked. Segmental angiopneumonography performed following a year and a half proved a complete anatomical patency of the vascular bed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198841", "title": "[Errors and difficulties in diagnosis of cecal volvulus].", "content": "Clinical manifestations of the cecum ileus fall into three specific clinico-anatomical types, the knowledge of which permits establishing the correct preoperative diagnosis in a considerable number of cases. A description of these typical clinico-anatomical variants is presented, and some practical recommendations are given.", "contents": "[Errors and difficulties in diagnosis of cecal volvulus]. Clinical manifestations of the cecum ileus fall into three specific clinico-anatomical types, the knowledge of which permits establishing the correct preoperative diagnosis in a considerable number of cases. A description of these typical clinico-anatomical variants is presented, and some practical recommendations are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1198850", "title": "[Vagotomy and pyloroplasty in patients with duodenal ulcer with decreased acid production].", "content": "It is the authors' opinion that low values of acid production do not exclude the importance of the acid-peptic factor in formation of duodenal ulcers. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty in most patients showing duodenal ulcer with reduced posthistamine secretion provide for good results.", "contents": "[Vagotomy and pyloroplasty in patients with duodenal ulcer with decreased acid production]. It is the authors' opinion that low values of acid production do not exclude the importance of the acid-peptic factor in formation of duodenal ulcers. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty in most patients showing duodenal ulcer with reduced posthistamine secretion provide for good results."}
{"id": "PMID:1198851", "title": "[Urgent tasks of emergency diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis].", "content": "An analysis of issues of surgical therapy for acute cholecystitis has indicated the advantages of an active policy contrary to expectation and conservative methods. Among 397 patients operated upon on urgent indications 9 patients died (2.2%). By means of accelerated chromoduodenal sounding and cholecystocholangiography (if not contraindicated) the function of the gallbladder could be judged preoperatively. Using these methods of estimation of the gallbladder state intraoperatively and studying the preparations a non-functioning (excluded) gallbladder was found in 75% of patients. It is believed that conservative therapy in this category of patients is unlikely to be a success. They are amenable to surgical treatment as soon as the reliable diagnosis is established.", "contents": "[Urgent tasks of emergency diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis]. An analysis of issues of surgical therapy for acute cholecystitis has indicated the advantages of an active policy contrary to expectation and conservative methods. Among 397 patients operated upon on urgent indications 9 patients died (2.2%). By means of accelerated chromoduodenal sounding and cholecystocholangiography (if not contraindicated) the function of the gallbladder could be judged preoperatively. Using these methods of estimation of the gallbladder state intraoperatively and studying the preparations a non-functioning (excluded) gallbladder was found in 75% of patients. It is believed that conservative therapy in this category of patients is unlikely to be a success. They are amenable to surgical treatment as soon as the reliable diagnosis is established."}
{"id": "PMID:1198852", "title": "[Surgical treatment of patients with acute pancreatitis].", "content": "Since 1963 to 1973 in the clinic 1449 patients were treated for acute pancreatitis and cholecystopancreatitis. A considerable increase in the number of these patients was observed during recent 8 years, mainly on account of destructive forms. 92 patients were operated upon (6.3%), including 9 subjects with pancreatic edema, 39--with hemorrhagic pancreatitis, 36--with pancreonecrosis, 8--with purulent pancreatitis. Indications to surgical therapy are considered to be as follows: the presence of initial signs of diffuse peritonitis or prounced signs of limited peritonitis, if the conservative therapy during 8-10 hours was a failure.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of patients with acute pancreatitis]. Since 1963 to 1973 in the clinic 1449 patients were treated for acute pancreatitis and cholecystopancreatitis. A considerable increase in the number of these patients was observed during recent 8 years, mainly on account of destructive forms. 92 patients were operated upon (6.3%), including 9 subjects with pancreatic edema, 39--with hemorrhagic pancreatitis, 36--with pancreonecrosis, 8--with purulent pancreatitis. Indications to surgical therapy are considered to be as follows: the presence of initial signs of diffuse peritonitis or prounced signs of limited peritonitis, if the conservative therapy during 8-10 hours was a failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1198853", "title": "[Surgical treatment of peptic ulcer after gastroenterostomy].", "content": "Based on a comparison of the immediate and late results of treatment in patients with peptic ulcers following gastroenterostomy by means of gastric resection (24 patients) and by vagotomy, it is concluded that vagotomy in most cases results in a complete cure of patients, thus this procedure is felt to be more advantageous than gastric resection due to its technical feasibility and small operative risk.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of peptic ulcer after gastroenterostomy]. Based on a comparison of the immediate and late results of treatment in patients with peptic ulcers following gastroenterostomy by means of gastric resection (24 patients) and by vagotomy, it is concluded that vagotomy in most cases results in a complete cure of patients, thus this procedure is felt to be more advantageous than gastric resection due to its technical feasibility and small operative risk."}
{"id": "PMID:1198854", "title": "[Saving of the spleen in resection of the left-side portion of the pancreas].", "content": "Chronic pancreatitis was produced experimentally in 26 dogs, morphological alterations in the spleen and changes in the pancreato-splenic ligament being studied. On 20 cadavers the authors studied topographoanatomical correlations between the pancreatic tail and the spleen with its vellels, in 8 of them--under conditions of chronic pancreatitis. The authors have definitely demonstrated a possibility to preserve the spleen in resection of the left portion of the pancreas in chronic pancreatitis. This possibility of remaining the spleen intact was supported clinically in 11 cases.", "contents": "[Saving of the spleen in resection of the left-side portion of the pancreas]. Chronic pancreatitis was produced experimentally in 26 dogs, morphological alterations in the spleen and changes in the pancreato-splenic ligament being studied. On 20 cadavers the authors studied topographoanatomical correlations between the pancreatic tail and the spleen with its vellels, in 8 of them--under conditions of chronic pancreatitis. The authors have definitely demonstrated a possibility to preserve the spleen in resection of the left portion of the pancreas in chronic pancreatitis. This possibility of remaining the spleen intact was supported clinically in 11 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1198855", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of intestinal obstruction caused by biliary calculi].", "content": "During a 20-year period among 513 patients, subjected to surgery for acute intestinal obstruction, the intestinal obstruction with bile stones was noted in 10 cases. The clinical picture of cholelithic intestinal obstruction is characterized by an intermittent course, that would result in late hospitalization and a delayed surgical therapy. Among 10 patients under treatment there were 5 lethal issues. Despite a comparatively not infrequent spontaneous cure in this lesion, it is felt that active surgical measures should be employed. An initiated operative intervention should be as minimum as possible, i. e. be limited by a liquidation of the obstruction by means of removing a cholelith from the intestinal lumen.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of intestinal obstruction caused by biliary calculi]. During a 20-year period among 513 patients, subjected to surgery for acute intestinal obstruction, the intestinal obstruction with bile stones was noted in 10 cases. The clinical picture of cholelithic intestinal obstruction is characterized by an intermittent course, that would result in late hospitalization and a delayed surgical therapy. Among 10 patients under treatment there were 5 lethal issues. Despite a comparatively not infrequent spontaneous cure in this lesion, it is felt that active surgical measures should be employed. An initiated operative intervention should be as minimum as possible, i. e. be limited by a liquidation of the obstruction by means of removing a cholelith from the intestinal lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:1198857", "title": "[Effect of operations with artificial circulation on the protein balance of the body].", "content": "The content of total blood plasma protein and its fractions in absolute quantities was studied in patients with acquired and congenital heart lesions in different terms of the early postoperative period (82 patients) after operative procedures, performed under conditions of artificial blood circulation. The indices were compared in two groups of patients showing different regimens of protein loss replenishment and normalization of the protein metabolism during the operation and after it. There were observed considerable intraoperative losses of protein that remained also during 3-4 days following the operative procedure. Therefore, some recommendations are given as to the substitutive protein therapy.", "contents": "[Effect of operations with artificial circulation on the protein balance of the body]. The content of total blood plasma protein and its fractions in absolute quantities was studied in patients with acquired and congenital heart lesions in different terms of the early postoperative period (82 patients) after operative procedures, performed under conditions of artificial blood circulation. The indices were compared in two groups of patients showing different regimens of protein loss replenishment and normalization of the protein metabolism during the operation and after it. There were observed considerable intraoperative losses of protein that remained also during 3-4 days following the operative procedure. Therefore, some recommendations are given as to the substitutive protein therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1198858", "title": "[Infusion of drugs through the umbilical vein].", "content": "In the clinic an infusion therapy via the umbilical vein was performed in 456 patients with various diseases of abdominal organs. Recanalization and catheterization of this vessel was accomplished both by intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal methods. Medical drugs infused in the umbilical vein would not differ from those routinely used for intravenous infusion in one of caval veins. The clinical results obtained indicate an outright advantage of this method infusion, especially in suppurative lesions of the liver and bile ducts.", "contents": "[Infusion of drugs through the umbilical vein]. In the clinic an infusion therapy via the umbilical vein was performed in 456 patients with various diseases of abdominal organs. Recanalization and catheterization of this vessel was accomplished both by intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal methods. Medical drugs infused in the umbilical vein would not differ from those routinely used for intravenous infusion in one of caval veins. The clinical results obtained indicate an outright advantage of this method infusion, especially in suppurative lesions of the liver and bile ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:1198859", "title": "[Oeration of cross autovenous shunting in post thrombophlebitic disease of the lower limbs].", "content": "The author reports 32 operations of cross autovenous shunting performed at the clinic of Leningrad Research Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. Late results during 1-7 years were followed up in 17 patients. Good results were gained in 5 cases, satisfactory--in 8, and poor--in 4. A phlebographic check was accomplished in 8 patients, the transplanted vein being patent in 3 observations. It is concluded that a clinical use of such operations seems to be rational.", "contents": "[Oeration of cross autovenous shunting in post thrombophlebitic disease of the lower limbs]. The author reports 32 operations of cross autovenous shunting performed at the clinic of Leningrad Research Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. Late results during 1-7 years were followed up in 17 patients. Good results were gained in 5 cases, satisfactory--in 8, and poor--in 4. A phlebographic check was accomplished in 8 patients, the transplanted vein being patent in 3 observations. It is concluded that a clinical use of such operations seems to be rational."}
{"id": "PMID:1198860", "title": "[Diagnostic laparotomy and splenectomy in lymphogranulomatosis in children].", "content": "Diagnostic laparotomy and splenectomy have been performed in 19 children suffering lymphogranulomatosis (13 primary patients, 6--treated previously). In 11 of 19 children (56%) lymphogranulomatous foci were revealed, these would not be recognized by methods of a preoperative exploration, in 9 cases splenic involvement being noted (in 7 cases--in association with the involvement of splenic lymph nodes), in 2--solitary involvement of splenic lymph nodes. In primary patients the frequency of such findings was higher. Some complications are described. The operative procedures concerned are stated to be of great informative value.", "contents": "[Diagnostic laparotomy and splenectomy in lymphogranulomatosis in children]. Diagnostic laparotomy and splenectomy have been performed in 19 children suffering lymphogranulomatosis (13 primary patients, 6--treated previously). In 11 of 19 children (56%) lymphogranulomatous foci were revealed, these would not be recognized by methods of a preoperative exploration, in 9 cases splenic involvement being noted (in 7 cases--in association with the involvement of splenic lymph nodes), in 2--solitary involvement of splenic lymph nodes. In primary patients the frequency of such findings was higher. Some complications are described. The operative procedures concerned are stated to be of great informative value."}
{"id": "PMID:1198862", "title": "[Hydronephrosis in newborn infants].", "content": "During a 20-year period the author observed 40 newborn infants with congenital hydronephrosis. In 28 patients hydronephrosis of the normally developed kidney and in 12- of the abnormal organ was noted. Twelve patients were hospitalized for developmental anomalies that necessitated urgent surgical intervention, the diagnosis of hydronephrosis in them being established at autopsy. Twenty eight children were admitted to the clinic with symptoms of hydronephrosis. All children were operated upon, nephrectomy was performed in 18 cases, in the remainder-organ-preserving and corrective operative procedures were performed.", "contents": "[Hydronephrosis in newborn infants]. During a 20-year period the author observed 40 newborn infants with congenital hydronephrosis. In 28 patients hydronephrosis of the normally developed kidney and in 12- of the abnormal organ was noted. Twelve patients were hospitalized for developmental anomalies that necessitated urgent surgical intervention, the diagnosis of hydronephrosis in them being established at autopsy. Twenty eight children were admitted to the clinic with symptoms of hydronephrosis. All children were operated upon, nephrectomy was performed in 18 cases, in the remainder-organ-preserving and corrective operative procedures were performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198863", "title": "[Convulsive mechanism of ketamine anesthesia].", "content": "Experimental studies conducted on rabbits enabled the authors to reveal the central mechanism of the ketamine effect. Based on the experimental data obtained, the authors elaborated and used clinically the method of balance ketamine anesthesia consisting in a combination of ketamine with antispasmatic drugs: seduxen and mydocalm. This method of anesthesia is recommended for eliminating ketamine side effects.", "contents": "[Convulsive mechanism of ketamine anesthesia]. Experimental studies conducted on rabbits enabled the authors to reveal the central mechanism of the ketamine effect. Based on the experimental data obtained, the authors elaborated and used clinically the method of balance ketamine anesthesia consisting in a combination of ketamine with antispasmatic drugs: seduxen and mydocalm. This method of anesthesia is recommended for eliminating ketamine side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1198864", "title": "[Exocrine function of the pancreas after vagotomy with economical gastric resection].", "content": "The authors have studied the effect of vagotomy, associated with an economic gastric resection, on exocrinous function of the pancreas and compared the sequelae of selective and trunkal vagotomy in this respect. The secretin and vagus mechanisms of secretion are analysed. Ten investigations were carried out in patients with duodenal ulcerous disease prior to surgery, and in 68 patients within the terms up to 3 years postoperatively. Vagotomy results in a reliable decrease of the basal amount of pancreatic secretion in maintaining the response to stimulation with hydrochloric acid and insulin hypoglycemia. Changes in exocrinous function of the pancreas were found to be identical after trunkal and selective vagotomy.", "contents": "[Exocrine function of the pancreas after vagotomy with economical gastric resection]. The authors have studied the effect of vagotomy, associated with an economic gastric resection, on exocrinous function of the pancreas and compared the sequelae of selective and trunkal vagotomy in this respect. The secretin and vagus mechanisms of secretion are analysed. Ten investigations were carried out in patients with duodenal ulcerous disease prior to surgery, and in 68 patients within the terms up to 3 years postoperatively. Vagotomy results in a reliable decrease of the basal amount of pancreatic secretion in maintaining the response to stimulation with hydrochloric acid and insulin hypoglycemia. Changes in exocrinous function of the pancreas were found to be identical after trunkal and selective vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1198866", "title": "[Results of repeated operations after primary nerve suture].", "content": "The results of repeat suturing of 124 nerves following a failure of the initial intervention are analysed. In most cases nerves were injured at the level of the forearm (67%). A delay of the reoperation ranged from 1 month 19 days to 2 years 11 months, more frequently 3-6 months. The results were studied basing on a clinical investigation with grade estimation of muscular strength and sensitivity, measuring skin temperature, perspiration rate and the use of electrophysiological methods.", "contents": "[Results of repeated operations after primary nerve suture]. The results of repeat suturing of 124 nerves following a failure of the initial intervention are analysed. In most cases nerves were injured at the level of the forearm (67%). A delay of the reoperation ranged from 1 month 19 days to 2 years 11 months, more frequently 3-6 months. The results were studied basing on a clinical investigation with grade estimation of muscular strength and sensitivity, measuring skin temperature, perspiration rate and the use of electrophysiological methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1198867", "title": "[Remote results of alloplastic reconstruction of cruciform ligaments of the knee joint].", "content": "The results of plastic reconstruction of genicular crucial ligaments with a Lavsan implant are reported. The results obtained were estimated basing on the analysis of clinico-roentgenological findings in 120 patients within the terms from 1 to 12 years following surgical therapy. The issues of reconstruction of one of crucial ligaments are reported as well as the results of operations for the damage to several ligaments of the knee joint. The data obtained were assessed using the 2 mark system and in 94.6% the results were regarded as being favourable and satisfactory.", "contents": "[Remote results of alloplastic reconstruction of cruciform ligaments of the knee joint]. The results of plastic reconstruction of genicular crucial ligaments with a Lavsan implant are reported. The results obtained were estimated basing on the analysis of clinico-roentgenological findings in 120 patients within the terms from 1 to 12 years following surgical therapy. The issues of reconstruction of one of crucial ligaments are reported as well as the results of operations for the damage to several ligaments of the knee joint. The data obtained were assessed using the 2 mark system and in 94.6% the results were regarded as being favourable and satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:1198868", "title": "[Clinico-experimental study of different types of allotenoplasty].", "content": "The results of an experimental study carried out on 140 rabbits with the aim to investigate auto- and allotendinoplasty are briefly described. General clinical, morphological, lymphographic and histochemical data allowed a conclusion as to the presence of a decreased lymphoido-plasmocytic reaction as the process of replacement of conserved allogenic grafts by connective tissue proceeded. Clinical utilization of conserved tendinous allografts in 32 patients in restoration of 41 injured digital tendons revealed positive aspects of this kind of tendinoplasty.", "contents": "[Clinico-experimental study of different types of allotenoplasty]. The results of an experimental study carried out on 140 rabbits with the aim to investigate auto- and allotendinoplasty are briefly described. General clinical, morphological, lymphographic and histochemical data allowed a conclusion as to the presence of a decreased lymphoido-plasmocytic reaction as the process of replacement of conserved allogenic grafts by connective tissue proceeded. Clinical utilization of conserved tendinous allografts in 32 patients in restoration of 41 injured digital tendons revealed positive aspects of this kind of tendinoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:1198869", "title": "[Homoplastic reconstruction of the Achilles tendon].", "content": "The authors suggest a new type of plastic reconstruction of the Achilles tendon, using homotendons of fibular muscles. After this technic 60 patients were operated upon, the immediate and late results of the treatment were studied. Positive issues of this therapy obtained in 59 patients enabled the authors to recommend this method of surgical reconstruction of injured Achilles tendons for the orthopedo-traumatological practice.", "contents": "[Homoplastic reconstruction of the Achilles tendon]. The authors suggest a new type of plastic reconstruction of the Achilles tendon, using homotendons of fibular muscles. After this technic 60 patients were operated upon, the immediate and late results of the treatment were studied. Positive issues of this therapy obtained in 59 patients enabled the authors to recommend this method of surgical reconstruction of injured Achilles tendons for the orthopedo-traumatological practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1198870", "title": "[Rehabilitation of patients with fractures of humeral diaphysis and radial nerve injury].", "content": "Under observation were 27 patients, treated during the period of 1969-1973, with fractures of the brachial diaphysis and injury of the radial nerve. These patients showed temporary impairment of the radial nerve conductivity: in 21 cases immediately after the trauma, in 6--after operative intervention on the bone. Along with the treatment using orthopedo-surgical methods the complex of rehabilitation measures was employed. A special attention is given to labour therapy.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of patients with fractures of humeral diaphysis and radial nerve injury]. Under observation were 27 patients, treated during the period of 1969-1973, with fractures of the brachial diaphysis and injury of the radial nerve. These patients showed temporary impairment of the radial nerve conductivity: in 21 cases immediately after the trauma, in 6--after operative intervention on the bone. Along with the treatment using orthopedo-surgical methods the complex of rehabilitation measures was employed. A special attention is given to labour therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1198871", "title": "Cytology of tracheobronchial aspirates in horses.", "content": "Tracheobronchial aspirates were obtained from 27 normal horses and from 57 horses with respiratory disease. Aspirates from normal horses contained mainly ciliated columnar epithelial cells, mononuclear cells, a few neutrophils and mucus. Aspirates from horses with acute suppurative bronchopneumonias or chronic bronchiolitis had predominantly neutrophils and usually large amounts of mucus; in severe suppurative inflammatory diseases, many of the cells were degenerated, and there were coils of fibrinous material resembling Curschmann's spirals. Eosinophils were rarely found, even from horses with histories suggestive of allergic respiratory disease. Aspirates from horses with epistaxis frequently had macrophages with intracytoplasmic green globules (hemosiderin). Tracheobronchial aspirates occasionally revealed subclinical lung disease. Four horses with no clinical signs of lung disease and lungs that were unremarkable on percussion and normal on auscultation had adpirates suggestive of inflammation; histologic examination confirmed bronchiolitis.", "contents": "Cytology of tracheobronchial aspirates in horses. Tracheobronchial aspirates were obtained from 27 normal horses and from 57 horses with respiratory disease. Aspirates from normal horses contained mainly ciliated columnar epithelial cells, mononuclear cells, a few neutrophils and mucus. Aspirates from horses with acute suppurative bronchopneumonias or chronic bronchiolitis had predominantly neutrophils and usually large amounts of mucus; in severe suppurative inflammatory diseases, many of the cells were degenerated, and there were coils of fibrinous material resembling Curschmann's spirals. Eosinophils were rarely found, even from horses with histories suggestive of allergic respiratory disease. Aspirates from horses with epistaxis frequently had macrophages with intracytoplasmic green globules (hemosiderin). Tracheobronchial aspirates occasionally revealed subclinical lung disease. Four horses with no clinical signs of lung disease and lungs that were unremarkable on percussion and normal on auscultation had adpirates suggestive of inflammation; histologic examination confirmed bronchiolitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198872", "title": "Morphological and histochemical observations on renal microbodies in cats.", "content": "The diaminobenzidine method for catalase showed two distinct morphological populations of renal microbodies in healthy mature cats of both sexes. Microbodies in the proximal convoluted tubules, which in this species also contain abdundant neutral lipids, were polyhedral and had distinct marginal plates. Those in the remaining renal tubules, which are lipid-free, were rounder and less uniform in size. Both forms of microbodies had homogenous granular matrices without nuceloides. The morphological variations of the microbodies may depend on their association with renal lipids. The cat may serve as a model to explore functional or pathological relationships between microbodies and fat metabolism.", "contents": "Morphological and histochemical observations on renal microbodies in cats. The diaminobenzidine method for catalase showed two distinct morphological populations of renal microbodies in healthy mature cats of both sexes. Microbodies in the proximal convoluted tubules, which in this species also contain abdundant neutral lipids, were polyhedral and had distinct marginal plates. Those in the remaining renal tubules, which are lipid-free, were rounder and less uniform in size. Both forms of microbodies had homogenous granular matrices without nuceloides. The morphological variations of the microbodies may depend on their association with renal lipids. The cat may serve as a model to explore functional or pathological relationships between microbodies and fat metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1198873", "title": "Pathogenesis of sialodacryoadenitis in gnotobiotic rats.", "content": "The pathogenesis of sialodacryoadenitis was studied in gnotobiotic CD rats inoculated intranasally with the causal virus. Virus replication was detected sequentially in the nasopharynx, tracheobronchial tree, cervical lymph nodes, submaxillary and parotid salivary glands, exorbital gland, and Harderian gland. Acute rhinitis appeared within 2 days after inoculation, and salivary glands had lesions in 4 days. Early changes in salivary and exorbital glands were characterized by necrosis of ductal epithelium, which rapidly progressed to widespread acinar necrosis, marked inflammation, edema and total effacement of glandular architecture. Harderian glands also had massive necrosis of tubuloalveolar units. Repair in all glands was characterized by marked squamous metaplasia of tubuloalveolar units. Repair in all glands was characterized by marked squamous metaplasia of ducts. Neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies were detected in 7 days, and there was a concomitant decrease in tissue-virus titers. There was no detectable evidence for hematogenous spread of virus or for retrograde infection by way of major salivary ducts.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of sialodacryoadenitis in gnotobiotic rats. The pathogenesis of sialodacryoadenitis was studied in gnotobiotic CD rats inoculated intranasally with the causal virus. Virus replication was detected sequentially in the nasopharynx, tracheobronchial tree, cervical lymph nodes, submaxillary and parotid salivary glands, exorbital gland, and Harderian gland. Acute rhinitis appeared within 2 days after inoculation, and salivary glands had lesions in 4 days. Early changes in salivary and exorbital glands were characterized by necrosis of ductal epithelium, which rapidly progressed to widespread acinar necrosis, marked inflammation, edema and total effacement of glandular architecture. Harderian glands also had massive necrosis of tubuloalveolar units. Repair in all glands was characterized by marked squamous metaplasia of tubuloalveolar units. Repair in all glands was characterized by marked squamous metaplasia of ducts. Neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies were detected in 7 days, and there was a concomitant decrease in tissue-virus titers. There was no detectable evidence for hematogenous spread of virus or for retrograde infection by way of major salivary ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:1198874", "title": "Old dog encephalitis and demyelinating diseases in man.", "content": "Pathologic findings in mature dogs with old dog encephalitis were compared with the findings in multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and neuromyelitis optica in man. Fluorescent antibody studies in animal and human tissues were compared. Optic neuritis in dogs with chronic distemper shows changes similar to those in the optic tract of human patients with severe demyelinating disease. The pathologic changes in multiple sclerosis, such as perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells and demyelination are similar to those seen in old dog encephalitis. Demyelination in old dog encephalitis is usually diffuse. The findings strongly support a possible relationship of old dog encephalitis to multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and neuromyelitis optica.", "contents": "Old dog encephalitis and demyelinating diseases in man. Pathologic findings in mature dogs with old dog encephalitis were compared with the findings in multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and neuromyelitis optica in man. Fluorescent antibody studies in animal and human tissues were compared. Optic neuritis in dogs with chronic distemper shows changes similar to those in the optic tract of human patients with severe demyelinating disease. The pathologic changes in multiple sclerosis, such as perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells and demyelination are similar to those seen in old dog encephalitis. Demyelination in old dog encephalitis is usually diffuse. The findings strongly support a possible relationship of old dog encephalitis to multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and neuromyelitis optica."}
{"id": "PMID:1198879", "title": "Mycoplasmas and cuffing pneumonia in a group of calves.", "content": "The mycoplasmas found in the lungs of 20 calves, housed together for six months, and the related pulmonary pathology are reported. Twelve calves had cuffing pneumonia and in this group there was a significantly higher isolation frequency of Mycoplasma dispar and Ureaplasma spp compared with the non-pneumonic group. Mycoplasma bovirhinis and Acholeplasma laidlawii were isolated from the lungs of calves in both groups. Mycoplasma arginini was not recovered from the lungs of any calf. The significance of the peribronchiolar lymphocytic accumulation in the lungs of the non-pneumonic animals and their differentiation from peribronchiolar lymphocytic cuffs is discussed.", "contents": "Mycoplasmas and cuffing pneumonia in a group of calves. The mycoplasmas found in the lungs of 20 calves, housed together for six months, and the related pulmonary pathology are reported. Twelve calves had cuffing pneumonia and in this group there was a significantly higher isolation frequency of Mycoplasma dispar and Ureaplasma spp compared with the non-pneumonic group. Mycoplasma bovirhinis and Acholeplasma laidlawii were isolated from the lungs of calves in both groups. Mycoplasma arginini was not recovered from the lungs of any calf. The significance of the peribronchiolar lymphocytic accumulation in the lungs of the non-pneumonic animals and their differentiation from peribronchiolar lymphocytic cuffs is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198880", "title": "The role of radiotherapy in veterinary practice.", "content": "It is common knowledge today that cancer is by no means an incurable disease and therefore it is no longer necessary to propose euthanasia for all inoperable cases of malignant neoplasia. The veterinary surgeon has a duty to inform his client of current methods of treatment, particularly radiotherapy, which may possibly provide a cure or prolong life without pain for several months. This article outlines the availability and usefulness of this important line of treatment.", "contents": "The role of radiotherapy in veterinary practice. It is common knowledge today that cancer is by no means an incurable disease and therefore it is no longer necessary to propose euthanasia for all inoperable cases of malignant neoplasia. The veterinary surgeon has a duty to inform his client of current methods of treatment, particularly radiotherapy, which may possibly provide a cure or prolong life without pain for several months. This article outlines the availability and usefulness of this important line of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1198886", "title": "The epidemiology of the \"collapse syndrome\" in suckled calves.", "content": "Cases of a diarrhoeic syndrome characterised by acute collapse were seen in single-suckled beef calves on hill farms during a three year period. The association between the occurrence of this syndrome, which we have termed the \"collapse syndrome\", and various epidemiological parameters, is investigated and discussed.", "contents": "The epidemiology of the \"collapse syndrome\" in suckled calves. Cases of a diarrhoeic syndrome characterised by acute collapse were seen in single-suckled beef calves on hill farms during a three year period. The association between the occurrence of this syndrome, which we have termed the \"collapse syndrome\", and various epidemiological parameters, is investigated and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198915", "title": "[Study of Vibrio strains isolated from swine].", "content": "Antigen and biochemical studies were carried out of nine Vibrio strains isolated from pigs, testing their pathogenicity and toxicity for experimental animals. According to their biochemical behaviour six of the strains were shown to belong to type I, three--to subtype I, and on the grounds of their antigenic characteristics six belonged to type I and three--to type II. It was found that the strains producing hydrogen sulfide were more weakly pathogenic and toxic. No substantial differences were found between the strains isolated from miscarrying and normally farrowing sowa originating from pig breeding farms with a record of vibriosis.", "contents": "[Study of Vibrio strains isolated from swine]. Antigen and biochemical studies were carried out of nine Vibrio strains isolated from pigs, testing their pathogenicity and toxicity for experimental animals. According to their biochemical behaviour six of the strains were shown to belong to type I, three--to subtype I, and on the grounds of their antigenic characteristics six belonged to type I and three--to type II. It was found that the strains producing hydrogen sulfide were more weakly pathogenic and toxic. No substantial differences were found between the strains isolated from miscarrying and normally farrowing sowa originating from pig breeding farms with a record of vibriosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198916", "title": "[Study of cows experimentally infected with atypical mycobacteria].", "content": "Cows were infected subcutaneously with Mycobacterium aquae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Micobacterium vaccae, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The investigations carried out on the thirtieth day following infection revealed allergic reaction in all cows with close variations when avian and bovine tuberculin were used. The complement-fixation test with blood sera pointed to the presence of specific antibodies for the Mycobacterium genus. The histopathologic reaction in the lymph nodes, established after the slaughter of the animals on the 45th day of infection, was a proliferative-infiltrative one, the epitheloid cells being located at the periphery of the trabecules. Giant cells and necroses were missing.", "contents": "[Study of cows experimentally infected with atypical mycobacteria]. Cows were infected subcutaneously with Mycobacterium aquae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Micobacterium vaccae, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The investigations carried out on the thirtieth day following infection revealed allergic reaction in all cows with close variations when avian and bovine tuberculin were used. The complement-fixation test with blood sera pointed to the presence of specific antibodies for the Mycobacterium genus. The histopathologic reaction in the lymph nodes, established after the slaughter of the animals on the 45th day of infection, was a proliferative-infiltrative one, the epitheloid cells being located at the periphery of the trabecules. Giant cells and necroses were missing."}
{"id": "PMID:1198917", "title": "[Effect of a ration with a varying amount of fat and protein of plant and synthetic origin on some indices of ruminal content and of the blood in lactating sheep].", "content": "The pH value of the rumen content in lactating ewes given sunflower expeller was 7.10, and that in ewes given urea was 6.70. The amount of ammonia in the rumen of ewes fed expeller was at a dependable lower level than the amount of ammonia with ewes fed urea. In animals fed expeller with the ration the blood sugar, protein, and lipids were higher, while acetone, beta-oxibutyric acid, and cholesterin dropped. In urea feeding, the levels of acetone, betaoxibutyric acid, and cholesterin rose, while blood sugar, protein, and lipids were lower. The Ca, P, Na, K, and Fe contents as well as the activity of the SGOT and SGPT enzymes in the blood of lactating ewes did not change essentially except for the amounts of Mg and Cu.", "contents": "[Effect of a ration with a varying amount of fat and protein of plant and synthetic origin on some indices of ruminal content and of the blood in lactating sheep]. The pH value of the rumen content in lactating ewes given sunflower expeller was 7.10, and that in ewes given urea was 6.70. The amount of ammonia in the rumen of ewes fed expeller was at a dependable lower level than the amount of ammonia with ewes fed urea. In animals fed expeller with the ration the blood sugar, protein, and lipids were higher, while acetone, beta-oxibutyric acid, and cholesterin dropped. In urea feeding, the levels of acetone, betaoxibutyric acid, and cholesterin rose, while blood sugar, protein, and lipids were lower. The Ca, P, Na, K, and Fe contents as well as the activity of the SGOT and SGPT enzymes in the blood of lactating ewes did not change essentially except for the amounts of Mg and Cu."}
{"id": "PMID:1198918", "title": "[Isolation of Toxoplasma strains via the digestive method].", "content": "Tested was the effectiveness of the digestive method for the isolation of Toxoplasma strains. This method was used to study the musculature of the diaphragm in 80 sheep, 40 cattle, and 80 pigs. Isolated were one strain that was pathogenic and 3 apathogenic strains for albino mice. They were found only in the diaphragm of sheep. It is believed that the digestive method is effective for the isolation of Toxoplasma strains.", "contents": "[Isolation of Toxoplasma strains via the digestive method]. Tested was the effectiveness of the digestive method for the isolation of Toxoplasma strains. This method was used to study the musculature of the diaphragm in 80 sheep, 40 cattle, and 80 pigs. Isolated were one strain that was pathogenic and 3 apathogenic strains for albino mice. They were found only in the diaphragm of sheep. It is believed that the digestive method is effective for the isolation of Toxoplasma strains."}
{"id": "PMID:1198919", "title": "[Histochemical tracing of the iron in the body of piglets injected with an iron-dextran preparation].", "content": "A comparative study was carried out with thirteen pigs, aged 1 to 3 days, to follow up the resorption and distribution of the Bulgarian iron-dextran preparations Ferdex-100, Dextrofer-75, A-100, and Miofer-100 in the body. Histochemically, an activation of the reticulo-endothelial system was established. Most macrophages that had phagocytised iron were established in the regional lymph nodes, followed by the liver, kidneys, marrow, while in the spleen their count was negligible. Using the histochemical reaction for the demonstration of iron in the viscera it was established that the A-100 preparation was best utilized by the organism. It was concluded that by the amounts of iron found in some organs it even exceeded Miofer-100.", "contents": "[Histochemical tracing of the iron in the body of piglets injected with an iron-dextran preparation]. A comparative study was carried out with thirteen pigs, aged 1 to 3 days, to follow up the resorption and distribution of the Bulgarian iron-dextran preparations Ferdex-100, Dextrofer-75, A-100, and Miofer-100 in the body. Histochemically, an activation of the reticulo-endothelial system was established. Most macrophages that had phagocytised iron were established in the regional lymph nodes, followed by the liver, kidneys, marrow, while in the spleen their count was negligible. Using the histochemical reaction for the demonstration of iron in the viscera it was established that the A-100 preparation was best utilized by the organism. It was concluded that by the amounts of iron found in some organs it even exceeded Miofer-100."}
{"id": "PMID:1198982", "title": "[Hormonal correlations in hyperplasia of the breasts in women with ovulatory cycles].", "content": "An excretion of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogens, pregnandiol, 17-KS, vaginal cytology were studied in 22 patients with dyshormonal hyperplasias of mammary glands and in 12 healthy females with ovulatory cycles. The age of patients under study ranged from 20 to 49 years. The patients showed a higher level of excretion of FSH, estriol, pregnandiol and a lower level of 17-KS excretion than healthy persons.", "contents": "[Hormonal correlations in hyperplasia of the breasts in women with ovulatory cycles]. An excretion of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogens, pregnandiol, 17-KS, vaginal cytology were studied in 22 patients with dyshormonal hyperplasias of mammary glands and in 12 healthy females with ovulatory cycles. The age of patients under study ranged from 20 to 49 years. The patients showed a higher level of excretion of FSH, estriol, pregnandiol and a lower level of 17-KS excretion than healthy persons."}
{"id": "PMID:1198983", "title": "[Correlation of some nitrogenous compounds in the blood and tissues of tumor-bearing rabbits in hyperglycemia].", "content": "In rabbits transplanted Brown-Pearce carcinoma the content of nitrous compounds in tissues is changed in a different way: in the liver and kidneys -- nitrous compounds are accumulated, while in cardiac and skeletal muscles their concentration is diminished. It is found that tumor cells in mice with Ehrlich carcinoma accumulate radioactive aminoacid considerably faster than adjacent tissues not involved by neoplasma. A continuous glucose administration in tumor-bearing rabbits renders a marked nitrogen-saving effect by means of attenuation of catabolism of myoproteins, as a result of it the balance between the processes of synthesis and catabolism in host tissues is shifted toward synthesis.", "contents": "[Correlation of some nitrogenous compounds in the blood and tissues of tumor-bearing rabbits in hyperglycemia]. In rabbits transplanted Brown-Pearce carcinoma the content of nitrous compounds in tissues is changed in a different way: in the liver and kidneys -- nitrous compounds are accumulated, while in cardiac and skeletal muscles their concentration is diminished. It is found that tumor cells in mice with Ehrlich carcinoma accumulate radioactive aminoacid considerably faster than adjacent tissues not involved by neoplasma. A continuous glucose administration in tumor-bearing rabbits renders a marked nitrogen-saving effect by means of attenuation of catabolism of myoproteins, as a result of it the balance between the processes of synthesis and catabolism in host tissues is shifted toward synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1198984", "title": "[Characteristics of the reproduction of Djungarian hamsters in captivity and spontaneous tumors].", "content": "Breeding behavior and fertility of the Djungarian hamster (D. h.) -- Phodopus sungorus campbelli Th-during 8 years (1966-1973) have shown that this hamster species is a suitable laboratory animal. The decline of breeding in winter months, observed in the first years of maintaining D. h. in our laboratory, became less pronounced in the last three years. D. h. seems to be resistant to common infections of laboratory animals. The only infection observed in D. h. was on outbreak of trichophytosis which was successfully liquidated. Spontaneous tumors developed in 130 of 1277 D. h. (10%). Mammary carcinoma, squamous cancer of the skin and lung tumors prevailed. In the recent years, the incidence of mammary carcinoma became higher, whereas the frequency of skin tumors was decreased.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the reproduction of Djungarian hamsters in captivity and spontaneous tumors]. Breeding behavior and fertility of the Djungarian hamster (D. h.) -- Phodopus sungorus campbelli Th-during 8 years (1966-1973) have shown that this hamster species is a suitable laboratory animal. The decline of breeding in winter months, observed in the first years of maintaining D. h. in our laboratory, became less pronounced in the last three years. D. h. seems to be resistant to common infections of laboratory animals. The only infection observed in D. h. was on outbreak of trichophytosis which was successfully liquidated. Spontaneous tumors developed in 130 of 1277 D. h. (10%). Mammary carcinoma, squamous cancer of the skin and lung tumors prevailed. In the recent years, the incidence of mammary carcinoma became higher, whereas the frequency of skin tumors was decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:1198985", "title": "[Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the carcinogenic activity of overheated sunflower seed oil].", "content": "Non-pedigree rats were injected subcutaneously either overheated oil or the oil and one of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, oleic acids), or overheated oil and fresh oil. The greatest number of tumors in earlier terms occurred in the group of rats not receiving fatty acids. In simultaneous injection of overheated sunflower oil and fatty acids (oleic and linolenic), as well as fresh oil, tumors would arise considerably more rarely. Whereas, in injection of overheated sunflower oil and linoleic acid tumors did not arise at all. The mechanism of an inhibitory action of fatty acids on tumor development is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the carcinogenic activity of overheated sunflower seed oil]. Non-pedigree rats were injected subcutaneously either overheated oil or the oil and one of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, oleic acids), or overheated oil and fresh oil. The greatest number of tumors in earlier terms occurred in the group of rats not receiving fatty acids. In simultaneous injection of overheated sunflower oil and fatty acids (oleic and linolenic), as well as fresh oil, tumors would arise considerably more rarely. Whereas, in injection of overheated sunflower oil and linoleic acid tumors did not arise at all. The mechanism of an inhibitory action of fatty acids on tumor development is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198988", "title": "[Therapeutic tactics in treatment of patients with cranio-cerebral injury and alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "Case-histories of 1077 victims of cerebro-cranial injuries, 38 per cent of whom were admitted in the state of alcoholic ebriation, were analyzed. Alcoholic ebriation was found to materially change the clinical picture of the cerebro-cranial trauma, simulating, sometimes, a picture of a traumatic brain lesion. Curative measures aimed at the treatment of the traumatic lesion of the brain were applied in a complex set, depending upon the nature and the severity of the cerebro-cranial injury, the phase (stage) and degree of alcoholic ebriation.", "contents": "[Therapeutic tactics in treatment of patients with cranio-cerebral injury and alcoholic intoxication]. Case-histories of 1077 victims of cerebro-cranial injuries, 38 per cent of whom were admitted in the state of alcoholic ebriation, were analyzed. Alcoholic ebriation was found to materially change the clinical picture of the cerebro-cranial trauma, simulating, sometimes, a picture of a traumatic brain lesion. Curative measures aimed at the treatment of the traumatic lesion of the brain were applied in a complex set, depending upon the nature and the severity of the cerebro-cranial injury, the phase (stage) and degree of alcoholic ebriation."}
{"id": "PMID:1198989", "title": "[Significance of morphological changes in the middle meningeal arteries in the development of epidural hematomas after mild cerebro-cranial injury].", "content": "Among 58 patients with epidural hematomas in 8 cases they developed following a light cerebro-cranial injury with no fractured cranial bones. In 26 patients who died of diverse causes a histological examination of median meningeal arteries disclosed the presence of focal elastofibrosis, atrophy of the central layer, deposition of lime, cleavage of the elastic membrane, atherosclerosis, thrombogenesis, acute inflammatory process, formation of non-traumatic sacular and arterio-venous aneurysm. These alterations, especially the sacular and arterio-venous aneurysms, may be causative of blood effusion into the epidural space and lead to the development of hematomas following a slight injury of the head.", "contents": "[Significance of morphological changes in the middle meningeal arteries in the development of epidural hematomas after mild cerebro-cranial injury]. Among 58 patients with epidural hematomas in 8 cases they developed following a light cerebro-cranial injury with no fractured cranial bones. In 26 patients who died of diverse causes a histological examination of median meningeal arteries disclosed the presence of focal elastofibrosis, atrophy of the central layer, deposition of lime, cleavage of the elastic membrane, atherosclerosis, thrombogenesis, acute inflammatory process, formation of non-traumatic sacular and arterio-venous aneurysm. These alterations, especially the sacular and arterio-venous aneurysms, may be causative of blood effusion into the epidural space and lead to the development of hematomas following a slight injury of the head."}
{"id": "PMID:1198990", "title": "[Experience with 60 frontal myelotomies in treatment of spastic manifestations in patients with injuries of the spine and spinal cord].", "content": "A 10-year experience gained in the surgical treatment of spastic manifestations in patients with the injured vetebral column and spinal cord is summarized. In 57 cases a total of 60 modified Bischof's operations were performed. A clinical classification has been worked out, at the basis of which there are the intensity and frequency of synergies. Spasticity disappeared in 54 of the patients operated upon. The elimination of the synergy, hypertonicity, mono- and pplysynaptic reflexes created favourable conditions for a subsequent rehabilitative therapy, which included walking and self-service training. Myelotomy proved quite effective irrespective of the time lapsed from the moment of injury.", "contents": "[Experience with 60 frontal myelotomies in treatment of spastic manifestations in patients with injuries of the spine and spinal cord]. A 10-year experience gained in the surgical treatment of spastic manifestations in patients with the injured vetebral column and spinal cord is summarized. In 57 cases a total of 60 modified Bischof's operations were performed. A clinical classification has been worked out, at the basis of which there are the intensity and frequency of synergies. Spasticity disappeared in 54 of the patients operated upon. The elimination of the synergy, hypertonicity, mono- and pplysynaptic reflexes created favourable conditions for a subsequent rehabilitative therapy, which included walking and self-service training. Myelotomy proved quite effective irrespective of the time lapsed from the moment of injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1198991", "title": "[System of programmed control of an in- and outflow device for long-term irrigation of the bladder].", "content": "A unique apparatus for programmed monitoring of Monro's system in patients with affections and lesions of the spinal cord is described. The apparatus assembly includes a 2-mode time relay, retention device, electric magnet with a core and two half-rings. The compactness and ruggedness of the unit enables its use under any conditions. The reliability of its construction has stood the test of its long-term continuous operation. Thanks to the presence of the program time relay the cyclic recurrence of the urinary bladder lavage is strictly adhered to.", "contents": "[System of programmed control of an in- and outflow device for long-term irrigation of the bladder]. A unique apparatus for programmed monitoring of Monro's system in patients with affections and lesions of the spinal cord is described. The apparatus assembly includes a 2-mode time relay, retention device, electric magnet with a core and two half-rings. The compactness and ruggedness of the unit enables its use under any conditions. The reliability of its construction has stood the test of its long-term continuous operation. Thanks to the presence of the program time relay the cyclic recurrence of the urinary bladder lavage is strictly adhered to."}
{"id": "PMID:1198992", "title": "[Study of muscular evoked potentials by the built-up current in diagnosis of nerve injuries].", "content": "In 129 patients the diagnosis was defined over periods from 1 month to 2 years following the damage of the nerves with the help of myopotentials evoked through stimulation of the nerves with batches (charges) of a built-up current of varying frequency lasting for 1 second. With the lability of the neuro-muscular system falling from 35 down to 10 pulses/sec, a reduced amplitude of periliminal peak potentials, post-tetanic after-potentials and in the absence of pessimal inhibition of up to 1000 pulses/sec the operative treatment is, as a rule, not indicated. Late after injury and with a low amplitude of evoked myopotentials, falling down to 5--26 mug, an amplitude transformation from 2 up to 10 pulses/sec, the absence of periliminal rising peak potentials and post-tetanic after-potentials (spikes) surgery is commonly indicated. The operative intervention is also indicated in the absence of all types of the evoked myopotentials when this is combined with other factors.", "contents": "[Study of muscular evoked potentials by the built-up current in diagnosis of nerve injuries]. In 129 patients the diagnosis was defined over periods from 1 month to 2 years following the damage of the nerves with the help of myopotentials evoked through stimulation of the nerves with batches (charges) of a built-up current of varying frequency lasting for 1 second. With the lability of the neuro-muscular system falling from 35 down to 10 pulses/sec, a reduced amplitude of periliminal peak potentials, post-tetanic after-potentials and in the absence of pessimal inhibition of up to 1000 pulses/sec the operative treatment is, as a rule, not indicated. Late after injury and with a low amplitude of evoked myopotentials, falling down to 5--26 mug, an amplitude transformation from 2 up to 10 pulses/sec, the absence of periliminal rising peak potentials and post-tetanic after-potentials (spikes) surgery is commonly indicated. The operative intervention is also indicated in the absence of all types of the evoked myopotentials when this is combined with other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1198993", "title": "[Possibilities of measurement of impedance by the use of long-range intracerebral electrodes].", "content": "An investigation of constituents in the complex (overall) resistance of deep-lying brain structures of patients with hyperkinesis treated by employing implanted electrodes helped disclose some specific features common to the impedance of conduction pathways, ventricles and some basal ganglia. The actual value of the impedance depends upon the technical peculiarities of the method. The latter does not permit it to identify the position of the electrodes amidsts various cellular structures, but is of a definite value in defining more accurately the localization of electrodes and in identifying them.", "contents": "[Possibilities of measurement of impedance by the use of long-range intracerebral electrodes]. An investigation of constituents in the complex (overall) resistance of deep-lying brain structures of patients with hyperkinesis treated by employing implanted electrodes helped disclose some specific features common to the impedance of conduction pathways, ventricles and some basal ganglia. The actual value of the impedance depends upon the technical peculiarities of the method. The latter does not permit it to identify the position of the electrodes amidsts various cellular structures, but is of a definite value in defining more accurately the localization of electrodes and in identifying them."}
{"id": "PMID:1198994", "title": "[Architectonics of the branch-forming veins passing through the emissaries of the cranial vault].", "content": "The structure of the veins forming the frontal, occiputal, mastoidal and sinciputal veins--emissaries was studied on 48 human cadavers by using various methods of silver-staining and a delicate anatomic sectioning and examination of the impregnated material with a binocular magnifying glass. The architectonics of these veins showed the drainage of the venous blood from the soft tissues of the cranial vault and its periosteum to proceed predominantly under normal condtions into the sinuses of the dura mater.", "contents": "[Architectonics of the branch-forming veins passing through the emissaries of the cranial vault]. The structure of the veins forming the frontal, occiputal, mastoidal and sinciputal veins--emissaries was studied on 48 human cadavers by using various methods of silver-staining and a delicate anatomic sectioning and examination of the impregnated material with a binocular magnifying glass. The architectonics of these veins showed the drainage of the venous blood from the soft tissues of the cranial vault and its periosteum to proceed predominantly under normal condtions into the sinuses of the dura mater."}
{"id": "PMID:1198996", "title": "[Problems of treatment of contusions and dislocations of the brain].", "content": "The clinical course and prognosis in the event of a severe cerebrocrainial trauma depend, above all, on the extent of the contusion and smashing of the brain sustained. The pathogenetic factor of prime importance determining the severity of the contusion is the development of the local and general cerebral edema. Rapidly accuring edema and turgescence of the brain, rising intracranial pressure lead to the dislocation of the brain attended by a clinical picture of a grave secondary lesion of the brain stem. To eliminate or prevent the emergence of the dislocation syndrome an operative removal of the primary contusion focus and concussory treatment of the brain in combination with the pathogenetic conservative therapy, aimed at preventing further progressive edema of the brain, are indicated in some of such patients.", "contents": "[Problems of treatment of contusions and dislocations of the brain]. The clinical course and prognosis in the event of a severe cerebrocrainial trauma depend, above all, on the extent of the contusion and smashing of the brain sustained. The pathogenetic factor of prime importance determining the severity of the contusion is the development of the local and general cerebral edema. Rapidly accuring edema and turgescence of the brain, rising intracranial pressure lead to the dislocation of the brain attended by a clinical picture of a grave secondary lesion of the brain stem. To eliminate or prevent the emergence of the dislocation syndrome an operative removal of the primary contusion focus and concussory treatment of the brain in combination with the pathogenetic conservative therapy, aimed at preventing further progressive edema of the brain, are indicated in some of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1198998", "title": "[Characteristics of a stable long-term cell line obtained from a dedifferentiated human astrocytoma].", "content": "There has been obtained and is being maintained in vitro for over 12 years a stable cellular line DAPT, derived from a dedifferentiated human astrocytoma. In monolayer cultures the cells have passed 270 times. During 22 month (63 passages) the cells had a fibroblast-like shape, their growth having thereafter assumed an epithelioid character. On being impregnated with chlorous gold after Ramon-and-Kachal the cellular cytoplasma is stained purple-violet. In the periods of the fibroblast-like and epithelioid growth the time of the population doubling was 145 and 74 hours, respectively. The mitotic index amounted to 18%. When investigated during the 3d (106th passage) and 11th (250th passage) years of its cultivation the population consisted largely of cells containing 60-65 chromosomes. The carotype of the DAPT cells retained the main traits common to the structure of the human caryotype. After 7-9 months of cultivation (16-25th passages) the DAPT cells demonstrated the presence therein of an active glutamineketoacidic aminotransferase. Further on the activity of the enzyme declined. Factors influencing the changeability of the stable cellular DAPT line are discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of a stable long-term cell line obtained from a dedifferentiated human astrocytoma]. There has been obtained and is being maintained in vitro for over 12 years a stable cellular line DAPT, derived from a dedifferentiated human astrocytoma. In monolayer cultures the cells have passed 270 times. During 22 month (63 passages) the cells had a fibroblast-like shape, their growth having thereafter assumed an epithelioid character. On being impregnated with chlorous gold after Ramon-and-Kachal the cellular cytoplasma is stained purple-violet. In the periods of the fibroblast-like and epithelioid growth the time of the population doubling was 145 and 74 hours, respectively. The mitotic index amounted to 18%. When investigated during the 3d (106th passage) and 11th (250th passage) years of its cultivation the population consisted largely of cells containing 60-65 chromosomes. The carotype of the DAPT cells retained the main traits common to the structure of the human caryotype. After 7-9 months of cultivation (16-25th passages) the DAPT cells demonstrated the presence therein of an active glutamineketoacidic aminotransferase. Further on the activity of the enzyme declined. Factors influencing the changeability of the stable cellular DAPT line are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1198997", "title": "[Angiography in cancer metastasis to the brain].", "content": "Cranio- and angiographic examinations of 89 patients with nodular metastases of cancer into the brain, observed at the N.N. Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery over a period of 1959 through 1973, are analyzed. Consideration was also given to the duration of anamnesis, to the presence of congestive manifestations on the eye fundus and to their intensity. Main angiographic signs characteristic of carcinomas metastases into the brain, viz. the nature of the cerebral vessels displacement, the structure of the tumours vasculature, the sources of the tumours blood supply and the routes of the blood drainage from metastases, etc. are presented. Major differential-diagnostic distinctions among metastatic cancers, gliomas and meningiomas are listed. An analysis of angiograms with due consideration of anamnestic data and clinical symptoms enables it to establish in most case a differential diagnosis as against primary brain tumours.", "contents": "[Angiography in cancer metastasis to the brain]. Cranio- and angiographic examinations of 89 patients with nodular metastases of cancer into the brain, observed at the N.N. Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery over a period of 1959 through 1973, are analyzed. Consideration was also given to the duration of anamnesis, to the presence of congestive manifestations on the eye fundus and to their intensity. Main angiographic signs characteristic of carcinomas metastases into the brain, viz. the nature of the cerebral vessels displacement, the structure of the tumours vasculature, the sources of the tumours blood supply and the routes of the blood drainage from metastases, etc. are presented. Major differential-diagnostic distinctions among metastatic cancers, gliomas and meningiomas are listed. An analysis of angiograms with due consideration of anamnestic data and clinical symptoms enables it to establish in most case a differential diagnosis as against primary brain tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1198999", "title": "[Acid phosphatase activity in cultures of glial tumors].", "content": "With 18 glial brain tumours serving as a base material the activity of acid phosphatase was studied dynamically in the course of cultivation. The enzyme is demonstrable both in differentiated and actively proliferating cells, as well as in those showing signs of dystrophy. The enzyme was found to display chiefly a moderate activity in monomorphic tumour cells, its content being higher in atypical neoplastic cells. A significantly rising activity of the acid phosphatase was discovered in cells presenting dystrophic and necrobiotic alterations.", "contents": "[Acid phosphatase activity in cultures of glial tumors]. With 18 glial brain tumours serving as a base material the activity of acid phosphatase was studied dynamically in the course of cultivation. The enzyme is demonstrable both in differentiated and actively proliferating cells, as well as in those showing signs of dystrophy. The enzyme was found to display chiefly a moderate activity in monomorphic tumour cells, its content being higher in atypical neoplastic cells. A significantly rising activity of the acid phosphatase was discovered in cells presenting dystrophic and necrobiotic alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:1199000", "title": "[The clinical picture and course of acoustic neurinoma in advanced age].", "content": "Specificity marking the evolution and clinical picture of acoustic neurinoma in persons of advanced age is described. A great interest of the cases under study consists in that quite often the clinical picture and the course of the disease in this age category are atypical, this being due to the age of the patients and intercurrent, most often vascular diseases of the brain.", "contents": "[The clinical picture and course of acoustic neurinoma in advanced age]. Specificity marking the evolution and clinical picture of acoustic neurinoma in persons of advanced age is described. A great interest of the cases under study consists in that quite often the clinical picture and the course of the disease in this age category are atypical, this being due to the age of the patients and intercurrent, most often vascular diseases of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1199001", "title": "[The structure of the arteries of the base of the brain in saccular aneurysms].", "content": "In 100 autopsy observations with saccular aneurysms of diverse localization the structure of arteries at the base of the brain was studied. In 26 per cent of the cases this structure was of the normal or \"classic\" type. In some instances there could be detected deviations from the \"classic\" type, with a tendency in certain localization of the aneurysm towards hypoplasia of the proximal length of the anterior cerebral artery. Frequently encountered divergences from the \"classic\" type of the structure come as a result of a delayed development of the vessels at the base of the brain during early stages of ontogenesis.", "contents": "[The structure of the arteries of the base of the brain in saccular aneurysms]. In 100 autopsy observations with saccular aneurysms of diverse localization the structure of arteries at the base of the brain was studied. In 26 per cent of the cases this structure was of the normal or \"classic\" type. In some instances there could be detected deviations from the \"classic\" type, with a tendency in certain localization of the aneurysm towards hypoplasia of the proximal length of the anterior cerebral artery. Frequently encountered divergences from the \"classic\" type of the structure come as a result of a delayed development of the vessels at the base of the brain during early stages of ontogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199002", "title": "[Topographo-anatomic interrelationships between the branches of the lumbar arteries and the spinal ganglia, nerves and roots].", "content": "By using a complex of investigation methods variants of branchingout of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia blood supply sources and their anatomo-topographic interrelations were discerned in 140 preparations of lumbar spinal ganglia obtained from human cadavers of both sexes and different age. With the help of anastomoses these sources form a specific arterial circle around the ganglion. The radicular arteries are noted to be non-equivalent. The annular architectonics of the blood vessels is considered as a morphological manifestation of a functionally reliable blood supply to the border area between the central and peripheral divisions of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Topographo-anatomic interrelationships between the branches of the lumbar arteries and the spinal ganglia, nerves and roots]. By using a complex of investigation methods variants of branchingout of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia blood supply sources and their anatomo-topographic interrelations were discerned in 140 preparations of lumbar spinal ganglia obtained from human cadavers of both sexes and different age. With the help of anastomoses these sources form a specific arterial circle around the ganglion. The radicular arteries are noted to be non-equivalent. The annular architectonics of the blood vessels is considered as a morphological manifestation of a functionally reliable blood supply to the border area between the central and peripheral divisions of the nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1199003", "title": "[Prolonged catheterization of the superficial temporal artery for repeated angiography].", "content": "A method of a long-term retrograde catheterization of the superficial temporal artery for performance of a repeated angiographic investigation following operations for saccular aneurysms of the cerebral vessels is described. The proposed procedure was successfully empolyed in 7 patients without any complications.", "contents": "[Prolonged catheterization of the superficial temporal artery for repeated angiography]. A method of a long-term retrograde catheterization of the superficial temporal artery for performance of a repeated angiographic investigation following operations for saccular aneurysms of the cerebral vessels is described. The proposed procedure was successfully empolyed in 7 patients without any complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1199004", "title": "[Vertebrogenic lumbosacral radiculitis unrelated to disk herniation].", "content": "A classification of changes in the inferior lumbar portion of the spine that cause radicular pain and symptoms not amenable to concervative therapy is given. In most cases the said changes can be educed through a clinico-roentgenological investigation. Anatomical data bear proof to the presence of structural variants in which, in case of an intercurrent osteochondrosis without hernia of the disc, the compression of the root becomes quite probable. The classification lists changes that should be looked for when no hernia of the disc could be detected and lays emphasis on the multiplicity of causes accounting for the emergence of vertebrogenic radiculitis.", "contents": "[Vertebrogenic lumbosacral radiculitis unrelated to disk herniation]. A classification of changes in the inferior lumbar portion of the spine that cause radicular pain and symptoms not amenable to concervative therapy is given. In most cases the said changes can be educed through a clinico-roentgenological investigation. Anatomical data bear proof to the presence of structural variants in which, in case of an intercurrent osteochondrosis without hernia of the disc, the compression of the root becomes quite probable. The classification lists changes that should be looked for when no hernia of the disc could be detected and lays emphasis on the multiplicity of causes accounting for the emergence of vertebrogenic radiculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199007", "title": "[Hydrolytic splitting of vitamin A esters in the blood].", "content": "The retinol and retinylpalmitate content along with the retinylacetate and retinylpalmitate-hydrolase in the blood of the portal vein and in the peripheral blood from the superficial vein of the hind limb of dogs was determined in chronic experiments before and 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after administration of the vitamin A preparations into the small intestine fistula. The introduction of an oily retinylacetate solution into the fistula was attended both by an increase of the retinylpalmitate content in the blood plasma and the appearance therein of the retinyl-palmitat-hydrolase activity. Introduction of an aquous-colloidal solution of retinyl-palmitate caused a rise in the latter's content in the blood but was not accompanied by the appearance of the retinyl-palmitate-hydrolase activity. In the blood taken on an empty stomach no capacity for retinyl-palmitate hydrolysis was in evidence. It is presumed that the emergence of the retinyl-palmitate activity in the blood following introduction of precisely the oily retinylacetate solution is due to an intensified supply of the pancreatic enzymes into the blood in response to the fat load. The retinylacetate-hydrolase activity was continually present in the blood and did not vary in its intensity in the dynamics of absorption.", "contents": "[Hydrolytic splitting of vitamin A esters in the blood]. The retinol and retinylpalmitate content along with the retinylacetate and retinylpalmitate-hydrolase in the blood of the portal vein and in the peripheral blood from the superficial vein of the hind limb of dogs was determined in chronic experiments before and 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after administration of the vitamin A preparations into the small intestine fistula. The introduction of an oily retinylacetate solution into the fistula was attended both by an increase of the retinylpalmitate content in the blood plasma and the appearance therein of the retinyl-palmitat-hydrolase activity. Introduction of an aquous-colloidal solution of retinyl-palmitate caused a rise in the latter's content in the blood but was not accompanied by the appearance of the retinyl-palmitate-hydrolase activity. In the blood taken on an empty stomach no capacity for retinyl-palmitate hydrolysis was in evidence. It is presumed that the emergence of the retinyl-palmitate activity in the blood following introduction of precisely the oily retinylacetate solution is due to an intensified supply of the pancreatic enzymes into the blood in response to the fat load. The retinylacetate-hydrolase activity was continually present in the blood and did not vary in its intensity in the dynamics of absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1199005", "title": "[A method of venous occlusion plethysmography for quantitative study of peripheral hemodynamics in cranio-cerebral trauma].", "content": "A method of quantitative investigation of the peripheral blood flow (in ml/100 cm3/min) involving the use of venous occlusion plethysmography is described. Mathematical procedures applied in processing the arterial in flow curves are adduced. Conditions attending an investigation of the blood flow in the forearm vessels are depicted. The expediency of a bilateral examination of the peripheral circulation and vascular resistance in a cerebro-cranial injury is shown, there being, as a rule, a considerable asymmetry between the sides.", "contents": "[A method of venous occlusion plethysmography for quantitative study of peripheral hemodynamics in cranio-cerebral trauma]. A method of quantitative investigation of the peripheral blood flow (in ml/100 cm3/min) involving the use of venous occlusion plethysmography is described. Mathematical procedures applied in processing the arterial in flow curves are adduced. Conditions attending an investigation of the blood flow in the forearm vessels are depicted. The expediency of a bilateral examination of the peripheral circulation and vascular resistance in a cerebro-cranial injury is shown, there being, as a rule, a considerable asymmetry between the sides."}
{"id": "PMID:1199008", "title": "[Influence of vitamin A on the sialoglycoproteids and the electrophoretic motility of erythrocytes].", "content": "Tests conducted on albino rats with experimental avitaminosis and hypervitaminosis A provide evidence that vitamin A has an influence on sialoglycoproteids and on the electrophoretic motility of erythrocytes. In the states under study there is observed an appreciable fall in the hemoglobin and sialic acids content in the erythrocytes, the electrophoretic motility of the latter being on the decrease. These data support the opinion according to which optimal amounts of vitamin A are needed for a normal functioning of the red blood cells.", "contents": "[Influence of vitamin A on the sialoglycoproteids and the electrophoretic motility of erythrocytes]. Tests conducted on albino rats with experimental avitaminosis and hypervitaminosis A provide evidence that vitamin A has an influence on sialoglycoproteids and on the electrophoretic motility of erythrocytes. In the states under study there is observed an appreciable fall in the hemoglobin and sialic acids content in the erythrocytes, the electrophoretic motility of the latter being on the decrease. These data support the opinion according to which optimal amounts of vitamin A are needed for a normal functioning of the red blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1199012", "title": "[Influence of qualitatively different diets on the reproductive capacity and function of the adrenal cortex in rats with experimental toxic hepatitis].", "content": "The effect of a diet rich in protein and the group B vitamins on the function of the ovaries and adrenal cortex, as well as on the reproductive capacity of animals with experimental affection of the liver produced by administration of carbon tetrachloride was studied on 115 mongrel albino female-rats. A high-standard semisynthetic diet devised at the Institute of nutrition of the AMS of the USSR and three isocaloric experimental diets calorifically enriched by 20, 50 and 100 per cent and containing a double amount of the group B vitamins were used in tests. The protein and vitamins enrichment of the diet, although failing to normalize the estrual cycle, neveretheless contributed to a significant reduction of the embryos' death in pregnant animals, the restoration of the reproductive capacity of the rats being directly proportional to the degree of the protein enrichment of the diet. The use of experimental diets helped normalize the adrenal cortex function in pregnant rats with toxic hepatitis, this manifesting itself in the falling amount of corticosterone in the blood serum outflowing from the suprarenals down to the control level.", "contents": "[Influence of qualitatively different diets on the reproductive capacity and function of the adrenal cortex in rats with experimental toxic hepatitis]. The effect of a diet rich in protein and the group B vitamins on the function of the ovaries and adrenal cortex, as well as on the reproductive capacity of animals with experimental affection of the liver produced by administration of carbon tetrachloride was studied on 115 mongrel albino female-rats. A high-standard semisynthetic diet devised at the Institute of nutrition of the AMS of the USSR and three isocaloric experimental diets calorifically enriched by 20, 50 and 100 per cent and containing a double amount of the group B vitamins were used in tests. The protein and vitamins enrichment of the diet, although failing to normalize the estrual cycle, neveretheless contributed to a significant reduction of the embryos' death in pregnant animals, the restoration of the reproductive capacity of the rats being directly proportional to the degree of the protein enrichment of the diet. The use of experimental diets helped normalize the adrenal cortex function in pregnant rats with toxic hepatitis, this manifesting itself in the falling amount of corticosterone in the blood serum outflowing from the suprarenals down to the control level."}
{"id": "PMID:1199014", "title": "[Diets for students of professional-technical secondary schools situated in zones of endemic goiter].", "content": "Menu, formulation of meals, chemical composition and calorific value embracing 10 different dietary patterns for students of vocational technical schools disposed within an area of endemic goitre are cited. In compiling the rations account has been taken of the age-specific features of the students, the physiological standard rates now in force, a collection of meals formulations and the funds allocated for alimentation in the said schools. The proposed rations may be of prophylactic importance in the foci of endemic goitre and should help strengthen the health of the students.", "contents": "[Diets for students of professional-technical secondary schools situated in zones of endemic goiter]. Menu, formulation of meals, chemical composition and calorific value embracing 10 different dietary patterns for students of vocational technical schools disposed within an area of endemic goitre are cited. In compiling the rations account has been taken of the age-specific features of the students, the physiological standard rates now in force, a collection of meals formulations and the funds allocated for alimentation in the said schools. The proposed rations may be of prophylactic importance in the foci of endemic goitre and should help strengthen the health of the students."}
{"id": "PMID:1199021", "title": "Detection of antibody to hepatitis Bs-antigen in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis as measured by a modified procedure of the radioimmunoassay Ausria I 125.", "content": "A simple modification of the radioimmunoassay Ausria I 125 was employed for detecting anti-HBs using the inhibition of a constant amount of HBs Ag. Anti-HBs was demonstrated in up to 82% of follow-up patients recovering from viral hepatitis B and in 79% of hemophilia patients. The antibody was found in 3.4% of healthy blood donors and in 10% of family contacts of patients with acute HBs Ag-positive viral hepatitis. The frequency of anti-HBs in 44 patients with HBs Ag-negative chronic aggressive hepatitis or cryptogenic liver cirrhosis (23%) did not differ significantly as compared with the occurrence of anti-HBs in 58 patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis (16%). These findings give further support to the suggestion that the hepatitis B virus does not contribute to the aetiology of HBs Ag-negative chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "Detection of antibody to hepatitis Bs-antigen in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis as measured by a modified procedure of the radioimmunoassay Ausria I 125. A simple modification of the radioimmunoassay Ausria I 125 was employed for detecting anti-HBs using the inhibition of a constant amount of HBs Ag. Anti-HBs was demonstrated in up to 82% of follow-up patients recovering from viral hepatitis B and in 79% of hemophilia patients. The antibody was found in 3.4% of healthy blood donors and in 10% of family contacts of patients with acute HBs Ag-positive viral hepatitis. The frequency of anti-HBs in 44 patients with HBs Ag-negative chronic aggressive hepatitis or cryptogenic liver cirrhosis (23%) did not differ significantly as compared with the occurrence of anti-HBs in 58 patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis (16%). These findings give further support to the suggestion that the hepatitis B virus does not contribute to the aetiology of HBs Ag-negative chronic active hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199022", "title": "Transfer factor preparations: some physico-chemical and biological properties.", "content": "Some biological and physico-chemical properties were tested in 50 lots of transfer factor (TF). Each lot contained the extracts of a pool of 20 buffy coats, each originating from a 400 ml blood donation of a healthy individual. The optical densities at 260 and 280 nm were within a narrow range in all TF lots. The ratio 260/280 was 2.56-3.02. One unit TF (defined as the extract of two buffy coats (corresponding to 1-2 X 10(9) leucocytes) contained 36.58 +/- 3.77 mg of peptides as measured by the Lowry method and 123.6 +/- 4.5 mg ribose as estimated by the orcinol method. Cytotoxicity of TF lots was tested by measurement of chromium release of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was above 10% in 20 of 27 TF lots tested, most of which were produced by an Amicon ultrafiltration cell. Pyrogenicity was present in 8 of 42 TF lots produced by Amicon filters, but only in 1 of 8 lots produced by Sartorius filters. Sephadex G-10 chromatograms of TF gave characteristic patterns yielding 8 peaks. Sephadex G-25 chromatograms reproducibly showed 5 peaks. The distribution of osmotic activity, peptides and ribose in respect of the chromatographic fractions is given.", "contents": "Transfer factor preparations: some physico-chemical and biological properties. Some biological and physico-chemical properties were tested in 50 lots of transfer factor (TF). Each lot contained the extracts of a pool of 20 buffy coats, each originating from a 400 ml blood donation of a healthy individual. The optical densities at 260 and 280 nm were within a narrow range in all TF lots. The ratio 260/280 was 2.56-3.02. One unit TF (defined as the extract of two buffy coats (corresponding to 1-2 X 10(9) leucocytes) contained 36.58 +/- 3.77 mg of peptides as measured by the Lowry method and 123.6 +/- 4.5 mg ribose as estimated by the orcinol method. Cytotoxicity of TF lots was tested by measurement of chromium release of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was above 10% in 20 of 27 TF lots tested, most of which were produced by an Amicon ultrafiltration cell. Pyrogenicity was present in 8 of 42 TF lots produced by Amicon filters, but only in 1 of 8 lots produced by Sartorius filters. Sephadex G-10 chromatograms of TF gave characteristic patterns yielding 8 peaks. Sephadex G-25 chromatograms reproducibly showed 5 peaks. The distribution of osmotic activity, peptides and ribose in respect of the chromatographic fractions is given."}
{"id": "PMID:1199023", "title": "Experiments on the preparation of blood components with the IBM 2991 blood cell processor.", "content": "Experiments were carried out with the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor in order to study the sedimentation behaviour of blood cells from human ACD blood during centrifugation. Based on this behaviour procedures were developed for plasmapheresis and leucapheresis using the Blood Cell Processor. Accumulation of platelets was observed to occur at the plasma-cell interface during centrifugation at 1,000 g; this led to the development of a one-step method for the preparation of platelet concentrates.", "contents": "Experiments on the preparation of blood components with the IBM 2991 blood cell processor. Experiments were carried out with the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor in order to study the sedimentation behaviour of blood cells from human ACD blood during centrifugation. Based on this behaviour procedures were developed for plasmapheresis and leucapheresis using the Blood Cell Processor. Accumulation of platelets was observed to occur at the plasma-cell interface during centrifugation at 1,000 g; this led to the development of a one-step method for the preparation of platelet concentrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1199010", "title": "[Analysis by means of pancreatozymin of the degree of parallelism of secretion of pancreatic enzymes in healthy persons and patients with chronic pancreatitis].", "content": "In 14 normal individuals and in 28 patients with chronic recurrent pancreatitis the total secretion of amylase, lipase and trypsin, as well as the proportions of these enzymes in 20 minute portions of the duodenal contents under basal conditions and after an intravenous injection of 1.5 Un/kg of the \"Boots\" pancreozymin were studied. A definite disproportion in the stimulated secretion of pancreatic enzymes with a higher amylase/lipase ratio and a lower lipase/trypsin ratio was found to occur as a physiological phenomenon, the degree of this disproportionality, however, being substantially greater in patients with chronic pancreatitis than in healthy persons. An inference is drawn that, along with an investigation into the overall amount of enzymes secreted secondary to pancreozymin stimulation, of importance is not so much the very fact of divulging the non-proportionality of the stimulated pancreatic enzymes secretion, but rather the analysis of the nature and the degree of this disproportionality. This is essential, in particular, when estimating the effect of various nutritional patterns on the external secretion of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Analysis by means of pancreatozymin of the degree of parallelism of secretion of pancreatic enzymes in healthy persons and patients with chronic pancreatitis]. In 14 normal individuals and in 28 patients with chronic recurrent pancreatitis the total secretion of amylase, lipase and trypsin, as well as the proportions of these enzymes in 20 minute portions of the duodenal contents under basal conditions and after an intravenous injection of 1.5 Un/kg of the \"Boots\" pancreozymin were studied. A definite disproportion in the stimulated secretion of pancreatic enzymes with a higher amylase/lipase ratio and a lower lipase/trypsin ratio was found to occur as a physiological phenomenon, the degree of this disproportionality, however, being substantially greater in patients with chronic pancreatitis than in healthy persons. An inference is drawn that, along with an investigation into the overall amount of enzymes secreted secondary to pancreozymin stimulation, of importance is not so much the very fact of divulging the non-proportionality of the stimulated pancreatic enzymes secretion, but rather the analysis of the nature and the degree of this disproportionality. This is essential, in particular, when estimating the effect of various nutritional patterns on the external secretion of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:1199017", "title": "[Study of the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillary proteins of sublimation dried meat by the method of high-volt electrophoresis in starch gel].", "content": "Data obtained from a study of the effect produced by freezing at -196, -30 and -18 degrees and subsequent sublimation drying for 420, 240 and 210 minutes respectively on the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillary proteins of meat are reported. The condition of the proteinic system in the muscle tissue was judged from dissolubility of proteinic substances (by employing methods allowing complete extraction of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillary proteins to be realized) and from electrophoretic mobility in a starch gel. Freezing and sublimation drying were found to result in reduced extractability of both the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillary proteins. The dissolubility of the sarcoplasmic proteins was then 1.7-2,0 times as low as that of the myofibrillary ones. Experiments have demonstrated a definite divergence between the data on the extractability of the proteins and the capacity of the muscle tissue to retain the muscle juice. A close positive correlation between the organoleptic valuation of the desiccated muscle tissue and the content of native myofibrillary proteins, determined through high-voltage electrophoresis in a starch  gel, has been established.", "contents": "[Study of the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillary proteins of sublimation dried meat by the method of high-volt electrophoresis in starch gel]. Data obtained from a study of the effect produced by freezing at -196, -30 and -18 degrees and subsequent sublimation drying for 420, 240 and 210 minutes respectively on the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillary proteins of meat are reported. The condition of the proteinic system in the muscle tissue was judged from dissolubility of proteinic substances (by employing methods allowing complete extraction of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillary proteins to be realized) and from electrophoretic mobility in a starch gel. Freezing and sublimation drying were found to result in reduced extractability of both the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillary proteins. The dissolubility of the sarcoplasmic proteins was then 1.7-2,0 times as low as that of the myofibrillary ones. Experiments have demonstrated a definite divergence between the data on the extractability of the proteins and the capacity of the muscle tissue to retain the muscle juice. A close positive correlation between the organoleptic valuation of the desiccated muscle tissue and the content of native myofibrillary proteins, determined through high-voltage electrophoresis in a starch  gel, has been established."}
{"id": "PMID:1199024", "title": "Phosphoglucomutase 3: formal and population genetics and observations on abnormal phenotypes.", "content": "514 healthy blood donors and 47 families with 122 offspring were studied for phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3) from leukocytes. There was a good agreement of allelic frequencies obtained compared to those reported previously in Caucasians. In addition, three individuals with abnormal phenotypes were observed: one was a patient with Hodgkin's disease, the other two were apparently healthy blood donors. In two cases, family members could be studied; none carried the abnormal type of the father. The possible background of these observations with respect to the attachment of the PGM3 locus to the immunogenetic linkage group--the major histocompatibility complex--on chromosome No. 6 in man is discussed.", "contents": "Phosphoglucomutase 3: formal and population genetics and observations on abnormal phenotypes. 514 healthy blood donors and 47 families with 122 offspring were studied for phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3) from leukocytes. There was a good agreement of allelic frequencies obtained compared to those reported previously in Caucasians. In addition, three individuals with abnormal phenotypes were observed: one was a patient with Hodgkin's disease, the other two were apparently healthy blood donors. In two cases, family members could be studied; none carried the abnormal type of the father. The possible background of these observations with respect to the attachment of the PGM3 locus to the immunogenetic linkage group--the major histocompatibility complex--on chromosome No. 6 in man is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199025", "title": "A simple method for the prediction of ABO incompatibility using Sephadex A-50. Prediction of ABO incompatibility.", "content": "A rapid and simple method of demonstrating the presence of high titre IgG anti-A or anti-B (anti A/B) is described. The method requires the separation of IgG anti-A/B from IgM anti-A/B using DEAE Sephadex A-50 by a simple spin technique, and the subsequent titration of the IgG fraction to detect the presence of high titre IgG anti-A/B. Since high titre IgG anti-A/B is usually associated with ABO incompatibility the test is a useful guide to the prediction of ABO incompatibility in routine antenatal samples.", "contents": "A simple method for the prediction of ABO incompatibility using Sephadex A-50. Prediction of ABO incompatibility. A rapid and simple method of demonstrating the presence of high titre IgG anti-A or anti-B (anti A/B) is described. The method requires the separation of IgG anti-A/B from IgM anti-A/B using DEAE Sephadex A-50 by a simple spin technique, and the subsequent titration of the IgG fraction to detect the presence of high titre IgG anti-A/B. Since high titre IgG anti-A/B is usually associated with ABO incompatibility the test is a useful guide to the prediction of ABO incompatibility in routine antenatal samples."}
{"id": "PMID:1199026", "title": "Separation of ABH, I, Ss antigenic activity from the MN-active sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "The erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein was purified from cells with complementary ABO(H), MN and Ss phenotypes. Serological examination of the sialoglycoprotein preparations demonstrated that this molecule does not carry the ABO(H), I or Ss antigens. The results also suggest that Ss activity may be associated with a minor erythorcyte glycoprotein. The characteristics of the ABO(H) and I antigens are consistent with earlier suggestions that these antigens are carried on complex glycolipids.", "contents": "Separation of ABH, I, Ss antigenic activity from the MN-active sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. The erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein was purified from cells with complementary ABO(H), MN and Ss phenotypes. Serological examination of the sialoglycoprotein preparations demonstrated that this molecule does not carry the ABO(H), I or Ss antigens. The results also suggest that Ss activity may be associated with a minor erythorcyte glycoprotein. The characteristics of the ABO(H) and I antigens are consistent with earlier suggestions that these antigens are carried on complex glycolipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1199013", "title": "[Influence of methandrostenolone on some aspects of protein metabolism in rats in the context of various protein rations].", "content": "Wistar male-rats receiving by mouth dianobol for 10 days and 9 months and fed on rations with different proportions of protein were investigated. Dianobol is shown to produce under definite conditions changes in the intensity of the protein synthesis in the muscle tissue and liver of the test animals and also to raise the activity of tryptophan-peroxidase and of alanine-amintransferase, the protein level in the ration being here of substantial importance. With its long-term administration to rats dianobol displays an androgenic effect on the gonads and the supernumerally genitals without exercising any stimulating action on the weight gain.", "contents": "[Influence of methandrostenolone on some aspects of protein metabolism in rats in the context of various protein rations]. Wistar male-rats receiving by mouth dianobol for 10 days and 9 months and fed on rations with different proportions of protein were investigated. Dianobol is shown to produce under definite conditions changes in the intensity of the protein synthesis in the muscle tissue and liver of the test animals and also to raise the activity of tryptophan-peroxidase and of alanine-amintransferase, the protein level in the ration being here of substantial importance. With its long-term administration to rats dianobol displays an androgenic effect on the gonads and the supernumerally genitals without exercising any stimulating action on the weight gain."}
{"id": "PMID:1199027", "title": "A case of Ax phenotype transmitted by an A2B parent.", "content": "The authors report a family in which the father is Ax, the mother B, the paternal grandmother Ax; 3 children out of 6 are A2B and the other three Ax. One of A2B children is married to an O subject, and she had a son of phenotype Ax. It was observed that Ax gene in position trans of a B gene behaves phenotypically as an A2.", "contents": "A case of Ax phenotype transmitted by an A2B parent. The authors report a family in which the father is Ax, the mother B, the paternal grandmother Ax; 3 children out of 6 are A2B and the other three Ax. One of A2B children is married to an O subject, and she had a son of phenotype Ax. It was observed that Ax gene in position trans of a B gene behaves phenotypically as an A2."}
{"id": "PMID:1199019", "title": "[Chromatographic method of determination of the toxicity of grain affected by Fusarium sporotrichiella].", "content": "The chromatographic method for determining the toxicity of the cereal crop grain affected by micromycates F. sporotrichiella is proposed. The method is based on the separation of the lipids extracted from the grain under examination in a thin layer of the silica gel and detection on the chromatogram of two toxic fractions with Rf-0.06 and 1.22 fluorecent in the UV-light by emitting greyish-green and emerald-green coloured light. The chromatographic method is more sensitive, visually obvious and quicker by comparison with the biological ones.", "contents": "[Chromatographic method of determination of the toxicity of grain affected by Fusarium sporotrichiella]. The chromatographic method for determining the toxicity of the cereal crop grain affected by micromycates F. sporotrichiella is proposed. The method is based on the separation of the lipids extracted from the grain under examination in a thin layer of the silica gel and detection on the chromatogram of two toxic fractions with Rf-0.06 and 1.22 fluorecent in the UV-light by emitting greyish-green and emerald-green coloured light. The chromatographic method is more sensitive, visually obvious and quicker by comparison with the biological ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1199079", "title": "The ultrasonic evaluation of nonfunctioning thyroid nodules.", "content": "Thyroid echography was carried out on 100 patients with thyroid abnormalities to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in differentiating simple thyroid cysts from solid thyroid nodules. In all 46 proven cases, the ultrasonic diagnosis of the solid or cystic nature of thyroid nodules was correct.A proposed diagnostic workup of a hypofunctioning (cold) thyroid nodule is suggested with primary needle aspiration and cytologic examination of the cyst fluid being recommended if the nodule is shown to be entirely cystic by ultrasound.", "contents": "The ultrasonic evaluation of nonfunctioning thyroid nodules. Thyroid echography was carried out on 100 patients with thyroid abnormalities to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in differentiating simple thyroid cysts from solid thyroid nodules. In all 46 proven cases, the ultrasonic diagnosis of the solid or cystic nature of thyroid nodules was correct.A proposed diagnostic workup of a hypofunctioning (cold) thyroid nodule is suggested with primary needle aspiration and cytologic examination of the cyst fluid being recommended if the nodule is shown to be entirely cystic by ultrasound."}
{"id": "PMID:1199078", "title": "Diffusing capacity, specific diffusing capacity and interpretation of diffusion defects.", "content": "Six pathophysiologic mechanisms of a reduced single breath CO diffusing capacity are discussed and the usefulness of relating carbon monoxide (CO) uptake to the functioning alveolar volume (DL/VA, specific diffusing capacity) is illustrated for several pulmonary diseases. In patients with emphysema and pulmonary emboli (pulmonary vascular occlusive disease), reduced CO uptake is associated with significantly reduced DL/VA and is compatible with reduction of pulmonary capillary bed. In patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, improvement in CO uptake and DL/VA follows lung lavage and suggests that lung units partially filled with proteinaceous material are responsible for hypoxemia, reduced CO uptake and reduced DL/VA. In most cases of radiation fibrosis, sarcoidosis and miscellaneous interstitial fibrosis, reduced CO uptake is associated with a normal DL/VA and suggests that loss of alveolar units, both capillaries and alveoli, has occurred. New regression equations for DL and DL/VA are established for children and adults. DL/VA is linearly related to height and independent of age and sex, while different predictive equations must be used for DL for the 5 through 17 and 18 through 76 age groups. The new regression equations for DL show better correlation in adults we studied over 50 years of age than previous regression equations which use a constant reduction of 2 to 3 ml CO per minute per mm of mercury for each 10 years of adult aging.", "contents": "Diffusing capacity, specific diffusing capacity and interpretation of diffusion defects. Six pathophysiologic mechanisms of a reduced single breath CO diffusing capacity are discussed and the usefulness of relating carbon monoxide (CO) uptake to the functioning alveolar volume (DL/VA, specific diffusing capacity) is illustrated for several pulmonary diseases. In patients with emphysema and pulmonary emboli (pulmonary vascular occlusive disease), reduced CO uptake is associated with significantly reduced DL/VA and is compatible with reduction of pulmonary capillary bed. In patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, improvement in CO uptake and DL/VA follows lung lavage and suggests that lung units partially filled with proteinaceous material are responsible for hypoxemia, reduced CO uptake and reduced DL/VA. In most cases of radiation fibrosis, sarcoidosis and miscellaneous interstitial fibrosis, reduced CO uptake is associated with a normal DL/VA and suggests that loss of alveolar units, both capillaries and alveoli, has occurred. New regression equations for DL and DL/VA are established for children and adults. DL/VA is linearly related to height and independent of age and sex, while different predictive equations must be used for DL for the 5 through 17 and 18 through 76 age groups. The new regression equations for DL show better correlation in adults we studied over 50 years of age than previous regression equations which use a constant reduction of 2 to 3 ml CO per minute per mm of mercury for each 10 years of adult aging."}
{"id": "PMID:1199080", "title": "Advances in the clinical care of burned patients.", "content": "Very few areas of medical science have experienced more rapid development of new and beneficial treatment approaches during the past two decades than the disciplines required for total care of patients with major thermal injury. The introduction of a multidisciplinary scientific approach to the diagnosis and treatment of very complex postburn complications has been primarily responsible for the major advances in clinical care. This report highlights those areas of advancement which have been most significant in upgrading current inpatient therapy.", "contents": "Advances in the clinical care of burned patients. Very few areas of medical science have experienced more rapid development of new and beneficial treatment approaches during the past two decades than the disciplines required for total care of patients with major thermal injury. The introduction of a multidisciplinary scientific approach to the diagnosis and treatment of very complex postburn complications has been primarily responsible for the major advances in clinical care. This report highlights those areas of advancement which have been most significant in upgrading current inpatient therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199094", "title": "Candide becomes a doctor.", "content": "It has been shown that things cannot be otherwise; since everything was created for a purpose, this purpose must inevitably be the best possible. Observe that noses were made to wear spectacles and so we have spectacles. Legs were obviously intended to wear breeches and so we have breeches. Stones were made to be cut and to be made into mansions. That is why His Lordship has such a very fine mansion. The greatest baron in the province should be the best housed. Pigs were made to be eaten, so we eat pork all the year round. Therefore, people who told us merely that everything was well ordained were talking nonsense. They should have said, \"Everything is ordained for the best.\"(1)", "contents": "Candide becomes a doctor. It has been shown that things cannot be otherwise; since everything was created for a purpose, this purpose must inevitably be the best possible. Observe that noses were made to wear spectacles and so we have spectacles. Legs were obviously intended to wear breeches and so we have breeches. Stones were made to be cut and to be made into mansions. That is why His Lordship has such a very fine mansion. The greatest baron in the province should be the best housed. Pigs were made to be eaten, so we eat pork all the year round. Therefore, people who told us merely that everything was well ordained were talking nonsense. They should have said, \"Everything is ordained for the best.\"(1)"}
{"id": "PMID:1199098", "title": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surgical treatment.", "content": "The records of 62 consecutive patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms were analyzed to determine what factors contribute to lower mortality. Survival was directly related to the immediate preoperative hemodynamic status of the patients. In 18 cases in which operation was carried out with patients stable, 83 percent of the patients survived. Even if shock was present by the time of operation (37 cases), a 68 percent survival rate was achieved. Cardiac arrest occurred before obtaining aortic control in seven patients and one survived. Survival rates were increased if certain preoperative, operative and postoperative guidelines were followed. Since the combined operative mortality and late graft failure rate in 125 elective aneurysmectomies done during the same decade was under 5 percent, all abdominal aortic aneurysms with few exceptions should be surgically treated before rupture occurs.", "contents": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surgical treatment. The records of 62 consecutive patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms were analyzed to determine what factors contribute to lower mortality. Survival was directly related to the immediate preoperative hemodynamic status of the patients. In 18 cases in which operation was carried out with patients stable, 83 percent of the patients survived. Even if shock was present by the time of operation (37 cases), a 68 percent survival rate was achieved. Cardiac arrest occurred before obtaining aortic control in seven patients and one survived. Survival rates were increased if certain preoperative, operative and postoperative guidelines were followed. Since the combined operative mortality and late graft failure rate in 125 elective aneurysmectomies done during the same decade was under 5 percent, all abdominal aortic aneurysms with few exceptions should be surgically treated before rupture occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:1199099", "title": "Infectious urethritis in men and women. Diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Acute and recurrent infectious urethritis in men and women is commonly seen by physicians. Since specific therapy varies widely with the type of urethritis present, the proper diagnosis must be clearly established if curative drug therapy is to be selected. It is valuable, therefore, to review the diagnosis and therapy of the various forms of infectious urethritis that are recognized today in both men and women.", "contents": "Infectious urethritis in men and women. Diagnosis and treatment. Acute and recurrent infectious urethritis in men and women is commonly seen by physicians. Since specific therapy varies widely with the type of urethritis present, the proper diagnosis must be clearly established if curative drug therapy is to be selected. It is valuable, therefore, to review the diagnosis and therapy of the various forms of infectious urethritis that are recognized today in both men and women."}
{"id": "PMID:1199100", "title": "Multiple endocrine adenomatosis type II (Sipple's syndrome) in twins.", "content": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pheochromocytoma and multiple mucosal neuromas (MEA-II), a familial disorder of neuroectodermal tissue, is believed to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. The occurrence of this syndrome in twins has not previously been reported. We have documented the presence of MEA-II in a pair of twins. The high incidence of bilaterality of pheochromocytoma is emphasized, as well as the usefulness of preoperative catecholamine fractionation, and vena cava catheterization sampling.", "contents": "Multiple endocrine adenomatosis type II (Sipple's syndrome) in twins. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pheochromocytoma and multiple mucosal neuromas (MEA-II), a familial disorder of neuroectodermal tissue, is believed to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. The occurrence of this syndrome in twins has not previously been reported. We have documented the presence of MEA-II in a pair of twins. The high incidence of bilaterality of pheochromocytoma is emphasized, as well as the usefulness of preoperative catecholamine fractionation, and vena cava catheterization sampling."}
{"id": "PMID:1199134", "title": "Lipid components of the hydrocarbon assimilating yeast Candida lipolytica (strain 10).", "content": "The utilization of n-hexadecane by Candida lipolytica (stain 10) was studied with respect to the lipid content, phospholipid and fatty acid profiles resulting at various growth times. Thin layer chromatography of the lipid extracts showed quantitative changes in the different lipid classes. The phospholipid fraction obtained at each growth time was separated into 8 classes: lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, glycophospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolopin, and phosphatidic acid. Differences in the percentage fatty acid composition of the lipid extracts were observed at various stages of growth. The cellular fatty acids included palmitic, palmitoleic (35-52%), stearic, oleic, linoleic (26-39%), and pentadecanoic (2-12%) as major components. This indicates that fatty acid(s) of the same length as that of the substrate was the most abundant component, thus showing intact incorporation mechaism. Fatty acids having longer chain lengths were also formed in substantial amounts indicating C2 addition and beta-oxidation of the fatty acids formed in the yeast.", "contents": "Lipid components of the hydrocarbon assimilating yeast Candida lipolytica (strain 10). The utilization of n-hexadecane by Candida lipolytica (stain 10) was studied with respect to the lipid content, phospholipid and fatty acid profiles resulting at various growth times. Thin layer chromatography of the lipid extracts showed quantitative changes in the different lipid classes. The phospholipid fraction obtained at each growth time was separated into 8 classes: lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, glycophospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolopin, and phosphatidic acid. Differences in the percentage fatty acid composition of the lipid extracts were observed at various stages of growth. The cellular fatty acids included palmitic, palmitoleic (35-52%), stearic, oleic, linoleic (26-39%), and pentadecanoic (2-12%) as major components. This indicates that fatty acid(s) of the same length as that of the substrate was the most abundant component, thus showing intact incorporation mechaism. Fatty acids having longer chain lengths were also formed in substantial amounts indicating C2 addition and beta-oxidation of the fatty acids formed in the yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:1199135", "title": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. III. Incorporation of D-glucose-u-14C in paramomycin as indicator of antibiotic biosynthesis by Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var].", "content": "Paromomycin was isolated from culture filtrates of Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var. after feeding the growing cultures with D-glucose-u-14C. From the different incorporation rates conclusions concerning different features of the paromomycin biosynthesis (utilization of the carbon source, proportional and disproportional changes of the rates of synthesis) could be drawn. Uptake and metabolism of glucose are discussed.", "contents": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. III. Incorporation of D-glucose-u-14C in paramomycin as indicator of antibiotic biosynthesis by Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var]. Paromomycin was isolated from culture filtrates of Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var. after feeding the growing cultures with D-glucose-u-14C. From the different incorporation rates conclusions concerning different features of the paromomycin biosynthesis (utilization of the carbon source, proportional and disproportional changes of the rates of synthesis) could be drawn. Uptake and metabolism of glucose are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199239", "title": "[Influence of an acute hypercalcemia on the gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer, peptic ulcer of the jejunum and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome].", "content": "In 36 patients with ulcer without Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome (25 patients with recurrent duodenal ulcer, 11 with an ulcus pepticum jejuni after B II-resection of the stomach) and 2 patients suffering from ulcus pepticum jejuni with an ascertained gastrinoma the secretion of acid was compared after stimulation of pentagstrin (6 mug/kg) and calcium (4 mg Ca++/kg/h). The secretion of hydrochloric acid was statistically significantly stimulated in all patients suffering from ulcer by the hypercalcaemia (increase of the serum calcium concentration from 5.0 +/- 0.3 mval/1 to 6.2 +/- 0.8 mval/1). But in patients suffering from ulcer with gastrinoma the stimulatory effect was larger than in such patients without autonomous source of gastrin: the calcium-stimulated secretion of hydrochloric acid was on the average in cases of duodenal ulcer 40% (2 to 68%), in the ulcera peptica jejuni 47% (17 to 75%), in the 4 comparative examinations of the two patients with Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome, however, always more than 100% (106 to 177%) of the pentagastrin-stimulated peak secretion. The comparative test of the pentagastrin and calcium-stimulated secretion of hydrochloric acid could be a help for the proof of autonomous places of the formation of gastrin.", "contents": "[Influence of an acute hypercalcemia on the gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer, peptic ulcer of the jejunum and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]. In 36 patients with ulcer without Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome (25 patients with recurrent duodenal ulcer, 11 with an ulcus pepticum jejuni after B II-resection of the stomach) and 2 patients suffering from ulcus pepticum jejuni with an ascertained gastrinoma the secretion of acid was compared after stimulation of pentagstrin (6 mug/kg) and calcium (4 mg Ca++/kg/h). The secretion of hydrochloric acid was statistically significantly stimulated in all patients suffering from ulcer by the hypercalcaemia (increase of the serum calcium concentration from 5.0 +/- 0.3 mval/1 to 6.2 +/- 0.8 mval/1). But in patients suffering from ulcer with gastrinoma the stimulatory effect was larger than in such patients without autonomous source of gastrin: the calcium-stimulated secretion of hydrochloric acid was on the average in cases of duodenal ulcer 40% (2 to 68%), in the ulcera peptica jejuni 47% (17 to 75%), in the 4 comparative examinations of the two patients with Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome, however, always more than 100% (106 to 177%) of the pentagastrin-stimulated peak secretion. The comparative test of the pentagastrin and calcium-stimulated secretion of hydrochloric acid could be a help for the proof of autonomous places of the formation of gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:1199240", "title": "[Pancreas-secretion test in pregnancy].", "content": "In 3 groups of young women - non-pregnant, early pregnant and highly pregnant - the function of the excretory pancreas was examined with the help of the analysis of the duodenal juice after specific stimulation of the pancreas the evocation test. In these cases the secretion of the pancreases was significantly limited during pregnancy; during early pregnancy the findings were clearer than in the late pregnancy. In the first trimester of pregnancy the values of blood amylasis were low, around the date of birth they were normal with inclination to increased values.", "contents": "[Pancreas-secretion test in pregnancy]. In 3 groups of young women - non-pregnant, early pregnant and highly pregnant - the function of the excretory pancreas was examined with the help of the analysis of the duodenal juice after specific stimulation of the pancreas the evocation test. In these cases the secretion of the pancreases was significantly limited during pregnancy; during early pregnancy the findings were clearer than in the late pregnancy. In the first trimester of pregnancy the values of blood amylasis were low, around the date of birth they were normal with inclination to increased values."}
{"id": "PMID:1199241", "title": "[Patholgenesis of anemias in chronic liver diseases].", "content": "In a complex examination of clinically healthy persons, with postprandial glucosuria or affected with a hereditary diabetes mellitus differences were found in the dynamics of the insulin secretion in oral and venous glucose tolerance dependent on the character of the glucose tolerance. With the deterioration of the latter the insulinaemia increase and prolongs in oral tolerance, in venous tolerance, however, it will be lower and lower. The through analysis of the results refers to the pathogenetic role of the peripheral resistance to the insulin as well as the disturbed secretory function of the islet apparatus. The established connections allow of the derivation of pathogenetically proved criteria for the differentiation of normal, subnormal and pathologic glucose tolerance. The confronting of the insulinaemia with the adiposity of the persons examined detects the fundamental difference between persons with normal and disturbed carbohydrate tolerance. The increase of weight contributes to the manifestation of the genetic defect. From the prophylactic point of view apart from the significance of the adequate dietetic regimen the attention is also drawn to the effect of biguanides.", "contents": "[Patholgenesis of anemias in chronic liver diseases]. In a complex examination of clinically healthy persons, with postprandial glucosuria or affected with a hereditary diabetes mellitus differences were found in the dynamics of the insulin secretion in oral and venous glucose tolerance dependent on the character of the glucose tolerance. With the deterioration of the latter the insulinaemia increase and prolongs in oral tolerance, in venous tolerance, however, it will be lower and lower. The through analysis of the results refers to the pathogenetic role of the peripheral resistance to the insulin as well as the disturbed secretory function of the islet apparatus. The established connections allow of the derivation of pathogenetically proved criteria for the differentiation of normal, subnormal and pathologic glucose tolerance. The confronting of the insulinaemia with the adiposity of the persons examined detects the fundamental difference between persons with normal and disturbed carbohydrate tolerance. The increase of weight contributes to the manifestation of the genetic defect. From the prophylactic point of view apart from the significance of the adequate dietetic regimen the attention is also drawn to the effect of biguanides."}
{"id": "PMID:1199242", "title": "[Hospitalized hypertensiol patients with gastrointestinal disease].", "content": "A careful codification according to the rules of electronic data processing of all data given and especially of the admission number on the signature margin of th medical record gives the possiblity of a rapid return of information for the practice and of a scientific evalustion. 404 patients with hypertension (400-404) of the distric Rostock who were treated in the clinic simultaneously suffered from gastrointestinal diseases (531-536, 570-577). For a more specialized analysis of the clinical data from case histories the four largest institutions of the district were chosen. From this results a relation number of 100 patients with these diagnostic combinations. 73% of these patients were of female sex. The higher blood pressure values at the beginning of the treatment we find in hypertensive patients with simultaneous disease of the gallbladder, in which cases these patients to 44% also showed an overweight. In 74% of the patients there occurred a systolic decrease of blood pressure, in 66% a diastolic one. More frequently than on the average the decrease of the blood pressure appeared in patients with liver and gall-bladder diseases.", "contents": "[Hospitalized hypertensiol patients with gastrointestinal disease]. A careful codification according to the rules of electronic data processing of all data given and especially of the admission number on the signature margin of th medical record gives the possiblity of a rapid return of information for the practice and of a scientific evalustion. 404 patients with hypertension (400-404) of the distric Rostock who were treated in the clinic simultaneously suffered from gastrointestinal diseases (531-536, 570-577). For a more specialized analysis of the clinical data from case histories the four largest institutions of the district were chosen. From this results a relation number of 100 patients with these diagnostic combinations. 73% of these patients were of female sex. The higher blood pressure values at the beginning of the treatment we find in hypertensive patients with simultaneous disease of the gallbladder, in which cases these patients to 44% also showed an overweight. In 74% of the patients there occurred a systolic decrease of blood pressure, in 66% a diastolic one. More frequently than on the average the decrease of the blood pressure appeared in patients with liver and gall-bladder diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1199243", "title": "[Urinary alanine aminopeptidase and lysozyme excretion in patients with diabetes].", "content": "The excretion of alanine aminopeptidase in the urine is changed by several factors influencing the tubuli. The diabetics increasedly excrete alanine aminopeptidase in the urine, apparantly as an expression of an increased cell moulting of the tubuli. Whether the increased alanine aminopeptidase activity of the urine may indicate a diabetic nephropathy, is to be clarified only by means of bioptic investigations of the kidneys. Streptomycin can also like a nephrostasis as a sequel of a decompensated cor pulmonale increase the activity of alanine aminopeptidase of the urine.", "contents": "[Urinary alanine aminopeptidase and lysozyme excretion in patients with diabetes]. The excretion of alanine aminopeptidase in the urine is changed by several factors influencing the tubuli. The diabetics increasedly excrete alanine aminopeptidase in the urine, apparantly as an expression of an increased cell moulting of the tubuli. Whether the increased alanine aminopeptidase activity of the urine may indicate a diabetic nephropathy, is to be clarified only by means of bioptic investigations of the kidneys. Streptomycin can also like a nephrostasis as a sequel of a decompensated cor pulmonale increase the activity of alanine aminopeptidase of the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:1199244", "title": "[Importance of adipose tissue hypertrophy for the pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes].", "content": "In 56 maturity-onset-diabetics and 20 test persons with pathologic glucose tolerance were established significantly larger volumes of adipocytes than in 142 test persons with normal glucose tolerance and normal serum triglycerides. The differences could only be proved taking into consideration the influence of the index of ideal weight and the difference of sex. The pathogenetic importance of the excessive hypertrophy of adipose tissue is discussed on the basis of the increased turnover rate of free fatty acids.", "contents": "[Importance of adipose tissue hypertrophy for the pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes]. In 56 maturity-onset-diabetics and 20 test persons with pathologic glucose tolerance were established significantly larger volumes of adipocytes than in 142 test persons with normal glucose tolerance and normal serum triglycerides. The differences could only be proved taking into consideration the influence of the index of ideal weight and the difference of sex. The pathogenetic importance of the excessive hypertrophy of adipose tissue is discussed on the basis of the increased turnover rate of free fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1199245", "title": "[Effect of weight reduction on carbohydrate and fatty-acid metabolism in obese, maturity-onset diabetic patients].", "content": "In 35 adipose maturity-onset-diabetics (27 women, 8 men, average age 48 years) we examined the influence of a 4--5-week slimming cure on the carbohydrate and fat metabolism. A significant decrease showed the index of ideal weight, volume of adipozytes, fasting free fatty acids concentration, triglyceride content of the liver as well as systolic blood pressure. The decrease of the triglycerides, of cholesterol and of the uric acid level in the serum could not be ascertained statistically. The reduction of weight did not cause an essential change of the basal and stimulated insulin concentrations, whereas the glucose tolerance clearly improved. After an observation period of 36.5 months behaviour of weight and form of therapy are analysed.", "contents": "[Effect of weight reduction on carbohydrate and fatty-acid metabolism in obese, maturity-onset diabetic patients]. In 35 adipose maturity-onset-diabetics (27 women, 8 men, average age 48 years) we examined the influence of a 4--5-week slimming cure on the carbohydrate and fat metabolism. A significant decrease showed the index of ideal weight, volume of adipozytes, fasting free fatty acids concentration, triglyceride content of the liver as well as systolic blood pressure. The decrease of the triglycerides, of cholesterol and of the uric acid level in the serum could not be ascertained statistically. The reduction of weight did not cause an essential change of the basal and stimulated insulin concentrations, whereas the glucose tolerance clearly improved. After an observation period of 36.5 months behaviour of weight and form of therapy are analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199246", "title": "[Hyperlipoproteinemia -- cause or sequelae of maturity-onset diabetes].", "content": "With the help of data from literature and own long-term observations the importance of the hyperlipoproteinaemias (HLP type IIb-V) as precursors of the maturity-onset-diabetes is discussed. The assumption of transitions of the hyperlipoproteinaemias with insignificant disturbances of the carbohydrate tolerance and hyperinsulinism into a condition with manifest diabetes mellitus and relative lack of insulin appears justified. Differential diagnostics (e.g. by determination of the insulin response after glucose tolerance) and adequate differential therapy of the symptom complex belonging to the metabolic syndrome are demanded.", "contents": "[Hyperlipoproteinemia -- cause or sequelae of maturity-onset diabetes]. With the help of data from literature and own long-term observations the importance of the hyperlipoproteinaemias (HLP type IIb-V) as precursors of the maturity-onset-diabetes is discussed. The assumption of transitions of the hyperlipoproteinaemias with insignificant disturbances of the carbohydrate tolerance and hyperinsulinism into a condition with manifest diabetes mellitus and relative lack of insulin appears justified. Differential diagnostics (e.g. by determination of the insulin response after glucose tolerance) and adequate differential therapy of the symptom complex belonging to the metabolic syndrome are demanded."}
{"id": "PMID:1199247", "title": "[Studies on the influence of body weight and form of therapy on the development of fatty liver in maturity-onset diabetes].", "content": "On the basis of our findings can be established that the frequent appearance of a fatty degeneration of the liver in diabetes mellitus is the resultant of a multifactorial disturbance, in which case above all the type of diabetes, the relative weight, disturbances of lipidmetabolism and the form of therapy are decisive for the size of the adipose degeneration.", "contents": "[Studies on the influence of body weight and form of therapy on the development of fatty liver in maturity-onset diabetes]. On the basis of our findings can be established that the frequent appearance of a fatty degeneration of the liver in diabetes mellitus is the resultant of a multifactorial disturbance, in which case above all the type of diabetes, the relative weight, disturbances of lipidmetabolism and the form of therapy are decisive for the size of the adipose degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:1199248", "title": "[Liver diseases in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In a number of 3,554 clinically manifest diabetics who were admitted for the treatment of metabolism or other diseases from 1967 to 1974 12.1 per cent of hepatopathies were found. In men the incidence was 15.2 per cent, in women 10.7 per cent. Among these the fatty degeneration of the liver (28.8 per cent) and the cirrhosis (17.4 per cent) were most frequent. Referred to the entirety the result was an incidence of cirrhosis of 2.1 per cent. The confirmation of the diagnosis is performed by biopsy and endoscopy in 92 per cent. In 60 per cent of the examined persons the diagnosis was unknown before admission. There was no correlation to the duration of the diabetes. In the number of patients there appeared above all persons older than 50 to 60 years. The following concomitant diseases occurred: hypertension (33 per cent), coronary diseases (32 per cent), pyelonephritis (17 per cent) and adiposity (13 per cent).", "contents": "[Liver diseases in diabetes mellitus]. In a number of 3,554 clinically manifest diabetics who were admitted for the treatment of metabolism or other diseases from 1967 to 1974 12.1 per cent of hepatopathies were found. In men the incidence was 15.2 per cent, in women 10.7 per cent. Among these the fatty degeneration of the liver (28.8 per cent) and the cirrhosis (17.4 per cent) were most frequent. Referred to the entirety the result was an incidence of cirrhosis of 2.1 per cent. The confirmation of the diagnosis is performed by biopsy and endoscopy in 92 per cent. In 60 per cent of the examined persons the diagnosis was unknown before admission. There was no correlation to the duration of the diabetes. In the number of patients there appeared above all persons older than 50 to 60 years. The following concomitant diseases occurred: hypertension (33 per cent), coronary diseases (32 per cent), pyelonephritis (17 per cent) and adiposity (13 per cent)."}
{"id": "PMID:1199249", "title": "[Studies on the relationship between diabetes mellitus and necrobiosis lipoidica].", "content": "From 1970 to 1974 in the dermatological clinic of Leipig University in 17 women and 3 men a necrobiosis lipoidica was established. Of these patients hitherto 12 female patients with histologally ascertained diagnosis underwent a clinico-angiological follow-up examination. Apart from this metabolic disturbances were thought for. In two thirds a disturbance of the carbohypdrate metabolism, in three fourths a disturbance of the lipometabolism was found; hyperlipoproteidaemia and diabetic change of the metabolism were simultaneously present in 7 out of 12 female patients. Uric acid level of the serum and rheumatic serology were, however, rarely pathological. A disturbance of the arterial blood supply of the legs could be ascertained in three fourths of the women who underwent a control examination. In these cases 15 to 19 extremities affected with necrobiosis had a disturbance of the blood supply. The microangiopathy histologically provable in foci of necrobiosis was to be seen only in one long-term diabetic also on the eye-ground. One third of the female patients suffered from hypertension. In all cases disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism or of the lipometabolism and/or of the local blood supply could be proved. On the basis of these findings adequate examinations are recommendable in patients with necrobiosis lipoidical with regard to therapeutic consequences.", "contents": "[Studies on the relationship between diabetes mellitus and necrobiosis lipoidica]. From 1970 to 1974 in the dermatological clinic of Leipig University in 17 women and 3 men a necrobiosis lipoidica was established. Of these patients hitherto 12 female patients with histologally ascertained diagnosis underwent a clinico-angiological follow-up examination. Apart from this metabolic disturbances were thought for. In two thirds a disturbance of the carbohypdrate metabolism, in three fourths a disturbance of the lipometabolism was found; hyperlipoproteidaemia and diabetic change of the metabolism were simultaneously present in 7 out of 12 female patients. Uric acid level of the serum and rheumatic serology were, however, rarely pathological. A disturbance of the arterial blood supply of the legs could be ascertained in three fourths of the women who underwent a control examination. In these cases 15 to 19 extremities affected with necrobiosis had a disturbance of the blood supply. The microangiopathy histologically provable in foci of necrobiosis was to be seen only in one long-term diabetic also on the eye-ground. One third of the female patients suffered from hypertension. In all cases disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism or of the lipometabolism and/or of the local blood supply could be proved. On the basis of these findings adequate examinations are recommendable in patients with necrobiosis lipoidical with regard to therapeutic consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:1199250", "title": "[Mechanism of the effect of electrostimulation during the interruption of tachycardial arrhythmias].", "content": "With the help of three individual electrocariograpic observations which were collected at the end of tachycardiac disturbances of rhythm by electrostimulation, the author enters the mechanism of action of this form of the cardiac electrotherapy. From this its indication and the most rational practical approach are derived.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the effect of electrostimulation during the interruption of tachycardial arrhythmias]. With the help of three individual electrocariograpic observations which were collected at the end of tachycardiac disturbances of rhythm by electrostimulation, the author enters the mechanism of action of this form of the cardiac electrotherapy. From this its indication and the most rational practical approach are derived."}
{"id": "PMID:1199251", "title": "[Pictures of the fascicular block inacute myocardial infarct with special reference to left anterior hemiblock and the bifascicular block of the anterior type].", "content": "In the etiology of uni, bi- and trifascicular block pictures the acute myocardial infarction plays an important role. From the topographic relations of the supply of coronary vessels to the coduction system certain correlations between localisation of infarction and kind of blocking are to be explained. The electrocardiographic changes of the individual block pictures are explained. 765 (581 males, 184 females) patients with acute myocardial infarction were examined concerning frequency and prognosis of the left anterior hemiblock and the bifascular block of anterior type (left anterior hemiblock, right bundle branch block). A left anterior hemiblock could be proved in 90 cases (11.8%), a bifascicular block of anterior type in 38 cases (5%). With 30% the lethality of the first group was not essentially above the lethality of patients with infarction without block pictures (29.6%). In patients with bifascicular block of anterior type it was significantly incrased with 68.4%. The two block forms were nearly exclusively found in the anterior wall infarction and its combination with a posterior wall infarction, respectively. 11 patients, out of whom 9 died, showed a transition of the bifascicular block into a trifascicular one. In 6 cases a left anterior hemiblock had preceded. The results concerning frequency and prognosis much correspond with the reports of other authors. In the bifascicular block, apart from the danger of a sudden asystolia, also the most cases larger size of the extension of the infarction with the adequately higher risk of a muscular insuficiency might be responsible for the bad prognosis. The therapeutic possibilities and necessities deriving from this are explained.", "contents": "[Pictures of the fascicular block inacute myocardial infarct with special reference to left anterior hemiblock and the bifascicular block of the anterior type]. In the etiology of uni, bi- and trifascicular block pictures the acute myocardial infarction plays an important role. From the topographic relations of the supply of coronary vessels to the coduction system certain correlations between localisation of infarction and kind of blocking are to be explained. The electrocardiographic changes of the individual block pictures are explained. 765 (581 males, 184 females) patients with acute myocardial infarction were examined concerning frequency and prognosis of the left anterior hemiblock and the bifascular block of anterior type (left anterior hemiblock, right bundle branch block). A left anterior hemiblock could be proved in 90 cases (11.8%), a bifascicular block of anterior type in 38 cases (5%). With 30% the lethality of the first group was not essentially above the lethality of patients with infarction without block pictures (29.6%). In patients with bifascicular block of anterior type it was significantly incrased with 68.4%. The two block forms were nearly exclusively found in the anterior wall infarction and its combination with a posterior wall infarction, respectively. 11 patients, out of whom 9 died, showed a transition of the bifascicular block into a trifascicular one. In 6 cases a left anterior hemiblock had preceded. The results concerning frequency and prognosis much correspond with the reports of other authors. In the bifascicular block, apart from the danger of a sudden asystolia, also the most cases larger size of the extension of the infarction with the adequately higher risk of a muscular insuficiency might be responsible for the bad prognosis. The therapeutic possibilities and necessities deriving from this are explained."}
{"id": "PMID:1199252", "title": "[Electrogastrographic studies in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer].", "content": "The establishment of the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract is difficult to be performed. The method of electrogastroenterography gives an evidence through an indirect registration of the summation vectors of the action potential. In patients with ventricular ulcer a statistically certain retardation of the changes of the potential/min. in comparison to a control group is to be proved. In patients with duodenal ulcer in the same way a trend is to be observed. It is especially referred to the importance of these examination methods in the sense of examinations of the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Electrogastrographic studies in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer]. The establishment of the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract is difficult to be performed. The method of electrogastroenterography gives an evidence through an indirect registration of the summation vectors of the action potential. In patients with ventricular ulcer a statistically certain retardation of the changes of the potential/min. in comparison to a control group is to be proved. In patients with duodenal ulcer in the same way a trend is to be observed. It is especially referred to the importance of these examination methods in the sense of examinations of the course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1199253", "title": "Diagnosis and therapy of primary hyperaldosteronism in general practice.", "content": "Taking into consideration an own observation of Conn's syndrome the diagnostics and therapy of the primary hyperaldosteronism is described. The recognition of Conn's syndrome is important for that account as it coincides with an operatively curable hypertension. Therefore, a diagnostic step programme is proposed. Thus, the first tentative diagnosis shall be made already by a general practitioner. Other specialised and highly specialised investigations have the task to ascertain the diagnosis and to find the right way in therapy.", "contents": "Diagnosis and therapy of primary hyperaldosteronism in general practice. Taking into consideration an own observation of Conn's syndrome the diagnostics and therapy of the primary hyperaldosteronism is described. The recognition of Conn's syndrome is important for that account as it coincides with an operatively curable hypertension. Therefore, a diagnostic step programme is proposed. Thus, the first tentative diagnosis shall be made already by a general practitioner. Other specialised and highly specialised investigations have the task to ascertain the diagnosis and to find the right way in therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199254", "title": "[Aseptic bone infarcts in occupational divers].", "content": "A report is given on dispensary investigations of professional divers. In 32 of a control group consisting of altogether 41 scaphander divers radiologically were found changes in the sense of aseptic bone necroses. 18 of the examined persons showed polyostotic affection and 14 had a monostotic localisation of the foci. Divers with no extensive findings could further work in their profession with a limitation of depth up to 13 depth of water. On the other hand examined persons with severe changes had temporarily to leave their profession. Relevant problems of the clinical symptomatology and the radiological differential diagnostics of aseptic bone necroses are discussed.", "contents": "[Aseptic bone infarcts in occupational divers]. A report is given on dispensary investigations of professional divers. In 32 of a control group consisting of altogether 41 scaphander divers radiologically were found changes in the sense of aseptic bone necroses. 18 of the examined persons showed polyostotic affection and 14 had a monostotic localisation of the foci. Divers with no extensive findings could further work in their profession with a limitation of depth up to 13 depth of water. On the other hand examined persons with severe changes had temporarily to leave their profession. Relevant problems of the clinical symptomatology and the radiological differential diagnostics of aseptic bone necroses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199255", "title": "[Developmental trends in exogenous intoxications].", "content": "In this paper are described the change of the toxic remedies and the decrease of the lethality from 10.6% to 0.6% in 2,515 in-patients with exogenic intoxications treated in the clinic for internal medicine of Rostock University from 1946 to 1973. The establishment of the first detoxication central in the GDR is announced.", "contents": "[Developmental trends in exogenous intoxications]. In this paper are described the change of the toxic remedies and the decrease of the lethality from 10.6% to 0.6% in 2,515 in-patients with exogenic intoxications treated in the clinic for internal medicine of Rostock University from 1946 to 1973. The establishment of the first detoxication central in the GDR is announced."}
{"id": "PMID:1199256", "title": "[Chronic liver diseases with negative laboratory findings].", "content": "Chronic liver diseases may be overlooked, when regular laboratory-chemical findings are overvalued. This is important especially for those which coincide with a particupation of the bile ducts. Even in insignificant clinical references laparoscopy and biopsy under direct vision are necessary. The blind biopsy of the liver is not always sufficient as it does not regularly deliver characteristic tissue.", "contents": "[Chronic liver diseases with negative laboratory findings]. Chronic liver diseases may be overlooked, when regular laboratory-chemical findings are overvalued. This is important especially for those which coincide with a particupation of the bile ducts. Even in insignificant clinical references laparoscopy and biopsy under direct vision are necessary. The blind biopsy of the liver is not always sufficient as it does not regularly deliver characteristic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1199257", "title": "[Diabetes mellitus and its vascular manifestations].", "content": "In 1,796 diabetics who died from 1957-1971 the average age of life, the causes of death and the average age in the individual stages of arteriosclerosis of the aorta, the coronary and cerebral vessels were followed up. This was compared with the same number of non-diabetics of the same age. It was shown that in the individual stage of arteriosclerosis there is no essential difference between diabetics and non-diabetics, however, not in the frequency of the individual stages of arteriosclerosis. The arteriosclerosis of III. degree is essentially more frequent in diabetics than in non-diabetics. The greatest difference is present in coronary sclerosis in men as well as in women. The more frequent appearance of the myocardial infaraction in diabetics in comparison to non-diabetics, the survival time, the effect of therapy as well as the disturbed glucose tolerance in myocardial infarction are discussed.", "contents": "[Diabetes mellitus and its vascular manifestations]. In 1,796 diabetics who died from 1957-1971 the average age of life, the causes of death and the average age in the individual stages of arteriosclerosis of the aorta, the coronary and cerebral vessels were followed up. This was compared with the same number of non-diabetics of the same age. It was shown that in the individual stage of arteriosclerosis there is no essential difference between diabetics and non-diabetics, however, not in the frequency of the individual stages of arteriosclerosis. The arteriosclerosis of III. degree is essentially more frequent in diabetics than in non-diabetics. The greatest difference is present in coronary sclerosis in men as well as in women. The more frequent appearance of the myocardial infaraction in diabetics in comparison to non-diabetics, the survival time, the effect of therapy as well as the disturbed glucose tolerance in myocardial infarction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199258", "title": "[Relationship between disorders of the purine and carbohydrate metabolism].", "content": "Disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism more frequently appear in patients suffering from gout. On the other hand, in contrast to older data, in diabetics disturbances of the purin metabolism are also frequently found. Under the momentaneous enviromental factors and forming of life genetic prediapositions may lead to the manifestations of the two metabolic disturbances.", "contents": "[Relationship between disorders of the purine and carbohydrate metabolism]. Disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism more frequently appear in patients suffering from gout. On the other hand, in contrast to older data, in diabetics disturbances of the purin metabolism are also frequently found. Under the momentaneous enviromental factors and forming of life genetic prediapositions may lead to the manifestations of the two metabolic disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:1199259", "title": "[Hyperlipoproteinemias in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Among 200 diabetics 63 patients (31.5%) with primary and 44 patients (22%) with secondary hyperlipoproteinaemias were found. The secondary hyperlipoproteinaemias belonged to the types IV and V, the primary hyperkipoproteinaemias to the types IIa, IIb, IV and V. In primary hypercholesterolaemias (IIa, IIb) the retinopathia diabetica by far more frequently occurs than in primary hypertriglyceridaemias.", "contents": "[Hyperlipoproteinemias in diabetes mellitus]. Among 200 diabetics 63 patients (31.5%) with primary and 44 patients (22%) with secondary hyperlipoproteinaemias were found. The secondary hyperlipoproteinaemias belonged to the types IV and V, the primary hyperkipoproteinaemias to the types IIa, IIb, IV and V. In primary hypercholesterolaemias (IIa, IIb) the retinopathia diabetica by far more frequently occurs than in primary hypertriglyceridaemias."}
{"id": "PMID:1199260", "title": "[Studies of nephropathies in 168 diabetic patients with over 20-year onset of the disease].", "content": "Within a clinical epidemiological investigation 168 diabetics were examined multidisciplinarily who survived the beginning of their disease by at least 20 years. The qualitative proof of protein in the urine was regarded as criterion for the presence of a diabetic nephropathy. 29% of the long-term diabetics showed a proteinuria. In a control group of probands with healthy metabolism, however, only 2.5% proteinurias were found. Statistically ascertained correlations were the results in cases of proteinuria and retinopathy (microangio-pathy). Particularly close were the relations of proteinuria to arteriolosclerosis (macroangiopathy). There were no relations between the proof of a proteinuria and the quality of the control of the carbohydrate metabolism which was pursued during decades.", "contents": "[Studies of nephropathies in 168 diabetic patients with over 20-year onset of the disease]. Within a clinical epidemiological investigation 168 diabetics were examined multidisciplinarily who survived the beginning of their disease by at least 20 years. The qualitative proof of protein in the urine was regarded as criterion for the presence of a diabetic nephropathy. 29% of the long-term diabetics showed a proteinuria. In a control group of probands with healthy metabolism, however, only 2.5% proteinurias were found. Statistically ascertained correlations were the results in cases of proteinuria and retinopathy (microangio-pathy). Particularly close were the relations of proteinuria to arteriolosclerosis (macroangiopathy). There were no relations between the proof of a proteinuria and the quality of the control of the carbohydrate metabolism which was pursued during decades."}
{"id": "PMID:1199261", "title": "[Kidney biopsy in the differential diagnostic clarification of renal diseases in diabetic patients].", "content": "The diagnosis of arteriosclerosis is simple. The chronic pyelonephritis, however, is in most cases not clearly to be diagnosed, but only with a certain probability. To the glomerulosclerosis is applied that conspicuous findings allow of a doubtless diagnosis. But not in the least seldom there exist certain difficulties, above all in the initial stage and in the clear limitation to glomerulonephritis. In the majority of these cases the modern morphologic investigation methods lead to a clarification, but also the exact anamnestic and clinical data may be very useful for a probability diagnosis.", "contents": "[Kidney biopsy in the differential diagnostic clarification of renal diseases in diabetic patients]. The diagnosis of arteriosclerosis is simple. The chronic pyelonephritis, however, is in most cases not clearly to be diagnosed, but only with a certain probability. To the glomerulosclerosis is applied that conspicuous findings allow of a doubtless diagnosis. But not in the least seldom there exist certain difficulties, above all in the initial stage and in the clear limitation to glomerulonephritis. In the majority of these cases the modern morphologic investigation methods lead to a clarification, but also the exact anamnestic and clinical data may be very useful for a probability diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199263", "title": "[Objective grading of stenosing coronary artery processes through the quantification of pathological-anatomical data their relations 1. Basic methodical concept and 1st results].", "content": "Proceeding from an estimation of the hitherto known models of the judgement of the coronary arteriosclerosis and the achieved degree of quantificability methodic principles are developed to quantify the influence of pathologo-anatomical parameters on the myocardial infarction with the help of mathematical methods using electronic data processing. With the help of the comparison of evaluation schemata according to Herzog/Schoenmackers and Romaniuk/Schroder on the basis of 174 hearts coronarographed post mortem a possibility is demostrated to estimate objectively the efficiency of evaluation schemata. The improvement of the evaluation after inclusion of the absolute mass of the heart is demonstrated. Herzog/Schoenmackers's valuation after the mathematical judgement of the probationers examined results in a wrong coordination of altogether 15 per cent, Romaniuk/Schroder's valuatiom results in 12.6 per cent. After the inclusion of the abolute mass of the heart into this valuation a decrease of the malcoordination to 10.3 per cent was achieved.", "contents": "[Objective grading of stenosing coronary artery processes through the quantification of pathological-anatomical data their relations 1. Basic methodical concept and 1st results]. Proceeding from an estimation of the hitherto known models of the judgement of the coronary arteriosclerosis and the achieved degree of quantificability methodic principles are developed to quantify the influence of pathologo-anatomical parameters on the myocardial infarction with the help of mathematical methods using electronic data processing. With the help of the comparison of evaluation schemata according to Herzog/Schoenmackers and Romaniuk/Schroder on the basis of 174 hearts coronarographed post mortem a possibility is demostrated to estimate objectively the efficiency of evaluation schemata. The improvement of the evaluation after inclusion of the absolute mass of the heart is demonstrated. Herzog/Schoenmackers's valuation after the mathematical judgement of the probationers examined results in a wrong coordination of altogether 15 per cent, Romaniuk/Schroder's valuatiom results in 12.6 per cent. After the inclusion of the abolute mass of the heart into this valuation a decrease of the malcoordination to 10.3 per cent was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:1199264", "title": "[Lymphocyte transformation test  in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitides].", "content": "For the immunological diagnostics of the chronic pancreatitis preliminary results on the proof of specifically sensibilized lymphocytes are demonstrated by means of a lymphocyte transformation test. The in-vitro-stimulation is successful in such a case, when no in-vivo-stimulation preceded, i.e. beyond an acute attack.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte transformation test  in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitides]. For the immunological diagnostics of the chronic pancreatitis preliminary results on the proof of specifically sensibilized lymphocytes are demonstrated by means of a lymphocyte transformation test. The in-vitro-stimulation is successful in such a case, when no in-vivo-stimulation preceded, i.e. beyond an acute attack."}
{"id": "PMID:1199265", "title": "[Complications after antirabies treatment using the Hempt-vaccine].", "content": "A report is given on experiences with complications after antirabic treatment with hempt-vaccine gathered during 15 years (1960 to 1974). Among 4,315 inoculated persons local reactions appeared in 1.9%, a phenol shock in 0.11%, general reactions in 0.21% and neurological complications in 0.069%. In casuistic form is reported on postvaccinal neuritis, dorsolumbal myelitis and meningoencephalitis.", "contents": "[Complications after antirabies treatment using the Hempt-vaccine]. A report is given on experiences with complications after antirabic treatment with hempt-vaccine gathered during 15 years (1960 to 1974). Among 4,315 inoculated persons local reactions appeared in 1.9%, a phenol shock in 0.11%, general reactions in 0.21% and neurological complications in 0.069%. In casuistic form is reported on postvaccinal neuritis, dorsolumbal myelitis and meningoencephalitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199266", "title": "[Frequent errors in ECG registration].", "content": "The correct ECG-registration is the basic prerequisite for a certain ECG-diagnostics. If certain mistakes in registration are not taken into consideration diagnostic errors attended with grave consequences are possible. The disturbances most frequently observed in practice (disturbances on the patient's part, errors in working, technical disturbances) are described and explained.", "contents": "[Frequent errors in ECG registration]. The correct ECG-registration is the basic prerequisite for a certain ECG-diagnostics. If certain mistakes in registration are not taken into consideration diagnostic errors attended with grave consequences are possible. The disturbances most frequently observed in practice (disturbances on the patient's part, errors in working, technical disturbances) are described and explained."}
{"id": "PMID:1199267", "title": "[Thoracic gunshot-injury with penetration of the pericardium in a 15-year-old student].", "content": "On account of the exceptionality is reported on a 15-year-old adolescent who suffered a gunshot into the thorax by a device which was built by himself. More than 12 hours after the accident for the first time a physician was consulted. Then the patient was transported to Leipzig for operation. The missile had penetrated the anterior wall of the pericardium, had passed through the cleft between exterior layer of the myocardium and the pericardium and lodged at the trangression into the adjacent lung. The postoperative course was without complications. The patient could be dismissed without any complaints.", "contents": "[Thoracic gunshot-injury with penetration of the pericardium in a 15-year-old student]. On account of the exceptionality is reported on a 15-year-old adolescent who suffered a gunshot into the thorax by a device which was built by himself. More than 12 hours after the accident for the first time a physician was consulted. Then the patient was transported to Leipzig for operation. The missile had penetrated the anterior wall of the pericardium, had passed through the cleft between exterior layer of the myocardium and the pericardium and lodged at the trangression into the adjacent lung. The postoperative course was without complications. The patient could be dismissed without any complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:1199268", "title": "[Eye changes in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In ophthalmological examinations on 820 diabetics in 32% a diabetic retinopathy I or II was found. The frequency of retinopathy correlates with the duration of diabetes. A glaucoma (4.8%) or an increased intra-ocular pressure, respectively, was statistically significantly more frequent in diabetics than in the total population. Among 714 patients with glaucoma about 17% of diabetics were found. Compared with the morbidity of diabetes of adequate age groups of the total population this is statistically significant. The intraocular pressure of patients with glaucoma and diabetes is therapeutically worse to be influenced than in patients with glaucoma without diabetes. They need a particularly attentive control and therapy. By means of electon-microscope examinations as a possible cause for the association of glaucoma and diabetes mellitus similar changes in the iridocorneal angle could be found in the two diseases.", "contents": "[Eye changes in diabetes mellitus]. In ophthalmological examinations on 820 diabetics in 32% a diabetic retinopathy I or II was found. The frequency of retinopathy correlates with the duration of diabetes. A glaucoma (4.8%) or an increased intra-ocular pressure, respectively, was statistically significantly more frequent in diabetics than in the total population. Among 714 patients with glaucoma about 17% of diabetics were found. Compared with the morbidity of diabetes of adequate age groups of the total population this is statistically significant. The intraocular pressure of patients with glaucoma and diabetes is therapeutically worse to be influenced than in patients with glaucoma without diabetes. They need a particularly attentive control and therapy. By means of electon-microscope examinations as a possible cause for the association of glaucoma and diabetes mellitus similar changes in the iridocorneal angle could be found in the two diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1199269", "title": "[Secretion of insulin and disorders in fatty acid metabolism in diabetic patients with coronary heart diseases].", "content": "The behaviour of the blood glucose, the insulin secretion, the free fatty acids, of glycerol and of the triglycerides after glucose tolerance test was examined in 66 patients with condition after myocardial infarction. 16 of the 34 patients loaded with an oral glucose tolerance test and 25 of the 31 patients loaded with an intravenous glucose infusion test showed disturbances of the glucose tolerance. The insulin secretion was significantly different neither in normal nor disturbed or lying in the borderline region glucose tolerance. With increasing glycerol values a significant deterioration of the glucose tolerance developed. The triglyceride values in the plasma increased with increasing insulin secretion. The results seem to be important with regard to the pathogenetic relations between the carbohydrate and fat metabolism and might be fo importance also for a differentiated therapy.", "contents": "[Secretion of insulin and disorders in fatty acid metabolism in diabetic patients with coronary heart diseases]. The behaviour of the blood glucose, the insulin secretion, the free fatty acids, of glycerol and of the triglycerides after glucose tolerance test was examined in 66 patients with condition after myocardial infarction. 16 of the 34 patients loaded with an oral glucose tolerance test and 25 of the 31 patients loaded with an intravenous glucose infusion test showed disturbances of the glucose tolerance. The insulin secretion was significantly different neither in normal nor disturbed or lying in the borderline region glucose tolerance. With increasing glycerol values a significant deterioration of the glucose tolerance developed. The triglyceride values in the plasma increased with increasing insulin secretion. The results seem to be important with regard to the pathogenetic relations between the carbohydrate and fat metabolism and might be fo importance also for a differentiated therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199270", "title": "[Electrocardiographic findings in a selection-free number of cases of long-term diabetic patients].", "content": "When the conventional ECG after resting was used for establishing frequency and degree of severity of the ischaemic heart disease the stronger cardiac endangering of the longterm diabetic could be ascertained only from residues of an infarction (pathologic Q- and QS-types). With regard to all electrocardiographic criteria of the ischaemic heart disease according to the WHO-definition concerning the coronary risk a dependence on age, over-weight and increase of blood pressure was found without essential differences between the two groups. According to data in literature ischaemic reactions in diabetics are significantly more frequently to be expected only by inclusion of the electrocardiogram after work. Among the group of diabetics the frequency of the ischaemic heart disease increased with the duration of the disease. In contrast to retinopathy there was no dependence on the quality of the metabolic condition.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic findings in a selection-free number of cases of long-term diabetic patients]. When the conventional ECG after resting was used for establishing frequency and degree of severity of the ischaemic heart disease the stronger cardiac endangering of the longterm diabetic could be ascertained only from residues of an infarction (pathologic Q- and QS-types). With regard to all electrocardiographic criteria of the ischaemic heart disease according to the WHO-definition concerning the coronary risk a dependence on age, over-weight and increase of blood pressure was found without essential differences between the two groups. According to data in literature ischaemic reactions in diabetics are significantly more frequently to be expected only by inclusion of the electrocardiogram after work. Among the group of diabetics the frequency of the ischaemic heart disease increased with the duration of the disease. In contrast to retinopathy there was no dependence on the quality of the metabolic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1199271", "title": "[Significance of the PV 1 index in the ECG of diabetes mellitus and in the early forms of chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "In 152 patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic ischaemic heart diseases and hypertension the so-called ptf-product resulting from the height of the amplitude of P and its time of spreading) measured in the lead V1 (PV1-index), was determined and compared with the values of 93 persons with healthy heart. Patients of the groups of diseases mentioned showed significantly higher pathological values than persons with healthy heart (limiting value -0.02 mms). A comparison between patients with chromic ischaemic heart disease at the age of 36-55 years and a group of diabetics of the same age without the clinical signs of an ischaemic heart disease resulted in no statistically ascertained differences. But compared with a group of persons with healthy heart of the same age the groups clearly differed: 63.9% of pathological values in the total group of disease compared with 18.5% of pathological values in persons with healthy heart. In 137 patients with latent diabetes (protodiabetes) in 54.7% also pathological ptf-values were found. It is possible that the determination of the ptf-product is able to ascertain already early forms of a chronic ischaemic heart disease still before its clinical manifestation. The large number of pathological values in patients with protodiabetes could be a first reference to early beginning disturbances of the left-sided atrial activity in the sense of a microangiopathy.", "contents": "[Significance of the PV 1 index in the ECG of diabetes mellitus and in the early forms of chronic ischemic heart disease]. In 152 patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic ischaemic heart diseases and hypertension the so-called ptf-product resulting from the height of the amplitude of P and its time of spreading) measured in the lead V1 (PV1-index), was determined and compared with the values of 93 persons with healthy heart. Patients of the groups of diseases mentioned showed significantly higher pathological values than persons with healthy heart (limiting value -0.02 mms). A comparison between patients with chromic ischaemic heart disease at the age of 36-55 years and a group of diabetics of the same age without the clinical signs of an ischaemic heart disease resulted in no statistically ascertained differences. But compared with a group of persons with healthy heart of the same age the groups clearly differed: 63.9% of pathological values in the total group of disease compared with 18.5% of pathological values in persons with healthy heart. In 137 patients with latent diabetes (protodiabetes) in 54.7% also pathological ptf-values were found. It is possible that the determination of the ptf-product is able to ascertain already early forms of a chronic ischaemic heart disease still before its clinical manifestation. The large number of pathological values in patients with protodiabetes could be a first reference to early beginning disturbances of the left-sided atrial activity in the sense of a microangiopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199272", "title": "[Earning- and working disability in long-term diabetic patients].", "content": "On the basis of the experiences of the Berlin Central Institution for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases is reported on the capacity to earn their living and the fitness for work of diabetics, especially of 268 long-term diabetics at the age in which they can earn their living and at the retirement age. 31% of these patients belonged to the group of pensioners, 19% of them are still working. 69% of the long-term diabetics are at working age, of them 24% are already pensioners due to diabetes and 4% due to other diseases. Among the complications of diabetes leading to pensioning are frequently mentioned retinopathy, nephropathy in the wider sense, macroangiopathy and neuropathy, rarely, however, instable metabolism. The peculiarities are discussed. In answering the difficult question of the estimation of the incapacity to earn one's living in diabetics in every case the diabetologist should be consulted.", "contents": "[Earning- and working disability in long-term diabetic patients]. On the basis of the experiences of the Berlin Central Institution for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases is reported on the capacity to earn their living and the fitness for work of diabetics, especially of 268 long-term diabetics at the age in which they can earn their living and at the retirement age. 31% of these patients belonged to the group of pensioners, 19% of them are still working. 69% of the long-term diabetics are at working age, of them 24% are already pensioners due to diabetes and 4% due to other diseases. Among the complications of diabetes leading to pensioning are frequently mentioned retinopathy, nephropathy in the wider sense, macroangiopathy and neuropathy, rarely, however, instable metabolism. The peculiarities are discussed. In answering the difficult question of the estimation of the incapacity to earn one's living in diabetics in every case the diabetologist should be consulted."}
{"id": "PMID:1199273", "title": "[Is there a variation of death causes in diabetic patients].", "content": "On the basis of the post-mortem records of the Institute of Pathology of the University and District Hospital Rostock taking into consideration the clinical records the cause of 355 diabetics who died in the Rostock clinics from 1956 to 1972 were established and analysed. The results were compared with similar examinations of previous years, in which cases among others we established an increase of the mortality of diabetes and an increase of pyogenic infections and sclerosing vascular diseases as causes of death in diabetics. Special attention is paid to the factors of risk for the development of complications dangerous to life in diabetics and it is referred to the prophylactic and therapeutic consequences, respectively, resulting from this.", "contents": "[Is there a variation of death causes in diabetic patients]. On the basis of the post-mortem records of the Institute of Pathology of the University and District Hospital Rostock taking into consideration the clinical records the cause of 355 diabetics who died in the Rostock clinics from 1956 to 1972 were established and analysed. The results were compared with similar examinations of previous years, in which cases among others we established an increase of the mortality of diabetes and an increase of pyogenic infections and sclerosing vascular diseases as causes of death in diabetics. Special attention is paid to the factors of risk for the development of complications dangerous to life in diabetics and it is referred to the prophylactic and therapeutic consequences, respectively, resulting from this."}
{"id": "PMID:1199275", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of arteriovenous lung fistulas].", "content": "On the basis of 6 own cases, 5 of which were observed during one year, the clinical picture, the diagnostics and the therapy of the arteriovenous pulmonary fistula are described. Of decisive diagnostic importance is the angiography of the pulmonary artery which should always be used for the clarification of unclear pulmonary foci as well as clinically unclear cyanosis. For the removal of this shunt connection in the lesser circulatory system therapeutically only the operation comes into question. On account of the threatening complications and the inclination to the dilation of the fistula with growing age it is indicated also in cases with only slight haemodynamic effect. Dependent on the anatomical position of the fistula the ligature of the afferent artery is recommended.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of arteriovenous lung fistulas]. On the basis of 6 own cases, 5 of which were observed during one year, the clinical picture, the diagnostics and the therapy of the arteriovenous pulmonary fistula are described. Of decisive diagnostic importance is the angiography of the pulmonary artery which should always be used for the clarification of unclear pulmonary foci as well as clinically unclear cyanosis. For the removal of this shunt connection in the lesser circulatory system therapeutically only the operation comes into question. On account of the threatening complications and the inclination to the dilation of the fistula with growing age it is indicated also in cases with only slight haemodynamic effect. Dependent on the anatomical position of the fistula the ligature of the afferent artery is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1199276", "title": "[Clinical-pharmacological studies on the effect of mephentermin and methamphetamine on the hemodynamics of the lung circulation].", "content": "In haemodynamic investigations of altogether 40 male probands with normal and restricted functional capacity of the lungs the result of an intravenous injection of mephentermine (30 mg) or methamphetamine (15 mg) was a transient increase of the mean pressure in the pulmonary artery and of the resistance of the pulmonary vessels. Temporarily parallel the arterial mean pressure and the resistance of the vessels in the greater circulatory system in most cases increased by about the same, in healthy persons after application of methamphetamine by a smaller relative amount. In the dosage used the vasoconstrictive effect of methamphetamine was altogether only somewhat more expressed. At the time of the maximum increase of the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery in healthy persons methamphetamine had a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect. It is referred to practical therapeutic consequences.", "contents": "[Clinical-pharmacological studies on the effect of mephentermin and methamphetamine on the hemodynamics of the lung circulation]. In haemodynamic investigations of altogether 40 male probands with normal and restricted functional capacity of the lungs the result of an intravenous injection of mephentermine (30 mg) or methamphetamine (15 mg) was a transient increase of the mean pressure in the pulmonary artery and of the resistance of the pulmonary vessels. Temporarily parallel the arterial mean pressure and the resistance of the vessels in the greater circulatory system in most cases increased by about the same, in healthy persons after application of methamphetamine by a smaller relative amount. In the dosage used the vasoconstrictive effect of methamphetamine was altogether only somewhat more expressed. At the time of the maximum increase of the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery in healthy persons methamphetamine had a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect. It is referred to practical therapeutic consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:1199277", "title": "[Holiday effect in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Aimed measures of the organisation of the combat against infarction demand also the observation of temporary frequencies. On the basis of the evaluation of certificates of death of the month December of the years 1969 to 1973 of the GDR with differentiation according to so-called prehospital dead (persons who died at home and on the way to the hospital) and patients who died in the hospital with high significance an unwarrantedly high prehospital mortality during the period from Christmas to the end of the year (25th to 31st December) was established compared with the preceding week (18th to 24th December). Since in contrast to this the hospital cases and the cases \"on the way\" do not show any significant differences main tasks for the beginning of improvements concerning health policy may be deduced, all the more since the so-called holiday effect, expressed by a high home/clinic-relation of patients who died of myocardial infarction, could be restricted to 6 counties of the GDR on account of the analysis of further localities. From the results the tendency of a retrogression of the holiday effect is to be read off in the course of years. In the discussion an explantation of this peculiarity is attempted, and practicable conclusions for the removal and thus for the improvement the infarct situation are formulated.", "contents": "[Holiday effect in myocardial infarct]. Aimed measures of the organisation of the combat against infarction demand also the observation of temporary frequencies. On the basis of the evaluation of certificates of death of the month December of the years 1969 to 1973 of the GDR with differentiation according to so-called prehospital dead (persons who died at home and on the way to the hospital) and patients who died in the hospital with high significance an unwarrantedly high prehospital mortality during the period from Christmas to the end of the year (25th to 31st December) was established compared with the preceding week (18th to 24th December). Since in contrast to this the hospital cases and the cases \"on the way\" do not show any significant differences main tasks for the beginning of improvements concerning health policy may be deduced, all the more since the so-called holiday effect, expressed by a high home/clinic-relation of patients who died of myocardial infarction, could be restricted to 6 counties of the GDR on account of the analysis of further localities. From the results the tendency of a retrogression of the holiday effect is to be read off in the course of years. In the discussion an explantation of this peculiarity is attempted, and practicable conclusions for the removal and thus for the improvement the infarct situation are formulated."}
{"id": "PMID:1199278", "title": "[The significance of the angina pectoris syndrome in a multidisciplinary emergency unit].", "content": "A report is given on the incidence-rate of the angina-pectoris-syndrome in the reception ward of a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. In the course of 6 years a total of 83,048 patients was examined. 36,076 of them were patients with internal diseases, 28 per cent having cardio-circulatory disturbances. In only 25 per cent of the cases being admitted with the tentative diagnosis of myocardial infarction this could be confirmed. Complaints of arthrogenous or vertebrogenous character or hypertonic crises as causative factors for cardialgias must especially be taken into consideration differential-diagnostically.", "contents": "[The significance of the angina pectoris syndrome in a multidisciplinary emergency unit]. A report is given on the incidence-rate of the angina-pectoris-syndrome in the reception ward of a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. In the course of 6 years a total of 83,048 patients was examined. 36,076 of them were patients with internal diseases, 28 per cent having cardio-circulatory disturbances. In only 25 per cent of the cases being admitted with the tentative diagnosis of myocardial infarction this could be confirmed. Complaints of arthrogenous or vertebrogenous character or hypertonic crises as causative factors for cardialgias must especially be taken into consideration differential-diagnostically."}
{"id": "PMID:1199279", "title": "[Infestation with intestinal helminths in the inhabitants of the city of Dresden].", "content": "It is reported on the data of helminthological investigations performed on 1323 Dresden inhabitants at the age of 14 to 70 years. Furthermore the notifications of the affections with tapeworm which had come into the district hygiene inspection of Dresden were evaluated. An affection with Ascaris lumbricoides of 1.2%, with Trichuris trichiura of 1.6%, with Enterobius vermicularis of 14.5% and with Taeniarhynchus saginatus of about 1% were proved. In the case of Enterobius vermicularis the for the most part affected age groups were the 14- to 20-year-old test persons and concerning Taeniarhynchus saginatus the 21- to 70-year-old test persons. Accumulations of the extensity of the affection with helminths bound to a species of hosts were not detected. Concerning the taeniarhynchosis since 1966 a permanent increase of the extensity of affection is to be registered. The duty of notification concerning taeniarhynchosis is often neglected. Only about 1/6 of the affection with tapeworm is notified in the district hygiene inspection.", "contents": "[Infestation with intestinal helminths in the inhabitants of the city of Dresden]. It is reported on the data of helminthological investigations performed on 1323 Dresden inhabitants at the age of 14 to 70 years. Furthermore the notifications of the affections with tapeworm which had come into the district hygiene inspection of Dresden were evaluated. An affection with Ascaris lumbricoides of 1.2%, with Trichuris trichiura of 1.6%, with Enterobius vermicularis of 14.5% and with Taeniarhynchus saginatus of about 1% were proved. In the case of Enterobius vermicularis the for the most part affected age groups were the 14- to 20-year-old test persons and concerning Taeniarhynchus saginatus the 21- to 70-year-old test persons. Accumulations of the extensity of the affection with helminths bound to a species of hosts were not detected. Concerning the taeniarhynchosis since 1966 a permanent increase of the extensity of affection is to be registered. The duty of notification concerning taeniarhynchosis is often neglected. Only about 1/6 of the affection with tapeworm is notified in the district hygiene inspection."}
{"id": "PMID:1199280", "title": "[Enzymes in urine following administration of hypertonic solutions].", "content": "3 patients with chronic nephropathies were given 20 ml of a diatrizoate-X-ray contrast medium, 500 ml of a 10% mannitol solution and 500 ml of a 10% dextran solution intravenously, and the behaviour of the excretion of protein, alanine aminopeptidase, beta-glucuronidase, aryl sulphatase A and lysozyme with the urine was tested. After application of these substances a transient increase of the excretion of alanine aminopeptidase, aryl sulphatase A and protein takes place. Conspicuous is the temporary decrease of the beta-glucuronidase activity in the urine after application of these hypertonic solutions. As a common cause of these changes alterations of the tubular cell in the sense of an osmotic nephropathy are to be assumed.", "contents": "[Enzymes in urine following administration of hypertonic solutions]. 3 patients with chronic nephropathies were given 20 ml of a diatrizoate-X-ray contrast medium, 500 ml of a 10% mannitol solution and 500 ml of a 10% dextran solution intravenously, and the behaviour of the excretion of protein, alanine aminopeptidase, beta-glucuronidase, aryl sulphatase A and lysozyme with the urine was tested. After application of these substances a transient increase of the excretion of alanine aminopeptidase, aryl sulphatase A and protein takes place. Conspicuous is the temporary decrease of the beta-glucuronidase activity in the urine after application of these hypertonic solutions. As a common cause of these changes alterations of the tubular cell in the sense of an osmotic nephropathy are to be assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199281", "title": "[Aminopeptidases in the serum following myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 19 patients wiht myocardial infarction during 7 weeks after the onset of the infarction the serum activities of the leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and of the alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) were determined. Here an increase of the LAP-values with a maximum in the 1st week was found. Apparantly a hypoxic lesion of the hepatocytes is to be regarded as cause for this. In patients with shock symptomatology as well as with heart decompensation the AAP-activities were on the average higher than in the cases with myocardial infarction without these alterations during the whole period of observation. In all myocardial infarctions the AAP-zymograms showed an additional anodic AAP-fraction as it was observed in previous investigations in cholestasis.", "contents": "[Aminopeptidases in the serum following myocardial infarct]. In 19 patients wiht myocardial infarction during 7 weeks after the onset of the infarction the serum activities of the leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and of the alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) were determined. Here an increase of the LAP-values with a maximum in the 1st week was found. Apparantly a hypoxic lesion of the hepatocytes is to be regarded as cause for this. In patients with shock symptomatology as well as with heart decompensation the AAP-activities were on the average higher than in the cases with myocardial infarction without these alterations during the whole period of observation. In all myocardial infarctions the AAP-zymograms showed an additional anodic AAP-fraction as it was observed in previous investigations in cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199282", "title": "[Hypogonadism in male patients with chronic liver disease].", "content": "On the basis of own investigations of the testosteron metabolism in hepatopathy must be assumed that the hypogonadism appearing in liver diseases is to be regarded as peripheral form, i.e. it is not centrally evoked by gonadotropin insufficiency. An own pathogenetic concept is discussed.", "contents": "[Hypogonadism in male patients with chronic liver disease]. On the basis of own investigations of the testosteron metabolism in hepatopathy must be assumed that the hypogonadism appearing in liver diseases is to be regarded as peripheral form, i.e. it is not centrally evoked by gonadotropin insufficiency. An own pathogenetic concept is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199283", "title": "[Studies on the cancer-diagnostic evidence of erythrocyte changes during the course of neoplasm treatment].", "content": "In the present communication is reported on the results of further observations of the course of the index of the change of erythrocytes of 12 patients in connection with four clinical findings and parameters. The data got in these cases continue the previously presented reports on the results. In 9 out of 12 cases there is a correspondence with the indices of the change of erythrocytes and the clinical data belonging to this; in the remaining three cases the indices of the change of erythrocytes cause to presume a continuation of the malignant processes, though the other findings do not indicate this at present.", "contents": "[Studies on the cancer-diagnostic evidence of erythrocyte changes during the course of neoplasm treatment]. In the present communication is reported on the results of further observations of the course of the index of the change of erythrocytes of 12 patients in connection with four clinical findings and parameters. The data got in these cases continue the previously presented reports on the results. In 9 out of 12 cases there is a correspondence with the indices of the change of erythrocytes and the clinical data belonging to this; in the remaining three cases the indices of the change of erythrocytes cause to presume a continuation of the malignant processes, though the other findings do not indicate this at present."}
{"id": "PMID:1199284", "title": "[Vasculitis nodularis with participation of inner organs].", "content": "The vasculitis nodularis belongs to the group of the allergic-hyperergic vascular diseases of the skin, which above all the small veins are affected at. The participation of internal organs is unusual. It is reported on a 31-year-old Syrian patient in whom a participation of the liver in form of a granulomatous hepatitis and of the kidneys appeared. A hypertension might be attributed to the participation of the kidneys. The incorporation of a thrombosis of the central vein of the right eye in this disease is probable. The main symptoms of the disease were nodes of the size of a bean occurring in batches, lying subcutaneously, and were paraclinical signs for inflammation. The permanently increased absorption-antistreptolysin titre spoke for an allergic-hyperergic vascular process induced by streptococci.", "contents": "[Vasculitis nodularis with participation of inner organs]. The vasculitis nodularis belongs to the group of the allergic-hyperergic vascular diseases of the skin, which above all the small veins are affected at. The participation of internal organs is unusual. It is reported on a 31-year-old Syrian patient in whom a participation of the liver in form of a granulomatous hepatitis and of the kidneys appeared. A hypertension might be attributed to the participation of the kidneys. The incorporation of a thrombosis of the central vein of the right eye in this disease is probable. The main symptoms of the disease were nodes of the size of a bean occurring in batches, lying subcutaneously, and were paraclinical signs for inflammation. The permanently increased absorption-antistreptolysin titre spoke for an allergic-hyperergic vascular process induced by streptococci."}
{"id": "PMID:1199285", "title": "[Biological basis of behavior regulation].", "content": "A changing of the information is taken as basis for the behaviour of the organism. While the metabolism produces a connective relation with the environment, the changing of the information delivers an informational relation. The two processes are essential constituents of the organism as an open system for the maintenance and the increase of the negentropy. The informational connection with the environment is primarily non-communicative (the recipient performs the verification of the meaning of the signs with meaning). On the basis of the changing of information three environments may be differed: (1) the own environment (telereceptoric informations on the own body), (2) the informational environment and (3) the communicative environment (common alphabet). The most important determinants of the behavior which connect the organism with its informational environment are pretensions to space, time, metabolism and changing of form. In the communicative environment there may be pretensions to territory, sex, care and social ones. In organism the behaviour is above all determined by vigilance, emotion, motivation, memory (storage), selector (and receptor) as well as operator (and effector). The comparative behavioural sciences allow certain universal evidence on the basis of such parameters. Here also constituents of the human behaviour can be seized.", "contents": "[Biological basis of behavior regulation]. A changing of the information is taken as basis for the behaviour of the organism. While the metabolism produces a connective relation with the environment, the changing of the information delivers an informational relation. The two processes are essential constituents of the organism as an open system for the maintenance and the increase of the negentropy. The informational connection with the environment is primarily non-communicative (the recipient performs the verification of the meaning of the signs with meaning). On the basis of the changing of information three environments may be differed: (1) the own environment (telereceptoric informations on the own body), (2) the informational environment and (3) the communicative environment (common alphabet). The most important determinants of the behavior which connect the organism with its informational environment are pretensions to space, time, metabolism and changing of form. In the communicative environment there may be pretensions to territory, sex, care and social ones. In organism the behaviour is above all determined by vigilance, emotion, motivation, memory (storage), selector (and receptor) as well as operator (and effector). The comparative behavioural sciences allow certain universal evidence on the basis of such parameters. Here also constituents of the human behaviour can be seized."}
{"id": "PMID:1199286", "title": "[The clinical significance of controlled artificial respiration in patients with acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "It is reported on the results of the treatment with artificial ventilation in 20 patients with complicated myocardial infarction. As indicating sign a decreased arterial PO2 (lower than 70 Torr at an respiration of 50% O2 in the respiration air) was considered. Further references to clinical indications were depression of the breathing centre, severe pulmonary oedema, shock and life-threatening therapy-resistent disturbances of the rhythm. The long-term successes of the treatment with controlled respiration showed a clear dependence on the severity of the cardiac lesion and the general condition of the patient. In 10 cases only a transient improvement could be achieved. Three patients survived.", "contents": "[The clinical significance of controlled artificial respiration in patients with acute myocardial infarct]. It is reported on the results of the treatment with artificial ventilation in 20 patients with complicated myocardial infarction. As indicating sign a decreased arterial PO2 (lower than 70 Torr at an respiration of 50% O2 in the respiration air) was considered. Further references to clinical indications were depression of the breathing centre, severe pulmonary oedema, shock and life-threatening therapy-resistent disturbances of the rhythm. The long-term successes of the treatment with controlled respiration showed a clear dependence on the severity of the cardiac lesion and the general condition of the patient. In 10 cases only a transient improvement could be achieved. Three patients survived."}
{"id": "PMID:1199287", "title": "[The relationship between the surface of the peripheral volume pulse and the segmental blood flow].", "content": "It is reported on 65 patients, out of whom in 48 cases angiographically proved vascular obstructions in the pelvic and femoral regions were present. The comparison of the plethysmographic area calculated and the values of the blood supply established in the same segment of extremities resulted in a good correlation. The area of the peripheral volume pulse gives references to the compensation degree of a vascular obstruction. Slighter sclerotic vascular changes already cause a significant decrease of the area of the volume pulse, so that this method of evaluation seems to be suitable for the early recognition of the arteriosclerosis in the area of extremities.", "contents": "[The relationship between the surface of the peripheral volume pulse and the segmental blood flow]. It is reported on 65 patients, out of whom in 48 cases angiographically proved vascular obstructions in the pelvic and femoral regions were present. The comparison of the plethysmographic area calculated and the values of the blood supply established in the same segment of extremities resulted in a good correlation. The area of the peripheral volume pulse gives references to the compensation degree of a vascular obstruction. Slighter sclerotic vascular changes already cause a significant decrease of the area of the volume pulse, so that this method of evaluation seems to be suitable for the early recognition of the arteriosclerosis in the area of extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:1199288", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of essential adiposity and Cushings syndrome].", "content": "On account of the increasing number of patients with essential obesity the delimitation of the Cushing-syndrome is of actual importance. Two observations of hypercortisolism in hyperplasia of the adrenal glands are reported on and the differential-diagnostically important parameters are demonstrated. According to our opinion anamnesis and clinical findings give the possibility of making a diagnosis already on a large scale. Analyses of the hormones and special X-ray examinations only serve for the preoperative ascertainment and localisation of the endocrine defective function. With the help of literary data causes and possibilities of treatment of Cushing's syndrome are entered.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of essential adiposity and Cushings syndrome]. On account of the increasing number of patients with essential obesity the delimitation of the Cushing-syndrome is of actual importance. Two observations of hypercortisolism in hyperplasia of the adrenal glands are reported on and the differential-diagnostically important parameters are demonstrated. According to our opinion anamnesis and clinical findings give the possibility of making a diagnosis already on a large scale. Analyses of the hormones and special X-ray examinations only serve for the preoperative ascertainment and localisation of the endocrine defective function. With the help of literary data causes and possibilities of treatment of Cushing's syndrome are entered."}
{"id": "PMID:1199289", "title": "[Kyrle's disease (hyperketarosis follicularis et parafollicularis): local and systemic therapy with vitamin A acid (retinoic acid)].", "content": "The cause of Kyrle's disease (hyperkeratosis follicularis et parafollicularis) is unknown. The prognosis is very poor indeed; there is no specific treatment. The normal ranges of serum retinol and carotene were investigated in 10 healthy females. In a female patient suffering from Kyrle's disease, the serum level of retinol was found in the lower part of the normal range. Striking improvement has been noted when the patient was treated systemically with vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) which was associated with elevation of serum levels of retinol and carotene. When this form of therapy was withdrawn, recurrence of the skin lesions was observed and the serum levels of retinol and carotene declined to a level similar to that before the treatment. The administration of vitamin A acid was resumed, and with rising levels of retinol and carotene the skin condition again improved. Several possibilities regarding the treatment of Kyrle's disease as well as the mode of action of vitamin A acid are discussed.", "contents": "[Kyrle's disease (hyperketarosis follicularis et parafollicularis): local and systemic therapy with vitamin A acid (retinoic acid)]. The cause of Kyrle's disease (hyperkeratosis follicularis et parafollicularis) is unknown. The prognosis is very poor indeed; there is no specific treatment. The normal ranges of serum retinol and carotene were investigated in 10 healthy females. In a female patient suffering from Kyrle's disease, the serum level of retinol was found in the lower part of the normal range. Striking improvement has been noted when the patient was treated systemically with vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) which was associated with elevation of serum levels of retinol and carotene. When this form of therapy was withdrawn, recurrence of the skin lesions was observed and the serum levels of retinol and carotene declined to a level similar to that before the treatment. The administration of vitamin A acid was resumed, and with rising levels of retinol and carotene the skin condition again improved. Several possibilities regarding the treatment of Kyrle's disease as well as the mode of action of vitamin A acid are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199294", "title": "[Studies on the skin surface dosage of dermatopharmaceutical preparations].", "content": "In human volunteers presenting with normal skin an investigation has been carried out to determine the specific skin surface dose, the actual application volume, and the theoretical surface film thickness resulting from thin and thick layer inunction of 4 common corticosteroid topicals. The findings obtained indicate that the skin surface dose provides the most suitable criterion for the terrain saturation behaviour exhibited by different formulation types of semi-solid topical preparations (inunguenda). Various aspects of the surface dosage concept are discussed with regard to the active agents and forms of application of external skin remedies. Predicative clinical determinations of the skin surface doses of topicals relating to special therapeutic and assessment procedures are believed to be a valuable complement to experimental (predictive) determinations of this parameter; some problems involved are pointed out by reference to a clinical trial example. Data on the application dosage of topicals--either by skin surface dose or by volume or layer thickness quantification--have been extracted from the dermatological literature and are reviewed with the aim of furnishing a basis for comparative estimation of our experimental results.", "contents": "[Studies on the skin surface dosage of dermatopharmaceutical preparations]. In human volunteers presenting with normal skin an investigation has been carried out to determine the specific skin surface dose, the actual application volume, and the theoretical surface film thickness resulting from thin and thick layer inunction of 4 common corticosteroid topicals. The findings obtained indicate that the skin surface dose provides the most suitable criterion for the terrain saturation behaviour exhibited by different formulation types of semi-solid topical preparations (inunguenda). Various aspects of the surface dosage concept are discussed with regard to the active agents and forms of application of external skin remedies. Predicative clinical determinations of the skin surface doses of topicals relating to special therapeutic and assessment procedures are believed to be a valuable complement to experimental (predictive) determinations of this parameter; some problems involved are pointed out by reference to a clinical trial example. Data on the application dosage of topicals--either by skin surface dose or by volume or layer thickness quantification--have been extracted from the dermatological literature and are reviewed with the aim of furnishing a basis for comparative estimation of our experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:1199307", "title": "Effect of bilirubin on stored red blood cells.", "content": "Bilirubin may cause haemolysis of red cells, especially in the presence of light. The possible dependence of this effect on the metabolic state of the cells has been investigated. For this purpose erythrocytes were stored up to five days to deplete the concentration of ATP. Every day a constant amount of bilirubin was added to the cells. On third day of storage bilirubin induced haemolysis, which was aggravated rapidly during further storage. Bilirubin-induced haemolysis could be reduced after increasing the ATP levels by incubation of the red cells with inosine.", "contents": "Effect of bilirubin on stored red blood cells. Bilirubin may cause haemolysis of red cells, especially in the presence of light. The possible dependence of this effect on the metabolic state of the cells has been investigated. For this purpose erythrocytes were stored up to five days to deplete the concentration of ATP. Every day a constant amount of bilirubin was added to the cells. On third day of storage bilirubin induced haemolysis, which was aggravated rapidly during further storage. Bilirubin-induced haemolysis could be reduced after increasing the ATP levels by incubation of the red cells with inosine."}
{"id": "PMID:1199308", "title": "On the fluorimetric determination of oestriol in pregnancy urines after thin layer chromatography.", "content": "An improved method is described for the determination of oestriol concentrations in urines of pregnant women. Oestriol is detected as a derivate of 1-dimethylaminonaphtalene-5-sulphonylchloride (DANSYLchloride). The method has the following characteristics: 1. The recovery of oestriol-16-glucuronide is 94%. 2. For the interpretation of the results obtained with this method mean values and 95% probability bounds of urinary oestriol excretion for each week of the last three months of pregnancy are given. (e.g. 49--125 mumol/24 h at 32 weeks of gestation, 108--238 mumol/24 h at 40 weeks). 3. The coefficient of variation of the method is 4% (from day to day). 4. The lowest detectable concentration is 3 mumol/l. 5. Influence of glucose can be eliminated. 6. Other urinary compounds have no influence on the determination.", "contents": "On the fluorimetric determination of oestriol in pregnancy urines after thin layer chromatography. An improved method is described for the determination of oestriol concentrations in urines of pregnant women. Oestriol is detected as a derivate of 1-dimethylaminonaphtalene-5-sulphonylchloride (DANSYLchloride). The method has the following characteristics: 1. The recovery of oestriol-16-glucuronide is 94%. 2. For the interpretation of the results obtained with this method mean values and 95% probability bounds of urinary oestriol excretion for each week of the last three months of pregnancy are given. (e.g. 49--125 mumol/24 h at 32 weeks of gestation, 108--238 mumol/24 h at 40 weeks). 3. The coefficient of variation of the method is 4% (from day to day). 4. The lowest detectable concentration is 3 mumol/l. 5. Influence of glucose can be eliminated. 6. Other urinary compounds have no influence on the determination."}
{"id": "PMID:1199309", "title": "A systematic investigation on the Hemalog.", "content": "The Hemalog system is an automated hematological instrument. From one sample this instrument determines the value for platelets (PBC), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and the hematocrit simultaneously. Moreover the system calculates the derived values: the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and the mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The values were investigated for cross sample contamination, coincidence, reproducibility, and compared with other methods. From this comparative study we can conclude that the Hemalog is a suitable and reliable instrument for hematological determination.", "contents": "A systematic investigation on the Hemalog. The Hemalog system is an automated hematological instrument. From one sample this instrument determines the value for platelets (PBC), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and the hematocrit simultaneously. Moreover the system calculates the derived values: the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and the mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The values were investigated for cross sample contamination, coincidence, reproducibility, and compared with other methods. From this comparative study we can conclude that the Hemalog is a suitable and reliable instrument for hematological determination."}
{"id": "PMID:1199310", "title": "Quality control in hematology by means of values from patients.", "content": "The results of the analyses which were obtained with the Hemalog for the determination of platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit were statistically analysed for the quality control of the determinations. Now that the testing method has been applied for 6 months, it appears from the results that it is extremely suitable for the determination of hemoglobin, red blood cells and the hematocrit and, to a lesser extent, for white blood cells and platelets.", "contents": "Quality control in hematology by means of values from patients. The results of the analyses which were obtained with the Hemalog for the determination of platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit were statistically analysed for the quality control of the determinations. Now that the testing method has been applied for 6 months, it appears from the results that it is extremely suitable for the determination of hemoglobin, red blood cells and the hematocrit and, to a lesser extent, for white blood cells and platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:1199311", "title": "[The influence of feeding on clinical-chemical parameters in the serum of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "In the serum of 40 male and 40 female rats  the following parameters were determined: Sodium, potassium, creatinine, chloride, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, urea, protein, cholesterol, bilirubin, lipids, alanine amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine arylamidase. The analyses were carried out in the same rats both after continuous feeding, and after a 24-hour fasting periods spaced at intervals of 3- to 4-weeks. The concentration of glucose and the activities of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were higher after feeding than after fasting, and in most cases these differences were statistically significant. The concentration of lipids tended towards increased values. The other parameters examined were slightly or not influenced by the time of the foregoing feeding.", "contents": "[The influence of feeding on clinical-chemical parameters in the serum of rats (author's transl)]. In the serum of 40 male and 40 female rats  the following parameters were determined: Sodium, potassium, creatinine, chloride, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, urea, protein, cholesterol, bilirubin, lipids, alanine amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine arylamidase. The analyses were carried out in the same rats both after continuous feeding, and after a 24-hour fasting periods spaced at intervals of 3- to 4-weeks. The concentration of glucose and the activities of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were higher after feeding than after fasting, and in most cases these differences were statistically significant. The concentration of lipids tended towards increased values. The other parameters examined were slightly or not influenced by the time of the foregoing feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:1199312", "title": "[Micro method for the selective assay of unesterified long chain fatty acids in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "A microanalytical method is reported for the selective and direct determination of low concentrations of unesterified fatty acids in serum. A new procedure is used to form derivatives of the fatty acids with alkyl iodide, which are separated over a solid phase of K2CO3. The assay was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of unesterified fatty acids mobilized from fat tissue in defined metabolic states.", "contents": "[Micro method for the selective assay of unesterified long chain fatty acids in serum (author's transl)]. A microanalytical method is reported for the selective and direct determination of low concentrations of unesterified fatty acids in serum. A new procedure is used to form derivatives of the fatty acids with alkyl iodide, which are separated over a solid phase of K2CO3. The assay was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of unesterified fatty acids mobilized from fat tissue in defined metabolic states."}
{"id": "PMID:1199313", "title": "[Quantitative determination of enteral calcium resorption with enriched stable 46Ca (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of a Ca-resportion test without the use of radioisotopes, which can therefore be used for babies, children and pregnant women, was investigated on 14 adult patients. In place of a radioisotope, an enriched form of the stable isotope 46Ca was administered orally, and the proportion of the applied dose of 46Ca appearing in the serum and urine was measured. 46Ca was measured by neutron activation over 47Sc. The clinical picture showed a close correlation with the determined resorption capacities. On the basis of the results, patients were classified into three groups: those with normal, increased, and decreased Ca-resorption.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of enteral calcium resorption with enriched stable 46Ca (author's transl)]. The application of a Ca-resportion test without the use of radioisotopes, which can therefore be used for babies, children and pregnant women, was investigated on 14 adult patients. In place of a radioisotope, an enriched form of the stable isotope 46Ca was administered orally, and the proportion of the applied dose of 46Ca appearing in the serum and urine was measured. 46Ca was measured by neutron activation over 47Sc. The clinical picture showed a close correlation with the determined resorption capacities. On the basis of the results, patients were classified into three groups: those with normal, increased, and decreased Ca-resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1199391", "title": "[The effect of light on the cholesterol determination].", "content": "The colour reaction between cholesterol, acetic acid, sulphuric acid and ferric chloride is influenced by light. According to the intensity and length of exposure, a reduction in extinction is proportional to the cholesterol content.", "contents": "[The effect of light on the cholesterol determination]. The colour reaction between cholesterol, acetic acid, sulphuric acid and ferric chloride is influenced by light. According to the intensity and length of exposure, a reduction in extinction is proportional to the cholesterol content."}
{"id": "PMID:1199392", "title": "[Combined cleaning and cold sterilization procedure for cleaning rooms in virological establishments].", "content": "It is reported of a new technique for the cleansing and cold sterilization of glass-ware which is particularly suited for virological laboratories and other laboratories working at cell and tissue cultures. The combined use of an alkaline cleansing agent and sterilization with Wofasteril, a peracetic acid preparation, permits to accelerate considerably the return of culture flasks for re-use.", "contents": "[Combined cleaning and cold sterilization procedure for cleaning rooms in virological establishments]. It is reported of a new technique for the cleansing and cold sterilization of glass-ware which is particularly suited for virological laboratories and other laboratories working at cell and tissue cultures. The combined use of an alkaline cleansing agent and sterilization with Wofasteril, a peracetic acid preparation, permits to accelerate considerably the return of culture flasks for re-use."}
{"id": "PMID:1199393", "title": "[Report on the experience in intracellular microelectrode studies of the external eye muscles with the stereotactic surgical device SESH-2].", "content": "The Soviet SESH-2 stereotactic surgical device for micro-electrode examinations offers technical advantages in the derivation of the intracellular muscle fibre membrane potential after resting and of the intracellular potential of the peripheric ocular muscles after irritation as well as in the study of the central irritation of the nuclei of the ocular muscles. The coupling of two hydraulic micromanipulators permits to perform in vivo various investigations of the ocular muscles by means of micro-electrodes. The numerous possibilities of variation and assembly according to the modular principle allows also simultaneous studies on ocular muscle mechanics.", "contents": "[Report on the experience in intracellular microelectrode studies of the external eye muscles with the stereotactic surgical device SESH-2]. The Soviet SESH-2 stereotactic surgical device for micro-electrode examinations offers technical advantages in the derivation of the intracellular muscle fibre membrane potential after resting and of the intracellular potential of the peripheric ocular muscles after irritation as well as in the study of the central irritation of the nuclei of the ocular muscles. The coupling of two hydraulic micromanipulators permits to perform in vivo various investigations of the ocular muscles by means of micro-electrodes. The numerous possibilities of variation and assembly according to the modular principle allows also simultaneous studies on ocular muscle mechanics."}
{"id": "PMID:1199394", "title": "[A new automated method for the complement fixation reaction].", "content": "The authors describe an automatic method for the complement fixation reaction. Antigen, complement, and barbitolum-buffer are dropped automatically. The fixation reaction is performed in a refugotor, in Kolmer's method. An autoanalyzer (flow-stream principle) is used for the lysis reaction. The advantages of this method are discussed.", "contents": "[A new automated method for the complement fixation reaction]. The authors describe an automatic method for the complement fixation reaction. Antigen, complement, and barbitolum-buffer are dropped automatically. The fixation reaction is performed in a refugotor, in Kolmer's method. An autoanalyzer (flow-stream principle) is used for the lysis reaction. The advantages of this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199395", "title": "[A method for the fragmentation of bull spermatozoa and the isolation of median piece-tail fragments].", "content": "A method is proposed for ultrasonic fragmentation of spermatozoa of Bos taurus followed by the isolation of a middle piece-tail-fraction.", "contents": "[A method for the fragmentation of bull spermatozoa and the isolation of median piece-tail fragments]. A method is proposed for ultrasonic fragmentation of spermatozoa of Bos taurus followed by the isolation of a middle piece-tail-fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1199396", "title": "[The sterilization of serum and trypsin for cell cultivation with betapropiolactone].", "content": "The authors describe a method for the cold sterilization of serum and trypsin with beta-propiolactone which is intended for use in cell cultivation. It is an effectual preventative against contamination by viruses and mycoplasms via the serum and trypsin used.", "contents": "[The sterilization of serum and trypsin for cell cultivation with betapropiolactone]. The authors describe a method for the cold sterilization of serum and trypsin with beta-propiolactone which is intended for use in cell cultivation. It is an effectual preventative against contamination by viruses and mycoplasms via the serum and trypsin used."}
{"id": "PMID:1199397", "title": "[A rinsing attachment for the apparatus for automated analysis].", "content": "The authors describe a rinsing attachment for the flow-through type auto-analyzer of the VEB MLW Pr\u00fcfger\u00e4tewerk Medingen. This attachment reduces the material and time required for clinicochemical and other techniques.", "contents": "[A rinsing attachment for the apparatus for automated analysis]. The authors describe a rinsing attachment for the flow-through type auto-analyzer of the VEB MLW Pr\u00fcfger\u00e4tewerk Medingen. This attachment reduces the material and time required for clinicochemical and other techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:1199398", "title": "[A measuring probe for glucose. 2. International state; further measurements, studies and experiences with the glucose probe].", "content": "Subsequent to the first paper and complementary to it, the present one gives a survey of the international state of work at a glucose probe (and an artificial pancreas) as well as additional methodical advice. It then discuss the glucose probe and its measuring properties including the possibility of kinetic measurement. It also deals with other probe systems, the use of carrier-fixed enzymes and the problem of miniaturization. The paper concludes with an economic consideration and an evaluation of the results of obtained.", "contents": "[A measuring probe for glucose. 2. International state; further measurements, studies and experiences with the glucose probe]. Subsequent to the first paper and complementary to it, the present one gives a survey of the international state of work at a glucose probe (and an artificial pancreas) as well as additional methodical advice. It then discuss the glucose probe and its measuring properties including the possibility of kinetic measurement. It also deals with other probe systems, the use of carrier-fixed enzymes and the problem of miniaturization. The paper concludes with an economic consideration and an evaluation of the results of obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1199400", "title": "Cytochemical differentiation of red and white fibers in the respiratory muscles of a fresh-water mud-eel, Macrognathus aculeatum (Bloch).", "content": "1. Functional morphology including the origin, insertion, innervation and action of the respiratory muscles in relation to buccal pressure and opercular suction pumps in a fresh-water mud-eel, Macrognathus aculeatum have been studied. 2. Cytochemical studies were made on the SDH activity of Adductor maxillaris, Adductor mandibularis, Protractor hyoideus, Dilator-operculi, Levator operculi, Adductor operculi, Inferior and Superior Hyohyoideus and the adductor muscles of gill filaments. The intensity of reaction reveals the composite nature of the respiratory muscles. Adductor mandibularis is made up entirely of white muscle fibers whereas others are composed of red as well as white muscle fibers. The Adductor maxillaris consists of superficial white muscle fibers whereas the interior is dominated by red muscle fibers. 3. The muscles innervated by the branches of VIIth facialis is dominated by red fibers whereas those innervated by the Vth trigeminal are dominated by white muscle fibers. 4. The adductor muscle units of the gills are made up entirely of red muscle fibers. This suggests the continued role of adductor muscle during the ventilation of gill lamellae.", "contents": "Cytochemical differentiation of red and white fibers in the respiratory muscles of a fresh-water mud-eel, Macrognathus aculeatum (Bloch). 1. Functional morphology including the origin, insertion, innervation and action of the respiratory muscles in relation to buccal pressure and opercular suction pumps in a fresh-water mud-eel, Macrognathus aculeatum have been studied. 2. Cytochemical studies were made on the SDH activity of Adductor maxillaris, Adductor mandibularis, Protractor hyoideus, Dilator-operculi, Levator operculi, Adductor operculi, Inferior and Superior Hyohyoideus and the adductor muscles of gill filaments. The intensity of reaction reveals the composite nature of the respiratory muscles. Adductor mandibularis is made up entirely of white muscle fibers whereas others are composed of red as well as white muscle fibers. The Adductor maxillaris consists of superficial white muscle fibers whereas the interior is dominated by red muscle fibers. 3. The muscles innervated by the branches of VIIth facialis is dominated by red fibers whereas those innervated by the Vth trigeminal are dominated by white muscle fibers. 4. The adductor muscle units of the gills are made up entirely of red muscle fibers. This suggests the continued role of adductor muscle during the ventilation of gill lamellae."}
{"id": "PMID:1199401", "title": "Polyploidy in the human myometrium.", "content": "In an investigation to determine whether the enlargement of cells and nuclei in the myometrium of the human uterus during pregnancy is related to the development of polyploidy or not, the following facts were established, mainly on the basis of cytophotometric analysis of nuclei isolated with a newly developed mechanical technique from a series of uteri in different states with regard to the reproductive process (juvenile, nulligravida, gravida, sectio parva, sectio caesarea). 1. Polyploid nuclei arise only during pregnancy. They can still be found for many years after the puerperium; their occurrence, however, remains a discrete phenomenon. 2. During pregnancy, a swelling of virtually all diploid nuclei is observed, which is present  as early as 16 weeks after conception, but a significant increase of the nuclear projection area is found only in the Caesarean section group. This swelling, which (might occur under hormonal influence is possibly of a functional nature and is separate from the development of polyploidy as such. 3. By means of the tracing of double sex chromatin bodies in the nuclei, the occurrence of tetraploid nuclei in the myometrium could be demonstrated both in nuclear suspensions and in sections of intact uterine wall.", "contents": "Polyploidy in the human myometrium. In an investigation to determine whether the enlargement of cells and nuclei in the myometrium of the human uterus during pregnancy is related to the development of polyploidy or not, the following facts were established, mainly on the basis of cytophotometric analysis of nuclei isolated with a newly developed mechanical technique from a series of uteri in different states with regard to the reproductive process (juvenile, nulligravida, gravida, sectio parva, sectio caesarea). 1. Polyploid nuclei arise only during pregnancy. They can still be found for many years after the puerperium; their occurrence, however, remains a discrete phenomenon. 2. During pregnancy, a swelling of virtually all diploid nuclei is observed, which is present  as early as 16 weeks after conception, but a significant increase of the nuclear projection area is found only in the Caesarean section group. This swelling, which (might occur under hormonal influence is possibly of a functional nature and is separate from the development of polyploidy as such. 3. By means of the tracing of double sex chromatin bodies in the nuclei, the occurrence of tetraploid nuclei in the myometrium could be demonstrated both in nuclear suspensions and in sections of intact uterine wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1199402", "title": "[Cytoarchitecture of the formatio reticularis of the brain stem of the dolphin].", "content": "In the present study some qualitative and quantitative features of the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain have been elucidated by cytoarchitectonic methods in the dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The studies have demonstrated that similar to land mammalia, the dolphin has a reticular formation made up of spatially open cell groups lying in the deepest parts of the brain stem. Cytoarchitectonically the component parts of the reticular formation show a number of peculiarities enabling us to distinguish separate nuclei. In the dolphin peculiar architectonics have been observed in the nucleus gigantocellularis medullae oblongatae, nucleus papillioformis or the nucleus reticularis tegmenti Bechterewi and the nucleus centralis superior medialis seu ventralis. Fairly poor in cells are the nucleus centralis caudalis pontis and the nucleus  centralis oralis pontis. We failed to single out as autonomous nuclei cell groups corresponding to  the nucleus funiculi lateralis and the nucleus paratrochlearis of the land mammalia. The size and density of cells in nuclei have a number of peculiarities. The analysis of the ratios of the brainstem volume to that of reticular structures has shown them to be the smallest in the dolphin as compared with land mammals. The smaller share held by the brain-stem reticular formation and its cytoarchitectonic features can be associated with the functional properties resulting from the greater specialization of some of brain-stem systems (e.g. auditory, vestibular, extrapyramidal etc.) in the dolphin in comparison with land mammals.", "contents": "[Cytoarchitecture of the formatio reticularis of the brain stem of the dolphin]. In the present study some qualitative and quantitative features of the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain have been elucidated by cytoarchitectonic methods in the dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The studies have demonstrated that similar to land mammalia, the dolphin has a reticular formation made up of spatially open cell groups lying in the deepest parts of the brain stem. Cytoarchitectonically the component parts of the reticular formation show a number of peculiarities enabling us to distinguish separate nuclei. In the dolphin peculiar architectonics have been observed in the nucleus gigantocellularis medullae oblongatae, nucleus papillioformis or the nucleus reticularis tegmenti Bechterewi and the nucleus centralis superior medialis seu ventralis. Fairly poor in cells are the nucleus centralis caudalis pontis and the nucleus  centralis oralis pontis. We failed to single out as autonomous nuclei cell groups corresponding to  the nucleus funiculi lateralis and the nucleus paratrochlearis of the land mammalia. The size and density of cells in nuclei have a number of peculiarities. The analysis of the ratios of the brainstem volume to that of reticular structures has shown them to be the smallest in the dolphin as compared with land mammals. The smaller share held by the brain-stem reticular formation and its cytoarchitectonic features can be associated with the functional properties resulting from the greater specialization of some of brain-stem systems (e.g. auditory, vestibular, extrapyramidal etc.) in the dolphin in comparison with land mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:1199403", "title": "[The application of special photographic technics in electron microscopy].", "content": "The paper reports about the application of special photographical technics in the electron microscopy. Using this methods the information contents of electromicrogramms are better to be utilized than with conventional photographical technics. Holocopy (Holokopie) allows to copy negatives of a high degree of density whereas the developing detail filter technics (Entwicklungs-detailverfahren, EDFV) as a photochemical mask method equalizes the plain contrast and improves the detail contrast and the sharpness of outlines.", "contents": "[The application of special photographic technics in electron microscopy]. The paper reports about the application of special photographical technics in the electron microscopy. Using this methods the information contents of electromicrogramms are better to be utilized than with conventional photographical technics. Holocopy (Holokopie) allows to copy negatives of a high degree of density whereas the developing detail filter technics (Entwicklungs-detailverfahren, EDFV) as a photochemical mask method equalizes the plain contrast and improves the detail contrast and the sharpness of outlines."}
{"id": "PMID:1199404", "title": "Postischaemic circulation disturbances.", "content": "Restoration of blood supply after ischaemic conditions in extremities and testes is inhibited by reversible intravasal aggregation of erythrocytes. This process is promoted by the increased permeability of the capillaries associated with the formation of oedema and the entailing increase of the haematocrit. For overcoming the stasis the increased structural viscosity caused by the aggregation of erythrocytes requires an increase in pressure as a starter effect which is not achieved by the flow pressure at once everywhere. Intravenously administered particles of Indian ink mark the formation and dissolution of aggregates. Even areas with originally normal blood supply may be obstructed by the later formation of aggregates. Thrombi on the walls of arterial and venous vessels and other lesions of the intima do not sufficiently explain the disturbance of perfusion. Oedema and extravasating leucocytes are found in the microcirculation. The parenchyma to be supplied shows formation of necrosis.", "contents": "Postischaemic circulation disturbances. Restoration of blood supply after ischaemic conditions in extremities and testes is inhibited by reversible intravasal aggregation of erythrocytes. This process is promoted by the increased permeability of the capillaries associated with the formation of oedema and the entailing increase of the haematocrit. For overcoming the stasis the increased structural viscosity caused by the aggregation of erythrocytes requires an increase in pressure as a starter effect which is not achieved by the flow pressure at once everywhere. Intravenously administered particles of Indian ink mark the formation and dissolution of aggregates. Even areas with originally normal blood supply may be obstructed by the later formation of aggregates. Thrombi on the walls of arterial and venous vessels and other lesions of the intima do not sufficiently explain the disturbance of perfusion. Oedema and extravasating leucocytes are found in the microcirculation. The parenchyma to be supplied shows formation of necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199405", "title": "[Stratification in the central nervous system].", "content": "Stratigenesis in the optic tectum of developing chick embryos was investigated between the 4th and the 11th day of incubation. Stratification is achieved by successive emigration of cell contigents from the proliferative layer. In the opinion of the authors the main factor which determines this very regular cell migration would be a gradient of oxygen and of metabolites. The gradient has to appear in the wall of tectum due to its typical vascular network. Experiences with induced hypoxia or with selective damage of the proliferative layer strengthen the hypotesis of an oxygen gradient playing the role of a generally active epigenetic factor in the stratigenesis of the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Stratification in the central nervous system]. Stratigenesis in the optic tectum of developing chick embryos was investigated between the 4th and the 11th day of incubation. Stratification is achieved by successive emigration of cell contigents from the proliferative layer. In the opinion of the authors the main factor which determines this very regular cell migration would be a gradient of oxygen and of metabolites. The gradient has to appear in the wall of tectum due to its typical vascular network. Experiences with induced hypoxia or with selective damage of the proliferative layer strengthen the hypotesis of an oxygen gradient playing the role of a generally active epigenetic factor in the stratigenesis of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1199406", "title": "[Ball cells and the structure of the epidermis of anuran larvae. I. Ascaphus truei Stejneger].", "content": "1. A special cell numerously occuring in the epidermis of the anuran larva of Ascaphus truei which must be called ball cell because of its usual shape, more thoroughly has been investigated by microscope. Especially plain preparations besides cross sections stained in customary way, respectively worked up histochemically with regard to orientation, were used for that. 2. The ball cell-the very characteristical epidermal attribute of Ascaphus larva-is an exocrine element with apparently far extending continuous merocrine secretion. The product contains mucous substances partly being of acid kind. The activity in any case is extending to metamorphosis. 3. Altogether the cells are forming a simple endoepidermal plain gland with differently displayed parts: strong condensation of the elements, for instance, in a circumoral zone, scanty distribution in the whole middle back over all.", "contents": "[Ball cells and the structure of the epidermis of anuran larvae. I. Ascaphus truei Stejneger]. 1. A special cell numerously occuring in the epidermis of the anuran larva of Ascaphus truei which must be called ball cell because of its usual shape, more thoroughly has been investigated by microscope. Especially plain preparations besides cross sections stained in customary way, respectively worked up histochemically with regard to orientation, were used for that. 2. The ball cell-the very characteristical epidermal attribute of Ascaphus larva-is an exocrine element with apparently far extending continuous merocrine secretion. The product contains mucous substances partly being of acid kind. The activity in any case is extending to metamorphosis. 3. Altogether the cells are forming a simple endoepidermal plain gland with differently displayed parts: strong condensation of the elements, for instance, in a circumoral zone, scanty distribution in the whole middle back over all."}
{"id": "PMID:1199407", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on Diphyllobothrium ditremum and D. dendriticum (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea), with emphasis on the scolex tegument and the tegument in the area around the genital atrium.", "content": "The scolices of D. ditremum and D. dendriticum are similar in regard to general morphology and ultrastructure of the tegument. At the scolex apex and along the upper bothrial edges sensory endings are numerous. The inner bothrium surface of D. ditremum appears to be plain or smooth, the distal cytoplasm is only about 0.6 mum thick and covered with long and slender microtriches. When D. ditremum is attached to the host gut an adhesive layer of secreted substance exists between the inner bothrium surface and the host intestinal villi. In D. dendriticum, however, no secreted layer exists between the inner bothrium surface and the host intestinal villi and the inner bothrium surface of this species appears to be lobed or lappet formed. The lobes are protrusions of the distal cytoplasm and are covered with long and slender microtriches. Large conglomerations of secretion globules appearing to be enclosed by a double membrane, are observed in the scolices of D. dendriticum and D. ditremum, although more frequent in the latter. Differences existing between the distal cytoplasm of the scolex and the gravid proglottid are described. The papillae around the genital atrium in mature and gravid segments were studied. Each papilla appears as a thickening of the distal cytoplasm, which in this region is 10-12 mum thick, when studied with transmission electron microscope. From the area between the papillae sensory endings appearing in sections to be either single, double or triple are described.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on Diphyllobothrium ditremum and D. dendriticum (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea), with emphasis on the scolex tegument and the tegument in the area around the genital atrium. The scolices of D. ditremum and D. dendriticum are similar in regard to general morphology and ultrastructure of the tegument. At the scolex apex and along the upper bothrial edges sensory endings are numerous. The inner bothrium surface of D. ditremum appears to be plain or smooth, the distal cytoplasm is only about 0.6 mum thick and covered with long and slender microtriches. When D. ditremum is attached to the host gut an adhesive layer of secreted substance exists between the inner bothrium surface and the host intestinal villi. In D. dendriticum, however, no secreted layer exists between the inner bothrium surface and the host intestinal villi and the inner bothrium surface of this species appears to be lobed or lappet formed. The lobes are protrusions of the distal cytoplasm and are covered with long and slender microtriches. Large conglomerations of secretion globules appearing to be enclosed by a double membrane, are observed in the scolices of D. dendriticum and D. ditremum, although more frequent in the latter. Differences existing between the distal cytoplasm of the scolex and the gravid proglottid are described. The papillae around the genital atrium in mature and gravid segments were studied. Each papilla appears as a thickening of the distal cytoplasm, which in this region is 10-12 mum thick, when studied with transmission electron microscope. From the area between the papillae sensory endings appearing in sections to be either single, double or triple are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1199408", "title": "Aerobic glucose metabolism in the digestive gland of Littorina saxatilis rudis (Maton) and in the daughter sporocysts of Microphallus similis (J\u00e4g.).", "content": "Experiments, some in vitro and some in vivo, with glucose-U-14C, acetate-U-14C, succinate-1,4-14C, pyruvate-U-14C and citrate-1,5-14C indicate that the digestive gland of Littorina saxatilis rudis and the daughter sporocysts of Microphallus similis aerobically catabolise glucose via an EMP pathway, a TCA cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation and malate decarboxylation. The host and parasite have similar transamination and synthetic reactions and alanine as a major carbohydrate excretory product. Oxidative metabolism appears to be less efficient in the parasite than in the host.", "contents": "Aerobic glucose metabolism in the digestive gland of Littorina saxatilis rudis (Maton) and in the daughter sporocysts of Microphallus similis (J\u00e4g.). Experiments, some in vitro and some in vivo, with glucose-U-14C, acetate-U-14C, succinate-1,4-14C, pyruvate-U-14C and citrate-1,5-14C indicate that the digestive gland of Littorina saxatilis rudis and the daughter sporocysts of Microphallus similis aerobically catabolise glucose via an EMP pathway, a TCA cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation and malate decarboxylation. The host and parasite have similar transamination and synthetic reactions and alanine as a major carbohydrate excretory product. Oxidative metabolism appears to be less efficient in the parasite than in the host."}
{"id": "PMID:1199409", "title": "Morphology and behaviour of sex chromosomes during meiosis in Ascaris suum.", "content": "The morphology and behaviour of sex chromosomes was studied in A. suum during meiosis. It was found that the five sex chromosomes have their proper characteristic. The largest is submetacentric, of 2 microns mean length. The second largest is acrocentric, mean length of 1.4 mu. The third largest is metacentric, 1.2 mu mean length. The fourth and the fifth are metacentric, of mean length of 1 mu. In primary and secondary spermatocyte cells the sex chromosomes are close to each other, most often in the peripheral part of the cell. During anaphase I the pentad sex chromosomes lie freely between the two sister cells. It is assumed that in anaphase II the five sex chromosomes divide equally and are regularly distributed in the daughter cells. It was found that the chromosomes set of female Ascaris in metaphase I contains 24 bivalent chromosomes n = 24 and of male Ascaris 19 bivalents and 5 univalents. It is assumed that the univalent chromosomes, found in spermatocyte cells, determine sex.", "contents": "Morphology and behaviour of sex chromosomes during meiosis in Ascaris suum. The morphology and behaviour of sex chromosomes was studied in A. suum during meiosis. It was found that the five sex chromosomes have their proper characteristic. The largest is submetacentric, of 2 microns mean length. The second largest is acrocentric, mean length of 1.4 mu. The third largest is metacentric, 1.2 mu mean length. The fourth and the fifth are metacentric, of mean length of 1 mu. In primary and secondary spermatocyte cells the sex chromosomes are close to each other, most often in the peripheral part of the cell. During anaphase I the pentad sex chromosomes lie freely between the two sister cells. It is assumed that in anaphase II the five sex chromosomes divide equally and are regularly distributed in the daughter cells. It was found that the chromosomes set of female Ascaris in metaphase I contains 24 bivalent chromosomes n = 24 and of male Ascaris 19 bivalents and 5 univalents. It is assumed that the univalent chromosomes, found in spermatocyte cells, determine sex."}
{"id": "PMID:1199424", "title": "An ideal catheter: the simple curve.", "content": "A complex variety of catheter shapes has developed in the short period since Seldinger first introduced percutaneous angiography. The author has discovered in the course of several thousand selective arteriograms that only only one cartheter is needed: the original simple curve.", "contents": "An ideal catheter: the simple curve. A complex variety of catheter shapes has developed in the short period since Seldinger first introduced percutaneous angiography. The author has discovered in the course of several thousand selective arteriograms that only only one cartheter is needed: the original simple curve."}
{"id": "PMID:1199427", "title": "Emergency selective aortography for acute lesions of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Emergency selective aortography is necessary for the definitive diagnosis of acute lesions of the thoracic aorta and defines their therapeutic possibilities. Cineradiography is very helpful and is complementary fo the roentgenograms. In this paper the study of dissecting aneurysms, tears of the aortic wall, ruptured aortic aneurysms and traumatic aortic lacerations is described. A new anatomic classification of dissecting aneurysms combined with that of De Bakey et al. is presented.", "contents": "Emergency selective aortography for acute lesions of the thoracic aorta. Emergency selective aortography is necessary for the definitive diagnosis of acute lesions of the thoracic aorta and defines their therapeutic possibilities. Cineradiography is very helpful and is complementary fo the roentgenograms. In this paper the study of dissecting aneurysms, tears of the aortic wall, ruptured aortic aneurysms and traumatic aortic lacerations is described. A new anatomic classification of dissecting aneurysms combined with that of De Bakey et al. is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1199428", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of an iliac vein.", "content": "A 67 year old female was seen as an emergency some three days following a minor fall with spontaneous rupture of the left iliac vein. Emergency surgery consisted of repair of the venous rent, compartmentation of the vena cava, thrombectomy, and subsequently anticoagulation. Etiology of the rupture was considered to be the thrombosis in the proximal portion of the iliac vein which created a high venous pressure behind the thrombus.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of an iliac vein. A 67 year old female was seen as an emergency some three days following a minor fall with spontaneous rupture of the left iliac vein. Emergency surgery consisted of repair of the venous rent, compartmentation of the vena cava, thrombectomy, and subsequently anticoagulation. Etiology of the rupture was considered to be the thrombosis in the proximal portion of the iliac vein which created a high venous pressure behind the thrombus."}
{"id": "PMID:1199442", "title": "The influence of selected cytostatics on human trophoblast in vitro.", "content": "The effect of cytostatics (Methotrexate, Oncovin and Dactinomycin) on early human trophoblast in vitro was studied by the tissue (organ) culture technique according to Trowell and by brief incubation with thymidine 3H. The cytostatics were tested by the method of Tanneberger in clinical and tenfold higher doses. The criteria for cytostatic efficacy were based an activity of DNA, histologic and histochemical changes, and secretion of hormonal chorionic gonadotropin. In vitro cultures of trophoblast were found to be a good model for evaluation of cytostatics, and the tested chemotherapeutics were effective chemotherapeutically. Upon addition to in vitro cultures they changed the structure and function of trophoblastic cells, resulting in depression of DNA resynthesis, histologic changes, changes in enzyme activities assessed histochemically, and impaired HCG secretion. The most pronounced effects were obtained with Dactinomycin or with a combination of Dactinomycin and methotrexate. Methotrexate alone had the weakest effect on DNA resynthesis and structure of the trophoblastic cells. The effect achieved with methotrexate after 120 hours was equal to the effect of Dactinomycin after 48 hours. Comparison of the histologic and hormonal results with DNA activity showed concordance between the intensity of morphologic and hormonal changes and impairment of nucleic acid functions.", "contents": "The influence of selected cytostatics on human trophoblast in vitro. The effect of cytostatics (Methotrexate, Oncovin and Dactinomycin) on early human trophoblast in vitro was studied by the tissue (organ) culture technique according to Trowell and by brief incubation with thymidine 3H. The cytostatics were tested by the method of Tanneberger in clinical and tenfold higher doses. The criteria for cytostatic efficacy were based an activity of DNA, histologic and histochemical changes, and secretion of hormonal chorionic gonadotropin. In vitro cultures of trophoblast were found to be a good model for evaluation of cytostatics, and the tested chemotherapeutics were effective chemotherapeutically. Upon addition to in vitro cultures they changed the structure and function of trophoblastic cells, resulting in depression of DNA resynthesis, histologic changes, changes in enzyme activities assessed histochemically, and impaired HCG secretion. The most pronounced effects were obtained with Dactinomycin or with a combination of Dactinomycin and methotrexate. Methotrexate alone had the weakest effect on DNA resynthesis and structure of the trophoblastic cells. The effect achieved with methotrexate after 120 hours was equal to the effect of Dactinomycin after 48 hours. Comparison of the histologic and hormonal results with DNA activity showed concordance between the intensity of morphologic and hormonal changes and impairment of nucleic acid functions."}
{"id": "PMID:1199443", "title": "Induction of antibody synthesis in vitro by immunogenic RNA.", "content": "Spleen cells (SpC) from nonimmunized CFW mice were converted into antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) by incubation with RNA extracted from livers and spleens of immunized mice (4 days after a single intravenous injection of 0.2 ml of 5% sheep red blood cells (SRBC). RNA was extracted by the phenol-detergent procedure only when sensitization determined by the technique of Jerne showed at least one PFC per 1,500 SpC. Immunogenic activity of RNA from lives of immunized mice was identical with that of RNA from spleens. Immunogenic RNA was inactivated by RNase but not by DNase or pronase, indicating that induction of antibody synthesis requires intact RNA. Newly synthesized antibodies were specific for the SRBC injected antigen; plaques did not occur when other RBC were used in place of SRBC for the in vitro test. The influence of antibiotics on this phenomenon is also discussed.", "contents": "Induction of antibody synthesis in vitro by immunogenic RNA. Spleen cells (SpC) from nonimmunized CFW mice were converted into antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) by incubation with RNA extracted from livers and spleens of immunized mice (4 days after a single intravenous injection of 0.2 ml of 5% sheep red blood cells (SRBC). RNA was extracted by the phenol-detergent procedure only when sensitization determined by the technique of Jerne showed at least one PFC per 1,500 SpC. Immunogenic activity of RNA from lives of immunized mice was identical with that of RNA from spleens. Immunogenic RNA was inactivated by RNase but not by DNase or pronase, indicating that induction of antibody synthesis requires intact RNA. Newly synthesized antibodies were specific for the SRBC injected antigen; plaques did not occur when other RBC were used in place of SRBC for the in vitro test. The influence of antibiotics on this phenomenon is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199513", "title": "[Demonstration of fibrinolytic split products during administration of hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "During intake of four different hormonal contraceptives: Ovosiston (Mestranol 0,08 mg, Chlormadinone acetate 2 mg), Non Ovlon (Ethinylestradiol 0,05 mg, Norethindrone acetate 1 mg), Sequenz-Ovosiston and Deposiston (4th, 11th and 18th cycle day 1 mg Ethinylestradiolsulfonate, 25th cycle day 10 mg Norethindrone acetate) an increase of fibrinolytic split products in contrast to low values of the normal menstrual cycle is to be seen. While the values in the first two thirds of application of drugs undulate in the last third they are high in all four pills tested. It seems to be an interference of fibrinogenolysis by estrogens and secondary fibrinolysis after slight disseminated intravascular clotting by gestagens.", "contents": "[Demonstration of fibrinolytic split products during administration of hormonal contraceptives]. During intake of four different hormonal contraceptives: Ovosiston (Mestranol 0,08 mg, Chlormadinone acetate 2 mg), Non Ovlon (Ethinylestradiol 0,05 mg, Norethindrone acetate 1 mg), Sequenz-Ovosiston and Deposiston (4th, 11th and 18th cycle day 1 mg Ethinylestradiolsulfonate, 25th cycle day 10 mg Norethindrone acetate) an increase of fibrinolytic split products in contrast to low values of the normal menstrual cycle is to be seen. While the values in the first two thirds of application of drugs undulate in the last third they are high in all four pills tested. It seems to be an interference of fibrinogenolysis by estrogens and secondary fibrinolysis after slight disseminated intravascular clotting by gestagens."}
{"id": "PMID:1199514", "title": "[The occurrence and frequency of pathological corpus luteum and follicular hemorrhage].", "content": "Proceeding from the results obtained by the analysis of laparotomies performed in the year 1972 and 1973 in all gynaecological and surgical hospital departments of the city Brno, the authors conclude, that the most cases of pathological haemorrhages of corpus luteum or Graaf's follicul --82,8 per cent -- were not received and operated at the gynaecological clinics, but at the surgical departments. The paper is analysing how much this fact can be caused by diagnostic mistakes. That disparity is apparently also able to impress the common false presumption in the gynaecology, that those haemorrhages are constituting only a very rare and curious case.", "contents": "[The occurrence and frequency of pathological corpus luteum and follicular hemorrhage]. Proceeding from the results obtained by the analysis of laparotomies performed in the year 1972 and 1973 in all gynaecological and surgical hospital departments of the city Brno, the authors conclude, that the most cases of pathological haemorrhages of corpus luteum or Graaf's follicul --82,8 per cent -- were not received and operated at the gynaecological clinics, but at the surgical departments. The paper is analysing how much this fact can be caused by diagnostic mistakes. That disparity is apparently also able to impress the common false presumption in the gynaecology, that those haemorrhages are constituting only a very rare and curious case."}
{"id": "PMID:1199515", "title": "[Results of treatments for sterility].", "content": "The author analysed 92 cases of female sterility. The average age run to 27 years, the success-rate to 36,9 per cent. 30 pregnancies end in delivery of living child. Most frequent conceptions devoted after clomiphene therapy and uterotubal insufflation with CO2.", "contents": "[Results of treatments for sterility]. The author analysed 92 cases of female sterility. The average age run to 27 years, the success-rate to 36,9 per cent. 30 pregnancies end in delivery of living child. Most frequent conceptions devoted after clomiphene therapy and uterotubal insufflation with CO2."}
{"id": "PMID:1199516", "title": "[The current importance of ultrasonics in the diagnostic progressive program in prenatal care].", "content": "In the University-Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Charite) of Berlin we carried out about 20,000 examinations with the method of ultrasound. In the presented paper we want to put a declaration about the survey of this method in the system of diagnosis during pregnancy. Our experiences led to the same conclusions like published in international journals. The following parameters have been successful in clinical practice: biparietal diameter, position of the fetus, localisation of placenta, diagnosis of heart-beat and other. We concentrated our investigations to the calculation of actual fetal weight in utero. For this aim we established formulas; thus we are able to calculate the weight with the aid of 4 parameters of ultrasound. The evaluation of 621 cases has shown the deviation of the calculated weight compared with the real birth weight is without problems in the group of big babies. For the group of premature deliveries it is nessecery to carry out tocolysis until a calculated weight of 2500 g. In all the babies, calculated in this largeness everyways the real birth weight has been more than 2000 g.", "contents": "[The current importance of ultrasonics in the diagnostic progressive program in prenatal care]. In the University-Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Charite) of Berlin we carried out about 20,000 examinations with the method of ultrasound. In the presented paper we want to put a declaration about the survey of this method in the system of diagnosis during pregnancy. Our experiences led to the same conclusions like published in international journals. The following parameters have been successful in clinical practice: biparietal diameter, position of the fetus, localisation of placenta, diagnosis of heart-beat and other. We concentrated our investigations to the calculation of actual fetal weight in utero. For this aim we established formulas; thus we are able to calculate the weight with the aid of 4 parameters of ultrasound. The evaluation of 621 cases has shown the deviation of the calculated weight compared with the real birth weight is without problems in the group of big babies. For the group of premature deliveries it is nessecery to carry out tocolysis until a calculated weight of 2500 g. In all the babies, calculated in this largeness everyways the real birth weight has been more than 2000 g."}
{"id": "PMID:1199517", "title": "[Electroencephalographic findings in electronically monitored risk births].", "content": "Electroencephalograms showed - in accordance with many authors - important statements of perinatal damage and of her prognosis. The fetal monitoring (electronical and gasanalytical) is able to acknowledge in due time a hypoxic situation and procures favourable to the perinatal morbidity. Gross-pathological electroencephalograms we found in 5% of monitored high-risk babies in contrast to 17% of no monitored intrauterine patients.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic findings in electronically monitored risk births]. Electroencephalograms showed - in accordance with many authors - important statements of perinatal damage and of her prognosis. The fetal monitoring (electronical and gasanalytical) is able to acknowledge in due time a hypoxic situation and procures favourable to the perinatal morbidity. Gross-pathological electroencephalograms we found in 5% of monitored high-risk babies in contrast to 17% of no monitored intrauterine patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1199518", "title": "[Immunological aspects in EPH gestosis].", "content": "On the base of the fundamental knowledge on immunological reactions in the normal pregnancy the disease of the EPH-gestosis is described from the immunological viewpoint. The following facts may be significant: 1. The increased occurence of specific and nonspecific crossreacting antibodies against liver, kidney and placental tissue in the blood of pregnant women and puerperas. 2. The increased occurence of placental infarctions and throphoblastic defects as well as fibrinoid deposits in the placenta, the arteriols and in the kidney. 3. Changes in the protein composition of blood. 4. The changed maternal cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects in EPH gestosis]. On the base of the fundamental knowledge on immunological reactions in the normal pregnancy the disease of the EPH-gestosis is described from the immunological viewpoint. The following facts may be significant: 1. The increased occurence of specific and nonspecific crossreacting antibodies against liver, kidney and placental tissue in the blood of pregnant women and puerperas. 2. The increased occurence of placental infarctions and throphoblastic defects as well as fibrinoid deposits in the placenta, the arteriols and in the kidney. 3. Changes in the protein composition of blood. 4. The changed maternal cell-mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:1199519", "title": "[The problem of heparin therapy in suspicion of intrauterine retardation].", "content": "From 19 with Heparin treated patients by suspicion of intrauterine retardation 12 patients were investigated relative to the physiology of coagulation. The placentae were investigated morphologically. The treatment with Heparin was without danger. A certain effect of the efficiency by the treatment with Heparin we couldnt establish. The theoretical introductions relative to the efficacy of Heparin entitled the further application of this drug. We can hope, that a better selection of patients with intrauterine retardation by help of ultrasound and other methods (sequenzszintigraphy with In113m and electronmicroscopical procedures) are able to establish the favourable impression by the clinical use of Heparin.", "contents": "[The problem of heparin therapy in suspicion of intrauterine retardation]. From 19 with Heparin treated patients by suspicion of intrauterine retardation 12 patients were investigated relative to the physiology of coagulation. The placentae were investigated morphologically. The treatment with Heparin was without danger. A certain effect of the efficiency by the treatment with Heparin we couldnt establish. The theoretical introductions relative to the efficacy of Heparin entitled the further application of this drug. We can hope, that a better selection of patients with intrauterine retardation by help of ultrasound and other methods (sequenzszintigraphy with In113m and electronmicroscopical procedures) are able to establish the favourable impression by the clinical use of Heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:1199521", "title": "[Experimental investigations on oral immunization with tetanus-toxoid (author's transl)].", "content": "Model-experiments in mice were used for the investigation of oral immunization with tetanus-toxoid. The efficacy of oral toxoid application was tested by challenge and anti-toxin determination. The oral immunization with tetanus-toxoid induced only a sufficient protection, when toxoid was in intensive contact with the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Local immunization via gastro-intestinal-tract failed. After a single vaccination with 200 Lf tetanus-toxoid onto mucous membranes of the oral cavity the efficiency index was 75. In comparison, a single subcutaneous application of 2 Lf tetanus-toxoid resulted in an efficiency index of 100 and a single intranasal immunization of 100 Lf in an efficiency index of 93. So the application of toxoid subcutaneously or onto nasal mucous membranes induced higher protection than oral application. Temporary development of immunity after immunization via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity was much better than parenteral immunization. 20 per cent of orally immunized animals were immune 5 days p. vacc. At the same time subcutaneously immunized animals failed to develop any protection. The efficiency rates obtained in challenge correlate with antitoxin content in the serum.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on oral immunization with tetanus-toxoid (author's transl)]. Model-experiments in mice were used for the investigation of oral immunization with tetanus-toxoid. The efficacy of oral toxoid application was tested by challenge and anti-toxin determination. The oral immunization with tetanus-toxoid induced only a sufficient protection, when toxoid was in intensive contact with the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Local immunization via gastro-intestinal-tract failed. After a single vaccination with 200 Lf tetanus-toxoid onto mucous membranes of the oral cavity the efficiency index was 75. In comparison, a single subcutaneous application of 2 Lf tetanus-toxoid resulted in an efficiency index of 100 and a single intranasal immunization of 100 Lf in an efficiency index of 93. So the application of toxoid subcutaneously or onto nasal mucous membranes induced higher protection than oral application. Temporary development of immunity after immunization via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity was much better than parenteral immunization. 20 per cent of orally immunized animals were immune 5 days p. vacc. At the same time subcutaneously immunized animals failed to develop any protection. The efficiency rates obtained in challenge correlate with antitoxin content in the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:1199522", "title": "[The fecal flora of man. III. Communication: The composition of Lactobacillus flora of different age groups (author's transl)].", "content": "From fecal flora of 66 infants aged 3 to 220 days, 29 children aged 4 to 6 years, 42 adults aged 20 to 64 years and 21 senile persons aged 65 to 86 years, the Lactobacillus flora was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. In the feces of babies only the resident lactobacilli (L. acidophilus, L. salivarius and L. fermenti) were found, while in the feces of children, adults and senile persons the resident lactobacilli as well as the transient lactobacilli (L. casei, L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. buchneri and L. lactis) were found simultaneously. Within the Lactobacillus species L. acidophilus type I, L. fermenti type IVa and  L. salivarius type Ia were most frequently found in the feces of all age groups. In addition, L. acidophilus type X was also often found in the feces of senile persons. In connection with the numbers of species or types of lactobacilli in one fecal specimen, one or two species or types were demonstrated in 94,5% of positive cases of infants. With increasing age the numbers increased, especially more than three species or types were demonstrated in 85% of positive cases. In infants in 3 different clinics, clinic-specificities were demonstrated in relation to the species or types of lactobacilli isolated: in each clinic clearly certain species or types of lactobacilli were present. The results indicate that the composition of the Lactobacillus flora in the feces is influenced by lactobacilli orally ingested.", "contents": "[The fecal flora of man. III. Communication: The composition of Lactobacillus flora of different age groups (author's transl)]. From fecal flora of 66 infants aged 3 to 220 days, 29 children aged 4 to 6 years, 42 adults aged 20 to 64 years and 21 senile persons aged 65 to 86 years, the Lactobacillus flora was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. In the feces of babies only the resident lactobacilli (L. acidophilus, L. salivarius and L. fermenti) were found, while in the feces of children, adults and senile persons the resident lactobacilli as well as the transient lactobacilli (L. casei, L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. buchneri and L. lactis) were found simultaneously. Within the Lactobacillus species L. acidophilus type I, L. fermenti type IVa and  L. salivarius type Ia were most frequently found in the feces of all age groups. In addition, L. acidophilus type X was also often found in the feces of senile persons. In connection with the numbers of species or types of lactobacilli in one fecal specimen, one or two species or types were demonstrated in 94,5% of positive cases of infants. With increasing age the numbers increased, especially more than three species or types were demonstrated in 85% of positive cases. In infants in 3 different clinics, clinic-specificities were demonstrated in relation to the species or types of lactobacilli isolated: in each clinic clearly certain species or types of lactobacilli were present. The results indicate that the composition of the Lactobacillus flora in the feces is influenced by lactobacilli orally ingested."}
{"id": "PMID:1199523", "title": "[On the theory of the growth of germs as function of time and concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "The experimental harvest of germs is proportional to the amount of the minimal substrate. We formulate, therefore, the growth of germs as function of the employment of complete nutrient mediae containing all substrates required between two divisions. This conception may also be used for the function of time of the growth curve even beyond the log phase and allows a hard-and-fast rule for the region of nutritional deficiency. Our growth rates estimated as function of the concentration deviates from those established by Monod. This deviation can experimentally not be determined as the values of both estimations are in the experimental margin of tolerance. In contract to Monod's ferment conception implicating a growth of germs up to an unlimited dilution of nutrient mediae, our conception can more be recommended because of the defined beginning of growth.", "contents": "[On the theory of the growth of germs as function of time and concentration (author's transl)]. The experimental harvest of germs is proportional to the amount of the minimal substrate. We formulate, therefore, the growth of germs as function of the employment of complete nutrient mediae containing all substrates required between two divisions. This conception may also be used for the function of time of the growth curve even beyond the log phase and allows a hard-and-fast rule for the region of nutritional deficiency. Our growth rates estimated as function of the concentration deviates from those established by Monod. This deviation can experimentally not be determined as the values of both estimations are in the experimental margin of tolerance. In contract to Monod's ferment conception implicating a growth of germs up to an unlimited dilution of nutrient mediae, our conception can more be recommended because of the defined beginning of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1199524", "title": "Antibacterial activity of some newly synthesized azaphenanthrene and diazachrysene compounds.", "content": "Four newly synthesized azaphenanthrene compounds viz., 7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-7-oxo-2-methoxy-benzo(c) phenathridine; 7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro -7-oxo-benzo(c) phenanthridine-2-[1-6-methoxy-1-naphthylimino)-methyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione and 2-[1-(1-naphthyli; mino)-methyl]cyclohexane-1,3 dione and two diazachrysene compounds viz., 1,5-Diazachrysene and 2,5-Diazachrysese were screened for their antibacterial potency against a large number of bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity which to a varying degree was shown to be related to the aza, methoxy and keto groups, in the case of the Azaphenanthrene compounds, however, it was related to the position of the nitrogen atom in the ring in the case of Diazachrysene compounds.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of some newly synthesized azaphenanthrene and diazachrysene compounds. Four newly synthesized azaphenanthrene compounds viz., 7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-7-oxo-2-methoxy-benzo(c) phenathridine; 7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro -7-oxo-benzo(c) phenanthridine-2-[1-6-methoxy-1-naphthylimino)-methyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione and 2-[1-(1-naphthyli; mino)-methyl]cyclohexane-1,3 dione and two diazachrysene compounds viz., 1,5-Diazachrysene and 2,5-Diazachrysese were screened for their antibacterial potency against a large number of bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity which to a varying degree was shown to be related to the aza, methoxy and keto groups, in the case of the Azaphenanthrene compounds, however, it was related to the position of the nitrogen atom in the ring in the case of Diazachrysene compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1199525", "title": "Investigations on the efficacy of surface disinfection and surface cleaning procedures. 1. Tests under real-life conditions.", "content": "The suitability of disinfection preparations is assessed on the basis of laboratory tests, different methods being used in the various countries. Since such model tests are rather inadequate when it comes to judging surface disinfectants, additional in-use tests are desirable. They might, in any case, serve as a reference system for judging the evaluation criteria which still differ widely at the moment. The experiments described in this study were chiefly designed to establish the effect of cleaning and disinfection measures on bacteria normally present on surfaces and on the artificial contamination of surfaces with Sarcinae as model germs. The tests were carried out in the halls on 5 floors of a medical (lift landings). \"Rodac\" plates were used to identify the germs. 3 disinfectants (aldehydes, phenol derivative), 3 disinfectant cleaning agents and soft soap were used. The preparations reduced the normal germ count by approx. 80 per cent. The reduction was mainly due to the cleaning effect (soft soap was as effective as the preparations with disinfectant properties). The effect on the \"normal germ count\" cannot, therefore, be used as sole criterion of disinfectant action. When the various preparations were applied in twice the concentration recommended for Staphylococcus hospitalism, the Sarcina count was reduced by 99 to 99.9 per cent within 2 hours. The efficacy of disinfectants and disinfectant cleaning agents was practically the same. Additional laboratory tests are necessary before the effect of soft soap can be finally assessed. In actual practice the unit count of pathogenic germs- such as Staphylococci and Klebsiellae- is too low to enable an objective assessment of a disinfectant to be made. On the other hand, artificial contamination with such pathogens is not possible because of the risk involved. The use of Sarcina lutea as test germ is therefore subjects to certain limitations. One of the prerequisites for using it is, for example, prior reduction of the normal germ count to values of less than 500/100 cm2. The second communication will report on investigations into the chemoresistance of Sarcina and how this compares with that of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella. The need for such studies arose from our present investigation.", "contents": "Investigations on the efficacy of surface disinfection and surface cleaning procedures. 1. Tests under real-life conditions. The suitability of disinfection preparations is assessed on the basis of laboratory tests, different methods being used in the various countries. Since such model tests are rather inadequate when it comes to judging surface disinfectants, additional in-use tests are desirable. They might, in any case, serve as a reference system for judging the evaluation criteria which still differ widely at the moment. The experiments described in this study were chiefly designed to establish the effect of cleaning and disinfection measures on bacteria normally present on surfaces and on the artificial contamination of surfaces with Sarcinae as model germs. The tests were carried out in the halls on 5 floors of a medical (lift landings). \"Rodac\" plates were used to identify the germs. 3 disinfectants (aldehydes, phenol derivative), 3 disinfectant cleaning agents and soft soap were used. The preparations reduced the normal germ count by approx. 80 per cent. The reduction was mainly due to the cleaning effect (soft soap was as effective as the preparations with disinfectant properties). The effect on the \"normal germ count\" cannot, therefore, be used as sole criterion of disinfectant action. When the various preparations were applied in twice the concentration recommended for Staphylococcus hospitalism, the Sarcina count was reduced by 99 to 99.9 per cent within 2 hours. The efficacy of disinfectants and disinfectant cleaning agents was practically the same. Additional laboratory tests are necessary before the effect of soft soap can be finally assessed. In actual practice the unit count of pathogenic germs- such as Staphylococci and Klebsiellae- is too low to enable an objective assessment of a disinfectant to be made. On the other hand, artificial contamination with such pathogens is not possible because of the risk involved. The use of Sarcina lutea as test germ is therefore subjects to certain limitations. One of the prerequisites for using it is, for example, prior reduction of the normal germ count to values of less than 500/100 cm2. The second communication will report on investigations into the chemoresistance of Sarcina and how this compares with that of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella. The need for such studies arose from our present investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199526", "title": "[Critical assessment of methods for testing chemical disinfectants and disinfection procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the earliest days of disinfectant testing two different methods have to be distinguished: one group simulating practical circumstances the other one allowing the determination of germ reduction, disregarding any practical conditions. At present the assessment of disinfectant substances is carried out according to the results of several methods, done in different countries. Usually standardised suspension-tests with no correspondance to-in-use conditions are done. These are for example the determination of the Rideal-Walker and the Chick Martin coefficient and the capacity test by Kelsey and Sykes as well. Results obtained by the use-dilution method (A.O.A.C.) are also just of theoretical value. The British Standard-Test 3286:1960 and the suspension-test of the Committee on Phytopharmacy (Netherlands), to be preferred in order to state germ reductions, do not imitate particulars of practice either. After establishing recommendations for the various disinfectant procedures, the unification of the test methods on international level should be the next aim. Besides evaluation of disinfectant substances (as it is done by suspension-tests) the testing of disinfectant procedures under conditions, copying those of real life ought to be required. The results of such in-use model tests should answer all the questions arising, for instance, what the concentrations or the exposure-time should be. We would plead in favour of testing disinfectant substances and procedures in two steps - preliminary testing and main tests under in-use conditions for each new preparation. The base for all these tests is the selection of a suitable inactivator.", "contents": "[Critical assessment of methods for testing chemical disinfectants and disinfection procedures (author's transl)]. Since the earliest days of disinfectant testing two different methods have to be distinguished: one group simulating practical circumstances the other one allowing the determination of germ reduction, disregarding any practical conditions. At present the assessment of disinfectant substances is carried out according to the results of several methods, done in different countries. Usually standardised suspension-tests with no correspondance to-in-use conditions are done. These are for example the determination of the Rideal-Walker and the Chick Martin coefficient and the capacity test by Kelsey and Sykes as well. Results obtained by the use-dilution method (A.O.A.C.) are also just of theoretical value. The British Standard-Test 3286:1960 and the suspension-test of the Committee on Phytopharmacy (Netherlands), to be preferred in order to state germ reductions, do not imitate particulars of practice either. After establishing recommendations for the various disinfectant procedures, the unification of the test methods on international level should be the next aim. Besides evaluation of disinfectant substances (as it is done by suspension-tests) the testing of disinfectant procedures under conditions, copying those of real life ought to be required. The results of such in-use model tests should answer all the questions arising, for instance, what the concentrations or the exposure-time should be. We would plead in favour of testing disinfectant substances and procedures in two steps - preliminary testing and main tests under in-use conditions for each new preparation. The base for all these tests is the selection of a suitable inactivator."}
{"id": "PMID:1199573", "title": "[Specific and nonspecific factors that influence the transduction of genetic determinants for penicillinase activity and pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus. III. The prevention of the transduction of penicillinase determinants by acridine derivatives].", "content": "In comparing the antitransducing activity of the acridine derivatives there was revealed a relationship between their chemical structure (the degree of substitution of position 9), the capacity to depress the lytic activity of staphylophages and the action in respect to the transducing particles of the donor lysate.", "contents": "[Specific and nonspecific factors that influence the transduction of genetic determinants for penicillinase activity and pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus. III. The prevention of the transduction of penicillinase determinants by acridine derivatives]. In comparing the antitransducing activity of the acridine derivatives there was revealed a relationship between their chemical structure (the degree of substitution of position 9), the capacity to depress the lytic activity of staphylophages and the action in respect to the transducing particles of the donor lysate."}
{"id": "PMID:1199575", "title": "[Erysipeloid on the islands of the Sea of Okhotsk. I. The sources and vectors of the causative agent of erysipeloid].", "content": "The foci of the causative agent of erysipeloid at the islands of the Okhotsk sea were of the polyvector and polyhostal character. There were recorded 92 species of the naturally infected by the erysipeloid causative agent invertebrate inhabitants of the sea, fish, amphibia, reptilia, birds, mammals and ectoparasites of the warm-blooded animals. Gamazoid and ixodes ticks, mosquitoes, horse-flies and flees were found to be naturally infected with erysipelotrix. Ixodes persulcatus were found to be capable of infecting albino mice during blood sucking.", "contents": "[Erysipeloid on the islands of the Sea of Okhotsk. I. The sources and vectors of the causative agent of erysipeloid]. The foci of the causative agent of erysipeloid at the islands of the Okhotsk sea were of the polyvector and polyhostal character. There were recorded 92 species of the naturally infected by the erysipeloid causative agent invertebrate inhabitants of the sea, fish, amphibia, reptilia, birds, mammals and ectoparasites of the warm-blooded animals. Gamazoid and ixodes ticks, mosquitoes, horse-flies and flees were found to be naturally infected with erysipelotrix. Ixodes persulcatus were found to be capable of infecting albino mice during blood sucking."}
{"id": "PMID:1199576", "title": "[Study of the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis by means of tagged atoms].", "content": "The authors' investigations showed a principal possibility of labeling toxoplasma with radioactive isotopes on condition of the administration of the latter in vivo into the donor animals infected with toxoplasmosis. The labeled atom method could be used for studying the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis in the experimental animals, particularly at the early periods of the infectious process. The use of the labeled atom method permitted not only to confirm the results obtained by parasitological and pathomorphological studies, but also to reveal the fact of a primary parasitemia, later confirmed by biopsy. In combination with other methods of study the labeled atom method can be used for studying various aspects of the problem of toxoplasmosis, particularly of the mechanisms of transmission of the infection.", "contents": "[Study of the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis by means of tagged atoms]. The authors' investigations showed a principal possibility of labeling toxoplasma with radioactive isotopes on condition of the administration of the latter in vivo into the donor animals infected with toxoplasmosis. The labeled atom method could be used for studying the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis in the experimental animals, particularly at the early periods of the infectious process. The use of the labeled atom method permitted not only to confirm the results obtained by parasitological and pathomorphological studies, but also to reveal the fact of a primary parasitemia, later confirmed by biopsy. In combination with other methods of study the labeled atom method can be used for studying various aspects of the problem of toxoplasmosis, particularly of the mechanisms of transmission of the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1199585", "title": "[Epidemiological patterns of the import and spread of El Tor cholera].", "content": "The paper is a response to the paper by A. K. Akiev published in 1974 in the \"Journal of Microbiology Epidemiology and Immunobiology\": \"Concerning the Epidemiology of El Tor cholera Abroad\". The opinion of the author concerning the origin of El Tor infection in 1970, the sources of infection, and the factors of its transmission is critisized. Literature data and personal observations explaining the regularities of importation and spread of El Tor cholera as an intestinal infection are presented; these data are against the view of Akiev on El Tor cholera as a disease with a natural nidality caused by freely living vibrios.", "contents": "[Epidemiological patterns of the import and spread of El Tor cholera]. The paper is a response to the paper by A. K. Akiev published in 1974 in the \"Journal of Microbiology Epidemiology and Immunobiology\": \"Concerning the Epidemiology of El Tor cholera Abroad\". The opinion of the author concerning the origin of El Tor infection in 1970, the sources of infection, and the factors of its transmission is critisized. Literature data and personal observations explaining the regularities of importation and spread of El Tor cholera as an intestinal infection are presented; these data are against the view of Akiev on El Tor cholera as a disease with a natural nidality caused by freely living vibrios."}
{"id": "PMID:1199586", "title": "[Isolation of parahemolytic vibrions from persons with acute gastrointestinal diseases].", "content": "Galophilic vibrios were for the first time in the Soviet Union isolated from the patients with gastrointestinal diseases in Novorossiisk during the summer-autumn period of 1973. The greatest number of strains of the parahemolytic vibrios was isolated in August and September, during intensive fishing season, from the patients in whom the disease usually developed 6 to 12 hours after eating the sea fish. The parahemolytic vibrios isolated from the patients were typical by all signs and produced a marked hemolysis on the Wagatsuma medium. The halophilic vibrios are inhabitants of the Black Sea. During the years of 1972-1973 there were isolated 109 strains of V. paraheamolyticus and 133 strains of V. alginolyticus from the sea water and various hydrobionts.", "contents": "[Isolation of parahemolytic vibrions from persons with acute gastrointestinal diseases]. Galophilic vibrios were for the first time in the Soviet Union isolated from the patients with gastrointestinal diseases in Novorossiisk during the summer-autumn period of 1973. The greatest number of strains of the parahemolytic vibrios was isolated in August and September, during intensive fishing season, from the patients in whom the disease usually developed 6 to 12 hours after eating the sea fish. The parahemolytic vibrios isolated from the patients were typical by all signs and produced a marked hemolysis on the Wagatsuma medium. The halophilic vibrios are inhabitants of the Black Sea. During the years of 1972-1973 there were isolated 109 strains of V. paraheamolyticus and 133 strains of V. alginolyticus from the sea water and various hydrobionts."}
{"id": "PMID:1199587", "title": "[Differences in certain immunological indices among persons who have had cholera and among Vibrio carriers].", "content": "Blood sera of persons, who sustained cholera of different degree of severity, and of vibrio-carriers, and also chromatographic fractions obtained in separation of the mentioned sera on DEAE-cellulose were investigated in the reaction of agglutination and the indirect hemagglutination test. Immunological response in the vibrio carriers was realized by the microglobulin, and in the convalescents--by the macroglobulin type. There was also revealed an association between the severity of the course of cholera and the prevalence in the blood serum of one or another type of specific antibodies: in severe forms of the disease the antibodies of the IgM-class were detected with the greatest frequency, and microglobulin antibodies--in vibrio carriers. The detected differences in the immunological status of those who sustained cholera and of vibrio-carriers could be used as an additional differential sign in the diagnosis of the mentioned conditions.", "contents": "[Differences in certain immunological indices among persons who have had cholera and among Vibrio carriers]. Blood sera of persons, who sustained cholera of different degree of severity, and of vibrio-carriers, and also chromatographic fractions obtained in separation of the mentioned sera on DEAE-cellulose were investigated in the reaction of agglutination and the indirect hemagglutination test. Immunological response in the vibrio carriers was realized by the microglobulin, and in the convalescents--by the macroglobulin type. There was also revealed an association between the severity of the course of cholera and the prevalence in the blood serum of one or another type of specific antibodies: in severe forms of the disease the antibodies of the IgM-class were detected with the greatest frequency, and microglobulin antibodies--in vibrio carriers. The detected differences in the immunological status of those who sustained cholera and of vibrio-carriers could be used as an additional differential sign in the diagnosis of the mentioned conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1199588", "title": "[Morphological characteristics of an experimental dysenteric infection reproduced against a background of reduced intestinal mucosal resistance].", "content": "The authors present the results of experimental-morphological study of the intestine and other internal organs of guinea pigs subjected and not subjected to starvation infected with a dysentery culture against the background of antiepithelial serum. A marked form of the infectious process with erosive-ulcerative affection of the cecum mostly developed in 70% of the former and in 58.8% of the latter animals.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics of an experimental dysenteric infection reproduced against a background of reduced intestinal mucosal resistance]. The authors present the results of experimental-morphological study of the intestine and other internal organs of guinea pigs subjected and not subjected to starvation infected with a dysentery culture against the background of antiepithelial serum. A marked form of the infectious process with erosive-ulcerative affection of the cecum mostly developed in 70% of the former and in 58.8% of the latter animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1199589", "title": "[Morphology of Newcastle bacteriophages].", "content": "A study was made of morphology of 6 clones of Newcastle bacteriophages of different origin divided into 3 types. Bacteriophage H-18 referred to the III morphological type by the Tikhonenko classification was characterized by a comparatively short process and a head in the form of an isometric polyhedron; H-1, H-5, H-10 and H-17 bacteriophages referred to type V, despite their antigenic difference were morphologically identical: they had a comparatively large head in the form of an elongated polyhedron and a process with a complicated structure ending by a besal plate with 3 indentions originating from it. Bacteriophage H-4 was referred to the IV type and was characterized by a head in the form of an elongated polyhedron and a long curved noncontracting process; in difference from the others it had no basal plate on the end of the process. The revealed morphological peculiarities of the particles of the Newcastle bacteriophages only partially correlated with their division on the basis of serolological properties and the size of the negative colonies.", "contents": "[Morphology of Newcastle bacteriophages]. A study was made of morphology of 6 clones of Newcastle bacteriophages of different origin divided into 3 types. Bacteriophage H-18 referred to the III morphological type by the Tikhonenko classification was characterized by a comparatively short process and a head in the form of an isometric polyhedron; H-1, H-5, H-10 and H-17 bacteriophages referred to type V, despite their antigenic difference were morphologically identical: they had a comparatively large head in the form of an elongated polyhedron and a process with a complicated structure ending by a besal plate with 3 indentions originating from it. Bacteriophage H-4 was referred to the IV type and was characterized by a head in the form of an elongated polyhedron and a long curved noncontracting process; in difference from the others it had no basal plate on the end of the process. The revealed morphological peculiarities of the particles of the Newcastle bacteriophages only partially correlated with their division on the basis of serolological properties and the size of the negative colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:1199590", "title": "[Further research on an experimental justification for the emergency prophylaxis of typhoid].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on mice. A possibility was demonstrated of express prophylaxis of typhoid fever by subcutanoues injection of the vaccine and by oral administration of sodium nucleinate, of lowering the dose by half and replacement of revaccination by sodium nucleinate alone. An increase in the titre of typhoid agglutinins and of preventive activity of the blood serum was revealed on volunteers.", "contents": "[Further research on an experimental justification for the emergency prophylaxis of typhoid]. Experiments were conducted on mice. A possibility was demonstrated of express prophylaxis of typhoid fever by subcutanoues injection of the vaccine and by oral administration of sodium nucleinate, of lowering the dose by half and replacement of revaccination by sodium nucleinate alone. An increase in the titre of typhoid agglutinins and of preventive activity of the blood serum was revealed on volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:1199591", "title": "[Characteristics of the hydrodynamic and biological properties of flagellar preparations isolated from submerged cultures of S. typhi].", "content": "A study was made of the hydrodynamic and biological properties of the flagella from the S. typhi 4446 cultures, isolated by the methods of differential centrifugation, in crude condition and following depolimerization and denaturing by the action of chemical and physical agents. Molecular parameters of the slow and rapid components of the flagella and subunits of the flagellin were compared. The greatest antigenic activity was possessed by the high molecular fraction of the flagella isolated in the 60% sucrose density gradient.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the hydrodynamic and biological properties of flagellar preparations isolated from submerged cultures of S. typhi]. A study was made of the hydrodynamic and biological properties of the flagella from the S. typhi 4446 cultures, isolated by the methods of differential centrifugation, in crude condition and following depolimerization and denaturing by the action of chemical and physical agents. Molecular parameters of the slow and rapid components of the flagella and subunits of the flagellin were compared. The greatest antigenic activity was possessed by the high molecular fraction of the flagella isolated in the 60% sucrose density gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:1199592", "title": "[Inhibiton of isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus by acids of the citrate and glyoxylate cycle].", "content": "Acinetobacter calcoaceticus contains two forms of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases differing, among others, by their molecular weights and regulatory properties. The regulation of the high-molecular form of isocitrate dehydrogenase and of isocitrate lyase by organic acids, either belonging or related to the citrate and glyoxalate cycle, is investigated. While alpha-ketoglutarate and oxalacetate competitively inhibit the isocitrate dehydrogenase against Ds-isocitrate, glyoxylate and pyruvate were found to increase Vmax and to lower the KM value for Ds-isocitrate and NADP+. Simultaneous addition of oxalacetate and glyoxylate (not, however, addition of the nonenzymatically formed condensation product of both compound) nullified the activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase by glyoxylate, and potentiates the inhibitory effect of oxalacetate. Alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, and phosphoenolpyruvate inhibit the isocitrate lyase in a noncompetitive fashion against DS-isocitrate; L-malate, oxalacetate and glyoxylate inhibit competitively. The intermediates of the citrate and glyoxylate cycle afford additive inhibition of the isocitrate lyase. The importance of organic acids of the citrate and glyoxylate cycle and of phosphoenolpyruvate for the regulation of the citrate and glyoxylate cycle at the level of isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase is discussed.", "contents": "[Inhibiton of isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus by acids of the citrate and glyoxylate cycle]. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus contains two forms of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases differing, among others, by their molecular weights and regulatory properties. The regulation of the high-molecular form of isocitrate dehydrogenase and of isocitrate lyase by organic acids, either belonging or related to the citrate and glyoxalate cycle, is investigated. While alpha-ketoglutarate and oxalacetate competitively inhibit the isocitrate dehydrogenase against Ds-isocitrate, glyoxylate and pyruvate were found to increase Vmax and to lower the KM value for Ds-isocitrate and NADP+. Simultaneous addition of oxalacetate and glyoxylate (not, however, addition of the nonenzymatically formed condensation product of both compound) nullified the activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase by glyoxylate, and potentiates the inhibitory effect of oxalacetate. Alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, and phosphoenolpyruvate inhibit the isocitrate lyase in a noncompetitive fashion against DS-isocitrate; L-malate, oxalacetate and glyoxylate inhibit competitively. The intermediates of the citrate and glyoxylate cycle afford additive inhibition of the isocitrate lyase. The importance of organic acids of the citrate and glyoxylate cycle and of phosphoenolpyruvate for the regulation of the citrate and glyoxylate cycle at the level of isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199593", "title": "[Dynamics of the human heart rate during changes of posture under various climatic conditions].", "content": "The time course of the heart rate (15-sec-periods) during active orthostasis (10 min) was investigated according to types found by Drischel et al. under different climatic conditions in 51 female and 50 male subjects. Constant types were observed in each subject in 3 repeated tests on different days at 20 degrees C and 55% R.H., the types remaining constant even at 25 and 90% R.H. The increase in environmental temperature from 15 to 30 and 45 degrees C showed a significant alteration from type A via different transitional types to type B. At 45 degrees C, an additional type was observed called superhigh type B, functionally being a precollapse type. The variation in typology includes the dynamics of the initial process of the active orthostasis as well as the deviation between the steady-state of the heart rate in erect and in supine position. The physiological mechanisms eliciting the changes in the dynamic behaviour and the correlations with the effective temperature are discussed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the human heart rate during changes of posture under various climatic conditions]. The time course of the heart rate (15-sec-periods) during active orthostasis (10 min) was investigated according to types found by Drischel et al. under different climatic conditions in 51 female and 50 male subjects. Constant types were observed in each subject in 3 repeated tests on different days at 20 degrees C and 55% R.H., the types remaining constant even at 25 and 90% R.H. The increase in environmental temperature from 15 to 30 and 45 degrees C showed a significant alteration from type A via different transitional types to type B. At 45 degrees C, an additional type was observed called superhigh type B, functionally being a precollapse type. The variation in typology includes the dynamics of the initial process of the active orthostasis as well as the deviation between the steady-state of the heart rate in erect and in supine position. The physiological mechanisms eliciting the changes in the dynamic behaviour and the correlations with the effective temperature are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199594", "title": "[The effect of chlorpromazine on the mechanogram, electrocardiogram and membranopotential of the frog heart].", "content": "The action of chloropromazine in concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-3) M was studied with regard to its effect on contractility, ECG, and membrane potential of the isolated frog heart. In concentrations above 10(-6) a depressive influence on the amplitude of contraction was observed; the speed of contraction was reduced. The heart rate showed negatively chronotropic changes. In the ECG there was a striking expansion of the PQ interval. The membrane potential was reduced under the effect of chloropromazine depending on the concentration used. The negative influence on mechanical and bioelectrical parameters of the myocardium is interpreted to be due to membrane-related factors. A vagus-like effect is discussed, particular importance being attached to the mechanisms of the \"slow-channel\" system.", "contents": "[The effect of chlorpromazine on the mechanogram, electrocardiogram and membranopotential of the frog heart]. The action of chloropromazine in concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-3) M was studied with regard to its effect on contractility, ECG, and membrane potential of the isolated frog heart. In concentrations above 10(-6) a depressive influence on the amplitude of contraction was observed; the speed of contraction was reduced. The heart rate showed negatively chronotropic changes. In the ECG there was a striking expansion of the PQ interval. The membrane potential was reduced under the effect of chloropromazine depending on the concentration used. The negative influence on mechanical and bioelectrical parameters of the myocardium is interpreted to be due to membrane-related factors. A vagus-like effect is discussed, particular importance being attached to the mechanisms of the \"slow-channel\" system."}
{"id": "PMID:1199595", "title": "[Experimental and clinical aspects of auto and coherence spectra of blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rhythms].", "content": "Auto- coherence and phase spectra of blood-pressure, heart-rate, and respiration changes at various intervals were calculated in 34 healthy individuals and 46 patients with neurovegetative disorders in a direct way, partly by means of the Fast-Fourier transformations. It was only by 18-min recordings that reliably reproducible spectra could be obtained that permit exact evaluation of the statistical properties of these biorhythms.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical aspects of auto and coherence spectra of blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rhythms]. Auto- coherence and phase spectra of blood-pressure, heart-rate, and respiration changes at various intervals were calculated in 34 healthy individuals and 46 patients with neurovegetative disorders in a direct way, partly by means of the Fast-Fourier transformations. It was only by 18-min recordings that reliably reproducible spectra could be obtained that permit exact evaluation of the statistical properties of these biorhythms."}
{"id": "PMID:1199596", "title": "[The effect of the tidal volume on the sinus arrhythmia of the heart].", "content": "The sinus arrhythmia of the human heart was investigated in its relation to the tidal volume under resting conditions in the course of the day, in voluntarily changed tidal volume, under atropine medication and during physical work. In resting conditions it was found that nearly 40% of the sinus arrhythmia is of respiratory origin, and that no respiratory influence is demonstrable any longer at sufficient doses of atropine. Under physical load, the sinus arrhythmia is diminished in spite of the enlarged tidal volume. In this case, an additional smoothing influence to the sinus arrhythmia has to be assumed.", "contents": "[The effect of the tidal volume on the sinus arrhythmia of the heart]. The sinus arrhythmia of the human heart was investigated in its relation to the tidal volume under resting conditions in the course of the day, in voluntarily changed tidal volume, under atropine medication and during physical work. In resting conditions it was found that nearly 40% of the sinus arrhythmia is of respiratory origin, and that no respiratory influence is demonstrable any longer at sufficient doses of atropine. Under physical load, the sinus arrhythmia is diminished in spite of the enlarged tidal volume. In this case, an additional smoothing influence to the sinus arrhythmia has to be assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199597", "title": "[Method for the immediate measurement of myocardial pressure velocity relationships in situ].", "content": "A method for instantaneous measurements and representations of myocardial pressure-velocity relations permitting the analysis of various contractility parameters is described. Basing on a modified two-element model of cardiac muscle the measurement of the relative shortening velocity vce = dp/dt(p) of the contractile elements is carried out by a special analog computer, which calculates the quotient (dp/dt) to the simultaneous left ventricular pressure p. Electronic differentiation of the logarithm of pressure-proportional input voltages is used. The p-v-diagram can be displayed on x-y-oscilloscopes. Over an input voltage range of 20 mV---20V the quotient can be measured within the range of 20 sec-1---250 sec-1. Output voltages can be calibrated automatically. Between (dp/dt)p-1 determined by conventional methods and the dlnp/dt calcuated electronically there exists a correlation gamma = 0.995. An additional electronic circuit which permits the determination of a contractility parameter indicates the point of (dp/dt)max on the p-v-relation display. The application of the method in experimental studies under inotropic changes in the rabbit heart in situ following beta-receptor blockade is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Method for the immediate measurement of myocardial pressure velocity relationships in situ]. A method for instantaneous measurements and representations of myocardial pressure-velocity relations permitting the analysis of various contractility parameters is described. Basing on a modified two-element model of cardiac muscle the measurement of the relative shortening velocity vce = dp/dt(p) of the contractile elements is carried out by a special analog computer, which calculates the quotient (dp/dt) to the simultaneous left ventricular pressure p. Electronic differentiation of the logarithm of pressure-proportional input voltages is used. The p-v-diagram can be displayed on x-y-oscilloscopes. Over an input voltage range of 20 mV---20V the quotient can be measured within the range of 20 sec-1---250 sec-1. Output voltages can be calibrated automatically. Between (dp/dt)p-1 determined by conventional methods and the dlnp/dt calcuated electronically there exists a correlation gamma = 0.995. An additional electronic circuit which permits the determination of a contractility parameter indicates the point of (dp/dt)max on the p-v-relation display. The application of the method in experimental studies under inotropic changes in the rabbit heart in situ following beta-receptor blockade is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1199598", "title": "[The functional motility of motor units of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in the rat under indirect stimulation depending on the stimulus frequency].", "content": "With increasing pulse rate (up to 150 square pulses/sec) applied for 1 second at the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle the amplitude of electromyographic response was found to decrease. An amplitude decrease of sum action potentials (AP) recorded from the muscle surface occurred already at pulse rates below 100 pulses/sec. For the gastrocnemius muscle, this amplitude fall in the medium pulse-rate region can be described by the relation: amplitude = -log-pulse rate. At the soleus muscle, the amplitude fall is shifted towards the higher frequencies. After intensive swimming of the animal the amplitude depression of AP at the gastrocnemius muscle occurs already at a lower rate, and departs from the aforementioned relation. The causes are looked for in the differential properties of the various muscle fibres.", "contents": "[The functional motility of motor units of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in the rat under indirect stimulation depending on the stimulus frequency]. With increasing pulse rate (up to 150 square pulses/sec) applied for 1 second at the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle the amplitude of electromyographic response was found to decrease. An amplitude decrease of sum action potentials (AP) recorded from the muscle surface occurred already at pulse rates below 100 pulses/sec. For the gastrocnemius muscle, this amplitude fall in the medium pulse-rate region can be described by the relation: amplitude = -log-pulse rate. At the soleus muscle, the amplitude fall is shifted towards the higher frequencies. After intensive swimming of the animal the amplitude depression of AP at the gastrocnemius muscle occurs already at a lower rate, and departs from the aforementioned relation. The causes are looked for in the differential properties of the various muscle fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1199599", "title": "[Non-propagated potentials in the electromyogram of mammalian ocular muscles].", "content": "Electromyograms of mammalian extraocular muscles were recorded by means of a coaxial electrode. Besides normal extracellular spike potentials (1-2 msec duration), monophasic waves (with a decline lasting up to 7 msec) were recorded. As to the interpretation of these potential changes in terms of a potential drop that is produced by local currents flowing from the resting region of a fibre towards the active region consideration is given to two cases. First, a propagated active region (spike potentials, at least diphasic) and second, a stationary active region (with resulting monophasic waves). In the EMGs spontaneous monophasic potentials recruit at a lower threshold than spike potentials; frequency changes were observed when head position was altered. The latter are interpreted as local depolarizations occurring at neuromuscular junctions of multiple innervated muscle fibres among those fibre types that compose extraocular muscles.", "contents": "[Non-propagated potentials in the electromyogram of mammalian ocular muscles]. Electromyograms of mammalian extraocular muscles were recorded by means of a coaxial electrode. Besides normal extracellular spike potentials (1-2 msec duration), monophasic waves (with a decline lasting up to 7 msec) were recorded. As to the interpretation of these potential changes in terms of a potential drop that is produced by local currents flowing from the resting region of a fibre towards the active region consideration is given to two cases. First, a propagated active region (spike potentials, at least diphasic) and second, a stationary active region (with resulting monophasic waves). In the EMGs spontaneous monophasic potentials recruit at a lower threshold than spike potentials; frequency changes were observed when head position was altered. The latter are interpreted as local depolarizations occurring at neuromuscular junctions of multiple innervated muscle fibres among those fibre types that compose extraocular muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:1199600", "title": "[The spectrum analysis of the electromyogram: the adaptation of autoregressive models to the interference electromyogram].", "content": "Power-density spectra of interference electromyograms of M. biceps brach. and triceps brach. from two subjects were estimated by the Tukey spectral window and by autoregressive series. By fitting autoregressive models parametric represeentations of spectra are obtained. The models for the electromyograms obtained from biceps (agonist) and triceps (antagonist) differed in the length of the autoregressive series. The intra-individual variation of the spectra from three time intervals of the same contraction was relatively small.", "contents": "[The spectrum analysis of the electromyogram: the adaptation of autoregressive models to the interference electromyogram]. Power-density spectra of interference electromyograms of M. biceps brach. and triceps brach. from two subjects were estimated by the Tukey spectral window and by autoregressive series. By fitting autoregressive models parametric represeentations of spectra are obtained. The models for the electromyograms obtained from biceps (agonist) and triceps (antagonist) differed in the length of the autoregressive series. The intra-individual variation of the spectra from three time intervals of the same contraction was relatively small."}
{"id": "PMID:1199601", "title": "[Effect of D20 on contractility and excitation contraction coupling in the rat papillary muscle].", "content": "D2O decreases the isometric contraction force of papillary muscles from the left ventricle of rats. This effect can be compensated only partially by increasing the calcium content in the perfusion solution. Differences in the effect of D2O under different calcium concentrations point also to an action site other than at the contractile proteins. The enlargement of the restitution of contraction 300 msec after the basic beat, the diminution of the postextrasystolic tiation and the disappearance of postextrasystolic depressions because of high calcium potencontent in the bathing solution make it more probable that the action site lies in cell compartments which may be involved into the supply of activator calcium. The increasing occurrence of aftercontractions alredy at slightly enhanced extracellular calcium is in good agreement with this fact.", "contents": "[Effect of D20 on contractility and excitation contraction coupling in the rat papillary muscle]. D2O decreases the isometric contraction force of papillary muscles from the left ventricle of rats. This effect can be compensated only partially by increasing the calcium content in the perfusion solution. Differences in the effect of D2O under different calcium concentrations point also to an action site other than at the contractile proteins. The enlargement of the restitution of contraction 300 msec after the basic beat, the diminution of the postextrasystolic tiation and the disappearance of postextrasystolic depressions because of high calcium potencontent in the bathing solution make it more probable that the action site lies in cell compartments which may be involved into the supply of activator calcium. The increasing occurrence of aftercontractions alredy at slightly enhanced extracellular calcium is in good agreement with this fact."}
{"id": "PMID:1199602", "title": "Postsynaptic potentials in cat abducens motoneurons evoked by stimulation of cortical eye fields.", "content": "Intracellular recordings were carried out on abducens motoneurons of encephale isole cats in order to analyse synaptic influences of cortical areas engaged in control of saccadic eye movements. It was found that, in addition to the \"frontal eye field\" (FEF), eye movements containing a contraversive component may be triggered by electrical stimulation of the 1st and the 2nd sensorimotor areas (SM). Correspondingly, sustained postsynaptic responses (EPSPs) and rhythmic firing of abducens motoneurons could be reliably induced by prolonged stimulus trains. In this respect, the efficiencies of FEF and SM were about the same. They appeared to be higher than the efficiency of excitatory pyramidal actions on spinal motoneurons as reported by others. EPSPs elicited from both regions by short stimuli were, on the major part, polysynaptic. Quite complex multineuronal chains appeared to be stronger engaged in the transmission of FEF effects. EPSPs of SM origin contained a disynaptic fraction which could not be reliably identified in FEF responses. Recipocal innervation of abducens nuclei on both sides was found to be reflected in the asymmetry of excitatory and inhibitory influences from two hemispheres: EPSPs predominated in responses to contralateral, IPSPs and mixed PSPs - to ipsilateral stimulation.", "contents": "Postsynaptic potentials in cat abducens motoneurons evoked by stimulation of cortical eye fields. Intracellular recordings were carried out on abducens motoneurons of encephale isole cats in order to analyse synaptic influences of cortical areas engaged in control of saccadic eye movements. It was found that, in addition to the \"frontal eye field\" (FEF), eye movements containing a contraversive component may be triggered by electrical stimulation of the 1st and the 2nd sensorimotor areas (SM). Correspondingly, sustained postsynaptic responses (EPSPs) and rhythmic firing of abducens motoneurons could be reliably induced by prolonged stimulus trains. In this respect, the efficiencies of FEF and SM were about the same. They appeared to be higher than the efficiency of excitatory pyramidal actions on spinal motoneurons as reported by others. EPSPs elicited from both regions by short stimuli were, on the major part, polysynaptic. Quite complex multineuronal chains appeared to be stronger engaged in the transmission of FEF effects. EPSPs of SM origin contained a disynaptic fraction which could not be reliably identified in FEF responses. Recipocal innervation of abducens nuclei on both sides was found to be reflected in the asymmetry of excitatory and inhibitory influences from two hemispheres: EPSPs predominated in responses to contralateral, IPSPs and mixed PSPs - to ipsilateral stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199603", "title": "[The efferent sympathetic activity of the rabbit renal nerve during local application of adrenaline to the carotid sinus].", "content": "Adrenalin solution (1:1000) administered at the carotid sinus, through excitation of the depressoric C-fibre system of the carotid nerve, induces a strong, lasting reflectoric decrease of arterial pressure with slowing heart rate, associated with an almost complete inhibition of the efferent sympathetic activity of the renal nerve. The efferent sympathetic activity, arterial blood pressure and heart rate, both at the onset and at the height of adrenalin action, show corresponding activity changes: the relative inhibition of the sympathetic nerve is strongest correlated with the depressoric blood-pressure effect, while the decrease of heart rate, related to the initial activity, is least pronounced.", "contents": "[The efferent sympathetic activity of the rabbit renal nerve during local application of adrenaline to the carotid sinus]. Adrenalin solution (1:1000) administered at the carotid sinus, through excitation of the depressoric C-fibre system of the carotid nerve, induces a strong, lasting reflectoric decrease of arterial pressure with slowing heart rate, associated with an almost complete inhibition of the efferent sympathetic activity of the renal nerve. The efferent sympathetic activity, arterial blood pressure and heart rate, both at the onset and at the height of adrenalin action, show corresponding activity changes: the relative inhibition of the sympathetic nerve is strongest correlated with the depressoric blood-pressure effect, while the decrease of heart rate, related to the initial activity, is least pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:1199604", "title": "[The inhibition of efferent sympathetic activity by means of pressure stimulation of the carotid sinus pressoreceptors].", "content": "The influence of pressure stimulation of a barorecptor upon the activity of the sympathetic nerve branch terminating in the wall of the contralateral carotid bifurcation was studied on narcotized dogs. The potential activity of this branch is of efferent nature. On the average, 570 msec after the pressure load applied to the opposite carotid sinus preparation, a silent period occurred. The duration of this silent period and the activity of the sympathetic nerve branch depend on the internal pressure of the preparation. The influence of different structures (central and peripheral) on latency, total and partial inhibition of the sympathetic activity are discussed.", "contents": "[The inhibition of efferent sympathetic activity by means of pressure stimulation of the carotid sinus pressoreceptors]. The influence of pressure stimulation of a barorecptor upon the activity of the sympathetic nerve branch terminating in the wall of the contralateral carotid bifurcation was studied on narcotized dogs. The potential activity of this branch is of efferent nature. On the average, 570 msec after the pressure load applied to the opposite carotid sinus preparation, a silent period occurred. The duration of this silent period and the activity of the sympathetic nerve branch depend on the internal pressure of the preparation. The influence of different structures (central and peripheral) on latency, total and partial inhibition of the sympathetic activity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199605", "title": "[The behavior of the b-wave in the electroretinogram of light-adapted frogs during serial light exposure].", "content": "In light-adapted frogs (adaptation luminance 10(3) asb) repeated flashes of high intensity (10(5) asb) caused decrease of the b-wave in the electroretinogram as compared to the results obtained with dark-adapted animals. The amplitude changes were monotonous in all cases; they were dependent on the spacing and duration of the stimulus. With short intervals (2-10 sec) the amplitude adjusted to a new level no later than after 8 flashes. With longer intervals (30 and 60 sec), however, the amplitude decreased slowly and steadily over the whole period of experiment. Under these conditions, adjustment to a new level was prevented by disturbing factors, which additionally reduced the retinal sensitivity depending on the duration of the experiment.", "contents": "[The behavior of the b-wave in the electroretinogram of light-adapted frogs during serial light exposure]. In light-adapted frogs (adaptation luminance 10(3) asb) repeated flashes of high intensity (10(5) asb) caused decrease of the b-wave in the electroretinogram as compared to the results obtained with dark-adapted animals. The amplitude changes were monotonous in all cases; they were dependent on the spacing and duration of the stimulus. With short intervals (2-10 sec) the amplitude adjusted to a new level no later than after 8 flashes. With longer intervals (30 and 60 sec), however, the amplitude decreased slowly and steadily over the whole period of experiment. Under these conditions, adjustment to a new level was prevented by disturbing factors, which additionally reduced the retinal sensitivity depending on the duration of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:1199606", "title": "[Demonstration of subcomponents of PIII in the ERG of isolated rabbit retina using sodium asparaginate].", "content": "Experiments on the sum potential to dark flashes after eliminating the positive components by low temperature (25 degrees C) and low content of plasma (10% instead of 50%) in the perfusion fluid have shown that the cornea-negative component PIII is extensively reduced by application of 10 mM sodium aspartate. The existence of an aspartate sensitive PIII-subcomponent, which was first discovered by intraretinal records, is not in agreement with the opinion that the whole PIII represents receptor activity. Fast and slow PIII-subcomponents are also discernible in the cornea-negative PIII - recorded with cross-electrodes - by their time course without and with adding sodium aspartate. The fast subcomponents are demonstrable in a rough approximation by condenser-coupling the amplifier (t = 0.3 sec). Changing the temperature from 22 degrees C to 27 degrees C the temperature quotient amounts to 1,3 for the fast subcomponents, and to 2.1 for the whole PIII including the slow subcomponents.", "contents": "[Demonstration of subcomponents of PIII in the ERG of isolated rabbit retina using sodium asparaginate]. Experiments on the sum potential to dark flashes after eliminating the positive components by low temperature (25 degrees C) and low content of plasma (10% instead of 50%) in the perfusion fluid have shown that the cornea-negative component PIII is extensively reduced by application of 10 mM sodium aspartate. The existence of an aspartate sensitive PIII-subcomponent, which was first discovered by intraretinal records, is not in agreement with the opinion that the whole PIII represents receptor activity. Fast and slow PIII-subcomponents are also discernible in the cornea-negative PIII - recorded with cross-electrodes - by their time course without and with adding sodium aspartate. The fast subcomponents are demonstrable in a rough approximation by condenser-coupling the amplifier (t = 0.3 sec). Changing the temperature from 22 degrees C to 27 degrees C the temperature quotient amounts to 1,3 for the fast subcomponents, and to 2.1 for the whole PIII including the slow subcomponents."}
{"id": "PMID:1199607", "title": "[Isolation of a PIIIcomponent in the electrogram of the frog retina by the use of acetylcholine].", "content": "By treating the isolated frog retina with acetylcholine the cornea-positive components in the ERG were suppressed and the cornea-negative component P III resulted as the only response to light stimulation in the mass potential. This P III corresponded in essential features to that P III isolated after treatment with aspartate and known as the mass receptor potential. Therefore, acetylcholine - the postulated transmitter substance between photoreceptors and second retinal neurons - meets the requirement to block the synaptic transmission in this region by artificial excess and to suppress the light evoked generation of the postsynaptic potentials.", "contents": "[Isolation of a PIIIcomponent in the electrogram of the frog retina by the use of acetylcholine]. By treating the isolated frog retina with acetylcholine the cornea-positive components in the ERG were suppressed and the cornea-negative component P III resulted as the only response to light stimulation in the mass potential. This P III corresponded in essential features to that P III isolated after treatment with aspartate and known as the mass receptor potential. Therefore, acetylcholine - the postulated transmitter substance between photoreceptors and second retinal neurons - meets the requirement to block the synaptic transmission in this region by artificial excess and to suppress the light evoked generation of the postsynaptic potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:1199608", "title": "[Technical simulation of intensity-duration curves with a model based on the membrane theory].", "content": "In earlier studies using a simplified black-box model, new concepts about the shape of I-T curves following electrical stimulation were developed. This model, however, was incompatible with the modern membrane theory of Hodkin and Huxley. The present paper describes a computer-aided simulation of the excitation process, based exclusively on the experimental results of Hdokin and Huxley. The simulated I-T curves do confirm the conclusions of the black-box model.", "contents": "[Technical simulation of intensity-duration curves with a model based on the membrane theory]. In earlier studies using a simplified black-box model, new concepts about the shape of I-T curves following electrical stimulation were developed. This model, however, was incompatible with the modern membrane theory of Hodkin and Huxley. The present paper describes a computer-aided simulation of the excitation process, based exclusively on the experimental results of Hdokin and Huxley. The simulated I-T curves do confirm the conclusions of the black-box model."}
{"id": "PMID:1199609", "title": "[Contribution to the structure of respiration control].", "content": "A structure is reported which describes the relatively free availability of the motor respiratory apparatus to non-respiratory functions due to the presence of a respiratory control both on homeostatic and motor levels. It is assumed that, at the motor level, a competition develops of two or more regulators for the same parameter (e.g. the activity of neurons that can be claimed both by respiratory and by a second skeletal motor process). The compromise being reached is dependent on the amplification in the competing circuits. The correlation between the metabolic value and that of the respiration-time volume may be accomplished by the fact that amplification in the respiratory-motor circuit is rendered variable as a result of its interconnection with the chemical respiratory control. The high time constant of the latter allows for the instantaneous free availability of the motor respiratory apparatus to non-respiratory functions. The postulated structure offers better interpretations for the actual respiration behaviour than those considering the respiratory function alone.", "contents": "[Contribution to the structure of respiration control]. A structure is reported which describes the relatively free availability of the motor respiratory apparatus to non-respiratory functions due to the presence of a respiratory control both on homeostatic and motor levels. It is assumed that, at the motor level, a competition develops of two or more regulators for the same parameter (e.g. the activity of neurons that can be claimed both by respiratory and by a second skeletal motor process). The compromise being reached is dependent on the amplification in the competing circuits. The correlation between the metabolic value and that of the respiration-time volume may be accomplished by the fact that amplification in the respiratory-motor circuit is rendered variable as a result of its interconnection with the chemical respiratory control. The high time constant of the latter allows for the instantaneous free availability of the motor respiratory apparatus to non-respiratory functions. The postulated structure offers better interpretations for the actual respiration behaviour than those considering the respiratory function alone."}
{"id": "PMID:1199610", "title": "[The spontaneous change in the optokinetic reactivity in lizards].", "content": "The optokinetik reactivity of lizards (Calotes versicolor Daud., Agamidae, Squamata) varies spontaneously within seconds. The animals follow the sinusoidal movement of a striped cylinder with head and eyes. Thereby the line of sight may follow exactly the pattern movement without angular slippage, or a slippage of various degree happens, or the animal does even not react at all. The optokinetic reactivity varies continuously and not stepwise. Both eyes may move independently. Accelerated smooth eye movements which overtake the speed pattern movement were observed. In optokinetic reactions the eyes take the bigger part of the angular movement than the head; in cases of vestibular stimulation the reverse is observed concerning the amplitude of the compensatory countermovement. Similar effects of variable optokinetic reactivity in other animals and in man depending on attention are discussed.", "contents": "[The spontaneous change in the optokinetic reactivity in lizards]. The optokinetik reactivity of lizards (Calotes versicolor Daud., Agamidae, Squamata) varies spontaneously within seconds. The animals follow the sinusoidal movement of a striped cylinder with head and eyes. Thereby the line of sight may follow exactly the pattern movement without angular slippage, or a slippage of various degree happens, or the animal does even not react at all. The optokinetic reactivity varies continuously and not stepwise. Both eyes may move independently. Accelerated smooth eye movements which overtake the speed pattern movement were observed. In optokinetic reactions the eyes take the bigger part of the angular movement than the head; in cases of vestibular stimulation the reverse is observed concerning the amplitude of the compensatory countermovement. Similar effects of variable optokinetic reactivity in other animals and in man depending on attention are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199611", "title": "[Possible functional properties of the labyrinth in Brachiosaurus brancai].", "content": "The dimensions of the semicircular canals and the respective ampullae of a complete labyrinth caste of Brachiosaurus Brancai were determined. Using the equation of motion and the dimensions of the semicircular canals the behaviour of the endolymph displacement of the Brachiosaurus labyrinth was calculated. The time constants of the system were found to be between the values 4 sec and 13 sec for T1 and 0.2 sec and 0.5 sec for T2. From these results it was concluded, that the head movements of the animal occurred in a range between 0.02 and 0.1 cps.", "contents": "[Possible functional properties of the labyrinth in Brachiosaurus brancai]. The dimensions of the semicircular canals and the respective ampullae of a complete labyrinth caste of Brachiosaurus Brancai were determined. Using the equation of motion and the dimensions of the semicircular canals the behaviour of the endolymph displacement of the Brachiosaurus labyrinth was calculated. The time constants of the system were found to be between the values 4 sec and 13 sec for T1 and 0.2 sec and 0.5 sec for T2. From these results it was concluded, that the head movements of the animal occurred in a range between 0.02 and 0.1 cps."}
{"id": "PMID:1199612", "title": "[Kidney function and arterial acid-base status during continuous stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors in vagotomized cats].", "content": "In spontaneously breathing, chloralose narcotized and bilaterally vagotomized cats under mannite saline diuresis, the isolated carotid sinus were perfused for 1 hr with arterial and then for 1 hr with venous blood, and subsequently again with arterial blood for 1 hr. Either measure d or calculated were the parameters of arterial acid-base status, the arterial systemic bl-od pressure, the p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), inulin (IN), and osmolar clearance, the filtration fraction, the tubular reabsorption of oxmotically free water, the urinary time volume, and fractional excretions of the kidneys. Stimulation of the carotic chemoreceptors increased respiration, slightly enhanced the CPAH, and caused a minor fall of CIN with little altered filtration fraction. The renal resistance increased. The absolute and fractional excretions of urine, sodium, potassium, and of osmotically active particles rose significantly. Tubular reabsorption of osmotically free water showed a singificant increase. Urinary osmolarity remained constant in general. The changes of water and electrolyte excretion did not correlate with those of renal hemodynamics. The results argue against natriuresis being caused on chemoreceptor stimulation by increased filtrate volume of the whole kidney, or by decreased osmolarity of the renal medulla. The results are discussed with regard to the renal function in arterial oxygen deficiency.", "contents": "[Kidney function and arterial acid-base status during continuous stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors in vagotomized cats]. In spontaneously breathing, chloralose narcotized and bilaterally vagotomized cats under mannite saline diuresis, the isolated carotid sinus were perfused for 1 hr with arterial and then for 1 hr with venous blood, and subsequently again with arterial blood for 1 hr. Either measure d or calculated were the parameters of arterial acid-base status, the arterial systemic bl-od pressure, the p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), inulin (IN), and osmolar clearance, the filtration fraction, the tubular reabsorption of oxmotically free water, the urinary time volume, and fractional excretions of the kidneys. Stimulation of the carotic chemoreceptors increased respiration, slightly enhanced the CPAH, and caused a minor fall of CIN with little altered filtration fraction. The renal resistance increased. The absolute and fractional excretions of urine, sodium, potassium, and of osmotically active particles rose significantly. Tubular reabsorption of osmotically free water showed a singificant increase. Urinary osmolarity remained constant in general. The changes of water and electrolyte excretion did not correlate with those of renal hemodynamics. The results argue against natriuresis being caused on chemoreceptor stimulation by increased filtrate volume of the whole kidney, or by decreased osmolarity of the renal medulla. The results are discussed with regard to the renal function in arterial oxygen deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1199613", "title": "[Effect of experimentally induced changes in blood flow on the heat and electrical conductivity of the skin].", "content": "This paper reports on the influence of experimentally induced changes in blood flow in upper extremities on both electrical resistance (1100 Hz; 30 kHz) and heat conductivity of the skin in 19 healthy adults. Exsanguination (ESMARCH bandage) caused a small decrease in resistance with recovery of the blood flow. Both changed of skin resistance and resting values of skin resistance have shown sex-related differences. The changes of heat conductivity are higher as compared to values of skin resistance. The results are discussed and compared with data from the literature.", "contents": "[Effect of experimentally induced changes in blood flow on the heat and electrical conductivity of the skin]. This paper reports on the influence of experimentally induced changes in blood flow in upper extremities on both electrical resistance (1100 Hz; 30 kHz) and heat conductivity of the skin in 19 healthy adults. Exsanguination (ESMARCH bandage) caused a small decrease in resistance with recovery of the blood flow. Both changed of skin resistance and resting values of skin resistance have shown sex-related differences. The changes of heat conductivity are higher as compared to values of skin resistance. The results are discussed and compared with data from the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1199614", "title": "Studies on the synthesis of liver phospholipids and the turnover of plasma phospholipids in non pregnant female rats using radioactive palmitate.", "content": "Using the tracer method and a compartmental model we found that 0.9 mumoles plasma free fatty acids per min are esterified to liver phospholipids. The turnover rate of plasma phospholipid fatty acids was determined to be 0.5 mumoles phospholipid fatty acids per min. The turnover time of the plasma phospholipid fatty acids was calculated to be 0.9 hours. The results indicate that only 69 per cent of plasma free fatty acids esterified to liver phospholipids are secreted by the liver into the plasma.", "contents": "Studies on the synthesis of liver phospholipids and the turnover of plasma phospholipids in non pregnant female rats using radioactive palmitate. Using the tracer method and a compartmental model we found that 0.9 mumoles plasma free fatty acids per min are esterified to liver phospholipids. The turnover rate of plasma phospholipid fatty acids was determined to be 0.5 mumoles phospholipid fatty acids per min. The turnover time of the plasma phospholipid fatty acids was calculated to be 0.9 hours. The results indicate that only 69 per cent of plasma free fatty acids esterified to liver phospholipids are secreted by the liver into the plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:1199616", "title": "[Measurements of electric membrane potentials in lymphocytes].", "content": "The interior of vital lymphocytes, as opposed to their outer environment, has a negative electric potential (rest potential), the magnitude of which depends on the potassium ion concentration of the extracellular medium. The bioelectric phenomena at the lymphocyte are determined not only by the functional state of the cell membrane, but also by the milieu of the blood cells which includes also the adsorbed proteins and lipids.", "contents": "[Measurements of electric membrane potentials in lymphocytes]. The interior of vital lymphocytes, as opposed to their outer environment, has a negative electric potential (rest potential), the magnitude of which depends on the potassium ion concentration of the extracellular medium. The bioelectric phenomena at the lymphocyte are determined not only by the functional state of the cell membrane, but also by the milieu of the blood cells which includes also the adsorbed proteins and lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1199617", "title": "Development of cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in rats.", "content": "The development of the contra- and ipsilateral cortical potential evoked by electrical sciatic nerve stimulation was studied in 77 male albino rats aged 5 to 45 days. A contralateral response was already recorded, as double negativity, in the youngest animals, while an ipsilateral evoked potential was not reliably present until the 10th day. At this time, however, both responses started with an inconstant positive wave and their shape was practically the same. During subsequent development the responses differed only in respect to their dominant component: in the contralateral response, the N1 wave had the highest amplitude for most of the time, while in the ipsilateral response the delayed N2 wave was the largest component. The latent periods of contralateral responses were somewhat shorter than those of ipsilateral evoked potentials. During development we noticed a phase of abrupt shortening of the latent period, which took place before the 15th day in the contralateral response and before the 20th day in the ipsilateral response. We also found a difference in the fatigability of the responses, which was greater in immature rats than in adult animals; in the ipsilateral evoked potential it approached adult values more slowly. The development of the ipsilateral response is thus delayed compared with the development of the contralateral response.", "contents": "Development of cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in rats. The development of the contra- and ipsilateral cortical potential evoked by electrical sciatic nerve stimulation was studied in 77 male albino rats aged 5 to 45 days. A contralateral response was already recorded, as double negativity, in the youngest animals, while an ipsilateral evoked potential was not reliably present until the 10th day. At this time, however, both responses started with an inconstant positive wave and their shape was practically the same. During subsequent development the responses differed only in respect to their dominant component: in the contralateral response, the N1 wave had the highest amplitude for most of the time, while in the ipsilateral response the delayed N2 wave was the largest component. The latent periods of contralateral responses were somewhat shorter than those of ipsilateral evoked potentials. During development we noticed a phase of abrupt shortening of the latent period, which took place before the 15th day in the contralateral response and before the 20th day in the ipsilateral response. We also found a difference in the fatigability of the responses, which was greater in immature rats than in adult animals; in the ipsilateral evoked potential it approached adult values more slowly. The development of the ipsilateral response is thus delayed compared with the development of the contralateral response."}
{"id": "PMID:1199618", "title": "[The function of innervated kidneys during stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors under constant renal perfusion pressure].", "content": "The carotid chemoreceptors of narcotized, vagotomized and spontaneously breathing hydropenic cats in hypertonic mannite diuresis were stimulated by perfusion with venous blood penic cats in hypertonic mannite diuresis were stimulated by perfusion with venous blood for 70 min. Elevation of blood pressure at the innervated kidneys was prevented by an automatically controlled balloon located within the aorta. Stimulation of the chemoreceptors intensified respiration and raised the arterial systemic pressure. With the renal arteries at constant pressure, the effective renal plasma flow and the glomerular filtration rate significantly declined. The filtration fraction remained unchanged. The absolute urinary and sodium excretion did not change significantly, whereas the fractional time-volume, fractional sodium excretion, and the fractional osmotic excretion significantly increased. The fractional tubular reabsorption of osmotically free water was significantly enhanced. These reactions subsided during subsequent perfusion of the glomerula carotici with arterial blood. The results suggest that tubular sodium reabsorption is inhibited by stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors, although re-adjustment of renal perfusion and filtrate volume cannot be excluded.", "contents": "[The function of innervated kidneys during stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors under constant renal perfusion pressure]. The carotid chemoreceptors of narcotized, vagotomized and spontaneously breathing hydropenic cats in hypertonic mannite diuresis were stimulated by perfusion with venous blood penic cats in hypertonic mannite diuresis were stimulated by perfusion with venous blood for 70 min. Elevation of blood pressure at the innervated kidneys was prevented by an automatically controlled balloon located within the aorta. Stimulation of the chemoreceptors intensified respiration and raised the arterial systemic pressure. With the renal arteries at constant pressure, the effective renal plasma flow and the glomerular filtration rate significantly declined. The filtration fraction remained unchanged. The absolute urinary and sodium excretion did not change significantly, whereas the fractional time-volume, fractional sodium excretion, and the fractional osmotic excretion significantly increased. The fractional tubular reabsorption of osmotically free water was significantly enhanced. These reactions subsided during subsequent perfusion of the glomerula carotici with arterial blood. The results suggest that tubular sodium reabsorption is inhibited by stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors, although re-adjustment of renal perfusion and filtrate volume cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:1199619", "title": "[Continuous measurement of oxygen consumption in small laboratory animals].", "content": "A technique for measuring the oxygen consumption of small laboratory animals suitable for pharmacological and toxicological studies is described. The oxygen consumption of the animal in the respiratory chamber is compensated by means of a photoelectrically operating servo mechanism from an oxygen reservoir. The oxygen supplied is directly recorded via a transducer by an X-Y recorder. The carbon dioxide exhaled by the animal is entirely absorbed. Composition and pressure of air in the respiratory chamber correspond to the physiological medium. The usefulness of this technique is demonstrated by investigations on the effects of epinephrine and morphine on the oxygen consumption of rats.", "contents": "[Continuous measurement of oxygen consumption in small laboratory animals]. A technique for measuring the oxygen consumption of small laboratory animals suitable for pharmacological and toxicological studies is described. The oxygen consumption of the animal in the respiratory chamber is compensated by means of a photoelectrically operating servo mechanism from an oxygen reservoir. The oxygen supplied is directly recorded via a transducer by an X-Y recorder. The carbon dioxide exhaled by the animal is entirely absorbed. Composition and pressure of air in the respiratory chamber correspond to the physiological medium. The usefulness of this technique is demonstrated by investigations on the effects of epinephrine and morphine on the oxygen consumption of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1199620", "title": "[The kinetics of lithium in the rat serum, brain and liver].", "content": "The kinetics of lithium in the serum, liver and brain of rats is described. The serum levels resembled those of man, whereas considerable quantitative differences were observed when comparing specific kinetic parameters. The brain level increased with the increasing doses, approaching the corresponding serum level. Concentration differences between different brain areas could be observed only after repeated administrations. Striatum, cortex and hippocampus showed significantly higher levels than the thalamus. The liver content remained low with increasing doses, and was below the brain level.", "contents": "[The kinetics of lithium in the rat serum, brain and liver]. The kinetics of lithium in the serum, liver and brain of rats is described. The serum levels resembled those of man, whereas considerable quantitative differences were observed when comparing specific kinetic parameters. The brain level increased with the increasing doses, approaching the corresponding serum level. Concentration differences between different brain areas could be observed only after repeated administrations. Striatum, cortex and hippocampus showed significantly higher levels than the thalamus. The liver content remained low with increasing doses, and was below the brain level."}
{"id": "PMID:1199621", "title": "[Acute prostaglandin E changes in the kidney medulla after intravenous application of blood pressure active drugs in rabbits].", "content": "The blood pressure active substances noradrenaline, alpha-methyl-dopa, clonidine, dihydralazine, and reserpine were studied 20 min after i.v. administration to rabbits for their action on blood pressure, heart rate, PGE-content and -synthesis in the renal medulla. Noradrenaline caused increase in blood pressure, and distinctly enhanced the PGE content in the renal medulla. alpha-methyl-dopa raised both PGE-content and -synthesis, without changing blood pressure and heart rate. Clonidine and dihydralazine caused a pronounced fall of the blood pressure, but only did dihydralazine lower PGE-synthesis, while no such effect was produced by clonidine. Reserpine, like dihydralazine, decreased PGE-synthesis, without simultaneously lowering blood pressure. Indomethacine, one of the most potent inhibitors of PG-synthesis, has no effect on blood pressure within 20 min. The results argue against the existence of a simple direct correlation between PGE-synthesis rate in the homogenate of rabbit renal medulla and the instantaneous blood pressure.", "contents": "[Acute prostaglandin E changes in the kidney medulla after intravenous application of blood pressure active drugs in rabbits]. The blood pressure active substances noradrenaline, alpha-methyl-dopa, clonidine, dihydralazine, and reserpine were studied 20 min after i.v. administration to rabbits for their action on blood pressure, heart rate, PGE-content and -synthesis in the renal medulla. Noradrenaline caused increase in blood pressure, and distinctly enhanced the PGE content in the renal medulla. alpha-methyl-dopa raised both PGE-content and -synthesis, without changing blood pressure and heart rate. Clonidine and dihydralazine caused a pronounced fall of the blood pressure, but only did dihydralazine lower PGE-synthesis, while no such effect was produced by clonidine. Reserpine, like dihydralazine, decreased PGE-synthesis, without simultaneously lowering blood pressure. Indomethacine, one of the most potent inhibitors of PG-synthesis, has no effect on blood pressure within 20 min. The results argue against the existence of a simple direct correlation between PGE-synthesis rate in the homogenate of rabbit renal medulla and the instantaneous blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1199622", "title": "Studies on cardioactive steroids. III. Characterization of different cardiac glycosides by their effects on contractility and rhythmicity at different extracellular potassium concentrations.", "content": "In the present paper, the naturally occurring glycosides digitoxin, gitoxin, 16-acetyl-gitoxin, digoxin, cymarol, ouabain, and proscillaridin, and the semi-synthetic 16-epi-gitoxin and 16-acetyl-16-epi-gitoxin are investigated as to their inotropic action and their effects on rhythmicity at isolated spontaneously beating atria of the guinea-pig heart in dependence on the variation of the potassium concentration of the nutritive fluid ([K+]0: 1.34, 2.68, and 5.36 mM resp.). The major results are as follows. 1. Effects of raising [K+]0 from 1.34 to 2.68 mM: The range of the inotropically effective concentrations as well as the size of the maximum inotropic action are more or less strongly improved with all glycosides. The glycoside concentrations required to get inotropic maximum had to be increased to a high degree with proscillaridin and digoxin. The mean arrhythmia percentage occurring at the inotropic maximum is either decreased (gitoxin, 16-epi-gitoxin, digoxin, proscillaridin), unchanged (digitoxin, 16-acetyl-16-epi-gitoxin) or even increased (16-acetyl-gitoxin, cymarol, ouabain). The inotropic value is improved to a high extent with gitoxin only. 2. Effect of raising [K+]0 from 2.68 to 5.36 mM: The range of the inotropically effective concentrations is extended (digitoxin and cymarol) or diminished (proscillaridin), but remains essentially unchanged with most glycosides. The size of the maximum inotropic effect is increased with digoxin, ouabain and 16-epi-gitoxin, but decreased significantly with digitoxin and proscillaridin. The glycoside concentrations required to produce the inotropic maximum are essentially unchanged with the exception of 16-epi-gitoxin, 16-acetyl-gitoxin and ouabain. The mean arrhythmia percentage at the maximum inotropic effect is dramatically reduced with digoxin, cymarol and proscillaridin. The inotropic value is improved with all glycosides except digitoxin. 3. Evaluation of the various glycosides: When judged on the basis of the range of inotropically effective concentrations, the maximum inotropic effect, the mean arrhythmia percentage at the inotropic maximum and the inotropic value, the best first three glycosides include 16-epi-gitoxin and digoxin. 16-Epi-gitoxin and its 16-acetate show that most favourable relationship between the effect on contractility and rhythmicity. The cause of the differential actions of the structurally-different glycosides on contractility and rhythmicity is hypothesized to be due to divergences in structure and/or conformation of the receptor areas of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of contractile and excitable cells.", "contents": "Studies on cardioactive steroids. III. Characterization of different cardiac glycosides by their effects on contractility and rhythmicity at different extracellular potassium concentrations. In the present paper, the naturally occurring glycosides digitoxin, gitoxin, 16-acetyl-gitoxin, digoxin, cymarol, ouabain, and proscillaridin, and the semi-synthetic 16-epi-gitoxin and 16-acetyl-16-epi-gitoxin are investigated as to their inotropic action and their effects on rhythmicity at isolated spontaneously beating atria of the guinea-pig heart in dependence on the variation of the potassium concentration of the nutritive fluid ([K+]0: 1.34, 2.68, and 5.36 mM resp.). The major results are as follows. 1. Effects of raising [K+]0 from 1.34 to 2.68 mM: The range of the inotropically effective concentrations as well as the size of the maximum inotropic action are more or less strongly improved with all glycosides. The glycoside concentrations required to get inotropic maximum had to be increased to a high degree with proscillaridin and digoxin. The mean arrhythmia percentage occurring at the inotropic maximum is either decreased (gitoxin, 16-epi-gitoxin, digoxin, proscillaridin), unchanged (digitoxin, 16-acetyl-16-epi-gitoxin) or even increased (16-acetyl-gitoxin, cymarol, ouabain). The inotropic value is improved to a high extent with gitoxin only. 2. Effect of raising [K+]0 from 2.68 to 5.36 mM: The range of the inotropically effective concentrations is extended (digitoxin and cymarol) or diminished (proscillaridin), but remains essentially unchanged with most glycosides. The size of the maximum inotropic effect is increased with digoxin, ouabain and 16-epi-gitoxin, but decreased significantly with digitoxin and proscillaridin. The glycoside concentrations required to produce the inotropic maximum are essentially unchanged with the exception of 16-epi-gitoxin, 16-acetyl-gitoxin and ouabain. The mean arrhythmia percentage at the maximum inotropic effect is dramatically reduced with digoxin, cymarol and proscillaridin. The inotropic value is improved with all glycosides except digitoxin. 3. Evaluation of the various glycosides: When judged on the basis of the range of inotropically effective concentrations, the maximum inotropic effect, the mean arrhythmia percentage at the inotropic maximum and the inotropic value, the best first three glycosides include 16-epi-gitoxin and digoxin. 16-Epi-gitoxin and its 16-acetate show that most favourable relationship between the effect on contractility and rhythmicity. The cause of the differential actions of the structurally-different glycosides on contractility and rhythmicity is hypothesized to be due to divergences in structure and/or conformation of the receptor areas of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of contractile and excitable cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1199624", "title": "[Effect of increased diuresis on the renal excretion of sulfamerazine].", "content": "The excretion velocity of sulfamerazine is very slow, caused by a high reabsortion rate in renal tubuli. An increased diuresis by i.p. administration of saline or p.o. load with water has no effect on the sulfamerazine excretion velocity. The enhanced diuresis is accompanied by a decrease of the urine pH-value and consequently by a decreased dissociation rate of sulfamerazine.", "contents": "[Effect of increased diuresis on the renal excretion of sulfamerazine]. The excretion velocity of sulfamerazine is very slow, caused by a high reabsortion rate in renal tubuli. An increased diuresis by i.p. administration of saline or p.o. load with water has no effect on the sulfamerazine excretion velocity. The enhanced diuresis is accompanied by a decrease of the urine pH-value and consequently by a decreased dissociation rate of sulfamerazine."}
{"id": "PMID:1199626", "title": "Problems and terminology of functional teratology.", "content": "Possible causes for the teratogenesis of fundamental processes of life are explained. Hence, it is suggested that traditional teratology, i.e. teratomorphology (developmental pathomorphology) should be completed by teratophysiology (developmental pathophysiology), teratopsychology (developmental pathopsychology), and teratoimmunology (developmental pathoimmunology), as developmental biology can be also subdivided into developmental morphology, developmental physiology, developmental psychology and developmental immunology.", "contents": "Problems and terminology of functional teratology. Possible causes for the teratogenesis of fundamental processes of life are explained. Hence, it is suggested that traditional teratology, i.e. teratomorphology (developmental pathomorphology) should be completed by teratophysiology (developmental pathophysiology), teratopsychology (developmental pathopsychology), and teratoimmunology (developmental pathoimmunology), as developmental biology can be also subdivided into developmental morphology, developmental physiology, developmental psychology and developmental immunology."}
{"id": "PMID:1199627", "title": "Collaboration of serotonin and melatonin in the control of thyroid function.", "content": "The stimulatory effect of serotonin and the inhibitory effect of melatonin on iodine incorporation by thyroid follicular cells are both inhibited by the serotonin antagonists methysergid and cyphroheptadine. Serotonin and melatonin can mutually prevent each other's action. A collaboration of melatonin and serotonin in the regulation of thyroid function is implied from the experimental observations.", "contents": "Collaboration of serotonin and melatonin in the control of thyroid function. The stimulatory effect of serotonin and the inhibitory effect of melatonin on iodine incorporation by thyroid follicular cells are both inhibited by the serotonin antagonists methysergid and cyphroheptadine. Serotonin and melatonin can mutually prevent each other's action. A collaboration of melatonin and serotonin in the regulation of thyroid function is implied from the experimental observations."}
{"id": "PMID:1199628", "title": "[Comparative studies on the determination of the A-hel blood group factor in the pig by use of various lectins].", "content": "Comparable investigations of the A-hel-receptor with Anti-AHP and 6 different phytagglutinins are reported which have been tested in 305 samples of pig blood. Anti-ADb disposing of a higher specificity is recommended for determining the Hel-factor in pigs instead of Anti-AHP.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the determination of the A-hel blood group factor in the pig by use of various lectins]. Comparable investigations of the A-hel-receptor with Anti-AHP and 6 different phytagglutinins are reported which have been tested in 305 samples of pig blood. Anti-ADb disposing of a higher specificity is recommended for determining the Hel-factor in pigs instead of Anti-AHP."}
{"id": "PMID:1199629", "title": "[Effect of the replication of rubella virus on the protein biosynthesis of BHK 21 cell cultures].", "content": "The protein biosynthesis of BHK-21/C 13 cell cultures under the influence of multiplying rubella virus was studied by the uptake and incorporation of 14C leucine. The uptake of 14C leucine by the cells of virus-infected cultures was found to increase up to the third day after infection; no further increase was detectable on the fourth day. Control cultures maintained under the same conditions showed a similar behaviour up to the second and on the fourth day. On the third day, the virus-infected cultures exhibited significantly higher uptake than the controls. It may be that the virus infection causes damage to the cellular wall, the nature of which has yet to be elucidated. The protein incorporation of 14C leucine slightly increases in the virus-infected cultures 36 hrs after infection. This increase is not equally pronounced in the control cultures, but the differences were not significant.", "contents": "[Effect of the replication of rubella virus on the protein biosynthesis of BHK 21 cell cultures]. The protein biosynthesis of BHK-21/C 13 cell cultures under the influence of multiplying rubella virus was studied by the uptake and incorporation of 14C leucine. The uptake of 14C leucine by the cells of virus-infected cultures was found to increase up to the third day after infection; no further increase was detectable on the fourth day. Control cultures maintained under the same conditions showed a similar behaviour up to the second and on the fourth day. On the third day, the virus-infected cultures exhibited significantly higher uptake than the controls. It may be that the virus infection causes damage to the cellular wall, the nature of which has yet to be elucidated. The protein incorporation of 14C leucine slightly increases in the virus-infected cultures 36 hrs after infection. This increase is not equally pronounced in the control cultures, but the differences were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1199630", "title": "[Comparison of the activities of free and carrier fixed horseradish peroxidase].", "content": "Commerical horseradish-peroxidase was covalently bound to BrCN-activated sepharose. The activity parameters Vmax and Km were determined by the leukomalachite green reaction. Compared with the soluble enzyme, the immobilized POD has a relative residual activity of 22%. Dimethylsulfoxide and formamide were found to diminish the enzymatic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The activity of the free enzyme in aqueous formamide solution (10%) is reduced by 43%, that of the insolubilized enzyme by 68%. Dimethylsulfoxide (15%) does not alter the LMG conversion rate of free POD, whilst a rate loss by 60% was observed for the immobilized enzyme.", "contents": "[Comparison of the activities of free and carrier fixed horseradish peroxidase]. Commerical horseradish-peroxidase was covalently bound to BrCN-activated sepharose. The activity parameters Vmax and Km were determined by the leukomalachite green reaction. Compared with the soluble enzyme, the immobilized POD has a relative residual activity of 22%. Dimethylsulfoxide and formamide were found to diminish the enzymatic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The activity of the free enzyme in aqueous formamide solution (10%) is reduced by 43%, that of the insolubilized enzyme by 68%. Dimethylsulfoxide (15%) does not alter the LMG conversion rate of free POD, whilst a rate loss by 60% was observed for the immobilized enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1199631", "title": "Calcium uptake and calcium release by subcellular fractions of smooth muscle. II. Kinetics of calcium uptake by microsomes and mitochondria from pig coronary artery and guinea pig ileum.", "content": "Calcium uptake by the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions of pig coronary artery and guinea pig ileum was studied in the presence of ATP, ATP plus oxalate and without ATP and oxalate. Microsomes and mitochondria of both smooth muscles were found to be unable to accumulate appreciable amounts of calcium in the absence of ATP. Oxalate noticeably stimulated the calcium uptake of the mitochondrial fraction from pig coronary artery but had little effect on calcium uptake by the microsomal fraction of this smooth muscle. The calcium uptake of microsomes and mitochondria from guinea pig ileum was not or only slightly enhanced by oxalate. There are typical kinetics regarding the time course and the extent of calcium uptake by microsomes and mitochondria from pig coronary artery and guinea pig ileum. In comparison, considerable qualitative and quantitative differences between both smooth muscles are observed. The high ATP-dependent calcium uptake capacity of the mitochondria from pig coronary artery and guinea pig ileum are a further argument for the hypothesis that these organelles may play an important role in the contraction-relaxation mechanism of smooth muscle.", "contents": "Calcium uptake and calcium release by subcellular fractions of smooth muscle. II. Kinetics of calcium uptake by microsomes and mitochondria from pig coronary artery and guinea pig ileum. Calcium uptake by the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions of pig coronary artery and guinea pig ileum was studied in the presence of ATP, ATP plus oxalate and without ATP and oxalate. Microsomes and mitochondria of both smooth muscles were found to be unable to accumulate appreciable amounts of calcium in the absence of ATP. Oxalate noticeably stimulated the calcium uptake of the mitochondrial fraction from pig coronary artery but had little effect on calcium uptake by the microsomal fraction of this smooth muscle. The calcium uptake of microsomes and mitochondria from guinea pig ileum was not or only slightly enhanced by oxalate. There are typical kinetics regarding the time course and the extent of calcium uptake by microsomes and mitochondria from pig coronary artery and guinea pig ileum. In comparison, considerable qualitative and quantitative differences between both smooth muscles are observed. The high ATP-dependent calcium uptake capacity of the mitochondria from pig coronary artery and guinea pig ileum are a further argument for the hypothesis that these organelles may play an important role in the contraction-relaxation mechanism of smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1199632", "title": "[DNA and protein synthesis in cultured lens epithelial cells. I. Test system].", "content": "An in vitro test system for measuring DNA and protein synthesis in cultivated lens epithelium cells was developed. The method is suited also for other monolayer cultures; it has the following advantages: a) Cultivation of cells, incubation with radionuclides, preparation of the samples and measurement of radioactivity are carried out in the same vessel (scintillation vial); b) The use of 3H-thymidine and 14C-phenylalanine allows simultaneous measurement of DNA and protein synthesis; c) Only small amounts of cells (10(4) to 10(5) cells) are required to measure DNA and protein synthesis. The test system is highly sensitive to synthetic effectors (cytosone arabinoside, actinomycin D, puromycin), and is thus appropriate for the detection of inhibitors of DNA and protein synthesis and for testing the toxicity of drugs.", "contents": "[DNA and protein synthesis in cultured lens epithelial cells. I. Test system]. An in vitro test system for measuring DNA and protein synthesis in cultivated lens epithelium cells was developed. The method is suited also for other monolayer cultures; it has the following advantages: a) Cultivation of cells, incubation with radionuclides, preparation of the samples and measurement of radioactivity are carried out in the same vessel (scintillation vial); b) The use of 3H-thymidine and 14C-phenylalanine allows simultaneous measurement of DNA and protein synthesis; c) Only small amounts of cells (10(4) to 10(5) cells) are required to measure DNA and protein synthesis. The test system is highly sensitive to synthetic effectors (cytosone arabinoside, actinomycin D, puromycin), and is thus appropriate for the detection of inhibitors of DNA and protein synthesis and for testing the toxicity of drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1199633", "title": "[DNA and protein synthesis in cultured lens epithelial cells. II. Activity of synthetic effectors].", "content": "Cultivated bovine lens epithelium cells are highly susceptible to inhibitors of DNA-, RNA- and protein synthesis. The strict correlation between inhibition by puromycin of protein and DNA synthesis suggests that, in the cell system investigated, protein synthesis is essential for DNA synthesis to occur. Studies with actinomycin D have shown that in cultivated lens epithelium cells, part of protein synthesis is accomplished through a relatively long-lived mRNA. In long-term cultivation experiments, no further stabilization of mRNA, which is typical of lens fibre cells, could be demonstrated. There are indications that high doses of actinomycin D produce direct inhibition of DNA synthesis. By means of cytosine arabinoside a linear relationship was established between concentration of the effector and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Protein synthesis remains virtually unaffected even after high doses. The strong inhibition of DNA synthesis with protein synthesis continuing (\"unbalanced growth\") could not be utilized for the synchronization of lens epithelium cells, because it was only partly reversible after changing the medium and applying deoxycytidine.", "contents": "[DNA and protein synthesis in cultured lens epithelial cells. II. Activity of synthetic effectors]. Cultivated bovine lens epithelium cells are highly susceptible to inhibitors of DNA-, RNA- and protein synthesis. The strict correlation between inhibition by puromycin of protein and DNA synthesis suggests that, in the cell system investigated, protein synthesis is essential for DNA synthesis to occur. Studies with actinomycin D have shown that in cultivated lens epithelium cells, part of protein synthesis is accomplished through a relatively long-lived mRNA. In long-term cultivation experiments, no further stabilization of mRNA, which is typical of lens fibre cells, could be demonstrated. There are indications that high doses of actinomycin D produce direct inhibition of DNA synthesis. By means of cytosine arabinoside a linear relationship was established between concentration of the effector and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Protein synthesis remains virtually unaffected even after high doses. The strong inhibition of DNA synthesis with protein synthesis continuing (\"unbalanced growth\") could not be utilized for the synchronization of lens epithelium cells, because it was only partly reversible after changing the medium and applying deoxycytidine."}
{"id": "PMID:1199634", "title": "Discontinuity of the large ribosomal subunit RNA and rRNA molecular weights in eukaryote evolution.", "content": "The molecular weights and the integrity of the two major components of ribosomal RNA from a wide variety of eukaryotic species, from protozoa to man, has been investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under fully denaturing conditions. The results show that the s-rRNA is largely heterogeneous, ranging in size, from 0.65 X 10(6) to 0.96 X 10(6) dalton. The l-rRNA ranges in size from a minimum mol wt of 1.28 X 10(6) to a maximum weight of 1.60--1.66 X 10(6) (of warm-blooded vertebrates, Cephalopoda and Diptera); several intermediate values have been found in lower organisms and Protozoa. The s-rRNA is a truly continous, uninterrupted polynucleotide chain in all groups of organisms (protozoans, plants, fungi and animals). The larger rRNA is a continous un-nicked chain in all of the deuterostomian animals, plants and fungi. However, the l-rRNA of all the protostomian animals and the protozoa is an aggregate molecule consisting of two subunits held together by limited regions of hydrogen bounding; in these organisms the size of the s-rRNA is generally identical to that of the larger fragment of the l-rRNA. Analysis of the molecular weights of the subunits of the l-rRNA in the protostomians and the protozoa suggests that the l-rRNA contains one short stretch, prone to nucleolytic attack, dividing the RNA chain into a molecularly conserved portion (0.65 to 0.72 X 10(6) dalton) and a variable portion (0.65 to 0.96 X 10(6) dalton).", "contents": "Discontinuity of the large ribosomal subunit RNA and rRNA molecular weights in eukaryote evolution. The molecular weights and the integrity of the two major components of ribosomal RNA from a wide variety of eukaryotic species, from protozoa to man, has been investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under fully denaturing conditions. The results show that the s-rRNA is largely heterogeneous, ranging in size, from 0.65 X 10(6) to 0.96 X 10(6) dalton. The l-rRNA ranges in size from a minimum mol wt of 1.28 X 10(6) to a maximum weight of 1.60--1.66 X 10(6) (of warm-blooded vertebrates, Cephalopoda and Diptera); several intermediate values have been found in lower organisms and Protozoa. The s-rRNA is a truly continous, uninterrupted polynucleotide chain in all groups of organisms (protozoans, plants, fungi and animals). The larger rRNA is a continous un-nicked chain in all of the deuterostomian animals, plants and fungi. However, the l-rRNA of all the protostomian animals and the protozoa is an aggregate molecule consisting of two subunits held together by limited regions of hydrogen bounding; in these organisms the size of the s-rRNA is generally identical to that of the larger fragment of the l-rRNA. Analysis of the molecular weights of the subunits of the l-rRNA in the protostomians and the protozoa suggests that the l-rRNA contains one short stretch, prone to nucleolytic attack, dividing the RNA chain into a molecularly conserved portion (0.65 to 0.72 X 10(6) dalton) and a variable portion (0.65 to 0.96 X 10(6) dalton)."}
{"id": "PMID:1199635", "title": "An inexpensive device for sample stirring in VSU Zeiss spectrophotometers. Its use for kinetic measurements and active site titrations with immobilized enzymes.", "content": "The construction of a simple and effective sample stirring device for commercial spectrophotometers and its use for continuous kinetic measurements and active site titrations with immobilized enzymes is described. Sepharose-bound leucine aminopeptidase and trypsin were selected as model enzymes to test the performance of the magnetic stirring equipment. Kinetic parameters of insolubilized leucine aminopeptidase using L-leucine p-nitroanilide as substrate and the catalytic site concentration of matris-bound trypsin using p-nitrophenyl p'-guanidinobenzoate as active site titrant could be evaluated without significant interference from the turbidity of the stirred Sepharose suspension. The problem of grinding of the support material could be overcome. Both unbound native and carrier-fixed enzyme may be reacted under identical conditions with similar convenience and sensitivity.", "contents": "An inexpensive device for sample stirring in VSU Zeiss spectrophotometers. Its use for kinetic measurements and active site titrations with immobilized enzymes. The construction of a simple and effective sample stirring device for commercial spectrophotometers and its use for continuous kinetic measurements and active site titrations with immobilized enzymes is described. Sepharose-bound leucine aminopeptidase and trypsin were selected as model enzymes to test the performance of the magnetic stirring equipment. Kinetic parameters of insolubilized leucine aminopeptidase using L-leucine p-nitroanilide as substrate and the catalytic site concentration of matris-bound trypsin using p-nitrophenyl p'-guanidinobenzoate as active site titrant could be evaluated without significant interference from the turbidity of the stirred Sepharose suspension. The problem of grinding of the support material could be overcome. Both unbound native and carrier-fixed enzyme may be reacted under identical conditions with similar convenience and sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1199636", "title": "[Behavior of heart rate in man during movement from horizontal to upright position at different speeds].", "content": "In ten healthy males heart rate during changes from recombent to upright position at different speeds was studied. Contrary to the rapid passive and active change of body position the subjects showed no increase in heart rate in the sense of an \"initial complex\", when moved by slow tilting from horizontal to upright position (70 degrees).", "contents": "[Behavior of heart rate in man during movement from horizontal to upright position at different speeds]. In ten healthy males heart rate during changes from recombent to upright position at different speeds was studied. Contrary to the rapid passive and active change of body position the subjects showed no increase in heart rate in the sense of an \"initial complex\", when moved by slow tilting from horizontal to upright position (70 degrees)."}
{"id": "PMID:1199637", "title": "[Various critical comments on the interpretation of staircase- and potentiation phenomena in the rabbit heart muscle].", "content": "Some critical remarks on the interpretation of staircase and potentiation phenomena (rabbit heart muscle). Isometric contractions of rabbit papillary muscles and atrial strips were investigated at temperatures from 13.2 degrees C to 35 degrees C after rests of different duration at constant stimulation frequency before rest, in a period after rest and in a transition phase following a step of stimulation frequency. Changes in potentiation as well as changes in dynamics after rest and dynamics after steps of stimulation frequency are caused by lowering the temperature. Any hypothesis on the subject of Ca-movements between intracellular stores would have to account for changes in potentiation, staircase phenomena and the development of after-contractions at low temperatures.", "contents": "[Various critical comments on the interpretation of staircase- and potentiation phenomena in the rabbit heart muscle]. Some critical remarks on the interpretation of staircase and potentiation phenomena (rabbit heart muscle). Isometric contractions of rabbit papillary muscles and atrial strips were investigated at temperatures from 13.2 degrees C to 35 degrees C after rests of different duration at constant stimulation frequency before rest, in a period after rest and in a transition phase following a step of stimulation frequency. Changes in potentiation as well as changes in dynamics after rest and dynamics after steps of stimulation frequency are caused by lowering the temperature. Any hypothesis on the subject of Ca-movements between intracellular stores would have to account for changes in potentiation, staircase phenomena and the development of after-contractions at low temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:1199638", "title": "[Universal measuring site for the determination of tissue-impedance variations in relation to blood perfusion].", "content": "In view of the importance of impedance plethysmography requirements are formulated for a modern impedance measuring device basing on a long experience with this method of measurement. The principle mode of action of the measuring equipment and the pneumatics with the timing element are described. A number of recordings is shown to illustrate the universality of the measuring equipment.", "contents": "[Universal measuring site for the determination of tissue-impedance variations in relation to blood perfusion]. In view of the importance of impedance plethysmography requirements are formulated for a modern impedance measuring device basing on a long experience with this method of measurement. The principle mode of action of the measuring equipment and the pneumatics with the timing element are described. A number of recordings is shown to illustrate the universality of the measuring equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:1199639", "title": "[Interindividual variability and intraindividual reaction stability of bioelectric muscular tension of the long finger flexor in model exercise].", "content": "Twelve untrained subjects had to perform opening and closing movements of the hand (2 mm-sec(-1) on a hand ergometer. The load was 2kp for woman and 5 kp for man. Two sequences of the test were carried out, one after the other. The EMG was derived unipolarly from the belly of the Mm. flex. digit, and the mean bioelectrical muscle activity was measured. The following factors were tested in each subject by means of an analysis of variance. Factor A -- phase of exercise, Factor B --repetition of exercise and Factor C -- type of sequence. The analysis of the stability of individual reactions was made through serial correlations. Factor A influenced the mean bioelectrical muscle activity in all subjects while Factors B and C had an influence only in some cases. A significant interaction effect between pairs of factors occurred only in a few subjects. The serial correlation coefficients for Factor A of the same composition is between 0.40 and 0.80. The values of the mean correlation functions for the two sequences of Factor C, C(I) and C(II), are 0.69 and 0.68 respectively. In each subject the range of the cross correlation coefficients of the sequences C(I) and C(II) was between 0.70 and 0.92. Possible causes for the varying experimental results were discussed.", "contents": "[Interindividual variability and intraindividual reaction stability of bioelectric muscular tension of the long finger flexor in model exercise]. Twelve untrained subjects had to perform opening and closing movements of the hand (2 mm-sec(-1) on a hand ergometer. The load was 2kp for woman and 5 kp for man. Two sequences of the test were carried out, one after the other. The EMG was derived unipolarly from the belly of the Mm. flex. digit, and the mean bioelectrical muscle activity was measured. The following factors were tested in each subject by means of an analysis of variance. Factor A -- phase of exercise, Factor B --repetition of exercise and Factor C -- type of sequence. The analysis of the stability of individual reactions was made through serial correlations. Factor A influenced the mean bioelectrical muscle activity in all subjects while Factors B and C had an influence only in some cases. A significant interaction effect between pairs of factors occurred only in a few subjects. The serial correlation coefficients for Factor A of the same composition is between 0.40 and 0.80. The values of the mean correlation functions for the two sequences of Factor C, C(I) and C(II), are 0.69 and 0.68 respectively. In each subject the range of the cross correlation coefficients of the sequences C(I) and C(II) was between 0.70 and 0.92. Possible causes for the varying experimental results were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199640", "title": "[Effect of brain stem lesions on hibernation of the hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.)].", "content": "Small lesions in the brain stem (including the hypothalamus) of the European hamster were effective with respect to food intake, hibernatory disposition and thermogenic power (oxygen consumption) as well. Hyperphagia was accompanied by depression of hibernation mostly. Moreover, hibernation was hindered by impairment of the thermogenic capacity. Entrance into hibernation depended on the integrity of the middle and caudal hypothalamic areas and the rostral portions of the pons and midbrain. Hyperphagia resulted from destruction of the middle (ventromedial) hypothalamic and caudal hypothalamic areas, including transition structures to the pons. A depression of thermogenesis against cold was observed after destruction of supramammillary and neighbouring mesencephalic areas. Supplementary results: An annual metabolic rhythm characterized by a minimum in december has been established once more. Urethane anesthesia did not abolish cold thermogenesis, despite the development of a slight hypothermia. Poikilothermia resulting from brain stem damage disappeared during a three-day period. Furthermore, diencephalic lesions did not suppress arousal from hibernation significantly.", "contents": "[Effect of brain stem lesions on hibernation of the hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.)]. Small lesions in the brain stem (including the hypothalamus) of the European hamster were effective with respect to food intake, hibernatory disposition and thermogenic power (oxygen consumption) as well. Hyperphagia was accompanied by depression of hibernation mostly. Moreover, hibernation was hindered by impairment of the thermogenic capacity. Entrance into hibernation depended on the integrity of the middle and caudal hypothalamic areas and the rostral portions of the pons and midbrain. Hyperphagia resulted from destruction of the middle (ventromedial) hypothalamic and caudal hypothalamic areas, including transition structures to the pons. A depression of thermogenesis against cold was observed after destruction of supramammillary and neighbouring mesencephalic areas. Supplementary results: An annual metabolic rhythm characterized by a minimum in december has been established once more. Urethane anesthesia did not abolish cold thermogenesis, despite the development of a slight hypothermia. Poikilothermia resulting from brain stem damage disappeared during a three-day period. Furthermore, diencephalic lesions did not suppress arousal from hibernation significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:1199641", "title": "[Adaptation of rats following sodium-nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia].", "content": "Adaptation of rats following sodium nitrite induced methemoglobinemia. The effect of repeated intraperitoneal injections of sodium nitrite on methemoglobin, hemoglobin and blood sugar level, on leucine aminopeptidase activity in plasma and methemoglobin reductase activity in red blood cells was investigated in rats. Repeated methemoglobinemia produced gradual disappearance of hyperglycemia, changes of hemoglobin content in blood and increase of methemoglobin reductase activity in red blood cells.", "contents": "[Adaptation of rats following sodium-nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia]. Adaptation of rats following sodium nitrite induced methemoglobinemia. The effect of repeated intraperitoneal injections of sodium nitrite on methemoglobin, hemoglobin and blood sugar level, on leucine aminopeptidase activity in plasma and methemoglobin reductase activity in red blood cells was investigated in rats. Repeated methemoglobinemia produced gradual disappearance of hyperglycemia, changes of hemoglobin content in blood and increase of methemoglobin reductase activity in red blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1199642", "title": "[Influence of various tasks on activation and self-evaluation in a test with equal psychomotor performance].", "content": "In two tests, healthy individuals had to perform one tapping-task each. In the first test they had to knock as quickly as possible (without feedback via the motor performance), while in the second test the motor performance of the first experiment was reproduced precisely by means of feedback allowing them to evaluate the result of their action. In the second experiment, the individuals were significantly less activated, and they felt the second task was easier, requiring less performance. The effect of feedback upon the course of activation, and the role of sensation of activation by the individual in judging his own performance are described.", "contents": "[Influence of various tasks on activation and self-evaluation in a test with equal psychomotor performance]. In two tests, healthy individuals had to perform one tapping-task each. In the first test they had to knock as quickly as possible (without feedback via the motor performance), while in the second test the motor performance of the first experiment was reproduced precisely by means of feedback allowing them to evaluate the result of their action. In the second experiment, the individuals were significantly less activated, and they felt the second task was easier, requiring less performance. The effect of feedback upon the course of activation, and the role of sensation of activation by the individual in judging his own performance are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1199643", "title": "[Adaptation of electropic and ionotropic vagal effects on the isolated rabbit atrium].", "content": "Long-time vagal stimulation induces a decrease of electrotropic and inotropic effects on the isolated rabbit atrium in spite of constant stimulation frequency. This decrease is defined as effect adaptation. To compensate this effect adaptation, the n. vagus was stimulated with increasing stimulation frequency. Compensation is possible for a certain period referred to as control time. The adaptation of the electrotropic effects is more delayed and weaker than the inotropic effect adaptation. The control times of the electrotropic effect are longer than those of the inotropic effect. Acetylcholine perfusion without vagal stimulation shows the same results. It was shown that the effect adaptaion does not result from depletion of acetylcholine stores or from co-stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibres. The effect adaptation is discussed as being the result of machano-electrical coupling.", "contents": "[Adaptation of electropic and ionotropic vagal effects on the isolated rabbit atrium]. Long-time vagal stimulation induces a decrease of electrotropic and inotropic effects on the isolated rabbit atrium in spite of constant stimulation frequency. This decrease is defined as effect adaptation. To compensate this effect adaptation, the n. vagus was stimulated with increasing stimulation frequency. Compensation is possible for a certain period referred to as control time. The adaptation of the electrotropic effects is more delayed and weaker than the inotropic effect adaptation. The control times of the electrotropic effect are longer than those of the inotropic effect. Acetylcholine perfusion without vagal stimulation shows the same results. It was shown that the effect adaptaion does not result from depletion of acetylcholine stores or from co-stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibres. The effect adaptation is discussed as being the result of machano-electrical coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:1199644", "title": "[Biocybernetic studies on reflectory heart modification in the rabbit].", "content": "In rabbits the depressor nerves and cardiac vagal branches were stimulated. Their actions on heart rate, atrio-ventricular conduction time, myocardial action potential and mean central blood pressure were recorded. The frequency-effect characteristics of the chronotropic, dromotropic and electrotropic actions on the heart, resulting from afferent and efferent nerve stimulation, are compared. The participation of each of the depressor nerves in their total effects on heart rate and blood pressure is studied. Time courses of heart rate and blood pressure decrease by afferent and efferent nerve stimulation with sinusoidally modulated pulse rates are presented. The results are discussed with respect to the different dynamics of blood pressure and heart rate control. It is concluded that at least two mechanisms are involved in blood pressure control by the depressor nerves: 1. Decrease of vascular resistance by lowering the sympathetic tone. 2. Decrease of heart rate by enhancing the cardiac vagal activity. It is suggested that the parasympathetic control unit compensates rapid disturbances, whereas the slow-acting sympathetic vascular mechanism exerts a long-time pressure control of high efficiency.", "contents": "[Biocybernetic studies on reflectory heart modification in the rabbit]. In rabbits the depressor nerves and cardiac vagal branches were stimulated. Their actions on heart rate, atrio-ventricular conduction time, myocardial action potential and mean central blood pressure were recorded. The frequency-effect characteristics of the chronotropic, dromotropic and electrotropic actions on the heart, resulting from afferent and efferent nerve stimulation, are compared. The participation of each of the depressor nerves in their total effects on heart rate and blood pressure is studied. Time courses of heart rate and blood pressure decrease by afferent and efferent nerve stimulation with sinusoidally modulated pulse rates are presented. The results are discussed with respect to the different dynamics of blood pressure and heart rate control. It is concluded that at least two mechanisms are involved in blood pressure control by the depressor nerves: 1. Decrease of vascular resistance by lowering the sympathetic tone. 2. Decrease of heart rate by enhancing the cardiac vagal activity. It is suggested that the parasympathetic control unit compensates rapid disturbances, whereas the slow-acting sympathetic vascular mechanism exerts a long-time pressure control of high efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1199645", "title": "[Marcov processes and neuronal engram formation--a model].", "content": "The multivariate partial autocorrelation bases on the noncircular serial correlation matrices and is a problem of eigen values. Autoregressive oscillations of a time series and its order can be tested. MARCOV processes are 1st order processes, they are found during the conversion of short into long time memory (conditioned avoidance response).", "contents": "[Marcov processes and neuronal engram formation--a model]. The multivariate partial autocorrelation bases on the noncircular serial correlation matrices and is a problem of eigen values. Autoregressive oscillations of a time series and its order can be tested. MARCOV processes are 1st order processes, they are found during the conversion of short into long time memory (conditioned avoidance response)."}
{"id": "PMID:1199647", "title": "[Formation of crystal-like ribosomal aggregates in smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig ileum following incubation in vitro].", "content": "The formation of crystal-like aggregates of ribosomes with a ribosome-ribosome distance of 45--50 nm in degenerated smooth muscle cells from guinea pig ileum was described. The ribosome aggregates were formed under the influence of tissue incubation for 15--60 minutes at room temperature (25 degrees C) To our knowledge, this is the first observation of crystal-like ribosome aggregates in adult mammalian tissue.", "contents": "[Formation of crystal-like ribosomal aggregates in smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig ileum following incubation in vitro]. The formation of crystal-like aggregates of ribosomes with a ribosome-ribosome distance of 45--50 nm in degenerated smooth muscle cells from guinea pig ileum was described. The ribosome aggregates were formed under the influence of tissue incubation for 15--60 minutes at room temperature (25 degrees C) To our knowledge, this is the first observation of crystal-like ribosome aggregates in adult mammalian tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1199648", "title": "[Two technical artifices useful in the surgical treatment of perforations of the thoracic oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "Perforation of the thoracic oesophagus sets a difficult surgical challenge because suture and drainage are rarely sufficient by themselves. The authors describe two artifices likely to help in such circumstances: endothoracic fundo-plicatio and pediculated flap of the greater omentum. Their use in 4 clinical cases is reported.", "contents": "[Two technical artifices useful in the surgical treatment of perforations of the thoracic oesophagus (author's transl)]. Perforation of the thoracic oesophagus sets a difficult surgical challenge because suture and drainage are rarely sufficient by themselves. The authors describe two artifices likely to help in such circumstances: endothoracic fundo-plicatio and pediculated flap of the greater omentum. Their use in 4 clinical cases is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1199649", "title": "[Surgical treatment of chronic anal fissures. Modification of the operation of Gabriel (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports a personal technique for treating chronic complicated anal fissures. The advantages of this technique are: 1. Complete removal of lesions (fissure and its sclerotic base). 2. Covering of the week area with good quality mucosa. 3. Small uncovered residual area with consequent fast healing. 4. Nonetheless good drainage of the suture line. 5. Sphincterotomy made unnecessary as the debridment close to the muscle of the posterior flap removes together with the fissure, the fibrous tract (pecten) that often formed beneath. 6. Horn-shaped incisions drain as well as the large excision of Gabriel and avoid development of a fibrous scar at the posterior anal commissure. 7. The operation is relatively painless. The experience of the author is based on 500 cases, with no morbidity or recurrence.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of chronic anal fissures. Modification of the operation of Gabriel (author's transl)]. The author reports a personal technique for treating chronic complicated anal fissures. The advantages of this technique are: 1. Complete removal of lesions (fissure and its sclerotic base). 2. Covering of the week area with good quality mucosa. 3. Small uncovered residual area with consequent fast healing. 4. Nonetheless good drainage of the suture line. 5. Sphincterotomy made unnecessary as the debridment close to the muscle of the posterior flap removes together with the fissure, the fibrous tract (pecten) that often formed beneath. 6. Horn-shaped incisions drain as well as the large excision of Gabriel and avoid development of a fibrous scar at the posterior anal commissure. 7. The operation is relatively painless. The experience of the author is based on 500 cases, with no morbidity or recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:1199650", "title": "[Colorectal reconstruction after the Hartmann operation, by a simplified Duhamel technique using the GIA American stapler (author's transl)].", "content": "Reconstruction of the colon after Hartmann operation by an end-to-end anastomosis necessitates a rather extensive dissection of the rectal cul-de-sac; this can be avoided by posterior and transanal lowering according to Duhamel's technique. The major drawback of this technique, prolonged keeping of foreps in the anus, can be avoided by immediate anastomosis using the USSC-GIA stapler. The use of the stapler is described and a clinical case reported.", "contents": "[Colorectal reconstruction after the Hartmann operation, by a simplified Duhamel technique using the GIA American stapler (author's transl)]. Reconstruction of the colon after Hartmann operation by an end-to-end anastomosis necessitates a rather extensive dissection of the rectal cul-de-sac; this can be avoided by posterior and transanal lowering according to Duhamel's technique. The major drawback of this technique, prolonged keeping of foreps in the anus, can be avoided by immediate anastomosis using the USSC-GIA stapler. The use of the stapler is described and a clinical case reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1199651", "title": "[Bronchial stapling. Review of 76 pulmonary resections (author's transl)].", "content": "Bronchial stapling with the USSC TA-30 device was used in 76 pulmonary resections. There were 6 fistulae i.e. 3.7% less than in a series of 216 bronchial sutures.", "contents": "[Bronchial stapling. Review of 76 pulmonary resections (author's transl)]. Bronchial stapling with the USSC TA-30 device was used in 76 pulmonary resections. There were 6 fistulae i.e. 3.7% less than in a series of 216 bronchial sutures."}
{"id": "PMID:1199652", "title": "[Use of the brock punch for confection of a shunt between both ventricles, the ventricle and pulmonary artery or aorta without cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) (author's transl)].", "content": "Use of the Brock punch for placing a graft on the ventricle is a simple and easy technique not requiring CPB. This offers large experimental possibilities with clinical applications resulting from the experience gained in the laboratory.", "contents": "[Use of the brock punch for confection of a shunt between both ventricles, the ventricle and pulmonary artery or aorta without cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) (author's transl)]. Use of the Brock punch for placing a graft on the ventricle is a simple and easy technique not requiring CPB. This offers large experimental possibilities with clinical applications resulting from the experience gained in the laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:1199653", "title": "[A metallic extractor in vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied and perfected a series of 5 metallic extrators based on the extension of steel springs. This resulted in fine probe that can be used both in venous and arterial surgery. The authors have tested that the pressure produced by the springs does not exceed the mechanical resistance of normal vascular walls. It was possible to remove atheromatous fragments or clots, after other techniques had failed. These extractors seem well adapted to their task, that is to improve mechanical disobstruction of vessels.", "contents": "[A metallic extractor in vascular surgery (author's transl)]. The authors have studied and perfected a series of 5 metallic extrators based on the extension of steel springs. This resulted in fine probe that can be used both in venous and arterial surgery. The authors have tested that the pressure produced by the springs does not exceed the mechanical resistance of normal vascular walls. It was possible to remove atheromatous fragments or clots, after other techniques had failed. These extractors seem well adapted to their task, that is to improve mechanical disobstruction of vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1199654", "title": "[The needlewoman crochet and the arterio-venous fistula of Cimino-Brescia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a simple means of destroying the venous valves that oppose countercurrent perfusion of the distal venous segment of a latero-lateral arterio-venous fistula.", "contents": "[The needlewoman crochet and the arterio-venous fistula of Cimino-Brescia (author's transl)]. The authors describe a simple means of destroying the venous valves that oppose countercurrent perfusion of the distal venous segment of a latero-lateral arterio-venous fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:1199655", "title": "[Indications, method and results of autotransfusion in trauma and vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have used the Bentley Ats 100 system, a disposable autotransfusion unit, in 31 cases of trauma and major vascular surgery. An original method of anticoagulation consisting in heparine (1 mg/kg bodyweight) and priming and flushing of the succion unit with ACD is described. The effect of the autotransfusion on the coagulation and the recent problems and advances are discussed.", "contents": "[Indications, method and results of autotransfusion in trauma and vascular surgery (author's transl)]. The authors have used the Bentley Ats 100 system, a disposable autotransfusion unit, in 31 cases of trauma and major vascular surgery. An original method of anticoagulation consisting in heparine (1 mg/kg bodyweight) and priming and flushing of the succion unit with ACD is described. The effect of the autotransfusion on the coagulation and the recent problems and advances are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199657", "title": "The carbon dioxide laser; some possibilities in surgery.", "content": "The CO2 laser emits an infra red beam with a wavelength of 10,6 mu. Focussing this beam gives a tremendous energy density. The strong absorption of this wavelength allows tissue evaporation at the focal point of the beam. The first surgical application is the use of this laser as a light knife. Satisfying haemostasis can be obtained. Vessels with an internal diameter up to 0,5 mm being sealed, haemostatic cutting is possible. Even cortical bone can easily be cut with this instrument. The ability to vaporize tissues can be used for tumor destruction. Special attachments for endoscopic surgery are available. Experimental work in the rectum and on vocal cords has been done in our laboratory. The important problem in laser surgery is the necrosis on the edges. Investigations about the viability of the margins, showed that the width of the necrosis is in linear relationship with the rate of the exposure time. For an exposure of 1/10th of a second this width was about 130 mu, for an exposure of 6 seconds about 600 mu. After one year of experimental work with the CO2 laser we are convinced that this instrument might prove to be a reliable tool in surgery.", "contents": "The carbon dioxide laser; some possibilities in surgery. The CO2 laser emits an infra red beam with a wavelength of 10,6 mu. Focussing this beam gives a tremendous energy density. The strong absorption of this wavelength allows tissue evaporation at the focal point of the beam. The first surgical application is the use of this laser as a light knife. Satisfying haemostasis can be obtained. Vessels with an internal diameter up to 0,5 mm being sealed, haemostatic cutting is possible. Even cortical bone can easily be cut with this instrument. The ability to vaporize tissues can be used for tumor destruction. Special attachments for endoscopic surgery are available. Experimental work in the rectum and on vocal cords has been done in our laboratory. The important problem in laser surgery is the necrosis on the edges. Investigations about the viability of the margins, showed that the width of the necrosis is in linear relationship with the rate of the exposure time. For an exposure of 1/10th of a second this width was about 130 mu, for an exposure of 6 seconds about 600 mu. After one year of experimental work with the CO2 laser we are convinced that this instrument might prove to be a reliable tool in surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1199658", "title": "[An improved technique for transverse pelvic incisions: supra-pubian deinsertion of rectus abdominis (author's transl)].", "content": "Deinsertion of the rectus muscles allows an esthaetic supra-pubian transverse incision, enlargeable at will and yielding a solid repair. The technique has the same indications, and many more, as the Pfannenstiel incision. For those who keep on using the latter the present technique always enables the surgeon to transform a narrow field into a large transverse laporotomy.", "contents": "[An improved technique for transverse pelvic incisions: supra-pubian deinsertion of rectus abdominis (author's transl)]. Deinsertion of the rectus muscles allows an esthaetic supra-pubian transverse incision, enlargeable at will and yielding a solid repair. The technique has the same indications, and many more, as the Pfannenstiel incision. For those who keep on using the latter the present technique always enables the surgeon to transform a narrow field into a large transverse laporotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199659", "title": "[Aponeurotic suspension of the bladder cervix: how much tension should be put on the sling and how should this be measured (author's transl)].", "content": "In the sling operation for stress incontinence, it is difficult to have an appropriate tension on the sling. The authors describe the use of a modified Spring-gauge to measure this tension: this should be of 170 grammes.", "contents": "[Aponeurotic suspension of the bladder cervix: how much tension should be put on the sling and how should this be measured (author's transl)]. In the sling operation for stress incontinence, it is difficult to have an appropriate tension on the sling. The authors describe the use of a modified Spring-gauge to measure this tension: this should be of 170 grammes."}
{"id": "PMID:1199666", "title": "Electrical sizing of liver cell nuclei by the particle beam method. Mean volume, volume distribution and electrical resistance.", "content": "Electrical sizing of liver cell nuclei gives similar results as histological techniques for the mean volume, the volume distribution and the proportions of the different nuclear volume populations. The electrical method has, compared to histological technics, however, the advantage of higher rapidity and accuracy. Due to the good volume resolution of the improved electrical sizing method two populations of nuclei with different mean volumes can be distinguished in rat liver tissue besides di-, tetra- and octoploid cell nuclei. In addition to the volume distribution curves, the mean electrical resistance of isolated liver nuclei can be determined by the electrical sizing method. A newly developed micromehod provides enough cell nuclei for electrical sizing from only 10 mg liver tissue in a few minutes. This should enable the measurement of nuclear volume distribution curves of human biopsy material from the liver and gastrointestinal tract for diagnostic purposes on a larger scale.", "contents": "Electrical sizing of liver cell nuclei by the particle beam method. Mean volume, volume distribution and electrical resistance. Electrical sizing of liver cell nuclei gives similar results as histological techniques for the mean volume, the volume distribution and the proportions of the different nuclear volume populations. The electrical method has, compared to histological technics, however, the advantage of higher rapidity and accuracy. Due to the good volume resolution of the improved electrical sizing method two populations of nuclei with different mean volumes can be distinguished in rat liver tissue besides di-, tetra- and octoploid cell nuclei. In addition to the volume distribution curves, the mean electrical resistance of isolated liver nuclei can be determined by the electrical sizing method. A newly developed micromehod provides enough cell nuclei for electrical sizing from only 10 mg liver tissue in a few minutes. This should enable the measurement of nuclear volume distribution curves of human biopsy material from the liver and gastrointestinal tract for diagnostic purposes on a larger scale."}
{"id": "PMID:1199667", "title": "Synthetic capacity and cell metabolites of bile duct obstructed rat livers. Effect of free and conjugated dihydroxy bile acids.", "content": "Morphologic alterations in liver cells after bile duct ligation are well known and documented in numerous reports. Biochemical studies concerning metabolic changes in cholestatic liver are rare. Therefore, in this study, liver cell metabolites and the capacity of the perfused cholestatic rat liver to produce glucose, urea and ketone bodies were measured. In addition the influence of dihydroxy bile acids on normal and bile duct ligated rat livers was studied. Concentrations of adenine nucleotides, lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, glucose and UDP-glucose were found to be identical in cholestatic and normal livers. Glycogen content, however, was significantly lowered in cholestatic livers. Gluconeogenesis from lactate and urea production from ammonium chloride were only slightly reduced in bile duct obstructed rat livers. Dihydroxy bile acids did not affect the metabolism of normal or cholestatic livers. Ketone body production from oleate was reduced to 66% in bile duct obstructed livers, taurochenodeoxycholate further reduced this value to the normal value. In contrast to earlier reports (Fisher and co-workers, 1971 Lab. Invest. 21; 88-91; Gastroenterology 60: 742) chenodeoxycholate induced neither cholestasis nor a marked fall in ATP content or rat liver in our experiments with female Wistar rats. In conclusion, dihydroxy bile salts did exert toxic short term effects on rat livers.", "contents": "Synthetic capacity and cell metabolites of bile duct obstructed rat livers. Effect of free and conjugated dihydroxy bile acids. Morphologic alterations in liver cells after bile duct ligation are well known and documented in numerous reports. Biochemical studies concerning metabolic changes in cholestatic liver are rare. Therefore, in this study, liver cell metabolites and the capacity of the perfused cholestatic rat liver to produce glucose, urea and ketone bodies were measured. In addition the influence of dihydroxy bile acids on normal and bile duct ligated rat livers was studied. Concentrations of adenine nucleotides, lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, glucose and UDP-glucose were found to be identical in cholestatic and normal livers. Glycogen content, however, was significantly lowered in cholestatic livers. Gluconeogenesis from lactate and urea production from ammonium chloride were only slightly reduced in bile duct obstructed rat livers. Dihydroxy bile acids did not affect the metabolism of normal or cholestatic livers. Ketone body production from oleate was reduced to 66% in bile duct obstructed livers, taurochenodeoxycholate further reduced this value to the normal value. In contrast to earlier reports (Fisher and co-workers, 1971 Lab. Invest. 21; 88-91; Gastroenterology 60: 742) chenodeoxycholate induced neither cholestasis nor a marked fall in ATP content or rat liver in our experiments with female Wistar rats. In conclusion, dihydroxy bile salts did exert toxic short term effects on rat livers."}
{"id": "PMID:1199668", "title": "The effect of long term treatment with penicillamine on the copper content in the liver in patients with Wilson's disease.", "content": "Determination of hepatic copper concentration is the most exact criterion in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. In the course of penicillamine therapy the copper content in the liver decreases, but normal values are achieved only after five or more years of treatment. Normalisation of the hepatic cooper concentration lags distinctly behind the clinical state. Distinct improvement of clinical state is already reached after a half to one year of treatment. The correlation between hepatic copper concentration and the amount of copper's excreted in the urine is statistically significant before the starting of treatment and during administration of penicillamine as well. The urinary copper excretion is a good indirect and indicator of the copper concentration in the liver.", "contents": "The effect of long term treatment with penicillamine on the copper content in the liver in patients with Wilson's disease. Determination of hepatic copper concentration is the most exact criterion in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. In the course of penicillamine therapy the copper content in the liver decreases, but normal values are achieved only after five or more years of treatment. Normalisation of the hepatic cooper concentration lags distinctly behind the clinical state. Distinct improvement of clinical state is already reached after a half to one year of treatment. The correlation between hepatic copper concentration and the amount of copper's excreted in the urine is statistically significant before the starting of treatment and during administration of penicillamine as well. The urinary copper excretion is a good indirect and indicator of the copper concentration in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1199669", "title": "The significance of HB antigenemy in apparently healthy persons in the clinic for liver diseases.", "content": "The study tries to clarify the affliction of liver as a consequence of the permanent HB antigenemy in apparently healthy persons. The study proves beyond doubt that in the majority of the HB antigen carriers such histological changes of the liver can be found that can be attributed only to an infection by the hepatitis virus. The majority of the HB antigen carriers are suffering either from the chronic focal (58%) or from the diffuse (21%) persistent hepatitis. A smaller percentage is suffering from more dangerous hepatopathies (acute viral hepatitis 4,2%, hepatitis chron. aggressiva 4.2%, cirrhosis 1,4%). The kind of the illness can be determined with the histological examination only because of the absence of the clinical symptomatology and because of the liver function tests are in such cases frequently normal. Our investigations indicate that the diffuse and focal forms of persistent hepatitis can remain unchanged overlong periods and the same histological findings over a number of years. The chronic persistent hepatitis, however, may develop through clinically imperceptible changes into a chronic aggressive hepatitis, and the inapparent acute hepatitis can even pass over directly into cirrhosis. The identification of various forms of hepatitis, from light instances to the most severe cases, among the HB antigen carriers proves that the acute viral hepatitis of the type B may have in all the phases of its development a clinically asymptomatic course; it may even asymptomatically pass over into hepatopathies of the most severe kinds. The state of health of persons with HB antigenemy must be systematically followed up. For these reasons the histological examinations of the bioptic liver material that are made from time to time during the follow up of the illness have a decisive role.", "contents": "The significance of HB antigenemy in apparently healthy persons in the clinic for liver diseases. The study tries to clarify the affliction of liver as a consequence of the permanent HB antigenemy in apparently healthy persons. The study proves beyond doubt that in the majority of the HB antigen carriers such histological changes of the liver can be found that can be attributed only to an infection by the hepatitis virus. The majority of the HB antigen carriers are suffering either from the chronic focal (58%) or from the diffuse (21%) persistent hepatitis. A smaller percentage is suffering from more dangerous hepatopathies (acute viral hepatitis 4,2%, hepatitis chron. aggressiva 4.2%, cirrhosis 1,4%). The kind of the illness can be determined with the histological examination only because of the absence of the clinical symptomatology and because of the liver function tests are in such cases frequently normal. Our investigations indicate that the diffuse and focal forms of persistent hepatitis can remain unchanged overlong periods and the same histological findings over a number of years. The chronic persistent hepatitis, however, may develop through clinically imperceptible changes into a chronic aggressive hepatitis, and the inapparent acute hepatitis can even pass over directly into cirrhosis. The identification of various forms of hepatitis, from light instances to the most severe cases, among the HB antigen carriers proves that the acute viral hepatitis of the type B may have in all the phases of its development a clinically asymptomatic course; it may even asymptomatically pass over into hepatopathies of the most severe kinds. The state of health of persons with HB antigenemy must be systematically followed up. For these reasons the histological examinations of the bioptic liver material that are made from time to time during the follow up of the illness have a decisive role."}
{"id": "PMID:1199670", "title": "PH of the gastric mucosa after surgical interventions an experimental study.", "content": "In 41 dogs the mucosal pH was studied before and after different types of gastric resection. After BI and BII-Schoemaker type of resection a decrease of the slope of the pH-graph and an increase in latency was found. The mean surface of the non-acid area was the most extended in the BII-group, while the same was found for the pH-value of the border zone. Also the reduction of the number of parietal cells was reduced considerably. The changes in the microradioangiographic pattern and the histology of the border zone are discussed in view of the findings concerning the changes in mucosal pH and the histological investigation.", "contents": "PH of the gastric mucosa after surgical interventions an experimental study. In 41 dogs the mucosal pH was studied before and after different types of gastric resection. After BI and BII-Schoemaker type of resection a decrease of the slope of the pH-graph and an increase in latency was found. The mean surface of the non-acid area was the most extended in the BII-group, while the same was found for the pH-value of the border zone. Also the reduction of the number of parietal cells was reduced considerably. The changes in the microradioangiographic pattern and the histology of the border zone are discussed in view of the findings concerning the changes in mucosal pH and the histological investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199671", "title": "Histology of polypoid lesions found in specimens resected for adenocarcinoma of the colon.", "content": "In a revision of 298 colectomy specimens resected for adenocarcinoma of the large bowell, 35 cases (13%) were found to have associated polypoid lesions. Twenty-nine of the polypoid lesions were adenomatous polyps, one a villous adenoma and other a retention polyp. Eight of the adenomatous polyps had a variable degree of benign atypical changes and malignant transformation occurred in four adenomatous polyps with the development of an adenocarcinoma. Four other lesions were small polypoid adenocarcinomas arising in normal colonic mucosa. Four double primary carcinomas were found among the 35 colectomy specimens with polyps. In this paper a significative incidence of malignant polypoid lesions associated with adenocarcinomas of the large bowell were found. The importance of well defined histological criteria in the diagnosis of malignancy and atypical changesin adenomatous polyps in stressed out.", "contents": "Histology of polypoid lesions found in specimens resected for adenocarcinoma of the colon. In a revision of 298 colectomy specimens resected for adenocarcinoma of the large bowell, 35 cases (13%) were found to have associated polypoid lesions. Twenty-nine of the polypoid lesions were adenomatous polyps, one a villous adenoma and other a retention polyp. Eight of the adenomatous polyps had a variable degree of benign atypical changes and malignant transformation occurred in four adenomatous polyps with the development of an adenocarcinoma. Four other lesions were small polypoid adenocarcinomas arising in normal colonic mucosa. Four double primary carcinomas were found among the 35 colectomy specimens with polyps. In this paper a significative incidence of malignant polypoid lesions associated with adenocarcinomas of the large bowell were found. The importance of well defined histological criteria in the diagnosis of malignancy and atypical changesin adenomatous polyps in stressed out."}
{"id": "PMID:1199672", "title": "Protein synthesis in human gastric mucosa: effects of pentagastrin, secretin, and 13-nle-motilin.", "content": "This study in man (n = 35) deals with the effects of in vivo administration of pentagastrin, synthetic secretin, and 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-motillin), respectively, on the in vitro incorporation of 14C-leucine into gastric mucosal protein. From the results presented it may be concluded that pentagastrin has a trophic influence on gastric mucosa in man, too, while protein synthesis in human duodenal mucosa remains unaltered. As the incorporatin of 14C-leucine into gastric mucosal protein is inhibited both by secretion and 13-nle-motiln, it may be hypothesised that secretin and motilin act as functional antagonists of gastrin in the regulation of human gastric mucosal protein synthesis.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in human gastric mucosa: effects of pentagastrin, secretin, and 13-nle-motilin. This study in man (n = 35) deals with the effects of in vivo administration of pentagastrin, synthetic secretin, and 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-motillin), respectively, on the in vitro incorporation of 14C-leucine into gastric mucosal protein. From the results presented it may be concluded that pentagastrin has a trophic influence on gastric mucosa in man, too, while protein synthesis in human duodenal mucosa remains unaltered. As the incorporatin of 14C-leucine into gastric mucosal protein is inhibited both by secretion and 13-nle-motiln, it may be hypothesised that secretin and motilin act as functional antagonists of gastrin in the regulation of human gastric mucosal protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199673", "title": "[Sera showing the ability of erythrocyte panagglutination].", "content": "The properties of a factor causing panagglutination of erythrocytes are described. The factor was found in the sera of three patients when blood was tested for transfusion. Panagglutination appeared in the indirect antiglobulin test when the erythrocytes were being washed with 0.15 M NaCl without addition of phosphate buffer. The method for cross testing in such cases was elaborated, with washing the cells with 0.15 M NaCl buffered with phosphates.", "contents": "[Sera showing the ability of erythrocyte panagglutination]. The properties of a factor causing panagglutination of erythrocytes are described. The factor was found in the sera of three patients when blood was tested for transfusion. Panagglutination appeared in the indirect antiglobulin test when the erythrocytes were being washed with 0.15 M NaCl without addition of phosphate buffer. The method for cross testing in such cases was elaborated, with washing the cells with 0.15 M NaCl buffered with phosphates."}
{"id": "PMID:1199674", "title": "[Effect of HL-A system antigen differences on the specificity of produced anti-leukocyte antibodies].", "content": "In Rh-negative volunteers immunized for development of anti-D antibodies the specificity of developed anti-leucocyte antibodies was determined. The specificity of these antibodies was analysed in relation to HL-A antigenic differences determined in donors and recipients. The antigenic power of sublocus II was found to be superior to that of sublocus I. Another observation was more frequent production of cross-reacting antibodies. A trial of analysis of these volunteers in whom no antileucocyte antibodies developed during immunization with blood was undertaken.", "contents": "[Effect of HL-A system antigen differences on the specificity of produced anti-leukocyte antibodies]. In Rh-negative volunteers immunized for development of anti-D antibodies the specificity of developed anti-leucocyte antibodies was determined. The specificity of these antibodies was analysed in relation to HL-A antigenic differences determined in donors and recipients. The antigenic power of sublocus II was found to be superior to that of sublocus I. Another observation was more frequent production of cross-reacting antibodies. A trial of analysis of these volunteers in whom no antileucocyte antibodies developed during immunization with blood was undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:1199681", "title": "Various background pattern-effect on saccadic suppression.", "content": "It has been proved that the saccadic suppression is a phenomenon closely related to the presence of contours and structures in the visual field. Experiments were performed to clarify whether the structured background influences the pattern of attention distribution (making the stimulus detection more difficult) or whether the elevation of visual threshold is due to the \"masking' effect of the moving background image over the retina. Two types of backgrounds were used therefore: those with symbolic meaning in the processing of which \"psychological' mechanisms are presumably involved like picture reproductions of famous painters and photographs of nudes, and those lacking semantic significance like computer figures composed of randomly distributed black and white squares with different grain expressed as the entropy of the pattern. The results show that saccadic suppression is primarily a consequence of peripheral mechanisms, probably of lateral inhibition in the visual field occurring in the presence of moving edges over the retina. Psychological factors have to be excluded as being fundamental for saccadic suppression.", "contents": "Various background pattern-effect on saccadic suppression. It has been proved that the saccadic suppression is a phenomenon closely related to the presence of contours and structures in the visual field. Experiments were performed to clarify whether the structured background influences the pattern of attention distribution (making the stimulus detection more difficult) or whether the elevation of visual threshold is due to the \"masking' effect of the moving background image over the retina. Two types of backgrounds were used therefore: those with symbolic meaning in the processing of which \"psychological' mechanisms are presumably involved like picture reproductions of famous painters and photographs of nudes, and those lacking semantic significance like computer figures composed of randomly distributed black and white squares with different grain expressed as the entropy of the pattern. The results show that saccadic suppression is primarily a consequence of peripheral mechanisms, probably of lateral inhibition in the visual field occurring in the presence of moving edges over the retina. Psychological factors have to be excluded as being fundamental for saccadic suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:1199682", "title": "Evoked responses induced by random polygonal pattern presentation.", "content": "An experiment is described which was designated to test the assumption that visual EEG evoked response waveshapes in human beings may be influenced by the presentation of random shapes differing in level of their similarity and in angular position. A clear-cut difference between the blank flash and the patterns which might be determined by the presence of contours was observed. However, neither differences in EEG evoked responses referred to the shape nor to the angular position of the polygons were found.", "contents": "Evoked responses induced by random polygonal pattern presentation. An experiment is described which was designated to test the assumption that visual EEG evoked response waveshapes in human beings may be influenced by the presentation of random shapes differing in level of their similarity and in angular position. A clear-cut difference between the blank flash and the patterns which might be determined by the presence of contours was observed. However, neither differences in EEG evoked responses referred to the shape nor to the angular position of the polygons were found."}
{"id": "PMID:1199676", "title": "[Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of neutrophil granulocyte series in the bone marrow of white rats].", "content": "Ultrastructure of the neutrophil granulocyte series of rat was studied. Besides morphological investigations of maturating cells activity changes of two selected enzymes were determined: acid phosphatase and peroxidase. It was observed that the activity of acid phosphatase is connected with appearance of primary granules and peroxidase activity is connected with these granules as well but shows different location at different developmental levels of these cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of neutrophil granulocyte series in the bone marrow of white rats]. Ultrastructure of the neutrophil granulocyte series of rat was studied. Besides morphological investigations of maturating cells activity changes of two selected enzymes were determined: acid phosphatase and peroxidase. It was observed that the activity of acid phosphatase is connected with appearance of primary granules and peroxidase activity is connected with these granules as well but shows different location at different developmental levels of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1199683", "title": "Recall in acoustically similar and dissimilar letters by normal and deaf subjects.", "content": "Stimulus matrices with 4 X 3 letters from an acoustically similar and dissimilar alphabet were presented tachystoscopically for 5 secs to 41 Ss divided into three groups, i.e. normal and deaf apprentices and deaf children. Each S was administered 42 stimulus matrices. While the difference in the number of errors between the acoustically similar and dissimilar alphabets proved significant in the hearing Ss, it was nonsignificant in the deaf, and in contrast to these two groups, in the children the number of errors with the acoustically similar alphabet was lower than with the dissimilar one. The error matrices indicate a systematic course of errors and their different pattern for the hearing and the deaf Ss. A visual and an articulating code which is reinforced by the length of oral training, may be presumed particularly in the deaf.", "contents": "Recall in acoustically similar and dissimilar letters by normal and deaf subjects. Stimulus matrices with 4 X 3 letters from an acoustically similar and dissimilar alphabet were presented tachystoscopically for 5 secs to 41 Ss divided into three groups, i.e. normal and deaf apprentices and deaf children. Each S was administered 42 stimulus matrices. While the difference in the number of errors between the acoustically similar and dissimilar alphabets proved significant in the hearing Ss, it was nonsignificant in the deaf, and in contrast to these two groups, in the children the number of errors with the acoustically similar alphabet was lower than with the dissimilar one. The error matrices indicate a systematic course of errors and their different pattern for the hearing and the deaf Ss. A visual and an articulating code which is reinforced by the length of oral training, may be presumed particularly in the deaf."}
{"id": "PMID:1199684", "title": "The impairment of learning of conditioned avoidance response in rats after 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Intraventricular injection of 250 mug of 6-hydroxydopamine, twice in two days apart caused a complete abolition of learning of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats. L-DOPA in a dose of 100 mg/kg and then in a dose of 200 mg/kg 1. p. injected during several days did not restore the learning of CAR. This indicates that intact catecholaminergic neurons are essential for the learning of CAR. We suggest that different brain mechanisms are involved in learning and maintaining gross locomotor behavior.", "contents": "The impairment of learning of conditioned avoidance response in rats after 6-hydroxydopamine. Intraventricular injection of 250 mug of 6-hydroxydopamine, twice in two days apart caused a complete abolition of learning of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats. L-DOPA in a dose of 100 mg/kg and then in a dose of 200 mg/kg 1. p. injected during several days did not restore the learning of CAR. This indicates that intact catecholaminergic neurons are essential for the learning of CAR. We suggest that different brain mechanisms are involved in learning and maintaining gross locomotor behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1199685", "title": "A low frequency active filter with plug-in tuning impedances.", "content": "A new approach to the construction of low frequency (1 Hz -- 20 kHz) active filters, based on the application of a pair of IC operational amplifiers forming a separate module and a plug-in unit containing RC tuning circuits, is described. The electronic circuits and the design of the filters are presented with all details.", "contents": "A low frequency active filter with plug-in tuning impedances. A new approach to the construction of low frequency (1 Hz -- 20 kHz) active filters, based on the application of a pair of IC operational amplifiers forming a separate module and a plug-in unit containing RC tuning circuits, is described. The electronic circuits and the design of the filters are presented with all details."}
{"id": "PMID:1199677", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the quality of leukocytes stored at -196 centigrades C in glycerol and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)].", "content": "The authors assessed the phagocytic ability of granulocytes, the ability of blastic transformation of lymphocytes after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation in vitro culture, and the viability and number of these cells before freezing and after thawing. No significant differences were found in the quality of granulocytes stored in cryoprotective medium containing 13% of glycerol or 15% of PVP. On the other hand, much worse results were obtained in both cases in comparison with previous investigations in which DMSO was used as the protective agent. It was observed also that lympocytes stored in a cryoprotective medium containing 15% of PVP were not significantly depressed and retained their ability of blastic transformation in vitro under PHA stimulation. Similar results were obtained using in previous investigations a cryoprotective medium with DMSO.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the quality of leukocytes stored at -196 centigrades C in glycerol and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)]. The authors assessed the phagocytic ability of granulocytes, the ability of blastic transformation of lymphocytes after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation in vitro culture, and the viability and number of these cells before freezing and after thawing. No significant differences were found in the quality of granulocytes stored in cryoprotective medium containing 13% of glycerol or 15% of PVP. On the other hand, much worse results were obtained in both cases in comparison with previous investigations in which DMSO was used as the protective agent. It was observed also that lympocytes stored in a cryoprotective medium containing 15% of PVP were not significantly depressed and retained their ability of blastic transformation in vitro under PHA stimulation. Similar results were obtained using in previous investigations a cryoprotective medium with DMSO."}
{"id": "PMID:1199675", "title": "[HL-A antigens in patients with Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "HL-A antigens were determined in 46 patients with Hodgkin's disease and a statistical analysis was carried out by the chi square test to compare the incidence of these antigens in patients with that in healthy people. Statistically significant differences were found in the first place in the HL-A5 antigen (chi square = = 32.2) (p less than 0.005). This antigen was much more frequent in patients (43%) than in the healthy population (15%). A slightly lower frequency of antigen W5 was found in the group of patients (healthy controls -- 13.5%, patients -- 4.5%, chi square = 7.08, p less than 0.05).", "contents": "[HL-A antigens in patients with Hodgkin's disease]. HL-A antigens were determined in 46 patients with Hodgkin's disease and a statistical analysis was carried out by the chi square test to compare the incidence of these antigens in patients with that in healthy people. Statistically significant differences were found in the first place in the HL-A5 antigen (chi square = = 32.2) (p less than 0.005). This antigen was much more frequent in patients (43%) than in the healthy population (15%). A slightly lower frequency of antigen W5 was found in the group of patients (healthy controls -- 13.5%, patients -- 4.5%, chi square = 7.08, p less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:1199694", "title": "Characteristics and limits of tolerance in repeated subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs.", "content": "The effects of repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages have been investigated experimentally in dogs. The main objectives were to determine the tolerance to repeated hemorrhage and to study the changes occurring during the repeated bleeds, in intracranial pressure, EEG, ECG, systemic arterial pressure and respiration. The natural course of an intracranial hemorrhage was simulated by shunting blood from a femoral artery through a drop recorder into five different sites in the craniospinal system: the chiasmatic cistern, a lateral ventricle, the cisterna magna, the lumbar subarachnoid space and into the cerebral tissue of the left frontal lobe. The hemorrhage was allowed to continue until it stopped spontaneously. Each bleed resulted in a transient rise in intracranial pressure to the level of the arterial pressure, followed by a return to a steady state value. The time taken for the attainment of the steady state was increasingly prolonged. The final steady state pressure increased with each bleed. Ultimately, a stage was reached where the hemorrhage resulted in a sustained high pressure at the level of the arterial blood pressure, producing failure of vital functions and an irreversibly isoelectric electroencephalogram. The average number of bleeds necessary to produce this state in the case of hemorrhage into brain parenchyma was 3 (range 2-4), into the lateral ventricle, 4 range 3-5), and into the cisterna chiasmatica, 5 (range 2-7). After 5 hemorrhages into the cisterna magna and the spinal subarachnoid space, a local resistance at the bleeding site was built up which prevented further bleeding.", "contents": "Characteristics and limits of tolerance in repeated subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs. The effects of repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages have been investigated experimentally in dogs. The main objectives were to determine the tolerance to repeated hemorrhage and to study the changes occurring during the repeated bleeds, in intracranial pressure, EEG, ECG, systemic arterial pressure and respiration. The natural course of an intracranial hemorrhage was simulated by shunting blood from a femoral artery through a drop recorder into five different sites in the craniospinal system: the chiasmatic cistern, a lateral ventricle, the cisterna magna, the lumbar subarachnoid space and into the cerebral tissue of the left frontal lobe. The hemorrhage was allowed to continue until it stopped spontaneously. Each bleed resulted in a transient rise in intracranial pressure to the level of the arterial pressure, followed by a return to a steady state value. The time taken for the attainment of the steady state was increasingly prolonged. The final steady state pressure increased with each bleed. Ultimately, a stage was reached where the hemorrhage resulted in a sustained high pressure at the level of the arterial blood pressure, producing failure of vital functions and an irreversibly isoelectric electroencephalogram. The average number of bleeds necessary to produce this state in the case of hemorrhage into brain parenchyma was 3 (range 2-4), into the lateral ventricle, 4 range 3-5), and into the cisterna chiasmatica, 5 (range 2-7). After 5 hemorrhages into the cisterna magna and the spinal subarachnoid space, a local resistance at the bleeding site was built up which prevented further bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:1199695", "title": "Lethal mechanism in repeated subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs.", "content": "The mechanism limiting the tolerance to repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages was analysed experimentally. Blood introduced by an extracorporeal femorointrathecal shunt or by injection, into five different sites of the cranio-spinal system in living and dead dogs, produced a progressive increase in the steady state CSF pressure after each subsequent bleed. The pressure increase was quantitatively related to the amount of blood entering the system. A comparison of the respective effects of injections of whole blood and of erythrocytes indicated that the red blood cells were the component which induced an increase in the outflow resistance by clogging the pathways of the cerebrospinal fluid. The increase in outflow resistance with each bleed resulted in a stepwise rise in pressure to a level incompatible with survival. The lethal volume of bleed was specific for each site of hemorrhage: namely for brain parenchyma 8.1 ml, lateral ventricle 16.2 ml, cisterna chiasmatica 17.7 ml, cisterna magna 30 ml, and spinal subarachnoid space 55 ml. The assumption that death might be a random event was discarded, the failure of vital functions being considered to be the result of the high intracranial pressure. Mock bleeds using intrathecal infusions of saline suggested that spatial decompensation rather than cumulative ischemic effects caused death.", "contents": "Lethal mechanism in repeated subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs. The mechanism limiting the tolerance to repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages was analysed experimentally. Blood introduced by an extracorporeal femorointrathecal shunt or by injection, into five different sites of the cranio-spinal system in living and dead dogs, produced a progressive increase in the steady state CSF pressure after each subsequent bleed. The pressure increase was quantitatively related to the amount of blood entering the system. A comparison of the respective effects of injections of whole blood and of erythrocytes indicated that the red blood cells were the component which induced an increase in the outflow resistance by clogging the pathways of the cerebrospinal fluid. The increase in outflow resistance with each bleed resulted in a stepwise rise in pressure to a level incompatible with survival. The lethal volume of bleed was specific for each site of hemorrhage: namely for brain parenchyma 8.1 ml, lateral ventricle 16.2 ml, cisterna chiasmatica 17.7 ml, cisterna magna 30 ml, and spinal subarachnoid space 55 ml. The assumption that death might be a random event was discarded, the failure of vital functions being considered to be the result of the high intracranial pressure. Mock bleeds using intrathecal infusions of saline suggested that spatial decompensation rather than cumulative ischemic effects caused death."}
{"id": "PMID:1199696", "title": "Dexamethasone effect on blood-brain barrier damage caused by acute hypertension in x-irradiated rabbits.", "content": "Unilateral X-ray exposure of brain increases the vulnerability of cerebral vessels to acute hypertension in the brain hemisphere exposed to radiation. A preventive effect of dexamethasone was observed when treatment with the drug was started before irradiation; but also when the drug was given 24 h before acute hypertension was induced, 1 week after irradiation.", "contents": "Dexamethasone effect on blood-brain barrier damage caused by acute hypertension in x-irradiated rabbits. Unilateral X-ray exposure of brain increases the vulnerability of cerebral vessels to acute hypertension in the brain hemisphere exposed to radiation. A preventive effect of dexamethasone was observed when treatment with the drug was started before irradiation; but also when the drug was given 24 h before acute hypertension was induced, 1 week after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199697", "title": "Obstruction of the upper urinary tract after treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The frequency of obstruction of the upper urinary tract after treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix was assessed in an investigation of 100 consecutive patients. 64 of the women were treated surgically (Wertheim hysterectomy); the remaining 36, with Wertheim hysterectomy combined with radiotherapy (combined treatment). The patients were examined with isotope renography and with i.v. urography before, as well as 14 dyas, 2 months, 4-6 months, and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years after, the operation. When necessary, these examinations were supplemented by retrograde pyelography, intravenous pyelography and selective renal function tests. Postoperatively 40.3% of the patients treated with surgery alone showed signs of ureteric obstruction whereas the figure for those treated with the combined treatment was 55%. Of the patients 25 developed in the early postoperative course mild ureteric obstruction which disappeared within half a year. Such mild obstruction was not regarded as a true complication of the treatment given. On the other hand, 21 patients developed obstinate ureteric obstruction. In 14 of these patients surgical intervention was necessary to save renal function. Most of the patients with serious ureteric obstruction had fairly advanced carcinoma (15 of stage 2 and 6 of stage1). Radiotherapy had been given more often in this group (15 out of 21) than in the rest. In 4 of the patients the ureteric obstruction was due to a recurrence of a tumour. This means that the true frequency of postoperative ureteric obstruction was 17%. In the group given combined treatement urinary stasis persisted longer than in the group treated with surgery alone. Renography and urography were done on 682 occasions and the results did not agree in 14%.", "contents": "Obstruction of the upper urinary tract after treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The frequency of obstruction of the upper urinary tract after treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix was assessed in an investigation of 100 consecutive patients. 64 of the women were treated surgically (Wertheim hysterectomy); the remaining 36, with Wertheim hysterectomy combined with radiotherapy (combined treatment). The patients were examined with isotope renography and with i.v. urography before, as well as 14 dyas, 2 months, 4-6 months, and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years after, the operation. When necessary, these examinations were supplemented by retrograde pyelography, intravenous pyelography and selective renal function tests. Postoperatively 40.3% of the patients treated with surgery alone showed signs of ureteric obstruction whereas the figure for those treated with the combined treatment was 55%. Of the patients 25 developed in the early postoperative course mild ureteric obstruction which disappeared within half a year. Such mild obstruction was not regarded as a true complication of the treatment given. On the other hand, 21 patients developed obstinate ureteric obstruction. In 14 of these patients surgical intervention was necessary to save renal function. Most of the patients with serious ureteric obstruction had fairly advanced carcinoma (15 of stage 2 and 6 of stage1). Radiotherapy had been given more often in this group (15 out of 21) than in the rest. In 4 of the patients the ureteric obstruction was due to a recurrence of a tumour. This means that the true frequency of postoperative ureteric obstruction was 17%. In the group given combined treatement urinary stasis persisted longer than in the group treated with surgery alone. Renography and urography were done on 682 occasions and the results did not agree in 14%."}
{"id": "PMID:1199698", "title": "Relationship between endometrial Arias-Stella phenomenon and concentrations of urinary chorionic gonadotropin and serum human placental lactogen.", "content": "Serum placental lactogen (HPL) and urinary chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were measured in 14 patients with the endometrial Arias-Stella phenomenon and in 35 comparable patients without this reaction in order to explore a possible causative relationship between the hormonal levels and the endometrial changes. The concentrations of HPL and HCG were similar in both groups of patients, indicating a lack of correlation between the levels of these two hormones and endometrial changes.", "contents": "Relationship between endometrial Arias-Stella phenomenon and concentrations of urinary chorionic gonadotropin and serum human placental lactogen. Serum placental lactogen (HPL) and urinary chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were measured in 14 patients with the endometrial Arias-Stella phenomenon and in 35 comparable patients without this reaction in order to explore a possible causative relationship between the hormonal levels and the endometrial changes. The concentrations of HPL and HCG were similar in both groups of patients, indicating a lack of correlation between the levels of these two hormones and endometrial changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1199699", "title": "Studies in cholestasis of pregnancy. IV. Serum lipids and lipoproteins in relation to duration of symptoms and severity of the disease, and fatty acid composition of lecithin in relation to duration of symptoms.", "content": "Pregnant women with pruritus and with cholestasis of pregnancy verified from the medical history and by the presence of lipoprotein-X in serum have been studied. Thirty-nine patients were investigated for serum lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides), serum lipoproteins (high-density-lipoproteins cholesterol and estimated low-density-lipoproteins cholesterol), and for hematological data (serum iron and serum iron binding capacity), in relation to duration of pruritus. In 28 patients the serum lecithin concentrations and fatty acid compositions were also analysed. Severity and duration of the disease appeared to influence the lipid/lipoprotein metabolism. The results support the hypothesis of an abnormal reaction of liver metabolism to estrogens in the initial stage of cholestasis of pregnancy.", "contents": "Studies in cholestasis of pregnancy. IV. Serum lipids and lipoproteins in relation to duration of symptoms and severity of the disease, and fatty acid composition of lecithin in relation to duration of symptoms. Pregnant women with pruritus and with cholestasis of pregnancy verified from the medical history and by the presence of lipoprotein-X in serum have been studied. Thirty-nine patients were investigated for serum lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides), serum lipoproteins (high-density-lipoproteins cholesterol and estimated low-density-lipoproteins cholesterol), and for hematological data (serum iron and serum iron binding capacity), in relation to duration of pruritus. In 28 patients the serum lecithin concentrations and fatty acid compositions were also analysed. Severity and duration of the disease appeared to influence the lipid/lipoprotein metabolism. The results support the hypothesis of an abnormal reaction of liver metabolism to estrogens in the initial stage of cholestasis of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199700", "title": "Influence of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices (Cu-7-IUD) on the menstrual blood-loss.", "content": "In a series of 43 healthy women menstrual blood loss was determined before and after insertion of copper IUD (Gravigard). The menstrual blood loss before insertion was compared with the blood loss 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 12 months after insertion. An increase amounting to approximately 20 ml per period without significant variations during the study was recorded. No significant influence upon serum iron and TIBC was found in 15 of the subjects selected by random. Compared with plastic IUD's the tested copper IUD causes a less pronounced increase of the menstrual blood loss. The menstrual blood loss in a small group of women with menorrhagia was determined before and up to 5 months after insertion of copper IUD. No aggravation of the menorrhagia was however recorded in this group.", "contents": "Influence of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices (Cu-7-IUD) on the menstrual blood-loss. In a series of 43 healthy women menstrual blood loss was determined before and after insertion of copper IUD (Gravigard). The menstrual blood loss before insertion was compared with the blood loss 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 12 months after insertion. An increase amounting to approximately 20 ml per period without significant variations during the study was recorded. No significant influence upon serum iron and TIBC was found in 15 of the subjects selected by random. Compared with plastic IUD's the tested copper IUD causes a less pronounced increase of the menstrual blood loss. The menstrual blood loss in a small group of women with menorrhagia was determined before and up to 5 months after insertion of copper IUD. No aggravation of the menorrhagia was however recorded in this group."}
{"id": "PMID:1199701", "title": "The relationship between the cephalo-pedal progress of clinical icterus and the serum bilirubin concentration in newborn infants without blood type sensitization.", "content": "The correlation between the cephalo-pedal progress of clinical icterus and the serum bilirubin concentration was examined in newborn infants without blood type sensitization. In daylight, 374 observations were made, 290 on 121 mature infants and 84 on 24 premature infants. The investigation showed that a caudad progress of icterus corresponded with an increasing serum bilirubin concentration, and repeated observations can demonstrate whether icterus progresses, showing that the concentration is increasing. The same relationship was found in respect of all the infants with the exception of the two smallest (birth weight less than or equal to 1000 g). They were icteric on the feet at lower concentrations than in the other infants. Furthermore, the relationship did not depend on which day the observations were made. It was not necessary to determine the bilirubin concentration until icterus had progressed to below the knees, as a concentration less than or equal to 110 mg/1 corresponded to all observations in which the lower limit of icterus was found proximal to the knees. However, in the small premature infants it would have been reasonable to measure the concentration when icterus had reached the area below umbilicus.", "contents": "The relationship between the cephalo-pedal progress of clinical icterus and the serum bilirubin concentration in newborn infants without blood type sensitization. The correlation between the cephalo-pedal progress of clinical icterus and the serum bilirubin concentration was examined in newborn infants without blood type sensitization. In daylight, 374 observations were made, 290 on 121 mature infants and 84 on 24 premature infants. The investigation showed that a caudad progress of icterus corresponded with an increasing serum bilirubin concentration, and repeated observations can demonstrate whether icterus progresses, showing that the concentration is increasing. The same relationship was found in respect of all the infants with the exception of the two smallest (birth weight less than or equal to 1000 g). They were icteric on the feet at lower concentrations than in the other infants. Furthermore, the relationship did not depend on which day the observations were made. It was not necessary to determine the bilirubin concentration until icterus had progressed to below the knees, as a concentration less than or equal to 110 mg/1 corresponded to all observations in which the lower limit of icterus was found proximal to the knees. However, in the small premature infants it would have been reasonable to measure the concentration when icterus had reached the area below umbilicus."}
{"id": "PMID:1199702", "title": "Treatment of pruritus in cholestasis of pregnancy with a new anion exchange resin (Secholex).", "content": "Anion exchange resins form a non-absorbable complex with bile acids in the intestine, thus removing bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation and facilitating bile acid excretion in the faeces. A new bile acid sequestrant (PDX chloride, Secholex) was evaluated for the relief of pruritus in cholestasis of pregnancy (CP) in 31 women. CP was verified by the presence of the abnormal lipoprotein X in serum and the clinical series was divided into two degrees of severity, pruritus gravidarum (PG) and hepatosis of pregnancy (HP) based on liver function tests. Eleven of 31 women discontinued treatment because of gastro-intestinal side effects. Of the 20 women continuing the study for more than one week, all with a milder form of cholestasis, PG (n=8), experienced relief of pruritus, while some relief was obtained in 75% of the women with HP. After up to 4 weeks administration of Secholex, no obvious interference with fat absorption was evident judging from the serum lecithin content of linoleic and arachidonic acids. A reduction in serum folic acid might indicate an interaction in folic acid absorption. An expected reduction in serum cholesterol levels which are characteristically increased in CP, was not achieved by the administration of Secholex.", "contents": "Treatment of pruritus in cholestasis of pregnancy with a new anion exchange resin (Secholex). Anion exchange resins form a non-absorbable complex with bile acids in the intestine, thus removing bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation and facilitating bile acid excretion in the faeces. A new bile acid sequestrant (PDX chloride, Secholex) was evaluated for the relief of pruritus in cholestasis of pregnancy (CP) in 31 women. CP was verified by the presence of the abnormal lipoprotein X in serum and the clinical series was divided into two degrees of severity, pruritus gravidarum (PG) and hepatosis of pregnancy (HP) based on liver function tests. Eleven of 31 women discontinued treatment because of gastro-intestinal side effects. Of the 20 women continuing the study for more than one week, all with a milder form of cholestasis, PG (n=8), experienced relief of pruritus, while some relief was obtained in 75% of the women with HP. After up to 4 weeks administration of Secholex, no obvious interference with fat absorption was evident judging from the serum lecithin content of linoleic and arachidonic acids. A reduction in serum folic acid might indicate an interaction in folic acid absorption. An expected reduction in serum cholesterol levels which are characteristically increased in CP, was not achieved by the administration of Secholex."}
{"id": "PMID:1199703", "title": "Correlation between human chorionic somatomammotropin and placental weight.", "content": "Human chorionic somatomammotropin concentration in serum (S-HCS) during the latter half of pregnancy was measured by radioimmunoassay and correlated to the placental weight, in two groups of normal, healthy, pregnant women. In one group, 228 samples from 47 women were examined, which gives a longitudinal series. In the other group, single samples from each of 346 pregnant women were examined, which gives a cross-sectional series. Both groups were randomized on the basis of a prospective selection. The mean values of S-HCS in each week of gestation were almost identical in the two groups, showing a steady increase until 37-38 weeks and a subsequent decrease. In the longitudinal series there was a positive correlation between the S-HCS and placental weight after 37 weeks' gestation, but not before that time. Before 37 weeks gestation the ratio S-HCS/placental weight was significantly higher with small placentae than with large placentae. This difference between small and large placentae disappeared after 37 weeks. These results point to the existence of some regulatory mechanism tending to keep the S-HCS concentration within certain limits, independent of placental weight. This mechanism appears to be lost after 37 weeks of gestation when the S-HCS concentration starts to correlate with placental weight.", "contents": "Correlation between human chorionic somatomammotropin and placental weight. Human chorionic somatomammotropin concentration in serum (S-HCS) during the latter half of pregnancy was measured by radioimmunoassay and correlated to the placental weight, in two groups of normal, healthy, pregnant women. In one group, 228 samples from 47 women were examined, which gives a longitudinal series. In the other group, single samples from each of 346 pregnant women were examined, which gives a cross-sectional series. Both groups were randomized on the basis of a prospective selection. The mean values of S-HCS in each week of gestation were almost identical in the two groups, showing a steady increase until 37-38 weeks and a subsequent decrease. In the longitudinal series there was a positive correlation between the S-HCS and placental weight after 37 weeks' gestation, but not before that time. Before 37 weeks gestation the ratio S-HCS/placental weight was significantly higher with small placentae than with large placentae. This difference between small and large placentae disappeared after 37 weeks. These results point to the existence of some regulatory mechanism tending to keep the S-HCS concentration within certain limits, independent of placental weight. This mechanism appears to be lost after 37 weeks of gestation when the S-HCS concentration starts to correlate with placental weight."}
{"id": "PMID:1199704", "title": "Patterns of free fatty acids, glycerol, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and insulin in pregnant women and their newborn infants. Effects of a low and a high insulin response to glucose in the mothers.", "content": "Twenty-eight healthy women, 17 with high and 11 with low insulin response to glucose but with normal glucose tolerance, were followed throughout pregnancy. Plasma FFA, glycerol and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate as well as plasma insulin and glucose in blood were determined before and during a glucose infusion test (GIT) in each trimester and after pregnancy. In 13 infants of high insulin responders (IHR) and 10 infants of low responders (ILR) an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed, and the above lipid parameters were studied at birth and during the IVGTT. The low responder group was postulated to consist mainly of prediabetic individuals (8). Their infants have previously been shown to have an increased glucose assimilation rate at IVGTT (12, 13), as has been shown for infants of diabetic mothers. There was little difference between the two groups of mothers except for the insulin levels during the GIT in non-pregnant and early pregnant subjects, which were considerably lower in the low responders. They all had decreased fasting levels of FFA, glycerol, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate in mid-pregnancy and normal values in late pregnancy. The ILR showed the same changes in FFA and glycerol as the IHR, but their D-beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were higher at birth than those of the IHR and lower after birth. Another difference found, was the correlation between birth weight and fasting insulin (and to some extent the insulin level at birth) in the ILR group, which was not found in the IHR. Apart from those differences the ILR and the IHR seemed to handle their fat metabolism in a similar way in the early neonatal perinatal period.", "contents": "Patterns of free fatty acids, glycerol, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and insulin in pregnant women and their newborn infants. Effects of a low and a high insulin response to glucose in the mothers. Twenty-eight healthy women, 17 with high and 11 with low insulin response to glucose but with normal glucose tolerance, were followed throughout pregnancy. Plasma FFA, glycerol and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate as well as plasma insulin and glucose in blood were determined before and during a glucose infusion test (GIT) in each trimester and after pregnancy. In 13 infants of high insulin responders (IHR) and 10 infants of low responders (ILR) an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed, and the above lipid parameters were studied at birth and during the IVGTT. The low responder group was postulated to consist mainly of prediabetic individuals (8). Their infants have previously been shown to have an increased glucose assimilation rate at IVGTT (12, 13), as has been shown for infants of diabetic mothers. There was little difference between the two groups of mothers except for the insulin levels during the GIT in non-pregnant and early pregnant subjects, which were considerably lower in the low responders. They all had decreased fasting levels of FFA, glycerol, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate in mid-pregnancy and normal values in late pregnancy. The ILR showed the same changes in FFA and glycerol as the IHR, but their D-beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were higher at birth than those of the IHR and lower after birth. Another difference found, was the correlation between birth weight and fasting insulin (and to some extent the insulin level at birth) in the ILR group, which was not found in the IHR. Apart from those differences the ILR and the IHR seemed to handle their fat metabolism in a similar way in the early neonatal perinatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:1199705", "title": "The frequency of fetal bradycardia during selective epidural anaesthesia.", "content": "The frequency of marked fetal bradycardia (FB) during selective lumbar epidural anaesthesia with 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine (Marcain, Bofors) without adrenaline in doses of 5 ml to 8 ml is reported. 35 patients were monitored by means of the Hewlett-Packard Cardiotocograph with Hon's spiral scalp electrode and a transcervical catheter connected to a Hewlett-Packard (1280 B/C) physiological pressure transducer. Only patients with a normal cardiotocogram (CTG) before anaesthesia are included. During the second stage pathological fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and technical artefacts are common, therefore the CTGs recorded in this period were not considered. In the 35 patients the total time of intrauterine monitoring was 119 hours. During this period 125 doses of 0.25% and 23 doses of 0.5% bupivacaine were given. In 33 parturients the FHR changes observed were insignificant. In one case a period of marked FB was seen. One parturient developed acute hypotension with a synchronous FB while lying in the supine position. It is concluded that continuous lumbar epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine without adrenaline does not precipitate FB during the first stage when care is taken to avoid maternal hypotension.", "contents": "The frequency of fetal bradycardia during selective epidural anaesthesia. The frequency of marked fetal bradycardia (FB) during selective lumbar epidural anaesthesia with 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine (Marcain, Bofors) without adrenaline in doses of 5 ml to 8 ml is reported. 35 patients were monitored by means of the Hewlett-Packard Cardiotocograph with Hon's spiral scalp electrode and a transcervical catheter connected to a Hewlett-Packard (1280 B/C) physiological pressure transducer. Only patients with a normal cardiotocogram (CTG) before anaesthesia are included. During the second stage pathological fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and technical artefacts are common, therefore the CTGs recorded in this period were not considered. In the 35 patients the total time of intrauterine monitoring was 119 hours. During this period 125 doses of 0.25% and 23 doses of 0.5% bupivacaine were given. In 33 parturients the FHR changes observed were insignificant. In one case a period of marked FB was seen. One parturient developed acute hypotension with a synchronous FB while lying in the supine position. It is concluded that continuous lumbar epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine without adrenaline does not precipitate FB during the first stage when care is taken to avoid maternal hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:1199706", "title": "The use of electro-analgesia in obstetrics and gynecology. A survey by invitation.", "content": "The newly-developed method of electroanalgesia is based on the employment of low-intensity impulse currents with extended frequency range and electrode application in the region of the forehead and mastoid processes. Electro-analgesia has been successfully used in preparing the pregnant woman for labour, in controlling abnormal uterine contractility, in preventing and treating toxaemia of pregnancy. It produces favourable effects on the mother and the fetus. Electro-analgesia has also been successfully used in labour anaesthesia, and as part of a combined method of general anaesthesia in 200 obstetrical and gynaecologic operations and the postoperative period.", "contents": "The use of electro-analgesia in obstetrics and gynecology. A survey by invitation. The newly-developed method of electroanalgesia is based on the employment of low-intensity impulse currents with extended frequency range and electrode application in the region of the forehead and mastoid processes. Electro-analgesia has been successfully used in preparing the pregnant woman for labour, in controlling abnormal uterine contractility, in preventing and treating toxaemia of pregnancy. It produces favourable effects on the mother and the fetus. Electro-analgesia has also been successfully used in labour anaesthesia, and as part of a combined method of general anaesthesia in 200 obstetrical and gynaecologic operations and the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:1199709", "title": "Bone mineral in patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip.", "content": "A series of 29 patients with primary osteoarthrosis of the hip were studied to evaluate their bone mineral status. A comparison was made with a series of persons with healthy bones. The bone mineral content of the osteoarthrotics, as measured either by gamma ray attenuation in the forearm bones, or as cortical indexes, or obtained from the combined cortical thicknesses of the second metacarpals from the radiographs, was not higher than in the control series. These findings do not support the concept that patients with osteoarthrosis tend to have a higher \"mineral density\" than healthy people.", "contents": "Bone mineral in patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip. A series of 29 patients with primary osteoarthrosis of the hip were studied to evaluate their bone mineral status. A comparison was made with a series of persons with healthy bones. The bone mineral content of the osteoarthrotics, as measured either by gamma ray attenuation in the forearm bones, or as cortical indexes, or obtained from the combined cortical thicknesses of the second metacarpals from the radiographs, was not higher than in the control series. These findings do not support the concept that patients with osteoarthrosis tend to have a higher \"mineral density\" than healthy people."}
{"id": "PMID:1199710", "title": "Early changes in the composition of rabbit articular cartilage following experimentally produced intra-articular fractures. A histological and thermoanalytical study.", "content": "Intra-articular fractures were produced in rabbit knee joints. The articular cartilage of the injured joints was processed histologically and analysed by a complex thermoanalytical method. It was demonstrated that intra-articular fractures in the early stages have essentially no irreversible damaging effects on the composition of articular cartilage of injured joints.", "contents": "Early changes in the composition of rabbit articular cartilage following experimentally produced intra-articular fractures. A histological and thermoanalytical study. Intra-articular fractures were produced in rabbit knee joints. The articular cartilage of the injured joints was processed histologically and analysed by a complex thermoanalytical method. It was demonstrated that intra-articular fractures in the early stages have essentially no irreversible damaging effects on the composition of articular cartilage of injured joints."}
{"id": "PMID:1199711", "title": "Management of fractured scaphoid bone. A prospective study of 100 fractures.", "content": "One hundred fractured carpal scaphoids were immobilised alternatively in above-elbow and below-elbow casts. Preventing the pronation and supination of the forearm did not reduce the immobilisation time, which, with either type of cast, averaged 7 weeks, after exclusion of the fractures with delayed union. These eight fractures, which did not unite in 3 months, were operated on using a lag screw fixation, whereafter consolidation was achieved.", "contents": "Management of fractured scaphoid bone. A prospective study of 100 fractures. One hundred fractured carpal scaphoids were immobilised alternatively in above-elbow and below-elbow casts. Preventing the pronation and supination of the forearm did not reduce the immobilisation time, which, with either type of cast, averaged 7 weeks, after exclusion of the fractures with delayed union. These eight fractures, which did not unite in 3 months, were operated on using a lag screw fixation, whereafter consolidation was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:1199712", "title": "Synovectomy of the elbow in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The results of 105 synovectomies + resection of the radial head in 84 patients with rheumatoid arthritis are shown. Pain was the main indication for surgery, and 1 1/4-6 2/4 years later about 80 per cent had pain relief at work, 90 per cent pain relief at rest. About 60 per cent of the elbows gained in rotation movement; about 40 per cent gained in hinge movement. Thirteen elbows had to be reoperated. In all cases there was only radial approach to the joint, which the authors find gives adequate exposure, few complications, and easy postoperative treatment.", "contents": "Synovectomy of the elbow in rheumatoid arthritis. The results of 105 synovectomies + resection of the radial head in 84 patients with rheumatoid arthritis are shown. Pain was the main indication for surgery, and 1 1/4-6 2/4 years later about 80 per cent had pain relief at work, 90 per cent pain relief at rest. About 60 per cent of the elbows gained in rotation movement; about 40 per cent gained in hinge movement. Thirteen elbows had to be reoperated. In all cases there was only radial approach to the joint, which the authors find gives adequate exposure, few complications, and easy postoperative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1199713", "title": "Surgical treatment of rupture of the rotator cuff tendon.", "content": "A total of 55 tears of the rotator cuff tendon were surgically treated at the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, during the period 1960-1970. The rate of operative treatment was about 12 per cent. When more than half a year had elapsed since the accident, excision of the acromion was almost the only operative procedure carried out (10/12 patients). Excision of the acromion was performed as the only procedure in 16 cases and in connection with surgical repair of the rotator cuff tendon in 20 cases. This operation brings relief of nocturnal pain, but it is harmful in the treatment of large tears when used alone and sometimes also in connection with surgical repair of the rotator cuff tendon. Surgical repair of the lesion seems to give the best results, provided it is performed within 1 month of the injury.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of rupture of the rotator cuff tendon. A total of 55 tears of the rotator cuff tendon were surgically treated at the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, during the period 1960-1970. The rate of operative treatment was about 12 per cent. When more than half a year had elapsed since the accident, excision of the acromion was almost the only operative procedure carried out (10/12 patients). Excision of the acromion was performed as the only procedure in 16 cases and in connection with surgical repair of the rotator cuff tendon in 20 cases. This operation brings relief of nocturnal pain, but it is harmful in the treatment of large tears when used alone and sometimes also in connection with surgical repair of the rotator cuff tendon. Surgical repair of the lesion seems to give the best results, provided it is performed within 1 month of the injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1199714", "title": "Fracture of the scapular notch associated with lesion of the suprascapular nerve.", "content": "In a material consisting of 18 patients with scapula fractures, the scapular notch was involved in two cases. In one of these cases injury of the suprascapular nerve function was proved. The value of X-ray examination with projections visualizing the scapular notch is pointed out. EMG examination in selected cases with the combination of reduced supraspinatus muscle function and a fracture of the scapular notch is recommended in order to diagnose injury of the suprascapular nerve.", "contents": "Fracture of the scapular notch associated with lesion of the suprascapular nerve. In a material consisting of 18 patients with scapula fractures, the scapular notch was involved in two cases. In one of these cases injury of the suprascapular nerve function was proved. The value of X-ray examination with projections visualizing the scapular notch is pointed out. EMG examination in selected cases with the combination of reduced supraspinatus muscle function and a fracture of the scapular notch is recommended in order to diagnose injury of the suprascapular nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:1199715", "title": "A long term follow-up of Moore arthroplasty in femoral neck fractures.", "content": "Moore arthroplasty was performed for medial femoral neck fractures in 169 patients. The mortality rate was 21.3 per cent within 3 months. The general postoperative complication rate (39.6 per cent) was dominated by cardiopulmonary (17.2 per cent) and thromboembolic (16.0 per cent) events. Of local complications, wound infection was found in 4.7 per cent and osteitis in 3.0 per cent of cases. A total of 60 patients were followed up with a mean observation time of 4.9 years. Of these, 8.3 per cent sustained femoral fractures during this period. The results classified according to the criteria of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons showed 52 per cent excellent or good, 43 per cent fair and 5 per cent poor results. The roentgenological finding of settling or osteolysis along the prosthesis was significantly correlated to reduced hip mobility. Ossification in the prosthetic fenestres gave significantly diminished settling, and was correlated to better hip mobility and less pain. In our opinion, Moore arthroplasty has proved to be an acceptable method for the treatment of femoral neck fractures in elderly patients, as 73 per cent had an acceptable range of motion, 40 per cent managed walking distances of more than 500 m and 70 per cent had minimal or no pain. Although 25 per cent became nursing home patients, this reduction of vitality could be related to the hip arthroplasty in only two cases.", "contents": "A long term follow-up of Moore arthroplasty in femoral neck fractures. Moore arthroplasty was performed for medial femoral neck fractures in 169 patients. The mortality rate was 21.3 per cent within 3 months. The general postoperative complication rate (39.6 per cent) was dominated by cardiopulmonary (17.2 per cent) and thromboembolic (16.0 per cent) events. Of local complications, wound infection was found in 4.7 per cent and osteitis in 3.0 per cent of cases. A total of 60 patients were followed up with a mean observation time of 4.9 years. Of these, 8.3 per cent sustained femoral fractures during this period. The results classified according to the criteria of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons showed 52 per cent excellent or good, 43 per cent fair and 5 per cent poor results. The roentgenological finding of settling or osteolysis along the prosthesis was significantly correlated to reduced hip mobility. Ossification in the prosthetic fenestres gave significantly diminished settling, and was correlated to better hip mobility and less pain. In our opinion, Moore arthroplasty has proved to be an acceptable method for the treatment of femoral neck fractures in elderly patients, as 73 per cent had an acceptable range of motion, 40 per cent managed walking distances of more than 500 m and 70 per cent had minimal or no pain. Although 25 per cent became nursing home patients, this reduction of vitality could be related to the hip arthroplasty in only two cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1199716", "title": "Classification of medial fractures of the femoral neck.", "content": "In this study 444 consecutive cases of medial fracture of the femoral neck treated in the city of Turku are considered on the basis of the proposals of Garden (1961) and Pauwels (Leitz 1966) for the classification of fracture types. In order to find out what kind of classification is most practical and coherent a retrospective comparison of the progress of healing was made on the basis of the aforementioned classifications of fracture. Garden's classification proved to be far more logical and was much more reliable for the prognosis of recovery. For this reason and also because of the ease with which his criteria can be applied, the present authors recommend the general use of Garden's classification.", "contents": "Classification of medial fractures of the femoral neck. In this study 444 consecutive cases of medial fracture of the femoral neck treated in the city of Turku are considered on the basis of the proposals of Garden (1961) and Pauwels (Leitz 1966) for the classification of fracture types. In order to find out what kind of classification is most practical and coherent a retrospective comparison of the progress of healing was made on the basis of the aforementioned classifications of fracture. Garden's classification proved to be far more logical and was much more reliable for the prognosis of recovery. For this reason and also because of the ease with which his criteria can be applied, the present authors recommend the general use of Garden's classification."}
{"id": "PMID:1199717", "title": "Early weightbearing after classical internal fixation of medial fractures of the femoral neck.", "content": "This study is a survey of a series of 446 patients, treated in the city of Turku, Finland, between 1964 and 1971, for medial fractures of the femoral neck. Fractures were treated by means of the classical nailing method (nail placed along the central axis of the femoral neck, ad modum Smith-Petersen). An unselected group of patients were treated in such a way that they were already allowed to bear weight on the injured limb 2 weeks post-operatively (120 patients). The remaining patients were not allowed to bear weight on the injured limb until 12-14 weeks after nailing (261 patients). The progress of recovery was studied retrospectively, a comparison being made between the early and late weightbearers. Without reference to the type of fracture (according to the classifications of Garden or Pauwels) or to the method of fixing (Smith-Petersen nail, with or without side-plate) bone union was relatively more frequent and failures were relatively less frequent among early weightbearers than among late weightbearers. Early weightbearing had a beneficial effect upon the healing of the fracture and there was no evidence in the case of early weightbearers of any additional complications. A comparative study of the whole patient group on the basis of the time-lag between the accident and the operation--some were nailed 1-3 days, some 4-7 days and some more than a week after the fracture had taken place--revealed no significant differences.", "contents": "Early weightbearing after classical internal fixation of medial fractures of the femoral neck. This study is a survey of a series of 446 patients, treated in the city of Turku, Finland, between 1964 and 1971, for medial fractures of the femoral neck. Fractures were treated by means of the classical nailing method (nail placed along the central axis of the femoral neck, ad modum Smith-Petersen). An unselected group of patients were treated in such a way that they were already allowed to bear weight on the injured limb 2 weeks post-operatively (120 patients). The remaining patients were not allowed to bear weight on the injured limb until 12-14 weeks after nailing (261 patients). The progress of recovery was studied retrospectively, a comparison being made between the early and late weightbearers. Without reference to the type of fracture (according to the classifications of Garden or Pauwels) or to the method of fixing (Smith-Petersen nail, with or without side-plate) bone union was relatively more frequent and failures were relatively less frequent among early weightbearers than among late weightbearers. Early weightbearing had a beneficial effect upon the healing of the fracture and there was no evidence in the case of early weightbearers of any additional complications. A comparative study of the whole patient group on the basis of the time-lag between the accident and the operation--some were nailed 1-3 days, some 4-7 days and some more than a week after the fracture had taken place--revealed no significant differences."}
{"id": "PMID:1199718", "title": "Trochanteric femoral fractures treated with McLaughlin osteosynthesis.", "content": "Of 317 patients with trochanteric femoral fractures, 305 were treated with McLaughlin osteosynthesis. The mortality rate was 14.5 per cent. The postoperative complication rate (35.6 per cent) was dominated by cardiopulmonary (10.6 per cent) and thromboembolic (10.6 per cent) events. Wound infection was found in 3.8 per cent and osteitis in 0.9 per cent. In all, 106 patients had stable fractures according to the Evans classification. Of these, four had to be re-operated due to penetration or a loose bolt. Two hundred and eleven patients (66.6 per cent) had unstable fractures. Follow-up of 169 patients showed two-thirds to have healed in unchanged position. Only 14.8 per cent of the 169 patients had significant fracture complications, particularly varus dislocation of more than 20 degrees (nine patients) and penetration of the nail (eight patients). A total of 10 patients (5.9 per cent) had to be re-operated because of varus dislocation, broken plate or development of pseudarthrosis after removal of the osteosynthesis material. McLaughlin osteosynthesis is concluded to be a suitable method for the treatment of trochanteric femoral fractures--also of the unstable type.", "contents": "Trochanteric femoral fractures treated with McLaughlin osteosynthesis. Of 317 patients with trochanteric femoral fractures, 305 were treated with McLaughlin osteosynthesis. The mortality rate was 14.5 per cent. The postoperative complication rate (35.6 per cent) was dominated by cardiopulmonary (10.6 per cent) and thromboembolic (10.6 per cent) events. Wound infection was found in 3.8 per cent and osteitis in 0.9 per cent. In all, 106 patients had stable fractures according to the Evans classification. Of these, four had to be re-operated due to penetration or a loose bolt. Two hundred and eleven patients (66.6 per cent) had unstable fractures. Follow-up of 169 patients showed two-thirds to have healed in unchanged position. Only 14.8 per cent of the 169 patients had significant fracture complications, particularly varus dislocation of more than 20 degrees (nine patients) and penetration of the nail (eight patients). A total of 10 patients (5.9 per cent) had to be re-operated because of varus dislocation, broken plate or development of pseudarthrosis after removal of the osteosynthesis material. McLaughlin osteosynthesis is concluded to be a suitable method for the treatment of trochanteric femoral fractures--also of the unstable type."}
{"id": "PMID:1199719", "title": "Femoral nerve compression syndrome with paresis of the quadriceps muscle caused by radiotherapy of malignant tumours. A report of four cases.", "content": "Four patients showed signs of femoral nerve compression with subsequent paresis of the quadriceps muscle, after radiation therapy of malignant tumours. The compression was caused by scar tissue due to radiation treatment of the inguinal region. The first symptom was radiating pain in the front of the thigh and lower leg which appeared 12-16 months after X-ray treatment. A decrease in the strength of quadriceps muscle occurred some months later. In one case the femoral nerve was decompressed, another patient was treated by an intradural phenolglycerin injection and one patient was treated with cortisone and oxiphenbutazone. In these cases the pain decreased considerably, but in one case only the paresis of the quadriceps muscle improved after treatment.", "contents": "Femoral nerve compression syndrome with paresis of the quadriceps muscle caused by radiotherapy of malignant tumours. A report of four cases. Four patients showed signs of femoral nerve compression with subsequent paresis of the quadriceps muscle, after radiation therapy of malignant tumours. The compression was caused by scar tissue due to radiation treatment of the inguinal region. The first symptom was radiating pain in the front of the thigh and lower leg which appeared 12-16 months after X-ray treatment. A decrease in the strength of quadriceps muscle occurred some months later. In one case the femoral nerve was decompressed, another patient was treated by an intradural phenolglycerin injection and one patient was treated with cortisone and oxiphenbutazone. In these cases the pain decreased considerably, but in one case only the paresis of the quadriceps muscle improved after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1199720", "title": "Chondromalacia of the patella. Incidence, macroscopical and radiographical findings at autopsy.", "content": "In a post-mortem series of 59 persons aged 10-50 years, 91 of the 118 patellae exhibited cartilaginous changes. These changes were most common in the older age groups and usually affected the medial articular facet where they were also most extensive and most profound. Clinical and radiological assessment showed this facet to be less suited to articulation with the femur because of its convex joint surface, central ridges, and prominences. Radiography using tangential views of the entire patella and of 2 mm thick slices of the patella showed in cases with macroscopically normal cartilage a less dense bony structure medially and a denser structure laterally. Even in the presence of distinct cartilaginous changes this difference in bone density did not alter essentially. In particular, there was no definite sclerosing medially, where the changes in the cartilage were most marked. Osteophyte formation was sparse, but most common in the older age groups, and laterally. Osteophytes were seen only on patellae with cartilaginous changes.", "contents": "Chondromalacia of the patella. Incidence, macroscopical and radiographical findings at autopsy. In a post-mortem series of 59 persons aged 10-50 years, 91 of the 118 patellae exhibited cartilaginous changes. These changes were most common in the older age groups and usually affected the medial articular facet where they were also most extensive and most profound. Clinical and radiological assessment showed this facet to be less suited to articulation with the femur because of its convex joint surface, central ridges, and prominences. Radiography using tangential views of the entire patella and of 2 mm thick slices of the patella showed in cases with macroscopically normal cartilage a less dense bony structure medially and a denser structure laterally. Even in the presence of distinct cartilaginous changes this difference in bone density did not alter essentially. In particular, there was no definite sclerosing medially, where the changes in the cartilage were most marked. Osteophyte formation was sparse, but most common in the older age groups, and laterally. Osteophytes were seen only on patellae with cartilaginous changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1199721", "title": "150 open fractures of the tibial shaft--the relation between necrosis of the skin and delayed union.", "content": "In 150 open fractures of the tibial shaft a close relationship between the presence of skin necrosis and delayed union was found. The incidence of skin necrosis rose with the severity of trauma. It was high (22 per cent) among the fractures that were treated conservatively, but even higher (41 per cent) among those treated with primary osteosynthesis. Neither conventional conservative treatment nor osteosynthesis seems to be satisfactory as a primary treatment of the most severe cases. It is instead suggested that external fixation by the Hoffmann-Vidal technique should be combined with transposition of viable muscle tissue across denuded fractured bone areas according to the method of Ger.", "contents": "150 open fractures of the tibial shaft--the relation between necrosis of the skin and delayed union. In 150 open fractures of the tibial shaft a close relationship between the presence of skin necrosis and delayed union was found. The incidence of skin necrosis rose with the severity of trauma. It was high (22 per cent) among the fractures that were treated conservatively, but even higher (41 per cent) among those treated with primary osteosynthesis. Neither conventional conservative treatment nor osteosynthesis seems to be satisfactory as a primary treatment of the most severe cases. It is instead suggested that external fixation by the Hoffmann-Vidal technique should be combined with transposition of viable muscle tissue across denuded fractured bone areas according to the method of Ger."}
{"id": "PMID:1199722", "title": "Aneurysm of popliteal artery caused by cartilaginous exostosis. A case report.", "content": "A case is reported of traumatic aneurysm in a young man, caused by cartilaginous exostosis distally in the femur. An analysis is given of 18 similar cases from the literature.", "contents": "Aneurysm of popliteal artery caused by cartilaginous exostosis. A case report. A case is reported of traumatic aneurysm in a young man, caused by cartilaginous exostosis distally in the femur. An analysis is given of 18 similar cases from the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1199723", "title": "The neuropathic ulcer and loads on the foot in diabetic patients.", "content": "Normal subjects and diabetic patients with and without food ulcers have been studied using an apparatus which measures the loads on the foot during walking. Diabetic patients have alterations in loading which show as a lateral shift of the highest maximum load on the forefoot and a decrease in the load carried by the toes. There is a significant progression of these changes between normal subjects, diabetic patients with deformity of the foot but no ulcer, and diabetic patients with foot ulcers. All the patients with ulcers exerted maximum loads at the site of the ulcer.", "contents": "The neuropathic ulcer and loads on the foot in diabetic patients. Normal subjects and diabetic patients with and without food ulcers have been studied using an apparatus which measures the loads on the foot during walking. Diabetic patients have alterations in loading which show as a lateral shift of the highest maximum load on the forefoot and a decrease in the load carried by the toes. There is a significant progression of these changes between normal subjects, diabetic patients with deformity of the foot but no ulcer, and diabetic patients with foot ulcers. All the patients with ulcers exerted maximum loads at the site of the ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:1199724", "title": "Congenital clubfoot. A follow-up of 95 persons treated in Sweden from 1940-1945 with special reference to their social adaption and subjective symptoms from the foot.", "content": "A follow-up, with special reference to social adaptation and subjective symptoms, was done on 95 persons with congenital club feet treated in Sweden 1940-1945. At an age of 27-33 years the individuals managed themselves well and in spite of physical as well as psychological handicap they deviated relatively only a little from the normal population as regards work, sports and other social adaptibility.", "contents": "Congenital clubfoot. A follow-up of 95 persons treated in Sweden from 1940-1945 with special reference to their social adaption and subjective symptoms from the foot. A follow-up, with special reference to social adaptation and subjective symptoms, was done on 95 persons with congenital club feet treated in Sweden 1940-1945. At an age of 27-33 years the individuals managed themselves well and in spite of physical as well as psychological handicap they deviated relatively only a little from the normal population as regards work, sports and other social adaptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:1199725", "title": "Congenital metatarsus varus. On the advantages of early treatment.", "content": "Among 212 infants with congenital metatarsus varus 84 (39.6 per cent) of the infants were treated. Only the treated group is considered in the analysis. Daily manipulative therapy was given followed by fixation in elastic bandage or splint. The manipulations aimed at correcting the adduction of the fore part of the foot, as well as the increased valgus of the heel. In 68 infants treatment was instituted before one year of age. The results were good in 65 of these patients and correspondingly good results were obtained in 15 out of 16 patients treated at more than one year of age. Subluxation in the fore- and midfoot and bony incongruity present at birth are offered as a possible explanation for lack of spontaneous recovery before weightbearing as well as the occurrence of resistant cases. Spontaneous improvement may take place during childhood and may be explained by the influence of the position of the heel during weightbearing.", "contents": "Congenital metatarsus varus. On the advantages of early treatment. Among 212 infants with congenital metatarsus varus 84 (39.6 per cent) of the infants were treated. Only the treated group is considered in the analysis. Daily manipulative therapy was given followed by fixation in elastic bandage or splint. The manipulations aimed at correcting the adduction of the fore part of the foot, as well as the increased valgus of the heel. In 68 infants treatment was instituted before one year of age. The results were good in 65 of these patients and correspondingly good results were obtained in 15 out of 16 patients treated at more than one year of age. Subluxation in the fore- and midfoot and bony incongruity present at birth are offered as a possible explanation for lack of spontaneous recovery before weightbearing as well as the occurrence of resistant cases. Spontaneous improvement may take place during childhood and may be explained by the influence of the position of the heel during weightbearing."}
{"id": "PMID:1199726", "title": "Light and electron microscopic studies of the bone marrow and blood cells in chronic panmyelosis including polycythemia vera and primary thrombocythemia.", "content": "Both bone marrow and peripheral blood was investigated light and electron microscopically in 3 cases with polycythemia vera, 2 cases with primary thrombocythemia and 1 case with panmyelosis. In 5 cases the peripheral blood showed persistent increase in cells of two or three hematopoietic systems. Giant thrombocytes in the peripheral blood were seen in 3 cases. Erythroblasts, granulocytic young forms, and megakaryocytes were often observed in the blood. Histologic bone marrow examination showed prominent proliferation of all 3 hematopoietic cells in every case. Cytological and electron microscopical examinations of the bone marrow revealed many mitotic figures, morphological abnormalities, and unbalanced nucleocytoplasmic maturation in various hematopoietic cells. These findings suggested that the proliferation of all 3 hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow was not simply reactive in nature, but an idiopathic progressive process. It is considered that these disorders and primary myelosclerosis represent no separate entities and must be unified as \"chronic panmyelosis\".", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic studies of the bone marrow and blood cells in chronic panmyelosis including polycythemia vera and primary thrombocythemia. Both bone marrow and peripheral blood was investigated light and electron microscopically in 3 cases with polycythemia vera, 2 cases with primary thrombocythemia and 1 case with panmyelosis. In 5 cases the peripheral blood showed persistent increase in cells of two or three hematopoietic systems. Giant thrombocytes in the peripheral blood were seen in 3 cases. Erythroblasts, granulocytic young forms, and megakaryocytes were often observed in the blood. Histologic bone marrow examination showed prominent proliferation of all 3 hematopoietic cells in every case. Cytological and electron microscopical examinations of the bone marrow revealed many mitotic figures, morphological abnormalities, and unbalanced nucleocytoplasmic maturation in various hematopoietic cells. These findings suggested that the proliferation of all 3 hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow was not simply reactive in nature, but an idiopathic progressive process. It is considered that these disorders and primary myelosclerosis represent no separate entities and must be unified as \"chronic panmyelosis\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1199727", "title": "Changes in vascular permeability in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats studied with peroxidase as a tracer.", "content": "Cerebrovascular permeability in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at various ages was histologically studied using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer and such was related to the cerebrovascular lesions in the animals. An increase in permeability was demonstrated in the brain of SHR, particularly in those animals with an extremely high blood pressure. Increased cerebrovascular permeability occurred in some animals without any organic vascular change or severe parenchymal changes, although edema was present. Histologically, the SHR brain with an increase in permeability showed mild focal edema, rarefaction of tissue and necrosis with cyst formation. Thus a transitional progress was evident. Localization of the increase in permeability corresponded well with the predilection sites of cerebrovascular lesions in SHR. Constrictions and dilatations of intracerebral arterioles and small arteries were also demonstrated by the peroxidase method, and the dilated arterial walls did reveal a darker staining. From these results it is strongly suggested that certain cerebrovascular lesions, especially necrosis with cyst formation in SHR are sequelae of the increased cerebrovascular permeability caused by a chronic hypertensive state.", "contents": "Changes in vascular permeability in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats studied with peroxidase as a tracer. Cerebrovascular permeability in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at various ages was histologically studied using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer and such was related to the cerebrovascular lesions in the animals. An increase in permeability was demonstrated in the brain of SHR, particularly in those animals with an extremely high blood pressure. Increased cerebrovascular permeability occurred in some animals without any organic vascular change or severe parenchymal changes, although edema was present. Histologically, the SHR brain with an increase in permeability showed mild focal edema, rarefaction of tissue and necrosis with cyst formation. Thus a transitional progress was evident. Localization of the increase in permeability corresponded well with the predilection sites of cerebrovascular lesions in SHR. Constrictions and dilatations of intracerebral arterioles and small arteries were also demonstrated by the peroxidase method, and the dilated arterial walls did reveal a darker staining. From these results it is strongly suggested that certain cerebrovascular lesions, especially necrosis with cyst formation in SHR are sequelae of the increased cerebrovascular permeability caused by a chronic hypertensive state."}
{"id": "PMID:1199728", "title": "Giant mesenteric lymphoid tumor (Castleman's lymphoma) - a case report.", "content": "An autopsy case of a giant mesenteric lymphoid tumor in a 57-year-old female was examined anatomo-biologically. A 17X15X6 cm3-sized pinkish gray-coloured medullary tumor occupying the mesenterium with no evident capsule, invaded the small intestine and pancrease head. Histologically, it was a lymphoid tissue consisting of hyalinized angiofollicular architecture having epithelioid cells and tingible body macrophages in the follicles. Some small-sized follicles showed typical Hassalloid architecture and other follicles consisted of monotonous growth of lymphocytes without a mantle zone, some of them fusing with each other. The histopathological appearance of the tumor was that of Castleman's lymphoma and of hyaline-vascular type of Keller's Classification. There was another 0.6X0.5X0.5 cm3-sized tumor having an angiofollicular architecture in the subserosa of the sigmoid colon. The present case was complicated with vertebral caries, hypogammaglobulinemia (1.2%), eosinophilia (50%) and panbronchobronchiolitis, the last one being responsible for her death.", "contents": "Giant mesenteric lymphoid tumor (Castleman's lymphoma) - a case report. An autopsy case of a giant mesenteric lymphoid tumor in a 57-year-old female was examined anatomo-biologically. A 17X15X6 cm3-sized pinkish gray-coloured medullary tumor occupying the mesenterium with no evident capsule, invaded the small intestine and pancrease head. Histologically, it was a lymphoid tissue consisting of hyalinized angiofollicular architecture having epithelioid cells and tingible body macrophages in the follicles. Some small-sized follicles showed typical Hassalloid architecture and other follicles consisted of monotonous growth of lymphocytes without a mantle zone, some of them fusing with each other. The histopathological appearance of the tumor was that of Castleman's lymphoma and of hyaline-vascular type of Keller's Classification. There was another 0.6X0.5X0.5 cm3-sized tumor having an angiofollicular architecture in the subserosa of the sigmoid colon. The present case was complicated with vertebral caries, hypogammaglobulinemia (1.2%), eosinophilia (50%) and panbronchobronchiolitis, the last one being responsible for her death."}
{"id": "PMID:1199729", "title": "Congenital muscular dystrophy associated with micropolygyria - report of two cases.", "content": "This is a report on two autopsy cases of congenital muscular dystrophy associated with micropolygyria. The first case was that of an 11-year-old boy and the other of a 22-year-old male adult. Both cases had similar clinical features, very early onset of disease, diffuse and extensive wasting of skeletal muscles including facial muscles, contracture of joints, hypotonia and mental retardation. In the familial histories of these two cases, the parents of the boy were consanguineous, and a sister of the adult case suffered from muscle weakness and mental retardation. Both of these two cases were clinically diagnosed as congenital cerebromuscular dystrophy (Fukuyama's type). Autopsy revealed marked dystrophy of generalized skeletal muscles and widespread micropolygyria of the brain in both cases. Spinal cords and peripheral nerves were free from any prominent changes. It was concluded that so-called congenital cerebromuscular dystrophy may be caused by myogenic as well as neurogenic abnormalities during fetal period.", "contents": "Congenital muscular dystrophy associated with micropolygyria - report of two cases. This is a report on two autopsy cases of congenital muscular dystrophy associated with micropolygyria. The first case was that of an 11-year-old boy and the other of a 22-year-old male adult. Both cases had similar clinical features, very early onset of disease, diffuse and extensive wasting of skeletal muscles including facial muscles, contracture of joints, hypotonia and mental retardation. In the familial histories of these two cases, the parents of the boy were consanguineous, and a sister of the adult case suffered from muscle weakness and mental retardation. Both of these two cases were clinically diagnosed as congenital cerebromuscular dystrophy (Fukuyama's type). Autopsy revealed marked dystrophy of generalized skeletal muscles and widespread micropolygyria of the brain in both cases. Spinal cords and peripheral nerves were free from any prominent changes. It was concluded that so-called congenital cerebromuscular dystrophy may be caused by myogenic as well as neurogenic abnormalities during fetal period."}
{"id": "PMID:1199730", "title": "Hypophosphatasia-study on two autopsy cases.", "content": "The autopsy findings of two cases of infantile hypophosphatasia are described and compared with those of 16 previously reported cases. Histochemical and biochemical tissue analysis for alkaline phosphatase showed a marked decrease in activity in liver, kidney, and bones. However, intestinal alkaline phosphatase possessed normal or slightly elevated activity. Nephrocalcinosis is a frequent complication and its development depends on hypercalcemia and length of survival of the patient. Electron microscopic findings are illustrated, and a mechanism for the development of nephrocalcinosis is proposed. For the first time, marked elevations of parathyroid hormone was detected. This finding, coupled with the extreme difficulty in locating the parathyroid glands in cases of hypophosphatasia, is enigmatic. Areas for furture investigation are suggested.", "contents": "Hypophosphatasia-study on two autopsy cases. The autopsy findings of two cases of infantile hypophosphatasia are described and compared with those of 16 previously reported cases. Histochemical and biochemical tissue analysis for alkaline phosphatase showed a marked decrease in activity in liver, kidney, and bones. However, intestinal alkaline phosphatase possessed normal or slightly elevated activity. Nephrocalcinosis is a frequent complication and its development depends on hypercalcemia and length of survival of the patient. Electron microscopic findings are illustrated, and a mechanism for the development of nephrocalcinosis is proposed. For the first time, marked elevations of parathyroid hormone was detected. This finding, coupled with the extreme difficulty in locating the parathyroid glands in cases of hypophosphatasia, is enigmatic. Areas for furture investigation are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1199739", "title": "On the dynamics of the pulmonary stretch receptor.", "content": "An attempt to describe mathematically the dynamic behavior of a slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor is presented. The elaborated formula makes it possible to assess both the dynamics of the receptor firing and the phenomenon of adaptation.", "contents": "On the dynamics of the pulmonary stretch receptor. An attempt to describe mathematically the dynamic behavior of a slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor is presented. The elaborated formula makes it possible to assess both the dynamics of the receptor firing and the phenomenon of adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199740", "title": "Effect of electrode implantation and electrical stimulation of hypothalamus of food intake in cats.", "content": "Electrodes were implanted into HL in cats. Influence of implantation on daily food intake and alimentary preferences was investigated. Then, the particular sites were stimulated electrically and the general behavior of cats and their attitude towards the food was observed. Implantation effected food intake in different manner in particular individuals. All animals changed their preferences in the direction of raw meat. Electrical stimulation of sites producing alimentary behavior (10 from the 35 investigated) caused the same preference. Alimentary behavior occuring during the stimulation of these sites seems not to be related to the increase of hunger drive.", "contents": "Effect of electrode implantation and electrical stimulation of hypothalamus of food intake in cats. Electrodes were implanted into HL in cats. Influence of implantation on daily food intake and alimentary preferences was investigated. Then, the particular sites were stimulated electrically and the general behavior of cats and their attitude towards the food was observed. Implantation effected food intake in different manner in particular individuals. All animals changed their preferences in the direction of raw meat. Electrical stimulation of sites producing alimentary behavior (10 from the 35 investigated) caused the same preference. Alimentary behavior occuring during the stimulation of these sites seems not to be related to the increase of hunger drive."}
{"id": "PMID:1199741", "title": "The effect of lesions of the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus on alimentary conditioned reflexes and food intake in dogs.", "content": "The experiments have been carried out on 6 dogs with type II conditioned alimentary reaction. After achieving the criterion in all animals the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus was destroyed by means of electrocoagulation. After the operation hypophagia developed with a rise in the number of intertrial responses and disinhibition of the alimentary conditioned reaction not exceeding 6 days. The obtained results confirm in part the hypothesis of Brutkowski who regarded this nucleus as belonging to a system controlling feeding behavior.", "contents": "The effect of lesions of the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus on alimentary conditioned reflexes and food intake in dogs. The experiments have been carried out on 6 dogs with type II conditioned alimentary reaction. After achieving the criterion in all animals the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus was destroyed by means of electrocoagulation. After the operation hypophagia developed with a rise in the number of intertrial responses and disinhibition of the alimentary conditioned reaction not exceeding 6 days. The obtained results confirm in part the hypothesis of Brutkowski who regarded this nucleus as belonging to a system controlling feeding behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1199742", "title": "The effect of a single intense effort on the activity of aminotransferases and concentration of free amino acids in the plasma of rats.", "content": "Untrained rats were subjected to a single intense physical effort. In the plasma the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and the concentrations of amino acids: glycine, cystine, alanine and leucine with isoleucine were measured. The results were compared with the data obtained in a control group. Despite lack of statistically significant differences in the activity of aminotransferases and concentration of amino acids between these groups a correlation was found between the activity of AIAT and alanine concentration in the animals after exercise. The concentration of alpha-amino nitrogen was decreased statistically significantly in the group of animals subjected to intensive exercise.", "contents": "The effect of a single intense effort on the activity of aminotransferases and concentration of free amino acids in the plasma of rats. Untrained rats were subjected to a single intense physical effort. In the plasma the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and the concentrations of amino acids: glycine, cystine, alanine and leucine with isoleucine were measured. The results were compared with the data obtained in a control group. Despite lack of statistically significant differences in the activity of aminotransferases and concentration of amino acids between these groups a correlation was found between the activity of AIAT and alanine concentration in the animals after exercise. The concentration of alpha-amino nitrogen was decreased statistically significantly in the group of animals subjected to intensive exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:1199743", "title": "Investigations of erythropoiesis in newborn rats. Erythropoiesis in newborn rats in physiological conditions.", "content": "Erythropoiesis was investigated in suckling rats from the 1st to the 19th day of life when the use of 59Fe. In 2-day and 5-day old rats it was less intensive than in later days. The haemopoietic processes were most intensive between the 7th and 14th day of life. Following this period the activity gradually decreased.", "contents": "Investigations of erythropoiesis in newborn rats. Erythropoiesis in newborn rats in physiological conditions. Erythropoiesis was investigated in suckling rats from the 1st to the 19th day of life when the use of 59Fe. In 2-day and 5-day old rats it was less intensive than in later days. The haemopoietic processes were most intensive between the 7th and 14th day of life. Following this period the activity gradually decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:1199744", "title": "Investigations on erythropoiesis in newborn rats. Dependence of erythropoiesis in newborn rats on the intensity of the haemopoietic processes in the lactating mothers.", "content": "The intensity of haemopoietic processes was investigated in 7, 9, 11, 14 and 19-day-old suckling rats in relation to the intensity of these processes in their mothers. The rate of the haemopoietic processes in newborn rats was determined on the basis of 59Fe incorporation into the blood and haemopoietic organs. The activity of the erythropoietic system in lactating rat females was stimulated by haemorrhage and inhibited by erythrocyte transfusion. Anaemization of lactating rats by haemorrhage did not stimulate erythropoiesis in the suckling rats. Posttransfusion polycythaemia in the lactating mothers inhibited erythropoiesis in the suckling rats beginning with the 9th day of life. This phenomenon became more pronounced with the age of the rats.", "contents": "Investigations on erythropoiesis in newborn rats. Dependence of erythropoiesis in newborn rats on the intensity of the haemopoietic processes in the lactating mothers. The intensity of haemopoietic processes was investigated in 7, 9, 11, 14 and 19-day-old suckling rats in relation to the intensity of these processes in their mothers. The rate of the haemopoietic processes in newborn rats was determined on the basis of 59Fe incorporation into the blood and haemopoietic organs. The activity of the erythropoietic system in lactating rat females was stimulated by haemorrhage and inhibited by erythrocyte transfusion. Anaemization of lactating rats by haemorrhage did not stimulate erythropoiesis in the suckling rats. Posttransfusion polycythaemia in the lactating mothers inhibited erythropoiesis in the suckling rats beginning with the 9th day of life. This phenomenon became more pronounced with the age of the rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1199745", "title": "The influence of muscular contractions on acetylcholine effects on nutritive blood flow in the hindpaw of dog.", "content": "In the earlier investigations it was shown that muscular exercise augmented the dilator effects of ACh in the vascular bed of the hind leg of dog. To get a closer insight into this phenonenon the effects of acetylcholine on the nutritive blood flow in contracting skeletal muscle in the dog were studied. It was found that i.a. acetylcholine administration raises the nutritive blood flow in the investigated vascular bed within about 30--36 minutes after muscular contractions. The nutritive blood flow during and following muscular contractions induced by stimuli of varying frequency was also investigated.", "contents": "The influence of muscular contractions on acetylcholine effects on nutritive blood flow in the hindpaw of dog. In the earlier investigations it was shown that muscular exercise augmented the dilator effects of ACh in the vascular bed of the hind leg of dog. To get a closer insight into this phenonenon the effects of acetylcholine on the nutritive blood flow in contracting skeletal muscle in the dog were studied. It was found that i.a. acetylcholine administration raises the nutritive blood flow in the investigated vascular bed within about 30--36 minutes after muscular contractions. The nutritive blood flow during and following muscular contractions induced by stimuli of varying frequency was also investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:1199746", "title": "The effects on stretching and prostaglandin F2alpha on the contractile and bioelectric activity of the uterus in rat.", "content": "The effects of stretching and of prostaglandin F2alpha on spontaneous and induced with local deformation contractile activity of rat uterus were studied. It was found that stretching the uterus up to the length of the decontracted organ in vivo increased the contractile and bioelectric activity. The rise in spontaneous uterine activity was a factor reducing induction of additional contractions. The fall in the level of endogenous prostaglandins in the uterus following administration of indomethacin inhibited the spontaneous contractile activity but was without effect on the contractions induced by local deformation of the myometrium. Prostaglandin F2alpha added to the bath in a concentration of 0.001 ng/ml exerted an inhibitory action on the different tested parameters of the contractile activity. After high doses stimulation of the uterine activity was observed.", "contents": "The effects on stretching and prostaglandin F2alpha on the contractile and bioelectric activity of the uterus in rat. The effects of stretching and of prostaglandin F2alpha on spontaneous and induced with local deformation contractile activity of rat uterus were studied. It was found that stretching the uterus up to the length of the decontracted organ in vivo increased the contractile and bioelectric activity. The rise in spontaneous uterine activity was a factor reducing induction of additional contractions. The fall in the level of endogenous prostaglandins in the uterus following administration of indomethacin inhibited the spontaneous contractile activity but was without effect on the contractions induced by local deformation of the myometrium. Prostaglandin F2alpha added to the bath in a concentration of 0.001 ng/ml exerted an inhibitory action on the different tested parameters of the contractile activity. After high doses stimulation of the uterine activity was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199747", "title": "The effects of indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) on induction of ovulation in rabbits.", "content": "Serotonin as well as melatonin introduced into the 3-rd cerebral ventricle in doses of 120 mug blocked induction of ovulation in rabbits; it was also observed that the ovulation-blocking effect of serotonin was much more effective than that of melatonin. The inhibitory effect of both indolamines on this process was more evident in summer than in spring. The role of serotonin and melatonin as mediators blocking the release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GRH) and the participation of these amines in the regulation of seasonal sexual rhythms are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) on induction of ovulation in rabbits. Serotonin as well as melatonin introduced into the 3-rd cerebral ventricle in doses of 120 mug blocked induction of ovulation in rabbits; it was also observed that the ovulation-blocking effect of serotonin was much more effective than that of melatonin. The inhibitory effect of both indolamines on this process was more evident in summer than in spring. The role of serotonin and melatonin as mediators blocking the release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GRH) and the participation of these amines in the regulation of seasonal sexual rhythms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199748", "title": "Red cell and total blood volumes during sexual excitement and copulation in the boar.", "content": "Measurements of hematocrit, total plasma protein and red cell volume were made during sexual excitement and copulation in boars. Red cell volume (RCV) was determined by isotope dilution technique using endogenous 51Cr-tagged red cells. Basing on these data changes in the total blood volume (TBV) and plasma volume (PV) were calculated by 2 indirect methods. RCV increased by 12% to 16% in the intial phase of ejaculation and remained increased during ejaculation and 40 minutes after copulation. TBV and PV decreased during copulation, greatest drop being found in the final phase of ejaculation. After ejaculation the TBV was increasing, first to the resting value before copulation (about 20 minutes after copulation), thereafter it became markedly higher than during the resting period. Depending on the method used for calculation significant differences were found in the quantity of TBV and PV drop during ejaculation.", "contents": "Red cell and total blood volumes during sexual excitement and copulation in the boar. Measurements of hematocrit, total plasma protein and red cell volume were made during sexual excitement and copulation in boars. Red cell volume (RCV) was determined by isotope dilution technique using endogenous 51Cr-tagged red cells. Basing on these data changes in the total blood volume (TBV) and plasma volume (PV) were calculated by 2 indirect methods. RCV increased by 12% to 16% in the intial phase of ejaculation and remained increased during ejaculation and 40 minutes after copulation. TBV and PV decreased during copulation, greatest drop being found in the final phase of ejaculation. After ejaculation the TBV was increasing, first to the resting value before copulation (about 20 minutes after copulation), thereafter it became markedly higher than during the resting period. Depending on the method used for calculation significant differences were found in the quantity of TBV and PV drop during ejaculation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199749", "title": "The effect of stable strontium on the incorporation and metabolism of radioactive strontium in young and adult rabbit bones.", "content": "The experiments were performed on 5-, 8-, 12- and 14 months old rabbits. The effect of stable strontium enriched diet on the bone tissue formation (apposition) and on physiocochemical processes consisting in ion exchange were studied using radioactive isotopes: Sr-85 and Ra-226 and tetracycline. The results of kinetic and autoradiographic studies and micoscopical analysis of bone preparations suggest that stable strontium inhibits the mineralization of newly formed bone tissue without affecting the physico-chemical processes related to ion exchange.", "contents": "The effect of stable strontium on the incorporation and metabolism of radioactive strontium in young and adult rabbit bones. The experiments were performed on 5-, 8-, 12- and 14 months old rabbits. The effect of stable strontium enriched diet on the bone tissue formation (apposition) and on physiocochemical processes consisting in ion exchange were studied using radioactive isotopes: Sr-85 and Ra-226 and tetracycline. The results of kinetic and autoradiographic studies and micoscopical analysis of bone preparations suggest that stable strontium inhibits the mineralization of newly formed bone tissue without affecting the physico-chemical processes related to ion exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:1199751", "title": "Relationship between the changes in the concentration of endoxan and the activity of kininforming enzymes within the Gu\u00e9rin tumor in rat.", "content": "The activity of rat kininforming system and endoxan level in certain organs and in the neoplastic tissue was studied. It was found that trypsin increases markedly the kininforming activity and endoxan level in the Gu\u00e9rin tumor, and slightly in the liver. A direct correlation between the level of endoxan when given with trypsin and the kinin activity were observed. The authors suppose that the selective accumulation of endoxan in the tumor depends on the trypsin -- induced activation of kininforming system within the neoplastic tissue.", "contents": "Relationship between the changes in the concentration of endoxan and the activity of kininforming enzymes within the Gu\u00e9rin tumor in rat. The activity of rat kininforming system and endoxan level in certain organs and in the neoplastic tissue was studied. It was found that trypsin increases markedly the kininforming activity and endoxan level in the Gu\u00e9rin tumor, and slightly in the liver. A direct correlation between the level of endoxan when given with trypsin and the kinin activity were observed. The authors suppose that the selective accumulation of endoxan in the tumor depends on the trypsin -- induced activation of kininforming system within the neoplastic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1199750", "title": "The effect of hypertonic urea solution on Na+ and K+ transport through the smooth muscle membrane.", "content": "The aim of this work was to examine the effect of a hypertonic solution (Krebs solution + 290 mM urea) on K+ and Na+ transport. The experiments were carried out on the guinea-pig taenia coli preparations using the method of Na-24 and K-24 loading and washout. The efflux curves were analysed by means of the digital computer technique. The following parameters were determined: efflux rate constant k2, influx rate constant k1, intracellular ion concentration C1 ion flux M and permeability P. Any significant difference between PNa/PK ratio in hypertonic urea and isotonic Krebs solutions was found.", "contents": "The effect of hypertonic urea solution on Na+ and K+ transport through the smooth muscle membrane. The aim of this work was to examine the effect of a hypertonic solution (Krebs solution + 290 mM urea) on K+ and Na+ transport. The experiments were carried out on the guinea-pig taenia coli preparations using the method of Na-24 and K-24 loading and washout. The efflux curves were analysed by means of the digital computer technique. The following parameters were determined: efflux rate constant k2, influx rate constant k1, intracellular ion concentration C1 ion flux M and permeability P. Any significant difference between PNa/PK ratio in hypertonic urea and isotonic Krebs solutions was found."}
{"id": "PMID:1199770", "title": "Therapeutic attempts with lithium in young drug addicts.", "content": "On the hypothesis that drug addiction may be due to \"masked depression\", lithium was administered to 20 opiate addicts. Only nine patients took the lithium carbonate tablets for more than a few weeks; during this period they seemed to abstain from taking opiates. After 1 year, all the patients were off lithium and most of them again took opiates. Due to lack of cooperation on the part of the patients, the observations can neither confirm nor refute our hypothesis. The study shows that psychological and socio-environmental factors make trials on drug treatment of opiate addicts almost impossible to carry out.", "contents": "Therapeutic attempts with lithium in young drug addicts. On the hypothesis that drug addiction may be due to \"masked depression\", lithium was administered to 20 opiate addicts. Only nine patients took the lithium carbonate tablets for more than a few weeks; during this period they seemed to abstain from taking opiates. After 1 year, all the patients were off lithium and most of them again took opiates. Due to lack of cooperation on the part of the patients, the observations can neither confirm nor refute our hypothesis. The study shows that psychological and socio-environmental factors make trials on drug treatment of opiate addicts almost impossible to carry out."}
{"id": "PMID:1199771", "title": "Marital status and schizophrenia.", "content": "The finding that married persons are more likely to be hospitalized schizophrenics is reviewed. Three interpretations of the finding are discussed: causation, selection, and differential utilization. A strategy to separate the three hypotheses is presented which uses data on rates of admission and duration of hospitalization and which concentrates on the widowed category. Data from the Maryland Psychiatric Case Register are used to test the hypotheses. Evidence of selection and differential utilization is found, but none in favor of the causation hypothesis. It is shown that selection operates less powerfully in rural areas.", "contents": "Marital status and schizophrenia. The finding that married persons are more likely to be hospitalized schizophrenics is reviewed. Three interpretations of the finding are discussed: causation, selection, and differential utilization. A strategy to separate the three hypotheses is presented which uses data on rates of admission and duration of hospitalization and which concentrates on the widowed category. Data from the Maryland Psychiatric Case Register are used to test the hypotheses. Evidence of selection and differential utilization is found, but none in favor of the causation hypothesis. It is shown that selection operates less powerfully in rural areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1199772", "title": "Changes of associative performance in hospitalized schizophrenics: a 16-year follow-up.", "content": "After a mean test-retest interval of 16.6 years a sample of 72 initially acute/subacute as well as chronic schizophrenic patients showed a significant normalisation of performance with respect to associative commonality, idiosyncratic responses, and response latency. The findings are attributed chiefly to effects of psychotropic drugs and improved psychiatric treatment.", "contents": "Changes of associative performance in hospitalized schizophrenics: a 16-year follow-up. After a mean test-retest interval of 16.6 years a sample of 72 initially acute/subacute as well as chronic schizophrenic patients showed a significant normalisation of performance with respect to associative commonality, idiosyncratic responses, and response latency. The findings are attributed chiefly to effects of psychotropic drugs and improved psychiatric treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1199773", "title": "The psychopathology of anancastic endogenous depression.", "content": "From a sample of 1,005 patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital in Aarhus for the first time during the period 1950-1959 and diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive psychosis or endogenous depression (affective psychoses), a subsample of 104 manic-depressive patients with anancastic symptoms in the history was selected. The 104 probands were individually matched with 104 non-anancastic probands with affective psychoses. The study was designed as a follow-up study, and the patients who were still living were seen personally. In the search for factors which could be used to distinguish affective psychoses with anancastic symptoms from affective psychoses without these traits, the incidence of a number of psychopathological features was evaluated based on the case histories and the information given by the patients at the follow-up. There was no difference as far as atypical, schizophrenia-like symptoms were concerned between the anancastic probands and the controls. Manic and hypomanic features were more frequent among the controls, corresponding to a greater number of bipolar psychoses among them. At the same time, the controls showed a significant preponderance of decidedly psychotic symptoms such as disturbances of consciousness, delusions and delusion-like ideas and hallucinations. Furthermore, retardation was more frequent among the controls. There was no difference in the suicidal behaviour of the two groups. Symptoms which were more often met among the anancastic depressives were: anxiety, agitation, diurnal variation of mood and early awakening. Seasonal variation in symptomatology was also more frequent among the anancastic probands. The same held true for depersonalization. The anancastic probands showed a significant preponderance of anancastic premorbid personality features. A positive correlation was found between the number of anancastic personality features and the following symptoms: agitation, anxiety, diurnal fluctuation, seasonal variation, hypochondriacal attitude and depersonalization. On the other hand, objective retardation or flight of ideas showed a significant negative correlation. The pattern of the anancastic symptoms was rather uniform; aggressive obsessions, mostly in the form of suicidal and homicidal obsessions, were present in more than two thirds of the cases. The anancastic depressions were often less severe than non-anancastic depressions in that the latter were more often complicated by decidedly psychotic symptoms. It is possible to interpret the symptomatology of anancastic depressions as a pathoplastic influence of the anancastic personality, but it cannot be excluded that some of the symptoms like anxiety and agitation are linked to the presence of anancastic symptoms as such.", "contents": "The psychopathology of anancastic endogenous depression. From a sample of 1,005 patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital in Aarhus for the first time during the period 1950-1959 and diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive psychosis or endogenous depression (affective psychoses), a subsample of 104 manic-depressive patients with anancastic symptoms in the history was selected. The 104 probands were individually matched with 104 non-anancastic probands with affective psychoses. The study was designed as a follow-up study, and the patients who were still living were seen personally. In the search for factors which could be used to distinguish affective psychoses with anancastic symptoms from affective psychoses without these traits, the incidence of a number of psychopathological features was evaluated based on the case histories and the information given by the patients at the follow-up. There was no difference as far as atypical, schizophrenia-like symptoms were concerned between the anancastic probands and the controls. Manic and hypomanic features were more frequent among the controls, corresponding to a greater number of bipolar psychoses among them. At the same time, the controls showed a significant preponderance of decidedly psychotic symptoms such as disturbances of consciousness, delusions and delusion-like ideas and hallucinations. Furthermore, retardation was more frequent among the controls. There was no difference in the suicidal behaviour of the two groups. Symptoms which were more often met among the anancastic depressives were: anxiety, agitation, diurnal variation of mood and early awakening. Seasonal variation in symptomatology was also more frequent among the anancastic probands. The same held true for depersonalization. The anancastic probands showed a significant preponderance of anancastic premorbid personality features. A positive correlation was found between the number of anancastic personality features and the following symptoms: agitation, anxiety, diurnal fluctuation, seasonal variation, hypochondriacal attitude and depersonalization. On the other hand, objective retardation or flight of ideas showed a significant negative correlation. The pattern of the anancastic symptoms was rather uniform; aggressive obsessions, mostly in the form of suicidal and homicidal obsessions, were present in more than two thirds of the cases. The anancastic depressions were often less severe than non-anancastic depressions in that the latter were more often complicated by decidedly psychotic symptoms. It is possible to interpret the symptomatology of anancastic depressions as a pathoplastic influence of the anancastic personality, but it cannot be excluded that some of the symptoms like anxiety and agitation are linked to the presence of anancastic symptoms as such."}
{"id": "PMID:1199781", "title": "Myelography with the non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide.", "content": "Technical problems in myelography with the water-soluble contrast medium, metrizamide are analysed and a technique used for examination of the entire spinal subarachnoid space is described. The choice of gas or water-soluble contrast medium for myelography is also discussed.", "contents": "Myelography with the non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide. Technical problems in myelography with the water-soluble contrast medium, metrizamide are analysed and a technique used for examination of the entire spinal subarachnoid space is described. The choice of gas or water-soluble contrast medium for myelography is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199782", "title": "Multidirectional tomography in reconstructive middle ear surgery.", "content": "The tomographic demonstration of essential structural details before reconstructive middle ear surgery with osseous auto- and homografts is described, and the preoperative information requirements are briefly discussed. The tomographic appearance of the different types of reconstruction is presented. The halfaxial and true lateral projections are to be preferred, if necessary complemented by the axial-pyramidal projection. Tomography may disclose obvious morphologic causes of absence of postoperative hearing improvement or secondary hearing impairment.", "contents": "Multidirectional tomography in reconstructive middle ear surgery. The tomographic demonstration of essential structural details before reconstructive middle ear surgery with osseous auto- and homografts is described, and the preoperative information requirements are briefly discussed. The tomographic appearance of the different types of reconstruction is presented. The halfaxial and true lateral projections are to be preferred, if necessary complemented by the axial-pyramidal projection. Tomography may disclose obvious morphologic causes of absence of postoperative hearing improvement or secondary hearing impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:1199783", "title": "Side effects after lumbar myelography with dimeglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X). Further experiences.", "content": "Lumbar myelography with dimeglumine iocarmate was performed in 90 cases premedicated with diazepam (Valium). EEG was performed before, as well as 3 and 24 hours after myelography. The use of diazepam interfered to some extent with the interpretation of the EEG. In 3 cases EEG abnormalities occurred 3 hours after myelography, most probably ascribable to Dimer-X. No further changes were found in the 24-hour recording. Immediate side effects were few and mild and seizures did not appear. The EEG abnormalities were equally distributed among patients with and without side effects.", "contents": "Side effects after lumbar myelography with dimeglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X). Further experiences. Lumbar myelography with dimeglumine iocarmate was performed in 90 cases premedicated with diazepam (Valium). EEG was performed before, as well as 3 and 24 hours after myelography. The use of diazepam interfered to some extent with the interpretation of the EEG. In 3 cases EEG abnormalities occurred 3 hours after myelography, most probably ascribable to Dimer-X. No further changes were found in the 24-hour recording. Immediate side effects were few and mild and seizures did not appear. The EEG abnormalities were equally distributed among patients with and without side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1199784", "title": "Psoriatic lesion of the sternal synchondrosis.", "content": "Radiography of the synchondrosis between the manubrium and the sternal body was performed in 29 patients with clinically certain psoriatic arthropathy. Tomography proved necessary for a detailed analysis. Erosive inflammatory lesions were detected in 18 cases; in 61 per cent of cases with a history of more than 5 years and in 71 per cent of cases with typical hand and feet arthropathy. It is concluded that the sternum is frequently involved in cases with roentgenologically typical psoriatic arthropathy.", "contents": "Psoriatic lesion of the sternal synchondrosis. Radiography of the synchondrosis between the manubrium and the sternal body was performed in 29 patients with clinically certain psoriatic arthropathy. Tomography proved necessary for a detailed analysis. Erosive inflammatory lesions were detected in 18 cases; in 61 per cent of cases with a history of more than 5 years and in 71 per cent of cases with typical hand and feet arthropathy. It is concluded that the sternum is frequently involved in cases with roentgenologically typical psoriatic arthropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199785", "title": "Angiography in epidemic nephropathy.", "content": "Nephroangiography has been performed in 35 patients with epidemic nephropathy during the course of the renal lesion phase. In addition to enlarged kidney with thickened cortex, generalized renal vasodilatation was demonstrated in the majority of the cases, frequently combined with rapid circulation. Thus, contrary to previous assumptions, acute oliguric renal insufficiency may also occur in cases with peripheral renal vasodilatation. The angiographic appearance of epidemic nephropathy was characteristic and most evident in the oliguric and anuric phases. Nephroangiography in acute oliguric renal failure may thus be of value for the differential diagnosis and thereby influence the clinical management of the patient.", "contents": "Angiography in epidemic nephropathy. Nephroangiography has been performed in 35 patients with epidemic nephropathy during the course of the renal lesion phase. In addition to enlarged kidney with thickened cortex, generalized renal vasodilatation was demonstrated in the majority of the cases, frequently combined with rapid circulation. Thus, contrary to previous assumptions, acute oliguric renal insufficiency may also occur in cases with peripheral renal vasodilatation. The angiographic appearance of epidemic nephropathy was characteristic and most evident in the oliguric and anuric phases. Nephroangiography in acute oliguric renal failure may thus be of value for the differential diagnosis and thereby influence the clinical management of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1199786", "title": "Circulatory disturbances following missile wounding of soft tissue.", "content": "The early circulatory changes following high velocity missile wounding to soft tissue of an extremity were analysed by hemodynamic methods and serial angiography. The extent of the tissue injury and the functional disturbances were mapped out and the time-course of the alterations in blood flow was registered. Possible mechanisms for the observed abnormalities are discussed.", "contents": "Circulatory disturbances following missile wounding of soft tissue. The early circulatory changes following high velocity missile wounding to soft tissue of an extremity were analysed by hemodynamic methods and serial angiography. The extent of the tissue injury and the functional disturbances were mapped out and the time-course of the alterations in blood flow was registered. Possible mechanisms for the observed abnormalities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199787", "title": "Perception of simulated lesions in the lung.", "content": "The detectability of phi 20 mm, disk-shaped objects on a normal chest film was investigated at viewing distances of 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 m. Objects with a tapered border were found to be best perceived at longer distances. The photpgraphic density difference between object and background yielding a 50% detection probability was found to increase from 0.025 to 0.060 when the outer gradient zone of the object increased from 0.8 to 4.0 mm.", "contents": "Perception of simulated lesions in the lung. The detectability of phi 20 mm, disk-shaped objects on a normal chest film was investigated at viewing distances of 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 m. Objects with a tapered border were found to be best perceived at longer distances. The photpgraphic density difference between object and background yielding a 50% detection probability was found to increase from 0.025 to 0.060 when the outer gradient zone of the object increased from 0.8 to 4.0 mm."}
{"id": "PMID:1199788", "title": "Relative flow measured by roentgen videodensitometry in hydrodynamic model.", "content": "The behaviour of injected iodine contrast medium in a pulsative hydrodynamic model was recorded on videotape in television fluoroscopy and measured by roentgen videodensitometry. By a simple relationship between the integrated densitometric area, the amount of injected contrast medium, and the flow at the site of the injection, it was possible to compare the flow in two different cross-sections of the circulatory system with high accuracy.", "contents": "Relative flow measured by roentgen videodensitometry in hydrodynamic model. The behaviour of injected iodine contrast medium in a pulsative hydrodynamic model was recorded on videotape in television fluoroscopy and measured by roentgen videodensitometry. By a simple relationship between the integrated densitometric area, the amount of injected contrast medium, and the flow at the site of the injection, it was possible to compare the flow in two different cross-sections of the circulatory system with high accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199789", "title": "Influence of secondary radiation on image quality.", "content": "On the basis of observations concerning non-screen films and xerox plates a theory is proposed as to how the image quality is impaired by secondary radiation. The theory includes an explanation of why xerox plates and industrial roentgen films of a high silver content are less affected by secondary radiation than conventional roentgen films.", "contents": "Influence of secondary radiation on image quality. On the basis of observations concerning non-screen films and xerox plates a theory is proposed as to how the image quality is impaired by secondary radiation. The theory includes an explanation of why xerox plates and industrial roentgen films of a high silver content are less affected by secondary radiation than conventional roentgen films."}
{"id": "PMID:1199790", "title": "Layer formation in narrow beam rotation radiography.", "content": "The layer formation in rotation narrow beam radiography is analysed mathematically. It is shown that the blurring, and consequently the layer formation, is due primarily to the width of the beam; no blurring and no layer formation occur if the beam is of negligible width. The blurring is significantly affected by the magnification factor in the specific central projection typical of narrow beam rotation methods, where the rotation centre serves as an imaginary focus.", "contents": "Layer formation in narrow beam rotation radiography. The layer formation in rotation narrow beam radiography is analysed mathematically. It is shown that the blurring, and consequently the layer formation, is due primarily to the width of the beam; no blurring and no layer formation occur if the beam is of negligible width. The blurring is significantly affected by the magnification factor in the specific central projection typical of narrow beam rotation methods, where the rotation centre serves as an imaginary focus."}
{"id": "PMID:1199791", "title": "Injection device for pharmaco-angiography.", "content": "A device for injections of vasoactive agents at angiography connected with an injector for contrast medium and a film changer is described. It enables the examination to be performed according to predetermined data with a high degree of reproducibility. It lends itself particularly to experimental investigations of pharmacologic effects within various vascular areas.", "contents": "Injection device for pharmaco-angiography. A device for injections of vasoactive agents at angiography connected with an injector for contrast medium and a film changer is described. It enables the examination to be performed according to predetermined data with a high degree of reproducibility. It lends itself particularly to experimental investigations of pharmacologic effects within various vascular areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1199808", "title": "Treatment of sinoatrial syndrome with permanent cardiac pacing in 90 patients.", "content": "Out of a pacemaker population of 392 patients, 90 (23%) have been found to have sinoatrial syndrome. Their ages ranged from 22 to 86 years, and averaged 66 for men and 70 for women. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.6. Before pacemaker implantation, syncopal attacks had occurred in 54%, dizziness without syncope in 31% and tachyarrhythmias in 57%. Atrial or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia had been recorded in 33%, atrial fibrillation or flutter in 28%, and ventricular tachycardia in 11%. First and/or second degree AV block was found in 36%. Coronary heart disease was present in 61% and 20% had had myocardial infarction. Cardiomyopathy and previous carditis were other associated heart diseases. Sinoatrial syndrome was the only manifestation of heart disease in 20%. Follow-up time after pacemaker implantation ranged from 3 months to 7 years, mean 23 months. Syncopal attacks were stopped in 48 of 49 patients, dizziness was relieved in all 28 patients and tachyarrhythmias were controlled by combined drug treatment in 43 of 51 patients. Nineteen patients died during the follow-up, most of them of cerebrovascular events or myocardial infarction. Associated coronary heart disease was especially frequent in this group. The death of one patient was caused by a run-away pacemaker. Other pacing failures were due to electrode movement or premature battery exhaustion. There was no mortality associated with pacemaker implantations or replacements. These results strongly support the view that pacemaker treatment most effectively controls symptoms of sinoatrial syndrome when drug treatment fails.", "contents": "Treatment of sinoatrial syndrome with permanent cardiac pacing in 90 patients. Out of a pacemaker population of 392 patients, 90 (23%) have been found to have sinoatrial syndrome. Their ages ranged from 22 to 86 years, and averaged 66 for men and 70 for women. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.6. Before pacemaker implantation, syncopal attacks had occurred in 54%, dizziness without syncope in 31% and tachyarrhythmias in 57%. Atrial or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia had been recorded in 33%, atrial fibrillation or flutter in 28%, and ventricular tachycardia in 11%. First and/or second degree AV block was found in 36%. Coronary heart disease was present in 61% and 20% had had myocardial infarction. Cardiomyopathy and previous carditis were other associated heart diseases. Sinoatrial syndrome was the only manifestation of heart disease in 20%. Follow-up time after pacemaker implantation ranged from 3 months to 7 years, mean 23 months. Syncopal attacks were stopped in 48 of 49 patients, dizziness was relieved in all 28 patients and tachyarrhythmias were controlled by combined drug treatment in 43 of 51 patients. Nineteen patients died during the follow-up, most of them of cerebrovascular events or myocardial infarction. Associated coronary heart disease was especially frequent in this group. The death of one patient was caused by a run-away pacemaker. Other pacing failures were due to electrode movement or premature battery exhaustion. There was no mortality associated with pacemaker implantations or replacements. These results strongly support the view that pacemaker treatment most effectively controls symptoms of sinoatrial syndrome when drug treatment fails."}
{"id": "PMID:1199809", "title": "Creatine phosphokinase following cardioversion.", "content": "Serial estimations of total serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) have been performed before and during 18-51 hours after cardioversion of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in 12 patients without acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The maximal CPK rise was 78 mU/ml (110%) and the CPK did not exceed the upper normal limit (130 mU/ml) in more than two patients (149 respectively 156 mU/ml). The CPK rise we have observed in a series of AMI patients varied between 101 (133%) and 2 260 mU/ml (3 780%), mean 900 mU/ml (1 184%). Therefore, cardioversion performed as described seldom seems to interfere with diagnosing AMI by serial estimations of serum CPK during the next 24 hours.", "contents": "Creatine phosphokinase following cardioversion. Serial estimations of total serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) have been performed before and during 18-51 hours after cardioversion of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in 12 patients without acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The maximal CPK rise was 78 mU/ml (110%) and the CPK did not exceed the upper normal limit (130 mU/ml) in more than two patients (149 respectively 156 mU/ml). The CPK rise we have observed in a series of AMI patients varied between 101 (133%) and 2 260 mU/ml (3 780%), mean 900 mU/ml (1 184%). Therefore, cardioversion performed as described seldom seems to interfere with diagnosing AMI by serial estimations of serum CPK during the next 24 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:1199810", "title": "Deaths and non-fatal reinfarctions during two years' follow-up after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Since 1968 special units for registering and following up all myocardial infarction patients have been in operation in G\u00f3teborg. The present paper reports on the deaths and non-fatal reinfarctions among 440 men and women below 67 years of age followed for two years after hospitalization for myocardial infarction. Of the 359 men, 299 had their first infarction and 60 a recurrent infarction. During two years 13% of men with a first infarction, and 37% of men with a recurrent infarction died. Deaths were significantly more common during the first than during the second year. There was no significant difference in mortality between men and women. The incidence of non-fatal reinfarctions was of similar magnitude and showed similar time relationships. Two thirds of the deaths were sudden (within 24 hours after onset of new symptoms) and half of the deaths occurred outside hospital. The autopsy rate was 92%. Two thirds of the deaths were caused by a fresh morphological infarct. In one fourth of the deaths where no cause was found at autopsy, death was ascribed to malignant arrhythmias. Heart weights were higher among patients dying after recurrent infarction at entry to the study. No distinctive pattern was found when autopsy findings were correlated to the interval between the onset of symptoms and death. Deaths due to fresh infarction and without an identifiable cause were more common among those who died within 24 hours of onset of symptoms compared to those dying after longer intervals.", "contents": "Deaths and non-fatal reinfarctions during two years' follow-up after myocardial infarction. Since 1968 special units for registering and following up all myocardial infarction patients have been in operation in G\u00f3teborg. The present paper reports on the deaths and non-fatal reinfarctions among 440 men and women below 67 years of age followed for two years after hospitalization for myocardial infarction. Of the 359 men, 299 had their first infarction and 60 a recurrent infarction. During two years 13% of men with a first infarction, and 37% of men with a recurrent infarction died. Deaths were significantly more common during the first than during the second year. There was no significant difference in mortality between men and women. The incidence of non-fatal reinfarctions was of similar magnitude and showed similar time relationships. Two thirds of the deaths were sudden (within 24 hours after onset of new symptoms) and half of the deaths occurred outside hospital. The autopsy rate was 92%. Two thirds of the deaths were caused by a fresh morphological infarct. In one fourth of the deaths where no cause was found at autopsy, death was ascribed to malignant arrhythmias. Heart weights were higher among patients dying after recurrent infarction at entry to the study. No distinctive pattern was found when autopsy findings were correlated to the interval between the onset of symptoms and death. Deaths due to fresh infarction and without an identifiable cause were more common among those who died within 24 hours of onset of symptoms compared to those dying after longer intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:1199811", "title": "Diazoxide in the management of severe hypertension.", "content": "Fourteen patients with severe hypertension have been given i.v. diazoxide in a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.wt. The material comprised 2 patients with malignant nephrosclerosis, 4 with chronic nephropathy and severe reduction of renal function, 1 patient with chronic pyelonephritis, 1 with renovascular hypertension and 6 patients with essential hypertension and in malignant phase. All patients attained a controllable blood pressure. Eight patients remaining needed only one injection, while the remaining patients required 2-5 injections, and concomitant furosemide therapy. The retinopathy improved in most patients and renal function was unchanged in the azotemic patients. No serious adverse effects were seen, except one hypotensive episode. Diazoxide is easy to handle, dosage can be predetermined, monitoring is simple and we find diazoxide to be a valuable drug in severe hypertension.", "contents": "Diazoxide in the management of severe hypertension. Fourteen patients with severe hypertension have been given i.v. diazoxide in a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.wt. The material comprised 2 patients with malignant nephrosclerosis, 4 with chronic nephropathy and severe reduction of renal function, 1 patient with chronic pyelonephritis, 1 with renovascular hypertension and 6 patients with essential hypertension and in malignant phase. All patients attained a controllable blood pressure. Eight patients remaining needed only one injection, while the remaining patients required 2-5 injections, and concomitant furosemide therapy. The retinopathy improved in most patients and renal function was unchanged in the azotemic patients. No serious adverse effects were seen, except one hypotensive episode. Diazoxide is easy to handle, dosage can be predetermined, monitoring is simple and we find diazoxide to be a valuable drug in severe hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1199812", "title": "Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in patients with essential hypertension before and after treatment with alprenolol.", "content": "In 25 patients with essential hypertension, the renal plasma flow RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and BP have been measured before and after one month's treatment with alprenolol. The patients were divided into two groups according to age. Group 1 consisted of 10 patients with mild hypertension under 35 years of age, group 2 of 15 patients over the age of 35 with moderate hypertension. A markedly greater lowering of BP was measured in group 1 than in group 2. There were no changes in RPF or GFR after alprenolol treatment and no differences in these parameters were observed between the two groups either before or after treatment. Group 1 displayed significantly lower renal vascular resistance (RVR) than group 2 both before and after treatment, and alprenolol treatment resulted in a slight reduction of RVR in group 1, but not in group 2. The difference between the two groups with respect to the antihypertensive effect of alprenolol and the RVR may possibly be due to the fact that the patients in group 2 had more pronounced structural vascular alterations than those in group 1.", "contents": "Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in patients with essential hypertension before and after treatment with alprenolol. In 25 patients with essential hypertension, the renal plasma flow RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and BP have been measured before and after one month's treatment with alprenolol. The patients were divided into two groups according to age. Group 1 consisted of 10 patients with mild hypertension under 35 years of age, group 2 of 15 patients over the age of 35 with moderate hypertension. A markedly greater lowering of BP was measured in group 1 than in group 2. There were no changes in RPF or GFR after alprenolol treatment and no differences in these parameters were observed between the two groups either before or after treatment. Group 1 displayed significantly lower renal vascular resistance (RVR) than group 2 both before and after treatment, and alprenolol treatment resulted in a slight reduction of RVR in group 1, but not in group 2. The difference between the two groups with respect to the antihypertensive effect of alprenolol and the RVR may possibly be due to the fact that the patients in group 2 had more pronounced structural vascular alterations than those in group 1."}
{"id": "PMID:1199813", "title": "Catecholamines in plasma and urine in patients with essential hypertension determined by double-isotope derivative techniques.", "content": "Employing double-isotope derivative techniques, noradrenaline and adrenaline have been determined in plasma and in urine and dopamine in urine in 21 patients with essential hypertension as well as in 32 controls. Plasma noradrenaline rose with age in both groups of subjects. No differences were observed in plasma noradrenaline and plasma adrenaline in the resting supine position and in urinary excretion of noradrenaline and dopamine in hypertensive patients as compared to control subjects. Urinary excretion of adrenaline was somewhat lower in the hypertensives than in the controls. Treatment with alprenolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, did not influence noradrenaline and adrenaline in plasma in the basal state or the urinary excretion of the three catecholamines. The combined treatment with alprenolol and hydralazine was followed by a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline. It is concluded that the adrenergic activity evaluated by circulating catecholamines is normal in most patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "Catecholamines in plasma and urine in patients with essential hypertension determined by double-isotope derivative techniques. Employing double-isotope derivative techniques, noradrenaline and adrenaline have been determined in plasma and in urine and dopamine in urine in 21 patients with essential hypertension as well as in 32 controls. Plasma noradrenaline rose with age in both groups of subjects. No differences were observed in plasma noradrenaline and plasma adrenaline in the resting supine position and in urinary excretion of noradrenaline and dopamine in hypertensive patients as compared to control subjects. Urinary excretion of adrenaline was somewhat lower in the hypertensives than in the controls. Treatment with alprenolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, did not influence noradrenaline and adrenaline in plasma in the basal state or the urinary excretion of the three catecholamines. The combined treatment with alprenolol and hydralazine was followed by a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline. It is concluded that the adrenergic activity evaluated by circulating catecholamines is normal in most patients with essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1199814", "title": "Effect of alprenolol and hydralazine on plasma renin concentration in patients with arterial hypertension.", "content": "The effect of alprenolol alone and in combination with hydralazine on plasma renin concentration has been studied in 25 patients with arterial hypertension. Alprenolol caused a significant fall in plasma renin concentration and in BP but the two falls were not intercorrelated. Addition of hydralazine to the treatment regimen produced a further reduction of BP. Changes in plasma renin concentration varied greatly during combination therapy. A modest, non-significant increase in plasma renin concentration was measured compared with the level after treatment with alprenolol. It is concluded that mechanisms other than suppression of plasma renin concentration are important for the reduction of BP during beta-adrenergic blockade and that the plasma renin concentration probably has no clinical significance with regard to forecasting the antihypertensive effect of alprenolol. Even though a significant correlation was found between the fall in plasma renin concentration and the fall in diastolic BP during combination therapy, it is uncertain whether changes in the renin-angiotensin system are of primary importance for BP regulation during this therapy.", "contents": "Effect of alprenolol and hydralazine on plasma renin concentration in patients with arterial hypertension. The effect of alprenolol alone and in combination with hydralazine on plasma renin concentration has been studied in 25 patients with arterial hypertension. Alprenolol caused a significant fall in plasma renin concentration and in BP but the two falls were not intercorrelated. Addition of hydralazine to the treatment regimen produced a further reduction of BP. Changes in plasma renin concentration varied greatly during combination therapy. A modest, non-significant increase in plasma renin concentration was measured compared with the level after treatment with alprenolol. It is concluded that mechanisms other than suppression of plasma renin concentration are important for the reduction of BP during beta-adrenergic blockade and that the plasma renin concentration probably has no clinical significance with regard to forecasting the antihypertensive effect of alprenolol. Even though a significant correlation was found between the fall in plasma renin concentration and the fall in diastolic BP during combination therapy, it is uncertain whether changes in the renin-angiotensin system are of primary importance for BP regulation during this therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199815", "title": "A 3-year follow-up of middle-aged men with borderline blood pressure.", "content": "Ninety-eight middle-aged men with untreated borderline raised blood pressure (BP) have been reexamined after three years. Twenty-five subjects were considered to be hypertensive, motivating a shorter interval for rescreening. Systolic BP had decreased in 23%, diastolic BP in 46% and both pressures in 15%. Those who developed hypertension had higher systolic BP at the initial examination. A family history of hypertension was more common in this group.", "contents": "A 3-year follow-up of middle-aged men with borderline blood pressure. Ninety-eight middle-aged men with untreated borderline raised blood pressure (BP) have been reexamined after three years. Twenty-five subjects were considered to be hypertensive, motivating a shorter interval for rescreening. Systolic BP had decreased in 23%, diastolic BP in 46% and both pressures in 15%. Those who developed hypertension had higher systolic BP at the initial examination. A family history of hypertension was more common in this group."}
{"id": "PMID:1199816", "title": "Intestinal decarboxylation of orally administered L-dopa. Influence of pharmacological preparations, dose magnitude, dose sequence and food intake.", "content": "The intestinal decarboxylation and the absorption of orally administered L-dopa have been studied in 20 parkinsonian patients in different conditions. The decarboxylation generally amounted to 50-70% of the dose given, i.e. only 30-50% of orally administered L-dopa reached the general circulation. The shape of the plasma concentration curve varied individually and with the resolvation time of the type of pharmacological preparation given. No obvious difference in the degree of intestinal decarboxylation was observed when tablets with different resolvation times were given but the net absorption of L-dopa was somewhat greater when it was given as a solution. The decarboxylation in the intestinal organs was found to be rather constant at different times of the day. Isocaloric meals, whether rich in protein or carbohydrate, caused a delay in absorption of L-dopa, but did not change the degree of decarboxylation. Diurnal variations in the clinical response to L-dopa, could, thus, not be related to diurnal variations in the decarboxylation in the intestinal organs. The delay in L-dopa absorption after meals may be misinterpreted as lack of response. At dosage with short intervals, the delay may cause an additive effect of two doses.", "contents": "Intestinal decarboxylation of orally administered L-dopa. Influence of pharmacological preparations, dose magnitude, dose sequence and food intake. The intestinal decarboxylation and the absorption of orally administered L-dopa have been studied in 20 parkinsonian patients in different conditions. The decarboxylation generally amounted to 50-70% of the dose given, i.e. only 30-50% of orally administered L-dopa reached the general circulation. The shape of the plasma concentration curve varied individually and with the resolvation time of the type of pharmacological preparation given. No obvious difference in the degree of intestinal decarboxylation was observed when tablets with different resolvation times were given but the net absorption of L-dopa was somewhat greater when it was given as a solution. The decarboxylation in the intestinal organs was found to be rather constant at different times of the day. Isocaloric meals, whether rich in protein or carbohydrate, caused a delay in absorption of L-dopa, but did not change the degree of decarboxylation. Diurnal variations in the clinical response to L-dopa, could, thus, not be related to diurnal variations in the decarboxylation in the intestinal organs. The delay in L-dopa absorption after meals may be misinterpreted as lack of response. At dosage with short intervals, the delay may cause an additive effect of two doses."}
{"id": "PMID:1199838", "title": "Adolescent-adult interaction and peer-group involvement.", "content": "The principle purpose of this paper has been to assess the importance of the quality of adolescent-adult interaction in explaining differentials in adolescent peer-group involvement. The analysis indicated that quality of adolescent-adult interaction is inversely related to peer-group involvement and that the relationship is statistically significant beyond the .001 level. This holds true for each dimension of peer-group involvement included in the analysis. Thus, the analysis supports the hypothesis.", "contents": "Adolescent-adult interaction and peer-group involvement. The principle purpose of this paper has been to assess the importance of the quality of adolescent-adult interaction in explaining differentials in adolescent peer-group involvement. The analysis indicated that quality of adolescent-adult interaction is inversely related to peer-group involvement and that the relationship is statistically significant beyond the .001 level. This holds true for each dimension of peer-group involvement included in the analysis. Thus, the analysis supports the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199839", "title": "Patient inquiry into mental hospitalization: a quantitative analysis.", "content": "In this section we have assembled a small collection of data concerned with the issue of whether or not adolescents would profit from reflective inquiry into the closed area of mental health care. We have analyzed, arranged and interpreted the data from our study and conclude it demonstrates that adolescent inpatients did profit substantially from a reflective inquiry into mental health care. The number of subjects involved in this experimental program was small. The subjects of the experimental program were not selected randomly. Moreover, the researcher could not control for a number of intervening variables. For this particular group the intervening variables were many: changes in the subjects' individual treatment program, level of tranquilizing medication, attitude of other staff toward the experimental program, relations with parents or relatives, et cetera. This list covers some of the more important weaknesses of the experimental design. In the account of the experiment we reported the influence of other significant intervening variables as they emerged during the course of the study. Even with these important limitations the total push of the results in the direction of our argument compels us to conclude that it is clearly profitable for adolescent inpatients to reflectively inquire into the closed area of mental health care. Although the data reported here are not of predictive value, we believe they indicate the importance of having adolescent inpatients reflectively examine their social situation.", "contents": "Patient inquiry into mental hospitalization: a quantitative analysis. In this section we have assembled a small collection of data concerned with the issue of whether or not adolescents would profit from reflective inquiry into the closed area of mental health care. We have analyzed, arranged and interpreted the data from our study and conclude it demonstrates that adolescent inpatients did profit substantially from a reflective inquiry into mental health care. The number of subjects involved in this experimental program was small. The subjects of the experimental program were not selected randomly. Moreover, the researcher could not control for a number of intervening variables. For this particular group the intervening variables were many: changes in the subjects' individual treatment program, level of tranquilizing medication, attitude of other staff toward the experimental program, relations with parents or relatives, et cetera. This list covers some of the more important weaknesses of the experimental design. In the account of the experiment we reported the influence of other significant intervening variables as they emerged during the course of the study. Even with these important limitations the total push of the results in the direction of our argument compels us to conclude that it is clearly profitable for adolescent inpatients to reflectively inquire into the closed area of mental health care. Although the data reported here are not of predictive value, we believe they indicate the importance of having adolescent inpatients reflectively examine their social situation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199841", "title": "Issues involved in the treatment of an adolescent group.", "content": "At first we had a lot of information about what to expect from an adolescent group. But we quickly found an enormous gap between our information and the actual experience and gut feelings. It is important to anticipate many overwhelming feelings! It is also crucial for therapists to be open and honest with themselves and each other about their counter-transferences. Second, we discovered that it is not hopeless! However, it is essential to provide structure via firm, consistent limits and goals. Adolescents need to feel protected by therapists who can manage the group's turbulence. Third, creative techniques frequently provide ways of dealing with feelings. Four, a treatment group cannot survive with too many acters-out; one or two may add spice and give permission to others to recognize and express feelings. Also, despite the often chaotic atmosphere, serious treatment takes place. It has been helpful to have Mrs. Friedman as our supervisor. At critical points, when we were overwhelmed, she helped with her objectivity and support, offering a clearer vision of actual treatment issues when feelings were high. At times when we felt depleted, Mrs. Friedman's support replenished us and we were able to return to the group with enthusiasm. In conclusion, it has been fun working as co-therapists. We have found that the sharing and mutual confrontation contributed significantly to our professional growth.", "contents": "Issues involved in the treatment of an adolescent group. At first we had a lot of information about what to expect from an adolescent group. But we quickly found an enormous gap between our information and the actual experience and gut feelings. It is important to anticipate many overwhelming feelings! It is also crucial for therapists to be open and honest with themselves and each other about their counter-transferences. Second, we discovered that it is not hopeless! However, it is essential to provide structure via firm, consistent limits and goals. Adolescents need to feel protected by therapists who can manage the group's turbulence. Third, creative techniques frequently provide ways of dealing with feelings. Four, a treatment group cannot survive with too many acters-out; one or two may add spice and give permission to others to recognize and express feelings. Also, despite the often chaotic atmosphere, serious treatment takes place. It has been helpful to have Mrs. Friedman as our supervisor. At critical points, when we were overwhelmed, she helped with her objectivity and support, offering a clearer vision of actual treatment issues when feelings were high. At times when we felt depleted, Mrs. Friedman's support replenished us and we were able to return to the group with enthusiasm. In conclusion, it has been fun working as co-therapists. We have found that the sharing and mutual confrontation contributed significantly to our professional growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1199849", "title": "Abortion attitudes among Catholic college students.", "content": "The present study has explored the abortion attitudes of 200 students attending a midwestern liberal arts college affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. The main findings were as follows: 1. Catholics in general tend to be more conservative in this area than Protestants. 2. There were no statistically significant differences between urban and rural residents and between single and engaged subjects. On the other hand, females, social science majors, and those having no plans for graduate studies were significantly more conservative than males, natural science majors, and those planning to do graduate work, respectively. 3. Abortion scores were correlated negatively and significantly with religious services attended, amount of Catholic education, and, to a limited extent, father's occupation, but nonsignificantly with age, number of siblings, birth order, college rank, parental education, and mother's occupation.", "contents": "Abortion attitudes among Catholic college students. The present study has explored the abortion attitudes of 200 students attending a midwestern liberal arts college affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. The main findings were as follows: 1. Catholics in general tend to be more conservative in this area than Protestants. 2. There were no statistically significant differences between urban and rural residents and between single and engaged subjects. On the other hand, females, social science majors, and those having no plans for graduate studies were significantly more conservative than males, natural science majors, and those planning to do graduate work, respectively. 3. Abortion scores were correlated negatively and significantly with religious services attended, amount of Catholic education, and, to a limited extent, father's occupation, but nonsignificantly with age, number of siblings, birth order, college rank, parental education, and mother's occupation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199855", "title": "An approach to families of acting-out adolescents--a case study.", "content": "Certain types of acting-out in the adolescent express the feelings of deprivation of the parental pair in a maladaptive aggressive way. Family therapists have attempted to convert the acting-out behavioral disorders into an effective state, i.e., make the family aware of their feelings of deprivation by focusing on the aggressive component. In many instances, the family becomes depressed and then interrupts or terminates treatment. The authors feel that this is due to the therapist's interpretations which bring about the depressive state via guilt provocation. The family understands the interpretations as meaning \"You are bad to have your adolescent offspring behave in such a way\". The therapist is thus seen as the family's collective super-ego. In order to prevent premature termination, the therapist should instead help the members of the family to become more conscious of their loving, \"welfare\" feelings for one another. In this way the self-esteem of the family is increased, which then permits more verbal action of aggressive feelings--thus a decrease in the acting-out, and ultimately an increase in the capacity to mourn. It should be pointed out, however, that in certain families, the technique described is not applicable. In these cases, although there is acting-out, the families are unable to draw on sufficient good experiences together which are necessary to elicit positive feeling for one another. The absence of readily available \"welfare\" feelings is of diagnostic and prognostic significance and differentiates the disorganized, sociopathic or schizophrenic family from the acting-out of parental deprivation as illustrated in this paper.", "contents": "An approach to families of acting-out adolescents--a case study. Certain types of acting-out in the adolescent express the feelings of deprivation of the parental pair in a maladaptive aggressive way. Family therapists have attempted to convert the acting-out behavioral disorders into an effective state, i.e., make the family aware of their feelings of deprivation by focusing on the aggressive component. In many instances, the family becomes depressed and then interrupts or terminates treatment. The authors feel that this is due to the therapist's interpretations which bring about the depressive state via guilt provocation. The family understands the interpretations as meaning \"You are bad to have your adolescent offspring behave in such a way\". The therapist is thus seen as the family's collective super-ego. In order to prevent premature termination, the therapist should instead help the members of the family to become more conscious of their loving, \"welfare\" feelings for one another. In this way the self-esteem of the family is increased, which then permits more verbal action of aggressive feelings--thus a decrease in the acting-out, and ultimately an increase in the capacity to mourn. It should be pointed out, however, that in certain families, the technique described is not applicable. In these cases, although there is acting-out, the families are unable to draw on sufficient good experiences together which are necessary to elicit positive feeling for one another. The absence of readily available \"welfare\" feelings is of diagnostic and prognostic significance and differentiates the disorganized, sociopathic or schizophrenic family from the acting-out of parental deprivation as illustrated in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1199856", "title": "Catholic scaled values according to the Allport, Vernon and Lindzey Study of Values in relation to the 1970 national high school norms: grades 10-12.", "content": "Utilizing the Allport, Vernon and Lindzey Scale of Values, six scale values: Theoretical, Economical, Aesthetic, Social Political and Religious were measured. The subjects were in grades 10-12 of seven Greater Cincinnati Catholic High Schools (N = 205) and one public high school (N = 43), tested as a potential control. The scores were compared to 1970 national norms (N = 12,616) with added intra-comparisons between male and female scores. It was shown that local Catholic subjects scored significantly higher than the national general norms on the Aesthetic and Social values and significantly lower on the Theoretical, Economic and Religious values. This pattern was identical for both the Catholic males and females. In addition, the local males scored significantly higher than the local females on the Theoretical value and significantly lower on the Aesthetic and Social values. And, the local public control high school scored significantly higher on the Aesthetic value and significantly lower on the Theoretical value.", "contents": "Catholic scaled values according to the Allport, Vernon and Lindzey Study of Values in relation to the 1970 national high school norms: grades 10-12. Utilizing the Allport, Vernon and Lindzey Scale of Values, six scale values: Theoretical, Economical, Aesthetic, Social Political and Religious were measured. The subjects were in grades 10-12 of seven Greater Cincinnati Catholic High Schools (N = 205) and one public high school (N = 43), tested as a potential control. The scores were compared to 1970 national norms (N = 12,616) with added intra-comparisons between male and female scores. It was shown that local Catholic subjects scored significantly higher than the national general norms on the Aesthetic and Social values and significantly lower on the Theoretical, Economic and Religious values. This pattern was identical for both the Catholic males and females. In addition, the local males scored significantly higher than the local females on the Theoretical value and significantly lower on the Aesthetic and Social values. And, the local public control high school scored significantly higher on the Aesthetic value and significantly lower on the Theoretical value."}
{"id": "PMID:1199860", "title": "Personal management of growth: productivity, decision-making, emotion, and social behavior in my senior year.", "content": "The writer used self-recording and charting of his own behavior as a way to observe and manage changes during his senior year at high school. The method used has implications for the application of behavior modification technology to self-management, and to behaviors that occur inside an organism's skin. The results have implications for study of the Senior Slump\", for college and career planning in high school, for clarifying interpersonal attitudes, and for keeping track of one's emotional well-being.", "contents": "Personal management of growth: productivity, decision-making, emotion, and social behavior in my senior year. The writer used self-recording and charting of his own behavior as a way to observe and manage changes during his senior year at high school. The method used has implications for the application of behavior modification technology to self-management, and to behaviors that occur inside an organism's skin. The results have implications for study of the Senior Slump\", for college and career planning in high school, for clarifying interpersonal attitudes, and for keeping track of one's emotional well-being."}
{"id": "PMID:1199862", "title": "Sex-role development and parental expectations among disturbed adolescent males.", "content": "Seventeen pre-delinquent, 17 mixed psychiatric, and 17 normal adolescents and their parents were compared for the possession of certain personality traits traditionally classified as masculine or feminine. The parents were also compared in regard to the characteristics they expected their sons to possess. The main findings centered around three personality traits that differentiated the adolescents, and also between the expectations of both the mothers and fathers. In general, the parents of the normal adolescents expected their sons to be more achieving, dominating, and enduring than the parents of the other adolescents, which is consistent in regard to the personality traits that differentiated the adolescents from each other. The results suggest that the possession of certain traits, such as dominance and endurance, appear to be important for adequate functioning in adolescent males.", "contents": "Sex-role development and parental expectations among disturbed adolescent males. Seventeen pre-delinquent, 17 mixed psychiatric, and 17 normal adolescents and their parents were compared for the possession of certain personality traits traditionally classified as masculine or feminine. The parents were also compared in regard to the characteristics they expected their sons to possess. The main findings centered around three personality traits that differentiated the adolescents, and also between the expectations of both the mothers and fathers. In general, the parents of the normal adolescents expected their sons to be more achieving, dominating, and enduring than the parents of the other adolescents, which is consistent in regard to the personality traits that differentiated the adolescents from each other. The results suggest that the possession of certain traits, such as dominance and endurance, appear to be important for adequate functioning in adolescent males."}
{"id": "PMID:1199864", "title": "The partial ileal bypass operation in treatment of the hyperlipidemias.", "content": "Partial ileal bypass is, today, the single most effective means available for lowering the plasma lipids, in particular the plasma cholesterol concentration. The cholesterol lowering effect of this procedure is universally lasting; response escape or rebound of lipid levels has not occurred. The operation is safe. In addition, the obligatory benefits of this mode of therapy make it attractive as a therapeutic alternative, especially in a young and asymptomatic population. We do not advocate this operation as the treatment of choice for all hyperlipidemic individuals. It may be the treatment of choice for certain patients with hyperlipidemia.", "contents": "The partial ileal bypass operation in treatment of the hyperlipidemias. Partial ileal bypass is, today, the single most effective means available for lowering the plasma lipids, in particular the plasma cholesterol concentration. The cholesterol lowering effect of this procedure is universally lasting; response escape or rebound of lipid levels has not occurred. The operation is safe. In addition, the obligatory benefits of this mode of therapy make it attractive as a therapeutic alternative, especially in a young and asymptomatic population. We do not advocate this operation as the treatment of choice for all hyperlipidemic individuals. It may be the treatment of choice for certain patients with hyperlipidemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1199872", "title": "New animal model for atherosclerosis research.", "content": "Japanese quail were investigated for their utility as a model for the discovery and evaluation of anti-atherosclerosis compounds. Although they possessed suitable characteristics for a screening animal, their development of atherosclerosis was too variable to make them a practical model. A search was conducted to find a means to make quail uniformly atherosclerotic. To this end a line of quail susceptible to experimental atherosclerosis (SEA) were selectively bred. Thus, the SEA Japanese quail is a new animal model for atherosclerosis research.", "contents": "New animal model for atherosclerosis research. Japanese quail were investigated for their utility as a model for the discovery and evaluation of anti-atherosclerosis compounds. Although they possessed suitable characteristics for a screening animal, their development of atherosclerosis was too variable to make them a practical model. A search was conducted to find a means to make quail uniformly atherosclerotic. To this end a line of quail susceptible to experimental atherosclerosis (SEA) were selectively bred. Thus, the SEA Japanese quail is a new animal model for atherosclerosis research."}
{"id": "PMID:1199873", "title": "Effects of various hypolipidemic drugs on fatty acid composition of liver and serum lipids.", "content": "1. Treatment of rats with hypolipidemic drugs elicited an increase in oleic and a decrease in linoleic acid content in cholesterol esters, triglycerides and phospholipids of serum and liver lipids. 2. The change was most pronounced in triglycerides followed by cholesterol esters and phospholipids. 3. The shift was dose-dependent, starting with doses eliciting hypolipidemic effects. 4. The shift became obvious immediately after beginning of treatment and reached after 4 days a new steady state. 5. This effect was shared by both drugs of aryloxy fatty acid structure, but was not seen with either L-thyroxine or nicotinic acid. 6. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is thus far unknown, but in our view it merits further attention.", "contents": "Effects of various hypolipidemic drugs on fatty acid composition of liver and serum lipids. 1. Treatment of rats with hypolipidemic drugs elicited an increase in oleic and a decrease in linoleic acid content in cholesterol esters, triglycerides and phospholipids of serum and liver lipids. 2. The change was most pronounced in triglycerides followed by cholesterol esters and phospholipids. 3. The shift was dose-dependent, starting with doses eliciting hypolipidemic effects. 4. The shift became obvious immediately after beginning of treatment and reached after 4 days a new steady state. 5. This effect was shared by both drugs of aryloxy fatty acid structure, but was not seen with either L-thyroxine or nicotinic acid. 6. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is thus far unknown, but in our view it merits further attention."}
{"id": "PMID:1199877", "title": "Protectins in Argentine mollusks: immunological and immunochemical aspects.", "content": "Protectins and agglutinins in several organs, fluids and spawn from Argentine terrestrial and fresh-water gastropod species were examined. Differences or analogies with vertebrate immunoglobulin serological behaviour are summarized. Individual or group variability and the evolutionary meaning of the reproductive system-linked and the Ca++ ion-linked protectins are discussed.", "contents": "Protectins in Argentine mollusks: immunological and immunochemical aspects. Protectins and agglutinins in several organs, fluids and spawn from Argentine terrestrial and fresh-water gastropod species were examined. Differences or analogies with vertebrate immunoglobulin serological behaviour are summarized. Individual or group variability and the evolutionary meaning of the reproductive system-linked and the Ca++ ion-linked protectins are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199894", "title": "Metastaseous adenocarcinoma in the oviduct of a great tit (Parus major L.) preventing laying.", "content": "A female Great Tit was found to have an adenocarcinoma preventing the egg cells from reaching the ostium part of the oviduct. Metastases were found in the ovary, along the intestine, and in the pancreas, liver and kidney. The frequency of carcinomas among birds was discussed.", "contents": "Metastaseous adenocarcinoma in the oviduct of a great tit (Parus major L.) preventing laying. A female Great Tit was found to have an adenocarcinoma preventing the egg cells from reaching the ostium part of the oviduct. Metastases were found in the ovary, along the intestine, and in the pancreas, liver and kidney. The frequency of carcinomas among birds was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199895", "title": "[Origin of the coelomic cavities and the heart in the polypterids (Pisces)].", "content": "In polypterus the mesodermal cavities appear quite late during embryonic life. They are generally small and they only get somewhat more voluminous in the anterior mesomeres (where they establish the pronephrie chambers) and in the ventral anterior mesoderm (where they become an embryonic pericardial cavity). The anlage of the heart appears in the anterior part of the tissue that is situated between the paired mesodermal cavities of these stages. It assumes some unawaited dispositions that are truly confusing in the case of a superficial inspection. It is only during larval life that a coelomic cavity appears all along the truncal part of the mesoderm. In the beginning this is a pericardio-peritoneal cavity. But because of the coalescence between several membranes an anterior cavity gets isolated and this one is the pericardial cavity of the adult specimens; this cavity is much more limited than its homonymic counterpart of the embryonic stages.", "contents": "[Origin of the coelomic cavities and the heart in the polypterids (Pisces)]. In polypterus the mesodermal cavities appear quite late during embryonic life. They are generally small and they only get somewhat more voluminous in the anterior mesomeres (where they establish the pronephrie chambers) and in the ventral anterior mesoderm (where they become an embryonic pericardial cavity). The anlage of the heart appears in the anterior part of the tissue that is situated between the paired mesodermal cavities of these stages. It assumes some unawaited dispositions that are truly confusing in the case of a superficial inspection. It is only during larval life that a coelomic cavity appears all along the truncal part of the mesoderm. In the beginning this is a pericardio-peritoneal cavity. But because of the coalescence between several membranes an anterior cavity gets isolated and this one is the pericardial cavity of the adult specimens; this cavity is much more limited than its homonymic counterpart of the embryonic stages."}
{"id": "PMID:1199896", "title": "[Development of the cloaca and its ulterior transformations in the polypterids (Pisces)].", "content": "Generally spoken cloacae have been but little studied. In Polypterus, a brachiopterygian fish, a cloaca only exists during parts of the embryonal and larval life and it gets replaced by structures consisting of an anus and an urinary sinus. In the beginning of embryonal life the posterior opening of the body seems to be nothing else than the original blastoporus. The wall of this opening acquires evaginations; the anlagen of the excretory ducts come in contact with them, establishing in that way a structure, that merits the name of cloaca. During the elongation of the post-vitellin body, the latter gets shifted from the level of metamere XII to that of metamere XXX. Another migration of the cloaca occurs when the digestive system acquires its development. Finally the cloaca may be found under the 47th and 48th muscular segments (at least in the species Polypterus senegalus senegalus Cuvier). During these stages the excretory ducts have build up an urinary sinus that gets separated from the gut. In adults no communication exists any more between the gut and the urinary sinus; the latter is a very destinct organ that may have an impair or pair aspect according to its being filled up. Because of the establishing of a communication with the genital ducts the sinus becomes an uro-genital sinus in the adult.", "contents": "[Development of the cloaca and its ulterior transformations in the polypterids (Pisces)]. Generally spoken cloacae have been but little studied. In Polypterus, a brachiopterygian fish, a cloaca only exists during parts of the embryonal and larval life and it gets replaced by structures consisting of an anus and an urinary sinus. In the beginning of embryonal life the posterior opening of the body seems to be nothing else than the original blastoporus. The wall of this opening acquires evaginations; the anlagen of the excretory ducts come in contact with them, establishing in that way a structure, that merits the name of cloaca. During the elongation of the post-vitellin body, the latter gets shifted from the level of metamere XII to that of metamere XXX. Another migration of the cloaca occurs when the digestive system acquires its development. Finally the cloaca may be found under the 47th and 48th muscular segments (at least in the species Polypterus senegalus senegalus Cuvier). During these stages the excretory ducts have build up an urinary sinus that gets separated from the gut. In adults no communication exists any more between the gut and the urinary sinus; the latter is a very destinct organ that may have an impair or pair aspect according to its being filled up. Because of the establishing of a communication with the genital ducts the sinus becomes an uro-genital sinus in the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:1199897", "title": "[Metameric components of the occipital region of the polypterids (Pisces)].", "content": "Investigations into the development of the pronephros in Polypterus senegalus senegalus Cuvier have shown several details on the composition of the occipital region of this fish. It has been shown that the first six metotic metameres contribute to the structuring of the occipital region. These six metameres also are responsible for the existence of the pronephros. The epimeres of metamere I atrophies in the beginning of larval life. The muscular structures derived from the four following metameres become englobed in the occipital region. In the myoseptum between the previous metameres V and VI the post-occipital semi-vertebra, a pecularity of Polypterus, arises. The first vertebra of the column arises between structures that are derived from the previous metameres VI and VII. Such statements have been possible by a close examination of the disposition of the pectoral fin nerves in several larval stages. Because these nerves have been labelled with different names in several studies, a comparison of these names has been necessary.", "contents": "[Metameric components of the occipital region of the polypterids (Pisces)]. Investigations into the development of the pronephros in Polypterus senegalus senegalus Cuvier have shown several details on the composition of the occipital region of this fish. It has been shown that the first six metotic metameres contribute to the structuring of the occipital region. These six metameres also are responsible for the existence of the pronephros. The epimeres of metamere I atrophies in the beginning of larval life. The muscular structures derived from the four following metameres become englobed in the occipital region. In the myoseptum between the previous metameres V and VI the post-occipital semi-vertebra, a pecularity of Polypterus, arises. The first vertebra of the column arises between structures that are derived from the previous metameres VI and VII. Such statements have been possible by a close examination of the disposition of the pectoral fin nerves in several larval stages. Because these nerves have been labelled with different names in several studies, a comparison of these names has been necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1199904", "title": "Managing the individual and family in crisis.", "content": "Thorough assessment of the crisis requires skilled use of interviewing techniques, such as facilitating the flow of verbalization, selective focusing, ventilation and catharsis. Family interviewing is especially challenging. Conveying interest and preserving neutrality are essential while deciphering relationships among family members. Treatment modalities include individual and family counseling, psychoactive drugs, environmental manipulation (hospitalization, vacation) and the use of community resources. Intervention at the appropriate time can break a vicious cycle of repetitive disorganization and crisis.", "contents": "Managing the individual and family in crisis. Thorough assessment of the crisis requires skilled use of interviewing techniques, such as facilitating the flow of verbalization, selective focusing, ventilation and catharsis. Family interviewing is especially challenging. Conveying interest and preserving neutrality are essential while deciphering relationships among family members. Treatment modalities include individual and family counseling, psychoactive drugs, environmental manipulation (hospitalization, vacation) and the use of community resources. Intervention at the appropriate time can break a vicious cycle of repetitive disorganization and crisis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199905", "title": "Intolerance to aspirin.", "content": "The aspirin intolerance syndrome is characterized by rhinitis and/or sinusitis, nasal polyposis and asthma, with or without a history of adverse reactions, following aspirin ingestion. The frequency of this syndrome in a total population of patients with asthma and/or rhinitis has recently been estimated to be 2.4 percent. Aspirin-intolerant individuals can tolerate sodium salicylate and acetaminophen but indomethacin, morphine, codeine and certain pharmaceutical dyes may cause adverse reactions. The mechanism of aspirin intolerance is as yet unclear but does not appear to be on an immunologic basis. Treatment includes strict avoidance of aspirin and symptomatic therapy of rhinitis and asthma.", "contents": "Intolerance to aspirin. The aspirin intolerance syndrome is characterized by rhinitis and/or sinusitis, nasal polyposis and asthma, with or without a history of adverse reactions, following aspirin ingestion. The frequency of this syndrome in a total population of patients with asthma and/or rhinitis has recently been estimated to be 2.4 percent. Aspirin-intolerant individuals can tolerate sodium salicylate and acetaminophen but indomethacin, morphine, codeine and certain pharmaceutical dyes may cause adverse reactions. The mechanism of aspirin intolerance is as yet unclear but does not appear to be on an immunologic basis. Treatment includes strict avoidance of aspirin and symptomatic therapy of rhinitis and asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:1199906", "title": "Kids vs. commercials.", "content": "A game show with fifth and sixth graders effectively demonstrated their ability to critically evaluate television commercials about health-related products. While the family physician is in a unique position to affect future drug utilization patterns of children by counseling parents, a more active role, such as this exercise in the evaluation of TV messages, may be even more effective.", "contents": "Kids vs. commercials. A game show with fifth and sixth graders effectively demonstrated their ability to critically evaluate television commercials about health-related products. While the family physician is in a unique position to affect future drug utilization patterns of children by counseling parents, a more active role, such as this exercise in the evaluation of TV messages, may be even more effective."}
{"id": "PMID:1199907", "title": "Athletic injuries: Heat vs. cold.", "content": "Cryotherapy is the treatment of choice in the management of acute athletic injuries. Ice is readily available and simple to apply. The rationale for its use is based on well-defined physiologic observations. The application of heat is not indicated in the immediate treatment of acute athletic injuries. If applied early and injudiciously, heat may adversely affect resolution of the trauma and prolong the rehabilitation of the athlete.", "contents": "Athletic injuries: Heat vs. cold. Cryotherapy is the treatment of choice in the management of acute athletic injuries. Ice is readily available and simple to apply. The rationale for its use is based on well-defined physiologic observations. The application of heat is not indicated in the immediate treatment of acute athletic injuries. If applied early and injudiciously, heat may adversely affect resolution of the trauma and prolong the rehabilitation of the athlete."}
{"id": "PMID:1199915", "title": "Injuries of the talus.", "content": "Forced plantar flexion can result in tibiotalar dislocation, subtalar dislocation and total dislocation of the talus. Forced dorsal flexion can cause fracture of the neck of the talus, with or without subtalar dislocation, or dislocation of the body of the bone. Accurate diagnosis is important and sometimes difficult. Reduction must be prompt. Complications include osteomyelitis, malunion and avascular necrosis of the talar body. The last may be partial and revascularization can occur.", "contents": "Injuries of the talus. Forced plantar flexion can result in tibiotalar dislocation, subtalar dislocation and total dislocation of the talus. Forced dorsal flexion can cause fracture of the neck of the talus, with or without subtalar dislocation, or dislocation of the body of the bone. Accurate diagnosis is important and sometimes difficult. Reduction must be prompt. Complications include osteomyelitis, malunion and avascular necrosis of the talar body. The last may be partial and revascularization can occur."}
{"id": "PMID:1199918", "title": "Twenty-four hour automatic monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate at work and at home.", "content": "It proved feasible and practical to automatically record indirect blood pressure at 15 minute intervals with a 4 pound portable device throughout a 24 hour period in five subjects at work and at home, awake and asleep. Of the subjects, two were apparently healthy and three had coronary artery disease, mild essential hypertension, and emphysema, respectively. Most striking was the hypotension accompanying sleep, which was greatest in the hypertensive subject and least in the subject with emphysema. Activity, while mainly walking, resulted in only modest changes in pressure. There was a tendency toward slight pressure rises associated with eating and modest tachycardia while driving a car. There was a tendency in all five subjects to exhibit somewhat higher pressures during the first 4 to 5 hours after awakening.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour automatic monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate at work and at home. It proved feasible and practical to automatically record indirect blood pressure at 15 minute intervals with a 4 pound portable device throughout a 24 hour period in five subjects at work and at home, awake and asleep. Of the subjects, two were apparently healthy and three had coronary artery disease, mild essential hypertension, and emphysema, respectively. Most striking was the hypotension accompanying sleep, which was greatest in the hypertensive subject and least in the subject with emphysema. Activity, while mainly walking, resulted in only modest changes in pressure. There was a tendency toward slight pressure rises associated with eating and modest tachycardia while driving a car. There was a tendency in all five subjects to exhibit somewhat higher pressures during the first 4 to 5 hours after awakening."}
{"id": "PMID:1199919", "title": "Acute bacterial percarditis in children: report of 25 cases.", "content": "Twenty-five patients, aged 5 months to 14 years, with acute bacterial pericarditis are reported. Thirteen (52 per cent) of the patients died. The presenting symptoms, associated illness and physical findings, bacteriology, and response to therapy are reviewed. Optimum therapy consists of intravenous administration of specific antibiotics combined with surgical drainage; 90 per cent of our patients treated in this fashion survived. Antibiotic therapy alone is usually inadequate, especially in the presence of significant effusion, and among our patients only three of 10 patients so treated survived. One patient developed constrictive pericarditis 1 month after the initial attack with meningococcal pericarditis and required pericardectomy.", "contents": "Acute bacterial percarditis in children: report of 25 cases. Twenty-five patients, aged 5 months to 14 years, with acute bacterial pericarditis are reported. Thirteen (52 per cent) of the patients died. The presenting symptoms, associated illness and physical findings, bacteriology, and response to therapy are reviewed. Optimum therapy consists of intravenous administration of specific antibiotics combined with surgical drainage; 90 per cent of our patients treated in this fashion survived. Antibiotic therapy alone is usually inadequate, especially in the presence of significant effusion, and among our patients only three of 10 patients so treated survived. One patient developed constrictive pericarditis 1 month after the initial attack with meningococcal pericarditis and required pericardectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199920", "title": "Amplitude of the first heart sound at rest and during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "The response of S1 amplitude to exercise stress was investigated in patients with coronary heart disease. Phonocardiograms were recorded at rest and during a multistage bicycle ergometer exercise test in a group of 22 patients with angina pectoris and documented coronary disease, and in a normal control group comprised of 32 men. A symmetrical bandpass filter with 100-Hz center frequency and a 12 db per octave slope was used. Mean S1 amplitude increased approximately linearly with heart rate from rest to maximal exercise through several levels of submaximal effort in both control groups. An increase in heart rate of 40 beats above resting levels resulted in a mean increase in S1 amplitude of 281 per cent in the control group. There was a significantly smaller (p less than 0.01) mean increase in the patient group, 195 per cent. In 5 patients the S1 amplitude during exercise at the load precipitating angina was lower than at the highest load that could be tolerated without pain. S1 amplitude is easily measured and may provide a clinically useful method for evaluation of left ventricular function and documentation of an abnormal left ventricular response to exercise stress.", "contents": "Amplitude of the first heart sound at rest and during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with coronary heart disease. The response of S1 amplitude to exercise stress was investigated in patients with coronary heart disease. Phonocardiograms were recorded at rest and during a multistage bicycle ergometer exercise test in a group of 22 patients with angina pectoris and documented coronary disease, and in a normal control group comprised of 32 men. A symmetrical bandpass filter with 100-Hz center frequency and a 12 db per octave slope was used. Mean S1 amplitude increased approximately linearly with heart rate from rest to maximal exercise through several levels of submaximal effort in both control groups. An increase in heart rate of 40 beats above resting levels resulted in a mean increase in S1 amplitude of 281 per cent in the control group. There was a significantly smaller (p less than 0.01) mean increase in the patient group, 195 per cent. In 5 patients the S1 amplitude during exercise at the load precipitating angina was lower than at the highest load that could be tolerated without pain. S1 amplitude is easily measured and may provide a clinically useful method for evaluation of left ventricular function and documentation of an abnormal left ventricular response to exercise stress."}
{"id": "PMID:1199921", "title": "The effect of upright tilt on the volume of the failing human left ventricle.", "content": "The effect of a passive change from supine to 25-degree head-up tilted position on left ventricular volume was studied by echocardiography and other noninvasive techniques in 18 normal subjects, 6 patients with compensated LV volume overloading, and 12 patients with LV failure. In normal subjects and patients with compensated LV volume overloading, 10 minutes of head-up tilt resulted in a significant decrease in the echocardiographic LV internal dimension equivalent to a decrease in the calculated LV end-diastolic volume of 27 and 16 per cent, respectively. In contrast, no change in LV end-diastolic dimension and volume was noted during tilt in the patients with LV failure. The response of heart rate, blood pressure, and LV ejection fraction to this intervention was insignificant in all groups. These data indicate that volume preload is unresponsive to postural changes in patients with LV failure but not in normal subjects or in those with compensated LV volume overloading. It is suggested that the effect of posture on LV volume and output is primarily determined by the absence or presence of LV failure and the consequences of it on the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "The effect of upright tilt on the volume of the failing human left ventricle. The effect of a passive change from supine to 25-degree head-up tilted position on left ventricular volume was studied by echocardiography and other noninvasive techniques in 18 normal subjects, 6 patients with compensated LV volume overloading, and 12 patients with LV failure. In normal subjects and patients with compensated LV volume overloading, 10 minutes of head-up tilt resulted in a significant decrease in the echocardiographic LV internal dimension equivalent to a decrease in the calculated LV end-diastolic volume of 27 and 16 per cent, respectively. In contrast, no change in LV end-diastolic dimension and volume was noted during tilt in the patients with LV failure. The response of heart rate, blood pressure, and LV ejection fraction to this intervention was insignificant in all groups. These data indicate that volume preload is unresponsive to postural changes in patients with LV failure but not in normal subjects or in those with compensated LV volume overloading. It is suggested that the effect of posture on LV volume and output is primarily determined by the absence or presence of LV failure and the consequences of it on the peripheral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199922", "title": "The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: pharmacologic effects of procaine amide.", "content": "The effect of procaine amide, 10 mg. per kilogram via intravenous infusion, was studied in 13 patients with the WPW syndrome. The delta wave was eliminated by procaine amide in 10 and modified in three patients. This effect lasted between 30 minutes and 8 1/2 hours and was unrelated to the total dose administered. Anterograde A-V conduction was assessed by atrial pacing with increasing rates. More rapid atrial pacing rates with 1:1 A-V conduction were observed in patients who maintained rather than lost their delta wave during pacing. Ventriculoatrial conduction was assessed with ventricular pacing at increasing rates; ventricular conduction time was fixed regardless on the pacing rate. Procaine amide significantly prolonged V-A conduction time in six and blocked V-A conduction in one patient. In addition, A-V and V-A refractory periods were measured by the extrastimulus technique. Two types of responses were observed: (1) Type I or (2) line of identity. A-V nodal refractoriness was observed to be within the normal range. Procaine amide converted anterograde line of identity responses to Type I responses in all patients who had their delta waves eliminated. In this patient group, bypass refractoriness was shorter than A-V nodal refractoriness. Procaine amide was not observed to alter significantly normal A-V conduction as assessed by atrial pacing or A-V refractory period measurements. Furthermore, a significant disparity between the effects of procaine amide on anterograde and retrograde bypass refractoriness was observed. Tachycardias could be induced in nine of the 13 patients with a mean rate of 167.2 +/- 7.9 beats per minute; delta waves were abent during all episodes of tachycardia. Procaine amide prevented tachycardia induction in six of the none patients. Procaine amide therefore demonstrates electrophysiologic effects which would be beneficial for prevention or treatment of reciprocating tachycardias in the WPW syndrome. Moreover, procaine amide would be an ideal agent for the prevention of rapid ventricular rates in patients with the WPW syndrome and atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: pharmacologic effects of procaine amide. The effect of procaine amide, 10 mg. per kilogram via intravenous infusion, was studied in 13 patients with the WPW syndrome. The delta wave was eliminated by procaine amide in 10 and modified in three patients. This effect lasted between 30 minutes and 8 1/2 hours and was unrelated to the total dose administered. Anterograde A-V conduction was assessed by atrial pacing with increasing rates. More rapid atrial pacing rates with 1:1 A-V conduction were observed in patients who maintained rather than lost their delta wave during pacing. Ventriculoatrial conduction was assessed with ventricular pacing at increasing rates; ventricular conduction time was fixed regardless on the pacing rate. Procaine amide significantly prolonged V-A conduction time in six and blocked V-A conduction in one patient. In addition, A-V and V-A refractory periods were measured by the extrastimulus technique. Two types of responses were observed: (1) Type I or (2) line of identity. A-V nodal refractoriness was observed to be within the normal range. Procaine amide converted anterograde line of identity responses to Type I responses in all patients who had their delta waves eliminated. In this patient group, bypass refractoriness was shorter than A-V nodal refractoriness. Procaine amide was not observed to alter significantly normal A-V conduction as assessed by atrial pacing or A-V refractory period measurements. Furthermore, a significant disparity between the effects of procaine amide on anterograde and retrograde bypass refractoriness was observed. Tachycardias could be induced in nine of the 13 patients with a mean rate of 167.2 +/- 7.9 beats per minute; delta waves were abent during all episodes of tachycardia. Procaine amide prevented tachycardia induction in six of the none patients. Procaine amide therefore demonstrates electrophysiologic effects which would be beneficial for prevention or treatment of reciprocating tachycardias in the WPW syndrome. Moreover, procaine amide would be an ideal agent for the prevention of rapid ventricular rates in patients with the WPW syndrome and atrial fibrillation."}
{"id": "PMID:1199929", "title": "Effect of direct revascularization surgery on coronary collateral circulation in man.", "content": "In 63 consecutive patients with significant coronary artery disease (more than 75 percent stenosis), the effects of direct myocardial revascularization on coronary collateral channels were studied 6 to 29 days (mean 13.4 days) after operation. Collateral vessels were identified preoperatively and their angiographic regression or reappearance after operation was noted. In 15 patients (23 percent), there was no evidence of collateral flow before or after operation. The remaining 48 patients had 186 collateral channels preoperatively. Postoperatively, 84 (45 percent) of these collateral vessels were no longer apparent, 75 (40 percent) were unchanged and 27 (15 percent) were identical with the preoperative vessels but the pattern of blood flow was reversed. The findings suggest that in the presence of established collateral channels, direct revascularization acutely alters existing flow and pressure gradients in a complex manner. Collateral channels disappear or remain unchanged when a gradient is decreased or maintained; collateral flow is reversed when a gradient is increased. These data may permit (1) objective preoperative estimation of distal vessel runoff in vessels with collateral channels, and (2) evaluation of the completeness of revascularization in assessing long-term postoperative results.", "contents": "Effect of direct revascularization surgery on coronary collateral circulation in man. In 63 consecutive patients with significant coronary artery disease (more than 75 percent stenosis), the effects of direct myocardial revascularization on coronary collateral channels were studied 6 to 29 days (mean 13.4 days) after operation. Collateral vessels were identified preoperatively and their angiographic regression or reappearance after operation was noted. In 15 patients (23 percent), there was no evidence of collateral flow before or after operation. The remaining 48 patients had 186 collateral channels preoperatively. Postoperatively, 84 (45 percent) of these collateral vessels were no longer apparent, 75 (40 percent) were unchanged and 27 (15 percent) were identical with the preoperative vessels but the pattern of blood flow was reversed. The findings suggest that in the presence of established collateral channels, direct revascularization acutely alters existing flow and pressure gradients in a complex manner. Collateral channels disappear or remain unchanged when a gradient is decreased or maintained; collateral flow is reversed when a gradient is increased. These data may permit (1) objective preoperative estimation of distal vessel runoff in vessels with collateral channels, and (2) evaluation of the completeness of revascularization in assessing long-term postoperative results."}
{"id": "PMID:1199930", "title": "Quantitative study of left bundle branch fibrosis in left anterior hemiblock: A stereologic approach.", "content": "Serial sectioning of the interventricular septum was carried out in 16 hearts, 8 from elderly subjects with no conduction disturbance and 8 from patients with chronic left anterior hemiblock. The histologic slides were studied stereologically, and the relative density of fibrosis was quantitatively assessed by the point counting technique at various levels of the main subdivisions of the left bundle branch system. Statistical analysis revealed the following: (1) Although some fibrosis was found in the control hearts, the density of fibrosis was consistently and significantly greater throughout the conduction system in patients with left anterior hemiblock. (2) In the group with hemiblock, the relative density of fibrosis tended to increase significantly from the posterior ramification to the midseptal fibers and, finally, to the anterior fascicle. (3) Among the eight patients with hemiblock, fibrosis appeared to be evenly distributed throughout the conduction system in four. It was predominantly located in the anterior and midseptal fibers in one patient and showed an increasing severity from the posterior to the midseptal and anterior fibers in the remaining three patients. From this quantitative study, it is concluded that left anterior hemiblock is a reliable sign of left bundle branch disease but that the underlying lesions are more widely distributed than would be from the expected electrocardiographic terminology since they were found predominantly in the anterior ramifications in only half of the studied cases.", "contents": "Quantitative study of left bundle branch fibrosis in left anterior hemiblock: A stereologic approach. Serial sectioning of the interventricular septum was carried out in 16 hearts, 8 from elderly subjects with no conduction disturbance and 8 from patients with chronic left anterior hemiblock. The histologic slides were studied stereologically, and the relative density of fibrosis was quantitatively assessed by the point counting technique at various levels of the main subdivisions of the left bundle branch system. Statistical analysis revealed the following: (1) Although some fibrosis was found in the control hearts, the density of fibrosis was consistently and significantly greater throughout the conduction system in patients with left anterior hemiblock. (2) In the group with hemiblock, the relative density of fibrosis tended to increase significantly from the posterior ramification to the midseptal fibers and, finally, to the anterior fascicle. (3) Among the eight patients with hemiblock, fibrosis appeared to be evenly distributed throughout the conduction system in four. It was predominantly located in the anterior and midseptal fibers in one patient and showed an increasing severity from the posterior to the midseptal and anterior fibers in the remaining three patients. From this quantitative study, it is concluded that left anterior hemiblock is a reliable sign of left bundle branch disease but that the underlying lesions are more widely distributed than would be from the expected electrocardiographic terminology since they were found predominantly in the anterior ramifications in only half of the studied cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1199931", "title": "Alternating Wenckebach periodicity: A common electrophysiologic response.", "content": "Alternating Wenckebach periods are defined as episodes of 2:1 atrioventricular (A-V) block in which conducted P-R intervals progressively prolong, terminating in two or three blocked P waves. In this study, His bundle recordings were obtained in 13 patients with pacing-induced alternating Wenckebach periods. Three patterns were noted: Pattern 1 (one patient with a narrow QRS complex) was characterized by 2:1 block distal to the H deflection (block in the His bundle) and Wenckebach periods proximal to the H deflection, terminating with two blocked P waves. Pattern 2 (four patients) was characterized by alternating Wenckebach periods proximal to the His bundle, terminating with three blocked P waves. Pattern 3 (eight patients) was characterized by alternating Wenckebach periods proximal to the His bundle, terminating with two blocked P waves. Alternating Wenckebach periods are best explained by postulating two levels of block. When alternating Wenckebach periods are terminated by three blocked P waves (pattern 2), the condition may be explained by postulating 2:1 block (proximal level) and type I block (distal level). When alternating Wenckebach periods are terminated by two blocked P waves (patterns 1 and 3), the condition may be explained by postulating type I block (proximal level) and 2:1 block (distal level). Pattern 1 reflects block at two levels, the A-V node and His bundle. Patterns 2 and 3 most likely reflect horizontal dissociation within the A-V node.", "contents": "Alternating Wenckebach periodicity: A common electrophysiologic response. Alternating Wenckebach periods are defined as episodes of 2:1 atrioventricular (A-V) block in which conducted P-R intervals progressively prolong, terminating in two or three blocked P waves. In this study, His bundle recordings were obtained in 13 patients with pacing-induced alternating Wenckebach periods. Three patterns were noted: Pattern 1 (one patient with a narrow QRS complex) was characterized by 2:1 block distal to the H deflection (block in the His bundle) and Wenckebach periods proximal to the H deflection, terminating with two blocked P waves. Pattern 2 (four patients) was characterized by alternating Wenckebach periods proximal to the His bundle, terminating with three blocked P waves. Pattern 3 (eight patients) was characterized by alternating Wenckebach periods proximal to the His bundle, terminating with two blocked P waves. Alternating Wenckebach periods are best explained by postulating two levels of block. When alternating Wenckebach periods are terminated by three blocked P waves (pattern 2), the condition may be explained by postulating 2:1 block (proximal level) and type I block (distal level). When alternating Wenckebach periods are terminated by two blocked P waves (patterns 1 and 3), the condition may be explained by postulating type I block (proximal level) and 2:1 block (distal level). Pattern 1 reflects block at two levels, the A-V node and His bundle. Patterns 2 and 3 most likely reflect horizontal dissociation within the A-V node."}
{"id": "PMID:1199932", "title": "Biventricular dynamics during quantitated anteroseptal infarction in the porcine heart.", "content": "The porcine heart has been shown to have close anatomic similarity to the human heart and was used as the experimental model in this study to gain further understanding of the early responses of both ventricles during acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction. High fidelity pressure and flow data were measured and multiple preejection and ejection variables were calculated for both ventricles. Infarct weight and distribution in both ventricles were quantitated. The standard infarction resulted from single stage ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery just beyond its midpoint and second left ventricular branch. It comprised an average of 15.8 percent of total ventricular myocardium with an infarct/perfused ratio of 0.62 and a periinfarction transition zone of 7.5 mm, and involved significant portions of both ventricles and the interventricular septum. Performance characteristics of both ventricles were altered significantly by anteroseptal infarction and involved all phases of contraction--end-diastole, isovolumic systole and ventricular ejection. Although contractile alterations in the right ventricle were significant, they were somewhat delayed, yielding relatively low correlation coefficients with analogous left ventricular contractile indexes. These correlations became quite distinct during specific ventricular stresses. Comparison of anterolateral and anteroseptal infarction, matched in terms of infarct size, indicated that the right ventricular changes in the latter were related to direct involvement of the right ventricular free wall and septum rather than secondary to left ventricular alterations.", "contents": "Biventricular dynamics during quantitated anteroseptal infarction in the porcine heart. The porcine heart has been shown to have close anatomic similarity to the human heart and was used as the experimental model in this study to gain further understanding of the early responses of both ventricles during acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction. High fidelity pressure and flow data were measured and multiple preejection and ejection variables were calculated for both ventricles. Infarct weight and distribution in both ventricles were quantitated. The standard infarction resulted from single stage ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery just beyond its midpoint and second left ventricular branch. It comprised an average of 15.8 percent of total ventricular myocardium with an infarct/perfused ratio of 0.62 and a periinfarction transition zone of 7.5 mm, and involved significant portions of both ventricles and the interventricular septum. Performance characteristics of both ventricles were altered significantly by anteroseptal infarction and involved all phases of contraction--end-diastole, isovolumic systole and ventricular ejection. Although contractile alterations in the right ventricle were significant, they were somewhat delayed, yielding relatively low correlation coefficients with analogous left ventricular contractile indexes. These correlations became quite distinct during specific ventricular stresses. Comparison of anterolateral and anteroseptal infarction, matched in terms of infarct size, indicated that the right ventricular changes in the latter were related to direct involvement of the right ventricular free wall and septum rather than secondary to left ventricular alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:1199933", "title": "Vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during acute coronary arterial occlusion and release.", "content": "The effect of 10 minutes of occlusion, and release of occlusion, of the left anterior descending coronary artery on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation was studied in 15 dogs. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was determined by inducing a sequence of three closely coupled extrasystoles (sequential R/T pulsing). Within 3 minutes of occlusion the current required to induce fibrillation decreased from a control value of 56 +/- 7 ma (mean +/- standard error) to 1.6 +/- 0.3 ma (P less than 0.001). It remained at this level for about 4 minutes and then rapidly returned to the control level in 8 of 10 dogs. Upon release of occlusion at 10 minutes, the ventricular fibrillation threshold was again greatly reduced; this period of reduction occurred shortly after reperfusion and was of brief duration. After both occlusion and release the duration of the ventricular vulnerable period was prolonged. The time course of change in cardiac vulnerability parallels the altered susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation after coronary arterial occlusion and release. These results recommend sequential R/T pulsing as a useful technique for probing changes in cardiac vulnerability under diverse experimental conditions.", "contents": "Vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during acute coronary arterial occlusion and release. The effect of 10 minutes of occlusion, and release of occlusion, of the left anterior descending coronary artery on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation was studied in 15 dogs. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was determined by inducing a sequence of three closely coupled extrasystoles (sequential R/T pulsing). Within 3 minutes of occlusion the current required to induce fibrillation decreased from a control value of 56 +/- 7 ma (mean +/- standard error) to 1.6 +/- 0.3 ma (P less than 0.001). It remained at this level for about 4 minutes and then rapidly returned to the control level in 8 of 10 dogs. Upon release of occlusion at 10 minutes, the ventricular fibrillation threshold was again greatly reduced; this period of reduction occurred shortly after reperfusion and was of brief duration. After both occlusion and release the duration of the ventricular vulnerable period was prolonged. The time course of change in cardiac vulnerability parallels the altered susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation after coronary arterial occlusion and release. These results recommend sequential R/T pulsing as a useful technique for probing changes in cardiac vulnerability under diverse experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1199934", "title": "Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow in man: description and critique of the method using xenon-133 and a scintillation camera.", "content": "A method has been devised to measure regional myocardial blood flow in man. The approach consists of selective injection of xenon-133 into a coronary artery and the external monitoring of radioisotope washout curves from multiple areas of the myocardium with a multiple crystal scintillation camera. Rate constants of isotope washout are calculated using a monoexponential model, and the capillary blood flow rates in multiple regions of the heart are calculated by the Kety formula. The pattern of perfusion rates is related to the coronary arteriogram obtained in the same study. Myocardial perfusion patterns obtained in patients with and without coronary artery disease and during atrial pacing are given, as well as examples of results obtained in myocardial aneurysms, in regions of ischemic myocardium supplied by collateral vessels and after tracer injection into an aortocoronary bypass graft. Advantages of the method are discussed along with limitations related to the tracer, the scintillation camera, the form of mathematical analysis and the three dimensional nature of the heart.", "contents": "Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow in man: description and critique of the method using xenon-133 and a scintillation camera. A method has been devised to measure regional myocardial blood flow in man. The approach consists of selective injection of xenon-133 into a coronary artery and the external monitoring of radioisotope washout curves from multiple areas of the myocardium with a multiple crystal scintillation camera. Rate constants of isotope washout are calculated using a monoexponential model, and the capillary blood flow rates in multiple regions of the heart are calculated by the Kety formula. The pattern of perfusion rates is related to the coronary arteriogram obtained in the same study. Myocardial perfusion patterns obtained in patients with and without coronary artery disease and during atrial pacing are given, as well as examples of results obtained in myocardial aneurysms, in regions of ischemic myocardium supplied by collateral vessels and after tracer injection into an aortocoronary bypass graft. Advantages of the method are discussed along with limitations related to the tracer, the scintillation camera, the form of mathematical analysis and the three dimensional nature of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:1199935", "title": "Etiologic relations among categories of congenital heart malformations.", "content": "Pairs of siblings with congenital heart malformations of different types were analyzed for evidence of nonrandom association of defects within families that might suggest a genetic predisposition common to two or more kinds of malformations. An excess of pairs was noted for tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great vessels, and tetralogy of Fallot and ventricular septal defect, thus suggesting that there may be a developmental relation between these lesions. This finding is supported by a recent study in the Keeshond dog demonstrating a genetic predisposition common to tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect. Thus the method does seem capable of revealing etiologic relations, probably genetic, among different types of cardiac lesions. Data on risks of recurrence for siblings of children with these defects will now have to be refined to take into account the possible recurrence of related lesions.", "contents": "Etiologic relations among categories of congenital heart malformations. Pairs of siblings with congenital heart malformations of different types were analyzed for evidence of nonrandom association of defects within families that might suggest a genetic predisposition common to two or more kinds of malformations. An excess of pairs was noted for tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great vessels, and tetralogy of Fallot and ventricular septal defect, thus suggesting that there may be a developmental relation between these lesions. This finding is supported by a recent study in the Keeshond dog demonstrating a genetic predisposition common to tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect. Thus the method does seem capable of revealing etiologic relations, probably genetic, among different types of cardiac lesions. Data on risks of recurrence for siblings of children with these defects will now have to be refined to take into account the possible recurrence of related lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1199936", "title": "Echocardiographic detection of aneurysms of the interventricular septum associated with ventricular septal defect. A method of noninvasive diagnosis and follow-up.", "content": "Spontaneous closure of a ventricular septal defect is frequently accompanied by the formation of an aneurysm of the membranous septum. The exact anatomic basis for such an aneurysm varies. Some arise from redundant tissue from the endocardial cushions or from adherence of the tricuspid septal leaflet to the defect; the origin of others cannot be determined. Echocardiographic studies in 17 patients with the diagnosis of ventricular septal defect revealed in 7 an aneurysm of the membranous septum that was later confirmed by angiography. In no patient was an aneurysm missed or erroneously diagnosed in the echocardiographic study. Echocardiography can be a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in the long-term management of patients with ventricular septal defect.", "contents": "Echocardiographic detection of aneurysms of the interventricular septum associated with ventricular septal defect. A method of noninvasive diagnosis and follow-up. Spontaneous closure of a ventricular septal defect is frequently accompanied by the formation of an aneurysm of the membranous septum. The exact anatomic basis for such an aneurysm varies. Some arise from redundant tissue from the endocardial cushions or from adherence of the tricuspid septal leaflet to the defect; the origin of others cannot be determined. Echocardiographic studies in 17 patients with the diagnosis of ventricular septal defect revealed in 7 an aneurysm of the membranous septum that was later confirmed by angiography. In no patient was an aneurysm missed or erroneously diagnosed in the echocardiographic study. Echocardiography can be a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in the long-term management of patients with ventricular septal defect."}
{"id": "PMID:1199937", "title": "Cardiovascular management of pregnant women with a heart valve prosthesis.", "content": "This study of 14 pregnancies in 11 patients with a Starr-Edwards valve prosthesis (nine mitral, two aortic) shows that cardiac functional capacity deteriorated to class III (New York Heart Association criteria) in only 1 woman. The deterioration occurred during the third trimester and the patient's condition improved with medical therapy. Careful medical control diminished the incidence of heart failure in these patients. Six of nine pregnant women with a mitral valve prosthesis were treated continuously with coumarin and three discontinued the therapy gradually before the third trimester of pregnancy. In five pregnant women (three with an aortic valve prosthesis, two with a mitral valve prosthesis) no anticoagulant agents were used. No embolic episodes or severe hemorrhagic complications were seen. One newborn whose mother received coumarin during the first trimester had bilateral hand polydactylia. There were no maternal deaths. One neonate died after fetal stress necessitating the only cesarean section. These results suggest that women with an artificial heart valve tolerate pregnancy well and that anticoagulant therapy is not mandatory in pregnant women with an aortic valve prosthesis, or in the few women with a mitral valve prosthesis not already receiving coumarin at the onset of pregnancy.", "contents": "Cardiovascular management of pregnant women with a heart valve prosthesis. This study of 14 pregnancies in 11 patients with a Starr-Edwards valve prosthesis (nine mitral, two aortic) shows that cardiac functional capacity deteriorated to class III (New York Heart Association criteria) in only 1 woman. The deterioration occurred during the third trimester and the patient's condition improved with medical therapy. Careful medical control diminished the incidence of heart failure in these patients. Six of nine pregnant women with a mitral valve prosthesis were treated continuously with coumarin and three discontinued the therapy gradually before the third trimester of pregnancy. In five pregnant women (three with an aortic valve prosthesis, two with a mitral valve prosthesis) no anticoagulant agents were used. No embolic episodes or severe hemorrhagic complications were seen. One newborn whose mother received coumarin during the first trimester had bilateral hand polydactylia. There were no maternal deaths. One neonate died after fetal stress necessitating the only cesarean section. These results suggest that women with an artificial heart valve tolerate pregnancy well and that anticoagulant therapy is not mandatory in pregnant women with an aortic valve prosthesis, or in the few women with a mitral valve prosthesis not already receiving coumarin at the onset of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199938", "title": "Atrioventricular block after reciprocating atrioventricular junctional tachycardia.", "content": "Short runs of symptomatic atrioventricular (A-V) block occurred after spontaneous cessation of reciprocating A-V junctional tachycardia in a patient with right bundle branch block, normal H-V interval and sinus nodal dysfunction. These episodes were characterized by long (more than 1 sec) P-P intervals during which the A deflections were not followed by His bundle electrograms. Three possible explanations are: (1) a posttachycardia-induced period of abnormally prolonged A-V nodal refractoriness; (2) pseudo-A-V block produced by concealed A-V junctional tachycardia, or (3) bradycardia-dependent (phase 4) A-V block at the \"upper\" His bundle, above the site from which the H deflection was recorded.", "contents": "Atrioventricular block after reciprocating atrioventricular junctional tachycardia. Short runs of symptomatic atrioventricular (A-V) block occurred after spontaneous cessation of reciprocating A-V junctional tachycardia in a patient with right bundle branch block, normal H-V interval and sinus nodal dysfunction. These episodes were characterized by long (more than 1 sec) P-P intervals during which the A deflections were not followed by His bundle electrograms. Three possible explanations are: (1) a posttachycardia-induced period of abnormally prolonged A-V nodal refractoriness; (2) pseudo-A-V block produced by concealed A-V junctional tachycardia, or (3) bradycardia-dependent (phase 4) A-V block at the \"upper\" His bundle, above the site from which the H deflection was recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:1199939", "title": "Sinus and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in the same patient.", "content": "Sinus and atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentry are shown to coexist in the same patient, and the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Reentry at one nodal site may mask reentry at the other nodal site, (2) concealed reentry at either site may become manifest reentry under the appropriate conditions, (3) manifest sinus nodal reentry may alternate with manifest A-V nodal reentry, and (4) a Wenckebach type phenomenon manifest in the A-V node and concealed in the sinus node may in some instances be the basis for coexistent sinus and A-V nodal reentry in man.", "contents": "Sinus and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in the same patient. Sinus and atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentry are shown to coexist in the same patient, and the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Reentry at one nodal site may mask reentry at the other nodal site, (2) concealed reentry at either site may become manifest reentry under the appropriate conditions, (3) manifest sinus nodal reentry may alternate with manifest A-V nodal reentry, and (4) a Wenckebach type phenomenon manifest in the A-V node and concealed in the sinus node may in some instances be the basis for coexistent sinus and A-V nodal reentry in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1199940", "title": "Intrapericardial bronchogenic cysts.", "content": "A rare case of large intrapericardial bronchogenic cyst with superior vena caval obstruction is reported. The cyst was successfully removed and the superior vena cava, which was narrowed by pressure fibrosis and thrombosis, was reconstructed satisfactorily and has maintained patency. In another case a large cyst of the same type without vena caval obstruction was successfully treated surgically. The features of these 2 cases are compared with those of 20 reported cases. The angiographic data in these cases appear to be sufficiently characteristic to suggest the nature of the lesion and the clinical finding of pericarditis early in the course of the disease may also suggest the diagnosis.", "contents": "Intrapericardial bronchogenic cysts. A rare case of large intrapericardial bronchogenic cyst with superior vena caval obstruction is reported. The cyst was successfully removed and the superior vena cava, which was narrowed by pressure fibrosis and thrombosis, was reconstructed satisfactorily and has maintained patency. In another case a large cyst of the same type without vena caval obstruction was successfully treated surgically. The features of these 2 cases are compared with those of 20 reported cases. The angiographic data in these cases appear to be sufficiently characteristic to suggest the nature of the lesion and the clinical finding of pericarditis early in the course of the disease may also suggest the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199941", "title": "Optimal resources for cardiac surgery. Guidelines for program planning and evaluation.", "content": "This updated and expanded planning guideline describes the optimal environment in which cardiac surgery can be performed effectively and safely and suggests criteria for evaluating existing facillities and for long-range hospital planning. The status of cardiac surgery is reviewed and measures are provided for assessing a hospital's ability to support a cardiac surgical service. Recommendations are given for appropriate case loads, administrative arrangements, and professional staff qualifications and relationships. The emerging role of the nurse is considered and requirements are enumerated for allied clinical supporting services. Special criteria are provided for pediatric cardiac surgical units and detailed specifications are given for the hospital's physical plant and equipment including a protocol for checking the electrical safety of surgical suites. A data base is suggested for taking regular inventory of community cardiac surgical programs.", "contents": "Optimal resources for cardiac surgery. Guidelines for program planning and evaluation. This updated and expanded planning guideline describes the optimal environment in which cardiac surgery can be performed effectively and safely and suggests criteria for evaluating existing facillities and for long-range hospital planning. The status of cardiac surgery is reviewed and measures are provided for assessing a hospital's ability to support a cardiac surgical service. Recommendations are given for appropriate case loads, administrative arrangements, and professional staff qualifications and relationships. The emerging role of the nurse is considered and requirements are enumerated for allied clinical supporting services. Special criteria are provided for pediatric cardiac surgical units and detailed specifications are given for the hospital's physical plant and equipment including a protocol for checking the electrical safety of surgical suites. A data base is suggested for taking regular inventory of community cardiac surgical programs."}
{"id": "PMID:1199943", "title": "Chronic right bundle branch block and left posterior hemiblock. Clinical, electrophysiologic and prognostic observations.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with long-term right bundle branch block and left posterior himiblock were studied electrophysiologically and then followed up prospectively. The group consisted of 19 men and 2 woman aged 61 +/- 2.7 years (mean +/- standard error of the mean). The majority of patients had either hypertensive cardiovascular disease (48 percent) or primary conduction disease (33 percent). Initial electrophysiologic studies revealed A-H intervals of 58 to 152 msec (mean 98 +/- 7.7) and H-V intervals of 40 to 80 msec (mean 52 +/- 2.1). Six patients (29 percent) had prolonged H-V intervals. The follow-up period ranged from 91 to 1,231 days (mean 671 +/-68). Three of 21 patients (14 percent) needed a permanent pacemaker after development of the following symptomatic conduction disease: sinoatrial block on day 3 of follow-up; second degree atrioventricular (A-V) block, site undetermined, on day 118; and second degree A-V block proximal to the His bundle on day 398. One patient died suddenly (on day 571), and two others died of noncardiac causes. In conclusion, combined right bundle branch block and left posterior hemiblock was associated with less trifascicular disease than reported previously. The clinical course of most of the patients was benign and the incidence of sudden death was relatively small. Symptomatic conduction disease occurred but could be definitely related to trifascicular disease in only one patient. These short-term data suggest that prophylactic pacemaker insertion is not routinely indicated in patients with chronic right bundle branch block and left posterior hemiblock.", "contents": "Chronic right bundle branch block and left posterior hemiblock. Clinical, electrophysiologic and prognostic observations. Twenty-one patients with long-term right bundle branch block and left posterior himiblock were studied electrophysiologically and then followed up prospectively. The group consisted of 19 men and 2 woman aged 61 +/- 2.7 years (mean +/- standard error of the mean). The majority of patients had either hypertensive cardiovascular disease (48 percent) or primary conduction disease (33 percent). Initial electrophysiologic studies revealed A-H intervals of 58 to 152 msec (mean 98 +/- 7.7) and H-V intervals of 40 to 80 msec (mean 52 +/- 2.1). Six patients (29 percent) had prolonged H-V intervals. The follow-up period ranged from 91 to 1,231 days (mean 671 +/-68). Three of 21 patients (14 percent) needed a permanent pacemaker after development of the following symptomatic conduction disease: sinoatrial block on day 3 of follow-up; second degree atrioventricular (A-V) block, site undetermined, on day 118; and second degree A-V block proximal to the His bundle on day 398. One patient died suddenly (on day 571), and two others died of noncardiac causes. In conclusion, combined right bundle branch block and left posterior hemiblock was associated with less trifascicular disease than reported previously. The clinical course of most of the patients was benign and the incidence of sudden death was relatively small. Symptomatic conduction disease occurred but could be definitely related to trifascicular disease in only one patient. These short-term data suggest that prophylactic pacemaker insertion is not routinely indicated in patients with chronic right bundle branch block and left posterior hemiblock."}
{"id": "PMID:1199944", "title": "Mahaim and James fibers as a basis for a unique variety of ventricular preexcitation.", "content": "This report concerns pathologic findings in a 54 year old woman with intermittent preexcitation who died of carcinoma of the breast. Electrocardiograms revealed predominantly normal sinus rhythm with a normal P-R interval and narrow QRS complex. Episodes of sinus rhythm, short P-R interval and QRS widening (with delta wave) were also recorded. During preexcitation QS complexes were noted in leads II, III, aVF, V1 and V4 to V6. Delta waves were negative in leads II, III, aVF and V1 isoelectric in leads V4 to V6 and positive only in leads I, aVL, V2 and V3. This case thus defies classification into any known variety of preexcitation. Complete serial sections, cut through the entire conduction system and both atrioventricular (A-V) rims, totaled 18,600 sections. These revealed no bundle of Kent. Instead, Mahaim fibers histologically identified as His bundle tissue gave off from the A-V bundle to both the right and the left sides of the septum associated with the normal fibers of James. This case reveals that (1) fibers of James can bypass the A-V node, (2) fibers of Mahaim can conduct, and (3) there are types of preexcitation in addition to types A and B.", "contents": "Mahaim and James fibers as a basis for a unique variety of ventricular preexcitation. This report concerns pathologic findings in a 54 year old woman with intermittent preexcitation who died of carcinoma of the breast. Electrocardiograms revealed predominantly normal sinus rhythm with a normal P-R interval and narrow QRS complex. Episodes of sinus rhythm, short P-R interval and QRS widening (with delta wave) were also recorded. During preexcitation QS complexes were noted in leads II, III, aVF, V1 and V4 to V6. Delta waves were negative in leads II, III, aVF and V1 isoelectric in leads V4 to V6 and positive only in leads I, aVL, V2 and V3. This case thus defies classification into any known variety of preexcitation. Complete serial sections, cut through the entire conduction system and both atrioventricular (A-V) rims, totaled 18,600 sections. These revealed no bundle of Kent. Instead, Mahaim fibers histologically identified as His bundle tissue gave off from the A-V bundle to both the right and the left sides of the septum associated with the normal fibers of James. This case reveals that (1) fibers of James can bypass the A-V node, (2) fibers of Mahaim can conduct, and (3) there are types of preexcitation in addition to types A and B."}
{"id": "PMID:1199945", "title": "Comparative cardiac dynamic effects of dobutamine and isoproterenol in conscious instrumented dogs.", "content": "The cardiac dynamic consequences were evaluated of constant infusions of dobutamine and isoproterenol at graded dose levels into conscious, healthy instrumented dogs. Measurements were made of simultaneous changes in left ventricular internal diameter, pressure, aortic pressure and rate of rise of left ventricular pressure(dP/dt), as well as the left ventricular electrogram. From these primary variables, derived variables were computed using programs in a minicomputer system. The data showed that, with increasing doses of dobutamine there were significant linear increases in all measured indexes of myocardial contractility, such as the rate of rise of left ventricular pressure at a developed isovolumic pressure of 40 mm Hg (dP/dt/P40), mean velocity of left ventricular fiber shortening, ejection fraction and stroke work. These changes in myocardial contractility occurred without changes in end-diastolic volume, mean aortic pressure or heart rate when dobutamine was infused in doses of 5 to 20 mug/kg per min. Isoproterenol also produced linear changes in indexes of myocardial contractility but in doses of 0.02 to 0.10 mug/kg per min, it produced a significantly higher heart rate at any given level of contractility than that produced by dobutamine. Cardiac minute work (heart rate X stroke work) was increased by both drugs. However, with infusions of isoproterenol the amount of cardiac minute work was significantly limited because of the changes in heart rate, whereas with dobutamine cardiac minute work could be increased to a higher level as a function of changes in myocardial contractility alone without changes in heart rate. These data suggest that dobutamine selectively increases myocardial contractility.", "contents": "Comparative cardiac dynamic effects of dobutamine and isoproterenol in conscious instrumented dogs. The cardiac dynamic consequences were evaluated of constant infusions of dobutamine and isoproterenol at graded dose levels into conscious, healthy instrumented dogs. Measurements were made of simultaneous changes in left ventricular internal diameter, pressure, aortic pressure and rate of rise of left ventricular pressure(dP/dt), as well as the left ventricular electrogram. From these primary variables, derived variables were computed using programs in a minicomputer system. The data showed that, with increasing doses of dobutamine there were significant linear increases in all measured indexes of myocardial contractility, such as the rate of rise of left ventricular pressure at a developed isovolumic pressure of 40 mm Hg (dP/dt/P40), mean velocity of left ventricular fiber shortening, ejection fraction and stroke work. These changes in myocardial contractility occurred without changes in end-diastolic volume, mean aortic pressure or heart rate when dobutamine was infused in doses of 5 to 20 mug/kg per min. Isoproterenol also produced linear changes in indexes of myocardial contractility but in doses of 0.02 to 0.10 mug/kg per min, it produced a significantly higher heart rate at any given level of contractility than that produced by dobutamine. Cardiac minute work (heart rate X stroke work) was increased by both drugs. However, with infusions of isoproterenol the amount of cardiac minute work was significantly limited because of the changes in heart rate, whereas with dobutamine cardiac minute work could be increased to a higher level as a function of changes in myocardial contractility alone without changes in heart rate. These data suggest that dobutamine selectively increases myocardial contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:1199946", "title": "Effects of ischemia and coronary reperfusion on myocardial digoxin uptake.", "content": "The effects of coronary reperfusion on the uptake of digoxin by ischemic myocardium were studied in 17 open chest dogs undergoing anterior wall infarction produced by snaring confluent branches of the left coronary arterial system. Epicardial electrograms delineated ischemic, border and nonischemic zones. The hearts were reperfused by snare release after 1, 2 and 6 hours of occlusion. After 15 minutes of reperfusion, 1.0 mg of tritiated digoxin (3H-digoxin) was given intravenously, and 2 hours later the hearts were excised and endocardial and epicardial samples from each zone were analyzed for 3H-digoxin concentration. In another group of eight dogs regional myocardial blood flow was assessed utilizing 15 mu of radio-labeled microspheres administered during occlusion and reperfusion. In five dogs with 1 hour of coronary occlusion and subsequent reperfusion, 3H-digoxin uptake was comparable in endocardial and epicardial layers of all three zones. In six dogs undergoing reperfusion after 2 hours of occlusion, mean 3H-digoxin concentration was significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced from the mean nonischemic concentration, by 54 percent in endocardial and 35 percent in epicardial layers of the ischemic zone. Border zone endocardial and epicardial 3H-digoxin uptake was reduced by 21 percent and 16 percent, respectively (P less than 0.05). In six dogs undergoing reperfusion after 6 hours of occlusion, 3H-digoxin uptake in the ischemic zone was significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced by 85 percent in endocardial and 60 percent in epicardial layers from the concentration in the nonischemic zone. Border zone uptake was decreased by 54 percent in endocardial and 36 percent in epicardial regions (P less than 0.01). These alterations of in vivo digoxin binding could not be explained by impaired reflow of blood to ischemic myocardium. We conclude that coronary reperfusion after 2 to 6 hours of occlusion is associated with a marked reduction in myocardial digoxin uptake, which is more pronounced in subendocardial than in subepicardial regions of ischemic tissue.", "contents": "Effects of ischemia and coronary reperfusion on myocardial digoxin uptake. The effects of coronary reperfusion on the uptake of digoxin by ischemic myocardium were studied in 17 open chest dogs undergoing anterior wall infarction produced by snaring confluent branches of the left coronary arterial system. Epicardial electrograms delineated ischemic, border and nonischemic zones. The hearts were reperfused by snare release after 1, 2 and 6 hours of occlusion. After 15 minutes of reperfusion, 1.0 mg of tritiated digoxin (3H-digoxin) was given intravenously, and 2 hours later the hearts were excised and endocardial and epicardial samples from each zone were analyzed for 3H-digoxin concentration. In another group of eight dogs regional myocardial blood flow was assessed utilizing 15 mu of radio-labeled microspheres administered during occlusion and reperfusion. In five dogs with 1 hour of coronary occlusion and subsequent reperfusion, 3H-digoxin uptake was comparable in endocardial and epicardial layers of all three zones. In six dogs undergoing reperfusion after 2 hours of occlusion, mean 3H-digoxin concentration was significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced from the mean nonischemic concentration, by 54 percent in endocardial and 35 percent in epicardial layers of the ischemic zone. Border zone endocardial and epicardial 3H-digoxin uptake was reduced by 21 percent and 16 percent, respectively (P less than 0.05). In six dogs undergoing reperfusion after 6 hours of occlusion, 3H-digoxin uptake in the ischemic zone was significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced by 85 percent in endocardial and 60 percent in epicardial layers from the concentration in the nonischemic zone. Border zone uptake was decreased by 54 percent in endocardial and 36 percent in epicardial regions (P less than 0.01). These alterations of in vivo digoxin binding could not be explained by impaired reflow of blood to ischemic myocardium. We conclude that coronary reperfusion after 2 to 6 hours of occlusion is associated with a marked reduction in myocardial digoxin uptake, which is more pronounced in subendocardial than in subepicardial regions of ischemic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1199947", "title": "Congenital and surgical atrioventricular block within the His bundle.", "content": "In three patients with congenital heart disease the site of atrioventricular (A-V) block was localized within the His bundle with the aid of His bundle electrograms. In one patient with first degree A-V block and normal QRS configuration, electrophysiologic studies revealed \"split\" His potentials. The other two patients had complete A-V block, and their His bundle electrograms revealed His spikes both proximal and distal to the site of block. One of the two patients, who had a pattern of left bundle branch block in the electrocardiogram, had surgically induced complete A-V block after repair of an ostium primum atrial septal defect. The other patient with congenital A-V block had a narrow QRS complex and, in addition to complete block within the His bundle, prolonged A-V nodal conduction time but no associated cardiac anomaly. Both patients with complete heart block required pacemaker insertion. The natural history of intra-H-is bundle block is not known, and it is difficult to recommend appropriate therapy. More electrophysiologic studies are needed in patients with A-V block to determine the prognostic significance of such block or conduction delay in the His bundle.", "contents": "Congenital and surgical atrioventricular block within the His bundle. In three patients with congenital heart disease the site of atrioventricular (A-V) block was localized within the His bundle with the aid of His bundle electrograms. In one patient with first degree A-V block and normal QRS configuration, electrophysiologic studies revealed \"split\" His potentials. The other two patients had complete A-V block, and their His bundle electrograms revealed His spikes both proximal and distal to the site of block. One of the two patients, who had a pattern of left bundle branch block in the electrocardiogram, had surgically induced complete A-V block after repair of an ostium primum atrial septal defect. The other patient with congenital A-V block had a narrow QRS complex and, in addition to complete block within the His bundle, prolonged A-V nodal conduction time but no associated cardiac anomaly. Both patients with complete heart block required pacemaker insertion. The natural history of intra-H-is bundle block is not known, and it is difficult to recommend appropriate therapy. More electrophysiologic studies are needed in patients with A-V block to determine the prognostic significance of such block or conduction delay in the His bundle."}
{"id": "PMID:1199948", "title": "Long-term follow-up of two infants with an implanted cardiac pacemaker.", "content": "The clinical course of two patients with congenital heart block who had pacemaker implantation at age 7 and 8 months, respectively, is reviewed. One patient at age 10 years has had nine pulse generators inserted; the other has had six implantations, the most recent a lithium iodine pacemaker, during 8 1/2 years of observation. Both patients have shown normal physical development and emotional maturation despite multiple hospitalizations and pacemaker replacements, thus demonstrating that electrical pacing, initiated in infancy, can be maintained through childhood without adverse effects.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of two infants with an implanted cardiac pacemaker. The clinical course of two patients with congenital heart block who had pacemaker implantation at age 7 and 8 months, respectively, is reviewed. One patient at age 10 years has had nine pulse generators inserted; the other has had six implantations, the most recent a lithium iodine pacemaker, during 8 1/2 years of observation. Both patients have shown normal physical development and emotional maturation despite multiple hospitalizations and pacemaker replacements, thus demonstrating that electrical pacing, initiated in infancy, can be maintained through childhood without adverse effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1199949", "title": "Handy heart sound simulator.", "content": "A simple bedside technique of heart sound simulation using hand and stethoscope is described. The technique utilizes tissue vibration and sound conduction with the usual air column of a stethoscope to reproduce auscultatory events accurately without the distortion that often accompanies electrical production of heart sounds.", "contents": "Handy heart sound simulator. A simple bedside technique of heart sound simulation using hand and stethoscope is described. The technique utilizes tissue vibration and sound conduction with the usual air column of a stethoscope to reproduce auscultatory events accurately without the distortion that often accompanies electrical production of heart sounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1199950", "title": "Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium on myocardial substrate availability and utilization in stable coronary artery disease. Studies on myocardial carbohydrate, lipid and oxygen arterial-coronary sinus differences in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "To assess the metabolic effects of myocardial substrate alteration in patients with coronary artery disease, glucose-insulin-potassium solution was administered intravenously for 30 minutes to 14 men with stable angiographically documented coronary artery disease. The glucose-insulin-potassium solution (300 g of glucose, 50 units of regular insulin and 80 mEq of potassium chloride per liter of water) was infused at a constant rate in each patient, but individual infusion rates ranged from 0.013 to 0.032 ml/kg per min (4 to 10 mg glucose/kg per min) in the 14 patients. Simultaneous arterial and coronary sinus samples were obtained at 15 minute intervals during a stable 30 minute control period and again at 15 minute intervals during the infusion; samples were assayed for glucose, lactate, free fatty acid and oxygen content. In all 14 patients, during the glucose-insulin-potassium infusion, arterial glucose and lactate increased and arterial free fatty acid levels fell; the magnitude of the changes in arterial lactate and free fatty acids was related to the rate of infusion. Arterial-coronary sinus differences (A-Cs) for glucose, lactate and free fatty acid levels correlated with the arterial concentrations of these substrates (r = 0.66, 0.87 and 0.79, respectively). Regression analyses demonstrated myocardial thresholds for the uptake of these substrates as follows: glucose 79 mg/100 ml; lactate 300 mu mole/liter; and free fatty acids 100 to 200 mu Eq/liter. Finally and most importantly, the reduction in A-Cs oxygen values after glucose-insulin-potassium infusion correlated with the reduction in A-Cs free fatty acid levels (r = 0.64, P less than 0.0001). This observation suggests that, in patients with coronary artery disease, glucose-insulin-potassium infusion may significantly diminish myocardial oxygen requirements by reduction of myocardial free fatty acid utilization and simultaneous enhancement of myocardial carbohydrate utilization. Myocardial substrate availability may be an important determinant of myocardial oxygen demand in patients with coronary artery disease. Infusion of glucose-insulin-potassium solution has the potential to alter myocardial substrate availability, thus improving the balance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply.", "contents": "Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium on myocardial substrate availability and utilization in stable coronary artery disease. Studies on myocardial carbohydrate, lipid and oxygen arterial-coronary sinus differences in patients with coronary artery disease. To assess the metabolic effects of myocardial substrate alteration in patients with coronary artery disease, glucose-insulin-potassium solution was administered intravenously for 30 minutes to 14 men with stable angiographically documented coronary artery disease. The glucose-insulin-potassium solution (300 g of glucose, 50 units of regular insulin and 80 mEq of potassium chloride per liter of water) was infused at a constant rate in each patient, but individual infusion rates ranged from 0.013 to 0.032 ml/kg per min (4 to 10 mg glucose/kg per min) in the 14 patients. Simultaneous arterial and coronary sinus samples were obtained at 15 minute intervals during a stable 30 minute control period and again at 15 minute intervals during the infusion; samples were assayed for glucose, lactate, free fatty acid and oxygen content. In all 14 patients, during the glucose-insulin-potassium infusion, arterial glucose and lactate increased and arterial free fatty acid levels fell; the magnitude of the changes in arterial lactate and free fatty acids was related to the rate of infusion. Arterial-coronary sinus differences (A-Cs) for glucose, lactate and free fatty acid levels correlated with the arterial concentrations of these substrates (r = 0.66, 0.87 and 0.79, respectively). Regression analyses demonstrated myocardial thresholds for the uptake of these substrates as follows: glucose 79 mg/100 ml; lactate 300 mu mole/liter; and free fatty acids 100 to 200 mu Eq/liter. Finally and most importantly, the reduction in A-Cs oxygen values after glucose-insulin-potassium infusion correlated with the reduction in A-Cs free fatty acid levels (r = 0.64, P less than 0.0001). This observation suggests that, in patients with coronary artery disease, glucose-insulin-potassium infusion may significantly diminish myocardial oxygen requirements by reduction of myocardial free fatty acid utilization and simultaneous enhancement of myocardial carbohydrate utilization. Myocardial substrate availability may be an important determinant of myocardial oxygen demand in patients with coronary artery disease. Infusion of glucose-insulin-potassium solution has the potential to alter myocardial substrate availability, thus improving the balance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply."}
{"id": "PMID:1199951", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of a mobile, pedunculated tumor in the left ventricular cavity.", "content": "A mobile left ventricular tumor was detected by echocardiography. The tracing showed a cluster of echoes in the left ventricular cavity corresponding to the location of the tumor as seen in angiograms. At surgery the tumor was attached to the interventricular septum by a thin fibrous stalk.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of a mobile, pedunculated tumor in the left ventricular cavity. A mobile left ventricular tumor was detected by echocardiography. The tracing showed a cluster of echoes in the left ventricular cavity corresponding to the location of the tumor as seen in angiograms. At surgery the tumor was attached to the interventricular septum by a thin fibrous stalk."}
{"id": "PMID:1199952", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis in procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome.", "content": "A rare case of constrictive pericarditis in procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome is reported. After 6 months of procainamids therapy fever, pleuritic chest pain, arthralgia and muscle soreness developed in a 47 year old man. These symptoms were soon followed by the onset of acute pericarditis and rapidly accumulating massive pericardial effusion. After withdrawal of procainamide therapy and administration of corticosteroids in large doses, there was marked subjective improvement and rapid reduction in pericardial effusion. However, constrictive pericarditis with massive leg edema and ascites developed 6 weeks after admission as corticosteroid therapy was gradually discontinued. These manifestations subsided after pericardiectomy was performed.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis in procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome. A rare case of constrictive pericarditis in procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome is reported. After 6 months of procainamids therapy fever, pleuritic chest pain, arthralgia and muscle soreness developed in a 47 year old man. These symptoms were soon followed by the onset of acute pericarditis and rapidly accumulating massive pericardial effusion. After withdrawal of procainamide therapy and administration of corticosteroids in large doses, there was marked subjective improvement and rapid reduction in pericardial effusion. However, constrictive pericarditis with massive leg edema and ascites developed 6 weeks after admission as corticosteroid therapy was gradually discontinued. These manifestations subsided after pericardiectomy was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1199959", "title": "Correlative microscopy of enamel prism orientation.", "content": "Both mature and developing human enamel were studied by correlative light and electron microscopic techniques. Ordinary light microscopic observations of routinely prepared ground sections produced a totally inaccurate impression of enamel prism direction. In contrast, ground sections which were acid-etched and viewed with phase contrast optics, as well as thin (0.5 mum) sections, were in concert with further electron microscopic preparations. The appearance of longitudinally sectioned prisms as demonstrated on thick ground sections is often the result of structural interrelation between groups of obliquely sectioned prisms. The arrangement between enamel prism heads and tails is often such as to produce the light microscopic appearance of classical enamel cross striations. The production of such optical artifacts may be related to conflicting interpretations concerning enamel cross striations as well as light microscopic descriptions of the histopathology of enamel caries.", "contents": "Correlative microscopy of enamel prism orientation. Both mature and developing human enamel were studied by correlative light and electron microscopic techniques. Ordinary light microscopic observations of routinely prepared ground sections produced a totally inaccurate impression of enamel prism direction. In contrast, ground sections which were acid-etched and viewed with phase contrast optics, as well as thin (0.5 mum) sections, were in concert with further electron microscopic preparations. The appearance of longitudinally sectioned prisms as demonstrated on thick ground sections is often the result of structural interrelation between groups of obliquely sectioned prisms. The arrangement between enamel prism heads and tails is often such as to produce the light microscopic appearance of classical enamel cross striations. The production of such optical artifacts may be related to conflicting interpretations concerning enamel cross striations as well as light microscopic descriptions of the histopathology of enamel caries."}
{"id": "PMID:1199960", "title": "Intercellular relationships in the external glial limiting membrane of the neocortex of the cat and rat.", "content": "The external glial limiting membrane of the cerebral cortex appears to be a complete astrocytic mantle covering the pial surface of the molecular layer. It consists of flattened cell bodies arranged singly or in small groups spaced about 100 mu apart and multitudes of interdigitating processes arrayed in layers. The glial mantle is thicker in the sulci than on the gyri. It is covered externally by a basal lamina which is associated with collagenous fibrils and cells of the pia mater. The extracellular space in aldehyde-perfused material appears as a regular, electron-lucent interval 150 A wide between adjacent cell membranes. Gap junctions are frequently encountered in the external glial limiting membrane; desmosomes are present between astrocytic processes but are seen much less often.", "contents": "Intercellular relationships in the external glial limiting membrane of the neocortex of the cat and rat. The external glial limiting membrane of the cerebral cortex appears to be a complete astrocytic mantle covering the pial surface of the molecular layer. It consists of flattened cell bodies arranged singly or in small groups spaced about 100 mu apart and multitudes of interdigitating processes arrayed in layers. The glial mantle is thicker in the sulci than on the gyri. It is covered externally by a basal lamina which is associated with collagenous fibrils and cells of the pia mater. The extracellular space in aldehyde-perfused material appears as a regular, electron-lucent interval 150 A wide between adjacent cell membranes. Gap junctions are frequently encountered in the external glial limiting membrane; desmosomes are present between astrocytic processes but are seen much less often."}
{"id": "PMID:1199961", "title": "Patterns of mitosis in hamster epidermis.", "content": "Alignment of the flattened keratinizing cells of the upper strata of mammalian epidermis leads to the formation of columnar units of structure. In mouse epidermis, mitoses have been found to occur relatively infrequently in the region beneath the center of each cell column where a non-keratinocyte dendritic cell, usually with freatures typical of an epidermal Langerhans cell, is situated. The observed pattern of mitosis could therefore be due either to displacement of central keratinocytes by Langerhans cells or indicate some control of keratinocyte proliferation related either to the Langerhans cells or to the over-lying cell columns. No relationship exists between the position of Langerhans cells and epidermal cell columns in hamster epidermis but measurement of the position of mitosis has shown a reduced frequency of occurrence of mitosis beneath the central region. This pattern of mitosis is therefore unrelated to Langerhans cells and appears to reflect differences in the mitotic potential of basal keratinocytes which could be associated with feedback from the overlying cell columns or with an intrinsic pattern of basal cell activity.", "contents": "Patterns of mitosis in hamster epidermis. Alignment of the flattened keratinizing cells of the upper strata of mammalian epidermis leads to the formation of columnar units of structure. In mouse epidermis, mitoses have been found to occur relatively infrequently in the region beneath the center of each cell column where a non-keratinocyte dendritic cell, usually with freatures typical of an epidermal Langerhans cell, is situated. The observed pattern of mitosis could therefore be due either to displacement of central keratinocytes by Langerhans cells or indicate some control of keratinocyte proliferation related either to the Langerhans cells or to the over-lying cell columns. No relationship exists between the position of Langerhans cells and epidermal cell columns in hamster epidermis but measurement of the position of mitosis has shown a reduced frequency of occurrence of mitosis beneath the central region. This pattern of mitosis is therefore unrelated to Langerhans cells and appears to reflect differences in the mitotic potential of basal keratinocytes which could be associated with feedback from the overlying cell columns or with an intrinsic pattern of basal cell activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1199962", "title": "The cytochemical localization of adenyl cyclase activity in rat sublingual gland.", "content": "Adenyl cyclase activity in mucous acinar cells and serous demilune cells of the rat sublingual gland was localized cytochemically. After incubation with adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) as substrate, deposits of reaction product are found along the cell membranes  bordering the secretory surfaces of serous demilune cells. These are the membranes which participate directly in secretion by fusing with the granule membranes. The granule membranes of the demilune cells do not reveal reaction product, but the membranes of the granules which are fused with and become part of the cell membrane do show deposits. Thus, it appears that the cell membranes which fuse with granule membranes during secretion are associated with a high level of adenyl cyclase activity. In support of this, the luminal membranes of the mucous acinar cells which do not fuse with granule membranes during secretion are not associated with detectable amounts of adenyl cyclase activity.", "contents": "The cytochemical localization of adenyl cyclase activity in rat sublingual gland. Adenyl cyclase activity in mucous acinar cells and serous demilune cells of the rat sublingual gland was localized cytochemically. After incubation with adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) as substrate, deposits of reaction product are found along the cell membranes  bordering the secretory surfaces of serous demilune cells. These are the membranes which participate directly in secretion by fusing with the granule membranes. The granule membranes of the demilune cells do not reveal reaction product, but the membranes of the granules which are fused with and become part of the cell membrane do show deposits. Thus, it appears that the cell membranes which fuse with granule membranes during secretion are associated with a high level of adenyl cyclase activity. In support of this, the luminal membranes of the mucous acinar cells which do not fuse with granule membranes during secretion are not associated with detectable amounts of adenyl cyclase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1199963", "title": "Light, fluorescence and electron microscopic studies of rabbit subclavian glomera.", "content": "The subclavian glomera (aortic bodies) of young New Zealand white rabbits were studied with the light, fluorescence, and electron microscopes. Two cell types were identified: type I, granule-containing (chief) cells, and type II, agranular (sustentacular) cells. The type I cells possessed large nuclei, the normal complement of cytoplasmic organelles and numerous electron-opaque cytoplasmic granules. The type II cells were agranular with attenuated cytoplasmic processes which partially or completely ensheathed the type I cells. The glomera were well vascularized. Capillary endothelial cells contained numerous pinocytotic vesicles, but few fenestrae. Two profiles of nerve terminals were observed. One, apposing the type I cells, contained numerous electron-lucent vesicles, several dense-cored vesicles, mitochondria and possessed membrane specializations resembling those usually observed in synaptic zones. The other profile contained abundant mitochondria and a few electron-lucent and dense-cored vesicles. Structural specializations were not observed on the apposed membranes of these terminals or adjacent to type II cells. Fluorescence histochemistry revealed an intense yellow-green fluorescence in the glomera, which indicated the presence of biogenic amines, possibly primary catecholamines or an indolamine. The electron-opaque granules observed in the type I cells were believed to be the storage sites for these amines. The subclavian glomera were found to be morphologically similar to the carotid body which is a known chemoreceptor.", "contents": "Light, fluorescence and electron microscopic studies of rabbit subclavian glomera. The subclavian glomera (aortic bodies) of young New Zealand white rabbits were studied with the light, fluorescence, and electron microscopes. Two cell types were identified: type I, granule-containing (chief) cells, and type II, agranular (sustentacular) cells. The type I cells possessed large nuclei, the normal complement of cytoplasmic organelles and numerous electron-opaque cytoplasmic granules. The type II cells were agranular with attenuated cytoplasmic processes which partially or completely ensheathed the type I cells. The glomera were well vascularized. Capillary endothelial cells contained numerous pinocytotic vesicles, but few fenestrae. Two profiles of nerve terminals were observed. One, apposing the type I cells, contained numerous electron-lucent vesicles, several dense-cored vesicles, mitochondria and possessed membrane specializations resembling those usually observed in synaptic zones. The other profile contained abundant mitochondria and a few electron-lucent and dense-cored vesicles. Structural specializations were not observed on the apposed membranes of these terminals or adjacent to type II cells. Fluorescence histochemistry revealed an intense yellow-green fluorescence in the glomera, which indicated the presence of biogenic amines, possibly primary catecholamines or an indolamine. The electron-opaque granules observed in the type I cells were believed to be the storage sites for these amines. The subclavian glomera were found to be morphologically similar to the carotid body which is a known chemoreceptor."}
{"id": "PMID:1199964", "title": "An electron microscopic study on the effects of reserpine on the subclavian glomera of the rabbit.", "content": "Young male and female New Zealand white rabbits were given a daily subcutaneous injection of reserpine (Serpasil, Ciba; 3 mg/kg) for two days and were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. The subclavian glomera (aortic bodies) were processed for electron microscopy to determine the effects of this biogenic amine depleting agent on the electron-opaque cytoplasmic granules of the parenchymal type I cells. Observations of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixed glomera from reserpinized animals showed a slight decrease in granule density of the type I cells. Glomera fixed in glutaraldehyde and incubated in potassium dichromate (pH 4.1) demonstrated a reduction in granule opacity following reserpine treatment. Control glomera incubated in potassium dichromate displayed electron-opaque granules. These results indicate that reserpine does deplete the amines without granule disappearance or changes in granule population. The positive reaction of the control tissue granules to potassium dichromate incubation suggests that the predominant biogenic amines in the electron-opaque granules are unsubstituted monoamines. Persistence of the opaque granules following reserpinization and glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide double fixation, may be due to amine-binding protein within the granules. The mode of granule depletion could not be ascertained with certainty.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study on the effects of reserpine on the subclavian glomera of the rabbit. Young male and female New Zealand white rabbits were given a daily subcutaneous injection of reserpine (Serpasil, Ciba; 3 mg/kg) for two days and were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. The subclavian glomera (aortic bodies) were processed for electron microscopy to determine the effects of this biogenic amine depleting agent on the electron-opaque cytoplasmic granules of the parenchymal type I cells. Observations of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixed glomera from reserpinized animals showed a slight decrease in granule density of the type I cells. Glomera fixed in glutaraldehyde and incubated in potassium dichromate (pH 4.1) demonstrated a reduction in granule opacity following reserpine treatment. Control glomera incubated in potassium dichromate displayed electron-opaque granules. These results indicate that reserpine does deplete the amines without granule disappearance or changes in granule population. The positive reaction of the control tissue granules to potassium dichromate incubation suggests that the predominant biogenic amines in the electron-opaque granules are unsubstituted monoamines. Persistence of the opaque granules following reserpinization and glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide double fixation, may be due to amine-binding protein within the granules. The mode of granule depletion could not be ascertained with certainty."}
{"id": "PMID:1199965", "title": "Distribution of 125I-labeled rat growth hormone in regional brain areas and peripheral tissue of the rat.", "content": "The uptake of intraperitoneally injected 125I-labeled rat growth hormone into brain and peripheral tissues was measured in normal and hypophysectomized adult rats. A significant level of radioactivity was observed in the seven brain regions examined -- the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, pons-medulla, cerebellum, pineal and pituitary glands. The pineal and pituitary glands, which are outside the blood-brain barrier, contained three to four times the concentration of radioactivity of the other brain regions. Compared to brain, the level of radioactivity was much higher in peripheral tissues (the diaphragm, kidney, serum and liver). For example, the serum contained ten times the level of radioactivity of most brain regions. For a given tissue, however, the normal and hypophysectomized rats showed a comparable amount of 125I-growth hormone. Trichloroacetic acid precipitates from each tissue sample showed that peripheral tissues had a higher proportion of radioactivity (35-48% of total tissue radioactivity) than the brain samples (13-26%). The data support the view that growth hormone, or a metabolite can enter the central nervous system and may directly affect on-going metabolic processes.", "contents": "Distribution of 125I-labeled rat growth hormone in regional brain areas and peripheral tissue of the rat. The uptake of intraperitoneally injected 125I-labeled rat growth hormone into brain and peripheral tissues was measured in normal and hypophysectomized adult rats. A significant level of radioactivity was observed in the seven brain regions examined -- the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, pons-medulla, cerebellum, pineal and pituitary glands. The pineal and pituitary glands, which are outside the blood-brain barrier, contained three to four times the concentration of radioactivity of the other brain regions. Compared to brain, the level of radioactivity was much higher in peripheral tissues (the diaphragm, kidney, serum and liver). For example, the serum contained ten times the level of radioactivity of most brain regions. For a given tissue, however, the normal and hypophysectomized rats showed a comparable amount of 125I-growth hormone. Trichloroacetic acid precipitates from each tissue sample showed that peripheral tissues had a higher proportion of radioactivity (35-48% of total tissue radioactivity) than the brain samples (13-26%). The data support the view that growth hormone, or a metabolite can enter the central nervous system and may directly affect on-going metabolic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1199966", "title": "The two to four-cell embryos as source tissue of the tetrapeptide preventing ovulations in the hamster.", "content": "A tetrapeptide compound, derived from oviductal contents at 40 hours post-coitus, prevents ovulation when injected subcutaneously into cyclic hamsters (Kent, '73). The present experiments were designed to determine whether the source of the tetrapeptide is from the ova, embryos, oviducts or semen. Oviducts were either untouched or ligated at the ovarian or uterine end to limit contents to embryos, semen or ova and the contents then recovered at 40 hours pc and injected into cyclic hamsters. The results indicate that the source of the tetrapeptide is the embryos.", "contents": "The two to four-cell embryos as source tissue of the tetrapeptide preventing ovulations in the hamster. A tetrapeptide compound, derived from oviductal contents at 40 hours post-coitus, prevents ovulation when injected subcutaneously into cyclic hamsters (Kent, '73). The present experiments were designed to determine whether the source of the tetrapeptide is from the ova, embryos, oviducts or semen. Oviducts were either untouched or ligated at the ovarian or uterine end to limit contents to embryos, semen or ova and the contents then recovered at 40 hours pc and injected into cyclic hamsters. The results indicate that the source of the tetrapeptide is the embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:1199967", "title": "Anti-horseradish peroxidase associated with tubular structures in the endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells in stimulated lymph nodes of mice.", "content": "Tubular structures are described in dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum in plasma cells of lymph nodes stimulated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). A positive reaction for anti-HRP antibody suggests that they are formed of immunoglobulins or are at least closely associated with them.", "contents": "Anti-horseradish peroxidase associated with tubular structures in the endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells in stimulated lymph nodes of mice. Tubular structures are described in dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum in plasma cells of lymph nodes stimulated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). A positive reaction for anti-HRP antibody suggests that they are formed of immunoglobulins or are at least closely associated with them."}
{"id": "PMID:1199968", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin in cell bodies of the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Cell bodies of small to moderate-sized neurons in the female rat hypothalamus were stained specifically for somatostatin (SRIF) by means of the unlabeled antibody-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method. SRIF-positive perikarya were scattered throughout the periventricular nucleus in a limited region extending from the middle of the optic chiasm to the rostral margin of the median eminence. The same neurons were revealed with either rabbit (R) or guinea pig (GP) anti-SRIF antisera. Positive cell bodies were more readily assessed with GP antibodies because nonspecific background staining was much less with these than with R anti-SRIF. Positive perikarya were not observed in other hypothalamic nuclei and ependymal elements were also immunocytochemically negative.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin in cell bodies of the rat hypothalamus. Cell bodies of small to moderate-sized neurons in the female rat hypothalamus were stained specifically for somatostatin (SRIF) by means of the unlabeled antibody-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method. SRIF-positive perikarya were scattered throughout the periventricular nucleus in a limited region extending from the middle of the optic chiasm to the rostral margin of the median eminence. The same neurons were revealed with either rabbit (R) or guinea pig (GP) anti-SRIF antisera. Positive cell bodies were more readily assessed with GP antibodies because nonspecific background staining was much less with these than with R anti-SRIF. Positive perikarya were not observed in other hypothalamic nuclei and ependymal elements were also immunocytochemically negative."}
{"id": "PMID:1199969", "title": "The effects of anesthetics on an in-vivo oxygen electrode.", "content": "The IBC in-vivo oxygen electrode may be used during anesthesia. The possibility that three common inhalation anesthetics--halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane--might be reduced at the electrode, thereby changing the PO2 value, was tested. Enflurane and methoxyflurane do not affect the current produced at the electrode; halothane significantly increases PO2 readings at oxygen tensions below 105 torr. It is suggested that PaO2 readings below 105 torr be confirmed by the standard bench method.", "contents": "The effects of anesthetics on an in-vivo oxygen electrode. The IBC in-vivo oxygen electrode may be used during anesthesia. The possibility that three common inhalation anesthetics--halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane--might be reduced at the electrode, thereby changing the PO2 value, was tested. Enflurane and methoxyflurane do not affect the current produced at the electrode; halothane significantly increases PO2 readings at oxygen tensions below 105 torr. It is suggested that PaO2 readings below 105 torr be confirmed by the standard bench method."}
{"id": "PMID:1199970", "title": "Comparison of eight kits for the diagnosis of pregnancy.", "content": "The results obtained with eight pregnancy kits on 735 urines were compared. Overall accuracies were similar and fairly high (93.4 to 95.37%), although only 78.28% of all pregnancies were simultaneously detected by all eight kits. It is suggested that the different performances of each kit could be accounted for not only by lack of product homologation, differences in kit sensitivity, and laboratorian error, but also by the presence of various hormonal components in various concentrations in the urines of pregnant women, and by the presence of different antibodies against these hormonal components in various concentrations in the antisera included in the various kits.", "contents": "Comparison of eight kits for the diagnosis of pregnancy. The results obtained with eight pregnancy kits on 735 urines were compared. Overall accuracies were similar and fairly high (93.4 to 95.37%), although only 78.28% of all pregnancies were simultaneously detected by all eight kits. It is suggested that the different performances of each kit could be accounted for not only by lack of product homologation, differences in kit sensitivity, and laboratorian error, but also by the presence of various hormonal components in various concentrations in the urines of pregnant women, and by the presence of different antibodies against these hormonal components in various concentrations in the antisera included in the various kits."}
{"id": "PMID:1199971", "title": "Prompt regression of cystic vaginal adenosis following cessation of oral contraceptive therapy.", "content": "Cystic vaginal adenosis was diagnosed in a 31-year-old woman. This lesion regressed promptly following the cessation of an oral contraceptive (Ovulen-21) which had been used continuously for 5 years. The temporal relationship between discontinuation of contraceptive treatment and the regression strongly suggests that the medication played a causal role in producing cystic vaginal adenosis. A possible mechanism may have been the stimulation of quiescent glands to growth and cystic dilatation, which finally produced a lesion associated with clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Prompt regression of cystic vaginal adenosis following cessation of oral contraceptive therapy. Cystic vaginal adenosis was diagnosed in a 31-year-old woman. This lesion regressed promptly following the cessation of an oral contraceptive (Ovulen-21) which had been used continuously for 5 years. The temporal relationship between discontinuation of contraceptive treatment and the regression strongly suggests that the medication played a causal role in producing cystic vaginal adenosis. A possible mechanism may have been the stimulation of quiescent glands to growth and cystic dilatation, which finally produced a lesion associated with clinical symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1199972", "title": "Detection of fibrin degradation products. A simplified technic.", "content": "An agglutination inhibition technic using CrCl3-treated erythrocytes for the quantification of circulating fibrin degradation products in patients with thromboembolic and fibrinolytic states is described.", "contents": "Detection of fibrin degradation products. A simplified technic. An agglutination inhibition technic using CrCl3-treated erythrocytes for the quantification of circulating fibrin degradation products in patients with thromboembolic and fibrinolytic states is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1199973", "title": "Hemalog-D and manual differential leukocyte counts. A laboratory comparison of results obtained with blood of hospitalized patients.", "content": "A clinical comparison of a new automated cytochemical leukocyte differential analyzer with standard 200-cell manual differential counts showed good agreement. The new apparatus (Hemalog-D) introduces a rapid, precise technic for the differentiation of peripheral-blood leukocytes.", "contents": "Hemalog-D and manual differential leukocyte counts. A laboratory comparison of results obtained with blood of hospitalized patients. A clinical comparison of a new automated cytochemical leukocyte differential analyzer with standard 200-cell manual differential counts showed good agreement. The new apparatus (Hemalog-D) introduces a rapid, precise technic for the differentiation of peripheral-blood leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1199974", "title": "Leukocyte migration test in a modified agarose medium.", "content": "The medium used for the leukocyte migration test contained 1% agarose, 0.003 M HEPES, TC medium 199, and 10% horse serum. The pH was adjusted to 7.3 with 2 N NaOH. The leukocyte migration test in this medium correlated with the intradermal test in 36 subjects when PPD was used as antigen, and the results were comparable to those of the reference technic. Addition of HEPES to the original medium enables the test to be performed in a standard incubator.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration test in a modified agarose medium. The medium used for the leukocyte migration test contained 1% agarose, 0.003 M HEPES, TC medium 199, and 10% horse serum. The pH was adjusted to 7.3 with 2 N NaOH. The leukocyte migration test in this medium correlated with the intradermal test in 36 subjects when PPD was used as antigen, and the results were comparable to those of the reference technic. Addition of HEPES to the original medium enables the test to be performed in a standard incubator."}
{"id": "PMID:1199975", "title": "Postpneumonectomy empyema due to Neisseria mucosa.", "content": "N. mucosa, a normal inhabitant of the oropharynx, rarely causes serious infection. We report a case of empyema caused by N. mucosa which was diagnosed a year after pneumonectomy.", "contents": "Postpneumonectomy empyema due to Neisseria mucosa. N. mucosa, a normal inhabitant of the oropharynx, rarely causes serious infection. We report a case of empyema caused by N. mucosa which was diagnosed a year after pneumonectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1199976", "title": "Bacteremia due to Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens. Report of a case.", "content": "An unusual case report of a patient with bacteremia due to Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens is presented. Heretofore, Succinivibrio spp. were thought to occur only as organisms in the rumens of herbivorous animals. Succinivibrio is an anaerobic, Gram-negative, curved, spiral bacillus with a polar monotrichous flagellar pattern. Volatile acids produced from glucose metabolism include succinic, acetic, formic and lactic. Various carbohydrate substrates are fermented to produce strong or weak acid end-points. Succinivibrio spp. will grow in bile, will not hydrolyze esculin or starch, and do not produce indol, catalase, lecithinase, lipase, or hemolysis. Bacteremia in this case was thought to have been the result of hypotension in the course of severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This is thought to represent the first published case of human infection due to Succinivibrio spp.", "contents": "Bacteremia due to Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens. Report of a case. An unusual case report of a patient with bacteremia due to Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens is presented. Heretofore, Succinivibrio spp. were thought to occur only as organisms in the rumens of herbivorous animals. Succinivibrio is an anaerobic, Gram-negative, curved, spiral bacillus with a polar monotrichous flagellar pattern. Volatile acids produced from glucose metabolism include succinic, acetic, formic and lactic. Various carbohydrate substrates are fermented to produce strong or weak acid end-points. Succinivibrio spp. will grow in bile, will not hydrolyze esculin or starch, and do not produce indol, catalase, lecithinase, lipase, or hemolysis. Bacteremia in this case was thought to have been the result of hypotension in the course of severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This is thought to represent the first published case of human infection due to Succinivibrio spp."}
{"id": "PMID:1199977", "title": "Mycotic granuloma caused by Phialophora repens.", "content": "This is the first reported infection by the saprophytic fungus, Phialophora repens. The infection was a solitary granulomatous nodule in the scalp of a Za\u00efrian man with advanced lepromatous leprosy. The patient was being treated by long-term prednisolone therapy. In tissue sections there were nonpigmented microcolonies composed of irregularly branched septate hyphae. A darkly pigmented fungus was isolated on Sabouraud's medium. The mycologic features of the etiologic agent were typical of P. repens. The infection was treated successfully by excision of the nodule.", "contents": "Mycotic granuloma caused by Phialophora repens. This is the first reported infection by the saprophytic fungus, Phialophora repens. The infection was a solitary granulomatous nodule in the scalp of a Za\u00efrian man with advanced lepromatous leprosy. The patient was being treated by long-term prednisolone therapy. In tissue sections there were nonpigmented microcolonies composed of irregularly branched septate hyphae. A darkly pigmented fungus was isolated on Sabouraud's medium. The mycologic features of the etiologic agent were typical of P. repens. The infection was treated successfully by excision of the nodule."}
{"id": "PMID:1199978", "title": "Localized deposition of calcium oxalate around a pulmonary Aspergillus niger fungus ball.", "content": "A case of pulmonary Aspergillus niger fungus ball is presented. Crystals of calcium oxalate, presumably derived from oxalic acid produced by the fungus, were deposited in tissues around the fungus ball. The crystals were identified by x-ray diffraction analysis. Histochemical technics for the identification of calcium oxalate were applied, and evaluation of those showed Yasue's silver nitrate-rubeanic acid method to be the most satisfactory. More frequently used methods for identifying calcium salts in tissues may give equivocal reactions. Oxalic acid may cause localized tissue damage, and if this affects blood vessels severe hemorrhage may follow.", "contents": "Localized deposition of calcium oxalate around a pulmonary Aspergillus niger fungus ball. A case of pulmonary Aspergillus niger fungus ball is presented. Crystals of calcium oxalate, presumably derived from oxalic acid produced by the fungus, were deposited in tissues around the fungus ball. The crystals were identified by x-ray diffraction analysis. Histochemical technics for the identification of calcium oxalate were applied, and evaluation of those showed Yasue's silver nitrate-rubeanic acid method to be the most satisfactory. More frequently used methods for identifying calcium salts in tissues may give equivocal reactions. Oxalic acid may cause localized tissue damage, and if this affects blood vessels severe hemorrhage may follow."}
{"id": "PMID:1199980", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen in infants born to mothers with chronic hepatitis B antigenemia in Taiwan.", "content": "Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) was detected by complement fixation (CF) in serum samples of 7.5% of 1,106 pregnant Chinese women tested in Taipei, Taiwan. HG Ag persisted in all but one of 42 women followed for 1 to 18 months (average, nine months) after delivery, and 27 of the 43 infants (63%) born to those women became antigen-positive. Persistance of the antigen was more common than transient or intermittent antigenemia. Twelve had antigenemia when first tested, while 15 later developed antigenemia, usually during the first six months of life. Only one infant developed antibody to HG Ag (anti-HB Ag), and this occurred after transient antigenemia. The HB Ag was found in two of 32 (6%) fathers, and in 18 of 27 (67%) older siblings. The antigen was more common among siblings of antigen-positive than among those of antigen-negative infants. These findings demonstrate that in Taiwan, infants born to mothers who are asymptomatic carriers of HB Ag commonly become infected by heaptitis B (HB) virus. Exposure of infants near the time of birth may be important maintaining the high, chronic HB Ag carrier rate in Taiwan.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen in infants born to mothers with chronic hepatitis B antigenemia in Taiwan. Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) was detected by complement fixation (CF) in serum samples of 7.5% of 1,106 pregnant Chinese women tested in Taipei, Taiwan. HG Ag persisted in all but one of 42 women followed for 1 to 18 months (average, nine months) after delivery, and 27 of the 43 infants (63%) born to those women became antigen-positive. Persistance of the antigen was more common than transient or intermittent antigenemia. Twelve had antigenemia when first tested, while 15 later developed antigenemia, usually during the first six months of life. Only one infant developed antibody to HG Ag (anti-HB Ag), and this occurred after transient antigenemia. The HB Ag was found in two of 32 (6%) fathers, and in 18 of 27 (67%) older siblings. The antigen was more common among siblings of antigen-positive than among those of antigen-negative infants. These findings demonstrate that in Taiwan, infants born to mothers who are asymptomatic carriers of HB Ag commonly become infected by heaptitis B (HB) virus. Exposure of infants near the time of birth may be important maintaining the high, chronic HB Ag carrier rate in Taiwan."}
{"id": "PMID:1199981", "title": "A review of pediatric inpatient care.", "content": "Between 101 and 188 medical records of children hospitalized in each of three community hospitals and one major teaching hospital were examined to determine need for admission and quality of care administered. Two of the hospitals had been similarily studied two years before. Twenty-five percent of all admissions and 17% of all patient days were considered unnecessary. The smallest number of inappropriate admissions was found in the major teaching institution, but one of the community hospitals without any teaching affiliation was notably better than the other two. The teaching hospital and the same community hospital also achieved the lowest questionable management rates. Significant (P less than 0.5) but minimal reduction had occurred in number of unnecessary admissions when first and second utilization studies in these two hospitals were compared.", "contents": "A review of pediatric inpatient care. Between 101 and 188 medical records of children hospitalized in each of three community hospitals and one major teaching hospital were examined to determine need for admission and quality of care administered. Two of the hospitals had been similarily studied two years before. Twenty-five percent of all admissions and 17% of all patient days were considered unnecessary. The smallest number of inappropriate admissions was found in the major teaching institution, but one of the community hospitals without any teaching affiliation was notably better than the other two. The teaching hospital and the same community hospital also achieved the lowest questionable management rates. Significant (P less than 0.5) but minimal reduction had occurred in number of unnecessary admissions when first and second utilization studies in these two hospitals were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:1199984", "title": "Aspirin hepatitis.", "content": "Adverse reactions to aspirin, a potentially hepatotoxic drug, are believed to be dose related. This article reviews the medical literature and described two children with aspirin hepatitis. Hepatic dysfunction recurred in one of these patients at salicylate concentrations in serum previously considered nontoxic.", "contents": "Aspirin hepatitis. Adverse reactions to aspirin, a potentially hepatotoxic drug, are believed to be dose related. This article reviews the medical literature and described two children with aspirin hepatitis. Hepatic dysfunction recurred in one of these patients at salicylate concentrations in serum previously considered nontoxic."}
{"id": "PMID:1199985", "title": "Aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery of a 5-year-old girl.", "content": "A case of a congenital aneurysm located on the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which ruptured producing subarachnoid hemorrhage and death in a 5-year-old girl, is presented. The very low incidence of congenital aneurysms in young children and the relatively rare occurrence of aneurysms of the vertebral-basilar system are two additional unusual features of this case.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery of a 5-year-old girl. A case of a congenital aneurysm located on the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which ruptured producing subarachnoid hemorrhage and death in a 5-year-old girl, is presented. The very low incidence of congenital aneurysms in young children and the relatively rare occurrence of aneurysms of the vertebral-basilar system are two additional unusual features of this case."}
{"id": "PMID:1199986", "title": "The Ask-Upmark kidney. Roentgenographic and pathological features.", "content": "The Ask-Upmark kidney represents an unusual manifestation of a segmental hypoplastic kidney in which the lesion may be local or diffuse, and may involve one or both kidneys. It is almost always associated with hypertension and is, therefore, potentially curable when localized to a single kidney. It is imperative to recognize this disease in order to distinguish it from other entities that cause hypertension.", "contents": "The Ask-Upmark kidney. Roentgenographic and pathological features. The Ask-Upmark kidney represents an unusual manifestation of a segmental hypoplastic kidney in which the lesion may be local or diffuse, and may involve one or both kidneys. It is almost always associated with hypertension and is, therefore, potentially curable when localized to a single kidney. It is imperative to recognize this disease in order to distinguish it from other entities that cause hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1199987", "title": "Streptococcal osteomyelitis and arthritis in a neonate.", "content": "A 42-day-old female infant had neonatal pyogenic arthritis and osteomyelitis due to an unusual combination of streptococcal organisms. Group B streptococci produced an osteolytic lesion in the proximal end of the humerus and suppurative arthritis of the corresponding shoulder. An enterococcus was responsible for the occurrence of arthritis and subluxation of the hip.", "contents": "Streptococcal osteomyelitis and arthritis in a neonate. A 42-day-old female infant had neonatal pyogenic arthritis and osteomyelitis due to an unusual combination of streptococcal organisms. Group B streptococci produced an osteolytic lesion in the proximal end of the humerus and suppurative arthritis of the corresponding shoulder. An enterococcus was responsible for the occurrence of arthritis and subluxation of the hip."}
{"id": "PMID:1199990", "title": "The role of urinary indican as a predictor of bacterial colonization in the human jejunum.", "content": "To evaluate the role of urinary indican excretion and several common absorptive tests as predictors of bacterial colonization in the human jejunum, we analyzed the relationship between indican excretion and quantitative jejunal cultures, tryptophan absorption, enteric protein loss, fecal nitrogen excretion, D-xylose and lactose tolerance tests, and B12 and fat absorption in 40 subjects. Indican excretion correlated poorly with jejunal colony counts (r = 0.22). Neither tryptophan load or absorption, nor nitrogen excretion were related to indicanuria, but there was a modest correlation between enteric protein loss and urinary indican values (r = 0.54). Lactose tolerance tests and D-xylose, B12 and fat absorption showed no predictive value for identifying patients with high colony counts. Compared to quantitative small bowel culture, none of the tests studied provided suitable methods for screening for bacterial contamination of the human jejunum.", "contents": "The role of urinary indican as a predictor of bacterial colonization in the human jejunum. To evaluate the role of urinary indican excretion and several common absorptive tests as predictors of bacterial colonization in the human jejunum, we analyzed the relationship between indican excretion and quantitative jejunal cultures, tryptophan absorption, enteric protein loss, fecal nitrogen excretion, D-xylose and lactose tolerance tests, and B12 and fat absorption in 40 subjects. Indican excretion correlated poorly with jejunal colony counts (r = 0.22). Neither tryptophan load or absorption, nor nitrogen excretion were related to indicanuria, but there was a modest correlation between enteric protein loss and urinary indican values (r = 0.54). Lactose tolerance tests and D-xylose, B12 and fat absorption showed no predictive value for identifying patients with high colony counts. Compared to quantitative small bowel culture, none of the tests studied provided suitable methods for screening for bacterial contamination of the human jejunum."}
{"id": "PMID:1199991", "title": "Pancreatic excretion of 5, 5-dimethyl-2, 4-oxazolidinedione in normal subjects.", "content": "Pancreatic excretion of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) was studied in 25 normal subjects using the technique of the traditional pancreatic secretory test. The pancreozymin-secretin test was performed 4 days after the oral administration of trimethadione (3,5,5-trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, the precursor of DMO) for 3 consecutive days. When a dose of 1 unit/kg of pancreozymin was administered intravenously, both DMO concentration and output of a 10-min fractional specimen were rapidly increased and then decreased gradually. When a dose of 1 unit/kg of secretin was injected 30 min after pancreozymin, DMO concentration in duodenal aspirate showed no significant alteration, while DMO output of the aspirate was remarkably increased and then diminished in parallel to flow rate. DMO concentration in plasma varied widely from subject to subject, but was fairly constant during the course of the test in the same subject. Total DMO output in the postpancreozymin 30-min and postsecretin 60-min periods was linearly related to plasma DMO concentration. The output of DMO, when expressed as the output at a level of 10 mg/100 ml of plasma DMO, was linearly related to secretory volume and bicarbonate and amylase outputs in the postsecretin period. These results led to the conclusion that the human pancreas was capable of excreting a week organic acid of DMO with a molecular weight of 129.1 and that the excretion of DMO in normal subjects was a funciton of two factors: plasma DMO concentration and pancreatic secretory volume.", "contents": "Pancreatic excretion of 5, 5-dimethyl-2, 4-oxazolidinedione in normal subjects. Pancreatic excretion of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) was studied in 25 normal subjects using the technique of the traditional pancreatic secretory test. The pancreozymin-secretin test was performed 4 days after the oral administration of trimethadione (3,5,5-trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, the precursor of DMO) for 3 consecutive days. When a dose of 1 unit/kg of pancreozymin was administered intravenously, both DMO concentration and output of a 10-min fractional specimen were rapidly increased and then decreased gradually. When a dose of 1 unit/kg of secretin was injected 30 min after pancreozymin, DMO concentration in duodenal aspirate showed no significant alteration, while DMO output of the aspirate was remarkably increased and then diminished in parallel to flow rate. DMO concentration in plasma varied widely from subject to subject, but was fairly constant during the course of the test in the same subject. Total DMO output in the postpancreozymin 30-min and postsecretin 60-min periods was linearly related to plasma DMO concentration. The output of DMO, when expressed as the output at a level of 10 mg/100 ml of plasma DMO, was linearly related to secretory volume and bicarbonate and amylase outputs in the postsecretin period. These results led to the conclusion that the human pancreas was capable of excreting a week organic acid of DMO with a molecular weight of 129.1 and that the excretion of DMO in normal subjects was a funciton of two factors: plasma DMO concentration and pancreatic secretory volume."}
{"id": "PMID:1199992", "title": "Pancreatic excretion of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in patients with chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Abnormal pancreatic excretion of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) was demonstrated in 44 patients with chronic pancreatitis (14 with calcification and 30 without calcification). Pancreatic excretion of DMO in patients with chronic pancreatitis, as well as in normal subjects, depended on plasma DMO concentration and secretory volume. In the postsecretin 60-min period, almost all patients showed a decrease in total DMO output of duodenal aspirate over the observed range of plasma DMO concentration. More than half the patients without calcification gave a discordant pattern between the DMO output and volume, ie, decreased DMO output with normal volume secretion, while most of patients with calcification had low DMO output with decreased volume flow. The data of the pancreozymin-secretin test suggested that chornic pancreatic inflammation was moderate or minimal in patients without calcification and far advanced in those with calcification. From these results the hypothesis was advanced that DMO diffusion into the pancreatic ducts might be primarily impaired in the relatively early stage of chronic pancreatitis, and as the inflammation progressed to the final stage, DMO outflow from the ducts to the duodenum would be disturbed with evolving diffusion impairment of the compound. Total DMO output, when expressed as the output at a level of 10 mg/100 ml of plasma DMO (standard DMO output), was significantly reduced in chronic pancreatitis during a 60-min period after secretin stimulation. DMO in duodenal content, when expressed in terms of maximal concentration ratio of duodenal juice/plasma for the compound (maximal J/P ratio), was significantly low in chronic pancreatitis during the last 40-min period after secretin stimulation. These two parameters can therefore be used as indices of pancreatic excretion of DMO. The present technique may well become an effective diagnostic tool for early detection of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatic excretion of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Abnormal pancreatic excretion of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) was demonstrated in 44 patients with chronic pancreatitis (14 with calcification and 30 without calcification). Pancreatic excretion of DMO in patients with chronic pancreatitis, as well as in normal subjects, depended on plasma DMO concentration and secretory volume. In the postsecretin 60-min period, almost all patients showed a decrease in total DMO output of duodenal aspirate over the observed range of plasma DMO concentration. More than half the patients without calcification gave a discordant pattern between the DMO output and volume, ie, decreased DMO output with normal volume secretion, while most of patients with calcification had low DMO output with decreased volume flow. The data of the pancreozymin-secretin test suggested that chornic pancreatic inflammation was moderate or minimal in patients without calcification and far advanced in those with calcification. From these results the hypothesis was advanced that DMO diffusion into the pancreatic ducts might be primarily impaired in the relatively early stage of chronic pancreatitis, and as the inflammation progressed to the final stage, DMO outflow from the ducts to the duodenum would be disturbed with evolving diffusion impairment of the compound. Total DMO output, when expressed as the output at a level of 10 mg/100 ml of plasma DMO (standard DMO output), was significantly reduced in chronic pancreatitis during a 60-min period after secretin stimulation. DMO in duodenal content, when expressed in terms of maximal concentration ratio of duodenal juice/plasma for the compound (maximal J/P ratio), was significantly low in chronic pancreatitis during the last 40-min period after secretin stimulation. These two parameters can therefore be used as indices of pancreatic excretion of DMO. The present technique may well become an effective diagnostic tool for early detection of chronic pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1199993", "title": "Electrical activity of the ovine jejunum and changes due to disturbances.", "content": "Spike potential activity of the jejunum was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes in conscious sheep. The activity was summed at 20-sec intervals before, during, and after induction of diarrhea, small-bowel obstruction, and after nerve section. Sheep on a normal diet regimen exhibited migrating myoelectric complexes at a frequency of 18/24 hr. These complexes displayed irregular and regular activities which occupied 67% of the recording time. A common pattern observed during the manipulations was disorganization of the motor profile. The normal pattern was replaced by continuous spiking activity followed in many cases by total quiescence. After vagotomy the complexes still occurred but the duration of irregular spiking activity was decreased. These experiments suggest that the migrating myoelectric complex acts as a regulating factor and suggests that the ratio of irregular to regular activity is dependent on the influence of extrinsic nerves.", "contents": "Electrical activity of the ovine jejunum and changes due to disturbances. Spike potential activity of the jejunum was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes in conscious sheep. The activity was summed at 20-sec intervals before, during, and after induction of diarrhea, small-bowel obstruction, and after nerve section. Sheep on a normal diet regimen exhibited migrating myoelectric complexes at a frequency of 18/24 hr. These complexes displayed irregular and regular activities which occupied 67% of the recording time. A common pattern observed during the manipulations was disorganization of the motor profile. The normal pattern was replaced by continuous spiking activity followed in many cases by total quiescence. After vagotomy the complexes still occurred but the duration of irregular spiking activity was decreased. These experiments suggest that the migrating myoelectric complex acts as a regulating factor and suggests that the ratio of irregular to regular activity is dependent on the influence of extrinsic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:1199994", "title": "Electrical activity and intraluminal pressures in the lower small intestine of turkeys.", "content": "To study ileal motility, 14 young turkeys were surgically prepared with a fistula and 3 bipolar Ag/AgCl electrodes in the ileum. Electric slow waves were recorded which averaged 0.45 mV in amplitude and 6.1 waves/min in frequency. They seldom waned, had no wave-form characteristic of a particular region of the ileum, and action-potential bursts did not occur at a particular phase of the slow wave. Action potentials, associated with contractions, averaged 0.21 mV in amplitude. An average of 4.0 pressure changes occurrd per minute and their amplitude averaged 16.2 mm Hg. Slow waves apparently were the primary regulators of ileal motility, although another type of activity may also have been involved. The latter activity consisted of intensive action-potential activity associated with high-frequency, high-amplitude contractile activity which appeared to move periodically aborally down the ileum.", "contents": "Electrical activity and intraluminal pressures in the lower small intestine of turkeys. To study ileal motility, 14 young turkeys were surgically prepared with a fistula and 3 bipolar Ag/AgCl electrodes in the ileum. Electric slow waves were recorded which averaged 0.45 mV in amplitude and 6.1 waves/min in frequency. They seldom waned, had no wave-form characteristic of a particular region of the ileum, and action-potential bursts did not occur at a particular phase of the slow wave. Action potentials, associated with contractions, averaged 0.21 mV in amplitude. An average of 4.0 pressure changes occurrd per minute and their amplitude averaged 16.2 mm Hg. Slow waves apparently were the primary regulators of ileal motility, although another type of activity may also have been involved. The latter activity consisted of intensive action-potential activity associated with high-frequency, high-amplitude contractile activity which appeared to move periodically aborally down the ileum."}
{"id": "PMID:1199995", "title": "Gastroduodenal electrical activity in turkeys.", "content": "Bipolar Ag/AgCl electrodes were implanted in the stomach and duodenum of 21 turkeys to study electrical activity in those organs. Intraluminal pressure changes were also monitored. For comparative purposes, electric slow waves were recorded from the stomach of turkeys. Although slow waves were recorded from the duodenum of turkeys, the waves were observed to wax and wane and were possibly not the major regulators of duodenal contractile activity. Several bursts of action potentials and several contractions usually occurred in the duodenum during one slow-wave cycle. Duodenal motility appeared to be totally coordinated with the gastric cycle. Impulses conducted over intrinsic nerves from a gastric pacemaker (15) were proposed as a possible mechanism for initiating and coordinating gastroduodenal motor activity.", "contents": "Gastroduodenal electrical activity in turkeys. Bipolar Ag/AgCl electrodes were implanted in the stomach and duodenum of 21 turkeys to study electrical activity in those organs. Intraluminal pressure changes were also monitored. For comparative purposes, electric slow waves were recorded from the stomach of turkeys. Although slow waves were recorded from the duodenum of turkeys, the waves were observed to wax and wane and were possibly not the major regulators of duodenal contractile activity. Several bursts of action potentials and several contractions usually occurred in the duodenum during one slow-wave cycle. Duodenal motility appeared to be totally coordinated with the gastric cycle. Impulses conducted over intrinsic nerves from a gastric pacemaker (15) were proposed as a possible mechanism for initiating and coordinating gastroduodenal motor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1199997", "title": "Measurement of gastric emptying time--a comparative study between nonisotopic aspiration method and new radioisotopic technique.", "content": "A comparative study between modified conventional saline load test and the more recently introduced radioisotopic method was run in 8 normal volunteers. Each subject underwent at least three studies by each of the two methods: (1) aspiration method of Goldstein and Boyle incorporating our modification, and (2) an isotopic method employing a gamma camera with a computer. A liquid meal of isotonic saline was used with or without (997) MTc-DTPA. The results indicated that the gastric emptying T 1/2 (8.8 +/- 3.5 min) obtained by saline load test was shorter than that obtained by isotopic method (12 +/- 3 min). This discrepancy was most likely due to inherent error (incomplete aspiration of the gastric fluid) in the former method giving rise to a false faster emptying time. Moreover, the variations in T 1/2 value in the same individual was much more in the aspiration method than it was in the isotopic method.", "contents": "Measurement of gastric emptying time--a comparative study between nonisotopic aspiration method and new radioisotopic technique. A comparative study between modified conventional saline load test and the more recently introduced radioisotopic method was run in 8 normal volunteers. Each subject underwent at least three studies by each of the two methods: (1) aspiration method of Goldstein and Boyle incorporating our modification, and (2) an isotopic method employing a gamma camera with a computer. A liquid meal of isotonic saline was used with or without (997) MTc-DTPA. The results indicated that the gastric emptying T 1/2 (8.8 +/- 3.5 min) obtained by saline load test was shorter than that obtained by isotopic method (12 +/- 3 min). This discrepancy was most likely due to inherent error (incomplete aspiration of the gastric fluid) in the former method giving rise to a false faster emptying time. Moreover, the variations in T 1/2 value in the same individual was much more in the aspiration method than it was in the isotopic method."}
{"id": "PMID:1199998", "title": "Complication of prolonged intestinal intubation: gaseous distention of the terminal balloon.", "content": "A patient with regional enteritis was treated with a Cantor tube for relief of intestinal obstruction. Gaseous distention of the terminal balloon of the tube occurred necessitating removal by laparotomy and enterostomy. This rare complication is reviewed and discussed with special reference to etiology and prevention. The relationship of this complication to prolonged intubation is emphasized.", "contents": "Complication of prolonged intestinal intubation: gaseous distention of the terminal balloon. A patient with regional enteritis was treated with a Cantor tube for relief of intestinal obstruction. Gaseous distention of the terminal balloon of the tube occurred necessitating removal by laparotomy and enterostomy. This rare complication is reviewed and discussed with special reference to etiology and prevention. The relationship of this complication to prolonged intubation is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1200000", "title": "Cystic lymphangiomyoma of the colon causing protein-losing enteropathy.", "content": "This report documents a case of cystic lymphangiomyoma of the sigmoid colon in a 35-year-old woman who presented with symptoms of a protein-losing enteropathy. This case was unique in that it involved not only the colonic wall and mesentery but also extended into the retroperitoneum. Surgical excision of the affected segment has resulted in reversal of hypoproteinaemia and return to normal of the excessive faecal loss of 51Cr-labeled protein over a 2-year follow-up period.", "contents": "Cystic lymphangiomyoma of the colon causing protein-losing enteropathy. This report documents a case of cystic lymphangiomyoma of the sigmoid colon in a 35-year-old woman who presented with symptoms of a protein-losing enteropathy. This case was unique in that it involved not only the colonic wall and mesentery but also extended into the retroperitoneum. Surgical excision of the affected segment has resulted in reversal of hypoproteinaemia and return to normal of the excessive faecal loss of 51Cr-labeled protein over a 2-year follow-up period."}
{"id": "PMID:1200007", "title": "Pancreatic ascites: diagnostic importance of ascitic lipase.", "content": "10 cases of pancreatic ascites are presented. Ascitic fluid lipase is complementary to the determination of ascitic amylase in the diagnosis of pancreatic ascites and may be a more reliable diagnostic indicator of pancreatic ascites on a random ascitic fluid sample. Conservative management, consisting of abdominal paracentesis with or without diurectics, proved to be the treatment of choice in 3 of our patients who failed to reveal an associated pseudocyst.", "contents": "Pancreatic ascites: diagnostic importance of ascitic lipase. 10 cases of pancreatic ascites are presented. Ascitic fluid lipase is complementary to the determination of ascitic amylase in the diagnosis of pancreatic ascites and may be a more reliable diagnostic indicator of pancreatic ascites on a random ascitic fluid sample. Conservative management, consisting of abdominal paracentesis with or without diurectics, proved to be the treatment of choice in 3 of our patients who failed to reveal an associated pseudocyst."}
{"id": "PMID:1200008", "title": "Mallory-Weiss syndrome in perspective.", "content": "Nineteen patients with the Mallory-Weiss lesion diagnosed by panendoscopy are presented. This represents 10.5% of 180 acute upper-gastrointestinal bleeders. Only 36.8% of these 19 patients had a history of heavy ethanol intake and 26% had hiatus hernias. In addition to the Mallory-Weiss lesion, abnormalities in 63% were noted on endoscopy. None of the patients required surgery for control of the bleeding. Two patients were treated with selective arterial-vasopressin infusion. The importance of a high index of suspicion for this lesion in spite of the lack of a classical alcoholic or recurrent retching history and the value of intensive medical therapy, including early panendoscopy, is emphasized.", "contents": "Mallory-Weiss syndrome in perspective. Nineteen patients with the Mallory-Weiss lesion diagnosed by panendoscopy are presented. This represents 10.5% of 180 acute upper-gastrointestinal bleeders. Only 36.8% of these 19 patients had a history of heavy ethanol intake and 26% had hiatus hernias. In addition to the Mallory-Weiss lesion, abnormalities in 63% were noted on endoscopy. None of the patients required surgery for control of the bleeding. Two patients were treated with selective arterial-vasopressin infusion. The importance of a high index of suspicion for this lesion in spite of the lack of a classical alcoholic or recurrent retching history and the value of intensive medical therapy, including early panendoscopy, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1200011", "title": "Pancreatic ascites. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of pancreatic ascites is reported and compared with 55 previously reported cases. A 42-year-old black male chronic alcoholic presenting with abdominal pain was found at operation to have chronic pancreatitis with no pseudocyst formation or overt duct disruption, in contrast to the majority of cases reported. The diagnosis and differentiation from cirrhosis of the liver were based on the operative findings, elevated serum amylase level, ascitic fluid amylase value, and protein content. Surgical exploration alone has proven beneficial--the patient has done well in the past 2 years with no recurrence of the ascites and continued weight gain. The clinical course was compatible with pancreatitis although the radiographic and angiographic studies were not diagnostic. It is suggested that the clinical entity of pancreatic ascites occurs more often than reported and a workup for it should be done even in the face of unconvincing radiographic and angiographic evidence.", "contents": "Pancreatic ascites. A case report and review of the literature. A case of pancreatic ascites is reported and compared with 55 previously reported cases. A 42-year-old black male chronic alcoholic presenting with abdominal pain was found at operation to have chronic pancreatitis with no pseudocyst formation or overt duct disruption, in contrast to the majority of cases reported. The diagnosis and differentiation from cirrhosis of the liver were based on the operative findings, elevated serum amylase level, ascitic fluid amylase value, and protein content. Surgical exploration alone has proven beneficial--the patient has done well in the past 2 years with no recurrence of the ascites and continued weight gain. The clinical course was compatible with pancreatitis although the radiographic and angiographic studies were not diagnostic. It is suggested that the clinical entity of pancreatic ascites occurs more often than reported and a workup for it should be done even in the face of unconvincing radiographic and angiographic evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:1200012", "title": "Reye's syndrome in an adult.", "content": "Reye's syndrome (fatty infiltration of the liver with encephalopathy) is an uncommon disease of children and has not previously been noted in adult patients. We present a 25-year-old male who survived this syndrome after presenting a stuporous state. Etiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms are considered.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome in an adult. Reye's syndrome (fatty infiltration of the liver with encephalopathy) is an uncommon disease of children and has not previously been noted in adult patients. We present a 25-year-old male who survived this syndrome after presenting a stuporous state. Etiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1200014", "title": "Endoscopic, radiologic and manometric correlation in small sliding hiatal hernia.", "content": "Of the three methods employed, endoscopy seems to be the most accurate since it permits identification of both anatomical structures and serves as a basis for interpretation of radiology and manometry. Cardial incisura was the easiest and most constantly identifiable structure by the three methods. It must be considered as the union between esophagus and stomach. In small sliding hiatal hernia, the cardial incisura remains below the diaphragm and the gastric mucosa slides up into the chest, resulting in a partial prolapse (hiatal hernia of sliding mucosa). This concept would clarify the difference in interpretation of the most commonly used procedures in diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernia.", "contents": "Endoscopic, radiologic and manometric correlation in small sliding hiatal hernia. Of the three methods employed, endoscopy seems to be the most accurate since it permits identification of both anatomical structures and serves as a basis for interpretation of radiology and manometry. Cardial incisura was the easiest and most constantly identifiable structure by the three methods. It must be considered as the union between esophagus and stomach. In small sliding hiatal hernia, the cardial incisura remains below the diaphragm and the gastric mucosa slides up into the chest, resulting in a partial prolapse (hiatal hernia of sliding mucosa). This concept would clarify the difference in interpretation of the most commonly used procedures in diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200013", "title": "Radiographic and endoscopic features of colonic ulcers in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The radiographic and endoscopic features of the colonic ulcers during the course of a case of systemic lupus erythematosus are illustrated. Barium enema revealed the \"collar button\" type of penetrating ulcers in the left half of the colon and endoscopy demonstrated multiple round- or oval-shaped discrete ulcers, so-called \"punched-out\" ulcers with pale mucosa. These findings are compared with those of the reported cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and ulcerative colitis. Steroid and 6-mercaptopurine therapy was effective in this case.", "contents": "Radiographic and endoscopic features of colonic ulcers in systemic lupus erythematosus. The radiographic and endoscopic features of the colonic ulcers during the course of a case of systemic lupus erythematosus are illustrated. Barium enema revealed the \"collar button\" type of penetrating ulcers in the left half of the colon and endoscopy demonstrated multiple round- or oval-shaped discrete ulcers, so-called \"punched-out\" ulcers with pale mucosa. These findings are compared with those of the reported cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and ulcerative colitis. Steroid and 6-mercaptopurine therapy was effective in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:1200015", "title": "Pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in acute and chronic gastritis. Histological and secretory correlations.", "content": "Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion were determined in 122 patients with various types of gastritis and in 20 control subjects. All the gastritis patients and the control subjects were adult Chinese. The histological diagnosis was based on gastric biopsy specimens obtained through a fibergastroscope. Statistical analysis of the results in the various histological groups of gastritis and controls indicated that chronic superficial gastritis and chronic atrophic gastritis are not associated with reduced gastric acid secretion in Chinese subjects. In addition, analysis of combinations of the groups of patients with various types of gastritis showed no significant difference in the mean basal acid output but the mean peak acid output of patients with chronic gastritis was significantly higher than that of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis.", "contents": "Pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in acute and chronic gastritis. Histological and secretory correlations. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion were determined in 122 patients with various types of gastritis and in 20 control subjects. All the gastritis patients and the control subjects were adult Chinese. The histological diagnosis was based on gastric biopsy specimens obtained through a fibergastroscope. Statistical analysis of the results in the various histological groups of gastritis and controls indicated that chronic superficial gastritis and chronic atrophic gastritis are not associated with reduced gastric acid secretion in Chinese subjects. In addition, analysis of combinations of the groups of patients with various types of gastritis showed no significant difference in the mean basal acid output but the mean peak acid output of patients with chronic gastritis was significantly higher than that of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200016", "title": "Crohn's disease of the colon. V. Retroperitoneal lumbocrural abscess in Crohn's disease involving the colon.", "content": "Retroperitoneal lumbocrural abscess occurred in 12 patients of 231 with Crohn's colitis or ileocolitis. Although all patients with this complication fell within the group of 175 ileocolitis patients, at least four originated in fistulous tracts of the colon. Eleven of the 12 abscesses developed spontaneously as the first major complication of the disease. The prominent clinical features included pain radiating down the thigh, hip joint flexion, difficulty in walking, hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Internal and external fistulas were significantly more common in the abscess group of 12 patients than in the 219 patients without retroperitoneal abscess. Radiological evidence of granulomatous disease was found in all patients; fistulous tract formation was characteristic and the development of extraperitoneal gas bubbles, in four patients, pathognomonic of abscess with gast-forming organisms. In the presence of established retroperitoneal abscess, the surgical sequence suggested is drainage synchronous with, or followed by diversion and ultimately definitive resection. Resection with anastomosis should not be carried out in the presence of an acute inflammatory process with frank abscess or free pus communicating with the peritoneal cavity. The spontaneous development of retroperitoneal abscess is a serious development in the natural history of Crohn's (ileo) colitis. It frequently heralds the first of a series of operative procedures to deal with the abscess. It sequels are enterocutaneous fistulas and further extension of the disease process.", "contents": "Crohn's disease of the colon. V. Retroperitoneal lumbocrural abscess in Crohn's disease involving the colon. Retroperitoneal lumbocrural abscess occurred in 12 patients of 231 with Crohn's colitis or ileocolitis. Although all patients with this complication fell within the group of 175 ileocolitis patients, at least four originated in fistulous tracts of the colon. Eleven of the 12 abscesses developed spontaneously as the first major complication of the disease. The prominent clinical features included pain radiating down the thigh, hip joint flexion, difficulty in walking, hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Internal and external fistulas were significantly more common in the abscess group of 12 patients than in the 219 patients without retroperitoneal abscess. Radiological evidence of granulomatous disease was found in all patients; fistulous tract formation was characteristic and the development of extraperitoneal gas bubbles, in four patients, pathognomonic of abscess with gast-forming organisms. In the presence of established retroperitoneal abscess, the surgical sequence suggested is drainage synchronous with, or followed by diversion and ultimately definitive resection. Resection with anastomosis should not be carried out in the presence of an acute inflammatory process with frank abscess or free pus communicating with the peritoneal cavity. The spontaneous development of retroperitoneal abscess is a serious development in the natural history of Crohn's (ileo) colitis. It frequently heralds the first of a series of operative procedures to deal with the abscess. It sequels are enterocutaneous fistulas and further extension of the disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:1200017", "title": "Deficiency of secretory Ig-A and intestinal malabsorption.", "content": "A patient under treatment with hemodialysis suffered increasing clinical and laboratory evidence of intestinal malabsorption. Jejunal aspirates revealed heavy bacterial and mycotic flora within the proximal jejunum. Secretory Ig-A and secretory component were present only in trace amounts. The deficiency of the generally ubiquitous secretory component is particularaly striking. Oral administration of 20-30 ml. colostrum daily reversed not only the clinical evidence but also laboratory findings of intestinal malabsorption.", "contents": "Deficiency of secretory Ig-A and intestinal malabsorption. A patient under treatment with hemodialysis suffered increasing clinical and laboratory evidence of intestinal malabsorption. Jejunal aspirates revealed heavy bacterial and mycotic flora within the proximal jejunum. Secretory Ig-A and secretory component were present only in trace amounts. The deficiency of the generally ubiquitous secretory component is particularaly striking. Oral administration of 20-30 ml. colostrum daily reversed not only the clinical evidence but also laboratory findings of intestinal malabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1200018", "title": "Postgastrectomy bezoars.", "content": "Sixteen cases of postgastrectomy bezoars were diagnosed and treated in the period of five years. Various mechanisms of their information, symptomatology and therapy are discussed. We believe postgastrectomy bezoars are relatively frequent but often missed entities. Considering the relative frequency of this entity and ease of therapy, this condition should not be missed if one is aware of its existence.", "contents": "Postgastrectomy bezoars. Sixteen cases of postgastrectomy bezoars were diagnosed and treated in the period of five years. Various mechanisms of their information, symptomatology and therapy are discussed. We believe postgastrectomy bezoars are relatively frequent but often missed entities. Considering the relative frequency of this entity and ease of therapy, this condition should not be missed if one is aware of its existence."}
{"id": "PMID:1200019", "title": "The radiology corner. Malignant melanoma of the gallbladder.", "content": "An unusual case of melanoma of the gallbladder is reported. It is the fourth reported case with roentgenographic demonstration. It presented clinically as cholecystitis and radiologically as a larger solitary defect within the gallbladder accompanied by cholelithiasis. It is probably a metastatic deposit although no other metastases were demonstrated.", "contents": "The radiology corner. Malignant melanoma of the gallbladder. An unusual case of melanoma of the gallbladder is reported. It is the fourth reported case with roentgenographic demonstration. It presented clinically as cholecystitis and radiologically as a larger solitary defect within the gallbladder accompanied by cholelithiasis. It is probably a metastatic deposit although no other metastases were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1200021", "title": "Epidemiology of lumbar disc lesions in the military in World War II.", "content": "A study was carried out in 1095 first Army hospital admissions for lumbar herniation of the nucleus pulposus (HNP) who were individually matched on age and period of service during World War II to holders of Army National Service Life Insurance policies. For both the cases and the comparison group, data were obtained from military records, particularly records of induction into service. Factors showing a statistically significant positive association (p less than 0.05) with admission for HNP in the entire sample and also among enlisted cases matched to enlisted members of the comparison group were: occupation of craftsman or foreman, married status, rural residence, excess height, excess weight, heavy frame, good posture, defects relating to back or legs, military occupation specialty of ground combat, and rank of sergeant or staff sergeant. Factors showing a negative association with admission for HNP in these same groups were: clerical occupation, two or more battle stars earned and officer rank. Essentially the same relationships were found among cases with surgically confirmed diagnoses of HNP, less than 30 years old at hospital admission, and with recent onset of symptoms, when the cases in these groups were compared with their matches in the comparison group. Mechanical factors related to body build as evaluated by height and weight measurements appear to be of significance in the etiology of HNP. Occupational factors also appear to be of importance. Some cases and some controls were hospitalized prior to the first hospital admission of the case for a disease possibly related to HNP. For that time period there were no remarkable differences between cases and controls in service hospital diagnoses, including those of trauma.", "contents": "Epidemiology of lumbar disc lesions in the military in World War II. A study was carried out in 1095 first Army hospital admissions for lumbar herniation of the nucleus pulposus (HNP) who were individually matched on age and period of service during World War II to holders of Army National Service Life Insurance policies. For both the cases and the comparison group, data were obtained from military records, particularly records of induction into service. Factors showing a statistically significant positive association (p less than 0.05) with admission for HNP in the entire sample and also among enlisted cases matched to enlisted members of the comparison group were: occupation of craftsman or foreman, married status, rural residence, excess height, excess weight, heavy frame, good posture, defects relating to back or legs, military occupation specialty of ground combat, and rank of sergeant or staff sergeant. Factors showing a negative association with admission for HNP in these same groups were: clerical occupation, two or more battle stars earned and officer rank. Essentially the same relationships were found among cases with surgically confirmed diagnoses of HNP, less than 30 years old at hospital admission, and with recent onset of symptoms, when the cases in these groups were compared with their matches in the comparison group. Mechanical factors related to body build as evaluated by height and weight measurements appear to be of significance in the etiology of HNP. Occupational factors also appear to be of importance. Some cases and some controls were hospitalized prior to the first hospital admission of the case for a disease possibly related to HNP. For that time period there were no remarkable differences between cases and controls in service hospital diagnoses, including those of trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:1200020", "title": "A controlled prospective study of the effect of endurance training on the recurrence rate of myocardial infarction. A description of the experimental design.", "content": "A multicenter prospective study has been designed to determine whether participation in an exercise program which produces a significant training effect will affect the recurrence rate in men who have survived an initial myocardial infarction. The control group consists of subjects who participate in a program involving low intensity activities designed to avoid a significant training effect. The subjects will be followed for a period of 4 years and a reduction of 50 per cent in the risk of recurrence will be considered clinically significant. The criteria for entry, the method of allocation, the structure of the exercise program and method of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness are described.", "contents": "A controlled prospective study of the effect of endurance training on the recurrence rate of myocardial infarction. A description of the experimental design. A multicenter prospective study has been designed to determine whether participation in an exercise program which produces a significant training effect will affect the recurrence rate in men who have survived an initial myocardial infarction. The control group consists of subjects who participate in a program involving low intensity activities designed to avoid a significant training effect. The subjects will be followed for a period of 4 years and a reduction of 50 per cent in the risk of recurrence will be considered clinically significant. The criteria for entry, the method of allocation, the structure of the exercise program and method of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1200022", "title": "Some childhood antecedents of drug and alcohol abuse.", "content": "Unsatisfactory intrafamilial relationships and child-rearing practices have frequently been implicated as prime determinants of personalities that are susceptible to drug and alcohol abuse. Five thousand forty-four US Army soldiers were surveyed by anonymous questionnaires. The reported occurrence of a variety of activities, events and behaviors in childhood among drug and alcohol abusers were compared to non users. Childhood antecedents that were associated with non-use of illegal drugs and which showed as much as a 20% difference in reported occurrence between abusers and non-users of illegal drugs were: spanking, church attendance, first alcoholic drink after 15 years, and perceived \"happy\" parental marriage. These associations were found uithin white and non-white groups and in subjects with divorced or separated parents. There was no antecedent that showed as much as a 20% difference in reported occurrence between alcohol abusers and non-users.", "contents": "Some childhood antecedents of drug and alcohol abuse. Unsatisfactory intrafamilial relationships and child-rearing practices have frequently been implicated as prime determinants of personalities that are susceptible to drug and alcohol abuse. Five thousand forty-four US Army soldiers were surveyed by anonymous questionnaires. The reported occurrence of a variety of activities, events and behaviors in childhood among drug and alcohol abusers were compared to non users. Childhood antecedents that were associated with non-use of illegal drugs and which showed as much as a 20% difference in reported occurrence between abusers and non-users of illegal drugs were: spanking, church attendance, first alcoholic drink after 15 years, and perceived \"happy\" parental marriage. These associations were found uithin white and non-white groups and in subjects with divorced or separated parents. There was no antecedent that showed as much as a 20% difference in reported occurrence between alcohol abusers and non-users."}
{"id": "PMID:1200023", "title": "Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burneti antibodies among Brazilian slaughterhouse employees.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated toxoplasmosis and Q fever are potential hazards to persons who handle raw meat or who work in slaughterhouses. The prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii and C. burneti was studied among 144 employees of an abattoir in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, to determine what environmental factors may be associated with the occurrence of these agents among persons who handle meat but who have not reported having toxoplasmosis or Q fever. Seventy-two per cent of the 144 employees were serologically positive to T. gondii and 29% were serologically positive for C. burneti. The highest prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii (92%) occurred among meat inspectors, who also had a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 1400. The prevalence levels of antibodies to T. gondii for employees who handled meat in the deboning and sausage departments were 80% and 79% with GMT's of 412 and 340, respectively. These levels exceeded the antibody prevalences of 60% and 65% and GMT's of 168 and 120 for employees who worked with cattle in the corrals or who worked on the killing floor, respectively. Conversely, the prevalence of antibodies to C. burneti was highest (40%) among employees working in the corrals and who were exposed to dust and hides. A similar prevalence of antibodies to C. burneti was found in employees on the killing floor (36% positive) who were exposed to hides and viscera, but employees handling meat in the deboning or sausage section had prevalence levels of 20% and 14% respectively. Serologic testing of zebu cattle processed at the abattoir indicated that 10% of 124 tested had antibodies to T. gondii and 29% of 156 tested had antibodies to C. burneti. These levels in cattle are probably adequate to expose (and infect) persons who process meat daily. Continuous daily exposures to chronically infected cattle may result in sporadic undiagnosed illnesses or seroconversions from subclinical infections.", "contents": "Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burneti antibodies among Brazilian slaughterhouse employees. Previous studies have indicated toxoplasmosis and Q fever are potential hazards to persons who handle raw meat or who work in slaughterhouses. The prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii and C. burneti was studied among 144 employees of an abattoir in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, to determine what environmental factors may be associated with the occurrence of these agents among persons who handle meat but who have not reported having toxoplasmosis or Q fever. Seventy-two per cent of the 144 employees were serologically positive to T. gondii and 29% were serologically positive for C. burneti. The highest prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii (92%) occurred among meat inspectors, who also had a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 1400. The prevalence levels of antibodies to T. gondii for employees who handled meat in the deboning and sausage departments were 80% and 79% with GMT's of 412 and 340, respectively. These levels exceeded the antibody prevalences of 60% and 65% and GMT's of 168 and 120 for employees who worked with cattle in the corrals or who worked on the killing floor, respectively. Conversely, the prevalence of antibodies to C. burneti was highest (40%) among employees working in the corrals and who were exposed to dust and hides. A similar prevalence of antibodies to C. burneti was found in employees on the killing floor (36% positive) who were exposed to hides and viscera, but employees handling meat in the deboning or sausage section had prevalence levels of 20% and 14% respectively. Serologic testing of zebu cattle processed at the abattoir indicated that 10% of 124 tested had antibodies to T. gondii and 29% of 156 tested had antibodies to C. burneti. These levels in cattle are probably adequate to expose (and infect) persons who process meat daily. Continuous daily exposures to chronically infected cattle may result in sporadic undiagnosed illnesses or seroconversions from subclinical infections."}
{"id": "PMID:1200024", "title": "Undiagnosed bacterial meningitis in Vermont children.", "content": "Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in Vermont children under 5 years of age was recognized less frequently in 1967-1970 in those towns with low total hospitalization rates than in towns with hospitalization rates above 15 admissions per 100 population. Using the towns with high hospitalization rates as a norm, it was found that towns with fewer recognized meningitis cases than expected had significantly greater rates of death from obscure causes in children 1-59 months of age in 1967-1970. It is suggested that about 17 deaths in 1967-1970 in Vermont children 1-59 months of age were associated with the failure to recognize bacterial meningitis in children from towns with low rates of medical care utilization.", "contents": "Undiagnosed bacterial meningitis in Vermont children. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in Vermont children under 5 years of age was recognized less frequently in 1967-1970 in those towns with low total hospitalization rates than in towns with hospitalization rates above 15 admissions per 100 population. Using the towns with high hospitalization rates as a norm, it was found that towns with fewer recognized meningitis cases than expected had significantly greater rates of death from obscure causes in children 1-59 months of age in 1967-1970. It is suggested that about 17 deaths in 1967-1970 in Vermont children 1-59 months of age were associated with the failure to recognize bacterial meningitis in children from towns with low rates of medical care utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1200025", "title": "Oral polio vaccination of children in the tropics. II. Antibody response in relation to vaccine virus infection.", "content": "Poliovirus antibody response rates following the administration of trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) have been poor in several developing countries. In an attempt to determine if poor seroresponse is due to poor rates of vaccine virus \"take\" or due to poor serum antibody response to intestinal virus infection, both vaccine virus take and serum antibody response were determined in a group of children given two doses of OPV. In the large majority of seronegative children there was good correlation between the absence or presence of vaccine virus excretion and negative or positive seroconversion, thus showing that the poor seroconversion rates were mainly due to poor rates of vaccine virus take. However, as in several studies from developed countries showing good seroconversion rates, a few instances of antibody response in the absence of detectable virus excretion and fewer instances of virus excretion without detectable antibody response were also found.", "contents": "Oral polio vaccination of children in the tropics. II. Antibody response in relation to vaccine virus infection. Poliovirus antibody response rates following the administration of trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) have been poor in several developing countries. In an attempt to determine if poor seroresponse is due to poor rates of vaccine virus \"take\" or due to poor serum antibody response to intestinal virus infection, both vaccine virus take and serum antibody response were determined in a group of children given two doses of OPV. In the large majority of seronegative children there was good correlation between the absence or presence of vaccine virus excretion and negative or positive seroconversion, thus showing that the poor seroconversion rates were mainly due to poor rates of vaccine virus take. However, as in several studies from developed countries showing good seroconversion rates, a few instances of antibody response in the absence of detectable virus excretion and fewer instances of virus excretion without detectable antibody response were also found."}
{"id": "PMID:1200026", "title": "Oral polio vaccination of children in the tropics. III. Intercurrent enterovirus infections, vaccine virus take and antibody response.", "content": "The effect of intercurrent enterovirus infections on host responses to oral polio vaccine (OPV) was studied in groups of infants and children who were without antibodies to one, two or three serotypes of poliovirus. The prevalence of enterovirus infections as detected in fecal specimens collected at weekly intervals and inoculated in primary monkey kidney cell culture, HEp 2 cells and newborn mice ranged between 60 and 70 per cent. The presence of such infections at the time of, 1 week prior to, or during the 3 weeks prior to the administration of OPV did not appear to inhibit either vaccine virus take or antibody response. However, in both the infected and uninfected children the rates of vaccine virus take and seroconversion were found to be considerably lower than those reported from several temperate climate countries.", "contents": "Oral polio vaccination of children in the tropics. III. Intercurrent enterovirus infections, vaccine virus take and antibody response. The effect of intercurrent enterovirus infections on host responses to oral polio vaccine (OPV) was studied in groups of infants and children who were without antibodies to one, two or three serotypes of poliovirus. The prevalence of enterovirus infections as detected in fecal specimens collected at weekly intervals and inoculated in primary monkey kidney cell culture, HEp 2 cells and newborn mice ranged between 60 and 70 per cent. The presence of such infections at the time of, 1 week prior to, or during the 3 weeks prior to the administration of OPV did not appear to inhibit either vaccine virus take or antibody response. However, in both the infected and uninfected children the rates of vaccine virus take and seroconversion were found to be considerably lower than those reported from several temperate climate countries."}
{"id": "PMID:1200027", "title": "Chromosome 3 duplication q21 leads to qter deletion p25 leads to pter syndrome in children of carriers of a pericentric inversion inv(3) (p25q21).", "content": "Close phenotypic similarity between two cases carrying a rec(3) dup q,inv(3) (p25q21), 12 additional infants from the same inv (3)(p25q21) kindred who lived less than 1 year, and eight cases studied in other medical centers has led us to postulate the existence of a distinct chromosome 3 duplication-deletion syndrome. In the presence of trisomy for (3)q21 leads to qter and monosomy for (3)p25 leads to pter, the facial dysmorphy is unique: a distorted head shape due to irregular cranial sutures, thick low eyebrows, long eyelashes, persistent lanugo, distended veins on the scalp, hypertelorism, oblique palpebral fissures, a very short nose with a broad depressed bridge and anteverted nares, protruding maxilla, thin upper lip, micrognathia, low-set ears, and a short webbed neck. Port-wine stains, congenital glaucoma, cloudy corneas, cleft palate and harelip also occur frequently. Each infant has difficulty sucking and swallowing. Congenital anomalies of the cardiovascular system, of midgut rotation, and of the urogenital system are noted for the infants who died neonatally. Most frequent is a ventricular septal defect, followed by atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, and coarctation of the aorta. Omphalocele, umbilical hernia, hyperplastic kidneys, polycystic kidneys, double ureter, hydro-ureter, hydronephrosis, and undescended testes often occur. The extremities are short in proportion to the length of the trunk. Clinodactyly, coxa valga, talipes, and spina bifida are frequently observed.", "contents": "Chromosome 3 duplication q21 leads to qter deletion p25 leads to pter syndrome in children of carriers of a pericentric inversion inv(3) (p25q21). Close phenotypic similarity between two cases carrying a rec(3) dup q,inv(3) (p25q21), 12 additional infants from the same inv (3)(p25q21) kindred who lived less than 1 year, and eight cases studied in other medical centers has led us to postulate the existence of a distinct chromosome 3 duplication-deletion syndrome. In the presence of trisomy for (3)q21 leads to qter and monosomy for (3)p25 leads to pter, the facial dysmorphy is unique: a distorted head shape due to irregular cranial sutures, thick low eyebrows, long eyelashes, persistent lanugo, distended veins on the scalp, hypertelorism, oblique palpebral fissures, a very short nose with a broad depressed bridge and anteverted nares, protruding maxilla, thin upper lip, micrognathia, low-set ears, and a short webbed neck. Port-wine stains, congenital glaucoma, cloudy corneas, cleft palate and harelip also occur frequently. Each infant has difficulty sucking and swallowing. Congenital anomalies of the cardiovascular system, of midgut rotation, and of the urogenital system are noted for the infants who died neonatally. Most frequent is a ventricular septal defect, followed by atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, and coarctation of the aorta. Omphalocele, umbilical hernia, hyperplastic kidneys, polycystic kidneys, double ureter, hydro-ureter, hydronephrosis, and undescended testes often occur. The extremities are short in proportion to the length of the trunk. Clinodactyly, coxa valga, talipes, and spina bifida are frequently observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200028", "title": "A G gamma type of the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin with beta chain production in cis.", "content": "In a new subclass of G gamma HPFH which has been detected in a black family, beta A chains are produced in cis to the HPFH determinant (the G gamma-beta+ HPFH). No other instance of beta chain production in cis to HPFH has been reported. All individuals in this family are well even if Hb S is produced in trans to HPFH. Genetically, this new subclass requires a slightly smaller deletion in the gamma, delta, and beta complex of genes than do other forms of HPFH. It is speculated that a subclass (the G gamma-(G gamma A gamma)-beta+ HPFH) in which beta S chains are produced in cis to HPFH in conjunction with true beta S genes in trans may be responsible for \"mild\" cases of sickle cell anemia.", "contents": "A G gamma type of the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin with beta chain production in cis. In a new subclass of G gamma HPFH which has been detected in a black family, beta A chains are produced in cis to the HPFH determinant (the G gamma-beta+ HPFH). No other instance of beta chain production in cis to HPFH has been reported. All individuals in this family are well even if Hb S is produced in trans to HPFH. Genetically, this new subclass requires a slightly smaller deletion in the gamma, delta, and beta complex of genes than do other forms of HPFH. It is speculated that a subclass (the G gamma-(G gamma A gamma)-beta+ HPFH) in which beta S chains are produced in cis to HPFH in conjunction with true beta S genes in trans may be responsible for \"mild\" cases of sickle cell anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200029", "title": "A note on goodness of fit of a population to Hardy-Weinberg structure.", "content": "The test of goodness of fit of a population to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium given by Levene [2] and Haldane [1] is valid within a widely accepted recipe for testing goodness of fit of a composite hypothesis. The nature of the result of Cannings and Edwards [3] is described. The result was shown to be quite different than they claimed and, although possible of some interest, not relevant to the testing of goodness of fit to Hardy-Weinberg structure.", "contents": "A note on goodness of fit of a population to Hardy-Weinberg structure. The test of goodness of fit of a population to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium given by Levene [2] and Haldane [1] is valid within a widely accepted recipe for testing goodness of fit of a composite hypothesis. The nature of the result of Cannings and Edwards [3] is described. The result was shown to be quite different than they claimed and, although possible of some interest, not relevant to the testing of goodness of fit to Hardy-Weinberg structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1200030", "title": "Liver alcohol dehydrogenase in Japanese: high population frequency of atypical form and its possible role in alcohol sensitivity.", "content": "Electrophoretic and quantitative studies reveal that 85% of Japanese carry an atypical liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The frequency of ADH polymorphism is identical with the reported frequency of alcohol sensitivity in the Japanese population. This identity in population frequencies points to a causative relationship between the two phenomena and suggests that alcohol sensitivity might be due to the increased acetaldehyde formation in individuals carrying the atypical ADH gene.", "contents": "Liver alcohol dehydrogenase in Japanese: high population frequency of atypical form and its possible role in alcohol sensitivity. Electrophoretic and quantitative studies reveal that 85% of Japanese carry an atypical liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The frequency of ADH polymorphism is identical with the reported frequency of alcohol sensitivity in the Japanese population. This identity in population frequencies points to a causative relationship between the two phenomena and suggests that alcohol sensitivity might be due to the increased acetaldehyde formation in individuals carrying the atypical ADH gene."}
{"id": "PMID:1200031", "title": "Linkage data on MN and the Hb beta locus.", "content": "A sample of 28 informative families was studied for linkage between Hb beta and MN. Values of the neuterized recombination fraction from these and other families from the literature excluded a recombination fraction of less than .30 between these loci. Our results support different recombination values for males and females (theta equals .34 abd .50, respectively). A simple approach to estimate the sample size required as well as a study of the relationship between sibship size and sample size under conditions of loose linkage are also presented.", "contents": "Linkage data on MN and the Hb beta locus. A sample of 28 informative families was studied for linkage between Hb beta and MN. Values of the neuterized recombination fraction from these and other families from the literature excluded a recombination fraction of less than .30 between these loci. Our results support different recombination values for males and females (theta equals .34 abd .50, respectively). A simple approach to estimate the sample size required as well as a study of the relationship between sibship size and sample size under conditions of loose linkage are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1200033", "title": "Renal function in gout. IV. An analysis of 524 gouty subjects including long-term follow-up studies.", "content": "Renal function studies were performed in 524 gouty subjects, including follow-up studies at intervals up to 12 years in 112 of them. In 49 subjects, the glomerular filtration rate was less than 70 ml/min and Curate:glomerular filtration rate ratio tended to rise as the glomerular filtration rate decreased, reflecting a relatively stable urate excretion over varying filtered urate loads. The increment in Tsurate:glomerular filtration rate was small with spontaneous Purate between 7 and 9 mg/100 ml. It was modest with Purate up to 10 mg/100 ml. The increment in Tsurate:glomerular filtration rate became much higher beyond Purate of 10 mg/100 ml. Urinary urate levels above 800 mug/min, designated as excess urate excretion, occurred more commonly in subjects with Purate above 9 mg/100 ml, and with better preserved renal function. Tophi were more frequently observed in subjects with low glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria; but incidence of urolithiasis seemed to be less affected by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. Hyperuricemia alone had no deleterious effect on renal function as evidenced by follow-up studies over periods up to 12 years. Deterioration of renal function was largely associated with aging, renal vascular disease, renal calculi with pyelonephritis or independently occurring nephropathy. In only very few instances was diminished renal function ascribable to gout alone.", "contents": "Renal function in gout. IV. An analysis of 524 gouty subjects including long-term follow-up studies. Renal function studies were performed in 524 gouty subjects, including follow-up studies at intervals up to 12 years in 112 of them. In 49 subjects, the glomerular filtration rate was less than 70 ml/min and Curate:glomerular filtration rate ratio tended to rise as the glomerular filtration rate decreased, reflecting a relatively stable urate excretion over varying filtered urate loads. The increment in Tsurate:glomerular filtration rate was small with spontaneous Purate between 7 and 9 mg/100 ml. It was modest with Purate up to 10 mg/100 ml. The increment in Tsurate:glomerular filtration rate became much higher beyond Purate of 10 mg/100 ml. Urinary urate levels above 800 mug/min, designated as excess urate excretion, occurred more commonly in subjects with Purate above 9 mg/100 ml, and with better preserved renal function. Tophi were more frequently observed in subjects with low glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria; but incidence of urolithiasis seemed to be less affected by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. Hyperuricemia alone had no deleterious effect on renal function as evidenced by follow-up studies over periods up to 12 years. Deterioration of renal function was largely associated with aging, renal vascular disease, renal calculi with pyelonephritis or independently occurring nephropathy. In only very few instances was diminished renal function ascribable to gout alone."}
{"id": "PMID:1200034", "title": "Acute interstitial nephritis. A clinical and pathologic study based on renal biopsies.", "content": "To define interstitial nephritis without preselection bias, 25 consecutive renal biopsy specimens from patients with tubular damage, interstitial damage and interstitial inflammation were analyzed in detail. In four patients (all with acute renal failure), tubulitis, and interstitial eosinophil and lymphocyte infiltration were found, but no glomerular abnormalities. In four others, the findings were similar but some glomerular abnormalities were noted. Two patients had probable healed interstitial nephritis. The clinical presentation varied from transient renal insufficincy to oliguric renal failure. Three of the patients with glomerular abnormalities had significant proteinuria. When the 10 patients with interstitial nephritis were compared with the other 15 serving as controls, striking features in the former group were skin rash, eosinophilia, the absence of hypertension and the frequency of administration of penicillin and its analogs. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were elevated in three of the patients. The striking eosinophilia, interstitial eosinophil infiltration and increased IgE levels suggest that allergen-reaginic complexes may be involved in the pathogenesis of the lesion.", "contents": "Acute interstitial nephritis. A clinical and pathologic study based on renal biopsies. To define interstitial nephritis without preselection bias, 25 consecutive renal biopsy specimens from patients with tubular damage, interstitial damage and interstitial inflammation were analyzed in detail. In four patients (all with acute renal failure), tubulitis, and interstitial eosinophil and lymphocyte infiltration were found, but no glomerular abnormalities. In four others, the findings were similar but some glomerular abnormalities were noted. Two patients had probable healed interstitial nephritis. The clinical presentation varied from transient renal insufficincy to oliguric renal failure. Three of the patients with glomerular abnormalities had significant proteinuria. When the 10 patients with interstitial nephritis were compared with the other 15 serving as controls, striking features in the former group were skin rash, eosinophilia, the absence of hypertension and the frequency of administration of penicillin and its analogs. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were elevated in three of the patients. The striking eosinophilia, interstitial eosinophil infiltration and increased IgE levels suggest that allergen-reaginic complexes may be involved in the pathogenesis of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:1200035", "title": "Occupational lead nephropathy.", "content": "Among eight subjects suspected of excessive occupational exposure to lead, detailed examination of renal function identified abnormalities in four. Glomerular filtration rate was less than 87 ml/mim/1.73 m2 in one subject with asymptomatic renal failure, and in three subjects with preclinical renal dysfunction. In the subject with asymptomatic renal failure, chelation therapy increased the glomerular filtration rate, p-aminohippurate (PAH) extraction, the maximal PAH secretion rate (TmPAH) and improved proximal tubule ultrastructure, despite decreased renal plasma flow. This improvement in PAH transport was associated with correction of a proximal tubule defect in tritiated PAH uptake detected by section freeze-dry autoradiography of renal biopsy specimens. In three subjects, the etiologic diagnosis of lead-induced nephropathy was established by exclusion, but tubular dysfunction did not obviously exceed the reduction in blomerular filtration. Proximal tubule abnormalities were seen in each of the three patients who underwent biopsy. These studies suggest that lead nephropathy may be an important occupational hazard in the United States lead industry.", "contents": "Occupational lead nephropathy. Among eight subjects suspected of excessive occupational exposure to lead, detailed examination of renal function identified abnormalities in four. Glomerular filtration rate was less than 87 ml/mim/1.73 m2 in one subject with asymptomatic renal failure, and in three subjects with preclinical renal dysfunction. In the subject with asymptomatic renal failure, chelation therapy increased the glomerular filtration rate, p-aminohippurate (PAH) extraction, the maximal PAH secretion rate (TmPAH) and improved proximal tubule ultrastructure, despite decreased renal plasma flow. This improvement in PAH transport was associated with correction of a proximal tubule defect in tritiated PAH uptake detected by section freeze-dry autoradiography of renal biopsy specimens. In three subjects, the etiologic diagnosis of lead-induced nephropathy was established by exclusion, but tubular dysfunction did not obviously exceed the reduction in blomerular filtration. Proximal tubule abnormalities were seen in each of the three patients who underwent biopsy. These studies suggest that lead nephropathy may be an important occupational hazard in the United States lead industry."}
{"id": "PMID:1200036", "title": "Left atrial transport function in myocardial infarction. Importance of its booster pump function.", "content": "After myocardial infarction (MI), left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (EDP) is higher than mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure because of powerful atrial contraction. To evaluate the significane of atrial contraction to left ventricular function we studied 10 control (C) patients without cardiac disease and 17 patients from three to six weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Cardiac catheterization with simultaneous left ventricular diastolic pressure (DP) and left ventricular cineangiograms were obtained. Left ventricular volumes and pressure were (mean +/- SD): (SEE ARTICLE). Although left ventricular stroke volume was lower in the patients with myocardial infarction than in the control subjects (46 versus 56 ml/m2), atrial contraction contributed more to left ventricular filling during diastole (which is the same as left ventricular stroke volume) in the patients with myocardial infarction than in the controls (16 versus 10 ml/m2). The average atrial contribution to left ventricular end-diastolic volume was 11.9 per cent (C), 15.4 per cent (MI); to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 20 per cent (C), 38.7 per cent (MI); and to left ventricular stroke volume 21.7 per cent (C), 35.1 per cent (MI). Atrial contribution to left ventricular stroke volume was 56 per cent in patients with a cardiac index less than or equal to 2.0 liters/min/m2 and 31 per cent in those with a cardiac index greater than 2 liters/min/m2 (p less than 0.01). Atrial contraction contributed 35 per cent to left ventricular stroke volume in patients with normal end-diastolic volume and in those with increased end-diastolic volume and 10 per cent to end-diastolic volume in patients with increased end-diastolic volume (p less than 0.001). In patients with myocardial infarction, atrial contraction made a large contribution to left ventricular filling and stroke volume irrespective of the type of left ventricular functional derangement that was present. The \"booster pump\" function of the atrium cannot be ignored in assessing left ventricular performance.", "contents": "Left atrial transport function in myocardial infarction. Importance of its booster pump function. After myocardial infarction (MI), left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (EDP) is higher than mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure because of powerful atrial contraction. To evaluate the significane of atrial contraction to left ventricular function we studied 10 control (C) patients without cardiac disease and 17 patients from three to six weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Cardiac catheterization with simultaneous left ventricular diastolic pressure (DP) and left ventricular cineangiograms were obtained. Left ventricular volumes and pressure were (mean +/- SD): (SEE ARTICLE). Although left ventricular stroke volume was lower in the patients with myocardial infarction than in the control subjects (46 versus 56 ml/m2), atrial contraction contributed more to left ventricular filling during diastole (which is the same as left ventricular stroke volume) in the patients with myocardial infarction than in the controls (16 versus 10 ml/m2). The average atrial contribution to left ventricular end-diastolic volume was 11.9 per cent (C), 15.4 per cent (MI); to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 20 per cent (C), 38.7 per cent (MI); and to left ventricular stroke volume 21.7 per cent (C), 35.1 per cent (MI). Atrial contribution to left ventricular stroke volume was 56 per cent in patients with a cardiac index less than or equal to 2.0 liters/min/m2 and 31 per cent in those with a cardiac index greater than 2 liters/min/m2 (p less than 0.01). Atrial contraction contributed 35 per cent to left ventricular stroke volume in patients with normal end-diastolic volume and in those with increased end-diastolic volume and 10 per cent to end-diastolic volume in patients with increased end-diastolic volume (p less than 0.001). In patients with myocardial infarction, atrial contraction made a large contribution to left ventricular filling and stroke volume irrespective of the type of left ventricular functional derangement that was present. The \"booster pump\" function of the atrium cannot be ignored in assessing left ventricular performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1200037", "title": "Infections in 92 splenectomized patients with Hodgkin's disease. A clinical review.", "content": "Infections that occurrred in 92 previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were reviewed from the time of laprotomy and splenectomy. Pneumonias occurred in nine patients with urinary tract infections in twelve during the immediate postoperative period. Severe bacterial infections did not occur in any patients during initial radiation therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy (stages I through IIIA), initial intensive chemotherapy (stages IIIB and IV) or during remission. Severe infections occurred in eight profoundly granulocytopenic patients with recurrent Hodgkin's disease. Streptococcus (Diplococcus) pneumoniae and Hemophilus spp infections were distinctly uncommon during the remission period. Herpes zoster, however, was very common developing in 22 of 92 (24 per cent) patients. Predisposing factors to herpes zoster included sex (female more than male), therapy (radiation plus chemotherapy more than chemotherapy alone), and age (less than 30 years of age more often than 30 to 50 years of age). Severe infection was uncommon in these patients except in ascociation with specific predisposing factors such as the immediate postoperative state of prolonged granulocytopenia associated with recurrent Hodgkin's disease or its therapy. Splenectomy per se did not affect either the incidence or the severity of infection during this period of 12+ months of observations per patient.", "contents": "Infections in 92 splenectomized patients with Hodgkin's disease. A clinical review. Infections that occurrred in 92 previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were reviewed from the time of laprotomy and splenectomy. Pneumonias occurred in nine patients with urinary tract infections in twelve during the immediate postoperative period. Severe bacterial infections did not occur in any patients during initial radiation therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy (stages I through IIIA), initial intensive chemotherapy (stages IIIB and IV) or during remission. Severe infections occurred in eight profoundly granulocytopenic patients with recurrent Hodgkin's disease. Streptococcus (Diplococcus) pneumoniae and Hemophilus spp infections were distinctly uncommon during the remission period. Herpes zoster, however, was very common developing in 22 of 92 (24 per cent) patients. Predisposing factors to herpes zoster included sex (female more than male), therapy (radiation plus chemotherapy more than chemotherapy alone), and age (less than 30 years of age more often than 30 to 50 years of age). Severe infection was uncommon in these patients except in ascociation with specific predisposing factors such as the immediate postoperative state of prolonged granulocytopenia associated with recurrent Hodgkin's disease or its therapy. Splenectomy per se did not affect either the incidence or the severity of infection during this period of 12+ months of observations per patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1200038", "title": "Unusual echographic manifestations of right and left heart myxomas.", "content": "Although echocardiography has provided a useful noninvasive means for detecting cardiac myxomas, the ultrasound manifestations of these tumors may be variable. We describe our experiences with unusual echographic features encountered in left and right heart myxomas. Thus the left atrial tumor may be manifested predominantly by multiple, discrete, linear echoes behind the mitral valve, the anterior leaflet of which may exhibit an abrupt mid-systolic posterior movement. In right heat myxomatous tumor arising from the septal tricupsid leaflet and adjacent interventricular septum, the echographic characteristics include a cloud of echoes throughout the cardiac cycle in the right ventricular outflow tract which are present in the right ventricle body only during relaxation and are anterior to the tricuspid valve in early diastole. Therefore, discrete linear echoes may be the principal echographic presentation of left atrial myxoma, and special attention should be focused on all areas of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle by ultrasound in patients in whom diagnosis of myxoma is suspected.", "contents": "Unusual echographic manifestations of right and left heart myxomas. Although echocardiography has provided a useful noninvasive means for detecting cardiac myxomas, the ultrasound manifestations of these tumors may be variable. We describe our experiences with unusual echographic features encountered in left and right heart myxomas. Thus the left atrial tumor may be manifested predominantly by multiple, discrete, linear echoes behind the mitral valve, the anterior leaflet of which may exhibit an abrupt mid-systolic posterior movement. In right heat myxomatous tumor arising from the septal tricupsid leaflet and adjacent interventricular septum, the echographic characteristics include a cloud of echoes throughout the cardiac cycle in the right ventricular outflow tract which are present in the right ventricle body only during relaxation and are anterior to the tricuspid valve in early diastole. Therefore, discrete linear echoes may be the principal echographic presentation of left atrial myxoma, and special attention should be focused on all areas of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle by ultrasound in patients in whom diagnosis of myxoma is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:1200039", "title": "Multiple myeloma, cryoglobulinemia and xanthomatosis. Distinct clinical and biochemical syndromes in two patients.", "content": "Studies were carried out in two patients with multiple myeloma (immunoglobulin G, [IgG], K light chain), cryoglobulinemia and xanthomatosis with clinical features and lipid transport abnormalities which were quite different. One patient had nodular xanthomatosis and lipemia with delayed triglyceride and apolipoprotein removal. In vivo heparin resistance was present and heparin-paraprotein interaction was shown in vitro. The lipoprotein removal defect may have been due to impaired uptake of the \"remnants\" of glyceride-rich lipoproteins. Abnormalities were found both in primary platelet aggregation and in the platelet release reaction. The second patient had diffuse plane xanthomatosis with normal lipids. An orange cryoprecipitate contained IgG, beta- and prebeta lipoproteins, albumin, carotenoids and about half of the serumcholesterol. Triglyceride turnover was normal. These observations show that M-proteins may interfere with lipid transport by at least two mechanisms and illustrate the clinical diversity of xanthomatous myeloma.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma, cryoglobulinemia and xanthomatosis. Distinct clinical and biochemical syndromes in two patients. Studies were carried out in two patients with multiple myeloma (immunoglobulin G, [IgG], K light chain), cryoglobulinemia and xanthomatosis with clinical features and lipid transport abnormalities which were quite different. One patient had nodular xanthomatosis and lipemia with delayed triglyceride and apolipoprotein removal. In vivo heparin resistance was present and heparin-paraprotein interaction was shown in vitro. The lipoprotein removal defect may have been due to impaired uptake of the \"remnants\" of glyceride-rich lipoproteins. Abnormalities were found both in primary platelet aggregation and in the platelet release reaction. The second patient had diffuse plane xanthomatosis with normal lipids. An orange cryoprecipitate contained IgG, beta- and prebeta lipoproteins, albumin, carotenoids and about half of the serumcholesterol. Triglyceride turnover was normal. These observations show that M-proteins may interfere with lipid transport by at least two mechanisms and illustrate the clinical diversity of xanthomatous myeloma."}
{"id": "PMID:1200040", "title": "Hypoglycemia and endogenous hyperinsulinism complicating diabetes mellitus. Application of the C-peptide assay to diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Described here is a patient with insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus in whom spontaneous fasting hypoglycemia developed. Endogenous hyperinsulinism was considered after the systematic exclusion of other causes of hypoglycemia, and this possibility was confirmed by measurement of serum C-peptide reactivity (CPR), an indicator of beta cell secretory function. Subtotal pancreatectomy relieved the fasting hypoglycemia, and was associated with a marked decline in CPR levels. The pancreatic islets showed hyperplasia and the beta cells were degranulated.", "contents": "Hypoglycemia and endogenous hyperinsulinism complicating diabetes mellitus. Application of the C-peptide assay to diagnosis and therapy. Described here is a patient with insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus in whom spontaneous fasting hypoglycemia developed. Endogenous hyperinsulinism was considered after the systematic exclusion of other causes of hypoglycemia, and this possibility was confirmed by measurement of serum C-peptide reactivity (CPR), an indicator of beta cell secretory function. Subtotal pancreatectomy relieved the fasting hypoglycemia, and was associated with a marked decline in CPR levels. The pancreatic islets showed hyperplasia and the beta cells were degranulated."}
{"id": "PMID:1200041", "title": "Paradoxical glucose-induced hyperkalemia. Combined aldosterone-insulin deficiency.", "content": "Severe hyperkalemia associated with spontaneous hyperglycemia as well as with the intravenous infusions of glucose occurred in an insulin-requiring diabetic patient in the absence of potassium administration, the use of diuretics which inhibit urinary potassium excretion or acidemia. Metabolic balance studies revealed, in addition to diabets, the presence of isolated aldosterone deficiency of the hyporeninemic type. Intravenous glucose infusions (0.5 g/kg body weight) produced significant hyperkalemia but desoxycortisone acetate (DOCA) therapy (10 mg/day) prevented the glucose-induced hyperkalemia. In this patient, the serum potassium concentration increases after the intravenous infusions of glucose because there is insufficient aldosterone and insulin to reverse the transfer of potassium to the extracellular fluid which normally occurs after hypertonic infusions of glucose. Although DOCA replacement modifies the distribution of potassium in the extracellular fluid and blunts the hyperkalemic effect of intravenous infusions of glucose, a rise in the insulin level is required for the usual hypokalemic response to intravenously administered glucose. These studies illustrate the risk of raising blood glucose levels in patients with combined aldosterone and insulin deficiency and the tendency towards hyperkalemia in diabetic patients under certain clinical conditions.", "contents": "Paradoxical glucose-induced hyperkalemia. Combined aldosterone-insulin deficiency. Severe hyperkalemia associated with spontaneous hyperglycemia as well as with the intravenous infusions of glucose occurred in an insulin-requiring diabetic patient in the absence of potassium administration, the use of diuretics which inhibit urinary potassium excretion or acidemia. Metabolic balance studies revealed, in addition to diabets, the presence of isolated aldosterone deficiency of the hyporeninemic type. Intravenous glucose infusions (0.5 g/kg body weight) produced significant hyperkalemia but desoxycortisone acetate (DOCA) therapy (10 mg/day) prevented the glucose-induced hyperkalemia. In this patient, the serum potassium concentration increases after the intravenous infusions of glucose because there is insufficient aldosterone and insulin to reverse the transfer of potassium to the extracellular fluid which normally occurs after hypertonic infusions of glucose. Although DOCA replacement modifies the distribution of potassium in the extracellular fluid and blunts the hyperkalemic effect of intravenous infusions of glucose, a rise in the insulin level is required for the usual hypokalemic response to intravenously administered glucose. These studies illustrate the risk of raising blood glucose levels in patients with combined aldosterone and insulin deficiency and the tendency towards hyperkalemia in diabetic patients under certain clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1200042", "title": "Pelvic hemangiopericytoma. Report of 4 patients and review of the literature.", "content": "Review of the literature revealed 42 patients with uterine hemangiopericytoma (HPC) and nine with extrauterine tumors. Three additional patients with uterine and one with extrauterine are described. The primary treatment should be aggressive surgery, but high doses of irradiation and chemotherapy may be of benefit in extensive disease or recurrences. The prognosis of uterine HPC is better than that of the extrauterine tumors. Cells from the extrauterine tumor were grown in tissue culture. The culture consisted of two cell types resembling pericytes and endothelial cells. The cells in culture retain most of the ultrastructural characteristics of the in vivo tumor.", "contents": "Pelvic hemangiopericytoma. Report of 4 patients and review of the literature. Review of the literature revealed 42 patients with uterine hemangiopericytoma (HPC) and nine with extrauterine tumors. Three additional patients with uterine and one with extrauterine are described. The primary treatment should be aggressive surgery, but high doses of irradiation and chemotherapy may be of benefit in extensive disease or recurrences. The prognosis of uterine HPC is better than that of the extrauterine tumors. Cells from the extrauterine tumor were grown in tissue culture. The culture consisted of two cell types resembling pericytes and endothelial cells. The cells in culture retain most of the ultrastructural characteristics of the in vivo tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1200043", "title": "The lymphatic dissemination in endometrial carcinoma. A study of 188 necropsies.", "content": "To more clearly define the biologic activity of endometrial carcinoma, 188 cases selected at random were studied at necropsy. In 51 per cent of the cases death was attributed to the endometrial carcinoma. Observations demonstrate that dissemination is more scattered and less predictable than noted in cervical cancer; that the biologic potential is not invariably based on the site of the primary lesion, the depth of invasion, or the histologic differentiation. Difficulties in performing a thorough examination of the lymphatic system in this series include the increased age of the patients and a higher incidence of medical diseases and surgical procedures. The reported data illustrate the erratic natural history of the disease but do not permit the factual incidence of node or organ involvement. However, the potential viciousness of the disease is clearly demonstrated.", "contents": "The lymphatic dissemination in endometrial carcinoma. A study of 188 necropsies. To more clearly define the biologic activity of endometrial carcinoma, 188 cases selected at random were studied at necropsy. In 51 per cent of the cases death was attributed to the endometrial carcinoma. Observations demonstrate that dissemination is more scattered and less predictable than noted in cervical cancer; that the biologic potential is not invariably based on the site of the primary lesion, the depth of invasion, or the histologic differentiation. Difficulties in performing a thorough examination of the lymphatic system in this series include the increased age of the patients and a higher incidence of medical diseases and surgical procedures. The reported data illustrate the erratic natural history of the disease but do not permit the factual incidence of node or organ involvement. However, the potential viciousness of the disease is clearly demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1200044", "title": "Antacids for obstetric patients.", "content": "The aspiration of regurgitated or vomited gastric contents is the most common cause of maternal deaths associated with anesthetics, causing an estimated 2 per cent of all maternal deaths in the United States. The incidence of aspiration is estimated to be one of every 430 patients who undergo cesarean section with general anesthesia. The pulmonary complications of aspiration are improved or avoided if the pH of the gastric contents is higher than 2.50. The oral administration of 30 c.c. of magnesium trisilicate has been shown to increase the pH of the gastric contents to above 2.50 in 100 per cent of treated patients, whereas only 60 per cent of the control group were found to have a pH above 2.50. Oral preoperative or predelivery antacid therapy may help to eliminate the morbidity and deaths secondary to aspiration and as such may be an adjuvant to, but not a substitute for, the safe management of the obstetric patient.", "contents": "Antacids for obstetric patients. The aspiration of regurgitated or vomited gastric contents is the most common cause of maternal deaths associated with anesthetics, causing an estimated 2 per cent of all maternal deaths in the United States. The incidence of aspiration is estimated to be one of every 430 patients who undergo cesarean section with general anesthesia. The pulmonary complications of aspiration are improved or avoided if the pH of the gastric contents is higher than 2.50. The oral administration of 30 c.c. of magnesium trisilicate has been shown to increase the pH of the gastric contents to above 2.50 in 100 per cent of treated patients, whereas only 60 per cent of the control group were found to have a pH above 2.50. Oral preoperative or predelivery antacid therapy may help to eliminate the morbidity and deaths secondary to aspiration and as such may be an adjuvant to, but not a substitute for, the safe management of the obstetric patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1200045", "title": "Expansion of intravascular volume and fetal outcome in patients with chronic hypertension and pregnancy.", "content": "Measurements of blood volume were carried out between 24 and 40 weeks of gestation in 20 multiparous patients with chronic hypertension and pregnancy. Hypertensive patients had both reduced blood volume and infants of smaller weight (p less than 0.01) than nonhypertensive control subjects. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in the degree of blood volume expansion in hypertensive mothers who were delivered of infants who were adequate for gestational age (AGA), term, or premature, compared to those who were delivered of infants who were small for gestational age (SGA) or stillborn. Classification of chronic hypertension during pregnancy according to the American Committee on Maternal Welfare classification or according to severity of the hypertension was of no value in identifying the mothers at risk of delivering intrauterine growth-retarded infants. However, failure in achieving a blood volume expansion of at least 60 c.c. per kilogram clearly identified those pregnancies leading to growth retardation and fetal death. The decrease or lack of intravascular volume expansion was reflected in the presence of creatinine clearance values at nonpregnant levels in the mothers who were delivered of SGA infants and in a significant reduction below the nonpregnant levels in those who were delivered of stillborn infants. These data suggest that measurement of blood volume and endogenous creatinine clearance in patients with chronic hypertension and pregnancy is a useful parameter in the identification of those patients who will have a poor fetal outcome.", "contents": "Expansion of intravascular volume and fetal outcome in patients with chronic hypertension and pregnancy. Measurements of blood volume were carried out between 24 and 40 weeks of gestation in 20 multiparous patients with chronic hypertension and pregnancy. Hypertensive patients had both reduced blood volume and infants of smaller weight (p less than 0.01) than nonhypertensive control subjects. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in the degree of blood volume expansion in hypertensive mothers who were delivered of infants who were adequate for gestational age (AGA), term, or premature, compared to those who were delivered of infants who were small for gestational age (SGA) or stillborn. Classification of chronic hypertension during pregnancy according to the American Committee on Maternal Welfare classification or according to severity of the hypertension was of no value in identifying the mothers at risk of delivering intrauterine growth-retarded infants. However, failure in achieving a blood volume expansion of at least 60 c.c. per kilogram clearly identified those pregnancies leading to growth retardation and fetal death. The decrease or lack of intravascular volume expansion was reflected in the presence of creatinine clearance values at nonpregnant levels in the mothers who were delivered of SGA infants and in a significant reduction below the nonpregnant levels in those who were delivered of stillborn infants. These data suggest that measurement of blood volume and endogenous creatinine clearance in patients with chronic hypertension and pregnancy is a useful parameter in the identification of those patients who will have a poor fetal outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:1200046", "title": "Furosemide action on the creatinine concentration of amniotic fluid.", "content": "Creatinine concentration in the amniotic fluid (A.F.) of pre-eclamptic patients without treatment with furosemide was compared to the values obtained in normal pregnant women at the same stage of gestation. These values increased significantly when a diuretic treatment was started; no correlation was found with either maternal serum level or the A.F. volume. Furosemide treatment had no significant effect on A.F. volume in the pre-eclamptic group.", "contents": "Furosemide action on the creatinine concentration of amniotic fluid. Creatinine concentration in the amniotic fluid (A.F.) of pre-eclamptic patients without treatment with furosemide was compared to the values obtained in normal pregnant women at the same stage of gestation. These values increased significantly when a diuretic treatment was started; no correlation was found with either maternal serum level or the A.F. volume. Furosemide treatment had no significant effect on A.F. volume in the pre-eclamptic group."}
{"id": "PMID:1200047", "title": "Midtrimester pregnancy termination by intramuscular injection of a 15-methyl analogue of prostaglandin F2 alpha.", "content": "Fifty patients between 12 and 20 weeks' gestation were treated with prostaglandin 15 (S) 15-methyl F2 alpha by repeated intramuscular injection of 250 mug at intervals of not less than 2 hours in order to evaluate its efficacy as an abortifacient. A success rate of 96 per cent was achieved with a mean initiaation-abortion interval of 16.5 +/- S.E.M. 1.12 hours. There were no serious complications. The most common side effects were vomiting in 82 per cent and diarrhea in 66 percent of cases. The abortifacient activity was correlated with serial serum progesterone determinations and continuous intra-amniotic pressure recordings in selected cases.", "contents": "Midtrimester pregnancy termination by intramuscular injection of a 15-methyl analogue of prostaglandin F2 alpha. Fifty patients between 12 and 20 weeks' gestation were treated with prostaglandin 15 (S) 15-methyl F2 alpha by repeated intramuscular injection of 250 mug at intervals of not less than 2 hours in order to evaluate its efficacy as an abortifacient. A success rate of 96 per cent was achieved with a mean initiaation-abortion interval of 16.5 +/- S.E.M. 1.12 hours. There were no serious complications. The most common side effects were vomiting in 82 per cent and diarrhea in 66 percent of cases. The abortifacient activity was correlated with serial serum progesterone determinations and continuous intra-amniotic pressure recordings in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1200048", "title": "Fetal risk in hyperextension of the fetal head in breech presentation.", "content": "An evaluation of the possible etiologic factors in hyperextension of the fetal head in breech presentation and a discussion of management are presented. Our seven cases plus a review of the literature led to the conclusion that hyperextension of the aftercoming head is a dangerous malpresentation that should not be underestimated. For this reason, we strongly suggest an x-ray of all breech presentations in early labor, not only to evaluate pelvic adequacy but also to determine the attitude of the head. In persistent hyperextension, cesarean section is the management of choice.", "contents": "Fetal risk in hyperextension of the fetal head in breech presentation. An evaluation of the possible etiologic factors in hyperextension of the fetal head in breech presentation and a discussion of management are presented. Our seven cases plus a review of the literature led to the conclusion that hyperextension of the aftercoming head is a dangerous malpresentation that should not be underestimated. For this reason, we strongly suggest an x-ray of all breech presentations in early labor, not only to evaluate pelvic adequacy but also to determine the attitude of the head. In persistent hyperextension, cesarean section is the management of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:1200049", "title": "Activity of alkaline RNase in placentas of malnourished women.", "content": "Pregnancies were compared in 18 Ecuadorian women of low socioeconomic status and 11 of high socioeconomic status. Objective evidence of malnutrition was demonstrable in virtually all of the women from the low socioeconomic group and in none from the high socioeconomic group. Birth weight and placental weight were significantly lower in the malnourished group. Nucleic acid and protein content of placentas were slightly lower and activity of alkaline ribonuclease was markedly elevated. The data reinforce animal studies and demonstrate for the first time in human subjects that alkaline RNase activity is increased in placentas from malnourished women. We suggest that activity of this enzyme in placenta may prove to be a useful marker of maternal and fetal nutritional status.", "contents": "Activity of alkaline RNase in placentas of malnourished women. Pregnancies were compared in 18 Ecuadorian women of low socioeconomic status and 11 of high socioeconomic status. Objective evidence of malnutrition was demonstrable in virtually all of the women from the low socioeconomic group and in none from the high socioeconomic group. Birth weight and placental weight were significantly lower in the malnourished group. Nucleic acid and protein content of placentas were slightly lower and activity of alkaline ribonuclease was markedly elevated. The data reinforce animal studies and demonstrate for the first time in human subjects that alkaline RNase activity is increased in placentas from malnourished women. We suggest that activity of this enzyme in placenta may prove to be a useful marker of maternal and fetal nutritional status."}
{"id": "PMID:1200050", "title": "Influence of ionizing radiation on fetoplacental growth in mice.", "content": "The effects of single doses of 60Co whole-body irradiation were studied in about 600 inbred primiparous Swiss-Webster mice on gestational day 9, 10, 11, or 12. The embryos and their placentas were weighted from day 13 to 18. A reference model surveyed the response of the conceptus to varying doses. A significant reduction in the fetal wet weight was observed as follows: day 9, 150-175 r.; day 10, 125-150 r.; day 11, 75-175 r.; day 12, 125-450 r. Beyond the upper-limit doses, a high mortality rate was detected, i.e., 64.5 per cent on day 10 at 175 r. and 63 per cent on day 11 at 200 r. The rapid growth period of the placenta extended from day 13 to 15. By this latter stage it had practically reached its maximum development. The placental index decreased progressively from day 13 to 18; however, this index was higher than the control on day 12 in treated animals, while lower on day 9, 10, or 11.", "contents": "Influence of ionizing radiation on fetoplacental growth in mice. The effects of single doses of 60Co whole-body irradiation were studied in about 600 inbred primiparous Swiss-Webster mice on gestational day 9, 10, 11, or 12. The embryos and their placentas were weighted from day 13 to 18. A reference model surveyed the response of the conceptus to varying doses. A significant reduction in the fetal wet weight was observed as follows: day 9, 150-175 r.; day 10, 125-150 r.; day 11, 75-175 r.; day 12, 125-450 r. Beyond the upper-limit doses, a high mortality rate was detected, i.e., 64.5 per cent on day 10 at 175 r. and 63 per cent on day 11 at 200 r. The rapid growth period of the placenta extended from day 13 to 15. By this latter stage it had practically reached its maximum development. The placental index decreased progressively from day 13 to 18; however, this index was higher than the control on day 12 in treated animals, while lower on day 9, 10, or 11."}
{"id": "PMID:1200051", "title": "Elevation of the fetal presenting part: A method of intrauterine resuscitation.", "content": "Traditional methods of diagnosing fetal distress have become obsolete. This diagnosis should be suggested by fetal heart rate patterns that demonstrate recurrent late or severe variable decelerations. Based upon our understanding of these patterns, methods of treating fetal distress in utero have evolved. This paper presents several cases in which elevation of the fetal presenting part was employed in an attempt to improve severe variable decelerations.  It is suggested that this might be a salutary procedure when other methods of intrauterine resuscitation have failed.", "contents": "Elevation of the fetal presenting part: A method of intrauterine resuscitation. Traditional methods of diagnosing fetal distress have become obsolete. This diagnosis should be suggested by fetal heart rate patterns that demonstrate recurrent late or severe variable decelerations. Based upon our understanding of these patterns, methods of treating fetal distress in utero have evolved. This paper presents several cases in which elevation of the fetal presenting part was employed in an attempt to improve severe variable decelerations.  It is suggested that this might be a salutary procedure when other methods of intrauterine resuscitation have failed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200052", "title": "Initiation of human parturition. II. Identification of phospholipase A2 in fetal chorioamnion and uterine decidua.", "content": "In this study, the presence of a phospholipase has been demonstrated in the human chorioamnion and uterine decidua. That the chorioamnionic enzyme is of the phospholipase A2 type was established by product identification following the incubation of the enzyme with either radioactive phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. The potential relationship between the expression of the activity of this enzyme and the regulation of arachidonic acid release, prostaglandin formation, and the initiation of labor is considered.", "contents": "Initiation of human parturition. II. Identification of phospholipase A2 in fetal chorioamnion and uterine decidua. In this study, the presence of a phospholipase has been demonstrated in the human chorioamnion and uterine decidua. That the chorioamnionic enzyme is of the phospholipase A2 type was established by product identification following the incubation of the enzyme with either radioactive phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. The potential relationship between the expression of the activity of this enzyme and the regulation of arachidonic acid release, prostaglandin formation, and the initiation of labor is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1200057", "title": "Midtrimester abortion induced by serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin E2 methyl ester.", "content": "Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in 29 of 30 patients with serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (15-ME-PGE2). The mean abortion time was 9.52 hours; parous patients aborted somewhat faster (mean, 8.76 hours) than nulliparous patients (mean, 10.47 hours). Eight patients were monitored throughout the abortion procedure and uterine activity was calculated and analyzed. Uterine response to a single injection of 5 mug 15-ME-PGE2 was characterized by the rapid appearance of low-amplitude, high-frequency contractions accompanied by a rise in intrauterine baseline tonus. Uterine activity rose to a mean of 500 Montevideo Units within 40 minutes of the initial intramuscular injection of 15-ME-PGE2. The most frequently encountered side effect of intramuscular injections of 15-ME-PGE2 was temperature elevation of 2 degrees F. or higher, which occurred in 29 of 30 patients. Five patients complained of shaking and chills but only five patients had any gastrointestinal side effects. From this study it appeared that on a weight-for-weight basis 15-ME-PGE2 is at least 20 times more potent than 15-ME-PGE2alpha and 1,000 time more potent than the naturally occurring PGE2.", "contents": "Midtrimester abortion induced by serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin E2 methyl ester. Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in 29 of 30 patients with serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (15-ME-PGE2). The mean abortion time was 9.52 hours; parous patients aborted somewhat faster (mean, 8.76 hours) than nulliparous patients (mean, 10.47 hours). Eight patients were monitored throughout the abortion procedure and uterine activity was calculated and analyzed. Uterine response to a single injection of 5 mug 15-ME-PGE2 was characterized by the rapid appearance of low-amplitude, high-frequency contractions accompanied by a rise in intrauterine baseline tonus. Uterine activity rose to a mean of 500 Montevideo Units within 40 minutes of the initial intramuscular injection of 15-ME-PGE2. The most frequently encountered side effect of intramuscular injections of 15-ME-PGE2 was temperature elevation of 2 degrees F. or higher, which occurred in 29 of 30 patients. Five patients complained of shaking and chills but only five patients had any gastrointestinal side effects. From this study it appeared that on a weight-for-weight basis 15-ME-PGE2 is at least 20 times more potent than 15-ME-PGE2alpha and 1,000 time more potent than the naturally occurring PGE2."}
{"id": "PMID:1200058", "title": "Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labor at term. II. Comparison of two low-dosage regimens.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 was administered orally for induction of labor in 100 normal term gravidas with two dosage regimens. The data derived were compared with comparable data from gravidas matched with study patients according to prelabor cervical preparation and other relevant obstetric and actuarial features. Analysis of patterns of cervical dilatation and station vs. time was carried out. A dose of 0.5 mg. hourly was found to be effective in inducing labor of good quality with minimal side effects, providing a better balance between efficacy and adverse reactions than the higher dosage level.", "contents": "Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labor at term. II. Comparison of two low-dosage regimens. Prostaglandin E2 was administered orally for induction of labor in 100 normal term gravidas with two dosage regimens. The data derived were compared with comparable data from gravidas matched with study patients according to prelabor cervical preparation and other relevant obstetric and actuarial features. Analysis of patterns of cervical dilatation and station vs. time was carried out. A dose of 0.5 mg. hourly was found to be effective in inducing labor of good quality with minimal side effects, providing a better balance between efficacy and adverse reactions than the higher dosage level."}
{"id": "PMID:1200059", "title": "Low birth weight subsequent to induced abortion. A historical prospective study of 948 women in Skopje, Yugoslavia.", "content": "In the fall of 1972, interviews were conducted with 948 Yugoslavian women whose first pregnancies had been terminated by induced abortion (222) or delivery (726) during 1968-1969. Subjects were indentified from records of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of Skopje University, Macedonia. Subsequent pregnancies were studied to determine the relative effects of first-pregnancy abortion or delivery on incidences of adverse outcomes. No significant difference were found between first-pregnancy aborters and deliverers for subsequent conception rates, spontaneous abortions, or low-birth-weight rates. The data suggest that while induced abortion of the first pregnancy did not protect against the greater risk of low birth weight for a primiparous birth, neither did it increase that risk. The high proportion of women who denied their abortion raises questions about results of retrospective abortion studies which depend on patient recall.", "contents": "Low birth weight subsequent to induced abortion. A historical prospective study of 948 women in Skopje, Yugoslavia. In the fall of 1972, interviews were conducted with 948 Yugoslavian women whose first pregnancies had been terminated by induced abortion (222) or delivery (726) during 1968-1969. Subjects were indentified from records of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of Skopje University, Macedonia. Subsequent pregnancies were studied to determine the relative effects of first-pregnancy abortion or delivery on incidences of adverse outcomes. No significant difference were found between first-pregnancy aborters and deliverers for subsequent conception rates, spontaneous abortions, or low-birth-weight rates. The data suggest that while induced abortion of the first pregnancy did not protect against the greater risk of low birth weight for a primiparous birth, neither did it increase that risk. The high proportion of women who denied their abortion raises questions about results of retrospective abortion studies which depend on patient recall."}
{"id": "PMID:1200060", "title": "Relationships between prenatal medical and nutritional measures, pregnancy outcome, and early infant development in an urban poverty setting. I. The role of nutritional intake.", "content": "Repeated nutritional assessments were made on 118 low-income women who registered at an urban hospital clinic prior to the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy and then on 122 comparable women who were provided with protein-mineral supplementation. Demographic and background information were obtained. Medical assessments were carried out throughout pregnancy, labor, delivery, and the postpartum period. The infants were assessed both medically and with Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales. In spite of their low-income status, the subjects did not appear nutritionally deprived. Few significant relationships were obtained between maternal nutritional intake and measures of maternal or infant medical status or infant psychological status. A limited number of consistent relationships were obtained when the supplemented and nonsupplemented groups were compared. Although consistent infant medical and psychological benefits were not noted, mothers in the supplemented group developed fewer parameters of pre-eclampsia and had fewer complications during labor and delivery.", "contents": "Relationships between prenatal medical and nutritional measures, pregnancy outcome, and early infant development in an urban poverty setting. I. The role of nutritional intake. Repeated nutritional assessments were made on 118 low-income women who registered at an urban hospital clinic prior to the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy and then on 122 comparable women who were provided with protein-mineral supplementation. Demographic and background information were obtained. Medical assessments were carried out throughout pregnancy, labor, delivery, and the postpartum period. The infants were assessed both medically and with Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales. In spite of their low-income status, the subjects did not appear nutritionally deprived. Few significant relationships were obtained between maternal nutritional intake and measures of maternal or infant medical status or infant psychological status. A limited number of consistent relationships were obtained when the supplemented and nonsupplemented groups were compared. Although consistent infant medical and psychological benefits were not noted, mothers in the supplemented group developed fewer parameters of pre-eclampsia and had fewer complications during labor and delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:1200061", "title": "Routine pregnancy test on admission to hospital.", "content": "A pregnancy test should be done routinely on all women of childbearing age upon their admission to any hospital. Some women do not suspect that they are pregnant and some conceal the fact; therefore many pregnancies are interrupted or aborted by procedures contraindicated in pregnancy. A questionnaire was sent to all hospitals of 200 beds or more in the United States and the replies were tabulated. Many do not routinely test for pregnancy.", "contents": "Routine pregnancy test on admission to hospital. A pregnancy test should be done routinely on all women of childbearing age upon their admission to any hospital. Some women do not suspect that they are pregnant and some conceal the fact; therefore many pregnancies are interrupted or aborted by procedures contraindicated in pregnancy. A questionnaire was sent to all hospitals of 200 beds or more in the United States and the replies were tabulated. Many do not routinely test for pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1200062", "title": "Prenatal karyotyping of twins by ultrasonically guided amniocentesis.", "content": "Twins were diagnosed with ultrasound in two women who had been referred because of a higher than normal risk of having malformed children. Amniocentesis was carried out under the guidance of ultrasound and amniotic fluid from both fetuses was removed for diagnostic procedures. Injection of Congo red proved that the amniocentesis needle was not re-entering the same amniotic cavity at repeated puncture. In both mothers the fetuses were found to be of different sexes. Mixture of maternal cells was excluded by means of quinacrine staining, allowing evaluation of chromosome markers.", "contents": "Prenatal karyotyping of twins by ultrasonically guided amniocentesis. Twins were diagnosed with ultrasound in two women who had been referred because of a higher than normal risk of having malformed children. Amniocentesis was carried out under the guidance of ultrasound and amniotic fluid from both fetuses was removed for diagnostic procedures. Injection of Congo red proved that the amniocentesis needle was not re-entering the same amniotic cavity at repeated puncture. In both mothers the fetuses were found to be of different sexes. Mixture of maternal cells was excluded by means of quinacrine staining, allowing evaluation of chromosome markers."}
{"id": "PMID:1200063", "title": "Intervillous space during uterine contractions in human subjects: an ultrasonic study.", "content": "Six patients at term were examined by ultrasound during uterine contractions. The length, thickness, and surface of the placental area were found to increase during uterine contraction compared to relaxation. The conclusion is drawn that during uterine contractions the intervillous space is distended. During uterine contraction more maternal blood is available for exchange with the fetal compartment.", "contents": "Intervillous space during uterine contractions in human subjects: an ultrasonic study. Six patients at term were examined by ultrasound during uterine contractions. The length, thickness, and surface of the placental area were found to increase during uterine contraction compared to relaxation. The conclusion is drawn that during uterine contractions the intervillous space is distended. During uterine contraction more maternal blood is available for exchange with the fetal compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:1200064", "title": "Fertility and irradiation: a preconceptional investigation in teratology.", "content": "The effects of preconceptional irradiation on female fertility were investigated in six groups of 35 nulliparous Swiss-Webster mice whole-body irradiated with single doses of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 300 rads of 60Co. They were mated with nontreated males and killed on gestational day 18. The litters were recorded in the chronologic order of their occurrence within each group. The percentage of pregnancies decreased with the dose, while the prenatal loss increased. Up to 100 rads, the middle group of pregnancies was devoid of resorptions, fetal death, and congenital anomalies, thus giving rise to a \"maximum viability enclave.\" Beyond this level those three adverse effects were more or less homogeneously distributed over the whole period for which pregnancies were recorded. Exencephaly, microcephaly, and eye defects were the most frequent malformations. Among other sequelae, hypertrophy of the higher pole occurred in the left kidney in the surviving infertile females killed 5 months after treatment.", "contents": "Fertility and irradiation: a preconceptional investigation in teratology. The effects of preconceptional irradiation on female fertility were investigated in six groups of 35 nulliparous Swiss-Webster mice whole-body irradiated with single doses of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 300 rads of 60Co. They were mated with nontreated males and killed on gestational day 18. The litters were recorded in the chronologic order of their occurrence within each group. The percentage of pregnancies decreased with the dose, while the prenatal loss increased. Up to 100 rads, the middle group of pregnancies was devoid of resorptions, fetal death, and congenital anomalies, thus giving rise to a \"maximum viability enclave.\" Beyond this level those three adverse effects were more or less homogeneously distributed over the whole period for which pregnancies were recorded. Exencephaly, microcephaly, and eye defects were the most frequent malformations. Among other sequelae, hypertrophy of the higher pole occurred in the left kidney in the surviving infertile females killed 5 months after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1200065", "title": "Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone during the normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "Six normal women were studied under metabolic balance conditions during the menstrual cycle. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone were estimated throughout the cycle under standardized, uniform conditions with sensitive radioimmunoassays. There is a linear increase in PRA and plasma aldosterone during the luteal phase of the cycle provided ovulation occurs. If ovulation fails, no rise is seen in either parameter. Thus, a functioning corpus luteum seems to be essential for the production of these hormonal changes.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone during the normal menstrual cycle. Six normal women were studied under metabolic balance conditions during the menstrual cycle. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone were estimated throughout the cycle under standardized, uniform conditions with sensitive radioimmunoassays. There is a linear increase in PRA and plasma aldosterone during the luteal phase of the cycle provided ovulation occurs. If ovulation fails, no rise is seen in either parameter. Thus, a functioning corpus luteum seems to be essential for the production of these hormonal changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200066", "title": "Effect of intrauterine devices on sperm transport in the human being: preliminary report.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine the effect of the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) on the early phase of sperm transport. Previously we have shown that in normal midcyle subjects the maximal number of sperm recovered from the oviducts occurred between ten and 45 minutes after vaginal insemination. Four normal subjects, three of whom had IUD's in situ for at least eight months (copper T, Dalkon shield, and loop) and one a loop for one month, were studied in a similar manner. All subjects were inseminated at midcycle and had bilateral abdominal salpingectomies 15 to 30 minutes after insemination. No sperm were present in the oviducts of any of the subjects. The results of this study indicate that the IUD interferes with sperm transport in the human being. Additional subjects are now being studied at different time intervals after insemination in order to determine the entire effect of the IUD upon sperm transport.", "contents": "Effect of intrauterine devices on sperm transport in the human being: preliminary report. This investigation was designed to determine the effect of the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) on the early phase of sperm transport. Previously we have shown that in normal midcyle subjects the maximal number of sperm recovered from the oviducts occurred between ten and 45 minutes after vaginal insemination. Four normal subjects, three of whom had IUD's in situ for at least eight months (copper T, Dalkon shield, and loop) and one a loop for one month, were studied in a similar manner. All subjects were inseminated at midcycle and had bilateral abdominal salpingectomies 15 to 30 minutes after insemination. No sperm were present in the oviducts of any of the subjects. The results of this study indicate that the IUD interferes with sperm transport in the human being. Additional subjects are now being studied at different time intervals after insemination in order to determine the entire effect of the IUD upon sperm transport."}
{"id": "PMID:1200067", "title": "Effect of contraceptive steroids on serum lipids.", "content": "Serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol were estimated in groups of women who were taking either norgestrel, megestrol acetate, daily combination tablet, once-a-month pill, or once-a-month injection as a method of contraception. These estimations were done prior to and during therapy at specific times over a period of 2 years. A significant reduction in serum lipids was observed in women taking norgestrel. The women on megestrol acetate showed practically no changes. All the lipid fractions were significantly elevated in women taking combination pills. Raised serum cholesterol was observed in women receiving once-a-month injection.", "contents": "Effect of contraceptive steroids on serum lipids. Serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol were estimated in groups of women who were taking either norgestrel, megestrol acetate, daily combination tablet, once-a-month pill, or once-a-month injection as a method of contraception. These estimations were done prior to and during therapy at specific times over a period of 2 years. A significant reduction in serum lipids was observed in women taking norgestrel. The women on megestrol acetate showed practically no changes. All the lipid fractions were significantly elevated in women taking combination pills. Raised serum cholesterol was observed in women receiving once-a-month injection."}
{"id": "PMID:1200068", "title": "Danazol: an antigonadotropic agent in the treatment of pelvic endometriosis.", "content": "Danazol, an antigonadotropic agent, was administered in a dosage of 800 mg. daily for six months to 32 patients with pelvic endometriosis. Twenty-eight patients (87.5 per cent) were found to have a marked improvement of both clinical and subjective symptoms of endometriosis. Furthermore, Danazol was found to be effective in three patients with chronic cystic mastitis and one patient with fibrocystic disease. There was no change in uterine size in two patients with uterine adenomyosis and one patient with uterine myomas during the treatment period. Danazol was ineffective in relieving the symptoms of the menopausal syndrome in one patient. The main side effects of Danazol treatment were weight gain and water retention which were maximal at four months of treatment and then decreased. Other side effects such as acne, oiliness of skin, and voice change were rare in this series. Danazol therapy was found to be very effective in this study for the treatment of pelvic endometriosis, and the drug was well tolerated by the patients.", "contents": "Danazol: an antigonadotropic agent in the treatment of pelvic endometriosis. Danazol, an antigonadotropic agent, was administered in a dosage of 800 mg. daily for six months to 32 patients with pelvic endometriosis. Twenty-eight patients (87.5 per cent) were found to have a marked improvement of both clinical and subjective symptoms of endometriosis. Furthermore, Danazol was found to be effective in three patients with chronic cystic mastitis and one patient with fibrocystic disease. There was no change in uterine size in two patients with uterine adenomyosis and one patient with uterine myomas during the treatment period. Danazol was ineffective in relieving the symptoms of the menopausal syndrome in one patient. The main side effects of Danazol treatment were weight gain and water retention which were maximal at four months of treatment and then decreased. Other side effects such as acne, oiliness of skin, and voice change were rare in this series. Danazol therapy was found to be very effective in this study for the treatment of pelvic endometriosis, and the drug was well tolerated by the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1200069", "title": "Chlamydial infection in women with cervical dysplasia.", "content": "The prevalence of antibodies to chlamydiae, particularly to TRIC (trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis) agents, was studied in women with cervical dysplasia and in women attending selected clinics (obstetrics, cancer-screening, and gynecology). In addition, attempts were made to isolate TRIC agents and herpesviruses from the cervices of these women. TRIC agent recovery rates 4.1 per cent for women with dysplasia, 5.4 per cent for pregnant women, 7.8 per cent in the women's clinic, and 0.8 per cent in the cancer-screening clinic. Herpesvirus recovery rates were lower, on the order of 1 per cent or less in each clinic. Complement-fixing antibodies to chlamydial group antigen were detected in 21.5 per cent of women with dysplasia. With a more sensitive fluorescent antibody method, 77.6 per cent of the women with dysplasia or cervical cancer were shown to have antibodies to chlamydiae. In general, antichlamydial antibodies were less prevalent in the other clinic populations. The results of this study indicate that women with cervical dysplasia or cancer may have a high prevalence of antibodies to sexually transmitted agents other than herpesvirus type 2.", "contents": "Chlamydial infection in women with cervical dysplasia. The prevalence of antibodies to chlamydiae, particularly to TRIC (trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis) agents, was studied in women with cervical dysplasia and in women attending selected clinics (obstetrics, cancer-screening, and gynecology). In addition, attempts were made to isolate TRIC agents and herpesviruses from the cervices of these women. TRIC agent recovery rates 4.1 per cent for women with dysplasia, 5.4 per cent for pregnant women, 7.8 per cent in the women's clinic, and 0.8 per cent in the cancer-screening clinic. Herpesvirus recovery rates were lower, on the order of 1 per cent or less in each clinic. Complement-fixing antibodies to chlamydial group antigen were detected in 21.5 per cent of women with dysplasia. With a more sensitive fluorescent antibody method, 77.6 per cent of the women with dysplasia or cervical cancer were shown to have antibodies to chlamydiae. In general, antichlamydial antibodies were less prevalent in the other clinic populations. The results of this study indicate that women with cervical dysplasia or cancer may have a high prevalence of antibodies to sexually transmitted agents other than herpesvirus type 2."}
{"id": "PMID:1200070", "title": "Serum progesterone and serum human chorionic gonadotropin in gestational and nongestational choriocarcinoma.", "content": "Serum progesterone was assayed by the competitive protein-binding technique in 20 cases of gestational choriocarcinoma and one case of nongestational choriocarcinoma. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was simultaneously measured from the same blood samples by the hemagglutination-inhibition technique. Serum progesterone in choriocarcinoma ranged from 1.3 to 182.9 ng. per milliliter with a mean +/- standard error of the mean of 36.2 +/- 10.2 ng. per milliliter. Serum HCG ranged from 0.6 to 1,280 I. U. per milliliter. In 11 patients with choriocarcinoma, serum progesterone levels were indistinguishable from values obtained during the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle; six patients had values similar to those found in early normal pregnancy and four patients with postmolar villous choriocarcinoma had elevated serum progesterone. There was a significant correlation between serum HCG and serum progesterone (r = + 0.5652, p = 0.005). The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the likely source of progesterone in choriocarcinoma.", "contents": "Serum progesterone and serum human chorionic gonadotropin in gestational and nongestational choriocarcinoma. Serum progesterone was assayed by the competitive protein-binding technique in 20 cases of gestational choriocarcinoma and one case of nongestational choriocarcinoma. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was simultaneously measured from the same blood samples by the hemagglutination-inhibition technique. Serum progesterone in choriocarcinoma ranged from 1.3 to 182.9 ng. per milliliter with a mean +/- standard error of the mean of 36.2 +/- 10.2 ng. per milliliter. Serum HCG ranged from 0.6 to 1,280 I. U. per milliliter. In 11 patients with choriocarcinoma, serum progesterone levels were indistinguishable from values obtained during the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle; six patients had values similar to those found in early normal pregnancy and four patients with postmolar villous choriocarcinoma had elevated serum progesterone. There was a significant correlation between serum HCG and serum progesterone (r = + 0.5652, p = 0.005). The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the likely source of progesterone in choriocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1200071", "title": "Surgical repair of genital prolapse after hemipelvectomy.", "content": "A patient is presented who had hemipelvectomy for fibrosarcoma of the left upper femur, subsequently was delivered of two term infants vaginally, and came to us 11 years after hemipelvectomy because of genital prolapse. The technical difficulties involved in repair and the innovations used to overcome these difficulties are discussed. We have been unable to find a report of genital prolapse associated with hemipelvectomy anywhere in the English literature.", "contents": "Surgical repair of genital prolapse after hemipelvectomy. A patient is presented who had hemipelvectomy for fibrosarcoma of the left upper femur, subsequently was delivered of two term infants vaginally, and came to us 11 years after hemipelvectomy because of genital prolapse. The technical difficulties involved in repair and the innovations used to overcome these difficulties are discussed. We have been unable to find a report of genital prolapse associated with hemipelvectomy anywhere in the English literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1200075", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of lysosomal hydrolase activity in endometrial mononuclear cells. I. Normal endometrium.", "content": "Interstitial cell reactivity for lysosomal hydrolases was demonstrated in 67 endometrial specimens with histochemical techniques. Cyclic changes in the number of reactive cells corresponded to the stage of the menstrual cycle. Techniques for galactosidase and glucuronidase showed increasing numbers of reactive cells through the late secretory stage. Staining for glucosaminidase and nonspecific esterase also increased in late secretory endometrium. In contrast, acid phophatase activity was biphasic, and that of leucine aminopeptidase remained relatively constant. Only minimal interstitial staining was seen in prepubertal and postmenopausal specimens.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of lysosomal hydrolase activity in endometrial mononuclear cells. I. Normal endometrium. Interstitial cell reactivity for lysosomal hydrolases was demonstrated in 67 endometrial specimens with histochemical techniques. Cyclic changes in the number of reactive cells corresponded to the stage of the menstrual cycle. Techniques for galactosidase and glucuronidase showed increasing numbers of reactive cells through the late secretory stage. Staining for glucosaminidase and nonspecific esterase also increased in late secretory endometrium. In contrast, acid phophatase activity was biphasic, and that of leucine aminopeptidase remained relatively constant. Only minimal interstitial staining was seen in prepubertal and postmenopausal specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:1200076", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of lysosomal hydrolase activity in endometrial mononuclear cells. II. Abnormal endometrium.", "content": "The mononuclear cells in the endometrial stoma change in reactivity for lysosomal hydrolases during the menstrual cycle. Lymphoid follicles may occur in the stroma in any phase of the cycle and have been found in gestational endometrium. However, these cells have no significant lysosomal activity. Alterations in the endometrium are reflected in modified patterns of activity. Endometritis, association with an intrauterine contraceptive device, pregnancy, and adenocarcinoma result in increased numbers and staining intensity of mononuclear cells. In contrast, no consistent changes were apparent in foci of glandular hyperplasia, and decreased staining was seen in atrophic areas of endometrium. These data suggest that interstitial mononuclear cells are a sensitive monitor of morphologic changes in the endometrium.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of lysosomal hydrolase activity in endometrial mononuclear cells. II. Abnormal endometrium. The mononuclear cells in the endometrial stoma change in reactivity for lysosomal hydrolases during the menstrual cycle. Lymphoid follicles may occur in the stroma in any phase of the cycle and have been found in gestational endometrium. However, these cells have no significant lysosomal activity. Alterations in the endometrium are reflected in modified patterns of activity. Endometritis, association with an intrauterine contraceptive device, pregnancy, and adenocarcinoma result in increased numbers and staining intensity of mononuclear cells. In contrast, no consistent changes were apparent in foci of glandular hyperplasia, and decreased staining was seen in atrophic areas of endometrium. These data suggest that interstitial mononuclear cells are a sensitive monitor of morphologic changes in the endometrium."}
{"id": "PMID:1200077", "title": "Femoral neuropathy following abdominal hysterectomy.", "content": "Femoral neuropathy occurs too often after abdominal hysterectomy. This study investigates possible mechanisms of injury to the femoral nerve and possible means of prevention.", "contents": "Femoral neuropathy following abdominal hysterectomy. Femoral neuropathy occurs too often after abdominal hysterectomy. This study investigates possible mechanisms of injury to the femoral nerve and possible means of prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:1200078", "title": "Pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by acute liver disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Five case reports.", "content": "Five cases of pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by acute liver disease and DIC are presented. Initial misdiagnosis is described, with appropriate laboratory and histologic documentation of the true condition. Specific therapeutic recommendations are discussed and pathophysiologic mechanisms are suggested.", "contents": "Pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by acute liver disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Five case reports. Five cases of pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by acute liver disease and DIC are presented. Initial misdiagnosis is described, with appropriate laboratory and histologic documentation of the true condition. Specific therapeutic recommendations are discussed and pathophysiologic mechanisms are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1200079", "title": "Enzymatic differentiation in human amniotic cells.", "content": "Enzymatic study in noncultured amniotic fluid cells from 87 women at different stages of pregnancy was performed by electrophoresis. Of these patients, 33 had normal pregnancies and the remaining 54 had various complications of pregnancy. The electrophoretic patterns of lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-esterase, and acid phophatase were altered in samples obtained either at different gestation periods or from normal and complicated pregnancies. Malate dehydrogenase and protein bands did not show any alteration. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline phophatase were not detectable. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was detectable in samples of complicated pregnancies. The significance of the altered patterns of enzymes is discussed.", "contents": "Enzymatic differentiation in human amniotic cells. Enzymatic study in noncultured amniotic fluid cells from 87 women at different stages of pregnancy was performed by electrophoresis. Of these patients, 33 had normal pregnancies and the remaining 54 had various complications of pregnancy. The electrophoretic patterns of lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-esterase, and acid phophatase were altered in samples obtained either at different gestation periods or from normal and complicated pregnancies. Malate dehydrogenase and protein bands did not show any alteration. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline phophatase were not detectable. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was detectable in samples of complicated pregnancies. The significance of the altered patterns of enzymes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200080", "title": "Prolactin in normal pregnancy: relationship of maternal, fetal, and amniotic fluid levels.", "content": "Serum prolactin was measured simultaneously by a homologous radioimmunoassay in 92 parturients and their offspring at term, and in maternal serum and amniotic fluid during various stages of normal pregnancy. Serum levels of 208 +/- 8 ng. per millilter were found in maternal blood; the corresponding levels in the cord serum were 354 +/- 14 ng. per milliliter. Prolactin levels in amniotic fluid were found to be 2- to 10-fold higher than the corresponding levels of the mothers. The possible source of the amniotic fluid prolactin molecule, which is identical with the human pituitary molecule, is discussed.", "contents": "Prolactin in normal pregnancy: relationship of maternal, fetal, and amniotic fluid levels. Serum prolactin was measured simultaneously by a homologous radioimmunoassay in 92 parturients and their offspring at term, and in maternal serum and amniotic fluid during various stages of normal pregnancy. Serum levels of 208 +/- 8 ng. per millilter were found in maternal blood; the corresponding levels in the cord serum were 354 +/- 14 ng. per milliliter. Prolactin levels in amniotic fluid were found to be 2- to 10-fold higher than the corresponding levels of the mothers. The possible source of the amniotic fluid prolactin molecule, which is identical with the human pituitary molecule, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200081", "title": "Lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine in labor. Drug concentration in maternal and neonatal blood at birth and during the first day of life.", "content": "Lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine was administered to 33 women for relief of pain during labor. At delivery blood samples were drawn from the umbilical cord vessels and from a maternal peripheral vein. Blood samples were also collected from the noenate and its mother, 1, 4, and 20 hours after delivery. Analyses of bupivaccaine concentrations were carried out in all samples with a gas-chromatographic technique. The drug concentration in the umbilical vein (UV) was usually higher than the corresponding umbilical artery value (UA), but with increasing time interval between the last bupivaccaine infection and delivery the UA/UV drug concentration ratio rose. After delivery the rate of drug decline in blood was similar in mother and newborn infant. The clinical condition of the infant was unrelated to the drug concentration in the umbilical cord vessels.", "contents": "Lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine in labor. Drug concentration in maternal and neonatal blood at birth and during the first day of life. Lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine was administered to 33 women for relief of pain during labor. At delivery blood samples were drawn from the umbilical cord vessels and from a maternal peripheral vein. Blood samples were also collected from the noenate and its mother, 1, 4, and 20 hours after delivery. Analyses of bupivaccaine concentrations were carried out in all samples with a gas-chromatographic technique. The drug concentration in the umbilical vein (UV) was usually higher than the corresponding umbilical artery value (UA), but with increasing time interval between the last bupivaccaine infection and delivery the UA/UV drug concentration ratio rose. After delivery the rate of drug decline in blood was similar in mother and newborn infant. The clinical condition of the infant was unrelated to the drug concentration in the umbilical cord vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1200082", "title": "Lack of effect of methyl-ergonovine on postpartum lactation.", "content": "There is little information about the action of ergot derivatives other than bromocriptine (CB 154) on plasma prolactin and milk secretion in human beings. In a recent report it has been suggested that ergonovine might interfere with lactation when administered post partum. The present study shows that methyl-ergonovine (Methergine), a closely related compound, has no action on prolactin or milk secretion as measured in a group of 10 breast feeding mothers in comparison with another 10 untreated puerperas.", "contents": "Lack of effect of methyl-ergonovine on postpartum lactation. There is little information about the action of ergot derivatives other than bromocriptine (CB 154) on plasma prolactin and milk secretion in human beings. In a recent report it has been suggested that ergonovine might interfere with lactation when administered post partum. The present study shows that methyl-ergonovine (Methergine), a closely related compound, has no action on prolactin or milk secretion as measured in a group of 10 breast feeding mothers in comparison with another 10 untreated puerperas."}
{"id": "PMID:1200083", "title": "The effect of maternal demographic factors on infant mortality rates. Summary of the findings of the Louisiana Infant Mortality Study. Part I.", "content": "Birth and infant death certificates for Louisiana in 1972 were matched and reviewed to identify groups particularly in need of close medical support and counselling during the identify groups particularly in need of close medical support and counselling during the life phases of preparation for reproduction, gestation, and parenthood. From all recorded birth and infant death certificates for 1972 (69,556 birth and 1,541 death certificates) infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates were computed for maternal demographic (intrinsic patient physiocal and life-style characteristics) factors including age, race, parity by age cohort, education, and legitimacy. Excessive infant deaths were found among illegitimate offspring, except in mothers less than 15 years of age or nonwhites over 35 years of age; the less educated; those having too many children too soon; those of low birth weight; and whites relying on Charity Hospitals. An increased mortality rate was seen with nonwhites and with the younger and older mothers.", "contents": "The effect of maternal demographic factors on infant mortality rates. Summary of the findings of the Louisiana Infant Mortality Study. Part I. Birth and infant death certificates for Louisiana in 1972 were matched and reviewed to identify groups particularly in need of close medical support and counselling during the identify groups particularly in need of close medical support and counselling during the life phases of preparation for reproduction, gestation, and parenthood. From all recorded birth and infant death certificates for 1972 (69,556 birth and 1,541 death certificates) infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates were computed for maternal demographic (intrinsic patient physiocal and life-style characteristics) factors including age, race, parity by age cohort, education, and legitimacy. Excessive infant deaths were found among illegitimate offspring, except in mothers less than 15 years of age or nonwhites over 35 years of age; the less educated; those having too many children too soon; those of low birth weight; and whites relying on Charity Hospitals. An increased mortality rate was seen with nonwhites and with the younger and older mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:1200084", "title": "The effect of availability and utilization of prenatal care and hospital services on infant mortality rates. Summary of the findings of the Louisiana Infant Mortality Study. Part II.", "content": "A total of 69,556 birth and 1,541 death certificates from Louisiana, 1972, were reviewed. Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates were computed for number of prenatal visits, type of hospital of delivery, hospital vs. nonhospital delivery, and geographical access to health care. The mortality rates were twice as great for infants born outside of hospitals. With no prenatal care, the infant mortality rates were between four- and tenfold greater than the rates of women receiving more than nine visits even when race, poverty, geography, and birth weight were considered. Infant mortality rates were twice as high in the neonatal period and three times greater in the postneonatal period among the poor who utilized charity hospitals. This study illustrates a method which could be incorporated into state vital statistics reports which would detect populations at risk of excess infant deaths and would provide a more refined analysis of birth and infant death data to monitor improvements in care of high-risk groups.", "contents": "The effect of availability and utilization of prenatal care and hospital services on infant mortality rates. Summary of the findings of the Louisiana Infant Mortality Study. Part II. A total of 69,556 birth and 1,541 death certificates from Louisiana, 1972, were reviewed. Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates were computed for number of prenatal visits, type of hospital of delivery, hospital vs. nonhospital delivery, and geographical access to health care. The mortality rates were twice as great for infants born outside of hospitals. With no prenatal care, the infant mortality rates were between four- and tenfold greater than the rates of women receiving more than nine visits even when race, poverty, geography, and birth weight were considered. Infant mortality rates were twice as high in the neonatal period and three times greater in the postneonatal period among the poor who utilized charity hospitals. This study illustrates a method which could be incorporated into state vital statistics reports which would detect populations at risk of excess infant deaths and would provide a more refined analysis of birth and infant death data to monitor improvements in care of high-risk groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1200085", "title": "Cardiovascular changes associated with fetal breathing.", "content": "Studies were carried out on seven fetal lambs, 3 to 1 weeks prior to the expected date of delivery to determine if, during fetal breathing, cardiovascular events were similar to those described as occurring with respiration after birth. The following changes were observed; (1) a slight decrease in pressures with the initiation of the rapid inspiratory movements followed by: (2) a marked elevation of the systolic and diastolic pressures; (3) a cyclic variation characterized by a fall in arterial pressure with inspiration; (4) a variable acceleration of the heart rate; and finally, (5) a typical respiratory arrhythmia. These findings demonstrated that, during fetal respiratory movements, there are some cardiovascular changes which are specific to this period of life. There are other changes which are identical to what has been observed after birth. These latter cardiovascular changes imply that the endotracheal pressure variations are the reflection of authentic inspiratory movements under the influence of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes associated with fetal breathing. Studies were carried out on seven fetal lambs, 3 to 1 weeks prior to the expected date of delivery to determine if, during fetal breathing, cardiovascular events were similar to those described as occurring with respiration after birth. The following changes were observed; (1) a slight decrease in pressures with the initiation of the rapid inspiratory movements followed by: (2) a marked elevation of the systolic and diastolic pressures; (3) a cyclic variation characterized by a fall in arterial pressure with inspiration; (4) a variable acceleration of the heart rate; and finally, (5) a typical respiratory arrhythmia. These findings demonstrated that, during fetal respiratory movements, there are some cardiovascular changes which are specific to this period of life. There are other changes which are identical to what has been observed after birth. These latter cardiovascular changes imply that the endotracheal pressure variations are the reflection of authentic inspiratory movements under the influence of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1200092", "title": "Ocular manifestations of Gaucher's disease.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman not only had the usual clinical and laboratory features of the adult form of Gaucher's disease but also had typical pingueculae and a peculiar lesion with a pigmented temporal edge in the fundus of her left eye. Bone-marrow aspiration demonstrated infiltration by Gaucher's cells and a biopsy of the conjuctival masses disclosed areas of infiltration by Gaucher's cell beneath normal epithelium.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations of Gaucher's disease. A 27-year-old woman not only had the usual clinical and laboratory features of the adult form of Gaucher's disease but also had typical pingueculae and a peculiar lesion with a pigmented temporal edge in the fundus of her left eye. Bone-marrow aspiration demonstrated infiltration by Gaucher's cells and a biopsy of the conjuctival masses disclosed areas of infiltration by Gaucher's cell beneath normal epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1200093", "title": "Rhabdomyoma of the orbit.", "content": "To our knowledge, this is the first fully documented case of an adult-type orbital rhabdomyoma in an 8-year-old white boy, which originated in the belly of the medial rectus muscle and grew into the anterior orbit to incorporate the trochlea. Incomplete excision resulted in recurrence; the lesion was misinterpreted as a rhabdomyosarcoma and exenteration was performed. The patient was free of disease 25 years later. Reexamination of original pathologic material showed the typical histology of an adult-type rhabdomyoma. Adult-type rhabdomyoma, the most differentiated tumor in a spectrum of benign and malignant striated muscle neoplasms, should be distinguished from fetal rhabdomyoma (also benign) and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, the malignant striated muscle tumor most likely to be confused with rhabdomyoma. An awareness of the benign nature of rhabdomyoma (rhabdomyoma never evolves into a sarcoma) should prevent unnecessary radical surgery. The tumor can be adequately managed by a local excision that includes all the lobulations of tumor within a margin of normal tissue.", "contents": "Rhabdomyoma of the orbit. To our knowledge, this is the first fully documented case of an adult-type orbital rhabdomyoma in an 8-year-old white boy, which originated in the belly of the medial rectus muscle and grew into the anterior orbit to incorporate the trochlea. Incomplete excision resulted in recurrence; the lesion was misinterpreted as a rhabdomyosarcoma and exenteration was performed. The patient was free of disease 25 years later. Reexamination of original pathologic material showed the typical histology of an adult-type rhabdomyoma. Adult-type rhabdomyoma, the most differentiated tumor in a spectrum of benign and malignant striated muscle neoplasms, should be distinguished from fetal rhabdomyoma (also benign) and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, the malignant striated muscle tumor most likely to be confused with rhabdomyoma. An awareness of the benign nature of rhabdomyoma (rhabdomyoma never evolves into a sarcoma) should prevent unnecessary radical surgery. The tumor can be adequately managed by a local excision that includes all the lobulations of tumor within a margin of normal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1200094", "title": "Surgical revision of the upper eyelid fold.", "content": "We performed surgery on 107 patients primarily with blepharoptosis and eyelid fold abnormalities, between 1973 and 1974. Production of an eyelid fold at the time of an initial blepharoptosis procedure should be a primary goal. Lack of a distinct symmetrical upper eyelid fold constituted a cosmetic blemish and necessitated revision.", "contents": "Surgical revision of the upper eyelid fold. We performed surgery on 107 patients primarily with blepharoptosis and eyelid fold abnormalities, between 1973 and 1974. Production of an eyelid fold at the time of an initial blepharoptosis procedure should be a primary goal. Lack of a distinct symmetrical upper eyelid fold constituted a cosmetic blemish and necessitated revision."}
{"id": "PMID:1200095", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit in the newborn.", "content": "A full-term black boy had a 2- to 3-cm, round, bluish mass on his right lower eye-lid at birth, later diagnosed as rhabdomyosarcoma. It was cystic in nature and extended into the nasal cavity. The tumor was initially classified as neuroblastoma. The child died eitht months later and necropsy report confirmed an original ophthalmologic pathology diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit in the newborn. A full-term black boy had a 2- to 3-cm, round, bluish mass on his right lower eye-lid at birth, later diagnosed as rhabdomyosarcoma. It was cystic in nature and extended into the nasal cavity. The tumor was initially classified as neuroblastoma. The child died eitht months later and necropsy report confirmed an original ophthalmologic pathology diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1200096", "title": "Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of the orbit.", "content": "Comparison of the clinical and pathologic features of two orbital leiomyomas, two leiomysarcomas, and one embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma showed the leiomyomas occurred in young individuals and the leiomyosarcomas in older patients. The histopathologic diagnosis rested on the intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia and nostriated longitudinal cytoplasmic filaments demonstrated by means of the trichrome stain. The leiomyosarcomas disseminated 15 months and seven years after their orbital presentations. The treatment of both leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma is surgical. Leiomyomas are encapsulated growths that may have small satellite nodules projecting from the main tumor mass; thus, a margin of normal tissue should also be excised, lest a small lobulation be left behind to serve as the seed for a late recurrence. Once the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma has been made, and no evidence of metastasis has been found after a thorough systemic evaluation, the orbit should be exenterated, because the tumor is unencapsulated and liable to widespread dissemination. Rhabdomyosarcoma has a much more fulminant course than leiomyosarcoma, and especially more so than that of leiomyoma of childhood. The histopathologic diagnosis of a malignant smooth muscle tumor in a child should always be questioned, since embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is a much more likely diagnosis.", "contents": "Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of the orbit. Comparison of the clinical and pathologic features of two orbital leiomyomas, two leiomysarcomas, and one embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma showed the leiomyomas occurred in young individuals and the leiomyosarcomas in older patients. The histopathologic diagnosis rested on the intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia and nostriated longitudinal cytoplasmic filaments demonstrated by means of the trichrome stain. The leiomyosarcomas disseminated 15 months and seven years after their orbital presentations. The treatment of both leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma is surgical. Leiomyomas are encapsulated growths that may have small satellite nodules projecting from the main tumor mass; thus, a margin of normal tissue should also be excised, lest a small lobulation be left behind to serve as the seed for a late recurrence. Once the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma has been made, and no evidence of metastasis has been found after a thorough systemic evaluation, the orbit should be exenterated, because the tumor is unencapsulated and liable to widespread dissemination. Rhabdomyosarcoma has a much more fulminant course than leiomyosarcoma, and especially more so than that of leiomyoma of childhood. The histopathologic diagnosis of a malignant smooth muscle tumor in a child should always be questioned, since embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is a much more likely diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200097", "title": "Retinal hemorrhages in posterior vitreous detachment.", "content": "Detachment of the posterior vitreous can cause clinically significant retinal hemorrhage. Two patients with acute posterior vitreous detachment had massive retinal hemorrhages overlying the optic disks. These absorbed in time without sequealae. A third patient had numerous small blot hemorrhages scattered near the optic disk and macula. A fourth patient presented with a small macular hemorrhage causing temporary visual loss. All patients had moderately severe myopia and were in good health without hypertension or diabetes. There was no history of trauma or Valsalva maneuver. Hematologic and coagulation studies were normal. These cases indicate that retinal hemorrhages due to posterior vitreous detachment may be strikingly large, multiple, and, when involving the macula, cause temporary visual loss.", "contents": "Retinal hemorrhages in posterior vitreous detachment. Detachment of the posterior vitreous can cause clinically significant retinal hemorrhage. Two patients with acute posterior vitreous detachment had massive retinal hemorrhages overlying the optic disks. These absorbed in time without sequealae. A third patient had numerous small blot hemorrhages scattered near the optic disk and macula. A fourth patient presented with a small macular hemorrhage causing temporary visual loss. All patients had moderately severe myopia and were in good health without hypertension or diabetes. There was no history of trauma or Valsalva maneuver. Hematologic and coagulation studies were normal. These cases indicate that retinal hemorrhages due to posterior vitreous detachment may be strikingly large, multiple, and, when involving the macula, cause temporary visual loss."}
{"id": "PMID:1200098", "title": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with hyperornithinemia.", "content": "A case of gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina and hyperornithinemia in a 28-year-old man was subjected to extensive clinical and biochemical investigation. The familial occurrence of the ocular disease and of abnormality of amino acids was unique to this patient, being absent in parents and siblings. He presented with progressive visual loss, and had cataracts and large areas of peripheral lacumar atrophy. Clinically there was no other abnormality. However, he was hyperuricemic and had an abnormal electroencephalogram. Despite otherwise normal biochemical indices  of hepatic, renal, and muscle function, selective catheterization of an artery, the hepatic vein, the renal vein, and a deep forearm vein showed all of these circulatory beds to be producing ornithine according to arteriovenous difference measurements. Cerebrospinal fluid and urine contained increased amounts of ornithine. Though electromyography was normal a muscle biopsy specimen was abnormal. Clinical tests including arginine loading, glucose tolerance testing, and other measurements of blood variables provided inferences as to the metabolic locus of the abnormality. The syndrome is a systemic multiorgan disorder in which the choriod and retina would appear to be target organs and the hyperornithinemia to be of as yet undetermined cause and pathogenic significance.", "contents": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with hyperornithinemia. A case of gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina and hyperornithinemia in a 28-year-old man was subjected to extensive clinical and biochemical investigation. The familial occurrence of the ocular disease and of abnormality of amino acids was unique to this patient, being absent in parents and siblings. He presented with progressive visual loss, and had cataracts and large areas of peripheral lacumar atrophy. Clinically there was no other abnormality. However, he was hyperuricemic and had an abnormal electroencephalogram. Despite otherwise normal biochemical indices  of hepatic, renal, and muscle function, selective catheterization of an artery, the hepatic vein, the renal vein, and a deep forearm vein showed all of these circulatory beds to be producing ornithine according to arteriovenous difference measurements. Cerebrospinal fluid and urine contained increased amounts of ornithine. Though electromyography was normal a muscle biopsy specimen was abnormal. Clinical tests including arginine loading, glucose tolerance testing, and other measurements of blood variables provided inferences as to the metabolic locus of the abnormality. The syndrome is a systemic multiorgan disorder in which the choriod and retina would appear to be target organs and the hyperornithinemia to be of as yet undetermined cause and pathogenic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1200099", "title": "Histologic localization of sodium fluorescein in human ocular tissues.", "content": "We studied the distribution pattern of sodium fluorescein in human eyes microscopically. The ciliary body showed early and diffuse leakage, with staining of the basement membrane of the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, indicating movement of fluorescein from the ciliary body into the aqueous humor. After five minutes the iris stroma stained with fluorescein, probably from the aqueous humor. The retinal vessels and retinal pigment epithelium were impermeable to fluorescein. Corresponding to the background fluorescence seen in fluorescein angiography, fluorescence was present in Bruch's membrane and in the stroma of the inner one third of the choroid. Drusen stained most intensely in areas of greatest PAS positively. Early fluorescence of the optic disk was the result of intravascular perfusion of the dye. Minimal diffusion of fluorescein from the fenestrated choroidal vessels across the border tissue of Elschnig into the peripheral optic nerve bundles was observed. Late fluorescene of the optic disk was due mainly to fluorescein staining of the lamina scleralis and glial columns.", "contents": "Histologic localization of sodium fluorescein in human ocular tissues. We studied the distribution pattern of sodium fluorescein in human eyes microscopically. The ciliary body showed early and diffuse leakage, with staining of the basement membrane of the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, indicating movement of fluorescein from the ciliary body into the aqueous humor. After five minutes the iris stroma stained with fluorescein, probably from the aqueous humor. The retinal vessels and retinal pigment epithelium were impermeable to fluorescein. Corresponding to the background fluorescence seen in fluorescein angiography, fluorescence was present in Bruch's membrane and in the stroma of the inner one third of the choroid. Drusen stained most intensely in areas of greatest PAS positively. Early fluorescence of the optic disk was the result of intravascular perfusion of the dye. Minimal diffusion of fluorescein from the fenestrated choroidal vessels across the border tissue of Elschnig into the peripheral optic nerve bundles was observed. Late fluorescene of the optic disk was due mainly to fluorescein staining of the lamina scleralis and glial columns."}
{"id": "PMID:1200100", "title": "Xerophthalmia and anterior-segment blindness among preschool-age children in El Salvador.", "content": "A countrywide prevalence survey of 9,508 children was conducted in El Salvador to determine the prevalence of anterior-segment abnormalities and magnitude of clinical vitamin A deficiency. Thirty-six children had corneal opacities, 56% of them secondary to trauma. Such traumatic corneal opacities were 19 times more frequent among urban than rural children, 57.6 vs. 3.1 per 1,000. Keratomalacia accounted for only 8% of all corneal opacities, and for one (and possibly two) of the five cases of bilateral anterior-segment blindness encountered. The prevalance of Bitot spots and vitamin-A-related corneal opacities was 5.3 and 3.2 per 10,000, respectively. There are an estimated 43 new surviving cases of vitamin-A-related corneal opacities in the country each year, one third of which result in bilateral blindness. Fifteen percent of all children examined had grossly purulent conjunctivitis.", "contents": "Xerophthalmia and anterior-segment blindness among preschool-age children in El Salvador. A countrywide prevalence survey of 9,508 children was conducted in El Salvador to determine the prevalence of anterior-segment abnormalities and magnitude of clinical vitamin A deficiency. Thirty-six children had corneal opacities, 56% of them secondary to trauma. Such traumatic corneal opacities were 19 times more frequent among urban than rural children, 57.6 vs. 3.1 per 1,000. Keratomalacia accounted for only 8% of all corneal opacities, and for one (and possibly two) of the five cases of bilateral anterior-segment blindness encountered. The prevalance of Bitot spots and vitamin-A-related corneal opacities was 5.3 and 3.2 per 10,000, respectively. There are an estimated 43 new surviving cases of vitamin-A-related corneal opacities in the country each year, one third of which result in bilateral blindness. Fifteen percent of all children examined had grossly purulent conjunctivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200101", "title": "Mass distribution of vitamin A and the prevention of keratomalacia.", "content": "A retrospective review of 3,490 adminissions to the major pediatric facility in El Salvador was undertaken to determine whether biannual administration of massive doses of vitamin A (200,000 international units) to all availabel 1- to 4-year-old children was effective in preventing keratomalacia. During the 12 months preceding and following initiation of the program, the number of children admitted with presumed vitamin-A-related corneal destruction (33 vs. 31) and proportion of all malnourished admissions with such destruction (26 vs. 25 per 1,000) were similar. The seasonal distribution of these cases remained unchanged, the usual summer peak closely following the first distribution. Unexpectedly, 48% of the children had been ineligible for participation in the program, the vast majority being under 1 year of age. Only 80% of eligible children had actually received the vitamin. Corneal destruction was invariably accompanied by severe, generalized malnutition. Mortality among girls with corneal destruction (28 per 1,000) was almost three times that of boys, or malnourished patients as a whole.", "contents": "Mass distribution of vitamin A and the prevention of keratomalacia. A retrospective review of 3,490 adminissions to the major pediatric facility in El Salvador was undertaken to determine whether biannual administration of massive doses of vitamin A (200,000 international units) to all availabel 1- to 4-year-old children was effective in preventing keratomalacia. During the 12 months preceding and following initiation of the program, the number of children admitted with presumed vitamin-A-related corneal destruction (33 vs. 31) and proportion of all malnourished admissions with such destruction (26 vs. 25 per 1,000) were similar. The seasonal distribution of these cases remained unchanged, the usual summer peak closely following the first distribution. Unexpectedly, 48% of the children had been ineligible for participation in the program, the vast majority being under 1 year of age. Only 80% of eligible children had actually received the vitamin. Corneal destruction was invariably accompanied by severe, generalized malnutition. Mortality among girls with corneal destruction (28 per 1,000) was almost three times that of boys, or malnourished patients as a whole."}
{"id": "PMID:1200102", "title": "Temporary blindness after cosmetic blepharoplasty.", "content": "A patient who underwent a cosmetic blepharoplasty suffered a retrobulbar hemorrhage with no light perception deception detected when the dressing was removed two hours postoperatively. Opening the incision site led to the complete return of visual acuity and ocular motility and relief of the proptosis. The rebleeding of cauterized blood vessels may have caused the retrobulbar hemorrhage and seems to be a potential problem in all cosmetic blepharoplasties. Eliminating the use of postoperative bandages may prevent blindness after cosmetic blepharoplasty since it allows early detection of a retrobulbar hemmorrhage. This allows the nurse to check the patient for loss of vision and proptosis at ten-minute intervals for the first two hours after surgery so immediate treatment can be implemented if retrobulbar hemorrhage and central retinal artery occlusion occur.", "contents": "Temporary blindness after cosmetic blepharoplasty. A patient who underwent a cosmetic blepharoplasty suffered a retrobulbar hemorrhage with no light perception deception detected when the dressing was removed two hours postoperatively. Opening the incision site led to the complete return of visual acuity and ocular motility and relief of the proptosis. The rebleeding of cauterized blood vessels may have caused the retrobulbar hemorrhage and seems to be a potential problem in all cosmetic blepharoplasties. Eliminating the use of postoperative bandages may prevent blindness after cosmetic blepharoplasty since it allows early detection of a retrobulbar hemmorrhage. This allows the nurse to check the patient for loss of vision and proptosis at ten-minute intervals for the first two hours after surgery so immediate treatment can be implemented if retrobulbar hemorrhage and central retinal artery occlusion occur."}
{"id": "PMID:1200103", "title": "Simplified no pressure eyelid retractor for cataract surgery.", "content": "A simle, inexpensive, individual, solid blade eyelid retractor has not contact with the globe, produces no pressure on the globe, and eliminates the eyelashes from the operating field.", "contents": "Simplified no pressure eyelid retractor for cataract surgery. A simle, inexpensive, individual, solid blade eyelid retractor has not contact with the globe, produces no pressure on the globe, and eliminates the eyelashes from the operating field."}
{"id": "PMID:1200107", "title": "Ocular findings in Niemann-Pick disease.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies of the eyes of a 3 1/2-year-old girl who died of Niemann-Pick disease disclosed accumulation of intralysosomal lipid material in all cells other than those that were pigmented. The nonpigmented layer of the ciliary process and the ganglion cells of the retina were especially involved. Electron microscopy revealed two main types of lipid cytosomes. The presumptive explanation for this finding is that the metabolism of the stored material in neurons differs from that in other cells. Topographic and structural studies of the pathologic pigment epithelium suggested that pigmented cells show storage material either when they are in intimate contact with affected cells or when the enzyme defect interferes with the catabolism of the outer segments.", "contents": "Ocular findings in Niemann-Pick disease. Light and electron microscopic studies of the eyes of a 3 1/2-year-old girl who died of Niemann-Pick disease disclosed accumulation of intralysosomal lipid material in all cells other than those that were pigmented. The nonpigmented layer of the ciliary process and the ganglion cells of the retina were especially involved. Electron microscopy revealed two main types of lipid cytosomes. The presumptive explanation for this finding is that the metabolism of the stored material in neurons differs from that in other cells. Topographic and structural studies of the pathologic pigment epithelium suggested that pigmented cells show storage material either when they are in intimate contact with affected cells or when the enzyme defect interferes with the catabolism of the outer segments."}
{"id": "PMID:1200108", "title": "Suppressive processes in binocular vision: ocular dominance and amblyopia.", "content": "Recent suggestsions linking suppression observed in amblyopia ex anopsia with that manifested in normal ocular dominance coordinations were experimentally tested. Training procedures which normally alleviate functional amblyopic suppression were shown to have similar results in alleviating the suppression of the nondominant eye in visually normal observers. Methodological and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Suppressive processes in binocular vision: ocular dominance and amblyopia. Recent suggestsions linking suppression observed in amblyopia ex anopsia with that manifested in normal ocular dominance coordinations were experimentally tested. Training procedures which normally alleviate functional amblyopic suppression were shown to have similar results in alleviating the suppression of the nondominant eye in visually normal observers. Methodological and theoretical implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200109", "title": "The subjective quality (SQF) of Bausch and Lomb SoflensTM.", "content": "The visual acutiy of a person is examined in terms of his response to a unique target. This target is a sequence of black bars on a white background, where the spacing of the bars and their width is governed by a log periodic function. The generation of these targets is performed by a PDP-8 computer connected to an  X-Y plotter. There are six sets of bars which vary in contrast and frequency. In a clinical situation, an observer notates the position where he can no longer resolve the bar pattern. A recroding of these positions produces a Subjective Quality Function (SQF) curve for the individual. On fitting with soft contact lenses, a new SQF curve is generated. A comparison of the SQF for soft lenses with that for spectacle corrections is given.", "contents": "The subjective quality (SQF) of Bausch and Lomb SoflensTM. The visual acutiy of a person is examined in terms of his response to a unique target. This target is a sequence of black bars on a white background, where the spacing of the bars and their width is governed by a log periodic function. The generation of these targets is performed by a PDP-8 computer connected to an  X-Y plotter. There are six sets of bars which vary in contrast and frequency. In a clinical situation, an observer notates the position where he can no longer resolve the bar pattern. A recroding of these positions produces a Subjective Quality Function (SQF) curve for the individual. On fitting with soft contact lenses, a new SQF curve is generated. A comparison of the SQF for soft lenses with that for spectacle corrections is given."}
{"id": "PMID:1200110", "title": "Complex binocular interaction and other effects in the visual evoked response.", "content": "One article dealing with some of the research on binocular interaction effects being carried out in our laboratory has appeared previously in this Journal (White and Bonelli). In that study, it was found that the amplitude of the visually evoked cortical potential (VER) produced by patterned stimuli viewed with both eyes was directly related to the quality of the retina image. Furthermore, the degree of binocular summation shown by the VERs was also related to image quality, with marked summation occurring when sharply focused patterns were presented but much less evidence of it when the patterns were blurred. In that study the retinal images were reasonably similar, since the degree of blur desired was produced by placing ophthalmic lenses of equal strength before the two eyes. The next situation we decided to test was that in which the images presented to the two eyes were not of the same quality. This paper will deal briefly with some work we have done on that topic, and will also present some other examples of work dealing with binocular interaction and related topics.", "contents": "Complex binocular interaction and other effects in the visual evoked response. One article dealing with some of the research on binocular interaction effects being carried out in our laboratory has appeared previously in this Journal (White and Bonelli). In that study, it was found that the amplitude of the visually evoked cortical potential (VER) produced by patterned stimuli viewed with both eyes was directly related to the quality of the retina image. Furthermore, the degree of binocular summation shown by the VERs was also related to image quality, with marked summation occurring when sharply focused patterns were presented but much less evidence of it when the patterns were blurred. In that study the retinal images were reasonably similar, since the degree of blur desired was produced by placing ophthalmic lenses of equal strength before the two eyes. The next situation we decided to test was that in which the images presented to the two eyes were not of the same quality. This paper will deal briefly with some work we have done on that topic, and will also present some other examples of work dealing with binocular interaction and related topics."}
{"id": "PMID:1200111", "title": "The psychological differentiation of male myopes and nonmyopes.", "content": "A comparison of 140 male myopes and 118 male nonmyopes of the entering class of Virginia Military Institute cadets in 1968 demonstrated that there are a number of Strong Vocational Interest Inventory test items which will clearly differentiate myopes from nonmyopes so that it is possible to identify 76% of the individuals falling into either class on the basis of a stepwise discriminant analysis based almost entirely on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. The items which discriminate in favor of the myopes are essentially those which require academic achievement and individual creative performance, whereas the items which are in favor of the nonmyopes are those which require business and selling skills as well as outdoor types of activities. Further, the myopes are significantly more likely to achieve officer status and win more academic awards than the nonmyopes.", "contents": "The psychological differentiation of male myopes and nonmyopes. A comparison of 140 male myopes and 118 male nonmyopes of the entering class of Virginia Military Institute cadets in 1968 demonstrated that there are a number of Strong Vocational Interest Inventory test items which will clearly differentiate myopes from nonmyopes so that it is possible to identify 76% of the individuals falling into either class on the basis of a stepwise discriminant analysis based almost entirely on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. The items which discriminate in favor of the myopes are essentially those which require academic achievement and individual creative performance, whereas the items which are in favor of the nonmyopes are those which require business and selling skills as well as outdoor types of activities. Further, the myopes are significantly more likely to achieve officer status and win more academic awards than the nonmyopes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200112", "title": "Deposits on hydrophilic lenses: differential appearance and clinical causes.", "content": "Deposits on hydrophilic lenses are classified as to appearance and etiology. One readily identifiable type results from using nondistilled water to ascepticize the lens while another is the result of tear film components not properly cleaned off the lens. Clinical inspection can differentiate the types and aid in preventing reocurrence.", "contents": "Deposits on hydrophilic lenses: differential appearance and clinical causes. Deposits on hydrophilic lenses are classified as to appearance and etiology. One readily identifiable type results from using nondistilled water to ascepticize the lens while another is the result of tear film components not properly cleaned off the lens. Clinical inspection can differentiate the types and aid in preventing reocurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:1200113", "title": "Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases.", "content": "The purpose of this review is to keep the optometrist informed as to the latest developments in the field of Ophthalmology. Papers reviewed are, almost exclusively, those published between Oct. 1st, 1973 and Sept. 30th, 1974. Emphasis will be placed on signs and symptoms of the disorders which are helpful in their detection or confirmation. No rare disorders will be discussed and although the literature has been especially rich in single cases this past year, they have been, for the most part, omitted from this review. Thus, to an ophthalmologist, the selection may appear arbitrary and incomplete. For purposes of reviewing, as in previous years, diseases reviewed are divided into non infectious and infectious. Infectious diseases are grouped according to the organ system or the system function predominantly affected, including hereditary and/or congenital diseases. The infectious diseases are grouped as to the causative pathogenic organism.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. The purpose of this review is to keep the optometrist informed as to the latest developments in the field of Ophthalmology. Papers reviewed are, almost exclusively, those published between Oct. 1st, 1973 and Sept. 30th, 1974. Emphasis will be placed on signs and symptoms of the disorders which are helpful in their detection or confirmation. No rare disorders will be discussed and although the literature has been especially rich in single cases this past year, they have been, for the most part, omitted from this review. Thus, to an ophthalmologist, the selection may appear arbitrary and incomplete. For purposes of reviewing, as in previous years, diseases reviewed are divided into non infectious and infectious. Infectious diseases are grouped according to the organ system or the system function predominantly affected, including hereditary and/or congenital diseases. The infectious diseases are grouped as to the causative pathogenic organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1200114", "title": "Possible adverse effects from local anesthetics and the treatment of these reactions.", "content": "Adverse drug reactions are potentially serious and are becoming increasingly common. Although optometrists employ only a limited spectrum of drugs they may encounter such reactions among their patients. There is always a risk that a life threatening situation will develop in a pateint quite apart from the use of any drugs. An optometrist as a member of the health-care team must be competent to provide first-aid if an emergency occurs. Tables are provided listing possible reactions to topical anesthetics with the usual signs and the preferred treatment. Optometrists are reminded that many of these treatments are the responsibility of physicians. Optometrists should be prepared to provide artificial respiration and external cardiac massage and should plan in advance how they will obtain additional assistance if an emergency occurs in their office.", "contents": "Possible adverse effects from local anesthetics and the treatment of these reactions. Adverse drug reactions are potentially serious and are becoming increasingly common. Although optometrists employ only a limited spectrum of drugs they may encounter such reactions among their patients. There is always a risk that a life threatening situation will develop in a pateint quite apart from the use of any drugs. An optometrist as a member of the health-care team must be competent to provide first-aid if an emergency occurs. Tables are provided listing possible reactions to topical anesthetics with the usual signs and the preferred treatment. Optometrists are reminded that many of these treatments are the responsibility of physicians. Optometrists should be prepared to provide artificial respiration and external cardiac massage and should plan in advance how they will obtain additional assistance if an emergency occurs in their office."}
{"id": "PMID:1200115", "title": "Critical flicker frequency and the Pulfrich phenomenon.", "content": "The critical flicker frequency and the Pulfrich stereophenomenon were both used to investigate the long term effects on temporal resolution and visual latency of wearing a tinted lens in front of one eye for a period of five days. The results obtained from three subjects showed that in every case the critical flicker frequency was depressed by the tinted lens and displayed no adaptive recovery, but the Pulfrich effect displayed a reduction of apparent depth in the median plane indicating the presence of an adaptive recovery. It is postulated that the CFF indicates that the physiological transmission of the visual signal is unaltered over the the five days and the Pulfrich adaptation occurs due to an alteration of the interpretation of the unchanged visual response. That is, the adaptation is a perceptual rather than a physiological one.", "contents": "Critical flicker frequency and the Pulfrich phenomenon. The critical flicker frequency and the Pulfrich stereophenomenon were both used to investigate the long term effects on temporal resolution and visual latency of wearing a tinted lens in front of one eye for a period of five days. The results obtained from three subjects showed that in every case the critical flicker frequency was depressed by the tinted lens and displayed no adaptive recovery, but the Pulfrich effect displayed a reduction of apparent depth in the median plane indicating the presence of an adaptive recovery. It is postulated that the CFF indicates that the physiological transmission of the visual signal is unaltered over the the five days and the Pulfrich adaptation occurs due to an alteration of the interpretation of the unchanged visual response. That is, the adaptation is a perceptual rather than a physiological one."}
{"id": "PMID:1200117", "title": "Bifocal control of myopia.", "content": "Forty-three native American bifocal wearers grouped by yearly age levels from 9 to 15 with a mixed group of 6 to 8 year olds are matched on beginning age, sex, beginning refractive error and ending age with 83 Native American control subjects. Similarly 226 Caucasian bifocal wearers are matched on the same criteria against 192 control subjects. Although the comparisons are made on each age group, the average annual rate of progression for the bifocal Native American subjects is -0.12 and -0.10 diopters in the right and left eyes respectively against a comparable rate of progression of -0.38 and -0.36 diopters for the control subjects. These differences are significant but not as significant as those found on the Causcasian subjects of -0.02 and -0.03 diopters right and left eyes against -0.53 and -0.52 diopters for the controls.", "contents": "Bifocal control of myopia. Forty-three native American bifocal wearers grouped by yearly age levels from 9 to 15 with a mixed group of 6 to 8 year olds are matched on beginning age, sex, beginning refractive error and ending age with 83 Native American control subjects. Similarly 226 Caucasian bifocal wearers are matched on the same criteria against 192 control subjects. Although the comparisons are made on each age group, the average annual rate of progression for the bifocal Native American subjects is -0.12 and -0.10 diopters in the right and left eyes respectively against a comparable rate of progression of -0.38 and -0.36 diopters for the control subjects. These differences are significant but not as significant as those found on the Causcasian subjects of -0.02 and -0.03 diopters right and left eyes against -0.53 and -0.52 diopters for the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1200118", "title": "An alternative to the Drop Ball Test for the measurement of ophthalmic glass fracture resistance.", "content": "The Drop Ball Test (DBT) has some distinct disadvantages both as a standard measurement for ophthalmic lens fracture resistance and as a research tool. The Static Test (ST) was devised to allow a load and enzrgy analysis of the DBT and enable more rapid and accurate testing of large ophthalmic lens samples. It was found that over 50% of the energy generated in the DBT is absorbed by the lens mount instead of the test lens. This means that the standard DBT height of 50 inches is more an indication of DBT components than lens fracture resistance. Static testing of non-tempered, heat tempered and chemically tempered lenses correlated well with former DBT studies. The ST, however, allowed lens fracture resistance to be represented in pounds-load, a value better understood practically and mathematically.", "contents": "An alternative to the Drop Ball Test for the measurement of ophthalmic glass fracture resistance. The Drop Ball Test (DBT) has some distinct disadvantages both as a standard measurement for ophthalmic lens fracture resistance and as a research tool. The Static Test (ST) was devised to allow a load and enzrgy analysis of the DBT and enable more rapid and accurate testing of large ophthalmic lens samples. It was found that over 50% of the energy generated in the DBT is absorbed by the lens mount instead of the test lens. This means that the standard DBT height of 50 inches is more an indication of DBT components than lens fracture resistance. Static testing of non-tempered, heat tempered and chemically tempered lenses correlated well with former DBT studies. The ST, however, allowed lens fracture resistance to be represented in pounds-load, a value better understood practically and mathematically."}
{"id": "PMID:1200119", "title": "Primary health care - the role of optometry.", "content": "Optometrists, like all health care providers, should emphasize primary or preventive care. To provide this care optometrists must be aware of the risk factors for major causes of mortality. As an example, the risk profile for a white male age 45 to 49 years is given and discussed. Suggestions for primary vision care and detection of major risk factors by optometrists are also presented.", "contents": "Primary health care - the role of optometry. Optometrists, like all health care providers, should emphasize primary or preventive care. To provide this care optometrists must be aware of the risk factors for major causes of mortality. As an example, the risk profile for a white male age 45 to 49 years is given and discussed. Suggestions for primary vision care and detection of major risk factors by optometrists are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1200120", "title": "Functional asymmetries of the human visual system as revealed by binocular rivalry and binocular brightness matching.", "content": "Two techniques, a binocular rivalry task and a binocular brightness matching task, were designed to yield indices of asymmetry (relative dominance weights) for the two eyes, the crossed and uncrossed visual pathways, and the two cerebral hemispheres. Twenty subjects with normal vision were run on all conditions. Intercorrelations of the dominance weights obtained by the two methods showed no relationship between the two methods, but produced three hypotheses about visual functioning: (1) the left hemisphere appears more dominant for rivalry; (2) the right hemisphere appears more dominant for brightness matching; (3) the uncrossed visual pathways are dominant over the crossed pathways in the binocular rivalry task.", "contents": "Functional asymmetries of the human visual system as revealed by binocular rivalry and binocular brightness matching. Two techniques, a binocular rivalry task and a binocular brightness matching task, were designed to yield indices of asymmetry (relative dominance weights) for the two eyes, the crossed and uncrossed visual pathways, and the two cerebral hemispheres. Twenty subjects with normal vision were run on all conditions. Intercorrelations of the dominance weights obtained by the two methods showed no relationship between the two methods, but produced three hypotheses about visual functioning: (1) the left hemisphere appears more dominant for rivalry; (2) the right hemisphere appears more dominant for brightness matching; (3) the uncrossed visual pathways are dominant over the crossed pathways in the binocular rivalry task."}
{"id": "PMID:1200121", "title": "Hydrophilic lens effects on central and peripheral corneal thickness and corneal topography.", "content": "Hydrophilic lens wearing causes an almost evenly distributed central and peripheral corneal thickness increase which  is virtually eliminated when gas of 100% oxygen tension is passed over the anterior corneal surface. There is little corneal topography change associated with this thickness increase.", "contents": "Hydrophilic lens effects on central and peripheral corneal thickness and corneal topography. Hydrophilic lens wearing causes an almost evenly distributed central and peripheral corneal thickness increase which  is virtually eliminated when gas of 100% oxygen tension is passed over the anterior corneal surface. There is little corneal topography change associated with this thickness increase."}
{"id": "PMID:1200122", "title": "Variation of visual acuity with soft contact lenses: a function of luminance.", "content": "The relationship between visual acuity and luminance with soft contact lenses, compared with the same one obtained with glasses or the naked eye, shows that acuity decreases at the same rate as luminance is reduced. This result differs from what had previously been found in comparing acuity with hard contact lenses and glasses. In the present case, soft lenses conform to the aspherical curvature of the cornea, and therefore the eye wearing soft contact lenses is not  affected by spherical aberration, as in  the case of hard contact lenses. At the outset, soft lenses produce a somewhat lower visual acuity but with adaptation, acuity improves and becomes equal or better, as evinced by measurements made after three months of wear.", "contents": "Variation of visual acuity with soft contact lenses: a function of luminance. The relationship between visual acuity and luminance with soft contact lenses, compared with the same one obtained with glasses or the naked eye, shows that acuity decreases at the same rate as luminance is reduced. This result differs from what had previously been found in comparing acuity with hard contact lenses and glasses. In the present case, soft lenses conform to the aspherical curvature of the cornea, and therefore the eye wearing soft contact lenses is not  affected by spherical aberration, as in  the case of hard contact lenses. At the outset, soft lenses produce a somewhat lower visual acuity but with adaptation, acuity improves and becomes equal or better, as evinced by measurements made after three months of wear."}
{"id": "PMID:1200124", "title": "Bifocal contact lenses today.", "content": "Bifocal contact lenses produced today are far from perfection; however, there are several different types produced, one of which should work out for most presbyopic patients who can be successfully fit with single vision contact lenses. This paper looks at the products we have available now. It is not designed to be a cookbook that the optometric practitioner can follow from A to Z and come up with the ideal contact lens bifocal fit. It is pointed at making the optometrist aware of the growing population of contact lens wearers that the health professions are now creating, and a resume of the products and fitting techniques now available to the eye care field.", "contents": "Bifocal contact lenses today. Bifocal contact lenses produced today are far from perfection; however, there are several different types produced, one of which should work out for most presbyopic patients who can be successfully fit with single vision contact lenses. This paper looks at the products we have available now. It is not designed to be a cookbook that the optometric practitioner can follow from A to Z and come up with the ideal contact lens bifocal fit. It is pointed at making the optometrist aware of the growing population of contact lens wearers that the health professions are now creating, and a resume of the products and fitting techniques now available to the eye care field."}
{"id": "PMID:1200126", "title": "Computerized analysis of the image quality of the human eye with optical aids.", "content": "Spot diagrams are computer generated by skew ray tracing for a model of the human eye which is corrected by means of a contact lens and spectacle lens. An examination of the images of a point source of light at 0 degrees and 20 degrees off the optical axis of the eye-lens system are shown. For the correction of aphakia, the performance of the contact lens is shown to be superior in off-axis optical performance.", "contents": "Computerized analysis of the image quality of the human eye with optical aids. Spot diagrams are computer generated by skew ray tracing for a model of the human eye which is corrected by means of a contact lens and spectacle lens. An examination of the images of a point source of light at 0 degrees and 20 degrees off the optical axis of the eye-lens system are shown. For the correction of aphakia, the performance of the contact lens is shown to be superior in off-axis optical performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1200127", "title": "Visual resolution in congenital pendular nystagmus.", "content": "For all cases of idiopathic congenital nystagmus visual acuity is reduced. This paper describes the analysis of such a system using some psychophysical methods of evaluation. Both the pattern and movement detecting responses are considered and discussed. Both of their sensitivities are found to be reduced by equivalent amounts. Future studies are outlined.", "contents": "Visual resolution in congenital pendular nystagmus. For all cases of idiopathic congenital nystagmus visual acuity is reduced. This paper describes the analysis of such a system using some psychophysical methods of evaluation. Both the pattern and movement detecting responses are considered and discussed. Both of their sensitivities are found to be reduced by equivalent amounts. Future studies are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1200128", "title": "The endpoint of laser speckle pattern meridional refraction.", "content": "Motion of the speckle pattern observed by an ametrope viewing laser light reflected from a rotating cylinder with a matte surface is discussed. Mathematical expressions are derived for the apparent speed and direction (angular velocity) of the pattern when spherical neutralizing lenses are put in place and conditions for an endpoint appropriate for meridional refraction are discussed.", "contents": "The endpoint of laser speckle pattern meridional refraction. Motion of the speckle pattern observed by an ametrope viewing laser light reflected from a rotating cylinder with a matte surface is discussed. Mathematical expressions are derived for the apparent speed and direction (angular velocity) of the pattern when spherical neutralizing lenses are put in place and conditions for an endpoint appropriate for meridional refraction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200129", "title": "The effects of external ocular irritation on intraocular pressure.", "content": "Riot control agents (tear gases) cause intense eye irritation and reflex squeezing of the eyes. The intraocular pressure under these circumstances is unknown but animal and human studies of ocular irritation and forces acting upon the eye indicate a transient increase in intraocular pressure which is not necessarily detrimental to vision.", "contents": "The effects of external ocular irritation on intraocular pressure. Riot control agents (tear gases) cause intense eye irritation and reflex squeezing of the eyes. The intraocular pressure under these circumstances is unknown but animal and human studies of ocular irritation and forces acting upon the eye indicate a transient increase in intraocular pressure which is not necessarily detrimental to vision."}
{"id": "PMID:1200130", "title": "The design and prescription of multifocal lenses for civil pilots.", "content": "The aging (presbyopic) pilot has difficulty with near vision which can be a serious problem in the cockpit because of the complexity and uniqueness of his visual tasks. Numerous individual studies have been reported, but the aviation industry and vision care professionals do not have available to them a set of guidelines to permit the optimum fitting of spectacles for civil aviation pilots. In this study the cockpit vision environment was studied in ten contemporary aircraft. Twenty-five pilots of seven of these aircraft types participated in a spectacle design study. Experimental spectacles were designed for each pilot and evaluated for performance. Problems of pilot acceptance of reading aids, custom designing to the geometry of a given aircraft, balancing of the visual gains from complex designs versus difficulties in use and manufacture have been analyzed. Results of this study should be of value for human factors engineering, vision testing and accurate prescription for the presbyopic pilot.", "contents": "The design and prescription of multifocal lenses for civil pilots. The aging (presbyopic) pilot has difficulty with near vision which can be a serious problem in the cockpit because of the complexity and uniqueness of his visual tasks. Numerous individual studies have been reported, but the aviation industry and vision care professionals do not have available to them a set of guidelines to permit the optimum fitting of spectacles for civil aviation pilots. In this study the cockpit vision environment was studied in ten contemporary aircraft. Twenty-five pilots of seven of these aircraft types participated in a spectacle design study. Experimental spectacles were designed for each pilot and evaluated for performance. Problems of pilot acceptance of reading aids, custom designing to the geometry of a given aircraft, balancing of the visual gains from complex designs versus difficulties in use and manufacture have been analyzed. Results of this study should be of value for human factors engineering, vision testing and accurate prescription for the presbyopic pilot."}
{"id": "PMID:1200131", "title": "Errors in space perception due to accommodative retinal advance.", "content": "Accommodative retinal advance may be defined as the forward shift of the entire retina from contracture of the ciliary muscle in accommodation. The anterior border moves forward 0.5 millimeters at maximum accommodation, with an asymmetrical distoriton of the image of space. It is as though the retinal image is projected on a thin sheet of rubber pulled out on three sides, the fourth being fixed by attachment to the optic nerve. Accommodative retinal advance explains some puzzling errors of space perception described in dozens of papers and monographs, usually attributed to unequal crowding of retinal receptors, or the mystical upper cerebral activity. The horopter error, the alley error, and the Aubert-Foerster phenomenon are discussed. Credit is given to those early experimenters whose theories have been confirmed.", "contents": "Errors in space perception due to accommodative retinal advance. Accommodative retinal advance may be defined as the forward shift of the entire retina from contracture of the ciliary muscle in accommodation. The anterior border moves forward 0.5 millimeters at maximum accommodation, with an asymmetrical distoriton of the image of space. It is as though the retinal image is projected on a thin sheet of rubber pulled out on three sides, the fourth being fixed by attachment to the optic nerve. Accommodative retinal advance explains some puzzling errors of space perception described in dozens of papers and monographs, usually attributed to unequal crowding of retinal receptors, or the mystical upper cerebral activity. The horopter error, the alley error, and the Aubert-Foerster phenomenon are discussed. Credit is given to those early experimenters whose theories have been confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200133", "title": "Myotonia and block of chloride conductance by iodide in avian muscle.", "content": "Immature chickens and adult pigeons whose drinking water contained 3% KI for 1--10 days developed myotonia, characterized by stiffness on sudden movement and abnormal repetitive firing of skeletal muscle fibers. Component resting membrane conductances, excitability, and membrane potentials of biventer cervicis muscle fibers from adult pigeons were measured in vitro at 38--39degreesC. Fibers from iodide-treated pigeons in normal solution and fibers from untreated pigeons in I--containing solution (15--120 mM) responded repetitively to electrical and mechanical stimulation. Resting anion conductance (Ganion), assumed to be the sum of C1- and I- conductances, of fibers from iodide-treated pigeons decreased nonlinearly from 2,565 to 266 mumho/cm2 when the bath concentration of I- was increased from 0 to 120 mM. Potassium conductance was assumed constant at 577 mumho/cm2. Ganion of fibers from iodide-treated pigeons was 50% of control and equaled that of untreated fibers in 15 mM I- containing medium. Reduction of the stabilizing Ganion and increased mechanical responsiveness can account for the iodide-induced myotonia in birds.", "contents": "Myotonia and block of chloride conductance by iodide in avian muscle. Immature chickens and adult pigeons whose drinking water contained 3% KI for 1--10 days developed myotonia, characterized by stiffness on sudden movement and abnormal repetitive firing of skeletal muscle fibers. Component resting membrane conductances, excitability, and membrane potentials of biventer cervicis muscle fibers from adult pigeons were measured in vitro at 38--39degreesC. Fibers from iodide-treated pigeons in normal solution and fibers from untreated pigeons in I--containing solution (15--120 mM) responded repetitively to electrical and mechanical stimulation. Resting anion conductance (Ganion), assumed to be the sum of C1- and I- conductances, of fibers from iodide-treated pigeons decreased nonlinearly from 2,565 to 266 mumho/cm2 when the bath concentration of I- was increased from 0 to 120 mM. Potassium conductance was assumed constant at 577 mumho/cm2. Ganion of fibers from iodide-treated pigeons was 50% of control and equaled that of untreated fibers in 15 mM I- containing medium. Reduction of the stabilizing Ganion and increased mechanical responsiveness can account for the iodide-induced myotonia in birds."}
{"id": "PMID:1200134", "title": "Microvascular control in intestinal mucosa of normal and hemorrhaged rats.", "content": "The mucosal microcirculation in innervated and denervated small intestine was studied using anesthetized rats. Denervation did not cause significant (P greater than 0.05) diameter changes in the precapillary vasculature; however, venules did constrict significantly. These results indicate minimum neural control in the precapillary vasculature during the resting state. The innervated precapillary vasculature constricted during both the carotid occlusion reflex and hemorrhagic hypotension. The diameter of the denervated precapillary vasculature was unchanged during the carotid occlusion reflex and dilated during hemorrhage. The responses of innervated and denervated precapillary vasculatures were attributed to increased neural activity and autoregulatory mechanisms, respectively. Neither innervated nor denervated venules responded during the carotid occlusion reflex. During hemorrhage, however, innervated venules constricted and denervated vessels dilated. The vasoconstriction of the innervated vasculature during hemorrhage contributed to a stoppage of blood and epithelial detachment; these responses did not occur in the dilated, denervated vasculature. Therefore, neural vasoconstriction, qualitatively similar to that in normal animals during the baroreceptor reflex, is a contributing cause to the vascular and tissue impairment in the intestinal mucosa during hemorrhage.", "contents": "Microvascular control in intestinal mucosa of normal and hemorrhaged rats. The mucosal microcirculation in innervated and denervated small intestine was studied using anesthetized rats. Denervation did not cause significant (P greater than 0.05) diameter changes in the precapillary vasculature; however, venules did constrict significantly. These results indicate minimum neural control in the precapillary vasculature during the resting state. The innervated precapillary vasculature constricted during both the carotid occlusion reflex and hemorrhagic hypotension. The diameter of the denervated precapillary vasculature was unchanged during the carotid occlusion reflex and dilated during hemorrhage. The responses of innervated and denervated precapillary vasculatures were attributed to increased neural activity and autoregulatory mechanisms, respectively. Neither innervated nor denervated venules responded during the carotid occlusion reflex. During hemorrhage, however, innervated venules constricted and denervated vessels dilated. The vasoconstriction of the innervated vasculature during hemorrhage contributed to a stoppage of blood and epithelial detachment; these responses did not occur in the dilated, denervated vasculature. Therefore, neural vasoconstriction, qualitatively similar to that in normal animals during the baroreceptor reflex, is a contributing cause to the vascular and tissue impairment in the intestinal mucosa during hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:1200135", "title": "Induction processes in blood-brain transfer of ketone bodies during starvation.", "content": "Fed and starved rats were studied on successive days during a 5-day starvation period. The ability of ketone bodies to pass the blood-brain barrier was estimated by single common carotid injections of labeled ketone bodies and water, and results were expressed as the ratio between the normalized activities of tracers in tissue and blood, the brain uptake index (BUI). BUI of D-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate decreased as their total concentrations increased in the injectate bolus: BUI of D-3-hydroxybutyrate decreased significantly from 8% at 0.2 mM to 3--4% at 20.2 mM in fed rats and from 11.5% at 0.2 mM to 6% at 20.2 mM in starved rats, indicating saturation of the uptake mechanism. The BUI of both ketone bodies increased significantly with increasing duration of starvation, indicating adaptation to ketonemia. Enzymatic kinetics explained the uptake behavior of D-3-hydroxybutyrate in both fed and starved rats and involved a rise of Km and Vmax during starvation consistent with a doubling of the transport rate at the degree of ketonemia found in starved rats. The uptake of glucose was not influenced by starvation or ketonemia.", "contents": "Induction processes in blood-brain transfer of ketone bodies during starvation. Fed and starved rats were studied on successive days during a 5-day starvation period. The ability of ketone bodies to pass the blood-brain barrier was estimated by single common carotid injections of labeled ketone bodies and water, and results were expressed as the ratio between the normalized activities of tracers in tissue and blood, the brain uptake index (BUI). BUI of D-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate decreased as their total concentrations increased in the injectate bolus: BUI of D-3-hydroxybutyrate decreased significantly from 8% at 0.2 mM to 3--4% at 20.2 mM in fed rats and from 11.5% at 0.2 mM to 6% at 20.2 mM in starved rats, indicating saturation of the uptake mechanism. The BUI of both ketone bodies increased significantly with increasing duration of starvation, indicating adaptation to ketonemia. Enzymatic kinetics explained the uptake behavior of D-3-hydroxybutyrate in both fed and starved rats and involved a rise of Km and Vmax during starvation consistent with a doubling of the transport rate at the degree of ketonemia found in starved rats. The uptake of glucose was not influenced by starvation or ketonemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200136", "title": "Effect of parathyroid hormone secretion on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule.", "content": "To determine if an increase in the endogenous secretion of parathyroid hormone could decrease sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule, the ionized calcium concentration of blood perfusing the parathyroid gland of eight unilaterally thyroid parathyroidectomized dogs (TPTX) was reduced by infusion of an isotonic sodium citrate plus sodium chloride solution into the blood supply of the parathyroid gland. The fractional clearance of phosphate increased significantly (+9.3 +/- 2.8 ml/min per 100 ml GFR), while fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule decreased (-.06 +/- .02; P less than .025). In seven normal control dogs that received isotonic sodium chloride infusion, neither fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule nor the fractional clearance of phosphate was significantly altered. In five bilaterally TPTX dogs that received a sodium citrate plus sodium chloride infusion, sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule was not significantly altered. There were no significant changes in glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow in any of these groups. The data demonstrate that alterations in endogenous parathyroid hormone secretion can play a significant role in the regulation of sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule.", "contents": "Effect of parathyroid hormone secretion on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule. To determine if an increase in the endogenous secretion of parathyroid hormone could decrease sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule, the ionized calcium concentration of blood perfusing the parathyroid gland of eight unilaterally thyroid parathyroidectomized dogs (TPTX) was reduced by infusion of an isotonic sodium citrate plus sodium chloride solution into the blood supply of the parathyroid gland. The fractional clearance of phosphate increased significantly (+9.3 +/- 2.8 ml/min per 100 ml GFR), while fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule decreased (-.06 +/- .02; P less than .025). In seven normal control dogs that received isotonic sodium chloride infusion, neither fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule nor the fractional clearance of phosphate was significantly altered. In five bilaterally TPTX dogs that received a sodium citrate plus sodium chloride infusion, sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule was not significantly altered. There were no significant changes in glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow in any of these groups. The data demonstrate that alterations in endogenous parathyroid hormone secretion can play a significant role in the regulation of sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule."}
{"id": "PMID:1200137", "title": "Electric pacing of intact and transected canine small intestine and its computer model.", "content": "In 10 conscious, fasted dogs with electrodes chronically implanted on the intestine, current pulses (8 mA, 50 ms) at frequencies the same as, or faster than, that of the natural intestinal pacemaker always entrained pacesetter potentials (PP) along the proximal frequency plateau, but not along the distal frequency gradient. As duodenal PP's were paced faster, the proximal plateau shortened by orad extension of the distal gradient. Entrained PP's propagated orally and aborally. Their velocity slowed caudally while varying inversely with their frequency. After midduodenal transection had reduced the frequency of the natural PP's distal to the cut, pacing entrained PP's in all areas of the bowel and restored the proximal plateau and distal gradient. But no area could be paced faster than before transection. PP's were not propagated across sites of transection. A digital computer model of coupled relaxation oscillators gave similar results. We conclude that the frequency of the natural pacemaker and the declining gradient of maximal driven frequency determine the frequency pattern of the small intestinal PP.", "contents": "Electric pacing of intact and transected canine small intestine and its computer model. In 10 conscious, fasted dogs with electrodes chronically implanted on the intestine, current pulses (8 mA, 50 ms) at frequencies the same as, or faster than, that of the natural intestinal pacemaker always entrained pacesetter potentials (PP) along the proximal frequency plateau, but not along the distal frequency gradient. As duodenal PP's were paced faster, the proximal plateau shortened by orad extension of the distal gradient. Entrained PP's propagated orally and aborally. Their velocity slowed caudally while varying inversely with their frequency. After midduodenal transection had reduced the frequency of the natural PP's distal to the cut, pacing entrained PP's in all areas of the bowel and restored the proximal plateau and distal gradient. But no area could be paced faster than before transection. PP's were not propagated across sites of transection. A digital computer model of coupled relaxation oscillators gave similar results. We conclude that the frequency of the natural pacemaker and the declining gradient of maximal driven frequency determine the frequency pattern of the small intestinal PP."}
{"id": "PMID:1200138", "title": "Ionic requirements of proximal tubular sodium transport. I. Bicarbonate and chloride.", "content": "Simultaneous perfusion of peritubular capillaries and proximal convoluted tubules was used to study the effect of varying transepithelial ionic gradients on ionic fluxes. Results show that net sodium influx and volume flux was one-third of normal when bicarbonate was absent, no chloride gradient existed, and glucose and amino acids were absent. Addition of bicarbonate to the luminal fluid did not restore the flux to normal, but peritubular bicarbonate did restore it. A chloride gradient imposed when no bicarbonate was present could only increase the fluxes slightly, but his flux was significant even after cyanide had poisoned transport. Reversing the chloride concentration gradient decreased the net sodium and volume fluxes whether bicarbonate was present or not. Glucose had no effect on fluxes, but substitution of Na by choline abolished them entirely. It is concluded that sodium is actively transported, that a chloride concentration gradient from lumen to plasma could account for up to 20% of net transport, and that peritubular bicarbonate is necessary for normal rates of sodium and fluid absorption.", "contents": "Ionic requirements of proximal tubular sodium transport. I. Bicarbonate and chloride. Simultaneous perfusion of peritubular capillaries and proximal convoluted tubules was used to study the effect of varying transepithelial ionic gradients on ionic fluxes. Results show that net sodium influx and volume flux was one-third of normal when bicarbonate was absent, no chloride gradient existed, and glucose and amino acids were absent. Addition of bicarbonate to the luminal fluid did not restore the flux to normal, but peritubular bicarbonate did restore it. A chloride gradient imposed when no bicarbonate was present could only increase the fluxes slightly, but his flux was significant even after cyanide had poisoned transport. Reversing the chloride concentration gradient decreased the net sodium and volume fluxes whether bicarbonate was present or not. Glucose had no effect on fluxes, but substitution of Na by choline abolished them entirely. It is concluded that sodium is actively transported, that a chloride concentration gradient from lumen to plasma could account for up to 20% of net transport, and that peritubular bicarbonate is necessary for normal rates of sodium and fluid absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1200139", "title": "Distal tubular tracer microinjection study of renal tubular potassium transport.", "content": "Renal tubular potassium (K) transfer was studied in rats using a tracer microinjection technique in which [14C]inulin and 42K were simultaneously injected into early distal tubules during osmotic diuresis. Experiments were carried out in 1) animals on a control diet, 2) animals in which K secretion had been stimulated (high-K diet + KC1, Na2SO4, Diamox infusions), and 3) animals in which K excretion had been reduced by a low-K or low-Na diet or by amiloride. 42K excretion into the urine coincided closely in time with the excretion pattern of [14C]inulin. Efflux of 42K out of the lumen was stimulated during reduced K secretion along the distal nephron and decreased during enhanced K secretion when small tubular K loads were given. These experiments demonstrate bidirectional K movement across the distal nephron and show that changes in reabsorptive K efflux participate in the regulation of tubular net K movement.", "contents": "Distal tubular tracer microinjection study of renal tubular potassium transport. Renal tubular potassium (K) transfer was studied in rats using a tracer microinjection technique in which [14C]inulin and 42K were simultaneously injected into early distal tubules during osmotic diuresis. Experiments were carried out in 1) animals on a control diet, 2) animals in which K secretion had been stimulated (high-K diet + KC1, Na2SO4, Diamox infusions), and 3) animals in which K excretion had been reduced by a low-K or low-Na diet or by amiloride. 42K excretion into the urine coincided closely in time with the excretion pattern of [14C]inulin. Efflux of 42K out of the lumen was stimulated during reduced K secretion along the distal nephron and decreased during enhanced K secretion when small tubular K loads were given. These experiments demonstrate bidirectional K movement across the distal nephron and show that changes in reabsorptive K efflux participate in the regulation of tubular net K movement."}
{"id": "PMID:1200140", "title": "Energy metabolism in kidney of heat-acclimated hamsters.", "content": "Biochemical pathways which are involved in energy metabolism were examined in the kidney of heat-acclimated hamsters. It was found that heat acclimation caused 47% reduction in glucose-6-phosphatase (G1c-6-Pase) activity and 40% lower rate of gluconeogenesis. No changes were found in the activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, or in kidney glycogen content. Isolated kidney mitochondria of heat-acclimated hamsters utilized 15% less oxygen than that of controls, but no differences were found in the P/O ratio. Determination of the content of some cytochromes showed a significant reduction in cytochromes c + c1, but no difference was found in the content of cytochromes a, a3, and b. These results suggest that the kidney plays a role in the reduction of energy metabolism during the process of heat acclimation.", "contents": "Energy metabolism in kidney of heat-acclimated hamsters. Biochemical pathways which are involved in energy metabolism were examined in the kidney of heat-acclimated hamsters. It was found that heat acclimation caused 47% reduction in glucose-6-phosphatase (G1c-6-Pase) activity and 40% lower rate of gluconeogenesis. No changes were found in the activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, or in kidney glycogen content. Isolated kidney mitochondria of heat-acclimated hamsters utilized 15% less oxygen than that of controls, but no differences were found in the P/O ratio. Determination of the content of some cytochromes showed a significant reduction in cytochromes c + c1, but no difference was found in the content of cytochromes a, a3, and b. These results suggest that the kidney plays a role in the reduction of energy metabolism during the process of heat acclimation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200141", "title": "45Ca efflux from anterior byssus retractor muscle in phasic and catch contraction.", "content": "Phasic or catch contractions in Mytilus anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) were activated by acetylcholine (ACh) and catch relaxation was initiated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). During phasic contraction and early in catch there is a brief increase in 45Ca efflux. When catch occurs, there is a subsequent drop in 45Ca efflux which then slowly recovers as catch tension declines. With catch relaxation by 5HT there is a biphasic increase in 45Ca efflux, identical to that seen when 5HT is applied to resting muscle. Compartment analyses based on the magnitude of pairs of these responses at varying times of the washout indicated that the increase in 45Ca efflux with activation originates from a compartment with the same time constant as the intermediate (80--100 min) compartment already described by previous resting efflux experiments. The decrease in 45Ca efflux during catch also involves this compartment. The increase in 45Ca efflux with 5HT originates from a more slowly exchanging Ca store with a time constant of approximately200 min.", "contents": "45Ca efflux from anterior byssus retractor muscle in phasic and catch contraction. Phasic or catch contractions in Mytilus anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) were activated by acetylcholine (ACh) and catch relaxation was initiated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). During phasic contraction and early in catch there is a brief increase in 45Ca efflux. When catch occurs, there is a subsequent drop in 45Ca efflux which then slowly recovers as catch tension declines. With catch relaxation by 5HT there is a biphasic increase in 45Ca efflux, identical to that seen when 5HT is applied to resting muscle. Compartment analyses based on the magnitude of pairs of these responses at varying times of the washout indicated that the increase in 45Ca efflux with activation originates from a compartment with the same time constant as the intermediate (80--100 min) compartment already described by previous resting efflux experiments. The decrease in 45Ca efflux during catch also involves this compartment. The increase in 45Ca efflux with 5HT originates from a more slowly exchanging Ca store with a time constant of approximately200 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1200142", "title": "Net calcium fluxes in anterior byssus retractor muscle with phasic and catch contraction.", "content": "Calcium in the artificial seawater bathing whole Mytilus anterior byssus retractor muscles (ABRM) was measured by a specific Ca electrode under various conditions of activation, catch, and catch relaxation. Activation in response to ACh was associated with uptake of Ca by the muscles. Phasic contractions produced a small Ca uptake; catch contractions produced a larger and sustained Ca uptake. After tension relaxation, the muscle lost an amount of Ca roughly equal to that gained. Catch relaxation by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) was associated with Ca release. ACh at identical concentrations, applied to the muscle for increasingly longer times, produced increasing amounts of Ca uptake. Regardless of the previous gain of Ca by the muscle, 5HT applied for a constant interval caused release of the same amount of Ca. A model for the Ca control system in ABRM based on this and previously obtained 45Ca efflux data is proposed.", "contents": "Net calcium fluxes in anterior byssus retractor muscle with phasic and catch contraction. Calcium in the artificial seawater bathing whole Mytilus anterior byssus retractor muscles (ABRM) was measured by a specific Ca electrode under various conditions of activation, catch, and catch relaxation. Activation in response to ACh was associated with uptake of Ca by the muscles. Phasic contractions produced a small Ca uptake; catch contractions produced a larger and sustained Ca uptake. After tension relaxation, the muscle lost an amount of Ca roughly equal to that gained. Catch relaxation by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) was associated with Ca release. ACh at identical concentrations, applied to the muscle for increasingly longer times, produced increasing amounts of Ca uptake. Regardless of the previous gain of Ca by the muscle, 5HT applied for a constant interval caused release of the same amount of Ca. A model for the Ca control system in ABRM based on this and previously obtained 45Ca efflux data is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200143", "title": "Temperature and impulse velocity in giant axon of squid Loligo pealei.", "content": "Impulse propagation velocity as a function of temperature in the range 5--20degreesC was obtained by external recording from the giant axon of Loligo pealei. The stellar nerve was set into a chamber allowing continuous superfusion, temperature control, and double recording of the impulse. Velocity was calculated from the interval between the spike peaks. The Q10 of velocity was about 1.8. At all temperatures, the velocity increased with time so that only data obtained during the 1st h or 2 could be generally considered to be comparable. Impulse block occurred below --3.4degreesC, in contrast to the giant axon of L. vulgaris, which blocks at about 0degreeC, but at the higher range of temperatures, the velocity in the L. pealei axons was not as well sustained as in those of L. vulgaris. The expected impulse velocity was calculated from Huxley's stability function f(beta) by approximating that function to a fourth-order polynominal and by substituting into it suitable ratios of available Q10 values relating to membrane conductance, ionic current, capacitance, and axoplasmic resistance. The calculation provided an improved fit to published experimental data on L. vulgaris. The difference in slope of the log velocity versus temperature plots, between the presumably warm acclimatized L. vulgaris and the cold-acclimatized L. pealei, was present in both experimental and calculated curves.", "contents": "Temperature and impulse velocity in giant axon of squid Loligo pealei. Impulse propagation velocity as a function of temperature in the range 5--20degreesC was obtained by external recording from the giant axon of Loligo pealei. The stellar nerve was set into a chamber allowing continuous superfusion, temperature control, and double recording of the impulse. Velocity was calculated from the interval between the spike peaks. The Q10 of velocity was about 1.8. At all temperatures, the velocity increased with time so that only data obtained during the 1st h or 2 could be generally considered to be comparable. Impulse block occurred below --3.4degreesC, in contrast to the giant axon of L. vulgaris, which blocks at about 0degreeC, but at the higher range of temperatures, the velocity in the L. pealei axons was not as well sustained as in those of L. vulgaris. The expected impulse velocity was calculated from Huxley's stability function f(beta) by approximating that function to a fourth-order polynominal and by substituting into it suitable ratios of available Q10 values relating to membrane conductance, ionic current, capacitance, and axoplasmic resistance. The calculation provided an improved fit to published experimental data on L. vulgaris. The difference in slope of the log velocity versus temperature plots, between the presumably warm acclimatized L. vulgaris and the cold-acclimatized L. pealei, was present in both experimental and calculated curves."}
{"id": "PMID:1200144", "title": "Effects of veratrine on repolarization in the canine right bundle branch.", "content": "Superfusion of Purkinje fibers in the canine right bundle branch with Tyrode solution containing veratrine, less than or equal to 1 mug/ml, prolonged repolarization phases 2 and 3 and induced a long-lasting negative after-potential that ended in some experiments with a slightly hyperpolarized resting transmembrane potential. The alterations in repolarization time were reversed by washout with veratrine-free Tyrode solution or by adding tetrodotoxin to the veratrine-containing Tyrode solution to a concentration of 0.1 and 1 mug/ml. The effect of veratrine on the repolarization time was more prominent at slower driving rates. Its effect on repolarization of ventricular muscle cells was smaller than that on the repolarization of Purkinje fibers. In the concentrations used, veratrine did not induce multiple responses.", "contents": "Effects of veratrine on repolarization in the canine right bundle branch. Superfusion of Purkinje fibers in the canine right bundle branch with Tyrode solution containing veratrine, less than or equal to 1 mug/ml, prolonged repolarization phases 2 and 3 and induced a long-lasting negative after-potential that ended in some experiments with a slightly hyperpolarized resting transmembrane potential. The alterations in repolarization time were reversed by washout with veratrine-free Tyrode solution or by adding tetrodotoxin to the veratrine-containing Tyrode solution to a concentration of 0.1 and 1 mug/ml. The effect of veratrine on the repolarization time was more prominent at slower driving rates. Its effect on repolarization of ventricular muscle cells was smaller than that on the repolarization of Purkinje fibers. In the concentrations used, veratrine did not induce multiple responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1200145", "title": "Arterial pressure-flow relations in the awake standing dog.", "content": "The transient circulatory changes following paced heart rate increase are reported from 133 trials with 6 unanesthetized dogs with chronically implanted monitoring devices for heart rate, cardiac output, aortic blood pressure, and mean right atrial pressure. In 62 trials with 2 of the dogs, pulmonary artery, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, as well as left ventricular dP/dt were also studied. The sequence of changes in pressures and flows is analyzed in terms of probable underlying mechanisms, particularly with respect to the nature of vascular resistances. The rise in aortic pressure and flow during the first 3 s of paced heart rate increase, before arterial stretch receptor reflexes become active, is more consistent with an effective downstream pressure of about 49 mmHg, presumably at the arteriolar level, than with an effective downstream pressure close to 0 mmHg at the right atrial level. In the pulmonary circulation where vascular reflex effects are less prominent, the pattern of pulmonary arterial pressure and flow for the entire 30 s of observation is consistent with an effective downstream pressure of 9 mmHg, presumably at the alveolar or pulmonary arteriolar level, rather than at the level of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.", "contents": "Arterial pressure-flow relations in the awake standing dog. The transient circulatory changes following paced heart rate increase are reported from 133 trials with 6 unanesthetized dogs with chronically implanted monitoring devices for heart rate, cardiac output, aortic blood pressure, and mean right atrial pressure. In 62 trials with 2 of the dogs, pulmonary artery, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, as well as left ventricular dP/dt were also studied. The sequence of changes in pressures and flows is analyzed in terms of probable underlying mechanisms, particularly with respect to the nature of vascular resistances. The rise in aortic pressure and flow during the first 3 s of paced heart rate increase, before arterial stretch receptor reflexes become active, is more consistent with an effective downstream pressure of about 49 mmHg, presumably at the arteriolar level, than with an effective downstream pressure close to 0 mmHg at the right atrial level. In the pulmonary circulation where vascular reflex effects are less prominent, the pattern of pulmonary arterial pressure and flow for the entire 30 s of observation is consistent with an effective downstream pressure of 9 mmHg, presumably at the alveolar or pulmonary arteriolar level, rather than at the level of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1200146", "title": "Electrical activity of small intestinal smooth muscle and its temperature dependence.", "content": "Some important features of the intracellularly recorded electrical control activity of rabbit jejunal smooth muscle and its temperature dependence are reported in this study. This activity consisted of repetitive 18-mV depolarizations (control potentials (CP) or slow waves), which at 37degreesC lasted 2 s and had a frequency of 18/min and arose from a membrane potential of --55 mV. In some cells periods between CP's exhibited \"diastolic\" progressive depolarizations (intercontrol-potential depolarization), which may be the trigger of the CP in driving cells. While CP was usually monophasic, some cells persistently exhibited a notch early in the plateau phase. We suggest that CP consists of two components, an \"initial depolarization\" and a \"secondary depolarization,\" which are usually fused together to give a monophasic potential. Cooling reduced CP frequency and prolonged its duration and caused more cells to show notching. While amplitude and rate of CP initial depolarization had low Q10's, duration and rates of onset and offset of the secondary depolarization had higher Q10's. Thus, the process responsible for secondary depolarization is more sensitive to temperature thant that underlying initial depolarization of the CP.", "contents": "Electrical activity of small intestinal smooth muscle and its temperature dependence. Some important features of the intracellularly recorded electrical control activity of rabbit jejunal smooth muscle and its temperature dependence are reported in this study. This activity consisted of repetitive 18-mV depolarizations (control potentials (CP) or slow waves), which at 37degreesC lasted 2 s and had a frequency of 18/min and arose from a membrane potential of --55 mV. In some cells periods between CP's exhibited \"diastolic\" progressive depolarizations (intercontrol-potential depolarization), which may be the trigger of the CP in driving cells. While CP was usually monophasic, some cells persistently exhibited a notch early in the plateau phase. We suggest that CP consists of two components, an \"initial depolarization\" and a \"secondary depolarization,\" which are usually fused together to give a monophasic potential. Cooling reduced CP frequency and prolonged its duration and caused more cells to show notching. While amplitude and rate of CP initial depolarization had low Q10's, duration and rates of onset and offset of the secondary depolarization had higher Q10's. Thus, the process responsible for secondary depolarization is more sensitive to temperature thant that underlying initial depolarization of the CP."}
{"id": "PMID:1200147", "title": "Electrogenic sodium pumping in rabbit small intestinal smooth muscle.", "content": "Oscillations in the activity of an electrogenic Na pump has been suggested as the ionic mechanism underlying the intestinal control potential (slow wave). We investigated the electrogenicity of this pump in rabbit jejunal smooth muscle. Potassium admission to Na-rich tissues caused a large increase in membrane  potential which after 10--20 min decreased toward values comparable with those of normal tissues. This hyperpolarization far exceeded EK and could be prevented by cooling or by ouabain. No hyperpolarization occurred upon K admission to Li-rich tissues in the absence of Na. Thus, the pump in this tissue can operate electrogenically. Goldman's equation was modified so as to account for the pump's contribution to the membrane potential. Using this equation, the calculated contribution of the pump, under normal \"steady-state\" conditions, is unlikely to exceed a few millivolts. It is concluded that although the pump in this tissue can be electrogenic, its contribution may be smaller than that required if the intestinal control potential resulted from rhythmic turning off and on of the electrogenic Na pump.", "contents": "Electrogenic sodium pumping in rabbit small intestinal smooth muscle. Oscillations in the activity of an electrogenic Na pump has been suggested as the ionic mechanism underlying the intestinal control potential (slow wave). We investigated the electrogenicity of this pump in rabbit jejunal smooth muscle. Potassium admission to Na-rich tissues caused a large increase in membrane  potential which after 10--20 min decreased toward values comparable with those of normal tissues. This hyperpolarization far exceeded EK and could be prevented by cooling or by ouabain. No hyperpolarization occurred upon K admission to Li-rich tissues in the absence of Na. Thus, the pump in this tissue can operate electrogenically. Goldman's equation was modified so as to account for the pump's contribution to the membrane potential. Using this equation, the calculated contribution of the pump, under normal \"steady-state\" conditions, is unlikely to exceed a few millivolts. It is concluded that although the pump in this tissue can be electrogenic, its contribution may be smaller than that required if the intestinal control potential resulted from rhythmic turning off and on of the electrogenic Na pump."}
{"id": "PMID:1200148", "title": "Ionic mechanisms of intestinal electrical control activity.", "content": "The effects of inhibition and stimulation of the electrogenic Na pump and of altering the ionic environment on the electrical control activity (ECA) were studied in rabbit jejunal smooth muscle. Pump inhibition abolished the ECA at a time when the membrane potential was more negative than the peak depolarization of the control potential (CP). Pump stimulation hyperpolarized the membrane and CP's appeared. Their amplitude was initially small and progressively increased as the hyperpolarization subsided. Lowering external Na to 20 mM or Ca withdrawal, but not addition of verapamil, reversibly abolished the ECA. Chloride replacement by propionate, isethionate, or benzene-sulphonate caused a transient augmentation, followed by suppression of the secondary depolarization of the CP's and decreased their frequency. The initial depolarization of the CP was little affected. Nitrate substitution increased CP frequency and spiking activity but had no observable effects on the CP configuration. These results suggest that the intestinal control potential may result from conductance changes initially to Na and later to C1 rather than fron an oscillatory electrogenic pump.", "contents": "Ionic mechanisms of intestinal electrical control activity. The effects of inhibition and stimulation of the electrogenic Na pump and of altering the ionic environment on the electrical control activity (ECA) were studied in rabbit jejunal smooth muscle. Pump inhibition abolished the ECA at a time when the membrane potential was more negative than the peak depolarization of the control potential (CP). Pump stimulation hyperpolarized the membrane and CP's appeared. Their amplitude was initially small and progressively increased as the hyperpolarization subsided. Lowering external Na to 20 mM or Ca withdrawal, but not addition of verapamil, reversibly abolished the ECA. Chloride replacement by propionate, isethionate, or benzene-sulphonate caused a transient augmentation, followed by suppression of the secondary depolarization of the CP's and decreased their frequency. The initial depolarization of the CP was little affected. Nitrate substitution increased CP frequency and spiking activity but had no observable effects on the CP configuration. These results suggest that the intestinal control potential may result from conductance changes initially to Na and later to C1 rather than fron an oscillatory electrogenic pump."}
{"id": "PMID:1200149", "title": "Interaction between octapeptide-cholecystokinin, gastrin, and secretin on cat gallbladder in vitro.", "content": "Effects of OP-CCK, gastrin, and secretin were studied on isometric tension development in strips of cat gallbladder. Effective molar concentrations were 2.2 X 10(-10) to 5.3 X 10(-9) for OP-CCK, and 1.13 X 10(-7) to 1.5 X 10(-6) for gastrin. The maximal response to gastrin averaged 66% the maximal response to OP-CCK and effects were not blocked by atropine. Secretin was weakly stimulatory or ineffective by itself. Prior addition of submaximal doses of gastrin shifted the dose-response curve of OP-CCK to the right, but neither the slope nor the calculated maximal response (CMR) was significantly changed. This suggests that gastrin and OP-CCK compete for a common receptor on cat gallbladder. On the other hand, a background dose of secretin shifted the dose-response curves for both OP-CCK and gastrin to the left and increased the slopes significantly with increase in the respective CMRs. The combined action of OP-CCK (or gastrin) and secretin are supra-additive. These experiments suggest that OP-CCK and gastrin act at a common receptor site which is different from the secretin-receptor site.", "contents": "Interaction between octapeptide-cholecystokinin, gastrin, and secretin on cat gallbladder in vitro. Effects of OP-CCK, gastrin, and secretin were studied on isometric tension development in strips of cat gallbladder. Effective molar concentrations were 2.2 X 10(-10) to 5.3 X 10(-9) for OP-CCK, and 1.13 X 10(-7) to 1.5 X 10(-6) for gastrin. The maximal response to gastrin averaged 66% the maximal response to OP-CCK and effects were not blocked by atropine. Secretin was weakly stimulatory or ineffective by itself. Prior addition of submaximal doses of gastrin shifted the dose-response curve of OP-CCK to the right, but neither the slope nor the calculated maximal response (CMR) was significantly changed. This suggests that gastrin and OP-CCK compete for a common receptor on cat gallbladder. On the other hand, a background dose of secretin shifted the dose-response curves for both OP-CCK and gastrin to the left and increased the slopes significantly with increase in the respective CMRs. The combined action of OP-CCK (or gastrin) and secretin are supra-additive. These experiments suggest that OP-CCK and gastrin act at a common receptor site which is different from the secretin-receptor site."}
{"id": "PMID:1200150", "title": "Effect of ethanol on phospholipid metabolism by the rat lung.", "content": "Prefeeding of alcohol shows the in vivo incorporation of orally administered palmitic acid into phosphatidylcholine of the lung. This impairment is also demonstrable in vitro utilizing lung slices and 14C-labeled palmitate or cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine as precursors. It is concluded that alcohol ingestion affects the utilization of precursors needed for phospholipid formation in the lung.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on phospholipid metabolism by the rat lung. Prefeeding of alcohol shows the in vivo incorporation of orally administered palmitic acid into phosphatidylcholine of the lung. This impairment is also demonstrable in vitro utilizing lung slices and 14C-labeled palmitate or cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine as precursors. It is concluded that alcohol ingestion affects the utilization of precursors needed for phospholipid formation in the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:1200151", "title": "Renal adaptation to chronic hypocapnia: dietary constraints in achieving H+ retention.", "content": "Previous studies suggested that renal H+ retention during adaptation to hypocapnia might be critically dependent upon concomitant Na and/or K excretion. To test this hypothesis, seven dogs were allowed to recover from hypocapnia while receiving a low electrolyte diet. Despite negligible changes in Na and K excretion, cum delta net acid excretion was --33 meq during adaptation and +44 meq during recovery. Consequently, plasma [HCO3] fell from 19.2 to 14.2 meq/liter in the former and rose from 13.8 to 19.7 meq/liter in the latter groups; these changes were virtually identical to those observed previously in animals maintained on normal electrolyte intakes. These adaptive changes in renal H+ output appeared to be balanced by parallel changes in phosphate excretion. When phosphate retention was prevented during adaptation with Na remaining available for excretion, retention of H+ was still clearly evident. When both phosphate retention and augmented cation excretion were prevented during adaptation, however, H+ retention was abolished. Nevertheless, plasma [HCO3] still fell from 20.9 to 16.2 meq/liter, a level far beyond that attributable to tissue buffering.", "contents": "Renal adaptation to chronic hypocapnia: dietary constraints in achieving H+ retention. Previous studies suggested that renal H+ retention during adaptation to hypocapnia might be critically dependent upon concomitant Na and/or K excretion. To test this hypothesis, seven dogs were allowed to recover from hypocapnia while receiving a low electrolyte diet. Despite negligible changes in Na and K excretion, cum delta net acid excretion was --33 meq during adaptation and +44 meq during recovery. Consequently, plasma [HCO3] fell from 19.2 to 14.2 meq/liter in the former and rose from 13.8 to 19.7 meq/liter in the latter groups; these changes were virtually identical to those observed previously in animals maintained on normal electrolyte intakes. These adaptive changes in renal H+ output appeared to be balanced by parallel changes in phosphate excretion. When phosphate retention was prevented during adaptation with Na remaining available for excretion, retention of H+ was still clearly evident. When both phosphate retention and augmented cation excretion were prevented during adaptation, however, H+ retention was abolished. Nevertheless, plasma [HCO3] still fell from 20.9 to 16.2 meq/liter, a level far beyond that attributable to tissue buffering."}
{"id": "PMID:1200152", "title": "Quantitative aspects of insulin secretion and its hepatic and renal removal in sheep.", "content": "The secretion of insulin into the portal blood and its removal by the liver and kidneys in conscious fed sheep were determined by simultaneously measuring venoarterial plasma concentration differences and portal, hepatic, and renal plasma flows. The basal secretory rate of insulin was 0.43 +/- 0.03 U/h or 7.8 mU/kg-h. The secretory rate of insulin and the amount of insulin presented to the liver also were altered by 2-h intraportal infusions of glucagon (150 mug/h), insulin (1.17 U/h), and insulin (1.17 U/h) lus glucose (2.2 g/h). Hepatic removal under all conditions was about 50% of the insulin secretory rate, although the extraction ratio was only 0.08. Renal removal was 35% of the insulin secretory rate. The renal extraction ratio was 0.35. During insulin-induced hypoglycemia and also during starvation, the hepatic extraction ratio of insulin increased significantly, but the removal as a percentage of insulin secretion did not change. It appears that in sheep on a maintenance diet the basal secretory rate of insulin is less than that of nonruminant species and that, within physiological limits, the liver disposes of about one-half and the kidney about one-third of the insulin. Other tissues, presumably, remove the remaining 10--20%.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of insulin secretion and its hepatic and renal removal in sheep. The secretion of insulin into the portal blood and its removal by the liver and kidneys in conscious fed sheep were determined by simultaneously measuring venoarterial plasma concentration differences and portal, hepatic, and renal plasma flows. The basal secretory rate of insulin was 0.43 +/- 0.03 U/h or 7.8 mU/kg-h. The secretory rate of insulin and the amount of insulin presented to the liver also were altered by 2-h intraportal infusions of glucagon (150 mug/h), insulin (1.17 U/h), and insulin (1.17 U/h) lus glucose (2.2 g/h). Hepatic removal under all conditions was about 50% of the insulin secretory rate, although the extraction ratio was only 0.08. Renal removal was 35% of the insulin secretory rate. The renal extraction ratio was 0.35. During insulin-induced hypoglycemia and also during starvation, the hepatic extraction ratio of insulin increased significantly, but the removal as a percentage of insulin secretion did not change. It appears that in sheep on a maintenance diet the basal secretory rate of insulin is less than that of nonruminant species and that, within physiological limits, the liver disposes of about one-half and the kidney about one-third of the insulin. Other tissues, presumably, remove the remaining 10--20%."}
{"id": "PMID:1200153", "title": "Effects of glucagon and insulin on net hepatic metabolism of glucose precursors in sheep.", "content": "The net hepatic metabolism of amino glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate was determined in conscious fed sheep by multiplying the venoarterial concentration differences by the hepatic blood or plasma flow. In each experiment several sets of control blood samples were taken; glucagon or insulin then was infused intraportally for 2 h during which additional samples were taken. Four types of experiments were performed: 1) glucagon infusion (150 mug/h) into normal sheep, 2) glucagon infusion (100 mug/h) into insulin-treated alloxanized sheep, 3) insulin infusion (1.17 U/h) into normal sheep, and 4) insulin plus glucose infusion (12.3 mmol/h) into normal sheep. The second group of experiments was performed to prevent reflex hyperinsulinemia, and the fourth was performed to prevent reflex hyperglucagonemia. Glucagon directly stimulated the net hepatic uptake of alanine, glycine, glutamine, arginine, asparagine, threonine, serine, and lactate. Glucagon also stimulated lipolysis in adipose tissue. Insulin, on the other hand, appeared to have a lipogenic effect on adipose tissue and to stimulate directly the uptake of valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine, and alanine only at extrahepatic sites. The study showed that, in sheep, the effects of glucagon primarily are on liver, and insulin's effects primarily are on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue where it promotes protein and lipid synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of glucagon and insulin on net hepatic metabolism of glucose precursors in sheep. The net hepatic metabolism of amino glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate was determined in conscious fed sheep by multiplying the venoarterial concentration differences by the hepatic blood or plasma flow. In each experiment several sets of control blood samples were taken; glucagon or insulin then was infused intraportally for 2 h during which additional samples were taken. Four types of experiments were performed: 1) glucagon infusion (150 mug/h) into normal sheep, 2) glucagon infusion (100 mug/h) into insulin-treated alloxanized sheep, 3) insulin infusion (1.17 U/h) into normal sheep, and 4) insulin plus glucose infusion (12.3 mmol/h) into normal sheep. The second group of experiments was performed to prevent reflex hyperinsulinemia, and the fourth was performed to prevent reflex hyperglucagonemia. Glucagon directly stimulated the net hepatic uptake of alanine, glycine, glutamine, arginine, asparagine, threonine, serine, and lactate. Glucagon also stimulated lipolysis in adipose tissue. Insulin, on the other hand, appeared to have a lipogenic effect on adipose tissue and to stimulate directly the uptake of valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine, and alanine only at extrahepatic sites. The study showed that, in sheep, the effects of glucagon primarily are on liver, and insulin's effects primarily are on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue where it promotes protein and lipid synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200154", "title": "Hypothalamic modulation of baroreceptor afferent unit activity.", "content": "Unit responses to sinus nerve stimulation were recorded in the medulla. A conditioning stimulus to the posterior hypothalamus produced inhibition of 65% of unit responses to sinus nerve stimulation as early as 7 ms and extending as long as 790 ms after conditioning; 50% recovered after 300 ms. Unit responses to hypothalamic stimulation alone were also recorded in the medulla, some in the same loci as other unit responses to sinus nerve stimulation. They could be activated by contralateral as well as ipsilateral hypothalmic stimulation and showed recurrent bursts of firing over a 1,000-ms poststimulus interval. Evoked potentials and unit responses were recorded in the posterior hypothalamus, some occurring within 10--20 ms poststimulation of the sinus nerve, indicating that baroreceptor information is ascending in a time sufficiently short to involve the hypothalamus in reflex regulation of blood pressure as well as more generalized homeostatic responses which include the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Hypothalamic modulation of baroreceptor afferent unit activity. Unit responses to sinus nerve stimulation were recorded in the medulla. A conditioning stimulus to the posterior hypothalamus produced inhibition of 65% of unit responses to sinus nerve stimulation as early as 7 ms and extending as long as 790 ms after conditioning; 50% recovered after 300 ms. Unit responses to hypothalamic stimulation alone were also recorded in the medulla, some in the same loci as other unit responses to sinus nerve stimulation. They could be activated by contralateral as well as ipsilateral hypothalmic stimulation and showed recurrent bursts of firing over a 1,000-ms poststimulus interval. Evoked potentials and unit responses were recorded in the posterior hypothalamus, some occurring within 10--20 ms poststimulation of the sinus nerve, indicating that baroreceptor information is ascending in a time sufficiently short to involve the hypothalamus in reflex regulation of blood pressure as well as more generalized homeostatic responses which include the cardiovascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:1200155", "title": "Effect of secretin and cholecystokinin on small intestinal blood flow distribution.", "content": "The relative blood flow distribution within the small intestine of anesthetized cats was investigated during resting conditions and when superior mesenteric blood flow was increased 15--85% by the intravenous infusion of secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), or isoproterenol. Radioactive microspheres of 15 mum diameter were injected into the superior mesenteric artery and shortly thereafter intestinal segments were removed and dissected into mucosal, submucosal, and muscularis fractions. Tissue weights and the radioactivity of each were determined. During secretin-induced mesenteric vasodilatation there was a significant redistribution of blood away from the jejunal mucosa to the submucosa. During CCK and isoproterenol infusions there were significant increases in mucosal and decreases in submucosal blood flow. No significant changes were observed in muscularis flow. There was no apparent relationship between the percent increase in SMBF and the relative blood flow distribution changes observed. The results indicate that while secretin, CCK, and isoproterenol increase superior mesenteric blood flow, they also affect blood flow distribution within the mucosa and submucosa.", "contents": "Effect of secretin and cholecystokinin on small intestinal blood flow distribution. The relative blood flow distribution within the small intestine of anesthetized cats was investigated during resting conditions and when superior mesenteric blood flow was increased 15--85% by the intravenous infusion of secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), or isoproterenol. Radioactive microspheres of 15 mum diameter were injected into the superior mesenteric artery and shortly thereafter intestinal segments were removed and dissected into mucosal, submucosal, and muscularis fractions. Tissue weights and the radioactivity of each were determined. During secretin-induced mesenteric vasodilatation there was a significant redistribution of blood away from the jejunal mucosa to the submucosa. During CCK and isoproterenol infusions there were significant increases in mucosal and decreases in submucosal blood flow. No significant changes were observed in muscularis flow. There was no apparent relationship between the percent increase in SMBF and the relative blood flow distribution changes observed. The results indicate that while secretin, CCK, and isoproterenol increase superior mesenteric blood flow, they also affect blood flow distribution within the mucosa and submucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:1200156", "title": "Pressure dependence of the mechanical properties of arteries in vivo.", "content": "Simultaneously measurements of intra-arterial pressure and external diameter were recorded from the thoracic and abdominal aortas, the carotid, brachiocephalic, left subclavian, and femoral arteries of anesthetized dogs. Data were recorded under control conditions and during efferent vagal stimulation, and were used to compute values of wall geometry, mechanical properties, phase velocity, and characteristic impedance. Values of these parameters computed for both control and vagal stimulation were used to represent their dependence on mean arterial pressure. Both the dynamic elastic modulus and the phase velocity increased with mean pressure at each arterial site. Values of computed characteristic impedance were constant and independent of mean arterial pressure between 80--150 mmHg. The tropical application of norepinephrine (100 mug/ml) to the femoral artery produced no change in mean pressure, while external diameter and dynamic modulus were decreased, and characteristic impedance was increased. These results provide direct support for the conclusion of previous studies on vascular impedance spectra which suggested a constancy of characteristic impedance with changes in mean arterial pressure.", "contents": "Pressure dependence of the mechanical properties of arteries in vivo. Simultaneously measurements of intra-arterial pressure and external diameter were recorded from the thoracic and abdominal aortas, the carotid, brachiocephalic, left subclavian, and femoral arteries of anesthetized dogs. Data were recorded under control conditions and during efferent vagal stimulation, and were used to compute values of wall geometry, mechanical properties, phase velocity, and characteristic impedance. Values of these parameters computed for both control and vagal stimulation were used to represent their dependence on mean arterial pressure. Both the dynamic elastic modulus and the phase velocity increased with mean pressure at each arterial site. Values of computed characteristic impedance were constant and independent of mean arterial pressure between 80--150 mmHg. The tropical application of norepinephrine (100 mug/ml) to the femoral artery produced no change in mean pressure, while external diameter and dynamic modulus were decreased, and characteristic impedance was increased. These results provide direct support for the conclusion of previous studies on vascular impedance spectra which suggested a constancy of characteristic impedance with changes in mean arterial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1200157", "title": "Effects of carotid hypotension on aortic hemodynamics in the unanesthetized dog.", "content": "The effects of occlusion of the brachiocephalic artery on aortic hemodynamics were assessed in 12 chronically instrumented dogs in the unanesthetized state. Continuous measurements of ascending aorta pressure and flow were made. In the steady state following occlusion, heart rate increased by 36% and mean arterial pressure by 45%, while cardiac output was unchanged from preocclusion levels. Hydraulic power delivery to the systemic circulation by the left ventricle was increased during occlusion, while the fraction of total power associated with pulsations decreased. Values of peripheral resistance and ascending aorta input impedance were both increased during occlusion. Graded occlusions of the brachiocephalic artery produced graded, monotonic increases in the entire aortic impedance spectrum between 2 and 20 Hz with more sensitive responses occurring with the smaller, submaximal responses. Considered with results of previous studies, these results suggest that activation of smooth muscle in large conduit arteries is also associated with the pressor response which accompanies carotid hypotension and that such activation has a hemodynamically significant effect.", "contents": "Effects of carotid hypotension on aortic hemodynamics in the unanesthetized dog. The effects of occlusion of the brachiocephalic artery on aortic hemodynamics were assessed in 12 chronically instrumented dogs in the unanesthetized state. Continuous measurements of ascending aorta pressure and flow were made. In the steady state following occlusion, heart rate increased by 36% and mean arterial pressure by 45%, while cardiac output was unchanged from preocclusion levels. Hydraulic power delivery to the systemic circulation by the left ventricle was increased during occlusion, while the fraction of total power associated with pulsations decreased. Values of peripheral resistance and ascending aorta input impedance were both increased during occlusion. Graded occlusions of the brachiocephalic artery produced graded, monotonic increases in the entire aortic impedance spectrum between 2 and 20 Hz with more sensitive responses occurring with the smaller, submaximal responses. Considered with results of previous studies, these results suggest that activation of smooth muscle in large conduit arteries is also associated with the pressor response which accompanies carotid hypotension and that such activation has a hemodynamically significant effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1200158", "title": "Hematocrit of the fetal rabbit placenta.", "content": "51Cr-labeled erythrocytes and [125I]RISA were used simultaneously to measure the fetal rabbit whole-body and placental hematocrits (Hct) and to find the ratio of placental transit times of erythrocytes and plasma. The levels were injected into the heart of 21 fetal rabbits of 26--28 days gestation, and about 60 s mixing time, the placenta and a fetal blood sample were assayed with a gamma well-type scintillation counter. Erythrocyte and plasma activity per milliliter were determined from a standard dilution of the isotopes. Large-vessel Hct was measured as the corrected packed erythrocyte percentage in capillary tubes. Large-vessel Hct was 37.3 (+/- 3.7 SD) %, whole-body Hct was 31.3 (+/- 3.5) %, and the placental Hct was 25.3 (+/- 4.0) %. The placental/large-vessel Hct ratio was 0.676. The ratio may be estimated as 0.765 when corrected for the loss of albumin in time. The transit time of erythrocytes in the placenta was calculated to be 0.682 of that for plasma. The shorter erythrocyte transit time implies that there is less time for O2 and CO2 exchange than previously thought.", "contents": "Hematocrit of the fetal rabbit placenta. 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes and [125I]RISA were used simultaneously to measure the fetal rabbit whole-body and placental hematocrits (Hct) and to find the ratio of placental transit times of erythrocytes and plasma. The levels were injected into the heart of 21 fetal rabbits of 26--28 days gestation, and about 60 s mixing time, the placenta and a fetal blood sample were assayed with a gamma well-type scintillation counter. Erythrocyte and plasma activity per milliliter were determined from a standard dilution of the isotopes. Large-vessel Hct was measured as the corrected packed erythrocyte percentage in capillary tubes. Large-vessel Hct was 37.3 (+/- 3.7 SD) %, whole-body Hct was 31.3 (+/- 3.5) %, and the placental Hct was 25.3 (+/- 4.0) %. The placental/large-vessel Hct ratio was 0.676. The ratio may be estimated as 0.765 when corrected for the loss of albumin in time. The transit time of erythrocytes in the placenta was calculated to be 0.682 of that for plasma. The shorter erythrocyte transit time implies that there is less time for O2 and CO2 exchange than previously thought."}
{"id": "PMID:1200159", "title": "Development of circadian periodicity in base and stress levels of corticosterone.", "content": "Base and stress levels of corticosterone were assessed at 4-h intervals over a 24-h period in male and female rats at age 18, 22, and 26 days. A significant periodicity in base levels of corticosterone is present at 22 days of age; however, a rhythm in stress values does not appear until age 26 days. At age 26 days the pattern of the circadian periodicity in both base and stress concentrations of corticosterone resembles that of the mature rhythm.", "contents": "Development of circadian periodicity in base and stress levels of corticosterone. Base and stress levels of corticosterone were assessed at 4-h intervals over a 24-h period in male and female rats at age 18, 22, and 26 days. A significant periodicity in base levels of corticosterone is present at 22 days of age; however, a rhythm in stress values does not appear until age 26 days. At age 26 days the pattern of the circadian periodicity in both base and stress concentrations of corticosterone resembles that of the mature rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:1200160", "title": "Sweating on paws and palms: what is its function?", "content": "Man sweats on his palms and the soles of his feet in response to stress and exercise, but not in response to heat. Several functions have been proposed for this type of sweating: increasing friction between skin and substrate; increasing the toughness of the skin; and increasing tactile sensitivity. This study uses a comparative approach to evaluate the role of footpad sweating on increasing friction, utilizing a variety of mammals which possess sweat glands on their footpads (rat, tenrec, hyrax, and dog). We found that all of these animals sweat on their paws while running. Blocking this sweating with atropine sulfate dramatically decreased the coefficient of static friction between the paw and the tread of an inclined treadmill. A similar dose of atropine sulfate had no effect on the coefficient of static friction in a rabbit, and animal that possesses no sweat glands on its paws. We conclude that an important function of this type of sweating is to help prevent slipping between the paw and sthe substrate during running or climbing, and we postulate that the sweating observed in response to stress may play an important role in preparing an animal for fleeing from stressful situations.", "contents": "Sweating on paws and palms: what is its function? Man sweats on his palms and the soles of his feet in response to stress and exercise, but not in response to heat. Several functions have been proposed for this type of sweating: increasing friction between skin and substrate; increasing the toughness of the skin; and increasing tactile sensitivity. This study uses a comparative approach to evaluate the role of footpad sweating on increasing friction, utilizing a variety of mammals which possess sweat glands on their footpads (rat, tenrec, hyrax, and dog). We found that all of these animals sweat on their paws while running. Blocking this sweating with atropine sulfate dramatically decreased the coefficient of static friction between the paw and the tread of an inclined treadmill. A similar dose of atropine sulfate had no effect on the coefficient of static friction in a rabbit, and animal that possesses no sweat glands on its paws. We conclude that an important function of this type of sweating is to help prevent slipping between the paw and sthe substrate during running or climbing, and we postulate that the sweating observed in response to stress may play an important role in preparing an animal for fleeing from stressful situations."}
{"id": "PMID:1200161", "title": "Potassium transport in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the rat.", "content": "Because of recent conflicting results, micropuncture studies were performed to clarify the respective role of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the regulation of urinary potassium excretion. Five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied: group I, hydropenia (n = 10); group II, Ringer loading (n = 7); group III, acute KC1 loading (n = 6); group IV, mannitol diuresis (n = 6); group V, KC1 infusion during mannitol diuresis (n = 7). Early and late distal tubules were identified with intravenous injections of lissamine green. In each animal net secretion of potassium occurred along the distal convoluted tubule, and a direct relationship between distal tubular flow rate and potassium secretion was observed. The magnitude of potassium secretion at high distal tubular flow rates was dependent on the model studied. Potassium transport beyond the distal tubule was evaluated by comparing end distal potassium delivery and fractional potassium excretion. At low urinary flow rates net reabsorption was observed, whereas at higher flow rates no net transport occurred. Thus, flow rate along the collecting duct may be a major determinant of urinary potassium excretion.", "contents": "Potassium transport in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the rat. Because of recent conflicting results, micropuncture studies were performed to clarify the respective role of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the regulation of urinary potassium excretion. Five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied: group I, hydropenia (n = 10); group II, Ringer loading (n = 7); group III, acute KC1 loading (n = 6); group IV, mannitol diuresis (n = 6); group V, KC1 infusion during mannitol diuresis (n = 7). Early and late distal tubules were identified with intravenous injections of lissamine green. In each animal net secretion of potassium occurred along the distal convoluted tubule, and a direct relationship between distal tubular flow rate and potassium secretion was observed. The magnitude of potassium secretion at high distal tubular flow rates was dependent on the model studied. Potassium transport beyond the distal tubule was evaluated by comparing end distal potassium delivery and fractional potassium excretion. At low urinary flow rates net reabsorption was observed, whereas at higher flow rates no net transport occurred. Thus, flow rate along the collecting duct may be a major determinant of urinary potassium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1200162", "title": "Vasomotor inhibition in rabbits by vagal nonmedullated fibers from cardiopulmonary area.", "content": "In anesthetized rabbits with sinus and aortic nerve cut, when the cervical vagal nerves were cooled to 12, 8, 6, and 0degreeC, there were progressive increases in aortic blood pressure of 7 +/- 1, 15 +/- 2, 25 +/- 1, and 41 +/- 2 mmHg (SE), respectively. For comparison, during cooling of the aortic and vagal nerves, at 12degreesC there was a decrease in firing in the afferent fibers from aortic baroreceptors (48 +/- 4%) and pulmonary stretch receptors (57 +/- 5%), and at 6degreesC all activity was abolished. Thus, at 6degreesC the activity in medullated fibers from the aortic baroreceptors and pulmonary stretch receptors is blocked, but the increase in aortic blood pressure with vagal cooling is only 60% of that with cooling to 0degreeC. This demonstrates that cardiopulmonary receptors with nonmedullated vagal afferents (C fibers) contribute to the tonic inhibition of the vasomotor center. Because of overlap in sensitivity of different vagal fibers to cooling, the total contribution of these C fibers cannot be evaluated.", "contents": "Vasomotor inhibition in rabbits by vagal nonmedullated fibers from cardiopulmonary area. In anesthetized rabbits with sinus and aortic nerve cut, when the cervical vagal nerves were cooled to 12, 8, 6, and 0degreeC, there were progressive increases in aortic blood pressure of 7 +/- 1, 15 +/- 2, 25 +/- 1, and 41 +/- 2 mmHg (SE), respectively. For comparison, during cooling of the aortic and vagal nerves, at 12degreesC there was a decrease in firing in the afferent fibers from aortic baroreceptors (48 +/- 4%) and pulmonary stretch receptors (57 +/- 5%), and at 6degreesC all activity was abolished. Thus, at 6degreesC the activity in medullated fibers from the aortic baroreceptors and pulmonary stretch receptors is blocked, but the increase in aortic blood pressure with vagal cooling is only 60% of that with cooling to 0degreeC. This demonstrates that cardiopulmonary receptors with nonmedullated vagal afferents (C fibers) contribute to the tonic inhibition of the vasomotor center. Because of overlap in sensitivity of different vagal fibers to cooling, the total contribution of these C fibers cannot be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:1200163", "title": "Interstitial fluid pressure in canine gastric mucosa.", "content": "Guyton's capsules were implanted in the submucosa of the gastric corpus of dogs. The pressure of the fluid inside the capsule (ICP) was measured between 12 and 42 days later after mounting the piece of the corpus in a Plexiglas chamber. The capsule was always filled with saline. In two out of three experiments, the ICP did not change significantly when the saline was replaced by isotonic glucose or blood plasma. Changes of pressure exerted on the surface of the stomach were accurately monitored by the ICP recordings. Changes of circulation produced by compression of the artery or the vein connected to the piece of mucosa, or by intra-arterial injections of epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, or hypertonic mannitol, modified the ICP as predicted by Starling's law of capillary filtration. Spontaneous activity of the gastric muscles or the activity, which followed intra-arterial injections of acetylcholine, prostigmine, or histamine, changed the ICP significantly. Intra-arterial atropine usually decreased the ICP by 3--5 mmHg. The mean value of the ICP in 49 animals was 0.53 +/- 0.34 mmHg (SEM); it was negative in 43% of the experiments.", "contents": "Interstitial fluid pressure in canine gastric mucosa. Guyton's capsules were implanted in the submucosa of the gastric corpus of dogs. The pressure of the fluid inside the capsule (ICP) was measured between 12 and 42 days later after mounting the piece of the corpus in a Plexiglas chamber. The capsule was always filled with saline. In two out of three experiments, the ICP did not change significantly when the saline was replaced by isotonic glucose or blood plasma. Changes of pressure exerted on the surface of the stomach were accurately monitored by the ICP recordings. Changes of circulation produced by compression of the artery or the vein connected to the piece of mucosa, or by intra-arterial injections of epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, or hypertonic mannitol, modified the ICP as predicted by Starling's law of capillary filtration. Spontaneous activity of the gastric muscles or the activity, which followed intra-arterial injections of acetylcholine, prostigmine, or histamine, changed the ICP significantly. Intra-arterial atropine usually decreased the ICP by 3--5 mmHg. The mean value of the ICP in 49 animals was 0.53 +/- 0.34 mmHg (SEM); it was negative in 43% of the experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1200164", "title": "Circadian rhythm of biliary excretion and its control mechanisms in rats with chronic biliary drainage.", "content": "Rats with chronic biliary drainage under a rigid lighting schedule (light on at 6 A.M. and off at 6 P.M.) exhibited a remarkable circadian rhythm of bile flow, biliary concentrations and excretory rates of bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipid. The peak was attained at midnight and nadir at noon except for the peak concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipid occurring at 8 P.M. Cholesterol feeding abolished the circadian rhythm of biliary cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations but not their excretory rates because the daily fluctuation of the bile flow remained unchanged. Bilateral vagotomy enhanced the bile flow rate and shifted the peak of circadian rhythm of all parameters except bile salt 4 h earlier. Bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the circadian variation of the concentration of cholesterol and phospholipid and minimized that of bile salt, but the daily fluctuation of their excretory rates persisted in a lower amplitude. The studies suggested that such circadian rhythm might be controlled simultaneously by multiple factors and could not be entirely abolished by any single special treatment.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of biliary excretion and its control mechanisms in rats with chronic biliary drainage. Rats with chronic biliary drainage under a rigid lighting schedule (light on at 6 A.M. and off at 6 P.M.) exhibited a remarkable circadian rhythm of bile flow, biliary concentrations and excretory rates of bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipid. The peak was attained at midnight and nadir at noon except for the peak concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipid occurring at 8 P.M. Cholesterol feeding abolished the circadian rhythm of biliary cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations but not their excretory rates because the daily fluctuation of the bile flow remained unchanged. Bilateral vagotomy enhanced the bile flow rate and shifted the peak of circadian rhythm of all parameters except bile salt 4 h earlier. Bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the circadian variation of the concentration of cholesterol and phospholipid and minimized that of bile salt, but the daily fluctuation of their excretory rates persisted in a lower amplitude. The studies suggested that such circadian rhythm might be controlled simultaneously by multiple factors and could not be entirely abolished by any single special treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1200165", "title": "Feeding induced by intracerebroventricular 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the rat.", "content": "Feeding was induced with lateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dg), a glucose analogue causing glucoprivation. Feeding increased rapidly by an average of 2.6 g following ICV 2-DG (2.9 or 5.8 mg per rat), but did not increase after ICV D-glucose or sucrose. At the same doses, 2-DG did not increase feeding when given peripherally. Core temperature dropped in a dose-dependent manner with doses of 2-DG sufficient to induce feeding after peripheral administration, but did not occur with ICV injections. The 2-DG (0.006--1.219 M) did not stimulate feeding when infused bilaterally into the lateral hypothalamus, the preoptic area, or the anterior lateral hypothalamus. Nor did it produce feeding when injected into the ventromedial hypothalamus at the same sites and in the same rats in which procaine HC1 caused increased feeding. The brain, therefore, is directly sensitive to glucoprivation in the control of feeding, and glucoprivation alone is sufficient to mobilize feeding behavior. The specific site of sensitivity to glucoprivation and the mode of action of the glucoprivic system in the brain are unknown.", "contents": "Feeding induced by intracerebroventricular 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the rat. Feeding was induced with lateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dg), a glucose analogue causing glucoprivation. Feeding increased rapidly by an average of 2.6 g following ICV 2-DG (2.9 or 5.8 mg per rat), but did not increase after ICV D-glucose or sucrose. At the same doses, 2-DG did not increase feeding when given peripherally. Core temperature dropped in a dose-dependent manner with doses of 2-DG sufficient to induce feeding after peripheral administration, but did not occur with ICV injections. The 2-DG (0.006--1.219 M) did not stimulate feeding when infused bilaterally into the lateral hypothalamus, the preoptic area, or the anterior lateral hypothalamus. Nor did it produce feeding when injected into the ventromedial hypothalamus at the same sites and in the same rats in which procaine HC1 caused increased feeding. The brain, therefore, is directly sensitive to glucoprivation in the control of feeding, and glucoprivation alone is sufficient to mobilize feeding behavior. The specific site of sensitivity to glucoprivation and the mode of action of the glucoprivic system in the brain are unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:1200166", "title": "Hepatocellular uptake of erythritol and mannitol in the dog.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the initial space of distribution of [14C]erythritol (mol wt 122) and [14C]mannitol (mol wt 182) in the liver of the dog by the single-injection, multiple-indicator-dilution method. 22Na was used as the extracellular indicator and tritiated water (THO) was used as total liver water indicator. The indicators were simultaneously injected into the portal vein of anesthetized dogs and dilution curves were obtained at the outflow from the hepatic vein. It was found that hepatic venous dilution curves of [14C]erythritol and THO were practically identical in all experiments. In contrast, the dilution curves of [14C]mannitol were generally distinct from those of THO. Analysis of [14C]mannitol-dilution curves according to Goresky suggested that the observed difference between this solute and THO was the result of a limited permeability of the sinusoidal membrane to mannitol. It is concluded that [14C]erythritol has instantaneous and practically unrestricted access to total liver water. This finding supports the validity of using erythritol as a liver cell water marker. A larger solute, [14C]mannitol, has restricted access to total liver cell water because of a permeability barrier in the sinusoidal liver cell membrane, but its diffusion into the hepatocyte is also very rapid.", "contents": "Hepatocellular uptake of erythritol and mannitol in the dog. The purpose of this study was to determine the initial space of distribution of [14C]erythritol (mol wt 122) and [14C]mannitol (mol wt 182) in the liver of the dog by the single-injection, multiple-indicator-dilution method. 22Na was used as the extracellular indicator and tritiated water (THO) was used as total liver water indicator. The indicators were simultaneously injected into the portal vein of anesthetized dogs and dilution curves were obtained at the outflow from the hepatic vein. It was found that hepatic venous dilution curves of [14C]erythritol and THO were practically identical in all experiments. In contrast, the dilution curves of [14C]mannitol were generally distinct from those of THO. Analysis of [14C]mannitol-dilution curves according to Goresky suggested that the observed difference between this solute and THO was the result of a limited permeability of the sinusoidal membrane to mannitol. It is concluded that [14C]erythritol has instantaneous and practically unrestricted access to total liver water. This finding supports the validity of using erythritol as a liver cell water marker. A larger solute, [14C]mannitol, has restricted access to total liver cell water because of a permeability barrier in the sinusoidal liver cell membrane, but its diffusion into the hepatocyte is also very rapid."}
{"id": "PMID:1200167", "title": "A psychosocial kinship model for family therapy.", "content": "Family therapy has traditionally centered on the nuclear family and thus has been typically oriented toward urban white middle-class families. A variety of modifications in therapeutic technique has evolved for work with the many modern families whose structure consists of a functional psychosocial family kinship. The authors have developed a formal theoretical framework and model for family therapy that encompasses the total psychosocial network, i.e., the extended kinships of the nuclear family and the functional kin such as friends, neighbors, and associates.", "contents": "A psychosocial kinship model for family therapy. Family therapy has traditionally centered on the nuclear family and thus has been typically oriented toward urban white middle-class families. A variety of modifications in therapeutic technique has evolved for work with the many modern families whose structure consists of a functional psychosocial family kinship. The authors have developed a formal theoretical framework and model for family therapy that encompasses the total psychosocial network, i.e., the extended kinships of the nuclear family and the functional kin such as friends, neighbors, and associates."}
{"id": "PMID:1200168", "title": "Insuring intensive psychotherapy.", "content": "Many private insurance programs that currently cover mental disorders eliminate intensive psychotherapies, including psychoanalysis, from the range of treatment options by placing restrictions on the number of visits covered. The authors examine the economics of intensive psychotherapy coverage and present data indicating that relatively few people in an insurance program with comprehensive mental health benefits use high cost forms of psychotherapy. They conclude that insurance coverage of intensive psychotherapy is feasible but suggest that further study of the goals of intensive treatment, potential demand for it, and the supply of qualified practitioners is needed.", "contents": "Insuring intensive psychotherapy. Many private insurance programs that currently cover mental disorders eliminate intensive psychotherapies, including psychoanalysis, from the range of treatment options by placing restrictions on the number of visits covered. The authors examine the economics of intensive psychotherapy coverage and present data indicating that relatively few people in an insurance program with comprehensive mental health benefits use high cost forms of psychotherapy. They conclude that insurance coverage of intensive psychotherapy is feasible but suggest that further study of the goals of intensive treatment, potential demand for it, and the supply of qualified practitioners is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200169", "title": "Borderline and schizophrenic patients: A comparative study.", "content": "The authors describe the evaluation and follow-up of matched samples of borderline and schizophrenic patients to determine the ways that borderline disorders are similar to or different from schizophrenia. The borderline patients presented more confusing diagnostic pictures, but they could be differentiated from the schizophrenic patients by the absence of definite or prolonged psychotic episode, by the relative severity of their dissociative experiences, by more severe anger, and by less anxiety. Despite the discrepant symptom pictures of the two patient groups, a systematic review of prehospitalization functioning and two-year posthospitalization course did not reveal significant differences between them.", "contents": "Borderline and schizophrenic patients: A comparative study. The authors describe the evaluation and follow-up of matched samples of borderline and schizophrenic patients to determine the ways that borderline disorders are similar to or different from schizophrenia. The borderline patients presented more confusing diagnostic pictures, but they could be differentiated from the schizophrenic patients by the absence of definite or prolonged psychotic episode, by the relative severity of their dissociative experiences, by more severe anger, and by less anxiety. Despite the discrepant symptom pictures of the two patient groups, a systematic review of prehospitalization functioning and two-year posthospitalization course did not reveal significant differences between them."}
{"id": "PMID:1200170", "title": "Psychopathology and mental retardation: A study of 100 mentally retarded children: I. Psychopathology.", "content": "The authors studied 100 mentally retarded children referred to a psychiatric clinic in regard to the severity of their retardation, their ages at the time of referral, their social class, their presenting symptoms and diagnoses, and the effects of organicity on their clinical pictures. They found that 38 of these children were psychotically disturbed, 13 had no evidence of psychiatric disorder, and 49 showed symptoms of characterologic, neurotic, behavioral, or situational disorders. Although the incidence of emotional disorder was high among these children, their symptoms did not differ in kind from those found in a group of nonretarded children referred to the clinic.", "contents": "Psychopathology and mental retardation: A study of 100 mentally retarded children: I. Psychopathology. The authors studied 100 mentally retarded children referred to a psychiatric clinic in regard to the severity of their retardation, their ages at the time of referral, their social class, their presenting symptoms and diagnoses, and the effects of organicity on their clinical pictures. They found that 38 of these children were psychotically disturbed, 13 had no evidence of psychiatric disorder, and 49 showed symptoms of characterologic, neurotic, behavioral, or situational disorders. Although the incidence of emotional disorder was high among these children, their symptoms did not differ in kind from those found in a group of nonretarded children referred to the clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:1200171", "title": "Changing patterns of psychiatric inpatient care in a university general hospital.", "content": "The authors describe the changing patterns of psychiatric inpatient care in a university hospital. Patients are shortening their hospital stay and are traveling fewer miles from their homes to the hospital. Increasing numbers of blacks, men, and low-income persons are being treated. In addition, the percentage of patients with neuroses and transient situational disturbances has decreased, while the percentage of those with personality and behavior disorders has increased. The authors discuss the implications of these changes, which benefit both patients and the education of students.", "contents": "Changing patterns of psychiatric inpatient care in a university general hospital. The authors describe the changing patterns of psychiatric inpatient care in a university hospital. Patients are shortening their hospital stay and are traveling fewer miles from their homes to the hospital. Increasing numbers of blacks, men, and low-income persons are being treated. In addition, the percentage of patients with neuroses and transient situational disturbances has decreased, while the percentage of those with personality and behavior disorders has increased. The authors discuss the implications of these changes, which benefit both patients and the education of students."}
{"id": "PMID:1200172", "title": "A critique of the St. Louis psychiatric research criteria for schizophrenia.", "content": "The authors reviewed the research data for 89 hospitalized patients who were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 22 who were given a diagnosis of mania on admission. They found that 11 (12 percent) of the schizophrenic patients satisfied the St. Louis research criteria for schizophrenia and 10 (11 percent) satisfied the authors' criteria. Diagnostic agreement between the sets of criteria was shared in only 5 of these patients. On the basis of this finding and other studies of the St. Louis criteria, the authors suggest specific modifications that would broaden the utility of these criteria and minimize diagnostic disagreement.", "contents": "A critique of the St. Louis psychiatric research criteria for schizophrenia. The authors reviewed the research data for 89 hospitalized patients who were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 22 who were given a diagnosis of mania on admission. They found that 11 (12 percent) of the schizophrenic patients satisfied the St. Louis research criteria for schizophrenia and 10 (11 percent) satisfied the authors' criteria. Diagnostic agreement between the sets of criteria was shared in only 5 of these patients. On the basis of this finding and other studies of the St. Louis criteria, the authors suggest specific modifications that would broaden the utility of these criteria and minimize diagnostic disagreement."}
{"id": "PMID:1200173", "title": "Prediction of performance of psychiatric residents: A three-year follow-up study.", "content": "The authors compared supervisors' global and specific item ratings of psychiatric residents' performance in each of three years of training with ratings of these applicants prior to their admission to the program. Although preadmission ratings had almost no predictive power, there were certain items that consistently discriminated between residents rated high and those rated low by supervisors in each year of training. The authors conclude that initial interviews of those selected cannot predict their subsequent performance. They therefore recommend that a major portion of these interviews be devoted to an exchange of information between the applicant and the department.", "contents": "Prediction of performance of psychiatric residents: A three-year follow-up study. The authors compared supervisors' global and specific item ratings of psychiatric residents' performance in each of three years of training with ratings of these applicants prior to their admission to the program. Although preadmission ratings had almost no predictive power, there were certain items that consistently discriminated between residents rated high and those rated low by supervisors in each year of training. The authors conclude that initial interviews of those selected cannot predict their subsequent performance. They therefore recommend that a major portion of these interviews be devoted to an exchange of information between the applicant and the department."}
{"id": "PMID:1200174", "title": "Differing perspectives on mental health evaluation.", "content": "Small-group workshops of nonevaluators with differing interests in mental health discussed evaluation priorities for community mental health centers. Participants included center professionals, concerned citizens, and funders. A majority of the participants placed high value on accountability from a consumer standpoint and relatively low value on center management issues and cost or equity of service delivery. Center staff were more interested in efficiency and effectiveness, while outsiders with vested interests were more concerned with community involvement. The authors summarize seven role perspectives and discuss their implications for the establishment of evaluation priorities within a center.", "contents": "Differing perspectives on mental health evaluation. Small-group workshops of nonevaluators with differing interests in mental health discussed evaluation priorities for community mental health centers. Participants included center professionals, concerned citizens, and funders. A majority of the participants placed high value on accountability from a consumer standpoint and relatively low value on center management issues and cost or equity of service delivery. Center staff were more interested in efficiency and effectiveness, while outsiders with vested interests were more concerned with community involvement. The authors summarize seven role perspectives and discuss their implications for the establishment of evaluation priorities within a center."}
{"id": "PMID:1200175", "title": "On research in Zen.", "content": "Zen is one of several mental or spiritual disciplines that have become the object of recent scientific interest and theory. The authors discuss several aspects of Zen, such as the psychophysiological effects of meditation and the general impact of enlightenment, that are potential areas of fruitful research. They stress, however, that researchers can gain true understanding of the different perception and experience of reality to which Zen gives access only by practicing Zen meditation themselves. Without such understanding, the planning and interpretation of research will inevitably be in error and a resource of the greatest potential value misused.", "contents": "On research in Zen. Zen is one of several mental or spiritual disciplines that have become the object of recent scientific interest and theory. The authors discuss several aspects of Zen, such as the psychophysiological effects of meditation and the general impact of enlightenment, that are potential areas of fruitful research. They stress, however, that researchers can gain true understanding of the different perception and experience of reality to which Zen gives access only by practicing Zen meditation themselves. Without such understanding, the planning and interpretation of research will inevitably be in error and a resource of the greatest potential value misused."}
{"id": "PMID:1200176", "title": "Professional liability insurance and the American psychiatrist.", "content": "The authors outline the current position of psychiatrists in the United States regarding their vulnerability to lawsuits for malpractice. They review the various activities of the American Psychiatric Association on behalf of its members, especially its endorsement and supervision of a professional liability program for review and control of losses.", "contents": "Professional liability insurance and the American psychiatrist. The authors outline the current position of psychiatrists in the United States regarding their vulnerability to lawsuits for malpractice. They review the various activities of the American Psychiatric Association on behalf of its members, especially its endorsement and supervision of a professional liability program for review and control of losses."}
{"id": "PMID:1200177", "title": "Psychiatry's image today: Results of an attitudinal survey.", "content": "The authors report the results of a survey designed to assess opinions and attitudes toward psychiatry among three groups of physicians and two groups of medical students. In general, the role of psychiatry was regarded favorably, and respondents' comments and criticisms were constructive and consistent. The authors suggest that the survey results may reflect an improvement in psychiatry's image.", "contents": "Psychiatry's image today: Results of an attitudinal survey. The authors report the results of a survey designed to assess opinions and attitudes toward psychiatry among three groups of physicians and two groups of medical students. In general, the role of psychiatry was regarded favorably, and respondents' comments and criticisms were constructive and consistent. The authors suggest that the survey results may reflect an improvement in psychiatry's image."}
{"id": "PMID:1200178", "title": "The treatment of depression with ECT in the presence of brain tumor.", "content": "Traditionally, the presence of brain tumor has been considered an absolute contraindication to the use of electroconvulsive therapy. In selected cases, however, this procedure may be beneficial and at times even lifesaving. The authors point to the need for an eclectic approach to treatment, given the current state of psychiatric knowledge.", "contents": "The treatment of depression with ECT in the presence of brain tumor. Traditionally, the presence of brain tumor has been considered an absolute contraindication to the use of electroconvulsive therapy. In selected cases, however, this procedure may be beneficial and at times even lifesaving. The authors point to the need for an eclectic approach to treatment, given the current state of psychiatric knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:1200179", "title": "Organic brain dysfunction as a possible consequence of postgastrectomy hypoglycemia.", "content": "Unlike the fasting hypoglycemias, the reactive hypoglycemias, including postgastrectomy hypoglycemia, are generally not believed to result in serious neuropsychiatric dysfunction. The authors describe two patients with progressive mental deterioration and alimentary hypoglycemia and suggest that clinicians should recognize the possibility of serious neuropsychiatric sequelae of postgastrectomy hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Organic brain dysfunction as a possible consequence of postgastrectomy hypoglycemia. Unlike the fasting hypoglycemias, the reactive hypoglycemias, including postgastrectomy hypoglycemia, are generally not believed to result in serious neuropsychiatric dysfunction. The authors describe two patients with progressive mental deterioration and alimentary hypoglycemia and suggest that clinicians should recognize the possibility of serious neuropsychiatric sequelae of postgastrectomy hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200183", "title": "Time estimates in a long-term time-free environment.", "content": "Subjects in a time-free environment for 14 days estimated the hour and day several times a day. Half of the subjects were under a heavy exercise regime. During the waking hours, the no-exercise group showed no difference between estimated and real time, whereas the exercise group showed significantly shorter estimated than real time. Neither group showed a difference after the sleeping periods. However, the mean accumulated error for the two groups was 48.73 hours and was strongly related to the displacements of sleep/waking behavior. It is concluded that behavioral cues are the primary determinants of time estimates in time-free environments.", "contents": "Time estimates in a long-term time-free environment. Subjects in a time-free environment for 14 days estimated the hour and day several times a day. Half of the subjects were under a heavy exercise regime. During the waking hours, the no-exercise group showed no difference between estimated and real time, whereas the exercise group showed significantly shorter estimated than real time. Neither group showed a difference after the sleeping periods. However, the mean accumulated error for the two groups was 48.73 hours and was strongly related to the displacements of sleep/waking behavior. It is concluded that behavioral cues are the primary determinants of time estimates in time-free environments."}
{"id": "PMID:1200184", "title": "Visual recogition of dot-pattern bigrams: an extension and replication.", "content": "The study examined visual recognition of bigrams, each formed from a pair of \"random\" dot patterns, as a function of stimulus offset asynchrony and duration. The results replicate and extend those of an earlier study by showing that the effect of backward masking in vision, where the mask is actually a part of the preceding composite target, is limited to about 250 to 300 msec. This time interval is suggested as that required to complete the processing of that composite target. The results may be understood in terms of an interruption hypothesis, with selective attention and/or discontinuity detectors as mechanisms possibly involved in the masking process.", "contents": "Visual recogition of dot-pattern bigrams: an extension and replication. The study examined visual recognition of bigrams, each formed from a pair of \"random\" dot patterns, as a function of stimulus offset asynchrony and duration. The results replicate and extend those of an earlier study by showing that the effect of backward masking in vision, where the mask is actually a part of the preceding composite target, is limited to about 250 to 300 msec. This time interval is suggested as that required to complete the processing of that composite target. The results may be understood in terms of an interruption hypothesis, with selective attention and/or discontinuity detectors as mechanisms possibly involved in the masking process."}
{"id": "PMID:1200185", "title": "Ego strength and confidence thresholds in two methods of paired-associate learning.", "content": "Two experiments contrasted the effects of high and low wgo strength (as measured by Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionaire) on confidence thresholds (FG scores) under the anticipation and recall methods. High ego strength resulted in larger FG scores under the anticipation method- weakly so in Experiment I but significantly so in Experiment II, where subjects were selected from greater extremes of ego strength. This inferiority extended to trails to criterion and a measure of the associative-learning stage as well. Tasks for extending the generality of the obtained relationship of ego strength and confidence thresholds in paired-associate learning are suggested.", "contents": "Ego strength and confidence thresholds in two methods of paired-associate learning. Two experiments contrasted the effects of high and low wgo strength (as measured by Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionaire) on confidence thresholds (FG scores) under the anticipation and recall methods. High ego strength resulted in larger FG scores under the anticipation method- weakly so in Experiment I but significantly so in Experiment II, where subjects were selected from greater extremes of ego strength. This inferiority extended to trails to criterion and a measure of the associative-learning stage as well. Tasks for extending the generality of the obtained relationship of ego strength and confidence thresholds in paired-associate learning are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1200186", "title": "Some effects of a model's performance on an observer's electromyographic activity.", "content": "It is suggested that motor reactions may be elicited in an observer as a consequence of his exposure to a model and that such reactions may become conditioned to environmental events. An experiment is reported in which observers showed greater EMG activity in the arm while watching models arm wrestle than while watching a model stutter, and greater lip EMG activity while watching a model stutter than while watching arm wrestling. Some evidence for conditioning was found in the arm activity of males watching wrestling.", "contents": "Some effects of a model's performance on an observer's electromyographic activity. It is suggested that motor reactions may be elicited in an observer as a consequence of his exposure to a model and that such reactions may become conditioned to environmental events. An experiment is reported in which observers showed greater EMG activity in the arm while watching models arm wrestle than while watching a model stutter, and greater lip EMG activity while watching a model stutter than while watching arm wrestling. Some evidence for conditioning was found in the arm activity of males watching wrestling."}
{"id": "PMID:1200187", "title": "Aldactazide-induced consummatory and operant responding to sodium by rats.", "content": "The effects of intraperitoneal injections of Aldactazide-A on rats' consumption of water and saline solution (.51M NaCl) were tested in two experiments. During the treatment sessions, the rats showed a substantial increase in saline consumption and in lever pressing to a cue light to obtain the saline, as compared with their negligible intake before the injections and after the injections had been discontinued. The results indicate that both the drinkometer and operantbox measures are sensitive to the natroexigenic effects of Aldactazide.", "contents": "Aldactazide-induced consummatory and operant responding to sodium by rats. The effects of intraperitoneal injections of Aldactazide-A on rats' consumption of water and saline solution (.51M NaCl) were tested in two experiments. During the treatment sessions, the rats showed a substantial increase in saline consumption and in lever pressing to a cue light to obtain the saline, as compared with their negligible intake before the injections and after the injections had been discontinued. The results indicate that both the drinkometer and operantbox measures are sensitive to the natroexigenic effects of Aldactazide."}
{"id": "PMID:1200188", "title": "The relation between similarity grouping and perceptual constancy.", "content": "In two experiments on whether similarity grouping is based on the retinal or the perceived slopes of lines, observers judged the grouping of diagonal lines when a display of vertical and diagonal lines was presented upright and when it was slanted 75 deg toward the floor. The floorwise slanting of the display improved gouping, as would be expected if the spontaneous organization of a field into groups in strongly influenced by the projection-level representation of stimuli. It is proposed that similarity grouping occurs at the readout stage of stimulus processing and involves segregating a field into groups on the basis of extrafoveal stimulus differences that are responded to in parallel; or if sequentially, very quickly and independently of focal attention.", "contents": "The relation between similarity grouping and perceptual constancy. In two experiments on whether similarity grouping is based on the retinal or the perceived slopes of lines, observers judged the grouping of diagonal lines when a display of vertical and diagonal lines was presented upright and when it was slanted 75 deg toward the floor. The floorwise slanting of the display improved gouping, as would be expected if the spontaneous organization of a field into groups in strongly influenced by the projection-level representation of stimuli. It is proposed that similarity grouping occurs at the readout stage of stimulus processing and involves segregating a field into groups on the basis of extrafoveal stimulus differences that are responded to in parallel; or if sequentially, very quickly and independently of focal attention."}
{"id": "PMID:1200189", "title": "The number of trials of compound conditioning: its effect on latent inhibition in rats.", "content": "Two experiments interspersed nonreinforced tests for the strength of the preexposed and nonpreexposed elements of a compound CS throughout conditioning. The nonreinforced exposures and the conditioning trials were superimposed on an appetitive operant baseline, and conditioned suppression of the rats' bar pressing was the dependent variable. In both experiments, the preexposed element failed to suppress responding and failed to gain strength over trials. The nonpreexposed element at first suppressed responding completely but gradually lost control of responding, even while the compound continued to suppress responding asymptotically. The results are discussed in terms of 'loss of salience' and 'discrimination' hypotheses.", "contents": "The number of trials of compound conditioning: its effect on latent inhibition in rats. Two experiments interspersed nonreinforced tests for the strength of the preexposed and nonpreexposed elements of a compound CS throughout conditioning. The nonreinforced exposures and the conditioning trials were superimposed on an appetitive operant baseline, and conditioned suppression of the rats' bar pressing was the dependent variable. In both experiments, the preexposed element failed to suppress responding and failed to gain strength over trials. The nonpreexposed element at first suppressed responding completely but gradually lost control of responding, even while the compound continued to suppress responding asymptotically. The results are discussed in terms of 'loss of salience' and 'discrimination' hypotheses."}
{"id": "PMID:1200196", "title": "Carbon monoxide in school buses.", "content": "Following an incident in which eight children became ill from carbon monoxide in a school bus, an investigation was made of CO levels in school buses in the Seattle area. The procedure selected for the evaluation was to test a large number of buses at a nearby ski resort. On the day selected for the sampling, over 200 buses arrived, bringing school children from a number of school districts in the Seattle are for skiing lessons. As they arrived, 33 buses were checked immediately to determine in-transit levels of CO. Four of the 33 buses had CO levels in excess of Environmental Protection Agency maximum allowable concentrations for an 8-hr exposure. As the buses sat idling in the parking lot, 65 of them were tested--during the lunch hour when the students returned to the buses to have their lunch and to rest. Two buses had nearly 3 times the concentration of CO permitted by the EPA for a 1-hr exposure. A total of seven buses (10 per cent) had concentrations of CO not permitted by the EPA for more than a 1-hr period. Altogether there were 24 buses (36 per cent) that had levels of CO in excess of EPA standards for an 8-hr exposure. As a result of these determinations and other observations a number of recommendations were made to reduce the hazard of exposure to carbon monoxide in school buses.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide in school buses. Following an incident in which eight children became ill from carbon monoxide in a school bus, an investigation was made of CO levels in school buses in the Seattle area. The procedure selected for the evaluation was to test a large number of buses at a nearby ski resort. On the day selected for the sampling, over 200 buses arrived, bringing school children from a number of school districts in the Seattle are for skiing lessons. As they arrived, 33 buses were checked immediately to determine in-transit levels of CO. Four of the 33 buses had CO levels in excess of Environmental Protection Agency maximum allowable concentrations for an 8-hr exposure. As the buses sat idling in the parking lot, 65 of them were tested--during the lunch hour when the students returned to the buses to have their lunch and to rest. Two buses had nearly 3 times the concentration of CO permitted by the EPA for a 1-hr exposure. A total of seven buses (10 per cent) had concentrations of CO not permitted by the EPA for more than a 1-hr period. Altogether there were 24 buses (36 per cent) that had levels of CO in excess of EPA standards for an 8-hr exposure. As a result of these determinations and other observations a number of recommendations were made to reduce the hazard of exposure to carbon monoxide in school buses."}
{"id": "PMID:1200203", "title": "Superior mesenteric angiography and blood flow following intra-arterial injection of prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "The effect of intra-arterially administered prostaglandin F2alpha(PGF2alpha) on venous demonstration in angiography of the superior mesenteric artery was compared to that of bradykinin in 10 patients, and the flow increase in this vessel following PGF2alpha was measured by a dye dilution technique in another 8 patients. The angiographic demonstration of veins was similarly improved by the 2 drugs, the effect of 60 mug. of PGF2alpha being roughly equivalent to that of 10 mug. of bradykinin. The loss of arterial detail was less marked after PGF2alpha which, however, had a longer duration of action. The flow studies indicated that 80 mug. of PGF2alpha increased the superior mesenteric blood flow 103 +/- 16 per cent. There was no influecne on blood pressure or pulse rate. The patients experienced a sensation of warmth in the abdomen for a few seconds following the injection of drugs, but no other side effect was noted. It is concluded that PGF2alpha causes a rapid increase of the superior mesenteric blood flow in man making it suitable for pharmacoangiography of this vascular bed.", "contents": "Superior mesenteric angiography and blood flow following intra-arterial injection of prostaglandin F2alpha. The effect of intra-arterially administered prostaglandin F2alpha(PGF2alpha) on venous demonstration in angiography of the superior mesenteric artery was compared to that of bradykinin in 10 patients, and the flow increase in this vessel following PGF2alpha was measured by a dye dilution technique in another 8 patients. The angiographic demonstration of veins was similarly improved by the 2 drugs, the effect of 60 mug. of PGF2alpha being roughly equivalent to that of 10 mug. of bradykinin. The loss of arterial detail was less marked after PGF2alpha which, however, had a longer duration of action. The flow studies indicated that 80 mug. of PGF2alpha increased the superior mesenteric blood flow 103 +/- 16 per cent. There was no influecne on blood pressure or pulse rate. The patients experienced a sensation of warmth in the abdomen for a few seconds following the injection of drugs, but no other side effect was noted. It is concluded that PGF2alpha causes a rapid increase of the superior mesenteric blood flow in man making it suitable for pharmacoangiography of this vascular bed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200204", "title": "Limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis is described as a complication in 2 cases of chronic ulcerative colitis. The coexistence of ulcerative colitis and the limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis raises the question of a common etiologic basis, possibly an immunologic defect. Awareness of such an association may help shed further light on the etiology of both disorders.", "contents": "Limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis in ulcerative colitis. The limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis is described as a complication in 2 cases of chronic ulcerative colitis. The coexistence of ulcerative colitis and the limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis raises the question of a common etiologic basis, possibly an immunologic defect. Awareness of such an association may help shed further light on the etiology of both disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1200205", "title": "Pseudo-retroperitoneal gas in rupture of aneurysm of abdominal aorta.", "content": "Four cases of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm producing retroperitoneal radiolucent shadows are presented. Gross and microscopic examination showed this to be due to dissection of blood through the retroperitoneal fat. This finding has been helpful in confirming the presence of retroperitoneal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Pseudo-retroperitoneal gas in rupture of aneurysm of abdominal aorta. Four cases of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm producing retroperitoneal radiolucent shadows are presented. Gross and microscopic examination showed this to be due to dissection of blood through the retroperitoneal fat. This finding has been helpful in confirming the presence of retroperitoneal hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:1200206", "title": "Jejunileal bypass. Roentgenographic observations.", "content": "Jejunioleal bypass procedures may be performed with the bypassed small intestine draining, as usual, into the cecum, or with end-to end anastomosis of the jejunum and terminal ileum, with the bypassed segment draining into the transverse colon through another anastomosis. Modifications of these methods have also beed devised. After good response with weight loss initially, most patients fail to continue to lose weight into the third year postoperatively. Some of the features which cause failure are: prolonged transit time, intestinal dilatation with mucosal hypertrophy, and reflux into the bypassed segment, in the earlier type of operation.", "contents": "Jejunileal bypass. Roentgenographic observations. Jejunioleal bypass procedures may be performed with the bypassed small intestine draining, as usual, into the cecum, or with end-to end anastomosis of the jejunum and terminal ileum, with the bypassed segment draining into the transverse colon through another anastomosis. Modifications of these methods have also beed devised. After good response with weight loss initially, most patients fail to continue to lose weight into the third year postoperatively. Some of the features which cause failure are: prolonged transit time, intestinal dilatation with mucosal hypertrophy, and reflux into the bypassed segment, in the earlier type of operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200207", "title": "Comparative detection of pancreatic body--tail enlargement using the supine translateral and axial pancreatic views: a prospective statistical study.", "content": "A prospective statistical study of 429 patients was undertaken to determine if the axial pancreatic view would improve detection of pancreatic body-tail enlargement. This view is produced by directing a roentgen-ray beam along the axis of the pancreatic body-tail cylinder. On this view and on the supine translateral view, a pancreatic body-tail space can be identified as a subdivision of the retrogastric space. When the pancreatic body-tail enlarges, this space selectively enlarges. The percentage change of this space is particularly impressive on the axial pancreatic view, where 10 of 12 pancreatic body-tail neoplasms were detected with only a 1.8 per cent false positive rate.", "contents": "Comparative detection of pancreatic body--tail enlargement using the supine translateral and axial pancreatic views: a prospective statistical study. A prospective statistical study of 429 patients was undertaken to determine if the axial pancreatic view would improve detection of pancreatic body-tail enlargement. This view is produced by directing a roentgen-ray beam along the axis of the pancreatic body-tail cylinder. On this view and on the supine translateral view, a pancreatic body-tail space can be identified as a subdivision of the retrogastric space. When the pancreatic body-tail enlarges, this space selectively enlarges. The percentage change of this space is particularly impressive on the axial pancreatic view, where 10 of 12 pancreatic body-tail neoplasms were detected with only a 1.8 per cent false positive rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1200209", "title": "The significance of thermography in the diagnosis of acute abdominal disease.", "content": "Thermography appears to be a useful supporting aid to classical methods of examination in the clarification of the problems of acute abdominal disease. In a study of 100 patients thermography was in support of the true diagnosis in acute appendicitis in 63 per cent, in acute biliary tract disease in 59 per cent, and, in an attempt to differentiate between tumor and periappendicular abscess, assistance was rendered by thermography in 53 per cent of patients. However, some uncertainty exists because carcinoma often produces in its environment an inflammatory reaction, which causes an increase of temperature visible in the thermogram. In the present series thermography produced a finding supporting the correct diagnosis in 59 per cent. Errors occurred most often in obese patients, who have thick abdominal covers. Thermography also has an obvious application in the localizing of postoperative suppurative foci.", "contents": "The significance of thermography in the diagnosis of acute abdominal disease. Thermography appears to be a useful supporting aid to classical methods of examination in the clarification of the problems of acute abdominal disease. In a study of 100 patients thermography was in support of the true diagnosis in acute appendicitis in 63 per cent, in acute biliary tract disease in 59 per cent, and, in an attempt to differentiate between tumor and periappendicular abscess, assistance was rendered by thermography in 53 per cent of patients. However, some uncertainty exists because carcinoma often produces in its environment an inflammatory reaction, which causes an increase of temperature visible in the thermogram. In the present series thermography produced a finding supporting the correct diagnosis in 59 per cent. Errors occurred most often in obese patients, who have thick abdominal covers. Thermography also has an obvious application in the localizing of postoperative suppurative foci."}
{"id": "PMID:1200208", "title": "New thoughts concerning xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (X-P).", "content": "A clinical and roentgenographic analysis of 13 patients with pathologically proved xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (X-P) has demonstrated that many previously accepted truisms associated with this disease may not be valid. As a result of this study it is suggested that X-P: 1. Does have a prominant female distribution. 2. May arise relatively acutely. 3. Can be associated with a well-functioning kidney. 4. May destroy the kidney and collecting system. 5. Does not demonstrate neovascularity. 6. Can be distinguished angiographically from hypernephroma. 7. May be associated with diabetes. Other important facts were again observed: 1. X-P is still often associated with staghorn calculi and urinary tract obstruction. 2. Proteus mirabilis is the main offending organism.", "contents": "New thoughts concerning xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (X-P). A clinical and roentgenographic analysis of 13 patients with pathologically proved xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (X-P) has demonstrated that many previously accepted truisms associated with this disease may not be valid. As a result of this study it is suggested that X-P: 1. Does have a prominant female distribution. 2. May arise relatively acutely. 3. Can be associated with a well-functioning kidney. 4. May destroy the kidney and collecting system. 5. Does not demonstrate neovascularity. 6. Can be distinguished angiographically from hypernephroma. 7. May be associated with diabetes. Other important facts were again observed: 1. X-P is still often associated with staghorn calculi and urinary tract obstruction. 2. Proteus mirabilis is the main offending organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1200210", "title": "Practical significance of gastric rugal folds.", "content": "A clinical pilot study oriented toward the practical value of gastric fold assessment offers the follow: (1) Younger patients (below 60 years) with carcinomas may have rugose stomachs as opposed to the more usual presentation in the elderly. (2) Some proportionality of gastric fold to acid output may exist in normal patients or cases with peptic disease of the distal stomach or duodenum. In any given case, however, acid secretory capacity may be very broad. (3) Proportionality of fold pattern within the stomach itself or with respect to the duodenum, as noted in the literature, is emphasized. (4) There exists a possible upper limit of \"physiologic\" fold thickness of 4 to 5 mm. beyond which an additional pathologic process may be inferred. (5) Hypertrophic gastritix and gastric body ulcer disease may illustrate this progression and possibly share similar underlying mucosal pathology and rugal characteristics.", "contents": "Practical significance of gastric rugal folds. A clinical pilot study oriented toward the practical value of gastric fold assessment offers the follow: (1) Younger patients (below 60 years) with carcinomas may have rugose stomachs as opposed to the more usual presentation in the elderly. (2) Some proportionality of gastric fold to acid output may exist in normal patients or cases with peptic disease of the distal stomach or duodenum. In any given case, however, acid secretory capacity may be very broad. (3) Proportionality of fold pattern within the stomach itself or with respect to the duodenum, as noted in the literature, is emphasized. (4) There exists a possible upper limit of \"physiologic\" fold thickness of 4 to 5 mm. beyond which an additional pathologic process may be inferred. (5) Hypertrophic gastritix and gastric body ulcer disease may illustrate this progression and possibly share similar underlying mucosal pathology and rugal characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:1200211", "title": "Roentgenographic findings in typhoid fever.", "content": "Barium meal examinations have been performed on 20 patients with proved or clinically suspected typhoid fever. There were distinct abnormalities in the terminal ileum early in the febrile stage of the disease. The abnormality was different in a single case of relapse of typhoid. The study is easily and safely performed and we feel that it is a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of typhoid fever, particularly in those cases where a positive blood culture is not available to confirm the clinical impression. The result of the roentgenographic examination is obtainable immediately and treatment can be initiated early.", "contents": "Roentgenographic findings in typhoid fever. Barium meal examinations have been performed on 20 patients with proved or clinically suspected typhoid fever. There were distinct abnormalities in the terminal ileum early in the febrile stage of the disease. The abnormality was different in a single case of relapse of typhoid. The study is easily and safely performed and we feel that it is a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of typhoid fever, particularly in those cases where a positive blood culture is not available to confirm the clinical impression. The result of the roentgenographic examination is obtainable immediately and treatment can be initiated early."}
{"id": "PMID:1200212", "title": "The cholecysto-colic relationships. A roentgen-anatomic study of the colonic manifestations of gallbladder disorders.", "content": "In approximately 80 per cent of cases the gallbladder is closely applied to the superior medial aspect of the right colic flexure. This intimate anatomic relationship provides pathways for direct extension of both inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of the gallbladder to involve the adjacent colon. The resultant secondary colonic abnormalities noted in 15 patients have been analyzed and correlated with surgical-pathologic findings. In acute cholecystitis, barium enema examination shows evidence of indentation by an enlarged gallbladder, spasm and mucosal edema in the anterior hepatic flexure. Chronic cholecystitis results in involvement of the adjacent colon by fibrous adhesions and inflammatory reaction. These may further lead to the development of pseudotumors simulating primary carcinoma of the colon. Similar findings including cholecysto-colic fistulae may be the initial manifestations of carcinoma of the gallbladder. The spectrum of pathologic-roentgenographic alterations in the cholecysto-colic interface is described and illustrated. Recognition of these features is of critical importance for the correct interpretation of barium enema findings and the subsequent management of patients with gallbladder disorders.", "contents": "The cholecysto-colic relationships. A roentgen-anatomic study of the colonic manifestations of gallbladder disorders. In approximately 80 per cent of cases the gallbladder is closely applied to the superior medial aspect of the right colic flexure. This intimate anatomic relationship provides pathways for direct extension of both inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of the gallbladder to involve the adjacent colon. The resultant secondary colonic abnormalities noted in 15 patients have been analyzed and correlated with surgical-pathologic findings. In acute cholecystitis, barium enema examination shows evidence of indentation by an enlarged gallbladder, spasm and mucosal edema in the anterior hepatic flexure. Chronic cholecystitis results in involvement of the adjacent colon by fibrous adhesions and inflammatory reaction. These may further lead to the development of pseudotumors simulating primary carcinoma of the colon. Similar findings including cholecysto-colic fistulae may be the initial manifestations of carcinoma of the gallbladder. The spectrum of pathologic-roentgenographic alterations in the cholecysto-colic interface is described and illustrated. Recognition of these features is of critical importance for the correct interpretation of barium enema findings and the subsequent management of patients with gallbladder disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1200213", "title": "Perforated viscus presenting with gas in the soft tissues (subcutaneous emphysema).", "content": "We have reviewed the spectrum of gaseous densities in the soft tissues secondary to a perforated viscus. All patients presented late and most were elderly. The most common surgical procedure was diversion of the fecal stream proximal to the perforation. In our series 4 of 7 patients died in the immediate postoperative period. Knowledge of the mechanism and differential diagnosis of this entity will prevent overlooking this possibility, as occurs too frequently, particularly with subcutaneous emphysema of the leg.", "contents": "Perforated viscus presenting with gas in the soft tissues (subcutaneous emphysema). We have reviewed the spectrum of gaseous densities in the soft tissues secondary to a perforated viscus. All patients presented late and most were elderly. The most common surgical procedure was diversion of the fecal stream proximal to the perforation. In our series 4 of 7 patients died in the immediate postoperative period. Knowledge of the mechanism and differential diagnosis of this entity will prevent overlooking this possibility, as occurs too frequently, particularly with subcutaneous emphysema of the leg."}
{"id": "PMID:1200214", "title": "Electronic anal sphincter stimulation in barium enema examination. A preliminary communication.", "content": "Electronic stimulation of the external and sphincter muscle was successful in preventing premature evacuation of barium in 28 of 30 patients. All of them were unable on 1 or more occasions to retain the barium during previously attempted studies by conventional methods. None of the patients had an underlying neurologic problem affecting the anal sphincter. No adverse reactions were noted.", "contents": "Electronic anal sphincter stimulation in barium enema examination. A preliminary communication. Electronic stimulation of the external and sphincter muscle was successful in preventing premature evacuation of barium in 28 of 30 patients. All of them were unable on 1 or more occasions to retain the barium during previously attempted studies by conventional methods. None of the patients had an underlying neurologic problem affecting the anal sphincter. No adverse reactions were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1200215", "title": "Non-contractile movement of tantalum powder in the canine rectum.", "content": "Caudad movement of trantalum particles in the rectum was observed in 5 recumbent anesthetized beagle bitches in the absence of muscular contractions as monitored by intrarectal balloons. The movement did not occur after injections of atropine or glucagon alone but did occur when a bisacodyl suppository was introduced in addition to the injection of glucagon. Along with direct observation of rectal mucosa, this strongly suggests the role of mucus as a carrier of the particles.", "contents": "Non-contractile movement of tantalum powder in the canine rectum. Caudad movement of trantalum particles in the rectum was observed in 5 recumbent anesthetized beagle bitches in the absence of muscular contractions as monitored by intrarectal balloons. The movement did not occur after injections of atropine or glucagon alone but did occur when a bisacodyl suppository was introduced in addition to the injection of glucagon. Along with direct observation of rectal mucosa, this strongly suggests the role of mucus as a carrier of the particles."}
{"id": "PMID:1200216", "title": "Angiocardiography with small-size rapid cassette changer films.", "content": "The disadvantages of small-size 10 X 10 cm. films in angiocardiography do not preclude correct diagnosis in a well equipped cardiac laboratory. On the contrary, the advantages are such as to recommend a more extensive use. In our department the method has been limited to pediatric patients, mainly because of excessive scattered radiation at high kVp. It is hopeful that improvement in recording and combination with image intensification will make the system available in the future for adult use.", "contents": "Angiocardiography with small-size rapid cassette changer films. The disadvantages of small-size 10 X 10 cm. films in angiocardiography do not preclude correct diagnosis in a well equipped cardiac laboratory. On the contrary, the advantages are such as to recommend a more extensive use. In our department the method has been limited to pediatric patients, mainly because of excessive scattered radiation at high kVp. It is hopeful that improvement in recording and combination with image intensification will make the system available in the future for adult use."}
{"id": "PMID:1200218", "title": "Anatomy of the colon. Guide to intra-abdominal pathology. Hickey Lecture, 1975.", "content": "The normal contours and relationships of the colon have been described in a previous publication. I have attempted to show how enlargement of these organs or tumefactions arising within them affect the colon in a characteristic manner. Hopefully this will become useful in: (1) determining the normality of the external contour and variation of the external contour of the colon; (2) detecting a clinically unsuspected mass by an abnormal indentation on the colon; and (3) providing, for the diagnostic work-up of abdominal masses, a primary classification fo abdominal masses. Further, I have tried to emphasize that the lateral aspects of both colic flexures are posterior and tend to reflect abnormality of the posterior structures. The medial aspects of the colic flexures are anteior and likewise reflect abnormality of anterior structures. In addition, I reemphasize that what in the past has been called the splenic flexure (the area of marked angulation of the colon in the left upper quadrant) in reality is merely a portion of distal transverse colon. The more subtle angulation of the colon related to the \"splenic angle\" and left kidney is the true splenic flexure, the area of the phrenicocolic ligament.", "contents": "Anatomy of the colon. Guide to intra-abdominal pathology. Hickey Lecture, 1975. The normal contours and relationships of the colon have been described in a previous publication. I have attempted to show how enlargement of these organs or tumefactions arising within them affect the colon in a characteristic manner. Hopefully this will become useful in: (1) determining the normality of the external contour and variation of the external contour of the colon; (2) detecting a clinically unsuspected mass by an abnormal indentation on the colon; and (3) providing, for the diagnostic work-up of abdominal masses, a primary classification fo abdominal masses. Further, I have tried to emphasize that the lateral aspects of both colic flexures are posterior and tend to reflect abnormality of the posterior structures. The medial aspects of the colic flexures are anteior and likewise reflect abnormality of anterior structures. In addition, I reemphasize that what in the past has been called the splenic flexure (the area of marked angulation of the colon in the left upper quadrant) in reality is merely a portion of distal transverse colon. The more subtle angulation of the colon related to the \"splenic angle\" and left kidney is the true splenic flexure, the area of the phrenicocolic ligament."}
{"id": "PMID:1200219", "title": "A feasibility study for percutaneous retroperitoneal lymph node biopsy.", "content": "A percutaneous technique for the biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes was studied in animals and cadavers. Access to the retroperitoneal space from the groin to the diaphragm has been achieved, and satisfactory biopsies of iliac and lumbar lymph nodes opacified by pedal lymphangiography have been obtained. Further investigations, however, are needed to improve the technique and to minimize the potential hazards associated with this procedure.", "contents": "A feasibility study for percutaneous retroperitoneal lymph node biopsy. A percutaneous technique for the biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes was studied in animals and cadavers. Access to the retroperitoneal space from the groin to the diaphragm has been achieved, and satisfactory biopsies of iliac and lumbar lymph nodes opacified by pedal lymphangiography have been obtained. Further investigations, however, are needed to improve the technique and to minimize the potential hazards associated with this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1200220", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound diagnosis of obstructive biliary disease.", "content": "B-mode ultrasound examinations have been useful in demonstrating cholelithiasis and obstructive dilatation of the gallbladder. It is now possible with gray scale ultrasound technique to demonstrate dilatation of the common bile duct, as differentiated from the gallbladder, and also to show fluid containing spaces within the liver. Discrimination between solid and fluid filled intrahepatic structures is readily made, and dilated biliary radicles are frequently discernible.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound diagnosis of obstructive biliary disease. B-mode ultrasound examinations have been useful in demonstrating cholelithiasis and obstructive dilatation of the gallbladder. It is now possible with gray scale ultrasound technique to demonstrate dilatation of the common bile duct, as differentiated from the gallbladder, and also to show fluid containing spaces within the liver. Discrimination between solid and fluid filled intrahepatic structures is readily made, and dilated biliary radicles are frequently discernible."}
{"id": "PMID:1200221", "title": "Evaluation of pelvic masses during infusion excretory urography.", "content": "Infusion excretory urography not only clearly delineates the urinary tract structures, but provides additional information about the type of pelvic mass present. Benign uterine fibroids show contrast enhancement in a significant number of cases, whereas endometrial and cervial malignancies give no specific pattern. Cystic and mixed ovarian neoplasms show rim opacification in over 50 per cent of cases, and the presence of this rim sign points strongly to an ovarian lesion. The opacification of solid ovarian tumors cannot be differentiated from that of uterine fibroids unless other identifying features such as specific calcification or visualization of a normal uterus are present. Pelvic inflammatory disease shows no specific type of opacification. Excretory urography is part of the preoperative evaluation in most patients with pelvic mass lesions. By utilizing the infusion method, high quality excretory urograms are obtained, and, in addition, helpful information is obtained regarding the type of pelvic mass present.", "contents": "Evaluation of pelvic masses during infusion excretory urography. Infusion excretory urography not only clearly delineates the urinary tract structures, but provides additional information about the type of pelvic mass present. Benign uterine fibroids show contrast enhancement in a significant number of cases, whereas endometrial and cervial malignancies give no specific pattern. Cystic and mixed ovarian neoplasms show rim opacification in over 50 per cent of cases, and the presence of this rim sign points strongly to an ovarian lesion. The opacification of solid ovarian tumors cannot be differentiated from that of uterine fibroids unless other identifying features such as specific calcification or visualization of a normal uterus are present. Pelvic inflammatory disease shows no specific type of opacification. Excretory urography is part of the preoperative evaluation in most patients with pelvic mass lesions. By utilizing the infusion method, high quality excretory urograms are obtained, and, in addition, helpful information is obtained regarding the type of pelvic mass present."}
{"id": "PMID:1200222", "title": "The utilization and efficacy of pelvimetry.", "content": "Data from non random groups of deliveries with some identical clinical factors were compared and certain conclusions are suggested. Most x-ray examinations which cause significant fetal exposure are pelvimetries. There appears to be no uniform set of indications for performing pelvimetry. Instead, the criteria seem to vary from hospital to hospital and even from physician to physician within the same hospital. A normal pelvimetry gives the physicina little confidence that a cesarean section will not be necessary. The duration of labor is not significantly altered by pelvimetry in those cases needing a cesarean section for cephalopelvic disproportion or following unsuccessful oxytocin stimulation.", "contents": "The utilization and efficacy of pelvimetry. Data from non random groups of deliveries with some identical clinical factors were compared and certain conclusions are suggested. Most x-ray examinations which cause significant fetal exposure are pelvimetries. There appears to be no uniform set of indications for performing pelvimetry. Instead, the criteria seem to vary from hospital to hospital and even from physician to physician within the same hospital. A normal pelvimetry gives the physicina little confidence that a cesarean section will not be necessary. The duration of labor is not significantly altered by pelvimetry in those cases needing a cesarean section for cephalopelvic disproportion or following unsuccessful oxytocin stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200223", "title": "Intestinal perforation as a complication of the neonatal small left colon syndrome.", "content": "Intestinal perforation can occur as a complication of the neonatal small left colon syndrome. Four such infants are reported. Early diagnosis and treatment, utilizing water soluble contrast enema examination, are recommended to reduce the frequency of this complication.", "contents": "Intestinal perforation as a complication of the neonatal small left colon syndrome. Intestinal perforation can occur as a complication of the neonatal small left colon syndrome. Four such infants are reported. Early diagnosis and treatment, utilizing water soluble contrast enema examination, are recommended to reduce the frequency of this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:1200224", "title": "The \"starry night\" splenic angiogram. Contrast material opacification of the malpighian body marginal sinus circulation in spleen trauma.", "content": "In traumatized human spleens, focal 0.3-1 cm. areas of contrast material staining appear to represent the malpighian marginal sinus circulation. This circulation, when seen, is static or very slow moving. Extravasation of blood and contrast material also may be present in the marginal sinus network. The identification of diffuse or localized small areas of contrast material in the splenic angiogram of the traumatized patient suggests splenic contusion, intrasplenic hematoma, or both. The splenic angiographic appearance described may be compared to the globular appearance of stars, as depicted by van Gogh in his painting \"The Starry Night.\"", "contents": "The \"starry night\" splenic angiogram. Contrast material opacification of the malpighian body marginal sinus circulation in spleen trauma. In traumatized human spleens, focal 0.3-1 cm. areas of contrast material staining appear to represent the malpighian marginal sinus circulation. This circulation, when seen, is static or very slow moving. Extravasation of blood and contrast material also may be present in the marginal sinus network. The identification of diffuse or localized small areas of contrast material in the splenic angiogram of the traumatized patient suggests splenic contusion, intrasplenic hematoma, or both. The splenic angiographic appearance described may be compared to the globular appearance of stars, as depicted by van Gogh in his painting \"The Starry Night.\""}
{"id": "PMID:1200225", "title": "Experimental use of prostaglandin E1 in nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia.", "content": "Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia was produced in dogs by intraarterial infusion of digoxin and by hemorrhage of 1/3 of total blood volume. Both methods produced a substantial drop in the superior mesenteric arterial blood flow rate. In each case, a superior mesenteric arterial infusion of 0.1 mug./kg. per minute of prostaglandin E1 allowed the blood flow rate to increase to above the control level without significantly altering heart rate or systemic arterial pressure. The improved arterial blood flow rates were accompanied by a reversal of the diffuse mesenteric vasoconstriction that was seen in the ischemic state. These findings were demonstrated by superior mesenteric arteriography performed prior to and following the production of mesenteric ischemia and again following the infusion of prostaglandin E1.", "contents": "Experimental use of prostaglandin E1 in nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia was produced in dogs by intraarterial infusion of digoxin and by hemorrhage of 1/3 of total blood volume. Both methods produced a substantial drop in the superior mesenteric arterial blood flow rate. In each case, a superior mesenteric arterial infusion of 0.1 mug./kg. per minute of prostaglandin E1 allowed the blood flow rate to increase to above the control level without significantly altering heart rate or systemic arterial pressure. The improved arterial blood flow rates were accompanied by a reversal of the diffuse mesenteric vasoconstriction that was seen in the ischemic state. These findings were demonstrated by superior mesenteric arteriography performed prior to and following the production of mesenteric ischemia and again following the infusion of prostaglandin E1."}
{"id": "PMID:1200226", "title": "The specificity of renal vein thrombosis.", "content": "Clinical and roentgenographic features of renal vein thrombosis are discussed. The authors' experience with 17 cases is presented. The roentgenologist with a high degree of suspicion can, by correlation of clinical and urographic findings, make the specific diagnosis of renal vein thrombosis in a high percentage of cases.", "contents": "The specificity of renal vein thrombosis. Clinical and roentgenographic features of renal vein thrombosis are discussed. The authors' experience with 17 cases is presented. The roentgenologist with a high degree of suspicion can, by correlation of clinical and urographic findings, make the specific diagnosis of renal vein thrombosis in a high percentage of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1200227", "title": "Control of renal hemorrhage by selective arterial embolization.", "content": "An attempt was made to control renal hemorrhage by selective embolization of the renal artery in 7 patients. In 2 patients the bleeding site was single, but in 2 others, several sites of arterial extravasation were present. Two patients had arteriovenous fistulas, and 1 had an unsalvageable, macerated kidney. Six of the 7 patients (86 per cent) were treated successfully. Nephrectomy was avoided in 5. No patient developed hypertension during the follow-up of 4 months to 2 years. Our results in these patients indicate that selective arterial embolization should have an important place in the management of patients with renal trauma.", "contents": "Control of renal hemorrhage by selective arterial embolization. An attempt was made to control renal hemorrhage by selective embolization of the renal artery in 7 patients. In 2 patients the bleeding site was single, but in 2 others, several sites of arterial extravasation were present. Two patients had arteriovenous fistulas, and 1 had an unsalvageable, macerated kidney. Six of the 7 patients (86 per cent) were treated successfully. Nephrectomy was avoided in 5. No patient developed hypertension during the follow-up of 4 months to 2 years. Our results in these patients indicate that selective arterial embolization should have an important place in the management of patients with renal trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:1200228", "title": "Circumaortic renal collar. A potentially hazardous anomaly of the left renal vein.", "content": "The circumaortic renal collar is a potentially hazardous anomaly of the left renal vein. Failure to recognize the dorsal component during retroperitoneal surgery may lead to hemorrhage, nephrectomy or death. The angiographer can make a significant contribution in documenting this anomally in patients who are candidates for surgery in this area.", "contents": "Circumaortic renal collar. A potentially hazardous anomaly of the left renal vein. The circumaortic renal collar is a potentially hazardous anomaly of the left renal vein. Failure to recognize the dorsal component during retroperitoneal surgery may lead to hemorrhage, nephrectomy or death. The angiographer can make a significant contribution in documenting this anomally in patients who are candidates for surgery in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:1200229", "title": "Submucosal hemorrhage of the renal collecting system.", "content": "Two cases of submucosal hemorrhage in the renal pelvis and ureter are presented. The roentgenographic appearance was identical to that of pyeloureteritis cystica but without evidence of urinary tract infection and, in 1 case, the submucosal impression resolved rapidly. When nodular, submucosal filling defects are demonstrated in the renal collecting system in the clinical setting of anticoagulant therapy or trauma, a diagnosis of submucosal hemorrhage should be considered.", "contents": "Submucosal hemorrhage of the renal collecting system. Two cases of submucosal hemorrhage in the renal pelvis and ureter are presented. The roentgenographic appearance was identical to that of pyeloureteritis cystica but without evidence of urinary tract infection and, in 1 case, the submucosal impression resolved rapidly. When nodular, submucosal filling defects are demonstrated in the renal collecting system in the clinical setting of anticoagulant therapy or trauma, a diagnosis of submucosal hemorrhage should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1200230", "title": "Vesicoureteral reflux in adults.", "content": "Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in 200 adults seen in a 4 year period. In group 1 (no history of urinary tract infection and negative urine cultures), all patients had abnormalities on excretory urograms that were suggestive of reflux. In patients with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection (groups 2 and 3), the excretory urograms showed an abnormality in 79 per cent of those with negative cultures and in 83 per cent of those with positive cultures. Thus, reflux should be suspected in patients with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection even if infection cannot be documented with urine culture. Urographic evidence of renal parenchymal scarring, ureteral dilatation, or mucosal striations should also suggest the possibility of vesicoureteral reflux even when the patient may have no urinary tract symptoms. Voiding cystourethrography should be performed in all adults with these findings to exclude the possibility of vesicoureteral reflux.", "contents": "Vesicoureteral reflux in adults. Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in 200 adults seen in a 4 year period. In group 1 (no history of urinary tract infection and negative urine cultures), all patients had abnormalities on excretory urograms that were suggestive of reflux. In patients with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection (groups 2 and 3), the excretory urograms showed an abnormality in 79 per cent of those with negative cultures and in 83 per cent of those with positive cultures. Thus, reflux should be suspected in patients with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection even if infection cannot be documented with urine culture. Urographic evidence of renal parenchymal scarring, ureteral dilatation, or mucosal striations should also suggest the possibility of vesicoureteral reflux even when the patient may have no urinary tract symptoms. Voiding cystourethrography should be performed in all adults with these findings to exclude the possibility of vesicoureteral reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:1200231", "title": "Tomography of pelvic-abdominal masses during intravenous urography. An added dimension.", "content": "Experience with a wide variety of pelvic-abdominal masses indicates that good quality tomography during high dose urography permits separation of solid from cystic lesions in almost all cases, even with minimal mass opacification. Evaluation of surface contour, absence or presence of a wall and its features, opacification, calcification, and uterine status provides the framework for characterization of the mass. Multiple masses can be identified and evaluated separately. While titration of the above criteria permits an accurate assessment independent of the clinical diagnosis, the latter information is important in separating a probable abscess from other cystic lesions. Since urography continues to be a pivotal preoperative roentgenologic investigation (ureteral status, pelvic kidney exclusion, etc.), the addition of tomography provides an added dimension to its usefulness. With the exception of the premenopausal female in whom radiation exposure is a consideration, tomography appears to preclude the routine necessity for subsequent ultrasound study which has been used to separate cystic from solid lesions.", "contents": "Tomography of pelvic-abdominal masses during intravenous urography. An added dimension. Experience with a wide variety of pelvic-abdominal masses indicates that good quality tomography during high dose urography permits separation of solid from cystic lesions in almost all cases, even with minimal mass opacification. Evaluation of surface contour, absence or presence of a wall and its features, opacification, calcification, and uterine status provides the framework for characterization of the mass. Multiple masses can be identified and evaluated separately. While titration of the above criteria permits an accurate assessment independent of the clinical diagnosis, the latter information is important in separating a probable abscess from other cystic lesions. Since urography continues to be a pivotal preoperative roentgenologic investigation (ureteral status, pelvic kidney exclusion, etc.), the addition of tomography provides an added dimension to its usefulness. With the exception of the premenopausal female in whom radiation exposure is a consideration, tomography appears to preclude the routine necessity for subsequent ultrasound study which has been used to separate cystic from solid lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1200232", "title": "Tomography of the kidney bed as an aid in differentiating renal pelvic tumor and stone.", "content": "Plain film tomography is of value in detecting small amounts of calcium in \"non-opaque\" stones. The use of this technique to help differentiate renal pelvic tumor from stone in patients presenting with a filling defect in the renal pelvis is suggested. Four cases in which plain film tomography detected calcium in a renal pelvic stone that could not be seen on routine roentgenograms are presented.", "contents": "Tomography of the kidney bed as an aid in differentiating renal pelvic tumor and stone. Plain film tomography is of value in detecting small amounts of calcium in \"non-opaque\" stones. The use of this technique to help differentiate renal pelvic tumor from stone in patients presenting with a filling defect in the renal pelvis is suggested. Four cases in which plain film tomography detected calcium in a renal pelvic stone that could not be seen on routine roentgenograms are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1200233", "title": "Renal osteodystrophy in patients on hemodialysis as reflected in the bony pelvis.", "content": "Roentgen studies in a group of 131 patients on maintenance hemodialysis reveal renal osteodystrophy in 25 patients (19 per cent). In 24 patients of the latter group (98 per cent), the various manifestations of renal osteodystrophy appear in the bony pelvis. These include: osteomalacia; osteitis fibrosa; osteosclerosis; dialysis osteopenia; and extraosseous calcifications. Some of the changes, i.e., bending of bone, Looser's lines, metaphyseal fractures and dialysis osteopenia, are due, at least in part, to the weight bearing nature of the bony pelvis. These findings are ararely, if ever, seen in the digits or in other non-weight bearing bones. It is therefore proposed to evaluate the bony pelvis, together with the magnification digital roentgenogram, when a less costly and less time consuming skeletal survey is needed in hemodialized patients.", "contents": "Renal osteodystrophy in patients on hemodialysis as reflected in the bony pelvis. Roentgen studies in a group of 131 patients on maintenance hemodialysis reveal renal osteodystrophy in 25 patients (19 per cent). In 24 patients of the latter group (98 per cent), the various manifestations of renal osteodystrophy appear in the bony pelvis. These include: osteomalacia; osteitis fibrosa; osteosclerosis; dialysis osteopenia; and extraosseous calcifications. Some of the changes, i.e., bending of bone, Looser's lines, metaphyseal fractures and dialysis osteopenia, are due, at least in part, to the weight bearing nature of the bony pelvis. These findings are ararely, if ever, seen in the digits or in other non-weight bearing bones. It is therefore proposed to evaluate the bony pelvis, together with the magnification digital roentgenogram, when a less costly and less time consuming skeletal survey is needed in hemodialized patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1200234", "title": "Crohn's disease of the esophagus.", "content": "Two cases of Crohn's disease involving the esophagus are described. Both patients had Crohn's disease elsewhere. Multiple intramural fistulous tracts are seen in both patients, and this is a characteristic feature of Crohn's disease. One patient developed a spontaneous esophago-bronchial fistula. Even though the esophageal involvement of Crohn's disease is rare, it should be suspected when a chronic esophageal inflammatory lesion develops in a patient who has Crohn's disease elsewhere, especially without hiatus hernia or other chronic disease.", "contents": "Crohn's disease of the esophagus. Two cases of Crohn's disease involving the esophagus are described. Both patients had Crohn's disease elsewhere. Multiple intramural fistulous tracts are seen in both patients, and this is a characteristic feature of Crohn's disease. One patient developed a spontaneous esophago-bronchial fistula. Even though the esophageal involvement of Crohn's disease is rare, it should be suspected when a chronic esophageal inflammatory lesion develops in a patient who has Crohn's disease elsewhere, especially without hiatus hernia or other chronic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1200235", "title": "Yeast bezoar formation following gastric surgery.", "content": "Yeast bezoar seems to be a relatively common late complication after various gastric operations. The incidence of bezoar depends decisively on the nature of the operation. Vagotomy in particular is conducive to the formation of a bezoar. Vagotomy + Billroth I resection proveded the most propitious conditions for the growth of yeast, for every one-half of the patients in this group developed a bezoar. Yeast bezoars usually appear within a year of the operation. The majority disappear during the first follow-up year, many without any therapy. However, in some cases the bezoar was a rather inconvenient late complication of gastric surgery and one that gave symptoms. It is difficult to draw any definite conclusions concerning the effect of therapy on the disappearance of the bezoar. We used gastric lavage and antimycotics as well as substances that increase gastric acidity. There is still no known method of preventing the formation of yeast bezoars. In the present consensus, a change in the acid conditions and disturbed gastric motility postoperatively are conducive to the formation of a bezoar.", "contents": "Yeast bezoar formation following gastric surgery. Yeast bezoar seems to be a relatively common late complication after various gastric operations. The incidence of bezoar depends decisively on the nature of the operation. Vagotomy in particular is conducive to the formation of a bezoar. Vagotomy + Billroth I resection proveded the most propitious conditions for the growth of yeast, for every one-half of the patients in this group developed a bezoar. Yeast bezoars usually appear within a year of the operation. The majority disappear during the first follow-up year, many without any therapy. However, in some cases the bezoar was a rather inconvenient late complication of gastric surgery and one that gave symptoms. It is difficult to draw any definite conclusions concerning the effect of therapy on the disappearance of the bezoar. We used gastric lavage and antimycotics as well as substances that increase gastric acidity. There is still no known method of preventing the formation of yeast bezoars. In the present consensus, a change in the acid conditions and disturbed gastric motility postoperatively are conducive to the formation of a bezoar."}
{"id": "PMID:1200236", "title": "Gallstone ileus. The importance of contrast examinations in the roentgenographic diagnosis.", "content": "Our experience based on the analysis of 12 proved cases of gallstone ileus is presented emphasizing the fact that the plain abdominal roentgenogram may be inconclusive or deceiving. It allowed us to suggest the correct diagnosis in only 4 cases. A high index of suspicion, particularly in elderly female patients, followed by barium examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract leads to a correct and rapid diagnosis. The demonstration of a diverticulum-like structure or a fistulous tract adjacent to the first portion of the duodenum associated with jejunal dilatation and barium dilution is highly reliable.", "contents": "Gallstone ileus. The importance of contrast examinations in the roentgenographic diagnosis. Our experience based on the analysis of 12 proved cases of gallstone ileus is presented emphasizing the fact that the plain abdominal roentgenogram may be inconclusive or deceiving. It allowed us to suggest the correct diagnosis in only 4 cases. A high index of suspicion, particularly in elderly female patients, followed by barium examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract leads to a correct and rapid diagnosis. The demonstration of a diverticulum-like structure or a fistulous tract adjacent to the first portion of the duodenum associated with jejunal dilatation and barium dilution is highly reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:1200237", "title": "Mediastinal neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma. The differentiation between primary and secondary involvement on the chest roentgenogram.", "content": "The roentgenologic diagnosis and differentiation of mediastinal neurogenic tumors are possible on the chest roentgenogram as a rule. The soft tissue mass may be ill-defined and the tumor \"ghost-like\" in the case of primary neuroblastoma, but it is usually obvious in ganglioneuroma and metastatic disease. The presence of calcifications differentiates neurogenic tumors from other posterior mediastinal tumors of childhood. They are common in primary and rare in secondary disease. Rib erosions and displacement are striking in neuroblastoma (after a few months of age), more subtle in ganglioneuroma, and absent with secondary involvement. In 3 out of 7 posterior mediastinal neuroblastomas the diagnosis and treatment were delayed, as the adjacent rib changes were not appreciated for some time. \"Dumbbell\" shaped tumors are usually associated with vertebral changes and myelography is indicated even in the absence of neurologic deficit. Thoracic deformity and disability subsequent to laminectomy, radiation therapy, or both, are present in all survivors.", "contents": "Mediastinal neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma. The differentiation between primary and secondary involvement on the chest roentgenogram. The roentgenologic diagnosis and differentiation of mediastinal neurogenic tumors are possible on the chest roentgenogram as a rule. The soft tissue mass may be ill-defined and the tumor \"ghost-like\" in the case of primary neuroblastoma, but it is usually obvious in ganglioneuroma and metastatic disease. The presence of calcifications differentiates neurogenic tumors from other posterior mediastinal tumors of childhood. They are common in primary and rare in secondary disease. Rib erosions and displacement are striking in neuroblastoma (after a few months of age), more subtle in ganglioneuroma, and absent with secondary involvement. In 3 out of 7 posterior mediastinal neuroblastomas the diagnosis and treatment were delayed, as the adjacent rib changes were not appreciated for some time. \"Dumbbell\" shaped tumors are usually associated with vertebral changes and myelography is indicated even in the absence of neurologic deficit. Thoracic deformity and disability subsequent to laminectomy, radiation therapy, or both, are present in all survivors."}
{"id": "PMID:1200238", "title": "Benign, solitary schwannomas of the lesser peritoneal sac.", "content": "Two cases of a large schwannoma of the lesser omental sac are described. One arose from the lesser omentum itself. This schwannoma also had roentgenographically visible calcifications, a finding never before reported to have been seen in the abdomen. Emphasis is upon the uniqueness of the site of the tumor.", "contents": "Benign, solitary schwannomas of the lesser peritoneal sac. Two cases of a large schwannoma of the lesser omental sac are described. One arose from the lesser omentum itself. This schwannoma also had roentgenographically visible calcifications, a finding never before reported to have been seen in the abdomen. Emphasis is upon the uniqueness of the site of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1200239", "title": "Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve: critical review of roentgenological features and additional angiographic signs.", "content": "The plain roentgenographic and angiocardiographic features of 15 patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve were reviewed. Of note on the plain roentgenogram was the fact that the \"posterior bulge\" seen on the lateral view was demonstrated to be due to either a markedly enlarged right atrium or the posterior displacement of normal left heart structures. The angiocardiographic features described in the literature were reviewed. Two main features seen were the \"sail-like\" appearance of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve, which sometimes produces a tumor like picture, and the 2 notches seen when the ventricle contracts. One notch corresponds to the true tricuspid annulus. The other represents the site of attachment of the displaced tricuspid valve. The previously undescribed features were noted: (a) all three leaflets could sometimes be identified; (b) fenestrations in the anterior leaflet were demonstrated in 5cases; and (c) the sinus portion of the ventricle was sometimes filled in a retrograde fashion from the infundibular chamber.", "contents": "Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve: critical review of roentgenological features and additional angiographic signs. The plain roentgenographic and angiocardiographic features of 15 patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve were reviewed. Of note on the plain roentgenogram was the fact that the \"posterior bulge\" seen on the lateral view was demonstrated to be due to either a markedly enlarged right atrium or the posterior displacement of normal left heart structures. The angiocardiographic features described in the literature were reviewed. Two main features seen were the \"sail-like\" appearance of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve, which sometimes produces a tumor like picture, and the 2 notches seen when the ventricle contracts. One notch corresponds to the true tricuspid annulus. The other represents the site of attachment of the displaced tricuspid valve. The previously undescribed features were noted: (a) all three leaflets could sometimes be identified; (b) fenestrations in the anterior leaflet were demonstrated in 5cases; and (c) the sinus portion of the ventricle was sometimes filled in a retrograde fashion from the infundibular chamber."}
{"id": "PMID:1200240", "title": "Transarterial electrocoagulation therapy of a pseudoaneurysm in the head of the pancreas.", "content": "Because chemical and transcatheter embolizations for control of bleeding were inappropriate, electrocoagulation through a guidewire was used for arterial occlusion. The power was alternating current. The effectiveness of the procedure was confirmed by arteriograms done immediately and 5 months later.", "contents": "Transarterial electrocoagulation therapy of a pseudoaneurysm in the head of the pancreas. Because chemical and transcatheter embolizations for control of bleeding were inappropriate, electrocoagulation through a guidewire was used for arterial occlusion. The power was alternating current. The effectiveness of the procedure was confirmed by arteriograms done immediately and 5 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:1200241", "title": "Technique and complications of transumbilical catheterization of the portal vein and its tributaries.", "content": "In 120 patients who had 127 transumbilical catheterizations of the portal vein, 33 of pancreatic veins, and 15 for other portal tributaries, the surgical success rate was 91 per cent over-all, increasing to 95 per cent during the last year. Catheterization was made with the same technique as is used for arteriography. The most important complication was thrombosis of the portal vein, giving slight transient symptoms in 2 patients. Other complications were wound infection, suture granuloma, herniation in the linea alba, bleeding from the operative wound, and subintimal injections. As the technique may yield good results in studies of drug resorption, flow studies, detection of metastases, and investigation of pancreatic veins, it seems justified in suitable patients despite the complication rate. None of the complications produced lasting disability.", "contents": "Technique and complications of transumbilical catheterization of the portal vein and its tributaries. In 120 patients who had 127 transumbilical catheterizations of the portal vein, 33 of pancreatic veins, and 15 for other portal tributaries, the surgical success rate was 91 per cent over-all, increasing to 95 per cent during the last year. Catheterization was made with the same technique as is used for arteriography. The most important complication was thrombosis of the portal vein, giving slight transient symptoms in 2 patients. Other complications were wound infection, suture granuloma, herniation in the linea alba, bleeding from the operative wound, and subintimal injections. As the technique may yield good results in studies of drug resorption, flow studies, detection of metastases, and investigation of pancreatic veins, it seems justified in suitable patients despite the complication rate. None of the complications produced lasting disability."}
{"id": "PMID:1200242", "title": "External iliac artery blood flow in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans.", "content": "Blood flow in the left external iliac artery was measured by means of a densitometric technique in 21 patients with arteriosclerosis of the lower extremities and in 21 controls. Normal flow volumes were (mean +/- S.D.) 604 +/- 104 ml./min. for males and 478 +/- ml./min. for females. Flow volume was significantly lower in the patients with ischemia of the legs. There was no correlation between flow volume through the artery and the degree of stenosis at its narrowest point. The diameter of the iliac artery and the flow volume were significantly larger in males than in females; however, flow velocity was significantly larger in females.", "contents": "External iliac artery blood flow in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. Blood flow in the left external iliac artery was measured by means of a densitometric technique in 21 patients with arteriosclerosis of the lower extremities and in 21 controls. Normal flow volumes were (mean +/- S.D.) 604 +/- 104 ml./min. for males and 478 +/- ml./min. for females. Flow volume was significantly lower in the patients with ischemia of the legs. There was no correlation between flow volume through the artery and the degree of stenosis at its narrowest point. The diameter of the iliac artery and the flow volume were significantly larger in males than in females; however, flow velocity was significantly larger in females."}
{"id": "PMID:1200243", "title": "Mesenteric angiography of non-tropical sprue.", "content": "Detailed angiographic findings in 2 cases of proved sprue are described. There are dilatation of the superior mesenteric artery and its small bowel branches selectively, and increased capillary blush. Early draining into dilated veins is also noted. These findings are similar to those of the superior mesenteric arteriogram performed with pharmacological vasodilators. This similarity suggests that the dilated vessels in non-tropical sprue may be due to capillary dilatation.", "contents": "Mesenteric angiography of non-tropical sprue. Detailed angiographic findings in 2 cases of proved sprue are described. There are dilatation of the superior mesenteric artery and its small bowel branches selectively, and increased capillary blush. Early draining into dilated veins is also noted. These findings are similar to those of the superior mesenteric arteriogram performed with pharmacological vasodilators. This similarity suggests that the dilated vessels in non-tropical sprue may be due to capillary dilatation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200244", "title": "Persistent hyperextension of the neck in breech (\"star-gazing fetus\") and in transverse lie (\"flying-fetus\"): indication for cesarean section.", "content": "All pregnancies with a breech or transverse lie should be examined roentgenologically, at least after the onset of labor, and those in whom hyperextension of the neck persists should be sectioned to avoid the real danger of injury to the cervical cord incurred in vaginal delivery. The radiologist should not assume a seriously deformed fetus just from the hyperextension; most of these fetuses are otherwise normal.", "contents": "Persistent hyperextension of the neck in breech (\"star-gazing fetus\") and in transverse lie (\"flying-fetus\"): indication for cesarean section. All pregnancies with a breech or transverse lie should be examined roentgenologically, at least after the onset of labor, and those in whom hyperextension of the neck persists should be sectioned to avoid the real danger of injury to the cervical cord incurred in vaginal delivery. The radiologist should not assume a seriously deformed fetus just from the hyperextension; most of these fetuses are otherwise normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1200245", "title": "Calcified intraluminal meconium in newborn males with imperforate anus. Enterolithiasis in the newborn.", "content": "Five cases are reported and reference is made to 3 previous similar cases of calcified intraluminal meconium in newborn males with \"imperforate anus.\" A rectourinary fistula was found in most of the patients; none of the cases had meconium peritonitis. The calcifications may develop in areas of prolonged stasis; the possible added role of the mixture of urine and meconium in utero is raised.", "contents": "Calcified intraluminal meconium in newborn males with imperforate anus. Enterolithiasis in the newborn. Five cases are reported and reference is made to 3 previous similar cases of calcified intraluminal meconium in newborn males with \"imperforate anus.\" A rectourinary fistula was found in most of the patients; none of the cases had meconium peritonitis. The calcifications may develop in areas of prolonged stasis; the possible added role of the mixture of urine and meconium in utero is raised."}
{"id": "PMID:1200246", "title": "Pancreatitis and the battered child syndrome. Report of 2 cases with skeletal involvement.", "content": "Two cases of pancreatitis associated with the trauma of child abuse are reported. In the first case the skeletal survey was initially negative but the child later showed widespread roentgen evidence of intramedullary necrosis and periosteal new bone reaction. These lesions healed without treatment. In the second patient, the pancreatitis was accompanied by ascites and subsequently by bile peritonitis, duodenal obstruction, and a bile-filled abscess in the pancreas. This patient had skeletal fractures. The clinical problems of these 2 patients emphasize the need not only to relate pancreatitis to the battered child syndrome but also to distinguish between the bone changes due to direct trauma and those related to pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatitis and the battered child syndrome. Report of 2 cases with skeletal involvement. Two cases of pancreatitis associated with the trauma of child abuse are reported. In the first case the skeletal survey was initially negative but the child later showed widespread roentgen evidence of intramedullary necrosis and periosteal new bone reaction. These lesions healed without treatment. In the second patient, the pancreatitis was accompanied by ascites and subsequently by bile peritonitis, duodenal obstruction, and a bile-filled abscess in the pancreas. This patient had skeletal fractures. The clinical problems of these 2 patients emphasize the need not only to relate pancreatitis to the battered child syndrome but also to distinguish between the bone changes due to direct trauma and those related to pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200247", "title": "Ultrasound in the management of elective abortion.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound has an important place to play in aiding the obstetrician who has an abortion practice. It is most useful in accurately dating the time of conception. Based on sonographic dating, an abortion may be possible in patients with multiple pregnancy or in whom there is a mass in addition to pregnancy. The performance of a saline or urea abortion is made easier since the precise site of the uterus can be mapped out. Once an abortion has commenced, the presence or absence of retained products can be easily verified by ultrasound.", "contents": "Ultrasound in the management of elective abortion. Diagnostic ultrasound has an important place to play in aiding the obstetrician who has an abortion practice. It is most useful in accurately dating the time of conception. Based on sonographic dating, an abortion may be possible in patients with multiple pregnancy or in whom there is a mass in addition to pregnancy. The performance of a saline or urea abortion is made easier since the precise site of the uterus can be mapped out. Once an abortion has commenced, the presence or absence of retained products can be easily verified by ultrasound."}
{"id": "PMID:1200248", "title": "Roentgenologic evaluation of a new prosthetic sphincter for the treatment of urinary incontinence.", "content": "A new prosthetic device for the treatment of urinary incontinence, caused by a variety of etiologies, has been used 8 times at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Since the entire device is filled with contrast medium, the radiologist plays a major role in its evaluation. A brief description of the implantable urinary sphincter and its normal and abnormal roentgenographic appearances are presented and discussed. Roentgenologic findings which could lead to early clinical detection of mechanical failure are illustrated.", "contents": "Roentgenologic evaluation of a new prosthetic sphincter for the treatment of urinary incontinence. A new prosthetic device for the treatment of urinary incontinence, caused by a variety of etiologies, has been used 8 times at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Since the entire device is filled with contrast medium, the radiologist plays a major role in its evaluation. A brief description of the implantable urinary sphincter and its normal and abnormal roentgenographic appearances are presented and discussed. Roentgenologic findings which could lead to early clinical detection of mechanical failure are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1200249", "title": "Xerographic evaluation of radical vulvectomy specimens.", "content": "Xerography of the radical vulvectomy specimen provides a permanent and visible record of the major lymph node distribution within the specimen. Such documentation is valuable to both pathologist and surgeon alike when making decisions regarding the necessity of further therapy. The combined effort represented by this \"team\" approach results in a high degree of accuracy not available with other techniques. Only if this kind of lymph node assessment is applied to each and every case will it be possible to evaluate accurately the logic and efficacy of the new therapeutic concepts regarding invasive carcinoma of the vulva.", "contents": "Xerographic evaluation of radical vulvectomy specimens. Xerography of the radical vulvectomy specimen provides a permanent and visible record of the major lymph node distribution within the specimen. Such documentation is valuable to both pathologist and surgeon alike when making decisions regarding the necessity of further therapy. The combined effort represented by this \"team\" approach results in a high degree of accuracy not available with other techniques. Only if this kind of lymph node assessment is applied to each and every case will it be possible to evaluate accurately the logic and efficacy of the new therapeutic concepts regarding invasive carcinoma of the vulva."}
{"id": "PMID:1200251", "title": "Trivittatus virus infections in wild mammals and sentinel rabbits in central Iowa.", "content": "A serological survey was conducted in Iowa to determine the prevalence rate of California group virus antibodies in sera of several vertebrate species. Serum specimens were assayed for infectivity-neutralizing antibody in a microneutralization system with baby hamster kidney cell culture. Of 77 sera assayed, 21 (27%) neutralized trivittatus (TVT) virus infectivity. The antibody prevalence rate was highest for eastern cottontail rabbits inasmuch as 46% (10/22) of the serum specimens form this species possessed neutralizing activity. Other vertebrate species having TVT virus antibody included the fox squirrel, 29% (7/24), opossum, 12% (3/25), and raccoon, 17% (1/6). One cottontail rabbit serum neutralized both TVT virus and Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus infectivity, and one opossum serum specimen neutralized JC virus. None of the vertebrate sera neutralized La Crosse, St. Louis encephalitis, or western equine encephalomyelitis virus infectivity. Trivittatus virus neutralizing antibody was detected in the sera of sentinel rabbits, and TVT virus was isolated from the blood collected from one of these sentinels shortly after the first population peak of adult Aedes trivittatus mosquitoes in 1973. The implications of these data and the possibility of trans-ovarial transmission of TVT virus in A. trivittatus are discussed.", "contents": "Trivittatus virus infections in wild mammals and sentinel rabbits in central Iowa. A serological survey was conducted in Iowa to determine the prevalence rate of California group virus antibodies in sera of several vertebrate species. Serum specimens were assayed for infectivity-neutralizing antibody in a microneutralization system with baby hamster kidney cell culture. Of 77 sera assayed, 21 (27%) neutralized trivittatus (TVT) virus infectivity. The antibody prevalence rate was highest for eastern cottontail rabbits inasmuch as 46% (10/22) of the serum specimens form this species possessed neutralizing activity. Other vertebrate species having TVT virus antibody included the fox squirrel, 29% (7/24), opossum, 12% (3/25), and raccoon, 17% (1/6). One cottontail rabbit serum neutralized both TVT virus and Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus infectivity, and one opossum serum specimen neutralized JC virus. None of the vertebrate sera neutralized La Crosse, St. Louis encephalitis, or western equine encephalomyelitis virus infectivity. Trivittatus virus neutralizing antibody was detected in the sera of sentinel rabbits, and TVT virus was isolated from the blood collected from one of these sentinels shortly after the first population peak of adult Aedes trivittatus mosquitoes in 1973. The implications of these data and the possibility of trans-ovarial transmission of TVT virus in A. trivittatus are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200252", "title": "Soldado virus (Hughes group) from Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) infesting Sooty Tern colonies in the Seychelles, Indian Ocean.", "content": "In the summer of 1973, about 5,000 pairs of adult Sooty Terns abandoned a specific part of their breeding grounds on Bird Island in the Seychelles. Incubated eggs and newly hatched chicks were left unattended and the area was not reoccupied in 1974. Numerous Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis occurred in the deserted part in both years, but few or none in the area where bird breeding was normal. Persons visiting the deserted area were bitten by many ticks and experienced severe pruritus persisting for several days. In 1973 and 1974, Soldado (SOL) virus (Hughes serogroup) was isolated from the ticks taken on Bird Island from the ground and from sick and not visibly sick chicks of the Sooty Tern, and also from nests of the Blue-faced Booby on Des Noeufs Island. When ticks from the ground and from Sooty Tern chicks were fed on domestic chicks, they transmitted SOL virus and caused the death of their hosts. Soldado virus was previously known only from O. (A.) capensis-group ticks infesting marine bird colonies on islands off Trinidad and in a lake in Ethiopia. We have also isolated SOL virus from another species of the subgenus Alectorobius from Wales, Great Britain. Marine bird migrations undoubtedly account for the remarkably extensive distribution of SOL virus. The role of migration in the mechanisms and dynamics of tick and virus distribution, and the comparative growth cycles of Hughes serogroup viruses in Ornithodoros ticks, remain to be determined for a better epidemiological understanding of this agent.", "contents": "Soldado virus (Hughes group) from Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) infesting Sooty Tern colonies in the Seychelles, Indian Ocean. In the summer of 1973, about 5,000 pairs of adult Sooty Terns abandoned a specific part of their breeding grounds on Bird Island in the Seychelles. Incubated eggs and newly hatched chicks were left unattended and the area was not reoccupied in 1974. Numerous Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis occurred in the deserted part in both years, but few or none in the area where bird breeding was normal. Persons visiting the deserted area were bitten by many ticks and experienced severe pruritus persisting for several days. In 1973 and 1974, Soldado (SOL) virus (Hughes serogroup) was isolated from the ticks taken on Bird Island from the ground and from sick and not visibly sick chicks of the Sooty Tern, and also from nests of the Blue-faced Booby on Des Noeufs Island. When ticks from the ground and from Sooty Tern chicks were fed on domestic chicks, they transmitted SOL virus and caused the death of their hosts. Soldado virus was previously known only from O. (A.) capensis-group ticks infesting marine bird colonies on islands off Trinidad and in a lake in Ethiopia. We have also isolated SOL virus from another species of the subgenus Alectorobius from Wales, Great Britain. Marine bird migrations undoubtedly account for the remarkably extensive distribution of SOL virus. The role of migration in the mechanisms and dynamics of tick and virus distribution, and the comparative growth cycles of Hughes serogroup viruses in Ornithodoros ticks, remain to be determined for a better epidemiological understanding of this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1200257", "title": "Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical studies of 484 typical cases probably caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.", "content": "Six hundred and forty-six patients with an eosinophilic pleocytosis were studied in Thailand over a 3-year period ending in March 1968. It was possible to segregate the cases into two clinical entities, which were termed typical eosinophilic meningitis and eosinophilic myeloencephalitis respectively. The clinical and laboratory finding of 484 cases of typical eosinophilic meningitis are reported here. The latter entity was generally benign and self-limited with a case mortality ratio of less than 0.5%. Acute severe headache was the most significant symptom. Fever was uncommon and abnormal neurologic findings were absent in 58% of cases. Sixteen percent of patients had visual impairment and 12% had an abnormal fundus. Impairment of the sensorium of a slowly progressive type and weakness of the extremities without localization were noted in 5% and less than 1% of patients, respectively. These signs occurred only in severely ill patients. Involvement of the cranial nerves was found in 17% of patients. Paralysis of the external rectus muscle of the eye and facial paralysis were found in 3% and 4%, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid was characteristically turbid with a leucocyte count of more than 500 cells per mm3 in 75% of cases. It appeared that specific treatment of the disease was not indicated and that steroids and antibiotics did not have a definite beneficial effect on the course of the illness.", "contents": "Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical studies of 484 typical cases probably caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Six hundred and forty-six patients with an eosinophilic pleocytosis were studied in Thailand over a 3-year period ending in March 1968. It was possible to segregate the cases into two clinical entities, which were termed typical eosinophilic meningitis and eosinophilic myeloencephalitis respectively. The clinical and laboratory finding of 484 cases of typical eosinophilic meningitis are reported here. The latter entity was generally benign and self-limited with a case mortality ratio of less than 0.5%. Acute severe headache was the most significant symptom. Fever was uncommon and abnormal neurologic findings were absent in 58% of cases. Sixteen percent of patients had visual impairment and 12% had an abnormal fundus. Impairment of the sensorium of a slowly progressive type and weakness of the extremities without localization were noted in 5% and less than 1% of patients, respectively. These signs occurred only in severely ill patients. Involvement of the cranial nerves was found in 17% of patients. Paralysis of the external rectus muscle of the eye and facial paralysis were found in 3% and 4%, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid was characteristically turbid with a leucocyte count of more than 500 cells per mm3 in 75% of cases. It appeared that specific treatment of the disease was not indicated and that steroids and antibiotics did not have a definite beneficial effect on the course of the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:1200264", "title": "Diagnosis and management of bile duct strictures.", "content": "In the majority of patients, strictures of the common bile duct result from an injury to the duct. The earlier the injury is repaired or the more quickly the diagnosis of stricture is made and repaired, with antibiotics to prevent infection, the better are the results of the repair. Five types of repair have been utilized: (1) choledochoduodenostomy, (2) duct-to-duct repair, (3) choledochojejunostomy, (4) plastic revision of the stricture, or (5) dilatation of a previous stricture when multiple, previous operative procedures or the difficulty of operative exposure proves too great for adequate repair. Our overall results after repair of biliary stricture are good or excellent in 84 per cent of patients. We have had the best results in patients in whom choledochoduodenostomy was performed.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of bile duct strictures. In the majority of patients, strictures of the common bile duct result from an injury to the duct. The earlier the injury is repaired or the more quickly the diagnosis of stricture is made and repaired, with antibiotics to prevent infection, the better are the results of the repair. Five types of repair have been utilized: (1) choledochoduodenostomy, (2) duct-to-duct repair, (3) choledochojejunostomy, (4) plastic revision of the stricture, or (5) dilatation of a previous stricture when multiple, previous operative procedures or the difficulty of operative exposure proves too great for adequate repair. Our overall results after repair of biliary stricture are good or excellent in 84 per cent of patients. We have had the best results in patients in whom choledochoduodenostomy was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200265", "title": "Complications of surgery of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Surgery of the aorta has become a routine since Astley Cooper first attempted to ligate the aorta. It is major surgery that requires careful technic, understanding of the disease process, and a full knowledge of the complications that may ensue. Most of the complications are preventable, and if the operator recognizes their possibility, most can be prevented. When complications occur, the operator must be prepared to handle them immediately since most of them are catastrophic and usually life-threatening to the patient. Surgery of the aorta should never be performed in a hospital that does not have the backup facilities to manage these complications. This requires the immediate availability of large quantities of blood and the various clotting factors that may be necessary in some patients. In addition, arteriography must be available constantly and on a moment's notice, because it is often necessary in making the diagnosis. Finally, a good intensive care unit with skilled respiratory therapists is mandatory in handling the complications of this type of operation. Many such patients have had at least one myocardial infarction before operation on the aorta and many of the complications will lead to massive distension of the abdomen with high diaphragm, atelectasis, and the need for continual respiratory care if the patient is to survive.", "contents": "Complications of surgery of the abdominal aorta. Surgery of the aorta has become a routine since Astley Cooper first attempted to ligate the aorta. It is major surgery that requires careful technic, understanding of the disease process, and a full knowledge of the complications that may ensue. Most of the complications are preventable, and if the operator recognizes their possibility, most can be prevented. When complications occur, the operator must be prepared to handle them immediately since most of them are catastrophic and usually life-threatening to the patient. Surgery of the aorta should never be performed in a hospital that does not have the backup facilities to manage these complications. This requires the immediate availability of large quantities of blood and the various clotting factors that may be necessary in some patients. In addition, arteriography must be available constantly and on a moment's notice, because it is often necessary in making the diagnosis. Finally, a good intensive care unit with skilled respiratory therapists is mandatory in handling the complications of this type of operation. Many such patients have had at least one myocardial infarction before operation on the aorta and many of the complications will lead to massive distension of the abdomen with high diaphragm, atelectasis, and the need for continual respiratory care if the patient is to survive."}
{"id": "PMID:1200267", "title": "The functional consequences of colectomy.", "content": "The colon plays a decisive role in salt and water conservation in the intact human, normally removing from the terminal intestine approximately one liter of isotonic fluid that escapes small bowel absorption. The primary purpose of this colon function is probably to prevent extracellular fluid volume depletion and only incidentally to produce a normal solid stool. The patient with an ileostomy can partly adapt to replace the absorptive capacity lost after colectomy but is still vulnerable if salt and water intake ceases completely. In contrast, patients with ileorectostomies and some patients with continent ileostomies can almost totally adapt to loss of the colon. These findings suggest that the ileal mucosa can adapt under certain conditions to absorb at rates and concentrations previously thought impossible. This property of ileal mucosa might be utilized in the future to significantly improve the condition of patients who require total colectomy.", "contents": "The functional consequences of colectomy. The colon plays a decisive role in salt and water conservation in the intact human, normally removing from the terminal intestine approximately one liter of isotonic fluid that escapes small bowel absorption. The primary purpose of this colon function is probably to prevent extracellular fluid volume depletion and only incidentally to produce a normal solid stool. The patient with an ileostomy can partly adapt to replace the absorptive capacity lost after colectomy but is still vulnerable if salt and water intake ceases completely. In contrast, patients with ileorectostomies and some patients with continent ileostomies can almost totally adapt to loss of the colon. These findings suggest that the ileal mucosa can adapt under certain conditions to absorb at rates and concentrations previously thought impossible. This property of ileal mucosa might be utilized in the future to significantly improve the condition of patients who require total colectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1200268", "title": "Ineffectiveness of methylprednisolone in the treatment of pulmonary dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Fifty consecutive adults undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass received a single dose of methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) at the time of anesthesia. The results were compared with those in the immediately preceding fifty adult patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery and who did not receive corticosteroids. The age, sex, and weight of the patient, mortality, nature of the lesions treated surgically, bypass time, smoking history, physiologic evidence of preexisting lung disease, preoperative New York Heart Association class, preoperative left ventricular end diastolic pressure, incidence and duration of the postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, postoperative arrhythmias, operative and postoperative blood loss and postoperative hours of respiratory support, dynamic lung-thorax compliance, alveolar arterial oxygen gradient, fraction of wasted ventilation, and incidence of tracheostomy were tabulated and statistically contrasted. The two groups were comparable relative to all preoperative factors, except for a slightly higher end diastolic pressure in the patients who received steroids. Methylprednisolone given at the time of anesthesia was associated with a higher intraoperative blood loss, a higher incidence of low cardiac output syndrome, and an increased requirement for postoperative mechanical ventilation. As bypass time approached three hours, the proportion of patients requiring prolonged support in both groups became similar. It was concluded that pretreatment with methylprednisolone in massive doses had an overall adverse cardiopulmonary effect.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of methylprednisolone in the treatment of pulmonary dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass. Fifty consecutive adults undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass received a single dose of methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) at the time of anesthesia. The results were compared with those in the immediately preceding fifty adult patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery and who did not receive corticosteroids. The age, sex, and weight of the patient, mortality, nature of the lesions treated surgically, bypass time, smoking history, physiologic evidence of preexisting lung disease, preoperative New York Heart Association class, preoperative left ventricular end diastolic pressure, incidence and duration of the postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, postoperative arrhythmias, operative and postoperative blood loss and postoperative hours of respiratory support, dynamic lung-thorax compliance, alveolar arterial oxygen gradient, fraction of wasted ventilation, and incidence of tracheostomy were tabulated and statistically contrasted. The two groups were comparable relative to all preoperative factors, except for a slightly higher end diastolic pressure in the patients who received steroids. Methylprednisolone given at the time of anesthesia was associated with a higher intraoperative blood loss, a higher incidence of low cardiac output syndrome, and an increased requirement for postoperative mechanical ventilation. As bypass time approached three hours, the proportion of patients requiring prolonged support in both groups became similar. It was concluded that pretreatment with methylprednisolone in massive doses had an overall adverse cardiopulmonary effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1200270", "title": "Role of cortisol in the restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage.", "content": "The restitution of blood volume and plasma protein after 10 per cent hemorrhage was studied in intact dogs and in dogs subjected to adrenalectomy and infused with cortisol at basal or physiologically increased rates. The results suggest that increased extracellular osmolality, mediated by an increased secretion of cortisol, mediates, in turn, the restitution of protein and plasma volume. The results are best explained by the hypothesis that after hemorrhage, as a direct result of an increased secretion of cortisol, extracellular osmolality increases. A shift of fluid from cells to interstitium follows, increasing the interstitial pressure. This latter increase leads to an increased return of protein through the lymphatics and to an increased return of fluid through both lymphatics and capillaries.", "contents": "Role of cortisol in the restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage. The restitution of blood volume and plasma protein after 10 per cent hemorrhage was studied in intact dogs and in dogs subjected to adrenalectomy and infused with cortisol at basal or physiologically increased rates. The results suggest that increased extracellular osmolality, mediated by an increased secretion of cortisol, mediates, in turn, the restitution of protein and plasma volume. The results are best explained by the hypothesis that after hemorrhage, as a direct result of an increased secretion of cortisol, extracellular osmolality increases. A shift of fluid from cells to interstitium follows, increasing the interstitial pressure. This latter increase leads to an increased return of protein through the lymphatics and to an increased return of fluid through both lymphatics and capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:1200274", "title": "Thoracic outlet compression syndrome.", "content": "Forty-nine patients underwent sixty-four procedures for the treatment of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Detailed history and careful physical examination are of paramount importance in diagnosing this disease. Our findings strongly suggest that a positive arteriogram is confirmatory evidence of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Two problems are identified as the source of unsatisfactory results in this series: poor selection of patients and the regeneration of rib and dense scar tissue with recurrence of compression symptoms. We favor the transaxillary approach to resection of the first rib because it provides satisfactory exposure for removal of the entire rib and utilizes a more cosmetically pleasing incision. Division of muscles, traction on nerves, and entrance into a body cavity are not required, operating time and hospital stay are shortened, and blood loss is minimized. Favorable long-term results were seen in 86 per cent of the patients treated.", "contents": "Thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Forty-nine patients underwent sixty-four procedures for the treatment of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Detailed history and careful physical examination are of paramount importance in diagnosing this disease. Our findings strongly suggest that a positive arteriogram is confirmatory evidence of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Two problems are identified as the source of unsatisfactory results in this series: poor selection of patients and the regeneration of rib and dense scar tissue with recurrence of compression symptoms. We favor the transaxillary approach to resection of the first rib because it provides satisfactory exposure for removal of the entire rib and utilizes a more cosmetically pleasing incision. Division of muscles, traction on nerves, and entrance into a body cavity are not required, operating time and hospital stay are shortened, and blood loss is minimized. Favorable long-term results were seen in 86 per cent of the patients treated."}
{"id": "PMID:1200276", "title": "The staging of Hodgkin's disease. Preoperative clinical assessment versus operative evaluation.", "content": "Fifty consecutive patients with the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease, confirmed by lymph node biopsy, underwent preoperative clinical assessment and staging laparotomy between 1969 and 1974. Preoperative evaluation consisted of bone marrow examination, liver and spleen scans, intravenous pyelograms, lymphangiograms, and standard chemical laboratory tests. Operative evaluation consisted of splenectomy, liver biopsy, periaortic, mesenteric, and celiac lymph node biopsy, appendectomy, and iliac crest bone biopsy. Twenty-three patients (46 per cent) were improperly staged by preoperative clinical assessment, with twelve patients being overstaged and eleven patients being understaged. Liver and spleen scans, and intravenous pyelograms were of little value in assessing organ involvement with Hodgkin's disease. Lymphangiograms similarly were of questionable value, being interpreted as positive in twenty-one patients but histologically involved in only seven patients (overread, 67 per cent. Fourteen patients had negative lymphangiograms, with five being histologically involved (underread, 36 per cent). There was a 22 per cent incidence of pulmonary complication (atelectasis, pneumonitis) but no deaths or life-threatening complications.", "contents": "The staging of Hodgkin's disease. Preoperative clinical assessment versus operative evaluation. Fifty consecutive patients with the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease, confirmed by lymph node biopsy, underwent preoperative clinical assessment and staging laparotomy between 1969 and 1974. Preoperative evaluation consisted of bone marrow examination, liver and spleen scans, intravenous pyelograms, lymphangiograms, and standard chemical laboratory tests. Operative evaluation consisted of splenectomy, liver biopsy, periaortic, mesenteric, and celiac lymph node biopsy, appendectomy, and iliac crest bone biopsy. Twenty-three patients (46 per cent) were improperly staged by preoperative clinical assessment, with twelve patients being overstaged and eleven patients being understaged. Liver and spleen scans, and intravenous pyelograms were of little value in assessing organ involvement with Hodgkin's disease. Lymphangiograms similarly were of questionable value, being interpreted as positive in twenty-one patients but histologically involved in only seven patients (overread, 67 per cent. Fourteen patients had negative lymphangiograms, with five being histologically involved (underread, 36 per cent). There was a 22 per cent incidence of pulmonary complication (atelectasis, pneumonitis) but no deaths or life-threatening complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1200277", "title": "Soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity. Multidisciplinary therapy employing hyperthermic perfusion.", "content": "Cultured human sarcomatous cells that have been tested in our laboratory are more sensitive to the lethal effects of heat than are the normal cells from which they are derived. During an eight year period from March 1967 to March 1975, thirty-seven patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities were treated with hyperthermic perfusion and, when possible, radiation therapy and radical local excision. Despite the fact that these tumors arise on the extremity, diagnosis was often delayed. With meticulous attention to all details, hyperthermic perfusion was performed with a minimum of morbidity and mortality. The combined use of hyperthermic perfusion, radiation therapy, and delayed excision has greatly reduced the necessity for amputation. Many useful limbs, heretofore not considered salvageable, can be saved with this method of treatment. Also, the possibility exists that destruction of tumor within the extremity followed by delayed excision enhances the immune response of the patient.", "contents": "Soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity. Multidisciplinary therapy employing hyperthermic perfusion. Cultured human sarcomatous cells that have been tested in our laboratory are more sensitive to the lethal effects of heat than are the normal cells from which they are derived. During an eight year period from March 1967 to March 1975, thirty-seven patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities were treated with hyperthermic perfusion and, when possible, radiation therapy and radical local excision. Despite the fact that these tumors arise on the extremity, diagnosis was often delayed. With meticulous attention to all details, hyperthermic perfusion was performed with a minimum of morbidity and mortality. The combined use of hyperthermic perfusion, radiation therapy, and delayed excision has greatly reduced the necessity for amputation. Many useful limbs, heretofore not considered salvageable, can be saved with this method of treatment. Also, the possibility exists that destruction of tumor within the extremity followed by delayed excision enhances the immune response of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1200278", "title": "Major surgery in leukemia.", "content": "Complications of leukemia that required surgery in twenty-five patients over a five year interval were reviewed. Sixteen patients with chronic leukemia underwent a total of twenty-one operations with one operative death. Nine patients with acute leukemia required ten operations, with two operative deaths. These patients tend to have specific types of complications that are particular to leukemic patients, and with proper support the majority of these patients can be benefited.", "contents": "Major surgery in leukemia. Complications of leukemia that required surgery in twenty-five patients over a five year interval were reviewed. Sixteen patients with chronic leukemia underwent a total of twenty-one operations with one operative death. Nine patients with acute leukemia required ten operations, with two operative deaths. These patients tend to have specific types of complications that are particular to leukemic patients, and with proper support the majority of these patients can be benefited."}
{"id": "PMID:1200281", "title": "Major complications of median sternotomy.", "content": "Major sternal infections developed in eleven of 1,550 patients undergoing median sternotomy for operations on the heart. Nine patients had myocardial revascularization, six with internal mammary artery as the conduit. Seven of these patients have been salvaged by aggressive local wound management and systemic support. These survivors have a good outlook for treatment of their basic cardiac disease.", "contents": "Major complications of median sternotomy. Major sternal infections developed in eleven of 1,550 patients undergoing median sternotomy for operations on the heart. Nine patients had myocardial revascularization, six with internal mammary artery as the conduit. Seven of these patients have been salvaged by aggressive local wound management and systemic support. These survivors have a good outlook for treatment of their basic cardiac disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1200282", "title": "Gastric outlet obstruction after omentopexy for perforated \"acute\" and \"chronic\" duodenal ulceration.", "content": "One hundred and eighty-seven men, aged twenty to eighty years with an average of forty-eight years, underwent surgery for perforated duodenal ulcer. Seventeen received an immediate definitive procedure; none died. Nine (5 per cent) of the remaining 170 who had omentopexy died one to fifteen days postoperatively. They were older and waited longer. One hundred and twenty-one patients (76 per cent) were adequately followed. Thirty-nine (32 per cent) had \"acute\" perforation and eighty-two had \"chronic\" perforation. Twenty-four (30 per cent) of the latter underwent definitive operation within three months without mortality. Overall, 25 per cent of the ninety-nine patients followed after omentopexy required reoperation within twelve months. However, only three (8 per cent) of the thirty-nine with \"acute\" perforation required operation as compared with twenty-one (37 per cent) of the fifty-eight with \"chronic\" perforation. The main reason for early operation in the \"chronic\" group was obstruction; 21 per cent failed to empty their stomach immediately or soon after omentopexy and half as many either had pain or bled severely within twelve months and also required reoperation. The \"acute\" and \"chronic\" groups continued to differ in their need for further operation. Overall, 57 per cent of the ninety-seven patients required a definitive operation one to twenty-four years later. However, only ten of the thirty-nine patients (26 per cent) in the \"acute\" group required definitive operation as compared with forty-five of the fifty-eight patients (77 per cent) in the \"chronic\" group. Outlet obstruction of the stomach was the main indication for definitive surgery in twenty-six of the fifty-five (47 per cent) reoperations. This high incidence of gastric obstruction after omentopexy was not peculiar to our institution since, over the past six years, eighteen patients having omentopexy elsewhere had to be operated on for this complication. We recommend that patients with \"chronic\" perforation should not undergo omentopexy but rather immediate vagotomy and a drainage procedure.", "contents": "Gastric outlet obstruction after omentopexy for perforated \"acute\" and \"chronic\" duodenal ulceration. One hundred and eighty-seven men, aged twenty to eighty years with an average of forty-eight years, underwent surgery for perforated duodenal ulcer. Seventeen received an immediate definitive procedure; none died. Nine (5 per cent) of the remaining 170 who had omentopexy died one to fifteen days postoperatively. They were older and waited longer. One hundred and twenty-one patients (76 per cent) were adequately followed. Thirty-nine (32 per cent) had \"acute\" perforation and eighty-two had \"chronic\" perforation. Twenty-four (30 per cent) of the latter underwent definitive operation within three months without mortality. Overall, 25 per cent of the ninety-nine patients followed after omentopexy required reoperation within twelve months. However, only three (8 per cent) of the thirty-nine with \"acute\" perforation required operation as compared with twenty-one (37 per cent) of the fifty-eight with \"chronic\" perforation. The main reason for early operation in the \"chronic\" group was obstruction; 21 per cent failed to empty their stomach immediately or soon after omentopexy and half as many either had pain or bled severely within twelve months and also required reoperation. The \"acute\" and \"chronic\" groups continued to differ in their need for further operation. Overall, 57 per cent of the ninety-seven patients required a definitive operation one to twenty-four years later. However, only ten of the thirty-nine patients (26 per cent) in the \"acute\" group required definitive operation as compared with forty-five of the fifty-eight patients (77 per cent) in the \"chronic\" group. Outlet obstruction of the stomach was the main indication for definitive surgery in twenty-six of the fifty-five (47 per cent) reoperations. This high incidence of gastric obstruction after omentopexy was not peculiar to our institution since, over the past six years, eighteen patients having omentopexy elsewhere had to be operated on for this complication. We recommend that patients with \"chronic\" perforation should not undergo omentopexy but rather immediate vagotomy and a drainage procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1200283", "title": "Repair of peristomal colostomy hernias.", "content": "Peristomal herniation represents the second most common late complication of abdominal wall enterostomy. Early herniation results from the creation of too large of a fascial defect. Late herniation is caused by a gradual enlargement of the fascial defect because of a poor selection of the colostomy site or an intrinsic weakness of the fascia due to the patient's age or general condition. Once peristomal herniation occurs, operative repair should be considered in an otherwise healthy person. Previous reports advocate primary repair of the herniation. In the present series of nine patients, three patients developed recurrence of the hernia six to eight months after primary repair. Six patients had colostomy hernia repairs that involved moving the site of the original stoma. All of these repairs remain intact at an average of two years, nine months (range, four months to six years). We therefore believe that the solution to the problem of recurrent colostomy herniation lies in the transposition of the site of the original colostomy.", "contents": "Repair of peristomal colostomy hernias. Peristomal herniation represents the second most common late complication of abdominal wall enterostomy. Early herniation results from the creation of too large of a fascial defect. Late herniation is caused by a gradual enlargement of the fascial defect because of a poor selection of the colostomy site or an intrinsic weakness of the fascia due to the patient's age or general condition. Once peristomal herniation occurs, operative repair should be considered in an otherwise healthy person. Previous reports advocate primary repair of the herniation. In the present series of nine patients, three patients developed recurrence of the hernia six to eight months after primary repair. Six patients had colostomy hernia repairs that involved moving the site of the original stoma. All of these repairs remain intact at an average of two years, nine months (range, four months to six years). We therefore believe that the solution to the problem of recurrent colostomy herniation lies in the transposition of the site of the original colostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1200285", "title": "Thoracic outlet compression. Application of positional arteriographic and nerve conduction studies.", "content": "Positional arteriography has not proved to be of significant assistance in the evaluation of patients with thoracic outlet compression and should be reserved for those patients presenting with an obvious arterial problem such as aneurysm, obstruction, or embolic phenomena. Positional ulnar nerve conduction times were positive in 88 per cent of all patients operated on for thoracic outlet compression. Patients with normal neutral and elevated velocities through the outlet should be approached cautiously from a surgical standpoint. We believe that positional ulnar nerve conduction times are a desirable addition to the diagnostic armamentarium of the physician evaluating the patient presenting with symptoms and signs of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome.", "contents": "Thoracic outlet compression. Application of positional arteriographic and nerve conduction studies. Positional arteriography has not proved to be of significant assistance in the evaluation of patients with thoracic outlet compression and should be reserved for those patients presenting with an obvious arterial problem such as aneurysm, obstruction, or embolic phenomena. Positional ulnar nerve conduction times were positive in 88 per cent of all patients operated on for thoracic outlet compression. Patients with normal neutral and elevated velocities through the outlet should be approached cautiously from a surgical standpoint. We believe that positional ulnar nerve conduction times are a desirable addition to the diagnostic armamentarium of the physician evaluating the patient presenting with symptoms and signs of the thoracic outlet compression syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1200286", "title": "Penetrating wounds of the cervical esophagus.", "content": "To determine trends in management, twenty-two years' experience with penetrating wounds of the cervical esophagus in thirty-nine patients has been evaluated. There were three deaths, all as a result of delayed operative repair. Experience gained from the earlier years of this study led to a marked reduction in mortality in the later years as a result of an increased index of clinical suspicion, coupled with an aggressive operative approach with primary closure and adequate drainage. A nonoperative approach has been suggested by others for small esophageal perforations after endoscopy and perforation from foreign objects. For penetrating injuries of the esophagus, operation and definitive repair is mandatory.", "contents": "Penetrating wounds of the cervical esophagus. To determine trends in management, twenty-two years' experience with penetrating wounds of the cervical esophagus in thirty-nine patients has been evaluated. There were three deaths, all as a result of delayed operative repair. Experience gained from the earlier years of this study led to a marked reduction in mortality in the later years as a result of an increased index of clinical suspicion, coupled with an aggressive operative approach with primary closure and adequate drainage. A nonoperative approach has been suggested by others for small esophageal perforations after endoscopy and perforation from foreign objects. For penetrating injuries of the esophagus, operation and definitive repair is mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:1200287", "title": "Elective vascular reconstruction after trauma.", "content": "Elective vascular reconstruction was performed to correct 135 vascular lesions at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in patients who had sustained earlier vascular trauma. This represents approximately 7 per cent of the operations performed from 1967 to 1974. Approximately three fourths of the lesions resulted from combat wounds and the remaining one fourth from civilian trauma. Of the 135 lesions, fifty-two were arteriovenous fistulas, thirty-five were false aneurysms, and the remaining forty-eight lesions involved thrombosis or stenosis. The popliteal artery was involved most frequently (nineteen lesions), closely followed by eighteen injuries to the superficial femoral artery and fourteen injuries to the brachial artery. In managing both false aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas, repair of the arterial injury was the major objective. However, particular effort was made to repair larger veins in the arteriovenous fistula category. Patients with arterial thrombosis and stenosis who had symptoms interfering with their daily activity have had successful vascular reconstruction utilizing a variety of technics. No operative or related postoperative deaths occurred in this group of patients. There was only one early postoperative graft occlusion, (0.7 per cent of the operations) and two late graft occlusions (1.5 per cent). Subsequently, additional vascular reconstruction was successful.", "contents": "Elective vascular reconstruction after trauma. Elective vascular reconstruction was performed to correct 135 vascular lesions at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in patients who had sustained earlier vascular trauma. This represents approximately 7 per cent of the operations performed from 1967 to 1974. Approximately three fourths of the lesions resulted from combat wounds and the remaining one fourth from civilian trauma. Of the 135 lesions, fifty-two were arteriovenous fistulas, thirty-five were false aneurysms, and the remaining forty-eight lesions involved thrombosis or stenosis. The popliteal artery was involved most frequently (nineteen lesions), closely followed by eighteen injuries to the superficial femoral artery and fourteen injuries to the brachial artery. In managing both false aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas, repair of the arterial injury was the major objective. However, particular effort was made to repair larger veins in the arteriovenous fistula category. Patients with arterial thrombosis and stenosis who had symptoms interfering with their daily activity have had successful vascular reconstruction utilizing a variety of technics. No operative or related postoperative deaths occurred in this group of patients. There was only one early postoperative graft occlusion, (0.7 per cent of the operations) and two late graft occlusions (1.5 per cent). Subsequently, additional vascular reconstruction was successful."}
{"id": "PMID:1200288", "title": "Management of acute combined injuries to the aorta and inferior vena cava.", "content": "Major abdominal vascular injuries present problems in diagnosis, exposure, and management. Combined injuries to the abdominal aorta and vena cava are particularly lethal due to extensive blood loss, difficulty in sequential exposure, and the high incidence of associated injuries. Between 1953 and December 1974, ninety-one patients required emergency operations for abdominal aortic trauma at our city-county charity hospital. Twenty-nine of these had combined injuries to the abdominal aorta and vena cava, ten of whom had either an audible bruit preoperatively or a palpable thrill at exploration suggesting acute fistulas. Twenty-three injuries were secondary to gunshot wounds. Ten were located in the suprarenal aorta and vena cava. Management involved a variety of technics including intravascular shunts, adaptive exposures, Dacron prostheses, and autotransfusion. Survival rate was 27 per cent. Sixty-two per cent of the deaths were a function of extreme difficulty in controlling hemorrhage and exposure. There were no late recurrences of arteriovenous fistulas. Successful management of acute traumatic injury to both the abdominal aorta and vena cava requires rapid, aggressive surgical management, adaptive sequential control maneuvers, and application of technics and principles developed for elective vascular surgery.", "contents": "Management of acute combined injuries to the aorta and inferior vena cava. Major abdominal vascular injuries present problems in diagnosis, exposure, and management. Combined injuries to the abdominal aorta and vena cava are particularly lethal due to extensive blood loss, difficulty in sequential exposure, and the high incidence of associated injuries. Between 1953 and December 1974, ninety-one patients required emergency operations for abdominal aortic trauma at our city-county charity hospital. Twenty-nine of these had combined injuries to the abdominal aorta and vena cava, ten of whom had either an audible bruit preoperatively or a palpable thrill at exploration suggesting acute fistulas. Twenty-three injuries were secondary to gunshot wounds. Ten were located in the suprarenal aorta and vena cava. Management involved a variety of technics including intravascular shunts, adaptive exposures, Dacron prostheses, and autotransfusion. Survival rate was 27 per cent. Sixty-two per cent of the deaths were a function of extreme difficulty in controlling hemorrhage and exposure. There were no late recurrences of arteriovenous fistulas. Successful management of acute traumatic injury to both the abdominal aorta and vena cava requires rapid, aggressive surgical management, adaptive sequential control maneuvers, and application of technics and principles developed for elective vascular surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1200290", "title": "Villous adenomas of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Our thirteen year experience with villous adenomas of the colon and rectum, embracing 264 patients, is reported. The average age of patients was sixty-two years with an almost equal sex distribution. Seventy-two per cent of the lesions occurred in the rectum and rectosigmoid and the most frequent symptoms were rectal bleeding and diarrhea. A positive correlation between size of adenoma and incidence of malignancy was noted. Although 55 per cent of the lesions were malignant, only 22 per cent harbored invasive carcinoma and only 10 per cent of the deaths were due to metastatic carcinoma. It is concluded that in the absence of invasive carcinoma, the clinical behavior of this tumor is relatively benign and a more conservative approach to the surgical management of this neoplasm should be encouraged.", "contents": "Villous adenomas of the colon and rectum. Our thirteen year experience with villous adenomas of the colon and rectum, embracing 264 patients, is reported. The average age of patients was sixty-two years with an almost equal sex distribution. Seventy-two per cent of the lesions occurred in the rectum and rectosigmoid and the most frequent symptoms were rectal bleeding and diarrhea. A positive correlation between size of adenoma and incidence of malignancy was noted. Although 55 per cent of the lesions were malignant, only 22 per cent harbored invasive carcinoma and only 10 per cent of the deaths were due to metastatic carcinoma. It is concluded that in the absence of invasive carcinoma, the clinical behavior of this tumor is relatively benign and a more conservative approach to the surgical management of this neoplasm should be encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:1200291", "title": "Interposition grafting for portal hypertension.", "content": "During the past six years, thirty-seven patients underwent interposition graft shunting for thirty-three instances of bleeding from varices and five instances of intractable ascites, either electively (twenty-seven instances) or as an emergency (eleven instances). Autogenous jugular vein was used in twenty-five instances, homologous vena cava in nine, and Dacron in four. Portacaval and mesocaval anastomoses were done in equal numbers (nineteen). Using Childs' method of clinical evaluation, thirty-three patients were Class C and four Class B. There were five (13.2 per cent) early deaths with one (3.5 per cent) in the elective and four (36 per cent) in the emergency group. Twelve grafts were open at autopsy, fifteen at splenoportography, and seven assumed patent because patients were asymptomatic. Two Dacron grafts and two homografts thrombosed. There were ten late deaths, only one related to graft failure. Apparently, the operation controls ascites, with autogenous jugular vein being the ideal material. Interposition grafting is a simple, safe procedure that can be used for portal decompression in patients with bleeding varices.", "contents": "Interposition grafting for portal hypertension. During the past six years, thirty-seven patients underwent interposition graft shunting for thirty-three instances of bleeding from varices and five instances of intractable ascites, either electively (twenty-seven instances) or as an emergency (eleven instances). Autogenous jugular vein was used in twenty-five instances, homologous vena cava in nine, and Dacron in four. Portacaval and mesocaval anastomoses were done in equal numbers (nineteen). Using Childs' method of clinical evaluation, thirty-three patients were Class C and four Class B. There were five (13.2 per cent) early deaths with one (3.5 per cent) in the elective and four (36 per cent) in the emergency group. Twelve grafts were open at autopsy, fifteen at splenoportography, and seven assumed patent because patients were asymptomatic. Two Dacron grafts and two homografts thrombosed. There were ten late deaths, only one related to graft failure. Apparently, the operation controls ascites, with autogenous jugular vein being the ideal material. Interposition grafting is a simple, safe procedure that can be used for portal decompression in patients with bleeding varices."}
{"id": "PMID:1200292", "title": "Significance of serum amylase level in evaluating pancreatic trauma.", "content": "A series of fifty-one patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy for blunt abdominal trauma is reviewed. Attempts to correlate preoperative serum amylase levels with pancreatic injury were unsuccessful. We could find no statistically significant correlation between elevated serum amylase and pancreatic injury. The accuracy of the test improved somewhat with markedly abnormal serum amylase levels (greater than 300 Somogyi units/100 ml), but even at these levels the correlation was not significant. One must conclude that there is no correlation between elevated serum amylase and pancreatic injury in blunt abdominal trauma. Decisions as to the advisability of operation in patients with such trauma should therefore be based on other parameters.", "contents": "Significance of serum amylase level in evaluating pancreatic trauma. A series of fifty-one patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy for blunt abdominal trauma is reviewed. Attempts to correlate preoperative serum amylase levels with pancreatic injury were unsuccessful. We could find no statistically significant correlation between elevated serum amylase and pancreatic injury. The accuracy of the test improved somewhat with markedly abnormal serum amylase levels (greater than 300 Somogyi units/100 ml), but even at these levels the correlation was not significant. One must conclude that there is no correlation between elevated serum amylase and pancreatic injury in blunt abdominal trauma. Decisions as to the advisability of operation in patients with such trauma should therefore be based on other parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:1200293", "title": "Pseudocalculus of the common bile duct. A dynamic radiographic differentiation from true retained stone.", "content": "Static T-tube cholangiographic evidence of distal common duct calculi may in fact be only \"pseudocalculi,\" which might be elucidated by a dynamic fluoroscopic study. We have seen five such cases. X-ray evidence for this phenomenon is presented. Pertinent anatomy, physiology, and clinical considerations are discussed.", "contents": "Pseudocalculus of the common bile duct. A dynamic radiographic differentiation from true retained stone. Static T-tube cholangiographic evidence of distal common duct calculi may in fact be only \"pseudocalculi,\" which might be elucidated by a dynamic fluoroscopic study. We have seen five such cases. X-ray evidence for this phenomenon is presented. Pertinent anatomy, physiology, and clinical considerations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200294", "title": "Jaundice in patients with acute cholecystitis. Its validity as an indication for common bile duct exploration.", "content": "Our study demonstrates that (1) mild to moderate jaundice is frequently seen in patients with acute cholecystitis; (2) severe degrees of jaundice were seen in two patients without the presence of common duct stone or recognizable obstruction of the common bile duct; (3) only one of forty-one patients with acute cholecystitis had common bile duct stone; (4) jaundice does not appear to be a compelling reason for choledochotomy; and (5) less invasive technics such as intravenous and intraoperative cholangiography should suffice to exclude the possibility of common bile duct stone in patients with acute cholecystitis.", "contents": "Jaundice in patients with acute cholecystitis. Its validity as an indication for common bile duct exploration. Our study demonstrates that (1) mild to moderate jaundice is frequently seen in patients with acute cholecystitis; (2) severe degrees of jaundice were seen in two patients without the presence of common duct stone or recognizable obstruction of the common bile duct; (3) only one of forty-one patients with acute cholecystitis had common bile duct stone; (4) jaundice does not appear to be a compelling reason for choledochotomy; and (5) less invasive technics such as intravenous and intraoperative cholangiography should suffice to exclude the possibility of common bile duct stone in patients with acute cholecystitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200295", "title": "Carcinoid tumor metastases. Prospective study of twenty-two patients.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with advanced metastatic carcinoid disease, most of whom were moribund were subjected to oral administration of 200 mg of 5-fluorotryptophan three times daily. Seven patients died from complications of the tumor before completing the course of one year's treatment. Of the fifteen patients who survived long enough to complete the year of therapy, the average additional survival time was 2.3 years, varying from one to over nine years. The average survival time after the diagnosis of advanced metastatic carcinoid disease was made and prior to the initiation of treatment with 5-fluorotryptophan in these patients was 5.5 years, varying from one to eight years. Side effects of the analog were limited to gastric upset in one patient only. The control of serotonin production and its associated symptoms was considered excellent. Slowly progressive tumor growth led ultimately to death in thirteen of the fifteen patients which was considered due to mechanical factors and not to hormone abnormalities. Two patients continue to survive with good quality of life nine and six years, respectively, after analog therapy. Life in patients with advanced metastatic carcinoid disease has been extended with good to excellent quality by the simple oral administration of the tryptophan analog, 5-fluorotryptophan. Tumor growth does not seem to have been affected by the analog.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumor metastases. Prospective study of twenty-two patients. Twenty-two patients with advanced metastatic carcinoid disease, most of whom were moribund were subjected to oral administration of 200 mg of 5-fluorotryptophan three times daily. Seven patients died from complications of the tumor before completing the course of one year's treatment. Of the fifteen patients who survived long enough to complete the year of therapy, the average additional survival time was 2.3 years, varying from one to over nine years. The average survival time after the diagnosis of advanced metastatic carcinoid disease was made and prior to the initiation of treatment with 5-fluorotryptophan in these patients was 5.5 years, varying from one to eight years. Side effects of the analog were limited to gastric upset in one patient only. The control of serotonin production and its associated symptoms was considered excellent. Slowly progressive tumor growth led ultimately to death in thirteen of the fifteen patients which was considered due to mechanical factors and not to hormone abnormalities. Two patients continue to survive with good quality of life nine and six years, respectively, after analog therapy. Life in patients with advanced metastatic carcinoid disease has been extended with good to excellent quality by the simple oral administration of the tryptophan analog, 5-fluorotryptophan. Tumor growth does not seem to have been affected by the analog."}
{"id": "PMID:1200296", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy: Is a shunt necessary?", "content": "Seventy-seven carotid endarterectomies performed on fifty-nine patients, using induced systemic hypertension during carotid artery clamping, were reviewed. The risk of cerebral ischemia is reduced to a minimum by this technic. The measurement of the internal carotid artery stump pressure is an excellent guideline for the need of additional brain protection. An internal shunt is rarely necessary. Thromboembolic phenomena contributed to the major neurologic complications encountered (two deaths and one stroke). Extreme gentleness and careful surgical technic cannot be overemphasized.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy: Is a shunt necessary? Seventy-seven carotid endarterectomies performed on fifty-nine patients, using induced systemic hypertension during carotid artery clamping, were reviewed. The risk of cerebral ischemia is reduced to a minimum by this technic. The measurement of the internal carotid artery stump pressure is an excellent guideline for the need of additional brain protection. An internal shunt is rarely necessary. Thromboembolic phenomena contributed to the major neurologic complications encountered (two deaths and one stroke). Extreme gentleness and careful surgical technic cannot be overemphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1200327", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscope studies of calcified cartilage resorption.", "content": "The authors' previous report (Savostin-Asling and Asling, '73) demonstrated that Meckel's carilage is a favorable site for study of calcified cartilage resorption. In the present study the ultrastructural features at this resorption front have been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopes (19-day rat retus). Multinucleated giant cells chondroclasts) dominated the erosion front. The many features which they showed in common with osteoclasts included abundant mitochondria, vacuolation, lysonsomes, sparsity of rough-sufaced endoplasmic reticulum, and deep infoldings at loci of contact with calcified matrix. Crumbling of matrix (with mineral crystals penetrating between these foldings) and fragmentation of collagen fibrils were also seen. The propensity of chondroclasts for spanning several opened lacunae provided special opportunity to demonstrate cell surface modifications in presence or absence of matrix contact. Amebiod processes extending into lacunae were seen by both transmission and scanning procedures; they were sometimes tipped with a veil of filamentous processes as small as 0.3 mum in diameter. Most hypertrophic chondrocytes. when released from lacunae, appeared to be disintegrating. However, in accord with previous evidence of their possible merger with chondroclasts (in light microscopic studies) there was also evidence for breakdown of cell walls between a chondroclast and a chondrocyte in intimate contact, with possibility of cytoplasmic continuity.", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscope studies of calcified cartilage resorption. The authors' previous report (Savostin-Asling and Asling, '73) demonstrated that Meckel's carilage is a favorable site for study of calcified cartilage resorption. In the present study the ultrastructural features at this resorption front have been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopes (19-day rat retus). Multinucleated giant cells chondroclasts) dominated the erosion front. The many features which they showed in common with osteoclasts included abundant mitochondria, vacuolation, lysonsomes, sparsity of rough-sufaced endoplasmic reticulum, and deep infoldings at loci of contact with calcified matrix. Crumbling of matrix (with mineral crystals penetrating between these foldings) and fragmentation of collagen fibrils were also seen. The propensity of chondroclasts for spanning several opened lacunae provided special opportunity to demonstrate cell surface modifications in presence or absence of matrix contact. Amebiod processes extending into lacunae were seen by both transmission and scanning procedures; they were sometimes tipped with a veil of filamentous processes as small as 0.3 mum in diameter. Most hypertrophic chondrocytes. when released from lacunae, appeared to be disintegrating. However, in accord with previous evidence of their possible merger with chondroclasts (in light microscopic studies) there was also evidence for breakdown of cell walls between a chondroclast and a chondrocyte in intimate contact, with possibility of cytoplasmic continuity."}
{"id": "PMID:1200328", "title": "Kinetics of pulmonary epithelial proliferation during prenatal growth of the mouse lung.", "content": "Autoradiographic methods were used to analyze cell kinetics in peripheral epithelium of the fetal mouse lung, days 15-18. The 3H labeling index decreased in proportion to increases in fetal lung and body weight from day 15 to day 18. Cell-cycle determination estimated from the percent of labeled metaphases at intervals after 3H thymidine injection showed the shortest cell-cycle time (12.25 hours) on day 15 during the precanal stage of growth. Total cycle time (Tc) increased by approximately one hour on each subsequent day. Between days 15 and 16 Tc increased due to a 1-hour increase in the post mitotic interphase (G1); thereafter, increases in Tc could be ascribed almost entirely to lengthening of the DNA symthetic period. A comparison of cell-cycle time in central and peripheral tubules of the same lungs on day 15 showed a slower cell cycle in the central tubules than in the peripheral branches. An estimate of the growth fraction (GF) on each day based on calculated and ovserved cell-cycle time showed that GF was 1 on days 15 and 16, decreasing to 0.69 on day 17 and 0.27 on day 18. Thus cell-cycle time increases with lung maturation and it increases from peripheral to central zones of the bronchial tree. The greater part of the observed decline in growth rate as the prenatal phase of growth is completed was due largely to a decrease in the fraction of cells in the cell cycle.", "contents": "Kinetics of pulmonary epithelial proliferation during prenatal growth of the mouse lung. Autoradiographic methods were used to analyze cell kinetics in peripheral epithelium of the fetal mouse lung, days 15-18. The 3H labeling index decreased in proportion to increases in fetal lung and body weight from day 15 to day 18. Cell-cycle determination estimated from the percent of labeled metaphases at intervals after 3H thymidine injection showed the shortest cell-cycle time (12.25 hours) on day 15 during the precanal stage of growth. Total cycle time (Tc) increased by approximately one hour on each subsequent day. Between days 15 and 16 Tc increased due to a 1-hour increase in the post mitotic interphase (G1); thereafter, increases in Tc could be ascribed almost entirely to lengthening of the DNA symthetic period. A comparison of cell-cycle time in central and peripheral tubules of the same lungs on day 15 showed a slower cell cycle in the central tubules than in the peripheral branches. An estimate of the growth fraction (GF) on each day based on calculated and ovserved cell-cycle time showed that GF was 1 on days 15 and 16, decreasing to 0.69 on day 17 and 0.27 on day 18. Thus cell-cycle time increases with lung maturation and it increases from peripheral to central zones of the bronchial tree. The greater part of the observed decline in growth rate as the prenatal phase of growth is completed was due largely to a decrease in the fraction of cells in the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:1200329", "title": "Morphological studies on the synthesis of secretory granules in convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular gland.", "content": "The synthesis of zymogen-like secretory granules in convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular gland (SMG) was investigated by histometry, light microscopy and electron microscopy. In normal males secretory granules in the SMG increased greatly from 25 days after birth and reached a maximum level 50 days after birth. Castration of adult male mice markedly decreased the level, but it was completely restored by testosterone administration. A parallel was found between change in the granule level and the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the convoluted tubular cells during development or after various treatments. Development of the Golgi apparatus was also observed in the cells when the granules increase. Both the increase in the granules and in the RER induced by testosterone were prevented by actinomycin D or puromycin. These results indicate that the granule contents are synthesized on the RER under the control of testosterone, and then condensed in the Golgi apparatus.", "contents": "Morphological studies on the synthesis of secretory granules in convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular gland. The synthesis of zymogen-like secretory granules in convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular gland (SMG) was investigated by histometry, light microscopy and electron microscopy. In normal males secretory granules in the SMG increased greatly from 25 days after birth and reached a maximum level 50 days after birth. Castration of adult male mice markedly decreased the level, but it was completely restored by testosterone administration. A parallel was found between change in the granule level and the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the convoluted tubular cells during development or after various treatments. Development of the Golgi apparatus was also observed in the cells when the granules increase. Both the increase in the granules and in the RER induced by testosterone were prevented by actinomycin D or puromycin. These results indicate that the granule contents are synthesized on the RER under the control of testosterone, and then condensed in the Golgi apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:1200330", "title": "Morphogenesis of the carpal elements in the regenerating forelimb of adult Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens.", "content": "This study is concerned with the morphogenesis of the carpal elements in the regenerating forelimb of the adult newt. Blastema cells surrounding the remnant bony stumps begin to differentiate into cartilage on the twentieth post-amputation day. Subsequently, masses of carilage build up from the radial and ulnar stumps. The radial mass is larger and differentiates more rapidly than the ulnar mass. By the fifty-fifth post-amputation day, the eight basic carpal elements are formed, with fusion of two of the units, intermedium with ulmare, occurring by the seventieth day. The completed regenerate possesses the seven carpal elements characteristic of the normal adult limb. The present results show that during limb regeneration in the adult newt the carpal elements are restored to their original number and position and that the pattern of such carpal differentiation proceeds in a proximodistal direction influenced by the stump remnants of the radius and ulna.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of the carpal elements in the regenerating forelimb of adult Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens. This study is concerned with the morphogenesis of the carpal elements in the regenerating forelimb of the adult newt. Blastema cells surrounding the remnant bony stumps begin to differentiate into cartilage on the twentieth post-amputation day. Subsequently, masses of carilage build up from the radial and ulnar stumps. The radial mass is larger and differentiates more rapidly than the ulnar mass. By the fifty-fifth post-amputation day, the eight basic carpal elements are formed, with fusion of two of the units, intermedium with ulmare, occurring by the seventieth day. The completed regenerate possesses the seven carpal elements characteristic of the normal adult limb. The present results show that during limb regeneration in the adult newt the carpal elements are restored to their original number and position and that the pattern of such carpal differentiation proceeds in a proximodistal direction influenced by the stump remnants of the radius and ulna."}
{"id": "PMID:1200331", "title": "Dissection casts of the human brain.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive method of making accurate permanent casts of brain dissections is described. Dissected brain preparations are used to produce silicone rubber molds. Methyl methacrylate is used to make the hard plastic models.", "contents": "Dissection casts of the human brain. A simple, inexpensive method of making accurate permanent casts of brain dissections is described. Dissected brain preparations are used to produce silicone rubber molds. Methyl methacrylate is used to make the hard plastic models."}
{"id": "PMID:1200332", "title": "Skeletal effects of magnesium deficiency in normal, ovariectomized, and estrogen-treated rats.", "content": "The effects of magnesium deficiency in ovariectomized and estrogen-treated rats were examined in histological sections of bones and various soft tissues. The changes observed in the femora of intact rats deprived of magnesium for three weeks were: 1. a general increase in diaphyseal thickness, 2. the presence of localized fibrous or bony-like masses in subperiosteal and metaphyseal sites, and 3. the occurrence, although rare, of endosteal hyperplasia. In ovariectomized, magniesium-deprived animals, the incidence and location of fibrous masses were similar to that in the femora of magnesium-deficient intact rats; however, no increase in diaphyseal thickness was noted. Daily injections of 25 mug estradiol caused a reduction of the frequency of skeletal hyperplasia from 80% to 20%, as well as a reduction in femoral diaphyseal thickness. Estradiol hormone administration also brought about a marked alleviation of the dermal and neural manifestations of magnesium deficiency, but, at the same time, caused an exacerbation of renal calcinosis.", "contents": "Skeletal effects of magnesium deficiency in normal, ovariectomized, and estrogen-treated rats. The effects of magnesium deficiency in ovariectomized and estrogen-treated rats were examined in histological sections of bones and various soft tissues. The changes observed in the femora of intact rats deprived of magnesium for three weeks were: 1. a general increase in diaphyseal thickness, 2. the presence of localized fibrous or bony-like masses in subperiosteal and metaphyseal sites, and 3. the occurrence, although rare, of endosteal hyperplasia. In ovariectomized, magniesium-deprived animals, the incidence and location of fibrous masses were similar to that in the femora of magnesium-deficient intact rats; however, no increase in diaphyseal thickness was noted. Daily injections of 25 mug estradiol caused a reduction of the frequency of skeletal hyperplasia from 80% to 20%, as well as a reduction in femoral diaphyseal thickness. Estradiol hormone administration also brought about a marked alleviation of the dermal and neural manifestations of magnesium deficiency, but, at the same time, caused an exacerbation of renal calcinosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200333", "title": "Post-natal development of the median eminence of the guinea pig.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the median eminence of neonatal (newborn) 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-day old) and adult guinea pigs was studied to determine the dynamic changes occurring in this structure during early life. At birth the portal vasculature consists of the Mantelplexus and a few, non-fenestrated capillary loops. The number of ansae and the degree of fenestration increase rapidly after birth. The abundance of cytoplasmic and ciliary projections into the ventricular recess and the large numbers of organelles indicate that the ependymal cells are more active in the neonatal period than in the adult male. Moreover, the ependymal endfeet cover most of the surface area of the primary portal plexus during this time. The neuronal layers of the median eminence are difficult to distinguish at birth due to the lack of myelinated fibers in the zona interna. Significant myelination appears on day 3 but is not complete until day 10. There is a progressive increase in the numbers of Herring bodies and large neuro-secretory granules (1,500-1,700 A) during this same time period. In the zona externa, few nerve terminals abut on the perivascular space until day 3. Increases in numbers of granules per axon profile were noted for each day after birth. Despite the relatively long gestation period of the guinea pig (68-72 days), the morphologic appearance of the median eminence at birth suggests that the neurovascular link controlling anterior pituitary function is not yet complete.", "contents": "Post-natal development of the median eminence of the guinea pig. The ultrastructure of the median eminence of neonatal (newborn) 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-day old) and adult guinea pigs was studied to determine the dynamic changes occurring in this structure during early life. At birth the portal vasculature consists of the Mantelplexus and a few, non-fenestrated capillary loops. The number of ansae and the degree of fenestration increase rapidly after birth. The abundance of cytoplasmic and ciliary projections into the ventricular recess and the large numbers of organelles indicate that the ependymal cells are more active in the neonatal period than in the adult male. Moreover, the ependymal endfeet cover most of the surface area of the primary portal plexus during this time. The neuronal layers of the median eminence are difficult to distinguish at birth due to the lack of myelinated fibers in the zona interna. Significant myelination appears on day 3 but is not complete until day 10. There is a progressive increase in the numbers of Herring bodies and large neuro-secretory granules (1,500-1,700 A) during this same time period. In the zona externa, few nerve terminals abut on the perivascular space until day 3. Increases in numbers of granules per axon profile were noted for each day after birth. Despite the relatively long gestation period of the guinea pig (68-72 days), the morphologic appearance of the median eminence at birth suggests that the neurovascular link controlling anterior pituitary function is not yet complete."}
{"id": "PMID:1200334", "title": "Intercellular junctions of rat endocardium.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the intercellular junctions of rat endocardium has been characterized following lanthanum exposure in vitro and uranyl acetate staining en bloc. The interendothelial clefts of the endocardium run either a relatively straight or convoluted course and posses one or two loci where the plasma membranes are in close apposition or form punctate fusions. Elongate restrictions, that exhibit hexagonal arrays of subunits following lanthanum immersion (gap junctions), are also present in the intercellular endocardial clefts. The occurrence of interendothelial clefts of endocardium lacking occlusive foci can account for the permeability properties of ventricular endocardium, where the direction of diffusion of macromolecules has been attributed to pressure gradients between ventricular cavity and myocardium. The relationship of gap junctions to possible electrical phenomena within the endocardium is also discussed.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions of rat endocardium. The ultrastructure of the intercellular junctions of rat endocardium has been characterized following lanthanum exposure in vitro and uranyl acetate staining en bloc. The interendothelial clefts of the endocardium run either a relatively straight or convoluted course and posses one or two loci where the plasma membranes are in close apposition or form punctate fusions. Elongate restrictions, that exhibit hexagonal arrays of subunits following lanthanum immersion (gap junctions), are also present in the intercellular endocardial clefts. The occurrence of interendothelial clefts of endocardium lacking occlusive foci can account for the permeability properties of ventricular endocardium, where the direction of diffusion of macromolecules has been attributed to pressure gradients between ventricular cavity and myocardium. The relationship of gap junctions to possible electrical phenomena within the endocardium is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200335", "title": "[The biological significance of zinc (author's transl)].", "content": "Zinc takes part in the catalytic function of many metalloenzymes. In others it plays a role in conformational stability. In zinc deficient animals protein synthesis is disturbed. Conversely zinc metabolism is influenced by protein deficiency. Zinc takes part in drug metabolism, in mobilizing vitamin A from the liver, and in a system defending the organism against free radical damage. Zinc distribution in the organism is influenced by steroid hormones and leucocytic endogenous mediators. Of the intracellular zinc only a small part is bound to metalloenzymes, most being coordinated to binding sites of nonspecific proteins. Thus the organism defends itself against conformational changes of irritable enzymes which may bind excess zinc to side chains. Zinc can protect the organism against cadmium toxicity. In the serum the smaller part of zinc is firmly bound to several specific proteins, the majority being loosely bound to albumin. Some aspects of human zinc metabolism in health and disease are reviewed. Zinc deficiency in man is rare. In Iran and Egypt a syndrome of iron and zinc deficiency associated with anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, and hypogonadism is known. In wound healing and tissue repair substitution of zinc is beneficial only if a zinc deficiency exists. For purposes of long term parenteral nutrition zinc should be added to the different infusion solutions.", "contents": "[The biological significance of zinc (author's transl)]. Zinc takes part in the catalytic function of many metalloenzymes. In others it plays a role in conformational stability. In zinc deficient animals protein synthesis is disturbed. Conversely zinc metabolism is influenced by protein deficiency. Zinc takes part in drug metabolism, in mobilizing vitamin A from the liver, and in a system defending the organism against free radical damage. Zinc distribution in the organism is influenced by steroid hormones and leucocytic endogenous mediators. Of the intracellular zinc only a small part is bound to metalloenzymes, most being coordinated to binding sites of nonspecific proteins. Thus the organism defends itself against conformational changes of irritable enzymes which may bind excess zinc to side chains. Zinc can protect the organism against cadmium toxicity. In the serum the smaller part of zinc is firmly bound to several specific proteins, the majority being loosely bound to albumin. Some aspects of human zinc metabolism in health and disease are reviewed. Zinc deficiency in man is rare. In Iran and Egypt a syndrome of iron and zinc deficiency associated with anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, and hypogonadism is known. In wound healing and tissue repair substitution of zinc is beneficial only if a zinc deficiency exists. For purposes of long term parenteral nutrition zinc should be added to the different infusion solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:1200336", "title": "[Effect of ethrane on the circulatory parameters of geriatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of enflurane in geriatric patients have been compared with the effects of this anaesthetic agent in a group of young patients. The degree of cardiovascular depression in geriatric patients was much greater than in the young patients despite the smaller inspired concentration of enflurane necessary to produce a similar depth of anaesthesia. In comparison with halothane and neuroleptanaesthesia, enflurane produced the greatest decrease in cardiac output. The mean arterial pressure, however, was quite well maintained due to a simultaneous increase in total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "[Effect of ethrane on the circulatory parameters of geriatric patients (author's transl)]. The cardiovascular effects of enflurane in geriatric patients have been compared with the effects of this anaesthetic agent in a group of young patients. The degree of cardiovascular depression in geriatric patients was much greater than in the young patients despite the smaller inspired concentration of enflurane necessary to produce a similar depth of anaesthesia. In comparison with halothane and neuroleptanaesthesia, enflurane produced the greatest decrease in cardiac output. The mean arterial pressure, however, was quite well maintained due to a simultaneous increase in total peripheral resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:1200337", "title": "The effects of ketamine and innovar on the renal cortical and medullary blood flow of the dog.", "content": "To study the effects of Ketamine and Innovar on renal function, the renal cortical and medullary blood flows of dog were measured using a thermo-electrical flowmeter, along with the urine output, blood pressure and pulse rate. Ketamine decreased the renal cortical blood flow and the urine output. Innovar increased the renal cortical blood flow, but did not alter the medullary blood flow appreciably, and decreased the urine output. Neither of these variations in renal blood flows ran parallel with variations in the arterial pressure nor did variations in the urine output run parallel with those in the blood flows. All anaesthetic agents are inhibitory to kidney, but Innovar may be preferred to other anaesthetics in view of the finding that the renal blood flows are well maintained even under anaesthesia with this agent.", "contents": "The effects of ketamine and innovar on the renal cortical and medullary blood flow of the dog. To study the effects of Ketamine and Innovar on renal function, the renal cortical and medullary blood flows of dog were measured using a thermo-electrical flowmeter, along with the urine output, blood pressure and pulse rate. Ketamine decreased the renal cortical blood flow and the urine output. Innovar increased the renal cortical blood flow, but did not alter the medullary blood flow appreciably, and decreased the urine output. Neither of these variations in renal blood flows ran parallel with variations in the arterial pressure nor did variations in the urine output run parallel with those in the blood flows. All anaesthetic agents are inhibitory to kidney, but Innovar may be preferred to other anaesthetics in view of the finding that the renal blood flows are well maintained even under anaesthesia with this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1200338", "title": "[Chlorprothixene for premedication in children: oral versus intramuscular route (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of chlorprothixene (Taractan), a neuroleptic agent, administered either intramuscularly (1 mg/kg) or orally as a 4% solution (1,5-2 mg/kg), was compared in a double-blind study in 200 children between 11 months and 10 years of age. In addition, intramuscular 1-hyoscyamine (Bellafolin) was given to all patients 30 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia (0.005-0.01 mg/kg). With regard to antisalivary action, suppression of reflex irritability, frequency of post-anaesthetic vomiting, postoperative sedation and requirement of postoperative analgesics, there was no significant difference between the two methods. Preoperative sedation was slightly more pronounced with the intramuscular technique. An undesirable side-effect, hypotension, was observed more often after intramuscular than oral premedication. To obtain optimum effect, an interval of 2 hours between the oral premedication and induction of anaesthesia is recommended.", "contents": "[Chlorprothixene for premedication in children: oral versus intramuscular route (author's transl)]. The effect of chlorprothixene (Taractan), a neuroleptic agent, administered either intramuscularly (1 mg/kg) or orally as a 4% solution (1,5-2 mg/kg), was compared in a double-blind study in 200 children between 11 months and 10 years of age. In addition, intramuscular 1-hyoscyamine (Bellafolin) was given to all patients 30 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia (0.005-0.01 mg/kg). With regard to antisalivary action, suppression of reflex irritability, frequency of post-anaesthetic vomiting, postoperative sedation and requirement of postoperative analgesics, there was no significant difference between the two methods. Preoperative sedation was slightly more pronounced with the intramuscular technique. An undesirable side-effect, hypotension, was observed more often after intramuscular than oral premedication. To obtain optimum effect, an interval of 2 hours between the oral premedication and induction of anaesthesia is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1200339", "title": "[Ophthalmodynamographic and ophthalmodynamometric findings following irreversible loss of cerebral function (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 patients with irreversible cessation of cerebral function (so-called \"brain death\") ophthalmodynamographic (ODG) measurements were made. In 8 of these ophthalmodynamometric (ODM) investigations were also made. ODG results were abnormal in all cases, pulsation volumes showing a deep decrease (x:16.8 mm3;x of mean arterial pressure 79,1 mm Hg). ODM measurements revealed highly scattered results, ophthalmic artery pressure being normal in 3, increased in 1, severely reduced in 2 patients.--In 2 other cases mere touching of the eye bulb by the ophthalmodynamometer caused a sudden complete collapse of the central retinal artery. Whereas the ODG results might already be considered as useful auxiliary findings, for definite evaluation of the clinical significance of ODG and ODM in diagnosing an intracranial circulatory, additional comparative investigations may be necessary.", "contents": "[Ophthalmodynamographic and ophthalmodynamometric findings following irreversible loss of cerebral function (author's transl)]. In 12 patients with irreversible cessation of cerebral function (so-called \"brain death\") ophthalmodynamographic (ODG) measurements were made. In 8 of these ophthalmodynamometric (ODM) investigations were also made. ODG results were abnormal in all cases, pulsation volumes showing a deep decrease (x:16.8 mm3;x of mean arterial pressure 79,1 mm Hg). ODM measurements revealed highly scattered results, ophthalmic artery pressure being normal in 3, increased in 1, severely reduced in 2 patients.--In 2 other cases mere touching of the eye bulb by the ophthalmodynamometer caused a sudden complete collapse of the central retinal artery. Whereas the ODG results might already be considered as useful auxiliary findings, for definite evaluation of the clinical significance of ODG and ODM in diagnosing an intracranial circulatory, additional comparative investigations may be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1200340", "title": "[The treatment of respiratory failure in severe chest injury (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of artificial ventilation versus conservative treatment in 101 patients with severe chest injuries is reconsidered, because major ventilation therapy carries a high incidence of complications. This technique within the past few years has increasingly been replaced by differentiated conservative respiratory treatment. On the basis of a retrospective study it is concluded that under special conditions even the unstable chest accompanied by respiratory insufficiency may be treated successfully by this technique.", "contents": "[The treatment of respiratory failure in severe chest injury (author's transl)]. The use of artificial ventilation versus conservative treatment in 101 patients with severe chest injuries is reconsidered, because major ventilation therapy carries a high incidence of complications. This technique within the past few years has increasingly been replaced by differentiated conservative respiratory treatment. On the basis of a retrospective study it is concluded that under special conditions even the unstable chest accompanied by respiratory insufficiency may be treated successfully by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1200341", "title": "[A valve to facilitate indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "A conveniently sized valve has been designed to replace the customary bellows used for inflation of a sphygmomanometer or oscellotonometer cuff. It can be inserted in a length of thin plastic tubing connecting the cuff with the usual wall socket for compressed air. The arterial pressure is measured in the usual manner.", "contents": "[A valve to facilitate indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure (author's transl)]. A conveniently sized valve has been designed to replace the customary bellows used for inflation of a sphygmomanometer or oscellotonometer cuff. It can be inserted in a length of thin plastic tubing connecting the cuff with the usual wall socket for compressed air. The arterial pressure is measured in the usual manner."}
{"id": "PMID:1200384", "title": "[Qualitative and quantitative studies on the corpus geniculatum laterale (Cgl) of the laboratory rat. IV. Qualitative structure analysis of the pars dorsalis an on India-ink-injected Nissl preparation].", "content": "1. The histological organization of the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (Cgld) has been analysed in Nissl-preparations following vessel injection with india ink. 2. The findings have been collected by means of a non-automatically visual scanning method. Every point is defined by 3 coordinates. 3. Different parameters have been collected in every point: the number of the 5 structural elements of the nervous tissue (neurons, fragments of capillaries, nuclei of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia) and the hit points per structural element. 4. In addition the differentiation of about 15500 neurons in relay neurons and interneurons has been carried out. The ratio of the 2 types of neurons is about 14:1. 5. The collected values have been statistically analysed by correlation, regression and discriminatory analyses. 6. The results relate to the correlation between the structural elements and the rostrocaudal, lateromedial and ventrodorsal directions as well as the structural elements with another. 7. At 5 levels the Cgld has been mapped on the basis of neuron size, neuron density, capillary density, density of the 3 types of glial nuclei and the relative number of hit points per structural element. 8. In the Cgld we distinguish 2 portions regarding the neuron size. The mediocellular portion occupies the lateral, ventral and caudal parts and encloses a magnocellular portion like a coat. 9. The distribution pattern of the interneurons does not correlate with the size of neurons. 10. The capillaries tend to have a greater density in the lateral area of the Cgld. 11. The correlation and regression coefficientes and the distribution pattern of the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes suggest that both glial types show a reciproke ratio in the Cgld. 12. The distribution pattern of the microglia is relatively uniform. 13. Mapping the Cgld we have got a model conception of its structural condition corresponding with the common mammalian scheme. 14. By the discriminatory analysis zones of input and fields of projection have been discriminated. It was possible to discriminate the ipsi- and contralateral input zones, but not the binocular and monocular projection fields. 15. The discriminatory analysis allows to show the collective biological effect of all structural elements in a uniform mathematical value.", "contents": "[Qualitative and quantitative studies on the corpus geniculatum laterale (Cgl) of the laboratory rat. IV. Qualitative structure analysis of the pars dorsalis an on India-ink-injected Nissl preparation]. 1. The histological organization of the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (Cgld) has been analysed in Nissl-preparations following vessel injection with india ink. 2. The findings have been collected by means of a non-automatically visual scanning method. Every point is defined by 3 coordinates. 3. Different parameters have been collected in every point: the number of the 5 structural elements of the nervous tissue (neurons, fragments of capillaries, nuclei of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia) and the hit points per structural element. 4. In addition the differentiation of about 15500 neurons in relay neurons and interneurons has been carried out. The ratio of the 2 types of neurons is about 14:1. 5. The collected values have been statistically analysed by correlation, regression and discriminatory analyses. 6. The results relate to the correlation between the structural elements and the rostrocaudal, lateromedial and ventrodorsal directions as well as the structural elements with another. 7. At 5 levels the Cgld has been mapped on the basis of neuron size, neuron density, capillary density, density of the 3 types of glial nuclei and the relative number of hit points per structural element. 8. In the Cgld we distinguish 2 portions regarding the neuron size. The mediocellular portion occupies the lateral, ventral and caudal parts and encloses a magnocellular portion like a coat. 9. The distribution pattern of the interneurons does not correlate with the size of neurons. 10. The capillaries tend to have a greater density in the lateral area of the Cgld. 11. The correlation and regression coefficientes and the distribution pattern of the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes suggest that both glial types show a reciproke ratio in the Cgld. 12. The distribution pattern of the microglia is relatively uniform. 13. Mapping the Cgld we have got a model conception of its structural condition corresponding with the common mammalian scheme. 14. By the discriminatory analysis zones of input and fields of projection have been discriminated. It was possible to discriminate the ipsi- and contralateral input zones, but not the binocular and monocular projection fields. 15. The discriminatory analysis allows to show the collective biological effect of all structural elements in a uniform mathematical value."}
{"id": "PMID:1200386", "title": "[Rhythmic nuclear growth of adequately stimulated ganglia cells of acoustic nuclei (rat)].", "content": "Ganglia cells of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of white rats were irritated adequately for different periods or left untreated, respectively, and investigated karyometrically. The frequency distribution curves of the nuclear volumes were separated by means of an electronic curve resolver into the component curves, i.e. into groups of nuclei obeying exactly a Gaussian normal distribution and thus representing biologically uniform populations. The analysis of the mean values of the component curves led to the following results: 1. The mean values of the component curves can be arranged in 2 series having the pattern V1, V1 square root 2, V2, V2 square root 2, V4, V4 square root 2...2. The series V1, V1 square root 2, V2, V2 square root 2...is based on a geometrical series of the general formula an = k-qn. 3. It follows from these results that the nuclear volumes grow rhythmically by a factor of square root 2 and, consequently, that there is a periodical doubling in in the growth of the surface.", "contents": "[Rhythmic nuclear growth of adequately stimulated ganglia cells of acoustic nuclei (rat)]. Ganglia cells of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of white rats were irritated adequately for different periods or left untreated, respectively, and investigated karyometrically. The frequency distribution curves of the nuclear volumes were separated by means of an electronic curve resolver into the component curves, i.e. into groups of nuclei obeying exactly a Gaussian normal distribution and thus representing biologically uniform populations. The analysis of the mean values of the component curves led to the following results: 1. The mean values of the component curves can be arranged in 2 series having the pattern V1, V1 square root 2, V2, V2 square root 2, V4, V4 square root 2...2. The series V1, V1 square root 2, V2, V2 square root 2...is based on a geometrical series of the general formula an = k-qn. 3. It follows from these results that the nuclear volumes grow rhythmically by a factor of square root 2 and, consequently, that there is a periodical doubling in in the growth of the surface."}
{"id": "PMID:1200387", "title": "[Double-barrelled connections between the striatum and substantia nigra in the light and electron microscopy picture in the cat].", "content": "Following coagulation of either the substantia nigra or the caudate nucleus and fundus caudati of the cat, the distribution of degenerating terminals in the sections of the striatum has been determined especially in the fundus caudati on one side and in the various cell groups of the substantia nigra compacta on the other side; and the types of synapses have been described. There are reverberating circuits between the fundus caudati and the medial groups of the nigra characterized by their small cells, between the putamen and the postero-lateral cell groups of the nigra, between the caudatum and the rostral cell groups of the nigra, presumably with the specialization that the lateral caudatum is in two-way connection with the rostro-lateral cell groups of the nigra as is the medial caudatum with the rostro-medial cell group. The transmitter for the striatofugal terminals in the nigra which have pleomorphic synapses is probably GABA. Dopamine is the transmitter of the axo-spinous synapses of the nigrostriatal neurons with the small striatal nerve cells for which the transmitter seems to be Acetylcholine. The nigro-striatal reverberating circuits have three outputs available; 1. from parts of the striatum to the entopeduncular nucleus (internal segment of pallidum) and from there through the H2 and H1 fields of Forel to the oral ventral nucleus of the thalamus (V.o.a) which directly projects to the area 6 a alpha of motor cortex; 2. also from parts of the striatum to the pallidum (outer segment) and continuing through the descending pallido-reticulospinal pathway and 3. from the postero-lateral cell groups of the nigra probably through descending fibers which cross the midline in the commissura colliculi superioris and extend through the reticular formation directly or indirectly to the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Double-barrelled connections between the striatum and substantia nigra in the light and electron microscopy picture in the cat]. Following coagulation of either the substantia nigra or the caudate nucleus and fundus caudati of the cat, the distribution of degenerating terminals in the sections of the striatum has been determined especially in the fundus caudati on one side and in the various cell groups of the substantia nigra compacta on the other side; and the types of synapses have been described. There are reverberating circuits between the fundus caudati and the medial groups of the nigra characterized by their small cells, between the putamen and the postero-lateral cell groups of the nigra, between the caudatum and the rostral cell groups of the nigra, presumably with the specialization that the lateral caudatum is in two-way connection with the rostro-lateral cell groups of the nigra as is the medial caudatum with the rostro-medial cell group. The transmitter for the striatofugal terminals in the nigra which have pleomorphic synapses is probably GABA. Dopamine is the transmitter of the axo-spinous synapses of the nigrostriatal neurons with the small striatal nerve cells for which the transmitter seems to be Acetylcholine. The nigro-striatal reverberating circuits have three outputs available; 1. from parts of the striatum to the entopeduncular nucleus (internal segment of pallidum) and from there through the H2 and H1 fields of Forel to the oral ventral nucleus of the thalamus (V.o.a) which directly projects to the area 6 a alpha of motor cortex; 2. also from parts of the striatum to the pallidum (outer segment) and continuing through the descending pallido-reticulospinal pathway and 3. from the postero-lateral cell groups of the nigra probably through descending fibers which cross the midline in the commissura colliculi superioris and extend through the reticular formation directly or indirectly to the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1200388", "title": "[Sports and the spine].", "content": "The flexibility of the vertebral column in 160 male athlets and 105 female athlets has been measured. The instrument used by us was the Hydrogoniometer (Rippstein) which has been put exactly on the determined points of the back of all probands. Having moved the vertebral column in all directions the measurements have been registered and statistically analysed with standard measurements. We find a lot of differences in the different movments of the vertebral column regions between the athlets and the non-athlets. These persons with untrained vertebral columns are partly more flexibel then the probands with active trained vertebral columns.", "contents": "[Sports and the spine]. The flexibility of the vertebral column in 160 male athlets and 105 female athlets has been measured. The instrument used by us was the Hydrogoniometer (Rippstein) which has been put exactly on the determined points of the back of all probands. Having moved the vertebral column in all directions the measurements have been registered and statistically analysed with standard measurements. We find a lot of differences in the different movments of the vertebral column regions between the athlets and the non-athlets. These persons with untrained vertebral columns are partly more flexibel then the probands with active trained vertebral columns."}
{"id": "PMID:1200389", "title": "The musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, Rafinesque, 1832).", "content": "The musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is illustrated and described with emphasis on origins and insertions of individual muscles. Published works on the myology of domestic Bovidae (Bos taurus; Ovis aries; Capra hircus), Camelidae (Camelus bactrianus; Lama glama) and Cervidae (Cervus nannodes-canadensis) have been used for comparisons of individual muscles. The musculature of the hip and thigh of Odocoileus is substantially similar to that of other Artiodactyla investigated, except for slight differences of individual muscles. The most obvious differences involve the mm. obturatorius externus, obturatorius internus and pectineus. In Odocoileus as in domestic Bovidae and Cervus, the m. obturatorius externus is divided into an intrapelvic and an extrapelvic part whereas in Camelidae the intrapelvic part of the muscle is lacking. In the species considered, the m. obturatorius internus is present only in Camelus and Lama. In Odocoileus, the m. pectineus is divided into two distinct parts whereas in other Artiodactyla investigated the division lies apparent only toward its insertion.", "contents": "The musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, Rafinesque, 1832). The musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is illustrated and described with emphasis on origins and insertions of individual muscles. Published works on the myology of domestic Bovidae (Bos taurus; Ovis aries; Capra hircus), Camelidae (Camelus bactrianus; Lama glama) and Cervidae (Cervus nannodes-canadensis) have been used for comparisons of individual muscles. The musculature of the hip and thigh of Odocoileus is substantially similar to that of other Artiodactyla investigated, except for slight differences of individual muscles. The most obvious differences involve the mm. obturatorius externus, obturatorius internus and pectineus. In Odocoileus as in domestic Bovidae and Cervus, the m. obturatorius externus is divided into an intrapelvic and an extrapelvic part whereas in Camelidae the intrapelvic part of the muscle is lacking. In the species considered, the m. obturatorius internus is present only in Camelus and Lama. In Odocoileus, the m. pectineus is divided into two distinct parts whereas in other Artiodactyla investigated the division lies apparent only toward its insertion."}
{"id": "PMID:1200390", "title": "Morpho-histology of the intestine in a freshwater major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) during the different life-history stages in relation to food and feeding habits.", "content": "The morpho-histology in relation to food and feeding habits of the intestine in the fry, fingerling and adult of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), a freshwater major carp, has been described. The intestine has been observed to be shortest in the fry (carnivorous) and longest in the adults (herbivorous) with intermediate values in the fingerlings (omnivorous). The mucosal folds of the intestine have also been observed to be adapted according to the nature of the dietary prevailing in the different life history stages. The food appears to have a marked influence on the morpho-histology of the villi and the number of mucous cells/unit area of the fry, fingerling and adult. The sub-mucosa, muscularis and tunica propria are characteristic in the fry, fingerling and adult.", "contents": "Morpho-histology of the intestine in a freshwater major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) during the different life-history stages in relation to food and feeding habits. The morpho-histology in relation to food and feeding habits of the intestine in the fry, fingerling and adult of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), a freshwater major carp, has been described. The intestine has been observed to be shortest in the fry (carnivorous) and longest in the adults (herbivorous) with intermediate values in the fingerlings (omnivorous). The mucosal folds of the intestine have also been observed to be adapted according to the nature of the dietary prevailing in the different life history stages. The food appears to have a marked influence on the morpho-histology of the villi and the number of mucous cells/unit area of the fry, fingerling and adult. The sub-mucosa, muscularis and tunica propria are characteristic in the fry, fingerling and adult."}
{"id": "PMID:1200391", "title": "[Absence of the vena cava inferior during simultaneous absence of the left kidney in a human fetus].", "content": "Atypical pattern of inferior cava (human embryo, sex: male, age: 6 month) is described. The left kidney is absent. The pelvis of the right kidney send two ureters to bladder. Pars hepatica of normal V. cava inferior is missed. Blood transport is formed by a vessel lateral of left suprarenal gland. This vessel is penetrating through pars lumbalis of diaphragm to thorax, goes in analogy to V. hemiazygos later to V. hemiazygos accessoria and flows into the right atrium.", "contents": "[Absence of the vena cava inferior during simultaneous absence of the left kidney in a human fetus]. Atypical pattern of inferior cava (human embryo, sex: male, age: 6 month) is described. The left kidney is absent. The pelvis of the right kidney send two ureters to bladder. Pars hepatica of normal V. cava inferior is missed. Blood transport is formed by a vessel lateral of left suprarenal gland. This vessel is penetrating through pars lumbalis of diaphragm to thorax, goes in analogy to V. hemiazygos later to V. hemiazygos accessoria and flows into the right atrium."}
{"id": "PMID:1200392", "title": "The ultrastructure of the thin loop limbs of the mouse kidney.", "content": "The thin limbs of the loops of Henle in the mouse kidney have been investigated by conventional electron microscopy. Resulting from light microscopic investigations, a distinction in the epithelia of short and long loops can be demonstrated. Ultrastructurally, the thin limbs (descending) of short loops are composed of a uniformly thin and simple epithelium. In contrast, long loops (thin descending and ascending) are composed of three different epithelial types which are representative of a distinctly more complex epithelial system. Two epithelial types were observed in the thin descending limbs of long loops and the third type was observed in the ascending thin limbs. Based upon these findings it is suggested that the thin descending limbs of short and long loops of Henle in the mouse kidney cannot perform the same functions in the renal concentrating mechanism.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the thin loop limbs of the mouse kidney. The thin limbs of the loops of Henle in the mouse kidney have been investigated by conventional electron microscopy. Resulting from light microscopic investigations, a distinction in the epithelia of short and long loops can be demonstrated. Ultrastructurally, the thin limbs (descending) of short loops are composed of a uniformly thin and simple epithelium. In contrast, long loops (thin descending and ascending) are composed of three different epithelial types which are representative of a distinctly more complex epithelial system. Two epithelial types were observed in the thin descending limbs of long loops and the third type was observed in the ascending thin limbs. Based upon these findings it is suggested that the thin descending limbs of short and long loops of Henle in the mouse kidney cannot perform the same functions in the renal concentrating mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1200393", "title": "On the existence of intrahepatic bile duct shunts.", "content": "A combined scintigraphic-radiological method has been used to study the existence of intrahepatic shunts between the bile ducts of the right and left duct systems. With this method no shunts were found between the left and the right system. The results are compared with the findings reported in the literature.", "contents": "On the existence of intrahepatic bile duct shunts. A combined scintigraphic-radiological method has been used to study the existence of intrahepatic shunts between the bile ducts of the right and left duct systems. With this method no shunts were found between the left and the right system. The results are compared with the findings reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1200394", "title": "Ultrastructure of gonadal ridge in male and female pig embryos.", "content": "Pig embryos aged 21-22 days (d) obtained from artificially inseminated sows for an ultrastructural study of the development and sex differentiation of the gonadal ridge. The chromosomal sex of the embryos was identified by a chromosome analysis. At the age of 21 d the gonadal ridge consisted of three different tissues: the surface epithelium, the primitive cords, and the mesenchyme. The surface epithelial cells contained elongate mitochondria with lamellar cristae, granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER), the Golgi complex, free polysomes, coated vesicles and fine filaments. The epithelium was continuous with the primitive cords, which were composed of ultrastructurally similar cells. The epithelial basal lamina followed the cord surface, but covered it incompletely. Primordial germ cells (PGC) were located under the surface epithelium in the mesenchyme and in the cords. The nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, and the large mitochondria were round. The cytoplasm contained a pair of centrioles, the Golgi complex, solitary lamellae of the GER, free polysomes, lipid droplets and some coated vesicles. The PGC entered the gonadal cords before these were surrounded by the continuous basal lamina. A day later (22 d) the number and length of the cords were increased. The PGC were more frequent and seen also in deeper layers. All the structures studied at the age of 21-22 d showed that the gonadal ridge also at the ultrastructural level is at the sexually indifferent stage.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of gonadal ridge in male and female pig embryos. Pig embryos aged 21-22 days (d) obtained from artificially inseminated sows for an ultrastructural study of the development and sex differentiation of the gonadal ridge. The chromosomal sex of the embryos was identified by a chromosome analysis. At the age of 21 d the gonadal ridge consisted of three different tissues: the surface epithelium, the primitive cords, and the mesenchyme. The surface epithelial cells contained elongate mitochondria with lamellar cristae, granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER), the Golgi complex, free polysomes, coated vesicles and fine filaments. The epithelium was continuous with the primitive cords, which were composed of ultrastructurally similar cells. The epithelial basal lamina followed the cord surface, but covered it incompletely. Primordial germ cells (PGC) were located under the surface epithelium in the mesenchyme and in the cords. The nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, and the large mitochondria were round. The cytoplasm contained a pair of centrioles, the Golgi complex, solitary lamellae of the GER, free polysomes, lipid droplets and some coated vesicles. The PGC entered the gonadal cords before these were surrounded by the continuous basal lamina. A day later (22 d) the number and length of the cords were increased. The PGC were more frequent and seen also in deeper layers. All the structures studied at the age of 21-22 d showed that the gonadal ridge also at the ultrastructural level is at the sexually indifferent stage."}
{"id": "PMID:1200395", "title": "The structure of the myosatellite cells in axial muscles of the shark Geleus melastomus.", "content": "The myosatellite cells in the axial muscles of the shark Geleus melastomus is found more frequently in the red muscle fibers than in the white fibers. The total length of the cell extensions is about 100 mum. In about 20% of all cases, the extensions were present in pairs, and it is concluded that the satellite cell processes bifurcate. Processes towards the intercellular space and towards the interior of the muscle fiber are also described. The cytoplasm of the satellite cells contain glycogen, Golgi elements, lysosome-like vesicles, granular endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. It is concluded that the morphology of the satellite cells indicates a more active function than that of a dormant reserve myoblast.", "contents": "The structure of the myosatellite cells in axial muscles of the shark Geleus melastomus. The myosatellite cells in the axial muscles of the shark Geleus melastomus is found more frequently in the red muscle fibers than in the white fibers. The total length of the cell extensions is about 100 mum. In about 20% of all cases, the extensions were present in pairs, and it is concluded that the satellite cell processes bifurcate. Processes towards the intercellular space and towards the interior of the muscle fiber are also described. The cytoplasm of the satellite cells contain glycogen, Golgi elements, lysosome-like vesicles, granular endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. It is concluded that the morphology of the satellite cells indicates a more active function than that of a dormant reserve myoblast."}
{"id": "PMID:1200396", "title": "Ultrastructure of cleavage stages and preimplantation embryos of the baboon.", "content": "The baboon preimplantation stages were examined using light and electron microscopy. Six cases were studied at 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 days estimated fertilization age. The first 3 specimens were composed of 2, 8 and 24 blastomeres respectively. At 5 days, 30 to 40 cells were counted and more than 60 cells in later stages. Primitive \"trophoblast cells\" differentiate at 7 days and a crescentic blastocoele appears at 8 days. Shedding of the zona pellucida is not observed in the 7 and 8 day specimens. The preimplantation period is longer in the baboon than in man. C-type viruses are observed in the zona pellucida, in the perivitelline and interblastomeric spaces. Microvilli and caveolae cover ther periphery of the baboon conceptus. As in many other mammals, transformation of the mitochondria, changes in the ribosomes distribution, multivesicular bodies, myelin figures, nucleoli and intranuclear clusters of granules are described in the baboon. Cytoplasmic fibrous strands are not present as in the mouse. Experiments on the influence of hormones and drugs on ultrastructural changes would help to evaluate the importance of biohazards during the early development of primates.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cleavage stages and preimplantation embryos of the baboon. The baboon preimplantation stages were examined using light and electron microscopy. Six cases were studied at 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 days estimated fertilization age. The first 3 specimens were composed of 2, 8 and 24 blastomeres respectively. At 5 days, 30 to 40 cells were counted and more than 60 cells in later stages. Primitive \"trophoblast cells\" differentiate at 7 days and a crescentic blastocoele appears at 8 days. Shedding of the zona pellucida is not observed in the 7 and 8 day specimens. The preimplantation period is longer in the baboon than in man. C-type viruses are observed in the zona pellucida, in the perivitelline and interblastomeric spaces. Microvilli and caveolae cover ther periphery of the baboon conceptus. As in many other mammals, transformation of the mitochondria, changes in the ribosomes distribution, multivesicular bodies, myelin figures, nucleoli and intranuclear clusters of granules are described in the baboon. Cytoplasmic fibrous strands are not present as in the mouse. Experiments on the influence of hormones and drugs on ultrastructural changes would help to evaluate the importance of biohazards during the early development of primates."}
{"id": "PMID:1200397", "title": "[Ontogenesis of the endocardial cushions in the vertebrate heart. An experimental- and comparative embryological study (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of comparative ontogenetical findings and organ cultured whole hearts of tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) there has been evidence that the localization of the endocardial cushions in the embryonic heart tube of landliving vertebrates is phylogenetically caused. On the contrary ontogenetically the shape of these cushions are dependent on the varying hemodynamic conditions in heart development. By this the anlage of endocardial cushions are the presupposition of the phylogeny and ontogeny in the septation of the heart in tetrapodes.", "contents": "[Ontogenesis of the endocardial cushions in the vertebrate heart. An experimental- and comparative embryological study (author's transl)]. By means of comparative ontogenetical findings and organ cultured whole hearts of tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) there has been evidence that the localization of the endocardial cushions in the embryonic heart tube of landliving vertebrates is phylogenetically caused. On the contrary ontogenetically the shape of these cushions are dependent on the varying hemodynamic conditions in heart development. By this the anlage of endocardial cushions are the presupposition of the phylogeny and ontogeny in the septation of the heart in tetrapodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200398", "title": "The distribution of primary afferents to the cochlear nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The normal anatomy of the three cochlear nuclei in the hen, the nucleus laminaris, the nucleus angularis and the nucleus magnocellularis is described. Following lesions of the cochlear nerve, all three nuclei are shown to receive primary cochlear fibers (silver impregnation methods). The part of nucleus laminaris which consists of a ventral convex sheet of cells is shown to receive cochlear nerve fibers from both ears, the nerve fibers from the ipsilateral ear terminating dorsal to the cell sheet while contralateral nerve fibers terminate ventral to the nerve cells. The cochlear ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus laminaris are apparently situated in other parts of the ganglion that the cells projecting to the nucleus angularis and magnocellularis. The findings are discussed in the light of known data on the organization and function of the cochlear nuclei in birds.", "contents": "The distribution of primary afferents to the cochlear nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). The normal anatomy of the three cochlear nuclei in the hen, the nucleus laminaris, the nucleus angularis and the nucleus magnocellularis is described. Following lesions of the cochlear nerve, all three nuclei are shown to receive primary cochlear fibers (silver impregnation methods). The part of nucleus laminaris which consists of a ventral convex sheet of cells is shown to receive cochlear nerve fibers from both ears, the nerve fibers from the ipsilateral ear terminating dorsal to the cell sheet while contralateral nerve fibers terminate ventral to the nerve cells. The cochlear ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus laminaris are apparently situated in other parts of the ganglion that the cells projecting to the nucleus angularis and magnocellularis. The findings are discussed in the light of known data on the organization and function of the cochlear nuclei in birds."}
{"id": "PMID:1200399", "title": "A geometric model of the rat kidney.", "content": "Firstly details are collected concerning the required parameters of a simple linear regression in order to evaluate statistically results of measurements, which can also be present in the form (chii, yi +/- SDi). In this way lines of regression are determined for connections between the kidney weight and the body weight, between the lengths of the proximal tubules (and the proximal convolution) of the three various types of nephron and the kidney weight, between the length of the distal convoluted tubule, likewise the number of glomerula, and the kidney weight and finally between the single nephron filtration rate and the length of the proximal tubule. Starting from a model body weight for the rat of 200 g and considering the percentage of thin segments in the tissue of the renal pyramid, a loop of Henle with a length of 8.1 mm for the thin part and a length of 2.4 mm for the ascending thick limb was calculated for the model nephron from the lengths of the loops of the three types of nephrons. In contrast to former model formulations concerning the collecting duct system, the tree-like branched structure was considered for the first time and a linear approximation to the relation between both the circumference line and the cross section area and the lenggh of the collecting ducts was determined. The geometric model relates only to the tubular system and takes no notice of the blood vessels.", "contents": "A geometric model of the rat kidney. Firstly details are collected concerning the required parameters of a simple linear regression in order to evaluate statistically results of measurements, which can also be present in the form (chii, yi +/- SDi). In this way lines of regression are determined for connections between the kidney weight and the body weight, between the lengths of the proximal tubules (and the proximal convolution) of the three various types of nephron and the kidney weight, between the length of the distal convoluted tubule, likewise the number of glomerula, and the kidney weight and finally between the single nephron filtration rate and the length of the proximal tubule. Starting from a model body weight for the rat of 200 g and considering the percentage of thin segments in the tissue of the renal pyramid, a loop of Henle with a length of 8.1 mm for the thin part and a length of 2.4 mm for the ascending thick limb was calculated for the model nephron from the lengths of the loops of the three types of nephrons. In contrast to former model formulations concerning the collecting duct system, the tree-like branched structure was considered for the first time and a linear approximation to the relation between both the circumference line and the cross section area and the lenggh of the collecting ducts was determined. The geometric model relates only to the tubular system and takes no notice of the blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1200400", "title": "The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on the fine structure of the corpus luteum of the hysterectomized guina pig.", "content": "Luteal cell fine structure was studied in hysterectomized control and hysterectomized, prostaglandin-treated (1-5 days) guinea pigs. In hysterectomized control animals, luteal cells were hypertrophied and were characterized by an abundance of agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER) suggesting steroidogenic activity. With one day of prostaglandin treatment, little change in the cytological appearance had occurred. After two, or three days of treatment, cells showed a decrease in size and an apparent increase in the number of lipid droplets. Following four days of prostaglandin treatment, luteal tissue was characterized by the presence of large amounts of collagen in the intercellular spaces and by the invasion of fibroblasts. Areas of degenerating luteal cells with numerous myelin figures and lipid droplets were observed. After five days of prostaglandin treatment, most of the luteal cells had undergone extensive luteolytic changes. Typically they contained coalescing lipid droplets, myelin figures and crystalloids, and were surrounded by collagen fibers. These observation suggest that prostaglandin F2alpha does effect structural luteolysis in this species in the absence of uterine tissue.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on the fine structure of the corpus luteum of the hysterectomized guina pig. Luteal cell fine structure was studied in hysterectomized control and hysterectomized, prostaglandin-treated (1-5 days) guinea pigs. In hysterectomized control animals, luteal cells were hypertrophied and were characterized by an abundance of agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER) suggesting steroidogenic activity. With one day of prostaglandin treatment, little change in the cytological appearance had occurred. After two, or three days of treatment, cells showed a decrease in size and an apparent increase in the number of lipid droplets. Following four days of prostaglandin treatment, luteal tissue was characterized by the presence of large amounts of collagen in the intercellular spaces and by the invasion of fibroblasts. Areas of degenerating luteal cells with numerous myelin figures and lipid droplets were observed. After five days of prostaglandin treatment, most of the luteal cells had undergone extensive luteolytic changes. Typically they contained coalescing lipid droplets, myelin figures and crystalloids, and were surrounded by collagen fibers. These observation suggest that prostaglandin F2alpha does effect structural luteolysis in this species in the absence of uterine tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1200401", "title": "The \"imaged-desmosome\": a component of intercalated discs in embryonic guinea pig myocardium.", "content": "A heretofore undescribed structural variation of the desmosomes of the intercalated disc is found in myocardial cells of the embryonic guinea pig. These desmosomes consist of the usual pair of opaque leaflets, each of the pair contributed by one of the apposed muscle cells. In addition, in the cytoplasm of one of the cells there appears a pair of linear densities (facsimile-lines) parallel to the nearest desmosomal plaque and separated from it by a 60 mm space. The facsimile lines superficially resemble the desmosomal leaflets in length and thickness, thus forming a cytoplasmic \"image\" of the desmosome. These \"imaged-desmosomes\" are found predominantly in the longitudinally-running portions of the intercalated discs and are common in 7-week embryos. Their incidence drops sharply by eight weeks of gestation, and they are virtually absent from the heart of the newborn animal. Often tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are found in apposition to the facsimile-lines; thus it appears that association of SR tubules with desmosomes is responsible for the formation of imaged-desmosomes.", "contents": "The \"imaged-desmosome\": a component of intercalated discs in embryonic guinea pig myocardium. A heretofore undescribed structural variation of the desmosomes of the intercalated disc is found in myocardial cells of the embryonic guinea pig. These desmosomes consist of the usual pair of opaque leaflets, each of the pair contributed by one of the apposed muscle cells. In addition, in the cytoplasm of one of the cells there appears a pair of linear densities (facsimile-lines) parallel to the nearest desmosomal plaque and separated from it by a 60 mm space. The facsimile lines superficially resemble the desmosomal leaflets in length and thickness, thus forming a cytoplasmic \"image\" of the desmosome. These \"imaged-desmosomes\" are found predominantly in the longitudinally-running portions of the intercalated discs and are common in 7-week embryos. Their incidence drops sharply by eight weeks of gestation, and they are virtually absent from the heart of the newborn animal. Often tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are found in apposition to the facsimile-lines; thus it appears that association of SR tubules with desmosomes is responsible for the formation of imaged-desmosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200402", "title": "Electron microscopy of endothelial microvilli of large arteries.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic investigations by others have revealed \"hair-like\" projections from the endothelial surface of the rabbit aorta. We have confirmed by transmission electron microscopy that endothelial microvilli are found, in a limited number of areas in the aortic arch, particularly at the presumed site of fetal origin of the ductus arterious and near the origin of the subclavian artery. The microvilli are almost uniform in diameter (about 0.1 mum) and are as long as 3 mum in length. The outer leaflet of the limiting membrane shows a fuzzy appearance, and thin filaments are recognized in their interiors. A profuse array of endothelial microvilli was also found over the entire surface of the large arteries of human fetuses. The possible hemodynamic significance of these processes is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of endothelial microvilli of large arteries. Scanning electron microscopic investigations by others have revealed \"hair-like\" projections from the endothelial surface of the rabbit aorta. We have confirmed by transmission electron microscopy that endothelial microvilli are found, in a limited number of areas in the aortic arch, particularly at the presumed site of fetal origin of the ductus arterious and near the origin of the subclavian artery. The microvilli are almost uniform in diameter (about 0.1 mum) and are as long as 3 mum in length. The outer leaflet of the limiting membrane shows a fuzzy appearance, and thin filaments are recognized in their interiors. A profuse array of endothelial microvilli was also found over the entire surface of the large arteries of human fetuses. The possible hemodynamic significance of these processes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200403", "title": "The Sertoli cell junctional specializations and their relationship to the germinal epithelium as observed after efferent ductule ligation.", "content": "Seminiferous tubules from testes of normal and efferent ductule ligated mice were examined with the electron microscope. The tubules in the ligated animals were markedly distended and at most stages of the seminiferous cycle the epithelium exhibited a series of circumferentially-oriented ridges. Cross-sectional profiles of these ridges were studied with particular emphasis on the Sertoli cell junctional specializations and their relationship to the germinal cells. In the ligated specimen the basal cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells is highly attenuated, often appearing as a thin process resting on the basement lamina. Where the cytoplasm of one Sertoli cell ends, it meets in apposition with the cytoplasm of an adjoining Sertoli cell, and at these sites, junctional specializations are present. The ridges are comprised of a stalk of apical Sertoli cell cytoplasm, often appearing like an inverted cone, with young spermatids aligned along the lateral surfaces and the more mature spermatid population embedded within the apical cytoplasm. Junctional specializations were observed along these lateral Sertoli cell surfaces. In some instances, they formed a free surface, but usually early spermatids were in contact with the junctional specializations. With respect to the more mature spermatids, the acrosomal component was typically found in relation to a junctional specialization. Germ cells at the spermatocyte stage were also noted in relation to the Sertoli cell junctional specializations. The findings suggest that spermatocytes cross the Sertoli cell barrier and gain access to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule through the disengagement of the inter-Sertoli cell junctional complex. It is proposed that when the inter-Sertoli cell junctional specializations separate, the spermatocytes come in apposition with the newly freed junctional surfaces and remain in relation with them through the ensuing divisions. It appears that at some point, firm adhesion between germ cells and the junctional specializations occurs; the spermatid progeny may thus maintain contact with the original inter-Sertoli cell junctional specializations until their release into the tubule lumen.", "contents": "The Sertoli cell junctional specializations and their relationship to the germinal epithelium as observed after efferent ductule ligation. Seminiferous tubules from testes of normal and efferent ductule ligated mice were examined with the electron microscope. The tubules in the ligated animals were markedly distended and at most stages of the seminiferous cycle the epithelium exhibited a series of circumferentially-oriented ridges. Cross-sectional profiles of these ridges were studied with particular emphasis on the Sertoli cell junctional specializations and their relationship to the germinal cells. In the ligated specimen the basal cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells is highly attenuated, often appearing as a thin process resting on the basement lamina. Where the cytoplasm of one Sertoli cell ends, it meets in apposition with the cytoplasm of an adjoining Sertoli cell, and at these sites, junctional specializations are present. The ridges are comprised of a stalk of apical Sertoli cell cytoplasm, often appearing like an inverted cone, with young spermatids aligned along the lateral surfaces and the more mature spermatid population embedded within the apical cytoplasm. Junctional specializations were observed along these lateral Sertoli cell surfaces. In some instances, they formed a free surface, but usually early spermatids were in contact with the junctional specializations. With respect to the more mature spermatids, the acrosomal component was typically found in relation to a junctional specialization. Germ cells at the spermatocyte stage were also noted in relation to the Sertoli cell junctional specializations. The findings suggest that spermatocytes cross the Sertoli cell barrier and gain access to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule through the disengagement of the inter-Sertoli cell junctional complex. It is proposed that when the inter-Sertoli cell junctional specializations separate, the spermatocytes come in apposition with the newly freed junctional surfaces and remain in relation with them through the ensuing divisions. It appears that at some point, firm adhesion between germ cells and the junctional specializations occurs; the spermatid progeny may thus maintain contact with the original inter-Sertoli cell junctional specializations until their release into the tubule lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:1200404", "title": "The effect of strontium, cobalt and fluoride on rat incisor enamel formation.", "content": "This investigation examined ultrastructurally the entire period of development of alterations in formative ameloblasts and the enamel which they produce following injection with fluoride, strontium, and cobalt ions. Rats injected with these ions were sacrificed at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours to elucidate the sequence and detail of cytologic and cell product alterations which occur. Undecalcified sections of rat incisor teeth were studied using electron microscopy and microradiography. All three ions initially produced disturbances in cell morphology and enamel formation consisting of dark globules, vacuoles, and pooling of stippled material on the enamel surface. While a period of decreased crystal formation occurred after injection with all three ions, only cobalt responses included a period of apparently complete absence of crystal formation. The hypermineralized layers occurring in the altered enamel are attributed to changes in the rate of enamel matrix formation and duration of its exposure to tissue fluids. Morphologic changes in Tomes' process were observed at the time of formation of abnormel following injection of all three ions. These observations are compared with previous studies of altered enamel formation and analyzed with the goal of learning more about the mechanisms of amelogenesis.", "contents": "The effect of strontium, cobalt and fluoride on rat incisor enamel formation. This investigation examined ultrastructurally the entire period of development of alterations in formative ameloblasts and the enamel which they produce following injection with fluoride, strontium, and cobalt ions. Rats injected with these ions were sacrificed at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours to elucidate the sequence and detail of cytologic and cell product alterations which occur. Undecalcified sections of rat incisor teeth were studied using electron microscopy and microradiography. All three ions initially produced disturbances in cell morphology and enamel formation consisting of dark globules, vacuoles, and pooling of stippled material on the enamel surface. While a period of decreased crystal formation occurred after injection with all three ions, only cobalt responses included a period of apparently complete absence of crystal formation. The hypermineralized layers occurring in the altered enamel are attributed to changes in the rate of enamel matrix formation and duration of its exposure to tissue fluids. Morphologic changes in Tomes' process were observed at the time of formation of abnormel following injection of all three ions. These observations are compared with previous studies of altered enamel formation and analyzed with the goal of learning more about the mechanisms of amelogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200405", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on postnatal differentiation of neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of rat cervical spinal cord.", "content": "Neuroblasts of the substantia gelatinosa at birth were small with large oval nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. The cytoplasm possessed ribosomes and mitochondria. Granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes were generally absent or rudimentary. Electron dense bodies were seldom observed. By the end of the first week, the nuclei of several cells demonstrated early nuclear invaginations; cytoplasm exhibited growth cones, a well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. At several points the channels of endoplasmic reticulum became continuous with the perinuclear space. By the end of the second week, differentiation of the neuroblasts was more advanced. More nuclei showed invagination of their contour. The cytoplasm revealed well dev-loped granular endoplasmic reticulum and multiple Golgi complexes. Numerous vesicles and dense bodies were found adjacent to the Golgi complexes. Arrays of agranular endoplasmic reticulum also appeared late in the second week. By the third week, features of neuronal differentiation, such as nuclear invagination, granular endoplasmic reticulum agranular membrane configurations, multiple Golgi complexes and dense bodies in the cytoplasm became well established.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on postnatal differentiation of neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of rat cervical spinal cord. Neuroblasts of the substantia gelatinosa at birth were small with large oval nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. The cytoplasm possessed ribosomes and mitochondria. Granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes were generally absent or rudimentary. Electron dense bodies were seldom observed. By the end of the first week, the nuclei of several cells demonstrated early nuclear invaginations; cytoplasm exhibited growth cones, a well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. At several points the channels of endoplasmic reticulum became continuous with the perinuclear space. By the end of the second week, differentiation of the neuroblasts was more advanced. More nuclei showed invagination of their contour. The cytoplasm revealed well dev-loped granular endoplasmic reticulum and multiple Golgi complexes. Numerous vesicles and dense bodies were found adjacent to the Golgi complexes. Arrays of agranular endoplasmic reticulum also appeared late in the second week. By the third week, features of neuronal differentiation, such as nuclear invagination, granular endoplasmic reticulum agranular membrane configurations, multiple Golgi complexes and dense bodies in the cytoplasm became well established."}
{"id": "PMID:1200406", "title": "The normal human thymic vasculature: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Electron microscopy of the normal human thymus demonstrates a characteristic vascular-parenchymal relationship. The vascular lumen is always separated from the thymic parenchyma by: the endothelial cell cytoplasm, a muscular coat in arterioles and veins, the vascular basal lamina, a perivascular space containing collagen fibers and cells, the epithelial-reticular cell basal lamina and the epithelial-reticular cell cytoplasm. The width of this perivascular space is proportional to the size of the vessel it surrounds; it is wide around the vessels in the septa and at the cortical-medullary junction, but narrow around capillaries. While many cells are present in this space around larger vessels, only collagen is observed around the capillaries. Lymphocytes are the predominant cell type in the space; however, plasma cells, eosinophils, histiocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells and unidentified granulated cells are also seen. The vascular complex described above may function as a blood-thymus barrier, as the initial site of exposure of the lymphocytes to circulating antigen and as the route of lymphocytes from the thymus.", "contents": "The normal human thymic vasculature: an ultrastructural study. Electron microscopy of the normal human thymus demonstrates a characteristic vascular-parenchymal relationship. The vascular lumen is always separated from the thymic parenchyma by: the endothelial cell cytoplasm, a muscular coat in arterioles and veins, the vascular basal lamina, a perivascular space containing collagen fibers and cells, the epithelial-reticular cell basal lamina and the epithelial-reticular cell cytoplasm. The width of this perivascular space is proportional to the size of the vessel it surrounds; it is wide around the vessels in the septa and at the cortical-medullary junction, but narrow around capillaries. While many cells are present in this space around larger vessels, only collagen is observed around the capillaries. Lymphocytes are the predominant cell type in the space; however, plasma cells, eosinophils, histiocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells and unidentified granulated cells are also seen. The vascular complex described above may function as a blood-thymus barrier, as the initial site of exposure of the lymphocytes to circulating antigen and as the route of lymphocytes from the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:1200407", "title": "Surface epithelium of the fetal guinea-pig ovary: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The surface epithelium in fetal guinea-pig ovaries was examined from the time of early sexual differentiation, about 34-days, until approximately ten days before birth. At day 34 the epithelium varied greatly in appearance as seen in the light microscope and possessed a superficial layer of flattened or culoidal cells. By day 58 the epithelium had changed into one layer of regularly arranged columnar cells. During the same period the number of germinal cells decreased. Connections between the germinal cords and the surface epithelium were observed from day 34, being especially numerous and broad at days 34 and 42 and decreasing in number and size from day 46 onwards. The basement membrane beneath the epithelium gradually increased in thickness. In the electron microscope two types of somatic cells could be distinguished. One type formed a superifical single layer connected by junctional complexes and exhibited intracellular bundles 60 A microfilaments running straight through the apical part of the cell, attached to junctional complexes on either side. These bundles were found frequently between days 34 and 42, but were rarely seen after the forth-sixth day. Microvillous projections into the coelomic cavity were especially numerous from day 34 to day 46. The other type of somatic cells lay in close proximity to the germinal cells: microfilaments or junctional complexes were not observed. The subepithelial basement lamina was continuous with that surrounding the connections and the germinal cords.", "contents": "Surface epithelium of the fetal guinea-pig ovary: a light and electron microscopic study. The surface epithelium in fetal guinea-pig ovaries was examined from the time of early sexual differentiation, about 34-days, until approximately ten days before birth. At day 34 the epithelium varied greatly in appearance as seen in the light microscope and possessed a superficial layer of flattened or culoidal cells. By day 58 the epithelium had changed into one layer of regularly arranged columnar cells. During the same period the number of germinal cells decreased. Connections between the germinal cords and the surface epithelium were observed from day 34, being especially numerous and broad at days 34 and 42 and decreasing in number and size from day 46 onwards. The basement membrane beneath the epithelium gradually increased in thickness. In the electron microscope two types of somatic cells could be distinguished. One type formed a superifical single layer connected by junctional complexes and exhibited intracellular bundles 60 A microfilaments running straight through the apical part of the cell, attached to junctional complexes on either side. These bundles were found frequently between days 34 and 42, but were rarely seen after the forth-sixth day. Microvillous projections into the coelomic cavity were especially numerous from day 34 to day 46. The other type of somatic cells lay in close proximity to the germinal cells: microfilaments or junctional complexes were not observed. The subepithelial basement lamina was continuous with that surrounding the connections and the germinal cords."}
{"id": "PMID:1200408", "title": "Smooth muscle in lymph node capsule and trabeculae.", "content": "This study focuses on the confusion in existing literature concerning the presence of smooth muscle in the capsule and trabeculae of lymph nodes. Human and bovine nodes from several anatomical areas and several individuals of each species were examined by conventional light, electron and fluorescence microscopy. Smooth muscle cells, independent of blood vessels, were demonstrated in the trabeculae and capsules of lymph nodes of both species examined by all three techniques. The need for further study on the function of these cells is indicated.", "contents": "Smooth muscle in lymph node capsule and trabeculae. This study focuses on the confusion in existing literature concerning the presence of smooth muscle in the capsule and trabeculae of lymph nodes. Human and bovine nodes from several anatomical areas and several individuals of each species were examined by conventional light, electron and fluorescence microscopy. Smooth muscle cells, independent of blood vessels, were demonstrated in the trabeculae and capsules of lymph nodes of both species examined by all three techniques. The need for further study on the function of these cells is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1200409", "title": "Cellular renewal in the enamel organ and the odontoblast layer of the rat incisor as followed by radioautography using 3H-thymidine.", "content": "Renewal of the cell populations of the incisor was studied in 100 gm male rats injected with a single dose of 3H-thymidine and sacrificed at various times from one hour to 32 days after injection. Radioautographs showed that a cohort of labeled cells within the enamel organ, odontoblast layer, and pulp was carried passively with the erupting incisor from the apical end towards the gingival margin where the life cycle of these cells was terminated. Labeled cells in the upper and lower incisor, although traversing different absolute lengths, were found in approximately the same functional stage of their life cycle at similar times after the injection. Thus, by one and on-half days labeled ameloblasts began inner enamel secretion and, by eight days (upper) or nine days (lower), complement outer enamel secretion. By 32 days labeled ameloblasts had traversed the entire enamel maturation zone and were located at the gingival margin. Labeled odontoblasts followed closely the movement of labeled ameloblasts. The mean rate of ameloblast migration was 567 mum/day on the upper incisor and 651 mim/day on the lower. For the odontoblasts this rate was 55 mum/day (upper) and 631 mum/day (lower). Finally, it was found that as the rat age, the duration of the life cycle for epithelial and pulp cell populations of the incisor increased because of growth within the lonitudinal axis of the tooth. It was concluded that the apical end of the incisor literally \"grows backward\" in the bony socket, and hence, the duration of the life cycle becomes greater simply because it takes cells longer to physically reach the gingival margin.", "contents": "Cellular renewal in the enamel organ and the odontoblast layer of the rat incisor as followed by radioautography using 3H-thymidine. Renewal of the cell populations of the incisor was studied in 100 gm male rats injected with a single dose of 3H-thymidine and sacrificed at various times from one hour to 32 days after injection. Radioautographs showed that a cohort of labeled cells within the enamel organ, odontoblast layer, and pulp was carried passively with the erupting incisor from the apical end towards the gingival margin where the life cycle of these cells was terminated. Labeled cells in the upper and lower incisor, although traversing different absolute lengths, were found in approximately the same functional stage of their life cycle at similar times after the injection. Thus, by one and on-half days labeled ameloblasts began inner enamel secretion and, by eight days (upper) or nine days (lower), complement outer enamel secretion. By 32 days labeled ameloblasts had traversed the entire enamel maturation zone and were located at the gingival margin. Labeled odontoblasts followed closely the movement of labeled ameloblasts. The mean rate of ameloblast migration was 567 mum/day on the upper incisor and 651 mim/day on the lower. For the odontoblasts this rate was 55 mum/day (upper) and 631 mum/day (lower). Finally, it was found that as the rat age, the duration of the life cycle for epithelial and pulp cell populations of the incisor increased because of growth within the lonitudinal axis of the tooth. It was concluded that the apical end of the incisor literally \"grows backward\" in the bony socket, and hence, the duration of the life cycle becomes greater simply because it takes cells longer to physically reach the gingival margin."}
{"id": "PMID:1200410", "title": "A circadian rhythm of mitotic activity in the uterine luminal epithelium of the rat: effect of estrogen.", "content": "The study was designed to determine whether or not the rat uterine luminal epithelium exhibits a mitotic circadian rhythm and to ascertain the effect of estrogen treatment at different time periods on the uterine epithelial mitotic response. Immature rats were injected with either sesame oil (controls) or 60 ng of estradiol-17 beta at eight time periods and were necropsied 24 hours after treatment. Colchicine was administered IP two hours before autopsy. Peak mitotic activity was observed during the nocturnal phase (0300) for both the control and estrogen-treated rats. The nadirs were recorded during the diumal phase (1800 and 1200 for the control and estrogen groups, respectively). The differences between low and high values were 1100% for the control rhythm and 101% for the estrogen animals. The data demonstrate the existence of overt circadian rhythms in the uterine epithelium for both control and estrogentreated rats.", "contents": "A circadian rhythm of mitotic activity in the uterine luminal epithelium of the rat: effect of estrogen. The study was designed to determine whether or not the rat uterine luminal epithelium exhibits a mitotic circadian rhythm and to ascertain the effect of estrogen treatment at different time periods on the uterine epithelial mitotic response. Immature rats were injected with either sesame oil (controls) or 60 ng of estradiol-17 beta at eight time periods and were necropsied 24 hours after treatment. Colchicine was administered IP two hours before autopsy. Peak mitotic activity was observed during the nocturnal phase (0300) for both the control and estrogen-treated rats. The nadirs were recorded during the diumal phase (1800 and 1200 for the control and estrogen groups, respectively). The differences between low and high values were 1100% for the control rhythm and 101% for the estrogen animals. The data demonstrate the existence of overt circadian rhythms in the uterine epithelium for both control and estrogentreated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1200411", "title": "The fine structure of the trophospongial layer of the kangaroo rat placenta.", "content": "The trophospongial layer of the near-term kangaroo rat placenta was examined in the electron microscope. Two ultrastructurally different cellular zones were distinguishable - an inner zone adjacent to the labyrinth and a basal zone located mesometrial to the inner zone. Inner zone cells contained a well developed granular ER and Golgi apparatus as well as polymorphous membrane-limited granules. The cells also contained modest amounts of glycogen and lipid droplets. Basal zone cells were also rich in ER; some cells had dilated ER cisternae containing a highly structured material which appears as a sheet of hexagons when viewed en face. Basal zone cells may, among other things, function as glycogen storage cells, since they had large cytoplasmic accumulations of glycogen. Unlike the situation in some other rodents, maternal blood draining from the trophospongial layer was always contained in channels lined by a layer of squamous cells which, in turm, was separated from the trophospongial cells by a basal lamina. The trophospongial zones are compared with the trophospongial regions of other rodent placentas and possible functions are considered.", "contents": "The fine structure of the trophospongial layer of the kangaroo rat placenta. The trophospongial layer of the near-term kangaroo rat placenta was examined in the electron microscope. Two ultrastructurally different cellular zones were distinguishable - an inner zone adjacent to the labyrinth and a basal zone located mesometrial to the inner zone. Inner zone cells contained a well developed granular ER and Golgi apparatus as well as polymorphous membrane-limited granules. The cells also contained modest amounts of glycogen and lipid droplets. Basal zone cells were also rich in ER; some cells had dilated ER cisternae containing a highly structured material which appears as a sheet of hexagons when viewed en face. Basal zone cells may, among other things, function as glycogen storage cells, since they had large cytoplasmic accumulations of glycogen. Unlike the situation in some other rodents, maternal blood draining from the trophospongial layer was always contained in channels lined by a layer of squamous cells which, in turm, was separated from the trophospongial cells by a basal lamina. The trophospongial zones are compared with the trophospongial regions of other rodent placentas and possible functions are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1200412", "title": "Distribution of lumbar and sacral afferent axons in submucosa of cat urinary bladder.", "content": "Lumbar and sacral afferent axons in the submucosa of the urinary bladder were recognized by degeneration in seven cats subjected to spinal ganglionectomies. Of 2,935 observed terminating axon profiles, 145 were found degenerating. Lumber afferent axons were 3.7 times more numerous than sacral afferent axons in the submucosa, a reversal of the ratio reported for the muscle coat of the bladder. Sacral afferent axons were evenly distributed to different regions of the bladder, but lumbar afferents were concentrated in the bladder neck. Apparent afferent endings in the submucosa of the urinary bladder were principally free nerve endings. Synaptic vesicles were found in 57% of observed terminating axon profiles. The bladder neck had more terminating axon profiles of all kinds than other regions of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "Distribution of lumbar and sacral afferent axons in submucosa of cat urinary bladder. Lumbar and sacral afferent axons in the submucosa of the urinary bladder were recognized by degeneration in seven cats subjected to spinal ganglionectomies. Of 2,935 observed terminating axon profiles, 145 were found degenerating. Lumber afferent axons were 3.7 times more numerous than sacral afferent axons in the submucosa, a reversal of the ratio reported for the muscle coat of the bladder. Sacral afferent axons were evenly distributed to different regions of the bladder, but lumbar afferents were concentrated in the bladder neck. Apparent afferent endings in the submucosa of the urinary bladder were principally free nerve endings. Synaptic vesicles were found in 57% of observed terminating axon profiles. The bladder neck had more terminating axon profiles of all kinds than other regions of the urinary bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:1200413", "title": "An angiographic study of the fox testis in various stages of sexual activity.", "content": "The arteries and veins of the fox testis were studied using an angiographic technique. The postnatal development of the testis involved only minor modification of the vasculature. In the non-breeding season both the arteries and veins of the adult fox testis undergo extensive spiralization which completely disappears during the breeding season. When the sequence of morphological changes in blood vessels are related to available data on changes in testicular size, blood flow and connective tissue content, it is obvious that the vascular spiralization is passive and related to shrinkage of the organ and dose not primarily influence the testicular blood flow.", "contents": "An angiographic study of the fox testis in various stages of sexual activity. The arteries and veins of the fox testis were studied using an angiographic technique. The postnatal development of the testis involved only minor modification of the vasculature. In the non-breeding season both the arteries and veins of the adult fox testis undergo extensive spiralization which completely disappears during the breeding season. When the sequence of morphological changes in blood vessels are related to available data on changes in testicular size, blood flow and connective tissue content, it is obvious that the vascular spiralization is passive and related to shrinkage of the organ and dose not primarily influence the testicular blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1200414", "title": "Myoglobin polymorphism in the pollan (Osteichthyes: Coregoninae).", "content": "Three electrophoretically separable phenotypes of heart and lateral line muscle myoglobin were found in the Irish pollan (Coregonus pollan). This polymorphism appears to be under the control of two co-dominant alleles. The allele frequencies were found to be virtually identical in samples from two lakes which have probably been isolated since the close of the last Ice Age. A significant excess of heterozygotes was found in samples from both lakes. This myoglobin polymorphism appears to be balanced, maintained due to heterozygote superiority.", "contents": "Myoglobin polymorphism in the pollan (Osteichthyes: Coregoninae). Three electrophoretically separable phenotypes of heart and lateral line muscle myoglobin were found in the Irish pollan (Coregonus pollan). This polymorphism appears to be under the control of two co-dominant alleles. The allele frequencies were found to be virtually identical in samples from two lakes which have probably been isolated since the close of the last Ice Age. A significant excess of heterozygotes was found in samples from both lakes. This myoglobin polymorphism appears to be balanced, maintained due to heterozygote superiority."}
{"id": "PMID:1200415", "title": "Genetical control of phosphoglucose isomerase isozymes in the Japanese quail erythrocytes.", "content": "Three phenotypes of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) from the Japanese quail erythrocytes were observed by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Population and family data from one laboratory population of quail was consistent with the  theory that PGI polymorphism was controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles designated PGIF and PGIS with gene frequency values 0.25 and 0.75, respectively. The study supported the earlier view that the Japanese quail is highly polymorphic with regard to biochemical variation.", "contents": "Genetical control of phosphoglucose isomerase isozymes in the Japanese quail erythrocytes. Three phenotypes of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) from the Japanese quail erythrocytes were observed by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Population and family data from one laboratory population of quail was consistent with the  theory that PGI polymorphism was controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles designated PGIF and PGIS with gene frequency values 0.25 and 0.75, respectively. The study supported the earlier view that the Japanese quail is highly polymorphic with regard to biochemical variation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200416", "title": "Alterations in reactivity of the blood factors of cattle red cells after pronase treatment.", "content": "Pronase treatment of cattle red cells produced various effects: (a) an increase in reactivity of the J factor and evolution of a specific cryptoantigen; (b) decrease in the A-B, G2, K, I1, O2, O3, P, Q, T1, Y2, A', B', E'2, E'3, I', K', O'-L'-V-L and M2 factors, but (c) no change in the specifity or in the titre of the remaining 16 different blood factors. Most of the pronase-affectable blood factors were destroyed in a rather narrow but characteristic range of pronase treatment intensities. However, at like intensities, variations were demonstrable due to the fact that the blood factor occurred (a) in red cells from different individuals, and (b) in different phenogroups or subgroups of the B locus.", "contents": "Alterations in reactivity of the blood factors of cattle red cells after pronase treatment. Pronase treatment of cattle red cells produced various effects: (a) an increase in reactivity of the J factor and evolution of a specific cryptoantigen; (b) decrease in the A-B, G2, K, I1, O2, O3, P, Q, T1, Y2, A', B', E'2, E'3, I', K', O'-L'-V-L and M2 factors, but (c) no change in the specifity or in the titre of the remaining 16 different blood factors. Most of the pronase-affectable blood factors were destroyed in a rather narrow but characteristic range of pronase treatment intensities. However, at like intensities, variations were demonstrable due to the fact that the blood factor occurred (a) in red cells from different individuals, and (b) in different phenogroups or subgroups of the B locus."}
{"id": "PMID:1200419", "title": "Effects of neonatal castration and testosterone injection on adult open-field behaviour in rats with atypical sex difference in defecation.", "content": "In the open-field test, male rats usually defecate more and ambulate less than females. A strain was studied in which the males defecate less than females, while still ambulating less. Infants of this strain were castrated (males) or injected with testosterone propionate (females) and tested in the open field as adults. There were significant effects of these neonatal treatments on ambulation, but not on defecation, in contrast to previous reports for the latter measure in rats showing a sex difference in defecation taking the usual direction. It is suggested that absence of the usual direction of a sex difference normally under the developmental control of androgen may indicate a genotype which has escaped from such control. Finally, a number of 'sibling' effects' were observed, i.e. effects on the adult behaviour of the members of one sex in a litter produced by treatments administered in infancy to members of the other sex.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal castration and testosterone injection on adult open-field behaviour in rats with atypical sex difference in defecation. In the open-field test, male rats usually defecate more and ambulate less than females. A strain was studied in which the males defecate less than females, while still ambulating less. Infants of this strain were castrated (males) or injected with testosterone propionate (females) and tested in the open field as adults. There were significant effects of these neonatal treatments on ambulation, but not on defecation, in contrast to previous reports for the latter measure in rats showing a sex difference in defecation taking the usual direction. It is suggested that absence of the usual direction of a sex difference normally under the developmental control of androgen may indicate a genotype which has escaped from such control. Finally, a number of 'sibling' effects' were observed, i.e. effects on the adult behaviour of the members of one sex in a litter produced by treatments administered in infancy to members of the other sex."}
{"id": "PMID:1200420", "title": "Effects of stimuli emanating from the nest on the reproductive cycle in the ring dove. II: building during the pre-laying period.", "content": "The nest is a major focal point of the reproductive cycle in the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria). This study shows that the state of the nest is an important determinant of the type of nest-building exhibited. For example, birds faced with an empty nest bowl every day removed more material from dispensers and built more actively than did those allowed to construct nests normally. Conversely, those given completed nests were not very active, but were more efficient in using the little they removed from the dispensers and showed a reversal of sex roles in building. The relations between nest-building and egg-laying, and between male and the female are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of stimuli emanating from the nest on the reproductive cycle in the ring dove. II: building during the pre-laying period. The nest is a major focal point of the reproductive cycle in the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria). This study shows that the state of the nest is an important determinant of the type of nest-building exhibited. For example, birds faced with an empty nest bowl every day removed more material from dispensers and built more actively than did those allowed to construct nests normally. Conversely, those given completed nests were not very active, but were more efficient in using the little they removed from the dispensers and showed a reversal of sex roles in building. The relations between nest-building and egg-laying, and between male and the female are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200421", "title": "Effects of stimuli emanating from the nest on the reproductive cycle in the ring dove. III: building in the postlaying period and effects on the success of the cycle.", "content": "Nest-building as a functional activity is shown to continue well into the incubation period of the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria), its intensity depending on the state of the nest. The presence of a nest has profound consequences on breeding success: pairs with no nests did not incubate well and did not hatch their eggs. Pre-laying disruption of the nest or of the usual roles of the male and female had no effect on incubation as long as a nest was present when the eggs were laid. It is concluded that the presence of a nest is necessary for the proper establishment of incubation. The possible role of the nest in incubation is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of stimuli emanating from the nest on the reproductive cycle in the ring dove. III: building in the postlaying period and effects on the success of the cycle. Nest-building as a functional activity is shown to continue well into the incubation period of the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria), its intensity depending on the state of the nest. The presence of a nest has profound consequences on breeding success: pairs with no nests did not incubate well and did not hatch their eggs. Pre-laying disruption of the nest or of the usual roles of the male and female had no effect on incubation as long as a nest was present when the eggs were laid. It is concluded that the presence of a nest is necessary for the proper establishment of incubation. The possible role of the nest in incubation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200422", "title": "Postnatal development of locomotion in the laboratory rat.", "content": "In laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 1 to 21 days emergence of postural and locomotor skills was studied in the open field and in experimental situations with homing used as motivation. Righting is mediated initially by curving and rocking of the trunk, later head and shoulder are rotated, and lastly the hindlimbs turn and provide co-ordinated support. Pivoting prodominates during the second half of the first week, crawling during most of the second week, and walking or running by the end of the second week. Balancing on narrow paths and compensating for lateral displacement on rotating rods mature later, as do various skills (climbing up or down on inclined surfaces, rods and ropes, and jumping across gaps) that require substantial hindlimb co-ordiantion.", "contents": "Postnatal development of locomotion in the laboratory rat. In laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 1 to 21 days emergence of postural and locomotor skills was studied in the open field and in experimental situations with homing used as motivation. Righting is mediated initially by curving and rocking of the trunk, later head and shoulder are rotated, and lastly the hindlimbs turn and provide co-ordinated support. Pivoting prodominates during the second half of the first week, crawling during most of the second week, and walking or running by the end of the second week. Balancing on narrow paths and compensating for lateral displacement on rotating rods mature later, as do various skills (climbing up or down on inclined surfaces, rods and ropes, and jumping across gaps) that require substantial hindlimb co-ordiantion."}
{"id": "PMID:1200423", "title": "The probable role of interferon in allergy.", "content": "Sera from 35 patients suffering from autoimmune or allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Werlhoff disease (autoimmune form), hemorrhagic vasculitis and neurodermatitis and sera from 70 donors were examined for the presence of interferon. Interferon was found in the sera of 17 of the patients but not in any one of the donors' sera. It is suggested that anit-interferon immunoglobulins against human leucocyte interferon should be employed in the treatment of autoimmune or allergic diseases because of the positive clinical results that were obtained. The different hypotheses describing the role of interferon in immunity and allergy are discussed.", "contents": "The probable role of interferon in allergy. Sera from 35 patients suffering from autoimmune or allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Werlhoff disease (autoimmune form), hemorrhagic vasculitis and neurodermatitis and sera from 70 donors were examined for the presence of interferon. Interferon was found in the sera of 17 of the patients but not in any one of the donors' sera. It is suggested that anit-interferon immunoglobulins against human leucocyte interferon should be employed in the treatment of autoimmune or allergic diseases because of the positive clinical results that were obtained. The different hypotheses describing the role of interferon in immunity and allergy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200424", "title": "Further studies in allergenic identity between house dust and the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961.", "content": "The sera from 99 Japanese asthmatic subjects were studied for the allergenic similarity between house dust and the House-dust Mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961. A close correlation (correlation coefficient 0.92, P less than 0.01) was obtained between house dust and the mite with the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). High correlation was not noted between house dust and other allergens such as smoky brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Aspergillus, book lice, Liposcelis bostricophilus, Cheyletus malaccensis and Tribolium confusum. IgE antibody to the mite reduced significantly after the incubation of the sera with house dust and IgE antibody to house dust reduced markedly after the incubation of the sera with the mite. These results further support the view that the mite is the most important allergenic component in house dust.", "contents": "Further studies in allergenic identity between house dust and the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961. The sera from 99 Japanese asthmatic subjects were studied for the allergenic similarity between house dust and the House-dust Mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961. A close correlation (correlation coefficient 0.92, P less than 0.01) was obtained between house dust and the mite with the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). High correlation was not noted between house dust and other allergens such as smoky brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Aspergillus, book lice, Liposcelis bostricophilus, Cheyletus malaccensis and Tribolium confusum. IgE antibody to the mite reduced significantly after the incubation of the sera with house dust and IgE antibody to house dust reduced markedly after the incubation of the sera with the mite. These results further support the view that the mite is the most important allergenic component in house dust."}
{"id": "PMID:1200425", "title": "The total eosinophil count and adrenal function in asthmatic children.", "content": "In 36 asthmatic children 8:00 a.m. plasma cortisol levels were compared with changes in their total eosinophil count (TEC) from 8:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. All children with low cortisol levels had decreases in TEC of less than 2%, whereas 78% of children with normal cortisol levels had decreases greater than 15%. All children with decreases greater than 15% had normal cortisol levels.", "contents": "The total eosinophil count and adrenal function in asthmatic children. In 36 asthmatic children 8:00 a.m. plasma cortisol levels were compared with changes in their total eosinophil count (TEC) from 8:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. All children with low cortisol levels had decreases in TEC of less than 2%, whereas 78% of children with normal cortisol levels had decreases greater than 15%. All children with decreases greater than 15% had normal cortisol levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1200426", "title": "Evaluation of cryo-stimulation test for the diagnosis of cold urticaria.", "content": "A cryo-stimulation test performed on 300 allergic and non-allergic individuals showed that this test is positive in most of the cold urticaria patients but negative in patients having other allergic or non-allergic disorders. The chief causes of false positive reactions were a state of atopy and dermographism.", "contents": "Evaluation of cryo-stimulation test for the diagnosis of cold urticaria. A cryo-stimulation test performed on 300 allergic and non-allergic individuals showed that this test is positive in most of the cold urticaria patients but negative in patients having other allergic or non-allergic disorders. The chief causes of false positive reactions were a state of atopy and dermographism."}
{"id": "PMID:1200427", "title": "[Vascular lesions of the endometrium in spontaneous abortion].", "content": "On the basis of a histological study of vascular lesions of the endometrium following 108 cases of spontaneous abortion, the authors propose the following conclusions: 1) In the first six weeks of pregnancy, early abortion results more often from a primary ovular defect than from any abnormality in the maternal environment, of endogenous or exogenous origin and capable of resulting in a lesion of the endometrium or its vascularisation. The structure of the walls of the spiral arteries of pregnancy is almost invariably normal. 2) By contrast, in late abortions, arterial lesions--and in particular fibrosis--may play a role. This occurs however when the basal arteries with a well-differentiated elastic structure are involved. The spiral arteries of pregnancy and the utero-placentar arteries are involved only by lesions of vasculitis secondary to inflammatory phenomena as  a result of retention of the products of conception or by pseudo-atheromatous lesions resulting from the deposition of degenerated cyto-trophoblastic elements, but never from true arteriosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "[Vascular lesions of the endometrium in spontaneous abortion]. On the basis of a histological study of vascular lesions of the endometrium following 108 cases of spontaneous abortion, the authors propose the following conclusions: 1) In the first six weeks of pregnancy, early abortion results more often from a primary ovular defect than from any abnormality in the maternal environment, of endogenous or exogenous origin and capable of resulting in a lesion of the endometrium or its vascularisation. The structure of the walls of the spiral arteries of pregnancy is almost invariably normal. 2) By contrast, in late abortions, arterial lesions--and in particular fibrosis--may play a role. This occurs however when the basal arteries with a well-differentiated elastic structure are involved. The spiral arteries of pregnancy and the utero-placentar arteries are involved only by lesions of vasculitis secondary to inflammatory phenomena as  a result of retention of the products of conception or by pseudo-atheromatous lesions resulting from the deposition of degenerated cyto-trophoblastic elements, but never from true arteriosclerotic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1200428", "title": "[Liquid cholesterol crystals, physical substrate of atheroma].", "content": "The study of the atheromatous arterial walls has been carried out on fresh specimens by frozen sections and polarization examination. Thus, it has been proven that the first deposits of cholesterol take place in the intima under the form of liquid crystals. These are very susceptible to temperature variations. They turn to liquid globules above 40 degree centigrad and partially reappear under the action of the cold.", "contents": "[Liquid cholesterol crystals, physical substrate of atheroma]. The study of the atheromatous arterial walls has been carried out on fresh specimens by frozen sections and polarization examination. Thus, it has been proven that the first deposits of cholesterol take place in the intima under the form of liquid crystals. These are very susceptible to temperature variations. They turn to liquid globules above 40 degree centigrad and partially reappear under the action of the cold."}
{"id": "PMID:1200432", "title": "[Measurement of blood viscosity using a rotatory viscosimeter with coaxial cylinders].", "content": "The authors describe a microviscosimeter with coaxial cylinders which requires only a small volume of sample. They draw up formulae permitting to obtain in a simplified way, fluid rheograms, in particular for biological fluids. Furthermore, they consider the use of this viscosimeter for the study of the rheological properties of blood and plasma. Thus, at 30 degrees C, the plasma and serum have a newtonian behaviour, whilst the viscosity of total blood depends mainly on the hematocrit and the rate of shearing. One may thus verify Casson's law (tau 1/2 = tauo 1/2 + S gamma 1/2) which represents approximately the rheological equation of normal blood and permits one to calculate a threshold for viscous outflow.", "contents": "[Measurement of blood viscosity using a rotatory viscosimeter with coaxial cylinders]. The authors describe a microviscosimeter with coaxial cylinders which requires only a small volume of sample. They draw up formulae permitting to obtain in a simplified way, fluid rheograms, in particular for biological fluids. Furthermore, they consider the use of this viscosimeter for the study of the rheological properties of blood and plasma. Thus, at 30 degrees C, the plasma and serum have a newtonian behaviour, whilst the viscosity of total blood depends mainly on the hematocrit and the rate of shearing. One may thus verify Casson's law (tau 1/2 = tauo 1/2 + S gamma 1/2) which represents approximately the rheological equation of normal blood and permits one to calculate a threshold for viscous outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:1200429", "title": "[Osseous echinococcosis. Apropos of 6 anatomo-clinical observations].", "content": "Concerning these six cases, the authors recall the rarity of osseous localization of Hydatidiform disease, isolated as a rule, arising in the adult and preferentially involving the ilium, spinal column, femur, humerus and scapula. Being slowly progressive, the condition is revealed by pain, swelling and above all spontaneous fractures (long bones), or signs of root or medullary compression (spinal column), followed sometimes by fistula formation. Radiological diagnosis is often difficult with an osteolytic appearance without appreciable reactional osteogenesis. As for laboratory investigations, they are only of value in orientation; immunofluorescence being the weakest. The extent of osseous lysis frequently demands extensive surgery. From the anatomical standpoint, the hydatid variety of Echinococcosis has a specific intra-osseous development: beginning in the spongy bone, the architecture is intermediary between the hydatid appearance and the alveolar variety. Some cases however comprise a unilocular appearance with a suspicion of adventitial reaction. Extension into the soft parts frequently adopts a macroscopic appearance identical with that of visceral forms. Bony lysis is dependant on osteoclastic resorption or foci of necrosis while reactional osteogenesis is reduced. Medullary cellular reactions are determinant in the anatomical progress: osteitis or histiocyte and plasmodial reaction to the cuticle fragments.", "contents": "[Osseous echinococcosis. Apropos of 6 anatomo-clinical observations]. Concerning these six cases, the authors recall the rarity of osseous localization of Hydatidiform disease, isolated as a rule, arising in the adult and preferentially involving the ilium, spinal column, femur, humerus and scapula. Being slowly progressive, the condition is revealed by pain, swelling and above all spontaneous fractures (long bones), or signs of root or medullary compression (spinal column), followed sometimes by fistula formation. Radiological diagnosis is often difficult with an osteolytic appearance without appreciable reactional osteogenesis. As for laboratory investigations, they are only of value in orientation; immunofluorescence being the weakest. The extent of osseous lysis frequently demands extensive surgery. From the anatomical standpoint, the hydatid variety of Echinococcosis has a specific intra-osseous development: beginning in the spongy bone, the architecture is intermediary between the hydatid appearance and the alveolar variety. Some cases however comprise a unilocular appearance with a suspicion of adventitial reaction. Extension into the soft parts frequently adopts a macroscopic appearance identical with that of visceral forms. Bony lysis is dependant on osteoclastic resorption or foci of necrosis while reactional osteogenesis is reduced. Medullary cellular reactions are determinant in the anatomical progress: osteitis or histiocyte and plasmodial reaction to the cuticle fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:1200430", "title": "[Cystic lymphangiomyomas of the uterus].", "content": "About 7 cases the author describes a uterine tumor made up of serous cysts with endotheliform covering and small areas of immature leio-myocytes.", "contents": "[Cystic lymphangiomyomas of the uterus]. About 7 cases the author describes a uterine tumor made up of serous cysts with endotheliform covering and small areas of immature leio-myocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200431", "title": "[Nodular tumor of the filum terminale: cellular ependymoma].", "content": "Cellular type, nodular ependymomas of the filum terminale are rare. They have to be well known since their histological diagnosis is difficult and since they could be mistaken for metastases, when their prognosis after surgical exeresis is excellent. These notions are recalled about an anatomoclinical case.", "contents": "[Nodular tumor of the filum terminale: cellular ependymoma]. Cellular type, nodular ependymomas of the filum terminale are rare. They have to be well known since their histological diagnosis is difficult and since they could be mistaken for metastases, when their prognosis after surgical exeresis is excellent. These notions are recalled about an anatomoclinical case."}
{"id": "PMID:1200439", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Heinz bodies in feline erythrocytes.", "content": "Whole blood and partially lysed blood films from 5 cats having 20 to 91% of the erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies were examined, using the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope. Heinz bodies were detected in the intact erythrocytes from 3 of the cats as abruptly elevated and distinctly demarcated protuberances in various shapes, sizes, and locations. The Heinz bodies were located just beneath the cell membrane either centrally or near the cell margin and varied in their projectional magnitude. Brilliant cresyl blue staining of blood of these 3 cats revealed prominent Heinz bodies within, and projecting from, the erythrocytes. In contrast, Heinz bodies were not identified on scanning electron microscopy of intact erythrocytes of the remaining 2 cats even though Heinz bodies were found on their blood films stained with brilliant cresyl blue. Scanning electron microscopy of partially lysed blood smears of all 5 cats revealed Heinz bodies of various sizes in the erythrocyte ghosts. Furthermore, blood smears from the 3 cats having distinct Heinz bodies in intact erythrocytes revealed small dense intracellular granules distributed singly or coalesced in small clumps. Further aggregation of these clumps was assumed to result in the formation of a single large Heinz body. The 3-dimensional nature of Heinz bodies was clearly apparent in lysed blood smears.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Heinz bodies in feline erythrocytes. Whole blood and partially lysed blood films from 5 cats having 20 to 91% of the erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies were examined, using the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope. Heinz bodies were detected in the intact erythrocytes from 3 of the cats as abruptly elevated and distinctly demarcated protuberances in various shapes, sizes, and locations. The Heinz bodies were located just beneath the cell membrane either centrally or near the cell margin and varied in their projectional magnitude. Brilliant cresyl blue staining of blood of these 3 cats revealed prominent Heinz bodies within, and projecting from, the erythrocytes. In contrast, Heinz bodies were not identified on scanning electron microscopy of intact erythrocytes of the remaining 2 cats even though Heinz bodies were found on their blood films stained with brilliant cresyl blue. Scanning electron microscopy of partially lysed blood smears of all 5 cats revealed Heinz bodies of various sizes in the erythrocyte ghosts. Furthermore, blood smears from the 3 cats having distinct Heinz bodies in intact erythrocytes revealed small dense intracellular granules distributed singly or coalesced in small clumps. Further aggregation of these clumps was assumed to result in the formation of a single large Heinz body. The 3-dimensional nature of Heinz bodies was clearly apparent in lysed blood smears."}
{"id": "PMID:1200440", "title": "Distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatases in canine skin.", "content": "Azo dye methods were used to determine the distribution of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the skin of 25 Beagle dogs. ALP activity was found in dermal papillae of hair follicles regardless of their state of activity, in Huxley's layer of the inner root sheath of anagen stages, in myoepithelial cells of apocrine sweat glands, in germinative cells of sebaceous glands, in vascular endothelium, and in mast cells. The ACP activity was found in the epidermis, outer and inner root sheaths, keratogenous zone, hair cuticle and medulla, duct of sebaceous gland, and sebum. The results indicate that ACP and ALP are distinctive enzymes serving different biologic functions. The principal role of ALP in the skin appears to be dephosphorylation for adsorption and transport of chemical substances necessary for growth and maintainence of the pilary system and glandular adnexa. The ACP appears to be primarily involved in the breakdown of phospholipids and in necrobiosis of keratinocytes.", "contents": "Distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatases in canine skin. Azo dye methods were used to determine the distribution of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the skin of 25 Beagle dogs. ALP activity was found in dermal papillae of hair follicles regardless of their state of activity, in Huxley's layer of the inner root sheath of anagen stages, in myoepithelial cells of apocrine sweat glands, in germinative cells of sebaceous glands, in vascular endothelium, and in mast cells. The ACP activity was found in the epidermis, outer and inner root sheaths, keratogenous zone, hair cuticle and medulla, duct of sebaceous gland, and sebum. The results indicate that ACP and ALP are distinctive enzymes serving different biologic functions. The principal role of ALP in the skin appears to be dephosphorylation for adsorption and transport of chemical substances necessary for growth and maintainence of the pilary system and glandular adnexa. The ACP appears to be primarily involved in the breakdown of phospholipids and in necrobiosis of keratinocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200441", "title": "Equine serum lipids: serum lipids and glucose in Morgan and Thoroughbred horses and Shetland ponies.", "content": "Concentrations of serum phospholipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, and glucose were determined for 9 months (September, 1972, to May, 1973) in 19 fasting horses and ponies (8 Morgan horses, 7 Thoroughbred horses, and 4 Shetland Ponies). Morgan horses had higher concentrations of total lipid than did Thoroughbreds, although the relative proportions of each type of lipid were similar in the 2 breeds. Shetland Ponies had higher nonesterified fatty acid and lower glucose concentrations than did either breed of horse. In both breeds of horses, concentrations of serum triglycerides in the cold months (December to March) were lower than those in the warm months. In the Shetland Pony, there was no seasonal variation in triglycerides, but a significant increase was seen in concentration of nonesterified fatty acids in the cold months. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Equine serum lipids: serum lipids and glucose in Morgan and Thoroughbred horses and Shetland ponies. Concentrations of serum phospholipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, and glucose were determined for 9 months (September, 1972, to May, 1973) in 19 fasting horses and ponies (8 Morgan horses, 7 Thoroughbred horses, and 4 Shetland Ponies). Morgan horses had higher concentrations of total lipid than did Thoroughbreds, although the relative proportions of each type of lipid were similar in the 2 breeds. Shetland Ponies had higher nonesterified fatty acid and lower glucose concentrations than did either breed of horse. In both breeds of horses, concentrations of serum triglycerides in the cold months (December to March) were lower than those in the warm months. In the Shetland Pony, there was no seasonal variation in triglycerides, but a significant increase was seen in concentration of nonesterified fatty acids in the cold months. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200442", "title": "Scanning electron, light, and immunofluorescent microscopy of intestine of gnotobiotic calf infected with calf diarrheal coronavirus.", "content": "Intestinal lesions in 2 gnotobiotic calves given (oral inoculation) calf diarrheal coronavirus were studied by scanning electron, light, and immunofluorescent microscopy. The calves were euthanatized at 34 and 73 hours after the onset of diarrhea. Lesions in the small intestine were similar to those reported in animals affected with transmissible gastroenteritis of swine. Small intestinal villi were shortened, some adjacent villi were fused, and villous epithelium was composed of low cuboidal to squamous cells. In the ansa spiralis coli, there were atrophy of the colonic ridges and marked differences in length and spacing of the microvilli on individual epithelial cells.", "contents": "Scanning electron, light, and immunofluorescent microscopy of intestine of gnotobiotic calf infected with calf diarrheal coronavirus. Intestinal lesions in 2 gnotobiotic calves given (oral inoculation) calf diarrheal coronavirus were studied by scanning electron, light, and immunofluorescent microscopy. The calves were euthanatized at 34 and 73 hours after the onset of diarrhea. Lesions in the small intestine were similar to those reported in animals affected with transmissible gastroenteritis of swine. Small intestinal villi were shortened, some adjacent villi were fused, and villous epithelium was composed of low cuboidal to squamous cells. In the ansa spiralis coli, there were atrophy of the colonic ridges and marked differences in length and spacing of the microvilli on individual epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1200443", "title": "Intravenous johnin and tuberculin tests in cattle vaccinated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cells and subsequently inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis.", "content": "Calves at 30 days of age were vaccinated with a killed whole-cell Mycobacterium paratuberculosis vaccine. Four months later, these calves were inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis. The intravenous tuberculin and johnin tests were applied both before and after inoculation. The results of the hematologic investigation had extremes at both high and low values and were too unsuitable for statistical analysis. The intravenous tuberculin test is considered unsuitable for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in cattle vaccinated against paratuberculosis.", "contents": "Intravenous johnin and tuberculin tests in cattle vaccinated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cells and subsequently inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis. Calves at 30 days of age were vaccinated with a killed whole-cell Mycobacterium paratuberculosis vaccine. Four months later, these calves were inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis. The intravenous tuberculin and johnin tests were applied both before and after inoculation. The results of the hematologic investigation had extremes at both high and low values and were too unsuitable for statistical analysis. The intravenous tuberculin test is considered unsuitable for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in cattle vaccinated against paratuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200444", "title": "Immunoglobulins in cattle vaccinated with leptospiral bacterins.", "content": "The growth-inhibition test was used to detect specific antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo in isolated immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) fractions of serums from cattle vaccinated with leptospiral bacterins. The growth-inhibiting antibodies were detected mainly in the IgG class. Agglutinated clumps also occurred with the IgM fraction. The serums collected from cattle 4 months after vaccination were negative in the microscopic agglutination test.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in cattle vaccinated with leptospiral bacterins. The growth-inhibition test was used to detect specific antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo in isolated immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) fractions of serums from cattle vaccinated with leptospiral bacterins. The growth-inhibiting antibodies were detected mainly in the IgG class. Agglutinated clumps also occurred with the IgM fraction. The serums collected from cattle 4 months after vaccination were negative in the microscopic agglutination test."}
{"id": "PMID:1200445", "title": "Measurement of phagocytosis of 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus by bovine leukocytes: lysostaphin digestion and inhibitory effect of cream.", "content": "A procedure to measure phagocytosis by blood and milk neutrophils was developed. One milliliter of heat-killed 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus ([32P]SA) (180-200 X 10(6) CFU), 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS), and 2 ml of serum, whole milk, skimmed milk, whey, or PBSS were incubated in duplicate for 60 minutes at 37 C. Isolated blood or milk nuetrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), 25 X 10(6) cells/ml; 1 ml) were added and incubated at 37 C for 30 minutes. Unphagocytosed [32P]SA organisms were lysed by incubation with 5 ml of lysostaphin (10 U) at 37 C for 30 minutes, and the PMN and phagocytosed T2P]SA were removed by centrifugation. Radioactivity of the supernatant was determined in a scintillation spectrometer and was used in estimate the percentage of [32P]SA phogocytosed. With this procedure, 25 assays in duplicate could be conducted each day with an expected coefficient of variation between duplicates of 5.6%. Blood PMN phagocytosed 80, 44, 74, 72, and 11% of the [32P]SA when incubated in serum, whole milk, skimmed milk, whey, and PBSS, respectively. Mik PMN phagocytosed 78, 44, 72, 74, and 22%, respectively. The addition of cream to either skimmed milk or serum reduced phagocytosis of [32P]SA by both blood and milk PMN. The inhibitory effect of cream was verified by the microscopic observation that PMN containing large quantities of ingested fat contained fewer S aureus. Seemingly, PMN upon entering the alveoli of the mammary gland become less efficiently phagocytic for bacteria, because of the presence of milk fat globules. This phef intramammary infection by invading mastitic pathogens.", "contents": "Measurement of phagocytosis of 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus by bovine leukocytes: lysostaphin digestion and inhibitory effect of cream. A procedure to measure phagocytosis by blood and milk neutrophils was developed. One milliliter of heat-killed 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus ([32P]SA) (180-200 X 10(6) CFU), 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS), and 2 ml of serum, whole milk, skimmed milk, whey, or PBSS were incubated in duplicate for 60 minutes at 37 C. Isolated blood or milk nuetrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), 25 X 10(6) cells/ml; 1 ml) were added and incubated at 37 C for 30 minutes. Unphagocytosed [32P]SA organisms were lysed by incubation with 5 ml of lysostaphin (10 U) at 37 C for 30 minutes, and the PMN and phagocytosed T2P]SA were removed by centrifugation. Radioactivity of the supernatant was determined in a scintillation spectrometer and was used in estimate the percentage of [32P]SA phogocytosed. With this procedure, 25 assays in duplicate could be conducted each day with an expected coefficient of variation between duplicates of 5.6%. Blood PMN phagocytosed 80, 44, 74, 72, and 11% of the [32P]SA when incubated in serum, whole milk, skimmed milk, whey, and PBSS, respectively. Mik PMN phagocytosed 78, 44, 72, 74, and 22%, respectively. The addition of cream to either skimmed milk or serum reduced phagocytosis of [32P]SA by both blood and milk PMN. The inhibitory effect of cream was verified by the microscopic observation that PMN containing large quantities of ingested fat contained fewer S aureus. Seemingly, PMN upon entering the alveoli of the mammary gland become less efficiently phagocytic for bacteria, because of the presence of milk fat globules. This phef intramammary infection by invading mastitic pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:1200446", "title": "Pathogenesis of in utero infection: experimental infection of eight- and ten-week-old porcine fetuses with porcine parvovirus.", "content": "Selected numbers of fetuses in each of 4 pregnant gilts were exposed to a porcine parvovirus by injecting the virus into the allantoic fluid at gestation day 56 or 70. The fetuses were examined on postexposure day 7 or 14. When pregnancy was terminated, 2 of 15 exposed fetuses were dead. Several fetuses tested at post-exposure day 14 had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to porcine parvovirus. Virus was detected most frequently and in highest concentration in the parenchymatous organs of thorax and abdomen of fetuses exposed on gestation day 56. A small amount of antigen was in neurons and capillary endothelium of cerebral and cerebellar cortexes.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of in utero infection: experimental infection of eight- and ten-week-old porcine fetuses with porcine parvovirus. Selected numbers of fetuses in each of 4 pregnant gilts were exposed to a porcine parvovirus by injecting the virus into the allantoic fluid at gestation day 56 or 70. The fetuses were examined on postexposure day 7 or 14. When pregnancy was terminated, 2 of 15 exposed fetuses were dead. Several fetuses tested at post-exposure day 14 had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to porcine parvovirus. Virus was detected most frequently and in highest concentration in the parenchymatous organs of thorax and abdomen of fetuses exposed on gestation day 56. A small amount of antigen was in neurons and capillary endothelium of cerebral and cerebellar cortexes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200447", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in liver of the rat fed hexachlorobenzene.", "content": "Changes in hepatic ultrastructure were observed in rats given hexachlorobenzene (HCB) as a component of the diet in concentrations of 5, 10, and 25 ppm for 3, 6, and 12 months. A significant change was in the cellular regions normally containing smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Sometimes the SER proliferated and at other times it appeared to be replaced by quantities of storage product presumed to be glycogen. Proliferation of SER was often associated with the smaller doses of HCB and the increase in storage products with the larger doses of HCB. However, dose relationships were variable. The most significant changes were in mitochondria which became elongated or swollen. Swollen mitochondria were occasionally as large as nuclei. Usually only a fraction of the mitochondria in a cell appeared abnormal. Storage bodies 1 to 4 mum in diameter developed in some cells. These bodies were surrounded by a double membrane derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and may have been the partly digested remains of degenerated mitochondria.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in liver of the rat fed hexachlorobenzene. Changes in hepatic ultrastructure were observed in rats given hexachlorobenzene (HCB) as a component of the diet in concentrations of 5, 10, and 25 ppm for 3, 6, and 12 months. A significant change was in the cellular regions normally containing smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Sometimes the SER proliferated and at other times it appeared to be replaced by quantities of storage product presumed to be glycogen. Proliferation of SER was often associated with the smaller doses of HCB and the increase in storage products with the larger doses of HCB. However, dose relationships were variable. The most significant changes were in mitochondria which became elongated or swollen. Swollen mitochondria were occasionally as large as nuclei. Usually only a fraction of the mitochondria in a cell appeared abnormal. Storage bodies 1 to 4 mum in diameter developed in some cells. These bodies were surrounded by a double membrane derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and may have been the partly digested remains of degenerated mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1200448", "title": "Morphologic heterogeneity of a strain of swine influenza virus (A/swine/Wisconsin/1/68, Hsw1N1) propagated at different temperatures.", "content": "Strain A/swine/Wisconsin/1/68 (WI/68) swine influenza virus (SIV) was propagated in embryonating chicken eggs at 33, 35, or 37 C. The SIV harvested from eggs incubated at 33 C invariably had higher hemagglutination (HA) and egg infectivity titers than did SIV propagated in eggs at the 2 higher temperatures. When SIV inoculum propagated at 33 C was inoculated into separate groups of eggs and incubated at 33, 35, and 37 C, the SIV harvested from inoculum incubated at the 2 higher temperatures had significantly lower infectivity and HA titers than did that propagated at 33 C. By electron microscopy (EM), viral particles of Wi/68 were of various sizes and shapes regardless of the temperature used to propagate the virus. However, in contrast to what was seen in SIV harvested from innoculum incubated at 33 C incubation, pleomorphic shapes and particles with surface abnormalities were much more frequent in SIV harvested from inoculums kept at the 2 higher temperatures. Approximately one-third of the particles from 35 and 37 C incubation either were spikeless or were relatively deficient in surface spikes.", "contents": "Morphologic heterogeneity of a strain of swine influenza virus (A/swine/Wisconsin/1/68, Hsw1N1) propagated at different temperatures. Strain A/swine/Wisconsin/1/68 (WI/68) swine influenza virus (SIV) was propagated in embryonating chicken eggs at 33, 35, or 37 C. The SIV harvested from eggs incubated at 33 C invariably had higher hemagglutination (HA) and egg infectivity titers than did SIV propagated in eggs at the 2 higher temperatures. When SIV inoculum propagated at 33 C was inoculated into separate groups of eggs and incubated at 33, 35, and 37 C, the SIV harvested from inoculum incubated at the 2 higher temperatures had significantly lower infectivity and HA titers than did that propagated at 33 C. By electron microscopy (EM), viral particles of Wi/68 were of various sizes and shapes regardless of the temperature used to propagate the virus. However, in contrast to what was seen in SIV harvested from innoculum incubated at 33 C incubation, pleomorphic shapes and particles with surface abnormalities were much more frequent in SIV harvested from inoculums kept at the 2 higher temperatures. Approximately one-third of the particles from 35 and 37 C incubation either were spikeless or were relatively deficient in surface spikes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200449", "title": "Luteolysis with prostaglandin F2alpha or an antiserum against an equine pituitary fraction in hysterectomized mares.", "content": "Luteolysis, determined by corpus luteum weight and progesterone concentration in jugular blood, occurred in uterine-intact and in hysterectomized mares after injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or of an antiserum against an equine pituitary fraction. Results indicated that luteolytic effects of exogenous prostaglandin F2alpha and inhibition of the endogenous luteotrophic activity of the hypophysis (pituitary gland) by antiserum did not involve the uterus.", "contents": "Luteolysis with prostaglandin F2alpha or an antiserum against an equine pituitary fraction in hysterectomized mares. Luteolysis, determined by corpus luteum weight and progesterone concentration in jugular blood, occurred in uterine-intact and in hysterectomized mares after injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or of an antiserum against an equine pituitary fraction. Results indicated that luteolytic effects of exogenous prostaglandin F2alpha and inhibition of the endogenous luteotrophic activity of the hypophysis (pituitary gland) by antiserum did not involve the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:1200450", "title": "Equine toxoplasmosis: a survey for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in horses.", "content": "A nationwide sample of horses was tested to determine the prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in equine animals. Of 1,294 serum samples from horses tested by the microtitration indirect hemagglutin test, 20% were positive. Among the popular breeds of horses, the following antibody prevalences were found: Arabian, 19%; Paint, 22%; Quarter Horses, 13%; Thoroughbred, 24%; and Standardbred, 17%. The antibody prevalence increased from 2% in horses 1 year of age to 18% in 2-year-olds, and rose to 38% in horses 12 years of age. Significant differences were not evident by broad geographic locations across the United States. However, there were differences in prevalence according to premises where the horses were kept. On some ranches, there was no evidence of infection, whereas up to 67% of the horses on other premises were seropositive for toxoplasmosis.", "contents": "Equine toxoplasmosis: a survey for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in horses. A nationwide sample of horses was tested to determine the prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in equine animals. Of 1,294 serum samples from horses tested by the microtitration indirect hemagglutin test, 20% were positive. Among the popular breeds of horses, the following antibody prevalences were found: Arabian, 19%; Paint, 22%; Quarter Horses, 13%; Thoroughbred, 24%; and Standardbred, 17%. The antibody prevalence increased from 2% in horses 1 year of age to 18% in 2-year-olds, and rose to 38% in horses 12 years of age. Significant differences were not evident by broad geographic locations across the United States. However, there were differences in prevalence according to premises where the horses were kept. On some ranches, there was no evidence of infection, whereas up to 67% of the horses on other premises were seropositive for toxoplasmosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200451", "title": "Survival of Ancylostoma caninum on bare ground, pea gravel, and concrete.", "content": "Studies were done to determine the survival of infective Ancylostoma caninum 3rd-stage larvae on 3 ground covers commonly used in dog run construction: bare ground, pea gravel, and concrete. Changes in numbers of recovered larvae were compared to meterologic data and the most significant weather variables were determined. Larvae were recovered 1 to 7 days on bare ground. Larvae survived longer in the fecal mass (mean of 3 days) than on the bare ground (mean of 2 days). Rain was the most significant variable, in that it was positive in its effects (higher larval count) early in the experiment (causing fecal mass breakdown and release of larvae) and negative (lower larval count) later in the experiment (spreading larvae away from test site). Larvae were also recovered 1 to 7 days on pea gravel. They were recovered for a mean 2.6 days from the fecal sample, a mean of 1.5 days from the rocks directly below the fecal mass, and a mean of 1.3 days from the remaining rocks. Here also, rain was the most significant weather factor. It was negatively significant (lower larval count) for the fecal mass (spreading of the larvae) and positive for those in the pebbles (increasing the moisture in the pebbles). Survival time of larvae on concrete was shorter than that on the other 2 substrates: from 0 to 2 days. Larvae were recovered a mean of 1.3 days from the fecal mass and a mean of 0., days from the surrounding concrete. Rain was positively significant early in the experiments in that it released trapped larvae from the fecal mass. Sunlight consistently was negatively significant (lower larval count) due to its lethality to the unprotected larvae.", "contents": "Survival of Ancylostoma caninum on bare ground, pea gravel, and concrete. Studies were done to determine the survival of infective Ancylostoma caninum 3rd-stage larvae on 3 ground covers commonly used in dog run construction: bare ground, pea gravel, and concrete. Changes in numbers of recovered larvae were compared to meterologic data and the most significant weather variables were determined. Larvae were recovered 1 to 7 days on bare ground. Larvae survived longer in the fecal mass (mean of 3 days) than on the bare ground (mean of 2 days). Rain was the most significant variable, in that it was positive in its effects (higher larval count) early in the experiment (causing fecal mass breakdown and release of larvae) and negative (lower larval count) later in the experiment (spreading larvae away from test site). Larvae were also recovered 1 to 7 days on pea gravel. They were recovered for a mean 2.6 days from the fecal sample, a mean of 1.5 days from the rocks directly below the fecal mass, and a mean of 1.3 days from the remaining rocks. Here also, rain was the most significant weather factor. It was negatively significant (lower larval count) for the fecal mass (spreading of the larvae) and positive for those in the pebbles (increasing the moisture in the pebbles). Survival time of larvae on concrete was shorter than that on the other 2 substrates: from 0 to 2 days. Larvae were recovered a mean of 1.3 days from the fecal mass and a mean of 0., days from the surrounding concrete. Rain was positively significant early in the experiments in that it released trapped larvae from the fecal mass. Sunlight consistently was negatively significant (lower larval count) due to its lethality to the unprotected larvae."}
{"id": "PMID:1200484", "title": "Observation of the secretion on the surface of the bronchioles with the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "The secretion covering the surface of the bronchioles can be demonstrated with the scanning electron microscope if fixative is introduced into the pulmonary artery or directly into the lung rather than through the trachea. Buffered glutaraldehyde, ethanol, or an ethanol-ether mixture can be used as a fixative. With this method of preparation the surface secretion appears as a smooth coating covering the cilia and cells. The secretion is insoluble in ethanol ether or chloroform methanol, suggesting that there is little lipid contained in it. Reasons are cited for believing that the major component of the secretion is a protein that arises from the Clara cell.", "contents": "Observation of the secretion on the surface of the bronchioles with the scanning electron microscope. The secretion covering the surface of the bronchioles can be demonstrated with the scanning electron microscope if fixative is introduced into the pulmonary artery or directly into the lung rather than through the trachea. Buffered glutaraldehyde, ethanol, or an ethanol-ether mixture can be used as a fixative. With this method of preparation the surface secretion appears as a smooth coating covering the cilia and cells. The secretion is insoluble in ethanol ether or chloroform methanol, suggesting that there is little lipid contained in it. Reasons are cited for believing that the major component of the secretion is a protein that arises from the Clara cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1200485", "title": "Vascular interdependence in postmortem human lungs.", "content": "Interdependence of arteries and the surrounding lung was estimated in excised, postmortem human lungs. At low vascular pressures, vessel diameter increased as the lung was inflated. At high vascular pressures, vessel diameter decreased as the lung was inflated. Compared to the effects of interdependence in excised dog lobes, those in human lungs at low transpulmonary pressures were small. The following conclusions were reached: (1) the diameter of intrapulmonary arteries is stabilized (more constant with changes in intravascular pressure) when the lung has a high transpulmonary pressure; (2) increases in pulmonary vascular resistance at high lung volumes may be related to extra-alveolar, as well as intra-alveolar, vessel compression; (3) interdependence in human lungs differs markedly from interdependence in dog lungs.", "contents": "Vascular interdependence in postmortem human lungs. Interdependence of arteries and the surrounding lung was estimated in excised, postmortem human lungs. At low vascular pressures, vessel diameter increased as the lung was inflated. At high vascular pressures, vessel diameter decreased as the lung was inflated. Compared to the effects of interdependence in excised dog lobes, those in human lungs at low transpulmonary pressures were small. The following conclusions were reached: (1) the diameter of intrapulmonary arteries is stabilized (more constant with changes in intravascular pressure) when the lung has a high transpulmonary pressure; (2) increases in pulmonary vascular resistance at high lung volumes may be related to extra-alveolar, as well as intra-alveolar, vessel compression; (3) interdependence in human lungs differs markedly from interdependence in dog lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:1200486", "title": "Relationship of arterial-alveolar nitrogen tension to alveolar-arterial oxygen tension, lung volume, flow measurements, and diffusing capacity in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Pulmonary function in children with cystic fibrosis was assessed by the arterial-alveolar PN2 difference adjusted to sublingual temperature. The resulting values were compared with the alveolar-arterial PO2 difference, arterial PCO2, and standard measurements of lung volume, flow, and diffusing capacity. The arterial-alveolar PN2 difference was nearly one half of the PO2 difference, both early in the disease and at a more advanced stage. Analysis taking into account the O2 dissociation curve and the possibility that alveolar temperature is higher than sublingual temperature suggested that all of the PO2 difference could be explained in terms of ventilation-perfusion imbalance in gas-filled units of the lung. Reduction of fractional CO uptake with increasing PN2 difference suggested that the decrease in diffusing capacity in cystic fibrosis may be explained by ventilation-perfusion inequality. A significant relationship between arterial PCO2 and the PN2 difference supported the view that ventilation-perfusion inequality is the cause of CO2 retention when present. The PN2 and PO2 differences were abnormal before the standard tests of lung volume and flow, but in general, the correlation was excellent. Because the PN2 difference was not superior to the PO2 difference in detecting early disease, and because the technical problems in its measurement are considerable, it is not recommended as a routine measurement.", "contents": "Relationship of arterial-alveolar nitrogen tension to alveolar-arterial oxygen tension, lung volume, flow measurements, and diffusing capacity in cystic fibrosis. Pulmonary function in children with cystic fibrosis was assessed by the arterial-alveolar PN2 difference adjusted to sublingual temperature. The resulting values were compared with the alveolar-arterial PO2 difference, arterial PCO2, and standard measurements of lung volume, flow, and diffusing capacity. The arterial-alveolar PN2 difference was nearly one half of the PO2 difference, both early in the disease and at a more advanced stage. Analysis taking into account the O2 dissociation curve and the possibility that alveolar temperature is higher than sublingual temperature suggested that all of the PO2 difference could be explained in terms of ventilation-perfusion imbalance in gas-filled units of the lung. Reduction of fractional CO uptake with increasing PN2 difference suggested that the decrease in diffusing capacity in cystic fibrosis may be explained by ventilation-perfusion inequality. A significant relationship between arterial PCO2 and the PN2 difference supported the view that ventilation-perfusion inequality is the cause of CO2 retention when present. The PN2 and PO2 differences were abnormal before the standard tests of lung volume and flow, but in general, the correlation was excellent. Because the PN2 difference was not superior to the PO2 difference in detecting early disease, and because the technical problems in its measurement are considerable, it is not recommended as a routine measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:1200487", "title": "Pulmonary arteriovenous differences in serum antiprotease activity during experimental pneumonitis.", "content": "The trypsin-inhibiting activity in pulmonary arterial blood and in blood of the left atrium was measured in rabbits with bacterial or papain-induced pneumonitis. In both experimental models, the trypsin-inhibiting activity was significantly lower (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.002) in blood after it had passed through the inflamed lung than in pulmonary arterial blood. Healthy rabbits had no arteriovenous difference of antitryptic activity in the pulmonary circulation. Consumption or alteration of inhibitors by protease in the inflamed tissue is a reasonable explanation for this difference. We interpreted these data as supporting the hypothesis that protease inhibitors in serum exert a protective function against proteolytic enzymes during inflammation. In conditions of low serum protease-inhibiting activity, as in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, proteolytic damage to lung tissue could result.", "contents": "Pulmonary arteriovenous differences in serum antiprotease activity during experimental pneumonitis. The trypsin-inhibiting activity in pulmonary arterial blood and in blood of the left atrium was measured in rabbits with bacterial or papain-induced pneumonitis. In both experimental models, the trypsin-inhibiting activity was significantly lower (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.002) in blood after it had passed through the inflamed lung than in pulmonary arterial blood. Healthy rabbits had no arteriovenous difference of antitryptic activity in the pulmonary circulation. Consumption or alteration of inhibitors by protease in the inflamed tissue is a reasonable explanation for this difference. We interpreted these data as supporting the hypothesis that protease inhibitors in serum exert a protective function against proteolytic enzymes during inflammation. In conditions of low serum protease-inhibiting activity, as in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, proteolytic damage to lung tissue could result."}
{"id": "PMID:1200488", "title": "Vocal cord paralysis due to pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Tuberculosis must be considered in any patient with vocal cord paralysis. Mediastinoscopy, added to the usual diagnostic procedures, may be useful in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Vocal cord paralysis due to pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis must be considered in any patient with vocal cord paralysis. Mediastinoscopy, added to the usual diagnostic procedures, may be useful in the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200489", "title": "Evaluation of nitrogen analyzers.", "content": "Commercial N2 analyzers are in current use in tests for pulmonary closing volume. To determine whether differences between instruments might lead to inconsistencies in the measurement of closing volume, we compared the performances of 3 different N2 analyzers. The tests involved measurement of accuracy under constant and varying conditions, response to transient changes in N2 concentration, long-term stability, and an assessment of mechanical integrity. There were moderate differences in accuracy among the 3 instruments that can be essentially eliminated at N2 concentrations less than 40 per cent by changing the calibration procedure for one of the instruments. There were also moderate differences in instrument stability, dependence on environmental conditions, and mechanical quality.", "contents": "Evaluation of nitrogen analyzers. Commercial N2 analyzers are in current use in tests for pulmonary closing volume. To determine whether differences between instruments might lead to inconsistencies in the measurement of closing volume, we compared the performances of 3 different N2 analyzers. The tests involved measurement of accuracy under constant and varying conditions, response to transient changes in N2 concentration, long-term stability, and an assessment of mechanical integrity. There were moderate differences in accuracy among the 3 instruments that can be essentially eliminated at N2 concentrations less than 40 per cent by changing the calibration procedure for one of the instruments. There were also moderate differences in instrument stability, dependence on environmental conditions, and mechanical quality."}
{"id": "PMID:1200490", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test in patients with sarcoidosis.", "content": "A group of 17 patients with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis were examined for the presence of anergy and the intracutaneous response to 2 mug of purified phytohemagglutinin (PHA); lymphocytes of 15 of these patients were studied for in vitro blastic response to PHA-M. Although 8 of the patients were anergic and 8 had impaired in vitro response to PHA, all patients showed a normal response to intradermal injection of PHA. It was concluded that patients with sarcoidosis have an intact intradermal response to PHA, suggesting that the anergy seen in this disease results from impaired initiation of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction and not from impaired mononuclear cell responsiveness. The PHA skin test may be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of anergic patients.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test in patients with sarcoidosis. A group of 17 patients with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis were examined for the presence of anergy and the intracutaneous response to 2 mug of purified phytohemagglutinin (PHA); lymphocytes of 15 of these patients were studied for in vitro blastic response to PHA-M. Although 8 of the patients were anergic and 8 had impaired in vitro response to PHA, all patients showed a normal response to intradermal injection of PHA. It was concluded that patients with sarcoidosis have an intact intradermal response to PHA, suggesting that the anergy seen in this disease results from impaired initiation of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction and not from impaired mononuclear cell responsiveness. The PHA skin test may be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of anergic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1200491", "title": "Cord factor not toxic in rats.", "content": "Systemic toxicity and local inflammatory activity of cord factor were compared between mice and rats. In mice, repeated intraperitoneal injection of cord factor caused a marked worsening of general condition and high mortality. The swelling of footpads injected with cord factor was also marked in mice. In contrast, injection of cord factor produced no such toxic reactions in rats, except that repeated intraperitoneal injections of high doses of cord factor induced an accumulation of ascites.", "contents": "Cord factor not toxic in rats. Systemic toxicity and local inflammatory activity of cord factor were compared between mice and rats. In mice, repeated intraperitoneal injection of cord factor caused a marked worsening of general condition and high mortality. The swelling of footpads injected with cord factor was also marked in mice. In contrast, injection of cord factor produced no such toxic reactions in rats, except that repeated intraperitoneal injections of high doses of cord factor induced an accumulation of ascites."}
{"id": "PMID:1200493", "title": "Status inequality and stress in marriage.", "content": "Emotional stresses that are experienced in marriage are traced to differences in spouses' status origins. Linking status differences to such stress are a number of intervening conditions. People to whom status advancement is important and who have married mates of lower status are apt to have a sense of loss that leads, in turn, to a disruptions of reciprocity, expressiveness, affection and value sharing in marital exchange. Such disruptions then act as immediate antecedents to emotional stress. It is through this process that the status order of the larger society can reach out to have a deleterious influence on the emotional states arising out of marital transactions.", "contents": "Status inequality and stress in marriage. Emotional stresses that are experienced in marriage are traced to differences in spouses' status origins. Linking status differences to such stress are a number of intervening conditions. People to whom status advancement is important and who have married mates of lower status are apt to have a sense of loss that leads, in turn, to a disruptions of reciprocity, expressiveness, affection and value sharing in marital exchange. Such disruptions then act as immediate antecedents to emotional stress. It is through this process that the status order of the larger society can reach out to have a deleterious influence on the emotional states arising out of marital transactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1200494", "title": "Transverse myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three cases of transverse myelopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus were reported, and 23 similar cases previously reported were reviewed. A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus was made in only 60% before the onset of transverse myelopathy. The time of onset of myelopathy was randomly distributed during the disease. The most common presenting neurologic symptom was numbness, or weakness of the legs, or both. A unique association between the acute stage of transverse myelopathy and marked reduction of cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration was observed. Thirteen patients died, 9 had permanent neurologic deficits, and only 4 recovered nearly normal function. Eight patients had ischemic necrosis of the spinal cord at postmortem examination, and vascular lesions were found in the spinal cord of 3 additional patients. The value of steroid treatment was uncertain. Patients who were started on steroid therapy within 24 hours of the onset of myelopathy may have benefited.", "contents": "Transverse myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Three cases of transverse myelopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus were reported, and 23 similar cases previously reported were reviewed. A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus was made in only 60% before the onset of transverse myelopathy. The time of onset of myelopathy was randomly distributed during the disease. The most common presenting neurologic symptom was numbness, or weakness of the legs, or both. A unique association between the acute stage of transverse myelopathy and marked reduction of cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration was observed. Thirteen patients died, 9 had permanent neurologic deficits, and only 4 recovered nearly normal function. Eight patients had ischemic necrosis of the spinal cord at postmortem examination, and vascular lesions were found in the spinal cord of 3 additional patients. The value of steroid treatment was uncertain. Patients who were started on steroid therapy within 24 hours of the onset of myelopathy may have benefited."}
{"id": "PMID:1200495", "title": "Quantitative assessment of hepatic function by breath analysis after oral administration of (14C)aminopyrine.", "content": "The rate of hepatic metabolism of dimethylaminoantipyrine (aminopyrine), which occurs primarily through N-demethylation, was assessed by measurement of the specific activity of 14CO2 excreted in breath samples obtained 2 hours after oral administration of a trace dose of [14C]aminopyrine. The percentage of administered 14C excreted in 14CO2 in 2 hours was 7.0 +/- 1.3 (SD)% in control patients, and significantly less (P less than 0.01) in patients with portal cirrhosis (2.6 +/- 1.2%), fatty liver (4.7 +/- 1.1%), hepatitis (2.6 +/- 1.4%), and hepatic malignancy (3.5 +/- 1.8%). In 16 of 24 subjects with cholestasis not caused by malignant disease the mean 14CO2 excretion was normal. The 14CO2 excretion in patients with portal cirrhosis correlated highly with aminopyrine metabolic clearance rate (r equals 0.92), serum albumin (r equals 0.75), and retention of bromsulphalein (r equals 0.73). Abnormal 14CO2 excretion returned to normal in patients with hepatitis, when the hepatitis resolved. The data suggest that the aminopyrine breath test is a safe, simple, qualitative and quantitative liver function test.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of hepatic function by breath analysis after oral administration of (14C)aminopyrine. The rate of hepatic metabolism of dimethylaminoantipyrine (aminopyrine), which occurs primarily through N-demethylation, was assessed by measurement of the specific activity of 14CO2 excreted in breath samples obtained 2 hours after oral administration of a trace dose of [14C]aminopyrine. The percentage of administered 14C excreted in 14CO2 in 2 hours was 7.0 +/- 1.3 (SD)% in control patients, and significantly less (P less than 0.01) in patients with portal cirrhosis (2.6 +/- 1.2%), fatty liver (4.7 +/- 1.1%), hepatitis (2.6 +/- 1.4%), and hepatic malignancy (3.5 +/- 1.8%). In 16 of 24 subjects with cholestasis not caused by malignant disease the mean 14CO2 excretion was normal. The 14CO2 excretion in patients with portal cirrhosis correlated highly with aminopyrine metabolic clearance rate (r equals 0.92), serum albumin (r equals 0.75), and retention of bromsulphalein (r equals 0.73). Abnormal 14CO2 excretion returned to normal in patients with hepatitis, when the hepatitis resolved. The data suggest that the aminopyrine breath test is a safe, simple, qualitative and quantitative liver function test."}
{"id": "PMID:1200496", "title": "Juvenile polyposis and gastrointestinal carcinoma. A study of a kindred.", "content": "A kindred contained at least 10 members with single or multiple juvenile polyps of the stomach and large intestine. Several additional polyps had both adenomatous and juvenile features. Eleven members of the kindred have had gastrointestinal carcinoma of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas, or proximal colon. The pattern of inheritance in this kindred suggests either a single or two closely linked autosomal dominant determinants for gastrointestinal carcinoma and polyposis. Management of this kindred is complicated due to the occurrence of gastrointestinal carcinoma without polyposis.", "contents": "Juvenile polyposis and gastrointestinal carcinoma. A study of a kindred. A kindred contained at least 10 members with single or multiple juvenile polyps of the stomach and large intestine. Several additional polyps had both adenomatous and juvenile features. Eleven members of the kindred have had gastrointestinal carcinoma of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas, or proximal colon. The pattern of inheritance in this kindred suggests either a single or two closely linked autosomal dominant determinants for gastrointestinal carcinoma and polyposis. Management of this kindred is complicated due to the occurrence of gastrointestinal carcinoma without polyposis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200497", "title": "Extreme hypermagnesemia as a cause of refractory hypotension.", "content": "A 62-year-old woman with adequate renal function who consumed large quantities of magnesium citrate presented with lethargy and hypotension. The hypotension was refractory to all conventional therapy. Her serum magnesium was 12.5 meq/litre (normal, 1.5 to 2.5). She was found to have a perforated duodenal ulcer; peritoneal aspirate magnesium concentration was 12.2 meq/litre. Hypotension improved with intravenous calcium and peritoneal dialysis. This case shows that hypermagnesemia may be accompanied by severe refractory hypotension, and that intestinal disease may predispose to hypermagnesemia in patients ingesting large quantities of magnesium despite normal renal function. Dialysis removes excess magnesium and reverses its toxic effects.", "contents": "Extreme hypermagnesemia as a cause of refractory hypotension. A 62-year-old woman with adequate renal function who consumed large quantities of magnesium citrate presented with lethargy and hypotension. The hypotension was refractory to all conventional therapy. Her serum magnesium was 12.5 meq/litre (normal, 1.5 to 2.5). She was found to have a perforated duodenal ulcer; peritoneal aspirate magnesium concentration was 12.2 meq/litre. Hypotension improved with intravenous calcium and peritoneal dialysis. This case shows that hypermagnesemia may be accompanied by severe refractory hypotension, and that intestinal disease may predispose to hypermagnesemia in patients ingesting large quantities of magnesium despite normal renal function. Dialysis removes excess magnesium and reverses its toxic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1200498", "title": "Sideroblastic anemia with splenic abscess and fatal thromboemboli after splenectomy.", "content": "A man with sideroblastic anemia had a splenectomy because of a salmonella abscess of the spleen that had ruptured into the colon. Two months later he developed recurrent thrombophiebitis and fatal thromboembolism associated with thrombocytosis. A review of the literature showed multiple additional cases of sideroblastic anemia with thrombocytosis and thromboembolism after splenectomy. In many of these cases the patient died. Splenectomy for treatment of a sideroblastic anemia probable is contraindicated. If splenectomy is done, long-term therapy to avoid thromboembolic complications probably should be maintained for many months or even years.", "contents": "Sideroblastic anemia with splenic abscess and fatal thromboemboli after splenectomy. A man with sideroblastic anemia had a splenectomy because of a salmonella abscess of the spleen that had ruptured into the colon. Two months later he developed recurrent thrombophiebitis and fatal thromboembolism associated with thrombocytosis. A review of the literature showed multiple additional cases of sideroblastic anemia with thrombocytosis and thromboembolism after splenectomy. In many of these cases the patient died. Splenectomy for treatment of a sideroblastic anemia probable is contraindicated. If splenectomy is done, long-term therapy to avoid thromboembolic complications probably should be maintained for many months or even years."}
{"id": "PMID:1200499", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis caused by Oerskovia turbata.", "content": "Oerskovia turbata is a yellow, motile actinomycete, which before now has only been found in soil and has not been known to cause disease in man or animals. It was isolated from 29 cultures of blood taken during 6 months from an urban pensioner after homograft replacement of his aortic valve. The combination of ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim was lethal for O. turbata in vitro; however, antimicrobial therapy alone failed to eradicate the patient's infection. Cure was achieved after the infected homograft was replaced with a prosthetic aortic valve. Although the source of O. turbata in this patient is unknown, sterilization of homograft valves with antimicrobial solutions is difficult. Moreover, environmental contamination during cardiopulmonary bypass is common. Oerskovia turbata is another opportunistic pathogen of man.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis caused by Oerskovia turbata. Oerskovia turbata is a yellow, motile actinomycete, which before now has only been found in soil and has not been known to cause disease in man or animals. It was isolated from 29 cultures of blood taken during 6 months from an urban pensioner after homograft replacement of his aortic valve. The combination of ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim was lethal for O. turbata in vitro; however, antimicrobial therapy alone failed to eradicate the patient's infection. Cure was achieved after the infected homograft was replaced with a prosthetic aortic valve. Although the source of O. turbata in this patient is unknown, sterilization of homograft valves with antimicrobial solutions is difficult. Moreover, environmental contamination during cardiopulmonary bypass is common. Oerskovia turbata is another opportunistic pathogen of man."}
{"id": "PMID:1200507", "title": "Handwashing practices for the prevention of nosocomial infections.", "content": "Handwashing is generally considered the most important procedure in preventing nosocomial infections, because many types of these infections may be caused by organisms transmitted on the hands of personnel. Personnel should wash their hands before and after significant contact with any patient. The risk of personnel acquiring transient hand carriage of organisms is usually greatest after contact with excretions, secretions, or blood; patients at greatest risk are those undergoing surgery, those with catheters, and newborn infants. Although handwashing with an antiseptic agent between patient contacts is theoretically desirable, handwashing with soap, water, and mechanical friction are sufficient ro remove most transiently acquired organisms. Antiseptic agents may produce excessively dry skin if used frequently, and any regimen of handwashing that leads to dermatitis negates the purpose of handwashing. We favor antiseptics for handwashing before surgery and other high-risk invasive procedures and in the care of newborn infants but prefer soap and water for other handwashing.", "contents": "Handwashing practices for the prevention of nosocomial infections. Handwashing is generally considered the most important procedure in preventing nosocomial infections, because many types of these infections may be caused by organisms transmitted on the hands of personnel. Personnel should wash their hands before and after significant contact with any patient. The risk of personnel acquiring transient hand carriage of organisms is usually greatest after contact with excretions, secretions, or blood; patients at greatest risk are those undergoing surgery, those with catheters, and newborn infants. Although handwashing with an antiseptic agent between patient contacts is theoretically desirable, handwashing with soap, water, and mechanical friction are sufficient ro remove most transiently acquired organisms. Antiseptic agents may produce excessively dry skin if used frequently, and any regimen of handwashing that leads to dermatitis negates the purpose of handwashing. We favor antiseptics for handwashing before surgery and other high-risk invasive procedures and in the care of newborn infants but prefer soap and water for other handwashing."}
{"id": "PMID:1200522", "title": "Peer review by criteria mapping: criteria for diabetes mellitus. The use of decision-making in chart audit.", "content": "The UCLA Experimental Medical Care Review Organization (EMCRO), in an attempt to minimize the problem of applying a general list of criteria to each patient with a specific condition, has developed a method called Criteria Mapping. This method uses sequential judgments based on the specific clinical data for the individual patient to assess the quality of care by medical record audit. The method does not penalize the physician for omitting unnecessary procedures by allowing alternate decisions when appropriate, and provides supporting reference materials to allow nonphysicians to make reliable medical interpretations of the data in medical records. It is expected that this method will more accurately reflect the physicians' intentions, and that process, when measured by this approach, may correlate better with the outcome of medical care.", "contents": "Peer review by criteria mapping: criteria for diabetes mellitus. The use of decision-making in chart audit. The UCLA Experimental Medical Care Review Organization (EMCRO), in an attempt to minimize the problem of applying a general list of criteria to each patient with a specific condition, has developed a method called Criteria Mapping. This method uses sequential judgments based on the specific clinical data for the individual patient to assess the quality of care by medical record audit. The method does not penalize the physician for omitting unnecessary procedures by allowing alternate decisions when appropriate, and provides supporting reference materials to allow nonphysicians to make reliable medical interpretations of the data in medical records. It is expected that this method will more accurately reflect the physicians' intentions, and that process, when measured by this approach, may correlate better with the outcome of medical care."}
{"id": "PMID:1200523", "title": "Glucagon secretion in acute and chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Plasma pancreatic glucagon concentrations were determined in the basal state and after the infusion of alanine in 10 patients with acute pancreatitis (5 in an initial episode of pancreatitis), in 10 patients with chronic pancreatic insufficiency, and in 21 healthy controls. In acute pancreatitis, basal glucagon levels were nine times normal but were higher during the initial attack than with a history of previous attacks. The glucagon response to alanine was also increased threefold to fourfold in initial attacks. In contrast, after recovery from the initial attack of acute pancreatitis, during acute episodes of pancreatitis in patients with a history of previous attacks, and in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, alanine failed to elicit a consistent rise in plasma glucagon. The data suggest that hyperglucagonemia may contribute to the hyperglycemia of acute pancreatitis, particularly during the initial episode. Loss of alpha cell responsiveness to alanine provides a sensitive index of previous pancreatitis.", "contents": "Glucagon secretion in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Plasma pancreatic glucagon concentrations were determined in the basal state and after the infusion of alanine in 10 patients with acute pancreatitis (5 in an initial episode of pancreatitis), in 10 patients with chronic pancreatic insufficiency, and in 21 healthy controls. In acute pancreatitis, basal glucagon levels were nine times normal but were higher during the initial attack than with a history of previous attacks. The glucagon response to alanine was also increased threefold to fourfold in initial attacks. In contrast, after recovery from the initial attack of acute pancreatitis, during acute episodes of pancreatitis in patients with a history of previous attacks, and in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, alanine failed to elicit a consistent rise in plasma glucagon. The data suggest that hyperglucagonemia may contribute to the hyperglycemia of acute pancreatitis, particularly during the initial episode. Loss of alpha cell responsiveness to alanine provides a sensitive index of previous pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200524", "title": "Amikacin therapy for serious gram-negative bacillary infections.", "content": "Amikacin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic pharmacologically similar to kanamycin. It has a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacilli, including many resistant to gentamicin. Thirty-six serious Gram-negative bacillary infections were treated with amikacin. Twenty-nine patients (80-6%) responded (cured or improved). Twelve of 13 patients with gentamicin-resistant pathogens responded. Minor ototoxicity occurred in 6 patients and was associated with prolonged therapy or previous aminoglycoside therapy. Possible nephrotoxicity with amikacin was found in 6 patients. Amikacin should be used primarily to treat suspected or known gentamicin-resistant pathogens.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy for serious gram-negative bacillary infections. Amikacin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic pharmacologically similar to kanamycin. It has a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacilli, including many resistant to gentamicin. Thirty-six serious Gram-negative bacillary infections were treated with amikacin. Twenty-nine patients (80-6%) responded (cured or improved). Twelve of 13 patients with gentamicin-resistant pathogens responded. Minor ototoxicity occurred in 6 patients and was associated with prolonged therapy or previous aminoglycoside therapy. Possible nephrotoxicity with amikacin was found in 6 patients. Amikacin should be used primarily to treat suspected or known gentamicin-resistant pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:1200525", "title": "Large artery involvement in giant cell (temporal) arteritis.", "content": "Of 248 patients with giant cell arteritis, 34 had evidence that the disease affected the aorta or its major branches. Symptoms suggestive of large artery involvement were intermittent claudication of an extremity, paresthesias, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Physical findings included absent or decreased large artery pulses and bruits over large arteries. Four patients presented with decreased upper extremity pulses as the initial manifestation of their arteritis. Nine other patients under treatment for temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica first developed evidence of large artery involvement as corticosteroid therapy was tapered or discontinued. Angiography, performed in 10 patients, was helpful in indicating arteritis rather than atherosclerosis as the cause of large artery disease. Three patients died with aortic rupture, and, at autopsy, widespread giant cell arteritis was found. However, when corticosteroids were given in adequate doses, the response was favorable in most patients; intermittent claudication decreased and the pulses improved.", "contents": "Large artery involvement in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Of 248 patients with giant cell arteritis, 34 had evidence that the disease affected the aorta or its major branches. Symptoms suggestive of large artery involvement were intermittent claudication of an extremity, paresthesias, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Physical findings included absent or decreased large artery pulses and bruits over large arteries. Four patients presented with decreased upper extremity pulses as the initial manifestation of their arteritis. Nine other patients under treatment for temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica first developed evidence of large artery involvement as corticosteroid therapy was tapered or discontinued. Angiography, performed in 10 patients, was helpful in indicating arteritis rather than atherosclerosis as the cause of large artery disease. Three patients died with aortic rupture, and, at autopsy, widespread giant cell arteritis was found. However, when corticosteroids were given in adequate doses, the response was favorable in most patients; intermittent claudication decreased and the pulses improved."}
{"id": "PMID:1200526", "title": "Deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) with chronic vasculitis.", "content": "A patient had complete deficiency of the second component of complement associated with chronic vasculitis and increased susceptibility to infection. We discuss here results of the complement profile, histocompatibility typing, and studies of the functional properties of patient plasma or serum in chemotaxis and opsonization in relation to the disease entity and host susceptibility to infection.", "contents": "Deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) with chronic vasculitis. A patient had complete deficiency of the second component of complement associated with chronic vasculitis and increased susceptibility to infection. We discuss here results of the complement profile, histocompatibility typing, and studies of the functional properties of patient plasma or serum in chemotaxis and opsonization in relation to the disease entity and host susceptibility to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1200527", "title": "A new treatment for hirsutism.", "content": "Twenty-four hirsute female patients were treated with 100 mg of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate intramuscularly every 15 days. Twenty-three showed definite improvement from their abnormal hair growth. All patients with initially elevated 17-ketosteroids in 24-hour urine collections showed a decrease of these metabolites with treatment. In eleven patients the initial plasma testosterone level was elevated and returned to normal values with treatment. The first patient who was submitted to this therapy stopped the treatment for 5 months and started having abnormal hair growth again. With other patients, after initial treatment with depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate intramuscularly, we started using contraception pills containing medroxyprogesterone; this maintained the reduced ectopic hair growth. The most important side effect was amenorrhea.", "contents": "A new treatment for hirsutism. Twenty-four hirsute female patients were treated with 100 mg of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate intramuscularly every 15 days. Twenty-three showed definite improvement from their abnormal hair growth. All patients with initially elevated 17-ketosteroids in 24-hour urine collections showed a decrease of these metabolites with treatment. In eleven patients the initial plasma testosterone level was elevated and returned to normal values with treatment. The first patient who was submitted to this therapy stopped the treatment for 5 months and started having abnormal hair growth again. With other patients, after initial treatment with depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate intramuscularly, we started using contraception pills containing medroxyprogesterone; this maintained the reduced ectopic hair growth. The most important side effect was amenorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:1200528", "title": "False-negative stool occult blood tests caused by ingestion of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).", "content": "In a female patient with unexplained anemia, ascorbic acid ingestion and apparent false-negative occult blood tests were related. When she stopped ascorbic acid, her stools became strongly reactive (\"4+\") by three tests for occult stool blood; this association was observed repeatedly. A test developed to measure stool occult blood in the presence of ascorbic acid remained reactive throughout this observation, and the observation was confirmed by in-vitro studies. Current tests for occult blood depend on the pseudoperoxidase activity of heme and are inhibited by low levels of ascorbic acid. Reducing substances chemically similar to ascorbic acid also inhibits occult blood tests; oxidized ascorbic acid and sulfhydryl reducing agents do not inhibit them at physiologic levels.", "contents": "False-negative stool occult blood tests caused by ingestion of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). In a female patient with unexplained anemia, ascorbic acid ingestion and apparent false-negative occult blood tests were related. When she stopped ascorbic acid, her stools became strongly reactive (\"4+\") by three tests for occult stool blood; this association was observed repeatedly. A test developed to measure stool occult blood in the presence of ascorbic acid remained reactive throughout this observation, and the observation was confirmed by in-vitro studies. Current tests for occult blood depend on the pseudoperoxidase activity of heme and are inhibited by low levels of ascorbic acid. Reducing substances chemically similar to ascorbic acid also inhibits occult blood tests; oxidized ascorbic acid and sulfhydryl reducing agents do not inhibit them at physiologic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1200529", "title": "Spurious Schilling test results obtained with intrinsic factor enclosed in capsules.", "content": "Three urinary excretion tests of vitamin B12 absorption were done in 12 patients with classic pernicious anemia. The 24-hour urinary excretion of radioactivity was 2.1% +/- 0.7% (mean +/- SEM) of the ingested dose of cyanocobalamin-57 Co. When cyanocobalamin-57 Co was mixed with hog intrinsic factor in water, excretion increased to 15.6% +/- 1.6%. When cyanocobalamin-57 Co and intrinsic factor were given in two separate capsules, which is now a frequent practice, excretion was 9.5% +/- 2.2%. In 6 patients, use of the results obtained with capsules could have led to an incorrect diagnosis. When cyanocobalamin-57 Co and intrinsic factor are given in separate capsules, binding of radioactive vitamin to intrinsic factor may be incomplete due to inadequate mixing in the stomach or to binding of intrinsic factor to blocking antibody in the gastric juice. The classic technique in which intrinsic factor and cyanocobalamin-57 Co are mixed in water before administration should be used.", "contents": "Spurious Schilling test results obtained with intrinsic factor enclosed in capsules. Three urinary excretion tests of vitamin B12 absorption were done in 12 patients with classic pernicious anemia. The 24-hour urinary excretion of radioactivity was 2.1% +/- 0.7% (mean +/- SEM) of the ingested dose of cyanocobalamin-57 Co. When cyanocobalamin-57 Co was mixed with hog intrinsic factor in water, excretion increased to 15.6% +/- 1.6%. When cyanocobalamin-57 Co and intrinsic factor were given in two separate capsules, which is now a frequent practice, excretion was 9.5% +/- 2.2%. In 6 patients, use of the results obtained with capsules could have led to an incorrect diagnosis. When cyanocobalamin-57 Co and intrinsic factor are given in separate capsules, binding of radioactive vitamin to intrinsic factor may be incomplete due to inadequate mixing in the stomach or to binding of intrinsic factor to blocking antibody in the gastric juice. The classic technique in which intrinsic factor and cyanocobalamin-57 Co are mixed in water before administration should be used."}
{"id": "PMID:1200536", "title": "Residency training in primary care internal medicine. Report of an operational program.", "content": "The Primary Care Program at the Massachusetts General Hospital is designed to develop competence in the full range of problems encountered by general internists delivering primary care. House staff spend 3 years in the program, which starts with internship, includes a senior residency, and fulfills the requirements for board eligibility in internal medicine. Half of the training is provided in outpatient care settings. House staff assume responsibility for organization and operation of an ambulatory medical unit. In addition, there is supervised instruction in office gynecology, orthopedics, ear, nose and throat, dermatology, and psychiatry. Close integration with the traditional inpatient-oriented training program is maintained to ensure commensurate growth and competence in management of acute, life-threatening disease.", "contents": "Residency training in primary care internal medicine. Report of an operational program. The Primary Care Program at the Massachusetts General Hospital is designed to develop competence in the full range of problems encountered by general internists delivering primary care. House staff spend 3 years in the program, which starts with internship, includes a senior residency, and fulfills the requirements for board eligibility in internal medicine. Half of the training is provided in outpatient care settings. House staff assume responsibility for organization and operation of an ambulatory medical unit. In addition, there is supervised instruction in office gynecology, orthopedics, ear, nose and throat, dermatology, and psychiatry. Close integration with the traditional inpatient-oriented training program is maintained to ensure commensurate growth and competence in management of acute, life-threatening disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1200537", "title": "Herbal pharmacology and medical therapy in the People's Republic of China.", "content": "A scientific delegation visited the People's Republic of China for the purpose of assessing the current status of herbal pharmacology and medicine there. China is attempting to wed traditional and Western medicine so as to take advantage of the potential contributions of both. This wedding seems possible at the empiric level despite theoretical contradictions. Traditional remedies are widely prescribed, but the actual impact of such medication on disease is difficult to assess, because of the failure of the Chinese up until now to evaluate such remedies by modern clinical trial methodology. All Western drugs are readily available in China, and indeed are manufactured for export as well as for use within the country. The current chinese approach to the patient-doctor relation, and some novel ideas with regard to both medical and surgical therapy pose provocative questions for Western physicians.", "contents": "Herbal pharmacology and medical therapy in the People's Republic of China. A scientific delegation visited the People's Republic of China for the purpose of assessing the current status of herbal pharmacology and medicine there. China is attempting to wed traditional and Western medicine so as to take advantage of the potential contributions of both. This wedding seems possible at the empiric level despite theoretical contradictions. Traditional remedies are widely prescribed, but the actual impact of such medication on disease is difficult to assess, because of the failure of the Chinese up until now to evaluate such remedies by modern clinical trial methodology. All Western drugs are readily available in China, and indeed are manufactured for export as well as for use within the country. The current chinese approach to the patient-doctor relation, and some novel ideas with regard to both medical and surgical therapy pose provocative questions for Western physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:1200553", "title": "The effect of chronic administration of a topical antibiotic on the conjunctival flora.", "content": "Twenty-two volunteers received topical 0.25% chloromycetin ophthalmic drops without preservatives and 20 received topical 1% methylcellulose ophthalmic drops in their right eyes for up to 12 weeks. The left eyes served as controls. The eye drops were used an average of 3.21 times per day. A slit lamp biomicroscope examination, conjunctival cultures, and antibiotic sensitivities were performed on each visit. No difference in the percentage of positive cultures or negative cultures obtained in the chloromycetin treated eyes could be found when compared with the methycellulose treated group or control eyes. Chloromycetin 0.25% ophthalmic drops without preservative appear to be questionably effective, although harmless, when used for up to 12 weeks, 3 to 4 times per day.", "contents": "The effect of chronic administration of a topical antibiotic on the conjunctival flora. Twenty-two volunteers received topical 0.25% chloromycetin ophthalmic drops without preservatives and 20 received topical 1% methylcellulose ophthalmic drops in their right eyes for up to 12 weeks. The left eyes served as controls. The eye drops were used an average of 3.21 times per day. A slit lamp biomicroscope examination, conjunctival cultures, and antibiotic sensitivities were performed on each visit. No difference in the percentage of positive cultures or negative cultures obtained in the chloromycetin treated eyes could be found when compared with the methycellulose treated group or control eyes. Chloromycetin 0.25% ophthalmic drops without preservative appear to be questionably effective, although harmless, when used for up to 12 weeks, 3 to 4 times per day."}
{"id": "PMID:1200554", "title": "Ophthalmologic findings in malaria.", "content": "During the Vietnamese conflict, malaria in epidemic proportions constituted a serious health hazard to our forces. Although rarely encountered worldwide, Falciparum malaria proved to be an extremely lethal and dangerous complicating factor. Ophthalmologic complications of malaria are discussed and particular attention is placed on Falciparum malaria with the report of a case in detail and the presentation of unusual fundus findings.", "contents": "Ophthalmologic findings in malaria. During the Vietnamese conflict, malaria in epidemic proportions constituted a serious health hazard to our forces. Although rarely encountered worldwide, Falciparum malaria proved to be an extremely lethal and dangerous complicating factor. Ophthalmologic complications of malaria are discussed and particular attention is placed on Falciparum malaria with the report of a case in detail and the presentation of unusual fundus findings."}
{"id": "PMID:1200555", "title": "Various parameters of diabetic retinopathy among clinic populations.", "content": "A study of 402 patients was undertaken in a diabetic clinic at a county hospital. Diabetes was more common in females. Diabetic retinopathy varied directly with the duration of diabetes. Retinopathy occurred earlier with late onset diabetes as compared with diabetes occurring in younger patients. The incidence of raised intraocular pressure was 13.1%. Raised intraocular pressure did not seem to protect the eye against diabetic retinopathy. Good control of diabetes did not seem to affect the nature of established retinopathy. The incidence of retinopathy was higher if hypertension was present.", "contents": "Various parameters of diabetic retinopathy among clinic populations. A study of 402 patients was undertaken in a diabetic clinic at a county hospital. Diabetes was more common in females. Diabetic retinopathy varied directly with the duration of diabetes. Retinopathy occurred earlier with late onset diabetes as compared with diabetes occurring in younger patients. The incidence of raised intraocular pressure was 13.1%. Raised intraocular pressure did not seem to protect the eye against diabetic retinopathy. Good control of diabetes did not seem to affect the nature of established retinopathy. The incidence of retinopathy was higher if hypertension was present."}
{"id": "PMID:1200551", "title": "[The spore germination of \"Clostridium tyrobutyricum\" III.--An hypothesis on the mechanism of initiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Spores of C. tyrobutyricum do not contain 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) but a polysaccharide which could replace PGA as an energy source during germination. The absence of PGA, which is an inhibitor of phosphotransacetylase, confirms the role of the acetyl-CoA synthesizing system in the germination initiated by acetate. Spore extracts of C. tyrobutyricum, as extracts of vegetative cells, were found to contain a ferredoxin and exhibited a NADH-ferredoxin oxydase activity which required the presence of an acetyl-CoA regenerating system, suggesting that this enzyme is also involved in germination. From this results, an hypothesis on the role of initiators (acetate and NH4+) in the mechanism of initiation of spore germination in C. tyrobutyricum is proposed. Acetate would have an effect on the utilisation of the endogenous polysaccharide and on glucose catabolism, and therefore, would be an effector for the production of the energy required particularly to transport cations into the spore.", "contents": "[The spore germination of \"Clostridium tyrobutyricum\" III.--An hypothesis on the mechanism of initiation (author's transl)]. Spores of C. tyrobutyricum do not contain 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) but a polysaccharide which could replace PGA as an energy source during germination. The absence of PGA, which is an inhibitor of phosphotransacetylase, confirms the role of the acetyl-CoA synthesizing system in the germination initiated by acetate. Spore extracts of C. tyrobutyricum, as extracts of vegetative cells, were found to contain a ferredoxin and exhibited a NADH-ferredoxin oxydase activity which required the presence of an acetyl-CoA regenerating system, suggesting that this enzyme is also involved in germination. From this results, an hypothesis on the role of initiators (acetate and NH4+) in the mechanism of initiation of spore germination in C. tyrobutyricum is proposed. Acetate would have an effect on the utilisation of the endogenous polysaccharide and on glucose catabolism, and therefore, would be an effector for the production of the energy required particularly to transport cations into the spore."}
{"id": "PMID:1200552", "title": "[The intracellular multiplication of \"Brucella\" The theory for an experimental model (author's transl)].", "content": "Brucella melitensis can penetrate and multiply in cells of the BHK21 line. The intracellular bacteria can be counted either by culture after destruction of the cells or by direct examination after staining; in the latter case, the cells are distributed into various classes according to the number of bacteria which they contain. The number of intracellular bacteria increased exponentially and the division time is 12 hours. The intracellular division of the bacteria is independent of the cellular invasion. The infection by bacteria is not a factor related to mortality nor to survival of the cells. Whatever the number of bacteria initially placed on the BHK21 cells (up to 1,000 bacteria per cell), the number of infected cells never increased about 20%, and this indicates that all the cells do not have the same aptitude for the phagocytosis of Brucella. A mathematical model is suggested. Taking all factors into account, the model shows the probability for a certain number of Brucella per cell and, on the other hand, it shows the mean number of Brucella per cell at any particular moment. This model can be used in the case of other bacteria and of other cells, and can be used whenever a precise study of the intracellular multiplication of bacteria is required.", "contents": "[The intracellular multiplication of \"Brucella\" The theory for an experimental model (author's transl)]. Brucella melitensis can penetrate and multiply in cells of the BHK21 line. The intracellular bacteria can be counted either by culture after destruction of the cells or by direct examination after staining; in the latter case, the cells are distributed into various classes according to the number of bacteria which they contain. The number of intracellular bacteria increased exponentially and the division time is 12 hours. The intracellular division of the bacteria is independent of the cellular invasion. The infection by bacteria is not a factor related to mortality nor to survival of the cells. Whatever the number of bacteria initially placed on the BHK21 cells (up to 1,000 bacteria per cell), the number of infected cells never increased about 20%, and this indicates that all the cells do not have the same aptitude for the phagocytosis of Brucella. A mathematical model is suggested. Taking all factors into account, the model shows the probability for a certain number of Brucella per cell and, on the other hand, it shows the mean number of Brucella per cell at any particular moment. This model can be used in the case of other bacteria and of other cells, and can be used whenever a precise study of the intracellular multiplication of bacteria is required."}
{"id": "PMID:1200556", "title": "Voluntary unilateral convergent strabismus.", "content": "This syndrome has been reported as a medical rarity. However, 16 cases, including 2 families, add to knowledge of the occurrence, age of onset, emotional factors, and to possible genetic basis in the etiology.", "contents": "Voluntary unilateral convergent strabismus. This syndrome has been reported as a medical rarity. However, 16 cases, including 2 families, add to knowledge of the occurrence, age of onset, emotional factors, and to possible genetic basis in the etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:1200557", "title": "Metastatic tumor of the orbit.", "content": "Metastatic tumor occurred in the right orbit of a 50-year-old woman 5 years following bilateral mastectomy. The tumor caused enophthalmus, ptosis and restriction of the ocular movements. The tumor consisted of nondifferentiated cells. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic appearance of the tumor is also reported.", "contents": "Metastatic tumor of the orbit. Metastatic tumor occurred in the right orbit of a 50-year-old woman 5 years following bilateral mastectomy. The tumor caused enophthalmus, ptosis and restriction of the ocular movements. The tumor consisted of nondifferentiated cells. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic appearance of the tumor is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1200558", "title": "Lysozyme in corneal ulcer.", "content": "In the present experimental study the role of lysozyme drops in healing of corneal ulcer of staphylococcal origin (sensitive to chloramphenicol) was studied on 16 albino rabbits. In 8 rabbits, in one eye placibo drops (distilled water) and in the other eye lysozyme 1% were put 4 times daily. In the other 8 rabbits, in one eye chloramphenicol drops 0.4% and in the other eye chloramphenicol drops 0.4% + lysozyme drops 1% were instilled 4 times daily. It was observed that the rate of healing of corneal ulcer was much earlier in the eyes which had local instillation of chloramphenicol drops + lysozyme in comparison to the eyes which had only chloramphenicol drops, lysozyme drops, or distilled water.", "contents": "Lysozyme in corneal ulcer. In the present experimental study the role of lysozyme drops in healing of corneal ulcer of staphylococcal origin (sensitive to chloramphenicol) was studied on 16 albino rabbits. In 8 rabbits, in one eye placibo drops (distilled water) and in the other eye lysozyme 1% were put 4 times daily. In the other 8 rabbits, in one eye chloramphenicol drops 0.4% and in the other eye chloramphenicol drops 0.4% + lysozyme drops 1% were instilled 4 times daily. It was observed that the rate of healing of corneal ulcer was much earlier in the eyes which had local instillation of chloramphenicol drops + lysozyme in comparison to the eyes which had only chloramphenicol drops, lysozyme drops, or distilled water."}
{"id": "PMID:1200559", "title": "Toxic maculopathy part II: A result of quinine usage as demonstrated by fluorescein angiography and electroretinography.", "content": "In this paper, further investigation by fluorescein angiography and electroretinography (ERG) was undertaken to substantiate the possible toxic maculopathy due to quinine usage. Again, positive Amsler chart tests were found in 3 of 14 (21%) of the drug addicts with blurred vision, a common complaint among these patients. The results of 5 fluorescein angiography examinations demonstrated no leakage of dye, especially in the macula. Twenty-four ERG examinations revealed no statistical differences between the test group patients and the control subjects. It was concluded that there is a definite need to carefully examine the eyes of any person who has used quinine for a long time since positive Amsler chart tests were found in 37% of the drug addicts.", "contents": "Toxic maculopathy part II: A result of quinine usage as demonstrated by fluorescein angiography and electroretinography. In this paper, further investigation by fluorescein angiography and electroretinography (ERG) was undertaken to substantiate the possible toxic maculopathy due to quinine usage. Again, positive Amsler chart tests were found in 3 of 14 (21%) of the drug addicts with blurred vision, a common complaint among these patients. The results of 5 fluorescein angiography examinations demonstrated no leakage of dye, especially in the macula. Twenty-four ERG examinations revealed no statistical differences between the test group patients and the control subjects. It was concluded that there is a definite need to carefully examine the eyes of any person who has used quinine for a long time since positive Amsler chart tests were found in 37% of the drug addicts."}
{"id": "PMID:1200560", "title": "Herellea vaginicola and ocular infections.", "content": "This case report describes a chronic medically-refractory corneal ulcer which eventually yielded Herellea vaginicola from resected corneal tissue. A review of the literature cites the occurrence of this organism as an inhabitant of normal conjunctiva, as an infrequent cause of conjunctivitis, and as the causative agent in two previous cases of corneal ulcers. This case illustrates the difficulty in the isolation of the organism and indicates the need for diagnostic and therapeutic keratectomy in conjunction with a conjunctival flap.", "contents": "Herellea vaginicola and ocular infections. This case report describes a chronic medically-refractory corneal ulcer which eventually yielded Herellea vaginicola from resected corneal tissue. A review of the literature cites the occurrence of this organism as an inhabitant of normal conjunctiva, as an infrequent cause of conjunctivitis, and as the causative agent in two previous cases of corneal ulcers. This case illustrates the difficulty in the isolation of the organism and indicates the need for diagnostic and therapeutic keratectomy in conjunction with a conjunctival flap."}
{"id": "PMID:1200561", "title": "Modification of the Mustard\u00e9 and Hughes methods of reconstructing the lower lid.", "content": "Reconstruction of the lower lid often is a greater task than originally anticipated in preoperative evaluations. The Mustard\u00e9 and Hughes methods are commonly used for extensive lower lid reconstruction. Certain difficulties encountered in these methods may be minimized by variations in the basic techniques. Structural support for a Mustard\u00e9 flap may be provided by a free tarsal conjunctival graft rather than a nasal septal cartilage mucosa graft. Late complications following the Hughes procedure include upper lid retraction and entropion. These may be minimized by removing Mueller's muscle from the flap at the time of the original dissection. The Hughes flap may be lysed in 3 to 4 weeks. Lid margin abnormalities, which occur occasionally, are corrected with minor modifications.", "contents": "Modification of the Mustard\u00e9 and Hughes methods of reconstructing the lower lid. Reconstruction of the lower lid often is a greater task than originally anticipated in preoperative evaluations. The Mustard\u00e9 and Hughes methods are commonly used for extensive lower lid reconstruction. Certain difficulties encountered in these methods may be minimized by variations in the basic techniques. Structural support for a Mustard\u00e9 flap may be provided by a free tarsal conjunctival graft rather than a nasal septal cartilage mucosa graft. Late complications following the Hughes procedure include upper lid retraction and entropion. These may be minimized by removing Mueller's muscle from the flap at the time of the original dissection. The Hughes flap may be lysed in 3 to 4 weeks. Lid margin abnormalities, which occur occasionally, are corrected with minor modifications."}
{"id": "PMID:1200564", "title": "Cleft larynx. A report of seven cases.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the otolaryngologist with a difficult and frequently missed anomaly. It is hoped that this will increase the number of successfully managed patients with this affliction. Of the seven herein reported cases, four were posterior clefts limited to the cricoid lamina. Three were more extensive laryngotracheoesophageal clefts. Seven cases are thus added to the approximately 30 cases reported in the world literature. The limited cricoid lamina defect can only be diagnosed by endoscopic examination, and is treated medically. Feedings must be given by gastrostomy only. A tracheotomy is indicated only when oral secretions are aspirated into the tracheobronchial tree. The more extensive laryngotracheoesophageal celft requires surgical repair through a lateral pharyngotomy approach. When the cleft is extensive and extends into the chest, surgery must include a thoracic approach. The occurrence of cleft larynx in association with tracheoesophageal fistulae, with or without atresia may be more frequent than generally realized. A search should be made for this anomaly in patients who aspirate after atresia repair has been accomplished, before attributing this symptom to severe stricture formation, or recurrence of the fistula. The problem of aspiration in posterior cleft larynx is due to the lateral and posterior displacement of the arytenoids. This malposition is due to the absence or deficiency of the interarytenoidius muscle so that the posticus muscle is unopposed. The term \"posterior cleft larynx\" should be used only where the defect is limited to the cricoid lamina, while laryngotracheoesophageal cleft should be applied to the more extensive defect.", "contents": "Cleft larynx. A report of seven cases. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the otolaryngologist with a difficult and frequently missed anomaly. It is hoped that this will increase the number of successfully managed patients with this affliction. Of the seven herein reported cases, four were posterior clefts limited to the cricoid lamina. Three were more extensive laryngotracheoesophageal clefts. Seven cases are thus added to the approximately 30 cases reported in the world literature. The limited cricoid lamina defect can only be diagnosed by endoscopic examination, and is treated medically. Feedings must be given by gastrostomy only. A tracheotomy is indicated only when oral secretions are aspirated into the tracheobronchial tree. The more extensive laryngotracheoesophageal celft requires surgical repair through a lateral pharyngotomy approach. When the cleft is extensive and extends into the chest, surgery must include a thoracic approach. The occurrence of cleft larynx in association with tracheoesophageal fistulae, with or without atresia may be more frequent than generally realized. A search should be made for this anomaly in patients who aspirate after atresia repair has been accomplished, before attributing this symptom to severe stricture formation, or recurrence of the fistula. The problem of aspiration in posterior cleft larynx is due to the lateral and posterior displacement of the arytenoids. This malposition is due to the absence or deficiency of the interarytenoidius muscle so that the posticus muscle is unopposed. The term \"posterior cleft larynx\" should be used only where the defect is limited to the cricoid lamina, while laryngotracheoesophageal cleft should be applied to the more extensive defect."}
{"id": "PMID:1200566", "title": "Experimental granuloma of the larynx.", "content": "This paper describes a series of experiments that were performed in dogs, attempting to reproduce in the laboratory a chronic granulomatous reaction of the larynx. The purpose of this work was to learn about the possible pathogenesis of these lesions and to find the reasons behind their chronicity and recurrence. The practical aspects of this research were to formulate and, hopefully, to develop reasonable diagnostic and therapeutical approaches that could be used in the treatment of patients. The positive and negative results of these experiments indicate that the granulomatous response is probably influenced not only by external factors, but also by intrinsic factors. Clinically these findings led to the concept of not circumscribing judgment to the peripheral changes only, but to the assessment of all facts surrounding each individual case.", "contents": "Experimental granuloma of the larynx. This paper describes a series of experiments that were performed in dogs, attempting to reproduce in the laboratory a chronic granulomatous reaction of the larynx. The purpose of this work was to learn about the possible pathogenesis of these lesions and to find the reasons behind their chronicity and recurrence. The practical aspects of this research were to formulate and, hopefully, to develop reasonable diagnostic and therapeutical approaches that could be used in the treatment of patients. The positive and negative results of these experiments indicate that the granulomatous response is probably influenced not only by external factors, but also by intrinsic factors. Clinically these findings led to the concept of not circumscribing judgment to the peripheral changes only, but to the assessment of all facts surrounding each individual case."}
{"id": "PMID:1200568", "title": "Characterization of tumor antigen in epidermoid carcinoma.", "content": "Tumor antigens have been isolated from nine epidermoid carcinomas of the head and neck. The most strongly reactive antigens have a molecular weight of congruent to 25,000-50,000 daltons, though other antigens weighing congruent to 120,000-400,000 daltons were noted in six of the tumors. The most strongly reactive antigens had a pI between 8.36 and 8.40. The cross reactivity of these antigens will be studied next. It is hoped that the purified tumor antigen will be useful in the development of an immunodetection system for epidermoid carcinoma.", "contents": "Characterization of tumor antigen in epidermoid carcinoma. Tumor antigens have been isolated from nine epidermoid carcinomas of the head and neck. The most strongly reactive antigens have a molecular weight of congruent to 25,000-50,000 daltons, though other antigens weighing congruent to 120,000-400,000 daltons were noted in six of the tumors. The most strongly reactive antigens had a pI between 8.36 and 8.40. The cross reactivity of these antigens will be studied next. It is hoped that the purified tumor antigen will be useful in the development of an immunodetection system for epidermoid carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1200574", "title": "Some observations on blood microfilters.", "content": "Under laboratory conditions 3 types of filter designed to prevent the passage of microemboli into the circulation during the transfusion of stored blood were compared with the standard Baxter BR10 filter, designed only to hold back macroemboli, in respect of resistance to blood flow and damage to the cellular elements of the blood. In both respects the Pall Ultipor microfilter proved more efficient than the Swank IL200 microfilter and the Bentley Polyfilter (PF-127) and, except with 3-week-old blood, was comparable to the Baxter filter.", "contents": "Some observations on blood microfilters. Under laboratory conditions 3 types of filter designed to prevent the passage of microemboli into the circulation during the transfusion of stored blood were compared with the standard Baxter BR10 filter, designed only to hold back macroemboli, in respect of resistance to blood flow and damage to the cellular elements of the blood. In both respects the Pall Ultipor microfilter proved more efficient than the Swank IL200 microfilter and the Bentley Polyfilter (PF-127) and, except with 3-week-old blood, was comparable to the Baxter filter."}
{"id": "PMID:1200575", "title": "Surgical experiences in Nepal.", "content": "Some examples of surgical problems presenting to the authors during a 2-year attachment to the British Military Hospital, Dharan, Nepal, are described.", "contents": "Surgical experiences in Nepal. Some examples of surgical problems presenting to the authors during a 2-year attachment to the British Military Hospital, Dharan, Nepal, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1200569", "title": "Pyriform sinus cancer: a clinical and laboratory study.", "content": "In our patient population, cancer of the hypopharynx arose 19 times as often in the pyriform sinus as in the postcricoid space (152:8). Most of the growths were far advanced when first seen (90% T3), and enlarged cervical nodes were present in 66% of the patients. Three year survival rates free of disease were as follows: primary surgical treatment (laryngectomy, radical neck dissection) (8/28) 29%; primary radiotherapy (2/55) 4%; and combined preoperative radiation (12/33) 36%. Serial section studies of 51 surgical specimens indicate that T1 and T2 lesions, especially those confined in the medial wall, are probably curable by radiotherapy. Larger lesions invade deeply into the larynx and resemble transglottic growth in their pattern of spread. Conservation surgery would have been inadequate for all but perhaps one growth in this series of 51 lesions, because of the high rate of invasion by cancer into and through the thyroid cartilage and cricoid ring (22/51). Although surface presentation of this group of pyriform sinus cancers rarely reflected the extent of invasion, each of the 22 growths that invaded portions of the thyroid or cricoid cartilages was characterized by clinical involvement of the apex and lateral wall of the pyriform sinus on laryngoscopy or barium swallow.", "contents": "Pyriform sinus cancer: a clinical and laboratory study. In our patient population, cancer of the hypopharynx arose 19 times as often in the pyriform sinus as in the postcricoid space (152:8). Most of the growths were far advanced when first seen (90% T3), and enlarged cervical nodes were present in 66% of the patients. Three year survival rates free of disease were as follows: primary surgical treatment (laryngectomy, radical neck dissection) (8/28) 29%; primary radiotherapy (2/55) 4%; and combined preoperative radiation (12/33) 36%. Serial section studies of 51 surgical specimens indicate that T1 and T2 lesions, especially those confined in the medial wall, are probably curable by radiotherapy. Larger lesions invade deeply into the larynx and resemble transglottic growth in their pattern of spread. Conservation surgery would have been inadequate for all but perhaps one growth in this series of 51 lesions, because of the high rate of invasion by cancer into and through the thyroid cartilage and cricoid ring (22/51). Although surface presentation of this group of pyriform sinus cancers rarely reflected the extent of invasion, each of the 22 growths that invaded portions of the thyroid or cricoid cartilages was characterized by clinical involvement of the apex and lateral wall of the pyriform sinus on laryngoscopy or barium swallow."}
{"id": "PMID:1200567", "title": "Tracheal incision as a contributing factor to tracheal stenosis. An experimental study.", "content": "Tracheostomies were performed on 25 mongrel dogs, employing either a vertical or inverted U flap incision in the trachea. Following cannulation for 14 days, the animals were maintained for three months and endolarygeal photographs were taken. At the time of autopsy, comparisons of the gross specimens were carried out, as well as histological sectioning through the tracheal stomal area. Both endolaryngeal examination and study of the gross specimens at autopsy revealed less distortion of the tracheal lumen following the flap versus vertical tracheostomy, especially in those animals having the flap of cartilage resewn to the trachea at the time of decannulation. Measurements of the cross sectional area at the tracheal stoma were also made. In animals having a flap  tracheostomy, the stomal lumen was preserved, regardless of resuturing the flap. However, animals having a vertical tracheostomy lost an average of 18% of the tracheal area when compared with those having a flap incision. Histological examination revealed cartilaginous growth across the tracheostomy incision only in animals having the flap tracheostomy. Support for the flap tracheostomy is provided from animal experimentation.", "contents": "Tracheal incision as a contributing factor to tracheal stenosis. An experimental study. Tracheostomies were performed on 25 mongrel dogs, employing either a vertical or inverted U flap incision in the trachea. Following cannulation for 14 days, the animals were maintained for three months and endolarygeal photographs were taken. At the time of autopsy, comparisons of the gross specimens were carried out, as well as histological sectioning through the tracheal stomal area. Both endolaryngeal examination and study of the gross specimens at autopsy revealed less distortion of the tracheal lumen following the flap versus vertical tracheostomy, especially in those animals having the flap of cartilage resewn to the trachea at the time of decannulation. Measurements of the cross sectional area at the tracheal stoma were also made. In animals having a flap  tracheostomy, the stomal lumen was preserved, regardless of resuturing the flap. However, animals having a vertical tracheostomy lost an average of 18% of the tracheal area when compared with those having a flap incision. Histological examination revealed cartilaginous growth across the tracheostomy incision only in animals having the flap tracheostomy. Support for the flap tracheostomy is provided from animal experimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200571", "title": "Rehabilitation of the shoulder after radical neck dissection.", "content": "After classical radical neck dissection with removal of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and division of the spinal accessory nerve, there are certain disabling or disagreeable musculoskeletal defects. This paper describes the muscular deficiencies and gives a set of exercises which can be counted on to minimize the problems.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of the shoulder after radical neck dissection. After classical radical neck dissection with removal of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and division of the spinal accessory nerve, there are certain disabling or disagreeable musculoskeletal defects. This paper describes the muscular deficiencies and gives a set of exercises which can be counted on to minimize the problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1200565", "title": "Nontraumatic, nonneoplastic subglottic stenosis.", "content": "During a 20-year period, 12 patients with nontraumatic, nonneoplastic subglottic stenosis were seen at the Mayo Clinic. The etiologic factors were relapsing polychondritis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, and Wegener's granulomatosis. Because of the diverse initial presentation of the disease, the clinician should consider that the stenosis is a manifestation of a systemic disorder and carry out an otolaryngologic and physical examination with the appropriate roentgenograms and blood and urine tests. Treatment, if a systemic disease is proved, consists of appropriate medication. Surgery may be necessary, depending on the nature of the lesion. Small strictures may not need to be treated.", "contents": "Nontraumatic, nonneoplastic subglottic stenosis. During a 20-year period, 12 patients with nontraumatic, nonneoplastic subglottic stenosis were seen at the Mayo Clinic. The etiologic factors were relapsing polychondritis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, and Wegener's granulomatosis. Because of the diverse initial presentation of the disease, the clinician should consider that the stenosis is a manifestation of a systemic disorder and carry out an otolaryngologic and physical examination with the appropriate roentgenograms and blood and urine tests. Treatment, if a systemic disease is proved, consists of appropriate medication. Surgery may be necessary, depending on the nature of the lesion. Small strictures may not need to be treated."}
{"id": "PMID:1200570", "title": "Radiation failures in cancer of the larynx.", "content": "Overwhelming statistics have been published regarding the success of radiation therapy in the management of laryngeal carcinoma. The fate of those patients whose cancers are not controlled by radiotherapy is often left to speculation. An analysis is made of 61 patients with early and advanced laryngeal cancer treated initially with radiation therapy and subsequently operated upon because of recurrent or persistent tumor. Frequently, diagnosis of recurrence is difficult or delayed. Preservation of voice can only be accomplished when recurrence of T1 and T2 lesions is detected early and strict criteria are followed. Conservation surgery is not feasible for early lesions which progress after radiation failure. Advanced T2 and T4 lesions which become radiation failures also require laryngectomy for salvage. In cancer of the larynx, there is a definite, identifiable group of patients in whom surgery would be advisable as the initial therapy.", "contents": "Radiation failures in cancer of the larynx. Overwhelming statistics have been published regarding the success of radiation therapy in the management of laryngeal carcinoma. The fate of those patients whose cancers are not controlled by radiotherapy is often left to speculation. An analysis is made of 61 patients with early and advanced laryngeal cancer treated initially with radiation therapy and subsequently operated upon because of recurrent or persistent tumor. Frequently, diagnosis of recurrence is difficult or delayed. Preservation of voice can only be accomplished when recurrence of T1 and T2 lesions is detected early and strict criteria are followed. Conservation surgery is not feasible for early lesions which progress after radiation failure. Advanced T2 and T4 lesions which become radiation failures also require laryngectomy for salvage. In cancer of the larynx, there is a definite, identifiable group of patients in whom surgery would be advisable as the initial therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1200616", "title": "Rhythms and periodicity in health and disease.", "content": "Biorhythms longer than the circadian that influence reactions of people and characterizes some diseases have not received much medical attention. The lay press describes cycles of 23, 28 and 33 days said to regulate moods, intellectual ability and efficiency, respectively. Whether or not three overlapping cycles actually regulate three different vague reactions may be questioned. Of interest, however, are rhythms of similar tempo which control mensis, cyclic changes in male hormones and a number of periodic diseases. Although reports of more than 2500 cases of periodic diseases have been published, physicians generally are skeptical on the subject. Incorrect diagnosis leads to unnecessary testing, surgical exploration and medication.", "contents": "Rhythms and periodicity in health and disease. Biorhythms longer than the circadian that influence reactions of people and characterizes some diseases have not received much medical attention. The lay press describes cycles of 23, 28 and 33 days said to regulate moods, intellectual ability and efficiency, respectively. Whether or not three overlapping cycles actually regulate three different vague reactions may be questioned. Of interest, however, are rhythms of similar tempo which control mensis, cyclic changes in male hormones and a number of periodic diseases. Although reports of more than 2500 cases of periodic diseases have been published, physicians generally are skeptical on the subject. Incorrect diagnosis leads to unnecessary testing, surgical exploration and medication."}
{"id": "PMID:1200617", "title": "Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of trace metals in biological fluids.", "content": "Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry has five major advantages for measurements of trace metals in biological materials, in comparison to measurements by conventional flame atomic absorption analysis: (1) Trace metal contamination is minimized by avoidance of preliminary chemical extractions and additions of reagents; (2) Sample volumes are small (1 to 50 mu1). The entire sample is vaporized in electrothermal atomization, whereas in most flame nebulization systems only a small fraction of the sample enters the flame; (3) Atoms are released in higher concentrations. In electrothermal atomization, the atom cloud is released into a relatively small volume of gas. In contrast, in flame atomization, the atom cloud is diluted by the high flow rate of gases and by expansion of gases during combustion; (4) Molecular recombination of atoms is retarded by the atmosphere of inert gas which restricts chemical reactions (e.g., oxidation). In contrast, in flame atomization, oxidation occurs very rapidly; and (5) By programmed increments in temperature, electrothermal atomization permits organic constituents to be pyrolyzed prior to vaporization and atomization of metals. Despite these advantages, electrothermal atomic absorption is particularly subject to interferences and sources of imprecision which necessitate critical evaluations in the prospective analyst's laboratory before an electrothermal method can be confidently employed for diagnostic measurements of a specific trace metal in body fluids.", "contents": "Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of trace metals in biological fluids. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry has five major advantages for measurements of trace metals in biological materials, in comparison to measurements by conventional flame atomic absorption analysis: (1) Trace metal contamination is minimized by avoidance of preliminary chemical extractions and additions of reagents; (2) Sample volumes are small (1 to 50 mu1). The entire sample is vaporized in electrothermal atomization, whereas in most flame nebulization systems only a small fraction of the sample enters the flame; (3) Atoms are released in higher concentrations. In electrothermal atomization, the atom cloud is released into a relatively small volume of gas. In contrast, in flame atomization, the atom cloud is diluted by the high flow rate of gases and by expansion of gases during combustion; (4) Molecular recombination of atoms is retarded by the atmosphere of inert gas which restricts chemical reactions (e.g., oxidation). In contrast, in flame atomization, oxidation occurs very rapidly; and (5) By programmed increments in temperature, electrothermal atomization permits organic constituents to be pyrolyzed prior to vaporization and atomization of metals. Despite these advantages, electrothermal atomic absorption is particularly subject to interferences and sources of imprecision which necessitate critical evaluations in the prospective analyst's laboratory before an electrothermal method can be confidently employed for diagnostic measurements of a specific trace metal in body fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:1200618", "title": "Somatomedin and the regulation of skeletal growth.", "content": "Somatomedin is a polypeptide(s) which \"mediates\" the actions of growth hormone. This pituitary dependent hormone was previously called \"sulfation factor,\" a term derived from the bioassay technique which measures the incorporation of radioactive sulfate into cartilage glycosaminoglycans. Somatomedin has a more general effect upon cartilage; it is necessary for the cell multiplication and cartilage maturation which results in the growth of long bones. Somatomedin is not found in the plasma in growth hormone deficiency and appears following growth hormone administration. A genetic defect in somatomedin synthesis has been identified in the Laron's dwarf. Growth hormone is present in excess in the plasma and growth hormone administration does not stimulate somatomedin synthesis in this syndrome. Insufficient data are available to delineate the role for somatomedin in other growth disturbances. It has been demonstrated that glucocorticoid hormones interfere with both somatomedin synthesis and its biological activity. Purification of somatomedins in plasma has been achieved and radioreceptor or radioimmunoassays will be available in the future for study of growth problems in children.", "contents": "Somatomedin and the regulation of skeletal growth. Somatomedin is a polypeptide(s) which \"mediates\" the actions of growth hormone. This pituitary dependent hormone was previously called \"sulfation factor,\" a term derived from the bioassay technique which measures the incorporation of radioactive sulfate into cartilage glycosaminoglycans. Somatomedin has a more general effect upon cartilage; it is necessary for the cell multiplication and cartilage maturation which results in the growth of long bones. Somatomedin is not found in the plasma in growth hormone deficiency and appears following growth hormone administration. A genetic defect in somatomedin synthesis has been identified in the Laron's dwarf. Growth hormone is present in excess in the plasma and growth hormone administration does not stimulate somatomedin synthesis in this syndrome. Insufficient data are available to delineate the role for somatomedin in other growth disturbances. It has been demonstrated that glucocorticoid hormones interfere with both somatomedin synthesis and its biological activity. Purification of somatomedins in plasma has been achieved and radioreceptor or radioimmunoassays will be available in the future for study of growth problems in children."}
{"id": "PMID:1200619", "title": "Acute bacterial arthritis.", "content": "Analysis of 29 consecutive cases of acute bacterial arthritis requiring hospitalization reveals the importance of local and systemic immunologic states or conditions which reduce the efficacy of immune responses in the establishment of joint infections. The complications of trauma and surgery are considered as interfering with the normal local immune response.", "contents": "Acute bacterial arthritis. Analysis of 29 consecutive cases of acute bacterial arthritis requiring hospitalization reveals the importance of local and systemic immunologic states or conditions which reduce the efficacy of immune responses in the establishment of joint infections. The complications of trauma and surgery are considered as interfering with the normal local immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:1200620", "title": "Tumors of striated muscle.", "content": "Three benign forms of muscle tumors and three variants of rhabdomyosarcoma are discussed from the point of view of their histology and behabior. Recent combined modality therapy has significantly improved the prognosis in at least the embryonal form of rhabdomyosarcoma.", "contents": "Tumors of striated muscle. Three benign forms of muscle tumors and three variants of rhabdomyosarcoma are discussed from the point of view of their histology and behabior. Recent combined modality therapy has significantly improved the prognosis in at least the embryonal form of rhabdomyosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1200627", "title": "Microbial utilization of Pinus radiata bark.", "content": "A screening program using suspensions of ground bark in mineral salts media, or extracts prepared from ground bark by treating with hot water, sulfuric acid, ammonium hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide, yielded more  than 200 pure cultures of fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. Only 38 of these have good growth on liquid bark media. All were filamentous fungi, although many bacteria and yeasts were among the cultures that failed to give appreciable growth. Species of Penicillium, Scopulariopsis, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, and Fusarium were among the most actively growing cultures. Cell biomass yields, as measured by cell nitrogen determination, were too low for  economic production of single cell protein.", "contents": "Microbial utilization of Pinus radiata bark. A screening program using suspensions of ground bark in mineral salts media, or extracts prepared from ground bark by treating with hot water, sulfuric acid, ammonium hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide, yielded more  than 200 pure cultures of fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. Only 38 of these have good growth on liquid bark media. All were filamentous fungi, although many bacteria and yeasts were among the cultures that failed to give appreciable growth. Species of Penicillium, Scopulariopsis, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, and Fusarium were among the most actively growing cultures. Cell biomass yields, as measured by cell nitrogen determination, were too low for  economic production of single cell protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1200628", "title": "D-Glucose isomerase: constitutive and catabolite repression-resistant mutants of Streptomyces phaeochromogenes.", "content": "As in other Streptomyces species, the enzymatic conversion of D-glucose to D-fructose is carried out in Streptomyces phaeochromogenes NRRL B-3559 by the inducible enzyme, D-xylose keto isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5). Mutants of this microorganism were selected for their ability to grow on D-lyxose (2-epimer of D-xlose). As a result of the mutational event, the microorganism constitutively produced D-xylose isomerase. As in the parent strain, the constitutive formation of the isomerase was repressed by D-glucose. The fact that this mutant was unable to grow in low D-xylose concentrations in the presence of the D-glucose analogue, 3-O-methylglucose, permitted the isolation of D-xylose isomerase constitutive mutants which were insensitive to D-glucose repression.", "contents": "D-Glucose isomerase: constitutive and catabolite repression-resistant mutants of Streptomyces phaeochromogenes. As in other Streptomyces species, the enzymatic conversion of D-glucose to D-fructose is carried out in Streptomyces phaeochromogenes NRRL B-3559 by the inducible enzyme, D-xylose keto isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5). Mutants of this microorganism were selected for their ability to grow on D-lyxose (2-epimer of D-xlose). As a result of the mutational event, the microorganism constitutively produced D-xylose isomerase. As in the parent strain, the constitutive formation of the isomerase was repressed by D-glucose. The fact that this mutant was unable to grow in low D-xylose concentrations in the presence of the D-glucose analogue, 3-O-methylglucose, permitted the isolation of D-xylose isomerase constitutive mutants which were insensitive to D-glucose repression."}
{"id": "PMID:1200629", "title": "Treatment of Salmonella-Arizona-infected turtle eggs with terramycin and chloromycetin by the temperature-differential egg dip method.", "content": "Attempts to eliminate Salmonella and Arizona infection from newly hatched turtles were made by dipping fresh eggs in cold solutions of Terramycin and Chloromycetin at 1,000, 1,200, 1,500 and 2,000 mug per ml for either 10, 20, or 30 min. Control groups consisted of hatchings produced from nondipped eggs or eggs dipped in chilled water. In two of the four experiments 5 to 10 eggs were blended on days 15, 30, and 45 post antibiotic dip treatment.  Twenty-five to 60 hatchlings from each control or experimental dip groups were held in containers and the water was tested (excretion method) for Salmonella and Arizona every 15 or 30 days for 180 to 210 days after hatching. Representative turtles were homogenized (blending method) to determine if systemic infections were present. All specimens tested were enriched in tetrathionate and selenite cystine broth. Nondipped eggs and water-dipped eggs routinely showed Salmonella and Arizona present in egg homogenate and hatchlings emerging from these eggs excreted these pathogens. Terramycin- and Chloromycetin-dipped eggs were uniformly negative for these pathogens, only if fresh eggs were dipped. Bacteriological assay of container water and whole turtle homogenate from hatchlings were negative for Salmonella and Arizona if eggs were dipped in 1,000 mug of Terramycin early in the egg laying season or if eggs were dipped in 1,500 or 2,000 mug of Terramycin per ml late in the egg laying season. The results of temperature-differential egg dip studies suggest that this is a feasible and promising method by which to eradicate Salmonella and Arizona from the turtle.", "contents": "Treatment of Salmonella-Arizona-infected turtle eggs with terramycin and chloromycetin by the temperature-differential egg dip method. Attempts to eliminate Salmonella and Arizona infection from newly hatched turtles were made by dipping fresh eggs in cold solutions of Terramycin and Chloromycetin at 1,000, 1,200, 1,500 and 2,000 mug per ml for either 10, 20, or 30 min. Control groups consisted of hatchings produced from nondipped eggs or eggs dipped in chilled water. In two of the four experiments 5 to 10 eggs were blended on days 15, 30, and 45 post antibiotic dip treatment.  Twenty-five to 60 hatchlings from each control or experimental dip groups were held in containers and the water was tested (excretion method) for Salmonella and Arizona every 15 or 30 days for 180 to 210 days after hatching. Representative turtles were homogenized (blending method) to determine if systemic infections were present. All specimens tested were enriched in tetrathionate and selenite cystine broth. Nondipped eggs and water-dipped eggs routinely showed Salmonella and Arizona present in egg homogenate and hatchlings emerging from these eggs excreted these pathogens. Terramycin- and Chloromycetin-dipped eggs were uniformly negative for these pathogens, only if fresh eggs were dipped. Bacteriological assay of container water and whole turtle homogenate from hatchlings were negative for Salmonella and Arizona if eggs were dipped in 1,000 mug of Terramycin early in the egg laying season or if eggs were dipped in 1,500 or 2,000 mug of Terramycin per ml late in the egg laying season. The results of temperature-differential egg dip studies suggest that this is a feasible and promising method by which to eradicate Salmonella and Arizona from the turtle."}
{"id": "PMID:1200630", "title": "Prodiginine (prodigiosin-like) pigments from Streptoverticillium rubrireticuli, an organism that causes pink staining of polyvinyl chloride.", "content": "Red pigments were extracted from Streptoverticillium rubrireticuli strain 100-19, an organism frequently incriminated in pink staining of polyvinyl chloride. These pigments were identified as undecylprodiginine and butylcycloheptylprodiginine.", "contents": "Prodiginine (prodigiosin-like) pigments from Streptoverticillium rubrireticuli, an organism that causes pink staining of polyvinyl chloride. Red pigments were extracted from Streptoverticillium rubrireticuli strain 100-19, an organism frequently incriminated in pink staining of polyvinyl chloride. These pigments were identified as undecylprodiginine and butylcycloheptylprodiginine."}
{"id": "PMID:1200631", "title": "Identification of a component of crystalline egg albumin bactericidal for thermophilic aerobic sporeformers.", "content": "During an investigation of the effect of basic and acidic proteins on the growth of thermophilic aerobic sporeformers, crystalline egg albumin was found to be strongly bactericidal. This finding was uncharacteristic of acidic proteins. The bactericidal fraction was heat sensitive and separated from the non-bactericidal albumin fraction during gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. Cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Bacillus stearothermophilus were lysed rapidly by the bactericidal component, leading to its tentative identification as lysozyme. The bactericidal substance possessed an electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate identical to that of crystalline egg white lysozyme. Users of crystalline egg albumin are cautioned that commerical preparations may be contaminated with lysozyme. Destruction of the thermophilic aerobes by lysozyme should be considered when performing counts on egg products.", "contents": "Identification of a component of crystalline egg albumin bactericidal for thermophilic aerobic sporeformers. During an investigation of the effect of basic and acidic proteins on the growth of thermophilic aerobic sporeformers, crystalline egg albumin was found to be strongly bactericidal. This finding was uncharacteristic of acidic proteins. The bactericidal fraction was heat sensitive and separated from the non-bactericidal albumin fraction during gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. Cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Bacillus stearothermophilus were lysed rapidly by the bactericidal component, leading to its tentative identification as lysozyme. The bactericidal substance possessed an electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate identical to that of crystalline egg white lysozyme. Users of crystalline egg albumin are cautioned that commerical preparations may be contaminated with lysozyme. Destruction of the thermophilic aerobes by lysozyme should be considered when performing counts on egg products."}
{"id": "PMID:1200632", "title": "Interaction between aflatoxicosis and a natural infection of chickens with Salmonella.", "content": "Broiler chicks with a natural congenital infection of Salmonella worthington required a lower concentration of dietary aflatoxin (0.625 mug/g) to depress growth than uninfected chicks (2.50 mug/g).", "contents": "Interaction between aflatoxicosis and a natural infection of chickens with Salmonella. Broiler chicks with a natural congenital infection of Salmonella worthington required a lower concentration of dietary aflatoxin (0.625 mug/g) to depress growth than uninfected chicks (2.50 mug/g)."}
{"id": "PMID:1200633", "title": "Utilization of brewery spent grain liquor by Aspergillus niger.", "content": "Aspergillus niger was found capable of rapidly converting about 97% of the sugar from brewery spent grain liquor to fungal mass. The yield of dry mycelium, based on the sugar consumed, was approximately 57%. This fungus produced 1.10% titratable acid calculated as citric acid and reduced the biochemical oxygen demand by 96%.", "contents": "Utilization of brewery spent grain liquor by Aspergillus niger. Aspergillus niger was found capable of rapidly converting about 97% of the sugar from brewery spent grain liquor to fungal mass. The yield of dry mycelium, based on the sugar consumed, was approximately 57%. This fungus produced 1.10% titratable acid calculated as citric acid and reduced the biochemical oxygen demand by 96%."}
{"id": "PMID:1200650", "title": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Rapid differentiation between staphylococcal- and drug-induced disease.", "content": "Based on the difference in the level of epidermal split, staphylococcal-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) can be rapidly differentiated from drug-induced TEN. The microscopic pathologic findings of the staphylococcal-induced disease shows epidermal cleavage high in the malpighian layer, while the nonstaphylococcal-induced disease shows a subepidermal split. Rapid differentiation is accomplished by histologically examining a frozen section of peeled skin obtained from a fresh lesion of TEN and by performing a Tzanck preparation on the denuded base. In order to illustrate these techniques, we present the cases of two adult patients with TEN; in one the disease was staphylococcal-induced while in the other it was drug-induced.", "contents": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Rapid differentiation between staphylococcal- and drug-induced disease. Based on the difference in the level of epidermal split, staphylococcal-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) can be rapidly differentiated from drug-induced TEN. The microscopic pathologic findings of the staphylococcal-induced disease shows epidermal cleavage high in the malpighian layer, while the nonstaphylococcal-induced disease shows a subepidermal split. Rapid differentiation is accomplished by histologically examining a frozen section of peeled skin obtained from a fresh lesion of TEN and by performing a Tzanck preparation on the denuded base. In order to illustrate these techniques, we present the cases of two adult patients with TEN; in one the disease was staphylococcal-induced while in the other it was drug-induced."}
{"id": "PMID:1200651", "title": "Mechlorethamine in psoriasis. Further attempts to induce immunological tolerance.", "content": "Further attempts to induce immunological tolerance in 29 psoriatic patients treated topically with mechlorethamine hydrochloride have not been successful using the intravenous route. The rate of sensitization achieved (65%) is not substantially different from the rate for those patients who had no attempt to induce tolerance (55.5%).", "contents": "Mechlorethamine in psoriasis. Further attempts to induce immunological tolerance. Further attempts to induce immunological tolerance in 29 psoriatic patients treated topically with mechlorethamine hydrochloride have not been successful using the intravenous route. The rate of sensitization achieved (65%) is not substantially different from the rate for those patients who had no attempt to induce tolerance (55.5%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1200652", "title": "Percutaneous penetration following use of hair dyes.", "content": "We assess the percutaneous penetration potential of two commercially distributed semipermanent hair dyes. Utilizing several solvent systems in conjunction with thin-layer chromatography (TLC), we found that the commercial formulations contained at least nine component chemicals. Eight adult volunteers had their hair dyed with these preparations and 24-hour urine specimens were collected daily for five days. The urine was lyophilized and extracted with diethyl ether under acid and alkaline conditions. The TLC of urine from four of the eight subjects, taken from one to four days after dyeing the hair, disclosed a purple spot. This spot, though not identified, was the same with both dye preparations. It is likely that these hair dyes not uncommonly penetrate the skin.", "contents": "Percutaneous penetration following use of hair dyes. We assess the percutaneous penetration potential of two commercially distributed semipermanent hair dyes. Utilizing several solvent systems in conjunction with thin-layer chromatography (TLC), we found that the commercial formulations contained at least nine component chemicals. Eight adult volunteers had their hair dyed with these preparations and 24-hour urine specimens were collected daily for five days. The urine was lyophilized and extracted with diethyl ether under acid and alkaline conditions. The TLC of urine from four of the eight subjects, taken from one to four days after dyeing the hair, disclosed a purple spot. This spot, though not identified, was the same with both dye preparations. It is likely that these hair dyes not uncommonly penetrate the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:1200653", "title": "Multilating granuloma inguinale.", "content": "Granuloma inguinale is an uncommon infectious granulomatous disease of the inguinale area that can insidiously engulf and mutilate tissue. The reported case of granuloma inguinale demonstrated the painless progression of the disease to destroy most penile, scrotal, and inguinal tissue and also showed the subsequent satisfactory therapeutic result with antibiotic treatment. Light microscopy of plastic-embedded thin-sectioned tissue specimens allowed clear demonstration of the Donovan bodies and may be valuable in diagnosis.", "contents": "Multilating granuloma inguinale. Granuloma inguinale is an uncommon infectious granulomatous disease of the inguinale area that can insidiously engulf and mutilate tissue. The reported case of granuloma inguinale demonstrated the painless progression of the disease to destroy most penile, scrotal, and inguinal tissue and also showed the subsequent satisfactory therapeutic result with antibiotic treatment. Light microscopy of plastic-embedded thin-sectioned tissue specimens allowed clear demonstration of the Donovan bodies and may be valuable in diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200654", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of lightning injury.", "content": "This report calls attention to a bizarre, almost pathognomonic, cutaneous feature of lightning injury. It has been variously described as \"lightning prints,\" \"arborescent\" burns, or \"feathering,\" and has long been neglected in the dermatologic literature. Its recognition may be lifesaving in the unaccompanied comatose patient and is important because even delayed resuscitation of lightning victims can be very successful.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of lightning injury. This report calls attention to a bizarre, almost pathognomonic, cutaneous feature of lightning injury. It has been variously described as \"lightning prints,\" \"arborescent\" burns, or \"feathering,\" and has long been neglected in the dermatologic literature. Its recognition may be lifesaving in the unaccompanied comatose patient and is important because even delayed resuscitation of lightning victims can be very successful."}
{"id": "PMID:1200655", "title": "Prurigo nodularis. Histological and electron microscopical study.", "content": "We describe a typical case of prurigo nodularis, of 15 years' duration, in a middle-aged woman. Histological and electron microscopical examination of the skin lesions revealed distinct changes in the nerve tissue. There were groups of thickened nerve fibers that formed nodules with numerous Schwann cells. Some of the nerve bundles extended to the dermoepidermal junction. Electron microscopy showed very obvious lesions in the Schwann cells and axons. In the Schwann cells there was a lucent cytoplasm with few mitochondria, an absence of endoplasmic reticulum and a few irregular, membrane-bound vacuoles. While the mesaxons all appeared normal, the axons varied greatly in diameter; the small ones appeared normal and contained neurofibrils and neurotubules, whereas the large onew were empty. Every Schwann cell encircled a large number of axons. It may be assumed that the axon swelling is a nonspecific reaction to injury.", "contents": "Prurigo nodularis. Histological and electron microscopical study. We describe a typical case of prurigo nodularis, of 15 years' duration, in a middle-aged woman. Histological and electron microscopical examination of the skin lesions revealed distinct changes in the nerve tissue. There were groups of thickened nerve fibers that formed nodules with numerous Schwann cells. Some of the nerve bundles extended to the dermoepidermal junction. Electron microscopy showed very obvious lesions in the Schwann cells and axons. In the Schwann cells there was a lucent cytoplasm with few mitochondria, an absence of endoplasmic reticulum and a few irregular, membrane-bound vacuoles. While the mesaxons all appeared normal, the axons varied greatly in diameter; the small ones appeared normal and contained neurofibrils and neurotubules, whereas the large onew were empty. Every Schwann cell encircled a large number of axons. It may be assumed that the axon swelling is a nonspecific reaction to injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1200656", "title": "Umbilical metastasis from carcinoma of the stomach. Sister Joseph's nodule.", "content": "A patient had umbilical metastasis from a carcinoma of the stomach. The umbilical lesion (Sister Joseph's nodule) is a characteristic sign of metastatic tumor, and the diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy. The cutaneous metastasis was associated with visceral metastases.", "contents": "Umbilical metastasis from carcinoma of the stomach. Sister Joseph's nodule. A patient had umbilical metastasis from a carcinoma of the stomach. The umbilical lesion (Sister Joseph's nodule) is a characteristic sign of metastatic tumor, and the diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy. The cutaneous metastasis was associated with visceral metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:1200657", "title": "Bowen disease associated with porokeratosis of Mibelli.", "content": "A 73-year-old woman developed Bowen precancerous dermatosis in an area of porokeratosis of Mibelli on her leg. This is the fourth reported case of Bowen disease arising from porokeratosis of Mibelli. The recent literature indicates that porokeratosis of Mibelli may be due to an abnormal clone of cells, predisposing affected individuals to development of malignant neoplasms over the involved areas.", "contents": "Bowen disease associated with porokeratosis of Mibelli. A 73-year-old woman developed Bowen precancerous dermatosis in an area of porokeratosis of Mibelli on her leg. This is the fourth reported case of Bowen disease arising from porokeratosis of Mibelli. The recent literature indicates that porokeratosis of Mibelli may be due to an abnormal clone of cells, predisposing affected individuals to development of malignant neoplasms over the involved areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1200658", "title": "Anonychia with ectrodactyly.", "content": "A patient had congenital absence of thumb nails with associated absence of the distal phalanges of the thumbs. We reveiw the pertinent literature.", "contents": "Anonychia with ectrodactyly. A patient had congenital absence of thumb nails with associated absence of the distal phalanges of the thumbs. We reveiw the pertinent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1200659", "title": "Pemphigus involving the eyes.", "content": "Two persons with pemphigus vulgaris involving the eyes were studied. In one case, in vivo-fixed intercellular deposition of IgG was demonstrated in a specimen from the conjunctiva.", "contents": "Pemphigus involving the eyes. Two persons with pemphigus vulgaris involving the eyes were studied. In one case, in vivo-fixed intercellular deposition of IgG was demonstrated in a specimen from the conjunctiva."}
{"id": "PMID:1200660", "title": "Ionizing radiation therapy in dermatology. Current use in the United States and Canada.", "content": "A comprehensive survey of the Task Force on Ionizing Radiation of the National Program for Dermatology was answered by 2,444 dermatologists in the United States and Canada (53.6% of 4,560 questionnaires). Computer analysis of the data showed that 55.5% of dermatologic offices are equipped with superficial x-ray machines and/or grenz ray units and that 44.3% of dermatologists use superficial x-ray or grenz rays regularly. Most respondents (65.8%) favor increased practical instruction in radiotherapy in training programs. A majority (63.4%) want examinations in radiation therapy by the American Board of Dermatology continued or increased. Data dealing with training in radiation therapy, reasons for non-utilization, alternate care, radiation safety, and economic considerations are presented in detail. Common indications for superficial x-ray therapy and grenz ray therapy are listed in order of frequency and percentage of use.", "contents": "Ionizing radiation therapy in dermatology. Current use in the United States and Canada. A comprehensive survey of the Task Force on Ionizing Radiation of the National Program for Dermatology was answered by 2,444 dermatologists in the United States and Canada (53.6% of 4,560 questionnaires). Computer analysis of the data showed that 55.5% of dermatologic offices are equipped with superficial x-ray machines and/or grenz ray units and that 44.3% of dermatologists use superficial x-ray or grenz rays regularly. Most respondents (65.8%) favor increased practical instruction in radiotherapy in training programs. A majority (63.4%) want examinations in radiation therapy by the American Board of Dermatology continued or increased. Data dealing with training in radiation therapy, reasons for non-utilization, alternate care, radiation safety, and economic considerations are presented in detail. Common indications for superficial x-ray therapy and grenz ray therapy are listed in order of frequency and percentage of use."}
{"id": "PMID:1200661", "title": "Treatment of mycosis fungoides with topical nitrosourea compounds: Further studies.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with mycosis fungoides were treated topically with three nitrosourea compounds: carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea. A high percentage experienced good to excellent results. Remissions following treatment of individual lesions varied from one month to at least three years. Remissions following total body surface treatment varied from two weeks to at least four months. Two of 13 patients treated over the entire body suffered temporary bone marrow depression, indluding one with severe pancytopenia. This toxic effect was attributed to lomustine and was not seen in patients treated with carmustine alone. Thirteen patients highly allergic to mechlorethamine hydrochloride showed no cross-sensitivity to nitrosourea compounds. A primary irritant dermatitis occurred in about one half of the patients and telangiectasia in two. Two patients developed hypersensitivity to nitrosourea compounds. Carmustine is the preferred nitrosourea compound for topical therapy of mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Treatment of mycosis fungoides with topical nitrosourea compounds: Further studies. Twenty-six patients with mycosis fungoides were treated topically with three nitrosourea compounds: carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea. A high percentage experienced good to excellent results. Remissions following treatment of individual lesions varied from one month to at least three years. Remissions following total body surface treatment varied from two weeks to at least four months. Two of 13 patients treated over the entire body suffered temporary bone marrow depression, indluding one with severe pancytopenia. This toxic effect was attributed to lomustine and was not seen in patients treated with carmustine alone. Thirteen patients highly allergic to mechlorethamine hydrochloride showed no cross-sensitivity to nitrosourea compounds. A primary irritant dermatitis occurred in about one half of the patients and telangiectasia in two. Two patients developed hypersensitivity to nitrosourea compounds. Carmustine is the preferred nitrosourea compound for topical therapy of mycosis fungoides."}
{"id": "PMID:1200662", "title": "Apparently normal skin in lepromatous leprosy: histopathological findings.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of apparently uninvolved skin from 34 patients with lepromatous leprosy were studied histologically. Bacilli were found in 30 of 31 specimens from clinically polar or near-polar lepromatous patients but not in the three from nonpolar patients. A predominantly perivascular distribution of infiltrate and bacilli is consistent with a hematogenous spread of infection. Subclinical, diffuse lepromatous leprosy is found in patients with nodular lesions and may precede the development of nodules. Study of apparently uninvolved skin may be helpful in classifying patients, in interpreting immunologic responses, and in elucidating the natural history of the illness.", "contents": "Apparently normal skin in lepromatous leprosy: histopathological findings. Biopsy specimens of apparently uninvolved skin from 34 patients with lepromatous leprosy were studied histologically. Bacilli were found in 30 of 31 specimens from clinically polar or near-polar lepromatous patients but not in the three from nonpolar patients. A predominantly perivascular distribution of infiltrate and bacilli is consistent with a hematogenous spread of infection. Subclinical, diffuse lepromatous leprosy is found in patients with nodular lesions and may precede the development of nodules. Study of apparently uninvolved skin may be helpful in classifying patients, in interpreting immunologic responses, and in elucidating the natural history of the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:1200663", "title": "Long-term intramuscular administration of triamcinolone acetonide. Effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.", "content": "Five patients received intramuscular injections of triamcinolone acetonide for periods ranging from five months to three years. Metyrapone tartrate testing was used to assess the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during, after, and, in one case, before the drug therapy. The HPA axis function was found to be suppressed during the period of treatment and up to ten months after cessation of therapy. Lens opacities appeared in two of the five patients while they were receiving triamcinolone acetonide. Results of this study indicate that patients to whom triamcinolone acetonide has been administered should be given supportive doses of corticosteroids during stressful situations (eg, major surgery). They should also receive ophthalmologic examinations every three to six months while they are receiving the medication.", "contents": "Long-term intramuscular administration of triamcinolone acetonide. Effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Five patients received intramuscular injections of triamcinolone acetonide for periods ranging from five months to three years. Metyrapone tartrate testing was used to assess the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during, after, and, in one case, before the drug therapy. The HPA axis function was found to be suppressed during the period of treatment and up to ten months after cessation of therapy. Lens opacities appeared in two of the five patients while they were receiving triamcinolone acetonide. Results of this study indicate that patients to whom triamcinolone acetonide has been administered should be given supportive doses of corticosteroids during stressful situations (eg, major surgery). They should also receive ophthalmologic examinations every three to six months while they are receiving the medication."}
{"id": "PMID:1200664", "title": "Pseudomelanoma: recurrent melanocytic nevus following partial surgical removal.", "content": "Histological markers enable the correct diagnosis of a pigmented lesion that histologically resembles a superficial spreading malignant melanoma and yet behaves in a wholly benign way. This pseudomelanoma occurs in young adults within a few weeks following partial surgical-shave excision of an intradermal melanocytic nevus.", "contents": "Pseudomelanoma: recurrent melanocytic nevus following partial surgical removal. Histological markers enable the correct diagnosis of a pigmented lesion that histologically resembles a superficial spreading malignant melanoma and yet behaves in a wholly benign way. This pseudomelanoma occurs in young adults within a few weeks following partial surgical-shave excision of an intradermal melanocytic nevus."}
{"id": "PMID:1200665", "title": "Incontinentia pigmenti and defective neutrophil chemotaxis.", "content": "A child with incontinentia pigmenti and chronic erythema multiforme had recurrent bacterial infections. Greatly elevated serum IgE was found. In addition, the patient's neutrophils showed essentially no chemotaxis toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in either patient or control serum. Neutrophil phagocytosis and killing function were normal.", "contents": "Incontinentia pigmenti and defective neutrophil chemotaxis. A child with incontinentia pigmenti and chronic erythema multiforme had recurrent bacterial infections. Greatly elevated serum IgE was found. In addition, the patient's neutrophils showed essentially no chemotaxis toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in either patient or control serum. Neutrophil phagocytosis and killing function were normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1200666", "title": "Incontinentia pigmenti in a 21-year-old man.", "content": "We report a case of incontinentia pigmenti in a 21-year-old man. The rarity of this disease in men is emphaxized. Lesions in the reported patient have faded but are still easily discernible. Six other cases are reviewed.", "contents": "Incontinentia pigmenti in a 21-year-old man. We report a case of incontinentia pigmenti in a 21-year-old man. The rarity of this disease in men is emphaxized. Lesions in the reported patient have faded but are still easily discernible. Six other cases are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200667", "title": "Contact urticaria from cephalosporins.", "content": "A rare instance of contact-type urticaria resulting from an acquired sensitization to cephalosporin compounds in a chemist is reported. Patch tests elicited an immediate urticarial rather than a delayed contact-type response. Similar control tests to other antibiotics gave negative results. Although the patient's primary complaint was urticaria, prolonged or excessive contact with the cephalosporins caused coryza and dyspnea. Following transfer to another laboratory where the patient worked with other chemicals, there was no recurrence of symptoms.", "contents": "Contact urticaria from cephalosporins. A rare instance of contact-type urticaria resulting from an acquired sensitization to cephalosporin compounds in a chemist is reported. Patch tests elicited an immediate urticarial rather than a delayed contact-type response. Similar control tests to other antibiotics gave negative results. Although the patient's primary complaint was urticaria, prolonged or excessive contact with the cephalosporins caused coryza and dyspnea. Following transfer to another laboratory where the patient worked with other chemicals, there was no recurrence of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1200668", "title": "Contact urticaria from cobalt chloride.", "content": "Cobalt chloride should be added to the ever growing list of contact urticants. This chemical is frequently used as a color indicator in provocative sweat testing. In this case, contact urticaria was probably nonimmunologic in origin. Since diphenhydramine and 48-80 (polymonine block this reaction to cobalt chloride, vasoactive amines are at least partially responsible for the urticaria.", "contents": "Contact urticaria from cobalt chloride. Cobalt chloride should be added to the ever growing list of contact urticants. This chemical is frequently used as a color indicator in provocative sweat testing. In this case, contact urticaria was probably nonimmunologic in origin. Since diphenhydramine and 48-80 (polymonine block this reaction to cobalt chloride, vasoactive amines are at least partially responsible for the urticaria."}
{"id": "PMID:1200676", "title": "Clinical application of regional lung function studies in infants and small children using 13N.", "content": "A technique is described for the investigation of regional lung function in infants and children using 13N and a gamma camera. Boluses of isotopic gas are inhaled and perfused while the lung fields are scanned. The child is lightly sedated and breathes normally throughout. Regional function is assessed in terms of the distribution of gas and blood, and the balance between ventilation and perfusion is estimated by comparing an index of the ventilation per unit volume of ventilated lung with that of perfused lung. The use of the method in 8 infants and children with different clinical problems is described to show its application. The method is capable of defining the severity and localization of any abnormality and may also be useful in showing normal function in suspect areas.", "contents": "Clinical application of regional lung function studies in infants and small children using 13N. A technique is described for the investigation of regional lung function in infants and children using 13N and a gamma camera. Boluses of isotopic gas are inhaled and perfused while the lung fields are scanned. The child is lightly sedated and breathes normally throughout. Regional function is assessed in terms of the distribution of gas and blood, and the balance between ventilation and perfusion is estimated by comparing an index of the ventilation per unit volume of ventilated lung with that of perfused lung. The use of the method in 8 infants and children with different clinical problems is described to show its application. The method is capable of defining the severity and localization of any abnormality and may also be useful in showing normal function in suspect areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1200675", "title": "Urinary phenolic acid and alcohol excretion in the newborn.", "content": "Mean urinary excretion values of some phenolic acids and alcohols have been measured by gas chromatography in 44 neonates (36 males, 6 females) during the first 2 days and days 3-7 of life, and the effect of prematurity and jaundice assessed. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (VMA) output rises immediately after birth in term but not in preterm infants. A similar increase in homovanillic acid (HVA) output was restricted to nonjaundiced term babies; in nonjaundiced preterm babies there was a steady rise during the first week. The ratio of HVA to VMA output was higher in these infants than in adults, suggesting a more rapid turnover of dopamine than adrenaline and noradrenaline. Unlike adult values, both HVA and VMA excretion values were directly related to urine volume, an observation perhaps related to renal immaturity. An unexplained reduction in HVA output in jaundiced as opposed to nonjaundiced infants was observed in the first 2 days of life. The ratio of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol to VMA was about the same as in the adult. p-Hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid (p-HPLA), because of its superior stability, was measured in preference to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid as an index of tyrosyluria. An output of 1 mg p-HPLA/24 h is proposed as the upper limit of normal. Prematurity was associated with a significant rise in p-HPLA output. A dramatic increase in excretion of this acid was noted in jaundiced, compared with nonjaundiced infants, presumably a manifestation of general enzyme immaturity.", "contents": "Urinary phenolic acid and alcohol excretion in the newborn. Mean urinary excretion values of some phenolic acids and alcohols have been measured by gas chromatography in 44 neonates (36 males, 6 females) during the first 2 days and days 3-7 of life, and the effect of prematurity and jaundice assessed. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (VMA) output rises immediately after birth in term but not in preterm infants. A similar increase in homovanillic acid (HVA) output was restricted to nonjaundiced term babies; in nonjaundiced preterm babies there was a steady rise during the first week. The ratio of HVA to VMA output was higher in these infants than in adults, suggesting a more rapid turnover of dopamine than adrenaline and noradrenaline. Unlike adult values, both HVA and VMA excretion values were directly related to urine volume, an observation perhaps related to renal immaturity. An unexplained reduction in HVA output in jaundiced as opposed to nonjaundiced infants was observed in the first 2 days of life. The ratio of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol to VMA was about the same as in the adult. p-Hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid (p-HPLA), because of its superior stability, was measured in preference to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid as an index of tyrosyluria. An output of 1 mg p-HPLA/24 h is proposed as the upper limit of normal. Prematurity was associated with a significant rise in p-HPLA output. A dramatic increase in excretion of this acid was noted in jaundiced, compared with nonjaundiced infants, presumably a manifestation of general enzyme immaturity."}
{"id": "PMID:1200677", "title": "Peripheral gangrene in hypernatraemic dehydration of infancy.", "content": "Gangrene of the extremities complicating diarrhoea and severe hypernatraemic dehydration occurred in 6 infants. This is a rare complication of gastroenteritis, and its association with hypernatraemia does not seem to have previously been emphasized. The increased blood viscosity resulting from serum hyperosmolarity may have been responsible for the gangrene, and studies in our patients suggested that disseminated intravascular coagulation was present. In addition to fluid and electrolyte replacement, the infants were treated with heparin with some recovery of the affected extremities.", "contents": "Peripheral gangrene in hypernatraemic dehydration of infancy. Gangrene of the extremities complicating diarrhoea and severe hypernatraemic dehydration occurred in 6 infants. This is a rare complication of gastroenteritis, and its association with hypernatraemia does not seem to have previously been emphasized. The increased blood viscosity resulting from serum hyperosmolarity may have been responsible for the gangrene, and studies in our patients suggested that disseminated intravascular coagulation was present. In addition to fluid and electrolyte replacement, the infants were treated with heparin with some recovery of the affected extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:1200678", "title": "Do the right children have necropsies?. Analysis of selected determinants.", "content": "An analysis of the frequency of post-mortem examinations was conducted in the paediatric age group. Among the factors found to influence necropsy rates were (i) age at death, the frequency of necropsy decreasing with age; (ii) cause of death, necropsy frequency varying with major diagnostic groups; (iii) investigation conducted before death, necropsy frequency decreasing when the clinical picture was ill-defined; and (iv) place of death, necropsy being less frequent when death occurred outside hospital. These findings imply (a) that necropsy practices may be governed by habit and convenience as well as by desire to complete the clinical picture, and (b) that more equitable balances in such practices should be sought if there is to be improvement in the quality of mortality data.", "contents": "Do the right children have necropsies?. Analysis of selected determinants. An analysis of the frequency of post-mortem examinations was conducted in the paediatric age group. Among the factors found to influence necropsy rates were (i) age at death, the frequency of necropsy decreasing with age; (ii) cause of death, necropsy frequency varying with major diagnostic groups; (iii) investigation conducted before death, necropsy frequency decreasing when the clinical picture was ill-defined; and (iv) place of death, necropsy being less frequent when death occurred outside hospital. These findings imply (a) that necropsy practices may be governed by habit and convenience as well as by desire to complete the clinical picture, and (b) that more equitable balances in such practices should be sought if there is to be improvement in the quality of mortality data."}
{"id": "PMID:1200679", "title": "Changes in plasma nephelometry after oral fat loading in children with normal and abnormal small intestinal morphology.", "content": "A standardized oral fat load has been given to 66 children having duodenal or jejunal biopsy, and to 10 children presumed normal. The rise in plasma light scattering intensity (LSI) measured by nephelometry between the fasting and 2-hour postload level (0-2 hour) showed good correlation with the small intestinal morphology in patients suspected of having coeliac disease. In those who had had recurrent diarrhoea and gastroenteritis, the fat load test did not predict small intestinal morphology. Serial studies in 5 treated patients with malabsorption showed increase in the 0-to 2-hour LSI, with corresponding improvement of small intestinal morphology and clinical state.", "contents": "Changes in plasma nephelometry after oral fat loading in children with normal and abnormal small intestinal morphology. A standardized oral fat load has been given to 66 children having duodenal or jejunal biopsy, and to 10 children presumed normal. The rise in plasma light scattering intensity (LSI) measured by nephelometry between the fasting and 2-hour postload level (0-2 hour) showed good correlation with the small intestinal morphology in patients suspected of having coeliac disease. In those who had had recurrent diarrhoea and gastroenteritis, the fat load test did not predict small intestinal morphology. Serial studies in 5 treated patients with malabsorption showed increase in the 0-to 2-hour LSI, with corresponding improvement of small intestinal morphology and clinical state."}
{"id": "PMID:1200680", "title": "Asymptomatic type II hyperprolinaemia associated with hyperglycinaemia in three sibs.", "content": "Three clinically normal sibs were discovered to have type II hyperprolinaemia in a routine serum amino acid screening programme in Sicily. In addition to the basic biochemical features of type II hyperprolinaemia, all 3 children had marked hyperglycinaemia, whereas their parents had both normal blood proline and glycine concentrations. Clinical normality in individuals with hyperprolinaemia may suggest that these two metabolic disorders (types I and II) are benign entities. Furthermore, the absence of clinical abnormality in these sibs, despite the presence of marked hyperprolinaemia and hyperglycinaemia, may suggest that neither of these findings alone causes brain damage. The hyperglycinaemia in these sibs is unexplained and is an unusual if not unique finding in association with hyperprolinaemia.", "contents": "Asymptomatic type II hyperprolinaemia associated with hyperglycinaemia in three sibs. Three clinically normal sibs were discovered to have type II hyperprolinaemia in a routine serum amino acid screening programme in Sicily. In addition to the basic biochemical features of type II hyperprolinaemia, all 3 children had marked hyperglycinaemia, whereas their parents had both normal blood proline and glycine concentrations. Clinical normality in individuals with hyperprolinaemia may suggest that these two metabolic disorders (types I and II) are benign entities. Furthermore, the absence of clinical abnormality in these sibs, despite the presence of marked hyperprolinaemia and hyperglycinaemia, may suggest that neither of these findings alone causes brain damage. The hyperglycinaemia in these sibs is unexplained and is an unusual if not unique finding in association with hyperprolinaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200681", "title": "Herediatary anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Studies in a Nigerian famil.", "content": "Studies in a Nigerian family with hereditary anhidrous ectodermal dysplasia are reported. Microscopical examinations of finger tips for sweat pores were diagnostic in phenotypes, and it is suggested that this simple nonsurgical procedure is a preferred alternative to skin biopsies in the diagnosis of the syndrome. The clinical implications of a tropical environment for the syndrome, as well as the factors that may favour maintenance of the gene in such an environment are discussed.", "contents": "Herediatary anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Studies in a Nigerian famil. Studies in a Nigerian family with hereditary anhidrous ectodermal dysplasia are reported. Microscopical examinations of finger tips for sweat pores were diagnostic in phenotypes, and it is suggested that this simple nonsurgical procedure is a preferred alternative to skin biopsies in the diagnosis of the syndrome. The clinical implications of a tropical environment for the syndrome, as well as the factors that may favour maintenance of the gene in such an environment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200700", "title": "Perifollicular fibromatosis cutis with polyps of the colon--a cutaneo-intestinal syndrome sui generis.", "content": "In the present study, a peculiar fibromatosis cutis in two siblings has been reported the dermatosis being characterized by innumerable perifollicular fibromas on face, neck and trunk as well as multiple fibromata pendulantia. Since the father allegedly had skin lesions resembling those of his two affected children, an inherited condition is assumed for the disease manifesting itself rather late in age. In the female patient, several adenomatous colon polyps one being transformed into carcinoma were found. Since the association of distinct epithelial and mesenchymal tumours of the skin and the cranial bones with multiple colon polyps is typical for Gardner's syndrome, we have discussed in detail the possiblity of an unknown variant of it. On the other hand, most features of Gardner's syndrome (cutaneous and subcutaneous epidermoid cysts, desmoid tumours, generalized osteomas, a marked multitude of colon polyps, early manifestation of skin and bone changes) were absent in both cases whereas, to our knowledge, in Gardner's syndrome perifollicular fibromas have never been seen. Since perifollicular fibromas are organoid tumours of the mesenchymal hair sheath being clearly defined both clinically and histologically, they must not be confused with the equally well characterized cutaneous tumours of Gardner's syndrome. We are prone to assume that the (irregular?) ASSOCAITION OF MULTIPLE PERIFOLLICULAR FIBROMAS AND COLON POLYPS Represents a distinct nosological entity neither identical with Gardner's syndrome nor with any other known dermo-intestinal syndrome. Thus, perifollicular fibromatosis should alert the dermatologist to consider periodic thorough examination for intestinal polyps the more as they may change into malignant growth.", "contents": "Perifollicular fibromatosis cutis with polyps of the colon--a cutaneo-intestinal syndrome sui generis. In the present study, a peculiar fibromatosis cutis in two siblings has been reported the dermatosis being characterized by innumerable perifollicular fibromas on face, neck and trunk as well as multiple fibromata pendulantia. Since the father allegedly had skin lesions resembling those of his two affected children, an inherited condition is assumed for the disease manifesting itself rather late in age. In the female patient, several adenomatous colon polyps one being transformed into carcinoma were found. Since the association of distinct epithelial and mesenchymal tumours of the skin and the cranial bones with multiple colon polyps is typical for Gardner's syndrome, we have discussed in detail the possiblity of an unknown variant of it. On the other hand, most features of Gardner's syndrome (cutaneous and subcutaneous epidermoid cysts, desmoid tumours, generalized osteomas, a marked multitude of colon polyps, early manifestation of skin and bone changes) were absent in both cases whereas, to our knowledge, in Gardner's syndrome perifollicular fibromas have never been seen. Since perifollicular fibromas are organoid tumours of the mesenchymal hair sheath being clearly defined both clinically and histologically, they must not be confused with the equally well characterized cutaneous tumours of Gardner's syndrome. We are prone to assume that the (irregular?) ASSOCAITION OF MULTIPLE PERIFOLLICULAR FIBROMAS AND COLON POLYPS Represents a distinct nosological entity neither identical with Gardner's syndrome nor with any other known dermo-intestinal syndrome. Thus, perifollicular fibromatosis should alert the dermatologist to consider periodic thorough examination for intestinal polyps the more as they may change into malignant growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1200701", "title": "Lymphocyte stimulation in the cellular inflammatory reaction of some human skin tumours.", "content": "By labelling dermal infiltrate cells with H3-thymidine, two types of skin tumours can be distinguished: one type with many labelled cells in the infiltrate (H3-thymidine labelling index, H3-I), the other with few labelled cells. Type I includes malignant melanoma (H3-I = 2.2%) and hemangioendothelioma (2.8%). Type II includes metastases of malignant melanoma (1%), squamous cell carcinoma (1.1%), basel cell epithelioma (0.5%), nevus cell nevus (0.6%), and nevoid lentigo (0.4). The number of labelled cells in the cellular reaction of Type II tumours does not differ significantly from that in normal human corium (0.75%), though there may be a dense cellular reaction. DNA-synthesizing cells were classified with the aid of characteristical stainings and histochemical methods. A vast majority of them were found to be lymphocytes. Our research underlines the special importance of cellular inflammatory reaction, i.e. cellular immunity, im malignant melanoma and probably in hemangioendothelioma.", "contents": "Lymphocyte stimulation in the cellular inflammatory reaction of some human skin tumours. By labelling dermal infiltrate cells with H3-thymidine, two types of skin tumours can be distinguished: one type with many labelled cells in the infiltrate (H3-thymidine labelling index, H3-I), the other with few labelled cells. Type I includes malignant melanoma (H3-I = 2.2%) and hemangioendothelioma (2.8%). Type II includes metastases of malignant melanoma (1%), squamous cell carcinoma (1.1%), basel cell epithelioma (0.5%), nevus cell nevus (0.6%), and nevoid lentigo (0.4). The number of labelled cells in the cellular reaction of Type II tumours does not differ significantly from that in normal human corium (0.75%), though there may be a dense cellular reaction. DNA-synthesizing cells were classified with the aid of characteristical stainings and histochemical methods. A vast majority of them were found to be lymphocytes. Our research underlines the special importance of cellular inflammatory reaction, i.e. cellular immunity, im malignant melanoma and probably in hemangioendothelioma."}
{"id": "PMID:1200702", "title": "Histophysiology of mast cells in skin and other organs.", "content": "Our observations demonstrate an intimate relationship between peripheral nerve fibers and mast cells. In addition, mast cells in various organs influence both the small blood vessels and the organ parenchyma cells. These relations are interpreted in the sence of a neuro-hormonale feedback-system.", "contents": "Histophysiology of mast cells in skin and other organs. Our observations demonstrate an intimate relationship between peripheral nerve fibers and mast cells. In addition, mast cells in various organs influence both the small blood vessels and the organ parenchyma cells. These relations are interpreted in the sence of a neuro-hormonale feedback-system."}
{"id": "PMID:1200703", "title": "Contact radiotherapy of cutaneous hemangiomas: therapeutic effects and radiation sequelae in 818 patients.", "content": "The paper presents statistical data on the therapeutic effects and radiation sequelae following Chaoul contact therapy of 818 cutaneous hemangiomas treated between 1938 and 1952. 73.3% of all irradiated hemangiomas showed initial improvement but complete involution with an excellent cosmetic result was observed in only 50% of lesions 5 years after treatment. During the same period of time, more than one-third of all patients developed mild to moderate cutaneous radiation sequelae (hyper- or hypopigmentation and telangiectases, rarely atrophy). The high incidence of late radiation effects is probably relation to the high total doses administered in this series of patients, the very short intervals between treatments and the age of the patients. Other radiation radiation hazards are also discussed. Since large studies have proven conclusively that spontaneous involution occurs in 95% of hemangiomas after several years, indications for radiotherapy of hemangiomas are extremely limited.", "contents": "Contact radiotherapy of cutaneous hemangiomas: therapeutic effects and radiation sequelae in 818 patients. The paper presents statistical data on the therapeutic effects and radiation sequelae following Chaoul contact therapy of 818 cutaneous hemangiomas treated between 1938 and 1952. 73.3% of all irradiated hemangiomas showed initial improvement but complete involution with an excellent cosmetic result was observed in only 50% of lesions 5 years after treatment. During the same period of time, more than one-third of all patients developed mild to moderate cutaneous radiation sequelae (hyper- or hypopigmentation and telangiectases, rarely atrophy). The high incidence of late radiation effects is probably relation to the high total doses administered in this series of patients, the very short intervals between treatments and the age of the patients. Other radiation radiation hazards are also discussed. Since large studies have proven conclusively that spontaneous involution occurs in 95% of hemangiomas after several years, indications for radiotherapy of hemangiomas are extremely limited."}
{"id": "PMID:1200704", "title": "Human skin proteases: separation and characterization of two alkaline proteases, one splitting trypsin and the other chymotrypsin substrates.", "content": "Two alkaline proteases, one splitting preferentially the substrates of chymotrypsin (ATEE) and the other one those of trypsin (BAEE), were separated and partially purified by chromatographic means from human skin extract made in a buffer containing 1.07 mol/1 KC1. The proteins soluble in dilute buffer were removed by a prior extraction. The enzymes could be separated effectively only in the presence of KC1 at a high conc-ntration since large molecular size aggregates or polymers were formed in solutions of low ionic strength. In the presence of 2 mol/1 KC1 the molecular size of the BAEE-hydrolysing enzyme was 120000 and that of the ATEE-hydrolysing enzyme 30000. The ATEE-hydrolysing enzyme was purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography about 250 fold. It also hydrolysed esters of tryptophane and phenylalanine as well as casein with optimum pH 7.8--8.2. The enzyme was inhibited effectively by LBTI, SBTI and partially by trasylol, TPCK and TLCK, but not by E-600 and SH-modifers. The hydrolysis of ATEE was doubled in the presence of 1 mol/lKCl, NaCl, KBr or NaBr but that of casein was inhibited to some extent. Human serum and alpha-1-antitrypsin inhibited this enzyme but not C1-inactivator. alpha-2-Macroglobulin did not protect if from inhibition by SBTI. The BAEE-hydrolysing enzyme was purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and hydroxylapatite chromatography about 30 fold. It also split other esters of substituted basic amino acids as well as BAPA and histone proteins with optimum pH 7.5--8.2. It was inhibited by Trasylol and TLCK, but not by LBTI, SBTI, OMTI, TPCK, E-600, SH-modifiers, human serum, C1-inactivator or alpha-1-antitrypsin. Neither of these enzymes is exactly similar to any one of the enzymes so far separated from human tissues or fluids.", "contents": "Human skin proteases: separation and characterization of two alkaline proteases, one splitting trypsin and the other chymotrypsin substrates. Two alkaline proteases, one splitting preferentially the substrates of chymotrypsin (ATEE) and the other one those of trypsin (BAEE), were separated and partially purified by chromatographic means from human skin extract made in a buffer containing 1.07 mol/1 KC1. The proteins soluble in dilute buffer were removed by a prior extraction. The enzymes could be separated effectively only in the presence of KC1 at a high conc-ntration since large molecular size aggregates or polymers were formed in solutions of low ionic strength. In the presence of 2 mol/1 KC1 the molecular size of the BAEE-hydrolysing enzyme was 120000 and that of the ATEE-hydrolysing enzyme 30000. The ATEE-hydrolysing enzyme was purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography about 250 fold. It also hydrolysed esters of tryptophane and phenylalanine as well as casein with optimum pH 7.8--8.2. The enzyme was inhibited effectively by LBTI, SBTI and partially by trasylol, TPCK and TLCK, but not by E-600 and SH-modifers. The hydrolysis of ATEE was doubled in the presence of 1 mol/lKCl, NaCl, KBr or NaBr but that of casein was inhibited to some extent. Human serum and alpha-1-antitrypsin inhibited this enzyme but not C1-inactivator. alpha-2-Macroglobulin did not protect if from inhibition by SBTI. The BAEE-hydrolysing enzyme was purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and hydroxylapatite chromatography about 30 fold. It also split other esters of substituted basic amino acids as well as BAPA and histone proteins with optimum pH 7.5--8.2. It was inhibited by Trasylol and TLCK, but not by LBTI, SBTI, OMTI, TPCK, E-600, SH-modifiers, human serum, C1-inactivator or alpha-1-antitrypsin. Neither of these enzymes is exactly similar to any one of the enzymes so far separated from human tissues or fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:1200705", "title": "Investigative studies of the dermatitis caused by the larva of the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn.) I. Clinical and experimental findings.", "content": "A description is given of both naturally occurring and experimentaly produced brown-tail moth caterpillar dermatitis. Epicutaneous test reactions were studied in a group of 45 persons, utilizing different setae preparations obtained from Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. About 70% of the individuals developed marked reactions upon contact with untreated nettling hairs. The early skin lesions were as a rule erythematous and wheal-like in character (urticarial), gradually becoming more infiltrated and developing into erythematous papules or vesicles. Treatment of the nettling hairs either by heating or saline extraction resulted in a partial loss only of their skin irritating properties; heat treatment being slightly more effective in this respect. Intracutaneous tests with a sline extract of nettling hairs elicited positive skin reactions in all individuals tested. Biochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of a potent esterolytic enzyme. Apart from their skin irritating action, the nettling hairs were found capable to induce the formation of spherocytes when mixed in vitro with human erythrocytes. The relevance of this phenomenon is discussed. On the basis of our findings and those of other it is suggested that the action of the nettling hairs upon the human skin is dependent both on a toxic and mechanical traumatic principle.", "contents": "Investigative studies of the dermatitis caused by the larva of the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn.) I. Clinical and experimental findings. A description is given of both naturally occurring and experimentaly produced brown-tail moth caterpillar dermatitis. Epicutaneous test reactions were studied in a group of 45 persons, utilizing different setae preparations obtained from Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. About 70% of the individuals developed marked reactions upon contact with untreated nettling hairs. The early skin lesions were as a rule erythematous and wheal-like in character (urticarial), gradually becoming more infiltrated and developing into erythematous papules or vesicles. Treatment of the nettling hairs either by heating or saline extraction resulted in a partial loss only of their skin irritating properties; heat treatment being slightly more effective in this respect. Intracutaneous tests with a sline extract of nettling hairs elicited positive skin reactions in all individuals tested. Biochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of a potent esterolytic enzyme. Apart from their skin irritating action, the nettling hairs were found capable to induce the formation of spherocytes when mixed in vitro with human erythrocytes. The relevance of this phenomenon is discussed. On the basis of our findings and those of other it is suggested that the action of the nettling hairs upon the human skin is dependent both on a toxic and mechanical traumatic principle."}
{"id": "PMID:1200706", "title": "Isolation of single cell nuclei from human epidermis for cytophotometric DNA--measurements.", "content": "Diluted acetic acid was applied to dissociate human epidermis into its constituents. A simple procedure to gain isolated single cells for cytophometric determination of their nuclear DNA content is described. The method is suited for single cell cytophotometric measurements and for cytofluorimetric flow systems likewise. The losses of Feulgen--stainable nuclear DNA during preparation were studied in dependence on the incubation time of the cells in acetic acid. The kinetics of extraction of nuclear DNA by diluted acetic acid follow a reaction of the first order. It was possible therefore to formulate a simple mathematical correaction for the losses during the isolation of epidermal cells. Avoiding the disadvantage of cut nuclei in histological sections the method is used to study the DNA histograms of resting, regenerating and pathologically altered human epidermis.", "contents": "Isolation of single cell nuclei from human epidermis for cytophotometric DNA--measurements. Diluted acetic acid was applied to dissociate human epidermis into its constituents. A simple procedure to gain isolated single cells for cytophometric determination of their nuclear DNA content is described. The method is suited for single cell cytophotometric measurements and for cytofluorimetric flow systems likewise. The losses of Feulgen--stainable nuclear DNA during preparation were studied in dependence on the incubation time of the cells in acetic acid. The kinetics of extraction of nuclear DNA by diluted acetic acid follow a reaction of the first order. It was possible therefore to formulate a simple mathematical correaction for the losses during the isolation of epidermal cells. Avoiding the disadvantage of cut nuclei in histological sections the method is used to study the DNA histograms of resting, regenerating and pathologically altered human epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200707", "title": "Serum IgE-concentrations in patients with contact sensitization.", "content": "In 123 patients with contact sensitization (cs), of whom 23 had positive histories of atopy and/or positive prick tests (csa), the serum IgE-concentrations were determined and the following results were obtained: 1. A remarkable dispersal of IgE-concentrations was noted in cs--patients (1-3080 U/ml); 12% of them displayed IgE-concentrations of more than 1000 U/ml, even though they had no histories of clinical manifestations of atopy, liver of kidney diseases, or parasitic infestations. Their mean IgE-value of 396 U/ml +/- 60 differed considerably from the one of a comparable control group of healthy individuals. No statistically significant differences were noted between the IgE-levels, the age of our patients, the type and number of contact allergens, and the duration of skin lesions. 2. On an average, there were higher IgE-levels noted in cases of acute and extensive skin lesions than in cases of subacute to chronic, localised skin lesions. Controls of the serum IgE-concentrations and histologic examinations by means of immunofluorescence suggested that, depending on the individual patient, skin lesions might lead to an (unspecific?)activation of IgE-synthesising round cells. 3. In csa-patients with sensitization to metal, the skin lesions were of localised subacute to chronic character, while skin lesions of acute and extensive character were exceptional (5.9%).", "contents": "Serum IgE-concentrations in patients with contact sensitization. In 123 patients with contact sensitization (cs), of whom 23 had positive histories of atopy and/or positive prick tests (csa), the serum IgE-concentrations were determined and the following results were obtained: 1. A remarkable dispersal of IgE-concentrations was noted in cs--patients (1-3080 U/ml); 12% of them displayed IgE-concentrations of more than 1000 U/ml, even though they had no histories of clinical manifestations of atopy, liver of kidney diseases, or parasitic infestations. Their mean IgE-value of 396 U/ml +/- 60 differed considerably from the one of a comparable control group of healthy individuals. No statistically significant differences were noted between the IgE-levels, the age of our patients, the type and number of contact allergens, and the duration of skin lesions. 2. On an average, there were higher IgE-levels noted in cases of acute and extensive skin lesions than in cases of subacute to chronic, localised skin lesions. Controls of the serum IgE-concentrations and histologic examinations by means of immunofluorescence suggested that, depending on the individual patient, skin lesions might lead to an (unspecific?)activation of IgE-synthesising round cells. 3. In csa-patients with sensitization to metal, the skin lesions were of localised subacute to chronic character, while skin lesions of acute and extensive character were exceptional (5.9%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1200708", "title": "The skin in magnesium-deficient rats.", "content": "The cutaneous vasodilatation occuring in the early stages of dietary deficiency of magnesium has been investigated in rats. While the time of onset of erythema varies in proportion to the weight of the animal, the duration is not related to weight. In severe states of vasodilatation, the skin is thickened and infiltrated with mononuclear cells, apparently derived from the blood. Intact sympathetic and sensory innervation are not necessary for the development of vasodilatation in the skin. Neither can the genesis of the erythema be attributed to degranulation of mast cells. From consideration of this and other investigations, it is concluded that the cutaneous abnormalities of magnesium-deficient rats cannot be due directly to hypomagnesaemia.", "contents": "The skin in magnesium-deficient rats. The cutaneous vasodilatation occuring in the early stages of dietary deficiency of magnesium has been investigated in rats. While the time of onset of erythema varies in proportion to the weight of the animal, the duration is not related to weight. In severe states of vasodilatation, the skin is thickened and infiltrated with mononuclear cells, apparently derived from the blood. Intact sympathetic and sensory innervation are not necessary for the development of vasodilatation in the skin. Neither can the genesis of the erythema be attributed to degranulation of mast cells. From consideration of this and other investigations, it is concluded that the cutaneous abnormalities of magnesium-deficient rats cannot be due directly to hypomagnesaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200709", "title": "The effect of electrical epilation on the bear hair of women with idopathic hirsutism.", "content": "The influence of epilation by means of diathermy and galvanic current on the hair roots in the beard region of 11 women with idiopathic hirsutism has been investigated. The hair-roots could be destructed by both methods. Various differences were found between the two methods: 1. After 10 weeks, the hair density in the field treated by diathermy was lower than that in the corresponding field treated with galvanic current. However, the time required for total destruction of all hair roots was found to be the same for both methods. 2. The diameter of the hairs growing again after diathermy was found to be less than that after galvanic current, while the proportion of dysplastic/dystrophic hairs was significantly greater.", "contents": "The effect of electrical epilation on the bear hair of women with idopathic hirsutism. The influence of epilation by means of diathermy and galvanic current on the hair roots in the beard region of 11 women with idiopathic hirsutism has been investigated. The hair-roots could be destructed by both methods. Various differences were found between the two methods: 1. After 10 weeks, the hair density in the field treated by diathermy was lower than that in the corresponding field treated with galvanic current. However, the time required for total destruction of all hair roots was found to be the same for both methods. 2. The diameter of the hairs growing again after diathermy was found to be less than that after galvanic current, while the proportion of dysplastic/dystrophic hairs was significantly greater."}
{"id": "PMID:1200710", "title": "[Manometric study of esophageal involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 15 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis esophageal function was examined radiologically and by manometry. Only one third of the patients had experienced dysphagia, while radiologically esophageal motility was abnormal in 8 patients (55%) and by manometry even in 11 patients (73%). Therefore the absence of symptoms does not exclude extensive involvement of the esophagus. Furthermore the manometric results indicate that involvement of the esophagus in the edematous-indurative stage of scleroderma should be suspected more frequently than assumed generally on the base of radiological studies alone.", "contents": "[Manometric study of esophageal involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis (author's transl)]. In 15 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis esophageal function was examined radiologically and by manometry. Only one third of the patients had experienced dysphagia, while radiologically esophageal motility was abnormal in 8 patients (55%) and by manometry even in 11 patients (73%). Therefore the absence of symptoms does not exclude extensive involvement of the esophagus. Furthermore the manometric results indicate that involvement of the esophagus in the edematous-indurative stage of scleroderma should be suspected more frequently than assumed generally on the base of radiological studies alone."}
{"id": "PMID:1200711", "title": "Comparative study on the 3H-thymidine index of dorsal epidermis, buccal mucosa, and seminal vesicles in senile male rats.", "content": "To supplement previous investigations on endogenous fluctuations of DNA synthesis in male rat dorsal epidermis, buccal mucosa and seminal vesicle epithelium from birth to sexual maturity, the labelling indices (L.I.) of these tissues in senile male rats from the same breed, studied under analogous experimental conditions, were evaluated as well as compared to the data obtained from rats in puberal and early mature age. In the dorsal epidermis and buccal mucosa of the old animals the medium L.I. were found to be at about the same level as those measured after puberty. In the aged seminal vesicle epithelium the medium L.I. was found to be decreased. The maintenance of epidermal and buccal DNA synthesis in senile rats as well as the results of previous studies with male rats subjected to castration or long-term administration of cyproteron acetate furnish evidence that a deficiency of testosteron does not diminish the rate of DNA synthesis in epidermis and buccal mucosa. However, from the decreased L.I. in seminal vesicle epithelium a reduced blood level or stimulating capacity, respectively, of testosteron in senile rats can be concluded. Furthermore, withdrawal of testosteron by orchidectomy or administration of cyproteron acetate is appropriate to suppress significantly the proliferative activity of seminal vesicles epithelium.", "contents": "Comparative study on the 3H-thymidine index of dorsal epidermis, buccal mucosa, and seminal vesicles in senile male rats. To supplement previous investigations on endogenous fluctuations of DNA synthesis in male rat dorsal epidermis, buccal mucosa and seminal vesicle epithelium from birth to sexual maturity, the labelling indices (L.I.) of these tissues in senile male rats from the same breed, studied under analogous experimental conditions, were evaluated as well as compared to the data obtained from rats in puberal and early mature age. In the dorsal epidermis and buccal mucosa of the old animals the medium L.I. were found to be at about the same level as those measured after puberty. In the aged seminal vesicle epithelium the medium L.I. was found to be decreased. The maintenance of epidermal and buccal DNA synthesis in senile rats as well as the results of previous studies with male rats subjected to castration or long-term administration of cyproteron acetate furnish evidence that a deficiency of testosteron does not diminish the rate of DNA synthesis in epidermis and buccal mucosa. However, from the decreased L.I. in seminal vesicle epithelium a reduced blood level or stimulating capacity, respectively, of testosteron in senile rats can be concluded. Furthermore, withdrawal of testosteron by orchidectomy or administration of cyproteron acetate is appropriate to suppress significantly the proliferative activity of seminal vesicles epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1200712", "title": "Statistical association between psoriasis and diabetes: further results.", "content": "In a group of 200 psoriatic patients from the area of Umbria, Italy, diabetes mellitus occurred in a statistically highly significant association with psoriasis. Similar observations were made earlier in a series of 600 patients. The above correlation also occurred significantly more frequently in patients under 50 years and in male patients. Previous and present experience also demonstrate that psoriasis is statistically correlated with heredity for diabetes and obesity. The possible biological basis of psoriasis/diabetes association are tentatively outlined.", "contents": "Statistical association between psoriasis and diabetes: further results. In a group of 200 psoriatic patients from the area of Umbria, Italy, diabetes mellitus occurred in a statistically highly significant association with psoriasis. Similar observations were made earlier in a series of 600 patients. The above correlation also occurred significantly more frequently in patients under 50 years and in male patients. Previous and present experience also demonstrate that psoriasis is statistically correlated with heredity for diabetes and obesity. The possible biological basis of psoriasis/diabetes association are tentatively outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1200713", "title": "Peripilar keratin casts: a study with the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Two cases of Peripilar keratin casts are presented and the results of a Scanning EM investigation are discussed. The surface of the casts is very irregular and disordered. In the underlying structure of the casts the characteristic image of a \"sponge\" is observed. The cuticle of the hair beneath is slightly flaky, showing fissures. The hair surface facing the peripilar casts is normal.", "contents": "Peripilar keratin casts: a study with the scanning electron microscope. Two cases of Peripilar keratin casts are presented and the results of a Scanning EM investigation are discussed. The surface of the casts is very irregular and disordered. In the underlying structure of the casts the characteristic image of a \"sponge\" is observed. The cuticle of the hair beneath is slightly flaky, showing fissures. The hair surface facing the peripilar casts is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1200714", "title": "Degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid by guinea pig epidermal extracts.", "content": "The capability of guinea pig epidermal extracts to hydrolyze deoxyribonucleic acid has been studied. The results of investigation by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 column and by viscometry on the mode of hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid by epidermal extracts revealed that deoxyribonucleic acid was degraded by both endonuclease and exonuclease activities. The exhaustive digestion by epidermal extracts yielded the complete degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid to mononucleosides or further metabolites. The enzyme systems involved in the deoxyribonucleic acid degradation include at least an endonuclease, an exonuclease and a phosphatase.", "contents": "Degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid by guinea pig epidermal extracts. The capability of guinea pig epidermal extracts to hydrolyze deoxyribonucleic acid has been studied. The results of investigation by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 column and by viscometry on the mode of hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid by epidermal extracts revealed that deoxyribonucleic acid was degraded by both endonuclease and exonuclease activities. The exhaustive digestion by epidermal extracts yielded the complete degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid to mononucleosides or further metabolites. The enzyme systems involved in the deoxyribonucleic acid degradation include at least an endonuclease, an exonuclease and a phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:1200715", "title": "D-penicillamine in dermatology: influence on enzymatic activities of human skin in vitro.", "content": "By in vitro assay, 6 important enzymatic activities of human skin homogenates were determined following an incubation with D-penicillamine in concentrations between 10(-4) and 10 mg/ml, i.e. 67 X 10(-5) and 67 mM/l. The following enzymatic activities were recorded: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), acid phosphatase (AcP), and \"leucine aminopeptidase\" (LAP). A dose-dependent activation by D-penicillamine occurred in the case of G-6-PDH- and AcP-activities, a dose-dependent inhibition by D-penicillamine was found with AP- and GAPDH-activities. LDH- and LAP-activities remained unchanged in the presence of D-penicillamine in concentrations up to 10 mg/ml (67 mM/l). From the data of pharmacokinetic studies in rats it may be concluded that concentrations of D-penicillamine which influence enzymatic activities may easily be reached in vivo, under the conditions of treating rheumatoid arthritis and Morbus Wilson. The biochemical actions of D-penicillamine are briefly discussed with secial regard to dermatological therapy and dermatological unwanted side-effects.", "contents": "D-penicillamine in dermatology: influence on enzymatic activities of human skin in vitro. By in vitro assay, 6 important enzymatic activities of human skin homogenates were determined following an incubation with D-penicillamine in concentrations between 10(-4) and 10 mg/ml, i.e. 67 X 10(-5) and 67 mM/l. The following enzymatic activities were recorded: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), acid phosphatase (AcP), and \"leucine aminopeptidase\" (LAP). A dose-dependent activation by D-penicillamine occurred in the case of G-6-PDH- and AcP-activities, a dose-dependent inhibition by D-penicillamine was found with AP- and GAPDH-activities. LDH- and LAP-activities remained unchanged in the presence of D-penicillamine in concentrations up to 10 mg/ml (67 mM/l). From the data of pharmacokinetic studies in rats it may be concluded that concentrations of D-penicillamine which influence enzymatic activities may easily be reached in vivo, under the conditions of treating rheumatoid arthritis and Morbus Wilson. The biochemical actions of D-penicillamine are briefly discussed with secial regard to dermatological therapy and dermatological unwanted side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1200716", "title": "Predisposing factors of the skin surface in persons with impetigo contagiosa.", "content": "The following report describes the results of biochemical and physiological examinations in 32 persons, who had suffered from impetigo contagiosa in the last 2 years, as well as 21 control persons of the same age and sex. The examination of the skin surface of the patient group, when compared with the corresponding control group, showed the following significant results: 1. an increase in the percentage of free cholesterol in skin surface lipids possibly as a result of an increased cell turnover in the epidermis, 2. a decrease in reducing substances as revealed by the ferricyanide and the phenolsulfuric acid methods in the so called water solubles, 3. a decrease in the alkali resistance of the skin possibly as a result of a decreased barrier function of the stratum corneum. It is most likely that these results indicate predisposing factors, localized in the epidermis, for impetigo contagiosa.", "contents": "Predisposing factors of the skin surface in persons with impetigo contagiosa. The following report describes the results of biochemical and physiological examinations in 32 persons, who had suffered from impetigo contagiosa in the last 2 years, as well as 21 control persons of the same age and sex. The examination of the skin surface of the patient group, when compared with the corresponding control group, showed the following significant results: 1. an increase in the percentage of free cholesterol in skin surface lipids possibly as a result of an increased cell turnover in the epidermis, 2. a decrease in reducing substances as revealed by the ferricyanide and the phenolsulfuric acid methods in the so called water solubles, 3. a decrease in the alkali resistance of the skin possibly as a result of a decreased barrier function of the stratum corneum. It is most likely that these results indicate predisposing factors, localized in the epidermis, for impetigo contagiosa."}
{"id": "PMID:1200717", "title": "Particulates in domestic premises. II. Ambient levels and indoor-outdoor relationships.", "content": "Three indoor environments, two residential and on institutional, were monitored for particulate and gaseous air pollutants over a one-year period. Inside air particulate levels decreased at night and under conditions of no household activity. Different homes showed different time lags in correlating inside vs outside particle counts. Indoor particle count reduction correlated to rate of air flow through the precipitator. The standard, portable household vacuum cleaner produced about a 100% increase in counts of particles measuring 1.0 mum and larger, as compared to a 50% increase produced by the central vacuum system. Particulates that were smaller than 1.0 mum were not substantially affected by smoking. The indoor gaseous pollutants showed very low maximum levels.", "contents": "Particulates in domestic premises. II. Ambient levels and indoor-outdoor relationships. Three indoor environments, two residential and on institutional, were monitored for particulate and gaseous air pollutants over a one-year period. Inside air particulate levels decreased at night and under conditions of no household activity. Different homes showed different time lags in correlating inside vs outside particle counts. Indoor particle count reduction correlated to rate of air flow through the precipitator. The standard, portable household vacuum cleaner produced about a 100% increase in counts of particles measuring 1.0 mum and larger, as compared to a 50% increase produced by the central vacuum system. Particulates that were smaller than 1.0 mum were not substantially affected by smoking. The indoor gaseous pollutants showed very low maximum levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1200718", "title": "Pneumoconiosis among the activated-carbon workers.", "content": "The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and chest radiographic and spirometric abnormalities was assessed among 397 employees of an activated carbon plant. Definite radiographic findings of pneumoconiosis, consisting of p-type, rounded opacities in the lower lung fields without firbosis or coalescence, were present in 9.6% of men and were related to cumulative dust exposure. Lesser degrees of radiographic abnormality suggesting pneumoconiosis were present in 11% of men and 2% of women. Spirometric values were substantially lower in blacks than in whites. However, cumulative dust exposure was not an important determinant of pulmonary function in either race. Review of lung biopsy speciments that had been obtained previously in two employees revealed extensive carbon depositiion but minimal associated fibrosis. Prolonged inhalation of activated carbon dust leads to pulmonary deposition of carbon and raciographic signs of pneumoconiosis; such deposition has little, if any, effect on respiratory symptoms or pulmonary function.", "contents": "Pneumoconiosis among the activated-carbon workers. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and chest radiographic and spirometric abnormalities was assessed among 397 employees of an activated carbon plant. Definite radiographic findings of pneumoconiosis, consisting of p-type, rounded opacities in the lower lung fields without firbosis or coalescence, were present in 9.6% of men and were related to cumulative dust exposure. Lesser degrees of radiographic abnormality suggesting pneumoconiosis were present in 11% of men and 2% of women. Spirometric values were substantially lower in blacks than in whites. However, cumulative dust exposure was not an important determinant of pulmonary function in either race. Review of lung biopsy speciments that had been obtained previously in two employees revealed extensive carbon depositiion but minimal associated fibrosis. Prolonged inhalation of activated carbon dust leads to pulmonary deposition of carbon and raciographic signs of pneumoconiosis; such deposition has little, if any, effect on respiratory symptoms or pulmonary function."}
{"id": "PMID:1200719", "title": "Erythrocyte protoporphyrin test for occupational lead exposure.", "content": "Determination of erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels was performed in workers who are occupationally exposed to lead. The level of erythrocyte protoporphyrin was easily measured with microsamples of blood by utilizing a fluorescent assay. The log of erythrocyte protoporphyrin level was closely correlated to blood lead level (r = .72) in lead-exposed workers. The erythrocyte protoporphyrin test is especially useful in the detection of mild increases in blood lead concentration under conditions of occupational exposure.", "contents": "Erythrocyte protoporphyrin test for occupational lead exposure. Determination of erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels was performed in workers who are occupationally exposed to lead. The level of erythrocyte protoporphyrin was easily measured with microsamples of blood by utilizing a fluorescent assay. The log of erythrocyte protoporphyrin level was closely correlated to blood lead level (r = .72) in lead-exposed workers. The erythrocyte protoporphyrin test is especially useful in the detection of mild increases in blood lead concentration under conditions of occupational exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:1200720", "title": "Edwardsiella tarda infections in Florida racoons, Procyon lotor.", "content": "Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from the large intestine of seven (17%) of 42 racoons from Florida. The rate varied from 12% in South Florida to 25% in North Florida. In addition, 52% of the racoons examined were carrying Salmonella, with numerous serotypes represented.", "contents": "Edwardsiella tarda infections in Florida racoons, Procyon lotor. Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from the large intestine of seven (17%) of 42 racoons from Florida. The rate varied from 12% in South Florida to 25% in North Florida. In addition, 52% of the racoons examined were carrying Salmonella, with numerous serotypes represented."}
{"id": "PMID:1200721", "title": "Aortic intimal injury in rabbits. An evaluation of a threshold limit.", "content": "Sixty-one rabbits were exposed to carbon monoxide, and aortae were then examined by light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The CO concentration in ambient air and the exposure time were varied to estimate the threshold limit for CO-induced focal intimal edema. A significantly higher incidence (P less than .0001) of focal intimal changes was present in rabbits exposed to 180 ppm of CO for four hours or more than in rabbits given a shorter or weaker exposure. The present study, as well as recent reports on the effect of low-level CO exposure on the cardiovascular system, suggests that the CO content in tobacco smoke and in heavily polluted atmospheric air may be deleterious to the arterial wall and enhance atherogenesis. A reevaluation of the recommended threshold limit for industrial CO exposure is proposed.", "contents": "Aortic intimal injury in rabbits. An evaluation of a threshold limit. Sixty-one rabbits were exposed to carbon monoxide, and aortae were then examined by light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The CO concentration in ambient air and the exposure time were varied to estimate the threshold limit for CO-induced focal intimal edema. A significantly higher incidence (P less than .0001) of focal intimal changes was present in rabbits exposed to 180 ppm of CO for four hours or more than in rabbits given a shorter or weaker exposure. The present study, as well as recent reports on the effect of low-level CO exposure on the cardiovascular system, suggests that the CO content in tobacco smoke and in heavily polluted atmospheric air may be deleterious to the arterial wall and enhance atherogenesis. A reevaluation of the recommended threshold limit for industrial CO exposure is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200722", "title": "Human pesticide poisonings by a fat-soluble organophosphate insecticide.", "content": "In five cases of dichlofenthion poisoning due to suicidal ingestions, unusual toxicologic features were encountered. Initial symptoms were mild or delayed and severe cholinergic crises did not appear until 40 to 48 hours after ingestion. Two patients died, and in the three survivors, cholinesterase symptoms persisted for five to 48 days. An almost total inhibiton of both cholinesterase enzymes continued in one patient for 66 days, and prolonged antidotal therapy was required. Residues of the intact  pesticide were detected in fat after 54 days in one patient, and in the blood for 75 days in another patient. The partition coefficient of dichlofenthion in fat was 20 times greater than parathion, and exceeded only by leptophos. Considering the chemical and toxicologic properties of this compound, we postulated that the mechanism of protracted intoxication is a slow release from adipose reservoirs.", "contents": "Human pesticide poisonings by a fat-soluble organophosphate insecticide. In five cases of dichlofenthion poisoning due to suicidal ingestions, unusual toxicologic features were encountered. Initial symptoms were mild or delayed and severe cholinergic crises did not appear until 40 to 48 hours after ingestion. Two patients died, and in the three survivors, cholinesterase symptoms persisted for five to 48 days. An almost total inhibiton of both cholinesterase enzymes continued in one patient for 66 days, and prolonged antidotal therapy was required. Residues of the intact  pesticide were detected in fat after 54 days in one patient, and in the blood for 75 days in another patient. The partition coefficient of dichlofenthion in fat was 20 times greater than parathion, and exceeded only by leptophos. Considering the chemical and toxicologic properties of this compound, we postulated that the mechanism of protracted intoxication is a slow release from adipose reservoirs."}
{"id": "PMID:1200723", "title": "Left ventricular performance after acute myocardial infarction. Sectrum of functional abnormalities and importance of wall motion disturbances during convalescent phase.", "content": "Seventeen patients underwent catheterization of the right and left sides of the heart and left ventricular (LV) angiography three to six weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Fourteen of 17 patients had abnormal LV function. Three patients had altered LV diastolic properties; five patients had abnormalities of diastolic properties and of systolic function; and six patients had abnormal systolic function, but diastolic function could not be assessed. Thirteen of the 14 patients with abnormal LV function had LV wall motion abnormalities, which were quantitatively related to impaired LV systolic function.", "contents": "Left ventricular performance after acute myocardial infarction. Sectrum of functional abnormalities and importance of wall motion disturbances during convalescent phase. Seventeen patients underwent catheterization of the right and left sides of the heart and left ventricular (LV) angiography three to six weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Fourteen of 17 patients had abnormal LV function. Three patients had altered LV diastolic properties; five patients had abnormalities of diastolic properties and of systolic function; and six patients had abnormal systolic function, but diastolic function could not be assessed. Thirteen of the 14 patients with abnormal LV function had LV wall motion abnormalities, which were quantitatively related to impaired LV systolic function."}
{"id": "PMID:1200724", "title": "Staphylococcal endocarditis in drug users. Clinical and microbiologic aspects.", "content": "Forty patients had staphylococcal endocarditis and a history of parenteral drug abuse. Clinical and microbiologic features of their cases were evaluated. None of our patients were known to have had preexisting valvular disease. The tricuspid valve lesions and their pulmonary complications were the predominant findings. Systemic complications in the form of meningitis, glomerulonephritis, empyema, arthritis, and nosocomial Gram-negative septicemia occurred in 33% of our patients. Of interest was the high incidence of reactions to therapy especially with methicillin sodium, which occurred in 30% of patients. Correlation of phage type and group with the antibiotic sensitivities of individual staphylococci showed that group 3 and phage types 6, 42E, 54, and 75 were much more resistant to penicillin than other groups and types. The clinical outcome did not relate to phage type and group or to antibiotic sensitivity of the organism.", "contents": "Staphylococcal endocarditis in drug users. Clinical and microbiologic aspects. Forty patients had staphylococcal endocarditis and a history of parenteral drug abuse. Clinical and microbiologic features of their cases were evaluated. None of our patients were known to have had preexisting valvular disease. The tricuspid valve lesions and their pulmonary complications were the predominant findings. Systemic complications in the form of meningitis, glomerulonephritis, empyema, arthritis, and nosocomial Gram-negative septicemia occurred in 33% of our patients. Of interest was the high incidence of reactions to therapy especially with methicillin sodium, which occurred in 30% of patients. Correlation of phage type and group with the antibiotic sensitivities of individual staphylococci showed that group 3 and phage types 6, 42E, 54, and 75 were much more resistant to penicillin than other groups and types. The clinical outcome did not relate to phage type and group or to antibiotic sensitivity of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1200725", "title": "A study of 57 cases of actinomycosis over a 36-year period. A diagnostic 'failure' with good prognosis after treatment.", "content": "Actinomycosis continues to elude the clinician. In only four of 57 patients seen at the University of Iowa Hospitals (and in none of 12 since 1958) the disease was correctly diagnosed on admission. The disease is more common in men, but has no seasonal or occupational predilection. A normal inhabitant of the mouth, Actinomyces israelii acts as an opportunistic infection, usually in association with bacterial invasion. It tends to follow a break in normal mucosal barriers. Fistula and palpable mass are the physical hallmarks, with pain and fever the most frequent symptoms. Definitive identification requires anaerobic culture. Chances for cure are excellent with lengthy antibiotic administration.", "contents": "A study of 57 cases of actinomycosis over a 36-year period. A diagnostic 'failure' with good prognosis after treatment. Actinomycosis continues to elude the clinician. In only four of 57 patients seen at the University of Iowa Hospitals (and in none of 12 since 1958) the disease was correctly diagnosed on admission. The disease is more common in men, but has no seasonal or occupational predilection. A normal inhabitant of the mouth, Actinomyces israelii acts as an opportunistic infection, usually in association with bacterial invasion. It tends to follow a break in normal mucosal barriers. Fistula and palpable mass are the physical hallmarks, with pain and fever the most frequent symptoms. Definitive identification requires anaerobic culture. Chances for cure are excellent with lengthy antibiotic administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1200726", "title": "Treatment of massive obesity with rice/reduction diet program. An analysis of 106 patients with at least a 45-kg weight loss.", "content": "One hundred six massively obese patients, who each lost at least 45 kg, were treated as outpatients with the rice/reduction diet, exercise, and motivational enhancement under daily supervision. Average weight loss was 63.9 kg. Forty-three patients achieved normal weight. Men lost weight at a greater rate than women. Concomitant with weight reduction, there were significant decrements in blood pressure; fasting and two-hour postprandial blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and serum uric acid levels, and heart-chest ratio as evidenced on chest x-ray film. Electrocardiographic and retinal venous changes improved. Serum cholesterol level did not change significantly. This study demonstrates that massively obese persons can achieve marked weight reduction, even normalization of weight, without hospitalization, surgery, or pharmacologic intervention. Accompanying cardiovascular risk factors show great decrements concomitant with weight loss.", "contents": "Treatment of massive obesity with rice/reduction diet program. An analysis of 106 patients with at least a 45-kg weight loss. One hundred six massively obese patients, who each lost at least 45 kg, were treated as outpatients with the rice/reduction diet, exercise, and motivational enhancement under daily supervision. Average weight loss was 63.9 kg. Forty-three patients achieved normal weight. Men lost weight at a greater rate than women. Concomitant with weight reduction, there were significant decrements in blood pressure; fasting and two-hour postprandial blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and serum uric acid levels, and heart-chest ratio as evidenced on chest x-ray film. Electrocardiographic and retinal venous changes improved. Serum cholesterol level did not change significantly. This study demonstrates that massively obese persons can achieve marked weight reduction, even normalization of weight, without hospitalization, surgery, or pharmacologic intervention. Accompanying cardiovascular risk factors show great decrements concomitant with weight loss."}
{"id": "PMID:1200727", "title": "Transient red blood cell aplasia in association with viral hepatitis. Occurrence four years apart in siblings.", "content": "Transient pure red blood cell aplasia was verified during the course of viral hepatitis in two siblings whose illnesses occurred four years apart. The duration and course of the anemia was very similar in the two subjects, and in both the hepatitis progressed to a chronic active form. Autoimmune phenomena were prominent in one patient and suggested in the other, but a cytotoxic antibody to erythroblasts could not be demonstrated in the one patient in whom it was sought. The unique occurrence of such a syndrome in siblings, widely separated in time, suggests the possibility of a genetic predisposition governing the unusual response to a common illness.", "contents": "Transient red blood cell aplasia in association with viral hepatitis. Occurrence four years apart in siblings. Transient pure red blood cell aplasia was verified during the course of viral hepatitis in two siblings whose illnesses occurred four years apart. The duration and course of the anemia was very similar in the two subjects, and in both the hepatitis progressed to a chronic active form. Autoimmune phenomena were prominent in one patient and suggested in the other, but a cytotoxic antibody to erythroblasts could not be demonstrated in the one patient in whom it was sought. The unique occurrence of such a syndrome in siblings, widely separated in time, suggests the possibility of a genetic predisposition governing the unusual response to a common illness."}
{"id": "PMID:1200736", "title": "The uptake and assimilation of sulphate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.", "content": "Sulphate was rapidly bound by cell suspensions of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The binding was depressed by tetrathionate but was unaffected by Group VI anions, cysteine or methionine. Increasing uptake of sulphate was observed in cell suspensions incubated in the presence of ferrous iron. The bulk of 35S-sulphate was removed from the organisms by washing with dilute sulphuric acid and the remaining label was incorporated into cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble compounds. 35S-labelled adenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate was produced from ATP and 35S-sulphate by cell suspensions and in cell-free extracts. There was no evidence for the production of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate assayed by a very sensitive bioluminescence method.", "contents": "The uptake and assimilation of sulphate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Sulphate was rapidly bound by cell suspensions of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The binding was depressed by tetrathionate but was unaffected by Group VI anions, cysteine or methionine. Increasing uptake of sulphate was observed in cell suspensions incubated in the presence of ferrous iron. The bulk of 35S-sulphate was removed from the organisms by washing with dilute sulphuric acid and the remaining label was incorporated into cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble compounds. 35S-labelled adenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate was produced from ATP and 35S-sulphate by cell suspensions and in cell-free extracts. There was no evidence for the production of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate assayed by a very sensitive bioluminescence method."}
{"id": "PMID:1200735", "title": "Regulation of the pyruvate kinase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the enzyme pyruvate kinase (E.C. 2.7.1.40) of Alcaligenes eutrophus (Hydrogenomonas eutropha) H 16 was influenced by the carbon and energy source. After growth on gluconate the specific enzyme activity was high while acetate grown cells exhibited lower activities (340 and 55 mumoles/min-g protein, respectively). The pyruvate kinase from autotrophically grown cells was purified 110-fold. The enzyme was characterized by homotropic cooperative interactions with the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate, the activators AMP, ribose 5-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and the inhibitor ortho-phosphate. In addition to phosphate ATP caused inhibition but in this case nonsigmoidal kinetics was obtained. The half maximal substrate saturation constant S0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate in the absence of any effectors was 0.12 mM, in the presence of 1 mM ribose-5-phosphate 0.07 mM, and with 9 mM phosphate 0.67 mM. The corresponding Hill values were 0.96, 1.1 and 2.75. The ADP saturation curve was hyperbolic even in the presence of the effectors, the Km value was 0.14 mM ADP. When the known intracellular metabolite concentrations in A. eutrophus H 16 were compared with the regulatory sensitivity of the enzyme, it appeared that under the conditions in vivo the inhibition by ATP was more important than the regulation by the allosteric effectors.", "contents": "Regulation of the pyruvate kinase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 in vitro and in vivo. The biosynthesis of the enzyme pyruvate kinase (E.C. 2.7.1.40) of Alcaligenes eutrophus (Hydrogenomonas eutropha) H 16 was influenced by the carbon and energy source. After growth on gluconate the specific enzyme activity was high while acetate grown cells exhibited lower activities (340 and 55 mumoles/min-g protein, respectively). The pyruvate kinase from autotrophically grown cells was purified 110-fold. The enzyme was characterized by homotropic cooperative interactions with the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate, the activators AMP, ribose 5-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and the inhibitor ortho-phosphate. In addition to phosphate ATP caused inhibition but in this case nonsigmoidal kinetics was obtained. The half maximal substrate saturation constant S0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate in the absence of any effectors was 0.12 mM, in the presence of 1 mM ribose-5-phosphate 0.07 mM, and with 9 mM phosphate 0.67 mM. The corresponding Hill values were 0.96, 1.1 and 2.75. The ADP saturation curve was hyperbolic even in the presence of the effectors, the Km value was 0.14 mM ADP. When the known intracellular metabolite concentrations in A. eutrophus H 16 were compared with the regulatory sensitivity of the enzyme, it appeared that under the conditions in vivo the inhibition by ATP was more important than the regulation by the allosteric effectors."}
{"id": "PMID:1200737", "title": "[Effect of blue and red light on the synthesis of ribosomal RNA in Chlorella].", "content": "In autotrophic cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (strain 211-8b) incorporation of tritiated guanosine and uridine into ribosomal RNA is stimulated by light. Blue light of wavelengths around 457 nm is considerably more effective than red light around 679 nm (5-10(-10) Einstein cm-2 sec-1 for both). This effect can be demonstrated for young daughter cells (at the end of the dark period) and for older cells (at the end of the light period). It is shown to depend on a regulation of rRNA-synthesis. The blue light dependent enhancement of incorporation is more pronounced in the cytoplasmic rRNA (25 and 18 s) than in the chloroplast rRNA (23 and 16 s). Blue light of low intensity (1-10(-10) Einstein cm-2 sec-1) has nearly the same effectivity as the fivefold intensity, whereas red light of equal quantum fluxes enhances incorporation only slightly compared with the dark control. The blue light dependent enhancement of rRNA-synthesis continues in the following darkness in contrary to that caused by red light. This enhancement is also found in DCMU-poisened cultures. In contrast to this, is red light in presence of DCMU, incorporation into rRNA is nearly the same as in dark. It is concluded that the regulation of rRNA-synthesis in red light is closely connected to complete photosynthesis, while in blue light an additional regulation takes place independent of photosynthesis.", "contents": "[Effect of blue and red light on the synthesis of ribosomal RNA in Chlorella]. In autotrophic cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (strain 211-8b) incorporation of tritiated guanosine and uridine into ribosomal RNA is stimulated by light. Blue light of wavelengths around 457 nm is considerably more effective than red light around 679 nm (5-10(-10) Einstein cm-2 sec-1 for both). This effect can be demonstrated for young daughter cells (at the end of the dark period) and for older cells (at the end of the light period). It is shown to depend on a regulation of rRNA-synthesis. The blue light dependent enhancement of incorporation is more pronounced in the cytoplasmic rRNA (25 and 18 s) than in the chloroplast rRNA (23 and 16 s). Blue light of low intensity (1-10(-10) Einstein cm-2 sec-1) has nearly the same effectivity as the fivefold intensity, whereas red light of equal quantum fluxes enhances incorporation only slightly compared with the dark control. The blue light dependent enhancement of rRNA-synthesis continues in the following darkness in contrary to that caused by red light. This enhancement is also found in DCMU-poisened cultures. In contrast to this, is red light in presence of DCMU, incorporation into rRNA is nearly the same as in dark. It is concluded that the regulation of rRNA-synthesis in red light is closely connected to complete photosynthesis, while in blue light an additional regulation takes place independent of photosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200738", "title": "Cryptomonad biliprotein: phycocyanin-645 from a Chroomonas species.", "content": "The properties of phycocyanin-645 from the fresh water cryptomonad Chroomonas spec. were investigated after the pigment was isolated and purified by a combination of differential ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography and ammonium sulphate gradient elution. Phycocyanin-645 is characterized by absorption maxima at 645 nm, 584 nm, 369 nm, 275 nm and shoulders at 340 nm and 620 nm. The CD spectrum has a negative maximum at 645 nm and a positive maximum at 584 nm with a shoulder at 610 nm. The fluorescence emission spectrum is asymmetrical and shows a maximum at 660 nm and a shoulder at approximately 715 nm. The molecular weight of the native phycocyanin-645, estimated by gel filtration, is 45000 for all multiple pigment forms below. Phycocyanin-645 is heterogeneous as revealed by isoelectric focusing with pIs at 7.03, 6.17, 5.75, 5.25 and 4.88, respectively, the main bands lying at pI 7.03 and pI 6.17. This was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; five pigment compoents differing in mobility were found. We propose the term \"multiple pigment forms\" for these five phycocyanin-645 modifications. Calibrated SDS gel electrophoresis shows phycocyanin-645 to consist of three subunits, two light chains (alpha1, alpha2), having molecular weights of 9200 and 10400, respectively, and one heavy chain (beta), having a molecular weight of 15 500. Suggesting a 1:1:2 ratio between the subunits, the quaternary structure of the pigment molecule is alpha1beta--alpha2beta1.", "contents": "Cryptomonad biliprotein: phycocyanin-645 from a Chroomonas species. The properties of phycocyanin-645 from the fresh water cryptomonad Chroomonas spec. were investigated after the pigment was isolated and purified by a combination of differential ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography and ammonium sulphate gradient elution. Phycocyanin-645 is characterized by absorption maxima at 645 nm, 584 nm, 369 nm, 275 nm and shoulders at 340 nm and 620 nm. The CD spectrum has a negative maximum at 645 nm and a positive maximum at 584 nm with a shoulder at 610 nm. The fluorescence emission spectrum is asymmetrical and shows a maximum at 660 nm and a shoulder at approximately 715 nm. The molecular weight of the native phycocyanin-645, estimated by gel filtration, is 45000 for all multiple pigment forms below. Phycocyanin-645 is heterogeneous as revealed by isoelectric focusing with pIs at 7.03, 6.17, 5.75, 5.25 and 4.88, respectively, the main bands lying at pI 7.03 and pI 6.17. This was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; five pigment compoents differing in mobility were found. We propose the term \"multiple pigment forms\" for these five phycocyanin-645 modifications. Calibrated SDS gel electrophoresis shows phycocyanin-645 to consist of three subunits, two light chains (alpha1, alpha2), having molecular weights of 9200 and 10400, respectively, and one heavy chain (beta), having a molecular weight of 15 500. Suggesting a 1:1:2 ratio between the subunits, the quaternary structure of the pigment molecule is alpha1beta--alpha2beta1."}
{"id": "PMID:1200739", "title": "Halococcus morrhuae: a sulfated heteropolysaccharide as the structural component of the bacterial cell wall.", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative composition of purifed cell wall of Halococcus morrhuae CCM 859 was determined. Glucose, mannose, galactose; glucuronic and galacturonic acids; glucosamine, galactosamine, gulosaminuronic acid; acetate, glycine and sulfate are found as major constituents. The amino sugars are N-acetylated. It was not possible to fractionate the cell wall in chemically different polymers. Evidence is presented that the major cell wall polymer of this strain is a complex heterolgycan which seems, like the peptidoglycan of most bacteria, to be responsible for the rigidity and stability of the cell wall. In addition it could be proved that this heteroglycan is sulfated and therefore differs considerably from previously described bacterial cell wall polymers.", "contents": "Halococcus morrhuae: a sulfated heteropolysaccharide as the structural component of the bacterial cell wall. The qualitative and quantitative composition of purifed cell wall of Halococcus morrhuae CCM 859 was determined. Glucose, mannose, galactose; glucuronic and galacturonic acids; glucosamine, galactosamine, gulosaminuronic acid; acetate, glycine and sulfate are found as major constituents. The amino sugars are N-acetylated. It was not possible to fractionate the cell wall in chemically different polymers. Evidence is presented that the major cell wall polymer of this strain is a complex heterolgycan which seems, like the peptidoglycan of most bacteria, to be responsible for the rigidity and stability of the cell wall. In addition it could be proved that this heteroglycan is sulfated and therefore differs considerably from previously described bacterial cell wall polymers."}
{"id": "PMID:1200740", "title": "Oxidation of formaldehyde by alcohol oxidase of Candida boidinii.", "content": "A fromaldehyde oxidase activity was found in cellfree extracts of methanol-grown yeast Candida boidinii. Loss of alcohol oxidase activity in a mutant, 48, led to loss of the formaldehyde oxidase activity, indicating that the same enzyme is probably responsible for both activities. This could be demonstrated with the purified alcohol oxidase which oxidizes, besides lower primary alcohols, formaldehyde to formate. The Km value for formaldehyde is 5.7 mM. It seems that alcohol oxidase is not implicated in formaldehyde oxidation in vivo.", "contents": "Oxidation of formaldehyde by alcohol oxidase of Candida boidinii. A fromaldehyde oxidase activity was found in cellfree extracts of methanol-grown yeast Candida boidinii. Loss of alcohol oxidase activity in a mutant, 48, led to loss of the formaldehyde oxidase activity, indicating that the same enzyme is probably responsible for both activities. This could be demonstrated with the purified alcohol oxidase which oxidizes, besides lower primary alcohols, formaldehyde to formate. The Km value for formaldehyde is 5.7 mM. It seems that alcohol oxidase is not implicated in formaldehyde oxidation in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1200741", "title": "[Quantitative morphology studies on the development of body mass and various muscle groups in intensively reared rabbits].", "content": "Development of body mass and the mass of thigh, back and loins musculature was examined at 4, 8, 10 and 12 weeks in 51 California hybrids and 49 New Zealand White hybrids. Body mass development was practically identical in these rabbits. Peak growth rate of the characteristics studied occurred at 2-3 months of age in the California hybrids, but at a variable time in the New Zealand White. Age was less important than body mass in the development of criteria of productivity.", "contents": "[Quantitative morphology studies on the development of body mass and various muscle groups in intensively reared rabbits]. Development of body mass and the mass of thigh, back and loins musculature was examined at 4, 8, 10 and 12 weeks in 51 California hybrids and 49 New Zealand White hybrids. Body mass development was practically identical in these rabbits. Peak growth rate of the characteristics studied occurred at 2-3 months of age in the California hybrids, but at a variable time in the New Zealand White. Age was less important than body mass in the development of criteria of productivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1200742", "title": "[Course of the parasite phase of development of Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879) Railliet et Henry, 1909, in the domestic rabbit].", "content": "Rabbits of the New Zealand White and Small Chinchilla breeds were each infected at 3-4 months of age with 4-10 thousand invasive trichostrongyle larvae. Prepatent period of the infection was 22-32 days. Third-stage larvae were present up to the 6th day of infection, fourth-stage from the 8th day, fifth-stage from the 14th day and sexually mature trichostrongyles on the 18th day. The period of patency of the infection lasted for over a year, but only small numbers of eggs were passed in faeces, and food intake was not affected. Between 14 and 44% of the third-stage larvae developed into sexually mature nematodes, regardless of infection dose or duration of infection.", "contents": "[Course of the parasite phase of development of Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879) Railliet et Henry, 1909, in the domestic rabbit]. Rabbits of the New Zealand White and Small Chinchilla breeds were each infected at 3-4 months of age with 4-10 thousand invasive trichostrongyle larvae. Prepatent period of the infection was 22-32 days. Third-stage larvae were present up to the 6th day of infection, fourth-stage from the 8th day, fifth-stage from the 14th day and sexually mature trichostrongyles on the 18th day. The period of patency of the infection lasted for over a year, but only small numbers of eggs were passed in faeces, and food intake was not affected. Between 14 and 44% of the third-stage larvae developed into sexually mature nematodes, regardless of infection dose or duration of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1200743", "title": "[Course of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (Zeder, 1800) Looss, 1905, infestation in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)].", "content": "Fifty Havanna, Small Chinchilla and crossbred rabbits were each infected at 3 to 4 months of age with a single dose of 5-20 thousand third-stage larvae of the trichostrongyle. After infection with 10 thousand larvae, third-stage larvae were present on the 1st and 2nd days, fourth-stage on the 4th-6th days, fifth-stage on the 7th and 8th days and sexually mature trichostrongyles on the 8th-10th days. Only a small proportion of third-stage and fourth-stage larvae failed to develop into sexually mature neamtodes. Prepatent period of infection was 9-10 days; patency lasted from a few weeks to 2-3 months. Single infection with 5000-7000 invasive larvae produced no clinical signs. A dose of 10 thousand larvae produced diarrhoea even during the prepatent period, and this was accompanied by expulsion of a considerable part of the parasite population. Infection with 20 thousand larvae produced a loss of weight in the experimental rabbits.", "contents": "[Course of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (Zeder, 1800) Looss, 1905, infestation in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]. Fifty Havanna, Small Chinchilla and crossbred rabbits were each infected at 3 to 4 months of age with a single dose of 5-20 thousand third-stage larvae of the trichostrongyle. After infection with 10 thousand larvae, third-stage larvae were present on the 1st and 2nd days, fourth-stage on the 4th-6th days, fifth-stage on the 7th and 8th days and sexually mature trichostrongyles on the 8th-10th days. Only a small proportion of third-stage and fourth-stage larvae failed to develop into sexually mature neamtodes. Prepatent period of infection was 9-10 days; patency lasted from a few weeks to 2-3 months. Single infection with 5000-7000 invasive larvae produced no clinical signs. A dose of 10 thousand larvae produced diarrhoea even during the prepatent period, and this was accompanied by expulsion of a considerable part of the parasite population. Infection with 20 thousand larvae produced a loss of weight in the experimental rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:1200744", "title": "[Vaccination of sows with the \"Dessau\" Salmonella-cholerae-suis adsorbate vaccine].", "content": "Experiments on the immunization of sows were conducted on six premises. The results justify immunization of breeding animals as part of a control programme for salmonellosis in pigs.", "contents": "[Vaccination of sows with the \"Dessau\" Salmonella-cholerae-suis adsorbate vaccine]. Experiments on the immunization of sows were conducted on six premises. The results justify immunization of breeding animals as part of a control programme for salmonellosis in pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:1200745", "title": "[Occurrence of chlormequat (CCC) in wheat straw and its excretion in milk following feeding of straw pellets containing chlormequat].", "content": "When the herbicide chlormequat (chlorocholine chloride or CCC) was correctly used at 2 kg per hectare at the five-leaf stage of growth, the residues in wheat straw did not exceed 3 ppm. Such residual amounts remained unchanged after storage and pelleting. However, the feeding of contaminated straw pellets to cows did not result in contaimination of the milk detectable by a method which was capable of determining concentrations down to 0.05 ppm.", "contents": "[Occurrence of chlormequat (CCC) in wheat straw and its excretion in milk following feeding of straw pellets containing chlormequat]. When the herbicide chlormequat (chlorocholine chloride or CCC) was correctly used at 2 kg per hectare at the five-leaf stage of growth, the residues in wheat straw did not exceed 3 ppm. Such residual amounts remained unchanged after storage and pelleting. However, the feeding of contaminated straw pellets to cows did not result in contaimination of the milk detectable by a method which was capable of determining concentrations down to 0.05 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:1200746", "title": "[Lactic acid content of blood plasma in domestic swine of various breeds during physical exertion].", "content": "Lactic acid was determined by an enzymic method in plasma samples taken from 20 pigs of the German Edelschwein, German Landrace, German Saddleback and Edelschwein/Landrace crosses before, during and after being made to run on a band moving at 1.3 metres/second for ten minutes, at 10 degrees C and relative humidity of 65-75%. A special method was used to assess the degree of exertion. The lactic acid curve showed that Edelschwein and German Saddlebacks had a low regulatory capacity while German Landrace and the crossbred pigs had a large capacity. For assessing differences attributable to individuals or to breeds, the occurrence of the maximum lactic acid concentration during or after exercise was of special significance.", "contents": "[Lactic acid content of blood plasma in domestic swine of various breeds during physical exertion]. Lactic acid was determined by an enzymic method in plasma samples taken from 20 pigs of the German Edelschwein, German Landrace, German Saddleback and Edelschwein/Landrace crosses before, during and after being made to run on a band moving at 1.3 metres/second for ten minutes, at 10 degrees C and relative humidity of 65-75%. A special method was used to assess the degree of exertion. The lactic acid curve showed that Edelschwein and German Saddlebacks had a low regulatory capacity while German Landrace and the crossbred pigs had a large capacity. For assessing differences attributable to individuals or to breeds, the occurrence of the maximum lactic acid concentration during or after exercise was of special significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1200747", "title": "[ Glucose concentration in blood during exertion. 5. Use of the total distribution of blood glucose values during physical exercise or the estimation of response to exertion in various breeds of swine].", "content": "Blood glucose was determined by an enzymic method in 56 pigs of the German Edelschwein, German Landrace, German Saddleback breeds and Edelschwein/Landrace crosses before, during and after exercise on a belt moving at 1.3 metres/second for ten minutes, at 10 degrees C (winter) or 22-34 degrees C (summer) and relative humidity of 65-75%. Total plasma glucose was calculated from the plasma volume. Total scatter of values for blood glucose concentration and total plasma glucose was greater in Edelschwein and Saddlebacks than in Landrace and the crossbred pigs. There was a close and significant relationship between individual regulatory capacity and breed. The total scatter of blood glucose values was greater in winter than in summer.", "contents": "[ Glucose concentration in blood during exertion. 5. Use of the total distribution of blood glucose values during physical exercise or the estimation of response to exertion in various breeds of swine]. Blood glucose was determined by an enzymic method in 56 pigs of the German Edelschwein, German Landrace, German Saddleback breeds and Edelschwein/Landrace crosses before, during and after exercise on a belt moving at 1.3 metres/second for ten minutes, at 10 degrees C (winter) or 22-34 degrees C (summer) and relative humidity of 65-75%. Total plasma glucose was calculated from the plasma volume. Total scatter of values for blood glucose concentration and total plasma glucose was greater in Edelschwein and Saddlebacks than in Landrace and the crossbred pigs. There was a close and significant relationship between individual regulatory capacity and breed. The total scatter of blood glucose values was greater in winter than in summer."}
{"id": "PMID:1200748", "title": "[Effect of the type of management and training on heart rate, rectal temperature and respiration rate of domestic swine during physical exertion].", "content": "29 pigs (meat type of German Landrace) were kept in groups in a confined space (0.48 m2 a head; group E), in a normal area (1.2 m2 a head; group N) or in a normal area plus daily exercise (group L). After having been kept under these conditions for specified periods, the pigs were made to run on a band moving at 1.1 metres a second for 2 km. During exercise the heart rate increased to 275 beats a minute in group E and only 180 in group L. In group L the recovery pulse rate was greater and the absolute and relative heart weight smaller than in group L; rectal temperature after exercise was also higher than in group L. Values for group N lay between those of groups E and L. The relationship of respiration rate to rectal temperature after exercise was greater in group L than in groups E and N. Physical fitness of groups E and N was inferior to that of group L.", "contents": "[Effect of the type of management and training on heart rate, rectal temperature and respiration rate of domestic swine during physical exertion]. 29 pigs (meat type of German Landrace) were kept in groups in a confined space (0.48 m2 a head; group E), in a normal area (1.2 m2 a head; group N) or in a normal area plus daily exercise (group L). After having been kept under these conditions for specified periods, the pigs were made to run on a band moving at 1.1 metres a second for 2 km. During exercise the heart rate increased to 275 beats a minute in group E and only 180 in group L. In group L the recovery pulse rate was greater and the absolute and relative heart weight smaller than in group L; rectal temperature after exercise was also higher than in group L. Values for group N lay between those of groups E and L. The relationship of respiration rate to rectal temperature after exercise was greater in group L than in groups E and N. Physical fitness of groups E and N was inferior to that of group L."}
{"id": "PMID:1200749", "title": "[Mineral content of various tissues in cattle. 4. Studies on dry matter, Ca, Mg, Na and K concentration in mucous membrane and muscle layer of various bovine gastrointestinal sections].", "content": "Samples of the following parts of the gastrointestinal tract were collected from 20 slaughter cattle: - oesophagus, reticulum, omasum, rumen, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon (beginning and end). There were considerable differences in mineral content, related to the differing functions of each part. Forestomach mucosa contained high concentrations of Ca and Mg, attributable to accumulation and separation of mineral salts. In the three segments of small intestine there was generally more Mg than Ca, with high concentrations of Na and K. The tabulated results are intended to provide a basis for comparison with pathological states.", "contents": "[Mineral content of various tissues in cattle. 4. Studies on dry matter, Ca, Mg, Na and K concentration in mucous membrane and muscle layer of various bovine gastrointestinal sections]. Samples of the following parts of the gastrointestinal tract were collected from 20 slaughter cattle: - oesophagus, reticulum, omasum, rumen, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon (beginning and end). There were considerable differences in mineral content, related to the differing functions of each part. Forestomach mucosa contained high concentrations of Ca and Mg, attributable to accumulation and separation of mineral salts. In the three segments of small intestine there was generally more Mg than Ca, with high concentrations of Na and K. The tabulated results are intended to provide a basis for comparison with pathological states."}
{"id": "PMID:1200750", "title": "[Alkaline phosphatase activity in blood serum, bile and urine of cattle and calves].", "content": "Mean values and the range of values for alkaline phosphatase activity in serum (expressed in units) were: - calves 909 (413-1445), bulls 325 (179-543) and cattle 131 (72 to 162). Differences between these groups were statistically significant. Values for bile were: - calves 416 (116-882), cattle 546 (145-1203), bulls 738 (108-1438) enzyme units; here there were no significant differences. Activity of the enzyme in urine was very low, mean values being 0.77 in calves, 0.39 in cattle and 1.69 in bulls; the differences between groups were statistically significant.", "contents": "[Alkaline phosphatase activity in blood serum, bile and urine of cattle and calves]. Mean values and the range of values for alkaline phosphatase activity in serum (expressed in units) were: - calves 909 (413-1445), bulls 325 (179-543) and cattle 131 (72 to 162). Differences between these groups were statistically significant. Values for bile were: - calves 416 (116-882), cattle 546 (145-1203), bulls 738 (108-1438) enzyme units; here there were no significant differences. Activity of the enzyme in urine was very low, mean values being 0.77 in calves, 0.39 in cattle and 1.69 in bulls; the differences between groups were statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1200751", "title": "[Influence of the cecum, in geese fed diets containing urea, on N-metabolism and digestibility of nutrients and on urea concentration in excrements and blood].", "content": "Balance experiments were performed on six normal young geese and on six geese with a ligated caecum. The ration consisted of 43.25% barley, 30% sugar beet slices, 20% cellulose, 1.4% maize germ oil, 3% mineral mixture, 1% concentrate of vitamins and growth factors, 1.25% urea and 0.1% lysine. Daily nitrogen balance was similar in the two groups (average 1051 mg in the controls and 1090 mg in the experimental birds). Crude protein digestibility was 82.4 +/- 1.1% in the controls and 84.9 +/- 1% in the experimental birds (a significant difference). The bacterial flora of the caecum seemed to have no effect on crude fibre breakdown. Digestibility was quite low, averaging 5.7% in controls and 4.6% in experimental birds. The proportion of urea discharged in excreta was 50% in controls and 55.7% in experimental birds. Blood urea veraged 21.7 mg/100 g in controls and 22.8 mg in experimental birds (insignificant difference).", "contents": "[Influence of the cecum, in geese fed diets containing urea, on N-metabolism and digestibility of nutrients and on urea concentration in excrements and blood]. Balance experiments were performed on six normal young geese and on six geese with a ligated caecum. The ration consisted of 43.25% barley, 30% sugar beet slices, 20% cellulose, 1.4% maize germ oil, 3% mineral mixture, 1% concentrate of vitamins and growth factors, 1.25% urea and 0.1% lysine. Daily nitrogen balance was similar in the two groups (average 1051 mg in the controls and 1090 mg in the experimental birds). Crude protein digestibility was 82.4 +/- 1.1% in the controls and 84.9 +/- 1% in the experimental birds (a significant difference). The bacterial flora of the caecum seemed to have no effect on crude fibre breakdown. Digestibility was quite low, averaging 5.7% in controls and 4.6% in experimental birds. The proportion of urea discharged in excreta was 50% in controls and 55.7% in experimental birds. Blood urea veraged 21.7 mg/100 g in controls and 22.8 mg in experimental birds (insignificant difference)."}
{"id": "PMID:1200752", "title": "[Experimental studies on allergenic effect of Mycobacterium intracellulare in cattle].", "content": "Mycobacterium intracellulare, isolated from sawdust used as litter, was inoculated into 25 bullocks. Six developed a doubtful reaction to mammalian tuberculin and the remainder stayed negative. With avian tuberculin, 8 became positive, 10 doubtful and 7 remained negative. Using the interpretation key described by Goetze, Lauterbach and Nassal, the reactions were shown to be para-allergic. At slaughter there was no evidence of tuberculous lesions.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on allergenic effect of Mycobacterium intracellulare in cattle]. Mycobacterium intracellulare, isolated from sawdust used as litter, was inoculated into 25 bullocks. Six developed a doubtful reaction to mammalian tuberculin and the remainder stayed negative. With avian tuberculin, 8 became positive, 10 doubtful and 7 remained negative. Using the interpretation key described by Goetze, Lauterbach and Nassal, the reactions were shown to be para-allergic. At slaughter there was no evidence of tuberculous lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1200753", "title": "[Hyperthermia in the rabbit. I. Studies on influencing circulation with exogenic hyperthermia].", "content": "Increasing the environmental temperature to 35 degrees C produced hyperthermia in 11 female rabbits, 80-90 days old. At the onset of hyperthermia the heart rate increased, but there was no further change after about two hours (range 1-3 hours); it remained constant at an increased rate until the end of the experiment. Blood pressure fell at first, but it had increased again after 90 minutes, and underwent no further change during the experiment. The mechanism of these circulatory changes were discussed in relation to the neutral control of body temperature regulation.", "contents": "[Hyperthermia in the rabbit. I. Studies on influencing circulation with exogenic hyperthermia]. Increasing the environmental temperature to 35 degrees C produced hyperthermia in 11 female rabbits, 80-90 days old. At the onset of hyperthermia the heart rate increased, but there was no further change after about two hours (range 1-3 hours); it remained constant at an increased rate until the end of the experiment. Blood pressure fell at first, but it had increased again after 90 minutes, and underwent no further change during the experiment. The mechanism of these circulatory changes were discussed in relation to the neutral control of body temperature regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200754", "title": "[Evaluation of the ability to regulate blood volume under standardized motoric stress].", "content": "Sixteen German Landrace pigs of the meat type were kept in individual cages (0.47 m2 floor area each) or in two pens of four pigs providing 1.05 m2 per animal, under otherwise identical conditions for 45 days, commending at a body weight of 45 kg. Plasma volume and plasma glucose were determined before, during and after the pigs made to run on a band moving at 1 m/s for 20 minutes at 24 degrees C. Changes in plasma volume were studied from the total scatter of values (total area covered by the curve of values). This made it possible to quantify individual regulatory capacity and the influence of management. Close confinement in an individual cage reduced the regulatory capacity of the plasma volume by 3.5 to 4 times. There were significant qualitative and quantitative relationships between intravascular fluid volume and intravascular glucose or glucose concentration.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the ability to regulate blood volume under standardized motoric stress]. Sixteen German Landrace pigs of the meat type were kept in individual cages (0.47 m2 floor area each) or in two pens of four pigs providing 1.05 m2 per animal, under otherwise identical conditions for 45 days, commending at a body weight of 45 kg. Plasma volume and plasma glucose were determined before, during and after the pigs made to run on a band moving at 1 m/s for 20 minutes at 24 degrees C. Changes in plasma volume were studied from the total scatter of values (total area covered by the curve of values). This made it possible to quantify individual regulatory capacity and the influence of management. Close confinement in an individual cage reduced the regulatory capacity of the plasma volume by 3.5 to 4 times. There were significant qualitative and quantitative relationships between intravascular fluid volume and intravascular glucose or glucose concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1200755", "title": "[Metabolism and hematology studies of intensively raised fattened lambs under various feeding and management conditions. 1. The effect of various feeding methods on the blood picture, serum mineral and bilirubin concentration, and vitamin A concentration in the liver].", "content": "Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and bilirubin content, blood picture and liver vitamin A were determined in six groups of lambs fattened on different rations, in comparison with a control group. The results are presented in graphs and tables. There was no clear difference between the various groups, in the criteria examined.", "contents": "[Metabolism and hematology studies of intensively raised fattened lambs under various feeding and management conditions. 1. The effect of various feeding methods on the blood picture, serum mineral and bilirubin concentration, and vitamin A concentration in the liver]. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and bilirubin content, blood picture and liver vitamin A were determined in six groups of lambs fattened on different rations, in comparison with a control group. The results are presented in graphs and tables. There was no clear difference between the various groups, in the criteria examined."}
{"id": "PMID:1200756", "title": "[Metabolism and hematology studies of intensively raised fattened lambs under various feeding and management conditions. 2. The effect of various management methods on the blood picture, serum mineral and bilirubin concentration and vitamin A concentration in the liver].", "content": "Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and bilirubin content, blood picture and liver vitamin A were studied in four groups of intensively fattened lambs kept under different conditions of management, in comparison with a control group. Results are shown in graphs and tables, Group-specific differences were found in some of the parameters examined: - Ca, P, erythrocytes, leucocytes, vitamin A.", "contents": "[Metabolism and hematology studies of intensively raised fattened lambs under various feeding and management conditions. 2. The effect of various management methods on the blood picture, serum mineral and bilirubin concentration and vitamin A concentration in the liver]. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and bilirubin content, blood picture and liver vitamin A were studied in four groups of intensively fattened lambs kept under different conditions of management, in comparison with a control group. Results are shown in graphs and tables, Group-specific differences were found in some of the parameters examined: - Ca, P, erythrocytes, leucocytes, vitamin A."}
{"id": "PMID:1200757", "title": "[Metabolism and hematology studies of intensively raised fattened lambs under various feeding and management conditions. 3. The effect of weaning age under various management conditions on the blood picture, serum mineral and bilirubin concentration and vitamin A concentration in the liver].", "content": "Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and bilirubin, blood picture and liver vitamin A were studied in six groups of lambs weaned at various ages and fattened under four types of management, in comparison with a control group. Results are shown in graphs and tables, with a comparison with conventionally fattened lambs. Age at weaning had no demonstrable effect on the parameters investigated.", "contents": "[Metabolism and hematology studies of intensively raised fattened lambs under various feeding and management conditions. 3. The effect of weaning age under various management conditions on the blood picture, serum mineral and bilirubin concentration and vitamin A concentration in the liver]. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and bilirubin, blood picture and liver vitamin A were studied in six groups of lambs weaned at various ages and fattened under four types of management, in comparison with a control group. Results are shown in graphs and tables, with a comparison with conventionally fattened lambs. Age at weaning had no demonstrable effect on the parameters investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:1200758", "title": "Erythrocyte soluble catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in primary affective disorder. A clinical and genetic study.", "content": "Erythrocyte catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) activity was studied in 53 patients with primary affective disorders and 38 controls and in selected relatives. Patients with affective disorders tended to have higher activity levels than normals, after correcting for sex differences. The COMT activity was positively correlated between relatives and is heritable. Within families, elevation of COMT activity distingushed healthy relatives from probands and ill relatives. This suggests that COMT activity elevation and affective illness do not show independent assortment and implies that COMT activity identifies genetic vulnerability to affective order.", "contents": "Erythrocyte soluble catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in primary affective disorder. A clinical and genetic study. Erythrocyte catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) activity was studied in 53 patients with primary affective disorders and 38 controls and in selected relatives. Patients with affective disorders tended to have higher activity levels than normals, after correcting for sex differences. The COMT activity was positively correlated between relatives and is heritable. Within families, elevation of COMT activity distingushed healthy relatives from probands and ill relatives. This suggests that COMT activity elevation and affective illness do not show independent assortment and implies that COMT activity identifies genetic vulnerability to affective order."}
{"id": "PMID:1200760", "title": "Bias against genetic hypotheses in adoption studies.", "content": "Genetic factors are implicated in the cause of psychopathological disorders whenever the incidence of disorder is greater among the adopted-away offspring of affected parents than among those of control (unaffected) parents. The lack of information about most parents who give their children up for adoption could result in the inclusion of a substantial number of high-risk parents in the control groups. This could bias an adoption study against a genetic hypothesis. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory scores of two groups of pregnant unwed mothers were compared to those of two other groups: married pregnant women and 18-year-old women. Comparisons disclosed that the unwed mothers had significant elevations on five to the nine clinical scales. Elevations on psychopathic deviancy and schizophrenia were particularly substantial. These results indicate a requirement to select control group parents who are representative of the general population.", "contents": "Bias against genetic hypotheses in adoption studies. Genetic factors are implicated in the cause of psychopathological disorders whenever the incidence of disorder is greater among the adopted-away offspring of affected parents than among those of control (unaffected) parents. The lack of information about most parents who give their children up for adoption could result in the inclusion of a substantial number of high-risk parents in the control groups. This could bias an adoption study against a genetic hypothesis. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory scores of two groups of pregnant unwed mothers were compared to those of two other groups: married pregnant women and 18-year-old women. Comparisons disclosed that the unwed mothers had significant elevations on five to the nine clinical scales. Elevations on psychopathic deviancy and schizophrenia were particularly substantial. These results indicate a requirement to select control group parents who are representative of the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:1200759", "title": "Biogenic amines and depression. Biochemical and pharmacological separation of two types of depression.", "content": "Recent research findings indicate that depressive disorders may be divided into two groups, A and B, using specific biochemical and pharmacological criteria. It is suggested that in the A group there is a disorder of norepinephrine systems are not altered. Further, there is the possibility that B types patients have disorder of serotonin, but not norepinephrine or dopamine systems. This biochemical heterogeneity of human depression has implications for both investigators and clinicians, and may account for disparate findings in biological studies of patients with affective disorders.", "contents": "Biogenic amines and depression. Biochemical and pharmacological separation of two types of depression. Recent research findings indicate that depressive disorders may be divided into two groups, A and B, using specific biochemical and pharmacological criteria. It is suggested that in the A group there is a disorder of norepinephrine systems are not altered. Further, there is the possibility that B types patients have disorder of serotonin, but not norepinephrine or dopamine systems. This biochemical heterogeneity of human depression has implications for both investigators and clinicians, and may account for disparate findings in biological studies of patients with affective disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1200761", "title": "Grandsons of alcoholics. A test of sex-linked transmission of alcohol abuse.", "content": "To test the hypothesis of a sex-linked factor influencing the occurrence of alcoholism and alcohol abuse, alcoholism or abuse rates were compared for 136 sons of the sons vs 134 sons of the daughters of 75 alcoholics. No substantial difference between the groups of grandsons was found in frequency of officially registered alcoholism or alcohol abuse, or both, which suggests no sex-linked factor is involved. The total sample was also used to calculate the risk of such registration for the grandson; the rate of registration by the grandsons' fifth decade of life was 43%, approximately three times that of the general male population, and even higher than the equivalent rate in brothers of alcoholics. This result is incompatible with an assumption of a recessive gene being involved in the occurrence of alcoholism, though it fits with the assumption of a dominant gene.", "contents": "Grandsons of alcoholics. A test of sex-linked transmission of alcohol abuse. To test the hypothesis of a sex-linked factor influencing the occurrence of alcoholism and alcohol abuse, alcoholism or abuse rates were compared for 136 sons of the sons vs 134 sons of the daughters of 75 alcoholics. No substantial difference between the groups of grandsons was found in frequency of officially registered alcoholism or alcohol abuse, or both, which suggests no sex-linked factor is involved. The total sample was also used to calculate the risk of such registration for the grandson; the rate of registration by the grandsons' fifth decade of life was 43%, approximately three times that of the general male population, and even higher than the equivalent rate in brothers of alcoholics. This result is incompatible with an assumption of a recessive gene being involved in the occurrence of alcoholism, though it fits with the assumption of a dominant gene."}
{"id": "PMID:1200762", "title": "Alcoholism as a mental health problem of Native Americans. A review of the literature.", "content": "Alcoholism among North American Indians and Eskimos is generally considered a major public health and community mental health problem, and increasingly so.  All too often alcoholism and alcoholic (and the simple avoidance of these terms) are used indiscriminantly, obscuring important avenues for serious consideration. A major consideration is the extent to which the heavy drinking so common among indian men corresponds to \"alcoholism\" in the dominant culture. Considerations of culture stress (deculturative and acculturative) and cultural intoxication-permitting factors are essential in any dynamic formulation of Native Americans' problem drinking. A crucial individual motive is that drunkenness can provide short-cut gratification by providing fantasy solutions to culture-bound problems.", "contents": "Alcoholism as a mental health problem of Native Americans. A review of the literature. Alcoholism among North American Indians and Eskimos is generally considered a major public health and community mental health problem, and increasingly so.  All too often alcoholism and alcoholic (and the simple avoidance of these terms) are used indiscriminantly, obscuring important avenues for serious consideration. A major consideration is the extent to which the heavy drinking so common among indian men corresponds to \"alcoholism\" in the dominant culture. Considerations of culture stress (deculturative and acculturative) and cultural intoxication-permitting factors are essential in any dynamic formulation of Native Americans' problem drinking. A crucial individual motive is that drunkenness can provide short-cut gratification by providing fantasy solutions to culture-bound problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1200763", "title": "Alcohol's effect on some formal aspects of verbal social communication.", "content": "The effects of alcohol on formal aspects of social communication were studied by scoring transcripts of verbal discussions between dyads in alcohol and placebo sessions. At a low dose (3.83 to 1.0 ml/kg), alcohol significantly (P Less than .01) increased the amount of and overlap in communications, and tended to decrease subjects' acknowledgement of their partners' statements. At a high dose (1.5 ml/kg), the rate of overlap in speech was additionally increased, but there was a leveling off or reversal of the drug's effect on amount of communication. The subjects' blood alcohol levels were not related to the drug's effect.", "contents": "Alcohol's effect on some formal aspects of verbal social communication. The effects of alcohol on formal aspects of social communication were studied by scoring transcripts of verbal discussions between dyads in alcohol and placebo sessions. At a low dose (3.83 to 1.0 ml/kg), alcohol significantly (P Less than .01) increased the amount of and overlap in communications, and tended to decrease subjects' acknowledgement of their partners' statements. At a high dose (1.5 ml/kg), the rate of overlap in speech was additionally increased, but there was a leveling off or reversal of the drug's effect on amount of communication. The subjects' blood alcohol levels were not related to the drug's effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1200764", "title": "Sex of siblings of male alcoholics.", "content": "Research conducted with general population samples has demonstrated the importance of sex of siblings in the formation of sex-role identification and in the development of sex-role conflict. Information on early family structure was collected from 207 white male alcoholic inpatients. Among those reared in intact families with at least two older siblings, 65 had a second-older brother. This difference cannot be explained by variation in family size, differential sex ratios in birth rates, or greater availability of women in the sibships of the alcoholics. It is consistent with a model that postulates that alcoholism in men may express dependency conflict associated with sex-role identify problems.", "contents": "Sex of siblings of male alcoholics. Research conducted with general population samples has demonstrated the importance of sex of siblings in the formation of sex-role identification and in the development of sex-role conflict. Information on early family structure was collected from 207 white male alcoholic inpatients. Among those reared in intact families with at least two older siblings, 65 had a second-older brother. This difference cannot be explained by variation in family size, differential sex ratios in birth rates, or greater availability of women in the sibships of the alcoholics. It is consistent with a model that postulates that alcoholism in men may express dependency conflict associated with sex-role identify problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1200765", "title": "Dreaming sleep attacks and desynchronized sleep enhancement. Report of a case of brain stem signs.", "content": "When central neurologic signs were localized to the vestibular region of the brain stem and cerebellum, a 54-year-old man experienced frequent awakenings from nocturnal sleep and daytime sleep attacks with hallucinosis. Sleep attacks were characterized by lid fluttering and closure, upward turning of the eyes, rapid eye movements, myoclonic twitching of all extremities, and loss of consciousness, lasting one or two minutes and aborted by strong sensory stimulation. At their termination, reports of hallucinoid imagery were given. In a sleep record of 6.5 hours, there were 2.2 hours awake (34%), 4.3 hours desynchronized sleep (66%), and a complete absence of synchronized sleep. Reports of hallucinoid imagery were given after awakenings from desynchronized sleep. The findings support the hypotheses that desynchronized sleep is normally under brain stem control and that some types of narcolepsy may be pathophysiologically related to desynchronized sleep.", "contents": "Dreaming sleep attacks and desynchronized sleep enhancement. Report of a case of brain stem signs. When central neurologic signs were localized to the vestibular region of the brain stem and cerebellum, a 54-year-old man experienced frequent awakenings from nocturnal sleep and daytime sleep attacks with hallucinosis. Sleep attacks were characterized by lid fluttering and closure, upward turning of the eyes, rapid eye movements, myoclonic twitching of all extremities, and loss of consciousness, lasting one or two minutes and aborted by strong sensory stimulation. At their termination, reports of hallucinoid imagery were given. In a sleep record of 6.5 hours, there were 2.2 hours awake (34%), 4.3 hours desynchronized sleep (66%), and a complete absence of synchronized sleep. Reports of hallucinoid imagery were given after awakenings from desynchronized sleep. The findings support the hypotheses that desynchronized sleep is normally under brain stem control and that some types of narcolepsy may be pathophysiologically related to desynchronized sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:1200766", "title": "Stuttering, dichotic listening, and cerebral dominance.", "content": "Fully right-sided stutterers (35) and fully right-sided nonstutterers (35) had a dichotic listening task to test hypotheses that stutterers have incomplete cerebral lateralization or reversed lateralization of speech function, or both. An assumption of the procedure is that a right-ear preference indicates left-cerebral dominance for speech. Six stutterers and no nonstutterers showed a reversal, ie, a left-ear preference. As a group, the remaining stutterers who showed no such reversal were the same as nonstutterers in the magnitiude of the right-ear preference. This suggests that a subset of stutterers may have an anomaly in the lateralization of speech functions. A nonsignificant tendency emerged for stutterers to show smaller between-ear differences on the test, consistent with the hypothesis that stutterers have less or incomplete lateralization of speech function than nonstutterers.", "contents": "Stuttering, dichotic listening, and cerebral dominance. Fully right-sided stutterers (35) and fully right-sided nonstutterers (35) had a dichotic listening task to test hypotheses that stutterers have incomplete cerebral lateralization or reversed lateralization of speech function, or both. An assumption of the procedure is that a right-ear preference indicates left-cerebral dominance for speech. Six stutterers and no nonstutterers showed a reversal, ie, a left-ear preference. As a group, the remaining stutterers who showed no such reversal were the same as nonstutterers in the magnitiude of the right-ear preference. This suggests that a subset of stutterers may have an anomaly in the lateralization of speech functions. A nonsignificant tendency emerged for stutterers to show smaller between-ear differences on the test, consistent with the hypothesis that stutterers have less or incomplete lateralization of speech function than nonstutterers."}
{"id": "PMID:1200767", "title": "Intrusive and repetitive thoughts after experimental stress. A summary.", "content": "Clinical research indicates a tendency to compulsive repetitions of traumatic experiences. Such phenomena have not been studied experimentally and so the generality of the tendency has been uncertain. With development of operational definitions and content analysis techniques, it was possible to quantity and examine intrusive and stimulus-repetitive thought in a series of experiments with controlled variations in subject selection, stimuli, demand set, and context. Comparison of data across experiments indicates a tendency toward intrusive and stimulus-repetitive thought that is not restricted to \"traumas\" or a few predisposed individuals. Intrusive and repetitive thought appears to be a general stress-response tendency seen in a large proportion of persons after even mild to moderately stressful events. It is concluded that the intrusive repetitions observed clinically are extreme forms of this general stress-response tendency.", "contents": "Intrusive and repetitive thoughts after experimental stress. A summary. Clinical research indicates a tendency to compulsive repetitions of traumatic experiences. Such phenomena have not been studied experimentally and so the generality of the tendency has been uncertain. With development of operational definitions and content analysis techniques, it was possible to quantity and examine intrusive and stimulus-repetitive thought in a series of experiments with controlled variations in subject selection, stimuli, demand set, and context. Comparison of data across experiments indicates a tendency toward intrusive and stimulus-repetitive thought that is not restricted to \"traumas\" or a few predisposed individuals. Intrusive and repetitive thought appears to be a general stress-response tendency seen in a large proportion of persons after even mild to moderately stressful events. It is concluded that the intrusive repetitions observed clinically are extreme forms of this general stress-response tendency."}
{"id": "PMID:1200768", "title": "Some myths about \"mental illness\".", "content": "Radical psychiatrists and others assert that mental illness is a myth. The opening and closing portions of the article deal with the impact such an argument has had in law and psychiatry. The body of the article discusses the five following versions of the myth argument prevalent in radical psychiatry: (1) that there is no such thing as mental illness; (2) that those called \"mentally ill\" are really as rational as everyone else, only with different aims, that the only reasons anyone ever thought differently was (3) because of unsophisticated category mistakes or (4) because of an adherence to the epistemology of a sick society; and (5) that the phrase \"mental illness\" is used to mask value judgments about others' behavior in pseudoscientific respectability. Reasons are given for rejecting each of these versions of the argument that mental illness is a myth.", "contents": "Some myths about \"mental illness\". Radical psychiatrists and others assert that mental illness is a myth. The opening and closing portions of the article deal with the impact such an argument has had in law and psychiatry. The body of the article discusses the five following versions of the myth argument prevalent in radical psychiatry: (1) that there is no such thing as mental illness; (2) that those called \"mentally ill\" are really as rational as everyone else, only with different aims, that the only reasons anyone ever thought differently was (3) because of unsophisticated category mistakes or (4) because of an adherence to the epistemology of a sick society; and (5) that the phrase \"mental illness\" is used to mask value judgments about others' behavior in pseudoscientific respectability. Reasons are given for rejecting each of these versions of the argument that mental illness is a myth."}
{"id": "PMID:1200769", "title": "The position of psychiatry in the understanding of human disease.", "content": "The article discusses psychiatry and the concept of disease. This is approached by first reviewing generic attributes of the concept and how it has come to be used in contemporary medicine. Psychiatry's time-honored concern with alterations in social behavior is analyzed in the light of the generic attributes of disease. A holistic and adaptational perspective toward disease is discussed, and in particular, how psychiatry stands in relation to such a perspective. Alternative paradigms for ordering behavioral changes that can be implicated in disease are suggested. In adopting such a perspective, and rigorously exploring how disease and behavior interrelate, psychiatry becomes one of the disciplines that examines fundamental questions about man and social adaptation.", "contents": "The position of psychiatry in the understanding of human disease. The article discusses psychiatry and the concept of disease. This is approached by first reviewing generic attributes of the concept and how it has come to be used in contemporary medicine. Psychiatry's time-honored concern with alterations in social behavior is analyzed in the light of the generic attributes of disease. A holistic and adaptational perspective toward disease is discussed, and in particular, how psychiatry stands in relation to such a perspective. Alternative paradigms for ordering behavioral changes that can be implicated in disease are suggested. In adopting such a perspective, and rigorously exploring how disease and behavior interrelate, psychiatry becomes one of the disciplines that examines fundamental questions about man and social adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200770", "title": "Differences between behavior therapists and psychotherapists.", "content": "Patient-therapist interaction patterns of three experienced behavior therapists and three matched analytically oriented therapists were compared. Each therapist saw ten patients in short-term individual therapy. The more active behavior therapists dominated the conversation in terms of speech time, more frequently offered explicit advice and instructions, gave more direct information, presented their own value judgments, and exerted greater control over the content of the interaction than did psychotherapists. Although both groups provided a warm and accepting atmosphere, behavior therapists showed higher levels of accurate empathy, interpersonal contact, and therapist self-congruence. Patients viewed behavior therapists as more authoritarian and believed that psychotherapists encourage greater independence. It was concluded that the two therapy approaches to patients were consistent with theoretical models of each.", "contents": "Differences between behavior therapists and psychotherapists. Patient-therapist interaction patterns of three experienced behavior therapists and three matched analytically oriented therapists were compared. Each therapist saw ten patients in short-term individual therapy. The more active behavior therapists dominated the conversation in terms of speech time, more frequently offered explicit advice and instructions, gave more direct information, presented their own value judgments, and exerted greater control over the content of the interaction than did psychotherapists. Although both groups provided a warm and accepting atmosphere, behavior therapists showed higher levels of accurate empathy, interpersonal contact, and therapist self-congruence. Patients viewed behavior therapists as more authoritarian and believed that psychotherapists encourage greater independence. It was concluded that the two therapy approaches to patients were consistent with theoretical models of each."}
{"id": "PMID:1200771", "title": "Value-related effects on psychiatric judgment.", "content": "This study was done to clarify the role of political bias in forming psychiatric impressions. One hundred two psychiatrists randomly selected from the national register rendered six clinical decisions on the basis of a prepared case history in which the patient's sex and race were systematically varied, and also completed a moral traditionalism scale. The findings highlight the problem of covert psychiatrist bias, but fail to substantiate the contention that such bias inevitably disfavors the relatively disenfranchised.", "contents": "Value-related effects on psychiatric judgment. This study was done to clarify the role of political bias in forming psychiatric impressions. One hundred two psychiatrists randomly selected from the national register rendered six clinical decisions on the basis of a prepared case history in which the patient's sex and race were systematically varied, and also completed a moral traditionalism scale. The findings highlight the problem of covert psychiatrist bias, but fail to substantiate the contention that such bias inevitably disfavors the relatively disenfranchised."}
{"id": "PMID:1200772", "title": "Good patients and bad. Therapeutic assets and liabilities.", "content": "This is an extension of an earlier article that identified three utilization styles at an urban mental health center where, apart from a minority of intensive users, casual users, and pseudousers predominate and, combined, characterize the therapeutically passive user. The present article compares center data to added data from the private sector, where the intensive user predominates. Center/private differences are examined, and correlates of differing utilization styles are identified, such as sex, diagnosis, marital/living arrangements, referral source, and social engagement factor. The later is associated with differences not attributable to diagnostic severity of social impairment. The growing division of labor, wherein the privates sector is engaged in intensive psychiatric treatment while the center increasingly operates an emergency/crisis/maintenance service, is shown to reflect a gross public/private maldistribution of therapeutic assets and liabilities.", "contents": "Good patients and bad. Therapeutic assets and liabilities. This is an extension of an earlier article that identified three utilization styles at an urban mental health center where, apart from a minority of intensive users, casual users, and pseudousers predominate and, combined, characterize the therapeutically passive user. The present article compares center data to added data from the private sector, where the intensive user predominates. Center/private differences are examined, and correlates of differing utilization styles are identified, such as sex, diagnosis, marital/living arrangements, referral source, and social engagement factor. The later is associated with differences not attributable to diagnostic severity of social impairment. The growing division of labor, wherein the privates sector is engaged in intensive psychiatric treatment while the center increasingly operates an emergency/crisis/maintenance service, is shown to reflect a gross public/private maldistribution of therapeutic assets and liabilities."}
{"id": "PMID:1200773", "title": "Marijuana consumption and tolerance to physiological and subjective effects.", "content": "The relation between marijuana consumption and the development of tolerance was investigated during a 31-day study. Volunteers with a history of moderate or heavy marijuana use were given access to one-gram (2.1% delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) marijuana cigarettes during a 21-day smoking period. Both groups tended to increase consumption during this time. Heavy users averaged 5.7 cigarettes per day and indicated a progressive decline in ratings of intoxication and duration of pulse rate effect. Moderate users averaged 3.2 cigarettes per day but showed no changes in either of these reactions during this time. Results suggested that tolerance does not develop to the two most reliable indexes of marijuana intoxication unless heavy doses of delta9 THC are self-administered repeatedly. Also, the tendency to increase consumption during this time is not necessarily associated with the development of tolerance.", "contents": "Marijuana consumption and tolerance to physiological and subjective effects. The relation between marijuana consumption and the development of tolerance was investigated during a 31-day study. Volunteers with a history of moderate or heavy marijuana use were given access to one-gram (2.1% delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) marijuana cigarettes during a 21-day smoking period. Both groups tended to increase consumption during this time. Heavy users averaged 5.7 cigarettes per day and indicated a progressive decline in ratings of intoxication and duration of pulse rate effect. Moderate users averaged 3.2 cigarettes per day but showed no changes in either of these reactions during this time. Results suggested that tolerance does not develop to the two most reliable indexes of marijuana intoxication unless heavy doses of delta9 THC are self-administered repeatedly. Also, the tendency to increase consumption during this time is not necessarily associated with the development of tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:1200774", "title": "Memory functions six to nine months after electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "Memory functions after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were assessed in 38 former patients who had received bilateral treatment, right unilateral treatment, or hospitalization without ECT six to nine months previously. Results of six different tests of delayed retention and remote memory provided no evidence for persisting memory impairment. Nevertheless, persons who had received bilateral ECT rated their memory as impaired significantly (P less than .05) more often than did persons in the other follow-up groups. Although considerable effort was made to maximize the sensitivity of the memory tests, it is possible that, long after ECT, some impairment of memory remained that was not detected by these tests. Alternatively, it is hypothesized that the impairment of recent and remote memory initially associated with bilateral ECT could cause some persons to become more alert to subsequent memory failures and then to underestimate their memory abilities.", "contents": "Memory functions six to nine months after electroconvulsive therapy. Memory functions after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were assessed in 38 former patients who had received bilateral treatment, right unilateral treatment, or hospitalization without ECT six to nine months previously. Results of six different tests of delayed retention and remote memory provided no evidence for persisting memory impairment. Nevertheless, persons who had received bilateral ECT rated their memory as impaired significantly (P less than .05) more often than did persons in the other follow-up groups. Although considerable effort was made to maximize the sensitivity of the memory tests, it is possible that, long after ECT, some impairment of memory remained that was not detected by these tests. Alternatively, it is hypothesized that the impairment of recent and remote memory initially associated with bilateral ECT could cause some persons to become more alert to subsequent memory failures and then to underestimate their memory abilities."}
{"id": "PMID:1200775", "title": "Memory complaint and impairment in the aged. The effect of depression and altered brain function.", "content": "To clarify the role of memory impairment in the aged as a normal or psychopathological phenomenon, 153 persons 50-years-old and over with varying degrees of depression and altered brain function were compared for their complaints about memory and actual performance on a series of memory tests. It was found that while performance varied with altered brain function, complaint was related to level of depression, regardless of performance. Exaggerated memory complaint was considered one manifestation of a general pattern of discrpant reporting of symptoms by depressed persons, and apparently related to an underlying personality factor. The complaint of superiority of remote over recent memory was not substantiated empirically, but was considered part of the pattern of stereotyped language and attitudes characteristic of depressed persons.", "contents": "Memory complaint and impairment in the aged. The effect of depression and altered brain function. To clarify the role of memory impairment in the aged as a normal or psychopathological phenomenon, 153 persons 50-years-old and over with varying degrees of depression and altered brain function were compared for their complaints about memory and actual performance on a series of memory tests. It was found that while performance varied with altered brain function, complaint was related to level of depression, regardless of performance. Exaggerated memory complaint was considered one manifestation of a general pattern of discrpant reporting of symptoms by depressed persons, and apparently related to an underlying personality factor. The complaint of superiority of remote over recent memory was not substantiated empirically, but was considered part of the pattern of stereotyped language and attitudes characteristic of depressed persons."}
{"id": "PMID:1200776", "title": "Erotomania or de Cl\u00e9rambault syndrome.", "content": "De Cl\u00e9rambault focused attention on a syndrome in which a woman has the delusional belief that a man, usually of higher social status and considerably older, is much in love with her. If the patient's romantic ideas shaped private fantasies instead of determined public behavior, there would be little cause for concern. The situation becomes critical when the fantasies are dramatized in real life with an unsuspecting and usually unwilling man cast in the role of the lover. The woman dwells on the feelings she ascribes to her \"suitor.\" Such delusional thinking, resulting from an ego defect and producting bizarre actions, may be shaped largely by feelings of being unloved or even unloveable; a narcissistic blow is overcome by a grandiose fantasy. Cases in which erotomania is prominent are usually diagnosed as paranoid state or paranoid schizophrenia.", "contents": "Erotomania or de Cl\u00e9rambault syndrome. De Cl\u00e9rambault focused attention on a syndrome in which a woman has the delusional belief that a man, usually of higher social status and considerably older, is much in love with her. If the patient's romantic ideas shaped private fantasies instead of determined public behavior, there would be little cause for concern. The situation becomes critical when the fantasies are dramatized in real life with an unsuspecting and usually unwilling man cast in the role of the lover. The woman dwells on the feelings she ascribes to her \"suitor.\" Such delusional thinking, resulting from an ego defect and producting bizarre actions, may be shaped largely by feelings of being unloved or even unloveable; a narcissistic blow is overcome by a grandiose fantasy. Cases in which erotomania is prominent are usually diagnosed as paranoid state or paranoid schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200777", "title": "The interictal behavior syndrome of temporal lobe epilepsy.", "content": "A distinct syndrome of interictal behavior changes occurs in many patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. These changes include alterations in sexual behavior, religiosity, and a tendency toward extensive, and in some cases compulsive, writing and drawing. The concomitants of abnormal limbic acitivity therefore include behavior alterations as well as manifest seizures. The demonstration of interictal spike activity in temporal structures provides a pathophysiologic basis for this syndrome. The constellation of behavioral changes may be of great diagnostic value. In addition, it provides an example of a human behavioral syndrome assocaited with dysfunction at specific anatomic loci. The behavior syndrome of temporal lobe epilepsy may prove to be a useful model in studies on the neural substrates for behavior.", "contents": "The interictal behavior syndrome of temporal lobe epilepsy. A distinct syndrome of interictal behavior changes occurs in many patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. These changes include alterations in sexual behavior, religiosity, and a tendency toward extensive, and in some cases compulsive, writing and drawing. The concomitants of abnormal limbic acitivity therefore include behavior alterations as well as manifest seizures. The demonstration of interictal spike activity in temporal structures provides a pathophysiologic basis for this syndrome. The constellation of behavioral changes may be of great diagnostic value. In addition, it provides an example of a human behavioral syndrome assocaited with dysfunction at specific anatomic loci. The behavior syndrome of temporal lobe epilepsy may prove to be a useful model in studies on the neural substrates for behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1200778", "title": "Male transsexualism. Confirmation of a hypothesis?", "content": "Persistent confusion and the grouping together of similar disorders of differing origins confuse the question of genetic influences of male transsexualism. A 27-year-old adopted biological male transsexual was seen for psychiatric referral. At the time of the initial interview, events of her early development were unknown to her, and were elucidated by her adoptive mother. Her history seems to sever the genetic link between parent and child, while maintaining the psychoenvironmental continuity seen in patients who have been diagnosed as having transsexualism.", "contents": "Male transsexualism. Confirmation of a hypothesis? Persistent confusion and the grouping together of similar disorders of differing origins confuse the question of genetic influences of male transsexualism. A 27-year-old adopted biological male transsexual was seen for psychiatric referral. At the time of the initial interview, events of her early development were unknown to her, and were elucidated by her adoptive mother. Her history seems to sever the genetic link between parent and child, while maintaining the psychoenvironmental continuity seen in patients who have been diagnosed as having transsexualism."}
{"id": "PMID:1200779", "title": "Studies of virus-specific antigenicity of tumour cells transformed by bovine adenovirus type 3.", "content": "The present paper deals with the study of immunologic relationship between tumours induced by bovine adenovirus type 3 and the organism of the tumour-bearing hamster. The experiments showed that primarily induced tumours were not virus-specifically antigenic as a result of non-expression of weak TSTA presumably due to the presence of more potent antigens of cellular origin. It was only after repeated passages of tumour cells in vivo or in vitro, as a result of tumour progression, that the loss of potent antigens of cellular origin occurs which contributes to expression of weak virus-specific antigens. The findings obtained can explain unsuccessful attempts at detecting virus-specific antigens in spontaneous tumours. Antigenicity of spontaneous tumour and its immunologic relationship with the organism are probably associated with antigens of cellular origin occurring on cell membrane as a result of malignization rather than with antigens induced by an etiological agent. Consequently, the more profound development of immunological methods for diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis of oncogenic processes irrespective of their etiology seems to be expedient.", "contents": "Studies of virus-specific antigenicity of tumour cells transformed by bovine adenovirus type 3. The present paper deals with the study of immunologic relationship between tumours induced by bovine adenovirus type 3 and the organism of the tumour-bearing hamster. The experiments showed that primarily induced tumours were not virus-specifically antigenic as a result of non-expression of weak TSTA presumably due to the presence of more potent antigens of cellular origin. It was only after repeated passages of tumour cells in vivo or in vitro, as a result of tumour progression, that the loss of potent antigens of cellular origin occurs which contributes to expression of weak virus-specific antigens. The findings obtained can explain unsuccessful attempts at detecting virus-specific antigens in spontaneous tumours. Antigenicity of spontaneous tumour and its immunologic relationship with the organism are probably associated with antigens of cellular origin occurring on cell membrane as a result of malignization rather than with antigens induced by an etiological agent. Consequently, the more profound development of immunological methods for diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis of oncogenic processes irrespective of their etiology seems to be expedient."}
{"id": "PMID:1200780", "title": "An infallible method for producing ascitic fluid from solid tumours.", "content": "Notwithstanding all precautions, the methods usually applied for the transformation of solid tumours into the ascitic form, frequently fail. This must certainly be ascribed to the still existing, considerably high intercellular adhesion forces despite the fact that cancer cells generally show lack of adhesiveness due to their higher electrical charge in comparison with normal cells. Hagmar recently stipulated that particularly anionic detergents increase the negative surface charge of tumour cells, while cationic detergents drastically reduce or even reverse this charge. A series of comparative experiments were undertaken by us in order to study the influence of anionic, nonionic and amphoteric detergents on the production of ascitic fluid from macerates of Yoshida sarcoma and fibrosarcoma BUSP. This latter tumour was produced and maintained in our laboratory and resisted to all our attempts to produce the ascitic form. Heparin, in concentrations of 0,2, 0,4 and 1,0 mg/ml, was used as an example of an anionic detergent; Pluronic F-68 and phosphatidylcholine, both in concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 mg/ml, represent a nonionic and an amphoteric detergent, respectively. The obtained results clearly show a most favourable action of the applied surfactants: whereas the controls, in which the detergents were not applied, failed to produce ascitic fluid in, sometimes, considerable percentages (up to 100% in the case of BUSP) of the treated animals, not a single animal remained free of ascite when the injected macerate was pre-treated with the emulsifier. It should here be mentioned, however, that heparin in the highest concentration applied (1 mg/ml) caused lysis of the tumour cells impeding, thus, whatever formations of ascitic fluid.", "contents": "An infallible method for producing ascitic fluid from solid tumours. Notwithstanding all precautions, the methods usually applied for the transformation of solid tumours into the ascitic form, frequently fail. This must certainly be ascribed to the still existing, considerably high intercellular adhesion forces despite the fact that cancer cells generally show lack of adhesiveness due to their higher electrical charge in comparison with normal cells. Hagmar recently stipulated that particularly anionic detergents increase the negative surface charge of tumour cells, while cationic detergents drastically reduce or even reverse this charge. A series of comparative experiments were undertaken by us in order to study the influence of anionic, nonionic and amphoteric detergents on the production of ascitic fluid from macerates of Yoshida sarcoma and fibrosarcoma BUSP. This latter tumour was produced and maintained in our laboratory and resisted to all our attempts to produce the ascitic form. Heparin, in concentrations of 0,2, 0,4 and 1,0 mg/ml, was used as an example of an anionic detergent; Pluronic F-68 and phosphatidylcholine, both in concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 mg/ml, represent a nonionic and an amphoteric detergent, respectively. The obtained results clearly show a most favourable action of the applied surfactants: whereas the controls, in which the detergents were not applied, failed to produce ascitic fluid in, sometimes, considerable percentages (up to 100% in the case of BUSP) of the treated animals, not a single animal remained free of ascite when the injected macerate was pre-treated with the emulsifier. It should here be mentioned, however, that heparin in the highest concentration applied (1 mg/ml) caused lysis of the tumour cells impeding, thus, whatever formations of ascitic fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:1200781", "title": "[Impulse cytophotometric investigations on melanoblastoma (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated 24 patients with melanotic tumours (under them 22 malignant melanoms). The tumour material (31 x by biopsy, 2 x by autopsy) was homogenized and stained with Ethidium bromide after pepsination. The distribution of the DNA content of the tumour cell nuclei was measured by impulse cytophotometry. The criterion for the curves was the height of the 4-c-peak in percentage of the diploid peak. Our material was divided in 3 groups: I. Without metastases. II. Metastases, slowly progressive. III. Metastases, rapidly progressive. Between the groups there were significant differences: the higher the 4-c-peak, the greater the malignancy. In the group III we mostly had tetraploid populations with the maximal peak at 4-c. The course of the disease (as seen by metastasis, effect of chemotherapy, growing in cell culture) runs parallel to the findings of impulse cytophotometry. In one case of melanosis praeblastomatosa circumscripta Dubreuilh we found a pure diploid cell population without peaks at 4-c. For prognosis (not for diagnosis) the impulse cytophotometric investigation of malignant melanoma is more suitable than the histology. In the discussion we expose the connections between proliferation and DNS distribution of cell nuclei in a tetraploid population. The terminology of cell cycle phases is extended to tetraploid populations with new terms (G', S'). In some cases we found stem lines. As shown by repeated impulse cytophotometric investigations a changing of stem lines in the DNA distribution curve is possible (change from hyperdiploid to tetraploid). The impulse cytophotometry is suitable for such investigations on melanomas.", "contents": "[Impulse cytophotometric investigations on melanoblastoma (author's transl)]. We investigated 24 patients with melanotic tumours (under them 22 malignant melanoms). The tumour material (31 x by biopsy, 2 x by autopsy) was homogenized and stained with Ethidium bromide after pepsination. The distribution of the DNA content of the tumour cell nuclei was measured by impulse cytophotometry. The criterion for the curves was the height of the 4-c-peak in percentage of the diploid peak. Our material was divided in 3 groups: I. Without metastases. II. Metastases, slowly progressive. III. Metastases, rapidly progressive. Between the groups there were significant differences: the higher the 4-c-peak, the greater the malignancy. In the group III we mostly had tetraploid populations with the maximal peak at 4-c. The course of the disease (as seen by metastasis, effect of chemotherapy, growing in cell culture) runs parallel to the findings of impulse cytophotometry. In one case of melanosis praeblastomatosa circumscripta Dubreuilh we found a pure diploid cell population without peaks at 4-c. For prognosis (not for diagnosis) the impulse cytophotometric investigation of malignant melanoma is more suitable than the histology. In the discussion we expose the connections between proliferation and DNS distribution of cell nuclei in a tetraploid population. The terminology of cell cycle phases is extended to tetraploid populations with new terms (G', S'). In some cases we found stem lines. As shown by repeated impulse cytophotometric investigations a changing of stem lines in the DNA distribution curve is possible (change from hyperdiploid to tetraploid). The impulse cytophotometry is suitable for such investigations on melanomas."}
{"id": "PMID:1200782", "title": "[Immunotherapy of laryngeal papillomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "14 children and adults suffering from laryngeal papillomatosis were treated with an inactivated tissue culture virus vaccine. The vaccine was produced from a virus of the papova group isolated out of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. In all vaccinated patients, objective regression of tumor mass was observed, mostly without any operative procedure. In 5 patients even with an operation microscope no residula papillomatous tissue could be seen after treatment. In 7 patients with laryngeal papillomas which had been treated for years by repeated surgery, immunotherapy induced regression of 6-12 months duration. Thereafter, recurrences were found which were clinically silent but visible by microscopy. A second vaccination was succesful in 8 of 10 patients. The vaccine treatment showed no side effects.", "contents": "[Immunotherapy of laryngeal papillomatosis (author's transl)]. 14 children and adults suffering from laryngeal papillomatosis were treated with an inactivated tissue culture virus vaccine. The vaccine was produced from a virus of the papova group isolated out of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. In all vaccinated patients, objective regression of tumor mass was observed, mostly without any operative procedure. In 5 patients even with an operation microscope no residula papillomatous tissue could be seen after treatment. In 7 patients with laryngeal papillomas which had been treated for years by repeated surgery, immunotherapy induced regression of 6-12 months duration. Thereafter, recurrences were found which were clinically silent but visible by microscopy. A second vaccination was succesful in 8 of 10 patients. The vaccine treatment showed no side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1200783", "title": "The fine structure of the parotid gland of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones meridianus.", "content": "The parotid gland of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones meridianus, was examined by the electron microscopy. A peculiar feature of the serous acinar cells in that mature secretory granules have a bipartite substructure consisting of a centrally-located large dense homogeneous core and the peripheral rim of a less dense, fibrillo-granular matrix. The latter is histochemically revealed to be rich in acid mucosubstance while the former may be mainly composed of zymogenic materials because of its dense homogeneous texture. Such a heterogeneity of granule content is detectable in all the materials examined, regardless of fixation and staining methods and of animal age. Another characteristic feature of the gland is observable in the duct cells, which provide the basal hemidesmosomes attached with microfilaments and the network system of agranular cytoplasmic tubules, closely related to the basal plasma membrane. Functional significance of these structures is discussed.", "contents": "The fine structure of the parotid gland of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones meridianus. The parotid gland of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones meridianus, was examined by the electron microscopy. A peculiar feature of the serous acinar cells in that mature secretory granules have a bipartite substructure consisting of a centrally-located large dense homogeneous core and the peripheral rim of a less dense, fibrillo-granular matrix. The latter is histochemically revealed to be rich in acid mucosubstance while the former may be mainly composed of zymogenic materials because of its dense homogeneous texture. Such a heterogeneity of granule content is detectable in all the materials examined, regardless of fixation and staining methods and of animal age. Another characteristic feature of the gland is observable in the duct cells, which provide the basal hemidesmosomes attached with microfilaments and the network system of agranular cytoplasmic tubules, closely related to the basal plasma membrane. Functional significance of these structures is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200784", "title": "Histological study on the postnatal development and sequence of eruption of the maxillary cheek-teeth of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).", "content": "The development and sequence of eruption of the maxillary cheek-teeth of rabbits were studied by histological methods. The presence of three deciduous molars which were replaced by correspondent premolars and of three permanent molars without predecessors was confirmed. The eruption of the maxillary deciduous molars was shown to begin at 4 days postnatally and that of the permanent molar at 9 days, while the eruption of the premolars occurs from 24 days on, replacing the deciduous molars which are exfoliated. The last tooth to erupt is the M3. At 32 days all the permanent cheek-teeth are erupted. The deciduous molars are completely developed at birth, root resorption starting at 4 days. On the first day the premolars are in the bell stage and in the M1 and M2 amelogenesis is taking place. After 27 days the development of the permanent maxillary cheek-teeth is completed. Dentinogenesis, amelogenesis and cementogenesis were observed in all of them.", "contents": "Histological study on the postnatal development and sequence of eruption of the maxillary cheek-teeth of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The development and sequence of eruption of the maxillary cheek-teeth of rabbits were studied by histological methods. The presence of three deciduous molars which were replaced by correspondent premolars and of three permanent molars without predecessors was confirmed. The eruption of the maxillary deciduous molars was shown to begin at 4 days postnatally and that of the permanent molar at 9 days, while the eruption of the premolars occurs from 24 days on, replacing the deciduous molars which are exfoliated. The last tooth to erupt is the M3. At 32 days all the permanent cheek-teeth are erupted. The deciduous molars are completely developed at birth, root resorption starting at 4 days. On the first day the premolars are in the bell stage and in the M1 and M2 amelogenesis is taking place. After 27 days the development of the permanent maxillary cheek-teeth is completed. Dentinogenesis, amelogenesis and cementogenesis were observed in all of them."}
{"id": "PMID:1200785", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in rabbit taste buds induced by prolonged treatment with cycloheximide.", "content": "Prolonged administration of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of ribosomal protein synthesis, induces degeneration of rabbit taste bud cells: the degenerative changes resemble early changes in denervated taste buds. Our observations show that the pattern of degeneration is quite different in the three cell types of the taste buds. The earliest changes in type II and III cells are an increase in cytoplasmic filaments and extreme dilatation of rough endoplasmic cisternae. Profiles of dead type I and II cells vastly increase in number. Type I cells appear less affected by the drug and the only sign of degeneration was an increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles in their cytoplasm. There was no indication that degenerating type I cells undergo transformation to type II or III cells. These findings support our hypothesis that type I, II and III cells represent distinct cell types and do not undergo transformation to other types in the course of their life span.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in rabbit taste buds induced by prolonged treatment with cycloheximide. Prolonged administration of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of ribosomal protein synthesis, induces degeneration of rabbit taste bud cells: the degenerative changes resemble early changes in denervated taste buds. Our observations show that the pattern of degeneration is quite different in the three cell types of the taste buds. The earliest changes in type II and III cells are an increase in cytoplasmic filaments and extreme dilatation of rough endoplasmic cisternae. Profiles of dead type I and II cells vastly increase in number. Type I cells appear less affected by the drug and the only sign of degeneration was an increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles in their cytoplasm. There was no indication that degenerating type I cells undergo transformation to type II or III cells. These findings support our hypothesis that type I, II and III cells represent distinct cell types and do not undergo transformation to other types in the course of their life span."}
{"id": "PMID:1200786", "title": "The occurrence of brown adipose tissue in perirenal fat in Japanese.", "content": "1. In 125 cases of perirenal fat samples derived from human necropsies (from 1 month to 86 years), the occurrence of the brown adipose tissue was examined. Brown fat cells were contained in 72% (90: 125) of the cases. 2. In the infants, all samples contained maximal amounts of brown fat cells: the perirenal fat was composed almost exclusively of brown fat cells: in children and teenagers they began to diminish, and in younger adults further reductions were observed: after the fifth decade conspicuous diminutions occurred. In later decades the brown fat in the perirenal fat was small in amount. 3. This change in the amount of the brown fat tissue undergoes individual variations. In some cases, the brown fat tissue disappeared from perirenal fats in the early stages of life, while in others it persisted to very late stages of life. A man as old as 86 years possessed brown adipose cells in the perirenal fat. 4. Multilocular brown fat cells were classified into the following types: Type 1, fat-depleted cells: Type 2, small-locular cells: Type 3, middle-locular cells: Type 4, large-locular cells: Type 5, monolocular brown fat cells with a thick cytoplasmic rim and pseudomonolocular brown fat cells and Type 6, multilocular brown fat cells rich in cytoplasm. In the infants, all cell types were identified: the small-locular cells were in general scanty in all decades following infancy: in later decades of life, the most common cell types were middle-locular and large-locular cells. The fat-depleted cell is a particular cell type and may occur usually accompanied by multilocular brown fat cells rich in cytoplasm. 5. The fat lobules are composed of a centrally located brown fat cell area and a peripheral layer of monolocular white fat cells, which in the infants was very thin but in the following ages was gradually widened to invade the interior of the lobules. 6. The present findings suggest a continuous replacement of brown fat cells by white fat cells during advancing age. The monolocular brown fat cell with a thick cytoplasmic rim and the pseudomonolocular brown fat cells probably represent transitional forms between multilocular brown fat and monolocular white fat cells. These cell types were found throughout life, suggesting continuous transformation of the brown fat cell into the white fat cell.", "contents": "The occurrence of brown adipose tissue in perirenal fat in Japanese. 1. In 125 cases of perirenal fat samples derived from human necropsies (from 1 month to 86 years), the occurrence of the brown adipose tissue was examined. Brown fat cells were contained in 72% (90: 125) of the cases. 2. In the infants, all samples contained maximal amounts of brown fat cells: the perirenal fat was composed almost exclusively of brown fat cells: in children and teenagers they began to diminish, and in younger adults further reductions were observed: after the fifth decade conspicuous diminutions occurred. In later decades the brown fat in the perirenal fat was small in amount. 3. This change in the amount of the brown fat tissue undergoes individual variations. In some cases, the brown fat tissue disappeared from perirenal fats in the early stages of life, while in others it persisted to very late stages of life. A man as old as 86 years possessed brown adipose cells in the perirenal fat. 4. Multilocular brown fat cells were classified into the following types: Type 1, fat-depleted cells: Type 2, small-locular cells: Type 3, middle-locular cells: Type 4, large-locular cells: Type 5, monolocular brown fat cells with a thick cytoplasmic rim and pseudomonolocular brown fat cells and Type 6, multilocular brown fat cells rich in cytoplasm. In the infants, all cell types were identified: the small-locular cells were in general scanty in all decades following infancy: in later decades of life, the most common cell types were middle-locular and large-locular cells. The fat-depleted cell is a particular cell type and may occur usually accompanied by multilocular brown fat cells rich in cytoplasm. 5. The fat lobules are composed of a centrally located brown fat cell area and a peripheral layer of monolocular white fat cells, which in the infants was very thin but in the following ages was gradually widened to invade the interior of the lobules. 6. The present findings suggest a continuous replacement of brown fat cells by white fat cells during advancing age. The monolocular brown fat cell with a thick cytoplasmic rim and the pseudomonolocular brown fat cells probably represent transitional forms between multilocular brown fat and monolocular white fat cells. These cell types were found throughout life, suggesting continuous transformation of the brown fat cell into the white fat cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1200814", "title": "Bladder training: its role in evaluating the effect of an antispasticity drug on voiding in patients with neurogenic bladder.", "content": "Fourteen patients with spinal cord damage were treated with Ba-34647 (Lioresal, Ciba-Geigy), a new antispasticity drug. The treatment was initiated for excessive skeletal muscle spasticity and voiding difficulty. Seven of the patients had been wearing indwelling catheters and seven were catheter-free. The former were given trials at voiding after removal of catheters; the usual assistive methods common to most bladder training regimens were administered. Despite this, the trials were unsuccessful in reducing residual urine to acceptable levels. With addition of therapeutic doses of the drug without the training regimen, voiding trials were also unsuccessful excepting the response of one patient. The drug plus the training regimen was effective in reducing residual urine to acceptable levels in all patients. On discontinuing or decreasing the dosages of the drug, there was gradual but rapid build-up of residual urine despite the active training regimen. Restoration of effective dosage again led to satisfactory voiding function in all patients. The catheter-free group suffered from frequency, nocturia, and bed-wetting owing to excessive residual urine despite the employment of active training regimens. With addition of optimal dosages of Ba-34647, these problems were markedly reduced. They increased with drug discontinuation or dosage decrease and again improved upon restoration of effective doses. Bladder training, including active assistance to the expulsion of urine, is essential to the evaluation of antispasticity drugs for their effect on voiding.", "contents": "Bladder training: its role in evaluating the effect of an antispasticity drug on voiding in patients with neurogenic bladder. Fourteen patients with spinal cord damage were treated with Ba-34647 (Lioresal, Ciba-Geigy), a new antispasticity drug. The treatment was initiated for excessive skeletal muscle spasticity and voiding difficulty. Seven of the patients had been wearing indwelling catheters and seven were catheter-free. The former were given trials at voiding after removal of catheters; the usual assistive methods common to most bladder training regimens were administered. Despite this, the trials were unsuccessful in reducing residual urine to acceptable levels. With addition of therapeutic doses of the drug without the training regimen, voiding trials were also unsuccessful excepting the response of one patient. The drug plus the training regimen was effective in reducing residual urine to acceptable levels in all patients. On discontinuing or decreasing the dosages of the drug, there was gradual but rapid build-up of residual urine despite the active training regimen. Restoration of effective dosage again led to satisfactory voiding function in all patients. The catheter-free group suffered from frequency, nocturia, and bed-wetting owing to excessive residual urine despite the employment of active training regimens. With addition of optimal dosages of Ba-34647, these problems were markedly reduced. They increased with drug discontinuation or dosage decrease and again improved upon restoration of effective doses. Bladder training, including active assistance to the expulsion of urine, is essential to the evaluation of antispasticity drugs for their effect on voiding."}
{"id": "PMID:1200815", "title": "Sequence of electromyographic abnormalities in stroke syndrome.", "content": "In 20 stroke patients who were examined by repeated electromyography, fibrillation potentials and positive waves were noted as early as seven to ten days after the stroke and gradually disappeared as volitional potentials and spasticity appeared. This sequence of events occurred first in the antigravity muscles, then in their antagonists and finally in the most distal muscles. We hypothesize that the abnormal irritability is a consequence of the loss of the neurotrophic influence on the muscle fiber after the stroke.", "contents": "Sequence of electromyographic abnormalities in stroke syndrome. In 20 stroke patients who were examined by repeated electromyography, fibrillation potentials and positive waves were noted as early as seven to ten days after the stroke and gradually disappeared as volitional potentials and spasticity appeared. This sequence of events occurred first in the antigravity muscles, then in their antagonists and finally in the most distal muscles. We hypothesize that the abnormal irritability is a consequence of the loss of the neurotrophic influence on the muscle fiber after the stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:1200816", "title": "Medical education: a required clerkship in rehabilitation and chronic disease.", "content": "For seven years the University of Rochester Medical School has required a four-week clerkship in rehabilitation and chronic disease as part of the fourth year curriculum. Students have a choice of clerkships ranging from traditional physical medicine and rehabilitation to chronic disease experience in several other specialties. Data have been systematically collected for five years from the students in regard to the following: (1) rating of this clerkship relative to all other required clerkships for educational value; (2) opinion whether the clerkship should continue to be required; (3) value to other students with similar career goals; (4) attitudes towards rehabilitation and changes therein resulting from the clerkship experience; and (5) open-ended comments about the clerkship. Response rate to the questionnaire has been about 80%. The purpose of the questionnaire was to aid in improving the clerkship and to determine the settings where students would respond most positively to a chronic disease experience. Nearly half of the respondents felt the clerkship should continue to be required, and an overwhelming majority felt it would be valuable to students with career interests similar to theirs.", "contents": "Medical education: a required clerkship in rehabilitation and chronic disease. For seven years the University of Rochester Medical School has required a four-week clerkship in rehabilitation and chronic disease as part of the fourth year curriculum. Students have a choice of clerkships ranging from traditional physical medicine and rehabilitation to chronic disease experience in several other specialties. Data have been systematically collected for five years from the students in regard to the following: (1) rating of this clerkship relative to all other required clerkships for educational value; (2) opinion whether the clerkship should continue to be required; (3) value to other students with similar career goals; (4) attitudes towards rehabilitation and changes therein resulting from the clerkship experience; and (5) open-ended comments about the clerkship. Response rate to the questionnaire has been about 80%. The purpose of the questionnaire was to aid in improving the clerkship and to determine the settings where students would respond most positively to a chronic disease experience. Nearly half of the respondents felt the clerkship should continue to be required, and an overwhelming majority felt it would be valuable to students with career interests similar to theirs."}
{"id": "PMID:1200817", "title": "Pneumatic orthosis for paraplegic patients: functional evaluation and prescription considerations.", "content": "Fourteen paraplegic patients were studied during ambulation training, 11 with pneumatic orthoses and with conventional metal orthoses, and 3 with pneumatic orthoses only. The purposes of the study were to establish whether pneumatic orthoses could be used by paraplegic patients for effective ambulation, whether these devices presented any advantages or disadvantages over conventional orthoses and how their use would affect the expected level of rehabilitation and independence. As far as application, standing up, sitting down and ambulation within a rehabilitation center are concerned, similar skills and levels of independence were obtained with both types of orthoses. Reduced tendency for orthostatic hypotension, availability, light weight and better endurance make the pneumatic orthosis especially suitable for early ambulation training, but several mechanical problems, mainly its inflation with motorized and heavy compressor units, limit its usefulness for community ambulation.", "contents": "Pneumatic orthosis for paraplegic patients: functional evaluation and prescription considerations. Fourteen paraplegic patients were studied during ambulation training, 11 with pneumatic orthoses and with conventional metal orthoses, and 3 with pneumatic orthoses only. The purposes of the study were to establish whether pneumatic orthoses could be used by paraplegic patients for effective ambulation, whether these devices presented any advantages or disadvantages over conventional orthoses and how their use would affect the expected level of rehabilitation and independence. As far as application, standing up, sitting down and ambulation within a rehabilitation center are concerned, similar skills and levels of independence were obtained with both types of orthoses. Reduced tendency for orthostatic hypotension, availability, light weight and better endurance make the pneumatic orthosis especially suitable for early ambulation training, but several mechanical problems, mainly its inflation with motorized and heavy compressor units, limit its usefulness for community ambulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200818", "title": "Synergistic tenotomy: effect on chronically denervated slow and fast muscles of rat.", "content": "A study was conducted with chronically denervated adult female Wistar rats to test the hypothesis that synergistic tenotomy of denervated skeletal muscles does not just retard atrophy but produces an increase in muscle weight. The animals were categorized in three groups-denervated exercised (DE), denervated tenotomized (DT), and denervated-tenotomized-exercised (DTE). Mechanical stretch was induced in the DE group by forcing the animals to stand on their hind legs to reach for food and water. In the DT group, mechanical stretch was induced by tenotomy of two synergists in the gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus complex of each leg of the rat so that either the soleus or the plantaris was left as the only plantar-flexor of the ankle joint in each leg. Mechanical stretch was induced in the DTE group by forcing the animals to stand after the tenotomy of synergists at eight weeks postdenervation. All animals in the three experimental groups, and in the sedentary control group (D) were sacrificed at nine weeks postdenervation; the soleus and plantaris muscles were removed and evaluated for MW, DW and percent of hydration. The slow muscle (soleus) increased in muscle mass in DT (53%), DE (26%), and DTE (17%). The fast muscle (plantaris) increased in weight in DE (18%) and in DTE (24%), but showed no significant changes in DT. Study results confirm the hypothesis that synergistic tenotomy stimulates an increase in muscle weight rather than merely retarding atrophy, and that this phenomenon can take place in the absence of neuronal influences. It is suggested that the increase in denervated muscle mass stimulated by muscle elongation is not a true work hypertrophy associated with significant changes in protein concentrations but only an adaptation to a new muscle length. The purpose of the adaptational changes is to optimize the overlap of actomyosin bridges in anticipation of forceful muscle contraction.", "contents": "Synergistic tenotomy: effect on chronically denervated slow and fast muscles of rat. A study was conducted with chronically denervated adult female Wistar rats to test the hypothesis that synergistic tenotomy of denervated skeletal muscles does not just retard atrophy but produces an increase in muscle weight. The animals were categorized in three groups-denervated exercised (DE), denervated tenotomized (DT), and denervated-tenotomized-exercised (DTE). Mechanical stretch was induced in the DE group by forcing the animals to stand on their hind legs to reach for food and water. In the DT group, mechanical stretch was induced by tenotomy of two synergists in the gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus complex of each leg of the rat so that either the soleus or the plantaris was left as the only plantar-flexor of the ankle joint in each leg. Mechanical stretch was induced in the DTE group by forcing the animals to stand after the tenotomy of synergists at eight weeks postdenervation. All animals in the three experimental groups, and in the sedentary control group (D) were sacrificed at nine weeks postdenervation; the soleus and plantaris muscles were removed and evaluated for MW, DW and percent of hydration. The slow muscle (soleus) increased in muscle mass in DT (53%), DE (26%), and DTE (17%). The fast muscle (plantaris) increased in weight in DE (18%) and in DTE (24%), but showed no significant changes in DT. Study results confirm the hypothesis that synergistic tenotomy stimulates an increase in muscle weight rather than merely retarding atrophy, and that this phenomenon can take place in the absence of neuronal influences. It is suggested that the increase in denervated muscle mass stimulated by muscle elongation is not a true work hypertrophy associated with significant changes in protein concentrations but only an adaptation to a new muscle length. The purpose of the adaptational changes is to optimize the overlap of actomyosin bridges in anticipation of forceful muscle contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1200819", "title": "Bone mineralization in the distal forearm of hemiplegic patients.", "content": "Bone mineral content was measured by single photon absorptiometry using a modified bone densitometer (Packard) with 125I as the source. In 42 hemiplegic subjects, matched for sex and age, the bone density was compared bilaterally on the radius and ulna 2 cm and 4 cm above the wrist. The nonparalyzed side served as a control for the paralyzed side. The results indicate a consistent, general loss of bone mineral on the paralyzed side compared with the nonparalyzed side. The extent of demineralization in females was greater than in male subjects. Right-dominant left-paralyzed patients showed a greater loss of bone density than right-dominant right-paralyzed subjects. The absorption ratio of the paralyzed vs the nonparalyzed sides revealed that there was a 5.3% and 7.4% decrease in the average bone density at 4 and 2 cm above the wrist, respectively. There was a progressive loss of bone mineral content relative to time after the onset of paralysis, amounting to an average of 6.4% approximately three months after the onset of injury. It was estimated that before the onset of paralysis there was an excess of bone mineral on the dominant vs the nondominant side of +5.4% and +3.2% for males and females, respectively.", "contents": "Bone mineralization in the distal forearm of hemiplegic patients. Bone mineral content was measured by single photon absorptiometry using a modified bone densitometer (Packard) with 125I as the source. In 42 hemiplegic subjects, matched for sex and age, the bone density was compared bilaterally on the radius and ulna 2 cm and 4 cm above the wrist. The nonparalyzed side served as a control for the paralyzed side. The results indicate a consistent, general loss of bone mineral on the paralyzed side compared with the nonparalyzed side. The extent of demineralization in females was greater than in male subjects. Right-dominant left-paralyzed patients showed a greater loss of bone density than right-dominant right-paralyzed subjects. The absorption ratio of the paralyzed vs the nonparalyzed sides revealed that there was a 5.3% and 7.4% decrease in the average bone density at 4 and 2 cm above the wrist, respectively. There was a progressive loss of bone mineral content relative to time after the onset of paralysis, amounting to an average of 6.4% approximately three months after the onset of injury. It was estimated that before the onset of paralysis there was an excess of bone mineral on the dominant vs the nondominant side of +5.4% and +3.2% for males and females, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1200820", "title": "F-wave conduction velocity in the central segment of the peroneal and tibial nerves.", "content": "A simple method was devised to measure the F-wave conduction velocity (FWCV) in the central segment (knee to spinal cord) of the peroneal and tibial nerves in contrast to the conventional motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in the distal segment (knee to ankle). In 33 normal subjects, the FWCV in the central segment (56.3 +/- 4.9 meters/sec for peroneal nerve; 54.4 +/- 3.6 meters/sec for tibial nerve) was slightly faster than the MNCV in the distal segment (49.5 +/- 3.8 meters/sec; 46.8 +/- 3.4 meters/sec) as measured in the conventional manner. In 4 of 14 patients with the Guillain-Barr\u0115 syndrome, the F-wave was absent or slowed in the face of normal MNCV indicating more marked slowing of nerve conduction proximally. The average FWCV (36.8 +/- 13.6 meters/sec; 42.2 +/- 9.3 meters/sec) and MNCV (41.4 +/- 8.0 meters/sec; 39.0 +/- 5.6 meters/sec) were considerably decreased compared to the normal values. The F-wave could not be elicited in the lower extremities in 16 of 19 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The FWCV was normal in 10 patients with multiple sclerosis including 3 with clinical findings suggesting demyelination in the conus medullaris.", "contents": "F-wave conduction velocity in the central segment of the peroneal and tibial nerves. A simple method was devised to measure the F-wave conduction velocity (FWCV) in the central segment (knee to spinal cord) of the peroneal and tibial nerves in contrast to the conventional motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in the distal segment (knee to ankle). In 33 normal subjects, the FWCV in the central segment (56.3 +/- 4.9 meters/sec for peroneal nerve; 54.4 +/- 3.6 meters/sec for tibial nerve) was slightly faster than the MNCV in the distal segment (49.5 +/- 3.8 meters/sec; 46.8 +/- 3.4 meters/sec) as measured in the conventional manner. In 4 of 14 patients with the Guillain-Barr\u0115 syndrome, the F-wave was absent or slowed in the face of normal MNCV indicating more marked slowing of nerve conduction proximally. The average FWCV (36.8 +/- 13.6 meters/sec; 42.2 +/- 9.3 meters/sec) and MNCV (41.4 +/- 8.0 meters/sec; 39.0 +/- 5.6 meters/sec) were considerably decreased compared to the normal values. The F-wave could not be elicited in the lower extremities in 16 of 19 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The FWCV was normal in 10 patients with multiple sclerosis including 3 with clinical findings suggesting demyelination in the conus medullaris."}
{"id": "PMID:1200823", "title": "Vocational diagnosis through assessment of functional limitations.", "content": "Diagnosis in rehabilitation counseling requires a relatively precise delineation of client assets and liabilities. This is essential in establishing direction for counseling efforts; it can also aid in evaluating counseling effectiveness by providing a means of grouping cases according to difficulty or types of problems. This paper identifies the disadvantages of present systems of medical and psychiatric diagnoses for these vocational counseling purposes. It discusses some of the methodological issues involved in establishing a new system for recording client problems. The paper also introduces a brief, yet comprehensive inventory of functional limitations which has been developed in the Counseling Psychology Service of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the University of Minnesota.", "contents": "Vocational diagnosis through assessment of functional limitations. Diagnosis in rehabilitation counseling requires a relatively precise delineation of client assets and liabilities. This is essential in establishing direction for counseling efforts; it can also aid in evaluating counseling effectiveness by providing a means of grouping cases according to difficulty or types of problems. This paper identifies the disadvantages of present systems of medical and psychiatric diagnoses for these vocational counseling purposes. It discusses some of the methodological issues involved in establishing a new system for recording client problems. The paper also introduces a brief, yet comprehensive inventory of functional limitations which has been developed in the Counseling Psychology Service of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the University of Minnesota."}
{"id": "PMID:1200824", "title": "Memory functioning in hemiplegics: a neuropsychological analysis of the Wechsler Memory scale.", "content": "The Wechsler Memory Scale was administered to 60 hemiplegics and 30 amputees who were matched by age, education, and sex. The results indicated that the orientation subtest has diagnostic value in discriminating between left- and right-sided brain damage in patients and that the right hemisphere may play a proportionately larger role for temporal orientation. The mental control and digits backward subtests seem to be measuring a composite of different cortical functions which are not represented equally in both cerebral hemispheres. Optimal performance on these tests requires interhemispheric integration among these cortical functions. Unilateral damage to either side of the brain would interfere with a special part of the composite function subserved by the damaged hemisphere and produce comparable detrimental effects on performance. The logical memory, digits forward, and associate learning subtests measure memory functions which are equipotentially represented in both hemispheres. Damage to either side of the brain would have no effect on the performance of these tasks. In general, the neuropsychological analysis suggests that the Wechsler Memory Scale has diagnostic value in assessing short-term memory impairment in brain damaged patients. However, memory quotient obtained by summing the total subtest scores has very little value in discriminating between left- and right-sided brain lesions.", "contents": "Memory functioning in hemiplegics: a neuropsychological analysis of the Wechsler Memory scale. The Wechsler Memory Scale was administered to 60 hemiplegics and 30 amputees who were matched by age, education, and sex. The results indicated that the orientation subtest has diagnostic value in discriminating between left- and right-sided brain damage in patients and that the right hemisphere may play a proportionately larger role for temporal orientation. The mental control and digits backward subtests seem to be measuring a composite of different cortical functions which are not represented equally in both cerebral hemispheres. Optimal performance on these tests requires interhemispheric integration among these cortical functions. Unilateral damage to either side of the brain would interfere with a special part of the composite function subserved by the damaged hemisphere and produce comparable detrimental effects on performance. The logical memory, digits forward, and associate learning subtests measure memory functions which are equipotentially represented in both hemispheres. Damage to either side of the brain would have no effect on the performance of these tasks. In general, the neuropsychological analysis suggests that the Wechsler Memory Scale has diagnostic value in assessing short-term memory impairment in brain damaged patients. However, memory quotient obtained by summing the total subtest scores has very little value in discriminating between left- and right-sided brain lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1200825", "title": "Vocational adjustment after laryngectomy.", "content": "The vocational adjustment of 130 persons after laryngectomy was examined by a semistructured questionnaire which elicited responses on 26 measures including vocational plans, work values, remotivation to work, realism, rehabilitation outlook and speech characteristics. Responses were coded according to the Goldberg Scale of Vocational Development with reliabilities ranging between 0.80 and 0.99. Prior to laryngectomy, 30 persons were unemployed or retired, and 100 persons were employed. After laryngectomy, of the 100 employed persons, 51 remained employed, 31 retired, and 18 were too disabled to work. Higher work values, higher remotivation, greater realism, optimistic rehabilitation outlook, previous employment and previous social involvement correlated positively with employment after laryngectomy (p less than 0.05). The continued employment of 50% of laryngectomees compares favorably with that reported in other studies. Persons who developed the basic ability to cope realistically with their disability had the best chance of continuing employment. Persons with an optimistic outlook about the future course of their disease were more likely to return to employment. This group constitutes a productive clientele for vocational rehabilitation.", "contents": "Vocational adjustment after laryngectomy. The vocational adjustment of 130 persons after laryngectomy was examined by a semistructured questionnaire which elicited responses on 26 measures including vocational plans, work values, remotivation to work, realism, rehabilitation outlook and speech characteristics. Responses were coded according to the Goldberg Scale of Vocational Development with reliabilities ranging between 0.80 and 0.99. Prior to laryngectomy, 30 persons were unemployed or retired, and 100 persons were employed. After laryngectomy, of the 100 employed persons, 51 remained employed, 31 retired, and 18 were too disabled to work. Higher work values, higher remotivation, greater realism, optimistic rehabilitation outlook, previous employment and previous social involvement correlated positively with employment after laryngectomy (p less than 0.05). The continued employment of 50% of laryngectomees compares favorably with that reported in other studies. Persons who developed the basic ability to cope realistically with their disability had the best chance of continuing employment. Persons with an optimistic outlook about the future course of their disease were more likely to return to employment. This group constitutes a productive clientele for vocational rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200826", "title": "Hyperthermia: effect on exercise prescription.", "content": "Ten healthy male university students pedaled a bicycle ergometer (Monark) for three sessions each lasting 30 minutes. Each subject worked at an individually predicted work load corresponding to approximately 40% of maximal aerobic capacity. The same predicted work load was conducted at 24 degrees C, 44 degrees C and 54 degrees C for each subject. For practical purposes, the results reveal approximately a one beat per minute increase in exercise heart rate for each 1 degree C increase in ambient temperature above neutral (24 degrees C). The practice of exercising cardiac patients in hot ambient temperatures which produce potentially hazardous heart rate levels was challenged. Seasonal reevaluation of exercise heart rate prescriptions is of importance. Hopefully, these findings will also be of some importance to various community gymnasiums and to self-motivated joggers.", "contents": "Hyperthermia: effect on exercise prescription. Ten healthy male university students pedaled a bicycle ergometer (Monark) for three sessions each lasting 30 minutes. Each subject worked at an individually predicted work load corresponding to approximately 40% of maximal aerobic capacity. The same predicted work load was conducted at 24 degrees C, 44 degrees C and 54 degrees C for each subject. For practical purposes, the results reveal approximately a one beat per minute increase in exercise heart rate for each 1 degree C increase in ambient temperature above neutral (24 degrees C). The practice of exercising cardiac patients in hot ambient temperatures which produce potentially hazardous heart rate levels was challenged. Seasonal reevaluation of exercise heart rate prescriptions is of importance. Hopefully, these findings will also be of some importance to various community gymnasiums and to self-motivated joggers."}
{"id": "PMID:1200830", "title": "Pancreatoduodenectomy. Results when the operation is performed infrequently.", "content": "A series of 13 pancreatoduodenectomies were performed in a medium-sized university hospital by seven different primary surgeons during an eight-year period without an operative death. The incidence of fistula, wound infection, and other major complications compares favorably with other, larger series. All but two of these operations were performed by resident surgeons. The suggestion that one must have a large experience with this operation in order to perform it safely has not been borne out by our experience. We believe that careful preoperative preparation and meticulous operative technique are the primary factors enabling the safe performance of the operation.", "contents": "Pancreatoduodenectomy. Results when the operation is performed infrequently. A series of 13 pancreatoduodenectomies were performed in a medium-sized university hospital by seven different primary surgeons during an eight-year period without an operative death. The incidence of fistula, wound infection, and other major complications compares favorably with other, larger series. All but two of these operations were performed by resident surgeons. The suggestion that one must have a large experience with this operation in order to perform it safely has not been borne out by our experience. We believe that careful preoperative preparation and meticulous operative technique are the primary factors enabling the safe performance of the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200831", "title": "Calf blood flow in intermittent claudication.", "content": "Calf blood flow was correlated with severity of symptoms in 24 patients with intermittent claudication. Calf blood flow was measured (Whitney strain gauge) at three levels of demand--at rest, after exercise (\"open\"), and after exercise with total vascular occlusion by a tourniquet about the thigh (\"closed\"). The results showed significant correlation between the patients' reported capacity to walk and measured exercise tolerance on an ergometer (P less than or equal to .01). The coefficients of correlation between exercise tolerance and calf blood flow (resting, postopen or postclosed exercise) or the vascular reserve (difference between postopen and postclosed exercise hyperemia) were not significant. It is concluded that capacity for walking in cases of intermittent claudication is not a reliable index of the calf blood flow. The relationship between these factors would be clearer if the patients pain threshold and calf tissue metabolic activity were known also.", "contents": "Calf blood flow in intermittent claudication. Calf blood flow was correlated with severity of symptoms in 24 patients with intermittent claudication. Calf blood flow was measured (Whitney strain gauge) at three levels of demand--at rest, after exercise (\"open\"), and after exercise with total vascular occlusion by a tourniquet about the thigh (\"closed\"). The results showed significant correlation between the patients' reported capacity to walk and measured exercise tolerance on an ergometer (P less than or equal to .01). The coefficients of correlation between exercise tolerance and calf blood flow (resting, postopen or postclosed exercise) or the vascular reserve (difference between postopen and postclosed exercise hyperemia) were not significant. It is concluded that capacity for walking in cases of intermittent claudication is not a reliable index of the calf blood flow. The relationship between these factors would be clearer if the patients pain threshold and calf tissue metabolic activity were known also."}
{"id": "PMID:1200832", "title": "Serum gastrin and secretin levels after the Exalto-Mann-Williamson procedure.", "content": "The Exalto-Mann-Williamson procedure produces peptic ulceration in nearly 100% of experimental animals but the mechanism is unknown. To investigate the possible hormonal role of the gastric acid hypersecretion seen after this procedure, we investigated preoperative and postoperative serum gastrin and secretin concentrations. There was no significant change in serum gastrin; however, serum secretin concentrations increased to 2 1/2 times the preoperatve value, most likely secondary to the enhanced secretion of gastric acid. These data do not suppport the theory that alterations in circulating secretin or gastrin levels are responsible for the gastric acid hypersecretion following the Exalto-Mann-Williamson operation.", "contents": "Serum gastrin and secretin levels after the Exalto-Mann-Williamson procedure. The Exalto-Mann-Williamson procedure produces peptic ulceration in nearly 100% of experimental animals but the mechanism is unknown. To investigate the possible hormonal role of the gastric acid hypersecretion seen after this procedure, we investigated preoperative and postoperative serum gastrin and secretin concentrations. There was no significant change in serum gastrin; however, serum secretin concentrations increased to 2 1/2 times the preoperatve value, most likely secondary to the enhanced secretion of gastric acid. These data do not suppport the theory that alterations in circulating secretin or gastrin levels are responsible for the gastric acid hypersecretion following the Exalto-Mann-Williamson operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200833", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia associated with enflurane anesthesia.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia is induced by potent inhalation anesthetics. Enflurane must be added to the list of those anesthetic agents (such as halothane and succinylcholine) that are associated with this condition. The patient in our study was a young woman with no history of prior exposure to general anesthetics, and no family history of complications following administration of anesthetics. The other possible causes of hyperthermia in the patient were investigated and eliminated, and the condition was finally associated with enflurane. Enflurane should not be used in patients with a family history of this rare but often lethal disorder.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia associated with enflurane anesthesia. Malignant hyperthermia is induced by potent inhalation anesthetics. Enflurane must be added to the list of those anesthetic agents (such as halothane and succinylcholine) that are associated with this condition. The patient in our study was a young woman with no history of prior exposure to general anesthetics, and no family history of complications following administration of anesthetics. The other possible causes of hyperthermia in the patient were investigated and eliminated, and the condition was finally associated with enflurane. Enflurane should not be used in patients with a family history of this rare but often lethal disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:1200834", "title": "Catheterization in anorectal surgery.", "content": "Urinary retention and catheterization are among the complications involved in anorectal surgery. One hundred patients who underwent hemorrhoidectomies were able to avoid both of these complications due to a combination of operative and postoperative procedures, including the following: (1) meticulous surgical technique; (2) restriction of fluids; (3) adequate doses of narcotics, and (4) preeducation of the patient and nursing staff, which resulted in spontaneous voiding in all of the patients by the morning after the operation, with or without a hot bath.", "contents": "Catheterization in anorectal surgery. Urinary retention and catheterization are among the complications involved in anorectal surgery. One hundred patients who underwent hemorrhoidectomies were able to avoid both of these complications due to a combination of operative and postoperative procedures, including the following: (1) meticulous surgical technique; (2) restriction of fluids; (3) adequate doses of narcotics, and (4) preeducation of the patient and nursing staff, which resulted in spontaneous voiding in all of the patients by the morning after the operation, with or without a hot bath."}
{"id": "PMID:1200835", "title": "The physician, the manufacturer, and medical devices.", "content": "Better communication between physicians and manufacturers of medical devices is becoming increasingly important due to wider usage of these devices, as well as more intense scrutiny by consumer interest groups. Physicians should therefore have more complete knowledge of techniques of new product development. A new product typically passes through at least six stages, as follows: (1) idea conception; (2) merit and feasibility study; (3) design and testing; (4) production preparation; (5) market preparation; and (6) marketing. These steps are completed over a period of several years at an ever increasing cost. We propose that interaction procedures be undertaken so as to enhance direct physician-manufacturer communications in the medical device arena. Some possible techniques of improving these communications include the direct training of physicians and manufacturers in each other's problems, the establishment of hospital engineering groups, the placement of medical consultants in industry, and the active participation in device standards-generating groups and other groups of mutual interest.", "contents": "The physician, the manufacturer, and medical devices. Better communication between physicians and manufacturers of medical devices is becoming increasingly important due to wider usage of these devices, as well as more intense scrutiny by consumer interest groups. Physicians should therefore have more complete knowledge of techniques of new product development. A new product typically passes through at least six stages, as follows: (1) idea conception; (2) merit and feasibility study; (3) design and testing; (4) production preparation; (5) market preparation; and (6) marketing. These steps are completed over a period of several years at an ever increasing cost. We propose that interaction procedures be undertaken so as to enhance direct physician-manufacturer communications in the medical device arena. Some possible techniques of improving these communications include the direct training of physicians and manufacturers in each other's problems, the establishment of hospital engineering groups, the placement of medical consultants in industry, and the active participation in device standards-generating groups and other groups of mutual interest."}
{"id": "PMID:1200844", "title": "Immunity following intranasal administration of an inactivated, freeze-dried A/England/42/72 vaccine.", "content": "A group of 23 student volunteers were each inoculated intranasally with 400 IU of inactivated, freeze-dried A/England/42/72 vaccine. Only one volunteer showed a four-fold rise in serum HI antibody following immunization, and the mean increase in serum HI antibody (gmt) for all volunteers did not increase two-fold. Thirteen of the volunteers developed detectable levels of nasal wash neutralizing antibody after immunization; local antibody was most commonly found in volunteers who produced a detectable but less than four-fold fise in serum antibody titre, and who produced nasal washings with relatively high concentrations of protein and secretory IgA. Four weeks after immunization, the vaccinees and a matched group of control subjects were inoculated with attenuated A/England/42/72 (MRC-7) virus. Evidence of infection was found in 14 of 23 (61 per cent) of control subjects and in seven of 23 (30 per cent) of immunized volunteers. This result showed a significant protection (P = 0.04) against challenge virus infection for volunteers given intranasal vaccine.", "contents": "Immunity following intranasal administration of an inactivated, freeze-dried A/England/42/72 vaccine. A group of 23 student volunteers were each inoculated intranasally with 400 IU of inactivated, freeze-dried A/England/42/72 vaccine. Only one volunteer showed a four-fold rise in serum HI antibody following immunization, and the mean increase in serum HI antibody (gmt) for all volunteers did not increase two-fold. Thirteen of the volunteers developed detectable levels of nasal wash neutralizing antibody after immunization; local antibody was most commonly found in volunteers who produced a detectable but less than four-fold fise in serum antibody titre, and who produced nasal washings with relatively high concentrations of protein and secretory IgA. Four weeks after immunization, the vaccinees and a matched group of control subjects were inoculated with attenuated A/England/42/72 (MRC-7) virus. Evidence of infection was found in 14 of 23 (61 per cent) of control subjects and in seven of 23 (30 per cent) of immunized volunteers. This result showed a significant protection (P = 0.04) against challenge virus infection for volunteers given intranasal vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:1200845", "title": "Comparison of the ability of small molecular interferon inducers: tilorone and acridine drugs.", "content": "The antiviral activity and induction of interferon-like substance by mepacrine (quinacrine, Atabrine) and Acranil in mice, described previuosly, was studied in more detail and compared with tilorone. The serum substance induced by Acranil was characterized as mouse interferon. Acranil, given parenterally, proved to be as strong as tilorone regarding interferon stimulation, in spite of the presence of only one side chain in the Acrainl molecule. Mepacrine was found to be a wealer interferon inducer than either tilorone or Acranil. The mode of interferon induction by Acranil and tilorone (effect of metabolic inhibitors, hyporesponsiveness to repeated doses, correlation between acute toxicity and antiviral activity, failure of effectiveness in chicks and chicken embryo tissue culture) was found comparable. However, the body temperature reactions of mice to the drugs were different: a striking hypothermic effect of tilorone, a lower one of mepacrine and the absence of body temperature depression by Acranil was observed.", "contents": "Comparison of the ability of small molecular interferon inducers: tilorone and acridine drugs. The antiviral activity and induction of interferon-like substance by mepacrine (quinacrine, Atabrine) and Acranil in mice, described previuosly, was studied in more detail and compared with tilorone. The serum substance induced by Acranil was characterized as mouse interferon. Acranil, given parenterally, proved to be as strong as tilorone regarding interferon stimulation, in spite of the presence of only one side chain in the Acrainl molecule. Mepacrine was found to be a wealer interferon inducer than either tilorone or Acranil. The mode of interferon induction by Acranil and tilorone (effect of metabolic inhibitors, hyporesponsiveness to repeated doses, correlation between acute toxicity and antiviral activity, failure of effectiveness in chicks and chicken embryo tissue culture) was found comparable. However, the body temperature reactions of mice to the drugs were different: a striking hypothermic effect of tilorone, a lower one of mepacrine and the absence of body temperature depression by Acranil was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200853", "title": "[Correlation of the volume of the perineural oligodendroglia of the cerebral cortex with their RNA level].", "content": "The RNA content in the perineural oligodendroglia cells was studied with the help of cytophotometer in 6 humans aged from 75 to 85 in cortical fields 4, 10 and 21. The volume of oligodendrogliocytes in the third layer of fields 4, 10 and 21 is respectively equal to 55,6+/-1,25; 52,46+/-1,03 and 43,25+/-1,05 mum3. Since the RNA concentration in oligodendrogliocytes of any size has proved to be practically the same, the general amount of RNA per a cell of the oligodendroglia is directly proportional to its volume.", "contents": "[Correlation of the volume of the perineural oligodendroglia of the cerebral cortex with their RNA level]. The RNA content in the perineural oligodendroglia cells was studied with the help of cytophotometer in 6 humans aged from 75 to 85 in cortical fields 4, 10 and 21. The volume of oligodendrogliocytes in the third layer of fields 4, 10 and 21 is respectively equal to 55,6+/-1,25; 52,46+/-1,03 and 43,25+/-1,05 mum3. Since the RNA concentration in oligodendrogliocytes of any size has proved to be practically the same, the general amount of RNA per a cell of the oligodendroglia is directly proportional to its volume."}
{"id": "PMID:1200854", "title": "[Influence of gravitational overload and hypokinesia on the structure of the vascular bed of the stomach].", "content": "Under study were effects of gravitation stresses, total hypokinesia and their combinations on blood vessels of the stomach. The work was carried out in 130 rabbits, 16 of them being used to study the normal structure of the gastric vascular bed. The vascular bed was injected with the Gerota's mass followed by clearing, making histological preparations and roentgenography. The investigation has revealed both quantitative and qualitative changes in the structure of the gastric blood vessels. The maximum endurable stress of the ventro-dorsal direction causes morphological shifts less pronounced than stresses of longitudinal directions. With prolonged terms of hypokinesia (1-12 weeks) morphological changes became more pronounced in all the layers of the stomach. A combination of successive gravitation stresses and hypokinesia during 4-12 weeks aggravated morphological changes which occurred after exposure to isolated above factors. The animals subjected to maximum endurable stresses before and after 4-week hypokinesia developed vascular changes more typical for the effects of gravitation. The pretraining of animals did not give a pronounced positive effect on the changes of the angioarchitectonics of all the gastric layers after a repeated stress following 4-week hypokinesia.", "contents": "[Influence of gravitational overload and hypokinesia on the structure of the vascular bed of the stomach]. Under study were effects of gravitation stresses, total hypokinesia and their combinations on blood vessels of the stomach. The work was carried out in 130 rabbits, 16 of them being used to study the normal structure of the gastric vascular bed. The vascular bed was injected with the Gerota's mass followed by clearing, making histological preparations and roentgenography. The investigation has revealed both quantitative and qualitative changes in the structure of the gastric blood vessels. The maximum endurable stress of the ventro-dorsal direction causes morphological shifts less pronounced than stresses of longitudinal directions. With prolonged terms of hypokinesia (1-12 weeks) morphological changes became more pronounced in all the layers of the stomach. A combination of successive gravitation stresses and hypokinesia during 4-12 weeks aggravated morphological changes which occurred after exposure to isolated above factors. The animals subjected to maximum endurable stresses before and after 4-week hypokinesia developed vascular changes more typical for the effects of gravitation. The pretraining of animals did not give a pronounced positive effect on the changes of the angioarchitectonics of all the gastric layers after a repeated stress following 4-week hypokinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200855", "title": "[Ultrastructure of synapses in the nucleus of the trapezoid body of the bat].", "content": "The subsynaptic structure of the synapses in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body was studied in the bat Myotis oxygnatus. The synaptic endings in the nucleus are represented by large-cup-shaped and small loop-shaped terminations. The cup-shaped terminations are formed of large branches originating from a thick myelinated fibre after loss of myelin from it. Each branch forms a series of contacts alternating with vast enlargements of extracellular space, on the body of the cell and its processes. Large branches are filled with synaptic vesicles, neurofilaments and neurotubules, mitochondria; all these components are distributed rather regularly along the branch diameter. In fine branches of the cup the synaptic vesicles are the main and often the only component. The pattern of the cup branch changes as the distance from the main fibre increases, namely the amount of neurofilaments and neurotubules diminishes up to their disappearance, while the amount and the density of synaptic vesicles increases. The small loop-shaped treminals are different from the cup-shaped ones by the composition of the synaptic vesicles and the structure of the contact zone. In addition to agranular vesicles there are also granular ones. Both types of terminations--cup-shaped and loop-shaped ones -- are found both on the bodies and dendrites. On distal portions of dendrites the terminations are disposed in nests.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of synapses in the nucleus of the trapezoid body of the bat]. The subsynaptic structure of the synapses in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body was studied in the bat Myotis oxygnatus. The synaptic endings in the nucleus are represented by large-cup-shaped and small loop-shaped terminations. The cup-shaped terminations are formed of large branches originating from a thick myelinated fibre after loss of myelin from it. Each branch forms a series of contacts alternating with vast enlargements of extracellular space, on the body of the cell and its processes. Large branches are filled with synaptic vesicles, neurofilaments and neurotubules, mitochondria; all these components are distributed rather regularly along the branch diameter. In fine branches of the cup the synaptic vesicles are the main and often the only component. The pattern of the cup branch changes as the distance from the main fibre increases, namely the amount of neurofilaments and neurotubules diminishes up to their disappearance, while the amount and the density of synaptic vesicles increases. The small loop-shaped treminals are different from the cup-shaped ones by the composition of the synaptic vesicles and the structure of the contact zone. In addition to agranular vesicles there are also granular ones. Both types of terminations--cup-shaped and loop-shaped ones -- are found both on the bodies and dendrites. On distal portions of dendrites the terminations are disposed in nests."}
{"id": "PMID:1200856", "title": "[Development of collaterals following stenosis of the abdominal portion of the aorta and their fate following restoration of blood circulation in all major vessels].", "content": "The first aim of the work was to obtain data on the role of different collaterals in recovery of collateral blood flow after stenosis of the abdominal part of the aorta. The second aim  was to study the fate of these collaterals after the blood-flow recovery in this aorta (alloplastic prosthesis). Gradual reduction of collaterals beginning from long less stable vessels resulted from the bloodflow recovery. Short collaterals were more stable.", "contents": "[Development of collaterals following stenosis of the abdominal portion of the aorta and their fate following restoration of blood circulation in all major vessels]. The first aim of the work was to obtain data on the role of different collaterals in recovery of collateral blood flow after stenosis of the abdominal part of the aorta. The second aim  was to study the fate of these collaterals after the blood-flow recovery in this aorta (alloplastic prosthesis). Gradual reduction of collaterals beginning from long less stable vessels resulted from the bloodflow recovery. Short collaterals were more stable."}
{"id": "PMID:1200857", "title": "[Role of protein sulfhydryl groups in the reaction of early avian embryos to temperature influences].", "content": "Difference in the character of reacting of early embryos to hypothermia and beta-mercaptoethanol, absence of protecting influence of cystein during exposure to cold permitted conclusion that sulfhydryl protein groups were not of great significance in reactions of early avian embryos to hypothermal effects. Certain participation of these protein groups may be supposed in the reaction of early gastrulation stages under exposure to high temperature.", "contents": "[Role of protein sulfhydryl groups in the reaction of early avian embryos to temperature influences]. Difference in the character of reacting of early embryos to hypothermia and beta-mercaptoethanol, absence of protecting influence of cystein during exposure to cold permitted conclusion that sulfhydryl protein groups were not of great significance in reactions of early avian embryos to hypothermal effects. Certain participation of these protein groups may be supposed in the reaction of early gastrulation stages under exposure to high temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:1200858", "title": "[Method of complex morphofunctional study of the capillary bed of the thyroid gland].", "content": "The method is based on the cytospectrophotometric estimation of the histochemical reaction to alkaline phosphatase in the gland capillary and on determination of the relative volume occupied by the functioning capillaries. A model experiment under conditions of hyperplasia and hypoplasia of the organ has shown considerable differences in the gland blood supply. Under these conditions the changes of the functioning capillary bed were more pronounced than those of the organ mass.", "contents": "[Method of complex morphofunctional study of the capillary bed of the thyroid gland]. The method is based on the cytospectrophotometric estimation of the histochemical reaction to alkaline phosphatase in the gland capillary and on determination of the relative volume occupied by the functioning capillaries. A model experiment under conditions of hyperplasia and hypoplasia of the organ has shown considerable differences in the gland blood supply. Under these conditions the changes of the functioning capillary bed were more pronounced than those of the organ mass."}
{"id": "PMID:1200859", "title": "[Intravital study of the vasa vasorum by the transmural vasoscopy method].", "content": "The paper presents a method of transmural vasoscopy for intravital observation of vasa vasorum in the wall of main blood vessels in acute experiments in anesthetized dogs. The optical part of the cytoscope introduced into the vessels under study (the portal vein, vena cava or aorta) via the nearest largest branch was used as a source of light. For this purpose, a longitudinal cut 0,5 cm long was made in the vessel between two clamps put at a distance of 2-2,5 cm from one another. The part of the cytoscope was inserted through the cut, the vessel was ligated proximally to the cut and the proximal clamp was removed. Then the optical part of the cytoscope was introduced in the lumen of the vessel under study at a distance of 4-5 cm. The microscope MBS-1 mounted on a specially constructed bracket was used for visual observation and measuring morphological parameters of vasa vasorum. A special tubus was put on one of the oculars with a camera fixed to it. On filming in falling and passing light observations and focussing were performed through the free ocular.", "contents": "[Intravital study of the vasa vasorum by the transmural vasoscopy method]. The paper presents a method of transmural vasoscopy for intravital observation of vasa vasorum in the wall of main blood vessels in acute experiments in anesthetized dogs. The optical part of the cytoscope introduced into the vessels under study (the portal vein, vena cava or aorta) via the nearest largest branch was used as a source of light. For this purpose, a longitudinal cut 0,5 cm long was made in the vessel between two clamps put at a distance of 2-2,5 cm from one another. The part of the cytoscope was inserted through the cut, the vessel was ligated proximally to the cut and the proximal clamp was removed. Then the optical part of the cytoscope was introduced in the lumen of the vessel under study at a distance of 4-5 cm. The microscope MBS-1 mounted on a specially constructed bracket was used for visual observation and measuring morphological parameters of vasa vasorum. A special tubus was put on one of the oculars with a camera fixed to it. On filming in falling and passing light observations and focussing were performed through the free ocular."}
{"id": "PMID:1200860", "title": "[Individual variation in the structure of the infratemporal fossa and its contents].", "content": "The subarcuate fossa was studied in 150 turtles. The enclosed muscles, fasciae and cellular tissue spaces, vessels and nerves -- in 145 heads of corpses of adult humans by the methods of dissecting, making Pirogov's sections and histotopograms. Extreme forms in the structure of the subarcuate fossa were revealed as well as interrelations between the structure of the fossa and enclosed anatomical formations.", "contents": "[Individual variation in the structure of the infratemporal fossa and its contents]. The subarcuate fossa was studied in 150 turtles. The enclosed muscles, fasciae and cellular tissue spaces, vessels and nerves -- in 145 heads of corpses of adult humans by the methods of dissecting, making Pirogov's sections and histotopograms. Extreme forms in the structure of the subarcuate fossa were revealed as well as interrelations between the structure of the fossa and enclosed anatomical formations."}
{"id": "PMID:1200861", "title": "[Structure of the sensory neural apparatus of the common carotid artery in reptiles].", "content": "The nervous apparatus of the carotid arteries was studied in 43 steppe turtles on both sides. In 31 turtles the nerve elements in total preparations were stained with methylene blue, its 0,1--0,25% solution being injected into the jugular vein. Within 30 minutes after injection of the dye the common carotid arteries were taken from the body, cut longitudinally and fixed in 5% solution of ammonium molybdenate during 18-24 hours. In 12 turtles the sections of from 35 to 90 mu thick were impregnated with silver nitrate salts after Kajal -- Faworski and Bielschowski--Gross. The nervous apparatus of the common carotid artery from its basement to the site of division into external and internal branches is represented by a well-developed small-looped plexus of nerve fibres and sensory endings of different shape which form receptory fields. The afferent sensory terminations of the main type and simple reseptory bushes were found in the adventitia superficial layer of the common carotid artery. Complex receptory bushes with a great number of terminal buttons and plates were found in the profound layer of this artery adventitia, and especially in its muscular layer. Glomerular receptors were also found in the common carotid artery of the turtle. But they were detected much more rarely as compared with bushy endings.", "contents": "[Structure of the sensory neural apparatus of the common carotid artery in reptiles]. The nervous apparatus of the carotid arteries was studied in 43 steppe turtles on both sides. In 31 turtles the nerve elements in total preparations were stained with methylene blue, its 0,1--0,25% solution being injected into the jugular vein. Within 30 minutes after injection of the dye the common carotid arteries were taken from the body, cut longitudinally and fixed in 5% solution of ammonium molybdenate during 18-24 hours. In 12 turtles the sections of from 35 to 90 mu thick were impregnated with silver nitrate salts after Kajal -- Faworski and Bielschowski--Gross. The nervous apparatus of the common carotid artery from its basement to the site of division into external and internal branches is represented by a well-developed small-looped plexus of nerve fibres and sensory endings of different shape which form receptory fields. The afferent sensory terminations of the main type and simple reseptory bushes were found in the adventitia superficial layer of the common carotid artery. Complex receptory bushes with a great number of terminal buttons and plates were found in the profound layer of this artery adventitia, and especially in its muscular layer. Glomerular receptors were also found in the common carotid artery of the turtle. But they were detected much more rarely as compared with bushy endings."}
{"id": "PMID:1200862", "title": "[Study of the microcirculation of the wall of the stomach of white rats by the vital microscopy method].", "content": "Microcirculation of the gastric wall in the albino rat was studied by the method of vital microscopy in passing light. The conditions of the experiment permitted watching the microcirculation state during 5-6 hours. Intravital morphometry of the microcirculation bed vessels was made. The obtained data concerning the intravital angioarchitectonics of the gastric wall vascular bed were in good agreement with a conventional scheme of its blood supply. The role of arteriolevenular anastomoses in redistribution of blood within the bloodflow pathways was noted.", "contents": "[Study of the microcirculation of the wall of the stomach of white rats by the vital microscopy method]. Microcirculation of the gastric wall in the albino rat was studied by the method of vital microscopy in passing light. The conditions of the experiment permitted watching the microcirculation state during 5-6 hours. Intravital morphometry of the microcirculation bed vessels was made. The obtained data concerning the intravital angioarchitectonics of the gastric wall vascular bed were in good agreement with a conventional scheme of its blood supply. The role of arteriolevenular anastomoses in redistribution of blood within the bloodflow pathways was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1200863", "title": "[Nature of the distribution of synapses in the neurons of the reticular formation and some afferent nuclei].", "content": "Under study was the morphology of synaptic terminations of the brain reticular formation in cats and dogs as well as that of the afferent nuclei of the cat's posterior columns. The neurons of the Goll's and Burdach's nuclei have a richly ramified dendritic network. In this connection the main mass of synapses is disposed on the dendrites and their different branchings. The dendrites of the multipolar cells of the reticular formation have the main type of branching, but the cells are distributed from the nerve cell body at a considerable distance (up to 50 mu and more). The synapses are observed at the total length of the dendrite, so the axo-dendritic contacts quantitatively prevail over axo-somatic ones. The morphological data are compared with physiological axo-somatic and axo-dendritic concepts of the role of synapses in conducting the nerve impulse.", "contents": "[Nature of the distribution of synapses in the neurons of the reticular formation and some afferent nuclei]. Under study was the morphology of synaptic terminations of the brain reticular formation in cats and dogs as well as that of the afferent nuclei of the cat's posterior columns. The neurons of the Goll's and Burdach's nuclei have a richly ramified dendritic network. In this connection the main mass of synapses is disposed on the dendrites and their different branchings. The dendrites of the multipolar cells of the reticular formation have the main type of branching, but the cells are distributed from the nerve cell body at a considerable distance (up to 50 mu and more). The synapses are observed at the total length of the dendrite, so the axo-dendritic contacts quantitatively prevail over axo-somatic ones. The morphological data are compared with physiological axo-somatic and axo-dendritic concepts of the role of synapses in conducting the nerve impulse."}
{"id": "PMID:1200864", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the olfactory organ of the sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)].", "content": "Three variations of olfactory cells were found in the olfactory organ of the sterlet Acipenser ruthenus. They were different in the shape of their peripheral processes: rod-shaped ones supplied with flagella and solitary microvilla; cone-shaped ones with solitary flagella and a great number of microvilla; filiform ones without flagella but with numerous microvilla and groups of centrioles in the cytoplasm of the peripheral process. The character of the structural and functional organization of these cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the olfactory organ of the sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)]. Three variations of olfactory cells were found in the olfactory organ of the sterlet Acipenser ruthenus. They were different in the shape of their peripheral processes: rod-shaped ones supplied with flagella and solitary microvilla; cone-shaped ones with solitary flagella and a great number of microvilla; filiform ones without flagella but with numerous microvilla and groups of centrioles in the cytoplasm of the peripheral process. The character of the structural and functional organization of these cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200871", "title": "[Morphology and remote results of the treatment of arachnoidendothelioma (meningioma) of the vascular membrane of the eye].", "content": "Morphology of arachnoidendothelioma (30 cases) of the choroid of the eye was studied using stains and impregnation of the fibrous stroma of a tumour with silver. In 28 cases the fate of patients after the enucleation of the eye-bulb was followed-up for periods of 2-15 years. Depending on characteristics of cellular elements and specificity of the architectonics of the tumour tissue, three main variants of its structure were singled out: meningotheliomatous, insular, and fibroblast arachnoidendothelioma, according to the terminology accepted by neurooncologists. It was established that in most cases the tumour was non-pigmented or slightly pigmented. Its pigmentation was accounted for by the presence of three types of pigment cells: epithelioid cells of arachnoidendothelium containing fine-grained brown pigment, melanophages and process melanocytes. Arachnoidendothelioma of the choroid of the eye was characterized by an expansive character of growth. In a number of cases, however, there was noted an infiltrative growth of the tumour. Studies of the remote results of the treatment revealed no metastasizing.  In one case a recurrence of the tumour took place. The author comes to the conclusion that, as to its histological structure, character of growth and prognosis of arachnoidendothelioma of the choroid of the eye is similar to arachnoidendothelioma localized in the meninx. A typical histological structure of this tumour makes it possible to differentiate it from melanoblastoma of the choroid of the eye.", "contents": "[Morphology and remote results of the treatment of arachnoidendothelioma (meningioma) of the vascular membrane of the eye]. Morphology of arachnoidendothelioma (30 cases) of the choroid of the eye was studied using stains and impregnation of the fibrous stroma of a tumour with silver. In 28 cases the fate of patients after the enucleation of the eye-bulb was followed-up for periods of 2-15 years. Depending on characteristics of cellular elements and specificity of the architectonics of the tumour tissue, three main variants of its structure were singled out: meningotheliomatous, insular, and fibroblast arachnoidendothelioma, according to the terminology accepted by neurooncologists. It was established that in most cases the tumour was non-pigmented or slightly pigmented. Its pigmentation was accounted for by the presence of three types of pigment cells: epithelioid cells of arachnoidendothelium containing fine-grained brown pigment, melanophages and process melanocytes. Arachnoidendothelioma of the choroid of the eye was characterized by an expansive character of growth. In a number of cases, however, there was noted an infiltrative growth of the tumour. Studies of the remote results of the treatment revealed no metastasizing.  In one case a recurrence of the tumour took place. The author comes to the conclusion that, as to its histological structure, character of growth and prognosis of arachnoidendothelioma of the choroid of the eye is similar to arachnoidendothelioma localized in the meninx. A typical histological structure of this tumour makes it possible to differentiate it from melanoblastoma of the choroid of the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:1200872", "title": "[Chronic hypertrophic glandular gastritis and stomach cancer].", "content": "Histotopographic, morphological, and histochemical investigations of the state of the gastral system in 147 cases with gastric cancer of Ist--IVth state, occurrence of which could not be associated with chronic ulcer or polyp, justified the conclusion that in 9 cases (6.2%) extensive erosive, ulcerous-infiltrative and diffuse cancer developed against the background of preceeding hypertrophic glandular gastritis. Moreover, there was a likelihood that in 7 cases (4.6%) hypertrophic glandular gastritis played a role in the onset of gastric cancer. Chronic hypertrophic glandular gastritis should be looked upon as a pretumour disease of the stomach, a precancer condition in the broad sense of the word. The problems of interrelationship between Menetrier's disease and cancer of the stomach in the present article are not considered.", "contents": "[Chronic hypertrophic glandular gastritis and stomach cancer]. Histotopographic, morphological, and histochemical investigations of the state of the gastral system in 147 cases with gastric cancer of Ist--IVth state, occurrence of which could not be associated with chronic ulcer or polyp, justified the conclusion that in 9 cases (6.2%) extensive erosive, ulcerous-infiltrative and diffuse cancer developed against the background of preceeding hypertrophic glandular gastritis. Moreover, there was a likelihood that in 7 cases (4.6%) hypertrophic glandular gastritis played a role in the onset of gastric cancer. Chronic hypertrophic glandular gastritis should be looked upon as a pretumour disease of the stomach, a precancer condition in the broad sense of the word. The problems of interrelationship between Menetrier's disease and cancer of the stomach in the present article are not considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1200873", "title": "[Changes in the myocardium of the atrium in sudden death due to ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Studies of the myocardium of the right and left atria in 31 cases of sudden death due to myocardial infarction of the ventricles or in the presence of extensive-focal cardiosclerosis were carried out. Histological techniques for staining with hematoxylin-eosine, trichrome after Masson and Goldman's method were used. Microscopic investigation of the heart in 14 cases revealed fresh areas of necrosis of the myocardium atria, which the authors evaluated as infarction. The involvement of the myocardium of the atria into the pathological process influenced the course and prognosis of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Changes in the myocardium of the atrium in sudden death due to ischemic heart disease]. Studies of the myocardium of the right and left atria in 31 cases of sudden death due to myocardial infarction of the ventricles or in the presence of extensive-focal cardiosclerosis were carried out. Histological techniques for staining with hematoxylin-eosine, trichrome after Masson and Goldman's method were used. Microscopic investigation of the heart in 14 cases revealed fresh areas of necrosis of the myocardium atria, which the authors evaluated as infarction. The involvement of the myocardium of the atria into the pathological process influenced the course and prognosis of ischemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1200874", "title": "[Morphological changes in the gingiva in collagen disease, uncomplicated or complicated by odontogenic infection].", "content": "Biopsy specimens of the gum of patients with systemic lupus erythematodes, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerodermia, complicated or not with chronic odontogenous infection, and of 10 those of practically healthy persons with chronic odontogenous infection were studied. In patients with collagenous diseases outside the odontogenous infection foci there were observed considerable lesions of the microcirculatory bed vessels, largely of inflammatory nature.--productive vasculitis of the epithelium and connective tissue of the mucosa proper of the gum. The immunopathological character of the above-mentioned lesions in some cases was confirmed by the immunofluorescent method of investigation. The observed changes in vessels and the connective tissue of the gum in collagenous diseases reflected a locally generalized vasopathy of immune character and systemic disorganization of the connective tissue. Studies of gum biopsy materials in patients with collagenous diseases taken from chronic odontogenous infection foci revealed inflammatory changes in the gum tissues much more serious than in practically healthy people in analogous foci od odontogenous infection. Lesions of the gum in patients with collagenous diseases, not complicated with odontogenous infection, represented a background which aggravated the effect of this infection on the gum.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the gingiva in collagen disease, uncomplicated or complicated by odontogenic infection]. Biopsy specimens of the gum of patients with systemic lupus erythematodes, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerodermia, complicated or not with chronic odontogenous infection, and of 10 those of practically healthy persons with chronic odontogenous infection were studied. In patients with collagenous diseases outside the odontogenous infection foci there were observed considerable lesions of the microcirculatory bed vessels, largely of inflammatory nature.--productive vasculitis of the epithelium and connective tissue of the mucosa proper of the gum. The immunopathological character of the above-mentioned lesions in some cases was confirmed by the immunofluorescent method of investigation. The observed changes in vessels and the connective tissue of the gum in collagenous diseases reflected a locally generalized vasopathy of immune character and systemic disorganization of the connective tissue. Studies of gum biopsy materials in patients with collagenous diseases taken from chronic odontogenous infection foci revealed inflammatory changes in the gum tissues much more serious than in practically healthy people in analogous foci od odontogenous infection. Lesions of the gum in patients with collagenous diseases, not complicated with odontogenous infection, represented a background which aggravated the effect of this infection on the gum."}
{"id": "PMID:1200875", "title": "[Peculiarities of the ultrastructural organization of prismatic cells of the large intestine in nonspecific ulcerative colitis].", "content": "Electron-microscopy studies of biopsy specimens of the large intestine mucosa in 36 patients with non-specific ulcerated colitis were carried out. A difference in the structure of the lateral plasmatic membranes of prismatic cells and intercellular space of the large intestine mucosa in patients at periods of remission and exacerbation was revealed. Characteristics of the fine structure of the lateral plasmatic membranes of prismatic cells and the intercellular space in patients at the period of exacerbation of the disease reflected the compensatory processes directed at stabilization of the impaired water balance under conditions of diarrhea and dehydration by activating resorption processes in the large intestine.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of the ultrastructural organization of prismatic cells of the large intestine in nonspecific ulcerative colitis]. Electron-microscopy studies of biopsy specimens of the large intestine mucosa in 36 patients with non-specific ulcerated colitis were carried out. A difference in the structure of the lateral plasmatic membranes of prismatic cells and intercellular space of the large intestine mucosa in patients at periods of remission and exacerbation was revealed. Characteristics of the fine structure of the lateral plasmatic membranes of prismatic cells and the intercellular space in patients at the period of exacerbation of the disease reflected the compensatory processes directed at stabilization of the impaired water balance under conditions of diarrhea and dehydration by activating resorption processes in the large intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:1200876", "title": "[Comparative morphometric study of the fatty tissue of obese patients following diet therapy].", "content": "Results of morphometric studies of the subcutaneous fat tissue in patients with the metabolic-alimentary form of obesity of 3rd degree are discussed. A total of 27 biopsy specimens obtained from obese patients before and after the course of complex therapy with statistical treatment of the data on the electronic computer type M-222 were studied. A regular correlation between the volume of lipocytes and body weight was revealed: with an increase in excessive weight there were observed corresponding changes in the size of fat cells. In the process of treatment the obese patients showed a statistically reliable considerable decrease in the volume of fat cells, no marked changes in the total number there of as compared with initial parametres were noted.", "contents": "[Comparative morphometric study of the fatty tissue of obese patients following diet therapy]. Results of morphometric studies of the subcutaneous fat tissue in patients with the metabolic-alimentary form of obesity of 3rd degree are discussed. A total of 27 biopsy specimens obtained from obese patients before and after the course of complex therapy with statistical treatment of the data on the electronic computer type M-222 were studied. A regular correlation between the volume of lipocytes and body weight was revealed: with an increase in excessive weight there were observed corresponding changes in the size of fat cells. In the process of treatment the obese patients showed a statistically reliable considerable decrease in the volume of fat cells, no marked changes in the total number there of as compared with initial parametres were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1200877", "title": "[Wegener's granulomatosis].", "content": "An observation over a case of Wegener' granulomatosis in a 29-year-old woman is set forth. The disease developed against the background of a chronic inflammatory process in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract during the period of pregnancy and delivery. Generalized lesions of the mucosa and paranasal sinuses, as well as granulomatosis of visceral organs were noted.", "contents": "[Wegener's granulomatosis]. An observation over a case of Wegener' granulomatosis in a 29-year-old woman is set forth. The disease developed against the background of a chronic inflammatory process in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract during the period of pregnancy and delivery. Generalized lesions of the mucosa and paranasal sinuses, as well as granulomatosis of visceral organs were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1200878", "title": "[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx in a 63 year-old man].", "content": "A case of embryonal rabromyosarcoma localized in the larynx in the region of the left vocal bands in an elderly man is described, the tumour represented a hardly discernable delimited greyish-pinkish node with 1 cm diametre. Microscopic investigation of the tumour revealed the structure typical of embryonal rabromyosarcoma. The patient died two days after laryngectomy of thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery. At autopsy no metastases were observed. The peculiar features of the case are an extremely rare localization of embryonal rabromyosarcoma and advanced age of the patient.", "contents": "[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx in a 63 year-old man]. A case of embryonal rabromyosarcoma localized in the larynx in the region of the left vocal bands in an elderly man is described, the tumour represented a hardly discernable delimited greyish-pinkish node with 1 cm diametre. Microscopic investigation of the tumour revealed the structure typical of embryonal rabromyosarcoma. The patient died two days after laryngectomy of thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery. At autopsy no metastases were observed. The peculiar features of the case are an extremely rare localization of embryonal rabromyosarcoma and advanced age of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1200880", "title": "[Pathological anatomy of present-day sepsis].", "content": "Analysis of prosector's findings and results of pathoanatomical studies of 65 cases who had died from sepsis showed that its incidence increased from 0.92% in 1956--1960 to 4.11% in 1971-1974. Along with the well-known typical manifestations of sepsis, a number of its perculiar features associated with application of modern therapeutic methods are considered: the prevailing form of sepsis is pyemia (81.5%), considerable incidence of sepsis following peritonitis and septic thrombophlebitis developing at sites of prolonged catheterization of veins. The significance of staphylococci and Bacillus pyocyaneus, which are resistant to the majority of the available at present antibiotics, as principle pathogenes of modern sepsis is emphasized. A dependence between the localization and size of metastatic foci and the kind of pathogene and nature of its toxines is noted. Among the conditions contributing to the development of sepsis the authors consider a reduction of the immunological reactivity of the organism morphologically characterized in the dead persons studied by the absence in lymphatic follicles of lymphatic nodes and the spleen, of \"light\" centres, drastic atrophic changes in the thymus gland in the majority of cases, and by slightly manifested phenomena of phagocytosis of microbes in the foci of inflammation. The role of operative and other traumas, the character of preceding diseases and application of immunodepressive therapy in the reduction of the immunological reactivity of the organism is tressed.", "contents": "[Pathological anatomy of present-day sepsis]. Analysis of prosector's findings and results of pathoanatomical studies of 65 cases who had died from sepsis showed that its incidence increased from 0.92% in 1956--1960 to 4.11% in 1971-1974. Along with the well-known typical manifestations of sepsis, a number of its perculiar features associated with application of modern therapeutic methods are considered: the prevailing form of sepsis is pyemia (81.5%), considerable incidence of sepsis following peritonitis and septic thrombophlebitis developing at sites of prolonged catheterization of veins. The significance of staphylococci and Bacillus pyocyaneus, which are resistant to the majority of the available at present antibiotics, as principle pathogenes of modern sepsis is emphasized. A dependence between the localization and size of metastatic foci and the kind of pathogene and nature of its toxines is noted. Among the conditions contributing to the development of sepsis the authors consider a reduction of the immunological reactivity of the organism morphologically characterized in the dead persons studied by the absence in lymphatic follicles of lymphatic nodes and the spleen, of \"light\" centres, drastic atrophic changes in the thymus gland in the majority of cases, and by slightly manifested phenomena of phagocytosis of microbes in the foci of inflammation. The role of operative and other traumas, the character of preceding diseases and application of immunodepressive therapy in the reduction of the immunological reactivity of the organism is tressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200881", "title": "[Possible role of microbial factors in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis].", "content": "Electron-microscopy studies of the epithelium of the large intestine mucosa in patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis (biopsy material) and that of rats with experimental allergic ulcerative colitis revealed the penetration of microorganisms into goblet cells of the experimental animals at various stages of mucigenoformation. The bioptic material showed no such pictures. It appears that factor of immunization played a certain role in the realization of the influence of microorganisms on pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. The structural feature of the development of glycocalix are described on the basis of clinical and experimental material.", "contents": "[Possible role of microbial factors in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis]. Electron-microscopy studies of the epithelium of the large intestine mucosa in patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis (biopsy material) and that of rats with experimental allergic ulcerative colitis revealed the penetration of microorganisms into goblet cells of the experimental animals at various stages of mucigenoformation. The bioptic material showed no such pictures. It appears that factor of immunization played a certain role in the realization of the influence of microorganisms on pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. The structural feature of the development of glycocalix are described on the basis of clinical and experimental material."}
{"id": "PMID:1200882", "title": "[Morphological characteristics of meningococcemia in children].", "content": "Observations were conducted over 8 children aged 5 months to 3 years and 2 months, in whom the disease developed acutely and was accompanied by collapse. Death occurred within the first 12--36 hours from the onset of the disease. Morphologically, there were revealed haemorrhagic rash, initial phenomena of serous-purulent meningitis, clear-cut disorders of the microcirculation (stasis, thrombosis) in the skin, lungs, myocardium, kidneys. The cause of early death of the children with meningoccaemia turned out to be the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, the morphological manifestations of the latter being bilateral haemorrhages into the adrenals. In the kidneys capillarothrombosis may develop, which is in accord with the picture of the Sanarelli-Schwartzmann phenomenon, and may lead to the development of acute renal insufficiency with formation of cortical necroses of the kidneys.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics of meningococcemia in children]. Observations were conducted over 8 children aged 5 months to 3 years and 2 months, in whom the disease developed acutely and was accompanied by collapse. Death occurred within the first 12--36 hours from the onset of the disease. Morphologically, there were revealed haemorrhagic rash, initial phenomena of serous-purulent meningitis, clear-cut disorders of the microcirculation (stasis, thrombosis) in the skin, lungs, myocardium, kidneys. The cause of early death of the children with meningoccaemia turned out to be the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, the morphological manifestations of the latter being bilateral haemorrhages into the adrenals. In the kidneys capillarothrombosis may develop, which is in accord with the picture of the Sanarelli-Schwartzmann phenomenon, and may lead to the development of acute renal insufficiency with formation of cortical necroses of the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:1200883", "title": "[Electron autoradiographic study of the synthesis of RNA in the reparative regeneration of bones].", "content": "The metabolism of RNA in cells of callus 4 and 7 days following the fracture was studied. At the three stages of differentiation of osteogenic cells--preosteoblasts, differentiating osteoblasts, and osteoblasts--there was noted a similar dynamics of synthesis and transfer of RNA. One and a half hour after administration of a precursor of RNA--uridine-5H3 grains of silver concentrated predominantly above the nuclei, nucleoli being marked most intensively. Four hours after the administration of the precursor the total number of grains above the cells increased, mostly above the granular endoplasmatic reticulum; density of grains over the nuclei at this time did not change significantly, whereas that over the nucleoli decreased notably. The relationship between the observed features of the RNA metabolism and various stages of differentiation of osteogenic cells is considered.", "contents": "[Electron autoradiographic study of the synthesis of RNA in the reparative regeneration of bones]. The metabolism of RNA in cells of callus 4 and 7 days following the fracture was studied. At the three stages of differentiation of osteogenic cells--preosteoblasts, differentiating osteoblasts, and osteoblasts--there was noted a similar dynamics of synthesis and transfer of RNA. One and a half hour after administration of a precursor of RNA--uridine-5H3 grains of silver concentrated predominantly above the nuclei, nucleoli being marked most intensively. Four hours after the administration of the precursor the total number of grains above the cells increased, mostly above the granular endoplasmatic reticulum; density of grains over the nuclei at this time did not change significantly, whereas that over the nucleoli decreased notably. The relationship between the observed features of the RNA metabolism and various stages of differentiation of osteogenic cells is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1200884", "title": "[Functional significance of dark and light cells].", "content": "Ultrastructural-functional characteristics of dark and light cells were considered from the standpoint of tissue and organ specificity on the material of skeleton muscular fibres and the mucosa of bronchi of man, the liver and kidneys of dogs in the syndrome of prolonged compression. It was shown that these cells might have three main characteristics for the activity of the organ and reflect either the specificity of their work, or alternating activity, or the vital cycle of the cell. The ultrastructure of the dark cells testify, as a result of the specificity of their work, to their adaptation to prolonged activity connected with clearcut biosynthetic and bioenergetic processes. The work of the light cells does not require apparently considerable development of plastic processes. In the alternating activity dark cells should be considered as potentially active, whereas light cells are in the state of intensive activity. The ultrastructure heterogeneity of dark and light cells, moreover, may reflect various stages of their vital cycle.", "contents": "[Functional significance of dark and light cells]. Ultrastructural-functional characteristics of dark and light cells were considered from the standpoint of tissue and organ specificity on the material of skeleton muscular fibres and the mucosa of bronchi of man, the liver and kidneys of dogs in the syndrome of prolonged compression. It was shown that these cells might have three main characteristics for the activity of the organ and reflect either the specificity of their work, or alternating activity, or the vital cycle of the cell. The ultrastructure of the dark cells testify, as a result of the specificity of their work, to their adaptation to prolonged activity connected with clearcut biosynthetic and bioenergetic processes. The work of the light cells does not require apparently considerable development of plastic processes. In the alternating activity dark cells should be considered as potentially active, whereas light cells are in the state of intensive activity. The ultrastructure heterogeneity of dark and light cells, moreover, may reflect various stages of their vital cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:1200885", "title": "[Morphological changes in the kidney in acetic acid poisoning].", "content": "The kidneys of 118 patients who had perished because of vinegar acid poisoning were studied morphologically in periods from 2 hours to 26 days. Comparisons of morphological findings and clinical patterns and different methods of treatment of this kind of intoxication were made. Lesions of the kidneys in vinegar acid poisoning were similar to those in acute hemoglobinuric nephrosis. A characteristic morphological feature of acute renal insufficiency was ruptures of distal tubules. Some peculiar features of the morphology of the kidneys in acute renal insufficiency associated with treatment methods (stimulation of osmotic diuresis, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialyses) were revealed. It was established that early intensive complex therapy changed essentially the morphological picture of acute hemoglobinuric nephrosis and could prevent irreversible lesions--ruptures of distal tubules.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the kidney in acetic acid poisoning]. The kidneys of 118 patients who had perished because of vinegar acid poisoning were studied morphologically in periods from 2 hours to 26 days. Comparisons of morphological findings and clinical patterns and different methods of treatment of this kind of intoxication were made. Lesions of the kidneys in vinegar acid poisoning were similar to those in acute hemoglobinuric nephrosis. A characteristic morphological feature of acute renal insufficiency was ruptures of distal tubules. Some peculiar features of the morphology of the kidneys in acute renal insufficiency associated with treatment methods (stimulation of osmotic diuresis, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialyses) were revealed. It was established that early intensive complex therapy changed essentially the morphological picture of acute hemoglobinuric nephrosis and could prevent irreversible lesions--ruptures of distal tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:1200886", "title": "[Cytological diagnosis of rectal polyps].", "content": "Cytograms of polyps of the rectum were studied in 62 patients. Impressions of and smears-scrapes from the surface of polyps (taken during rectoromanoscopy) or bioptic specimens served as material of investigation. Smears were stained after Leischman's method. The cytograms were collated with the findings of the investigations of histological preparations stained with hemato-xylin-eosine. The results obtained showed that cytologically, it seemed possible to establish not only the character of the epithelial component of polyps (benign, atypical, or malignant), but to diagnose the histological structure of a tumour (simple, proliferative and malignant forms of adenomatous polyps of the rectum).", "contents": "[Cytological diagnosis of rectal polyps]. Cytograms of polyps of the rectum were studied in 62 patients. Impressions of and smears-scrapes from the surface of polyps (taken during rectoromanoscopy) or bioptic specimens served as material of investigation. Smears were stained after Leischman's method. The cytograms were collated with the findings of the investigations of histological preparations stained with hemato-xylin-eosine. The results obtained showed that cytologically, it seemed possible to establish not only the character of the epithelial component of polyps (benign, atypical, or malignant), but to diagnose the histological structure of a tumour (simple, proliferative and malignant forms of adenomatous polyps of the rectum)."}
{"id": "PMID:1200895", "title": "Retinal ischemia in diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "Eight patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy developed extensive retinal arteriolar and capillary obstruction. Ophthalmoscopy showed many white, thread-like retinal arterioles associated with capillary and venous dilatation. Widespread retinal arteriolar and capillary nonperfusion was demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. Ischemic maculopathy resulted in severe loss of visual acuity in some eyes. The severe degree of retinal ischemia was accompanied by optic disc pallor and neovascularization and a high incidence of rubeosis iridis with neovascular glaucoma. Patients with this variety of diabetic retinopathy have a poor prognosis of retaining useful vision.", "contents": "Retinal ischemia in diabetic retinopathy. Eight patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy developed extensive retinal arteriolar and capillary obstruction. Ophthalmoscopy showed many white, thread-like retinal arterioles associated with capillary and venous dilatation. Widespread retinal arteriolar and capillary nonperfusion was demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. Ischemic maculopathy resulted in severe loss of visual acuity in some eyes. The severe degree of retinal ischemia was accompanied by optic disc pallor and neovascularization and a high incidence of rubeosis iridis with neovascular glaucoma. Patients with this variety of diabetic retinopathy have a poor prognosis of retaining useful vision."}
{"id": "PMID:1200896", "title": "Ischemia of ciliary arterial circulation from ocular compression.", "content": "Two patients developed unilateral central retinal artery and posterior ciliary artery occlusions related to ocular compression during general anesthesia. One patient had evidence of extensive choroidal ischemia with diffuse hypopigmentation, pigmentary mottling of the posterior pole, and disc edema. Electroretinography showed diminution of the A and B waves. The other patient showed patchy choroidal ischemia with subsequent development of wedge-shaped areas of pigmentary atrophy and mottling in the midperiphery. Iridocyclitis and prolonged hypotony were also present. Retinal and posterior ciliary artery occlusion (perhaps at the level of the ophthalmic artery) can occur as a result of ocular compression by a face mask or an improperly positioned headrest. Systemic hypotension is a factor in many cases. Proper positioning of the head on an adequate headrest and avoidance of ocular compression will prevent the occurrence of retinal and choroidal occlusion during general anesthesia.", "contents": "Ischemia of ciliary arterial circulation from ocular compression. Two patients developed unilateral central retinal artery and posterior ciliary artery occlusions related to ocular compression during general anesthesia. One patient had evidence of extensive choroidal ischemia with diffuse hypopigmentation, pigmentary mottling of the posterior pole, and disc edema. Electroretinography showed diminution of the A and B waves. The other patient showed patchy choroidal ischemia with subsequent development of wedge-shaped areas of pigmentary atrophy and mottling in the midperiphery. Iridocyclitis and prolonged hypotony were also present. Retinal and posterior ciliary artery occlusion (perhaps at the level of the ophthalmic artery) can occur as a result of ocular compression by a face mask or an improperly positioned headrest. Systemic hypotension is a factor in many cases. Proper positioning of the head on an adequate headrest and avoidance of ocular compression will prevent the occurrence of retinal and choroidal occlusion during general anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200898", "title": "A human model of allergic conjunctivitis.", "content": "Using the method of refractometry to measure protein concentration in tears, a simple model was developed to evaluate the allergic response in humans. Timothy grass pollen was instilled into the cul de sac of a human subject, and the protein content of the subject's tears was sampled every 15 minutes for three hours. Once the time course of this experiment was predictable, various eye medications were instilled into the subject's eye 30 minutes after allergic challenge. It was noted that 1.0% and 0.1% prednisolone, each combined with 0.12% phenylephrine hydrochloride, as well as 1% epinephryl borate eye drops, produced an almost immediate return to normal of tear protein levels, whereas 1.0% medrysone, 0.1% fluorometholone, 1.0% prednisolone, and 0.12% prednisolone had less pronounced effects on reduction of elevated tear protein concentration.", "contents": "A human model of allergic conjunctivitis. Using the method of refractometry to measure protein concentration in tears, a simple model was developed to evaluate the allergic response in humans. Timothy grass pollen was instilled into the cul de sac of a human subject, and the protein content of the subject's tears was sampled every 15 minutes for three hours. Once the time course of this experiment was predictable, various eye medications were instilled into the subject's eye 30 minutes after allergic challenge. It was noted that 1.0% and 0.1% prednisolone, each combined with 0.12% phenylephrine hydrochloride, as well as 1% epinephryl borate eye drops, produced an almost immediate return to normal of tear protein levels, whereas 1.0% medrysone, 0.1% fluorometholone, 1.0% prednisolone, and 0.12% prednisolone had less pronounced effects on reduction of elevated tear protein concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1200899", "title": "Isometric, three-dimensional viewing of ultrasonograms.", "content": "This report describes a system that allows amplitude information to be used as a third dimension or aspect of display on B-scan ultrasonograms. The relative strength of reflected echoes can be shown on B-scan by means of gray scale, color coding, or on A-scan with amplitude deflection. With this new technique, called isometric display, superimposition of the A-scan trace on the B-scan allows preservation of these amplitude characteristics. The three-dimensional presentation can be rotated around any azimuth to provide isometric viewing of the ultrasonogram. Tissue may then be characterized on a more reliable basis than is permitted by independent analysis of outline and amplitude features.", "contents": "Isometric, three-dimensional viewing of ultrasonograms. This report describes a system that allows amplitude information to be used as a third dimension or aspect of display on B-scan ultrasonograms. The relative strength of reflected echoes can be shown on B-scan by means of gray scale, color coding, or on A-scan with amplitude deflection. With this new technique, called isometric display, superimposition of the A-scan trace on the B-scan allows preservation of these amplitude characteristics. The three-dimensional presentation can be rotated around any azimuth to provide isometric viewing of the ultrasonogram. Tissue may then be characterized on a more reliable basis than is permitted by independent analysis of outline and amplitude features."}
{"id": "PMID:1200903", "title": "Nanophthalmos with uveal effusion. A new clinical entity.", "content": "Five patients exhibited the association of nanophthalmos and uveal effusion, apparently on a familial basis. Glaucoma, occurring in the fourth to sixth decades of life, required surgical intervention that was followed by the development of secondary retinal and choroidal detachment. Recognition of this syndrome is important because: (1) surgical procedures for glaucoma should be avoided, if possible, in order to prevent the development of uveal effusion; (2) retinal detachment surgical procedures are ineffective in uveal effusion and should be avoided, and (3) choroidal elevation occurring in the uveal effusion phase may be erroneously diagnosed as an intraocular tumor and unnecessary enucleation may follow.", "contents": "Nanophthalmos with uveal effusion. A new clinical entity. Five patients exhibited the association of nanophthalmos and uveal effusion, apparently on a familial basis. Glaucoma, occurring in the fourth to sixth decades of life, required surgical intervention that was followed by the development of secondary retinal and choroidal detachment. Recognition of this syndrome is important because: (1) surgical procedures for glaucoma should be avoided, if possible, in order to prevent the development of uveal effusion; (2) retinal detachment surgical procedures are ineffective in uveal effusion and should be avoided, and (3) choroidal elevation occurring in the uveal effusion phase may be erroneously diagnosed as an intraocular tumor and unnecessary enucleation may follow."}
{"id": "PMID:1200904", "title": "Role of surgery in head and neck cancer with fixed nodes.", "content": "In a series of 51 cases of Stage IV head and neck carcinomas, 12 selected patients were studied retrospectively, in order to determine the role of surgery in their management. Two patients who received a tumoricidal dose of radiation prior to radical neck dissection survived over five years, but no viable tumor was found in either specimen, suggesting a radiation cure. Nine patients died within three years, with either local recurrence or distant metastases; one patient died of asphyxiation, without disease, within five months. It appeared that surgery played no substantial role in improving the survival of the patients with head and neck cancer with fixed nodes.", "contents": "Role of surgery in head and neck cancer with fixed nodes. In a series of 51 cases of Stage IV head and neck carcinomas, 12 selected patients were studied retrospectively, in order to determine the role of surgery in their management. Two patients who received a tumoricidal dose of radiation prior to radical neck dissection survived over five years, but no viable tumor was found in either specimen, suggesting a radiation cure. Nine patients died within three years, with either local recurrence or distant metastases; one patient died of asphyxiation, without disease, within five months. It appeared that surgery played no substantial role in improving the survival of the patients with head and neck cancer with fixed nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200905", "title": "Mandibular osteotomy and lingual flaps. Use in patients with cancer of the tonsil area and tongue base.", "content": "The composite resection operation with sacrifice of a portion of the hemimandible is considered to be the fundamental operation for cancers in the posterior oral cavity. The mandible is resected for cancer control (to ease reconstruction) and perhaps for traditional reasons. Mandibular sacrifice is not always essential for oncologic resection. Access through the mandible is usually required for effective resection of cancers in this region. The lateral mandibular osteotomy approach provides this access in selected patients. The adjacent, remaining portion of the tongue provides 75 to 100 sq cm of thick pliable vascular mucosa that can be used for closing the defects after resection of the cancer in the posterior oral cavity. As much as one half of the tongue can be rotated. If certain precautions are taken, a viable flap can be assured even after radiation treatment or ligation of the ipsilateral lingual artery.", "contents": "Mandibular osteotomy and lingual flaps. Use in patients with cancer of the tonsil area and tongue base. The composite resection operation with sacrifice of a portion of the hemimandible is considered to be the fundamental operation for cancers in the posterior oral cavity. The mandible is resected for cancer control (to ease reconstruction) and perhaps for traditional reasons. Mandibular sacrifice is not always essential for oncologic resection. Access through the mandible is usually required for effective resection of cancers in this region. The lateral mandibular osteotomy approach provides this access in selected patients. The adjacent, remaining portion of the tongue provides 75 to 100 sq cm of thick pliable vascular mucosa that can be used for closing the defects after resection of the cancer in the posterior oral cavity. As much as one half of the tongue can be rotated. If certain precautions are taken, a viable flap can be assured even after radiation treatment or ligation of the ipsilateral lingual artery."}
{"id": "PMID:1200906", "title": "Radical neck dissection: Elective, therapeutic, and secondary.", "content": "The effectiveness of elective en bloc, therapeutic en bloc, and secondary radical neck dissections is evaluated in patients whose primary tumor remained controlled following initial treatment (surgery, irradiation, or combined therapy). Pathologically documented cervical involvement following elective en bloc, therapeutic en bloc, and secondary radical neck dissections occurred in 80 (27%) of 295, 158 (67%) of 237, and 77 (75%) of 102 of the patients, respectively. Patient survival is greater if cervical metastases are surgically removed while occult, rather than if they are resected after they are clinically suspected. Patients who have a 15% to 20% or greater likelihood of having occult cervical metastases will have an increased probability for survival if the surgical management includes an elective en bloc radical neck disection.", "contents": "Radical neck dissection: Elective, therapeutic, and secondary. The effectiveness of elective en bloc, therapeutic en bloc, and secondary radical neck dissections is evaluated in patients whose primary tumor remained controlled following initial treatment (surgery, irradiation, or combined therapy). Pathologically documented cervical involvement following elective en bloc, therapeutic en bloc, and secondary radical neck dissections occurred in 80 (27%) of 295, 158 (67%) of 237, and 77 (75%) of 102 of the patients, respectively. Patient survival is greater if cervical metastases are surgically removed while occult, rather than if they are resected after they are clinically suspected. Patients who have a 15% to 20% or greater likelihood of having occult cervical metastases will have an increased probability for survival if the surgical management includes an elective en bloc radical neck disection."}
{"id": "PMID:1200907", "title": "Transfer factor: Potential for therapy of malignant diseases.", "content": "Transfer factor (TF) is a low molecular weight nonantigenic extract of leukocytes that is capable of transferring cell-mediated immunity from an immune individual to a nonimmune individual. Reports of efficacy of transfer factor in immunodeficiency states and chronic infectious diseases, as well as its lack of toxicity, have spurred clinical trials of TF therapy in human malignant diseases. Variables such as donor and patient selection, dose of TF, and use of concurrent therapy have not been explored. Preliminary reports suggest that TF may find a role as adjuvant therapy in human malignant neoplasms.", "contents": "Transfer factor: Potential for therapy of malignant diseases. Transfer factor (TF) is a low molecular weight nonantigenic extract of leukocytes that is capable of transferring cell-mediated immunity from an immune individual to a nonimmune individual. Reports of efficacy of transfer factor in immunodeficiency states and chronic infectious diseases, as well as its lack of toxicity, have spurred clinical trials of TF therapy in human malignant diseases. Variables such as donor and patient selection, dose of TF, and use of concurrent therapy have not been explored. Preliminary reports suggest that TF may find a role as adjuvant therapy in human malignant neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:1200908", "title": "Positional vertigo.", "content": "Different forms of positional nystagmus, particularly the continuous (type I) variety, were found in 86 consecutive patients admitted to general and neurological hospitals. This series is compared with 365 patients with paroxysmal (type II) and 23 patients with type III positional nystagmus. In this series of 32 of the patients with continuous type I positional nystagmus (including 15 patients with head injury) and 18 of the patients with paroxysmal type II nystagmus were found to have central lesions.", "contents": "Positional vertigo. Different forms of positional nystagmus, particularly the continuous (type I) variety, were found in 86 consecutive patients admitted to general and neurological hospitals. This series is compared with 365 patients with paroxysmal (type II) and 23 patients with type III positional nystagmus. In this series of 32 of the patients with continuous type I positional nystagmus (including 15 patients with head injury) and 18 of the patients with paroxysmal type II nystagmus were found to have central lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1200909", "title": "Surgery to prevent aspiration.", "content": "A glottic closure procedure rather than laryngectomy is suggested for patients with loss of laryngeal sphincter function. The operation allows restoration of respiration and swallowing without aspiration, but sacrificies phonatory function. No patient has had sufficient recovery of laryngeal sphincteric function to warrant an attempt to reverse the laryngeal closure operation.", "contents": "Surgery to prevent aspiration. A glottic closure procedure rather than laryngectomy is suggested for patients with loss of laryngeal sphincter function. The operation allows restoration of respiration and swallowing without aspiration, but sacrificies phonatory function. No patient has had sufficient recovery of laryngeal sphincteric function to warrant an attempt to reverse the laryngeal closure operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1200910", "title": "Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses may occur as a chronic disease in an otherwise healthy person. This infection is usually confined to a single paranasal sinus, the maxillary antrum, though it can involve the orbit and may initiate with findings of proptosis and decreased vision. The disease is characterized by a wide range of initial symptoms, and should be considered as a possible diagnosis in sinusitis refractory to antibiotics and antral lavage. Conservative surgical debridement of involved tissues and drainage of sinus, with or without adjunctive antifungal therapy, results in cure of this disease.", "contents": "Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses. Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses may occur as a chronic disease in an otherwise healthy person. This infection is usually confined to a single paranasal sinus, the maxillary antrum, though it can involve the orbit and may initiate with findings of proptosis and decreased vision. The disease is characterized by a wide range of initial symptoms, and should be considered as a possible diagnosis in sinusitis refractory to antibiotics and antral lavage. Conservative surgical debridement of involved tissues and drainage of sinus, with or without adjunctive antifungal therapy, results in cure of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1200911", "title": "Preventing collapse of external auditory meatus during audiometry.", "content": "Occlusion of the external auditory meatus resulting from earphone pressure can produce a pseudoconductive hearing loss. I describe a method for detecting ear canal collapse by otoscopy and I suggest a method of correcting the problem with a polyethylene tube prosthesis.", "contents": "Preventing collapse of external auditory meatus during audiometry. Occlusion of the external auditory meatus resulting from earphone pressure can produce a pseudoconductive hearing loss. I describe a method for detecting ear canal collapse by otoscopy and I suggest a method of correcting the problem with a polyethylene tube prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200912", "title": "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. Congenital anomaly of bony labyrinth a possible cause.", "content": "A patient had recurrent meningitis as a result of a congenital anomaly of the bony labyrinth. As far as could be traced in the literature, this was the first time that an isolated congenital anomaly of the bony labyrinth could be shown to be the origin of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea and the resulting recurrent meningitis. In cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea of unknown origin, tomographic x-ray examination of the bony labyrinth is of utmost importance. For the detection of the finer details is the bony structure of the labyrinth, this tomography should be done according to one of the multidirectional techniques.", "contents": "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. Congenital anomaly of bony labyrinth a possible cause. A patient had recurrent meningitis as a result of a congenital anomaly of the bony labyrinth. As far as could be traced in the literature, this was the first time that an isolated congenital anomaly of the bony labyrinth could be shown to be the origin of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea and the resulting recurrent meningitis. In cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea of unknown origin, tomographic x-ray examination of the bony labyrinth is of utmost importance. For the detection of the finer details is the bony structure of the labyrinth, this tomography should be done according to one of the multidirectional techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:1200913", "title": "Reconstruction of upper cervical esophagus.", "content": "We describe a surgical technique for reconstruction of the upper cervical esophagus after a segment has been excised. The technique involves the downward rotation of a full thickness pharyngeal flap to close the defect. The flap is obtained from the posterior wall of the hypopharynx and oropharynx. We describe a case in which this technique was used.", "contents": "Reconstruction of upper cervical esophagus. We describe a surgical technique for reconstruction of the upper cervical esophagus after a segment has been excised. The technique involves the downward rotation of a full thickness pharyngeal flap to close the defect. The flap is obtained from the posterior wall of the hypopharynx and oropharynx. We describe a case in which this technique was used."}
{"id": "PMID:1200914", "title": "Cryptococcosis of the larynx.", "content": "An unusual case of cryptococcosis of the larynx initially developed as an acute upper airway obstruction that necessitated tracheostomy. Concomitant findings were tracheobronchial ulcerations and edema with severe mainstem bronchial constriction on the left side. Budding \"yeast-like organisms\" that were consistent with Cryptococcus neoformans appeared in tissue specimens. Epithelial changes that were consistent with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia occurred in areas in the immediate vicinity of the organisms. Sputum and bronchial washing cultures grew nonmycelial, mucinous, encapsulated forms that were positive to staining with mucicarmine and Alcian blue. Treatment with amphotericin B resulted in resolution of the laryngeal obstruction, permitting decannulation. Follow-up direct laryngoscopy and biopsy three months after completion of therapy revealed only mild edema of the false vocal folds. No organisms were found in the tissue, and the pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplastic mucosal changes had resolved.", "contents": "Cryptococcosis of the larynx. An unusual case of cryptococcosis of the larynx initially developed as an acute upper airway obstruction that necessitated tracheostomy. Concomitant findings were tracheobronchial ulcerations and edema with severe mainstem bronchial constriction on the left side. Budding \"yeast-like organisms\" that were consistent with Cryptococcus neoformans appeared in tissue specimens. Epithelial changes that were consistent with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia occurred in areas in the immediate vicinity of the organisms. Sputum and bronchial washing cultures grew nonmycelial, mucinous, encapsulated forms that were positive to staining with mucicarmine and Alcian blue. Treatment with amphotericin B resulted in resolution of the laryngeal obstruction, permitting decannulation. Follow-up direct laryngoscopy and biopsy three months after completion of therapy revealed only mild edema of the false vocal folds. No organisms were found in the tissue, and the pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplastic mucosal changes had resolved."}
{"id": "PMID:1200915", "title": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the middle ear.", "content": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the middle ear is rare. It may or may not be associated with chronic suppurative otitis media. After the exclusion of a primary site elsewhere, the tumor should be managed by surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, especially if tumor excision is incomplete. We report a case in which primary papillary adenocarcinoma developed in the middle ear, possibly due to aberrant ceruminous gland elements. The findings prior to histologic examination were unusual in that they were consistent with a tumor of the glomus tympanicum or glomus jugulare.", "contents": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the middle ear. Primary adenocarcinoma of the middle ear is rare. It may or may not be associated with chronic suppurative otitis media. After the exclusion of a primary site elsewhere, the tumor should be managed by surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, especially if tumor excision is incomplete. We report a case in which primary papillary adenocarcinoma developed in the middle ear, possibly due to aberrant ceruminous gland elements. The findings prior to histologic examination were unusual in that they were consistent with a tumor of the glomus tympanicum or glomus jugulare."}
{"id": "PMID:1200916", "title": "The role of otolaryngology in primary care practice. Report of a survey.", "content": "A survey was conducted to assess how family practitioners rated certain knowledge skills and procedures in the field of otolaryngology. A questionnaire was designed as the instrument of the survey, and family practitioners were asked to complete the questionnaire based entirely on their experience in practice. The results of the survey showed that the practitioners considered that the majority (64%) of the items ranged from necessary to imperative. A highly consistent response was obtained. We discuss implications for curriculum design based on such surveys.", "contents": "The role of otolaryngology in primary care practice. Report of a survey. A survey was conducted to assess how family practitioners rated certain knowledge skills and procedures in the field of otolaryngology. A questionnaire was designed as the instrument of the survey, and family practitioners were asked to complete the questionnaire based entirely on their experience in practice. The results of the survey showed that the practitioners considered that the majority (64%) of the items ranged from necessary to imperative. A highly consistent response was obtained. We discuss implications for curriculum design based on such surveys."}
{"id": "PMID:1200917", "title": "Frontal sinus cancer manifested as a frontal mucocele.", "content": "During the period 1972 to 1974, 12 frontal mucopyoceles were seen. Subsequently, three were shown to have an underlying neoplasm. Evaluation of the roentgenograms demonstrated minor differences between those with and those without a malignant basis. In previous reports of frontal sinus cancer, the descriptions of the roentgenograms suggest that it is possible that these features were also present. The difficulty in deciding the sinus of origin in such cancers has often been discussed, but the possibility that neoplasms of the orbital lobe of the lacrimal gland may occur in the frontal sinus is usually not considered. Anatomically, the intimate proximity of this lobe to the frontal sinus suggests that a neoplasm could develop in this manner. I believe that this was true in two of the patients reported herein.", "contents": "Frontal sinus cancer manifested as a frontal mucocele. During the period 1972 to 1974, 12 frontal mucopyoceles were seen. Subsequently, three were shown to have an underlying neoplasm. Evaluation of the roentgenograms demonstrated minor differences between those with and those without a malignant basis. In previous reports of frontal sinus cancer, the descriptions of the roentgenograms suggest that it is possible that these features were also present. The difficulty in deciding the sinus of origin in such cancers has often been discussed, but the possibility that neoplasms of the orbital lobe of the lacrimal gland may occur in the frontal sinus is usually not considered. Anatomically, the intimate proximity of this lobe to the frontal sinus suggests that a neoplasm could develop in this manner. I believe that this was true in two of the patients reported herein."}
{"id": "PMID:1200918", "title": "Open-ended tympanometric screening: A new concept.", "content": "We introduce the concept of open-ended, successive-day, tympanometric screening. In impedance screening of children for middle ear disorders, there is a serious risk of over-referral if decisions are made on the basis of a single tympanogram. Serial tympanometric studies of Australian aboriginal children show that, whereas the type B tympanogram is usually stable, type A and type C patterns are prone to vary from day to day, inviting inappropriate referral decisions unless the classifications are confirmed by tests on successive days.", "contents": "Open-ended tympanometric screening: A new concept. We introduce the concept of open-ended, successive-day, tympanometric screening. In impedance screening of children for middle ear disorders, there is a serious risk of over-referral if decisions are made on the basis of a single tympanogram. Serial tympanometric studies of Australian aboriginal children show that, whereas the type B tympanogram is usually stable, type A and type C patterns are prone to vary from day to day, inviting inappropriate referral decisions unless the classifications are confirmed by tests on successive days."}
{"id": "PMID:1200919", "title": "Dysphagia secondary to cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction, Surgical Management.", "content": "Neuromuscular dysfunction of the cricopharyngeus muscle is becoming increasingly recognized as a cause of dysphagia, particularly in the growing geriatric population. The disorder may occur primarily, or as part of a generalized neurologic syndrome. This debilitating and potentially lethal type of dysphagia, formerly managed by nasogastric tube or gastrostomy feeding, is usually correctable by simple section of the cricopharyngeus muscle. We report a series of six successfully managed patients to illustrate important aspects of diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Dysphagia secondary to cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction, Surgical Management. Neuromuscular dysfunction of the cricopharyngeus muscle is becoming increasingly recognized as a cause of dysphagia, particularly in the growing geriatric population. The disorder may occur primarily, or as part of a generalized neurologic syndrome. This debilitating and potentially lethal type of dysphagia, formerly managed by nasogastric tube or gastrostomy feeding, is usually correctable by simple section of the cricopharyngeus muscle. We report a series of six successfully managed patients to illustrate important aspects of diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1200920", "title": "Physiologic eustachian tube inflation.", "content": "A new maneuver (oral positive pressure) of voluntary middle ear inflation is described. The efficacy of this new maneuver over the Valsalva maneuver was established by conducting an experiment in 50 normal volunteers and a clinical trial in 75 patients with Eustachian tube obstruction and in 25 patients with chronic serous otitis media. The lower opening pressure and higher available head of pressure, characteristic of this new maneuver, is hoped to be of definite therapeutic value in the management of the previously mentioned conditions. This maneuver has a potential for use in aviation medicine.", "contents": "Physiologic eustachian tube inflation. A new maneuver (oral positive pressure) of voluntary middle ear inflation is described. The efficacy of this new maneuver over the Valsalva maneuver was established by conducting an experiment in 50 normal volunteers and a clinical trial in 75 patients with Eustachian tube obstruction and in 25 patients with chronic serous otitis media. The lower opening pressure and higher available head of pressure, characteristic of this new maneuver, is hoped to be of definite therapeutic value in the management of the previously mentioned conditions. This maneuver has a potential for use in aviation medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:1200921", "title": "The tuck-up operation, A new technique of secondary rhytidectomy.", "content": "The results of rhytidectomy are often unsatisfactory. Therefore, there is a need for a secondary procedure to correct the deficiencies. We describe a new technique that is simple, highly effective, and is accompanied by only minimal morbidity. Furthermore, it suggests a restructuring of our thinking about surgery of the aging face.", "contents": "The tuck-up operation, A new technique of secondary rhytidectomy. The results of rhytidectomy are often unsatisfactory. Therefore, there is a need for a secondary procedure to correct the deficiencies. We describe a new technique that is simple, highly effective, and is accompanied by only minimal morbidity. Furthermore, it suggests a restructuring of our thinking about surgery of the aging face."}
{"id": "PMID:1200922", "title": "Elective carotid artery resection.", "content": "A retrospective study of carotid artery resection disclosed a 64% mortality when resection was performed on an emergency basis, as compared with 14% when the surgery was undertaken electively. This concurs with other studies that have demonstrated increased survival rates when elective carotid artery resection has superseded carotid artery rupture, and reemphasizes the need for a more accurate means of predicting individual tolerance for loss of the carotid artery. Use of the ocular plethysmograph (OPG) is proposed as a simple and accurate means of evaluating the adequacy of collateral hemispheric blood flow to compensate for a potentially resectable carotid artery. Eleven patients have been evaluated using this technique. Nine were predicted to successfully tolerate carotid artery resection, while intolerance was predicted for the remaining two. Four of the nine patients have undergone resection of the artery with no neurologic sequelae to date.", "contents": "Elective carotid artery resection. A retrospective study of carotid artery resection disclosed a 64% mortality when resection was performed on an emergency basis, as compared with 14% when the surgery was undertaken electively. This concurs with other studies that have demonstrated increased survival rates when elective carotid artery resection has superseded carotid artery rupture, and reemphasizes the need for a more accurate means of predicting individual tolerance for loss of the carotid artery. Use of the ocular plethysmograph (OPG) is proposed as a simple and accurate means of evaluating the adequacy of collateral hemispheric blood flow to compensate for a potentially resectable carotid artery. Eleven patients have been evaluated using this technique. Nine were predicted to successfully tolerate carotid artery resection, while intolerance was predicted for the remaining two. Four of the nine patients have undergone resection of the artery with no neurologic sequelae to date."}
{"id": "PMID:1200923", "title": "Re-mediastinoscopy.", "content": "In a series of 1,188 mediastinoscopies, six re-mediastinoscopies (0.5%) were made. The indications for repeated mediastinal exploration can be made more lenient since the adhesions between the innominate artery and the trachea need not always be extensive; if they are, an alternative paratracheal route can be used. Caution should be used, keeping possible vascular complications in mind, but we believe that an earlier mediastinoscopy does not contraindicate a repeated procedure.", "contents": "Re-mediastinoscopy. In a series of 1,188 mediastinoscopies, six re-mediastinoscopies (0.5%) were made. The indications for repeated mediastinal exploration can be made more lenient since the adhesions between the innominate artery and the trachea need not always be extensive; if they are, an alternative paratracheal route can be used. Caution should be used, keeping possible vascular complications in mind, but we believe that an earlier mediastinoscopy does not contraindicate a repeated procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1200926", "title": "Nutrition of orphan marsupials.", "content": "Marsupial milk has been found to be high in  fats, protein and ash compared to eutherian milk.  The generally low lactose content of marsupial milk and the corresponding low intestinal lactase activity of pouch young marsupials, when considered with the incidence of diarrhoea and the occasional formation of cataracts in orphan kangaroos fed on cow's milk (which has a high lactose content), suggests that a lactose-free milk be fed to orphan marsupials. Of the lactose-free milk substitutes for children now available, it is recommended that Pregestimil, Glucose Nutramigen and particularly CFI be used for very young orphan marsupial herbivores (especially kangaroos), as these are both lactose- and sucrose-free. Isomil, Prosobee and Triglyde, containing sucrose, may be suitable for older kangaroos which are also ingesting solids and brush-tailed possums of all ages.  The appropriate natural diet of the orphan marsupial should be available at the time when initial solid food ingestion would occur in the natural state. It is suggested that milk substitute continue to be given until the orphan animal reaches the age where, in the natural state, it would be full independent.", "contents": "Nutrition of orphan marsupials. Marsupial milk has been found to be high in  fats, protein and ash compared to eutherian milk.  The generally low lactose content of marsupial milk and the corresponding low intestinal lactase activity of pouch young marsupials, when considered with the incidence of diarrhoea and the occasional formation of cataracts in orphan kangaroos fed on cow's milk (which has a high lactose content), suggests that a lactose-free milk be fed to orphan marsupials. Of the lactose-free milk substitutes for children now available, it is recommended that Pregestimil, Glucose Nutramigen and particularly CFI be used for very young orphan marsupial herbivores (especially kangaroos), as these are both lactose- and sucrose-free. Isomil, Prosobee and Triglyde, containing sucrose, may be suitable for older kangaroos which are also ingesting solids and brush-tailed possums of all ages.  The appropriate natural diet of the orphan marsupial should be available at the time when initial solid food ingestion would occur in the natural state. It is suggested that milk substitute continue to be given until the orphan animal reaches the age where, in the natural state, it would be full independent."}
{"id": "PMID:1200928", "title": "Cerebellar hypoplasia of genetic origin in calves.", "content": "Within 2 years, following the introduction of 2 Shorthorn bulls from the same stud into an Australian Illawarra Shorthorn (AIS) herd, 16 calves were born with cerebellar hypoplasia. All affected calves were the progeny of one bull mated to the daughters of the other. All other progeny of these bulls, most of which were from AIS dams, were normal. Affected calves exhibited severe ataxia, consistent head movement and abduction of the forelimbs. Microscopic changes in the cerebellum included sparsity of cells of the granular layer, loss of Purkinje cells and narrowing of the molecular layer. Observations on the frequencies of normal and abnormal calves are consistent with the hypothesis that the condition is caused by an autosomal recessive gene for which affected calves were homozygous and which was introduced into the herd in heterozygous condition by both of the Shorthorn bulls. Evidence is given for an unusually high frequency of the gene in the stud of origin of the Shorthorn bulls and a procedure for reducing its frequency is outlined. The possibility of a viral or toxic aetiology is discussed but is  considered to be an unlikely explanation for the condition in this herd.", "contents": "Cerebellar hypoplasia of genetic origin in calves. Within 2 years, following the introduction of 2 Shorthorn bulls from the same stud into an Australian Illawarra Shorthorn (AIS) herd, 16 calves were born with cerebellar hypoplasia. All affected calves were the progeny of one bull mated to the daughters of the other. All other progeny of these bulls, most of which were from AIS dams, were normal. Affected calves exhibited severe ataxia, consistent head movement and abduction of the forelimbs. Microscopic changes in the cerebellum included sparsity of cells of the granular layer, loss of Purkinje cells and narrowing of the molecular layer. Observations on the frequencies of normal and abnormal calves are consistent with the hypothesis that the condition is caused by an autosomal recessive gene for which affected calves were homozygous and which was introduced into the herd in heterozygous condition by both of the Shorthorn bulls. Evidence is given for an unusually high frequency of the gene in the stud of origin of the Shorthorn bulls and a procedure for reducing its frequency is outlined. The possibility of a viral or toxic aetiology is discussed but is  considered to be an unlikely explanation for the condition in this herd."}
{"id": "PMID:1200929", "title": "Pregnancy in slaughtered cows in North-Eastern Australia: incidence and relationship to pregnancy diagnosis, season, age and carcase weight.", "content": "A total of 7495 postpuberal beef cows from herds in north Queensland and the Northern Territory were examined at abattoirs to define the extent of wastage due to the slaughter of pregnant cows. On the basis of examination of teeth most cows (57%) were considered mature (approximately 3.5 to 7 years) at slaughter; 14% were young (9 months to 3.5 years) and 29% were old (over 7 years). In herds where pregnancy diagnosis by rectal examination had not been used at time of culling, 71.6% of slaughtered cows were pregnant and 42% of these cows were in the second trimester. This high pregnancy rate was considered an important source of herd wastage. Pregnancy rate varied little with season, but the highest percentages of cows pregnant in the first and third trimesters were recorded in autumn and spring, respectively. Most cows found non-pregnant had active ovaries at time of slaughter. Anoestrus was observed to be most common in winter and in old cows. Lactational status was not recorded. Mean cold carcase weight of 4229 cows was 161 +/- 40 kg. Maximum carcase weight was observed in cows slaughtered at 4 to 6 years of age; old cows had the lowest carcase weight (147 +/- 31 kg)  of the age groups considered. Highest (170 +/- 43 kg) and lowest (135 +/- 41 kg) carcase weights in relation to pregnancy or ovarian status were observed in non-pregnant/ovary-active and non-pregnant/anoestrus cows respectively. Carcase weight of cows in the third trimester (165 +/- 35 kg) was greater than in the second (161 +/- 35 kg) or first (157 +/- 36 kg) trimesters; difference between the first and third trimesters was significant (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Pregnancy in slaughtered cows in North-Eastern Australia: incidence and relationship to pregnancy diagnosis, season, age and carcase weight. A total of 7495 postpuberal beef cows from herds in north Queensland and the Northern Territory were examined at abattoirs to define the extent of wastage due to the slaughter of pregnant cows. On the basis of examination of teeth most cows (57%) were considered mature (approximately 3.5 to 7 years) at slaughter; 14% were young (9 months to 3.5 years) and 29% were old (over 7 years). In herds where pregnancy diagnosis by rectal examination had not been used at time of culling, 71.6% of slaughtered cows were pregnant and 42% of these cows were in the second trimester. This high pregnancy rate was considered an important source of herd wastage. Pregnancy rate varied little with season, but the highest percentages of cows pregnant in the first and third trimesters were recorded in autumn and spring, respectively. Most cows found non-pregnant had active ovaries at time of slaughter. Anoestrus was observed to be most common in winter and in old cows. Lactational status was not recorded. Mean cold carcase weight of 4229 cows was 161 +/- 40 kg. Maximum carcase weight was observed in cows slaughtered at 4 to 6 years of age; old cows had the lowest carcase weight (147 +/- 31 kg)  of the age groups considered. Highest (170 +/- 43 kg) and lowest (135 +/- 41 kg) carcase weights in relation to pregnancy or ovarian status were observed in non-pregnant/ovary-active and non-pregnant/anoestrus cows respectively. Carcase weight of cows in the third trimester (165 +/- 35 kg) was greater than in the second (161 +/- 35 kg) or first (157 +/- 36 kg) trimesters; difference between the first and third trimesters was significant (P less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:1200930", "title": "The adverse effect of environment on the response to distemper vaccination.", "content": "Three standard batches of combined distemper and hepatitis vaccine tested in pups housed indoors during a constantly hot summer failed to elicit antibody to distemper virus or to protect the pups against challenge with virulent virus. The response to hepatitis vaccination was normal. When tested in pups housed outdoors, the same batches of vaccine produced antibodies to distemper and protection against the disease. It appears that high relative humidity combined with high environmental temperature caused an increase in body temperature of the pups which was deleterious to the distemper vaccine but did not affect the more heat resistant hepatitis vaccine.", "contents": "The adverse effect of environment on the response to distemper vaccination. Three standard batches of combined distemper and hepatitis vaccine tested in pups housed indoors during a constantly hot summer failed to elicit antibody to distemper virus or to protect the pups against challenge with virulent virus. The response to hepatitis vaccination was normal. When tested in pups housed outdoors, the same batches of vaccine produced antibodies to distemper and protection against the disease. It appears that high relative humidity combined with high environmental temperature caused an increase in body temperature of the pups which was deleterious to the distemper vaccine but did not affect the more heat resistant hepatitis vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:1200931", "title": "The occurrence of Lymnaea (pseudosuccinea) columella, an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, in Australia.", "content": "An established population of the eastern North American freshwater snail Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) columella Say is reported from Middle Creek and Centennial Park, Sydney. This species is an important intermediate host of the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica Linn\u00e9) and its introduction and spread in New Zealand has resulted in an increase in the liver fluke problem in New Zealand.", "contents": "The occurrence of Lymnaea (pseudosuccinea) columella, an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, in Australia. An established population of the eastern North American freshwater snail Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) columella Say is reported from Middle Creek and Centennial Park, Sydney. This species is an important intermediate host of the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica Linn\u00e9) and its introduction and spread in New Zealand has resulted in an increase in the liver fluke problem in New Zealand."}
{"id": "PMID:1200934", "title": "Seminal degeneration associated with chorioptic mange of the scrotum of rams.", "content": "The effect of scrotal mange (Chorioptes bovis) on semen quality was assessed in a flock of rams during an outbreak of chorioptic mange and in rams with experimentally induced chorioptic mange. Semen quality of 21 rams with chorioptic mange lesions involving less than 10 cm2 of the scrotum was indistinguishable from that of control rams. Conversely, all 10 rams examined with lesions covering more than a third of the scrotum had poor semen quality. Between these 2 extremes some rams with relatively severe scrotal mange had semen of good quality while others with relatively minor scrotal lesions had semen of poor quality. The seminal degeneration and regeneration associated with the development and spontaneous cure of scrotal mange were very similar to that seen following experimental elevation of testicular temperature.", "contents": "Seminal degeneration associated with chorioptic mange of the scrotum of rams. The effect of scrotal mange (Chorioptes bovis) on semen quality was assessed in a flock of rams during an outbreak of chorioptic mange and in rams with experimentally induced chorioptic mange. Semen quality of 21 rams with chorioptic mange lesions involving less than 10 cm2 of the scrotum was indistinguishable from that of control rams. Conversely, all 10 rams examined with lesions covering more than a third of the scrotum had poor semen quality. Between these 2 extremes some rams with relatively severe scrotal mange had semen of good quality while others with relatively minor scrotal lesions had semen of poor quality. The seminal degeneration and regeneration associated with the development and spontaneous cure of scrotal mange were very similar to that seen following experimental elevation of testicular temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:1200935", "title": "Selenium-responsive unthriftiness of young merino sheep in Central Victoria.", "content": "A trial was carried out to determine whether selenium responsive unthriftiness existed on a property in the Strathbogie ranges of Central Victoria where unthriftiness of young sheep has been a problem for 10 to 20 years. White muscle disease had been diagnosed on the property in the previous year and on other properties in the area. Eighty Merino ewes and lambs were allotted to one of 4 groups in a 2 x 2 factorial designed trial in which sodium selenite (0.1 mg/kg) was given orally to ewes and/or lambs at marking time and to treated lambs at 3 monthly intervals thereafter. Selenium treatment of the ewes had no significant effect on subsequent lamb performance. Selenium treatment of the lambs produced significant responses: mortality in treated groups was 0% compared with 17.5% in untreated groups; body weight gains were 1.9 kg higher at both weaning and one year of age in treated than in untreated lambs; mean fleece weight was 14.4% higher in treated lambs and they produced 39% more wool than the surviving untreated lambs.", "contents": "Selenium-responsive unthriftiness of young merino sheep in Central Victoria. A trial was carried out to determine whether selenium responsive unthriftiness existed on a property in the Strathbogie ranges of Central Victoria where unthriftiness of young sheep has been a problem for 10 to 20 years. White muscle disease had been diagnosed on the property in the previous year and on other properties in the area. Eighty Merino ewes and lambs were allotted to one of 4 groups in a 2 x 2 factorial designed trial in which sodium selenite (0.1 mg/kg) was given orally to ewes and/or lambs at marking time and to treated lambs at 3 monthly intervals thereafter. Selenium treatment of the ewes had no significant effect on subsequent lamb performance. Selenium treatment of the lambs produced significant responses: mortality in treated groups was 0% compared with 17.5% in untreated groups; body weight gains were 1.9 kg higher at both weaning and one year of age in treated than in untreated lambs; mean fleece weight was 14.4% higher in treated lambs and they produced 39% more wool than the surviving untreated lambs."}
{"id": "PMID:1200936", "title": "The effect of mixed grazing of sheep and cattle on worm burdens in lambs.", "content": "Lambs from ewes grazed without cattle at 4.9, 7.4 and 9.9 ewes and lambs per hectare and from ewes run with steers at an equivalent median stocking rate at four ratios in which sheep comprised 30%, 40%, 50% and 70% of the animal equivalents were killed and examined for worms. When sheep grazed alone, there was no significant increase in the number of worm species normally found in sheep, namely Ostertagia circumcincta and Nematodirus spathiger, with an increase in stocking rate. When sheep grazed with cattle, there was a decrease in the number of worm species normally found in sheep but an increase in the number of those normally found in cattle, namely Cooperia oncophora and Trichostrongylus axei, as the proportion of cattle in the ratio increased. The total worm burdens were low due to the management of the flock and parasites were not shown to have affected productivity. The results are discussed and the practical aspects of the findings are presented.", "contents": "The effect of mixed grazing of sheep and cattle on worm burdens in lambs. Lambs from ewes grazed without cattle at 4.9, 7.4 and 9.9 ewes and lambs per hectare and from ewes run with steers at an equivalent median stocking rate at four ratios in which sheep comprised 30%, 40%, 50% and 70% of the animal equivalents were killed and examined for worms. When sheep grazed alone, there was no significant increase in the number of worm species normally found in sheep, namely Ostertagia circumcincta and Nematodirus spathiger, with an increase in stocking rate. When sheep grazed with cattle, there was a decrease in the number of worm species normally found in sheep but an increase in the number of those normally found in cattle, namely Cooperia oncophora and Trichostrongylus axei, as the proportion of cattle in the ratio increased. The total worm burdens were low due to the management of the flock and parasites were not shown to have affected productivity. The results are discussed and the practical aspects of the findings are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1200937", "title": "Leptospiral titres in pigs after vaccination.", "content": "Two groups of 8 pigs were vaccinated and given a booster vaccination 6 weeks later each with a commercial dual L. pomona and L. tarassovi killed vaccine. Serum from bloods collected before and up to 30 weeks after vaccination had agglutinating antibodies only after the 0ooster vaccination and then only with 1 vaccine. Titres persisted less than 8 weeks when tested against L. pomona but up to 16 weeks when tested against L. tarassovi at the 1:300 dilution and up to 20 weeks at the 1:100 dilution.", "contents": "Leptospiral titres in pigs after vaccination. Two groups of 8 pigs were vaccinated and given a booster vaccination 6 weeks later each with a commercial dual L. pomona and L. tarassovi killed vaccine. Serum from bloods collected before and up to 30 weeks after vaccination had agglutinating antibodies only after the 0ooster vaccination and then only with 1 vaccine. Titres persisted less than 8 weeks when tested against L. pomona but up to 16 weeks when tested against L. tarassovi at the 1:300 dilution and up to 20 weeks at the 1:100 dilution."}
{"id": "PMID:1200943", "title": "Methods of spread of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus in the southern Californian epidemic of 1971-1973.", "content": "Data collected during the velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) epidemic that occurred in southern California from 1971 to 1973 were analyzed to determine the methods of spread of the disease. Spread between chicken flocks was extensive and due mainly to the movement of live birds and mechanical transport of virus by man, especially by vaccination and poultry service crews. Spread to exotic birds was from contact with infected imported stock. Spread to other species was most probably through contact with infected chickens. Infection persisted in commercial chicken flocks because of intensive vaccination programs, heavy traffic and contact between layer operations, and the maintenance of multi-age flocks. These foci of infection probably led to spread of the disease to areas from which VVND had been eradicated several months before. There was no evidence of significant wind-borne spread of virus between flocks.", "contents": "Methods of spread of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus in the southern Californian epidemic of 1971-1973. Data collected during the velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) epidemic that occurred in southern California from 1971 to 1973 were analyzed to determine the methods of spread of the disease. Spread between chicken flocks was extensive and due mainly to the movement of live birds and mechanical transport of virus by man, especially by vaccination and poultry service crews. Spread to exotic birds was from contact with infected imported stock. Spread to other species was most probably through contact with infected chickens. Infection persisted in commercial chicken flocks because of intensive vaccination programs, heavy traffic and contact between layer operations, and the maintenance of multi-age flocks. These foci of infection probably led to spread of the disease to areas from which VVND had been eradicated several months before. There was no evidence of significant wind-borne spread of virus between flocks."}
{"id": "PMID:1200942", "title": "Response of congenitally immune chicks to viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Separate groups of chicks of hen hyperimmune to viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV) were challenge-exposed to VVNDV by intraocular route at 1 day and 34 days old. Their response was evaluated by clinical symptoms, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers, and virus isolations. Chicks exposed at 1 day old excreted VVNDV from the vent for up to 60 days; their active mean HI titers remained low (10-40); and deaths from VVNDV occurred early (5-16 days) and late (28-55 days). Chicks challenge-exposed at 34 days old excreted virus from the vent for 10 days; active HI titers developed quickly and remained high (891-1177); and deaths and signs of VVNDV occurred early (5-13 days).", "contents": "Response of congenitally immune chicks to viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Separate groups of chicks of hen hyperimmune to viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV) were challenge-exposed to VVNDV by intraocular route at 1 day and 34 days old. Their response was evaluated by clinical symptoms, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers, and virus isolations. Chicks exposed at 1 day old excreted VVNDV from the vent for up to 60 days; their active mean HI titers remained low (10-40); and deaths from VVNDV occurred early (5-16 days) and late (28-55 days). Chicks challenge-exposed at 34 days old excreted virus from the vent for 10 days; active HI titers developed quickly and remained high (891-1177); and deaths and signs of VVNDV occurred early (5-13 days)."}
{"id": "PMID:1200945", "title": "Preparation of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutination-inhibition test antigen.", "content": "A method of preparing antigen for Newcastle hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests is described; polyethylene glycol precipitation is used for the virus concentration. The virus was inactivated with either formalin or beta-propiolactone. Glycerin was used to stabilize the hemagglutinin activity of the antigen. The stability, uninfectivity, and slow eluting features of the antigen should aid in obtaining accurate HI results without the risks inherent in the use of live virus.", "contents": "Preparation of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutination-inhibition test antigen. A method of preparing antigen for Newcastle hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests is described; polyethylene glycol precipitation is used for the virus concentration. The virus was inactivated with either formalin or beta-propiolactone. Glycerin was used to stabilize the hemagglutinin activity of the antigen. The stability, uninfectivity, and slow eluting features of the antigen should aid in obtaining accurate HI results without the risks inherent in the use of live virus."}
{"id": "PMID:1200946", "title": "Newcastle disease virus pathogenesis in the respiratory tract of local or systemic immunized chickens.", "content": "Establishment of selective immunity, local or systemic, made it possible to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the respiratory tract of chickens that were previously immunized with beta-propiolactone-inactivated antigen. NDV was inoculated intranasally or intramuscularly to chickens in different states of immunity (local or systemic). Humoral antibodies protected chickens against intranasal as well as intramuscular infection. Local antibodies, on the other hand, conferred immunity only against intranasal challenge. The respiratory tract supported multiplication of the virus, producing a self-limited subclinical infection. Replication of the virus in this system was negligible, playing only a minor role in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Newcastle disease virus pathogenesis in the respiratory tract of local or systemic immunized chickens. Establishment of selective immunity, local or systemic, made it possible to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the respiratory tract of chickens that were previously immunized with beta-propiolactone-inactivated antigen. NDV was inoculated intranasally or intramuscularly to chickens in different states of immunity (local or systemic). Humoral antibodies protected chickens against intranasal as well as intramuscular infection. Local antibodies, on the other hand, conferred immunity only against intranasal challenge. The respiratory tract supported multiplication of the virus, producing a self-limited subclinical infection. Replication of the virus in this system was negligible, playing only a minor role in the pathogenesis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1200947", "title": "Interaction of aflatoxin with Eimeria tenella infection and monensin in young broiler chickens.", "content": "Young broiler chicks inoculated with Eimeria tenella and given a diet containing 2.5 mug aflatoxin/g had significantly higher mortality than birds with aflatoxicosis or coccidiosis alone or uninoculated controls. This effect was seen even when a light coccidial infection alone did not increase mortality or cause weight depression. In addition this higher mortality with the combination began earleir and occurred at a higher rate than did mortality from aflatoxin or cecal coccidiosis alone. Dietary monensin sodium (99 umg/g) did not completely prevent mortality and weight depression when aflatoxin and E. tenella were in combination. Aflatoxin and E. tenella singly significantly depressed three-week body weights; however, the depression was most severe when the two were in combination. Both dietary aflatoxin and E. tenella significantly reduced hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and plasma pigmentation, and in combination resulted in more severely reduced hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and plasma pigmentation. Coccidial lesion scores were significantly less for the combination of E. tenella and aflatoxicosis than for coccidiosis alone. This atypical response of the ceca to E. tenella in the presence of dietary aflatoxin was characterized by less distended ceca, very little coagulated blood in the ceca, and apparently more profuse cecal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Interaction of aflatoxin with Eimeria tenella infection and monensin in young broiler chickens. Young broiler chicks inoculated with Eimeria tenella and given a diet containing 2.5 mug aflatoxin/g had significantly higher mortality than birds with aflatoxicosis or coccidiosis alone or uninoculated controls. This effect was seen even when a light coccidial infection alone did not increase mortality or cause weight depression. In addition this higher mortality with the combination began earleir and occurred at a higher rate than did mortality from aflatoxin or cecal coccidiosis alone. Dietary monensin sodium (99 umg/g) did not completely prevent mortality and weight depression when aflatoxin and E. tenella were in combination. Aflatoxin and E. tenella singly significantly depressed three-week body weights; however, the depression was most severe when the two were in combination. Both dietary aflatoxin and E. tenella significantly reduced hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and plasma pigmentation, and in combination resulted in more severely reduced hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and plasma pigmentation. Coccidial lesion scores were significantly less for the combination of E. tenella and aflatoxicosis than for coccidiosis alone. This atypical response of the ceca to E. tenella in the presence of dietary aflatoxin was characterized by less distended ceca, very little coagulated blood in the ceca, and apparently more profuse cecal hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:1200944", "title": "Demonstration of avian influenza-A virus in Iran by immunodiffusion technique.", "content": "A total of 1000 chicken serum samples (CSS) and 235 turkey serum samples (TSS) were tested by an immunodiffusion procedure against soluble antigen (S-antigen) prepared from avian influenza-A virus (AIAV), T/Calif/5142/66. None of the CSS tested developed any precipitin line, whereas 8.9% of the TSS tested developed well-defined precipitin lines against S-antigen. This observation confirmed the presence of AIAV in Iran.", "contents": "Demonstration of avian influenza-A virus in Iran by immunodiffusion technique. A total of 1000 chicken serum samples (CSS) and 235 turkey serum samples (TSS) were tested by an immunodiffusion procedure against soluble antigen (S-antigen) prepared from avian influenza-A virus (AIAV), T/Calif/5142/66. None of the CSS tested developed any precipitin line, whereas 8.9% of the TSS tested developed well-defined precipitin lines against S-antigen. This observation confirmed the presence of AIAV in Iran."}
{"id": "PMID:1200948", "title": "Blood glucose and tissue glycogen levels in turkey poults with spontaneous round heart disease and furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Furazolidone (FZ) at 700 ppm was added to feed mixtures fed turkey poults two weeks posthatching to induce acute experimental cardiomyopathy. Poults in the control pen received the same ration but without FZ. Four of the control poults developed spontaneous round heart disease. From EKG data and blood samples obtained at weekly intervals, poults were selected for sacrifice at 5 weeks of age. Tissue samples from the left myocardial wall, liver, and pectoralis major and tibialis anterior muscles were analyzed for glycogen by biochemical assay. Blood glucose was determined with the Technicon autoanalyzer. Deposition of glycogen increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in the myocardium of all affected poults and in the liver of all FZ-treated poults. Glycogen levels of the pectoralis major and tibialis anterior muscles were not affected by FZ, but a significant increase (p less than 0.05) was apparent in the pectoralis major muscle of spontaneous round heart poults. It was concluded that FZ influences glycogen metabolism, probably by enzyme inhibition, and that it tends to magnify effects seen in the spontaneous round heart syndrome. Glycogen infiltration of tissues such as the heart and white skeletal muscle suggests that the round heart syndrome may be a manifestation of the glycogen storage disease, idiopathic generalized glycogenosis. Lack of significant differences in the blood serum glucose levels of all poults indicates that these levels are not a reliable clinical parameter for monitoring development of the round heart syndrome.", "contents": "Blood glucose and tissue glycogen levels in turkey poults with spontaneous round heart disease and furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy. Furazolidone (FZ) at 700 ppm was added to feed mixtures fed turkey poults two weeks posthatching to induce acute experimental cardiomyopathy. Poults in the control pen received the same ration but without FZ. Four of the control poults developed spontaneous round heart disease. From EKG data and blood samples obtained at weekly intervals, poults were selected for sacrifice at 5 weeks of age. Tissue samples from the left myocardial wall, liver, and pectoralis major and tibialis anterior muscles were analyzed for glycogen by biochemical assay. Blood glucose was determined with the Technicon autoanalyzer. Deposition of glycogen increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in the myocardium of all affected poults and in the liver of all FZ-treated poults. Glycogen levels of the pectoralis major and tibialis anterior muscles were not affected by FZ, but a significant increase (p less than 0.05) was apparent in the pectoralis major muscle of spontaneous round heart poults. It was concluded that FZ influences glycogen metabolism, probably by enzyme inhibition, and that it tends to magnify effects seen in the spontaneous round heart syndrome. Glycogen infiltration of tissues such as the heart and white skeletal muscle suggests that the round heart syndrome may be a manifestation of the glycogen storage disease, idiopathic generalized glycogenosis. Lack of significant differences in the blood serum glucose levels of all poults indicates that these levels are not a reliable clinical parameter for monitoring development of the round heart syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1200949", "title": "Response of chickens with genetically different hemoglobin types to infection with Eimeria tenella and mechanical bleeding.", "content": "The hematological and body-weight responses of chickens with mutant and normal hemoglobin types were compared under conditions of hematopoietic stress from coccidiosis infection as well as blood loss from mechanical bleeding. A dose of 100,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts caused a highly significant decrease (about 30%) in the packed cell volume, resulting in a severe anemia in all hemoglobin types. Hematological response to the anemia produced by the coccidiosis was similar for all three hemoglobin types. Although body weights and gain of all hemoglobin types infected with coccidiosis were significantly depressed, there was no differential response between the mutant and normal hemoglobin types. Mechanical bleeding resulted in a hypochromic normocytic anemia in all hemoglobin types. Ability to compenstate for blood loss was similar for the mutant and normal hemoglobin types.", "contents": "Response of chickens with genetically different hemoglobin types to infection with Eimeria tenella and mechanical bleeding. The hematological and body-weight responses of chickens with mutant and normal hemoglobin types were compared under conditions of hematopoietic stress from coccidiosis infection as well as blood loss from mechanical bleeding. A dose of 100,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts caused a highly significant decrease (about 30%) in the packed cell volume, resulting in a severe anemia in all hemoglobin types. Hematological response to the anemia produced by the coccidiosis was similar for all three hemoglobin types. Although body weights and gain of all hemoglobin types infected with coccidiosis were significantly depressed, there was no differential response between the mutant and normal hemoglobin types. Mechanical bleeding resulted in a hypochromic normocytic anemia in all hemoglobin types. Ability to compenstate for blood loss was similar for the mutant and normal hemoglobin types."}
{"id": "PMID:1200950", "title": "Relative value of oocyst counts in evaluating anticoccidial activity.", "content": "Birds medicated with roxarsone and in another experiment with zoalene in the feed produced higher oocysts counts than unmedicated control birds receiving the same oocyst dose of Eimeria tenella or a mixture of six species (E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. acervulina, and E. mitvati). These experiments confirm the conclusion that oocyst counts constitute an unsatisfactory and unreliable parameter for judging effectiveness of an anticoccidial even though such increases are a relatively rare occurrence in anticoccidial evaluation experiments.", "contents": "Relative value of oocyst counts in evaluating anticoccidial activity. Birds medicated with roxarsone and in another experiment with zoalene in the feed produced higher oocysts counts than unmedicated control birds receiving the same oocyst dose of Eimeria tenella or a mixture of six species (E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. acervulina, and E. mitvati). These experiments confirm the conclusion that oocyst counts constitute an unsatisfactory and unreliable parameter for judging effectiveness of an anticoccidial even though such increases are a relatively rare occurrence in anticoccidial evaluation experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1200957", "title": "[Occupationally induced sensitization of respiratory airways by animal-hair and animal-dust].", "content": "An occupational sensitization of the respiratory tract caused by hair and dust of laboratory animals (Mastomys natalensis) was reported in 3 persons. Intracutaneous tests confirmed the relationship between the professional activity and the clinical symptoms of an inhalation allergy. The very pronounced reaction to different dust extracts and the special conditions of exposure suggest an occupational sensitization to the dust of laboratory animals.", "contents": "[Occupationally induced sensitization of respiratory airways by animal-hair and animal-dust]. An occupational sensitization of the respiratory tract caused by hair and dust of laboratory animals (Mastomys natalensis) was reported in 3 persons. Intracutaneous tests confirmed the relationship between the professional activity and the clinical symptoms of an inhalation allergy. The very pronounced reaction to different dust extracts and the special conditions of exposure suggest an occupational sensitization to the dust of laboratory animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1200952", "title": "Myopathy of the deep pectoral muscle in broiler breeder hens.", "content": "Myopathy of the pectoralis profundus and ambiens muscles was found in chickens from 5 flocks of broiler breeder hens. Histological lesions in the muscles varied from steatosis to loss of striations, fragmentation of fibers, and mineral deposition. A clinical response followed oral medication with vitamin E and selenium although analysis showed that selenium and vitamin E levels in the feed were normal. The possible relation between myopathy and Cassia seed in the feed is discussed.", "contents": "Myopathy of the deep pectoral muscle in broiler breeder hens. Myopathy of the pectoralis profundus and ambiens muscles was found in chickens from 5 flocks of broiler breeder hens. Histological lesions in the muscles varied from steatosis to loss of striations, fragmentation of fibers, and mineral deposition. A clinical response followed oral medication with vitamin E and selenium although analysis showed that selenium and vitamin E levels in the feed were normal. The possible relation between myopathy and Cassia seed in the feed is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200954", "title": "The susceptibility of young chickens, ducks, and turkeys to the photosensitizing effect of Ammi visnaga seeds.", "content": "Young chickens, ducks, and turkeys were exposed to sunlight and fed various amounts of Ammi visnaga seeds for 14 days in an attempt to induce photosensitization. In chickens, seeds at 1.25% in the diet had no effect whereas 3% induced mild signs of photosensitization within 6 to 8 days. No visible effects resulted in ducklings from 1.5, 3 and 6% in the diet, or in turkey poults from 3%. These differences appear to be due to differences between these avian species in the metabolism of the photodynamic agent.", "contents": "The susceptibility of young chickens, ducks, and turkeys to the photosensitizing effect of Ammi visnaga seeds. Young chickens, ducks, and turkeys were exposed to sunlight and fed various amounts of Ammi visnaga seeds for 14 days in an attempt to induce photosensitization. In chickens, seeds at 1.25% in the diet had no effect whereas 3% induced mild signs of photosensitization within 6 to 8 days. No visible effects resulted in ducklings from 1.5, 3 and 6% in the diet, or in turkey poults from 3%. These differences appear to be due to differences between these avian species in the metabolism of the photodynamic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1200953", "title": "Chronic lesions in geese photosensitized by Ammi majus.", "content": "Chronic lesions of the beak, footweb, and eye of geese photosensitized by the comsumption of Ammi majus (L.) are described, 7 weeks after the acute symptoms commenced. Sixty-four (48%) of the 133 birds in the flock showed various degrees of abnormality. All affected birds had stunting of the upper beak and cicatrization and thickening of the footweb. Eighty-nine percent of the affected birds showed ocular involvement, comprising chemosis, blepharoconjunctivitis, keratitis, symblepharon, ankyloblepharon, cicatricial ectropium, and mydriasis.", "contents": "Chronic lesions in geese photosensitized by Ammi majus. Chronic lesions of the beak, footweb, and eye of geese photosensitized by the comsumption of Ammi majus (L.) are described, 7 weeks after the acute symptoms commenced. Sixty-four (48%) of the 133 birds in the flock showed various degrees of abnormality. All affected birds had stunting of the upper beak and cicatrization and thickening of the footweb. Eighty-nine percent of the affected birds showed ocular involvement, comprising chemosis, blepharoconjunctivitis, keratitis, symblepharon, ankyloblepharon, cicatricial ectropium, and mydriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1200976", "title": "Genetic control and intracellular localization of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase in maize.", "content": "Glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (L-aspertate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, E.C. 2.6.1.1; GOT) was found to occur in five distinct electrophoretic forms in different tissue extracts from a number of highly inbred strains of Zea mays L. No major qualitative differences were detected in the various tissues examined, and the isozyme patterns did not undergo changes during temporal development of any given inbred strain. Cell fractionation studies showed one isozyme to be associated with the mitochondria (mGOT), another to be exclusively associated with the soluble fraction (sGOT), and a third to be associated with the glyoxysomes (gGOT). The glyoxysomal form occurs as two electrophoretically distinct variants which exist in different inbred strains of maize. The gGOT variants are under the control of two codiminant alleles (Got1A and Got1B) at the Got1 locus (isozyme5, gGOT). The genetic data and gene dosage effects suggest that GOT in maize is functionally a dimer.", "contents": "Genetic control and intracellular localization of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase in maize. Glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (L-aspertate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, E.C. 2.6.1.1; GOT) was found to occur in five distinct electrophoretic forms in different tissue extracts from a number of highly inbred strains of Zea mays L. No major qualitative differences were detected in the various tissues examined, and the isozyme patterns did not undergo changes during temporal development of any given inbred strain. Cell fractionation studies showed one isozyme to be associated with the mitochondria (mGOT), another to be exclusively associated with the soluble fraction (sGOT), and a third to be associated with the glyoxysomes (gGOT). The glyoxysomal form occurs as two electrophoretically distinct variants which exist in different inbred strains of maize. The gGOT variants are under the control of two codiminant alleles (Got1A and Got1B) at the Got1 locus (isozyme5, gGOT). The genetic data and gene dosage effects suggest that GOT in maize is functionally a dimer."}
{"id": "PMID:1200977", "title": "Polypeptide composition of fraction I protein from Nicotiana glauca and from cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum, including a male sterile line.", "content": "The polypeptide compositions of fraction I protein isolated from six collections of Nicotiana glauca and from ten cultivars of N. tabacum, as well as a polyploid series and a male sterile line, have been analyzed by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel slabs containing 8 M urea. Apart from the male sterile line, none of the plants showed any variation from the species pattern of polypeptides. Fraction I protein from the male sterile Burley 21 cultivar of N. tabacum contained the two small subunit polypeptides of N. tabacum and the three large subunit polypeptides of an Australian species, probably N. megalosiphon. This indicates a changed chloroplast genome in the male sterile line in comparison to the normal fertile N. tabacum.", "contents": "Polypeptide composition of fraction I protein from Nicotiana glauca and from cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum, including a male sterile line. The polypeptide compositions of fraction I protein isolated from six collections of Nicotiana glauca and from ten cultivars of N. tabacum, as well as a polyploid series and a male sterile line, have been analyzed by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel slabs containing 8 M urea. Apart from the male sterile line, none of the plants showed any variation from the species pattern of polypeptides. Fraction I protein from the male sterile Burley 21 cultivar of N. tabacum contained the two small subunit polypeptides of N. tabacum and the three large subunit polypeptides of an Australian species, probably N. megalosiphon. This indicates a changed chloroplast genome in the male sterile line in comparison to the normal fertile N. tabacum."}
{"id": "PMID:1200978", "title": "Hemoglobin synthesis studies of a family with alpha-thalassemia trait and sickle cell trait.", "content": "The ratio of total globin alpha to beta chain synthesis was determined in reticulocytes isolated from the blood of the members of a black family, some of whom had sickle cell trait with low blood HbS concentrations (25-30%). The results support the hypothesis that sickle cell trait individuals with low HbS concentrations also carry a gene for alpha-thalassemia.", "contents": "Hemoglobin synthesis studies of a family with alpha-thalassemia trait and sickle cell trait. The ratio of total globin alpha to beta chain synthesis was determined in reticulocytes isolated from the blood of the members of a black family, some of whom had sickle cell trait with low blood HbS concentrations (25-30%). The results support the hypothesis that sickle cell trait individuals with low HbS concentrations also carry a gene for alpha-thalassemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1200979", "title": "A simple method for the quantitation of isozyme patterns.", "content": "Isozyme patterns may be analyzed quantitatively, without the use of a densitometer, by performing serial twofold dilutions of a sample to a visual end point. The specific activity (S) of a given dehydrogenase isozyme can be assessed in the presence of other isozymes catalyzing the same reaction, by (1) determining the isozyme titer (T) (defined as mg protein/ml in the last visible band) and (2) applying the formula S = K/T, where K is 1.6 X 10(-3) units/ml in the last visible band. The units/ml (U) in the starting material can be calculated from the equation U = K (2)n-1, where n is the number of the slot producing the last visible band.", "contents": "A simple method for the quantitation of isozyme patterns. Isozyme patterns may be analyzed quantitatively, without the use of a densitometer, by performing serial twofold dilutions of a sample to a visual end point. The specific activity (S) of a given dehydrogenase isozyme can be assessed in the presence of other isozymes catalyzing the same reaction, by (1) determining the isozyme titer (T) (defined as mg protein/ml in the last visible band) and (2) applying the formula S = K/T, where K is 1.6 X 10(-3) units/ml in the last visible band. The units/ml (U) in the starting material can be calculated from the equation U = K (2)n-1, where n is the number of the slot producing the last visible band."}
{"id": "PMID:1200981", "title": "6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) genetics in the mouse: linkage with metabolically related enzyme loci.", "content": "An electrophoretic polymorphism of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) has been observed in the subspecies Mus musculus musculus from northern Denmark. M. m. musculus is interfertile with inbred strains of mice, and F1 hybrids with C57BL/6J show a three-banded phenotype. This pattern is consistent with a dimeric enzyme structure with codominant expression of alleles. In backcrosses and the F2 generation, PGD segregated as a singly autosomal gene, designated Pgd, closely linked to Gpd-1 on chromosome 4(1.7 +/- 1.1%). Both gene products are dimers, both require NADP, and these enzymes catalyze sequential steps in metabolism.", "contents": "6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) genetics in the mouse: linkage with metabolically related enzyme loci. An electrophoretic polymorphism of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) has been observed in the subspecies Mus musculus musculus from northern Denmark. M. m. musculus is interfertile with inbred strains of mice, and F1 hybrids with C57BL/6J show a three-banded phenotype. This pattern is consistent with a dimeric enzyme structure with codominant expression of alleles. In backcrosses and the F2 generation, PGD segregated as a singly autosomal gene, designated Pgd, closely linked to Gpd-1 on chromosome 4(1.7 +/- 1.1%). Both gene products are dimers, both require NADP, and these enzymes catalyze sequential steps in metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1200982", "title": "Regulation of branched-chain amino acid oxidation in isolated muscles, nerves and aortas of rats.", "content": "1. The oxidation of the three branched-chain amino acids was regulated in parallel fashion in rat tissues studied in vitro. 2. With 0.1 mM-[1-14C]isoleucine as substrate in the presence of 5.5 mM-glucose, 14CO2 production was 0.6 mumol/2 h per g in the aorta, 0.3 in peripheral nerve, 0.2 in muscle and 0.13 in spinal cord. 3. The ratio 14C oxidized/14C incorporated into proteins with 0.1 mM-[1-14C]leucine was 1.3 in hemidiaphragms, 3.3 in sciatic nerve and 1.0 in nerves undergoing Wallerian degeneration. Leucine oxidation decreased only slightly during degeneration, but protein synthesis doubled. 4. Hemidiaphragms incubated with [1-14C]leucine or 4-methyl-2-oxo[1-14C]pentanoate increased 14CO2 production 7-9-fold as substrate concentration was increased from 0.1 to 0.5 mM; under the same conditions 14CO2 production by nerves increased only 2-3-fold. 5. 2-Oxoglutarate stimulated the oxidation of the branched-chain amino acids by muscles and peripheral nerves and the oxidation of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate by hemidiaphragms but not by nerves. 6. Octanoate (0.1-1.0 mM) markedly stimulated the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate in hemidiaphragms, but inhibited oxidation of both by peripheral nerves and spinal cord. In aortas, oxidation of isoleucine (the only substance tested) was inhibited by octanoate. 7. The effects of octanoate and 2-oxoglutarate on leucine oxidation by hemidiaphragms were additive at low concentrations. When maximally stimulating concentrations of either agent were used, addition of the other was ineffective. 8. Pyruvate inhibited the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate in all tissues tested. 9. Insulin did not affect the oxidation of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate by muscles or nerves. 10. The oxidative decarboxylation of the branched-chain alpha-oxo acids is suggested as a regulatory site of branched-chain amino acid oxidation. Differences in regulation between muscle on the one hand, and nerve and aorta on the other, are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of branched-chain amino acid oxidation in isolated muscles, nerves and aortas of rats. 1. The oxidation of the three branched-chain amino acids was regulated in parallel fashion in rat tissues studied in vitro. 2. With 0.1 mM-[1-14C]isoleucine as substrate in the presence of 5.5 mM-glucose, 14CO2 production was 0.6 mumol/2 h per g in the aorta, 0.3 in peripheral nerve, 0.2 in muscle and 0.13 in spinal cord. 3. The ratio 14C oxidized/14C incorporated into proteins with 0.1 mM-[1-14C]leucine was 1.3 in hemidiaphragms, 3.3 in sciatic nerve and 1.0 in nerves undergoing Wallerian degeneration. Leucine oxidation decreased only slightly during degeneration, but protein synthesis doubled. 4. Hemidiaphragms incubated with [1-14C]leucine or 4-methyl-2-oxo[1-14C]pentanoate increased 14CO2 production 7-9-fold as substrate concentration was increased from 0.1 to 0.5 mM; under the same conditions 14CO2 production by nerves increased only 2-3-fold. 5. 2-Oxoglutarate stimulated the oxidation of the branched-chain amino acids by muscles and peripheral nerves and the oxidation of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate by hemidiaphragms but not by nerves. 6. Octanoate (0.1-1.0 mM) markedly stimulated the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate in hemidiaphragms, but inhibited oxidation of both by peripheral nerves and spinal cord. In aortas, oxidation of isoleucine (the only substance tested) was inhibited by octanoate. 7. The effects of octanoate and 2-oxoglutarate on leucine oxidation by hemidiaphragms were additive at low concentrations. When maximally stimulating concentrations of either agent were used, addition of the other was ineffective. 8. Pyruvate inhibited the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate in all tissues tested. 9. Insulin did not affect the oxidation of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate by muscles or nerves. 10. The oxidative decarboxylation of the branched-chain alpha-oxo acids is suggested as a regulatory site of branched-chain amino acid oxidation. Differences in regulation between muscle on the one hand, and nerve and aorta on the other, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1200983", "title": "Sialic acid in crude myelin fractions from rat brain.", "content": "Protein- and lipid-bound sialic acid was assayed in myelin fractions isolated by four different methods from rat brain homogenates. The extent to which non-myelin cellular membranes contaminate these fractions was assessed by electron microscopy and marker-enzyme assays. Small amounts of sialic acid found in the least contaminated myelin fractions are considered to be constituents of axonal and satellite cell plasma membranes known to be present. The data are discussed with reference to the ultrastructural appearance of myelin.", "contents": "Sialic acid in crude myelin fractions from rat brain. Protein- and lipid-bound sialic acid was assayed in myelin fractions isolated by four different methods from rat brain homogenates. The extent to which non-myelin cellular membranes contaminate these fractions was assessed by electron microscopy and marker-enzyme assays. Small amounts of sialic acid found in the least contaminated myelin fractions are considered to be constituents of axonal and satellite cell plasma membranes known to be present. The data are discussed with reference to the ultrastructural appearance of myelin."}
{"id": "PMID:1200984", "title": "Early ribonucleic acid synthesis during the germination of rye (Secale cereale) embryos and the relationship to early protein synthesis.", "content": "Incorporation studies with radioactive precursors showed that synthesis of protein and RNA is initiated in germinating embryos of rye within the first hour of imbibition of water. By polyacrylamide-gel fractionations of radioactive nucleic acid components, the appearance of products of transcription of the genome was shown to follow the sequence: heterogeneous (ribonuclease-sensitive) RNA, 4S and 5S RNA by 20min, 31S and 25S rRNA by 40min, and 18S RNA by 60min. \"Fingerprint' analysis of T1-ribonuclease digests show that all the large oligonucleotides present in 25S and 18S RNA are present in the 31S species, indicating that 31S RNA is the precursor rRNA molecule to both 25S and 18S RNA. The importance of these early RNA syntheses and in particular the possible template function of the heterogeneous RNA is discussed in relation to the concept of long-lived mRNA and the coding for protein synthesis in the first hours of germination.", "contents": "Early ribonucleic acid synthesis during the germination of rye (Secale cereale) embryos and the relationship to early protein synthesis. Incorporation studies with radioactive precursors showed that synthesis of protein and RNA is initiated in germinating embryos of rye within the first hour of imbibition of water. By polyacrylamide-gel fractionations of radioactive nucleic acid components, the appearance of products of transcription of the genome was shown to follow the sequence: heterogeneous (ribonuclease-sensitive) RNA, 4S and 5S RNA by 20min, 31S and 25S rRNA by 40min, and 18S RNA by 60min. \"Fingerprint' analysis of T1-ribonuclease digests show that all the large oligonucleotides present in 25S and 18S RNA are present in the 31S species, indicating that 31S RNA is the precursor rRNA molecule to both 25S and 18S RNA. The importance of these early RNA syntheses and in particular the possible template function of the heterogeneous RNA is discussed in relation to the concept of long-lived mRNA and the coding for protein synthesis in the first hours of germination."}
{"id": "PMID:1200985", "title": "The nature and control of the tricarboxylate cycle in beetle flight muscle.", "content": "The only exogenous substrates oxidized by mitochondria isolated from the flight muscle of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) are proline, pyruvate and glycerol 3-phosphate. The highest rate of oxygen consumption is obtained with proline. The oxidation of proline leads to the production of more NH3 than alanine, indicating a functioning glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2). Studies of mitochondrial extracts confirm the presence of a very active glutamate dehydrogenase, and this enzyme is found to be activated by ADP and inhibited by ATP. These extracts also show high alanine aminotransferase activity (EC 2.6.1.2) and a uniquely active \"malic' enzyme (EC 1.1.1.39). The \"malic' enzyme is activated by succinate and inhibited by ATP and by pyruvate. It is suggested that the input of tricarboxylate-cycle intermediate from proline oxidation is balanced by the formation of pyruvate from malate, and the complete oxidation of the majority of the pyruvate. Studies of the steady-state concentrations of mitochondrial CoASH and CoA thioesters during proline oxidation show a high succinyl (3-carboxypropionyl)-CoA content which falls on activating respiration with ADP. There is a concomitant rise in CoASH. However, the reverse transition, from state-3 to state-4 respiration, causes only very slight changes in acylation. The reasons for this are discussed. Studies of the mitochondrial content of glutamate, 2-oxoglutarate, malate, pyruvate, citrate and isocitrate during the same phases of proline oxidation give results consistent with control at the level of glutamate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase during proline oxidation, with the possibility of further control at \"malic' enzyme. During the oxidation of pyruvate all of the tricarboxylate-cycle intermediates and NAD(P)H follow the pattern of changes described in the blowfly (Johnson & Hansford, 1975; Hansford, 1974) and isocitrate dehydrogenase is identified as the primary site of control.?2OAuthor", "contents": "The nature and control of the tricarboxylate cycle in beetle flight muscle. The only exogenous substrates oxidized by mitochondria isolated from the flight muscle of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) are proline, pyruvate and glycerol 3-phosphate. The highest rate of oxygen consumption is obtained with proline. The oxidation of proline leads to the production of more NH3 than alanine, indicating a functioning glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2). Studies of mitochondrial extracts confirm the presence of a very active glutamate dehydrogenase, and this enzyme is found to be activated by ADP and inhibited by ATP. These extracts also show high alanine aminotransferase activity (EC 2.6.1.2) and a uniquely active \"malic' enzyme (EC 1.1.1.39). The \"malic' enzyme is activated by succinate and inhibited by ATP and by pyruvate. It is suggested that the input of tricarboxylate-cycle intermediate from proline oxidation is balanced by the formation of pyruvate from malate, and the complete oxidation of the majority of the pyruvate. Studies of the steady-state concentrations of mitochondrial CoASH and CoA thioesters during proline oxidation show a high succinyl (3-carboxypropionyl)-CoA content which falls on activating respiration with ADP. There is a concomitant rise in CoASH. However, the reverse transition, from state-3 to state-4 respiration, causes only very slight changes in acylation. The reasons for this are discussed. Studies of the mitochondrial content of glutamate, 2-oxoglutarate, malate, pyruvate, citrate and isocitrate during the same phases of proline oxidation give results consistent with control at the level of glutamate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase during proline oxidation, with the possibility of further control at \"malic' enzyme. During the oxidation of pyruvate all of the tricarboxylate-cycle intermediates and NAD(P)H follow the pattern of changes described in the blowfly (Johnson & Hansford, 1975; Hansford, 1974) and isocitrate dehydrogenase is identified as the primary site of control.?2OAuthor"}
{"id": "PMID:1200986", "title": "Colchicine binding to bovine anterior pituitary slices and inhibition of growth-hormone release.", "content": "The uptake of [ring C-methoxyl-3H]colchicine into bovine anterior pituitary slices was studied. The data suggest that more than one site exists for the binding of colchicine. At low concentrations colchicine binds to saturable trypsin-sensitive site(s), with a dissociation constant of 3.1 +/- 0.69 mug. The binding capacity of these sites is 8.58 +/- 0.60 pmol of colchicine/mg of wet pituitary. At higher colchicine concentrations binding occurs predominantly to sites which exhibit non-saturation kinetics. Subcellular fractionation of colchicine-labelled slices shows that 90% of the saturable sites are present in the fraction containing cytosol, where the binding protein has a molecular weight of about 11.9 x 10(4) and constitutes 0.7% of the protein present. The nuclear fraction contains 10% of the saturable sites, and the mitochondria and granule fraction contain only non-saturable sites. The rate of colchicine uptake was studied at 0.84 mm- and 2mum-colchicine. At both concentrations the colchicine space exceeded the total tissue water within 10 min. Equilibration with the saturable binding sites was complete in 120 min at 2mum-colchicine. A concentration of colchicine (13.4 mum) which would give 81% maximum binding was found to decrease the length of observable microtubules in tissue fixed at 37 degrees C in glutaraldehyde by 83 +/- 4%. The colchicine-binding protein could be partially purified by using a standard procedure for isolation of brain tubulin. Colchicine inhibits the release of growth hormone in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.1 mm), but does not alter basal release. The concentration-dependence of colchicine inhibition is similar to that of colchicine binding, but maximum inhibition is only 35%.", "contents": "Colchicine binding to bovine anterior pituitary slices and inhibition of growth-hormone release. The uptake of [ring C-methoxyl-3H]colchicine into bovine anterior pituitary slices was studied. The data suggest that more than one site exists for the binding of colchicine. At low concentrations colchicine binds to saturable trypsin-sensitive site(s), with a dissociation constant of 3.1 +/- 0.69 mug. The binding capacity of these sites is 8.58 +/- 0.60 pmol of colchicine/mg of wet pituitary. At higher colchicine concentrations binding occurs predominantly to sites which exhibit non-saturation kinetics. Subcellular fractionation of colchicine-labelled slices shows that 90% of the saturable sites are present in the fraction containing cytosol, where the binding protein has a molecular weight of about 11.9 x 10(4) and constitutes 0.7% of the protein present. The nuclear fraction contains 10% of the saturable sites, and the mitochondria and granule fraction contain only non-saturable sites. The rate of colchicine uptake was studied at 0.84 mm- and 2mum-colchicine. At both concentrations the colchicine space exceeded the total tissue water within 10 min. Equilibration with the saturable binding sites was complete in 120 min at 2mum-colchicine. A concentration of colchicine (13.4 mum) which would give 81% maximum binding was found to decrease the length of observable microtubules in tissue fixed at 37 degrees C in glutaraldehyde by 83 +/- 4%. The colchicine-binding protein could be partially purified by using a standard procedure for isolation of brain tubulin. Colchicine inhibits the release of growth hormone in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.1 mm), but does not alter basal release. The concentration-dependence of colchicine inhibition is similar to that of colchicine binding, but maximum inhibition is only 35%."}
{"id": "PMID:1200987", "title": "Turnover of carnitine by rat tissues.", "content": "Radioactive carnitine, in the form of L-[methyl-3H]carnitine, was administered intravenously to male rats and the specific radioactivity of carnitine in blood plasma and 13 tissues was measured for 16 days. There was no evidence of metabolism of carnitine to other compounds. A compartmental analysis was made by comparing the variation with time of the specific radioactivity of each tissue with one of two models. Kidney, heart and epididymal fat were best represented as containing a single compartment of carnitine, whereas spleen, liver, lung, adrenal, prostate, seminal vesicle, pancreas, muscle, testis and brain were best represented in terms of two compartments each exchanging carnitine with blood plasma. Estimates were obtained of the turnover times of carnitine in the individual tissue compartments as well as the fluxes across each compartment boundary. Analysis of the variation in the specific radioactivity of carnitine in urine and blood plasma. Estimates were obtained of the turnover times of carnitine in the individual tissue compartments as well as the fluxes across each compartment boundary. Analysis of the variation in the specific radioactivity of carnitine in urine and blood plasma indicated an average total excretion rate of carnitine of 10.4mumol/day, of which about 3.2mumol was found in the urine.", "contents": "Turnover of carnitine by rat tissues. Radioactive carnitine, in the form of L-[methyl-3H]carnitine, was administered intravenously to male rats and the specific radioactivity of carnitine in blood plasma and 13 tissues was measured for 16 days. There was no evidence of metabolism of carnitine to other compounds. A compartmental analysis was made by comparing the variation with time of the specific radioactivity of each tissue with one of two models. Kidney, heart and epididymal fat were best represented as containing a single compartment of carnitine, whereas spleen, liver, lung, adrenal, prostate, seminal vesicle, pancreas, muscle, testis and brain were best represented in terms of two compartments each exchanging carnitine with blood plasma. Estimates were obtained of the turnover times of carnitine in the individual tissue compartments as well as the fluxes across each compartment boundary. Analysis of the variation in the specific radioactivity of carnitine in urine and blood plasma. Estimates were obtained of the turnover times of carnitine in the individual tissue compartments as well as the fluxes across each compartment boundary. Analysis of the variation in the specific radioactivity of carnitine in urine and blood plasma indicated an average total excretion rate of carnitine of 10.4mumol/day, of which about 3.2mumol was found in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:1200988", "title": "Drugs affecting the synthesis of glycerides and phospholipids in rat liver. The effects of clofibrate, halofenate, fenfluramine, amphetamine, cinchocaine, chlorpromazine, demethylimipramine, mepyramine and some of their derivatives.", "content": "The effects on glycerolipid synthesis of a series of compounds including many drugs were investigated in cell-free preparations and slices of rat liver. p-Chlorobenzoate, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, halofenate, D-amphetamine, adrenaline, procaine and N-[2-(4-chloro-3-sulphamoylbenzoyloxy)ethyl]norfenfluramine had little inhibitory effect on any of the systems investigated. Two amphiphilic anions, clofenapate and 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(m-trifluoromethylphenoxy)acetate, both inhibited glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase at approx. 1.6 and 0.7 mm respectively. Clofenapate (1 mm) also inhibited the incorporation of glycerol into lipids by rat liver slices without altering the relative proportions of the different lipids synthesized. The amphilic amines, mepyramine, fenfluramine, norfenfluramine, hydroxyethylnorfenfluramine, N-(2-benzoyloxyethyl)norfenfluramine, cinchocaine, chlorpromazine and demethylimipramine inhibited phosphatidate phosphohydrolase by 50% at concentrations between 0.2 and 0.9 mm. The last four compounds inhibited glycerol phosphate acyltransferase by 50% at concentrations between 1 and 2.6 mm. None of the amines examined appeared to be an effective inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase. Norfenfluramine, hydroxyethylnorfenfluramine and N-(2-benzoyloxyethyl)norfenfluramine produced less inhibition of glycerol incorporation into total lipids than was observed with equimolar clofenapate. The major effect of these amines in liver slices was to inhibit triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine synthesis and to produce a marked accumulation of phosphatidate. The results are discussed in terms of the control of glycerolipid synthesis. They partly explain the observed effects of the various drugs on lipid metabolism. The possible use of these compounds as biochemical tools with which to investigate the reactions of glycerolipid synthesis is considered.", "contents": "Drugs affecting the synthesis of glycerides and phospholipids in rat liver. The effects of clofibrate, halofenate, fenfluramine, amphetamine, cinchocaine, chlorpromazine, demethylimipramine, mepyramine and some of their derivatives. The effects on glycerolipid synthesis of a series of compounds including many drugs were investigated in cell-free preparations and slices of rat liver. p-Chlorobenzoate, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, halofenate, D-amphetamine, adrenaline, procaine and N-[2-(4-chloro-3-sulphamoylbenzoyloxy)ethyl]norfenfluramine had little inhibitory effect on any of the systems investigated. Two amphiphilic anions, clofenapate and 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(m-trifluoromethylphenoxy)acetate, both inhibited glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase at approx. 1.6 and 0.7 mm respectively. Clofenapate (1 mm) also inhibited the incorporation of glycerol into lipids by rat liver slices without altering the relative proportions of the different lipids synthesized. The amphilic amines, mepyramine, fenfluramine, norfenfluramine, hydroxyethylnorfenfluramine, N-(2-benzoyloxyethyl)norfenfluramine, cinchocaine, chlorpromazine and demethylimipramine inhibited phosphatidate phosphohydrolase by 50% at concentrations between 0.2 and 0.9 mm. The last four compounds inhibited glycerol phosphate acyltransferase by 50% at concentrations between 1 and 2.6 mm. None of the amines examined appeared to be an effective inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase. Norfenfluramine, hydroxyethylnorfenfluramine and N-(2-benzoyloxyethyl)norfenfluramine produced less inhibition of glycerol incorporation into total lipids than was observed with equimolar clofenapate. The major effect of these amines in liver slices was to inhibit triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine synthesis and to produce a marked accumulation of phosphatidate. The results are discussed in terms of the control of glycerolipid synthesis. They partly explain the observed effects of the various drugs on lipid metabolism. The possible use of these compounds as biochemical tools with which to investigate the reactions of glycerolipid synthesis is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1200989", "title": "Evidence that circularly dichroic chlorophyll forms a-682 and a-710 are oriented at right angles to the thylakoid membranes of whole chloroplasts, and that the circular dichroism is light-dependent.", "content": "Chloroplasts from the pea (Pisum sativum L.) suspended in iso-osmotic buffered medium were oriented by flow in specially constructed cuvettes and examined for circular dichroism (c.d.). In one cuvette the flow was transverse to the direction of the light-path, but the other cuvette was designed so that flow and the light-path were coaxial. The induced orientation is such that the chloroplasts appear to move edgewise. C.d. was maximum when the light-path lay in the plane of the chloroplast disc. The intense c.d. of intact chloroplasts ascribed by Gregory & Raps [Biochem. J. (1974) 142, 193-201] to bulk chlorophyll a was found to contain two components, one the split-exciton type centred at 682nm and the other a simple maximum at 700-710 nm. The chlorophyll a-710 form was distinguished by its greater dependence on chloroplast orientation. The preferred direction of the transition moment in both chlorophyll forms was at right angles to the plane of the chloroplast, that is, at right angles to the plane of the thylakoids. This is in conflict with several reports based on polarization of fluorescence. It is suggested that the present effect is due to thylakoid-thylakoid interaction. Evidence for this is the reversible diminution in the c.d. signal caused by illumination in the presence of electron-transport reagents. It is argued that the c.d. is an indicator of chlorophyll movement, or changes in the thylakoid-thylakoid distance, possibly related to ion movement, affecting energy transfer between photosynthetic units.", "contents": "Evidence that circularly dichroic chlorophyll forms a-682 and a-710 are oriented at right angles to the thylakoid membranes of whole chloroplasts, and that the circular dichroism is light-dependent. Chloroplasts from the pea (Pisum sativum L.) suspended in iso-osmotic buffered medium were oriented by flow in specially constructed cuvettes and examined for circular dichroism (c.d.). In one cuvette the flow was transverse to the direction of the light-path, but the other cuvette was designed so that flow and the light-path were coaxial. The induced orientation is such that the chloroplasts appear to move edgewise. C.d. was maximum when the light-path lay in the plane of the chloroplast disc. The intense c.d. of intact chloroplasts ascribed by Gregory & Raps [Biochem. J. (1974) 142, 193-201] to bulk chlorophyll a was found to contain two components, one the split-exciton type centred at 682nm and the other a simple maximum at 700-710 nm. The chlorophyll a-710 form was distinguished by its greater dependence on chloroplast orientation. The preferred direction of the transition moment in both chlorophyll forms was at right angles to the plane of the chloroplast, that is, at right angles to the plane of the thylakoids. This is in conflict with several reports based on polarization of fluorescence. It is suggested that the present effect is due to thylakoid-thylakoid interaction. Evidence for this is the reversible diminution in the c.d. signal caused by illumination in the presence of electron-transport reagents. It is argued that the c.d. is an indicator of chlorophyll movement, or changes in the thylakoid-thylakoid distance, possibly related to ion movement, affecting energy transfer between photosynthetic units."}
{"id": "PMID:1200990", "title": "Effect of modification of thyroid function on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation in rat liver.", "content": "Hepatic activities of cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation were determined in hyper- and hypo-thyroid rats after oral administration of glucose or cholesterol. Increases in activities of both cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation induced by glucose administration were enhanced by pretreatment with thyroid powder but suppressed by pretreatment with thiouracil. The enhancement of 7 alpha-hydroxylation was produced by a relatively small amount of thyroid powder, but high doses were required to increase cholesterol synthesis. On the other hand, the suppression of 7 alpha-hydroxylation was brought about by a low dose of thiouracil, but high doses were required to decrease cholesterol synthesis. Although cholesterol synthesis increased similarly in both hypo- and hyper-thyroid rats after glucose administration, hydroxylase activity in hypothyroid rats began to increase more slowly and was always lower than that in hyperthyroid rats. Thus it is concluded that cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity is more sensitive to thyroid function than are activities of cholesterol-synthetic enzymes. When exogenous cholesterol was given, hypothyroid rats showed a larger increase in serum cholesterol concentration than hyperthyroid rats, and there was an inverse relationship between serum cholesterol concentrations and hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities.", "contents": "Effect of modification of thyroid function on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation in rat liver. Hepatic activities of cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation were determined in hyper- and hypo-thyroid rats after oral administration of glucose or cholesterol. Increases in activities of both cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation induced by glucose administration were enhanced by pretreatment with thyroid powder but suppressed by pretreatment with thiouracil. The enhancement of 7 alpha-hydroxylation was produced by a relatively small amount of thyroid powder, but high doses were required to increase cholesterol synthesis. On the other hand, the suppression of 7 alpha-hydroxylation was brought about by a low dose of thiouracil, but high doses were required to decrease cholesterol synthesis. Although cholesterol synthesis increased similarly in both hypo- and hyper-thyroid rats after glucose administration, hydroxylase activity in hypothyroid rats began to increase more slowly and was always lower than that in hyperthyroid rats. Thus it is concluded that cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity is more sensitive to thyroid function than are activities of cholesterol-synthetic enzymes. When exogenous cholesterol was given, hypothyroid rats showed a larger increase in serum cholesterol concentration than hyperthyroid rats, and there was an inverse relationship between serum cholesterol concentrations and hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities."}
{"id": "PMID:1200991", "title": "Enzymological aspects of the pathways for trimethylamine oxidation and C1 assimilation of obligate methylotrophs and restricted facultative methylotrophs.", "content": "Extracts of trimethylamine-grown W6A and W3A1 (type M restricted facultative methylotrophs) contain trimethylamine dehydrogenase whereas similar extracts of Bacillus PM6 and Bacillus S2A1 (type L restricted facultative methylotrophs) contain trimethylamine mono-oxygenase and trimethylamine N-oxide demethylase but no trimethylamine dehydrogenase. Extracts of the restricted facultatives and of the obligate methylotroph C2A1 contain hexulose phosphate synthase-hexulose phosphate isomerase activity; hydroxypyruvate reductase was not detected. Neither the restricted facultatives nor the obligates 4B6 and C2A1 contain all the enzymes of the hexulose phosphate cycle of formaldehyde assimilation as originally proposed by Kemp & Quayle (1967). Organisms PM6 and S2A1 lack transaldolase and use a modified cycle involving sedoheptulose 1,7-diphosphate and sedoheptulose diphosphatase. The obligates 4B6 and C2A1, and the type M organisms W6A and W3A1, use a different modification of the assimilatory hexulose phosphate cycle involving the Entner-Doudoroff-pathway enzymes phosphogluconate dehydratase and phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase. The lack of fructose diphosphate aldolase and hexose diphosphatase in these organisms may be a partial explanation of their restricted growth-substrate range. Enzymological evidence suggests that all the obligates and the restricted facultatives use a dissimilatory hexulose phosphate cycle to accomplish the complete oxidation of formaldehyde to CO2 and water.", "contents": "Enzymological aspects of the pathways for trimethylamine oxidation and C1 assimilation of obligate methylotrophs and restricted facultative methylotrophs. Extracts of trimethylamine-grown W6A and W3A1 (type M restricted facultative methylotrophs) contain trimethylamine dehydrogenase whereas similar extracts of Bacillus PM6 and Bacillus S2A1 (type L restricted facultative methylotrophs) contain trimethylamine mono-oxygenase and trimethylamine N-oxide demethylase but no trimethylamine dehydrogenase. Extracts of the restricted facultatives and of the obligate methylotroph C2A1 contain hexulose phosphate synthase-hexulose phosphate isomerase activity; hydroxypyruvate reductase was not detected. Neither the restricted facultatives nor the obligates 4B6 and C2A1 contain all the enzymes of the hexulose phosphate cycle of formaldehyde assimilation as originally proposed by Kemp & Quayle (1967). Organisms PM6 and S2A1 lack transaldolase and use a modified cycle involving sedoheptulose 1,7-diphosphate and sedoheptulose diphosphatase. The obligates 4B6 and C2A1, and the type M organisms W6A and W3A1, use a different modification of the assimilatory hexulose phosphate cycle involving the Entner-Doudoroff-pathway enzymes phosphogluconate dehydratase and phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase. The lack of fructose diphosphate aldolase and hexose diphosphatase in these organisms may be a partial explanation of their restricted growth-substrate range. Enzymological evidence suggests that all the obligates and the restricted facultatives use a dissimilatory hexulose phosphate cycle to accomplish the complete oxidation of formaldehyde to CO2 and water."}
{"id": "PMID:1200992", "title": "Chemical carcinogenesis in the nervous system. Preferential accumulation of O6-methylguanine in rat brain deoxyribonucleic acid during repetitive administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.", "content": "The alkylation of purine bases in DNA of several rat tissues was determined during weekly injections (10 mg/kg) of N-[3H]methyl-N-nitrosourea, a dose schedule known to selectively induce tumours of the nervous system. Each group of animals was killed 1 week after the final injection, and the DNA hydrolysates were analysed by chromatography on Sephadex G-10. After five weekly applications, O6-methylguanine had accumulated in brain DNA to an extent which greatly exceeded that in kidney, spleen and intestine. In the liver, the final O6-methylguanine concentration was less than 1% of that in brain. Between the first and the fifth injection, the O6-methylguanine/7-methylguanine ratio in cerebral DNA increased from 0.28 to 0.68. In addition, 3-methylguanine was found to accumulate in brain DNA whereas in the other organs no significant quantities of this base were detectable. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that O6-alkylation of guanine in DNA plays a major role in the induction of tumours by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and related carcinogens. The kinetics of the increase of O6-methylguanine in cerebral DNA suggest that there is no major cell fraction in the brain which is capable of excising chemically methylated bases from DNA. This repair deficiency could be a determining factor in the selective induction of nervous-system tumours by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and other neuro-oncogenic compounds.", "contents": "Chemical carcinogenesis in the nervous system. Preferential accumulation of O6-methylguanine in rat brain deoxyribonucleic acid during repetitive administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. The alkylation of purine bases in DNA of several rat tissues was determined during weekly injections (10 mg/kg) of N-[3H]methyl-N-nitrosourea, a dose schedule known to selectively induce tumours of the nervous system. Each group of animals was killed 1 week after the final injection, and the DNA hydrolysates were analysed by chromatography on Sephadex G-10. After five weekly applications, O6-methylguanine had accumulated in brain DNA to an extent which greatly exceeded that in kidney, spleen and intestine. In the liver, the final O6-methylguanine concentration was less than 1% of that in brain. Between the first and the fifth injection, the O6-methylguanine/7-methylguanine ratio in cerebral DNA increased from 0.28 to 0.68. In addition, 3-methylguanine was found to accumulate in brain DNA whereas in the other organs no significant quantities of this base were detectable. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that O6-alkylation of guanine in DNA plays a major role in the induction of tumours by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and related carcinogens. The kinetics of the increase of O6-methylguanine in cerebral DNA suggest that there is no major cell fraction in the brain which is capable of excising chemically methylated bases from DNA. This repair deficiency could be a determining factor in the selective induction of nervous-system tumours by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and other neuro-oncogenic compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1200993", "title": "Essentiality of ubiquinone for choline oxidation in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Rat liver mitochondria treated extensively with n-pentane are incapable of oxidizing choline. Choline oxidation is more sensitive than is succinate oxidation to serial n-pentane extraction of mitochondria. The ability to oxidize choline is restored by the addition of ubiquinone-2 or ubiquinone-10 to the oxidase assay medium.", "contents": "Essentiality of ubiquinone for choline oxidation in rat liver mitochondria. Rat liver mitochondria treated extensively with n-pentane are incapable of oxidizing choline. Choline oxidation is more sensitive than is succinate oxidation to serial n-pentane extraction of mitochondria. The ability to oxidize choline is restored by the addition of ubiquinone-2 or ubiquinone-10 to the oxidase assay medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1200994", "title": "Determination of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and mechanism of formation of chromogens.", "content": "A method for the colorimetric determination of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose was developed. The procedure is based on the high reactivity of the aldehyde group of this amidosugar with pentane-2,4-dione in anhydrous alkaline conditions. The product of reaction was crystallized and the structure 1-C-acetonyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactitol was deduced from chemical evidence. When the N-acetyl group of this compound is split off by hydrolysis, the formation of pyrrole groups ensues by condensation of the free amino group with the carbonyl group of the chain at C-1. 2-Methylpyrrole was isolated by steam distillation after mild alkaline hydrolysis and estimated by reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. A more complex pyrrole is formed during acid hydrolysis under the conditions used in the direct Ehrlich reaction.", "contents": "Determination of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and mechanism of formation of chromogens. A method for the colorimetric determination of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose was developed. The procedure is based on the high reactivity of the aldehyde group of this amidosugar with pentane-2,4-dione in anhydrous alkaline conditions. The product of reaction was crystallized and the structure 1-C-acetonyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactitol was deduced from chemical evidence. When the N-acetyl group of this compound is split off by hydrolysis, the formation of pyrrole groups ensues by condensation of the free amino group with the carbonyl group of the chain at C-1. 2-Methylpyrrole was isolated by steam distillation after mild alkaline hydrolysis and estimated by reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. A more complex pyrrole is formed during acid hydrolysis under the conditions used in the direct Ehrlich reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1200995", "title": "The stereospecificity of sequential nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidoreductases in relation to the evolution of metabolic sequences.", "content": "The generalization that 'when a metabolic sequence involves consecutive nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent reactions, the dehydrogenases have the same stereospecificity' was tested and confirmed for three metabolic sequences. (1) NAD+-xylitol (D-xylulose) dehydrogenase and NADP+-xylitol (L-xylulose) dehydrogenase are both B-specific. (2) D-Mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase and D-sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are both B-specific. (3) meso Tartrate dehydrogenase and oxaloglycollate reductive decarboxylase are both A-specific. Other dehydrogenases associated with the metabolism of meso-tartrate in Pseudomonas putida, such as hydroxypyruvate reductase and tartronate semialdehyde reductase, were also shown to be A-specific. Malate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida was A-specific, and the proposition is discussed that the common A-stereospecificity among the dehydrogenases involved in meso-tartrate metabolism reflects their origin from malate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "The stereospecificity of sequential nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidoreductases in relation to the evolution of metabolic sequences. The generalization that 'when a metabolic sequence involves consecutive nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent reactions, the dehydrogenases have the same stereospecificity' was tested and confirmed for three metabolic sequences. (1) NAD+-xylitol (D-xylulose) dehydrogenase and NADP+-xylitol (L-xylulose) dehydrogenase are both B-specific. (2) D-Mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase and D-sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are both B-specific. (3) meso Tartrate dehydrogenase and oxaloglycollate reductive decarboxylase are both A-specific. Other dehydrogenases associated with the metabolism of meso-tartrate in Pseudomonas putida, such as hydroxypyruvate reductase and tartronate semialdehyde reductase, were also shown to be A-specific. Malate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida was A-specific, and the proposition is discussed that the common A-stereospecificity among the dehydrogenases involved in meso-tartrate metabolism reflects their origin from malate dehydrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:1200996", "title": "Conformational energy calculations for dinucleotide molecules. A study of the component mononucleotide adenosine 3'-monophosphate.", "content": "Semi-empirical conformational energy calculations were performed for the mononucleotides 5'-AMP, NMN+ and 3'-AMP. Only intramolecular forces are considered. Essentially all conformational states were explored to investigate the population distribution likely to be found in a non-crystalline environment. The calculations suggest that 5'-AMP and 3'-AMP are relatively flexible and a mixture of conformational states is expected. In contrast, the results for NMN+ suggest that a strong electrostatic interaction between the positively charged nicotinamide nitrogen atom and negatively charged phosphate oxygen is possible, stabilizing a few specific states. This interaction will be most significant in a solvent-free situation or an apolar environment.", "contents": "Conformational energy calculations for dinucleotide molecules. A study of the component mononucleotide adenosine 3'-monophosphate. Semi-empirical conformational energy calculations were performed for the mononucleotides 5'-AMP, NMN+ and 3'-AMP. Only intramolecular forces are considered. Essentially all conformational states were explored to investigate the population distribution likely to be found in a non-crystalline environment. The calculations suggest that 5'-AMP and 3'-AMP are relatively flexible and a mixture of conformational states is expected. In contrast, the results for NMN+ suggest that a strong electrostatic interaction between the positively charged nicotinamide nitrogen atom and negatively charged phosphate oxygen is possible, stabilizing a few specific states. This interaction will be most significant in a solvent-free situation or an apolar environment."}
{"id": "PMID:1200997", "title": "Studies on mixed monolayers of phospholipids and fusogenic lipids.", "content": "1. The behaviour of mixed monolayers of 14 different lipids with preparations of erythrocyte lipids, purified natural and synthetic phospholipids, cholesterol and galactosylceramide was investigated. 2. The mean areas occupied per molecule in mixed films containing lipids that are fusogenic for hen erythrocytes were compared with those for corresponding films containing lipids that are inactive as fusogens. 3. Fusogenic lipids were found to exhibit interactions, which were not shown by non-fusogenic lipids, in mixed monolayers with several species of phospholipid, particularly those containing a choline head group. 4. Heterogeneity in the hydrophobic chains of phosphatidylcholine, their degree of unsaturation and the presence of cholesterol had little effect on the interaction of phosphatidylcholine with fusogenic lipids. 5. Fusogenic lipids showed little specific interaction with natural or synthetic preparations of phosphatidylethanolamine. 6. The possible significance of these observations in relation to the action of fusogenic lipids on biological membranes is discussed in the light of the asymmetrical distribution of phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Studies on mixed monolayers of phospholipids and fusogenic lipids. 1. The behaviour of mixed monolayers of 14 different lipids with preparations of erythrocyte lipids, purified natural and synthetic phospholipids, cholesterol and galactosylceramide was investigated. 2. The mean areas occupied per molecule in mixed films containing lipids that are fusogenic for hen erythrocytes were compared with those for corresponding films containing lipids that are inactive as fusogens. 3. Fusogenic lipids were found to exhibit interactions, which were not shown by non-fusogenic lipids, in mixed monolayers with several species of phospholipid, particularly those containing a choline head group. 4. Heterogeneity in the hydrophobic chains of phosphatidylcholine, their degree of unsaturation and the presence of cholesterol had little effect on the interaction of phosphatidylcholine with fusogenic lipids. 5. Fusogenic lipids showed little specific interaction with natural or synthetic preparations of phosphatidylethanolamine. 6. The possible significance of these observations in relation to the action of fusogenic lipids on biological membranes is discussed in the light of the asymmetrical distribution of phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:1200998", "title": "Studies on the Arylsulphatase and phenol sulphotransferase activities of Aspergillus oryzae.", "content": "1. Crude extracts of Aspergillus oryzae grown under conditions of sulphur limitation possess high arylsulphatase activity. 2. This activity can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of tyramine or a number of other phenols in the assay medium. 3. The arylsulphatase activity of these extracts can be resolved into three distinct fractions by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. 4. The effect of tyramine is restricted to one of these fractions only. 5. Evidence is presented which indicates that this effect is the consequence of a phenol sulphotransferase activity, which shows no requirement for 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate as a cofactor, and which will not transfer sulphate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate to potential phenolic acceptors. 6. The three enzymes differ also in their molecular weights and substrate specificities.", "contents": "Studies on the Arylsulphatase and phenol sulphotransferase activities of Aspergillus oryzae. 1. Crude extracts of Aspergillus oryzae grown under conditions of sulphur limitation possess high arylsulphatase activity. 2. This activity can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of tyramine or a number of other phenols in the assay medium. 3. The arylsulphatase activity of these extracts can be resolved into three distinct fractions by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. 4. The effect of tyramine is restricted to one of these fractions only. 5. Evidence is presented which indicates that this effect is the consequence of a phenol sulphotransferase activity, which shows no requirement for 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate as a cofactor, and which will not transfer sulphate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate to potential phenolic acceptors. 6. The three enzymes differ also in their molecular weights and substrate specificities."}
{"id": "PMID:1200999", "title": "The relationship between the deoxyribonucleic acid-bound and low-molecular-weight soluble forms of Halobacterium cutirubrum deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase.", "content": "1. Slow, spontaneous lysis of Halobacterium cutirubrum in 3 M-KCl yields DNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a complex with DNA that sediments completely at 45 000g. 2. Controlled deoxyribonuclease digestion of the complex, with or without subsequent sonication, releases the enzyme quantitatively in a soluble form that passes through ultrafilters with a molecular-weight exclusion limit of 50 000. 3. Purification of the active ultrafiltrate by gel filtration and hydroxyapatite chromatography gives a high yield of the purified alpha and beta subunits. 4. The low mol.wt. (17 800-19 000) of the soluble enzyme was confirmed by gel filtration and is unchanged by sonication of the DNA-enzyme complex. 5. A new assay applicable to both forms of the enzyme was developed. 6. The bivalent-cation requirement of the soluble form depends on the buffer concentration. 7. Both the DNA-enzyme complex and the low-molecular-weight soluble forms of the polymerase catalyse formation of short RNA chains only.", "contents": "The relationship between the deoxyribonucleic acid-bound and low-molecular-weight soluble forms of Halobacterium cutirubrum deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase. 1. Slow, spontaneous lysis of Halobacterium cutirubrum in 3 M-KCl yields DNA-dependent RNA polymerase as a complex with DNA that sediments completely at 45 000g. 2. Controlled deoxyribonuclease digestion of the complex, with or without subsequent sonication, releases the enzyme quantitatively in a soluble form that passes through ultrafilters with a molecular-weight exclusion limit of 50 000. 3. Purification of the active ultrafiltrate by gel filtration and hydroxyapatite chromatography gives a high yield of the purified alpha and beta subunits. 4. The low mol.wt. (17 800-19 000) of the soluble enzyme was confirmed by gel filtration and is unchanged by sonication of the DNA-enzyme complex. 5. A new assay applicable to both forms of the enzyme was developed. 6. The bivalent-cation requirement of the soluble form depends on the buffer concentration. 7. Both the DNA-enzyme complex and the low-molecular-weight soluble forms of the polymerase catalyse formation of short RNA chains only."}
{"id": "PMID:1201000", "title": "Structural studies on wheat (Triticum aestivum) proteins lacking phenylalanine and histidine residues.", "content": "1. Three very similar proteins, each of approx. 120 amino acid residues but lacking phenylalanine and histidine, were isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum) flour in sufficient quantities for further structural studies. 2. Each protein, after reduction and carboxymethylation, was cleaved at the three methionine residues with CNBr to give four major peptides, which were isolated. These peptides are suitable for future sequencing studies, as the sums of their amino acid compositions are in good agreement with those of the whole proteins. 3. The N- and C-terminal peptides were identified. 4. Evidence from amino acid analyses, N-terminal amino acids and electrophoretic mobilities of the peptides suggests a high degree of homology between the proteins. Definite differences in C-terminal amino acids and the number of glycine, alanine and arginine residues were found in the C-terminal peptides.", "contents": "Structural studies on wheat (Triticum aestivum) proteins lacking phenylalanine and histidine residues. 1. Three very similar proteins, each of approx. 120 amino acid residues but lacking phenylalanine and histidine, were isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum) flour in sufficient quantities for further structural studies. 2. Each protein, after reduction and carboxymethylation, was cleaved at the three methionine residues with CNBr to give four major peptides, which were isolated. These peptides are suitable for future sequencing studies, as the sums of their amino acid compositions are in good agreement with those of the whole proteins. 3. The N- and C-terminal peptides were identified. 4. Evidence from amino acid analyses, N-terminal amino acids and electrophoretic mobilities of the peptides suggests a high degree of homology between the proteins. Definite differences in C-terminal amino acids and the number of glycine, alanine and arginine residues were found in the C-terminal peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:1201001", "title": "The induction of metallothionein in rat liver by zinc injection and restriction of food intake.", "content": "The isolation of two forms of hepatic zinc-thioneins after either zinc injection into rats or partial restriction of their food intake is described. The proteins differed slightly in their amino acid composition and electrophoretic mobilities. Increases in liver zinc content after both treatments were synchronous with, and associated almost completely with, increased zinc-binding to these proteins. The time-course for the appearance and disappearance of the zinc proteins is shown. It is suggested that metallothionein is involved in the normal metabolism of zinc, perhaps in some temporary storage or detoxication capacity.", "contents": "The induction of metallothionein in rat liver by zinc injection and restriction of food intake. The isolation of two forms of hepatic zinc-thioneins after either zinc injection into rats or partial restriction of their food intake is described. The proteins differed slightly in their amino acid composition and electrophoretic mobilities. Increases in liver zinc content after both treatments were synchronous with, and associated almost completely with, increased zinc-binding to these proteins. The time-course for the appearance and disappearance of the zinc proteins is shown. It is suggested that metallothionein is involved in the normal metabolism of zinc, perhaps in some temporary storage or detoxication capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201002", "title": "A comparison of seven methods for fitting the Michaelis-Menten equation.", "content": "The Michaelis-Menten equation was fitted to simulated data containing different sorts of error by using the three linear transformations, and the methods of S. R. Cohen [Anal. Biochem. (1968) 22, 549-552], R. Eisenthal & A. Cornish-Bowden [Biochem. J. (1974) 139, 715-120], F. de M. Merino [Biochem. J. 143, 93-95] and G. N. Wilkinson [Biochem. J. (1961) 808 324-332). The best methods were those of Eisenthal & Cornish-Bowden (1974) and Wilkinson (1961).", "contents": "A comparison of seven methods for fitting the Michaelis-Menten equation. The Michaelis-Menten equation was fitted to simulated data containing different sorts of error by using the three linear transformations, and the methods of S. R. Cohen [Anal. Biochem. (1968) 22, 549-552], R. Eisenthal & A. Cornish-Bowden [Biochem. J. (1974) 139, 715-120], F. de M. Merino [Biochem. J. 143, 93-95] and G. N. Wilkinson [Biochem. J. (1961) 808 324-332). The best methods were those of Eisenthal & Cornish-Bowden (1974) and Wilkinson (1961)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201003", "title": "Reduction of disulphide bonds in proteins mixed disulphides catalysed by a thioltransferase in rat liver cytosol.", "content": "The reduction of mixed disulphides of some proteins and GSH [Protein(-SSG)n] is accomplished with GSH as a reductant and a thioltransferase from rat liver as a catalyst, thus: See article. The spontaneous reaction is negligible in comparison with the enzymic reaction in vivo, and any direct reduction with glutathione reductase is not detectable with the substrates used. The reduction is only indirectly dependent on NADPH, which is required for the regeneration of GSH from GSSG. Other protein disulphides apparently are reduced via analogous GSH-dependent reactions", "contents": "Reduction of disulphide bonds in proteins mixed disulphides catalysed by a thioltransferase in rat liver cytosol. The reduction of mixed disulphides of some proteins and GSH [Protein(-SSG)n] is accomplished with GSH as a reductant and a thioltransferase from rat liver as a catalyst, thus: See article. The spontaneous reaction is negligible in comparison with the enzymic reaction in vivo, and any direct reduction with glutathione reductase is not detectable with the substrates used. The reduction is only indirectly dependent on NADPH, which is required for the regeneration of GSH from GSSG. Other protein disulphides apparently are reduced via analogous GSH-dependent reactions"}
{"id": "PMID:1201004", "title": "Specific binding sites for 5-hydroxytryptamine on rat blood platelets.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptamine changes the shape of rat blood platelets by combination with a cinanserin-sensitive receptor which is not associated with the active uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Binding of 5-hydroxy[3H]tryptamine to platelets at 4 degrees C demonstrates the presence of three saturable sites, and the highest-affinity site is apparently this 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor.", "contents": "Specific binding sites for 5-hydroxytryptamine on rat blood platelets. 5-Hydroxytryptamine changes the shape of rat blood platelets by combination with a cinanserin-sensitive receptor which is not associated with the active uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Binding of 5-hydroxy[3H]tryptamine to platelets at 4 degrees C demonstrates the presence of three saturable sites, and the highest-affinity site is apparently this 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:1201005", "title": "The early enhancement of rat liver deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase II activity by tri-iodothyronine.", "content": "It is shown that tri-iodothyronine injected intravenously into thyroidectomized rats induces an early and transient activation of rat liver RNA polymerase II which could be demonstrated to occur 40-80 min after hormonal treatment. There was a simultaneous increase in the concentration of acidic proteins bound to chromatin.", "contents": "The early enhancement of rat liver deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase II activity by tri-iodothyronine. It is shown that tri-iodothyronine injected intravenously into thyroidectomized rats induces an early and transient activation of rat liver RNA polymerase II which could be demonstrated to occur 40-80 min after hormonal treatment. There was a simultaneous increase in the concentration of acidic proteins bound to chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:1201006", "title": "Effect of 3-mercaptopicolinic acid on gluconeogenesis and gluconeogenic metabolite concentrations in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "3-Mercaptopicolinic acid inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate and alanine, but not dihydroxyacetone, in the perfused rat liver. Hepatic metabolite concentrations suggested that gluconeogenesis was inhibited at phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The compound is very effective at low concentrations, and seems an ideal agent for use in studying metabolic regulation involving gluconeogenesis and anaplerotic mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of 3-mercaptopicolinic acid on gluconeogenesis and gluconeogenic metabolite concentrations in the isolated perfused rat liver. 3-Mercaptopicolinic acid inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate and alanine, but not dihydroxyacetone, in the perfused rat liver. Hepatic metabolite concentrations suggested that gluconeogenesis was inhibited at phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The compound is very effective at low concentrations, and seems an ideal agent for use in studying metabolic regulation involving gluconeogenesis and anaplerotic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1201007", "title": "The accumulation of aspartate in the presence of ethanol in rat liver.", "content": "1. Isolated hepatocytes were used to establish the reasons for the accumulation of aspartate, previously observed when the isolated rat liver was perfused with ethanol in the presence of alanine or ammonium lactate. 2. The isolated cells did not form aspartate when incubated with alanine and ethanol, but much aspartate was formed on incubation with ammonium lactate and ethanol. 3. Urea was the main nitrogenous product on incubation with alanine, in contrast with the perfused liver, where major quantities of NH4+ are also formed. When the formation of urea was nullified by the addition of urease, alanine plus ethanol caused aspartate formation, indicating that aspartate formation depends on the presence of critical concentrations of NH4+. 4. The accumulated aspartate was present in the cytosol. Ethanol halved the content of 2-oxoglutarate in the cytosol and more than trebled that of glutamate in the mitochondria. 5. The findings support the assumption that 2-oxoglutarate formed by the mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase is not translocated to the cytosol in the presence of ethanol and NH4+, because it is rapidly converted into glutamate, the dehydrogenation of ethanol providing the required NADH. Aspartate, however, is translocated to the cytosol and accumulates there because of the lack of stoicheiometric amounts of oxoglutarate.", "contents": "The accumulation of aspartate in the presence of ethanol in rat liver. 1. Isolated hepatocytes were used to establish the reasons for the accumulation of aspartate, previously observed when the isolated rat liver was perfused with ethanol in the presence of alanine or ammonium lactate. 2. The isolated cells did not form aspartate when incubated with alanine and ethanol, but much aspartate was formed on incubation with ammonium lactate and ethanol. 3. Urea was the main nitrogenous product on incubation with alanine, in contrast with the perfused liver, where major quantities of NH4+ are also formed. When the formation of urea was nullified by the addition of urease, alanine plus ethanol caused aspartate formation, indicating that aspartate formation depends on the presence of critical concentrations of NH4+. 4. The accumulated aspartate was present in the cytosol. Ethanol halved the content of 2-oxoglutarate in the cytosol and more than trebled that of glutamate in the mitochondria. 5. The findings support the assumption that 2-oxoglutarate formed by the mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase is not translocated to the cytosol in the presence of ethanol and NH4+, because it is rapidly converted into glutamate, the dehydrogenation of ethanol providing the required NADH. Aspartate, however, is translocated to the cytosol and accumulates there because of the lack of stoicheiometric amounts of oxoglutarate."}
{"id": "PMID:1201008", "title": "Rapid separation of isolated hepatocytes or similar tissue fragments for analysis of cell constituents.", "content": "A simple device is described for the rapid centrifugal separation of isolated hepatocytes or similar tissue fragments from the suspending medium. Rapid separation is essential if meaningful information on the concentrations of cell constituents and their distribution between cell and suspension medium is to be obtained. The usefulness of the technique is illustrated by measurements of hepatocyte constituents (glutamate, aspartate, alanine, K+) which show large concentration gradients against the extracellular medium.", "contents": "Rapid separation of isolated hepatocytes or similar tissue fragments for analysis of cell constituents. A simple device is described for the rapid centrifugal separation of isolated hepatocytes or similar tissue fragments from the suspending medium. Rapid separation is essential if meaningful information on the concentrations of cell constituents and their distribution between cell and suspension medium is to be obtained. The usefulness of the technique is illustrated by measurements of hepatocyte constituents (glutamate, aspartate, alanine, K+) which show large concentration gradients against the extracellular medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1201009", "title": "Surface labelling for human tumour KB cells. Iodination and fractionation of membrane glycoproteins.", "content": "1. Human tumour KB cells growing in suspension culture were labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination. Several major radioactively labelled proteins were detected by poly-acrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. 2. After reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol the major radioactive electrophoretic bands migrated as substances with apparent molecular weights of about 90,000, 70,000, 60,000, 50,000 and 34,000 and corresponded closely to the positions at which the major glycosylated polypeptide subunits of KB-cell homogenates migrated during electrophoresis under the same conditions. 3. All the iodinated protein bands except one were present in purified preparations of KB plasma membranes. 4. Most of the 50,000-molecular-weight species, supposedly a surface protein component labelled during iodination of intact and viable KB cells by a non-penetrating enzyme reagent, appeared in a crude nuclear pellet during fractionation. 5. The glyco-protein nature of the major external iodinated species of KB cells was confirmed by adsorption chromatography of these substances, dissolved in low concentrations of Triton X-100, on a lectin-Sepharose column. Two major enzyme markers of the KB plasma membrane, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase were also found to be glycoproteins. 6. Enzyme-catalysed incorporation of radioactive iodine into a fraction of low molecular weight and soluble in chloroform-methanol mixtures also occurred during lactoperoxidase treatment of intact KB cells. The partial characterization of this fraction is briefly described.", "contents": "Surface labelling for human tumour KB cells. Iodination and fractionation of membrane glycoproteins. 1. Human tumour KB cells growing in suspension culture were labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination. Several major radioactively labelled proteins were detected by poly-acrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. 2. After reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol the major radioactive electrophoretic bands migrated as substances with apparent molecular weights of about 90,000, 70,000, 60,000, 50,000 and 34,000 and corresponded closely to the positions at which the major glycosylated polypeptide subunits of KB-cell homogenates migrated during electrophoresis under the same conditions. 3. All the iodinated protein bands except one were present in purified preparations of KB plasma membranes. 4. Most of the 50,000-molecular-weight species, supposedly a surface protein component labelled during iodination of intact and viable KB cells by a non-penetrating enzyme reagent, appeared in a crude nuclear pellet during fractionation. 5. The glyco-protein nature of the major external iodinated species of KB cells was confirmed by adsorption chromatography of these substances, dissolved in low concentrations of Triton X-100, on a lectin-Sepharose column. Two major enzyme markers of the KB plasma membrane, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase were also found to be glycoproteins. 6. Enzyme-catalysed incorporation of radioactive iodine into a fraction of low molecular weight and soluble in chloroform-methanol mixtures also occurred during lactoperoxidase treatment of intact KB cells. The partial characterization of this fraction is briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:1201010", "title": "The role of intermediates in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.", "content": "1. Rat liver mitochondria oxidizing [16-14C]palmitoylcarnitine accumulate saturated long-chain thiester intermediates which may be detected by radio-g.1.c.2. Time-courses of intermediate accumulation display no product-precursor relationships and the end product, measured as [14C]citrate, is produced without a detectable initial lag. 3. A short pulse of [16-14C]palmitoylcarnitine followed by unlabelled palmitoylcarnitine showed that the observed intermediates(at least in the greater part)were not the direct precursors of [14C]citrate. 4. The quantity of saturated intermediates depended on the total accumulated flux of acyl units through the pathway provided that some mitochondrial CoA and unused substrate remained. 5. In the presence of rotenone and carnitine, 2-unsaturated, 3-unsaturated and 3-hydroxy intermediates were formed as well as saturated intermediates...", "contents": "The role of intermediates in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. 1. Rat liver mitochondria oxidizing [16-14C]palmitoylcarnitine accumulate saturated long-chain thiester intermediates which may be detected by radio-g.1.c.2. Time-courses of intermediate accumulation display no product-precursor relationships and the end product, measured as [14C]citrate, is produced without a detectable initial lag. 3. A short pulse of [16-14C]palmitoylcarnitine followed by unlabelled palmitoylcarnitine showed that the observed intermediates(at least in the greater part)were not the direct precursors of [14C]citrate. 4. The quantity of saturated intermediates depended on the total accumulated flux of acyl units through the pathway provided that some mitochondrial CoA and unused substrate remained. 5. In the presence of rotenone and carnitine, 2-unsaturated, 3-unsaturated and 3-hydroxy intermediates were formed as well as saturated intermediates..."}
{"id": "PMID:1201105", "title": "Antibodies to DNA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Antibodies to double-stranded DNA (DSDNA) were found in 18 patients with RA, in 5 patients with JRA, and in 5 patients with undiagnosed connective tissue disease. Five patients had clinical features consistent with both RA and SLE, 11 with only RA, and 5 with only JRA. Based on these observations, the presence of serum anti-DSDNA antibodies should not be used as a sole criterion in the diagnosis of SLE.", "contents": "Antibodies to DNA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Antibodies to double-stranded DNA (DSDNA) were found in 18 patients with RA, in 5 patients with JRA, and in 5 patients with undiagnosed connective tissue disease. Five patients had clinical features consistent with both RA and SLE, 11 with only RA, and 5 with only JRA. Based on these observations, the presence of serum anti-DSDNA antibodies should not be used as a sole criterion in the diagnosis of SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:1201104", "title": "Development of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein following short-term therapy with procainamide.", "content": "An autoimmune response to certain nuclear antigens frequently develops in patients receiving prolonged therapy with procainamide. In order to define events involved in the initiation of this immune response, patients with myocardial infarction were studied early after starting procainamide and at later times. Polynucleotide antibodies and circulating polynucleotide antigens were sought by sensitive assay techniques in the sera of these patients. Very high titers of antiribonucleoprotein developed selectively in the majority of these patients after short-term therapy with procainamide. Such antibodies were infrequent in the long-term therapy group, most of whose members exhibited anti-single-strand DNA and were symptomatic with overt procainamide-induced lupus. Patients with acute myocardial infarction who did not receive procainamide did not develop anti-polynucleotide antibodies, but rather had high levels of free ribonucleoprotein antigen in their serum. Various interpretations of these data are discussed.", "contents": "Development of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein following short-term therapy with procainamide. An autoimmune response to certain nuclear antigens frequently develops in patients receiving prolonged therapy with procainamide. In order to define events involved in the initiation of this immune response, patients with myocardial infarction were studied early after starting procainamide and at later times. Polynucleotide antibodies and circulating polynucleotide antigens were sought by sensitive assay techniques in the sera of these patients. Very high titers of antiribonucleoprotein developed selectively in the majority of these patients after short-term therapy with procainamide. Such antibodies were infrequent in the long-term therapy group, most of whose members exhibited anti-single-strand DNA and were symptomatic with overt procainamide-induced lupus. Patients with acute myocardial infarction who did not receive procainamide did not develop anti-polynucleotide antibodies, but rather had high levels of free ribonucleoprotein antigen in their serum. Various interpretations of these data are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201106", "title": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of popliteal cysts in rheumatoid arthritis. A noninvasive technique.", "content": "Ultrasound scanning techniques detected popliteal cysts in 14 of 24 knees affected with rheumatoid arthritis and associated with an anterior effusion. Serial scans demonstrated the persistence of cysts when effusion was not controlled by intraarticular steroid and lidocaine, and regression of cyst following control of effusion with anterior synovectomy. As the technique is noninvasive, painless, and reproducible, ultrasound scanning should be the technique of choice for the detection and assessment of popliteal cysts.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of popliteal cysts in rheumatoid arthritis. A noninvasive technique. Ultrasound scanning techniques detected popliteal cysts in 14 of 24 knees affected with rheumatoid arthritis and associated with an anterior effusion. Serial scans demonstrated the persistence of cysts when effusion was not controlled by intraarticular steroid and lidocaine, and regression of cyst following control of effusion with anterior synovectomy. As the technique is noninvasive, painless, and reproducible, ultrasound scanning should be the technique of choice for the detection and assessment of popliteal cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:1201118", "title": "Genetic considerations of gout.", "content": "A great many genetic factors and genetic mechanisms are involved in the production of gouty arthritis. Genetic heterogeneity is to be expected in this disorder at all levels of expression. The genetic factors responsible for hyperuricemia, whether from gross overproduction of uric acid or from decreased renal excretion, can influence such practical matters as the selection of the proper therapy for control of the disease.", "contents": "Genetic considerations of gout. A great many genetic factors and genetic mechanisms are involved in the production of gouty arthritis. Genetic heterogeneity is to be expected in this disorder at all levels of expression. The genetic factors responsible for hyperuricemia, whether from gross overproduction of uric acid or from decreased renal excretion, can influence such practical matters as the selection of the proper therapy for control of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1201120", "title": "An overview of cellular and molecular mechanisms in cyrstal-induced inflammation.", "content": "In this account the authors have attempted to provide an introductory overview of the mechanisms of crystal-induced inflammation. More specific studies are given in other papers in this symposium. Like clinical gout itself, study of the sodium urate crystal has turned out to have a venerable heritage. Specific crystal identification has proved clinically useful.", "contents": "An overview of cellular and molecular mechanisms in cyrstal-induced inflammation. In this account the authors have attempted to provide an introductory overview of the mechanisms of crystal-induced inflammation. More specific studies are given in other papers in this symposium. Like clinical gout itself, study of the sodium urate crystal has turned out to have a venerable heritage. Specific crystal identification has proved clinically useful."}
{"id": "PMID:1201124", "title": "Postsecretory reabsorption of urate in man.", "content": "These results are consistent with a model for renal tubular transport of urate in which there is reabsorption of both filtered and secreted urate. Urate secretion greatly exceeds total urate excretion, and most secreted urate is reabsorbed. At least a portion of urate reabsorption occurs at a site distal to or coextensive with the urate secretory site. There appear to be at least two distinct reabsorptive mechanisms for urate. The results of the flow rate and vasopressin studies are consistent with the hypothesis that urate reabsorption occurs in both the distal and the proximal tubule in man. The distal reabsorptive site appears to be quite small. It may be passive since it does not appear to be inhibited by uricosuric drugs. This reabsorptive site may account for less than 15% of total urate reabsorption. Both volume expansion and probenecid may inhibit urate absorption only in the proximal tubule. Thus reabsorption in the proximal tubule coud account for more than 90% of total urate reabsorption. Reabsorption at the postulated collecting duct reabsorptive site appears to be too small in magnitude to account for all reabsorptions of secreted urate. This could be explained if the reabsorptive site in the proximal tubule is coextensive with or distal to the secretory site. Alternatively, there might be two reabsorptive sites in the proximal tubule: a presecretory site accounting for the reabsorption of most filtered urate, and a site either coextensive or distal to the secretory site accounting for a major component of reabsorption of secreted urate. Finally urate reabsorption would also take place in the collecting duct, perhaps at a passive, flow-dependent site.", "contents": "Postsecretory reabsorption of urate in man. These results are consistent with a model for renal tubular transport of urate in which there is reabsorption of both filtered and secreted urate. Urate secretion greatly exceeds total urate excretion, and most secreted urate is reabsorbed. At least a portion of urate reabsorption occurs at a site distal to or coextensive with the urate secretory site. There appear to be at least two distinct reabsorptive mechanisms for urate. The results of the flow rate and vasopressin studies are consistent with the hypothesis that urate reabsorption occurs in both the distal and the proximal tubule in man. The distal reabsorptive site appears to be quite small. It may be passive since it does not appear to be inhibited by uricosuric drugs. This reabsorptive site may account for less than 15% of total urate reabsorption. Both volume expansion and probenecid may inhibit urate absorption only in the proximal tubule. Thus reabsorption in the proximal tubule coud account for more than 90% of total urate reabsorption. Reabsorption at the postulated collecting duct reabsorptive site appears to be too small in magnitude to account for all reabsorptions of secreted urate. This could be explained if the reabsorptive site in the proximal tubule is coextensive with or distal to the secretory site. Alternatively, there might be two reabsorptive sites in the proximal tubule: a presecretory site accounting for the reabsorption of most filtered urate, and a site either coextensive or distal to the secretory site accounting for a major component of reabsorption of secreted urate. Finally urate reabsorption would also take place in the collecting duct, perhaps at a passive, flow-dependent site."}
{"id": "PMID:1201133", "title": "The influence of allopurinol on renal function in gout.", "content": "Our data demonstrate that adequate control of uric acid production and serum acid concentration in primary gout arrests further deterioration of renal function and in some instances permits subsequent improvement in renal hemodynamic function even when renal impairment is clearly established. In considering the nature of the lesions of urate nephropathy, our study suggests that control of serum uric acid with drug therapy before renal involvement is apparent might prevent or significantly delay the morbidity and mortality of this complication of primary gout.", "contents": "The influence of allopurinol on renal function in gout. Our data demonstrate that adequate control of uric acid production and serum acid concentration in primary gout arrests further deterioration of renal function and in some instances permits subsequent improvement in renal hemodynamic function even when renal impairment is clearly established. In considering the nature of the lesions of urate nephropathy, our study suggests that control of serum uric acid with drug therapy before renal involvement is apparent might prevent or significantly delay the morbidity and mortality of this complication of primary gout."}
{"id": "PMID:1201140", "title": "The effect of hypercholesterolemia on aortic endothelium studied en face.", "content": "The aortic endothelium of rabbits fed a stock diet containing 1 or 2% cholesterol for intervals of 1 day to 21 weeks was compared with that of normal rabbits on a stock diet without cholesterol. The endothelium was examined en face using the H\u00e4utchen technique. The aortic endothelium of the experimental animals revealed an increase in stigmata and stomata, multinucleated giant cells and leukocytes particularly about sites of branching. These changes were also observed in the endothelium overlying lipid deposits but in addition, there was an increase in mitoses, an alteration in the orientation of endothelial cells and their nuclei, and a change in their argyrophilic staining properties. Closely related to the endothelium was an increasing number of foam cells which appeared to be derived from monocytic leukocytes.", "contents": "The effect of hypercholesterolemia on aortic endothelium studied en face. The aortic endothelium of rabbits fed a stock diet containing 1 or 2% cholesterol for intervals of 1 day to 21 weeks was compared with that of normal rabbits on a stock diet without cholesterol. The endothelium was examined en face using the H\u00e4utchen technique. The aortic endothelium of the experimental animals revealed an increase in stigmata and stomata, multinucleated giant cells and leukocytes particularly about sites of branching. These changes were also observed in the endothelium overlying lipid deposits but in addition, there was an increase in mitoses, an alteration in the orientation of endothelial cells and their nuclei, and a change in their argyrophilic staining properties. Closely related to the endothelium was an increasing number of foam cells which appeared to be derived from monocytic leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201141", "title": "Effects of palm-kernel oil and sunflower-seed oil on serum lipids and atherogenesis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits.", "content": "Groups of metabolically normal (controls) and alloxan-diabetic adult female rabbits were fed semi-synthetic diets containing 40 cal % palm-kernel oil (PKO) or sunflower-seed oil (SSO) for 54 weeks. In contrast to control rabbits fed PKO-diet, the alloxan-diabetic rabbits on this diet, developed no or only a negligible degree of atherosclerosis, although the serum levels of all lipid classes had increased in the diabetic rabbits above that of the controls during almost the whole experimental period. The diabetic rabbits and the controls fed SSO-diet were both free from any significant atherosclerotic involvement in spite of the fact that the SSO-diet appeared unable to suppress the very high levels of the various serum lipid classes induced by the diabetic state. On both diets, the diabetic rabbits showed a significantly higher cholesteryl linoleate/oleate ratio than the controls, which was caused by an increase in the cholesteryl linoleate level in the diabetics. No serious aorta atherosclerosis was found in rabbits with a cholesteryl linoleate/oleate ratio higher than 0.6, although no correlation was found between the atherosclerosis indices and these ratios at values lower than 0.6. Rabbits with cholesteryl linoleate/oleate ratios below 0.6 seemed to run a greater risk of developing atherosclerosis. It is suggested that insulin might be required for atherogenesis in addition to hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "Effects of palm-kernel oil and sunflower-seed oil on serum lipids and atherogenesis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Groups of metabolically normal (controls) and alloxan-diabetic adult female rabbits were fed semi-synthetic diets containing 40 cal % palm-kernel oil (PKO) or sunflower-seed oil (SSO) for 54 weeks. In contrast to control rabbits fed PKO-diet, the alloxan-diabetic rabbits on this diet, developed no or only a negligible degree of atherosclerosis, although the serum levels of all lipid classes had increased in the diabetic rabbits above that of the controls during almost the whole experimental period. The diabetic rabbits and the controls fed SSO-diet were both free from any significant atherosclerotic involvement in spite of the fact that the SSO-diet appeared unable to suppress the very high levels of the various serum lipid classes induced by the diabetic state. On both diets, the diabetic rabbits showed a significantly higher cholesteryl linoleate/oleate ratio than the controls, which was caused by an increase in the cholesteryl linoleate level in the diabetics. No serious aorta atherosclerosis was found in rabbits with a cholesteryl linoleate/oleate ratio higher than 0.6, although no correlation was found between the atherosclerosis indices and these ratios at values lower than 0.6. Rabbits with cholesteryl linoleate/oleate ratios below 0.6 seemed to run a greater risk of developing atherosclerosis. It is suggested that insulin might be required for atherogenesis in addition to hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1201142", "title": "Transfer of cholesterol in vitro between normal arterial smooth muscle tissue and serum lipoproteins of normo-lipidemic rabbits.", "content": "During incubation of normal arterial tissue with serum lipoproteins, net transfer of cholesterol was observed in the direction from the lipoproteins into the arterial tissue. Such transfer was only observed during incubations with single, isolated lipoprotein fractions. It was independent of the type of lipoprotein, VLDL, LDL or HDL, which was incubated with the arterial tissue. On the other hand, no net transfer of cholesterol was observed during incubations of arterial tissue with a combination of serum lipoproteins equivalent to that in native serum. Studies on the transfer of radioactive cholesterol suggested that cholesterol elimination from arterial tissue in vitro was not affected by the composition of the incubation medium. Therefore, it is suggested that cholesterol accumulation more easily is influenced by the serum lipoprotein composition, and that serum lipoprotein dysbalance may promote cholesterol accumulation in the tissue. This effect may be present even when the dysbalance involves a decrease of specific serum lipoprotein fractions.", "contents": "Transfer of cholesterol in vitro between normal arterial smooth muscle tissue and serum lipoproteins of normo-lipidemic rabbits. During incubation of normal arterial tissue with serum lipoproteins, net transfer of cholesterol was observed in the direction from the lipoproteins into the arterial tissue. Such transfer was only observed during incubations with single, isolated lipoprotein fractions. It was independent of the type of lipoprotein, VLDL, LDL or HDL, which was incubated with the arterial tissue. On the other hand, no net transfer of cholesterol was observed during incubations of arterial tissue with a combination of serum lipoproteins equivalent to that in native serum. Studies on the transfer of radioactive cholesterol suggested that cholesterol elimination from arterial tissue in vitro was not affected by the composition of the incubation medium. Therefore, it is suggested that cholesterol accumulation more easily is influenced by the serum lipoprotein composition, and that serum lipoprotein dysbalance may promote cholesterol accumulation in the tissue. This effect may be present even when the dysbalance involves a decrease of specific serum lipoprotein fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:1201143", "title": "The influence of atherogenic diet and \"essential\" phospholipids upon the contents of noradrenaline and dopamine in the brain of rats and their exploratory activity.", "content": "The influence of atherogenic diet and \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL) both on exploratory activity and catecholamine content in the brain of rats has been examined. The atherogenic diet caused a decrease of the animals' exploratory activity as well as a diminution of catecholamines. It was observed that these changes correlated. Prophylactic administration of EPL is capable of preventing such changes. Therapeutic administration of EPL increased exploratory activity and catecholamines in the atherogenic group which subsequently received the basic laboratory diet.", "contents": "The influence of atherogenic diet and \"essential\" phospholipids upon the contents of noradrenaline and dopamine in the brain of rats and their exploratory activity. The influence of atherogenic diet and \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL) both on exploratory activity and catecholamine content in the brain of rats has been examined. The atherogenic diet caused a decrease of the animals' exploratory activity as well as a diminution of catecholamines. It was observed that these changes correlated. Prophylactic administration of EPL is capable of preventing such changes. Therapeutic administration of EPL increased exploratory activity and catecholamines in the atherogenic group which subsequently received the basic laboratory diet."}
{"id": "PMID:1201144", "title": "A study of different methods for the assay of lipoprotein lipase activity in human adipose tissue.", "content": "A method for the assay of lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) in heparin eluates of needle biopsies of adipose tissue is presented. A serum activated phosphatidestabilized emulsion of labelled triolein has been used as substrate. This method and a previously described method using heparin eluates as enzyme source and a commercial triglyceride emulsion, Ediol, as substrate, showed a high degree of correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.94) when parallel determinations were performed on biopsies from 16 subjects. Further, the Ediol method similarly correlated well with a method for LPLA assay, previously described by Nilsson-Ehle and Belfrage, on acetone-ether extracts of adipose tissue (correlation coefficient = 0.88; 19 subjects).", "contents": "A study of different methods for the assay of lipoprotein lipase activity in human adipose tissue. A method for the assay of lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) in heparin eluates of needle biopsies of adipose tissue is presented. A serum activated phosphatidestabilized emulsion of labelled triolein has been used as substrate. This method and a previously described method using heparin eluates as enzyme source and a commercial triglyceride emulsion, Ediol, as substrate, showed a high degree of correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.94) when parallel determinations were performed on biopsies from 16 subjects. Further, the Ediol method similarly correlated well with a method for LPLA assay, previously described by Nilsson-Ehle and Belfrage, on acetone-ether extracts of adipose tissue (correlation coefficient = 0.88; 19 subjects)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201145", "title": "Long-term effects of colestipol (U-26,597 A) on plasma lipids in familial type II hyperbetalipoproteinaemia.", "content": "Results related to long term treatment with Colestipol (a new resin sequestering bile acids) in 23 subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia, 12 with Type IIA, 8 with Type IIB and 3 homozygotes are reported. Patients were given 15 g/day active drug for a period of 12 months and a double dose (30 g/day) for a successive period of 4 months along with a low cholesterol, low saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat-rich diet. Mean cholesterol decrease was --42 +/- 18 mg/dl (P less than 0.05) after 12 months of 15 g/day Colestipol and --69 +/- 17 mg/dl (P less than 0.01) after the following 4 months of 30 g/day Colestipol. The difference between the two periods of treatment (15 g and 30 g/day was not statistically significant. A slight but not significant increase in triglyceride levels was observed. Serum uric acid showed a significant increase throughout the entire period of treatment. No malabsorption syndrome or signs of toxicity were seen. Most frequent side effects were constipation, nausea, and metheorism which, with the exception of 4 cases which were withdrawn from the study, were reported as being transitory and mild.", "contents": "Long-term effects of colestipol (U-26,597 A) on plasma lipids in familial type II hyperbetalipoproteinaemia. Results related to long term treatment with Colestipol (a new resin sequestering bile acids) in 23 subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia, 12 with Type IIA, 8 with Type IIB and 3 homozygotes are reported. Patients were given 15 g/day active drug for a period of 12 months and a double dose (30 g/day) for a successive period of 4 months along with a low cholesterol, low saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat-rich diet. Mean cholesterol decrease was --42 +/- 18 mg/dl (P less than 0.05) after 12 months of 15 g/day Colestipol and --69 +/- 17 mg/dl (P less than 0.01) after the following 4 months of 30 g/day Colestipol. The difference between the two periods of treatment (15 g and 30 g/day was not statistically significant. A slight but not significant increase in triglyceride levels was observed. Serum uric acid showed a significant increase throughout the entire period of treatment. No malabsorption syndrome or signs of toxicity were seen. Most frequent side effects were constipation, nausea, and metheorism which, with the exception of 4 cases which were withdrawn from the study, were reported as being transitory and mild."}
{"id": "PMID:1201147", "title": "Rat heart lipoprotein lipase.", "content": "Rat heart lipoprotein lipase was highly purified by affinity chromatography using heparin-Sepharose 4B. When extracts of acetone powder were applied to columns, lipase activity was firmly bound to the gel matrix and was later eluted with 1.5 M NaCl. At this stage the eluted enzyme was purified 1500-fold. Disc gel electrophoresis yielded a single protein band corresponding with the enzyme activity. The apparent molecular weight was 60,000. The purified enzyme was highly unstable; however, its activity could be partially stabilized by glycerol or ethylene glycol. In studying the purified enzyme we observed: (i) a cofactor in serum was required for full enzymatic activity; ApoLp-Glu could be substituted for this cofactor; (ii) ApoLp-Ser was inhibitory to lipase activity; (iii) NaCl and protamine sulfate also markedly inhibited the lipase activity; (iv) heparin stimulated the enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Rat heart lipoprotein lipase. Rat heart lipoprotein lipase was highly purified by affinity chromatography using heparin-Sepharose 4B. When extracts of acetone powder were applied to columns, lipase activity was firmly bound to the gel matrix and was later eluted with 1.5 M NaCl. At this stage the eluted enzyme was purified 1500-fold. Disc gel electrophoresis yielded a single protein band corresponding with the enzyme activity. The apparent molecular weight was 60,000. The purified enzyme was highly unstable; however, its activity could be partially stabilized by glycerol or ethylene glycol. In studying the purified enzyme we observed: (i) a cofactor in serum was required for full enzymatic activity; ApoLp-Glu could be substituted for this cofactor; (ii) ApoLp-Ser was inhibitory to lipase activity; (iii) NaCl and protamine sulfate also markedly inhibited the lipase activity; (iv) heparin stimulated the enzymatic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201146", "title": "Abnormal post-heparin lipolytic activity in obesity. A preliminary note.", "content": "Published data have suggested that hypertriglyceridemia in obesity may result from the combination of hepatic overproduction and diminished removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Diminished catabolism might be expected if tissue lipoprotein lipase activity were decreased, a finding which has been reported in biopsies of adipose tissue from obese subjects. Abnormalities in heparin-released triglyceride lipase activity (PHLA) in obesity have not been reported, however. We have examined the possibility that methods for the measurement of PHLA might have failed to reveal such a defect because of the disproportionality between plasma volume and increasing body mass in obesity. Since it is usual to administer heparin on the basis of body weight, higher plasma heparin levels would be achieved in obese individuals. We performed standard PHLA assays in lean and obese volunteers. In the obese, heparin levels were consistently higher than in lean individuals although PHLA values were similar in both. Thus, PHLA in obesity appeared to be inappropriate for the heparin levels attained in plasma. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that a decrease in PHLA available for release by heparin rather than heparin insensitivity underlies this phenomenon.", "contents": "Abnormal post-heparin lipolytic activity in obesity. A preliminary note. Published data have suggested that hypertriglyceridemia in obesity may result from the combination of hepatic overproduction and diminished removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Diminished catabolism might be expected if tissue lipoprotein lipase activity were decreased, a finding which has been reported in biopsies of adipose tissue from obese subjects. Abnormalities in heparin-released triglyceride lipase activity (PHLA) in obesity have not been reported, however. We have examined the possibility that methods for the measurement of PHLA might have failed to reveal such a defect because of the disproportionality between plasma volume and increasing body mass in obesity. Since it is usual to administer heparin on the basis of body weight, higher plasma heparin levels would be achieved in obese individuals. We performed standard PHLA assays in lean and obese volunteers. In the obese, heparin levels were consistently higher than in lean individuals although PHLA values were similar in both. Thus, PHLA in obesity appeared to be inappropriate for the heparin levels attained in plasma. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that a decrease in PHLA available for release by heparin rather than heparin insensitivity underlies this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1201149", "title": "Relationship between the type of dietary fatty acid and arterial thrombosis tendency in rats.", "content": "The effect of dietary fatty acids on the formation and growth of intra-arterial occlusive thrombi in rats was investigated. It appeared that fats containing a large amount of saturated fatty acids promote arterial thrombus formation, whereas dietary linoleic acid has a specific anti-thrombotic effect. Oleic acid on its own does not seem to act as an anti-thrombotic substance. However, the replacement of thrombogenic fatty acids by oleic acid results in a decrease of the dietary thrombogenic potency. Moreover, the results indicated that the thrombogenicity of the saturated fatty acids increases with their chain length. As for the anti-thrombotic effect of cis fatty acids and their trans isomers, no obvious differences have been observed. Almost identical results were obtained when thrombogenicity was related to either absorption or to composition of the dietary fatty acids. Further research can therefore be restricted to this latter criterion. For the majority of the fats tested, thrombosis tendency and ADP-induced platelet aggregation were closely associated. It is therefore highly probable that platelet aggregation is involved in the mechanism by which dietary fats affect arterial thrombus formation.", "contents": "Relationship between the type of dietary fatty acid and arterial thrombosis tendency in rats. The effect of dietary fatty acids on the formation and growth of intra-arterial occlusive thrombi in rats was investigated. It appeared that fats containing a large amount of saturated fatty acids promote arterial thrombus formation, whereas dietary linoleic acid has a specific anti-thrombotic effect. Oleic acid on its own does not seem to act as an anti-thrombotic substance. However, the replacement of thrombogenic fatty acids by oleic acid results in a decrease of the dietary thrombogenic potency. Moreover, the results indicated that the thrombogenicity of the saturated fatty acids increases with their chain length. As for the anti-thrombotic effect of cis fatty acids and their trans isomers, no obvious differences have been observed. Almost identical results were obtained when thrombogenicity was related to either absorption or to composition of the dietary fatty acids. Further research can therefore be restricted to this latter criterion. For the majority of the fats tested, thrombosis tendency and ADP-induced platelet aggregation were closely associated. It is therefore highly probable that platelet aggregation is involved in the mechanism by which dietary fats affect arterial thrombus formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1201150", "title": "The effect of renal hypertension on the regional deposition of cholesterol and phospholipid in the aorta of normally- and cholesterol-fed rabbits.", "content": "The effect of renal hypertension on dry defatted tissue mass and lipid accumulation in different segments of the aortic intima was studied in both normally-fed and cholesterol-fed rabbits. In normally-fed rabbits hypertension caused an increase in intimal dry weight in the aorta. The increase was greatest in the lower thoracic intimal segment but was not significant in the aortic arch. The increase in tissue mass was not influenced by the addition of cholesterol to the diet and no regression of the increased tissue mass occurred when a 4-week period of hypertension was followed by a 4-week period of normotension. Hypertension did not increase the intimal cholesterol or phospholipid concentrations in normally-fed rabbits, suggesting that an observed increase in lipid content represented the cellular component of the intimal hypertrophy. Hypertension in cholesterol-fed animals caused preferential lipid accumulation in the lower thoracic segment, an effect that was independent of the total intimal cholesterol level. Intimal cholesterol, cholesterol ester and phospholipid were all increased. When a 4-week period of normotension and cholesterol feeding was preceded by a 4-week period of hypertension with normal feeding the amount of cholesterol deposited did not exceed that of the normotensive control, suggesting either that hypertension increased intimal permeability to lipid only in the presence of hypercholesterolaemia, or that healing of damaged intima had occurred before hypercholesterolaemia was fully established.", "contents": "The effect of renal hypertension on the regional deposition of cholesterol and phospholipid in the aorta of normally- and cholesterol-fed rabbits. The effect of renal hypertension on dry defatted tissue mass and lipid accumulation in different segments of the aortic intima was studied in both normally-fed and cholesterol-fed rabbits. In normally-fed rabbits hypertension caused an increase in intimal dry weight in the aorta. The increase was greatest in the lower thoracic intimal segment but was not significant in the aortic arch. The increase in tissue mass was not influenced by the addition of cholesterol to the diet and no regression of the increased tissue mass occurred when a 4-week period of hypertension was followed by a 4-week period of normotension. Hypertension did not increase the intimal cholesterol or phospholipid concentrations in normally-fed rabbits, suggesting that an observed increase in lipid content represented the cellular component of the intimal hypertrophy. Hypertension in cholesterol-fed animals caused preferential lipid accumulation in the lower thoracic segment, an effect that was independent of the total intimal cholesterol level. Intimal cholesterol, cholesterol ester and phospholipid were all increased. When a 4-week period of normotension and cholesterol feeding was preceded by a 4-week period of hypertension with normal feeding the amount of cholesterol deposited did not exceed that of the normotensive control, suggesting either that hypertension increased intimal permeability to lipid only in the presence of hypercholesterolaemia, or that healing of damaged intima had occurred before hypercholesterolaemia was fully established."}
{"id": "PMID:1201148", "title": "Fatty acyl CoA synthetase activity in normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortic tissue.", "content": "The activity of fatty acyl CoA synthetase and fatty acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase was determined in microsomal fractions from normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortic tissue. No change in fatty acyl CoA synthetase activity was observed as a result of cholesterol feeding in contrast to the several-fold increase in the activity of fatty acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase seen in atherosclerotic tissue. Inhibition of both enzymes was observed when clofibrate, or the tetrahydronapthyl analog of this drug were added in vitro. The inhibitory effects were most pronounced on the fatty acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase.", "contents": "Fatty acyl CoA synthetase activity in normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortic tissue. The activity of fatty acyl CoA synthetase and fatty acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase was determined in microsomal fractions from normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortic tissue. No change in fatty acyl CoA synthetase activity was observed as a result of cholesterol feeding in contrast to the several-fold increase in the activity of fatty acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase seen in atherosclerotic tissue. Inhibition of both enzymes was observed when clofibrate, or the tetrahydronapthyl analog of this drug were added in vitro. The inhibitory effects were most pronounced on the fatty acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:1201157", "title": "Coagulation studies as a prognostic index in acute liver failure.", "content": "A coagulation screen has been performed on 12 patients with acute liver failure. Six died and six recovered. All six fatal cases developed a haemorrhagic state with haemostatic failure. An attempt has been made to delineate the various mechanisms for the production of the coagulation defect. The significance of the different haematological parameters in assessing prognosis has been  assessed. The study emphasizes the importance of the synthetic ability of the liver in determining survival prospects. A good correlation between the factor-VII level, which is a guide to liver synthesis, and recovery has been shown. The value of a specific factor-VII assay in acute liver failure appears considerable. Where this assay cannot be performed the clot opacity fibrinogen technique provides a reasonable guide to the prognosis. The presence or absence of DIC was not a determinant factor in survival in this series.", "contents": "Coagulation studies as a prognostic index in acute liver failure. A coagulation screen has been performed on 12 patients with acute liver failure. Six died and six recovered. All six fatal cases developed a haemorrhagic state with haemostatic failure. An attempt has been made to delineate the various mechanisms for the production of the coagulation defect. The significance of the different haematological parameters in assessing prognosis has been  assessed. The study emphasizes the importance of the synthetic ability of the liver in determining survival prospects. A good correlation between the factor-VII level, which is a guide to liver synthesis, and recovery has been shown. The value of a specific factor-VII assay in acute liver failure appears considerable. Where this assay cannot be performed the clot opacity fibrinogen technique provides a reasonable guide to the prognosis. The presence or absence of DIC was not a determinant factor in survival in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:1201158", "title": "Whole-body and organ Vo2 changes with enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the effects of enflurane on canine whole-body and individual organ oxygen consumption (Vo2). Whole-body, myocardial, splanchnic, renal, and skeletal muscle Vo2 were determined at enflurane concentrations equivalent to those used in previous studies with halothane and isoflurane. With increasing enflurane concentrations, whole-body Vo2 decreased progressively. The major component of the decrease was a reduction in myocardial Vo2 resulting from a decrease in myocardial external work as a result of a decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure. Other organs contributed to a lesser extent to the overall decrease in whole-body Vo2. In each respect the findings with enflurance were not significantly different from those with halothane and isoflurane. These findings did support to the view that anaesthetic agents are not general metabolic depressants and that observed changes in whole-body Vo2 reflect the summated changes in individual organ Vo2 occasioned by an anaesthetic-induced change in organ function and metabolic requirements.", "contents": "Whole-body and organ Vo2 changes with enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane. This study was designed to determine the effects of enflurane on canine whole-body and individual organ oxygen consumption (Vo2). Whole-body, myocardial, splanchnic, renal, and skeletal muscle Vo2 were determined at enflurane concentrations equivalent to those used in previous studies with halothane and isoflurane. With increasing enflurane concentrations, whole-body Vo2 decreased progressively. The major component of the decrease was a reduction in myocardial Vo2 resulting from a decrease in myocardial external work as a result of a decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure. Other organs contributed to a lesser extent to the overall decrease in whole-body Vo2. In each respect the findings with enflurance were not significantly different from those with halothane and isoflurane. These findings did support to the view that anaesthetic agents are not general metabolic depressants and that observed changes in whole-body Vo2 reflect the summated changes in individual organ Vo2 occasioned by an anaesthetic-induced change in organ function and metabolic requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:1201153", "title": "Changes in plasma lipoprotein constituents during constant infusions of heparin.", "content": "Constant infusions of heparin of 4 to 6 hours' duration were used to estimate the transfer of very low density lipoprotein constituents to other plasma lipoproteins. Eleven subjects were studied, 3 with Type III and the remainder with either Type IV or V hyperlipoproteinemia. Whereas only about 5% of the triglyceride lost from VLDL was recovered in the other lipoproteins, 44% of the cholesterol was retained in the circulation, in equal amounts within low density (d 1.019-1.063) and intermediate density (d 1.006-1.019) lipoproteins. By contrast, there was no apparent loss of protein, more than half of that originally in VLDL being recovered in high density lipoprotein. In subjects with Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, lipid and protein was lost from the intermediate density lipoprotein as well as from VLDL. In subjects with marked hypertriglyceridemia, cholesterol became redistributed from larger to smaller VLDL. The esterification of plasma cholesterol as measured in vitro, was apparently suppressed during the early phase of the heparin infusions, but tended to recover later.", "contents": "Changes in plasma lipoprotein constituents during constant infusions of heparin. Constant infusions of heparin of 4 to 6 hours' duration were used to estimate the transfer of very low density lipoprotein constituents to other plasma lipoproteins. Eleven subjects were studied, 3 with Type III and the remainder with either Type IV or V hyperlipoproteinemia. Whereas only about 5% of the triglyceride lost from VLDL was recovered in the other lipoproteins, 44% of the cholesterol was retained in the circulation, in equal amounts within low density (d 1.019-1.063) and intermediate density (d 1.006-1.019) lipoproteins. By contrast, there was no apparent loss of protein, more than half of that originally in VLDL being recovered in high density lipoprotein. In subjects with Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, lipid and protein was lost from the intermediate density lipoprotein as well as from VLDL. In subjects with marked hypertriglyceridemia, cholesterol became redistributed from larger to smaller VLDL. The esterification of plasma cholesterol as measured in vitro, was apparently suppressed during the early phase of the heparin infusions, but tended to recover later."}
{"id": "PMID:1201159", "title": "The combined effect of halothane-induced hypotension and hypocapnia on canine myocardial blood-flow and oxygen consumption.", "content": "In eleven intact mechanically ventilated dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, mean arterial pressure was reduced to 55% of the control value by ventilating with 1-1.5% halothane. At normocapnia this resulted in decreases in myocardial blood-flow and oxygen consumption to 47% and 55% of their respective control values and an increase in myocardial vascular resistance to 123% of control value. When hypocapnia (mean PaCO2=26 mm Hg) was superimposed on hypotension, myocardial blood-flow was further decreased to 38% of control value whereas oxygen consumption did not alter significantly. When halothane was discontinued, allowing recovery from hypotension, the rate of recovery of myocardial blood-flow and cardiac output was much slower than that of arterial pressure.", "contents": "The combined effect of halothane-induced hypotension and hypocapnia on canine myocardial blood-flow and oxygen consumption. In eleven intact mechanically ventilated dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, mean arterial pressure was reduced to 55% of the control value by ventilating with 1-1.5% halothane. At normocapnia this resulted in decreases in myocardial blood-flow and oxygen consumption to 47% and 55% of their respective control values and an increase in myocardial vascular resistance to 123% of control value. When hypocapnia (mean PaCO2=26 mm Hg) was superimposed on hypotension, myocardial blood-flow was further decreased to 38% of control value whereas oxygen consumption did not alter significantly. When halothane was discontinued, allowing recovery from hypotension, the rate of recovery of myocardial blood-flow and cardiac output was much slower than that of arterial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1201160", "title": "Effect of volatile anaesthetics on cell survival as measured by colony forming ability.", "content": "Chinese hamster fibroblast cells in stirred suspension cultures were exposed to volatile anaesthetic agents for 3 hr or for 24 hr. Cell viability was measured as colony forming ability and was found to be reduced, in a dose related manner, by halothane, chloroform, methoxyflurane, trichloroetheylene and diethyl ether.", "contents": "Effect of volatile anaesthetics on cell survival as measured by colony forming ability. Chinese hamster fibroblast cells in stirred suspension cultures were exposed to volatile anaesthetic agents for 3 hr or for 24 hr. Cell viability was measured as colony forming ability and was found to be reduced, in a dose related manner, by halothane, chloroform, methoxyflurane, trichloroetheylene and diethyl ether."}
{"id": "PMID:1201154", "title": "Aortic washout of 125I compounds in atherosclerotic and normal rabbits.", "content": "An in vivo rabbit model is described for the study of aortic washout of 125I tagged compounds. Washout is compartmental and in sequence from the lumen, aortic wall, and periaortic fat. Toluene-azo-naphthol (TAN) affixed chiefly to periaortic fat. A double isotope method with TAN plus a cholesterophilic substance is suggested for the assay of atherosclerosis in situ.", "contents": "Aortic washout of 125I compounds in atherosclerotic and normal rabbits. An in vivo rabbit model is described for the study of aortic washout of 125I tagged compounds. Washout is compartmental and in sequence from the lumen, aortic wall, and periaortic fat. Toluene-azo-naphthol (TAN) affixed chiefly to periaortic fat. A double isotope method with TAN plus a cholesterophilic substance is suggested for the assay of atherosclerosis in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:1201155", "title": "Crystals in atherosclerotic lesions: real or artefact?", "content": "Atherosclerotic lesions were obtained from man during surgery and from cholesterol-fed rabbits. They were maintained at about 37 degrees C during handling. Smears were prepared on glass slides and these were examined microscopically at 37 degrees C. Solid rhomboidal or thick needle-like crystals were present at 37 degrees C but increased in numbers or in size or both on cooling. Staining studies and measurement of melting point (133-153 degrees C) suggested that such crystals are composed largely of free cholesterol or a related sterol. Liquid crystals exhibiting conic focal (Maltese cross) anisotropism were present at 37 degrees C and did not appreciably increase in either size or numbers on cooling. Staining studies and their resistance to digitonin suggested that these Maltese cross crystals are largely esterified cholesterol. Thin needle-like crystals arranged like feathers or in rosettes were seen in smears of adipose tissue and were attributed to triglycerides.", "contents": "Crystals in atherosclerotic lesions: real or artefact? Atherosclerotic lesions were obtained from man during surgery and from cholesterol-fed rabbits. They were maintained at about 37 degrees C during handling. Smears were prepared on glass slides and these were examined microscopically at 37 degrees C. Solid rhomboidal or thick needle-like crystals were present at 37 degrees C but increased in numbers or in size or both on cooling. Staining studies and measurement of melting point (133-153 degrees C) suggested that such crystals are composed largely of free cholesterol or a related sterol. Liquid crystals exhibiting conic focal (Maltese cross) anisotropism were present at 37 degrees C and did not appreciably increase in either size or numbers on cooling. Staining studies and their resistance to digitonin suggested that these Maltese cross crystals are largely esterified cholesterol. Thin needle-like crystals arranged like feathers or in rosettes were seen in smears of adipose tissue and were attributed to triglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:1201161", "title": "Effect of althesin (CT-1341) on thyroid-adrenal function in man.", "content": "The effects of althesin on adrenocortical and thyroid function were investigated by measuring plasma concentrations of cortisol, thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine index (FTI) in 29 surgical patients. Althesin did not change the plasma cortisol concentrations from the preanaesthetic control value; however, the concentrations increased significantly after the start of surgery and thereafter. Althesin anaesthesia per se decreased slightly, but significantly, plasma T4 concentration, but did not influence the FTI value. The surgical operation increased the FTI value slightly but significantly. Our data would suggest that Althesin anaesthesia can be used in patients who have abnormal adrenocortical or thyroid activity.", "contents": "Effect of althesin (CT-1341) on thyroid-adrenal function in man. The effects of althesin on adrenocortical and thyroid function were investigated by measuring plasma concentrations of cortisol, thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine index (FTI) in 29 surgical patients. Althesin did not change the plasma cortisol concentrations from the preanaesthetic control value; however, the concentrations increased significantly after the start of surgery and thereafter. Althesin anaesthesia per se decreased slightly, but significantly, plasma T4 concentration, but did not influence the FTI value. The surgical operation increased the FTI value slightly but significantly. Our data would suggest that Althesin anaesthesia can be used in patients who have abnormal adrenocortical or thyroid activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201162", "title": "Dose relationships of phase II, tachyphylaxis and train-of-four fade in suxamethonium-induced dual neuromuscular block in man.", "content": "In man under halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia, suxamethonium-induced neuromuscular block can be divided into two phases using the train-of-four ratio: the first phase of minimal train-of-four fade and the second phase of marked train-of-four fade. The second phase is characterized by a low train-of-four ratio, 0.3 or less, and resembles tubocurarine-block) in many details. It corresponds to Phase II (dual block in the literature. Contrary to the prevailing belief, Phase II block has a rather abrupt onset. In this study of seven patients, Phase I covered up to a total of 1--3 mg/kg of suxamethonium, while 3--5 mg/kg established Phase II block, with a transitional zone of only 2 mg/kg. Establishment of Phase II also coincided with onset of unequivocal tachyphylaxis. The possibility of a causal relationship between tachyphylaxis and Phase II block is suggested.", "contents": "Dose relationships of phase II, tachyphylaxis and train-of-four fade in suxamethonium-induced dual neuromuscular block in man. In man under halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia, suxamethonium-induced neuromuscular block can be divided into two phases using the train-of-four ratio: the first phase of minimal train-of-four fade and the second phase of marked train-of-four fade. The second phase is characterized by a low train-of-four ratio, 0.3 or less, and resembles tubocurarine-block) in many details. It corresponds to Phase II (dual block in the literature. Contrary to the prevailing belief, Phase II block has a rather abrupt onset. In this study of seven patients, Phase I covered up to a total of 1--3 mg/kg of suxamethonium, while 3--5 mg/kg established Phase II block, with a transitional zone of only 2 mg/kg. Establishment of Phase II also coincided with onset of unequivocal tachyphylaxis. The possibility of a causal relationship between tachyphylaxis and Phase II block is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1201151", "title": "Investigations of fluorescent peptides and lipofuscins of human intervertebral disc relating to atherosclerosis.", "content": "(1) Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus of human intervertebral discs at different degrees of atherosclerosis were disintegrated by elastase. (2) The material disintegrated by elastase -- called elastolysate -- could be separated into hydrophobic (apolar) and hydrophilic (polar) peptides. Parallel with the degree of atherosclerosis the amount of hydrophobic peptides increased, whereas that of the hydrophilic peptides decreased. (3) In annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus two kinds of fluorescence maxima were measured. The one, A:F 350:405, is known as fluorescence maxima of elastin- and collagen-peptides. The other, A:F 410:470, is related to a similar substance called atherofluorescent component (AFC), which has been isolated before from the plaques of atherosclerotic aorta. This substance accumulates mainly in nucleus pulposus and resembles lipofuscin-like bodies. (4) These bodies show a positive reaction with thiobarbituric acid, giving a red coloration characteristic for malondialdehyde. In nucleus pulposus the amount of lipofuscin-like substances is much greater than in annulus fibrosus. (5) The hydrophilic peptides, although they show the same fluorescence maxima as the hydrophobic peptides, do not give any reaction with thiobarbituric acid. It is supposed that in these cases the cross-linked protein contains instead of malondialdehyde other reactive aldehydes.", "contents": "Investigations of fluorescent peptides and lipofuscins of human intervertebral disc relating to atherosclerosis. (1) Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus of human intervertebral discs at different degrees of atherosclerosis were disintegrated by elastase. (2) The material disintegrated by elastase -- called elastolysate -- could be separated into hydrophobic (apolar) and hydrophilic (polar) peptides. Parallel with the degree of atherosclerosis the amount of hydrophobic peptides increased, whereas that of the hydrophilic peptides decreased. (3) In annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus two kinds of fluorescence maxima were measured. The one, A:F 350:405, is known as fluorescence maxima of elastin- and collagen-peptides. The other, A:F 410:470, is related to a similar substance called atherofluorescent component (AFC), which has been isolated before from the plaques of atherosclerotic aorta. This substance accumulates mainly in nucleus pulposus and resembles lipofuscin-like bodies. (4) These bodies show a positive reaction with thiobarbituric acid, giving a red coloration characteristic for malondialdehyde. In nucleus pulposus the amount of lipofuscin-like substances is much greater than in annulus fibrosus. (5) The hydrophilic peptides, although they show the same fluorescence maxima as the hydrophobic peptides, do not give any reaction with thiobarbituric acid. It is supposed that in these cases the cross-linked protein contains instead of malondialdehyde other reactive aldehydes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201164", "title": "Mean skin temperature during anaesthesia: an assessment of formulae in the supine surgical patient.", "content": "The mean skin temperature was calculated from measurements made in 22 patients under general anaesthesia. The results from 11 different formulae were compared with a system involving 15 temperature sites on the skin, each given a weighting factor in proportion to the fraction of total surface area which it represented. If accuracy is required, the mean skin temperature should be measured in surgical patients using a formula which involves at least 10 skin sites. Incorrect estimation of stored body heat results from an erroneous value for the mean skin temperature, and this occurred more frequently when the number of skin sites was reduced.", "contents": "Mean skin temperature during anaesthesia: an assessment of formulae in the supine surgical patient. The mean skin temperature was calculated from measurements made in 22 patients under general anaesthesia. The results from 11 different formulae were compared with a system involving 15 temperature sites on the skin, each given a weighting factor in proportion to the fraction of total surface area which it represented. If accuracy is required, the mean skin temperature should be measured in surgical patients using a formula which involves at least 10 skin sites. Incorrect estimation of stored body heat results from an erroneous value for the mean skin temperature, and this occurred more frequently when the number of skin sites was reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1201152", "title": "Growth hormone response to insulin and to arginine in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia.", "content": "Human growth hormone (HGH) response to i.v. insulin (0.1 U/kg body weight) and arginine infusion (25 g of L-arginine for 30 min) was studied in 9 patients (5 males and 4 females) with primary familial hypercholesterolaemia and belonging to 4 families. Mean age was 28 +/- 2 years (range 18-36) and body weight was less than 105% of ideal body weight. Glucose tolerance and insulin response to oral glucose were normal in all patients. HGH release after insulin and after arginine was slightly increased as compared to 21 normal controls, but the differences were not significant. Insulin and glucagon response to arginine in these patients was within the normal range. Plasma glucose and free fatty acids were normal after both insulin and arginine. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between fasting cholesterol and HGH peaks after insulin and after arginine, nor between cholesterol and insulin and glucagon responses. Despite marked hyperlipidaemia, HGH-deficient patients examined by other authors never present signs of atherosclerotic disease. Our data suggest that HGH, in the presence of elevated cholesterol levels, might play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "Growth hormone response to insulin and to arginine in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Human growth hormone (HGH) response to i.v. insulin (0.1 U/kg body weight) and arginine infusion (25 g of L-arginine for 30 min) was studied in 9 patients (5 males and 4 females) with primary familial hypercholesterolaemia and belonging to 4 families. Mean age was 28 +/- 2 years (range 18-36) and body weight was less than 105% of ideal body weight. Glucose tolerance and insulin response to oral glucose were normal in all patients. HGH release after insulin and after arginine was slightly increased as compared to 21 normal controls, but the differences were not significant. Insulin and glucagon response to arginine in these patients was within the normal range. Plasma glucose and free fatty acids were normal after both insulin and arginine. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between fasting cholesterol and HGH peaks after insulin and after arginine, nor between cholesterol and insulin and glucagon responses. Despite marked hyperlipidaemia, HGH-deficient patients examined by other authors never present signs of atherosclerotic disease. Our data suggest that HGH, in the presence of elevated cholesterol levels, might play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1201163", "title": "Effects of althesin anaesthesia and surgery on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in man.", "content": "The effects of Althesin anaesthesia alone, and associated with surgery, on carbohydrate and fet metabolism were studied in 36 patients by determining the plasma concentrations of cortisol, human growth hormone, insulin, free fatty acids, and blood sugar. The differences between the mean blood sugar and plasma cortisol concentrations before induction and during anaesthesia alone were not statistically significant. Blood sugar concentrations increased slightly during minor surgery and increased significantly during body surface and abdominal surgery. The plasma cortisol concentrations increased slightly during minor and body surface surgery but increased significantly during abdominal surgery. Plasma insulin and human growth hormone concentrations did not change appreciably during anesthesia and surgery. During Althesin anaesthesia alone and during minor surgery, a significant increase in plasma FFA concentration was observed at 15 min. The hyperglycaemia response in diabetic patients did not differ significantly from that in nondiabetic subjects. The clinical significance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of althesin anaesthesia and surgery on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in man. The effects of Althesin anaesthesia alone, and associated with surgery, on carbohydrate and fet metabolism were studied in 36 patients by determining the plasma concentrations of cortisol, human growth hormone, insulin, free fatty acids, and blood sugar. The differences between the mean blood sugar and plasma cortisol concentrations before induction and during anaesthesia alone were not statistically significant. Blood sugar concentrations increased slightly during minor surgery and increased significantly during body surface and abdominal surgery. The plasma cortisol concentrations increased slightly during minor and body surface surgery but increased significantly during abdominal surgery. Plasma insulin and human growth hormone concentrations did not change appreciably during anesthesia and surgery. During Althesin anaesthesia alone and during minor surgery, a significant increase in plasma FFA concentration was observed at 15 min. The hyperglycaemia response in diabetic patients did not differ significantly from that in nondiabetic subjects. The clinical significance of the results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201165", "title": "Induction and recovery with enflurane and halothane in paediatric anaesthesia.", "content": "One hundred and four infants and children were included in a comparative study of anesthesia with either enflurane or halothane. Induction and recovery were significantly shorter with enflurane than with halothane. There was little difference between the drugs in respect of their postoperative sequelae.", "contents": "Induction and recovery with enflurane and halothane in paediatric anaesthesia. One hundred and four infants and children were included in a comparative study of anesthesia with either enflurane or halothane. Induction and recovery were significantly shorter with enflurane than with halothane. There was little difference between the drugs in respect of their postoperative sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:1201166", "title": "Minimum blood concentration--a universal concept of anaesthetic potency.", "content": "Although brain concentration of anaesthetic agents is attractive as a method of expressing anaesthetic potency, both theoretical and practical considerations limit the usefulness of this index. Therefore, the MAC concept has been utilized to develop another expression of potency: the minimum blood concentration. This takes into account the blood/gas solubility coefficient, and the fact that at equilibrium the amount of anaesthetic agent present in brain is reflected in the blood concentration, and it is applicable to both parenteral and to inhalation anaesthetic agents.", "contents": "Minimum blood concentration--a universal concept of anaesthetic potency. Although brain concentration of anaesthetic agents is attractive as a method of expressing anaesthetic potency, both theoretical and practical considerations limit the usefulness of this index. Therefore, the MAC concept has been utilized to develop another expression of potency: the minimum blood concentration. This takes into account the blood/gas solubility coefficient, and the fact that at equilibrium the amount of anaesthetic agent present in brain is reflected in the blood concentration, and it is applicable to both parenteral and to inhalation anaesthetic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1201167", "title": "Hexafluorenium-suxamethonium interaction in patients with normal versus atypical cholinesterase.", "content": "The effect of hexafluorenium 0.3 mg/kg on the neuromuscular block of suxamethonium 0.1 mg/kg in a child with homozygote atypical plasma cholinesterase activity and in one of his normal brothers has been compared. In the normal child, hexafluorenium produced a marked potentiation of suxamethonium block, while partially antagonizing the block in the atypical homozygote child. In both situations, the hexafluorenium-suxamethonium block appeared to be antidepolarizing in nature as indicated by tetanic fade and post-tetanic facilitation. It is concluded that, in man, hexafluorenium can modify the action of suxamethonium by two different mechanisms. In patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity, the anti-esterase effect predominates and results in marked potentiation of suxamethonium block, while in atypical homozygotes a direct antidepolarizing action at the neuromuscular junction may result in a diminished response.", "contents": "Hexafluorenium-suxamethonium interaction in patients with normal versus atypical cholinesterase. The effect of hexafluorenium 0.3 mg/kg on the neuromuscular block of suxamethonium 0.1 mg/kg in a child with homozygote atypical plasma cholinesterase activity and in one of his normal brothers has been compared. In the normal child, hexafluorenium produced a marked potentiation of suxamethonium block, while partially antagonizing the block in the atypical homozygote child. In both situations, the hexafluorenium-suxamethonium block appeared to be antidepolarizing in nature as indicated by tetanic fade and post-tetanic facilitation. It is concluded that, in man, hexafluorenium can modify the action of suxamethonium by two different mechanisms. In patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity, the anti-esterase effect predominates and results in marked potentiation of suxamethonium block, while in atypical homozygotes a direct antidepolarizing action at the neuromuscular junction may result in a diminished response."}
{"id": "PMID:1201168", "title": "A potentially serious complication with Swan-Ganz catheter placement by the percutaneous internal jugular route.", "content": "Percutaneous insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter through the internal jugular vein is presumed to have resulted in lodgement of the catheter tip in the wall of the internal carotid artery.", "contents": "A potentially serious complication with Swan-Ganz catheter placement by the percutaneous internal jugular route. Percutaneous insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter through the internal jugular vein is presumed to have resulted in lodgement of the catheter tip in the wall of the internal carotid artery."}
{"id": "PMID:1201169", "title": "Postoperative hypoglycaemic coma associated with chlorpropamide.", "content": "A 72-year-old male being treated with chlorpropamide for diabetes mellitus had an emergency operation for a perforated gastric ulcer. Hypoglycaemic coma occurred after the operation.", "contents": "Postoperative hypoglycaemic coma associated with chlorpropamide. A 72-year-old male being treated with chlorpropamide for diabetes mellitus had an emergency operation for a perforated gastric ulcer. Hypoglycaemic coma occurred after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1201184", "title": "Potassium supplements in patients treated with corticosteroids.", "content": "1. Preliminary studies are reported on 8 patients with lung disease given prednisone both with and without potassium supplements. 2. There were no abnormalities of plasma potassium but there was a relationship between the dose of prednisone and the urinary excretion of potassium whilst off supplements: higher doses were associated with increased potassium excretion. 3. Patients who had been on treatment for a short period retained more of their supplements than did those who had been on treatment for several years. 4. It is suggested that with prolonged treatment control of potassium homeostasis may be altered, and that more detailed metabolic studies should be carried out.", "contents": "Potassium supplements in patients treated with corticosteroids. 1. Preliminary studies are reported on 8 patients with lung disease given prednisone both with and without potassium supplements. 2. There were no abnormalities of plasma potassium but there was a relationship between the dose of prednisone and the urinary excretion of potassium whilst off supplements: higher doses were associated with increased potassium excretion. 3. Patients who had been on treatment for a short period retained more of their supplements than did those who had been on treatment for several years. 4. It is suggested that with prolonged treatment control of potassium homeostasis may be altered, and that more detailed metabolic studies should be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:1201185", "title": "Lung function in childhood. III. Measurement of airflow resistance in healthy children.", "content": "Indices of airflow resistance have been obtained in a group of 248 healthy London schoolchildren from recordings of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in 0-75 seconds (FEV 0-75) and maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) and two more direct methods, airways resistance (Raw) measured plethysmographyically and total respiratory resistance (PT) by the forced oscillation technique. The normal data are presented.", "contents": "Lung function in childhood. III. Measurement of airflow resistance in healthy children. Indices of airflow resistance have been obtained in a group of 248 healthy London schoolchildren from recordings of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in 0-75 seconds (FEV 0-75) and maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) and two more direct methods, airways resistance (Raw) measured plethysmographyically and total respiratory resistance (PT) by the forced oscillation technique. The normal data are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1201186", "title": "Treatment of advanced bronchogenic carcinoma with adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Thirty patients with an advanced bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with a combination of adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil; in eight the size of the tumour or its metastases was reduced by over 50%, and eight further patients experienced useful relief of symptoms. This drug combination is useful in the magagement of lung cancer.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced bronchogenic carcinoma with adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil. Thirty patients with an advanced bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with a combination of adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil; in eight the size of the tumour or its metastases was reduced by over 50%, and eight further patients experienced useful relief of symptoms. This drug combination is useful in the magagement of lung cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1201187", "title": "Sputum and serum levels of amoxycillin in chronic bronchial infections.", "content": "A study of 11 patients suffering from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchial infection, all with purulent (Mp+++) sputum, showed that good penetration of amoxycillin into such sputum occurs. The levels of amoxycillin in sputum doubled proportionally with the oral dose, at least up to dosages of 2 g. High dosages or oral amoxycillin may therefore, be advantageous in the treatment of chronic bronchial infection. In a study of 30 chronic bronchitic patients, whose sputum varied in purulence from mucoid to purulent (Mp+++) the concentration of amoxycillin in sputum containing approximately 50% pus (Mp++) was significantly higher than that in any other degree of purulence. These results indicate that amoxycillin penetrates best into sputum at an intermediate degree of purulence.", "contents": "Sputum and serum levels of amoxycillin in chronic bronchial infections. A study of 11 patients suffering from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchial infection, all with purulent (Mp+++) sputum, showed that good penetration of amoxycillin into such sputum occurs. The levels of amoxycillin in sputum doubled proportionally with the oral dose, at least up to dosages of 2 g. High dosages or oral amoxycillin may therefore, be advantageous in the treatment of chronic bronchial infection. In a study of 30 chronic bronchitic patients, whose sputum varied in purulence from mucoid to purulent (Mp+++) the concentration of amoxycillin in sputum containing approximately 50% pus (Mp++) was significantly higher than that in any other degree of purulence. These results indicate that amoxycillin penetrates best into sputum at an intermediate degree of purulence."}
{"id": "PMID:1201188", "title": "Pigmented basal cell epithelioma. Light and electron microscopic studies on tumours and cell cultures.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies have been carried out on three pigmented basal cell epitheliomas and on cell cultures of two of these tumours, to determine the formation and transfer of pigment and the fine structure of the constituent cells. Scattered in the epithelial tumour buds were many functional melanocytes that contained melanosomes in various stages of development and whose morphology was essentially normal. Many melanophages were present in the dermal stroma, but few transferred melanosomes were to be found in the epithelial tumour cells. Tissue culture studies revealed that melanocytes were present among the proliferating islands of epithelial cells and these contained many melanosomes. However, few melanosomes were found in the epithelial cells. This study indicated a block in the transfer of pigment from the melanocyte to the basal epithelioma cells. Several of the cultured epithelial cells were found to contain dense bundles of filaments resembling amyloid. It is likely that they are abnormal tonofilaments resulting from the differentiation and keratinization of basal cells in vitro.", "contents": "Pigmented basal cell epithelioma. Light and electron microscopic studies on tumours and cell cultures. Light and electron microscopic studies have been carried out on three pigmented basal cell epitheliomas and on cell cultures of two of these tumours, to determine the formation and transfer of pigment and the fine structure of the constituent cells. Scattered in the epithelial tumour buds were many functional melanocytes that contained melanosomes in various stages of development and whose morphology was essentially normal. Many melanophages were present in the dermal stroma, but few transferred melanosomes were to be found in the epithelial tumour cells. Tissue culture studies revealed that melanocytes were present among the proliferating islands of epithelial cells and these contained many melanosomes. However, few melanosomes were found in the epithelial cells. This study indicated a block in the transfer of pigment from the melanocyte to the basal epithelioma cells. Several of the cultured epithelial cells were found to contain dense bundles of filaments resembling amyloid. It is likely that they are abnormal tonofilaments resulting from the differentiation and keratinization of basal cells in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1201189", "title": "Pigmentary demarcation lines. Comparison of Negroes with Japanese.", "content": "The natural pigmentary demarcation boundaries of the skin can be classified as: Group A--lines along the upper limb with variable trans-pectoral extension; Group B--lines along the lower limb; Group C--paired lines in median or paramedian course on the chest with midline abdominal extension; Group D--posteromedian demarcation; and Group E--bilaterally symmetrical, obliquely oriented hypopigmented macules on the chest. Groups A and C are the most distinct and occur in both Negroes and Japanese.", "contents": "Pigmentary demarcation lines. Comparison of Negroes with Japanese. The natural pigmentary demarcation boundaries of the skin can be classified as: Group A--lines along the upper limb with variable trans-pectoral extension; Group B--lines along the lower limb; Group C--paired lines in median or paramedian course on the chest with midline abdominal extension; Group D--posteromedian demarcation; and Group E--bilaterally symmetrical, obliquely oriented hypopigmented macules on the chest. Groups A and C are the most distinct and occur in both Negroes and Japanese."}
{"id": "PMID:1201190", "title": "Median rhomboid glossitis. Candidiasis and not a developmental anomaly.", "content": "Infection by Candida Albicans was found in all biopsies taken from ten patients presenting with midline lesions of the tongue which clinically presented as median rhomboid glossitis.", "contents": "Median rhomboid glossitis. Candidiasis and not a developmental anomaly. Infection by Candida Albicans was found in all biopsies taken from ten patients presenting with midline lesions of the tongue which clinically presented as median rhomboid glossitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201191", "title": "Dermo--epidermal adhesion and its effect on epidermal structure in the mouse.", "content": "Evidence is presented that dermo--epidermal adhesion is low in mouse ear. Consequently the pressure caused by mitotic activity in the basal epidermal layer is readily relieved by cell extrusion distally and the number of basal cells per unit skin area remains low. The rule then is that the number of distal cells per unit skin area must be equally low, and the epidermis is therefore thin. Conversely, dermo--epidermal adhesion is high in mouse sole-of-foot epidermis, and the mitotic pressure leads through cell crowding to a columnar basal epithelium. Furthermore, in the footpad centre, where adhesion is evidently highest, the baseline folds. With basal cell crowding and baseline folding there are more basal cells, and therefore more distal cells, per unit skin area. The epidermis is thick. Epidermal cells are regarded as equipotential. The different epidermal characteristics of the different body regions are determined by the combined actions of the local mitotic rate and the local strength of the dermal grip.", "contents": "Dermo--epidermal adhesion and its effect on epidermal structure in the mouse. Evidence is presented that dermo--epidermal adhesion is low in mouse ear. Consequently the pressure caused by mitotic activity in the basal epidermal layer is readily relieved by cell extrusion distally and the number of basal cells per unit skin area remains low. The rule then is that the number of distal cells per unit skin area must be equally low, and the epidermis is therefore thin. Conversely, dermo--epidermal adhesion is high in mouse sole-of-foot epidermis, and the mitotic pressure leads through cell crowding to a columnar basal epithelium. Furthermore, in the footpad centre, where adhesion is evidently highest, the baseline folds. With basal cell crowding and baseline folding there are more basal cells, and therefore more distal cells, per unit skin area. The epidermis is thick. Epidermal cells are regarded as equipotential. The different epidermal characteristics of the different body regions are determined by the combined actions of the local mitotic rate and the local strength of the dermal grip."}
{"id": "PMID:1201192", "title": "An improved method of assessing topical corticosteroid activity.", "content": "Topical application of ointment bases causes varying degrees of epidermal thickening in guinea-pigs. This is reproducible and can be accurately measured. Suppression of these changes was produced by addition of beta-methasone 17-valerate, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide and hydrocortisone acetate. The inhibitory effect of these steroids was related to the type of corticosteriod, its concentration and the ointment base. The effect was still evident at extremely high dilutions of the steroids and could be measured at concentrations as low as 5 X 10(-5) % of fluocinonide in FAPG. This technique has the merits of being reproducible, sensitive and accurate. It should find a place among existing methods in assaying the efficacy of topical corticosteroids and in aiding in the selection of bases most suitable for formulation of these preparations.", "contents": "An improved method of assessing topical corticosteroid activity. Topical application of ointment bases causes varying degrees of epidermal thickening in guinea-pigs. This is reproducible and can be accurately measured. Suppression of these changes was produced by addition of beta-methasone 17-valerate, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide and hydrocortisone acetate. The inhibitory effect of these steroids was related to the type of corticosteriod, its concentration and the ointment base. The effect was still evident at extremely high dilutions of the steroids and could be measured at concentrations as low as 5 X 10(-5) % of fluocinonide in FAPG. This technique has the merits of being reproducible, sensitive and accurate. It should find a place among existing methods in assaying the efficacy of topical corticosteroids and in aiding in the selection of bases most suitable for formulation of these preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:1201193", "title": "Lichen planus and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Three patients with ulcerative colitis and lichen planus are reported and similar cases in the literature discussed. Similarities in the pathology of the two conditions are outlined.", "contents": "Lichen planus and ulcerative colitis. Three patients with ulcerative colitis and lichen planus are reported and similar cases in the literature discussed. Similarities in the pathology of the two conditions are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1201195", "title": "The development of radioimmunoassays for fibrinogen degradation products: fragments D and E.", "content": "Fibrinogen degradation products, fragment D (FgD) and fragment E (FgE) have been measured in human serum by specific radioimmunoassays. In addition, the appearance of a neoantigenic determinant on FgD, revealed when fibrinogen is degraded by plasmin has been utilized to develop a specific radioimmunoassay for FgD in plasma (FgDneo). The reagents and conditions used in each assay are described in detail. The mean specific activity was 144 muCi/mug for 125I-labelled FgE and 82 muCi/mug for 125I-labelled FgD. Separation of antibody bound and free antigen was achieved using second antibody. The detection limits of the FgE, FgD and FgDneo assays were 0.8, 1.0 and 6.2 ng/ml respectively. The specificity of each assay with respect to fibrinogen and its degradation fragments has been assessed. Fibrinogen and fragment X cross-reacted markedly in both the FgE and FgD assays, whereas the cross-reaction of fibrinogen was abolished in the FgDneo assay, while the cross-reaction of fragment X was 10%, indicating gradual emergence of the neoantigenic site during digestion of fibriogen. The sensitivity, precision, and specificity of the radioimmunoassay systems described have major advantages over the existing procedures for the measurement of fibrinogen degradation products.", "contents": "The development of radioimmunoassays for fibrinogen degradation products: fragments D and E. Fibrinogen degradation products, fragment D (FgD) and fragment E (FgE) have been measured in human serum by specific radioimmunoassays. In addition, the appearance of a neoantigenic determinant on FgD, revealed when fibrinogen is degraded by plasmin has been utilized to develop a specific radioimmunoassay for FgD in plasma (FgDneo). The reagents and conditions used in each assay are described in detail. The mean specific activity was 144 muCi/mug for 125I-labelled FgE and 82 muCi/mug for 125I-labelled FgD. Separation of antibody bound and free antigen was achieved using second antibody. The detection limits of the FgE, FgD and FgDneo assays were 0.8, 1.0 and 6.2 ng/ml respectively. The specificity of each assay with respect to fibrinogen and its degradation fragments has been assessed. Fibrinogen and fragment X cross-reacted markedly in both the FgE and FgD assays, whereas the cross-reaction of fibrinogen was abolished in the FgDneo assay, while the cross-reaction of fragment X was 10%, indicating gradual emergence of the neoantigenic site during digestion of fibriogen. The sensitivity, precision, and specificity of the radioimmunoassay systems described have major advantages over the existing procedures for the measurement of fibrinogen degradation products."}
{"id": "PMID:1201196", "title": "The subcellular localization of the erythrostimulant factors present in the kidney and spleen of the rabbit.", "content": "The subcellular localization of erythrostimulant factors contained in the kidney and spleen of the rabbit have been studied. This was done by subjecting homogenates to fractionation by centrifugation and assessing the erythrostimulant capacity of the hypotonic extracts prepared from the various fractions thus obtained.  The results of these studies show that the erythrostimulant factors are present in the light mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the normal kidney. In conditions of anaemia they are to be found not only in the above-mentioned fractions but also in the mitochondrial fraction. By contrast, in the spleen such factors are present only in the mitochondrial fraction. It is likely that the different localization of the erythrostimulant factors in the kidney and in the spleen of the rabbit may be closely connected with the different functions performed by these organs in the humoral regulation of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "The subcellular localization of the erythrostimulant factors present in the kidney and spleen of the rabbit. The subcellular localization of erythrostimulant factors contained in the kidney and spleen of the rabbit have been studied. This was done by subjecting homogenates to fractionation by centrifugation and assessing the erythrostimulant capacity of the hypotonic extracts prepared from the various fractions thus obtained.  The results of these studies show that the erythrostimulant factors are present in the light mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the normal kidney. In conditions of anaemia they are to be found not only in the above-mentioned fractions but also in the mitochondrial fraction. By contrast, in the spleen such factors are present only in the mitochondrial fraction. It is likely that the different localization of the erythrostimulant factors in the kidney and in the spleen of the rabbit may be closely connected with the different functions performed by these organs in the humoral regulation of erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201197", "title": "Globin chain synthesis in the greek type (A gamma) of hereditary persisitence of fetal haemoglobin.", "content": "Globin chain synthesis was studied in a family with both the Greek (Agamma) type of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin and beta thalassaemia. The ratio of alpha/(gamma+beta+delta) chain synthesis in the hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH) heterozygotes was 0.97 while in the HPFH/beta-thalassaemia heterozygote it was 2.14. However, calculation of the amounts of haemoglobin synthesized per cell suggests that in the HPFH/beta-thalassaemia heterozygote, the beta- and Agamma-chain genes in cis to the HPFH determinant are unable to compensate for the deficiency of chains imposed by the beta-thalassaemia gene in trans and that the increased synthesis of Hb F is directed by the gamma-chain genes located on the beta-thalassaemia chromosome. The data suggest that synthesis of beta and Agamma chains in the Greek HPFH is fixed at a 'preset' level and indicate that the defect might be due to an abnormality in the rate of transcription of the closely linked beta-, delta- and gamma-chain genes.", "contents": "Globin chain synthesis in the greek type (A gamma) of hereditary persisitence of fetal haemoglobin. Globin chain synthesis was studied in a family with both the Greek (Agamma) type of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin and beta thalassaemia. The ratio of alpha/(gamma+beta+delta) chain synthesis in the hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH) heterozygotes was 0.97 while in the HPFH/beta-thalassaemia heterozygote it was 2.14. However, calculation of the amounts of haemoglobin synthesized per cell suggests that in the HPFH/beta-thalassaemia heterozygote, the beta- and Agamma-chain genes in cis to the HPFH determinant are unable to compensate for the deficiency of chains imposed by the beta-thalassaemia gene in trans and that the increased synthesis of Hb F is directed by the gamma-chain genes located on the beta-thalassaemia chromosome. The data suggest that synthesis of beta and Agamma chains in the Greek HPFH is fixed at a 'preset' level and indicate that the defect might be due to an abnormality in the rate of transcription of the closely linked beta-, delta- and gamma-chain genes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201198", "title": "Four new pyruvate kinase (PK) variants and a classical PK deficiency.", "content": "Four new red-cell pyruvate kinase (PK) variants are presented along with one case of so-called classical type PK deficiency. PK 'Tokyo II' had a low activity, Km (PEP) and Vmax, but a normal urea stability and only slight deviation from normal in neutralization tests by antiserum. It had a normal nucleotide specificity, abnormal electrophoretic mobility (fast moving) and the variant was associated with a mild hemolytic anaemia. PK 'Maebashi' had a low activity, high Km (PEP), low Vmax, urea instability, decreased reactivity to antiserum, normal electrophoretic mobility, normal nucleotide specificity and was associated with a moderate haemolytic anaemia. PK 'Tsukiji' had low activity, high Km (PEP), markedly high Vmax, urea instability, decreased reactivity to antiserum, abnormal electrophoretic mobility (fast moving) and grossly abnormal nucleotide specificity especially abnormal behaviour to ADP. The haemolytic process in this case was moderate to severe. PK 'Ube' was electrophoretically abnormal (fast moving) but otherwise had normal characteristics and the propositus was healthy and not anaemic. PK 'Ube' was found by electrophoretic screening for genetic PK polymorphism. In the classical type PK deficiency, the usual red-cell PK (PK-R1 and PK-R2) was not demonstrable by electrophoresis but instead M2-type PK was present, presumably by compensatory process. Kinetic studies confirmed that the patient's red-cell PK consisted of M2-type PK. This patient had a severe haemolytic anaemia.", "contents": "Four new pyruvate kinase (PK) variants and a classical PK deficiency. Four new red-cell pyruvate kinase (PK) variants are presented along with one case of so-called classical type PK deficiency. PK 'Tokyo II' had a low activity, Km (PEP) and Vmax, but a normal urea stability and only slight deviation from normal in neutralization tests by antiserum. It had a normal nucleotide specificity, abnormal electrophoretic mobility (fast moving) and the variant was associated with a mild hemolytic anaemia. PK 'Maebashi' had a low activity, high Km (PEP), low Vmax, urea instability, decreased reactivity to antiserum, normal electrophoretic mobility, normal nucleotide specificity and was associated with a moderate haemolytic anaemia. PK 'Tsukiji' had low activity, high Km (PEP), markedly high Vmax, urea instability, decreased reactivity to antiserum, abnormal electrophoretic mobility (fast moving) and grossly abnormal nucleotide specificity especially abnormal behaviour to ADP. The haemolytic process in this case was moderate to severe. PK 'Ube' was electrophoretically abnormal (fast moving) but otherwise had normal characteristics and the propositus was healthy and not anaemic. PK 'Ube' was found by electrophoretic screening for genetic PK polymorphism. In the classical type PK deficiency, the usual red-cell PK (PK-R1 and PK-R2) was not demonstrable by electrophoresis but instead M2-type PK was present, presumably by compensatory process. Kinetic studies confirmed that the patient's red-cell PK consisted of M2-type PK. This patient had a severe haemolytic anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1201199", "title": "Chamber centrifugation: a harvesting technique for estimation of the growth of human haemopoietic cells in diffusion chambers.", "content": "A harvesting technique which gives information about the spatial relationships between cells grown in diffusion chambers in mice has been designed. The principle is that cells are centrifuged directly from the chamber clot onto a slide during pronase treatment. The technique has been applied to normal human bone marrow cells grown in diffusion chambers. The slides show that the cells are situated in clusters. A limiting dilution assay of progenitor cells based on the presence of granulopoietic clusters in the chambers demonstrates the use of the method for quantitation of progenitor cells.", "contents": "Chamber centrifugation: a harvesting technique for estimation of the growth of human haemopoietic cells in diffusion chambers. A harvesting technique which gives information about the spatial relationships between cells grown in diffusion chambers in mice has been designed. The principle is that cells are centrifuged directly from the chamber clot onto a slide during pronase treatment. The technique has been applied to normal human bone marrow cells grown in diffusion chambers. The slides show that the cells are situated in clusters. A limiting dilution assay of progenitor cells based on the presence of granulopoietic clusters in the chambers demonstrates the use of the method for quantitation of progenitor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1201200", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in patients with paraproteinaemia.", "content": "The transformation of lymphocytes in cultures with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was carried out during treatment on 28 patients with paraproteinaemia and on 20 control subjects. 78.5% of the peripheral blood lymphocyte short-term cultures from the treated patients showed a subnormal PHA-induced but high PWM-induced lymphocyte transformation. The other 21.5% of the treated patients had a normal pattern of lymphocyte transformation. Eight of 12 untreated patients with multiple myelomatosis and four of five untreated patients with benign paraproteinaemia also had a subnormal lymphocyte transformation to PHA but a high response to PWM. Serial lymphocyte transformation studies in eight of 18 myeloma patients during chemotherapy revealed that the initial subnormal lymphocyte transformation to PHA subsequently became higher than that to PWM. 82% of the bone marrow cultures from the patients showed a higher PWM-induced than PHA-induced lymphocyte response, also suggesting a B cell type of disease. In both dose response and time dependent investigations peak transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes did not always coincide.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in patients with paraproteinaemia. The transformation of lymphocytes in cultures with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was carried out during treatment on 28 patients with paraproteinaemia and on 20 control subjects. 78.5% of the peripheral blood lymphocyte short-term cultures from the treated patients showed a subnormal PHA-induced but high PWM-induced lymphocyte transformation. The other 21.5% of the treated patients had a normal pattern of lymphocyte transformation. Eight of 12 untreated patients with multiple myelomatosis and four of five untreated patients with benign paraproteinaemia also had a subnormal lymphocyte transformation to PHA but a high response to PWM. Serial lymphocyte transformation studies in eight of 18 myeloma patients during chemotherapy revealed that the initial subnormal lymphocyte transformation to PHA subsequently became higher than that to PWM. 82% of the bone marrow cultures from the patients showed a higher PWM-induced than PHA-induced lymphocyte response, also suggesting a B cell type of disease. In both dose response and time dependent investigations peak transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes did not always coincide."}
{"id": "PMID:1201202", "title": "The effect of various cytotoxic agents on bone marrow progenitor cells as measured by diffusion chamber assays.", "content": "Two diffusion chamber assays, termed the 'Full\" chamber technique and the 'Empty' chamber technique, have been used to determine the effect of various doses of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine and busulphan on the population of diffusion chamber progenitor cells (DCPC). The diffusion chamber dose-response curves were compared to the progenitor cell survivals estimated by the spleen colony technique. The in vitro agar colony assay was also performed on the busulphan-treated marrow. The diffusion chamber and spleen colony techniques estimated similar survivals after cyclophosphamide and vinblastine treatment. However, with busulphan, the chamber, spleen colony and agar colony methods estimated different survivals. The indication is that the diffusion chamber techniques assay the same population of cells as the spleen colony technique, and that busulphan alters the capacity of surviving DCPC to generate granulocytes and macrophages.", "contents": "The effect of various cytotoxic agents on bone marrow progenitor cells as measured by diffusion chamber assays. Two diffusion chamber assays, termed the 'Full\" chamber technique and the 'Empty' chamber technique, have been used to determine the effect of various doses of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine and busulphan on the population of diffusion chamber progenitor cells (DCPC). The diffusion chamber dose-response curves were compared to the progenitor cell survivals estimated by the spleen colony technique. The in vitro agar colony assay was also performed on the busulphan-treated marrow. The diffusion chamber and spleen colony techniques estimated similar survivals after cyclophosphamide and vinblastine treatment. However, with busulphan, the chamber, spleen colony and agar colony methods estimated different survivals. The indication is that the diffusion chamber techniques assay the same population of cells as the spleen colony technique, and that busulphan alters the capacity of surviving DCPC to generate granulocytes and macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:1201203", "title": "Kinetic studies of 51Cr and DF32P labelled granulocytes.", "content": "In vivo kinetic studies of granulocytes labelled in vitro with 51Cr and DF32P were carried out in nine haematologically normal subjects by isolation of the cells in the blood samples by the Ficoll-Isopaque flotation method. 51Cr and 32P specific activity of blood samples made of 93-98% granulocytes was studied. Distribution between marginated and circulating granulocyte pools was identical for both labelled cells and the marginated pool was similar to the circulating pool, except that it was lower in one subject who had a previous splenectomy. The half-disappearance time (T 1/2) was 16.1+/-2.2 h for 51Cr-labelled and 5.4+/-2.1 hr for DF32P-labelled granulocytes. In one case of a normal subject who previously received multiple transfusion homologous 51Cr-labelled granulocytes had a T 1/2 of less than 1 h.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of 51Cr and DF32P labelled granulocytes. In vivo kinetic studies of granulocytes labelled in vitro with 51Cr and DF32P were carried out in nine haematologically normal subjects by isolation of the cells in the blood samples by the Ficoll-Isopaque flotation method. 51Cr and 32P specific activity of blood samples made of 93-98% granulocytes was studied. Distribution between marginated and circulating granulocyte pools was identical for both labelled cells and the marginated pool was similar to the circulating pool, except that it was lower in one subject who had a previous splenectomy. The half-disappearance time (T 1/2) was 16.1+/-2.2 h for 51Cr-labelled and 5.4+/-2.1 hr for DF32P-labelled granulocytes. In one case of a normal subject who previously received multiple transfusion homologous 51Cr-labelled granulocytes had a T 1/2 of less than 1 h."}
{"id": "PMID:1201204", "title": "The use of an image analysing computer for the quantitation of red cell morphological characteristics.", "content": "Measurements of integrated optical density and projected area of red cells have been made on Romanowsky-stained blood films from 25 subjects using an image analysing computer. Close correlation was observed between mean cell projected area and MCV and between mean cell integrated optical density and MCH. Mean values for the quotient of cell integrated density/cell projected area (mean cell colour density) correlated with MCHC. Varieties of cell area and colour density correlated subjectively with anisocytosis and anisochromasia, and histograms of these parameters demonstrated dual populations. The clinical application of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The use of an image analysing computer for the quantitation of red cell morphological characteristics. Measurements of integrated optical density and projected area of red cells have been made on Romanowsky-stained blood films from 25 subjects using an image analysing computer. Close correlation was observed between mean cell projected area and MCV and between mean cell integrated optical density and MCH. Mean values for the quotient of cell integrated density/cell projected area (mean cell colour density) correlated with MCHC. Varieties of cell area and colour density correlated subjectively with anisocytosis and anisochromasia, and histograms of these parameters demonstrated dual populations. The clinical application of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201205", "title": "Measurement of heparin in patients receiving subcutaneous heparin therapy.", "content": "Heparin assays based on four different tests of clotting function have been compared with a heparin assay utilizing the potentiating effect of heparin on anti-factor Xa in a group of patients receiving subcutaneous heparin therapy during late pregnancy. It is considered that the anti-factor Xa method is a better indication of the antithrombotic effect of heparin. In the presence of high levels of clotting factors, heparin assays based on tests of clotting function can be misleading.", "contents": "Measurement of heparin in patients receiving subcutaneous heparin therapy. Heparin assays based on four different tests of clotting function have been compared with a heparin assay utilizing the potentiating effect of heparin on anti-factor Xa in a group of patients receiving subcutaneous heparin therapy during late pregnancy. It is considered that the anti-factor Xa method is a better indication of the antithrombotic effect of heparin. In the presence of high levels of clotting factors, heparin assays based on tests of clotting function can be misleading."}
{"id": "PMID:1201206", "title": "A comparison between radioimmunoassay and other immunological techniques for the measurement of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products in serum.", "content": "Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP) have been measured in serum by radioimmunoassay for fragment E (FgE), one of the terminal fragments in plasmic digestion of fibrinogen, and the results compared with those determined by both a tanned red cell haemagglutination inhibiton immunoassay (TRCHII) and a latex particle agglutination inhibition immunoassay. The detection limit of the FgE assay was 0.8 ng/ml, that of TRCHII was 625 ng/ml and the latex particle agglunitaion inhibition immunoassay was 10 mug/ml. All the samples measured had detectable levels of FDP with the FgE assay, whereas only 88% were measurable with the TRCHII and 2% by the latex particle agglutination inhibition immunoassay. A comparison of those samples giving a positive result with both the TRCHII and FgE assay showed overall agreement between the results of the two types of assay, but there was considerable scatter of FgE levels at each point of the TRCHII. The major advantages of the radioimmunoassay system are greater sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility.", "contents": "A comparison between radioimmunoassay and other immunological techniques for the measurement of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products in serum. Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP) have been measured in serum by radioimmunoassay for fragment E (FgE), one of the terminal fragments in plasmic digestion of fibrinogen, and the results compared with those determined by both a tanned red cell haemagglutination inhibiton immunoassay (TRCHII) and a latex particle agglutination inhibition immunoassay. The detection limit of the FgE assay was 0.8 ng/ml, that of TRCHII was 625 ng/ml and the latex particle agglunitaion inhibition immunoassay was 10 mug/ml. All the samples measured had detectable levels of FDP with the FgE assay, whereas only 88% were measurable with the TRCHII and 2% by the latex particle agglutination inhibition immunoassay. A comparison of those samples giving a positive result with both the TRCHII and FgE assay showed overall agreement between the results of the two types of assay, but there was considerable scatter of FgE levels at each point of the TRCHII. The major advantages of the radioimmunoassay system are greater sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility."}
{"id": "PMID:1201207", "title": "Coagulation changes during the steady state in homozygous sickle-cell disease in Jamaica.", "content": "Coagulation studies were carried out in 117 Jamaicans with homozygous sickle-cell disease in the steady state, and 40 local controls. The patients had significantly higher factor-VIII levels, higher platelet counts, lower factor-V and plasminogen levels, shorter thrombin times and higher serum fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) than the control group. The low factor-V and plasminogen levels, and high FDP levels, might be explained by activation of the coagulation system and continuous clot lysis even in the absence of painful crisis. The high factor-VIII levels and short thrombin times found in these patients could not be explained.", "contents": "Coagulation changes during the steady state in homozygous sickle-cell disease in Jamaica. Coagulation studies were carried out in 117 Jamaicans with homozygous sickle-cell disease in the steady state, and 40 local controls. The patients had significantly higher factor-VIII levels, higher platelet counts, lower factor-V and plasminogen levels, shorter thrombin times and higher serum fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) than the control group. The low factor-V and plasminogen levels, and high FDP levels, might be explained by activation of the coagulation system and continuous clot lysis even in the absence of painful crisis. The high factor-VIII levels and short thrombin times found in these patients could not be explained."}
{"id": "PMID:1201208", "title": "Erythraemia due to haemoglobin San Diego.", "content": "A 63-year-old man with erythraemia was found to have a high affinity haemoglobin which was subsequently identified as Hb San Diego beta 109 (G11) Val leads to Met, recently described in a Filipino family (Nute et al, 1974). The oxygen affinity of the haemolysates was increased approximately two-fold at pH values between 6.04 and 7.90. The n value was nearly normal (2.5-2.9) in the upper range of saturation (70-95% oxygenation) but was somewhat diminished (1.9-2.1) below this range. In vitro biosynthesis of globin by reticulocytes showed that there was balanced synthesis of alpha and beta chains (alpha:beta ratio = 1).", "contents": "Erythraemia due to haemoglobin San Diego. A 63-year-old man with erythraemia was found to have a high affinity haemoglobin which was subsequently identified as Hb San Diego beta 109 (G11) Val leads to Met, recently described in a Filipino family (Nute et al, 1974). The oxygen affinity of the haemolysates was increased approximately two-fold at pH values between 6.04 and 7.90. The n value was nearly normal (2.5-2.9) in the upper range of saturation (70-95% oxygenation) but was somewhat diminished (1.9-2.1) below this range. In vitro biosynthesis of globin by reticulocytes showed that there was balanced synthesis of alpha and beta chains (alpha:beta ratio = 1)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201209", "title": "The oxygen affinity of haemoglobin E.", "content": "Oxygen dissociation studies were carried out on haemoglobin E (Hb E) at both high and low haemoglobin concentrations. Oxygen affinities of fresh red cells from three people homozygous for Hb E and from one with Hb E-beta thalassaemia (Hb-E trait/beta-thal trait) were low in three out of four patients studied, while the oxygen affinity of red cells from an individual with Hb-E was normal 2,3-DPG concentration in the fresh cells from the people with homozygous Hb E or Hb-E trait/beta-thal trait which showed low oxygen affinities were elevated sufficiently to account for the shifts observed. When the cells from two of these people with homozygous Hb E were depleted of 2,3-DPG. their oxygen affinities became the same as that of similarly treated normal cells. Pure 'stripped' Hb E in dilute solution behaved identically to Hb A in respect of P50, Bohr shift, haem-haem interaction, and interaction with inorganic phosphate or 2,3-DPG. Hb E, therefore, has the same oxypgen dissociation properties as Hb A both in dilute solution and in the red cell. The low oxygen affinities found in the fresh cells and in whole blood are caused by high 2,3-DPG concentrations within the cell.", "contents": "The oxygen affinity of haemoglobin E. Oxygen dissociation studies were carried out on haemoglobin E (Hb E) at both high and low haemoglobin concentrations. Oxygen affinities of fresh red cells from three people homozygous for Hb E and from one with Hb E-beta thalassaemia (Hb-E trait/beta-thal trait) were low in three out of four patients studied, while the oxygen affinity of red cells from an individual with Hb-E was normal 2,3-DPG concentration in the fresh cells from the people with homozygous Hb E or Hb-E trait/beta-thal trait which showed low oxygen affinities were elevated sufficiently to account for the shifts observed. When the cells from two of these people with homozygous Hb E were depleted of 2,3-DPG. their oxygen affinities became the same as that of similarly treated normal cells. Pure 'stripped' Hb E in dilute solution behaved identically to Hb A in respect of P50, Bohr shift, haem-haem interaction, and interaction with inorganic phosphate or 2,3-DPG. Hb E, therefore, has the same oxypgen dissociation properties as Hb A both in dilute solution and in the red cell. The low oxygen affinities found in the fresh cells and in whole blood are caused by high 2,3-DPG concentrations within the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1201210", "title": "The oxygen affinity of haemoglobin Hammersmith.", "content": "Oxygen dissociation studies were carried out on red cells and lysates from a patient heterozygous for Hb Hammersmith. The oxygen affinity of the cells at pH 7.1 was decreased, partly by an increased cellular concentration of 2,3-DPG and more importantly by an intrinsic low affinity of Hb Hammersmity. Haem-haem interactions were reduced and an abnormal Bohr effect (pH 7.1-7.4) was found in the cells which would bring about an additional decrease in oxygen affinity at physiological pH. Oxygen dissociation studies on the lysates showed a low oxygen affinity, a normal Bohr effect at 50% saturation, slightly decreased haem-haem interactions and a normal interaction with 2,3-DPG. Estimation of the percentage of Hb Hammersmith in the lysates of the patient's cells by selective precipitation of the abnormal beta chain with p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) showed the presence of 30-33% abnormal haemoglobin. Assuming no interaction between the Hb A and the Hb Hammersmith, oxygen dissociation curves were calculated for Hb Hammersmith alone and these indicated that it has greatly decreased oxygen affinity, a normal Bohr effect, normal 2,3-DPG interaction and (somewhat) decreased haem-haem interactions.", "contents": "The oxygen affinity of haemoglobin Hammersmith. Oxygen dissociation studies were carried out on red cells and lysates from a patient heterozygous for Hb Hammersmith. The oxygen affinity of the cells at pH 7.1 was decreased, partly by an increased cellular concentration of 2,3-DPG and more importantly by an intrinsic low affinity of Hb Hammersmity. Haem-haem interactions were reduced and an abnormal Bohr effect (pH 7.1-7.4) was found in the cells which would bring about an additional decrease in oxygen affinity at physiological pH. Oxygen dissociation studies on the lysates showed a low oxygen affinity, a normal Bohr effect at 50% saturation, slightly decreased haem-haem interactions and a normal interaction with 2,3-DPG. Estimation of the percentage of Hb Hammersmith in the lysates of the patient's cells by selective precipitation of the abnormal beta chain with p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) showed the presence of 30-33% abnormal haemoglobin. Assuming no interaction between the Hb A and the Hb Hammersmith, oxygen dissociation curves were calculated for Hb Hammersmith alone and these indicated that it has greatly decreased oxygen affinity, a normal Bohr effect, normal 2,3-DPG interaction and (somewhat) decreased haem-haem interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1201212", "title": "Investigations on antithrombin III in normal plasma and serum.", "content": "Studies on antithrombin III (AT-III) were made by a modification of the two dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis technique and gel filtration. Mixing various quantities of heparin with agarose in the first phase of electrophoresis, AT-III from normal human plasma and serum revealed a heterogeneity which depended on the heparin concentration in the agarose gel. At heparin concentrations higher than 16 u/ml, AT-III displayed three components with different electrophoretic mobilities. The component with the highest mobility (designated immunoantithrombin III1 : IAT-III1) dominated in plasma. In normal serum, however, the quantity of this component was decreased and the two other peaks with a slower electrophoretic mobility (IAT-III2 and IAT-III3) became more evident. Normal human plasma and serum were filtered on Sephadex G-200 and the AT-III concentration measured in the fractions by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The peaks of AT-111 were found in the same fractions for both plasma and serum and were coincident with the albumin peak of the plasma proteins. However, in the case of serum the AT-III concentration decreased less sharply in those fractions with higher molecular weight than in the corresponding plasma fractions. Analysis of these fractions by crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed that the two components with slower electrophoretic mobility (IAT-III2 and IAT-III3) had higher molecular size than IAT-III1, that the concentration of IAT-III2 and IAT-III3 was significantly higher in serum, and that the high molecular weight components in plasma and serum were qualitatively identical. It is concluded that high molecular weight complexes between AT-III and activated coagulation factors may be present in normally circulating blood and that their detection and possibly quantitation can be achieved using the heparin/agarose crossed immunoelectrophoresis system.", "contents": "Investigations on antithrombin III in normal plasma and serum. Studies on antithrombin III (AT-III) were made by a modification of the two dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis technique and gel filtration. Mixing various quantities of heparin with agarose in the first phase of electrophoresis, AT-III from normal human plasma and serum revealed a heterogeneity which depended on the heparin concentration in the agarose gel. At heparin concentrations higher than 16 u/ml, AT-III displayed three components with different electrophoretic mobilities. The component with the highest mobility (designated immunoantithrombin III1 : IAT-III1) dominated in plasma. In normal serum, however, the quantity of this component was decreased and the two other peaks with a slower electrophoretic mobility (IAT-III2 and IAT-III3) became more evident. Normal human plasma and serum were filtered on Sephadex G-200 and the AT-III concentration measured in the fractions by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The peaks of AT-111 were found in the same fractions for both plasma and serum and were coincident with the albumin peak of the plasma proteins. However, in the case of serum the AT-III concentration decreased less sharply in those fractions with higher molecular weight than in the corresponding plasma fractions. Analysis of these fractions by crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed that the two components with slower electrophoretic mobility (IAT-III2 and IAT-III3) had higher molecular size than IAT-III1, that the concentration of IAT-III2 and IAT-III3 was significantly higher in serum, and that the high molecular weight components in plasma and serum were qualitatively identical. It is concluded that high molecular weight complexes between AT-III and activated coagulation factors may be present in normally circulating blood and that their detection and possibly quantitation can be achieved using the heparin/agarose crossed immunoelectrophoresis system."}
{"id": "PMID:1201213", "title": "Surface features of human eosinophils: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of a case of eosinophilia.", "content": "Cells were obtained from the peripheral blood of a patient with marked non-leukaemic eosinophilia. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed typical mature eosinophils. The surface architecture of eosinophils by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that most were spherical with varying numbers of microvilli; a smaller proportion of cells had ridge-like profiles, small ruffles and occasionally blebs. The surface features of the eosinophil thus resemble most lymphocytes and this finding must be considered when leucocyte populations are examined by SEM.", "contents": "Surface features of human eosinophils: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of a case of eosinophilia. Cells were obtained from the peripheral blood of a patient with marked non-leukaemic eosinophilia. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed typical mature eosinophils. The surface architecture of eosinophils by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that most were spherical with varying numbers of microvilli; a smaller proportion of cells had ridge-like profiles, small ruffles and occasionally blebs. The surface features of the eosinophil thus resemble most lymphocytes and this finding must be considered when leucocyte populations are examined by SEM."}
{"id": "PMID:1201214", "title": "The endotoxin-induced coagulant activity of human monocytes.", "content": "Leucocyte suspensions, exposed to endotoxin in vitro, develop coagulant activity which has been identified as tissue factor. Pure suspensions of polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes were exposed to endotoxin and tested for tissue factor activity after 4 h incubation at 37 degrees C. The results indicate that the monocyte is the cell primarily responsible for the endotoxin-induced coagulant activity of mixed leucocyte suspensions, the small amount of activity demonstrated in PMN neutrophil and in lymphocyte suspensions at high cell concentrations being accounted for by monocyte contamination of less than 1%.", "contents": "The endotoxin-induced coagulant activity of human monocytes. Leucocyte suspensions, exposed to endotoxin in vitro, develop coagulant activity which has been identified as tissue factor. Pure suspensions of polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes were exposed to endotoxin and tested for tissue factor activity after 4 h incubation at 37 degrees C. The results indicate that the monocyte is the cell primarily responsible for the endotoxin-induced coagulant activity of mixed leucocyte suspensions, the small amount of activity demonstrated in PMN neutrophil and in lymphocyte suspensions at high cell concentrations being accounted for by monocyte contamination of less than 1%."}
{"id": "PMID:1201215", "title": "The concentration dependence of the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin S.", "content": "The effect of the concentration of haemoglobin S (Hb S) on its oxygen-dissociation properties was studied using either reconstituted Hb-S cells of different mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations (MCHCs) prepared by osmotic lysis, or cells in which Hb S is diluted by the presence of another haemoglobin. Only 4% (phosphate buffer) and 21%(bis Tris) of the low oxygen affinity of fresh Hb-S cells was found to be due to their slightly elevated intracellular 2,3-DPG concentrations since when the cells were depleted of 2,3-DPG most of the low affinity remained. The low affinity showed a marked dependence upon haemoglobin concentration which was absent for 2,3-DPG-depleted Hb-A cells and, by extrapolation, the MCHC at which the oxygen affinities of the Hb-S cells became identical to that of the Hb-A cells was 14.5 g/dl in phosphate buffer and 13.1 g/dl in bis Tris. Both fresh and 2,3-DPG-depleted cells containing another haemoglobin as well as Hb S (Hb-SA, Hb-SC and Hb-SF cells) were also found to have low oxygen affinities provided that the intracellular Hb-S concentration(MC(Hb-S)C) was above a certain level. These also showed a strong dependence upon the MC(Hb-S)C. The mean MC(Hb-S)C at which the low oxygen affinities of the DPG-depleted cells were abolished were 8.3 g/dl (phosphate) and 11.2 g/dl (bis Tris). Hb F in fresh Hb-SF cells brought about a much greater increase in oxygen affinity than the same amount of either Hb A or Hb C. In 2,3-DPG depleted cells Hb A showed a greater ability to 'dilute' the Hb S than did Hb C. The conditions for the low oxygen affinity of Hb S were therefore found to be very similar to those required for the gelling of both pure Hb S, and Hb S in haemoglobin mixtures. It was concluded therefore that the low oxygen affinity of the Hb S was caused by the polymerization and that the difference between the oxygen affinities of Hb-S and Hb-A cells may be used as a measure of the polymerization process.", "contents": "The concentration dependence of the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin S. The effect of the concentration of haemoglobin S (Hb S) on its oxygen-dissociation properties was studied using either reconstituted Hb-S cells of different mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations (MCHCs) prepared by osmotic lysis, or cells in which Hb S is diluted by the presence of another haemoglobin. Only 4% (phosphate buffer) and 21%(bis Tris) of the low oxygen affinity of fresh Hb-S cells was found to be due to their slightly elevated intracellular 2,3-DPG concentrations since when the cells were depleted of 2,3-DPG most of the low affinity remained. The low affinity showed a marked dependence upon haemoglobin concentration which was absent for 2,3-DPG-depleted Hb-A cells and, by extrapolation, the MCHC at which the oxygen affinities of the Hb-S cells became identical to that of the Hb-A cells was 14.5 g/dl in phosphate buffer and 13.1 g/dl in bis Tris. Both fresh and 2,3-DPG-depleted cells containing another haemoglobin as well as Hb S (Hb-SA, Hb-SC and Hb-SF cells) were also found to have low oxygen affinities provided that the intracellular Hb-S concentration(MC(Hb-S)C) was above a certain level. These also showed a strong dependence upon the MC(Hb-S)C. The mean MC(Hb-S)C at which the low oxygen affinities of the DPG-depleted cells were abolished were 8.3 g/dl (phosphate) and 11.2 g/dl (bis Tris). Hb F in fresh Hb-SF cells brought about a much greater increase in oxygen affinity than the same amount of either Hb A or Hb C. In 2,3-DPG depleted cells Hb A showed a greater ability to 'dilute' the Hb S than did Hb C. The conditions for the low oxygen affinity of Hb S were therefore found to be very similar to those required for the gelling of both pure Hb S, and Hb S in haemoglobin mixtures. It was concluded therefore that the low oxygen affinity of the Hb S was caused by the polymerization and that the difference between the oxygen affinities of Hb-S and Hb-A cells may be used as a measure of the polymerization process."}
{"id": "PMID:1201216", "title": "Haemoglobin C/alpha thalassaemia: haematological and biosynthetic studies.", "content": "A family with genes for haemoglobin C (Hb C) and alpha thalassaemia was studied. The mother had Hb-C trait. The father also had Hb-C trait but in addition displayed microcytosis, elevated Hb-F levels and a concentration of Hb-C less than usual for heterozygotes. The proband was homozygous for Hb-C but had Hb-F levels far exceeding those present in Hb-C disease. Biosynthetic studies of globin synthesis in both father and daughter showed a deficit of alpha chains relative to non-alpha chains, confirming the presence of alpha thalassaemia. The coexistence of alpha thalassaemia influences the level of mutant haemoglobin in haemoglobinopathies in which Hb C is present, in a fashion similar to that observed in sickle-cell trait.", "contents": "Haemoglobin C/alpha thalassaemia: haematological and biosynthetic studies. A family with genes for haemoglobin C (Hb C) and alpha thalassaemia was studied. The mother had Hb-C trait. The father also had Hb-C trait but in addition displayed microcytosis, elevated Hb-F levels and a concentration of Hb-C less than usual for heterozygotes. The proband was homozygous for Hb-C but had Hb-F levels far exceeding those present in Hb-C disease. Biosynthetic studies of globin synthesis in both father and daughter showed a deficit of alpha chains relative to non-alpha chains, confirming the presence of alpha thalassaemia. The coexistence of alpha thalassaemia influences the level of mutant haemoglobin in haemoglobinopathies in which Hb C is present, in a fashion similar to that observed in sickle-cell trait."}
{"id": "PMID:1201217", "title": "G6PD hillbrow: a new variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase associated with drug-induced haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "A new genetic variant of the red cell enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is described. It was observed in a patient presenting with severe haemolytic anaemia and renal failure following ingestion of an overdose of Beserol (paracetamol and chlormezanone). The enzyme in the red cell had 12% of the activity of a normal B+ control, but only slightly lower activity in the kidney compared with a normal control. The red cell enzyme showed normal electrophoretic mobility and thermostability, a biphasic pH optimum curve, higher than normal utilization of the substrate analogues 2-deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate and deamino-NADP, and lower than normal Michaelis constants for both substrates, glucose-6-phosphate and NADP. The enzyme was strongly inhibited in vitro by high concentrations of paracetamol and chlormezanone. The extent of inhibition was similar to that for the enzyme from a normal B+ individual.", "contents": "G6PD hillbrow: a new variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase associated with drug-induced haemolytic anaemia. A new genetic variant of the red cell enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is described. It was observed in a patient presenting with severe haemolytic anaemia and renal failure following ingestion of an overdose of Beserol (paracetamol and chlormezanone). The enzyme in the red cell had 12% of the activity of a normal B+ control, but only slightly lower activity in the kidney compared with a normal control. The red cell enzyme showed normal electrophoretic mobility and thermostability, a biphasic pH optimum curve, higher than normal utilization of the substrate analogues 2-deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate and deamino-NADP, and lower than normal Michaelis constants for both substrates, glucose-6-phosphate and NADP. The enzyme was strongly inhibited in vitro by high concentrations of paracetamol and chlormezanone. The extent of inhibition was similar to that for the enzyme from a normal B+ individual."}
{"id": "PMID:1201218", "title": "Ethanol inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis: the role of haem.", "content": "Ethanol, in concentrations of 0.05-0.8 M, inhibited intact human and rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis in the presence of iron-transferrin for endogenous haem synthesis. Associated with this effect there was a conversion of polyribosomes to monoribosomes and a decreased incorporation of radioactive leucine into nascent globin chains. When physiological levels of ethanol (0.05-0.1 M) were used, these effects were prevented by incubation with 50 muM haemin and reversed by removing the alcohol and reincubating with iron-transferrin or haemin. The polyribosomal disaggregation was also prevented by stopping ribosomal movement with 5 mM cycloheximide. Neither ATP nor GSH levels were altered in the presence of ethanol. When non-physiological levels of 0.8 M ethanol were used, haemin did not prevent the inhibition of protein synthesis. Likewise, in the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free lysate system containing haemin inhibition was noted at concentrations greater than 0.05 M ethanol. The polyribosomal disaggregation in reticulocytes incubated with 0.8 M ethanol was associated with decreased dissociation of monoribosomes into subunits. Similarly, when ribosomes were directly suspended cell-free in 0.1 or 0.8 M ethanol there was a decreased percentage of subunits. These results indicate that physiological concentrations of ethanol inhibit initiation of reticulocyte protein synthesis secondary to a block in haem synthesis. When intact cells are exposed to high non-physiological concentrations of ethanol the inhibition is secondary to decreased ribosomal dissociation. The cell-free lysate inhibition is also through this effect on ribosomal dissociation. This study supports the view that alcohol is a direct toxin to developing red cell precursors via its effect on mitochondrial haem synthesis. The physiological role of the decreased dissociation of monoribosomes into subunits is not yet clear.", "contents": "Ethanol inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis: the role of haem. Ethanol, in concentrations of 0.05-0.8 M, inhibited intact human and rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis in the presence of iron-transferrin for endogenous haem synthesis. Associated with this effect there was a conversion of polyribosomes to monoribosomes and a decreased incorporation of radioactive leucine into nascent globin chains. When physiological levels of ethanol (0.05-0.1 M) were used, these effects were prevented by incubation with 50 muM haemin and reversed by removing the alcohol and reincubating with iron-transferrin or haemin. The polyribosomal disaggregation was also prevented by stopping ribosomal movement with 5 mM cycloheximide. Neither ATP nor GSH levels were altered in the presence of ethanol. When non-physiological levels of 0.8 M ethanol were used, haemin did not prevent the inhibition of protein synthesis. Likewise, in the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free lysate system containing haemin inhibition was noted at concentrations greater than 0.05 M ethanol. The polyribosomal disaggregation in reticulocytes incubated with 0.8 M ethanol was associated with decreased dissociation of monoribosomes into subunits. Similarly, when ribosomes were directly suspended cell-free in 0.1 or 0.8 M ethanol there was a decreased percentage of subunits. These results indicate that physiological concentrations of ethanol inhibit initiation of reticulocyte protein synthesis secondary to a block in haem synthesis. When intact cells are exposed to high non-physiological concentrations of ethanol the inhibition is secondary to decreased ribosomal dissociation. The cell-free lysate inhibition is also through this effect on ribosomal dissociation. This study supports the view that alcohol is a direct toxin to developing red cell precursors via its effect on mitochondrial haem synthesis. The physiological role of the decreased dissociation of monoribosomes into subunits is not yet clear."}
{"id": "PMID:1201219", "title": "Determination of the packed cell volume using 131I-human serum albumin.", "content": "When trace quantities of labelled albumin have been added to blood, the packed cell volume (PCV) may be determined by isotope counting using the relationship: (plasma counts-blood counts)/(plasma counts). This method for measuring the PCV is not affected by plasma trapping between the red cells and the results do not depend upon the centrifugation conditions. The PCV determination with labelled albumin has a high precision (coefficient of variation = 0.9%) and there is very good agreement with the centrifugation PCV using Wintrobe tubes after this measurement has been corrected for plasma trapped between the red cells. No significant compression of the red cells occurred when the blood samples were centrifugated in Wintrobe PCV tubes.", "contents": "Determination of the packed cell volume using 131I-human serum albumin. When trace quantities of labelled albumin have been added to blood, the packed cell volume (PCV) may be determined by isotope counting using the relationship: (plasma counts-blood counts)/(plasma counts). This method for measuring the PCV is not affected by plasma trapping between the red cells and the results do not depend upon the centrifugation conditions. The PCV determination with labelled albumin has a high precision (coefficient of variation = 0.9%) and there is very good agreement with the centrifugation PCV using Wintrobe tubes after this measurement has been corrected for plasma trapped between the red cells. No significant compression of the red cells occurred when the blood samples were centrifugated in Wintrobe PCV tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201221", "title": "The abnormal surface characteristics of the red blood cell membrane in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II (HEMPAS).", "content": "The red blood cell membranes of patients with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia Type II (CDA-II) were found to be abnormal. They had altered antigenic characteristics, decreased electrophoretic mobility, decreased sialic acid content, and abnormal filtration through polycarbonate filters. Proteins extracted from the CDA-II erythrocytes showed a different banding pattern on polyacrylamide gels compared to normal erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from clinically unaffected siblings and parents showed similar but less striking abnormalities of antigenic surface characteristics and banding patterns on polyacrylamide gels with nearly normal surface charge, sialic acid content, and filtration properties. These studies suggest a correlation between the degree of membrane abnormality and the clinical state of the CDA-II family member, demonstrate the erythrocyte in the heterozygote state is not normal, and support the concept of CDA-II as an autosomal recessive disease.", "contents": "The abnormal surface characteristics of the red blood cell membrane in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II (HEMPAS). The red blood cell membranes of patients with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia Type II (CDA-II) were found to be abnormal. They had altered antigenic characteristics, decreased electrophoretic mobility, decreased sialic acid content, and abnormal filtration through polycarbonate filters. Proteins extracted from the CDA-II erythrocytes showed a different banding pattern on polyacrylamide gels compared to normal erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from clinically unaffected siblings and parents showed similar but less striking abnormalities of antigenic surface characteristics and banding patterns on polyacrylamide gels with nearly normal surface charge, sialic acid content, and filtration properties. These studies suggest a correlation between the degree of membrane abnormality and the clinical state of the CDA-II family member, demonstrate the erythrocyte in the heterozygote state is not normal, and support the concept of CDA-II as an autosomal recessive disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1201222", "title": "Observations on the ultrastructure of erythropoietic cells and reticulum cells in the bone marrow of patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of marrow fragments from patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia has shown that 3% of early polychromatic erythroblast profiles and 20% of late polychromatic erythroblast profiles contain intracytoplasmic alpha-chain precipitates. Various nuclear abnormalities were found including the loss of parts of the nuclear membrane and the presence of intranuclear alpha-chain precipitates, and these abnormalities were virtually confined to the non-dividing, late polychromatic erythroblasts. As most profiles of the proliferating early polychromatic erythroblasts did not contain intracytoplasmic or intranuclear alpha-chain precipitates, it is suggested that the arrest of many of these cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle may be related to the presence of an excess of free alpha-chains rather than to the presence of alpha-chain precipitates within them. The cytoplasm of the bone marrow reticulum cells contained early and late polychromatic erythroblasts at various stages of degradation, providing direct evidence of ineffective erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Observations on the ultrastructure of erythropoietic cells and reticulum cells in the bone marrow of patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia. An electron microscopic study of marrow fragments from patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia has shown that 3% of early polychromatic erythroblast profiles and 20% of late polychromatic erythroblast profiles contain intracytoplasmic alpha-chain precipitates. Various nuclear abnormalities were found including the loss of parts of the nuclear membrane and the presence of intranuclear alpha-chain precipitates, and these abnormalities were virtually confined to the non-dividing, late polychromatic erythroblasts. As most profiles of the proliferating early polychromatic erythroblasts did not contain intracytoplasmic or intranuclear alpha-chain precipitates, it is suggested that the arrest of many of these cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle may be related to the presence of an excess of free alpha-chains rather than to the presence of alpha-chain precipitates within them. The cytoplasm of the bone marrow reticulum cells contained early and late polychromatic erythroblasts at various stages of degradation, providing direct evidence of ineffective erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201223", "title": "The cellular basis for the defect in haemopoiesis in flexed-tailed mice. III. Restriction of the defect to erythropoietic progenitors capable of transient colony formation in vivo.", "content": "Three assays for erythropoietic progenitor cells have been applied to mice of genotype f/f and to nearly congenic +/+ controls. When f/f mice were tested for their ability to generate transient endogenous erythroid spleen colonies 4-6 days after 800 rads and 10 units of erythropoietin, the numbers of such colonies detected were greatly reduced, although normal numbers of spleen colonies appeared at later times (9-12 days) postirradiation. In contrast, cells capable of erythropoietic colony formation in culture (CFU-E) were present within the normal range in both f/f spleen and marrow and their sensitivity to erythropoietin in culture was the same as that found previously for CFU-E in the marrow and spleen of +/+ mice. Transfusion-induced plethora reduced the number of CFU-E in marrow to a similar extent in both f/f and +/+ mice; likewise, subsequent administration of 10 units of erythropoietin induced a rapid return in the number of marrow CFU-E in both genotypes. In the spleen, CFU-E numbers were approximately three-fold lower in f/f mice in each group. These results support the view that the 5 day assay for transient endogenous spleen colonies detects cells (TE-CFU) that are different from both CFU-E and pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S), although possibly overlapping to some extent with the immediate progenitors of CFU-E. The results also indicate that the generation or maturation of TE-CFU represents a primary site of expression of the f/f defect.", "contents": "The cellular basis for the defect in haemopoiesis in flexed-tailed mice. III. Restriction of the defect to erythropoietic progenitors capable of transient colony formation in vivo. Three assays for erythropoietic progenitor cells have been applied to mice of genotype f/f and to nearly congenic +/+ controls. When f/f mice were tested for their ability to generate transient endogenous erythroid spleen colonies 4-6 days after 800 rads and 10 units of erythropoietin, the numbers of such colonies detected were greatly reduced, although normal numbers of spleen colonies appeared at later times (9-12 days) postirradiation. In contrast, cells capable of erythropoietic colony formation in culture (CFU-E) were present within the normal range in both f/f spleen and marrow and their sensitivity to erythropoietin in culture was the same as that found previously for CFU-E in the marrow and spleen of +/+ mice. Transfusion-induced plethora reduced the number of CFU-E in marrow to a similar extent in both f/f and +/+ mice; likewise, subsequent administration of 10 units of erythropoietin induced a rapid return in the number of marrow CFU-E in both genotypes. In the spleen, CFU-E numbers were approximately three-fold lower in f/f mice in each group. These results support the view that the 5 day assay for transient endogenous spleen colonies detects cells (TE-CFU) that are different from both CFU-E and pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S), although possibly overlapping to some extent with the immediate progenitors of CFU-E. The results also indicate that the generation or maturation of TE-CFU represents a primary site of expression of the f/f defect."}
{"id": "PMID:1201224", "title": "Pure red cell aplasia: studies on an IgG serum inhibitor neutralizing erythropoietin.", "content": "A new type of IgG serum inhibitor in adult pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) has been investigated. This inhibitor is directed against circulating erythropoietin (Ep) (PRCA type B), rather than the erythroid marrow (PRCA type A). Thus, the IgG inhibitor, after interaction with Ep in solution, is precipitated together with Ep by addition of goat anti-human gamma-globulins. Pre-therapy PRCA serum, although apparently devoid of Ep, shows considerable Ep activity following acidification and boiling. The inhibitor is absent from post-therapy serum, while Ep levels are elevated. An experimental model for PRCA type B has been established in normal mice after prolonged administration of pre-remission serum IgG.", "contents": "Pure red cell aplasia: studies on an IgG serum inhibitor neutralizing erythropoietin. A new type of IgG serum inhibitor in adult pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) has been investigated. This inhibitor is directed against circulating erythropoietin (Ep) (PRCA type B), rather than the erythroid marrow (PRCA type A). Thus, the IgG inhibitor, after interaction with Ep in solution, is precipitated together with Ep by addition of goat anti-human gamma-globulins. Pre-therapy PRCA serum, although apparently devoid of Ep, shows considerable Ep activity following acidification and boiling. The inhibitor is absent from post-therapy serum, while Ep levels are elevated. An experimental model for PRCA type B has been established in normal mice after prolonged administration of pre-remission serum IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:1201225", "title": "Utilization of iron dextran in recurrent iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "Previously published studies have documented a reduction in the rate at which iron stores laid down by iron dextran therapy can be utilized for haemoglobin synthesis after the acute demands of haemorrhage and phlebotomy. In order to determine if a defect in the mobilization of these stores exists in the face of a chronic stimulus to red cell production, 93 patients who had previously received a total dose infusion of iron dextran were examined for a recurrence of iron deficiency anaemia, and in those in whom anaemia had recurred, iron stores were assessed by marrow aspiration. Twenty of the 93 patients were found to have recurrent iron deficiency anaemia, and marrow aspiration in all failed to demonstrate stainable iron stores. Although the rate at which iron dextran can be mobilized from storage sites is reduced, the present study demonstrates that ultimately these stores are fully utilizable.", "contents": "Utilization of iron dextran in recurrent iron deficiency anaemia. Previously published studies have documented a reduction in the rate at which iron stores laid down by iron dextran therapy can be utilized for haemoglobin synthesis after the acute demands of haemorrhage and phlebotomy. In order to determine if a defect in the mobilization of these stores exists in the face of a chronic stimulus to red cell production, 93 patients who had previously received a total dose infusion of iron dextran were examined for a recurrence of iron deficiency anaemia, and in those in whom anaemia had recurred, iron stores were assessed by marrow aspiration. Twenty of the 93 patients were found to have recurrent iron deficiency anaemia, and marrow aspiration in all failed to demonstrate stainable iron stores. Although the rate at which iron dextran can be mobilized from storage sites is reduced, the present study demonstrates that ultimately these stores are fully utilizable."}
{"id": "PMID:1201226", "title": "Ferritin synthesis in lymphocytes, polymorphs and monocytes.", "content": "A rapid two-stage method has been devised for the separation of different leucocyte populations from human blood. Different cell types can be obtained in an undamaged state and with little contamination. Ferritin and total protein synthesis has been determined by measuring [14C]leucine incorporation in culture media which contain varying amounts of added ferric iron or desferrioxamine. Both ferritin and total protein synthesis is greater in monocytes than in lymphocytes or polymorphs when the basal medium is used. Only monocytes show a consistent increase in ferritin production due to iron stimulation. Ferritin synthesis by monocytes, polymorphs and lymphocytes is inhibited in the presence of desferrioxamine.", "contents": "Ferritin synthesis in lymphocytes, polymorphs and monocytes. A rapid two-stage method has been devised for the separation of different leucocyte populations from human blood. Different cell types can be obtained in an undamaged state and with little contamination. Ferritin and total protein synthesis has been determined by measuring [14C]leucine incorporation in culture media which contain varying amounts of added ferric iron or desferrioxamine. Both ferritin and total protein synthesis is greater in monocytes than in lymphocytes or polymorphs when the basal medium is used. Only monocytes show a consistent increase in ferritin production due to iron stimulation. Ferritin synthesis by monocytes, polymorphs and lymphocytes is inhibited in the presence of desferrioxamine."}
{"id": "PMID:1201227", "title": "A five year experience of the use of factor IX type DE(I) concentrate for the treatment of Christmas disease of Oxford.", "content": "A survey is presented of the use of the Oxford type DE(I) II-IX-X concentrate in the treatment of Christmas disease in Oxford from January 1970 to September 1974. 72 different patients were treated with a total of 2436 bottles of this concentrate from 143 different batches (each bottle containing 800-1000 units of factor IX). Although most doses were given for the treatment of minor haemorrhages into joints and muscles, 717 bottles of concentrate were used to treat 11 patients who underwent 14 major surgical operations. No episode of intravascular clotting or pulmonary embolism was seen in any patient receiving the concentrate. A detailed study of the plasma levels of factor V, VIII, total progressive antithrombin, platelets and fibrinogen degradation products was carried out before and after transfusion of type DE(I) concentrate in 14 patients. No significant alteration in those factors was found after the transfusion.", "contents": "A five year experience of the use of factor IX type DE(I) concentrate for the treatment of Christmas disease of Oxford. A survey is presented of the use of the Oxford type DE(I) II-IX-X concentrate in the treatment of Christmas disease in Oxford from January 1970 to September 1974. 72 different patients were treated with a total of 2436 bottles of this concentrate from 143 different batches (each bottle containing 800-1000 units of factor IX). Although most doses were given for the treatment of minor haemorrhages into joints and muscles, 717 bottles of concentrate were used to treat 11 patients who underwent 14 major surgical operations. No episode of intravascular clotting or pulmonary embolism was seen in any patient receiving the concentrate. A detailed study of the plasma levels of factor V, VIII, total progressive antithrombin, platelets and fibrinogen degradation products was carried out before and after transfusion of type DE(I) concentrate in 14 patients. No significant alteration in those factors was found after the transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1201228", "title": "Alternative pathways for the activation of factor XIII.", "content": "Factor XIII is present in plasma as a proenzyme, which when activated catalyses the formation of epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysyl bonds in fibrin. In this study the activation of purified plasma factor XIII was examined quantitatively with the fluorescent amine incorporation assay. Activation products were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The serin proteases, thrombin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and factor Xa, and also Reptilase were tested for their ability to activate factor XIII. Highly purified thrombins activated purified factor XIII; this reaction was not calcium dependent. Trypsin was also a potent activator, but no transglutaminase activity was found with chymotrypsin. The most highly purified preparations of Reptilase had no effect on factor XIII activity. Less purified Reptilase preparations activated factor XIII, which suggests the presence of another enzyme in these Reptilase preparations. Highly purified factor Xa was found to be an effective activator of purified factor XIII. In contrast to thrombin activation, this reaction required calcium. It may be that under certain circumstances factor XIIIa could be formed in vivo directly by the alternative pathway of factor Xa. Factor XIIIa could then crosslink fibrinogen, which would also provide an alternative pathway for thrombus formation. Also, the activation of factor XIII by both factor Xa and thrombin provides a further point of control in the blood coagulation process.", "contents": "Alternative pathways for the activation of factor XIII. Factor XIII is present in plasma as a proenzyme, which when activated catalyses the formation of epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysyl bonds in fibrin. In this study the activation of purified plasma factor XIII was examined quantitatively with the fluorescent amine incorporation assay. Activation products were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The serin proteases, thrombin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and factor Xa, and also Reptilase were tested for their ability to activate factor XIII. Highly purified thrombins activated purified factor XIII; this reaction was not calcium dependent. Trypsin was also a potent activator, but no transglutaminase activity was found with chymotrypsin. The most highly purified preparations of Reptilase had no effect on factor XIII activity. Less purified Reptilase preparations activated factor XIII, which suggests the presence of another enzyme in these Reptilase preparations. Highly purified factor Xa was found to be an effective activator of purified factor XIII. In contrast to thrombin activation, this reaction required calcium. It may be that under certain circumstances factor XIIIa could be formed in vivo directly by the alternative pathway of factor Xa. Factor XIIIa could then crosslink fibrinogen, which would also provide an alternative pathway for thrombus formation. Also, the activation of factor XIII by both factor Xa and thrombin provides a further point of control in the blood coagulation process."}
{"id": "PMID:1201229", "title": "Polymerized monoclonal IgA in tuo patients with myelomatosis and hyperviscosity syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of multiple myeloma with IgA gammopathy and the syndrome of serum hyperviscosity are reported. A common feature of both patients was the production of large amounts of polymeric IgA (more than 50% of the monoclonal proteins existed as dimers or larger forms). However, similar large amounts of polymeric IgA were present in sera with only slightly raised viscosity, suggesting that factors such as the molecular configuration of the polymers or their sub-units may play a role in determining serum viscosity. The association of plasmapheresis and chemotherapy produced remarkable improvements of the symptoms attributable to increased serum viscosity, and 16 months after diagnosis one of the patients has survived relatively free of symptoms. The hyperviscosity syndrome is being diagnosed with increasing frequency in association with IgA multiple myeloma, and should be investigated in all cases with monoclonal proteins exceeding a concentration of 3-0 g/dl.", "contents": "Polymerized monoclonal IgA in tuo patients with myelomatosis and hyperviscosity syndrome. Two cases of multiple myeloma with IgA gammopathy and the syndrome of serum hyperviscosity are reported. A common feature of both patients was the production of large amounts of polymeric IgA (more than 50% of the monoclonal proteins existed as dimers or larger forms). However, similar large amounts of polymeric IgA were present in sera with only slightly raised viscosity, suggesting that factors such as the molecular configuration of the polymers or their sub-units may play a role in determining serum viscosity. The association of plasmapheresis and chemotherapy produced remarkable improvements of the symptoms attributable to increased serum viscosity, and 16 months after diagnosis one of the patients has survived relatively free of symptoms. The hyperviscosity syndrome is being diagnosed with increasing frequency in association with IgA multiple myeloma, and should be investigated in all cases with monoclonal proteins exceeding a concentration of 3-0 g/dl."}
{"id": "PMID:1201230", "title": "The blood group I and i antigens of amniotic fluid. I. Association of I and i antigens with blood group A, B and H antigens.", "content": "Human amniotic fluid has been shown to contain blood group i as well as I antigens. Crude extracts of amniotic fluids at 16-23 weeks of gestation were in general more active than those obtained at term. A pool of amniotic fluids which had A, B, H as well as I and i activity was fractionated with an insolubilized anti-I (Group 3 type) immunoadsorbent column. There was evidence for the occurrence of I and i determinants on macromolecules carrying A, B and H determinants, for the fraction specifically retained by the column was enriched by 50-60-fold in I and i activity and by at least 10-fold in A, B and H activity. In the fraction not retained by the column there remained the bulk of the A, B, H activity in addition to I activity of Group I type which is known to be distinct from the Group 3 determinant. With the aid of specific immunochemical fractionation procedures, human amniotic fluid should prove useful in structural studies of the several I and i determinants and of their relationship to other blood group determinants.", "contents": "The blood group I and i antigens of amniotic fluid. I. Association of I and i antigens with blood group A, B and H antigens. Human amniotic fluid has been shown to contain blood group i as well as I antigens. Crude extracts of amniotic fluids at 16-23 weeks of gestation were in general more active than those obtained at term. A pool of amniotic fluids which had A, B, H as well as I and i activity was fractionated with an insolubilized anti-I (Group 3 type) immunoadsorbent column. There was evidence for the occurrence of I and i determinants on macromolecules carrying A, B and H determinants, for the fraction specifically retained by the column was enriched by 50-60-fold in I and i activity and by at least 10-fold in A, B and H activity. In the fraction not retained by the column there remained the bulk of the A, B, H activity in addition to I activity of Group I type which is known to be distinct from the Group 3 determinant. With the aid of specific immunochemical fractionation procedures, human amniotic fluid should prove useful in structural studies of the several I and i determinants and of their relationship to other blood group determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:1201231", "title": "Auto-anti-Pra: a 'second' example in a newborn.", "content": "A second example of anti-Pra was recognized in a newborn infant which exhibited several signs of development disease. The antibody was complement-fixing 19S IgM and showed a high thermal range but no detectable haemolytic anaemia was associated. It gave negative reactions with a panel of animal cells as well as with two samples of human En(a-) cells. The latter, however, could absorb the antibody.", "contents": "Auto-anti-Pra: a 'second' example in a newborn. A second example of anti-Pra was recognized in a newborn infant which exhibited several signs of development disease. The antibody was complement-fixing 19S IgM and showed a high thermal range but no detectable haemolytic anaemia was associated. It gave negative reactions with a panel of animal cells as well as with two samples of human En(a-) cells. The latter, however, could absorb the antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:1201233", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of the bone marrow in sickle cell anaemia. I. The structure of sickled erythrocytes and reticulocytes and their phagocytic destruction.", "content": "Marrow aspirates from sickle cell patients were examined without prior deoxygenation and revealed the presence of a variable proportion (10-30%) of sickled red cells and reticulocytes. The main feature of sickled red cells was the presence of 17.6 nm fibres arranged in hexagonal order, and to a lesser extent in square or rectangular array, to form bundles of varying size and compactness which occupied the entire cytoplasm. The sickling pattern in reticulocytes was more variable. Some reticulocytes contained highly-ordered bundles of 17.6 nm fibres whose structure and distribution was identical to that in red cells from whiich they could be distinguished only by their content of organelles. Many reticulocytes exhibited less-organized fibre patterns ranging from localized aggregates to poorly-ordered regions of short fibres and filaments lacking apparent preferential orientation. In these cells, the bulk of the cytoplasm was not polymerized. Haemoglobin polymerization in reticulocytes led to entrapment of ribosomes in concentrated foci among the fibres. Frequently, iron-laden mitochondria were associated with sickled reticulocytes. The variation in pattern of sickling seen in reticulocytes is attributed to possible differences in concentration of Hb S. Correlative studies have shown that fibres were not induced by fixation procedures. Marked phagocytic degradation of sickled cells by macrophages was observed. The results are interpreted to indicate the possible intramedullary phagocytosis of red cells and reticulocytes, predisposed to sickling in the marrow. However, the data are also consistent with the removal of sickled elements from the circulating blood.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of the bone marrow in sickle cell anaemia. I. The structure of sickled erythrocytes and reticulocytes and their phagocytic destruction. Marrow aspirates from sickle cell patients were examined without prior deoxygenation and revealed the presence of a variable proportion (10-30%) of sickled red cells and reticulocytes. The main feature of sickled red cells was the presence of 17.6 nm fibres arranged in hexagonal order, and to a lesser extent in square or rectangular array, to form bundles of varying size and compactness which occupied the entire cytoplasm. The sickling pattern in reticulocytes was more variable. Some reticulocytes contained highly-ordered bundles of 17.6 nm fibres whose structure and distribution was identical to that in red cells from whiich they could be distinguished only by their content of organelles. Many reticulocytes exhibited less-organized fibre patterns ranging from localized aggregates to poorly-ordered regions of short fibres and filaments lacking apparent preferential orientation. In these cells, the bulk of the cytoplasm was not polymerized. Haemoglobin polymerization in reticulocytes led to entrapment of ribosomes in concentrated foci among the fibres. Frequently, iron-laden mitochondria were associated with sickled reticulocytes. The variation in pattern of sickling seen in reticulocytes is attributed to possible differences in concentration of Hb S. Correlative studies have shown that fibres were not induced by fixation procedures. Marked phagocytic degradation of sickled cells by macrophages was observed. The results are interpreted to indicate the possible intramedullary phagocytosis of red cells and reticulocytes, predisposed to sickling in the marrow. However, the data are also consistent with the removal of sickled elements from the circulating blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1201234", "title": "Abnormal membrane surface properties during maturation of rat reticulocytes elicited by bleeding as measured by partition in two-polymer aqueous phases.", "content": "Partition of cells in two-polymer aqueous phases is an extremely sensitive method for the separation of cells and for tracing subtle changes in the cells' membrane surface properties (primarily surface charge) as a function of in vivo processes (e.g. differentiation, maturation, ageing). Combining isotope labelling and cell countercurrent distribution techniques we have examined the membrane surface properties of rat reticulocytes produced in response to erythroid stress by bleeding. It was found that the rapid increase in the partition coefficient of normal reticulocytes subsequent to release into the peripheral blood (which reflects a rapid increase in membrane surface charge) is absent in reticulocytes produced in response to bleeding. In this way the reticulocytes behave like those produced in response to repeated phenylhydrazine injections. 'Stress reticulocytes' never mature to erythrocytes having normal membrane surface properties as judged by partition. The experiments show that our previous results are not due to the phenylhydrazine per se but rather to the production of 'stress reticulocytes'. Further, if remodelling of the phlebotomy-induced reticulocyte cell membrane occurs in the circulation as has been suggested it does not lead to a cell with normal membrane surface properties. Whether the abnormal membrane surface properties of 'stress reticulocytes' and of the erythrocytes to which they give rise affect the cells' life-span is not clear since phenylhydrazine-induced 'stress reticulocytes' have been reported to have at least a component of short-lived cells while the phlebotomy-induced cells are said to have a virtually normal life-span. It is likely that reticulocytes produced in severe anaemias, in general, mature to erythrocytes having abnormal surface properties (i.e. lower membrane surface charge).", "contents": "Abnormal membrane surface properties during maturation of rat reticulocytes elicited by bleeding as measured by partition in two-polymer aqueous phases. Partition of cells in two-polymer aqueous phases is an extremely sensitive method for the separation of cells and for tracing subtle changes in the cells' membrane surface properties (primarily surface charge) as a function of in vivo processes (e.g. differentiation, maturation, ageing). Combining isotope labelling and cell countercurrent distribution techniques we have examined the membrane surface properties of rat reticulocytes produced in response to erythroid stress by bleeding. It was found that the rapid increase in the partition coefficient of normal reticulocytes subsequent to release into the peripheral blood (which reflects a rapid increase in membrane surface charge) is absent in reticulocytes produced in response to bleeding. In this way the reticulocytes behave like those produced in response to repeated phenylhydrazine injections. 'Stress reticulocytes' never mature to erythrocytes having normal membrane surface properties as judged by partition. The experiments show that our previous results are not due to the phenylhydrazine per se but rather to the production of 'stress reticulocytes'. Further, if remodelling of the phlebotomy-induced reticulocyte cell membrane occurs in the circulation as has been suggested it does not lead to a cell with normal membrane surface properties. Whether the abnormal membrane surface properties of 'stress reticulocytes' and of the erythrocytes to which they give rise affect the cells' life-span is not clear since phenylhydrazine-induced 'stress reticulocytes' have been reported to have at least a component of short-lived cells while the phlebotomy-induced cells are said to have a virtually normal life-span. It is likely that reticulocytes produced in severe anaemias, in general, mature to erythrocytes having abnormal surface properties (i.e. lower membrane surface charge)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201235", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants from Italian subjects associated with severe neonatal jaundice.", "content": "Screening for the G6PD deficiency was carried out at the Maternity Division of the Galliera Hospital in Genoa, Italy. Two groups of subjects with hyperbilirubinaemia of non-immunological origin were examined: (a) 302 newborn babies of Sardinian extraction (on cord blood) and (b) 201 newborn babies of south Italian ancestry (on peripheral blood). Among 503 subjects, 43 showed an enzyme deficiency; in 39 the defect was of the Mediterranean type. In one case, previously described, the enzyme was of the A- type. In the remaining cases three different variants were identified. In the present work these three cases, each with severe neonatal jaundice, are reported. Their parents originated from Calabria, from Sardinia and from Sicily. The abnormal enzymes are respectively designated as GdDcbrousse-like,, GdGallura and GdAgrigento.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants from Italian subjects associated with severe neonatal jaundice. Screening for the G6PD deficiency was carried out at the Maternity Division of the Galliera Hospital in Genoa, Italy. Two groups of subjects with hyperbilirubinaemia of non-immunological origin were examined: (a) 302 newborn babies of Sardinian extraction (on cord blood) and (b) 201 newborn babies of south Italian ancestry (on peripheral blood). Among 503 subjects, 43 showed an enzyme deficiency; in 39 the defect was of the Mediterranean type. In one case, previously described, the enzyme was of the A- type. In the remaining cases three different variants were identified. In the present work these three cases, each with severe neonatal jaundice, are reported. Their parents originated from Calabria, from Sardinia and from Sicily. The abnormal enzymes are respectively designated as GdDcbrousse-like,, GdGallura and GdAgrigento."}
{"id": "PMID:1201236", "title": "The significance of abnormal circulating cells in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Buffy coat preparations of peripheral blood from two patients with Stage IVB Hodgkin's disease, 33 patients with Hodgkin's disease undergoing complete staging including laparotomy, 12 normal controls and eight patients with viral upper respiratory infections were examined for the presence of abnormal cells. Primitive histiocytic cells were seen in the two patients with IVB disease and in two patients with IIIB disease all of whom proved to be refractory to chemotherapy. Reed-Sternberg cells were seen in one IVB patient. Large cells with basophilic, agranular cytoplasm and moderately convoluted nuclei often with a perinuclear halo and nucleoli were detected in 30 of 35 patients with Hodgkin's disease, five of eight patients with viral infections but in none of 12 normal controls. Other abnormal large cells with round nuclei, occasional prominent nucleoli, grey to lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm and diffuse granulation were seen almost exclusively in Hodgkin's disease. There was no correlation between histology, stage, splenic involvement, skin test positivity and response to therapy with the presence or frequency of either of these cell types. This observation suggests that these cells are more likely to be 'reactive' rather than malignant. It is unusual for abnormal histiocytic cells to circulate in Hodgkin's disease and their presence may be a poor prognostic sign. The presence of other types of large atypical cells is not indicative of either haematogenous spread of Hodgkin's disease or of poor prognosis after treatment with radiotherapy alone.", "contents": "The significance of abnormal circulating cells in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Buffy coat preparations of peripheral blood from two patients with Stage IVB Hodgkin's disease, 33 patients with Hodgkin's disease undergoing complete staging including laparotomy, 12 normal controls and eight patients with viral upper respiratory infections were examined for the presence of abnormal cells. Primitive histiocytic cells were seen in the two patients with IVB disease and in two patients with IIIB disease all of whom proved to be refractory to chemotherapy. Reed-Sternberg cells were seen in one IVB patient. Large cells with basophilic, agranular cytoplasm and moderately convoluted nuclei often with a perinuclear halo and nucleoli were detected in 30 of 35 patients with Hodgkin's disease, five of eight patients with viral infections but in none of 12 normal controls. Other abnormal large cells with round nuclei, occasional prominent nucleoli, grey to lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm and diffuse granulation were seen almost exclusively in Hodgkin's disease. There was no correlation between histology, stage, splenic involvement, skin test positivity and response to therapy with the presence or frequency of either of these cell types. This observation suggests that these cells are more likely to be 'reactive' rather than malignant. It is unusual for abnormal histiocytic cells to circulate in Hodgkin's disease and their presence may be a poor prognostic sign. The presence of other types of large atypical cells is not indicative of either haematogenous spread of Hodgkin's disease or of poor prognosis after treatment with radiotherapy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:1201237", "title": "The effect of diet and alcohol on the development of folate deficiency in the rat.", "content": "Studies of the rate of depletion of serum and tissue methylated and non-methylated folates were carried our in rats maintained for long periods on either a folate deficient (sucrose-water/sulphathiazole) diet or a deficient diet plus high alcohol intake. By means of implantation of a feeding gastrostomy tube, it was possible to sustain constant blood ethanol levels of between 50 and 300 mg/dl for 3-4 weeks with relatively normal calorie intake and without death of the animal. Using this animal model, which closely resembles severe alcoholism in man, a very rapid depression in serum 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate was observed similar to that reported in alcoholic man. At the same time, release of folates from liver stores was umimpaired by alcohol ingestion. Liver folate store depletion rates were identical for alcoholic and folate starved animals. The explanation for the sudden alcohol suppression of serum folate levels must, therefore, be sought at a point in the internal metabolic sequences of folate other than the delivery of folate stores to plasma.", "contents": "The effect of diet and alcohol on the development of folate deficiency in the rat. Studies of the rate of depletion of serum and tissue methylated and non-methylated folates were carried our in rats maintained for long periods on either a folate deficient (sucrose-water/sulphathiazole) diet or a deficient diet plus high alcohol intake. By means of implantation of a feeding gastrostomy tube, it was possible to sustain constant blood ethanol levels of between 50 and 300 mg/dl for 3-4 weeks with relatively normal calorie intake and without death of the animal. Using this animal model, which closely resembles severe alcoholism in man, a very rapid depression in serum 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate was observed similar to that reported in alcoholic man. At the same time, release of folates from liver stores was umimpaired by alcohol ingestion. Liver folate store depletion rates were identical for alcoholic and folate starved animals. The explanation for the sudden alcohol suppression of serum folate levels must, therefore, be sought at a point in the internal metabolic sequences of folate other than the delivery of folate stores to plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:1201238", "title": "Stimulation by propylthiouracil of the hexose monophosphate shunt in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes during phagocytosis.", "content": "The effect of propylthiouracil on glucose metabolism in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes was studied. At a therapeutically achievable concentration (0.1 mM), propylthiouracil stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt activity in normal leucocytes during phagocytosis but not in resting cells. However, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide it stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt activity in resting cells, and in the soluble fraction when reduced glutathione and reduced nictotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were also present. Propylthiouracil had nor effect on glucose-1-C oxidation in either phagocytosing or resting leucocytes obtained from two male patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt activity in normal leucocytes during phagocytosis also was demonstrated with methimazole, thiouracil and thiourea, but not with adenine, uracil or urea. There was an apparent minimal common structure requirement in thriourea. Propylthiouracil had no effect on phagocytosis, formate oxidation, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase or catalase activities. Thus, the stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt activity by propylthiouracil is dependent on hydrogen peroxide and is best explained by its stimulation or participation in the glutathione cycle.", "contents": "Stimulation by propylthiouracil of the hexose monophosphate shunt in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes during phagocytosis. The effect of propylthiouracil on glucose metabolism in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes was studied. At a therapeutically achievable concentration (0.1 mM), propylthiouracil stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt activity in normal leucocytes during phagocytosis but not in resting cells. However, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide it stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt activity in resting cells, and in the soluble fraction when reduced glutathione and reduced nictotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were also present. Propylthiouracil had nor effect on glucose-1-C oxidation in either phagocytosing or resting leucocytes obtained from two male patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt activity in normal leucocytes during phagocytosis also was demonstrated with methimazole, thiouracil and thiourea, but not with adenine, uracil or urea. There was an apparent minimal common structure requirement in thriourea. Propylthiouracil had no effect on phagocytosis, formate oxidation, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase or catalase activities. Thus, the stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt activity by propylthiouracil is dependent on hydrogen peroxide and is best explained by its stimulation or participation in the glutathione cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:1201239", "title": "Brain iron: persistent deficiency following short-term iron deprivation in the young rat.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the content of non-haem iron in the brain as iron deficiency develops in the rapidly growing rat. Rats were provided with either an iron-deficient diet or an identical control diet with added ferrous sulphate starting at 10 d of age and continuing after weaning at 21 d. At 28 d or 48 d of age the deficient animals received 5 mg of iron (iron dextran) i.m. and were placed on the control diet regimen. The deficient animals had a concentration of non-haem iron in the brain that was 27% below the control value at 28 d and 22% below at 48 d. After 14-45 d of iron treatment, the non-haem iron remained depressed, 19-29% below the control means (P less tha 0.05 to 0.001). Ferritin iron in brain also remained depressed, 33-42% below the control means (P less than 0.01). In contrast, haematocrit, liver non-haem iron, and liver ferritin iron, although they were more profoundly depressed in the iron-deficient animals, promptly returned to control values after treatment with iron. Thus, a brief period of severe iron deficiency in the young rat resulted in a deficit of brain iron that persisted in the adult animal despite an adequate intake of iron.", "contents": "Brain iron: persistent deficiency following short-term iron deprivation in the young rat. This study was designed to determine the content of non-haem iron in the brain as iron deficiency develops in the rapidly growing rat. Rats were provided with either an iron-deficient diet or an identical control diet with added ferrous sulphate starting at 10 d of age and continuing after weaning at 21 d. At 28 d or 48 d of age the deficient animals received 5 mg of iron (iron dextran) i.m. and were placed on the control diet regimen. The deficient animals had a concentration of non-haem iron in the brain that was 27% below the control value at 28 d and 22% below at 48 d. After 14-45 d of iron treatment, the non-haem iron remained depressed, 19-29% below the control means (P less tha 0.05 to 0.001). Ferritin iron in brain also remained depressed, 33-42% below the control means (P less than 0.01). In contrast, haematocrit, liver non-haem iron, and liver ferritin iron, although they were more profoundly depressed in the iron-deficient animals, promptly returned to control values after treatment with iron. Thus, a brief period of severe iron deficiency in the young rat resulted in a deficit of brain iron that persisted in the adult animal despite an adequate intake of iron."}
{"id": "PMID:1201240", "title": "Functional and metabolic studies of platelets from patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "Platelet function was investigated in three patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Platelet count, morphology and size distribution was normal in all patients. Platelet turnover was normal. Electron microscopy did not reveal any ultrastructural abnormality. Template bleeding times were normal and prolonged after aspirin ingestion in two out of the three patients: the patient that failed to respond to the aspirin challenge also had decreased retention of platelets on a glass bead column. Biochemical studies revealed that total platelet ATP was reduced by 34% in the presence of a normal level of ADP in the storage pool. These platelets failed to incorporate radioactive hypoxanthine but did incorporate radioactive adenine to produce adenine nucleotides and a trace amount of guanine nucleotides. The results indicate that normal platelets have a functionally intact pathway for utilizing hypoxanthine as a source of preformed purine, and that the failure to salvage this purine, as in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, results in a decreased level of total platelet ATP. These findings suggest that platelets can function normally despite a one third reduction in total ATP content.", "contents": "Functional and metabolic studies of platelets from patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Platelet function was investigated in three patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Platelet count, morphology and size distribution was normal in all patients. Platelet turnover was normal. Electron microscopy did not reveal any ultrastructural abnormality. Template bleeding times were normal and prolonged after aspirin ingestion in two out of the three patients: the patient that failed to respond to the aspirin challenge also had decreased retention of platelets on a glass bead column. Biochemical studies revealed that total platelet ATP was reduced by 34% in the presence of a normal level of ADP in the storage pool. These platelets failed to incorporate radioactive hypoxanthine but did incorporate radioactive adenine to produce adenine nucleotides and a trace amount of guanine nucleotides. The results indicate that normal platelets have a functionally intact pathway for utilizing hypoxanthine as a source of preformed purine, and that the failure to salvage this purine, as in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, results in a decreased level of total platelet ATP. These findings suggest that platelets can function normally despite a one third reduction in total ATP content."}
{"id": "PMID:1201241", "title": "Heterogeneity of rabbit platelets. V. Preferential splenic sequestration of megathrombocytes.", "content": "Rabbits were either splenectomized or subjected to splenic blockade with phenylhydrazine in order to determine the splenic platelet and megathrombocyte (large-platelet) pools. The average splenic platelet pool calculated from both methods was 35% of total platelets. The average splenic megathrombocyte pool was 54% of total megathrombocytes. Adrenaline injection into rabbits or dogs revealed a rapid increase in both platelet count and megathrombocyte number which peaked at 2-6 min and returned toward normal in 5-10 min. The platelet volume distribution curve was shifted to the right, indicating the release of large platelets (megathrombocytes) into the circulation. The peak rise in megathrombocyte number was significantly greater than the peak rise in platelet count. Rabbits subjected to splenic massage shifted their platelet volume distribution curve to the right in the absence of a rise in platelet count. It is concluded that the spleen preferentially sequesters megathrombocytes.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of rabbit platelets. V. Preferential splenic sequestration of megathrombocytes. Rabbits were either splenectomized or subjected to splenic blockade with phenylhydrazine in order to determine the splenic platelet and megathrombocyte (large-platelet) pools. The average splenic platelet pool calculated from both methods was 35% of total platelets. The average splenic megathrombocyte pool was 54% of total megathrombocytes. Adrenaline injection into rabbits or dogs revealed a rapid increase in both platelet count and megathrombocyte number which peaked at 2-6 min and returned toward normal in 5-10 min. The platelet volume distribution curve was shifted to the right, indicating the release of large platelets (megathrombocytes) into the circulation. The peak rise in megathrombocyte number was significantly greater than the peak rise in platelet count. Rabbits subjected to splenic massage shifted their platelet volume distribution curve to the right in the absence of a rise in platelet count. It is concluded that the spleen preferentially sequesters megathrombocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201243", "title": "The intercellular content of the three transcobalamins at various stages of normal and leukaemic myleoid cell development.", "content": "A study of the three serum transcobalamins (TC) in myeloproliferative disorders and acute leukaemia has suggested a granulocyte origin for the three binders; the later stages of this cell line might be releasing 'TC I' and 'TC III' while 'TC II' which is increased in sera from patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia, probably originates at least in part from myeloblasts. The intracellular content of each TC has been studied in normal and leukaemic bone marrow cells after separation on a discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradient. Myeloblasts contain a TC II-like protein almost exclusively but promyelocytes contain a TC I-like protein which increases as the cells mature whilst 'TC II' decreases. A TC III-like binder parallels 'TC I' but appears later and reaches a maximum in the polymorphonuclear cells. In various types of leukaemia, abnormal TC distributions are related either to marrow replacement by the blast cells or to a disorder of the maturation process in the leukaemic cell line.", "contents": "The intercellular content of the three transcobalamins at various stages of normal and leukaemic myleoid cell development. A study of the three serum transcobalamins (TC) in myeloproliferative disorders and acute leukaemia has suggested a granulocyte origin for the three binders; the later stages of this cell line might be releasing 'TC I' and 'TC III' while 'TC II' which is increased in sera from patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia, probably originates at least in part from myeloblasts. The intracellular content of each TC has been studied in normal and leukaemic bone marrow cells after separation on a discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradient. Myeloblasts contain a TC II-like protein almost exclusively but promyelocytes contain a TC I-like protein which increases as the cells mature whilst 'TC II' decreases. A TC III-like binder parallels 'TC I' but appears later and reaches a maximum in the polymorphonuclear cells. In various types of leukaemia, abnormal TC distributions are related either to marrow replacement by the blast cells or to a disorder of the maturation process in the leukaemic cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:1201244", "title": "Binding of vitamin B12--rat transcobalamin II and free vitamin B12 to plasma membranes isolated from rat liver.", "content": "When dialysed rat serum which contains a single, low molecular weight binder for vitamin B12, rat transcobalamin II (rat TC-II), was labelled in vitro with 57Co-vitamin B12 and then incubated at 30 degrees C (pH 7-5) with vesicles of highly purified plasma membranes separated from microsomal fractions of rat liver by density gradient centrifugation, the 57Co-vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex bound to high affinity sites on the vesicles via a specific (binding after correction for 'non-specific' binding in the presence of a large excess of the non-radioactive complex), saturable, and reversible interaction. The apparent affinity constant for the binding reaction was 5-5 X 10(9) M-1. Using the same incubation conditions, free vitamin B12 also bound to the vesicles of plasma membranes via a specific, saturable, but apparently irreversible interaction. Preincubation of the membranes with free vitamin B12 did not interfere with the subsequent binding of the vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex to the membranes; however, preincubation with the vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex did interfere, to some extent, with the subsequent binding of free vitamin B12. Dialysed rat serum, perhaps the free rat TC-II in the dialysed serum, also inhibited the binding of the vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex to the plasma membranes. The relationship of the binding sites identified in this report to the absorption of vitamin B12 by rat liver, and thus their physiological significance remains unknown until further work is done, perhaps using intact hepatocytes.", "contents": "Binding of vitamin B12--rat transcobalamin II and free vitamin B12 to plasma membranes isolated from rat liver. When dialysed rat serum which contains a single, low molecular weight binder for vitamin B12, rat transcobalamin II (rat TC-II), was labelled in vitro with 57Co-vitamin B12 and then incubated at 30 degrees C (pH 7-5) with vesicles of highly purified plasma membranes separated from microsomal fractions of rat liver by density gradient centrifugation, the 57Co-vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex bound to high affinity sites on the vesicles via a specific (binding after correction for 'non-specific' binding in the presence of a large excess of the non-radioactive complex), saturable, and reversible interaction. The apparent affinity constant for the binding reaction was 5-5 X 10(9) M-1. Using the same incubation conditions, free vitamin B12 also bound to the vesicles of plasma membranes via a specific, saturable, but apparently irreversible interaction. Preincubation of the membranes with free vitamin B12 did not interfere with the subsequent binding of the vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex to the membranes; however, preincubation with the vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex did interfere, to some extent, with the subsequent binding of free vitamin B12. Dialysed rat serum, perhaps the free rat TC-II in the dialysed serum, also inhibited the binding of the vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex to the plasma membranes. The relationship of the binding sites identified in this report to the absorption of vitamin B12 by rat liver, and thus their physiological significance remains unknown until further work is done, perhaps using intact hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201245", "title": "The anti-folate effect of methionine on bone marrow of normal and vitamin B12 deficient rats.", "content": "The effects of dietary vitamin B12 and methionine deficiency, and the in vitro addition of methionine, homocysteine, or folic acid on the methylation of dUMP to dTMP were studied in rat bone marrow culture. Vitamin B12 or methionine deficiency had no effect on the methylation reaction or on bone marrow folate levels although the vitamin B12 content in bone marrow was reduced in vitamin B12 deficiency. In vitro addition of vitamin B12 or folic acid also had no effect on the methylation of dUMP. In vitro addition of methionine reduced the methylation of dUMP and increased the proportion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate at the expense of other folate coenzymes. The reason for this 'anti-folate' effect of methionine, which is the opposite to that found in liver, was not clear. The presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase were confirmed in rat bone marrow and they were inhibited by S-adenosylmethionine and methionine, respectively, in a similar fashion to that found with the liver enzymes. Homocysteine had no effect on the proportions of the various folate coenzymes in bone marrow but did inhibit the incorporation of deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine into DNA. It appeared that homocysteine exerted at a non-folate dependent step beyond the formation of dTMP.", "contents": "The anti-folate effect of methionine on bone marrow of normal and vitamin B12 deficient rats. The effects of dietary vitamin B12 and methionine deficiency, and the in vitro addition of methionine, homocysteine, or folic acid on the methylation of dUMP to dTMP were studied in rat bone marrow culture. Vitamin B12 or methionine deficiency had no effect on the methylation reaction or on bone marrow folate levels although the vitamin B12 content in bone marrow was reduced in vitamin B12 deficiency. In vitro addition of vitamin B12 or folic acid also had no effect on the methylation of dUMP. In vitro addition of methionine reduced the methylation of dUMP and increased the proportion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate at the expense of other folate coenzymes. The reason for this 'anti-folate' effect of methionine, which is the opposite to that found in liver, was not clear. The presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase were confirmed in rat bone marrow and they were inhibited by S-adenosylmethionine and methionine, respectively, in a similar fashion to that found with the liver enzymes. Homocysteine had no effect on the proportions of the various folate coenzymes in bone marrow but did inhibit the incorporation of deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine into DNA. It appeared that homocysteine exerted at a non-folate dependent step beyond the formation of dTMP."}
{"id": "PMID:1201246", "title": "Stimulation of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in Malaysian adults and newborns and their parents.", "content": "A study of glutathione reductase (GR) activity and its stimulation by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in erythrocytes of Malaysian newborns and adults of different racial groups showed that GR stimulation by FAD was greater than 20% in 50% of 866 newborns (57% of Malays, 55% of Indians and 41% of Chinese) and 54% of 274 adults (46% of Malays, 65% of Indians and 45% of Chinese). There was a significant negative correlation between GR activity and percentage FAD stimulation in both newborns and adults in all racial groups. Low GR activity and a high percentage FAD stimulation were more prevalent among parents of newborns with low GR activity than among parents of newborns with higher GR activity. Administration of riboflavin to mothers with low GR activity resulted in increased GR activity and a decreased percentage of FAD stimulation. None of the individuals examined had clear clinical manifestations of riboflavin deficiency. It is concluded that subclinical riboflavin deficiency leading to low GR activity is prevalent in Malaysia among adults and newborns, especially among Malays and Indians.", "contents": "Stimulation of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in Malaysian adults and newborns and their parents. A study of glutathione reductase (GR) activity and its stimulation by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in erythrocytes of Malaysian newborns and adults of different racial groups showed that GR stimulation by FAD was greater than 20% in 50% of 866 newborns (57% of Malays, 55% of Indians and 41% of Chinese) and 54% of 274 adults (46% of Malays, 65% of Indians and 45% of Chinese). There was a significant negative correlation between GR activity and percentage FAD stimulation in both newborns and adults in all racial groups. Low GR activity and a high percentage FAD stimulation were more prevalent among parents of newborns with low GR activity than among parents of newborns with higher GR activity. Administration of riboflavin to mothers with low GR activity resulted in increased GR activity and a decreased percentage of FAD stimulation. None of the individuals examined had clear clinical manifestations of riboflavin deficiency. It is concluded that subclinical riboflavin deficiency leading to low GR activity is prevalent in Malaysia among adults and newborns, especially among Malays and Indians."}
{"id": "PMID:1201247", "title": "Effects of ADP and ATP on bovine fibrinogen- and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.", "content": "With thrombasthenic platelets, aggregation induced by ristocetin (R) and bovine fibrinogen (BF) is reversible, provided ATP is not added to the system. ADP inhibits BF and R induced aggregation, and when added after the onset of aggregation causes rapid disaggregation. ATP prevents these inhibitory and disaggregation effects of ADP. A mechanism is suggested whereby co-operative effects occur between receptors in the membranes of thrombasthenic platelets.", "contents": "Effects of ADP and ATP on bovine fibrinogen- and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. With thrombasthenic platelets, aggregation induced by ristocetin (R) and bovine fibrinogen (BF) is reversible, provided ATP is not added to the system. ADP inhibits BF and R induced aggregation, and when added after the onset of aggregation causes rapid disaggregation. ATP prevents these inhibitory and disaggregation effects of ADP. A mechanism is suggested whereby co-operative effects occur between receptors in the membranes of thrombasthenic platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:1201248", "title": "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase as a marker of cell maturity: a quantitative cytochemical and autoradiographic study.", "content": "A sensitive and reproducible cytochemical technique for the demonstration of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) has been evaluated. It produces a stable reaction product which can be readily quantified microphotometrically. In the circulating neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes of rats the mean LAP levels measured in this way fluctuated only slightly from day to day. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between LAP levels of neutrophils and their age, determined by isotope labelling with tritiated thymidine and by nuclear morphology. The correlation between the age of neutrophils and the complexity of their nuclear morphology has also been confirmed. The technique provides a useful tool for the study of leucocyte kinetics in disease states.", "contents": "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase as a marker of cell maturity: a quantitative cytochemical and autoradiographic study. A sensitive and reproducible cytochemical technique for the demonstration of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) has been evaluated. It produces a stable reaction product which can be readily quantified microphotometrically. In the circulating neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes of rats the mean LAP levels measured in this way fluctuated only slightly from day to day. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between LAP levels of neutrophils and their age, determined by isotope labelling with tritiated thymidine and by nuclear morphology. The correlation between the age of neutrophils and the complexity of their nuclear morphology has also been confirmed. The technique provides a useful tool for the study of leucocyte kinetics in disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:1201249", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of the bone marrow in sickle cell anaemia. II. The morphology of erythropoietic cells and their response to deoxygenation in vitro.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies of bone marrow aspirates obtained from patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) were fixed immediately without attempts to deoxygenate the samples. Erythroblasts and normoblasts in these preparations were devoid of haemoglobin polymers or other indications of sickling. Furthermore, the nucleated erythroid cells from sickle-cell patients presented an ultrastructural morphology indistinguishable from that of identically-processed erythroid cells in marrow samples from normal human volunteers. This report presents a description of the ultrastructural features of pronormoblasts and normoblasts in normal and sickle-cell marrows and stresses the essentially normal appearance of nucleated erythroid elements in sickle cell anaemia. Exposure of sickle-cell marrow aspirates to nitrogen at 37 degrees C for 30 min resulted in haemoglobin polymerization in most erythrocytes and reticulocytes but only in 10-20% of the nucleated erythroid cells. Haemoglobin polymers in the form of intertwining fibre meshworks were observed in reticulocytes, orthochromatic and polychromatophilic normoblasts, but were absent in basophilic normoblasts and pronormoblasts. The results suggest that the concentration of haemoglobin in intramedullary normoblasts may be the limiting factor determining the predisposition of these cells to undergo sickling as well as the pattern of haemoglobin aggregation. Under the physiological conditions prevailing in the marrow, haemoglobin concentration in normoblasts may be insufficient to result in aggregation and polymerization.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of the bone marrow in sickle cell anaemia. II. The morphology of erythropoietic cells and their response to deoxygenation in vitro. Electron microscopic studies of bone marrow aspirates obtained from patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) were fixed immediately without attempts to deoxygenate the samples. Erythroblasts and normoblasts in these preparations were devoid of haemoglobin polymers or other indications of sickling. Furthermore, the nucleated erythroid cells from sickle-cell patients presented an ultrastructural morphology indistinguishable from that of identically-processed erythroid cells in marrow samples from normal human volunteers. This report presents a description of the ultrastructural features of pronormoblasts and normoblasts in normal and sickle-cell marrows and stresses the essentially normal appearance of nucleated erythroid elements in sickle cell anaemia. Exposure of sickle-cell marrow aspirates to nitrogen at 37 degrees C for 30 min resulted in haemoglobin polymerization in most erythrocytes and reticulocytes but only in 10-20% of the nucleated erythroid cells. Haemoglobin polymers in the form of intertwining fibre meshworks were observed in reticulocytes, orthochromatic and polychromatophilic normoblasts, but were absent in basophilic normoblasts and pronormoblasts. The results suggest that the concentration of haemoglobin in intramedullary normoblasts may be the limiting factor determining the predisposition of these cells to undergo sickling as well as the pattern of haemoglobin aggregation. Under the physiological conditions prevailing in the marrow, haemoglobin concentration in normoblasts may be insufficient to result in aggregation and polymerization."}
{"id": "PMID:1201250", "title": "Splenectomy in homozygous beta thalassaemia: a retrospective study of 30 patients.", "content": "In order to clarify the indications for splenectomy in patients with homozygous beta thalassaemia we studied, retrospectively, the basal pre-transfusion haemoglobin levels and blood transfusion requirements before and after splenectomy, in a series of patients with this disorder. Thirty-six patients, of whom 20 underwent splenectomy, were included in this study. Three groups of patients with homozygous beta thalassaemia were identified on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. Two of the three groups consisted of 24 patients with beta thalassaemia major, subdivided retrospectively according to their response to splenectomy. The third group consisted of six patients with beta thalassaemia intermedia who had a comparably mild clinical course. In the first group of 16 patients with beta thalassemia major, monthly transfusions were required from the age of 6 months to 24 months and splenectomy resulted in temporary improvement for a period of 1-2 years. Thereafter, the transfusion requirements returned to pre-operative levels with no sustained improvements in base-line pretransfusion haemoglobin levels. Despite the fact that haematological improvement was temporary, it is felt that splenectomy is indicated in this group since the development and the general well-being of the children was significantly improved. In the second group of eight patients with beta thalassaemia major, transfusion requirements were relatively infrequent before 1-2 years, but after several years the transfusion requirement increased simultaneously with the development of 'hypersplenism'.", "contents": "Splenectomy in homozygous beta thalassaemia: a retrospective study of 30 patients. In order to clarify the indications for splenectomy in patients with homozygous beta thalassaemia we studied, retrospectively, the basal pre-transfusion haemoglobin levels and blood transfusion requirements before and after splenectomy, in a series of patients with this disorder. Thirty-six patients, of whom 20 underwent splenectomy, were included in this study. Three groups of patients with homozygous beta thalassaemia were identified on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. Two of the three groups consisted of 24 patients with beta thalassaemia major, subdivided retrospectively according to their response to splenectomy. The third group consisted of six patients with beta thalassaemia intermedia who had a comparably mild clinical course. In the first group of 16 patients with beta thalassemia major, monthly transfusions were required from the age of 6 months to 24 months and splenectomy resulted in temporary improvement for a period of 1-2 years. Thereafter, the transfusion requirements returned to pre-operative levels with no sustained improvements in base-line pretransfusion haemoglobin levels. Despite the fact that haematological improvement was temporary, it is felt that splenectomy is indicated in this group since the development and the general well-being of the children was significantly improved. In the second group of eight patients with beta thalassaemia major, transfusion requirements were relatively infrequent before 1-2 years, but after several years the transfusion requirement increased simultaneously with the development of 'hypersplenism'."}
{"id": "PMID:1201251", "title": "Regeneration of intact spleen in a heterotropic site in splenectomized mice.", "content": "The regeneration of intact spleens implanted in the sacrospinal areas of splenectomized mice was studied by light microscopy. The weight of the implanted tissue was not fully regenerated 50 days after implantation. The pattern of embryonic development of the spleen was investigated and the histologic appearance of the implant 46 days after implantation resembled that of normal spleen. The appearance of primitive myelopoietic stem in cells in the early phases of regeneration makes this an attractive model in which to study the biologic effects of tumour viruses.", "contents": "Regeneration of intact spleen in a heterotropic site in splenectomized mice. The regeneration of intact spleens implanted in the sacrospinal areas of splenectomized mice was studied by light microscopy. The weight of the implanted tissue was not fully regenerated 50 days after implantation. The pattern of embryonic development of the spleen was investigated and the histologic appearance of the implant 46 days after implantation resembled that of normal spleen. The appearance of primitive myelopoietic stem in cells in the early phases of regeneration makes this an attractive model in which to study the biologic effects of tumour viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:1201254", "title": "Classification of radiological appearance and the derivation of a numerical score.", "content": "Approaches to the use of the International Labour Office U/C Classification of radiological appearances are considered in the context of multiple readers recording different degrees of abnormality. The Panel on Survey Radiology has been set up to provide a basis for standardization. An example of how the panel may be used in this role is given. The approach will depend on the standards maintained by the panel and on a greater understanding of the appearances associated with differing exposures.", "contents": "Classification of radiological appearance and the derivation of a numerical score. Approaches to the use of the International Labour Office U/C Classification of radiological appearances are considered in the context of multiple readers recording different degrees of abnormality. The Panel on Survey Radiology has been set up to provide a basis for standardization. An example of how the panel may be used in this role is given. The approach will depend on the standards maintained by the panel and on a greater understanding of the appearances associated with differing exposures."}
{"id": "PMID:1201255", "title": "Comparative study of the smooth muscle contractor activity of airborne dusts and of dustiness in cotton, flax, and jute mills.", "content": "A bioassay technique using isolated guinea-pig ileum was employed to compare the smooth muscle contractor activity of various dusts from mills in which the prevalence of byssinosis was known. The activity of dust from a mill spinning a coarse grade of cotton was several times greater than that in dust from a mill processing a fine grade of cotton. There was a similar order in the difference of the prevalence of byssinosis in these mills. However, the activities of fine cotton, flax, and jute dusts were very similar to each other, in spite of marked differences in the prevalence of byssinosis in these mills. For cotton dust, smooth muscle contractor activity was associated with all particle sizes, although the lowest level of activity was found in the largest sized fraction (less than 2 mm). Activity in the cotton dust extracts was not correlated with nitrogen, carbohydrate, or potassium content. However, about one-fifth of the activity of a cotton dust extract was associated with an insoluble particulate fraction. The possible chemical nature of the water-soluble contractor agent is discussed. It is concluded that, until the role of this agent in the pathogenesis of byssinosis has been established, the bioassay technique cannot be employed as a means of assessing the byssinogenic potential of cotton dust.", "contents": "Comparative study of the smooth muscle contractor activity of airborne dusts and of dustiness in cotton, flax, and jute mills. A bioassay technique using isolated guinea-pig ileum was employed to compare the smooth muscle contractor activity of various dusts from mills in which the prevalence of byssinosis was known. The activity of dust from a mill spinning a coarse grade of cotton was several times greater than that in dust from a mill processing a fine grade of cotton. There was a similar order in the difference of the prevalence of byssinosis in these mills. However, the activities of fine cotton, flax, and jute dusts were very similar to each other, in spite of marked differences in the prevalence of byssinosis in these mills. For cotton dust, smooth muscle contractor activity was associated with all particle sizes, although the lowest level of activity was found in the largest sized fraction (less than 2 mm). Activity in the cotton dust extracts was not correlated with nitrogen, carbohydrate, or potassium content. However, about one-fifth of the activity of a cotton dust extract was associated with an insoluble particulate fraction. The possible chemical nature of the water-soluble contractor agent is discussed. It is concluded that, until the role of this agent in the pathogenesis of byssinosis has been established, the bioassay technique cannot be employed as a means of assessing the byssinogenic potential of cotton dust."}
{"id": "PMID:1201256", "title": "Epidemiological investigation of the role of family susceptibility and occupational and family histories in the development of byssinosis among workers exposed to flax dust.", "content": "Epidemiological investigation of 475 workers exposed to dust in flax processing has shown that family susceptibility has a decisive role in the development of byssinosis in those workers. Workers whose fathers had occupational history of exposure to flax dust were more resistant to the development of the disease than those whose fathers had no such history. Such tolerance was much higher in workers whose fathers were byssinotic than those with byssinosis-free fathers. Further hereditary and immunological investigations are, however, needed.", "contents": "Epidemiological investigation of the role of family susceptibility and occupational and family histories in the development of byssinosis among workers exposed to flax dust. Epidemiological investigation of 475 workers exposed to dust in flax processing has shown that family susceptibility has a decisive role in the development of byssinosis in those workers. Workers whose fathers had occupational history of exposure to flax dust were more resistant to the development of the disease than those whose fathers had no such history. Such tolerance was much higher in workers whose fathers were byssinotic than those with byssinosis-free fathers. Further hereditary and immunological investigations are, however, needed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201257", "title": "Occupational asthma after inhalation of dust of the proteolytic enzyme, papain.", "content": "Papain is a proteolytic enzyme widely used by biochemists. In experiments on animals papain has been shown to cause emphysema either when they inhaled a single small dose or after intratracheal inhalation. Four food technologists were occupationally exposed to heavy concentrations of papain dust in air. Subjects 1 and 2 developed an immediate acute asthmatic reaction, and symptoms of obstructive airways disease persisted for some months while each remained in the same working area, presumably exposed to small gradually diminishing amounts of residual papain dust. Tests of respiratory function were carried out on all four subjects 1 1/2 years later and showed in subjects 1 and 3 minimal abnormality of bronchial reactivity and of ventilation distribution. Review of the literature reveals only two reports of asthma resulting from papain inhalation, although its antigenic and skin sensitizing qualities have been known and described for many years. It seems remarkable that a substance such as papain, shown to be a potent cause of lung damage in experimental animals, should have produced so little evidence of abnormality in our subjects after considerable exposure. Follow-up ventilatory function tests may cast further light on this but we postulate that the asthmatic response may be biologically protective and those lacking this reaction could later develop emphysema as a long-term outcome.", "contents": "Occupational asthma after inhalation of dust of the proteolytic enzyme, papain. Papain is a proteolytic enzyme widely used by biochemists. In experiments on animals papain has been shown to cause emphysema either when they inhaled a single small dose or after intratracheal inhalation. Four food technologists were occupationally exposed to heavy concentrations of papain dust in air. Subjects 1 and 2 developed an immediate acute asthmatic reaction, and symptoms of obstructive airways disease persisted for some months while each remained in the same working area, presumably exposed to small gradually diminishing amounts of residual papain dust. Tests of respiratory function were carried out on all four subjects 1 1/2 years later and showed in subjects 1 and 3 minimal abnormality of bronchial reactivity and of ventilation distribution. Review of the literature reveals only two reports of asthma resulting from papain inhalation, although its antigenic and skin sensitizing qualities have been known and described for many years. It seems remarkable that a substance such as papain, shown to be a potent cause of lung damage in experimental animals, should have produced so little evidence of abnormality in our subjects after considerable exposure. Follow-up ventilatory function tests may cast further light on this but we postulate that the asthmatic response may be biologically protective and those lacking this reaction could later develop emphysema as a long-term outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:1201258", "title": "Effect of hydrofluoric acid on glucose metabolism of the mouse studied by whole-body autoradiography.", "content": "Distribution of radioactive carbon from [U-14C]glucose in the mouse poisoned by hydrofluoric acid has been studied by whole-body autoradiography. Under normal conditions, the highest autoradiographic density was found in the Harder's gland, palatine gland, sublingual gland, large intestinal mucosa, and many regions of the central nervous system 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of [U-14C]glucose. On the other hand, after hydrofluoric acid poisoning, it was found that (1) the radioactivity of brain was unchanged throughout all the poisoning; (2) the liver, renal cortex, lung, and blood showed an increase in radioactivity at 180 minutes of poisoning; (3) the abdominal cavity showed a tendency to residual radioactivity with the poisoning; (4) by contrast, Harder's gland, the palatine gland, sublingual gland, and large intestinal mucosa showed a decrease in radioactivity at 180 minutes of poisoning.", "contents": "Effect of hydrofluoric acid on glucose metabolism of the mouse studied by whole-body autoradiography. Distribution of radioactive carbon from [U-14C]glucose in the mouse poisoned by hydrofluoric acid has been studied by whole-body autoradiography. Under normal conditions, the highest autoradiographic density was found in the Harder's gland, palatine gland, sublingual gland, large intestinal mucosa, and many regions of the central nervous system 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of [U-14C]glucose. On the other hand, after hydrofluoric acid poisoning, it was found that (1) the radioactivity of brain was unchanged throughout all the poisoning; (2) the liver, renal cortex, lung, and blood showed an increase in radioactivity at 180 minutes of poisoning; (3) the abdominal cavity showed a tendency to residual radioactivity with the poisoning; (4) by contrast, Harder's gland, the palatine gland, sublingual gland, and large intestinal mucosa showed a decrease in radioactivity at 180 minutes of poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:1201259", "title": "The effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the retention and excretion of lead in rats.", "content": "1. Rats were given diets containing different amounts of calcium, phosphorus and lead. 2. Pb retention was greatly increased when the diets contained less Ca or P than the minimum estimated requirement of the rat. 3. The release of Pb already incorporated into the skeleton was inhibited by diets low in Ca but was not affected by diets low in P. 4. The retention of Pb given intraperitoneally was not affected by dietary Ca or P. 5. It can be concluded that dietary Ca and P influence the absorption of Pb by the gut and dietary Ca influences the metabolism of Pb in the bone. 6. There were changes in the distribution of Pb among the tissues due to changes of dietary Ca. 7. At low body concentrations, Pb probably affected skeletal growth.", "contents": "The effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the retention and excretion of lead in rats. 1. Rats were given diets containing different amounts of calcium, phosphorus and lead. 2. Pb retention was greatly increased when the diets contained less Ca or P than the minimum estimated requirement of the rat. 3. The release of Pb already incorporated into the skeleton was inhibited by diets low in Ca but was not affected by diets low in P. 4. The retention of Pb given intraperitoneally was not affected by dietary Ca or P. 5. It can be concluded that dietary Ca and P influence the absorption of Pb by the gut and dietary Ca influences the metabolism of Pb in the bone. 6. There were changes in the distribution of Pb among the tissues due to changes of dietary Ca. 7. At low body concentrations, Pb probably affected skeletal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1201260", "title": "The effect of feeding high levels of low-quality proteins to growing chickens.", "content": "1. Three growth trials were done using male broiler chicks. In the first two trials, groundnut meal was used, with and without supplementary methionine and lysine. In the third trial, soya-bean meal was used with and without supplementary methionine. Protein levels ranged in the first trial from 120 to 420 g/kg diet and in the third trial from 120 to 300 g/kg diet. Thus the assumed minimal amino acid requirements of the chick were supplied by high levels of low-quality dietary protein. 2. Diets based on cereals and groundnut meal did not support maximum live-weight gain or maximum efficiency of food utilization at any level of dietary protein. When the principal deficiencies of lysine and methionine were corrected, this protein mixture was capable of supporting the same growth rate as a control diet of cereals and herring meal. 3. Diets based on maize and soya-bean meal did not support quite the same growth rate as similar diets supplemented with methionine, even though the protein level in the unsupplemented diets was sufficient to meet the assumed methionine requirements. 4. These results are interpreted as examples of amino acid imbalance in diets composed of familiar feeding-stuffs. It is concluded that one cannot assume that the poor quality of a protein source can always be offset by increasing the concentration of dietary protein.", "contents": "The effect of feeding high levels of low-quality proteins to growing chickens. 1. Three growth trials were done using male broiler chicks. In the first two trials, groundnut meal was used, with and without supplementary methionine and lysine. In the third trial, soya-bean meal was used with and without supplementary methionine. Protein levels ranged in the first trial from 120 to 420 g/kg diet and in the third trial from 120 to 300 g/kg diet. Thus the assumed minimal amino acid requirements of the chick were supplied by high levels of low-quality dietary protein. 2. Diets based on cereals and groundnut meal did not support maximum live-weight gain or maximum efficiency of food utilization at any level of dietary protein. When the principal deficiencies of lysine and methionine were corrected, this protein mixture was capable of supporting the same growth rate as a control diet of cereals and herring meal. 3. Diets based on maize and soya-bean meal did not support quite the same growth rate as similar diets supplemented with methionine, even though the protein level in the unsupplemented diets was sufficient to meet the assumed methionine requirements. 4. These results are interpreted as examples of amino acid imbalance in diets composed of familiar feeding-stuffs. It is concluded that one cannot assume that the poor quality of a protein source can always be offset by increasing the concentration of dietary protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1201261", "title": "The effect of glucose infusion on the plasma free amino acids in sheep.", "content": "1. Glucose in solution in saline, or saline alone, was administered to a group of twenty ewes during late pregnancy and again after lambing. Sequential blood samples were taken before and after the infusion and the concentration of plasma free amino acids was determined. 2. The effect of glucose was to reduce the concentrations of all amino acids except alanine. The reduction was greatest for tryptophan in the pregnant sheep, but this amino acid showed no significant change in the lactating animals. 3. An attempt to rank the amino acids on the basis of their response to glucose infusion indicated  that, with the exception of tryptophan for the preparturient ewes, groups of essential amino acids could not be distinguished from each other. These groups were, for the preparturient sheep, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and isoleucine, and for the postparturient animals, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, valine and phenylalanine.", "contents": "The effect of glucose infusion on the plasma free amino acids in sheep. 1. Glucose in solution in saline, or saline alone, was administered to a group of twenty ewes during late pregnancy and again after lambing. Sequential blood samples were taken before and after the infusion and the concentration of plasma free amino acids was determined. 2. The effect of glucose was to reduce the concentrations of all amino acids except alanine. The reduction was greatest for tryptophan in the pregnant sheep, but this amino acid showed no significant change in the lactating animals. 3. An attempt to rank the amino acids on the basis of their response to glucose infusion indicated  that, with the exception of tryptophan for the preparturient ewes, groups of essential amino acids could not be distinguished from each other. These groups were, for the preparturient sheep, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and isoleucine, and for the postparturient animals, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, valine and phenylalanine."}
{"id": "PMID:1201262", "title": "Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The thiamin requirement of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).", "content": "1. Seven groups of young turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were given diets containing graded levels of thiamin (0-19--50 mg/kg) for 16 weeks and their growth rate was measured during this period. 2. Good growth was obtained on all these treatments except in the group given the lowest dietary thiamin level (0-19 mg/kg). These fish grew normally until the 12th week but thereafter their weight did not increase. 3. Measurements of erythrocyte transketolase (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehydetransferase; EC 2.2.1.1) activity at the end of the experiment and of percentage stimulation of erythrocyte transketolase by thiamin pyrophosphate indicated that the apoenzyme was saturated with coenzyme at a dietary thiamin level of 2-6 mg/kg, but not at 1-1 mg/kg. 4. An 8th group of turbot given the thiamin antagonist pyrithiamin (40 mg/kg diet) grew normally for 6 weeks. Thereafter mortalities began to occur and all fish died by the 10th week. No clear-cut signs of thiamin deficiency were observed. 5. The dietary thiamin requirement of turbot is much lower than published requirements of freshwater fish other than carp (Cyprinus carpio) and appears to be between 0-6 and 2-6 mg/kg diet.", "contents": "Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The thiamin requirement of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). 1. Seven groups of young turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were given diets containing graded levels of thiamin (0-19--50 mg/kg) for 16 weeks and their growth rate was measured during this period. 2. Good growth was obtained on all these treatments except in the group given the lowest dietary thiamin level (0-19 mg/kg). These fish grew normally until the 12th week but thereafter their weight did not increase. 3. Measurements of erythrocyte transketolase (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehydetransferase; EC 2.2.1.1) activity at the end of the experiment and of percentage stimulation of erythrocyte transketolase by thiamin pyrophosphate indicated that the apoenzyme was saturated with coenzyme at a dietary thiamin level of 2-6 mg/kg, but not at 1-1 mg/kg. 4. An 8th group of turbot given the thiamin antagonist pyrithiamin (40 mg/kg diet) grew normally for 6 weeks. Thereafter mortalities began to occur and all fish died by the 10th week. No clear-cut signs of thiamin deficiency were observed. 5. The dietary thiamin requirement of turbot is much lower than published requirements of freshwater fish other than carp (Cyprinus carpio) and appears to be between 0-6 and 2-6 mg/kg diet."}
{"id": "PMID:1201263", "title": "Variations in the apparent nutrient content of foods: a study of sampling error.", "content": "1. Successive portions of boiled and mashed potatoes, roast pork, cooked, freeze-dried peas and ice-cream were taken in order to determine the total (sampling and experimental) error involved in the 'duplicate analysis' method of dietary survey. 2. These samples were analysed for water, nitrogen, fat, iron and energy. 3. The experimental error of the methods was also studied separately. 4. The sampling and experimental errors ranged from 0-3% for water in potatoes, to 23% for Fe in ice-cream. Sampling error was significantly greater than experimental error for all nutrients studied. 5. It is concluded that in reporting the results from dietary surveys, it is necessary to take account of the erros inherent even in the most precise methods.", "contents": "Variations in the apparent nutrient content of foods: a study of sampling error. 1. Successive portions of boiled and mashed potatoes, roast pork, cooked, freeze-dried peas and ice-cream were taken in order to determine the total (sampling and experimental) error involved in the 'duplicate analysis' method of dietary survey. 2. These samples were analysed for water, nitrogen, fat, iron and energy. 3. The experimental error of the methods was also studied separately. 4. The sampling and experimental errors ranged from 0-3% for water in potatoes, to 23% for Fe in ice-cream. Sampling error was significantly greater than experimental error for all nutrients studied. 5. It is concluded that in reporting the results from dietary surveys, it is necessary to take account of the erros inherent even in the most precise methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1201264", "title": "Vitamin B12 metabolism in the fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). The induction of vitamin B12 deficiency and its effect on folate levels.", "content": "1. Vitamin B12 metabolism was studied in bats of the species Rousettus aegyptiacus, which live on an all-fruit diet in the wild. 2. There was a wide range in values for the serum vitamin B12 concentration of newly captured bats, but bats captured in the early spring had significantly higher mean serum vitamin B12 levels than bats captured in the early autumn. 3. There was an exponential decrease in serum vitamin B12 concentration with time in captivity for bats fed on a vitamin B12-deficient, all-fruit diet; the biological half-life was 80 d in serum, 109 d in liver and 164 d in kidney. 4. The main storage organ for vitamin B12 in the bats was the liver, mean content 1067 ng vitamin B12. After 50 d, injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin had equilibrated with body vitamin B12 stores, and 17% of the retained radioactivity was present in the liver. From these results it was calculated that the total body vitamin B12 content of the bat was c. 6500 ng. 5. The biological half-life of injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin was 70--88 d and the calculated daily requirement was 50--60 ng (0-2 mug/kg body-weight per d). 6. As serum vitamin B12 levels decreased, serum folate levels increased. The erythrocyte folate concentration increased significantly after 130 d on the all-fruit diet and then decreased to the initial values after 190 d. 7. Vitamin B12 metabolism in the fruit bat is similar in many respects to that of man, but on a 'weight-for-weight' basis the bat has a 5- to 15-fold greater requirement for this vitamin. 8. Vitamin B12 deficiency may be induced fairly rapidly in fruit bats fed on an all-fruit diet.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 metabolism in the fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). The induction of vitamin B12 deficiency and its effect on folate levels. 1. Vitamin B12 metabolism was studied in bats of the species Rousettus aegyptiacus, which live on an all-fruit diet in the wild. 2. There was a wide range in values for the serum vitamin B12 concentration of newly captured bats, but bats captured in the early spring had significantly higher mean serum vitamin B12 levels than bats captured in the early autumn. 3. There was an exponential decrease in serum vitamin B12 concentration with time in captivity for bats fed on a vitamin B12-deficient, all-fruit diet; the biological half-life was 80 d in serum, 109 d in liver and 164 d in kidney. 4. The main storage organ for vitamin B12 in the bats was the liver, mean content 1067 ng vitamin B12. After 50 d, injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin had equilibrated with body vitamin B12 stores, and 17% of the retained radioactivity was present in the liver. From these results it was calculated that the total body vitamin B12 content of the bat was c. 6500 ng. 5. The biological half-life of injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin was 70--88 d and the calculated daily requirement was 50--60 ng (0-2 mug/kg body-weight per d). 6. As serum vitamin B12 levels decreased, serum folate levels increased. The erythrocyte folate concentration increased significantly after 130 d on the all-fruit diet and then decreased to the initial values after 190 d. 7. Vitamin B12 metabolism in the fruit bat is similar in many respects to that of man, but on a 'weight-for-weight' basis the bat has a 5- to 15-fold greater requirement for this vitamin. 8. Vitamin B12 deficiency may be induced fairly rapidly in fruit bats fed on an all-fruit diet."}
{"id": "PMID:1201265", "title": "The role of organic sulphur in the copper-molybdenum-S interrelationship in ruminant nutrition.", "content": "1. The ability of organic and inorganic sulphur to influence the copper and molybdenum metabolism of sheep was compared in a series of three 2 X 2 factorial design experiments. In each experiment, four groups of five to seven hypocupraemic ewes were repleted with a basal diet supplemented with 6 mg Cu/kg and containing S and Mo at one of two concentrations, 1 or 4 g S and 0-5 or 4-5 mg Mo/kg respectively. Sodium sulphate (Expt I), methionine (Expt 2) or cysteine (Expt 3) were used as the S sources. Cu and Mo concentrations in plasma were estimated in each experiment and in Expt 3 the concentrations of Cu in liver and Mo in urine were also estimated. 2. The effects of the three S sources on Cu and Mo metabolism were similar. Repletion of the plasma Cu pool was unaffected by Mo alone, reduced by S alone and totally inhibited by Mo+S. Plasma Mo was greatly increased by Mo supplements, slightly decreased by S supplements and unaffected by Mo and S supplements given together. 3. In Expt 3 the treatments were found to affect urinary Mo and plasma Mo in a similar manner; S prevented dietary Mo from increasing Mo excretion. The only group to show a significant repletion of the liver Cu pool was that given Mo alone. 4. Supplementation of the diet with organic S significantly reduced the within-treatment variation in plasma Cu and Mo. liver Cu and urinary Mo. 5. It is suggested that variations in dietary S and Mo within the normal range for herbage affect the Cu and Mo metabolism of the grazing animal, and that total S rather than inorganic S is the more useful measurement in the context of the Cu-Mo-S interrelationship.", "contents": "The role of organic sulphur in the copper-molybdenum-S interrelationship in ruminant nutrition. 1. The ability of organic and inorganic sulphur to influence the copper and molybdenum metabolism of sheep was compared in a series of three 2 X 2 factorial design experiments. In each experiment, four groups of five to seven hypocupraemic ewes were repleted with a basal diet supplemented with 6 mg Cu/kg and containing S and Mo at one of two concentrations, 1 or 4 g S and 0-5 or 4-5 mg Mo/kg respectively. Sodium sulphate (Expt I), methionine (Expt 2) or cysteine (Expt 3) were used as the S sources. Cu and Mo concentrations in plasma were estimated in each experiment and in Expt 3 the concentrations of Cu in liver and Mo in urine were also estimated. 2. The effects of the three S sources on Cu and Mo metabolism were similar. Repletion of the plasma Cu pool was unaffected by Mo alone, reduced by S alone and totally inhibited by Mo+S. Plasma Mo was greatly increased by Mo supplements, slightly decreased by S supplements and unaffected by Mo and S supplements given together. 3. In Expt 3 the treatments were found to affect urinary Mo and plasma Mo in a similar manner; S prevented dietary Mo from increasing Mo excretion. The only group to show a significant repletion of the liver Cu pool was that given Mo alone. 4. Supplementation of the diet with organic S significantly reduced the within-treatment variation in plasma Cu and Mo. liver Cu and urinary Mo. 5. It is suggested that variations in dietary S and Mo within the normal range for herbage affect the Cu and Mo metabolism of the grazing animal, and that total S rather than inorganic S is the more useful measurement in the context of the Cu-Mo-S interrelationship."}
{"id": "PMID:1201266", "title": "Effects of severe energy and protein deficiencies on the fibres and nuclei in skeletal muscle of pigs.", "content": "1. Measurements have been made of the size and number of muscle fibres and number of nuclei in a small indicator muscle (m. flexor digiti V brevis) in the fore-foot of the pig. Well-nourished, 10-d-old and 1-year-old animals were studied, as well as 1- and 2-year-old animals that were severely energy-deficient and protein-deficient. 2. The normal 1-year-old animals had much larger muscle fibres, with more nuclei, than the pigs in any of the other groups. 3. There were no significant differences between the numbers of fibres in the muscles of pigs in any of the four groups. 4. There was a significant difference between the number of fibres in the muscles of pigs coming from different litters, irrespective of their dietary history after birth. This suggests that the number of fibres is determined genetically before birth, and all that can take place after birth is an alteration in size.", "contents": "Effects of severe energy and protein deficiencies on the fibres and nuclei in skeletal muscle of pigs. 1. Measurements have been made of the size and number of muscle fibres and number of nuclei in a small indicator muscle (m. flexor digiti V brevis) in the fore-foot of the pig. Well-nourished, 10-d-old and 1-year-old animals were studied, as well as 1- and 2-year-old animals that were severely energy-deficient and protein-deficient. 2. The normal 1-year-old animals had much larger muscle fibres, with more nuclei, than the pigs in any of the other groups. 3. There were no significant differences between the numbers of fibres in the muscles of pigs in any of the four groups. 4. There was a significant difference between the number of fibres in the muscles of pigs coming from different litters, irrespective of their dietary history after birth. This suggests that the number of fibres is determined genetically before birth, and all that can take place after birth is an alteration in size."}
{"id": "PMID:1201267", "title": "New inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. Development and testing of inhibitors in vitro.", "content": "1. A procedure is described for assaying in vitro the activity of various inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. 2. Methods of preparation of various inhibitors are described together with attempts to characterize these compounds by determining their physical properties (physical state, density, chromatographic behaviour), their hydrolysis by rumen contents and their relative potency as inhibitors. 3. The results of preliminary studies with trichloroethanol and its ester with pivalic acid are given. 4. The inhibitory activities of several groups of related compounds are reported. These include the polyhalogenated alcohols and their esters with pivalic acid, the esters of trihalogenated alcohols and monobasic fatty acids from C2 and C16 and the trihalogenated alcohol esters of dibasic acids. The results of experiments with esters of alcohols and polyhalogenated carboxylic and sulphonic acids are also given. 5. It is concluded that the mechanism of action of the inhibitors might be similar to that of known polyhalogenated methane analogues (e.g. chloroform). The relative activity of various compounds might be partly governed by the ease of their absorption into the microbial cells and by the extent to which the esters can be hydrolysed by rumen contents. 6. The results show that some substances are very poor inhibitors, unless they are esterified (e.g. trichloroacetic acid) but on the whole the esters in which the polyhalogen grouping is on the alcohol portion of the molecule are better inhibitors than those in which it is on the acid portion of the molecule.", "contents": "New inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. Development and testing of inhibitors in vitro. 1. A procedure is described for assaying in vitro the activity of various inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. 2. Methods of preparation of various inhibitors are described together with attempts to characterize these compounds by determining their physical properties (physical state, density, chromatographic behaviour), their hydrolysis by rumen contents and their relative potency as inhibitors. 3. The results of preliminary studies with trichloroethanol and its ester with pivalic acid are given. 4. The inhibitory activities of several groups of related compounds are reported. These include the polyhalogenated alcohols and their esters with pivalic acid, the esters of trihalogenated alcohols and monobasic fatty acids from C2 and C16 and the trihalogenated alcohol esters of dibasic acids. The results of experiments with esters of alcohols and polyhalogenated carboxylic and sulphonic acids are also given. 5. It is concluded that the mechanism of action of the inhibitors might be similar to that of known polyhalogenated methane analogues (e.g. chloroform). The relative activity of various compounds might be partly governed by the ease of their absorption into the microbial cells and by the extent to which the esters can be hydrolysed by rumen contents. 6. The results show that some substances are very poor inhibitors, unless they are esterified (e.g. trichloroacetic acid) but on the whole the esters in which the polyhalogen grouping is on the alcohol portion of the molecule are better inhibitors than those in which it is on the acid portion of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:1201268", "title": "New inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. Experiments with animals and other practical possibilities.", "content": "1. Two inhibitors of rumen methane production were given to sheep and their effects were measured using an in vitro technique. 2. The substances used were trichloroethyl pivalate (TCE-P) and trichloroethyl adipate (TCE-A). In one experiment with two sheep TCE-P was injected into the rumen and in another experiment with two sheep the same inhibitor was mixed with the food just before feeding. In another experiment, TCE-A was given to two sheep at two dose levels, and in an experiment with four sheep two levels of inhibitor and two levels of diet were used. 3. In general the inhibition of methane production was greater with samples of rumen contents taken after feeding than with those taken before feeding. When sheep were given 120--300 mg TCE-P/d the inhibition of methane production ranged from 21 to 81%. When sheep given maintenance rations were given 125-300 mg TCE-A/d there was 28--90% inhibition of methane production. When sheep were given twice maintenance rations 150 mg TCE-A/d gave no inhibition and 300 mg TCE-A/d gave very low inhibition of methane production (about 16%). 4. In most experiments there was a significant increase in the propionic acid:acetic acid concentration ratio in the rumen when methane production was inhibited. 5. The possible practical use of inhibitors is discussed.", "contents": "New inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. Experiments with animals and other practical possibilities. 1. Two inhibitors of rumen methane production were given to sheep and their effects were measured using an in vitro technique. 2. The substances used were trichloroethyl pivalate (TCE-P) and trichloroethyl adipate (TCE-A). In one experiment with two sheep TCE-P was injected into the rumen and in another experiment with two sheep the same inhibitor was mixed with the food just before feeding. In another experiment, TCE-A was given to two sheep at two dose levels, and in an experiment with four sheep two levels of inhibitor and two levels of diet were used. 3. In general the inhibition of methane production was greater with samples of rumen contents taken after feeding than with those taken before feeding. When sheep were given 120--300 mg TCE-P/d the inhibition of methane production ranged from 21 to 81%. When sheep given maintenance rations were given 125-300 mg TCE-A/d there was 28--90% inhibition of methane production. When sheep were given twice maintenance rations 150 mg TCE-A/d gave no inhibition and 300 mg TCE-A/d gave very low inhibition of methane production (about 16%). 4. In most experiments there was a significant increase in the propionic acid:acetic acid concentration ratio in the rumen when methane production was inhibited. 5. The possible practical use of inhibitors is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201269", "title": "Serum colloidal osmotic pressure in the development of kwashiorkor and in recovery: its relationship to albumin and globulin concentrations and oedema.", "content": "1. Serum colloidal osmotic pressure was measured in children 'at risk' to kwashiorkor, in other with frank signs of the disease and during recovery. Simultaneous estimations of serum albumin and globulin concentrations and assessments of the extent of oedema were also made. 2. During the development of kwashiorkor, serum colloidal osmotic pressure did not decrease significantly until albumin concentration was 25-1--27-5 g/l. Above 30-0 g/1, colloidal osmotic pressure was maintained at normal levels during which time a significant reciprocal relationship existed between albumin and globulin concentrations. These findings provide support for suggestions that there may be on oncotic regulation of albumin synthesis. 3. Low albumin concentrations were mainly responsible for the low colloidal osmotic pressures found in children with kwashiorkor and in agreement and previous findings the threshold for the formation of oncotic oedema was found to be about 2-35--2-65 kN/m2. 4. Values for colloidal osmotic pressure calculated from serum albumin and gobulin concentrations using emprical formulas did not agree well with measured values and no constant correction factor suitable over the whole range of albumin concentrations found in rural Ugandan children could be devised. In many hypoalbuminaemic children ony direct measurement of serum colloidal pressure will indicate the true extent of risk to an episode of oedema.", "contents": "Serum colloidal osmotic pressure in the development of kwashiorkor and in recovery: its relationship to albumin and globulin concentrations and oedema. 1. Serum colloidal osmotic pressure was measured in children 'at risk' to kwashiorkor, in other with frank signs of the disease and during recovery. Simultaneous estimations of serum albumin and globulin concentrations and assessments of the extent of oedema were also made. 2. During the development of kwashiorkor, serum colloidal osmotic pressure did not decrease significantly until albumin concentration was 25-1--27-5 g/l. Above 30-0 g/1, colloidal osmotic pressure was maintained at normal levels during which time a significant reciprocal relationship existed between albumin and globulin concentrations. These findings provide support for suggestions that there may be on oncotic regulation of albumin synthesis. 3. Low albumin concentrations were mainly responsible for the low colloidal osmotic pressures found in children with kwashiorkor and in agreement and previous findings the threshold for the formation of oncotic oedema was found to be about 2-35--2-65 kN/m2. 4. Values for colloidal osmotic pressure calculated from serum albumin and gobulin concentrations using emprical formulas did not agree well with measured values and no constant correction factor suitable over the whole range of albumin concentrations found in rural Ugandan children could be devised. In many hypoalbuminaemic children ony direct measurement of serum colloidal pressure will indicate the true extent of risk to an episode of oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:1201270", "title": "Some observations on the possible nutritional significance of vitamin B12-and folate-binding proteins in milk. Absorption of [58Co]cyanocobalamin by suckling piglets.", "content": "1. A study was made of absorption of [58Co]cyanocobalamin in suckling piglets. Cyanocobalamin given at birth and at 7 d of age was efficiently absorbed from the intestine and retained within the body, mostly in the liver. A 10 mug test dose was absorbed no less efficiently than 2-5 mug, despite the virtual absence of intrinsic factor in the gut. In piglets given a 10 mug test dose at different ages between 2-5 and 56 d, there was a marked decrease in the efficiency of retention between about 7 and 21 d of age. 2. Vitamin B12-binding capacity in the gastric muscosa increased with age, from 40 ng at birth to about 2000 ng at 14 d and 7000 ng at 35 d. This binder-protein was largely endogenous, whereas much of the unsaturated binder-protein in intestinal mucosa was apparently derived from milk. 3. The chyme in the stomach and small intestine contained unsaturated binder-protein, partly endogenous and partly deriving from milk, which prevented uptake of added [G-3H]-cyanocobalamin into the 'solids' phase of the intestinal contents. The intestinal chyme contained large numbers (log10 7-0--9-1/ml) of bacteria, some of which were isolated and shown to take up cyanocobalamin or folic acid or both. 4. The finings are discussed in relation to the concept that for some days or wekks after the cessation of transport of inact protein across the neonatal gut epithelium ('closure'), protein-bound vitamins may continue to be taken up into the epithelial cells and there released for transport into the circulation. It is concluded that unsaturated vitamin-binders may strongly influence the ecology of the intestinal microflora.", "contents": "Some observations on the possible nutritional significance of vitamin B12-and folate-binding proteins in milk. Absorption of [58Co]cyanocobalamin by suckling piglets. 1. A study was made of absorption of [58Co]cyanocobalamin in suckling piglets. Cyanocobalamin given at birth and at 7 d of age was efficiently absorbed from the intestine and retained within the body, mostly in the liver. A 10 mug test dose was absorbed no less efficiently than 2-5 mug, despite the virtual absence of intrinsic factor in the gut. In piglets given a 10 mug test dose at different ages between 2-5 and 56 d, there was a marked decrease in the efficiency of retention between about 7 and 21 d of age. 2. Vitamin B12-binding capacity in the gastric muscosa increased with age, from 40 ng at birth to about 2000 ng at 14 d and 7000 ng at 35 d. This binder-protein was largely endogenous, whereas much of the unsaturated binder-protein in intestinal mucosa was apparently derived from milk. 3. The chyme in the stomach and small intestine contained unsaturated binder-protein, partly endogenous and partly deriving from milk, which prevented uptake of added [G-3H]-cyanocobalamin into the 'solids' phase of the intestinal contents. The intestinal chyme contained large numbers (log10 7-0--9-1/ml) of bacteria, some of which were isolated and shown to take up cyanocobalamin or folic acid or both. 4. The finings are discussed in relation to the concept that for some days or wekks after the cessation of transport of inact protein across the neonatal gut epithelium ('closure'), protein-bound vitamins may continue to be taken up into the epithelial cells and there released for transport into the circulation. It is concluded that unsaturated vitamin-binders may strongly influence the ecology of the intestinal microflora."}
{"id": "PMID:1201271", "title": "Metabolic studies of [75Se]selenocystine and [75Se]selenomethionine in the rat.", "content": "1. The long-term fate in rats of an oral dose of [75Se]selenocystine was compared with that of an oral dose of [75Se]selenomethionine. 2. Urinary and faecal radioactivities were measured during the 1st week and whole-body radioactivity was determined for 10 weeks. Rats were killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks and at weeks 6 and 10 for analysis of tissue distribution of 75Se. 3. Intestinal absorption of [75Se]selenocystine was 81% of the administered dose; that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 86%. Urinary excretion of absorbed [75Se]selenocystine was 13-9% and that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 5-8% in the 1st week. 4. Whole-body retention of 75Se was greater for [75Se]selenomethionine than for [75Se]selenocystine but after the 1st week it decreased at a similar rate in both groups. Tissue distribution of retained 75Se was also similar in both groups. 5. The initial utilization of [75Se]selenocystine was different from that of [75Se]selenomethionine. However, after the 1st week 75Se from both sources appeared to be metabolized similarly, suggesting that dietary Se of both forms is ultimately incorporated into the same metabolic pool. 6. When these findings were compared with those of earlier studies with [75Se]selenite and 75Se incorporated in vivo into rabbit kidney (RK-64Se) (Thomson, Stewart & Robinson, 1975) the metabolism of [75Se]selenocystine resembled that of [75Se]selenite and RK-75Se, rather than that of [75Se]selenomethionine.", "contents": "Metabolic studies of [75Se]selenocystine and [75Se]selenomethionine in the rat. 1. The long-term fate in rats of an oral dose of [75Se]selenocystine was compared with that of an oral dose of [75Se]selenomethionine. 2. Urinary and faecal radioactivities were measured during the 1st week and whole-body radioactivity was determined for 10 weeks. Rats were killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks and at weeks 6 and 10 for analysis of tissue distribution of 75Se. 3. Intestinal absorption of [75Se]selenocystine was 81% of the administered dose; that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 86%. Urinary excretion of absorbed [75Se]selenocystine was 13-9% and that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 5-8% in the 1st week. 4. Whole-body retention of 75Se was greater for [75Se]selenomethionine than for [75Se]selenocystine but after the 1st week it decreased at a similar rate in both groups. Tissue distribution of retained 75Se was also similar in both groups. 5. The initial utilization of [75Se]selenocystine was different from that of [75Se]selenomethionine. However, after the 1st week 75Se from both sources appeared to be metabolized similarly, suggesting that dietary Se of both forms is ultimately incorporated into the same metabolic pool. 6. When these findings were compared with those of earlier studies with [75Se]selenite and 75Se incorporated in vivo into rabbit kidney (RK-64Se) (Thomson, Stewart & Robinson, 1975) the metabolism of [75Se]selenocystine resembled that of [75Se]selenite and RK-75Se, rather than that of [75Se]selenomethionine."}
{"id": "PMID:1201272", "title": "A dietary survey of older people in Edinburgh.", "content": "1. Dietary histories covering 1 week were obtained from 212 men and 263 women, aged 62--90 years, who formed a random sample of the older people living in a defined area of Edinburgh. The histories were validated by 2 d weighed-diet records for 219 of the subjects. 2. Nutrient intakes are given as mean values and standard deviations, and as percentage distributions of intake relative to the recommended intakes of nutrients. Intakes are also related to factors which might affect diet adversely. 3. Mean values obtained suggested that intakes were less than recommended intakes for more nutrients for women than for men, particularly values for energy and vitamin D. Values for percentage distributions indicated  that a substantial proportion of all subjects had low intakes of ascorbic acid and vitamin D, that the energy intake of many women was low and that for most nutrients a greater proportion of men than of women had the recommended intake. Factors assocIATED With significant proportions of subjects with less than the recommended intakes were mental illness in women and deafness and severe dyspnoea in men. 4. Possible action to improve the diet of the elderly is discussed.", "contents": "A dietary survey of older people in Edinburgh. 1. Dietary histories covering 1 week were obtained from 212 men and 263 women, aged 62--90 years, who formed a random sample of the older people living in a defined area of Edinburgh. The histories were validated by 2 d weighed-diet records for 219 of the subjects. 2. Nutrient intakes are given as mean values and standard deviations, and as percentage distributions of intake relative to the recommended intakes of nutrients. Intakes are also related to factors which might affect diet adversely. 3. Mean values obtained suggested that intakes were less than recommended intakes for more nutrients for women than for men, particularly values for energy and vitamin D. Values for percentage distributions indicated  that a substantial proportion of all subjects had low intakes of ascorbic acid and vitamin D, that the energy intake of many women was low and that for most nutrients a greater proportion of men than of women had the recommended intake. Factors assocIATED With significant proportions of subjects with less than the recommended intakes were mental illness in women and deafness and severe dyspnoea in men. 4. Possible action to improve the diet of the elderly is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201273", "title": "Effect of phase transition on the kinetics of dye transport in phospholipid bilater structures.", "content": "Binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate to dimyristoyl-L-alpha-lecithin bilayers enhances the fluorescence quantum yield of the dye molecule by 100-fold. By following the generation of fluorescence after a rapid mixing in a stopped-flow apparatus (mixing time 2 msec), kinetics of the binding of the fluorescence probe to the phospholipid vesicles has been investigated in the temperature range where the crystal-liquid crystal phase transition of the bilayer structures occurs. No reactions depending on the dye or the vesicle concentrations were detected. This suggests that the initial adsorption of the dye was very rapid. Two kinetic phases which appear in the 50 msec and the second time ranges are unimolecular. The faster one has a small amplitude and is observable in the entire temperature range studied. In the phase transition region the slower reaction becomes the major kinetic phase. It also increases the apparent concentration of bound dye by a factor of 2. These observations suggest that the 50-msec reaction has detected a reorientation of the probe molecule after the initial binding, and that the slow reaction represents a transport of the dye molecule into the inner layer of the lipid vesicle. The transport reaction is extremely temperature sensitive and exhibits a maximum rate at the midpoint of the bilayer phase transition (Tm = 24.1 degrees). the Arrhenius plot of the transport reaction shows a maximum at the Tm. the same temperature dependence was also observed for the bromothymol blue transport reaction. However, no such effects were detected for less amphiphilic molecules such as tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and pyrene. In the latter systems only a slight bending of the Arrhenius plots were seen at the phase transition temperature. Since the kinetics of the transport of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate is sensitive to the physical state of the phospholipid bilayers this reaction may be used for probing membrane structures.", "contents": "Effect of phase transition on the kinetics of dye transport in phospholipid bilater structures. Binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate to dimyristoyl-L-alpha-lecithin bilayers enhances the fluorescence quantum yield of the dye molecule by 100-fold. By following the generation of fluorescence after a rapid mixing in a stopped-flow apparatus (mixing time 2 msec), kinetics of the binding of the fluorescence probe to the phospholipid vesicles has been investigated in the temperature range where the crystal-liquid crystal phase transition of the bilayer structures occurs. No reactions depending on the dye or the vesicle concentrations were detected. This suggests that the initial adsorption of the dye was very rapid. Two kinetic phases which appear in the 50 msec and the second time ranges are unimolecular. The faster one has a small amplitude and is observable in the entire temperature range studied. In the phase transition region the slower reaction becomes the major kinetic phase. It also increases the apparent concentration of bound dye by a factor of 2. These observations suggest that the 50-msec reaction has detected a reorientation of the probe molecule after the initial binding, and that the slow reaction represents a transport of the dye molecule into the inner layer of the lipid vesicle. The transport reaction is extremely temperature sensitive and exhibits a maximum rate at the midpoint of the bilayer phase transition (Tm = 24.1 degrees). the Arrhenius plot of the transport reaction shows a maximum at the Tm. the same temperature dependence was also observed for the bromothymol blue transport reaction. However, no such effects were detected for less amphiphilic molecules such as tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and pyrene. In the latter systems only a slight bending of the Arrhenius plots were seen at the phase transition temperature. Since the kinetics of the transport of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate is sensitive to the physical state of the phospholipid bilayers this reaction may be used for probing membrane structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1201274", "title": "Transport of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate as a probe of the effect of cholesterol on the phospholipid bilayer structures.", "content": "The transport of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate in dimyristoyl-L-alpha-lecithin bilayers has been found to be extremely sensitive to the crystalline state of the phospholipid dispersions. Thus this reaction may be used for probing the membrane structures. In binary mixtures of cholesterol and phospholipid the fluorescence enhancement of the dye completely disappears when the mole fraction of cholesterol reaches 33%. At temperatures below and above the phase transition of the lipid bilayers, the rate of the probe transport increases significantly in the binary mixtures. It reaches a maximum at 17 mol % of cholestero. The rate at this cholesterol content approaches the maximum value obtained for the probe transport in pure phospholipis, e.i., the rate at the midpoint of the phase transition. These observations indicate that the effect of cholesterol in the phospholipid dispersion is to maintain the bilayer structure close to the melting temperature of the lipid phase transition. In other words, cholesterol may be an effective buffer for membrane crystalline state when its concentration is near 17 mol %.", "contents": "Transport of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate as a probe of the effect of cholesterol on the phospholipid bilayer structures. The transport of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate in dimyristoyl-L-alpha-lecithin bilayers has been found to be extremely sensitive to the crystalline state of the phospholipid dispersions. Thus this reaction may be used for probing the membrane structures. In binary mixtures of cholesterol and phospholipid the fluorescence enhancement of the dye completely disappears when the mole fraction of cholesterol reaches 33%. At temperatures below and above the phase transition of the lipid bilayers, the rate of the probe transport increases significantly in the binary mixtures. It reaches a maximum at 17 mol % of cholestero. The rate at this cholesterol content approaches the maximum value obtained for the probe transport in pure phospholipis, e.i., the rate at the midpoint of the phase transition. These observations indicate that the effect of cholesterol in the phospholipid dispersion is to maintain the bilayer structure close to the melting temperature of the lipid phase transition. In other words, cholesterol may be an effective buffer for membrane crystalline state when its concentration is near 17 mol %."}
{"id": "PMID:1201275", "title": "Reaction of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea with synthetic polynucleotides.", "content": "The antitumor agent BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) was incubated with poly(C) and poly(G) in aqueous solution at 37 degrees and pH 7 to produce approximately 0.33 and 0.07% substitution, respectively. Under the same conditions, there was relatively little reaction with poly(A) and poly(U). Poylnucleotides reacted with [14C]BCNU were digested by chemical and enzymatic methods, and the derivative nucleotides were isolated by column chromatography. There were identified by a combination of ultraviolet and mass spectroscopy as 3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)CMP, 3,N4-ethano-CMP, and 7-(beta-hydroxy-ethyl)GMP. This would indicate that BCNU generates active two carbon fragments, probably chloroethyl carbonium ions, which are free to react with nucleotides. The production of these substituted bases may be important to the mechanism of action of the therapeutic nitrosoureas since they would probably alter the function of any nucleic acid which contained them.", "contents": "Reaction of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea with synthetic polynucleotides. The antitumor agent BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) was incubated with poly(C) and poly(G) in aqueous solution at 37 degrees and pH 7 to produce approximately 0.33 and 0.07% substitution, respectively. Under the same conditions, there was relatively little reaction with poly(A) and poly(U). Poylnucleotides reacted with [14C]BCNU were digested by chemical and enzymatic methods, and the derivative nucleotides were isolated by column chromatography. There were identified by a combination of ultraviolet and mass spectroscopy as 3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)CMP, 3,N4-ethano-CMP, and 7-(beta-hydroxy-ethyl)GMP. This would indicate that BCNU generates active two carbon fragments, probably chloroethyl carbonium ions, which are free to react with nucleotides. The production of these substituted bases may be important to the mechanism of action of the therapeutic nitrosoureas since they would probably alter the function of any nucleic acid which contained them."}
{"id": "PMID:1201276", "title": "The transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane of normal human erythrocytes. Evaluation employing lactoperoxidase and proteases.", "content": "The molecular architecture of the human erythrocyte membrane has been probed using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination in conjunction with Pronase hydrolysis. Resealed, hemoglobin-free ghosts were labeled at the cytoplasmic surface and the external membrane surface was subsequently digested with Pronase. Changes in size of the components labeled at the cytoplasmic surface were readily detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The protein 3 molecular weight class labeled at the cytoplasmic surface was extensively hydrolyzed at the external surface to produce a major 65000 molecular weight fragment and a minor 45000 molecular weight fragment. When resealed membranes were labeled on the external surface the same 65000 molecular weight labeled component is produced. These results unequivocally demonstrate that the same polypeptides in the protein 3 molecular weight class that can be labeled by lactoperoxidase at the cytoplasmic membrane surface are digested by Pronase at the external surface and are, therefore, transmembrane components. Where it is possible to label one surface of a membrane with lactoperoxidase and reseal the membrane this procedure represents an alternate method for establishing transmembrane configuration of membrane proteins.", "contents": "The transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane of normal human erythrocytes. Evaluation employing lactoperoxidase and proteases. The molecular architecture of the human erythrocyte membrane has been probed using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination in conjunction with Pronase hydrolysis. Resealed, hemoglobin-free ghosts were labeled at the cytoplasmic surface and the external membrane surface was subsequently digested with Pronase. Changes in size of the components labeled at the cytoplasmic surface were readily detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The protein 3 molecular weight class labeled at the cytoplasmic surface was extensively hydrolyzed at the external surface to produce a major 65000 molecular weight fragment and a minor 45000 molecular weight fragment. When resealed membranes were labeled on the external surface the same 65000 molecular weight labeled component is produced. These results unequivocally demonstrate that the same polypeptides in the protein 3 molecular weight class that can be labeled by lactoperoxidase at the cytoplasmic membrane surface are digested by Pronase at the external surface and are, therefore, transmembrane components. Where it is possible to label one surface of a membrane with lactoperoxidase and reseal the membrane this procedure represents an alternate method for establishing transmembrane configuration of membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1201277", "title": "The isolation and structure of the core oligosaccharide sequences of IgM.", "content": "Methods are presented for separating the three IgM heavy chain sialoglycopeptides associated with asparagines 170, 332, and 395. The core glycopeptide units containing the disaccharide fucosyl-N-acetylglucosamine were obtained through the use of an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosamindase from Diplococcus pneumoniae, following exoglycosidase treatment of the sialoglycopeptides. In addition to the core glycopeptides, high yields of a tetrasaccharide, (Man)3GlcNAc, were obtained. The fucose in the core disaccharide is glycosidically linked to the 6-O position of the N-acetylglucosamine residue in Asn-GlcNAc. This core unit is resistant to glycosyl asparaginase, but becomes susceptible to hydrolysis on removal of the fucosyl residue by a purified hen oviduct alpha-L-fucosidase. The core sequence of the immunoglobulin M sialoglycopeptides appears to be similar to that of most other asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in consisting of a basic unit composed of beta-D-Man-(1 leads to 4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1 leads to 4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1 leads to 4), but with L fucose linked alpha-(1 leads to 6) to the proximal GlcNAc. The two nonreducing terminal ends of (Man)3GlcNAc are linked to beta-D-Man by alpha-(1 leads to 3) and alpha(1 leads to 6) bonds, respectively.", "contents": "The isolation and structure of the core oligosaccharide sequences of IgM. Methods are presented for separating the three IgM heavy chain sialoglycopeptides associated with asparagines 170, 332, and 395. The core glycopeptide units containing the disaccharide fucosyl-N-acetylglucosamine were obtained through the use of an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosamindase from Diplococcus pneumoniae, following exoglycosidase treatment of the sialoglycopeptides. In addition to the core glycopeptides, high yields of a tetrasaccharide, (Man)3GlcNAc, were obtained. The fucose in the core disaccharide is glycosidically linked to the 6-O position of the N-acetylglucosamine residue in Asn-GlcNAc. This core unit is resistant to glycosyl asparaginase, but becomes susceptible to hydrolysis on removal of the fucosyl residue by a purified hen oviduct alpha-L-fucosidase. The core sequence of the immunoglobulin M sialoglycopeptides appears to be similar to that of most other asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in consisting of a basic unit composed of beta-D-Man-(1 leads to 4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1 leads to 4)beta-D-GlcNAc(1 leads to 4), but with L fucose linked alpha-(1 leads to 6) to the proximal GlcNAc. The two nonreducing terminal ends of (Man)3GlcNAc are linked to beta-D-Man by alpha-(1 leads to 3) and alpha(1 leads to 6) bonds, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1201278", "title": "Mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamin: 3-fluoro-1,2-propranediol as substrate for propanediol dehydrase--mechanistic implications.", "content": "3-Fluro-1,2-propanediol has been found to be a substrate for propanediol dehydrase and has very similar binding and catalytic constants compared to the natural substrate. The only isolable products of the reaction are acrolein and inorganic fluoride; with 3-fluoro-3,3-dideuterio-1,2-propanediol as substrate, only 3,3-dideuterioacrolein is obtained. These results indicate that the primary product of the reaction is 3-fluoropropionaldehyde which spontaneously loses hydrogen fluoride to yield acrolein. The similar kinetic parameters for the fluorinated as compared to the normal substrate suggest that significant charge does not develop on the fluorinated or, by implication, the natural substrate during any rate-limiting steps of the reaction. These results support a radical, as contrasted to an ionic pathway for reactions involving adenosylcobalamin and diol dehydrase.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamin: 3-fluoro-1,2-propranediol as substrate for propanediol dehydrase--mechanistic implications. 3-Fluro-1,2-propanediol has been found to be a substrate for propanediol dehydrase and has very similar binding and catalytic constants compared to the natural substrate. The only isolable products of the reaction are acrolein and inorganic fluoride; with 3-fluoro-3,3-dideuterio-1,2-propanediol as substrate, only 3,3-dideuterioacrolein is obtained. These results indicate that the primary product of the reaction is 3-fluoropropionaldehyde which spontaneously loses hydrogen fluoride to yield acrolein. The similar kinetic parameters for the fluorinated as compared to the normal substrate suggest that significant charge does not develop on the fluorinated or, by implication, the natural substrate during any rate-limiting steps of the reaction. These results support a radical, as contrasted to an ionic pathway for reactions involving adenosylcobalamin and diol dehydrase."}
{"id": "PMID:1201279", "title": "Studies on the generation of hydrogen peroxide during some non-enzymic reactions changing the hyaluronic acid molecule.", "content": "The effect of catalase on non-enzymic-induced changes in the conformation of hyaluronic acid in a vitreous humour preparation was measured using viscometry. Ascorbate, heavy metal ions, riboflavin or EDTA all lowered the viscosity of hyaluronic acid solutions. These effects could be prevented by the addition of catalase. This suggested that H2 O2 is produced by these compounds and that the resulting change in conformation of hyaluronic acid may be due to peroxyl and hydroxyl attack by the free radicals thus generated.", "contents": "Studies on the generation of hydrogen peroxide during some non-enzymic reactions changing the hyaluronic acid molecule. The effect of catalase on non-enzymic-induced changes in the conformation of hyaluronic acid in a vitreous humour preparation was measured using viscometry. Ascorbate, heavy metal ions, riboflavin or EDTA all lowered the viscosity of hyaluronic acid solutions. These effects could be prevented by the addition of catalase. This suggested that H2 O2 is produced by these compounds and that the resulting change in conformation of hyaluronic acid may be due to peroxyl and hydroxyl attack by the free radicals thus generated."}
{"id": "PMID:1201280", "title": "Effects of external osmolality on polyamine metabolism in HeLa cells.", "content": "The polyamine content of Escherichia coli is inversely related to the osmolality of the growth medium. The experiments described here demonstrate that a similar phenomenon occurs in mammalian cells. When grown in media of low NaCl concentration, HeLa cells and human fibroblasts were found to contain high levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. The putrescine content of HeLa cells was a function of the osmolality of the medium, as shown by growing cells in media containing mannitol or additional glucose. External osmolality per se had no effect on the contents of spermidine and spermine. For all media, the total cellular polyamine content could be correlated with the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, the first enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. Different levels of enzyme activity appear to result solely from variations in the rate of enzyme degradation. A sudden increase in a NaCl concentration produced rapid loss of ornithine decarboxylase activity and a gradual loss of putrescine and spermidine. A sudden decrease in NaCl concentration led to rapid and substantial increases in ornithine decarboxylase activity and putrescine.", "contents": "Effects of external osmolality on polyamine metabolism in HeLa cells. The polyamine content of Escherichia coli is inversely related to the osmolality of the growth medium. The experiments described here demonstrate that a similar phenomenon occurs in mammalian cells. When grown in media of low NaCl concentration, HeLa cells and human fibroblasts were found to contain high levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. The putrescine content of HeLa cells was a function of the osmolality of the medium, as shown by growing cells in media containing mannitol or additional glucose. External osmolality per se had no effect on the contents of spermidine and spermine. For all media, the total cellular polyamine content could be correlated with the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, the first enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. Different levels of enzyme activity appear to result solely from variations in the rate of enzyme degradation. A sudden increase in a NaCl concentration produced rapid loss of ornithine decarboxylase activity and a gradual loss of putrescine and spermidine. A sudden decrease in NaCl concentration led to rapid and substantial increases in ornithine decarboxylase activity and putrescine."}
{"id": "PMID:1201282", "title": "Uptake of proteinase-alpha-macroglobulin complexes by macrophages.", "content": "Complexes of labelled proteinases (subtilopeptidase A, trypsin) with serum alpha 1-macroglobulin or alpha 2-macroglobulin are rapidly taken up in vitro by rabbit alveolar macrophages and peritoneal macrophages but not by mixed rabbit peripheral blood leukocytes. Enzyme, not bound to alpha 1- or alpha 2-macroglobulin, does not become associated with alveolar macrophages. Chemically inactivated subtilopeptidase A does not bind to alpha 1- or alpha 2-macroglobulin; chemically inactivated subtilopeptidase A in mixtures with alpha 1 - or alpha 2-microglobulin, does not interact with alveolar macrophages. Blocking experiments confirmed that the interaction of proteinase with alveolar macrophages is complex specific; uptake of labelled complex was prevented by the simultaneous addition of macroglobulin complexes formed with non-labelled subtilopeptidase A, subtilopeptidase B, trypsin or chymotrypsin but not by macroglobulin alone. The findings demonstrate a complex-specific interaction between proteinase-alpha-macroglobulin complexes and macrophages.", "contents": "Uptake of proteinase-alpha-macroglobulin complexes by macrophages. Complexes of labelled proteinases (subtilopeptidase A, trypsin) with serum alpha 1-macroglobulin or alpha 2-macroglobulin are rapidly taken up in vitro by rabbit alveolar macrophages and peritoneal macrophages but not by mixed rabbit peripheral blood leukocytes. Enzyme, not bound to alpha 1- or alpha 2-macroglobulin, does not become associated with alveolar macrophages. Chemically inactivated subtilopeptidase A does not bind to alpha 1- or alpha 2-macroglobulin; chemically inactivated subtilopeptidase A in mixtures with alpha 1 - or alpha 2-microglobulin, does not interact with alveolar macrophages. Blocking experiments confirmed that the interaction of proteinase with alveolar macrophages is complex specific; uptake of labelled complex was prevented by the simultaneous addition of macroglobulin complexes formed with non-labelled subtilopeptidase A, subtilopeptidase B, trypsin or chymotrypsin but not by macroglobulin alone. The findings demonstrate a complex-specific interaction between proteinase-alpha-macroglobulin complexes and macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:1201283", "title": "Cellular energy dependent agglutination of rat ascites tumor cells mediated by concanavalin A and Ricinus communis agglutinin.", "content": "Effect of various metabolic inhibitors on the agglutination of rat ascites tumor cells mediated by concanavalin A and Ricinus communis agglutinin was studied using a quantitative assay method for agglutination in which turbidity of cell suspension is measured. Cell agglutination was inhibited by low temperature, cytochalasin B and inhibitors of energy generating systems without affecting lectin binding, and agglutination was not affected by hydroxyurea, actinomycin D or cycloheximide. The inhibitors of energy generating systems decreased the cellular ATP level and inhibited macromolecular synthesis under the conditions where they inhibited the agglutinations. In contrast, cytochalasin B did not depress the cellular ATP level nor inhibit RNA and protein syntheses. These results suggest that the agglutination is associated with cellular energy dependent processes other than macromolecular synthesis; probably with some cellular surface movements participated by microfilament activity.", "contents": "Cellular energy dependent agglutination of rat ascites tumor cells mediated by concanavalin A and Ricinus communis agglutinin. Effect of various metabolic inhibitors on the agglutination of rat ascites tumor cells mediated by concanavalin A and Ricinus communis agglutinin was studied using a quantitative assay method for agglutination in which turbidity of cell suspension is measured. Cell agglutination was inhibited by low temperature, cytochalasin B and inhibitors of energy generating systems without affecting lectin binding, and agglutination was not affected by hydroxyurea, actinomycin D or cycloheximide. The inhibitors of energy generating systems decreased the cellular ATP level and inhibited macromolecular synthesis under the conditions where they inhibited the agglutinations. In contrast, cytochalasin B did not depress the cellular ATP level nor inhibit RNA and protein syntheses. These results suggest that the agglutination is associated with cellular energy dependent processes other than macromolecular synthesis; probably with some cellular surface movements participated by microfilament activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201284", "title": "Biochemical and cytological studies of mitochondrial development in chloramphenicol-induced rice coleoptiles.", "content": "The ultrastructure and respiratory activity of mitochondria in rice coleoptile grown in the presence and in the absence of an inibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis (chloramphenicol) have been studied. It is shown that during the first 48 h of germination a rapid development of mitochondrial cristae takes place without notable influence of chloramphenicol on biogenesis of mitochondria. But the presence of the inhibitor has a significant effect in the subsequent period (48-144 h): a gradual and almost complete reduction of mitochondrial cristae is observed. These unusual \"noncristate\" mitochondria, although greatly lacking cytochrome oxidase, have a high respiratory activity. The respiration of \"noncristate\" mitochondria is resistant to KCN. It is supposed that chloramphenicol-induced rice coleoptile can be used as a new convenient object for studies of the nature of alternative oxidase as well as the biogenesis of mitochondria with cyanide-insensitive respiration.", "contents": "Biochemical and cytological studies of mitochondrial development in chloramphenicol-induced rice coleoptiles. The ultrastructure and respiratory activity of mitochondria in rice coleoptile grown in the presence and in the absence of an inibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis (chloramphenicol) have been studied. It is shown that during the first 48 h of germination a rapid development of mitochondrial cristae takes place without notable influence of chloramphenicol on biogenesis of mitochondria. But the presence of the inhibitor has a significant effect in the subsequent period (48-144 h): a gradual and almost complete reduction of mitochondrial cristae is observed. These unusual \"noncristate\" mitochondria, although greatly lacking cytochrome oxidase, have a high respiratory activity. The respiration of \"noncristate\" mitochondria is resistant to KCN. It is supposed that chloramphenicol-induced rice coleoptile can be used as a new convenient object for studies of the nature of alternative oxidase as well as the biogenesis of mitochondria with cyanide-insensitive respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:1201285", "title": "Peptidoglycan compositions of a new strain of Arthrobacter crystallopietes during sphere-rod morphogenesis.", "content": "Arthrobacter crystallopoieties ATCC 15481 was used to isolate a new strain. designated Arthrobacter crystallopoieties EPSR-16, which had a mass doubling time in brain heart infusion broth and in glucose/salts/yeast extract medium of 30 min compared to 2.40 h for the parent strain in similar media. The growth rates for the new strain and for the parent were close to 12 h in glucose/salts medium. The new strain formed well-separated cocci and diplococci in glucose/salts medium, and upon nutrient shift-up all the cells in the population gradually changed into well-separated rods of regular shape. In the spherical state the cell wall peptidoglycan of the new strain contained lysine and no diaminopimelic acid. A gradual loss in lysine and a gain in diaminopimelic acid occurred during morphogenesis. Diaminopimelic acid became predominant in the cell wall during balanced growth in the rod state.", "contents": "Peptidoglycan compositions of a new strain of Arthrobacter crystallopietes during sphere-rod morphogenesis. Arthrobacter crystallopoieties ATCC 15481 was used to isolate a new strain. designated Arthrobacter crystallopoieties EPSR-16, which had a mass doubling time in brain heart infusion broth and in glucose/salts/yeast extract medium of 30 min compared to 2.40 h for the parent strain in similar media. The growth rates for the new strain and for the parent were close to 12 h in glucose/salts medium. The new strain formed well-separated cocci and diplococci in glucose/salts medium, and upon nutrient shift-up all the cells in the population gradually changed into well-separated rods of regular shape. In the spherical state the cell wall peptidoglycan of the new strain contained lysine and no diaminopimelic acid. A gradual loss in lysine and a gain in diaminopimelic acid occurred during morphogenesis. Diaminopimelic acid became predominant in the cell wall during balanced growth in the rod state."}
{"id": "PMID:1201286", "title": "Small copper-binding proteins from normal and copper-loaded liver.", "content": "The same three low molecular weight copper-binding proteins which have been purified from the soluble fractions of Cu2+-loaded livers (200 mug Cu2+ per g wet weight) were also found to be present in livers of normal rats (4 mug Cu2+ per g wet weight) but in much smaller quantities. Therefore, Cu2+ loading enhances the amount of preexisting proteins rather than inducing the synthesis of new proteins. Amino acid analyses of each of the three showed them to be different from the metallothioneins which are present on loading with other trace metals including Cd2+ and Zn2+.", "contents": "Small copper-binding proteins from normal and copper-loaded liver. The same three low molecular weight copper-binding proteins which have been purified from the soluble fractions of Cu2+-loaded livers (200 mug Cu2+ per g wet weight) were also found to be present in livers of normal rats (4 mug Cu2+ per g wet weight) but in much smaller quantities. Therefore, Cu2+ loading enhances the amount of preexisting proteins rather than inducing the synthesis of new proteins. Amino acid analyses of each of the three showed them to be different from the metallothioneins which are present on loading with other trace metals including Cd2+ and Zn2+."}
{"id": "PMID:1201287", "title": "[Rheological studies of interphase adsorption layers of lysozyme at phase separation liquid boundaries].", "content": "Rheological studies of thin layers of biopolymers provide a principally new approach to the studies of the structure and functions of biomembranes. Rheological properties of interphase adsorption layers of lysozyme at different concentrations, temperatures and at the border with various carbohydrates. The values of moduli of fast elastic deformation E1s, slow elastic deformation E2s, equilibrium module of elasticity Es, viscosity of elastic aftereffect, plastic viscosity eta 0s and eta s for the interphase layers of lysozyme at liquid borders show that the interphase adsorption layers were solidlike, and the moduli of dimeric structure evaluated as volume ones correspond to the characteristics of normal elastomeres.", "contents": "[Rheological studies of interphase adsorption layers of lysozyme at phase separation liquid boundaries]. Rheological studies of thin layers of biopolymers provide a principally new approach to the studies of the structure and functions of biomembranes. Rheological properties of interphase adsorption layers of lysozyme at different concentrations, temperatures and at the border with various carbohydrates. The values of moduli of fast elastic deformation E1s, slow elastic deformation E2s, equilibrium module of elasticity Es, viscosity of elastic aftereffect, plastic viscosity eta 0s and eta s for the interphase layers of lysozyme at liquid borders show that the interphase adsorption layers were solidlike, and the moduli of dimeric structure evaluated as volume ones correspond to the characteristics of normal elastomeres."}
{"id": "PMID:1201288", "title": "[Utraviolet adsorption and fluorescence of human thyroalbumin].", "content": "Some spectral properties of human thyroalbumin have been studied. Ultra-violet absorption of the aqueous solution of this protein has two maxima: at the wavelengths of 276 and 296--298 nm. Under the excitation by a monochromatic light with the wavelength of 280 nm the thyroalbumin has the fluorescence spectrum with the maximum at 430 nm and the quantum yeild of fluorescence about 5,4%. It has been established that thyroalbumin fluorescence consists of two components with the maxima at 385 and 450 nm. Moreover the \"sortwave\" component is principally attributed for by the presence do iodoamino acids.", "contents": "[Utraviolet adsorption and fluorescence of human thyroalbumin]. Some spectral properties of human thyroalbumin have been studied. Ultra-violet absorption of the aqueous solution of this protein has two maxima: at the wavelengths of 276 and 296--298 nm. Under the excitation by a monochromatic light with the wavelength of 280 nm the thyroalbumin has the fluorescence spectrum with the maximum at 430 nm and the quantum yeild of fluorescence about 5,4%. It has been established that thyroalbumin fluorescence consists of two components with the maxima at 385 and 450 nm. Moreover the \"sortwave\" component is principally attributed for by the presence do iodoamino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1201291", "title": "[Kinetics of the interaction of ferrous oxide with oxidized lipids and possibility of chiluminescent determination of hydroperoxides].", "content": "The theory shows that for lipids containing hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acids there exists a verge concentration of Fe2+: at concentrations of Fe2+ lower than the verge one the peroxidation process develops autocatalytically and at higher concentrations it looks pulseshaped. In the second case the amplitude of pulse concentration of peroxide radicals and the square root from the maximum value of chemiluminescence intensity are proportional to the concentration of hydroperoxides present in the system at the time of ferrous ions injection. The former two values do not depend on the concentration of inoxidized fatty acids. In the experiments of chemiluminescence of partially oxidized linoleic acid and lecithin in methanol-benzene solutions (1 : 2) a perfect correlation between the experimental data and theoretical conclusions was revealed.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the interaction of ferrous oxide with oxidized lipids and possibility of chiluminescent determination of hydroperoxides]. The theory shows that for lipids containing hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acids there exists a verge concentration of Fe2+: at concentrations of Fe2+ lower than the verge one the peroxidation process develops autocatalytically and at higher concentrations it looks pulseshaped. In the second case the amplitude of pulse concentration of peroxide radicals and the square root from the maximum value of chemiluminescence intensity are proportional to the concentration of hydroperoxides present in the system at the time of ferrous ions injection. The former two values do not depend on the concentration of inoxidized fatty acids. In the experiments of chemiluminescence of partially oxidized linoleic acid and lecithin in methanol-benzene solutions (1 : 2) a perfect correlation between the experimental data and theoretical conclusions was revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201293", "title": "[Elemental analysis of biological objects by characteristic x-ray radiation excited by protons].", "content": "The results of the analysis of white mouse blood according to characteristic X-radiation (CXR) stimulated by the protones with the energy of 2,5 Mev are presented. CXR was recorded by spectrophotometry on the basis of siliceouslithium detector with energetic resolution of 260 ev by the generator of the exact amplitude and 290 ev along the line of 6,4 kev Co57. Sensitivity (3 divided by 5)-10(-8)g was reached. The analysis according to CXR permits to reveal microelements in the quantities 10(-10)--10(-12) g. Small quantities of the substance are required.", "contents": "[Elemental analysis of biological objects by characteristic x-ray radiation excited by protons]. The results of the analysis of white mouse blood according to characteristic X-radiation (CXR) stimulated by the protones with the energy of 2,5 Mev are presented. CXR was recorded by spectrophotometry on the basis of siliceouslithium detector with energetic resolution of 260 ev by the generator of the exact amplitude and 290 ev along the line of 6,4 kev Co57. Sensitivity (3 divided by 5)-10(-8)g was reached. The analysis according to CXR permits to reveal microelements in the quantities 10(-10)--10(-12) g. Small quantities of the substance are required."}
{"id": "PMID:1201294", "title": "[Cell molecular computer. VIII. Possible construction of a molecular memory in biological membranes and principle of minimum expenditures of free energy in recording information].", "content": "The principle of minimum expenditure of \"price of action\" [5] provides in the liquid cell membrane such operative memory which uses for recording information from any receptor (multidigit number) the transmission of an electron with the loss smaller than 250 mev. According to the hypothesis such memory is constructed from equal protein molecules and different lipid addresses for different receptors. It works on Brown collisions, weak interactions between the molecules and capture bonds controlled by MCC with a minimum expenditure of free energ- for the formation and breakage of bonds.", "contents": "[Cell molecular computer. VIII. Possible construction of a molecular memory in biological membranes and principle of minimum expenditures of free energy in recording information]. The principle of minimum expenditure of \"price of action\" [5] provides in the liquid cell membrane such operative memory which uses for recording information from any receptor (multidigit number) the transmission of an electron with the loss smaller than 250 mev. According to the hypothesis such memory is constructed from equal protein molecules and different lipid addresses for different receptors. It works on Brown collisions, weak interactions between the molecules and capture bonds controlled by MCC with a minimum expenditure of free energ- for the formation and breakage of bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:1201289", "title": "[Photodissociation of carboxyhemoglobin with different degrees of saturation].", "content": "The graphical method is suggested and treated for obtaining of the binding curves in photodissociation conditions. Some kinetic properties of photolisis of HbCO are discussed in connection with sharp increase of free gase concentration in solution.", "contents": "[Photodissociation of carboxyhemoglobin with different degrees of saturation]. The graphical method is suggested and treated for obtaining of the binding curves in photodissociation conditions. Some kinetic properties of photolisis of HbCO are discussed in connection with sharp increase of free gase concentration in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:1201295", "title": "[Free-radical oxidation of biological membrane lipids. VI. Nature of linoleic acid chemiluminescence].", "content": "An original scheme of chemoluminescence of unsaturated fat acids is suggested on the basis of analysing the kinetics of peroxide formation, chemoluminescence and fluorescence of linole acid. The agreement of the model with literature and our own experimental data is shown by the method of analogue modelling.", "contents": "[Free-radical oxidation of biological membrane lipids. VI. Nature of linoleic acid chemiluminescence]. An original scheme of chemoluminescence of unsaturated fat acids is suggested on the basis of analysing the kinetics of peroxide formation, chemoluminescence and fluorescence of linole acid. The agreement of the model with literature and our own experimental data is shown by the method of analogue modelling."}
{"id": "PMID:1201290", "title": "[Phosphorescence of octaethylchlorine, isobacteriooctaethylchlorine and their metal complexes].", "content": "The phosphorescence of dihydrooctaethylporphin (octaethylchlorin or OEC), of its complexes with magnesium, zinc, copper and palladium, and of zinc and palladium complexes of isobacteriooctaethylchlorin (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrooctaethylporphin with adjacent hydrogenated pyrrole rings or THOEP-ADJ) has been investigated. The phosphorescence spectra and phosphorescence excitation spectra as well as the ratio of fluorescence and phosphorescence yields and the triplet state lifetume have been measured. It has been shown that the singlet-triplet interval is about 4100 cm-1 for OEC complexes and about 4300 cm-1 for THOEP-ADJ complexes, and depends wealky on the nature of the metal atom forming the complex. The triplet level position of chlorophyll alpha is discussed. It is concluded that the maximum of chlorophyll alpha phosphorescence spectrum must be located at 895 nm.", "contents": "[Phosphorescence of octaethylchlorine, isobacteriooctaethylchlorine and their metal complexes]. The phosphorescence of dihydrooctaethylporphin (octaethylchlorin or OEC), of its complexes with magnesium, zinc, copper and palladium, and of zinc and palladium complexes of isobacteriooctaethylchlorin (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrooctaethylporphin with adjacent hydrogenated pyrrole rings or THOEP-ADJ) has been investigated. The phosphorescence spectra and phosphorescence excitation spectra as well as the ratio of fluorescence and phosphorescence yields and the triplet state lifetume have been measured. It has been shown that the singlet-triplet interval is about 4100 cm-1 for OEC complexes and about 4300 cm-1 for THOEP-ADJ complexes, and depends wealky on the nature of the metal atom forming the complex. The triplet level position of chlorophyll alpha is discussed. It is concluded that the maximum of chlorophyll alpha phosphorescence spectrum must be located at 895 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:1201297", "title": "[Comparative study of membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase in guinea pig and rabbit brains].", "content": "As a result of kinetic studies on acetylcholinesterase inhibition by allosteric effector d-tubocurarine it was shown that interaction between modifier and catalytic sites of rabbit and guinea pig acetylcholinesterase are different for these two species. Judging by the inhibition curves and sensitivity of d-tubocurarine theses differences involve enzyme microenvironment in the membrane. Addition to 7,15-10-6 M d-tubocurarune to solubilized preparation led to a significant fall in the value of Hill coefficient for enzyme-substrate interaction. This may be indicative of the changes in the conformational state of the enzyme after its dissociation from the membrane, i. e. of the membrane structure role in the formation of the structural and functional enzyme properties.", "contents": "[Comparative study of membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase in guinea pig and rabbit brains]. As a result of kinetic studies on acetylcholinesterase inhibition by allosteric effector d-tubocurarine it was shown that interaction between modifier and catalytic sites of rabbit and guinea pig acetylcholinesterase are different for these two species. Judging by the inhibition curves and sensitivity of d-tubocurarine theses differences involve enzyme microenvironment in the membrane. Addition to 7,15-10-6 M d-tubocurarune to solubilized preparation led to a significant fall in the value of Hill coefficient for enzyme-substrate interaction. This may be indicative of the changes in the conformational state of the enzyme after its dissociation from the membrane, i. e. of the membrane structure role in the formation of the structural and functional enzyme properties."}
{"id": "PMID:1201292", "title": "[Instability and excitation propagation in a catalytic reaction model. I. Model of a system with concentrated parameters].", "content": "Using peculiarities of oxidative-rastorative catalytic reactions the system of nonlinear differential equations has been obtained. Pecularities of the behaviour of the system on phase plane of variables at different parameters are considered. The system may be autooscillative, trigger, waiting. Problems of model application in membrane, quantum, enzymatic systems are discussed.", "contents": "[Instability and excitation propagation in a catalytic reaction model. I. Model of a system with concentrated parameters]. Using peculiarities of oxidative-rastorative catalytic reactions the system of nonlinear differential equations has been obtained. Pecularities of the behaviour of the system on phase plane of variables at different parameters are considered. The system may be autooscillative, trigger, waiting. Problems of model application in membrane, quantum, enzymatic systems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201299", "title": "[Honeybee phonoreceptors].", "content": "Bee phonoreceptors are revealed by electrophysiological method. These are hair sensillae located between facet eyes and occipital commissure. The region of the highest sensitivity of receptors in within the range of the maximum energy of various sound signals used in the communication of bees. The receptors exactly distinguish the signals according to their duration and intensity.", "contents": "[Honeybee phonoreceptors]. Bee phonoreceptors are revealed by electrophysiological method. These are hair sensillae located between facet eyes and occipital commissure. The region of the highest sensitivity of receptors in within the range of the maximum energy of various sound signals used in the communication of bees. The receptors exactly distinguish the signals according to their duration and intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201296", "title": "[Relation of the birefringence of a bilayer lipid membrane to the ionic strength of the medium].", "content": "A direct method of measuring the optical phase difference arising in a bilayer lipid membrane at the expence of its birefringent properties is offered. A dependence of the value and sign of lipid bilayer birefringence on ionic concentration in the medium has been observed. For example, the birefringence value of the bilayer from egg lecithin with eta-decan changes from -0.005 to 0.01 with a change of NaCl concentration from 0 to 5 M, the sign changing at about 1 M. It is suggested that the polar region of the bilayer has negative birefringence, and that it is its infrastructure that changes with the ionic strength of the solution.", "contents": "[Relation of the birefringence of a bilayer lipid membrane to the ionic strength of the medium]. A direct method of measuring the optical phase difference arising in a bilayer lipid membrane at the expence of its birefringent properties is offered. A dependence of the value and sign of lipid bilayer birefringence on ionic concentration in the medium has been observed. For example, the birefringence value of the bilayer from egg lecithin with eta-decan changes from -0.005 to 0.01 with a change of NaCl concentration from 0 to 5 M, the sign changing at about 1 M. It is suggested that the polar region of the bilayer has negative birefringence, and that it is its infrastructure that changes with the ionic strength of the solution."}
{"id": "PMID:1201300", "title": "[Comparison of the energy characteristics of Acetabularia membranes in light and darkness].", "content": "Energetic parameters of the membrane of marine alga Acetabularia were compared at light and dark during the action potential (AP). Direct current resistance of the resting membrane at dark as well as at light is of the order 1000-5000 omega-cm2 without considerable difference. The maximum resistance of the excited Acetabularia membrane is somewhat increased at dark as compared to its value at light. The maximum power of the membrane system and that of its regulating mechanism along with the energy dissipating AP at light exceed the same values at dark. The dissipating energy and the work Acetabularia cell performs during the AP are also compared for light and dark conditions.", "contents": "[Comparison of the energy characteristics of Acetabularia membranes in light and darkness]. Energetic parameters of the membrane of marine alga Acetabularia were compared at light and dark during the action potential (AP). Direct current resistance of the resting membrane at dark as well as at light is of the order 1000-5000 omega-cm2 without considerable difference. The maximum resistance of the excited Acetabularia membrane is somewhat increased at dark as compared to its value at light. The maximum power of the membrane system and that of its regulating mechanism along with the energy dissipating AP at light exceed the same values at dark. The dissipating energy and the work Acetabularia cell performs during the AP are also compared for light and dark conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1201301", "title": "[Mathematical model of the cytokinetics of erythropoiesis in mouse bone marrow and spleen].", "content": "The described model approximates the function of the erythropoietic system of the mouse to the function of a self-renewed cellular system, describable in the terms of cell population kinetics. The model is based on a number of experimentally proved ideas of contemporary haematology and arises from the assumption that there exists mutual negative influence between the cellular populations of the bone marrow and spleen. Considering the erythropoietic system in the mouse to be composed of two relatively independent parts - the bone marrow and spleen - the described model differs from the attempts so far made on the mathematical modelling of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of the cytokinetics of erythropoiesis in mouse bone marrow and spleen]. The described model approximates the function of the erythropoietic system of the mouse to the function of a self-renewed cellular system, describable in the terms of cell population kinetics. The model is based on a number of experimentally proved ideas of contemporary haematology and arises from the assumption that there exists mutual negative influence between the cellular populations of the bone marrow and spleen. Considering the erythropoietic system in the mouse to be composed of two relatively independent parts - the bone marrow and spleen - the described model differs from the attempts so far made on the mathematical modelling of erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201298", "title": "[Electrophoresis of chloride ions and changes in the membrane potential of energized mitochondria].", "content": "In energized rat liver mitochondria the simultaneous H+, K+ and C1- transport was studied by corresponding ion selective electrodes. It was shown that the C1- transport induced by valinomycin, by valinomycin plus carbonyclyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone was governed by the membrane potential. It is suggested that observed in energized mitochondria the C1- electrophoresis may servt as an indicator of membrane potential changes.", "contents": "[Electrophoresis of chloride ions and changes in the membrane potential of energized mitochondria]. In energized rat liver mitochondria the simultaneous H+, K+ and C1- transport was studied by corresponding ion selective electrodes. It was shown that the C1- transport induced by valinomycin, by valinomycin plus carbonyclyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone was governed by the membrane potential. It is suggested that observed in energized mitochondria the C1- electrophoresis may servt as an indicator of membrane potential changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201302", "title": "[l model of a leading center].", "content": "Periodic solutions are obtained for the distributed model of the excitable medium concerned with the decay of stopped excitation fronts. Such solutions make it possible to consider the initiation of the leading centres in a excitable medium.", "contents": "[l model of a leading center]. Periodic solutions are obtained for the distributed model of the excitable medium concerned with the decay of stopped excitation fronts. Such solutions make it possible to consider the initiation of the leading centres in a excitable medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1201303", "title": "[Rate of excitation propagation in a reduced Hodgkins-Huxley model. I. Rapid relaxation of the sodium current].", "content": "The question of calculating excitation propagation velocity is analyzed on the basis of the Hodgkin-Huxley model. The activation of the sodium current is assumed to be rapid as compared to the rate of potential variation. Because of slow variation of potassium activation and sodium inactivation the dynamics of these processes is assumed to be of negligible effect in the region of impulse velocity formation. By means of pieace-wise linear approximation of thus obtained voltage-current characteristics the characteristics the analytical solution of the problem was found. In two limiting cases this solution coincides with the solutions of Kolmogorov and Scott. The dependence of impulse velocity on parameters is analyzed and illustrated graphically.", "contents": "[Rate of excitation propagation in a reduced Hodgkins-Huxley model. I. Rapid relaxation of the sodium current]. The question of calculating excitation propagation velocity is analyzed on the basis of the Hodgkin-Huxley model. The activation of the sodium current is assumed to be rapid as compared to the rate of potential variation. Because of slow variation of potassium activation and sodium inactivation the dynamics of these processes is assumed to be of negligible effect in the region of impulse velocity formation. By means of pieace-wise linear approximation of thus obtained voltage-current characteristics the characteristics the analytical solution of the problem was found. In two limiting cases this solution coincides with the solutions of Kolmogorov and Scott. The dependence of impulse velocity on parameters is analyzed and illustrated graphically."}
{"id": "PMID:1201304", "title": "[Rate of passive conduction in lattice structures].", "content": "A mathematical model of passive conduction in syncitial symmetric structures is considered. Explicit formulae of the dependence of a decrease of stationary solution and of electrotonic conduction velocity are obtained.", "contents": "[Rate of passive conduction in lattice structures]. A mathematical model of passive conduction in syncitial symmetric structures is considered. Explicit formulae of the dependence of a decrease of stationary solution and of electrotonic conduction velocity are obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1201305", "title": "[Anisotropy of stationary rates and delays in extrasystolic waves in the dog heart].", "content": "Excitation propagation in the ventricle and auricle bands of the dog's myocardium has been studied. The anisotropy of stationary valocities and delays of the initiation of extrasistole exciation has been shown: along the fibres the velocity is higher and the delay smaller than across the fibres. The levels of anisotropy of velocities and delays are almost equal in each structure. The strongest anisotropy of delays and velocities (-4,5) is observed in the ventricle muscle layer; the weakest (1,7)-in a specialized layer. The anisotropy of velocities and delays is the greater, the greater is the electrotone anisotropy. A new mechanism of extrasistole initiation (reentry) in the system homogenous by the membrane properties, but with anisotropy of intercellular bonds is considered.", "contents": "[Anisotropy of stationary rates and delays in extrasystolic waves in the dog heart]. Excitation propagation in the ventricle and auricle bands of the dog's myocardium has been studied. The anisotropy of stationary valocities and delays of the initiation of extrasistole exciation has been shown: along the fibres the velocity is higher and the delay smaller than across the fibres. The levels of anisotropy of velocities and delays are almost equal in each structure. The strongest anisotropy of delays and velocities (-4,5) is observed in the ventricle muscle layer; the weakest (1,7)-in a specialized layer. The anisotropy of velocities and delays is the greater, the greater is the electrotone anisotropy. A new mechanism of extrasistole initiation (reentry) in the system homogenous by the membrane properties, but with anisotropy of intercellular bonds is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1201306", "title": "[Integral characteristics of the cardiac electrical excitation wave].", "content": "A set of characterisitics of the cardiac electrical generator is described which expresses in an integral form some important properties of the electrical excitation wave, in particular its summary intensity, average spatial localization and distinction from a uniform double layer with planar rim. Relation of the proposed model to the multipole equivalent generator is discussed, and procedures for computing its characteristics are given. Calculation results for these characteristics on the basis of experimentally measured electrical field potentials of isolated dog hearts are presented.", "contents": "[Integral characteristics of the cardiac electrical excitation wave]. A set of characterisitics of the cardiac electrical generator is described which expresses in an integral form some important properties of the electrical excitation wave, in particular its summary intensity, average spatial localization and distinction from a uniform double layer with planar rim. Relation of the proposed model to the multipole equivalent generator is discussed, and procedures for computing its characteristics are given. Calculation results for these characteristics on the basis of experimentally measured electrical field potentials of isolated dog hearts are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1201308", "title": "[Kinematics of metachronous walking. II. Gaits].", "content": "For an arbitrary locomotory system three ways of gait classification are considered and compared. A general classification is represented as an \"abstract scheme\" of phase-space separation of the locomotory system. The \"configurational scheme\" is the result of methachronal coordination postulate, and the \"footprint scheme\" is the result of the postulating of special properties of the footprint track.", "contents": "[Kinematics of metachronous walking. II. Gaits]. For an arbitrary locomotory system three ways of gait classification are considered and compared. A general classification is represented as an \"abstract scheme\" of phase-space separation of the locomotory system. The \"configurational scheme\" is the result of methachronal coordination postulate, and the \"footprint scheme\" is the result of the postulating of special properties of the footprint track."}
{"id": "PMID:1201309", "title": "[Analysis of a control system for speech movements].", "content": "Analyzing the control quality in autonomic contour of articulation control system an account is made for the nonlinearities of the type of the zone ofunsensitivity, limitation and logarithmic response of the receptor. Regions of stablity and autooscillation frequency are determined. The role of recontrolling value is stated as a criterion of the control quality. It is suggested that the mechanisms of some stammering forms are concerned with the initiation of autooscillations in the articulation control system.", "contents": "[Analysis of a control system for speech movements]. Analyzing the control quality in autonomic contour of articulation control system an account is made for the nonlinearities of the type of the zone ofunsensitivity, limitation and logarithmic response of the receptor. Regions of stablity and autooscillation frequency are determined. The role of recontrolling value is stated as a criterion of the control quality. It is suggested that the mechanisms of some stammering forms are concerned with the initiation of autooscillations in the articulation control system."}
{"id": "PMID:1201311", "title": "[Model representation of rat motor behavior during electrical self-stimulation of the brain. I. Brief review of experimental data. Formal model].", "content": "The stimulation of the brain in self-stimulation situation activated the motor behaviour. The activity of the motor behaviour versus duration of the movements which define the motor activity is a decreasing function. The effect of stimulation versus duration or the strength of stimulation is an increasing function. The solutions of equation having made after comparing these two functions demonstrate the relations between the motor behaviour and stimulation parameters.", "contents": "[Model representation of rat motor behavior during electrical self-stimulation of the brain. I. Brief review of experimental data. Formal model]. The stimulation of the brain in self-stimulation situation activated the motor behaviour. The activity of the motor behaviour versus duration of the movements which define the motor activity is a decreasing function. The effect of stimulation versus duration or the strength of stimulation is an increasing function. The solutions of equation having made after comparing these two functions demonstrate the relations between the motor behaviour and stimulation parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:1201310", "title": "[Efficiency of dolphin auditory perception in relation to time characteristics of the signal].", "content": "Experimental data are presented on evaluating the efficiency of auditory perception of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus of tonal signals of different duration and of the fixed energy on the background of Gauss obstacle. The dependence of percepting properties on time characteristics of the signal are stated. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of dolphin auditory system with that of the coordinated filter is carried out. Biological receiving systems are shown to be adaptive. The self-tuning linits of the dolphin auditory system at a given level of the possibility of correct detection are determined.", "contents": "[Efficiency of dolphin auditory perception in relation to time characteristics of the signal]. Experimental data are presented on evaluating the efficiency of auditory perception of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus of tonal signals of different duration and of the fixed energy on the background of Gauss obstacle. The dependence of percepting properties on time characteristics of the signal are stated. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of dolphin auditory system with that of the coordinated filter is carried out. Biological receiving systems are shown to be adaptive. The self-tuning linits of the dolphin auditory system at a given level of the possibility of correct detection are determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1201307", "title": "[Hysteresis and multiplicity of dynamic states in open 2-substrate enzyme reactions with substrate inhibition].", "content": "A mathematical model of an open two-substrate enzymic with substrate inhibition has been analyzed. The hysteretic form of the reaction input characteristics resulting in the appearance of three alternative stationary states, O1, O2 and O3, has been obtained. The region of existence of a stable limit cycle has been determined within the framework of linear approximation. Analysis of the model to a non-linear approximation shows that close to the boundary of the stability region the unstable or stable limit cycle can surround O1 or O3 as well as the only stationary state O.", "contents": "[Hysteresis and multiplicity of dynamic states in open 2-substrate enzyme reactions with substrate inhibition]. A mathematical model of an open two-substrate enzymic with substrate inhibition has been analyzed. The hysteretic form of the reaction input characteristics resulting in the appearance of three alternative stationary states, O1, O2 and O3, has been obtained. The region of existence of a stable limit cycle has been determined within the framework of linear approximation. Analysis of the model to a non-linear approximation shows that close to the boundary of the stability region the unstable or stable limit cycle can surround O1 or O3 as well as the only stationary state O."}
{"id": "PMID:1201326", "title": "Effect of heat treatment on the elasticity of human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "A parallel plate flow channel is employed to study the effect of heat treatment on the elasticity of human red cell membrane. An irreversible transition between 46 degrees C and 50 degrees C results in an approximately 200% increase in an elastic constant measured at 25 degrees C. This transition is attributable to irreversible protein denaturation which has been shown by other to occur at similar temperatures in calorimetric studies of red cell ghosts.", "contents": "Effect of heat treatment on the elasticity of human erythrocyte membrane. A parallel plate flow channel is employed to study the effect of heat treatment on the elasticity of human red cell membrane. An irreversible transition between 46 degrees C and 50 degrees C results in an approximately 200% increase in an elastic constant measured at 25 degrees C. This transition is attributable to irreversible protein denaturation which has been shown by other to occur at similar temperatures in calorimetric studies of red cell ghosts."}
{"id": "PMID:1201327", "title": "Water exchange between red cells and plasma. Measurement by nuclear magnetic relaxation.", "content": "Water exchange between human red blood cells and the plasma phase was measured by water proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in the presence of low concentrations of Mn(II) and by 17O relaxation of H217O in the absence of added Mn(II). The results were analyzed as a classic case of two-compartment exchange. The half-life for cell water at 25 degrees C was found to be 15 ms +/- 2 ms, longer than the time determined by other techniques. The T1 of the hemoglobin protons in the red cell and the volume of exchangeable water were also measured. The method appears to be a sensitive tool for the study of membrane permeability to water and other small molecules undergoing rapid exchange.", "contents": "Water exchange between red cells and plasma. Measurement by nuclear magnetic relaxation. Water exchange between human red blood cells and the plasma phase was measured by water proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in the presence of low concentrations of Mn(II) and by 17O relaxation of H217O in the absence of added Mn(II). The results were analyzed as a classic case of two-compartment exchange. The half-life for cell water at 25 degrees C was found to be 15 ms +/- 2 ms, longer than the time determined by other techniques. The T1 of the hemoglobin protons in the red cell and the volume of exchangeable water were also measured. The method appears to be a sensitive tool for the study of membrane permeability to water and other small molecules undergoing rapid exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:1201328", "title": "Further studies of activation-inactivation coupling in Myxicola axons. Insensitivity to changes in calcium concentration.", "content": "In Myxicola axons subjected to moderate depolarizations the sodium inactivation time constants obtained from the decay of sodium current during a maintained depolarizatin (TSh) are substantially smaller than inactivation time constants determined at the same potential from the effect of changes in the duration of conditioning prepulses (Tph). This report extends these observations to positive membrane potentials and demonstrates that for sufficiently large depolarizations TSh and Tph become comparable. The ratio of inactivation time constants, Tph/TSh, is unaffected by changes in [Ca++] provided total divalent cation concentration is maintained constant, while changes in total divalent ion concentrations produce simple voltage shifts comparable to those obtained from measurement of membrane sodium or potassium conductances. Sodium inactivation delay was quantitatively determined as a function of membrane potential, and found to be similarly unaffected by changes in [Ca++] at constant total divalent ion concentration. Inactivation delay is, however, directly proportional to the activation rate constant over a wide range of potentials.", "contents": "Further studies of activation-inactivation coupling in Myxicola axons. Insensitivity to changes in calcium concentration. In Myxicola axons subjected to moderate depolarizations the sodium inactivation time constants obtained from the decay of sodium current during a maintained depolarizatin (TSh) are substantially smaller than inactivation time constants determined at the same potential from the effect of changes in the duration of conditioning prepulses (Tph). This report extends these observations to positive membrane potentials and demonstrates that for sufficiently large depolarizations TSh and Tph become comparable. The ratio of inactivation time constants, Tph/TSh, is unaffected by changes in [Ca++] provided total divalent cation concentration is maintained constant, while changes in total divalent ion concentrations produce simple voltage shifts comparable to those obtained from measurement of membrane sodium or potassium conductances. Sodium inactivation delay was quantitatively determined as a function of membrane potential, and found to be similarly unaffected by changes in [Ca++] at constant total divalent ion concentration. Inactivation delay is, however, directly proportional to the activation rate constant over a wide range of potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:1201329", "title": "Tilted hydrocarbon chains of dipalmitoyl lecithin become perpendicular to the bilayer before melting.", "content": "Differential scanning calorimetry studies of dipalmitoyl lecithin show two reversible transitions as the temperature is changed between 20 and 50 degrees C. A pretransition endotherm occurs at 35 degrees C prior to the main chain melting endotherm which occurs at 42 degrees C. X-ray diffraction studies show that below 33 degrees C the chains of the lecithin are fully extended, packed in a hexagonal crystalline lattice but tilted with respect to the plane of the bilayer. Between 35 and 42 degrees C the chains are similarly packed but oriented perpendicular to the bilayer plane. Above 44 degrees C the chains are \"melted\" or disordered. Monolayer studies of dipalmitoyl lecithin using continuous recording of pressure with molecular area reveal the existence of two solid condensed phases corresponding to these tilted and verticle chain structures. The tilted to perpendicular transition would account for the pretransition endotherm of the lipid; the crystalline to melted change corresponds to the larger transition observed at 42 degrees C.", "contents": "Tilted hydrocarbon chains of dipalmitoyl lecithin become perpendicular to the bilayer before melting. Differential scanning calorimetry studies of dipalmitoyl lecithin show two reversible transitions as the temperature is changed between 20 and 50 degrees C. A pretransition endotherm occurs at 35 degrees C prior to the main chain melting endotherm which occurs at 42 degrees C. X-ray diffraction studies show that below 33 degrees C the chains of the lecithin are fully extended, packed in a hexagonal crystalline lattice but tilted with respect to the plane of the bilayer. Between 35 and 42 degrees C the chains are similarly packed but oriented perpendicular to the bilayer plane. Above 44 degrees C the chains are \"melted\" or disordered. Monolayer studies of dipalmitoyl lecithin using continuous recording of pressure with molecular area reveal the existence of two solid condensed phases corresponding to these tilted and verticle chain structures. The tilted to perpendicular transition would account for the pretransition endotherm of the lipid; the crystalline to melted change corresponds to the larger transition observed at 42 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:1201330", "title": "An electron spin resonance study of synaptosome opiate receptors. The preparation and use of a spin labeled morphine.", "content": "Morphine spin labeled on the phenolic hydroxy group has been prepared using commercially available reagents and characterized by thin layer chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. It has been shown that morphine modified in this way retains some opiate activity, does not pass through the blood-brain barrier, and specifically binds to isolate rat brain synaptosomes. Spin labeled morphine has been shown to be an effective biophysical probe complementing radioactive tracer techniques in the study of the narcotic receptor site.", "contents": "An electron spin resonance study of synaptosome opiate receptors. The preparation and use of a spin labeled morphine. Morphine spin labeled on the phenolic hydroxy group has been prepared using commercially available reagents and characterized by thin layer chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. It has been shown that morphine modified in this way retains some opiate activity, does not pass through the blood-brain barrier, and specifically binds to isolate rat brain synaptosomes. Spin labeled morphine has been shown to be an effective biophysical probe complementing radioactive tracer techniques in the study of the narcotic receptor site."}
{"id": "PMID:1201331", "title": "Rapid changes in intracellular free calcium concentration. Detection by metallochromic indicator dyes in squid giant axon.", "content": "The metallochromic indicator dyes, arsenazo III and chlorophosphonazo III, were used in squid giant axons to detect rapidly the very small influxes of calcium that occur as a result of changes of membrane potential.", "contents": "Rapid changes in intracellular free calcium concentration. Detection by metallochromic indicator dyes in squid giant axon. The metallochromic indicator dyes, arsenazo III and chlorophosphonazo III, were used in squid giant axons to detect rapidly the very small influxes of calcium that occur as a result of changes of membrane potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1201333", "title": "Thermophilic microbiological treatment of high strength wastewaters with simultaneous recovery of single cell protein.", "content": "Simultaneous removal of organic materials and recovery of protein in the form of bacterial cells from a simulated high strength biodegradable wastewater was studied using thermophilic aerobic microorganisms. A naturally occurring mixed culture of thermophilic microorganisms was obtained from soil, wastewater, hay, silage, etc. A chemically defined medium containing glucose along with other essential nutrients was employed as the feed. The kinetic behavior of the culture was studied in a continuous culture at an optimum temperature of 58 degrees C. Studies were were also performed on the effects of solids retention time (SRT) on the observed cell yield and the protein and ash content of the harvested biomass. An economic analysis of the process for single cell protein recovery was given.", "contents": "Thermophilic microbiological treatment of high strength wastewaters with simultaneous recovery of single cell protein. Simultaneous removal of organic materials and recovery of protein in the form of bacterial cells from a simulated high strength biodegradable wastewater was studied using thermophilic aerobic microorganisms. A naturally occurring mixed culture of thermophilic microorganisms was obtained from soil, wastewater, hay, silage, etc. A chemically defined medium containing glucose along with other essential nutrients was employed as the feed. The kinetic behavior of the culture was studied in a continuous culture at an optimum temperature of 58 degrees C. Studies were were also performed on the effects of solids retention time (SRT) on the observed cell yield and the protein and ash content of the harvested biomass. An economic analysis of the process for single cell protein recovery was given."}
{"id": "PMID:1201335", "title": "Carpal and tarsal osteolysis.", "content": "A 19-year-old girl with carpal and tarsal osteolysis has been presented. The clinical course was characterized by normal early growth and motor development followed by the insidious onset in early childhood of a progressive, peripheral joint destruction, especially in the tarsal and carpal bones. The patient's course was complicated by acquired spasticity from platybasia, scoliosis, generalized muscle weakness, mild growth failure and corneal clouding.", "contents": "Carpal and tarsal osteolysis. A 19-year-old girl with carpal and tarsal osteolysis has been presented. The clinical course was characterized by normal early growth and motor development followed by the insidious onset in early childhood of a progressive, peripheral joint destruction, especially in the tarsal and carpal bones. The patient's course was complicated by acquired spasticity from platybasia, scoliosis, generalized muscle weakness, mild growth failure and corneal clouding."}
{"id": "PMID:1201353", "title": "The Achard syndrome.", "content": "The Achard syndrome is a well-defined clinical entity consisting of widespread dysostoses and increased ligament laxity. The bony involvement appears most consistently in the tubular bones of the hands and feet, the mandible and the calvarium, but may also be noted elsewhere in the body. Hypermobility and subluxations of the joints, increased lateral excursion of the patellas and other findings reflect the increased ligament laxity.", "contents": "The Achard syndrome. The Achard syndrome is a well-defined clinical entity consisting of widespread dysostoses and increased ligament laxity. The bony involvement appears most consistently in the tubular bones of the hands and feet, the mandible and the calvarium, but may also be noted elsewhere in the body. Hypermobility and subluxations of the joints, increased lateral excursion of the patellas and other findings reflect the increased ligament laxity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201364", "title": "A study of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in flexion and extension at the proximal interphalangeal joint.", "content": "Using a physical model to represent the detailed morphology of the flexor digitorum superficial tendon, the functions of the fibrous arrangement of this tendon in the human fingers were studied for flexion and extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint. In extension of the joint, the fibrous pattern acted as a dynamic ligament for the joint. In flexion, the arrangement of fiber bundles of the tendon contributed to tha balanced distribution of forces across the joint's surfaces and for mechanical interplay with the deep long flexor tendon in the region of the joint.", "contents": "A study of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in flexion and extension at the proximal interphalangeal joint. Using a physical model to represent the detailed morphology of the flexor digitorum superficial tendon, the functions of the fibrous arrangement of this tendon in the human fingers were studied for flexion and extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint. In extension of the joint, the fibrous pattern acted as a dynamic ligament for the joint. In flexion, the arrangement of fiber bundles of the tendon contributed to tha balanced distribution of forces across the joint's surfaces and for mechanical interplay with the deep long flexor tendon in the region of the joint."}
{"id": "PMID:1201365", "title": "Rupture of the tendo achilles: another diagnostic sign.", "content": "A new sign had been described--the knee flexion test which when used together with other well recognized tests, will help in the diagnosis of rupture of the tendo Achilles. Each of these tests is described as to their presence in both acute and old ruptures of the tendo Achilles.", "contents": "Rupture of the tendo achilles: another diagnostic sign. A new sign had been described--the knee flexion test which when used together with other well recognized tests, will help in the diagnosis of rupture of the tendo Achilles. Each of these tests is described as to their presence in both acute and old ruptures of the tendo Achilles."}
{"id": "PMID:1201367", "title": "Articular muscle of the knee--articularis genus.", "content": "Articularis genus has been considered by many as a part of the quadriceps muscle. Our observations have confirmed our opinion that this is a separate and distinct muscle. It is always present and has a discrete origin and insertion. This muscle has a very important function to perform. It elevates the capsule and the synovial membrane of the knee joint and prevents them from being pinched during extension of the leg. Thus it plays a very important role in the erect posture of humans.", "contents": "Articular muscle of the knee--articularis genus. Articularis genus has been considered by many as a part of the quadriceps muscle. Our observations have confirmed our opinion that this is a separate and distinct muscle. It is always present and has a discrete origin and insertion. This muscle has a very important function to perform. It elevates the capsule and the synovial membrane of the knee joint and prevents them from being pinched during extension of the leg. Thus it plays a very important role in the erect posture of humans."}
{"id": "PMID:1201369", "title": "Simulation of cell behavior: normal and abnormal growth.", "content": "A mathematical model simulating a cell growing in a culture medium is obtained. Using this model, various behavioral patterns of the cell are obtained under different types of disturbances, in particular when (i) a Mg2+ deficiency experiment and, (ii) a split-dose ionizing radiation experiment are carried out, (iii) when disturbances on the rate constants of the biochemical reactions taking place in the nucleus of the cell are applied, and (iv) when the cell's interior components are perturbed. The cell model results obtained agree well with experimental results for the Mg2+ and split dose experiments, and explain the mechanism of the split dose radiation experiment without the need to introduce additional axioms (e.g. healing processes) into the dynamics of the cell. Conditions are obtained which cause the cell to behave in a rapidly growing 'tumor-like' mode; it is shown that once the cell moves into this 'tumor-like; mode, its behavior is irreversible, i.e. if a disturbance of opposite type is then applied to the 'tumor cell, the cell will not revert back to its original normal behavior.", "contents": "Simulation of cell behavior: normal and abnormal growth. A mathematical model simulating a cell growing in a culture medium is obtained. Using this model, various behavioral patterns of the cell are obtained under different types of disturbances, in particular when (i) a Mg2+ deficiency experiment and, (ii) a split-dose ionizing radiation experiment are carried out, (iii) when disturbances on the rate constants of the biochemical reactions taking place in the nucleus of the cell are applied, and (iv) when the cell's interior components are perturbed. The cell model results obtained agree well with experimental results for the Mg2+ and split dose experiments, and explain the mechanism of the split dose radiation experiment without the need to introduce additional axioms (e.g. healing processes) into the dynamics of the cell. Conditions are obtained which cause the cell to behave in a rapidly growing 'tumor-like' mode; it is shown that once the cell moves into this 'tumor-like; mode, its behavior is irreversible, i.e. if a disturbance of opposite type is then applied to the 'tumor cell, the cell will not revert back to its original normal behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1201370", "title": "A semi-empirical model for flow or blood and other particulate suspensions through narrow tubes.", "content": "A semi-empirical model applicable to the flow of blood and other particulate suspensions through narrow tubes has been developed. It envisages a central core of blood surrounded by a wall layer of reduced hematocrit. With the help of this model the wall layer thickness and extent of plug flow may be calculated using pressure drop, flow rate and hematocrit reduction data. It has been found from the available data in the literature that for a given sample of blood the extent of plug flow increases with decreasing tube diameter. Also for a flow through a given tube it increases with hematocrit. The wall layer thickness is  found to decrease with increase in blood hematocrit. A comparison between the results of rigid particulate suspensions and blood reveals that the thicker wall layer and smaller plug flow radius in the case of blood may be attributed to the deformability of the erythrocytes.", "contents": "A semi-empirical model for flow or blood and other particulate suspensions through narrow tubes. A semi-empirical model applicable to the flow of blood and other particulate suspensions through narrow tubes has been developed. It envisages a central core of blood surrounded by a wall layer of reduced hematocrit. With the help of this model the wall layer thickness and extent of plug flow may be calculated using pressure drop, flow rate and hematocrit reduction data. It has been found from the available data in the literature that for a given sample of blood the extent of plug flow increases with decreasing tube diameter. Also for a flow through a given tube it increases with hematocrit. The wall layer thickness is  found to decrease with increase in blood hematocrit. A comparison between the results of rigid particulate suspensions and blood reveals that the thicker wall layer and smaller plug flow radius in the case of blood may be attributed to the deformability of the erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201371", "title": "Blood flow: theory, effective viscosity and effects of particle distribution.", "content": "A study is made of blood flow by assuming that the blood constitutes a suspension of cells in plasma instead of a simple homogeneous fluid. A macroscopic theory governing the motion of plasma in a plasma-cell system is derived from the local volume averaging method for a system without mass transfer between the phases, and its characteristic length is much larger than the size of the cells. The equations governing the motion of the local averaged fluid quantities include one additional term in the equation of motion and two additional terms in the energy equation. These terms represent, respectively, the force exerted upon the fluid by the particles, and the rate of heat transfer and work kone upon the fluid by the particles. The theory is applied to obtain the effective viscosity as the explicit function of the volume concentration of the cells by assuming that the cells behave like rigid spherical particles with slip-collision, and the plasma is an compressible Newtonian fluid. Comparison with existing experimental results shows a good agreement. The theory is also used to obtain the effects of cell distribution upon the overall effective viscosity in a circular tube. The quantitative result shows that there is a decrease in overall effective viscosity as the concentration of cells increases toward the center of the tube, and the overall effective viscosity is smaller than the flow with evenly distributed cells.", "contents": "Blood flow: theory, effective viscosity and effects of particle distribution. A study is made of blood flow by assuming that the blood constitutes a suspension of cells in plasma instead of a simple homogeneous fluid. A macroscopic theory governing the motion of plasma in a plasma-cell system is derived from the local volume averaging method for a system without mass transfer between the phases, and its characteristic length is much larger than the size of the cells. The equations governing the motion of the local averaged fluid quantities include one additional term in the equation of motion and two additional terms in the energy equation. These terms represent, respectively, the force exerted upon the fluid by the particles, and the rate of heat transfer and work kone upon the fluid by the particles. The theory is applied to obtain the effective viscosity as the explicit function of the volume concentration of the cells by assuming that the cells behave like rigid spherical particles with slip-collision, and the plasma is an compressible Newtonian fluid. Comparison with existing experimental results shows a good agreement. The theory is also used to obtain the effects of cell distribution upon the overall effective viscosity in a circular tube. The quantitative result shows that there is a decrease in overall effective viscosity as the concentration of cells increases toward the center of the tube, and the overall effective viscosity is smaller than the flow with evenly distributed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1201372", "title": "Three dimensional laminar flow in distorting, axisymmetric, axially varying vessels.", "content": "Three dimensional laminar, viscid flow is developed for Newtonian fluids which provides absolute values for axial, radial and tangential velocity fields everywhere if the dimensions of the vessel are known and two simultaneous axial velocities e.g. on and off the central axis in the same plane, and the central axis velocity gradient are measured. In addition, normal and shear stresses are determinable. The equation set satisfies gemoetric and other known flow limiting conditions such as no slip at surfaces etc. and are amenable for inclusion in general, dynamic flow expressions. Alternatively they may be used alone for certain problems involving gradients and secondary flows. A range of illustrations are shown for a distorting vessel with elliptic cross-section and small axial taper (analogous to the pulmonary trunk during ejection).", "contents": "Three dimensional laminar flow in distorting, axisymmetric, axially varying vessels. Three dimensional laminar, viscid flow is developed for Newtonian fluids which provides absolute values for axial, radial and tangential velocity fields everywhere if the dimensions of the vessel are known and two simultaneous axial velocities e.g. on and off the central axis in the same plane, and the central axis velocity gradient are measured. In addition, normal and shear stresses are determinable. The equation set satisfies gemoetric and other known flow limiting conditions such as no slip at surfaces etc. and are amenable for inclusion in general, dynamic flow expressions. Alternatively they may be used alone for certain problems involving gradients and secondary flows. A range of illustrations are shown for a distorting vessel with elliptic cross-section and small axial taper (analogous to the pulmonary trunk during ejection)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201373", "title": "Construction, simulation, clinical application and sensitivity analysis of a human left ventricular control system model.", "content": "A regulated left ventricular dynamics model is presented which involves interaction of the dynamics of the left ventricular and circulatory systems and their regulation by the central nervous system. On-line human parametric stimulation (parameter estimation) and consequential prognostic implications (based on parametric values) are demonstrated. Model responses to stimulated physiologic stresses help delineate tolerances of subjects. In order to have an estimate of the reliability of the model, the sensitivity of the model's responses to changes in the values of its intrinsic parameters is assessed. Also determined  is the extent to which errors in measuring the pressure affect the calculated values of the model's responses to changes in the values of its intrinsic parameters is assessed. Also determined is the extent to which errors in measuring the pressure affect the calculated values of the model's simulation parameters and subsequently influence the values of other diagnostically useful variables (such as contractility, oxygen consumption rate, heart rate), when the model is used to determine the limiting physiological stress sustainable by the subject. A comparison of the model's composition with those of other similar cardio-circulatory models is included.", "contents": "Construction, simulation, clinical application and sensitivity analysis of a human left ventricular control system model. A regulated left ventricular dynamics model is presented which involves interaction of the dynamics of the left ventricular and circulatory systems and their regulation by the central nervous system. On-line human parametric stimulation (parameter estimation) and consequential prognostic implications (based on parametric values) are demonstrated. Model responses to stimulated physiologic stresses help delineate tolerances of subjects. In order to have an estimate of the reliability of the model, the sensitivity of the model's responses to changes in the values of its intrinsic parameters is assessed. Also determined  is the extent to which errors in measuring the pressure affect the calculated values of the model's responses to changes in the values of its intrinsic parameters is assessed. Also determined is the extent to which errors in measuring the pressure affect the calculated values of the model's simulation parameters and subsequently influence the values of other diagnostically useful variables (such as contractility, oxygen consumption rate, heart rate), when the model is used to determine the limiting physiological stress sustainable by the subject. A comparison of the model's composition with those of other similar cardio-circulatory models is included."}
{"id": "PMID:1201374", "title": "Vascular dopamine receptors in the canine hindlimb.", "content": "1 Increases in femoral blood flow were produced by intra-arterial injections of dopamine (5-50 mug) in some but not all anaesthetized dogs studied, following treatment with the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, phentolamine. 2 The dilator effect of dopamine was not due to inhibition of adrenergic vasomotor tone as it was not affected by pharmacological procedures which completely abolished the activity of vastomotor nerves. 3 Blockade of vascular beta-adrenoceptors using propanolol reduced the flow increases produced by dopamine much less than it did those produced by isoprenaline. 4 Responses to dopamine were significantly depressed by intra-arterial administration of ergometrine (0.5 mg). This dose of ergometrine did not reduce femoral dilator responses to acetylcholine, histamine, isopienaline, bradykinin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine. 5 It is concluded that the femoral vascular bed in the dog contains specific vasodilator receptors for dopamine. Ergometrine appears to be a selective antagonist of dopamine at these receptors.", "contents": "Vascular dopamine receptors in the canine hindlimb. 1 Increases in femoral blood flow were produced by intra-arterial injections of dopamine (5-50 mug) in some but not all anaesthetized dogs studied, following treatment with the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, phentolamine. 2 The dilator effect of dopamine was not due to inhibition of adrenergic vasomotor tone as it was not affected by pharmacological procedures which completely abolished the activity of vastomotor nerves. 3 Blockade of vascular beta-adrenoceptors using propanolol reduced the flow increases produced by dopamine much less than it did those produced by isoprenaline. 4 Responses to dopamine were significantly depressed by intra-arterial administration of ergometrine (0.5 mg). This dose of ergometrine did not reduce femoral dilator responses to acetylcholine, histamine, isopienaline, bradykinin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine. 5 It is concluded that the femoral vascular bed in the dog contains specific vasodilator receptors for dopamine. Ergometrine appears to be a selective antagonist of dopamine at these receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:1201375", "title": "The effects of histamine and some histamine-like agonists on blood pressure in the cat.", "content": "1. The effects of histamine on blood pressure have been compared with the effects caused by four histamine-like agonists in anaesthetized cats. 2. It has been confirmed that the depressor responses to histamine involve both H1- and H2-receptors: depressor responses also follow the administration of selective H1- and H2-receptor agonists. 3. 2-Methylhistamine, in doses up to 1 X 10(-7) mol/kg, lowers blood pressure by interaction with H1-receptors. Larger doses of 2-methylhistamine also lower blood pressure but this may involve H2-receptors. 4. 4-Methylhistamine, in doses up to 1 X 10(-7) mol/kg, lowers blood pressure by interaction with H2-receptors. Larger doses of 4-methylhistamine also lower blood pressure but this may involve H1-receptors. 5. 2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine and 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole both lower blood pressure by interaction with H1-receptors only. 6. The potential value and limitations of these compounds as tools to investigate the cardiovascular effects of histamine are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of histamine and some histamine-like agonists on blood pressure in the cat. 1. The effects of histamine on blood pressure have been compared with the effects caused by four histamine-like agonists in anaesthetized cats. 2. It has been confirmed that the depressor responses to histamine involve both H1- and H2-receptors: depressor responses also follow the administration of selective H1- and H2-receptor agonists. 3. 2-Methylhistamine, in doses up to 1 X 10(-7) mol/kg, lowers blood pressure by interaction with H1-receptors. Larger doses of 2-methylhistamine also lower blood pressure but this may involve H2-receptors. 4. 4-Methylhistamine, in doses up to 1 X 10(-7) mol/kg, lowers blood pressure by interaction with H2-receptors. Larger doses of 4-methylhistamine also lower blood pressure but this may involve H1-receptors. 5. 2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine and 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole both lower blood pressure by interaction with H1-receptors only. 6. The potential value and limitations of these compounds as tools to investigate the cardiovascular effects of histamine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201376", "title": "Histamine receptors in peripheral vascular beds in the cat.", "content": "1. The vasodilator activity of histamine has been studied in anaesthetized cats. 2. Histamine causes dose-dependent vasodilatation in the vasculature of the hind-limb and mesentery, perfused with blood at constant flow. 3. Experiments using the selective antagonists mepyramine and metiamide indicate the involvement of both H1- and H2-receptors in the vasodilator responses to histamine. Mepyramine (2.5 X 10(-6) mol/kg), causes displacement of the histamine dose-response curve. This displacement is maximum with a dose-ratio of about 10. Further dose-dependent displacement of the dose-response curve occurred after metiamide (4 X 10(-7) mol kg-1 min-1 and 2 X 10(-6) mol kg-1 min-1), although these doses of metiamide had no effect on histamine responses in the absence of mepyramine. 4. Vasodilator responses could also be elicited by the selective H1-receptor agonists, 2-methylhistamine, 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine and 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole and the selective H2-receptor agonist, 4-methylhistamine. 5. The selectivity of mepyramine and metiamide as histamine receptor antagonists was confirmed by their failure to reduce the vasodilator responses to acetylcholine, isoprenaline and bradykinin.", "contents": "Histamine receptors in peripheral vascular beds in the cat. 1. The vasodilator activity of histamine has been studied in anaesthetized cats. 2. Histamine causes dose-dependent vasodilatation in the vasculature of the hind-limb and mesentery, perfused with blood at constant flow. 3. Experiments using the selective antagonists mepyramine and metiamide indicate the involvement of both H1- and H2-receptors in the vasodilator responses to histamine. Mepyramine (2.5 X 10(-6) mol/kg), causes displacement of the histamine dose-response curve. This displacement is maximum with a dose-ratio of about 10. Further dose-dependent displacement of the dose-response curve occurred after metiamide (4 X 10(-7) mol kg-1 min-1 and 2 X 10(-6) mol kg-1 min-1), although these doses of metiamide had no effect on histamine responses in the absence of mepyramine. 4. Vasodilator responses could also be elicited by the selective H1-receptor agonists, 2-methylhistamine, 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine and 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole and the selective H2-receptor agonist, 4-methylhistamine. 5. The selectivity of mepyramine and metiamide as histamine receptor antagonists was confirmed by their failure to reduce the vasodilator responses to acetylcholine, isoprenaline and bradykinin."}
{"id": "PMID:1201377", "title": "Studies upon the mechanism by which acetylcholine releases surplus acetylcholine in a sympathetic ganglion.", "content": "1. Acetylcholine (ACh) releases surplus ACh from the superior cervical ganglion of the cat and the experiments described in this paper tested whether this results from exchange of endogenous ACh with exogenous ACh; the experiments also attempted to characterize pharmacologically the mechanism of this action of ACh. 2. The surplus ACh in the ganglion was radioactively labelled by perfusion of the ganglion with  [3H]-choline-Krebs solution containing diisopropylphosphofluoridate, and the release of surplus [3H]-ACh by [14C]-ACh injected close arterially to the ganglion measured. The amount of [3H]-ACh released by [14C]-ACh was 33 +/- 5 times greater than was the amount of [14C]-ACh accumulated by ganglia. The amount of exogenous ACh accumulated by ganglia that had first formed surplus ACh was not different from exogenous ACh accumulation by ganglia that had not formed surplus ACh. Thus, it is concluded that surplus ACh release by  ACh is not the result of ACh exchange. 3. In other experiments, surplus [3H]-ACh was accumulated in ganglia exposed to physostigmine. Nicotine, pilocarpine or ACh released surplus ACh; the effect of both nicotine and ACh was blocked by hexamethonium; atropine blocked the effect of ACh but not that of nicotine. It is concluded that both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors can be involved in the release of surplus ACh by cholinomimetic agonists.", "contents": "Studies upon the mechanism by which acetylcholine releases surplus acetylcholine in a sympathetic ganglion. 1. Acetylcholine (ACh) releases surplus ACh from the superior cervical ganglion of the cat and the experiments described in this paper tested whether this results from exchange of endogenous ACh with exogenous ACh; the experiments also attempted to characterize pharmacologically the mechanism of this action of ACh. 2. The surplus ACh in the ganglion was radioactively labelled by perfusion of the ganglion with  [3H]-choline-Krebs solution containing diisopropylphosphofluoridate, and the release of surplus [3H]-ACh by [14C]-ACh injected close arterially to the ganglion measured. The amount of [3H]-ACh released by [14C]-ACh was 33 +/- 5 times greater than was the amount of [14C]-ACh accumulated by ganglia. The amount of exogenous ACh accumulated by ganglia that had first formed surplus ACh was not different from exogenous ACh accumulation by ganglia that had not formed surplus ACh. Thus, it is concluded that surplus ACh release by  ACh is not the result of ACh exchange. 3. In other experiments, surplus [3H]-ACh was accumulated in ganglia exposed to physostigmine. Nicotine, pilocarpine or ACh released surplus ACh; the effect of both nicotine and ACh was blocked by hexamethonium; atropine blocked the effect of ACh but not that of nicotine. It is concluded that both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors can be involved in the release of surplus ACh by cholinomimetic agonists."}
{"id": "PMID:1201378", "title": "Membrane potential changes induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rabbit superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "1. Changes in resting membrane potential induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) have been measured in the excised ganglion by the sucrose-gap technique. 2. 5-HT produced a rapid depolarization, the threshold concentration for depolarization being around 10 muM. With concentrations of 100 muM or greater, repolarization began during the course of the superfusion; this was followed by prolonged tachyphylaxis. 3. Tachyphylaxis was largely avoided by making injections into the superfusion stream. Standard injections of 0.2 mumol 5-HT dissolved in 0.2 ml of Krebs solution were used routinely and could be given at 20-30 min intervals to evoke relatively constant responses. 4. The response to an injection consisted of a rapid depolarization, followed by a rapid repolarization and subsequent after-hyperpolarization. The threshold quantity for depolarization was around 0.01 mumol, while the ED50 estimated from 6 dose-response curves was 0.12 +/- 0.02 mumol (mean +/- s.e. mean). 5. Injections of 5-HT (0.2 mumol), choline (10 mumol) and acetylcholine (9.9 mumol) produced depolarizations of similar magnitude. 6. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors failed to alter substantially the amplitude of depolarizations to 5-HT. 7. 5-HT depolarizations were unaltered in amplitude when the impermeant anion benzenesulphonate was substituted for the chloride ion in Krebs solution, but were initially markedly reduced in amplitude in a sodium-deficient medium; some recovery of the response subsequently occurred. The depolarization which persisted in sodium-deficient solutions was much reduced or abolished when calcium ions were then removed from the superfusion medium. Removal of either calcium ions alone or potassium ions from the superfusion fluid did not reduce depolarization amplitude. 8. The after-hyperpolarization was abolished in sodium-deficient solutions, usually increased in potassium-free solutions, reduced or abolished by ouabain or nicotine, but unaffected by calcium free solutions. 9. A depolarizing action of 5-HT on presynaptic terminals in the ganglion appears probable.", "contents": "Membrane potential changes induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rabbit superior cervical ganglion. 1. Changes in resting membrane potential induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) have been measured in the excised ganglion by the sucrose-gap technique. 2. 5-HT produced a rapid depolarization, the threshold concentration for depolarization being around 10 muM. With concentrations of 100 muM or greater, repolarization began during the course of the superfusion; this was followed by prolonged tachyphylaxis. 3. Tachyphylaxis was largely avoided by making injections into the superfusion stream. Standard injections of 0.2 mumol 5-HT dissolved in 0.2 ml of Krebs solution were used routinely and could be given at 20-30 min intervals to evoke relatively constant responses. 4. The response to an injection consisted of a rapid depolarization, followed by a rapid repolarization and subsequent after-hyperpolarization. The threshold quantity for depolarization was around 0.01 mumol, while the ED50 estimated from 6 dose-response curves was 0.12 +/- 0.02 mumol (mean +/- s.e. mean). 5. Injections of 5-HT (0.2 mumol), choline (10 mumol) and acetylcholine (9.9 mumol) produced depolarizations of similar magnitude. 6. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors failed to alter substantially the amplitude of depolarizations to 5-HT. 7. 5-HT depolarizations were unaltered in amplitude when the impermeant anion benzenesulphonate was substituted for the chloride ion in Krebs solution, but were initially markedly reduced in amplitude in a sodium-deficient medium; some recovery of the response subsequently occurred. The depolarization which persisted in sodium-deficient solutions was much reduced or abolished when calcium ions were then removed from the superfusion medium. Removal of either calcium ions alone or potassium ions from the superfusion fluid did not reduce depolarization amplitude. 8. The after-hyperpolarization was abolished in sodium-deficient solutions, usually increased in potassium-free solutions, reduced or abolished by ouabain or nicotine, but unaffected by calcium free solutions. 9. A depolarizing action of 5-HT on presynaptic terminals in the ganglion appears probable."}
{"id": "PMID:1201379", "title": "Parallel bioassay of bombesin and litorin, a bombesin-like peptide from the skin of Litoria aurea.", "content": "The spectrum of biological activity exhibited by litorin, a bombesin-like nonapeptide found in extracts of the skin of the Australian leptodactylid frog Litoria aurea was compared with that exhibited by the tetradecapeptide bombesin. 2 Litorin proved to be more potent than bombesin on isolated smooth muscle preparations and on the urinary bladder in situ. However, it was less potent on dog systemic blood pressure and kidney vasculature activation of the renen-angiotensin system being slight or lacking. 3 Gastrin release and acid secretion produced by litorin was more rapid in onset but less intense and less sustained than that elicited by bombesin. The same could be observed for pancreatic secretion. 4 Gall bladder contraction stimulated by litorin was probably caused by a double action of the peptide, directly on the bladder smooth muscle, and indirectly by cholecystokinin release. 5 In its effects on the myo-electric activity of the dog duodenum (inhibition of spikes and increase in frequency of pacesetter potentials leading to the appearance of a sequence of slow and small potentials) litorin possessed approximately 50 to 70% of the activity of bombesin.", "contents": "Parallel bioassay of bombesin and litorin, a bombesin-like peptide from the skin of Litoria aurea. The spectrum of biological activity exhibited by litorin, a bombesin-like nonapeptide found in extracts of the skin of the Australian leptodactylid frog Litoria aurea was compared with that exhibited by the tetradecapeptide bombesin. 2 Litorin proved to be more potent than bombesin on isolated smooth muscle preparations and on the urinary bladder in situ. However, it was less potent on dog systemic blood pressure and kidney vasculature activation of the renen-angiotensin system being slight or lacking. 3 Gastrin release and acid secretion produced by litorin was more rapid in onset but less intense and less sustained than that elicited by bombesin. The same could be observed for pancreatic secretion. 4 Gall bladder contraction stimulated by litorin was probably caused by a double action of the peptide, directly on the bladder smooth muscle, and indirectly by cholecystokinin release. 5 In its effects on the myo-electric activity of the dog duodenum (inhibition of spikes and increase in frequency of pacesetter potentials leading to the appearance of a sequence of slow and small potentials) litorin possessed approximately 50 to 70% of the activity of bombesin."}
{"id": "PMID:1201380", "title": "Relative potency of bombesin-like peptides.", "content": "The pharmacological activity of two natural bombesin-like peptides, alytesin and litorin, and 25 related synthetic peptides has been compared to that of bombesin. 2 The minimum length of the amino acid chain required for the first appearance of bombesin-like effects was represented by the C-terminal heptapeptide, and the minimum length for maximal effects by the C-terminal nonapeptide. The latter possessed approximately the same activity as bombesin and may be considered a good substitute. 3 Both the tryptophan and histidine residues seemed to be essential for bombesin-like activity. 4 The C-terminal octapeptide was less active than either bombesin or the C-terminal nonapeptide and its action was more rapid in onset and less sustained. 5 Litorin apparently has an intermediate position between bombesin octapeptide and bombesin nonapeptide in the speed and duration of its effects. The relationship between structure and activity is discussed.", "contents": "Relative potency of bombesin-like peptides. The pharmacological activity of two natural bombesin-like peptides, alytesin and litorin, and 25 related synthetic peptides has been compared to that of bombesin. 2 The minimum length of the amino acid chain required for the first appearance of bombesin-like effects was represented by the C-terminal heptapeptide, and the minimum length for maximal effects by the C-terminal nonapeptide. The latter possessed approximately the same activity as bombesin and may be considered a good substitute. 3 Both the tryptophan and histidine residues seemed to be essential for bombesin-like activity. 4 The C-terminal octapeptide was less active than either bombesin or the C-terminal nonapeptide and its action was more rapid in onset and less sustained. 5 Litorin apparently has an intermediate position between bombesin octapeptide and bombesin nonapeptide in the speed and duration of its effects. The relationship between structure and activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201381", "title": "Effects of oestradiol and progesterone on the in vitro production of prostaglandin F2alpha by the guinea-pig uterus.", "content": "1 The effects of oestradiol and progesterone on the production of F  2alpha by the guinea-pig uterus in vitro have been studied. 2 Ovariectomized guinea-pigs were treated with oestradiol benzoate, progesterone, or a combination of these hormones. The uteri were homogenized and incubated and the prostaglandin F2alpha produced was measured by radiommunoassay or combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (g.c.-m.s.). Oestradiol treatment or progesterone followed by oestradiol caused a significant increase in prostaglandin F2alpha synthesis compared with control values, whereas progesterone treatment caused no significant increase. 3 The uteri from guinea-pigs on day 7 of the oestrous cycle were split into four parts, and each part homogenized and incubated either alone or in the presence of oestradiol-17beta, progesterone, or a combination of these hormones. Prostaglandin F2alpha was measured by g.c.-m.s. Oestradiol was found to increase prostaglandin F2alpha synthesis by the uterus whereas progesterone had no effect. However, progesterone did inhibit the response to oestradiol. 4 Oestradiol treatment of the guinea-pig uterus causes an increase in capacity to produce prostaglandin F2alpha in vitro. The role of progesterone is difficult to interpret.", "contents": "Effects of oestradiol and progesterone on the in vitro production of prostaglandin F2alpha by the guinea-pig uterus. 1 The effects of oestradiol and progesterone on the production of F  2alpha by the guinea-pig uterus in vitro have been studied. 2 Ovariectomized guinea-pigs were treated with oestradiol benzoate, progesterone, or a combination of these hormones. The uteri were homogenized and incubated and the prostaglandin F2alpha produced was measured by radiommunoassay or combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (g.c.-m.s.). Oestradiol treatment or progesterone followed by oestradiol caused a significant increase in prostaglandin F2alpha synthesis compared with control values, whereas progesterone treatment caused no significant increase. 3 The uteri from guinea-pigs on day 7 of the oestrous cycle were split into four parts, and each part homogenized and incubated either alone or in the presence of oestradiol-17beta, progesterone, or a combination of these hormones. Prostaglandin F2alpha was measured by g.c.-m.s. Oestradiol was found to increase prostaglandin F2alpha synthesis by the uterus whereas progesterone had no effect. However, progesterone did inhibit the response to oestradiol. 4 Oestradiol treatment of the guinea-pig uterus causes an increase in capacity to produce prostaglandin F2alpha in vitro. The role of progesterone is difficult to interpret."}
{"id": "PMID:1201382", "title": "Rapid reduction of prostaglandin 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase activity in rat tissues after treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors.", "content": "1 The capacity of rat kidneys to metabolize prostaglandins is rapidly lost when de novo protein synthesis is reduced by cycloheximide and puromycin. Enzyme activity declines to about half control values 45-75 min after a single dose of cycloheximide. Prostaglandin metabolism by the lung is also diminished. 2 These inhibitors apparently act by preventing the synthesis of new prostaglandin 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase enzyme. 3 The RNA synthesis actinomycin D has no effect on metabolism. 4 It is concluded that prostaglandin dehydrogenase is a short-lived enzyme in the cell whose replacement depends upon de novo protein (but not RNA) synthesis. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Rapid reduction of prostaglandin 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase activity in rat tissues after treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors. 1 The capacity of rat kidneys to metabolize prostaglandins is rapidly lost when de novo protein synthesis is reduced by cycloheximide and puromycin. Enzyme activity declines to about half control values 45-75 min after a single dose of cycloheximide. Prostaglandin metabolism by the lung is also diminished. 2 These inhibitors apparently act by preventing the synthesis of new prostaglandin 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase enzyme. 3 The RNA synthesis actinomycin D has no effect on metabolism. 4 It is concluded that prostaglandin dehydrogenase is a short-lived enzyme in the cell whose replacement depends upon de novo protein (but not RNA) synthesis. The implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201443", "title": "Reacting to autistic children: the danger of trying too hard.", "content": "Recent work has revealed that autistic children's predominating tendency to avoid social interactions is actually enhanced by the 'friendly' approaches to others. In this study it was recorded on video-tape how eight autistic children reacted to four styles of adult behaviour. The adult reacted to the child's looks at her by (i) smiling, (ii) gaze averting, (iii) gaze averting plus other 'timid' behaviours and (iv) doing nothing except continuing to look back. For this last condition--when the adult did not react--it was found that autistic children showed less avoidance behaviour after eye contact and spent more time within one metre of the adult. The implications for treatment are contrary to much modern practice and to what seems to be adults' 'natural' response. Reactivity by others appears to enhance the child's avoidance, and it is suggested that adults should be circumspect in the degree of sociability with which they respond to autistic children.", "contents": "Reacting to autistic children: the danger of trying too hard. Recent work has revealed that autistic children's predominating tendency to avoid social interactions is actually enhanced by the 'friendly' approaches to others. In this study it was recorded on video-tape how eight autistic children reacted to four styles of adult behaviour. The adult reacted to the child's looks at her by (i) smiling, (ii) gaze averting, (iii) gaze averting plus other 'timid' behaviours and (iv) doing nothing except continuing to look back. For this last condition--when the adult did not react--it was found that autistic children showed less avoidance behaviour after eye contact and spent more time within one metre of the adult. The implications for treatment are contrary to much modern practice and to what seems to be adults' 'natural' response. Reactivity by others appears to enhance the child's avoidance, and it is suggested that adults should be circumspect in the degree of sociability with which they respond to autistic children."}
{"id": "PMID:1201444", "title": "Subcultural mental handicap.", "content": "Some conceptual problems in relation to the interaction of genetic influence and social disadvantagement are discussed, and some of the results of a study of 144 families with mentally handicapped children reported. The work of Heber and his associates in Milwaukee is briefly reviewed, and the Edinburgh data discussed in relation to the study in Aberdeen by Birch et al. (1970). Possible strategies for intervention are considered.", "contents": "Subcultural mental handicap. Some conceptual problems in relation to the interaction of genetic influence and social disadvantagement are discussed, and some of the results of a study of 144 families with mentally handicapped children reported. The work of Heber and his associates in Milwaukee is briefly reviewed, and the Edinburgh data discussed in relation to the study in Aberdeen by Birch et al. (1970). Possible strategies for intervention are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1201445", "title": "Use of a standardized psychiatric interview in mentally handicapped patients.", "content": "This study attempted to assess the applicability of the Clinical Interview Schedule (Goldberg et al., 1970) to mentally handicapped patients in a hospital. Twenty-seven patients were rated simultaneously by three raters. Of the 31 items assessed for reliability, 11 were completely satisfactory, 8 were satisfactory, 6 unsatisfactory and 6 'not proven'. Ratings made by all raters for overall severity of psychiatric illness correlated significantly with similar ratings made by the consultants responsible for the patients.", "contents": "Use of a standardized psychiatric interview in mentally handicapped patients. This study attempted to assess the applicability of the Clinical Interview Schedule (Goldberg et al., 1970) to mentally handicapped patients in a hospital. Twenty-seven patients were rated simultaneously by three raters. Of the 31 items assessed for reliability, 11 were completely satisfactory, 8 were satisfactory, 6 unsatisfactory and 6 'not proven'. Ratings made by all raters for overall severity of psychiatric illness correlated significantly with similar ratings made by the consultants responsible for the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1201446", "title": "Drug therapy in mental handicap.", "content": "Definitions of mental handicap are imprecise in practice, and a wide spectrum of patients are provided for under this heading. There can be no question of specific treatment for 'mental handicap' as such. Many situations arising in institutions for the mentally handicapped derive from the nature of the institution and the regime. Drugs may be used 'faute de mieux' when environmental manipulation would be more appropriate. There is much over-prescribing, and the choice of drugs is not always logical; monitoring of dose is seldom employed. A major source of behaviour disturbance in the mentally handicapped is lack of suitable occupation. Apart from a few specific indications, use of sedatives and tranquillizers for the mentally handicapped should be seen as a holding device, to enable a different system of management to be adopted or to disrupt an undesirable behaviour pattern.", "contents": "Drug therapy in mental handicap. Definitions of mental handicap are imprecise in practice, and a wide spectrum of patients are provided for under this heading. There can be no question of specific treatment for 'mental handicap' as such. Many situations arising in institutions for the mentally handicapped derive from the nature of the institution and the regime. Drugs may be used 'faute de mieux' when environmental manipulation would be more appropriate. There is much over-prescribing, and the choice of drugs is not always logical; monitoring of dose is seldom employed. A major source of behaviour disturbance in the mentally handicapped is lack of suitable occupation. Apart from a few specific indications, use of sedatives and tranquillizers for the mentally handicapped should be seen as a holding device, to enable a different system of management to be adopted or to disrupt an undesirable behaviour pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:1201447", "title": "The frequency of visual hallucinations in schizophrenic patients in Saudi Arabia.", "content": "Sixty-nine schizophrenic patients (52 men and 17 women) who were consecutive admissions to Shehar Psychiatric Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia, were investigated for the phenomenology and frequency of visual hallucinations. Of these patients 43 (62 per cent) were visually hallucinated. It is concluded that visual hallucinations in schizophrenia are of common occurrence in this country. The need for further investigation as to the part played by cultural and other factors is emphasized.", "contents": "The frequency of visual hallucinations in schizophrenic patients in Saudi Arabia. Sixty-nine schizophrenic patients (52 men and 17 women) who were consecutive admissions to Shehar Psychiatric Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia, were investigated for the phenomenology and frequency of visual hallucinations. Of these patients 43 (62 per cent) were visually hallucinated. It is concluded that visual hallucinations in schizophrenia are of common occurrence in this country. The need for further investigation as to the part played by cultural and other factors is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1201448", "title": "Psychiatric diagnosis in New South Wales compared to England and Wales.", "content": "Comparative studies of first admission rates to psychiatric hospitals have revealed significant differences in the rates of diagnoses of functional psychoses between the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The present study examined the diagnoses of indigenous patients born between 1921 and 1955 and first admitted to hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, and England and Wales. Admission rates for mania were in striking agreement. The rate in New South Wales for schizophrenia was slightly higher and for psychotic depression considerably less than in England and Wales. A similar trend in diagnostic dissonance would appear to exist between England and Wales and New South Wales as between England and Wales and the United States for schizophrenia and psychotic depression, but this is considerably less in degree.", "contents": "Psychiatric diagnosis in New South Wales compared to England and Wales. Comparative studies of first admission rates to psychiatric hospitals have revealed significant differences in the rates of diagnoses of functional psychoses between the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The present study examined the diagnoses of indigenous patients born between 1921 and 1955 and first admitted to hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, and England and Wales. Admission rates for mania were in striking agreement. The rate in New South Wales for schizophrenia was slightly higher and for psychotic depression considerably less than in England and Wales. A similar trend in diagnostic dissonance would appear to exist between England and Wales and New South Wales as between England and Wales and the United States for schizophrenia and psychotic depression, but this is considerably less in degree."}
{"id": "PMID:1201449", "title": "A factor-analytical study of depression across cultures (African and European).", "content": "In a factor-analytical study of depression across two cultures, African and European, certain similarities and important differences were found. Depression in African cultures presented principally as depressed mood, somatic symptoms and motor retardation. In European cultures depression presented with depressed mood, guilt, suicidal ideas, motor retardation or anxiety. Both groups lost interest in work and the environment. Guilt and suicidal ideas and acts are uncommon in African sample, and appear to be culturally determined.", "contents": "A factor-analytical study of depression across cultures (African and European). In a factor-analytical study of depression across two cultures, African and European, certain similarities and important differences were found. Depression in African cultures presented principally as depressed mood, somatic symptoms and motor retardation. In European cultures depression presented with depressed mood, guilt, suicidal ideas, motor retardation or anxiety. Both groups lost interest in work and the environment. Guilt and suicidal ideas and acts are uncommon in African sample, and appear to be culturally determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1201450", "title": "Deliberate self-harm: clinical and socio-economic characteristics of 368 patients.", "content": "In this study 368 patients were interviewed after they had attended the Bristol Royal Infirmary Accident and Emergency Department following a non-fatal act of deliberate self-harm. There were twice as many women (247) as men (121), and two thirds of the patients were in the 15-35 age group. Ninety-five per cent had taken a drug overdose, most commonly one or more of the tranquillizers, antidepressants, hypnotics or analgesics. Seventy-eight per cent had taken drugs prescribed by a doctor. Half the patients mentioned interpersonal conflict as a major precipitating factor in the episode. A psychiatric diagnosis was completed for all admitted patients, of whom 52 per cent were considered to be suffering from neurotic depression, 29 per cent from personality disorder, 12 per cent from functional psychosis and 10 per cent from alcohol addiction. Almost half had deliberately harmed themselves on a previous occasion. The series showed a greater than average incidence of unemployment, overcrowded living conditions, divorce and antisocial behaviour. The implications of these findings for the clinical management and prevention of non-fatal deliberate self-harm are discussed.", "contents": "Deliberate self-harm: clinical and socio-economic characteristics of 368 patients. In this study 368 patients were interviewed after they had attended the Bristol Royal Infirmary Accident and Emergency Department following a non-fatal act of deliberate self-harm. There were twice as many women (247) as men (121), and two thirds of the patients were in the 15-35 age group. Ninety-five per cent had taken a drug overdose, most commonly one or more of the tranquillizers, antidepressants, hypnotics or analgesics. Seventy-eight per cent had taken drugs prescribed by a doctor. Half the patients mentioned interpersonal conflict as a major precipitating factor in the episode. A psychiatric diagnosis was completed for all admitted patients, of whom 52 per cent were considered to be suffering from neurotic depression, 29 per cent from personality disorder, 12 per cent from functional psychosis and 10 per cent from alcohol addiction. Almost half had deliberately harmed themselves on a previous occasion. The series showed a greater than average incidence of unemployment, overcrowded living conditions, divorce and antisocial behaviour. The implications of these findings for the clinical management and prevention of non-fatal deliberate self-harm are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201451", "title": "A further investigation of differences in the suicide rates of England and Wales and of Scotland.", "content": "National samples of case records of suicidal-type deaths from England and Wales and from Scotland were reassessed by officials in the other country. It emerged that similar criteria for suicide existed in both countries, and that there was no age-related tendency to misclassify cases. The lower official suicide rate amongst the old in Scotland was therefore considered not to result from ascertainment differences. It was also concluded that Scottish records were not so briefly documented as to prevent the conclusive ascertainment of cause by England and Wales coroners. Cases which were designated 'undetermined' in Scotland tended to be classified 'accidental' by coroners. Reasons for the lower incidence of suicide in Scotland are discussed.", "contents": "A further investigation of differences in the suicide rates of England and Wales and of Scotland. National samples of case records of suicidal-type deaths from England and Wales and from Scotland were reassessed by officials in the other country. It emerged that similar criteria for suicide existed in both countries, and that there was no age-related tendency to misclassify cases. The lower official suicide rate amongst the old in Scotland was therefore considered not to result from ascertainment differences. It was also concluded that Scottish records were not so briefly documented as to prevent the conclusive ascertainment of cause by England and Wales coroners. Cases which were designated 'undetermined' in Scotland tended to be classified 'accidental' by coroners. Reasons for the lower incidence of suicide in Scotland are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201452", "title": "Sterilization: a review of 98 sterilized women.", "content": "The details of 98 women sterilized over a three-year period are presented. They show that female sterilization is a safe procedure which has a satisfactory result in many cases and confers many secondary benefits. However, some regret is common and is associated with a high incidence of psychiatric and marital morbidity, and this is shown to be related to pre-operative factors. A method of pre-operative assessment is outlined which should minimize the risk of a poor outcome following female sterilization.", "contents": "Sterilization: a review of 98 sterilized women. The details of 98 women sterilized over a three-year period are presented. They show that female sterilization is a safe procedure which has a satisfactory result in many cases and confers many secondary benefits. However, some regret is common and is associated with a high incidence of psychiatric and marital morbidity, and this is shown to be related to pre-operative factors. A method of pre-operative assessment is outlined which should minimize the risk of a poor outcome following female sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1201453", "title": "Psychological aspects of isolator therapy in acute leukaemia.", "content": "Treatment under conditions of gnotobiotic isolation can augment the stress of adaptation to a diagnosis of leukaemia. Identification of the psychological problems experienced in isolator treatment can contribute to the effective maintenance of therapy. Individual patterns of adjustment to treatment relate to the psychological defence mechanisms employed to contend with the dependent position enforced by isolation. Psychiatric assessment can assist both patients and nursing staff with the management of their separate difficulties in this unfamiliar treatment situation. Psychological features of isolator treatment in ten patients with acute leukemia are described and suggestions proposed for psychological management of patients under isolator conditions.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of isolator therapy in acute leukaemia. Treatment under conditions of gnotobiotic isolation can augment the stress of adaptation to a diagnosis of leukaemia. Identification of the psychological problems experienced in isolator treatment can contribute to the effective maintenance of therapy. Individual patterns of adjustment to treatment relate to the psychological defence mechanisms employed to contend with the dependent position enforced by isolation. Psychiatric assessment can assist both patients and nursing staff with the management of their separate difficulties in this unfamiliar treatment situation. Psychological features of isolator treatment in ten patients with acute leukemia are described and suggestions proposed for psychological management of patients under isolator conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1201454", "title": "Effect of ADP on PGE1 formation in blood platelets from patients with depression, mania and schizophrenia.", "content": "Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) stimulates the synthesis of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in lysed platelets from normal subjects, patients with affective illness but not in platelets from cases of schizophrenia. The stimulation is concentration-dependent and follows a curve which is mildly sigmoid in the normal, markedly sigmoid in depression and hyperbolic in mania.", "contents": "Effect of ADP on PGE1 formation in blood platelets from patients with depression, mania and schizophrenia. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) stimulates the synthesis of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in lysed platelets from normal subjects, patients with affective illness but not in platelets from cases of schizophrenia. The stimulation is concentration-dependent and follows a curve which is mildly sigmoid in the normal, markedly sigmoid in depression and hyperbolic in mania."}
{"id": "PMID:1201455", "title": "The relationship of plasma to erythrocyte lithium levels in patients taking lithium carbonate.", "content": "Plasma and erythrocyte lithium levels have been determined repeatedly in twelve patients taking lithium carbonate for affective disorders. In any individual the plot of the plasma lithium level against erythrocyte/plasma ratio is linear, but the ratio can either increase or decrease with increasing plasma lithium concentration. Erythrocyte/plasma ratio is an unsound basis for comparing individual responses to lithium.", "contents": "The relationship of plasma to erythrocyte lithium levels in patients taking lithium carbonate. Plasma and erythrocyte lithium levels have been determined repeatedly in twelve patients taking lithium carbonate for affective disorders. In any individual the plot of the plasma lithium level against erythrocyte/plasma ratio is linear, but the ratio can either increase or decrease with increasing plasma lithium concentration. Erythrocyte/plasma ratio is an unsound basis for comparing individual responses to lithium."}
{"id": "PMID:1201456", "title": "Intravenous tranquillization with ECT.", "content": "Forty depressed in-patients for whom electro-convulsive therapy had been prescribed were rated before treatment on depression and anxiety scales. Side effects, post-operative agitation and retrograde memory impairment were assessed in each patient after each of several treatments. Results were compared when no tranquillizer was given and when either diazepam or haloperidol was administered intravenously immediately before the anaesthetic. It was found than when ECT was given without tranquillization, the incidence and severity of post-operative agitation and of side effects were significantly greater in those patients with a high level of anxiety before treatment. Both diazepam and haloperidol were found to be effective in subduing agitation and side effects in anxious, depressed patients, but with diazepam recovery time was longer.", "contents": "Intravenous tranquillization with ECT. Forty depressed in-patients for whom electro-convulsive therapy had been prescribed were rated before treatment on depression and anxiety scales. Side effects, post-operative agitation and retrograde memory impairment were assessed in each patient after each of several treatments. Results were compared when no tranquillizer was given and when either diazepam or haloperidol was administered intravenously immediately before the anaesthetic. It was found than when ECT was given without tranquillization, the incidence and severity of post-operative agitation and of side effects were significantly greater in those patients with a high level of anxiety before treatment. Both diazepam and haloperidol were found to be effective in subduing agitation and side effects in anxious, depressed patients, but with diazepam recovery time was longer."}
{"id": "PMID:1201457", "title": "Subjective side-effects of ECT.", "content": "The incidence of side-effects present 24 hours after electroconvulsive therapy was studied in 96 patients who between them received 500 treatments in a consecutive series. None of the side-effects occurred frequently: headache was experienced after 2-6 per cent and subjective memory impairment after 3 per cent of treatments. None of the unwanted effects held any serious physical threat. The aspect of ECT most disliked by the patients in this study, and mentioned by 16 per cent of them, was the fear of permanent memory upset.", "contents": "Subjective side-effects of ECT. The incidence of side-effects present 24 hours after electroconvulsive therapy was studied in 96 patients who between them received 500 treatments in a consecutive series. None of the side-effects occurred frequently: headache was experienced after 2-6 per cent and subjective memory impairment after 3 per cent of treatments. None of the unwanted effects held any serious physical threat. The aspect of ECT most disliked by the patients in this study, and mentioned by 16 per cent of them, was the fear of permanent memory upset."}
{"id": "PMID:1201458", "title": "Cervical cytology in genital infection.", "content": "Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears taken from 203 female patients with either gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, or candidosis were examined for the degree of inflammatory change. The results from these patients were compared with the results of smears taken from women who had no evidence of sexually-acquired infection after full assessment in the clinic. Gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis were associated with inflammatory changes but these were less marked in patients with candidosis. It is concluded that, before cytological inflammatory changes are attributed to non-specific genital infection, it is important to exclude gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, and, to a lesser extent, candidosis.", "contents": "Cervical cytology in genital infection. Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears taken from 203 female patients with either gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, or candidosis were examined for the degree of inflammatory change. The results from these patients were compared with the results of smears taken from women who had no evidence of sexually-acquired infection after full assessment in the clinic. Gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis were associated with inflammatory changes but these were less marked in patients with candidosis. It is concluded that, before cytological inflammatory changes are attributed to non-specific genital infection, it is important to exclude gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, and, to a lesser extent, candidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201459", "title": "Reiter's disease in a female, presenting as erythema nodosum.", "content": "The case history of a female who presented with erythema nodosum is described, and the diagnosis of Reiter's disease is proposed. Reference is made to literature on Reiter's disease in the female and to sacroiliac joint abnormalities which have been observed in this condition.", "contents": "Reiter's disease in a female, presenting as erythema nodosum. The case history of a female who presented with erythema nodosum is described, and the diagnosis of Reiter's disease is proposed. Reference is made to literature on Reiter's disease in the female and to sacroiliac joint abnormalities which have been observed in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1201461", "title": "Tabes dorsalis with sudden onset of paraplegia.", "content": "A case is presented of tabes dorsalis with spinal gumma producing collapse of the L5 vertebra followed by paraplegia.", "contents": "Tabes dorsalis with sudden onset of paraplegia. A case is presented of tabes dorsalis with spinal gumma producing collapse of the L5 vertebra followed by paraplegia."}
{"id": "PMID:1201462", "title": "Net uptake and release of calcium and phosphate by bone in vitro: effects of medium calcium and phosphate concentrations.", "content": "The effects of varying the initial calcium and phosphate concentrations of the culture media on bone calcium and phosphate release were examined, using whole calvaria from 3-day-old mice in 48-hour cultures. The initial calcium and phosphate concentrations of the culture media were varied in the range 3-10 mg/100 ml; either calcium or phosphate alone was changed while the other ion was held constant, or the concentrations of both were varied while the Ca:P ratio was held constant. For all combinations, 3 treatment groups were used: i) control (no added hormone); ii) 0.5 U/ml PTH; iii) 50 mU/ml CT. The release of calcium and phosphate from the bones was greatest at low initial calcium or phosphate concentrations in the media, and least at high initial concentrations. High concentrations of both ions together abolished hormonal responses and resulted in extensive uptake of calcium and phosphate by the bones. The response to PTH was lost at a high concentration of either ion alone, while a response to CT was observed under all experimental conditions except simultaneously high calcium and phosphate concentrations.", "contents": "Net uptake and release of calcium and phosphate by bone in vitro: effects of medium calcium and phosphate concentrations. The effects of varying the initial calcium and phosphate concentrations of the culture media on bone calcium and phosphate release were examined, using whole calvaria from 3-day-old mice in 48-hour cultures. The initial calcium and phosphate concentrations of the culture media were varied in the range 3-10 mg/100 ml; either calcium or phosphate alone was changed while the other ion was held constant, or the concentrations of both were varied while the Ca:P ratio was held constant. For all combinations, 3 treatment groups were used: i) control (no added hormone); ii) 0.5 U/ml PTH; iii) 50 mU/ml CT. The release of calcium and phosphate from the bones was greatest at low initial calcium or phosphate concentrations in the media, and least at high initial concentrations. High concentrations of both ions together abolished hormonal responses and resulted in extensive uptake of calcium and phosphate by the bones. The response to PTH was lost at a high concentration of either ion alone, while a response to CT was observed under all experimental conditions except simultaneously high calcium and phosphate concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1201463", "title": "Quantitative histological evaluation of early fracture healing of cortical bones immobilized by stainless steel and composite plates.", "content": "Internal fixation devices of less bending stiffness than conventional plates made of stainless steel or vitallium were compared with conventional plates in a study of fracture healing. The material for this investigation was a fine graphite fiber reinforced methyl methacrylate resin composite with a modulus of elasticity approximately ten times less than that of stainless steel. Osteotomies were performed on canine radii. Internal fixation was accomplished by means of a composite plate on the left side, and a stainless steel plate on the right. Clinical assessment, as well as biomechanical and quantitative histological techniques, were used to compare osteotomy healing of the two sides. At four months, all osteotomies had healed and the bioengineering tests showed radii from the two sides had equivalent strength. However, significantly less cortical porosity was found in the side with the composite plate (6.8 per cent), as compared to that of the stainless steel plated side (14 per cent). These results suggest that a less stiff fixation plate may have some advantage in the treatment of long bone fracture if there is no implant failure, and if union rates are equivalent.", "contents": "Quantitative histological evaluation of early fracture healing of cortical bones immobilized by stainless steel and composite plates. Internal fixation devices of less bending stiffness than conventional plates made of stainless steel or vitallium were compared with conventional plates in a study of fracture healing. The material for this investigation was a fine graphite fiber reinforced methyl methacrylate resin composite with a modulus of elasticity approximately ten times less than that of stainless steel. Osteotomies were performed on canine radii. Internal fixation was accomplished by means of a composite plate on the left side, and a stainless steel plate on the right. Clinical assessment, as well as biomechanical and quantitative histological techniques, were used to compare osteotomy healing of the two sides. At four months, all osteotomies had healed and the bioengineering tests showed radii from the two sides had equivalent strength. However, significantly less cortical porosity was found in the side with the composite plate (6.8 per cent), as compared to that of the stainless steel plated side (14 per cent). These results suggest that a less stiff fixation plate may have some advantage in the treatment of long bone fracture if there is no implant failure, and if union rates are equivalent."}
{"id": "PMID:1201464", "title": "Frozen thin-sections of rapidly forming bone: bone cell ultrastructure.", "content": "Frozen thin-sections of fresh medullary bone, which had been calcifying for 2 to 4 days, were prepared and examined in the electron microscope. The bone was obtained from male Japanese quail treated with estradiol valerate. Large numbers of 200-800 A electron dense granules, which consisted of 50-75 A subparticles, were seen within mitochondria. A population of electron-dense particles slightly smaller than ribosomes was also observed. Most granules were not present after conventional fixation, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining. Oother structures which were visible, also on the basis of their intrinsic electron density, were nuclei with regions which resembled condensed chromatin, ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. By the use of osmium tetroxide vapor staining, inner and outer membranes and cristae of mitochondria were delineated. Other membranous components were not detected. Since very little loss or dislocation of cell components can occur during the preparation of frozen thin-sections, the micrographs obtained may be a more accurate representation of cell ultrastructure.", "contents": "Frozen thin-sections of rapidly forming bone: bone cell ultrastructure. Frozen thin-sections of fresh medullary bone, which had been calcifying for 2 to 4 days, were prepared and examined in the electron microscope. The bone was obtained from male Japanese quail treated with estradiol valerate. Large numbers of 200-800 A electron dense granules, which consisted of 50-75 A subparticles, were seen within mitochondria. A population of electron-dense particles slightly smaller than ribosomes was also observed. Most granules were not present after conventional fixation, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining. Oother structures which were visible, also on the basis of their intrinsic electron density, were nuclei with regions which resembled condensed chromatin, ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. By the use of osmium tetroxide vapor staining, inner and outer membranes and cristae of mitochondria were delineated. Other membranous components were not detected. Since very little loss or dislocation of cell components can occur during the preparation of frozen thin-sections, the micrographs obtained may be a more accurate representation of cell ultrastructure."}
{"id": "PMID:1201465", "title": "Reversible extinction of the morphogen in bone matrix by reduction and oxidation of disulfide bonds.", "content": "Beta-Mercaptoethanol (beta-ME) or dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction extinguishes the capacity of bone matrix gelatin to produce new bone following implantation in a muscle pouch. If the reducing solution is used in concentrations of 50 mmoles/l or less, the extinction can be partially reversed by bubbling of oxygen through the solution for one hour. Sulfhydryl group blocking reagents prevent reoxidation of reduced bone gelatin, and restoration of the bone morphogenetic property (BMP). Unspecific borohydride reduction at 37 degrees destroys bone yield irreversibly, but at 2 degrees reduction of free aldehyde groups in bone gelatin does not prevent beta-ME and DTT reversible extinction. These observations are interpreted to suggest that the disulphide linkage may be an essential part of the biologically active conformation of either a non-collagenous bone morphogenetic polypeptide firmly bound to collagen or a collagen by-product entrapped within a water insoluble gel matrix.", "contents": "Reversible extinction of the morphogen in bone matrix by reduction and oxidation of disulfide bonds. Beta-Mercaptoethanol (beta-ME) or dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction extinguishes the capacity of bone matrix gelatin to produce new bone following implantation in a muscle pouch. If the reducing solution is used in concentrations of 50 mmoles/l or less, the extinction can be partially reversed by bubbling of oxygen through the solution for one hour. Sulfhydryl group blocking reagents prevent reoxidation of reduced bone gelatin, and restoration of the bone morphogenetic property (BMP). Unspecific borohydride reduction at 37 degrees destroys bone yield irreversibly, but at 2 degrees reduction of free aldehyde groups in bone gelatin does not prevent beta-ME and DTT reversible extinction. These observations are interpreted to suggest that the disulphide linkage may be an essential part of the biologically active conformation of either a non-collagenous bone morphogenetic polypeptide firmly bound to collagen or a collagen by-product entrapped within a water insoluble gel matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:1201466", "title": "Pathogenesis of gangrene following intra-arterial injection of drugs: a new hypothesis.", "content": "We have demonstrated the toxicity of diazepam and the safety of ketamine hydrochloride following intra-arterial injection in an anaesthetized animal model. The pathogenesis of gangrene following intra-arterial injection of drugs is unclear. Clinical reports and this experiment suggest that it only follows injection of highly membrane-soluble drugs. Early swelling and disruption of capillary endothelial cells were demonstrated after intra-arterial injection of diazepam and thiopentone. We believe that a theory of pathogenesis based on this finding is consistent not only with our experimental findings, but with known in vitro effects of membrane soluble drugs on cell membranes and the clinical features following intra-arterial injections in both human subjects and in animals.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of gangrene following intra-arterial injection of drugs: a new hypothesis. We have demonstrated the toxicity of diazepam and the safety of ketamine hydrochloride following intra-arterial injection in an anaesthetized animal model. The pathogenesis of gangrene following intra-arterial injection of drugs is unclear. Clinical reports and this experiment suggest that it only follows injection of highly membrane-soluble drugs. Early swelling and disruption of capillary endothelial cells were demonstrated after intra-arterial injection of diazepam and thiopentone. We believe that a theory of pathogenesis based on this finding is consistent not only with our experimental findings, but with known in vitro effects of membrane soluble drugs on cell membranes and the clinical features following intra-arterial injections in both human subjects and in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1201467", "title": "Pulmonary shunting during anaesthesia in man.", "content": "Qs/Qt was determined during halothane and oxygen anaesthesia in 22 patients. All were believed to have no pulmonary dysfunction. A surgical operation was in progress and respiration was controlled. Qs/Qt was minimal in 15 of these patients (means 3.9 plus or minus 0.3%), indicating that anaesthesia and operation can be conducted in man without a significant increase of pulmonary shunting. The level of shunting was increased in the other seven patients. In neither group was Qs/Qt altered by the passage of time. Age varied between 23 and 61 years and was directly and significantly correlated to Qs/Qt (r=0.57,P less than0.01).", "contents": "Pulmonary shunting during anaesthesia in man. Qs/Qt was determined during halothane and oxygen anaesthesia in 22 patients. All were believed to have no pulmonary dysfunction. A surgical operation was in progress and respiration was controlled. Qs/Qt was minimal in 15 of these patients (means 3.9 plus or minus 0.3%), indicating that anaesthesia and operation can be conducted in man without a significant increase of pulmonary shunting. The level of shunting was increased in the other seven patients. In neither group was Qs/Qt altered by the passage of time. Age varied between 23 and 61 years and was directly and significantly correlated to Qs/Qt (r=0.57,P less than0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201468", "title": "Body build and preoperative arterial oxygen tensions.", "content": "Arterial oxygen tensions were determined in 35 supine unpremedicated surgical patients. Correlations were sought for age, weight, and weight/height, and Pao2. A definite, clear cut linear reduction of Po2 with age was found but not for weight alone. A relationship with weight/height ratio was found. If the weight/height related reduction in FRC following induction is added to that, two potential factors can be seen to contribute to intra-operative hypoxaemia. In a further 20 patients who received phenobarbitone premedication only, arterial oxygen tensions were found to be above the predicted line for their age. This is taken as evidence against respiratory depression due to premedication with barbiturates.", "contents": "Body build and preoperative arterial oxygen tensions. Arterial oxygen tensions were determined in 35 supine unpremedicated surgical patients. Correlations were sought for age, weight, and weight/height, and Pao2. A definite, clear cut linear reduction of Po2 with age was found but not for weight alone. A relationship with weight/height ratio was found. If the weight/height related reduction in FRC following induction is added to that, two potential factors can be seen to contribute to intra-operative hypoxaemia. In a further 20 patients who received phenobarbitone premedication only, arterial oxygen tensions were found to be above the predicted line for their age. This is taken as evidence against respiratory depression due to premedication with barbiturates."}
{"id": "PMID:1201469", "title": "Airway closure in pregnancy.", "content": "Closing capacity (CC; the lung volume at which dependent lung zones cease to ventilate, presumably as a result of airway closure) and standard lung volumes were measured in twenty-four normal women 21 to 29 years of age in the seated and supine positions. Measurements were made serially during pregnancy and once 6 to 8 weeks post partum (the control period). CC was unchanged during pregnancy, while functional residual capacity (FRC) fell by approximately 15%. The difference between FRC and CC (FRC-CC) was reduced during pregnancy, but in one of the subjects when seated, and in only two supine subjects did CC exceed FRC. FRC-CC was reduced in the supine position as compared to seated. The reduced FRC-CC during pregnancy offers a potential explanation for the observations of abnormally low arterial oxygen tensions (Pao2) during pregnancy in some women, and of reduced Pao2 in pregnant women in the supine as compared to upright position.", "contents": "Airway closure in pregnancy. Closing capacity (CC; the lung volume at which dependent lung zones cease to ventilate, presumably as a result of airway closure) and standard lung volumes were measured in twenty-four normal women 21 to 29 years of age in the seated and supine positions. Measurements were made serially during pregnancy and once 6 to 8 weeks post partum (the control period). CC was unchanged during pregnancy, while functional residual capacity (FRC) fell by approximately 15%. The difference between FRC and CC (FRC-CC) was reduced during pregnancy, but in one of the subjects when seated, and in only two supine subjects did CC exceed FRC. FRC-CC was reduced in the supine position as compared to seated. The reduced FRC-CC during pregnancy offers a potential explanation for the observations of abnormally low arterial oxygen tensions (Pao2) during pregnancy in some women, and of reduced Pao2 in pregnant women in the supine as compared to upright position."}
{"id": "PMID:1201470", "title": "The myocardial effects of pancuronium.", "content": "The effect of pancuronium on myocardial contractility was studied in three different animal preparations. Pancuronium produced no change in isometric contraction of rabbit atrial or cat papillary muscle but displaced the acetylcholine dose-response curve to the right in the papillary muscle preparations, verifying a muscarinic blocking effect of this drug. In atropinized dogs in vivo pancuronium produced no significant change in the cardiovascular parameters studied. These studies show that pancuronium exerts its cardiovascular effects primarily by blocking muscarinic receptors in the heart.", "contents": "The myocardial effects of pancuronium. The effect of pancuronium on myocardial contractility was studied in three different animal preparations. Pancuronium produced no change in isometric contraction of rabbit atrial or cat papillary muscle but displaced the acetylcholine dose-response curve to the right in the papillary muscle preparations, verifying a muscarinic blocking effect of this drug. In atropinized dogs in vivo pancuronium produced no significant change in the cardiovascular parameters studied. These studies show that pancuronium exerts its cardiovascular effects primarily by blocking muscarinic receptors in the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:1201471", "title": "Use of chloroquine in shock.", "content": "One group of dogs received single doses of intramuscular chloroquine and another group served as a control. The dogs were subjected to haemorrhagic shock and then retransfused with their own blood after two hours of shock. The chloroquine-treated dogs had normal PA pressures after correction of acidosis and significantly smaller increases in the pulmonary vascular resistance. The results are similar but less marked than those obtained with aspirin. Chloroquine inhibited in vitro platelet aggregation by 50% and was not associated with any increased bleeding. This may be an advantage when used in patients with multiple trauma or increased bleeding tendency.", "contents": "Use of chloroquine in shock. One group of dogs received single doses of intramuscular chloroquine and another group served as a control. The dogs were subjected to haemorrhagic shock and then retransfused with their own blood after two hours of shock. The chloroquine-treated dogs had normal PA pressures after correction of acidosis and significantly smaller increases in the pulmonary vascular resistance. The results are similar but less marked than those obtained with aspirin. Chloroquine inhibited in vitro platelet aggregation by 50% and was not associated with any increased bleeding. This may be an advantage when used in patients with multiple trauma or increased bleeding tendency."}
{"id": "PMID:1201472", "title": "Effect of isoflurane anaesthesia and surgery on carbohydrate metabolism and plasma cortisol levels in man.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to investigate in nine male surgical patients the effects of isoflurane anaesthesia alone on the carbohydrate metabolism by determining plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin, blood glucose, and cortisol, and to compare them with the effects of anaesthesia associated with surgical operations. Determination of plasma GH, insulin, cortisol, and blood glucose were made simultaneously before induction of isoflurane anaesthesia, after maintenance of anaesthesia for 15 minutes and 30 minutes and during and after conclusion of the operation. Plasma GH concentrations showed a significant elevation during isoflurane anaesthesia, and maintained a similar high level one hour after the start of the operation. An insignificant elevation in plasma insulin level and significant increases in blood glucose were noted during anaesthesia and operation. Plasma cortisol levels increased insignificantly during anaesthesia, but increased markedly during operation. Our observations would suggest that the increased blood level of GH and elevated blood cortisol play a part in the increase of blood glucose during isoflurane anaesthesia and surgical operations in man.", "contents": "Effect of isoflurane anaesthesia and surgery on carbohydrate metabolism and plasma cortisol levels in man. The present study was undertaken to investigate in nine male surgical patients the effects of isoflurane anaesthesia alone on the carbohydrate metabolism by determining plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin, blood glucose, and cortisol, and to compare them with the effects of anaesthesia associated with surgical operations. Determination of plasma GH, insulin, cortisol, and blood glucose were made simultaneously before induction of isoflurane anaesthesia, after maintenance of anaesthesia for 15 minutes and 30 minutes and during and after conclusion of the operation. Plasma GH concentrations showed a significant elevation during isoflurane anaesthesia, and maintained a similar high level one hour after the start of the operation. An insignificant elevation in plasma insulin level and significant increases in blood glucose were noted during anaesthesia and operation. Plasma cortisol levels increased insignificantly during anaesthesia, but increased markedly during operation. Our observations would suggest that the increased blood level of GH and elevated blood cortisol play a part in the increase of blood glucose during isoflurane anaesthesia and surgical operations in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1201473", "title": "Anaesthesia for dwarfs and other patients of pathological small stature.", "content": "Sixty-nine anaesthetics were administered to 29 patients of pathological proportionate and disproportionate small stature. The anaesthetic course in most cases was uncomplicated. The few complications noted were similar in type and severity to those found in normal size patients undergoing similar anaesthesia and operative procedures. Achondroplastic dwarfs often develop neurological problems due to their bony deformities. General anaesthesia should be given preferential consideration in these patients. Non-achondroplastic dwarfs may have an associated odontoid dysplasia and if the neck is placed in flexion there is a potential risk of spinal cord damage. Tube size for proportionately small children is best estimated from body weight. No definite recommendations concerning proper tybe size in dwarfs can be given on the basis of the findings in the study.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for dwarfs and other patients of pathological small stature. Sixty-nine anaesthetics were administered to 29 patients of pathological proportionate and disproportionate small stature. The anaesthetic course in most cases was uncomplicated. The few complications noted were similar in type and severity to those found in normal size patients undergoing similar anaesthesia and operative procedures. Achondroplastic dwarfs often develop neurological problems due to their bony deformities. General anaesthesia should be given preferential consideration in these patients. Non-achondroplastic dwarfs may have an associated odontoid dysplasia and if the neck is placed in flexion there is a potential risk of spinal cord damage. Tube size for proportionately small children is best estimated from body weight. No definite recommendations concerning proper tybe size in dwarfs can be given on the basis of the findings in the study."}
{"id": "PMID:1201474", "title": "Anaesthetic considerations in bronchial adenoma.", "content": "The patient with bronchial adenoma can present a puzzling diagnostic dilemma as well as challenging problems in anaesthetic management. Several aspects are reviewed in this report. Diagnostically these include chest roentgenographic findings and unique pulmonary function test. Problems in anaesthetic management include possible development of acute carcinoid syndrome, as this tumour is usually of the carcinoid variety. In addition, the tumour may act as a ball valve, causing uneven ventilation of affected lung with expiratory air trapping. Several factors may necessitate prolonged bronchial blockage during anaesthesia. These include a friable mass which may bleed profusely upon manipulation, infected and atelectatic parenchymal tissue beyond the obstruction, copious volumes of purulent secretions, and one lung ventilation during resection.", "contents": "Anaesthetic considerations in bronchial adenoma. The patient with bronchial adenoma can present a puzzling diagnostic dilemma as well as challenging problems in anaesthetic management. Several aspects are reviewed in this report. Diagnostically these include chest roentgenographic findings and unique pulmonary function test. Problems in anaesthetic management include possible development of acute carcinoid syndrome, as this tumour is usually of the carcinoid variety. In addition, the tumour may act as a ball valve, causing uneven ventilation of affected lung with expiratory air trapping. Several factors may necessitate prolonged bronchial blockage during anaesthesia. These include a friable mass which may bleed profusely upon manipulation, infected and atelectatic parenchymal tissue beyond the obstruction, copious volumes of purulent secretions, and one lung ventilation during resection."}
{"id": "PMID:1201475", "title": "Multiple anaesthetics in a patient with phaeochromocytoma.", "content": "A patient with phaeochromocytoma was anaesthetized on four seperate occasions. Some of the problems associated with this disease are discussed and recommendations for anaesthetic management are made.", "contents": "Multiple anaesthetics in a patient with phaeochromocytoma. A patient with phaeochromocytoma was anaesthetized on four seperate occasions. Some of the problems associated with this disease are discussed and recommendations for anaesthetic management are made."}
{"id": "PMID:1201477", "title": "A simple dichromatic densitometer for repeated measurements of cardiac output in small animals.", "content": "The construction of a simple device for continuous monitoring and recording of plasma indocyanine green concentration in small animals is described. The apparatus is designed to hold a vascular bed such as the ear or the omentum and to transilluminate it with white light from a fiber optic bundle. The transmitted light is divided by a dichroic mirror. Appropriate filters select a narrow band of frequencies from each segment. There are two photovoltaic cells, one sensitive to the dye and the other insensitive to it. Both are approximately equally reactive to changes in transilluminence caused by changes in blood content or hematocrit and are relatively insensitive to changes in oxygen saturation of the transilluminated blood. Reproducible estimates of cardiac output have been obtained with the injection of 300 mug indocyanine green in a volume of 20 mul with the densitometer applied to the small intestine or to the ear of the animal. The device responds linearly to increasing plasma indocyanine green concentrations and can be calibrated with less than 0.1 ml of blood.", "contents": "A simple dichromatic densitometer for repeated measurements of cardiac output in small animals. The construction of a simple device for continuous monitoring and recording of plasma indocyanine green concentration in small animals is described. The apparatus is designed to hold a vascular bed such as the ear or the omentum and to transilluminate it with white light from a fiber optic bundle. The transmitted light is divided by a dichroic mirror. Appropriate filters select a narrow band of frequencies from each segment. There are two photovoltaic cells, one sensitive to the dye and the other insensitive to it. Both are approximately equally reactive to changes in transilluminence caused by changes in blood content or hematocrit and are relatively insensitive to changes in oxygen saturation of the transilluminated blood. Reproducible estimates of cardiac output have been obtained with the injection of 300 mug indocyanine green in a volume of 20 mul with the densitometer applied to the small intestine or to the ear of the animal. The device responds linearly to increasing plasma indocyanine green concentrations and can be calibrated with less than 0.1 ml of blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1201478", "title": "Ontogenic pattern of dopamine, acetylcholine, and acetylcholinesterase in the brains of normal and hypothyroid rats.", "content": "The influence of neonatal thyroidectomy (Tx) on developmental changes in dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied in the whole brain of rats. In control animals, brain levels of ACh gradually increased and attained adult values at the 70th day. In contrast, AChE activity showed a rapid increase between the 7th and 30th days. Levels of DA were low during the early postnatal life but markedly increased to reach adult values of 1.47 mug/g at the 30th day, after which no further enhancement was noted. Neonatal Tx interfered with the normal growth of the animals, decreased brain weights, and markedly influenced the developmental pattern of both DA and ACh in the brain. The concentration of DA in 30-day-old hypothyroid rats was 46% of the control values. In contrast, brain ACh levels in Tx rats were consistently above those seen in controls, being significantly higher, by 49 and 64%, at 15 and 30 days, respectively. Activity of AChE in brains of hypothyroid animals was not significantly different from that in controls. Treatment of Tx rats with thyroid hormone virtually restored the levels of DA and ACh to values in control animals.", "contents": "Ontogenic pattern of dopamine, acetylcholine, and acetylcholinesterase in the brains of normal and hypothyroid rats. The influence of neonatal thyroidectomy (Tx) on developmental changes in dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied in the whole brain of rats. In control animals, brain levels of ACh gradually increased and attained adult values at the 70th day. In contrast, AChE activity showed a rapid increase between the 7th and 30th days. Levels of DA were low during the early postnatal life but markedly increased to reach adult values of 1.47 mug/g at the 30th day, after which no further enhancement was noted. Neonatal Tx interfered with the normal growth of the animals, decreased brain weights, and markedly influenced the developmental pattern of both DA and ACh in the brain. The concentration of DA in 30-day-old hypothyroid rats was 46% of the control values. In contrast, brain ACh levels in Tx rats were consistently above those seen in controls, being significantly higher, by 49 and 64%, at 15 and 30 days, respectively. Activity of AChE in brains of hypothyroid animals was not significantly different from that in controls. Treatment of Tx rats with thyroid hormone virtually restored the levels of DA and ACh to values in control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1201479", "title": "Time course of onset and decay of humoral natriuretic activity in the rat.", "content": "The natriuretic mechanism.tic activity shown in earlier cross-circulation experiments to develop in the blood of rats undergoing sustained vascular expansion has been further characterized. Following whole blood infusion and urine reinfusion of the donor rat, a cross-circulated isovolaemic partner exhibits a natriuresis of gradual onset, requiring 60-80 min to reach a peak (0.04-3.24 muequiv./min per gram kidney weight). The gradual feature of recipient natriuresis was unchanged by infusing the donor rat 1 h prior to cross-circulation. Once developed, the recipient natriuresis was sustained when fluid depletion by the renal response was prevented, but was reversible with a half-life of about 30 min on interruption of the cross-circulation; reconnection of cross-circulation promptly restored recipient natriuresis. No significant natriuresis (0.04-0.16 muequiv/min per gram kidney weight) occurred in the recipients if the donors in comparable cross-circulations were not infused. These findings confirm that a natriuretic activity develops in the blood as a consequence of vascular expansion, and reveal that the activity has a slowly developing and reversible action on the renal natriure", "contents": "Time course of onset and decay of humoral natriuretic activity in the rat. The natriuretic mechanism.tic activity shown in earlier cross-circulation experiments to develop in the blood of rats undergoing sustained vascular expansion has been further characterized. Following whole blood infusion and urine reinfusion of the donor rat, a cross-circulated isovolaemic partner exhibits a natriuresis of gradual onset, requiring 60-80 min to reach a peak (0.04-3.24 muequiv./min per gram kidney weight). The gradual feature of recipient natriuresis was unchanged by infusing the donor rat 1 h prior to cross-circulation. Once developed, the recipient natriuresis was sustained when fluid depletion by the renal response was prevented, but was reversible with a half-life of about 30 min on interruption of the cross-circulation; reconnection of cross-circulation promptly restored recipient natriuresis. No significant natriuresis (0.04-0.16 muequiv/min per gram kidney weight) occurred in the recipients if the donors in comparable cross-circulations were not infused. These findings confirm that a natriuretic activity develops in the blood as a consequence of vascular expansion, and reveal that the activity has a slowly developing and reversible action on the renal natriure"}
{"id": "PMID:1201480", "title": "The effect of norethandrolone on organic ion transport by rat renal cortical slices.", "content": "Norethandrolone (NE) and other androgenic steroids have been shown to be renotropic in various species and have also been reported to have salutary effects in patients with diminished renal function. Renal cortical slices prepared from rats pretreated with NE showed an increased capability to concentrate p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). Pretreatment with NE failed to stimulate the transport of the organic base tetraethylammonium and the organic acid benzylpenicillin. Stimulation of PAH transport was observed after eight daily subcutaneous injections of NE. No stimulation was observed with shorter pretreatment intervals. When NE was given subcutaneously for 14 days at doses of 2.6 or 20 mg kg-1 day-1, significant stimulation of PAH transport was seen at all three dose levels but no dose-effect relationship was apparent. Stimulation of PAH transport was seen in female rats as well as castrated and intact males. In addition to its general anabolic properties, NE induces the synthesis of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. For comparative purposes, therefore, the effect of pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) was also investigated. This agent is a potent inducer of drug metabolism but is neither anabolic nor renotropic. When rats were pretreated with an inducing dose of PCN (75 mg kg-1 day-1 for 3 days), there was no significant stimulation of PAH transport. It would seem, then, that the stimulatory effect of NE on PAH transport is more closely associated with its generalized anabolic effect than with its ability to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes.", "contents": "The effect of norethandrolone on organic ion transport by rat renal cortical slices. Norethandrolone (NE) and other androgenic steroids have been shown to be renotropic in various species and have also been reported to have salutary effects in patients with diminished renal function. Renal cortical slices prepared from rats pretreated with NE showed an increased capability to concentrate p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). Pretreatment with NE failed to stimulate the transport of the organic base tetraethylammonium and the organic acid benzylpenicillin. Stimulation of PAH transport was observed after eight daily subcutaneous injections of NE. No stimulation was observed with shorter pretreatment intervals. When NE was given subcutaneously for 14 days at doses of 2.6 or 20 mg kg-1 day-1, significant stimulation of PAH transport was seen at all three dose levels but no dose-effect relationship was apparent. Stimulation of PAH transport was seen in female rats as well as castrated and intact males. In addition to its general anabolic properties, NE induces the synthesis of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. For comparative purposes, therefore, the effect of pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) was also investigated. This agent is a potent inducer of drug metabolism but is neither anabolic nor renotropic. When rats were pretreated with an inducing dose of PCN (75 mg kg-1 day-1 for 3 days), there was no significant stimulation of PAH transport. It would seem, then, that the stimulatory effect of NE on PAH transport is more closely associated with its generalized anabolic effect than with its ability to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201481", "title": "Kinetics of the red cell washout from coronary vessels of isolated feline hearts.", "content": "Twenty seven isolated feline hearts were perfused with cell-free oxygenated Ringer-Locke solutions. The concentration of red blood cells in samples of venous outflow collected from the coronary sinuses was determined by means of a Celloscope counter. Cellular concentrations decreased gradually as the perfusion time increased, and from 10(9) to 10(5) cells per millilitre after 300 ml perfusion. When the ventricular lumens were filled with residual blood (group I, 15 cats), several red cell peaks were superimposed on the smooth exponential decay curve of red cell washout. It is suggested that the peaks were caused by ejection of red cells from the ventricular lumens into communicating branches between the ventricular lumens and coronary capillaries. In cases of blood-emptied hearts (group II, 12 cats) these peaks did not occur, and mathematical analysis showed that summing three exponential functions could approximate the whole washout curve of red cells. This suggests that the coronary circulation may be described by three red cell compartments. The functional implication of this analysis for the microcirculation in the coronary vessels was discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of the red cell washout from coronary vessels of isolated feline hearts. Twenty seven isolated feline hearts were perfused with cell-free oxygenated Ringer-Locke solutions. The concentration of red blood cells in samples of venous outflow collected from the coronary sinuses was determined by means of a Celloscope counter. Cellular concentrations decreased gradually as the perfusion time increased, and from 10(9) to 10(5) cells per millilitre after 300 ml perfusion. When the ventricular lumens were filled with residual blood (group I, 15 cats), several red cell peaks were superimposed on the smooth exponential decay curve of red cell washout. It is suggested that the peaks were caused by ejection of red cells from the ventricular lumens into communicating branches between the ventricular lumens and coronary capillaries. In cases of blood-emptied hearts (group II, 12 cats) these peaks did not occur, and mathematical analysis showed that summing three exponential functions could approximate the whole washout curve of red cells. This suggests that the coronary circulation may be described by three red cell compartments. The functional implication of this analysis for the microcirculation in the coronary vessels was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201482", "title": "The development of sympathetic innervation and the functional state of the cardiovascular system in newborn dogs.", "content": "The present study in dogs indicates that the peripheral sympathetic fibers develop mostly after birth and reach a full maturity at about 2 months of life. The norepinephrine content of the heart, spleen, intestine, salivary glands, and adrenal glands increased from birth to 56 days of age. In contrast, the content of the stellate ganglia decreased during this period. In most of the organs studied, the uptake of [3H] norepinephrine developed in parallel with the norepinephrine content, except in the right atrium and salivary glands where it was fully developed soon after birth. During development, the systemic blood pressure increased from 40 to 100 mm Hg. Bilateral adrenal vessel clamping failed to induce a fall in blood pressure in growing dogs which indicates that the adrenal medulla or the baroreceptors did not fully compensate for the lack of peripheral sympathetic fibers and for the lower blood pressure in newborn animals. Although cardiac norepinephrine content was still very low in 10-day-old animals, cardiovascular responses to direct and reflex sympathetic stimulation were similar to those observed in 56-day-old animals. These results indicate that the sympathetic nervous system becomes functional before the fibers reach their full maturity.", "contents": "The development of sympathetic innervation and the functional state of the cardiovascular system in newborn dogs. The present study in dogs indicates that the peripheral sympathetic fibers develop mostly after birth and reach a full maturity at about 2 months of life. The norepinephrine content of the heart, spleen, intestine, salivary glands, and adrenal glands increased from birth to 56 days of age. In contrast, the content of the stellate ganglia decreased during this period. In most of the organs studied, the uptake of [3H] norepinephrine developed in parallel with the norepinephrine content, except in the right atrium and salivary glands where it was fully developed soon after birth. During development, the systemic blood pressure increased from 40 to 100 mm Hg. Bilateral adrenal vessel clamping failed to induce a fall in blood pressure in growing dogs which indicates that the adrenal medulla or the baroreceptors did not fully compensate for the lack of peripheral sympathetic fibers and for the lower blood pressure in newborn animals. Although cardiac norepinephrine content was still very low in 10-day-old animals, cardiovascular responses to direct and reflex sympathetic stimulation were similar to those observed in 56-day-old animals. These results indicate that the sympathetic nervous system becomes functional before the fibers reach their full maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201483", "title": "Growth hormone and cortisol levels in the annual cycle of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).", "content": "The annual cycles of growth hormone and cortisol levels in white-tailed deer were followed. No significant difference was found in the average cortisol levels in a large group of animals during the year. In contrast to cortisol, growth hormone (GH) investigated by heterologous bovine GH radioimmunoassay, seems to have a distinct annual rhythm. High levels of GH in plasma were found between casting and the first week of antler growth with the peak of 23.1 ng/ml (estimated in bovine GH equivalents) in the middle of April. From the middle of June until the middle of November a plateau averaging 3 ng/ml was found. The relationships between very rapid growth of a bone tissue and the influence of GH and sex hormones are discussed.", "contents": "Growth hormone and cortisol levels in the annual cycle of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The annual cycles of growth hormone and cortisol levels in white-tailed deer were followed. No significant difference was found in the average cortisol levels in a large group of animals during the year. In contrast to cortisol, growth hormone (GH) investigated by heterologous bovine GH radioimmunoassay, seems to have a distinct annual rhythm. High levels of GH in plasma were found between casting and the first week of antler growth with the peak of 23.1 ng/ml (estimated in bovine GH equivalents) in the middle of April. From the middle of June until the middle of November a plateau averaging 3 ng/ml was found. The relationships between very rapid growth of a bone tissue and the influence of GH and sex hormones are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201484", "title": "The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on action potentials in the mollusc Aplysia.", "content": "The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on action potentials were examined during intrasomatic recordings from the isolated buccal and parieto-visceral ganglia of Aplysia californica. When added to the saline solution bathing the preparation, the compound (in concentrations 10(-4) - 10(-5) M) caused a reduction in spike overshoot (15-20% of total amplitude) and increased the lability of responses to electrical stimulation. The somatic membrane appeared to be more affected than the axonal membrane. Diffusion barriers in the ganglion probably account for the high degree of variability in drug response, such that both of the characteristic changes were observed in only about 30% of the tests. This is the first report to describe effects of delta9-THC on invertebrate neurones. The results indicate that delta9-THC causes a depression in nerve cell excitability, and these data are consistent with reported effects of THC compounds in mammals.", "contents": "The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on action potentials in the mollusc Aplysia. The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on action potentials were examined during intrasomatic recordings from the isolated buccal and parieto-visceral ganglia of Aplysia californica. When added to the saline solution bathing the preparation, the compound (in concentrations 10(-4) - 10(-5) M) caused a reduction in spike overshoot (15-20% of total amplitude) and increased the lability of responses to electrical stimulation. The somatic membrane appeared to be more affected than the axonal membrane. Diffusion barriers in the ganglion probably account for the high degree of variability in drug response, such that both of the characteristic changes were observed in only about 30% of the tests. This is the first report to describe effects of delta9-THC on invertebrate neurones. The results indicate that delta9-THC causes a depression in nerve cell excitability, and these data are consistent with reported effects of THC compounds in mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:1201485", "title": "The bronchodilator acitivity of an 11-deoxyprostaglandin (AY 23 578).", "content": "The bronchodilator activity of AY-23 578 was studied in vivo and in vitro techniques. In the conscious guinea pig, aerosols of AY-23 578, prostaglandin (PGE2) E2, and isoproterenol afforded significant protection against histamine-induced convulsions. In the anesthetized guinea pig, where changes in tracheal pressure were taken as an index of bronchoconstriction, AY-23 578, PGE2, and isoproterenol were equipotent in inhibiting the bronchoconstriction induced by histamine. AY-23 578, PGE2, and isoproterenol reduced or prevented neostigmine-, prostaglandin F2alpha- or carbachol-induced increases in pulmonary resistance, and decreases in dynamic compliance in the anesthetized cat. The activities of the former two compounds were qualitatively similar but less potent than isoproterenol. In both the guinea pig and the cat, the aerosol administration of effective bronchodilator doses of AY-23 578 did not exhibit any significant cardiovascular effects. Both AY-23 578 and PGE2 caused relaxation of the isolated guinea pig tracheal strip; PGE2 was about six times more potent than AY-23 578. It is concluded that AY-23 578 is an effective bronchodilator in both the guinea pig and cat.", "contents": "The bronchodilator acitivity of an 11-deoxyprostaglandin (AY 23 578). The bronchodilator activity of AY-23 578 was studied in vivo and in vitro techniques. In the conscious guinea pig, aerosols of AY-23 578, prostaglandin (PGE2) E2, and isoproterenol afforded significant protection against histamine-induced convulsions. In the anesthetized guinea pig, where changes in tracheal pressure were taken as an index of bronchoconstriction, AY-23 578, PGE2, and isoproterenol were equipotent in inhibiting the bronchoconstriction induced by histamine. AY-23 578, PGE2, and isoproterenol reduced or prevented neostigmine-, prostaglandin F2alpha- or carbachol-induced increases in pulmonary resistance, and decreases in dynamic compliance in the anesthetized cat. The activities of the former two compounds were qualitatively similar but less potent than isoproterenol. In both the guinea pig and the cat, the aerosol administration of effective bronchodilator doses of AY-23 578 did not exhibit any significant cardiovascular effects. Both AY-23 578 and PGE2 caused relaxation of the isolated guinea pig tracheal strip; PGE2 was about six times more potent than AY-23 578. It is concluded that AY-23 578 is an effective bronchodilator in both the guinea pig and cat."}
{"id": "PMID:1201486", "title": "The effect of cocaine on the responses of the differently innervated laryngeal and bronchial ends of the guinea pig trachea in vitro to clinically used bronchodilators.", "content": "Fluorescent histochemical studies indicate that guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle has sparse adrenergic innervation with the greatest nerve density being located at the laryngeal end. In the present study, log dose-response lines were obtained for dl-isoprenaline (ISO), l-adrenaline (ADR) l-noradrenaline (NOR), salbutamol (SALB), and orciprenaline on isolated tracheal chains prepared from both the laryngeal (L) and bronchial (B) ends of the trachea. Responses were obtained in the absence and presence of the Uptake1 blocker, cocaine (0.67 and 6.7 muM) which markedly potentiated responses to NOR and ADR but failed to significantly alter responses to ISO and SALB on L preparations. The degree of potentiation obtained on B preparations was significantly less for NOR and ADR and was not significant for the other agents. In addition, experiments were carried out on tracheal chains which developed their normal tone in the absence of carbachol, and also on preparations obtained from 6-hydroxydopamine treated animals. The present findings, based on selective potentiation of NOR and ADR, support evidence that the degree of adrenergic innervation to the guinea pig trachea is greater at the laryngeal end, and the results obtained with cocaine strengthen the argument that it has a pre-synaptic site of action.", "contents": "The effect of cocaine on the responses of the differently innervated laryngeal and bronchial ends of the guinea pig trachea in vitro to clinically used bronchodilators. Fluorescent histochemical studies indicate that guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle has sparse adrenergic innervation with the greatest nerve density being located at the laryngeal end. In the present study, log dose-response lines were obtained for dl-isoprenaline (ISO), l-adrenaline (ADR) l-noradrenaline (NOR), salbutamol (SALB), and orciprenaline on isolated tracheal chains prepared from both the laryngeal (L) and bronchial (B) ends of the trachea. Responses were obtained in the absence and presence of the Uptake1 blocker, cocaine (0.67 and 6.7 muM) which markedly potentiated responses to NOR and ADR but failed to significantly alter responses to ISO and SALB on L preparations. The degree of potentiation obtained on B preparations was significantly less for NOR and ADR and was not significant for the other agents. In addition, experiments were carried out on tracheal chains which developed their normal tone in the absence of carbachol, and also on preparations obtained from 6-hydroxydopamine treated animals. The present findings, based on selective potentiation of NOR and ADR, support evidence that the degree of adrenergic innervation to the guinea pig trachea is greater at the laryngeal end, and the results obtained with cocaine strengthen the argument that it has a pre-synaptic site of action."}
{"id": "PMID:1201487", "title": "Structure--activity relations for the acceleration of efflux of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves in rabbit atria by sympathomimetic amines.", "content": "Atria from reserpine-pretreated rabbits were exposed to pargyline to inhibit monoamine oxidase (amine oxidase (flavin-containing) EC 1.4.3.4) and subsequently incubated in (-)-[3H]noradrenaline to allow the cytoplasmic accumulation of amine in adrenergic nerves. The structure-activity relations for acceleration of efflux of cytoplasmic amine were examined. The most potent agents studied were (+)- and (-)-amphetamine, beta-phenethylamine, phentermine, and mephentermine. Ability to accelerate efflux was reduced by addition of phenolic hydroxyl groups, by phenolic methylation, by beta-hydroxylation, and by N-substitution. The structure-activity relations for acceleration of efflux differ notably from those for uptake, inhibition of uptake, or release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves, reported in previous studies. The ability and potency of a given phenethylamine derivative to accelerate the efflux of cytoplasmic noradrenaline is probably determined by such factors as the lipid solubility of the amine, the affinity of the amine for the uptake and efflux site(s) for noradrenaline, and competition for any reserpine-resistant intraneuronal binding sites.", "contents": "Structure--activity relations for the acceleration of efflux of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves in rabbit atria by sympathomimetic amines. Atria from reserpine-pretreated rabbits were exposed to pargyline to inhibit monoamine oxidase (amine oxidase (flavin-containing) EC 1.4.3.4) and subsequently incubated in (-)-[3H]noradrenaline to allow the cytoplasmic accumulation of amine in adrenergic nerves. The structure-activity relations for acceleration of efflux of cytoplasmic amine were examined. The most potent agents studied were (+)- and (-)-amphetamine, beta-phenethylamine, phentermine, and mephentermine. Ability to accelerate efflux was reduced by addition of phenolic hydroxyl groups, by phenolic methylation, by beta-hydroxylation, and by N-substitution. The structure-activity relations for acceleration of efflux differ notably from those for uptake, inhibition of uptake, or release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves, reported in previous studies. The ability and potency of a given phenethylamine derivative to accelerate the efflux of cytoplasmic noradrenaline is probably determined by such factors as the lipid solubility of the amine, the affinity of the amine for the uptake and efflux site(s) for noradrenaline, and competition for any reserpine-resistant intraneuronal binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:1201488", "title": "Contractile responses of canine isolated pulmonary lobar arteries and veins to norepinephrine, serotonin, and tyramine.", "content": "Isolated helical strips of canine intrapulmonary lobar arteries and veins (about 4 mm in diameter) undergo dose-related tension development when exposed to increasing concentrations (10(-8) - 10(-3) M) of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tyramine (Tyr). Venous segments were generally more sensitive while the maximum tension development was greater in the arterial strips, probably owing to their greater thickness. Both strips were more sensitive to 5-HT than NE and only responded to Tyr at high concentrations. Norepinephrine and 5-HT were nearly equally efficacious, whereas Tyr was less so. Responses to the latter were slow to develop, exhibited tachyphylaxis, and were greatly inhibited by phentolamine (10(-8) M), an alpha-adrenergic blocker. Exposure to cocaine (10(-5) M) enhanced submaximal NE responses, inhibited Tyr contractions and had no consistent effect on 5-HT responses. Phentolamine (10(-8) M) was also found to inhibit NE responses without altering 5-HT probably acts on other receptors. Tyramine may, in part, act directly on alpha-adrenergic receptors but may also release NE from surviving adrenergic nerve terminals in the preparation. Cocaine inhibits this effect and potentiates responses to lower levels of NE, presumably by blocking NE uptake into nerve terminals although a post-junctional action cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Contractile responses of canine isolated pulmonary lobar arteries and veins to norepinephrine, serotonin, and tyramine. Isolated helical strips of canine intrapulmonary lobar arteries and veins (about 4 mm in diameter) undergo dose-related tension development when exposed to increasing concentrations (10(-8) - 10(-3) M) of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tyramine (Tyr). Venous segments were generally more sensitive while the maximum tension development was greater in the arterial strips, probably owing to their greater thickness. Both strips were more sensitive to 5-HT than NE and only responded to Tyr at high concentrations. Norepinephrine and 5-HT were nearly equally efficacious, whereas Tyr was less so. Responses to the latter were slow to develop, exhibited tachyphylaxis, and were greatly inhibited by phentolamine (10(-8) M), an alpha-adrenergic blocker. Exposure to cocaine (10(-5) M) enhanced submaximal NE responses, inhibited Tyr contractions and had no consistent effect on 5-HT responses. Phentolamine (10(-8) M) was also found to inhibit NE responses without altering 5-HT probably acts on other receptors. Tyramine may, in part, act directly on alpha-adrenergic receptors but may also release NE from surviving adrenergic nerve terminals in the preparation. Cocaine inhibits this effect and potentiates responses to lower levels of NE, presumably by blocking NE uptake into nerve terminals although a post-junctional action cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:1201489", "title": "Effects of testosterone metabolites on serum gonadotropin concentrations in immature male rats.", "content": "The ability of testosterone, androsterone, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol to prevent the castration-induced rise in serum gonadotropin levels was investigated in immature male rats. Rats castrated at 30 days of age were treated once per day by subcutaneous injection of 12.5-100 mug of the steroid per 100 g body weight per day for 3 days, beginning on the day of castration. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. Testosterone propionate, androsterone propionate, and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol dipropionate were also tested at the approximate molar equivalent of 100 mug of the free alcohol form per 100 g body weight per day. Testosterone propionate and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol were the only compounds tested that prevented the castration induced rise in luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Testosterone propionate also inhibited the rise in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations whereas 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol inhibited the rise in FSH in one but not in another experiment. These were the only compounds tested that affected serum FSH concentrations. The lower doses of testosterone tested significantly increased serum LH, but not FSH concentrations compared to castrate control animals. The highest dose tested partially inhibited the rise in serum LH concentrations. Both androsterone and androsterone propionate maintained ventral prostate weights. Although neither compound prevented the castration induced rise in serum LH, two groups receiving androsterone had serum LH concentrations significantly lower than the castrate control group. 5alpha-Androstane-3beta,17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol dipropionate failed to maintain ventral prostate weights or prevent the rise in serum gonadotropin levels. These results indicate that 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol is capable of preventing the castration induced rise in serum LH concentrations in the immature male rat and thus may participate in the regulation of LH secretion in these animals.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone metabolites on serum gonadotropin concentrations in immature male rats. The ability of testosterone, androsterone, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol to prevent the castration-induced rise in serum gonadotropin levels was investigated in immature male rats. Rats castrated at 30 days of age were treated once per day by subcutaneous injection of 12.5-100 mug of the steroid per 100 g body weight per day for 3 days, beginning on the day of castration. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. Testosterone propionate, androsterone propionate, and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol dipropionate were also tested at the approximate molar equivalent of 100 mug of the free alcohol form per 100 g body weight per day. Testosterone propionate and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol were the only compounds tested that prevented the castration induced rise in luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Testosterone propionate also inhibited the rise in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations whereas 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol inhibited the rise in FSH in one but not in another experiment. These were the only compounds tested that affected serum FSH concentrations. The lower doses of testosterone tested significantly increased serum LH, but not FSH concentrations compared to castrate control animals. The highest dose tested partially inhibited the rise in serum LH concentrations. Both androsterone and androsterone propionate maintained ventral prostate weights. Although neither compound prevented the castration induced rise in serum LH, two groups receiving androsterone had serum LH concentrations significantly lower than the castrate control group. 5alpha-Androstane-3beta,17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol dipropionate failed to maintain ventral prostate weights or prevent the rise in serum gonadotropin levels. These results indicate that 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol is capable of preventing the castration induced rise in serum LH concentrations in the immature male rat and thus may participate in the regulation of LH secretion in these animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1201490", "title": "Effects produced by local applications of harmaline in the inferior olive.", "content": "Local microinjections of harmaline evoked sustained rhythmic activity in the inferior olive of decerebrate cats. Harmaline appears to exert its action within restricted areas of the inferior olivary complex: the caudal halves of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei. Since the highly synchronized activity generated by harmaline can be attributed to extensive electrotonic coupling between olivary neurones, it is postulated that such a coupling mechanism is weaker if not absent in the principal olive and in the rostral parts of the accessory nuclei.", "contents": "Effects produced by local applications of harmaline in the inferior olive. Local microinjections of harmaline evoked sustained rhythmic activity in the inferior olive of decerebrate cats. Harmaline appears to exert its action within restricted areas of the inferior olivary complex: the caudal halves of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei. Since the highly synchronized activity generated by harmaline can be attributed to extensive electrotonic coupling between olivary neurones, it is postulated that such a coupling mechanism is weaker if not absent in the principal olive and in the rostral parts of the accessory nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:1201491", "title": "Reversal of insulin resistance by ATP in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Hemorrhagic shock was produced by bleeding rats to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 133 N/m2), which was maintained for 2 h. Muscles from these animals ('shock' muscles) showed resistance to the stimulation of glucose uptake by insulin. Addition of 1 mM ATP-MgCl2 to the medium had no effect on basal glucose uptake in either group of muscles, but it permitted insulin to exert its stimulatory effect in 'shock' muscles. An optimal insulin effect on glucose uptake in 'shock' muscles incubated without ATP was observed at an insulin concentration of 0.2 Unit/ml. When 1 mM ATP-MgCl2 was added to the medium, optimal insulin effect in 'shock' muscles was observed at an insulin concentration of 0.007 Unit/ml. Increasing the concentration of ATP-MgCl2 to 2.5 mM in the medium resulted in an optimal insulin effect at an insulin concentration of ATP-MgCl2 to 2.5 mM in the medium resulted in an optimal insulin effect at an insulin concentration of 0.001 Unit/ml in 'shock' muscles. Following 1 h cubation in Krebs-HCO3 medium, intracellular ATP contents of 'shock' muscles were approximately 50% lower than in control muscles. Addition of 1 mM ATP-MgCl2 to the incubation medium had no effect on the intracellular ATP contents of either group of muscles following incubation; however, 2.5 mM ATP-MgCl2 elevated intracellular ATP contents of 'shock' muscles but had no effect in control muscles. Possible mechanisms for this reversal of insulin resistance by ATP-MgCl2 in shock are discussed.", "contents": "Reversal of insulin resistance by ATP in hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock was produced by bleeding rats to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 133 N/m2), which was maintained for 2 h. Muscles from these animals ('shock' muscles) showed resistance to the stimulation of glucose uptake by insulin. Addition of 1 mM ATP-MgCl2 to the medium had no effect on basal glucose uptake in either group of muscles, but it permitted insulin to exert its stimulatory effect in 'shock' muscles. An optimal insulin effect on glucose uptake in 'shock' muscles incubated without ATP was observed at an insulin concentration of 0.2 Unit/ml. When 1 mM ATP-MgCl2 was added to the medium, optimal insulin effect in 'shock' muscles was observed at an insulin concentration of 0.007 Unit/ml. Increasing the concentration of ATP-MgCl2 to 2.5 mM in the medium resulted in an optimal insulin effect at an insulin concentration of ATP-MgCl2 to 2.5 mM in the medium resulted in an optimal insulin effect at an insulin concentration of 0.001 Unit/ml in 'shock' muscles. Following 1 h cubation in Krebs-HCO3 medium, intracellular ATP contents of 'shock' muscles were approximately 50% lower than in control muscles. Addition of 1 mM ATP-MgCl2 to the incubation medium had no effect on the intracellular ATP contents of either group of muscles following incubation; however, 2.5 mM ATP-MgCl2 elevated intracellular ATP contents of 'shock' muscles but had no effect in control muscles. Possible mechanisms for this reversal of insulin resistance by ATP-MgCl2 in shock are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201492", "title": "Water, cations, and norepinephrine content of cardiovascular tissues of unilaterally nephrectomized dogs treated with deoxycorticosterone and NaCl.", "content": "Deoxycorticosterone pivalate (2.5 mg/kg) given intramuscularly on four occasions 10-15 days apart over a period of 45 days to unilaterally nephrectomized adult male mongrel dogs, receiving as drinking solution 0.9% NaCl in 5% dextrose, resulted in an average sustained rise in the mean arterial blood pressure of 30 mm Hg (1 mm Hg - 133 N/m2) in 60% of the animals. Hypertensive dogs had in their arterial tissues generally more sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium than the similarly treated but non-hypertensive dogs, but compared to the tissues of operated untreated or unoperated normotensive dogs, only sodium and calcium were significantly higher. The dogs who were similarly treated but did not develop hypertension had in their arterial tissues less sodium, potassium, and magnesium than operated untreated or unoperated normotensive dogs. Norepinephrine content in the branches of mesenteric arteries of all deoxycorticosterone- and NaCl-treated animals, irrespective of their blood pressure, was significantly lower, and in the myocardium significantly higher, than either the unoperated normotensive or operated but not further treated dogs. It is concluded, therefore, that in deoxycorticosterone + NaCl treatment the dogs which developed hypertension had more arterial sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium than those who were similarly treated but remained within the limits of normal blood pressure, and that there was no difference between hypertensive and non-hypertensive dogs in regard to their cardiovascular norepinephrine content.", "contents": "Water, cations, and norepinephrine content of cardiovascular tissues of unilaterally nephrectomized dogs treated with deoxycorticosterone and NaCl. Deoxycorticosterone pivalate (2.5 mg/kg) given intramuscularly on four occasions 10-15 days apart over a period of 45 days to unilaterally nephrectomized adult male mongrel dogs, receiving as drinking solution 0.9% NaCl in 5% dextrose, resulted in an average sustained rise in the mean arterial blood pressure of 30 mm Hg (1 mm Hg - 133 N/m2) in 60% of the animals. Hypertensive dogs had in their arterial tissues generally more sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium than the similarly treated but non-hypertensive dogs, but compared to the tissues of operated untreated or unoperated normotensive dogs, only sodium and calcium were significantly higher. The dogs who were similarly treated but did not develop hypertension had in their arterial tissues less sodium, potassium, and magnesium than operated untreated or unoperated normotensive dogs. Norepinephrine content in the branches of mesenteric arteries of all deoxycorticosterone- and NaCl-treated animals, irrespective of their blood pressure, was significantly lower, and in the myocardium significantly higher, than either the unoperated normotensive or operated but not further treated dogs. It is concluded, therefore, that in deoxycorticosterone + NaCl treatment the dogs which developed hypertension had more arterial sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium than those who were similarly treated but remained within the limits of normal blood pressure, and that there was no difference between hypertensive and non-hypertensive dogs in regard to their cardiovascular norepinephrine content."}
{"id": "PMID:1201493", "title": "Bile acid metabolism in mammals. VIII. Biliary secretion of cholylarginine by the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "In studies of cholic acid metabolism using the isolated perfused rat liver system, an unknown conjugate of cholic acid was observed. This conjugate comprised 15-27% of the biliary bile acids in these experiments, was less polar than cholylglycine on thin-layer chromatography using butanol, acetic acid, and water, and had an apparent molecular weight greater than that of cholyltaurine on gas-liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis of the hydrolyzed conjugate demonstrated the presence of arginine. Perfusion studies with radioactive arginine, and mass spectrometric analysis proved that the conjugate was cholylarginine. Secretion of this conjugate does not represent a deficiency of available glycine and taurine.", "contents": "Bile acid metabolism in mammals. VIII. Biliary secretion of cholylarginine by the isolated perfused rat liver. In studies of cholic acid metabolism using the isolated perfused rat liver system, an unknown conjugate of cholic acid was observed. This conjugate comprised 15-27% of the biliary bile acids in these experiments, was less polar than cholylglycine on thin-layer chromatography using butanol, acetic acid, and water, and had an apparent molecular weight greater than that of cholyltaurine on gas-liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis of the hydrolyzed conjugate demonstrated the presence of arginine. Perfusion studies with radioactive arginine, and mass spectrometric analysis proved that the conjugate was cholylarginine. Secretion of this conjugate does not represent a deficiency of available glycine and taurine."}
{"id": "PMID:1201494", "title": "The influence of (3H)taurocholate on the biliary excretion of (14C)acetylprocaine amide ethobromide.", "content": "The biliary excretion rates of [14C]acetylprocaine amide ethobromide (acetyl-PAEB) and [3H]taurocholate, either administered alone or in combination to adult male Wistar rats, were studied. Their renal pedicles were ligated, and the common bile duct and one jugular vein cannulated. Acetyl-PAEB, 20 mg/kg, and sodium taurocholate, 70 mg/kg, were infused over a 5-min period. Blood and bile samples were collected every 10 min for 60 min. Liver samples were taken at 10 and 20 min. Approximately 100% of the administered taurocholate was excreted within 50 min. The simultaneous administration of acetyl-PAEB did not significantly alter the taurocholate excretion. The amount of the acetyl-PAEB dose excreted in 1 h was 9.4%. This was increased significantly to 16.5% when taurocholate was given concomitantly. The concentration of acetyl-PAEB in the bile increased significantly when taurocholate was given, and the ratios of its concentrations in bile-liver and bile-plasma were also increased. Taurocholate did not alter the liver-plasma concentration ratio of acetyl-PAEB. It is suggested that the concomitant administration of taurocholate increased the biliary excretion of acetyl-PAEB by facilitating its secretion by the liver into the bile.", "contents": "The influence of (3H)taurocholate on the biliary excretion of (14C)acetylprocaine amide ethobromide. The biliary excretion rates of [14C]acetylprocaine amide ethobromide (acetyl-PAEB) and [3H]taurocholate, either administered alone or in combination to adult male Wistar rats, were studied. Their renal pedicles were ligated, and the common bile duct and one jugular vein cannulated. Acetyl-PAEB, 20 mg/kg, and sodium taurocholate, 70 mg/kg, were infused over a 5-min period. Blood and bile samples were collected every 10 min for 60 min. Liver samples were taken at 10 and 20 min. Approximately 100% of the administered taurocholate was excreted within 50 min. The simultaneous administration of acetyl-PAEB did not significantly alter the taurocholate excretion. The amount of the acetyl-PAEB dose excreted in 1 h was 9.4%. This was increased significantly to 16.5% when taurocholate was given concomitantly. The concentration of acetyl-PAEB in the bile increased significantly when taurocholate was given, and the ratios of its concentrations in bile-liver and bile-plasma were also increased. Taurocholate did not alter the liver-plasma concentration ratio of acetyl-PAEB. It is suggested that the concomitant administration of taurocholate increased the biliary excretion of acetyl-PAEB by facilitating its secretion by the liver into the bile."}
{"id": "PMID:1201495", "title": "Rate of incorporation of CO2 carbon into glucose and other body constituents in vivo.", "content": "Specific activity curves of respired CO2 and of body glucose after intravenous NaH14CO3 as tracer and, in separate experiments, after [U-14C]glucose as tracer were employed to assess rate of interchange of carbon between HCO3 and glucose, and to calculate other rates of input and output for each of these substances. Solution for six rates attending the model was by integrals rather than by curve analysis. Fasting caused a twofold increase in rate of transport of CO2 carbon to glucose. Whereas in fed animals this rate was only 7% of the forward flow from glucose to CO2, it rose to 31% during fasting. Glucose carbon derived from CO2 rose from 3.7 to 20%. As expected, the rates of entry of new glucose to blood, and the conversion rate of glucose to products in body depots and to CO2 were reduced by fasting, whereas, the non-glucose input to CO2 was increased. Fasting was attended by a 20-fold increase in rate of conversion of CO2-derived carbon to hepatic glycogen and a fourfold increase to non-hepatic glycogen. Protein exceeded all whole-body depots for rate of acceptance of such carbon, and total lipids received an appreciable amount, but fasting caused no overall increase for either.", "contents": "Rate of incorporation of CO2 carbon into glucose and other body constituents in vivo. Specific activity curves of respired CO2 and of body glucose after intravenous NaH14CO3 as tracer and, in separate experiments, after [U-14C]glucose as tracer were employed to assess rate of interchange of carbon between HCO3 and glucose, and to calculate other rates of input and output for each of these substances. Solution for six rates attending the model was by integrals rather than by curve analysis. Fasting caused a twofold increase in rate of transport of CO2 carbon to glucose. Whereas in fed animals this rate was only 7% of the forward flow from glucose to CO2, it rose to 31% during fasting. Glucose carbon derived from CO2 rose from 3.7 to 20%. As expected, the rates of entry of new glucose to blood, and the conversion rate of glucose to products in body depots and to CO2 were reduced by fasting, whereas, the non-glucose input to CO2 was increased. Fasting was attended by a 20-fold increase in rate of conversion of CO2-derived carbon to hepatic glycogen and a fourfold increase to non-hepatic glycogen. Protein exceeded all whole-body depots for rate of acceptance of such carbon, and total lipids received an appreciable amount, but fasting caused no overall increase for either."}
{"id": "PMID:1201496", "title": "Effect of dietary dieldrin on the liver and drug metabolism in the female Swiss-Vancouver mouse.", "content": "Female Swiss-Vancouver (SWV) mice, 13 weeks old, were exposed to dietary dieldrin for up to 10 weeks. Liver mass, hepatic microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450, and the in vitro metabolism of imipramine were determined at intervals. Dieldrin (5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm) caused hepatomegaly and increases in P-450; both effects were dose-related. All doses increased microsomal protein by about 30% (control value was 15.3 mg of protein per gram of liver). Maximal responses were attained by 2 weeks of exposure and maintained thereafter. Plateau liver masses at these respective doses were 111, 119, 133, and 162% of the control value (57.9 mg of liver per gram of body weight). Cytochrome P-450 was, respectively, 124, 142, 185, and 173% of the control value (0.93 nmol per milligram of microsomal protein). These changes decreased pentobarbital sleeping times by an average of 540% in animals fed 5, 15, or 25 ppm for 4 weeks. Similarly, the latency to the onset of anesthesia was increased by 26% at all doses. The N-oxidation and aryl-hydroxylation of imipramine increased with age, while demethylation decreased. The hydroxylation and demethylation of imipramine was increased after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, of exposure to 20 ppm; N-oxidation was decreased. Longer exposure to lower doses caused similar changes. The changes in liver parameters and imipramine metabolism induced by 4 weeks exposure to 20 ppm were absent 6 weeks after exposure ceased.", "contents": "Effect of dietary dieldrin on the liver and drug metabolism in the female Swiss-Vancouver mouse. Female Swiss-Vancouver (SWV) mice, 13 weeks old, were exposed to dietary dieldrin for up to 10 weeks. Liver mass, hepatic microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450, and the in vitro metabolism of imipramine were determined at intervals. Dieldrin (5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm) caused hepatomegaly and increases in P-450; both effects were dose-related. All doses increased microsomal protein by about 30% (control value was 15.3 mg of protein per gram of liver). Maximal responses were attained by 2 weeks of exposure and maintained thereafter. Plateau liver masses at these respective doses were 111, 119, 133, and 162% of the control value (57.9 mg of liver per gram of body weight). Cytochrome P-450 was, respectively, 124, 142, 185, and 173% of the control value (0.93 nmol per milligram of microsomal protein). These changes decreased pentobarbital sleeping times by an average of 540% in animals fed 5, 15, or 25 ppm for 4 weeks. Similarly, the latency to the onset of anesthesia was increased by 26% at all doses. The N-oxidation and aryl-hydroxylation of imipramine increased with age, while demethylation decreased. The hydroxylation and demethylation of imipramine was increased after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, of exposure to 20 ppm; N-oxidation was decreased. Longer exposure to lower doses caused similar changes. The changes in liver parameters and imipramine metabolism induced by 4 weeks exposure to 20 ppm were absent 6 weeks after exposure ceased."}
{"id": "PMID:1201497", "title": "Correlation between extracellular focal potentials and K+ potentials evoked by primary afferent activity.", "content": "There is a clear, positive correlation in amplitude between changes in potassium potentials (deltaEK) and focal potentials (deltaV) evoked by tetanic stimulation of afferent nerves in the cuneate nucleus and dorsal horn of cats under Dial anaesthesia or after decerebration. Data obtained with stimulations at various frequencies and intensities, or recording at different positions give a relatively constant slope of deltaV/deltaEK (varying between 0.2 and 0.6 in different experiments). These observations are fully consistent with the possibility that deltaV mainly reflects changes in extracellular potassium concentration caused by the release of K+ from active terminals. Differences in time course of deltaEK ANd deltaV evoked by single stimuli are a steep function of distance and therefore can be ascribed to the slowness of diffusion, without excluding the possibility of an early additional depolarizing effect by another mechanism.", "contents": "Correlation between extracellular focal potentials and K+ potentials evoked by primary afferent activity. There is a clear, positive correlation in amplitude between changes in potassium potentials (deltaEK) and focal potentials (deltaV) evoked by tetanic stimulation of afferent nerves in the cuneate nucleus and dorsal horn of cats under Dial anaesthesia or after decerebration. Data obtained with stimulations at various frequencies and intensities, or recording at different positions give a relatively constant slope of deltaV/deltaEK (varying between 0.2 and 0.6 in different experiments). These observations are fully consistent with the possibility that deltaV mainly reflects changes in extracellular potassium concentration caused by the release of K+ from active terminals. Differences in time course of deltaEK ANd deltaV evoked by single stimuli are a steep function of distance and therefore can be ascribed to the slowness of diffusion, without excluding the possibility of an early additional depolarizing effect by another mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1201498", "title": "Factors determining the decay of K+ potentials and focal potentials in the central nervous system.", "content": "Post-tetanic undershoots in extracellular focal potential (deltaV) and K+ potential (EK) can be recorded in the cuneate nucleus and dorsal horn of Dial-anaesthetized or decerebrate cat. They are seen best at depths where the largest deltaEK and deltaV are recorded and they increase with the frequency and duration of stimulation. The very different time courses of undershoots of deltaV and deltaEK indicate two hyperpolarizing influences: first, electrogenic pumping, and later, a reduced external K+ concentration. The importance of active K+ removal in determining the amplitude and duration of deltaEK and deltaV is illustrated by their marked potentiation (as well as the disappearance of post-tetanic undershoots) induced by a lowering of blood pressure or local application of strophanthidin.", "contents": "Factors determining the decay of K+ potentials and focal potentials in the central nervous system. Post-tetanic undershoots in extracellular focal potential (deltaV) and K+ potential (EK) can be recorded in the cuneate nucleus and dorsal horn of Dial-anaesthetized or decerebrate cat. They are seen best at depths where the largest deltaEK and deltaV are recorded and they increase with the frequency and duration of stimulation. The very different time courses of undershoots of deltaV and deltaEK indicate two hyperpolarizing influences: first, electrogenic pumping, and later, a reduced external K+ concentration. The importance of active K+ removal in determining the amplitude and duration of deltaEK and deltaV is illustrated by their marked potentiation (as well as the disappearance of post-tetanic undershoots) induced by a lowering of blood pressure or local application of strophanthidin."}
{"id": "PMID:1201499", "title": "Computation of aortic pulse wave velocity and aortic pulse wave velocity and aortic extensibility from pressure gradient measurements.", "content": "This study is concerned with the computation of aortic pulse wave velocity based on simultaneous recordings of the aortic pressure gradient and first-time derivative of aortic pressure. These variables were recorded by means of a double-lumen catheter introduced in the aorta of four anesthetized closed chest dogs, and connected to critically damped manometer systems. Results of aortic pulse wave velocity were then compared: (i) to the true phase velocity obtained from spectra of apparent phase velocity, and (ii) to the pulse wave velocity computed from the time shift between maximum slopes of the pressure wave. From the aortic valves to 37 cm down the aortic trunk, pulse wave velocity increased from 410-460 cm/s to approximately 600-800 cm/s. Based on the wave propagation equation presented of Bramwell and Hill (Bramwell, J.C., and Hill, A. V. 1922. Proc. R. Soc. 93, 298-306), volumetric extensibility coefficients were computed from pulse wave velocity data. Results indicated that, from the aortic valves to 37 cm down to the aorta, the mean volumetric extensibility decreased from 0.43-0.56% deltaV/cm H2O to 0.16-0.25% deltaV/cm H2O (1 cm H2O = 94.1 N/m2).", "contents": "Computation of aortic pulse wave velocity and aortic pulse wave velocity and aortic extensibility from pressure gradient measurements. This study is concerned with the computation of aortic pulse wave velocity based on simultaneous recordings of the aortic pressure gradient and first-time derivative of aortic pressure. These variables were recorded by means of a double-lumen catheter introduced in the aorta of four anesthetized closed chest dogs, and connected to critically damped manometer systems. Results of aortic pulse wave velocity were then compared: (i) to the true phase velocity obtained from spectra of apparent phase velocity, and (ii) to the pulse wave velocity computed from the time shift between maximum slopes of the pressure wave. From the aortic valves to 37 cm down the aortic trunk, pulse wave velocity increased from 410-460 cm/s to approximately 600-800 cm/s. Based on the wave propagation equation presented of Bramwell and Hill (Bramwell, J.C., and Hill, A. V. 1922. Proc. R. Soc. 93, 298-306), volumetric extensibility coefficients were computed from pulse wave velocity data. Results indicated that, from the aortic valves to 37 cm down to the aorta, the mean volumetric extensibility decreased from 0.43-0.56% deltaV/cm H2O to 0.16-0.25% deltaV/cm H2O (1 cm H2O = 94.1 N/m2)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201500", "title": "Temperature-induced changes in metabolism and body weight of cattle (Bos taurus).", "content": "The metabolic and body weight changes in two non-pregnant beef cows were studied during prolonged exposure to warm (20 +/- 3 degrees C, relative humidity 50-70%) and cold (-10 +/- 2 or -25 +/- 4 degrees C) temperatures. Other factors including daily food intake were held constant throughout each 8-week exposure. During cold exposures, metabolic rate, blood hematocrit, and plasma concentrations of glucose and free fatty acid were elevated and respiratory frequencies and skin temperatures decreased. Resting metabolic rates measured at 20 degrees C, i.e., without the direct influence of cold, were 83.4-95.3 litres 02 per hour when the cows were cold acclimated, at either -10 or -25 degrees C, and 30-40% greater than when the cows were warm acclimated. The resting metabolic response and the concomitant reduction in intensity of shivering is indicative of metabolic acclimation to cold in these animals of greater than 500 kg body weight. As well as the expected changes in body weight with changes in energy metabolism there were losses in weight (13-24 kg) during the first 3 days of each cold exposure. Weight gains occurred when the cold stress was abruptly removed. These short term weight changes were associated with changes in water intake and apparent shifts in body fluid content.", "contents": "Temperature-induced changes in metabolism and body weight of cattle (Bos taurus). The metabolic and body weight changes in two non-pregnant beef cows were studied during prolonged exposure to warm (20 +/- 3 degrees C, relative humidity 50-70%) and cold (-10 +/- 2 or -25 +/- 4 degrees C) temperatures. Other factors including daily food intake were held constant throughout each 8-week exposure. During cold exposures, metabolic rate, blood hematocrit, and plasma concentrations of glucose and free fatty acid were elevated and respiratory frequencies and skin temperatures decreased. Resting metabolic rates measured at 20 degrees C, i.e., without the direct influence of cold, were 83.4-95.3 litres 02 per hour when the cows were cold acclimated, at either -10 or -25 degrees C, and 30-40% greater than when the cows were warm acclimated. The resting metabolic response and the concomitant reduction in intensity of shivering is indicative of metabolic acclimation to cold in these animals of greater than 500 kg body weight. As well as the expected changes in body weight with changes in energy metabolism there were losses in weight (13-24 kg) during the first 3 days of each cold exposure. Weight gains occurred when the cold stress was abruptly removed. These short term weight changes were associated with changes in water intake and apparent shifts in body fluid content."}
{"id": "PMID:1201501", "title": "The effect of lobar obstruction on regional perfusion in the intact dog.", "content": "The effect of acute obstruction of the right lower lobes (RLL) on the relative perfusion of different lung regions was studied using Xenon-133 in anesthetized artificially ventilated supine dogs. When the RLL were obstructed at functional residual capacity (FRC) and the rest of the lung was inflated to a transpulmonary pressure of 10 or 20 cm H2O (1 cm H2O = 94.1 N/m2), relative perfusion increased within 10 s to the obstructed lobes by 59 and 92%, respectively. The increase was less marked but still present (17 and 42%, respectively) when obstruction was maintained for 15 min, at a time when arterial hypoxemia had occurred. Hence, there was increased perfusion to an obstructed hypoxic region. The perfusion distribution correlated with the difference in alveolar pressure between the obstructed lobes and the unobstructed lobes such that relative perfusion was always increased to the low alveolar pressure region.", "contents": "The effect of lobar obstruction on regional perfusion in the intact dog. The effect of acute obstruction of the right lower lobes (RLL) on the relative perfusion of different lung regions was studied using Xenon-133 in anesthetized artificially ventilated supine dogs. When the RLL were obstructed at functional residual capacity (FRC) and the rest of the lung was inflated to a transpulmonary pressure of 10 or 20 cm H2O (1 cm H2O = 94.1 N/m2), relative perfusion increased within 10 s to the obstructed lobes by 59 and 92%, respectively. The increase was less marked but still present (17 and 42%, respectively) when obstruction was maintained for 15 min, at a time when arterial hypoxemia had occurred. Hence, there was increased perfusion to an obstructed hypoxic region. The perfusion distribution correlated with the difference in alveolar pressure between the obstructed lobes and the unobstructed lobes such that relative perfusion was always increased to the low alveolar pressure region."}
{"id": "PMID:1201502", "title": "Effect of succinylcholine on responses of neurons in the motor cortex to natural activation of muscle spindle primary endings.", "content": "In locally anesthetized cats, the effects of intravenous administration of succinylcholine (SCh) in sub-paralytic dosages on the responses of single neurons in motor cortex to small dynamic muscle stretches were studied. A large transient enhancement of these cortical responses with a time course corresponding to the peripheral action of SCh on muscle spindles was observed. This finding is discussed in terms of the hypothesis that muscle spindle primary endings may activate projections to motor cortex.", "contents": "Effect of succinylcholine on responses of neurons in the motor cortex to natural activation of muscle spindle primary endings. In locally anesthetized cats, the effects of intravenous administration of succinylcholine (SCh) in sub-paralytic dosages on the responses of single neurons in motor cortex to small dynamic muscle stretches were studied. A large transient enhancement of these cortical responses with a time course corresponding to the peripheral action of SCh on muscle spindles was observed. This finding is discussed in terms of the hypothesis that muscle spindle primary endings may activate projections to motor cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1201503", "title": "Re-incorporation of carbon atoms into plasma glucose in newborn dogs.", "content": "The ratio of the total turnover rate of glucose calculated with [2-3H]glucose as the tracer and the irreversible disposal rate of glucose, calculated with [U-14C]glucose as the tracer was found to be 1.35 +/- 0.28 SD (+/- 0.08 SEM) in dogs 1-33 days of age. This value was unrelated to age and to the level of glucose in the plasma. Accordingly, under basal conditions the overall re-incorporation of carbon atoms into newly released glucose in pups is nearly identical with that found in grown dogs.", "contents": "Re-incorporation of carbon atoms into plasma glucose in newborn dogs. The ratio of the total turnover rate of glucose calculated with [2-3H]glucose as the tracer and the irreversible disposal rate of glucose, calculated with [U-14C]glucose as the tracer was found to be 1.35 +/- 0.28 SD (+/- 0.08 SEM) in dogs 1-33 days of age. This value was unrelated to age and to the level of glucose in the plasma. Accordingly, under basal conditions the overall re-incorporation of carbon atoms into newly released glucose in pups is nearly identical with that found in grown dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1201504", "title": "The effect of metoclopramide on inhibition induced by purine nucleotides, noradrenaline, and theophylline ethylenediamine on intestinal muscle and on peristalsis in vitro.", "content": "Metoclopramide (N-(diethylaminoethyl)-2-methoxy-4-amino-5-chlorobenzamide) (Mcp) at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 muM partially and significantly reduced the relaxations induced by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine, was without effect on theophylline ethylenediamine whilst significantly potentiating noradrenaline on the atropine-pretreated (0.1 muM) taenia coli, rabbit ileum, and rat duodenum. Mcp (1.0 muM) decreased the inhibitory effects of ATP, ADP, and adenosine on peristalsis induced in the isolated guinea-pig ileum by a constant increase in intraluminal pressure, did not affect inhibition due to theophylline ethylenediamine, whilst it potentiated inhibition of peristalsis due to noradrenaline. It is proposed that this effect of Mcp may be a specific antagonistic action on receptors sensitive to the putative purinergic transmitter, ATP and ADP, and may be partly responsible for its observed facilitatatory action on peristalsis.", "contents": "The effect of metoclopramide on inhibition induced by purine nucleotides, noradrenaline, and theophylline ethylenediamine on intestinal muscle and on peristalsis in vitro. Metoclopramide (N-(diethylaminoethyl)-2-methoxy-4-amino-5-chlorobenzamide) (Mcp) at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 muM partially and significantly reduced the relaxations induced by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine, was without effect on theophylline ethylenediamine whilst significantly potentiating noradrenaline on the atropine-pretreated (0.1 muM) taenia coli, rabbit ileum, and rat duodenum. Mcp (1.0 muM) decreased the inhibitory effects of ATP, ADP, and adenosine on peristalsis induced in the isolated guinea-pig ileum by a constant increase in intraluminal pressure, did not affect inhibition due to theophylline ethylenediamine, whilst it potentiated inhibition of peristalsis due to noradrenaline. It is proposed that this effect of Mcp may be a specific antagonistic action on receptors sensitive to the putative purinergic transmitter, ATP and ADP, and may be partly responsible for its observed facilitatatory action on peristalsis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201505", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Actinopolyspora halophila, gen. et sp. nov., an extremely halophilic actinomycete.", "content": "An actinomycete, isolated as a contaminant of a culture medium containing 25% NaCl, has been classified as Actinopolyspora halophila gen. et sp. nov. in the family Nocardiaceae. The morphology and biochemical characteristics of this organism distinguish it from other members of the family Nocardiaceae and other genera possessing a type IV cell wall. It requires high NaCl concentrations for growth and can grow in saturated NaCl. The lowest concentration permitting growth in liquid medium is 12%, and on solid medium, 10%. Colonies developing at lower salt concentrations contain holes resembling viral plaques. No growth occurred in a medium containing 30% KCl instead of NaCl. This organism can grow in simple media with NH4+ salts as nitrogen source and different sugars and other compounds as carbon source. Though it has a salt requirement almost as great as the extremely halophilic rods and cocci, it differs from these in containing diaminopimelic acid and in sensitivity to lysozyme; both properties suggest that it has a mucopeptide cell wall. It also contains some phospholipids common to other actinomycetes, but does not contain any phytanyl ether linked lipids characteristic of other extremely halophilic bacteria.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Actinopolyspora halophila, gen. et sp. nov., an extremely halophilic actinomycete. An actinomycete, isolated as a contaminant of a culture medium containing 25% NaCl, has been classified as Actinopolyspora halophila gen. et sp. nov. in the family Nocardiaceae. The morphology and biochemical characteristics of this organism distinguish it from other members of the family Nocardiaceae and other genera possessing a type IV cell wall. It requires high NaCl concentrations for growth and can grow in saturated NaCl. The lowest concentration permitting growth in liquid medium is 12%, and on solid medium, 10%. Colonies developing at lower salt concentrations contain holes resembling viral plaques. No growth occurred in a medium containing 30% KCl instead of NaCl. This organism can grow in simple media with NH4+ salts as nitrogen source and different sugars and other compounds as carbon source. Though it has a salt requirement almost as great as the extremely halophilic rods and cocci, it differs from these in containing diaminopimelic acid and in sensitivity to lysozyme; both properties suggest that it has a mucopeptide cell wall. It also contains some phospholipids common to other actinomycetes, but does not contain any phytanyl ether linked lipids characteristic of other extremely halophilic bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:1201506", "title": "Fractionation of sulfur isotopes by continuous cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.", "content": "Sulfur isotope effects observed in lactate-limited continuous cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were, in general, similar to those reported for sulfate reduction by washed cells and batch cultures. There was a trend towards higher fractionation at low growth rates.", "contents": "Fractionation of sulfur isotopes by continuous cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Sulfur isotope effects observed in lactate-limited continuous cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were, in general, similar to those reported for sulfate reduction by washed cells and batch cultures. There was a trend towards higher fractionation at low growth rates."}
{"id": "PMID:1201507", "title": "The relationship of acid-soluble glycogen to yeast flocculation.", "content": "A relationship between yeast flocculation and intracellular acid-soluble glycogen has been established which has been substantiated using flocculation mutants (mutants with altered capacities to flocculate) as well as a normal strain of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Sound evidence exists to implicate physiological differences in carbohydrate metabolism (glycogen storage) to this physical property of brewing significance.", "contents": "The relationship of acid-soluble glycogen to yeast flocculation. A relationship between yeast flocculation and intracellular acid-soluble glycogen has been established which has been substantiated using flocculation mutants (mutants with altered capacities to flocculate) as well as a normal strain of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Sound evidence exists to implicate physiological differences in carbohydrate metabolism (glycogen storage) to this physical property of brewing significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1201508", "title": "Glycogen--a physiological determinant of yeast flocculation?", "content": "Evidence is provided to extend earlier observations that glycogen and flocculence levels vary concurrently in brewing yeast. The use of glycogen mutants, the alterations of growth conditions specifically to inhibit glycogen storage, and observations on glycogen decreases during endogenous metabolism have verified the above. A mechanism by which glycogen might exert its effect on flocculation is suggested.", "contents": "Glycogen--a physiological determinant of yeast flocculation? Evidence is provided to extend earlier observations that glycogen and flocculence levels vary concurrently in brewing yeast. The use of glycogen mutants, the alterations of growth conditions specifically to inhibit glycogen storage, and observations on glycogen decreases during endogenous metabolism have verified the above. A mechanism by which glycogen might exert its effect on flocculation is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1201509", "title": "Effect on microorganisms of volatile compounds released from germinating seeds.", "content": "Volatile compounds evolved from germinating seeds of slash pine, bean, cabbage, corn, cucumber, and pea were evaluated for their ability to support growth of microorganisms in liquid mineral salts media lacking a carbon source. Growth of eight bacteria was measured turbidimetrically and of six fungi as dry weight of mycelium. Volatiles caused increased growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus, Erwinia carotovora, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. radiobacter, Rhizobium japonicum, Mucor mucedo, Fusarium oxysporum f. conglutinans, Trichoderma viride, and Penicillium vermiculatum but not of Sarcina lutea, Serratia marcescens, Chaetomium globosum, or Schizophyllum commune. Spores of Trichoderma viride showed higher germination in the presence of volatiles. Effects on growth were apparent only during the first 3 or 4 days after planting the seeds. Killed or dried seeds had no effect. The volatiles did not support microbial growth in the absence of nitrogen nor did they supply growth factors. Passing volatiles through KMnO4 or hydrazone reduced growth of the bacteria, indicating that oxidizable organic compounds, primarily aldehydes, were the active components. The volatiles were not absorbed by sterile soil, clay minerals, or water, but they were absorbed by non-steril soil and activated charcoal.", "contents": "Effect on microorganisms of volatile compounds released from germinating seeds. Volatile compounds evolved from germinating seeds of slash pine, bean, cabbage, corn, cucumber, and pea were evaluated for their ability to support growth of microorganisms in liquid mineral salts media lacking a carbon source. Growth of eight bacteria was measured turbidimetrically and of six fungi as dry weight of mycelium. Volatiles caused increased growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus, Erwinia carotovora, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. radiobacter, Rhizobium japonicum, Mucor mucedo, Fusarium oxysporum f. conglutinans, Trichoderma viride, and Penicillium vermiculatum but not of Sarcina lutea, Serratia marcescens, Chaetomium globosum, or Schizophyllum commune. Spores of Trichoderma viride showed higher germination in the presence of volatiles. Effects on growth were apparent only during the first 3 or 4 days after planting the seeds. Killed or dried seeds had no effect. The volatiles did not support microbial growth in the absence of nitrogen nor did they supply growth factors. Passing volatiles through KMnO4 or hydrazone reduced growth of the bacteria, indicating that oxidizable organic compounds, primarily aldehydes, were the active components. The volatiles were not absorbed by sterile soil, clay minerals, or water, but they were absorbed by non-steril soil and activated charcoal."}
{"id": "PMID:1201510", "title": "Exopolysaccharide depolymerases induced by Rhizobium bacteriophages.", "content": "Enzymes induced by two Rhizobium trifolii bacteriophages caused depolymerization of exopolysaccharides from most R. trifolii and R. leguminosarum strains tested, but did not, in general, attack the exopolysaccharides of R. meliloti, the slow-growing rhizobia, or Agrobacterium. Ca2+ and (or) Mg2+ were required for enzyme activity. In all strains tested, depolymerization of exopolysaccharide occurred when there was successful phage infection, but depolymerization also occurred with exopolysaccharides from nonsusceptible strains.", "contents": "Exopolysaccharide depolymerases induced by Rhizobium bacteriophages. Enzymes induced by two Rhizobium trifolii bacteriophages caused depolymerization of exopolysaccharides from most R. trifolii and R. leguminosarum strains tested, but did not, in general, attack the exopolysaccharides of R. meliloti, the slow-growing rhizobia, or Agrobacterium. Ca2+ and (or) Mg2+ were required for enzyme activity. In all strains tested, depolymerization of exopolysaccharide occurred when there was successful phage infection, but depolymerization also occurred with exopolysaccharides from nonsusceptible strains."}
{"id": "PMID:1201511", "title": "Mutualistic degradation of the lignin model compound veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether by bacteria.", "content": "Complete degradation of the lignin model compound veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether is accomplished mutualistically by a two-membered bacterial culture. Bacterial isolate E1, which has been tentatively identified as an Acinetobacter, grows on veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether producing guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) as a non-metabolizable, bacteriocidal by-product. When Nocardia corallina (strain A81) is also present in media containing veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether as the only carbon/energy source, it is able to grow on the guaiacol produced from veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether by isolate E1. Strain A81 alone does not grow on veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether. In the absence of strain A81, isolate E1 is rapidly killed by accumulated guaiacol. In the presence of the Nocardia, isolate E1 maintains its viability.", "contents": "Mutualistic degradation of the lignin model compound veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether by bacteria. Complete degradation of the lignin model compound veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether is accomplished mutualistically by a two-membered bacterial culture. Bacterial isolate E1, which has been tentatively identified as an Acinetobacter, grows on veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether producing guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) as a non-metabolizable, bacteriocidal by-product. When Nocardia corallina (strain A81) is also present in media containing veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether as the only carbon/energy source, it is able to grow on the guaiacol produced from veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether by isolate E1. Strain A81 alone does not grow on veratrylglycerol-beta-(o-methoxyphenyl) ether. In the absence of strain A81, isolate E1 is rapidly killed by accumulated guaiacol. In the presence of the Nocardia, isolate E1 maintains its viability."}
{"id": "PMID:1201512", "title": "Characterization of a reserve glucan from Megasphaera elsdenii.", "content": "A reserve glucan of Megasphaera elsdenii was studied by methylation analysis before and after treatment with isoamylase. The results of this study indicate that the glucan is of the amylopectin-glycogen type.", "contents": "Characterization of a reserve glucan from Megasphaera elsdenii. A reserve glucan of Megasphaera elsdenii was studied by methylation analysis before and after treatment with isoamylase. The results of this study indicate that the glucan is of the amylopectin-glycogen type."}
{"id": "PMID:1201513", "title": "The fine structure of conidial development in the genus Torula. I. T. herbarum (Pers.) Link ex S. F. Gray and T. herbarum f. quaternella Sacc.", "content": "Conidiogenesis in Torula herbarum and T. herbarum f. quaternella was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Conidia of the former were shown to be made up of three equally sized cells capped by a distinctive, and easily recognizable, conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells also arose terminally on erect hyphae and on prostrate hyphae. The single-layered conidial cell walls were differentiated into an inner hyaline zone and an outer electron-dense zone formed by the deposition of melanin. Conidiogenous cells lacked melanin at the apex and, before conidiation, the lateral walls were strengthened by a further deposition of melanin. The apex bulged outwards and was modified into a new multicelled conidium bearing another apical conidiogenous cell. Continued development of new conidia resulted in an acropetal chain which became disarticulated after cytolysis within the conidiogenous cell. The relative distinctions between holoblastic and enteroblastic development are discussed and it is concluded that the conidia should be referred to as blastoconidia.", "contents": "The fine structure of conidial development in the genus Torula. I. T. herbarum (Pers.) Link ex S. F. Gray and T. herbarum f. quaternella Sacc. Conidiogenesis in Torula herbarum and T. herbarum f. quaternella was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Conidia of the former were shown to be made up of three equally sized cells capped by a distinctive, and easily recognizable, conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells also arose terminally on erect hyphae and on prostrate hyphae. The single-layered conidial cell walls were differentiated into an inner hyaline zone and an outer electron-dense zone formed by the deposition of melanin. Conidiogenous cells lacked melanin at the apex and, before conidiation, the lateral walls were strengthened by a further deposition of melanin. The apex bulged outwards and was modified into a new multicelled conidium bearing another apical conidiogenous cell. Continued development of new conidia resulted in an acropetal chain which became disarticulated after cytolysis within the conidiogenous cell. The relative distinctions between holoblastic and enteroblastic development are discussed and it is concluded that the conidia should be referred to as blastoconidia."}
{"id": "PMID:1201514", "title": "Susceptibility of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to killing by oxacillin.", "content": "Sixty clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus have been screened for their relative susceptibility to the killing action of oxacillin. Only one of these strains was found to be exceptionally resistant to the bactericidal effect of this and other beta-lactam antibiotics. This ability to survive oxacillin inhibition of cell wall synthesis has been called \"tolerance\". The characteristics of the tolerant organism, which has been designated the Evans strain, in comparison with other isolates of S. aureus indicate that this form of resistance is not apparent from the minimal inhibitory concentration, is not related to an abnormal growth rate, and can be enhanced by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "contents": "Susceptibility of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to killing by oxacillin. Sixty clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus have been screened for their relative susceptibility to the killing action of oxacillin. Only one of these strains was found to be exceptionally resistant to the bactericidal effect of this and other beta-lactam antibiotics. This ability to survive oxacillin inhibition of cell wall synthesis has been called \"tolerance\". The characteristics of the tolerant organism, which has been designated the Evans strain, in comparison with other isolates of S. aureus indicate that this form of resistance is not apparent from the minimal inhibitory concentration, is not related to an abnormal growth rate, and can be enhanced by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine."}
{"id": "PMID:1201515", "title": "Fine structure of the cell envelope layers of Flexibacter polymorphus.", "content": "Electron microscopy of the filamentous gliding marine bacterium Flexibacter polymorphus demonstrated that the cell envelope consists of an electron-dense intermediate layer located between two unit-type membranes: an outer membrane, presumably of lipopolysaccharide, and an inner cytoplasmic membrane. Separation of living filaments into single cells by lysozyme suggests that a peptidoglycan moiety, possibly corresponding to the intermediate layer, might be situated between the two membranes. Cell division proceeds by invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane and intermediate layer forming a transverse septum. Cells generally fail to separate after the division process, so that a common outer membrane encloses all of the cells in a single filament. There is a continuous layer of macromolecular cup-shaped elements ('goblets') attached to the outermost surface of the lipopolysaccharide membrane. Tangential thin sections, as well as negatively stained preparations of envelope fragments (produced by sonication of autolyzed cells), showed that the goblets are arranged in a close-packed hexagonal array. The presence of electron-dense structures located between the outer and inner membranes, and exhibiting the same periodicity as the goblets, suggests that some part of the goblets penetrates the outer membrane and extends across the periplasmic space to the dense intermediate layer or cytoplasmic membrane. Spontaneous autolysis in aging cultures is accompanied by the formation and release into the culture medium of large numbers of outer membrane vesicles coated with globlets. A tentative reconstruction of the envelope of F. polymorphus, based on the fine-structural data, is presented.", "contents": "Fine structure of the cell envelope layers of Flexibacter polymorphus. Electron microscopy of the filamentous gliding marine bacterium Flexibacter polymorphus demonstrated that the cell envelope consists of an electron-dense intermediate layer located between two unit-type membranes: an outer membrane, presumably of lipopolysaccharide, and an inner cytoplasmic membrane. Separation of living filaments into single cells by lysozyme suggests that a peptidoglycan moiety, possibly corresponding to the intermediate layer, might be situated between the two membranes. Cell division proceeds by invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane and intermediate layer forming a transverse septum. Cells generally fail to separate after the division process, so that a common outer membrane encloses all of the cells in a single filament. There is a continuous layer of macromolecular cup-shaped elements ('goblets') attached to the outermost surface of the lipopolysaccharide membrane. Tangential thin sections, as well as negatively stained preparations of envelope fragments (produced by sonication of autolyzed cells), showed that the goblets are arranged in a close-packed hexagonal array. The presence of electron-dense structures located between the outer and inner membranes, and exhibiting the same periodicity as the goblets, suggests that some part of the goblets penetrates the outer membrane and extends across the periplasmic space to the dense intermediate layer or cytoplasmic membrane. Spontaneous autolysis in aging cultures is accompanied by the formation and release into the culture medium of large numbers of outer membrane vesicles coated with globlets. A tentative reconstruction of the envelope of F. polymorphus, based on the fine-structural data, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1201516", "title": "Humoral antibody response to cattle to formalinized Staphylococcus aureus vaccine.", "content": "Five cows were inoculated intradermally with formalinized Staphylococcus aureus suspension in Freund's complete adjunvant and the development of the humoral antibody response was followed as judged by the agglutination titer of sera, at various intervals post inoculation. Highest titers were observed at 78-87 days post inoculation. Agglutinating activity was found in IgM and IgG fractions (IgG1 and IgG2) of both serum and colostrum. The agglutinating activity of colostrum was significantly higher at 12 than at 24 and 36 h, post partum. However, no such activity was detected in either normal cow serum or colostrum against S. aureus.", "contents": "Humoral antibody response to cattle to formalinized Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Five cows were inoculated intradermally with formalinized Staphylococcus aureus suspension in Freund's complete adjunvant and the development of the humoral antibody response was followed as judged by the agglutination titer of sera, at various intervals post inoculation. Highest titers were observed at 78-87 days post inoculation. Agglutinating activity was found in IgM and IgG fractions (IgG1 and IgG2) of both serum and colostrum. The agglutinating activity of colostrum was significantly higher at 12 than at 24 and 36 h, post partum. However, no such activity was detected in either normal cow serum or colostrum against S. aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:1201517", "title": "Microbial petroleum degradation: application of computerized mass spectrometry.", "content": "An analytical procedure is presented for obtaining detailed characterization of petroleum hydrocarbons which undergo microbial degradation. The procedure includes column chromatographic separation and characterization of the resulting fractions by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The use of computerized low-resolution mass spectrometry is offered as a method for assessing microbial degradation of petroleum. This method provides information which cannot, at the present time, be obtained by other available analytical methods. Use of this method to evaluate degradation of a South Louisiana crude oil by a mixed culture of estuarine bacteria revealed that asphaltenes and resins increased by 28% after degradation, while saturates and aromatics decreased by 83.4% and 70.5%, respectively. Most of the normal and branched-chain alkanes were degraded (96.4%), but an increase in long-chain alkanes (C28-C32) after degradation was observed by gas-liquid chromatography. Susceptibility of cycloalkanes to degradation was less as the structure varied, i.e., 6-ring greater than 1-ring greater than 2-ring greater than 3-ring greater than 5-ring greater than 4-ring. Susceptibility of aromatic components to degradation decreased with increase in the number of rings, viz., monoaromatics greater than diaromatics greater than triaromatics greater than tetraaromatics greater than pentaaromatics. Aromatic nuclei containing sulfur were twice as refractory as non-sulfur analogs.", "contents": "Microbial petroleum degradation: application of computerized mass spectrometry. An analytical procedure is presented for obtaining detailed characterization of petroleum hydrocarbons which undergo microbial degradation. The procedure includes column chromatographic separation and characterization of the resulting fractions by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The use of computerized low-resolution mass spectrometry is offered as a method for assessing microbial degradation of petroleum. This method provides information which cannot, at the present time, be obtained by other available analytical methods. Use of this method to evaluate degradation of a South Louisiana crude oil by a mixed culture of estuarine bacteria revealed that asphaltenes and resins increased by 28% after degradation, while saturates and aromatics decreased by 83.4% and 70.5%, respectively. Most of the normal and branched-chain alkanes were degraded (96.4%), but an increase in long-chain alkanes (C28-C32) after degradation was observed by gas-liquid chromatography. Susceptibility of cycloalkanes to degradation was less as the structure varied, i.e., 6-ring greater than 1-ring greater than 2-ring greater than 3-ring greater than 5-ring greater than 4-ring. Susceptibility of aromatic components to degradation decreased with increase in the number of rings, viz., monoaromatics greater than diaromatics greater than triaromatics greater than tetraaromatics greater than pentaaromatics. Aromatic nuclei containing sulfur were twice as refractory as non-sulfur analogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1201518", "title": "Gas metabolism in ovine rumen cultures on a nitrogen-deficient medium.", "content": "Inocula of rumen fluid from sheep were grown on a medium of low nitrogen content under an oxygen-free atmosphere containing N2. The cultures produced methane and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen gas was utilized and the partial pressure of N2 decreased by 24% in 48 h. Assuming this N2 to have been reduced to metabolically available nitrogenous compounds, these account for about 0.2% of the sheep's daily need.", "contents": "Gas metabolism in ovine rumen cultures on a nitrogen-deficient medium. Inocula of rumen fluid from sheep were grown on a medium of low nitrogen content under an oxygen-free atmosphere containing N2. The cultures produced methane and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen gas was utilized and the partial pressure of N2 decreased by 24% in 48 h. Assuming this N2 to have been reduced to metabolically available nitrogenous compounds, these account for about 0.2% of the sheep's daily need."}
{"id": "PMID:1201519", "title": "Effect of glutamic acid on the fatty acid and lipid composition of Choanephora cucurbitarum.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of the total, neutral, sterol, free fatty acid, and polar-lipid fractions in the mycelium of Choanephora curcurbitarum was determined. The major fatty acids in all lipid fractions were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and gamma-linolenic acid. Different lipid fractions did not show any particular preference for any individual fatty acid; however, the degree of unsaturation was different in different lipid fractions. Free fatty acid and polar lipid fractions contained a higher proportion of gamma-linolenic acid than did triglyceride and sterol fractions. Addition of glutamic acid to the malt-yeast extract and medium resulted in the biosynthesis of a number of long-chain fatty acids beyond the gamma-linolenic acid. These fatty acids, e.g., C22:1, C24:0, and C26:0, were never observed to be present in the fungus when grown on a malt-yeast extract medium without glutamic acid. Furthermore, thin-layer chromatographic analysis showed a larger and denser spot of diphosphatidyl glycerol from the mycelium grown on glutamic acid medium than from the control mycelium. The possible significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of glutamic acid on the fatty acid and lipid composition of Choanephora cucurbitarum. The fatty acid composition of the total, neutral, sterol, free fatty acid, and polar-lipid fractions in the mycelium of Choanephora curcurbitarum was determined. The major fatty acids in all lipid fractions were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and gamma-linolenic acid. Different lipid fractions did not show any particular preference for any individual fatty acid; however, the degree of unsaturation was different in different lipid fractions. Free fatty acid and polar lipid fractions contained a higher proportion of gamma-linolenic acid than did triglyceride and sterol fractions. Addition of glutamic acid to the malt-yeast extract and medium resulted in the biosynthesis of a number of long-chain fatty acids beyond the gamma-linolenic acid. These fatty acids, e.g., C22:1, C24:0, and C26:0, were never observed to be present in the fungus when grown on a malt-yeast extract medium without glutamic acid. Furthermore, thin-layer chromatographic analysis showed a larger and denser spot of diphosphatidyl glycerol from the mycelium grown on glutamic acid medium than from the control mycelium. The possible significance of this finding is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201520", "title": "Cultural, morphological, and physiological characteristics of Thermomonospora fusca (strain 190Th).", "content": "The cultural, morphological, and physiological properties of Thermomonospora fusca (strain 190Th) are described. Its physiological properties show that this species is primarily a carbohydrate-degrading actinomycete which can use a wide range of plant sugars and polymeric carbohydrates as sources of carbon and energy. The culture does not use proteins or amino acids for carbon and energy, or as a nitrogen source. A few organic acids are utilized. Ammonia is the preferred nitrogen source. The culture has trace nutrient requirements which include biotin and an undetermined number of amino acids. These and other physiological characteristics are discussed in relation to the roles that T. fusca carries out as a saprophytic bacterium in nature. Its cultural and morphological properties are discussed in relation to the taxonomic status of this species in the literature.", "contents": "Cultural, morphological, and physiological characteristics of Thermomonospora fusca (strain 190Th). The cultural, morphological, and physiological properties of Thermomonospora fusca (strain 190Th) are described. Its physiological properties show that this species is primarily a carbohydrate-degrading actinomycete which can use a wide range of plant sugars and polymeric carbohydrates as sources of carbon and energy. The culture does not use proteins or amino acids for carbon and energy, or as a nitrogen source. A few organic acids are utilized. Ammonia is the preferred nitrogen source. The culture has trace nutrient requirements which include biotin and an undetermined number of amino acids. These and other physiological characteristics are discussed in relation to the roles that T. fusca carries out as a saprophytic bacterium in nature. Its cultural and morphological properties are discussed in relation to the taxonomic status of this species in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1201521", "title": "The influence of acridine dyes and caffeine on recovery from ultraviolet damage in Eudorina elegans.", "content": "Caffeine and the acridine dyes, acridine orange and acriflavine, were used to examine the repair potential in Eudorina elegans following ultraviolet irradiation. Acridines blocked photoreactivation primarily as a result of absorption of photoreactivating wavelengths, but acridines did not influence dark survival. Therefore, an acridine-sensitive excision-resynthesis-repair process is absent in Eudorina. Caffeine decreased both dark and light survival, the latter only after relatively high doses of ultraviolet light were used for inactivation. The caffeine-sensitive repair process appears to function most actively when the organisms are engaged in DNA synthesis, indicating that a postreplication-repair system exists in Eudorina. However, the data suggest that a repair system not associated with the DNA synthetic phases may also exist.", "contents": "The influence of acridine dyes and caffeine on recovery from ultraviolet damage in Eudorina elegans. Caffeine and the acridine dyes, acridine orange and acriflavine, were used to examine the repair potential in Eudorina elegans following ultraviolet irradiation. Acridines blocked photoreactivation primarily as a result of absorption of photoreactivating wavelengths, but acridines did not influence dark survival. Therefore, an acridine-sensitive excision-resynthesis-repair process is absent in Eudorina. Caffeine decreased both dark and light survival, the latter only after relatively high doses of ultraviolet light were used for inactivation. The caffeine-sensitive repair process appears to function most actively when the organisms are engaged in DNA synthesis, indicating that a postreplication-repair system exists in Eudorina. However, the data suggest that a repair system not associated with the DNA synthetic phases may also exist."}
{"id": "PMID:1201523", "title": "Infrared color photomicrography of soil microorganisms.", "content": "The infrared color photomicrography technique for detecting unstained microbial cells in soil is revised for use with Kodak's recently introduced Ektachrome infrared film. Thes new version of the film required achromatic objectives instead of apochromats, and the use of a blue filter in addition to the previously required red filter. These filters also improve the visual focus capability of the operator. It was found that dry soil smears can be photographed as either immersion oil or aqueous mounts. Several makes of bright-field transmitted-light microscopes gave similar results. Phase microscopy, however, produced deteriorated image quality although the proper 'false' colors were produced.", "contents": "Infrared color photomicrography of soil microorganisms. The infrared color photomicrography technique for detecting unstained microbial cells in soil is revised for use with Kodak's recently introduced Ektachrome infrared film. Thes new version of the film required achromatic objectives instead of apochromats, and the use of a blue filter in addition to the previously required red filter. These filters also improve the visual focus capability of the operator. It was found that dry soil smears can be photographed as either immersion oil or aqueous mounts. Several makes of bright-field transmitted-light microscopes gave similar results. Phase microscopy, however, produced deteriorated image quality although the proper 'false' colors were produced."}
{"id": "PMID:1201524", "title": "Congenital displacement of temporal cortex into the central spinal canal.", "content": "This is a report of the first recorded observation of displacement of temporal cortex into the central spinal canal in an infant with Arnold Chiari malformation, platybasia, aqueductal atresia, hydrocephalus and meningomyelocele. The combination of an absent right cerebellar hemisphere and malformed fourth ventricular roof provided the anatomical background for this unique event.", "contents": "Congenital displacement of temporal cortex into the central spinal canal. This is a report of the first recorded observation of displacement of temporal cortex into the central spinal canal in an infant with Arnold Chiari malformation, platybasia, aqueductal atresia, hydrocephalus and meningomyelocele. The combination of an absent right cerebellar hemisphere and malformed fourth ventricular roof provided the anatomical background for this unique event."}
{"id": "PMID:1201525", "title": "Patterns of memory performance in the neurologically impaired aged.", "content": "The specific behavioral manifestation associated with the different disorders producing the syndrome of dementia have remained poorly investigated. We examined the memory performance of three distinct groups of patients with dementia secondary to Alzheimer's disease (AD) multiple-infarctions (MID) and vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) on the ten subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Statistical methods of analysis were used to maximize the differences between the groups. Univariate statistical procedures revealed that the AD group performed significantly and consistently lower than the two cerebrovascular groups. There were no significant differences between the two cerebrovascular disease groups, even though the MID group tended to perform consistently more poorly than the VBI group. For heuristic and conceptual purposes as well as to determine which combination of the ten WMS variables produced the \"best\" statistical model differentiating the groups the data was analyzed by multivariate techniques. A discriminate function analysis obtained a 100% valid positive hit rate in discriminating among the three groups. One hundred percent diagnostic accuracy was also obtained in discriminating between MID and AD as well as AD and VBI. The two cerebrovascular groups tended to overlap in their probability distributions with an 81% hit rate. Different predicitive statistical models were identified to differentiate the various diagnostic groups. It was possible to discriminate the three diagnostic groups by different patterns of memory performance.", "contents": "Patterns of memory performance in the neurologically impaired aged. The specific behavioral manifestation associated with the different disorders producing the syndrome of dementia have remained poorly investigated. We examined the memory performance of three distinct groups of patients with dementia secondary to Alzheimer's disease (AD) multiple-infarctions (MID) and vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) on the ten subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Statistical methods of analysis were used to maximize the differences between the groups. Univariate statistical procedures revealed that the AD group performed significantly and consistently lower than the two cerebrovascular groups. There were no significant differences between the two cerebrovascular disease groups, even though the MID group tended to perform consistently more poorly than the VBI group. For heuristic and conceptual purposes as well as to determine which combination of the ten WMS variables produced the \"best\" statistical model differentiating the groups the data was analyzed by multivariate techniques. A discriminate function analysis obtained a 100% valid positive hit rate in discriminating among the three groups. One hundred percent diagnostic accuracy was also obtained in discriminating between MID and AD as well as AD and VBI. The two cerebrovascular groups tended to overlap in their probability distributions with an 81% hit rate. Different predicitive statistical models were identified to differentiate the various diagnostic groups. It was possible to discriminate the three diagnostic groups by different patterns of memory performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1201526", "title": "A model for the future care of acute spinal cord injuries.", "content": "This is a review of the total care of those acute spinal cord injury patients in Ontario during the years 1969 and 1970, from extrication and transportation following the accident to death, or the completion of primary definitive rehabilitation. Information was extracted from the available ambulance records, the patients and many of the responsible physicians were interviewed personally. The study was detailed and intensive and included a review of each patient's hospital records in each hospital up to discharge from the rehabilitation programme into the community, or to a chronic care unit. The data was compiled in accordance with a detailed and lengthy questionnaire developed for this study. The incidence of acute cord injuries in Ontario in 1969 and 1970 amounted to 244; in 1969, 15.9 per million population and in 1970, 13.6 per million. As in other studies road accidents took first place, followed by falls from a height; sports injuries ranked third and 65.7% of these were caused by diving into shallow water. Age incidence, and incidence by month, day of week and time of day were identified. Fridays and Saturday afternoons in July and August are particularly hazardous. The study continued to the end of 1974 by which time 34 deaths had been recorded. Peak incidence of death occurred within fourteen days of injury. The most common cause of death was respiratory in origin. Geographical distribution was identified and the type of hospital treating the acutely injured patient. Fourteen percent of persons with spinal column injury suffered progressive or sequential spinal cord damage both prior to and following medical contact. The incidence of pressure sores and genitourinary sepsis and calculosis was high in all types of hospitals. The effect of operative treatment was noted in cases of complete quadriplegia and paraplegia. Of the 133 survivors who undertook a rehabilitation program, 84% returned to their homes and 59% achieved gainful employemnt or ongoing education. The cost was determined of general hospital services and rehabilitation programmes. A new model for the care of the spinal cord injury patients in Ontario was proposed.", "contents": "A model for the future care of acute spinal cord injuries. This is a review of the total care of those acute spinal cord injury patients in Ontario during the years 1969 and 1970, from extrication and transportation following the accident to death, or the completion of primary definitive rehabilitation. Information was extracted from the available ambulance records, the patients and many of the responsible physicians were interviewed personally. The study was detailed and intensive and included a review of each patient's hospital records in each hospital up to discharge from the rehabilitation programme into the community, or to a chronic care unit. The data was compiled in accordance with a detailed and lengthy questionnaire developed for this study. The incidence of acute cord injuries in Ontario in 1969 and 1970 amounted to 244; in 1969, 15.9 per million population and in 1970, 13.6 per million. As in other studies road accidents took first place, followed by falls from a height; sports injuries ranked third and 65.7% of these were caused by diving into shallow water. Age incidence, and incidence by month, day of week and time of day were identified. Fridays and Saturday afternoons in July and August are particularly hazardous. The study continued to the end of 1974 by which time 34 deaths had been recorded. Peak incidence of death occurred within fourteen days of injury. The most common cause of death was respiratory in origin. Geographical distribution was identified and the type of hospital treating the acutely injured patient. Fourteen percent of persons with spinal column injury suffered progressive or sequential spinal cord damage both prior to and following medical contact. The incidence of pressure sores and genitourinary sepsis and calculosis was high in all types of hospitals. The effect of operative treatment was noted in cases of complete quadriplegia and paraplegia. Of the 133 survivors who undertook a rehabilitation program, 84% returned to their homes and 59% achieved gainful employemnt or ongoing education. The cost was determined of general hospital services and rehabilitation programmes. A new model for the care of the spinal cord injury patients in Ontario was proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201527", "title": "Technical report: method of fixation of subluxed or dislocated cervical spine below C1-C2.", "content": "A method of internal fixation of adjacent vertebrae that have been dislocated or subluxed has been presented. In the author's hands and in the hands of associates this has proven to be a satisfactory method of fixation in this type of injury. It has the advantage over many other posterior techniques that only two verbebrae are fixed together.", "contents": "Technical report: method of fixation of subluxed or dislocated cervical spine below C1-C2. A method of internal fixation of adjacent vertebrae that have been dislocated or subluxed has been presented. In the author's hands and in the hands of associates this has proven to be a satisfactory method of fixation in this type of injury. It has the advantage over many other posterior techniques that only two verbebrae are fixed together."}
{"id": "PMID:1201528", "title": "Secondary epileptogenesis in frog forebrain: effect of inhibition of protein synthesis.", "content": "Secondary epileptogenesis was induced in the hippocampal cortex of the paralyzed bullfrog by means of localized, unilateral, intermittent electrical stimulation (kindling). Stimuli were designed to yield a brief but definite after-discharge. In control animals a progressive increase in after-discharge duration occurred at the 1 degree (stimulated) site and then at the 2 degrees site (contralateral hippocampus). Spontaneous epileptiform potentials (SEP's) occurred between stimuli, eventually independently on both sides. Cycloheximide (50 mg/kg) caused 88-99% reduction in protein synthesis, measured by 14C-leucine incorporation into brain protein. Cycloheximide-treated animals revealed no evidence of progressive prolongation of after-discharge duration when subjected to the kindling procedure (p = 0.1205 X 10(-7)). SEP's were reduced in the cycloheximide-treated animals, and confined to 1 degree hemisphere (p = 0.6 X 10(-10)). Since cycloheximide did not disturb normal electrogenesis or disrupt the after-discharges, this experiment distinguishes processes dependent upon electrical events from those requiring macromolecular synthesis. Protein synthesis seems critical to the emergence of spontaneous and autonomous epileptiform behavior of neural aggregates.", "contents": "Secondary epileptogenesis in frog forebrain: effect of inhibition of protein synthesis. Secondary epileptogenesis was induced in the hippocampal cortex of the paralyzed bullfrog by means of localized, unilateral, intermittent electrical stimulation (kindling). Stimuli were designed to yield a brief but definite after-discharge. In control animals a progressive increase in after-discharge duration occurred at the 1 degree (stimulated) site and then at the 2 degrees site (contralateral hippocampus). Spontaneous epileptiform potentials (SEP's) occurred between stimuli, eventually independently on both sides. Cycloheximide (50 mg/kg) caused 88-99% reduction in protein synthesis, measured by 14C-leucine incorporation into brain protein. Cycloheximide-treated animals revealed no evidence of progressive prolongation of after-discharge duration when subjected to the kindling procedure (p = 0.1205 X 10(-7)). SEP's were reduced in the cycloheximide-treated animals, and confined to 1 degree hemisphere (p = 0.6 X 10(-10)). Since cycloheximide did not disturb normal electrogenesis or disrupt the after-discharges, this experiment distinguishes processes dependent upon electrical events from those requiring macromolecular synthesis. Protein synthesis seems critical to the emergence of spontaneous and autonomous epileptiform behavior of neural aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:1201529", "title": "Primary and \"transfer\" seizure development in the kindled rat.", "content": "An investigation was made of both primary and \"transfer\" kindling as they occur in ipsilateral limbic sites. Primary kindling was found to involve progressive growth of afterdischarge (AD), propagation and convulsive behavior. It was noted that AD growth did not take place gradually but occurred in sudden, large increments. \"Transfer\" (a significant acceleration of secondary kindling) was found at every secondary limbic site. It was associated with the early appearance of full-blown AD's, super-normal propagation, and well-developed seizures. The post-transfer interference of primary site function previously reported by Goddard et al was also found, but it occurred in significant amounts only after transfer kindling of the amygdala. It is believed that the data offer some support for both of the hypothetical mechanisms of transfer which have been proposed.", "contents": "Primary and \"transfer\" seizure development in the kindled rat. An investigation was made of both primary and \"transfer\" kindling as they occur in ipsilateral limbic sites. Primary kindling was found to involve progressive growth of afterdischarge (AD), propagation and convulsive behavior. It was noted that AD growth did not take place gradually but occurred in sudden, large increments. \"Transfer\" (a significant acceleration of secondary kindling) was found at every secondary limbic site. It was associated with the early appearance of full-blown AD's, super-normal propagation, and well-developed seizures. The post-transfer interference of primary site function previously reported by Goddard et al was also found, but it occurred in significant amounts only after transfer kindling of the amygdala. It is believed that the data offer some support for both of the hypothetical mechanisms of transfer which have been proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201530", "title": "Split-brain rat: transfer and interference of kindled amygdala convulsions.", "content": "Rats were subjected to varying degrees of commissurotomy, followed by implantation of a bipolar electrode into each amygdala. After the kindling of six convulsions at one electrode (primary site), the procedure was applied to the contralateral amygdala (secondary site). Convulsions were observed to develop more rapidly, independent of the degree or kind of transection. After 6 secondary site convulsions, the primary site was re-tested and convulsion-triggering was blocked, except in animals with transection of the rostral portion of the corpus callosum (CC). Collectively, the data indicate: (i) amygdala kindling develops a lasting trace which operates through the midbrain or brainstem; (ii) kindling from a second site utilizes this trace; (iii) a series of 6 convulsions produces negative after-effect which manifests itself at the convulsion level via the anterior CC; (iv) the anterior CC is important in determining the laterality of the forelimb clonus; and (v) the inter-amygdala propagation of after-discharge is blocked by the combined sectioning of the anterior CC and the anterior commissure.", "contents": "Split-brain rat: transfer and interference of kindled amygdala convulsions. Rats were subjected to varying degrees of commissurotomy, followed by implantation of a bipolar electrode into each amygdala. After the kindling of six convulsions at one electrode (primary site), the procedure was applied to the contralateral amygdala (secondary site). Convulsions were observed to develop more rapidly, independent of the degree or kind of transection. After 6 secondary site convulsions, the primary site was re-tested and convulsion-triggering was blocked, except in animals with transection of the rostral portion of the corpus callosum (CC). Collectively, the data indicate: (i) amygdala kindling develops a lasting trace which operates through the midbrain or brainstem; (ii) kindling from a second site utilizes this trace; (iii) a series of 6 convulsions produces negative after-effect which manifests itself at the convulsion level via the anterior CC; (iv) the anterior CC is important in determining the laterality of the forelimb clonus; and (v) the inter-amygdala propagation of after-discharge is blocked by the combined sectioning of the anterior CC and the anterior commissure."}
{"id": "PMID:1201531", "title": "Kindling: secondary epileptogenesis, sleep and catecholamines.", "content": "Seizure development and transference phenomenon were investigated in hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled cats. The behavioral and electrographic findings during the kindling procedures showed that motor seizure development in hippocampal seizures occurred with the emergence of independent discharging in the amygdala, globus pallidus and contralateral hippocampus. Furthermore, secondary site convulsions developed upon the first stimulation of these structures in the hippocampal group but only after over a month of hippocampal stimulation in the amygdaloid group. It was, therefore, concluded that role of the amygdala and globus pallidus in hippocampal seizure development was more essential than that of hippocampal stimulation in amygdaloid seiqure development. The common findings between the hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled animals were the systematic progression to seizures, the all-or-nothing nature of the electrical response and the relative permanency of the seizure susceptibility. Seizure susceptibility increased during slow wave sleep and decreased during REM sleep. These latter findings were examined with preliminary data of brain bioassays of catecholamines.", "contents": "Kindling: secondary epileptogenesis, sleep and catecholamines. Seizure development and transference phenomenon were investigated in hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled cats. The behavioral and electrographic findings during the kindling procedures showed that motor seizure development in hippocampal seizures occurred with the emergence of independent discharging in the amygdala, globus pallidus and contralateral hippocampus. Furthermore, secondary site convulsions developed upon the first stimulation of these structures in the hippocampal group but only after over a month of hippocampal stimulation in the amygdaloid group. It was, therefore, concluded that role of the amygdala and globus pallidus in hippocampal seizure development was more essential than that of hippocampal stimulation in amygdaloid seiqure development. The common findings between the hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled animals were the systematic progression to seizures, the all-or-nothing nature of the electrical response and the relative permanency of the seizure susceptibility. Seizure susceptibility increased during slow wave sleep and decreased during REM sleep. These latter findings were examined with preliminary data of brain bioassays of catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:1201532", "title": "Sleep, subcortical stimulation and kindling in the cat.", "content": "A longitudinal study of the effects of sleep on amygdaloid kindling showed that kindling disrupted normal sleep patterns by reducing REM sleep and increasing awake time. Few interictal spike discharges were observed during the awake stage, while a marked increase in discharge was observed during the light and deep sleep stages. No discharges were observed during REM sleep. During the immediate post-stimulation period the nonstimulated amygdala showed a much higher rate of spike discharge. On the other hand, there was an increase in spike discharge in the stimulated amygdala during natural sleep without preceding amygdaloid stimulation. Amygdaloid stimulation at the generalized seizure threshold during each sleep stage resulted in a generalized convulsion. The influence of subcortical electrical stimulation on kindled amygdaloid convulsions was investigated in a second experiment. Stimulation of the centre median and the caudate nucleus was without effect on kindled convulsions, while stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation at high frequency (300 Hz) reduced the latency of onset of kindled generalized convulsions. Stimulation of the nucleus ventralis lateralis of the thalamus at low frequency (10 Hz) prolonged the convulsion latency, and at high current levels blocked the induced convulsion. Stimulation in the central gray matter at low frequency (10 Hz) also blocked kindled amygdaloid convulsions.", "contents": "Sleep, subcortical stimulation and kindling in the cat. A longitudinal study of the effects of sleep on amygdaloid kindling showed that kindling disrupted normal sleep patterns by reducing REM sleep and increasing awake time. Few interictal spike discharges were observed during the awake stage, while a marked increase in discharge was observed during the light and deep sleep stages. No discharges were observed during REM sleep. During the immediate post-stimulation period the nonstimulated amygdala showed a much higher rate of spike discharge. On the other hand, there was an increase in spike discharge in the stimulated amygdala during natural sleep without preceding amygdaloid stimulation. Amygdaloid stimulation at the generalized seizure threshold during each sleep stage resulted in a generalized convulsion. The influence of subcortical electrical stimulation on kindled amygdaloid convulsions was investigated in a second experiment. Stimulation of the centre median and the caudate nucleus was without effect on kindled convulsions, while stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation at high frequency (300 Hz) reduced the latency of onset of kindled generalized convulsions. Stimulation of the nucleus ventralis lateralis of the thalamus at low frequency (10 Hz) prolonged the convulsion latency, and at high current levels blocked the induced convulsion. Stimulation in the central gray matter at low frequency (10 Hz) also blocked kindled amygdaloid convulsions."}
{"id": "PMID:1201533", "title": "Generality of the kindling phenomenon: some clinical implications.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigations was to explore the generality of the kindling phenomenon and its applicability to clinical situations. Whether local brain stimulation, electroconvulsive shock (ECS), or metrazol the consequence of periodic administration of convulsive agents was found to be the same; in each case repeated application of the agent resulted in the gradual development and intensification of convulsive symptoms (kindling). Moreover, in each case the resulting intensification was not specific to the agent being used and seemed to increase the responsiveness to convulsive agents in general. In the present studies this interaction was seen in the form of an intensified alcohol withdrawal syndrome observed 18 days after cessation of a series of metrazol injections, amygdaloid stimulations, of ECS. Thus, it appears that one of the hazards of the convulsive therapies is that they may induce enduring changes in brain function which leave the patient in a state of increased susceptibility to a variety of potentially convulsive agents.", "contents": "Generality of the kindling phenomenon: some clinical implications. The purpose of the present investigations was to explore the generality of the kindling phenomenon and its applicability to clinical situations. Whether local brain stimulation, electroconvulsive shock (ECS), or metrazol the consequence of periodic administration of convulsive agents was found to be the same; in each case repeated application of the agent resulted in the gradual development and intensification of convulsive symptoms (kindling). Moreover, in each case the resulting intensification was not specific to the agent being used and seemed to increase the responsiveness to convulsive agents in general. In the present studies this interaction was seen in the form of an intensified alcohol withdrawal syndrome observed 18 days after cessation of a series of metrazol injections, amygdaloid stimulations, of ECS. Thus, it appears that one of the hazards of the convulsive therapies is that they may induce enduring changes in brain function which leave the patient in a state of increased susceptibility to a variety of potentially convulsive agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1201534", "title": "Recurrent spontaneous seizure state induced by prefrontal kindling in senegalese baboons, Papio papio.", "content": "In our earlier study of amygdaloid kindling in Papio papio (Pp), the development of partial complex seizure and of focal motor seizure was correlated with bifrontal theta discharge and increasing Rolandic spike discharge respectively and the final stage was characterized by primary generalized convulsive seizure. Since the latter seizure pattern is known to originate from the frontal focus in man, the frontal cortex became suspect in the development of the final stage seizure pattern. Daily prefrontal stimulation showed that Pp can be kindled from this site, culminating in a recurrent spontaneous seizure state identical to that induced by amygdaloid kindling in this species. However, our observation did not support our original assumption regarding the genesis of primary generalized convulsive seizure. Prefrontal and amygdaloid kindling are significantly different with respect to morphology, distribution and propagation of after discharge and interictal spike discharge, and speed and pattern of clinical seizure development. Most intriguingly, inter-ictal behavioral aberration associated with depth EEG changes was observed only in the prefrontal animals and not in the amygdaloid animals.", "contents": "Recurrent spontaneous seizure state induced by prefrontal kindling in senegalese baboons, Papio papio. In our earlier study of amygdaloid kindling in Papio papio (Pp), the development of partial complex seizure and of focal motor seizure was correlated with bifrontal theta discharge and increasing Rolandic spike discharge respectively and the final stage was characterized by primary generalized convulsive seizure. Since the latter seizure pattern is known to originate from the frontal focus in man, the frontal cortex became suspect in the development of the final stage seizure pattern. Daily prefrontal stimulation showed that Pp can be kindled from this site, culminating in a recurrent spontaneous seizure state identical to that induced by amygdaloid kindling in this species. However, our observation did not support our original assumption regarding the genesis of primary generalized convulsive seizure. Prefrontal and amygdaloid kindling are significantly different with respect to morphology, distribution and propagation of after discharge and interictal spike discharge, and speed and pattern of clinical seizure development. Most intriguingly, inter-ictal behavioral aberration associated with depth EEG changes was observed only in the prefrontal animals and not in the amygdaloid animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1201540", "title": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in two cities of contrasting air quality.", "content": "Spirometric tests of 3280 Ottawa residents in 1969-71 and 2208 Sudbury residents in 1972-73 showed that the mean ratio of forced vital capacity to forced expiratory volume in 1 second was lower in Sudbury, where sulfur dioxide concentrations in the air tend to be appreciably higher than in Ottawa. This difference was significant for both males and females considered separately, and held true when age and smoking habits were taken into account. The prevalence of symptomatic chronic bronchitis was significantly higher in Sudbury males than in Ottawa males, but no such difference could be detected in females.", "contents": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in two cities of contrasting air quality. Spirometric tests of 3280 Ottawa residents in 1969-71 and 2208 Sudbury residents in 1972-73 showed that the mean ratio of forced vital capacity to forced expiratory volume in 1 second was lower in Sudbury, where sulfur dioxide concentrations in the air tend to be appreciably higher than in Ottawa. This difference was significant for both males and females considered separately, and held true when age and smoking habits were taken into account. The prevalence of symptomatic chronic bronchitis was significantly higher in Sudbury males than in Ottawa males, but no such difference could be detected in females."}
{"id": "PMID:1201541", "title": "Photosensitivity: results of investigation in 250 patients.", "content": "Between January 1972 and December 1974, 250 patients were referred for investigation of possible photosensitivity to a university-associated clinical research unit for photobiology. In addition to an appropriate history and clinical examination, phototesting was carried out with a solar simulator, monochromatic light and fluorescent light directed to patch-tested areas of skin. Photosensitivity was not demonstrated in 110 patients (44%). Among the laboratory-confirmed photosensitivities, diagnoses included polymorphous light eruption (4.4%), erythropoietic protoporphyria (3.6%), porphyria cutanea tarda (2%), photoallergic contact dermatitis (5.6%), persistent light reaction (4%),  systemic drug phototoxicity (1.2%), phototoxic contact dermatitis (2%), solar urticaria (0.8%) and photoaggravated dermatoses (7.6%). It is important to establish a precise etiologic diagnosis in patients with photosensitivity in order to treat the disorder specifically or effectively or both.", "contents": "Photosensitivity: results of investigation in 250 patients. Between January 1972 and December 1974, 250 patients were referred for investigation of possible photosensitivity to a university-associated clinical research unit for photobiology. In addition to an appropriate history and clinical examination, phototesting was carried out with a solar simulator, monochromatic light and fluorescent light directed to patch-tested areas of skin. Photosensitivity was not demonstrated in 110 patients (44%). Among the laboratory-confirmed photosensitivities, diagnoses included polymorphous light eruption (4.4%), erythropoietic protoporphyria (3.6%), porphyria cutanea tarda (2%), photoallergic contact dermatitis (5.6%), persistent light reaction (4%),  systemic drug phototoxicity (1.2%), phototoxic contact dermatitis (2%), solar urticaria (0.8%) and photoaggravated dermatoses (7.6%). It is important to establish a precise etiologic diagnosis in patients with photosensitivity in order to treat the disorder specifically or effectively or both."}
{"id": "PMID:1201542", "title": "The child and the snowmobile.", "content": "From November 1970 through March 1975, 41 children in Manitoba required hospitalization for treatment of injuries sustained in snowmobile accidents. The commonest injuries were fractures of a leg. In general, the injuries were severe, and in many instances the fractures were unusualy and uncommonly seen in children. Most often the child had been driving the snowmobile and all injuries were a result of driver error or misadventure; none was due to malfunction of the snowmobile. Recommendations to minimize the number and severity of snowmobiling injuries in children include an education program for both adults and their children, use of lightweight cowling to protect the legs, incorporation of a governor on the throttle to prevent excessive speeds, and use of a restraint for children travelling as passengers on the snowmobile. Children should always wear tight clothing when around snowmobiles.", "contents": "The child and the snowmobile. From November 1970 through March 1975, 41 children in Manitoba required hospitalization for treatment of injuries sustained in snowmobile accidents. The commonest injuries were fractures of a leg. In general, the injuries were severe, and in many instances the fractures were unusualy and uncommonly seen in children. Most often the child had been driving the snowmobile and all injuries were a result of driver error or misadventure; none was due to malfunction of the snowmobile. Recommendations to minimize the number and severity of snowmobiling injuries in children include an education program for both adults and their children, use of lightweight cowling to protect the legs, incorporation of a governor on the throttle to prevent excessive speeds, and use of a restraint for children travelling as passengers on the snowmobile. Children should always wear tight clothing when around snowmobiles."}
{"id": "PMID:1201543", "title": "Models of learning disability: their relevance to remediation.", "content": "A scheme of classification is suggested for physicians faced with clinicians' numerous and varied prescriptions for remedial management of children with learning disabilities. Three explanatory models of the causes of learning disability -- the difference, deficit and delay models -- and two strategies of management -- the process-oriented and goal-oriented -- are delineated. Remedial methods are classified according to their implicit explanatory model and the clinician's adherence to the process-oriented or goal-oriented approach. A pragmatic conservative, goal-oriented strategy is advocated, in which individualized instruction is tailored to the child's current abilities and learning requirements.", "contents": "Models of learning disability: their relevance to remediation. A scheme of classification is suggested for physicians faced with clinicians' numerous and varied prescriptions for remedial management of children with learning disabilities. Three explanatory models of the causes of learning disability -- the difference, deficit and delay models -- and two strategies of management -- the process-oriented and goal-oriented -- are delineated. Remedial methods are classified according to their implicit explanatory model and the clinician's adherence to the process-oriented or goal-oriented approach. A pragmatic conservative, goal-oriented strategy is advocated, in which individualized instruction is tailored to the child's current abilities and learning requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:1201544", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome: a complication of arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Symptoms of compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel developed in two patients in whom an arteriovenous fistula was created to alleviate chronic renal failure through hemodialysis. Anatomic changes in the wrist area due to the fistula are probably important in the development of this syndrome, and pre-existing uremic peripheral polyneuropathy may also be important in the early development of local symptoms of nerve damage.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome: a complication of arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. Symptoms of compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel developed in two patients in whom an arteriovenous fistula was created to alleviate chronic renal failure through hemodialysis. Anatomic changes in the wrist area due to the fistula are probably important in the development of this syndrome, and pre-existing uremic peripheral polyneuropathy may also be important in the early development of local symptoms of nerve damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1201554", "title": "Coronary arteriography in patients with impending and evolving myocardial infarction.", "content": "To determine whether characteristic pathologic alterations in coronary arteries are associated with impending and complicated evolving myocardial infarction, the angiographic and hemodynamic findings in 47 acute coronary patients were compared to those of 49 patients with chronic stable angina. Subtle differences in angiographic and hemodynamic alterations were found in these two groups of patients. These differences were more pronounced in patients with evolving myocardial infarction with less than--15 per cent lactate extraction. The risk of coronary arteriography was surprisingly low. Myocardial metabolic function studies demonstrating less than--15 per cent lactate extraction were considered an indication for emergency coronary arteriography in preparation for contemplated coronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "Coronary arteriography in patients with impending and evolving myocardial infarction. To determine whether characteristic pathologic alterations in coronary arteries are associated with impending and complicated evolving myocardial infarction, the angiographic and hemodynamic findings in 47 acute coronary patients were compared to those of 49 patients with chronic stable angina. Subtle differences in angiographic and hemodynamic alterations were found in these two groups of patients. These differences were more pronounced in patients with evolving myocardial infarction with less than--15 per cent lactate extraction. The risk of coronary arteriography was surprisingly low. Myocardial metabolic function studies demonstrating less than--15 per cent lactate extraction were considered an indication for emergency coronary arteriography in preparation for contemplated coronary bypass surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1201555", "title": "Ventricular patterns in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Ventricular dysfunction attendant with acute myocardial infarction results in considerable morbidity and mortality. Acute changes in morphology and physiology underly ventricular dysfunction. The ventricular morphologic changes of AMI differ from those of chronic coronary heart disease only in their temporal characteristics. The pathophysiologic changes are the result of the interaction of several variables. These include infarct size, compliance of both the infarcted and normal myocardium, contractility, heart size, filling pressure, and afterload. Through an understanding of the role played by each of these variables, a better comprehension of events following AMI may be obtained and a more rational basis utilized for selection of therapy.", "contents": "Ventricular patterns in acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular dysfunction attendant with acute myocardial infarction results in considerable morbidity and mortality. Acute changes in morphology and physiology underly ventricular dysfunction. The ventricular morphologic changes of AMI differ from those of chronic coronary heart disease only in their temporal characteristics. The pathophysiologic changes are the result of the interaction of several variables. These include infarct size, compliance of both the infarcted and normal myocardium, contractility, heart size, filling pressure, and afterload. Through an understanding of the role played by each of these variables, a better comprehension of events following AMI may be obtained and a more rational basis utilized for selection of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1201556", "title": "Tachyarrhythmias associated with acute myocardial infarction: diagnosis, frequency, and significance.", "content": "Every known type of tachyarrhythmia may be associated with acute myocardial infarction, and it is extremely important to recognize clinically significant tachyarrhythmias versus relatively benign tachyarrhythmias. The individual tachyarrhythmias have been discussed in detail with pertinent illustrative examples included.", "contents": "Tachyarrhythmias associated with acute myocardial infarction: diagnosis, frequency, and significance. Every known type of tachyarrhythmia may be associated with acute myocardial infarction, and it is extremely important to recognize clinically significant tachyarrhythmias versus relatively benign tachyarrhythmias. The individual tachyarrhythmias have been discussed in detail with pertinent illustrative examples included."}
{"id": "PMID:1201559", "title": "Heart failure in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In recent years, our understnading of heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction has expanded considerably. Although it is not always possible to control cardiac decompensation in this situation, rational therapy has evolved with the improved recognition of the hemodynamic alterations in heart failure and the factors contributing to ventricular performance. Furthermore, a more secure physiologic basis now exists for the early identification of such patients and the development of additional therapeutic techniques.", "contents": "Heart failure in acute myocardial infarction. In recent years, our understnading of heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction has expanded considerably. Although it is not always possible to control cardiac decompensation in this situation, rational therapy has evolved with the improved recognition of the hemodynamic alterations in heart failure and the factors contributing to ventricular performance. Furthermore, a more secure physiologic basis now exists for the early identification of such patients and the development of additional therapeutic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:1201566", "title": "The effects of prolonged beta-adrenoceptor blockade on heart weight and cardiac intracellular potentials in rabbits.", "content": "Estimates were made in vivo in rabbits of the relative beta-receptor blocking potency and duration of action of propranolol and practolol. In further experiments groups of litter mates were injected twice daily with approximately equi-active amounts of propranolol or practolol, or with saline, for several weeks. The heart weights of the treated animals were significantly lower than those of the controls, the water contents were higher, and the dry weight differences were highly significant; -16.8% after 2 mg/kg bd propranolol for six weeks and -33.8% after 10 mg/kg practolol. (The treated animals grew less rapidly than the controls; when corrected for body weight these figures were -11.9% and -20.4%, respectively.) In the practolol group, but not the propranolol group, the duration of the atrial intracellular potentials was prolonged. There was no evidence that the prolonged treatment with either drug had a negative inotropic effect, or reduced positive inotropic responses to isoprenaline.", "contents": "The effects of prolonged beta-adrenoceptor blockade on heart weight and cardiac intracellular potentials in rabbits. Estimates were made in vivo in rabbits of the relative beta-receptor blocking potency and duration of action of propranolol and practolol. In further experiments groups of litter mates were injected twice daily with approximately equi-active amounts of propranolol or practolol, or with saline, for several weeks. The heart weights of the treated animals were significantly lower than those of the controls, the water contents were higher, and the dry weight differences were highly significant; -16.8% after 2 mg/kg bd propranolol for six weeks and -33.8% after 10 mg/kg practolol. (The treated animals grew less rapidly than the controls; when corrected for body weight these figures were -11.9% and -20.4%, respectively.) In the practolol group, but not the propranolol group, the duration of the atrial intracellular potentials was prolonged. There was no evidence that the prolonged treatment with either drug had a negative inotropic effect, or reduced positive inotropic responses to isoprenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:1201567", "title": "Electrophysiological significance of rapid atrial pacing as a test of atrioventricular conduction.", "content": "Although rapid atrial pacing is frequently used as a test of atrioventricular conduction, no studies have compared this method with other conduction parameters. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of rapid atrial pacing with refractory period measurements utilizing the extrastimulus technique. Determination of the refractory periods of the atrium, A-V node, and His-Purkinje system were accomplished in 41 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization, and the results compared with rapid atrial pacing to the point at which A-V Wenckebach occurred (WP). The results showed significant correlation (P less than 0.01) between the WP and functional refractory period (FRP) of the A-V node (r=0.89, FRP=865-2.6 WP), and significant correlation between the WP and the effective refractory period (ERP) of the total A-V conducting system(r=0.81, ERP=729-2.6 WP). The relationship between WP and the refractory periods also allowed prediction of the occurrence of physiological His-Purkinje block during introduction of premature atrial contractions and the site of the effective refractory period of the total A-V conducting system. This study establishes a close relationship between these methods and confirms the usefulness of rapid atrial pacing as a reliable test of A-V conduction in man.", "contents": "Electrophysiological significance of rapid atrial pacing as a test of atrioventricular conduction. Although rapid atrial pacing is frequently used as a test of atrioventricular conduction, no studies have compared this method with other conduction parameters. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of rapid atrial pacing with refractory period measurements utilizing the extrastimulus technique. Determination of the refractory periods of the atrium, A-V node, and His-Purkinje system were accomplished in 41 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization, and the results compared with rapid atrial pacing to the point at which A-V Wenckebach occurred (WP). The results showed significant correlation (P less than 0.01) between the WP and functional refractory period (FRP) of the A-V node (r=0.89, FRP=865-2.6 WP), and significant correlation between the WP and the effective refractory period (ERP) of the total A-V conducting system(r=0.81, ERP=729-2.6 WP). The relationship between WP and the refractory periods also allowed prediction of the occurrence of physiological His-Purkinje block during introduction of premature atrial contractions and the site of the effective refractory period of the total A-V conducting system. This study establishes a close relationship between these methods and confirms the usefulness of rapid atrial pacing as a reliable test of A-V conduction in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1201568", "title": "Effect of transmembrane potential on the manifestations of ouabain toxicity in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres.", "content": "The effect of membrane potential on the manifestations of ouabain-induced alterations in the electrical activity of shortened sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres was studied by a microelectrode technique. The level of membrane potential was modulated by passing intracellular polarizing current. It was found that the toxic electrical effects induced by exposure to ouabain vary according to the level of membrane potential.", "contents": "Effect of transmembrane potential on the manifestations of ouabain toxicity in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres. The effect of membrane potential on the manifestations of ouabain-induced alterations in the electrical activity of shortened sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres was studied by a microelectrode technique. The level of membrane potential was modulated by passing intracellular polarizing current. It was found that the toxic electrical effects induced by exposure to ouabain vary according to the level of membrane potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1201569", "title": "Ventricular fibrillation threshold and vulnerable period in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "Ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) measurements were obtained in the isolated perfused rat heart. Detailed morphology of the vulnerable period (VP) could be described by stimulating repeatedly at increasing levels of stimulus energy. Addition of lignocaine to the system caused an elevation of VGT, but also led to a delay of the VP to the end of the QT interval. The implications of these findings for the understanding of VFT measurements are discussed.", "contents": "Ventricular fibrillation threshold and vulnerable period in the isolated perfused rat heart. Ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) measurements were obtained in the isolated perfused rat heart. Detailed morphology of the vulnerable period (VP) could be described by stimulating repeatedly at increasing levels of stimulus energy. Addition of lignocaine to the system caused an elevation of VGT, but also led to a delay of the VP to the end of the QT interval. The implications of these findings for the understanding of VFT measurements are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201570", "title": "The effect of therapeutic doses of lidocaine hydrochloride on the effective refractory period of the right ventricle in man.", "content": "The effect of lidocaine on the effective refractory period of the right ventricle (EVRP) was measured in 10 patients using the extra stimulus technique of progressive introduction of premature stimuli until a response could not be elicited. In four patients lidocaine produced a significant decrease in the EVRP, in a further four patients there was no change, and in the remaining two patients lidocaine produced a significant increase in the EVRP. The effect of the drug on the EVRP could not be correlated with the serum potassium levels. The reasons for the variable effect of lidocaine are attributed to the different action of lidocaine on different components of conduction within the ventricle.", "contents": "The effect of therapeutic doses of lidocaine hydrochloride on the effective refractory period of the right ventricle in man. The effect of lidocaine on the effective refractory period of the right ventricle (EVRP) was measured in 10 patients using the extra stimulus technique of progressive introduction of premature stimuli until a response could not be elicited. In four patients lidocaine produced a significant decrease in the EVRP, in a further four patients there was no change, and in the remaining two patients lidocaine produced a significant increase in the EVRP. The effect of the drug on the EVRP could not be correlated with the serum potassium levels. The reasons for the variable effect of lidocaine are attributed to the different action of lidocaine on different components of conduction within the ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:1201571", "title": "Relationship between ST-segment elevation and local tissue flow during myocardial ischaemia in dogs.", "content": "The relationship between electrocardiographic ST-segment changes and local tissue flow recorded from idential sites in the myocardium was determined by inserting platinum electrodes into the left ventricular wall of anaesthetized dogs. Local myocardial blood flow was measured during graded coronary constriction by recording tissue hydrogen desaturation rate. In the detection of ischaemic ST-segment elevation, intramural recordings proved to be more sensitive than corresponding epicardial recordings. Significant ST-segment elevation could only be detected by reducing local myocardial flow below 50% of control; by further reduction ST-segment elevation increased in proportion to the reduction in myocardial flow. Thus, significant myocardial ischaemia might exist without electrocardiographic alterations.", "contents": "Relationship between ST-segment elevation and local tissue flow during myocardial ischaemia in dogs. The relationship between electrocardiographic ST-segment changes and local tissue flow recorded from idential sites in the myocardium was determined by inserting platinum electrodes into the left ventricular wall of anaesthetized dogs. Local myocardial blood flow was measured during graded coronary constriction by recording tissue hydrogen desaturation rate. In the detection of ischaemic ST-segment elevation, intramural recordings proved to be more sensitive than corresponding epicardial recordings. Significant ST-segment elevation could only be detected by reducing local myocardial flow below 50% of control; by further reduction ST-segment elevation increased in proportion to the reduction in myocardial flow. Thus, significant myocardial ischaemia might exist without electrocardiographic alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:1201572", "title": "Myocardial distribution of coronary blood flow in the isolated supported heart preparation.", "content": "The regional distribution of myocardial blood flow was studied by use of radioactive microspheres (15 micro-meters [mum]) under control conditions and during an intracoronary infusion of norepinephrine (2mug/min). In control experiments endocardial blood flow was generally greater than epicardial flow; during administration of norepinephrine the endocardium received significantly less blood flow. It is proposed that normally the endocardium is well perfused, but under conditions of stress, eg, norepinephrine infusion in the presence of a constant coronary blood flow, decreased endocardial blood flow results.", "contents": "Myocardial distribution of coronary blood flow in the isolated supported heart preparation. The regional distribution of myocardial blood flow was studied by use of radioactive microspheres (15 micro-meters [mum]) under control conditions and during an intracoronary infusion of norepinephrine (2mug/min). In control experiments endocardial blood flow was generally greater than epicardial flow; during administration of norepinephrine the endocardium received significantly less blood flow. It is proposed that normally the endocardium is well perfused, but under conditions of stress, eg, norepinephrine infusion in the presence of a constant coronary blood flow, decreased endocardial blood flow results."}
{"id": "PMID:1201573", "title": "Oxygen demand and collateral vessels of the heart. Factors influencing the severity of myocardial ischaemic injury after experimental coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "Epicardial electrocardiographic maps were used to assess the effect of heart rate, myocardial contractility, and oxygen need on the severity of myocardial ischaemic injury after acute coronary artery occlusion in dogs. The experimental data indicate statistically significant dependence of the severity of ischaemia on heart rate, contractility, and oxygen need of the heart. These dependences are highly influenced by the spontaneous collateral vessels of the heart.", "contents": "Oxygen demand and collateral vessels of the heart. Factors influencing the severity of myocardial ischaemic injury after experimental coronary artery occlusion. Epicardial electrocardiographic maps were used to assess the effect of heart rate, myocardial contractility, and oxygen need on the severity of myocardial ischaemic injury after acute coronary artery occlusion in dogs. The experimental data indicate statistically significant dependence of the severity of ischaemia on heart rate, contractility, and oxygen need of the heart. These dependences are highly influenced by the spontaneous collateral vessels of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:1201574", "title": "Comparison of the handling of norepinephrine in the myocardium of adult and old rats.", "content": "The handling of norepinephrine was compared in the myocardium of adult and old rats. Endogenous norepinephrine levels were significantly lower in the hearts of old animals. Following intravenous injection of 3H-norepinephrine [3H-NE] the initial uptake was slightly higher in the old animals; subsequently, however, there was a more pronounced and prolonged fall in 3H-NE specific activity in the myocardium of the old rats. The increased turnover rate was associated with normal catecholamine synthesis. Studies of the subcellular distribution of 3H-NE showed an inability of the myocardium from ageing rats to retain norepinephrine in the storage granules with subsequent loss of the soluble fraction.", "contents": "Comparison of the handling of norepinephrine in the myocardium of adult and old rats. The handling of norepinephrine was compared in the myocardium of adult and old rats. Endogenous norepinephrine levels were significantly lower in the hearts of old animals. Following intravenous injection of 3H-norepinephrine [3H-NE] the initial uptake was slightly higher in the old animals; subsequently, however, there was a more pronounced and prolonged fall in 3H-NE specific activity in the myocardium of the old rats. The increased turnover rate was associated with normal catecholamine synthesis. Studies of the subcellular distribution of 3H-NE showed an inability of the myocardium from ageing rats to retain norepinephrine in the storage granules with subsequent loss of the soluble fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1201575", "title": "Static mechanical properties of the developing and mature rat aorta.", "content": "The static mechanical properties of the aorta have been examined in rats, aged between 4 weeks and 2 years. Internal radius, relative wall thickness, circumferential incremental strain, and circumferential incremental elastic modulus have been measured at pressures between 1.33 and 33.3 kPa (10 and 250 mm Hg). The results show that the value of the incremental elastic modulus does not change after 12 weeks. Changes observed in younger animals are related to alterations in relative wall thickness. The findings correlate with previously observed chemical and morphological changes. Studies of muscle function indicate that the smooth muscle of the media does not contribute significantly to the static elastic properties of the vessel wall.", "contents": "Static mechanical properties of the developing and mature rat aorta. The static mechanical properties of the aorta have been examined in rats, aged between 4 weeks and 2 years. Internal radius, relative wall thickness, circumferential incremental strain, and circumferential incremental elastic modulus have been measured at pressures between 1.33 and 33.3 kPa (10 and 250 mm Hg). The results show that the value of the incremental elastic modulus does not change after 12 weeks. Changes observed in younger animals are related to alterations in relative wall thickness. The findings correlate with previously observed chemical and morphological changes. Studies of muscle function indicate that the smooth muscle of the media does not contribute significantly to the static elastic properties of the vessel wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1201576", "title": "The dynamic and static elastic response of the abdominal aorta of the dog.", "content": "The dynamic and static elastic response of the abdominal aorta was studied in beagle dogs of similar age and weight. The dynamic response was measured in situ by means of an optical transmission wedge resting on the exposed vessel to record the pulsatile changes in wall displacement and the pressure pulse recorded at the same site via a hypodermic needle. The static response was recorded (1) in situ by observing the change in radius which occurred with a change in the mean blood pressure, (2) post mortem using both transmission wedge and radiographic techniques. The change in radius (deltaR) for a change in pressure (deltaP=20 mm Hg[2.67kPa]) was calculated for both the dynamic and static cases. It was found that the aorta was stiffer for the dynamic case, the extent of the stiffening being dependent on the mean pressure. At pressures less than 80 mm Hg (10.64 kPa) the dynamic/static deltaR ratio was 1.8 decreasing to 1.1 at 160 mm Hg (21.28 kPa). This behaviour is interpreted in terms of smooth muscle relaxation and the subsequent transference of circumferential tension to collagen.", "contents": "The dynamic and static elastic response of the abdominal aorta of the dog. The dynamic and static elastic response of the abdominal aorta was studied in beagle dogs of similar age and weight. The dynamic response was measured in situ by means of an optical transmission wedge resting on the exposed vessel to record the pulsatile changes in wall displacement and the pressure pulse recorded at the same site via a hypodermic needle. The static response was recorded (1) in situ by observing the change in radius which occurred with a change in the mean blood pressure, (2) post mortem using both transmission wedge and radiographic techniques. The change in radius (deltaR) for a change in pressure (deltaP=20 mm Hg[2.67kPa]) was calculated for both the dynamic and static cases. It was found that the aorta was stiffer for the dynamic case, the extent of the stiffening being dependent on the mean pressure. At pressures less than 80 mm Hg (10.64 kPa) the dynamic/static deltaR ratio was 1.8 decreasing to 1.1 at 160 mm Hg (21.28 kPa). This behaviour is interpreted in terms of smooth muscle relaxation and the subsequent transference of circumferential tension to collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:1201577", "title": "Pathological effects of intra-arterial blood transfusions in dogs.", "content": "During storage, large cellular aggregates and clots formed in venous blood but not in arterial blood. Contrary to previous opinions, the intra-arterial transfusion of blood containing aggregates and clots did not cause focal brain damage and the presence of aggregates was not essential for the post-transfusion development of cerebral petechial and other minor haemorrhages.", "contents": "Pathological effects of intra-arterial blood transfusions in dogs. During storage, large cellular aggregates and clots formed in venous blood but not in arterial blood. Contrary to previous opinions, the intra-arterial transfusion of blood containing aggregates and clots did not cause focal brain damage and the presence of aggregates was not essential for the post-transfusion development of cerebral petechial and other minor haemorrhages."}
{"id": "PMID:1201578", "title": "Pulmonary vasoconstriction produced by protamine and protamine-heparin complex in the isolated cat lung perfused with blood or dextran.", "content": "Injections of protamine sulphate, protamine-heparin complex, and the supernatant from this mixture produced a rise in pulmonary artery pressure during constant flow perfusion in the isolated cat lung. The rise in pressure occurred with both blood and dextran perfusates. This suggests that the pulmonary vasoconstriction produced by protamine may be partly due to a direct action on the pulmonary vasculature or to the release of vasoactive substances from the lungs.", "contents": "Pulmonary vasoconstriction produced by protamine and protamine-heparin complex in the isolated cat lung perfused with blood or dextran. Injections of protamine sulphate, protamine-heparin complex, and the supernatant from this mixture produced a rise in pulmonary artery pressure during constant flow perfusion in the isolated cat lung. The rise in pressure occurred with both blood and dextran perfusates. This suggests that the pulmonary vasoconstriction produced by protamine may be partly due to a direct action on the pulmonary vasculature or to the release of vasoactive substances from the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:1201579", "title": "Estimation of non-autonomic and autonomic components of iliac bed vascular resistance in renal hypertensive rabbits.", "content": "Iliac bed vascular resistance (IVR) was measured before and after pharmacological block of the autonomic effectors in unanaesthetized renal hypertensive and normotensive rabbits with previously implanted Doppler flowmeters. This permitted partitioning the resting IVR into a non-autonomic component (ie, steady-state IVR after block) and an autonomic component (ie, resting IVR minus non-autonomic IVR). When IVR was measured at the same mean arterial pressure (MAP) before and after block in each animal, the increase in estimated non-autonomic IVR accounted entirely for the rise in resting IVR in renal hypertensive rabbits. However, if IVR measurements after block were made at a lower MAP than before block, the estimated non-autonomic and autonomic components were both significantly increased in renal hypertensive rabbits. It is concluded that in the latter experiment non-autonomic IVR in renal hypertension was underestimated, whilst the autonomic component was overestimated. The rise in non-autonomic IVR in renal hypertension was partly due to structural changes in the iliac bed, since IVR remained higher in hypertensive than in normotensive rabbits after abolishing smooth muscle tone with vasodilator drugs.", "contents": "Estimation of non-autonomic and autonomic components of iliac bed vascular resistance in renal hypertensive rabbits. Iliac bed vascular resistance (IVR) was measured before and after pharmacological block of the autonomic effectors in unanaesthetized renal hypertensive and normotensive rabbits with previously implanted Doppler flowmeters. This permitted partitioning the resting IVR into a non-autonomic component (ie, steady-state IVR after block) and an autonomic component (ie, resting IVR minus non-autonomic IVR). When IVR was measured at the same mean arterial pressure (MAP) before and after block in each animal, the increase in estimated non-autonomic IVR accounted entirely for the rise in resting IVR in renal hypertensive rabbits. However, if IVR measurements after block were made at a lower MAP than before block, the estimated non-autonomic and autonomic components were both significantly increased in renal hypertensive rabbits. It is concluded that in the latter experiment non-autonomic IVR in renal hypertension was underestimated, whilst the autonomic component was overestimated. The rise in non-autonomic IVR in renal hypertension was partly due to structural changes in the iliac bed, since IVR remained higher in hypertensive than in normotensive rabbits after abolishing smooth muscle tone with vasodilator drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1201580", "title": "Kinetic-microarchitectural correlations in the bone marrow of the mouse.", "content": "Transverse histologic sections of bone marrow obtained from mice that were sacrificed by perfusion fixation at intervals following tritiated thymidine injection were studied by means of radioautography. A kinetic gradient was demonstrated across the marrow section, with the highest proliferative rate in the subendosteal region. Megakaryocytes were shown to originate from the rapidly proliferating subendosteal cells. The immediate proliferating precursors of mature granulocytes were slowly proliferating cells found predominantly in the central region of the marrow. It was concluded that in the steady state there must be a migration of cells from the subendosteal region to the central region with concomitant growth retardation of the migrating cells.", "contents": "Kinetic-microarchitectural correlations in the bone marrow of the mouse. Transverse histologic sections of bone marrow obtained from mice that were sacrificed by perfusion fixation at intervals following tritiated thymidine injection were studied by means of radioautography. A kinetic gradient was demonstrated across the marrow section, with the highest proliferative rate in the subendosteal region. Megakaryocytes were shown to originate from the rapidly proliferating subendosteal cells. The immediate proliferating precursors of mature granulocytes were slowly proliferating cells found predominantly in the central region of the marrow. It was concluded that in the steady state there must be a migration of cells from the subendosteal region to the central region with concomitant growth retardation of the migrating cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1201581", "title": "The induction of transient increases in mitotic rate in murine tissues following prolonged intravenous infusions of hydroxyurea.", "content": "Intravenous infusions of hydroxyurea were established in mice and maintained for periods up to 48 hr. The influence of different rates of hydroxyurea infusion on the number of viable cells gathered in S phase was studied in eight different mouse tissues. An infusion rate which was sufficiently slow not to block thymidine incorporation completely, resulted in gathering of cells in S phase while offering some protection against hydroxyurea-induced cell death. The duration of the period of DNA synthesis following release from hydroxyurea inhibition appeared to be shortened in some tissues. After the release of hydroxyurea blockades maintained for 12-24 hr, each of the tissues showed sharp increases in mitotic activity and peak mitotic index values were as much as twenty times greater than values found in tissues of control animals. An important finding was that the time of maximal mitotic activity for different tissues after release of blockade could differ by many hours.", "contents": "The induction of transient increases in mitotic rate in murine tissues following prolonged intravenous infusions of hydroxyurea. Intravenous infusions of hydroxyurea were established in mice and maintained for periods up to 48 hr. The influence of different rates of hydroxyurea infusion on the number of viable cells gathered in S phase was studied in eight different mouse tissues. An infusion rate which was sufficiently slow not to block thymidine incorporation completely, resulted in gathering of cells in S phase while offering some protection against hydroxyurea-induced cell death. The duration of the period of DNA synthesis following release from hydroxyurea inhibition appeared to be shortened in some tissues. After the release of hydroxyurea blockades maintained for 12-24 hr, each of the tissues showed sharp increases in mitotic activity and peak mitotic index values were as much as twenty times greater than values found in tissues of control animals. An important finding was that the time of maximal mitotic activity for different tissues after release of blockade could differ by many hours."}
{"id": "PMID:1201582", "title": "The predominant role of the spleen in lymphocyte recirculation. I. Homing of lymphocytes to and release from the isolated perfused pig spleen.", "content": "Lymphocyte recirculation through the isolated pig spleen was studied by means of a perfusion system which kept the organ alive for a prolonged period of time. By changing the perfusate to a leucocyte-enriched or cell-free perfusate and taking serial arterial and venous samples, the numbers of lymphocytes which homed to or were released from the spleen were measured. In all experiments more lymphocytes homed than were released per minute. There was no apparent difference when autologous or allogeneic cells were used. The number of lymphocytes released depended on the number of lymphocytes homed previously. During the phase of constant release up to 3-3 X 10(6) lymphocytes were released per gram spleen per minute. From these values it can be extrapolated that up to 270 X 19(9) lymphocytes recirculate through the isolated pig spleen per day. Based on kinetic data from other species it is estimated that in the entire pig a total number of 300-400 X 10(9) lymphocytes recirculate per day. Thus, it can be concluded that the spleen is the most important organ for lymphocyte recirculation in the pig.", "contents": "The predominant role of the spleen in lymphocyte recirculation. I. Homing of lymphocytes to and release from the isolated perfused pig spleen. Lymphocyte recirculation through the isolated pig spleen was studied by means of a perfusion system which kept the organ alive for a prolonged period of time. By changing the perfusate to a leucocyte-enriched or cell-free perfusate and taking serial arterial and venous samples, the numbers of lymphocytes which homed to or were released from the spleen were measured. In all experiments more lymphocytes homed than were released per minute. There was no apparent difference when autologous or allogeneic cells were used. The number of lymphocytes released depended on the number of lymphocytes homed previously. During the phase of constant release up to 3-3 X 10(6) lymphocytes were released per gram spleen per minute. From these values it can be extrapolated that up to 270 X 19(9) lymphocytes recirculate through the isolated pig spleen per day. Based on kinetic data from other species it is estimated that in the entire pig a total number of 300-400 X 10(9) lymphocytes recirculate per day. Thus, it can be concluded that the spleen is the most important organ for lymphocyte recirculation in the pig."}
{"id": "PMID:1201583", "title": "The influence of a granulocytic inhibitor(s) on hematopoiesis in an in vivo culture system.", "content": "The in vivo diffusion chamber (DC) technique for mouse marrow culture was used to determine the effect of a granulocyte inhibitor on the proliferation of the pluripotent stem cell(CFU-s) and the granulocyte progenitor cell (CFU-c). Granulocyte conditioned medium was injected intraperitoneally into mice bearing DCs during the initial 48 hr of culture. The early injections of inhibitor resulted in a significantly reduced number of granulocytic progeny formed within the DCs while there was no growth inhibition of mouse fibroblasts cultured under identical conditions. The reduced cell production was due in part to a significant reduction in the self-renewal rate of the CFU-c while no apparent direct effect was observed upon the growth of the CFU-s within the same cultures. These data suggest that the granulocytic inhibitor(s) acted to reduce the proliferation within the CFU-c population and thereby diminished the amplification potential inherent in the initial cell inoculum.", "contents": "The influence of a granulocytic inhibitor(s) on hematopoiesis in an in vivo culture system. The in vivo diffusion chamber (DC) technique for mouse marrow culture was used to determine the effect of a granulocyte inhibitor on the proliferation of the pluripotent stem cell(CFU-s) and the granulocyte progenitor cell (CFU-c). Granulocyte conditioned medium was injected intraperitoneally into mice bearing DCs during the initial 48 hr of culture. The early injections of inhibitor resulted in a significantly reduced number of granulocytic progeny formed within the DCs while there was no growth inhibition of mouse fibroblasts cultured under identical conditions. The reduced cell production was due in part to a significant reduction in the self-renewal rate of the CFU-c while no apparent direct effect was observed upon the growth of the CFU-s within the same cultures. These data suggest that the granulocytic inhibitor(s) acted to reduce the proliferation within the CFU-c population and thereby diminished the amplification potential inherent in the initial cell inoculum."}
{"id": "PMID:1201584", "title": "Analysis of time dependent changes of lymphopoietic activity in organ cultures of embryonic chicken thymus.", "content": "The time dependent development of lymphocytes in organ cultures of the thymus obtained from 10-day-old chick embryos was characterized by an initial phase of exponential increase of the number of lymphocytes per thymus followed by a plateau phase with no further increase in cell number. The proportion of cells in DNA synthesis dropped rapidly during the first 10 days of culture. Simultaneously the lymphocytes turned progressively smaller, as evidenced by both cell diameter and dry mass and constituted a homogeneous population of small cells at the end of the culture period. Thymic anlagen partially depleted of lymphoid precursor cells by a short hot pulse with 3H-TdR showed a prolonged exponential phase and reached normal plateau cell numbers 2-4 days later than usual. Furthermore, at least in the first part of the plateau phase, a reduction in the number of lymphoid cells per thymus resulted in a recovery in terms of the cell number which was associateed with increased DNA synthesis. These results are compatible with the regulation of thymic lymphopoiesis in organ culture through a mechanism operating via cell density.", "contents": "Analysis of time dependent changes of lymphopoietic activity in organ cultures of embryonic chicken thymus. The time dependent development of lymphocytes in organ cultures of the thymus obtained from 10-day-old chick embryos was characterized by an initial phase of exponential increase of the number of lymphocytes per thymus followed by a plateau phase with no further increase in cell number. The proportion of cells in DNA synthesis dropped rapidly during the first 10 days of culture. Simultaneously the lymphocytes turned progressively smaller, as evidenced by both cell diameter and dry mass and constituted a homogeneous population of small cells at the end of the culture period. Thymic anlagen partially depleted of lymphoid precursor cells by a short hot pulse with 3H-TdR showed a prolonged exponential phase and reached normal plateau cell numbers 2-4 days later than usual. Furthermore, at least in the first part of the plateau phase, a reduction in the number of lymphoid cells per thymus resulted in a recovery in terms of the cell number which was associateed with increased DNA synthesis. These results are compatible with the regulation of thymic lymphopoiesis in organ culture through a mechanism operating via cell density."}
{"id": "PMID:1201585", "title": "Frequency of occurrence and position of cilia in fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament of the mouse incisor.", "content": "Solitary cilia occur in motile as well as in non-motile fibroblasts of the peridontal ligament. The cells which moved with the erupting incisor are bipolar and oriented with their long axes parallel to the tooth surface. In cross section these cells have a flattened appearance. Cilia are localized in close vicinity to the nuclear area and show a definite orientation with respect to the transverse cell axis. The frequency of occurrence of this organelle was estimated from the percentage of diplosomes containing a basal body. Analysis of the composition of the paired structures indicated that at least 70 per cent of the fibroblasts are ciliated. The frequency of cilia in motile fibroblasts does not differ from that in non-motile cells suggesting that the presence of this organelle is not directly associated with cell locomotion.", "contents": "Frequency of occurrence and position of cilia in fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament of the mouse incisor. Solitary cilia occur in motile as well as in non-motile fibroblasts of the peridontal ligament. The cells which moved with the erupting incisor are bipolar and oriented with their long axes parallel to the tooth surface. In cross section these cells have a flattened appearance. Cilia are localized in close vicinity to the nuclear area and show a definite orientation with respect to the transverse cell axis. The frequency of occurrence of this organelle was estimated from the percentage of diplosomes containing a basal body. Analysis of the composition of the paired structures indicated that at least 70 per cent of the fibroblasts are ciliated. The frequency of cilia in motile fibroblasts does not differ from that in non-motile cells suggesting that the presence of this organelle is not directly associated with cell locomotion."}
{"id": "PMID:1201586", "title": "Tanycyte absorption affected by the hypothalamic deafferentation in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "content": "In Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica the tanycytes of the median eminence absorbed peroxidase injected into the third ventricle. The number of tanycytes showing peroxidase reaction was greater in the posterior median eminence than in the anterior median eminence. Following hypothalamic deafferentation, the tanycyte absorption was augmented both in the posterior and anterior median eminence. These findings suggest that axons of some neurons, which have inhibitory action on the tanycyte absorption, were transected by deafferentation resulting in augmentation of tanycyte absorption. A considerable number of ependymal cells lining the upper portion of the third ventricle and those of the pars nervosa also absorbed peroxidase. In birds with a deafferented hypothalamus, photostimulated ovarian growth was completely inhibited.", "contents": "Tanycyte absorption affected by the hypothalamic deafferentation in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. In Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica the tanycytes of the median eminence absorbed peroxidase injected into the third ventricle. The number of tanycytes showing peroxidase reaction was greater in the posterior median eminence than in the anterior median eminence. Following hypothalamic deafferentation, the tanycyte absorption was augmented both in the posterior and anterior median eminence. These findings suggest that axons of some neurons, which have inhibitory action on the tanycyte absorption, were transected by deafferentation resulting in augmentation of tanycyte absorption. A considerable number of ependymal cells lining the upper portion of the third ventricle and those of the pars nervosa also absorbed peroxidase. In birds with a deafferented hypothalamus, photostimulated ovarian growth was completely inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:1201587", "title": "The organization of the lamina ganglionaris of the prawn, Pandalus borealis (Kr\u00f6yer).", "content": "The Lamina ganglionaris (first optic neuropile) of the decapod crustacean Pandalus borealis has its optic cartridges (synaptic compartments) arranged in horizontal rows. Each optic cartridge contains seven receptor axon terminals and the branching axis fibres of five monopolar second order neurons. Four types of monopolar neurons are classified. Their cell bodies are arranged in two layers. The inner layer contains the cell bodies of exclusively one of these types, and each cartridge is invaded by two neurons of this neuron type (type M 1:a and M 1:b). The outer layer contains the cell bodies of the remaining three types (M 2, M3 and M4). One gives rise to a large radially branched axis fibre in the centre of the cartridge. The other two have wide branches which may make inter-cartridge contacts, one proximally and the other distally in the plexiform layer, which is clearly bistratified. The receptor axons terminate in two levels corresponding to these strata. Two sets of tangenital fibres form networks in the proximal and the mid-portion of the lamina. Both networks have fibres with primary branches in the vertical plane and secondary branches in the horizontal plane. The fibres of the networks are derived from axons that pass from the second optic neuropile, the medulla externa.", "contents": "The organization of the lamina ganglionaris of the prawn, Pandalus borealis (Kr\u00f6yer). The Lamina ganglionaris (first optic neuropile) of the decapod crustacean Pandalus borealis has its optic cartridges (synaptic compartments) arranged in horizontal rows. Each optic cartridge contains seven receptor axon terminals and the branching axis fibres of five monopolar second order neurons. Four types of monopolar neurons are classified. Their cell bodies are arranged in two layers. The inner layer contains the cell bodies of exclusively one of these types, and each cartridge is invaded by two neurons of this neuron type (type M 1:a and M 1:b). The outer layer contains the cell bodies of the remaining three types (M 2, M3 and M4). One gives rise to a large radially branched axis fibre in the centre of the cartridge. The other two have wide branches which may make inter-cartridge contacts, one proximally and the other distally in the plexiform layer, which is clearly bistratified. The receptor axons terminate in two levels corresponding to these strata. Two sets of tangenital fibres form networks in the proximal and the mid-portion of the lamina. Both networks have fibres with primary branches in the vertical plane and secondary branches in the horizontal plane. The fibres of the networks are derived from axons that pass from the second optic neuropile, the medulla externa."}
{"id": "PMID:1201588", "title": "Occurrence of oxyphil cells in suppressed parathyroid glands.", "content": "Parathyroid glands from Mongolian gerbils cultured for 7 days at a high calcium concentration and examined by electron microscopy, were found to contain suppressed chief cells containing numerous mitochondria, and some oxyphil cells containing an abundance of medium-sized or large mitochondria with calcium-containing precipitates. It is suggested that parathyroid chief cells may be transformed into oxyphil cells, under certain conditions, and that the associated increase in the number and size of the mitochondria may be related to an intracellular accumulation of calcium.", "contents": "Occurrence of oxyphil cells in suppressed parathyroid glands. Parathyroid glands from Mongolian gerbils cultured for 7 days at a high calcium concentration and examined by electron microscopy, were found to contain suppressed chief cells containing numerous mitochondria, and some oxyphil cells containing an abundance of medium-sized or large mitochondria with calcium-containing precipitates. It is suggested that parathyroid chief cells may be transformed into oxyphil cells, under certain conditions, and that the associated increase in the number and size of the mitochondria may be related to an intracellular accumulation of calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:1201589", "title": "Granule containing cells and fibres in the sinus venosus of elasmobranchs.", "content": "The concentrations of catecholamines in the heart chambers of elasmobranchs were measured by the fluorimetric method of Bertler et al. (1958). Noradrenaline (NA) can be detected in all the chambers, but the sinus venosus is by far the richest in NA. This can either be due to the presence of storage sites for this amine in the sinus wall, or to a transport of amine to the sinus venosus from the anterior chromaffin bodies. The sinus wall contains large numbers of \"granule containing cells\" and axon-like processes, both with numerous dense-core vesicles of about 1800 A diameter. The dense-core vesicles contain a uranophilic matrix indicating the presence of protein, phospholipids and/or nucleic acid. The reactions failed to demonstrate amine, which may be due to a loss of amine by diffusion, to a relatively low intravesicular amine concentration, or, to the absence of amines in these granule-containing cells and processes. Heavy accumulations of granule-containing processes occur in the subendothelial area. The endothelium contains fenestrae and pores through which granule-containing fibres protrude into the venous cavity. Granule-containing cells are innervated by presumed cholinergic nerve endings. It is suggested that the granule-containing cells and fibres belong to the neurosecretory system with a cholinergic input, releasing the contents of the dense-core vesicles into the blood stream at the level of the venous cavity.", "contents": "Granule containing cells and fibres in the sinus venosus of elasmobranchs. The concentrations of catecholamines in the heart chambers of elasmobranchs were measured by the fluorimetric method of Bertler et al. (1958). Noradrenaline (NA) can be detected in all the chambers, but the sinus venosus is by far the richest in NA. This can either be due to the presence of storage sites for this amine in the sinus wall, or to a transport of amine to the sinus venosus from the anterior chromaffin bodies. The sinus wall contains large numbers of \"granule containing cells\" and axon-like processes, both with numerous dense-core vesicles of about 1800 A diameter. The dense-core vesicles contain a uranophilic matrix indicating the presence of protein, phospholipids and/or nucleic acid. The reactions failed to demonstrate amine, which may be due to a loss of amine by diffusion, to a relatively low intravesicular amine concentration, or, to the absence of amines in these granule-containing cells and processes. Heavy accumulations of granule-containing processes occur in the subendothelial area. The endothelium contains fenestrae and pores through which granule-containing fibres protrude into the venous cavity. Granule-containing cells are innervated by presumed cholinergic nerve endings. It is suggested that the granule-containing cells and fibres belong to the neurosecretory system with a cholinergic input, releasing the contents of the dense-core vesicles into the blood stream at the level of the venous cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201590", "title": "The effect of cervical vagotomy (decentralization) on the ultrastructure of the carotid body on the duck, Anas platyrhynchos.", "content": "Carotid bodies of ducks show no detectable changes in ultrastructure up to periods of four weeks following the removal of 2-3 cm of the cervical vagus (decentralization). This indicates that the majority, and possibily all the nerves terminating on the glomus cells are afferent (sensory) in nature. These nerve endings are in reciprocal synaptic contact with the glomus cells and therefore have efferent and afferent functions. Theories concerning the carotid body receptor mechanism are discussed with particular reference to those theories which ascribe functions to the reciprocal synapses.", "contents": "The effect of cervical vagotomy (decentralization) on the ultrastructure of the carotid body on the duck, Anas platyrhynchos. Carotid bodies of ducks show no detectable changes in ultrastructure up to periods of four weeks following the removal of 2-3 cm of the cervical vagus (decentralization). This indicates that the majority, and possibily all the nerves terminating on the glomus cells are afferent (sensory) in nature. These nerve endings are in reciprocal synaptic contact with the glomus cells and therefore have efferent and afferent functions. Theories concerning the carotid body receptor mechanism are discussed with particular reference to those theories which ascribe functions to the reciprocal synapses."}
{"id": "PMID:1201591", "title": "Comparative histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the sinus and venous walls of the human spleen with special reference to the sinus-venous connections.", "content": "Sinus and venous walls of normal human spleens were studied with enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic methods. Particular attention was paid to the connections between sinuses and veins. Histochemically the sinus lining cells revealed a distinct naphthol-AS-acetate-esterase activity but no reaction for alkaline phosphatase. Venous endothelial cells were positive for the latter but negative for the former enzyme. In the sinus-venous junctional area there were no endothelial cells with reactivity for both enzymes. Electron microscopically both the sinus lining cells and the venous endothelial cells could be clearly characterized and therefore easily distinguished from one another on morphological grounds. There were no clear ultrastrural indications of transitional forms between sinus lining cells and venous endothelial cells in the sinus-venous area. According to these findings, sinus lining cells represent a specialized endothelium, but one with practically no morphological similarities to the venous endothelium.", "contents": "Comparative histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the sinus and venous walls of the human spleen with special reference to the sinus-venous connections. Sinus and venous walls of normal human spleens were studied with enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic methods. Particular attention was paid to the connections between sinuses and veins. Histochemically the sinus lining cells revealed a distinct naphthol-AS-acetate-esterase activity but no reaction for alkaline phosphatase. Venous endothelial cells were positive for the latter but negative for the former enzyme. In the sinus-venous junctional area there were no endothelial cells with reactivity for both enzymes. Electron microscopically both the sinus lining cells and the venous endothelial cells could be clearly characterized and therefore easily distinguished from one another on morphological grounds. There were no clear ultrastrural indications of transitional forms between sinus lining cells and venous endothelial cells in the sinus-venous area. According to these findings, sinus lining cells represent a specialized endothelium, but one with practically no morphological similarities to the venous endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1201592", "title": "Myoid cells in the peritubular tissue (Lamina propria) of the reptilian testis.", "content": "The arrangement and fine structure of peritubular myoid cells was studied in the testes of three species of reptiles (Lacerta dugesi, Testudo graeca and Natrix natrix) during two short periods of the seasonal cycle (European spring and autumn) and correlated with some ultrastructural properties of Leydig cells. The lamina propria consists of myoid cells, fibroblasts and non-cellular components comprising collageneous and non-striated microfibrils. Both components are arranged in alternating layers surrounding seminiferous tubules. In spring the lamina propria of lacertilian testis shows 1-5 layers of myoid cells which are rich in 50-70 A filaments and exhibit plasmalemmal and intracellular dense patches, smooth vesicles along the cell membrane and a concentration of organelles in a juxtanuclear position. Leydig cells are rich in smooth ER profiles and have few lipid droplets. In atumumn most myoid cells are replaced by fibroblast-like elements. Leydig cells display large numbers of lipid droplets and dense bodies, but only small amounts of agranular ER. Similar changes are noted in Leydig cells of Testudo and Natrix. However, in these species the boundary tissue of seminiferous tubules fails to show significant alterations comparing spring and autumn animals. In both species the lamina propria exhibits a few fibroblast-like cells interspersed among myoid cells.", "contents": "Myoid cells in the peritubular tissue (Lamina propria) of the reptilian testis. The arrangement and fine structure of peritubular myoid cells was studied in the testes of three species of reptiles (Lacerta dugesi, Testudo graeca and Natrix natrix) during two short periods of the seasonal cycle (European spring and autumn) and correlated with some ultrastructural properties of Leydig cells. The lamina propria consists of myoid cells, fibroblasts and non-cellular components comprising collageneous and non-striated microfibrils. Both components are arranged in alternating layers surrounding seminiferous tubules. In spring the lamina propria of lacertilian testis shows 1-5 layers of myoid cells which are rich in 50-70 A filaments and exhibit plasmalemmal and intracellular dense patches, smooth vesicles along the cell membrane and a concentration of organelles in a juxtanuclear position. Leydig cells are rich in smooth ER profiles and have few lipid droplets. In atumumn most myoid cells are replaced by fibroblast-like elements. Leydig cells display large numbers of lipid droplets and dense bodies, but only small amounts of agranular ER. Similar changes are noted in Leydig cells of Testudo and Natrix. However, in these species the boundary tissue of seminiferous tubules fails to show significant alterations comparing spring and autumn animals. In both species the lamina propria exhibits a few fibroblast-like cells interspersed among myoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1201593", "title": "Observations on the fine structure, enzyme histochemistry, and innervation of parathyroid gland and ultimobranchial body of Chthonerpeton indistinctum (Gymnophiona, Amphibia).", "content": "Fine structural and enzyme histochemical observations on ultimobranchial body and parathyroid gland of the caecilian Chthonerpeton are presented. The cell clusters and follicles of the ultimobranchial body consist mainly of granulated cells which are termed C-cells and obviously belong to the APUD cell series. In the larger follicles additional possibly exhausted degranulated cells and replacement cells occur. A rich supply of nerve fibres has been found in this gland. Frequently nerve terminals were observed to come into synaptic contact with the C-cells. Two categories of nerve fibres occur: a) fibres containing large polymorphic electron dense granules (probably purinergic fibres), b) fibres containing small electron transparent vesicles and a few electron dense granules (probably cholinergic fibres). The parathyroid gland consists of elongated cells (one cell type) poor in organelles and often containing fields of glycogen and lipid droplets. The cells are further characterized by fair amounts of lysosomal enzymes; they are interconnected by maculae adhaerentes and occludentes. No nerves and blood vessels have been found in the parathyroid gland of Chthonerpeton.", "contents": "Observations on the fine structure, enzyme histochemistry, and innervation of parathyroid gland and ultimobranchial body of Chthonerpeton indistinctum (Gymnophiona, Amphibia). Fine structural and enzyme histochemical observations on ultimobranchial body and parathyroid gland of the caecilian Chthonerpeton are presented. The cell clusters and follicles of the ultimobranchial body consist mainly of granulated cells which are termed C-cells and obviously belong to the APUD cell series. In the larger follicles additional possibly exhausted degranulated cells and replacement cells occur. A rich supply of nerve fibres has been found in this gland. Frequently nerve terminals were observed to come into synaptic contact with the C-cells. Two categories of nerve fibres occur: a) fibres containing large polymorphic electron dense granules (probably purinergic fibres), b) fibres containing small electron transparent vesicles and a few electron dense granules (probably cholinergic fibres). The parathyroid gland consists of elongated cells (one cell type) poor in organelles and often containing fields of glycogen and lipid droplets. The cells are further characterized by fair amounts of lysosomal enzymes; they are interconnected by maculae adhaerentes and occludentes. No nerves and blood vessels have been found in the parathyroid gland of Chthonerpeton."}
{"id": "PMID:1201594", "title": "Electron microscope studies on the intermediate lobe of the embryonic mouse.", "content": "The development of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis was studied in the embryonic C3H mouse; at least four glands from embryos of every gestational day from 15 to 19 were examined. In the 16 day-old embryo prospective secretory cells proliferate at the centre of the intermediate lobe anlage. At the same stage cylindrical cells bordering the hypophyseal cleft begin to reorganize into marginal cells. By the end of fetal life marginal cells are well differentiated. In the 17 day-old embryo a few granular inclusions appear in some centrally located cells. Secretory cells increase in number during the following two embryonic days. Some of these cells contain polymorphic populations of granular and vesicular inclusions by gestational day 19. The possibility of a dual formation of secretory inclusions is discussed. The result implies that the onset of granule-formation by these cells is not contemporaneous with the start of production of melanophore-expanding substances, the presence of which has been detected by earlier biological assays.", "contents": "Electron microscope studies on the intermediate lobe of the embryonic mouse. The development of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis was studied in the embryonic C3H mouse; at least four glands from embryos of every gestational day from 15 to 19 were examined. In the 16 day-old embryo prospective secretory cells proliferate at the centre of the intermediate lobe anlage. At the same stage cylindrical cells bordering the hypophyseal cleft begin to reorganize into marginal cells. By the end of fetal life marginal cells are well differentiated. In the 17 day-old embryo a few granular inclusions appear in some centrally located cells. Secretory cells increase in number during the following two embryonic days. Some of these cells contain polymorphic populations of granular and vesicular inclusions by gestational day 19. The possibility of a dual formation of secretory inclusions is discussed. The result implies that the onset of granule-formation by these cells is not contemporaneous with the start of production of melanophore-expanding substances, the presence of which has been detected by earlier biological assays."}
{"id": "PMID:1201595", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in spermatozoa of the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia), during epididymal transit. Part I: The flagellum.", "content": "During epididymal transit, a fibre network and an array of vesicles develop in the posterior two-thirds of the midpiece in sperm of the Brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. The fibre network is developed by the time the sperm reach the corpus epididymidis, and is composed of evenly spaced, helically arranged fibres lying immediately beneath the plasma membrane. The angle of these fibrous helices is always counter to that of the underlying mitochondrial helix. Separating the fibre network from the mitochondria is a layer of granular material which develops at the same time, and over the same length of the midpiece as the fibre network. A somewhat tenuous fibre network is found between the fibrous sheath and plasma membrane in the anterior principal piece of sperm from all regions of the epididymis. The array of vesicles is developed by the time sperm reach the cauda epididymidis. The vesicles resemble pinocytotic vesicles; some appear as invaginations of the plasma membrane, and are open to the medium surrounding the spermatozoon by a narrow neck, while others are entirely enclosed within the spermatozoon, and lie at varying distances between the plasma membrane and the layer of granular material.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in spermatozoa of the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia), during epididymal transit. Part I: The flagellum. During epididymal transit, a fibre network and an array of vesicles develop in the posterior two-thirds of the midpiece in sperm of the Brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. The fibre network is developed by the time the sperm reach the corpus epididymidis, and is composed of evenly spaced, helically arranged fibres lying immediately beneath the plasma membrane. The angle of these fibrous helices is always counter to that of the underlying mitochondrial helix. Separating the fibre network from the mitochondria is a layer of granular material which develops at the same time, and over the same length of the midpiece as the fibre network. A somewhat tenuous fibre network is found between the fibrous sheath and plasma membrane in the anterior principal piece of sperm from all regions of the epididymis. The array of vesicles is developed by the time sperm reach the cauda epididymidis. The vesicles resemble pinocytotic vesicles; some appear as invaginations of the plasma membrane, and are open to the medium surrounding the spermatozoon by a narrow neck, while others are entirely enclosed within the spermatozoon, and lie at varying distances between the plasma membrane and the layer of granular material."}
{"id": "PMID:1201596", "title": "Ultrastructure of the larval firefly light organ as related to control of light emission.", "content": "The firefly larva has a pair of light organs consisting of a layer of interdigitating, light emitting cells, covered dorsally with a layer of opaque, white cells. Each light organ is ventilated by one large and several smaller tracheal branches and is innervated by a branch of the segmental nerve containing two axons. These axons branch profusely in the photocyte layer so that several nerve profiles are seen around any photocyte. Nerve terminals contain large dense-core vesicles and small light-core vesicles. Clusters of light-core vesicles surrounding irregularly shaped membrane densifications, presumably the synapses between nerve and photocyte, are common in nerve terminals. Light emitting cells in insects characteristically contain photocyte vesicles. In the larva there are both full and empty photocyte vesicles; the full vesicles contain a matrix with tubular membrane invaginations in contrast to the empty vesicles which contain amorphous membrane invaginations.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the larval firefly light organ as related to control of light emission. The firefly larva has a pair of light organs consisting of a layer of interdigitating, light emitting cells, covered dorsally with a layer of opaque, white cells. Each light organ is ventilated by one large and several smaller tracheal branches and is innervated by a branch of the segmental nerve containing two axons. These axons branch profusely in the photocyte layer so that several nerve profiles are seen around any photocyte. Nerve terminals contain large dense-core vesicles and small light-core vesicles. Clusters of light-core vesicles surrounding irregularly shaped membrane densifications, presumably the synapses between nerve and photocyte, are common in nerve terminals. Light emitting cells in insects characteristically contain photocyte vesicles. In the larva there are both full and empty photocyte vesicles; the full vesicles contain a matrix with tubular membrane invaginations in contrast to the empty vesicles which contain amorphous membrane invaginations."}
{"id": "PMID:1201597", "title": "Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat. IV. Interendothelial junctions of cerebral blood vessels from selected areas of the brain.", "content": "Interendothelial membrane contacts in different segments of brain blood vessels were investigated by the freeze-etching technique. The study demonstrated that the endothelial cells of the pre- and postcapillary segments were coupled by elaborate zonulae occludentes. These tight junction formations encompassed gap junctions of different sizes and distribution. The globules of the pre- and postcapillary tight junctions revealed a great fragility which led to an atypical distribution of the sealing elements. In the \"typical\" brain capillaries the endothelial cells were connected by continuous  tight junctions. In contrast to the structural continuity of these formations the fenestrated segments of capillaries in the choroid plexus and area postrema demonstrated discontinuous fasciae occludentes. They were composed of rows of individual particles which should be regarded primarily as focal in nature.", "contents": "Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat. IV. Interendothelial junctions of cerebral blood vessels from selected areas of the brain. Interendothelial membrane contacts in different segments of brain blood vessels were investigated by the freeze-etching technique. The study demonstrated that the endothelial cells of the pre- and postcapillary segments were coupled by elaborate zonulae occludentes. These tight junction formations encompassed gap junctions of different sizes and distribution. The globules of the pre- and postcapillary tight junctions revealed a great fragility which led to an atypical distribution of the sealing elements. In the \"typical\" brain capillaries the endothelial cells were connected by continuous  tight junctions. In contrast to the structural continuity of these formations the fenestrated segments of capillaries in the choroid plexus and area postrema demonstrated discontinuous fasciae occludentes. They were composed of rows of individual particles which should be regarded primarily as focal in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1201598", "title": "Responses of the ultimobranchial body in eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) maintained in sea water and experimentally matured, to injections of synthetic salmon calcitonin.", "content": "The effect of a synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) treatment on ultimobranchial body (UB) activity in eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) maintained in seawater and submitted to experimental maturation, has been studied histologically. 2. The activity of the glands of a control group of eels maintained in sea water was taken as a reference. 3. The UB parenchyma showed a marked atrophy in the fish treated with SCT alone and serum calcium decreased significantly in this group. 4. Immature female silver eels receiving carp pituitary extract (CPE 1 mg/100 g body wt. per injections) until complete maturation presented high hypercalcemia associated with cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the UB. 5. SCT treatment did not prevent the hypercalcemia provoked by CPE injections. UB activity was strongly increased in this case. 6. These data indicate that the activity of the UB in eels varies with both physiological and experimental hypercalcemia, and responds to SCT injections.", "contents": "Responses of the ultimobranchial body in eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) maintained in sea water and experimentally matured, to injections of synthetic salmon calcitonin. The effect of a synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) treatment on ultimobranchial body (UB) activity in eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) maintained in seawater and submitted to experimental maturation, has been studied histologically. 2. The activity of the glands of a control group of eels maintained in sea water was taken as a reference. 3. The UB parenchyma showed a marked atrophy in the fish treated with SCT alone and serum calcium decreased significantly in this group. 4. Immature female silver eels receiving carp pituitary extract (CPE 1 mg/100 g body wt. per injections) until complete maturation presented high hypercalcemia associated with cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the UB. 5. SCT treatment did not prevent the hypercalcemia provoked by CPE injections. UB activity was strongly increased in this case. 6. These data indicate that the activity of the UB in eels varies with both physiological and experimental hypercalcemia, and responds to SCT injections."}
{"id": "PMID:1201599", "title": "The ultrastructure of the swimbladder of the toadfish, opsanus tau L.", "content": "The anterior chamber of the swimbladder of the toadfish Opsarmustau L. is lined by a single layer of columnar gas gland cells, cuboidal cells that resemble gas gland cells but are located outside of the gas gland region, and squamous cells. Multilamellar bodies are numerous in the gas gland cells and the cuboidal cells and are present in smaller numbers in the squamous cells. Capillaries lie in the lamina propria directly below the epithelial lining. A thick continuous muscularis mucosae and a submucosa consisting of tightly packed cells, cell processes, and connective tissue may contribute to the impermeability to gases of the wall of the anterior chamber. The posterior chamber of the swimbladder is lined by a single type of squamous epithelial cell. Multilamellar bodies were occasionally observed in these cells also. Other types of cells frequently form a partial second layer between the epithelial lining and the basement lamina. A thin muscularis mucosae lies directly below the basement lamina and the capillaries of the posterior chamber are located in the submucosa. The tunica externa is a layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds both the anterior and posterior chambers. Collagen fibrils in the form of tactoids are present in this layer.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the swimbladder of the toadfish, opsanus tau L. The anterior chamber of the swimbladder of the toadfish Opsarmustau L. is lined by a single layer of columnar gas gland cells, cuboidal cells that resemble gas gland cells but are located outside of the gas gland region, and squamous cells. Multilamellar bodies are numerous in the gas gland cells and the cuboidal cells and are present in smaller numbers in the squamous cells. Capillaries lie in the lamina propria directly below the epithelial lining. A thick continuous muscularis mucosae and a submucosa consisting of tightly packed cells, cell processes, and connective tissue may contribute to the impermeability to gases of the wall of the anterior chamber. The posterior chamber of the swimbladder is lined by a single type of squamous epithelial cell. Multilamellar bodies were occasionally observed in these cells also. Other types of cells frequently form a partial second layer between the epithelial lining and the basement lamina. A thin muscularis mucosae lies directly below the basement lamina and the capillaries of the posterior chamber are located in the submucosa. The tunica externa is a layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds both the anterior and posterior chambers. Collagen fibrils in the form of tactoids are present in this layer."}
{"id": "PMID:1201600", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in granulosa lutein cells and progesterone levels during preimplantation, implatation, and early placentation in the western spotted skunk.", "content": "The ultrastructure of corpora lutea obtained during the preimplantation implantation and early post-implantation periods has been studied in 20 western spotted skunks. Fine structure of granulosa lutein cells was correlated with progesterone levels. The corpus luteum of the prolonged (7 month) preimplantaion period contained undifferentiated small granulosa cells and differentiated large granulosa lutein cells. The former ranged in size between 12 and 20 mu and the latter between 20 and 45 mu. The ratio of small and large cells was about equal in an animal 2 days prior to nidation whereas only few small cells and numerous large cells were observed in an animal estimated to be 8 to 12 hours from nidation. Occasionally small cells were observed amidst large ones during the 24 hour nidation period, i.e. adhesion of trophoblast with the luminal uterine epithelium, but small cells were absent in animals after this period. Small cells had some smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum rod-shaped mitochondria with plate-like cristae, small Golgi complex, and relatively smooth plasma membranes. Large lutein cells had abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, membranous whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, usually round mitochondria with tubular and lamellar cristae, a well developed Golgi complex, variable amounts of lipid droplets, and highly plicated and ruffled plasma membranes. Peripheral plasma progesterone levels during the prolonged preimplantation period ranged between 1.1 and 7.9 ng/ml, but during implantation it was between 8 and 16.6 ng/ml. It is suggested that plasma progesterone levels fluctuate during the time of implantation and should not be regarded as a basis to predict actual nidation in the western spotted skunk.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in granulosa lutein cells and progesterone levels during preimplantation, implatation, and early placentation in the western spotted skunk. The ultrastructure of corpora lutea obtained during the preimplantation implantation and early post-implantation periods has been studied in 20 western spotted skunks. Fine structure of granulosa lutein cells was correlated with progesterone levels. The corpus luteum of the prolonged (7 month) preimplantaion period contained undifferentiated small granulosa cells and differentiated large granulosa lutein cells. The former ranged in size between 12 and 20 mu and the latter between 20 and 45 mu. The ratio of small and large cells was about equal in an animal 2 days prior to nidation whereas only few small cells and numerous large cells were observed in an animal estimated to be 8 to 12 hours from nidation. Occasionally small cells were observed amidst large ones during the 24 hour nidation period, i.e. adhesion of trophoblast with the luminal uterine epithelium, but small cells were absent in animals after this period. Small cells had some smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum rod-shaped mitochondria with plate-like cristae, small Golgi complex, and relatively smooth plasma membranes. Large lutein cells had abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, membranous whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, usually round mitochondria with tubular and lamellar cristae, a well developed Golgi complex, variable amounts of lipid droplets, and highly plicated and ruffled plasma membranes. Peripheral plasma progesterone levels during the prolonged preimplantation period ranged between 1.1 and 7.9 ng/ml, but during implantation it was between 8 and 16.6 ng/ml. It is suggested that plasma progesterone levels fluctuate during the time of implantation and should not be regarded as a basis to predict actual nidation in the western spotted skunk."}
{"id": "PMID:1201601", "title": "The fine structure of the kidney of the hagfish (Myxine glutinosa L.): A thin section and freeze-fracture study.", "content": "The fine structure of the kidney (glomerulus and archinephric duct) of the hagfish. Myxine glutinosa (L.) was studied in thin sections and by freeze-fracture technique. The glomerular filtration barrier is similar to that of mammalian kidneys. However, endothelial fenestrations are relatively scanty and the basement membranes of endothelial cells and podocytes always appear separated by a layer of collagen fibrils and microfibrils often surrounding numerous and extended mesangial cells. Between podocytes and their processes maculae occludentes and peculiar junctions of another type occur. The zonulae occludentes between epithelial cells of the archinephric duct are composed of five or more strands, occasionally of only one or two.", "contents": "The fine structure of the kidney of the hagfish (Myxine glutinosa L.): A thin section and freeze-fracture study. The fine structure of the kidney (glomerulus and archinephric duct) of the hagfish. Myxine glutinosa (L.) was studied in thin sections and by freeze-fracture technique. The glomerular filtration barrier is similar to that of mammalian kidneys. However, endothelial fenestrations are relatively scanty and the basement membranes of endothelial cells and podocytes always appear separated by a layer of collagen fibrils and microfibrils often surrounding numerous and extended mesangial cells. Between podocytes and their processes maculae occludentes and peculiar junctions of another type occur. The zonulae occludentes between epithelial cells of the archinephric duct are composed of five or more strands, occasionally of only one or two."}
{"id": "PMID:1201602", "title": "The development and fine structure of ultimobranchial glands in larval anurans. II. Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, and Rana ridibunda.", "content": "A comparative optical microscopic and ultrastructural study on the ultimobranchial (UB) glands of three common species of Israeli anurans: Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, and Rana ridibunda during metamorphosis is presented. The UB glands typically consist of a single follicle with a central lumen, though occasionally secondary follicles are present in Hyla and Rana. A single UB cell type is found which appears either in a very electron-dense \"dark\" form or as a less dense \"light\" form, though the ratio of dark: light cells from gland to gland at any one stage of metamorphic development is quite variable. By the end of metamorphosis in Bufo and Hyla all the UB cells are usually of the light variety, whereas in Rana the dark cells persist. The organelles of these secretory cells including secretory granules, granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, tonofilaments, microtubules, Golgi bodies, and lipid droplets, their distribution, abundance, and possible functions in relation to metamorphosis are described. Apocrine secretion into the central lumen of the gland is also described and discussed.", "contents": "The development and fine structure of ultimobranchial glands in larval anurans. II. Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, and Rana ridibunda. A comparative optical microscopic and ultrastructural study on the ultimobranchial (UB) glands of three common species of Israeli anurans: Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, and Rana ridibunda during metamorphosis is presented. The UB glands typically consist of a single follicle with a central lumen, though occasionally secondary follicles are present in Hyla and Rana. A single UB cell type is found which appears either in a very electron-dense \"dark\" form or as a less dense \"light\" form, though the ratio of dark: light cells from gland to gland at any one stage of metamorphic development is quite variable. By the end of metamorphosis in Bufo and Hyla all the UB cells are usually of the light variety, whereas in Rana the dark cells persist. The organelles of these secretory cells including secretory granules, granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, tonofilaments, microtubules, Golgi bodies, and lipid droplets, their distribution, abundance, and possible functions in relation to metamorphosis are described. Apocrine secretion into the central lumen of the gland is also described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201603", "title": "Sizes and numbers of nuclei in the cortex of thymus glands of red-billed weavers Quelea quelea.", "content": "The cortex of the thymus glands of embryos, chicks, juveniles, fledglings and adults from several colonies of Quelea quelea were studied using an image analyser (Quantimet 720) to determine cell populations and nuclear sizes. Just prior to hatching the lobes showed a high level of mitosis and consisted of predominantly small lymphocytes. The larger glands of chicks and juveniles had higher cell populations; pyknotic cells and erythrocytes occurred free in the cortex. The lobes of adults were more variable but in general mitosis occurred in enlarging glands of adults from colonies with eggs; most lobes contained pyknotic cells but not in such high numbers as in lobes from chicks and fledglings. Erythrocytes were common, occurring in large numbers in the cortex in some birds. The factors affecting the interpretation of these data are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Sizes and numbers of nuclei in the cortex of thymus glands of red-billed weavers Quelea quelea. The cortex of the thymus glands of embryos, chicks, juveniles, fledglings and adults from several colonies of Quelea quelea were studied using an image analyser (Quantimet 720) to determine cell populations and nuclear sizes. Just prior to hatching the lobes showed a high level of mitosis and consisted of predominantly small lymphocytes. The larger glands of chicks and juveniles had higher cell populations; pyknotic cells and erythrocytes occurred free in the cortex. The lobes of adults were more variable but in general mitosis occurred in enlarging glands of adults from colonies with eggs; most lobes contained pyknotic cells but not in such high numbers as in lobes from chicks and fledglings. Erythrocytes were common, occurring in large numbers in the cortex in some birds. The factors affecting the interpretation of these data are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1201604", "title": "The fate of N-dansyl-L-phenylalanine in the cerebrospinal fluid after intraventricular and intracisternal injection: a comparative fluorescence microscopic and analytical study.", "content": "Absorption, accumulation and release of N-Dansyl-L-phenylalanine (DPA) through the ependyma, plexus choriodei and brain parenchyma after intraventricular and intracisternal injection was examined at different postinjection intervals by fluorescence microscopy. The following results were obtained: 1. After intraventricular injection, DPA is rapidly absorbed from the ependyma and plexus choriodei in all ventricles and subsequently disappears from the various points of the ventricles at different times. DPA is no longer evident in the ependyma after 40 min and the plexus after 90 min. Aborption and storage occur primarily in the dopaminergic centers of the brain. This stage begins 5 min p.i. attains a maximum after 40 min and is maintained up to 180 min p.i. 2. If DPA is administered intracisternally, fluorescence is initially restricted to the ependyma and choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle and to the wall of the aquaeduct. Only at 5-10 min p.i. are rostral ventricular portions labelled. Passage of the amino acid out of the ventricle only occurs to a limited extent. 40 min after intracisternal injection, DPA is no longer demonstrable in the ependyma and plexus or brain parenchyma. 3. Intrathecally administered DPA appears in the periglomerular tubules of the kidney as well 2.5 min p.i. and is stored there for up to 40 min. The kidney medulla remains free of fluorescence. 4. DPA injected into the CSF is protein-bound.", "contents": "The fate of N-dansyl-L-phenylalanine in the cerebrospinal fluid after intraventricular and intracisternal injection: a comparative fluorescence microscopic and analytical study. Absorption, accumulation and release of N-Dansyl-L-phenylalanine (DPA) through the ependyma, plexus choriodei and brain parenchyma after intraventricular and intracisternal injection was examined at different postinjection intervals by fluorescence microscopy. The following results were obtained: 1. After intraventricular injection, DPA is rapidly absorbed from the ependyma and plexus choriodei in all ventricles and subsequently disappears from the various points of the ventricles at different times. DPA is no longer evident in the ependyma after 40 min and the plexus after 90 min. Aborption and storage occur primarily in the dopaminergic centers of the brain. This stage begins 5 min p.i. attains a maximum after 40 min and is maintained up to 180 min p.i. 2. If DPA is administered intracisternally, fluorescence is initially restricted to the ependyma and choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle and to the wall of the aquaeduct. Only at 5-10 min p.i. are rostral ventricular portions labelled. Passage of the amino acid out of the ventricle only occurs to a limited extent. 40 min after intracisternal injection, DPA is no longer demonstrable in the ependyma and plexus or brain parenchyma. 3. Intrathecally administered DPA appears in the periglomerular tubules of the kidney as well 2.5 min p.i. and is stored there for up to 40 min. The kidney medulla remains free of fluorescence. 4. DPA injected into the CSF is protein-bound."}
{"id": "PMID:1201605", "title": "Fine structural demonstration of acid phosphatase in rabbit germinal epithelium prior to induced ovulation.", "content": "The germinal or surface epithelium covering rabbit Graafian follicles contains occasional small, dark, lysosome-like bodies. After an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) such bodies gradually increase in size and number. At 8 hr after HCG there is a maximal accumulation in the apical follicle cells; then the dense bodies decrease and just prior to ovulation, 9.5 hr after HCG, only few of them remain in the attenuated surface epithelium. Most of the growing membrane-surrounded bodies probably represent lysosomes, since electron microscopy combined with cytochemistry revealed that many of them contain the lysosomal \"marker\" enzyme, acid phosphatase. The role of sex steroids and prostaglandins regarding lysosomal growth and LABILization is discussed. The close temporal relation between disappearance of the apical surface epithelial lysosomes and disintegration of the underlying tunica albuginea gives further support to our working hypothesis that at least part of the \"ovulatory enzymes\" emanate from the surface epithelium.", "contents": "Fine structural demonstration of acid phosphatase in rabbit germinal epithelium prior to induced ovulation. The germinal or surface epithelium covering rabbit Graafian follicles contains occasional small, dark, lysosome-like bodies. After an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) such bodies gradually increase in size and number. At 8 hr after HCG there is a maximal accumulation in the apical follicle cells; then the dense bodies decrease and just prior to ovulation, 9.5 hr after HCG, only few of them remain in the attenuated surface epithelium. Most of the growing membrane-surrounded bodies probably represent lysosomes, since electron microscopy combined with cytochemistry revealed that many of them contain the lysosomal \"marker\" enzyme, acid phosphatase. The role of sex steroids and prostaglandins regarding lysosomal growth and LABILization is discussed. The close temporal relation between disappearance of the apical surface epithelial lysosomes and disintegration of the underlying tunica albuginea gives further support to our working hypothesis that at least part of the \"ovulatory enzymes\" emanate from the surface epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1201606", "title": "Luteinizing hormone, progesterone and the morphological development of normal and superovulated corpora lutea in sheep.", "content": "The development of granulosa-lutein cells was studied in 27 normal and 32 superovulated ewes between days 0-4(day 0 began with the preovulatory LH peak in normal animals and the HCG injection in superovulated ewes). The pattern of differentiation was similar in both groups. Following initial hormonal stimulation (0-12 hours after LH or HCG), granulosa cells were approximately 100 mu2 and contained small, pleomorphic nuclei with large amounts of clumped chromatin. Elongate cells lining the basement membrane possessed large, heterogeneous dense bodies, and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. Mitotic figures were observed up to 6 hours prior to ovulation. Sixteen to 20 hours following the LH surge or HCG injection, hypertrophy of granulosa cells was evident. Nuclei contained definitive nucleoli. Blood vessels in the theca interna were abundant and highly dilated. Ovulation occurred approximately 24 hours after the LH peak or HCG injection. Visible signs of luteinization were evident 6-12 hours after ovulation. A slight increase in serum progesterone levels was detected. The second post-ovulatory day was characterized by continuing hypertrophy of granulosa cells and extensive proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Nuclei of granulosa cells were larger and possessed extremely large nucleoli. Numerous mitotic figures were apparent within the corpus luteum. Serum progesterone concentrations began increasing at 60-72 hours after hormone stimulation. By the end of the third post-ovulatory day, the corpus luteum consisted of large, pleomorphic, parenchymal cells, interspersed between capillaries and connective tissue elements. Only an occasional mitotic figure was apparent within the corpus luteum at 100 hours. Light microscopic autoradiography of 5, 10, and 15 day corpora lutea taken from ewes pulsed with 3H thymidine at specific times before and after ovulation revealed that granulosa cells did not undergo secondary mitoses following ovulation. In contrast, thecal, mesenchymal and endothelial cells did mitose on day 3.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone, progesterone and the morphological development of normal and superovulated corpora lutea in sheep. The development of granulosa-lutein cells was studied in 27 normal and 32 superovulated ewes between days 0-4(day 0 began with the preovulatory LH peak in normal animals and the HCG injection in superovulated ewes). The pattern of differentiation was similar in both groups. Following initial hormonal stimulation (0-12 hours after LH or HCG), granulosa cells were approximately 100 mu2 and contained small, pleomorphic nuclei with large amounts of clumped chromatin. Elongate cells lining the basement membrane possessed large, heterogeneous dense bodies, and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. Mitotic figures were observed up to 6 hours prior to ovulation. Sixteen to 20 hours following the LH surge or HCG injection, hypertrophy of granulosa cells was evident. Nuclei contained definitive nucleoli. Blood vessels in the theca interna were abundant and highly dilated. Ovulation occurred approximately 24 hours after the LH peak or HCG injection. Visible signs of luteinization were evident 6-12 hours after ovulation. A slight increase in serum progesterone levels was detected. The second post-ovulatory day was characterized by continuing hypertrophy of granulosa cells and extensive proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Nuclei of granulosa cells were larger and possessed extremely large nucleoli. Numerous mitotic figures were apparent within the corpus luteum. Serum progesterone concentrations began increasing at 60-72 hours after hormone stimulation. By the end of the third post-ovulatory day, the corpus luteum consisted of large, pleomorphic, parenchymal cells, interspersed between capillaries and connective tissue elements. Only an occasional mitotic figure was apparent within the corpus luteum at 100 hours. Light microscopic autoradiography of 5, 10, and 15 day corpora lutea taken from ewes pulsed with 3H thymidine at specific times before and after ovulation revealed that granulosa cells did not undergo secondary mitoses following ovulation. In contrast, thecal, mesenchymal and endothelial cells did mitose on day 3."}
{"id": "PMID:1201607", "title": "Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat. V. The junctional complex of the pia-arachnoid membrane.", "content": "The leptomeningeal tissue of the choroid plexuses and of the brain surfaces have been studied by means of the freeze-etching technique. The pia-arachnoid membrane and the subdural neurothel represent the morphological barrier between the extracerebral tissue and the cerebrospinal compartment. The freeze-etch findings indicate that the arachnoid and neurothelial cells are coupled by extensive zonulae occludentes which seem to represent the structural basis of the barrier mechanism provided by these cell layers. Furthermore, it became evident that gap junctions of considerable structural heterogeneity occur on the pial and arachnoid cells of the interstitial choroidal compartment and of the free brain surfaces. The structural heterogeneity of the nexuses is taken as an indication of the plasticity of the leptomeningeal tissue. The different morphological characteristics of the nexal formations are discussed with respect to their probable functional meaning.", "contents": "Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat. V. The junctional complex of the pia-arachnoid membrane. The leptomeningeal tissue of the choroid plexuses and of the brain surfaces have been studied by means of the freeze-etching technique. The pia-arachnoid membrane and the subdural neurothel represent the morphological barrier between the extracerebral tissue and the cerebrospinal compartment. The freeze-etch findings indicate that the arachnoid and neurothelial cells are coupled by extensive zonulae occludentes which seem to represent the structural basis of the barrier mechanism provided by these cell layers. Furthermore, it became evident that gap junctions of considerable structural heterogeneity occur on the pial and arachnoid cells of the interstitial choroidal compartment and of the free brain surfaces. The structural heterogeneity of the nexuses is taken as an indication of the plasticity of the leptomeningeal tissue. The different morphological characteristics of the nexal formations are discussed with respect to their probable functional meaning."}
{"id": "PMID:1201608", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on neuromuscular contacts and the formation of junctions in the flight muscle of Antheraea polyphemus (Lep.). II. Changes after motor nerve section.", "content": "In the moth Antheraea polyphemed at the onset of adult development. The subsequent breakdown of the isolated motor stulongated vesicles similar in structure to channels of smooth ER, appear in large numbers in the axoplasm. Their nature as well as the functional aspects of early axonal changes are discussed. From the 7th day onward two types of axonal breakdown become prominent. The first is characterized 0y swelling axon profiles, distorted vesicles and strongly shrunken mitochondria, uhile shrinking axon profiles containing tightly packed mitochondria and unaltered vesicles are typical of the second. Both types presumably take place independently of each other in different axon terminals. Axons and the contents of at least the first type are finally removed by transformation into lamellar bodies. Glial processes obviously behave independently of degenerating terminals; they loose any contact with them and never act as phagocytes for axon remnants. During the whole period of breakdown undifferentiated contacts between nerve fibers and muscle anlagen are present but synaptic structures as in normal developing dlm have never been observed. This fact, in comparison with earlier studies, suggests a lack of trophic nervous activity on the muscle anlagen tissue. A short time after removal of the isolated stumps new nerve tracts appear between dlm-fibers (which are, of course, strongly retarded in development). They are presumably sensory wing nerves which lack a guide structure to the central target, due to axotomy. Neuromuscular contacts or even junctions formed by axons of these nerves have occasionally been detected on the dlm. Their nature is discussed. Wallerian axon degeneration is compared to the normal, metamorphic breakdown of the innervation of the larval dlm-precursor. In contrast to the former, glial processes here remain in contact with the terminals. Glia and axons first swell. Then most glial processes are transformed into lamellar bodies whereas neurites shrink and become electron-dense. Axonal organelles remain intact for a long period.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on neuromuscular contacts and the formation of junctions in the flight muscle of Antheraea polyphemus (Lep.). II. Changes after motor nerve section. In the moth Antheraea polyphemed at the onset of adult development. The subsequent breakdown of the isolated motor stulongated vesicles similar in structure to channels of smooth ER, appear in large numbers in the axoplasm. Their nature as well as the functional aspects of early axonal changes are discussed. From the 7th day onward two types of axonal breakdown become prominent. The first is characterized 0y swelling axon profiles, distorted vesicles and strongly shrunken mitochondria, uhile shrinking axon profiles containing tightly packed mitochondria and unaltered vesicles are typical of the second. Both types presumably take place independently of each other in different axon terminals. Axons and the contents of at least the first type are finally removed by transformation into lamellar bodies. Glial processes obviously behave independently of degenerating terminals; they loose any contact with them and never act as phagocytes for axon remnants. During the whole period of breakdown undifferentiated contacts between nerve fibers and muscle anlagen are present but synaptic structures as in normal developing dlm have never been observed. This fact, in comparison with earlier studies, suggests a lack of trophic nervous activity on the muscle anlagen tissue. A short time after removal of the isolated stumps new nerve tracts appear between dlm-fibers (which are, of course, strongly retarded in development). They are presumably sensory wing nerves which lack a guide structure to the central target, due to axotomy. Neuromuscular contacts or even junctions formed by axons of these nerves have occasionally been detected on the dlm. Their nature is discussed. Wallerian axon degeneration is compared to the normal, metamorphic breakdown of the innervation of the larval dlm-precursor. In contrast to the former, glial processes here remain in contact with the terminals. Glia and axons first swell. Then most glial processes are transformed into lamellar bodies whereas neurites shrink and become electron-dense. Axonal organelles remain intact for a long period."}
{"id": "PMID:1201609", "title": "Scanning electron microscope observations on the muscle innervation of Oikopleura dioica Fol (Appendicularia, Tunicata) with notes on the arrangement of connective tissue fibres.", "content": "Critical point dried and fractured appendicularia of the species Oikopleura dioica have been examined in the scanning electron microscope. The dorsal nerve cord with ganglion cells and peripheral nerve fibres could easily be observed. Thick peripheral nerve fibres leave the nerve cord as bilateral pairs at constant intervals along the tail. Most of these fibres branch from the naked nerve cord, but some evidently originate in ganglion perikarya bulging out from the nerve cord itself. These paired peripheral nerves always have elaborate end-arborizations on the medial surface of the lateral muscle cells. They are accordingly interpreted as motor axons. Some thinner peripheral nerve fibres originate at irregular intervals from both the nerve cord and the ganglion cells. Due to the numerous extracellular fibrils that connect the bilateral layers of the epidermal fins and the muscle cells to each other, these thin nerve fibres can seldom be traced to their termination. A few ones can, however, be traced ventrally between the notochord and the muscle cells and seem to end in singular bulb-like expansions. Clusters of synaptic vesicles are present in transmission electron micrographs of such nerves, and they are accordingly believed to carry efferent impulses. The extracellular fibrils are arranged in a highly ordered pattern with thick bundles crossing the gap between the structures to be interconnected and with numerous radiating insertions on the surface of the tissues.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope observations on the muscle innervation of Oikopleura dioica Fol (Appendicularia, Tunicata) with notes on the arrangement of connective tissue fibres. Critical point dried and fractured appendicularia of the species Oikopleura dioica have been examined in the scanning electron microscope. The dorsal nerve cord with ganglion cells and peripheral nerve fibres could easily be observed. Thick peripheral nerve fibres leave the nerve cord as bilateral pairs at constant intervals along the tail. Most of these fibres branch from the naked nerve cord, but some evidently originate in ganglion perikarya bulging out from the nerve cord itself. These paired peripheral nerves always have elaborate end-arborizations on the medial surface of the lateral muscle cells. They are accordingly interpreted as motor axons. Some thinner peripheral nerve fibres originate at irregular intervals from both the nerve cord and the ganglion cells. Due to the numerous extracellular fibrils that connect the bilateral layers of the epidermal fins and the muscle cells to each other, these thin nerve fibres can seldom be traced to their termination. A few ones can, however, be traced ventrally between the notochord and the muscle cells and seem to end in singular bulb-like expansions. Clusters of synaptic vesicles are present in transmission electron micrographs of such nerves, and they are accordingly believed to carry efferent impulses. The extracellular fibrils are arranged in a highly ordered pattern with thick bundles crossing the gap between the structures to be interconnected and with numerous radiating insertions on the surface of the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1201610", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the rat liver sinusoid: endothelial and Kupffer cells.", "content": "The surface ultrastructure of Kupffer cells in the rat liver has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that Kupffer cells are both significantly different and clearly distinct from endothelial cells. Kupffer cells have neither pores (and/or \"sieve plates\") nor fenestrations, all of which are present in endothelial cells. They possess a stellate shape, and only indirectly, with slender and irregular evaginations, contribute to the lining of the sinusoidal wall. Furthermore, the luminal surface in some areas contains a large population of short microvilli, microphicae and invaginations. These elements form a kind of microlabyrinth which may correpond to the \"worm-like\" structures described by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study, transition forms between endothelial and Kupffer cells were never found. On the contrary, considering the highly fenestrated nature of the endothelial cells, the Kupffer cells may, by ameboid movements, easily cross the overlapping barrier of the sinusoid and protrude into the lumen. Thus, acting as activated macrophages, the Kupffer cells might function to prevent the entrance of foreign material into the tissues of the liver through the fragile and highly fenestrated endothelium. Finally, the topographical reconstruction of the sinusoid by correlated SEM and TEM studies demonstrates the Kupffer cells, with their protruding cytoplasm and ability to extend into the lumen of the sinusoid, may actually change the caliber of the vessel, and thus function as a \"sphincter\" which causes a temporary arrest of the blood flow when the diameter of the sinusoidal lumen is reduced.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the rat liver sinusoid: endothelial and Kupffer cells. The surface ultrastructure of Kupffer cells in the rat liver has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that Kupffer cells are both significantly different and clearly distinct from endothelial cells. Kupffer cells have neither pores (and/or \"sieve plates\") nor fenestrations, all of which are present in endothelial cells. They possess a stellate shape, and only indirectly, with slender and irregular evaginations, contribute to the lining of the sinusoidal wall. Furthermore, the luminal surface in some areas contains a large population of short microvilli, microphicae and invaginations. These elements form a kind of microlabyrinth which may correpond to the \"worm-like\" structures described by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study, transition forms between endothelial and Kupffer cells were never found. On the contrary, considering the highly fenestrated nature of the endothelial cells, the Kupffer cells may, by ameboid movements, easily cross the overlapping barrier of the sinusoid and protrude into the lumen. Thus, acting as activated macrophages, the Kupffer cells might function to prevent the entrance of foreign material into the tissues of the liver through the fragile and highly fenestrated endothelium. Finally, the topographical reconstruction of the sinusoid by correlated SEM and TEM studies demonstrates the Kupffer cells, with their protruding cytoplasm and ability to extend into the lumen of the sinusoid, may actually change the caliber of the vessel, and thus function as a \"sphincter\" which causes a temporary arrest of the blood flow when the diameter of the sinusoidal lumen is reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1201611", "title": "A karyometric and stereologic study of the effects of gonadotrophin and testosterone on the interstitial gland of the testis of intact and endoxan treated rats.", "content": "Adult male rats were treated daily for 18 days with endoxan in doses of 4 mg/kg of body weight or testosterone in doses 2.5 mg per rat. For the last 5 days of the experiment some of the rats received gonadotrophin injections in doses of 50 I.U. Karyometric and stereologic studies were undertaken on paraffin sections of the testes stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Endoxan treatment decrease the nuclear volume of the Leydig cells and lowers the volume fraction occupied by the interstitial gland in the testis. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of reaction for acid phosphatase, non-specific esterases and 3-beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase. Testosterone injected alone or jointly with endoxan resulted in more pronounced changes than following treatment with endoxan alone. As expected, gonadotrophin injections into intact rats resulted in a marked increase in nuclear volume of the Leydig cells and in the volume fraction of the interstitial gland. This effect of gonadotrophin on the interstitial gland of the rat testis was partially inhibited by endoxan treatment. It follows from these experiments that endoxan impairs the functional activity of the interstitial gland of the rat testes by lowering the endogenous gonadotrophin levels, as well as by direct action on the Leydig cells.", "contents": "A karyometric and stereologic study of the effects of gonadotrophin and testosterone on the interstitial gland of the testis of intact and endoxan treated rats. Adult male rats were treated daily for 18 days with endoxan in doses of 4 mg/kg of body weight or testosterone in doses 2.5 mg per rat. For the last 5 days of the experiment some of the rats received gonadotrophin injections in doses of 50 I.U. Karyometric and stereologic studies were undertaken on paraffin sections of the testes stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Endoxan treatment decrease the nuclear volume of the Leydig cells and lowers the volume fraction occupied by the interstitial gland in the testis. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of reaction for acid phosphatase, non-specific esterases and 3-beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase. Testosterone injected alone or jointly with endoxan resulted in more pronounced changes than following treatment with endoxan alone. As expected, gonadotrophin injections into intact rats resulted in a marked increase in nuclear volume of the Leydig cells and in the volume fraction of the interstitial gland. This effect of gonadotrophin on the interstitial gland of the rat testis was partially inhibited by endoxan treatment. It follows from these experiments that endoxan impairs the functional activity of the interstitial gland of the rat testes by lowering the endogenous gonadotrophin levels, as well as by direct action on the Leydig cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1201612", "title": "Urinary enzyme excretion during renal papillary necrosis induced in rats with ethyleneimine.", "content": "N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were monitored in urine kidney homogenates and serum of rats with papillary damage induced with ethyleneimine. Serum urea levels, total protein in the urine and urine volume were monitored throughout the study. Histological studies showed that the injection of ethyleneimine caused immediate papillary necrosis, followed later by secondary cortical involvement. Minor papillary necrosis induced by a low dose (0.5 mul/kg) of ethyleneimine was characterised by a rise in urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity which was followed later by an increase in the activity of the other enzymes monitored. More severe papillary necrosis induced with a higher dose of ethyleneimine (5.0 mul/kg) resulted in an immediate rise in the activities of all the urinary enzymes which then decreased only to rise again when cortical involvement occurred. Serum urea was unaltered but urine volume and protein were increased coincidentally with the urinary enzyme activities. The value of the assay of urinary enzymes in distinguishing papillary from glomerular and tubular damage is assessed. The possible relevance of the ethyleneimine model to the  etiology of papillary nephropathy is discussed.", "contents": "Urinary enzyme excretion during renal papillary necrosis induced in rats with ethyleneimine. N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were monitored in urine kidney homogenates and serum of rats with papillary damage induced with ethyleneimine. Serum urea levels, total protein in the urine and urine volume were monitored throughout the study. Histological studies showed that the injection of ethyleneimine caused immediate papillary necrosis, followed later by secondary cortical involvement. Minor papillary necrosis induced by a low dose (0.5 mul/kg) of ethyleneimine was characterised by a rise in urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity which was followed later by an increase in the activity of the other enzymes monitored. More severe papillary necrosis induced with a higher dose of ethyleneimine (5.0 mul/kg) resulted in an immediate rise in the activities of all the urinary enzymes which then decreased only to rise again when cortical involvement occurred. Serum urea was unaltered but urine volume and protein were increased coincidentally with the urinary enzyme activities. The value of the assay of urinary enzymes in distinguishing papillary from glomerular and tubular damage is assessed. The possible relevance of the ethyleneimine model to the  etiology of papillary nephropathy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201613", "title": "Heterogeneous distribution of DNA alkylation products in rat liver chromatin after in vivo administration of N,N-di[14C]methylnitrosamine.", "content": "Poly-l-lysine (PL) binds to about 50% of chromatin DNA, rendering it resistant to degradation by DNAase I. Separation of the unbound DNA as acid-soluble nucleotides allows the fractionation of chromatin DNA into two zones. After in vivo administration of N,N-di[14C]methylnitrosamine, the amount of alkylation in DNA was found to be lower in the polylysine-binding regions. Some possible reasons for this heterogeneous distribution are discussed.", "contents": "Heterogeneous distribution of DNA alkylation products in rat liver chromatin after in vivo administration of N,N-di[14C]methylnitrosamine. Poly-l-lysine (PL) binds to about 50% of chromatin DNA, rendering it resistant to degradation by DNAase I. Separation of the unbound DNA as acid-soluble nucleotides allows the fractionation of chromatin DNA into two zones. After in vivo administration of N,N-di[14C]methylnitrosamine, the amount of alkylation in DNA was found to be lower in the polylysine-binding regions. Some possible reasons for this heterogeneous distribution are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201614", "title": "The effects of O-acetylsterigmatocystin and related compounds on rat liver and cultured chicken embryonal liver cells.", "content": "Fine structural nucleolar changes induced in rat liver and primary tissue culture cells from 10-day-old chicken embryonal liver by O-acetylsterigmatocystin (AcO-stg), related compounds and aflatoxin B1 were compared. (1) Male Wistar rats were given a single i.p. injection of sterigmatocystin (stg), AcO-stg, and aflatoxin B1. 3 days after the injection of 15 mg/kg of stg, sporadic single cell necrosis was observed in rat liver, whereas rats treated with 8 mg/kg AcO-stg or more, and 3 mg/kg of aflatoxin B1 showed massive liver necrosis. Acetylation resulted in a marked increase in solubility in polar organic solvents. This increased solubility could play an important role in determining toxicity. (II) Treatment with the compounds with an unsaturateddelta1,2-furobenzofuranring system, such as AcO-stg, demethyl-diacetyl-stg (deMe-diAc-stg), and aflatoxin B1, resulted in nucleolar segregation and fragmentation of primary culture cells. Both parenchymal and mesenchymal cells in culture were susceptible to AcO-stg and deMe-diAc-stg, while the mesenchymal cells were more resistant to aflatoxin B1 than the hepatocytes. The inhibition of RNA synthesis in both cell types as determined in radioautography was in accordance with the electron-microscopic observations. Acetyldihydrosterigmatocystin (AcO-dihyd-stg), a saturated delta1,2-furobenzofuranring compound, was less toxic to primary tissue culture cells.", "contents": "The effects of O-acetylsterigmatocystin and related compounds on rat liver and cultured chicken embryonal liver cells. Fine structural nucleolar changes induced in rat liver and primary tissue culture cells from 10-day-old chicken embryonal liver by O-acetylsterigmatocystin (AcO-stg), related compounds and aflatoxin B1 were compared. (1) Male Wistar rats were given a single i.p. injection of sterigmatocystin (stg), AcO-stg, and aflatoxin B1. 3 days after the injection of 15 mg/kg of stg, sporadic single cell necrosis was observed in rat liver, whereas rats treated with 8 mg/kg AcO-stg or more, and 3 mg/kg of aflatoxin B1 showed massive liver necrosis. Acetylation resulted in a marked increase in solubility in polar organic solvents. This increased solubility could play an important role in determining toxicity. (II) Treatment with the compounds with an unsaturateddelta1,2-furobenzofuranring system, such as AcO-stg, demethyl-diacetyl-stg (deMe-diAc-stg), and aflatoxin B1, resulted in nucleolar segregation and fragmentation of primary culture cells. Both parenchymal and mesenchymal cells in culture were susceptible to AcO-stg and deMe-diAc-stg, while the mesenchymal cells were more resistant to aflatoxin B1 than the hepatocytes. The inhibition of RNA synthesis in both cell types as determined in radioautography was in accordance with the electron-microscopic observations. Acetyldihydrosterigmatocystin (AcO-dihyd-stg), a saturated delta1,2-furobenzofuranring compound, was less toxic to primary tissue culture cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1201615", "title": "Histone modification in liver after administration of inducers of mixed function oxidase activity.", "content": "The phosphorylation and acetylation of rat liver histones in vivo were determined after administration of phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. No changes were observed in the phosphorylation profile of histones separated by gel electrophoresis after treatment with either of these two inducing agents. However, after 2h of treatment with either phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, a significant increase in acetylation of histones was noted, particularly in the F2a1 and (F3, F2b, F2a2) regions. It is suggested that this increase which precedes the enhancement in RNA synthesis may play a role in the alteration of transcription in liver.", "contents": "Histone modification in liver after administration of inducers of mixed function oxidase activity. The phosphorylation and acetylation of rat liver histones in vivo were determined after administration of phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. No changes were observed in the phosphorylation profile of histones separated by gel electrophoresis after treatment with either of these two inducing agents. However, after 2h of treatment with either phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, a significant increase in acetylation of histones was noted, particularly in the F2a1 and (F3, F2b, F2a2) regions. It is suggested that this increase which precedes the enhancement in RNA synthesis may play a role in the alteration of transcription in liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1201616", "title": "Studies on lung tumours. III. Oxidative metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine by rodent and human lung tissue.", "content": "The oxidative metabolism of the carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was studied in mouse, rat, hamster and human respiratory tissue. [14C]DMN was purified by Dowex-1-bisulfite column chromatography to remove a contaminant (probably [14C]formaldehyde) interfering with the enzyme assay. Since formaldehyde and methyl carbonium ions - yielding methanol with water - are considered to be the primary products of DMN metabolism, tissue slices were assayed for the production of [14C]CO2 from 14C-labelled methanol, formaldehyde, formate, and DMN. Oxidation of formaldehyde to formate was not, but oxidation of formate to CO2 was very much rate-limiting. This rate-limiting step was circumvented by introducing quantitative chemical oxidation of formate to CO2 by mercury(II)chloride following the enzymic reaction. Since oxidation of methanol to CO2 proved to be insignificant, production of CO2 from DMN by lung tissue enzymes and HgCl2 may serve as a parameter for N-demethylating activity and the production of the suspected carcinogenically active methyl carbonium ions. The DMN-N-demethylating activities of lung tissue slices of two mouse strains with widely different susceptibilities to formation of lung adenomas by DMN differed significantly, but the difference seemed too small to explain the divergence in tumourigenic response. The enzymatic activities decreased in hamster bronchus, hamster trachea, hamster lung, GRS/A mouse lung, C3Hf/A mouse lung, human lung, Sprague-Dawley rat lung, in that order. The reported resistance of the hamster respiratory system to tumour induction by DMN may therefore not be due to poor DMN-N-demethylating capacity.", "contents": "Studies on lung tumours. III. Oxidative metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine by rodent and human lung tissue. The oxidative metabolism of the carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was studied in mouse, rat, hamster and human respiratory tissue. [14C]DMN was purified by Dowex-1-bisulfite column chromatography to remove a contaminant (probably [14C]formaldehyde) interfering with the enzyme assay. Since formaldehyde and methyl carbonium ions - yielding methanol with water - are considered to be the primary products of DMN metabolism, tissue slices were assayed for the production of [14C]CO2 from 14C-labelled methanol, formaldehyde, formate, and DMN. Oxidation of formaldehyde to formate was not, but oxidation of formate to CO2 was very much rate-limiting. This rate-limiting step was circumvented by introducing quantitative chemical oxidation of formate to CO2 by mercury(II)chloride following the enzymic reaction. Since oxidation of methanol to CO2 proved to be insignificant, production of CO2 from DMN by lung tissue enzymes and HgCl2 may serve as a parameter for N-demethylating activity and the production of the suspected carcinogenically active methyl carbonium ions. The DMN-N-demethylating activities of lung tissue slices of two mouse strains with widely different susceptibilities to formation of lung adenomas by DMN differed significantly, but the difference seemed too small to explain the divergence in tumourigenic response. The enzymatic activities decreased in hamster bronchus, hamster trachea, hamster lung, GRS/A mouse lung, C3Hf/A mouse lung, human lung, Sprague-Dawley rat lung, in that order. The reported resistance of the hamster respiratory system to tumour induction by DMN may therefore not be due to poor DMN-N-demethylating capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201617", "title": "The biological fate in rats of vinyl chloride in relation to its oncogenicity.", "content": "The main eliminative route for [14C]vinyl chloride after oral, i.v. or i.p. administration to rats is pulmonary; both unchanged vinyl chloride and vinyl chloride-related CO2 are excreted by that route and the other [14C] metabolites via the kidneys. After intragastric administration, pulmonary output of unchanged vinyl chloride is proportional to the logarithm of reciprocal dose. Excretion patterns after i.v. and i.p. injections are predictable from the characteristics of excretion following oral administration. Pulmonary excretion of unchanged vinyl chloride after oral dosing is complete within 3-4 h, but pulmonary elimination of CO2 and renal excretion of metabolites occupies 3 days. In comparison, 99% of a small i.v. dose is excreted unchanged within 1 h of injection; 80% within 2 min. The rate of elimination of a single oral doses of [14C]vinyl chloride is uninfluenced by up to 60 days' chronic dosing with the unlabelled substance. The distribution volume of vinyl chloride as displayed by whole-animal autoradiography agrees with deductions from excretion data. Small localization of 14C in the para-auricular region of appropriate sections occurs in sectioned tubules, belonging possibly to the Zymbal glands. Biotransformation of vinyl chloride into S-(2-chloroethyl) cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-chloroethyl) cysteine occurs through addition of cysteine, and biotransformation into: (i) chloroacetic acid, thiodiglycollic acid and glutamic acid, and (ii) into formaldehyde (methionine, serine), CO2 and urea is explicable in terms of an associative reaction with molecular O2 involving a singlet oxygen bonded transition state in dynamic equilibrium with a cyclic peroxide ground state. There is no evidence for chloroethylene oxide formation. Thiodiglycollic acid is the major metabolite of chloroacetic acid in rats; more than 60% of the dose. The interaction of vinyl chloride and of its primary metabolites with the intermediates of mammalian metabolism is discussed in relation to the oncogenicity of that substance.", "contents": "The biological fate in rats of vinyl chloride in relation to its oncogenicity. The main eliminative route for [14C]vinyl chloride after oral, i.v. or i.p. administration to rats is pulmonary; both unchanged vinyl chloride and vinyl chloride-related CO2 are excreted by that route and the other [14C] metabolites via the kidneys. After intragastric administration, pulmonary output of unchanged vinyl chloride is proportional to the logarithm of reciprocal dose. Excretion patterns after i.v. and i.p. injections are predictable from the characteristics of excretion following oral administration. Pulmonary excretion of unchanged vinyl chloride after oral dosing is complete within 3-4 h, but pulmonary elimination of CO2 and renal excretion of metabolites occupies 3 days. In comparison, 99% of a small i.v. dose is excreted unchanged within 1 h of injection; 80% within 2 min. The rate of elimination of a single oral doses of [14C]vinyl chloride is uninfluenced by up to 60 days' chronic dosing with the unlabelled substance. The distribution volume of vinyl chloride as displayed by whole-animal autoradiography agrees with deductions from excretion data. Small localization of 14C in the para-auricular region of appropriate sections occurs in sectioned tubules, belonging possibly to the Zymbal glands. Biotransformation of vinyl chloride into S-(2-chloroethyl) cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-chloroethyl) cysteine occurs through addition of cysteine, and biotransformation into: (i) chloroacetic acid, thiodiglycollic acid and glutamic acid, and (ii) into formaldehyde (methionine, serine), CO2 and urea is explicable in terms of an associative reaction with molecular O2 involving a singlet oxygen bonded transition state in dynamic equilibrium with a cyclic peroxide ground state. There is no evidence for chloroethylene oxide formation. Thiodiglycollic acid is the major metabolite of chloroacetic acid in rats; more than 60% of the dose. The interaction of vinyl chloride and of its primary metabolites with the intermediates of mammalian metabolism is discussed in relation to the oncogenicity of that substance."}
{"id": "PMID:1201618", "title": "Protein chain initiation in vitro by liver cell components from DMNA-treated rats.", "content": "The mechanism of inhibition of protein synthesis in rat liver after dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) administration was studied at the level of peptide-chain initiation by use of initiation-dependent amino acid incorporating systems. Ribosomal monomers, poly(A)-concontaining loss of acticity due to the DMNA treatment. The poly(A) RNA from monosomes and polysomes, and crude initiation factors from microsomes were prepared 2 h after a single dose of DMNA (75 mg/kg), and their activities in the production of new protein chains determined under conditions of nearly linear response. Monosomes and crude initiation factors from DMNA-treated rats were at least as active as those from controls. Preparations of poly(A)-containing RNA had a consistently higher template activity when prepared from polysomes instead of monosomes. However, in neither case was there any ltaining RNA was methylated by DMNA to about the same extent as the 18S and 28S rRNA. The methylation was consistently somewhat higher in the RNA preparations from monosomes than in those from polysomes.", "contents": "Protein chain initiation in vitro by liver cell components from DMNA-treated rats. The mechanism of inhibition of protein synthesis in rat liver after dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) administration was studied at the level of peptide-chain initiation by use of initiation-dependent amino acid incorporating systems. Ribosomal monomers, poly(A)-concontaining loss of acticity due to the DMNA treatment. The poly(A) RNA from monosomes and polysomes, and crude initiation factors from microsomes were prepared 2 h after a single dose of DMNA (75 mg/kg), and their activities in the production of new protein chains determined under conditions of nearly linear response. Monosomes and crude initiation factors from DMNA-treated rats were at least as active as those from controls. Preparations of poly(A)-containing RNA had a consistently higher template activity when prepared from polysomes instead of monosomes. However, in neither case was there any ltaining RNA was methylated by DMNA to about the same extent as the 18S and 28S rRNA. The methylation was consistently somewhat higher in the RNA preparations from monosomes than in those from polysomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201619", "title": "Evidence for a second arylhydroxamic acid acyltransferase species in the small intestine of the rat.", "content": "The small intestine of the Sprague-Dawley rat has been shown to contain two species of arylhydroxamic acid acyltransferases. These enzymes were separable by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The smaller species had the mobility of rat liver acyltransferase and was precipitated with antiserum directed against the liver enzyme. The larger species was not precipitated with this antiserum. These species differ in their relative abilities to utilize N-hydroxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-hydroxy-AAF) and N-hydroxy-N-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-hydroxy-AABP) as substrates, and in their inhibition by non immune serum.", "contents": "Evidence for a second arylhydroxamic acid acyltransferase species in the small intestine of the rat. The small intestine of the Sprague-Dawley rat has been shown to contain two species of arylhydroxamic acid acyltransferases. These enzymes were separable by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The smaller species had the mobility of rat liver acyltransferase and was precipitated with antiserum directed against the liver enzyme. The larger species was not precipitated with this antiserum. These species differ in their relative abilities to utilize N-hydroxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-hydroxy-AAF) and N-hydroxy-N-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-hydroxy-AABP) as substrates, and in their inhibition by non immune serum."}
{"id": "PMID:1201621", "title": "A reliable method for the simultaneous estimation of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in discrete areas of brain.", "content": "1. Sub-microgram levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5HT) were estimated simultaneously in small discrete areas of brain by a simple combined alumina adsorption-spectrofluorometric technique. 2. The method does not depend on the use of ninhydrin which is reported to interfere with the spectrofluorometric assay of 5HT nor does the method involve the use of phosphate buffers which reportedly are a source of error in catecholamine assays. 3. The method described is suitable for the measurement of amine levels both in normal conditions and when amino levels have been severly reduced by amine-depleting drugs. Neither reserpine nor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine interfere in the assay.", "contents": "A reliable method for the simultaneous estimation of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in discrete areas of brain. 1. Sub-microgram levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5HT) were estimated simultaneously in small discrete areas of brain by a simple combined alumina adsorption-spectrofluorometric technique. 2. The method does not depend on the use of ninhydrin which is reported to interfere with the spectrofluorometric assay of 5HT nor does the method involve the use of phosphate buffers which reportedly are a source of error in catecholamine assays. 3. The method described is suitable for the measurement of amine levels both in normal conditions and when amino levels have been severly reduced by amine-depleting drugs. Neither reserpine nor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine interfere in the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:1201622", "title": "Plasma free amino acids in the chronically uremic rat.", "content": "Plasma free amino acids in the sub-totally nephrectomized chronic uremic rat have been quantitated. The concentrations of these substances in uremic rats have been compared to levels present in sham-operated controls, and to levels found in normal rats on a restricted diet. Phosphoserine, alpha-aminoadipic acid, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine concentrations were found to be significantly higher in the uremic group. Sub-normal amounts of serine, valine, tryptophan, asparagine and anserine were present in the serum of the uremic animals. No changes were detected in serum amino acids which are ketogenic. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity was reduced in both uremic and restricted diet rats.", "contents": "Plasma free amino acids in the chronically uremic rat. Plasma free amino acids in the sub-totally nephrectomized chronic uremic rat have been quantitated. The concentrations of these substances in uremic rats have been compared to levels present in sham-operated controls, and to levels found in normal rats on a restricted diet. Phosphoserine, alpha-aminoadipic acid, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine concentrations were found to be significantly higher in the uremic group. Sub-normal amounts of serine, valine, tryptophan, asparagine and anserine were present in the serum of the uremic animals. No changes were detected in serum amino acids which are ketogenic. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity was reduced in both uremic and restricted diet rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1201623", "title": "Uric acid estimation: a comparison of the manual uricase-UV and the phosphotungstate auto-analyzer methods.", "content": "1. Uric acid estimations by the uricase-UV and the autoanalyzer colorimetric procedures were compared. 2. At all levels of serum uric acid concentration measured, results with the uricase-UV method were significantly lower than those with the phosphotungstate method. 3. The data indicate that the critical uric acid level (measured by the autoanalyzer) at which allopurinol, uricosuric, and other agents are instituted should be decreased approximately 10 per cent when determinations are done by the uricase method.", "contents": "Uric acid estimation: a comparison of the manual uricase-UV and the phosphotungstate auto-analyzer methods. 1. Uric acid estimations by the uricase-UV and the autoanalyzer colorimetric procedures were compared. 2. At all levels of serum uric acid concentration measured, results with the uricase-UV method were significantly lower than those with the phosphotungstate method. 3. The data indicate that the critical uric acid level (measured by the autoanalyzer) at which allopurinol, uricosuric, and other agents are instituted should be decreased approximately 10 per cent when determinations are done by the uricase method."}
{"id": "PMID:1201625", "title": "The human hemoglobin variants in Canada.", "content": "This report summarizes the results of a search for abnormal hemoglobin variants by use of a filter paper electrophoresis technique on 228,300 blood samples obtained from various parts of four Canadian provinces. Abnormal variants were found in 438 samples and were of 27 different varieties, including six new ones. In addition, the characteristics of beta-thalassemia were found in 147 samples. The types of variant found, and their geographical and ethnic origin are presented.", "contents": "The human hemoglobin variants in Canada. This report summarizes the results of a search for abnormal hemoglobin variants by use of a filter paper electrophoresis technique on 228,300 blood samples obtained from various parts of four Canadian provinces. Abnormal variants were found in 438 samples and were of 27 different varieties, including six new ones. In addition, the characteristics of beta-thalassemia were found in 147 samples. The types of variant found, and their geographical and ethnic origin are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1201626", "title": "Systolic time intervals in thyroid disease.", "content": "The systolic time intervals; total electro-mechanical systole (QS2), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), pre-ejection period (PEP), and ratio of PEP/LVET were measured from external readings in twenty hyperthyroid and fifteen hypothyroid patients. The hyperthyroid subjects showed shortening of the PEP and reduction in the PEP/LVET. The hypothyroid group showed lengthening of the PEP, shortening of the LVET and increased PEP/LVET. These changes returned towards normal in ten patients rendered euthyroid with appropriate therapy. The value of these measurements to predict the thyroid status was examined in a mixed group of seventy-four patients. There was close agreement between diagnosis predicted from systolic time intervals and that made independently from clinical and biochemical assessment, suggesting that the systolic time intervals may have been a useful place in the clinical assessment of thyroid patients.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in thyroid disease. The systolic time intervals; total electro-mechanical systole (QS2), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), pre-ejection period (PEP), and ratio of PEP/LVET were measured from external readings in twenty hyperthyroid and fifteen hypothyroid patients. The hyperthyroid subjects showed shortening of the PEP and reduction in the PEP/LVET. The hypothyroid group showed lengthening of the PEP, shortening of the LVET and increased PEP/LVET. These changes returned towards normal in ten patients rendered euthyroid with appropriate therapy. The value of these measurements to predict the thyroid status was examined in a mixed group of seventy-four patients. There was close agreement between diagnosis predicted from systolic time intervals and that made independently from clinical and biochemical assessment, suggesting that the systolic time intervals may have been a useful place in the clinical assessment of thyroid patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1201627", "title": "Leucocyte chemotaxis: physiological considerations and abnormalities.", "content": "Expression of the inflammatory process is dependent on mobilisation of leucocytes, which require leucocyte chemotaxis. Recent technological advances have enabled extensive in vitro biological characterisation of the chemotatic stimuli (factors) and the cellular events of migration. The chemotatic stimuli include products of complement activation, fibrinolytic and kinin generating systems, collagen products as well as products of bacterial growth and products released from virus-infected tissues. Chemotatic factors are also released as a result of lymphocyte activation and phagocytosis by neutrophils. Other neutrophils products released during phagocytosis activate the complement system. A complex mechanism for limiting production or activity of chemotactic factors has been identified. These antichemotatic agents include serum and cell-derived chemotactic factor inactivators as well as specific inhibitors of leucocyte migration and complement inactivators released from neutrophils during the phagocytic process. The mechanism by which cells respond to chemotatic factors is poorly understood by cell adherence to the substratum, cell deformability, random migration, and directed migration are required. These processes are complex and require modifications of the leucocyte surface, calcium and magnesium, activation of esterases, function of contractile elements and assembly of a cytoskeleton, which is probably modulated by cyclic nucleotide metabolism.", "contents": "Leucocyte chemotaxis: physiological considerations and abnormalities. Expression of the inflammatory process is dependent on mobilisation of leucocytes, which require leucocyte chemotaxis. Recent technological advances have enabled extensive in vitro biological characterisation of the chemotatic stimuli (factors) and the cellular events of migration. The chemotatic stimuli include products of complement activation, fibrinolytic and kinin generating systems, collagen products as well as products of bacterial growth and products released from virus-infected tissues. Chemotatic factors are also released as a result of lymphocyte activation and phagocytosis by neutrophils. Other neutrophils products released during phagocytosis activate the complement system. A complex mechanism for limiting production or activity of chemotactic factors has been identified. These antichemotatic agents include serum and cell-derived chemotactic factor inactivators as well as specific inhibitors of leucocyte migration and complement inactivators released from neutrophils during the phagocytic process. The mechanism by which cells respond to chemotatic factors is poorly understood by cell adherence to the substratum, cell deformability, random migration, and directed migration are required. These processes are complex and require modifications of the leucocyte surface, calcium and magnesium, activation of esterases, function of contractile elements and assembly of a cytoskeleton, which is probably modulated by cyclic nucleotide metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1201628", "title": "Microbe ingestion and killing by neutrophils: normal mechanisms and abnormalities.", "content": "Microbial ingestion and killing by neutrophils involves the interaction between the phagocytic cells of the body and certain serum factors. The primary phagocytes of the blood are the polymorphonuclear neutrophil, eosinophil and monocyte. The fixed tissue macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system is responsible for phagocytosis and killing of encapsulated bacteria, viruses, and protozoans, whereas the blood phagocyte system is involved in killing of pyogenic bacteria and certain fungi. Proper ingestion of bacteria requires opsonisation of these bacteria by either complement of specific antibody, or an interaction of these two proteins. Opsonised bacteria are fixed to the surface of the phagocytic cells which contain receptors for IgG and C3. Following immune adherence ingestion of bacteria involves invagination of the plasmalemmal membrane. This process utilises ATP and a re-arrangement of lipids occurs during formation of the phagocytic vacuole. Granular enzymes containing peroxidase, hydrolases, and cationic proteins are transferred from the granule into the phagocytic vacuole. There is activation of oxidative metabolism with an increased consumption of oxygen leading to hydrogen peroxide production.", "contents": "Microbe ingestion and killing by neutrophils: normal mechanisms and abnormalities. Microbial ingestion and killing by neutrophils involves the interaction between the phagocytic cells of the body and certain serum factors. The primary phagocytes of the blood are the polymorphonuclear neutrophil, eosinophil and monocyte. The fixed tissue macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system is responsible for phagocytosis and killing of encapsulated bacteria, viruses, and protozoans, whereas the blood phagocyte system is involved in killing of pyogenic bacteria and certain fungi. Proper ingestion of bacteria requires opsonisation of these bacteria by either complement of specific antibody, or an interaction of these two proteins. Opsonised bacteria are fixed to the surface of the phagocytic cells which contain receptors for IgG and C3. Following immune adherence ingestion of bacteria involves invagination of the plasmalemmal membrane. This process utilises ATP and a re-arrangement of lipids occurs during formation of the phagocytic vacuole. Granular enzymes containing peroxidase, hydrolases, and cationic proteins are transferred from the granule into the phagocytic vacuole. There is activation of oxidative metabolism with an increased consumption of oxygen leading to hydrogen peroxide production."}
{"id": "PMID:1201630", "title": "A prospective clinical trial of post-operative radiotherapy delivered in three fractions per week versus two fractions per week in breast carcinoma.", "content": "The results are presented of a five-year prospective trial of 411 patients with breast carcinoma treated by mastectomy and post-operative radiotherapy. Twice or thrice weekly dose-fractionation techniques were used, i.e. 12 fractions in 28 days and six fractions in 18 days. The results show that, in terms of survival and control of local disease, the two techniques are very similar. The early and late radiation effects on the normal tissues up to five years are similar and acceptable. Dose levels thought to be biologically equivalent on the basis of experience at St Thomas's Hosiptal were selected. It is stressed that there is a narrower margin of normal tissue tolerance when six fractions over 18 days are used, that it is essential to treat all fields on each treatment occasion and that the total maximum tissue dose of 3600 R is not exceeded. Attention is drawn to the fact that the dose for six fractions, derived from the NSD formula which would be predicted to be equivalent to the 12-fraction dose is, in fact, over 10% higher than the dose used here and likely to produce unacceptable late radiation changes.", "contents": "A prospective clinical trial of post-operative radiotherapy delivered in three fractions per week versus two fractions per week in breast carcinoma. The results are presented of a five-year prospective trial of 411 patients with breast carcinoma treated by mastectomy and post-operative radiotherapy. Twice or thrice weekly dose-fractionation techniques were used, i.e. 12 fractions in 28 days and six fractions in 18 days. The results show that, in terms of survival and control of local disease, the two techniques are very similar. The early and late radiation effects on the normal tissues up to five years are similar and acceptable. Dose levels thought to be biologically equivalent on the basis of experience at St Thomas's Hosiptal were selected. It is stressed that there is a narrower margin of normal tissue tolerance when six fractions over 18 days are used, that it is essential to treat all fields on each treatment occasion and that the total maximum tissue dose of 3600 R is not exceeded. Attention is drawn to the fact that the dose for six fractions, derived from the NSD formula which would be predicted to be equivalent to the 12-fraction dose is, in fact, over 10% higher than the dose used here and likely to produce unacceptable late radiation changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201631", "title": "The accuracy of radiological diagnosis of benign, primarily and secondarily malignant gastric ulcers and their correlation with three simplified radiological types.", "content": "Two radiologists individually gave 'blind' diagnoses of benignancy or malignancy to 145 radiographic representations of gastric ulcers, all with gastrectomy histological proof of benignancy or malignancy. A radiological diagnosis of malignancy was shown to be 98-6% reliable. A diagnosis of benignancy was less reliable (85-4% true positives) but this was a surgical series containing thereby an abnormally high proportion (over a third) of malignant ulcers. A correct diagnosis was mde in 99-5% of the proven benign ulcers, but in only 68-6% of the proven malignant ulcers. Analysis of the pathology reports on the malignant ulcers has shown that it was mainly those arising on the basis of pre-existing benign ulcers (i.e. secondarily malignant ulcers) that were wrongly diagnosed radiologically, thus suggesting that they have fundamentally different radiographic appearance from that of primarily malignant ulcers. It was then found that the ulcers could be divided into three simplified radiological types based on their in-profile appearances: type 1 (projecting), type 2 (intraluminal) and type 3 (so shallow as to be neither projecting nor intraluminal). Statistical association with the histological types led to the following conclusions: (a) radiological type 2 or 3 ulcers should be diagnosed as almost certainly malignant (usually primarily malignant) and (b) radiological type 1 ulcers are almost always benign but should be followed up until healed because the rare secondarily malignant ulcers are also usually of this type.", "contents": "The accuracy of radiological diagnosis of benign, primarily and secondarily malignant gastric ulcers and their correlation with three simplified radiological types. Two radiologists individually gave 'blind' diagnoses of benignancy or malignancy to 145 radiographic representations of gastric ulcers, all with gastrectomy histological proof of benignancy or malignancy. A radiological diagnosis of malignancy was shown to be 98-6% reliable. A diagnosis of benignancy was less reliable (85-4% true positives) but this was a surgical series containing thereby an abnormally high proportion (over a third) of malignant ulcers. A correct diagnosis was mde in 99-5% of the proven benign ulcers, but in only 68-6% of the proven malignant ulcers. Analysis of the pathology reports on the malignant ulcers has shown that it was mainly those arising on the basis of pre-existing benign ulcers (i.e. secondarily malignant ulcers) that were wrongly diagnosed radiologically, thus suggesting that they have fundamentally different radiographic appearance from that of primarily malignant ulcers. It was then found that the ulcers could be divided into three simplified radiological types based on their in-profile appearances: type 1 (projecting), type 2 (intraluminal) and type 3 (so shallow as to be neither projecting nor intraluminal). Statistical association with the histological types led to the following conclusions: (a) radiological type 2 or 3 ulcers should be diagnosed as almost certainly malignant (usually primarily malignant) and (b) radiological type 1 ulcers are almost always benign but should be followed up until healed because the rare secondarily malignant ulcers are also usually of this type."}
{"id": "PMID:1201632", "title": "The radiology of the subtalar joint with special reference to talo-calcaneal coalition.", "content": "Congenital talo-calcaneal coalition is one of the conditions responsible for spastic flat foot. The common site is across the middle talo-calcaneal joint, and although routine radiographic views of the foot do not show the coalition, important secondary signs may be present. The findings in 17 cases are reviewed, the following secondary signs being recognised: 1. A talar beak. 2. Narrowing of the posterior talo-calcaneal joint space. 3. Rounding of the lateral process of the talus. 4. Failure of visualisation of the middle subtalar joint in the lateral view, and 5. Asymmetry of the anterior subtalar joints in the lateral oblique vies. The differential diagnosis of these signs is discussed and the normal anatomy of the subtalar joints is illustrated. Some diagnostic pitfalls are described.", "contents": "The radiology of the subtalar joint with special reference to talo-calcaneal coalition. Congenital talo-calcaneal coalition is one of the conditions responsible for spastic flat foot. The common site is across the middle talo-calcaneal joint, and although routine radiographic views of the foot do not show the coalition, important secondary signs may be present. The findings in 17 cases are reviewed, the following secondary signs being recognised: 1. A talar beak. 2. Narrowing of the posterior talo-calcaneal joint space. 3. Rounding of the lateral process of the talus. 4. Failure of visualisation of the middle subtalar joint in the lateral view, and 5. Asymmetry of the anterior subtalar joints in the lateral oblique vies. The differential diagnosis of these signs is discussed and the normal anatomy of the subtalar joints is illustrated. Some diagnostic pitfalls are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1201633", "title": "Pigmented villo-nodular synovitis: bone involvement of the fingers.", "content": "Pigmented villo-nodular synovitis may occur in either diffuse or nodular form. In the latter the fingers are the commonest site to be involved. The disease is rare, and in only 15% is there bone involvement. Two cases showing bone involvement of the fingers are presented. One of the cases (Case 2) adds radiological support to the theory of Scott (1968), based on pathological studies, that suggested that the bone changes are due to invasion by the villo-nodular tissue through and along the nutrient foramina. The site of these bone changes appears sufficiently typical to be a radiological diagnostic aid. The differential diagnosis of the radiological appearances of the disease in the digits is discussed.", "contents": "Pigmented villo-nodular synovitis: bone involvement of the fingers. Pigmented villo-nodular synovitis may occur in either diffuse or nodular form. In the latter the fingers are the commonest site to be involved. The disease is rare, and in only 15% is there bone involvement. Two cases showing bone involvement of the fingers are presented. One of the cases (Case 2) adds radiological support to the theory of Scott (1968), based on pathological studies, that suggested that the bone changes are due to invasion by the villo-nodular tissue through and along the nutrient foramina. The site of these bone changes appears sufficiently typical to be a radiological diagnostic aid. The differential diagnosis of the radiological appearances of the disease in the digits is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201634", "title": "Radiological features of the skull in Klinefelter's syndrome and male hypogonadism.", "content": "Skull radiographs were performed in 21 cases of Klinefelter's syndrome and in 30 cases of eunuchoidism. The radiographic changes of the skull in Klinefelter's syndrome are: temporal flattening, decreased width of the vault, narrowing of the mandible, decreased length of the skull, shortening of the anterior fossa cranii, decrease in the angle of the base, thinning of the vault bones at the major fontanelle, premature and excessive calcification of the coronal suture, deepening of the posterior fossa and shortening of the mandibular rami. In hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism the skull radiographs show: small mastoid processes, fine bones of the vault, small sella turcica, club-shaped clinoid processes, excessive development of sphenoidal sinuses and in the fourth and later decades of life a diminished bone density (osteoporosis).", "contents": "Radiological features of the skull in Klinefelter's syndrome and male hypogonadism. Skull radiographs were performed in 21 cases of Klinefelter's syndrome and in 30 cases of eunuchoidism. The radiographic changes of the skull in Klinefelter's syndrome are: temporal flattening, decreased width of the vault, narrowing of the mandible, decreased length of the skull, shortening of the anterior fossa cranii, decrease in the angle of the base, thinning of the vault bones at the major fontanelle, premature and excessive calcification of the coronal suture, deepening of the posterior fossa and shortening of the mandibular rami. In hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism the skull radiographs show: small mastoid processes, fine bones of the vault, small sella turcica, club-shaped clinoid processes, excessive development of sphenoidal sinuses and in the fourth and later decades of life a diminished bone density (osteoporosis)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201635", "title": "The skull in gonadal dysgenesis. A roentgenometric study.", "content": "Skull radiographs of 54 patients with Turner's syndrome have been studied. The following characteristic findings were frequently noted: mastoid processes of definitely decreased dimensions, small facial bones which were proportional to the stunted growth of the patients, enlargement and increased thickness of the mandible, extensive calcification of the petro-clinoid ligaments, excessive pneumatisation of the paranasal sinuses and increased angle of the base of the skull.", "contents": "The skull in gonadal dysgenesis. A roentgenometric study. Skull radiographs of 54 patients with Turner's syndrome have been studied. The following characteristic findings were frequently noted: mastoid processes of definitely decreased dimensions, small facial bones which were proportional to the stunted growth of the patients, enlargement and increased thickness of the mandible, extensive calcification of the petro-clinoid ligaments, excessive pneumatisation of the paranasal sinuses and increased angle of the base of the skull."}
{"id": "PMID:1201636", "title": "Angiography of high cervical extramedullary tumours.", "content": "Vertebral angiography was performed in two cases of extramedullary tumour of the upper cervical spine. The technical feasibility and relatively low risk of catheter vertebral angiography makes it a useful procedure to be performed in addition to myelography in the pre-operative evaluation of such lesions. The information thus obtained includes the relationship of the tumour to the vertebral arteries and other vital structures, demonstration of the blood supply, and evidence as to tumour type.", "contents": "Angiography of high cervical extramedullary tumours. Vertebral angiography was performed in two cases of extramedullary tumour of the upper cervical spine. The technical feasibility and relatively low risk of catheter vertebral angiography makes it a useful procedure to be performed in addition to myelography in the pre-operative evaluation of such lesions. The information thus obtained includes the relationship of the tumour to the vertebral arteries and other vital structures, demonstration of the blood supply, and evidence as to tumour type."}
{"id": "PMID:1201637", "title": "Massive unilateral non-functioning hydronephrosis in horseshoe kidney.", "content": "The occurrence of non-function in one half of a horseshoe kidney resulting from hydronephrosis can, if unrecognized, create a serious surgical as well as medical problem. The anterior position of the ureter in relation to the isthmus, as well as strictures and accessory vessels increase the incidence of hydronephrosis, which if severe enough, can go on to non-function. The key diagnostic factor is the observation of the visualised side, which shows the characteristic malrotation of the calyces and the deviation of the long axis of the kidneys; these are associated with a mass effect on the obstructed side, with or without a 'crescent' sign. Five cases of this unusual occurrence are presented.", "contents": "Massive unilateral non-functioning hydronephrosis in horseshoe kidney. The occurrence of non-function in one half of a horseshoe kidney resulting from hydronephrosis can, if unrecognized, create a serious surgical as well as medical problem. The anterior position of the ureter in relation to the isthmus, as well as strictures and accessory vessels increase the incidence of hydronephrosis, which if severe enough, can go on to non-function. The key diagnostic factor is the observation of the visualised side, which shows the characteristic malrotation of the calyces and the deviation of the long axis of the kidneys; these are associated with a mass effect on the obstructed side, with or without a 'crescent' sign. Five cases of this unusual occurrence are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1201638", "title": "The radiological diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy.", "content": "A study was made of the radiological findings in 57 patients with a clinical diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy. The ages of the patients ranged from 27 to 72 years, and females predominated over males in the ratio 4-7 to 1. Renal failure varied from mild to very severe and the patients showed the usual high incidence of analgesic-induced gastro-intestinal, haematological and neurological disorders. In 82% of cases, kidneys were of normal size, but there was radiological evidence of reduced renal function in 85%. Thus, a small kidney with good renal function was unlikely to be due to analgesic nephropathy. Medullar necrosis was observed in 65%, and papillary atrophy and papillary necrosis each in 46%. Although usually gradual, acute massive sloughing of necrotic papillae could occur and occasionally led to ureteric obstruction. Papillary cavitation was seen in 39% but fistulae and ring shadows were observed in only 11% and 14% respectively, while renal calcification occurred in 26%. With the use of high dose techniques and retrograde pyelography, it is almost always possible to make a positive radiological diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy, even in patients with markedly reduced renal function.", "contents": "The radiological diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy. A study was made of the radiological findings in 57 patients with a clinical diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy. The ages of the patients ranged from 27 to 72 years, and females predominated over males in the ratio 4-7 to 1. Renal failure varied from mild to very severe and the patients showed the usual high incidence of analgesic-induced gastro-intestinal, haematological and neurological disorders. In 82% of cases, kidneys were of normal size, but there was radiological evidence of reduced renal function in 85%. Thus, a small kidney with good renal function was unlikely to be due to analgesic nephropathy. Medullar necrosis was observed in 65%, and papillary atrophy and papillary necrosis each in 46%. Although usually gradual, acute massive sloughing of necrotic papillae could occur and occasionally led to ureteric obstruction. Papillary cavitation was seen in 39% but fistulae and ring shadows were observed in only 11% and 14% respectively, while renal calcification occurred in 26%. With the use of high dose techniques and retrograde pyelography, it is almost always possible to make a positive radiological diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy, even in patients with markedly reduced renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:1201639", "title": "Variations in bronchial movement.", "content": "Studies of bronchial movement in bronchi and bronchioles following routine bronchography are presented with the aid of a magnification technique. Wide variations of calibre were demonstrated on full inspiration and extreme expiration, most marked in the smaller bronchi. During coughing, maximal differences of width were noted in the larger airways, with little change in the smallest bronchi. In order to assess the changes, reference is made to previous records when, using a three-channel writing oscillograph, bronchial measurements, intra-oesophageal pressures and lung volumes were estimated. Critical examination of the borders of the bronchial walls revealed that they were never straight nor truly parallel. They had smooth, undulating outlines, which were seen to alter on serial films. Irregularities in the airways without disease can be considerable, but when destructive changes are present, gross deformities may become apparent. With a full inspiratory effort, bronchial walls may be completely extended and appear normal, but on radiographs taken on expiration weakness of the bronchial wall may be revealed which otherwise would be missed. The inclusion of routine expiratory films on all bronchographic examinations is recommended.", "contents": "Variations in bronchial movement. Studies of bronchial movement in bronchi and bronchioles following routine bronchography are presented with the aid of a magnification technique. Wide variations of calibre were demonstrated on full inspiration and extreme expiration, most marked in the smaller bronchi. During coughing, maximal differences of width were noted in the larger airways, with little change in the smallest bronchi. In order to assess the changes, reference is made to previous records when, using a three-channel writing oscillograph, bronchial measurements, intra-oesophageal pressures and lung volumes were estimated. Critical examination of the borders of the bronchial walls revealed that they were never straight nor truly parallel. They had smooth, undulating outlines, which were seen to alter on serial films. Irregularities in the airways without disease can be considerable, but when destructive changes are present, gross deformities may become apparent. With a full inspiratory effort, bronchial walls may be completely extended and appear normal, but on radiographs taken on expiration weakness of the bronchial wall may be revealed which otherwise would be missed. The inclusion of routine expiratory films on all bronchographic examinations is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1201640", "title": "The chest radiograph in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "In a study of 42 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, upper lobe fibrosis was present in six (14-3%) patients. All the patients with upper lobe fibrosis had total spinal ankylosis, and half showed peripheral joint involvement. A further 13 patients (30-9%) had other focal pulmonary abnormalities compared with only six (14-3%) of a group of age-matched controls. There was no correlation between the radiological extent of the disease (spinal changes and pulmonary involvement) and any of the haematological or biochemical parameters measured. Treatment with radiotherapy was not responsible for these changes.", "contents": "The chest radiograph in ankylosing spondylitis. In a study of 42 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, upper lobe fibrosis was present in six (14-3%) patients. All the patients with upper lobe fibrosis had total spinal ankylosis, and half showed peripheral joint involvement. A further 13 patients (30-9%) had other focal pulmonary abnormalities compared with only six (14-3%) of a group of age-matched controls. There was no correlation between the radiological extent of the disease (spinal changes and pulmonary involvement) and any of the haematological or biochemical parameters measured. Treatment with radiotherapy was not responsible for these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201641", "title": "Pulmonary lesions due to opportunist mycobacteria. (Review includes 30 cases of M. kansasii infections).", "content": "The apparent increase in the incidence of opportunist mycobacterial pulmonary infection is assessed. The clinical, bacteriological and radiological characteristics of 34 cases of such infections seen over a period of ten years in Sheffield are reviewed. The typical radiological appearances consisting of cavities, fibrosis and opacities are described and illustrated. There has been in the past conflicting reports on the specificity of such radiological features; it is concluded that although such appearances are not pathognomonic, their presence should arouse suspicion of such an infection and this should be confirmed or refuted by bacteriological investigations.", "contents": "Pulmonary lesions due to opportunist mycobacteria. (Review includes 30 cases of M. kansasii infections). The apparent increase in the incidence of opportunist mycobacterial pulmonary infection is assessed. The clinical, bacteriological and radiological characteristics of 34 cases of such infections seen over a period of ten years in Sheffield are reviewed. The typical radiological appearances consisting of cavities, fibrosis and opacities are described and illustrated. There has been in the past conflicting reports on the specificity of such radiological features; it is concluded that although such appearances are not pathognomonic, their presence should arouse suspicion of such an infection and this should be confirmed or refuted by bacteriological investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1201642", "title": "Localised aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta.", "content": "The clinical, roentgenographic and aortographic data were reviewed in 12 patients with localised descending, thoracic aortic aneurysms. The current study indicates that arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease not infrequently produced localised saccular aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. Characteristic symptomatology was unusual; most aneurysms were detected as incidental roentgenographic findings. The aneurysms projected from the posteroloteral aspect of the aorta and roentgenographically appeared as left hilar masses or left retrocardiac masses when located in the mid and lower descending thoracic aorta, respectively. Specific rim calcification or vertebral erosion was not encountered in any case. During aortography only a small portion of the aneurysm was outlined with contrast material due to partial obliteration of the aneurysmal cavity with thrombus.", "contents": "Localised aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. The clinical, roentgenographic and aortographic data were reviewed in 12 patients with localised descending, thoracic aortic aneurysms. The current study indicates that arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease not infrequently produced localised saccular aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. Characteristic symptomatology was unusual; most aneurysms were detected as incidental roentgenographic findings. The aneurysms projected from the posteroloteral aspect of the aorta and roentgenographically appeared as left hilar masses or left retrocardiac masses when located in the mid and lower descending thoracic aorta, respectively. Specific rim calcification or vertebral erosion was not encountered in any case. During aortography only a small portion of the aneurysm was outlined with contrast material due to partial obliteration of the aneurysmal cavity with thrombus."}
{"id": "PMID:1201643", "title": "Migration of epicardial pacemaker leads.", "content": "The implantation of permanent pacemakers often gives rise to complications. Migration of leads, an unusual complication, occurred in two of our patients with epicardial pacemakers. In one case lead fracture and sussequent displacement due to heart action occurred after an automobile accident. In the second case looping and migration of the wire occurred within a day after implantation although the lead continued to function properly for six months. The probable cause of migration in this patient was excess slack.", "contents": "Migration of epicardial pacemaker leads. The implantation of permanent pacemakers often gives rise to complications. Migration of leads, an unusual complication, occurred in two of our patients with epicardial pacemakers. In one case lead fracture and sussequent displacement due to heart action occurred after an automobile accident. In the second case looping and migration of the wire occurred within a day after implantation although the lead continued to function properly for six months. The probable cause of migration in this patient was excess slack."}
{"id": "PMID:1201644", "title": "The effect of penta-gastrin and cholecystokinin on radiological gastro-oesophageal competence.", "content": "Fourteen patients with clinically obvious gastro-oesophageal reflux were examined by conventional barium meal radiology. Neither exogenous penta-gastrin nor cholecystokinin appeared to influence the radiological competence of the gastro-oesophageal junction in ten of thos patients. The remaining four patients were used as controls and normal saline was injected instead of the active preparation. Radiological competence was unaffected. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of penta-gastrin and cholecystokinin on radiological gastro-oesophageal competence. Fourteen patients with clinically obvious gastro-oesophageal reflux were examined by conventional barium meal radiology. Neither exogenous penta-gastrin nor cholecystokinin appeared to influence the radiological competence of the gastro-oesophageal junction in ten of thos patients. The remaining four patients were used as controls and normal saline was injected instead of the active preparation. Radiological competence was unaffected. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201645", "title": "Multifocal carcinoma of the large intestine.", "content": "Five cases of multifocal carcinoma of the large intestine are described, including one multifocal recurrence, the only one described in the literature. All of them were recognised radiologically before operation. The importance of a thorough examination of the whole colon in suspected cases is stressed, even when a single lesion has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Multifocal carcinoma of the large intestine. Five cases of multifocal carcinoma of the large intestine are described, including one multifocal recurrence, the only one described in the literature. All of them were recognised radiologically before operation. The importance of a thorough examination of the whole colon in suspected cases is stressed, even when a single lesion has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1201646", "title": "Sequential liver and biliary tract scanning with 131I labelled Rose Bengal.", "content": "131I labelled Rose Bengal is offered as an aid for estimating the functional state of the liver, gall bladder and patency of the biliary tree. When the tracer is injected intravenously, it is cleared from the blood by the polygonal cells of the liver, excreted into the bowel and discharged into the duodenum. The equipment used was a gamma camera and small digital image processing system with area of interest capability. The diagnostic criteria used were those of blood retention, maximum hepatic uptake, liver, gall bladder and biliary tree visualisation times and time of excretion into the duodenum. Preliminary results from the findings in 60 patients of whom 42 were jaundiced are presented to demonstrate the ability of the technique to disclose evidence indicating intra- or extrahepatic causes of jaudice. Of 33 patients with proven extrahepatic obstruction Rose Bengal scanning provided the correct evidence in 31 cases, the other two having intermittent obstruction by common bile duct stones. Of the 12 patients with proven diffuse parenchymal disease the technique disclosed the correct evidence in all cases. All four post-cholecystectomy patients with recurrence of symptoms showed good visualisation of the duct system and excretion into the bowel.", "contents": "Sequential liver and biliary tract scanning with 131I labelled Rose Bengal. 131I labelled Rose Bengal is offered as an aid for estimating the functional state of the liver, gall bladder and patency of the biliary tree. When the tracer is injected intravenously, it is cleared from the blood by the polygonal cells of the liver, excreted into the bowel and discharged into the duodenum. The equipment used was a gamma camera and small digital image processing system with area of interest capability. The diagnostic criteria used were those of blood retention, maximum hepatic uptake, liver, gall bladder and biliary tree visualisation times and time of excretion into the duodenum. Preliminary results from the findings in 60 patients of whom 42 were jaundiced are presented to demonstrate the ability of the technique to disclose evidence indicating intra- or extrahepatic causes of jaudice. Of 33 patients with proven extrahepatic obstruction Rose Bengal scanning provided the correct evidence in 31 cases, the other two having intermittent obstruction by common bile duct stones. Of the 12 patients with proven diffuse parenchymal disease the technique disclosed the correct evidence in all cases. All four post-cholecystectomy patients with recurrence of symptoms showed good visualisation of the duct system and excretion into the bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:1201647", "title": "Correlation of intra-arterial contrast stasis with flow patterns at constrictions, branches and bends: an experimental model.", "content": "Flow patterns at bends and branches have been studied in an easily constructed open channel model so as to determine whether zones of stasis and poor mixing at constrictions, bends and branches can be correlated with certain arteriographic appearances. At bends, spiral flow lines and static zones occur which resemble those seen occasionally in the aortic arch and carotid siphon. At branches, stasis occurs on the outer walls of the branch mouths both in the experiments and arteriography, and constrictions easily produce downstream stasis, previously demonstrated in both arteries and open-channel experiments. Upstream stasis, not previously recorded, can also occur in arteries and model associated with severe constrictions. Occasionally stasis may extend along the whole length of one wall of a vessel when there is a downstream constriction, resembling arteriographic appearances seen in the internal carotid artery in patients with raised intracranial pressure, in those undergoin hyperventilation and also in coronary and other arteries. Despite known rheological differences between blood and water, the experimental findings are thought to be meaningful, and to indicate that there are within arteries, areas where turbulent mixing forces are weak or absent, resulting in arterial stasis.", "contents": "Correlation of intra-arterial contrast stasis with flow patterns at constrictions, branches and bends: an experimental model. Flow patterns at bends and branches have been studied in an easily constructed open channel model so as to determine whether zones of stasis and poor mixing at constrictions, bends and branches can be correlated with certain arteriographic appearances. At bends, spiral flow lines and static zones occur which resemble those seen occasionally in the aortic arch and carotid siphon. At branches, stasis occurs on the outer walls of the branch mouths both in the experiments and arteriography, and constrictions easily produce downstream stasis, previously demonstrated in both arteries and open-channel experiments. Upstream stasis, not previously recorded, can also occur in arteries and model associated with severe constrictions. Occasionally stasis may extend along the whole length of one wall of a vessel when there is a downstream constriction, resembling arteriographic appearances seen in the internal carotid artery in patients with raised intracranial pressure, in those undergoin hyperventilation and also in coronary and other arteries. Despite known rheological differences between blood and water, the experimental findings are thought to be meaningful, and to indicate that there are within arteries, areas where turbulent mixing forces are weak or absent, resulting in arterial stasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201648", "title": "Vulval phlebography in the pelvic congestion syndrome.", "content": "Twelve patients referred to a general surgeon with special interest in varicose veins were found to have vulval varices. All the patients were considered to be suffering from the pelvic congestion syndrome. Their radiological investigation by percutaneous vulval phlebography is described. It is suggested that patients with vulval varices should be examined radiologically by percutaneous vulval vein injection of contrast medium. It is postulated that pelvic vein thrombosis may precipitate the pelvic congestion syndrome. Whereas there is no established treatment of this syndrome, the radiological examination has proved helpful in planning the treatment of these patients.", "contents": "Vulval phlebography in the pelvic congestion syndrome. Twelve patients referred to a general surgeon with special interest in varicose veins were found to have vulval varices. All the patients were considered to be suffering from the pelvic congestion syndrome. Their radiological investigation by percutaneous vulval phlebography is described. It is suggested that patients with vulval varices should be examined radiologically by percutaneous vulval vein injection of contrast medium. It is postulated that pelvic vein thrombosis may precipitate the pelvic congestion syndrome. Whereas there is no established treatment of this syndrome, the radiological examination has proved helpful in planning the treatment of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1201649", "title": "The appearances of artefacts on lower limb phlebograms.", "content": "The various artefacts that may be encountered in phlebograms and which may be confused with thrombus are described. Methods of avoiding these pitfalls are discussed. the conclusions are based on over 2500 phlebograms carried out for suspected deep vein thrombosis.", "contents": "The appearances of artefacts on lower limb phlebograms. The various artefacts that may be encountered in phlebograms and which may be confused with thrombus are described. Methods of avoiding these pitfalls are discussed. the conclusions are based on over 2500 phlebograms carried out for suspected deep vein thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201650", "title": "Large subarticular cysts (geodes) adjacent to the knee-joint in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Two patients with rheumatoid arthritis are described, who developed very large bone cysts or geodes adjacent to the knee-joint. The existence of cysts adjacent to joints involved by rheumatoid arthritis is well recognised, but the occurrence of very large cysts is unusual and may present diagnostic difficulties. Possible aetiological factors are discussed.", "contents": "Large subarticular cysts (geodes) adjacent to the knee-joint in rheumatoid arthritis. Two patients with rheumatoid arthritis are described, who developed very large bone cysts or geodes adjacent to the knee-joint. The existence of cysts adjacent to joints involved by rheumatoid arthritis is well recognised, but the occurrence of very large cysts is unusual and may present diagnostic difficulties. Possible aetiological factors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201651", "title": "Choroidal metastases from breast carcinoma: a survey of 42 patients and the use of radiation therapy.", "content": "Visual disturbances in patients with breast carcinoma may result from choroidal metastases. Metastases were bilateral in 41% of patients and the choroid was the first site of metastasis in 25%. Therefore awareness of this 'rare' condition is essential for any doctor seeing patients with breast cancer; consultation with an ophthalmologist and radiotherapist is mandatory. Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice, producing an 80% response rate (complete resolution in 25%). The final catastrophe of blindness in these patients can be prevented.", "contents": "Choroidal metastases from breast carcinoma: a survey of 42 patients and the use of radiation therapy. Visual disturbances in patients with breast carcinoma may result from choroidal metastases. Metastases were bilateral in 41% of patients and the choroid was the first site of metastasis in 25%. Therefore awareness of this 'rare' condition is essential for any doctor seeing patients with breast cancer; consultation with an ophthalmologist and radiotherapist is mandatory. Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice, producing an 80% response rate (complete resolution in 25%). The final catastrophe of blindness in these patients can be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:1201652", "title": "Initial experience with a small dedicated computer system in a diagnostic x-ray department.", "content": "The operation of a small computer system involved in day to day management in an X-ray department is described. The system consists of the following equipment: PDP 8/F central processor with 8K core storage, 32K magnetic disc storage, High-speed paper tape reader (300 characters/s) and punch (50 characters/s), 3 Olivetti TE318 terminals with sprocket feed, paper tape reader and punch (10 characters/s). The system stores patient data relating to name, address, age, ward, referring physician, examination(s) requested, date of request, date of examination, date of report. From this data a large volume of relevant statistics is made available to the department and to the health authority. Labels for identifying record card, film envelope and X-ray films are automatically typed. During reporting coded phrases can be used by the radiologist. Interesting films can be recorded and recalled for library or consultation purposes as can research items. At report typing stage, the report heading is automatically recalled from the computer store. Coded phrases are typed automatically as is the radiologist's name and the date of the report. A 'DAYBOOK' IS TYPED AUTOMatically at the end of each working day. Problems encountered in running the system and future developments are described.", "contents": "Initial experience with a small dedicated computer system in a diagnostic x-ray department. The operation of a small computer system involved in day to day management in an X-ray department is described. The system consists of the following equipment: PDP 8/F central processor with 8K core storage, 32K magnetic disc storage, High-speed paper tape reader (300 characters/s) and punch (50 characters/s), 3 Olivetti TE318 terminals with sprocket feed, paper tape reader and punch (10 characters/s). The system stores patient data relating to name, address, age, ward, referring physician, examination(s) requested, date of request, date of examination, date of report. From this data a large volume of relevant statistics is made available to the department and to the health authority. Labels for identifying record card, film envelope and X-ray films are automatically typed. During reporting coded phrases can be used by the radiologist. Interesting films can be recorded and recalled for library or consultation purposes as can research items. At report typing stage, the report heading is automatically recalled from the computer store. Coded phrases are typed automatically as is the radiologist's name and the date of the report. A 'DAYBOOK' IS TYPED AUTOMatically at the end of each working day. Problems encountered in running the system and future developments are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1201653", "title": "A general program to estimate gene-frequencies by the method of maximum-likelihood.", "content": "The program estimates the optimal gene-frequencies from observed values of phenotypes by the method of maximum-likelihood. The program does not make assumptions about a specific blood-group-system. This information has to be supplied by input cards. A straightforward iteration process is used for obtaining initial estimates for the gene-frequencies in question. Then an iterative application of the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the maximum-likelihood equations. The program yields the gene-frequencies and their standard deviations, expected values of the phenotypes, expected values of the genotypes. Finally the chi-square between observed frequencies and (optimal) expected values of phenotypes is computed.", "contents": "A general program to estimate gene-frequencies by the method of maximum-likelihood. The program estimates the optimal gene-frequencies from observed values of phenotypes by the method of maximum-likelihood. The program does not make assumptions about a specific blood-group-system. This information has to be supplied by input cards. A straightforward iteration process is used for obtaining initial estimates for the gene-frequencies in question. Then an iterative application of the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the maximum-likelihood equations. The program yields the gene-frequencies and their standard deviations, expected values of the phenotypes, expected values of the genotypes. Finally the chi-square between observed frequencies and (optimal) expected values of phenotypes is computed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201654", "title": "A conversational program for analytical modelling of action potentials in nerve and muscle.", "content": "A conversational program is described which is being used for exploratory modelling of digestive tract electrical activity. The structure of the mathematical model is based on the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for nerve axons and the Noble equations for Purkinje fibres of the heart. The parameters of the models are changed conversationally to investigate the effects of frequency, amplitude and waveshape. In this way it is intended to extend the models to include nervous control. The program is also being used to correlate the behaviour of H-H type equations with the simpler dynamics of Van der Pol's equation which is the basis of an oscillator-array model for the stomach and small intestines.", "contents": "A conversational program for analytical modelling of action potentials in nerve and muscle. A conversational program is described which is being used for exploratory modelling of digestive tract electrical activity. The structure of the mathematical model is based on the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for nerve axons and the Noble equations for Purkinje fibres of the heart. The parameters of the models are changed conversationally to investigate the effects of frequency, amplitude and waveshape. In this way it is intended to extend the models to include nervous control. The program is also being used to correlate the behaviour of H-H type equations with the simpler dynamics of Van der Pol's equation which is the basis of an oscillator-array model for the stomach and small intestines."}
{"id": "PMID:1201655", "title": "A set of fortran subroutines for optimizing radiotherapy plans.", "content": "Quadratic Programming techniques have been applied to the optimization of radiation field weighting in Radiotherapy planning. Wedge selection has also been included by means of an exhaustive search. The radiation dose at any point in the patient may be constrained to be less than a stated percentage of the tumour dose. The routines have been successfully interfaced into a small computer interactive planning system, but they could represent an even more powerful tool in batch and time sharing systems. Minimum operator intervention is required in their use.", "contents": "A set of fortran subroutines for optimizing radiotherapy plans. Quadratic Programming techniques have been applied to the optimization of radiation field weighting in Radiotherapy planning. Wedge selection has also been included by means of an exhaustive search. The radiation dose at any point in the patient may be constrained to be less than a stated percentage of the tumour dose. The routines have been successfully interfaced into a small computer interactive planning system, but they could represent an even more powerful tool in batch and time sharing systems. Minimum operator intervention is required in their use."}
{"id": "PMID:1201656", "title": "Application of a programmable pocket calculator to a single compartment mathematical model of solute kinetics.", "content": "A single compartment mathematical model has been applied to kinetics of small solutes (urea and creatinine) in dialysis therapy. The model can be described by two equations requiring iterative solution of calculated values, given several measurable variables. The equations have been programmed onto a Hewlett-Packard 65 pocket calculator and recorded on 3 X 1/2\" magnetic strips, facilitating clinical application to dialysis therapy.", "contents": "Application of a programmable pocket calculator to a single compartment mathematical model of solute kinetics. A single compartment mathematical model has been applied to kinetics of small solutes (urea and creatinine) in dialysis therapy. The model can be described by two equations requiring iterative solution of calculated values, given several measurable variables. The equations have been programmed onto a Hewlett-Packard 65 pocket calculator and recorded on 3 X 1/2\" magnetic strips, facilitating clinical application to dialysis therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1201657", "title": "Hemodynamic patterns in shock and critically ill patients.", "content": "Nine variables were studied in 56 patients to analyze hemodynamic patterns of critically ill and shock patients. The variables were central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, left ventricular stroke work, strok index, total peripheral resistance, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and oxygen consumption. We observed six patterns; three with low cardiac index (hypodynamic) and three with high cardiac index (hyperdynamic). Group IA: Low cardiac index with increased central venous pressure and arteriovenous oxygen differences associated with myocardial infarction, cardiac insufficiency, and postoperative cardiac surgery: Group IB: Low cardiac index with normal arteriovenous oxygen difference associated with myocardial infarction or hypovolemia. Group IC: Low cardiac index and decreased arteriovenous oxygen difference in patients with hypodynamic septic shock. Group IID: High cardiac index and increased arteriovenous oxygen difference in patients with sepsis and stable hemodynamic conditions. Groups IIE and IIF: Increased cardiac index and normal or increased arteriovenous oxygen difference in septic patients, who were hemodymamically unstable or in shock. These hemodynamic observations were found to be useful for understanding physiological compensations, for deciding on therapy, and in evaluating the effectiveness of therapy.", "contents": "Hemodynamic patterns in shock and critically ill patients. Nine variables were studied in 56 patients to analyze hemodynamic patterns of critically ill and shock patients. The variables were central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, left ventricular stroke work, strok index, total peripheral resistance, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and oxygen consumption. We observed six patterns; three with low cardiac index (hypodynamic) and three with high cardiac index (hyperdynamic). Group IA: Low cardiac index with increased central venous pressure and arteriovenous oxygen differences associated with myocardial infarction, cardiac insufficiency, and postoperative cardiac surgery: Group IB: Low cardiac index with normal arteriovenous oxygen difference associated with myocardial infarction or hypovolemia. Group IC: Low cardiac index and decreased arteriovenous oxygen difference in patients with hypodynamic septic shock. Group IID: High cardiac index and increased arteriovenous oxygen difference in patients with sepsis and stable hemodynamic conditions. Groups IIE and IIF: Increased cardiac index and normal or increased arteriovenous oxygen difference in septic patients, who were hemodymamically unstable or in shock. These hemodynamic observations were found to be useful for understanding physiological compensations, for deciding on therapy, and in evaluating the effectiveness of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1201661", "title": "Preferences of infants for regular and distorted facial stimuli.", "content": "Kagan (1970a) and Lewis (1969) have proposed that infant preferences for regular and distorted face stimuli are determined by schema development. In order to test the schema model's predictions of infant preferences, changes in the methodological and statistical procedures of past research are necessary. Infants 3-14 months of age were tested for facial preferences using an operant response. The Coombs analysis showed that the predicted age changes in preferences for facial organization were not found. The preference data were interpreted as being based on stimulus variables other than the realism variables hypothesized by schema-model theorists.", "contents": "Preferences of infants for regular and distorted facial stimuli. Kagan (1970a) and Lewis (1969) have proposed that infant preferences for regular and distorted face stimuli are determined by schema development. In order to test the schema model's predictions of infant preferences, changes in the methodological and statistical procedures of past research are necessary. Infants 3-14 months of age were tested for facial preferences using an operant response. The Coombs analysis showed that the predicted age changes in preferences for facial organization were not found. The preference data were interpreted as being based on stimulus variables other than the realism variables hypothesized by schema-model theorists."}
{"id": "PMID:1201662", "title": "The relation between nonnutritive sucking and visual information processing in the human newborn.", "content": "This paper considers the relation between visual information processing and the burst-pause pattern of nonnutritive sucking in the human infant. Sucking and visual scanning activity were investigated in 2 independent studies. The results did not support the view that sucking is affected by ongoing processing activity. It is argued that previously reported effects of processing on sucking reflect a phasic component of the orientation reaction (OR) to stimuli, not a sustained processing of those stimuli. Additionally, no existing evidence supports the idea that the components of the natural burst-pause pattern of sucking differentially affect information processing in the human newborn.", "contents": "The relation between nonnutritive sucking and visual information processing in the human newborn. This paper considers the relation between visual information processing and the burst-pause pattern of nonnutritive sucking in the human infant. Sucking and visual scanning activity were investigated in 2 independent studies. The results did not support the view that sucking is affected by ongoing processing activity. It is argued that previously reported effects of processing on sucking reflect a phasic component of the orientation reaction (OR) to stimuli, not a sustained processing of those stimuli. Additionally, no existing evidence supports the idea that the components of the natural burst-pause pattern of sucking differentially affect information processing in the human newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:1201658", "title": "The therapeutic intervention scoring system. An application to acutely ill cancer patients.", "content": "The Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) has been introduced (Cullen DJ, Civetta JM, Briggs BA, et al: Therapeutic intervention scoring system: A method for quantitative comparison of patient care. Crit Care Med 2:57-60, 1974) at the Massachusetts General Hospital as a means of quantifying the medical and nursing care required by critically ill patients. The method has been instituted in the Intensive Care Unit of Memorial Cancer Center to evaluate its applicability to patients who develop life-threatening complications of their disease or its treatment. This is a preliminary report of the system's use in 55 consecutive patients who averaged 33.4 intervention points per day. This average compares closely with that of postcardiac surgery patients (31.8 points), the group that required the most care of all patients in the initial study. The results indicate the usefulness of this sytem in evaluating severity of illness, predicting survival, and assessing cost benefits. It has proven to be a simple and accurate method of assessment when simple and accurate method of assessment when applied to this patient population, but certain modifications seem warranted and have been suggested herein.", "contents": "The therapeutic intervention scoring system. An application to acutely ill cancer patients. The Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) has been introduced (Cullen DJ, Civetta JM, Briggs BA, et al: Therapeutic intervention scoring system: A method for quantitative comparison of patient care. Crit Care Med 2:57-60, 1974) at the Massachusetts General Hospital as a means of quantifying the medical and nursing care required by critically ill patients. The method has been instituted in the Intensive Care Unit of Memorial Cancer Center to evaluate its applicability to patients who develop life-threatening complications of their disease or its treatment. This is a preliminary report of the system's use in 55 consecutive patients who averaged 33.4 intervention points per day. This average compares closely with that of postcardiac surgery patients (31.8 points), the group that required the most care of all patients in the initial study. The results indicate the usefulness of this sytem in evaluating severity of illness, predicting survival, and assessing cost benefits. It has proven to be a simple and accurate method of assessment when simple and accurate method of assessment when applied to this patient population, but certain modifications seem warranted and have been suggested herein."}
{"id": "PMID:1201663", "title": "Perceptual training of height and brightness seriation in kindergarten children.", "content": "A study of seriation was conducted from the perspective of Gibson's theory of perceptual development. Kindergarten children who evidenced little seriation of height or brightness were assigned to either 1 of 3 perceptual training conditions or to a fourth, control condition. Training consisted of nonreinforced same-different judgments to wooden dowels varying in height, or in brightness, or simultaneously in height and brightness. The theoretical rationale for this training was that it would facilitate perception of the stimulus dimension(s) on which the dowels differed. It was found that perceptual training did facilitate seriation, particularly if both the height and brightness dimensions varied simultaneously in training.", "contents": "Perceptual training of height and brightness seriation in kindergarten children. A study of seriation was conducted from the perspective of Gibson's theory of perceptual development. Kindergarten children who evidenced little seriation of height or brightness were assigned to either 1 of 3 perceptual training conditions or to a fourth, control condition. Training consisted of nonreinforced same-different judgments to wooden dowels varying in height, or in brightness, or simultaneously in height and brightness. The theoretical rationale for this training was that it would facilitate perception of the stimulus dimension(s) on which the dowels differed. It was found that perceptual training did facilitate seriation, particularly if both the height and brightness dimensions varied simultaneously in training."}
{"id": "PMID:1201659", "title": "Experience with a multidisciplinary critical care center in a community hospital.", "content": "A multidisciplinary intensive care unit has been developed in a community hospital by planning techniques which are still not common in the hospital development environment. The resulting Acute Care Center has special attributes, especially in ongoing professional educational and consultation support, in continuous physician staffing aroung the clock, in equipment and in operational policies. The net result appears to be the provision of a higher standard of patient care, a lower mortality rate for the critically ill patient, and various cost benefits. The concepts and policies involved are being met with increasing acceptance in the local medical community.", "contents": "Experience with a multidisciplinary critical care center in a community hospital. A multidisciplinary intensive care unit has been developed in a community hospital by planning techniques which are still not common in the hospital development environment. The resulting Acute Care Center has special attributes, especially in ongoing professional educational and consultation support, in continuous physician staffing aroung the clock, in equipment and in operational policies. The net result appears to be the provision of a higher standard of patient care, a lower mortality rate for the critically ill patient, and various cost benefits. The concepts and policies involved are being met with increasing acceptance in the local medical community."}
{"id": "PMID:1201660", "title": "Critical care problems of the newborn: insensible water loss in small premature infants.", "content": "During the control period in this study, small premature infants, 1500 g in birth weight, had insensible water loss (IWL) of 2.28 g/kg/hr (equivlaent to 54 ml/kg/day), which is considerably higher than in full term infants. Under phototherapy, there was a significant increase in IWL (3.14 g/kg/hr) associated with increase of skin and rectal temperature. The heart rate and respiratory rates were comparable. Full term infants in stress situations such as phototherapy can compensate for water losses by increasing oral intake. In small premature infants, reliance must be placed upon increased amounts of parenteral fluids when under phototherapy.", "contents": "Critical care problems of the newborn: insensible water loss in small premature infants. During the control period in this study, small premature infants, 1500 g in birth weight, had insensible water loss (IWL) of 2.28 g/kg/hr (equivlaent to 54 ml/kg/day), which is considerably higher than in full term infants. Under phototherapy, there was a significant increase in IWL (3.14 g/kg/hr) associated with increase of skin and rectal temperature. The heart rate and respiratory rates were comparable. Full term infants in stress situations such as phototherapy can compensate for water losses by increasing oral intake. In small premature infants, reliance must be placed upon increased amounts of parenteral fluids when under phototherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1201664", "title": "Development of gender constancy and selective attention to same-sex models.", "content": "4 developmental levels of gender constancy were identified in 55 preschool-age children on the basis of a reproducible Guttman scale of answers to sets of questions pertaining to gender identity, gender stability over time, and gender consistency across situations. Children's developmental level of gender constancy was predictive of the amount and the proportion of time they attended to an adult male and an adult female film model. As boys developed gender constancy, their relative preference for watching the male model increased significantly; as girls developed gender constancy, their relative preference for watching the female model increased, though not significantly. At the more advanced levels of gender constancy, boys watched the male model more than did girls. It was suggested that same-sex social learning may develop as a function of children's cognitive understanding of gender as an identifiable, stable and consistent human attribute.", "contents": "Development of gender constancy and selective attention to same-sex models. 4 developmental levels of gender constancy were identified in 55 preschool-age children on the basis of a reproducible Guttman scale of answers to sets of questions pertaining to gender identity, gender stability over time, and gender consistency across situations. Children's developmental level of gender constancy was predictive of the amount and the proportion of time they attended to an adult male and an adult female film model. As boys developed gender constancy, their relative preference for watching the male model increased significantly; as girls developed gender constancy, their relative preference for watching the female model increased, though not significantly. At the more advanced levels of gender constancy, boys watched the male model more than did girls. It was suggested that same-sex social learning may develop as a function of children's cognitive understanding of gender as an identifiable, stable and consistent human attribute."}
{"id": "PMID:1201665", "title": "The function of shifting fixations in the visual perception of infants.", "content": "The processes underlying infants' shifts of fixation from 1 stimulus to another were explored in 3 studies. The results suggest that infants 3 months and older shift more when the 2 stimuli of a pair are similar than when they are different. Shifting is affected by stimulus repetition as well. There were age differences in the number of shifts per trial, with older infants shifting more. The possibility that shifting may facilitate stimulus recognition is discussed.", "contents": "The function of shifting fixations in the visual perception of infants. The processes underlying infants' shifts of fixation from 1 stimulus to another were explored in 3 studies. The results suggest that infants 3 months and older shift more when the 2 stimuli of a pair are similar than when they are different. Shifting is affected by stimulus repetition as well. There were age differences in the number of shifts per trial, with older infants shifting more. The possibility that shifting may facilitate stimulus recognition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201666", "title": "Effects of varying laboratory conditions on behavioral-state organization in two- and eight-week-old infants.", "content": "Previous studies have found that laboratory conditions influence sleep-waking behavior in older infants, children, and adults. The present study employed videotape recordings to monitor continuous 24-hr sleep-waking activity in 2- and 8-week-old infants before, during, and after 12 hr of polygraphic recordings. Sleep- and waking-state organization were affected by laboratory conditions. At both age levels, increased fussy-crying and decreased alertness occurred during the first 4 hr in the laboratory when they were video recorded only and during the first 4 hr that the leads were in place. Decreased fussy-crying and increased alertness were noted in the following periods, indicating adaptation. Latency to sleep was shorter, and drowsiness increased and active sleep decreased while the leads were in place. At 8 weeks, quiet sleep increased and active sleep decreased while the leads were in place. These data suggest that the unfamiliar laboratory conditions inherent in both observational and polygraphic studies are stressful and that time for adaptation is needed.", "contents": "Effects of varying laboratory conditions on behavioral-state organization in two- and eight-week-old infants. Previous studies have found that laboratory conditions influence sleep-waking behavior in older infants, children, and adults. The present study employed videotape recordings to monitor continuous 24-hr sleep-waking activity in 2- and 8-week-old infants before, during, and after 12 hr of polygraphic recordings. Sleep- and waking-state organization were affected by laboratory conditions. At both age levels, increased fussy-crying and decreased alertness occurred during the first 4 hr in the laboratory when they were video recorded only and during the first 4 hr that the leads were in place. Decreased fussy-crying and increased alertness were noted in the following periods, indicating adaptation. Latency to sleep was shorter, and drowsiness increased and active sleep decreased while the leads were in place. At 8 weeks, quiet sleep increased and active sleep decreased while the leads were in place. These data suggest that the unfamiliar laboratory conditions inherent in both observational and polygraphic studies are stressful and that time for adaptation is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201667", "title": "Behavior of narcotics-addicted newborns.", "content": "The behavior of narcotics-addicted and nonaddicted newborns on the first 2 days of life was assessed with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. In addition to classic signs of narcotics abstinence, addicted infants were less able to be maintained in an alert state and less able to orient to auditory and visual stimuli. These deficits were especially pronounced at 48 hours of age. Addicted infants were as capable of self-quieting and responding to soothing intervention as normal neonates, although they were substantially more irritable. These characteristics and addicted infants' greater resistance to cuddling are discussed in terms of their potential impact on early infant-care-giver interaction.", "contents": "Behavior of narcotics-addicted newborns. The behavior of narcotics-addicted and nonaddicted newborns on the first 2 days of life was assessed with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. In addition to classic signs of narcotics abstinence, addicted infants were less able to be maintained in an alert state and less able to orient to auditory and visual stimuli. These deficits were especially pronounced at 48 hours of age. Addicted infants were as capable of self-quieting and responding to soothing intervention as normal neonates, although they were substantially more irritable. These characteristics and addicted infants' greater resistance to cuddling are discussed in terms of their potential impact on early infant-care-giver interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1201668", "title": "Children's use of motives and intentionality in person perception and moral judgement.", "content": "Preschool, second-, and fifth-grade children watched films and heard stories which portrayed an actor who intentionally or accidentally injured another for either good or bad motives. After each film or story, children were interviewed to determine their understanding of the actor motives and the intentionality of his act and their moral judgements. The results suggest that children of all ages understood the concepts of motive and intentionality, but that the ability to make accurate inferences about motives and intentionality develops with age. Motives affected children's evaluations at all ages, but intentionality affected only grade school children's evaluations. The results for moral judgment were discussed in terms of a theory which included features of both cognitive-developmental and social learning explanations of moral development.", "contents": "Children's use of motives and intentionality in person perception and moral judgement. Preschool, second-, and fifth-grade children watched films and heard stories which portrayed an actor who intentionally or accidentally injured another for either good or bad motives. After each film or story, children were interviewed to determine their understanding of the actor motives and the intentionality of his act and their moral judgements. The results suggest that children of all ages understood the concepts of motive and intentionality, but that the ability to make accurate inferences about motives and intentionality develops with age. Motives affected children's evaluations at all ages, but intentionality affected only grade school children's evaluations. The results for moral judgment were discussed in terms of a theory which included features of both cognitive-developmental and social learning explanations of moral development."}
{"id": "PMID:1201669", "title": "Perceptual discriminability and communication performance in preschool children.", "content": "The ability of preschool children to discriminate perceptually among novel forms frequently employed in referential communication tasks is examined. Results suggest that preschool children who are able to discriminate among the forms nevertheless perform poorly on a referential communication task involving these same forms. Asking children to provide names for the forms enhanced their discrimination performance but not their communication performance.", "contents": "Perceptual discriminability and communication performance in preschool children. The ability of preschool children to discriminate perceptually among novel forms frequently employed in referential communication tasks is examined. Results suggest that preschool children who are able to discriminate among the forms nevertheless perform poorly on a referential communication task involving these same forms. Asking children to provide names for the forms enhanced their discrimination performance but not their communication performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1201670", "title": "A test of the poor leader-member relation cells of the contingency model on elementary school children.", "content": "The problem was to investigate the 4 poor leader-membrane relation cells of Fiedler's contingency model on fourth-grade elementary school groups. High and low least-preferred co-worker (LPC) leaders with strong and weak power were compared on structured and unstructured group tasks. When the task was structured, high LPC leaders were more effective than low regardless of position power. For the unstructured task, high LPC leaders were more effective than low for strong position power on 2 of 4 measures used, while low LPC leaders were more effective than high for weak position power on 1 of 4 measures.", "contents": "A test of the poor leader-member relation cells of the contingency model on elementary school children. The problem was to investigate the 4 poor leader-membrane relation cells of Fiedler's contingency model on fourth-grade elementary school groups. High and low least-preferred co-worker (LPC) leaders with strong and weak power were compared on structured and unstructured group tasks. When the task was structured, high LPC leaders were more effective than low regardless of position power. For the unstructured task, high LPC leaders were more effective than low for strong position power on 2 of 4 measures used, while low LPC leaders were more effective than high for weak position power on 1 of 4 measures."}
{"id": "PMID:1201671", "title": "Intentionality, degree of damage, and moral judgments.", "content": "153 first graders were given Piagetian moral judgment problems with a new simplified methodology as well as the usual story-pair paradigm. The new methodology involved making quantitative judgments about single stories and examined the influence of level of intentionality and degree of damage upon absolute punishment ratings. Contrary to results obtained with a story-pair methodology, it was found that with single stories even 6-year-old children responded to the level of intention in the stories as well as the quantity and quality of damage involved. This suggested that Piaget's methodology may be forcing children to employ a simplifying strategy while under other conditions they are able to perform the mental operations necessary to make complex moral judgments.", "contents": "Intentionality, degree of damage, and moral judgments. 153 first graders were given Piagetian moral judgment problems with a new simplified methodology as well as the usual story-pair paradigm. The new methodology involved making quantitative judgments about single stories and examined the influence of level of intentionality and degree of damage upon absolute punishment ratings. Contrary to results obtained with a story-pair methodology, it was found that with single stories even 6-year-old children responded to the level of intention in the stories as well as the quantity and quality of damage involved. This suggested that Piaget's methodology may be forcing children to employ a simplifying strategy while under other conditions they are able to perform the mental operations necessary to make complex moral judgments."}
{"id": "PMID:1201672", "title": "Developmental differences in children's preferences for high- and low-arousing forms of contact stimulation.", "content": "In a 2-choice preference situation involving the availability of adult-administered cuddling versus tickling stimulation, overall preferences for cuddling steadily decreased across 4 groups of children from 3 to 7 years of age. This developmental decrease was most prevalent, for both boys and girls, when the contact agents were a female cuddler versus a male tickler. The reversal of these contact-sex roles (female tickler vs. male cuddler) did not affect the developmental preference for less cuddling stimulation of the 3 oldest groups of girls; however, the youngest girls now avoided male cuddlers, while the boys were found to prefer male cuddlers at all 4 age levels.", "contents": "Developmental differences in children's preferences for high- and low-arousing forms of contact stimulation. In a 2-choice preference situation involving the availability of adult-administered cuddling versus tickling stimulation, overall preferences for cuddling steadily decreased across 4 groups of children from 3 to 7 years of age. This developmental decrease was most prevalent, for both boys and girls, when the contact agents were a female cuddler versus a male tickler. The reversal of these contact-sex roles (female tickler vs. male cuddler) did not affect the developmental preference for less cuddling stimulation of the 3 oldest groups of girls; however, the youngest girls now avoided male cuddlers, while the boys were found to prefer male cuddlers at all 4 age levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1201673", "title": "Dimensional salience and judgments of bigness by three-year-old children.", "content": "3-year-olds were shown triads of rectangles and asked to select the \"big\" one, where the biggest rectangle in each triad was neither the tallest nor the widest. Dimensional salience and response choice were highly related. In addition, as saliency of a particular dimension increased relative to the other dimension, significantly more responses were based on that dimension. The results support the notion that the young child does not rely on 1 specific dimension to make judgments of bigness but, rather, attends to the most salient differences among stimuli.", "contents": "Dimensional salience and judgments of bigness by three-year-old children. 3-year-olds were shown triads of rectangles and asked to select the \"big\" one, where the biggest rectangle in each triad was neither the tallest nor the widest. Dimensional salience and response choice were highly related. In addition, as saliency of a particular dimension increased relative to the other dimension, significantly more responses were based on that dimension. The results support the notion that the young child does not rely on 1 specific dimension to make judgments of bigness but, rather, attends to the most salient differences among stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:1201674", "title": "Visual information-processing speed in reflective and impulsive children.", "content": "A backward-masking procedure was used to measure the rate of visual information processing in 8- and 10-year-old reflective and impulsive children. The test stimulus (TS) and the masking stimulus (MS) which followed it were presented tachistoscopially. The subject's information-processing threshold was defined as the next highest TS-MS interval above the interval where at least 3 of the 4 TSs were incorrectly identified. Reflective children were significantly faster than impulsive children at processing information. This finding was related to research indicating that reflective and impulsive children employ similar cognitive strategies; it was suggested that performance differences between these children might be related to reflective children employing their strategies with more adequate information.", "contents": "Visual information-processing speed in reflective and impulsive children. A backward-masking procedure was used to measure the rate of visual information processing in 8- and 10-year-old reflective and impulsive children. The test stimulus (TS) and the masking stimulus (MS) which followed it were presented tachistoscopially. The subject's information-processing threshold was defined as the next highest TS-MS interval above the interval where at least 3 of the 4 TSs were incorrectly identified. Reflective children were significantly faster than impulsive children at processing information. This finding was related to research indicating that reflective and impulsive children employ similar cognitive strategies; it was suggested that performance differences between these children might be related to reflective children employing their strategies with more adequate information."}
{"id": "PMID:1201678", "title": "[Indications and surgical technic for the correction of funnel chest and its results].", "content": "Treatment of funnel chest is only successful by surgical means. 425 funnel chest operations have been performed between 1956 and 1974 at the Surgical and Paediatric Surgical Department of the University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg. Different types of operative procedures have been compared with each other. The internal fixation of the elevated funnel chest with a metal strut is an operative procedure with the lowest infection rate, with less recurrences and the best anatomical and cosmetic results. The surgical procedure involves a double incision of the ribs parasternally and at the borderline of the funnel, the mobilised ventral part of the chest is elevated by a metal strut to an anatomically normal position. 235 patients have been operated on by this method. In 7% a local wound infection occured, there was one total recurrence and 15 partial recurrences. 4 years after operation 75% of the patients had an anatomically normal and well developed chest with an excellent cosmetic result.", "contents": "[Indications and surgical technic for the correction of funnel chest and its results]. Treatment of funnel chest is only successful by surgical means. 425 funnel chest operations have been performed between 1956 and 1974 at the Surgical and Paediatric Surgical Department of the University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg. Different types of operative procedures have been compared with each other. The internal fixation of the elevated funnel chest with a metal strut is an operative procedure with the lowest infection rate, with less recurrences and the best anatomical and cosmetic results. The surgical procedure involves a double incision of the ribs parasternally and at the borderline of the funnel, the mobilised ventral part of the chest is elevated by a metal strut to an anatomically normal position. 235 patients have been operated on by this method. In 7% a local wound infection occured, there was one total recurrence and 15 partial recurrences. 4 years after operation 75% of the patients had an anatomically normal and well developed chest with an excellent cosmetic result."}
{"id": "PMID:1201679", "title": "[Clinical picture and treatment of carcinoid of the appendix].", "content": "The clinical syndrome of a carcinoid tumor of the appendix is presented in 7 such cases. In spite of its slow growth and late metastatic dissemination iliocoecal resection must be performed dependent on the extent and location of the tumor.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and treatment of carcinoid of the appendix]. The clinical syndrome of a carcinoid tumor of the appendix is presented in 7 such cases. In spite of its slow growth and late metastatic dissemination iliocoecal resection must be performed dependent on the extent and location of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1201680", "title": "[Injuries of the rectum in barium contrast enema].", "content": "Perforation of the rectum during a barium enema can be catastrophic. Most reports and in our experience too, the lethality in these patients is more than 50%. This effect of barium is not widely appreciated. Injections of barium sulfate with faeces, of commercial barium both sterile and unsterile into the peritoneal cavity and barium perforation were fatal in 20--48 hours in the dog without further treatment. This study shows that the repair of a barium perforation should be considered as one of the most important emergency procedures. Operative methods and problems are described.", "contents": "[Injuries of the rectum in barium contrast enema]. Perforation of the rectum during a barium enema can be catastrophic. Most reports and in our experience too, the lethality in these patients is more than 50%. This effect of barium is not widely appreciated. Injections of barium sulfate with faeces, of commercial barium both sterile and unsterile into the peritoneal cavity and barium perforation were fatal in 20--48 hours in the dog without further treatment. This study shows that the repair of a barium perforation should be considered as one of the most important emergency procedures. Operative methods and problems are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1201681", "title": "[Duckbill fractures of the tuber calcanei, etiology and treatment].", "content": "This report is of two cases of tuber calcanei fractures (fractures of group I according to B\u00f6hler). In one case the fracture occured after direct trauma, in the other after an uncorrdinated maximal contraction of the triceps muscle. The different origins of this type of fracture are discussed and the reported cases in the literature are reviewed. Both fractures were treated by osteosynthesis. Immediate operation is indicated because problems in the surrounding soft tissues are to be expected.", "contents": "[Duckbill fractures of the tuber calcanei, etiology and treatment]. This report is of two cases of tuber calcanei fractures (fractures of group I according to B\u00f6hler). In one case the fracture occured after direct trauma, in the other after an uncorrdinated maximal contraction of the triceps muscle. The different origins of this type of fracture are discussed and the reported cases in the literature are reviewed. Both fractures were treated by osteosynthesis. Immediate operation is indicated because problems in the surrounding soft tissues are to be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:1201682", "title": "Intraspecific karyotypic differentiation in the Australian phasmatid Didymuria violescens (Leach). I. The chromosome races and their structural and evolutionary relationships.", "content": "The phasmatid species Didymuria violescens comprises ten distinct chromosome races parapatrically distributed such that adjacent races meet in narrow zones of overlap. The interracial karyotypic variation is remarkable and involves both diploid number differences (in the range 26-40) and differences in the sex-chromosome mechanism. Karyotypic comparisons and analyses of the meiotic pairing relationships in interracial hybirds have shown that the differences derive in large part from a series of centric fusion events and X-autosome fusions, which together contribute to the reduction in chromosome number within the species. The origin and development of the current racial pattern can best be interpreted in terms of the stasipatric hypothesis of White.", "contents": "Intraspecific karyotypic differentiation in the Australian phasmatid Didymuria violescens (Leach). I. The chromosome races and their structural and evolutionary relationships. The phasmatid species Didymuria violescens comprises ten distinct chromosome races parapatrically distributed such that adjacent races meet in narrow zones of overlap. The interracial karyotypic variation is remarkable and involves both diploid number differences (in the range 26-40) and differences in the sex-chromosome mechanism. Karyotypic comparisons and analyses of the meiotic pairing relationships in interracial hybirds have shown that the differences derive in large part from a series of centric fusion events and X-autosome fusions, which together contribute to the reduction in chromosome number within the species. The origin and development of the current racial pattern can best be interpreted in terms of the stasipatric hypothesis of White."}
{"id": "PMID:1201683", "title": "The mitotic chromosomes of Notophthalmus (=Triturus) viridescens: localization of C banding regions and DNA sequences complementary to 18S, 28S and 5S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "The metaphase chromosomes of Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens have been studied by C-banding and in situ hybridization. The chromosomes show the pericentric C-banding seen in many organisms and in addition have interstitial C-bands located a short distance from the pericentric C-bands on each chromosome arm. A few C-bands are seen in telomeric regions. Regions which hybridize in situ with 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA were found on three chromosome pairs. The animals studied fell into three groups with respect to which of the six possible sites showed detectable hybridization with 18S and 28S RNA. Individual animals differed not only in the pattern of in situ hybridization of ribosomal RNA but also in the number of ribosomal RNA cistrons in the genome as measured by saturation hybridization on purified DNA. In situ hybridization showed five pairs of chromosomes which contained DNA complementary to 5S RNA. The four pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes in the N. viridescens karyotype all have 5S DNA in the pericentric regions. The fifth cluster of 5S DNA is in the middle of one arm of the chromosomes in one of the two smallest submetacentric pairs in the genome. The five sites of 5S DNA differ markedly in the level of in situ hybridization with 5S cRNA.", "contents": "The mitotic chromosomes of Notophthalmus (=Triturus) viridescens: localization of C banding regions and DNA sequences complementary to 18S, 28S and 5S ribosomal RNA. The metaphase chromosomes of Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens have been studied by C-banding and in situ hybridization. The chromosomes show the pericentric C-banding seen in many organisms and in addition have interstitial C-bands located a short distance from the pericentric C-bands on each chromosome arm. A few C-bands are seen in telomeric regions. Regions which hybridize in situ with 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA were found on three chromosome pairs. The animals studied fell into three groups with respect to which of the six possible sites showed detectable hybridization with 18S and 28S RNA. Individual animals differed not only in the pattern of in situ hybridization of ribosomal RNA but also in the number of ribosomal RNA cistrons in the genome as measured by saturation hybridization on purified DNA. In situ hybridization showed five pairs of chromosomes which contained DNA complementary to 5S RNA. The four pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes in the N. viridescens karyotype all have 5S DNA in the pericentric regions. The fifth cluster of 5S DNA is in the middle of one arm of the chromosomes in one of the two smallest submetacentric pairs in the genome. The five sites of 5S DNA differ markedly in the level of in situ hybridization with 5S cRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1201684", "title": "Identification of the lampbrush chromosome loops which transcribe 5S ribosomal RNA in Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens.", "content": "The loops which transcribe 5S ribosomal RNA in lampbrush chromosomes of the newt, Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens, were identified by hybridizing purified 5S DNA to nascent 5S RNA in situ. The genes which code for 5S RNA were found near the centromeres of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, and 7 by hybridizing iodinated 5S RNA to denatured lampbrush and mitotic chromosomes in situ. These genes and their intervening spacer DNA were isolated from Xenopus laevis using sequential silver-cesium sulfate equilibrium centrifugations. This purified 5S DNA was iodinated and hybridized to non-denatured lampbrush chromosomes in situ, where it bound to nascent 5S RNA on loops at the base of the centromeres of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, and 7. The number of 5S genes present in the haploid chromosome complement of N. viridescens was determined. - The 5S loops were chosen for study, since (1) the synthesis of 5S RNA has been demonstrated during the lampbrush stage, (2) both 5S RNA and 5S DNA could be isolated in pure form, and (3) the localization of the repetitive 5S genes could be verified by conventional in situ hybridization procedures. These methods may be applicable to the identification of other loops, leading to a better understanding of lampbrush chromosome function.", "contents": "Identification of the lampbrush chromosome loops which transcribe 5S ribosomal RNA in Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens. The loops which transcribe 5S ribosomal RNA in lampbrush chromosomes of the newt, Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens, were identified by hybridizing purified 5S DNA to nascent 5S RNA in situ. The genes which code for 5S RNA were found near the centromeres of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, and 7 by hybridizing iodinated 5S RNA to denatured lampbrush and mitotic chromosomes in situ. These genes and their intervening spacer DNA were isolated from Xenopus laevis using sequential silver-cesium sulfate equilibrium centrifugations. This purified 5S DNA was iodinated and hybridized to non-denatured lampbrush chromosomes in situ, where it bound to nascent 5S RNA on loops at the base of the centromeres of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, and 7. The number of 5S genes present in the haploid chromosome complement of N. viridescens was determined. - The 5S loops were chosen for study, since (1) the synthesis of 5S RNA has been demonstrated during the lampbrush stage, (2) both 5S RNA and 5S DNA could be isolated in pure form, and (3) the localization of the repetitive 5S genes could be verified by conventional in situ hybridization procedures. These methods may be applicable to the identification of other loops, leading to a better understanding of lampbrush chromosome function."}
{"id": "PMID:1201685", "title": "Q-, C-, and G-banding patterns in the germ-line and somatic chromosomes of Miastor sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyidae).", "content": "Q-, C-, and G-banding patterns are described for the germ-line and somatic chromosomes of Miastor sp. The chromosome number in the germ line is 36, which is 3 less than that previously reported for the same cultured line 18 years ago. There are 8 chromosome groups: 8 large acrocentrics, 11 large and medium submetacentrics, 4 medium metacentrics, 4 medium subtelocentrics, 6 medium telocentrics, one medium acrocentric, one small submetacentric, and one small telocentric. All 8 large acrocentrics have a Q-band and an interstitial C-band in the short arm, suggesting that these chromosomes are at least partially homologous (or homeologous) and that the germ line originally was polyploid. Only one other germ-line chromosome, the small submetacentric, has a Q-band and an interstitial C-band. In somatic cells there are 8 chromosomes, 28 chromosomes having been eliminated during early cleavage. Three of the four pairs of somatic chromosomes are heteromorphic, despite the indications of a polyploid origin of the germ-line chromosomes and despite the presence of somatic pairing. Furthermore, there is a great deal of restriction on which chromosomes are retained in somatic cells, and it may be that the same 8 chromosomes are retained by all embryos. The G-banding pattern is not as clear as the other two banding patterns. The findings are discussed in relation to observations in other cecidomyids, and a model for the evolution of the chromosome system of Miastor is presented.", "contents": "Q-, C-, and G-banding patterns in the germ-line and somatic chromosomes of Miastor sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyidae). Q-, C-, and G-banding patterns are described for the germ-line and somatic chromosomes of Miastor sp. The chromosome number in the germ line is 36, which is 3 less than that previously reported for the same cultured line 18 years ago. There are 8 chromosome groups: 8 large acrocentrics, 11 large and medium submetacentrics, 4 medium metacentrics, 4 medium subtelocentrics, 6 medium telocentrics, one medium acrocentric, one small submetacentric, and one small telocentric. All 8 large acrocentrics have a Q-band and an interstitial C-band in the short arm, suggesting that these chromosomes are at least partially homologous (or homeologous) and that the germ line originally was polyploid. Only one other germ-line chromosome, the small submetacentric, has a Q-band and an interstitial C-band. In somatic cells there are 8 chromosomes, 28 chromosomes having been eliminated during early cleavage. Three of the four pairs of somatic chromosomes are heteromorphic, despite the indications of a polyploid origin of the germ-line chromosomes and despite the presence of somatic pairing. Furthermore, there is a great deal of restriction on which chromosomes are retained in somatic cells, and it may be that the same 8 chromosomes are retained by all embryos. The G-banding pattern is not as clear as the other two banding patterns. The findings are discussed in relation to observations in other cecidomyids, and a model for the evolution of the chromosome system of Miastor is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1201686", "title": "Independent replication of the ribosomal RNA genes in the polytrophic-meroistic ovaries of Calliphora erythrocephala, Drosophila hydei, and Sarcophaga barbata.", "content": "By filter saturation hybridizations the ribosomal (r)DNA contents of the ovaries Calliphora erythrocephala, Drosophila hydei, and Sarcophaga barbata have been measured in comparison to the rDNA percentages of their diploid brains. The measurements of the ovarian rDNA have been carried out on ovaries where the nurse cells in the distal egg chamber of the ovarioles had reached their highest ploidy level. The diploid rDNA content of each of the respective species was chosen as a 100% standard and the rDNA amounts of the ovaries were related to this 100% level. The results show that the ovaries of C. erythrocephala contain 135% rDNA whereas the rDNA contents in the ovaries of D. hydei and S. barbata are only 51% and 47%, respectively. Measurements carried out on isolated nuclei of the nurse cells and follicle cells in D. hydei show that both have a reduced rDNA content in comparison to the brains (45% and 70%, respectively). The data are discussed in relation to the problem of an rDNA amplification in the germ cells and an rDNA underreplication in polyploid nuclei.", "contents": "Independent replication of the ribosomal RNA genes in the polytrophic-meroistic ovaries of Calliphora erythrocephala, Drosophila hydei, and Sarcophaga barbata. By filter saturation hybridizations the ribosomal (r)DNA contents of the ovaries Calliphora erythrocephala, Drosophila hydei, and Sarcophaga barbata have been measured in comparison to the rDNA percentages of their diploid brains. The measurements of the ovarian rDNA have been carried out on ovaries where the nurse cells in the distal egg chamber of the ovarioles had reached their highest ploidy level. The diploid rDNA content of each of the respective species was chosen as a 100% standard and the rDNA amounts of the ovaries were related to this 100% level. The results show that the ovaries of C. erythrocephala contain 135% rDNA whereas the rDNA contents in the ovaries of D. hydei and S. barbata are only 51% and 47%, respectively. Measurements carried out on isolated nuclei of the nurse cells and follicle cells in D. hydei show that both have a reduced rDNA content in comparison to the brains (45% and 70%, respectively). The data are discussed in relation to the problem of an rDNA amplification in the germ cells and an rDNA underreplication in polyploid nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:1201687", "title": "Nucleolar RNA synthesis of meiotic prophase spermatocytes in the human testis.", "content": "Human meiotic prophase spermatocyte nuclei were studied by electron microscope autoradiography after a 3 hours 3H-uridine labeling pulse, followed by postincubation in non-radioactive medium. In autosomes, 3H-uridine nucleolar labeling reaches a peak during early-middle zygotene  prior to the peak labeling of chromosmal RNA species at middle pachytene. Transcription activities of sex chromosomes are inconspicuous when compared with that of autosomes. An increasing condensation of nucleolar-associated chromatin in acrocentric bivalents contributes to the formation of basal knobs in human pachytene spermatocytes. Upon completion of knob formation, nucleolar components segregate and the uptake of 3H-uridine decreases. These findings suggest that the template capability of ribosomal DNA cistrons, located next to the basal knob region, is largely associated with a dispersed state of chromatin whereas increased chromatin condensation is correlated with a restriction of ribosomal RNA transcription.", "contents": "Nucleolar RNA synthesis of meiotic prophase spermatocytes in the human testis. Human meiotic prophase spermatocyte nuclei were studied by electron microscope autoradiography after a 3 hours 3H-uridine labeling pulse, followed by postincubation in non-radioactive medium. In autosomes, 3H-uridine nucleolar labeling reaches a peak during early-middle zygotene  prior to the peak labeling of chromosmal RNA species at middle pachytene. Transcription activities of sex chromosomes are inconspicuous when compared with that of autosomes. An increasing condensation of nucleolar-associated chromatin in acrocentric bivalents contributes to the formation of basal knobs in human pachytene spermatocytes. Upon completion of knob formation, nucleolar components segregate and the uptake of 3H-uridine decreases. These findings suggest that the template capability of ribosomal DNA cistrons, located next to the basal knob region, is largely associated with a dispersed state of chromatin whereas increased chromatin condensation is correlated with a restriction of ribosomal RNA transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:1201688", "title": "Replication of DNA in mammalian chromosomes. III. Size and RNA content of Okazaki fragments.", "content": "A study of sedimentation and buoyant density of Okazaki fragments from mammalian chromosomes along with electron microscopic studies indicate that fragments from about 200 to 1200 nucleotides long may have RNA segments covalently attached. The fragments in some CsCl isopycnic gradients banded in two rather distinct bands. One band corresponds to the density of single-stranded DNA, but the other has a higher buoyant density which could be conferred by a segment of RNA up to 180 nucleotides or more in length. The RNA was not removed by denaturing conditions which separated DNA strands consisting of several thousand nucleotide pairs. When the material of higher buoyant density was spread for electron microscopy under conditions which would extend single-stranded DNA chains,  but leave RNA in a coil or bush the chains with a higher buoyant density usually had a bush attached at one end. Under conditions that were thought to favor gap filling over chain elongation near growing forks, the DNA produced by pulse labeling with bromodeoxyuridine had a buoyant density which would indicate substitution to about 15 percent in one chain. If this substitution represents filling of gaps occupied by RNA before the pulse, the segments would be about 180 nucleotides in length assuming about 1,000 nucleotides between each segment.", "contents": "Replication of DNA in mammalian chromosomes. III. Size and RNA content of Okazaki fragments. A study of sedimentation and buoyant density of Okazaki fragments from mammalian chromosomes along with electron microscopic studies indicate that fragments from about 200 to 1200 nucleotides long may have RNA segments covalently attached. The fragments in some CsCl isopycnic gradients banded in two rather distinct bands. One band corresponds to the density of single-stranded DNA, but the other has a higher buoyant density which could be conferred by a segment of RNA up to 180 nucleotides or more in length. The RNA was not removed by denaturing conditions which separated DNA strands consisting of several thousand nucleotide pairs. When the material of higher buoyant density was spread for electron microscopy under conditions which would extend single-stranded DNA chains,  but leave RNA in a coil or bush the chains with a higher buoyant density usually had a bush attached at one end. Under conditions that were thought to favor gap filling over chain elongation near growing forks, the DNA produced by pulse labeling with bromodeoxyuridine had a buoyant density which would indicate substitution to about 15 percent in one chain. If this substitution represents filling of gaps occupied by RNA before the pulse, the segments would be about 180 nucleotides in length assuming about 1,000 nucleotides between each segment."}
{"id": "PMID:1201689", "title": "Chromosomal basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila VIII. Faster replication and hyperactivity of both arms of the X-chromosome in males of Drosophila pseudoobscura and their possible significance.", "content": "3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine labeling patterns of the X-chromosome arms of Drosophila pseudoobscura have been examined autoradiographically. Results show that in all phases of replication, namely, initial, middle and terminal, both arms of the X-chromosome in the male are advanced by one or two steps of 3H-thymidine labeling in comparison with the autosomes, and both arms in the female show more or less similar labeling profile as the autosomes. Both the arms in the male show pale stainability and enlarged width ratio, as reported in other species. The 3H-uridine labeling patterns also reveal that both arms in the male incorporate twice as much precursor as the individual X in the female. Results, therefore, suggest that both arms of the X in D. pseudoobscura are faster replicating and hyperactive in the male, although it is considered that XL is homologous to the X and XR to part of the third chromosome of D. melanogaster.", "contents": "Chromosomal basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila VIII. Faster replication and hyperactivity of both arms of the X-chromosome in males of Drosophila pseudoobscura and their possible significance. 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine labeling patterns of the X-chromosome arms of Drosophila pseudoobscura have been examined autoradiographically. Results show that in all phases of replication, namely, initial, middle and terminal, both arms of the X-chromosome in the male are advanced by one or two steps of 3H-thymidine labeling in comparison with the autosomes, and both arms in the female show more or less similar labeling profile as the autosomes. Both the arms in the male show pale stainability and enlarged width ratio, as reported in other species. The 3H-uridine labeling patterns also reveal that both arms in the male incorporate twice as much precursor as the individual X in the female. Results, therefore, suggest that both arms of the X in D. pseudoobscura are faster replicating and hyperactive in the male, although it is considered that XL is homologous to the X and XR to part of the third chromosome of D. melanogaster."}
{"id": "PMID:1201690", "title": "Studies on Macronuclear DNA from Paramecium aurelia.", "content": "Macronuclear DNA was isolated from purified macronuclei of Paramecium aurelia and the size distribution was determined with regard to growth phase and method of extraction. DNA molecules as long as 105 microns and as short as 0.2 microns were observed. It was concluded that the method of extraction affected the observed length of DNA extracted and that macronuclear DNA isolated from cells in balanced growth was less susceptible to nuclease degradation than was DNA isolated from cells in stationary phase. Renaturation studies were performed on macronuclear DNA and a kinetic complexity of 22-times E. coli DNA was determined. This value was similar to those values reported for Tetrahymena and Stylonychia macronuclear DNA. Correcting for GC base content yielded a kinetic complexity for Paramecium macronuclear DNA  of 11-times E. coli DNA which corresponded to 3 X 10(10) daltons. There would be about 1400 copies of a unit genome of this complexity within each newly replicated macronucleus. Density gradient analysis indicated that the genes coding for ribosomal RNA had a greater density in CsCl than the bulk DNA. Molecular hybridization studies indicated that the genes coding for 25 S RNA represented 0.14 percent of the total macronuclear DNA. Correcting for GC base content, this corresponded to 30-35 25 S RNA genes per unit genome. These results on Paramecium are discussed in relationship to other ciliate macronuclear DNA.", "contents": "Studies on Macronuclear DNA from Paramecium aurelia. Macronuclear DNA was isolated from purified macronuclei of Paramecium aurelia and the size distribution was determined with regard to growth phase and method of extraction. DNA molecules as long as 105 microns and as short as 0.2 microns were observed. It was concluded that the method of extraction affected the observed length of DNA extracted and that macronuclear DNA isolated from cells in balanced growth was less susceptible to nuclease degradation than was DNA isolated from cells in stationary phase. Renaturation studies were performed on macronuclear DNA and a kinetic complexity of 22-times E. coli DNA was determined. This value was similar to those values reported for Tetrahymena and Stylonychia macronuclear DNA. Correcting for GC base content yielded a kinetic complexity for Paramecium macronuclear DNA  of 11-times E. coli DNA which corresponded to 3 X 10(10) daltons. There would be about 1400 copies of a unit genome of this complexity within each newly replicated macronucleus. Density gradient analysis indicated that the genes coding for ribosomal RNA had a greater density in CsCl than the bulk DNA. Molecular hybridization studies indicated that the genes coding for 25 S RNA represented 0.14 percent of the total macronuclear DNA. Correcting for GC base content, this corresponded to 30-35 25 S RNA genes per unit genome. These results on Paramecium are discussed in relationship to other ciliate macronuclear DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1201691", "title": "Genes controlling chromosome activity; the role of genes blocking Y-lampbrush loop propagation.", "content": "Characterization of two more X-linked Y-affecting mutations in D. hydei is presented; ms(1) XL24 is less extreme than the previously described mutation, ms(1)XL2, but its general effect on the propagation of Y-lampbrush loops is similar qualitatively; ms(1)XL24 is located at the distal end of the X-chromosome and associated with a suppressor-of-white phenotype. The other X-linked sterile, ms(1)XL4, is the least extreme of the three mutations examined to date. It is recessive, located ca 2 c.o. units to the right of white, and causes different patterns of Y loop response. -- From a comparison of the effects of the three single mutations, as well as from the analysis of the various double-sterile combinations, we surmise that: 1) if specific activator genes for the Y-lampbrush loops do exist, they are not likely to be located on the X-chromosome of Drosophila; 2) every lampbrush loop is composed of several functional repeats, each of which operates when unfolded; 3) the Y-affecting mutations arrest preferentially, but not exclusively or specifically Y-lampbrush loop propagation probably indirectly through their independent metabolic effects. Since the mutations are not specific for germ line cells, and exhibit various pleiotropic effects, especially with regard to viability, they should be considered tissue conditional lethals.", "contents": "Genes controlling chromosome activity; the role of genes blocking Y-lampbrush loop propagation. Characterization of two more X-linked Y-affecting mutations in D. hydei is presented; ms(1) XL24 is less extreme than the previously described mutation, ms(1)XL2, but its general effect on the propagation of Y-lampbrush loops is similar qualitatively; ms(1)XL24 is located at the distal end of the X-chromosome and associated with a suppressor-of-white phenotype. The other X-linked sterile, ms(1)XL4, is the least extreme of the three mutations examined to date. It is recessive, located ca 2 c.o. units to the right of white, and causes different patterns of Y loop response. -- From a comparison of the effects of the three single mutations, as well as from the analysis of the various double-sterile combinations, we surmise that: 1) if specific activator genes for the Y-lampbrush loops do exist, they are not likely to be located on the X-chromosome of Drosophila; 2) every lampbrush loop is composed of several functional repeats, each of which operates when unfolded; 3) the Y-affecting mutations arrest preferentially, but not exclusively or specifically Y-lampbrush loop propagation probably indirectly through their independent metabolic effects. Since the mutations are not specific for germ line cells, and exhibit various pleiotropic effects, especially with regard to viability, they should be considered tissue conditional lethals."}
{"id": "PMID:1201694", "title": "Retinal pigment epithelium dystrophy in central serous detachment of sensory epithelium.", "content": "The incidence of central serous neuro-epithelial detachment in the polulation living in the health district Prague-10 was found to be one in 22,000 inhabitants a year. The cases were classified into three types: A. Inkblot diffusion 60%; B. upward diffusion 25%; C. congregation type 15%. The site of leakage was usually in the upper part of the detached retina or slightly below the horizontal line. Relapses were observed in 16 out of 79 patients, 20%, usually stemming from the original leak. The average re-attachment time was 98 days. In 10% a chronic course led to extensive dystrophy of the pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Retinal pigment epithelium dystrophy in central serous detachment of sensory epithelium. The incidence of central serous neuro-epithelial detachment in the polulation living in the health district Prague-10 was found to be one in 22,000 inhabitants a year. The cases were classified into three types: A. Inkblot diffusion 60%; B. upward diffusion 25%; C. congregation type 15%. The site of leakage was usually in the upper part of the detached retina or slightly below the horizontal line. Relapses were observed in 16 out of 79 patients, 20%, usually stemming from the original leak. The average re-attachment time was 98 days. In 10% a chronic course led to extensive dystrophy of the pigment epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1201695", "title": "On slit-lamp microscopy.", "content": "Theoretically the contact lens with a refractive power of -64 dioptres is superior to the concave pre-set lens (Hruby lens) or the convex lens (Bayadi). In practice the results are as follows: With the convex lens the examination of the vitreous is unsatisfactory. The reversed image with the convex lens will become familiar with some experience as one will also get used to the mirror images of the three-mirror contact lens. However, the abnormal curvature of the image is really a nuisance. On the other hand the large field of view is an advantage. The convex lens is only practically useful when it can be firmly attached to the slit-lamp microscope, as otherwise the new adjustment necessary for searching the fundus is too difficult. Attachment to the microscope is also of advantage with the Hruby lens. The concave contact lens of 64 dioptres is best suited for detailed examination of vitreous and fundus and for measurements. When no value is placed on a minute examination and a quick simple orientation suffices, the concave pre-set lens (Hruby lens) has the advantage that the lens does not have to be placed on the eye. If it is centred to the middle axis of the microscope, it facilitates especially quick observation. There will be cases where the pre-set lens will be the only answer, especially shortly after an operation or with very sensitive patients. Furthermore, the Hruby lens is preferable to the Bayadi lens because the vitreous can be better examined. The Hruby lens is also advantageous for examination of the region in the middle, lateral periphery of the fundus, 30 degrees - 60 degrees, and is superior in this area to the simple concave contact lens. The Bayadi lens seems to us only indicated for fundus examination of extremely high myopes. There it definitely offers advantages over and above the concave lens. For the most peripheral fundus, expecially below and above, the three-mirror lens with its modification is so far the best method. Especially for examination of the vitreous good brightness of the slit image is required for stereoscopic examination with as large an angle as possible between microscope and illumination. The lateral parts of the most peripheral fundus cannot be examined with the vertical slit in connection with the three-mirror lens. However, this is possible with the horizontal and tilted position of the slit and intermediate positions with an oblique slit. The slit must form an angle with the microscope in order to examine vitreous and fundus in optical section. With the indentation contact lenses ciliary processes and pars plana are now accessible to slit-lamp microscopy.", "contents": "On slit-lamp microscopy. Theoretically the contact lens with a refractive power of -64 dioptres is superior to the concave pre-set lens (Hruby lens) or the convex lens (Bayadi). In practice the results are as follows: With the convex lens the examination of the vitreous is unsatisfactory. The reversed image with the convex lens will become familiar with some experience as one will also get used to the mirror images of the three-mirror contact lens. However, the abnormal curvature of the image is really a nuisance. On the other hand the large field of view is an advantage. The convex lens is only practically useful when it can be firmly attached to the slit-lamp microscope, as otherwise the new adjustment necessary for searching the fundus is too difficult. Attachment to the microscope is also of advantage with the Hruby lens. The concave contact lens of 64 dioptres is best suited for detailed examination of vitreous and fundus and for measurements. When no value is placed on a minute examination and a quick simple orientation suffices, the concave pre-set lens (Hruby lens) has the advantage that the lens does not have to be placed on the eye. If it is centred to the middle axis of the microscope, it facilitates especially quick observation. There will be cases where the pre-set lens will be the only answer, especially shortly after an operation or with very sensitive patients. Furthermore, the Hruby lens is preferable to the Bayadi lens because the vitreous can be better examined. The Hruby lens is also advantageous for examination of the region in the middle, lateral periphery of the fundus, 30 degrees - 60 degrees, and is superior in this area to the simple concave contact lens. The Bayadi lens seems to us only indicated for fundus examination of extremely high myopes. There it definitely offers advantages over and above the concave lens. For the most peripheral fundus, expecially below and above, the three-mirror lens with its modification is so far the best method. Especially for examination of the vitreous good brightness of the slit image is required for stereoscopic examination with as large an angle as possible between microscope and illumination. The lateral parts of the most peripheral fundus cannot be examined with the vertical slit in connection with the three-mirror lens. However, this is possible with the horizontal and tilted position of the slit and intermediate positions with an oblique slit. The slit must form an angle with the microscope in order to examine vitreous and fundus in optical section. With the indentation contact lenses ciliary processes and pars plana are now accessible to slit-lamp microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:1201696", "title": "Sector retinitis pigmentosa. Electrophysiological and psychophysical study of the visual system.", "content": "Combined clinical, psychophysical and electrophysiological examinations of the visual function were performed in two patients affected by sector retinitis pigmentosa. Psychophysical dark adaptation measurements, the electroretinogram (ERG) and the electro-oculogram (EOG) revealed that a larger area of the neural retina and pigment epithelium were pathologically involved than revealed by ophthalmoscopy and visual field. Five years of observation showed a stationary retinal defect in one patient, while in the other a slight clinical but a marked electroretinographical deterioration was found over a period of twelve years. However, visual acuity and the visually evoked potential (VEP) remained normal. In spite of subnormal ERG amplitudes, the photopic and scotopic peak latencies were normal in both cases. In the ophthalmoscopically normal relatives of one patient slight dark adaptation impairments, as well as EOG and ERG disturbances, were detected.", "contents": "Sector retinitis pigmentosa. Electrophysiological and psychophysical study of the visual system. Combined clinical, psychophysical and electrophysiological examinations of the visual function were performed in two patients affected by sector retinitis pigmentosa. Psychophysical dark adaptation measurements, the electroretinogram (ERG) and the electro-oculogram (EOG) revealed that a larger area of the neural retina and pigment epithelium were pathologically involved than revealed by ophthalmoscopy and visual field. Five years of observation showed a stationary retinal defect in one patient, while in the other a slight clinical but a marked electroretinographical deterioration was found over a period of twelve years. However, visual acuity and the visually evoked potential (VEP) remained normal. In spite of subnormal ERG amplitudes, the photopic and scotopic peak latencies were normal in both cases. In the ophthalmoscopically normal relatives of one patient slight dark adaptation impairments, as well as EOG and ERG disturbances, were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:1201697", "title": "Congenital nystagmus waveforms and foveation strategy.", "content": "Accurate eye movement recordings of sixty-five subjects with congenital nystagmus (CN) provides a firm foundation for the classification of the many types of waveforms observed and results in objective definitions based on measurable quantities rather than subjective clinical impressions. The careful scrutiny of these records along with the utilization of laser-target cinematography have yielded insights into the mechanism of this ocular motor instability. Prolongation of target foveation emerges as the dominant factor in many of the resultant waveforms. This enhances the visual acuity of the subject with CN. An additional observation, related to fixation bias reversals of the CN subject, may be a physiological indicator of foveal function.", "contents": "Congenital nystagmus waveforms and foveation strategy. Accurate eye movement recordings of sixty-five subjects with congenital nystagmus (CN) provides a firm foundation for the classification of the many types of waveforms observed and results in objective definitions based on measurable quantities rather than subjective clinical impressions. The careful scrutiny of these records along with the utilization of laser-target cinematography have yielded insights into the mechanism of this ocular motor instability. Prolongation of target foveation emerges as the dominant factor in many of the resultant waveforms. This enhances the visual acuity of the subject with CN. An additional observation, related to fixation bias reversals of the CN subject, may be a physiological indicator of foveal function."}
{"id": "PMID:1201699", "title": "Dominant cone-rod dystrophy.", "content": "Six generations of a family were studied extensively allowing the description of an autosomal dominant dystrophy of both rods and cones. The dystrophy is characterized by onset between ages 6 and 8 with gradual decrease in vision and progression to the point of no light perception. Abnormalities of color vision, visual field, refraction, fixation behavior, fundus appearance, fluorescein angiography, electroretinography, electrooculography and dark adaptation are presented. The importance of this family in the classification of inherited retinal dystrophies is stressed and the need for an expanded classification is discussed. The role of genetic counseling is stressed in such severe diseases.", "contents": "Dominant cone-rod dystrophy. Six generations of a family were studied extensively allowing the description of an autosomal dominant dystrophy of both rods and cones. The dystrophy is characterized by onset between ages 6 and 8 with gradual decrease in vision and progression to the point of no light perception. Abnormalities of color vision, visual field, refraction, fixation behavior, fundus appearance, fluorescein angiography, electroretinography, electrooculography and dark adaptation are presented. The importance of this family in the classification of inherited retinal dystrophies is stressed and the need for an expanded classification is discussed. The role of genetic counseling is stressed in such severe diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1201692", "title": "Entrainment analysis of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm in specimens of the crayfish, Faxonella clypeata, having activity peaks at different times of the solar day.", "content": "Locomotor activity rhythms in the crayfish, Faxonella clypeata, were recorded under conditions of controlled light and temperature. In LD 12:12, dark active rhythms with a major activity onset at lights-off, and bimodally active rhythms with onsets at both lights-on and lights-off were recorded. In DD, most of the LD dark active rhythms retained the lights-off activity onset. However, among the majority of the LD bimodally active crayfish, only the lights-on activity peak persisted in DD. A small number of the LD bimodal rhythms remained bimodal in DD. DD records revealed free-running period lengths both greater and less than 24 hrs. An hypothesis stating that the two recorded LD rhythms represent two basically different rhythmic types is presented. The dark active crayfish appear to entrain to the lights-off position, but the bimodally rhythmic crayfish appear to entrain to the lights-on position.", "contents": "Entrainment analysis of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm in specimens of the crayfish, Faxonella clypeata, having activity peaks at different times of the solar day. Locomotor activity rhythms in the crayfish, Faxonella clypeata, were recorded under conditions of controlled light and temperature. In LD 12:12, dark active rhythms with a major activity onset at lights-off, and bimodally active rhythms with onsets at both lights-on and lights-off were recorded. In DD, most of the LD dark active rhythms retained the lights-off activity onset. However, among the majority of the LD bimodally active crayfish, only the lights-on activity peak persisted in DD. A small number of the LD bimodal rhythms remained bimodal in DD. DD records revealed free-running period lengths both greater and less than 24 hrs. An hypothesis stating that the two recorded LD rhythms represent two basically different rhythmic types is presented. The dark active crayfish appear to entrain to the lights-off position, but the bimodally rhythmic crayfish appear to entrain to the lights-on position."}
{"id": "PMID:1201693", "title": "Relative value of light and food as synchronizers of liver phosphorylase circadian rhythm.", "content": "The role played by light and feeding schedules on the circadian rhythm of glycogen content and phosphorylase activity of the liver has been studied. In one experiment, mice were subjected to a regimem of constant darkness during 21 days and compared with mice kept in 12 hrs of light alternating with 12 hrs of darkness. Both groups received food and water ad libitum. Liver glycogen content as well as phosphorylase activity showed, with slight differences, similar circadian variations. In a second experiment, mice under similar lighting conditions (LD 12:12), with water access ad libitum, were divided into two groups; one was offered food ad libitum while the other group recieved food from 0700 to 1800 only. This experiment allowed up to compare two different schedules of food intake; ad libitum, normal schedule (from 1800 to 0600) and reversed schedule (from 0700 to 1800). A complete reversal of the circadian rhythm was observed after 21 days in the group with the reverted feeding schedule. We conclude that food can function as the primary synchronizer in spite of the lighting regimen.", "contents": "Relative value of light and food as synchronizers of liver phosphorylase circadian rhythm. The role played by light and feeding schedules on the circadian rhythm of glycogen content and phosphorylase activity of the liver has been studied. In one experiment, mice were subjected to a regimem of constant darkness during 21 days and compared with mice kept in 12 hrs of light alternating with 12 hrs of darkness. Both groups received food and water ad libitum. Liver glycogen content as well as phosphorylase activity showed, with slight differences, similar circadian variations. In a second experiment, mice under similar lighting conditions (LD 12:12), with water access ad libitum, were divided into two groups; one was offered food ad libitum while the other group recieved food from 0700 to 1800 only. This experiment allowed up to compare two different schedules of food intake; ad libitum, normal schedule (from 1800 to 0600) and reversed schedule (from 0700 to 1800). A complete reversal of the circadian rhythm was observed after 21 days in the group with the reverted feeding schedule. We conclude that food can function as the primary synchronizer in spite of the lighting regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:1201723", "title": "[Photochemotherapy of psoriasis: clinical experiences with 152 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Photochemotherapy, a recently developed method of treatment, is based on the effect of light on a systemically administered photo-active substance. 152 patients with severe generalized psoriasis were exposed, after oral administration of 8-methoxy-psoralen, to a high-intensity UVA light source radiating at a continuous spectrum between 320 and 390 nm (maximum at 365 nm). Radiation doses ranged from 1.4 to 4.8 J/cm2 and were progressively increased. Complete remission occurred in 141 patients, satisfactory improvement in the remaining 11. It required 12+/-6 radiation sessions (-/x +/- s) to obtain remission, mean duration of treatment being 22 +/- 14 days. Apart from a neutral ointment no other local or systemic therapy was used. Photochemotherapy completely healed the psoriatic foci leaving evenly tanned, cosmetically appealing skin. All patients were treated at intervals as out-patients (average once a week or ev-ry other week), and remained without recurrence for up to 400 days. No local treatment is required with photochemotherapy, which is very effective, simple, harmless and does not stress patient or doctor. Interval treatment maintained the cure.", "contents": "[Photochemotherapy of psoriasis: clinical experiences with 152 patients (author's transl)]. Photochemotherapy, a recently developed method of treatment, is based on the effect of light on a systemically administered photo-active substance. 152 patients with severe generalized psoriasis were exposed, after oral administration of 8-methoxy-psoralen, to a high-intensity UVA light source radiating at a continuous spectrum between 320 and 390 nm (maximum at 365 nm). Radiation doses ranged from 1.4 to 4.8 J/cm2 and were progressively increased. Complete remission occurred in 141 patients, satisfactory improvement in the remaining 11. It required 12+/-6 radiation sessions (-/x +/- s) to obtain remission, mean duration of treatment being 22 +/- 14 days. Apart from a neutral ointment no other local or systemic therapy was used. Photochemotherapy completely healed the psoriatic foci leaving evenly tanned, cosmetically appealing skin. All patients were treated at intervals as out-patients (average once a week or ev-ry other week), and remained without recurrence for up to 400 days. No local treatment is required with photochemotherapy, which is very effective, simple, harmless and does not stress patient or doctor. Interval treatment maintained the cure."}
{"id": "PMID:1201724", "title": "[The effect of long-term oral administration of a bronchodilator, a sustained-release aminophylline preparation, on pulmonary function (author's transl)].", "content": "Various aspects of pulmonary function were measured in eight patients with chronic bronchial obstructive disease, after five-month oral administration of a sustained-release aminophylline preparation (BY 108: Euphyllin retard). In addition to a sustained bronchodilator effect there was an improvement in static pulmonary volumes and a marked increase in forced expiratory volumes. The reduction in residual volume and of midcapacity is felt to be of particular importance in the prevention of pulmonary emphysema.", "contents": "[The effect of long-term oral administration of a bronchodilator, a sustained-release aminophylline preparation, on pulmonary function (author's transl)]. Various aspects of pulmonary function were measured in eight patients with chronic bronchial obstructive disease, after five-month oral administration of a sustained-release aminophylline preparation (BY 108: Euphyllin retard). In addition to a sustained bronchodilator effect there was an improvement in static pulmonary volumes and a marked increase in forced expiratory volumes. The reduction in residual volume and of midcapacity is felt to be of particular importance in the prevention of pulmonary emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:1201725", "title": "[Acceleration of passage through the small intestine by caerulein (author's transl)].", "content": "Passage through the small intestine was significantly accelerated after intramuscular injection of ceruletide (synthetic caerulein, F.I. 6934), 0.50 to 0.75 mug/kg body-weight. Average passage took 62 +/- 41 min (106 patients, with various suspected or demonstrated small-intestinal involvement, excluding malabsorption syndrome, sprue or collagen diseases) after caerulein, while in a control group of 83 patients with radiologically normal small intestine it was 126 +/- 62 min (P less than 0.001). In 75% of patients there was no evidence of induced change in radiological pattern of the small intestine. Increased local contractions were observed in a quarter of patients, but did not impair the diagnostic interpretation.", "contents": "[Acceleration of passage through the small intestine by caerulein (author's transl)]. Passage through the small intestine was significantly accelerated after intramuscular injection of ceruletide (synthetic caerulein, F.I. 6934), 0.50 to 0.75 mug/kg body-weight. Average passage took 62 +/- 41 min (106 patients, with various suspected or demonstrated small-intestinal involvement, excluding malabsorption syndrome, sprue or collagen diseases) after caerulein, while in a control group of 83 patients with radiologically normal small intestine it was 126 +/- 62 min (P less than 0.001). In 75% of patients there was no evidence of induced change in radiological pattern of the small intestine. Increased local contractions were observed in a quarter of patients, but did not impair the diagnostic interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:1201730", "title": "[Classification and immunosuppressive therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term follow-up of 31 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 34 patients receiving prednisone and immunosuppressive (cytotoxic) drugs is described. 31 patients are in continuous ambulatory care, 27 of them 3 to 17 years. Only two were hospitalized for therapeutic purposes: one patient because of exacerbation of lung tuberculosis; the second patient, who discontinued prednisone therapy despite active SLE, because of severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The retrospective analysis of symptoms demonstrated that only 22 of the 31 patients manifested 4 or more of the prelimievious reports. Two patients with severe lupus glomerulonephritis and azotaemia at the time of initial evaluation did not benefit from combined therapy. Nine patients with mesangial and focal glomerulonephritis have normal kidney function up to 12 years after diagnosis (in two cases kidney function improved after therapy).", "contents": "[Classification and immunosuppressive therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term follow-up of 31 patients (author's transl)]. The course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 34 patients receiving prednisone and immunosuppressive (cytotoxic) drugs is described. 31 patients are in continuous ambulatory care, 27 of them 3 to 17 years. Only two were hospitalized for therapeutic purposes: one patient because of exacerbation of lung tuberculosis; the second patient, who discontinued prednisone therapy despite active SLE, because of severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The retrospective analysis of symptoms demonstrated that only 22 of the 31 patients manifested 4 or more of the prelimievious reports. Two patients with severe lupus glomerulonephritis and azotaemia at the time of initial evaluation did not benefit from combined therapy. Nine patients with mesangial and focal glomerulonephritis have normal kidney function up to 12 years after diagnosis (in two cases kidney function improved after therapy)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201737", "title": "Role of prostaglandin F2alpha in ovulation.", "content": "Using radioimmunoassay procedures, the levels of plasma, uterine and ovarian prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha, and those of plasma estradiol and progesterone were measured in intact, hysterectomized or ovariectomized immature female rats pretreated with PMS and subsequent HCG. Occurrence of ovulation was confirmed at 8 hours after the HCG administration not only in the intact rats but also in the hysterectomzied rats. The levels of plasma estradiol and progesterone, and of uterine and ovarian PGF2alpha rose with the PMS injection alone, but they did not reach the peaks before the HCG administration. Both plasma estradiol and uterine PGF2alpha showed a peak at 2 hours after the HCG injection. These peaks were antecedent 2 or 6 hours before the peaks of ovarian and plasma PGF2alpha, respectively. However, such increase of uterine PGF2alpha does not seem to be indispensable for ovulation, because ovulation could occur in the hysterectomized rats. The levels of ovarian PGF2alpha showed a high plateau from 4 to 8 hours after the HCG injection, and then rapidly decreased after ovulation. The levels of plasma PGF2alpha peaked not only in the intact rats but also in the hysterectomized rats at 8 hours after the HCG treatment. But in the ovariectomized rats, this plasma PGF2alpha peak at 8 hours disappeared and there was no statistical change of plasma PGF2alpha throughout the PMS-HCG treatment. Plasma progesterone gradually increased and reached the maximum at 10 hours after the HCG injection. These results conclude that the main source of increased plasma PGF2alpha during the ovulatory process induced with the PMS-HCG treatment is the ovary, and it is strongly suggested that a rapid increase of PGF2alpha in the ovary may play some important role(s) in the ovulatory process.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandin F2alpha in ovulation. Using radioimmunoassay procedures, the levels of plasma, uterine and ovarian prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha, and those of plasma estradiol and progesterone were measured in intact, hysterectomized or ovariectomized immature female rats pretreated with PMS and subsequent HCG. Occurrence of ovulation was confirmed at 8 hours after the HCG administration not only in the intact rats but also in the hysterectomzied rats. The levels of plasma estradiol and progesterone, and of uterine and ovarian PGF2alpha rose with the PMS injection alone, but they did not reach the peaks before the HCG administration. Both plasma estradiol and uterine PGF2alpha showed a peak at 2 hours after the HCG injection. These peaks were antecedent 2 or 6 hours before the peaks of ovarian and plasma PGF2alpha, respectively. However, such increase of uterine PGF2alpha does not seem to be indispensable for ovulation, because ovulation could occur in the hysterectomized rats. The levels of ovarian PGF2alpha showed a high plateau from 4 to 8 hours after the HCG injection, and then rapidly decreased after ovulation. The levels of plasma PGF2alpha peaked not only in the intact rats but also in the hysterectomized rats at 8 hours after the HCG treatment. But in the ovariectomized rats, this plasma PGF2alpha peak at 8 hours disappeared and there was no statistical change of plasma PGF2alpha throughout the PMS-HCG treatment. Plasma progesterone gradually increased and reached the maximum at 10 hours after the HCG injection. These results conclude that the main source of increased plasma PGF2alpha during the ovulatory process induced with the PMS-HCG treatment is the ovary, and it is strongly suggested that a rapid increase of PGF2alpha in the ovary may play some important role(s) in the ovulatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:1201738", "title": "Plasma estradiol concentrations and effect of HCG on plasma estradiol and testosterone in normal subjects and patients with endocrine disorders.", "content": "Plasma estradiol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in various endocrine disorders using antiserum to estradiol-17beta succinyl bovine serum albumin. Clinical significance and diagnostic value of plasma estradiol were assessed in hypothalamic-pituitary, adrenal and gonadal disorders. In general, estradiol concentration was correlated well with the degree of sexual maturity and was of great diagnostic use. Plasma estradiol in females mainly originated from the ovary, while the testis is the principal source of estradiol in males. The adrenal gland seemed to play a minor role as a source of estradiol at least in normal males and females. The role of estradiol in gynecomastia and in liver disease was also investigated. More than a half of the cases with gynecomastia had elevated concentrations of plasma estradiol, which probably explains the pathogenesis of this manifestation. Cirrhotic patients showed frequently hyperestrogenemia probably due to delayed disappearance of estradiol. In the study of stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), 3,000 IU daily for three days in ten normal men, the peripheral concentrations of esradiol showed maximum and fourfold increases 24 hours after the 1st injection of HCG. The testosterone levels, on the other hand, increased stepwise and reached a maximum of about two times preinjection levels 24 hours after the 3rd injection. In gonadal disorders, HCG produced various patterns of plasma estradiol and testosterone in accordance with the gonadal conditions and dissociated response patterns of both sex hormones were frequently found. The determination of plasma estradiol was useful in the study of the function of not only the ovary, but also the testis and the simultaneous measurement of plasma estradiol and testosterone after HCG administration presented interesting informations about pathophysiology of gonadal disorders.", "contents": "Plasma estradiol concentrations and effect of HCG on plasma estradiol and testosterone in normal subjects and patients with endocrine disorders. Plasma estradiol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in various endocrine disorders using antiserum to estradiol-17beta succinyl bovine serum albumin. Clinical significance and diagnostic value of plasma estradiol were assessed in hypothalamic-pituitary, adrenal and gonadal disorders. In general, estradiol concentration was correlated well with the degree of sexual maturity and was of great diagnostic use. Plasma estradiol in females mainly originated from the ovary, while the testis is the principal source of estradiol in males. The adrenal gland seemed to play a minor role as a source of estradiol at least in normal males and females. The role of estradiol in gynecomastia and in liver disease was also investigated. More than a half of the cases with gynecomastia had elevated concentrations of plasma estradiol, which probably explains the pathogenesis of this manifestation. Cirrhotic patients showed frequently hyperestrogenemia probably due to delayed disappearance of estradiol. In the study of stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), 3,000 IU daily for three days in ten normal men, the peripheral concentrations of esradiol showed maximum and fourfold increases 24 hours after the 1st injection of HCG. The testosterone levels, on the other hand, increased stepwise and reached a maximum of about two times preinjection levels 24 hours after the 3rd injection. In gonadal disorders, HCG produced various patterns of plasma estradiol and testosterone in accordance with the gonadal conditions and dissociated response patterns of both sex hormones were frequently found. The determination of plasma estradiol was useful in the study of the function of not only the ovary, but also the testis and the simultaneous measurement of plasma estradiol and testosterone after HCG administration presented interesting informations about pathophysiology of gonadal disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1201739", "title": "Effect of estrogen administration on activities of testosterone 5alpha-reductase, alkaline phosphatase and arginase in the ventral and the dorsolateral prostates of rats.", "content": "Daily treatment with 5 or 500 mug of estradiol benzoate of male adult rats for 7 days did not change the activity of testosterone 5alpha-reductase in the ventral prostate, while the activity decreased slightly in the dorsolateral prostate. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased by 60% over the respective control in the ventral prostate from rats treated with the larger dose of estrogen, but the estrogen treatment did not affect the alkaline phosphatase activity in the dorsolateral prostate. On the contrary, the estrogen treatment evoked three-fold elevation in the arginase activity of the dorsolateral prostate in contrast to the decreased arginase activity in the ventral prostate following estrogen administration. From these results, it was concluded that the alterations in some enzyme activity of the ventral and the dorsolateral prostates evoked by estrogen treatment were different from those observed in the respective lobes from castrated animals, although both estrogen administration and castration induced atrophy of the tissue. Furthermore, it might be also worth-while to mention that the ventral and the dorsolateral prostates of rats responded in a different manner to estrogen administered.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen administration on activities of testosterone 5alpha-reductase, alkaline phosphatase and arginase in the ventral and the dorsolateral prostates of rats. Daily treatment with 5 or 500 mug of estradiol benzoate of male adult rats for 7 days did not change the activity of testosterone 5alpha-reductase in the ventral prostate, while the activity decreased slightly in the dorsolateral prostate. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased by 60% over the respective control in the ventral prostate from rats treated with the larger dose of estrogen, but the estrogen treatment did not affect the alkaline phosphatase activity in the dorsolateral prostate. On the contrary, the estrogen treatment evoked three-fold elevation in the arginase activity of the dorsolateral prostate in contrast to the decreased arginase activity in the ventral prostate following estrogen administration. From these results, it was concluded that the alterations in some enzyme activity of the ventral and the dorsolateral prostates evoked by estrogen treatment were different from those observed in the respective lobes from castrated animals, although both estrogen administration and castration induced atrophy of the tissue. Furthermore, it might be also worth-while to mention that the ventral and the dorsolateral prostates of rats responded in a different manner to estrogen administered."}
{"id": "PMID:1201740", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for estimation of thyroglobulin in human serum.", "content": "A specific double antibody radioimmunoassay has been develop for the measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. Human thyroglobulin was purified by combined DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography using Sepharose 4B-bound Concanavalin A. Sensitivity of test serum was 10 ng/ml. Thyroglobulin was not detectable in half of normal subjects, and half showed values between 10 and 180 ng/ml. In the patients with simple goiter and secondary hypothyroidism, serum thyroglobulin was usually in the normal range. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, many sera having precipitating antibodies or high hemagglutination antibodies for thyroglobulin showed a high thyroglobulin concentration in serum probably due to a false positive reaction. In hyperthyroidism, an increased thyroglobulin level was observed in 64% of patients. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroglobulin and thyroxine levels in untreated hyperthyroidism. Serum thyroglobulin was increased significantly in some cases for several weeks after isotope therapy for the hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for estimation of thyroglobulin in human serum. A specific double antibody radioimmunoassay has been develop for the measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. Human thyroglobulin was purified by combined DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography using Sepharose 4B-bound Concanavalin A. Sensitivity of test serum was 10 ng/ml. Thyroglobulin was not detectable in half of normal subjects, and half showed values between 10 and 180 ng/ml. In the patients with simple goiter and secondary hypothyroidism, serum thyroglobulin was usually in the normal range. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, many sera having precipitating antibodies or high hemagglutination antibodies for thyroglobulin showed a high thyroglobulin concentration in serum probably due to a false positive reaction. In hyperthyroidism, an increased thyroglobulin level was observed in 64% of patients. However, there was no correlation between serum thyroglobulin and thyroxine levels in untreated hyperthyroidism. Serum thyroglobulin was increased significantly in some cases for several weeks after isotope therapy for the hyperthyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:1201741", "title": "Suppressive effect of cyproheptadine on L-DOPA-induced growth hormone release in man.", "content": "In order to elucidate the relationship between dopaminergic and serotoninergic mechanisms in regulating secretion of human growth hormone (hGH), the effect of cyproheptadine, an antiserotoninergic agent, on l-DOPA-induced hGH secretion was studied in normal subjects. Oral administration of 500 mg of l-DOPA caused a rise in plasma hGH in 6 of 7 subjects studied. This rise in plasma hGH was significantly blunted by the intravenous infusion of 5 mg of cyproheptadine. These results suggest the close relationship between dopamine and serotonin in the control of hGH secretion.", "contents": "Suppressive effect of cyproheptadine on L-DOPA-induced growth hormone release in man. In order to elucidate the relationship between dopaminergic and serotoninergic mechanisms in regulating secretion of human growth hormone (hGH), the effect of cyproheptadine, an antiserotoninergic agent, on l-DOPA-induced hGH secretion was studied in normal subjects. Oral administration of 500 mg of l-DOPA caused a rise in plasma hGH in 6 of 7 subjects studied. This rise in plasma hGH was significantly blunted by the intravenous infusion of 5 mg of cyproheptadine. These results suggest the close relationship between dopamine and serotonin in the control of hGH secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1201742", "title": "A new method for the simultaneous measurement of the movement of inertia, the damping coefficient and the location of the centre of mass of a body segment in situ.", "content": "A new method which permits, in a single measurement, the determination of the moment of inertia, the angular damping coefficient of the joint and the location of the centre of mass of a body segment in situ is presented. The underlying principle is the theory of small, damped oscillations of a system about its equilibrium position. The fact that the oscillogram contains information about certain parameters of the oscillating system is used to find these parameters. The application of the method is simple and does not require highly sophisticated instrumentation. The results are very reproducable and immediately available.", "contents": "A new method for the simultaneous measurement of the movement of inertia, the damping coefficient and the location of the centre of mass of a body segment in situ. A new method which permits, in a single measurement, the determination of the moment of inertia, the angular damping coefficient of the joint and the location of the centre of mass of a body segment in situ is presented. The underlying principle is the theory of small, damped oscillations of a system about its equilibrium position. The fact that the oscillogram contains information about certain parameters of the oscillating system is used to find these parameters. The application of the method is simple and does not require highly sophisticated instrumentation. The results are very reproducable and immediately available."}
{"id": "PMID:1201743", "title": "[Study of the circadian variation of different circulatory and respiratory functions at submaximal and maximal ergometer work (author's transl)].", "content": "The maximal aerobic power of six highly trained young cyclist, mean age 16.3 years and mean VO2max 4.9 l/min, was directly measured at intervals of 4 hrs. A Latin square design was used for the test order. At submaximal work of O2-consumption 2.4 to 4.4 l/min no circadian variation of any single function was found. However, at maximal work load the differences between the maxima and minima values were 12.4% for maximal work output (W max), 7.8% for expiratory minute volume (V Emax), 5.7% for maximal aerobic power (VO2max) and 3.4% for maximal heart rate (H Rmax). All the functions--with the exception of VO2max-had their minima at 0300 hrs; the minima of VO2max was reached already at 2300 hours. The maxima-values of V Emax and VO2max were measured at 1500 hrs, of W max and H Rmax at 0700 and of H Rrest at 1900 hrs correspondingly. A one-tailed test showed significant differences between the maxima and minima values of all variables (P less than 0.05). The results suggest a decreased cardiopulmonary working capacity at night. However, this impairment is only of practical importance if the work will be done near the limit of endurance capacity. Besides it will suggest, that the indirect methods for assessing the cardiopulmonary capacity based on VO2max and W170 are not useful at nighttime, because the presuppositions for these methods are limited of the time of day.", "contents": "[Study of the circadian variation of different circulatory and respiratory functions at submaximal and maximal ergometer work (author's transl)]. The maximal aerobic power of six highly trained young cyclist, mean age 16.3 years and mean VO2max 4.9 l/min, was directly measured at intervals of 4 hrs. A Latin square design was used for the test order. At submaximal work of O2-consumption 2.4 to 4.4 l/min no circadian variation of any single function was found. However, at maximal work load the differences between the maxima and minima values were 12.4% for maximal work output (W max), 7.8% for expiratory minute volume (V Emax), 5.7% for maximal aerobic power (VO2max) and 3.4% for maximal heart rate (H Rmax). All the functions--with the exception of VO2max-had their minima at 0300 hrs; the minima of VO2max was reached already at 2300 hours. The maxima-values of V Emax and VO2max were measured at 1500 hrs, of W max and H Rmax at 0700 and of H Rrest at 1900 hrs correspondingly. A one-tailed test showed significant differences between the maxima and minima values of all variables (P less than 0.05). The results suggest a decreased cardiopulmonary working capacity at night. However, this impairment is only of practical importance if the work will be done near the limit of endurance capacity. Besides it will suggest, that the indirect methods for assessing the cardiopulmonary capacity based on VO2max and W170 are not useful at nighttime, because the presuppositions for these methods are limited of the time of day."}
{"id": "PMID:1201744", "title": "Maximal steady state versus state of conditioning.", "content": "Criteria for the identification of maximal steady state as related to state of conditioning were evaluated. 13 volunteers walker and/or ran during a series of 15 min tests on a treadmill. The speeds ranged from mild to exhaustive. Heart rate was monitored continuously; VO2 was determined from 6 min to 9 min; and venous blood was obtained at 10 min and 15 min for lactate analyses. Max VO2 was established for each subject. Subjects were classified on level of conditioning according to the quantity and quality of their activity record for the previous 6 months. The 10 min heart rate associated with a blood lactate level of 2.2 mM/L (MSSHR) was the best predictor of conditioning. The relative VO2 (% of max VO2) found with a 10 min blood lactate concentration of 2.2 mM/L (RMSSVO2) was almost as accurate as MSSHR in predicting state of conditioning. Changes in blood lactate levels between 10 min and 15 min were not significantly related to conditioning.", "contents": "Maximal steady state versus state of conditioning. Criteria for the identification of maximal steady state as related to state of conditioning were evaluated. 13 volunteers walker and/or ran during a series of 15 min tests on a treadmill. The speeds ranged from mild to exhaustive. Heart rate was monitored continuously; VO2 was determined from 6 min to 9 min; and venous blood was obtained at 10 min and 15 min for lactate analyses. Max VO2 was established for each subject. Subjects were classified on level of conditioning according to the quantity and quality of their activity record for the previous 6 months. The 10 min heart rate associated with a blood lactate level of 2.2 mM/L (MSSHR) was the best predictor of conditioning. The relative VO2 (% of max VO2) found with a 10 min blood lactate concentration of 2.2 mM/L (RMSSVO2) was almost as accurate as MSSHR in predicting state of conditioning. Changes in blood lactate levels between 10 min and 15 min were not significantly related to conditioning."}
{"id": "PMID:1201745", "title": "[Changes of pulse rate caused by sonic bomms during sleep (author's transl)].", "content": "In two experimental series (19 resp. 53 nights, 2 different persons in each series, test-time 10.30 p.m. to 3.00 a.m.) pulse rate after sonic booms had been recorded during sleep. In the first 3 nights the subjects slept undisturbed by noise. In the following 11 resp. 30 nights sonic booms were applied alternately 2 or 4 times. In the main series after 10 more nights without any noise 4 nights with 8 and 16 sonic booms alternately followed. The last 6 undisturbed nights in both series were used as comparison phase. The interval between two sonic booms was 40 min in nights with 2 booms, 20 min in nights with 4 sonic booms and in the nights with 8 and 16 sonic booms 8.6 resp. 4.6 min. Sound level of the sonic booms ranged from 0.48 mbar to 1.45 mbar, 1 mbar [83.5 dB (A)] in the average. The first sonic boom was applied if one of the two subjects had entered the deepest stage of sleep. Sonic booms induced a biphasic reaction in pulse rate. After an initial increase in frequency with a maximum in the 4th sec pulse rate decreased below the value before sonic boom; it was followed by a slow increase towards the baseline value. This reaction was analysed with special regard to the following factors: 1. Intensity. Due to very fast increase of noise intensity there was no significant correlation between the intensity of sonic boom and the pulse reaction. 2. Exogenic variables. There is no significant connection between postboom pulse rate and noiseless time before the sonic boom, the duration of the test series and the ambient temperature. 3. Endogenic variables. No correlation could be found between the stage of sleep and the reaction. On the contrary a very significant correlation was found between the maximum of postboom increase of pulse rate and the pulse rate before boom. With increasing pulse rate the extent of reaction becomes smaller.", "contents": "[Changes of pulse rate caused by sonic bomms during sleep (author's transl)]. In two experimental series (19 resp. 53 nights, 2 different persons in each series, test-time 10.30 p.m. to 3.00 a.m.) pulse rate after sonic booms had been recorded during sleep. In the first 3 nights the subjects slept undisturbed by noise. In the following 11 resp. 30 nights sonic booms were applied alternately 2 or 4 times. In the main series after 10 more nights without any noise 4 nights with 8 and 16 sonic booms alternately followed. The last 6 undisturbed nights in both series were used as comparison phase. The interval between two sonic booms was 40 min in nights with 2 booms, 20 min in nights with 4 sonic booms and in the nights with 8 and 16 sonic booms 8.6 resp. 4.6 min. Sound level of the sonic booms ranged from 0.48 mbar to 1.45 mbar, 1 mbar [83.5 dB (A)] in the average. The first sonic boom was applied if one of the two subjects had entered the deepest stage of sleep. Sonic booms induced a biphasic reaction in pulse rate. After an initial increase in frequency with a maximum in the 4th sec pulse rate decreased below the value before sonic boom; it was followed by a slow increase towards the baseline value. This reaction was analysed with special regard to the following factors: 1. Intensity. Due to very fast increase of noise intensity there was no significant correlation between the intensity of sonic boom and the pulse reaction. 2. Exogenic variables. There is no significant connection between postboom pulse rate and noiseless time before the sonic boom, the duration of the test series and the ambient temperature. 3. Endogenic variables. No correlation could be found between the stage of sleep and the reaction. On the contrary a very significant correlation was found between the maximum of postboom increase of pulse rate and the pulse rate before boom. With increasing pulse rate the extent of reaction becomes smaller."}
{"id": "PMID:1201746", "title": "The influence of varying oxygen tensions in inspired gas on 133Xenon muscle clearance and fatigue levels during sustained and dynamic conctractions.", "content": "Isometric and isotonic endurance levels of both elbow flexors and knee extensors were tested during inspired gas mixtures of ca. 10%, 21% or 100% oxygen in nitrogen. The four work loads were set a 25, 50, 60 and 70% of maximal volitional isometric strength (IS). The isotonic exercise routine was carried out using weight lifting techniques of 20 repetitions per min from 75 degrees to 105 degrees of elbow flexion and knee extensions respectively. Prior to, during, and after the endurance experiments 133Xe clearance was monitored by light weight scintillation counters. A depot of 0.1 to 0.2 ml of isotonic saline containing 50 to 150 muCi of the isotope was used as an intramuscular tracer. The exercise clearance values varied inversely to the test load during isometric exercise. Isotonic exercise for both elbow flexors and knee extensors showed increasing clearance values up to 60% IS. Above this level a decrease in total clearance was recorded. Oxygen tension had no statistical effect on the clearance values. However, the relatively large scatter of the 133Xe clearance method, and an inhomogenous perfusion of skeletal muscle may have masked any anticipated effect of the various O2 tensions. Variations due to the raised intramuscular pressure appeared to be much more dominant than the hypothezised variation due to the 3 set oxygen tensions.", "contents": "The influence of varying oxygen tensions in inspired gas on 133Xenon muscle clearance and fatigue levels during sustained and dynamic conctractions. Isometric and isotonic endurance levels of both elbow flexors and knee extensors were tested during inspired gas mixtures of ca. 10%, 21% or 100% oxygen in nitrogen. The four work loads were set a 25, 50, 60 and 70% of maximal volitional isometric strength (IS). The isotonic exercise routine was carried out using weight lifting techniques of 20 repetitions per min from 75 degrees to 105 degrees of elbow flexion and knee extensions respectively. Prior to, during, and after the endurance experiments 133Xe clearance was monitored by light weight scintillation counters. A depot of 0.1 to 0.2 ml of isotonic saline containing 50 to 150 muCi of the isotope was used as an intramuscular tracer. The exercise clearance values varied inversely to the test load during isometric exercise. Isotonic exercise for both elbow flexors and knee extensors showed increasing clearance values up to 60% IS. Above this level a decrease in total clearance was recorded. Oxygen tension had no statistical effect on the clearance values. However, the relatively large scatter of the 133Xe clearance method, and an inhomogenous perfusion of skeletal muscle may have masked any anticipated effect of the various O2 tensions. Variations due to the raised intramuscular pressure appeared to be much more dominant than the hypothezised variation due to the 3 set oxygen tensions."}
{"id": "PMID:1201747", "title": "Blood circulation of long bones in trained growing rats and mice.", "content": "The effect of physical training on the blood circulation of long bones was studied in growing rats and mice of NMRI-strain. The animals to be trained and their controls were about 2 weeks old at the beginning of the training. The training took place on a 5 degree inclined treadmill 5 days a week for 3 weeks in experiment I and 7 weeks in experiments II and III. The duration of the daily exercise was progressively increased over 3 weeks. The final exercise bouts were 80 min for moderate and 180 min for intensive training programs. The circulating red cell volume (ml/100 g bone) of the humeral, femoral and tibial bones of the trained animals was lower compared to the controls in all three experiments mainly due to reduced hematocrit values. The circulating blood volume (ml/100 g bone) decreased in the tibial bones of the trained animals in experiment I and showed a decreasing tendency in experiment III, but no significant differences between the groups were observed in the humeral and femoral bones. Yet, when related to the volume of the bones the circulating blood volume (ml/100 ccm bone) was significantly higher in the femoral bones of the trained animals, while the changes in the humeral bones were negligible (experiment III). The results suggest that the vascularity of long bones is affected by physical training. The varying responses in different bones are perhaps due to the amount of mechanical stress during physical activity.", "contents": "Blood circulation of long bones in trained growing rats and mice. The effect of physical training on the blood circulation of long bones was studied in growing rats and mice of NMRI-strain. The animals to be trained and their controls were about 2 weeks old at the beginning of the training. The training took place on a 5 degree inclined treadmill 5 days a week for 3 weeks in experiment I and 7 weeks in experiments II and III. The duration of the daily exercise was progressively increased over 3 weeks. The final exercise bouts were 80 min for moderate and 180 min for intensive training programs. The circulating red cell volume (ml/100 g bone) of the humeral, femoral and tibial bones of the trained animals was lower compared to the controls in all three experiments mainly due to reduced hematocrit values. The circulating blood volume (ml/100 g bone) decreased in the tibial bones of the trained animals in experiment I and showed a decreasing tendency in experiment III, but no significant differences between the groups were observed in the humeral and femoral bones. Yet, when related to the volume of the bones the circulating blood volume (ml/100 ccm bone) was significantly higher in the femoral bones of the trained animals, while the changes in the humeral bones were negligible (experiment III). The results suggest that the vascularity of long bones is affected by physical training. The varying responses in different bones are perhaps due to the amount of mechanical stress during physical activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201748", "title": "[Dependence of mean duration of heart period and of arrhythmia during dynamic muscular work on the greatness and differences of work load and during static muscular work on the greatness of work load (author's transl)].", "content": "Mean duration of heart period (DHP chi) and its standard deviation (SD), indicating heart arrhythmia and significantly correlating with DHP chi, decreased with stepwise increase of dynamic muscular work on a bicycle ergometer and static muscular work of the right upper arm flexor beyond the limit of permanent performance. This correlation, however, can be understood globally only, since the decrease of DHP chi and SD was not always continuous, but frequently changing, with alterations of increase and decrease from step to step of dynamic work load and from minute to minute of static muscular strain. This concerned particularly SD. A continuous decrease of DHP chi in dynamic muscular work was obtained only by load differences of 40 W, not by differences of 10 or 20 W. A more continuous decrease of SD was also noted during greater load-differences. The significant correlation of DHP chi and SD was lost at a load-difference of 10 W on the 60 W-step and at a load-difference of 40 W on the 180 W-step. Great loads caused at the same load-step less frequent variations of DHP chi, not of SD, than little loads. If no preceding work took place, a contary reaction of DHP chi and SD was noted often at the first load-step. Static work with greater holding force caused a more continuous decrease of DHP chi, in a lower degree of SD, than static work with lower holding force. DHP chi decreased mainly in the first minute of strain. The adjustment of mean heart rate and heart arrhythmia on a level corresponding to increase of load is influenced essentially by the difference of muscular strain appearing between two periods of work load or periods of holding. The regulation of the mean duration of heart period and of heart arrhythmia does not necessarily depend on each other.", "contents": "[Dependence of mean duration of heart period and of arrhythmia during dynamic muscular work on the greatness and differences of work load and during static muscular work on the greatness of work load (author's transl)]. Mean duration of heart period (DHP chi) and its standard deviation (SD), indicating heart arrhythmia and significantly correlating with DHP chi, decreased with stepwise increase of dynamic muscular work on a bicycle ergometer and static muscular work of the right upper arm flexor beyond the limit of permanent performance. This correlation, however, can be understood globally only, since the decrease of DHP chi and SD was not always continuous, but frequently changing, with alterations of increase and decrease from step to step of dynamic work load and from minute to minute of static muscular strain. This concerned particularly SD. A continuous decrease of DHP chi in dynamic muscular work was obtained only by load differences of 40 W, not by differences of 10 or 20 W. A more continuous decrease of SD was also noted during greater load-differences. The significant correlation of DHP chi and SD was lost at a load-difference of 10 W on the 60 W-step and at a load-difference of 40 W on the 180 W-step. Great loads caused at the same load-step less frequent variations of DHP chi, not of SD, than little loads. If no preceding work took place, a contary reaction of DHP chi and SD was noted often at the first load-step. Static work with greater holding force caused a more continuous decrease of DHP chi, in a lower degree of SD, than static work with lower holding force. DHP chi decreased mainly in the first minute of strain. The adjustment of mean heart rate and heart arrhythmia on a level corresponding to increase of load is influenced essentially by the difference of muscular strain appearing between two periods of work load or periods of holding. The regulation of the mean duration of heart period and of heart arrhythmia does not necessarily depend on each other."}
{"id": "PMID:1201749", "title": "Impact of daily work-load during pregnancy on the microstructure of the rat heart in male offspring.", "content": "In two series of experiments the development of body weight, heart weight and the microstructure of the rat heart in the male offspring from exercised and control inactive mothers was followed. In 50-day-old male offspring the total body weight and heart weight did not differ; in 100-day-old male offspring the heart weight was significantly higher in those from mothers exercising daily for 1 hr (run on a treat-mill with the speed 14 to 16 m/min, i.e. mild exercise of an aerobic character) throughout pregnancy. As regards microstructure of the heart, the differences were significant both in younger and older animals. The number of exercised mothers. The capillary: fiber ratio was significantly higher and the diffusion distance significantly shorter in male offspring of exercised mothers. During the prenatal period a favorable effect of work-load for the offspring could be induced more easily even with mild aerobic and quite short daily exercise than later during postnatal life as shown by experiments reported previously.", "contents": "Impact of daily work-load during pregnancy on the microstructure of the rat heart in male offspring. In two series of experiments the development of body weight, heart weight and the microstructure of the rat heart in the male offspring from exercised and control inactive mothers was followed. In 50-day-old male offspring the total body weight and heart weight did not differ; in 100-day-old male offspring the heart weight was significantly higher in those from mothers exercising daily for 1 hr (run on a treat-mill with the speed 14 to 16 m/min, i.e. mild exercise of an aerobic character) throughout pregnancy. As regards microstructure of the heart, the differences were significant both in younger and older animals. The number of exercised mothers. The capillary: fiber ratio was significantly higher and the diffusion distance significantly shorter in male offspring of exercised mothers. During the prenatal period a favorable effect of work-load for the offspring could be induced more easily even with mild aerobic and quite short daily exercise than later during postnatal life as shown by experiments reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:1201750", "title": "Cytochrome components of plant microsomes.", "content": "The electron transport components of the microsomal fraction of cauliflower buds and mung bean hypocotyls were investigated using split-beam and dual wavelength spectrophotometry under a variety of reducing conditions. Cauliflower microsomes were found to contain an ascorbate-reducible component, termed cytochrome b-559.5 [E'0 = +135 +/- 20 mV; lambdamax (reduced minus oxidised) = 559.5, 527 and 429 nm at 23 degrees C], cytochrome b5 [E'0 = -20 +/- 20 mV; lambdamax (reduced minus oxidised) = 556, 526 and 425 nm at 23 degrees C], cytochromes P-450 and P-420. On the basis of binding studies with ethyl isocyanide, degradation of cytochrome P-450 to P-420, redox potential, aniline binding, and relative rates of reduction by NADPH and NADH, it is suggested that the cytochrome P-450 system is analogous to that mammalian microsomes. Other components, reducible only by dithionite, may also be present. Mung bean microsomes were found to contain an ascorbate-reducible component, termed cytochrome b-562 [E'0 = +120 +/- 20 mV; lambdamax (reduced minus oxidised) = 562, 528 and 430 nm at 23 degrees C], cytochrome b5, and a low potential component which was reducible only by sodium dithionite. No cytochrome P-450 or P-420 could be detected. A general method of analysis of the cytochromes was developed and applied to the microsomes from a variety of plant sources. The results indicate that large variations, both in type and amount of components, occur between the microsomes from different plant materials.", "contents": "Cytochrome components of plant microsomes. The electron transport components of the microsomal fraction of cauliflower buds and mung bean hypocotyls were investigated using split-beam and dual wavelength spectrophotometry under a variety of reducing conditions. Cauliflower microsomes were found to contain an ascorbate-reducible component, termed cytochrome b-559.5 [E'0 = +135 +/- 20 mV; lambdamax (reduced minus oxidised) = 559.5, 527 and 429 nm at 23 degrees C], cytochrome b5 [E'0 = -20 +/- 20 mV; lambdamax (reduced minus oxidised) = 556, 526 and 425 nm at 23 degrees C], cytochromes P-450 and P-420. On the basis of binding studies with ethyl isocyanide, degradation of cytochrome P-450 to P-420, redox potential, aniline binding, and relative rates of reduction by NADPH and NADH, it is suggested that the cytochrome P-450 system is analogous to that mammalian microsomes. Other components, reducible only by dithionite, may also be present. Mung bean microsomes were found to contain an ascorbate-reducible component, termed cytochrome b-562 [E'0 = +120 +/- 20 mV; lambdamax (reduced minus oxidised) = 562, 528 and 430 nm at 23 degrees C], cytochrome b5, and a low potential component which was reducible only by sodium dithionite. No cytochrome P-450 or P-420 could be detected. A general method of analysis of the cytochromes was developed and applied to the microsomes from a variety of plant sources. The results indicate that large variations, both in type and amount of components, occur between the microsomes from different plant materials."}
{"id": "PMID:1201751", "title": "Solid-state protein kinase. A tool for post-synthetically modifying and radioactively labeling proteins in vitro.", "content": "The capacity of partially purified rat muscle protein kinase coupled to cyanogen-bromide-activated Sepharose 4B to (radio-)phosphorylate proteins in vitro was evaluated using histones from calf thymus and rat liver and certain proteins as substrates. Data are presented which point to a low substrate specificity of this enzyme. It is demonstrated that even within a short time period histones are efficiently phosphorylated without the introduction of contaminating (phospho-)proteins. Therebye phosphoserine residues are formed. The phosphorylation reaction usually performed at 30 degrees C is shown to function quite efficiently also at 4 degrees C. It proceeds even at 30 degrees C for several hours at pH values close to the physiological range without the release of proteins from the solid matrix. The phosphorus transfer can be largely increased with the use of high ATP concentrations. The stability of the substrates is sufficient to suggest a wide applicability of this solid-state protein kinase in the phosphorylation of proteins either for labeling or as a tool to modify proteins post-synthetically under gentle conditions. The solid enzyme seems to be suitable for radioactively labeling proteins of more complex biological structures, such as membrane surfaces.", "contents": "Solid-state protein kinase. A tool for post-synthetically modifying and radioactively labeling proteins in vitro. The capacity of partially purified rat muscle protein kinase coupled to cyanogen-bromide-activated Sepharose 4B to (radio-)phosphorylate proteins in vitro was evaluated using histones from calf thymus and rat liver and certain proteins as substrates. Data are presented which point to a low substrate specificity of this enzyme. It is demonstrated that even within a short time period histones are efficiently phosphorylated without the introduction of contaminating (phospho-)proteins. Therebye phosphoserine residues are formed. The phosphorylation reaction usually performed at 30 degrees C is shown to function quite efficiently also at 4 degrees C. It proceeds even at 30 degrees C for several hours at pH values close to the physiological range without the release of proteins from the solid matrix. The phosphorus transfer can be largely increased with the use of high ATP concentrations. The stability of the substrates is sufficient to suggest a wide applicability of this solid-state protein kinase in the phosphorylation of proteins either for labeling or as a tool to modify proteins post-synthetically under gentle conditions. The solid enzyme seems to be suitable for radioactively labeling proteins of more complex biological structures, such as membrane surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:1201752", "title": "Studies on the specificity of action of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme.", "content": "Lysozyme from bacteriophage T4 was found to digest a soluble, uncrosslinked peptidoglycan which is secreted by cells of Micrococcus luteus when incubated in the presence of penicillin G. Analysis of the enzymatic degradation products shows that T4 acts as an endo-acetylmuramidase capable of cleaving glycosidic bonds only at muramic acid residues that are substituted with peptide side-chains. The results indicate that the secreted peptidoglycan may consist of a mixture of chains, approximately half of which are substituted by peptide side chains on most of their muramic acid residues, while the other half is made up of chains in which the muramic acid moieties are unsubstituted.", "contents": "Studies on the specificity of action of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme. Lysozyme from bacteriophage T4 was found to digest a soluble, uncrosslinked peptidoglycan which is secreted by cells of Micrococcus luteus when incubated in the presence of penicillin G. Analysis of the enzymatic degradation products shows that T4 acts as an endo-acetylmuramidase capable of cleaving glycosidic bonds only at muramic acid residues that are substituted with peptide side-chains. The results indicate that the secreted peptidoglycan may consist of a mixture of chains, approximately half of which are substituted by peptide side chains on most of their muramic acid residues, while the other half is made up of chains in which the muramic acid moieties are unsubstituted."}
{"id": "PMID:1201753", "title": "Determination of protein-ligand binding constants at equilibrium in biological samples.", "content": "Protein-ligand complexes can be separated functionally into two classes. \"Specific\" binding is characterized, in relative terms, by a high affinity for the ligand and a low binding capacity. \"Non-specific\" binding is characterized by a low affinity and a very large capacity. The calculation of equilibrium binding constants for any specific protein-ligand interaction requires the exact determination of the unbound ligand concentration and the specifically bound ligand concentration. These determinations usually require corrections for the contribution of non-specific binding. The use of two correction terms, kn and f, is proposed: kn is the product of the affinity constant k times the number of binding sites n of the non-specific components, while f is the fraction of the non-specific binding included in the experimental estimates of bound ligand. Several theoretical solutions using these terms are proposed for the calculation of specific binding constants. The practical choice of the correction factor may be different when the simultaneous measurement of the affinity constant and maximum number of binding sites, or when only the latter, is desired. In the case of complex binding systesm containing more than one specific component, the individual constants can be determined by non-graphical methods, using computer-aided iterative statistical calculations. A complete solution is given for a system containing two specific plus non-specific interactions and actual experiments are reported for steroid hormone-receptro complexes.", "contents": "Determination of protein-ligand binding constants at equilibrium in biological samples. Protein-ligand complexes can be separated functionally into two classes. \"Specific\" binding is characterized, in relative terms, by a high affinity for the ligand and a low binding capacity. \"Non-specific\" binding is characterized by a low affinity and a very large capacity. The calculation of equilibrium binding constants for any specific protein-ligand interaction requires the exact determination of the unbound ligand concentration and the specifically bound ligand concentration. These determinations usually require corrections for the contribution of non-specific binding. The use of two correction terms, kn and f, is proposed: kn is the product of the affinity constant k times the number of binding sites n of the non-specific components, while f is the fraction of the non-specific binding included in the experimental estimates of bound ligand. Several theoretical solutions using these terms are proposed for the calculation of specific binding constants. The practical choice of the correction factor may be different when the simultaneous measurement of the affinity constant and maximum number of binding sites, or when only the latter, is desired. In the case of complex binding systesm containing more than one specific component, the individual constants can be determined by non-graphical methods, using computer-aided iterative statistical calculations. A complete solution is given for a system containing two specific plus non-specific interactions and actual experiments are reported for steroid hormone-receptro complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201754", "title": "Changes in guinea-pig dermal collagen during development.", "content": "Guinea-pig dermis was digested with pepsin and the solubilized collagen molecules separated by differential salt precipitation at pH 7.5. Differences in subunit composition and amino acid analysis were noted between type I and type III collagen. Incorporation of radioactive proline into the developing foetus enabled isolation of labelled type I and type III collagens. Comparison of the specific activity of the isolated collagen molecules showed that type III collagen had a high specific activity in the early stages of foetal development, which decreased dramatically during foetal development. The specific activity of pepsin-solubilized type I collagen remained fairly constant during foetal development.", "contents": "Changes in guinea-pig dermal collagen during development. Guinea-pig dermis was digested with pepsin and the solubilized collagen molecules separated by differential salt precipitation at pH 7.5. Differences in subunit composition and amino acid analysis were noted between type I and type III collagen. Incorporation of radioactive proline into the developing foetus enabled isolation of labelled type I and type III collagens. Comparison of the specific activity of the isolated collagen molecules showed that type III collagen had a high specific activity in the early stages of foetal development, which decreased dramatically during foetal development. The specific activity of pepsin-solubilized type I collagen remained fairly constant during foetal development."}
{"id": "PMID:1201755", "title": "Calcitonin biosynthesis: evidence for a precursor.", "content": "Calcitonin biosynthesis has been studied in chicken ultimobranchial glands incubated in vitro in the presence of radioactive amino acids. The results obtained suggest the existence of a biosynthetic precursor of higher molecular weight or procalcitonin. This precursor has been identified by pulse-chase experiments, molecular weight determinations, biological activity measurements and analysis of tryptic peptides. Its molecular weight is about 13000 (calcitonin, about 3500) as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Procalcitonin is present in small amounts in chicken ultimobranchial glands and it is biologically active in rats.", "contents": "Calcitonin biosynthesis: evidence for a precursor. Calcitonin biosynthesis has been studied in chicken ultimobranchial glands incubated in vitro in the presence of radioactive amino acids. The results obtained suggest the existence of a biosynthetic precursor of higher molecular weight or procalcitonin. This precursor has been identified by pulse-chase experiments, molecular weight determinations, biological activity measurements and analysis of tryptic peptides. Its molecular weight is about 13000 (calcitonin, about 3500) as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Procalcitonin is present in small amounts in chicken ultimobranchial glands and it is biologically active in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1201756", "title": "Radioactive labelling and characterization of the products of activated mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "For chemical characterization of the products of activated lymphocytes a radioactive double-label technique was developed which allows one to distinguish those products synthesized either de novo or in increased amounts by the stimulated culture. Spleen cells from Balb/c mice were cultured in serum-free medium in the presence or absence of concanavalin A and simultaneously labelled with radioactive leucine. Optimal culture conditions were established by determining parameters such as cell density, mitogen concentration, and kinetics of protein synthesis following stimulation. Combined supernatants of stimulated and unstimulated cultures each labelled with either [3H]leucine or [14C]leucine were fractionated on Sephadex G-75. Materials derived from control or stimulated supernatants both yielded a qualitatively similar radiolabelled profile. The isotope ratio of stimulated to nonstimulated culture, however, showed a broad peak at KD 0--.35 (approx. mol. wt 75000-20000) which was further analyzed by isoelectric focusing. Pools of every two fractions were focused in polyacrylamide gels at pH 3.5-10. By determining the isotope ratio, the isoelectric point, and the KD (mol wt), it was possible to distinguish at least 24 molecules which had been produced only, or in greater degree, by the stimulated culture.", "contents": "Radioactive labelling and characterization of the products of activated mouse lymphocytes. For chemical characterization of the products of activated lymphocytes a radioactive double-label technique was developed which allows one to distinguish those products synthesized either de novo or in increased amounts by the stimulated culture. Spleen cells from Balb/c mice were cultured in serum-free medium in the presence or absence of concanavalin A and simultaneously labelled with radioactive leucine. Optimal culture conditions were established by determining parameters such as cell density, mitogen concentration, and kinetics of protein synthesis following stimulation. Combined supernatants of stimulated and unstimulated cultures each labelled with either [3H]leucine or [14C]leucine were fractionated on Sephadex G-75. Materials derived from control or stimulated supernatants both yielded a qualitatively similar radiolabelled profile. The isotope ratio of stimulated to nonstimulated culture, however, showed a broad peak at KD 0--.35 (approx. mol. wt 75000-20000) which was further analyzed by isoelectric focusing. Pools of every two fractions were focused in polyacrylamide gels at pH 3.5-10. By determining the isotope ratio, the isoelectric point, and the KD (mol wt), it was possible to distinguish at least 24 molecules which had been produced only, or in greater degree, by the stimulated culture."}
{"id": "PMID:1201762", "title": "Effect of fasting on two postheparin plasma triglyceride lipases and triglyceride removal in obese subjects.", "content": "A new method was used for selective measurement of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in human postheparin plasma. Hepatic lipase was assayed in 1.0 M NaCl withour addition of serum, and the activity of lipoprotein lipase was determined in 0.1 M NaCl after immunoprecipitation of hepatic lipase with specific antiserum. The activity of both these enzymes and the total lipolytic activity were measured in plasma samples taken during a 4-h infusion of heparin. Each of the activities was related to basal serum triglyceride concentration and to the fractional removal constant (K) of Intralipid in 13 obese subjects before and after prolonged fasting. During a normal isocaloric diet the lipolytic activities showed a biphasic response to heparin infusion in all subjects. A peak activity was reached within 30 minutes (\"early response\") and thereafter the lipase activities decreased to a constant level maintained during the rest of the heparin infusion (\"late response\"). The early response of lipoprotein lipase showed a significant inverse correlation with the basal serum triglyceride level (r = -0.85) and a significant positive correlation with the fractional removal rate of Intralipid (r = 0.84). The late response of lipoprotein lipase was not related to either of these parameters. The early response of hepatic lipase was not correlated with basal triglyceride concentration or Intralipid removal, whereas the late response of this enzyme showed a significant negative correlation with the removal rate of Intralipid (r = -0.82). After fasting for several days the acute response of all lipolytic activities to heparin was markedly decreased or totally abolished, but the magnitude of the late response was similar to that seen in the fed state. The fractional removal rate of Intralipid was slightly increased by starvation. All correlations between postheparin plasma lipases and serum triglyceride concentration and removal disappeared in fasting subjects. It is concluded that the rapidly releasable lipoprotein lipase probably reflects the activity of the tissue enzyme(s) which is responsible for the primary removal of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides and chylomicrons. It is probable that this component of the postheparin plasma lipolytic activity is derived from the endothelial lipoprotein lipase pool. This enzyme plays a key role in the efflux of plasma triglycerides under normal conditions, and it is thus one determinant of plasma triglyceride level. Prolonged fasting obviously changes the triglyceride removal sites and mechanism but does not impair the removal efficiency.", "contents": "Effect of fasting on two postheparin plasma triglyceride lipases and triglyceride removal in obese subjects. A new method was used for selective measurement of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in human postheparin plasma. Hepatic lipase was assayed in 1.0 M NaCl withour addition of serum, and the activity of lipoprotein lipase was determined in 0.1 M NaCl after immunoprecipitation of hepatic lipase with specific antiserum. The activity of both these enzymes and the total lipolytic activity were measured in plasma samples taken during a 4-h infusion of heparin. Each of the activities was related to basal serum triglyceride concentration and to the fractional removal constant (K) of Intralipid in 13 obese subjects before and after prolonged fasting. During a normal isocaloric diet the lipolytic activities showed a biphasic response to heparin infusion in all subjects. A peak activity was reached within 30 minutes (\"early response\") and thereafter the lipase activities decreased to a constant level maintained during the rest of the heparin infusion (\"late response\"). The early response of lipoprotein lipase showed a significant inverse correlation with the basal serum triglyceride level (r = -0.85) and a significant positive correlation with the fractional removal rate of Intralipid (r = 0.84). The late response of lipoprotein lipase was not related to either of these parameters. The early response of hepatic lipase was not correlated with basal triglyceride concentration or Intralipid removal, whereas the late response of this enzyme showed a significant negative correlation with the removal rate of Intralipid (r = -0.82). After fasting for several days the acute response of all lipolytic activities to heparin was markedly decreased or totally abolished, but the magnitude of the late response was similar to that seen in the fed state. The fractional removal rate of Intralipid was slightly increased by starvation. All correlations between postheparin plasma lipases and serum triglyceride concentration and removal disappeared in fasting subjects. It is concluded that the rapidly releasable lipoprotein lipase probably reflects the activity of the tissue enzyme(s) which is responsible for the primary removal of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides and chylomicrons. It is probable that this component of the postheparin plasma lipolytic activity is derived from the endothelial lipoprotein lipase pool. This enzyme plays a key role in the efflux of plasma triglycerides under normal conditions, and it is thus one determinant of plasma triglyceride level. Prolonged fasting obviously changes the triglyceride removal sites and mechanism but does not impair the removal efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1201763", "title": "Alteration of drug metabolism during cholestasis in man.", "content": "The morphological and functional alterations of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cell related to biliary stasis have brought attention to drug biotransformation during cholestasis. The metabolism of meprobamate, pentobarbital and tolbutamide was assessed in subjects with intrahepatic recurrent cholestasis (3), cholestatic hepatitis (6), extrahepatic biliary obstruction (7) and normal controls (16). In the patients with recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis no differences in drug metabolism were noted as compared to the control group. In cholestatic hepatitis the plasma half-lives of meprobamate (828 +/- 422 min.) and pentobarbital (39+-65) were significantly longer than in in controls (444 +/- 37 and 25.4 +/- 1.1 respectively). Tolbutamide plasma half-life appeared unchanged. The most striking variations were observed in the patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction. In such cases while meprobamate half-life was unchanged, pentobarbital half-life was significantly prolonged (31.2 +/- 2.5) and the in vitro metabolism of the drug, using liver preparations, was decreased to less than 50% of the control value. In contrast the metabolism of tolbutamide was accelerated as evidenced by a significant decrease of plasma half-life (165 +/- 48 min. versus 384 +/- 76 of the controls) and an enhanced urinary excretion of the drug's metabolites. However the metabolism of tolbutamide in vitro did not show any difference between normal and cholestatic liver. Whatever the mechanism of the peculiar behaviour of tolbutamide in extrahepatic biliary obstruction it seems to be related to the increased bile dalt concentration during cholestasis. In fact the low values of plasma half-life increase significantly either relieving the biliary obstruction or producing a bile salt depletion with cholestyramine. Preliminary results in vitro suggest the bile salt could displace tolbutamide from albumin binding thus increasing the amount of free drug available for biotransformation by the liver. In conclusion cholestasis may affect drug metabolism depending on the degree of biliary stasis, liver cell injury and the type of drug tested. The mechanism could be that of an impaired biotransformation in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or could involve extrahepatic factors.", "contents": "Alteration of drug metabolism during cholestasis in man. The morphological and functional alterations of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cell related to biliary stasis have brought attention to drug biotransformation during cholestasis. The metabolism of meprobamate, pentobarbital and tolbutamide was assessed in subjects with intrahepatic recurrent cholestasis (3), cholestatic hepatitis (6), extrahepatic biliary obstruction (7) and normal controls (16). In the patients with recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis no differences in drug metabolism were noted as compared to the control group. In cholestatic hepatitis the plasma half-lives of meprobamate (828 +/- 422 min.) and pentobarbital (39+-65) were significantly longer than in in controls (444 +/- 37 and 25.4 +/- 1.1 respectively). Tolbutamide plasma half-life appeared unchanged. The most striking variations were observed in the patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction. In such cases while meprobamate half-life was unchanged, pentobarbital half-life was significantly prolonged (31.2 +/- 2.5) and the in vitro metabolism of the drug, using liver preparations, was decreased to less than 50% of the control value. In contrast the metabolism of tolbutamide was accelerated as evidenced by a significant decrease of plasma half-life (165 +/- 48 min. versus 384 +/- 76 of the controls) and an enhanced urinary excretion of the drug's metabolites. However the metabolism of tolbutamide in vitro did not show any difference between normal and cholestatic liver. Whatever the mechanism of the peculiar behaviour of tolbutamide in extrahepatic biliary obstruction it seems to be related to the increased bile dalt concentration during cholestasis. In fact the low values of plasma half-life increase significantly either relieving the biliary obstruction or producing a bile salt depletion with cholestyramine. Preliminary results in vitro suggest the bile salt could displace tolbutamide from albumin binding thus increasing the amount of free drug available for biotransformation by the liver. In conclusion cholestasis may affect drug metabolism depending on the degree of biliary stasis, liver cell injury and the type of drug tested. The mechanism could be that of an impaired biotransformation in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or could involve extrahepatic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1201764", "title": "Endothelial injury induced by bacterial endotoxin: effect of complement depletion.", "content": "The role of complement activation in the pathogenesis of endothelial injury caused by bacterial endotoxin was investigated in the rat. DNA synthesis in aortic endothelium was compared 48 hours after an intravenous injection of endotoxin (50 - 500 mug) in normal rats and in rats depleted of haemolytic complement by purified cobra venom factor. At the time of endotoxin administration the rats treated with cobra venom factor had less than 3% of the normal haemolytic complement level, their fibrinogen level was increased and clot retraction was impaired. Endotoxin stimulated endothelial DNA synthesis to the same degree in normal and in complement-depleted rats. Cobra venom factor alone did not stimulate endothelial DNA synthesis. The complement-depleted rats given 500 mug endotoxin were less thrombocytopenic than normal rats at the time of sacrifice, but the difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that the injurious effect endotoxin has on endothelium is not mediated by activation of late components of complement.", "contents": "Endothelial injury induced by bacterial endotoxin: effect of complement depletion. The role of complement activation in the pathogenesis of endothelial injury caused by bacterial endotoxin was investigated in the rat. DNA synthesis in aortic endothelium was compared 48 hours after an intravenous injection of endotoxin (50 - 500 mug) in normal rats and in rats depleted of haemolytic complement by purified cobra venom factor. At the time of endotoxin administration the rats treated with cobra venom factor had less than 3% of the normal haemolytic complement level, their fibrinogen level was increased and clot retraction was impaired. Endotoxin stimulated endothelial DNA synthesis to the same degree in normal and in complement-depleted rats. Cobra venom factor alone did not stimulate endothelial DNA synthesis. The complement-depleted rats given 500 mug endotoxin were less thrombocytopenic than normal rats at the time of sacrifice, but the difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that the injurious effect endotoxin has on endothelium is not mediated by activation of late components of complement."}
{"id": "PMID:1201765", "title": "Fatty acid pattern of lipids in normal and dystrophic human muscle.", "content": "The fatty acid distribution of the main lipid fractions: triglycerides (TG), phosphatidylcholine (PCh), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and sphingomyelin (Sph) of muscle from 6 patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (p.m.d.), Duchenne, 8 to 12 years old was estimated and compared with normal controls of different age. In view of the results of several authors about varied fatty acid distribution in immature muscle a third group comprising samples of neonatal muscle was studied. 1. The fatty acid pattern of the lipid fractions TG, Sph, and PE from muscle of patients with p.m.d. shows no important variation in comparison to normal controls. In contrast to this the fatty acid distribution in PCh is extremely varied: the percentage of 18:2 is decreased and corrrespondingly the content of 18:1 is increased. In view of the high percentage (nearly 10%) in which linoleic acid is substituted by oleic acid in PCh, effects on the plasma membrane are to be expected. 2. The fatty acid pattern in neonatal muscle shows in narly all positions of the fractions TG, Sph, PE, and PCh a different distribution from normal or dystrophic muscle. In view of the most important variation in dystrophic muscle it must be stated that generally 18:2 is decreased. This deficit was replaced by an increase of all other fatty acids (not only at a substitution by 18:1 as given in p.m.d.). Therefore the diminished content of linoleic acid in PCh of neonatal and dystrophic muscle cannot be interpreted as expression of a corresponding or similar lipid metabolism in both tissues. The results were seen as signs of significant qualitative alterations especially of PCh in p.m.d. They were discussed as proof of our thesis that the basic defect in p.m.d. concerns the specific acylation of PCh with linoleic acid.", "contents": "Fatty acid pattern of lipids in normal and dystrophic human muscle. The fatty acid distribution of the main lipid fractions: triglycerides (TG), phosphatidylcholine (PCh), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and sphingomyelin (Sph) of muscle from 6 patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (p.m.d.), Duchenne, 8 to 12 years old was estimated and compared with normal controls of different age. In view of the results of several authors about varied fatty acid distribution in immature muscle a third group comprising samples of neonatal muscle was studied. 1. The fatty acid pattern of the lipid fractions TG, Sph, and PE from muscle of patients with p.m.d. shows no important variation in comparison to normal controls. In contrast to this the fatty acid distribution in PCh is extremely varied: the percentage of 18:2 is decreased and corrrespondingly the content of 18:1 is increased. In view of the high percentage (nearly 10%) in which linoleic acid is substituted by oleic acid in PCh, effects on the plasma membrane are to be expected. 2. The fatty acid pattern in neonatal muscle shows in narly all positions of the fractions TG, Sph, PE, and PCh a different distribution from normal or dystrophic muscle. In view of the most important variation in dystrophic muscle it must be stated that generally 18:2 is decreased. This deficit was replaced by an increase of all other fatty acids (not only at a substitution by 18:1 as given in p.m.d.). Therefore the diminished content of linoleic acid in PCh of neonatal and dystrophic muscle cannot be interpreted as expression of a corresponding or similar lipid metabolism in both tissues. The results were seen as signs of significant qualitative alterations especially of PCh in p.m.d. They were discussed as proof of our thesis that the basic defect in p.m.d. concerns the specific acylation of PCh with linoleic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1201766", "title": "Interaction of secretin and insulin on human forearm metabolism.", "content": "The effect of secretin on forearm metabolism (muscle compartment) was examined in the presence of low and high concentrations of insulin. Continuous infusions (30 min. duration) of secretin 12 ng/min. (SEC), insulin 160 ng/min. (INS) or these doses of insulin and secretin together (INS + SEC) were delivered into the brachial arteries of normal volunteers. SEC alone was without significant effect on forearm metabolism. INS as previously reported, stimulated glucose and potassium uptake and inhibited the output of some amino acids from the deep venous bed. The two hormones together (INS + SEC) increased maximum lactate (p less than 0.025) and alanine output (p less than 0.005) beyond that observed with INS alone. A marked calcium output occurred (p less than 0.001) with the combined infusion which was not observed with either hormone alone. Potassium metabolism with INS + SEC was similar to that observed with INS alone. These results suggest that these two hormones, acting in concert, stimulate glycolysis and net calcium efflux. This joint action of insulin and secretin may have a physiological role in the immediate postprandial period.", "contents": "Interaction of secretin and insulin on human forearm metabolism. The effect of secretin on forearm metabolism (muscle compartment) was examined in the presence of low and high concentrations of insulin. Continuous infusions (30 min. duration) of secretin 12 ng/min. (SEC), insulin 160 ng/min. (INS) or these doses of insulin and secretin together (INS + SEC) were delivered into the brachial arteries of normal volunteers. SEC alone was without significant effect on forearm metabolism. INS as previously reported, stimulated glucose and potassium uptake and inhibited the output of some amino acids from the deep venous bed. The two hormones together (INS + SEC) increased maximum lactate (p less than 0.025) and alanine output (p less than 0.005) beyond that observed with INS alone. A marked calcium output occurred (p less than 0.001) with the combined infusion which was not observed with either hormone alone. Potassium metabolism with INS + SEC was similar to that observed with INS alone. These results suggest that these two hormones, acting in concert, stimulate glycolysis and net calcium efflux. This joint action of insulin and secretin may have a physiological role in the immediate postprandial period."}
{"id": "PMID:1201767", "title": "Colchicine administration to mice: a metabolic and ultrastructural study.", "content": "A single injection of colchicine has been administered to normal albino mice, and the metabolic effects as well as the hepatic ultrastructural changes resulting from this treatment have been studied at various time intervals. A marked decrease in circulating triglyceride levels was evident 4 hours after colchicine injection and was maximum after 11 hours. It coincided with a marked increase in hepatic triglyceride content. Twenty hours after colchicine administration, plasma triglyceride levels and hepatic triglyceride content had returned to normal values. Similar changes in the levels of circulating proteins were observed although their magnitude was less than that observed for triglycerides. Ultrastructurally, colchicine treatment resulted in the virtual disappearance of the microtubules from the hepatocytes, and in the appearance of many clusters of vesicles containing very low density lipoprotein-like particles which eventually transformed into lipid droplets. These ultrastructural alterations were also completely reversible, the reversibility coinciding with the morphological reappearance of microtubules. Finally, colchicine treatment resulted in marked metabolic changes that are interpreted as representing an attempt, by the organism, to keep adequate energy sources during the period of lack of circulating triglycerides.", "contents": "Colchicine administration to mice: a metabolic and ultrastructural study. A single injection of colchicine has been administered to normal albino mice, and the metabolic effects as well as the hepatic ultrastructural changes resulting from this treatment have been studied at various time intervals. A marked decrease in circulating triglyceride levels was evident 4 hours after colchicine injection and was maximum after 11 hours. It coincided with a marked increase in hepatic triglyceride content. Twenty hours after colchicine administration, plasma triglyceride levels and hepatic triglyceride content had returned to normal values. Similar changes in the levels of circulating proteins were observed although their magnitude was less than that observed for triglycerides. Ultrastructurally, colchicine treatment resulted in the virtual disappearance of the microtubules from the hepatocytes, and in the appearance of many clusters of vesicles containing very low density lipoprotein-like particles which eventually transformed into lipid droplets. These ultrastructural alterations were also completely reversible, the reversibility coinciding with the morphological reappearance of microtubules. Finally, colchicine treatment resulted in marked metabolic changes that are interpreted as representing an attempt, by the organism, to keep adequate energy sources during the period of lack of circulating triglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:1201769", "title": "Effect of lipids on insulin, growth hormone and exocrine pancreatic secretion in man.", "content": "Influences of fat on release of insulin, growth hormone and pancreatic enzyme secretion were studied in 35 metabolically healthy subjects. A fat solution containing 40 g of soy bean oil was administered, I.V., orally and intraduodenally. In all cases there was a similar increase of insulin but the rise in serum insulin after oral or intraduodenal fat administration was not related to the changes in plasma free fatty acids, free glycerol and triglyceride levels. Blood surgar responded according to insulin secretion. The route of fat administration may possibly influence growth hormone secretion. Following intraduodenal fat administration volume and bicarbonate contents of the duodenal juice rose slightly whereas trypsin and bilirubin content increased considerably. These results suggest that insulin secretion after oral or intraduodenal administration of fat is influenced by intestinal factors. Cholecystokinin-pancroezymin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide are qualified to serve as such factors.", "contents": "Effect of lipids on insulin, growth hormone and exocrine pancreatic secretion in man. Influences of fat on release of insulin, growth hormone and pancreatic enzyme secretion were studied in 35 metabolically healthy subjects. A fat solution containing 40 g of soy bean oil was administered, I.V., orally and intraduodenally. In all cases there was a similar increase of insulin but the rise in serum insulin after oral or intraduodenal fat administration was not related to the changes in plasma free fatty acids, free glycerol and triglyceride levels. Blood surgar responded according to insulin secretion. The route of fat administration may possibly influence growth hormone secretion. Following intraduodenal fat administration volume and bicarbonate contents of the duodenal juice rose slightly whereas trypsin and bilirubin content increased considerably. These results suggest that insulin secretion after oral or intraduodenal administration of fat is influenced by intestinal factors. Cholecystokinin-pancroezymin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide are qualified to serve as such factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1201770", "title": "Erythropoiesis in the X-irradiated, bled rat.", "content": "Exposure to low levels of x-irradiation (50R) followed by phlebotomy (50% blood volume) one month post-irradiation, resulted in identifiable alterations of the erythropoietic status of the rat. The red cell indices revealed a decrease in mean corpuscular volume and an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The half-life of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes was 16.7 days versus 14.4 days for the untreated controls. These subjects also demonstrated hyperplastic marrows with an approximate 60% mean increase in marrow cellularity. A reproducible mortality of 25% was seen at 17 weeks post-irradiation; the one group of animals followed for an extended period exhibited an 86% cumulative mortality at 23 weeks. The observations supported the concept that x-irradiated rats exposed to a relatively low dose of X-rays (less than 10% LD/50) maintain a latent or residual injury of the bone marrow. These animals, when subsequently challenged by phlebotomy, are placed at greater risk with respect to their ability to survive.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis in the X-irradiated, bled rat. Exposure to low levels of x-irradiation (50R) followed by phlebotomy (50% blood volume) one month post-irradiation, resulted in identifiable alterations of the erythropoietic status of the rat. The red cell indices revealed a decrease in mean corpuscular volume and an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The half-life of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes was 16.7 days versus 14.4 days for the untreated controls. These subjects also demonstrated hyperplastic marrows with an approximate 60% mean increase in marrow cellularity. A reproducible mortality of 25% was seen at 17 weeks post-irradiation; the one group of animals followed for an extended period exhibited an 86% cumulative mortality at 23 weeks. The observations supported the concept that x-irradiated rats exposed to a relatively low dose of X-rays (less than 10% LD/50) maintain a latent or residual injury of the bone marrow. These animals, when subsequently challenged by phlebotomy, are placed at greater risk with respect to their ability to survive."}
{"id": "PMID:1201771", "title": "150 MeV proton medical cyclotron design study.", "content": "A brief design study has been done for a 150 MeV proton sector cyclotron. The object was to minimize cost but maintain good reliability and easy maintenance. The use of the proton beam would be for therapy, radiography and isotope production.", "contents": "150 MeV proton medical cyclotron design study. A brief design study has been done for a 150 MeV proton sector cyclotron. The object was to minimize cost but maintain good reliability and easy maintenance. The use of the proton beam would be for therapy, radiography and isotope production."}
{"id": "PMID:1201773", "title": "Proton and heavy ion therapy.", "content": "Penetrating ion beams are considered interesting supplements to the types of radiation, mostly electrons and gamma rays, that have dominated in radiation research and radiotherapy during the last decades. Biomedical experimentations and clinical studies ar larger ion accelerators (100-1000 MeV/amu) are therefore undertaken in order to exploit their possible clinical use in cancer therapy. It is concluded that an accelerator that permits effective use of protons (ca. 200 MeV) and deutrons (ca. 50 MeV, for neutron therapy) located in a central hospital would represent a convenient tool for clinical investigations at a larger scale.", "contents": "Proton and heavy ion therapy. Penetrating ion beams are considered interesting supplements to the types of radiation, mostly electrons and gamma rays, that have dominated in radiation research and radiotherapy during the last decades. Biomedical experimentations and clinical studies ar larger ion accelerators (100-1000 MeV/amu) are therefore undertaken in order to exploit their possible clinical use in cancer therapy. It is concluded that an accelerator that permits effective use of protons (ca. 200 MeV) and deutrons (ca. 50 MeV, for neutron therapy) located in a central hospital would represent a convenient tool for clinical investigations at a larger scale."}
{"id": "PMID:1201774", "title": "Meson radiobiology and therapy.", "content": "High-linear energy transfer radiation (neutrons, heavy ions, and pions) have a greater relative biological effectiveness than low-linear energy transfer radiation by depositing a high density of ionization in irradiated cells. This overcomes the protective effect of oxygen; decreases the variation in sensitivity among the several stages of the cell cycles; and, inhibits the repair of sublethal damage as compared to x-rays, gamma rays, electrons and protons. Negative pi mesons (pions), appear particularly suited for radiation therapy as their penetration and depth-dose profile lend themselves to shaping the high dose area to the tumor size and location. Preliminary biological experiments with pions produced at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility studied cell survival at various radiation depths and cell cycle sensitivity. Histologic study of data from the first human experiments indicated severe tumor cell destruction by pions as compared to x-rays in treating malignant melanoma skin nodules, without increased effects on dermal elements.", "contents": "Meson radiobiology and therapy. High-linear energy transfer radiation (neutrons, heavy ions, and pions) have a greater relative biological effectiveness than low-linear energy transfer radiation by depositing a high density of ionization in irradiated cells. This overcomes the protective effect of oxygen; decreases the variation in sensitivity among the several stages of the cell cycles; and, inhibits the repair of sublethal damage as compared to x-rays, gamma rays, electrons and protons. Negative pi mesons (pions), appear particularly suited for radiation therapy as their penetration and depth-dose profile lend themselves to shaping the high dose area to the tumor size and location. Preliminary biological experiments with pions produced at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility studied cell survival at various radiation depths and cell cycle sensitivity. Histologic study of data from the first human experiments indicated severe tumor cell destruction by pions as compared to x-rays in treating malignant melanoma skin nodules, without increased effects on dermal elements."}
{"id": "PMID:1201775", "title": "Fast-neutron radiobiology and radiotherapy.", "content": "The application of fast neutrons, negative pions or heavy ions will only provide an advantage for the radiotherapy of cancer if, in comparison with conventional radiations, e.g., X-rays, gamma rays and electrons, better depth-dose and collimation characteristics or specific radiobiological dose response relationships result in greater local control probabilities for tumours without increased frequencies of severe noraml tissue damage. Differences in intrinsic radiosensitivity and the presence of hypoxic cells are considered to be the main factors which can cause values of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for responses of tumours to be larger than RBE values for normal tissue tolerance. Clinical studies on lung metastases irradiated with single dose of 15 MeV neutrons indicate that RBE values for tumour growth delay can vary between 1.2 and 4.0, while RBE values for damage to several normal tissues are estimated from corresponding animal data to be approximately 2.5.", "contents": "Fast-neutron radiobiology and radiotherapy. The application of fast neutrons, negative pions or heavy ions will only provide an advantage for the radiotherapy of cancer if, in comparison with conventional radiations, e.g., X-rays, gamma rays and electrons, better depth-dose and collimation characteristics or specific radiobiological dose response relationships result in greater local control probabilities for tumours without increased frequencies of severe noraml tissue damage. Differences in intrinsic radiosensitivity and the presence of hypoxic cells are considered to be the main factors which can cause values of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for responses of tumours to be larger than RBE values for normal tissue tolerance. Clinical studies on lung metastases irradiated with single dose of 15 MeV neutrons indicate that RBE values for tumour growth delay can vary between 1.2 and 4.0, while RBE values for damage to several normal tissues are estimated from corresponding animal data to be approximately 2.5."}
{"id": "PMID:1201776", "title": "Surgery of the \"pretherapeutic\" experiments with fast neutrons produced with the 50 mev deuteron beam of cyclone.", "content": "The physical and radiobiological experiments performed with the fast neutron beams at the cyclotron of the University of Louvain are described and discussed in view of their therapeutic applications.", "contents": "Surgery of the \"pretherapeutic\" experiments with fast neutrons produced with the 50 mev deuteron beam of cyclone. The physical and radiobiological experiments performed with the fast neutron beams at the cyclotron of the University of Louvain are described and discussed in view of their therapeutic applications."}
{"id": "PMID:1201777", "title": "Installation of a compact, variable-energy cyclotron in a hospital and preliminary results obtained.", "content": "The setting up of a compact, variable-energy cyclotron within a preexisting hospital structure and the way by which have been resolved the setted technical restraints are described. Some preliminary results obtained are also given.", "contents": "Installation of a compact, variable-energy cyclotron in a hospital and preliminary results obtained. The setting up of a compact, variable-energy cyclotron within a preexisting hospital structure and the way by which have been resolved the setted technical restraints are described. Some preliminary results obtained are also given."}
{"id": "PMID:1201778", "title": "Applications of the compact cyclotron of the German Cancer Research center in nuclear medicine, neutron therapy and radiation biophysics.", "content": "The present facilities of the medical cyclotron in the German Cancer Research Center are outlined. This summary includes methods and thick target yields for radionuclide production and their applications in nuclear medical diagnosis and dosimetry in preparation of radiotherapy with fast neutrons.", "contents": "Applications of the compact cyclotron of the German Cancer Research center in nuclear medicine, neutron therapy and radiation biophysics. The present facilities of the medical cyclotron in the German Cancer Research Center are outlined. This summary includes methods and thick target yields for radionuclide production and their applications in nuclear medical diagnosis and dosimetry in preparation of radiotherapy with fast neutrons."}
{"id": "PMID:1201779", "title": "The potential and applications of cyclotrons in biomedical fields.", "content": "Applications of cyclotrons in biomedical fields like radioisotope production; activation and reaction analysis with charged particles and neutrons both in-vitro and in vivo types; production of fast neutron beams for therapy, etc. are described. Production yields of various isotopes in use through different nuclear reactions have been compared with the yields calculated using experimentally measured or empirically constructed excitation functions. Detection sensitivities of various elements in tissue through activation induced by protons, deuterons and alphas of different energies are presented. Fast neutron beams produced from Be, D2, D2O and 7Li targets with different sized and priced cyclotrons are critically compared. It is suggested that a Li-7, deuteron or even a heavy water target would produce a more penetrant neutron beam with relatively smaller cyclotrons than the commonly used Be target.", "contents": "The potential and applications of cyclotrons in biomedical fields. Applications of cyclotrons in biomedical fields like radioisotope production; activation and reaction analysis with charged particles and neutrons both in-vitro and in vivo types; production of fast neutron beams for therapy, etc. are described. Production yields of various isotopes in use through different nuclear reactions have been compared with the yields calculated using experimentally measured or empirically constructed excitation functions. Detection sensitivities of various elements in tissue through activation induced by protons, deuterons and alphas of different energies are presented. Fast neutron beams produced from Be, D2, D2O and 7Li targets with different sized and priced cyclotrons are critically compared. It is suggested that a Li-7, deuteron or even a heavy water target would produce a more penetrant neutron beam with relatively smaller cyclotrons than the commonly used Be target."}
{"id": "PMID:1201780", "title": "Production of short-lived radioisotopes for medical applications using high-energy reactions at JULIC.", "content": "The advantages of high energy nuclear reactions for the production of some special short-lived carrier-free radionuclides for allication in nuclear medicine are outlined. The routine production of 11C (T = 20.3 min), 123I (T = 13.3 h) and 28Mg (T = 21.1 h) at the Julich Isochronous Cyclotron JULIC via the 12C(p,pn) 11C-, 127I(d,6n) 123Xe(beta+, EC) 123I- and 27Al(alpha,3p) 28Mg-reaction, respectively, is described. Some areas of fast labelling and its applications are given.", "contents": "Production of short-lived radioisotopes for medical applications using high-energy reactions at JULIC. The advantages of high energy nuclear reactions for the production of some special short-lived carrier-free radionuclides for allication in nuclear medicine are outlined. The routine production of 11C (T = 20.3 min), 123I (T = 13.3 h) and 28Mg (T = 21.1 h) at the Julich Isochronous Cyclotron JULIC via the 12C(p,pn) 11C-, 127I(d,6n) 123Xe(beta+, EC) 123I- and 27Al(alpha,3p) 28Mg-reaction, respectively, is described. Some areas of fast labelling and its applications are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1201781", "title": "Transmission detectors for cyclotron in-vivo irradiations with neutrons.", "content": "The neutron fluence imparted to the irradiated subjects needs to be measured accurately in order to obtain meaningful results from diagnostic irradiations. A convenient neutron detector for this purpose is in the form of a transmission chamber, which covers the whole beam directed at the subject. In one design the detector is an ionization chamber, filled with propane gas, in another a thin sheet of plastic scintillator is coupled to a pair of photomultipliers.", "contents": "Transmission detectors for cyclotron in-vivo irradiations with neutrons. The neutron fluence imparted to the irradiated subjects needs to be measured accurately in order to obtain meaningful results from diagnostic irradiations. A convenient neutron detector for this purpose is in the form of a transmission chamber, which covers the whole beam directed at the subject. In one design the detector is an ionization chamber, filled with propane gas, in another a thin sheet of plastic scintillator is coupled to a pair of photomultipliers."}
{"id": "PMID:1201782", "title": "Non-computerized off-axial tomography with 580 MeV protons.", "content": "Tomography so far has used a \"passive\" property of radiation absorption, i.e., variation of the transmission rate. Computerized tomography reconstructs (Fourier analyses) a 20 picture of of a sequence of 10 transmission profiles. The resulting image is therefore axially oriented. The use of the stereoscopic effect of two views of the same object (slice), taken at two slightly different angles, is, in such a base, not feasible. \"Protoscopy\" is based on an \"active\" property of radiation absorption, i.e., large angle nuclear scattering. The vertices of the large angle scattered protons are individually measured. The spatial resolution of the detectors and the Coulomb multiple scattering are responsible for the existence of an \"elementary volume\". Stereo display is under study. Despite the fact that \"protoscopy\" requires a (still) expensive proton source of 600 MeV, a scanning system, the \"protoscope\", is proposed to challenge all the excellent performances of the most advanced X-ray tomography techniques, such as the automatic computerized transverse axial (ACTA)-scanner.", "contents": "Non-computerized off-axial tomography with 580 MeV protons. Tomography so far has used a \"passive\" property of radiation absorption, i.e., variation of the transmission rate. Computerized tomography reconstructs (Fourier analyses) a 20 picture of of a sequence of 10 transmission profiles. The resulting image is therefore axially oriented. The use of the stereoscopic effect of two views of the same object (slice), taken at two slightly different angles, is, in such a base, not feasible. \"Protoscopy\" is based on an \"active\" property of radiation absorption, i.e., large angle nuclear scattering. The vertices of the large angle scattered protons are individually measured. The spatial resolution of the detectors and the Coulomb multiple scattering are responsible for the existence of an \"elementary volume\". Stereo display is under study. Despite the fact that \"protoscopy\" requires a (still) expensive proton source of 600 MeV, a scanning system, the \"protoscope\", is proposed to challenge all the excellent performances of the most advanced X-ray tomography techniques, such as the automatic computerized transverse axial (ACTA)-scanner."}
{"id": "PMID:1201783", "title": "The potential of proton radiography.", "content": "The properties of two types of proton radiography, MARGINAL-RANGE and MULTIPLE SCATTERING are described briefly and examples of the radiographs shown. A practical application of one of the techniques, MARGINAL-RANGE, to an industrial problem is described. Certain outstanding features of MULTIPLE SCATTERING radiography which may lead to its use in the future are mentioned.", "contents": "The potential of proton radiography. The properties of two types of proton radiography, MARGINAL-RANGE and MULTIPLE SCATTERING are described briefly and examples of the radiographs shown. A practical application of one of the techniques, MARGINAL-RANGE, to an industrial problem is described. Certain outstanding features of MULTIPLE SCATTERING radiography which may lead to its use in the future are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1201784", "title": "[Cortico-cortical connections of the orbito-frontal cortex].", "content": "Using strychnine neuronography, the connections of proreal and orbital convolutions with different sections of the neocortex were studied, in cats. The proreal cortex was found to have direct efferent connections with premotor, motor, and associative sections of the sigmoid gyrus and with the anterior lateral convolution. Besides, the orbital convolution has connections with the auditory, visual, and associative sections of the neocortex. The orbital cortex was concluded to be the basic efferent system of the orbito--frontal cortex providing the latter's conncetions with different sections of the neocortex; the proreal cortex projects efferents only to adjacent sections of the frontal cortex.", "contents": "[Cortico-cortical connections of the orbito-frontal cortex]. Using strychnine neuronography, the connections of proreal and orbital convolutions with different sections of the neocortex were studied, in cats. The proreal cortex was found to have direct efferent connections with premotor, motor, and associative sections of the sigmoid gyrus and with the anterior lateral convolution. Besides, the orbital convolution has connections with the auditory, visual, and associative sections of the neocortex. The orbital cortex was concluded to be the basic efferent system of the orbito--frontal cortex providing the latter's conncetions with different sections of the neocortex; the proreal cortex projects efferents only to adjacent sections of the frontal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1201785", "title": "[Transcallosal modulation of the focus of maximal activity in the visual cortex].", "content": "In cats, EPs on binocular and monocular adequate stimulation in 270 symmetrical points of the visual cortex (the 17, 18, and 19 fields, and the medial portion of the suprasylvian gyrus), were studied. Charts of the maximal activity foci were drawn. Callosal transection was shown to enlarge the foci. The phenomenon of narrowing foci of maximal activity in animals with intact callosal system was found to be due to suppressing (resiprocal) interhemispherical influences increasing from the periphery towards the center of the focus. A spatial transcallosal modulation of the thalamo-cortical activation was suggested to exist in the visual cortex.", "contents": "[Transcallosal modulation of the focus of maximal activity in the visual cortex]. In cats, EPs on binocular and monocular adequate stimulation in 270 symmetrical points of the visual cortex (the 17, 18, and 19 fields, and the medial portion of the suprasylvian gyrus), were studied. Charts of the maximal activity foci were drawn. Callosal transection was shown to enlarge the foci. The phenomenon of narrowing foci of maximal activity in animals with intact callosal system was found to be due to suppressing (resiprocal) interhemispherical influences increasing from the periphery towards the center of the focus. A spatial transcallosal modulation of the thalamo-cortical activation was suggested to exist in the visual cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1201788", "title": "[The relationship between oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogpam and components of the visual cortex evoked response].", "content": "In the electroretingram of rabbit, the oscillatory potentials (OPs) were shown to appear in response to a wide range of the light stimuli intensities (0.023--120 joules). The minimum time required for the OP onset was 10 msec. The OP duration was independent of the stimulus intensity and ranged between 6--7 msec. The number of OPs, their amplitudes, latency, and peak latency varied along with the intensity of the stimuli. OP1 occurred during developing of \"a\" wave, while OP2, OP3, OP4--at the ascending phase of \"b\" wave of the electroretinogram. The latency and the peak latency of the OP1 were always shorter than the respective parameters of the first component of evoked potential in the visual cortex. A definite time correlation between the formation of OP1 and OP2 and the first two components of the evoked potential was revealed. Interrelationship between OP3, OP4, and later components of evoked potentials in the visual cortex was much more complicated.", "contents": "[The relationship between oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogpam and components of the visual cortex evoked response]. In the electroretingram of rabbit, the oscillatory potentials (OPs) were shown to appear in response to a wide range of the light stimuli intensities (0.023--120 joules). The minimum time required for the OP onset was 10 msec. The OP duration was independent of the stimulus intensity and ranged between 6--7 msec. The number of OPs, their amplitudes, latency, and peak latency varied along with the intensity of the stimuli. OP1 occurred during developing of \"a\" wave, while OP2, OP3, OP4--at the ascending phase of \"b\" wave of the electroretinogram. The latency and the peak latency of the OP1 were always shorter than the respective parameters of the first component of evoked potential in the visual cortex. A definite time correlation between the formation of OP1 and OP2 and the first two components of the evoked potential was revealed. Interrelationship between OP3, OP4, and later components of evoked potentials in the visual cortex was much more complicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1201789", "title": "[A new variation of the schematic eye].", "content": "Analysis of the eye optical system showed  the presently existing variant of the schematic eye with its of , accommodation mechanism to be inadequate to a real eye. On the basis of accomodation occurring simultaneously with change of the crystalline lens focal distance and displacement of the retina, a new variant of the schematic eye which seems to be more adequate to a real eye, has been suggested.", "contents": "[A new variation of the schematic eye]. Analysis of the eye optical system showed  the presently existing variant of the schematic eye with its of , accommodation mechanism to be inadequate to a real eye. On the basis of accomodation occurring simultaneously with change of the crystalline lens focal distance and displacement of the retina, a new variant of the schematic eye which seems to be more adequate to a real eye, has been suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1201790", "title": "[The skeltal muscle recovery process following disorders in impulse activity].", "content": "Unilateral transection and partial resection of the sciatic nerve after intensive muscular activity entail changes in the biochemical restitution processes in both denervated and contralateral intact muscles. The data obtained reveal the obvious metabolic changes in muscle fibers due to nervous deprivation.", "contents": "[The skeltal muscle recovery process following disorders in impulse activity]. Unilateral transection and partial resection of the sciatic nerve after intensive muscular activity entail changes in the biochemical restitution processes in both denervated and contralateral intact muscles. The data obtained reveal the obvious metabolic changes in muscle fibers due to nervous deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1201791", "title": "[Afferent activity in the renal nerves of awake dogs treated with diuretics].", "content": "In alert dogs with electrodes implanted into the kidney nerves the afferent activity following the influence upon kidney receptors, was studied with the aid of lazix and mannitol administration against the background of the water-milk uptake. The water-milk uptake was followed by no significant changes of nervous activity. Metabolic disturbances due to lazix altered the kidney nerves activity. Acceleration of the kidney filtration due to mannitol was followed by a short-lasting unstable decrease in the afferent nerves activity.", "contents": "[Afferent activity in the renal nerves of awake dogs treated with diuretics]. In alert dogs with electrodes implanted into the kidney nerves the afferent activity following the influence upon kidney receptors, was studied with the aid of lazix and mannitol administration against the background of the water-milk uptake. The water-milk uptake was followed by no significant changes of nervous activity. Metabolic disturbances due to lazix altered the kidney nerves activity. Acceleration of the kidney filtration due to mannitol was followed by a short-lasting unstable decrease in the afferent nerves activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201792", "title": "[The state of the anticoagulant system following perfusion of the isolated kidney with thrombin, N-acetyl-thrombin or trypsin].", "content": "Tripsine perfused through the rabbit humorally isolated kidney with preserved innervation evokes, like the thrombin, an activation of the second anticoagulating system (SAS). N-acetyl-thrombin lacking in coagulating effect due to blockade of free aminogroups, did not evoke the activation of the SAS under the same conditions.", "contents": "[The state of the anticoagulant system following perfusion of the isolated kidney with thrombin, N-acetyl-thrombin or trypsin]. Tripsine perfused through the rabbit humorally isolated kidney with preserved innervation evokes, like the thrombin, an activation of the second anticoagulating system (SAS). N-acetyl-thrombin lacking in coagulating effect due to blockade of free aminogroups, did not evoke the activation of the SAS under the same conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1201793", "title": "[The effect of environmental temperature on the state of the blood coagulation system].", "content": "Drop of external temperature to +2 degrees C followed by muscle shivering activated the coagulating and depressed the anticoagulating and fibrinolytic processes. On overheating of the organism and development of the hyperemia, a tendency to hypocoagulation appeared.", "contents": "[The effect of environmental temperature on the state of the blood coagulation system]. Drop of external temperature to +2 degrees C followed by muscle shivering activated the coagulating and depressed the anticoagulating and fibrinolytic processes. On overheating of the organism and development of the hyperemia, a tendency to hypocoagulation appeared."}
{"id": "PMID:1201794", "title": "[The contractile activity of amphibian vein smooth muscle cells].", "content": "In frogs, the contractile activity of the antetior abdominal, femoral, and of the major skin veins was studied. The electric transmural stimulation, potassium chloride ions, and catecholamines were found to activate the contractile apparatus of the veins. Spontaneous mechanical activity was not characteristic of the vessels under study; acetylcholine and a rapid stretching of a vein's segment were followed by no active contractile response.", "contents": "[The contractile activity of amphibian vein smooth muscle cells]. In frogs, the contractile activity of the antetior abdominal, femoral, and of the major skin veins was studied. The electric transmural stimulation, potassium chloride ions, and catecholamines were found to activate the contractile apparatus of the veins. Spontaneous mechanical activity was not characteristic of the vessels under study; acetylcholine and a rapid stretching of a vein's segment were followed by no active contractile response."}
{"id": "PMID:1201795", "title": "[Changes in blood pressure and impulse activity in intestinal nerves during exposure of small intestine interoreceptors to lactic acid].", "content": "I. a. administration of threshold concentration (0.2 ml 7.8 mM) of lactic acid into the small intestine was found to increase afferent and efferent impulsation in the intestinal nerves as well as the systemic arterial blood pressure in anesthetized cats. Increase in the lactic acid concentration up to 250 mM/l resulted in two-phasic augmentation of the nerve responses and of the pressor reflexes. In the range from 7.8 to 62.5 mM/l of lactic acid concentration the absolute magnitude of pressor reflexes was 2.3 +/- 0.6--4.2 +/- 0.5 mm Hg. Further increase in the lactic acid concentration (up to 250 mM/l) produced on augmentation in the reflexes magnitude up to 18 +/- 2.8 mm Hg. A possible functional role of afferent impulses generated by the tissue receptors following an increase in metabolites concentration in the organs, is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in blood pressure and impulse activity in intestinal nerves during exposure of small intestine interoreceptors to lactic acid]. I. a. administration of threshold concentration (0.2 ml 7.8 mM) of lactic acid into the small intestine was found to increase afferent and efferent impulsation in the intestinal nerves as well as the systemic arterial blood pressure in anesthetized cats. Increase in the lactic acid concentration up to 250 mM/l resulted in two-phasic augmentation of the nerve responses and of the pressor reflexes. In the range from 7.8 to 62.5 mM/l of lactic acid concentration the absolute magnitude of pressor reflexes was 2.3 +/- 0.6--4.2 +/- 0.5 mm Hg. Further increase in the lactic acid concentration (up to 250 mM/l) produced on augmentation in the reflexes magnitude up to 18 +/- 2.8 mm Hg. A possible functional role of afferent impulses generated by the tissue receptors following an increase in metabolites concentration in the organs, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201796", "title": "[Participation of the small intestine in carbohydrate metabolism].", "content": "Participation of the small intestine in the intermediate carbohydrate metabolism was pointed out by appearing of glucose in the small intestine secret within 2-3 hrs after carbohydrate uptake in the concentration comparable or even exceeding that in the blood. The glucose concentration in the blood drops just when it increases in the intestinal juice, while increase in the blood sugar coincided with reducing of the glucose concentration in the small intestine secret. This suggests that the small intestine lumen can serve as one of the depots for carbohydrates: a kind of temporary depot for monomeres.", "contents": "[Participation of the small intestine in carbohydrate metabolism]. Participation of the small intestine in the intermediate carbohydrate metabolism was pointed out by appearing of glucose in the small intestine secret within 2-3 hrs after carbohydrate uptake in the concentration comparable or even exceeding that in the blood. The glucose concentration in the blood drops just when it increases in the intestinal juice, while increase in the blood sugar coincided with reducing of the glucose concentration in the small intestine secret. This suggests that the small intestine lumen can serve as one of the depots for carbohydrates: a kind of temporary depot for monomeres."}
{"id": "PMID:1201798", "title": "[The relationship between temperature adaptation and the effect of noradrenaline on central control of thermoregulation].", "content": "In rats cold--adapted (1--3 degrees C) or warmth--adapted (26--28 degrees C) for 4--5 weeks, the body temperature, oxygen uptake, electric muscle activity were continuously recorded before and after intraventricular injection of noradrenaline (NA) at a total volume of 5--8 mcl. At the ambient temperature of 25 degrees C, extremely small doses (5--8 mcg) of NA raised the body temperature due to shivering. Injections of NA were more effective in the cold--adapted rats. Injections of NA at a low ambient temperature (10 degrees C) evoked greater thermoregulatory responses in the warmth-adapted rats.", "contents": "[The relationship between temperature adaptation and the effect of noradrenaline on central control of thermoregulation]. In rats cold--adapted (1--3 degrees C) or warmth--adapted (26--28 degrees C) for 4--5 weeks, the body temperature, oxygen uptake, electric muscle activity were continuously recorded before and after intraventricular injection of noradrenaline (NA) at a total volume of 5--8 mcl. At the ambient temperature of 25 degrees C, extremely small doses (5--8 mcg) of NA raised the body temperature due to shivering. Injections of NA were more effective in the cold--adapted rats. Injections of NA at a low ambient temperature (10 degrees C) evoked greater thermoregulatory responses in the warmth-adapted rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1201799", "title": "[Use of a mathematical model to assess cutaneous blood flow and heat loss during a thermoregulatory reaction].", "content": "The general blood flow and heat loss were determined in the rabbit ear with the aid of a mathematical model and on the basis of measurements of ambient, hypothalamic, and the ear temperatures, while the ambient temperature changed from--10 degrees C to + 40 degrees C. A static dependence of ear's heat loss on the blood flow intensity at different ambient temperatures, was quantitatively determined.", "contents": "[Use of a mathematical model to assess cutaneous blood flow and heat loss during a thermoregulatory reaction]. The general blood flow and heat loss were determined in the rabbit ear with the aid of a mathematical model and on the basis of measurements of ambient, hypothalamic, and the ear temperatures, while the ambient temperature changed from--10 degrees C to + 40 degrees C. A static dependence of ear's heat loss on the blood flow intensity at different ambient temperatures, was quantitatively determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1201804", "title": "H-2-associated quantitative traits; statistical analysis of the relative contributions of the H-2 linked genes and the residual genotype.", "content": "Several associations have been recently reported of the kind that a certain H-2 haplotype tends to be accompanied by a low value and another H-2 haplotype by a high value of some quantitative traits. This includes also the weights of lymphoid and reproductive organs. In order to throw more light on the seeming clustering within the H-2 gene complex of the genetic determinants of such traits, statistical analysis of the relative contributions of the H-2 and the total residual genotypes to the variations in the weight of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, testes, seminal vesicles and ovaries was performed. Ten genotypically uniform populations of 2-month-old mice, each consisting of 31 males and 31 females, were analyzed using two different statistical procedures. Four of them were mice of the inbred strains A (H-2a), B10 (H-2b), A.BY (H-2b) and B10.A (H-2a) and six were various F1 hybrids derived from these four strains. The conclusion based on both approaches was that the relative contribution to the variations in the weight of the tested organs from the H-2 haplotype is much smaller or maximally not greater than the contribution from the total residual genotype.", "contents": "H-2-associated quantitative traits; statistical analysis of the relative contributions of the H-2 linked genes and the residual genotype. Several associations have been recently reported of the kind that a certain H-2 haplotype tends to be accompanied by a low value and another H-2 haplotype by a high value of some quantitative traits. This includes also the weights of lymphoid and reproductive organs. In order to throw more light on the seeming clustering within the H-2 gene complex of the genetic determinants of such traits, statistical analysis of the relative contributions of the H-2 and the total residual genotypes to the variations in the weight of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, testes, seminal vesicles and ovaries was performed. Ten genotypically uniform populations of 2-month-old mice, each consisting of 31 males and 31 females, were analyzed using two different statistical procedures. Four of them were mice of the inbred strains A (H-2a), B10 (H-2b), A.BY (H-2b) and B10.A (H-2a) and six were various F1 hybrids derived from these four strains. The conclusion based on both approaches was that the relative contribution to the variations in the weight of the tested organs from the H-2 haplotype is much smaller or maximally not greater than the contribution from the total residual genotype."}
{"id": "PMID:1201805", "title": "The relative effect of H-2 disparity between irradiated host and injected bone marrow cells on their total proliferative and erythropoietic activities in the host's spleen.", "content": "Previous experiments showed that in the spleen of non-syngeneic (H-2 disparate) irradiated hosts, the colony-forming performance of injected bone marrow cells may be markedly lower than the standard syngeneic performance. There were also some indications that the deficit was due to a deviated differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells into an alternative pathway. In the present study, the total proliferative activity of donor bone marrow cells [B10.A(2R)] in the syngeneic or allogeneic [B10.A(5R)] hosts was measured as the rate of uptake of 125IUdR and the erythropoietic activity as the rate of uptake of 59Fe. Since both activities are linear functions of the number of injected cells, their inhibition in allogeneic hosts could be judged by the relative slopes of the comparable regression lines. Well reproducible results showed that the erythropoietic activity was inhibited more than the total proliferative activity; this suggests that the residual component of the total proliferative activity must be inhibited less (or even stimulated) in the allogeneic host. The possibility that the differential effect of the allogeneic host environment on the total and erythropoietic activities might be due to a deviated differentiation of some pluripotent cells into the lymphopoietic pathway is discussed.", "contents": "The relative effect of H-2 disparity between irradiated host and injected bone marrow cells on their total proliferative and erythropoietic activities in the host's spleen. Previous experiments showed that in the spleen of non-syngeneic (H-2 disparate) irradiated hosts, the colony-forming performance of injected bone marrow cells may be markedly lower than the standard syngeneic performance. There were also some indications that the deficit was due to a deviated differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells into an alternative pathway. In the present study, the total proliferative activity of donor bone marrow cells [B10.A(2R)] in the syngeneic or allogeneic [B10.A(5R)] hosts was measured as the rate of uptake of 125IUdR and the erythropoietic activity as the rate of uptake of 59Fe. Since both activities are linear functions of the number of injected cells, their inhibition in allogeneic hosts could be judged by the relative slopes of the comparable regression lines. Well reproducible results showed that the erythropoietic activity was inhibited more than the total proliferative activity; this suggests that the residual component of the total proliferative activity must be inhibited less (or even stimulated) in the allogeneic host. The possibility that the differential effect of the allogeneic host environment on the total and erythropoietic activities might be due to a deviated differentiation of some pluripotent cells into the lymphopoietic pathway is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201806", "title": "Lymphocyte trapping and activation in the regional lymph node stimulated by cellular and soluble antigens.", "content": "Cellularity and intensity of RNA synthesis in the popliteal lymph nodes of mice treated with different types of antigen injected subcutaneously into the hind footpads were followed. The percentage of lymphocytes with nucleoli synthesizing the RNA, incorporation of 3H-uridine and cellularity increased in the lymph node draining the site of antigenic stimulation. This activation occurred as early as 1 day after injection of living cells and the time of maximal RNA synthesis preceded the time of maximal cellularity. The response was seen as late as 3-7 days after injection of dead cells and soluble antigens. In contrast to living cells, soluble antigens induced the trapping of cells before the increase of the formation of ribonucleic acid. The described testing of stimulation of the draining lymph node may serve as a rapid, and economical assay for immunogenicity of unknown substances.", "contents": "Lymphocyte trapping and activation in the regional lymph node stimulated by cellular and soluble antigens. Cellularity and intensity of RNA synthesis in the popliteal lymph nodes of mice treated with different types of antigen injected subcutaneously into the hind footpads were followed. The percentage of lymphocytes with nucleoli synthesizing the RNA, incorporation of 3H-uridine and cellularity increased in the lymph node draining the site of antigenic stimulation. This activation occurred as early as 1 day after injection of living cells and the time of maximal RNA synthesis preceded the time of maximal cellularity. The response was seen as late as 3-7 days after injection of dead cells and soluble antigens. In contrast to living cells, soluble antigens induced the trapping of cells before the increase of the formation of ribonucleic acid. The described testing of stimulation of the draining lymph node may serve as a rapid, and economical assay for immunogenicity of unknown substances."}
{"id": "PMID:1201807", "title": "Peripheral blood lymphocyte nucleoli of rats with Yoshida ascitic sarcoma and the effect of cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Changes in the leucocytes, lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocyte nucleoli of Yoshida ascitic sarcoma bearing rats untreated and treated with cyclophosphamide were studied. In the course of the growth of Yoshida ascitic sarcoma lymphocytes with \"active\" nucleoli (compact nucleoli and nucleoli with nucleolonemas) first increased and then, in the terminal stage of the disease, decreased in number. The number of lymphocytes with ring-shaped nucleoli (\"reversibly inactive\") and micronucleoli was rising throughout the disease. The increase in numbers of micronucleoli in the lymphocytes produced increased values of nucleolar coefficient. After administration of cyclophosphamide to rats with transplanted tumour the number of lymphocytes with both \"active\" and \"reversibly inactive\" nucleoli decreased and the number of lymphocytes with micronucleoli increased. The increase in the proportion of micronucleoli also led to increased values of nucleolar coefficient. After cessation of cyclophosphamide treatment and when the signs of the neoplastic disease had disappeared, the changes observed in the white blood cell picture returned to the values before sarcoma transplantation.", "contents": "Peripheral blood lymphocyte nucleoli of rats with Yoshida ascitic sarcoma and the effect of cyclophosphamide. Changes in the leucocytes, lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocyte nucleoli of Yoshida ascitic sarcoma bearing rats untreated and treated with cyclophosphamide were studied. In the course of the growth of Yoshida ascitic sarcoma lymphocytes with \"active\" nucleoli (compact nucleoli and nucleoli with nucleolonemas) first increased and then, in the terminal stage of the disease, decreased in number. The number of lymphocytes with ring-shaped nucleoli (\"reversibly inactive\") and micronucleoli was rising throughout the disease. The increase in numbers of micronucleoli in the lymphocytes produced increased values of nucleolar coefficient. After administration of cyclophosphamide to rats with transplanted tumour the number of lymphocytes with both \"active\" and \"reversibly inactive\" nucleoli decreased and the number of lymphocytes with micronucleoli increased. The increase in the proportion of micronucleoli also led to increased values of nucleolar coefficient. After cessation of cyclophosphamide treatment and when the signs of the neoplastic disease had disappeared, the changes observed in the white blood cell picture returned to the values before sarcoma transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:1201808", "title": "Protection against long ultraviolet and/or visible light with topical dihydroxyacetone. Implications for the mechanism of action of the sunscreen combination, dihydroxyacetone/naphthoquinone.", "content": "Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) chemically induces long ultraviolet (UV) and/or visible photoprotection into the stratum corneum as demonstrated by (a) long UV protection of albino rats which were psoralen-photosensitized to black fluorescent light and (b) sunlight protection of five patients with long UV and/or visible photosensitivity. Previously, DHA treatment of skin was considered to provide no protection against UV. For clinical use, the combination of DHA and lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is preferred to DHA alone, because it provides rapid, positive protection over a range extending from short UV into the visible region of sunlight.", "contents": "Protection against long ultraviolet and/or visible light with topical dihydroxyacetone. Implications for the mechanism of action of the sunscreen combination, dihydroxyacetone/naphthoquinone. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) chemically induces long ultraviolet (UV) and/or visible photoprotection into the stratum corneum as demonstrated by (a) long UV protection of albino rats which were psoralen-photosensitized to black fluorescent light and (b) sunlight protection of five patients with long UV and/or visible photosensitivity. Previously, DHA treatment of skin was considered to provide no protection against UV. For clinical use, the combination of DHA and lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is preferred to DHA alone, because it provides rapid, positive protection over a range extending from short UV into the visible region of sunlight."}
{"id": "PMID:1201809", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis with long-wave ultraviolet light.", "content": "The effect of long-wave ultraviolet light on psoriasis was studied in 10 patients, using the method of paired comparisons. The radiation failed to have any demonstrable effect.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis with long-wave ultraviolet light. The effect of long-wave ultraviolet light on psoriasis was studied in 10 patients, using the method of paired comparisons. The radiation failed to have any demonstrable effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1201810", "title": "Incontinentia pigmenti et achromians.", "content": "A case is reported, apparently the first of its kind in the literature, of a female child in which there were not only pigmented lesions of incontinentia pigmenti but also hypopigmented lesions of incontinentia pigmenti achromians. The title incontinentia pigmenti et achromians is suggested for this combined disorder. The child also had associated lesions in the form of nail dystrophy, delayed dentition and epilepsy.", "contents": "Incontinentia pigmenti et achromians. A case is reported, apparently the first of its kind in the literature, of a female child in which there were not only pigmented lesions of incontinentia pigmenti but also hypopigmented lesions of incontinentia pigmenti achromians. The title incontinentia pigmenti et achromians is suggested for this combined disorder. The child also had associated lesions in the form of nail dystrophy, delayed dentition and epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1201811", "title": "Visken as supplementary drug in the treatment of pemphigus.", "content": "Results of combined treatment with low doses of steroids (50-10-5 mg) and Visken (7.5-15 mg) in 5 cases of pemphigus erythematosus and 5 cases of pemphigus vulgaris are presented. Treatment lasted from 30 days to 1.5 years. Some of the patients had been previously treated with steroids and immunosuppressive drugs, but had active lesions or frequent recurrences. In pemphigus erythematosus, very good results were obtained in 3 of 5 cases, and failure in 2 cases was probably related to insufficient dosage of steroids, or no treatment with steroids at all. In pemphigus vulgaris results were not satisfactory. Visken can serve as a supplementary drug in the treatment of pemphigus erythematosus. No complications were observed, and the drug may be regarded as safe.", "contents": "Visken as supplementary drug in the treatment of pemphigus. Results of combined treatment with low doses of steroids (50-10-5 mg) and Visken (7.5-15 mg) in 5 cases of pemphigus erythematosus and 5 cases of pemphigus vulgaris are presented. Treatment lasted from 30 days to 1.5 years. Some of the patients had been previously treated with steroids and immunosuppressive drugs, but had active lesions or frequent recurrences. In pemphigus erythematosus, very good results were obtained in 3 of 5 cases, and failure in 2 cases was probably related to insufficient dosage of steroids, or no treatment with steroids at all. In pemphigus vulgaris results were not satisfactory. Visken can serve as a supplementary drug in the treatment of pemphigus erythematosus. No complications were observed, and the drug may be regarded as safe."}
{"id": "PMID:1201812", "title": "Generalized mastocytosis, relapsing herpes zoster and polyradiculoneuritis.", "content": "A 68-year-old woman suffering from a longstanding urticaria pigmentosa with mast cell infiltrations in bones had two attacks of herpes zoster. The second herpes zoster attack was followed by a severe polyradiculoneuritis (Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome). The sequence of events suggests an immunological deficiency.", "contents": "Generalized mastocytosis, relapsing herpes zoster and polyradiculoneuritis. A 68-year-old woman suffering from a longstanding urticaria pigmentosa with mast cell infiltrations in bones had two attacks of herpes zoster. The second herpes zoster attack was followed by a severe polyradiculoneuritis (Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome). The sequence of events suggests an immunological deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1201813", "title": "Vitamin A acid in the topic treament of plantar warts.", "content": "An ointment with 2% vitamin A acid was applied under occlusion to 50 patients with plantar warts. Only 17 could be considered as cured after 2-10 weeks of treatment.", "contents": "Vitamin A acid in the topic treament of plantar warts. An ointment with 2% vitamin A acid was applied under occlusion to 50 patients with plantar warts. Only 17 could be considered as cured after 2-10 weeks of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1201814", "title": "Lichenoid eruption following penicillamine. A case report with some biochemical observations.", "content": "The phenomenon of lichenoid eruptions following medication with antimalarial, anti-arthritis and antibacterial medication is well documented in the literature. We report here the first case to be described as a result of anti-arthritis treatment with penicillamine, together with some biochemical studies of the effect of this compound on the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Lichenoid eruption following penicillamine. A case report with some biochemical observations. The phenomenon of lichenoid eruptions following medication with antimalarial, anti-arthritis and antibacterial medication is well documented in the literature. We report here the first case to be described as a result of anti-arthritis treatment with penicillamine, together with some biochemical studies of the effect of this compound on the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:1201815", "title": "Effect of pentagastrin and gastric alkalinization on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in diffuse esophageal spasm.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous pentagastrin and gastric alkalinization on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in seven patients with diffuse esophageal spasm as compared to nine normal controls. Intravenous injections of 0.2 and 0.4 mug pentagastrin/kg body weight increased LES pressure significantly more in patients than in control subjects (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01). Following gastric alkalinization both groups showed increases in LES pressure, but these were significantly greater for patients with diffuse esophageal spasm (p less than 0.05) than for controls. The results of our study indicate that the LES in patients with diffuse esophageal spasm is supersensitive to pentagastrin and gastric alkalinization.", "contents": "Effect of pentagastrin and gastric alkalinization on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in diffuse esophageal spasm. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous pentagastrin and gastric alkalinization on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in seven patients with diffuse esophageal spasm as compared to nine normal controls. Intravenous injections of 0.2 and 0.4 mug pentagastrin/kg body weight increased LES pressure significantly more in patients than in control subjects (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01). Following gastric alkalinization both groups showed increases in LES pressure, but these were significantly greater for patients with diffuse esophageal spasm (p less than 0.05) than for controls. The results of our study indicate that the LES in patients with diffuse esophageal spasm is supersensitive to pentagastrin and gastric alkalinization."}
{"id": "PMID:1201816", "title": "Serum C3 and C4 complement components in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "Serum C3 and C4 complement components were estimated in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In Crohn's disease, serum C4 concentrations were significantly higher than those of controls. In ulcerative colitis, significantly higher concentrations of C3 and C4 were associated with severe or extensive disease, and C4 concentrations may remain high, years after total colectomy.", "contents": "Serum C3 and C4 complement components in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Serum C3 and C4 complement components were estimated in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In Crohn's disease, serum C4 concentrations were significantly higher than those of controls. In ulcerative colitis, significantly higher concentrations of C3 and C4 were associated with severe or extensive disease, and C4 concentrations may remain high, years after total colectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1201817", "title": "Effects of somatostatin on gastric secretion and gastrin release in man.", "content": "Somatostatin, a recently synthesized hypothalamic growth hormone release-inhibiting factor (GIF), was used in the cyclic and linear form. In all subjects studied, the cyclic GIF inhibited gastrin secretion during basal conditions as well as during a standard food stimulus, with immediate rebound after the infusion was stopped. Similar responses were observed in a hypophysectomized patient, indicating that this effect of GIF was independent of suppression of growth hormone secretion. Cyclic and linear GIF, when administered in normal subjects during an infusion of synthetic human gastrin I, almost totally suppressed gastric secretion. The results indicate that GIF is a potent inhibitor of gastric secretion and gastrin release.", "contents": "Effects of somatostatin on gastric secretion and gastrin release in man. Somatostatin, a recently synthesized hypothalamic growth hormone release-inhibiting factor (GIF), was used in the cyclic and linear form. In all subjects studied, the cyclic GIF inhibited gastrin secretion during basal conditions as well as during a standard food stimulus, with immediate rebound after the infusion was stopped. Similar responses were observed in a hypophysectomized patient, indicating that this effect of GIF was independent of suppression of growth hormone secretion. Cyclic and linear GIF, when administered in normal subjects during an infusion of synthetic human gastrin I, almost totally suppressed gastric secretion. The results indicate that GIF is a potent inhibitor of gastric secretion and gastrin release."}
{"id": "PMID:1201818", "title": "Long-term clinical, radiological and manometric follow-up of patients with achalasia of the esophagus treated with esophagomyotomy.", "content": "Twenty adult patients with achalasia of the esophagus were treated with an anterior esophagomyotomy and fundic patch. A significant decrease in resting gastroesophageal sphincter pressure was obtained immediately after surgery (p less than 0.001). One case was lost and the rest were followed up for 34 months. Patients had no esophageal symptoms and resting gastroesophageal sphincter pressure remained in low values. Surgical procedure is an adequate and definitive treatment for this disease.", "contents": "Long-term clinical, radiological and manometric follow-up of patients with achalasia of the esophagus treated with esophagomyotomy. Twenty adult patients with achalasia of the esophagus were treated with an anterior esophagomyotomy and fundic patch. A significant decrease in resting gastroesophageal sphincter pressure was obtained immediately after surgery (p less than 0.001). One case was lost and the rest were followed up for 34 months. Patients had no esophageal symptoms and resting gastroesophageal sphincter pressure remained in low values. Surgical procedure is an adequate and definitive treatment for this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1201819", "title": "Early inhibition of hepatic bilirubin conjugation after paracetamol (acetaminophen) administration in the rat.", "content": "Administration of paracetamol (acetaminophen) 13.3 mmol kg-1 body weight to rats led 2 h later to an impaired capacity to conjugate an intravenous load of bilirubin, in the absence of biochemical signs of liver damage and before the reactive metabolite of the drug had become bound within the liver. In addition, paracetamol inhibited the excretion into the bile of conjugated bilirubin, although the plasma levels of the uncomjugated pigment only were elevated. This study provides additional evidence that hepatic glucuronide conjugation is impaired early after paracetamol overdose, and that this precedes the accumulation and binding of the hepatotoxic metabolite of the drug within the liver cells.", "contents": "Early inhibition of hepatic bilirubin conjugation after paracetamol (acetaminophen) administration in the rat. Administration of paracetamol (acetaminophen) 13.3 mmol kg-1 body weight to rats led 2 h later to an impaired capacity to conjugate an intravenous load of bilirubin, in the absence of biochemical signs of liver damage and before the reactive metabolite of the drug had become bound within the liver. In addition, paracetamol inhibited the excretion into the bile of conjugated bilirubin, although the plasma levels of the uncomjugated pigment only were elevated. This study provides additional evidence that hepatic glucuronide conjugation is impaired early after paracetamol overdose, and that this precedes the accumulation and binding of the hepatotoxic metabolite of the drug within the liver cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1201820", "title": "EEG in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Electroencephalographic tracings of 50 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were compared with those of 75 controls. In the UC patients a 24% incidence of abnormal tracings was found as compared with an 8% incidence in the controls. A higher incidence of abnormal electroencephalograms was found among active cases of UC than among those in remission. The meaning of these results is not yet clear.", "contents": "EEG in ulcerative colitis. Electroencephalographic tracings of 50 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were compared with those of 75 controls. In the UC patients a 24% incidence of abnormal tracings was found as compared with an 8% incidence in the controls. A higher incidence of abnormal electroencephalograms was found among active cases of UC than among those in remission. The meaning of these results is not yet clear."}
{"id": "PMID:1201821", "title": "Effect of fatty acids on the stimulated gastric secretion in man.", "content": "Solutions and emulsions of sodium or potassium salts in a series of saturated fatty acids from C8 to C18 were given in a dose of 0.5 g intraduodenally to healthy males or patients with healed duodenal ulcer. A double-lumen Sarles tube with a balloon placed in the proximal duodenum was used. The substances were instilled after a plateau of gastric acid secretion induced by a continuous infusion of pentagastrin was reached. In order to exclude unspecific effects, the test solutions were adjusted to a pH around 7.0 and to plasma isosmolality. Compared with the other tested substances, the emulsion of 0.5 g sodium-oleate was the most effective in inhibiting the stimulated gastric acid secretion. Sodium caprinate and caprylate had a considerable, but smaller effect than oleic acid on the secretory plateau. Palmitate and laurate provoked only a slight decrease in acid secretion. Myristate was ineffective. These results could suggest that different receptors are responsible for fat-induced inhibition of the gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Effect of fatty acids on the stimulated gastric secretion in man. Solutions and emulsions of sodium or potassium salts in a series of saturated fatty acids from C8 to C18 were given in a dose of 0.5 g intraduodenally to healthy males or patients with healed duodenal ulcer. A double-lumen Sarles tube with a balloon placed in the proximal duodenum was used. The substances were instilled after a plateau of gastric acid secretion induced by a continuous infusion of pentagastrin was reached. In order to exclude unspecific effects, the test solutions were adjusted to a pH around 7.0 and to plasma isosmolality. Compared with the other tested substances, the emulsion of 0.5 g sodium-oleate was the most effective in inhibiting the stimulated gastric acid secretion. Sodium caprinate and caprylate had a considerable, but smaller effect than oleic acid on the secretory plateau. Palmitate and laurate provoked only a slight decrease in acid secretion. Myristate was ineffective. These results could suggest that different receptors are responsible for fat-induced inhibition of the gastric acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1201822", "title": "[Spontaneous degeneration of neurons of the Nucl. tractus mesenceph. n. trigemini during the perinatal period of an ontogenic series of Albino mice].", "content": "The spontaneous degeneration of neurons of the Nucl. tractus mesenceph. n. trigemini of 33 male NMRI-mice between 19 and 60 days of ontogenesis has been analyzed fitting the exponential function (see article). The number of neurons decreases from 1500 at birth to 1200 at the adult level. The damping of the curve is 4.8. This nucleus is compared with other nuclei of the albino mouse (Nucl. n. oculomotorii, Nucl. cochleares dorsalis et ventralis). The spontaneous reduction of the number of neurons seems to be a common phenomen during the perinatal time of the mammals. There is a heterochronous reduction for the different analyzed nuclei.", "contents": "[Spontaneous degeneration of neurons of the Nucl. tractus mesenceph. n. trigemini during the perinatal period of an ontogenic series of Albino mice]. The spontaneous degeneration of neurons of the Nucl. tractus mesenceph. n. trigemini of 33 male NMRI-mice between 19 and 60 days of ontogenesis has been analyzed fitting the exponential function (see article). The number of neurons decreases from 1500 at birth to 1200 at the adult level. The damping of the curve is 4.8. This nucleus is compared with other nuclei of the albino mouse (Nucl. n. oculomotorii, Nucl. cochleares dorsalis et ventralis). The spontaneous reduction of the number of neurons seems to be a common phenomen during the perinatal time of the mammals. There is a heterochronous reduction for the different analyzed nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:1201823", "title": "[Genesis of C-cells of the thyroid gland in Wistar rats].", "content": "Proliferation of the C cells of the rat thyroid gland under conditions of prolonged hypercalcemia induced with vit. D3 leading sometimes to a formation of adenoma-like nodules was observed. Metaplasia of the follicular epithelium into the C cells observed in the process of nodules formation seems to point out that the C cells and the follicular cells of the thyroid gland arise from a common maternal cell.", "contents": "[Genesis of C-cells of the thyroid gland in Wistar rats]. Proliferation of the C cells of the rat thyroid gland under conditions of prolonged hypercalcemia induced with vit. D3 leading sometimes to a formation of adenoma-like nodules was observed. Metaplasia of the follicular epithelium into the C cells observed in the process of nodules formation seems to point out that the C cells and the follicular cells of the thyroid gland arise from a common maternal cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1201825", "title": "[Non-traumatic subluxation of the scaphoid bone of the hand].", "content": "It is demonstrated in three clinical case reports that a subluxation of the scaphoid bone and a diastasis between the scaphoid and the lunate can occur in association not only with traumatic injury but with chronic inflammatory conditions of the wrist. In one case the etiology was purulent synovitis, in the 2nd an unspecific synovitis with serous exudate, and in the 3rd case rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Non-traumatic subluxation of the scaphoid bone of the hand]. It is demonstrated in three clinical case reports that a subluxation of the scaphoid bone and a diastasis between the scaphoid and the lunate can occur in association not only with traumatic injury but with chronic inflammatory conditions of the wrist. In one case the etiology was purulent synovitis, in the 2nd an unspecific synovitis with serous exudate, and in the 3rd case rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201826", "title": "[Late results in the surgical treatment of camptodactylia].", "content": "Fifteen patients with camptodactyly were treated operatively by flexor tendon transfer for reconstruction of the muscle balance with or without arthroplasty. If necessary skin plasties were performed (Tab. 3). The follow-up time ranged from 3 to 12 years. The results show that the principal cause of the malformation is an imbalance between the flexion and extension forces. The best methods for correction of the flexion deformity were transfer of the superficialis tendon to the extensor apparatus or simple reinforcement of the apparatus in the region of the proximal interphalangeal joint. A major conclusion was that successful result will be obtained only in children and adolescents. Corrective operations in adults should therefore be no longer recommended.", "contents": "[Late results in the surgical treatment of camptodactylia]. Fifteen patients with camptodactyly were treated operatively by flexor tendon transfer for reconstruction of the muscle balance with or without arthroplasty. If necessary skin plasties were performed (Tab. 3). The follow-up time ranged from 3 to 12 years. The results show that the principal cause of the malformation is an imbalance between the flexion and extension forces. The best methods for correction of the flexion deformity were transfer of the superficialis tendon to the extensor apparatus or simple reinforcement of the apparatus in the region of the proximal interphalangeal joint. A major conclusion was that successful result will be obtained only in children and adolescents. Corrective operations in adults should therefore be no longer recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1201827", "title": "[Luxations and subluxations of the scaphoid bone].", "content": "The rare occurrence and the difficulties in diagnosis make partial and total luxations of the scaphoid to a problematic chapter in hand surgery. The main part in diagnosis lies in the correct interpretation of the X-ray pictures from which the different formes of displacement may be recognized. These include isolated luxations of scaphoid in palmar, radial or dorsal directions, varying degrees of scapho-lunate subluxations and luxations and the special type of isolated subluxation of the scaphoid bone. In the first part of the paper the diagnostic criteria and in particular the radiologic signs are described. Most important is the recognition of the alteration in the shapes of the scaphoid bone due to its tilting on several axes and the overlapping of its outline with that of the adjacent bones. The displacement of the whole carpal region can extend as far distal as the metacarpals. A diastasis of the scaphoid and lunate is typically due to rupture of the ligaments between these bones and the radius.", "contents": "[Luxations and subluxations of the scaphoid bone]. The rare occurrence and the difficulties in diagnosis make partial and total luxations of the scaphoid to a problematic chapter in hand surgery. The main part in diagnosis lies in the correct interpretation of the X-ray pictures from which the different formes of displacement may be recognized. These include isolated luxations of scaphoid in palmar, radial or dorsal directions, varying degrees of scapho-lunate subluxations and luxations and the special type of isolated subluxation of the scaphoid bone. In the first part of the paper the diagnostic criteria and in particular the radiologic signs are described. Most important is the recognition of the alteration in the shapes of the scaphoid bone due to its tilting on several axes and the overlapping of its outline with that of the adjacent bones. The displacement of the whole carpal region can extend as far distal as the metacarpals. A diastasis of the scaphoid and lunate is typically due to rupture of the ligaments between these bones and the radius."}
{"id": "PMID:1201828", "title": "[2 Kirschner wires as simplified external fixation devices in finger joint arthrosis].", "content": "A new technique for arthrodesis of the PIP joint is described; after resection of the joint two percutaneous Kirschner wires of diameter 1.2-1.3 mm are placed transversely through the two phalanges. The wires are twisted together on each side of the finger to produce a compression effect on the bone surface. Additional external immobilisation is used for five days only, but the wires are left in place for six weeks. The method has been used without complication in ten patients. The average length of time off work was seven and a half weeks. In the author's view the advantages of this method lie in its technical simplicity and in the free movement of other finger joints.", "contents": "[2 Kirschner wires as simplified external fixation devices in finger joint arthrosis]. A new technique for arthrodesis of the PIP joint is described; after resection of the joint two percutaneous Kirschner wires of diameter 1.2-1.3 mm are placed transversely through the two phalanges. The wires are twisted together on each side of the finger to produce a compression effect on the bone surface. Additional external immobilisation is used for five days only, but the wires are left in place for six weeks. The method has been used without complication in ten patients. The average length of time off work was seven and a half weeks. In the author's view the advantages of this method lie in its technical simplicity and in the free movement of other finger joints."}
{"id": "PMID:1201829", "title": "Surgical treatment of the carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "Surgical decompression was performed in two hundred ninety one cases of carpal tunnel syndrome with good results in 80%, fair results in 10% and poor results in 10% of the cases.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Surgical decompression was performed in two hundred ninety one cases of carpal tunnel syndrome with good results in 80%, fair results in 10% and poor results in 10% of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1201830", "title": "[Occupational therapeutic measures before and after surgical correction of hands with congenital malformations].", "content": "The task of the occupational therapist following surgical procedures on deformed hands is discussed. In the child with congenital malformations, we must not only be concerned with treatment of the deformity but we must be concerned about the psychic problems which can develop following prolonged hospitalization or overprotection. One must be keenly observant to detect these problems early. Preoperative testing utilizing a standardized gripping test is carried out by the occupational therapist. The necessity for this is demonstrated by the example of the radial clubhand. In this way complications such as correction of clubhand in the face of a stiff elbow or pollicisation in the presence of inadequate clubhand correction can thus be avoided. After operation training in the new functions is begun as early as possible; preferably with individual supervision. Daily repetative and progressive exercises should result in maximum utilization of gripping ability provided by the operative procedure. The treatment program also includes the adaptation of clothing, the production of appliances and splints, in co-operation with the orthopedic technician, as well as specially designed functional exercises. All these factors are as important as the operative procedure itself in contributing to maximum benifit. All essential findings and their variations must be written down. Also the photographic documentation of the functions is the job of the occupational therapist. Sufficient time should be allowed prior to discharge to inform the parents about the newly acquired functions and the use of the applicances. The maintenance and further development of the newly acquired functions is insured through the continued ambulatory supervision by the doctor and the occupational therapist. The occupational therapist thus has a significant job as a member of the team in a special unit for children with congenital malformations.", "contents": "[Occupational therapeutic measures before and after surgical correction of hands with congenital malformations]. The task of the occupational therapist following surgical procedures on deformed hands is discussed. In the child with congenital malformations, we must not only be concerned with treatment of the deformity but we must be concerned about the psychic problems which can develop following prolonged hospitalization or overprotection. One must be keenly observant to detect these problems early. Preoperative testing utilizing a standardized gripping test is carried out by the occupational therapist. The necessity for this is demonstrated by the example of the radial clubhand. In this way complications such as correction of clubhand in the face of a stiff elbow or pollicisation in the presence of inadequate clubhand correction can thus be avoided. After operation training in the new functions is begun as early as possible; preferably with individual supervision. Daily repetative and progressive exercises should result in maximum utilization of gripping ability provided by the operative procedure. The treatment program also includes the adaptation of clothing, the production of appliances and splints, in co-operation with the orthopedic technician, as well as specially designed functional exercises. All these factors are as important as the operative procedure itself in contributing to maximum benifit. All essential findings and their variations must be written down. Also the photographic documentation of the functions is the job of the occupational therapist. Sufficient time should be allowed prior to discharge to inform the parents about the newly acquired functions and the use of the applicances. The maintenance and further development of the newly acquired functions is insured through the continued ambulatory supervision by the doctor and the occupational therapist. The occupational therapist thus has a significant job as a member of the team in a special unit for children with congenital malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:1201849", "title": "The second-in-command syndrome.", "content": "Individuals who are second in command in organization have common problems that result from their role, as illustrated in a hypothetical example of the relationship of a first-in-command and second-in-command in establishing a day hospital. The authors believe that first and seconds can funtion most effectively by accepting inevitabilities--for instance, that competition exists and that perfect communication is impossible--and recognizing that the relationship has great potential for destructiveness as well as many advantages. They discuss the needs to define boundaries on the basis of skills and personality variables and to respect individual identity.", "contents": "The second-in-command syndrome. Individuals who are second in command in organization have common problems that result from their role, as illustrated in a hypothetical example of the relationship of a first-in-command and second-in-command in establishing a day hospital. The authors believe that first and seconds can funtion most effectively by accepting inevitabilities--for instance, that competition exists and that perfect communication is impossible--and recognizing that the relationship has great potential for destructiveness as well as many advantages. They discuss the needs to define boundaries on the basis of skills and personality variables and to respect individual identity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201850", "title": "A unit for delivering multiple drug treatment and prevention services.", "content": "A diverse group of drug abusers in New Haven has benefited from a multifaceted treatment program at the Connecticut Mental Health Center's drug dependence unit. The unit is also involved in research, training, and community education: Treatment approaches include methadone maintenance, long- and short-term therapeutic communities, a day program for adolescents, and a low-intervention program using narcotic antagonists. Out of approximately 2400 applicants, 1600 have entered treatment, and 550 are considered drug-free program graduates. A long-term follow-up study is in progress to validate and extend those initial results.", "contents": "A unit for delivering multiple drug treatment and prevention services. A diverse group of drug abusers in New Haven has benefited from a multifaceted treatment program at the Connecticut Mental Health Center's drug dependence unit. The unit is also involved in research, training, and community education: Treatment approaches include methadone maintenance, long- and short-term therapeutic communities, a day program for adolescents, and a low-intervention program using narcotic antagonists. Out of approximately 2400 applicants, 1600 have entered treatment, and 550 are considered drug-free program graduates. A long-term follow-up study is in progress to validate and extend those initial results."}
{"id": "PMID:1201851", "title": "A rural mental health delivery system.", "content": "The Four Corners Community Mental Health Center, located in southeastern Utah, was established in March 1972 to begin the difficult task of bringing comprehensive community mental health services to a vast, sparsely populated multiethnic region whose residents had no previous experience with mental health programs. The staff, facing obstacles such as long distances between patients' home, cultural barriers, and a mistrust of mental health programs, set up a diverse delivery system using two central offices, nine satellite clinics, and a psychiatric wing at a general hospital in Price. In 1973 the center applied for and received a construction grant to build a five-bed psychiatric wing at the hospital. Outreach workers and indigenous volunteers help bridge the cultural barriers and take the services to the people.", "contents": "A rural mental health delivery system. The Four Corners Community Mental Health Center, located in southeastern Utah, was established in March 1972 to begin the difficult task of bringing comprehensive community mental health services to a vast, sparsely populated multiethnic region whose residents had no previous experience with mental health programs. The staff, facing obstacles such as long distances between patients' home, cultural barriers, and a mistrust of mental health programs, set up a diverse delivery system using two central offices, nine satellite clinics, and a psychiatric wing at a general hospital in Price. In 1973 the center applied for and received a construction grant to build a five-bed psychiatric wing at the hospital. Outreach workers and indigenous volunteers help bridge the cultural barriers and take the services to the people."}
{"id": "PMID:1201852", "title": "Group therapy as a treatment technique for severely disturbed outpatients.", "content": "The outpatient psychia-ric department of a general hospital utilizes an economical four-day-a-week group program for severely disturbed patients who need intensive therapy but not hospitalization. The main treatment modality is group therapy four days a week; patients also have access to occupational therapy, vocational rehabilitation counseling, and community activities. Follow-up of 48 patients showed that 82 per cent felt they had improved. The author believes such a program can be offered as an economical alternative to a day hospital that is not feasible because of lack of space and staff.", "contents": "Group therapy as a treatment technique for severely disturbed outpatients. The outpatient psychia-ric department of a general hospital utilizes an economical four-day-a-week group program for severely disturbed patients who need intensive therapy but not hospitalization. The main treatment modality is group therapy four days a week; patients also have access to occupational therapy, vocational rehabilitation counseling, and community activities. Follow-up of 48 patients showed that 82 per cent felt they had improved. The author believes such a program can be offered as an economical alternative to a day hospital that is not feasible because of lack of space and staff."}
{"id": "PMID:1201853", "title": "Influence of growth rate on protein synthesis and distribution of ribosomes in HeLa cells.", "content": "HeLa cells have been grown at different rates in steady-state continuous and semi-continuous culture. Slowly growing cells contain more protein  and less RNA than rapidly growing cells, but appear to synthesize protein by less efficient use of the available RNA. The rate of RNA accumulation increases rapidly with increasing growth rate and rapidly growing cells contain more ribosomal subunits, and more and larger polysomes, but have fewer monoribosomes than slowly growing cells.", "contents": "Influence of growth rate on protein synthesis and distribution of ribosomes in HeLa cells. HeLa cells have been grown at different rates in steady-state continuous and semi-continuous culture. Slowly growing cells contain more protein  and less RNA than rapidly growing cells, but appear to synthesize protein by less efficient use of the available RNA. The rate of RNA accumulation increases rapidly with increasing growth rate and rapidly growing cells contain more ribosomal subunits, and more and larger polysomes, but have fewer monoribosomes than slowly growing cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1201857", "title": "Quantitative determination of specific IgE antibodies to Echinococcus granulosus and IgE levels in sera from patients with hydatid disease.", "content": "High serum IgE levels were found in eighty-nine patients with hydatid disease. Specific IgE antibodies to E. granulosus hydatid fluid or to a pure E. granulosus antigen were isolated using immunoabsorbents and quantified by a radioimmunoassay. The procedure made it possible to quantify, for the first time, the concentration of IgE antibodies in units per millilitre. Significant levels of IgE antibodies were demonstrated in twenty-three out of thirty-nine patients, by the use of standardized hydatid fluid antigens. The amount of IgE antibodies to E. granulosus was not related to serological findings. However, a highly significant correlation was obtained between levels of total serum IgE and IgE antibodies. A pure antigenic fraction prepared from hydatid fluid and known to be specific for E. granulosus was shown to be the most potent antigen reactive with IgE antibodies. The relationship of IgE antibodies to the viability of the hydatid cyst and to the serum IgE level is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of specific IgE antibodies to Echinococcus granulosus and IgE levels in sera from patients with hydatid disease. High serum IgE levels were found in eighty-nine patients with hydatid disease. Specific IgE antibodies to E. granulosus hydatid fluid or to a pure E. granulosus antigen were isolated using immunoabsorbents and quantified by a radioimmunoassay. The procedure made it possible to quantify, for the first time, the concentration of IgE antibodies in units per millilitre. Significant levels of IgE antibodies were demonstrated in twenty-three out of thirty-nine patients, by the use of standardized hydatid fluid antigens. The amount of IgE antibodies to E. granulosus was not related to serological findings. However, a highly significant correlation was obtained between levels of total serum IgE and IgE antibodies. A pure antigenic fraction prepared from hydatid fluid and known to be specific for E. granulosus was shown to be the most potent antigen reactive with IgE antibodies. The relationship of IgE antibodies to the viability of the hydatid cyst and to the serum IgE level is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201858", "title": "The allergens of Schistosoma mansoni. II. Further separation by sephadex G-200 and ion-exchange chromatography.", "content": "A total of thirty-five antigen fractions were prepared from adult Schistosoma mansoni by extraction into borate-buffered saline, precipitation at pH 4-6, gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-200, and ion-exchange chromatography on CM- and DEAE-cellulose. The allergic activity of these antigens was assayed by a modified Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner (P-K) type reaction in rats. The results showed that the allergen-reagin axis in rat schistosomiasis is a multicomponent system involving molecules of widely different chemical nature and molecular weight, rather than a simple, single antigen-antibody interaction. The significance of these findings to the use of purified antigens for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in the field is discussed.", "contents": "The allergens of Schistosoma mansoni. II. Further separation by sephadex G-200 and ion-exchange chromatography. A total of thirty-five antigen fractions were prepared from adult Schistosoma mansoni by extraction into borate-buffered saline, precipitation at pH 4-6, gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-200, and ion-exchange chromatography on CM- and DEAE-cellulose. The allergic activity of these antigens was assayed by a modified Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner (P-K) type reaction in rats. The results showed that the allergen-reagin axis in rat schistosomiasis is a multicomponent system involving molecules of widely different chemical nature and molecular weight, rather than a simple, single antigen-antibody interaction. The significance of these findings to the use of purified antigens for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in the field is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201859", "title": "The immunological response of the rat to infection with taeniaeformis. IV. Immunoglobulins involved in passive transfer of resistance from mother to offspring.", "content": "Weanling rats born of mothers infected with Taenia taeniaeformis were found to be passively protected against homologous challenge. Cross-fostering of normal suckling rats onto immune mothers established that passive transfer occurred via the colostrum and milk. Immunoglobulin fractions containing gammaA from immune colostrum were fed to 12-14-day-old rats for 4 days via stomach tube. Significant passive protection against challenge with T. taeniaeformis was achieved with gammaA from one of three colostrum pools. The effect of colostral gammaA preparations on the infectivity of freshly hatched oncopheres of T. taeniaeformis was measured by the intra-intestinal inoculation of immunoglobulin solutions into isolated gut loops containing hatched eggs of the parasite. gammaA from one of three pools of immune colostrum caused a significant reduction in the number of parasites which reached the liver. This appears to be the first time that protective activity against a helminth infection has been achieved with gammaA. A fraction of immune colostrum containing both 7Sgamma1 and 7Sgamma2 immunoglobulins was found to confer passive protection when inoculated parenterally. In view of the prolonged period of absorption (ca 18 days) of 7S immunoglobulins from the gut by the suckling rat, it seems likely that these antibodies are primarily responsible for the natural passive transfer of protection from mother to young.", "contents": "The immunological response of the rat to infection with taeniaeformis. IV. Immunoglobulins involved in passive transfer of resistance from mother to offspring. Weanling rats born of mothers infected with Taenia taeniaeformis were found to be passively protected against homologous challenge. Cross-fostering of normal suckling rats onto immune mothers established that passive transfer occurred via the colostrum and milk. Immunoglobulin fractions containing gammaA from immune colostrum were fed to 12-14-day-old rats for 4 days via stomach tube. Significant passive protection against challenge with T. taeniaeformis was achieved with gammaA from one of three colostrum pools. The effect of colostral gammaA preparations on the infectivity of freshly hatched oncopheres of T. taeniaeformis was measured by the intra-intestinal inoculation of immunoglobulin solutions into isolated gut loops containing hatched eggs of the parasite. gammaA from one of three pools of immune colostrum caused a significant reduction in the number of parasites which reached the liver. This appears to be the first time that protective activity against a helminth infection has been achieved with gammaA. A fraction of immune colostrum containing both 7Sgamma1 and 7Sgamma2 immunoglobulins was found to confer passive protection when inoculated parenterally. In view of the prolonged period of absorption (ca 18 days) of 7S immunoglobulins from the gut by the suckling rat, it seems likely that these antibodies are primarily responsible for the natural passive transfer of protection from mother to young."}
{"id": "PMID:1201854", "title": "Use of the local anesthetic lidocaine for cell harvesting and subcultivation.", "content": "Cell suspensions from monolayer cultures of 3T3, SV-3T3, BHK, BS-C-1, or macrophages, were prepared by brief exposure of the cultures to the amide anesthetic lidocaine. Cells were subcultivated six times without marked impairment of plating efficiency. The method should be applicable to physiological, biochemical, or immunological studies in which exposure of cells to proteolytic enzymes is to be avoided.", "contents": "Use of the local anesthetic lidocaine for cell harvesting and subcultivation. Cell suspensions from monolayer cultures of 3T3, SV-3T3, BHK, BS-C-1, or macrophages, were prepared by brief exposure of the cultures to the amide anesthetic lidocaine. Cells were subcultivated six times without marked impairment of plating efficiency. The method should be applicable to physiological, biochemical, or immunological studies in which exposure of cells to proteolytic enzymes is to be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:1201855", "title": "Establishment of two cell lines from embryonic tissue of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L).", "content": "Two cell lines were derived from primary cultures of embryonic tissue of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.). The cell lines were maintained on hemolymph-free synthetic insect medium. Cytogenetic and immunoligical identification of the lines were carried out. Techniques for obtaining the line and medium, subculturieng and freezing procedures for long-term storage, and the morphological and growth characteristics are described.", "contents": "Establishment of two cell lines from embryonic tissue of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L). Two cell lines were derived from primary cultures of embryonic tissue of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.). The cell lines were maintained on hemolymph-free synthetic insect medium. Cytogenetic and immunoligical identification of the lines were carried out. Techniques for obtaining the line and medium, subculturieng and freezing procedures for long-term storage, and the morphological and growth characteristics are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1201860", "title": "The immunological response of the rat to infection with Taenia taeniaeformis. V. Sequence of appearance of protective immunoglobulins and the mechanism of action of 7Sgamma2a antibodies.", "content": "Passive transfer of immunity to Taenia taeniaeformis was achieved with serum taken 14, 21, 49 and 63 days after infection. The protective capacity of serum collected at 14 and 21 days resided in the 7Sgamma2 immunoglobulins and appeared to be partics the infection progressed the range of chromatographic fractions showing protective capacity was extended to all those containing 7Sgamma2 and 7Sgamma1 immunoglobulins. Fractions enriched for gammaM did not confer protection. Immune serum containing 7Sgamma2a antibodies was able to kill developing parasites after they had left the intestine, and the hepatic postoncospheral forms retained their susceptibility to antibody over the first 5 days of growth. After that time they rapidly became insusceptible to antibody both in vivo and in vitro. Susceptibility to antibody-mediated attack was complement dependent. This appears to be the first time that complement has been demonstrated to play a role in immunity to a helminth infection in vivo. This finding is discussed in relation to the phenomenon of cestode parasite survival in immune animals.", "contents": "The immunological response of the rat to infection with Taenia taeniaeformis. V. Sequence of appearance of protective immunoglobulins and the mechanism of action of 7Sgamma2a antibodies. Passive transfer of immunity to Taenia taeniaeformis was achieved with serum taken 14, 21, 49 and 63 days after infection. The protective capacity of serum collected at 14 and 21 days resided in the 7Sgamma2 immunoglobulins and appeared to be partics the infection progressed the range of chromatographic fractions showing protective capacity was extended to all those containing 7Sgamma2 and 7Sgamma1 immunoglobulins. Fractions enriched for gammaM did not confer protection. Immune serum containing 7Sgamma2a antibodies was able to kill developing parasites after they had left the intestine, and the hepatic postoncospheral forms retained their susceptibility to antibody over the first 5 days of growth. After that time they rapidly became insusceptible to antibody both in vivo and in vitro. Susceptibility to antibody-mediated attack was complement dependent. This appears to be the first time that complement has been demonstrated to play a role in immunity to a helminth infection in vivo. This finding is discussed in relation to the phenomenon of cestode parasite survival in immune animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1201856", "title": "In vitro cultivation of cells from aneuploid human embryos. Initiation of cell lines and longevity of the cultures.", "content": "During a cytogenetic study of human spontaneous abortions, attempts were made to initiate cell lines from tissues of embryos with chromosomal anomalies. The rate of success of these attempts and the life-span of the cell cultures is correlated with the development attained by these aneusomic embryos.", "contents": "In vitro cultivation of cells from aneuploid human embryos. Initiation of cell lines and longevity of the cultures. During a cytogenetic study of human spontaneous abortions, attempts were made to initiate cell lines from tissues of embryos with chromosomal anomalies. The rate of success of these attempts and the life-span of the cell cultures is correlated with the development attained by these aneusomic embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:1201861", "title": "Fragmentation of human IgG by a new protease isolated from the basidiomycete Armillaria mellea.", "content": "Digestion of human IgG by a new lysine-specific protease, isolated from the basidiomycete Armillaria mellea, produced Fc and Fab fragments similar to those produced by papain digestion of the same molecule. Digestion appeared to be restricted to a single cleavage point within the hinge region of the IgG molecule. Myeloma proteins of IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 subclasses were found to be digested at an extremely rapid rate whereas IgG2 myeloma proteins appeared to be resistant to digestion by this enzyme.", "contents": "Fragmentation of human IgG by a new protease isolated from the basidiomycete Armillaria mellea. Digestion of human IgG by a new lysine-specific protease, isolated from the basidiomycete Armillaria mellea, produced Fc and Fab fragments similar to those produced by papain digestion of the same molecule. Digestion appeared to be restricted to a single cleavage point within the hinge region of the IgG molecule. Myeloma proteins of IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 subclasses were found to be digested at an extremely rapid rate whereas IgG2 myeloma proteins appeared to be resistant to digestion by this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1201862", "title": "Paraproteinaemia in inbred chickens.", "content": "Sera from seventy chickens of several inbred lines were screened by cellulose acetate electrophoresis for abnormalities of immunoglobulin production. IgG levels in two sera (both from apparently healthy birds) were unusually high. The IgG proteins purified from these two sera were shown, by isoelectric focusing, to be of restricted heterogeneity.", "contents": "Paraproteinaemia in inbred chickens. Sera from seventy chickens of several inbred lines were screened by cellulose acetate electrophoresis for abnormalities of immunoglobulin production. IgG levels in two sera (both from apparently healthy birds) were unusually high. The IgG proteins purified from these two sera were shown, by isoelectric focusing, to be of restricted heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:1201871", "title": "Studies on the role of macrophages in regulation of growth and metastasis of murine chemically induced fibrosarcomas.", "content": "Murine solid tumors were shown to contain 9-54% medium to large non-malignant cells bearing receptors for immunoglobulin Fc. These cells rapidly adhered to plastic surfaces, were trypsin-resistant, were capable of phagocytosis of latex particles and were sensitive to the lytic effects of anti-macrophage serum and complement. Purified Fc-receptor-positive cells failed to produce tumors, which strongly suggested that they were macrophages. When tumor-cell suspensions, depleted of macrophages by adherence to plastic surfaces, were injected subcutaneously into normal syngeneic mice, the tumors displayed an increased potential for metastasis. By contrast, control animals which received tumor-cell suspensions containing their normal complement of macrophages invariably developed progressive localized tumors. The survival times of mice infected with macrophage-depleted tumor-cell suspensions were significantly shorter (p less than 0.05) than those for animals inoculated with intact tumor-cell suspensions. These studies confirm the existence of a substantial number of macrophages within progressing syngeneic murine solid tumors and strongly suggest a regulatory role for the macrophages in the growth and metastasis of the tumor.", "contents": "Studies on the role of macrophages in regulation of growth and metastasis of murine chemically induced fibrosarcomas. Murine solid tumors were shown to contain 9-54% medium to large non-malignant cells bearing receptors for immunoglobulin Fc. These cells rapidly adhered to plastic surfaces, were trypsin-resistant, were capable of phagocytosis of latex particles and were sensitive to the lytic effects of anti-macrophage serum and complement. Purified Fc-receptor-positive cells failed to produce tumors, which strongly suggested that they were macrophages. When tumor-cell suspensions, depleted of macrophages by adherence to plastic surfaces, were injected subcutaneously into normal syngeneic mice, the tumors displayed an increased potential for metastasis. By contrast, control animals which received tumor-cell suspensions containing their normal complement of macrophages invariably developed progressive localized tumors. The survival times of mice infected with macrophage-depleted tumor-cell suspensions were significantly shorter (p less than 0.05) than those for animals inoculated with intact tumor-cell suspensions. These studies confirm the existence of a substantial number of macrophages within progressing syngeneic murine solid tumors and strongly suggest a regulatory role for the macrophages in the growth and metastasis of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1201872", "title": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration in agarose by KCl extracts of human melanoma cell line grown in serum-free medium.", "content": "KCl extracts of Melanoma 14, a human melanoma cell line grown in chemically defined serum-free medium, inhibited leukocyte migration in 19/36 (53%) patients with malignant melanoma. Only 4/23 (17%) controls with non-melanoma malignancies and 4/25 (14%) normal subjects with no history of cancer were similarly inhibited. Only 2/27 melanoma patients tested against KCl extracts of normal muscle tissue excised from the donor of Melanoma 14 were significantly inhibited. Patients with Stage I (localized) melanoma and patients with Stage III (generalized) melanoma reacted with roughly equal frequency but the number of patients in each group was too small for meaningful statistical analysis. Leukocytes from the donor of Melanoma 14 were tested in a completely autologous system against extracts of Melanoma 14 tissue culture cells and extracts of autologous muscle and were specifically inhibited by the Melanoma 14 tissue culture extract (Migration Index = 0.67) but not by the extract of normal muscle (Migration Index = 0.96). Only 7/32 (22%) melanoma patients were significantly inhibited by an extract of non-melanoma tumor. These results suggest that melanoma-associated antigens are present in soluble extracts of this tumor line. Such extracts could provide a continuing source of standard melanoma-associated antigens for purification and chemical characterization and for diagnostic and prognostic tests in patients with malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration in agarose by KCl extracts of human melanoma cell line grown in serum-free medium. KCl extracts of Melanoma 14, a human melanoma cell line grown in chemically defined serum-free medium, inhibited leukocyte migration in 19/36 (53%) patients with malignant melanoma. Only 4/23 (17%) controls with non-melanoma malignancies and 4/25 (14%) normal subjects with no history of cancer were similarly inhibited. Only 2/27 melanoma patients tested against KCl extracts of normal muscle tissue excised from the donor of Melanoma 14 were significantly inhibited. Patients with Stage I (localized) melanoma and patients with Stage III (generalized) melanoma reacted with roughly equal frequency but the number of patients in each group was too small for meaningful statistical analysis. Leukocytes from the donor of Melanoma 14 were tested in a completely autologous system against extracts of Melanoma 14 tissue culture cells and extracts of autologous muscle and were specifically inhibited by the Melanoma 14 tissue culture extract (Migration Index = 0.67) but not by the extract of normal muscle (Migration Index = 0.96). Only 7/32 (22%) melanoma patients were significantly inhibited by an extract of non-melanoma tumor. These results suggest that melanoma-associated antigens are present in soluble extracts of this tumor line. Such extracts could provide a continuing source of standard melanoma-associated antigens for purification and chemical characterization and for diagnostic and prognostic tests in patients with malignant melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1201873", "title": "In vitro synthesis of tumor-specific factors with blocking and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADC) activities.", "content": "Spleen cells from BALB/c mice bearing syngeneic sarcomas and from BALB/c mice whose sarcomas had been excised were cultivated in vitro. The culture supernatants were tested for two activities: their ability (1) to supress (\"block\") specific lymph-node cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions directed against the respective neoplasms; and (2) to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADC) specific for the antigens of the respective tumors. Both specific activities, blocking and induction of ADC, were detected in culture supernatants from spleens of tumor-bearing mice, even when repeatedly harvested at intervals over a 7-day period. Supernatants of cultured spleen cells from mice whose sarcomas had been excised 3-4 weeks previously also had ADC but no blocking activity. Supernatnats of cultures treated with inhibitors of protein synthesis lacked both blocking and ADC activities; the inhibitory effect of cycloheximide on these activities, as well as on protein synthesis, was reversible. Factors in the culture supernatants responsible for blocking and for ADC were labelled when the culture were incubated with 14C-leucine. The labelled material was retained by, and could be eluted from, immunoadsorbents for mouse immunoglobulins. In addition, the labelled material bound preferentially to those tumor cells for which specific blocking or ADC activities were observed. The findings indicate that factors responsible for the blocking and ADC phenomena were indeed synthesized by the spleen cells in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of tumor-specific factors with blocking and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADC) activities. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice bearing syngeneic sarcomas and from BALB/c mice whose sarcomas had been excised were cultivated in vitro. The culture supernatants were tested for two activities: their ability (1) to supress (\"block\") specific lymph-node cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions directed against the respective neoplasms; and (2) to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADC) specific for the antigens of the respective tumors. Both specific activities, blocking and induction of ADC, were detected in culture supernatants from spleens of tumor-bearing mice, even when repeatedly harvested at intervals over a 7-day period. Supernatants of cultured spleen cells from mice whose sarcomas had been excised 3-4 weeks previously also had ADC but no blocking activity. Supernatnats of cultures treated with inhibitors of protein synthesis lacked both blocking and ADC activities; the inhibitory effect of cycloheximide on these activities, as well as on protein synthesis, was reversible. Factors in the culture supernatants responsible for blocking and for ADC were labelled when the culture were incubated with 14C-leucine. The labelled material was retained by, and could be eluted from, immunoadsorbents for mouse immunoglobulins. In addition, the labelled material bound preferentially to those tumor cells for which specific blocking or ADC activities were observed. The findings indicate that factors responsible for the blocking and ADC phenomena were indeed synthesized by the spleen cells in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1201874", "title": "Social determinants of alcohol and marijuana effects: a systematic theory.", "content": "Based on the sociological perspective on recreational drug effects, three social determinants are propositionally related to the normal effects of alcohol and marijuana. Effects vary across drugs, users, and situations along an experimental-behavioral dimension termed \"effect-orientation.\" The content of normative expectations toward effects and the interactional characteristics of drug-using situations are conceptualized as direct determinants of effect-orientations. The relative clarity of normative expectations indirectly influences effect-orientations through its relationship to the other two social determinants. The theory stresses the importance of comparative research on the normal uses of alcohol and marijuana.", "contents": "Social determinants of alcohol and marijuana effects: a systematic theory. Based on the sociological perspective on recreational drug effects, three social determinants are propositionally related to the normal effects of alcohol and marijuana. Effects vary across drugs, users, and situations along an experimental-behavioral dimension termed \"effect-orientation.\" The content of normative expectations toward effects and the interactional characteristics of drug-using situations are conceptualized as direct determinants of effect-orientations. The relative clarity of normative expectations indirectly influences effect-orientations through its relationship to the other two social determinants. The theory stresses the importance of comparative research on the normal uses of alcohol and marijuana."}
{"id": "PMID:1201875", "title": "Attitudes toward alcohol and drug abuse. II. Experimental data, mass media research, and methodological considerations.", "content": "This paper will report data concerning the relationship of attitudes and knowledge and will evaluate the effects of various drug and alcohol education programs. The effects of the mass media on drug- and alcohol-related attitudes will also be reviewed, as wll the various methodological problems encountered in the research to date.", "contents": "Attitudes toward alcohol and drug abuse. II. Experimental data, mass media research, and methodological considerations. This paper will report data concerning the relationship of attitudes and knowledge and will evaluate the effects of various drug and alcohol education programs. The effects of the mass media on drug- and alcohol-related attitudes will also be reviewed, as wll the various methodological problems encountered in the research to date."}
{"id": "PMID:1201876", "title": "Incidence of hepatitis-associated antigen among male narcotic addicts in a drug treatment program.", "content": "Since September of 1972, the Drug Dependence Treatment Unit has been screening its narcotic addict patients for the hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA). Among a random population of 243 patients, 2% were positive HAA, a relatively high incidence.", "contents": "Incidence of hepatitis-associated antigen among male narcotic addicts in a drug treatment program. Since September of 1972, the Drug Dependence Treatment Unit has been screening its narcotic addict patients for the hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA). Among a random population of 243 patients, 2% were positive HAA, a relatively high incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:1201877", "title": "Follow-up of a representative sample of heroin addicts.", "content": "The 3.5 year follow-up status of a representative sample of addicts prescribed heroin at London Treatment Centres was ascertained using Home Office records. Fifty-six percent were still receiving opiates from Clinics with 39% still receiving heroin. Six percent were dead, 2% were in prison, while 34% were not know to be using drugs or to be institutionalized. Outcome was significantly related to age with the older sample members being more likely to be prescribed opiates and less likely to be classified as \"Off\" drugs. This result is in contrast to American reports and is possibly indicative of a perpetuation of dependency encouraged by current treatment methods. Outcome was further partially related to a typology of life styles formulated from date from the original samplw with those who were the most Stable in 1969 being more likely to receive heroin on prescription in 1973, and those classed as Loners and Two-Worlders in the original survey being the most likely to be classed al \"Off\" drugs by the Home Office.", "contents": "Follow-up of a representative sample of heroin addicts. The 3.5 year follow-up status of a representative sample of addicts prescribed heroin at London Treatment Centres was ascertained using Home Office records. Fifty-six percent were still receiving opiates from Clinics with 39% still receiving heroin. Six percent were dead, 2% were in prison, while 34% were not know to be using drugs or to be institutionalized. Outcome was significantly related to age with the older sample members being more likely to be prescribed opiates and less likely to be classified as \"Off\" drugs. This result is in contrast to American reports and is possibly indicative of a perpetuation of dependency encouraged by current treatment methods. Outcome was further partially related to a typology of life styles formulated from date from the original samplw with those who were the most Stable in 1969 being more likely to receive heroin on prescription in 1973, and those classed as Loners and Two-Worlders in the original survey being the most likely to be classed al \"Off\" drugs by the Home Office."}
{"id": "PMID:1201881", "title": "Demographic characteristics of emergency room admissions of acute drug reactions.", "content": "This study investigated a sample of persons treated for acute drug reactions (overdoses) in a hospital emergency room setting to determine the general characteristics of these drug abusers and the incidence of drugs responsible for their admission. Detailed information is provided on the race and sex composition of these drug-abusing patients and comparisons are made with the general population of the area serviced by the hospital. The sample consisted of 506 persons who entered Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Dade County, Florida during January-June 1972. A profile of the typical admission for emergency care of a nonfatal overdose reveals a White female who is 18-24 hears old and who has overdosed on a single legally manufactured and distributed substance, usually a sedative.", "contents": "Demographic characteristics of emergency room admissions of acute drug reactions. This study investigated a sample of persons treated for acute drug reactions (overdoses) in a hospital emergency room setting to determine the general characteristics of these drug abusers and the incidence of drugs responsible for their admission. Detailed information is provided on the race and sex composition of these drug-abusing patients and comparisons are made with the general population of the area serviced by the hospital. The sample consisted of 506 persons who entered Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Dade County, Florida during January-June 1972. A profile of the typical admission for emergency care of a nonfatal overdose reveals a White female who is 18-24 hears old and who has overdosed on a single legally manufactured and distributed substance, usually a sedative."}
{"id": "PMID:1201885", "title": "Ultrastructure of keloid: an unusual incident involving lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "A patient with lepromatous leprosy developed keloids on the dorsum of both arms in response to ulcerations due to acute erythema nodosum leprosum reactions. Electron microscopic examination of the keloidal dermis showed a morphology indicative of increased production of normal collagen fibrils. The greatest cellular changes from normal were in fibroblasts which were enlarged due to increased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complexes. Nuclear folds were also evident in these fibroblasts. Some cells, considered to be fibroblasts, were filled with cytoplasmic filaments and contained bizarre shaped nuclei. Mast cells, blood vessels and nerve processes were also present.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of keloid: an unusual incident involving lepromatous leprosy. A patient with lepromatous leprosy developed keloids on the dorsum of both arms in response to ulcerations due to acute erythema nodosum leprosum reactions. Electron microscopic examination of the keloidal dermis showed a morphology indicative of increased production of normal collagen fibrils. The greatest cellular changes from normal were in fibroblasts which were enlarged due to increased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complexes. Nuclear folds were also evident in these fibroblasts. Some cells, considered to be fibroblasts, were filled with cytoplasmic filaments and contained bizarre shaped nuclei. Mast cells, blood vessels and nerve processes were also present."}
{"id": "PMID:1201886", "title": "Cutaneous effects from rain-tree honeydrew and aphis insects.", "content": "Honeydrew and aphis insects which fell from a tree were responsible for paranesthesiae in a woman. Her condition was incorrectly diagnosed as delusions of parasitosis.", "contents": "Cutaneous effects from rain-tree honeydrew and aphis insects. Honeydrew and aphis insects which fell from a tree were responsible for paranesthesiae in a woman. Her condition was incorrectly diagnosed as delusions of parasitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201907", "title": "Conformational studies on sequential polypeptides Part VI. Structural investigations on (Pro-Leu-Gly)10, (Pro-Leu-Gly)n and (Leu-Pro-Gly)n.", "content": "The conformational properties of (Pro-Leu-Gly)10, (Pro-Leu-Gly)n and (Leu-Pro-Gly)n were investigated both in solution and in solid state. By circular dichroism studies it was possible to demonstrate the formation of an ordered collagen-like structure for (Pro-Leu-Gly)n in hexafluroisopropanol-water mixtures and in ethylene glycol; (Leu-Pro-Gly)n assumes an ordered conformation only in ethylene glycol; (Pro-Leu-Gly)10 is unordered under all the conditions studied. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that (Pro-Leu-Gly)n and (Leu-Pro-Gly)n assume a triple helical structure in solid state. In addition, the investigation of (Pro-Leu-Gly)n strongly suggests that this type of structure is a single chain triple helix. The X-ray patterns of (Pro-Leu-Gly)10 do not allow us to ascertain a collagen or polyproline II-like structure for this decatripeptide.", "contents": "Conformational studies on sequential polypeptides Part VI. Structural investigations on (Pro-Leu-Gly)10, (Pro-Leu-Gly)n and (Leu-Pro-Gly)n. The conformational properties of (Pro-Leu-Gly)10, (Pro-Leu-Gly)n and (Leu-Pro-Gly)n were investigated both in solution and in solid state. By circular dichroism studies it was possible to demonstrate the formation of an ordered collagen-like structure for (Pro-Leu-Gly)n in hexafluroisopropanol-water mixtures and in ethylene glycol; (Leu-Pro-Gly)n assumes an ordered conformation only in ethylene glycol; (Pro-Leu-Gly)10 is unordered under all the conditions studied. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that (Pro-Leu-Gly)n and (Leu-Pro-Gly)n assume a triple helical structure in solid state. In addition, the investigation of (Pro-Leu-Gly)n strongly suggests that this type of structure is a single chain triple helix. The X-ray patterns of (Pro-Leu-Gly)10 do not allow us to ascertain a collagen or polyproline II-like structure for this decatripeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:1201908", "title": "1H- and 13C-N.M.R. spectra of eledoisin and intermediate oligopeptides.", "content": "The 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of eledoisin and minor oligopeptides were measured and assigned. The proton spectra were interpreted on the basis of homonuclear decoupling, chemical shift criteria and spectra simulation. The information obtained was used in the assignment of the 13C spectrum via heteronuclear 1H-13C. The steric arrangement of proline residue was deduced from the 13C spectrum. Moreover the similarity of the 13C spectrum of eledoisin with that of component oligopeptides suggests that no considerable conformational change occurs in the undecapeptide relative to the component fragments.", "contents": "1H- and 13C-N.M.R. spectra of eledoisin and intermediate oligopeptides. The 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of eledoisin and minor oligopeptides were measured and assigned. The proton spectra were interpreted on the basis of homonuclear decoupling, chemical shift criteria and spectra simulation. The information obtained was used in the assignment of the 13C spectrum via heteronuclear 1H-13C. The steric arrangement of proline residue was deduced from the 13C spectrum. Moreover the similarity of the 13C spectrum of eledoisin with that of component oligopeptides suggests that no considerable conformational change occurs in the undecapeptide relative to the component fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:1201909", "title": "Studies on protein folding, unfolding and fluctuations by computer simulation. I. The effect of specific amino acid sequence represented by specific inter-unit interactions.", "content": "A lattice model of proteins is introduced. \"A protein molecule\" is a chain of nown-intersecting units of a given length on the two-dimensional square lattice. The copolymeric character of protein molecules is incorporated into the model in the form of specificities of inter-unit interactions. This model proved most effective for studying the statistical mechanical characteristics of protein folding, unfolding and fluctuations. The specificities of inter-unit interactions are shown to be the primary factors responsible for the all-or-none type transition from native to denatured states of globular proteins. The model has been studied by the Monte Carlo method of Metropolis et al., which is now shown applied to approximately simulating a kinetic process. In the strong limit of the specificity of the inter-unit interaction the native conformation was reached in this method by starting from an extended conformation. The possible generalization and application of this method for finding the native conformation of proteins form their amino sequence are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on protein folding, unfolding and fluctuations by computer simulation. I. The effect of specific amino acid sequence represented by specific inter-unit interactions. A lattice model of proteins is introduced. \"A protein molecule\" is a chain of nown-intersecting units of a given length on the two-dimensional square lattice. The copolymeric character of protein molecules is incorporated into the model in the form of specificities of inter-unit interactions. This model proved most effective for studying the statistical mechanical characteristics of protein folding, unfolding and fluctuations. The specificities of inter-unit interactions are shown to be the primary factors responsible for the all-or-none type transition from native to denatured states of globular proteins. The model has been studied by the Monte Carlo method of Metropolis et al., which is now shown applied to approximately simulating a kinetic process. In the strong limit of the specificity of the inter-unit interaction the native conformation was reached in this method by starting from an extended conformation. The possible generalization and application of this method for finding the native conformation of proteins form their amino sequence are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201911", "title": "The primary structure of ovine interstitial cell stimulating hormone. IV: Disulfide bridges of the beta subunit.", "content": "The disulfide linkage of the 12 half-cystine residues in the beta subunit of ovine interstitial cell stimulating hormone has been investigated by enzymic and partial acid hydrolysis of the intact molecule. Results indicate that the disulfide bridges are formed by residues 9-38, 23-72, 26-110, 34-90, 57-88, and 93-100.", "contents": "The primary structure of ovine interstitial cell stimulating hormone. IV: Disulfide bridges of the beta subunit. The disulfide linkage of the 12 half-cystine residues in the beta subunit of ovine interstitial cell stimulating hormone has been investigated by enzymic and partial acid hydrolysis of the intact molecule. Results indicate that the disulfide bridges are formed by residues 9-38, 23-72, 26-110, 34-90, 57-88, and 93-100."}
{"id": "PMID:1201912", "title": "The synthesis and biological activity of (165, 182, 189-S-carbamidomethylcysteine)-human growth hormone-(140-191).", "content": "The peptide [165, 182, 189-S-carbamidomethylcysteine]-human growth hormone-(140-191) has been synthesized by the solid-phase method. The complement fixation, lactogenic and growth-promoting activities of the synthetic peptide were comparable to that of [165, 182, 189-S-carbamidomethylcysteine]-human growth hormone-(141-191) that was derived from the native hormone.", "contents": "The synthesis and biological activity of (165, 182, 189-S-carbamidomethylcysteine)-human growth hormone-(140-191). The peptide [165, 182, 189-S-carbamidomethylcysteine]-human growth hormone-(140-191) has been synthesized by the solid-phase method. The complement fixation, lactogenic and growth-promoting activities of the synthetic peptide were comparable to that of [165, 182, 189-S-carbamidomethylcysteine]-human growth hormone-(141-191) that was derived from the native hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:1201914", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Office forms.", "content": "For each new office problem that occurs, some antidote may be devised using an office form. This is an area of office management that really taxes the ingenuity of the young ophthalmologist; however, if he or she keeps the concepts of office efficiency and patient enlightenment uppermost in mind, the resulting office forms will justify their creation many times over.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Office forms. For each new office problem that occurs, some antidote may be devised using an office form. This is an area of office management that really taxes the ingenuity of the young ophthalmologist; however, if he or she keeps the concepts of office efficiency and patient enlightenment uppermost in mind, the resulting office forms will justify their creation many times over."}
{"id": "PMID:1201915", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Getting paid and completing insurance forms.", "content": "This chapter describes a systematic approach to the art of collection for services rendered, based primarily on a pay-as-you-go philosophy. A system of internal office-controlled billing, timed so that the statements reach the patients on the last day of the billing month instead of the first day of the following month, unequivocally works more smoothly in the author's office than external computerized billing did. Suggestions to effect and maintain a collection ratio of at least 95 percent have been enumerated. The use of a new statement-and-insurance form facilitates billing, keeping ahead of insurance applications for patients, and advising the front office of other internal tasks to be performed. Finally, the importance of the general ledger, under the supervision of the ophthalmologist's accountant and in conjunction with a control procedure (employing the daily master appointment page attached to the ophthalmologist's personal worksheet) is stressed, in order to safeguard the physician's revenue.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Getting paid and completing insurance forms. This chapter describes a systematic approach to the art of collection for services rendered, based primarily on a pay-as-you-go philosophy. A system of internal office-controlled billing, timed so that the statements reach the patients on the last day of the billing month instead of the first day of the following month, unequivocally works more smoothly in the author's office than external computerized billing did. Suggestions to effect and maintain a collection ratio of at least 95 percent have been enumerated. The use of a new statement-and-insurance form facilitates billing, keeping ahead of insurance applications for patients, and advising the front office of other internal tasks to be performed. Finally, the importance of the general ledger, under the supervision of the ophthalmologist's accountant and in conjunction with a control procedure (employing the daily master appointment page attached to the ophthalmologist's personal worksheet) is stressed, in order to safeguard the physician's revenue."}
{"id": "PMID:1201919", "title": "What a bank can do for the ophthalmologist.", "content": "The selection of a bank is the key to personal and professional finance. In this world of specialization, it is advisable to seek a banker who can assist one with not only the routine banking functions but also with credit accommodations and financial planning which will result in both the successful operation of a profession and the achieving of a sound estate plan.", "contents": "What a bank can do for the ophthalmologist. The selection of a bank is the key to personal and professional finance. In this world of specialization, it is advisable to seek a banker who can assist one with not only the routine banking functions but also with credit accommodations and financial planning which will result in both the successful operation of a profession and the achieving of a sound estate plan."}
{"id": "PMID:1201922", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Life insurance.", "content": "Life insurance is a necessary part of life. There are many types of insurance, with varying costs, so each individual situation calls for a carefully tailored policy, modified periodically according to one's changing needs. To  do this requires some basic knowledge on the part of the purchaser, plus the coordinated help of a competent insurance advisor, lawyer, and accountant. The medical prescription a physician writes first requires an adequate examination and workup of the patient, following which it is written for a specific purpose. In the same way, the life insurance plan selected by an individual should be decided upon only after a complete history and examination of that person and his or her needs.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Life insurance. Life insurance is a necessary part of life. There are many types of insurance, with varying costs, so each individual situation calls for a carefully tailored policy, modified periodically according to one's changing needs. To  do this requires some basic knowledge on the part of the purchaser, plus the coordinated help of a competent insurance advisor, lawyer, and accountant. The medical prescription a physician writes first requires an adequate examination and workup of the patient, following which it is written for a specific purpose. In the same way, the life insurance plan selected by an individual should be decided upon only after a complete history and examination of that person and his or her needs."}
{"id": "PMID:1201923", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Property and casualty insurance.", "content": "This chapter is primarily an overview of the physician's need for insurance; of necessity, it is not a detailed examination. Each individual physician should review personal insurance needs thoroughly with a reputable insurance agent, handling property and casualty insurance, and a life insurance agent with respect to need for life insurance and accident, sickness, and medical insurance. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, an attorney should review any lease for office space or any lease that the physician might have with tenants of a building that he or she owns. The attorney can advise as to one's liability exposure, and the professional insurance agent then can provide the necessary insurance program to cover exposure to that risk. One final comment. Insurance policies are imortant papers: They should always be protected.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Property and casualty insurance. This chapter is primarily an overview of the physician's need for insurance; of necessity, it is not a detailed examination. Each individual physician should review personal insurance needs thoroughly with a reputable insurance agent, handling property and casualty insurance, and a life insurance agent with respect to need for life insurance and accident, sickness, and medical insurance. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, an attorney should review any lease for office space or any lease that the physician might have with tenants of a building that he or she owns. The attorney can advise as to one's liability exposure, and the professional insurance agent then can provide the necessary insurance program to cover exposure to that risk. One final comment. Insurance policies are imortant papers: They should always be protected."}
{"id": "PMID:1201926", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Type of practice.", "content": "It vitally concerns the prospective new member of a group (single or multiple) to retain a knowledgeable attorney who should review the contract with at least the six points described at the beginning of this chapter uppermost in mind. No verbal or written commitment ever should be made until this has been done.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Type of practice. It vitally concerns the prospective new member of a group (single or multiple) to retain a knowledgeable attorney who should review the contract with at least the six points described at the beginning of this chapter uppermost in mind. No verbal or written commitment ever should be made until this has been done."}
{"id": "PMID:1201927", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Creation of a management team.", "content": "The ophthalmologist's management team might be likened to an equilateral triangle, the base of which consists of the personal banker and the two other parts being attorney and accountant. The equal and integrated efforts of these individuals strongly insure the ophthalmologist's future financial and professional success.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Creation of a management team. The ophthalmologist's management team might be likened to an equilateral triangle, the base of which consists of the personal banker and the two other parts being attorney and accountant. The equal and integrated efforts of these individuals strongly insure the ophthalmologist's future financial and professional success."}
{"id": "PMID:1201928", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Selection of an office site.", "content": "The selection of the office site constitutes one of the most important steps in the creation of the young ophthalmologist's practice. The location of the office has important implications for the physician and his or her family and future patients. By selecting the correct type of building in which he or she can efficiently utilize an adequate amount of space, the young practitioner virtually insures future economic success and at the same time creates an office environment that will prove pleasing to patients, staff, and, most important, the ophthalmologist.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Selection of an office site. The selection of the office site constitutes one of the most important steps in the creation of the young ophthalmologist's practice. The location of the office has important implications for the physician and his or her family and future patients. By selecting the correct type of building in which he or she can efficiently utilize an adequate amount of space, the young practitioner virtually insures future economic success and at the same time creates an office environment that will prove pleasing to patients, staff, and, most important, the ophthalmologist."}
{"id": "PMID:1201930", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Equipment.", "content": "Equipping the office deserves the young ophthalmologist's utmost attention. A qualified designer and decorator will make a tremendous difference in creating the most comfortable and efficient office for the individual. Consultation with the office management team will answer questions concerning whether to lease or to buy outright all of the equipment described. The beginning practitioner should always look for the best way to finance outright purchases of equipment, if that be the case. Finally, all used equipment should be checked by an expert mechanic before purchase.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Equipment. Equipping the office deserves the young ophthalmologist's utmost attention. A qualified designer and decorator will make a tremendous difference in creating the most comfortable and efficient office for the individual. Consultation with the office management team will answer questions concerning whether to lease or to buy outright all of the equipment described. The beginning practitioner should always look for the best way to finance outright purchases of equipment, if that be the case. Finally, all used equipment should be checked by an expert mechanic before purchase."}
{"id": "PMID:1201931", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Telephone requirements.", "content": "A well-designed and properly installed office communications system, combined with courteous and attentive telephone manners, serves as a most important basic building block in the creation of a successful office practice. The necessity for courtesy to callers applies not only to the office staff but also to the personnel handling the telephone when the office closes.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Telephone requirements. A well-designed and properly installed office communications system, combined with courteous and attentive telephone manners, serves as a most important basic building block in the creation of a successful office practice. The necessity for courtesy to callers applies not only to the office staff but also to the personnel handling the telephone when the office closes."}
{"id": "PMID:1201932", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Location of practice.", "content": "A majority of positive responses to the questions posed in this chapter offers the comforting prospect of a wise and potentially successful decision in selecting the location of a practice. (Local Chambers of Commerce usually offer very useful information in answer to the nonmedical questions.) Finally, it should be remembered that this decision is a joint one-the ophthalmologist's spouse and children (if they are old enough) should be involved as much as possible. If they are happy, the intangible rewards will be inestimable.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Location of practice. A majority of positive responses to the questions posed in this chapter offers the comforting prospect of a wise and potentially successful decision in selecting the location of a practice. (Local Chambers of Commerce usually offer very useful information in answer to the nonmedical questions.) Finally, it should be remembered that this decision is a joint one-the ophthalmologist's spouse and children (if they are old enough) should be involved as much as possible. If they are happy, the intangible rewards will be inestimable."}
{"id": "PMID:1201933", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Staffing.", "content": "By seeking top-flight office personnel and then offering attractive salaries and fringe benefits, systematically and selectively screening available applicants, and properly training and indoctrinating them in office policies, task analysis, and performance, the young ophthalmologist will assemble the most useful and compatible office staff, thereby making his or her professional life most productive and pleasant.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Staffing. By seeking top-flight office personnel and then offering attractive salaries and fringe benefits, systematically and selectively screening available applicants, and properly training and indoctrinating them in office policies, task analysis, and performance, the young ophthalmologist will assemble the most useful and compatible office staff, thereby making his or her professional life most productive and pleasant."}
{"id": "PMID:1201934", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Effective patient scheduling.", "content": "Effective patient scheduling, a most important building block in the creation of any successful practice, can best be accomplished by (1) devising a specially designed appointment book to suit the individual needs of each ophthalmologist; (2) thorough education of the telephone receptionist in the working habits of the ophthalmologist, in the ability to evaluate ocular emergencies, in the screening of personal calls, and in the importance of \"break\" time for the doctor; and (3) formulation of methods to reduce lost time because of irresponsible patients.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Effective patient scheduling. Effective patient scheduling, a most important building block in the creation of any successful practice, can best be accomplished by (1) devising a specially designed appointment book to suit the individual needs of each ophthalmologist; (2) thorough education of the telephone receptionist in the working habits of the ophthalmologist, in the ability to evaluate ocular emergencies, in the screening of personal calls, and in the importance of \"break\" time for the doctor; and (3) formulation of methods to reduce lost time because of irresponsible patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1201935", "title": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Patient records and filing systems.", "content": "Suggestions and examples of the components of patient charts have been offered for the most efficient office system and for the greatest protection of the ophthalmologist against malpractice charges. Emphasis has been placed on the alphabetical system of filing, the need for well-designed filing cabinets, and measures to reduce the incidence of misplacing and losing patient charts.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's office: planning and practice. Patient records and filing systems. Suggestions and examples of the components of patient charts have been offered for the most efficient office system and for the greatest protection of the ophthalmologist against malpractice charges. Emphasis has been placed on the alphabetical system of filing, the need for well-designed filing cabinets, and measures to reduce the incidence of misplacing and losing patient charts."}
{"id": "PMID:1201936", "title": "Solute excretion during intravenous urography. A comparison of sodium iothalamate and sodium iocarmate (iothalamate dimer).", "content": "Sodium iothalamate and sodium iocarmate (iothalamate dimer) were compared as urographic agents. The two agents were administered intravenously to dogs at a dose level of 600 mg I/kg. The concentrations and outputs of major urinary solutes and injected solutes were measured to define the differences in diuretic effect of the two agents. The urinary output and concentration of iodine with each agent were also compared. The diuresis with iocarmate was lower. It was apparent that the lower diuresis and higher urinary iodine concentration with iocarmate was due to the lower osmotic activity per iodine atom obtained with this agent.", "contents": "Solute excretion during intravenous urography. A comparison of sodium iothalamate and sodium iocarmate (iothalamate dimer). Sodium iothalamate and sodium iocarmate (iothalamate dimer) were compared as urographic agents. The two agents were administered intravenously to dogs at a dose level of 600 mg I/kg. The concentrations and outputs of major urinary solutes and injected solutes were measured to define the differences in diuretic effect of the two agents. The urinary output and concentration of iodine with each agent were also compared. The diuresis with iocarmate was lower. It was apparent that the lower diuresis and higher urinary iodine concentration with iocarmate was due to the lower osmotic activity per iodine atom obtained with this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1201942", "title": "Spectrofluorometric analysis of illicit drug samples, employing a corrected excitation spectrofluorometer.", "content": "Spectrofluorometry, because of its high sensitivity, has developed into one of the most useful analytical methods available to the forensic chemist for certain ilicit drug samples encountered in small amounts. The corrected excitation spectrofluorometer adds to the usefulness of this technique by generating more reproducible results with greater sensitivity. The excitation spectra are in better agreement with absorption spectra, and the need to recalibrate constantly with standard solutions in order to perform quantitative analysis can be minimized. Lysergic acid diethylamide and a fluorophore of morphine related drugs were examined employing a corrected excitation spectrofluorometer. Data is presented substantiating the advantages of a corrected instrument.", "contents": "Spectrofluorometric analysis of illicit drug samples, employing a corrected excitation spectrofluorometer. Spectrofluorometry, because of its high sensitivity, has developed into one of the most useful analytical methods available to the forensic chemist for certain ilicit drug samples encountered in small amounts. The corrected excitation spectrofluorometer adds to the usefulness of this technique by generating more reproducible results with greater sensitivity. The excitation spectra are in better agreement with absorption spectra, and the need to recalibrate constantly with standard solutions in order to perform quantitative analysis can be minimized. Lysergic acid diethylamide and a fluorophore of morphine related drugs were examined employing a corrected excitation spectrofluorometer. Data is presented substantiating the advantages of a corrected instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:1201943", "title": "[Clinical picture and roentgen therapy of lip carcinomas].", "content": "204 patients with lip cancer (squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma) were irradiated with soft x-ray and cobalt-radiation respectively after histological examination of the tumor. Available observations were supplied by 190 patients. Distribution according to age and histology, the size of the tumor, as well as the therapeutic results and the recurrence rates are reported. 96,6% of the tumors which showed no metastases at the beginning of the treatment remained recurrence-free after radiation. Early diagnosis, the necessity of treatment and the problem of prophylaxis are emphasized.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and roentgen therapy of lip carcinomas]. 204 patients with lip cancer (squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma) were irradiated with soft x-ray and cobalt-radiation respectively after histological examination of the tumor. Available observations were supplied by 190 patients. Distribution according to age and histology, the size of the tumor, as well as the therapeutic results and the recurrence rates are reported. 96,6% of the tumors which showed no metastases at the beginning of the treatment remained recurrence-free after radiation. Early diagnosis, the necessity of treatment and the problem of prophylaxis are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1201944", "title": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda and blood-sugar-suppressing derivatives of sulfonylurea].", "content": "A screening test for urinary porphyrin excretion was performed amound 1433 diabetes patients (552 males and 881 females). In three patients (0.21)% the diagnosis of porphyria cutanea tarda was ascertained. In spite of the increasing usage of sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs, previously reported as potential porphyria-inducing agents, the authors could not observe an increased number of porphyria cases among the diabetics compared to the proportions in similar groups examined 10-12 years ago. The sulfonylurea Oradian was the likely etiopathogenic factor in only one out of three patients. The above mentioned observations do not speak in favour of independent etiological porphyrinogenic influence of antidiabetic sulfonylurea drugs.", "contents": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda and blood-sugar-suppressing derivatives of sulfonylurea]. A screening test for urinary porphyrin excretion was performed amound 1433 diabetes patients (552 males and 881 females). In three patients (0.21)% the diagnosis of porphyria cutanea tarda was ascertained. In spite of the increasing usage of sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs, previously reported as potential porphyria-inducing agents, the authors could not observe an increased number of porphyria cases among the diabetics compared to the proportions in similar groups examined 10-12 years ago. The sulfonylurea Oradian was the likely etiopathogenic factor in only one out of three patients. The above mentioned observations do not speak in favour of independent etiological porphyrinogenic influence of antidiabetic sulfonylurea drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1201945", "title": "[Radioimmunologic determination of total IgE and allergen-specific IgE-antibodies in diffuse neurodermitis].", "content": "Total IgE levels in sera of 165 patients with atopic dermatitis and 79 patients with dermatoses as well as normal control patients were determined by radioimmunoassay (Phadebas, Pharmacia). Although the mean value for patients with atopic dermatitis was found far above the mean value for normal controls, 38% of patients showed total IgE serum levels within the normal range. Highest IgE serum levels were observed in patients with the generalized form of the disease and in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. No direct correlation however, to severity of disease could be found. In a series of 50 patients prick tests were compared to total IgE serum levels and to levels of allergen specific antibodies determined by radioallergosorbent-test (RAST). Extracts of grass pollens and of animal dandruff were used. There was complete agreement between results of skin testing and RAST in at least 80%. While cross reactions were common with grass pollen extracts in RAST, there was no cross-over with animal dandruff. No correlation was found between titer of allergen specific antibody and severity of skin lesions. IgE specific antibody could be detected in 48% of patients with normal total IgE serum levels and in 82% of patients with elevated values.", "contents": "[Radioimmunologic determination of total IgE and allergen-specific IgE-antibodies in diffuse neurodermitis]. Total IgE levels in sera of 165 patients with atopic dermatitis and 79 patients with dermatoses as well as normal control patients were determined by radioimmunoassay (Phadebas, Pharmacia). Although the mean value for patients with atopic dermatitis was found far above the mean value for normal controls, 38% of patients showed total IgE serum levels within the normal range. Highest IgE serum levels were observed in patients with the generalized form of the disease and in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. No direct correlation however, to severity of disease could be found. In a series of 50 patients prick tests were compared to total IgE serum levels and to levels of allergen specific antibodies determined by radioallergosorbent-test (RAST). Extracts of grass pollens and of animal dandruff were used. There was complete agreement between results of skin testing and RAST in at least 80%. While cross reactions were common with grass pollen extracts in RAST, there was no cross-over with animal dandruff. No correlation was found between titer of allergen specific antibody and severity of skin lesions. IgE specific antibody could be detected in 48% of patients with normal total IgE serum levels and in 82% of patients with elevated values."}
{"id": "PMID:1201937", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of ionic monomeric, ionic dimeric and non-ionic contrast media. Effects in animals on myocardial contractile force, pulmonary and aortic blood pressure and aortic endothelium.", "content": "Three different types of contrast media, monomeric ionic, dimeric ionic and monomeric non-ionic, were tested and compared concerning their toxicity on three experimental models: I. Pulmonary artery and aortic pressure after contrast medium injection into the right atrium in rabbits: II. Ventricular contractile force and heart rate after perfusion of the coronary arteries on the isolated rabbit heart: III. Aortic endothelium of rats. Non-ionic contrast medium was, in all three experiments, less toxic than monomeric ionic; thus it caused less rise in pulmonary artery pressure (I) and caused less reduction in ventricular contractile force and heart rate (II) and caused less damage on aortic endothelium of rats (III). The non-ionic contrast medium also gave less toxic reaction in two (I and II) of the three models compared to the dimericionic contrast medium. In experimental model III there was no difference between these two agents. Also, the dimeric ionic contrast medium caused less toxic reactions in all three models than the monomeric ionic contrast medium.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of ionic monomeric, ionic dimeric and non-ionic contrast media. Effects in animals on myocardial contractile force, pulmonary and aortic blood pressure and aortic endothelium. Three different types of contrast media, monomeric ionic, dimeric ionic and monomeric non-ionic, were tested and compared concerning their toxicity on three experimental models: I. Pulmonary artery and aortic pressure after contrast medium injection into the right atrium in rabbits: II. Ventricular contractile force and heart rate after perfusion of the coronary arteries on the isolated rabbit heart: III. Aortic endothelium of rats. Non-ionic contrast medium was, in all three experiments, less toxic than monomeric ionic; thus it caused less rise in pulmonary artery pressure (I) and caused less reduction in ventricular contractile force and heart rate (II) and caused less damage on aortic endothelium of rats (III). The non-ionic contrast medium also gave less toxic reaction in two (I and II) of the three models compared to the dimericionic contrast medium. In experimental model III there was no difference between these two agents. Also, the dimeric ionic contrast medium caused less toxic reactions in all three models than the monomeric ionic contrast medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1201938", "title": "The effect of decreased renal artery perfusion pressure on intrarenal hemodynamics in the dog.", "content": "The role of decreased renal artery perfusion pressure in redistribution of renal cortical blood flow during acute hemorrhagic hypotension is unclear. Renal artery hypotension was produced in intact dogs by an intra-aortic balloon catheter placed cephalad to the origins of the renal arteries. Renal cortical perfusion was assessed using selective renal magnification arteriography, isotopically labeled microspheres, and xenon-133 washout. After 60 minutes of decreased renal artery perfusion pressure (40 to 50 mm Hg), no changes were noted in renal cortical perfusion arteriographically. Microsphaere distribution to each cortical zone was unchanged, despite a marked decrease in total renal blood flow and in flow to each zone. 133Xe washout curves permitted two interpretations: Either redistribution of blood flow away from the cortex occurred, or parallel decrease in flow to each zone occurred without redistribution. Results indicate decreased renal artery perfusion pressure does not cause redistribution of renal cortical blood flow in our model.", "contents": "The effect of decreased renal artery perfusion pressure on intrarenal hemodynamics in the dog. The role of decreased renal artery perfusion pressure in redistribution of renal cortical blood flow during acute hemorrhagic hypotension is unclear. Renal artery hypotension was produced in intact dogs by an intra-aortic balloon catheter placed cephalad to the origins of the renal arteries. Renal cortical perfusion was assessed using selective renal magnification arteriography, isotopically labeled microspheres, and xenon-133 washout. After 60 minutes of decreased renal artery perfusion pressure (40 to 50 mm Hg), no changes were noted in renal cortical perfusion arteriographically. Microsphaere distribution to each cortical zone was unchanged, despite a marked decrease in total renal blood flow and in flow to each zone. 133Xe washout curves permitted two interpretations: Either redistribution of blood flow away from the cortex occurred, or parallel decrease in flow to each zone occurred without redistribution. Results indicate decreased renal artery perfusion pressure does not cause redistribution of renal cortical blood flow in our model."}
{"id": "PMID:1201939", "title": "Angiographic patterns in experimental obstruction of the small bowel.", "content": "Mechanical obstruction of the small intestine was induced in 79 rabbits. Ligation and/or fixation of an intestinal loop with sutures was performed in order to produce simple obstruction, strangulation, intussusception and volvulus. The obstructed loop and the adjacent segments of the bowel were examined with microscopic, microangiographic and angiographic methods at fixed time intervals of 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. Dynamics of arterial changes in the intestinal wall and mesentery were investigated. Angiographic patterns of obstruction in the exteriorized loop of a living animal are described. These findings may be of value in evaluating clinical cases.", "contents": "Angiographic patterns in experimental obstruction of the small bowel. Mechanical obstruction of the small intestine was induced in 79 rabbits. Ligation and/or fixation of an intestinal loop with sutures was performed in order to produce simple obstruction, strangulation, intussusception and volvulus. The obstructed loop and the adjacent segments of the bowel were examined with microscopic, microangiographic and angiographic methods at fixed time intervals of 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. Dynamics of arterial changes in the intestinal wall and mesentery were investigated. Angiographic patterns of obstruction in the exteriorized loop of a living animal are described. These findings may be of value in evaluating clinical cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1201946", "title": "[Familial subungual pterygias].", "content": "In two patients (mother and daughter subungual pterygia were seen on the fingers of both hands. The abnormalities were congenital and painful. A disproportional extension of the nail bed epithelium with dislocation of the hyponychiuum is the suggested cause of this entity. No useful therapy was found.", "contents": "[Familial subungual pterygias]. In two patients (mother and daughter subungual pterygia were seen on the fingers of both hands. The abnormalities were congenital and painful. A disproportional extension of the nail bed epithelium with dislocation of the hyponychiuum is the suggested cause of this entity. No useful therapy was found."}
{"id": "PMID:1201940", "title": "Degenerative disease of the sacroiliac joint.", "content": "Analysis of 46 sacroiliac joints removed in toto at random during routine autopsies was undertaken to define the pathologic and radiographic alterations of this joint in middle-aged and elderly patients. Each joint was sectioned, photographed and radiographed and large microscopic slides were prepared. Sacroiliac osteoarthrosis resulted in progressive cartilage degeneration, particularly on the ilial side of the joint, with eventual cartilaginous fusion. Para-articular bony ankylosis was produced by bridging osteophytes on the anterior and inferior surfaces. Sacroiliac intra-articular bony ankylosis was confined to cadavers with ankylosing spondylitis. In some patients radiographic differentiation of osteoarthrosis and ankylosing spondylitis may require tomography.", "contents": "Degenerative disease of the sacroiliac joint. Analysis of 46 sacroiliac joints removed in toto at random during routine autopsies was undertaken to define the pathologic and radiographic alterations of this joint in middle-aged and elderly patients. Each joint was sectioned, photographed and radiographed and large microscopic slides were prepared. Sacroiliac osteoarthrosis resulted in progressive cartilage degeneration, particularly on the ilial side of the joint, with eventual cartilaginous fusion. Para-articular bony ankylosis was produced by bridging osteophytes on the anterior and inferior surfaces. Sacroiliac intra-articular bony ankylosis was confined to cadavers with ankylosing spondylitis. In some patients radiographic differentiation of osteoarthrosis and ankylosing spondylitis may require tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:1201960", "title": "Ultrastructure of endocrine cells in metaplastic epithelium of human gall bladder.", "content": "Two endocrine cell types were found in the metaplastic epithelium of gall bladders removed for gall stones. The endocrine cell type I resembled the EC (enterochromaffin) cell of the normal stomach mucosa. The homogeneous and electron-dense secretory granules were variable in size and shape and mainly located in the sub-nuclear cytoplasm. The endocrine cell type II was similar to the ECL (enterochromaffin-like) cell of the human stomach. The secretory granules were almost exclusively present in a subnuclear location, and were round and homogeneous in size. The secretory material was slightly granular and often there was a clear zone (halo) between the granule core and the limiting membrane. A rich network of microfilaments in the cytoplasm, especially around the nucleus, was typical of the type II endocrine cell. Both cell types were closely related to the basement membrane and the capillaries underneath.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of endocrine cells in metaplastic epithelium of human gall bladder. Two endocrine cell types were found in the metaplastic epithelium of gall bladders removed for gall stones. The endocrine cell type I resembled the EC (enterochromaffin) cell of the normal stomach mucosa. The homogeneous and electron-dense secretory granules were variable in size and shape and mainly located in the sub-nuclear cytoplasm. The endocrine cell type II was similar to the ECL (enterochromaffin-like) cell of the human stomach. The secretory granules were almost exclusively present in a subnuclear location, and were round and homogeneous in size. The secretory material was slightly granular and often there was a clear zone (halo) between the granule core and the limiting membrane. A rich network of microfilaments in the cytoplasm, especially around the nucleus, was typical of the type II endocrine cell. Both cell types were closely related to the basement membrane and the capillaries underneath."}
{"id": "PMID:1201961", "title": "Megakaryocytopoiesis in the liver of the developing opossum (Didelphis virginiana).", "content": "The development of hepatic megakaryocytes has been examined in the livers of 35 young opossums at four different stages of postnatal development. Megakaryocytopoiesis is carried out within the sinusoidals and there appears to be a close relationship between the young megakaryocytes and the sinusoid lining cells. Megakaryocytes in the opossum are relatively small and lack the degree of nuclear complexity seen in other species. Both the nucleus and the cytoplasm undergo sequential maturational changes but, in the newborn especially, these sequences are not necessarily interrelated and there is a rapid cytoplasmic differentiation to provide for early platelet release. A scheme for the maturation of the hepatic megakaryocytes is presented.", "contents": "Megakaryocytopoiesis in the liver of the developing opossum (Didelphis virginiana). The development of hepatic megakaryocytes has been examined in the livers of 35 young opossums at four different stages of postnatal development. Megakaryocytopoiesis is carried out within the sinusoidals and there appears to be a close relationship between the young megakaryocytes and the sinusoid lining cells. Megakaryocytes in the opossum are relatively small and lack the degree of nuclear complexity seen in other species. Both the nucleus and the cytoplasm undergo sequential maturational changes but, in the newborn especially, these sequences are not necessarily interrelated and there is a rapid cytoplasmic differentiation to provide for early platelet release. A scheme for the maturation of the hepatic megakaryocytes is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1201962", "title": "The development of human digital tendons.", "content": "The development of human digital flexor and extensor tendons from 40 days to 112 days of gestation is described. The differentiation of the cell, the formation of collagen fibrils, and their organization into a relatively complex tendon organ are described. This word was supported by a grant from the Graduate Research Fund of the University of Washington. (Materials were obtained from the laboratory for human embryos which is supported by N.I.H. Grant no. HD00836.) We would like to thank Mrs Bea Watts for secretarial assistance.", "contents": "The development of human digital tendons. The development of human digital flexor and extensor tendons from 40 days to 112 days of gestation is described. The differentiation of the cell, the formation of collagen fibrils, and their organization into a relatively complex tendon organ are described. This word was supported by a grant from the Graduate Research Fund of the University of Washington. (Materials were obtained from the laboratory for human embryos which is supported by N.I.H. Grant no. HD00836.) We would like to thank Mrs Bea Watts for secretarial assistance."}
{"id": "PMID:1201963", "title": "'Ambidexterity' in bat wings as evidenced by bone weight.", "content": "1. Comparable right and left wing bones of three species of bats failed to demonstrate one-sided dominance, although such dominance is widespread in tetrapods. 2. When similar units are compared, some of the bones from one side are heavier, some are lighter, than those from the other side. This appears to represent a compensatory mechanism for achieving balanced weight and propulsion. 3. The criterion used by Dogra & Singh (1971) for deciding whether or not a difference exists between comparable units (i.e. that an observed difference in weight is 'real' if the difference is at least one per cent of the weight of the greater element) is not statistically valid in the three  species of bats used in this study. Sole use of this criterion to determine one-sided dominance can therefore be misleading.", "contents": "'Ambidexterity' in bat wings as evidenced by bone weight. 1. Comparable right and left wing bones of three species of bats failed to demonstrate one-sided dominance, although such dominance is widespread in tetrapods. 2. When similar units are compared, some of the bones from one side are heavier, some are lighter, than those from the other side. This appears to represent a compensatory mechanism for achieving balanced weight and propulsion. 3. The criterion used by Dogra & Singh (1971) for deciding whether or not a difference exists between comparable units (i.e. that an observed difference in weight is 'real' if the difference is at least one per cent of the weight of the greater element) is not statistically valid in the three  species of bats used in this study. Sole use of this criterion to determine one-sided dominance can therefore be misleading."}
{"id": "PMID:1201965", "title": "The time-course of changes in mucosal architecture and epithelial cell production and cell shedding in the small intestine of the rat fed after fasting.", "content": "Rats were starved for 3 days, then either allowed access to food or continued in starvation. The following measurements on the upper jejunum were made on groups of refed and starved rats at nine time intervals after refeeding: villus height, crypt depth, crypt/villus ration, rate of cell production per crypt, and number of epithelial cells shed per villus in 5 minutes. Villus height increased 2 hours after refeeding, while crypt depth changed less dramatically. Crypt/villus ratio was unchanged. The number of shed epithelial cells per villus was reduced below the starved level for 4 hours after refeeding, and did not rise significantly above the starved level until 9 hours; the rate of cell production was not significantly increased until 12 hours after refeeding. No evidence for a reserve of cells in G2 was found, and the 3 hour lag between the rise in cell shedding and the increase in cell production would probably not give enough time for cells in G1 to pass through S and G2. It is concluded that these observations do not support the hypothesis that increased cell shedding from the top of the villus stimulates increased cell production in the crypts of Lieberkuhn.", "contents": "The time-course of changes in mucosal architecture and epithelial cell production and cell shedding in the small intestine of the rat fed after fasting. Rats were starved for 3 days, then either allowed access to food or continued in starvation. The following measurements on the upper jejunum were made on groups of refed and starved rats at nine time intervals after refeeding: villus height, crypt depth, crypt/villus ration, rate of cell production per crypt, and number of epithelial cells shed per villus in 5 minutes. Villus height increased 2 hours after refeeding, while crypt depth changed less dramatically. Crypt/villus ratio was unchanged. The number of shed epithelial cells per villus was reduced below the starved level for 4 hours after refeeding, and did not rise significantly above the starved level until 9 hours; the rate of cell production was not significantly increased until 12 hours after refeeding. No evidence for a reserve of cells in G2 was found, and the 3 hour lag between the rise in cell shedding and the increase in cell production would probably not give enough time for cells in G1 to pass through S and G2. It is concluded that these observations do not support the hypothesis that increased cell shedding from the top of the villus stimulates increased cell production in the crypts of Lieberkuhn."}
{"id": "PMID:1201964", "title": "New observations of rat airway epithelium: a quantitative and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Epithelial thickness, depth of the ciliary layer and concentration of cells has been estimated at 5 levels of the rat airway (3 extrapulmonary and 2 intrapulmonary) and the ultrastructure of the cells described. Extrapulmonary airways have a pseudostratified epithelium, intrapulmonary airways a simple one. The epithelium thins progressively from upper to lower trachea while the epithelium of the lower trachea is thicker than at more peripheral airway levels, all of which are similar. The depth of the ciliary layer decreases peripherally. By electron microscopy 10 cell types could be identified - 8 epithelial and 2 'migratory'. A cell type not described previously has been found that resembles the serous cells of the submucosal glands. The salient features of each cell type are described. The upper trachea has a concentration of cells significantly higher than elsewhere, while the remaining four airway levels have about 230 cells per 10 high power fields (1-8 mm length epithelium). Ciliated cells are sparse proximally and increase in number progressively toward the periphery, while basal and migratory cells are most frequent proximally. At all levels of the airway, between 40% and 50% of cells are non-ciliated. In the upper trachea the most frequent cell type was the 'intermediate', elsewhere the 'epithelial serous' cell. Goblet cells were few at all levels, amounting to less than 1% of the total counted. The Clara cell was not restricted to the terminal bronchioles but was found as far proximally as the hilum.", "contents": "New observations of rat airway epithelium: a quantitative and electron microscopic study. Epithelial thickness, depth of the ciliary layer and concentration of cells has been estimated at 5 levels of the rat airway (3 extrapulmonary and 2 intrapulmonary) and the ultrastructure of the cells described. Extrapulmonary airways have a pseudostratified epithelium, intrapulmonary airways a simple one. The epithelium thins progressively from upper to lower trachea while the epithelium of the lower trachea is thicker than at more peripheral airway levels, all of which are similar. The depth of the ciliary layer decreases peripherally. By electron microscopy 10 cell types could be identified - 8 epithelial and 2 'migratory'. A cell type not described previously has been found that resembles the serous cells of the submucosal glands. The salient features of each cell type are described. The upper trachea has a concentration of cells significantly higher than elsewhere, while the remaining four airway levels have about 230 cells per 10 high power fields (1-8 mm length epithelium). Ciliated cells are sparse proximally and increase in number progressively toward the periphery, while basal and migratory cells are most frequent proximally. At all levels of the airway, between 40% and 50% of cells are non-ciliated. In the upper trachea the most frequent cell type was the 'intermediate', elsewhere the 'epithelial serous' cell. Goblet cells were few at all levels, amounting to less than 1% of the total counted. The Clara cell was not restricted to the terminal bronchioles but was found as far proximally as the hilum."}
{"id": "PMID:1201966", "title": "Development and structure of the extra-embryonic membranes of the ferret. A light microscopic and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic observations on the development and structure of the extra-embryonic membranes of the ferret are described. By day 16 of pregnancy trophoblastic villi consisting of a cytotrophoblastic core with a peripherally located phagocytic syncytiotrophoblast have penetrated deeply into the endometrium. During its invasion the syncytiotrophoblast removes endometrial glandular cells and some of the adjacent stromal tissue. The maternal blood vessels remain intact and eventually become surrounded by the syncytiotrophoblast. A marked hypertrophy of the maternal capillary endothelium then begine. By day 28 the maternal capillary endothelial cells attain their maximum height. The cytoplasm of these cells contains numerous cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a well-developed Golgi apparatus, features which are typical of protein-secreting cells. The maternal blood vessels are separated from the syncytiotrophoblast by a thick layer of amorphous material which stains positively with PAS. Alcian blue staining in the presence of critical concentrations of magnesium chloride indicates the presence of both sulphated and carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides. It may be that the amorphous material contributes significantly to the nutritional requirements of the developing fetus. Invaginations of the syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane facing this amorphous layer are often seen. Coated vesicles and substances in contact with the outer surface of the membrane are therefore likely to be endocytozed. The acid phosphatase in the syncytiotrophoblast is consistent with the presence of lysosomes and catabolic function. Regions of paraplacental cellular trophoblast which lie in close association with the endometrium, but do not penetrate it, appear to specialize in endocytosis. The haemophagus organ, which is located at the antimesometrial pole, is the site of rupture of maternal blood vessels, and the extravasated blood lies in close association with the chorio-allantoic membrane. The maternal blood cells ingested by the trophoblast in this area are presumably an important source of iron for the embryo. The cellular trophoblast in the paraplacental regions is well equipped with hydrolytic enzymes, as shown by histochemical tests for acid phosphatase. It seems likely that these regions are concerned with embryotrophic endocytotic nutrition supplementing endothelio-chorial nutrition.", "contents": "Development and structure of the extra-embryonic membranes of the ferret. A light microscopic and ultrastructural study. Light and electron microscopic observations on the development and structure of the extra-embryonic membranes of the ferret are described. By day 16 of pregnancy trophoblastic villi consisting of a cytotrophoblastic core with a peripherally located phagocytic syncytiotrophoblast have penetrated deeply into the endometrium. During its invasion the syncytiotrophoblast removes endometrial glandular cells and some of the adjacent stromal tissue. The maternal blood vessels remain intact and eventually become surrounded by the syncytiotrophoblast. A marked hypertrophy of the maternal capillary endothelium then begine. By day 28 the maternal capillary endothelial cells attain their maximum height. The cytoplasm of these cells contains numerous cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a well-developed Golgi apparatus, features which are typical of protein-secreting cells. The maternal blood vessels are separated from the syncytiotrophoblast by a thick layer of amorphous material which stains positively with PAS. Alcian blue staining in the presence of critical concentrations of magnesium chloride indicates the presence of both sulphated and carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides. It may be that the amorphous material contributes significantly to the nutritional requirements of the developing fetus. Invaginations of the syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane facing this amorphous layer are often seen. Coated vesicles and substances in contact with the outer surface of the membrane are therefore likely to be endocytozed. The acid phosphatase in the syncytiotrophoblast is consistent with the presence of lysosomes and catabolic function. Regions of paraplacental cellular trophoblast which lie in close association with the endometrium, but do not penetrate it, appear to specialize in endocytosis. The haemophagus organ, which is located at the antimesometrial pole, is the site of rupture of maternal blood vessels, and the extravasated blood lies in close association with the chorio-allantoic membrane. The maternal blood cells ingested by the trophoblast in this area are presumably an important source of iron for the embryo. The cellular trophoblast in the paraplacental regions is well equipped with hydrolytic enzymes, as shown by histochemical tests for acid phosphatase. It seems likely that these regions are concerned with embryotrophic endocytotic nutrition supplementing endothelio-chorial nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:1201967", "title": "Developmental origin and early differentiation of retinal M\u00fcller cells in mice.", "content": "During the prenatal development of the retina in mice M\u00fcller cells at the initial stage of differentiation show a high level of histochemically detectable non-specific esterase activity. These are the first of the retinal cell types to differentiate and appear at the 11th day of gestation along the vitreal border in the central retina. As development proceeds they appear in more peripheral areas and their perikarya migrate outwardly and become scattered throughout the depth of the retina. Appearance of presumptive M\u00fcller cells is followed by rapid growth of the retina and differentiation of the inner retinal layers. With the progress of histogenesis from the central to the peripheral areas the esterase activity in the M\u00fcller cells gradually diminishes. The possible significance of early differentiation of M\u00fcller cells in promoting growth and histogenesis of retina is discussed.", "contents": "Developmental origin and early differentiation of retinal M\u00fcller cells in mice. During the prenatal development of the retina in mice M\u00fcller cells at the initial stage of differentiation show a high level of histochemically detectable non-specific esterase activity. These are the first of the retinal cell types to differentiate and appear at the 11th day of gestation along the vitreal border in the central retina. As development proceeds they appear in more peripheral areas and their perikarya migrate outwardly and become scattered throughout the depth of the retina. Appearance of presumptive M\u00fcller cells is followed by rapid growth of the retina and differentiation of the inner retinal layers. With the progress of histogenesis from the central to the peripheral areas the esterase activity in the M\u00fcller cells gradually diminishes. The possible significance of early differentiation of M\u00fcller cells in promoting growth and histogenesis of retina is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201968", "title": "The localization of acetylcholinesterase in the locus coeruleus of the normal rat and after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment.", "content": "The locus coerulus is a densely packed group of neurons in the floor of the fourth ventricle, and is the largest aggregate of noradrenaline-containing cells in the mammalian brain. The distribution within the locus of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is present in high concentration, has been studied at light and electron microscope level, both in normal rats and in ones treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Neuronal enzyme activity is entirely intracellular and mainly concentrated in stacks of ER which occupy much of the cell cytoplasm. There are no indications of a cholinergic input. After 6-hydroxydopamine treatment extensive cell death occurs and AChE activity virtually disappears. A majority of the many blood vessels in the locus also stain strongly for AChE, unlike those present in most other areas of the rat brain. The locus coeruleus therefore represents an area of the rat brain with a high content of AChE, but no evidence of a cholinergic mechanism. Some possible explanations for this anomalous presence of AChE are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The localization of acetylcholinesterase in the locus coeruleus of the normal rat and after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. The locus coerulus is a densely packed group of neurons in the floor of the fourth ventricle, and is the largest aggregate of noradrenaline-containing cells in the mammalian brain. The distribution within the locus of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is present in high concentration, has been studied at light and electron microscope level, both in normal rats and in ones treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Neuronal enzyme activity is entirely intracellular and mainly concentrated in stacks of ER which occupy much of the cell cytoplasm. There are no indications of a cholinergic input. After 6-hydroxydopamine treatment extensive cell death occurs and AChE activity virtually disappears. A majority of the many blood vessels in the locus also stain strongly for AChE, unlike those present in most other areas of the rat brain. The locus coeruleus therefore represents an area of the rat brain with a high content of AChE, but no evidence of a cholinergic mechanism. Some possible explanations for this anomalous presence of AChE are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1201969", "title": "Nanaomycins, new antibiotics produced by a strain of Streptomyces. I. Taxonomy, isolation, characterization and biological properties.", "content": "Nanomycins are new antibiotics produced by the strain OS-3966 which was designated Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis. Nanomycins A and B were isolated from the culture filtrate by extraction with organic solvent and silica gel chromatography. The physical and chemical properties suggest that nanaomycins A and B are quinone-related compounds having the molecular formulae, C16H14O6 and C16H16O7, respectively. Nanaomycins A and B inhibit mainly mycoplasmas, fungi and Gram-positive bacteria. The acute toxicities (LD50, ip) of nanaomycins A and B in mice are 28.2 and 169 mg/kg, respectively.", "contents": "Nanaomycins, new antibiotics produced by a strain of Streptomyces. I. Taxonomy, isolation, characterization and biological properties. Nanomycins are new antibiotics produced by the strain OS-3966 which was designated Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis. Nanomycins A and B were isolated from the culture filtrate by extraction with organic solvent and silica gel chromatography. The physical and chemical properties suggest that nanaomycins A and B are quinone-related compounds having the molecular formulae, C16H14O6 and C16H16O7, respectively. Nanaomycins A and B inhibit mainly mycoplasmas, fungi and Gram-positive bacteria. The acute toxicities (LD50, ip) of nanaomycins A and B in mice are 28.2 and 169 mg/kg, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1201970", "title": "Nanomycins, new antibiotics produced by a strain of Streptomyces. II. Structure and biosynthesis.", "content": "Evidence is put forward which describes the structure and stereochemistry of new antibiotics, nanaomycins A and B, as I and V, respectively. In order to study biosynthesis and to determine the position of the hydroxyl group in the naphthoquinone moiety, a feeding experiment with 1-13C-acetate was effectively carried out. Nanaomycins A and B were found to be synthesized from acetate via a polyketide by Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis.", "contents": "Nanomycins, new antibiotics produced by a strain of Streptomyces. II. Structure and biosynthesis. Evidence is put forward which describes the structure and stereochemistry of new antibiotics, nanaomycins A and B, as I and V, respectively. In order to study biosynthesis and to determine the position of the hydroxyl group in the naphthoquinone moiety, a feeding experiment with 1-13C-acetate was effectively carried out. Nanaomycins A and B were found to be synthesized from acetate via a polyketide by Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis."}
{"id": "PMID:1201971", "title": "Structure of pyridindolol, inhibitor of beta-galactosidase.", "content": "Pyridindolol is a product of a streptomyces and exhibits inhibitory activity against bovine liver beta-galactosidase. The structure of pyridindilol, 1-[1(R), 2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxymethyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b] indole, has been established by spectroscopic analyses and an X-ray structure determination.", "contents": "Structure of pyridindolol, inhibitor of beta-galactosidase. Pyridindolol is a product of a streptomyces and exhibits inhibitory activity against bovine liver beta-galactosidase. The structure of pyridindilol, 1-[1(R), 2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxymethyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b] indole, has been established by spectroscopic analyses and an X-ray structure determination."}
{"id": "PMID:1201972", "title": "Stimulatory effect of amphotericin B methyl ester on the grwoth of L-M and Vero cells.", "content": "The chemically modified polyene macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), exhibited a concentration-dependent growth stimulatory effect on established lines of mouse (L-M) and monkey (Vero) cells. Stimulation was indicated by increases in growth rate, and in the enhanced synthesis of DNA and RNA. In contrast, the parental antibiotic amphotericin B and the desoxycholate complex of amphotericin B, FungizoneR, did not elicit a similar proliferative response in L-M or Vero cells. AME was not growth-promoting toward low passage strains of mouse (PMK 6) and monkey cells (MGK 8).", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of amphotericin B methyl ester on the grwoth of L-M and Vero cells. The chemically modified polyene macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), exhibited a concentration-dependent growth stimulatory effect on established lines of mouse (L-M) and monkey (Vero) cells. Stimulation was indicated by increases in growth rate, and in the enhanced synthesis of DNA and RNA. In contrast, the parental antibiotic amphotericin B and the desoxycholate complex of amphotericin B, FungizoneR, did not elicit a similar proliferative response in L-M or Vero cells. AME was not growth-promoting toward low passage strains of mouse (PMK 6) and monkey cells (MGK 8)."}
{"id": "PMID:1201985", "title": "Van Nes rotational osteotomy for treatment of proximal femoral focal deficiency and congenital short femur.", "content": "The results of twenty Van Nes rotational osteotomies for unilateral proximal femoral focal deficiency and congenital short femur were analyzed after follow-ups of two to eight years. Assessed on the basis of prosthetic function, the results were good in ten, fair in six, and poor in four. Twelve patients required a rerotation procedure, six of them twice, because of postoperative derotation. Appropriate leg-length discrepancy to place the ankle, converted to the knee, at the right level, as well as normal ankle and foot motion and muscle power, are prerequisites to the procedure, which should be deferred until the child is about twelve years old to avoid prolonged hospitalization for rerotation and gait training.", "contents": "Van Nes rotational osteotomy for treatment of proximal femoral focal deficiency and congenital short femur. The results of twenty Van Nes rotational osteotomies for unilateral proximal femoral focal deficiency and congenital short femur were analyzed after follow-ups of two to eight years. Assessed on the basis of prosthetic function, the results were good in ten, fair in six, and poor in four. Twelve patients required a rerotation procedure, six of them twice, because of postoperative derotation. Appropriate leg-length discrepancy to place the ankle, converted to the knee, at the right level, as well as normal ankle and foot motion and muscle power, are prerequisites to the procedure, which should be deferred until the child is about twelve years old to avoid prolonged hospitalization for rerotation and gait training."}
{"id": "PMID:1201986", "title": "Acetabular disruption and central fracture-dislocation of the hip. A long-term study.", "content": "Displaced acetabular fractures are serious injuries often resulting in permanent disability. Fifty-five patients with fifty-six such injuries seen at the Campbell Clinic between 1927 and 1970 had either central dislocation with or without fracture of the weightbearing dome, or acetabular disruption usually associated with posterior displacement of the hip. After an average follow-up of 8.6 years, 56 per cent of those treated without surgery had good or satisfactory results compared with 54 per cent good or satisfactory results in those treated surgically. Patients with displaced fractures of the acetabular dome not reduced by manipulation and traction should be considered candidates for open reduction.", "contents": "Acetabular disruption and central fracture-dislocation of the hip. A long-term study. Displaced acetabular fractures are serious injuries often resulting in permanent disability. Fifty-five patients with fifty-six such injuries seen at the Campbell Clinic between 1927 and 1970 had either central dislocation with or without fracture of the weightbearing dome, or acetabular disruption usually associated with posterior displacement of the hip. After an average follow-up of 8.6 years, 56 per cent of those treated without surgery had good or satisfactory results compared with 54 per cent good or satisfactory results in those treated surgically. Patients with displaced fractures of the acetabular dome not reduced by manipulation and traction should be considered candidates for open reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:1201987", "title": "Arthrography for the assessment of pain after total hip replacement. A comparison of arthrographic findings in patients with and without pain.", "content": "Arthrography in twenty-five painful hips of twenty-one patients after total hip replacement and in fifty-three asymptomatic hips of forty-two patients after this procedure showed that arthrographic evidence of loosening was not always associated with pain. More than one-fifth of the asymptomatic hips had arthrographic evidence of loosening. Furthermore, the loosening shown by arthrogram could be confirmed in only seven of twelve hips that were subsequently explored. In addition, there was no apparent relationship between arthrographic loosening and the presence of a Trendelenburg sign. This study casts doubt on the value of an arthrogram in the diagnosis of the cause of pain after total hip replacement.", "contents": "Arthrography for the assessment of pain after total hip replacement. A comparison of arthrographic findings in patients with and without pain. Arthrography in twenty-five painful hips of twenty-one patients after total hip replacement and in fifty-three asymptomatic hips of forty-two patients after this procedure showed that arthrographic evidence of loosening was not always associated with pain. More than one-fifth of the asymptomatic hips had arthrographic evidence of loosening. Furthermore, the loosening shown by arthrogram could be confirmed in only seven of twelve hips that were subsequently explored. In addition, there was no apparent relationship between arthrographic loosening and the presence of a Trendelenburg sign. This study casts doubt on the value of an arthrogram in the diagnosis of the cause of pain after total hip replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:1201988", "title": "The early management of open joint injuries. A prospective study of one hundred and forty patients.", "content": "A study of open joint injuries treated at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center from July 1969 through July 1973 showed that the vast majority of these injuries were at the knee. Three types of injury were identified: those associated with fractures, injuries without fracture, and gunshot  wounds. All patients were treated with antibiotics, surgical d\u00e9bridement and irrigation, and installation of polyethylene tubes into the joint as a system of postoperative closed irrigation. The over-all infection rate was 2.1 per cent. The results of treatment indicate that the irrigation system can be a source of contamination. Our recommended treatment for open wounds in joints is wide-spectrum systemic antibiotics, surgical d\u00e9bridement, irrigation of the joint and soft tissues, and primary closure. Prolonged suction-irrigation treatment postoperatively should only be done for specific indications: excessive contamination or excessive tissue damage when the wound to the joint should be closed primarily.", "contents": "The early management of open joint injuries. A prospective study of one hundred and forty patients. A study of open joint injuries treated at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center from July 1969 through July 1973 showed that the vast majority of these injuries were at the knee. Three types of injury were identified: those associated with fractures, injuries without fracture, and gunshot  wounds. All patients were treated with antibiotics, surgical d\u00e9bridement and irrigation, and installation of polyethylene tubes into the joint as a system of postoperative closed irrigation. The over-all infection rate was 2.1 per cent. The results of treatment indicate that the irrigation system can be a source of contamination. Our recommended treatment for open wounds in joints is wide-spectrum systemic antibiotics, surgical d\u00e9bridement, irrigation of the joint and soft tissues, and primary closure. Prolonged suction-irrigation treatment postoperatively should only be done for specific indications: excessive contamination or excessive tissue damage when the wound to the joint should be closed primarily."}
{"id": "PMID:1201989", "title": "Galeazzi fracture-dislocations.", "content": "Among 125 patients with the Galeazzi-type fracture-dislocation of the forearm, there were fourteen children and eighty-six adults with the classic Galeazzi lesion, and twenty-five patients with a special type -- fracture of both bones and dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint. Conservative management was successful only in children. In adults this method resulted in failure in 80 per cent of cases. The results of operative treatment were much better. The fracture fragments of the radius and the dislocation of the radio-ulnar joint in this complex injury are very unstable, especially in the lesion with fractures of the radius and ulna, and it appears that rigid internal fixation is necessary for the dislocation as well as the fracture. With combined fixation over half of the results were excellent.", "contents": "Galeazzi fracture-dislocations. Among 125 patients with the Galeazzi-type fracture-dislocation of the forearm, there were fourteen children and eighty-six adults with the classic Galeazzi lesion, and twenty-five patients with a special type -- fracture of both bones and dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint. Conservative management was successful only in children. In adults this method resulted in failure in 80 per cent of cases. The results of operative treatment were much better. The fracture fragments of the radius and the dislocation of the radio-ulnar joint in this complex injury are very unstable, especially in the lesion with fractures of the radius and ulna, and it appears that rigid internal fixation is necessary for the dislocation as well as the fracture. With combined fixation over half of the results were excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:1201990", "title": "Recurrent dislocation of the elbow.", "content": "Recurrent dislocation of the elbow resulted from laxity of the lateral capsule and collateral ligament in four patients. An intra-articular lesion was usually also present. Elbow arthrotomy for removal of loose bodies and repair of the lateral capsuloligamentous structures are thought to offer an excellent prognosis for satisfactory relief from symptoms of recurrent dislocation. More complicated techniques, such as bone blocks or tendon transfers, are believed to be less effective and unnecessary.", "contents": "Recurrent dislocation of the elbow. Recurrent dislocation of the elbow resulted from laxity of the lateral capsule and collateral ligament in four patients. An intra-articular lesion was usually also present. Elbow arthrotomy for removal of loose bodies and repair of the lateral capsuloligamentous structures are thought to offer an excellent prognosis for satisfactory relief from symptoms of recurrent dislocation. More complicated techniques, such as bone blocks or tendon transfers, are believed to be less effective and unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1201992", "title": "Prevention and treatment of non-union of slightly displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children. An end-result study.", "content": "In a ten-year study of the healing responses of thirty-one children with fresh fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus with less than four millimeters of displacement, there were three patterns of healing. Forty-nine per cent healed rapidly in six weeks with abundant callus and periosteal new bone. Thirty-eight per cent healed slowly over eight to twelve weeks, mostly by endosteal union with little callus. Thirteen per cent had progressive displacement of the fragment in the plaster cast and required surgery to prevent non-union. Those fractures that healed had two millimeters or less of displacement of the fragment initially. Those that did not heal had an average of three millimeters of initial displacement. Established non-unions in good position that were symptomatic while the elbow was still immature were salvaged by bone-grafting, sparing the physis of the condylar fragment. The fragment united and grew with the elbow to maturity, producing an excellent end result on long-term follow-up. When the physeal plate of the ununited condylar fragment was absent, the fragment could not grow with the elbow and the result of surgery was less satisfactory.", "contents": "Prevention and treatment of non-union of slightly displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children. An end-result study. In a ten-year study of the healing responses of thirty-one children with fresh fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus with less than four millimeters of displacement, there were three patterns of healing. Forty-nine per cent healed rapidly in six weeks with abundant callus and periosteal new bone. Thirty-eight per cent healed slowly over eight to twelve weeks, mostly by endosteal union with little callus. Thirteen per cent had progressive displacement of the fragment in the plaster cast and required surgery to prevent non-union. Those fractures that healed had two millimeters or less of displacement of the fragment initially. Those that did not heal had an average of three millimeters of initial displacement. Established non-unions in good position that were symptomatic while the elbow was still immature were salvaged by bone-grafting, sparing the physis of the condylar fragment. The fragment united and grew with the elbow to maturity, producing an excellent end result on long-term follow-up. When the physeal plate of the ununited condylar fragment was absent, the fragment could not grow with the elbow and the result of surgery was less satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:1201993", "title": "Fracture of the capitulum humeri.", "content": "Fourteen patients with fracture of the capitulum of the humerus were treated, ten by excision of a large fragment or multiple small fragments. Their results were superior to those in patients treated either by closed reduction or by open reduction and fixation. Nine had good to excellent retention of elbow motion, six had no pain, and three had minimum pain. None of the ten had valgus deformity or instability.", "contents": "Fracture of the capitulum humeri. Fourteen patients with fracture of the capitulum of the humerus were treated, ten by excision of a large fragment or multiple small fragments. Their results were superior to those in patients treated either by closed reduction or by open reduction and fixation. Nine had good to excellent retention of elbow motion, six had no pain, and three had minimum pain. None of the ten had valgus deformity or instability."}
{"id": "PMID:1201994", "title": "Segmental resection for chondrosarcoma.", "content": "Specific anatomical and pathological criteria for resectability of so-called central chondrosarcoma of the extremities were set forth and a method of treatment based on autoclaving the segment and surrounding it with massive amounts of fresh autogenous cancellous bone was used in eight patients. Follow-up ranged from 3.2 to 13.5 years. The advantages of the method are: ease of procurement of bone graft, absence of storage and measurement problems, and lack of need for rigid immobilization. No secondary procedures were required because of fracture, resorption, or infection.", "contents": "Segmental resection for chondrosarcoma. Specific anatomical and pathological criteria for resectability of so-called central chondrosarcoma of the extremities were set forth and a method of treatment based on autoclaving the segment and surrounding it with massive amounts of fresh autogenous cancellous bone was used in eight patients. Follow-up ranged from 3.2 to 13.5 years. The advantages of the method are: ease of procurement of bone graft, absence of storage and measurement problems, and lack of need for rigid immobilization. No secondary procedures were required because of fracture, resorption, or infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1201995", "title": "Progressive kyphosis following solid anterior spine fusion in children with tuberculosis of the spine. A long-term study.", "content": "Two hundred and forty-one consecutive anterior spine fusions for tuberculosis were reviewed to determine how often late progressive kyphosis occurred because of disproportionate growth of the posterior and anterior elements. Three of thirty-one patients with objective roentgenographic evidence of solid anterior fusion had an increase in kyphosis. Two of these had findings suggestive of growth retardation of the anterior ring epiphysis above the fusion mass. Posterior-element overgrowth in the third patient could not be excluded as a cause.", "contents": "Progressive kyphosis following solid anterior spine fusion in children with tuberculosis of the spine. A long-term study. Two hundred and forty-one consecutive anterior spine fusions for tuberculosis were reviewed to determine how often late progressive kyphosis occurred because of disproportionate growth of the posterior and anterior elements. Three of thirty-one patients with objective roentgenographic evidence of solid anterior fusion had an increase in kyphosis. Two of these had findings suggestive of growth retardation of the anterior ring epiphysis above the fusion mass. Posterior-element overgrowth in the third patient could not be excluded as a cause."}
{"id": "PMID:1201996", "title": "Impotence after fractures of the pelvis.", "content": "Sexual impotence after an injury causing a fracture of the pelvis occurred in sixteen of ninety male patients. Three men of fifty-nine had this complication without having an associated injury to the urethra, but impotence was more commonly associated with urethral injury (thirteen of thirty-one cases). Litigation did not seem to be associated with the problem.", "contents": "Impotence after fractures of the pelvis. Sexual impotence after an injury causing a fracture of the pelvis occurred in sixteen of ninety male patients. Three men of fifty-nine had this complication without having an associated injury to the urethra, but impotence was more commonly associated with urethral injury (thirteen of thirty-one cases). Litigation did not seem to be associated with the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:1201998", "title": "Patella alta and patella infera. Their etiological role in patellar dislocation, chondromalacia, and apophysitis of the tibial tubercle.", "content": "The Insall-Salvati method of assessing the position of the patella was applied to four groups of patients:normal patients, and those with dislocation of the patella, chondromalacia of the patella, and apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. The ratio of patellar length to tendon length was 1.0 in the normal patients, 0.8 in the patients with dislocations, 0.86 in those with chondromalacia, and 1.2 in those with apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. Patella alta may be an important cause of dislocating patella and of chondromalacia patellae. The significance of the patella infera found in the Osgood-Schlatter lesion may be one of either cause or effect.", "contents": "Patella alta and patella infera. Their etiological role in patellar dislocation, chondromalacia, and apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. The Insall-Salvati method of assessing the position of the patella was applied to four groups of patients:normal patients, and those with dislocation of the patella, chondromalacia of the patella, and apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. The ratio of patellar length to tendon length was 1.0 in the normal patients, 0.8 in the patients with dislocations, 0.86 in those with chondromalacia, and 1.2 in those with apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. Patella alta may be an important cause of dislocating patella and of chondromalacia patellae. The significance of the patella infera found in the Osgood-Schlatter lesion may be one of either cause or effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1201999", "title": "Meniscectomy and chondromalacia of the femoral condyle.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-four knees with 161 torn menisci were examined with the arthroscope immediately before meniscectomy. The incidence of early degenerative arthritis (chondromalacia) of the femoral condyle was correlated with the age of the patient, the interval between injury and surgery, and the type of meniscal lesion. The incidence of condylar chondromalacia was significantly higher in patients over the age of thirty (p less than 0.01) and in those with a history longer than three months (p less than 0.05). Posterior horn tears were associated with the highest incidence of degenerative changes, but were also associated with a longer history and with older patients. Attention is drawn to the adverse effect of damaged menisci on condylar articular cartilage, and a plea is made for early diagnosis and removal of damaged menisci.", "contents": "Meniscectomy and chondromalacia of the femoral condyle. One hundred and fifty-four knees with 161 torn menisci were examined with the arthroscope immediately before meniscectomy. The incidence of early degenerative arthritis (chondromalacia) of the femoral condyle was correlated with the age of the patient, the interval between injury and surgery, and the type of meniscal lesion. The incidence of condylar chondromalacia was significantly higher in patients over the age of thirty (p less than 0.01) and in those with a history longer than three months (p less than 0.05). Posterior horn tears were associated with the highest incidence of degenerative changes, but were also associated with a longer history and with older patients. Attention is drawn to the adverse effect of damaged menisci on condylar articular cartilage, and a plea is made for early diagnosis and removal of damaged menisci."}
{"id": "PMID:1202000", "title": "The functional treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the adult knee.", "content": "A method of treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the adult knee employing wide open arthrotomy and early active motion, as well as synovectomy in some knees, was used in thirty-four patients with pyogenic arthritis of the knee. Of these patients, sixteen had a good result, twelve had a fair result, and six had a poor result. This method of treatment was used as a salvage procedure in most of the patients, but may have more general application in the treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the knee.", "contents": "The functional treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the adult knee. A method of treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the adult knee employing wide open arthrotomy and early active motion, as well as synovectomy in some knees, was used in thirty-four patients with pyogenic arthritis of the knee. Of these patients, sixteen had a good result, twelve had a fair result, and six had a poor result. This method of treatment was used as a salvage procedure in most of the patients, but may have more general application in the treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the knee."}
{"id": "PMID:1202001", "title": "Experimental replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament. A histological and microradiographic study.", "content": "In each of four dogs, teno-osseous autogenous grafts were used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. The transplanted strips first underwent ischemia and cellular death, with necrosis of both bone and tendon. Ingrowth of tissues then occurred rapidly, but complete incorporation of the tendon or the bone did not occur at one year. However, the tunnel-to transplant bone was functional and provided sufficient stability to the knee so that disruption of the reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament did not occur.", "contents": "Experimental replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament. A histological and microradiographic study. In each of four dogs, teno-osseous autogenous grafts were used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. The transplanted strips first underwent ischemia and cellular death, with necrosis of both bone and tendon. Ingrowth of tissues then occurred rapidly, but complete incorporation of the tendon or the bone did not occur at one year. However, the tunnel-to transplant bone was functional and provided sufficient stability to the knee so that disruption of the reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament did not occur."}
{"id": "PMID:1202002", "title": "The trochanteric approach to the hip for prosthetic replacement.", "content": "A new lateral operative approach to the hip was used for the insertion of 222 total hip prostheses for arthritis. The trochanter is cut off more deeply and more vertically than hitherto, with all of its muscle attachments, including the vastus lateralis, intact. The inclusion of the vastus lateralis stabilizes the fragment by counteracting the gluteus medius; together they generate an inward-acting muscle force on the fragment. Reattachment was by wire in 120 cases and directly to the femoral implant by bolt and graft in 102 cases. In the bolt attachment operation a new type of femoral component was used in conjunction with a variable-thickness bone graft. The method of trochanteric attachment was thought to contribute to the quality of bone repair by eliminating tensile forces and generating compressive forces. In all patients early mobilization and full weight-bearing were encouraged.", "contents": "The trochanteric approach to the hip for prosthetic replacement. A new lateral operative approach to the hip was used for the insertion of 222 total hip prostheses for arthritis. The trochanter is cut off more deeply and more vertically than hitherto, with all of its muscle attachments, including the vastus lateralis, intact. The inclusion of the vastus lateralis stabilizes the fragment by counteracting the gluteus medius; together they generate an inward-acting muscle force on the fragment. Reattachment was by wire in 120 cases and directly to the femoral implant by bolt and graft in 102 cases. In the bolt attachment operation a new type of femoral component was used in conjunction with a variable-thickness bone graft. The method of trochanteric attachment was thought to contribute to the quality of bone repair by eliminating tensile forces and generating compressive forces. In all patients early mobilization and full weight-bearing were encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:1202003", "title": "On the natural history of hemophilic pseudotumor.", "content": "Seven cases of hemophilic pseudotumor were followed for at least ten years. Apparently adequate and early substitution therapy for bleeding in muscles and skeleton will prevent the occurrence of such pseudotumors. Conservative treatment of established pseudotumors with substitution therapy at bleeding symptoms is advocated, but in the event of continued growth of the pseudotumor and threatened perforation, radical extirpation may have to be done.", "contents": "On the natural history of hemophilic pseudotumor. Seven cases of hemophilic pseudotumor were followed for at least ten years. Apparently adequate and early substitution therapy for bleeding in muscles and skeleton will prevent the occurrence of such pseudotumors. Conservative treatment of established pseudotumors with substitution therapy at bleeding symptoms is advocated, but in the event of continued growth of the pseudotumor and threatened perforation, radical extirpation may have to be done."}
{"id": "PMID:1202004", "title": "Surgery in hemophilic patients.", "content": "Surgery in hemophilic patients was performed under proper factor-replacement therapy, and a wide variety of orthopaedic procedures (twenty-six in seventeen patients) were done with good results. There were no complications in any of the patients since the advent of concentrates in 1966. Multiple procedures under one anesthetic are recommended because the complications associated with repeated administration of blood substitutes are minimized.", "contents": "Surgery in hemophilic patients. Surgery in hemophilic patients was performed under proper factor-replacement therapy, and a wide variety of orthopaedic procedures (twenty-six in seventeen patients) were done with good results. There were no complications in any of the patients since the advent of concentrates in 1966. Multiple procedures under one anesthetic are recommended because the complications associated with repeated administration of blood substitutes are minimized."}
{"id": "PMID:1202008", "title": "Coccidioidal arthritis and its treatment -- 1975.", "content": "The clinical course of disseminated coccidioidomycosis is highly variable. Neither spontaneous cure nor spontaneous ankylosis has ever been demonstrated in an adult with the disease in one or more disseminated articular foci. Coccidioidomycotic arthritis may fluctuate in activity, and may be compatible with years of limited function and moderate morbidity. Amputation as well as arthrodesis accompanied by adequate excision of diseased tissue are generally reliable methods of treatment of infected joints, but the decision whether or not to \"cover\" such patients with systemic doses of amphotericin is still difficult, and the roles of synovectomy and topical amphotericin remain to be determined.", "contents": "Coccidioidal arthritis and its treatment -- 1975. The clinical course of disseminated coccidioidomycosis is highly variable. Neither spontaneous cure nor spontaneous ankylosis has ever been demonstrated in an adult with the disease in one or more disseminated articular foci. Coccidioidomycotic arthritis may fluctuate in activity, and may be compatible with years of limited function and moderate morbidity. Amputation as well as arthrodesis accompanied by adequate excision of diseased tissue are generally reliable methods of treatment of infected joints, but the decision whether or not to \"cover\" such patients with systemic doses of amphotericin is still difficult, and the roles of synovectomy and topical amphotericin remain to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1202014", "title": "Structural changes in the membrane of vero cells infected with a paramyxovirus.", "content": "Vero cells productively infected with the Halle strain of measles virus have been studied by means of surface replication, freeze-fracturing, and surface labeling with horseradish peroxidase-measles antibody conjugate in order to examine changes in the structure of the cell membrane during viral maturation. Early in infection, the surfaces of infected cells are embossed by scattered groups of twisted strands, and diffuse patches of label for viral antigens cover regions marked by these strands. At later stages, when numerous nucleocapsids become aligned under the plasmalemmal strands, the strands increase in number and width and become more convoluted. At this stage, label for viral antigens on the surface of the cell membrane is organized into stripes lying on the crests of strands. Finally, regions of the membrane displaying twisted strands protrude to form ridges or bulges, and the freeze-fractured membrane surrounding these protrusions is characterized by an abundance of particles small than those found on the rest of the cell membrane. The fractured membranes of viral buds are continuous sheets of these small particles, and the spacing between both nucleocapsids and stripes of surface antigen in buds is less than in the surrounding cell membrane. Detached virus is covered with a continuous layer of viral antigen, has unusually large but no small particles on its membrane surfaces exposed by freeze-fracturing, and no longer has nucleocapsids aligned under its surface. Thus, surface antigens, membrane particles, and nucleocapsids attached to the cell membrane are mobile within the plane of the membrane during viral maturation. All three move simutaneously in preparation for viral budding.", "contents": "Structural changes in the membrane of vero cells infected with a paramyxovirus. Vero cells productively infected with the Halle strain of measles virus have been studied by means of surface replication, freeze-fracturing, and surface labeling with horseradish peroxidase-measles antibody conjugate in order to examine changes in the structure of the cell membrane during viral maturation. Early in infection, the surfaces of infected cells are embossed by scattered groups of twisted strands, and diffuse patches of label for viral antigens cover regions marked by these strands. At later stages, when numerous nucleocapsids become aligned under the plasmalemmal strands, the strands increase in number and width and become more convoluted. At this stage, label for viral antigens on the surface of the cell membrane is organized into stripes lying on the crests of strands. Finally, regions of the membrane displaying twisted strands protrude to form ridges or bulges, and the freeze-fractured membrane surrounding these protrusions is characterized by an abundance of particles small than those found on the rest of the cell membrane. The fractured membranes of viral buds are continuous sheets of these small particles, and the spacing between both nucleocapsids and stripes of surface antigen in buds is less than in the surrounding cell membrane. Detached virus is covered with a continuous layer of viral antigen, has unusually large but no small particles on its membrane surfaces exposed by freeze-fracturing, and no longer has nucleocapsids aligned under its surface. Thus, surface antigens, membrane particles, and nucleocapsids attached to the cell membrane are mobile within the plane of the membrane during viral maturation. All three move simutaneously in preparation for viral budding."}
{"id": "PMID:1202015", "title": "Gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. I. Production of gametes and their fine structure.", "content": "Gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been studied in mating-type plus cells utilizing several different culture conditions, all of which are shown to depend on the depletion of nitrogen from the medium, and the fine structure of gametes prepared under these conditions has been compared by using thin sections of fixed materials. We document alterations in ribosome levels, in chromatin morphology, in starch levels, in the organization of chloroplast membranes, and in the appearance of nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum membranes during gametogenesis. We also noted the acquisition of two new organelles: a mating structure (Friedman, L., A. L. Colwin, and L. H. Colwin. 1968. j. cell Sci. 3:115-128; goodenough, U. W., and R. L. Weiss. 1975. J. Cell Biol. 67:623-637), and Golgi-derived vesicles containing a homogeneous material. We chart the time course of these morphological changes during synchronous gametogenesis. We note that many of these changes may represent adjustments to nitrogen starvation rather than direct features of gametic differentiation, and we also document that cells can differentiate so that they survive conditions of nitrogen starvation for many weeks after they become gametes. We conclude that metabolic alterations, the acquisition of mating ability, and the preparation for long-term survival are all elicited in this organism by nitrogen withdrawal, and we discuss how the various structural alterations observed in this study may relate to these three interrelated avenues of cellular differentiation.", "contents": "Gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. I. Production of gametes and their fine structure. Gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been studied in mating-type plus cells utilizing several different culture conditions, all of which are shown to depend on the depletion of nitrogen from the medium, and the fine structure of gametes prepared under these conditions has been compared by using thin sections of fixed materials. We document alterations in ribosome levels, in chromatin morphology, in starch levels, in the organization of chloroplast membranes, and in the appearance of nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum membranes during gametogenesis. We also noted the acquisition of two new organelles: a mating structure (Friedman, L., A. L. Colwin, and L. H. Colwin. 1968. j. cell Sci. 3:115-128; goodenough, U. W., and R. L. Weiss. 1975. J. Cell Biol. 67:623-637), and Golgi-derived vesicles containing a homogeneous material. We chart the time course of these morphological changes during synchronous gametogenesis. We note that many of these changes may represent adjustments to nitrogen starvation rather than direct features of gametic differentiation, and we also document that cells can differentiate so that they survive conditions of nitrogen starvation for many weeks after they become gametes. We conclude that metabolic alterations, the acquisition of mating ability, and the preparation for long-term survival are all elicited in this organism by nitrogen withdrawal, and we discuss how the various structural alterations observed in this study may relate to these three interrelated avenues of cellular differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202016", "title": "Gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. II. Flagellar membranes and the agglutination reaction.", "content": "A structural and biochemical study is presented concerning the agglutination of gametic flagella, the initial step in the mating reaction of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. An alteration in the distribution of the intramembranous particles revealed by freeze-fracturing of flagella membranes is shown to accompany gametic differentiation in both mating types. The isolation and electrophoretic analysis of flagellar membranes and mastigonemes are reported; no electrophoretic differences can be detected when the membrane or mastigoneme glycoproteins from vegative and gametic cells are compared, nor when glycoproteins from the two mating types are compared, and no novel polypeptides are present in gametic preparations. The membrane vesicles, after they are freed of mastigonemes by sedimentation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient, are extremely active as an isoagglutinin, indicating a direct involvement of the membrane in the mating reaction.", "contents": "Gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. II. Flagellar membranes and the agglutination reaction. A structural and biochemical study is presented concerning the agglutination of gametic flagella, the initial step in the mating reaction of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. An alteration in the distribution of the intramembranous particles revealed by freeze-fracturing of flagella membranes is shown to accompany gametic differentiation in both mating types. The isolation and electrophoretic analysis of flagellar membranes and mastigonemes are reported; no electrophoretic differences can be detected when the membrane or mastigoneme glycoproteins from vegative and gametic cells are compared, nor when glycoproteins from the two mating types are compared, and no novel polypeptides are present in gametic preparations. The membrane vesicles, after they are freed of mastigonemes by sedimentation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient, are extremely active as an isoagglutinin, indicating a direct involvement of the membrane in the mating reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1202017", "title": "Role of molecular charge in glomerular permeability. Tracer studies with cationized ferritins.", "content": "Mouse kidneys were perfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) containing native, anionic horse spleen ferritin or various cationized derivatives, and the glomerular localization of the probe molecules determined by electron microscopy. Ferritins cationic with respect to the medium (KRB, pH 7.45) accumulated in the subendothelial layers of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in amounts far exceeding those observed with anionic ferritins, the degree being greater for the more cationized derivatives. Strongly cationized ferritins, in addition permeated the full thickness of the GBM in considerable amounts, but appeared to be retarded from entry into the urinary spaces at the level of the filtration slits. Very strongly cationized derivatives adhered to glomerular endothelium and GBM and formed aggregates in the outer layers of the latter. The results suggest that intrinsic negative charges are present in the GBM and endothelium, and that the barrier function of the glomerular capillary wall may be ascribed in part to its electrophysical properties.", "contents": "Role of molecular charge in glomerular permeability. Tracer studies with cationized ferritins. Mouse kidneys were perfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) containing native, anionic horse spleen ferritin or various cationized derivatives, and the glomerular localization of the probe molecules determined by electron microscopy. Ferritins cationic with respect to the medium (KRB, pH 7.45) accumulated in the subendothelial layers of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in amounts far exceeding those observed with anionic ferritins, the degree being greater for the more cationized derivatives. Strongly cationized ferritins, in addition permeated the full thickness of the GBM in considerable amounts, but appeared to be retarded from entry into the urinary spaces at the level of the filtration slits. Very strongly cationized derivatives adhered to glomerular endothelium and GBM and formed aggregates in the outer layers of the latter. The results suggest that intrinsic negative charges are present in the GBM and endothelium, and that the barrier function of the glomerular capillary wall may be ascribed in part to its electrophysical properties."}
{"id": "PMID:1202018", "title": "Studies on the distribution of antigenic sites on the surface of rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "Antibodies to rabbit spermatozoa isolated from immunized virgin female rabbits were conjugated to hemocyanin and have been used to determine the pattern of antigenic sites over the surface of rabbit spermatozoa under a variety of conditions. When the spermatozoa are incubated with antibody at 0 degrees C, labeling is almost entirely restricted to the postacrosomal sheath. Incubation at room temperature (22 degrees C) or at 37 degrees C results in progressively increased acrosomal labeling as well as enhanced postacrosomal sheath labeling. Initial incubation at low temperature followed by washing and high temperature incubation yields cells which indicate little tendency for postacrosomal sheath sites to migrate toward the acrosomal region. Absorption of the antibody preparation with rat lymphocytes has no effect on labeling density, whereas absorption with rabbit lymphocytes diminishes the intensity of labeling and yields cells with markers primarily over the postacrosomal sheath. It is concluded that the postacrosomal sheath plasma membrane has specific antigenic properties distinct from other regions of the head.", "contents": "Studies on the distribution of antigenic sites on the surface of rabbit spermatozoa. Antibodies to rabbit spermatozoa isolated from immunized virgin female rabbits were conjugated to hemocyanin and have been used to determine the pattern of antigenic sites over the surface of rabbit spermatozoa under a variety of conditions. When the spermatozoa are incubated with antibody at 0 degrees C, labeling is almost entirely restricted to the postacrosomal sheath. Incubation at room temperature (22 degrees C) or at 37 degrees C results in progressively increased acrosomal labeling as well as enhanced postacrosomal sheath labeling. Initial incubation at low temperature followed by washing and high temperature incubation yields cells which indicate little tendency for postacrosomal sheath sites to migrate toward the acrosomal region. Absorption of the antibody preparation with rat lymphocytes has no effect on labeling density, whereas absorption with rabbit lymphocytes diminishes the intensity of labeling and yields cells with markers primarily over the postacrosomal sheath. It is concluded that the postacrosomal sheath plasma membrane has specific antigenic properties distinct from other regions of the head."}
{"id": "PMID:1202019", "title": "Biogenesis of microsomal membrane glycoproteins in rat liver. II. Purification of soluble glycoproteins and their incorporation into microsomal membranes.", "content": "Sialoproteins isolated from the soluble fraction of rat liver could be incorporated into microsomal membranes. This incorporation was dependent on protein concentration, time, and temperature. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins after in vitro incorporation showed four major sugar-containing peaks and was similar to that found after in vivo labeling. Most of the incorporated protein was tightly bound to the microsomal membrane. Gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography revealed the presence of several cytosolic glycoproteins that could be incorporated into microsomes. During prolonged centrifugation in a KBr solution with a density of 1.21 a highly labeled ([3H]glucosamine) protein (mole wt approximately to 70,000) that was actively incorporated into microsomes could be recovered in the upper region of the tube. These results demonstrate that several cytoplasmic glycoproteins of rat liver are transferred into microsomal membranes and that one of these is a lipoprotein.", "contents": "Biogenesis of microsomal membrane glycoproteins in rat liver. II. Purification of soluble glycoproteins and their incorporation into microsomal membranes. Sialoproteins isolated from the soluble fraction of rat liver could be incorporated into microsomal membranes. This incorporation was dependent on protein concentration, time, and temperature. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins after in vitro incorporation showed four major sugar-containing peaks and was similar to that found after in vivo labeling. Most of the incorporated protein was tightly bound to the microsomal membrane. Gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography revealed the presence of several cytosolic glycoproteins that could be incorporated into microsomes. During prolonged centrifugation in a KBr solution with a density of 1.21 a highly labeled ([3H]glucosamine) protein (mole wt approximately to 70,000) that was actively incorporated into microsomes could be recovered in the upper region of the tube. These results demonstrate that several cytoplasmic glycoproteins of rat liver are transferred into microsomal membranes and that one of these is a lipoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:1202020", "title": "Biogenesis of microsomal membrane glycoproteins in rat liver. III. Release of glycoproteins from the Golgi fraction and their transfer to microsomal membranes.", "content": "The presence in the Golgi fraction of glycoproteins destined to be incorporated into the microsomal membrane was investigated. When incubated in sucrose, washed Golgi vesicles released four major, weakly acidic glycoproteins, some of which could be incorporated into microsomal membranes by incubation. Double labeling with [3H]glucosamine and [14C]leucine demonstrated the incorporation of both protein and oligosaccharide moieties, and the main peak of radioactivity was associated with the 70,000 mol wt region after SDS-gel electrophoresis. The proteins that could be incorporated into microsomes were probably associated to a large extent with the outer surface of the Golgi membrane. Centrifugation of the proteins released from the Golgi in a KBr solution (p = 1.24) resulted in a separation of glycoproteins, those in the top layer most actively incorporated into microsomes. The lipoglycoproteins in the top layer that could be incorporated appeared in the 70,000 mol wt region after SDS-gel electrophoresis, as did the corresponding proteins isolated from the supernate. These results suggest that glycoproteins with completed oligosaccharide chains are released from the Golgi system to the cytosol and are subsequently transferred to microsomes as constitutive membrane components.", "contents": "Biogenesis of microsomal membrane glycoproteins in rat liver. III. Release of glycoproteins from the Golgi fraction and their transfer to microsomal membranes. The presence in the Golgi fraction of glycoproteins destined to be incorporated into the microsomal membrane was investigated. When incubated in sucrose, washed Golgi vesicles released four major, weakly acidic glycoproteins, some of which could be incorporated into microsomal membranes by incubation. Double labeling with [3H]glucosamine and [14C]leucine demonstrated the incorporation of both protein and oligosaccharide moieties, and the main peak of radioactivity was associated with the 70,000 mol wt region after SDS-gel electrophoresis. The proteins that could be incorporated into microsomes were probably associated to a large extent with the outer surface of the Golgi membrane. Centrifugation of the proteins released from the Golgi in a KBr solution (p = 1.24) resulted in a separation of glycoproteins, those in the top layer most actively incorporated into microsomes. The lipoglycoproteins in the top layer that could be incorporated appeared in the 70,000 mol wt region after SDS-gel electrophoresis, as did the corresponding proteins isolated from the supernate. These results suggest that glycoproteins with completed oligosaccharide chains are released from the Golgi system to the cytosol and are subsequently transferred to microsomes as constitutive membrane components."}
{"id": "PMID:1202021", "title": "Organization of an actin filament-membrane complex. Filament polarity and membrane attachment in the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "The association of actin filaments with membranes is now recognized as an important parameter in the motility of nonmuscle cells. We have investigated the organization of one of the most extensive and highly ordered actin filament-membrane complexes in nature, the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells. Through the analysis of isolated, demembranated brush borders decorated with the myosin subfragment, S1, we have determined that all the microvillar actin filaments have the same polarity. The S1 arrowhead complexes point away from the site of attachment of actin filaments at the apical tip of the microvillar membrane. In addition to the end-on attachment of actin filaments at the tip of the microvillus, these filaments are also connected to the plasma membrane all along their lengths by periodic (33 nm) cross bridges. These bridges were best observed in isolated brush borders incubated in high concentrations of Mg++. Their visibility is attributed to the induction of actin paracrystals in the filament bundles of the microvilli. Finally, we present evidence for the presence of myosinlike filaments in the terminal web region of the brush border. A model for the functional organization of actin and myosin in the brush border is presented.", "contents": "Organization of an actin filament-membrane complex. Filament polarity and membrane attachment in the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells. The association of actin filaments with membranes is now recognized as an important parameter in the motility of nonmuscle cells. We have investigated the organization of one of the most extensive and highly ordered actin filament-membrane complexes in nature, the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells. Through the analysis of isolated, demembranated brush borders decorated with the myosin subfragment, S1, we have determined that all the microvillar actin filaments have the same polarity. The S1 arrowhead complexes point away from the site of attachment of actin filaments at the apical tip of the microvillar membrane. In addition to the end-on attachment of actin filaments at the tip of the microvillus, these filaments are also connected to the plasma membrane all along their lengths by periodic (33 nm) cross bridges. These bridges were best observed in isolated brush borders incubated in high concentrations of Mg++. Their visibility is attributed to the induction of actin paracrystals in the filament bundles of the microvilli. Finally, we present evidence for the presence of myosinlike filaments in the terminal web region of the brush border. A model for the functional organization of actin and myosin in the brush border is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1202022", "title": "Initiation and growth of microtubules from mitotic centers in lysed mammalian cells.", "content": "Metaphase PtK1 cells, lysed into polymerization-competent microtubule protein, maintain a spindle which will gain or lose birefringence depending on the concentration of disassembled tubulin subunits used in the lysis medium. Concentrations of tubulin subunits greater than the equilibrium monomer value promote a rate and extent of birefringence increase that is proportional to the subunit concentration. Increase in spindle birefringence can be correlated with an increase in tubule number, though the relationship is not strictly linear. Increase in spindle tubule number is due to an vivo-like initiation of tubules at the mitotic centers, as well as tubulin addition onto pre-existing spindle fragments. Colcemid-treated prometaphase cells lysed into polymerization-competent tubulin develop large asters in the region of the centrioles and short tubules at kinetochores, making it unlikely that all microtubule formation in lysed cell preparations is dependent on tubulin addition to short tubule fragments. Asters can also form in colcemid-treated prometaphase cells lysed in tubulin that is incapable of spontaneous tubule initiation, suggesting that the centriolar region serves a tubule-initiator function in our lysed cell preparations. The ability of the centriole to initiate microtubule assembly is a time-dependent process-a ripening effect takes place between prophase and late prometaphase. Ripening is expressed by an increase in the number and length of tubules found associated with the centriolar region.", "contents": "Initiation and growth of microtubules from mitotic centers in lysed mammalian cells. Metaphase PtK1 cells, lysed into polymerization-competent microtubule protein, maintain a spindle which will gain or lose birefringence depending on the concentration of disassembled tubulin subunits used in the lysis medium. Concentrations of tubulin subunits greater than the equilibrium monomer value promote a rate and extent of birefringence increase that is proportional to the subunit concentration. Increase in spindle birefringence can be correlated with an increase in tubule number, though the relationship is not strictly linear. Increase in spindle tubule number is due to an vivo-like initiation of tubules at the mitotic centers, as well as tubulin addition onto pre-existing spindle fragments. Colcemid-treated prometaphase cells lysed into polymerization-competent tubulin develop large asters in the region of the centrioles and short tubules at kinetochores, making it unlikely that all microtubule formation in lysed cell preparations is dependent on tubulin addition to short tubule fragments. Asters can also form in colcemid-treated prometaphase cells lysed in tubulin that is incapable of spontaneous tubule initiation, suggesting that the centriolar region serves a tubule-initiator function in our lysed cell preparations. The ability of the centriole to initiate microtubule assembly is a time-dependent process-a ripening effect takes place between prophase and late prometaphase. Ripening is expressed by an increase in the number and length of tubules found associated with the centriolar region."}
{"id": "PMID:1202023", "title": "DNA replication in mammalian cells. Altered patterns of initiation during inhibition of protein synthesis.", "content": "The effects of inhibition of protein synthesis by the antibiotics cycloheximide and puromycin on the initiation of DNA replication in mouse L cells were studied. Cellular DNA was pulse labeled with [3H]thymidine of high, then of low specific activity and prepared for fiber autoradiography. Autoradiograms containing multiple (up to four) replication units were analyzed. In control cells, the proportion of replication units that initiated during a 10-min, high specific activity pulse was approximately equal to the proportion initiating immediately before the pulse. The addition of cycloheximide or puromycin at the start of the pulse inhibited the frequency of initiation in that there was a decrease by up to one-third of units initiating during the pulse relative to controls. Replication direction was also altered. Addition of the antibiotics 2 h before the pulse reduced the proportion of bidirectional units observed from 0.98 to 0.70. Antibiotic treatment for 2 h also decreased initiation synchrony in that the proportion of multiunit autoradiograms on which neighboring units showed similar replication patterns (indicating temporally coordinated initiation) was reduced by one-half. These observations indicate that inhibition of protein synthesis alters the normal pattern of DNA initiation.", "contents": "DNA replication in mammalian cells. Altered patterns of initiation during inhibition of protein synthesis. The effects of inhibition of protein synthesis by the antibiotics cycloheximide and puromycin on the initiation of DNA replication in mouse L cells were studied. Cellular DNA was pulse labeled with [3H]thymidine of high, then of low specific activity and prepared for fiber autoradiography. Autoradiograms containing multiple (up to four) replication units were analyzed. In control cells, the proportion of replication units that initiated during a 10-min, high specific activity pulse was approximately equal to the proportion initiating immediately before the pulse. The addition of cycloheximide or puromycin at the start of the pulse inhibited the frequency of initiation in that there was a decrease by up to one-third of units initiating during the pulse relative to controls. Replication direction was also altered. Addition of the antibiotics 2 h before the pulse reduced the proportion of bidirectional units observed from 0.98 to 0.70. Antibiotic treatment for 2 h also decreased initiation synchrony in that the proportion of multiunit autoradiograms on which neighboring units showed similar replication patterns (indicating temporally coordinated initiation) was reduced by one-half. These observations indicate that inhibition of protein synthesis alters the normal pattern of DNA initiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202024", "title": "Changes in cholinergic synaptic vesicle populations and the ultrastructure of the nerve terminal membranes of Narcine brasiliensis electron organ stimulated to fatigue in vivo.", "content": "Narcine brasiliensis electric organ was stimulated to fatigue in vivo. Electrical display of organ output and biochemical assay of bound acetylcholine (ACh) and ATP in isolated vesicles were used to assess the state of fatigue relative to denervated control organs of the same fish. A morphometric analysis of the fate of the synaptic vesicle populations in the nerve terminals was carried out. Statistically significant morphological changes in vesicle populations and plasma membranes were observed between control and fatigued electroplaque stacks from individual fish. Pooled data from several fish were used to evaluate the possible role of the different vesicle types in neurotransmission. Fatigue resulted in the loss of 49% of the total vesicle population and a 76% loss of vesicles with bound calcium (Ca). An approximately equivalent increase in the nerve-terminal plasma membrane area was measured. This was predominantly in the form of fingerlike protrusions and/or invaginations of the terminals which were present in the control organs but which were significantly increased by stimulation. Vesicle attachments to the nerve terminal membrane were reduced by 90%. This suggests that the failure in transmission may be due to reduction in the number of vesicles which are loaded with transmitter and can attach to the terminal membrane. The Ca-binding capacity of the lost vesicles was not transferred to the plasma membranes. This result was interpreted as support for the hypothesis that vesicle-bound ATP provides the Ca-binding site.", "contents": "Changes in cholinergic synaptic vesicle populations and the ultrastructure of the nerve terminal membranes of Narcine brasiliensis electron organ stimulated to fatigue in vivo. Narcine brasiliensis electric organ was stimulated to fatigue in vivo. Electrical display of organ output and biochemical assay of bound acetylcholine (ACh) and ATP in isolated vesicles were used to assess the state of fatigue relative to denervated control organs of the same fish. A morphometric analysis of the fate of the synaptic vesicle populations in the nerve terminals was carried out. Statistically significant morphological changes in vesicle populations and plasma membranes were observed between control and fatigued electroplaque stacks from individual fish. Pooled data from several fish were used to evaluate the possible role of the different vesicle types in neurotransmission. Fatigue resulted in the loss of 49% of the total vesicle population and a 76% loss of vesicles with bound calcium (Ca). An approximately equivalent increase in the nerve-terminal plasma membrane area was measured. This was predominantly in the form of fingerlike protrusions and/or invaginations of the terminals which were present in the control organs but which were significantly increased by stimulation. Vesicle attachments to the nerve terminal membrane were reduced by 90%. This suggests that the failure in transmission may be due to reduction in the number of vesicles which are loaded with transmitter and can attach to the terminal membrane. The Ca-binding capacity of the lost vesicles was not transferred to the plasma membranes. This result was interpreted as support for the hypothesis that vesicle-bound ATP provides the Ca-binding site."}
{"id": "PMID:1202025", "title": "Segmental differentiations of cell junctions in the vascular endothelium. The microvasculature.", "content": "Small vascular units consisting of an arteriole, its capillaries, and the emerging venule (ACV units) were identified in the rat omentum and mesentery. They were fixed in situ and processed for electron microscopy either as whole units or as dissected segments. Systematic examination of the latter (in thin sections, as well as in freeze-cleaved preparations) showed that the intercellular junctions of the vascular endothelium vary characteristically from one segment to another in the microvasculature. In arterioles, the endothelium has continuous and elaborate tight junctions with interpolated large gap junctions. The capillary endothelium is provided with tight junctions formed by either branching or staggered strands; gap junctions are absent at this level. The pericytic venules exhibit loosely organized endothelial junctions with discontinuous low-profile ridges and grooves, usually devoid of particles. No gap junctions were found in these vessels. The endothelium of muscular venules has the same type of junctions (discontinuous ridges and grooves of low profile); in addition, it displays isolated gap junctions of smaller size and lower frequency than in arterioles. The term communicating junction (macula communicans) is proposed as a substitute for gap junctions, since the latter is inappropriate, in general, and confusing in the special case of the vascular endothelium.", "contents": "Segmental differentiations of cell junctions in the vascular endothelium. The microvasculature. Small vascular units consisting of an arteriole, its capillaries, and the emerging venule (ACV units) were identified in the rat omentum and mesentery. They were fixed in situ and processed for electron microscopy either as whole units or as dissected segments. Systematic examination of the latter (in thin sections, as well as in freeze-cleaved preparations) showed that the intercellular junctions of the vascular endothelium vary characteristically from one segment to another in the microvasculature. In arterioles, the endothelium has continuous and elaborate tight junctions with interpolated large gap junctions. The capillary endothelium is provided with tight junctions formed by either branching or staggered strands; gap junctions are absent at this level. The pericytic venules exhibit loosely organized endothelial junctions with discontinuous low-profile ridges and grooves, usually devoid of particles. No gap junctions were found in these vessels. The endothelium of muscular venules has the same type of junctions (discontinuous ridges and grooves of low profile); in addition, it displays isolated gap junctions of smaller size and lower frequency than in arterioles. The term communicating junction (macula communicans) is proposed as a substitute for gap junctions, since the latter is inappropriate, in general, and confusing in the special case of the vascular endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1202026", "title": "Isolation of liver lysosomes by iron loading. Ultrastructural characterization.", "content": "In summary, the data demonstrate that, by the use of repeated injections of an iron sorbitol complex, it is possible to isolate a fraction highly enriched in hydrolytic enzymes (60 times over the homogenate) and in well preserved lysosomes emanating almost entirely from liver parenchymal cells. The advantage of adding fixative to the bottom of the gradient and of using en bloc staining with uranyl acetate is also demonstrated.", "contents": "Isolation of liver lysosomes by iron loading. Ultrastructural characterization. In summary, the data demonstrate that, by the use of repeated injections of an iron sorbitol complex, it is possible to isolate a fraction highly enriched in hydrolytic enzymes (60 times over the homogenate) and in well preserved lysosomes emanating almost entirely from liver parenchymal cells. The advantage of adding fixative to the bottom of the gradient and of using en bloc staining with uranyl acetate is also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202027", "title": "Distribution of binding sites for human chorionic gonadotropin in the preovulatory follicle of the rat.", "content": "The distribution of binding sites for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the preovulatory follicle was studied by autoradiography. An ovulatory dose (10 IU/rat) of [125I]hCG (1.4 muCi/IU) was administered intravenously, and large Graafian follicles were isolated 3 h later by microdissection. Injection of excess unlabeled hCG (500 IU/rat) prevented uptake of radioactivity by the follicle, indicating that binding of iodinated hormone was confined to specific and saturable receptor sites. The density of bound hormone molecules was highest in the theca interna and in three to four layers of mural granulosa cells adjacent to the basement membrane; labeling was chiefly associated with the cell borders. No significant binding could be detected either on the oocyte or on the cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte. We therefore suggest that the induction of ovum maturation does not require attachment of the hormone to the oocyte itself or to follicle cells in its immediate vicinity.", "contents": "Distribution of binding sites for human chorionic gonadotropin in the preovulatory follicle of the rat. The distribution of binding sites for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the preovulatory follicle was studied by autoradiography. An ovulatory dose (10 IU/rat) of [125I]hCG (1.4 muCi/IU) was administered intravenously, and large Graafian follicles were isolated 3 h later by microdissection. Injection of excess unlabeled hCG (500 IU/rat) prevented uptake of radioactivity by the follicle, indicating that binding of iodinated hormone was confined to specific and saturable receptor sites. The density of bound hormone molecules was highest in the theca interna and in three to four layers of mural granulosa cells adjacent to the basement membrane; labeling was chiefly associated with the cell borders. No significant binding could be detected either on the oocyte or on the cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte. We therefore suggest that the induction of ovum maturation does not require attachment of the hormone to the oocyte itself or to follicle cells in its immediate vicinity."}
{"id": "PMID:1202028", "title": "Calcium in smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in situ. Conventional and X-ray analytical electron microscopy.", "content": "Numerous electron-opaque deposits appear in the SR of the relaxed smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig Taenia coli that had been treated, before fixation, with a depolarizing medium containing oxalate to precipitate calcium ions in situ. X-ray spectra obtained by spot and line-scanning analyses of these deposits in situ show characteristic calcium signals, thus providing direct evidence for calcium accumulation inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle.", "contents": "Calcium in smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in situ. Conventional and X-ray analytical electron microscopy. Numerous electron-opaque deposits appear in the SR of the relaxed smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig Taenia coli that had been treated, before fixation, with a depolarizing medium containing oxalate to precipitate calcium ions in situ. X-ray spectra obtained by spot and line-scanning analyses of these deposits in situ show characteristic calcium signals, thus providing direct evidence for calcium accumulation inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1202029", "title": "Chemical modification of membrane proteins in relation to inhibition of anion exchange in human red blood cells.", "content": "Mono-, di-, and trisulfonic acids, including 4,4'-diacetamido stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DAS) and 2-(4'-amino phenyl)-6-methylbenzene thiazol-3',7-disulfonic acid (APMB) produce a reversible inhibition of sulfate equilibrium exchange in human red cells. A study of the sidedness of the action of a number of these sulfonic acids in red cell ghosts revealed that some, like DAS, inhibit only at the outer membrane surface while others, like APMB, inhibit at either surface. This finding suggests that at least two different types of membrane sites are involved in the control of anion permeability. The nature of the anion permeability controlling sites in the outer cell surface was investigated by studying the effects of DAS on the inhibition by dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) of anion equilibrium exchange and on the binding of DNFB to the proteins of the red blood cell membrane. After exposure to DNFB in the presence of DAS for a certain period of time, there was a reduction of both the inhibitory effect of DNFB on sulfate exchange and the binding of DNFB to the protein in band 3 of SDS polyacrylamide gel electropherograms (nomenclature of Steck, J. Cell. Biol., 62: 1, '74). Since binding to other membrane proteins was not affected, this observation supports the assumption that the protein in band 3 plays some role in anion transport. In accordance with the absence of an inhibitory effect at the inner membrane surface, internal DAS does not affect DNFB binding to the protein in band 3. DAS protected the anion exchange system not only against inhibition by DNFB but also by m-isothiocyanato benzene sulfonic acid. In contrast to DAS, the equally inhibitory phlorizin does not reduce the rate of dinitrophenylation of the protein in band 3. This suggests that either not all inhibitors of anion exchange exert their action by a combination with sites on the protein in band 3 or that in spite of the described evidence this protein is not involved in the control of anion movements.", "contents": "Chemical modification of membrane proteins in relation to inhibition of anion exchange in human red blood cells. Mono-, di-, and trisulfonic acids, including 4,4'-diacetamido stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DAS) and 2-(4'-amino phenyl)-6-methylbenzene thiazol-3',7-disulfonic acid (APMB) produce a reversible inhibition of sulfate equilibrium exchange in human red cells. A study of the sidedness of the action of a number of these sulfonic acids in red cell ghosts revealed that some, like DAS, inhibit only at the outer membrane surface while others, like APMB, inhibit at either surface. This finding suggests that at least two different types of membrane sites are involved in the control of anion permeability. The nature of the anion permeability controlling sites in the outer cell surface was investigated by studying the effects of DAS on the inhibition by dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) of anion equilibrium exchange and on the binding of DNFB to the proteins of the red blood cell membrane. After exposure to DNFB in the presence of DAS for a certain period of time, there was a reduction of both the inhibitory effect of DNFB on sulfate exchange and the binding of DNFB to the protein in band 3 of SDS polyacrylamide gel electropherograms (nomenclature of Steck, J. Cell. Biol., 62: 1, '74). Since binding to other membrane proteins was not affected, this observation supports the assumption that the protein in band 3 plays some role in anion transport. In accordance with the absence of an inhibitory effect at the inner membrane surface, internal DAS does not affect DNFB binding to the protein in band 3. DAS protected the anion exchange system not only against inhibition by DNFB but also by m-isothiocyanato benzene sulfonic acid. In contrast to DAS, the equally inhibitory phlorizin does not reduce the rate of dinitrophenylation of the protein in band 3. This suggests that either not all inhibitors of anion exchange exert their action by a combination with sites on the protein in band 3 or that in spite of the described evidence this protein is not involved in the control of anion movements."}
{"id": "PMID:1202030", "title": "Development of excitability in embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells.", "content": "During embryonic and early postnatal development, the chick leg muscle cells undergo a series of changes in their electrical responses in the following sequence: passive response, plateau response, plateau plus spike response and spike response. This suggests that the electrogenetic mechanism of muscles matures during development; a mechanism producing the plateau may first be induced, and then that producing the spike. The plateau is sensitive to manganese or cobalt ions, while the spike to tetrodotoxin. This suggests that the plateau is related to the increase in permeability to calcium ions, while the spike to sodium ions.", "contents": "Development of excitability in embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells. During embryonic and early postnatal development, the chick leg muscle cells undergo a series of changes in their electrical responses in the following sequence: passive response, plateau response, plateau plus spike response and spike response. This suggests that the electrogenetic mechanism of muscles matures during development; a mechanism producing the plateau may first be induced, and then that producing the spike. The plateau is sensitive to manganese or cobalt ions, while the spike to tetrodotoxin. This suggests that the plateau is related to the increase in permeability to calcium ions, while the spike to sodium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202031", "title": "Polyamine metabolism in a rat brain tumor cell line: its relationship to the growth rate.", "content": "To investigate whether the metabolism of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine is related to cellular growth rate, we have measured the activities of L-ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase as well as the levels of the polyamines in rat brain tumor cells at various stages of a 7-day in vitro growth period and correlated them with the continuous changes in specific growth rate ([dN[t]/dt]/N[t]). L-Ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase both exhibited their maximal activities at the time of most rapid growth. A high positive correlation between the activities of these enzymes and the specific growth rate of the tumor cells during the entire growth period was demonstrated statistically. The pattern of fluctuation of the spermidine content during the culture cycle was similar to those of the enzyme activities and likewise showed a high positive correlation with the specific growth rate of the tumor cells during the entire growth period. The putrescine content exhibited a low positive correlation, whereas the spermine content exhibited a somewhat higher, but negative correlation with the specific growth rate. The high correlation between the specific growth rate of the tumor cells and the synthesis of the polyamines indicates that these events are primarily associated with processes involved in cell replication. Putrescine and spermidine are thought to participate in the regulation of cellular growth rate; a high content may augment, and a low content may restrain, cellular growth rate.", "contents": "Polyamine metabolism in a rat brain tumor cell line: its relationship to the growth rate. To investigate whether the metabolism of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine is related to cellular growth rate, we have measured the activities of L-ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase as well as the levels of the polyamines in rat brain tumor cells at various stages of a 7-day in vitro growth period and correlated them with the continuous changes in specific growth rate ([dN[t]/dt]/N[t]). L-Ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase both exhibited their maximal activities at the time of most rapid growth. A high positive correlation between the activities of these enzymes and the specific growth rate of the tumor cells during the entire growth period was demonstrated statistically. The pattern of fluctuation of the spermidine content during the culture cycle was similar to those of the enzyme activities and likewise showed a high positive correlation with the specific growth rate of the tumor cells during the entire growth period. The putrescine content exhibited a low positive correlation, whereas the spermine content exhibited a somewhat higher, but negative correlation with the specific growth rate. The high correlation between the specific growth rate of the tumor cells and the synthesis of the polyamines indicates that these events are primarily associated with processes involved in cell replication. Putrescine and spermidine are thought to participate in the regulation of cellular growth rate; a high content may augment, and a low content may restrain, cellular growth rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1202032", "title": "The effects of a glucocorticoid on the cell surface of RLC-GAI cells.", "content": "The purpose of these studies was to examine the effects of a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, on the cell surface of an epithelial cell line, RLC-GAI, and to investigate the mechanism of these effects. Within hours after addition of dexamethasone sodium phosphate to the cultures, the cells begin to spread going from a more bipolar to a more epithelioid form; this change is maximal by 24 hours. In the spread cells the density of surface microvilli, as visualized in the scanning electron microscope, is considerably reduced. The changes in cell surface and shape elicited by the glucocorticoid are blocked by actinomycin D but not by hydroxyurea. Cell spreading is probably related to the configuration of cell microfilaments since these are increased in numbers in the presence of the hormone and spreading is inhibited by cytochalasin B. An important role of microfilaments in the general mechanism of action of glucocorticoids is suggested.", "contents": "The effects of a glucocorticoid on the cell surface of RLC-GAI cells. The purpose of these studies was to examine the effects of a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, on the cell surface of an epithelial cell line, RLC-GAI, and to investigate the mechanism of these effects. Within hours after addition of dexamethasone sodium phosphate to the cultures, the cells begin to spread going from a more bipolar to a more epithelioid form; this change is maximal by 24 hours. In the spread cells the density of surface microvilli, as visualized in the scanning electron microscope, is considerably reduced. The changes in cell surface and shape elicited by the glucocorticoid are blocked by actinomycin D but not by hydroxyurea. Cell spreading is probably related to the configuration of cell microfilaments since these are increased in numbers in the presence of the hormone and spreading is inhibited by cytochalasin B. An important role of microfilaments in the general mechanism of action of glucocorticoids is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1202033", "title": "A mechanical dissociation method for preparation of muscle cell cultures.", "content": "A cell preparation method by which large numbers of embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells may be obtained is described. The procedure requires fewer manipulations and much less time than standard trypsinization. By the criteria used, both methods are comparable with respect to percent viable cells and survival of plated cells. However, in addition to the ease of preparation, the mechanical dissociation method offers the significant advantage that the cell suspension is greatly enriched for myoblasts without the necessity of an additional preplating step.", "contents": "A mechanical dissociation method for preparation of muscle cell cultures. A cell preparation method by which large numbers of embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells may be obtained is described. The procedure requires fewer manipulations and much less time than standard trypsinization. By the criteria used, both methods are comparable with respect to percent viable cells and survival of plated cells. However, in addition to the ease of preparation, the mechanical dissociation method offers the significant advantage that the cell suspension is greatly enriched for myoblasts without the necessity of an additional preplating step."}
{"id": "PMID:1202034", "title": "Possible limitation of growth in human fibroblast cultures by diffusion.", "content": "Secondary cultures of human diploid fibroblasts which demonstrated density dependent inhibition of cell growth (DDI) were used to study the possible limitation of growth in cell cultures by diffusion. An oscillating platform system is described which insures constant mixing of the medium during the culturing period. Using this system, it was found that a greater number of cells in density inhibited cultures, grown to confluence for four days after initial seeding, could be stimulated to resume growth by a fresh medium change if the cultures were incubated on the oscillating platform than if the cultures were left undisturbed. This greater stimulation on the platform was probably not due to mechanical alterations on the surface of the cells due to motion of the medium as judged by TCA precipitable material released into the medium from cells prelabeled with glucosamine-3H. In spite of this greater stimulation after a single treatment with fresh medium, refeeding the cells on the platform every other day was a 12-day period did not affect the final saturation density achieved in the cultures. The results indicate that diffusion limitation of growth might occur under certain circumstances but that it cannot account entirely for the phenomenon of DDI.", "contents": "Possible limitation of growth in human fibroblast cultures by diffusion. Secondary cultures of human diploid fibroblasts which demonstrated density dependent inhibition of cell growth (DDI) were used to study the possible limitation of growth in cell cultures by diffusion. An oscillating platform system is described which insures constant mixing of the medium during the culturing period. Using this system, it was found that a greater number of cells in density inhibited cultures, grown to confluence for four days after initial seeding, could be stimulated to resume growth by a fresh medium change if the cultures were incubated on the oscillating platform than if the cultures were left undisturbed. This greater stimulation on the platform was probably not due to mechanical alterations on the surface of the cells due to motion of the medium as judged by TCA precipitable material released into the medium from cells prelabeled with glucosamine-3H. In spite of this greater stimulation after a single treatment with fresh medium, refeeding the cells on the platform every other day was a 12-day period did not affect the final saturation density achieved in the cultures. The results indicate that diffusion limitation of growth might occur under certain circumstances but that it cannot account entirely for the phenomenon of DDI."}
{"id": "PMID:1202035", "title": "Initiation of 3T3 fibroblast cell division by epidermal growth factor.", "content": "Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) at concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-10) M initiates cell division in both confluent and low density non-dividing 3T3 cells. Four days after addition of EGF to confluent or low density non-dividing 3T3 cells there is a 2- and 5-fold increase, respectively, in cell number.", "contents": "Initiation of 3T3 fibroblast cell division by epidermal growth factor. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) at concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-10) M initiates cell division in both confluent and low density non-dividing 3T3 cells. Four days after addition of EGF to confluent or low density non-dividing 3T3 cells there is a 2- and 5-fold increase, respectively, in cell number."}
{"id": "PMID:1202036", "title": "Infrequent chromosome aberrations in Syrian hamster cells following partial synchrony by amino-acid deprivation.", "content": "Incubation of Syrian hamster embryo secondary cell cultures in isoleucine or arginine deficient medium inhibited cell multiplication; 4-7% of the cells were synthesizing DNA compared to approximately 40% for cells in complete medium. After the deficient medium was replaced with complete medium, cells resumed multiplication and within 12 hours 65--70% of the cells entered into the S phase. A second peak of labeled cells, approximately 55%, occurred 24 hours after addition of complete medium. Chromosomal damage characteristic for cell lines grown in amino acid deficient medium did not occur with these Syrian hamster cells. Isoleucine or arginine deprivation resulted in chromosomal or chromatid aberrations in only 2-5% of the cells, whereas chromosomes of control cells in complete medium occasionally exhibit chromatid gaps (less than 1% of the cells).", "contents": "Infrequent chromosome aberrations in Syrian hamster cells following partial synchrony by amino-acid deprivation. Incubation of Syrian hamster embryo secondary cell cultures in isoleucine or arginine deficient medium inhibited cell multiplication; 4-7% of the cells were synthesizing DNA compared to approximately 40% for cells in complete medium. After the deficient medium was replaced with complete medium, cells resumed multiplication and within 12 hours 65--70% of the cells entered into the S phase. A second peak of labeled cells, approximately 55%, occurred 24 hours after addition of complete medium. Chromosomal damage characteristic for cell lines grown in amino acid deficient medium did not occur with these Syrian hamster cells. Isoleucine or arginine deprivation resulted in chromosomal or chromatid aberrations in only 2-5% of the cells, whereas chromosomes of control cells in complete medium occasionally exhibit chromatid gaps (less than 1% of the cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202037", "title": "Selective depletion of chromosomes in a stable mouse-Chinese hamster hybrid cell line using antisera directed against species-specific cell surface antigens.", "content": "A chromosomally-stable mouse-Chinese hamster hybrid cell line was subjected to five rounds of selection with cytotoxic antisera raised in rabbits against either the parental mouse 3T3 cells or the parental Chinese hamster Wg-1 cells. Routine karyological analysis of clones isolated at each stage of serum selection revealed that treatment with either serum resulted in a limited loss of chromosomes (compared to the untreated hybrid cell cultured in parallel) and that the pattern of chromosome loss could not be correlated with the particular antiserum used for selection. However, more detailed analysis with the SSC-formamide C-banding technique, which identifies chromosomes containing a mouse centromere region, demonstrated that while large-scale chromosome loss was not achieved as a result of antiserum selection, the limited loss of chromosomes did, in fact, reflect a specific depletion of chromosomes in response to treatment with cytotoxic antiserum. Specific chromosomal elimination was shown to occur as early asthe first round of antiserum treatment. Antigenic analysis of the serum-selected clones revealed a quantitative decrease in the expression of the species-specific surface antigens selected against, but no qualitative loss of antigens was detected. The results suggest that treatment with cytotoxic antiserum may select for clones that have lost specific chromosomes bearing genes regulating the expression of species-specific surface antigens, rather than for those demonstrating large-scale depletion of chromosomes bearing the corresponding structural genes.", "contents": "Selective depletion of chromosomes in a stable mouse-Chinese hamster hybrid cell line using antisera directed against species-specific cell surface antigens. A chromosomally-stable mouse-Chinese hamster hybrid cell line was subjected to five rounds of selection with cytotoxic antisera raised in rabbits against either the parental mouse 3T3 cells or the parental Chinese hamster Wg-1 cells. Routine karyological analysis of clones isolated at each stage of serum selection revealed that treatment with either serum resulted in a limited loss of chromosomes (compared to the untreated hybrid cell cultured in parallel) and that the pattern of chromosome loss could not be correlated with the particular antiserum used for selection. However, more detailed analysis with the SSC-formamide C-banding technique, which identifies chromosomes containing a mouse centromere region, demonstrated that while large-scale chromosome loss was not achieved as a result of antiserum selection, the limited loss of chromosomes did, in fact, reflect a specific depletion of chromosomes in response to treatment with cytotoxic antiserum. Specific chromosomal elimination was shown to occur as early asthe first round of antiserum treatment. Antigenic analysis of the serum-selected clones revealed a quantitative decrease in the expression of the species-specific surface antigens selected against, but no qualitative loss of antigens was detected. The results suggest that treatment with cytotoxic antiserum may select for clones that have lost specific chromosomes bearing genes regulating the expression of species-specific surface antigens, rather than for those demonstrating large-scale depletion of chromosomes bearing the corresponding structural genes."}
{"id": "PMID:1202038", "title": "Modulation in the rates of incorporation of lipid precursors during the cell cycle.", "content": "The rates of incorporation of 3H-choline into phospholipid and of 3H-fucose into glycolipid have been measured during the cell cycle of the murine mastocytoma, P815Y, synchronized by either velocity sedimentation or excess thymidine blockade. The rate of 3H-choline incorporation into acid-insoluble material exhibited two distinct maxima coincident with the early S and G2 periods, whereas the rate of incorporation of 3H-fucose into lipid extractable material was maximal during the G2 period. Variation in rate of incorporation of 3H-choline could not be accounted for by changes in membrane permeability.", "contents": "Modulation in the rates of incorporation of lipid precursors during the cell cycle. The rates of incorporation of 3H-choline into phospholipid and of 3H-fucose into glycolipid have been measured during the cell cycle of the murine mastocytoma, P815Y, synchronized by either velocity sedimentation or excess thymidine blockade. The rate of 3H-choline incorporation into acid-insoluble material exhibited two distinct maxima coincident with the early S and G2 periods, whereas the rate of incorporation of 3H-fucose into lipid extractable material was maximal during the G2 period. Variation in rate of incorporation of 3H-choline could not be accounted for by changes in membrane permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:1202039", "title": "Interaction of steroids with the transport system of glucose in human erythrocytes.", "content": "Steroids inhibit the exchange transport of glucose in human erythrocytes. The extent of inhibition is roughly correlated to the affinity of the steroids to the membrane lipids. All C-21-steroids tested show a competitive inhibition while the C-19-steriods show different types of inhibition. 5Beta-androstane-3,17-dione acts as a competitive inhibitor. The inhibition by testosterone is of mixed type, while with androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione a non-competitive inhibition is observed. In this case two inhibitor molecules can be bound per transport molecule. The \"non-competitive\" inhibitors compete also to some extent with the glucose binding. This effect, however, is at high inhibitor concentrations masked by the more powerful non-competitive inhibition. Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors compete with each other. The structural requirements for the different types of inhibition are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of steroids with the transport system of glucose in human erythrocytes. Steroids inhibit the exchange transport of glucose in human erythrocytes. The extent of inhibition is roughly correlated to the affinity of the steroids to the membrane lipids. All C-21-steroids tested show a competitive inhibition while the C-19-steriods show different types of inhibition. 5Beta-androstane-3,17-dione acts as a competitive inhibitor. The inhibition by testosterone is of mixed type, while with androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione a non-competitive inhibition is observed. In this case two inhibitor molecules can be bound per transport molecule. The \"non-competitive\" inhibitors compete also to some extent with the glucose binding. This effect, however, is at high inhibitor concentrations masked by the more powerful non-competitive inhibition. Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors compete with each other. The structural requirements for the different types of inhibition are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202041", "title": "Observations with cytochemistry and ultracryotomy on the fine structure of the expanding walls in actively elongating plant cells.", "content": "Ultracryotomy with negative staining and cytochemistry (periodic acid - thiocarbohydrazide - silver proteinate test for polysaccharides, in conjunction with mild extractions) were used to study the architecture of the cell wall and its modifications during expansion. Those techniques were applied to the study in situ of the walls of actively elongating parenchyma of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus), and pea (Pisum sativum) root and of collenchyma of celery (Apium graveolens) petioles. These complementary techniques provide information on the 3-dimensional disposition and fine structure of the subunits of the wall. In all the examples examined, the bulk of growing primary wall appears well-ordered and no progressive evolution from a transverse texture near the plasmalemma to a scattered texture near the middle lamella was observed. It seems unlikely that the development of the wall structure in relation to growth could be explained mechanically by a passive shift of the fibrillar elements in response to cellular stress. There is no evidence for an inert change in fibrillar orientation in the major part of the wall. If such occurs the process is limited to the outermost and senescent part of the wall. Thus, the texture observed does not agree with the classical multinet growth hypothesis but rather with the idea of an ordered structure of the primary wall. With the latter, the components should be able to respond in different ways to specific growth regulators and other environmental signals and thus exert a more positive control over the processes of oriented cell growth.", "contents": "Observations with cytochemistry and ultracryotomy on the fine structure of the expanding walls in actively elongating plant cells. Ultracryotomy with negative staining and cytochemistry (periodic acid - thiocarbohydrazide - silver proteinate test for polysaccharides, in conjunction with mild extractions) were used to study the architecture of the cell wall and its modifications during expansion. Those techniques were applied to the study in situ of the walls of actively elongating parenchyma of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus), and pea (Pisum sativum) root and of collenchyma of celery (Apium graveolens) petioles. These complementary techniques provide information on the 3-dimensional disposition and fine structure of the subunits of the wall. In all the examples examined, the bulk of growing primary wall appears well-ordered and no progressive evolution from a transverse texture near the plasmalemma to a scattered texture near the middle lamella was observed. It seems unlikely that the development of the wall structure in relation to growth could be explained mechanically by a passive shift of the fibrillar elements in response to cellular stress. There is no evidence for an inert change in fibrillar orientation in the major part of the wall. If such occurs the process is limited to the outermost and senescent part of the wall. Thus, the texture observed does not agree with the classical multinet growth hypothesis but rather with the idea of an ordered structure of the primary wall. With the latter, the components should be able to respond in different ways to specific growth regulators and other environmental signals and thus exert a more positive control over the processes of oriented cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1202042", "title": "Supercoils in human DNA.", "content": "The three-dimensional structure of a double-stranded DNA molecule may be described by distinguishing the helical turns of the DNA duplex from any superhelical turns that might be superimposed upon the duplex turns. There are characteristic changes in the hydrodynamic properties of superhelical DNA molecules when they interact with intercalating agents. The hydrodynamic properties of nuclear structures released by gently lysing human cells are changed by intercalating agents in this characteristic manner. The characteristic changes are abolished by irradiating the cells with gamma-rays but may be restored by incubating the cells at 37 degrees C after irradiation. These results are interpreted as showing that human DNA is supercoiled. A model for the structure of the chromosome is suggested.", "contents": "Supercoils in human DNA. The three-dimensional structure of a double-stranded DNA molecule may be described by distinguishing the helical turns of the DNA duplex from any superhelical turns that might be superimposed upon the duplex turns. There are characteristic changes in the hydrodynamic properties of superhelical DNA molecules when they interact with intercalating agents. The hydrodynamic properties of nuclear structures released by gently lysing human cells are changed by intercalating agents in this characteristic manner. The characteristic changes are abolished by irradiating the cells with gamma-rays but may be restored by incubating the cells at 37 degrees C after irradiation. These results are interpreted as showing that human DNA is supercoiled. A model for the structure of the chromosome is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1202044", "title": "Gas chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric amphetamines and related amines. II. Effects of cyclic structures on diastereomer and enantiomer resolution.", "content": "Proline and other cyclic amino acids were used as acylated acid chlorides for the resolution of enantiomers of amphentamine and related amines as diastereomers by gas chromatography. Variation of ring size or incorporation of a heteroatom into the ring of the cyclic resolving agent changed retention times and separation factors, depending on the racemic amine derivatized. Separations were achieved on a short, packed Carbowax 20M column. Because N-trifluoroacetyl L-prolyl chloride has proved especially effective for derivatization of amine enantiomers to give diastereomers which often may be resolved by gas chromatography, the proline ring was incorporated into a new optically active stationary phase. For the enantiomeric derivatives examined, the new proline ester phase gave separations essentially equivalent to those obtained on the commercially available phase, carbonyl bis-(L-valine isopropyl ester). The fact that resolution was achieved on the new phase is evidence that, as has been previously suggested, the ester carbonyls of this type of phase are the significant sites of interaction with the antipodes undergoing separation.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric amphetamines and related amines. II. Effects of cyclic structures on diastereomer and enantiomer resolution. Proline and other cyclic amino acids were used as acylated acid chlorides for the resolution of enantiomers of amphentamine and related amines as diastereomers by gas chromatography. Variation of ring size or incorporation of a heteroatom into the ring of the cyclic resolving agent changed retention times and separation factors, depending on the racemic amine derivatized. Separations were achieved on a short, packed Carbowax 20M column. Because N-trifluoroacetyl L-prolyl chloride has proved especially effective for derivatization of amine enantiomers to give diastereomers which often may be resolved by gas chromatography, the proline ring was incorporated into a new optically active stationary phase. For the enantiomeric derivatives examined, the new proline ester phase gave separations essentially equivalent to those obtained on the commercially available phase, carbonyl bis-(L-valine isopropyl ester). The fact that resolution was achieved on the new phase is evidence that, as has been previously suggested, the ester carbonyls of this type of phase are the significant sites of interaction with the antipodes undergoing separation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202045", "title": "Separation of thiazide diuretics and antihypertensive drugs by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A procedure is reported for the thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separation and identification of thiazide diuretics and other antihypertensive drugs. Several new solvent systems and a variety of possible detection reagents were examined. Twenty thiazides used routinely in therapy were successfully separated and identified. Use of the TLC systems and combinations of the detecting methods described should be useful for the identification of these drugs in biological fluids and in various dosage forms.", "contents": "Separation of thiazide diuretics and antihypertensive drugs by thin-layer chromatography. A procedure is reported for the thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separation and identification of thiazide diuretics and other antihypertensive drugs. Several new solvent systems and a variety of possible detection reagents were examined. Twenty thiazides used routinely in therapy were successfully separated and identified. Use of the TLC systems and combinations of the detecting methods described should be useful for the identification of these drugs in biological fluids and in various dosage forms."}
{"id": "PMID:1202046", "title": "Electron-capture gas chromatography of barbituric acids and diphenylhydantoin after pentafluorobenzylation.", "content": "Alkylation of barbituric acids and diphenylhydantoin with pentafluorobenzyl bromide is described; the reaction is quantitative in the presence of excess of triethylamine. The electron-capture detector response of the derivatives is high, ranging from 2 to 8 x 10(-17) moles/sec. The derivatives demonstrate excellent peak symmetry and are well suited to quantitative analysis. The structures of the derivatives have been confirmed by mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Electron-capture gas chromatography of barbituric acids and diphenylhydantoin after pentafluorobenzylation. Alkylation of barbituric acids and diphenylhydantoin with pentafluorobenzyl bromide is described; the reaction is quantitative in the presence of excess of triethylamine. The electron-capture detector response of the derivatives is high, ranging from 2 to 8 x 10(-17) moles/sec. The derivatives demonstrate excellent peak symmetry and are well suited to quantitative analysis. The structures of the derivatives have been confirmed by mass spectrometry."}
{"id": "PMID:1202047", "title": "Isolation and gas chromatographic characterization of some toxaphene components.", "content": "Column chromatography of technical toxaphene on activated alumina reproducibly yields eight major fractions from which 2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8,9,10-heptachlorobornane and 2,5,6-exo,8,8,9,10-heptachlorodihydrocamphene may be readily isolated by preparative gas--liquid chromatogrpahy. These and some other reported toxaphene components were characterized by gas--liquid chromatographic retentions relative to aldrin on packed columns of OV-101, OV-17, and QF-1, and on a capillary open-tubular column of OV-101. Structural assignments were revised for some components on the basis of retentions. The fractionation and isolation procedure may have general utility for separating toxaphene components, and the retention data form a convenient basis for component comparison.", "contents": "Isolation and gas chromatographic characterization of some toxaphene components. Column chromatography of technical toxaphene on activated alumina reproducibly yields eight major fractions from which 2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8,9,10-heptachlorobornane and 2,5,6-exo,8,8,9,10-heptachlorodihydrocamphene may be readily isolated by preparative gas--liquid chromatogrpahy. These and some other reported toxaphene components were characterized by gas--liquid chromatographic retentions relative to aldrin on packed columns of OV-101, OV-17, and QF-1, and on a capillary open-tubular column of OV-101. Structural assignments were revised for some components on the basis of retentions. The fractionation and isolation procedure may have general utility for separating toxaphene components, and the retention data form a convenient basis for component comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:1202048", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in urine.", "content": "The sensitivity achieved by the described thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method greatly exceeds that of previously published TLC methods for the determination of cocaine and its principal metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in urine. Sensitivity for cocaine and benzoylecgonine approaches 0.1 and 0.25 mug/ml, respectively, for a 5.0-ml specimen. A simple extraction with a mixed organic solvent provides the basic mechanism for isolating the drugs from biologic specimens. Cocaine and its metabolites are stable in sulfuric acid solutions but labile in aqueous media containing certain other inorganic and organic acids; therefore, an emphasis on the utilization of sulfuric acid solutions is employed throughout the procedure. An evaluation of sensitivities achieved for cocaine and benzoylecgonine by various detection reagents is presented. The technique is applicable to drug screening programs.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in urine. The sensitivity achieved by the described thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method greatly exceeds that of previously published TLC methods for the determination of cocaine and its principal metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in urine. Sensitivity for cocaine and benzoylecgonine approaches 0.1 and 0.25 mug/ml, respectively, for a 5.0-ml specimen. A simple extraction with a mixed organic solvent provides the basic mechanism for isolating the drugs from biologic specimens. Cocaine and its metabolites are stable in sulfuric acid solutions but labile in aqueous media containing certain other inorganic and organic acids; therefore, an emphasis on the utilization of sulfuric acid solutions is employed throughout the procedure. An evaluation of sensitivities achieved for cocaine and benzoylecgonine by various detection reagents is presented. The technique is applicable to drug screening programs."}
{"id": "PMID:1202054", "title": "Evaluation and selection of optimal solvents and solvent combinations in thin-layer chromatography. Application of the method to basic drugs.", "content": "A series of simple mathematical techniques for the evaluation of solvents and solvent combinations in thin-layer chromatography have been investigated. A strategy for the rapid selection of the optimum combination is proposed. It uses classification procedures based on calculation of the similarity between systems. The classification is carried out using a simple graph-theoretical procedure (Kruskal's algorithm) or numerical taxonomy. The selection of optimal sets from the clusters which appear in the classification is based on the information content as derived from Shannon's equation. The method has been applied to an RF data set for basic drugs. It is concluded that these methods indeed allow the selection of optimal systems or combination of systems.", "contents": "Evaluation and selection of optimal solvents and solvent combinations in thin-layer chromatography. Application of the method to basic drugs. A series of simple mathematical techniques for the evaluation of solvents and solvent combinations in thin-layer chromatography have been investigated. A strategy for the rapid selection of the optimum combination is proposed. It uses classification procedures based on calculation of the similarity between systems. The classification is carried out using a simple graph-theoretical procedure (Kruskal's algorithm) or numerical taxonomy. The selection of optimal sets from the clusters which appear in the classification is based on the information content as derived from Shannon's equation. The method has been applied to an RF data set for basic drugs. It is concluded that these methods indeed allow the selection of optimal systems or combination of systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1202055", "title": "The analysis of paraquat in urine by high-speed liquid chromatography.", "content": "The paraquat content of urine can be directly determined by high-speed liquid chromatography using ultraviolet spectrophotometric detection. The method separates paraquat (and diquat) from the ultraviolet-absorbing components of urine and no extraction or pre-treatment of the sample is required prior to analysis. Concentrations down to 100 mug/1 of paraquat in urine were determined. Quantitative results are in good agreement with those obtained by a colorimetric method. Diquat does not interfere with the analysis of paraquat, and it would also be possible to analyse diquat in paraquat-containing urine.", "contents": "The analysis of paraquat in urine by high-speed liquid chromatography. The paraquat content of urine can be directly determined by high-speed liquid chromatography using ultraviolet spectrophotometric detection. The method separates paraquat (and diquat) from the ultraviolet-absorbing components of urine and no extraction or pre-treatment of the sample is required prior to analysis. Concentrations down to 100 mug/1 of paraquat in urine were determined. Quantitative results are in good agreement with those obtained by a colorimetric method. Diquat does not interfere with the analysis of paraquat, and it would also be possible to analyse diquat in paraquat-containing urine."}
{"id": "PMID:1202056", "title": "Behaviour of cardiac glycosides and cardenolides related to digitoxigenin on sephadex LH-20.", "content": "The behaviour of six cardenolides and eight cardiac glycosides related to digitoxigenin during column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 gel has been investigated. Complete resolution was obtained for mixtures of digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin and digoxigenin, but not for those of the 3-epimeric cardenolides. It was possible to achieve a group separation of cardenolides and their glycosides of the digitoxigenin series from those of the digoxigenin or gitoxigenin series.", "contents": "Behaviour of cardiac glycosides and cardenolides related to digitoxigenin on sephadex LH-20. The behaviour of six cardenolides and eight cardiac glycosides related to digitoxigenin during column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 gel has been investigated. Complete resolution was obtained for mixtures of digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin and digoxigenin, but not for those of the 3-epimeric cardenolides. It was possible to achieve a group separation of cardenolides and their glycosides of the digitoxigenin series from those of the digoxigenin or gitoxigenin series."}
{"id": "PMID:1202057", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic assays of histamine and its metabolites in urine of man and dog.", "content": "A method for the extraction and quantitation of histamine and its metabolites from relatively small volumes of urine is described. It employs primarily ion-exchange and thin-layer chromatography and allows for quantitation in the mug range. Studies of atopic man and dog that employed this procedure yielded values comparable to those reported with gas chromatographic methods.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic assays of histamine and its metabolites in urine of man and dog. A method for the extraction and quantitation of histamine and its metabolites from relatively small volumes of urine is described. It employs primarily ion-exchange and thin-layer chromatography and allows for quantitation in the mug range. Studies of atopic man and dog that employed this procedure yielded values comparable to those reported with gas chromatographic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1202058", "title": "Sterols of scallop. I. Application of hydrophobic sephadex derivatives to the resolution of a complex mixture of marine sterols.", "content": "Column chromatography on a hydroxyalkoxypropyl derivative of Sephadex LH-20 and on Anasil B has been applied to the resolution of complex marine sterol mixture in combination with argentation thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. This approach permits isolation in quantity of individual sterols from a complex mixture and separation of sterol mixtures that were not resolved without the modified Sephadex step. Seventeen sterols were detected in the scallop Placopecten magellanicus. 24-Methyl-cholesterol, 24-ethyl-cholesterol, 24-methyl-22-dehydrocholesterol and 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, i.e. sterols whose configuration at C-24 had not been definitively established, were isolated in sufficient quantities for further study by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "contents": "Sterols of scallop. I. Application of hydrophobic sephadex derivatives to the resolution of a complex mixture of marine sterols. Column chromatography on a hydroxyalkoxypropyl derivative of Sephadex LH-20 and on Anasil B has been applied to the resolution of complex marine sterol mixture in combination with argentation thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. This approach permits isolation in quantity of individual sterols from a complex mixture and separation of sterol mixtures that were not resolved without the modified Sephadex step. Seventeen sterols were detected in the scallop Placopecten magellanicus. 24-Methyl-cholesterol, 24-ethyl-cholesterol, 24-methyl-22-dehydrocholesterol and 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, i.e. sterols whose configuration at C-24 had not been definitively established, were isolated in sufficient quantities for further study by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:1202059", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of reactions and structural relationships of steroids. IV. Substitution in the pregnane side-chain.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative effects of classical reactions on steroids observed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) under standardized conditions, including the double internal standard technique are reported. Simple procedures applicable to nanogram amounts of reactants are described. Reactions studied include the conversion of keto groups to hydroxyl groups by NaBH4, and to dioxolone derivatives by 1,2-diethanol; 17 alpha-hydroxylation of C20-ketosteroids; the conversion of hydroxyl groups to trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers by hexamethyldisilazane; the hydrolysis of dioxolone and TMS derivatives by H+. Effects of Wolff-Kishner reagents, and CrO3 were also studied. GLC chromatograms of reaction mixtures of single- and multistep reactions readily provide information on effects on functional groups at positions 3, 17, 20, and 21 in the pregnane series, and the retention times of many steroids unavailable from commercial and other sources. GLC data analysis provides relationships between steroid structure and retention time from which methods for the computation of retention times and for steroid identification are designed. The accuracy of the computation methods is demonstrated.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of reactions and structural relationships of steroids. IV. Substitution in the pregnane side-chain. Qualitative and quantitative effects of classical reactions on steroids observed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) under standardized conditions, including the double internal standard technique are reported. Simple procedures applicable to nanogram amounts of reactants are described. Reactions studied include the conversion of keto groups to hydroxyl groups by NaBH4, and to dioxolone derivatives by 1,2-diethanol; 17 alpha-hydroxylation of C20-ketosteroids; the conversion of hydroxyl groups to trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers by hexamethyldisilazane; the hydrolysis of dioxolone and TMS derivatives by H+. Effects of Wolff-Kishner reagents, and CrO3 were also studied. GLC chromatograms of reaction mixtures of single- and multistep reactions readily provide information on effects on functional groups at positions 3, 17, 20, and 21 in the pregnane series, and the retention times of many steroids unavailable from commercial and other sources. GLC data analysis provides relationships between steroid structure and retention time from which methods for the computation of retention times and for steroid identification are designed. The accuracy of the computation methods is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202060", "title": "Application of over-run thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography in the separation of closely related C19O2 steroids.", "content": "An improved method for the separation of epimeric C19O2 steroids and their related allylic alcohols is described. In this method, the steroids are first separated by over-run thin-layer chromatography, and the unresolved groups are further analysed as free or as trimethylsilyl ether derivatives by gas-liquid chromatography. The behaviour of twenty-one C19O2 steroids was investigated by thin-layer chromatography in four systems and by gas-liquid chromatography in four liquid phases. All steroid pairs of similar polarity were resolved by the combination of these two fractionation procedures.", "contents": "Application of over-run thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography in the separation of closely related C19O2 steroids. An improved method for the separation of epimeric C19O2 steroids and their related allylic alcohols is described. In this method, the steroids are first separated by over-run thin-layer chromatography, and the unresolved groups are further analysed as free or as trimethylsilyl ether derivatives by gas-liquid chromatography. The behaviour of twenty-one C19O2 steroids was investigated by thin-layer chromatography in four systems and by gas-liquid chromatography in four liquid phases. All steroid pairs of similar polarity were resolved by the combination of these two fractionation procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1202061", "title": "[Separation of the four diastereoisomers of 6-hydroxy-5, 6-dihydrothymidine formed by gama-radiolysis of thymidine in deaerateed aqueous solution (author's transl)].", "content": "The compounds produced by gamma irradiation of deaerated aqueous solutions of thymidine have been isolated by thin-layer chromatography. The separation of (+) and (-) trans and cis diastereoisomers of thymidine \"hydrates\" has been carried out. Correlations between conformations given by nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and RF values are discussed.", "contents": "[Separation of the four diastereoisomers of 6-hydroxy-5, 6-dihydrothymidine formed by gama-radiolysis of thymidine in deaerateed aqueous solution (author's transl)]. The compounds produced by gamma irradiation of deaerated aqueous solutions of thymidine have been isolated by thin-layer chromatography. The separation of (+) and (-) trans and cis diastereoisomers of thymidine \"hydrates\" has been carried out. Correlations between conformations given by nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and RF values are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202062", "title": "Analysis and purification of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate by means of thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) is nowadays accepted as a biocompatible, safe and stable hydrogel for medical use. In this paper, the use of thin-layer chromatography for the analysis and small-scale preparation of the initial monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, is described. Development on silica gel, with n-hexane-diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and/or n-hexane-isobutyl methyl ketone-n-octanol (9:2:1, v/v; saturated with 25% nitric acid) is recommended for qualitative analysis. Preparative-scale work is preferably carried out on sulphuric acid-impregnated silica gel, with n-hexane-diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) as mobile phase. Inhibitors are detected by thin-layer chromatography and a drop-test procedure with diazotised sulphanilic acid. The nature of the contaminants present in several commercial samples of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate is discussed. n20D values are reported for the system 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-water.", "contents": "Analysis and purification of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate by means of thin-layer chromatography. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) is nowadays accepted as a biocompatible, safe and stable hydrogel for medical use. In this paper, the use of thin-layer chromatography for the analysis and small-scale preparation of the initial monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, is described. Development on silica gel, with n-hexane-diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and/or n-hexane-isobutyl methyl ketone-n-octanol (9:2:1, v/v; saturated with 25% nitric acid) is recommended for qualitative analysis. Preparative-scale work is preferably carried out on sulphuric acid-impregnated silica gel, with n-hexane-diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) as mobile phase. Inhibitors are detected by thin-layer chromatography and a drop-test procedure with diazotised sulphanilic acid. The nature of the contaminants present in several commercial samples of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate is discussed. n20D values are reported for the system 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-water."}
{"id": "PMID:1202074", "title": "Gas chromatography of alpha-keto acids as their O-trimethyl silylquinoxalinol derivatives.", "content": "The O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) quinoxalinols are very useful derivatives for the gas chromatography of alpha-keto acids because of their high stability and the absence of stereoisomerism and because of the presence of specific, common and abundant fragments in electron impact mass spectra, which allows the low-level detection of whole groups of keto acids by single-ion detection. In this paper, the chromatographic properties of eleven O-TMS-quinoxalinols on OV-1, OV-17 and Dexsil 300 are reported in terms of methylene units. Also by use of methylene units, the chromatographic isotope effect is analyzed in detail for nine perdeutero-TMS derivatives. The effect is explained by the diminished interaction of the deuterated compounds with the unlabelled liquid phase.", "contents": "Gas chromatography of alpha-keto acids as their O-trimethyl silylquinoxalinol derivatives. The O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) quinoxalinols are very useful derivatives for the gas chromatography of alpha-keto acids because of their high stability and the absence of stereoisomerism and because of the presence of specific, common and abundant fragments in electron impact mass spectra, which allows the low-level detection of whole groups of keto acids by single-ion detection. In this paper, the chromatographic properties of eleven O-TMS-quinoxalinols on OV-1, OV-17 and Dexsil 300 are reported in terms of methylene units. Also by use of methylene units, the chromatographic isotope effect is analyzed in detail for nine perdeutero-TMS derivatives. The effect is explained by the diminished interaction of the deuterated compounds with the unlabelled liquid phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1202075", "title": "Identification of carcinogenic acetates of fluorenylhydroxamic acids by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method for the identification and quantitation of carcinogeniic O-acetates of fluorenylhydroxamic acids by high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. The adsorbent is Corasil II and a mixture of ethyl acetate-n-hexane (1:1) is used as the solvent. N-Acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide or N-acetoxy-3-fluorenylacetamide are separable as single peaks from N-acetoxy-4-fluorenylacetamide and from N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylbenzamide. The peak height traced by the recorder is linearly proportional to the amount of compound in the effluent. The method can be utilized for the detection of 0.1-1.0 mug of compound. The method has been used to identify the products of the decomposition of N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide in aqueous media.", "contents": "Identification of carcinogenic acetates of fluorenylhydroxamic acids by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A method for the identification and quantitation of carcinogeniic O-acetates of fluorenylhydroxamic acids by high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. The adsorbent is Corasil II and a mixture of ethyl acetate-n-hexane (1:1) is used as the solvent. N-Acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide or N-acetoxy-3-fluorenylacetamide are separable as single peaks from N-acetoxy-4-fluorenylacetamide and from N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylbenzamide. The peak height traced by the recorder is linearly proportional to the amount of compound in the effluent. The method can be utilized for the detection of 0.1-1.0 mug of compound. The method has been used to identify the products of the decomposition of N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide in aqueous media."}
{"id": "PMID:1202076", "title": "The determination of hydralazine in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A description is given of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of hydralazine in plasma. On treatment with nitrous acid, hydralazine is converted into tetrazolo[1,5-a]phthalazine, a stable compound that can be extracted from biological material with organic solvent and determined quantitiatively by gas-liquid chromatography. The 4-methyl analogue of hydralazine serves as internal standard for derivatization, extraction and gas chromatography. The sensitivity (10 ng per ml of plasma) is sufficient to monitor plasma levels in man after administration of single oral doses of 50 mg of Apresoline\u00bf. The known metabolites do not interfere.", "contents": "The determination of hydralazine in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. A description is given of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of hydralazine in plasma. On treatment with nitrous acid, hydralazine is converted into tetrazolo[1,5-a]phthalazine, a stable compound that can be extracted from biological material with organic solvent and determined quantitiatively by gas-liquid chromatography. The 4-methyl analogue of hydralazine serves as internal standard for derivatization, extraction and gas chromatography. The sensitivity (10 ng per ml of plasma) is sufficient to monitor plasma levels in man after administration of single oral doses of 50 mg of Apresoline\u00bf. The known metabolites do not interfere."}
{"id": "PMID:1202077", "title": "Evidence for two different modes of tripeptide disappearance in human intestine. Uptake by peptide carrier systems and hydrolysis by peptide hydrolases.", "content": "The intestinal fate of two tripeptides (triglycine and trileucine), which differ markedly in solubility and molecular weight, have been investigated by jejunal perfusion in healthy human volunteers. Rates of glycine or leucine uptake from test solutions containing triglycine or trileucine were greater than from test solutions containing corresponding amounts of free glycine or free leucine, respectively. The rate of glycine uptake from a 100 mM triglycine solution was greater than that from a 150 mM diglycine solution. At each infused load of triglycine (e.g., 1,000 mumol/min) the rates (micromoles/minutes per 30 cm) of either triglycine disappearance (810 +/- 40) or glycine absorption (2,208 +/- 122) were markedly greater than the luminal accumulation rates of either diglycine (56 +/- 10) or free glycine (110 +/- 18). The luminal accumulation rate of free leucine during infusion of a 5 mM trileucine solution was over threefold greater than that of free glycine during the infusion of a 5 mM triglycine solution. Luminal fluid exhibited no hydrolytic activity against triglycine, but contained some activity against trileucine. Saturation of free amino acid carrier system with a large load of leucine did not affect glycine absorption rate from a triglycine test solution, but isoleucine markedly inhibited the uptake from a trileucine solution. When the carrier system for dipeptides was saturated with a large amount of glycylleucine, the disappearance rate of triglycine was considerably reduced while that of trileucine remained unaffected. After addition of glycylleucine to tripeptide solutions, there was a minimal increase in the luminal accumulation of diglycine, while dileucine accumulation was incresed by 62-fold.", "contents": "Evidence for two different modes of tripeptide disappearance in human intestine. Uptake by peptide carrier systems and hydrolysis by peptide hydrolases. The intestinal fate of two tripeptides (triglycine and trileucine), which differ markedly in solubility and molecular weight, have been investigated by jejunal perfusion in healthy human volunteers. Rates of glycine or leucine uptake from test solutions containing triglycine or trileucine were greater than from test solutions containing corresponding amounts of free glycine or free leucine, respectively. The rate of glycine uptake from a 100 mM triglycine solution was greater than that from a 150 mM diglycine solution. At each infused load of triglycine (e.g., 1,000 mumol/min) the rates (micromoles/minutes per 30 cm) of either triglycine disappearance (810 +/- 40) or glycine absorption (2,208 +/- 122) were markedly greater than the luminal accumulation rates of either diglycine (56 +/- 10) or free glycine (110 +/- 18). The luminal accumulation rate of free leucine during infusion of a 5 mM trileucine solution was over threefold greater than that of free glycine during the infusion of a 5 mM triglycine solution. Luminal fluid exhibited no hydrolytic activity against triglycine, but contained some activity against trileucine. Saturation of free amino acid carrier system with a large load of leucine did not affect glycine absorption rate from a triglycine test solution, but isoleucine markedly inhibited the uptake from a trileucine solution. When the carrier system for dipeptides was saturated with a large amount of glycylleucine, the disappearance rate of triglycine was considerably reduced while that of trileucine remained unaffected. After addition of glycylleucine to tripeptide solutions, there was a minimal increase in the luminal accumulation of diglycine, while dileucine accumulation was incresed by 62-fold."}
{"id": "PMID:1202078", "title": "Metabolism of prostaglandins A1 and E1 in man.", "content": "To investigate the in vivo whole blood metabolic clearance rates and sites of metabolism of prostaglandins A1 and E1 in man, constant infusions of the tritiated compounds were administered to normal subjects and to patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The whole blood metabolic clearance rate of [3H]prostaglandin A1 in eight men was 5,003 +/- 864 liters/day (SD) or 2,546 +/- 513 liters/day per m2 (SD). Nonradioactive prostaglandin A1 was similarly infused in two subjects, and the metabolic clearance rates were determined, utilizing a specific radioimmunoassay. The clearance rates with this method correlated closely with those determined by the isotope infusions. Extraction studies of prostaglandin A1 showed that pulmonary, splanchnic, renal, and extremity perfusions resulted in 8.1 +/- 4.1, 56.1 +/- 10.1, 50.3 +/- 3.4, and 34.4 +/- 5.9% (SEM) removal, respectively. With [3H]=prostaglandin E1, the whole blood metabolic clearance rate was determined from the pulmonary artery concentration in three patients and averaged 4,832 +/- 1,518 liters/day (SD) or 2,686 +/- 654 liters/day per m2 (SD). Pulmonary extraction was 67.8 +/- 6.8% (SEM) and extremity removal averaged 6.6 +/- 4.9% (SEM). These results indicate that A prostaglandins are metabolized by several organs, such as the liver and kidney, and possibly by intravascular pathways as well. In man, the E prostaglandins are primarily metabolized by the lung, but extraction is not complete and approximately one-third may escape lung metabolism. Thus, these findings suggest that both E and A prostaglandins in the venous circulation may reach the systemic circulation in man.", "contents": "Metabolism of prostaglandins A1 and E1 in man. To investigate the in vivo whole blood metabolic clearance rates and sites of metabolism of prostaglandins A1 and E1 in man, constant infusions of the tritiated compounds were administered to normal subjects and to patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The whole blood metabolic clearance rate of [3H]prostaglandin A1 in eight men was 5,003 +/- 864 liters/day (SD) or 2,546 +/- 513 liters/day per m2 (SD). Nonradioactive prostaglandin A1 was similarly infused in two subjects, and the metabolic clearance rates were determined, utilizing a specific radioimmunoassay. The clearance rates with this method correlated closely with those determined by the isotope infusions. Extraction studies of prostaglandin A1 showed that pulmonary, splanchnic, renal, and extremity perfusions resulted in 8.1 +/- 4.1, 56.1 +/- 10.1, 50.3 +/- 3.4, and 34.4 +/- 5.9% (SEM) removal, respectively. With [3H]=prostaglandin E1, the whole blood metabolic clearance rate was determined from the pulmonary artery concentration in three patients and averaged 4,832 +/- 1,518 liters/day (SD) or 2,686 +/- 654 liters/day per m2 (SD). Pulmonary extraction was 67.8 +/- 6.8% (SEM) and extremity removal averaged 6.6 +/- 4.9% (SEM). These results indicate that A prostaglandins are metabolized by several organs, such as the liver and kidney, and possibly by intravascular pathways as well. In man, the E prostaglandins are primarily metabolized by the lung, but extraction is not complete and approximately one-third may escape lung metabolism. Thus, these findings suggest that both E and A prostaglandins in the venous circulation may reach the systemic circulation in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1202079", "title": "The relationship between regional myocardial perfusion at rest and arteriographic lesions in patients with coronary atherosclerosis.", "content": "Measurements of mean left ventricular (LV) and regional myocardial blood flow rates were made at rest in 161 patients with 133Xe and a multiplecrystal scintillation camera. Myocardial perfusion rates were correlated with assessments of the degree of coronary artery disease made from the arteriograms obtained during the same studies. In patients with normal coronary arteries without heart failure, the presence of hypertension, aortic stenosis, or aortic insufficiency was not associated with changes in mean LV perfusion from the control value of 61+/-7 ml/100 g-min. However, mean LV perfusion was significantly reduced in patients with normal coronary arteries who had cariomyopathy and impaired ventricular performance. Mean LV perfusion was not significantly different from control values in patients with \"mild\" coronary artery disease (less than 50% obstruction) or in patients with significant isolated disease (greater than 50% obstruction) of the left anterior descending (lad) artery. Significant reductions in mean LV perfusion were found in patients with greater than 50% obstruction of two coronary arteries (LAD + right or LAD + circumflex) and in patients with triple-vessel disease. The average perfusion rate for regions distal to LAD obstructions in patients with isolated LAD disease was not lower than the LAD perfusion in control patients, but was significantly reduced in patients with LAD + right coronary artery disease (43+/-14 ml/100 g-min). In the latter group average perfusion distal to the LAD lesion was significantly lower than the average regional perfusion rate for the remainder of the LV. However, the mean blood flow rate for the remainder of the LV was also significantly lower than control values despite the lack of significant circumflex disease. The data demonstrate that the presence of radiographically \"mild\" or significant isolated LAD coronary disease is not associated with reductions in mean LV perfusion at rest, but that mean LV perfusion is reduced in the presence of significant disease of two or three coronary artieries. None of the patients experienced angina during the resting studies and most had clinical evidence of ventricular failure. The observation of depressed LV perfusion in this group, as in the patients with cardiomyopathy, raises the possibility that a lowered resting blood supply may be adequate for a reduced level of performance of a diseased ventricle. The lack of selective reductions of regional perfusion at rest in the majority of the patients with LAD lesions suggests that regional myocardial blood flow must be measured during an intervention which increases myocardial oxygen consumption in order to assess the physiological significance of lesions which are observed at coronary arteriography.", "contents": "The relationship between regional myocardial perfusion at rest and arteriographic lesions in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Measurements of mean left ventricular (LV) and regional myocardial blood flow rates were made at rest in 161 patients with 133Xe and a multiplecrystal scintillation camera. Myocardial perfusion rates were correlated with assessments of the degree of coronary artery disease made from the arteriograms obtained during the same studies. In patients with normal coronary arteries without heart failure, the presence of hypertension, aortic stenosis, or aortic insufficiency was not associated with changes in mean LV perfusion from the control value of 61+/-7 ml/100 g-min. However, mean LV perfusion was significantly reduced in patients with normal coronary arteries who had cariomyopathy and impaired ventricular performance. Mean LV perfusion was not significantly different from control values in patients with \"mild\" coronary artery disease (less than 50% obstruction) or in patients with significant isolated disease (greater than 50% obstruction) of the left anterior descending (lad) artery. Significant reductions in mean LV perfusion were found in patients with greater than 50% obstruction of two coronary arteries (LAD + right or LAD + circumflex) and in patients with triple-vessel disease. The average perfusion rate for regions distal to LAD obstructions in patients with isolated LAD disease was not lower than the LAD perfusion in control patients, but was significantly reduced in patients with LAD + right coronary artery disease (43+/-14 ml/100 g-min). In the latter group average perfusion distal to the LAD lesion was significantly lower than the average regional perfusion rate for the remainder of the LV. However, the mean blood flow rate for the remainder of the LV was also significantly lower than control values despite the lack of significant circumflex disease. The data demonstrate that the presence of radiographically \"mild\" or significant isolated LAD coronary disease is not associated with reductions in mean LV perfusion at rest, but that mean LV perfusion is reduced in the presence of significant disease of two or three coronary artieries. None of the patients experienced angina during the resting studies and most had clinical evidence of ventricular failure. The observation of depressed LV perfusion in this group, as in the patients with cardiomyopathy, raises the possibility that a lowered resting blood supply may be adequate for a reduced level of performance of a diseased ventricle. The lack of selective reductions of regional perfusion at rest in the majority of the patients with LAD lesions suggests that regional myocardial blood flow must be measured during an intervention which increases myocardial oxygen consumption in order to assess the physiological significance of lesions which are observed at coronary arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:1202080", "title": "The purification and partial characterization of an insulin-like protein from human serum.", "content": "A preparative scheme has been developed for the purification of a trace protein in human serum exhibiting nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA). This scheme consisted of (a) adsorption chromatography of serum utilizing the sulfonic acid polystyrene resin, Dowex 50, at pH 6.8; (b) (200 gel filtration at pH 8.9; and (c) acrylamide gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous preparative system. Throughout all procedures, NSILA fractionated as a single molecular species approximating 90,000 mol wt. The purified protein exhibited a single band by disk gel electrophoresis, an isoelectric pH approximating 6.2, doublet bands of 90,000 mol mt by analytical sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and a biologic specific activity approximating 50 mU/mg. Serum somatomedin (sulfation factor) activtiy did not fractionate with NSILA in this scheme, and partially purified NSILA did not stimulate radiosulfate uptake into hypophysectomized rat costal cartilage. This protein appears to represent the major constituent of serum NSILA: its purification and partial characterization provides the first step towards elucidation of its metabolic role.", "contents": "The purification and partial characterization of an insulin-like protein from human serum. A preparative scheme has been developed for the purification of a trace protein in human serum exhibiting nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA). This scheme consisted of (a) adsorption chromatography of serum utilizing the sulfonic acid polystyrene resin, Dowex 50, at pH 6.8; (b) (200 gel filtration at pH 8.9; and (c) acrylamide gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous preparative system. Throughout all procedures, NSILA fractionated as a single molecular species approximating 90,000 mol wt. The purified protein exhibited a single band by disk gel electrophoresis, an isoelectric pH approximating 6.2, doublet bands of 90,000 mol mt by analytical sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and a biologic specific activity approximating 50 mU/mg. Serum somatomedin (sulfation factor) activtiy did not fractionate with NSILA in this scheme, and partially purified NSILA did not stimulate radiosulfate uptake into hypophysectomized rat costal cartilage. This protein appears to represent the major constituent of serum NSILA: its purification and partial characterization provides the first step towards elucidation of its metabolic role."}
{"id": "PMID:1202081", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on insulin binding, glucose transport, and glucose oxidation of isolated rat adipocytes.", "content": "We have studied the in vitro effects of dexamethasone on isolated rat adipocytes at concentrations of dexamethasone therapeutically achieved in man. Glucose oxidation, glucose transport, and insulin binding were assessed. In dexamethasone-treated cells, glucose oxidation was decreased by 30-40% both in the absence of insulin (basal state) and at low insulin levels (less than 25 mu/ML). At maximally effective insulin levels (over 100 muU/ml) no differences existed between control and treated cells. If glucose transport were the rate-limiting step for glucose oxidation in the basal state and at low (submaximal) insulin levels, but not at maximally effective insulin concentrations, then these data could be explained by postulating that dexamethasone has a direct affect on glucose transport and does not affect intracellular oxidative pathways. We tested this hypothesis by directly assessing glucose transport in dexamethasone-treated cells. Glucose transport was assessed by measuring the uptake of [14C]2-deoxy glucose. These studies demonstrated a 30-40% decrease in 2-deoxy glucose uptake by treated cells both in the basal state and at all insulin concentrations. Thus, a direct glucocorticoid effect on the glucose transport system seems to account for the decreased ability of dexamethasone-treated cells to oxidize glucose. Since dexamethasone treatment leads to decreased insulin binding to adipocytes in vivo, we examined the possibility that the in vitro decreases in insulin-mediated glucose transport could be due to decreased insulin receptors. Insulin binding to control and treated adipocytes was measured, and no differences were found. Therefore, in cntrast to previously reported in vivo studies, adipocytes treated in vitro with dexamethasone retain a normal ability to bind insulin. Thus, these studies suggest that all of the in vitro effects of dexamethasone on glucose oxidation are due to direct inhibition of the glucose transport system.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on insulin binding, glucose transport, and glucose oxidation of isolated rat adipocytes. We have studied the in vitro effects of dexamethasone on isolated rat adipocytes at concentrations of dexamethasone therapeutically achieved in man. Glucose oxidation, glucose transport, and insulin binding were assessed. In dexamethasone-treated cells, glucose oxidation was decreased by 30-40% both in the absence of insulin (basal state) and at low insulin levels (less than 25 mu/ML). At maximally effective insulin levels (over 100 muU/ml) no differences existed between control and treated cells. If glucose transport were the rate-limiting step for glucose oxidation in the basal state and at low (submaximal) insulin levels, but not at maximally effective insulin concentrations, then these data could be explained by postulating that dexamethasone has a direct affect on glucose transport and does not affect intracellular oxidative pathways. We tested this hypothesis by directly assessing glucose transport in dexamethasone-treated cells. Glucose transport was assessed by measuring the uptake of [14C]2-deoxy glucose. These studies demonstrated a 30-40% decrease in 2-deoxy glucose uptake by treated cells both in the basal state and at all insulin concentrations. Thus, a direct glucocorticoid effect on the glucose transport system seems to account for the decreased ability of dexamethasone-treated cells to oxidize glucose. Since dexamethasone treatment leads to decreased insulin binding to adipocytes in vivo, we examined the possibility that the in vitro decreases in insulin-mediated glucose transport could be due to decreased insulin receptors. Insulin binding to control and treated adipocytes was measured, and no differences were found. Therefore, in cntrast to previously reported in vivo studies, adipocytes treated in vitro with dexamethasone retain a normal ability to bind insulin. Thus, these studies suggest that all of the in vitro effects of dexamethasone on glucose oxidation are due to direct inhibition of the glucose transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:1202082", "title": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria and lead intoxication: the molecular basis for difference in cutaneous photosensitivity. I. Different rates of disappearance of protoporphyrin from the erythrocytes, both in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "In lead intoxication photosensitivity is usually absent, despite concentrations of protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes equal to or greater than in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Profound differences in the distribution of protoporphyrin in aging erythrocytes were demonstrated by age-dependent fractionation of cells on discontinuous density gradients. In erythropoietic protoporphyria the concentration of protoporphyrin declined extremely rapidly with erythrocyte age; the bulk of the protoporphyrin was lost in less than 3 days and the concentration of fluorescent erythrocytes in the gradient paralleled the decline of protoporphyrin. In lead intoxication the protoporphyrin concentration declined only slightly with cell aging and erythrocytes of all ages fluoresced. In the bone marrow from a patient with erythropoietic protoporphyria all reticulocytes, but only occasional late normoblasts, fluoresced, suggesting a single population. Sterile incubation in plasma (pH 7.5) demonstrated rapid diffusion of protoporphyrin from the erythrocytes in erythropoietic protoporphyria, but not in lead intoxication. Plasma protoporphyrin was elevated in erythropoietic protoporphyria, but not in lead intoxication. Estimates of the daily loss of protoporphyrin from erythropoietic tissue in erythropoietic proporphyria suggested an order of magnitude similar to the total blood protoporphyrin. Therefore, it is not necessary to postulate a preponderant extraerythropoietic source to explain the amount of fecal excretion. A significant amount of the diffused protoporphyrin probably reaches the skin with resulting photosensitivity. In contrast, in lead intoxication protoporphyrin remains within the erythrocyte throughout its life span ; there is no diffusion into the plasma and hence no photosensitivity.", "contents": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria and lead intoxication: the molecular basis for difference in cutaneous photosensitivity. I. Different rates of disappearance of protoporphyrin from the erythrocytes, both in vivo and in vitro. In lead intoxication photosensitivity is usually absent, despite concentrations of protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes equal to or greater than in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Profound differences in the distribution of protoporphyrin in aging erythrocytes were demonstrated by age-dependent fractionation of cells on discontinuous density gradients. In erythropoietic protoporphyria the concentration of protoporphyrin declined extremely rapidly with erythrocyte age; the bulk of the protoporphyrin was lost in less than 3 days and the concentration of fluorescent erythrocytes in the gradient paralleled the decline of protoporphyrin. In lead intoxication the protoporphyrin concentration declined only slightly with cell aging and erythrocytes of all ages fluoresced. In the bone marrow from a patient with erythropoietic protoporphyria all reticulocytes, but only occasional late normoblasts, fluoresced, suggesting a single population. Sterile incubation in plasma (pH 7.5) demonstrated rapid diffusion of protoporphyrin from the erythrocytes in erythropoietic protoporphyria, but not in lead intoxication. Plasma protoporphyrin was elevated in erythropoietic protoporphyria, but not in lead intoxication. Estimates of the daily loss of protoporphyrin from erythropoietic tissue in erythropoietic proporphyria suggested an order of magnitude similar to the total blood protoporphyrin. Therefore, it is not necessary to postulate a preponderant extraerythropoietic source to explain the amount of fecal excretion. A significant amount of the diffused protoporphyrin probably reaches the skin with resulting photosensitivity. In contrast, in lead intoxication protoporphyrin remains within the erythrocyte throughout its life span ; there is no diffusion into the plasma and hence no photosensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1202083", "title": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria and lead intoxication: the molecular basis for difference in cutaneous photosensitivity. II. Different binding of erythrocyte protoporphyrin to hemoglobin.", "content": "Acidic solvents extract the same porphyrin-protoporphyrin-from the erythrocytes of patients with either erythropoietic protoporphyria or lead intoxication. However, extractable protoporphyrin disappears rapidly, both in vivo and in vitro, from erythrocytes in erythropoietic protoporphyria but slowly, if at all, in lead intoxication. Consistent with these observations, fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the intracellular state of the erythrocyte protoporphyrin is different in the two diseases. Spectrofluorometric measurements coupled with fractionations and biochemical syntheses showed that in erythropoietic protoporphyria the protoporphyrin is bound as the free base to hemoglobin molecules at sites other than the heme binding sites. In lead intoxication the fluorescent porphyrin is also bound to hemoglobin but is present as zinc protoporphyrin. The data suggest that the zinc protoporphyrin is bound at heme binding sites. Acidic extraction solvents remove the chelated zinc, but zinc protoporphyrin may be extracted intact from erythrocytes with acetone, ethanol, or the detergent Ammonyx-LO.", "contents": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria and lead intoxication: the molecular basis for difference in cutaneous photosensitivity. II. Different binding of erythrocyte protoporphyrin to hemoglobin. Acidic solvents extract the same porphyrin-protoporphyrin-from the erythrocytes of patients with either erythropoietic protoporphyria or lead intoxication. However, extractable protoporphyrin disappears rapidly, both in vivo and in vitro, from erythrocytes in erythropoietic protoporphyria but slowly, if at all, in lead intoxication. Consistent with these observations, fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the intracellular state of the erythrocyte protoporphyrin is different in the two diseases. Spectrofluorometric measurements coupled with fractionations and biochemical syntheses showed that in erythropoietic protoporphyria the protoporphyrin is bound as the free base to hemoglobin molecules at sites other than the heme binding sites. In lead intoxication the fluorescent porphyrin is also bound to hemoglobin but is present as zinc protoporphyrin. The data suggest that the zinc protoporphyrin is bound at heme binding sites. Acidic extraction solvents remove the chelated zinc, but zinc protoporphyrin may be extracted intact from erythrocytes with acetone, ethanol, or the detergent Ammonyx-LO."}
{"id": "PMID:1202084", "title": "Clinical evaluation of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines in infants.", "content": "Group A and group C meningoccal polysaccharide vaccines were evaluated in infants. No significant local or systemic reactions were observed with 908 doses of vaccine given to 396 infants between 3 and 12 mo of age. The antibody response varied with the age of the infant, vaccine dose, molecular weight of vaccine, prior immunization with vaccine, and prior exposure to naturally occurring cross-reactive antigens. Only 7% of 3-mo-old infants had detectable antibody responses to primary immunization with 5-200 mug of A vaccine, presumably because of suppressive effects of high concentrations of maternal anti-A. More than 90% of 7- and 12-mo-old infants responded to A vaccine, achieving geometric mean anti-A concentrations of 0.38 and 0.98 mug/ml, respectively. The dose-response curve was flat between 10 and 200 mug of A vaccine. Geometric mean anti-A concentrations of 2.51 and 4.00 mug/ml were induced in 7- and 12-mo-old infants by booster injections of A vaccine. Approximately 90% of 3-mo-old infants had detectable antibody responses to primary immunization with C vaccine. The 100-mug dose appeared to be optimal, resulting in geometric mean anti-C concentrations of 0.49, 1.55, and 2.64 mug/ml in 3-, 7-, and 12-mo-old infants, respectively. Significant booster responses were not observed with C vaccine. Indeed, except for the 10-mug dose, booster injections of C vaccine in 7- and 12-mo-old infants resulted in lower anti-C concentrations than did primary immunizations.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines in infants. Group A and group C meningoccal polysaccharide vaccines were evaluated in infants. No significant local or systemic reactions were observed with 908 doses of vaccine given to 396 infants between 3 and 12 mo of age. The antibody response varied with the age of the infant, vaccine dose, molecular weight of vaccine, prior immunization with vaccine, and prior exposure to naturally occurring cross-reactive antigens. Only 7% of 3-mo-old infants had detectable antibody responses to primary immunization with 5-200 mug of A vaccine, presumably because of suppressive effects of high concentrations of maternal anti-A. More than 90% of 7- and 12-mo-old infants responded to A vaccine, achieving geometric mean anti-A concentrations of 0.38 and 0.98 mug/ml, respectively. The dose-response curve was flat between 10 and 200 mug of A vaccine. Geometric mean anti-A concentrations of 2.51 and 4.00 mug/ml were induced in 7- and 12-mo-old infants by booster injections of A vaccine. Approximately 90% of 3-mo-old infants had detectable antibody responses to primary immunization with C vaccine. The 100-mug dose appeared to be optimal, resulting in geometric mean anti-C concentrations of 0.49, 1.55, and 2.64 mug/ml in 3-, 7-, and 12-mo-old infants, respectively. Significant booster responses were not observed with C vaccine. Indeed, except for the 10-mug dose, booster injections of C vaccine in 7- and 12-mo-old infants resulted in lower anti-C concentrations than did primary immunizations."}
{"id": "PMID:1202085", "title": "Glucocorticoid levels in maternal and cord serum after prenatal betamethasone therapy to prevent respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Serum glucocorticoid levels were determined in 20 mothers and 43 premature infants who received prenatal betamethasone therapy for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Maternal betamethasone peaked at 75 microg cortisol equivalents per 100 ml 1 h after injection of 12 mg steroid and declined to half by 6 h. Betamethasone in cord blood was 14.3 microg cortisol equivalents per 100 ml at 1 h, decreased to a level of 4.7 at 20 h, and was not detected 2 days after a second dose at 24 h. After the second dose, the mean level of cortisol in cord blood was 5.9 microg per 100 ml compared with 13.05 microg per 100 ml (p less than 0.001) in untreated premature infants. The unbound glucocorticoid activity in treated infants delivered 1-10 h after the second dose (mean, 8.4 microg per 100 ml) is similar to the unbound cortisol level after birth in untreated premature infants who develop RDS. These findings indicate that (a) serum glucocorticoid levels in the physiologic stress range can induce lung maturation in the human and (b) antenatal treatment with this dose of betamethasone does not expose the human fetus to potentially harmful pharmacologic levels of steroid.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid levels in maternal and cord serum after prenatal betamethasone therapy to prevent respiratory distress syndrome. Serum glucocorticoid levels were determined in 20 mothers and 43 premature infants who received prenatal betamethasone therapy for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Maternal betamethasone peaked at 75 microg cortisol equivalents per 100 ml 1 h after injection of 12 mg steroid and declined to half by 6 h. Betamethasone in cord blood was 14.3 microg cortisol equivalents per 100 ml at 1 h, decreased to a level of 4.7 at 20 h, and was not detected 2 days after a second dose at 24 h. After the second dose, the mean level of cortisol in cord blood was 5.9 microg per 100 ml compared with 13.05 microg per 100 ml (p less than 0.001) in untreated premature infants. The unbound glucocorticoid activity in treated infants delivered 1-10 h after the second dose (mean, 8.4 microg per 100 ml) is similar to the unbound cortisol level after birth in untreated premature infants who develop RDS. These findings indicate that (a) serum glucocorticoid levels in the physiologic stress range can induce lung maturation in the human and (b) antenatal treatment with this dose of betamethasone does not expose the human fetus to potentially harmful pharmacologic levels of steroid."}
{"id": "PMID:1202086", "title": "Peripheral metabolism of insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide in the pregnant rat.", "content": "To clarify alterations in carbohydrate metabolism which occur in pregnancy, metabolic clearance rates of insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide were measured by the constant infusion technique in term-pregnant rats and in virgin littermates. In addition, placental permeability to these peptides was evaluated by simultaneous determination of their concentration in fetal blood, amniotic fluid, and maternal arterial blood and the renal extraction and excretion of insulin and C-peptide were determined during simultaneous studies of renal hemodynamics. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of insulin was higher (P less than 0.005) in pregnant animals (61.5+/-1.7 ml/min per kg nonconceptus body weight) than in virgin littermates (51.5+/-2.2 ml/min per kg). Insulin disappearance from the circulation after both single injection and discontinuance of a constant infusion was also faster in gravid animals. In contrast, the MCR of proinsulin and C-peptide, and the disappearance of C-peptide from the circulation were similar in pregnant and control rats. The placenta was virtually impermeable to each of the three polypeptides since their mean levels in both fetal blood and amniotic fluid did not exceed 2.5 ng/ml and were only minimally influenced by pharmacological concentrations as high as 60 ng/ml in the maternal circulation. The renal clearance of insulin (renal arteriovenous insulin difference X renal plasma flow) was lower, and its contribution to insulin MCR was less in pregnant animals than in controls (19.4+/-1.5% vs. 28.7+/-3.7%, P less than 0.05), whereas the renal clearance and renal clearance/MCR of C-peptide were similar in pregnant rats and virgin littermates. These results indicate that the peripheral metabolism of insulin is accelerated in pregnancy, while that of pro-insulin and C-peptide is unaffected. Since transplacental passage of insulin is negligible and its renal clearance is not increased, the enhanced MCR of insulin in pregnancy is due to increased metabolism at an extrarenal site probably within the placenta itself.", "contents": "Peripheral metabolism of insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide in the pregnant rat. To clarify alterations in carbohydrate metabolism which occur in pregnancy, metabolic clearance rates of insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide were measured by the constant infusion technique in term-pregnant rats and in virgin littermates. In addition, placental permeability to these peptides was evaluated by simultaneous determination of their concentration in fetal blood, amniotic fluid, and maternal arterial blood and the renal extraction and excretion of insulin and C-peptide were determined during simultaneous studies of renal hemodynamics. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of insulin was higher (P less than 0.005) in pregnant animals (61.5+/-1.7 ml/min per kg nonconceptus body weight) than in virgin littermates (51.5+/-2.2 ml/min per kg). Insulin disappearance from the circulation after both single injection and discontinuance of a constant infusion was also faster in gravid animals. In contrast, the MCR of proinsulin and C-peptide, and the disappearance of C-peptide from the circulation were similar in pregnant and control rats. The placenta was virtually impermeable to each of the three polypeptides since their mean levels in both fetal blood and amniotic fluid did not exceed 2.5 ng/ml and were only minimally influenced by pharmacological concentrations as high as 60 ng/ml in the maternal circulation. The renal clearance of insulin (renal arteriovenous insulin difference X renal plasma flow) was lower, and its contribution to insulin MCR was less in pregnant animals than in controls (19.4+/-1.5% vs. 28.7+/-3.7%, P less than 0.05), whereas the renal clearance and renal clearance/MCR of C-peptide were similar in pregnant rats and virgin littermates. These results indicate that the peripheral metabolism of insulin is accelerated in pregnancy, while that of pro-insulin and C-peptide is unaffected. Since transplacental passage of insulin is negligible and its renal clearance is not increased, the enhanced MCR of insulin in pregnancy is due to increased metabolism at an extrarenal site probably within the placenta itself."}
{"id": "PMID:1202087", "title": "Serum calcitonin-lowering effect of magnesium in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "The effect of magnesium chloride or magnesium sulfate infusion on circulating levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) was evaluated on nine occasions in three patients with metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. One patient was normocalcemic and had normal circulating levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), one patient was hypocalcemic and had surgical hypoparathyroidism, and one patient had mild to moderate hypercalcemia associated with bone metastases. The basal serum iPTH levels were undetectable in the latter two patients. In every instance magnesium administration produced a rapid and striking fall in circulating iCT and usually a detectable fall in serum calcium. During the hypermagnesemic state, serum iPTH fell from normal to undetectable in the patient with normal parathyroid function, while serum iPTH levels remained undetectable in the hypoparathyroid patient and in the patient with hypercalcemia associated with bone metastases. The results of these studies indicate that: (a) contrary to what has been reported in normal experimental animals, magnesium administration lowers circulating iCT in human subjects with thyroid medullary carcinoma and (b) the calcium-lowering effect produced by magnesium in patients with medullary carcinoma may, in part at least, be due to a redistribution of body calcium that is not mediated by the actions of either parathyroid hormone or clacitonin.", "contents": "Serum calcitonin-lowering effect of magnesium in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The effect of magnesium chloride or magnesium sulfate infusion on circulating levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) was evaluated on nine occasions in three patients with metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. One patient was normocalcemic and had normal circulating levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), one patient was hypocalcemic and had surgical hypoparathyroidism, and one patient had mild to moderate hypercalcemia associated with bone metastases. The basal serum iPTH levels were undetectable in the latter two patients. In every instance magnesium administration produced a rapid and striking fall in circulating iCT and usually a detectable fall in serum calcium. During the hypermagnesemic state, serum iPTH fell from normal to undetectable in the patient with normal parathyroid function, while serum iPTH levels remained undetectable in the hypoparathyroid patient and in the patient with hypercalcemia associated with bone metastases. The results of these studies indicate that: (a) contrary to what has been reported in normal experimental animals, magnesium administration lowers circulating iCT in human subjects with thyroid medullary carcinoma and (b) the calcium-lowering effect produced by magnesium in patients with medullary carcinoma may, in part at least, be due to a redistribution of body calcium that is not mediated by the actions of either parathyroid hormone or clacitonin."}
{"id": "PMID:1202088", "title": "Cytochemical localization of lysosomal enzymes in rat megakaryocytes and platelets.", "content": "Platelets secrete lysosmal enzymes during the \"platelet release reaction\" early in clot formation. This study was undertaken to identify primary lysosomes of platelets and to detemine their origin in megakaryocytes. Using electron microscopy and cytochemistry, we localized two lysosomal enzymes, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase, in megakaryocytes and platelets of normal and thrombocytopenic rats. In platelets and mature megakaryocytes, reaction product for both enzymes is confined to vesicles measuring 175-250 nm. These vesicles, which are primary lysosmes, first appear in the earliest recognizable megakaryocytes and increase in number during cellular maturation. In immature and maturing megakaryocytes, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase can also be demonstrated in an organell similar to GERL (Golgi-endoplasmic reticulumlysosome), i.e., single smooth-surfaced cisternal with associated vesicles near the stacked Golgi cisternae. Scant reaction product for acid phosphatase is also sometimes seen in Golgi cisternae and endoplasmic reticulum. No reaction product was found in alpha-granules at any stage of megakaryocyte maturation, nor in alpha- or serotonin granules of platelets. Thus, our findings indicate that the primay lysosomes of megakaryocytes and platelets are small vesicles derived from GERL early in megakaryocyte differentiation. They can be indentified only after cytochemical staining and are distinct from both alpha- and serotonin granules.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of lysosomal enzymes in rat megakaryocytes and platelets. Platelets secrete lysosmal enzymes during the \"platelet release reaction\" early in clot formation. This study was undertaken to identify primary lysosomes of platelets and to detemine their origin in megakaryocytes. Using electron microscopy and cytochemistry, we localized two lysosomal enzymes, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase, in megakaryocytes and platelets of normal and thrombocytopenic rats. In platelets and mature megakaryocytes, reaction product for both enzymes is confined to vesicles measuring 175-250 nm. These vesicles, which are primary lysosmes, first appear in the earliest recognizable megakaryocytes and increase in number during cellular maturation. In immature and maturing megakaryocytes, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase can also be demonstrated in an organell similar to GERL (Golgi-endoplasmic reticulumlysosome), i.e., single smooth-surfaced cisternal with associated vesicles near the stacked Golgi cisternae. Scant reaction product for acid phosphatase is also sometimes seen in Golgi cisternae and endoplasmic reticulum. No reaction product was found in alpha-granules at any stage of megakaryocyte maturation, nor in alpha- or serotonin granules of platelets. Thus, our findings indicate that the primay lysosomes of megakaryocytes and platelets are small vesicles derived from GERL early in megakaryocyte differentiation. They can be indentified only after cytochemical staining and are distinct from both alpha- and serotonin granules."}
{"id": "PMID:1202089", "title": "Williams trait. Human kininogen deficiency with diminished levels of plasminogen proactivator and prekallikrein associated with abnormalities of the Hageman factor-dependent pathways.", "content": "An asymptomatic woman (Ms. Williams) was found to have a severe abnormality in the surface-activated intrinsic coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kinin-generating pathways. Assays for known coagulation factors were nromal while Fletcher factor (pre-kallikrein) was 45%, insufficient to account for the observed markedly prolonged partial thromboplastin time. Plasminogen proactivator was present at 20% of normal levels and addition of highly purified plasminogen proactivator containing 10% plasminogen activator partially corrected the coagulation and fibrinolytic abnormalities but not the kinin-generating defect. This effect was due to its plasminogen activator content. In addition, Williams trait plasma failed to convert prekallilrein to lakkilrein or release kinin upon incubation with kaolin. Kininogen antigen was undetectable. When normal plasma was fractionated to identify the factor that corrects all the abnormalities in Williams trait plasma, the Williams factor was identified as a form of kininogen by its behavior on ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, disc gel electrophoresis, and elution from an anti-low molecular weight kininogen immunoadsorbent. High molecular weight kininogen as well as a subfraction of low molecular weight kininogen, possessed this corrective activity while the bulk of low molecular weight kininogen functioned only as a kallikrein substrate. Kininogen therefore is a critical factor required for the functioning of Hageman factor-dependent coagulation and fibrinolysis and for the activation of prekallikrein.", "contents": "Williams trait. Human kininogen deficiency with diminished levels of plasminogen proactivator and prekallikrein associated with abnormalities of the Hageman factor-dependent pathways. An asymptomatic woman (Ms. Williams) was found to have a severe abnormality in the surface-activated intrinsic coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kinin-generating pathways. Assays for known coagulation factors were nromal while Fletcher factor (pre-kallikrein) was 45%, insufficient to account for the observed markedly prolonged partial thromboplastin time. Plasminogen proactivator was present at 20% of normal levels and addition of highly purified plasminogen proactivator containing 10% plasminogen activator partially corrected the coagulation and fibrinolytic abnormalities but not the kinin-generating defect. This effect was due to its plasminogen activator content. In addition, Williams trait plasma failed to convert prekallilrein to lakkilrein or release kinin upon incubation with kaolin. Kininogen antigen was undetectable. When normal plasma was fractionated to identify the factor that corrects all the abnormalities in Williams trait plasma, the Williams factor was identified as a form of kininogen by its behavior on ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, disc gel electrophoresis, and elution from an anti-low molecular weight kininogen immunoadsorbent. High molecular weight kininogen as well as a subfraction of low molecular weight kininogen, possessed this corrective activity while the bulk of low molecular weight kininogen functioned only as a kallikrein substrate. Kininogen therefore is a critical factor required for the functioning of Hageman factor-dependent coagulation and fibrinolysis and for the activation of prekallikrein."}
{"id": "PMID:1202090", "title": "Effects of hippocampal stimulation on acquisition, extinction and generalization of conditioned suppression in the rat.", "content": "Rats implanted with electrodes in the dorsal or ventral hippocampus received posttrial stimulation in training sessions with footshock reinforcement. Afterdischarges without overt seizures were consistently without effect on the rate of acquisition of suppression of licking during an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS), although conditioning was retarded by the delivery of distracting stimuli following footshock. The rate of conditioning remained insensitive to elicitation of dorsal hippocampal afterdischarges (DHAD) despite subsequent alterations of session length, intertrial interval and preexposure to the CS. However, faster extinction of suppression occurred following DHAD, suggesting a limited but essential role of the hippocampus in addressing stored information.", "contents": "Effects of hippocampal stimulation on acquisition, extinction and generalization of conditioned suppression in the rat. Rats implanted with electrodes in the dorsal or ventral hippocampus received posttrial stimulation in training sessions with footshock reinforcement. Afterdischarges without overt seizures were consistently without effect on the rate of acquisition of suppression of licking during an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS), although conditioning was retarded by the delivery of distracting stimuli following footshock. The rate of conditioning remained insensitive to elicitation of dorsal hippocampal afterdischarges (DHAD) despite subsequent alterations of session length, intertrial interval and preexposure to the CS. However, faster extinction of suppression occurred following DHAD, suggesting a limited but essential role of the hippocampus in addressing stored information."}
{"id": "PMID:1202091", "title": "Active avoidance behavior following archistriatal lesions in pigeons.", "content": "Experiment 1 examined the performance of 10 pigeons, 5 with bilateral medial archistriatal lesions and 5 sham-operated controls, in the acquisition and maintnenance of a discrete-press avoidance response. The archistriatal subjects had longer response latencies and never attained the level of performance achieved by the controls. In Experiment 2 eight pigeons learned a treadle-press response to avoid or escape shock on a signaled free-operant schedule. After 17 daily sessions four subjects received bilateral lesions in the medial archistriatum, and four received control lesions in the neostriatum. After recovery from surgery, all subjects were returned to the experimental procedure. Avoidance of those subjects with archistriatal lesions was impaired relative to the postoperative level while that of the control group was unchanged. These results are interpreted in the light of earlier experiments showing reduced escape and avoidance behavior both in order avian species and in mammals with lesions in the amygdala, to which the archistriatum is considered homologous.", "contents": "Active avoidance behavior following archistriatal lesions in pigeons. Experiment 1 examined the performance of 10 pigeons, 5 with bilateral medial archistriatal lesions and 5 sham-operated controls, in the acquisition and maintnenance of a discrete-press avoidance response. The archistriatal subjects had longer response latencies and never attained the level of performance achieved by the controls. In Experiment 2 eight pigeons learned a treadle-press response to avoid or escape shock on a signaled free-operant schedule. After 17 daily sessions four subjects received bilateral lesions in the medial archistriatum, and four received control lesions in the neostriatum. After recovery from surgery, all subjects were returned to the experimental procedure. Avoidance of those subjects with archistriatal lesions was impaired relative to the postoperative level while that of the control group was unchanged. These results are interpreted in the light of earlier experiments showing reduced escape and avoidance behavior both in order avian species and in mammals with lesions in the amygdala, to which the archistriatum is considered homologous."}
{"id": "PMID:1202092", "title": "Form preferences in successive discrimination learning of young chicks.", "content": "In four experiments the effects of form and orientation pecking preferences of 1- and 3-day old Vantress X Arbor Acre chicks on successive discrimination learning were determined, using heat reinforcement. Major findings were as follows: (a) The young chick has both circle and verticle orientation pecking preferences that are present during at least the first 3 days after hatching; (b) when either of these preferred cues is the nonreinforced cue, the young chick has difficulty in learning not to respond to it but learns quickly not to respond to an unpreferred cue (e.g., triangle and horizontal oriented dots or bar); and (c) these pecking preferences can be modified by heat reinforcement, and the effects of this conditioning is evidenct in subsequent extinction and retention tests. The main conclusion from these experiments is that form and orientation preferences, like brightness and color preferences, are important developmental constraints on conditioning of the young chick.", "contents": "Form preferences in successive discrimination learning of young chicks. In four experiments the effects of form and orientation pecking preferences of 1- and 3-day old Vantress X Arbor Acre chicks on successive discrimination learning were determined, using heat reinforcement. Major findings were as follows: (a) The young chick has both circle and verticle orientation pecking preferences that are present during at least the first 3 days after hatching; (b) when either of these preferred cues is the nonreinforced cue, the young chick has difficulty in learning not to respond to it but learns quickly not to respond to an unpreferred cue (e.g., triangle and horizontal oriented dots or bar); and (c) these pecking preferences can be modified by heat reinforcement, and the effects of this conditioning is evidenct in subsequent extinction and retention tests. The main conclusion from these experiments is that form and orientation preferences, like brightness and color preferences, are important developmental constraints on conditioning of the young chick."}
{"id": "PMID:1202093", "title": "Latent inhibition and stimulus generalization of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) following dorsal hippocampal ablation.", "content": "Rabbits received  0 to 450 exposures of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) prior to classical defensive conditioning of the nicitating membrane response based on an infraorbital eye shock unconditioned stimulus. Tone preexposure resulted in retarded conditioning in normal rabbits. This latent inhibition effect was not present in animals with bilateral dorsal hippocampectomy produced by aspiration. Control animals with bilateral neocortical and callosal aspiration lesions demonstrated a latent inhibition effect similar to that shown by normal nonoperated animals. The failure of CS preexposure to retard conditioning in hippocampal rabbits was not due to differences in threshold of the conditioned response to the CS or to differences in response mechanisms as determined by tests of habituation and dishabituation of the unconditioned response. A subsequent experiment employed combined-cue summation tests to confirm the fact that preexposure did not endow the tone with conditioned as well as latent inhibitiory properties. Finally, tests of stimulus generalization along the auditory frequency dimension indicated flatter relative gradients for hippocampals than for nonoperated controls, with cortical controls in between. These findings were discussed in terms of Douglas' model of hippocampal function.", "contents": "Latent inhibition and stimulus generalization of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) following dorsal hippocampal ablation. Rabbits received  0 to 450 exposures of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) prior to classical defensive conditioning of the nicitating membrane response based on an infraorbital eye shock unconditioned stimulus. Tone preexposure resulted in retarded conditioning in normal rabbits. This latent inhibition effect was not present in animals with bilateral dorsal hippocampectomy produced by aspiration. Control animals with bilateral neocortical and callosal aspiration lesions demonstrated a latent inhibition effect similar to that shown by normal nonoperated animals. The failure of CS preexposure to retard conditioning in hippocampal rabbits was not due to differences in threshold of the conditioned response to the CS or to differences in response mechanisms as determined by tests of habituation and dishabituation of the unconditioned response. A subsequent experiment employed combined-cue summation tests to confirm the fact that preexposure did not endow the tone with conditioned as well as latent inhibitiory properties. Finally, tests of stimulus generalization along the auditory frequency dimension indicated flatter relative gradients for hippocampals than for nonoperated controls, with cortical controls in between. These findings were discussed in terms of Douglas' model of hippocampal function."}
{"id": "PMID:1202094", "title": "Effects of early exposure to ventral gland odor on physical and behavioral development and adult social behavior in Mongolian gerbils.", "content": "Comparisons were made between male and female gerbils reared by ventral gland-excised and intact patents. Repeated measurements before and after puberty failed to reveal an effect of gland odor exposure on body weight, ventral gland size, open-field defecation, and time of vaginal opening. Exposed animals were more attracted than nonexposed animals to a strange male's gland odor during preference tests involving \"marked\" and \"unmarked\" paper strips. Opposite-sex pairs of exposed animals engaged in more social behavior than did nonexposed pairs, but there was no difference in fighting frequency or, during extended cohabiitation, in fecundity. While early exposure to gland odor apparently does not affect physical maturation, it may enhance later responsiveness to stimuli (gland odors) that are useful in locating conspecifics and that facilitate social interactions between previously unacquainted gerbils.", "contents": "Effects of early exposure to ventral gland odor on physical and behavioral development and adult social behavior in Mongolian gerbils. Comparisons were made between male and female gerbils reared by ventral gland-excised and intact patents. Repeated measurements before and after puberty failed to reveal an effect of gland odor exposure on body weight, ventral gland size, open-field defecation, and time of vaginal opening. Exposed animals were more attracted than nonexposed animals to a strange male's gland odor during preference tests involving \"marked\" and \"unmarked\" paper strips. Opposite-sex pairs of exposed animals engaged in more social behavior than did nonexposed pairs, but there was no difference in fighting frequency or, during extended cohabiitation, in fecundity. While early exposure to gland odor apparently does not affect physical maturation, it may enhance later responsiveness to stimuli (gland odors) that are useful in locating conspecifics and that facilitate social interactions between previously unacquainted gerbils."}
{"id": "PMID:1202095", "title": "Effects of obesity and set point on taste responsiveness and ingestion in humans.", "content": "Two experiments investigated the relationships among degree of obesity, nearness to set point for adipose tissue mass, and responsiveness to taste. In Experiment 1, subjects rated milkshakes varying in sweetness intensity. Overweight and normal weight subjects did not have significantly different detection thresholds or preference ratings. However, overweight subjects worked longer than normals to obtain their most preferred substance. Experiment 2 varied the ease of tasting the milkshake. Preference and food intake of moderately overweight subjects were significantly more influenced by tastes that they found positive and negative than was the preference of normal weight or obese subjects. The ease of ingesting the taste substance also significantly influenced preference and food intake of the moderately obese only. Nearness to set point, operationally defined as weight stability for 2 years, had no significant effects.", "contents": "Effects of obesity and set point on taste responsiveness and ingestion in humans. Two experiments investigated the relationships among degree of obesity, nearness to set point for adipose tissue mass, and responsiveness to taste. In Experiment 1, subjects rated milkshakes varying in sweetness intensity. Overweight and normal weight subjects did not have significantly different detection thresholds or preference ratings. However, overweight subjects worked longer than normals to obtain their most preferred substance. Experiment 2 varied the ease of tasting the milkshake. Preference and food intake of moderately overweight subjects were significantly more influenced by tastes that they found positive and negative than was the preference of normal weight or obese subjects. The ease of ingesting the taste substance also significantly influenced preference and food intake of the moderately obese only. Nearness to set point, operationally defined as weight stability for 2 years, had no significant effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1202096", "title": "Mathematical analysis of energy regulatory pattens of normal and diabetic rats.", "content": "Analysis of feeding patterns indicated that diabetic (alloxan) hyperphagia is characterized by doubling of meal sizes with no change in feeding frequency. Correlation of meal sizes and intermeal intervals did not provide any systematic relationships for either normal or diabetic rats. When equations of the general form Y = A + Bcos (X) were fit to successive satiety ratios (postmeal interval/meal size), the diabetic rats showed significantly lower A coefficients, reflecting a lower average level of satiety, as well as significantly lower B coefficients, reflecting less systematic variability in the satiating value of food around the average level. It is concluded that the major regulatory deficit in diabetic animals is a chronic reduction in the long-term signal of body nutrient repletion.", "contents": "Mathematical analysis of energy regulatory pattens of normal and diabetic rats. Analysis of feeding patterns indicated that diabetic (alloxan) hyperphagia is characterized by doubling of meal sizes with no change in feeding frequency. Correlation of meal sizes and intermeal intervals did not provide any systematic relationships for either normal or diabetic rats. When equations of the general form Y = A + Bcos (X) were fit to successive satiety ratios (postmeal interval/meal size), the diabetic rats showed significantly lower A coefficients, reflecting a lower average level of satiety, as well as significantly lower B coefficients, reflecting less systematic variability in the satiating value of food around the average level. It is concluded that the major regulatory deficit in diabetic animals is a chronic reduction in the long-term signal of body nutrient repletion."}
{"id": "PMID:1202097", "title": "Effects of d- versus l-amphetamine, food deprivation, and current intensity on self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, and medial frontal cortex of the rat.", "content": "Intracranial sefl-stimulation (ICSS) was studied in rats with chronically implanted lateral hypothalamic, substantia nigra, or medial frontal cortex bipolar electrodes. A comparison of the effects of d- and l-amphetamine on ICSS response rate indicated that the d isomer had a greater facilitatory effect than the l isomer at lateral hypothalamic and substantia nigra electrode sites but that neither isomer significantly affected medial frontal cortex ICSS. d-Amphetamine resulted in a dose-related increase in motor activity, but the same doses of the l isomer resulted in decreased motor activity. Only lateral hypothalamic ICSS response rates increased significantly in response to food deprivation. Increases in current intensity above the level used for amphetamine and food-deprivation testing facilitated lateral hypothalamic and substantia nigra ICSS response rates but did not significantly affect medial frontal cortex response rates. The responsiveness of ICSS at each electrode site appeared to be correlated with the fiber- and cell-body densities of catecholaminergic systems in the brain.", "contents": "Effects of d- versus l-amphetamine, food deprivation, and current intensity on self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, and medial frontal cortex of the rat. Intracranial sefl-stimulation (ICSS) was studied in rats with chronically implanted lateral hypothalamic, substantia nigra, or medial frontal cortex bipolar electrodes. A comparison of the effects of d- and l-amphetamine on ICSS response rate indicated that the d isomer had a greater facilitatory effect than the l isomer at lateral hypothalamic and substantia nigra electrode sites but that neither isomer significantly affected medial frontal cortex ICSS. d-Amphetamine resulted in a dose-related increase in motor activity, but the same doses of the l isomer resulted in decreased motor activity. Only lateral hypothalamic ICSS response rates increased significantly in response to food deprivation. Increases in current intensity above the level used for amphetamine and food-deprivation testing facilitated lateral hypothalamic and substantia nigra ICSS response rates but did not significantly affect medial frontal cortex response rates. The responsiveness of ICSS at each electrode site appeared to be correlated with the fiber- and cell-body densities of catecholaminergic systems in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1202098", "title": "Phenylpropanolamine inhibits feeding, but not drinking, induced by hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "In rats bearing lateral hypothalamic electrodes that elicited both feeding and drinking, intraperitoneal injection of the appetite suppressant drug phenylpropanolamine (Propadrine) inhibited only feeding. This occurred whether feeding and drinking were tested simultaneously or separately. Selective inhibition of lateral hypothalamic feeding also followed injection of this drug through lateral, but not medial, hypothalamic electrode cannulas. We conclude that hypothalamically induced feeding is under some of the same pharmacological controls as spontaneous feeding, that this control may be exerted, in part, in or near the lateral hypothalamus, and that the neural systems which induce feeding and drinking during hypothalamic stimulation can be pharmacologically separated.", "contents": "Phenylpropanolamine inhibits feeding, but not drinking, induced by hypothalamic stimulation. In rats bearing lateral hypothalamic electrodes that elicited both feeding and drinking, intraperitoneal injection of the appetite suppressant drug phenylpropanolamine (Propadrine) inhibited only feeding. This occurred whether feeding and drinking were tested simultaneously or separately. Selective inhibition of lateral hypothalamic feeding also followed injection of this drug through lateral, but not medial, hypothalamic electrode cannulas. We conclude that hypothalamically induced feeding is under some of the same pharmacological controls as spontaneous feeding, that this control may be exerted, in part, in or near the lateral hypothalamus, and that the neural systems which induce feeding and drinking during hypothalamic stimulation can be pharmacologically separated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202099", "title": "Cholinergic modulation of tonic immobility in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).", "content": "The present study was performed to determine the effects of the anticholinergic agent scopolamine and the cholinergic agent physostigmine on tonic immobility in rabbits. Recordings of the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity from cortex and hippocampus were also made before, during, and after each test session. Scopolamine significantly prolonged the response and produced large amplitude slow wave activity in the EEG of both cortex and hippocampus. Physostigmine significantly shortened the duration of immobility and increased rhythmic slow activity in the frequency range of 5.5-9.1 Hz in the hippocampus while producing a desynchronized cortical rhythm. It is suggested that the cortex and hippocampus play a role in modulating tonic immobility duration by inhibiting the brain-stem structures thought to control this response.", "contents": "Cholinergic modulation of tonic immobility in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The present study was performed to determine the effects of the anticholinergic agent scopolamine and the cholinergic agent physostigmine on tonic immobility in rabbits. Recordings of the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity from cortex and hippocampus were also made before, during, and after each test session. Scopolamine significantly prolonged the response and produced large amplitude slow wave activity in the EEG of both cortex and hippocampus. Physostigmine significantly shortened the duration of immobility and increased rhythmic slow activity in the frequency range of 5.5-9.1 Hz in the hippocampus while producing a desynchronized cortical rhythm. It is suggested that the cortex and hippocampus play a role in modulating tonic immobility duration by inhibiting the brain-stem structures thought to control this response."}
{"id": "PMID:1202100", "title": "Telson reflex habituation in Limulus polyphemus.", "content": "Muscle correlates of reflex telson movement were recorded in intact Limulus (horseshoe crab) preparations with chronically implanted microelectrodes. Muscle activity habituated during repetitive tactile stimulation of the gills with puffs of air. Dishabituation was also observed, as were inverse relationships between the frequency and intensity of stimulation and the rate of response decrement. These findings closely paralleled those obtained during central recordings in acute dissected preparations, as did the demonstration under certain stimulation conditions of an initial incremental phase of responsivity. Although initial levels of responsivity recovered after 1 hr without stimulation, potentiation of habituation was observable after 2 hr. Both of these times greatly exceeded those previously observed in acute preparations. No generalization to a spatial displacement of the stimulus was obtained, although a visually elicited telson reflex had been shown to demonstrate a cross-optic generalization. Aspects of the comparative strategy and the adaptive value of telson reflex habituation in Limulus were briefly considered.", "contents": "Telson reflex habituation in Limulus polyphemus. Muscle correlates of reflex telson movement were recorded in intact Limulus (horseshoe crab) preparations with chronically implanted microelectrodes. Muscle activity habituated during repetitive tactile stimulation of the gills with puffs of air. Dishabituation was also observed, as were inverse relationships between the frequency and intensity of stimulation and the rate of response decrement. These findings closely paralleled those obtained during central recordings in acute dissected preparations, as did the demonstration under certain stimulation conditions of an initial incremental phase of responsivity. Although initial levels of responsivity recovered after 1 hr without stimulation, potentiation of habituation was observable after 2 hr. Both of these times greatly exceeded those previously observed in acute preparations. No generalization to a spatial displacement of the stimulus was obtained, although a visually elicited telson reflex had been shown to demonstrate a cross-optic generalization. Aspects of the comparative strategy and the adaptive value of telson reflex habituation in Limulus were briefly considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1202101", "title": "Scotopic sensitivity in coyotes (Canis latrans).", "content": "The absolute scotopic limen for light intensity was measured for three 10-mo-old female coyotes. The methodology was similar to that used by Blough in determining psychophysical thresholds in pigeons. Three coyotes were operantly conditioned to depress one of two foot treadles, left or right, depending on the condition of the stimulus light. Scotopic adaptation curves for each coyote were generated. Nonlinear regression curves were then fitted to the raw data. The mean scotopic thresholds did not differ significantly. However, time to the curves' asymptotes did differ significantly for one of the coyotes. The adaptation curves showed a distinct rod-cone \"break,\" and retinal histology confirmed that the coyote has a duplex retina with a preponderance of rods. In addition, electroretinographic analysis showed the relative contributions of rods and cones at various light intensities and indicated a rod-cone break at approximately 15 min. Scotopic spectral sensitivity curves were also generated. The coyotes' scotopic visual threshold is exceeded by the natural illumination available under many nocturnal conditions. The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of the species.", "contents": "Scotopic sensitivity in coyotes (Canis latrans). The absolute scotopic limen for light intensity was measured for three 10-mo-old female coyotes. The methodology was similar to that used by Blough in determining psychophysical thresholds in pigeons. Three coyotes were operantly conditioned to depress one of two foot treadles, left or right, depending on the condition of the stimulus light. Scotopic adaptation curves for each coyote were generated. Nonlinear regression curves were then fitted to the raw data. The mean scotopic thresholds did not differ significantly. However, time to the curves' asymptotes did differ significantly for one of the coyotes. The adaptation curves showed a distinct rod-cone \"break,\" and retinal histology confirmed that the coyote has a duplex retina with a preponderance of rods. In addition, electroretinographic analysis showed the relative contributions of rods and cones at various light intensities and indicated a rod-cone break at approximately 15 min. Scotopic spectral sensitivity curves were also generated. The coyotes' scotopic visual threshold is exceeded by the natural illumination available under many nocturnal conditions. The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of the species."}
{"id": "PMID:1202102", "title": "The peripheral unconditioned stimulus pathway in a model learning system involving defensively conditioned heart rate change in the pigeon.", "content": "The peripheral pathway transmitting the unconditioned stimulus information is described in a vertebrate model system for studying learning-visually conditioned heart rate change in the pigeon. In this system footshock serves as the unconditioned stimulus, and it is shown that the effective stimulation field of this stimulus, defined with respect to the unconditioned cardioacceleratory response, includes cutaneous dermatomes 21-25 (L1-Sl). The stimulus information is then transmitted by Group III and IV fibers in portions of the femoral and sciatic nerves which enter the spinal cord over segments 21-25. Further, it is shown that interrupting this pathway by section of dorsal roots 21-25 precludes establishing conditioned heart rate change with footshock as the unconditioned stimulus.", "contents": "The peripheral unconditioned stimulus pathway in a model learning system involving defensively conditioned heart rate change in the pigeon. The peripheral pathway transmitting the unconditioned stimulus information is described in a vertebrate model system for studying learning-visually conditioned heart rate change in the pigeon. In this system footshock serves as the unconditioned stimulus, and it is shown that the effective stimulation field of this stimulus, defined with respect to the unconditioned cardioacceleratory response, includes cutaneous dermatomes 21-25 (L1-Sl). The stimulus information is then transmitted by Group III and IV fibers in portions of the femoral and sciatic nerves which enter the spinal cord over segments 21-25. Further, it is shown that interrupting this pathway by section of dorsal roots 21-25 precludes establishing conditioned heart rate change with footshock as the unconditioned stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:1202103", "title": "Effect of ventromedial hypothalamic procaine injections on feeding, lever pressing, and other behavior in rats.", "content": "Rats were given bilateral injections of 1-2 mul procaine HCl solution (50 mug/mul) in the region of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Normal-sized meals occurred reliably with a latency of 16-120 sec, indicating that this region has the function of inhibiting onset of eating, not just the function of stopping a meal. Food-rewarded fixed-ratio-of-one (FR 1; continuous reinforcement) lever pressing was elicited by 2-mul but not by 1-mul procaine. The FR 64 pressing appeared to be disrupted during a period of increased activity following procaine injection, although visual observations indicated that the pressing which did occur was normal in topography and was significantly associated in temporal sequence with approaches of the food magazine.", "contents": "Effect of ventromedial hypothalamic procaine injections on feeding, lever pressing, and other behavior in rats. Rats were given bilateral injections of 1-2 mul procaine HCl solution (50 mug/mul) in the region of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Normal-sized meals occurred reliably with a latency of 16-120 sec, indicating that this region has the function of inhibiting onset of eating, not just the function of stopping a meal. Food-rewarded fixed-ratio-of-one (FR 1; continuous reinforcement) lever pressing was elicited by 2-mul but not by 1-mul procaine. The FR 64 pressing appeared to be disrupted during a period of increased activity following procaine injection, although visual observations indicated that the pressing which did occur was normal in topography and was significantly associated in temporal sequence with approaches of the food magazine."}
{"id": "PMID:1202104", "title": "Peripheral control of drinking: gastrointestinal filling as a negative feedback signal, a theoretical and experimental analysis.", "content": "The studies described here investigated the hypothesis that the osmotic postingestional satiety signal proposed by McCleary operates through a mechanism related to gut filling rather than by osmotically induced shifts of fluid from osmoreceptors in the brain. A control theory model is presented, which was designed to make quantitatively explicit the hypothesis under question. The results showed that when mannitol, which is not absorbed from the intestine, is added to a highly palatable saccharin-glucose mixture, the amount of fluid consumed decreased in inverse proportion to the mannitol concentration. Mannitol was also shown to block fluid absorption from the intestine at a low concentration (approximately .070 M) and at higher concentrations to lead to a net flux of fluid into the intestinal lumen. It was also shown that mannitol in concentrations that reduced the intake of the palatable solution did not induce thirst when the animals were in water balance. It did induce thirst, however, when the animals were tested in a state of negative water balance. The results of these studies, considered as a whole, support the view that McCleary's osmotic postingestional satiety signal acts as an intestinal distention signal rather than by inducing thirst. The model is found to be reasonably accurate as a first approximation, and suggestions are made for improvements.", "contents": "Peripheral control of drinking: gastrointestinal filling as a negative feedback signal, a theoretical and experimental analysis. The studies described here investigated the hypothesis that the osmotic postingestional satiety signal proposed by McCleary operates through a mechanism related to gut filling rather than by osmotically induced shifts of fluid from osmoreceptors in the brain. A control theory model is presented, which was designed to make quantitatively explicit the hypothesis under question. The results showed that when mannitol, which is not absorbed from the intestine, is added to a highly palatable saccharin-glucose mixture, the amount of fluid consumed decreased in inverse proportion to the mannitol concentration. Mannitol was also shown to block fluid absorption from the intestine at a low concentration (approximately .070 M) and at higher concentrations to lead to a net flux of fluid into the intestinal lumen. It was also shown that mannitol in concentrations that reduced the intake of the palatable solution did not induce thirst when the animals were in water balance. It did induce thirst, however, when the animals were tested in a state of negative water balance. The results of these studies, considered as a whole, support the view that McCleary's osmotic postingestional satiety signal acts as an intestinal distention signal rather than by inducing thirst. The model is found to be reasonably accurate as a first approximation, and suggestions are made for improvements."}
{"id": "PMID:1202105", "title": "Do excoriations in psoriasis delay or prevent the effect of topical treatment?", "content": "Topical treatment of a number of out-patients with psoriasis vulgaris resulted in reduced induration and diminished thickness of the layer of scales but complete involution was not obtained. A sequential photographic study of the macroscopic appearance of the lesions over a 3-month period of treatment revealed that artificially produced excoriations and a horny layer without scales were prominent features. The view is put forward that the cutaneous reaction to the injury probably elicited by the excoriations, together with an unsatisfactory treatment, may give rise to tissue changes which counteract the effect of topical treatment.", "contents": "Do excoriations in psoriasis delay or prevent the effect of topical treatment? Topical treatment of a number of out-patients with psoriasis vulgaris resulted in reduced induration and diminished thickness of the layer of scales but complete involution was not obtained. A sequential photographic study of the macroscopic appearance of the lesions over a 3-month period of treatment revealed that artificially produced excoriations and a horny layer without scales were prominent features. The view is put forward that the cutaneous reaction to the injury probably elicited by the excoriations, together with an unsatisfactory treatment, may give rise to tissue changes which counteract the effect of topical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1202106", "title": "Langerhans cells in actinic reticuloid.", "content": "Actinic reticuloid was observed in a patient following the development of porphyria cutanea tarda. A cutaneous lymphoma-like infiltrate was found histologically and at the ultrastructural level. In the infiltrate, the main population was histiocytic, with some mast cells and mononuclear cells. Most of the histiocytic cells contained numerous typical Langerhans granules and worm-like structures. Crystalloid cytoplasmic inclusions were occasionally detected.", "contents": "Langerhans cells in actinic reticuloid. Actinic reticuloid was observed in a patient following the development of porphyria cutanea tarda. A cutaneous lymphoma-like infiltrate was found histologically and at the ultrastructural level. In the infiltrate, the main population was histiocytic, with some mast cells and mononuclear cells. Most of the histiocytic cells contained numerous typical Langerhans granules and worm-like structures. Crystalloid cytoplasmic inclusions were occasionally detected."}
{"id": "PMID:1202107", "title": "Regeneration of subcutaneous connective tissue in children. A histological study with application of the CELLSTIC device.", "content": "Cellular patterns of healing subcutaneous connective tissue were studied histologically in 22 pediatric surgical patients using the CELLSTIC device. This wound drain, specially developed for this purpose, consists of a standardized, viscose cellulose sponge inside a thin silicone rubber tube. When left between the wound edges, wound exudate flows through the drain, allowing its cells to attach themselves to the sponge surface. The sponge serves as a framework within which the cells may migrate, divide and transform. During the first 12 h the cellular pattern in the sponge resembles that of peripheral blood, whereafter the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, almost exclusively neutrophils, gradually increases. Later on, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes invade. Fibroblasts were usually seen at the end of the third day postoperatively, but in some cases the first fibroblasts appeared even earlier. CELLSTIC neither disturbs normal wound healing nor increases the rate of wound infections. CELLSTIC, as a cell culture in situ, provides a practical way to study human connective tissue regeneration under both physiological and pathological conditions.", "contents": "Regeneration of subcutaneous connective tissue in children. A histological study with application of the CELLSTIC device. Cellular patterns of healing subcutaneous connective tissue were studied histologically in 22 pediatric surgical patients using the CELLSTIC device. This wound drain, specially developed for this purpose, consists of a standardized, viscose cellulose sponge inside a thin silicone rubber tube. When left between the wound edges, wound exudate flows through the drain, allowing its cells to attach themselves to the sponge surface. The sponge serves as a framework within which the cells may migrate, divide and transform. During the first 12 h the cellular pattern in the sponge resembles that of peripheral blood, whereafter the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, almost exclusively neutrophils, gradually increases. Later on, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes invade. Fibroblasts were usually seen at the end of the third day postoperatively, but in some cases the first fibroblasts appeared even earlier. CELLSTIC neither disturbs normal wound healing nor increases the rate of wound infections. CELLSTIC, as a cell culture in situ, provides a practical way to study human connective tissue regeneration under both physiological and pathological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202108", "title": "Generalized eruptive porokeratosis of Mibelli with associated psoriasis.", "content": "A case of eruptive porokeratosis of Mibelli with diverse morphologic features, including circinate macular, circinate plaque and verrucous varieties is presented. No matter how variable the clinical presentation may be, the histologic hallmark of porokeratosis, the cornoid lamellae, is always present. The cornoid lamellae vary in height in relation to how prominent the thready ridge of the clinical lesion appears. Our patient also had psoriasis which initially masked the porokeratotic lesions both clinically and histologically. Awareness of the various clinical expressions of porokeratosis of Mibelli would 1) make unnecessary the segregation of certain forms of porokeratosis into separate entities, and 2) help in the recognition of less classical forms of porokeratosis.", "contents": "Generalized eruptive porokeratosis of Mibelli with associated psoriasis. A case of eruptive porokeratosis of Mibelli with diverse morphologic features, including circinate macular, circinate plaque and verrucous varieties is presented. No matter how variable the clinical presentation may be, the histologic hallmark of porokeratosis, the cornoid lamellae, is always present. The cornoid lamellae vary in height in relation to how prominent the thready ridge of the clinical lesion appears. Our patient also had psoriasis which initially masked the porokeratotic lesions both clinically and histologically. Awareness of the various clinical expressions of porokeratosis of Mibelli would 1) make unnecessary the segregation of certain forms of porokeratosis into separate entities, and 2) help in the recognition of less classical forms of porokeratosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202109", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in children and adults.", "content": "Peak concentrations and half-life of gentamicin in serum were measured after 140 intravenous and 13 intramuscular doses in 52 children and 17 adults with normal levels of creatinine in serum. Marked interpatient variation in peak concentrations and half-life of gentamicin was observed, but individual patients tended to have similar values on repeated determinations. Age markedly affected the peak concentrations: a 1-mg/kg dose produced mean peak concentrations of 1.58, 2.03, and 2.81 mug/ml in the one-half to five, five to 10, and greater than 10 year age groups, respectively. This age-related change in dose response was diminished when the dose was calculated on the basis of body surface area. Patients in whom gentamicin had a short half-life, patients with fever, and adults with a high extracellular fluid volume had low peak concentrations. The mean half-life after intravenous administration was 75 min (range, 26-230 min). The mean half-life was 29 min longer after intramuscular dosage (p less than 0.01). A low rate of creatinine clearance was associated with a long half-life; fever and anemia were associated with a short half-life. The dosage of gentamicin necessary to produce mean peak serum concentrations between 4 mug/ml and 6 mug/ml was 60 mg/m2 per dose for all age groups or 2.5 mg/kg per dose for ages one-half to five years, 2.0 mg/kg per dose for ages five to 10 years, and 1.5 mg/kg per dose for ages greater than 10 years.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in children and adults. Peak concentrations and half-life of gentamicin in serum were measured after 140 intravenous and 13 intramuscular doses in 52 children and 17 adults with normal levels of creatinine in serum. Marked interpatient variation in peak concentrations and half-life of gentamicin was observed, but individual patients tended to have similar values on repeated determinations. Age markedly affected the peak concentrations: a 1-mg/kg dose produced mean peak concentrations of 1.58, 2.03, and 2.81 mug/ml in the one-half to five, five to 10, and greater than 10 year age groups, respectively. This age-related change in dose response was diminished when the dose was calculated on the basis of body surface area. Patients in whom gentamicin had a short half-life, patients with fever, and adults with a high extracellular fluid volume had low peak concentrations. The mean half-life after intravenous administration was 75 min (range, 26-230 min). The mean half-life was 29 min longer after intramuscular dosage (p less than 0.01). A low rate of creatinine clearance was associated with a long half-life; fever and anemia were associated with a short half-life. The dosage of gentamicin necessary to produce mean peak serum concentrations between 4 mug/ml and 6 mug/ml was 60 mg/m2 per dose for all age groups or 2.5 mg/kg per dose for ages one-half to five years, 2.0 mg/kg per dose for ages five to 10 years, and 1.5 mg/kg per dose for ages greater than 10 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1202110", "title": "New live attenuated influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) vaccine (Alice): reactogenicity,, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy.", "content": "The Alice strain of influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) live attenuated vaccine, when given by the intranasal route to 133 volunteers, was relatively nonreactogenic; only 12% of the vaccinees had upper respiratory tract symptoms after immunization. Seroconversion in 87.2% of subjects whose titers of humoral hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody before immunization were less than 1:8 demonstrated the immunogenicity of the vaccine. The overall seroconversion rate was 66.1% (geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody, 1:40.9). Antibody levels were unchanged at six months in 95.5% and at 12 months in 91.7% of the vaccinees. Because of the lack of natural influenza A infection during the season monitored, an experimental challenge study with homotypic virus (influenza A/Udorn/307/72 [H3N2]) was conducted eight months after immunization of a sample population of 22 subjects. Twelve of these subjects were vaccinees whose titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody were greater than or equal to 1:64, and 10 were unimmunized controls whose titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody were less than or equal to 1:8. The group with titers of greater than or equal to 1:64 represented 40.2% of the immunized population. The vaccine was highly effective in this selected group, with a 91% protection efficacy against illness and a 100% rate of protection against illness associated with influenza A infection.", "contents": "New live attenuated influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) vaccine (Alice): reactogenicity,, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy. The Alice strain of influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) live attenuated vaccine, when given by the intranasal route to 133 volunteers, was relatively nonreactogenic; only 12% of the vaccinees had upper respiratory tract symptoms after immunization. Seroconversion in 87.2% of subjects whose titers of humoral hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody before immunization were less than 1:8 demonstrated the immunogenicity of the vaccine. The overall seroconversion rate was 66.1% (geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody, 1:40.9). Antibody levels were unchanged at six months in 95.5% and at 12 months in 91.7% of the vaccinees. Because of the lack of natural influenza A infection during the season monitored, an experimental challenge study with homotypic virus (influenza A/Udorn/307/72 [H3N2]) was conducted eight months after immunization of a sample population of 22 subjects. Twelve of these subjects were vaccinees whose titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody were greater than or equal to 1:64, and 10 were unimmunized controls whose titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody were less than or equal to 1:8. The group with titers of greater than or equal to 1:64 represented 40.2% of the immunized population. The vaccine was highly effective in this selected group, with a 91% protection efficacy against illness and a 100% rate of protection against illness associated with influenza A infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1202111", "title": "Selective clearance of a benign clone of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from hamster plasma by hepatic reticuloendothelial cells.", "content": "A benign small-plaque clone of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus was efficiently removed from the blood of inoculated hamsters by adsorption to cells of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system. More than 99% of infectious small-plaque virus, intrinsically labeled with 32P, was cleared from the blood within 30 min of inoculation; 47.6% of the 32P-labeled small-plaque virus inoculum was concentrated in the liver. In contrast, only 0.8% of a virulent large-plaque clone of the virus was cleared from the blood. The affinity of small-plaque virus for liver tissue was confirmed by electron microscopy, since inoculated small-plaque virions were readily visualized in phagocytic vacuoles of hepatic endothelial and Kupffer cells, where they appeared to be undergoing degradation. In contrast, large-plaque virus was not visualized in the liver. A critical determinant of virulence for viruses that do not replicate in hepatic reticuloendothelial cells may be the efficiency with which they are removed from the blood by adsorption to such cells.", "contents": "Selective clearance of a benign clone of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from hamster plasma by hepatic reticuloendothelial cells. A benign small-plaque clone of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus was efficiently removed from the blood of inoculated hamsters by adsorption to cells of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system. More than 99% of infectious small-plaque virus, intrinsically labeled with 32P, was cleared from the blood within 30 min of inoculation; 47.6% of the 32P-labeled small-plaque virus inoculum was concentrated in the liver. In contrast, only 0.8% of a virulent large-plaque clone of the virus was cleared from the blood. The affinity of small-plaque virus for liver tissue was confirmed by electron microscopy, since inoculated small-plaque virions were readily visualized in phagocytic vacuoles of hepatic endothelial and Kupffer cells, where they appeared to be undergoing degradation. In contrast, large-plaque virus was not visualized in the liver. A critical determinant of virulence for viruses that do not replicate in hepatic reticuloendothelial cells may be the efficiency with which they are removed from the blood by adsorption to such cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1202112", "title": "Effect of quinidine together with antibiotics on contractility of cat papillary muscle.", "content": "The extent of depression of myocardial contractility produced by the combination of quinidine and gentamicin, tetracycline, or amphotericin B was found, in an in vitro model, to be no greater than that due to the more active drug alone.", "contents": "Effect of quinidine together with antibiotics on contractility of cat papillary muscle. The extent of depression of myocardial contractility produced by the combination of quinidine and gentamicin, tetracycline, or amphotericin B was found, in an in vitro model, to be no greater than that due to the more active drug alone."}
{"id": "PMID:1202114", "title": "Prebycusis: physiological or pathological.", "content": "A study was made on human temporal bones to elucidate the effects of aging on the auditory system. Ninety-six ears from 68 individuals, varying in age from infancy to 84 years, served as 'normal ears'. None of these cases had clinical or pathological evidence of specific ear diseases. 'Pathological ears' consisted of 89 ears from 58 individuals which exhibited slowly progressive hearing loss, and which had no specific known cause for the loss. Two aging phenomena were found to affect the human ear. The first is physiological, and has been called 'auditory senility'. It involves all the different parts of the auditory mechanism equally, and is responsible for the rise in auditory thresholds for the high frequencies, commonly seen in elderly people. The second phenomenon is pathological, and was termed 'auditory decay'. It involves only the perceptive system of the ear, and results in different types of clinical presentations, according to the morphological layer involved. Therefore, the recognition of two aging phenomena which affect the human ear may explain the reason for the wide variations in auditory acuity associated with old age.", "contents": "Prebycusis: physiological or pathological. A study was made on human temporal bones to elucidate the effects of aging on the auditory system. Ninety-six ears from 68 individuals, varying in age from infancy to 84 years, served as 'normal ears'. None of these cases had clinical or pathological evidence of specific ear diseases. 'Pathological ears' consisted of 89 ears from 58 individuals which exhibited slowly progressive hearing loss, and which had no specific known cause for the loss. Two aging phenomena were found to affect the human ear. The first is physiological, and has been called 'auditory senility'. It involves all the different parts of the auditory mechanism equally, and is responsible for the rise in auditory thresholds for the high frequencies, commonly seen in elderly people. The second phenomenon is pathological, and was termed 'auditory decay'. It involves only the perceptive system of the ear, and results in different types of clinical presentations, according to the morphological layer involved. Therefore, the recognition of two aging phenomena which affect the human ear may explain the reason for the wide variations in auditory acuity associated with old age."}
{"id": "PMID:1202115", "title": "Triamcinolone acetonide injection for laryngeal stenosis.", "content": "Three cases with acquired laryngeal stenosis have been presented. They were treated by percutaneous intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide using mirror laryngoscopy. The laryngeal airway and the phonation have been satisfactory for a period of two to six years of close follow-up.", "contents": "Triamcinolone acetonide injection for laryngeal stenosis. Three cases with acquired laryngeal stenosis have been presented. They were treated by percutaneous intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide using mirror laryngoscopy. The laryngeal airway and the phonation have been satisfactory for a period of two to six years of close follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:1202116", "title": "Tympanoplasty on only hearing ears.", "content": "The methods, results, and indications for operation on only hearing ears are discussed on the basis of 13 patients operated upon for chronic otitis media and its sequelae. Although good results were obtained, with an air-bone gas closure within 15 dB. in 77 per cent, this should not serve as propaganda for the general use of surgery on only hearing ears. On the other hand, they show that surgery on only hearing ears should not be rejected a priori and that on certain indications and under c ertain circumstanc es it may be carried out with minimal risk of aggravating the hearing loss. In most of the patients the indication for surgery was a progressing cholesteatoma, in some cases the sequelae of otitis, either in the form of myringoplasty or type II tympanoplasty, and one patient had the operation on a vital indication. To avoid postoperative exacerbation of the hearing, the patients must be strictly selected, the ears have to be pretreated conservatively, the Eustachian tube must be passable, the operation must be carried out by the most experienced otosurgeon, and thoroughly tested, very gentle operative methods must be used.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty on only hearing ears. The methods, results, and indications for operation on only hearing ears are discussed on the basis of 13 patients operated upon for chronic otitis media and its sequelae. Although good results were obtained, with an air-bone gas closure within 15 dB. in 77 per cent, this should not serve as propaganda for the general use of surgery on only hearing ears. On the other hand, they show that surgery on only hearing ears should not be rejected a priori and that on certain indications and under c ertain circumstanc es it may be carried out with minimal risk of aggravating the hearing loss. In most of the patients the indication for surgery was a progressing cholesteatoma, in some cases the sequelae of otitis, either in the form of myringoplasty or type II tympanoplasty, and one patient had the operation on a vital indication. To avoid postoperative exacerbation of the hearing, the patients must be strictly selected, the ears have to be pretreated conservatively, the Eustachian tube must be passable, the operation must be carried out by the most experienced otosurgeon, and thoroughly tested, very gentle operative methods must be used."}
{"id": "PMID:1202117", "title": "A case of salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear.", "content": "The authors present a case of tympanic cavity salivary gland adenochoristoma in association with an abnormal course of the facial nerve, absence of the oval and round windows, absence of the stapes, hypoplasia of the long process of the incus, and the existence of a subtympanic bony lamina.", "contents": "A case of salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear. The authors present a case of tympanic cavity salivary gland adenochoristoma in association with an abnormal course of the facial nerve, absence of the oval and round windows, absence of the stapes, hypoplasia of the long process of the incus, and the existence of a subtympanic bony lamina."}
{"id": "PMID:1202119", "title": "Sudden deafness following chromic acid application to a perforation of the tympanic membrane.", "content": "It is current practice in the treatment of many ear diseases to instil locally into the ear potentially ototoxic agents. It is now becoming increasingly clear that some of these agents may pass from the middle to the inner ear despite the presence of intact labyrinthine windows and hence produce deafness. This paper reports a case of severe sensorineural deafness which developed following the application of chromic acid to a perforation of the tympanic membrane--a hitherto unrecognized complication. Therefore, the risks outlined above should be carefully considered prior to local therapy with any such agents and they should be applied with extreme caution.", "contents": "Sudden deafness following chromic acid application to a perforation of the tympanic membrane. It is current practice in the treatment of many ear diseases to instil locally into the ear potentially ototoxic agents. It is now becoming increasingly clear that some of these agents may pass from the middle to the inner ear despite the presence of intact labyrinthine windows and hence produce deafness. This paper reports a case of severe sensorineural deafness which developed following the application of chromic acid to a perforation of the tympanic membrane--a hitherto unrecognized complication. Therefore, the risks outlined above should be carefully considered prior to local therapy with any such agents and they should be applied with extreme caution."}
{"id": "PMID:1202121", "title": "Stimulus change as a factor in response maintenance with free food available.", "content": "Rats bar pressed for food on a reinforcement schedule in which every response was reinforced, even though a dish of pellets was present. Initially, auditory and visual stimuli accompanied response-produced food presentation. With stimulus feedback as an added consequence of bar pressing, responding was maintained in the presence of free food; without stimulus feedback, responding decreased to a low level. Auditory feedback maintained slightly more responding than did visual feedback, and both together maintained more responding than did either separately. Almost no responding occurred when the only consequence of bar pressing was stimulus feedback. The data indicated conditioned and sensory reinforcement effects of response-produced stimulus feedback.", "contents": "Stimulus change as a factor in response maintenance with free food available. Rats bar pressed for food on a reinforcement schedule in which every response was reinforced, even though a dish of pellets was present. Initially, auditory and visual stimuli accompanied response-produced food presentation. With stimulus feedback as an added consequence of bar pressing, responding was maintained in the presence of free food; without stimulus feedback, responding decreased to a low level. Auditory feedback maintained slightly more responding than did visual feedback, and both together maintained more responding than did either separately. Almost no responding occurred when the only consequence of bar pressing was stimulus feedback. The data indicated conditioned and sensory reinforcement effects of response-produced stimulus feedback."}
{"id": "PMID:1202122", "title": "Evidence for the innate basis of the hue dimension in the duckling.", "content": "Different groups of ducklings reared under sodium monochromatic light (589 nanometers) and under white light were trained to discriminate between the stimulus correlated with reinforcement (589 nanometers), and the stimulus correlated with extinction, whole value was either 570 or 610 nanometers. The peaks of subsequently obtained gradients of wavelength generalization of both groups were displaced away from the stimulus correlated with extinction. The peaks of the groups trained not to respond to 570 nanometers were located at 600 nanometers. The peaks of the groups trained not to respond to 610 nanometers were located at 580 nanometers. These results (in agreement with earlier data of Rudolph and Honig, 1972) suggest that ducklings have an innate basis for ordering stimuli of different wavelengths along the hue dimension.", "contents": "Evidence for the innate basis of the hue dimension in the duckling. Different groups of ducklings reared under sodium monochromatic light (589 nanometers) and under white light were trained to discriminate between the stimulus correlated with reinforcement (589 nanometers), and the stimulus correlated with extinction, whole value was either 570 or 610 nanometers. The peaks of subsequently obtained gradients of wavelength generalization of both groups were displaced away from the stimulus correlated with extinction. The peaks of the groups trained not to respond to 570 nanometers were located at 600 nanometers. The peaks of the groups trained not to respond to 610 nanometers were located at 580 nanometers. These results (in agreement with earlier data of Rudolph and Honig, 1972) suggest that ducklings have an innate basis for ordering stimuli of different wavelengths along the hue dimension."}
{"id": "PMID:1202123", "title": "Active transport of potassium by the Cecropia midgut; tracer kinetic theory and transport pool size.", "content": "1. Tracer influx kinetics have been analysed theoretically to determine the size of the transport pool with no assumptions regarding the transport pathway. 2. For a calculation of the size of the transport pool to be made, the following six conditions are required by the theory: tracer steady state attained, tissue steady state attained, Isc measures next flux, small magnitude and constant time-course of efflux, and correction for decay in pumping rate. 3. The size of the pool, SI, is given by the steady state influx, Finfinity, divided by the mixing-time constant, alpha. 4. Some experimental results are analysed by three different graphical methods, and it is shown that these three methods are equivalent. Specifically, alpha is equal to the reciprocal of the 75% mixing time, t75, divided by 1n 4 and is equal to the reciprocal of the lag time, X. 5. The tracer kinetic theory is applied to active potassium transport across the isolated short-circuited midgut: the transport meets the six conditions required by the theory. 6. The size of the transport pool of potassium in one midgut is calculated to be 80.5 muequiv./g wet weight under high-K steady-state conditions. A value as high as this suggests that the pool is intracellular.", "contents": "Active transport of potassium by the Cecropia midgut; tracer kinetic theory and transport pool size. 1. Tracer influx kinetics have been analysed theoretically to determine the size of the transport pool with no assumptions regarding the transport pathway. 2. For a calculation of the size of the transport pool to be made, the following six conditions are required by the theory: tracer steady state attained, tissue steady state attained, Isc measures next flux, small magnitude and constant time-course of efflux, and correction for decay in pumping rate. 3. The size of the pool, SI, is given by the steady state influx, Finfinity, divided by the mixing-time constant, alpha. 4. Some experimental results are analysed by three different graphical methods, and it is shown that these three methods are equivalent. Specifically, alpha is equal to the reciprocal of the 75% mixing time, t75, divided by 1n 4 and is equal to the reciprocal of the lag time, X. 5. The tracer kinetic theory is applied to active potassium transport across the isolated short-circuited midgut: the transport meets the six conditions required by the theory. 6. The size of the transport pool of potassium in one midgut is calculated to be 80.5 muequiv./g wet weight under high-K steady-state conditions. A value as high as this suggests that the pool is intracellular."}
{"id": "PMID:1202124", "title": "Active transport of magnesium across the isolated midgut of Hyalophora cecropia.", "content": "1. The 28Mg-measured net flux of magnesium from lumen-side to haemolymph-side of the isolated and short-circuited midgut was 1.97 +/- 0.28 mu-equiv cm(-2) /(-1) in 8 mM-Mg2+. 2. The magnesium-influx shows a delay before the tracer steady-state is attained, indicating the existence of a magnesium-transport pool equivalent to 6.7 mu-equiv/g wet weight of midgut tissue. 3. Magnesium depresses the short-circuit current produced the midgut but not the potassium transport, the depression being equal to the rate of magnesium transport. 4. Magnesium transport yields a linear Lineweaver-Burk plot with an apparent Km of 34 mM-Mg2+ and an apparent Vmax of 14.9 mu-equiv cm(-1) /(-1). 5. Magnesium is actively transported across the midgut and contributes to the regulation of the haemolymph magnesium concentration in vivo.", "contents": "Active transport of magnesium across the isolated midgut of Hyalophora cecropia. 1. The 28Mg-measured net flux of magnesium from lumen-side to haemolymph-side of the isolated and short-circuited midgut was 1.97 +/- 0.28 mu-equiv cm(-2) /(-1) in 8 mM-Mg2+. 2. The magnesium-influx shows a delay before the tracer steady-state is attained, indicating the existence of a magnesium-transport pool equivalent to 6.7 mu-equiv/g wet weight of midgut tissue. 3. Magnesium depresses the short-circuit current produced the midgut but not the potassium transport, the depression being equal to the rate of magnesium transport. 4. Magnesium transport yields a linear Lineweaver-Burk plot with an apparent Km of 34 mM-Mg2+ and an apparent Vmax of 14.9 mu-equiv cm(-1) /(-1). 5. Magnesium is actively transported across the midgut and contributes to the regulation of the haemolymph magnesium concentration in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1202125", "title": "Cation distributions across the larval and pupal midgut of the lepidopteran, Hyalophora cecropia, in vivo.", "content": "1. The levels of potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium in leaves, midgut contents, midgut tissue, and blood were analysed in seven developmental stages between feeding, fourth-instar larvae and new pupae of the Cecropia silkworm. 2. Three dramatic changes in cation levels were found: the K level in the contents drops from 284 /+- 51 mEquiv./1 tissue water in the fifth-instar larva to 51 +/- 6 mEquiv./1 in the new pupa; the Mg level in the midgut tissue increases from 28 +/- 3 mEquiv./1 at the time of gut evacuation to 1093 +/- 104 mEquiv./1 in the new pupa; and the Ca level in the contents drops temporarily from 56 +/- 12 mEquiv./1 in the feeding fourth instar larva to 17 +/- 5 mEquiv./1 in the new fifth instar larva. The Na level was nerve higher than 2.8 +/- 0.5 mEquiv./1. 3. The relative levels of the four cations were different for each tissue studied, but each tissue maintained the same relative levels during the developmental stages studied. The sequences are: leaf, Ca greater than K GREATEr than Mg greater than Na; midgut contents, K greater than Ca greater than Mg greater than Na; midgut tissue, K GREATEr than Mg greater than Ca greater than Na; and blood, Mg greater than K greater than Ca greater than Na. 4. There were three large concentration gradients across the midgut; the K level in the midgut contents is approximately 10 times the level in blood; the Mg level in contents is one-half to one-sixth the level in blood; and the Ca level in contents is 3-4 times the level in blood. The K gradient and the Ca gradient are opposed and the Mg gradient is favoured by the electrical gradient across the larval midgut, the contents being 100 mV positive with respect to the blood. The K gradient and the electrical gradient are not present across the pupal midgut while the Mg gradient and the Ca gradient persist. 5. The K gradient is presumably maintained by the midgut K pump, the Mg gradient is aided by the midgut Mg pump, and the Ca gradient suggests that the midgut may possess a Ca pump.", "contents": "Cation distributions across the larval and pupal midgut of the lepidopteran, Hyalophora cecropia, in vivo. 1. The levels of potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium in leaves, midgut contents, midgut tissue, and blood were analysed in seven developmental stages between feeding, fourth-instar larvae and new pupae of the Cecropia silkworm. 2. Three dramatic changes in cation levels were found: the K level in the contents drops from 284 /+- 51 mEquiv./1 tissue water in the fifth-instar larva to 51 +/- 6 mEquiv./1 in the new pupa; the Mg level in the midgut tissue increases from 28 +/- 3 mEquiv./1 at the time of gut evacuation to 1093 +/- 104 mEquiv./1 in the new pupa; and the Ca level in the contents drops temporarily from 56 +/- 12 mEquiv./1 in the feeding fourth instar larva to 17 +/- 5 mEquiv./1 in the new fifth instar larva. The Na level was nerve higher than 2.8 +/- 0.5 mEquiv./1. 3. The relative levels of the four cations were different for each tissue studied, but each tissue maintained the same relative levels during the developmental stages studied. The sequences are: leaf, Ca greater than K GREATEr than Mg greater than Na; midgut contents, K greater than Ca greater than Mg greater than Na; midgut tissue, K GREATEr than Mg greater than Ca greater than Na; and blood, Mg greater than K greater than Ca greater than Na. 4. There were three large concentration gradients across the midgut; the K level in the midgut contents is approximately 10 times the level in blood; the Mg level in contents is one-half to one-sixth the level in blood; and the Ca level in contents is 3-4 times the level in blood. The K gradient and the Ca gradient are opposed and the Mg gradient is favoured by the electrical gradient across the larval midgut, the contents being 100 mV positive with respect to the blood. The K gradient and the electrical gradient are not present across the pupal midgut while the Mg gradient and the Ca gradient persist. 5. The K gradient is presumably maintained by the midgut K pump, the Mg gradient is aided by the midgut Mg pump, and the Ca gradient suggests that the midgut may possess a Ca pump."}
{"id": "PMID:1202126", "title": "The secretion of hyperosmotic fluid by the rectum of a saline-water mosquito larva, Aedes taeniorhynchus.", "content": "1. Fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito A. taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), when living in sea water, drink at a rate of 100 nl h(-1) larva(-1) and maintain ionic and osmotic levels in the haemolymph at about one-third those of the external medium. 2. Hyperosmotic urine is produced in the rectum by secretion of fluid having an osmotic concentration and ionic composition similar to that of sea water, with the exception that potassium levels are elevated 18-fold in the secretion. The average rate of fluid secretion observed was 19 nl h-1) larva(-1) with a maximum of 92 nl h(-1) larva(-1). 3. The concentration and volume of rectal secretion may be too low to account completely for osmotic balance. The possible role of anal papillae is discussed in this regard.", "contents": "The secretion of hyperosmotic fluid by the rectum of a saline-water mosquito larva, Aedes taeniorhynchus. 1. Fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito A. taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), when living in sea water, drink at a rate of 100 nl h(-1) larva(-1) and maintain ionic and osmotic levels in the haemolymph at about one-third those of the external medium. 2. Hyperosmotic urine is produced in the rectum by secretion of fluid having an osmotic concentration and ionic composition similar to that of sea water, with the exception that potassium levels are elevated 18-fold in the secretion. The average rate of fluid secretion observed was 19 nl h-1) larva(-1) with a maximum of 92 nl h(-1) larva(-1). 3. The concentration and volume of rectal secretion may be too low to account completely for osmotic balance. The possible role of anal papillae is discussed in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:1202127", "title": "The effects of calcium on water balance of the brown trout Salmo trutta.", "content": "Water space, tritiated water flux, drinking and urine flow rates of the brown trout were decreased by increasing the environmental calcium concentration. Diffusional and osmotic permeabilities were identical in fresh water. This suggests that water flow across the gill occurs entirely by diffusion. Previous suggestions of a discrepancy between the two permeabilities in freshwater teleosts could have been due to an overestimation of urine flow rate upon which the determination of osmotic permeability coefficient is based. The wide-ranging effects of calcium on hydro-mineral regulation suggests that the ion interacts with the gills.", "contents": "The effects of calcium on water balance of the brown trout Salmo trutta. Water space, tritiated water flux, drinking and urine flow rates of the brown trout were decreased by increasing the environmental calcium concentration. Diffusional and osmotic permeabilities were identical in fresh water. This suggests that water flow across the gill occurs entirely by diffusion. Previous suggestions of a discrepancy between the two permeabilities in freshwater teleosts could have been due to an overestimation of urine flow rate upon which the determination of osmotic permeability coefficient is based. The wide-ranging effects of calcium on hydro-mineral regulation suggests that the ion interacts with the gills."}
{"id": "PMID:1202128", "title": "The effect of hypophysectomy and prolactin therapy on water balance of the brown trout Salmo trutta.", "content": "A technique for the hypophysectomy of the brown trout is described which might be applicable to other salmonids. Hypophysectomy produced a decrease in water turnover which was corrected by prolactin therapy. Hypophysectomy resulted in a decrease in the next flux of osmotic water. Both osmotic and diffusional water permeabilities were evenly decreased after hypophysectomy, such that the ratio of the osmotic and diffusional permeability coefficients (Pos/Pd) retained a value of approximately unity. The data suggest that calcium and prolactin have opposing actions on water balance and that their modes of action are likely to separate.", "contents": "The effect of hypophysectomy and prolactin therapy on water balance of the brown trout Salmo trutta. A technique for the hypophysectomy of the brown trout is described which might be applicable to other salmonids. Hypophysectomy produced a decrease in water turnover which was corrected by prolactin therapy. Hypophysectomy resulted in a decrease in the next flux of osmotic water. Both osmotic and diffusional water permeabilities were evenly decreased after hypophysectomy, such that the ratio of the osmotic and diffusional permeability coefficients (Pos/Pd) retained a value of approximately unity. The data suggest that calcium and prolactin have opposing actions on water balance and that their modes of action are likely to separate."}
{"id": "PMID:1202129", "title": "A quantitative analysis of ventilation tachycardia and its control in two chelonians, Pseudemys scripta and Testudo graeca.", "content": "1. In both the turtle, Pseudemys scripta, and the tortoise, Testudo graeca, lung ventilation is closely accompanied by a tachycardia of predictable magnitude and duration. 2. Efferent vagal activity progressively decreases as heart rate increases with the onset of lung ventilation. Atropine decreases heart rate during apnoea to those levels observed during prolonged breathing series when the development, duration or magnitude of ventilation tachycardia. It is thus concluded that heart rate change during chelonian lung ventilation is mediated solely by alterations in vagal tone. 3. Peripheral sensory reflexes involving pulmonary stretch receptors, arterial chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, and receptors stimulated by water immersion do not affect heart rate during breathing. It is suggested that ventilation tachycardia in these chelonians is the result of the spread of activity between the respiratory and cardiac centres of the medulla.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of ventilation tachycardia and its control in two chelonians, Pseudemys scripta and Testudo graeca. 1. In both the turtle, Pseudemys scripta, and the tortoise, Testudo graeca, lung ventilation is closely accompanied by a tachycardia of predictable magnitude and duration. 2. Efferent vagal activity progressively decreases as heart rate increases with the onset of lung ventilation. Atropine decreases heart rate during apnoea to those levels observed during prolonged breathing series when the development, duration or magnitude of ventilation tachycardia. It is thus concluded that heart rate change during chelonian lung ventilation is mediated solely by alterations in vagal tone. 3. Peripheral sensory reflexes involving pulmonary stretch receptors, arterial chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, and receptors stimulated by water immersion do not affect heart rate during breathing. It is suggested that ventilation tachycardia in these chelonians is the result of the spread of activity between the respiratory and cardiac centres of the medulla."}
{"id": "PMID:1202130", "title": "Diuresis in the tsetse fly Glossina austeni.", "content": "After taking a blood meal, the tsetse fly Glossina austeni excretes the excess water and salts of the meal in approximately 30 min. During this period a volume of fluid equivalent to 80% of the unfed weight of the fly passes through the haemolymph, whose composition nevertheless remains almost constant. The fluid excreted has a higher sodium and lower potassium concentration than the haemolymph, indicating that sodium may be the prime mover in urine formation in Glossina.", "contents": "Diuresis in the tsetse fly Glossina austeni. After taking a blood meal, the tsetse fly Glossina austeni excretes the excess water and salts of the meal in approximately 30 min. During this period a volume of fluid equivalent to 80% of the unfed weight of the fly passes through the haemolymph, whose composition nevertheless remains almost constant. The fluid excreted has a higher sodium and lower potassium concentration than the haemolymph, indicating that sodium may be the prime mover in urine formation in Glossina."}
{"id": "PMID:1202131", "title": "The control of diuresis in the tsetse fly Glossina austeni: a preliminary investigation of the diuretic hormone.", "content": "The rate of secretion of the Malpighian tubules of Glossina austeni is controlled by a diuretic hormone. This hormone is present in the nervous tissue of the fly together with a degradative enzyme that can be activated by boiling. It is demonstrated that the Malpighian tubules are able to destroy the diuretic hormone; they may therefore participate in the control of diuresis. The diuretic hormone appears to be a heat-stable, non-dialysable, alcohol-soluble molecule, containing amino acid, glucose and sialic acid residues.", "contents": "The control of diuresis in the tsetse fly Glossina austeni: a preliminary investigation of the diuretic hormone. The rate of secretion of the Malpighian tubules of Glossina austeni is controlled by a diuretic hormone. This hormone is present in the nervous tissue of the fly together with a degradative enzyme that can be activated by boiling. It is demonstrated that the Malpighian tubules are able to destroy the diuretic hormone; they may therefore participate in the control of diuresis. The diuretic hormone appears to be a heat-stable, non-dialysable, alcohol-soluble molecule, containing amino acid, glucose and sialic acid residues."}
{"id": "PMID:1202132", "title": "Localization and electrical activity of the distance chemoreceptors that mediate predator avoidance behaviour in Acmaea limatula and Acmaea scutum (gastropoda, prosobranchia).", "content": "1. The marine gastropods Acmaea (Collisella) limatula and Acmaea (Notoacmea) scutum respond to distant predatory starfish (i.e. to starfish scent) by moving up a vertical surface. 2. The distance chemoreceptors that mediate this avoidance behaviour are located on the mantle margin. Heat cauterization of the limpets' mantle margin eliminates their responsiveness to Pisaster ochraceus scent, while a similar cauterization of the ctenidium and the osphradia does not diminish the avoidance behaviour. 3. Primary afferent electrical activity can be recorded from the chemoreceptors on the mantle margin that are responsive to starfish scent and also from other physiologically distinct receptors that are responsive to contact with starfish tube feet.", "contents": "Localization and electrical activity of the distance chemoreceptors that mediate predator avoidance behaviour in Acmaea limatula and Acmaea scutum (gastropoda, prosobranchia). 1. The marine gastropods Acmaea (Collisella) limatula and Acmaea (Notoacmea) scutum respond to distant predatory starfish (i.e. to starfish scent) by moving up a vertical surface. 2. The distance chemoreceptors that mediate this avoidance behaviour are located on the mantle margin. Heat cauterization of the limpets' mantle margin eliminates their responsiveness to Pisaster ochraceus scent, while a similar cauterization of the ctenidium and the osphradia does not diminish the avoidance behaviour. 3. Primary afferent electrical activity can be recorded from the chemoreceptors on the mantle margin that are responsive to starfish scent and also from other physiologically distinct receptors that are responsive to contact with starfish tube feet."}
{"id": "PMID:1202133", "title": "The permeability to ions of the neural lamella and the extracellular spaces in the C.N.S. of Anodonta cygnea.", "content": "Rapid axonal depolarization follows the elevation of [K+]o in the Ringer bathing the surfaces of the connectives of both intact and desheathed cerebrovisceral connectives of Anodonta cygnea. Potassium movements between the blood or medium bathing the surface of the connectives and the axonal membranes can be accounted for in terms of a first-order diffusion process. No visible structural barriers to prevent free movements of materials through the neural lamella and the extracellular spaces can be detected in electron micrographs of the cerebro-visceral connectives. In desheathed preparations fast action potentials are conducted in sodium-free (dextran) Ringer. Mechanisms of axona  .l function and ionic regulation in this and other invertebrate central nervous tissues are discussed in the light of these observations.", "contents": "The permeability to ions of the neural lamella and the extracellular spaces in the C.N.S. of Anodonta cygnea. Rapid axonal depolarization follows the elevation of [K+]o in the Ringer bathing the surfaces of the connectives of both intact and desheathed cerebrovisceral connectives of Anodonta cygnea. Potassium movements between the blood or medium bathing the surface of the connectives and the axonal membranes can be accounted for in terms of a first-order diffusion process. No visible structural barriers to prevent free movements of materials through the neural lamella and the extracellular spaces can be detected in electron micrographs of the cerebro-visceral connectives. In desheathed preparations fast action potentials are conducted in sodium-free (dextran) Ringer. Mechanisms of axona  .l function and ionic regulation in this and other invertebrate central nervous tissues are discussed in the light of these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:1202134", "title": "Extrinsic modulation of crayfish escape behaviour.", "content": "Extrinsic systems were shown to control the excitability of the neurones which mediate tail-flip escape in the crayfish. Restraint suppresses the escape mediated by giant fibres and some, but not all, categories of non-giant mediated escape; autotomy of claws increases the excitability of non-giant mediated escape without affecting the lateral giant reflex. The effects of restraint on the lateral giant reflex result from inhibition rather than reduced facilitation. The inhibition descends from thoracic and higher levels, and the lateral giant escape command neurone appears to be its primary target. Inhibition may serve to shift the control of escape behaviour from short latency 'reflex' systems to more flexible 'voluntary' ones which can produce responses at times most opportune for successful escape.", "contents": "Extrinsic modulation of crayfish escape behaviour. Extrinsic systems were shown to control the excitability of the neurones which mediate tail-flip escape in the crayfish. Restraint suppresses the escape mediated by giant fibres and some, but not all, categories of non-giant mediated escape; autotomy of claws increases the excitability of non-giant mediated escape without affecting the lateral giant reflex. The effects of restraint on the lateral giant reflex result from inhibition rather than reduced facilitation. The inhibition descends from thoracic and higher levels, and the lateral giant escape command neurone appears to be its primary target. Inhibition may serve to shift the control of escape behaviour from short latency 'reflex' systems to more flexible 'voluntary' ones which can produce responses at times most opportune for successful escape."}
{"id": "PMID:1202135", "title": "Regeneration of peripheral nerves to supernumerary legs in cockroaches.", "content": "1. Clusters of legs were grown from metathoracic coxae of the cockroach. Legs of a cluster had different segmental origins, sizes, and orientations. 2. Regenerating metathoracic nerves tended to enter the nearest leg, and to a lesser extent of the largest leg, but showed no significant tendency to penetrate metathoracic rather than prothoracic legs, or normally oriented rather than abnormally oriented legs. 3. Movements of legs were evoked by nerve stimulation significantly more often in nearest, largest, and normally oriented legs, but were equally frequent in prothoracic and metathoracic legs. 4. Close proximity of peripheral nerves is not required for the differentiation of the legs, since nerves were visible in the legs only at the later stages of their development, and many of the legs were apparently nerve innervated.", "contents": "Regeneration of peripheral nerves to supernumerary legs in cockroaches. 1. Clusters of legs were grown from metathoracic coxae of the cockroach. Legs of a cluster had different segmental origins, sizes, and orientations. 2. Regenerating metathoracic nerves tended to enter the nearest leg, and to a lesser extent of the largest leg, but showed no significant tendency to penetrate metathoracic rather than prothoracic legs, or normally oriented rather than abnormally oriented legs. 3. Movements of legs were evoked by nerve stimulation significantly more often in nearest, largest, and normally oriented legs, but were equally frequent in prothoracic and metathoracic legs. 4. Close proximity of peripheral nerves is not required for the differentiation of the legs, since nerves were visible in the legs only at the later stages of their development, and many of the legs were apparently nerve innervated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202136", "title": "Motor innervation within supernumerary legs of cockroaches.", "content": "1. Clusters of legs having prothoracic and metathoracic origins were grown from the metathoracic coxa of the cockroach. 2. Or occasionally two, of the three major nerves innervating the cockroach leg. 3. Stimulation of a particular leg nerve (no. 3, 5 or 6) evoked movement at the same joints and in the same directions in a leg having only one nerve as in a normal leg. 4. Stimulation of a particular metathoracic nerve generally produced the same movements in a prothoracic leg transplanted to the metathoracic site as it did in a regenerated or intact metathoracic leg.", "contents": "Motor innervation within supernumerary legs of cockroaches. 1. Clusters of legs having prothoracic and metathoracic origins were grown from the metathoracic coxa of the cockroach. 2. Or occasionally two, of the three major nerves innervating the cockroach leg. 3. Stimulation of a particular leg nerve (no. 3, 5 or 6) evoked movement at the same joints and in the same directions in a leg having only one nerve as in a normal leg. 4. Stimulation of a particular metathoracic nerve generally produced the same movements in a prothoracic leg transplanted to the metathoracic site as it did in a regenerated or intact metathoracic leg."}
{"id": "PMID:1202137", "title": "Physical and adrenergic factors affecting systemic vascular resistance in the rainbow trout: a comparison with branchial vascular resistance.", "content": "The passive distensibility and adrenergic reactivity of the systemic vascular resistance (Rs) in Salmogairdneri have been studied using perfused trunk preparations, and the data compared with previous results on the branchial resistance (Rg). At normal levels of efferent blood pressure, Rs is relatively more distensible than Rg in response to afferent pressure increases, but this difference may not be important in vivo. alpha-adrenegic constrictory receptors predominate in Rs, in contrast to beta-adrenergic dilatory receptors in Rg; a significant alpha-adrenergic tone in Rs is lost during perfusion. Rs is far less sensitive than Rg to circulatory catecholamine levels. It is suggested that the sympathetic nervous system, rather than plasma catecholamines, provides the effective adrenergic control of Rs in vivo.", "contents": "Physical and adrenergic factors affecting systemic vascular resistance in the rainbow trout: a comparison with branchial vascular resistance. The passive distensibility and adrenergic reactivity of the systemic vascular resistance (Rs) in Salmogairdneri have been studied using perfused trunk preparations, and the data compared with previous results on the branchial resistance (Rg). At normal levels of efferent blood pressure, Rs is relatively more distensible than Rg in response to afferent pressure increases, but this difference may not be important in vivo. alpha-adrenegic constrictory receptors predominate in Rs, in contrast to beta-adrenergic dilatory receptors in Rg; a significant alpha-adrenergic tone in Rs is lost during perfusion. Rs is far less sensitive than Rg to circulatory catecholamine levels. It is suggested that the sympathetic nervous system, rather than plasma catecholamines, provides the effective adrenergic control of Rs in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1202138", "title": "The ontogeny of auditory frequency generalization in the chicken.", "content": "To determine if there is an ontogenetic change in stimulus coding, chickens between the day of hatching and 9-10 days old were tested using a habituation-generalization paradigm. Experiment 1 indicated that 1 day-old and 3--4-day-old chicks show similar habituation of an eye-opening response to auditory stimuli in the 800--1,200-Hz range. In Experiment 2 the eye-opening response to a 1,000-Hz stimulus was habituated and then immediately tested using stimuli which varied between 800 and 1,200 Hz. Each age-group (1 day, 3--4 days, and 9--10 days) showed a symmetrical stimulus generalization gradient around the 1,000-Hz stimulus and the 1-day-old chicks displayed a reliably flatter gradient than either of the older groups, which did not differ. In a third experiment, the position of the gradients relative to the baseline was shifted without altering the relative shapes. These results allow general arousal, general auditory responsiveness, overall error rate, and metric characteristics of the independent and dependent variables to be eliminated as possible sources of the age differences in gradient shape. The changes in stimulus generalization, therefore, support the view that during normal development there is a sharpening of perceptual coding processes.", "contents": "The ontogeny of auditory frequency generalization in the chicken. To determine if there is an ontogenetic change in stimulus coding, chickens between the day of hatching and 9-10 days old were tested using a habituation-generalization paradigm. Experiment 1 indicated that 1 day-old and 3--4-day-old chicks show similar habituation of an eye-opening response to auditory stimuli in the 800--1,200-Hz range. In Experiment 2 the eye-opening response to a 1,000-Hz stimulus was habituated and then immediately tested using stimuli which varied between 800 and 1,200 Hz. Each age-group (1 day, 3--4 days, and 9--10 days) showed a symmetrical stimulus generalization gradient around the 1,000-Hz stimulus and the 1-day-old chicks displayed a reliably flatter gradient than either of the older groups, which did not differ. In a third experiment, the position of the gradients relative to the baseline was shifted without altering the relative shapes. These results allow general arousal, general auditory responsiveness, overall error rate, and metric characteristics of the independent and dependent variables to be eliminated as possible sources of the age differences in gradient shape. The changes in stimulus generalization, therefore, support the view that during normal development there is a sharpening of perceptual coding processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1202139", "title": "Effects of desalivation on schedule-induced polydipsia in the rat.", "content": "The development and magnitude of schedule-induced polydipisa (SIP) were examined in desalivate and control rats in two experiments. In Experiment 1 animals were placed on a noncontingent fixed time (FT) 60-sec schedule for 24 days. Results indicate speeded development but asymptotically lower levels of SIP in desalivate rats compared to controls. Home cage consumption, however, was elevated in desalivate rats. In Experiment 2 schedule length, pellet size, and the percentage of body weight were manipulated. Desalivate rats consumed less fluid during each schedule condition relative to controls, but the pattern of results across schedules was similar to controls. It was concluded that (a) desalivation attenuates SIP; (b) SIP is a learned phenomenon; (c) dry mouth theories of SIP appear inadequate; and (d) the developmental aspect of the SIP phenomenon deserves additional research attention.", "contents": "Effects of desalivation on schedule-induced polydipsia in the rat. The development and magnitude of schedule-induced polydipisa (SIP) were examined in desalivate and control rats in two experiments. In Experiment 1 animals were placed on a noncontingent fixed time (FT) 60-sec schedule for 24 days. Results indicate speeded development but asymptotically lower levels of SIP in desalivate rats compared to controls. Home cage consumption, however, was elevated in desalivate rats. In Experiment 2 schedule length, pellet size, and the percentage of body weight were manipulated. Desalivate rats consumed less fluid during each schedule condition relative to controls, but the pattern of results across schedules was similar to controls. It was concluded that (a) desalivation attenuates SIP; (b) SIP is a learned phenomenon; (c) dry mouth theories of SIP appear inadequate; and (d) the developmental aspect of the SIP phenomenon deserves additional research attention."}
{"id": "PMID:1202140", "title": "Blocking of conditioned suppression: role of the first compound trial.", "content": "Four experiments, all employing the conditioned suppression of licking in thirsty rats, examined the extent to which reinforcement of one component, A, of a compound conditioned stimulus, AB, would \"block\" conditioning to the other element, B, on the first compound trial. Suppression to B was unaffected by prior reinforcement of A; that is, no evidence of blocking was obtained. If additional reinforced trials were given to the AB compound, further conditioning to B was blocked by prior reinforcement of A. Thus blocking appeared to take at least one trial to develop. These results suggest that blocking is not due to any competition between stimuli for association with reinforcement, but is a consequence of the animals' ignoring the added element once they have learned that it is redundant.", "contents": "Blocking of conditioned suppression: role of the first compound trial. Four experiments, all employing the conditioned suppression of licking in thirsty rats, examined the extent to which reinforcement of one component, A, of a compound conditioned stimulus, AB, would \"block\" conditioning to the other element, B, on the first compound trial. Suppression to B was unaffected by prior reinforcement of A; that is, no evidence of blocking was obtained. If additional reinforced trials were given to the AB compound, further conditioning to B was blocked by prior reinforcement of A. Thus blocking appeared to take at least one trial to develop. These results suggest that blocking is not due to any competition between stimuli for association with reinforcement, but is a consequence of the animals' ignoring the added element once they have learned that it is redundant."}
{"id": "PMID:1202141", "title": "The effect of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after first- and second-order appetitive conditioning.", "content": "Rats received first- and second-order conditioning based upon a food unconditioned stimulus (UCS). They then received one of two manipulations designed to reduce the value of that food, satiation, or pairing of food with high-speed rotation. The effects of these manipulations were assessed during extinction tests of the conditioned stimuli (CSs). Compared with controls, both manipulations reduced the activity produced by the first-order CS but did not affect that produced by a second-order CS. The results are interpreted as consistent with those from aversive UCSs in implying the involvement of a UCS representation in first- but not in second-order conditioning. They also suggest that a major effect of satiation is to reduce the value of the UCS.", "contents": "The effect of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after first- and second-order appetitive conditioning. Rats received first- and second-order conditioning based upon a food unconditioned stimulus (UCS). They then received one of two manipulations designed to reduce the value of that food, satiation, or pairing of food with high-speed rotation. The effects of these manipulations were assessed during extinction tests of the conditioned stimuli (CSs). Compared with controls, both manipulations reduced the activity produced by the first-order CS but did not affect that produced by a second-order CS. The results are interpreted as consistent with those from aversive UCSs in implying the involvement of a UCS representation in first- but not in second-order conditioning. They also suggest that a major effect of satiation is to reduce the value of the UCS."}
{"id": "PMID:1202142", "title": "Stimulus familiarity modifies perceived duration in prerecognition visual processing.", "content": "Three experiments further explored the Avant, Lyman, and Antes finding that, during prerecognition processing, differences in subjects' familiarity with letters, words, and nonwords generate differences in the apparent duration of tachistoscopic flashes. The results replicate and extend the earlier findings, showing apparent duration differences with a variety of verbal stimuli over a range of tachistoscopic exposure intervals. The results also suggest that exposures of stimuli on early trials of an experiment reduce differences in preexperimental stimulus familiarity such that unfamiliar stimuli come to be processed more nearly like familiar stimuli. Familiarity acquired on early trials appears to accumulate at prerecognition levels of processing and to reduce apparent duration differences among stimuli on later trials.", "contents": "Stimulus familiarity modifies perceived duration in prerecognition visual processing. Three experiments further explored the Avant, Lyman, and Antes finding that, during prerecognition processing, differences in subjects' familiarity with letters, words, and nonwords generate differences in the apparent duration of tachistoscopic flashes. The results replicate and extend the earlier findings, showing apparent duration differences with a variety of verbal stimuli over a range of tachistoscopic exposure intervals. The results also suggest that exposures of stimuli on early trials of an experiment reduce differences in preexperimental stimulus familiarity such that unfamiliar stimuli come to be processed more nearly like familiar stimuli. Familiarity acquired on early trials appears to accumulate at prerecognition levels of processing and to reduce apparent duration differences among stimuli on later trials."}
{"id": "PMID:1202143", "title": "Visual transformation of size.", "content": "To investigate human visual identification of different-sized objects as identically shaped, matching reaction times were measured for pairs of simultaneously presented random figures. In three experiments, reaction time for correct reactions to test pairs of figures of the same shape and orientation consistently increased approximately linearly as a function of the linear size ratio of the figures. In the second experiment, where this ratio was defined for control pairs as well as for test pairs, reaction time for correct reactions to control pairs showed a similar increase as a function of size ratio. The results suggest that the task was performed by a gradual process of mental size transformation of one of the members of each pair of figures to the format of the other one.", "contents": "Visual transformation of size. To investigate human visual identification of different-sized objects as identically shaped, matching reaction times were measured for pairs of simultaneously presented random figures. In three experiments, reaction time for correct reactions to test pairs of figures of the same shape and orientation consistently increased approximately linearly as a function of the linear size ratio of the figures. In the second experiment, where this ratio was defined for control pairs as well as for test pairs, reaction time for correct reactions to control pairs showed a similar increase as a function of size ratio. The results suggest that the task was performed by a gradual process of mental size transformation of one of the members of each pair of figures to the format of the other one."}
{"id": "PMID:1202144", "title": "Detection of symmetry as a function of angular orientation.", "content": "Subjects decided as quickly as possible whether dot patterns were or were not symmetrical about a line. Their decision times were shorter when the line was verticle and increased as the angle between the line and the verticle increased. This orientation function was essentially the same whether or not the subjects knew in advance what the orientation of the line would be. When the subjects tilted their heads, the function shifted in the direction of the head tilt, indicating that it was tied more closely to retinal than to gravitational coordinates. These data can be interpreted to mean that people mentally rotate patterns to a vertical orientation before judging their symmetry. This in turn suggests that the \"template\" for detecting symmetry may itself be embedded symmetrically in the brain.", "contents": "Detection of symmetry as a function of angular orientation. Subjects decided as quickly as possible whether dot patterns were or were not symmetrical about a line. Their decision times were shorter when the line was verticle and increased as the angle between the line and the verticle increased. This orientation function was essentially the same whether or not the subjects knew in advance what the orientation of the line would be. When the subjects tilted their heads, the function shifted in the direction of the head tilt, indicating that it was tied more closely to retinal than to gravitational coordinates. These data can be interpreted to mean that people mentally rotate patterns to a vertical orientation before judging their symmetry. This in turn suggests that the \"template\" for detecting symmetry may itself be embedded symmetrically in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1202145", "title": "Information processing analysis of the Chevreul pendulum illusion.", "content": "An information processing investigation was performed to quantify the Chevreul pendulum effect: the tendency of a small pendulum, when suspended from the hand and imaginatively concentrated on, to oscillate seemingly of its own accord. Using a time exposure photographic measurement technique, electronically automated visual and auditory imaginal prompts were presented to the subject during imaginal processing tasks. It was found that the pendulum effect was enhanced when vision of actual pendulum oscillations was permitted and visual or auditory spatially oscillating stimuli were present. Visual spatially oscillating stimuli were superior to their auditory counterparts. Results were discussed in terms of ideomotor and visual capture interpretations of signal and imaginal processing.", "contents": "Information processing analysis of the Chevreul pendulum illusion. An information processing investigation was performed to quantify the Chevreul pendulum effect: the tendency of a small pendulum, when suspended from the hand and imaginatively concentrated on, to oscillate seemingly of its own accord. Using a time exposure photographic measurement technique, electronically automated visual and auditory imaginal prompts were presented to the subject during imaginal processing tasks. It was found that the pendulum effect was enhanced when vision of actual pendulum oscillations was permitted and visual or auditory spatially oscillating stimuli were present. Visual spatially oscillating stimuli were superior to their auditory counterparts. Results were discussed in terms of ideomotor and visual capture interpretations of signal and imaginal processing."}
{"id": "PMID:1202146", "title": "Allocation of attention and the locus of adaptation to displaced vision.", "content": "Experimental subjects were exposed to prism-induced visual displacement of a target whose location was correctly given by proprioceptive-kinesthetic information. Control subjects were exposed alternately to visual displacement or proprioceptive-kinesthetic location information. During the adaptation period, experimental subjects in the visual attention condition performed a localization task that directed them to attend selectively to the visual modality; experimental subjects in the proprioceptive attention condition attended selectively to the proprioceptive modaltiy; control subjects performed the task on the basis of the available modality. Measures of adaptation and aftereffect were secured separately in each of the two modalities. These confirmed the predictions that the shifts in the experimental conditions would be confirmed to localization tests dependent on the unattended modality and that control subjects would not exhibit adaptation. We proposed that allocation of attention determines situational dominance and that dominance determines the locus of adaptation. The findings were compared to those reported by Canon (1970) and were applied to a reassessment of the \"visual capture\" phenomenon.", "contents": "Allocation of attention and the locus of adaptation to displaced vision. Experimental subjects were exposed to prism-induced visual displacement of a target whose location was correctly given by proprioceptive-kinesthetic information. Control subjects were exposed alternately to visual displacement or proprioceptive-kinesthetic location information. During the adaptation period, experimental subjects in the visual attention condition performed a localization task that directed them to attend selectively to the visual modality; experimental subjects in the proprioceptive attention condition attended selectively to the proprioceptive modaltiy; control subjects performed the task on the basis of the available modality. Measures of adaptation and aftereffect were secured separately in each of the two modalities. These confirmed the predictions that the shifts in the experimental conditions would be confirmed to localization tests dependent on the unattended modality and that control subjects would not exhibit adaptation. We proposed that allocation of attention determines situational dominance and that dominance determines the locus of adaptation. The findings were compared to those reported by Canon (1970) and were applied to a reassessment of the \"visual capture\" phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1202147", "title": "Differential hemispheric mediation of nonverbal visual stimuli.", "content": "Studies employing schematic faces of three features explored the role of the left hemisphere as an analytic processor in difficult discriminations and the role of the right hemisphere in easy gestalt matches. In a discrimination task, the successively presented members of a stimulus pair differed in all three features. When both stimuli went to the same visual field there was a Visual Field X Judgments interaction; judgments same were processed faster in the left visual field. When a test stimulus differing on all three features from a previously memorized target face was matched to the latter, both judgments same and different were made faster for stimuli in the left visual field. However, when the test stimulus and the memory items differed on only one feature the right field proved superior for both judgments same and different.", "contents": "Differential hemispheric mediation of nonverbal visual stimuli. Studies employing schematic faces of three features explored the role of the left hemisphere as an analytic processor in difficult discriminations and the role of the right hemisphere in easy gestalt matches. In a discrimination task, the successively presented members of a stimulus pair differed in all three features. When both stimuli went to the same visual field there was a Visual Field X Judgments interaction; judgments same were processed faster in the left visual field. When a test stimulus differing on all three features from a previously memorized target face was matched to the latter, both judgments same and different were made faster for stimuli in the left visual field. However, when the test stimulus and the memory items differed on only one feature the right field proved superior for both judgments same and different."}
{"id": "PMID:1202148", "title": "Spatial position versus ear of entry as determinant of the auditory laterality effects: a stereophonic test.", "content": "The study concerned discriminating between ear of entry and apparent spatial position as possible determinants of lateral asymmetries in the recall of simultaneous speech messages. Apparent localization to the left or right of the median plane was created either through a time difference (.7 msec), through intensity differences between presentations of the same verbal message at the two ears, or through dichotic presentations. Right-side advantage was observed with the three types of presentation (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). The finding of right-side advantage with stereophony based on a time difference only, in the absence of intensity difference, cannot be accounted for in terms of an ear advantage and shows that apparent spatial separation of the sources can by itself produce a laterality effect. Differences in the degree of lateral asymmetry between the various conditions were also observed. The findings of Experiments 4 and 5 suggest that these differences are better explained in terms of different impressions of localization of the sound sources than in terms of relative intensity at the \"privileged\" ear.", "contents": "Spatial position versus ear of entry as determinant of the auditory laterality effects: a stereophonic test. The study concerned discriminating between ear of entry and apparent spatial position as possible determinants of lateral asymmetries in the recall of simultaneous speech messages. Apparent localization to the left or right of the median plane was created either through a time difference (.7 msec), through intensity differences between presentations of the same verbal message at the two ears, or through dichotic presentations. Right-side advantage was observed with the three types of presentation (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). The finding of right-side advantage with stereophony based on a time difference only, in the absence of intensity difference, cannot be accounted for in terms of an ear advantage and shows that apparent spatial separation of the sources can by itself produce a laterality effect. Differences in the degree of lateral asymmetry between the various conditions were also observed. The findings of Experiments 4 and 5 suggest that these differences are better explained in terms of different impressions of localization of the sound sources than in terms of relative intensity at the \"privileged\" ear."}
{"id": "PMID:1202149", "title": "Auditory segregation: stream or streams?", "content": "When auditory material segregates into \"streams,\" is the unattended stream actually organized as an entity? An affirmative answer is suggested by the observation that the organizational structure of the unattended material interacts with the structure of material to which the subject is trying to attend. Specificially, a to-be-rejected stream can, because of its structure, capture from a to-be-judged stream elements that would otherwiise be acceptable members of the to-be-judged stream.", "contents": "Auditory segregation: stream or streams? When auditory material segregates into \"streams,\" is the unattended stream actually organized as an entity? An affirmative answer is suggested by the observation that the organizational structure of the unattended material interacts with the structure of material to which the subject is trying to attend. Specificially, a to-be-rejected stream can, because of its structure, capture from a to-be-judged stream elements that would otherwiise be acceptable members of the to-be-judged stream."}
{"id": "PMID:1202150", "title": "Decision-related cortical potentials during an auditory signal detection task with cued observation intervals.", "content": "Cortical-evoked potentials were recorded from human subjects performing an auditory detection task with confidence rating responses. Unlike earlier studies that used similar procedures, the observation interval during which the auditory signal could occur was clearly marked by a visual cue light. By precisely defining the observation interval and, hence, syncrhonizing all perceptual decisions to the evoked potential averaging epoch, it was possible to demonstrate that high-confidence false alarms for accompanied by late-positive P3 components equivalent to those for equally confident hits. Moreover the hit and false alarm evoked potentials were found to covary similarily with variations in confidence rating and to have similar amplitude distributions over the scalp. In a second experiment wherein the signal intensity was increased to make signal presence and signal absence clearly discriminable and the a priori probability of signal presentation was varied from .5 to .9, it was demonstrated that correct rejections can be associated with a P3 component larger than that for hits. Thus it was possible to show, within the signal detection paradigm, how the two major factors of decision confidence and expectancy are reflected in the P3 component of the cortical-evoked potential.", "contents": "Decision-related cortical potentials during an auditory signal detection task with cued observation intervals. Cortical-evoked potentials were recorded from human subjects performing an auditory detection task with confidence rating responses. Unlike earlier studies that used similar procedures, the observation interval during which the auditory signal could occur was clearly marked by a visual cue light. By precisely defining the observation interval and, hence, syncrhonizing all perceptual decisions to the evoked potential averaging epoch, it was possible to demonstrate that high-confidence false alarms for accompanied by late-positive P3 components equivalent to those for equally confident hits. Moreover the hit and false alarm evoked potentials were found to covary similarily with variations in confidence rating and to have similar amplitude distributions over the scalp. In a second experiment wherein the signal intensity was increased to make signal presence and signal absence clearly discriminable and the a priori probability of signal presentation was varied from .5 to .9, it was demonstrated that correct rejections can be associated with a P3 component larger than that for hits. Thus it was possible to show, within the signal detection paradigm, how the two major factors of decision confidence and expectancy are reflected in the P3 component of the cortical-evoked potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1202151", "title": "Development of locomotor behavior in wild type and spastic (sp/sp) axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "The homozygous recessive spastic mutant found in the Mexican axolotl shows violent coiling and thrashing behavior when subjected to strong tactile or electrical stimulation. In order to establish the time of onset of the first behavioral manifestation of the spastic gene, an etiological analysis of the ontogeny of swimming behavior in mutants and wild type siblings was undertaken. The locomotor patterns shown by embryos in response to an electrical stimulus were analyzed quantitatively from the embryonic early flexure stage through the larval early feeding stage. Spastic larvae failed to show dorsal-up swimming frequencies equal to those of sibling controls from day 12 (Harrison stage 40) of development indicating a lack of equilibrium. Both spastics and their siblings showed \"sinusoid swimming\" and \"coiling\" behavior in response to an aversive stimulus through day 18 (Harrison state 46, early feeding stage) of development. From day 18, wild type siblings abruptly decreased \"coiling\" behavior and showed strong \"escape swimming\" in response to an intense stimulus. Spastics never developed \"escape swimming\" patterns but retained a mixture of \"sinusoid swimming\" and \"coiling\" patterns characteristic of pre-feeding stage larvae.", "contents": "Development of locomotor behavior in wild type and spastic (sp/sp) axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum. The homozygous recessive spastic mutant found in the Mexican axolotl shows violent coiling and thrashing behavior when subjected to strong tactile or electrical stimulation. In order to establish the time of onset of the first behavioral manifestation of the spastic gene, an etiological analysis of the ontogeny of swimming behavior in mutants and wild type siblings was undertaken. The locomotor patterns shown by embryos in response to an electrical stimulus were analyzed quantitatively from the embryonic early flexure stage through the larval early feeding stage. Spastic larvae failed to show dorsal-up swimming frequencies equal to those of sibling controls from day 12 (Harrison stage 40) of development indicating a lack of equilibrium. Both spastics and their siblings showed \"sinusoid swimming\" and \"coiling\" behavior in response to an aversive stimulus through day 18 (Harrison state 46, early feeding stage) of development. From day 18, wild type siblings abruptly decreased \"coiling\" behavior and showed strong \"escape swimming\" in response to an intense stimulus. Spastics never developed \"escape swimming\" patterns but retained a mixture of \"sinusoid swimming\" and \"coiling\" patterns characteristic of pre-feeding stage larvae."}
{"id": "PMID:1202152", "title": "Dietary tocopherol and sexual reproduction in the rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Asplanchna sieboldi.", "content": "Brachionus calyciflorus contained no detectable tocopherol (vitamin E) when cultured for long periods on the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis. Using a spectrofluorometric assay and the Asplanchna body-wall-outgrowth response bioassay the limits of detection were 6.4 ng and 3.78 pg alpha-tocopherol per g dry weight Brachionus, respectively. These tocopherol-free Brachionus reproduced normally both parthenogenetically and sexually, producing active and potent males and fertilized resting eggs which developed  into viable young rotifers. The apparent lack of a tocopherol requirement for male fertility in B. calyciflorus probably also applies to Asplanchna sieboldi and A. brightwell -- rotifers whose male-producing (mictic) females are induced by dietary tocopherol and whose males therefore are never tocopherol-deficient. The adaptive significance of the tocopherol requirement for the initiation of sexual reproduction in Asplanchna sieboldi--formerly hypothesized to be the result of a tocopherol requirement for male fertility--is now thought to be related to the role of tocopherol in controlling female polymorphism in this species.", "contents": "Dietary tocopherol and sexual reproduction in the rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Asplanchna sieboldi. Brachionus calyciflorus contained no detectable tocopherol (vitamin E) when cultured for long periods on the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis. Using a spectrofluorometric assay and the Asplanchna body-wall-outgrowth response bioassay the limits of detection were 6.4 ng and 3.78 pg alpha-tocopherol per g dry weight Brachionus, respectively. These tocopherol-free Brachionus reproduced normally both parthenogenetically and sexually, producing active and potent males and fertilized resting eggs which developed  into viable young rotifers. The apparent lack of a tocopherol requirement for male fertility in B. calyciflorus probably also applies to Asplanchna sieboldi and A. brightwell -- rotifers whose male-producing (mictic) females are induced by dietary tocopherol and whose males therefore are never tocopherol-deficient. The adaptive significance of the tocopherol requirement for the initiation of sexual reproduction in Asplanchna sieboldi--formerly hypothesized to be the result of a tocopherol requirement for male fertility--is now thought to be related to the role of tocopherol in controlling female polymorphism in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:1202153", "title": "The ubiquitous occurrence of chondroitin sulfates in chick embryos.", "content": "The synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans has been studied in a wide variety of embryonic chick tissues. All tissues studied have the capability to manufacture, but not necessarily accumulate, the chondroitin sulfates as well as other glycosaminoglycans. The relative distribution of glycosaminoglycans differs between tissues and changes with age.", "contents": "The ubiquitous occurrence of chondroitin sulfates in chick embryos. The synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans has been studied in a wide variety of embryonic chick tissues. All tissues studied have the capability to manufacture, but not necessarily accumulate, the chondroitin sulfates as well as other glycosaminoglycans. The relative distribution of glycosaminoglycans differs between tissues and changes with age."}
{"id": "PMID:1202154", "title": "3H-amino acid uptake and incorporation in sea urchin gastrulae and exogastrulae: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "Autoradiographic analysis of gastrulae of the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, after brief incubation periods with 3H-amino acids has indicated that the cells of the ectoderm incorporate significantly greater levels of isotope than the cells of the interior. Further analysis based primarily on incorporation patterns of exogastrulae indicate that the greatly lowered incorporation by the cells of the archenteron reflects the inability of small molecular weight precursors to reach the invaginated cells. The maintenance of high levels of 3H-amino acid incorporation by ectodermal cells of exogastrulae indicates their relative independence with respect to macromolecular metabolism from the cells of the archenteron.", "contents": "3H-amino acid uptake and incorporation in sea urchin gastrulae and exogastrulae: an autoradiographic study. Autoradiographic analysis of gastrulae of the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, after brief incubation periods with 3H-amino acids has indicated that the cells of the ectoderm incorporate significantly greater levels of isotope than the cells of the interior. Further analysis based primarily on incorporation patterns of exogastrulae indicate that the greatly lowered incorporation by the cells of the archenteron reflects the inability of small molecular weight precursors to reach the invaginated cells. The maintenance of high levels of 3H-amino acid incorporation by ectodermal cells of exogastrulae indicates their relative independence with respect to macromolecular metabolism from the cells of the archenteron."}
{"id": "PMID:1202155", "title": "Delayed allatectomy and feeding in Phormia regina (Meig): effects on follicular development.", "content": "A delay in feeding a protein meal to the female blow-fly following allatectomy results in inhibition of follicular development in the previtellogenic stage. On the other hand, a protein meal given immediately after the operation permits 55% of the flies that do not deposit yolk in their oocytes fail to do so because of the absence of a corpus allatum hormone necessary for the synthesis of vitellogenin.", "contents": "Delayed allatectomy and feeding in Phormia regina (Meig): effects on follicular development. A delay in feeding a protein meal to the female blow-fly following allatectomy results in inhibition of follicular development in the previtellogenic stage. On the other hand, a protein meal given immediately after the operation permits 55% of the flies that do not deposit yolk in their oocytes fail to do so because of the absence of a corpus allatum hormone necessary for the synthesis of vitellogenin."}
{"id": "PMID:1202156", "title": "Annual cycle of plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations in wild mallard drakes.", "content": "Plasma LH concentrations were followed in 9 individually marked wild mallard drakes in Kiel (54 degrees N) for one year at monthly intervals. Mean LH levels increased during the spring and reached the annual maximum in April and May. In June when testicular regressions occurs, the LH titer sharply decreased and was lower than at any other phase of the annual cycle. In late fall mean plasma LH concentrations increased and, whilst not reaching the values observed during the breeding season, remained relatively high during the winter. Thus, in the mallard LH can be released under short and long daily photo-periods.", "contents": "Annual cycle of plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations in wild mallard drakes. Plasma LH concentrations were followed in 9 individually marked wild mallard drakes in Kiel (54 degrees N) for one year at monthly intervals. Mean LH levels increased during the spring and reached the annual maximum in April and May. In June when testicular regressions occurs, the LH titer sharply decreased and was lower than at any other phase of the annual cycle. In late fall mean plasma LH concentrations increased and, whilst not reaching the values observed during the breeding season, remained relatively high during the winter. Thus, in the mallard LH can be released under short and long daily photo-periods."}
{"id": "PMID:1202157", "title": "Numerical taxonomy and laboratory identification of Actinomyces and Arachnia and some related bacteria.", "content": "A numerical taxonomic study was made on 49 facultative anaerobic Gram-positive filamentous and/or diphtheroidal organisms isolated from dental plaques, carious dentin and faeces, together with 63 reference strains belonging to the genera Actinomyces, Arachnia, Bifidobacterium, Actinobacterium, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus. They were examined for 90 unit characters covering a wide range of tests and properties. The data were subjected to computer analysis in which the simple matching coefficient (SSM) and the similarity index  (SJ) were calculated, and the results of single linkage techniques and an unweighted average linkage cluster analysis technique were compared. The strains fell into six major groups (phena). The Actinomyces strains were recovered in two phena; the first contained Actinomyces israelii and the other facultative anaerobic Actinomyces, including subclusters equal to taxospecies of A. odontolyticus and A. viscosus/A. naeslundii, while the other phenon corresponded to the genera Arachnia, Actinobacterium, Bifidobacterium and Propionibacterium. The groups of Arachnia and Actinobacterium each contained one species, representing taxospecies of Arachnia propionica and Actinobacterium meyerii. Taxonomic criteria, both constant and discriminative, were selected to form a diagnostic table useful for laboratory identification of this group of organisms. Immunofluorescence supported the numerical data.", "contents": "Numerical taxonomy and laboratory identification of Actinomyces and Arachnia and some related bacteria. A numerical taxonomic study was made on 49 facultative anaerobic Gram-positive filamentous and/or diphtheroidal organisms isolated from dental plaques, carious dentin and faeces, together with 63 reference strains belonging to the genera Actinomyces, Arachnia, Bifidobacterium, Actinobacterium, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus. They were examined for 90 unit characters covering a wide range of tests and properties. The data were subjected to computer analysis in which the simple matching coefficient (SSM) and the similarity index  (SJ) were calculated, and the results of single linkage techniques and an unweighted average linkage cluster analysis technique were compared. The strains fell into six major groups (phena). The Actinomyces strains were recovered in two phena; the first contained Actinomyces israelii and the other facultative anaerobic Actinomyces, including subclusters equal to taxospecies of A. odontolyticus and A. viscosus/A. naeslundii, while the other phenon corresponded to the genera Arachnia, Actinobacterium, Bifidobacterium and Propionibacterium. The groups of Arachnia and Actinobacterium each contained one species, representing taxospecies of Arachnia propionica and Actinobacterium meyerii. Taxonomic criteria, both constant and discriminative, were selected to form a diagnostic table useful for laboratory identification of this group of organisms. Immunofluorescence supported the numerical data."}
{"id": "PMID:1202161", "title": "DNA base sequence homologies among strains of Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "DNA was isolated from 19 strains and substrains of Streptococcus sanguis and analysed for guanine plus cytosine (GC) contents and base sequence homologies. Three groups could be discerned: group 1 strains had 40-8 to 42-8 mol % GC; group 2, 42-7 to 44-0 mol % GC; group 3, 43-8 to 46-4 mol % GC. DNA homologies between groups 1 and 3 were 40 to 60% at 67 degrees C and 40% at 72 degrees C. The homologies of group 2 towards groups 1 and 3 were much lower. Strains in groups 1 and 3 hydrolysed arginine and aesculin and fermented inulin; group 2 strains did not. Groups 1 and 3 could be considered subspecies of S. sanguis. Group 2 should not be considered S. sanguis.", "contents": "DNA base sequence homologies among strains of Streptococcus sanguis. DNA was isolated from 19 strains and substrains of Streptococcus sanguis and analysed for guanine plus cytosine (GC) contents and base sequence homologies. Three groups could be discerned: group 1 strains had 40-8 to 42-8 mol % GC; group 2, 42-7 to 44-0 mol % GC; group 3, 43-8 to 46-4 mol % GC. DNA homologies between groups 1 and 3 were 40 to 60% at 67 degrees C and 40% at 72 degrees C. The homologies of group 2 towards groups 1 and 3 were much lower. Strains in groups 1 and 3 hydrolysed arginine and aesculin and fermented inulin; group 2 strains did not. Groups 1 and 3 could be considered subspecies of S. sanguis. Group 2 should not be considered S. sanguis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202162", "title": "Adult onset scapuloperoneal myopathy.", "content": "Six cases are described of muscle weakness and wasting of scapuloperoneal distribution with an onset in early adult or middle life and a relatively benign progression. One case also showed mild facial weakness. Four cases were probably sporadic but in two, a mother and daughter, autosomal dominant inheritance was likely. Electromyographic studies demonstrated myopathic features in all, and this was confirmed by muscle biopsy in five. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present in three cases, but their significance is uncertain. It is considered that adult onset scapuloperoneal myopathy constitutes a clinically distinct condition.", "contents": "Adult onset scapuloperoneal myopathy. Six cases are described of muscle weakness and wasting of scapuloperoneal distribution with an onset in early adult or middle life and a relatively benign progression. One case also showed mild facial weakness. Four cases were probably sporadic but in two, a mother and daughter, autosomal dominant inheritance was likely. Electromyographic studies demonstrated myopathic features in all, and this was confirmed by muscle biopsy in five. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present in three cases, but their significance is uncertain. It is considered that adult onset scapuloperoneal myopathy constitutes a clinically distinct condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1202163", "title": "Electrophysiological study of amyotrophy associated with acute asthma (asthmatic amyotrophy).", "content": "A girl developed acute amyotrophy of the left arm five days after onset of an acute attack of bronchial asthma. Slow improvement in muscle power began nine months later. There was severe denervation with preservation of sensation and normal motor nerve conduction velocities when these were measurable. The patient is similar to 10 patients reported by Hopkins (1974).", "contents": "Electrophysiological study of amyotrophy associated with acute asthma (asthmatic amyotrophy). A girl developed acute amyotrophy of the left arm five days after onset of an acute attack of bronchial asthma. Slow improvement in muscle power began nine months later. There was severe denervation with preservation of sensation and normal motor nerve conduction velocities when these were measurable. The patient is similar to 10 patients reported by Hopkins (1974)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202164", "title": "Absence of activation in frontal structures during psychological testing of chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "The distribution of activity in the dominant hemisphere was measured with the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) technique in 27 chronic schizophrenics and 15 non-schizophrenic control subjects (alcoholics) at rest and during phychological testing. In the non-schizophrenics, an increase of rCBF was observed during the test in frontal regions. In the chronic schizophrenics, on the other hand, no or only a very limited increase was recorded. In postcentral structures the flow response during the testing was, by and large, equal in the psychotics and the controls. The findings support the hypothesis advanced previously by the authors that in chronic schizophrenia there is defective transmission in the mediothalamic frontocortical projection bundle. This defect also appears responsible for the abnormally low resting flow (activity) in the dominant hemisphere in chronic schizophrenia which we have described previously.", "contents": "Absence of activation in frontal structures during psychological testing of chronic schizophrenics. The distribution of activity in the dominant hemisphere was measured with the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) technique in 27 chronic schizophrenics and 15 non-schizophrenic control subjects (alcoholics) at rest and during phychological testing. In the non-schizophrenics, an increase of rCBF was observed during the test in frontal regions. In the chronic schizophrenics, on the other hand, no or only a very limited increase was recorded. In postcentral structures the flow response during the testing was, by and large, equal in the psychotics and the controls. The findings support the hypothesis advanced previously by the authors that in chronic schizophrenia there is defective transmission in the mediothalamic frontocortical projection bundle. This defect also appears responsible for the abnormally low resting flow (activity) in the dominant hemisphere in chronic schizophrenia which we have described previously."}
{"id": "PMID:1202165", "title": "Use of computerized tomography in senile dementia.", "content": "Computerized tomography was used to evaluate 35 patients with senile dementia and proved to be a simple and practical screening procedure. Those patients with moderate or severe cerebral atrophy had a poorer short-term prognosis than those with questionable or mild atrophy. Two patients with potentially treatable illnesses (hypothyroidism and pernicious anaemia) and only questionable atrophy had reversal of the dementia with treatment. A single patient with moderate atrophy had a potentially treatable illness (hypothyroidism) which only partially resolved. Those patients with dementia but relatively little atrophy by computerized tomography may represent a unique group with a better prognosis who require particularly careful evaluation for potentially treatable illnesses.", "contents": "Use of computerized tomography in senile dementia. Computerized tomography was used to evaluate 35 patients with senile dementia and proved to be a simple and practical screening procedure. Those patients with moderate or severe cerebral atrophy had a poorer short-term prognosis than those with questionable or mild atrophy. Two patients with potentially treatable illnesses (hypothyroidism and pernicious anaemia) and only questionable atrophy had reversal of the dementia with treatment. A single patient with moderate atrophy had a potentially treatable illness (hypothyroidism) which only partially resolved. Those patients with dementia but relatively little atrophy by computerized tomography may represent a unique group with a better prognosis who require particularly careful evaluation for potentially treatable illnesses."}
{"id": "PMID:1202166", "title": "Optic ataxia: clinical-radiological correlations with the EMIscan.", "content": "After coronary by-pass surgery, a 47 year old, right-handed man developed Gerstmann's syndrome, a visual-spatial perceptual deficit, and a gross impairment of movememt under visual guidance (\"optic ataxia\"). Visual fields and extraocular movements were intact; he had a left hemiparesis. The EMIscan showed three lesions: a left parietal-occipital lesion; a posterior callosal lesion, and a right frontal lesion. It is hypothesized that optic ataxia in both visual fields requires bilateral lesions which, in the present case, were strategically placed so as to effectively disconnect motor cortex from visual input.", "contents": "Optic ataxia: clinical-radiological correlations with the EMIscan. After coronary by-pass surgery, a 47 year old, right-handed man developed Gerstmann's syndrome, a visual-spatial perceptual deficit, and a gross impairment of movememt under visual guidance (\"optic ataxia\"). Visual fields and extraocular movements were intact; he had a left hemiparesis. The EMIscan showed three lesions: a left parietal-occipital lesion; a posterior callosal lesion, and a right frontal lesion. It is hypothesized that optic ataxia in both visual fields requires bilateral lesions which, in the present case, were strategically placed so as to effectively disconnect motor cortex from visual input."}
{"id": "PMID:1202167", "title": "Conduction velocity along human nociceptive reflex afferent nerve fibres.", "content": "The conduction velocity along the nociceptive flexor reflex afferent nerve fibres was investigated in human subjects. The posterior tibal nerve was stimulated at two sites by single painful electrical shocks of 1.0 ms duration and with adequate intensity and the reflex EMG discharges were recorded from the short head of the biceps femoris muscle. The fastest reflex conduction velocity along the posterior tibial nerve between the ankle and the popliteal fossa was about 10-25 m/s. Thus the fastest flexor reflex afferent fibres associated with a painful sensation were thought to be included in the A-delta group of cutaneous afferent nerve fibres.", "contents": "Conduction velocity along human nociceptive reflex afferent nerve fibres. The conduction velocity along the nociceptive flexor reflex afferent nerve fibres was investigated in human subjects. The posterior tibal nerve was stimulated at two sites by single painful electrical shocks of 1.0 ms duration and with adequate intensity and the reflex EMG discharges were recorded from the short head of the biceps femoris muscle. The fastest reflex conduction velocity along the posterior tibial nerve between the ankle and the popliteal fossa was about 10-25 m/s. Thus the fastest flexor reflex afferent fibres associated with a painful sensation were thought to be included in the A-delta group of cutaneous afferent nerve fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1202168", "title": "Delayed decrement of the nerve impulse propagation during induced limb ischaemia in chronic hepatic failure.", "content": "Sensory thresholds for vibrations and electrical shocks and the sensory nerve conduction velocity (median nerve) were measured during 30 minutes of induced limb ischaemia in 10 normal subjects and 15 patients with chronic hepatic failure. Sensory action potentials were recorded simultaneously at the wrist and elbow. Seven patients (group A) had a normal perception time for vibrations. As in normal subjects, the potential amplitude decreased from the onset of ischaemia, more pronounced at the elbow than at the wrist, and the conduction velocity became reduced more rapidly in the wrist-elbow than the first digit-wrist segment, indicating impulse propagation with decrement. Eight patients (group B) had a markedly prolonged perception time for vibrations. The reduction of potential amplitude and conduction velocity was considerably delayed, and the impulse propagation showed no evidence of decrement for 20-25 minutes of ischaemia. A rise of the threshold for electrical shocks was absent or very delayed. As in the two other groups, the rise was abrupt and occurred at the moment when the potential below the occluding cuff (elbow) was extinct. In both groups of patients there was an increasing temporal dispersion of action potentials and in patient group A a desynchronization of the late phase of the potential took place early in the course of ischaemia. Differences between groups A and B could not be predicted from the pre-ischaemic nerve conduction data.", "contents": "Delayed decrement of the nerve impulse propagation during induced limb ischaemia in chronic hepatic failure. Sensory thresholds for vibrations and electrical shocks and the sensory nerve conduction velocity (median nerve) were measured during 30 minutes of induced limb ischaemia in 10 normal subjects and 15 patients with chronic hepatic failure. Sensory action potentials were recorded simultaneously at the wrist and elbow. Seven patients (group A) had a normal perception time for vibrations. As in normal subjects, the potential amplitude decreased from the onset of ischaemia, more pronounced at the elbow than at the wrist, and the conduction velocity became reduced more rapidly in the wrist-elbow than the first digit-wrist segment, indicating impulse propagation with decrement. Eight patients (group B) had a markedly prolonged perception time for vibrations. The reduction of potential amplitude and conduction velocity was considerably delayed, and the impulse propagation showed no evidence of decrement for 20-25 minutes of ischaemia. A rise of the threshold for electrical shocks was absent or very delayed. As in the two other groups, the rise was abrupt and occurred at the moment when the potential below the occluding cuff (elbow) was extinct. In both groups of patients there was an increasing temporal dispersion of action potentials and in patient group A a desynchronization of the late phase of the potential took place early in the course of ischaemia. Differences between groups A and B could not be predicted from the pre-ischaemic nerve conduction data."}
{"id": "PMID:1202170", "title": "Pathophysiology of aganglionic colon segment: an experimental study on aganglionosis produced by a new method in the rat.", "content": "Experimental aganglionosis was produced successfully in a colonic segment proximal to the peritoneal reflection by intraluminal filling under tension of the colorectum of rats with 0.01% corrosive sublimate in normal saline solution. Where the length of aganglionic segment was more than 3 cm, ileus appeared and megacolon proximal to a narrow segment was observed. Histologically and histochemically, a total denervation state was observed in the aganglionic segment, in contrast to findings in narrow segments of Hirschsprung's disease, in which intramural extraneous nerves are known to be increased. The fact that a definite narrow segment like that seen in Hirschsprung's disease appeared at the portion of the colon in which experimental aganglionosis was produced indicates that a narrow colonic segment certainly can be produced without presence of any intramural extraneous nerves, although the possibility that the presence of such nerves may exaggerate the narrowing cannot be denied. The fact that the cases in which length of aganglionosis was less than 2.5 cm did not have an ileus suggests that there may be some contributing factors other than aganglionosis in the etiology of Hirschsprung's disease of ultrashort segment, if this entity of the disease really exists. Aperistalsis observed in experimental aganglionic segments and that observed in aganglionotic segments of Hirschsprung's disease seem to be based on a common main factor, i.e., absence of the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerves.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of aganglionic colon segment: an experimental study on aganglionosis produced by a new method in the rat. Experimental aganglionosis was produced successfully in a colonic segment proximal to the peritoneal reflection by intraluminal filling under tension of the colorectum of rats with 0.01% corrosive sublimate in normal saline solution. Where the length of aganglionic segment was more than 3 cm, ileus appeared and megacolon proximal to a narrow segment was observed. Histologically and histochemically, a total denervation state was observed in the aganglionic segment, in contrast to findings in narrow segments of Hirschsprung's disease, in which intramural extraneous nerves are known to be increased. The fact that a definite narrow segment like that seen in Hirschsprung's disease appeared at the portion of the colon in which experimental aganglionosis was produced indicates that a narrow colonic segment certainly can be produced without presence of any intramural extraneous nerves, although the possibility that the presence of such nerves may exaggerate the narrowing cannot be denied. The fact that the cases in which length of aganglionosis was less than 2.5 cm did not have an ileus suggests that there may be some contributing factors other than aganglionosis in the etiology of Hirschsprung's disease of ultrashort segment, if this entity of the disease really exists. Aperistalsis observed in experimental aganglionic segments and that observed in aganglionotic segments of Hirschsprung's disease seem to be based on a common main factor, i.e., absence of the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:1202171", "title": "Pharmacologic studies of Hirschsprung's disease on a murine model.", "content": "In studies of the pharmacology of a murine model of aganglionosis, the contracted aganglionic portion of the terminal bowel showed slow regular contractions of high amplitude in comparison to the rapid low-amplitude contractions of a normal segment of bowel. An absence of the nonadrenergic inhibitory system was demonstrated in the aganglionic, contracted portion of the bowel. This lack of the nonadrenergic system confirms previous findings in human tissue. It is proposed that absence of this inhibitory system in the aganglionic portion of the bowel results in the principal pathophysiologic findings in Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Pharmacologic studies of Hirschsprung's disease on a murine model. In studies of the pharmacology of a murine model of aganglionosis, the contracted aganglionic portion of the terminal bowel showed slow regular contractions of high amplitude in comparison to the rapid low-amplitude contractions of a normal segment of bowel. An absence of the nonadrenergic inhibitory system was demonstrated in the aganglionic, contracted portion of the bowel. This lack of the nonadrenergic system confirms previous findings in human tissue. It is proposed that absence of this inhibitory system in the aganglionic portion of the bowel results in the principal pathophysiologic findings in Hirschsprung's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1202173", "title": "Hypercoagulability in childhood cancer.", "content": "Thirty-two children with solid tumors (lymphangioma, fibrosarcoma, hepatocarcinoma, osteogenic sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, mesenchymoma, hepatoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, neuroblastoma, Hodgkin's disease, and brain tumors) were studied for alterations in coagulation by means of platelet counts, platelet aggregation, thrombelastogram, procoagulant and antigenic factor VIII, fibrin split products, and antithrombin III level. Results indicated hypercoagulability as shown by abnormally short thrombelastograms and elevated factor VIII levels and platelet counts in approximately one-half of the group. With the exception of increased fibrin split products in a third of the patients, little laboratory or clinical evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was seen. Hypercoagulability, as noted in adult carcinoma patients, can also occur in childhood sarcoma patients.", "contents": "Hypercoagulability in childhood cancer. Thirty-two children with solid tumors (lymphangioma, fibrosarcoma, hepatocarcinoma, osteogenic sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, mesenchymoma, hepatoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, neuroblastoma, Hodgkin's disease, and brain tumors) were studied for alterations in coagulation by means of platelet counts, platelet aggregation, thrombelastogram, procoagulant and antigenic factor VIII, fibrin split products, and antithrombin III level. Results indicated hypercoagulability as shown by abnormally short thrombelastograms and elevated factor VIII levels and platelet counts in approximately one-half of the group. With the exception of increased fibrin split products in a third of the patients, little laboratory or clinical evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was seen. Hypercoagulability, as noted in adult carcinoma patients, can also occur in childhood sarcoma patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1202174", "title": "Immediate and long-term results of superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunt for portal hypertension in children.", "content": "Experience with 46 superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunts in children is reported, with postoperative follow-up of from 2 to 15 yr. The first procedure used as an end-to-side implantation of the vena cava into the right side of the superior mesenteric vein or portal vein after ligating the cava above the iliac vessels (16 cases). In the next 30 children, the vena cava was lengthened using the left or right common iliac vein, thus obtaining better anastomosis and reversed portal flow. Patency may be definitely assumed when the esophageal varices have disappeared within 3 mo; this was observed in 33 children. Results are nearly the same with superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunt, splenorenal shunt and portacaval shunt when the respective veins of the portal system are more than 1 cm in diameter. When it is less, the superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunt is more successful than others; this is the case in children under 7 yr of age. No serious trouble was observed after the interruption of the venous circulation of the limbs and pelvis when a superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunt was performed when the patients were less than 15 yr of age.", "contents": "Immediate and long-term results of superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunt for portal hypertension in children. Experience with 46 superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunts in children is reported, with postoperative follow-up of from 2 to 15 yr. The first procedure used as an end-to-side implantation of the vena cava into the right side of the superior mesenteric vein or portal vein after ligating the cava above the iliac vessels (16 cases). In the next 30 children, the vena cava was lengthened using the left or right common iliac vein, thus obtaining better anastomosis and reversed portal flow. Patency may be definitely assumed when the esophageal varices have disappeared within 3 mo; this was observed in 33 children. Results are nearly the same with superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunt, splenorenal shunt and portacaval shunt when the respective veins of the portal system are more than 1 cm in diameter. When it is less, the superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunt is more successful than others; this is the case in children under 7 yr of age. No serious trouble was observed after the interruption of the venous circulation of the limbs and pelvis when a superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunt was performed when the patients were less than 15 yr of age."}
{"id": "PMID:1202175", "title": "Inflammatory processes mimicking bladder tumors in children.", "content": "Tumor-like proliferative lesions were discovered on cystourethrography and cystoscopy in two children, one with severe bacterial urinary tract infection and the other with painless terminal hematuria. Histologically, these lesions were characterized by inflammatory infiltration and proliferative changes of the bladder epithelium. Appropriate treatment, including antibiotics, resulted in complete disappearance of the bladder lesions in both patients. The development of such lesions is related to the potential for nonneoplastic proliferation and metaplasia of the bladder epithelium and is considered to be the result of irritation associated with infection or other chemical and physical factors. The known malignant potential of such bladder pathology indicates a need for careful, long-term follow-up in such patients, including children.", "contents": "Inflammatory processes mimicking bladder tumors in children. Tumor-like proliferative lesions were discovered on cystourethrography and cystoscopy in two children, one with severe bacterial urinary tract infection and the other with painless terminal hematuria. Histologically, these lesions were characterized by inflammatory infiltration and proliferative changes of the bladder epithelium. Appropriate treatment, including antibiotics, resulted in complete disappearance of the bladder lesions in both patients. The development of such lesions is related to the potential for nonneoplastic proliferation and metaplasia of the bladder epithelium and is considered to be the result of irritation associated with infection or other chemical and physical factors. The known malignant potential of such bladder pathology indicates a need for careful, long-term follow-up in such patients, including children."}
{"id": "PMID:1202177", "title": "Aldosteronoma in a child with localization by adrenal vein aldosterone: collective review of the literature.", "content": "Hyperaldosteronism due to aldosteronoma is a rare but potentially curable form of pediatric hypertension. We have presented a patient who had symptoms of enuresis and fatigue, and in whom the diagnosis was suggested by low serum potassium and persistent hypertension. Diagnosis was confirmed by increased plasma and urinary aldosterone and decreased plasma renin. The tumor was localized with the aid of adrenal venography and catheterization, which showed greatly increased plasma aldosterone levels in the right adrenal vein. The pathologic findings were totally reversed by right adrenalectomy. The clinical picture and results following surgical removal of aldosterone-producing tumors in six children are reviewed.", "contents": "Aldosteronoma in a child with localization by adrenal vein aldosterone: collective review of the literature. Hyperaldosteronism due to aldosteronoma is a rare but potentially curable form of pediatric hypertension. We have presented a patient who had symptoms of enuresis and fatigue, and in whom the diagnosis was suggested by low serum potassium and persistent hypertension. Diagnosis was confirmed by increased plasma and urinary aldosterone and decreased plasma renin. The tumor was localized with the aid of adrenal venography and catheterization, which showed greatly increased plasma aldosterone levels in the right adrenal vein. The pathologic findings were totally reversed by right adrenalectomy. The clinical picture and results following surgical removal of aldosterone-producing tumors in six children are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202178", "title": "Correction of transposition of the great vessels with previous Baffes procedure.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with transposition of the great vessels who underwent a Baffes procedure in infancy were totally corrected by a modified Mustard procedure. There were three postoperative deaths and one major complication. All survivors have been followed from 2 to 8 yr and have done well except for one patient who required a tricuspid valve replacement because of tricuspid insufficiency. It is our conclusion that this group of patients can be corrected with a relatively low mortality and a favorable outcome.", "contents": "Correction of transposition of the great vessels with previous Baffes procedure. Twenty-four patients with transposition of the great vessels who underwent a Baffes procedure in infancy were totally corrected by a modified Mustard procedure. There were three postoperative deaths and one major complication. All survivors have been followed from 2 to 8 yr and have done well except for one patient who required a tricuspid valve replacement because of tricuspid insufficiency. It is our conclusion that this group of patients can be corrected with a relatively low mortality and a favorable outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:1202179", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis and treatment of bleeding by selective embolization following pelvic fracture in children.", "content": "Angiography has been used successfully in adults for evaluation following major trauma and to subsequently control hemorrhage associated with pelvic fracture by selective embolization. This report illustrates that the technique is applicable in the evaluation and treatment of children with similar injuries.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis and treatment of bleeding by selective embolization following pelvic fracture in children. Angiography has been used successfully in adults for evaluation following major trauma and to subsequently control hemorrhage associated with pelvic fracture by selective embolization. This report illustrates that the technique is applicable in the evaluation and treatment of children with similar injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:1202181", "title": "Intestinal atresia in fetal dogs produced by localized ligation of mesenteric vessels.", "content": "Experimental ileal atresia and stenosis were produced by a localized ligation of the mesenteric vessels in fetuses from 13 pregnant mongrel dogs having gestational ages of 45-55 days. The intestinal infarct in the fetus was characterized by an aseptic coagulation necrosis selectively limited to the mucosa and submucosa, and also by intense hyperemia and minimal cellular reaction in the adjacent tissue. Eleven days after the devascularization, type 2 intestinal atresia, in which there is a long cord between the blunt ends microscopically similar to that seen in humans.", "contents": "Intestinal atresia in fetal dogs produced by localized ligation of mesenteric vessels. Experimental ileal atresia and stenosis were produced by a localized ligation of the mesenteric vessels in fetuses from 13 pregnant mongrel dogs having gestational ages of 45-55 days. The intestinal infarct in the fetus was characterized by an aseptic coagulation necrosis selectively limited to the mucosa and submucosa, and also by intense hyperemia and minimal cellular reaction in the adjacent tissue. Eleven days after the devascularization, type 2 intestinal atresia, in which there is a long cord between the blunt ends microscopically similar to that seen in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:1202183", "title": "Fatal outcome in a child with pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "The clinical and histologic changes occurring with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis are usually reversible with discontinuation of the causative medication. The spectrum of disease patterns ranges from a benign form to a very fulminant and occasionally fatal one. This report describes a child with a severe form of the disease. Despite recognition and sigmoidoscopic confirmation of this syndrome and cessation of antibiotics, his course continued to deteriorate. Sepsis, leukocytosis, refractory diarrhea, and abdominal distension led to exploratory laparotomy. A proctocolectomy was performed for necrosis of the entire colon; however, the patient died of sepsis.", "contents": "Fatal outcome in a child with pseudomembranous colitis. The clinical and histologic changes occurring with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis are usually reversible with discontinuation of the causative medication. The spectrum of disease patterns ranges from a benign form to a very fulminant and occasionally fatal one. This report describes a child with a severe form of the disease. Despite recognition and sigmoidoscopic confirmation of this syndrome and cessation of antibiotics, his course continued to deteriorate. Sepsis, leukocytosis, refractory diarrhea, and abdominal distension led to exploratory laparotomy. A proctocolectomy was performed for necrosis of the entire colon; however, the patient died of sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202188", "title": "Concurrent validity of the Wheeler signs of homosexuality in the Rorschach: P (Ci/Rj).", "content": "The Rorschach protocols of 43 males consecutively admitted to a university outpatient clinic were scored for frequency of the 20 Wheeler signs of homosexuality. Based on case history data, patients were assigned to homosexual, sex-role disturbed, or normal-control groups. In addition to the traditional group comparison the results were analyzed to yield P (Ci/Rj); that is, the probability of criterion group membership given test indicator. Both the homosexual and sex-role disturbed group displayed significantly more Wheeler signs than normals. Furthermore, given a Wheeler sign score of 15%, .75 of the predicted-homosexual group would be correctly classified compared to a .21 baserate prediction. It was suggested that expressing results as P (Ci/Rj) provides information more relevant to the clinician than is provided by the traditional practice of reporting significant differences between groups.", "contents": "Concurrent validity of the Wheeler signs of homosexuality in the Rorschach: P (Ci/Rj). The Rorschach protocols of 43 males consecutively admitted to a university outpatient clinic were scored for frequency of the 20 Wheeler signs of homosexuality. Based on case history data, patients were assigned to homosexual, sex-role disturbed, or normal-control groups. In addition to the traditional group comparison the results were analyzed to yield P (Ci/Rj); that is, the probability of criterion group membership given test indicator. Both the homosexual and sex-role disturbed group displayed significantly more Wheeler signs than normals. Furthermore, given a Wheeler sign score of 15%, .75 of the predicted-homosexual group would be correctly classified compared to a .21 baserate prediction. It was suggested that expressing results as P (Ci/Rj) provides information more relevant to the clinician than is provided by the traditional practice of reporting significant differences between groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1202189", "title": "Validity of the Overcontrolled-Hostility (O-H) Scale: a brief report.", "content": "In order to further assess the validity of the MMPI O-H (overcontrolled hostility) Scale, high and low O-H youthful offenders were administered the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study and their responses classified as extrapunitive, impunitive or intropunitive. Results indicated that high O-H subjects were significantly more impunitive than low O-H subjects and conversely, that low O-H subjects were more extrapunitive than high O-H subjects. Such findings are consistent with the O-H personality typology and lend further support to the construct validity of the Scale.", "contents": "Validity of the Overcontrolled-Hostility (O-H) Scale: a brief report. In order to further assess the validity of the MMPI O-H (overcontrolled hostility) Scale, high and low O-H youthful offenders were administered the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study and their responses classified as extrapunitive, impunitive or intropunitive. Results indicated that high O-H subjects were significantly more impunitive than low O-H subjects and conversely, that low O-H subjects were more extrapunitive than high O-H subjects. Such findings are consistent with the O-H personality typology and lend further support to the construct validity of the Scale."}
{"id": "PMID:1202190", "title": "Personality differences among child molesters.", "content": "This study compared the MMPI profiles of two groups of child molesters, those with no prior arrests versus those with one or more prior arrests, in order to assess certain clinically derived inferences about these offenders. The sample consisted of 33 persons convicted of child molestation. The group with prior arrests showed more psychopathology than the group with no previous arrests.", "contents": "Personality differences among child molesters. This study compared the MMPI profiles of two groups of child molesters, those with no prior arrests versus those with one or more prior arrests, in order to assess certain clinically derived inferences about these offenders. The sample consisted of 33 persons convicted of child molestation. The group with prior arrests showed more psychopathology than the group with no previous arrests."}
{"id": "PMID:1202191", "title": "Time experiences, self-actualizing values, and creativity.", "content": "The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), the Inventory of Temporal Experiences (ITE), and the Adjective Check List (ACL) were administered to 80 subjects. Sixteen scores were derived from the POI, 4 from the ITE and a Creativity score for the ACL. The resulting intercorrelations were interpreted in the light of the theories of Maslow and Hugenholtz which postulate a convergence of self-actualization, creativity, and certain experiences of time. The present study presents some evidence for the expected convergence and contributes to the construct validity of several of the variables studied.", "contents": "Time experiences, self-actualizing values, and creativity. The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), the Inventory of Temporal Experiences (ITE), and the Adjective Check List (ACL) were administered to 80 subjects. Sixteen scores were derived from the POI, 4 from the ITE and a Creativity score for the ACL. The resulting intercorrelations were interpreted in the light of the theories of Maslow and Hugenholtz which postulate a convergence of self-actualization, creativity, and certain experiences of time. The present study presents some evidence for the expected convergence and contributes to the construct validity of several of the variables studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1202192", "title": "Locus of control and voluntary heart-rate change.", "content": "Investigated the effects of locus of control on voluntary control of heart-rate change. The 32 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two heart-rate change groups: Increase or decrease. The groups were counterbalanced for locus of control and sex. No heart-rate feedback was provided to subjects, and all subjects performed the appropriate task for two sessions. Results indicated that during the initial session, internals were better able to increase their heart-rates than externals; the externals were better able to decrease their heart-rates internals. This association, however, diminished to nonsignificance in the second session.", "contents": "Locus of control and voluntary heart-rate change. Investigated the effects of locus of control on voluntary control of heart-rate change. The 32 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two heart-rate change groups: Increase or decrease. The groups were counterbalanced for locus of control and sex. No heart-rate feedback was provided to subjects, and all subjects performed the appropriate task for two sessions. Results indicated that during the initial session, internals were better able to increase their heart-rates than externals; the externals were better able to decrease their heart-rates internals. This association, however, diminished to nonsignificance in the second session."}
{"id": "PMID:1202193", "title": "Simultaneous measurements of magnesium, calcium and sodium influxes in perfused squid giant axons under membrane potential control.", "content": "1. Giant axons from the squids Dosidicus gigas, Loligo forbesi and Loligo vulgaris were internally perfused with 550 or 275 mM KF plus sucrose and bathed in artificial sea water containing 45Ca, 28Mg or mixtures of 45Ca-28Mg or 45Ca-22Na. Resting influxes and extra influxes during voltage-clamp pulses were measured by collecting and counting the internal perfusate. 2. For Dosidicus axons in 10 mM-CaCl2 the resting influx of calcium was 0-016 +/- 0-007 p-mole/cm2 sec and a linear function of external concentration. For two experiments in 10 and 84-7 mM-CaCl2, 100 nM tetrodotoxin had no effect. Resting calcium influx in 10 mM-CaCl2 was 0-017 +/- 0-013 p-mole/cm2 sec for Loligo axons. 3. With 55 mM-MgCl2 outside the average resting magnesium influx was 0-124 +/- 0-080 p-mole/cm2 sec for Loligo axons. Discarding one aberrant point the value is 0-105 +/- 0-046 which is not significantly different from the resting calcium influx for Dosidicus fibres in 55 mM-CaCl2, given as 0-094 p-mole/cm2 sec by the regression line shown in Fig. 1. In two experiments 150 nM tetrodotoxin had no effect. 4. With 430 mM-NaCl outside 100 nM tetrodotoxin reduced the average resting influx of sodium in Dosidicus axon from 27-7 +/- 4-5 to 25-1 +/- 6-2 p-mole/cm2 sec and for Loligo fibres in 460 mM-NaCl from 50-5 +/- 4 to 20 +/- 8 p-mole/cm2 sec. 5. Using depolarizing pulses of various durations, the extra calcium influx occurred in two phases. The early phase was eliminated by external application of tetrodotoxin. The results of analysis are consistent with, but do not rigorously demonstrate, the conclusion that the tetrodotoxin sensitive calcium entry is flowing through the normal sodium channels (cf. Baker, Hodgkin & Ridgway, 1971). 6. Measurements of extra influxes using 22Na and 45Ca simultaneously  indicate that the time courses of tetrodotoxin sensitive calcium and sodium entry are similar but not necessarily identical. It is very doubtful that any significant calcium entry occurs before the sodium or is involved in the activation of the sodium system. 7. These measurements confirm for Loligo, as previously shown for Dosidicus axons, that the magnitude and time course of the sodium entry during a depolarizing pulse deduced from electrical measurements is the same as that measured with 22Na. 8. Using 28Mg, or mixtures of 45Ca and 28Mg, we observed a single phase of magnesium entry which was insensitive to external tetrodotoxin or internal tetraethyl ammonium. The magnitude of the magnesium influx was considerably greater than the calcium extra entry and large enough to have been detected in the experiments of Meves & Vogel (1973) if it represented current. 9. We suggest the possibility that the calcium and magnesium extra influxes, after external treatment with tetrodotoxin, during a depolarizing pulse, do not contribute to the measured current.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurements of magnesium, calcium and sodium influxes in perfused squid giant axons under membrane potential control. 1. Giant axons from the squids Dosidicus gigas, Loligo forbesi and Loligo vulgaris were internally perfused with 550 or 275 mM KF plus sucrose and bathed in artificial sea water containing 45Ca, 28Mg or mixtures of 45Ca-28Mg or 45Ca-22Na. Resting influxes and extra influxes during voltage-clamp pulses were measured by collecting and counting the internal perfusate. 2. For Dosidicus axons in 10 mM-CaCl2 the resting influx of calcium was 0-016 +/- 0-007 p-mole/cm2 sec and a linear function of external concentration. For two experiments in 10 and 84-7 mM-CaCl2, 100 nM tetrodotoxin had no effect. Resting calcium influx in 10 mM-CaCl2 was 0-017 +/- 0-013 p-mole/cm2 sec for Loligo axons. 3. With 55 mM-MgCl2 outside the average resting magnesium influx was 0-124 +/- 0-080 p-mole/cm2 sec for Loligo axons. Discarding one aberrant point the value is 0-105 +/- 0-046 which is not significantly different from the resting calcium influx for Dosidicus fibres in 55 mM-CaCl2, given as 0-094 p-mole/cm2 sec by the regression line shown in Fig. 1. In two experiments 150 nM tetrodotoxin had no effect. 4. With 430 mM-NaCl outside 100 nM tetrodotoxin reduced the average resting influx of sodium in Dosidicus axon from 27-7 +/- 4-5 to 25-1 +/- 6-2 p-mole/cm2 sec and for Loligo fibres in 460 mM-NaCl from 50-5 +/- 4 to 20 +/- 8 p-mole/cm2 sec. 5. Using depolarizing pulses of various durations, the extra calcium influx occurred in two phases. The early phase was eliminated by external application of tetrodotoxin. The results of analysis are consistent with, but do not rigorously demonstrate, the conclusion that the tetrodotoxin sensitive calcium entry is flowing through the normal sodium channels (cf. Baker, Hodgkin & Ridgway, 1971). 6. Measurements of extra influxes using 22Na and 45Ca simultaneously  indicate that the time courses of tetrodotoxin sensitive calcium and sodium entry are similar but not necessarily identical. It is very doubtful that any significant calcium entry occurs before the sodium or is involved in the activation of the sodium system. 7. These measurements confirm for Loligo, as previously shown for Dosidicus axons, that the magnitude and time course of the sodium entry during a depolarizing pulse deduced from electrical measurements is the same as that measured with 22Na. 8. Using 28Mg, or mixtures of 45Ca and 28Mg, we observed a single phase of magnesium entry which was insensitive to external tetrodotoxin or internal tetraethyl ammonium. The magnitude of the magnesium influx was considerably greater than the calcium extra entry and large enough to have been detected in the experiments of Meves & Vogel (1973) if it represented current. 9. We suggest the possibility that the calcium and magnesium extra influxes, after external treatment with tetrodotoxin, during a depolarizing pulse, do not contribute to the measured current."}
{"id": "PMID:1202194", "title": "Extracellular potassium activity, intracellular and extracellular potential responses in the spinal cord.", "content": "1. Microcapillary electrode assemblies of two or three channels were used to record extracellular and intracellular potentials together with the extracellular activity of potassium ions, from essentially single locations within the substance of the decapitate spinal cord of cats. A liquid ion exchanger filled the tip of the potassium sensing microprobe. Activity was evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent peripheral nerves (ventral roots were cut). 2. Within the substance of the spinal grey matter increments of extracellular potassium activity evoked by repetitive afferent volleys were precisely correlated with magnitudes of sustained shifts of extracellular electric potential. Raising [K+]o from 3 to 4 mM was associated with a negative shift of potential of 2-5 +/- 0-5 mV, regardless of the position of the electrode in the tissue, and regardless of treatment by convulsant or depressant drugs. 3. The spatial distribution of the responses of potassium activity was mapped by the spatial distribution of the negative sustained potential shifts. 4. Depolarization shifts of potential recorded from within neuroglia cells ran parallel with changes of extracellular potassium potential. Even though the magnitude of extracellular sustained potential shifts was precisely correlated with the responses of both extracellular potassium and intracellular glial potentials, the trajectory of sustained potential shifts did not exactly mirror the two other variables. Onset and offset of sustained potential shifts were faster than those of glial potentials or of extracellular potassium. 5. The responses of the true transmembrane potential (intracellular less extracellular potential shifts) of neuroglia cells in the spinal grey matter can fully be described by the Nernst equation. 6. Membrane potentials of neurones, potentials recorded from dorsal root filaments, or from white matter, appeared unrelated to the activity of potassium ions in extracellular fluid. 7. The results are compatible with the suggestions that changes of the membrane potential of spinal neuroglia cells are fully determined by the change of the activity of extracellular potassium, and that glia cells supply most of the current which generates sustained shifts of the extracellular potential of spinal grey matter. The results are hard to reconcile with suggestions that under conditions of moderate excitation (i.e. in the absence of convulsive neuronal activity) changes of extracellular potassium would significantly influence the membrane potential of spinal neurones, or of primary afferent nerve fibres.", "contents": "Extracellular potassium activity, intracellular and extracellular potential responses in the spinal cord. 1. Microcapillary electrode assemblies of two or three channels were used to record extracellular and intracellular potentials together with the extracellular activity of potassium ions, from essentially single locations within the substance of the decapitate spinal cord of cats. A liquid ion exchanger filled the tip of the potassium sensing microprobe. Activity was evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent peripheral nerves (ventral roots were cut). 2. Within the substance of the spinal grey matter increments of extracellular potassium activity evoked by repetitive afferent volleys were precisely correlated with magnitudes of sustained shifts of extracellular electric potential. Raising [K+]o from 3 to 4 mM was associated with a negative shift of potential of 2-5 +/- 0-5 mV, regardless of the position of the electrode in the tissue, and regardless of treatment by convulsant or depressant drugs. 3. The spatial distribution of the responses of potassium activity was mapped by the spatial distribution of the negative sustained potential shifts. 4. Depolarization shifts of potential recorded from within neuroglia cells ran parallel with changes of extracellular potassium potential. Even though the magnitude of extracellular sustained potential shifts was precisely correlated with the responses of both extracellular potassium and intracellular glial potentials, the trajectory of sustained potential shifts did not exactly mirror the two other variables. Onset and offset of sustained potential shifts were faster than those of glial potentials or of extracellular potassium. 5. The responses of the true transmembrane potential (intracellular less extracellular potential shifts) of neuroglia cells in the spinal grey matter can fully be described by the Nernst equation. 6. Membrane potentials of neurones, potentials recorded from dorsal root filaments, or from white matter, appeared unrelated to the activity of potassium ions in extracellular fluid. 7. The results are compatible with the suggestions that changes of the membrane potential of spinal neuroglia cells are fully determined by the change of the activity of extracellular potassium, and that glia cells supply most of the current which generates sustained shifts of the extracellular potential of spinal grey matter. The results are hard to reconcile with suggestions that under conditions of moderate excitation (i.e. in the absence of convulsive neuronal activity) changes of extracellular potassium would significantly influence the membrane potential of spinal neurones, or of primary afferent nerve fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1202195", "title": "Readjustment of retinotectal projection following reimplantation of a rotated or inverted tectal tissue in adult goldfish.", "content": "1. The pattern of visual projection from the retina on to the optic tectum following reimplantation of a piece of the tectal tissue was studied with neurophysiological mapping methods in adult goldfish. 2. When a rectangular piece of the tectum was dissected, lifted free, and then reimplanted to the same tectum after rotation by 180 degrees around the dorsoventral axis, the re-established visual projection later showed a complete reversal of retinotopic order within the reimplanted area with reference to the normal projection on to the intact surrounding area of the same tectum. The localized reversal was observed as early as 65 days, and also as late as 721 days after the 180 degree rotated reimplantation. 3. If a square piece of the tectal tissue was reimplanted after rotation by 90 degrees anticlockwise around the dorsoventral axis, the restored visual projection later showed a corresponding localized 90 degrees rotation within the reimplanted ares. 4. When the entire laminar structure of a dissected tectal tissue was inverted, and the reimplanted upside-down along the same rostrocaudal axis of the tectum, the restored visual projection on to the inverted tectal reimplant was found to be organized in a reverse retinotopic order along only the mediolateral axis within the reimplanted area. The restored visual projection retained a correct retinotopic order along the rostrocaudal axis. The same trends were also observed after regeneration of the optic fibres following section of the contralateral optic nerve. 5. If the inverted tectal tissue was reimplanted along the same mediolateral axis of the tectum, the re-established visual projection showed a localized reversal of retinotopic order along only the rostrocaudal axis within the reimplanted area. Sectioning the contralateral optic nerve made no difference to the result. 6. These results suggest that a piece of adult tectal tissue retains its original topographic polarity regardless of the orientation of reimplantation after either a rotation or an inversion. Furthermore the retention is not a short-lived transitory phenomenon. It persisted as long as the reimplanted tissue survived. 7. Histological examination of the operated tecta revealed that the reimplanted tectal tissues underwent a severe derangement in their laminar structures. It was impossible to identify the main target zone of retinotectal projection (the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale) or the central cellular layer (the stratum griseum centrale) in the reimplants. The prominent feature of the deranged tectal tissue was irregular vortices of tangled fibre bundles. Sparse tectal neurones of bipolar and granular types were irregularly scattered in the deranged structure of the reimplant. 8. Thus, the retention of original topographic polarity did not require an integrity of the cytoarchitectonic structure of the reimplanted tectal tissue.", "contents": "Readjustment of retinotectal projection following reimplantation of a rotated or inverted tectal tissue in adult goldfish. 1. The pattern of visual projection from the retina on to the optic tectum following reimplantation of a piece of the tectal tissue was studied with neurophysiological mapping methods in adult goldfish. 2. When a rectangular piece of the tectum was dissected, lifted free, and then reimplanted to the same tectum after rotation by 180 degrees around the dorsoventral axis, the re-established visual projection later showed a complete reversal of retinotopic order within the reimplanted area with reference to the normal projection on to the intact surrounding area of the same tectum. The localized reversal was observed as early as 65 days, and also as late as 721 days after the 180 degree rotated reimplantation. 3. If a square piece of the tectal tissue was reimplanted after rotation by 90 degrees anticlockwise around the dorsoventral axis, the restored visual projection later showed a corresponding localized 90 degrees rotation within the reimplanted ares. 4. When the entire laminar structure of a dissected tectal tissue was inverted, and the reimplanted upside-down along the same rostrocaudal axis of the tectum, the restored visual projection on to the inverted tectal reimplant was found to be organized in a reverse retinotopic order along only the mediolateral axis within the reimplanted area. The restored visual projection retained a correct retinotopic order along the rostrocaudal axis. The same trends were also observed after regeneration of the optic fibres following section of the contralateral optic nerve. 5. If the inverted tectal tissue was reimplanted along the same mediolateral axis of the tectum, the re-established visual projection showed a localized reversal of retinotopic order along only the rostrocaudal axis within the reimplanted area. Sectioning the contralateral optic nerve made no difference to the result. 6. These results suggest that a piece of adult tectal tissue retains its original topographic polarity regardless of the orientation of reimplantation after either a rotation or an inversion. Furthermore the retention is not a short-lived transitory phenomenon. It persisted as long as the reimplanted tissue survived. 7. Histological examination of the operated tecta revealed that the reimplanted tectal tissues underwent a severe derangement in their laminar structures. It was impossible to identify the main target zone of retinotectal projection (the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale) or the central cellular layer (the stratum griseum centrale) in the reimplants. The prominent feature of the deranged tectal tissue was irregular vortices of tangled fibre bundles. Sparse tectal neurones of bipolar and granular types were irregularly scattered in the deranged structure of the reimplant. 8. Thus, the retention of original topographic polarity did not require an integrity of the cytoarchitectonic structure of the reimplanted tectal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1202196", "title": "The actions of volatile anaesthetics on synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus.", "content": "1. The action of four volatile anaesthetics on the evoked synaptic potentials of in vitro preparations of the hippocampus were examined. 2. All four anaesthetics (ether, halothane, methoxyflurane and trichloroethylene) depressed the synaptic transmission between the perforant path and the granule cells at concentrations lower than those required to maintain anaesthesia in intact animals. 3. The population excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) and massed discharge of the cortical cells (population spike) were depressed at concentrations of the anaesthetics lower than those required to depress the compound action potential of the perforant path nerve fibres. None of the anaesthetics studied increased the threshold depolarization required for granule cell discharge. Furthermore, frequency potentiation of the evoked cortical e.p.s.p.s was not impaired by any of the anaesthetics studied. 4. It is concluded that all four anaesthetics depress synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus either by reducing the amount of transmitter released from each nerve terminal in response to an afferent volley, or by decreasing the sensitivity of the post-synaptic membrane to released transmitted or by both effects together.", "contents": "The actions of volatile anaesthetics on synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus. 1. The action of four volatile anaesthetics on the evoked synaptic potentials of in vitro preparations of the hippocampus were examined. 2. All four anaesthetics (ether, halothane, methoxyflurane and trichloroethylene) depressed the synaptic transmission between the perforant path and the granule cells at concentrations lower than those required to maintain anaesthesia in intact animals. 3. The population excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) and massed discharge of the cortical cells (population spike) were depressed at concentrations of the anaesthetics lower than those required to depress the compound action potential of the perforant path nerve fibres. None of the anaesthetics studied increased the threshold depolarization required for granule cell discharge. Furthermore, frequency potentiation of the evoked cortical e.p.s.p.s was not impaired by any of the anaesthetics studied. 4. It is concluded that all four anaesthetics depress synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus either by reducing the amount of transmitter released from each nerve terminal in response to an afferent volley, or by decreasing the sensitivity of the post-synaptic membrane to released transmitted or by both effects together."}
{"id": "PMID:1202197", "title": "Transfer of fatty acids across the rabbit placenta.", "content": "1. Transfer of fatty acids across the placenta was studied in anaesthetized rabbits at 28-days gestation by measuring umbilical venous-arterial differences, by injection of labelled palmitate into the mother and observing its appearance in the foetus, by injection of labelled palmitate into the foetus and measuring its appearance in the mother and the foetal clearance rate. 2. The release of fatty acids and glycerol by foetal adipose tissues was investigated in vitro by measuring the effect of addition of noradrenaline to the incubation medium and in vivo by measuring the effect of noradrenaline infusion into the foetus on circulating glycerol and free fatty acid concentrations. 3. In anaesthetized rabbits at 28-days gestation the maternal circulating free fatty acid concentrations were high and there was a positive umbilical venous-arterial difference. High maternal free fatty acid concentrations were associated with high umbilical venous-arterial differences. 4. Label was present in the foetus in 2 min and reached a peak in 3 min after injection of labelled palmitate into the mother. Label appeared in the maternal circulation in 1 min after injection into the foetus. The half-life of labelled palmitate was of the order of 30-60 sec in both mother in foetus. 5. Foetal white adipose tissue released both free fatty acids and glycerol into the medium and the rate of release increased four to five fold after addition of noradrenaline. Infusion of noradrenaline in the foetus led to a rise in glucose and glycerol concentrations, but the change in free fatty acid concentrations was not significant. 6. It was concluded that (i) free fatty acids can cross the rabbit placenta in amounts sufficient to provide the fatty acid components of stored triglyceride and structural lipids; (ii) placental transport of free fatty acids depends in part on maternal blood concentration and on foetal uptake; (iii) foetal circulating free fatty acids are continually exchanging with fatty acid pools in the placenta and with the maternal circulating free fatty acids.", "contents": "Transfer of fatty acids across the rabbit placenta. 1. Transfer of fatty acids across the placenta was studied in anaesthetized rabbits at 28-days gestation by measuring umbilical venous-arterial differences, by injection of labelled palmitate into the mother and observing its appearance in the foetus, by injection of labelled palmitate into the foetus and measuring its appearance in the mother and the foetal clearance rate. 2. The release of fatty acids and glycerol by foetal adipose tissues was investigated in vitro by measuring the effect of addition of noradrenaline to the incubation medium and in vivo by measuring the effect of noradrenaline infusion into the foetus on circulating glycerol and free fatty acid concentrations. 3. In anaesthetized rabbits at 28-days gestation the maternal circulating free fatty acid concentrations were high and there was a positive umbilical venous-arterial difference. High maternal free fatty acid concentrations were associated with high umbilical venous-arterial differences. 4. Label was present in the foetus in 2 min and reached a peak in 3 min after injection of labelled palmitate into the mother. Label appeared in the maternal circulation in 1 min after injection into the foetus. The half-life of labelled palmitate was of the order of 30-60 sec in both mother in foetus. 5. Foetal white adipose tissue released both free fatty acids and glycerol into the medium and the rate of release increased four to five fold after addition of noradrenaline. Infusion of noradrenaline in the foetus led to a rise in glucose and glycerol concentrations, but the change in free fatty acid concentrations was not significant. 6. It was concluded that (i) free fatty acids can cross the rabbit placenta in amounts sufficient to provide the fatty acid components of stored triglyceride and structural lipids; (ii) placental transport of free fatty acids depends in part on maternal blood concentration and on foetal uptake; (iii) foetal circulating free fatty acids are continually exchanging with fatty acid pools in the placenta and with the maternal circulating free fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1202198", "title": "Ionic mechanism of the excitatory synaptic membrane of the crayfish neuromuscular junction.", "content": "1. The reversal potential for the excitatory neuromuscular junction of the crayfish (Cambarus clarkii) was measured using the voltage clamp method. The potential change was recorded with an intracellular microcapillary and the negative phase of the output of the feed-back amplifier was connected to the stainless-steel wire which was inserted longitudinally into the muscle fibre. 2. When the excitatory nerve was stimulated, a transient feed-back current flowed inwardly through the membrane. This current was called the excitatory junctional current (e.j.c.). 3. Reversal potentials were determined by extrapolating the e.j.c.s measured at different membrane potentials. They were about 10-20 mV positive with respect to the bath solution (11-5 +/- 1-2 mV, mean +/- S.E.). 4. The reversal potential for the iontophoretically applied glutamate was identical with that for the e.j.c. 5. In hypertonic solutions, the reversal potentials for e.j.c. and glutamate became more negative. 6. When the sodium concentration of the bath solution was decreased, the reversal potential became more negative. 7. When the chloride and potassium concentration were altered, little, if any, change was observed in the reversal potential. 8. It was concluded that the e.j.c. was carried mainly by sodium ions. Contribution of other ions, possibly calcium ions, was discussed.", "contents": "Ionic mechanism of the excitatory synaptic membrane of the crayfish neuromuscular junction. 1. The reversal potential for the excitatory neuromuscular junction of the crayfish (Cambarus clarkii) was measured using the voltage clamp method. The potential change was recorded with an intracellular microcapillary and the negative phase of the output of the feed-back amplifier was connected to the stainless-steel wire which was inserted longitudinally into the muscle fibre. 2. When the excitatory nerve was stimulated, a transient feed-back current flowed inwardly through the membrane. This current was called the excitatory junctional current (e.j.c.). 3. Reversal potentials were determined by extrapolating the e.j.c.s measured at different membrane potentials. They were about 10-20 mV positive with respect to the bath solution (11-5 +/- 1-2 mV, mean +/- S.E.). 4. The reversal potential for the iontophoretically applied glutamate was identical with that for the e.j.c. 5. In hypertonic solutions, the reversal potentials for e.j.c. and glutamate became more negative. 6. When the sodium concentration of the bath solution was decreased, the reversal potential became more negative. 7. When the chloride and potassium concentration were altered, little, if any, change was observed in the reversal potential. 8. It was concluded that the e.j.c. was carried mainly by sodium ions. Contribution of other ions, possibly calcium ions, was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202199", "title": "A comparison of radioactive thallium and potassium fluxes in the giant axon of the squid.", "content": "1. The influx and the efflux of 204Tl and 42K were measured in intact squid giant axons. 2. The resting efflux of 204Tl was found to be about one half of 42K and to have a temperature coefficient (Q10) of 1-3 as compared to 1-1 for K. 3. The extra efflux of 204Tl associated with nerve impulses was 30% greater than 42K. 4. From either Cl or NO3 sea water, the resting influx of 204Tl was about three times that of 42K. Ouabain reduced the influx of either isotope by about two thirds without changing the Tl/K ratio of the fluxes. This indicates that the Na pump can transport Tl. 5. From NO3 sea water the extra influx of 204Tl assoicated with nerve impulses was about the same as 42K. From Cl sea water there was no detectable extra influx of 204Tl. 6. The flux ratio, ouabain-insensitive influx/efflux, was different for the two ions. The resting flux ratio for Tl was consistent with a passive non-interacting flux, whereas K movements were consistent with 'single file' passage through the membrane. 7. The extra flux associated with nerve impulses is different from the resting flux both in Tl/K selectivity and in the effect of anion in the sea water. There is also a much higher flux per unit time during the nerve impulse. These differences suggest differences in the mechanisms underlying ion permeability at rest and during nervous activity.", "contents": "A comparison of radioactive thallium and potassium fluxes in the giant axon of the squid. 1. The influx and the efflux of 204Tl and 42K were measured in intact squid giant axons. 2. The resting efflux of 204Tl was found to be about one half of 42K and to have a temperature coefficient (Q10) of 1-3 as compared to 1-1 for K. 3. The extra efflux of 204Tl associated with nerve impulses was 30% greater than 42K. 4. From either Cl or NO3 sea water, the resting influx of 204Tl was about three times that of 42K. Ouabain reduced the influx of either isotope by about two thirds without changing the Tl/K ratio of the fluxes. This indicates that the Na pump can transport Tl. 5. From NO3 sea water the extra influx of 204Tl assoicated with nerve impulses was about the same as 42K. From Cl sea water there was no detectable extra influx of 204Tl. 6. The flux ratio, ouabain-insensitive influx/efflux, was different for the two ions. The resting flux ratio for Tl was consistent with a passive non-interacting flux, whereas K movements were consistent with 'single file' passage through the membrane. 7. The extra flux associated with nerve impulses is different from the resting flux both in Tl/K selectivity and in the effect of anion in the sea water. There is also a much higher flux per unit time during the nerve impulse. These differences suggest differences in the mechanisms underlying ion permeability at rest and during nervous activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1202200", "title": "The effect of saline and hyperoncotic dextran infusion on canine ileal salt and water absorption and regional blood flow.", "content": "1. The unidirectional Na and H2O fluxes, vascular pressures and total and absorptive site blood flows in the canine ileum were determined before and during I.V. saline infusion and subsequent I.V. infusion of hyperoncotic dextran. The intestinal perfusion solutions were isotonic saline or isotonic saline and mannitol, but the effects of I.V. saline or I.V. hyperoncotic dextran infusion were generally the same for both luminal solutions. 2. Continuous I.V. infusion of saline caused a continuous increase in the unidirectional flux of Na and H2O into the ileal lumen, an increase in total blood flow, and an increase in venous pressure. 3. The net absorption of Na and H2O was decreased by I.V. saline infusion. 4. The unidirectional fluxes of Na and H2O out of the lumen, arterial pressure, and absorptive site blood flow were not affected by I.V. saline infusion. 5. I.V. hyperoncotic dextran infusion reversed most of the effects of saline infusion. 6. The unidirectional fluxes of Na and H2O into the lumen were significantly correlated with Starling forces during I.V. saline infusion. 7. It was concluded that intestinal transport of salt and water was subject to regulation by physical forces at the capillary level.", "contents": "The effect of saline and hyperoncotic dextran infusion on canine ileal salt and water absorption and regional blood flow. 1. The unidirectional Na and H2O fluxes, vascular pressures and total and absorptive site blood flows in the canine ileum were determined before and during I.V. saline infusion and subsequent I.V. infusion of hyperoncotic dextran. The intestinal perfusion solutions were isotonic saline or isotonic saline and mannitol, but the effects of I.V. saline or I.V. hyperoncotic dextran infusion were generally the same for both luminal solutions. 2. Continuous I.V. infusion of saline caused a continuous increase in the unidirectional flux of Na and H2O into the ileal lumen, an increase in total blood flow, and an increase in venous pressure. 3. The net absorption of Na and H2O was decreased by I.V. saline infusion. 4. The unidirectional fluxes of Na and H2O out of the lumen, arterial pressure, and absorptive site blood flow were not affected by I.V. saline infusion. 5. I.V. hyperoncotic dextran infusion reversed most of the effects of saline infusion. 6. The unidirectional fluxes of Na and H2O into the lumen were significantly correlated with Starling forces during I.V. saline infusion. 7. It was concluded that intestinal transport of salt and water was subject to regulation by physical forces at the capillary level."}
{"id": "PMID:1202224", "title": "Evolution of the mammalian middle ear.", "content": "The structure and evolution of the mandible, suspensorium, and stapes of mammal-like reptiles and early mammals are examined in an attempt to determine how, why, and when in phylogeny the precursors of the mammalian tympanic bone, malleus, and incus (postdentary jaw elements and quadrate) came to function in the reception of air-borne sound. The following conclusions are reached: It is possible that at no stage in mammalian phylogeny was there a middle ear similar to that of \"typical\" living reptiles, with a postquadrate tympanic membrane contracted by an extrastapes. The aquamosal sulcus of cynodonts and other therapsids, usually thought to have housed a long external acoustic meatus, possibly held a depressor mandibulae muscle. In therapsids an air-filled chamber (recessus mandibularis of Westoll) extended deep to the reflected lamina and into the depression (external fossa) on the outer aspect of the angular element. A similar chamber was present in sphenacodontids but pterygoideus musculature occupied the small external fossa. The thin tissues superficial to the recessus mandibularis served as eardrum. Primitively, vibrations reached the stapes mainly via the anterior hyoid cornu, but in dicynodonts, therocephalians, and cynodants vibrations passed mainly or exclusively from mandible to quadrate to stapes and the reflected lamina was a component of the eardrum. In the therapsid phase of mammalian phylogeny, auditory adaptation was an important aspect of jaw evolution. Auditory efficiency, and sensitivity to higher sound frequencies were enhanced by diminution and loosening of the postdentary elements and quadrate, along with transference of musculature from postdentary elements to the dentary. These changes were made possible by associated modifications, including posterior expansion of the dentary. Establishment of a dentary-squamosal articulation permitted continuation of these trends, leading to the definitive mammalian condition, with no major change in auditory mechanism except that in most mammals (not monotremes) the angular, as tympanic, eventually bcame a non-vibrating structure.", "contents": "Evolution of the mammalian middle ear. The structure and evolution of the mandible, suspensorium, and stapes of mammal-like reptiles and early mammals are examined in an attempt to determine how, why, and when in phylogeny the precursors of the mammalian tympanic bone, malleus, and incus (postdentary jaw elements and quadrate) came to function in the reception of air-borne sound. The following conclusions are reached: It is possible that at no stage in mammalian phylogeny was there a middle ear similar to that of \"typical\" living reptiles, with a postquadrate tympanic membrane contracted by an extrastapes. The aquamosal sulcus of cynodonts and other therapsids, usually thought to have housed a long external acoustic meatus, possibly held a depressor mandibulae muscle. In therapsids an air-filled chamber (recessus mandibularis of Westoll) extended deep to the reflected lamina and into the depression (external fossa) on the outer aspect of the angular element. A similar chamber was present in sphenacodontids but pterygoideus musculature occupied the small external fossa. The thin tissues superficial to the recessus mandibularis served as eardrum. Primitively, vibrations reached the stapes mainly via the anterior hyoid cornu, but in dicynodonts, therocephalians, and cynodants vibrations passed mainly or exclusively from mandible to quadrate to stapes and the reflected lamina was a component of the eardrum. In the therapsid phase of mammalian phylogeny, auditory adaptation was an important aspect of jaw evolution. Auditory efficiency, and sensitivity to higher sound frequencies were enhanced by diminution and loosening of the postdentary elements and quadrate, along with transference of musculature from postdentary elements to the dentary. These changes were made possible by associated modifications, including posterior expansion of the dentary. Establishment of a dentary-squamosal articulation permitted continuation of these trends, leading to the definitive mammalian condition, with no major change in auditory mechanism except that in most mammals (not monotremes) the angular, as tympanic, eventually bcame a non-vibrating structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1202225", "title": "Evidence for a structural relationship between successive parallel tubules in the SR network and supernumerary striations of Z line material in purkinje fibers of the chicken, sheep, dog and rhesus monkey heart.", "content": "The striations and the intervening filaments observed in the present study have been variously designated in the literature as: prodomal pattern, leptomeric myofibril, microladder, leptomeric organelle, leptofibril and zebra body. Electron microscope examinations of Purkinje fibers from the septa, papillaries, trabeculae carneae and small endocardial strands from chicken, sheep, dog and monkey hearts have revealed a close association between densely stained striations of supernumerary Z line material and successive parallel tubules in the network formed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The striations appear to be linked together by filaments that somewhat resemble the part of thin filaments attached to Z lines in normal fibrils. The evidence for a close association of striations and SR tubules is derived from a similarity of spacing between striations and successive parallel tubules in the SR network and from a resemblance of striation and SR network patterns. The evidence for a structural relationship between striations and SR tubules is derived from the observation of electron-opaque strands traversing the space between striations and SR tubules.", "contents": "Evidence for a structural relationship between successive parallel tubules in the SR network and supernumerary striations of Z line material in purkinje fibers of the chicken, sheep, dog and rhesus monkey heart. The striations and the intervening filaments observed in the present study have been variously designated in the literature as: prodomal pattern, leptomeric myofibril, microladder, leptomeric organelle, leptofibril and zebra body. Electron microscope examinations of Purkinje fibers from the septa, papillaries, trabeculae carneae and small endocardial strands from chicken, sheep, dog and monkey hearts have revealed a close association between densely stained striations of supernumerary Z line material and successive parallel tubules in the network formed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The striations appear to be linked together by filaments that somewhat resemble the part of thin filaments attached to Z lines in normal fibrils. The evidence for a close association of striations and SR tubules is derived from a similarity of spacing between striations and successive parallel tubules in the SR network and from a resemblance of striation and SR network patterns. The evidence for a structural relationship between striations and SR tubules is derived from the observation of electron-opaque strands traversing the space between striations and SR tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:1202226", "title": "Oocyte differentiation in Urechis caupo (Echiura): a fine structural study.", "content": "The fine structure of oocytes of Urechis caupo is described for seven arbitrary stages ranging from the smallest oocytes (7 mum in diameter) in the coelom to the mature oocytes (115 mum in diameter) in the storage organs. Although most types of cytoplasmic organelles accumulate more or less continuously, yolk granules do not appear until oocytes reach a diameter of 35 mum, and there is stage-specific synthesis of cortical granules in 60-80 mum oocytes. In the nucleus a single nucleolus first appears when an oocyte is 15 mum in diameter. Then a nucleolus satellite, which is about 3 mum in diameter, forms in 30 mum oocytes; this nucleolus satellite later (60-70 mum oocytes) becomes surrounded by 750 nm dense spherical bodies. Large (2-4 mum in diameter) juxtachromosomal spherules occur only in the nuclei of mature oocytes. Microvilli become progressively more numerous and longer until the oocyte reaches a diameter of 90 mum; their tips project 1 mum beyond the fibrous surface coat, which is 2 mum thick when well developed. Near the end of oocyte growth, the microvilli retract into the surface coat leaving their pinched-off tips adhering to the outside of the coat.", "contents": "Oocyte differentiation in Urechis caupo (Echiura): a fine structural study. The fine structure of oocytes of Urechis caupo is described for seven arbitrary stages ranging from the smallest oocytes (7 mum in diameter) in the coelom to the mature oocytes (115 mum in diameter) in the storage organs. Although most types of cytoplasmic organelles accumulate more or less continuously, yolk granules do not appear until oocytes reach a diameter of 35 mum, and there is stage-specific synthesis of cortical granules in 60-80 mum oocytes. In the nucleus a single nucleolus first appears when an oocyte is 15 mum in diameter. Then a nucleolus satellite, which is about 3 mum in diameter, forms in 30 mum oocytes; this nucleolus satellite later (60-70 mum oocytes) becomes surrounded by 750 nm dense spherical bodies. Large (2-4 mum in diameter) juxtachromosomal spherules occur only in the nuclei of mature oocytes. Microvilli become progressively more numerous and longer until the oocyte reaches a diameter of 90 mum; their tips project 1 mum beyond the fibrous surface coat, which is 2 mum thick when well developed. Near the end of oocyte growth, the microvilli retract into the surface coat leaving their pinched-off tips adhering to the outside of the coat."}
{"id": "PMID:1202227", "title": "Linear and inverted repetitions in protein sequences.", "content": "An extensive search for internal regularities in amino acid sequences has been made, using both the genetic code and the relative frequencies of amino acid alternatives in homologous proteins. The two methods give very similar results and strongly suggest the occurrence of significant linear and inverted repetitions (similar sequences of opposite polarity) in several proteins. A hypothesis is developed to explain the occurrence of such internal regularities in proteins. This hypothesis is based on a process of duplication of an ancestral loop in which a symmetrical arrangement of amino acid allows stabilization by interaction between the amino acid side chains.", "contents": "Linear and inverted repetitions in protein sequences. An extensive search for internal regularities in amino acid sequences has been made, using both the genetic code and the relative frequencies of amino acid alternatives in homologous proteins. The two methods give very similar results and strongly suggest the occurrence of significant linear and inverted repetitions (similar sequences of opposite polarity) in several proteins. A hypothesis is developed to explain the occurrence of such internal regularities in proteins. This hypothesis is based on a process of duplication of an ancestral loop in which a symmetrical arrangement of amino acid allows stabilization by interaction between the amino acid side chains."}
{"id": "PMID:1202228", "title": "The amino acid sequence of myoglobin from skeletal muscles of red deer (Cervus elaphus).", "content": "Red deer myoglobin has been fragmented by restricted tryptic digestion and by treatment with cyanogen bromide. The fragments have been separated by gel permeation. The core peptide derived from cyanogen bromide cleavage have been further digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides have been separated on Dowex 1X2. All fragments have been characterized by their amino acid composition, by determination of their N-terminal sequence using automatic Edman degradation and of their C-terminal sequence following the kinetics of amino acid cleavage by carboxypeptidases A and B. The complete sequence has been found to be identical with the already known sequence of sheep myoglobin except for residue 145 which is Gln in red deer globin and Glu in sheep globin. Reinvestigation of the corresponding sequence in sheep globin has shown that residue 145 of sheep globin is also Gln.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of myoglobin from skeletal muscles of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Red deer myoglobin has been fragmented by restricted tryptic digestion and by treatment with cyanogen bromide. The fragments have been separated by gel permeation. The core peptide derived from cyanogen bromide cleavage have been further digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides have been separated on Dowex 1X2. All fragments have been characterized by their amino acid composition, by determination of their N-terminal sequence using automatic Edman degradation and of their C-terminal sequence following the kinetics of amino acid cleavage by carboxypeptidases A and B. The complete sequence has been found to be identical with the already known sequence of sheep myoglobin except for residue 145 which is Gln in red deer globin and Glu in sheep globin. Reinvestigation of the corresponding sequence in sheep globin has shown that residue 145 of sheep globin is also Gln."}
{"id": "PMID:1202229", "title": "Symmetries of genetic code-doublets.", "content": "The fact that 64 base triplets code only about 20 essential amino acids implies a strong degeneracy of certain base doublets. It is shown that the set of degenerate base doublets and the set of non-degenerate base doublets are highlly structured. A mathematical formalism is introduced which allows a systematic description of the consequences of an exchange of bases in a doublet. By this formalism it is shown that the two mentioned set have in fact the same structure.", "contents": "Symmetries of genetic code-doublets. The fact that 64 base triplets code only about 20 essential amino acids implies a strong degeneracy of certain base doublets. It is shown that the set of degenerate base doublets and the set of non-degenerate base doublets are highlly structured. A mathematical formalism is introduced which allows a systematic description of the consequences of an exchange of bases in a doublet. By this formalism it is shown that the two mentioned set have in fact the same structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1202230", "title": "Five simultaneous steady states in a flipping two-compartment-system with optical antipodes.", "content": "The previously given systems-theoretic model for the synthesis of optical antipodes (AD and AL) in strongly asymmetric yield, which shows mono-bistable behaviour depending on the degree of \"openess\" of the chemical reaction system is reconsidered for two equal compartments (subscripts 1 and 2 on A) with coupling by diffusion. In this configuration three threshold values, j1, is less than j2 is less than j3, for the influx j of the common precursor substance appear. For j is less than j1 only one steady state (s.s.) with no optical activity (ADi = ALi, i-1;2) and equal distribution of the antipodes in both compartments (AD1 = AD2, AL1 = AL2) exists. For j is greater than j 1, this totally symmetric s.s. becomes unstable and a pair of s.s. with optical activity (AD1 is less than AL1, AD2 is less than AL2 or AD1 is greater than AL1, AD2 is greater than AL2) but no spatial asymmetry emerges (parallel flipping), i.e. both compartments be8have as a whole, showing a preponderance of either the D- or the L-form. For j is greater than j2 in addition two new s.s. are possible with antiparallel flipping (AD1 is less than AL1, AD2 is greater than AL2 or AD1 is greater than AL1, AD2 is less than AL2), i.e. in one compartment the D-form has the majority and in the other one the L-form, but these are stable only beyond a third threshold value j3. A third thinkable pair with no optical activity, but different sum concentrations in both cells, does not exist in this special circuitry, but can be obtained in a slightly changed arrangement. So for j is greater than j2, 5 different (4 stable, 1 unstable) s.s., exist for the same set of parameters, one of which is chosen by the system.", "contents": "Five simultaneous steady states in a flipping two-compartment-system with optical antipodes. The previously given systems-theoretic model for the synthesis of optical antipodes (AD and AL) in strongly asymmetric yield, which shows mono-bistable behaviour depending on the degree of \"openess\" of the chemical reaction system is reconsidered for two equal compartments (subscripts 1 and 2 on A) with coupling by diffusion. In this configuration three threshold values, j1, is less than j2 is less than j3, for the influx j of the common precursor substance appear. For j is less than j1 only one steady state (s.s.) with no optical activity (ADi = ALi, i-1;2) and equal distribution of the antipodes in both compartments (AD1 = AD2, AL1 = AL2) exists. For j is greater than j 1, this totally symmetric s.s. becomes unstable and a pair of s.s. with optical activity (AD1 is less than AL1, AD2 is less than AL2 or AD1 is greater than AL1, AD2 is greater than AL2) but no spatial asymmetry emerges (parallel flipping), i.e. both compartments be8have as a whole, showing a preponderance of either the D- or the L-form. For j is greater than j2 in addition two new s.s. are possible with antiparallel flipping (AD1 is less than AL1, AD2 is greater than AL2 or AD1 is greater than AL1, AD2 is less than AL2), i.e. in one compartment the D-form has the majority and in the other one the L-form, but these are stable only beyond a third threshold value j3. A third thinkable pair with no optical activity, but different sum concentrations in both cells, does not exist in this special circuitry, but can be obtained in a slightly changed arrangement. So for j is greater than j2, 5 different (4 stable, 1 unstable) s.s., exist for the same set of parameters, one of which is chosen by the system."}
{"id": "PMID:1202231", "title": "Present status of enantiomeric analysis by gas chromatography.", "content": "The development of selective chiral solute-solvent systems showing separation of enantiomers by gas chromatography is reviewed. The enantiomeric analysis of alpha-amino-acids and its application to various problems, including notably the analysis of meteorites, is discussed. Some recent results with the highly efficient diamide phases, which permit resolution on packed columns, are presented. Some new ideas on the mechanism of resolution are briefly mentioned.", "contents": "Present status of enantiomeric analysis by gas chromatography. The development of selective chiral solute-solvent systems showing separation of enantiomers by gas chromatography is reviewed. The enantiomeric analysis of alpha-amino-acids and its application to various problems, including notably the analysis of meteorites, is discussed. Some recent results with the highly efficient diamide phases, which permit resolution on packed columns, are presented. Some new ideas on the mechanism of resolution are briefly mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1202233", "title": "Neutral currents in weak interactions and molecular asymmetry.", "content": "Weak interactions are parity violating forces, i.e. they differentiate between mirror images. Therefore it is a very attractive hypothesis to invoke weak interactions in explaining the origin of molecular asymmetry. It is, however, not clear whether weak interactions may operate between electrons and/or between electrons and protons? For these types of interactions so called neutral currents are needed. Recent experiments with muon neutrinos at CERN gave some evidence for the existence of neutral currents. Thus we may suppose that parity violating forces are active in molecules. In the first part of this paper a very elementary theory of weak interactions is outlined with special reference to the discovery of neutral currents. In the second part we show how weak interactions may differentiate between mirror image molecules. The asymmetrically distributed static charges in chiral molecules represent a helical potential field. This potential field may exert an effect on the orbital electrons and therefore coupling of spins and momenta occurs. Thus the enantiomers are parity transformed images not only as geometrical bodies, but their orbital electrons are parity transformed too as \"a helical electron gas\". Weak interactions will differentiate between L and D forms because their orbital electrons have a nonzero spin polarization with respect to their velocity.", "contents": "Neutral currents in weak interactions and molecular asymmetry. Weak interactions are parity violating forces, i.e. they differentiate between mirror images. Therefore it is a very attractive hypothesis to invoke weak interactions in explaining the origin of molecular asymmetry. It is, however, not clear whether weak interactions may operate between electrons and/or between electrons and protons? For these types of interactions so called neutral currents are needed. Recent experiments with muon neutrinos at CERN gave some evidence for the existence of neutral currents. Thus we may suppose that parity violating forces are active in molecules. In the first part of this paper a very elementary theory of weak interactions is outlined with special reference to the discovery of neutral currents. In the second part we show how weak interactions may differentiate between mirror image molecules. The asymmetrically distributed static charges in chiral molecules represent a helical potential field. This potential field may exert an effect on the orbital electrons and therefore coupling of spins and momenta occurs. Thus the enantiomers are parity transformed images not only as geometrical bodies, but their orbital electrons are parity transformed too as \"a helical electron gas\". Weak interactions will differentiate between L and D forms because their orbital electrons have a nonzero spin polarization with respect to their velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:1202234", "title": "On the origin of molecular \"handedness\" in living systems.", "content": "Elementary particle effects (beta-decay) provide at best only a weakly handed radiation in the biologically effective energy ranges. Global magnetic effects coupled to sunlight are randomized by paleomagnetic reversals. Hence a persistent terrestrial handed bias at possible local biopoetic sites offers a more promising explanation for the origin of the \"handedness\" of the molecules found among living systems on earth. Magnetite in lava flows maintains a handed bias for surface catalysis through many magnetic reversals. Magnetite contaminated with sulfur has already been proposed by Granick as a biopoetic site because it provides a weak source of chemical energy derived by photochemical conversion. Indirect evidence for this hypothesis has been provided by the molecular structure of ferredoxin - a single strand of the 14 primordial amino acids wrapped around an FeS core. Lava flows have been suggested as biopoetic sites by Fox, since their temperature and chemical composition might allow for the rapid synthesis of prebiotic compounds at the surface of the primitive earth. The additional fact that magnetite in lave flows also provides a persistent handed site for surface catalysis offers a further argument for the experimental investigation of this specific biopoetic environment.", "contents": "On the origin of molecular \"handedness\" in living systems. Elementary particle effects (beta-decay) provide at best only a weakly handed radiation in the biologically effective energy ranges. Global magnetic effects coupled to sunlight are randomized by paleomagnetic reversals. Hence a persistent terrestrial handed bias at possible local biopoetic sites offers a more promising explanation for the origin of the \"handedness\" of the molecules found among living systems on earth. Magnetite in lava flows maintains a handed bias for surface catalysis through many magnetic reversals. Magnetite contaminated with sulfur has already been proposed by Granick as a biopoetic site because it provides a weak source of chemical energy derived by photochemical conversion. Indirect evidence for this hypothesis has been provided by the molecular structure of ferredoxin - a single strand of the 14 primordial amino acids wrapped around an FeS core. Lava flows have been suggested as biopoetic sites by Fox, since their temperature and chemical composition might allow for the rapid synthesis of prebiotic compounds at the surface of the primitive earth. The additional fact that magnetite in lave flows also provides a persistent handed site for surface catalysis offers a further argument for the experimental investigation of this specific biopoetic environment."}
{"id": "PMID:1202235", "title": "Crystallization and solid-state reaction as a route to asymmetric synthesis from achiral starting materials.", "content": "Many molecules which are achiral can crystallize in chiral (enantiomorphic) crystals and, under suitable conditions, crystals of only one chirality may be obtained. The formation of right- or left-handed crystals in excess is equally probable. Lattice-controlled (topochemical) photochemical or thermal solid-state reactions may then afford stable, optically active products. In the presence of the chiral products, achiral reactants may preferentially produce crystals of one chirality, leading to a feedback mechanism for the generation and amplification of optical activity. Amplification of optical activity can also be achieved by solid-state reactions. The optical synthesis of biologically relevant compounds by such routes may be envisaged.", "contents": "Crystallization and solid-state reaction as a route to asymmetric synthesis from achiral starting materials. Many molecules which are achiral can crystallize in chiral (enantiomorphic) crystals and, under suitable conditions, crystals of only one chirality may be obtained. The formation of right- or left-handed crystals in excess is equally probable. Lattice-controlled (topochemical) photochemical or thermal solid-state reactions may then afford stable, optically active products. In the presence of the chiral products, achiral reactants may preferentially produce crystals of one chirality, leading to a feedback mechanism for the generation and amplification of optical activity. Amplification of optical activity can also be achieved by solid-state reactions. The optical synthesis of biologically relevant compounds by such routes may be envisaged."}
{"id": "PMID:1202236", "title": "Renal trauma and retroperitoneal hematomas-indications for exploration.", "content": "One hundred nineteen patients with renal trauma documented at laparotomy or by an abnormal excretory urogram were followed up sufficiently to allow assessment of their postinjury course. One-fourth of these patients had a laparotomy and Gerota's fascia was opened; one-fourth had a laparotomy and Gerota's fascia was not opened; and one-half had no laparotomy. Gerota's fascia was opened only after vascular control of the renal pedicle was obtained. Nonetheless, the loss of renal tissue in this group was high. Twenty-three of 34 patients (68%) required nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy, indicating the severity of their renal injuries. The loss of renal tissue was low in the two groups in which Gerota's fascia was not opened. Six of 85 patients (7%) developed complications eventually requiring nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy; an additional three patients (4%) demonstrated loss of renal tissue on followup urograms, the loss being minimal in all three cases. The relatively low morbidity in these 85 patients indicates that their original renal injuries were, for the most part, less serious than the injuries in the group in which Gerota's fascia was opened. This low morbidity also indicates that retroperitoneal hematomas in the area of the kidney which are nonexpanding, contained, and nonpulsatile need not be routinely explored.", "contents": "Renal trauma and retroperitoneal hematomas-indications for exploration. One hundred nineteen patients with renal trauma documented at laparotomy or by an abnormal excretory urogram were followed up sufficiently to allow assessment of their postinjury course. One-fourth of these patients had a laparotomy and Gerota's fascia was opened; one-fourth had a laparotomy and Gerota's fascia was not opened; and one-half had no laparotomy. Gerota's fascia was opened only after vascular control of the renal pedicle was obtained. Nonetheless, the loss of renal tissue in this group was high. Twenty-three of 34 patients (68%) required nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy, indicating the severity of their renal injuries. The loss of renal tissue was low in the two groups in which Gerota's fascia was not opened. Six of 85 patients (7%) developed complications eventually requiring nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy; an additional three patients (4%) demonstrated loss of renal tissue on followup urograms, the loss being minimal in all three cases. The relatively low morbidity in these 85 patients indicates that their original renal injuries were, for the most part, less serious than the injuries in the group in which Gerota's fascia was opened. This low morbidity also indicates that retroperitoneal hematomas in the area of the kidney which are nonexpanding, contained, and nonpulsatile need not be routinely explored."}
{"id": "PMID:1202237", "title": "Diagnostic laparotomy in the patient with multiple injuries.", "content": "Seven hundred consecutive patients with multiple areas of injury requiring surgical repair outside of the abdomen were subjected to laparotomy. Five hundred sixty-one patients had intra-abdominal injury: 139 patients were found to have no intraperitoneal damage. The morbidity in the 139 patients with negative findings at laparotomy was 2%. In patients with multiple areas of trauma, the abdomen is almost always suspect. The proliferation of diagnostic tools to detect intraperitoneal damage have, in some ways, helped physicians decide as to laparotomy. However, when multiple injuries are present, particularly of the central nervous system, classical findings of peritoneal damage are difficult to elicit. A diagnostic laparotomy does not add significantly to the overall morbidity or mortality, and in 25% of the patients in whom intraperitoneal pathology was not strongly suspected, damage requiring surgery was found. We think there is still a place for diagnostic laparotomy in patients with multiple trauma.", "contents": "Diagnostic laparotomy in the patient with multiple injuries. Seven hundred consecutive patients with multiple areas of injury requiring surgical repair outside of the abdomen were subjected to laparotomy. Five hundred sixty-one patients had intra-abdominal injury: 139 patients were found to have no intraperitoneal damage. The morbidity in the 139 patients with negative findings at laparotomy was 2%. In patients with multiple areas of trauma, the abdomen is almost always suspect. The proliferation of diagnostic tools to detect intraperitoneal damage have, in some ways, helped physicians decide as to laparotomy. However, when multiple injuries are present, particularly of the central nervous system, classical findings of peritoneal damage are difficult to elicit. A diagnostic laparotomy does not add significantly to the overall morbidity or mortality, and in 25% of the patients in whom intraperitoneal pathology was not strongly suspected, damage requiring surgery was found. We think there is still a place for diagnostic laparotomy in patients with multiple trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:1202239", "title": "Two-level disruption of the ankylosed spine: a case report.", "content": "An unusual two-level fracture dislocation of the spine in a patient with rheumatoid spondylitis is presented. Thorough clinical and roentgenographic examination of the entire vertebral column in recommended in patients with rheumatoid spondylitis who have sustained injury.", "contents": "Two-level disruption of the ankylosed spine: a case report. An unusual two-level fracture dislocation of the spine in a patient with rheumatoid spondylitis is presented. Thorough clinical and roentgenographic examination of the entire vertebral column in recommended in patients with rheumatoid spondylitis who have sustained injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1202241", "title": "Alkali lability of bacteriophage phi W-14 DNA.", "content": "The molecular weight of bacteriophage phi W-14 DNA, determined by velocity sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients, was 92 +/- 6 X 10(6). The DNA showed marked fragmentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. This fragmentation was not a consequence of preexisting single-strand interruptions in the DNA, since thermal denaturation of DNA yielded intact single strands. The alpha-putrescinylthymine groups in phi W-14 DNA appeared to be labile; some, or parts of some, of these groups were cleaved from the DNA in alkali.", "contents": "Alkali lability of bacteriophage phi W-14 DNA. The molecular weight of bacteriophage phi W-14 DNA, determined by velocity sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients, was 92 +/- 6 X 10(6). The DNA showed marked fragmentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. This fragmentation was not a consequence of preexisting single-strand interruptions in the DNA, since thermal denaturation of DNA yielded intact single strands. The alpha-putrescinylthymine groups in phi W-14 DNA appeared to be labile; some, or parts of some, of these groups were cleaved from the DNA in alkali."}
{"id": "PMID:1202242", "title": "Bacteriophage T4 baseplate components. III. Location and properties of the bacteriophage structural thymidylate synthetase.", "content": "Two T4D thymidylate synthetase (td) temperature-sensitive mutants have been isolated and characterized. Both mutants produce heat-labile phage particles. This observation supports the view that this viral-induced protein is a phage structural component. Further, antiserum to td has been shown to block a specific step in tail plate morphogenesis. The results indicated that the td protein is largely covered by the T4D tail plate gene 11 protein. Since the phageinduced dihydrofolate reductase (dfr) also is partially covered by the gene 11 protein, it appears that td was adjacent to the tail plate dfr. This location has been confirmed by constructing a T4D mutant which is dfrtstdts and showing that these two tail plate constituents interact and give altered physical properties to the phage particles produced. A structural relationship for the tail plate folate, dfr, and td has been reported.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4 baseplate components. III. Location and properties of the bacteriophage structural thymidylate synthetase. Two T4D thymidylate synthetase (td) temperature-sensitive mutants have been isolated and characterized. Both mutants produce heat-labile phage particles. This observation supports the view that this viral-induced protein is a phage structural component. Further, antiserum to td has been shown to block a specific step in tail plate morphogenesis. The results indicated that the td protein is largely covered by the T4D tail plate gene 11 protein. Since the phageinduced dihydrofolate reductase (dfr) also is partially covered by the gene 11 protein, it appears that td was adjacent to the tail plate dfr. This location has been confirmed by constructing a T4D mutant which is dfrtstdts and showing that these two tail plate constituents interact and give altered physical properties to the phage particles produced. A structural relationship for the tail plate folate, dfr, and td has been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1202243", "title": "Characterization of the mRNA of influenza virus.", "content": "The kinetics of the appearance of influenza mRNA, the distribution of mRNA between free and membrane-associated polyribosomes, its poly(A) content, and the extent to which the genome was transcribed into mRNA early in infection were determined. Polyribosomes were prepared from influenza virus-infected cells labeled for 30-min periods at various times after infection with [3H]uridine. Most of the 3H-labeled RNA extracted from these polyribosomes sedimented as a heterogeneous 8S to 20S peak in sucrose gradients, and it was largely complementary to virion RNA. By the following criteria, the complementary RNA had properties normally ascribed to mRNA: (i) it labeled rapidly with [3H]uridine; (ii) after glutaraldelyde treatment, it banded with polyribosomes in CsCl density gradients; and (iii) it contained poly(A). In chick cells at 37 C, virus mRNA was first detectable at 45 min postinfection and reached its maximal rate of appearance at 2 to 2.5 h postinfection. The free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of infected cells were separated and were found to contain the same classes of mRNA. There was no absolute segregation of mRNA sequences into either polyribosome class although each probably contained distinct ratios of the different mRNA's. From 45 min postinfection onwards, both membrane-bound and free polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA contained sequences complementary to at least 80% of the genome RNA, whereas poly(A)-minus RNA contained sequences complementary to 90 to 100% of the genome. There was no evidence for the temporal control of transcription of influenza mRNA. At 31 C, when virus development was slowed relative to 37 C,complementary RNA first appeared at 1 h postinfection. At this time, total polysomal RNA contained sequences complementary to the whole genome.", "contents": "Characterization of the mRNA of influenza virus. The kinetics of the appearance of influenza mRNA, the distribution of mRNA between free and membrane-associated polyribosomes, its poly(A) content, and the extent to which the genome was transcribed into mRNA early in infection were determined. Polyribosomes were prepared from influenza virus-infected cells labeled for 30-min periods at various times after infection with [3H]uridine. Most of the 3H-labeled RNA extracted from these polyribosomes sedimented as a heterogeneous 8S to 20S peak in sucrose gradients, and it was largely complementary to virion RNA. By the following criteria, the complementary RNA had properties normally ascribed to mRNA: (i) it labeled rapidly with [3H]uridine; (ii) after glutaraldelyde treatment, it banded with polyribosomes in CsCl density gradients; and (iii) it contained poly(A). In chick cells at 37 C, virus mRNA was first detectable at 45 min postinfection and reached its maximal rate of appearance at 2 to 2.5 h postinfection. The free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of infected cells were separated and were found to contain the same classes of mRNA. There was no absolute segregation of mRNA sequences into either polyribosome class although each probably contained distinct ratios of the different mRNA's. From 45 min postinfection onwards, both membrane-bound and free polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA contained sequences complementary to at least 80% of the genome RNA, whereas poly(A)-minus RNA contained sequences complementary to 90 to 100% of the genome. There was no evidence for the temporal control of transcription of influenza mRNA. At 31 C, when virus development was slowed relative to 37 C,complementary RNA first appeared at 1 h postinfection. At this time, total polysomal RNA contained sequences complementary to the whole genome."}
{"id": "PMID:1202244", "title": "Complementation between temperature-sensitive and deletion mutants of reovirus.", "content": "A very low level of complementation has been found in conventional crosses between various classes of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of reovirus. A more definitive test for complementation was devised through a plaque assay on cell monolayers mixedly infected with defective reovirions lacking the L1 segment and prototype ts mutants from one or other of the known classes of reovirus mutants. An increase in the number of plaques on the mixedly infected plates over that on control plates infected with defective virions or ts mutants alone indicated that the ts mutant had been complemented by the defective virus. Class A, B, D, F, and G mutants were complemented at 39 C by the defective viruses, whereas class C and E mutants were not. In tests to determine whether complementation was reciprocal it was found that the defective virions were complemented by a class G mutant but not by the class C mutant. This and previous work (D.A. Spandidos and A. F. Graham, 1975) has therefore shown that of the seven known classes of ts mutants the class C mutant is the only one that neither complements nor is complemented by the defective virions. For this reason the class C ts mutation has been assigned to the L1 segment of the viral genome.", "contents": "Complementation between temperature-sensitive and deletion mutants of reovirus. A very low level of complementation has been found in conventional crosses between various classes of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of reovirus. A more definitive test for complementation was devised through a plaque assay on cell monolayers mixedly infected with defective reovirions lacking the L1 segment and prototype ts mutants from one or other of the known classes of reovirus mutants. An increase in the number of plaques on the mixedly infected plates over that on control plates infected with defective virions or ts mutants alone indicated that the ts mutant had been complemented by the defective virus. Class A, B, D, F, and G mutants were complemented at 39 C by the defective viruses, whereas class C and E mutants were not. In tests to determine whether complementation was reciprocal it was found that the defective virions were complemented by a class G mutant but not by the class C mutant. This and previous work (D.A. Spandidos and A. F. Graham, 1975) has therefore shown that of the seven known classes of ts mutants the class C mutant is the only one that neither complements nor is complemented by the defective virions. For this reason the class C ts mutation has been assigned to the L1 segment of the viral genome."}
{"id": "PMID:1202245", "title": "Purification of influenza viral complementary RNA: its genetic content and activity in wheat germ cell-free extracts.", "content": "Influenza viral complementary RNA (cRNA) was purified free from any detectable virion-type RNA (vRNA), and its genetic content and activity in wheat germ cell-free extracts were examined. After phenol-chloroform extraction of cytoplasmic fractions from infected cells, poly(A)-containing viral cRNA is found in two forms: in single-stranded RNA and associated with vRNA in partially and fully double-stranded RNA. To purify single-stranded cRNA free of these double-stranded forms, it was necessary to employ, as starting material, RNA fractions in which cRNA was predominantly single stranded. Two RNA fractions were successfully employed as starting material: polyribosomal RNA and the total cytoplasmic RNA from infected cells treated with 100 mug of cycloheximide (CM) per ml at 3 h after infection. In WSN virus-infected canine kidney (MDCK) cells, the addition of CM at 3 h after infection stimulates the production of cRNA threefold and causes a very large increase in the proportion of the cytoplasmic cRNA which is single stranded; double-stranded RNA forms are greatly reduced in amount. Total cRNA was obtained by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography, and single-stranded cRNA was separated from double-stranded forms by Sepharose 4B chromatography. The cRNA preparation purified from polyribosomes consists of 95% single-stranded cRNA, with the remaining 5% apparently being double-stranded RNA forms. The cRNA preparation purified from CM-treated cells (CM cRNA) is even more pure: 100% of the radiolabeled RNA is single-stranded cRNA. Annealing experiments, in which a limited amount of 32P-labeled genome RNA was annealed to the cRNA, indicate that the purified cRNA contains at least 84 to 90% of the genetic information in the vRNA genome. Purified viral cRNA (CM cRNA) is very active in directing the synthesis of virus-specific proteins in wheat germ cell-free extracts.", "contents": "Purification of influenza viral complementary RNA: its genetic content and activity in wheat germ cell-free extracts. Influenza viral complementary RNA (cRNA) was purified free from any detectable virion-type RNA (vRNA), and its genetic content and activity in wheat germ cell-free extracts were examined. After phenol-chloroform extraction of cytoplasmic fractions from infected cells, poly(A)-containing viral cRNA is found in two forms: in single-stranded RNA and associated with vRNA in partially and fully double-stranded RNA. To purify single-stranded cRNA free of these double-stranded forms, it was necessary to employ, as starting material, RNA fractions in which cRNA was predominantly single stranded. Two RNA fractions were successfully employed as starting material: polyribosomal RNA and the total cytoplasmic RNA from infected cells treated with 100 mug of cycloheximide (CM) per ml at 3 h after infection. In WSN virus-infected canine kidney (MDCK) cells, the addition of CM at 3 h after infection stimulates the production of cRNA threefold and causes a very large increase in the proportion of the cytoplasmic cRNA which is single stranded; double-stranded RNA forms are greatly reduced in amount. Total cRNA was obtained by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography, and single-stranded cRNA was separated from double-stranded forms by Sepharose 4B chromatography. The cRNA preparation purified from polyribosomes consists of 95% single-stranded cRNA, with the remaining 5% apparently being double-stranded RNA forms. The cRNA preparation purified from CM-treated cells (CM cRNA) is even more pure: 100% of the radiolabeled RNA is single-stranded cRNA. Annealing experiments, in which a limited amount of 32P-labeled genome RNA was annealed to the cRNA, indicate that the purified cRNA contains at least 84 to 90% of the genetic information in the vRNA genome. Purified viral cRNA (CM cRNA) is very active in directing the synthesis of virus-specific proteins in wheat germ cell-free extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:1202246", "title": "Regulation of macromolecular synthesis in reovirus-infected L-929 cells I. Effect of L-histidinol.", "content": "The histidine analogue L-histidinol, reported by Vaughan and Hansen (1973) to establish a potent, readily reversible inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis in vivo, was used to investigate the regulation of macromolecular synthesis in reovirus-infected L-929 cells. The addition of L-histidinol to normal L cells led to a total inhibition of protein synthesis. The inhibition appeared to be a consequence neither of isotope dilution resulting from elevated endogenous amino acids nor of an inability of treated cells to accumulate exogenous amino acids. Addition of L-histidine to histidinol-arrested cells resulted in a complete recovery of protein synthesis. Similarly, protein synthesis in reovirus-infected L cells examined 17 h postinfection (31 C) was totally inhibited by histidinol treatment and was readily reversed by the addition of histidine. Reovirus-infected cells treated with histidinol had an essentially unaltered capacity to synthesize reovirus single-stranded RNA relative to unperturbed cultures but a diminishing ability to maintain genome RNA synthesis. Addition of L-histidine to arrested cultures led to a complete recovery of genome RNA synthesis. The L-histidinol-mediated arrest of protein synthesis was both very effective and easily reversed, suggesting the general applicability of this novel inhibitor to investigations of regulation of macromolecular synthesis in both normal and virus-infected eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Regulation of macromolecular synthesis in reovirus-infected L-929 cells I. Effect of L-histidinol. The histidine analogue L-histidinol, reported by Vaughan and Hansen (1973) to establish a potent, readily reversible inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis in vivo, was used to investigate the regulation of macromolecular synthesis in reovirus-infected L-929 cells. The addition of L-histidinol to normal L cells led to a total inhibition of protein synthesis. The inhibition appeared to be a consequence neither of isotope dilution resulting from elevated endogenous amino acids nor of an inability of treated cells to accumulate exogenous amino acids. Addition of L-histidine to histidinol-arrested cells resulted in a complete recovery of protein synthesis. Similarly, protein synthesis in reovirus-infected L cells examined 17 h postinfection (31 C) was totally inhibited by histidinol treatment and was readily reversed by the addition of histidine. Reovirus-infected cells treated with histidinol had an essentially unaltered capacity to synthesize reovirus single-stranded RNA relative to unperturbed cultures but a diminishing ability to maintain genome RNA synthesis. Addition of L-histidine to arrested cultures led to a complete recovery of genome RNA synthesis. The L-histidinol-mediated arrest of protein synthesis was both very effective and easily reversed, suggesting the general applicability of this novel inhibitor to investigations of regulation of macromolecular synthesis in both normal and virus-infected eukaryotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1202247", "title": "Physical properties of moloney murine leukemia virus high-molecular-weight RNA: a two subunit structure.", "content": "The high-molecular-weight RNA of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) was analyzed by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Molecular weights of 7.2 x 10(6) and 3.4 x 10(6) were found for the native and subunit forms, respectively, indicating that the native structure is a dimer. S20,w and frictional coefficients were determined for MuLV RNA by analytical velocity centrifugation as a function of ionic strength. The apparent S20,w of native MuLV RNA was 47.3, 57.4, and 66.5 in 0.01, 0.1, and 0.20 M Na+, respectively; the corresponding frictional coefficients were 5.44, 4.48, and 3.87. Native RNA was estimated by circular dichroism to be 85% helical, whereas denatured RNA was 54% helical. Thermal denaturation profiles were obtained from uv absorbance scans. Melting temperatures of 57 and 68 C were obtained for high-molecular-weight RNA in 0.01 M Na+ and 0.122 M Na+, 1mM Mg2+, respectively. van't Hoff plots of the thermal denaturation data gave enthalpies for the helix-coil transition of 21,600 cal (ca. 90,500 J) per mol of cooperatively melting unit in high salt and 19,600 cal (ca. 82,100 J) per mol in low salt, consistent with both base stacking and pairing. The melting of Mu LV RNA occurred over a broad temprange and van't Hoff plots were linear over most of the melting range, indicating a noncooperative process of helix stabilization.", "contents": "Physical properties of moloney murine leukemia virus high-molecular-weight RNA: a two subunit structure. The high-molecular-weight RNA of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) was analyzed by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Molecular weights of 7.2 x 10(6) and 3.4 x 10(6) were found for the native and subunit forms, respectively, indicating that the native structure is a dimer. S20,w and frictional coefficients were determined for MuLV RNA by analytical velocity centrifugation as a function of ionic strength. The apparent S20,w of native MuLV RNA was 47.3, 57.4, and 66.5 in 0.01, 0.1, and 0.20 M Na+, respectively; the corresponding frictional coefficients were 5.44, 4.48, and 3.87. Native RNA was estimated by circular dichroism to be 85% helical, whereas denatured RNA was 54% helical. Thermal denaturation profiles were obtained from uv absorbance scans. Melting temperatures of 57 and 68 C were obtained for high-molecular-weight RNA in 0.01 M Na+ and 0.122 M Na+, 1mM Mg2+, respectively. van't Hoff plots of the thermal denaturation data gave enthalpies for the helix-coil transition of 21,600 cal (ca. 90,500 J) per mol of cooperatively melting unit in high salt and 19,600 cal (ca. 82,100 J) per mol in low salt, consistent with both base stacking and pairing. The melting of Mu LV RNA occurred over a broad temprange and van't Hoff plots were linear over most of the melting range, indicating a noncooperative process of helix stabilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1202248", "title": "Relationships among the polypeptides of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "We have studied the relationships among the polypeptides of Newcastle disease virus by using both kinetic and tryptic peptide analyses. The results of our tryptic peptide analyses suggest that there are at least six unique viral polypeptides--L, HN, FO(F), NP, M, and a 47,000-dalton polypeptide. The small virion glycopolypeptide F is related to FO, a glycopolypeptide found only in infected cells. In addition, several smaller polypeptides, including a 53,000-dalton polypeptide found both in purified virions and in infected cells, are related to the nucleocaspid protein. Kinetic analysis of each viral polypeptide reveals that all of the major viral polypeptides, with the possible exception of L, are stable after an amino acid chase. A precursor-product relationship between FO and F was not demonstrable by pulse-chase experiments. Also, almost the same relative amount of F, the putative product, was present in infected cultures after either 5 or 30 min of radioisotopic labeling. These results suggest that FO is processed rapidly.", "contents": "Relationships among the polypeptides of Newcastle disease virus. We have studied the relationships among the polypeptides of Newcastle disease virus by using both kinetic and tryptic peptide analyses. The results of our tryptic peptide analyses suggest that there are at least six unique viral polypeptides--L, HN, FO(F), NP, M, and a 47,000-dalton polypeptide. The small virion glycopolypeptide F is related to FO, a glycopolypeptide found only in infected cells. In addition, several smaller polypeptides, including a 53,000-dalton polypeptide found both in purified virions and in infected cells, are related to the nucleocaspid protein. Kinetic analysis of each viral polypeptide reveals that all of the major viral polypeptides, with the possible exception of L, are stable after an amino acid chase. A precursor-product relationship between FO and F was not demonstrable by pulse-chase experiments. Also, almost the same relative amount of F, the putative product, was present in infected cultures after either 5 or 30 min of radioisotopic labeling. These results suggest that FO is processed rapidly."}
{"id": "PMID:1202249", "title": "Tryptic peptide analysis on nonstructural and structural precursor proteins from Semliki Forest virus mutant-infected cells.", "content": "Analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides of the large proteins induced by temperature-sensitive mutants of Semliki Forest virus was carried out. The 130,000-molecular-weight protein induced by ts-2 and ts-3 mutants contained the peptides of capsid protein and of both major envelope proteins E1 and E2. The ts-3-induced protein with molecular weight of 97,000 contained peptides of the capsid and envelope protein E2 but not those of E1. Two proteins with molecular weights of 78,000 and 86,000 from ts-1-infected cells did not contain the peptides of the virion structural proteins. They are evidently expressions of the nonstructural part of the 42S RNA genome of Semliki Forest virus.", "contents": "Tryptic peptide analysis on nonstructural and structural precursor proteins from Semliki Forest virus mutant-infected cells. Analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides of the large proteins induced by temperature-sensitive mutants of Semliki Forest virus was carried out. The 130,000-molecular-weight protein induced by ts-2 and ts-3 mutants contained the peptides of capsid protein and of both major envelope proteins E1 and E2. The ts-3-induced protein with molecular weight of 97,000 contained peptides of the capsid and envelope protein E2 but not those of E1. Two proteins with molecular weights of 78,000 and 86,000 from ts-1-infected cells did not contain the peptides of the virion structural proteins. They are evidently expressions of the nonstructural part of the 42S RNA genome of Semliki Forest virus."}
{"id": "PMID:1202250", "title": "Identification of P48 and P54 as components of bacteriophage T4 baseplates.", "content": "The involvement of two bacteriophage T4 gene products in the initiation of T4 tail tube and sheath polymerization on mature baseplates has been studied by radioautography of acrylamide gels of various partially completed tail structures. The products of genes 48 and 54 (P48[the nomenclature P48 refers to the protein product of bacteriophage T4 gene 48] and P54), which are known to be required for the synthesis of mature baseplates, have been shown to be structural components of the baseplate. These gene products have molecular weights of 42,000 and 33,000, respectively. The addition of P54 to the baseplate not only permits the polymerization of the core protein, P19, onto the baseplate, but also caused the disappearance of a polypeptide of molecular weight about 15,000 from the supernatant fraction of infected cells. Another gene product, P27, has been identified in the crude extracts of infected cells. This gene product, which is required for the synthesis of baseplate structures, has the same mobility as one of the unidentified structural polypeptides of the baseplate and is therefore probably also a baseplate component.", "contents": "Identification of P48 and P54 as components of bacteriophage T4 baseplates. The involvement of two bacteriophage T4 gene products in the initiation of T4 tail tube and sheath polymerization on mature baseplates has been studied by radioautography of acrylamide gels of various partially completed tail structures. The products of genes 48 and 54 (P48[the nomenclature P48 refers to the protein product of bacteriophage T4 gene 48] and P54), which are known to be required for the synthesis of mature baseplates, have been shown to be structural components of the baseplate. These gene products have molecular weights of 42,000 and 33,000, respectively. The addition of P54 to the baseplate not only permits the polymerization of the core protein, P19, onto the baseplate, but also caused the disappearance of a polypeptide of molecular weight about 15,000 from the supernatant fraction of infected cells. Another gene product, P27, has been identified in the crude extracts of infected cells. This gene product, which is required for the synthesis of baseplate structures, has the same mobility as one of the unidentified structural polypeptides of the baseplate and is therefore probably also a baseplate component."}
{"id": "PMID:1202251", "title": "Adenovirus assembly: self-assembly of partially digested hexons.", "content": "Papainic hydrolysis of adenovirus type 2 hexon capsomers was apparently limited and induced self-aggregation of hexons in a preferred oligomeric species, hexon trimers, sedimenting at about 19X, and retaining their immunological properties. These hexon trimers were composed of two classes of trimer molecules with different electric charges. The relevance of this trimer aggregation phenomenon to the adenovirus assembly process is discussed.", "contents": "Adenovirus assembly: self-assembly of partially digested hexons. Papainic hydrolysis of adenovirus type 2 hexon capsomers was apparently limited and induced self-aggregation of hexons in a preferred oligomeric species, hexon trimers, sedimenting at about 19X, and retaining their immunological properties. These hexon trimers were composed of two classes of trimer molecules with different electric charges. The relevance of this trimer aggregation phenomenon to the adenovirus assembly process is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202252", "title": "Lethal effect of fresh sea water on Vibrio parahaemolyticus and isolation of Bdellovibrio parasitic against the organism.", "content": "Halophilic Bdellovibrio, which is parasitic and lytic to Vibrio pharahaemolyticus, was ioslated from fresh sea water in the winter. It had a lethal effect on V. parahaemolyticus. The optimum temperature ofr multiplication ranged from 25 C to 30 C and growth was not observed at 35 C. Plaque numbers of the isolate reached a maximum in 17 hr under conditions of shaking at 25 C in autoclaved sea water supplemented with V. parahaemolyticus cells, and were as high as ten times the number of host cells. With respect to the host-suspended medium, the isolate multiplied in natural sea water ten times more than in Herbst's artificial sea water but did not grow in saline. V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and several species in the Vibrio genus were susceptible to the parasite on the basis of plaque formation but Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were not.", "contents": "Lethal effect of fresh sea water on Vibrio parahaemolyticus and isolation of Bdellovibrio parasitic against the organism. Halophilic Bdellovibrio, which is parasitic and lytic to Vibrio pharahaemolyticus, was ioslated from fresh sea water in the winter. It had a lethal effect on V. parahaemolyticus. The optimum temperature ofr multiplication ranged from 25 C to 30 C and growth was not observed at 35 C. Plaque numbers of the isolate reached a maximum in 17 hr under conditions of shaking at 25 C in autoclaved sea water supplemented with V. parahaemolyticus cells, and were as high as ten times the number of host cells. With respect to the host-suspended medium, the isolate multiplied in natural sea water ten times more than in Herbst's artificial sea water but did not grow in saline. V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and several species in the Vibrio genus were susceptible to the parasite on the basis of plaque formation but Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were not."}
{"id": "PMID:1202253", "title": "Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall: III. Restricted transport of polyanions.", "content": "The clearance of albumin relative to that of inulin is greatly exceeded by that of uncharged dextrans of the same effective molecular radius (approximately 36A), less than 0.01 vs. 0.20 in normal hydropenic rats. This marked difference in fractional clearances of albumin and neutral dextran suggests that some factor in addition to molecular size retards the transglomerular passage of albumin. Since albumin is a polyanion in physiological solution, we tested the effect of charge on macromolecular permeability by infusing the anionic polymer, dextran sulfate (approximately 2.3 sulfate groups per glycosyl residue), into seven normal hypropenic Munich-Wistar rats. For dextran sulfate with an effective radius of approximately 36A, the fractional clearance was reduced essentially to that found for albumin (approximately 0.01). This enhanced restriction of dextran sulfate, relative to neutral dextran, was also noted for smaller and larger dextran sulfate molecules. These differences in the transport of dextran sulfate vs. dextran suggest electrostatic repulsion of charged macromolecules by some component of the glomerular capillary wall, perhaps the negatively charged sialoprotein which coats glomerular epithelial cells. Loss of this polyanionic coat, as has been reported to occur in proteinuric disorders, might thereby account for the enhanced transmural passage of albumin.", "contents": "Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall: III. Restricted transport of polyanions. The clearance of albumin relative to that of inulin is greatly exceeded by that of uncharged dextrans of the same effective molecular radius (approximately 36A), less than 0.01 vs. 0.20 in normal hydropenic rats. This marked difference in fractional clearances of albumin and neutral dextran suggests that some factor in addition to molecular size retards the transglomerular passage of albumin. Since albumin is a polyanion in physiological solution, we tested the effect of charge on macromolecular permeability by infusing the anionic polymer, dextran sulfate (approximately 2.3 sulfate groups per glycosyl residue), into seven normal hypropenic Munich-Wistar rats. For dextran sulfate with an effective radius of approximately 36A, the fractional clearance was reduced essentially to that found for albumin (approximately 0.01). This enhanced restriction of dextran sulfate, relative to neutral dextran, was also noted for smaller and larger dextran sulfate molecules. These differences in the transport of dextran sulfate vs. dextran suggest electrostatic repulsion of charged macromolecules by some component of the glomerular capillary wall, perhaps the negatively charged sialoprotein which coats glomerular epithelial cells. Loss of this polyanionic coat, as has been reported to occur in proteinuric disorders, might thereby account for the enhanced transmural passage of albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:1202255", "title": "Effect of acute and chronic metabolic acidosis on serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in man.", "content": "The effects of acute and chronic metabolic acidosis on serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were studied. Acute metabolic acidosis induced by administration of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) produced a barely detectable increase in serum iPTH. Chronic NH4Cl administration produced a marked elevation of serum iPTH that was well correlated with the magnitude of acid-induced hypercalciuria but not with the degree of acidosis. Acetazolamide administration produced an equivalent degree of acidosis, but hypercalciuria was minimal and iPTH increased only marginally. Methionine administration caused moderate hypercalciuria and a significant but moderate increase in iPTH. Chronic NH4Cl-induced acidosis produced no hypercalciuria when dietary sodium intake was rigidly restricted, and under these conditions serum iPTH remained normal. When sodium intake was suddenly increased while maintaining the acid load, hypercalciuria appeared and was followed by progressive rise in serum iPTH equivalent to that observed during chronic NH4Cl-induced acidosis in subjects consuming salt ad lib. These results indicate that chronic acidosis elevates iPTH mainly by producing hypercalciuria and that acidosis itself is not a primary stimulus to PTH secretion.", "contents": "Effect of acute and chronic metabolic acidosis on serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in man. The effects of acute and chronic metabolic acidosis on serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were studied. Acute metabolic acidosis induced by administration of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) produced a barely detectable increase in serum iPTH. Chronic NH4Cl administration produced a marked elevation of serum iPTH that was well correlated with the magnitude of acid-induced hypercalciuria but not with the degree of acidosis. Acetazolamide administration produced an equivalent degree of acidosis, but hypercalciuria was minimal and iPTH increased only marginally. Methionine administration caused moderate hypercalciuria and a significant but moderate increase in iPTH. Chronic NH4Cl-induced acidosis produced no hypercalciuria when dietary sodium intake was rigidly restricted, and under these conditions serum iPTH remained normal. When sodium intake was suddenly increased while maintaining the acid load, hypercalciuria appeared and was followed by progressive rise in serum iPTH equivalent to that observed during chronic NH4Cl-induced acidosis in subjects consuming salt ad lib. These results indicate that chronic acidosis elevates iPTH mainly by producing hypercalciuria and that acidosis itself is not a primary stimulus to PTH secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1202256", "title": "[Vascular pseudopapillitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides the true ischaemias of the optic nerve, which explain the post-haemorrhagic amaurosis, the low tension glaucoma and the open angle glaucoma, there are two varieties of vascular pseudopapillitis. First the variety due to arteriosclerosis, which is characterized by a palid oedema of the disc, followed by optic atrophy, a diminution of the vision field, as well as by signs of arteriosclerosis at the biopsy of the temporal artery. The second variety is the temporal arteritis, which is also characterized by a palid oedema of the disc, followed by optic atrophy, a visual loss, which is often complete, a marked rise of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a typical granulomatous arteritis at the biopsy of the temporal artery. These two varieties are due to an involvement either of the short posterior ciliary arteries or of the central vascular or pial system of the optic nerve.", "contents": "[Vascular pseudopapillitis (author's transl)]. Besides the true ischaemias of the optic nerve, which explain the post-haemorrhagic amaurosis, the low tension glaucoma and the open angle glaucoma, there are two varieties of vascular pseudopapillitis. First the variety due to arteriosclerosis, which is characterized by a palid oedema of the disc, followed by optic atrophy, a diminution of the vision field, as well as by signs of arteriosclerosis at the biopsy of the temporal artery. The second variety is the temporal arteritis, which is also characterized by a palid oedema of the disc, followed by optic atrophy, a visual loss, which is often complete, a marked rise of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a typical granulomatous arteritis at the biopsy of the temporal artery. These two varieties are due to an involvement either of the short posterior ciliary arteries or of the central vascular or pial system of the optic nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:1202257", "title": "[Long-term results of laser-trabecular-puncture (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on 38 eyes with glaucoma simplex that were treated by laser-trabecular-puncture 2 years ago is given. By this method one attempts to perforate the trabecular meshwork by means of a laser beam. Gonioscopy revealed that the pores had become occluded by scar tissue and goniosynechiae. In only 3 eyes (7.9%) was the intraocular tension lowered. The hypothesis is made, that in these cases contracture of scar tissue in the iris tissue led to a pull on the trabecular network and hence to an improvement of liquor drainage.", "contents": "[Long-term results of laser-trabecular-puncture (author's transl)]. A report on 38 eyes with glaucoma simplex that were treated by laser-trabecular-puncture 2 years ago is given. By this method one attempts to perforate the trabecular meshwork by means of a laser beam. Gonioscopy revealed that the pores had become occluded by scar tissue and goniosynechiae. In only 3 eyes (7.9%) was the intraocular tension lowered. The hypothesis is made, that in these cases contracture of scar tissue in the iris tissue led to a pull on the trabecular network and hence to an improvement of liquor drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:1202258", "title": "[Contribution to the therapy of epiphora (author's transl)].", "content": "A temporary displacement of a fold of the conjunctiva for the under lacrimal point is a cause for epiphora.", "contents": "[Contribution to the therapy of epiphora (author's transl)]. A temporary displacement of a fold of the conjunctiva for the under lacrimal point is a cause for epiphora."}
{"id": "PMID:1202259", "title": "[Progressive lethal ulceration of the nose (Kraus-Chatellier) (author's transl)].", "content": "Following attacks of maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia ocular signs (epiphora and diplopia) developed in a 39-years-old female patient. An ulceration of the skin over the left lacrimal sac with destruction of the lacrimal bone gave way to a fistula to the nose; and simultaneously a left sclerokeratitis developed. Later a similar fistula on the right side occured together with destruction of the nasal bones, left phthisis bulbi and skin ulcerations on the lower lid. Histologically there was a non-specific chronic inflammation compatible with the diagnosis granuloma gangraenescens nasi (\"progressive lethal ulceration of the nose\") but no evidence for Wegeners granulomatosis. Under immunosuppressive therapy the condition improved and the patient was able to return to work.", "contents": "[Progressive lethal ulceration of the nose (Kraus-Chatellier) (author's transl)]. Following attacks of maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia ocular signs (epiphora and diplopia) developed in a 39-years-old female patient. An ulceration of the skin over the left lacrimal sac with destruction of the lacrimal bone gave way to a fistula to the nose; and simultaneously a left sclerokeratitis developed. Later a similar fistula on the right side occured together with destruction of the nasal bones, left phthisis bulbi and skin ulcerations on the lower lid. Histologically there was a non-specific chronic inflammation compatible with the diagnosis granuloma gangraenescens nasi (\"progressive lethal ulceration of the nose\") but no evidence for Wegeners granulomatosis. Under immunosuppressive therapy the condition improved and the patient was able to return to work."}
{"id": "PMID:1202260", "title": "[Case report on a Toxocara-canis infection of the human eye (solitary granuloma) (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of one case of an intraocular Toxocara-canis infection. It deals with a so-called solitary granuloma at the posterior pole of the eye. An infection with this parasit of world-wide distribution is probably more frequently than commonly supposed. The prognosis of the disease is unfavourable in most cases. The diagnoses of a larva migrans visceralis infection is possible by Lamina's Microprecipitation-Test on the living larva. It is an immune-biological and species specific test. The treatment is Minzolum\u00bf perhaps in combination with a corticosteroid or photocoagulation.", "contents": "[Case report on a Toxocara-canis infection of the human eye (solitary granuloma) (author's transl)]. Description of one case of an intraocular Toxocara-canis infection. It deals with a so-called solitary granuloma at the posterior pole of the eye. An infection with this parasit of world-wide distribution is probably more frequently than commonly supposed. The prognosis of the disease is unfavourable in most cases. The diagnoses of a larva migrans visceralis infection is possible by Lamina's Microprecipitation-Test on the living larva. It is an immune-biological and species specific test. The treatment is Minzolum\u00bf perhaps in combination with a corticosteroid or photocoagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202261", "title": "[Improvement of visual acuity in lens opacities using an optic aperture (author's transl)].", "content": "A diaphragm, placed in front of the eye acts as an artificial pupil as well as a field stop. The improvement of visual performance in the presence of opacities is due to its action as a field stop.", "contents": "[Improvement of visual acuity in lens opacities using an optic aperture (author's transl)]. A diaphragm, placed in front of the eye acts as an artificial pupil as well as a field stop. The improvement of visual performance in the presence of opacities is due to its action as a field stop."}
{"id": "PMID:1202262", "title": "[Retinoblastoma in an adult (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of late occurrence of retinoblastoma in a 42-year-old man is described. In conformity with similar findings in the literature difficulties in clinical diagnosis and complications typical for late manifestation of this tumour are given. Similarities and differences in histological picture compared with retinoblastoma in childhood are presented. Considering the tumour's late occurrence the histological peculiarities of the place of origin as one of the factors of possible histogenesis is stressed.", "contents": "[Retinoblastoma in an adult (author's transl)]. A rare case of late occurrence of retinoblastoma in a 42-year-old man is described. In conformity with similar findings in the literature difficulties in clinical diagnosis and complications typical for late manifestation of this tumour are given. Similarities and differences in histological picture compared with retinoblastoma in childhood are presented. Considering the tumour's late occurrence the histological peculiarities of the place of origin as one of the factors of possible histogenesis is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202263", "title": "[Chamber-angle photos with the Zeiss fundus camera (author's transl)].", "content": "A new device for holding a Zeiss Fundus Camera (Bed-Statif) is described. This device overcomes earlier difficulties, through which too much distance between the patient and the photo resulted. This appliance allows perfect goniophotos to be taken -- as shown by the numerous illustrations.", "contents": "[Chamber-angle photos with the Zeiss fundus camera (author's transl)]. A new device for holding a Zeiss Fundus Camera (Bed-Statif) is described. This device overcomes earlier difficulties, through which too much distance between the patient and the photo resulted. This appliance allows perfect goniophotos to be taken -- as shown by the numerous illustrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1202264", "title": "[Experimental findings and clinical experiences with diamond knives (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report about two clinically and experimentally tested new diamond knives. With special polishing methods one can get such a sharpness that the necessary cutting pressure is two to three times less than with the usual razor-blade.", "contents": "[Experimental findings and clinical experiences with diamond knives (author's transl)]. This is a report about two clinically and experimentally tested new diamond knives. With special polishing methods one can get such a sharpness that the necessary cutting pressure is two to three times less than with the usual razor-blade."}
{"id": "PMID:1202265", "title": "[An eye-model to show fundamental optical properties as related to refraction and glasses-testing (author's transl)].", "content": "A new model of the eye is presented, that can demonstrate quantitatively the principal optical concepts such as focal distance, refractive power, principal point, nodal point etc. Ametropias and their correction can be shown. This model can be used to illustrate the dependence of the vertex distance on the effective refractive power of a spectacle lens and the influence of a spectacle lens on the image size on the retina. The phenomena of retinoscopy can also be demonstrated very clearly. An instruction manual for the model exists that contains theory, control tests and suggested experiments.", "contents": "[An eye-model to show fundamental optical properties as related to refraction and glasses-testing (author's transl)]. A new model of the eye is presented, that can demonstrate quantitatively the principal optical concepts such as focal distance, refractive power, principal point, nodal point etc. Ametropias and their correction can be shown. This model can be used to illustrate the dependence of the vertex distance on the effective refractive power of a spectacle lens and the influence of a spectacle lens on the image size on the retina. The phenomena of retinoscopy can also be demonstrated very clearly. An instruction manual for the model exists that contains theory, control tests and suggested experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1202266", "title": "[Experiences with the non-contact-tonometer (author's transl)].", "content": "The Non-Contact-Tonometer as developed by the American Optical Corporation, is in use superior to the traditional methods of intraocular-pressure measurements according to Schi\u00f6tz and Goldmann: Without any manipulation on the eye the intra-ocular pressure can be measured rapidly and easily. Owing to the construction of the tonometer however measurements are only possible with smooth corneae. In addition to this the results of measurement with the NCT are not as exact as those of the traditional methods. Finally there is up to the present no possibility of standardising the new tonometer.", "contents": "[Experiences with the non-contact-tonometer (author's transl)]. The Non-Contact-Tonometer as developed by the American Optical Corporation, is in use superior to the traditional methods of intraocular-pressure measurements according to Schi\u00f6tz and Goldmann: Without any manipulation on the eye the intra-ocular pressure can be measured rapidly and easily. Owing to the construction of the tonometer however measurements are only possible with smooth corneae. In addition to this the results of measurement with the NCT are not as exact as those of the traditional methods. Finally there is up to the present no possibility of standardising the new tonometer."}
{"id": "PMID:1202267", "title": "[Lasermicrosurgery in glaucoma (Lasertrabeculopuncture I1LTP], tangential irisbasecoagulation [TLC], removal of miosis and shifting of pupils) (author's transl)].", "content": "The long-term results of Lasertrabeculopuncture (LTP) and of tangential irisbasecoagulation (TIC) according to experience of 4 years are presented and critically discussed in comparison with the reports of other authors. The removal of miosis and the shifting of displaced pupils in glaucomatous and cataract eyes is demonstrated. The long-term results of other interventions in glaucoma by lasermicrosurgery are announced.", "contents": "[Lasermicrosurgery in glaucoma (Lasertrabeculopuncture I1LTP], tangential irisbasecoagulation [TLC], removal of miosis and shifting of pupils) (author's transl)]. The long-term results of Lasertrabeculopuncture (LTP) and of tangential irisbasecoagulation (TIC) according to experience of 4 years are presented and critically discussed in comparison with the reports of other authors. The removal of miosis and the shifting of displaced pupils in glaucomatous and cataract eyes is demonstrated. The long-term results of other interventions in glaucoma by lasermicrosurgery are announced."}
{"id": "PMID:1202268", "title": "[Principle and results of a new \"non-contact-tonometer\" are discussed (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparing measurements with Non-Contact-Tonometer and handapplanation tonometer on 462 eyes with normal and elevated intraocular tension are statistically evaluated. The 2-s-limits for normal i.o. pressure at +/- 6.52 mm Hg (+/- 8.6 mbar), for elevated intraocular pressure +/- 13.2 mm Hg (+/- 17.6 mbar). This means less reliability than conventional applanation tonometers or even Schi\u00f6tz-tonometers. The unability to read the tension when the corneal surface is rough means remarkable disadvantages to clinical use.", "contents": "[Principle and results of a new \"non-contact-tonometer\" are discussed (author's transl)]. Comparing measurements with Non-Contact-Tonometer and handapplanation tonometer on 462 eyes with normal and elevated intraocular tension are statistically evaluated. The 2-s-limits for normal i.o. pressure at +/- 6.52 mm Hg (+/- 8.6 mbar), for elevated intraocular pressure +/- 13.2 mm Hg (+/- 17.6 mbar). This means less reliability than conventional applanation tonometers or even Schi\u00f6tz-tonometers. The unability to read the tension when the corneal surface is rough means remarkable disadvantages to clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:1202269", "title": "[Soft contactlenses in general practice (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrast to the hard lenses the soft lens has enough permeability for oxygen and water-soluble substances, whereas high molecular substances, bacteria and virus cannot penetrate the soft lenses, so long as their surfaces are intact. The two principal production methods, the spin cast method and the lathe-turned method are compared. The duration of wearing of the soft lens depends on the deposits of proteins from the tears on the surface of the lens and the desinfection method. The daily boiling of the lenses shortens their useful life, while chemical desinfection causes besides bacteriolysis, damage of the corneal cell protein. The new cleaners on the base of proteolytic plant enzymes promise good results. For the optical correction of astigmatism with more than 1 cyl, soft lenses with conic outer surface are used or combinations of a soft and a hard lens (Duosystem). The therapeutic use of soft lenses has as aim: protection of the cornea against mechanical irritation, release of pain, protracted administration output of medicaments. Further indications for use: aseptic corneal inflammation and corneal defects.", "contents": "[Soft contactlenses in general practice (author's transl)]. In contrast to the hard lenses the soft lens has enough permeability for oxygen and water-soluble substances, whereas high molecular substances, bacteria and virus cannot penetrate the soft lenses, so long as their surfaces are intact. The two principal production methods, the spin cast method and the lathe-turned method are compared. The duration of wearing of the soft lens depends on the deposits of proteins from the tears on the surface of the lens and the desinfection method. The daily boiling of the lenses shortens their useful life, while chemical desinfection causes besides bacteriolysis, damage of the corneal cell protein. The new cleaners on the base of proteolytic plant enzymes promise good results. For the optical correction of astigmatism with more than 1 cyl, soft lenses with conic outer surface are used or combinations of a soft and a hard lens (Duosystem). The therapeutic use of soft lenses has as aim: protection of the cornea against mechanical irritation, release of pain, protracted administration output of medicaments. Further indications for use: aseptic corneal inflammation and corneal defects."}
{"id": "PMID:1202270", "title": "[Chiasma injury following skull trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "After a discussion of the pathomechanism of frontobasal cranial injury with a consecutive chiasmal lesion and diabetes insipidus due to a fracture of the basis of the skull, a personal observation of bitemporal hemianopia with a transient diabetes insipidus after a frontal motorcycle crash is recorded. A short survey of the literature shows the controversial opinions on traumatogenic lesions of the chiasma, which may be injured directly or the bitemporal hemianopia is due to a posttraumatic vascular disturbance. For the case described by the author primary tearing of the chiasma due to sudden applanation of the skull in the frontal region with burstfractures in the anterior cranial fossa is assumed.", "contents": "[Chiasma injury following skull trauma (author's transl)]. After a discussion of the pathomechanism of frontobasal cranial injury with a consecutive chiasmal lesion and diabetes insipidus due to a fracture of the basis of the skull, a personal observation of bitemporal hemianopia with a transient diabetes insipidus after a frontal motorcycle crash is recorded. A short survey of the literature shows the controversial opinions on traumatogenic lesions of the chiasma, which may be injured directly or the bitemporal hemianopia is due to a posttraumatic vascular disturbance. For the case described by the author primary tearing of the chiasma due to sudden applanation of the skull in the frontal region with burstfractures in the anterior cranial fossa is assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202271", "title": "[Temporal arteritis, clinical picture, treatment and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "32 patients are described, who 1971-1974 were hospitalized because of temporal arteritis. The admissions diagnoses were: 5 temporal arteritis. 7 Neuroretinitis. 4 Blood vessel obstruction. 2 Cerebral tumor. 14 Vision disturbances up to sudden blindness of unknown cause. In the early stages when intermittent visual disturbances with vague headaches of older patients (average age 68 years) are present, a temporal arteritis is often not recognised. In the region of the papilla the retinal arteries show obvious luminal narrowing. The papilla is already early on somewhat blurred and oedematous. The complaints continue bilaterally with intervals from days to months. Hence the treatment: bilateral resection of the temporal artery. Histologically: from our 32 patients 27 showed the classical picture of \"giant-cell arteritis\" with chronic inflammatory reaction of all layers of the wall and partial to complete obstruction of the vessel lumen. Local therapy: parabulbar application of cortisone. General therapy: Daily rheomacrodes infusions, Soludecortin, 100 mg per day (with latter \"tailing off\") and strophantin when the patient is not already digitalised.", "contents": "[Temporal arteritis, clinical picture, treatment and prognosis (author's transl)]. 32 patients are described, who 1971-1974 were hospitalized because of temporal arteritis. The admissions diagnoses were: 5 temporal arteritis. 7 Neuroretinitis. 4 Blood vessel obstruction. 2 Cerebral tumor. 14 Vision disturbances up to sudden blindness of unknown cause. In the early stages when intermittent visual disturbances with vague headaches of older patients (average age 68 years) are present, a temporal arteritis is often not recognised. In the region of the papilla the retinal arteries show obvious luminal narrowing. The papilla is already early on somewhat blurred and oedematous. The complaints continue bilaterally with intervals from days to months. Hence the treatment: bilateral resection of the temporal artery. Histologically: from our 32 patients 27 showed the classical picture of \"giant-cell arteritis\" with chronic inflammatory reaction of all layers of the wall and partial to complete obstruction of the vessel lumen. Local therapy: parabulbar application of cortisone. General therapy: Daily rheomacrodes infusions, Soludecortin, 100 mg per day (with latter \"tailing off\") and strophantin when the patient is not already digitalised."}
{"id": "PMID:1202272", "title": "[A light-independent function of the retina of rabbits. Examination on the energetic part of the visual pathway (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study a light-independent function of the retina of rabbits could be proved. For this purpose, the energetic part of the visual pathway was utilized, and its influence on the maturation of the testicles was examined. As a criterion of maturation, the pattern of the phosphatid-fatty acids was ascertained. The subdivision of the energetic part of the visual pathway into a photo-energetic and an autonomic-energetic component is proposed.", "contents": "[A light-independent function of the retina of rabbits. Examination on the energetic part of the visual pathway (author's transl)]. In this study a light-independent function of the retina of rabbits could be proved. For this purpose, the energetic part of the visual pathway was utilized, and its influence on the maturation of the testicles was examined. As a criterion of maturation, the pattern of the phosphatid-fatty acids was ascertained. The subdivision of the energetic part of the visual pathway into a photo-energetic and an autonomic-energetic component is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202273", "title": "[Investigation of the state of the cell membrane and the mechanism of autolysis of the cornea in the process of conservation (author's transl)].", "content": "Questions of the mechanism of autolysis of the corneal tissue were examined on 72 dog eye balls, which had been kept in a damp chamber for 3 hours, 2 days and 15 days. The method of chemoluminescence found especial importance here, because it made possible to analyse the state of the functioning cell membrane and to gain information of bio-energetic processes which take place in the lipoprotein complexes of the cells and their organelles in the corneal tissue. From the results obtained it can be assumed, that in the mechanisme of autolysis disturbances of the self-regulating oxidation of the lipoidstructure-elements are of great importance in the process of survival and the conservation of corneal tissue.", "contents": "[Investigation of the state of the cell membrane and the mechanism of autolysis of the cornea in the process of conservation (author's transl)]. Questions of the mechanism of autolysis of the corneal tissue were examined on 72 dog eye balls, which had been kept in a damp chamber for 3 hours, 2 days and 15 days. The method of chemoluminescence found especial importance here, because it made possible to analyse the state of the functioning cell membrane and to gain information of bio-energetic processes which take place in the lipoprotein complexes of the cells and their organelles in the corneal tissue. From the results obtained it can be assumed, that in the mechanisme of autolysis disturbances of the self-regulating oxidation of the lipoidstructure-elements are of great importance in the process of survival and the conservation of corneal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1202274", "title": "[Hydrostatic pressures within the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "In the eye all membranes are more or less under tension, as elsewhere in the body. Hence the hydrostatic pressure in the choroid is less than in the retina. The available pressure difference within the bloodvessels would be less for the retina than for the choroid, if the arteries to the retina did not have a much larger bore than those to the choroid. Hence the bloodstream for the retina is slower and fluorescein appears later in the retina than in the choroid. There is a flow of tissue fluid from the choroid to the retina. It is absorbed by the retinal vessels. The larger the flow, the larger are the retinal veins, till retinal oedema occurs. Then the tissue pressure within the retina rises sharply and the capillaries become strangulated. But a few capillaries remain open and are blown up to arterio-venular shunts. Micro-aneurysmata arise as abortive vessel sprouts. It is plausible that lightcoagulation sticks the lamellae of Bruch's membrane together, to the extent that the development of oedema is arrested.", "contents": "[Hydrostatic pressures within the eye (author's transl)]. In the eye all membranes are more or less under tension, as elsewhere in the body. Hence the hydrostatic pressure in the choroid is less than in the retina. The available pressure difference within the bloodvessels would be less for the retina than for the choroid, if the arteries to the retina did not have a much larger bore than those to the choroid. Hence the bloodstream for the retina is slower and fluorescein appears later in the retina than in the choroid. There is a flow of tissue fluid from the choroid to the retina. It is absorbed by the retinal vessels. The larger the flow, the larger are the retinal veins, till retinal oedema occurs. Then the tissue pressure within the retina rises sharply and the capillaries become strangulated. But a few capillaries remain open and are blown up to arterio-venular shunts. Micro-aneurysmata arise as abortive vessel sprouts. It is plausible that lightcoagulation sticks the lamellae of Bruch's membrane together, to the extent that the development of oedema is arrested."}
{"id": "PMID:1202275", "title": "[Echographic studies in cases of excentric posterior scleral ectasias (author's transl)].", "content": "Excentric posterior scleral ectasias are rarely recognized correctly. They can cause uncharacteristic visual disturbances and refractive scotomas, which may cause a mis-diagnosis of bitemporal hemianopia. In this report 10 such cases are shown. The diagnosis was verified by the ultrasonographic measurement of the meridional length of the eye. Posterior scleral ectasias of maximum 4.5 mm were found.", "contents": "[Echographic studies in cases of excentric posterior scleral ectasias (author's transl)]. Excentric posterior scleral ectasias are rarely recognized correctly. They can cause uncharacteristic visual disturbances and refractive scotomas, which may cause a mis-diagnosis of bitemporal hemianopia. In this report 10 such cases are shown. The diagnosis was verified by the ultrasonographic measurement of the meridional length of the eye. Posterior scleral ectasias of maximum 4.5 mm were found."}
{"id": "PMID:1202276", "title": "[The relationships between left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in mitral and aortic regurgitation (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2 groups of patients with mitral valvular incompetence (MI, n equals 20) and aortic valvular incompetence (AI, n equals 22) intracardiac pressures as well as left ventricular volumes (enddiastolic volume, endsystolic volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction, regurgitant volume) were determined during routine left heart catheterization and left ventriculography. Data obtained were compared with a normal group (N, n equals 20). 1. Enddiastolic volume was increased by 32 per cent (MI) and 180 per cent (AI) respectively in comparison to normal. Endsystolic volume was increased by 85 per cent (MI) and 113 per cent (AI). Total stroke volume exhibited increases by 11 per cent (MI) and 86 per cent (AI) respectively. Regurgitant volume averaged 64 per cent (AI) of total stroke volume, and 47 per cent in MI. Left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced in both groups by about 12-14 per cent. 2. enddiastolic volume was significantly dependent on the amount of regurgitant volume in both groups (MI, AI). Likewise total stroke volume increased with increments in enddiastolic volume. This increase was far mor pronounced (up to 250 per cent of normal) in AI in comparison to MI and may be referred to an effective contribution of the Frank-Starling-Straub-mechanism, induced by increased preload following regurgitation. There existed no correlation between enddiastolic volume or regurgitant volume and the effective forward stroke volume and other parameters of forward pump function (effective cardiac output, cardiac index, external cardiac work). Left ventricular compliance, as determined by diastolic pressure-volume relationships, was nearly the same in the 3 groups (N, MI, AI). 3. Left ventricular ejection fraction was nearly unchanged with increments in enddiastolic volume over a range of enddiastolic volumes up to 400 ml. At higher enddiastolic volume (is greater than 400 ml) decreases were found. In the failing heart with AI left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced even at low enddiastolic volume, exerted by decreases of fibre shortening and contractility. In contrast, in MI ejection fraction decreased with increments of enddiastolic volume over the whole range investigated. The increase in total stroke volume in both groups therefore was produced by increases of enddiastolic volume and to a very small extent by an increase of the ejection fraction. 4. The large contractility reserve in compensated AI may be referred to the altered contraction mechanism in aortic valvular regurgitation associated with i) decrese of isovolumic pressure development and increase of isotonic contraction, ii) increase of diastolic fibre stretch (preload) and iii) decrease of mean wall tension. Contractility reserve was essentially influenced by myocardial contractility. With decreases of contractility consecutively decreases of the total and the effective pump function of the left ventricle may occur despite unchanged contraction form and left ventricular dimensions.", "contents": "[The relationships between left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in mitral and aortic regurgitation (author's transl)]. In 2 groups of patients with mitral valvular incompetence (MI, n equals 20) and aortic valvular incompetence (AI, n equals 22) intracardiac pressures as well as left ventricular volumes (enddiastolic volume, endsystolic volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction, regurgitant volume) were determined during routine left heart catheterization and left ventriculography. Data obtained were compared with a normal group (N, n equals 20). 1. Enddiastolic volume was increased by 32 per cent (MI) and 180 per cent (AI) respectively in comparison to normal. Endsystolic volume was increased by 85 per cent (MI) and 113 per cent (AI). Total stroke volume exhibited increases by 11 per cent (MI) and 86 per cent (AI) respectively. Regurgitant volume averaged 64 per cent (AI) of total stroke volume, and 47 per cent in MI. Left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced in both groups by about 12-14 per cent. 2. enddiastolic volume was significantly dependent on the amount of regurgitant volume in both groups (MI, AI). Likewise total stroke volume increased with increments in enddiastolic volume. This increase was far mor pronounced (up to 250 per cent of normal) in AI in comparison to MI and may be referred to an effective contribution of the Frank-Starling-Straub-mechanism, induced by increased preload following regurgitation. There existed no correlation between enddiastolic volume or regurgitant volume and the effective forward stroke volume and other parameters of forward pump function (effective cardiac output, cardiac index, external cardiac work). Left ventricular compliance, as determined by diastolic pressure-volume relationships, was nearly the same in the 3 groups (N, MI, AI). 3. Left ventricular ejection fraction was nearly unchanged with increments in enddiastolic volume over a range of enddiastolic volumes up to 400 ml. At higher enddiastolic volume (is greater than 400 ml) decreases were found. In the failing heart with AI left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced even at low enddiastolic volume, exerted by decreases of fibre shortening and contractility. In contrast, in MI ejection fraction decreased with increments of enddiastolic volume over the whole range investigated. The increase in total stroke volume in both groups therefore was produced by increases of enddiastolic volume and to a very small extent by an increase of the ejection fraction. 4. The large contractility reserve in compensated AI may be referred to the altered contraction mechanism in aortic valvular regurgitation associated with i) decrese of isovolumic pressure development and increase of isotonic contraction, ii) increase of diastolic fibre stretch (preload) and iii) decrease of mean wall tension. Contractility reserve was essentially influenced by myocardial contractility. With decreases of contractility consecutively decreases of the total and the effective pump function of the left ventricle may occur despite unchanged contraction form and left ventricular dimensions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202278", "title": "[Hemodynamics, left ventricular volumes and compliance in 167 patients with congenital and acquired heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 167 patients with congenital and acquired heart disease (ventricular septum defect (VSD), atrial septum defect (ASD), mitral stenosis (MS), mitral insufficiency (MI), combined mitral stenosis and insufficiency (MV) aortic stenosis (AS), aortic insufficiency (AI), combined aortic stenosis and insufficiency (AV), idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (HOK) hemodynamic measures (arterial pressure, right and left heart pressures, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, cardiac work), left ventricular volumes (endiastolic volume, endsystolic volume, ejection fraction, regurgitant flow) and diastolic pressure-volume relationships (on the basis of diastolic pressure-volume changes) were determined during routine right and left heart catheterization and left ventriculography. 1...", "contents": "[Hemodynamics, left ventricular volumes and compliance in 167 patients with congenital and acquired heart disease (author's transl)]. In 167 patients with congenital and acquired heart disease (ventricular septum defect (VSD), atrial septum defect (ASD), mitral stenosis (MS), mitral insufficiency (MI), combined mitral stenosis and insufficiency (MV) aortic stenosis (AS), aortic insufficiency (AI), combined aortic stenosis and insufficiency (AV), idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (HOK) hemodynamic measures (arterial pressure, right and left heart pressures, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, cardiac work), left ventricular volumes (endiastolic volume, endsystolic volume, ejection fraction, regurgitant flow) and diastolic pressure-volume relationships (on the basis of diastolic pressure-volume changes) were determined during routine right and left heart catheterization and left ventriculography. 1..."}
{"id": "PMID:1202279", "title": "[Serum lipase and amylase activity after endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum activities of lipase and amylase were measured in 11 patients at short time intervals (-10 min; + 10, 30, 60 min; 2,3,4,6,8,24,48 hours) after an endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Lipase activity increased rapidly in 9 patients in 10 min after the contrast instillation and obtained its maximum at the first hour of investigation. Amylase activity elevation occurred in 5 patients only and was significantly lower than that of lipase with a flat peak at 1-6 hours.", "contents": "[Serum lipase and amylase activity after endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (author's transl)]. Serum activities of lipase and amylase were measured in 11 patients at short time intervals (-10 min; + 10, 30, 60 min; 2,3,4,6,8,24,48 hours) after an endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Lipase activity increased rapidly in 9 patients in 10 min after the contrast instillation and obtained its maximum at the first hour of investigation. Amylase activity elevation occurred in 5 patients only and was significantly lower than that of lipase with a flat peak at 1-6 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:1202277", "title": "Regulation of circulating parathyroid hormone levels: normal physiology and consequences in disorders of mineral metabolism.", "content": "A review of the chemistry, the biosynthesis, the regulation of the secretion and the metabolism of parathyroid hormone (PTH) provides a background to problems related to the determination of immunoreactive PTH levels in the blood of normal subjects and of patients suffering from disorders of mineral metabolism. Immunoreactive PTH measurements have to be interpreted in the light of the immunoheterogeneity encountered and the occurrence of several circulating PTH species with different molecular weights and immunological properties.", "contents": "Regulation of circulating parathyroid hormone levels: normal physiology and consequences in disorders of mineral metabolism. A review of the chemistry, the biosynthesis, the regulation of the secretion and the metabolism of parathyroid hormone (PTH) provides a background to problems related to the determination of immunoreactive PTH levels in the blood of normal subjects and of patients suffering from disorders of mineral metabolism. Immunoreactive PTH measurements have to be interpreted in the light of the immunoheterogeneity encountered and the occurrence of several circulating PTH species with different molecular weights and immunological properties."}
{"id": "PMID:1202280", "title": "Giant mitochondria in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of diseased human kidneys.", "content": "Electron microscopy of 100 renal biopsies obtained at random from patients with various renal disorders revealed gigantic mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules in 36 cases (36 per cent). These giant mitochondria are usually round, ovoid, spindle-shaped or rod-shaped often reaching the size of the cell nucleus, and appear singularly and sporadically in the epithelial cell lining of the tubules. Once recognized by electron microscopy they are easily identified in routine histologic preparations and show the same staining characteristics as other mitochondria. In electron microscopy, giant mitochondria have a double limiting membrane, abundant matrical substance, and few remnants or cristae. In addition, they are characterized by (1) intramatrical irregularly branching fibrils approximately 35 A thick, (2) intramatrical bundles of straight filaments approximately 60 to 70 A thick, (3) intramatrical electron-opaque globules up to 0.6 mum., and (4) helical filaments in focally dilated spaces of the outer compartment. The significance of such a remarkable morphologic change of tubular mitochondria and the nature of the unusual components are at present unknown, but an abnormal metabolic condition is considered in its pathogenesis. Nothing specific has yet been found in the relationship between the positive appearance of giant mitochondria and types of renal disorders or clinical and laboratory data. It may be postulated from the present study that \"giant mitochondrial tubulopathy\" is a rather common, characteristic, and noteworthy change in the histopathology of renal tubule.", "contents": "Giant mitochondria in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of diseased human kidneys. Electron microscopy of 100 renal biopsies obtained at random from patients with various renal disorders revealed gigantic mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules in 36 cases (36 per cent). These giant mitochondria are usually round, ovoid, spindle-shaped or rod-shaped often reaching the size of the cell nucleus, and appear singularly and sporadically in the epithelial cell lining of the tubules. Once recognized by electron microscopy they are easily identified in routine histologic preparations and show the same staining characteristics as other mitochondria. In electron microscopy, giant mitochondria have a double limiting membrane, abundant matrical substance, and few remnants or cristae. In addition, they are characterized by (1) intramatrical irregularly branching fibrils approximately 35 A thick, (2) intramatrical bundles of straight filaments approximately 60 to 70 A thick, (3) intramatrical electron-opaque globules up to 0.6 mum., and (4) helical filaments in focally dilated spaces of the outer compartment. The significance of such a remarkable morphologic change of tubular mitochondria and the nature of the unusual components are at present unknown, but an abnormal metabolic condition is considered in its pathogenesis. Nothing specific has yet been found in the relationship between the positive appearance of giant mitochondria and types of renal disorders or clinical and laboratory data. It may be postulated from the present study that \"giant mitochondrial tubulopathy\" is a rather common, characteristic, and noteworthy change in the histopathology of renal tubule."}
{"id": "PMID:1202281", "title": "Foreign serum-induced pancreatitis in mice. I. A new model of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Within a few hours after one injection of fresh human serum by the intraperitoneal route only, mice developed pancreatic acinar cell necrosis and inflammation, fat necrosis, elevated serum amylase and a shocklike state. The extent of these lesions and mortalities were roughly dose dependent and were not noticeably modified by either different fasting cycles or pilocarpine. Acinar cell changes and necrosis usually developed first in subserosal acini. The earliest ultrastructural change detected was nonspecific swelling of cytoplasmic compartments which was reversible but also preceded the cytoplasmic degradation that developed in cells undergoing necrosis. Notably, zymogen granule dissolution neither preceded nor accompanied this swelling, but developed pari passu with cell degradation. Occasionally, intact granules were found in necrotic cells. Serum was cytotoxic for isolated acinar cells in vitro, even in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor. These results (1) indicate that the injury mechanism in vivo is directly initiated through contact of serum with acinar cell surfaces and is independent of zymogen secretions and trypsin activation, and (2) suggest that a rapid disturbance in cell membrane permeability results, the magnitude of which being the primary determinant of cell death. Pancreatic toxicity of human serum was abolished by aging, heating, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, heparin, zymosan, cobra venom factor, and absorptions with mouse red blood cells, against which fresh, unabsorbed serum was hemolytic. Pancreatic toxicity in vitro and, to a much lesser extent, in vivo was reconstituted by combining the red blood cell-absorbed serum with either heated serum, or with IgM-enriched, but not IgG serum fractions. Fresh cord serum was virtually nontoxic and could substitute for absorbed serum in such reconstitutions. These results indicate that the injury mechanism involves at least two serum components. By both circumstance and analogy, other results and a review of other examples of foreign sera toxicity suggest that they are components of a complement-dependent, cytotoxic heterophile antibody system. The relevance of this odd phenomenon is that it offers a simple model of acute pancreatitis, contributes to the debunking of traditional notions of the pivotal role of zymogens in the initiation of acute pancreatitis, and hints at a potential pathogenetic connection between pancreatitis and products of immune or related reactions.", "contents": "Foreign serum-induced pancreatitis in mice. I. A new model of acute pancreatitis. Within a few hours after one injection of fresh human serum by the intraperitoneal route only, mice developed pancreatic acinar cell necrosis and inflammation, fat necrosis, elevated serum amylase and a shocklike state. The extent of these lesions and mortalities were roughly dose dependent and were not noticeably modified by either different fasting cycles or pilocarpine. Acinar cell changes and necrosis usually developed first in subserosal acini. The earliest ultrastructural change detected was nonspecific swelling of cytoplasmic compartments which was reversible but also preceded the cytoplasmic degradation that developed in cells undergoing necrosis. Notably, zymogen granule dissolution neither preceded nor accompanied this swelling, but developed pari passu with cell degradation. Occasionally, intact granules were found in necrotic cells. Serum was cytotoxic for isolated acinar cells in vitro, even in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor. These results (1) indicate that the injury mechanism in vivo is directly initiated through contact of serum with acinar cell surfaces and is independent of zymogen secretions and trypsin activation, and (2) suggest that a rapid disturbance in cell membrane permeability results, the magnitude of which being the primary determinant of cell death. Pancreatic toxicity of human serum was abolished by aging, heating, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, heparin, zymosan, cobra venom factor, and absorptions with mouse red blood cells, against which fresh, unabsorbed serum was hemolytic. Pancreatic toxicity in vitro and, to a much lesser extent, in vivo was reconstituted by combining the red blood cell-absorbed serum with either heated serum, or with IgM-enriched, but not IgG serum fractions. Fresh cord serum was virtually nontoxic and could substitute for absorbed serum in such reconstitutions. These results indicate that the injury mechanism involves at least two serum components. By both circumstance and analogy, other results and a review of other examples of foreign sera toxicity suggest that they are components of a complement-dependent, cytotoxic heterophile antibody system. The relevance of this odd phenomenon is that it offers a simple model of acute pancreatitis, contributes to the debunking of traditional notions of the pivotal role of zymogens in the initiation of acute pancreatitis, and hints at a potential pathogenetic connection between pancreatitis and products of immune or related reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202282", "title": "Primary demyelination in Theiler's virus infection. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Theiler's virus infection in SJL/J mice was studied ultrastructurally at subsequent intervals after intracerebral inoculation. Extensive spinal cord lesions consisting of leptomeningeal and white matter mononuclear cell infiltrates with concomitant primary demylination were seen by 15 days. Stripping of myelin lamellae by invading mononuclear cell processes and vesicular disruption of myelin were demonstrated to be the patterns of myelin breakdown. Oligodendrocytes in the vicinity of demyelinating lesions never showed degenerative changes, and viral inclusions could not be found in any cells in the central nervous system. Remyelinating axons, first detected 21 days after infections, were more frequently seen in the late phase of the disease when conspicuous gliosis was also present. Active demyelination could still be observed as late as one year after infection at which time inflammation was decreased. However, plasma cells were relatively more numerous at later times after infection. These ultrastructural findings are similar to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and suggest an immune-mediated mechanism of demyelination in Theiler's virus infection.", "contents": "Primary demyelination in Theiler's virus infection. An ultrastructural study. Theiler's virus infection in SJL/J mice was studied ultrastructurally at subsequent intervals after intracerebral inoculation. Extensive spinal cord lesions consisting of leptomeningeal and white matter mononuclear cell infiltrates with concomitant primary demylination were seen by 15 days. Stripping of myelin lamellae by invading mononuclear cell processes and vesicular disruption of myelin were demonstrated to be the patterns of myelin breakdown. Oligodendrocytes in the vicinity of demyelinating lesions never showed degenerative changes, and viral inclusions could not be found in any cells in the central nervous system. Remyelinating axons, first detected 21 days after infections, were more frequently seen in the late phase of the disease when conspicuous gliosis was also present. Active demyelination could still be observed as late as one year after infection at which time inflammation was decreased. However, plasma cells were relatively more numerous at later times after infection. These ultrastructural findings are similar to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and suggest an immune-mediated mechanism of demyelination in Theiler's virus infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1202283", "title": "Effects of variations in calcium concentration on parathyroid morphology in vitro.", "content": "Morphologic examinations, including the use of the potassium pyroantimonate-technique and x-ray analysis for ultrastructural localization of cations, were carried out on parathyroid glands from Mongolian gerbils cultured for 2 to 6 days. At a high calcium concentration most (suppressed) chief cells were characterized by a moderate or high cytoplasmic density, inconspicuous endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, numerous often enlarged mitochondria, and the occasional occurrence of accumulations of secretory granules, storage granules, and lysosomal bodies, whereas other (atrophic) cells were smaller and still more dense. At a low concentration of calcium some (stimulated)  chief cells were characterized by a low cytoplasmic density, normal or structurally altered mitochondria, and smooth surface vacuoles occasionally connected with mitochondria, whereas the main features of other (active) chief cells were a moderate or low cytoplasmic density and a prominent endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Calcium-containing precipitates were found both inter- and intracellularly; the latter were mainly localized to nuclei, mitochondria, and rough surfaced vacuoles, and in stimulated cells also to the smooth surfaced vacuoles and the cytosol. Degenerative changes were seen, mainly in the suppressed cells; massive calcium loading in mitochondria seemed to precede degeneration and necrosis of whole cells. The findings indicate that clear differences exist between the different chief cell variants both as to the distribution of calcium-containing precipitates and to the structural appearance, and that these differences are influenced by the ambient calcium concentration. Suppressed cells occasionally seem to accumulate hormone which later may undergo lysosomal digestion. Calcium might be accumulated intracellularly, mainly in mitochondria of suppressed cells.", "contents": "Effects of variations in calcium concentration on parathyroid morphology in vitro. Morphologic examinations, including the use of the potassium pyroantimonate-technique and x-ray analysis for ultrastructural localization of cations, were carried out on parathyroid glands from Mongolian gerbils cultured for 2 to 6 days. At a high calcium concentration most (suppressed) chief cells were characterized by a moderate or high cytoplasmic density, inconspicuous endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, numerous often enlarged mitochondria, and the occasional occurrence of accumulations of secretory granules, storage granules, and lysosomal bodies, whereas other (atrophic) cells were smaller and still more dense. At a low concentration of calcium some (stimulated)  chief cells were characterized by a low cytoplasmic density, normal or structurally altered mitochondria, and smooth surface vacuoles occasionally connected with mitochondria, whereas the main features of other (active) chief cells were a moderate or low cytoplasmic density and a prominent endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Calcium-containing precipitates were found both inter- and intracellularly; the latter were mainly localized to nuclei, mitochondria, and rough surfaced vacuoles, and in stimulated cells also to the smooth surfaced vacuoles and the cytosol. Degenerative changes were seen, mainly in the suppressed cells; massive calcium loading in mitochondria seemed to precede degeneration and necrosis of whole cells. The findings indicate that clear differences exist between the different chief cell variants both as to the distribution of calcium-containing precipitates and to the structural appearance, and that these differences are influenced by the ambient calcium concentration. Suppressed cells occasionally seem to accumulate hormone which later may undergo lysosomal digestion. Calcium might be accumulated intracellularly, mainly in mitochondria of suppressed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1202284", "title": "Induction of unusual tumors in vivo by rat fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane.", "content": "Diploid rat embryo fibroblasts exposed to diepoxybutane, a carcinogenic alkylating agent, exhibited chromosome aberrations and a high proportion of tetraploid cells immediately after treatment. Following a prolonged period of carcinogen-free growth, a diepoxybutane-treated cuture showed morphologic transformation and produced transplantable malignant tumors upon inoculation into neonatal rats. Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of the tumors derived from cells exposed to diepoxybutane in culture were also found in tumors of animals exposed directly to this carcinogen. The tumors from diepoxybutane-treated cell cultures were composed of highly anaplastic giant cells with centrally located cytoplasmic inclusions. Clusters of identical cells were found in some of the tumors obtained by direct in vivo treatment of rats with diepoxybutane. The morphologic similarities of these tumors suggest that similar processes of cellular evolution to malignancy occur in cell culture systems and in vivo.", "contents": "Induction of unusual tumors in vivo by rat fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane. Diploid rat embryo fibroblasts exposed to diepoxybutane, a carcinogenic alkylating agent, exhibited chromosome aberrations and a high proportion of tetraploid cells immediately after treatment. Following a prolonged period of carcinogen-free growth, a diepoxybutane-treated cuture showed morphologic transformation and produced transplantable malignant tumors upon inoculation into neonatal rats. Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of the tumors derived from cells exposed to diepoxybutane in culture were also found in tumors of animals exposed directly to this carcinogen. The tumors from diepoxybutane-treated cell cultures were composed of highly anaplastic giant cells with centrally located cytoplasmic inclusions. Clusters of identical cells were found in some of the tumors obtained by direct in vivo treatment of rats with diepoxybutane. The morphologic similarities of these tumors suggest that similar processes of cellular evolution to malignancy occur in cell culture systems and in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1202285", "title": "Crescents in diabetic glomerulopathy. Incidence and clinical significance.", "content": "Crescents, defined as any proliferative or fibrous space occupying reaction of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, occur as a regular and integral feature of the glomerular changes of diabetes mellitus. The frequency of crescents and adhesions to the capsule increases with increasing total severity of diabetic glomerular and vascular disease in glomeruli with mild-moderate diffuse glomerulosclerosis (GS), severe diffuse GS, and nodular GA. The high frequency (greater than 90 per cent) of crescents and adhesions in glomeruli with exudative lesions is unrelated to over-all severity of diabetic renal disease. The 8.73 per cent of glomeruli with exudative lesions had 45 per cent of the total crescents observed. The mechanism of crescent formation in diabetes is probably similar to the proposed pathogenesis of crescents in other renal diseases. The underlying injury in the glomerular capillaries in diabetes is mainly the \"exudative lesion.\" The percentage of diabetic glomeruli with crescents correlated better with blood urea nitrogen and creatinine that did the percentage of end stage glomeruli (a measure of severity of vascular disease), the percentage of diabetic glomeruli with severe diffuse GS, the percentage of diabetic glomeruli with nodular GS, or the percentage of diabetic glomeruli with exudative lesions. The percentage of diabetic glomeruli with crescents correlated better with severity of vascular disease than did any of the other diabetic glomerular changes. No correlation existed between incidence of crescents and \"capsular drops.\"", "contents": "Crescents in diabetic glomerulopathy. Incidence and clinical significance. Crescents, defined as any proliferative or fibrous space occupying reaction of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, occur as a regular and integral feature of the glomerular changes of diabetes mellitus. The frequency of crescents and adhesions to the capsule increases with increasing total severity of diabetic glomerular and vascular disease in glomeruli with mild-moderate diffuse glomerulosclerosis (GS), severe diffuse GS, and nodular GA. The high frequency (greater than 90 per cent) of crescents and adhesions in glomeruli with exudative lesions is unrelated to over-all severity of diabetic renal disease. The 8.73 per cent of glomeruli with exudative lesions had 45 per cent of the total crescents observed. The mechanism of crescent formation in diabetes is probably similar to the proposed pathogenesis of crescents in other renal diseases. The underlying injury in the glomerular capillaries in diabetes is mainly the \"exudative lesion.\" The percentage of diabetic glomeruli with crescents correlated better with blood urea nitrogen and creatinine that did the percentage of end stage glomeruli (a measure of severity of vascular disease), the percentage of diabetic glomeruli with severe diffuse GS, the percentage of diabetic glomeruli with nodular GS, or the percentage of diabetic glomeruli with exudative lesions. The percentage of diabetic glomeruli with crescents correlated better with severity of vascular disease than did any of the other diabetic glomerular changes. No correlation existed between incidence of crescents and \"capsular drops.\""}
{"id": "PMID:1202286", "title": "Morphometric and autoradiographic study of developing ventricular and atrial myocardium in fetal rats.", "content": "The ventricular and atrial myocardia of 19- to 21-day-old rat fetuses have been studied by electron microscopic morphometry and quantitative autoradiography following the injection of 3H-leucine. The myocytes in both these regions contain numerous myofibrils located predominantly near the sarcolemma and oriented parallel to each other and to the long axis of the cell. The width of myofibrils at this stage of development is 0.428 +/- 0.240 mum. in the ventricle and 0.365 +/- 0.185 mum. in the atrium. The volume fractions of myofibrils, mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic matrix, and sarcolemma in ventricular myocytes are nearly equal to the corresponding fractions in atrial cells. A similarity between ventricular and atrial myocytes was also found in the distribution of newly synthesized proteins as indicated autoradiographically by the concentration of grains over various sarcoplasmic structures. In both tissues the concentration of grains was consistently above average over the sarcolemma, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and myofibrils; average over the mitochondria; and below average in association with the sarcoplasmic matrix. The specificity of this autoradiographic procedure for labeled amino acids actually incorporated into protein was tested biochemically, and it was found that glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixation leads to a negligible contamination with non-specifically bound leucine. It is suggested that the high concentration of protein labeling near the sarcolemma is related to the imminent development of the T-system and its associated channels of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Morphometric and autoradiographic study of developing ventricular and atrial myocardium in fetal rats. The ventricular and atrial myocardia of 19- to 21-day-old rat fetuses have been studied by electron microscopic morphometry and quantitative autoradiography following the injection of 3H-leucine. The myocytes in both these regions contain numerous myofibrils located predominantly near the sarcolemma and oriented parallel to each other and to the long axis of the cell. The width of myofibrils at this stage of development is 0.428 +/- 0.240 mum. in the ventricle and 0.365 +/- 0.185 mum. in the atrium. The volume fractions of myofibrils, mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic matrix, and sarcolemma in ventricular myocytes are nearly equal to the corresponding fractions in atrial cells. A similarity between ventricular and atrial myocytes was also found in the distribution of newly synthesized proteins as indicated autoradiographically by the concentration of grains over various sarcoplasmic structures. In both tissues the concentration of grains was consistently above average over the sarcolemma, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and myofibrils; average over the mitochondria; and below average in association with the sarcoplasmic matrix. The specificity of this autoradiographic procedure for labeled amino acids actually incorporated into protein was tested biochemically, and it was found that glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixation leads to a negligible contamination with non-specifically bound leucine. It is suggested that the high concentration of protein labeling near the sarcolemma is related to the imminent development of the T-system and its associated channels of sarcoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:1202287", "title": "Alterations of the renal papilla during mercuric chloride-induced acute tubular necrosis.", "content": "Marked morphologic changes were seen in all structural elements of the renal papilla during mercuric chloride-induced acute tubular necrosis. Expect for the descriptions of increased numbers of leukocytes within the medullary vasa recta, papillary changes have not been described previously. The techniques used in this study included light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The renal interstitial cells developed an extremely irregular contour and were penetrated by large irregular cavelike structures. A marked decrease occurred in the size and number of the cytoplasmic lipid droplets in these cells. The volume of the Golgi area, and of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum increased. The morphologic changes in the renal interstitial cells were indicative of increased activity rather than of cellular injury. This is of insterest because several investigators have postulated that the interstitial cells are the site of renal prostaglandin synthesis Incrreased prostaglandin synthesis and release have been proposed to play a role in the redistribution of renal blood flow seen during acute renal failure.", "contents": "Alterations of the renal papilla during mercuric chloride-induced acute tubular necrosis. Marked morphologic changes were seen in all structural elements of the renal papilla during mercuric chloride-induced acute tubular necrosis. Expect for the descriptions of increased numbers of leukocytes within the medullary vasa recta, papillary changes have not been described previously. The techniques used in this study included light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The renal interstitial cells developed an extremely irregular contour and were penetrated by large irregular cavelike structures. A marked decrease occurred in the size and number of the cytoplasmic lipid droplets in these cells. The volume of the Golgi area, and of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum increased. The morphologic changes in the renal interstitial cells were indicative of increased activity rather than of cellular injury. This is of insterest because several investigators have postulated that the interstitial cells are the site of renal prostaglandin synthesis Incrreased prostaglandin synthesis and release have been proposed to play a role in the redistribution of renal blood flow seen during acute renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1202296", "title": "Development of lymph hypertension during lymphatic occlusion.", "content": "The effects of obstruction of lymph flow on the intralymphatic pressure are studied through a mathematical model using a digital computer and intralymphatic pressure was observed to increase.", "contents": "Development of lymph hypertension during lymphatic occlusion. The effects of obstruction of lymph flow on the intralymphatic pressure are studied through a mathematical model using a digital computer and intralymphatic pressure was observed to increase."}
{"id": "PMID:1202297", "title": "Xeroradiography of the lymphatics.", "content": "Lymphograms of 40 patients were made on xeroradiographic plates and conventional X-ray films. Both imaging procedures are compared in regard to their spatial and contrast resolution. Although xeroradiography offers little advantage in retroperitoneal lymphography, it essentially improves imaging of brachial lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.", "contents": "Xeroradiography of the lymphatics. Lymphograms of 40 patients were made on xeroradiographic plates and conventional X-ray films. Both imaging procedures are compared in regard to their spatial and contrast resolution. Although xeroradiography offers little advantage in retroperitoneal lymphography, it essentially improves imaging of brachial lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1202298", "title": "Lack of genetic control of the lymphatic pathway. Studies on rats.", "content": "The lymphatic route from the testis to the cisterna chyli is studied in two inbred and one random bred strain of rats. The pathway varied similarly in all three groups with no indication of genetic control.", "contents": "Lack of genetic control of the lymphatic pathway. Studies on rats. The lymphatic route from the testis to the cisterna chyli is studied in two inbred and one random bred strain of rats. The pathway varied similarly in all three groups with no indication of genetic control."}
{"id": "PMID:1202302", "title": "Electrophysiological responses from the cochlea and inferior colliculus in guinea pigs after head injury.", "content": "Electrical responses from the inferior colliculus (ER) and round window (CP) to acoustical stimuli were compared in control and experimental guinea pigs which had received a single blow to the freely movable head. After the blow to the head, all of the animals showed signs of commotio cerebri, and some of them died. The experimental animals were divided into two groups so that the physiologic responses to sound could be evaluated one day (early group) and seven days (intermediate group) following the head blow. The animals of the early group had elevated ER thresholds over the entire frequency range tested with an average threshold of 37.8 db. The animals of the intermediate group also had elevated ER thresholds which averaged 23.9 db. Input-output intensity function of ER for the experimental animals showed a recruitment-like phenomenon. The CP thresholds in the injured animals did not differ significantly from those in the control group. Damage to the VIIIth nerve and higher central pathways is very likely a more frequent cause of the otoneurologic manifestations following head injury than end organ damage.", "contents": "Electrophysiological responses from the cochlea and inferior colliculus in guinea pigs after head injury. Electrical responses from the inferior colliculus (ER) and round window (CP) to acoustical stimuli were compared in control and experimental guinea pigs which had received a single blow to the freely movable head. After the blow to the head, all of the animals showed signs of commotio cerebri, and some of them died. The experimental animals were divided into two groups so that the physiologic responses to sound could be evaluated one day (early group) and seven days (intermediate group) following the head blow. The animals of the early group had elevated ER thresholds over the entire frequency range tested with an average threshold of 37.8 db. The animals of the intermediate group also had elevated ER thresholds which averaged 23.9 db. Input-output intensity function of ER for the experimental animals showed a recruitment-like phenomenon. The CP thresholds in the injured animals did not differ significantly from those in the control group. Damage to the VIIIth nerve and higher central pathways is very likely a more frequent cause of the otoneurologic manifestations following head injury than end organ damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1202299", "title": "alpha and piDL helical states of alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in solution.", "content": "As in solid state, strictly alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in solution can adopt two different helical conformations. Besides the alpha helix, a second helical conformation is found at higher temperatures in dioxane and chloroform, the properties of which correspond to that of the piDL4 helix. As the molecules have a finite length a screw sense is favored for both helical forms thus giving rise to optical activity allowing the study of the transconformation by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism besides infrared and dielectric measurements. Thus, as the temperature is raised the equilibria right-left handed alpha helices and alpha-piDL helical forms can be followed. The favored screw senses are determined by the number of interacting side chains for the alpha helix and by the number of hydrogen bonds which are formed in the piDL helical conformation. The side chain-side chain interactions in the alpha helix are experimentally shown to be attractive.", "contents": "alpha and piDL helical states of alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in solution. As in solid state, strictly alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in solution can adopt two different helical conformations. Besides the alpha helix, a second helical conformation is found at higher temperatures in dioxane and chloroform, the properties of which correspond to that of the piDL4 helix. As the molecules have a finite length a screw sense is favored for both helical forms thus giving rise to optical activity allowing the study of the transconformation by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism besides infrared and dielectric measurements. Thus, as the temperature is raised the equilibria right-left handed alpha helices and alpha-piDL helical forms can be followed. The favored screw senses are determined by the number of interacting side chains for the alpha helix and by the number of hydrogen bonds which are formed in the piDL helical conformation. The side chain-side chain interactions in the alpha helix are experimentally shown to be attractive."}
{"id": "PMID:1202303", "title": "Bell's palsy and the chorda tympani nerve: a clinical and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The chorda tympani nerve plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Bell's palsy. The chorda tympani nerve is altered early in the course of the disease, perhaps before involvement of the facial nerve occurs. This was demonstrated by studying the pathophysiologic alterations of the chorda tympani nerves of 15 patients with Bell's palsy. Fifty-seven percent of the patients noted taste aberrations two days before the onset of the facial paralysis. In addition, chorda tympani nerve function, tested by electrogustometry and by determining submandibular salivary flow, was altered before the response to nerve excitability became reduced; further, the electron micrographic findings in two patients indicated that the involvement of the chorda tympani nerve preceded the time of onset of the facial paralysis. The study established a relationship between the pathologic involvement of the chorda tympani nerve and the facial nerve. There was a direct relationship between the severity of changes noted microscopically in the chorda tympani nerve specimens and the ultimate recovery of facial motor function. Examination of the chorda tympani nerve specimens was used to correlate the effectiveness of treatment. The results of steroid therapy and surgical decompression were compared. Steroids had no beneficial effect. Complete return of facial function was associated with surgical management when surgery was performed based on reduced salivary flow to 25 percent of normal and while the response to maximal stimulation was still normal.", "contents": "Bell's palsy and the chorda tympani nerve: a clinical and electron microscopic study. The chorda tympani nerve plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Bell's palsy. The chorda tympani nerve is altered early in the course of the disease, perhaps before involvement of the facial nerve occurs. This was demonstrated by studying the pathophysiologic alterations of the chorda tympani nerves of 15 patients with Bell's palsy. Fifty-seven percent of the patients noted taste aberrations two days before the onset of the facial paralysis. In addition, chorda tympani nerve function, tested by electrogustometry and by determining submandibular salivary flow, was altered before the response to nerve excitability became reduced; further, the electron micrographic findings in two patients indicated that the involvement of the chorda tympani nerve preceded the time of onset of the facial paralysis. The study established a relationship between the pathologic involvement of the chorda tympani nerve and the facial nerve. There was a direct relationship between the severity of changes noted microscopically in the chorda tympani nerve specimens and the ultimate recovery of facial motor function. Examination of the chorda tympani nerve specimens was used to correlate the effectiveness of treatment. The results of steroid therapy and surgical decompression were compared. Steroids had no beneficial effect. Complete return of facial function was associated with surgical management when surgery was performed based on reduced salivary flow to 25 percent of normal and while the response to maximal stimulation was still normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1202304", "title": "Otologic history, audiometry and tympanometry as a case finding procedure for school screening.", "content": "An algorithm for identification of hearing loss and middle ear effusion based on otologic history, audiometry and tympanometry was designed and tested on 771 first grade school children. Each ear was profiled as being normal, at risk, or in need of otologic referral based on test-retest screening. In addition, each child was categorized on the basis of the worse ear. Results showed 57 percent of the children as being normal; otologic referral was indicated in 14 percent. The remaining children (29 percent) were at risk or at high risk. The combination of medical history, audiometry and tympanometry constitutes an excellent case finding procedure for screening the otologic status of young school children. Through the utilization of specific criteria, optimal referrals can be made, thereby providing better health care.", "contents": "Otologic history, audiometry and tympanometry as a case finding procedure for school screening. An algorithm for identification of hearing loss and middle ear effusion based on otologic history, audiometry and tympanometry was designed and tested on 771 first grade school children. Each ear was profiled as being normal, at risk, or in need of otologic referral based on test-retest screening. In addition, each child was categorized on the basis of the worse ear. Results showed 57 percent of the children as being normal; otologic referral was indicated in 14 percent. The remaining children (29 percent) were at risk or at high risk. The combination of medical history, audiometry and tympanometry constitutes an excellent case finding procedure for screening the otologic status of young school children. Through the utilization of specific criteria, optimal referrals can be made, thereby providing better health care."}
{"id": "PMID:1202300", "title": "High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance studies at 270 MHZ of alternating and random poly(benzyl D,L-glutamates).", "content": "The solution conformations of several D,L copoly benzyl glutamates both random and alternating are studied by comparing their NMR spectra in chloroform and also in dioxane and dimethylformamide. The alpha CH chemical shifts characteristic of the alpha helix of strictly alternating DL copolymers in chloroform/0.5% TFA are established (3.65 and 3.82 ppm) and differ from that of the regular alpha helix (3.92 ppm). It is concluded that alternating copolymers prepared by an essentially racemization-free method are completely in the alpha-helical conformation which is characteristic of strictly alternating D-L copolymers, whereas random copolymers are largely regular alpha. The alpha leads to piDL helix/helix transition of an alternating copolymer in dioxane has been monitored and the alpha CH resonance characteristic of the piDL helix is found to be at the unusually low chemical shift of 4.45 ppm.", "contents": "High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance studies at 270 MHZ of alternating and random poly(benzyl D,L-glutamates). The solution conformations of several D,L copoly benzyl glutamates both random and alternating are studied by comparing their NMR spectra in chloroform and also in dioxane and dimethylformamide. The alpha CH chemical shifts characteristic of the alpha helix of strictly alternating DL copolymers in chloroform/0.5% TFA are established (3.65 and 3.82 ppm) and differ from that of the regular alpha helix (3.92 ppm). It is concluded that alternating copolymers prepared by an essentially racemization-free method are completely in the alpha-helical conformation which is characteristic of strictly alternating D-L copolymers, whereas random copolymers are largely regular alpha. The alpha leads to piDL helix/helix transition of an alternating copolymer in dioxane has been monitored and the alpha CH resonance characteristic of the piDL helix is found to be at the unusually low chemical shift of 4.45 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:1202305", "title": "Surgery for chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis.", "content": "Davison pointed out in 1953 that his purpose in treating sinusitis was to utilize the smallest amount of surgery that would produce permanent relief of symptoms. By 1963 he had become convinced that extensive disease required extensive surgery. Hyperplastic rhinosinusitis is treated by a variety of surgical techniques including polypectomy, turbinate cautery, submucous resection of the turbinates or nasal septum, anterior ethmoidectomy, and spheno-ethmoidectomy. Sixty-eight patients are presented who have undergone bilateral sphenoethmoidectomy between January, 1969, and January, 1974. These patients were predominantly allergic, with a high percentage of previous polypectomies and desensitization which failed to control their recurring nasal polyps. Ten patients were lost to follow-up. Forty-seven of 68 patients have had no recurrence of polyps in from 12 to 60 months. All patients continued to have mucosal manifestations of allergy or infection, but the recurrence of late polyps was limited to 11 patients. The spheno-ethmoidectomy technique is utilized, stressing complete removal of the middle turbinate. Kidder has shown an improved rate of polyp control in patients following ethmoidectomy with middle turbinate removal rather than with partial or total preservation of the middle turbinate. Complete resection of the middle turbinate with opening of the sphenoid air sinus permits a thorough exenteration of the ethmoid labyrinth and better control of chronic disease. A complication rate of 5.9 percent is presented and is deemed acceptable, since there no disabling complications or complications related to poor visualization.", "contents": "Surgery for chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis. Davison pointed out in 1953 that his purpose in treating sinusitis was to utilize the smallest amount of surgery that would produce permanent relief of symptoms. By 1963 he had become convinced that extensive disease required extensive surgery. Hyperplastic rhinosinusitis is treated by a variety of surgical techniques including polypectomy, turbinate cautery, submucous resection of the turbinates or nasal septum, anterior ethmoidectomy, and spheno-ethmoidectomy. Sixty-eight patients are presented who have undergone bilateral sphenoethmoidectomy between January, 1969, and January, 1974. These patients were predominantly allergic, with a high percentage of previous polypectomies and desensitization which failed to control their recurring nasal polyps. Ten patients were lost to follow-up. Forty-seven of 68 patients have had no recurrence of polyps in from 12 to 60 months. All patients continued to have mucosal manifestations of allergy or infection, but the recurrence of late polyps was limited to 11 patients. The spheno-ethmoidectomy technique is utilized, stressing complete removal of the middle turbinate. Kidder has shown an improved rate of polyp control in patients following ethmoidectomy with middle turbinate removal rather than with partial or total preservation of the middle turbinate. Complete resection of the middle turbinate with opening of the sphenoid air sinus permits a thorough exenteration of the ethmoid labyrinth and better control of chronic disease. A complication rate of 5.9 percent is presented and is deemed acceptable, since there no disabling complications or complications related to poor visualization."}
{"id": "PMID:1202301", "title": "Solid state side chain transitions of poly(alpha-amino acids). I. Investigation by differential scanning calorimetry.", "content": "The differential scanning calorimetric behavior of a series of alpha-amino acid homopolymers and copolymers was investigated in the range of temperature from -80 to +130 degrees C. The following polymers have been examined: poly(N'-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine), poly(O-carbobenzoxy-L-tyrosine), random copolymers of O-carbobenzoxy-L-tyrosine and N'-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine, poly(Ngamma-carbobenzoxy-L-diaminobutyric acid), and poly(N sigma-carbobenzoxy-L-ornithine). Each sample exhibited a prominent glass-like transition between +30 and +60 degrees C with a specific heat increment deltacp of the order of 0.03-0.11 cal/(g degrees C). Endothermal peaks, developed by annealing, have been also been revealed. It is concluded that in poly(alpha-amino acids) side chain motions are capable of undergoing glass-like transition.", "contents": "Solid state side chain transitions of poly(alpha-amino acids). I. Investigation by differential scanning calorimetry. The differential scanning calorimetric behavior of a series of alpha-amino acid homopolymers and copolymers was investigated in the range of temperature from -80 to +130 degrees C. The following polymers have been examined: poly(N'-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine), poly(O-carbobenzoxy-L-tyrosine), random copolymers of O-carbobenzoxy-L-tyrosine and N'-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine, poly(Ngamma-carbobenzoxy-L-diaminobutyric acid), and poly(N sigma-carbobenzoxy-L-ornithine). Each sample exhibited a prominent glass-like transition between +30 and +60 degrees C with a specific heat increment deltacp of the order of 0.03-0.11 cal/(g degrees C). Endothermal peaks, developed by annealing, have been also been revealed. It is concluded that in poly(alpha-amino acids) side chain motions are capable of undergoing glass-like transition."}
{"id": "PMID:1202306", "title": "Spontaneous laryngeal disease in the canine.", "content": "This report describes the type and incidence of spontaneous laryngeal disease in the dog. Signs of laryngeal disease are similar to those in other species. Dogs are usually presented with inspiratory obstructive dyspnea or stridor, since earlier signs are often missed. Severe, congenital abnormalities may occur unrecognized due to neonatal death. Subtle anomalies are seldom presented. Congenital paralysis of the laryngeal musculature has been seen in the Bouvier des Flandres and the Siberian Husky. Laryngeal obstruction occurs commonly in brachycephalic dogs (Bulldog, Boxer, Boston Terrier, Pug, Pikingese). The forshortened nasal cavity and pharynx result in reduced airway space. The result is inspiratory obstruction varying from noisy respiration to severe obstruction with cyanosis and syncope. Everted laryngeal ventricles are most common in these dogs. Mild degrees of ventricular edema are common in small breed dogs with lower respiratory disease and in field-trial Beagles due to voice abuse. Traumatic injuries to the larynx and hyoid apparatus are not rare. Bite wounds from dog fights are the most common cause. Compression fractures are rare, but injuries associated with shearing stresses, due to being shcken by the neck cause airway obstruction. These types of injuries include avulsion of the aryepiglottic folds, longitudinal tearing of the epiglottis, arytenoid displacement, hyo-laryngeal separation, and laryngotracheal separation. Delayed signs of recurrent nerve damage are common in severe laryngotracheal injuries.", "contents": "Spontaneous laryngeal disease in the canine. This report describes the type and incidence of spontaneous laryngeal disease in the dog. Signs of laryngeal disease are similar to those in other species. Dogs are usually presented with inspiratory obstructive dyspnea or stridor, since earlier signs are often missed. Severe, congenital abnormalities may occur unrecognized due to neonatal death. Subtle anomalies are seldom presented. Congenital paralysis of the laryngeal musculature has been seen in the Bouvier des Flandres and the Siberian Husky. Laryngeal obstruction occurs commonly in brachycephalic dogs (Bulldog, Boxer, Boston Terrier, Pug, Pikingese). The forshortened nasal cavity and pharynx result in reduced airway space. The result is inspiratory obstruction varying from noisy respiration to severe obstruction with cyanosis and syncope. Everted laryngeal ventricles are most common in these dogs. Mild degrees of ventricular edema are common in small breed dogs with lower respiratory disease and in field-trial Beagles due to voice abuse. Traumatic injuries to the larynx and hyoid apparatus are not rare. Bite wounds from dog fights are the most common cause. Compression fractures are rare, but injuries associated with shearing stresses, due to being shcken by the neck cause airway obstruction. These types of injuries include avulsion of the aryepiglottic folds, longitudinal tearing of the epiglottis, arytenoid displacement, hyo-laryngeal separation, and laryngotracheal separation. Delayed signs of recurrent nerve damage are common in severe laryngotracheal injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:1202307", "title": "Drugs and the otolaryngologist.", "content": "Numerous clinical problems arise as a result of our use of pharmaceuticals. They include untoward pharmacologic effects, socio-economic problems (excessive cost, abuse), improper administration and various medicolegal difficulties. Two areas of direct concern to the otolaryngologist are drug interactions and drug-induced diseases, problems which precipitate and prolong hospitalization and which introduce a new clinical entity, \"diseases of medical progress.\" Otolaryngologic examples of these diseases are abundant; some are considered here in a brief explication of an area of growing concern.", "contents": "Drugs and the otolaryngologist. Numerous clinical problems arise as a result of our use of pharmaceuticals. They include untoward pharmacologic effects, socio-economic problems (excessive cost, abuse), improper administration and various medicolegal difficulties. Two areas of direct concern to the otolaryngologist are drug interactions and drug-induced diseases, problems which precipitate and prolong hospitalization and which introduce a new clinical entity, \"diseases of medical progress.\" Otolaryngologic examples of these diseases are abundant; some are considered here in a brief explication of an area of growing concern."}
{"id": "PMID:1202308", "title": "Audiological evaluation following acupuncture for hearing loss.", "content": "Six patients, diagnosed as having bilateral, sensori-neural hearing losses received audiological evaluations before and after acupuncture treatments. A comparison of mean pre- and post-treatment pure tone air conduction and speech reception thresholds indicated no significant improvement with respect to auditory acuity. Although most threshold shifts were within a +/- 5 db clinical error envelope, there was a general tendency for poorer hearing levels.", "contents": "Audiological evaluation following acupuncture for hearing loss. Six patients, diagnosed as having bilateral, sensori-neural hearing losses received audiological evaluations before and after acupuncture treatments. A comparison of mean pre- and post-treatment pure tone air conduction and speech reception thresholds indicated no significant improvement with respect to auditory acuity. Although most threshold shifts were within a +/- 5 db clinical error envelope, there was a general tendency for poorer hearing levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1202309", "title": "Laryngopharyngeal injuries.", "content": "The patient who sustains trauma to the neck may present with symptoms strongly suggesting an acute injury to the larynx. The laryngeal injury may be real or imagined; however, the clinical manifestations may be so overwhelmingly indicative of a laryngeal injury that a small tear in the adjacent upper gut may be overlooked. Failure to diagnose an upper gut injury can result in a confusing parade of symptoms and signs, great morbidity and even death. Two cases are presented, each illustrating certain unique aspects of upper gut and laryngeal injuries. The history, diagnosis, operative management and clinical course of each patient are described. Attention is given to the unique facets of each case which make upper gut injury a fascinating and challenging surgical entity. Each case is discussed in terms of diagnostic and management errors or areas of controversy. Finally, certain general concepts of management of upper gut injuries are described.", "contents": "Laryngopharyngeal injuries. The patient who sustains trauma to the neck may present with symptoms strongly suggesting an acute injury to the larynx. The laryngeal injury may be real or imagined; however, the clinical manifestations may be so overwhelmingly indicative of a laryngeal injury that a small tear in the adjacent upper gut may be overlooked. Failure to diagnose an upper gut injury can result in a confusing parade of symptoms and signs, great morbidity and even death. Two cases are presented, each illustrating certain unique aspects of upper gut and laryngeal injuries. The history, diagnosis, operative management and clinical course of each patient are described. Attention is given to the unique facets of each case which make upper gut injury a fascinating and challenging surgical entity. Each case is discussed in terms of diagnostic and management errors or areas of controversy. Finally, certain general concepts of management of upper gut injuries are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1202310", "title": "Meningoencephalocele of the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "Meningoencephaloceles are not commonly seen by the otolaryngologist. They occur most frequently in the lumbosacral area where they are five times as common as in the occipital area. The anterior cranial presentation is quite rare. Most patients with meningoencephaloceles present early with large lesions and are treated by the neurosurgeon. Two patients are presented who had small meningoencephaloceles which are located in the paranasal sinuses and successfully treated by an extracranial approach. This approach is recommended for those lesions of the paranasal sinus where the resulting bony defect from the removal of the lesion is small and the sinus in not infected.", "contents": "Meningoencephalocele of the paranasal sinuses. Meningoencephaloceles are not commonly seen by the otolaryngologist. They occur most frequently in the lumbosacral area where they are five times as common as in the occipital area. The anterior cranial presentation is quite rare. Most patients with meningoencephaloceles present early with large lesions and are treated by the neurosurgeon. Two patients are presented who had small meningoencephaloceles which are located in the paranasal sinuses and successfully treated by an extracranial approach. This approach is recommended for those lesions of the paranasal sinus where the resulting bony defect from the removal of the lesion is small and the sinus in not infected."}
{"id": "PMID:1202311", "title": "Evaluation of Fagara zanthoxyloides root extract in sickle cell anemia blood in vitro.", "content": "An aqueous extract was prepared from roots of Fagara zanthoxyloides and examined for evidence of an antisickling effect in vitro. Addition of 25 mg/ml of the extract to fresh blood samples from sickle anemia subjects produced no change in the blood oxygen dissociation curves, and approximately equal percentages of sickled cells were observed at comparable oxygen saturation levels in the presence or absence of the extract. These observations fail to confirm previous reports describing an antisickling effect of root extracts of Fagara zanthoxyloides.", "contents": "Evaluation of Fagara zanthoxyloides root extract in sickle cell anemia blood in vitro. An aqueous extract was prepared from roots of Fagara zanthoxyloides and examined for evidence of an antisickling effect in vitro. Addition of 25 mg/ml of the extract to fresh blood samples from sickle anemia subjects produced no change in the blood oxygen dissociation curves, and approximately equal percentages of sickled cells were observed at comparable oxygen saturation levels in the presence or absence of the extract. These observations fail to confirm previous reports describing an antisickling effect of root extracts of Fagara zanthoxyloides."}
{"id": "PMID:1202312", "title": "Plant-insect interactions. I. Biological and phytochemical evaluation of selected plants.", "content": "Extracts from more than 325 different plants have been tested for their effects on larvae of Aedes aegypti, and from these initial tests, 16 plants were selected for further study. Extracts from plant parts of these 16 plants were screened using tlc and the results are tabulated along with the observed biological activity.", "contents": "Plant-insect interactions. I. Biological and phytochemical evaluation of selected plants. Extracts from more than 325 different plants have been tested for their effects on larvae of Aedes aegypti, and from these initial tests, 16 plants were selected for further study. Extracts from plant parts of these 16 plants were screened using tlc and the results are tabulated along with the observed biological activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1202313", "title": "Akaloid screening. VII.", "content": "One thousand and five plant extracts were screened for the presence of alkaloids. The number of positive tests obtained was 190, or 18.91%. There were 153 species found to contain alkaloids that are new to the literature. In the six previous communications (1-6) we have reported on the screening of 5,995 plant extracts for alkaloids. These extracts represented 4,888 species of plants, of which 1,336 gave positive alkaloid tests.", "contents": "Akaloid screening. VII. One thousand and five plant extracts were screened for the presence of alkaloids. The number of positive tests obtained was 190, or 18.91%. There were 153 species found to contain alkaloids that are new to the literature. In the six previous communications (1-6) we have reported on the screening of 5,995 plant extracts for alkaloids. These extracts represented 4,888 species of plants, of which 1,336 gave positive alkaloid tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1202321", "title": "Experimental ulcerative disease of the colon.", "content": "The oral administration to guinea-pigs of an aqueous solution of carrageenan derived from the red seaweed, Eucheuma spinosum, provides a useful, readily available experimental model for the study of ulcerative disease of the colon. Two types of ulcerative disease can be produced within a 4-6 week period, viz., ulceration localised mainly to the caecum by using 1% undegraded carrageenan in the drinking fluid, and extensive ulceration involving caecum, colon, and rectum by using 5% degraded carrageenan. Ulceration is probably due to the local action of carrageenan in the bowel.", "contents": "Experimental ulcerative disease of the colon. The oral administration to guinea-pigs of an aqueous solution of carrageenan derived from the red seaweed, Eucheuma spinosum, provides a useful, readily available experimental model for the study of ulcerative disease of the colon. Two types of ulcerative disease can be produced within a 4-6 week period, viz., ulceration localised mainly to the caecum by using 1% undegraded carrageenan in the drinking fluid, and extensive ulceration involving caecum, colon, and rectum by using 5% degraded carrageenan. Ulceration is probably due to the local action of carrageenan in the bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:1202327", "title": "[Quantifying the effect of antitussive drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental instruction for automatic recording of fits of coughing is being described. In contrast to the recording on a tape recorded mentioned on entering the above-mentioned installation is especially suited for short-term examinations. The advantages and disadvantages of this instruction for recording are being discussed.", "contents": "[Quantifying the effect of antitussive drugs (author's transl)]. An experimental instruction for automatic recording of fits of coughing is being described. In contrast to the recording on a tape recorded mentioned on entering the above-mentioned installation is especially suited for short-term examinations. The advantages and disadvantages of this instruction for recording are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202329", "title": "Specific locus mutation rates after repeated small radiation doses to mouse oocytes.", "content": "When female mice were given a dose of 20 X 20 rad X-rays, the specific locus mutation rate among offspring conceived up to 7 weeks after the end of treatment was 1/39887 or 0.18-10(-7)/rad/locus, whereas when the same total dose of 200 rad was given in a single exposure the mutation rate was 9/34813 or 1.85-10(-7)/rad/locus. The lower mutation rate after the 20 X 10 rad dose was obtained whether the total or 200 rad was given over a period of 5 days or 4 weeks, and if only young conceived in the first 20 days, rather than 7 weeks, were considered. It is suggested that each 10 rad fraction had the same small effect, and hence that these results confirm and extend RUSSELL's previous finding that the dose-response relationship for specific locus muations in females is curved.", "contents": "Specific locus mutation rates after repeated small radiation doses to mouse oocytes. When female mice were given a dose of 20 X 20 rad X-rays, the specific locus mutation rate among offspring conceived up to 7 weeks after the end of treatment was 1/39887 or 0.18-10(-7)/rad/locus, whereas when the same total dose of 200 rad was given in a single exposure the mutation rate was 9/34813 or 1.85-10(-7)/rad/locus. The lower mutation rate after the 20 X 10 rad dose was obtained whether the total or 200 rad was given over a period of 5 days or 4 weeks, and if only young conceived in the first 20 days, rather than 7 weeks, were considered. It is suggested that each 10 rad fraction had the same small effect, and hence that these results confirm and extend RUSSELL's previous finding that the dose-response relationship for specific locus muations in females is curved."}
{"id": "PMID:1202330", "title": "DNA damage, DNA repair and chromosome aberrations of xeroderma pigmentosum cells and controls following exposure to nitrosation products of methylguanidine.", "content": "Nitrosation of methylguanidine (MG) led to products that caused DNA fragmentation  (shift in sedimentation profiles of velocity centrifugation through alkaline sucrose gradients), a DNA repair synthesis (unscheduled uptake of (3H]TdR), chromosome aberrations and a lethal effect of cultured human fibroblasts. The response of repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum cells did not differ from that of controls. The nitrosation of MG must be carried out at a pH level below 3, in order to obtain products that react with cellular DNA. The results show that a DNA repair synthesis of human fibroblasts appears to be a sensitive assay for carcinogenic and mutagenic nitrosation products which may be formed within an organism from non-carcinogenic compounds.", "contents": "DNA damage, DNA repair and chromosome aberrations of xeroderma pigmentosum cells and controls following exposure to nitrosation products of methylguanidine. Nitrosation of methylguanidine (MG) led to products that caused DNA fragmentation  (shift in sedimentation profiles of velocity centrifugation through alkaline sucrose gradients), a DNA repair synthesis (unscheduled uptake of (3H]TdR), chromosome aberrations and a lethal effect of cultured human fibroblasts. The response of repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum cells did not differ from that of controls. The nitrosation of MG must be carried out at a pH level below 3, in order to obtain products that react with cellular DNA. The results show that a DNA repair synthesis of human fibroblasts appears to be a sensitive assay for carcinogenic and mutagenic nitrosation products which may be formed within an organism from non-carcinogenic compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1202331", "title": "Preparation of peritoneal cell metaphases of rats, mice and chinese hamsters after mitogenic stimulation with magnesium sulfate and/or aluminum hydroxide.", "content": "A new cytogenetic system in vivo is presented using peritoneal cells, collected from unanesthetized rats, mice and Chinese hamsters, 48 h after an i.p. injection of a mitogen. The test is useful for periodic monitoring of chromosome aberration rates in the investigation of such problems as aging and chronic effects of mutagens and carcinogens. Among the 2 mitogens tested, aluminum hydroxyde was more efficient than magnesium sulfate in all 3 species. The rat is considered to be the most suitable animal for this test, in view of its easy handling, high cell yield and favourable response to mitogens. The spontaneous chromosome aberration rate in this animal was found to be comparable with that of bone-marrow cells.", "contents": "Preparation of peritoneal cell metaphases of rats, mice and chinese hamsters after mitogenic stimulation with magnesium sulfate and/or aluminum hydroxide. A new cytogenetic system in vivo is presented using peritoneal cells, collected from unanesthetized rats, mice and Chinese hamsters, 48 h after an i.p. injection of a mitogen. The test is useful for periodic monitoring of chromosome aberration rates in the investigation of such problems as aging and chronic effects of mutagens and carcinogens. Among the 2 mitogens tested, aluminum hydroxyde was more efficient than magnesium sulfate in all 3 species. The rat is considered to be the most suitable animal for this test, in view of its easy handling, high cell yield and favourable response to mitogens. The spontaneous chromosome aberration rate in this animal was found to be comparable with that of bone-marrow cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1202334", "title": "The impact of induced mutations on human populations.", "content": "The major impact of an increase in genetic damage will be expressed as an increase in autosomal dominant and X-linked traits as well as chromosomal disorders. The present incidence of dominant traits has been estimated at 1% of live births, but recent data from British Columbia indicate the true value in that population may be an order of magnitude lower. These estimates are important if one measures the damage in terms of doubling dose. Neither the average mutation rate nor the number of loci capable of mutating to dominant detrimental form is known. Mutations that cause sterility or early embryonic loss are detrimental in the Darwinian sense but have little impact on society. Mutations that are more fit biologically may be a heavy burden to society if the affected persons require medical or institutional care. Since exposure to some mutagens is unavoidable, these factors must ultimately be included in a cost-benefit analysis.", "contents": "The impact of induced mutations on human populations. The major impact of an increase in genetic damage will be expressed as an increase in autosomal dominant and X-linked traits as well as chromosomal disorders. The present incidence of dominant traits has been estimated at 1% of live births, but recent data from British Columbia indicate the true value in that population may be an order of magnitude lower. These estimates are important if one measures the damage in terms of doubling dose. Neither the average mutation rate nor the number of loci capable of mutating to dominant detrimental form is known. Mutations that cause sterility or early embryonic loss are detrimental in the Darwinian sense but have little impact on society. Mutations that are more fit biologically may be a heavy burden to society if the affected persons require medical or institutional care. Since exposure to some mutagens is unavoidable, these factors must ultimately be included in a cost-benefit analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202336", "title": "Some relations between teratogenesis and mutagenesis.", "content": "The nonactinic environmental agents that have been found to induce mutations in laboratory mammals are almost without exception of a single chemical class, alkylating chemicals, whereas this class is only one of the numerous sorts of environmental agents that induce congenital structural malformations. Many other types of chemical teratogens as well as nonchemical teratogens exist. This conspicuous difference between the known means of producing these phenomena reflects the fact that the mechanism by which malformations and mutations arise are for the most part distinctly different from each other. Therefore, environmentally induced malformations and mutations cannot be equated with each other and used as mutual indicators in monitoring potential harmful effects of the environment.", "contents": "Some relations between teratogenesis and mutagenesis. The nonactinic environmental agents that have been found to induce mutations in laboratory mammals are almost without exception of a single chemical class, alkylating chemicals, whereas this class is only one of the numerous sorts of environmental agents that induce congenital structural malformations. Many other types of chemical teratogens as well as nonchemical teratogens exist. This conspicuous difference between the known means of producing these phenomena reflects the fact that the mechanism by which malformations and mutations arise are for the most part distinctly different from each other. Therefore, environmentally induced malformations and mutations cannot be equated with each other and used as mutual indicators in monitoring potential harmful effects of the environment."}
{"id": "PMID:1202340", "title": "Environmental mutagenesis: evolving strategies in the USA.", "content": "A recent Environmental Mutagen Society report (the \"Committee 17\" report) made recommendations regarding the screening of environmental mutagens and the use of the resulting data. It is important in this respect to employ highly sensitive tests which detect heritable genetic damage of all possible molecular types. Mutagens of artificial origin which are being considered for continued production must be characterized with respect to their level and pattern of distribution and their persistence in the environment in order to perform realistic risk evaluations. Risk evaluation itself, particularly the summation of the effects of numerous distinct mutagens, may be assisted by adopting a common measure of mutagenicity such as the REC (rem-equivalent-chemical). Finally, the Committee 17 report laid out highly specific recommendations concerning maximum permissible exposures to environmental mutagens. Federal regulatory agencies and their enabling legislation are in fact evolving toward the effective control of this highly complicated problem.", "contents": "Environmental mutagenesis: evolving strategies in the USA. A recent Environmental Mutagen Society report (the \"Committee 17\" report) made recommendations regarding the screening of environmental mutagens and the use of the resulting data. It is important in this respect to employ highly sensitive tests which detect heritable genetic damage of all possible molecular types. Mutagens of artificial origin which are being considered for continued production must be characterized with respect to their level and pattern of distribution and their persistence in the environment in order to perform realistic risk evaluations. Risk evaluation itself, particularly the summation of the effects of numerous distinct mutagens, may be assisted by adopting a common measure of mutagenicity such as the REC (rem-equivalent-chemical). Finally, the Committee 17 report laid out highly specific recommendations concerning maximum permissible exposures to environmental mutagens. Federal regulatory agencies and their enabling legislation are in fact evolving toward the effective control of this highly complicated problem."}
{"id": "PMID:1202342", "title": "Mutagenicity research and testing in Sweden.", "content": "A survey is given of Swedish legislation for control of chemicals in the environment. Although no direct legal requirements for mutagenicity testing of chemicals exist at present in Sweden, such requirements can be enforced within the existing laws. Testing and research in chemical mutagenicity are especially performed at the Environmental Toxicology Unit of the Wallenberg laboratory, University of Stockholm. An outline is given of the organization of the unit, which is based on an interdisciplinary cooperation, among divisions of organic and analytical chemistry, cellular toxicology, and genetics. As examples of projects under joint investigation results on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and on vinyl chloride are briefly described.", "contents": "Mutagenicity research and testing in Sweden. A survey is given of Swedish legislation for control of chemicals in the environment. Although no direct legal requirements for mutagenicity testing of chemicals exist at present in Sweden, such requirements can be enforced within the existing laws. Testing and research in chemical mutagenicity are especially performed at the Environmental Toxicology Unit of the Wallenberg laboratory, University of Stockholm. An outline is given of the organization of the unit, which is based on an interdisciplinary cooperation, among divisions of organic and analytical chemistry, cellular toxicology, and genetics. As examples of projects under joint investigation results on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and on vinyl chloride are briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:1202343", "title": "Hypothetical dose-response curves for chronic exposures to mutagens or carcinogens subject to simple enzymatic detoxification in the mammalian body.", "content": "Dose-response curves for chemical carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in the whole mammal may be influenced (a) by processes affecting the delivery of the applied dose to the DNA of the target cell or (b) by processes affecting the response of the cell to the initial DNA damage. As an example of the former, the effect of a simple enzymatic detoxification system on the delivery to the target organ of an applied chronic dose has been considered. In certain circumstances as the applied dose is lowered, the delivered dose may become proportionately less than at high doses so that a new linear relation of lower slope is established. Such a biphasic curve is termed quasi-threshold to distinguish it from a true threshold. The slope at low doses could in principle be extrapolated to very low doses in the estimation of genetic risk.", "contents": "Hypothetical dose-response curves for chronic exposures to mutagens or carcinogens subject to simple enzymatic detoxification in the mammalian body. Dose-response curves for chemical carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in the whole mammal may be influenced (a) by processes affecting the delivery of the applied dose to the DNA of the target cell or (b) by processes affecting the response of the cell to the initial DNA damage. As an example of the former, the effect of a simple enzymatic detoxification system on the delivery to the target organ of an applied chronic dose has been considered. In certain circumstances as the applied dose is lowered, the delivered dose may become proportionately less than at high doses so that a new linear relation of lower slope is established. Such a biphasic curve is termed quasi-threshold to distinguish it from a true threshold. The slope at low doses could in principle be extrapolated to very low doses in the estimation of genetic risk."}
{"id": "PMID:1202345", "title": "Estimation of the effects of chemical mutagens: lessons from radiation genetics.", "content": "Years of work with ionizing radiations have given us a wealth of data on radiation-induced mutations. These data, which have given insights regarding the mutational processes, should form the background for all mutagenesis work. In chemical mutagenesis, as in radiation mutagenesis, it is important to know the shape of the dose-effect curve in order to make further interpretations and calculations. It is also important to be on the constant alert for new relations that can be explored.", "contents": "Estimation of the effects of chemical mutagens: lessons from radiation genetics. Years of work with ionizing radiations have given us a wealth of data on radiation-induced mutations. These data, which have given insights regarding the mutational processes, should form the background for all mutagenesis work. In chemical mutagenesis, as in radiation mutagenesis, it is important to know the shape of the dose-effect curve in order to make further interpretations and calculations. It is also important to be on the constant alert for new relations that can be explored."}
{"id": "PMID:1202363", "title": "Kinetics and metabolism of amphetamine in the brain of rats of different ages.", "content": "The kinetics and tissue distribution of amphetamine and its metabolites p-hydroxyamphetamine (p-PH-A) and p-hydroxynorephedrine (p-OH-NE) were investigated in young adult (3-4 months) and old (20-25 months) male rats, after i.p. injection of 5 mg/kg tritium labelled D-amphetamine. The concentrations of these drugs were determined in plasma, cerebral cortex, brainstem and hypothalamus, by thin layer chromatography. 1. From 60 min up to 4 hrs after injection of amphetamine the concentration of amphetamine in plasma and brain tissue of old rats was significantly (P less than 0.05 higher than in young adult animals. In both age groups the levels of amphetamine in cerebral cortex greater than brain stem greater than hypothalamus. 2. The blood-brain barrier is permutle to p-OH-A; 10 to 20 min afer i.v. injection of 10 muCi/kg of p-OH-A (10 mCi/m mole) the ratio of brain/blood plasma was found to be 1:3. The half life of p-OH-A in blood plasma was almost identical after injection of amphetamine and p-OH-A (90 min and 98 min respectively). 3. The levels of p-OH-NE in different brain areas were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in old animals than in young adult rats 4 hrs after application of amphetamine. This metabolite of amphetamine shows a higher concentration in the hypothalamus earlier than in other brain regions.", "contents": "Kinetics and metabolism of amphetamine in the brain of rats of different ages. The kinetics and tissue distribution of amphetamine and its metabolites p-hydroxyamphetamine (p-PH-A) and p-hydroxynorephedrine (p-OH-NE) were investigated in young adult (3-4 months) and old (20-25 months) male rats, after i.p. injection of 5 mg/kg tritium labelled D-amphetamine. The concentrations of these drugs were determined in plasma, cerebral cortex, brainstem and hypothalamus, by thin layer chromatography. 1. From 60 min up to 4 hrs after injection of amphetamine the concentration of amphetamine in plasma and brain tissue of old rats was significantly (P less than 0.05 higher than in young adult animals. In both age groups the levels of amphetamine in cerebral cortex greater than brain stem greater than hypothalamus. 2. The blood-brain barrier is permutle to p-OH-A; 10 to 20 min afer i.v. injection of 10 muCi/kg of p-OH-A (10 mCi/m mole) the ratio of brain/blood plasma was found to be 1:3. The half life of p-OH-A in blood plasma was almost identical after injection of amphetamine and p-OH-A (90 min and 98 min respectively). 3. The levels of p-OH-NE in different brain areas were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in old animals than in young adult rats 4 hrs after application of amphetamine. This metabolite of amphetamine shows a higher concentration in the hypothalamus earlier than in other brain regions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202364", "title": "Effects of reserpine and propranolol on anoxia-induced enzyme release from the isolated perfused guinea-pig-heart.", "content": "The possibility of a protective effect by reserpine or propranolol on anoxia-induced released of malate and lactate dehydrogenase was investigated in isolated perfused hearts of guinea-pigs. After allowing 30 min of aerobic perfusion for the development of a steady state, the hearts from the nontreated group as well as the reserpine-pretreated or propranolol-treated group were subjected to a prolonged anoxia of 5 hrs. A marked enzyme release which occurred from the anoxic nontreated hearts was significantly inhibited by reserpine or propranolol. These findings suggest that the enzyme release from the anoxic myocardium is partly related to the liberation of endogenous catecholamines.", "contents": "Effects of reserpine and propranolol on anoxia-induced enzyme release from the isolated perfused guinea-pig-heart. The possibility of a protective effect by reserpine or propranolol on anoxia-induced released of malate and lactate dehydrogenase was investigated in isolated perfused hearts of guinea-pigs. After allowing 30 min of aerobic perfusion for the development of a steady state, the hearts from the nontreated group as well as the reserpine-pretreated or propranolol-treated group were subjected to a prolonged anoxia of 5 hrs. A marked enzyme release which occurred from the anoxic nontreated hearts was significantly inhibited by reserpine or propranolol. These findings suggest that the enzyme release from the anoxic myocardium is partly related to the liberation of endogenous catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:1202365", "title": "Norepinephrine release from nerve terminals within the rabbit superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "Norepinephrine-3H (NE-3H) and its metabolic normetanephrine-3H were released from the superfused rabbit SCG incubated in tyrosine-3H in response to preganglionic stimulation. Neither dopamine-3H nor its metabolite, 3-methoxy-tyrosine could be detected in the superfusate from \"control\" or \"nerve stimulated\" tissues. Nerve stimulated NE-3H release a) was calcium dependent, b) had a stimulus threshold similar to that of C fibers, c) was not blocked by either 50 micromolar curare or 100 micromolar atropine, d) was abolished by chronic decentralization and e) was elicited by stimulation of both the cervical sympathetic and internal carotid nerves. These results suggest that there is a here-to-for undescribed, noradrenergic pathway which originates elsewhere in the sympathetic chain but terminates in the superior cervical ganglion.", "contents": "Norepinephrine release from nerve terminals within the rabbit superior cervical ganglion. Norepinephrine-3H (NE-3H) and its metabolic normetanephrine-3H were released from the superfused rabbit SCG incubated in tyrosine-3H in response to preganglionic stimulation. Neither dopamine-3H nor its metabolite, 3-methoxy-tyrosine could be detected in the superfusate from \"control\" or \"nerve stimulated\" tissues. Nerve stimulated NE-3H release a) was calcium dependent, b) had a stimulus threshold similar to that of C fibers, c) was not blocked by either 50 micromolar curare or 100 micromolar atropine, d) was abolished by chronic decentralization and e) was elicited by stimulation of both the cervical sympathetic and internal carotid nerves. These results suggest that there is a here-to-for undescribed, noradrenergic pathway which originates elsewhere in the sympathetic chain but terminates in the superior cervical ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:1202366", "title": "Some physiological and pharmalogical characteristics of the stimulus induced release of norepinephrine from the rabbit superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "The cervical sympathetic nerve stimulated release of norepinephrine (NE) from the rabbit superior cervical ganglion (SCG) was characterized. The quantity of NE released per impulse declined with increasing stimulation frequency over the range of 3/sec to 15/sec. Nerve stimulated NE release was potentiated by 1 micromolar desmethylimipramine and 25 micromolar phenoxylbenzamine and inhibited by 1 micromolar bretylium, 25 micromolar methoxamine and 1 micromolar prostaglandin E1. These results suggest that nerve stimulated NE release in the rabbit SCG occurs from sympathetic fibers which are subject to the same neurosecretory control mechanisms as sympathetic fibers elsewhere in the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "Some physiological and pharmalogical characteristics of the stimulus induced release of norepinephrine from the rabbit superior cervical ganglion. The cervical sympathetic nerve stimulated release of norepinephrine (NE) from the rabbit superior cervical ganglion (SCG) was characterized. The quantity of NE released per impulse declined with increasing stimulation frequency over the range of 3/sec to 15/sec. Nerve stimulated NE release was potentiated by 1 micromolar desmethylimipramine and 25 micromolar phenoxylbenzamine and inhibited by 1 micromolar bretylium, 25 micromolar methoxamine and 1 micromolar prostaglandin E1. These results suggest that nerve stimulated NE release in the rabbit SCG occurs from sympathetic fibers which are subject to the same neurosecretory control mechanisms as sympathetic fibers elsewhere in the autonomic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1202388", "title": "Oxygen uptake by suspension of mouse brain cells.", "content": "A cell suspension was prepared by sieving mouse brain cortices in an isotonic  solution of purified polyvinylpyrrolidone. A large increase on the O2-uptake by the suspension could be obtained with the preparation procedure described. The respiratory rate of suspension, incubated in saline medium, containing 6.2 mM K+, 10 mM pyruvate, 5 mM fumarate and 0.9 mM 5'-AMP, was equal to 68% of the respiratory rate of slices. High K+ concentration (65 mM) stimulated O2-consumption of suspension by 64% (73% in slices).", "contents": "Oxygen uptake by suspension of mouse brain cells. A cell suspension was prepared by sieving mouse brain cortices in an isotonic  solution of purified polyvinylpyrrolidone. A large increase on the O2-uptake by the suspension could be obtained with the preparation procedure described. The respiratory rate of suspension, incubated in saline medium, containing 6.2 mM K+, 10 mM pyruvate, 5 mM fumarate and 0.9 mM 5'-AMP, was equal to 68% of the respiratory rate of slices. High K+ concentration (65 mM) stimulated O2-consumption of suspension by 64% (73% in slices)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202389", "title": "Neurochemical aspects of post-tetanic potentiation of monosynaptic reflexes in the cat spinal cord. III. Analysis of amino acids after long-term potentiation.", "content": "Following 30-min intermittent post-tetanic potentiation of monosynaptic reflexes in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of 10 cats, the amino acid composition was analyzed after reacting with 14C-dansylchloride and by two-dimensional chromatography. The amino acids in comparable segments of the spinal cord from eight animals after ether anesthesia and from five animals who were operated on but not stimulated were also analyzed. In the latter the operation itself influenced the amino acid composition as compared to those animals who were anesthetized. Comparison between the different control groups showed that the operated animals can be used as a control for calculation of the changes caused by potentiation. The amino acids glycine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which act as either inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitters, increased significantly after potentiation, as did the amino acids lysine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, and proline.", "contents": "Neurochemical aspects of post-tetanic potentiation of monosynaptic reflexes in the cat spinal cord. III. Analysis of amino acids after long-term potentiation. Following 30-min intermittent post-tetanic potentiation of monosynaptic reflexes in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of 10 cats, the amino acid composition was analyzed after reacting with 14C-dansylchloride and by two-dimensional chromatography. The amino acids in comparable segments of the spinal cord from eight animals after ether anesthesia and from five animals who were operated on but not stimulated were also analyzed. In the latter the operation itself influenced the amino acid composition as compared to those animals who were anesthetized. Comparison between the different control groups showed that the operated animals can be used as a control for calculation of the changes caused by potentiation. The amino acids glycine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which act as either inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitters, increased significantly after potentiation, as did the amino acids lysine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, and proline."}
{"id": "PMID:1202390", "title": "Brain lipids in pyridoxine-deficient young rats.", "content": "Pyridoxine deficiency produced in rats during the period of development of the central nervous system resulted in a decreased incorporation of (1-14C) acetate into total lipid extracts of brain. It also resulted in a uniform decrease in the incorporation of the labeled precursor into the cholesterol, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions of brain. The specific radioactivity of purified cerebrosides and sulfatides was decreased by 78% in pyridoxine-deficient rats with respect to controls. The decreased incorporation of labeled precursor in the deficient rats was not due to the labeled precursor, since the specific radioactivity of brain acetate and the brain concentrations of acetyl coenzyme A and acetate were similar in both deficient and control rats. The results indicate that in pyridoxine deficiency established in the young rat there is an impaired formation of myelin.", "contents": "Brain lipids in pyridoxine-deficient young rats. Pyridoxine deficiency produced in rats during the period of development of the central nervous system resulted in a decreased incorporation of (1-14C) acetate into total lipid extracts of brain. It also resulted in a uniform decrease in the incorporation of the labeled precursor into the cholesterol, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions of brain. The specific radioactivity of purified cerebrosides and sulfatides was decreased by 78% in pyridoxine-deficient rats with respect to controls. The decreased incorporation of labeled precursor in the deficient rats was not due to the labeled precursor, since the specific radioactivity of brain acetate and the brain concentrations of acetyl coenzyme A and acetate were similar in both deficient and control rats. The results indicate that in pyridoxine deficiency established in the young rat there is an impaired formation of myelin."}
{"id": "PMID:1202391", "title": "Chloride compartments in embryonic brain tissue after intracerebral ouabain administration.", "content": "The \"chloride space\" in brain tissue of 15- and 19-day-old chick embryos was studied during the 3 h following intracerebral administration of 3.4-10(-4) M ouabain. Total tissue water, dry substance, plasma and liquor and tissue chloride concentrations were determined. The chloride space in brain tissue was calculated on the basis of the brain-cerebrospinal fluid ratio and the brain-plasma ratio. The chloride concentration in blood plasma was generally unchanged after ouabain treatment. The chloride concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was lower in younger embryos during the whole 3-h period, whereas in 19-day-old embryos only during the 1st h. Tissue chloride concentration was generally elevated, but to a greater extent in younger embryos. Total brain tissue water increased for 3 h after ouabain treatment in 15-day-old embryos and for the first 2 h in 19-day-old embryos. The expansion of chloride space reached a new steady state during the 1st h after ouabain treatment and amounted to 12-15% of control values in 15-day-old embryos. The increase of chloride space in older embryos reached its maximum (14.8% of control values) within the 1st h and gradually decreased thereafter. The age-dependent changes of chloride compartmentation in embryonic brain tissue are discussed in relation to the previously investigated spongy state of the brain tissue in chick embryo.", "contents": "Chloride compartments in embryonic brain tissue after intracerebral ouabain administration. The \"chloride space\" in brain tissue of 15- and 19-day-old chick embryos was studied during the 3 h following intracerebral administration of 3.4-10(-4) M ouabain. Total tissue water, dry substance, plasma and liquor and tissue chloride concentrations were determined. The chloride space in brain tissue was calculated on the basis of the brain-cerebrospinal fluid ratio and the brain-plasma ratio. The chloride concentration in blood plasma was generally unchanged after ouabain treatment. The chloride concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was lower in younger embryos during the whole 3-h period, whereas in 19-day-old embryos only during the 1st h. Tissue chloride concentration was generally elevated, but to a greater extent in younger embryos. Total brain tissue water increased for 3 h after ouabain treatment in 15-day-old embryos and for the first 2 h in 19-day-old embryos. The expansion of chloride space reached a new steady state during the 1st h after ouabain treatment and amounted to 12-15% of control values in 15-day-old embryos. The increase of chloride space in older embryos reached its maximum (14.8% of control values) within the 1st h and gradually decreased thereafter. The age-dependent changes of chloride compartmentation in embryonic brain tissue are discussed in relation to the previously investigated spongy state of the brain tissue in chick embryo."}
{"id": "PMID:1202392", "title": "Studies on the action of nerve growth factor. II. Neurotubule protein levels during neurite outgrowth.", "content": "The neurotubule protein content of chick embryo 8-day dorsal root and 14-day sympathetic ganglia, induced to extend neurites in the presence of Nerve Growth Factor, was determined by the time-decay colchicine binding assay procedure and by two independent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems. The initial level of neurotubule protein in dorsal root ganglia was approximately 16% of the total soluble protein. This value was constant during Nerve Growth Factor-mediated neurite outgrowth. The initial level of neurotubule protein in sympathetic ganglia was also approximately 16%, and was unchanged during neurite outgrowth. In addition, C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells, induced to extend neurites in 0.1% serum, also did not exhibit a change in neurotubule protein concentration, which remained approximately 9% of the total soluble protein.", "contents": "Studies on the action of nerve growth factor. II. Neurotubule protein levels during neurite outgrowth. The neurotubule protein content of chick embryo 8-day dorsal root and 14-day sympathetic ganglia, induced to extend neurites in the presence of Nerve Growth Factor, was determined by the time-decay colchicine binding assay procedure and by two independent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems. The initial level of neurotubule protein in dorsal root ganglia was approximately 16% of the total soluble protein. This value was constant during Nerve Growth Factor-mediated neurite outgrowth. The initial level of neurotubule protein in sympathetic ganglia was also approximately 16%, and was unchanged during neurite outgrowth. In addition, C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells, induced to extend neurites in 0.1% serum, also did not exhibit a change in neurotubule protein concentration, which remained approximately 9% of the total soluble protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1202393", "title": "S100 on isolated neurons and glial cells from rat, rabbit and guinea pig during early postnatal development.", "content": "The brain specific S100 protein has been demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy on neuronal cell membranes during postnatal development of rat, rabbit and guinea pig. S100 has been found in glial cell aggregates of rats 4-5 days old, of rabbits 2-3 days old, and of newborn guinea pig. The neuronal plasma membrane-bound portion of the protein appears later during development. In rats 10 to 12 days of age S100 could be found on one part of the cell membrane of Deiters' neurons and of Purkinje cells. In rats 12 to 15 days old cells from the cerebral cortex contained a heterogeneously distributed cell membrane-bound portion of S100. The protein on neuronal cell membranes could be seen somewhat earlier in rabbits as compared to rats. Newborn guinea pigs showed a heterogeneous distribution of the protein similar to that seen in adult animals. In rat and rabbit adults distribution and amounts of S100 were reached at days 25-30 and at days 20-24, respectively. The results obtained here are in agreement with biochemical results. Our findings suggest that the membrane-bound part of the S100 protein with its heterogeneous and polar distribution on the nerve cell plasma membranes (demonstratable in parallel with physical and behavioral maturation of the animals) is a sign of a protein differentiation of the neuron.", "contents": "S100 on isolated neurons and glial cells from rat, rabbit and guinea pig during early postnatal development. The brain specific S100 protein has been demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy on neuronal cell membranes during postnatal development of rat, rabbit and guinea pig. S100 has been found in glial cell aggregates of rats 4-5 days old, of rabbits 2-3 days old, and of newborn guinea pig. The neuronal plasma membrane-bound portion of the protein appears later during development. In rats 10 to 12 days of age S100 could be found on one part of the cell membrane of Deiters' neurons and of Purkinje cells. In rats 12 to 15 days old cells from the cerebral cortex contained a heterogeneously distributed cell membrane-bound portion of S100. The protein on neuronal cell membranes could be seen somewhat earlier in rabbits as compared to rats. Newborn guinea pigs showed a heterogeneous distribution of the protein similar to that seen in adult animals. In rat and rabbit adults distribution and amounts of S100 were reached at days 25-30 and at days 20-24, respectively. The results obtained here are in agreement with biochemical results. Our findings suggest that the membrane-bound part of the S100 protein with its heterogeneous and polar distribution on the nerve cell plasma membranes (demonstratable in parallel with physical and behavioral maturation of the animals) is a sign of a protein differentiation of the neuron."}
{"id": "PMID:1202394", "title": "[Needle therapy in neurology].", "content": "The term \"needle treatment\" has been used by the author for designation of all analgetic procedures in which the skin receptors are stimulated by insertion of needles. Acupuncture and its modification proposed by the author fall into this category. In the new method needles are inserted into painful points and 0.1-0.2 ml of 10% sodium chloride solution is injected. The method is used for treatment of pain in ischalgia, facial neuralgia and shoulder pains and in refractory, so-called idiopathic headaches. The author describes three neural mechanisms participating in pain inhibition by means of peripheral receptor stimulation.", "contents": "[Needle therapy in neurology]. The term \"needle treatment\" has been used by the author for designation of all analgetic procedures in which the skin receptors are stimulated by insertion of needles. Acupuncture and its modification proposed by the author fall into this category. In the new method needles are inserted into painful points and 0.1-0.2 ml of 10% sodium chloride solution is injected. The method is used for treatment of pain in ischalgia, facial neuralgia and shoulder pains and in refractory, so-called idiopathic headaches. The author describes three neural mechanisms participating in pain inhibition by means of peripheral receptor stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202395", "title": "[Sural nerve phospholipids in some genetically determined nervous system diseases].", "content": "Phospholipid fraction pattern was determined in sural nerve in cases of suspected storage diseases. The material was obtained by means fo biopsy from 22 patients. In some patients features of polyneuropathy were found. Normal values of phospholipids were determined in 22 dying patients who had to neurological diseases. The most frequently observed change concerning the biochemical composition of the sural nerve in this material was a fall in the total amount of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (cephalin) and appearance of lysolecithins which are normally absent. In attempted correlation of histological and biochemical findings in the sural nerve with clinical signs of polyneuropathy it was observed that biochemical changes were present in cases without clinical evidence of polyneuropathy. Biochemical as well as histological investigations of sural nerve may help in intravital diagnosis of diseases belonging to the group of thesauroses.", "contents": "[Sural nerve phospholipids in some genetically determined nervous system diseases]. Phospholipid fraction pattern was determined in sural nerve in cases of suspected storage diseases. The material was obtained by means fo biopsy from 22 patients. In some patients features of polyneuropathy were found. Normal values of phospholipids were determined in 22 dying patients who had to neurological diseases. The most frequently observed change concerning the biochemical composition of the sural nerve in this material was a fall in the total amount of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (cephalin) and appearance of lysolecithins which are normally absent. In attempted correlation of histological and biochemical findings in the sural nerve with clinical signs of polyneuropathy it was observed that biochemical changes were present in cases without clinical evidence of polyneuropathy. Biochemical as well as histological investigations of sural nerve may help in intravital diagnosis of diseases belonging to the group of thesauroses."}
{"id": "PMID:1202398", "title": "[Development of righting reflexes and their influence on the development of static functions in children with infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "In a group of 55 children with signs of central nervous system lesions the development of righting reflexes and static functions was observed during the first 3 years of life. A delay and disturbances in the development of righting reflexes and static functions was observed with differences between the individual groups of infantile cerebral palsy.", "contents": "[Development of righting reflexes and their influence on the development of static functions in children with infantile cerebral palsy]. In a group of 55 children with signs of central nervous system lesions the development of righting reflexes and static functions was observed during the first 3 years of life. A delay and disturbances in the development of righting reflexes and static functions was observed with differences between the individual groups of infantile cerebral palsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1202396", "title": "[Catalase-like activity in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with cerebral stroke].", "content": "Catalase-like activity was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid of 16 patients with cerebral haemorrhage, 24 cases od encephalomalacia due to thrombosis, and 10 controls. It was demonstrated that catalase-like activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral stroke is significantly raised in relation to the activity observed in controls. This rise is patricularly evident in the first 24 hours after the onset. The rise was statistically significant only in the group of encephalomalacia.", "contents": "[Catalase-like activity in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with cerebral stroke]. Catalase-like activity was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid of 16 patients with cerebral haemorrhage, 24 cases od encephalomalacia due to thrombosis, and 10 controls. It was demonstrated that catalase-like activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral stroke is significantly raised in relation to the activity observed in controls. This rise is patricularly evident in the first 24 hours after the onset. The rise was statistically significant only in the group of encephalomalacia."}
{"id": "PMID:1202397", "title": "[Conduction velocity in peripheral nerves in healthy and sick children].", "content": "Conduction velocity was determined in motor fibres of peripheral nerves in healthy children aged from 4 months to 15 years and in children with spinal muscular atrophy, untreated phenylketonuria, myopathies and infantile cerebral palsy. Conduction velocity equalling that in adults is reached in the ulnar and peroneal nerves at the age of about 3 years, in the median nerve somewhat later (at the age of 4-5 years). In cases of untreated phenylketonuria, myopathies and infantile cerebral palsy conduction velocity was about normal. In spinal muscular atrophy decreased conduction velocity in the youngest children may indicate delayed myelination of peripheral nerves.", "contents": "[Conduction velocity in peripheral nerves in healthy and sick children]. Conduction velocity was determined in motor fibres of peripheral nerves in healthy children aged from 4 months to 15 years and in children with spinal muscular atrophy, untreated phenylketonuria, myopathies and infantile cerebral palsy. Conduction velocity equalling that in adults is reached in the ulnar and peroneal nerves at the age of about 3 years, in the median nerve somewhat later (at the age of 4-5 years). In cases of untreated phenylketonuria, myopathies and infantile cerebral palsy conduction velocity was about normal. In spinal muscular atrophy decreased conduction velocity in the youngest children may indicate delayed myelination of peripheral nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:1202399", "title": "[Familial occurrence of Crouzon's disease].", "content": "The authors report a family of 8 subjects in which 6 members demonstrate significant abnormalities in the development of the facial skeleton and the skull in the form of craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon's disease) with complications including optic nerve atrophy, divergent squint in 4 children and borderline mental retardation in 3 of these children.", "contents": "[Familial occurrence of Crouzon's disease]. The authors report a family of 8 subjects in which 6 members demonstrate significant abnormalities in the development of the facial skeleton and the skull in the form of craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon's disease) with complications including optic nerve atrophy, divergent squint in 4 children and borderline mental retardation in 3 of these children."}
{"id": "PMID:1202400", "title": "[Epidemic of lymphocytic cerebrospinal meningitis in the fall of 1974 at Grudziadz].", "content": "In 1974 an epidemic of lymphocytic cerebrospinal meningitis occurred in the Province of Bydgoszcz. Thirty-nine cases of this disease were hospitalized at the neurological department of the hospital in Grudziadz. Virological investigations demonstrated presence of Coxsackie A9 virus. The manifestations of the disease, diagnostic methods and treatment are described.", "contents": "[Epidemic of lymphocytic cerebrospinal meningitis in the fall of 1974 at Grudziadz]. In 1974 an epidemic of lymphocytic cerebrospinal meningitis occurred in the Province of Bydgoszcz. Thirty-nine cases of this disease were hospitalized at the neurological department of the hospital in Grudziadz. Virological investigations demonstrated presence of Coxsackie A9 virus. The manifestations of the disease, diagnostic methods and treatment are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1202402", "title": "[System of rapid automatic digital recording of cerebrospinal fluid pressure].", "content": "The authors describe a system for rapid digital automatic recording of cerebrospinal fluid pressure. The results are recorded in numerical form by a recorder. Owing to this quantitative expression of results the subjective evaluation of analog curves is avoided. The system may be used also to measure other slowly changing physiological processes.", "contents": "[System of rapid automatic digital recording of cerebrospinal fluid pressure]. The authors describe a system for rapid digital automatic recording of cerebrospinal fluid pressure. The results are recorded in numerical form by a recorder. Owing to this quantitative expression of results the subjective evaluation of analog curves is avoided. The system may be used also to measure other slowly changing physiological processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1202403", "title": "[Angiomas of blood vessels supplying the basal ganglia and the diencephalon].", "content": "The author discusses the problem of surgical treatment of intracranial angiomas situated in basal ganglia and diencephalon. Vascular malformations in this area were found in 7.5% of cases in a group of 80 patients with intracranial angiomas. In all 6 cases the onset of the disease was sudden with meningocerebral haemorrhage, prolonged coma and hemiplegia. The malformations had usually the features of arteriovenous angioma. The afferent vessels come usually from the medial short and long vessels branching off from the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, the choroid arteries and the posterior communicating artery. The author isolated two types of malformations differing in their situation, shape and range of vascularization. In the \"subventricular\" type situated within the nucleus caudatus and lenticularis, internal capsule and thalamus the malformation can be exposed well from the approach through the lateral ventricle. The angiomas situated nearer to the base of hemisphere (the parabasal type), in the diencephalon, in the area of the olfactory triangle, substantia perforata anterior and even crus cerebri can be exposed best using the subfrontal approach. The author believes that in many cases of these malformations regarded usually as inoperable, radical operation can be done with selective removal of angioma by means of microsurgery. This procedure was applied in 2 cases (Fig. 2 and 3).", "contents": "[Angiomas of blood vessels supplying the basal ganglia and the diencephalon]. The author discusses the problem of surgical treatment of intracranial angiomas situated in basal ganglia and diencephalon. Vascular malformations in this area were found in 7.5% of cases in a group of 80 patients with intracranial angiomas. In all 6 cases the onset of the disease was sudden with meningocerebral haemorrhage, prolonged coma and hemiplegia. The malformations had usually the features of arteriovenous angioma. The afferent vessels come usually from the medial short and long vessels branching off from the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, the choroid arteries and the posterior communicating artery. The author isolated two types of malformations differing in their situation, shape and range of vascularization. In the \"subventricular\" type situated within the nucleus caudatus and lenticularis, internal capsule and thalamus the malformation can be exposed well from the approach through the lateral ventricle. The angiomas situated nearer to the base of hemisphere (the parabasal type), in the diencephalon, in the area of the olfactory triangle, substantia perforata anterior and even crus cerebri can be exposed best using the subfrontal approach. The author believes that in many cases of these malformations regarded usually as inoperable, radical operation can be done with selective removal of angioma by means of microsurgery. This procedure was applied in 2 cases (Fig. 2 and 3)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202404", "title": "[Case of multiple sclerosis with Devic's syndrome and secondary cerebellar signs].", "content": "The authors describe a 43-year-old woman treated for multiple sclerosis during 11 years in whom at the end of her life tetraplegia, bulbar syndrome and cerebellar syndrome developed. Postmortem examination of the brain disclosed changes compatible with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, diffuse sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. The variability of the demyelinating process is discussed. In this case this variability was responsible for successive appearance of various nosological entities depending on the \"balance of power\" between the factors damaging myelin and the resistance of the organism.", "contents": "[Case of multiple sclerosis with Devic's syndrome and secondary cerebellar signs]. The authors describe a 43-year-old woman treated for multiple sclerosis during 11 years in whom at the end of her life tetraplegia, bulbar syndrome and cerebellar syndrome developed. Postmortem examination of the brain disclosed changes compatible with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, diffuse sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. The variability of the demyelinating process is discussed. In this case this variability was responsible for successive appearance of various nosological entities depending on the \"balance of power\" between the factors damaging myelin and the resistance of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1202407", "title": "[Comparison of the bronchodilator action of fenoterol and salbutamol by aerosol administration in patients with bronchial asthma].", "content": "A comparison was made between the bronchodilatatory activity of phenoterol (hydroxyphenylorciprenaline) and salbutamol in patients with bronchial asthma. The results showed that both drugs had marked activity at therapeutic doses, though phenoterol was more rapid (within 10 min of inhalation) and more longlasting (up to 6-7 hr). Its loss of therapeutic effect was also slower than that of hitherto experimented drugs.", "contents": "[Comparison of the bronchodilator action of fenoterol and salbutamol by aerosol administration in patients with bronchial asthma]. A comparison was made between the bronchodilatatory activity of phenoterol (hydroxyphenylorciprenaline) and salbutamol in patients with bronchial asthma. The results showed that both drugs had marked activity at therapeutic doses, though phenoterol was more rapid (within 10 min of inhalation) and more longlasting (up to 6-7 hr). Its loss of therapeutic effect was also slower than that of hitherto experimented drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1202405", "title": "[Case of Behcet's disease].", "content": "The author reports a case of Beh\u00e7et's disease in a 45-year-old man with eye lesions, changes on the skin and in the nervous system with inflammatory changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. The course of the disease was chronic, with periodic exacerbations. Steroid treatment gave good results.", "contents": "[Case of Behcet's disease]. The author reports a case of Beh\u00e7et's disease in a 45-year-old man with eye lesions, changes on the skin and in the nervous system with inflammatory changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. The course of the disease was chronic, with periodic exacerbations. Steroid treatment gave good results."}
{"id": "PMID:1202408", "title": "[Antihypertensive activity of a new molecule, 2,6-dichloro-benzylidene aminoguanidine acetate].", "content": "The anti-hypertensive action of 2,6-dichlorobenzylideneaminoguanidine acetate (BR 750) is described. Inter-patient comparison pointed out its excellent tolerance, together with an anti-hypertensive activity at least equal to that of alpha-methyldopa.", "contents": "[Antihypertensive activity of a new molecule, 2,6-dichloro-benzylidene aminoguanidine acetate]. The anti-hypertensive action of 2,6-dichlorobenzylideneaminoguanidine acetate (BR 750) is described. Inter-patient comparison pointed out its excellent tolerance, together with an anti-hypertensive activity at least equal to that of alpha-methyldopa."}
{"id": "PMID:1202409", "title": "[Origin of oncogenic viruses].", "content": "On the basis of the literature, and particularly of recent paraprocessing studies, the possible origin of oncogenous RNA viruses in human is discussed. The concept of the irritative theory as the origin of most such viruses, according to the \"wandering gene\" concept, is reiterated.", "contents": "[Origin of oncogenic viruses]. On the basis of the literature, and particularly of recent paraprocessing studies, the possible origin of oncogenous RNA viruses in human is discussed. The concept of the irritative theory as the origin of most such viruses, according to the \"wandering gene\" concept, is reiterated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202406", "title": "[Epileptic seizures in children caused by developmental anomalies of meningocerebral vessels].", "content": "In the light of pertinent literature the authors discuss two interesting cases of developmental anomalies of cerebral vessels demonstrated by means of angiography which were the cause of epileptic seizures and progressive dementia.", "contents": "[Epileptic seizures in children caused by developmental anomalies of meningocerebral vessels]. In the light of pertinent literature the authors discuss two interesting cases of developmental anomalies of cerebral vessels demonstrated by means of angiography which were the cause of epileptic seizures and progressive dementia."}
{"id": "PMID:1202410", "title": "Immune responses to infections with coccidia in chickens: gut hypersensitivity.", "content": "Sporulated oocysts or oocyst hulls of Eimeria acervulina given via the crop, and oocyst juice or sporozoites inoculated directly into the intestinal lumen, were tested for their effects on the hypersensitivity of the intestines of immunized and susceptible birds. Only viable sporozoites consistently caused an increase in the permeability of the immunized intestine to macromolecules, shown by the leakage of intravenously injected dye. Repulsion of epithelium and disruption of the villi were seen more often in immunized than in susceptible chickens but there was no correlation with treatment or with dye leakage. The hypersensitive response of immune intestines challenged with a heterologous organism was approximately half as intense as the response to homologous challenge. The significance of these findings in relation to immunity to coccidiosis is discussed.", "contents": "Immune responses to infections with coccidia in chickens: gut hypersensitivity. Sporulated oocysts or oocyst hulls of Eimeria acervulina given via the crop, and oocyst juice or sporozoites inoculated directly into the intestinal lumen, were tested for their effects on the hypersensitivity of the intestines of immunized and susceptible birds. Only viable sporozoites consistently caused an increase in the permeability of the immunized intestine to macromolecules, shown by the leakage of intravenously injected dye. Repulsion of epithelium and disruption of the villi were seen more often in immunized than in susceptible chickens but there was no correlation with treatment or with dye leakage. The hypersensitive response of immune intestines challenged with a heterologous organism was approximately half as intense as the response to homologous challenge. The significance of these findings in relation to immunity to coccidiosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202411", "title": "Enzyme variation in Eimeria species of the chicken.", "content": "A method for the biochemical identification of protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria is described for the first time. Starch gel electrophoresis of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from parasite extracts revealed both intra- and inter-species differences when 11 strains representative of 6 species of Eimeria were examined. Oocysts were the most accessible parasite stage for investigation but sporozoites and merozoites of an embryo-adapted strain of E. tenella were also examined for enzyme activity.", "contents": "Enzyme variation in Eimeria species of the chicken. A method for the biochemical identification of protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria is described for the first time. Starch gel electrophoresis of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from parasite extracts revealed both intra- and inter-species differences when 11 strains representative of 6 species of Eimeria were examined. Oocysts were the most accessible parasite stage for investigation but sporozoites and merozoites of an embryo-adapted strain of E. tenella were also examined for enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1202412", "title": "Genetic control of immune responses to parasites: selection for responsiveness and non-responsiveness to Trichuris muris in random-bred mice.", "content": "Populations of Schofield strain, random-bred mice were shown to have a bimodal variation in ability to bring about immune expulsion of the nematode Trichuris muris. This variation was genetically determined and independent of the size of infection experienced. The proportion of mice unable to achieve worm expulsion (non-responders) was relatively constant in various populations of the strain but was increased by selective breeding from mice of known status. Crosses made between non-responder and responder mice produced progeny that were almost all (92%) of responder phenotype, showing that the ability to achieve worm expulsion was inherited as a dominant characteristic. It is suggested that the genetic control involves a small number of genes; the possible immunological mechanisms by which control is mediated are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Genetic control of immune responses to parasites: selection for responsiveness and non-responsiveness to Trichuris muris in random-bred mice. Populations of Schofield strain, random-bred mice were shown to have a bimodal variation in ability to bring about immune expulsion of the nematode Trichuris muris. This variation was genetically determined and independent of the size of infection experienced. The proportion of mice unable to achieve worm expulsion (non-responders) was relatively constant in various populations of the strain but was increased by selective breeding from mice of known status. Crosses made between non-responder and responder mice produced progeny that were almost all (92%) of responder phenotype, showing that the ability to achieve worm expulsion was inherited as a dominant characteristic. It is suggested that the genetic control involves a small number of genes; the possible immunological mechanisms by which control is mediated are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202413", "title": "Structure and invasive behaviour of Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites in vitro.", "content": "The structure and invasive behaviour of extracellular erythrocytic merozoites prepared by a cell sieving method have been studied with the electron microscope. Free merozoites contain organelles similar to those described in late schizonts of Plasmodium knowlesi. Their surface is lined by a coat of short filaments. On mixing with fresh red cells, merozoites at first adhere, then cause the red cell surface to invaginate rapidly, often with the formation of narrow membranous channels in the red cell interior. As the merozoite enters the invagination it forms an attachment by its cell coat to the rim of the pit, and finally leaves this coat behind as it is enclosed in a red cell vacuole. Dense, rounded intracellular bodies then move to the merozoite periphery, and apparently rupture to cause further localized invagination of the red cell vacuole. The merozoite finally loses its rhoptries, the pellicle is reduced to a single membrane and the parasite becomes a trophozoite. Invasion is complete by 1 min after adhesion, and the trophozoite is formed by 10 min.", "contents": "Structure and invasive behaviour of Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites in vitro. The structure and invasive behaviour of extracellular erythrocytic merozoites prepared by a cell sieving method have been studied with the electron microscope. Free merozoites contain organelles similar to those described in late schizonts of Plasmodium knowlesi. Their surface is lined by a coat of short filaments. On mixing with fresh red cells, merozoites at first adhere, then cause the red cell surface to invaginate rapidly, often with the formation of narrow membranous channels in the red cell interior. As the merozoite enters the invagination it forms an attachment by its cell coat to the rim of the pit, and finally leaves this coat behind as it is enclosed in a red cell vacuole. Dense, rounded intracellular bodies then move to the merozoite periphery, and apparently rupture to cause further localized invagination of the red cell vacuole. The merozoite finally loses its rhoptries, the pellicle is reduced to a single membrane and the parasite becomes a trophozoite. Invasion is complete by 1 min after adhesion, and the trophozoite is formed by 10 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1202414", "title": "An experimental investigation of a direct life-cycle in Reighardia sternae (Diesing, 1864), a pentastomid parasite of the herring gull (Larus argentatus).", "content": "A direct life-cycle in Reighardia sternae, a cephalobaenid pentastomid of gulls was investigated: the work was prompted by a report of eggs and larvae recovered from the stomach and intestine of a naturally infected gull. Infective pentastomid eggs were obtained by surgically transplanting maturing female Reighardia, taken from freshly shot wild gulls, into captive recipients. Faecal material from birds thus artificially infected was collected daily and examined for eggs. Eggs were force fed to 33 hand-reared (from eggs or nestlings) juvenile gulls which were selected at random and sacrificed at intervals thereafter and examined for pentastomids. One hour after infection, primary larvae appear in the body cavity where they moult immediately. They grow steadily and by 27-35 days are sexually differentiated, and by 66 days have copulated. Fertilized females take a further 116 days to produce eggs by which time they are 7-6 cm long. The complex migrations undertaken by developing larvae in the gull, and the problems of the mechanism of direct transmission, are discussed.", "contents": "An experimental investigation of a direct life-cycle in Reighardia sternae (Diesing, 1864), a pentastomid parasite of the herring gull (Larus argentatus). A direct life-cycle in Reighardia sternae, a cephalobaenid pentastomid of gulls was investigated: the work was prompted by a report of eggs and larvae recovered from the stomach and intestine of a naturally infected gull. Infective pentastomid eggs were obtained by surgically transplanting maturing female Reighardia, taken from freshly shot wild gulls, into captive recipients. Faecal material from birds thus artificially infected was collected daily and examined for eggs. Eggs were force fed to 33 hand-reared (from eggs or nestlings) juvenile gulls which were selected at random and sacrificed at intervals thereafter and examined for pentastomids. One hour after infection, primary larvae appear in the body cavity where they moult immediately. They grow steadily and by 27-35 days are sexually differentiated, and by 66 days have copulated. Fertilized females take a further 116 days to produce eggs by which time they are 7-6 cm long. The complex migrations undertaken by developing larvae in the gull, and the problems of the mechanism of direct transmission, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202415", "title": "Observations on the development of Haemonchus contortus in young sheep given a single infection.", "content": "Worm free lambs 2-4 months old were given a single infection of 50,000 Haemonchus contortus larvae. The changes in packed red cell volume were compared with those of uninfected sheep and the infected sheep were divided into two groups according to the rate of change of packed cell volume. In group 1, packed cell volume fell sharply from the 10th day of infection and the sheep eventually died. In group 2, the fall was less marked and the packed cell volume returned to normal after about 40 days. The rates of increase of parasite body length and dry weight were compared for the two groups. Parasites in group 1 sheep grew more slowly than their group 2 contemporaries. Accurate planning of metabolic studies on H. contortus was made possible by using this information to predict the course of an infection and the size of the worms. Parasite development was also measured in sheep for which the packed cell volume was not recorded. Computer analysis showed that adult worm length increase did not follow a simple growth pattern starting from the last ecdysis, but consisted of a rapid elongation followed by a simple negative exponential increase. Dry weight increase also followed a negative exponential during the second phase. Measurements of dry weight as a percentage of wet weight indicated that the rapid elongation was possibly linked with cell enlargement by the uptake of water.", "contents": "Observations on the development of Haemonchus contortus in young sheep given a single infection. Worm free lambs 2-4 months old were given a single infection of 50,000 Haemonchus contortus larvae. The changes in packed red cell volume were compared with those of uninfected sheep and the infected sheep were divided into two groups according to the rate of change of packed cell volume. In group 1, packed cell volume fell sharply from the 10th day of infection and the sheep eventually died. In group 2, the fall was less marked and the packed cell volume returned to normal after about 40 days. The rates of increase of parasite body length and dry weight were compared for the two groups. Parasites in group 1 sheep grew more slowly than their group 2 contemporaries. Accurate planning of metabolic studies on H. contortus was made possible by using this information to predict the course of an infection and the size of the worms. Parasite development was also measured in sheep for which the packed cell volume was not recorded. Computer analysis showed that adult worm length increase did not follow a simple growth pattern starting from the last ecdysis, but consisted of a rapid elongation followed by a simple negative exponential increase. Dry weight increase also followed a negative exponential during the second phase. Measurements of dry weight as a percentage of wet weight indicated that the rapid elongation was possibly linked with cell enlargement by the uptake of water."}
{"id": "PMID:1202416", "title": "Some influences of population density on Hymenolepis diminuta in rats.", "content": "When measured 56 days postinfection the length, wet weight and dry weight of Hymenolepis diminuta were all found to decrease with increasing number of cysticercoids given up to 20. The mean position of the worms in 10, 12 and 20 worm infections is significantly posterior to that of 1, 2 and 5 worm infections and the worms are attached over a wider area of the intestine. Egg production by the worms was followed up to day 56 postinfection; the number of eggs produced per worm and even per rat decreased with increasing population density. Thus the best way to get most eggs and to maintain the parasite in the laboratory is to have rats infected with only one tapeworm. Rats given 1-20 cysticercoids showed a mean recovery of 100-65%, while rats given 40-200 cysticercoids showed a mean recovery ranging from 13 to 2%. In addition to 'normal' worms, defined as worms greater than 10 mm, small, most probably destrobilated, worms were found. In the 50 and 100 cysticercoid infections, worm recoveries were, respectively, 8% 'normal', 16% small, and 2% 'normal', 5% small. From the significantly lower recovery from heavy infections it is concluded that a deleterious factor is operating during the 8 weeks after the infection.", "contents": "Some influences of population density on Hymenolepis diminuta in rats. When measured 56 days postinfection the length, wet weight and dry weight of Hymenolepis diminuta were all found to decrease with increasing number of cysticercoids given up to 20. The mean position of the worms in 10, 12 and 20 worm infections is significantly posterior to that of 1, 2 and 5 worm infections and the worms are attached over a wider area of the intestine. Egg production by the worms was followed up to day 56 postinfection; the number of eggs produced per worm and even per rat decreased with increasing population density. Thus the best way to get most eggs and to maintain the parasite in the laboratory is to have rats infected with only one tapeworm. Rats given 1-20 cysticercoids showed a mean recovery of 100-65%, while rats given 40-200 cysticercoids showed a mean recovery ranging from 13 to 2%. In addition to 'normal' worms, defined as worms greater than 10 mm, small, most probably destrobilated, worms were found. In the 50 and 100 cysticercoid infections, worm recoveries were, respectively, 8% 'normal', 16% small, and 2% 'normal', 5% small. From the significantly lower recovery from heavy infections it is concluded that a deleterious factor is operating during the 8 weeks after the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1202417", "title": "Possible immunological damage to the tegument of Hymenolepis diminuta in mice and rats.", "content": "Opaque or darkened areas (DA) of variable size and position occur on Hymenolepis diminuta in mice and rats. In mice DA normally first appear in the neck region of the worm but subsequently they appear elsewhere and increase in number until destrobilation or worm expulsion. The posterior of destrobilated worms is often darkened. In the more immunogenic infections with six cysticercoids there are more DA per worm than in infections with one cysticercoid. DA are areas of the tegument with a homogeneous increase in electron density; abnormal mitochondria; reduced granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes and discoidal secretory bodies; and accumulation of lipid droplets. DA disappear from worms maintained for up to 4 h in Hanks' balanced salt solution and can be induced by mechanical damage to the worms. As the numbers of DA increase with the duration and intensity of infection and have similarities with types of cell injury, they are probably sites of worm pathology induced by host immunity.", "contents": "Possible immunological damage to the tegument of Hymenolepis diminuta in mice and rats. Opaque or darkened areas (DA) of variable size and position occur on Hymenolepis diminuta in mice and rats. In mice DA normally first appear in the neck region of the worm but subsequently they appear elsewhere and increase in number until destrobilation or worm expulsion. The posterior of destrobilated worms is often darkened. In the more immunogenic infections with six cysticercoids there are more DA per worm than in infections with one cysticercoid. DA are areas of the tegument with a homogeneous increase in electron density; abnormal mitochondria; reduced granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes and discoidal secretory bodies; and accumulation of lipid droplets. DA disappear from worms maintained for up to 4 h in Hanks' balanced salt solution and can be induced by mechanical damage to the worms. As the numbers of DA increase with the duration and intensity of infection and have similarities with types of cell injury, they are probably sites of worm pathology induced by host immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:1202418", "title": "Increased lysosomal hydrolase activity in kidney and brain from the vitamin B6-deficient developing rat.", "content": "Between 7 and 9 postnatal days, the kidney, spleen heart, and liver from vitamin B6-deficient young either plateaued and failed to gain weight or lost weight, whereas brain continued to gain weight but at a more reduced rate than normal. The level of cofactor in kidney of experimental animals was below that of controls at all time points studied. alpha-L-Fucosidase activity was already moderately increased in deficient kidney at 3 postnatal days and remained elevated throughout the time course. beta-D-galactosidase, acid phosphatase, and hexosaminidases A and B in vitamin B6-deficient young all showed moderate increases in activities after 9 days, at one or more time points. In brain, alpha-L-fucosidase activity was increased somewhat throughout the time course, but changes in beta-D-glucuronidase, beta-D-galactosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, and hexosaminidases A and B did not occur until after 7 postnatal days. When weights of kidney and brain were both normal, there was a marked elevation in alpha-L-fucosidase activity in these organs suggesting that this increase in enzyme activity may be a specific effect of vitamin B6 deficiency. Elevated alpha-L-fucosidase activity in kidhney may reflect alterations in fucose-containing glycosubstances of glomerular basement membranes.", "contents": "Increased lysosomal hydrolase activity in kidney and brain from the vitamin B6-deficient developing rat. Between 7 and 9 postnatal days, the kidney, spleen heart, and liver from vitamin B6-deficient young either plateaued and failed to gain weight or lost weight, whereas brain continued to gain weight but at a more reduced rate than normal. The level of cofactor in kidney of experimental animals was below that of controls at all time points studied. alpha-L-Fucosidase activity was already moderately increased in deficient kidney at 3 postnatal days and remained elevated throughout the time course. beta-D-galactosidase, acid phosphatase, and hexosaminidases A and B in vitamin B6-deficient young all showed moderate increases in activities after 9 days, at one or more time points. In brain, alpha-L-fucosidase activity was increased somewhat throughout the time course, but changes in beta-D-glucuronidase, beta-D-galactosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, and hexosaminidases A and B did not occur until after 7 postnatal days. When weights of kidney and brain were both normal, there was a marked elevation in alpha-L-fucosidase activity in these organs suggesting that this increase in enzyme activity may be a specific effect of vitamin B6 deficiency. Elevated alpha-L-fucosidase activity in kidhney may reflect alterations in fucose-containing glycosubstances of glomerular basement membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:1202419", "title": "The bilirubin-induced photodegradation of deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "The widespread use of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice has caused some concern since little is known about the cellular consequences of such treatment. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of photoactivated bilirubin on the structure of purified deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA illuminated in the presence of bilirubin exhibited altered physical chemical properties as evidence by (1) a changed thermal helix coil transition profile, (2) a sensitivity of the treated DNA to alkaline degradation, and (3) a limited depolymerization of single-stranded DNA. The above changes were observed with a total light dosage representing only 5% of that received by a newborn infant during a 24-hr period of phototherapy in our nursery. In view of the known relationship between ability to modify cellular DNA and mutagenic and/or carcinogenic potential, the present results suggest that phototherapy is a complex process which may have potentially dangerous sequelae.", "contents": "The bilirubin-induced photodegradation of deoxyribonucleic acid. The widespread use of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice has caused some concern since little is known about the cellular consequences of such treatment. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of photoactivated bilirubin on the structure of purified deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA illuminated in the presence of bilirubin exhibited altered physical chemical properties as evidence by (1) a changed thermal helix coil transition profile, (2) a sensitivity of the treated DNA to alkaline degradation, and (3) a limited depolymerization of single-stranded DNA. The above changes were observed with a total light dosage representing only 5% of that received by a newborn infant during a 24-hr period of phototherapy in our nursery. In view of the known relationship between ability to modify cellular DNA and mutagenic and/or carcinogenic potential, the present results suggest that phototherapy is a complex process which may have potentially dangerous sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:1202420", "title": "Maple syrup urine disease: analysis of branched chain ketoacid decarboxylation in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Kinetic data are presented for the decarboxylation of branched chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKA) by intact human fibroblasts. Cultured cells of normal individuals and nine patients with different clinical pictures of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) are studied with both alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic acid (KIC)) and alpha-ketoisovaleric acid (2-oxo-3-methylbutanoic acid (KIVA)) as substrates. One normal cell strain and one patient cell strain is analyzed with alpha-keto-beta-methyl-n-valeric acid (2-oxo-3-methylpentanoic acid (MEVA)) as a substrate. A biphasic degradation kinetic for each BCKA is obtained for normal control subjects. The component with higher substrate affinity is affected in MSUD: for KIC the normally hyperbolic substrate curve is changed to sigmoid shape, for KIVA and MEVA as substrates this component is not detectable at all. Considering qualitative aspects of the BCKA decarboxylation kinetics intact fibroblasts yield the same results as our recent studies with the decarboxylase moieties of partially purified kidney BCKA dehydrogenase of normal individuals and one patient with classic MSUD (27). The decarboxylation velocities for normal and patient fibroblasts with one exception differ widely at low but not at high substrate concentrations of BCKA. To get meaningful data on the residual substrate degradation activities with intact fibroblasts of different phenotypes of MSUD physiologically low substrate concentrations are required in the assay.", "contents": "Maple syrup urine disease: analysis of branched chain ketoacid decarboxylation in cultured fibroblasts. Kinetic data are presented for the decarboxylation of branched chain alpha-ketoacids (BCKA) by intact human fibroblasts. Cultured cells of normal individuals and nine patients with different clinical pictures of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) are studied with both alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic acid (KIC)) and alpha-ketoisovaleric acid (2-oxo-3-methylbutanoic acid (KIVA)) as substrates. One normal cell strain and one patient cell strain is analyzed with alpha-keto-beta-methyl-n-valeric acid (2-oxo-3-methylpentanoic acid (MEVA)) as a substrate. A biphasic degradation kinetic for each BCKA is obtained for normal control subjects. The component with higher substrate affinity is affected in MSUD: for KIC the normally hyperbolic substrate curve is changed to sigmoid shape, for KIVA and MEVA as substrates this component is not detectable at all. Considering qualitative aspects of the BCKA decarboxylation kinetics intact fibroblasts yield the same results as our recent studies with the decarboxylase moieties of partially purified kidney BCKA dehydrogenase of normal individuals and one patient with classic MSUD (27). The decarboxylation velocities for normal and patient fibroblasts with one exception differ widely at low but not at high substrate concentrations of BCKA. To get meaningful data on the residual substrate degradation activities with intact fibroblasts of different phenotypes of MSUD physiologically low substrate concentrations are required in the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:1202421", "title": "Polyamines in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Polyamine concentrations have been measured in blood samples from a series of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and control subjects. Analyses were made by a fluorometric method, in which the amines were reacted with dansyl chloride and separated by thin layer chromatography on Kieselguhr. There was no significant difference between the polyamine concentrations of blood samples from CF patients and control subjects. Also, the spermidine-spermine ratio was similar in both groups. Polyamines were also analyzed in exocrine fluids, and although none could be detected in either CF or control sweat or saliva, significant amounts of spermine and spermidine were present in all samples of bile and duodenal fluids. It thus seems likely that the biliary route is a significant pathway in the human for excretion of polyamines. The observation that polyamines are excreted in considerable concentrations via the bile in children may be of interest in view of the reports of elevated urinary polyamine concentrations in neoplastic states. Since measurable amounts of spermine and spermidine were detected in all six bile preparations available for this study, analysis of these substances in bile may be of benefit in particular cases.", "contents": "Polyamines in cystic fibrosis. Polyamine concentrations have been measured in blood samples from a series of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and control subjects. Analyses were made by a fluorometric method, in which the amines were reacted with dansyl chloride and separated by thin layer chromatography on Kieselguhr. There was no significant difference between the polyamine concentrations of blood samples from CF patients and control subjects. Also, the spermidine-spermine ratio was similar in both groups. Polyamines were also analyzed in exocrine fluids, and although none could be detected in either CF or control sweat or saliva, significant amounts of spermine and spermidine were present in all samples of bile and duodenal fluids. It thus seems likely that the biliary route is a significant pathway in the human for excretion of polyamines. The observation that polyamines are excreted in considerable concentrations via the bile in children may be of interest in view of the reports of elevated urinary polyamine concentrations in neoplastic states. Since measurable amounts of spermine and spermidine were detected in all six bile preparations available for this study, analysis of these substances in bile may be of benefit in particular cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1202422", "title": "Periluminal antigen in fetal kidneys.", "content": "Eighty-nine kidneys obtained from human fetuses, 6-31 weeks of gestational age, were studied for the presence of apical periluminal antigen. Sera of rats in which nephrotic renal disease had been produced and which were known to contain considerable amounts of periluminal antibodies were used. Of the less than 12-week-old fetal kidneys, 24% showed the presence of periluminal antigen and this value increased (up to 100%) in older fetuses. It is believed that this observation favors the concept that this antigen is synthesized in proximal tubular cells rather than reabsorbed into them. This supports the concept that the experimental model is an endogenous complex disease. In accordance with these results, the disease incidence, using human fetal kidneys and kidneys obtained from newborn rats, was 60% and 62%, respectively.", "contents": "Periluminal antigen in fetal kidneys. Eighty-nine kidneys obtained from human fetuses, 6-31 weeks of gestational age, were studied for the presence of apical periluminal antigen. Sera of rats in which nephrotic renal disease had been produced and which were known to contain considerable amounts of periluminal antibodies were used. Of the less than 12-week-old fetal kidneys, 24% showed the presence of periluminal antigen and this value increased (up to 100%) in older fetuses. It is believed that this observation favors the concept that this antigen is synthesized in proximal tubular cells rather than reabsorbed into them. This supports the concept that the experimental model is an endogenous complex disease. In accordance with these results, the disease incidence, using human fetal kidneys and kidneys obtained from newborn rats, was 60% and 62%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1202423", "title": "Deficiency of arginine esterase in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas: demonstration of the proteolytic nature of the activity.", "content": "Proteolytic activity, defined as the hydrolysis of peptide bonds involving the carboxyl group of L-arginine, in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis, heterozygotes, and control subjects has been assayed using a fluorometric method with protamine as the substrate and fluorescamine as the reagent. The mean total proteolytic activity in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis was approximately one-half the mean total activity in control subjects and heterozygotes. The mean proteolytic activity inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis was approximately one-third that of control subjects and heterozygotes. The relationship of arginine esterase activity to proteolytic activity was investigated. The pH optimum and action of reversible and irreversible inhibitors were similar for both activites, suggesting that the arginine esterase activity and proteolytic activity represent similar catalytic entities. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that the basic defect in cystic fibrosis may reside in the deficieny of a proteolytic enzyme which results in the accumulation of the various cationic macromolecular \"factors\" described by other investigators in serum of patients with cystic fibrosis. The demonstration of a deficiency of proteolytic activity as assayed by the hydrolysis of protamine, a cationic polypeptide, could explain the presence of ciliotoxic cationic protein or polypeptide factors in serum of patients with cystic fibrosis and may, in some unknown manner, be related to the clinical manifestations of the disease.", "contents": "Deficiency of arginine esterase in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas: demonstration of the proteolytic nature of the activity. Proteolytic activity, defined as the hydrolysis of peptide bonds involving the carboxyl group of L-arginine, in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis, heterozygotes, and control subjects has been assayed using a fluorometric method with protamine as the substrate and fluorescamine as the reagent. The mean total proteolytic activity in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis was approximately one-half the mean total activity in control subjects and heterozygotes. The mean proteolytic activity inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis was approximately one-third that of control subjects and heterozygotes. The relationship of arginine esterase activity to proteolytic activity was investigated. The pH optimum and action of reversible and irreversible inhibitors were similar for both activites, suggesting that the arginine esterase activity and proteolytic activity represent similar catalytic entities. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that the basic defect in cystic fibrosis may reside in the deficieny of a proteolytic enzyme which results in the accumulation of the various cationic macromolecular \"factors\" described by other investigators in serum of patients with cystic fibrosis. The demonstration of a deficiency of proteolytic activity as assayed by the hydrolysis of protamine, a cationic polypeptide, could explain the presence of ciliotoxic cationic protein or polypeptide factors in serum of patients with cystic fibrosis and may, in some unknown manner, be related to the clinical manifestations of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1202424", "title": "Effect of adrenergic blockade on glucagon and growth hormone secretion in normal and diabetic children.", "content": "Studies were conducted in four normal and six diabetic children to assess the role of adrenergic blockade on basal and arginine-stimulated growth hormone and glucagon secreation. Each subject had, on three separate occasions, infusion of arginine alone or in conjunction with alpha (phentolamine) or beta (propranolol) adrenergic blockade. Clinically, there was evidence of adequate blockade by each agent. Basal hormone growth levels were not significantly different in the two groups (1.3 +/- 0.2 to 2.1 +/- 1.0 ng/ml in normal subjects; 3.0 +/- 1.1 to 6.0 +/- 3.1 ng/ml in diabetics (mean +/- 1 SEM)) but the peak growth hormone after arginine was significantly greater in the diabetic children than control subjects (34.3 +/- 7.2 versus 12.3 +/- 3.1); in both groups alpha-blockade suppressed the growth hormone response, whereas beta-blockade had no significant effect. Basal glucagon concentrations were similar in both groups (147 +/- 31 to 214 +/- 21 pg/ml in normal subjects; 100 +/- 20 to 124 +/- 17 pg/ml in diabetics on three different occasions) despite the coexistent hyperglycemia of the diabetics. Neither basal nor maximally stimulated glucagon secretion was significantly affected by alpha or beta blockade in the juvenile diabetic or control children. The results suggest that sympathetic overactivity via alpha receptors may contribute to the hypersecretion of growth hormone in juvenile diabetes and that the alpha or beta adrenergic receptor alone does not appear to modulate basal or arginine stimulated glucagon secretion.", "contents": "Effect of adrenergic blockade on glucagon and growth hormone secretion in normal and diabetic children. Studies were conducted in four normal and six diabetic children to assess the role of adrenergic blockade on basal and arginine-stimulated growth hormone and glucagon secreation. Each subject had, on three separate occasions, infusion of arginine alone or in conjunction with alpha (phentolamine) or beta (propranolol) adrenergic blockade. Clinically, there was evidence of adequate blockade by each agent. Basal hormone growth levels were not significantly different in the two groups (1.3 +/- 0.2 to 2.1 +/- 1.0 ng/ml in normal subjects; 3.0 +/- 1.1 to 6.0 +/- 3.1 ng/ml in diabetics (mean +/- 1 SEM)) but the peak growth hormone after arginine was significantly greater in the diabetic children than control subjects (34.3 +/- 7.2 versus 12.3 +/- 3.1); in both groups alpha-blockade suppressed the growth hormone response, whereas beta-blockade had no significant effect. Basal glucagon concentrations were similar in both groups (147 +/- 31 to 214 +/- 21 pg/ml in normal subjects; 100 +/- 20 to 124 +/- 17 pg/ml in diabetics on three different occasions) despite the coexistent hyperglycemia of the diabetics. Neither basal nor maximally stimulated glucagon secretion was significantly affected by alpha or beta blockade in the juvenile diabetic or control children. The results suggest that sympathetic overactivity via alpha receptors may contribute to the hypersecretion of growth hormone in juvenile diabetes and that the alpha or beta adrenergic receptor alone does not appear to modulate basal or arginine stimulated glucagon secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1202430", "title": "[Diagnosis of left auricular myxomas by echocardiography. 2 cases].", "content": "The echocardiograms of two patients with a myxoma of the left atrium are presented. In each case there was an abnormal echo mass visible in diastole behind the greater mitral cusp. In addition, in one case, the mass was seen in the left atrium in tricuspid and aortic projection. The diagnosis was not suspected clinically and it was the ultrasound examination, carried out on a routine basis, which led to its discovery. This noninvasive technique is thus a valuable study in the demonstration of myxomas of the left atrium.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of left auricular myxomas by echocardiography. 2 cases]. The echocardiograms of two patients with a myxoma of the left atrium are presented. In each case there was an abnormal echo mass visible in diastole behind the greater mitral cusp. In addition, in one case, the mass was seen in the left atrium in tricuspid and aortic projection. The diagnosis was not suspected clinically and it was the ultrasound examination, carried out on a routine basis, which led to its discovery. This noninvasive technique is thus a valuable study in the demonstration of myxomas of the left atrium."}
{"id": "PMID:1202431", "title": "[The blood chloride-phosphorus ratio in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. 31 parathyroid adenomas].", "content": "The authors relate their experience in the study of chloremia, phosphatemia and their relationship in the diagnosis of parathormonal hypersecretion states, 31 cases of parathyroid adenoma are compared to 26 cases of hypercalcemia depending on other mechanisms. The studied relationship appears to be interesting in the diagnostic work-up of parathyroid adenoma as well as in appreciating the mechanism of hypercalcemia during the course of other neoplastic disorders.", "contents": "[The blood chloride-phosphorus ratio in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. 31 parathyroid adenomas]. The authors relate their experience in the study of chloremia, phosphatemia and their relationship in the diagnosis of parathormonal hypersecretion states, 31 cases of parathyroid adenoma are compared to 26 cases of hypercalcemia depending on other mechanisms. The studied relationship appears to be interesting in the diagnostic work-up of parathyroid adenoma as well as in appreciating the mechanism of hypercalcemia during the course of other neoplastic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1202432", "title": "[Cerebral infarctions. Study of their prevention].", "content": "1) In 113 patients with cerebral infarction, the cause of infarction was cardiac embolism in 35, atherosclerotic thromboembolism in 45. It was either cardiac embolism or atherosclerosis but undetermined in 30. 2) Seven risk factors have been analysed. Eight patients (7 p.cent) had none of these factors. In the 105 remaining patients risk factors were: a) atrial fibrillation in 36, diagnosed in 21. Efficient treatment was applied in 1 or perhaps in 2 patients; b) High blood pressure in 39, diagnosed in 32, efficiently treated in 5; c) dyslipidemia in 42, diagnosed in 9, efficiently treated in 3; d) obesity in 50, efficiently tackled in 2; e) diabetes in 24, diagnosed in 11, efficiently treated in 2; f) hyperuricemia in 28, diagnosed in 1 with no efficient treatment; g) smoking in 44, abandonned by 1 only. 3) The high frequency of cardiac embolism is briefly commented. 4) Non diagnosis or unefficient treatment was present in a high proportion of cases. Realizing this regrettable state of affairs should result in better preventive diagnosis and treatment which, is assumed, could significantly reduce cerebral infarction.", "contents": "[Cerebral infarctions. Study of their prevention]. 1) In 113 patients with cerebral infarction, the cause of infarction was cardiac embolism in 35, atherosclerotic thromboembolism in 45. It was either cardiac embolism or atherosclerosis but undetermined in 30. 2) Seven risk factors have been analysed. Eight patients (7 p.cent) had none of these factors. In the 105 remaining patients risk factors were: a) atrial fibrillation in 36, diagnosed in 21. Efficient treatment was applied in 1 or perhaps in 2 patients; b) High blood pressure in 39, diagnosed in 32, efficiently treated in 5; c) dyslipidemia in 42, diagnosed in 9, efficiently treated in 3; d) obesity in 50, efficiently tackled in 2; e) diabetes in 24, diagnosed in 11, efficiently treated in 2; f) hyperuricemia in 28, diagnosed in 1 with no efficient treatment; g) smoking in 44, abandonned by 1 only. 3) The high frequency of cardiac embolism is briefly commented. 4) Non diagnosis or unefficient treatment was present in a high proportion of cases. Realizing this regrettable state of affairs should result in better preventive diagnosis and treatment which, is assumed, could significantly reduce cerebral infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1202448", "title": "[Operated primary bronchial cancer. Study of the survival of 560 patients].", "content": "560 patients with primary broncho-pulmonary carcinoma underwent surgery, excision being possible in 78 p. cent. Overall post-operative survival is 29 p. cent at 5 years and 11.5 p. cent at ten years. Among the various prognostic factors, lymph node involvement is the most important. In the most favourable cases, survival at 5 years is 46 p. cent. Such a result shows that the prognosis in primary carcinoma of the lung is not as grim as it is usually said to be.", "contents": "[Operated primary bronchial cancer. Study of the survival of 560 patients]. 560 patients with primary broncho-pulmonary carcinoma underwent surgery, excision being possible in 78 p. cent. Overall post-operative survival is 29 p. cent at 5 years and 11.5 p. cent at ten years. Among the various prognostic factors, lymph node involvement is the most important. In the most favourable cases, survival at 5 years is 46 p. cent. Such a result shows that the prognosis in primary carcinoma of the lung is not as grim as it is usually said to be."}
{"id": "PMID:1202459", "title": "[Labile arterial hypertension. Hemodynamic study with measurement of renin activity].", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was increased and highly sensitive to stimulation in eight cases of labile hypertension (HT), which were also studied haemodynamically. This increase in PRA would appear to result from neuro-adrenergic hyperactivity. The haemodynamic were characterised by a diversity which may be explained on the basis of differentiated sympathetic hyperactivity: exclusive or predominant beta-adrenergic activity causing a hyperkinetic cardiac state with moderate HT adapted to the increased cardiac output; A simultaneous alpha- and beta-adrenergic activity resulting in cardiac hyperkinesis with a relative or potential increase in peripheral resistance; isolated or predominant alpha-adrenergic hyperactivity causing a potential increase in peripheral resistance revealed or increased by effort, in the presence of a normal cardiac output. In certain cases of labile HT however, despite an increased PRA, haemodynamic findings were normal at rest and with effort, at the time of catheterisation.", "contents": "[Labile arterial hypertension. Hemodynamic study with measurement of renin activity]. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was increased and highly sensitive to stimulation in eight cases of labile hypertension (HT), which were also studied haemodynamically. This increase in PRA would appear to result from neuro-adrenergic hyperactivity. The haemodynamic were characterised by a diversity which may be explained on the basis of differentiated sympathetic hyperactivity: exclusive or predominant beta-adrenergic activity causing a hyperkinetic cardiac state with moderate HT adapted to the increased cardiac output; A simultaneous alpha- and beta-adrenergic activity resulting in cardiac hyperkinesis with a relative or potential increase in peripheral resistance; isolated or predominant alpha-adrenergic hyperactivity causing a potential increase in peripheral resistance revealed or increased by effort, in the presence of a normal cardiac output. In certain cases of labile HT however, despite an increased PRA, haemodynamic findings were normal at rest and with effort, at the time of catheterisation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202460", "title": "[Aortic ruptures in traffic accident traumatology].", "content": "8 cases of rupture of the aorta seen in a series of 62 autopsies were studied in the context of a multidisciplinary enquiry into road accidents. In the light of these cases, the literature and experimental findings, different mechanisms are described, an essential step in the prevention of this lesion which is the main cause of death in 15 p. cent of cases.", "contents": "[Aortic ruptures in traffic accident traumatology]. 8 cases of rupture of the aorta seen in a series of 62 autopsies were studied in the context of a multidisciplinary enquiry into road accidents. In the light of these cases, the literature and experimental findings, different mechanisms are described, an essential step in the prevention of this lesion which is the main cause of death in 15 p. cent of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1202469", "title": "The treatment of urinary tract infection.", "content": "Urinary infections are due to organisms gaining entry from the genital area and are therefore much commoner in females than in males. In male patients of any age urinary infection is often associated with some underlying abnormality and warrants full investigation. Recurrent infections in girl children may lead to renal scarring and later impairment of function and require careful management. Occult infections occur. The majority of patients with urinary symptoms are adult women, and symptoms tend to recur. These can produce great distress but in this age-group they do not lead to renal scarring. When symptoms occur for the first time during pregnancy they are associated with a high prevalence of underlying radiological abnormalities and should be investigated after the pregnancy. Care should be taken to ensure that apparent uprinary symptoms due to other causes are not mistakenly treated with antibiotics. The immediate management of patients with urinary symptoms consists in relief of discomfort, combined with treatment by an antibacterial drug appropriate for the infecting organism. The urine culture should be repeated after the course of treatment. Simple measures can prevent or reduce recurrences in adult women.", "contents": "The treatment of urinary tract infection. Urinary infections are due to organisms gaining entry from the genital area and are therefore much commoner in females than in males. In male patients of any age urinary infection is often associated with some underlying abnormality and warrants full investigation. Recurrent infections in girl children may lead to renal scarring and later impairment of function and require careful management. Occult infections occur. The majority of patients with urinary symptoms are adult women, and symptoms tend to recur. These can produce great distress but in this age-group they do not lead to renal scarring. When symptoms occur for the first time during pregnancy they are associated with a high prevalence of underlying radiological abnormalities and should be investigated after the pregnancy. Care should be taken to ensure that apparent uprinary symptoms due to other causes are not mistakenly treated with antibiotics. The immediate management of patients with urinary symptoms consists in relief of discomfort, combined with treatment by an antibacterial drug appropriate for the infecting organism. The urine culture should be repeated after the course of treatment. Simple measures can prevent or reduce recurrences in adult women."}
{"id": "PMID:1202478", "title": "The management of pregnancy in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A personal series of 100 consecutive diabetic pregnancies of over 28 weeks' gestation in 78 mothers during the period from January 1961 to June 1973, is described. There were 92 live births (including two pairs of twins) and 10 foetal deaths (9.8 per cent). The findings show that in diabetic pregnancies good results can be obtained by meticulous control and carefully coordinated obstetric and paediatric care.", "contents": "The management of pregnancy in diabetes mellitus. A personal series of 100 consecutive diabetic pregnancies of over 28 weeks' gestation in 78 mothers during the period from January 1961 to June 1973, is described. There were 92 live births (including two pairs of twins) and 10 foetal deaths (9.8 per cent). The findings show that in diabetic pregnancies good results can be obtained by meticulous control and carefully coordinated obstetric and paediatric care."}
{"id": "PMID:1202482", "title": "Failures in the management of congenital hip displacement in the newborn.", "content": "Congenital hip displacement in the newborn presents in two forms: (1) Those babies in whom the capsule of the hip-joint is mechanically stretched. Spontaneous reduction and recovery is high in this group, if the babies are nursed in the prone posture with double nappies (Fig 5). (2) One in a thousand babies is born with infolding of the posterior capsule and secondary contracture of the anterior capsule. This soft tissue deformation occurs in varying degrees, but it frequently prevents spontaneous reduction. Most of these cases are missed and present as infantile congenital hip displacements, when the child is 12-18 months old. In those who are unfortunate enough to be detected and treated conservatively, in the first year of life, there is a high risk of iatrogenic bony deformation. For, as in talipes equinovarus, the bony components of the neonatal hip-joint are more susceptible to mechanical compression than the soft tissue structures.", "contents": "Failures in the management of congenital hip displacement in the newborn. Congenital hip displacement in the newborn presents in two forms: (1) Those babies in whom the capsule of the hip-joint is mechanically stretched. Spontaneous reduction and recovery is high in this group, if the babies are nursed in the prone posture with double nappies (Fig 5). (2) One in a thousand babies is born with infolding of the posterior capsule and secondary contracture of the anterior capsule. This soft tissue deformation occurs in varying degrees, but it frequently prevents spontaneous reduction. Most of these cases are missed and present as infantile congenital hip displacements, when the child is 12-18 months old. In those who are unfortunate enough to be detected and treated conservatively, in the first year of life, there is a high risk of iatrogenic bony deformation. For, as in talipes equinovarus, the bony components of the neonatal hip-joint are more susceptible to mechanical compression than the soft tissue structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1202494", "title": "Haematoporphyrins in the diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "The localization of an haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) was studied in the operative specimens of three patients with carcinoma of the bladder. The drug was found to localize preferentially in malignant and premalignant mucosa and not in normal bladder tissues. It is suggested that HpD fluorescence might be useful as a diagnostic aid and its photosensitizing properties be used as a mode of therapy for carcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "Haematoporphyrins in the diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the bladder. The localization of an haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) was studied in the operative specimens of three patients with carcinoma of the bladder. The drug was found to localize preferentially in malignant and premalignant mucosa and not in normal bladder tissues. It is suggested that HpD fluorescence might be useful as a diagnostic aid and its photosensitizing properties be used as a mode of therapy for carcinoma of the bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:1202500", "title": "An approach to the surveying of radiation environments for radiation protection purposes.", "content": "Many of the inadequacies of the system presently used for surveying environments containing penetrating radiation stem from the impossibility of defining a radiation parameter which is additive, measurable and closely related to peak dose equivalent in the body. Many of the present conceptual difficulties would be eliminated if surveys were made in terms of a quantity 'dose equivalent ceiling' defined as the sum of the peak dose equivalents generated by all the components of the field if each were incident normally to the front face of an anthropomorphic phantom. 'Dose equivalent ceiling' is close to the quantity measured by existing instruments, is both additive and measurable, and can be rigorously related to primary radiation field quantities. It is always greater than peak dose equivalent in the body, and would be used to define an exposure period during which a given dose equivalent could not be exceeded. The dose to specific parts of the person's body would then be estimated by personal dosimetry. Fields of low penetrating radiation could continue to be surveyed in terms of dose to specific superficial organs. Dose equivalent ceiling, which corresponds to the instrumental measurement, exceeds dose equivalent index, an indication of peak dose equivalent in the body, by a factor which can be as large as six.", "contents": "An approach to the surveying of radiation environments for radiation protection purposes. Many of the inadequacies of the system presently used for surveying environments containing penetrating radiation stem from the impossibility of defining a radiation parameter which is additive, measurable and closely related to peak dose equivalent in the body. Many of the present conceptual difficulties would be eliminated if surveys were made in terms of a quantity 'dose equivalent ceiling' defined as the sum of the peak dose equivalents generated by all the components of the field if each were incident normally to the front face of an anthropomorphic phantom. 'Dose equivalent ceiling' is close to the quantity measured by existing instruments, is both additive and measurable, and can be rigorously related to primary radiation field quantities. It is always greater than peak dose equivalent in the body, and would be used to define an exposure period during which a given dose equivalent could not be exceeded. The dose to specific parts of the person's body would then be estimated by personal dosimetry. Fields of low penetrating radiation could continue to be surveyed in terms of dose to specific superficial organs. Dose equivalent ceiling, which corresponds to the instrumental measurement, exceeds dose equivalent index, an indication of peak dose equivalent in the body, by a factor which can be as large as six."}
{"id": "PMID:1202507", "title": "Study of contrast and modulation mechanisms in X-ray/photon transverse axial transmission tomography.", "content": "The ultimate capabibity and a detailed study of contrast and modulation in the context of photon transmission tomography (or computerized transverse axial tomography (CTAT)) is presented. Quantitative evaluation of atomic number, density and electron density of compound materials were made by X-ray fluorescence and combustion analysis, and the attenuation coefficients of photoelectric and Compton effect were measured with high resolution Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors. This study provides a guide to an understanding of the high resolution of the currently existing X-ray transmission CTAT scanner (EMI scanner) and to the future development of high resolution scanners.", "contents": "Study of contrast and modulation mechanisms in X-ray/photon transverse axial transmission tomography. The ultimate capabibity and a detailed study of contrast and modulation in the context of photon transmission tomography (or computerized transverse axial tomography (CTAT)) is presented. Quantitative evaluation of atomic number, density and electron density of compound materials were made by X-ray fluorescence and combustion analysis, and the attenuation coefficients of photoelectric and Compton effect were measured with high resolution Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors. This study provides a guide to an understanding of the high resolution of the currently existing X-ray transmission CTAT scanner (EMI scanner) and to the future development of high resolution scanners."}
{"id": "PMID:1202508", "title": "Spectra and dosimetry related to neutron irradiations of the human body.", "content": "Neutron spectra at various locations in a phantom, irradiated by collimated beams of 14 MeV neutrons and neutrons from 252 Cf and Po-Be sources, were calculated using the Monte Carlo technique. These spectra give an indication of the distortion in source spectra associated with neutron irradiations of the body for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The effect of the spectral distortions on the dose response of several activation and damage track detectors was investigated. Of the dosemeters studied, Np has a dose response most nearly independent (+/-10%) of the spectral changes.", "contents": "Spectra and dosimetry related to neutron irradiations of the human body. Neutron spectra at various locations in a phantom, irradiated by collimated beams of 14 MeV neutrons and neutrons from 252 Cf and Po-Be sources, were calculated using the Monte Carlo technique. These spectra give an indication of the distortion in source spectra associated with neutron irradiations of the body for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The effect of the spectral distortions on the dose response of several activation and damage track detectors was investigated. Of the dosemeters studied, Np has a dose response most nearly independent (+/-10%) of the spectral changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1202509", "title": "An approach to microdosimetry in a pi- meson beam using nuclear emulsions.", "content": "K5 emulsions 10 mum thick were exposed at various depths in a perspex phantom to a 70 MeV pi- meson beam and counts taken of the tracks in emulsion volumes 7x7x10 mum3. Data are presented on the number of track events and also the total number of grains associated with each event in each of four categories spanning the LET range of the secondary particles. The number of heavy tracks (category 4) shows an increased incidence in the region of the stopping pi- mesons (14-5 cm in perspex) while the number of single grains (category 1) decreases with depth. Categories 2 and 3 (grain clusters and light tracks) are approximately constant with depth. An estimate of the grain sensitivity is obtained by taking the proton as representative of the whole range of secondary particles. This procedure gives a value of 5 keV per grain in the pi- peak. The LET of light tracks was therefore in the range 1-10 keV mum-1 in emulsion, scaling to 0-4-4 keV mum-1 in water. Heavy tracks have LET values in excess of 4 keV mum-1 in water.", "contents": "An approach to microdosimetry in a pi- meson beam using nuclear emulsions. K5 emulsions 10 mum thick were exposed at various depths in a perspex phantom to a 70 MeV pi- meson beam and counts taken of the tracks in emulsion volumes 7x7x10 mum3. Data are presented on the number of track events and also the total number of grains associated with each event in each of four categories spanning the LET range of the secondary particles. The number of heavy tracks (category 4) shows an increased incidence in the region of the stopping pi- mesons (14-5 cm in perspex) while the number of single grains (category 1) decreases with depth. Categories 2 and 3 (grain clusters and light tracks) are approximately constant with depth. An estimate of the grain sensitivity is obtained by taking the proton as representative of the whole range of secondary particles. This procedure gives a value of 5 keV per grain in the pi- peak. The LET of light tracks was therefore in the range 1-10 keV mum-1 in emulsion, scaling to 0-4-4 keV mum-1 in water. Heavy tracks have LET values in excess of 4 keV mum-1 in water."}
{"id": "PMID:1202510", "title": "Cross-sections for the inactivation of ribonuclease by slow heavy ions.", "content": "Average cross-sections for inactivation of dry ribonuclease by H, He and N projectiles with energies between 100 eV and 10 keV are presented. The trend of the damage cross-sections with particle energy is consistent with the trend of the molecular quasi-elastic scattering and ionization cross-sections. A tentative radiation damage model is proposed in which single hit damage attributed to direct physical interactions by the primary and secondary radiations is supplemented by chemical action of the elastically scattered knock-on atoms which inactivate additional targets with an efficiency of 50-100%. Further experiments at energies below 100 eV are required for positive confirmation of the chemical efficiency. Free electrons (sub-ionizing) are chemically relatively innocuous (less than 10% efficiency). Saturation effects are satisfactorily accounted for in this model. Inactivation penetration depths measured in the microcrystalline enzyme agree with the theoretical predictions if a residual range of about 8 mug cm-2 is included. The mean energy expenditure to produce inactivation of a ribonuclease molecule is found to vary from 30 eV for 100 eV protons to 220 eV He and N ions.", "contents": "Cross-sections for the inactivation of ribonuclease by slow heavy ions. Average cross-sections for inactivation of dry ribonuclease by H, He and N projectiles with energies between 100 eV and 10 keV are presented. The trend of the damage cross-sections with particle energy is consistent with the trend of the molecular quasi-elastic scattering and ionization cross-sections. A tentative radiation damage model is proposed in which single hit damage attributed to direct physical interactions by the primary and secondary radiations is supplemented by chemical action of the elastically scattered knock-on atoms which inactivate additional targets with an efficiency of 50-100%. Further experiments at energies below 100 eV are required for positive confirmation of the chemical efficiency. Free electrons (sub-ionizing) are chemically relatively innocuous (less than 10% efficiency). Saturation effects are satisfactorily accounted for in this model. Inactivation penetration depths measured in the microcrystalline enzyme agree with the theoretical predictions if a residual range of about 8 mug cm-2 is included. The mean energy expenditure to produce inactivation of a ribonuclease molecule is found to vary from 30 eV for 100 eV protons to 220 eV He and N ions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202511", "title": "Hit cross-sections in single target theory.", "content": "A theoretical single target, single or multi-hit model for the biological effect cross-section for charged particles and gamma rays is expressed in terms of the fundamental physical interaction cross-sections. The model allows for the chemical action of the fragments and includes correction for saturation effects. An interesting conclusion, based on very limited experimental evidence, is that there are prospects of constructing a new system of radiation dosimetry with only two significant parameters; the effective volume of the target and the concentration of events. No energy parameters are necessary.", "contents": "Hit cross-sections in single target theory. A theoretical single target, single or multi-hit model for the biological effect cross-section for charged particles and gamma rays is expressed in terms of the fundamental physical interaction cross-sections. The model allows for the chemical action of the fragments and includes correction for saturation effects. An interesting conclusion, based on very limited experimental evidence, is that there are prospects of constructing a new system of radiation dosimetry with only two significant parameters; the effective volume of the target and the concentration of events. No energy parameters are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1202512", "title": "Experimental determination of W for oxygen ions in nitrogen.", "content": "'Differential' and integral measurements were made of the W value (average energy required to form an ion pair) for oxygen ions in nitrogen gas. A variable pressure cylindrical ionization chamber with a differential pumping section was employed. The average energy deposited per particle in the chamber was determined by integrating the energy spectrum measured with a heavy ion solid state detector. In the integral measurement of W, the particle was completely stopped in the chamber and the total ionization produced in the chamber was measured. The integral W value for 34-5 MeV oxygen ions was found to be 38-6 +/- 0-54 eV per ion pair. For 'differential' measurements, the pressure in the chamber was raised to 0-003, 1, 5, 15 and 20 Torr; and measurements of ionization currents and average energy deposited per particle were made at each pressure. From differences between these measurements 'differential' W was found. The average value of fifteen 'differential' W values was found to be 38-6 +/- 1-16 eV per ion pair.", "contents": "Experimental determination of W for oxygen ions in nitrogen. 'Differential' and integral measurements were made of the W value (average energy required to form an ion pair) for oxygen ions in nitrogen gas. A variable pressure cylindrical ionization chamber with a differential pumping section was employed. The average energy deposited per particle in the chamber was determined by integrating the energy spectrum measured with a heavy ion solid state detector. In the integral measurement of W, the particle was completely stopped in the chamber and the total ionization produced in the chamber was measured. The integral W value for 34-5 MeV oxygen ions was found to be 38-6 +/- 0-54 eV per ion pair. For 'differential' measurements, the pressure in the chamber was raised to 0-003, 1, 5, 15 and 20 Torr; and measurements of ionization currents and average energy deposited per particle were made at each pressure. From differences between these measurements 'differential' W was found. The average value of fifteen 'differential' W values was found to be 38-6 +/- 1-16 eV per ion pair."}
{"id": "PMID:1202513", "title": "Secondary radiation from a spherical tissue-equivalent phantom irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation and 6 MV X-rays.", "content": "The angular dependence and the dependence on the phantom mass of the secondary exposure rate from spherical tissue-equivalent phantoms irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation and 6 MV X-rays have been investigated both by measurement and by calculation using the Monte Carlo method and approximate methods. A nonlinear dependence on the phantom mass was found. Calculation of the differential photon fluence was also made. These measurements and calculations can be used when calculating the required barrier thickness for walls which are not hit by primary radiation.", "contents": "Secondary radiation from a spherical tissue-equivalent phantom irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation and 6 MV X-rays. The angular dependence and the dependence on the phantom mass of the secondary exposure rate from spherical tissue-equivalent phantoms irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation and 6 MV X-rays have been investigated both by measurement and by calculation using the Monte Carlo method and approximate methods. A nonlinear dependence on the phantom mass was found. Calculation of the differential photon fluence was also made. These measurements and calculations can be used when calculating the required barrier thickness for walls which are not hit by primary radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202514", "title": "Experimental X-ray attenuation coefficients at low photon energies for substances of medical importance.", "content": "Recent experimental values of X-ray mass attenuation coefficients for the elements zota = 6 to zota = 18 in the energy range from 4 to 25 keV suggest improvements to the data set presented in the ICRU Report 17. The results are, however, in excellent agreement with the theoretical data of Storm and Israel (1970). Values of mass attenuation coefficient for these elements and for a selection of materials of medical and biological importance are presented.", "contents": "Experimental X-ray attenuation coefficients at low photon energies for substances of medical importance. Recent experimental values of X-ray mass attenuation coefficients for the elements zota = 6 to zota = 18 in the energy range from 4 to 25 keV suggest improvements to the data set presented in the ICRU Report 17. The results are, however, in excellent agreement with the theoretical data of Storm and Israel (1970). Values of mass attenuation coefficient for these elements and for a selection of materials of medical and biological importance are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1202515", "title": "Rapid depth dose determination by a computer-controlled dosimetry system.", "content": "A comprehensive depth dose measuring system controlled by a small computer has been designed to enable full depth dose information for a linear accelerator to be obtained within one day. An ionization microchamber is moved rapidly under computer control in a horizontal plane to preselected points within a water phantom by two stepping motors to a spatial resolution of 0-025 mm. The ionization current pulses are converted to DC voltages by an interface providing complete charge integration and yet having a rapid response to drastic changes in dose level. These are fed to the computer for analysis and subsequent conversion to depth dose data. The chamber path follows a preselected fan-shaped grid after automatic determination of the X-ray beam central axis. The combination of rapid chamber motion with halts for charge integration and computer sampling has resulted in fast data acquisition independent of measurement response times. This information, which is stored on disc, can be directly read by a treatment planning program. The overall accuracy of measurement lies within 0-5% of the true depth dose at any point. Central axis and transverse profiles can be assessed at the time of measurement through visualization on the computer storage oscilloscope.", "contents": "Rapid depth dose determination by a computer-controlled dosimetry system. A comprehensive depth dose measuring system controlled by a small computer has been designed to enable full depth dose information for a linear accelerator to be obtained within one day. An ionization microchamber is moved rapidly under computer control in a horizontal plane to preselected points within a water phantom by two stepping motors to a spatial resolution of 0-025 mm. The ionization current pulses are converted to DC voltages by an interface providing complete charge integration and yet having a rapid response to drastic changes in dose level. These are fed to the computer for analysis and subsequent conversion to depth dose data. The chamber path follows a preselected fan-shaped grid after automatic determination of the X-ray beam central axis. The combination of rapid chamber motion with halts for charge integration and computer sampling has resulted in fast data acquisition independent of measurement response times. This information, which is stored on disc, can be directly read by a treatment planning program. The overall accuracy of measurement lies within 0-5% of the true depth dose at any point. Central axis and transverse profiles can be assessed at the time of measurement through visualization on the computer storage oscilloscope."}
{"id": "PMID:1202516", "title": "Ion distributions in plane and cylindrical chambers.", "content": "The ion chamber equations of Thomson include both ion recombination and space-charge terms. Neglecting the space-charge term, an exact solution is obtained for the ion densities across a plane ionization chamber. The method is extended to the cylindrical chamber, and examples are given of the expected ion distributions in both geometries. Current-voltage relationships are derived for both chambers and compared with those of other workers. If the space-charge term is retained, the ion chamber equations for both geometries are not soluble in closed form. The cylindrical chamber is considered and a computer solution is obtained for the ion distributions and current. Comparison with the nonspace-charge solution shows that while there is only a small difference in the current-voltage relationship, a significant difference can occur in the ion concentrations.", "contents": "Ion distributions in plane and cylindrical chambers. The ion chamber equations of Thomson include both ion recombination and space-charge terms. Neglecting the space-charge term, an exact solution is obtained for the ion densities across a plane ionization chamber. The method is extended to the cylindrical chamber, and examples are given of the expected ion distributions in both geometries. Current-voltage relationships are derived for both chambers and compared with those of other workers. If the space-charge term is retained, the ion chamber equations for both geometries are not soluble in closed form. The cylindrical chamber is considered and a computer solution is obtained for the ion distributions and current. Comparison with the nonspace-charge solution shows that while there is only a small difference in the current-voltage relationship, a significant difference can occur in the ion concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1202517", "title": "[Prevention of venous thrombosis in surgery. Very brief advice].", "content": "Avoid immobilization before and immediately after the operation : do not rely simply on raising of the legs but ensure that the patient walks as soon as po-sible. Apply elastic support bandages to the lower limbs before, during, and after the operation. Limit the duration of the operation and of the general anaesthesia. Reduce trauma of the vessels to a minimum during the operation. Give aspirin before and after the operation : 3 X 0,50 g.", "contents": "[Prevention of venous thrombosis in surgery. Very brief advice]. Avoid immobilization before and immediately after the operation : do not rely simply on raising of the legs but ensure that the patient walks as soon as po-sible. Apply elastic support bandages to the lower limbs before, during, and after the operation. Limit the duration of the operation and of the general anaesthesia. Reduce trauma of the vessels to a minimum during the operation. Give aspirin before and after the operation : 3 X 0,50 g."}
{"id": "PMID:1202519", "title": "[General practitioner's approach to deep phlebitides of the leg].", "content": "The approach of a general practitioner to deep phlebitis of the lower limbs.", "contents": "[General practitioner's approach to deep phlebitides of the leg]. The approach of a general practitioner to deep phlebitis of the lower limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:1202520", "title": "[Approach of the general practitioner to deep phlebitides of the leg].", "content": "The author recalls that it is not only difficult but often impossible to diagnose venous thrombosis and to establish the frequency with which pulmonary embolisms are not recognized. He also deals thoroughly with the subject of anticoagulant therapy. He does not consider age to be a contraindication but does regard lesions that bleed as such. However, lack of discipline on the part of the patient and his family constitutes a real contraindication of a psychological type, in certain cases. The author considers that the association of anticoagulants and anti-inflammatory drugs is dangerous.", "contents": "[Approach of the general practitioner to deep phlebitides of the leg]. The author recalls that it is not only difficult but often impossible to diagnose venous thrombosis and to establish the frequency with which pulmonary embolisms are not recognized. He also deals thoroughly with the subject of anticoagulant therapy. He does not consider age to be a contraindication but does regard lesions that bleed as such. However, lack of discipline on the part of the patient and his family constitutes a real contraindication of a psychological type, in certain cases. The author considers that the association of anticoagulants and anti-inflammatory drugs is dangerous."}
{"id": "PMID:1202521", "title": "[Cardiologist's approach to deep phlebitides of the leg].", "content": "The frequency with which pulmonary embolism remains unrecognized clinically is well known and explains the value of pulmonary scintigraphy when there is the slightest suspicion of pulmonary embolism or in cases of unexplained dyspnoea of effort after a standard cardiac and pleuro-pulmonary examination. The practical value of a regular pre-operative electrocardiogram and of anticoagulant treatment during the acute phase of myocardial infarction are emphasized. Certain precautions to be observed during the use of antivitamins K in cases of heart failure are outlined.", "contents": "[Cardiologist's approach to deep phlebitides of the leg]. The frequency with which pulmonary embolism remains unrecognized clinically is well known and explains the value of pulmonary scintigraphy when there is the slightest suspicion of pulmonary embolism or in cases of unexplained dyspnoea of effort after a standard cardiac and pleuro-pulmonary examination. The practical value of a regular pre-operative electrocardiogram and of anticoagulant treatment during the acute phase of myocardial infarction are emphasized. Certain precautions to be observed during the use of antivitamins K in cases of heart failure are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1202522", "title": "[Approach of the gynecologist-obstetrician to deep phlebitis of the leg].", "content": "The authors recall that early diagnosis and treatment are essential if cure without sequelae is to be obtained. The principle of treatment is based on two essential phases : heparinization (with continuous infusion), antivitamins K, which follow on. Several products, known empirically, may be used in addition, either during the acute phase (hydergine, infiltrations of novocaine, etc.) or during the secondary phase (vitamins P associated with vitamin E, ETC.). Special points :phlebitis during pregnancy requires heparin treatment of short duration. Antivitamins K are strictly contraindicated and ineffective ; great importance is attached to prophyllaxis.", "contents": "[Approach of the gynecologist-obstetrician to deep phlebitis of the leg]. The authors recall that early diagnosis and treatment are essential if cure without sequelae is to be obtained. The principle of treatment is based on two essential phases : heparinization (with continuous infusion), antivitamins K, which follow on. Several products, known empirically, may be used in addition, either during the acute phase (hydergine, infiltrations of novocaine, etc.) or during the secondary phase (vitamins P associated with vitamin E, ETC.). Special points :phlebitis during pregnancy requires heparin treatment of short duration. Antivitamins K are strictly contraindicated and ineffective ; great importance is attached to prophyllaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202523", "title": "[Psychiatrist's attitude towards deep phlebitides of the leg].", "content": "Intervening at the end of the debate, the psychiatrist may be tempted to analyse the role played by the therapist's anxiety in the sometimes impassioned discussions on certain aspects of the preventive treatment of phlebothromboses. How can one remain indifferent to the risk of a pulmonary embolism ; these are sometimes mortal following such common happenings as childbirth, a simple surgical operation, or a sleep cure? In the domain of psychiatric diseases, the problem has been considered solved over the last ten years in that the technique of daily active and passive mobilization has been rigourously applied each time that treatment necessitated rest in bed : in effect, this technique alone has resulted in the complete disappearance of phlebothrombosis and its resulting embolic complications in both hospital services and clinics.", "contents": "[Psychiatrist's attitude towards deep phlebitides of the leg]. Intervening at the end of the debate, the psychiatrist may be tempted to analyse the role played by the therapist's anxiety in the sometimes impassioned discussions on certain aspects of the preventive treatment of phlebothromboses. How can one remain indifferent to the risk of a pulmonary embolism ; these are sometimes mortal following such common happenings as childbirth, a simple surgical operation, or a sleep cure? In the domain of psychiatric diseases, the problem has been considered solved over the last ten years in that the technique of daily active and passive mobilization has been rigourously applied each time that treatment necessitated rest in bed : in effect, this technique alone has resulted in the complete disappearance of phlebothrombosis and its resulting embolic complications in both hospital services and clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:1202524", "title": "[Our experience with functional ascending cinephlebography].", "content": "Over the last three years, ascending, functional cine-phlebography has been used on 43 patients with different lesions of the venous system. The patient is placed in the decubitus dorsal position, on a radiological table inclined at 70 degrees. The opaque liquid is injected into the dorsal vein of the foot. Its movement is helped by the flexing of the muscles of the leg, and is followed on a screen. This method makes it possible to follow the morphological and functional aspects of the veins of the lower limbs. In this way it is possible to assess valvular function, the location of the perforating veins and their competence, the limits of a thrombosis, and the therapeutic results. This examination, which is painless and harmless, makes it possible to improve the precision of the diagnosis in patients with different vein lesions, and gives most valuable information on the functioning of the venous system of the lower limbs.", "contents": "[Our experience with functional ascending cinephlebography]. Over the last three years, ascending, functional cine-phlebography has been used on 43 patients with different lesions of the venous system. The patient is placed in the decubitus dorsal position, on a radiological table inclined at 70 degrees. The opaque liquid is injected into the dorsal vein of the foot. Its movement is helped by the flexing of the muscles of the leg, and is followed on a screen. This method makes it possible to follow the morphological and functional aspects of the veins of the lower limbs. In this way it is possible to assess valvular function, the location of the perforating veins and their competence, the limits of a thrombosis, and the therapeutic results. This examination, which is painless and harmless, makes it possible to improve the precision of the diagnosis in patients with different vein lesions, and gives most valuable information on the functioning of the venous system of the lower limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:1202528", "title": "[Anticoagulants and the prevention of deep venous thrombosis of the leg].", "content": "Because of its frequency, the risk of migration to the lungs, and the gravity of the sequelae, phlebitis requires prophylaxis even more than a curative treatment. The ideal prophylactic agent should have, on one hand, an efficacity equal or superior to that of existing therapeutic agents--heparin and antivitamin K--and, on the other hand, should be easy to administer, should not result in haemoragic complications, and should not necessitate complex laboratory tests, these last three conditions not being fulfilled by either heparin or by the antivitamins K. These disadvantages probably explain the present vogue for anti-aggregant substances. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the primordial role of stasis and the phenomena of coagulation, and not least the platelets, in the matter of venous thrombogenesis, and knowledge of the results of studies on experimental thrombosis and of the first clinical trials lead to the conclusion that it is dangerous, at least at the moment, to abandon therapy for the prevention of venous thrombosis the efficacity of which is certain (heparin), in favour of substances the efficacity of which only hypothetical(anti-aggregants).", "contents": "[Anticoagulants and the prevention of deep venous thrombosis of the leg]. Because of its frequency, the risk of migration to the lungs, and the gravity of the sequelae, phlebitis requires prophylaxis even more than a curative treatment. The ideal prophylactic agent should have, on one hand, an efficacity equal or superior to that of existing therapeutic agents--heparin and antivitamin K--and, on the other hand, should be easy to administer, should not result in haemoragic complications, and should not necessitate complex laboratory tests, these last three conditions not being fulfilled by either heparin or by the antivitamins K. These disadvantages probably explain the present vogue for anti-aggregant substances. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the primordial role of stasis and the phenomena of coagulation, and not least the platelets, in the matter of venous thrombogenesis, and knowledge of the results of studies on experimental thrombosis and of the first clinical trials lead to the conclusion that it is dangerous, at least at the moment, to abandon therapy for the prevention of venous thrombosis the efficacity of which is certain (heparin), in favour of substances the efficacity of which only hypothetical(anti-aggregants)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202530", "title": "[Aspirin as treatment for platelet aggregation].", "content": "The efficacity of therapy against platelet aggregation, as a preventive treatment in cases of venous thrombosis has been questioned : however, some good, little known pieces of work suggest that such treatment is of value.", "contents": "[Aspirin as treatment for platelet aggregation]. The efficacity of therapy against platelet aggregation, as a preventive treatment in cases of venous thrombosis has been questioned : however, some good, little known pieces of work suggest that such treatment is of value."}
{"id": "PMID:1202531", "title": "[Fibrinolytics and defibrinating agents].", "content": "Therapeutic fibrinolysis represents the only logical means of curing thromboses, by assuring the destruction of the thrombus. This kind of therapy, which was introduced clincally over 10 years ago, has been used on only a limited scale because of the high risk of haemorrhage and the need for highly specialized laboratory control tests. Different methods of administration, overcoming one or other of these disadvantages, have resulted recently in its wider use but this has been accompanied by a reduction in efficacity. The very satisfactory clinical results obtained in some cases remain limited and thus in this context the indications should not be restricted.", "contents": "[Fibrinolytics and defibrinating agents]. Therapeutic fibrinolysis represents the only logical means of curing thromboses, by assuring the destruction of the thrombus. This kind of therapy, which was introduced clincally over 10 years ago, has been used on only a limited scale because of the high risk of haemorrhage and the need for highly specialized laboratory control tests. Different methods of administration, overcoming one or other of these disadvantages, have resulted recently in its wider use but this has been accompanied by a reduction in efficacity. The very satisfactory clinical results obtained in some cases remain limited and thus in this context the indications should not be restricted."}
{"id": "PMID:1202526", "title": "[Biological supervision of heparin therapy].", "content": "Laboratory surveillance of heparin therapy includes a simplied investigation of haemostasis before the treatment (Quick's time, the cephalin-kaolin time, fibrinogen, platelet count) and requires exact adherence to the timetable of injections and taking of samples. According to the degree of hypocoagulability desired, there is a choice between the three tests most often used (Howell's test, heparinaemia, cephalin-kaolin time). For the control of a high degree of hypocoagulability the Howell's time is the best guide. On the other hand, for the surveillance of moderate hypocoagulability (preventive treatment) it is preferable to combine two of these three tests.", "contents": "[Biological supervision of heparin therapy]. Laboratory surveillance of heparin therapy includes a simplied investigation of haemostasis before the treatment (Quick's time, the cephalin-kaolin time, fibrinogen, platelet count) and requires exact adherence to the timetable of injections and taking of samples. According to the degree of hypocoagulability desired, there is a choice between the three tests most often used (Howell's test, heparinaemia, cephalin-kaolin time). For the control of a high degree of hypocoagulability the Howell's time is the best guide. On the other hand, for the surveillance of moderate hypocoagulability (preventive treatment) it is preferable to combine two of these three tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1202532", "title": "[Aspects of defibrinogenation therapy].", "content": "Fibrinolysis threatment works by means of enzymatic action. It is an effective therapy for occlusive disease of the arteries at Fontaine's stages III and IV. New developments in this treatment will be of interest to phlebologists in the near future. No studies have been reported in the world literature that broaden the present indications : critical study is still required.", "contents": "[Aspects of defibrinogenation therapy]. Fibrinolysis threatment works by means of enzymatic action. It is an effective therapy for occlusive disease of the arteries at Fontaine's stages III and IV. New developments in this treatment will be of interest to phlebologists in the near future. No studies have been reported in the world literature that broaden the present indications : critical study is still required."}
{"id": "PMID:1202527", "title": "[Anti-K vitamins].", "content": "Antivitamins K remain the anticoagulant of choice when treatment lasts several days, because they can be ingested orally, and they require relatively in frequent laboratory tests, and because of the absence of any superior haematological treatments for thrombosis. Physiological studies have explained the effects on the anticoagulant action of the antivitamins K, of imbalance of the intestinal microbial flora and of pathological changes in diuresis. This knowledge is indispensable for national treatment. Surveillance by means of laboratory tests remains indispensable but continues to pose practical problems, as non-specialized biologists have difficulty in achieving the necessary basic conditions (quality of venous puncture, control and test...). Determination of the Quick time remains the most practical method. Laboratory determination of the different constituents of the prothrombin complex makes it possible to regulate perfectly the treatment with antivitamins K of a patient who is also receiving heparin.", "contents": "[Anti-K vitamins]. Antivitamins K remain the anticoagulant of choice when treatment lasts several days, because they can be ingested orally, and they require relatively in frequent laboratory tests, and because of the absence of any superior haematological treatments for thrombosis. Physiological studies have explained the effects on the anticoagulant action of the antivitamins K, of imbalance of the intestinal microbial flora and of pathological changes in diuresis. This knowledge is indispensable for national treatment. Surveillance by means of laboratory tests remains indispensable but continues to pose practical problems, as non-specialized biologists have difficulty in achieving the necessary basic conditions (quality of venous puncture, control and test...). Determination of the Quick time remains the most practical method. Laboratory determination of the different constituents of the prothrombin complex makes it possible to regulate perfectly the treatment with antivitamins K of a patient who is also receiving heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:1202533", "title": "[Place of anti-inflammatory agents in the prevention of deep phlebitis].", "content": "The inflammatory reaction includes, after an initial tissue lesion, a catabolic phase with proteolysis, an exudative reaction phase, and finally an anabolic phase with the formation of an inflammatory granuloma. The reaction should be considered, however, as an initial inflammation, rapid and limited to the affected tissues, and a secondary inflammation induced at a distance by a humoral mechanism with the appearance of pathological globulins. Only certain anti-inflammatory agents act at these two levels : steroids and non-steroids. Corticosteroids can be used effectively in small doses. Courses of salicylates are difficult to manage and are not standardized. Fenamates and indometacine lead to psychiatric disorders. The only useful drugs are phenylbutazone and hydroxyphenylbutazone. These two drugs can be used alone, or in combination, or eventually being superseded by anti-coagulants. As they are derived from pyrazolidine, they are above all preventive. Their absorption in the digestive tract is rapid and almost complete ; the maximum plasma concentration occurs 2-4 h. after injection. Delayed accidents occur 7-15 days after the last dose. Suppotanderil and suppophenylbutazone are used at the dose of 250ml, 2 or 3 times a day. They may be combined with AVK depending on the clinical signs and the prothrombin and Howell's time. These drugs are contraindicated in patients with ulcers, with haematological diseases, and with severe cirrhosis. They should always be replaced straight away by anti-coagulants in patients with valve prostheses or with severe rhythm disorders.", "contents": "[Place of anti-inflammatory agents in the prevention of deep phlebitis]. The inflammatory reaction includes, after an initial tissue lesion, a catabolic phase with proteolysis, an exudative reaction phase, and finally an anabolic phase with the formation of an inflammatory granuloma. The reaction should be considered, however, as an initial inflammation, rapid and limited to the affected tissues, and a secondary inflammation induced at a distance by a humoral mechanism with the appearance of pathological globulins. Only certain anti-inflammatory agents act at these two levels : steroids and non-steroids. Corticosteroids can be used effectively in small doses. Courses of salicylates are difficult to manage and are not standardized. Fenamates and indometacine lead to psychiatric disorders. The only useful drugs are phenylbutazone and hydroxyphenylbutazone. These two drugs can be used alone, or in combination, or eventually being superseded by anti-coagulants. As they are derived from pyrazolidine, they are above all preventive. Their absorption in the digestive tract is rapid and almost complete ; the maximum plasma concentration occurs 2-4 h. after injection. Delayed accidents occur 7-15 days after the last dose. Suppotanderil and suppophenylbutazone are used at the dose of 250ml, 2 or 3 times a day. They may be combined with AVK depending on the clinical signs and the prothrombin and Howell's time. These drugs are contraindicated in patients with ulcers, with haematological diseases, and with severe cirrhosis. They should always be replaced straight away by anti-coagulants in patients with valve prostheses or with severe rhythm disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1202534", "title": "[Prevention of complications of ligation of the inferior vena cava in recent emboligenic phlebitides].", "content": "Ligature of the inferior vena cava, which is often necessary, is usually complicated by severe oedema of the lower limbs. The wearing of an appropriate support bandage over a period of several months will overcome this oedema.", "contents": "[Prevention of complications of ligation of the inferior vena cava in recent emboligenic phlebitides]. Ligature of the inferior vena cava, which is often necessary, is usually complicated by severe oedema of the lower limbs. The wearing of an appropriate support bandage over a period of several months will overcome this oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:1202536", "title": "[Heparins].", "content": "For the therapist, there is only one heparin, characterized by its anticoagulant action, but two methods of administration : intravenous and subcutaneous. Heparin is a true anticoagulant, and directly opposes fibrin formation (antithrombotic action) and potentiates the inactivation of prothrombinase ; this global action, immediately effective, makes heparin undoubtedly superior to the antivitamins K. Nevertheless, its action on thrombogenesis is incomplete : it reacts only slightly or not at all on platelet aggregation and fibrinolysis. In the treatment of phebitis, its efficacity is closely bound with its rational use : early use, continuous and sufficiently prolonged infusion, and carefully adapted dosage are the key factors. The practice of interrupted intravenous injections should be abandoned because it is illogical and dangerous. The subcutaneous method ensures a heparinotherapy in all ways closely comparable with the ideal perfusion. Accidents during heparin therapy are neither more frequent nor more serious than those of a really efficient treatment with antivitamins K. At present, heparin is our most effective weapon in the prevention of post-surgical phlebitis.", "contents": "[Heparins]. For the therapist, there is only one heparin, characterized by its anticoagulant action, but two methods of administration : intravenous and subcutaneous. Heparin is a true anticoagulant, and directly opposes fibrin formation (antithrombotic action) and potentiates the inactivation of prothrombinase ; this global action, immediately effective, makes heparin undoubtedly superior to the antivitamins K. Nevertheless, its action on thrombogenesis is incomplete : it reacts only slightly or not at all on platelet aggregation and fibrinolysis. In the treatment of phebitis, its efficacity is closely bound with its rational use : early use, continuous and sufficiently prolonged infusion, and carefully adapted dosage are the key factors. The practice of interrupted intravenous injections should be abandoned because it is illogical and dangerous. The subcutaneous method ensures a heparinotherapy in all ways closely comparable with the ideal perfusion. Accidents during heparin therapy are neither more frequent nor more serious than those of a really efficient treatment with antivitamins K. At present, heparin is our most effective weapon in the prevention of post-surgical phlebitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202537", "title": "[Vasomotor substances and anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of phlebitis].", "content": "Intrafemoral injections of substances known as \"vasodilators\" are still of the utmost value in the treatment of deep phlebitis as are the anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly in their injectable forms (Butazolidine, Ketazone). The indications are : cases of phlebitis that are just developing ; failure of anticoagulants ; and contraindications to the use of anticoagulants, notably phlebitis during pregnancy. As always in the treatment of phlebitis, therapeutic results are only complete and lasting if an effective support bandage is also applied.", "contents": "[Vasomotor substances and anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of phlebitis]. Intrafemoral injections of substances known as \"vasodilators\" are still of the utmost value in the treatment of deep phlebitis as are the anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly in their injectable forms (Butazolidine, Ketazone). The indications are : cases of phlebitis that are just developing ; failure of anticoagulants ; and contraindications to the use of anticoagulants, notably phlebitis during pregnancy. As always in the treatment of phlebitis, therapeutic results are only complete and lasting if an effective support bandage is also applied."}
{"id": "PMID:1202540", "title": "[General surgeon's approach to deep phlebitis of the leg].", "content": "The therapeutic problems of the general surgeon, faced with a case of deep phlebitis of the lower limbs, differ according to whether it is diagnosed before or after surgery. If possible, pre-surgical phlebitis should be treated before the operation. Heparinotherapy remains the basic treatment. But there are numerous arguments against, or for the modification of, its use : old age, haemorrhagic lesions, haemorrhagic risks during surgery, or simply great operational urgency. In all these cases, an elastic bandage is invaluable. Treatment of post-operative phlebitis is also based on the heparins, combined if necessary with antibiotics and corticoids, but these products can result in iatrogenic complications (ulcers, haemorrhage). It is often difficult to choose between embolic and haemorrhagic risks ; it is always easy to apply an elastic bandage which suffices in most cases to remove the inflammatory signs of the phlebitis. This problem is not so frequent since systematic prevention has made post-operative phlebitis more rare. The use of anticoagulants in vascular surgery seems to the authors to be not so much an effective therapeutic method as a method to be feaved close surveillance of coagulation is indispensable during treatment.", "contents": "[General surgeon's approach to deep phlebitis of the leg]. The therapeutic problems of the general surgeon, faced with a case of deep phlebitis of the lower limbs, differ according to whether it is diagnosed before or after surgery. If possible, pre-surgical phlebitis should be treated before the operation. Heparinotherapy remains the basic treatment. But there are numerous arguments against, or for the modification of, its use : old age, haemorrhagic lesions, haemorrhagic risks during surgery, or simply great operational urgency. In all these cases, an elastic bandage is invaluable. Treatment of post-operative phlebitis is also based on the heparins, combined if necessary with antibiotics and corticoids, but these products can result in iatrogenic complications (ulcers, haemorrhage). It is often difficult to choose between embolic and haemorrhagic risks ; it is always easy to apply an elastic bandage which suffices in most cases to remove the inflammatory signs of the phlebitis. This problem is not so frequent since systematic prevention has made post-operative phlebitis more rare. The use of anticoagulants in vascular surgery seems to the authors to be not so much an effective therapeutic method as a method to be feaved close surveillance of coagulation is indispensable during treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1202541", "title": "[Preventive and therapeutic approach to deep phlebitis of the leg].", "content": "Preventive and therapeutic approaches in cases of deep thrombosis of the lower limbs.", "contents": "[Preventive and therapeutic approach to deep phlebitis of the leg]. Preventive and therapeutic approaches in cases of deep thrombosis of the lower limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:1202543", "title": "[Thromboembolic risks and surgery for varicose veins].", "content": "The authors carried out a study on 53 patients operated on for varices with the object of determining the risk of postoperative thromboembolism. They tried to answer three questions : 1) What is the magnitude of the risk of thromboembolism after this kind of surgery? 2) What is the value of the different methods of detection available? 3) What attitude should be adopted towards therapy, not of thromboembolism as a complication, but of the threat of thromboembolism?", "contents": "[Thromboembolic risks and surgery for varicose veins]. The authors carried out a study on 53 patients operated on for varices with the object of determining the risk of postoperative thromboembolism. They tried to answer three questions : 1) What is the magnitude of the risk of thromboembolism after this kind of surgery? 2) What is the value of the different methods of detection available? 3) What attitude should be adopted towards therapy, not of thromboembolism as a complication, but of the threat of thromboembolism?"}
{"id": "PMID:1202547", "title": "Problems of psychotherapy of patients with alexithymic characteristics and physical disease.", "content": "The principles which govern the kind of psychotherapy best suited for patients with physical disease who may or may not have alexithymic characteristics are based on the careful psychiatric evaluation of the patient's psychological difficulties, and on the early cooperation between the psychiatrist and his medical colleagues. The nature of the alexithymic phenomena is discussed and the words 'affect', 'emotion' and 'feeling' are defined. Supportive psychotherapeutic measures are indicated for patients with alexithymic characteristics. These can be offered by the medical personnel in consultation with a psychiatrist. Psychodynamic psychotherapy, on the other hand, offered by a well-qualified psychiatrist is the treatment of choice for neurotic problems which complicate the patient's physical illness.", "contents": "Problems of psychotherapy of patients with alexithymic characteristics and physical disease. The principles which govern the kind of psychotherapy best suited for patients with physical disease who may or may not have alexithymic characteristics are based on the careful psychiatric evaluation of the patient's psychological difficulties, and on the early cooperation between the psychiatrist and his medical colleagues. The nature of the alexithymic phenomena is discussed and the words 'affect', 'emotion' and 'feeling' are defined. Supportive psychotherapeutic measures are indicated for patients with alexithymic characteristics. These can be offered by the medical personnel in consultation with a psychiatrist. Psychodynamic psychotherapy, on the other hand, offered by a well-qualified psychiatrist is the treatment of choice for neurotic problems which complicate the patient's physical illness."}
{"id": "PMID:1202544", "title": "Voluntary control of penile tumescence.", "content": "This study investigated the voluntary control of penile tumescence in the absence of external erotic stimulation. Twelve experimental subjects were given analogue visual feedback and monetary rewards for increase in penile diameter as measured by a strain gauge. Twelve control subjects were given no analogue feedback and noncontingent rewards but the same instructions to maximize erections. While both groups were capable of voluntary penile tumescence, significantly improved performance was observed in the experimental group. Two distinct psychophysiological patterns of voluntary penile tumescence were observed. A \"tension\" pattern was associated with marked heart rate acceleration, irregular respiration, and variable penile response. A \"relaxation\" pattern was associated with stable heart rate, regular respiration, and smooth tumescence curves. In using these procedures for the treatment of sexual dysfunctions, it is suggested that feedback and reward be given for a combined pattern of sexual and autonomic responses.", "contents": "Voluntary control of penile tumescence. This study investigated the voluntary control of penile tumescence in the absence of external erotic stimulation. Twelve experimental subjects were given analogue visual feedback and monetary rewards for increase in penile diameter as measured by a strain gauge. Twelve control subjects were given no analogue feedback and noncontingent rewards but the same instructions to maximize erections. While both groups were capable of voluntary penile tumescence, significantly improved performance was observed in the experimental group. Two distinct psychophysiological patterns of voluntary penile tumescence were observed. A \"tension\" pattern was associated with marked heart rate acceleration, irregular respiration, and variable penile response. A \"relaxation\" pattern was associated with stable heart rate, regular respiration, and smooth tumescence curves. In using these procedures for the treatment of sexual dysfunctions, it is suggested that feedback and reward be given for a combined pattern of sexual and autonomic responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1202548", "title": "Measuring body image. Preliminary report on a new method.", "content": "A new, very simple and inexpensive METHOD FOR MEASUREING BODY IMage is described. A number of female patients with different somatic complaints were investigated. A specific patterning of body image related to the localization of somatic complaints is revealed. Anorexic and obese patients have an overall larger body image while the distortions in other conditions mostly go on the elevation in the vertical axis. Different aspects of this way of measuring body image are discussed, but the difference of the patterning is clear. This is a preliminary report on the new method.", "contents": "Measuring body image. Preliminary report on a new method. A new, very simple and inexpensive METHOD FOR MEASUREING BODY IMage is described. A number of female patients with different somatic complaints were investigated. A specific patterning of body image related to the localization of somatic complaints is revealed. Anorexic and obese patients have an overall larger body image while the distortions in other conditions mostly go on the elevation in the vertical axis. Different aspects of this way of measuring body image are discussed, but the difference of the patterning is clear. This is a preliminary report on the new method."}
{"id": "PMID:1202549", "title": "Hypnosis, stimulus preference and autonomic response.", "content": "We investigated whether stimuli consisting of beautiful and ugly colours as judged by human subjects elicit different autonomic response patterns. The autonomic functions recorded were heart rate (HR) respiration rate, skin conductance, number of GSFs (nGSR) and also eye movements, as an index of somatic activity. In order to obtain strong responses, i.e. to avoid inhibition of 'natural' responses by anxiety due to the laboratory setting, we made use of post-hypnotic suggestions regarding the nature of the stimuli the subjects were to expect. It appeared that for all but one autonomic function differences could be found between beautiful and ugly stimuli, in the sense that during the ugly stimuli more 'activation' occurred. The direction of HR change during the beauriful stimuli was opposite to those of the other functions. Effect of hypnosis on autonomic response could be substantiated for HR and nGSR. Apart from hypnosis it seems likely that the whole experimental set-up may have helped to reduce 'experimental anxiety'. One may conclude that response specificity for pleasant and unpleasant stimuli seems to exist.", "contents": "Hypnosis, stimulus preference and autonomic response. We investigated whether stimuli consisting of beautiful and ugly colours as judged by human subjects elicit different autonomic response patterns. The autonomic functions recorded were heart rate (HR) respiration rate, skin conductance, number of GSFs (nGSR) and also eye movements, as an index of somatic activity. In order to obtain strong responses, i.e. to avoid inhibition of 'natural' responses by anxiety due to the laboratory setting, we made use of post-hypnotic suggestions regarding the nature of the stimuli the subjects were to expect. It appeared that for all but one autonomic function differences could be found between beautiful and ugly stimuli, in the sense that during the ugly stimuli more 'activation' occurred. The direction of HR change during the beauriful stimuli was opposite to those of the other functions. Effect of hypnosis on autonomic response could be substantiated for HR and nGSR. Apart from hypnosis it seems likely that the whole experimental set-up may have helped to reduce 'experimental anxiety'. One may conclude that response specificity for pleasant and unpleasant stimuli seems to exist."}
{"id": "PMID:1202545", "title": "Negative affect and plasma testosterone: a longitudinal human study.", "content": "The association between mood and plasma testosterone was investigated. Every second day for 2 months, a Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist was filled out by 20 young men. Blood samples taken at the same time were analyzed for testosterone concentration. Relationships between hostility, anxiety, and depression and plasma testosterone levels were tested both within and across individuals. Intrasubject correlation coefficients between affects and hormone were fairly evenly distributed between positive and negative values, some significant on either side. Intersubject correlation coefficients were all positivie. Between depression and testosterone, the correlation was significant only at the 10% level; between the other two affects and testosterone, the correlations were not significant.", "contents": "Negative affect and plasma testosterone: a longitudinal human study. The association between mood and plasma testosterone was investigated. Every second day for 2 months, a Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist was filled out by 20 young men. Blood samples taken at the same time were analyzed for testosterone concentration. Relationships between hostility, anxiety, and depression and plasma testosterone levels were tested both within and across individuals. Intrasubject correlation coefficients between affects and hormone were fairly evenly distributed between positive and negative values, some significant on either side. Intersubject correlation coefficients were all positivie. Between depression and testosterone, the correlation was significant only at the 10% level; between the other two affects and testosterone, the correlations were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1202550", "title": "Studies of endocrine and affective functions in complex flight manoeuvres.", "content": "Endocrine and metabolic changes, as well as affective functions, were studied in eight healthy volunteers anticipating and executing a prearranged sequence of aerobatic flight. Control measurements were made at complete physical and mental rest. The following were determined: anxiety and hostility levels, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, plasma free fatty acids (FFA), serum thyroxine (T4), corticosteroids, prolactin, growth hormone, immunoreactive insulin and urinary excretion of VMA. The pattern of response was uniform in all subjects. Significant changes were seen in plasma FFA, corticosteroids, growth hormone and immunoreactive insulin following aerobatic flight. Anticipation of flight induced anxiety arousal and significant directional changes in plasma FFA, corticosteroids, as well as in VMA excretion. Hostility scores were highest immediately upon termination of flight.", "contents": "Studies of endocrine and affective functions in complex flight manoeuvres. Endocrine and metabolic changes, as well as affective functions, were studied in eight healthy volunteers anticipating and executing a prearranged sequence of aerobatic flight. Control measurements were made at complete physical and mental rest. The following were determined: anxiety and hostility levels, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, plasma free fatty acids (FFA), serum thyroxine (T4), corticosteroids, prolactin, growth hormone, immunoreactive insulin and urinary excretion of VMA. The pattern of response was uniform in all subjects. Significant changes were seen in plasma FFA, corticosteroids, growth hormone and immunoreactive insulin following aerobatic flight. Anticipation of flight induced anxiety arousal and significant directional changes in plasma FFA, corticosteroids, as well as in VMA excretion. Hostility scores were highest immediately upon termination of flight."}
{"id": "PMID:1202551", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta. A clinical and biochemical study of a generalized connective tissue disorder.", "content": "The clinical features of 62 patients with the diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta, a generalized connective tissue disorder, have been reviewed. The structural polymeric collagen of the skin has been examined by biochemical and histological methods in 21 of these patients and in two further patients with osteogensis imperfecta who died soon after birth. The results provide evidence of heterogeneity within this group of patients. Three main types of disorder are recognizable: those patients with dominantly inherited mild bone disease, blue sclerae and low amounts of polymeric collagen; those who occur sporadically, with severe bone disease, normal coloured sclerae and polymeric collagen of reduced stability; and occasional infants with severe bone disease who die at birth or soon after and whose polymeric collagen appears to be abnormal. It is speculated that these differences could be due to distinct abnormalities of collagen metabolism.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta. A clinical and biochemical study of a generalized connective tissue disorder. The clinical features of 62 patients with the diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta, a generalized connective tissue disorder, have been reviewed. The structural polymeric collagen of the skin has been examined by biochemical and histological methods in 21 of these patients and in two further patients with osteogensis imperfecta who died soon after birth. The results provide evidence of heterogeneity within this group of patients. Three main types of disorder are recognizable: those patients with dominantly inherited mild bone disease, blue sclerae and low amounts of polymeric collagen; those who occur sporadically, with severe bone disease, normal coloured sclerae and polymeric collagen of reduced stability; and occasional infants with severe bone disease who die at birth or soon after and whose polymeric collagen appears to be abnormal. It is speculated that these differences could be due to distinct abnormalities of collagen metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1202552", "title": "Absorption of DNA in the region of vacuum-uv (3-25 eV).", "content": "By means of a device that might be considered a modern version of \"Ulbricht's sphere\" the absorption spectrum and the photoelectric emission of calf thymus DNA was measured in the region of 3 to 25 eV (400 to 50 nm). A tentative explanation of the general shape of the absorption spectrum and of its 6 maxima is given. The results permit a much better insight into some biologic effects of vacuum-uv to be gained than hitherto possible.", "contents": "Absorption of DNA in the region of vacuum-uv (3-25 eV). By means of a device that might be considered a modern version of \"Ulbricht's sphere\" the absorption spectrum and the photoelectric emission of calf thymus DNA was measured in the region of 3 to 25 eV (400 to 50 nm). A tentative explanation of the general shape of the absorption spectrum and of its 6 maxima is given. The results permit a much better insight into some biologic effects of vacuum-uv to be gained than hitherto possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1202553", "title": "Absorption of circularly polarized gamma-radiation in L- and D-amino acids.", "content": "No difference within the experimental error (approximately 10(-3)) was observed in the absorption of right- and left-circularly polarized gamma-radiation in L- and D-tryptophan and tyrosine. For the measurements the 14.4 keV transition of 57Fe was used and the analysis of circularly polarized gamma-radiation was performed by M\u00f6ssbauer method.", "contents": "Absorption of circularly polarized gamma-radiation in L- and D-amino acids. No difference within the experimental error (approximately 10(-3)) was observed in the absorption of right- and left-circularly polarized gamma-radiation in L- and D-tryptophan and tyrosine. For the measurements the 14.4 keV transition of 57Fe was used and the analysis of circularly polarized gamma-radiation was performed by M\u00f6ssbauer method."}
{"id": "PMID:1202554", "title": "Do one-hit chromosome exchanges exist? Dose-response relation for irradiated human lymphocytes.", "content": "It is demonstrated that the expectation of a quadratic dose-response relation for two-hit aberrations is not correct. In fact the theoretical curve is changed from near-quadratic to near-linear when the dose increases and fits well the experimental data on production of exchanges in human lymphocytes by radiation. The commonly used relation y = alphaD + betaD2 shows systematic deviations from the observed frequencies. Therefore, no reason exists to postulate some fraction of exchanges to be produced by a one-hit mechanism.", "contents": "Do one-hit chromosome exchanges exist? Dose-response relation for irradiated human lymphocytes. It is demonstrated that the expectation of a quadratic dose-response relation for two-hit aberrations is not correct. In fact the theoretical curve is changed from near-quadratic to near-linear when the dose increases and fits well the experimental data on production of exchanges in human lymphocytes by radiation. The commonly used relation y = alphaD + betaD2 shows systematic deviations from the observed frequencies. Therefore, no reason exists to postulate some fraction of exchanges to be produced by a one-hit mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1202555", "title": "Concepts of microdosimetry II. Probability distributions of the microdosimetric variables.", "content": "This is the second part of an investigation of microdosimetric concepts relevant to numerical calculations. Two different types of distributions of the microdosimetric quantities are discussed. The sampling procedures are considered, which lead from the initial pattern of enregy transfers, the so-called inchoate distribution, to the distribution of specific energy and their mean values. The dependence of the distributions of specific energy on absorbed dose is related to the sampling procedures.", "contents": "Concepts of microdosimetry II. Probability distributions of the microdosimetric variables. This is the second part of an investigation of microdosimetric concepts relevant to numerical calculations. Two different types of distributions of the microdosimetric quantities are discussed. The sampling procedures are considered, which lead from the initial pattern of enregy transfers, the so-called inchoate distribution, to the distribution of specific energy and their mean values. The dependence of the distributions of specific energy on absorbed dose is related to the sampling procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1202556", "title": "Mechanisms involved in the chemical inhibition of the eosin-sensitized photooxidation of trypsin.", "content": "A large series of compounds was screened for ability to protect trypsin from eosin-sensitized photodynamic inactivation. Eosin-sensitized photooxidation reactions of this type typically proceed via the triplet state of the dye and often involve singlet state oxygen as the oxidizing entity. In order to determine the mechanisms by which trypsin is protected from photoinactivation, a number of good protective agents (inhibitors) and some non-protective agents were selected for more detailed flash photolysis studies. Good inhibitors such as p-phenylenediamine, n-propyl gallate, serotonin creatinine sulfate and p-toluenediamine competed efficiently with oxygen and with trypsin for reaction with the triplet state of eosin. The inhibitors were shown to quench triplet eosin to the ground state and/or reduce triplet eosin to form the semireduced eosin radical and an oxidized form of the inhibitor. In the latter case, oxidized inhibitor could react by a reverse electron transfer reaction with the semi-reduced eosin radical to regenerate ground state eosin and the inhibitor. The good inhibitors also competed effectively with trypsin for oxidation by semioxidized eosin, thus giving another possible protective mechanism. Non-inhibitors such as halogen ions and the paramagnetic ions Co++, Cu++ and Mn++ reacted only slowly with triplet and with seimioxidized eosin. The primary pathway for the eosin-sensitized photooxidation of trypsin at pH 8.0 involved singlet oxygen, although semioxidized eosin may also participate.", "contents": "Mechanisms involved in the chemical inhibition of the eosin-sensitized photooxidation of trypsin. A large series of compounds was screened for ability to protect trypsin from eosin-sensitized photodynamic inactivation. Eosin-sensitized photooxidation reactions of this type typically proceed via the triplet state of the dye and often involve singlet state oxygen as the oxidizing entity. In order to determine the mechanisms by which trypsin is protected from photoinactivation, a number of good protective agents (inhibitors) and some non-protective agents were selected for more detailed flash photolysis studies. Good inhibitors such as p-phenylenediamine, n-propyl gallate, serotonin creatinine sulfate and p-toluenediamine competed efficiently with oxygen and with trypsin for reaction with the triplet state of eosin. The inhibitors were shown to quench triplet eosin to the ground state and/or reduce triplet eosin to form the semireduced eosin radical and an oxidized form of the inhibitor. In the latter case, oxidized inhibitor could react by a reverse electron transfer reaction with the semi-reduced eosin radical to regenerate ground state eosin and the inhibitor. The good inhibitors also competed effectively with trypsin for oxidation by semioxidized eosin, thus giving another possible protective mechanism. Non-inhibitors such as halogen ions and the paramagnetic ions Co++, Cu++ and Mn++ reacted only slowly with triplet and with seimioxidized eosin. The primary pathway for the eosin-sensitized photooxidation of trypsin at pH 8.0 involved singlet oxygen, although semioxidized eosin may also participate."}
{"id": "PMID:1202557", "title": "Remarks on oxygen effects.", "content": "Oxygen concentration will influence the alpha- and beta-effect (two-component theory of radiation effects) independently. The beta-effect is reduced by a dose-modifying factor gamma. Oxygen, in competition with enzyme repair actions fortifies a part of the beta-lesions and this model leads to a simple equation for the factor gamma. The alpha-effect is also enhanced by oxygen. Measurements of OER indicate that the reduction of the effect from aerobic to anoxic condition might be about 70%. The functional dependence of oxygen concentration has not been investigated. For small oxygen concentrations of 0.15 to 0.5 muM/l and doses below 1000 R R\u00e9v\u00e9sz and Littbrand have found that oxygen can protect the irradiated cells and thus increase survivals with about 10%. This is explained as a scavenger action where radical hydrogen atoms are oxidized and hydrated electrons captured by oxygen moelcules. When the oxygen concentration is increased, or with higher doses, the usual sensitizing effect of oxygen exceeds the protection effect. The influence of oxygen on alpha-effects are mainly connected with indirect radiation effects and thus depend on temperature and milieu.", "contents": "Remarks on oxygen effects. Oxygen concentration will influence the alpha- and beta-effect (two-component theory of radiation effects) independently. The beta-effect is reduced by a dose-modifying factor gamma. Oxygen, in competition with enzyme repair actions fortifies a part of the beta-lesions and this model leads to a simple equation for the factor gamma. The alpha-effect is also enhanced by oxygen. Measurements of OER indicate that the reduction of the effect from aerobic to anoxic condition might be about 70%. The functional dependence of oxygen concentration has not been investigated. For small oxygen concentrations of 0.15 to 0.5 muM/l and doses below 1000 R R\u00e9v\u00e9sz and Littbrand have found that oxygen can protect the irradiated cells and thus increase survivals with about 10%. This is explained as a scavenger action where radical hydrogen atoms are oxidized and hydrated electrons captured by oxygen moelcules. When the oxygen concentration is increased, or with higher doses, the usual sensitizing effect of oxygen exceeds the protection effect. The influence of oxygen on alpha-effects are mainly connected with indirect radiation effects and thus depend on temperature and milieu."}
{"id": "PMID:1202558", "title": "Rdiasensitivity and radiation-induced mutability: an empirical relationship.", "content": "The total genome size of various species can apparently define the radiation-induced mutability and radiosensitivity for these species. An empirical expression has been derived which relates the radiation-induced mutation rates of different species to their total DNA content and radiation-induced inactivation rates.", "contents": "Rdiasensitivity and radiation-induced mutability: an empirical relationship. The total genome size of various species can apparently define the radiation-induced mutability and radiosensitivity for these species. An empirical expression has been derived which relates the radiation-induced mutation rates of different species to their total DNA content and radiation-induced inactivation rates."}
{"id": "PMID:1202559", "title": "Analytical model for the temperature dependence of the circulation pattern in upper extremities.", "content": "An analytical model for the circulation in the upper extremities of man is studied under the condition that the hand is immersed in water at different temperatures. The arterial and venous system is represented by one artery and two veins. One of the veins lies close to the deep lying artery; the other one is a cutaneous vein. The model permits a qualitative description of the dependence on temperature of the rate of heat loss of the hand as a function of the rate of blood flow and the water temperature, by means of parameters which determine the behaviour of the considered system. One parameter accounts for the relative amount of the rate of blood flow along deep and cutaneous veins. Comparison with experiment leeds to the following results. At water temperatures 0Hw higher than 25 degrees C about 10% of the blood is returning through the deep vein; for water temperatures lower than 13 degrees C this percentage becomes about 80%. In between the circulation pattern changes gradually. The influence of the counter-current effect, between the artery and the deep vein, on the heat loss of the hand is studied. The arterial blood temperature at the entrance in the hand is compared with the available experimental results.", "contents": "Analytical model for the temperature dependence of the circulation pattern in upper extremities. An analytical model for the circulation in the upper extremities of man is studied under the condition that the hand is immersed in water at different temperatures. The arterial and venous system is represented by one artery and two veins. One of the veins lies close to the deep lying artery; the other one is a cutaneous vein. The model permits a qualitative description of the dependence on temperature of the rate of heat loss of the hand as a function of the rate of blood flow and the water temperature, by means of parameters which determine the behaviour of the considered system. One parameter accounts for the relative amount of the rate of blood flow along deep and cutaneous veins. Comparison with experiment leeds to the following results. At water temperatures 0Hw higher than 25 degrees C about 10% of the blood is returning through the deep vein; for water temperatures lower than 13 degrees C this percentage becomes about 80%. In between the circulation pattern changes gradually. The influence of the counter-current effect, between the artery and the deep vein, on the heat loss of the hand is studied. The arterial blood temperature at the entrance in the hand is compared with the available experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:1202560", "title": "Fixation, retention and exhalation of carrier-free 11C-labeled carbon monoxide by man.", "content": "Carrier-free 11C-labeled carbon monoxide was produced by proton irradiation of a nitrogen gas flow target via the 14N(p, alpha)11C process followed by on-line reduction of the predominantly formed 11C-carbon dioxide with a yield of 0.4 mCi/muAmin. After appropriate quality control about 2 mCi of carrier-free 11C-carbon monoxide in 500 ml on nitrogen gas were inhaled by test subjects in one breath. The 11C-activity distribution was then followed in vivo by scanning above thorax, head, liver, thigh and os sacrum; simultaneously the 11c-activity of the blood was also followed by batch measurement. The data indicate that part of the 11C-activity migrates from the blood into the intercellular space, while another part is exhaled. The 11C-activity leaves the individual organs with a biological half-life ranging from about 120 to 200 min, a time which is short as compared to the one observed for 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes. A radio gas chromatographic analysis of the exhaled air showed that the 11C-activity leaves the body exculsively in the form of 11C-labeled carbon monoxide. Consequently, metabolism of the 11CO into 11CO2 or other compounds can be excluded.", "contents": "Fixation, retention and exhalation of carrier-free 11C-labeled carbon monoxide by man. Carrier-free 11C-labeled carbon monoxide was produced by proton irradiation of a nitrogen gas flow target via the 14N(p, alpha)11C process followed by on-line reduction of the predominantly formed 11C-carbon dioxide with a yield of 0.4 mCi/muAmin. After appropriate quality control about 2 mCi of carrier-free 11C-carbon monoxide in 500 ml on nitrogen gas were inhaled by test subjects in one breath. The 11C-activity distribution was then followed in vivo by scanning above thorax, head, liver, thigh and os sacrum; simultaneously the 11c-activity of the blood was also followed by batch measurement. The data indicate that part of the 11C-activity migrates from the blood into the intercellular space, while another part is exhaled. The 11C-activity leaves the individual organs with a biological half-life ranging from about 120 to 200 min, a time which is short as compared to the one observed for 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes. A radio gas chromatographic analysis of the exhaled air showed that the 11C-activity leaves the body exculsively in the form of 11C-labeled carbon monoxide. Consequently, metabolism of the 11CO into 11CO2 or other compounds can be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:1202561", "title": "Renal function and intra/extravascular distribution spaces in the rat after supralethal whole-body x-irradiation.", "content": "Renal function and distribution of 51Cr-EDTA in intra/extravascular space has been studied in rats suffering from the gastro-intestinal syndrome after supralethal doses of X-irradiation. Urine excretion and glomerular filtration were found to decrease until 50 hr p.i. Urine excretion and, in a less degree, glomerular filtration rate increase then to a peak at 67 hrs before falling off to zero values before death. The extravascular space was found to be expanded in several organs from 60 hrs on (kidney, liver, stomach, intestine). Only in kidney where weight follows changes in extravascular space, a return to normal values is seen before death. An expansion in extravascular space due to a reduced re-extraction into intravascular space and diminished excretion constant can also be discerned beginning early after exposure on the basis of compartmental analysis of the blood activity-time curves. It is postulated that the changes observed reflect a state of shock developing slowly after irradiation and entering its irreversible stage 60 to 65 hrs after exposure.", "contents": "Renal function and intra/extravascular distribution spaces in the rat after supralethal whole-body x-irradiation. Renal function and distribution of 51Cr-EDTA in intra/extravascular space has been studied in rats suffering from the gastro-intestinal syndrome after supralethal doses of X-irradiation. Urine excretion and glomerular filtration were found to decrease until 50 hr p.i. Urine excretion and, in a less degree, glomerular filtration rate increase then to a peak at 67 hrs before falling off to zero values before death. The extravascular space was found to be expanded in several organs from 60 hrs on (kidney, liver, stomach, intestine). Only in kidney where weight follows changes in extravascular space, a return to normal values is seen before death. An expansion in extravascular space due to a reduced re-extraction into intravascular space and diminished excretion constant can also be discerned beginning early after exposure on the basis of compartmental analysis of the blood activity-time curves. It is postulated that the changes observed reflect a state of shock developing slowly after irradiation and entering its irreversible stage 60 to 65 hrs after exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:1202562", "title": "Regional blood flow in rats exposed to supralethal doses of whole body x-irradiation.", "content": "Relative blood flow in different organs of the supralethally (3 kR) whole body X-irradiated rat was studied using labeled 15 mu microspheres. Immediately after irradiation blood flow in brain diminishes. From 10 to 20 hrs a phase of increase in blood flowing to many parenchymal organs ensues. A second maximum 45 to 50 hrs and a third one at 60 hrs. In most organs except in brain and liver relative blood flow diminishes before death. The genesis of these changes as signs of a slowly developing shock is discussed.", "contents": "Regional blood flow in rats exposed to supralethal doses of whole body x-irradiation. Relative blood flow in different organs of the supralethally (3 kR) whole body X-irradiated rat was studied using labeled 15 mu microspheres. Immediately after irradiation blood flow in brain diminishes. From 10 to 20 hrs a phase of increase in blood flowing to many parenchymal organs ensues. A second maximum 45 to 50 hrs and a third one at 60 hrs. In most organs except in brain and liver relative blood flow diminishes before death. The genesis of these changes as signs of a slowly developing shock is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202563", "title": "Concepts of microdosimetry. III. Mean values of the microdosimetric distributions.", "content": "This is the last part of an investigation of microdosimetric concepts relevant to numerical calculations. A formula is derived which permits the computation of the dose average lineal energy, yC, or the corresponding average of the specific energy without the need to determine the probability distributions, f(y) or f1(z). A detailed treatment is given for two cases of practical importance. The first case corresponds to spherical sites with diameters of the order of 1 mum and to neutrons up to 15 MeV. The second case corresponds to microscopic sites which are small enough that the change of the stopping power of charged particles traversing the site can be neglected.", "contents": "Concepts of microdosimetry. III. Mean values of the microdosimetric distributions. This is the last part of an investigation of microdosimetric concepts relevant to numerical calculations. A formula is derived which permits the computation of the dose average lineal energy, yC, or the corresponding average of the specific energy without the need to determine the probability distributions, f(y) or f1(z). A detailed treatment is given for two cases of practical importance. The first case corresponds to spherical sites with diameters of the order of 1 mum and to neutrons up to 15 MeV. The second case corresponds to microscopic sites which are small enough that the change of the stopping power of charged particles traversing the site can be neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:1202569", "title": "Arbovirus growth in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes throughout their viable temperature range.", "content": "After intrathoracic inoculation of laboratory-bred Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with 3 Yukon isolates of California encephalitis (CE) virus (showshoe hare subtype), Northway (NOR) and Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) viruses, viral replication was observed following incubation at 13, 21, 35 and 39 degrees C, which constituted the full temperature range of viability of A. aegypti. Rates of viral replication were reduced at low temperatures and accelerated at high temperatures. Virus-specific immunoperoxidase staining of mosquito salivary glands occurred regularly after thoraces attained maximum infectivity levels. At 13 and 21 degrees C, mosquitoes were infected by 10 to 100 times less CE and MVE viruses than mice, but about 10 times more NOR virus was required to infect mosquitoes than mice.", "contents": "Arbovirus growth in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes throughout their viable temperature range. After intrathoracic inoculation of laboratory-bred Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with 3 Yukon isolates of California encephalitis (CE) virus (showshoe hare subtype), Northway (NOR) and Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) viruses, viral replication was observed following incubation at 13, 21, 35 and 39 degrees C, which constituted the full temperature range of viability of A. aegypti. Rates of viral replication were reduced at low temperatures and accelerated at high temperatures. Virus-specific immunoperoxidase staining of mosquito salivary glands occurred regularly after thoraces attained maximum infectivity levels. At 13 and 21 degrees C, mosquitoes were infected by 10 to 100 times less CE and MVE viruses than mice, but about 10 times more NOR virus was required to infect mosquitoes than mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1202570", "title": "Effect of DEAE-dextran on protein synthesis in HeLa cells.", "content": "Concentrations of DEAE-dextran which are currently used to stimulate the interaction between animal cells and natural or synthetic polynucleotides, inhibit protein synthesis in HeLa cells. This inhibition results from the blocking of more than one of the steps in protein synthesis, including transport of amino acids. The results support the hypothesis that enhancement of cellular competence for infection by viral RNA involves interference with initiation of cellular protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of DEAE-dextran on protein synthesis in HeLa cells. Concentrations of DEAE-dextran which are currently used to stimulate the interaction between animal cells and natural or synthetic polynucleotides, inhibit protein synthesis in HeLa cells. This inhibition results from the blocking of more than one of the steps in protein synthesis, including transport of amino acids. The results support the hypothesis that enhancement of cellular competence for infection by viral RNA involves interference with initiation of cellular protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202571", "title": "The physics of diagnostic ultrasound.", "content": "Sound waves progress through a medium at a velocity that is characteristic of that medium. In a particular medium, wavelength and frequency are inversely related, so that short wavelengths can only be obtained at higher frequencies. A beam of sound will not be directional unless the object that is sending (or reflecting) it is at least several times longer than the wavelength. In tissue directional beams of 1 cm or less in width can be produced at frequencies of 1 MHz or more. Other things being equal, the higher the frequency, the narrower the beam. The attenuation of beams of sound in tissue at ultrasonic frequencies is directly and almost linearly related to frequency in that the higher the frequency, the greater the attenuation and the weaker the return signals. In choosing an operating frequency for a particular purpose, one must therefore bear in mind that the advantages of the higher frequencies (i.e., better resolution, both in range and azimuth) are obtained at the bost of a shorter effective range. Accordingly, one makes the best compromise by selecting the highest frequency that permits a range adequate for the purpose. In scanning the abdomens of adults where the range may be fairly long, a 2 MHz transducer is used. For cardiac studies in pediatric patients where the range is shorter and the structures smaller, a 5 MHz probe can be used. In the globe of the eye the structures are minute, the medium one in which losses are quite low and the range is very short, permitting the use of frequencies in the 10 to 20 MHz range.", "contents": "The physics of diagnostic ultrasound. Sound waves progress through a medium at a velocity that is characteristic of that medium. In a particular medium, wavelength and frequency are inversely related, so that short wavelengths can only be obtained at higher frequencies. A beam of sound will not be directional unless the object that is sending (or reflecting) it is at least several times longer than the wavelength. In tissue directional beams of 1 cm or less in width can be produced at frequencies of 1 MHz or more. Other things being equal, the higher the frequency, the narrower the beam. The attenuation of beams of sound in tissue at ultrasonic frequencies is directly and almost linearly related to frequency in that the higher the frequency, the greater the attenuation and the weaker the return signals. In choosing an operating frequency for a particular purpose, one must therefore bear in mind that the advantages of the higher frequencies (i.e., better resolution, both in range and azimuth) are obtained at the bost of a shorter effective range. Accordingly, one makes the best compromise by selecting the highest frequency that permits a range adequate for the purpose. In scanning the abdomens of adults where the range may be fairly long, a 2 MHz transducer is used. For cardiac studies in pediatric patients where the range is shorter and the structures smaller, a 5 MHz probe can be used. In the globe of the eye the structures are minute, the medium one in which losses are quite low and the range is very short, permitting the use of frequencies in the 10 to 20 MHz range."}
{"id": "PMID:1202574", "title": "Ultrasonic examination of the pancreas.", "content": "Gray scale scanners allow the demonstration of much more anatomical detail than was possible with the older type scanners. The initial step in the ultrasonic examination of the pancreas is display of the anatomical detail of the portal vasculature which provides a guidepost to the pancreas. Pancreatitis is characterized by a diffusely enlarged echo-free pancreas. Pancreatic pseudocyst is almost always an echo-free unilocular fluid collection. The size of a pancreatic pseudocyst can be measured so that progress can be assessed. Pseudocysts located in the region of the tail of the pancreas may be best demonstrated by scanning from the back over the left kidney. Pancreatic pseudocysts may be partly solid. Pancreatic carcinoma appears as a localized relatively echo-free, poorly defined solid mass which attenuates the ultrasound beam. Pancreatic carcinoma smaller than 2 cm in diameter are particularly difficult to diagnose by ultrasonic examination. Pancreatic carcinoma may be difficult to distinguish from chronic pancreatitis. Dilated bile ducts can be demonstrated and point to extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Serial ultrasonic scans have been suggested as a means of monitoring the response of pancreatic tumors to therapy. The relative diagnostic value of endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the pancreatic ducts and ultrasound has not as yet been established. Ultrasonic examination is easier to perform and less expensive than any other pancreatic imaging procedure other than the upper gastrointestinal barium examination.", "contents": "Ultrasonic examination of the pancreas. Gray scale scanners allow the demonstration of much more anatomical detail than was possible with the older type scanners. The initial step in the ultrasonic examination of the pancreas is display of the anatomical detail of the portal vasculature which provides a guidepost to the pancreas. Pancreatitis is characterized by a diffusely enlarged echo-free pancreas. Pancreatic pseudocyst is almost always an echo-free unilocular fluid collection. The size of a pancreatic pseudocyst can be measured so that progress can be assessed. Pseudocysts located in the region of the tail of the pancreas may be best demonstrated by scanning from the back over the left kidney. Pancreatic pseudocysts may be partly solid. Pancreatic carcinoma appears as a localized relatively echo-free, poorly defined solid mass which attenuates the ultrasound beam. Pancreatic carcinoma smaller than 2 cm in diameter are particularly difficult to diagnose by ultrasonic examination. Pancreatic carcinoma may be difficult to distinguish from chronic pancreatitis. Dilated bile ducts can be demonstrated and point to extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Serial ultrasonic scans have been suggested as a means of monitoring the response of pancreatic tumors to therapy. The relative diagnostic value of endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the pancreatic ducts and ultrasound has not as yet been established. Ultrasonic examination is easier to perform and less expensive than any other pancreatic imaging procedure other than the upper gastrointestinal barium examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1202575", "title": "Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Ultrasound has proven to be helpful in the assessment of the thyroid gland and in particular of solitary hypofunctioning thyroid nodules. In 94% of cases differentiation can be made between solid and cystic lesions. This information is of importance to the clinician in deciding on the course of therapy. The ability to accurately measure thyroid gland size, the size of individual nodules, and to follow these with serial measurements during therapy, is also useful. Gray scale ultrasound may provide the additional benefit of differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid tumore. More study of this new technique is necessary before any final conclusions can be drawn as to its accuracy in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland. Ultrasound has proven to be helpful in the assessment of the thyroid gland and in particular of solitary hypofunctioning thyroid nodules. In 94% of cases differentiation can be made between solid and cystic lesions. This information is of importance to the clinician in deciding on the course of therapy. The ability to accurately measure thyroid gland size, the size of individual nodules, and to follow these with serial measurements during therapy, is also useful. Gray scale ultrasound may provide the additional benefit of differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid tumore. More study of this new technique is necessary before any final conclusions can be drawn as to its accuracy in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1202577", "title": "Radiation therapy planning with ultrasound.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound is a relatively new diagnostic modality which is a practical method of acquiring anatomical information important in radiation treatment planning. Patient contour, port margins, location of tumors and normal structures, and tissue inhomogeneities can be recorded simply, safely, rapidly, and accurately. This information can then be utilized in developing radiation therapy plans that deliver irradiation more precisely to the malignant disease while avoiding normal structures. The proper application of ultrasound in radiation therapy planning has the potential of significantly improving cure rates and minimizing complication rates in the treatment of patients with malignant disease.", "contents": "Radiation therapy planning with ultrasound. Diagnostic ultrasound is a relatively new diagnostic modality which is a practical method of acquiring anatomical information important in radiation treatment planning. Patient contour, port margins, location of tumors and normal structures, and tissue inhomogeneities can be recorded simply, safely, rapidly, and accurately. This information can then be utilized in developing radiation therapy plans that deliver irradiation more precisely to the malignant disease while avoiding normal structures. The proper application of ultrasound in radiation therapy planning has the potential of significantly improving cure rates and minimizing complication rates in the treatment of patients with malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1202578", "title": "Liver, gallbladder, and spleen.", "content": "Ultrasonic imaging is a successful method of evaluating upper abdominal anatomy. The size, shape, and contour of the liver, spleen, and gallbladder can be adequately defined. Ultrasound is a major tool in the diagnosis of jaundice for it can differentiate between extrinsic jaundice in patients who may require surgical intervention and intrinsic jaundice in a patient who requires only medical attention. The diagnosis and location of cysts, abscesses, and solid masses can be determined by echography with a high degree of accuracy. In patients with abdominal disturbances ultrasonic imaging is more than just an extension of the physical examination, it is a means of further refining the probabilities in the diagnosis of disease entities. It should no longer be considered a mere curiosity, but a unique diagnostic tool in the armamentarium of the modern physician.", "contents": "Liver, gallbladder, and spleen. Ultrasonic imaging is a successful method of evaluating upper abdominal anatomy. The size, shape, and contour of the liver, spleen, and gallbladder can be adequately defined. Ultrasound is a major tool in the diagnosis of jaundice for it can differentiate between extrinsic jaundice in patients who may require surgical intervention and intrinsic jaundice in a patient who requires only medical attention. The diagnosis and location of cysts, abscesses, and solid masses can be determined by echography with a high degree of accuracy. In patients with abdominal disturbances ultrasonic imaging is more than just an extension of the physical examination, it is a means of further refining the probabilities in the diagnosis of disease entities. It should no longer be considered a mere curiosity, but a unique diagnostic tool in the armamentarium of the modern physician."}
{"id": "PMID:1202579", "title": "Echographic diagnosis of lesions of the abdominal, aorta and lymph nodes.", "content": "The development of echographic diagnostic procedures for abdominal aortic aneurysms and enlarged abdominal lymph nodes has been discussed. The echographic method is suitable in several ways for the initial diagnosis, determination of extent, differential diagnosis, as well as follow-up of these abdominal lesions. The criteria for diagnosis and differential diagnosis have been presented and the advantages of the method and its limitations reviewed.", "contents": "Echographic diagnosis of lesions of the abdominal, aorta and lymph nodes. The development of echographic diagnostic procedures for abdominal aortic aneurysms and enlarged abdominal lymph nodes has been discussed. The echographic method is suitable in several ways for the initial diagnosis, determination of extent, differential diagnosis, as well as follow-up of these abdominal lesions. The criteria for diagnosis and differential diagnosis have been presented and the advantages of the method and its limitations reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202580", "title": "[Course of atypical psychoses].", "content": "An attempt was made to classify the atypical psychoses according to cross-sectional psychopathological criteria. We were able to separate two groups from a group of benign schizophrenics. The latter served more as a comparison group and were in every way similar to the nuclear group, except for a better social prognosis. Group C (atypical manic depressive illnesses) which was closer to manic depressive illness than the other two groups, differs from it by thought disorders and delusional experiences. In the further course of the illness, after a few schizophrenic symptoms had appeared once or repeatedly during the acute stage, the typical features of manic depressive illness came more and more to the fore. In group A (mixed psychotic syndrome) manic depressive and schizophrenic symptom complexes appeared for quite some time during the acute stage with approximately equal clarity and significance. In the further course, during which manic depressive phases as well as schizophrenic thrusts can make their appearances, one can often see the development of a 'hypomanic defect'. Systematised delusions, as well as grimacing and circumstantiality, can also persist frequently. On the whole, however, it is difficult to recognize the defect states from their original state once the illness has settled down. A classification of the atypical psychoses and their differentiation from typical manic depressive illness or nuclear schizophrenia is necessary, at least, because of the worse, respectively better, social prognosis of the atypical psychoses. This investigation should be continued further by using as control groups bi- and unipolar affective psychoses and nuclear schizophrenics with a severe course. The subgroups of the atypical psychoses will be used to evaluate different long-term therapies in a further study.", "contents": "[Course of atypical psychoses]. An attempt was made to classify the atypical psychoses according to cross-sectional psychopathological criteria. We were able to separate two groups from a group of benign schizophrenics. The latter served more as a comparison group and were in every way similar to the nuclear group, except for a better social prognosis. Group C (atypical manic depressive illnesses) which was closer to manic depressive illness than the other two groups, differs from it by thought disorders and delusional experiences. In the further course of the illness, after a few schizophrenic symptoms had appeared once or repeatedly during the acute stage, the typical features of manic depressive illness came more and more to the fore. In group A (mixed psychotic syndrome) manic depressive and schizophrenic symptom complexes appeared for quite some time during the acute stage with approximately equal clarity and significance. In the further course, during which manic depressive phases as well as schizophrenic thrusts can make their appearances, one can often see the development of a 'hypomanic defect'. Systematised delusions, as well as grimacing and circumstantiality, can also persist frequently. On the whole, however, it is difficult to recognize the defect states from their original state once the illness has settled down. A classification of the atypical psychoses and their differentiation from typical manic depressive illness or nuclear schizophrenia is necessary, at least, because of the worse, respectively better, social prognosis of the atypical psychoses. This investigation should be continued further by using as control groups bi- and unipolar affective psychoses and nuclear schizophrenics with a severe course. The subgroups of the atypical psychoses will be used to evaluate different long-term therapies in a further study."}
{"id": "PMID:1202581", "title": "[Psychological investigations on patients with breast carcinoma (A pilot study)].", "content": "A pilot study was undertaken on patients with breast carcinoma to establish guidelines for improvements in patient care and health education. Of 113 patients who were asked to attend for examination after they had completed ray therapy only 40 turned up. After a half hour exploration the patients were asked to fill in the following: a complaints inventory questionnaire according to Hess; the Raven's progressive matrices; the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; the 16-PF of Cattell et al., and a questionnaire regarding attitudes to the illness. The connections between fear and length of delay were discussed. It appears possible to distinguish neurotic from non-neurotic patients with carcinoma. A few working hypotheses were developed which could be tested on a larger number of patients.", "contents": "[Psychological investigations on patients with breast carcinoma (A pilot study)]. A pilot study was undertaken on patients with breast carcinoma to establish guidelines for improvements in patient care and health education. Of 113 patients who were asked to attend for examination after they had completed ray therapy only 40 turned up. After a half hour exploration the patients were asked to fill in the following: a complaints inventory questionnaire according to Hess; the Raven's progressive matrices; the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; the 16-PF of Cattell et al., and a questionnaire regarding attitudes to the illness. The connections between fear and length of delay were discussed. It appears possible to distinguish neurotic from non-neurotic patients with carcinoma. A few working hypotheses were developed which could be tested on a larger number of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1202582", "title": "Suicidal behaviour. An attempt to modify the environment. Part IV.", "content": "A study was undertaken of 76 males patients (following suicidal attempts) admitted in 1962 and 1963 to Holywell Hospital, a psychiatric hospital in Antrim, Norther Ireland. Their age, psychiatric condition, personality, intelligence, civil state, social class, religion, etc., were reviewed and the findings were compared with the findings in: (a) 100 suicidal females treated in the same hospital for the same reason in the same 2 years; (b) a group of 45 suicidal males admitted to the same hospital in 1971, and (c) a group of 91 suicidal female subjects treated in Holywell in 1971. The aim of the inquiry was to find out: (a) whether there were any sex-linked differences between these groups; (b) whether there were any changes in methods used in suicidal attempts in the last decade, and (c) whether our hypothesis about gain-motivation in many suicidal attempts was correct. The results of the study showed that: (a) sex and all personal and social factors reviewed were of little significance in the incidence of suicidal attempts and in the methods employed in their execution; (b) in both 1971 groups there was a shift from violent to non-violent means, and (c) two-thirds of all patients, irrespective of sex, social class, religion, etc., not only claimed having tried to achieve some personal gains, but apparently did achieve them by their suicidal behaviour. This seems to support our hypothesis that in many cases suicidal behaviour is in fact an attempt to modify the environment to the patient's benefit.", "contents": "Suicidal behaviour. An attempt to modify the environment. Part IV. A study was undertaken of 76 males patients (following suicidal attempts) admitted in 1962 and 1963 to Holywell Hospital, a psychiatric hospital in Antrim, Norther Ireland. Their age, psychiatric condition, personality, intelligence, civil state, social class, religion, etc., were reviewed and the findings were compared with the findings in: (a) 100 suicidal females treated in the same hospital for the same reason in the same 2 years; (b) a group of 45 suicidal males admitted to the same hospital in 1971, and (c) a group of 91 suicidal female subjects treated in Holywell in 1971. The aim of the inquiry was to find out: (a) whether there were any sex-linked differences between these groups; (b) whether there were any changes in methods used in suicidal attempts in the last decade, and (c) whether our hypothesis about gain-motivation in many suicidal attempts was correct. The results of the study showed that: (a) sex and all personal and social factors reviewed were of little significance in the incidence of suicidal attempts and in the methods employed in their execution; (b) in both 1971 groups there was a shift from violent to non-violent means, and (c) two-thirds of all patients, irrespective of sex, social class, religion, etc., not only claimed having tried to achieve some personal gains, but apparently did achieve them by their suicidal behaviour. This seems to support our hypothesis that in many cases suicidal behaviour is in fact an attempt to modify the environment to the patient's benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:1202583", "title": "Sulpiride in school phobia.", "content": "Sulpiride was administered to 21 children with school phobia. All had shown some depressive symptoms in addition and had been treated by nonpharmacological measures. 13 of them returned to school within a few days and depressive symptoms disappeared eventually (the recovered group). In 3, behaviour at home returned to their premorbid status, but school refusal persisted (the improved group). In the remaining 5, no improvement was observed. In comparison to the present writer's previous experience with imipramine and benzodiazepines, the response to sulpiride in school-phobic children is more rapid and remarkable.", "contents": "Sulpiride in school phobia. Sulpiride was administered to 21 children with school phobia. All had shown some depressive symptoms in addition and had been treated by nonpharmacological measures. 13 of them returned to school within a few days and depressive symptoms disappeared eventually (the recovered group). In 3, behaviour at home returned to their premorbid status, but school refusal persisted (the improved group). In the remaining 5, no improvement was observed. In comparison to the present writer's previous experience with imipramine and benzodiazepines, the response to sulpiride in school-phobic children is more rapid and remarkable."}
{"id": "PMID:1202584", "title": "Confabulation of denial in senile dementia. An experimental study.", "content": "Some forms of confabulation ('confabulation of denial') seem due to the need to deny demential dissolution by replacing information pointing to illness with expressions suggesting normal health and efficiency. Seventy-six unselected patients affected by senile dementia were investigated in order to study the relationships between confabulation of denial and (a) stage attained by the demential process; (b) degree of memory loss, and (c) personality features and cultural models of the patients. Confabulations of denial were absent in the initial and the most advanced stages of dementia, whereas they frequently occurred in the stages of state and of evolution of illness. Memory loss did not seem to be directly responsible of the symptom, while personality features and social cultural models seemed to have a definite valence in the development of confabulation of denial. Some implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Confabulation of denial in senile dementia. An experimental study. Some forms of confabulation ('confabulation of denial') seem due to the need to deny demential dissolution by replacing information pointing to illness with expressions suggesting normal health and efficiency. Seventy-six unselected patients affected by senile dementia were investigated in order to study the relationships between confabulation of denial and (a) stage attained by the demential process; (b) degree of memory loss, and (c) personality features and cultural models of the patients. Confabulations of denial were absent in the initial and the most advanced stages of dementia, whereas they frequently occurred in the stages of state and of evolution of illness. Memory loss did not seem to be directly responsible of the symptom, while personality features and social cultural models seemed to have a definite valence in the development of confabulation of denial. Some implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202585", "title": "[Stimulation of renin secretion in vitro by a factor in serum of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The stimulating effect of rat serum on renin release from kidney slices of this species was demonstrated. This \"renin-releasing-factor\" is not dialysable. It can be activated at 56 degree C. The factor is found in the gamma-Globulin and the albumin fraction of serum. Its role is discussed in a possible system of humoral regulation of RAS in the manner of a feed back mechanism including a releasing system.", "contents": "[Stimulation of renin secretion in vitro by a factor in serum of rats (author's transl)]. The stimulating effect of rat serum on renin release from kidney slices of this species was demonstrated. This \"renin-releasing-factor\" is not dialysable. It can be activated at 56 degree C. The factor is found in the gamma-Globulin and the albumin fraction of serum. Its role is discussed in a possible system of humoral regulation of RAS in the manner of a feed back mechanism including a releasing system."}
{"id": "PMID:1202586", "title": "Disaccharidases in rat small intestinal mucosa following cytostatic treatment with adriamycin.", "content": "Our studies have shown that appropriate doses of adriamycin can reduce the activities of the intestinal disaccharidases in the rat. At higher doses, in addition to morphological changes in the intestinal mucosa, a considerable fall in disaccharidase activities also occurs. This functional impairment can be seen for a period of several days after the morphological restitution of the mucosa. Appropriate studies of the small intestinal mucosa in man will have to be undertaken to show whether similar impairment occurs at therapeutic doses.", "contents": "Disaccharidases in rat small intestinal mucosa following cytostatic treatment with adriamycin. Our studies have shown that appropriate doses of adriamycin can reduce the activities of the intestinal disaccharidases in the rat. At higher doses, in addition to morphological changes in the intestinal mucosa, a considerable fall in disaccharidase activities also occurs. This functional impairment can be seen for a period of several days after the morphological restitution of the mucosa. Appropriate studies of the small intestinal mucosa in man will have to be undertaken to show whether similar impairment occurs at therapeutic doses."}
{"id": "PMID:1202587", "title": "Immunopathological lymph node findings in Hodgkin's disease: correlation to survival.", "content": "217 diagnostic lymph nodes biopsies from cases of Hodgkin's disease were classified according to the criteria established by the Rye Conference. These were later subdivided into survival groups using immunopathological parameters solely. In the light of findings based upon 63 cases whose progress has been followed, it appears that the classification of Hodgkin's disease according to immunopathological parameters may serve to eliminate many of the inconsistencies encountered with the utilization of classical procedures, especially in the correlation between histopathological analysis and prognosis. The new classification consists of three groups: I. Long survivals (greater than 5 years): extensive lymph node preservation of antibody mediated (average approximately 65%) and cell mediated (average approximately 37%) immunity, and/or a nodular birefringent fibrosis-hyalinosis. - - - (15,9%). II. Medium survivals (less than or equal to 5 greater than 2 years): partial lymph nodes preservation of antibody mediated (average approximately 42%) and/or cell mediated (average approximately 17%) immunity, and/or numerous epithelioid cal to 2 years): minimal lymph node antibody mediated (average approximately 7%) and cell mediated (average approximately 1%) immunological activity, no epithelioid cell infiltrates and no birefringent fibrosis-hyalinosis. - - - (41,2%).", "contents": "Immunopathological lymph node findings in Hodgkin's disease: correlation to survival. 217 diagnostic lymph nodes biopsies from cases of Hodgkin's disease were classified according to the criteria established by the Rye Conference. These were later subdivided into survival groups using immunopathological parameters solely. In the light of findings based upon 63 cases whose progress has been followed, it appears that the classification of Hodgkin's disease according to immunopathological parameters may serve to eliminate many of the inconsistencies encountered with the utilization of classical procedures, especially in the correlation between histopathological analysis and prognosis. The new classification consists of three groups: I. Long survivals (greater than 5 years): extensive lymph node preservation of antibody mediated (average approximately 65%) and cell mediated (average approximately 37%) immunity, and/or a nodular birefringent fibrosis-hyalinosis. - - - (15,9%). II. Medium survivals (less than or equal to 5 greater than 2 years): partial lymph nodes preservation of antibody mediated (average approximately 42%) and/or cell mediated (average approximately 17%) immunity, and/or numerous epithelioid cal to 2 years): minimal lymph node antibody mediated (average approximately 7%) and cell mediated (average approximately 1%) immunological activity, no epithelioid cell infiltrates and no birefringent fibrosis-hyalinosis. - - - (41,2%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202588", "title": "[Ultrastructural aspects in the pathogenesis of desoxycholat--pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "After intraperitoneal application of desoxycholate in cells of exocrine pancreas, ultrastructural alterations are observed. Initial changes are seen in mitochondria and focal parts of the endoplasmic reticulum. In later experimental stages there is sizable increase in the extent of the initially focal degradations, in such a way that great areas of the cytoplasm are involved. It is remarkable to note, that there are no indications about any disturbance in the synthesis and excretion of zymogen granules. The described morphological alterations will be discussed as conceivably being caused primarily by an irritation in the lipoid metabolism of the membrane.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural aspects in the pathogenesis of desoxycholat--pancreatitis (author's transl)]. After intraperitoneal application of desoxycholate in cells of exocrine pancreas, ultrastructural alterations are observed. Initial changes are seen in mitochondria and focal parts of the endoplasmic reticulum. In later experimental stages there is sizable increase in the extent of the initially focal degradations, in such a way that great areas of the cytoplasm are involved. It is remarkable to note, that there are no indications about any disturbance in the synthesis and excretion of zymogen granules. The described morphological alterations will be discussed as conceivably being caused primarily by an irritation in the lipoid metabolism of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1202589", "title": "Renal function following branch-artery ligation in the canine kidney.", "content": "Viable kidney mass has been reduced in dogs by branch-artery ligation combined with uninephrectomy. 1. When viable kidney remnants amount to about 1/4 of the original kidney mass dogs survive in apparent good health with moderate azotaemia; with 1/8 to 1/10 kidney remnants azotaemia is progressive and uraemic death supervenes within some days. 2. Reduction of renal blood flow and of glomerular filtration rate to about one-fourth of their respective control values seems to be compatible with survival; with further reduction death ensues. An inverse and linear relationship between NPN and GFR on a log-log basis has been found. 3. Mean nephron blood flow is equally enhanced in both the more and the less severely infarcted kidneys. On the other hand, mean nephron glomerular filtration is increased when about one half of the kidney is viable, but decreased with more extensive infarction. 4. Mean nephron vascular resistance is diminished; considering the pronounced decrease in Ein, i.e. filtration fraction, predominance of postglomerular vasodilatation is assumed. The formation of non-filtering, actively perfused nephrons is taken into consideration.", "contents": "Renal function following branch-artery ligation in the canine kidney. Viable kidney mass has been reduced in dogs by branch-artery ligation combined with uninephrectomy. 1. When viable kidney remnants amount to about 1/4 of the original kidney mass dogs survive in apparent good health with moderate azotaemia; with 1/8 to 1/10 kidney remnants azotaemia is progressive and uraemic death supervenes within some days. 2. Reduction of renal blood flow and of glomerular filtration rate to about one-fourth of their respective control values seems to be compatible with survival; with further reduction death ensues. An inverse and linear relationship between NPN and GFR on a log-log basis has been found. 3. Mean nephron blood flow is equally enhanced in both the more and the less severely infarcted kidneys. On the other hand, mean nephron glomerular filtration is increased when about one half of the kidney is viable, but decreased with more extensive infarction. 4. Mean nephron vascular resistance is diminished; considering the pronounced decrease in Ein, i.e. filtration fraction, predominance of postglomerular vasodilatation is assumed. The formation of non-filtering, actively perfused nephrons is taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:1202590", "title": "Functional, biochemical and morphological alterations in the intestines of rats with an experimental blind-loop syndrome.", "content": "In rat self-filling blind loops and in the contiguous regions of the intestinal tract, considerable functional impairment, accompanied by pronounced morphological transformations of the mucosa, has been observed. The histological alterations consist of mucosal hypertrophy and a reduction in the villus height: crypt length ratio, which is indicative of a hyper-regenerative change. Various enzyme activities of the epithelial cells are reduced and the absorption otinal juices is greatly altered in favour of the free acids. Two mec,anisms have 0een dicids, or meta0olites from bacterial degradation, on the absorptive epithelium; 2. Reduced cellular maturity in response to the effect of bile acids and/or bacteria on the lifespan of the cells.", "contents": "Functional, biochemical and morphological alterations in the intestines of rats with an experimental blind-loop syndrome. In rat self-filling blind loops and in the contiguous regions of the intestinal tract, considerable functional impairment, accompanied by pronounced morphological transformations of the mucosa, has been observed. The histological alterations consist of mucosal hypertrophy and a reduction in the villus height: crypt length ratio, which is indicative of a hyper-regenerative change. Various enzyme activities of the epithelial cells are reduced and the absorption otinal juices is greatly altered in favour of the free acids. Two mec,anisms have 0een dicids, or meta0olites from bacterial degradation, on the absorptive epithelium; 2. Reduced cellular maturity in response to the effect of bile acids and/or bacteria on the lifespan of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1202591", "title": "[New possibilities for demonstration of some biogenous amines in the adrenal by X-ray microanalysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Technical possibilities for the histochemical demonstration of some biogenous amines with the scanning electron-microscope and X-ray microanalysis were shown by using argentaffine and chromaffine reactions. Objects were adrenals of adult minipigs. Beside morphologic studies the amounts of silver or chromium can be determined semiquantitatively by the intensity of the specific X-radiate from \"sum up-analysis\" out of punctual areas. Furthermore the high amine concentrations in the adrenal medulla permit the performance of \"line-analysis\" and of \"element-distribution-pictures\" for silver or chromium. At the points chosen for analysis the concentration of epinephrine + norepinephrine is six times as high in the adrenal medulla as in the cortex; for norepinephrine alone it is only three times higher. Line-analysis shows that the concentration of katecholamines in the cortex is very low in the periphery and high near the medulla. The chromaffine reaction for serotonin leads to a distinct chromium peak in the medulla with a distribution quotient of 4.6 : 1 versus the cortex showing that there must be remarkable amounts of serotonin in the adrenal medulla, inspite of the fact that serotonin cannot by synthetized there from its natural precursor.", "contents": "[New possibilities for demonstration of some biogenous amines in the adrenal by X-ray microanalysis (author's transl)]. Technical possibilities for the histochemical demonstration of some biogenous amines with the scanning electron-microscope and X-ray microanalysis were shown by using argentaffine and chromaffine reactions. Objects were adrenals of adult minipigs. Beside morphologic studies the amounts of silver or chromium can be determined semiquantitatively by the intensity of the specific X-radiate from \"sum up-analysis\" out of punctual areas. Furthermore the high amine concentrations in the adrenal medulla permit the performance of \"line-analysis\" and of \"element-distribution-pictures\" for silver or chromium. At the points chosen for analysis the concentration of epinephrine + norepinephrine is six times as high in the adrenal medulla as in the cortex; for norepinephrine alone it is only three times higher. Line-analysis shows that the concentration of katecholamines in the cortex is very low in the periphery and high near the medulla. The chromaffine reaction for serotonin leads to a distinct chromium peak in the medulla with a distribution quotient of 4.6 : 1 versus the cortex showing that there must be remarkable amounts of serotonin in the adrenal medulla, inspite of the fact that serotonin cannot by synthetized there from its natural precursor."}
{"id": "PMID:1202592", "title": "Stimulation by phenylephrine of myocardial alpha-adrenoceptors in the left ventricle of the cat.", "content": "In the anesthetized cat phenylephrine in doses of 10(-8), 3 x 10(-8) and 10(-7) moles/kg caused an increase of dp/dt(max.) of the left ventricle without altering the heart rate. This cardiostimulating effect was inhibited by the alpha-adrenolytic drug phentolamine (10(-6) moles/kg). The beta-adrenolytic agent prindolol (10(-7) moles/kg), which inhibited the increase of dp/dt(max) evoked by isoprenaline as well as by noradrenaline did not influence the positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine, thus favouring the view that there exist myocardial alpha-adrenoceptors in the ventricle of the cat.", "contents": "Stimulation by phenylephrine of myocardial alpha-adrenoceptors in the left ventricle of the cat. In the anesthetized cat phenylephrine in doses of 10(-8), 3 x 10(-8) and 10(-7) moles/kg caused an increase of dp/dt(max.) of the left ventricle without altering the heart rate. This cardiostimulating effect was inhibited by the alpha-adrenolytic drug phentolamine (10(-6) moles/kg). The beta-adrenolytic agent prindolol (10(-7) moles/kg), which inhibited the increase of dp/dt(max) evoked by isoprenaline as well as by noradrenaline did not influence the positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine, thus favouring the view that there exist myocardial alpha-adrenoceptors in the ventricle of the cat."}
{"id": "PMID:1202593", "title": "Myocardial damage during protracted anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs.", "content": "In ovalbumin-sensitized, mepyramine-treated guinea pigs protracted anaphylactic shock was elicited by i.v. injection of antigen. Diffuse or focal necrosis of myocardial cells was found in animals which died in protracted shock, as well as perivascular and interstitial edema. The antigen effects could be partially imitated by i.v. infusion of high amounts of adrenaline into nonsensitized guinea pigs. When adrenaline was infused during protracted anaphylactic shock, the catecholamine effects did not add to the histological effects of the antigen. Rather, the morphological alterations in the hearts were reduced, whereas the survival times were not increased, but decreased. - The findings are discussed in view of the nature of protracted anaphylactic shock.", "contents": "Myocardial damage during protracted anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. In ovalbumin-sensitized, mepyramine-treated guinea pigs protracted anaphylactic shock was elicited by i.v. injection of antigen. Diffuse or focal necrosis of myocardial cells was found in animals which died in protracted shock, as well as perivascular and interstitial edema. The antigen effects could be partially imitated by i.v. infusion of high amounts of adrenaline into nonsensitized guinea pigs. When adrenaline was infused during protracted anaphylactic shock, the catecholamine effects did not add to the histological effects of the antigen. Rather, the morphological alterations in the hearts were reduced, whereas the survival times were not increased, but decreased. - The findings are discussed in view of the nature of protracted anaphylactic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:1202594", "title": "Protection of the intestinal mucosa during ischaemia by intraluminal perfusion.", "content": "The function of the intestinal mucosa immediately after one hour's ischaemia was examined by means of tests in vivo and in vitro. During the ischaemia, the intestinal loop was perfused with media of different compositions, in an attempt to assess which provided the best protection of the epithelium from the deleterious effects of the ischaemia. The absorption of water, ions and glucose was then monitored in vivo, and the uptake of phenylalanine and beta methyl-glucoside by slices of mucosa was determined in vitro. The unprotected mucosa loses all active transport capacity in vitro following one hour's ischaemia, and is the site of a pronounced loss of water and ions into the lumen in vivo. Glucose absorption in vivo is also abolished. If the loop is perfused during the ischaemia with glucose-containing Krebs bicarbonate buffer, much of the transport capacity in vitro is retained; the loss of ions and water is prevented, and glucose absorption in vivo occurs. Perfusion during the ischaemia with other media, such as isotonic mannitol, Krebs bicarbonate buffer, or Ringer-lactate solution, results in a marked protection of the mucosa, in comparison with the unperfused loop, but the effects are not as pronounced as those of the glucose-containing buffer. It is concluded that the act of perfusing the intestine is the most beneficial factor, but that the presence of glucose in the perfusate does afford added protection.", "contents": "Protection of the intestinal mucosa during ischaemia by intraluminal perfusion. The function of the intestinal mucosa immediately after one hour's ischaemia was examined by means of tests in vivo and in vitro. During the ischaemia, the intestinal loop was perfused with media of different compositions, in an attempt to assess which provided the best protection of the epithelium from the deleterious effects of the ischaemia. The absorption of water, ions and glucose was then monitored in vivo, and the uptake of phenylalanine and beta methyl-glucoside by slices of mucosa was determined in vitro. The unprotected mucosa loses all active transport capacity in vitro following one hour's ischaemia, and is the site of a pronounced loss of water and ions into the lumen in vivo. Glucose absorption in vivo is also abolished. If the loop is perfused during the ischaemia with glucose-containing Krebs bicarbonate buffer, much of the transport capacity in vitro is retained; the loss of ions and water is prevented, and glucose absorption in vivo occurs. Perfusion during the ischaemia with other media, such as isotonic mannitol, Krebs bicarbonate buffer, or Ringer-lactate solution, results in a marked protection of the mucosa, in comparison with the unperfused loop, but the effects are not as pronounced as those of the glucose-containing buffer. It is concluded that the act of perfusing the intestine is the most beneficial factor, but that the presence of glucose in the perfusate does afford added protection."}
{"id": "PMID:1202595", "title": "The lymphatic drainage of the liver capsula and hepatic parenchyma.", "content": "The lymphatics transport of bilirubin and of 131I-albumin absorbed from the liver capsula was studied in dogs during the early stage of complete biliary obstruction. Bilirubin transport by the right lymph trunc was only 1,5% of the transport by the thoracic duct. Labelled protein absorbed from the Glisson's capsule is transported both by the right lymph duct and the thoracic duct. During an infusion of large amounts of fluid under high pressure into the bile duct labelled protein is transported from the liver parenchyma almost exclusively by the thoracic duct. After the occlusion of about 70% of the lymphatics draining the liver the increase in the transport of the labelled protein by the right duct accounted only for on insignificant fraction of the loss from the thoracic duct lymph. It is concluded, that lymph formed in the hepatic parenchyma is transported by vessels joining the thoracic duct. Capsular lymphatics run both to the thoracic and the right lymph duct. There is practically a complete functional division of the superficial and deep lymphatics of the liver.", "contents": "The lymphatic drainage of the liver capsula and hepatic parenchyma. The lymphatics transport of bilirubin and of 131I-albumin absorbed from the liver capsula was studied in dogs during the early stage of complete biliary obstruction. Bilirubin transport by the right lymph trunc was only 1,5% of the transport by the thoracic duct. Labelled protein absorbed from the Glisson's capsule is transported both by the right lymph duct and the thoracic duct. During an infusion of large amounts of fluid under high pressure into the bile duct labelled protein is transported from the liver parenchyma almost exclusively by the thoracic duct. After the occlusion of about 70% of the lymphatics draining the liver the increase in the transport of the labelled protein by the right duct accounted only for on insignificant fraction of the loss from the thoracic duct lymph. It is concluded, that lymph formed in the hepatic parenchyma is transported by vessels joining the thoracic duct. Capsular lymphatics run both to the thoracic and the right lymph duct. There is practically a complete functional division of the superficial and deep lymphatics of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1202596", "title": "The effect of \"ouabain\" on the ultrastructure of cerebral arterioles and surrounding tissue, studied by a cannulation of a cerebral artery.", "content": "A technique for cannulation of a parietal branch of the middle cerebral artery is described by which high but local concentrations of substances can be achieved in cortical vessels. Using this technique it was shown that ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na+-K+-ATPase enzyme system, can produce alterations in the blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability as seen by the passage of Evans Blue into cortical tissue. Electron microscopy revealed changes in the endothelium of cerebral arterioles ranging from an increase in the number of vesicles and vacuoles to complete breakdown of cytoplasm and membranes. Swelling of the peri-arteriolar end feet of protoplasmic astroglia and of dendrites was characteristic of tissue surrounding affected arterioles. Swollen fibrous astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia were not seen even in areas of vasogenic edema. These results are discussed in terms of current ideas of the BBB and astroglial function.", "contents": "The effect of \"ouabain\" on the ultrastructure of cerebral arterioles and surrounding tissue, studied by a cannulation of a cerebral artery. A technique for cannulation of a parietal branch of the middle cerebral artery is described by which high but local concentrations of substances can be achieved in cortical vessels. Using this technique it was shown that ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na+-K+-ATPase enzyme system, can produce alterations in the blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability as seen by the passage of Evans Blue into cortical tissue. Electron microscopy revealed changes in the endothelium of cerebral arterioles ranging from an increase in the number of vesicles and vacuoles to complete breakdown of cytoplasm and membranes. Swelling of the peri-arteriolar end feet of protoplasmic astroglia and of dendrites was characteristic of tissue surrounding affected arterioles. Swollen fibrous astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia were not seen even in areas of vasogenic edema. These results are discussed in terms of current ideas of the BBB and astroglial function."}
{"id": "PMID:1202597", "title": "Transport of H2 and SF6 in the lung.", "content": "The dead spaces for hydrogen and sulfur hexafluoride are predicted from the solution of a partial differential equation, applied to Weibel's morphometric data of the lung, and including longitudinal convection and diffusion coupled with instantaneous radial diffusion. Traces of H2 and SF6 were washed in and out of the lungs of two normal subjects. Dead spaces for both gases were calculated from the wash-out curves by a least squares analysis. Prediction and experiment agree in the case of H2. The model overestimates the dead space for SF6 particularly for large tidal volumes and for high breathing frequencies. Several factors which can contribute to this disagreement are considered. From simulation experiments it is evident, that the dead space for SF6 is highly sensitive to factors which influence molecular dispersion in the region of respiratory bronchioles. Cardiogenic mixing and some sort of flow-dependent mixing in this zone cannot be ruled out. However, the experimental data can also be explained by choosing another set of morphometric data for the alveolated airways.", "contents": "Transport of H2 and SF6 in the lung. The dead spaces for hydrogen and sulfur hexafluoride are predicted from the solution of a partial differential equation, applied to Weibel's morphometric data of the lung, and including longitudinal convection and diffusion coupled with instantaneous radial diffusion. Traces of H2 and SF6 were washed in and out of the lungs of two normal subjects. Dead spaces for both gases were calculated from the wash-out curves by a least squares analysis. Prediction and experiment agree in the case of H2. The model overestimates the dead space for SF6 particularly for large tidal volumes and for high breathing frequencies. Several factors which can contribute to this disagreement are considered. From simulation experiments it is evident, that the dead space for SF6 is highly sensitive to factors which influence molecular dispersion in the region of respiratory bronchioles. Cardiogenic mixing and some sort of flow-dependent mixing in this zone cannot be ruled out. However, the experimental data can also be explained by choosing another set of morphometric data for the alveolated airways."}
{"id": "PMID:1202598", "title": "A method for measuring the spatial distribution of tissue oxygen removal rates.", "content": "Distributions of oxygen removal rates are measured over cut surfaces of samples of recently excised tissue. The samples are initially equilibrated with a gas of known oxygen tension and the surface is occluded by bringing it into contact with the end of a glass rod which has a number of polarographic electrodes embedded in it. The oxygen removal rate in mm Hg/sec is calculated from the rate of fall of surface oxygen tension. 91 electrodes are arranged in an array with 0.5 mm separation and each gives an estimate of the oxygen removal rate with a spatial resolution of a few hundred microns. An artificial medium of uniform and controllable respiration rate was used to test the system. Spatial variations in oxygen removal rate were demonstrated in some transplantable rodent tumours.", "contents": "A method for measuring the spatial distribution of tissue oxygen removal rates. Distributions of oxygen removal rates are measured over cut surfaces of samples of recently excised tissue. The samples are initially equilibrated with a gas of known oxygen tension and the surface is occluded by bringing it into contact with the end of a glass rod which has a number of polarographic electrodes embedded in it. The oxygen removal rate in mm Hg/sec is calculated from the rate of fall of surface oxygen tension. 91 electrodes are arranged in an array with 0.5 mm separation and each gives an estimate of the oxygen removal rate with a spatial resolution of a few hundred microns. An artificial medium of uniform and controllable respiration rate was used to test the system. Spatial variations in oxygen removal rate were demonstrated in some transplantable rodent tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1202599", "title": "Central and peripheral neural respiratory activity in the mature sheep foetus and newborn lamb.", "content": "Activity from respiratory neurones in the medulla, the phrenic and intercostal nerves was recorded in 25 foetal sheep, exteriorized a few days before term from ewes given a spinal anaesthetic, and from nine newborn lambs, anaesthetized with an allobarbitone-urethane mixture. In 12 foetuses, there was little or no sustained respiratory activity, central activity consisting of tonically discharging expiratory and other neurones and silent inspiratory neurones. In the remaining 13 foetuses, respiratory activity was periodic or continuous and it was possible to confirm that the motor component of the respiratory reflex was mature, that apnoea was not due to medullary depression, that foetal respiration was unaffected by chemoreceptor stimulation, by noise, by light, by electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve and only slightly by inflation or deflation of the lungs. All these stimuli were effective shortly after birth. Occlusion of the umbilical cord caused poorly sustained gasps in the \"non-breathing\" foetuses and in the \"breathing\" foetuses, abolition of inspiratory and expiratory activity in the medulla and the onset of gasps and flattening of the electro-corticogram. Rhythmic respiration resumed after release of the cord with a latency which varied with the duration and severity of the asphyxia. This type of respiratory depression was not reflex but due to a direct, central action of hypoxia. The sequence of respiratory events at birth is discussed.", "contents": "Central and peripheral neural respiratory activity in the mature sheep foetus and newborn lamb. Activity from respiratory neurones in the medulla, the phrenic and intercostal nerves was recorded in 25 foetal sheep, exteriorized a few days before term from ewes given a spinal anaesthetic, and from nine newborn lambs, anaesthetized with an allobarbitone-urethane mixture. In 12 foetuses, there was little or no sustained respiratory activity, central activity consisting of tonically discharging expiratory and other neurones and silent inspiratory neurones. In the remaining 13 foetuses, respiratory activity was periodic or continuous and it was possible to confirm that the motor component of the respiratory reflex was mature, that apnoea was not due to medullary depression, that foetal respiration was unaffected by chemoreceptor stimulation, by noise, by light, by electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve and only slightly by inflation or deflation of the lungs. All these stimuli were effective shortly after birth. Occlusion of the umbilical cord caused poorly sustained gasps in the \"non-breathing\" foetuses and in the \"breathing\" foetuses, abolition of inspiratory and expiratory activity in the medulla and the onset of gasps and flattening of the electro-corticogram. Rhythmic respiration resumed after release of the cord with a latency which varied with the duration and severity of the asphyxia. This type of respiratory depression was not reflex but due to a direct, central action of hypoxia. The sequence of respiratory events at birth is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202600", "title": "The effect of variations in airflow pattern on gas exchange. A theoretical study.", "content": "It has been shown that gas exchange between the alveolar space and pulmonary capillary blood is affected by the pattern of airflow at the mouth in the non-homogeneous lung. The present theoretical study shows that even in the homogeneous lung, the pattern of airflow can affect gas exchange. When tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory times remain constant, variations in the pattern of airflow result in significantly different values of steady state arterial PO2 and PCO2. This difference in steady state blood gases is exaggerated by low levels of minute ventilation and by long inspiratory times, but is unaffected by changes in the diffusion coefficient of the alveolar-capillary membrane.", "contents": "The effect of variations in airflow pattern on gas exchange. A theoretical study. It has been shown that gas exchange between the alveolar space and pulmonary capillary blood is affected by the pattern of airflow at the mouth in the non-homogeneous lung. The present theoretical study shows that even in the homogeneous lung, the pattern of airflow can affect gas exchange. When tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory times remain constant, variations in the pattern of airflow result in significantly different values of steady state arterial PO2 and PCO2. This difference in steady state blood gases is exaggerated by low levels of minute ventilation and by long inspiratory times, but is unaffected by changes in the diffusion coefficient of the alveolar-capillary membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1202604", "title": "Mycoplasmas and 'diphtheroids' in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The failure to isolate conventional mycoplasmas from 88 synovial membranes and 119 synovial fluids from patients with proven rheumatoid arthritis using a variety of culture media and techniques agrees with the results of recent workers and suggests that these organisms are unlikely to play a role in the aetiology of the disease. In contrast, 'diphtheroid' organisms were isolated from 27 to 30% of rheumatoid specimens, but not from cultures of non-rheumatoid material. A significantly higher incidence of raised agglutination titres to C. acnes and to a 'diptheroid' isolated from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis supports the conclusion that these organisms are present in the joints in such patients, though their role in this disease has yet to be established.", "contents": "Mycoplasmas and 'diphtheroids' in rheumatoid arthritis. The failure to isolate conventional mycoplasmas from 88 synovial membranes and 119 synovial fluids from patients with proven rheumatoid arthritis using a variety of culture media and techniques agrees with the results of recent workers and suggests that these organisms are unlikely to play a role in the aetiology of the disease. In contrast, 'diphtheroid' organisms were isolated from 27 to 30% of rheumatoid specimens, but not from cultures of non-rheumatoid material. A significantly higher incidence of raised agglutination titres to C. acnes and to a 'diptheroid' isolated from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis supports the conclusion that these organisms are present in the joints in such patients, though their role in this disease has yet to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:1202605", "title": "Rheumatoid synovitis: complement and immune complexes.", "content": "The pattern of complement component utilization within the joint space of patients with RA is consistent with activation by immune complexes. Immunogluorescent studies of SF leukocytes revealed intracytoplasmic inclusions of immunoglobulins and complement components, particularly in cells from SF with low complement levels and containing materials which precipitated with either C1q and/or rheumatoid factor. RA patients with low levels of SF complement tended to have an unremitting course, subcutaneous nodules, and to have been treated with gold. Their joints had more periarticular demineralization, joint space narrowing, cortical impaction by X-ray; and synoviocytic giant cells, fibrosis, lymphocytes, congestion, and fibrin exudation by pathologic examination than did joints of RA patients without low levels of SF complement. Patients with systemic hypocomplementemia had active classical RA with evidence of severe joint involvement and vasculitis. These findings suggest that rheumatoid inflammation of joints is mediated by immunologic activation of the complement system.", "contents": "Rheumatoid synovitis: complement and immune complexes. The pattern of complement component utilization within the joint space of patients with RA is consistent with activation by immune complexes. Immunogluorescent studies of SF leukocytes revealed intracytoplasmic inclusions of immunoglobulins and complement components, particularly in cells from SF with low complement levels and containing materials which precipitated with either C1q and/or rheumatoid factor. RA patients with low levels of SF complement tended to have an unremitting course, subcutaneous nodules, and to have been treated with gold. Their joints had more periarticular demineralization, joint space narrowing, cortical impaction by X-ray; and synoviocytic giant cells, fibrosis, lymphocytes, congestion, and fibrin exudation by pathologic examination than did joints of RA patients without low levels of SF complement. Patients with systemic hypocomplementemia had active classical RA with evidence of severe joint involvement and vasculitis. These findings suggest that rheumatoid inflammation of joints is mediated by immunologic activation of the complement system."}
{"id": "PMID:1202606", "title": "Co-cultivation of human cell lines with synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "We have interpreted the above findings as implying that the changes seen may have arisen as a result of co-cultivation, albeit accidental, of Chang cells and cells derived from RA synovial tissue or fluid. A further obvious approach to this problem is to attempt deliberately to repeat the co-cultivation of Chang cells with RA synovial fluids.", "contents": "Co-cultivation of human cell lines with synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We have interpreted the above findings as implying that the changes seen may have arisen as a result of co-cultivation, albeit accidental, of Chang cells and cells derived from RA synovial tissue or fluid. A further obvious approach to this problem is to attempt deliberately to repeat the co-cultivation of Chang cells with RA synovial fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:1202607", "title": "Thermal inactivation and gradient studies of the active agent in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Ten day embryonated eggs have been used for testing supernatants of pooled RA synovial tissues for the presence of the RA-active agent. A high thermal resistance of the agent was observed up to 40 min of heating both at 100 and 121 degrees C with complete loss of infectivity only after 60 min at 121 degrees C. The high thermal resistance at 121 degrees C suggested that the active agent does not depend on a double-stranded DNA or RNA. It probably has no protein component and has a minimal number of subunits for replication. The CsC1 ultracentrifugation identified a concentration of high infectivity at densities in the range of 1.440-1.490 g/ml in five experiments.", "contents": "Thermal inactivation and gradient studies of the active agent in rheumatoid arthritis. Ten day embryonated eggs have been used for testing supernatants of pooled RA synovial tissues for the presence of the RA-active agent. A high thermal resistance of the agent was observed up to 40 min of heating both at 100 and 121 degrees C with complete loss of infectivity only after 60 min at 121 degrees C. The high thermal resistance at 121 degrees C suggested that the active agent does not depend on a double-stranded DNA or RNA. It probably has no protein component and has a minimal number of subunits for replication. The CsC1 ultracentrifugation identified a concentration of high infectivity at densities in the range of 1.440-1.490 g/ml in five experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1202608", "title": "Complement activation in seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. 125I-C1q binding capacity and complement breakdown products in serum and synovial fluid.", "content": "1. The detection and quantitation of immune complex-like material in synovial fluid and in serum from patients with joint diseases was done through the measurement of the capacity to bind radiolabeled C1q. It was found that 65% of synovial fluid samples from seropositive or seronegative RA patients had a high C1q binding capacity as compared to other joint diseases. Immune complex-like material was also detected in 63% of serum samples from seropositive RA patients. 2. The existence of C3 or C3PA breakdown products in synovial fluid from most of the synovial fluids from RA patients probably reflects an activation of the complement system occurring in both forms of the disease. C3PA breakdown products were never found in degenerative or post-traumatic joint diseases and only occasionally in other inflammatory arthritis. Apart from their pathogenic significance, these results may have some interest for the clinical investigation of patients with joint diseases.", "contents": "Complement activation in seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. 125I-C1q binding capacity and complement breakdown products in serum and synovial fluid. 1. The detection and quantitation of immune complex-like material in synovial fluid and in serum from patients with joint diseases was done through the measurement of the capacity to bind radiolabeled C1q. It was found that 65% of synovial fluid samples from seropositive or seronegative RA patients had a high C1q binding capacity as compared to other joint diseases. Immune complex-like material was also detected in 63% of serum samples from seropositive RA patients. 2. The existence of C3 or C3PA breakdown products in synovial fluid from most of the synovial fluids from RA patients probably reflects an activation of the complement system occurring in both forms of the disease. C3PA breakdown products were never found in degenerative or post-traumatic joint diseases and only occasionally in other inflammatory arthritis. Apart from their pathogenic significance, these results may have some interest for the clinical investigation of patients with joint diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1202609", "title": "Screening of cellular immunity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by phytohaemagglutinin skin test.", "content": "Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) skin test was used for screening of non-specific cell-mediated immunity in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its results compared with those obtained in age- and sex-matched controls with non-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. tuberculosis was used for testing of specific cell-mediated immunity in the same two groups. The reactivity to both PHA and PPD was found to be significantly lower in patients with RA, indicating the decreased cell-mediated immunity in this disease, as compared to controls.", "contents": "Screening of cellular immunity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by phytohaemagglutinin skin test. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) skin test was used for screening of non-specific cell-mediated immunity in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its results compared with those obtained in age- and sex-matched controls with non-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. tuberculosis was used for testing of specific cell-mediated immunity in the same two groups. The reactivity to both PHA and PPD was found to be significantly lower in patients with RA, indicating the decreased cell-mediated immunity in this disease, as compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1202611", "title": "A diagnostic study of patients with upper abdominal pain.", "content": "197 consecutive, non-acute, medical patients who presented with upper abdominal pain were subjected to a standard programme of investigation. The investigation represents an attempt to supplement general clinical experience with exact data. In about half the patients no cause of the pain was found and a diagnosis of X-ray negative dyspepsia was made by elimination. It is concluded that a special research effort is needed to explain the complaint in this large group of patients. Duodenal ulcer was twice as common as gastric ulcer, and two patients suffered from gastric cancer. The diagnostic value of the symptomatology was analysed, but only the relation of pain to meals was found to be of diagnostic interest. In particular, the probability of duodenal ulcer was low and that of X-ray negative dyspepsia high, if the pain was provoked by eating. The age, sex, and acid production also had diagnostic value.", "contents": "A diagnostic study of patients with upper abdominal pain. 197 consecutive, non-acute, medical patients who presented with upper abdominal pain were subjected to a standard programme of investigation. The investigation represents an attempt to supplement general clinical experience with exact data. In about half the patients no cause of the pain was found and a diagnosis of X-ray negative dyspepsia was made by elimination. It is concluded that a special research effort is needed to explain the complaint in this large group of patients. Duodenal ulcer was twice as common as gastric ulcer, and two patients suffered from gastric cancer. The diagnostic value of the symptomatology was analysed, but only the relation of pain to meals was found to be of diagnostic interest. In particular, the probability of duodenal ulcer was low and that of X-ray negative dyspepsia high, if the pain was provoked by eating. The age, sex, and acid production also had diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:1202612", "title": "Amino acid pattern in plasma before and after jejuno-ileal shunt operation for obesity.", "content": "The amino acid pattern in plasma was studied in a reference group (n=26) and in three groups of massive obese subjects (n=9, 8, and 9 respectively) before and at intervals after jejuno-ileostomy. The obese subjects had preoperatively an amino acid pattern significantly different from that in the reference group. The concentrations of lysine, tyrosine, 1/2 cystine, and glutamic acids were higher, and aspargin, glutamine, serine, and glycine were lower than in the reference group. During the post-operative period the amino acid pattern changed significantly; thus serine, glycine, and taurine increased and valine, lysine, leucine, tryptophan, thyrosine, 1/2 cystine, and citrulline decreased. The amino acid pattern in the obese group with the longest post-operative observation time and a stable body weight differed significantly from that in the reference group only with regard to a low valine concentration and high concentration of taurine and glutamatic acid.", "contents": "Amino acid pattern in plasma before and after jejuno-ileal shunt operation for obesity. The amino acid pattern in plasma was studied in a reference group (n=26) and in three groups of massive obese subjects (n=9, 8, and 9 respectively) before and at intervals after jejuno-ileostomy. The obese subjects had preoperatively an amino acid pattern significantly different from that in the reference group. The concentrations of lysine, tyrosine, 1/2 cystine, and glutamic acids were higher, and aspargin, glutamine, serine, and glycine were lower than in the reference group. During the post-operative period the amino acid pattern changed significantly; thus serine, glycine, and taurine increased and valine, lysine, leucine, tryptophan, thyrosine, 1/2 cystine, and citrulline decreased. The amino acid pattern in the obese group with the longest post-operative observation time and a stable body weight differed significantly from that in the reference group only with regard to a low valine concentration and high concentration of taurine and glutamatic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1202613", "title": "The early effect of trimipramine (Surmontil) on gastric secretion in man.", "content": "The early effect of the trycyclic and antidepressive compound trimipramine (Surmontil; Pharma Rhodia) was examined in 10 patients with dyspeptic complaints. The gastric secretion was examined twice for one hour before, and one hour after, intramuscular injection of 1 mg histalog per kg body weight. In random order trimipramine was given perorally as two 50 mg tablets 3 hours before one of the gastric secretion tests. A significant decrease was found in volume and acid output of basal secretion after the peroral dose of trimipramine. The concentration and output of acid as well as the concentration of pepsin were significantly altered. After stimulation with histalog a significant reduction was found for volume and acid output, whereas the output of pepsin was unchanged. The reduction of acid secretion and volume could be ascribed to an anticholinergic effect of the drug.", "contents": "The early effect of trimipramine (Surmontil) on gastric secretion in man. The early effect of the trycyclic and antidepressive compound trimipramine (Surmontil; Pharma Rhodia) was examined in 10 patients with dyspeptic complaints. The gastric secretion was examined twice for one hour before, and one hour after, intramuscular injection of 1 mg histalog per kg body weight. In random order trimipramine was given perorally as two 50 mg tablets 3 hours before one of the gastric secretion tests. A significant decrease was found in volume and acid output of basal secretion after the peroral dose of trimipramine. The concentration and output of acid as well as the concentration of pepsin were significantly altered. After stimulation with histalog a significant reduction was found for volume and acid output, whereas the output of pepsin was unchanged. The reduction of acid secretion and volume could be ascribed to an anticholinergic effect of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1202614", "title": "A sensitive method for the biological assay of secretin and substances with \"secretin-like\" activity in tissues and biological fluids.", "content": "The isolated perfused pancreas is extremely sensitive to secretin and can be used to assay very small quantities of secretin. The addition of theophylline to the perfusate increases the sensitivity of the preparation 4 to 10 fold so that in a good preparation as little a 0.001 C.U. may be detected. Secretin-like activity was detected in biopsy samples of jejunal mucosa taken perorally from man, in the blood of some patients suffering from a profuse watery diarrhoea, and in a metastatic tumour obtained from one such patient. It was also observed that 1 clinical unit of secretin was equal to 4.4 Crick, Harper, Raper units.", "contents": "A sensitive method for the biological assay of secretin and substances with \"secretin-like\" activity in tissues and biological fluids. The isolated perfused pancreas is extremely sensitive to secretin and can be used to assay very small quantities of secretin. The addition of theophylline to the perfusate increases the sensitivity of the preparation 4 to 10 fold so that in a good preparation as little a 0.001 C.U. may be detected. Secretin-like activity was detected in biopsy samples of jejunal mucosa taken perorally from man, in the blood of some patients suffering from a profuse watery diarrhoea, and in a metastatic tumour obtained from one such patient. It was also observed that 1 clinical unit of secretin was equal to 4.4 Crick, Harper, Raper units."}
{"id": "PMID:1202615", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde brush cytology (ERBC) of the biliary and pancreatic ducts.", "content": "A new device with a brushing tube that can be introduced through the biopsy channel of the duodenoscope (Olympus JF B) used for cannulation of the papilla of Vater is reported. In 17 patients in whom ERCP had demonstrated ductal abnormalities, an endoscopic retrograde brush cytology (ERBC) was performed. A cytological diagnosis of malignancy was made in 8 patients and a possible malignancy in 2 cases. Seven cases were operated upon, and a malignant tumor was found in 6. In one case a malignant tumor was found at autopsy. Histological examination was performed in 6 cases and showed adenocarcinoma in all.. Two patients with malignant cells and ERCP-findings of suspected pancreatic carcinoma were not operated upon. The tumours were localized in 1 case to the papilla of Vater, in 2 to the biliary duct, in 4 to the pancreatic head, and in 2 cases to the pancreatic corpus. No complications occured. It is concluded that this technique provides information supplementary to that of other diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde brush cytology (ERBC) of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. A new device with a brushing tube that can be introduced through the biopsy channel of the duodenoscope (Olympus JF B) used for cannulation of the papilla of Vater is reported. In 17 patients in whom ERCP had demonstrated ductal abnormalities, an endoscopic retrograde brush cytology (ERBC) was performed. A cytological diagnosis of malignancy was made in 8 patients and a possible malignancy in 2 cases. Seven cases were operated upon, and a malignant tumor was found in 6. In one case a malignant tumor was found at autopsy. Histological examination was performed in 6 cases and showed adenocarcinoma in all.. Two patients with malignant cells and ERCP-findings of suspected pancreatic carcinoma were not operated upon. The tumours were localized in 1 case to the papilla of Vater, in 2 to the biliary duct, in 4 to the pancreatic head, and in 2 cases to the pancreatic corpus. No complications occured. It is concluded that this technique provides information supplementary to that of other diagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1202616", "title": "Surface electron microscopical changes of the gastric mucosa in experimental porcine stress ulceration.", "content": "Gastric mucosal changes in 8 piglets subjected to a transient hypovolaemic shock were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mucosal lesions during the shock were characterized by progressive degenerative changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach. These surface changes included flattening or swelling of the individual cells. The flattening of the mucous membrane was later connected with red cell diapedesis through it. These changes were most typical in the areas of haemorrhagic gastritis and preceded the ulcer formation. Following retransfusion, the affected epithelial lining appeared greatly distended over the oedematous lamina propria, with almost complete loss of structural detail. Masses of red blood cells were seen to emerge through the epithelium as an indication of subepithelial haemorrhage. It is possible that the injured epithelium is actually broken down by the pressure of the underlying mucosal haemorrhage and oedema. At later stages, the ulcerated areas showed complete loss of epithelial cells and thus the underlying structureless lamina propria, covered by necrotic cell remnants, blood cells and fibrin, was denuded.", "contents": "Surface electron microscopical changes of the gastric mucosa in experimental porcine stress ulceration. Gastric mucosal changes in 8 piglets subjected to a transient hypovolaemic shock were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mucosal lesions during the shock were characterized by progressive degenerative changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach. These surface changes included flattening or swelling of the individual cells. The flattening of the mucous membrane was later connected with red cell diapedesis through it. These changes were most typical in the areas of haemorrhagic gastritis and preceded the ulcer formation. Following retransfusion, the affected epithelial lining appeared greatly distended over the oedematous lamina propria, with almost complete loss of structural detail. Masses of red blood cells were seen to emerge through the epithelium as an indication of subepithelial haemorrhage. It is possible that the injured epithelium is actually broken down by the pressure of the underlying mucosal haemorrhage and oedema. At later stages, the ulcerated areas showed complete loss of epithelial cells and thus the underlying structureless lamina propria, covered by necrotic cell remnants, blood cells and fibrin, was denuded."}
{"id": "PMID:1202617", "title": "Complete biliocolic fistula.", "content": "A case of postoperative complete biliocolic fistula is described. The patient had 10 daily voluminous motions of diarrhoea and lost 14 kg in weight in the course of two months. Increased faecal fat excretion was demonstrated. Treatment with oral tetracyclines resulted in cessation of the watery diarrhoea and some weight gain, but steatorrhoea persisted. Closure of the biliocolic fistula with re-established bile flow to the proximal small intestine cured the patient. A discussion of the case based on the present knowledge of bile salt metabolism and bile salt- bacterial interrelationship is presented.", "contents": "Complete biliocolic fistula. A case of postoperative complete biliocolic fistula is described. The patient had 10 daily voluminous motions of diarrhoea and lost 14 kg in weight in the course of two months. Increased faecal fat excretion was demonstrated. Treatment with oral tetracyclines resulted in cessation of the watery diarrhoea and some weight gain, but steatorrhoea persisted. Closure of the biliocolic fistula with re-established bile flow to the proximal small intestine cured the patient. A discussion of the case based on the present knowledge of bile salt metabolism and bile salt- bacterial interrelationship is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1202618", "title": "The use of neutral red as a peroperative test of vagal innervation.", "content": "The cervical vagi were stimulated electrically in four groups of dogs after the intravenous injection of 10 ml of 1% neutral red. One group had intact vagi, the second group had denervation of the distal parietal cell area of the stomach, the third group proximal parietal cell denervation, and the last group had had a complete transthoracic truncal vagotomy. The area of stomach secreting neutral red was significantly related to the insulin-stimulated acid secretion. This technique may provide the basis of a test of residual vagal innervation of parietal cells during vagotomy operations in man.", "contents": "The use of neutral red as a peroperative test of vagal innervation. The cervical vagi were stimulated electrically in four groups of dogs after the intravenous injection of 10 ml of 1% neutral red. One group had intact vagi, the second group had denervation of the distal parietal cell area of the stomach, the third group proximal parietal cell denervation, and the last group had had a complete transthoracic truncal vagotomy. The area of stomach secreting neutral red was significantly related to the insulin-stimulated acid secretion. This technique may provide the basis of a test of residual vagal innervation of parietal cells during vagotomy operations in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1202619", "title": "Secretin dose-response in health and chronic pancreatic inflammatory disease.", "content": "Stepwise increasing doses of secretin (0.078, 0.233, 0.7, and 2.1 U/kg-h) were given to 12 healthy volunteers (HV) and to patients with a history of chronic pancreatic inflammatory disease of more than five years (CP5, 12 patients) and two years or less (CP2, 9 patients). The maximal bicarbonate response (Vmax) and the half maximal dose of secretin (Km) were calculated for each individual. Bicarbonate responses below that in HV were found in the majority of CP5 and in one-third of CP2. Vmax showed no superiority to the responses to the three largest doses of secretin in the diagnosis of bicarbonate secretory deficiency. In CP2 bicarbonate responses above that in HV were frequently found with the small doses of secretin. No evidence of hypersecretion was found. The findings suggested, however, that the early stage of chronic pancreatic inflammatory disease may be associated with an increased sensitivity to secretin. Km was poorly reproducible and showed no diagnostic ability. Large doses of secretin stimulated the secretion of proteolytic enzymes, but the diagnostic efficiency was less than for bicarbonate. The output of calcium varied markedly in CP2 and CP5. The bicarbonate/calcium ratio, however, was almost invariably lowered in these patients and showed diagnostic superiority to bicarbonate secretion.", "contents": "Secretin dose-response in health and chronic pancreatic inflammatory disease. Stepwise increasing doses of secretin (0.078, 0.233, 0.7, and 2.1 U/kg-h) were given to 12 healthy volunteers (HV) and to patients with a history of chronic pancreatic inflammatory disease of more than five years (CP5, 12 patients) and two years or less (CP2, 9 patients). The maximal bicarbonate response (Vmax) and the half maximal dose of secretin (Km) were calculated for each individual. Bicarbonate responses below that in HV were found in the majority of CP5 and in one-third of CP2. Vmax showed no superiority to the responses to the three largest doses of secretin in the diagnosis of bicarbonate secretory deficiency. In CP2 bicarbonate responses above that in HV were frequently found with the small doses of secretin. No evidence of hypersecretion was found. The findings suggested, however, that the early stage of chronic pancreatic inflammatory disease may be associated with an increased sensitivity to secretin. Km was poorly reproducible and showed no diagnostic ability. Large doses of secretin stimulated the secretion of proteolytic enzymes, but the diagnostic efficiency was less than for bicarbonate. The output of calcium varied markedly in CP2 and CP5. The bicarbonate/calcium ratio, however, was almost invariably lowered in these patients and showed diagnostic superiority to bicarbonate secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1202620", "title": "Patterns of gastrin components in serum during feeding in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "The contribution of the different gastrin components to the gastrin response to a protein-rich meal was studied. Pooled or individual samples of venous blood drawn at intervals in 12 normal subjects and 16 patients with duodenal ulcers were fractionated on Sephadex G 50 superfine columns of various lengths. Total gastrin immunoreactivity and concentrations of various components were measured radioimmunochemically. The changes in total serum concentration of immunoreactive gastrin were principally due to changes in component II ('big gastrin') and III ('little gastrin'). The predominant pattern in both groups was an early increase in component III and a later and smaller increase in component II. Total gastrin response was largest in the patients with duodenal ulcer, and this was due mainly to component III. Furthermore, fasting samples also showed a relatively higher concentration of component III in the ulcer patients. This study shows that 'little gastrin' is the more important component in the gastrin response to stimulation by food. Serum concentrations of total gastrin immunoreactivity are alike in normal subject and duodenal ulcer patients, but the findings indicate that increased levels of 'little' gastrin may be characteristic of duodenal ulcer disease. Since 'little gastrin' is more potent than 'big gastrin', this would agree with the hypersecretion of acid in duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Patterns of gastrin components in serum during feeding in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients. The contribution of the different gastrin components to the gastrin response to a protein-rich meal was studied. Pooled or individual samples of venous blood drawn at intervals in 12 normal subjects and 16 patients with duodenal ulcers were fractionated on Sephadex G 50 superfine columns of various lengths. Total gastrin immunoreactivity and concentrations of various components were measured radioimmunochemically. The changes in total serum concentration of immunoreactive gastrin were principally due to changes in component II ('big gastrin') and III ('little gastrin'). The predominant pattern in both groups was an early increase in component III and a later and smaller increase in component II. Total gastrin response was largest in the patients with duodenal ulcer, and this was due mainly to component III. Furthermore, fasting samples also showed a relatively higher concentration of component III in the ulcer patients. This study shows that 'little gastrin' is the more important component in the gastrin response to stimulation by food. Serum concentrations of total gastrin immunoreactivity are alike in normal subject and duodenal ulcer patients, but the findings indicate that increased levels of 'little' gastrin may be characteristic of duodenal ulcer disease. Since 'little gastrin' is more potent than 'big gastrin', this would agree with the hypersecretion of acid in duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:1202621", "title": "CEA levels at recurrence and metastases; importance for detecting secondary disease.", "content": "The relation of CEA plasma levels to prognostic factors was studied in 170 patients with various stages of colo-rectal cancer. Several parameters of known relevance for the prognosis were analyzed. Among the patients with involvement of regional lymph nodes at the time of the primary, 53% had a raised CEA value (greater than 5 ng/ml serum) as opposed to 21% when this was not the case (p less than 0.05%). When serosal break-through had occured, 47% of the patients had raised values compared to 21% of those with no serosal break-through (p less than 0.02%). After radical surgery, all patients who remained healthy acquired persistent low plasma CEA, giving the assay a prognostic value. Altogether 20 patients had local recurrences without distant metastases and were thus potential candidates for a re-operation for cure. 70% had raised CEA plasma values, giving the assay a better than expected usefulness in the clinical follow-up, the significance of the difference from operated and healthy patients or healthy control persons being high, p less than 0.001%. The secondary rise in CEA appeared to be unconnected with whether or not the primary tumor had been accompanied by raised plasma CEA. The localization and the histopathological differentiation of the primary tumor seemed to be of less importance for the serum CEA than the dissemination of the tumor.", "contents": "CEA levels at recurrence and metastases; importance for detecting secondary disease. The relation of CEA plasma levels to prognostic factors was studied in 170 patients with various stages of colo-rectal cancer. Several parameters of known relevance for the prognosis were analyzed. Among the patients with involvement of regional lymph nodes at the time of the primary, 53% had a raised CEA value (greater than 5 ng/ml serum) as opposed to 21% when this was not the case (p less than 0.05%). When serosal break-through had occured, 47% of the patients had raised values compared to 21% of those with no serosal break-through (p less than 0.02%). After radical surgery, all patients who remained healthy acquired persistent low plasma CEA, giving the assay a prognostic value. Altogether 20 patients had local recurrences without distant metastases and were thus potential candidates for a re-operation for cure. 70% had raised CEA plasma values, giving the assay a better than expected usefulness in the clinical follow-up, the significance of the difference from operated and healthy patients or healthy control persons being high, p less than 0.001%. The secondary rise in CEA appeared to be unconnected with whether or not the primary tumor had been accompanied by raised plasma CEA. The localization and the histopathological differentiation of the primary tumor seemed to be of less importance for the serum CEA than the dissemination of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1202622", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR) invariably leads to malignant transformation unless the patients undergo prophylactic operations. The serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was determined in 130 individuals belonging to different ACR-families. Fifty-six of them were operated upon with colectomy, 27 affected individuals were still not operated on, and 47 were unaffected first degree relatives. Around 20 percent of the patients in each of these groups had moderately raised CEA serum levels compared to unrelated healthy subjects. Since the serum values were low or only moderately raised and occurred in all groups, the determination of serum levels cannot be generally used to indicate malignant transformation of adenomas. However, assays of the tissue CEA content in six histologically verified adenomas showed values similar to those of overt colonic carcinomas. This opens up stimulating possibilities of investigating the CEA activity in serum and tissues of chosen individuals with ACR.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum. Hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR) invariably leads to malignant transformation unless the patients undergo prophylactic operations. The serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was determined in 130 individuals belonging to different ACR-families. Fifty-six of them were operated upon with colectomy, 27 affected individuals were still not operated on, and 47 were unaffected first degree relatives. Around 20 percent of the patients in each of these groups had moderately raised CEA serum levels compared to unrelated healthy subjects. Since the serum values were low or only moderately raised and occurred in all groups, the determination of serum levels cannot be generally used to indicate malignant transformation of adenomas. However, assays of the tissue CEA content in six histologically verified adenomas showed values similar to those of overt colonic carcinomas. This opens up stimulating possibilities of investigating the CEA activity in serum and tissues of chosen individuals with ACR."}
{"id": "PMID:1202623", "title": "Transplacental passage of foetal blood cells.", "content": "With the brightly fluorescent Y chromatin as a marker, the proportion of foetal lymphocytes in maternal blood was found to be 0.02-0.16% in 7 of 11 primigravidae bearing a boy, but not a single XY mitosis was found among 112,000 leucoagglutinin-stimulated mitoses from the same women. The proportion of foetal lymphocytes did not change appreciably during pregnancy (first appearance detected at 15 weeks' gestation), nor were there any unequivocal foetal erythrocytes in spite of ABO and Rh compatibility. These findings suggest that foetal lymphocytes pass actively into the mother's blood relatively early during pregnancy. The cells are protected from immunological elimination, and therefore may remain in the maternal blood for long periods. They are a valuable potential source of material for antenatal foetal diagnosis.", "contents": "Transplacental passage of foetal blood cells. With the brightly fluorescent Y chromatin as a marker, the proportion of foetal lymphocytes in maternal blood was found to be 0.02-0.16% in 7 of 11 primigravidae bearing a boy, but not a single XY mitosis was found among 112,000 leucoagglutinin-stimulated mitoses from the same women. The proportion of foetal lymphocytes did not change appreciably during pregnancy (first appearance detected at 15 weeks' gestation), nor were there any unequivocal foetal erythrocytes in spite of ABO and Rh compatibility. These findings suggest that foetal lymphocytes pass actively into the mother's blood relatively early during pregnancy. The cells are protected from immunological elimination, and therefore may remain in the maternal blood for long periods. They are a valuable potential source of material for antenatal foetal diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202624", "title": "Activated reptilase clot retraction of dog platelet-rich plasma: differences with human platelet-rich plasma.", "content": "The retraction of dog platelet-rich plasma (PRP) clotted with Reptilase in the presence of inducers and inhibitors of the platelet adhesion-aggregation reaction was studied. In contrast to human cells, dog platelets fail to support retraction in an ADP-Reptilase system. With Thrombofax as aggregation inducer, slight (without additional CaCl2-MgCl2) to moderate (with additional CaCl2-MgCl2) retraction occurs. In contrast to human samples, such retraction is inhibited by platelet release inhibitors. Electron-microscopic examinations show that Thrombofax, but not ADP, induces the formation of large cytoplasmic protrusions from dog platelets. Such formation is inhibited by release-inhibitors. The results of the study support the concept that platelet pseudopod formation, rather than the release reaction, is a prerequisite for clot retraction.", "contents": "Activated reptilase clot retraction of dog platelet-rich plasma: differences with human platelet-rich plasma. The retraction of dog platelet-rich plasma (PRP) clotted with Reptilase in the presence of inducers and inhibitors of the platelet adhesion-aggregation reaction was studied. In contrast to human cells, dog platelets fail to support retraction in an ADP-Reptilase system. With Thrombofax as aggregation inducer, slight (without additional CaCl2-MgCl2) to moderate (with additional CaCl2-MgCl2) retraction occurs. In contrast to human samples, such retraction is inhibited by platelet release inhibitors. Electron-microscopic examinations show that Thrombofax, but not ADP, induces the formation of large cytoplasmic protrusions from dog platelets. Such formation is inhibited by release-inhibitors. The results of the study support the concept that platelet pseudopod formation, rather than the release reaction, is a prerequisite for clot retraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1202637", "title": "Colitis associated with clindamycin therapy.", "content": "Clindamycin (7-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin) may induce mild or severe colitis. In 28 months, clindamycin-associated diarrhea was encountered in 8 patients who had received oral therapy. Severe, acute colitis was seen in 4 older patients, 3 of whom had acute pseudomembranous colitis and one who had an adynamic ileus mimicking an acute abdomen. Mild colitis with protracted diarrhea occurred in 4 younger patients who had mild, nonspecific inflammation in the rectum which responded to symptomatic treatment. The mechanism and true incidence of diarrhea as a sequel of clindamycin therapy are unknown. In all 8 patients, the use of clindamycin was arbitrary. Because of potentially serious gastrointestinal disturbance, including acute pseudomembranous colitis, clindamycin should be reserved for anaerobic and other serious infections.", "contents": "Colitis associated with clindamycin therapy. Clindamycin (7-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin) may induce mild or severe colitis. In 28 months, clindamycin-associated diarrhea was encountered in 8 patients who had received oral therapy. Severe, acute colitis was seen in 4 older patients, 3 of whom had acute pseudomembranous colitis and one who had an adynamic ileus mimicking an acute abdomen. Mild colitis with protracted diarrhea occurred in 4 younger patients who had mild, nonspecific inflammation in the rectum which responded to symptomatic treatment. The mechanism and true incidence of diarrhea as a sequel of clindamycin therapy are unknown. In all 8 patients, the use of clindamycin was arbitrary. Because of potentially serious gastrointestinal disturbance, including acute pseudomembranous colitis, clindamycin should be reserved for anaerobic and other serious infections."}
{"id": "PMID:1202638", "title": "Stone disease in urinary diversion.", "content": "An increased incidence of calculus formation has been discovered in various forms of urinary diversion. The etiologic factors involved are discussed and a hypothesis is advanced as an explanation. Preventive therapy for calculus formation and surgical removal of existing calculi are reviewed.", "contents": "Stone disease in urinary diversion. An increased incidence of calculus formation has been discovered in various forms of urinary diversion. The etiologic factors involved are discussed and a hypothesis is advanced as an explanation. Preventive therapy for calculus formation and surgical removal of existing calculi are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202635", "title": "A study on the biochemical genetics of abnormal hemoglobins.", "content": "In recent years, there were found in China 2 kinds of hemoglobin-M (Hb M Shanghai-1, Hb M Shanghai-2) and 2 kinds of unstable hemoglobin (Hb Shanghai-1, Hb Shanghai-2), amoung which the propositus of Hb Shanghai-2 proved to be a heterozygote for both unstable hemoglobin gene and beta-thalassaemia gene. This article gives an account of the biochemical analysis and genetic studies of these four kinds of abnormal homoglobins. Besides, we present here also the records of 2 family pedigrees of alpha-thalassaemia, and found in the blood of a patient a small quantity of another abnormal hemoglobin constituent in addition to Bart's hemoglobin and hemoglobin H. On these bases, a new hypothesis concerning the heredity of alpha-thalassaemia disease is proposed.", "contents": "A study on the biochemical genetics of abnormal hemoglobins. In recent years, there were found in China 2 kinds of hemoglobin-M (Hb M Shanghai-1, Hb M Shanghai-2) and 2 kinds of unstable hemoglobin (Hb Shanghai-1, Hb Shanghai-2), amoung which the propositus of Hb Shanghai-2 proved to be a heterozygote for both unstable hemoglobin gene and beta-thalassaemia gene. This article gives an account of the biochemical analysis and genetic studies of these four kinds of abnormal homoglobins. Besides, we present here also the records of 2 family pedigrees of alpha-thalassaemia, and found in the blood of a patient a small quantity of another abnormal hemoglobin constituent in addition to Bart's hemoglobin and hemoglobin H. On these bases, a new hypothesis concerning the heredity of alpha-thalassaemia disease is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202639", "title": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured intracranial aneurysm during pregnancy.", "content": "Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is a rare obstetric complication. Its clinical course during pregnancy is similar to that in non-pregnant patients. Prompt diagnosis by analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and by arteriography followed closely by surgical intervention when indicated yields the best results. If labor ensues, vaginal delivery (unless contraindicated) is preferred by most clinicians.", "contents": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured intracranial aneurysm during pregnancy. Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is a rare obstetric complication. Its clinical course during pregnancy is similar to that in non-pregnant patients. Prompt diagnosis by analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and by arteriography followed closely by surgical intervention when indicated yields the best results. If labor ensues, vaginal delivery (unless contraindicated) is preferred by most clinicians."}
{"id": "PMID:1202640", "title": "Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea: diagnosis and management.", "content": "The role of the otolaryngologist in the diagnosis and management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is discussed. One hundred eight cases of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea were studied with emphasis on cause, localization, and treatment. Extracranial approaches produce minimal morbidity and should be considered as possible treatment for every patient with cerebrospinal rhinorrhea with leaks located in the frontoethmoid complex, cribriform plate, or sphenoid sinus region.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea: diagnosis and management. The role of the otolaryngologist in the diagnosis and management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is discussed. One hundred eight cases of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea were studied with emphasis on cause, localization, and treatment. Extracranial approaches produce minimal morbidity and should be considered as possible treatment for every patient with cerebrospinal rhinorrhea with leaks located in the frontoethmoid complex, cribriform plate, or sphenoid sinus region."}
{"id": "PMID:1202641", "title": "Guillain-Barre syndrome: review of the literature, case presentation, and physiatric management.", "content": "Total care of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome, particularly the physiatric management during the acute, recovery, and chronic stages of the disease, is very important. The methods of physiatric treatment stress body positioning, bed rest, respiratory care, limited or no activity during the acute stage, gradual increase in activity, and proportionally less bed rest during the recovery phase. Described are 30 consecutive patients admitted to a department of physical medicine and rehabilitation for care. With close and proper management, more than 60% of the patients achieved satisfactory and almost complete recovery, and over 20% had fair recovery. Major problems were respiratory deficit, easy fatigability, and the possibility of relapse. Care should be tailored for each individual and assessed from day to day.", "contents": "Guillain-Barre syndrome: review of the literature, case presentation, and physiatric management. Total care of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome, particularly the physiatric management during the acute, recovery, and chronic stages of the disease, is very important. The methods of physiatric treatment stress body positioning, bed rest, respiratory care, limited or no activity during the acute stage, gradual increase in activity, and proportionally less bed rest during the recovery phase. Described are 30 consecutive patients admitted to a department of physical medicine and rehabilitation for care. With close and proper management, more than 60% of the patients achieved satisfactory and almost complete recovery, and over 20% had fair recovery. Major problems were respiratory deficit, easy fatigability, and the possibility of relapse. Care should be tailored for each individual and assessed from day to day."}
{"id": "PMID:1202642", "title": "Clinical and epidemiologic features of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Mississippi, 1933-1973.", "content": "During the period 1933-1973, 169 cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) were either reported by physicians or detected in a retrospective survey of hospitals and practicing physicians in Mississippi. The epidemiologic characteristics of 119 cases and the clinical features of 75 serologically confirmed cases are summarized in this communication and compared with other published reviews of RMSF. Although the percentage of reported fatal cases decreased overall since 1950, 9 of 49 reported cases (18%) in Mississippi were fatal during the period 1969-1972. The yearly number of reported cases of RMSF in Mississippi increased fourfold from 1970-1973. In the past 40 years, only 5 cases of RMSF have been reported from the Mississippi delta, a flat agricultural region that includes over one fourth of the total population of the state.", "contents": "Clinical and epidemiologic features of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Mississippi, 1933-1973. During the period 1933-1973, 169 cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) were either reported by physicians or detected in a retrospective survey of hospitals and practicing physicians in Mississippi. The epidemiologic characteristics of 119 cases and the clinical features of 75 serologically confirmed cases are summarized in this communication and compared with other published reviews of RMSF. Although the percentage of reported fatal cases decreased overall since 1950, 9 of 49 reported cases (18%) in Mississippi were fatal during the period 1969-1972. The yearly number of reported cases of RMSF in Mississippi increased fourfold from 1970-1973. In the past 40 years, only 5 cases of RMSF have been reported from the Mississippi delta, a flat agricultural region that includes over one fourth of the total population of the state."}
{"id": "PMID:1202643", "title": "XYY syndrome, stigmatization, social class, and aggression: study of 15 cases.", "content": "This is a paper about the relationship of stigmatization to social class in XYY individuals, and of this relationship to manifestations of agressive behavior. The sample comprised 15 men and youths with the XYY syndrome; 8 were identified in a survey of institutions for males with behavior disorders and 7 were privately referred. All had been stigmatized by physique and appearance and/or behavior. The most frequent stigmatizing features were excessive height for age, excessive impulsiveness in behavior, and excessive temper tantrums in childhood; these were present in all cases. Antisocial or law-breaking behavior was present in 13 cases. Stigmatization did not correlate with socioeconomic class, rated according to the Shevky and Bell scale as modified to suit the study. However, the consequences of stigmatization were class related in that the lower the class, the greater the chance that the XYY individual would spend time in the penal as well as the medical system of society.", "contents": "XYY syndrome, stigmatization, social class, and aggression: study of 15 cases. This is a paper about the relationship of stigmatization to social class in XYY individuals, and of this relationship to manifestations of agressive behavior. The sample comprised 15 men and youths with the XYY syndrome; 8 were identified in a survey of institutions for males with behavior disorders and 7 were privately referred. All had been stigmatized by physique and appearance and/or behavior. The most frequent stigmatizing features were excessive height for age, excessive impulsiveness in behavior, and excessive temper tantrums in childhood; these were present in all cases. Antisocial or law-breaking behavior was present in 13 cases. Stigmatization did not correlate with socioeconomic class, rated according to the Shevky and Bell scale as modified to suit the study. However, the consequences of stigmatization were class related in that the lower the class, the greater the chance that the XYY individual would spend time in the penal as well as the medical system of society."}
{"id": "PMID:1202646", "title": "The retrotracheal triangle in pediatric patients.", "content": "The retrotracheal triangle is the posterior superior mediastinum and usually is well outlined on the routine lateral chest roentgenogram. It has characteristic features, and careful evaluation of this area on routine roentgenogram will be of assistance in identifying abnormalities producing respiratory or feeding difficulties in infants and children. Anomalies occurring in this area include vascular structures, esophageal lesions, tumor masses, and inflammatory lesions.", "contents": "The retrotracheal triangle in pediatric patients. The retrotracheal triangle is the posterior superior mediastinum and usually is well outlined on the routine lateral chest roentgenogram. It has characteristic features, and careful evaluation of this area on routine roentgenogram will be of assistance in identifying abnormalities producing respiratory or feeding difficulties in infants and children. Anomalies occurring in this area include vascular structures, esophageal lesions, tumor masses, and inflammatory lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202648", "title": "Thermography.", "content": "As thermographic equipment is improved and as physicians gain experience in its use, thermography gradually is gaining importance as a diagnostic aid in a wide range of disease processes. The technic is finding increasing acceptance in diagnosis of breast disease particularly as an adjunct to mammography. The American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute are in the process of establishing 20 demonstration centers for breast cancer detection using thermography, mammography, and physical examinations. Although all of the centers are not at present fully staffed with personnel experienced in thermographic interpretation, the project promises to give a better basis for cost estimates for screening with the thermography as compared to present systems. The technologic knowledge exists for the development of improved scanning infrared cameras with magnetic tape storage and dynamic display. These systems will lend themselves to quantitative measurements and semiautomatic interpretation which can improve the accuracy and reduce the cost of mass screening for breast cancer. Although additional clinical research is necessary, thermography has numerous applications in a variety of disease states. In the future, total body thermography may well become an important part of medical screening examinations.", "contents": "Thermography. As thermographic equipment is improved and as physicians gain experience in its use, thermography gradually is gaining importance as a diagnostic aid in a wide range of disease processes. The technic is finding increasing acceptance in diagnosis of breast disease particularly as an adjunct to mammography. The American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute are in the process of establishing 20 demonstration centers for breast cancer detection using thermography, mammography, and physical examinations. Although all of the centers are not at present fully staffed with personnel experienced in thermographic interpretation, the project promises to give a better basis for cost estimates for screening with the thermography as compared to present systems. The technologic knowledge exists for the development of improved scanning infrared cameras with magnetic tape storage and dynamic display. These systems will lend themselves to quantitative measurements and semiautomatic interpretation which can improve the accuracy and reduce the cost of mass screening for breast cancer. Although additional clinical research is necessary, thermography has numerous applications in a variety of disease states. In the future, total body thermography may well become an important part of medical screening examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1202650", "title": "[Fertility disturbances on cattle farms (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the problem of subfertility on farms and covers such aspects as the previous relevant history of the farm, the analysis of fertilisation results, and possible causes of a farm's subfertility. Since imperfection in the management generally form the most important cause of the problem, this point is treated in greater detail. Particularly the detection of oestrus and perinatal hygiene are discussed.", "contents": "[Fertility disturbances on cattle farms (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the problem of subfertility on farms and covers such aspects as the previous relevant history of the farm, the analysis of fertilisation results, and possible causes of a farm's subfertility. Since imperfection in the management generally form the most important cause of the problem, this point is treated in greater detail. Particularly the detection of oestrus and perinatal hygiene are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202651", "title": "[Preliminary performance test in saddle horses (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of the literature on a preliminary performance test for saddle horses (stallions) is concerned with European countries. Interest is found to be increasing in the various countries. Performance of the test in the Netherlands (since 1966) is described and the various criteria of evaluation are discussed in detail. The intensity of selection based on this test is referred to. In 1974, it was 78 per cent in the Netherlands. Part of studies on the relationship between some results of testing are reviewed. The traction test shows a very low coefficient of correlation with the other parts of the examination. The contemplated analysis of the results of progeny groups is discussed. In the comment, the fact is stressed that there should be more international co-operation in this field. Finally, the preliminary performance test is considered as part of the criteria adopted in the selection of saddle horses in the future.", "contents": "[Preliminary performance test in saddle horses (author's transl)]. The study of the literature on a preliminary performance test for saddle horses (stallions) is concerned with European countries. Interest is found to be increasing in the various countries. Performance of the test in the Netherlands (since 1966) is described and the various criteria of evaluation are discussed in detail. The intensity of selection based on this test is referred to. In 1974, it was 78 per cent in the Netherlands. Part of studies on the relationship between some results of testing are reviewed. The traction test shows a very low coefficient of correlation with the other parts of the examination. The contemplated analysis of the results of progeny groups is discussed. In the comment, the fact is stressed that there should be more international co-operation in this field. Finally, the preliminary performance test is considered as part of the criteria adopted in the selection of saddle horses in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:1202652", "title": "[Clinical experience of Ethrane inhalation anaesthesia compared with halothane inhalation anaesthesia in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Anaesthesia was carried out in fourteen cases as part of the present study, ethrane being used in eight and halothane in six cases. Each group included an experimental dog in which surgery was not performed. The others were patients which had to undergo a surgical procedure. In addition to clinical impressions, the following parameters were recorded: the pulse and heart rates, the electrocardiogram, the systolic pressure and the capnogram. In view of the small number of and marked variation in patients, only cautious conclusions could be drawn. Attention is drawn to the fact that cardiovascular complications may occur when large doses of the anaesthestics are administered. These large doses were constantly required to maintain a sufficiently deep anaesthesia when ethrane was used. The amount of ethrane utilized therefore was definitely larger than was that of halothane. Ethrane had the advantage that recovery from anaesthesia was mor rapid and smoother. Personal experience showed that satisfactory anaesthesia may be produced by either anaesthetic. Secondary considerations may therefore be an important factor in making a choice between the two agents.", "contents": "[Clinical experience of Ethrane inhalation anaesthesia compared with halothane inhalation anaesthesia in dogs (author's transl)]. Anaesthesia was carried out in fourteen cases as part of the present study, ethrane being used in eight and halothane in six cases. Each group included an experimental dog in which surgery was not performed. The others were patients which had to undergo a surgical procedure. In addition to clinical impressions, the following parameters were recorded: the pulse and heart rates, the electrocardiogram, the systolic pressure and the capnogram. In view of the small number of and marked variation in patients, only cautious conclusions could be drawn. Attention is drawn to the fact that cardiovascular complications may occur when large doses of the anaesthestics are administered. These large doses were constantly required to maintain a sufficiently deep anaesthesia when ethrane was used. The amount of ethrane utilized therefore was definitely larger than was that of halothane. Ethrane had the advantage that recovery from anaesthesia was mor rapid and smoother. Personal experience showed that satisfactory anaesthesia may be produced by either anaesthetic. Secondary considerations may therefore be an important factor in making a choice between the two agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1202653", "title": "[Nitrate poisoning in store cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve eighteen-month-old calves contracted nitrate poisoning as a result of overfeeding with turnips. Four animals died before treatment was instituted. Intravenous injection of methylene blue resulted in prompt and complete recovery of the other animals.", "contents": "[Nitrate poisoning in store cattle (author's transl)]. Twelve eighteen-month-old calves contracted nitrate poisoning as a result of overfeeding with turnips. Four animals died before treatment was instituted. Intravenous injection of methylene blue resulted in prompt and complete recovery of the other animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1202654", "title": "Morphometric estimation of brain swelling and atrophy.", "content": "A morphometric method was presented to estimate brain swelling or atrophy from the geometric characteristics of the pontine cross section. The ratio of the area (A) to the perimeter squared (L2) was termed \"area factor\" (f) and used as a factor indicating circularity. Normal standards for the net cross-sectional area (Ap) and the area factor (f) of the pons measured on paraffin sections were 3.43 approximately 4.87 cm2 and 0.0684 approximately 0.0740, respectively. Values exceeding these ranges suggested brain edema. The pontine area factors (f) of the control cases under 60 years of age were less spread out than Ap, whereas they exhibited larger individual variations over that age presumably as a result of varying involution of the brain. A close correlation was found between Ap and water content of the cerebral white matter, except in pontine hemorrhage. The correlation was particularly marked in the group of cerebral diseases other than stroke. The longitudinal length of the basis pontis (lp) was essentially the same in the normal brain and even in the stoke group excluding pontine and cerebellar hemorrhage. In severe brain swelling the pontine longitudinal length was rather reduced.", "contents": "Morphometric estimation of brain swelling and atrophy. A morphometric method was presented to estimate brain swelling or atrophy from the geometric characteristics of the pontine cross section. The ratio of the area (A) to the perimeter squared (L2) was termed \"area factor\" (f) and used as a factor indicating circularity. Normal standards for the net cross-sectional area (Ap) and the area factor (f) of the pons measured on paraffin sections were 3.43 approximately 4.87 cm2 and 0.0684 approximately 0.0740, respectively. Values exceeding these ranges suggested brain edema. The pontine area factors (f) of the control cases under 60 years of age were less spread out than Ap, whereas they exhibited larger individual variations over that age presumably as a result of varying involution of the brain. A close correlation was found between Ap and water content of the cerebral white matter, except in pontine hemorrhage. The correlation was particularly marked in the group of cerebral diseases other than stroke. The longitudinal length of the basis pontis (lp) was essentially the same in the normal brain and even in the stoke group excluding pontine and cerebellar hemorrhage. In severe brain swelling the pontine longitudinal length was rather reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1202655", "title": "Consecutive radiography of breast slices for estimation of glandular volume and detection of small subclinical lesions. A comparison between Japan and Hawaii Japanese.", "content": "A technique of consecutive radiography of the serially sliced breast was evolved and applied to a comparative study on the breast of Japanese in Japan (75 subjects) and Hawaii (49). Increased mammary fat accounts for an increase in the size of the Hawaii Japanese breast (mean; 152.4 cm3) in comparison with that in Japan (82.5 cm3). However, the glandular volume calculated from the radiography and lobular structures in histology were not significantly different in the two groups. A small subclinical lesion measuring over 3 mm in diameter in a histological section was radiographically detected. In Hawaii, duct-epithelial hyperplasia and apocrine metaplasia were significantly more prevalent in Japan, and the former lesion was most conspicuous in the large mammary gland.", "contents": "Consecutive radiography of breast slices for estimation of glandular volume and detection of small subclinical lesions. A comparison between Japan and Hawaii Japanese. A technique of consecutive radiography of the serially sliced breast was evolved and applied to a comparative study on the breast of Japanese in Japan (75 subjects) and Hawaii (49). Increased mammary fat accounts for an increase in the size of the Hawaii Japanese breast (mean; 152.4 cm3) in comparison with that in Japan (82.5 cm3). However, the glandular volume calculated from the radiography and lobular structures in histology were not significantly different in the two groups. A small subclinical lesion measuring over 3 mm in diameter in a histological section was radiographically detected. In Hawaii, duct-epithelial hyperplasia and apocrine metaplasia were significantly more prevalent in Japan, and the former lesion was most conspicuous in the large mammary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:1202656", "title": "Effects of diagnostic ultrasound irradiated during foetal stage on emotional and cognitive behaviour in rats.", "content": "Our previous work demonstrated that the prenatally irradiated ultrasound of even a low-intensity might affect the functional development of the brain of offspring in rats. In the present study, in order to investigate the emotional and cognitive behaviour of offspring of rats that received the irradiation of a diagnostic ultrasound on the 9th day of gestation, the following three experiments were carried out: 1) The emotional reactivity of the offspring was measured by the open-field technique. 2) The same reactivity was further evaluated in terms of the excape response from electroshock. 3) The cognitive function of the offspring was assessed through the discrimination learning and the discrimination reversal learning. The offspring of irradiated rats showed significantly more distinct vocalization response to handling in the open-field test and significantly more distinct escape response from the electroshock, when compared with the two control rats (untreated control and sham-irradiated control). From these findings it may be suggested that the emotional behaviour in rats can be influenced by a low-intensity ultrasound irradiated during foetal stage. On the other hand, as for the cognitive behaviour, the results of the present study suggest no adverse effect on it.", "contents": "Effects of diagnostic ultrasound irradiated during foetal stage on emotional and cognitive behaviour in rats. Our previous work demonstrated that the prenatally irradiated ultrasound of even a low-intensity might affect the functional development of the brain of offspring in rats. In the present study, in order to investigate the emotional and cognitive behaviour of offspring of rats that received the irradiation of a diagnostic ultrasound on the 9th day of gestation, the following three experiments were carried out: 1) The emotional reactivity of the offspring was measured by the open-field technique. 2) The same reactivity was further evaluated in terms of the excape response from electroshock. 3) The cognitive function of the offspring was assessed through the discrimination learning and the discrimination reversal learning. The offspring of irradiated rats showed significantly more distinct vocalization response to handling in the open-field test and significantly more distinct escape response from the electroshock, when compared with the two control rats (untreated control and sham-irradiated control). From these findings it may be suggested that the emotional behaviour in rats can be influenced by a low-intensity ultrasound irradiated during foetal stage. On the other hand, as for the cognitive behaviour, the results of the present study suggest no adverse effect on it."}
{"id": "PMID:1202657", "title": "Pyelonephritis and hypertension.", "content": "Blood pressure changes were followed up for 1-12 years (average; 3.8 years) in 46 cases of confirmed postoperative chronic pyelonephritis which had undergone ureterocutaneostomy, nephrostomy or other urologic operations. Diastolic blood pressure levels averaged 82 mmHg before operation, and 89 mmHg in the chronic stage after the operation. The incidence of hypertension (over 100 mmHg diastolic pressure) was 7% before the operation, but rose to 30% in the chronic stage. Application of an \"age- and sex-adjusted score\" also served to confirm a mean increase in blood pressure through the development of chronic pyelonephritis. No correlation was found between renal function and blood pressure. Nor was there any definite relationship between family history of hypertension and high blood pressure. In the 14 cases observed for plasma renin activity, values were found to be in the normal range.", "contents": "Pyelonephritis and hypertension. Blood pressure changes were followed up for 1-12 years (average; 3.8 years) in 46 cases of confirmed postoperative chronic pyelonephritis which had undergone ureterocutaneostomy, nephrostomy or other urologic operations. Diastolic blood pressure levels averaged 82 mmHg before operation, and 89 mmHg in the chronic stage after the operation. The incidence of hypertension (over 100 mmHg diastolic pressure) was 7% before the operation, but rose to 30% in the chronic stage. Application of an \"age- and sex-adjusted score\" also served to confirm a mean increase in blood pressure through the development of chronic pyelonephritis. No correlation was found between renal function and blood pressure. Nor was there any definite relationship between family history of hypertension and high blood pressure. In the 14 cases observed for plasma renin activity, values were found to be in the normal range."}
{"id": "PMID:1202658", "title": "Histologic host response to primary methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in rats immunized with allogeneic tumors.", "content": "Lymphocytic infiltration was observed in 44 of 51 (86%) 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas in rats which had been intensively immunized with allogeneic tumors. Eleven of 29 (38%) tumors with intense lymphocytic infiltration and 5 of 15 (33%) tumors with moderate lymphocytic infiltration were \"negative\" in autologous transplantation. On the other hand, all of 7 tumors accompanied with slight or no lymphocytic infiltration were \"positive\".", "contents": "Histologic host response to primary methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in rats immunized with allogeneic tumors. Lymphocytic infiltration was observed in 44 of 51 (86%) 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas in rats which had been intensively immunized with allogeneic tumors. Eleven of 29 (38%) tumors with intense lymphocytic infiltration and 5 of 15 (33%) tumors with moderate lymphocytic infiltration were \"negative\" in autologous transplantation. On the other hand, all of 7 tumors accompanied with slight or no lymphocytic infiltration were \"positive\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1202659", "title": "Androsterone. The structure by force-field calculations.", "content": "The structure of androsterone was calculated by the force-field (molecular mechanics) method. Plots of the calculated structure are compared with those of the X-ray structure, and found to have all of the atoms in the same positions to within 0.1 A. The regular Dreiding model structure differs substantially from these calculated and experimental structures, atomic positions being up to 0.9 A removed from where they should be.", "contents": "Androsterone. The structure by force-field calculations. The structure of androsterone was calculated by the force-field (molecular mechanics) method. Plots of the calculated structure are compared with those of the X-ray structure, and found to have all of the atoms in the same positions to within 0.1 A. The regular Dreiding model structure differs substantially from these calculated and experimental structures, atomic positions being up to 0.9 A removed from where they should be."}
{"id": "PMID:1202660", "title": "Measurement of bile acid synthesis by 14CO2: the metabolism of propionyl CoA.", "content": "The relationship between 14CO2 evolution from the catabolism of [26 or 2714C] cholesterol to bile acids was studied in rats with biliary fistulae. When equal quantities of [26 or 2714C] cholesterol and [414C] cholesterol were administered, there was a significant linear relationship between 14CO2 expiration in the breath and [414C] bile acid excreted in the bile. Bile acid synthesis calculated as the ratio of 14CO2: molar specific activity of biliary cholesterol correlated highly with biliary bile acid excretion in the bile acid depleted rat. Phenobarbital, a known inducer of gamma-amino levulenic acid formation from succinyl CoA did not alter the relationship between the 14CO2 estimation of bile acid synthesis and biliary bile acid excretion, indicating that the relationship between [26 or 2714C] cholesterol side chain cleavage and 14CO2 formation was not altered. Phenobarbital, however, did cause a reduction in bile acid synthesis measured by 14CO2 evolution and by biliary bile acid excretion. The 14CO2 method underestimated bile acid excretion. 8.7% in untreated and phenobarbital treated rats respectively. Since 11% of the radioactivity which was expired as 14CO2 was isolated as bile acids, radioactivity cleaved as [1 or 314C] propionyl CoA may enter cholesterol-bile acid biosynthesis resulting in the underestimation of bile acid synthesis. To test whether radioactivity from propionyl CoA enters steroid biosynthesis [114C] propionate and [214C] propionate were given to untreated biliary fistula rats and the biliary lipids excreted in 60 hours were analyzed. Incorporation of radioactivity into cholesterol and bile acids was greater after the administration of [214C] propionate than after [114C] propionate than after [114C] propionate, suggesting that radioactivity from propionyl CoA may enter steroid biosynthesis by metabolic events in which the methylene and carboxyl carbon atoms are differentiated. Although the use of 14CO2 expiration from [26 or 2714C] cholesterol catabolism underestimates the rate of bile acid synthesis, it should have many applications because of the constant relationship between 14CO2 formation and cholesterol side chain cleavage.", "contents": "Measurement of bile acid synthesis by 14CO2: the metabolism of propionyl CoA. The relationship between 14CO2 evolution from the catabolism of [26 or 2714C] cholesterol to bile acids was studied in rats with biliary fistulae. When equal quantities of [26 or 2714C] cholesterol and [414C] cholesterol were administered, there was a significant linear relationship between 14CO2 expiration in the breath and [414C] bile acid excreted in the bile. Bile acid synthesis calculated as the ratio of 14CO2: molar specific activity of biliary cholesterol correlated highly with biliary bile acid excretion in the bile acid depleted rat. Phenobarbital, a known inducer of gamma-amino levulenic acid formation from succinyl CoA did not alter the relationship between the 14CO2 estimation of bile acid synthesis and biliary bile acid excretion, indicating that the relationship between [26 or 2714C] cholesterol side chain cleavage and 14CO2 formation was not altered. Phenobarbital, however, did cause a reduction in bile acid synthesis measured by 14CO2 evolution and by biliary bile acid excretion. The 14CO2 method underestimated bile acid excretion. 8.7% in untreated and phenobarbital treated rats respectively. Since 11% of the radioactivity which was expired as 14CO2 was isolated as bile acids, radioactivity cleaved as [1 or 314C] propionyl CoA may enter cholesterol-bile acid biosynthesis resulting in the underestimation of bile acid synthesis. To test whether radioactivity from propionyl CoA enters steroid biosynthesis [114C] propionate and [214C] propionate were given to untreated biliary fistula rats and the biliary lipids excreted in 60 hours were analyzed. Incorporation of radioactivity into cholesterol and bile acids was greater after the administration of [214C] propionate than after [114C] propionate than after [114C] propionate, suggesting that radioactivity from propionyl CoA may enter steroid biosynthesis by metabolic events in which the methylene and carboxyl carbon atoms are differentiated. Although the use of 14CO2 expiration from [26 or 2714C] cholesterol catabolism underestimates the rate of bile acid synthesis, it should have many applications because of the constant relationship between 14CO2 formation and cholesterol side chain cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:1202661", "title": "Structural analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: preparation and biological assay of 1alpha-hydroxypregnacalciferol.", "content": "The synthesis of 1alpha-hydroxypregnacalciferol, a side chain analog of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), is described. Pregnenolone acetate was converted in five steps to 5-pregnen-1alpha,3beta-diol. Conversion of the diol to pregna-5,7-diene-1alpha,3beta diol diacetate followed by ultraviolet irradiation gave the corresponding previtamin derivative. Thermal isomerization, hydrolysis and chromatography then furnished the desired analog, 1alpha-hydroxypregnacalciferol. The compound was tested in vivo for its effect on intestinal calcium transport, serum calcium and phosphate levels and bone calcification, and in vitro for its effect on bone resorption. When given to intact rats, either as a single dose or in repeated daily doses, the analog even at high dose levels, exhibited no biological activity. The compound stimulated bone resorption in vitro, but only at high concentrations.", "contents": "Structural analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: preparation and biological assay of 1alpha-hydroxypregnacalciferol. The synthesis of 1alpha-hydroxypregnacalciferol, a side chain analog of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), is described. Pregnenolone acetate was converted in five steps to 5-pregnen-1alpha,3beta-diol. Conversion of the diol to pregna-5,7-diene-1alpha,3beta diol diacetate followed by ultraviolet irradiation gave the corresponding previtamin derivative. Thermal isomerization, hydrolysis and chromatography then furnished the desired analog, 1alpha-hydroxypregnacalciferol. The compound was tested in vivo for its effect on intestinal calcium transport, serum calcium and phosphate levels and bone calcification, and in vitro for its effect on bone resorption. When given to intact rats, either as a single dose or in repeated daily doses, the analog even at high dose levels, exhibited no biological activity. The compound stimulated bone resorption in vitro, but only at high concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1202662", "title": "Synthesis of specifically deuterium-labelled pregnanolone and pregnanediol sulphates for metabolic studies in humans.", "content": "A synthesis is reported of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate and the disulphate and 3-monosulphate of 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol, labelled specifically with deuterium in high isotopic purity for metabolic studies in humans. Base-catalyzed equilibration of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-25R-spirostan-12-one (hemcogenin, II) with deuterium oxide, followed by removal of the 12-keto group and degradation of the sapogenin side-chain afforded 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-[11,11-2H2]pregn-16-en-20-one (VII). Further deuterium atoms were introduced at the 3alpha and 20beta positions by reductions with sodium borodeuteride and lithium aluminum deuteride, respectively. These reactions led to 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-[3alpha,11,11-2H3]pregnan-20-one (X; isotopic purity 87.2%) and 5alpha-[3alpha,11,11,20beta-2H4]pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol (XIV; isotopic purity 83.9%). The 3-sulphate of the pregnanolone and the 3,20-disulphate of the pregnanediol were prepared directly form the free alcohols, while the 3-monosulphate of the pregnanediol was obtained via 5alpha-[3alpha,11,11,20beta-2H4]pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol 20-acetate (XVII).", "contents": "Synthesis of specifically deuterium-labelled pregnanolone and pregnanediol sulphates for metabolic studies in humans. A synthesis is reported of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate and the disulphate and 3-monosulphate of 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol, labelled specifically with deuterium in high isotopic purity for metabolic studies in humans. Base-catalyzed equilibration of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-25R-spirostan-12-one (hemcogenin, II) with deuterium oxide, followed by removal of the 12-keto group and degradation of the sapogenin side-chain afforded 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-[11,11-2H2]pregn-16-en-20-one (VII). Further deuterium atoms were introduced at the 3alpha and 20beta positions by reductions with sodium borodeuteride and lithium aluminum deuteride, respectively. These reactions led to 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-[3alpha,11,11-2H3]pregnan-20-one (X; isotopic purity 87.2%) and 5alpha-[3alpha,11,11,20beta-2H4]pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol (XIV; isotopic purity 83.9%). The 3-sulphate of the pregnanolone and the 3,20-disulphate of the pregnanediol were prepared directly form the free alcohols, while the 3-monosulphate of the pregnanediol was obtained via 5alpha-[3alpha,11,11,20beta-2H4]pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol 20-acetate (XVII)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202663", "title": "The reaction of 5alpha-cholestan-6alpha-ol with phosphorus pentachloride and with thionyl chloride.", "content": "GC analysis of the reaction product of 5alpha-cholestan-6alpha-ol and phosphorus pentachloride indicated the presence of 6alpha-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, 6beta-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, 5,6beta-dichloro-5alpha-cholestane, and traces of cholest-5-ene; a computerised GC-MS system furnished visual reproductions of the gas chromatograms, but failed to yield corresponding mass chromatograms because of decomposition of the chlorides in the molecular separator. GC analysis of the reaction product of 5alpha-cholestan-6alpha-ol and thionyl chloride showed the formation of 6alpha-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, cholest-5-ene, 5-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, and traces of four unidentified substances, whilst the GC-MS system furnished visual reproductions of the gas chromatograms, but again failed to yield corresponding mass chromatograms.", "contents": "The reaction of 5alpha-cholestan-6alpha-ol with phosphorus pentachloride and with thionyl chloride. GC analysis of the reaction product of 5alpha-cholestan-6alpha-ol and phosphorus pentachloride indicated the presence of 6alpha-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, 6beta-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, 5,6beta-dichloro-5alpha-cholestane, and traces of cholest-5-ene; a computerised GC-MS system furnished visual reproductions of the gas chromatograms, but failed to yield corresponding mass chromatograms because of decomposition of the chlorides in the molecular separator. GC analysis of the reaction product of 5alpha-cholestan-6alpha-ol and thionyl chloride showed the formation of 6alpha-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, cholest-5-ene, 5-chloro-5alpha-cholestane, and traces of four unidentified substances, whilst the GC-MS system furnished visual reproductions of the gas chromatograms, but again failed to yield corresponding mass chromatograms."}
{"id": "PMID:1202664", "title": "Stimulation of testosterone production by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles in the presence of luteinizing hormone and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes a dramatic increase in steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit follicles which secrete testosterone as a major product. In order to determine whether the source of this testosterone could be from stores of cholesterol esters rabbit follicles were incubated with LH and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) an inhibitor of cholesterol esterase. No inhibition of testosterone production could be detected in the presence of PMSF indicating that cholesterol esters are not precursors for testosterone synthesis by rabbit follicles.", "contents": "Stimulation of testosterone production by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles in the presence of luteinizing hormone and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes a dramatic increase in steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit follicles which secrete testosterone as a major product. In order to determine whether the source of this testosterone could be from stores of cholesterol esters rabbit follicles were incubated with LH and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) an inhibitor of cholesterol esterase. No inhibition of testosterone production could be detected in the presence of PMSF indicating that cholesterol esters are not precursors for testosterone synthesis by rabbit follicles."}
{"id": "PMID:1202665", "title": "The excretion of metabolites of testosterone and of estradiol in male patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Intravenous infusions of 14C-testosterone (Te) either alone or in combination with 3H-estradiol (E2) were given to five normal male subjects, twelve male patients on haemodialysis (HD) treatment and to one patient with a very restricted renal function. The elimination of radioactivity was measured in urine, HD fluid and faeces. Urinary excretion diminished with renal function. It was negligible at a creatinine clearance of less than one ml per minute. A quarter of both isotopes was eliminated by six HD treatments within  three weeks. No difference was found in this respect between nephrectomized patients and those who were still in possession of their kidneys. The main excretion occurred in the stools. E2 metabolites, and to a lesser extent Te metabolites, appeared in the faeces within 24 hours, which might be explained by biliary excretion only. More 3H (E2 metabolites) than 14C (Te metabolites) was found in the faeces; more 14C than 3H found in HD fluid.", "contents": "The excretion of metabolites of testosterone and of estradiol in male patients with chronic renal failure. Intravenous infusions of 14C-testosterone (Te) either alone or in combination with 3H-estradiol (E2) were given to five normal male subjects, twelve male patients on haemodialysis (HD) treatment and to one patient with a very restricted renal function. The elimination of radioactivity was measured in urine, HD fluid and faeces. Urinary excretion diminished with renal function. It was negligible at a creatinine clearance of less than one ml per minute. A quarter of both isotopes was eliminated by six HD treatments within  three weeks. No difference was found in this respect between nephrectomized patients and those who were still in possession of their kidneys. The main excretion occurred in the stools. E2 metabolites, and to a lesser extent Te metabolites, appeared in the faeces within 24 hours, which might be explained by biliary excretion only. More 3H (E2 metabolites) than 14C (Te metabolites) was found in the faeces; more 14C than 3H found in HD fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:1202668", "title": "Obstacles to family planning practice in urban Morocco.", "content": "Sixty in-depth interviews with mothers living in a urban slum of Morocco probed resistances to practicing modern methods of fertility control and began to shed light on some of the reasons family planning programs often fail to reach illiterate target populations. Economic insecurity and the disintegration of the support networks of the traditional extended family complicate the difficult lives of young mothers in the urban slum. While such factors tend to encourage smaller families, the uncertainties and complexities of the socioeconomic structure contribute to the problems blocking access to modern methods of fertility control.", "contents": "Obstacles to family planning practice in urban Morocco. Sixty in-depth interviews with mothers living in a urban slum of Morocco probed resistances to practicing modern methods of fertility control and began to shed light on some of the reasons family planning programs often fail to reach illiterate target populations. Economic insecurity and the disintegration of the support networks of the traditional extended family complicate the difficult lives of young mothers in the urban slum. While such factors tend to encourage smaller families, the uncertainties and complexities of the socioeconomic structure contribute to the problems blocking access to modern methods of fertility control."}
{"id": "PMID:1202669", "title": "How doctors in Bolivia and the Philippines view sterilization.", "content": "Attitudes toward sterilization of 165 Bolivian obstetrican/gynecologists surveyed in 1974 and those of a randomly selected group of 200 Philippine family planning physicians studied in 1972 are described. Although the attitudes of Bolivian respondents were less favorable to sterilization, a majority of both groups of physicians favored making sterilization available under certain conditions. In Bolivia, physicians with more favorable attitudes toward sterilization were more likely to be younger, to be male, to have a lower degree to religiosity, and to regard high fertility as a problem for the family rather than the state or society. Tentative explanations are offered for the differences in attitudes between the two groups of physicians. Finally, the increasing demand for, and availability of, sterilization in Latin America is noted.", "contents": "How doctors in Bolivia and the Philippines view sterilization. Attitudes toward sterilization of 165 Bolivian obstetrican/gynecologists surveyed in 1974 and those of a randomly selected group of 200 Philippine family planning physicians studied in 1972 are described. Although the attitudes of Bolivian respondents were less favorable to sterilization, a majority of both groups of physicians favored making sterilization available under certain conditions. In Bolivia, physicians with more favorable attitudes toward sterilization were more likely to be younger, to be male, to have a lower degree to religiosity, and to regard high fertility as a problem for the family rather than the state or society. Tentative explanations are offered for the differences in attitudes between the two groups of physicians. Finally, the increasing demand for, and availability of, sterilization in Latin America is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1202670", "title": "The containment of world population growth.", "content": "The world has reached the present position of unprecedentedly rapid population growth not by achieving uniquely high fertility but by bringing about extraordinarily low mortality. The high growth rate and the built-in momentum of the age structure are obstacles to achievement of an acceptable standard of living for most of the world's population. Although government population programs have the potential to curb this growth rate, this potential has not been realized, and such programs are too often perceived both by their administrators and the population concerned as an end in themselves rather than a means toward a better standard of living. It is in this latter perspective, and in the context of the total development process, that population programs should be implemented.", "contents": "The containment of world population growth. The world has reached the present position of unprecedentedly rapid population growth not by achieving uniquely high fertility but by bringing about extraordinarily low mortality. The high growth rate and the built-in momentum of the age structure are obstacles to achievement of an acceptable standard of living for most of the world's population. Although government population programs have the potential to curb this growth rate, this potential has not been realized, and such programs are too often perceived both by their administrators and the population concerned as an end in themselves rather than a means toward a better standard of living. It is in this latter perspective, and in the context of the total development process, that population programs should be implemented."}
{"id": "PMID:1202671", "title": "The health of mother and child in rural Central Africa.", "content": "In the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa, the population suffers from severe proteo-caloric malnutrition, with adverse affects on maternal and child health. Improvement of maternal nutrition would lead to rapid consecutive pregnancies, reducing the length of time each child could be breastfed and reducing the protein available to each child. Hence, the authors recommend modern birth spacing methods in combination with programs to improve the health of mother and child.", "contents": "The health of mother and child in rural Central Africa. In the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa, the population suffers from severe proteo-caloric malnutrition, with adverse affects on maternal and child health. Improvement of maternal nutrition would lead to rapid consecutive pregnancies, reducing the length of time each child could be breastfed and reducing the protein available to each child. Hence, the authors recommend modern birth spacing methods in combination with programs to improve the health of mother and child."}
{"id": "PMID:1202680", "title": "[Some quantitative characteristics of the frog retinal rod outer segments].", "content": "Retinal rod outer segments in frogs were studied by means of light microscopy, refractometry, microspectrophotometry, and electron microscopy. Analysis of the data obtained shows that an unidentified substance, which makes up about 50% of outer segment dry weight, is lost during routine biochemical investigations. The protein parts of the rhodopsin molecules make up 85% of the outer segments proteins and 25% of outer segment dry weight. Rhodopsin molecules can be arranged in a square array with a unit cell side of about 7 nm on one side of each disk membrane. Lipids in a single membrane occupy only 2 nm, and disk membranes are strongly hydrated.", "contents": "[Some quantitative characteristics of the frog retinal rod outer segments]. Retinal rod outer segments in frogs were studied by means of light microscopy, refractometry, microspectrophotometry, and electron microscopy. Analysis of the data obtained shows that an unidentified substance, which makes up about 50% of outer segment dry weight, is lost during routine biochemical investigations. The protein parts of the rhodopsin molecules make up 85% of the outer segments proteins and 25% of outer segment dry weight. Rhodopsin molecules can be arranged in a square array with a unit cell side of about 7 nm on one side of each disk membrane. Lipids in a single membrane occupy only 2 nm, and disk membranes are strongly hydrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202681", "title": "[Differential reaction of condensed and diffuse chromatin to polyamines. II. Effect of putrescine on the chromatin of mitotic chromosomes].", "content": "The response of euchromatin and heterochromatin to putrescine was studied using chinese hamster mitotic chromosomes with heterochromatic segments delayed in condensation due to BUdR treatment. These heterochromatic segments did not react to the condensing effect of putrescine looking during metaphase still more elongated. Additional decondensed segments occurred in chromosomes. This is interpreted as the condensing effect of putrescine on euchromatic segments which accelerates transition of the cells into metaphase with preserved BUdR-induced chromosomal decondensation.", "contents": "[Differential reaction of condensed and diffuse chromatin to polyamines. II. Effect of putrescine on the chromatin of mitotic chromosomes]. The response of euchromatin and heterochromatin to putrescine was studied using chinese hamster mitotic chromosomes with heterochromatic segments delayed in condensation due to BUdR treatment. These heterochromatic segments did not react to the condensing effect of putrescine looking during metaphase still more elongated. Additional decondensed segments occurred in chromosomes. This is interpreted as the condensing effect of putrescine on euchromatic segments which accelerates transition of the cells into metaphase with preserved BUdR-induced chromosomal decondensation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202682", "title": "[Evaluation of the size of the proliferative pool and the length of the mitotic cycle according to the accumulation curve of labelled cells].", "content": "Abnormal increase of the accumulation curve of H3-thymidine labelled cells for the systems with proliferative pool Pc less than 1 (rat mesothelium and the basal cells of the epithelium of the hamster cheek pouch) is due to stimulation of cell transition from R1 phase to the regulatory G1r phase (the dichophase) within G1 period of the mitotic cycle. The stimulation was assumed to depend on the radiation and transmutation defects in DNA due to H3 disintegration, and to occur when the stream of labelled cells reached the G1r phase. Proliferative pool and the duration of mitotic cycle can be estimated by means of coordinates of the abnormal curve.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the size of the proliferative pool and the length of the mitotic cycle according to the accumulation curve of labelled cells]. Abnormal increase of the accumulation curve of H3-thymidine labelled cells for the systems with proliferative pool Pc less than 1 (rat mesothelium and the basal cells of the epithelium of the hamster cheek pouch) is due to stimulation of cell transition from R1 phase to the regulatory G1r phase (the dichophase) within G1 period of the mitotic cycle. The stimulation was assumed to depend on the radiation and transmutation defects in DNA due to H3 disintegration, and to occur when the stream of labelled cells reached the G1r phase. Proliferative pool and the duration of mitotic cycle can be estimated by means of coordinates of the abnormal curve."}
{"id": "PMID:1202683", "title": "[3-dimensional growth (spheroid formation) of tumor cells in diffusion chambers].", "content": "The three-dimension growth -- spheroidoformation of tumor cells of the primary MX-induced sarcoma in mice BALB/c, C57BL, and C3H/Sn, was studied. The tumor cells were cultured on millipore filters of the diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneal cavity of normal syngeneic mice.", "contents": "[3-dimensional growth (spheroid formation) of tumor cells in diffusion chambers]. The three-dimension growth -- spheroidoformation of tumor cells of the primary MX-induced sarcoma in mice BALB/c, C57BL, and C3H/Sn, was studied. The tumor cells were cultured on millipore filters of the diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneal cavity of normal syngeneic mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1202684", "title": "[Penetration of anti-lysosome serum in macrophages and the localization of anti-lysosome antibodies in their structures].", "content": "Penetration of antilysosomal sera into living macrophages, their localization on subcellular structures, and their effects upon the cell, were studied by means of immunofluorescence technique. The rabbit antilysosomal (antimembrane) immune globulins were found to be ingested by the mouse macrophages and to exert obvious effect upon the macrophage function. The specificity of used antisera was confirmed by findings obtained with fixed macrophages.", "contents": "[Penetration of anti-lysosome serum in macrophages and the localization of anti-lysosome antibodies in their structures]. Penetration of antilysosomal sera into living macrophages, their localization on subcellular structures, and their effects upon the cell, were studied by means of immunofluorescence technique. The rabbit antilysosomal (antimembrane) immune globulins were found to be ingested by the mouse macrophages and to exert obvious effect upon the macrophage function. The specificity of used antisera was confirmed by findings obtained with fixed macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:1202685", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between neoplastic fibroblasts and the substrate in tissue culture].", "content": "Electron microscope study of neoplastic L fibroblasts was carried out in 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after their attachment to solid substratum. Comparative analysis of neoplastic and normal fibroblasts at the same stages was carried out. Spreading rate of L fibroblasts proved slower than that of normal fibroblasts. Primary reaction of neoplastic cells was disturbed on the contact with substratum: it was morphologically manifested in changing of structure of the cell lower surface. Bundles of microfilaments were absent from the neoplastic fibroblasts' cytoplasm. The above changes, apparently, may entail the lesser degree of spreading and the weaker attachement of neoplastic fibroblasts to the substratum.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between neoplastic fibroblasts and the substrate in tissue culture]. Electron microscope study of neoplastic L fibroblasts was carried out in 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after their attachment to solid substratum. Comparative analysis of neoplastic and normal fibroblasts at the same stages was carried out. Spreading rate of L fibroblasts proved slower than that of normal fibroblasts. Primary reaction of neoplastic cells was disturbed on the contact with substratum: it was morphologically manifested in changing of structure of the cell lower surface. Bundles of microfilaments were absent from the neoplastic fibroblasts' cytoplasm. The above changes, apparently, may entail the lesser degree of spreading and the weaker attachement of neoplastic fibroblasts to the substratum."}
{"id": "PMID:1202686", "title": "[Kinetic dimensions of cells and crypts in irradiated intestinal epithelium of mice].", "content": "The average value of axial cryptal section area and cell section area on it were studied during 8 days after total X-ray irradiation of male mice (400 rad). A small reducing of cryptal area (20%) during destructive period (1-2 days) is followed by a big overshoot (60%) during regenerative time (3-7 days). The cryptal sizes in regenerative period deviate from a steady state more than during destructive time. There are two high waves of abnormal growth of cell sizes above the steady level: the first one during destructive time and the second one during regeneration. This level seems to be near to minimal sizes of cryptal proliferative cells which are necessary for proliferation. It means that normal intestinal epithelium is a very economical and stabilized system. It is possible to evaluate quantitatively the associated with proliferation flow of substance per crypt cell for normal and irradiated intestine by means of index Iv where I is mitotical index and v - the cell volume. Cell hypertrophy at the time of regeneration on the 4th-7th days and later after irradiation (130-160%), was revealed. The crypt cell hypertrophy is the factor of destabilization of irradiated intestinal epithelium.", "contents": "[Kinetic dimensions of cells and crypts in irradiated intestinal epithelium of mice]. The average value of axial cryptal section area and cell section area on it were studied during 8 days after total X-ray irradiation of male mice (400 rad). A small reducing of cryptal area (20%) during destructive period (1-2 days) is followed by a big overshoot (60%) during regenerative time (3-7 days). The cryptal sizes in regenerative period deviate from a steady state more than during destructive time. There are two high waves of abnormal growth of cell sizes above the steady level: the first one during destructive time and the second one during regeneration. This level seems to be near to minimal sizes of cryptal proliferative cells which are necessary for proliferation. It means that normal intestinal epithelium is a very economical and stabilized system. It is possible to evaluate quantitatively the associated with proliferation flow of substance per crypt cell for normal and irradiated intestine by means of index Iv where I is mitotical index and v - the cell volume. Cell hypertrophy at the time of regeneration on the 4th-7th days and later after irradiation (130-160%), was revealed. The crypt cell hypertrophy is the factor of destabilization of irradiated intestinal epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1202688", "title": "[Study of the soluble proteins of the skin of young cattle in the presence of ultraviolet irradiation in vivo and in vitro].", "content": "The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the quantity of soluble proteins in skin and content of SH-groups in them, immunoelectrophoretic, electrophoretic properties and amino acid composition of soluble skin proteins was studied under ultraviolet irradiation of calfs and solutions of those proteins in vitro. Ultraviolet rays are established to affect the total content of soluble proteins and SH-groups under ultraviolet irradiation of the animals and these proteins solutions in vitro, but the character of the obtained changes is different in both cases. The quantity of soluble proteins in the animal skin depends on the irradiation frequency. In the composition of the calf skin soluble proteins 14 proteins were found immunologically similar to the blood serum proteins of these animals. Ultraviolet irradiation of the soluble skin proteins in vivo and in vitro does not affect their amino acid composition.", "contents": "[Study of the soluble proteins of the skin of young cattle in the presence of ultraviolet irradiation in vivo and in vitro]. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the quantity of soluble proteins in skin and content of SH-groups in them, immunoelectrophoretic, electrophoretic properties and amino acid composition of soluble skin proteins was studied under ultraviolet irradiation of calfs and solutions of those proteins in vitro. Ultraviolet rays are established to affect the total content of soluble proteins and SH-groups under ultraviolet irradiation of the animals and these proteins solutions in vitro, but the character of the obtained changes is different in both cases. The quantity of soluble proteins in the animal skin depends on the irradiation frequency. In the composition of the calf skin soluble proteins 14 proteins were found immunologically similar to the blood serum proteins of these animals. Ultraviolet irradiation of the soluble skin proteins in vivo and in vitro does not affect their amino acid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:1202689", "title": "[Effect of vegetable polyphenols on the level of glycogen in the tissues and glucose in the blood of starving rabbits].", "content": "The paper deals with the effect of galascorbin and polyphenol preparations obtained from oats and birch buds on the content of glycogen in the tissues and that of glucose in the blood of fasting rabbits. It is shown that introduction of P-vitamin preparations under study into the organism of fasting animals favours the preservation of glycogen content in the liver, skeletal and heart muscles. The level of glucose preserved in blood with administration of galascorbin and polyphenol preparations from oats and birch buds was 27, 36 and 34% of the control, respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of vegetable polyphenols on the level of glycogen in the tissues and glucose in the blood of starving rabbits]. The paper deals with the effect of galascorbin and polyphenol preparations obtained from oats and birch buds on the content of glycogen in the tissues and that of glucose in the blood of fasting rabbits. It is shown that introduction of P-vitamin preparations under study into the organism of fasting animals favours the preservation of glycogen content in the liver, skeletal and heart muscles. The level of glucose preserved in blood with administration of galascorbin and polyphenol preparations from oats and birch buds was 27, 36 and 34% of the control, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1202690", "title": "[Influence of galascorbin on the levels of potassium and sodium in the organs and tissues of guinea pigs in burn disease].", "content": "The burn disease is accompanied by considerable disturbances in mineral metabolism, which is manifested in retention of sodium and loss of potassium in tissues and in disturbances in distribution of these ions between cells and intercellular space. This results in an increase in the proportion intracellular sodium/extracellular sodium and a decrease in the proportion intracellular potassium/extracellular potassium. Application of galascorbic acid prevents from both the increase in the total sodium quantity and its intracellular fraction and eliminates such a considerable loss of potassium by tissues.", "contents": "[Influence of galascorbin on the levels of potassium and sodium in the organs and tissues of guinea pigs in burn disease]. The burn disease is accompanied by considerable disturbances in mineral metabolism, which is manifested in retention of sodium and loss of potassium in tissues and in disturbances in distribution of these ions between cells and intercellular space. This results in an increase in the proportion intracellular sodium/extracellular sodium and a decrease in the proportion intracellular potassium/extracellular potassium. Application of galascorbic acid prevents from both the increase in the total sodium quantity and its intracellular fraction and eliminates such a considerable loss of potassium by tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1202691", "title": "[Influence of denervation of the liver on its level of nucleic acids and free adenine nucleotides].", "content": "It is established that liver denervation is accompanied with a significant increase of DNA content on the 10, 20 and 30th day after operation: 19, 22 and 25%, respectively. The 12% rise on the average in RNA content is observed on the 10th day. This level is preserved during the following days after denervation. The changes in the content of free adenine nucleotides are contrary. The decrease in ATP quantity, which is insignificant on the 10th day, makes progress and reaches 20% on the 20th day. The decrease in ADP is 13%, the content of AMP remains practically unchanged. The obtained data evidence for the participation of the nervous system in maintaining the normal level of poly- and mononucleotides, specific for the liver.", "contents": "[Influence of denervation of the liver on its level of nucleic acids and free adenine nucleotides]. It is established that liver denervation is accompanied with a significant increase of DNA content on the 10, 20 and 30th day after operation: 19, 22 and 25%, respectively. The 12% rise on the average in RNA content is observed on the 10th day. This level is preserved during the following days after denervation. The changes in the content of free adenine nucleotides are contrary. The decrease in ATP quantity, which is insignificant on the 10th day, makes progress and reaches 20% on the 20th day. The decrease in ADP is 13%, the content of AMP remains practically unchanged. The obtained data evidence for the participation of the nervous system in maintaining the normal level of poly- and mononucleotides, specific for the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1202693", "title": "[Metabolizability of RNA in the liver mitochondia of rats under the influence of hydrocortisone and sodium ribonucleinate].", "content": "Sodium ribonucleate and hydrocortizone-acetate (5 mg/100 g) separately and in combination were injected to the intact albino rats daily for 14 days. The multiple injections of hydrocortizone cause in the liver mitochondria a change in the ratio of RNA (17 S and 13 S) and tRNA (4 S), as well as a decrease in the intensity of the radioactive predecessors (orthophosphate-P32 orotate-C14 and uridine-H3) incorporation into tRNA and tRNA of the liver mitochondria, decay inhibition of mitochondrial tRNA and to a less extent - of rRNA. The multiple injections of ribonucleate evoke intensification of the labelled predecessors incorporation into tRNA and rRNA of the liver mitochondria. With injections of ribonucleinate in combination with hydrocortizone the negative effect of hydrocortizone surplus on incorporation of the labelled predecessors into mitochondrial RNA and on the ratio of rRNA and tRNA in the mitochondria is related by a positive effect of ribonucleinate.", "contents": "[Metabolizability of RNA in the liver mitochondia of rats under the influence of hydrocortisone and sodium ribonucleinate]. Sodium ribonucleate and hydrocortizone-acetate (5 mg/100 g) separately and in combination were injected to the intact albino rats daily for 14 days. The multiple injections of hydrocortizone cause in the liver mitochondria a change in the ratio of RNA (17 S and 13 S) and tRNA (4 S), as well as a decrease in the intensity of the radioactive predecessors (orthophosphate-P32 orotate-C14 and uridine-H3) incorporation into tRNA and tRNA of the liver mitochondria, decay inhibition of mitochondrial tRNA and to a less extent - of rRNA. The multiple injections of ribonucleate evoke intensification of the labelled predecessors incorporation into tRNA and rRNA of the liver mitochondria. With injections of ribonucleinate in combination with hydrocortizone the negative effect of hydrocortizone surplus on incorporation of the labelled predecessors into mitochondrial RNA and on the ratio of rRNA and tRNA in the mitochondria is related by a positive effect of ribonucleinate."}
{"id": "PMID:1202694", "title": "[Comparative study of the influence of yeast mannans on the rate of catalase synthesis in the liver of rats].", "content": "The effect of polysaccharides from Rh. rubra and Rh. mucilaginosa was studied as applied to the rate of catalase synthesis in rat liver. The constants were calculated for the rates of catalase synthesis and destruction. Yeast's mannan from Rh. mucilaginosa does not practically affect the rate of catalase synthesis. The mannan from Rh. rubra produces an almost three-fold inhibition on the catalase synthesis and the degree of the enzyme synthesis recovery lowers by 20% as compared the control value. Possible mechanisms of the effect of the yeast's mannans on the rat catalase are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the influence of yeast mannans on the rate of catalase synthesis in the liver of rats]. The effect of polysaccharides from Rh. rubra and Rh. mucilaginosa was studied as applied to the rate of catalase synthesis in rat liver. The constants were calculated for the rates of catalase synthesis and destruction. Yeast's mannan from Rh. mucilaginosa does not practically affect the rate of catalase synthesis. The mannan from Rh. rubra produces an almost three-fold inhibition on the catalase synthesis and the degree of the enzyme synthesis recovery lowers by 20% as compared the control value. Possible mechanisms of the effect of the yeast's mannans on the rat catalase are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202695", "title": "[Lipid levels in rabbit sarcolemma normally and during experimental muscular dystrophy].", "content": "The cholesterin content, total content and phsopholipid composition were studied in sarcolemma of normal rabbits and those with experimental muscular dystrophy. The total content of phospholipids in the sarcolemma of young normal rabbits is 4.8 mg of phosphorus per 1 mg of protein which is higher than that in the sarcolemma of adult rabbits 33%. With experimental muscular dystrophy the content of cholesterin is 2.7 as high as its content in the sarcolemma of the normal rabbits. It is established that the content of phosphatidilserine in the sarcolemma of young normal rabbits is by 61% higher than that in adult animals. The content of phosphatidilserine of lysophosphatidilcholine decreases by 40 and 39%, respectively, with dystrophy. The content of phosphatidilcholine increases by 16% as compared with sarcolemma extracted from the muscles of the young normal rabbits. Molar ratio of phospholipid/cholesterine in the sarcolemma of normal rabbits is 1.8 and decreases with the experimental muscular dystrophy to 0.75.", "contents": "[Lipid levels in rabbit sarcolemma normally and during experimental muscular dystrophy]. The cholesterin content, total content and phsopholipid composition were studied in sarcolemma of normal rabbits and those with experimental muscular dystrophy. The total content of phospholipids in the sarcolemma of young normal rabbits is 4.8 mg of phosphorus per 1 mg of protein which is higher than that in the sarcolemma of adult rabbits 33%. With experimental muscular dystrophy the content of cholesterin is 2.7 as high as its content in the sarcolemma of the normal rabbits. It is established that the content of phosphatidilserine in the sarcolemma of young normal rabbits is by 61% higher than that in adult animals. The content of phosphatidilserine of lysophosphatidilcholine decreases by 40 and 39%, respectively, with dystrophy. The content of phosphatidilcholine increases by 16% as compared with sarcolemma extracted from the muscles of the young normal rabbits. Molar ratio of phospholipid/cholesterine in the sarcolemma of normal rabbits is 1.8 and decreases with the experimental muscular dystrophy to 0.75."}
{"id": "PMID:1202696", "title": "[Study of the regulation of the synthesis and activity of IMP-dehydrogenase in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii].", "content": "Activity of IMP-dehydrogenase was studied in the cells of P. guilliermondii ATCC 9058 from different growth phase; the yeast was cultivated in iron-rich and iron-deficient media. The highest activity of the enzyme was found in the iron-rich cells from the logarithmic growth phase. In the iron-deficient cells synthetizing great amounts of riboflavin the IMP-dehydrogenase activity was somewhat higher in negative growth acceleration phase than that of iron-rich cells from the same stage. Guanine considerably represses synthesis of IMP-dehydrogenase in the cells of the mutant P. guilliermondii Y-2031 with the blocked GMP-synthetase. In the iron-deficient cells no changes in the character of IMP-dehydrogenase synthesis regulation were found in comparison with the iron-rich cells. 5'-GMP, 5'-GDP and 5'-GTP considerably inhibit IMP-dehydrogenase activity of the cell-free preparations of the yeast P. guilliermondii. 5'-AMP, 5'UMP and 5'-CMP slightly affect the enzyme activity. Guanine inhibits LMP-dehydrogenase activity in experimeents in vivo with the guanine- and arginine-requiring \"Y\" 2031/arg. Thus, synthesis of guanylic acid in the yeast P. guilliermondii is regulated by means of two mechanisms repression of IMP dehydrogenase synthesis and inhibition of the activity of this enzyme by guanyl compounds.", "contents": "[Study of the regulation of the synthesis and activity of IMP-dehydrogenase in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii]. Activity of IMP-dehydrogenase was studied in the cells of P. guilliermondii ATCC 9058 from different growth phase; the yeast was cultivated in iron-rich and iron-deficient media. The highest activity of the enzyme was found in the iron-rich cells from the logarithmic growth phase. In the iron-deficient cells synthetizing great amounts of riboflavin the IMP-dehydrogenase activity was somewhat higher in negative growth acceleration phase than that of iron-rich cells from the same stage. Guanine considerably represses synthesis of IMP-dehydrogenase in the cells of the mutant P. guilliermondii Y-2031 with the blocked GMP-synthetase. In the iron-deficient cells no changes in the character of IMP-dehydrogenase synthesis regulation were found in comparison with the iron-rich cells. 5'-GMP, 5'-GDP and 5'-GTP considerably inhibit IMP-dehydrogenase activity of the cell-free preparations of the yeast P. guilliermondii. 5'-AMP, 5'UMP and 5'-CMP slightly affect the enzyme activity. Guanine inhibits LMP-dehydrogenase activity in experimeents in vivo with the guanine- and arginine-requiring \"Y\" 2031/arg. Thus, synthesis of guanylic acid in the yeast P. guilliermondii is regulated by means of two mechanisms repression of IMP dehydrogenase synthesis and inhibition of the activity of this enzyme by guanyl compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1202697", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in the level of GABA in various sections of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs during postnatal ontogenesis].", "content": "The content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in different sections of dog cerebral cortex and cerebellum suffers considerable changes in the postnatal ontogenesis. In the optic area (field 17) of the cerebral cortex GABA content significantly increases from the birthday till six-month age and then it decreases and remains in puberal animals (the 365th day) at the level of three-month ones. In the parietal and motor sections of the cortex and cerebellum the content of GABA increases intensively during the first fortnight of the postnatal development, decreases sharply during the third week of the development, remains at the reached level till the 90th day and then it increases till the six-month age, reaching maximum levels which are 1.6, 1.8 and 2.3 times as high as the GABA content in these areas, respectively. In puberal (the 365th day) animals GABA content in these sections of the cortex and cerebellum considerably decreases in comparison with 6-month animals. In the parietal and motor sections of the cortex it reaches approximately the level of that in newborn ones and in the optic area of the cortex and cerebellum it is 1.7 and 1.8 respectively, as high as this level. In all the studied sections of the brain cortex and in the cerebellum the content of GABA changes most intensively (2.7 muM per 100 g of fresh tissue a day) during the first three weeks of postnatal development. Some of the investigated sections of the brain cortex and cerebellum differ in GABA content mainly at the early stages of the postnatal ontogenesis (till the 21st day after birth).", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in the level of GABA in various sections of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs during postnatal ontogenesis]. The content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in different sections of dog cerebral cortex and cerebellum suffers considerable changes in the postnatal ontogenesis. In the optic area (field 17) of the cerebral cortex GABA content significantly increases from the birthday till six-month age and then it decreases and remains in puberal animals (the 365th day) at the level of three-month ones. In the parietal and motor sections of the cortex and cerebellum the content of GABA increases intensively during the first fortnight of the postnatal development, decreases sharply during the third week of the development, remains at the reached level till the 90th day and then it increases till the six-month age, reaching maximum levels which are 1.6, 1.8 and 2.3 times as high as the GABA content in these areas, respectively. In puberal (the 365th day) animals GABA content in these sections of the cortex and cerebellum considerably decreases in comparison with 6-month animals. In the parietal and motor sections of the cortex it reaches approximately the level of that in newborn ones and in the optic area of the cortex and cerebellum it is 1.7 and 1.8 respectively, as high as this level. In all the studied sections of the brain cortex and in the cerebellum the content of GABA changes most intensively (2.7 muM per 100 g of fresh tissue a day) during the first three weeks of postnatal development. Some of the investigated sections of the brain cortex and cerebellum differ in GABA content mainly at the early stages of the postnatal ontogenesis (till the 21st day after birth)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202699", "title": "[Specific substances of the thymus reacting with thymus-dependant antigens].", "content": "A fraction was isolated from the sulphate extract of rats and calfs thymus. This fraction reacts with sheep erythrocytes and rabbits IgG in the agglutination test. An identical fraction from the rats spleen and liver is not active in the same concentration. Active substance was purified by affinity chromatography on IgG cellulose column. The absorption spectrum of the purified substance in 220-300 nm region was studied at pH 7. This substance has not the absorption maxima in 280 nm. The sedimentation constant of the crude preparation is approximately 1.7 s. It supposed, that this substance is a specifical receptor of thymic cells.", "contents": "[Specific substances of the thymus reacting with thymus-dependant antigens]. A fraction was isolated from the sulphate extract of rats and calfs thymus. This fraction reacts with sheep erythrocytes and rabbits IgG in the agglutination test. An identical fraction from the rats spleen and liver is not active in the same concentration. Active substance was purified by affinity chromatography on IgG cellulose column. The absorption spectrum of the purified substance in 220-300 nm region was studied at pH 7. This substance has not the absorption maxima in 280 nm. The sedimentation constant of the crude preparation is approximately 1.7 s. It supposed, that this substance is a specifical receptor of thymic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1202700", "title": "[Study of the amino acid composition of albumin fractions obtained from human serum albumin].", "content": "Six fractions were isolated from the commercial lyophised albumin preparation by the method of deposition in the medium of 3M KCl. The fractions were purified by means of preparative disc electrophoresis from globulins and polymers, and their amino acid composition was studied on the analyser KLA-3B. The significant differences (p=0.001) are found by lysine, ammonia, histidine, arginine, threonine, glutaminic acid, and phenyl alanine. The greatest differences are found by lysine, ammonia, glutaminic acid and phenylalanine. The fraction was also found being 9% of the initial albumin and sharply differing from the rest of the fractions in amino acid composition but identical immunologically. It is supposed that albumin heterogeneity is connected both with the presence of molecular forms differing in the primary structure and with different degree of amidation of glutaminic and aspartyl residues.", "contents": "[Study of the amino acid composition of albumin fractions obtained from human serum albumin]. Six fractions were isolated from the commercial lyophised albumin preparation by the method of deposition in the medium of 3M KCl. The fractions were purified by means of preparative disc electrophoresis from globulins and polymers, and their amino acid composition was studied on the analyser KLA-3B. The significant differences (p=0.001) are found by lysine, ammonia, histidine, arginine, threonine, glutaminic acid, and phenyl alanine. The greatest differences are found by lysine, ammonia, glutaminic acid and phenylalanine. The fraction was also found being 9% of the initial albumin and sharply differing from the rest of the fractions in amino acid composition but identical immunologically. It is supposed that albumin heterogeneity is connected both with the presence of molecular forms differing in the primary structure and with different degree of amidation of glutaminic and aspartyl residues."}
{"id": "PMID:1202698", "title": "[Influence of nicotinic acid on the methylation of phospholipids in various tissues of rats].", "content": "The content and methylation of total phospholipids in the brain, liver and muscles and some of their fractions obtained by the method of thin-layer chromatography on silicic acid were studied as affected by nicotinic acid. It is established that nicotinic acid in a dose of 20 mg/kg 4 hrs after subcutaneous injection evokes an increase in the content of phosphatidyl ethanol amine in the liver and sphyngomyelin in the muscles. The intensity of methylation of choline-containing phospholipids under the effect of nicotinic acid lowers in all the tissues under study.", "contents": "[Influence of nicotinic acid on the methylation of phospholipids in various tissues of rats]. The content and methylation of total phospholipids in the brain, liver and muscles and some of their fractions obtained by the method of thin-layer chromatography on silicic acid were studied as affected by nicotinic acid. It is established that nicotinic acid in a dose of 20 mg/kg 4 hrs after subcutaneous injection evokes an increase in the content of phosphatidyl ethanol amine in the liver and sphyngomyelin in the muscles. The intensity of methylation of choline-containing phospholipids under the effect of nicotinic acid lowers in all the tissues under study."}
{"id": "PMID:1202702", "title": "[Carbohydrate metabolism regulation in early embryogenesis].", "content": "The data obtained by the collaborators of the department concerning regulation of the activities of some enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt and gluconeogenesis in the unfertilized eggs and embryos of the loach are under discussion. It was determined that the incubation of eggs and embryos in glucose, lactate or fumarate solutions and in the media with added insulin causes significant changes in the activities of several enzymes, the character of these changes corresponding mainly to those in differentiated tissues. Nevertheless there were observed definite peculiarities in the reaction of the enzyme activities to the intake of utilized substances by the embryo's cells as well.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate metabolism regulation in early embryogenesis]. The data obtained by the collaborators of the department concerning regulation of the activities of some enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt and gluconeogenesis in the unfertilized eggs and embryos of the loach are under discussion. It was determined that the incubation of eggs and embryos in glucose, lactate or fumarate solutions and in the media with added insulin causes significant changes in the activities of several enzymes, the character of these changes corresponding mainly to those in differentiated tissues. Nevertheless there were observed definite peculiarities in the reaction of the enzyme activities to the intake of utilized substances by the embryo's cells as well."}
{"id": "PMID:1202701", "title": "[Modification of fibrin assembly as a method for studying the mechanism of this process].", "content": "A study of monomeric fibrin assembly--the process at which the ordered fibres are formed and at the definite moment there arises an elastic three-dimension net (coagulation occurs) made it possible to establish the following. Fibrinogen and high-molecular fragment D formed in fibrinogen enzymatic hydrolysis inhibit the assembly and prevent from creating the regular morphological structure of the fibres. This effect is determined by the presence in fibrinogen and fragment D. of a part of those specific binding centres by means of which the fibrin molecules recognize each other and realize the assemply. The early but not late stages of the assembly are sensitive to fibrinogen and fragment D. This fact evidences for difference in the mechanisms acting at these stages of the process. A moderate increase in the ionic strength prolongs sharply the clotting time of fibrin monomer, that is connected with both retardation in the assembly and prolongation of the pathway in the transformation itself. Transition from the high ionic strength to the low one produces the opposite effect--acceleration in the assembly and shortening of the pathway. For the subsequently appearing intermediate products of the assembly there exists a threshold at which a slow stage of growth and ordering is replaced by the fast terminal reaction of fibre formation. The threshold height is not constant, it depends on the conditions under which the assembly proceeds. The hypothetic explanations of the obtained results are advanced.", "contents": "[Modification of fibrin assembly as a method for studying the mechanism of this process]. A study of monomeric fibrin assembly--the process at which the ordered fibres are formed and at the definite moment there arises an elastic three-dimension net (coagulation occurs) made it possible to establish the following. Fibrinogen and high-molecular fragment D formed in fibrinogen enzymatic hydrolysis inhibit the assembly and prevent from creating the regular morphological structure of the fibres. This effect is determined by the presence in fibrinogen and fragment D. of a part of those specific binding centres by means of which the fibrin molecules recognize each other and realize the assemply. The early but not late stages of the assembly are sensitive to fibrinogen and fragment D. This fact evidences for difference in the mechanisms acting at these stages of the process. A moderate increase in the ionic strength prolongs sharply the clotting time of fibrin monomer, that is connected with both retardation in the assembly and prolongation of the pathway in the transformation itself. Transition from the high ionic strength to the low one produces the opposite effect--acceleration in the assembly and shortening of the pathway. For the subsequently appearing intermediate products of the assembly there exists a threshold at which a slow stage of growth and ordering is replaced by the fast terminal reaction of fibre formation. The threshold height is not constant, it depends on the conditions under which the assembly proceeds. The hypothetic explanations of the obtained results are advanced."}
{"id": "PMID:1202703", "title": "[Effect of combined application of carboxylin and sodium citrate on the restoration of blood proteins under conditions of experimental anemia].", "content": "Under the effect of combined application of \"carboxylin\"--the preparation stimulating the processes of CO2 fixation in the tissues and sodium citrate--one of the most important intermediates of the cycle of citric acid, the processes of the erythrocytic and protein composition restoration in the peripheral blood were studied under conditions of posthemorrhagic anemia in rats. It is established that under the effect of combined application of \"carboxylin\" with sodium citrate there is observed rapid normalization of peripheral blood indexes--erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit number, total proteins, albumin and globulins of blood serum. All mentioned evidences for a stimulating effect of the given preparations on the biosynthetic processes in the organism and for possibility of blood regeneration acceleration under conditions of posthemorrhagic anemia.", "contents": "[Effect of combined application of carboxylin and sodium citrate on the restoration of blood proteins under conditions of experimental anemia]. Under the effect of combined application of \"carboxylin\"--the preparation stimulating the processes of CO2 fixation in the tissues and sodium citrate--one of the most important intermediates of the cycle of citric acid, the processes of the erythrocytic and protein composition restoration in the peripheral blood were studied under conditions of posthemorrhagic anemia in rats. It is established that under the effect of combined application of \"carboxylin\" with sodium citrate there is observed rapid normalization of peripheral blood indexes--erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit number, total proteins, albumin and globulins of blood serum. All mentioned evidences for a stimulating effect of the given preparations on the biosynthetic processes in the organism and for possibility of blood regeneration acceleration under conditions of posthemorrhagic anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1202704", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of hydrophobic nature of certain proteins by their interaction with 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonates].", "content": "The hydrophobic nature of proteins is characterized by a degree of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate (TNS) affinity to them and is pronounced quantitatively in the semi-saturated (C1/2) concentrations. This index correlates directly with the position of TNS emission maximum after the binding with proteins and reversely with the yield of fluorescence. The preparations of phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, xantinoxidase, glyceratekinase, lysozyme, RNase during the long (1-2 h) contact with TNS change the values C1/2, that evidences for interaction with the hydrophobic indicator of new structures of protein molecule or for a change in the nature of its linkage itself. An attempt is made to characterize the accessible for TNS hydrophobic nature of individual proteins by a coefficient of molar hydrophobic nature which unites three mentioned characteristics. Serum albumin, insulin, glucogon, alpha chemotrypsin, DNase are most hydrophobic, pyruvate kinase, aldolase, urease, RNase--least hydrophobic, Glycerate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, xanthinoxidase, trypsin, lysozyme are in intermediate position.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of hydrophobic nature of certain proteins by their interaction with 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonates]. The hydrophobic nature of proteins is characterized by a degree of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate (TNS) affinity to them and is pronounced quantitatively in the semi-saturated (C1/2) concentrations. This index correlates directly with the position of TNS emission maximum after the binding with proteins and reversely with the yield of fluorescence. The preparations of phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, xantinoxidase, glyceratekinase, lysozyme, RNase during the long (1-2 h) contact with TNS change the values C1/2, that evidences for interaction with the hydrophobic indicator of new structures of protein molecule or for a change in the nature of its linkage itself. An attempt is made to characterize the accessible for TNS hydrophobic nature of individual proteins by a coefficient of molar hydrophobic nature which unites three mentioned characteristics. Serum albumin, insulin, glucogon, alpha chemotrypsin, DNase are most hydrophobic, pyruvate kinase, aldolase, urease, RNase--least hydrophobic, Glycerate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, xanthinoxidase, trypsin, lysozyme are in intermediate position."}
{"id": "PMID:1202705", "title": "[A comparative study of activity of nucleic acid metabolism in human embryonic liver].", "content": "In nuclei of hepatocytes of human embryos from the 18th to 40th week of antenatal development the activity of synthesis enzymes lowers: thymidine kinase is 7 times at low, uridine kinase - 11 times as low. In parallel during the same period a decrease in the activity of nucleases drops: DNase - by 15 times, RNase - by 11 times. The activity of these enzymes in the liver of adult persons (22-35 years old) is similar to their activity in the liver of human embryo to the moment of birth.", "contents": "[A comparative study of activity of nucleic acid metabolism in human embryonic liver]. In nuclei of hepatocytes of human embryos from the 18th to 40th week of antenatal development the activity of synthesis enzymes lowers: thymidine kinase is 7 times at low, uridine kinase - 11 times as low. In parallel during the same period a decrease in the activity of nucleases drops: DNase - by 15 times, RNase - by 11 times. The activity of these enzymes in the liver of adult persons (22-35 years old) is similar to their activity in the liver of human embryo to the moment of birth."}
{"id": "PMID:1202707", "title": "[The distribution of cholinesterase charged phosphorganic inhibitors and their uncharged analogues in tissues].", "content": "The article deals with the hydrophobic character (distribution coefficient in the systems hexane - water and chloroform - water) and certain peculiarities of distributing three cation-containing phosphoroganic inhibitors of cholinesterase and their uncharged analogues in the organisms. The distribution coefficients in the charged and uncharged compounds in the system hexane - water differ inconsiderably, whereas in the system chloroform-water by the thousands and millions times. In rabbits with intravenous administration the content of all inhibitors in blood decreases rapidly, the uncharged compounds accumulate selectively in the lungs and the charged ones are distributed evenly in the tissues.", "contents": "[The distribution of cholinesterase charged phosphorganic inhibitors and their uncharged analogues in tissues]. The article deals with the hydrophobic character (distribution coefficient in the systems hexane - water and chloroform - water) and certain peculiarities of distributing three cation-containing phosphoroganic inhibitors of cholinesterase and their uncharged analogues in the organisms. The distribution coefficients in the charged and uncharged compounds in the system hexane - water differ inconsiderably, whereas in the system chloroform-water by the thousands and millions times. In rabbits with intravenous administration the content of all inhibitors in blood decreases rapidly, the uncharged compounds accumulate selectively in the lungs and the charged ones are distributed evenly in the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1202708", "title": "[Effect of nicotinic acid and prozerin on choline metabolism].", "content": "The content and specific activity of labelled methyl groups of choline and phosphorylcholine in the brain, liver and skeletal muscles of rats was studied as affected by nicotinic acid and prozerin, injected subcutaneously 4h before decapitation. It was found that under the effect of prozerin the specific activity of choline lowers only in the muscles and nicotinic acid evokes its decrease in the liver and muscles. The specific activity of phosphorylcholine lowers in the brain and liver with introduction of prozerin and nicotinic acid. The intensity of phosphorylcholine phosphate renewal increases in the liver and skeletal muscles after introduction of both prozerin and nicotinic acid. The activity of choline dehydrogenase in the liver homogenates lowers only with injection of nicotinic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of nicotinic acid and prozerin on choline metabolism]. The content and specific activity of labelled methyl groups of choline and phosphorylcholine in the brain, liver and skeletal muscles of rats was studied as affected by nicotinic acid and prozerin, injected subcutaneously 4h before decapitation. It was found that under the effect of prozerin the specific activity of choline lowers only in the muscles and nicotinic acid evokes its decrease in the liver and muscles. The specific activity of phosphorylcholine lowers in the brain and liver with introduction of prozerin and nicotinic acid. The intensity of phosphorylcholine phosphate renewal increases in the liver and skeletal muscles after introduction of both prozerin and nicotinic acid. The activity of choline dehydrogenase in the liver homogenates lowers only with injection of nicotinic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1202709", "title": "[Effects of different regimes of freezing and thawing on chemiluminescence of rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "The rate of Fe2+ activated lipid peroxidation was studied as affected by the different freezing-thawing regime. The level of peroxidation was judged by kinetics and superfeeble luminiscence intensity of mitochondria. It was shown that freezing up to -196 degrees C and subsequent thawing of the mitochondria suspended in a salty medium (KCl) results in an increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation. A more distinct response to the introduction of peroxidation activator (Fe2SO4) is observed in mitochondria, especially in the first 1-2 minutes after ion introduction - in the phase of \"slow flash\". Besides, there is an increase in the level of stationary luminescence (2-10, 12-22 min) of the frozen-thawed mitochondria in comparison with the control. Slow thawing of quickly or slowly frozen mitochondria results in a more considerable increase in the luminescence light sum, than in the case of rapid thawing. The least-luminescence intensity after freezing and thawing of mitochondria suspension was observed after the rapid freezing and rapid thawing. In case of slow thawing the rate of mitochondria freezing does not considerably affect the degree of chemiluminescence.", "contents": "[Effects of different regimes of freezing and thawing on chemiluminescence of rat liver mitochondria]. The rate of Fe2+ activated lipid peroxidation was studied as affected by the different freezing-thawing regime. The level of peroxidation was judged by kinetics and superfeeble luminiscence intensity of mitochondria. It was shown that freezing up to -196 degrees C and subsequent thawing of the mitochondria suspended in a salty medium (KCl) results in an increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation. A more distinct response to the introduction of peroxidation activator (Fe2SO4) is observed in mitochondria, especially in the first 1-2 minutes after ion introduction - in the phase of \"slow flash\". Besides, there is an increase in the level of stationary luminescence (2-10, 12-22 min) of the frozen-thawed mitochondria in comparison with the control. Slow thawing of quickly or slowly frozen mitochondria results in a more considerable increase in the luminescence light sum, than in the case of rapid thawing. The least-luminescence intensity after freezing and thawing of mitochondria suspension was observed after the rapid freezing and rapid thawing. In case of slow thawing the rate of mitochondria freezing does not considerably affect the degree of chemiluminescence."}
{"id": "PMID:1202706", "title": "[Lysosome enzymes of brain in hyperoxia and under the effect of urea].", "content": "For studying the mechanism of hyperoxia toxic effect on metabolism in the rat brain localization of lysosomes enzymes - acid phosphatase, DNase II and acid peptid-hydrolases were investigated in the brain subcellular fractions under different phases of oxygen poisoning and in the in vitro experiments. Under hyperoxia redistribution of the lysosome enzymes is found between the fraction enriched with lysosomes and the soluble one. The character of redistribution evidences for disturbance of permeability in the brain lysosome membranes under hyperoxia. Urea possessing a protective effect under these conditions prevents from labilization of lysosome enzymes which is evoked by the effect of oxygen hyperoxia. When studying manifestation of the effect of lysosome hydrolases release on the substrate level there were found constancy of DNA content in the brain under hyperoxia and a decrease in polymeric property of the brain DNA an hour after the beginning of the terminal phase of oxygen poisoning.", "contents": "[Lysosome enzymes of brain in hyperoxia and under the effect of urea]. For studying the mechanism of hyperoxia toxic effect on metabolism in the rat brain localization of lysosomes enzymes - acid phosphatase, DNase II and acid peptid-hydrolases were investigated in the brain subcellular fractions under different phases of oxygen poisoning and in the in vitro experiments. Under hyperoxia redistribution of the lysosome enzymes is found between the fraction enriched with lysosomes and the soluble one. The character of redistribution evidences for disturbance of permeability in the brain lysosome membranes under hyperoxia. Urea possessing a protective effect under these conditions prevents from labilization of lysosome enzymes which is evoked by the effect of oxygen hyperoxia. When studying manifestation of the effect of lysosome hydrolases release on the substrate level there were found constancy of DNA content in the brain under hyperoxia and a decrease in polymeric property of the brain DNA an hour after the beginning of the terminal phase of oxygen poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:1202710", "title": "[Sterol composition of sarcolemma in normal rabbits and in experimental muscular dystrophy].", "content": "In the rabbit sarcolemma both in norm and under experimental muscular dystrophy besides cholesterol there are found squalene and lanosterol - predecessors of its synthesis as well as a series of other sterols which are not yet identified. The cholesterol fraction of sarcolemma of the rabbits in norm and under muscular dystrophy contain so-called rapid sterols. Under experimental muscular dystrophy in the rabbit sarcolemma side by side with an increase in the content of cholesterol content the concentration of rapid sterols increases. It is also found that under mentioned pathology desmosterol arises in the rabbit sarcolemma.", "contents": "[Sterol composition of sarcolemma in normal rabbits and in experimental muscular dystrophy]. In the rabbit sarcolemma both in norm and under experimental muscular dystrophy besides cholesterol there are found squalene and lanosterol - predecessors of its synthesis as well as a series of other sterols which are not yet identified. The cholesterol fraction of sarcolemma of the rabbits in norm and under muscular dystrophy contain so-called rapid sterols. Under experimental muscular dystrophy in the rabbit sarcolemma side by side with an increase in the content of cholesterol content the concentration of rapid sterols increases. It is also found that under mentioned pathology desmosterol arises in the rabbit sarcolemma."}
{"id": "PMID:1202711", "title": "[Hyperlipemia in birds induced by estrogens].", "content": "Long-term administration of diethyl stilboestrol propionate to 1-1.5 and 7-8 months old clocks induced hyperlipemia and hyperbetalipoproteidemia, a decrease in the lipolytic activity and lipoproteidlipase activity in blood. In the liver a decrease in the lipolytic activity was observed against the background of lipids accumulation. It is found that these changes do not depend on the avian age.", "contents": "[Hyperlipemia in birds induced by estrogens]. Long-term administration of diethyl stilboestrol propionate to 1-1.5 and 7-8 months old clocks induced hyperlipemia and hyperbetalipoproteidemia, a decrease in the lipolytic activity and lipoproteidlipase activity in blood. In the liver a decrease in the lipolytic activity was observed against the background of lipids accumulation. It is found that these changes do not depend on the avian age."}
{"id": "PMID:1202715", "title": "Methylene blue in renal calculi. Results of five-year study.", "content": "Methylene blue in a dose of 65 mg. three times a day has been reported to be useful in the management of chronic renal calculous disease. Sixty-eight patients with renal calculi, in whom there was no biochemical abnormality, were started on this drug five or more years ago. Forty-six per cent of formers of calcium oxalate stone have passed no further stones, and 20 per cent have been improved. Initial studies had reported success in the management of infected stones. However, only 27 per cent obtained any benefit in this study. Methylene blue is useful in the management of patients who form multiple small calculi that contain calcium oxalate dihydrate and may be useful in the prevention of new stone formation.", "contents": "Methylene blue in renal calculi. Results of five-year study. Methylene blue in a dose of 65 mg. three times a day has been reported to be useful in the management of chronic renal calculous disease. Sixty-eight patients with renal calculi, in whom there was no biochemical abnormality, were started on this drug five or more years ago. Forty-six per cent of formers of calcium oxalate stone have passed no further stones, and 20 per cent have been improved. Initial studies had reported success in the management of infected stones. However, only 27 per cent obtained any benefit in this study. Methylene blue is useful in the management of patients who form multiple small calculi that contain calcium oxalate dihydrate and may be useful in the prevention of new stone formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202716", "title": "Chemolysis of residual stone fragments after extensive surgery for staghorn calculi.", "content": "Chemical dissolution of residual stone fragments was attempted in twelve instances via nephrostomy tube irrigation. Appropriate solutions containing either hemiacidrin or sodium bicarbonate were used for struvite and uric acid stones, respectively. Precautions were taken to prevent and recognize outflow obstruction and urinary infection. Seventy-five per cent of the stones so treated were completely dissolved, and there were no major complications. The incidence of retained stones, natural history, and indications for chemical dissolution are reviewed.", "contents": "Chemolysis of residual stone fragments after extensive surgery for staghorn calculi. Chemical dissolution of residual stone fragments was attempted in twelve instances via nephrostomy tube irrigation. Appropriate solutions containing either hemiacidrin or sodium bicarbonate were used for struvite and uric acid stones, respectively. Precautions were taken to prevent and recognize outflow obstruction and urinary infection. Seventy-five per cent of the stones so treated were completely dissolved, and there were no major complications. The incidence of retained stones, natural history, and indications for chemical dissolution are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202712", "title": "[Metabolism of uridine triphosphate in rat liver].", "content": "Thiamin - a predecessor of transketolase coenzyme is shown to cause an increase in the intensity of labelled 14C orotic acid incorporation into UDP and UTP of the rat liver though the time of UTP exchange remains unchanged. Taking into account the data obtained, an assumption is advanced that the biosynthesis of pentoses in the pentosophosphate way of carbohydrates transformation in the rat liver proceeds in its non-oxidative branch with transketolase and transaldolase participating in the process.", "contents": "[Metabolism of uridine triphosphate in rat liver]. Thiamin - a predecessor of transketolase coenzyme is shown to cause an increase in the intensity of labelled 14C orotic acid incorporation into UDP and UTP of the rat liver though the time of UTP exchange remains unchanged. Taking into account the data obtained, an assumption is advanced that the biosynthesis of pentoses in the pentosophosphate way of carbohydrates transformation in the rat liver proceeds in its non-oxidative branch with transketolase and transaldolase participating in the process."}
{"id": "PMID:1202717", "title": "Urologic complications of appendicitis.", "content": "Three patients with appendicitis were seen with bladder tumor, hematuria, and pelvic mass with ureteral obstruction, respectively. These cases represent a spectrum of difficult diagnostic problems and illustrate that appendiceal abscess involving the urinary tract may present as urologic disease. Thus, it is important to consider appendicitis in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Urologic complications of appendicitis. Three patients with appendicitis were seen with bladder tumor, hematuria, and pelvic mass with ureteral obstruction, respectively. These cases represent a spectrum of difficult diagnostic problems and illustrate that appendiceal abscess involving the urinary tract may present as urologic disease. Thus, it is important to consider appendicitis in the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202713", "title": "[Quantitative determination of N-terminal amino acids in fibrin by the Edman degradation method using thin-layer chromatography].", "content": "Separation and identification of phenylthiohydantoin derivatives (PTH) of 19 amino acids usually found in proteins was performed by thin-layer chromatography of \"silufol\" plates. Conditions of PTH quantitation were found at which a 90% extraction of PTH from silicagel was attained. A N-terminal analytical procedure for fibrin is elaborated, by which a high yield of N-terminal amino acids is obtained.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of N-terminal amino acids in fibrin by the Edman degradation method using thin-layer chromatography]. Separation and identification of phenylthiohydantoin derivatives (PTH) of 19 amino acids usually found in proteins was performed by thin-layer chromatography of \"silufol\" plates. Conditions of PTH quantitation were found at which a 90% extraction of PTH from silicagel was attained. A N-terminal analytical procedure for fibrin is elaborated, by which a high yield of N-terminal amino acids is obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1202718", "title": "Effect of hormone therapy on immune response in patients with prostatic cancer.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate had laboratory studies done for total proteins, serum immunoglobulins, white blood cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, skin tests, acid phosphatase, and CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen). The 16 patients receiving no hormones had depressed total proteins, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, skin tests, and CEA compared with the 15 patients receiving hromones who had depressed serum immunoglobulins, white blood cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, and acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Effect of hormone therapy on immune response in patients with prostatic cancer. Thirty-one patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate had laboratory studies done for total proteins, serum immunoglobulins, white blood cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, skin tests, acid phosphatase, and CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen). The 16 patients receiving no hormones had depressed total proteins, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, skin tests, and CEA compared with the 15 patients receiving hromones who had depressed serum immunoglobulins, white blood cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, and acid phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:1202719", "title": "Bacteria in enucleated prostate.", "content": "The controversial nature of prostatitis is compounded by questions concerning the incidence and significance of bacteria within the prostate. Criticism of bacteriologic studies of expressed prostatic secretion, ejaculate, needle biopsy, and transurethral chips led us to culture the core of enucleated prostates. Of 65 prostates, 26 (40 per cent) were positive: 15 pathogens (23 per cent) and 11 nonpathogens (17 per cent). This was correlated with preoperative urinary infections, anterior urethral infection, and postoperative infectious complications. Prostatic pathogens were usually found when the urine and anterior urethra were infected.", "contents": "Bacteria in enucleated prostate. The controversial nature of prostatitis is compounded by questions concerning the incidence and significance of bacteria within the prostate. Criticism of bacteriologic studies of expressed prostatic secretion, ejaculate, needle biopsy, and transurethral chips led us to culture the core of enucleated prostates. Of 65 prostates, 26 (40 per cent) were positive: 15 pathogens (23 per cent) and 11 nonpathogens (17 per cent). This was correlated with preoperative urinary infections, anterior urethral infection, and postoperative infectious complications. Prostatic pathogens were usually found when the urine and anterior urethra were infected."}
{"id": "PMID:1202720", "title": "Topical testosterone therapy for penile growth.", "content": "Three prepubertal males were treated with daily applications to the penis of 5 per cen topical testosterone cream. Penile growth occurred in all 3 patients. Serum testosterone values rose dramatically in 2 of the patients. Topical testosterone probably causes penile growth via its systemic action, not merely through its local effect.", "contents": "Topical testosterone therapy for penile growth. Three prepubertal males were treated with daily applications to the penis of 5 per cen topical testosterone cream. Penile growth occurred in all 3 patients. Serum testosterone values rose dramatically in 2 of the patients. Topical testosterone probably causes penile growth via its systemic action, not merely through its local effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1202722", "title": "Surgical treatment of utricular cyst in male child.", "content": "A simple technique for management of utricular cyst is presented. Essentially the technique consists of putting a Fogarty balloon catheter in the cyst through a perineal urethrostomy  and inflating the balloon to fill the cyst completely. Using a miniature resectoscope, the septum between the cyst wall and prostatic urethra is resected widely until the Fogarty Balloon is completely visualized  in the prostatic urethra.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of utricular cyst in male child. A simple technique for management of utricular cyst is presented. Essentially the technique consists of putting a Fogarty balloon catheter in the cyst through a perineal urethrostomy  and inflating the balloon to fill the cyst completely. Using a miniature resectoscope, the septum between the cyst wall and prostatic urethra is resected widely until the Fogarty Balloon is completely visualized  in the prostatic urethra."}
{"id": "PMID:1202723", "title": "Anterior urethral valves.", "content": "Two cases of anterior urethral valves are reported, one occuring in a child with renal osteodystrophy and the second being the first recorded case of anterior urethral valves in an adult. These 2 cases represent the thirteenth and fourteenth cases of anterior urethral valves reported in the literature.", "contents": "Anterior urethral valves. Two cases of anterior urethral valves are reported, one occuring in a child with renal osteodystrophy and the second being the first recorded case of anterior urethral valves in an adult. These 2 cases represent the thirteenth and fourteenth cases of anterior urethral valves reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1202724", "title": "Bilateral complete renal duplication with total obstruction of both lower pole collecting systems.", "content": "Sepsis and a flank mass developed in a twenty-two-year-old primagravida two days after a normal delivery. Urography showed normal upper pole collecting structures bilaterally. A spherical mass containing curvilinear calcification occupied the left lower pole, and a large inflammatory mass filled the right inferior renal fossa. Angiography and retrograde pyelography demonstrated marked bilateral lower pole hydronephrosis with complete obstruction of the water to each inferior duplicated collecting system.", "contents": "Bilateral complete renal duplication with total obstruction of both lower pole collecting systems. Sepsis and a flank mass developed in a twenty-two-year-old primagravida two days after a normal delivery. Urography showed normal upper pole collecting structures bilaterally. A spherical mass containing curvilinear calcification occupied the left lower pole, and a large inflammatory mass filled the right inferior renal fossa. Angiography and retrograde pyelography demonstrated marked bilateral lower pole hydronephrosis with complete obstruction of the water to each inferior duplicated collecting system."}
{"id": "PMID:1202725", "title": "Use of levarterenol bitartrate in massive hemorrhage after retropubic prostatectomy.", "content": "A case of massive hemorrhage following retropubic prostatectomy is presented. There was a dramatic decrease in bleeding with the use of levarterenol bitartrate in the irrigation solution. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Use of levarterenol bitartrate in massive hemorrhage after retropubic prostatectomy. A case of massive hemorrhage following retropubic prostatectomy is presented. There was a dramatic decrease in bleeding with the use of levarterenol bitartrate in the irrigation solution. The implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202726", "title": "Reanastomosis of completely transected penis in canine. Review of current concepts.", "content": "The multiple problems associated with the amputated penis are challenging and often difficult. Our experience with reanastomosis of a completely transected canine penis and a brief review of current concepts of the literature are described.", "contents": "Reanastomosis of completely transected penis in canine. Review of current concepts. The multiple problems associated with the amputated penis are challenging and often difficult. Our experience with reanastomosis of a completely transected canine penis and a brief review of current concepts of the literature are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1202727", "title": "Suppression of bacterial growth and ammonia formation by citrate buffer in urine collected in ileal loop receptacles.", "content": "Bacterial growth in urine collected in ileal loop receptacles is greatly suppressed by the presence of 5 to 10 ml. 1-M. citrate buffer, pH 4. The suppression of bacterial growth by the citrate buffer prevents the formation of ammonia and perhaps other noxious metabolites whic are believed responsible for the irritation and inflammation of the skin exposed to infected urine. The citrate buffer is placed in the ileal loop receptacle at the beginning of each urine collection period.", "contents": "Suppression of bacterial growth and ammonia formation by citrate buffer in urine collected in ileal loop receptacles. Bacterial growth in urine collected in ileal loop receptacles is greatly suppressed by the presence of 5 to 10 ml. 1-M. citrate buffer, pH 4. The suppression of bacterial growth by the citrate buffer prevents the formation of ammonia and perhaps other noxious metabolites whic are believed responsible for the irritation and inflammation of the skin exposed to infected urine. The citrate buffer is placed in the ileal loop receptacle at the beginning of each urine collection period."}
{"id": "PMID:1202729", "title": "Management of extensive leukoplakia of bladder.", "content": "A case of extensive leukoplakia of the bladder is presented. The occurrence is unusual and the management controversial. Cystectomy should be considered in men with extensive vesical leukoplakia.", "contents": "Management of extensive leukoplakia of bladder. A case of extensive leukoplakia of the bladder is presented. The occurrence is unusual and the management controversial. Cystectomy should be considered in men with extensive vesical leukoplakia."}
{"id": "PMID:1202731", "title": "Angiographic features of benign renal adenoma.", "content": "Five cases of beign renal adenoma were studied angiographically. The findings are presented along with a review of the literature. There were 4 males and 1 female ranging in age from forty-two to sixty-three years. Each presented with a mass on excretory urography, and 1 contained calcification. The largest two lesions showed circumferentially distributed vascular supply. Two lesions showed a faint homogenous blush on the nephrogram phase of the angiogram, and the firth lesion, which arose in the wall of a cyst, was angiographically silent.", "contents": "Angiographic features of benign renal adenoma. Five cases of beign renal adenoma were studied angiographically. The findings are presented along with a review of the literature. There were 4 males and 1 female ranging in age from forty-two to sixty-three years. Each presented with a mass on excretory urography, and 1 contained calcification. The largest two lesions showed circumferentially distributed vascular supply. Two lesions showed a faint homogenous blush on the nephrogram phase of the angiogram, and the firth lesion, which arose in the wall of a cyst, was angiographically silent."}
{"id": "PMID:1202732", "title": "Renal angiomyolipoma: two varieties.", "content": "Two cases of symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma are presented, and their distinctive clinical, radiologic, and histologic features are discussed. In the first case the scout film demonstrated radiolucency of the tumor which helped to distinguish it from carcinoma. In the second case, which was associated with tuberous sclerosis, the renal lesion was large and unifocal, and the local lymph nodal involvement with tumor raised the possibility of malignant transformation.", "contents": "Renal angiomyolipoma: two varieties. Two cases of symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma are presented, and their distinctive clinical, radiologic, and histologic features are discussed. In the first case the scout film demonstrated radiolucency of the tumor which helped to distinguish it from carcinoma. In the second case, which was associated with tuberous sclerosis, the renal lesion was large and unifocal, and the local lymph nodal involvement with tumor raised the possibility of malignant transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202733", "title": "Transitional cell carcinoma and renal cell adenocarcinoma in single kidney.", "content": "A case is presented of synchronous occurrence of renal adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis in the same kidney. Review of the English literature revealed this to be a unique coincidence.", "contents": "Transitional cell carcinoma and renal cell adenocarcinoma in single kidney. A case is presented of synchronous occurrence of renal adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis in the same kidney. Review of the English literature revealed this to be a unique coincidence."}
{"id": "PMID:1202734", "title": "Synchronous cystosphincterometry in patients with spinal cord injury. Studies with continuous bladder and urethral infusions and physical factors influencing interpretation.", "content": "A technique of synchronous study for monitoring the bladder activity and simultaneous urethral sphincteric responses is described. This study was made possible by using a 12 F trilumen catheter with which intravesical infusion and independent bladder pressure recording were conducted. Constant urethral infusion with intrasphincteric pressure recording was arranged through the third lumen of the trilumen catheter. This radiologic aided study was used for functional evaluation of the bladder and its outlet. The bulit-in artefacts of the technique were assessed. The physical factors, such as urethral infusion flow rate and the compliance of infusion catheter hydraulic system governing interpretation of the study during nonvoiding states, are described. With an experience of 100 studies on 75 patients with spinal cord injury and 5 normal subjects, this method has been found to be a useful clinical urodynamic technique well suited even to a nonambulatory patients with spinal cord injury.", "contents": "Synchronous cystosphincterometry in patients with spinal cord injury. Studies with continuous bladder and urethral infusions and physical factors influencing interpretation. A technique of synchronous study for monitoring the bladder activity and simultaneous urethral sphincteric responses is described. This study was made possible by using a 12 F trilumen catheter with which intravesical infusion and independent bladder pressure recording were conducted. Constant urethral infusion with intrasphincteric pressure recording was arranged through the third lumen of the trilumen catheter. This radiologic aided study was used for functional evaluation of the bladder and its outlet. The bulit-in artefacts of the technique were assessed. The physical factors, such as urethral infusion flow rate and the compliance of infusion catheter hydraulic system governing interpretation of the study during nonvoiding states, are described. With an experience of 100 studies on 75 patients with spinal cord injury and 5 normal subjects, this method has been found to be a useful clinical urodynamic technique well suited even to a nonambulatory patients with spinal cord injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1202736", "title": "Encouraging preservation of sexual function postprostatectomy.", "content": "Sexual function after prostatectomy, particularly perirenal, has been reviewed in 128 patients treated in private practice for the past twenty years by one urologist with an avowed bias to encouraging postoperative sexual function. Surgical procedures for benign and neoplastic lesions of the prostate usually do not impair sexual potency when a patient is interested in coitus, has an available partner, and is encouraged by his physician. Review of the literature justifies encouraging preservation of sexual function postprostatectomy.", "contents": "Encouraging preservation of sexual function postprostatectomy. Sexual function after prostatectomy, particularly perirenal, has been reviewed in 128 patients treated in private practice for the past twenty years by one urologist with an avowed bias to encouraging postoperative sexual function. Surgical procedures for benign and neoplastic lesions of the prostate usually do not impair sexual potency when a patient is interested in coitus, has an available partner, and is encouraged by his physician. Review of the literature justifies encouraging preservation of sexual function postprostatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1202738", "title": "In-vivo diagnosis of right renal aplasia in a pekingese bitch.", "content": "The physical, haematological, urinary and radiographic findings in a female pekingese dog with right renal aplasia are described. The right ureter was present and structurally normal. The left kidney was hypertrophied. The ovaries and uterus were normal.", "contents": "In-vivo diagnosis of right renal aplasia in a pekingese bitch. The physical, haematological, urinary and radiographic findings in a female pekingese dog with right renal aplasia are described. The right ureter was present and structurally normal. The left kidney was hypertrophied. The ovaries and uterus were normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1202743", "title": "An investigation into dystocia in a south country Cheviot flock.", "content": "An abnormally high incidence of dystocia was encountered in the south country Cheviot flock at the Hill Farming Research Organisation's research station at Sourhope, Yetholm, Roxburghshire over the past four years, 1970 to 1973. Lambing records were only available for 1972 and 1973 for Sourhope ewes and gimmers of all breeds and showed the following: (see article) This meant that in terms of attention and vigilance, a high shepherding input was necessary with the South Country Cheviot flock. Intensive observation and measurements of some relevant parameters were therefore made in the gimmer age group of this flock, numbering 126, during the lambing season of 1974; 39-7 per cent required assitance. This paper describes the behavioural pattern in lambing and demonstrates differences between those animals which were assisted and those which were not. The features of the dystocias and their possible cause are discussed.", "contents": "An investigation into dystocia in a south country Cheviot flock. An abnormally high incidence of dystocia was encountered in the south country Cheviot flock at the Hill Farming Research Organisation's research station at Sourhope, Yetholm, Roxburghshire over the past four years, 1970 to 1973. Lambing records were only available for 1972 and 1973 for Sourhope ewes and gimmers of all breeds and showed the following: (see article) This meant that in terms of attention and vigilance, a high shepherding input was necessary with the South Country Cheviot flock. Intensive observation and measurements of some relevant parameters were therefore made in the gimmer age group of this flock, numbering 126, during the lambing season of 1974; 39-7 per cent required assitance. This paper describes the behavioural pattern in lambing and demonstrates differences between those animals which were assisted and those which were not. The features of the dystocias and their possible cause are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202744", "title": "Liver fluke in Great Britain: a survey of affected livers.", "content": "Over a period of 15 months data were collected from abattoirs in Great Britain on 213,082 cattle and 362,838 sheep livers to determine the distribution and prevalence of damage by Fasciola hepatica. The stock came from 8239 farms, and from livestock markets in 81 counties. 53 per cent of the farms had sent affected stock, with significant percentages in eastern as well as the western counties of England and Scotland. 21 per cent of all cattle and 7 per cent of all sheep livers examined were affected. In both species, the percentage of adult stock affected was more than double that of young stock. The condemnation rate in cattle was relatively constant throughout the year. The effects of infestation are more widely distributed than has been generally recognised. Greater emphasis should be placed on the control of chronic fascioliasis in cattle.", "contents": "Liver fluke in Great Britain: a survey of affected livers. Over a period of 15 months data were collected from abattoirs in Great Britain on 213,082 cattle and 362,838 sheep livers to determine the distribution and prevalence of damage by Fasciola hepatica. The stock came from 8239 farms, and from livestock markets in 81 counties. 53 per cent of the farms had sent affected stock, with significant percentages in eastern as well as the western counties of England and Scotland. 21 per cent of all cattle and 7 per cent of all sheep livers examined were affected. In both species, the percentage of adult stock affected was more than double that of young stock. The condemnation rate in cattle was relatively constant throughout the year. The effects of infestation are more widely distributed than has been generally recognised. Greater emphasis should be placed on the control of chronic fascioliasis in cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:1202751", "title": "[Methodology of surgical intervention for meningiomas of the medial portions of the wings of the sphenoid bone].", "content": "A procedure employed in removing meningiomas of the ala parva and of meningiomas affecting simultaneously ala parva and ala magna is described. Materials derived from operative interventions in 78 patients are studied. The application of the microsurgical technique in separating meningiomas from basilar arteries made it possible to improve the effectiveness of operative interventions. The overall post operative lethality comprised 24.3 per cent.", "contents": "[Methodology of surgical intervention for meningiomas of the medial portions of the wings of the sphenoid bone]. A procedure employed in removing meningiomas of the ala parva and of meningiomas affecting simultaneously ala parva and ala magna is described. Materials derived from operative interventions in 78 patients are studied. The application of the microsurgical technique in separating meningiomas from basilar arteries made it possible to improve the effectiveness of operative interventions. The overall post operative lethality comprised 24.3 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:1202752", "title": "[Autoimmune shifts in the dynamics of experimental spinal cord injury].", "content": "Results of a study on the content of circulating autoantibodies and on the activity of sensitized leucocytes in 60 albino rats with an experimentally severed half of the spinal cord are reported. An investigation carried our in dynamics of the process (up to 60 days) after injury demonstrated the development of autosensitization during the first 2 weeks and a substantial progressive intensification of it in the course of the following 1 1/2 months. A parallelism between the appearance of specific autoantibodies and the alteration of leucocytes in response to homoantigen from the tissues of the spinal cord, brain, peripheral nerves and muscles as noted. The pathogenetic significance of specific autosensitization in experimental injuries of the spinal cord should be subject to further studies.", "contents": "[Autoimmune shifts in the dynamics of experimental spinal cord injury]. Results of a study on the content of circulating autoantibodies and on the activity of sensitized leucocytes in 60 albino rats with an experimentally severed half of the spinal cord are reported. An investigation carried our in dynamics of the process (up to 60 days) after injury demonstrated the development of autosensitization during the first 2 weeks and a substantial progressive intensification of it in the course of the following 1 1/2 months. A parallelism between the appearance of specific autoantibodies and the alteration of leucocytes in response to homoantigen from the tissues of the spinal cord, brain, peripheral nerves and muscles as noted. The pathogenetic significance of specific autosensitization in experimental injuries of the spinal cord should be subject to further studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1202753", "title": "[Several problems in the rehabilitation of patients with injuries to the lumbosacral portion of the spine and spinal cord].", "content": "Observation over clinical features distinguishing the course of traumas involving the sacro-lumbar vertebral column and spinal cord in 251 patients permitted it to recognize a number of points determining the orientation of a complex restorative treatment. Thanks to the use of a set of medico-rehabilitating measures it was possible to achieve positive results in the treatment of 222 (89 per cent) of the patients and 178 (75 per cent) of them could move without any outside help.", "contents": "[Several problems in the rehabilitation of patients with injuries to the lumbosacral portion of the spine and spinal cord]. Observation over clinical features distinguishing the course of traumas involving the sacro-lumbar vertebral column and spinal cord in 251 patients permitted it to recognize a number of points determining the orientation of a complex restorative treatment. Thanks to the use of a set of medico-rehabilitating measures it was possible to achieve positive results in the treatment of 222 (89 per cent) of the patients and 178 (75 per cent) of them could move without any outside help."}
{"id": "PMID:1202758", "title": "Hyperoncotic albumin infusion in experimental glomerulonephritis in rats: A micropuncture study.", "content": "The effect of infusion of hyperonciotic (25 g% salt-poor bovine plasma albumin) (0.06 g% of body weight) has been studied using clearance and micropuncture techniques in animals with two forms of immunologically induced experimental glomerulonephritis and in age-matched control rats. In control rats the significant natriuresis and diuresis after hyperoncotic albumin were associated with decreased fractional and absolute proximal reabsorption, decreased calculated efferent oncotic pressure, and a transitory rise in efferent arteriolar hydrostatic pressure. These findings, however, do not necessarily indicate a predominant role for peritubular \"physical factors\" in the control of proximal reabsorption. In glomerulonephritic rats a smaller diuresis and an insignificant natriuresis were found after hyperoncotic albumin, especially in anti-GBM nephritis, when no change in SNGFR or proximal absolute reabsorption occurred. In AICN there was a rise in SNGFR and a fall in absolute reabsorptive rate, especially in those nephrons with high filtration rates. There was no evidence that any alteration in efferent arteriolar hydrostatic pressure of calculated efferent oncotic pressure had occurred.", "contents": "Hyperoncotic albumin infusion in experimental glomerulonephritis in rats: A micropuncture study. The effect of infusion of hyperonciotic (25 g% salt-poor bovine plasma albumin) (0.06 g% of body weight) has been studied using clearance and micropuncture techniques in animals with two forms of immunologically induced experimental glomerulonephritis and in age-matched control rats. In control rats the significant natriuresis and diuresis after hyperoncotic albumin were associated with decreased fractional and absolute proximal reabsorption, decreased calculated efferent oncotic pressure, and a transitory rise in efferent arteriolar hydrostatic pressure. These findings, however, do not necessarily indicate a predominant role for peritubular \"physical factors\" in the control of proximal reabsorption. In glomerulonephritic rats a smaller diuresis and an insignificant natriuresis were found after hyperoncotic albumin, especially in anti-GBM nephritis, when no change in SNGFR or proximal absolute reabsorption occurred. In AICN there was a rise in SNGFR and a fall in absolute reabsorptive rate, especially in those nephrons with high filtration rates. There was no evidence that any alteration in efferent arteriolar hydrostatic pressure of calculated efferent oncotic pressure had occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:1202760", "title": "Effect of lithium on water and electrolyte metabolism.", "content": "Studies were performed in the rat to determine the effect of lithium on electrolyte transport in distal portions of the nephron since steep corticomedullary gradient for lithium has been demonstrated and ionic competition and/or substitution of lithium for sodium and potassium may play a role in inhibition of vasopressin-induced water transport. During the intravenous infusion of LiC1, in the absence of volume expansion and at plasma levels of 2-5 mequiv/liter of Li, maximum urine con-entration was inhibitied. Under the same conditions lithium administration impaired potassium secretion and urinary acidification and resulted in a natriuresis. These results indicate that lithium affects electrolyte transport in the same nephron segments in which the action of vasopressin is inhibitied. In addition, evidence is provided that suggests that during the chronic administration of LiC1, the sustained increase in oral intake of water and urinary flow rate results from an increase in thirst as well as reduced renal concentrating ability.", "contents": "Effect of lithium on water and electrolyte metabolism. Studies were performed in the rat to determine the effect of lithium on electrolyte transport in distal portions of the nephron since steep corticomedullary gradient for lithium has been demonstrated and ionic competition and/or substitution of lithium for sodium and potassium may play a role in inhibition of vasopressin-induced water transport. During the intravenous infusion of LiC1, in the absence of volume expansion and at plasma levels of 2-5 mequiv/liter of Li, maximum urine con-entration was inhibitied. Under the same conditions lithium administration impaired potassium secretion and urinary acidification and resulted in a natriuresis. These results indicate that lithium affects electrolyte transport in the same nephron segments in which the action of vasopressin is inhibitied. In addition, evidence is provided that suggests that during the chronic administration of LiC1, the sustained increase in oral intake of water and urinary flow rate results from an increase in thirst as well as reduced renal concentrating ability."}
{"id": "PMID:1202761", "title": "Some reflections on the mechanism of renal tubular potassium transport.", "content": "Analysis of the driving forces acting on the movement of potassium across individual membranes of tubule cells shows that both active and passive components play an important role in the regulation of potassium transport. Distal and cortical collecting tubule and papillary collecting duct elements are the key nephron sites participating in a complex fashion to translate a wide variety of metabolic challenges into the appropriate excretory response. The latter involves both secretory and reabsorptive activity. The analysis of the factors modulating tubular potassium transfer has shown that the potassium concentration in the cells of the distal nephron is a dey factactors involved in setting the cellular potassium concentration are active potassium uptake at the peritubular and luminal membrane of the cells as well as electrogenic solium extrusion across the peritubular boundary of the cells. Additional factors regulating potassium transport involve the electrical potential difference, sensitive to changes in the sodium concentration in the lumen, the flow rate past the late distal tubular site of potassium secretion, and the activity of a reabsorptive potassium pump in the luminal membranes of the cells. In the cortical collecting tubule, active potassium secretion is also present at the luminal membrane of the cell, but the role of such an additional secretory mechanism in the late distal tubule is presently unknown. Most of these individual transport mechanisms exist along the whole distal nephron, but their relative prominence varies among the late distal tubule, the cortical collecting tubule, and the papilary collecting duct.", "contents": "Some reflections on the mechanism of renal tubular potassium transport. Analysis of the driving forces acting on the movement of potassium across individual membranes of tubule cells shows that both active and passive components play an important role in the regulation of potassium transport. Distal and cortical collecting tubule and papillary collecting duct elements are the key nephron sites participating in a complex fashion to translate a wide variety of metabolic challenges into the appropriate excretory response. The latter involves both secretory and reabsorptive activity. The analysis of the factors modulating tubular potassium transfer has shown that the potassium concentration in the cells of the distal nephron is a dey factactors involved in setting the cellular potassium concentration are active potassium uptake at the peritubular and luminal membrane of the cells as well as electrogenic solium extrusion across the peritubular boundary of the cells. Additional factors regulating potassium transport involve the electrical potential difference, sensitive to changes in the sodium concentration in the lumen, the flow rate past the late distal tubular site of potassium secretion, and the activity of a reabsorptive potassium pump in the luminal membranes of the cells. In the cortical collecting tubule, active potassium secretion is also present at the luminal membrane of the cell, but the role of such an additional secretory mechanism in the late distal tubule is presently unknown. Most of these individual transport mechanisms exist along the whole distal nephron, but their relative prominence varies among the late distal tubule, the cortical collecting tubule, and the papilary collecting duct."}
{"id": "PMID:1202762", "title": "Evidence against bicarbonate reabsorption in the ascending limb, particularly as disclosed by free-water clearance studies.", "content": "Bicarbonate reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop was examined by studies of free-water clearance (CH2O) and free-water reabsorption (TcH2O). During maximal water diuresis in the dog, CH2O/GFR was taken as an indes of sodium reabsorption in, and urine flow (V/GFR) as an index of delivery of filtrate to, this scarbonate, infusion of a nonreabsorbable solute (hypotonic mannitol) and administration of an inhibitor of bicarbonate reabsorption (acetaent, but less than that achieved with hypotonic saline infusion. This suggests that sodium that sodium bicarbonate is not reabsorbed in the ascending limb. Rather, it is the sodium chloride, swept out of the proximal tubule by osmotic diuresis due to nonreabsorbed mannitol or sodium bicarbonate, that is reabsorbed in the ascending limb thereby increasing CH2O, whereas the nonreabsorption of mannitol and sodium bicarbonate results in a depressed CH20 per unit V when compared with hypotonic saline. V/GFR is not a satisfactory index of delivery to the ascending limb during osmotic diuresis, since it includes water obligated by nonreabsorbable solutes. When a better index of delivery, the sum of the clearances of chloride (CC1) and free-water (CH2O) is used, hypotonic bicarbonate infusion, hypotonic mannitol infusion and acetazolamide administration increase CH2O/GFR per unit delivery to the same extent as odes hypotonic saline infusion. Studies in dogs and rats on TcH2O also indicate that sodium bicarbonate is an impermeant solute in the ascending limb. Osmotic diuresis due to sodium bicarbonate diuresis, produced either by inhibition of sodium bicarbonate reabsorption (acetazolamide, L-lysine mono-hydrochloride) or infusion of sodium bicarbonate, or mannitol diuresis both produced marked chloruresis and increased TcH2O to the same extent as did hypertonic saline infusion. If chloride excretion was almost eliminated by hemodialysis against a chloride-free dialysate (dogs) or prolonged feeding of a salt-free diet (rats), TcH2O formation was unimpaired if hypertonic saline was infused but virtually obliterated during mannitol or sodium bicarbonate diuresis. Sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb, therefore, appears to be dependent upon chloride as the accompanying anion. At any given rate of bicarbonate excretion, more cloride is delivered out of the proximal tubule (as estimated from CC1 + CH2O) with hypotonic sodium bicarbonate infusion than with acetazolamide administration. This suggests that magnitude of the chlorutesis accompanying bicarbonate diuresis depends, not only on osmotic diuresis due to nonreabsorbed sodium bicarbonate, but also on the extent to which concomitant changes in effective extracellular volume influence overall sodium chloride reabsorption.", "contents": "Evidence against bicarbonate reabsorption in the ascending limb, particularly as disclosed by free-water clearance studies. Bicarbonate reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop was examined by studies of free-water clearance (CH2O) and free-water reabsorption (TcH2O). During maximal water diuresis in the dog, CH2O/GFR was taken as an indes of sodium reabsorption in, and urine flow (V/GFR) as an index of delivery of filtrate to, this scarbonate, infusion of a nonreabsorbable solute (hypotonic mannitol) and administration of an inhibitor of bicarbonate reabsorption (acetaent, but less than that achieved with hypotonic saline infusion. This suggests that sodium that sodium bicarbonate is not reabsorbed in the ascending limb. Rather, it is the sodium chloride, swept out of the proximal tubule by osmotic diuresis due to nonreabsorbed mannitol or sodium bicarbonate, that is reabsorbed in the ascending limb thereby increasing CH2O, whereas the nonreabsorption of mannitol and sodium bicarbonate results in a depressed CH20 per unit V when compared with hypotonic saline. V/GFR is not a satisfactory index of delivery to the ascending limb during osmotic diuresis, since it includes water obligated by nonreabsorbable solutes. When a better index of delivery, the sum of the clearances of chloride (CC1) and free-water (CH2O) is used, hypotonic bicarbonate infusion, hypotonic mannitol infusion and acetazolamide administration increase CH2O/GFR per unit delivery to the same extent as odes hypotonic saline infusion. Studies in dogs and rats on TcH2O also indicate that sodium bicarbonate is an impermeant solute in the ascending limb. Osmotic diuresis due to sodium bicarbonate diuresis, produced either by inhibition of sodium bicarbonate reabsorption (acetazolamide, L-lysine mono-hydrochloride) or infusion of sodium bicarbonate, or mannitol diuresis both produced marked chloruresis and increased TcH2O to the same extent as did hypertonic saline infusion. If chloride excretion was almost eliminated by hemodialysis against a chloride-free dialysate (dogs) or prolonged feeding of a salt-free diet (rats), TcH2O formation was unimpaired if hypertonic saline was infused but virtually obliterated during mannitol or sodium bicarbonate diuresis. Sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb, therefore, appears to be dependent upon chloride as the accompanying anion. At any given rate of bicarbonate excretion, more cloride is delivered out of the proximal tubule (as estimated from CC1 + CH2O) with hypotonic sodium bicarbonate infusion than with acetazolamide administration. This suggests that magnitude of the chlorutesis accompanying bicarbonate diuresis depends, not only on osmotic diuresis due to nonreabsorbed sodium bicarbonate, but also on the extent to which concomitant changes in effective extracellular volume influence overall sodium chloride reabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1202763", "title": "[Possibilities of a routine prevention of arrhythmia in the early phase of acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The frequency of the electric heart death in the early phase of the acute myocardial infarction demands a prophylactic use of antiarrhythmic remedies. In a guarded ward for coronary diseases since 1972 all patients with a fresh myocardial infarction or suspicion of infarction were treated with a continuous intravenous lidocain drip in a dosage of 100 mg/per hour for 48 hours. In 266 patients in a certain examination period ventricular fibrillation was observed only once and ventricular tachycardias twice. In accordance with literary data the prophylatic medication of lidocain gives an effective defence against threatening disturbances of the ventricular rhythm. The indications for a passagere electrostimulation in bradycardiac disturbances of rhythm associated with acute myocardial infarction are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Possibilities of a routine prevention of arrhythmia in the early phase of acute myocardial infarct]. The frequency of the electric heart death in the early phase of the acute myocardial infarction demands a prophylactic use of antiarrhythmic remedies. In a guarded ward for coronary diseases since 1972 all patients with a fresh myocardial infarction or suspicion of infarction were treated with a continuous intravenous lidocain drip in a dosage of 100 mg/per hour for 48 hours. In 266 patients in a certain examination period ventricular fibrillation was observed only once and ventricular tachycardias twice. In accordance with literary data the prophylatic medication of lidocain gives an effective defence against threatening disturbances of the ventricular rhythm. The indications for a passagere electrostimulation in bradycardiac disturbances of rhythm associated with acute myocardial infarction are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202764", "title": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax as an urgent internal problem].", "content": "92 cases of pneumothorax of the clinic for lung diseases Lostau and 35 cases from 9 county hospitals of the district Magdeburg were analysed. In the two groups a vast correspondence of the following data was found: average age of the patients (40.0 or 46.2 years), duration of stay in the ward (25.3/23.5 days), as urgent cases 11 or 8 patients, respectively, were hospitalised. Only in 5% of all cases a treatment on the conditions of an intensive therapy unit was necessary. Apart from the clinical and radiological basal diagnostics a measurement of the interpleural pressure by means of the pneumothorax apparatus is demanded. These values form the basis for a differentiated therapy of the pneumothorax: conservative attitude with sedation of cough of the patient in minimal pneumothoraces; withdrawal by means of the pneumothorax apparatus in more severe lung collapse, appearances of tension, lacking tendency to re-expansion of the lung after 3 days' conservative-medicamentous therapy; rubber-tube drainage when the withdrawal by means of the pneumothorax apparatus was ineffective for three times; surgical therapy when a 7 to 10 days' rubber-tube drainage was without success.", "contents": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax as an urgent internal problem]. 92 cases of pneumothorax of the clinic for lung diseases Lostau and 35 cases from 9 county hospitals of the district Magdeburg were analysed. In the two groups a vast correspondence of the following data was found: average age of the patients (40.0 or 46.2 years), duration of stay in the ward (25.3/23.5 days), as urgent cases 11 or 8 patients, respectively, were hospitalised. Only in 5% of all cases a treatment on the conditions of an intensive therapy unit was necessary. Apart from the clinical and radiological basal diagnostics a measurement of the interpleural pressure by means of the pneumothorax apparatus is demanded. These values form the basis for a differentiated therapy of the pneumothorax: conservative attitude with sedation of cough of the patient in minimal pneumothoraces; withdrawal by means of the pneumothorax apparatus in more severe lung collapse, appearances of tension, lacking tendency to re-expansion of the lung after 3 days' conservative-medicamentous therapy; rubber-tube drainage when the withdrawal by means of the pneumothorax apparatus was ineffective for three times; surgical therapy when a 7 to 10 days' rubber-tube drainage was without success."}
{"id": "PMID:1202765", "title": "[Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct in corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram].", "content": "In 450 patients of a guarded ward for coronary diseases apart from the 15 conventional ECG-leads three corrected orthogonal leads after Frank were registered. In 141 cases an infarction could be confirmed. Using an observation of the course a recognition of the infarctions was always possible in the conventional as well as the corrected orthogonal ECG. In not penetrating infarctions a very careful analysis of the electrocardiograms and of the controls of the course is necessary, since the changes of the final ventricular deflection in the corrected orthogonal deviation system are less expressed than in the conventional leads. Thus, the corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram seems to be suitable for screening investigations concerning the recognition of a myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct in corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram]. In 450 patients of a guarded ward for coronary diseases apart from the 15 conventional ECG-leads three corrected orthogonal leads after Frank were registered. In 141 cases an infarction could be confirmed. Using an observation of the course a recognition of the infarctions was always possible in the conventional as well as the corrected orthogonal ECG. In not penetrating infarctions a very careful analysis of the electrocardiograms and of the controls of the course is necessary, since the changes of the final ventricular deflection in the corrected orthogonal deviation system are less expressed than in the conventional leads. Thus, the corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram seems to be suitable for screening investigations concerning the recognition of a myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1202766", "title": "[Clinical experiences with the miniature-electrocardioscope MC-3 in cardiological emergencies].", "content": "Using the thoraxic putting up electrodes the cardioscope MC-3 (Medicor Budapest) principally satisfies the demands made on an emergency cardioscope. Usually derived with electrode cable, the derivation programme comprises 12 possibilities. The apparatus is distinguished by an easy service, slight susceptibility to disturbances and great security. It can be used in cardiological emergency situations in in-patient and out-patient departments and for supervision of infarction rehabilitands.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with the miniature-electrocardioscope MC-3 in cardiological emergencies]. Using the thoraxic putting up electrodes the cardioscope MC-3 (Medicor Budapest) principally satisfies the demands made on an emergency cardioscope. Usually derived with electrode cable, the derivation programme comprises 12 possibilities. The apparatus is distinguished by an easy service, slight susceptibility to disturbances and great security. It can be used in cardiological emergency situations in in-patient and out-patient departments and for supervision of infarction rehabilitands."}
{"id": "PMID:1202767", "title": "[Premonitory sign of myocardial rupture].", "content": "It is reported on 14 cases in which a rupture of the myocardium occurred following a myocardial infarction. The moment of the appearance as well as anamnestic and clinical peculiarities are examined. As the only usable symptom of the rupture the symptomatology of the electromechanic dissociation must be taken into consideration. Finally it is referred to the on principle possible operative consequences of the rupture of the myocardium (oversewing or infarctetomy).", "contents": "[Premonitory sign of myocardial rupture]. It is reported on 14 cases in which a rupture of the myocardium occurred following a myocardial infarction. The moment of the appearance as well as anamnestic and clinical peculiarities are examined. As the only usable symptom of the rupture the symptomatology of the electromechanic dissociation must be taken into consideration. Finally it is referred to the on principle possible operative consequences of the rupture of the myocardium (oversewing or infarctetomy)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202768", "title": "[Scientifically proved emergency examinations in clinical laboratory].", "content": "The most clinical laboratories may guarantee the laboratory diagnostic service out of regular laboratory hours only in a limited extent. In order to guarantee the short-term performance of emergency examinations with a security of the results which is to be compared with the daily routine, therefore, a selection of parameters must be carried out, which satisfies the demand of the clarification of suddenly occurred life-threatening conditions and possibly also of their control of therapy. It is presented a maximum program of parameters, which must be on principle, at the disposal of the suitable medical care of men in acute emergency situations within a territorial organisation.", "contents": "[Scientifically proved emergency examinations in clinical laboratory]. The most clinical laboratories may guarantee the laboratory diagnostic service out of regular laboratory hours only in a limited extent. In order to guarantee the short-term performance of emergency examinations with a security of the results which is to be compared with the daily routine, therefore, a selection of parameters must be carried out, which satisfies the demand of the clarification of suddenly occurred life-threatening conditions and possibly also of their control of therapy. It is presented a maximum program of parameters, which must be on principle, at the disposal of the suitable medical care of men in acute emergency situations within a territorial organisation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202770", "title": "[Peptic ulcer - etiology and pathogenesis].", "content": "On account of its frequency, its severe sequelae for individual and society and an account of the hitherto insufficient possibilities for prevention and cure the peptic ulcer of the stomach and the duodenum is a severe problem in health policy. To the conditions of development known from epidemiology belong genetic as well as environmental factors. For the participation of genetic predispositions plead among others the familial accumulation and the connection with ABO-blood-groups. Environmental factors are evidently more important. Conspicuous are geographic differences and temporary trends of the frequency of ulcer. Psychosocial factors is attributed an important role among the developmental conditions. Ventricular ulcer and duodenal ulcer differ epidemiologically and pathophysiologically. In the ventricular ulcer the question is apparantly the local expression of a diffuse lesion of the mucous membrane. Due to a lesion of the barrier of the mucous membrane the increased rediffusion of hydrogen ions is the cause. Reflux of the duodenal juice, drugs and disturbances of circulation participate in this. In the duodenal ulcer the mucous membrane is healthy, but is not able to resist the increased and prolonged exposition to hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Disturbances of the nervous and humoral regulation of the production of acid and its inhibition are apparantly the cause.", "contents": "[Peptic ulcer - etiology and pathogenesis]. On account of its frequency, its severe sequelae for individual and society and an account of the hitherto insufficient possibilities for prevention and cure the peptic ulcer of the stomach and the duodenum is a severe problem in health policy. To the conditions of development known from epidemiology belong genetic as well as environmental factors. For the participation of genetic predispositions plead among others the familial accumulation and the connection with ABO-blood-groups. Environmental factors are evidently more important. Conspicuous are geographic differences and temporary trends of the frequency of ulcer. Psychosocial factors is attributed an important role among the developmental conditions. Ventricular ulcer and duodenal ulcer differ epidemiologically and pathophysiologically. In the ventricular ulcer the question is apparantly the local expression of a diffuse lesion of the mucous membrane. Due to a lesion of the barrier of the mucous membrane the increased rediffusion of hydrogen ions is the cause. Reflux of the duodenal juice, drugs and disturbances of circulation participate in this. In the duodenal ulcer the mucous membrane is healthy, but is not able to resist the increased and prolonged exposition to hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Disturbances of the nervous and humoral regulation of the production of acid and its inhibition are apparantly the cause."}
{"id": "PMID:1202771", "title": "[Tests of gastric secretion in diagnosis and therapy of peptic ulcer].", "content": "A survey of the modern importance of the secretion test of the stomach for diagnostics and differential diagnostics of the gastroduodenal ulcer, for an individualising surgery of the stomach and for the testing of the success in vagotomy is given. In the epoch of the fibre endoscopy the secretion test can scarcely still contribute to the diagnostics of ulcer, but it is now as ever important as screening method for the differentiation of the Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome. The decision on the size of an individual surgical intervention for the treatment of the peptic ulcer should also be based on the result of the secretion test. The usual control of the success of vagotomy by means of the insulin test has its problems.", "contents": "[Tests of gastric secretion in diagnosis and therapy of peptic ulcer]. A survey of the modern importance of the secretion test of the stomach for diagnostics and differential diagnostics of the gastroduodenal ulcer, for an individualising surgery of the stomach and for the testing of the success in vagotomy is given. In the epoch of the fibre endoscopy the secretion test can scarcely still contribute to the diagnostics of ulcer, but it is now as ever important as screening method for the differentiation of the Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome. The decision on the size of an individual surgical intervention for the treatment of the peptic ulcer should also be based on the result of the secretion test. The usual control of the success of vagotomy by means of the insulin test has its problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1202772", "title": "[Radiography and endoscopy in the diagnosis of the gastroduodenal ulcer].", "content": "In the clarification of circumscribed processes in stomach and duodenal bulb radiodiagnostics and endoscopy supplement themselves in an ideal way. The endoscopy seems to have advantages in recognition and explanation of findings on the cardial and subcardial parts of the stomach as well as on the operated stomach. Deformation of the duodenal bulb and changes of the post-stenotic parts can be better judged radiologically. The complete healing of an ulcer is exactly recognisable only by means of endoscopy. Linear ulcers are often not to be seen in radiodiagnostics. With the help of the aimed biopsy the decision on benignity or malignity of the ulcerating process has become easier. Every radiologically not certainly explainable findings and every discrepancy between X-ray picture and complaints of the patients should bring about an endoscopic examination.", "contents": "[Radiography and endoscopy in the diagnosis of the gastroduodenal ulcer]. In the clarification of circumscribed processes in stomach and duodenal bulb radiodiagnostics and endoscopy supplement themselves in an ideal way. The endoscopy seems to have advantages in recognition and explanation of findings on the cardial and subcardial parts of the stomach as well as on the operated stomach. Deformation of the duodenal bulb and changes of the post-stenotic parts can be better judged radiologically. The complete healing of an ulcer is exactly recognisable only by means of endoscopy. Linear ulcers are often not to be seen in radiodiagnostics. With the help of the aimed biopsy the decision on benignity or malignity of the ulcerating process has become easier. Every radiologically not certainly explainable findings and every discrepancy between X-ray picture and complaints of the patients should bring about an endoscopic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1202773", "title": "[Stomach ulcer and stomach cancer].", "content": "About 5--10% of the gastric carcinomas develop from a gastric ulcer (ulcerocancer). This process, however, is, referred to gastric ulcers, too rare to indicate a prophylactic resection of the stomach on account of the danger of the development of cancer. Careful diagnostics and following control with X-ray examination and gastroscopy are, however, necessary in every gastric ulcer. The retrogression of the complaints neither proves healing of the ulcer nor benignity of the ulcer. Compared with the ulcerocarcinoma the differential diagnosis of the gastric ulcer is easy when locally advanced, patelliform carcinomas are in question. It is difficult in small carcinomas and especially in the carcinoma of the mucous membrane of type III. Individual radiologic and endoscopic signs and especially their combination are useful for the differentiation, but they may be misleading. A carcinomatous ulcer may radiologically and endoscopically look like a peptic ulcer and may apparently also fully heal. Therefore, a certain differential diagnosis is only possible with the help of an aimed biopsy of the stomach or the cytodiagnostics. The two methods serve further propagation. They should be used in every case, when an apparantly benign ulcer does not reveal a clear retrogression under effective treatment with carbenoxolone within four weeks. The examination of the gastric juice may be used for the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Stomach ulcer and stomach cancer]. About 5--10% of the gastric carcinomas develop from a gastric ulcer (ulcerocancer). This process, however, is, referred to gastric ulcers, too rare to indicate a prophylactic resection of the stomach on account of the danger of the development of cancer. Careful diagnostics and following control with X-ray examination and gastroscopy are, however, necessary in every gastric ulcer. The retrogression of the complaints neither proves healing of the ulcer nor benignity of the ulcer. Compared with the ulcerocarcinoma the differential diagnosis of the gastric ulcer is easy when locally advanced, patelliform carcinomas are in question. It is difficult in small carcinomas and especially in the carcinoma of the mucous membrane of type III. Individual radiologic and endoscopic signs and especially their combination are useful for the differentiation, but they may be misleading. A carcinomatous ulcer may radiologically and endoscopically look like a peptic ulcer and may apparently also fully heal. Therefore, a certain differential diagnosis is only possible with the help of an aimed biopsy of the stomach or the cytodiagnostics. The two methods serve further propagation. They should be used in every case, when an apparantly benign ulcer does not reveal a clear retrogression under effective treatment with carbenoxolone within four weeks. The examination of the gastric juice may be used for the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202774", "title": "[Peptic ulcer and the liver].", "content": "The interorganic relations between liver and stomach are explained from the point of view of the primary diseases of each organ and the higher mechanism is also discussed. The at present well-known and partly hypothetic pathophysiological mechanisms are treated within the subject. On own combined histologo-biochemical examinations of the liver punctate is generally explained the too little regarded role of the peptic ulcer for the induction of so-called latent hepatopathies. In this respect in operations of the stomach the vagotomy as the method of choice serves the preference compared with resections of the stomach.", "contents": "[Peptic ulcer and the liver]. The interorganic relations between liver and stomach are explained from the point of view of the primary diseases of each organ and the higher mechanism is also discussed. The at present well-known and partly hypothetic pathophysiological mechanisms are treated within the subject. On own combined histologo-biochemical examinations of the liver punctate is generally explained the too little regarded role of the peptic ulcer for the induction of so-called latent hepatopathies. In this respect in operations of the stomach the vagotomy as the method of choice serves the preference compared with resections of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:1202775", "title": "[Diet therapy of ulcer disease].", "content": "After a time of overstated diet prescriptions nowadays the individual nutrition of the patient with ulcer with a diet of high quality is striven for. Such a diet must guarantee the intake of an adequate quantity of calories, with regard to the main nutrient media protein, fats and carbohydrates it must be well composed and must meet the requirements of minerals, vitamins and fluid. The diet shall be varied, and more frequent smaller meals are to be recommended.", "contents": "[Diet therapy of ulcer disease]. After a time of overstated diet prescriptions nowadays the individual nutrition of the patient with ulcer with a diet of high quality is striven for. Such a diet must guarantee the intake of an adequate quantity of calories, with regard to the main nutrient media protein, fats and carbohydrates it must be well composed and must meet the requirements of minerals, vitamins and fluid. The diet shall be varied, and more frequent smaller meals are to be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1202776", "title": "[Drug therapy of peptic ulcer].", "content": "Though the proper genesis of peptic ulcer is still unknown, one can proceed from the fact that the cause of the development of the defect is a disturbance of the equilibrium between aggressive and defensive factors on the surface of the stomach. It is taken the view that an uncomplicated ulcus duodeni and ulcus ventriculi should be treated in the outpatient department. Strong diet prescriptions are certainly not necessary, reduction of the consumption of nicotine and avoidance of nutrients increasing secretion and individually incompatible is, however, necessary. In duodenal ulcer anticholinergic remedies and antacids are the basis of the therapy as before; other principles of treatment are only of subordinated significance. In ulcus ventriculi a reduction of quality and quantity of the gastric mucus play, perhaps, an etiologic role. Since, apart from this, a reflux of bile takes place, the derivations of the Succus liquiritiae which further the formation of mucus and the Cerucal furthering the peristalsis are to be regarded as most essential therapeutic remedies. But principle of the therapy of ulcer must always be not only to treat the diseased organ, but to try to influence therapeutically on the whole man with his conflicts which are sometimes difficult  to be solved and which manifest themselves only in the gastro-intestinal tract.", "contents": "[Drug therapy of peptic ulcer]. Though the proper genesis of peptic ulcer is still unknown, one can proceed from the fact that the cause of the development of the defect is a disturbance of the equilibrium between aggressive and defensive factors on the surface of the stomach. It is taken the view that an uncomplicated ulcus duodeni and ulcus ventriculi should be treated in the outpatient department. Strong diet prescriptions are certainly not necessary, reduction of the consumption of nicotine and avoidance of nutrients increasing secretion and individually incompatible is, however, necessary. In duodenal ulcer anticholinergic remedies and antacids are the basis of the therapy as before; other principles of treatment are only of subordinated significance. In ulcus ventriculi a reduction of quality and quantity of the gastric mucus play, perhaps, an etiologic role. Since, apart from this, a reflux of bile takes place, the derivations of the Succus liquiritiae which further the formation of mucus and the Cerucal furthering the peristalsis are to be regarded as most essential therapeutic remedies. But principle of the therapy of ulcer must always be not only to treat the diseased organ, but to try to influence therapeutically on the whole man with his conflicts which are sometimes difficult  to be solved and which manifest themselves only in the gastro-intestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:1202777", "title": "[Individual selection for operation in the surgery of ulcer].", "content": "In 918 operations of gastroduodenal ulcer the operation was individually chosen. The critically indicated selective oral vagotomy with or without drainage operation yielded comparatively good results, it is a valuable supplementation of the previously only performed resection treatment. Ulcus duodenum and ulcus pepticum jejuni post-operativum are the domain of vagotomy, whereas in ulcus ventriculi in most cases is resected according to Billroth I. In old patients or severe concomitant diseases vagotomies--even in hypochlorhydria--yield as satisfying results as excision of ulcer and segment resections. Bleeding or perforated parapyloric ulcers were in selected cases also treated by vagotomies. On account of good early and late results the 2/3 resektion after Billroth I or II is never defective and it is more favourable for the patient than a wrongly indicated and technically insufficiency performed vagotomy. Operative techniques should be used which are mastered methodically. The vagotomy demands a critical indication and cautions technique, in the hand of an experienced operator it anticipates the removal of peptic ulcer. A final judgment is allowed only after an interval of 1 to 2 decenniums.", "contents": "[Individual selection for operation in the surgery of ulcer]. In 918 operations of gastroduodenal ulcer the operation was individually chosen. The critically indicated selective oral vagotomy with or without drainage operation yielded comparatively good results, it is a valuable supplementation of the previously only performed resection treatment. Ulcus duodenum and ulcus pepticum jejuni post-operativum are the domain of vagotomy, whereas in ulcus ventriculi in most cases is resected according to Billroth I. In old patients or severe concomitant diseases vagotomies--even in hypochlorhydria--yield as satisfying results as excision of ulcer and segment resections. Bleeding or perforated parapyloric ulcers were in selected cases also treated by vagotomies. On account of good early and late results the 2/3 resektion after Billroth I or II is never defective and it is more favourable for the patient than a wrongly indicated and technically insufficiency performed vagotomy. Operative techniques should be used which are mastered methodically. The vagotomy demands a critical indication and cautions technique, in the hand of an experienced operator it anticipates the removal of peptic ulcer. A final judgment is allowed only after an interval of 1 to 2 decenniums."}
{"id": "PMID:1202778", "title": "[Herpes zoster as cause of an epidemic spread of varicella and zoster in a children's hospital].", "content": "During infancy zoster is not so rare as generally stated. In this age group the infection seems often to be unrecognised, because commonly it produces little or atypical body reactions. In children the infectivity of zoster is more serious than in adults, but in the absence of antibodies, varicella develops. Therefore zoster has been considered as an immunologically modified form of varicella. In my own experience, one case of zoster caused epidemics of varicella and zoster in a paediatric hospital. The pathogenesis and epidemiology of the two diseases have been discussed.", "contents": "[Herpes zoster as cause of an epidemic spread of varicella and zoster in a children's hospital]. During infancy zoster is not so rare as generally stated. In this age group the infection seems often to be unrecognised, because commonly it produces little or atypical body reactions. In children the infectivity of zoster is more serious than in adults, but in the absence of antibodies, varicella develops. Therefore zoster has been considered as an immunologically modified form of varicella. In my own experience, one case of zoster caused epidemics of varicella and zoster in a paediatric hospital. The pathogenesis and epidemiology of the two diseases have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202781", "title": "Rapid lactate determination with an electrochemical enzymatic sensor: clinical usability and comparative measurements.", "content": "Lactate measurements can be performed within 2-3 minutes after blood withdrawal from the patients by using an electrochemical enzymatic sensor for lactate. The values obtained reflect the actual state of the patient which is not the case with the slow classical method using lactate dehydrogenase and NAD. The sensor is reproducible and the influence of the main reducing substances found in the blood is small enough to be of no clinical significance. Drugs commonly used in intensive care stations have no influence on the sensor. In vitro lactate production of the blood cells has been studied under various conditions. 66 pairs of comparative measurements between the classical method and the lactate sensor resulted in a good correlation coefficient.", "contents": "Rapid lactate determination with an electrochemical enzymatic sensor: clinical usability and comparative measurements. Lactate measurements can be performed within 2-3 minutes after blood withdrawal from the patients by using an electrochemical enzymatic sensor for lactate. The values obtained reflect the actual state of the patient which is not the case with the slow classical method using lactate dehydrogenase and NAD. The sensor is reproducible and the influence of the main reducing substances found in the blood is small enough to be of no clinical significance. Drugs commonly used in intensive care stations have no influence on the sensor. In vitro lactate production of the blood cells has been studied under various conditions. 66 pairs of comparative measurements between the classical method and the lactate sensor resulted in a good correlation coefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:1202782", "title": "[A micromethod for the determination of glucose in 20 microliter samples with the autoanalyzer (author's transl)].", "content": "A continuous flow method is described for the determination of glucose in haemolysates and other materials with hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as reagents. It is a micro-method (20 microliter) which can be used with the 2. generation auto-analyzer. The new method was compared with a hexokinase manual method.", "contents": "[A micromethod for the determination of glucose in 20 microliter samples with the autoanalyzer (author's transl)]. A continuous flow method is described for the determination of glucose in haemolysates and other materials with hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as reagents. It is a micro-method (20 microliter) which can be used with the 2. generation auto-analyzer. The new method was compared with a hexokinase manual method."}
{"id": "PMID:1202783", "title": "[A simple extraction chamber for the analysis of gases by gas chromatography in small blood samples (50 microliters) (author's transl)].", "content": "A sample extraction chamber for the determination of O2- CO2- and N2O-concentrations in 50 microliters blood samples by gas chromatography is described. These blood samples can be transferred anaerobically from the ear lobe of a patient or other donor by a doctor or medical auxillary. It is shown that N2O, O2 and CO2 are completely extracted from blood, red cell suspension and HCO3-solutions respectively. When the concentrations of the same sample was repeatedly measured the coefficient of variation was 1.3% for O2 and N2O and 1.2% for CO2.", "contents": "[A simple extraction chamber for the analysis of gases by gas chromatography in small blood samples (50 microliters) (author's transl)]. A sample extraction chamber for the determination of O2- CO2- and N2O-concentrations in 50 microliters blood samples by gas chromatography is described. These blood samples can be transferred anaerobically from the ear lobe of a patient or other donor by a doctor or medical auxillary. It is shown that N2O, O2 and CO2 are completely extracted from blood, red cell suspension and HCO3-solutions respectively. When the concentrations of the same sample was repeatedly measured the coefficient of variation was 1.3% for O2 and N2O and 1.2% for CO2."}
{"id": "PMID:1202784", "title": "Automated analysis of total urinary hydroxyproline based on resin-catalysed hydrolysis.", "content": "An automated method for the analysis of total urinary hydroxyproline using strong cation resin tablets of Hypronosticon is described for use in a clinical laboratory and the results are compared with those obtained by other methods. Even though good recoveries are obtained using the technique described in the present work by adding the internal standards either before or after hydrolysis of urine, the present method gave consistently lower values of urinary hydroxyproline compared with a manual and an automated method.", "contents": "Automated analysis of total urinary hydroxyproline based on resin-catalysed hydrolysis. An automated method for the analysis of total urinary hydroxyproline using strong cation resin tablets of Hypronosticon is described for use in a clinical laboratory and the results are compared with those obtained by other methods. Even though good recoveries are obtained using the technique described in the present work by adding the internal standards either before or after hydrolysis of urine, the present method gave consistently lower values of urinary hydroxyproline compared with a manual and an automated method."}
{"id": "PMID:1202785", "title": "[Investigation on the synthesis of 125I labelled triiodothyronine and thyroxine of high specific radioactivity (author's transl)].", "content": "The reaction conditions of the monoiodination of L-diiodothyronine and L-triiodothyronine by nonradioactive iodide have been investigated by separation of the reaction mixture on sephadex G-25 with sodium hydroxide 10 mmol/l as eluent and quantitative iodine estimation in the eluate. When labelling with 125I was performed under optimal conditions, a good yield of chromatographically pure L-triiodothyronine or L-thyroxine was obtained with a specific radioactivity between 2 and 3 Ci/mg. The synthesized labelled hormones were tested by radioimmunoassay. They enable a detection of less than 2 pg T3 and less than 5 pg T4.", "contents": "[Investigation on the synthesis of 125I labelled triiodothyronine and thyroxine of high specific radioactivity (author's transl)]. The reaction conditions of the monoiodination of L-diiodothyronine and L-triiodothyronine by nonradioactive iodide have been investigated by separation of the reaction mixture on sephadex G-25 with sodium hydroxide 10 mmol/l as eluent and quantitative iodine estimation in the eluate. When labelling with 125I was performed under optimal conditions, a good yield of chromatographically pure L-triiodothyronine or L-thyroxine was obtained with a specific radioactivity between 2 and 3 Ci/mg. The synthesized labelled hormones were tested by radioimmunoassay. They enable a detection of less than 2 pg T3 and less than 5 pg T4."}
{"id": "PMID:1202786", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 3,3',-'-triiodo-L-thyronine (reverse T3) in human serum and its application in different thyroid states.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3.3',5'-triiodo-L-thyromine (reverse T3, rT3) has been developed. The known limitations of this technique have been overcome by the use of the biologically relevant L-compound for the production of highly specific antisera and for preparing the standard curve. The high sensitivity of the assay (lower limit of detection 20 ng/l serum) was obtained by using 125I-labelled rT3 of maximum specific radioactivity. Mean serum rT3 concentrations for various thyroid states were as follows: Normal subjects: 0.182 mug/l (0,280 nmol/l), hypothyroidism: 0.038 mug/l (0.058 nmol/l), hyperthyroidism: 0.522 mug/l (0.802 nmol/l), pregnants: 0.200 mug/l (0.307 nmol/l), newborn (cord serum): 2.11 mug/l (3.24 nmol/l). The method described should provide additional information with regard to the clarification of thyroxine metabolism.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 3,3',-'-triiodo-L-thyronine (reverse T3) in human serum and its application in different thyroid states. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3.3',5'-triiodo-L-thyromine (reverse T3, rT3) has been developed. The known limitations of this technique have been overcome by the use of the biologically relevant L-compound for the production of highly specific antisera and for preparing the standard curve. The high sensitivity of the assay (lower limit of detection 20 ng/l serum) was obtained by using 125I-labelled rT3 of maximum specific radioactivity. Mean serum rT3 concentrations for various thyroid states were as follows: Normal subjects: 0.182 mug/l (0,280 nmol/l), hypothyroidism: 0.038 mug/l (0.058 nmol/l), hyperthyroidism: 0.522 mug/l (0.802 nmol/l), pregnants: 0.200 mug/l (0.307 nmol/l), newborn (cord serum): 2.11 mug/l (3.24 nmol/l). The method described should provide additional information with regard to the clarification of thyroxine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1202787", "title": "[The content of free serotonin in urine after resection of part of the gastro-intestinal-tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The elimination of free serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in 24 h urine, from patients with gastric carcinoma before operation and from patients following 2/3 gastrectomy (Billroth II), intestinal- or colon-rectum-resection, was measured using direct quantitative thin-layer chromatographic-fluorometry. By comparison with a heterogeneous control group a lowered elimination of free serotonin was observed in patients with gastric carcinoma and following colon-rectum-resection. The remaining groups showed no significant difference with the control group.", "contents": "[The content of free serotonin in urine after resection of part of the gastro-intestinal-tract (author's transl)]. The elimination of free serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in 24 h urine, from patients with gastric carcinoma before operation and from patients following 2/3 gastrectomy (Billroth II), intestinal- or colon-rectum-resection, was measured using direct quantitative thin-layer chromatographic-fluorometry. By comparison with a heterogeneous control group a lowered elimination of free serotonin was observed in patients with gastric carcinoma and following colon-rectum-resection. The remaining groups showed no significant difference with the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:1202788", "title": "[Nomenclature of angles in the lumbo-sacral region (author's transl)].", "content": "Lack of an universally accepted nomenclature of lumbo-sacral angles often leads to misunderstanding. As a basis for a future agreed nomenclature the descriptions of these angles are put in order, wherever possible without introducing new names. Only in one instance - for the differentiation between an anterior and posterior lumbo-sacral angle - was a new name essential. The series of angles also contains a point - the promontory - and a distance - the height of the promontory - which is the second new name.", "contents": "[Nomenclature of angles in the lumbo-sacral region (author's transl)]. Lack of an universally accepted nomenclature of lumbo-sacral angles often leads to misunderstanding. As a basis for a future agreed nomenclature the descriptions of these angles are put in order, wherever possible without introducing new names. Only in one instance - for the differentiation between an anterior and posterior lumbo-sacral angle - was a new name essential. The series of angles also contains a point - the promontory - and a distance - the height of the promontory - which is the second new name."}
{"id": "PMID:1202789", "title": "[Anatomy of the lateral malleolar sulcus - a contribution to the causation of displacement of peroneal tendons (author's transl)].", "content": "On 100 specimens of the fibula repeatable parameters were developed so as to measure the bony bed of the peroneal tendons and to evaluate the results statistically. The specimens were investigated frontally and in profile. And the sulcus was measured with a special tool. By determining height, width and slope of the walls of the groove absolute values were found which permitted differentiation between the various types of salcus.", "contents": "[Anatomy of the lateral malleolar sulcus - a contribution to the causation of displacement of peroneal tendons (author's transl)]. On 100 specimens of the fibula repeatable parameters were developed so as to measure the bony bed of the peroneal tendons and to evaluate the results statistically. The specimens were investigated frontally and in profile. And the sulcus was measured with a special tool. By determining height, width and slope of the walls of the groove absolute values were found which permitted differentiation between the various types of salcus."}
{"id": "PMID:1202790", "title": "[Anatomy of the sulcus of the extensor carpi radialis tendon (author's transl)].", "content": "The anatomy of the sulcus of the extensor carpi radialis tendon was analyzed in order to establish the importance of anatomic variation of the bony bed for the development of habitual dislocation of the tendon. Length, width and slope of the lateral walls were measured. Additional morphologic description permitted to distinguish 4 different types of sulcus. The results mean that the anatomy of the sulcus has only an indirect connection with dislocation, via laxity of the retinacula.", "contents": "[Anatomy of the sulcus of the extensor carpi radialis tendon (author's transl)]. The anatomy of the sulcus of the extensor carpi radialis tendon was analyzed in order to establish the importance of anatomic variation of the bony bed for the development of habitual dislocation of the tendon. Length, width and slope of the lateral walls were measured. Additional morphologic description permitted to distinguish 4 different types of sulcus. The results mean that the anatomy of the sulcus has only an indirect connection with dislocation, via laxity of the retinacula."}
{"id": "PMID:1202791", "title": "[Dyschondroplasia (Ollier) (author's transl)].", "content": "Over 20 years 5 patients with dyschondroplasia (Ollier) have been seen in the department for Orthopedics and Traumatology at Cluj-Napoca (Romania). Three were male, two female. 4 came from large families. First signs appeared gradually in 3, in 2 spontaneous fractures drew the attention to the disease. Radiographycally there were the typical chondromas with a strong tendency towards ossification in the adult. Shortening and deformity is proportional to the growth of the chondromas. The cause is unknown. In one case a chondroma became sarcomatous. One arm had to be exarticulated. This patient had no recurrence after 14 years.", "contents": "[Dyschondroplasia (Ollier) (author's transl)]. Over 20 years 5 patients with dyschondroplasia (Ollier) have been seen in the department for Orthopedics and Traumatology at Cluj-Napoca (Romania). Three were male, two female. 4 came from large families. First signs appeared gradually in 3, in 2 spontaneous fractures drew the attention to the disease. Radiographycally there were the typical chondromas with a strong tendency towards ossification in the adult. Shortening and deformity is proportional to the growth of the chondromas. The cause is unknown. In one case a chondroma became sarcomatous. One arm had to be exarticulated. This patient had no recurrence after 14 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1202792", "title": "[Progress of untreated scoliosis following poliomyelitis up to the end of the growth-period (author's transl)].", "content": "Further to an earlier paper on progression of untreated idiopathic scoliosis 37 patients with scoliosis following poliomyelitis are reported on. 16 of them could be observed for 2 years or more having had no treatment. Their progression is clearly more extensive than that of idiopathic scoliosis. But like them it is at a peak during the prepubertal spurt of growth. It also is more obvious the earlier it is recognized. The prognosis of post-poliomyelitic scoliosis is particularly bad when it starts shortly after onset of the paralysis.", "contents": "[Progress of untreated scoliosis following poliomyelitis up to the end of the growth-period (author's transl)]. Further to an earlier paper on progression of untreated idiopathic scoliosis 37 patients with scoliosis following poliomyelitis are reported on. 16 of them could be observed for 2 years or more having had no treatment. Their progression is clearly more extensive than that of idiopathic scoliosis. But like them it is at a peak during the prepubertal spurt of growth. It also is more obvious the earlier it is recognized. The prognosis of post-poliomyelitic scoliosis is particularly bad when it starts shortly after onset of the paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202793", "title": "[Transversal loading system in addition to the Harrington instruments (author's transl)].", "content": "With the transversal loading system, constructed by Cotrel, a new possibility for operative spine correction is given to the surgeon.", "contents": "[Transversal loading system in addition to the Harrington instruments (author's transl)]. With the transversal loading system, constructed by Cotrel, a new possibility for operative spine correction is given to the surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:1202794", "title": "[Microradiography and macroradiography with an industrial X-ray inspection-apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone specimens of different thickness from 100 mum ground sections to whole bones can be examined with an industrial X-ray inspection-apparatus, which is versatile, easy to operate and less expensive equipment especially made for microradiography.", "contents": "[Microradiography and macroradiography with an industrial X-ray inspection-apparatus (author's transl)]. Bone specimens of different thickness from 100 mum ground sections to whole bones can be examined with an industrial X-ray inspection-apparatus, which is versatile, easy to operate and less expensive equipment especially made for microradiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1202795", "title": "[Early and late results after Colonna arthroplasties of the hip-joint (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 years the authors have carried out 107 Colonna arthroplasties of the hip-joint. Results could be followed up in 98 patients, of whom 56 were - at the time of operation-less than 5-year-old, 42 holder. Among the early operations results were good and satisfactory in 60 per cent, in the late operations 50 per cent. They found that the quality of the result depended largely on the age of the patient, pre-operative traction and additional osteotomy. They recommend this operation for patients with neglected CDH or for those in whom closed reduction did not succeed and operations after Pemberton or Salter cannot be carried out any more.", "contents": "[Early and late results after Colonna arthroplasties of the hip-joint (author's transl)]. In 10 years the authors have carried out 107 Colonna arthroplasties of the hip-joint. Results could be followed up in 98 patients, of whom 56 were - at the time of operation-less than 5-year-old, 42 holder. Among the early operations results were good and satisfactory in 60 per cent, in the late operations 50 per cent. They found that the quality of the result depended largely on the age of the patient, pre-operative traction and additional osteotomy. They recommend this operation for patients with neglected CDH or for those in whom closed reduction did not succeed and operations after Pemberton or Salter cannot be carried out any more."}
{"id": "PMID:1202796", "title": "[The B.S.R. after total hip-replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 327 patients followed up for at least 2 years the changes in the B.S.R. of 260 patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course, of 10 patients with early and 11 with late infection were analyzed. Where there were no complications the BSR falls quickly and reaches its lowest level after 6 months. In early and, surprisingly, also in late infection the BSR is high and does not show any tendency to return to normal.", "contents": "[The B.S.R. after total hip-replacement (author's transl)]. Out of 327 patients followed up for at least 2 years the changes in the B.S.R. of 260 patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course, of 10 patients with early and 11 with late infection were analyzed. Where there were no complications the BSR falls quickly and reaches its lowest level after 6 months. In early and, surprisingly, also in late infection the BSR is high and does not show any tendency to return to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1202797", "title": "[Incomplete spinal cord syndrome in Paget's disease of the spine (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a case, wrongly interpreted for a long time. The diagnostic difficulties in a slowly developing spinal cord syndrome in Paget's disease are discussed. The cord may be damaged in this disease in various ways. Here it was increasing mechanical compression by bone bulging into the spinal canal. Decompression laminectomy gives usually good results provided it is done early enough.", "contents": "[Incomplete spinal cord syndrome in Paget's disease of the spine (author's transl)]. Report on a case, wrongly interpreted for a long time. The diagnostic difficulties in a slowly developing spinal cord syndrome in Paget's disease are discussed. The cord may be damaged in this disease in various ways. Here it was increasing mechanical compression by bone bulging into the spinal canal. Decompression laminectomy gives usually good results provided it is done early enough."}
{"id": "PMID:1202798", "title": "[The consideration of footforms for a better judgement and explanation of footcomplains (author's transl)].", "content": "Differentiating individual foot types has decisive advantages in diagnosing and treating fallen arches and splayfoot. The basic methods of classifying different foot types are discussed and the necessity of such classifying is shown. Seemingly different interpretations of foot malformations are thereby explicable. Reference is made to the problem of therapeutic failures resulting from non-observance of the interaction between the arch-support and the shoes worn. The positive effects of indicated alterations in heel height are demonstrated.", "contents": "[The consideration of footforms for a better judgement and explanation of footcomplains (author's transl)]. Differentiating individual foot types has decisive advantages in diagnosing and treating fallen arches and splayfoot. The basic methods of classifying different foot types are discussed and the necessity of such classifying is shown. Seemingly different interpretations of foot malformations are thereby explicable. Reference is made to the problem of therapeutic failures resulting from non-observance of the interaction between the arch-support and the shoes worn. The positive effects of indicated alterations in heel height are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202799", "title": "[Measuring of the human body with the \"Differentiometer\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"Differentiometer\" is a handy instrument suitable for many measurements of the human body. Many important parts of the human body in their length, in their geometrical position and in their relation to each other can be measured on the lying as well as on the standing patient. Some of these measurements could not be done clinically until now. With these measurements investigation by X-ray sometimes can be spared.", "contents": "[Measuring of the human body with the \"Differentiometer\" (author's transl)]. The \"Differentiometer\" is a handy instrument suitable for many measurements of the human body. Many important parts of the human body in their length, in their geometrical position and in their relation to each other can be measured on the lying as well as on the standing patient. Some of these measurements could not be done clinically until now. With these measurements investigation by X-ray sometimes can be spared."}
{"id": "PMID:1202800", "title": "[Results in forearm prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey is given on 60 cases of forearm-amputationes, the properties of different prostheses are discussed. Based on questioning and experiences in changes of artificial limbs general conditions for limb fitting are worked out. Beside the function special attention was payed to the cosmetic results.", "contents": "[Results in forearm prostheses (author's transl)]. A survey is given on 60 cases of forearm-amputationes, the properties of different prostheses are discussed. Based on questioning and experiences in changes of artificial limbs general conditions for limb fitting are worked out. Beside the function special attention was payed to the cosmetic results."}
{"id": "PMID:1202801", "title": "[Development of biologic report systems for prostheses and ortheses (author's transl)].", "content": "By linkage with the physiologic sensory nervous system we have tried to open up information channels for reporting back states of prostheses and ortheses. Wired surface- and subcutaneous electrodes are used. Stable and conductive contact has been observed up to 1 1/2 years. Detachment is secured but quantitative allocation to certain sensory processes is not yet possible. Future work with improved technical means and using correlation analysis is required.", "contents": "[Development of biologic report systems for prostheses and ortheses (author's transl)]. By linkage with the physiologic sensory nervous system we have tried to open up information channels for reporting back states of prostheses and ortheses. Wired surface- and subcutaneous electrodes are used. Stable and conductive contact has been observed up to 1 1/2 years. Detachment is secured but quantitative allocation to certain sensory processes is not yet possible. Future work with improved technical means and using correlation analysis is required."}
{"id": "PMID:1202802", "title": "[Loosening of the acetabular implant after replacement of the hip-joint due to age-related loss of bone structure (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiographs of the pelvis of 17 patients who after replacement of the hip joint showed loosening of the acetabular component have been examined as to the degree of osteoporosis by the method of Singh et al. Comparing aseptic and infective loosening showed that in aseptic cases age-related loss of bone-substance was on average more pronounced than in loosening due to infection. Since we have stopped opening the cancellous space in patients with advanced osteoporosis but only fill anchorholes or ridges with cement, we have not seen any more aseptic loosening.", "contents": "[Loosening of the acetabular implant after replacement of the hip-joint due to age-related loss of bone structure (author's transl)]. Radiographs of the pelvis of 17 patients who after replacement of the hip joint showed loosening of the acetabular component have been examined as to the degree of osteoporosis by the method of Singh et al. Comparing aseptic and infective loosening showed that in aseptic cases age-related loss of bone-substance was on average more pronounced than in loosening due to infection. Since we have stopped opening the cancellous space in patients with advanced osteoporosis but only fill anchorholes or ridges with cement, we have not seen any more aseptic loosening."}
{"id": "PMID:1202803", "title": "[Ball and socket ankle joint and tarsal synostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Ball and socket ankle joints in 4 patients with \"tarsal coalition\" have first been described by Lamb and later by others. This report deals with a further case. The boy with a congenitally short left leg and absence of the lateral two toes was seen at the age of 4 months. He was again seen at 11 years of age after a sprain of the right ankle. Roentgen-examination showed calcaneotarsal synostosis and a ball and socket ankle joint with a fatigue fracture of the lateral metatarsal. The shape of the ankle joint appears to be part of a non-inheritable congenital defect with early embryonal disturbance of cleft formation in the tarsus.", "contents": "[Ball and socket ankle joint and tarsal synostosis (author's transl)]. Ball and socket ankle joints in 4 patients with \"tarsal coalition\" have first been described by Lamb and later by others. This report deals with a further case. The boy with a congenitally short left leg and absence of the lateral two toes was seen at the age of 4 months. He was again seen at 11 years of age after a sprain of the right ankle. Roentgen-examination showed calcaneotarsal synostosis and a ball and socket ankle joint with a fatigue fracture of the lateral metatarsal. The shape of the ankle joint appears to be part of a non-inheritable congenital defect with early embryonal disturbance of cleft formation in the tarsus."}
{"id": "PMID:1202804", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis and surgical treatment of closed injuries to the distal biceps tendon (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique for the recognition of closed injuries of the distal biceps tendon by introducing CO2 gas contrast into the soft tissues has been devised. The gas is injected into the fascial cover of biceps with a special apparatus. This produces direct and indirect signs of rupture of the tendon in radiographs. The repair of the distal biceps tendon is achieved by an original method using a homoplastic sling around the radius. Good results were obtained in 13 patients.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis and surgical treatment of closed injuries to the distal biceps tendon (author's transl)]. A technique for the recognition of closed injuries of the distal biceps tendon by introducing CO2 gas contrast into the soft tissues has been devised. The gas is injected into the fascial cover of biceps with a special apparatus. This produces direct and indirect signs of rupture of the tendon in radiographs. The repair of the distal biceps tendon is achieved by an original method using a homoplastic sling around the radius. Good results were obtained in 13 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1202805", "title": "Pseudoaneurysm following axillo-femoral by-pass: unusual presentation.", "content": "An unusual presentation of a false aneurysm following axillo-femoral by-pass is reported. The leak at the femoral anastomosis dissected the fibrous tissue along the Dacron tube, causing the peculiar appearance of this case. A brief review of recent literature regarding the etiology of this complication is included.", "contents": "Pseudoaneurysm following axillo-femoral by-pass: unusual presentation. An unusual presentation of a false aneurysm following axillo-femoral by-pass is reported. The leak at the femoral anastomosis dissected the fibrous tissue along the Dacron tube, causing the peculiar appearance of this case. A brief review of recent literature regarding the etiology of this complication is included."}
{"id": "PMID:1202806", "title": "Carotid sinus syndrome: new surgical considerations.", "content": "1. Direct surgical denervation of the carotid sinus would appear to offer the best long-term results for carotid sinus syncope. 2. Carotid sinus denervation should be done under temporary cardiac pacing for safety and for completeness of denervation. 3. Arteriography is indicated to eliminate those cases of cerebral vascular insufficiency that might mimic carotid sinus syndrome. Credit must be given to Dr. R. Hughes, Clearfield, Pa., who recognized this diagnosis and referred the patient for therapy.", "contents": "Carotid sinus syndrome: new surgical considerations. 1. Direct surgical denervation of the carotid sinus would appear to offer the best long-term results for carotid sinus syncope. 2. Carotid sinus denervation should be done under temporary cardiac pacing for safety and for completeness of denervation. 3. Arteriography is indicated to eliminate those cases of cerebral vascular insufficiency that might mimic carotid sinus syndrome. Credit must be given to Dr. R. Hughes, Clearfield, Pa., who recognized this diagnosis and referred the patient for therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1202807", "title": "Long-term evaluation of venous tissue in the construction of cardiac valves.", "content": "We present the evolution of venous tissue, used as a mitral or tricuspid prosthesis or in the reconstruction of the right ventricular outlet tract, for periods of up to 18 months. A histological and hydrodynamic study is made of the valves after sacrificing the animals. The venous tissue showed fibrosis, structural disorganization, elastosis, elastorexis and, above all, intense calcification in heavy deposits. Since the venous tissue evolved toward fibrosis and calcification, its use is considered contraindicated.", "contents": "Long-term evaluation of venous tissue in the construction of cardiac valves. We present the evolution of venous tissue, used as a mitral or tricuspid prosthesis or in the reconstruction of the right ventricular outlet tract, for periods of up to 18 months. A histological and hydrodynamic study is made of the valves after sacrificing the animals. The venous tissue showed fibrosis, structural disorganization, elastosis, elastorexis and, above all, intense calcification in heavy deposits. Since the venous tissue evolved toward fibrosis and calcification, its use is considered contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202808", "title": "Open heart surgery during pregnancy--case report.", "content": "A case of a 32-year-old woman in her 7th month of pregnancy presented with intractable pulmonary edema due to mitral restenosis is reported. Open-heart mitral commissurotomy was done as an emergency procedure. She continued pregnancy to term after the operation and delivered a healthy female baby. The literature related to \"the closed\" and \"open\" heart surgery during pregnancy has been reviewed.", "contents": "Open heart surgery during pregnancy--case report. A case of a 32-year-old woman in her 7th month of pregnancy presented with intractable pulmonary edema due to mitral restenosis is reported. Open-heart mitral commissurotomy was done as an emergency procedure. She continued pregnancy to term after the operation and delivered a healthy female baby. The literature related to \"the closed\" and \"open\" heart surgery during pregnancy has been reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202810", "title": "[Reflection of the process of conditioned reflex formation in shifts of the steady potential level].", "content": "In chronic experiments on rabbits with non-polarizable electrodes shifts of steady potential level (SPL) are recorded from the brain surface during extinction of the orienting reaction and formation of a conditioned defensive reflex. During each of these processes they have their typical parameters and are respectively denoted by the author as: orienting (appearing in response to a new stimulus), conditioned (to a signal atimulus), unconditioned (to an electro-cutaneous stimulus) and trace SPL shifts (developing after stimuli pairing). Trace shifts are the earliest SPL shifts originating as a result of pairing. They are manifested more regularly, than conditioned ones, considerably exceed them in amplitude, may differ from them in their sign and reach maximum values in a few seconds after the pairing. It has been assumed that formation of conditioned temporal connections depends above all on the appearance of a new kind of activity, resulting from pairings and reflected in the SPL trace shifts. This activity possibly constitutes the neurodynamic and metabolic processes underlying memory consolidation.", "contents": "[Reflection of the process of conditioned reflex formation in shifts of the steady potential level]. In chronic experiments on rabbits with non-polarizable electrodes shifts of steady potential level (SPL) are recorded from the brain surface during extinction of the orienting reaction and formation of a conditioned defensive reflex. During each of these processes they have their typical parameters and are respectively denoted by the author as: orienting (appearing in response to a new stimulus), conditioned (to a signal atimulus), unconditioned (to an electro-cutaneous stimulus) and trace SPL shifts (developing after stimuli pairing). Trace shifts are the earliest SPL shifts originating as a result of pairing. They are manifested more regularly, than conditioned ones, considerably exceed them in amplitude, may differ from them in their sign and reach maximum values in a few seconds after the pairing. It has been assumed that formation of conditioned temporal connections depends above all on the appearance of a new kind of activity, resulting from pairings and reflected in the SPL trace shifts. This activity possibly constitutes the neurodynamic and metabolic processes underlying memory consolidation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202811", "title": "[The effect of direct stimulation of the dog lateral hypothalamus on transformation of a passive-defensive situational reflex into an alimentary one].", "content": "The behavioral effect of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus with a current of equal parameters in chronic experiments on dogs depended on the signal significance of the surroundings. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus against the background of a defensive situational reflex in dogs which were in an experimental situation for the first time, far from evoking orientation to food and the act of feeding, enhanced the background fear reaction. After transformation of the defensive signal significance of the situation into an alimentary one, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus began to activate the alimentary instrumental reflex and the act of feeding. However, at first the former was manifested irregularly. Combinations of stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and achievement of the alimentary instrumental reflex with subsequent reinforcement stabilized and enhanced the alimentary instrumental reflex to the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus.", "contents": "[The effect of direct stimulation of the dog lateral hypothalamus on transformation of a passive-defensive situational reflex into an alimentary one]. The behavioral effect of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus with a current of equal parameters in chronic experiments on dogs depended on the signal significance of the surroundings. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus against the background of a defensive situational reflex in dogs which were in an experimental situation for the first time, far from evoking orientation to food and the act of feeding, enhanced the background fear reaction. After transformation of the defensive signal significance of the situation into an alimentary one, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus began to activate the alimentary instrumental reflex and the act of feeding. However, at first the former was manifested irregularly. Combinations of stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and achievement of the alimentary instrumental reflex with subsequent reinforcement stabilized and enhanced the alimentary instrumental reflex to the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:1202812", "title": "[The behavior of rats with different regimes of cerebral self stimulation].", "content": "The behaviour of rats was studied during electrical self-stimulation (SS) of the brain in a chamber with a pedal: with a fixed duration of stimuli trains (fixed SS regime), and in a self-controlled regime, where the duration of trains was set by the rat itself. As the current intensity or the duration of the trains continues to increases, the SS frequency in the fixed regime rises no longer. The duration of pressing becomes shorter than that of the trains, and the number of short pauses drops down to 50% of its total number of pauses, if at the same current intensity the duration of the train is the same or greater than that set by the rats in the self-controlled SS regime. With weak current intensities, the rats could fail to press the pedal if they received 0.1 sec. trains. But at the same current intensities the rats began SS, if they received for pressing the pedal a succession of trains of 0.1 sec. each with intervals of 0.1 divided by 0.2 sec. SS discontinued if the interval in the trains succession increased up to 0.4 sec.", "contents": "[The behavior of rats with different regimes of cerebral self stimulation]. The behaviour of rats was studied during electrical self-stimulation (SS) of the brain in a chamber with a pedal: with a fixed duration of stimuli trains (fixed SS regime), and in a self-controlled regime, where the duration of trains was set by the rat itself. As the current intensity or the duration of the trains continues to increases, the SS frequency in the fixed regime rises no longer. The duration of pressing becomes shorter than that of the trains, and the number of short pauses drops down to 50% of its total number of pauses, if at the same current intensity the duration of the train is the same or greater than that set by the rats in the self-controlled SS regime. With weak current intensities, the rats could fail to press the pedal if they received 0.1 sec. trains. But at the same current intensities the rats began SS, if they received for pressing the pedal a succession of trains of 0.1 sec. each with intervals of 0.1 divided by 0.2 sec. SS discontinued if the interval in the trains succession increased up to 0.4 sec."}
{"id": "PMID:1202813", "title": "[Electrical activity of the caudate body during the orienting reaction in dogs].", "content": "It has been shown that during an orienting reaction a delta-rhythm sets in in the dog EEG of the caudate nucleus head, which coincides with facilitation of the recruited rhythm in the auditory cortex EEG and inhibition of the motor activity. It has been assumed that the caudate nucleus head is involved in the processes of limitation of non-selective movements during orienting reactions.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the caudate body during the orienting reaction in dogs]. It has been shown that during an orienting reaction a delta-rhythm sets in in the dog EEG of the caudate nucleus head, which coincides with facilitation of the recruited rhythm in the auditory cortex EEG and inhibition of the motor activity. It has been assumed that the caudate nucleus head is involved in the processes of limitation of non-selective movements during orienting reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202814", "title": "[Analysis of the formation of systems of conditioned reflexes to time in rabbits].", "content": "Experiments on rabbits carried out by the food-procuring conditioned reflex method have shown that conditioned reflex systems to \"pure\" time can be elaborated, provided that conditioned stimulus is presented at regular, though different time intervals, following one another in a fixed sequence. The complexity of elaborating such systems to time is determined by the number of signal time intervals in the system, their different length, and their sequence. The formation of conditioned reflex systems to time is characterized by definite stages.", "contents": "[Analysis of the formation of systems of conditioned reflexes to time in rabbits]. Experiments on rabbits carried out by the food-procuring conditioned reflex method have shown that conditioned reflex systems to \"pure\" time can be elaborated, provided that conditioned stimulus is presented at regular, though different time intervals, following one another in a fixed sequence. The complexity of elaborating such systems to time is determined by the number of signal time intervals in the system, their different length, and their sequence. The formation of conditioned reflex systems to time is characterized by definite stages."}
{"id": "PMID:1202815", "title": "[The role of the orbital cortex in feeding behavior].", "content": "It has been found that extirpation of the orbital zones of the cerebral cortex in dogs in which the structures of the limbic and striate levels of nervous integration were previously ablated, produced more profound disturbances of the higher nervous activity than the previous operations. Not only conditioned positive and inhibitory reactions were affected, but unconditioned alimentary reflexes as well, while food motivation sharply decreased. Further experiments on the operated animals and could go on, only when alimentary excitability was enhanced. A conclusion has been drawn that the orbital zones of the cerebral cortex are directly related to the achievement of an integrated alimentary behavioral reaction.", "contents": "[The role of the orbital cortex in feeding behavior]. It has been found that extirpation of the orbital zones of the cerebral cortex in dogs in which the structures of the limbic and striate levels of nervous integration were previously ablated, produced more profound disturbances of the higher nervous activity than the previous operations. Not only conditioned positive and inhibitory reactions were affected, but unconditioned alimentary reflexes as well, while food motivation sharply decreased. Further experiments on the operated animals and could go on, only when alimentary excitability was enhanced. A conclusion has been drawn that the orbital zones of the cerebral cortex are directly related to the achievement of an integrated alimentary behavioral reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1202816", "title": "[The effect of phenamine and caffeine on the ability to extrapolate in rats].", "content": "Solution of an extrapolation problem was studied on 28 albino rats (Way strain and laboratory population) and 68 hybrids (the first generation) of wild and laboratory rats in experiments with a screen--the search of food after the disappearance of the food stimulus from the animal's sight. Administration of caffeine (20 mg/kg) and d,l-amphetamine (0.1 mg/kg), though not changing the share of correct solutions, diminishes the number of \"refusals\" to solve it. Increased motor activity and diminished emotionality of the rats due to administration of the drugs, recorded in an open field test, are likely to cause a decrease in the number of refusals. Administration of d,l-amphetamine facilitates the process of conditioning which contributes to the greater number of positive solutions of the repeatedly presented task.", "contents": "[The effect of phenamine and caffeine on the ability to extrapolate in rats]. Solution of an extrapolation problem was studied on 28 albino rats (Way strain and laboratory population) and 68 hybrids (the first generation) of wild and laboratory rats in experiments with a screen--the search of food after the disappearance of the food stimulus from the animal's sight. Administration of caffeine (20 mg/kg) and d,l-amphetamine (0.1 mg/kg), though not changing the share of correct solutions, diminishes the number of \"refusals\" to solve it. Increased motor activity and diminished emotionality of the rats due to administration of the drugs, recorded in an open field test, are likely to cause a decrease in the number of refusals. Administration of d,l-amphetamine facilitates the process of conditioning which contributes to the greater number of positive solutions of the repeatedly presented task."}
{"id": "PMID:1202817", "title": "[The effect of phenamine on the avoidance reaction in intact and striatectomized rats].", "content": "Various characteristics of a conditioned avoidance reaction were recorded in rats in a Y-maze. Small doses of d,l-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) facilitated avoidance response while large ones (5 mg/kg) worsened it. After ablation of the rostral part of the striatum, small doses of the drug had the same effect as before, but no deteriorating action of large doses was observed. The behaviour disturbance is related to the capacity of d,l-amphetamine for activating the nigro-striatal dopaminergic transmission.", "contents": "[The effect of phenamine on the avoidance reaction in intact and striatectomized rats]. Various characteristics of a conditioned avoidance reaction were recorded in rats in a Y-maze. Small doses of d,l-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) facilitated avoidance response while large ones (5 mg/kg) worsened it. After ablation of the rostral part of the striatum, small doses of the drug had the same effect as before, but no deteriorating action of large doses was observed. The behaviour disturbance is related to the capacity of d,l-amphetamine for activating the nigro-striatal dopaminergic transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:1202818", "title": "[The effect of mixtures of caffeine, glucose and ascorbic acid on conditioned reflex activity in dogs during the postanesthetic period].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on four dogs by the conditioned method that the period of recovery of conditioned activity after one hour ether anaesthesia tested 7 to 7.5 days. Premedication with a mixture of caffeine, glucose and ascorbic acid reduced the recovery time to four or five days. After the administration of the complex in the postanaesthetic period (in 2.5 hours after anaesthesia) the stabilizing effect was still more pronounced. Thus, the recovery time of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes and differentiation was reduced to three or four days.", "contents": "[The effect of mixtures of caffeine, glucose and ascorbic acid on conditioned reflex activity in dogs during the postanesthetic period]. It was shown in experiments on four dogs by the conditioned method that the period of recovery of conditioned activity after one hour ether anaesthesia tested 7 to 7.5 days. Premedication with a mixture of caffeine, glucose and ascorbic acid reduced the recovery time to four or five days. After the administration of the complex in the postanaesthetic period (in 2.5 hours after anaesthesia) the stabilizing effect was still more pronounced. Thus, the recovery time of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes and differentiation was reduced to three or four days."}
{"id": "PMID:1202819", "title": "[Perceptual-motor activity in children with focal lesions of the brain].", "content": "The pathology of the motor analyser, originating in connection with local lesions of the brain may be studied by means of sensorimotor tracing method. By this parameter, localizations of the lesion produce dissimilar disturbances of the percentive-motor activity. Disorders in movement control were revealed in the case of disturbance of interhemispheric relations resulting from a lesion of the dominant hemisphere; as a result of disfunction of the frontal lobes, which led to disturbance of prognostication; due to disturbance of the \"body scheme\" and proprioreception disturbances.", "contents": "[Perceptual-motor activity in children with focal lesions of the brain]. The pathology of the motor analyser, originating in connection with local lesions of the brain may be studied by means of sensorimotor tracing method. By this parameter, localizations of the lesion produce dissimilar disturbances of the percentive-motor activity. Disorders in movement control were revealed in the case of disturbance of interhemispheric relations resulting from a lesion of the dominant hemisphere; as a result of disfunction of the frontal lobes, which led to disturbance of prognostication; due to disturbance of the \"body scheme\" and proprioreception disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:1202822", "title": "[Correlation between different forms of trace phenomena in the activity of rabbit visual cortex neurons].", "content": "Plastic changes in the components of the unit responses in the rabbit visual cortex (VC) in the course of electrical stimulation (with different parameters) of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) were compared with the capacity of the same units for trace driving to the LGB preceding stimulation. Potentiation of inhibition (inhibitory pauses) in reponse to electrical LGB stimulation is the main plastic phenomenon in the activity of VC units. Trace driving is characteristic predominantly of units with enhanced plasticity of the excitatory sign, a tendency toward epileptiform activity after LGB tetanization. In most cases inhibitory reaction is expressed in weakening of the periodic component of neuronal activity corresponding to the frequency of stimulation. The level of trace suppression of periodicity positively correlates with potentiation of the inhibitory pause during prolonged LGB stimulation.", "contents": "[Correlation between different forms of trace phenomena in the activity of rabbit visual cortex neurons]. Plastic changes in the components of the unit responses in the rabbit visual cortex (VC) in the course of electrical stimulation (with different parameters) of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) were compared with the capacity of the same units for trace driving to the LGB preceding stimulation. Potentiation of inhibition (inhibitory pauses) in reponse to electrical LGB stimulation is the main plastic phenomenon in the activity of VC units. Trace driving is characteristic predominantly of units with enhanced plasticity of the excitatory sign, a tendency toward epileptiform activity after LGB tetanization. In most cases inhibitory reaction is expressed in weakening of the periodic component of neuronal activity corresponding to the frequency of stimulation. The level of trace suppression of periodicity positively correlates with potentiation of the inhibitory pause during prolonged LGB stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202823", "title": "[Cortico-subcortical interrelationships in the visual analyzer system at various stages of ontogenesis].", "content": "The influence of a corticofugal volley produced by single electrical stimulation of the visual projection cortical zone on the neuronal activity of LGB was studied in non-anaesthetized rabbits aged from three to thirty-five days. A coincidence was found between the time of appearance of nonspecific inhibitory corticofugal influences on the spontaneous activity of LGB neurons and the emergence of the first phasic-specific responses of the neurones of this level to a visual stimulus. It has been shown that the sensory flow at the LGB level can be controlled by non-specific inhibitory corticofugal influences at early periods of postnatal development. The appearance from the 15th day of life of specific responses to a corticofugal volley, including activation phases, leads to a greater complexity of the regulating Cortical influences on conduction of the afferent signal at the thalamic level. The data obtained are considered from the standpoint of integration of various levels of the visual analyser at different stages of ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Cortico-subcortical interrelationships in the visual analyzer system at various stages of ontogenesis]. The influence of a corticofugal volley produced by single electrical stimulation of the visual projection cortical zone on the neuronal activity of LGB was studied in non-anaesthetized rabbits aged from three to thirty-five days. A coincidence was found between the time of appearance of nonspecific inhibitory corticofugal influences on the spontaneous activity of LGB neurons and the emergence of the first phasic-specific responses of the neurones of this level to a visual stimulus. It has been shown that the sensory flow at the LGB level can be controlled by non-specific inhibitory corticofugal influences at early periods of postnatal development. The appearance from the 15th day of life of specific responses to a corticofugal volley, including activation phases, leads to a greater complexity of the regulating Cortical influences on conduction of the afferent signal at the thalamic level. The data obtained are considered from the standpoint of integration of various levels of the visual analyser at different stages of ontogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202821", "title": "[Thalamocortical relationships during spontaneous and evoked rhythmic activity of the brain].", "content": "A study was made in lightly nembutalized and unanaesthetized immunobilized cats of the interrelations between rhythmic afterdischarge evoked in the auditory cortex by a click, and a spontaneous spindle burst under different states of intact animals. The experiments showed: 1) Rhythmic afterdischarge represents a stimulus induced spindle burst, 2) local spindle burst (spontaneous or evoked by peripheral and central stimulations) in the auditory cortex does not change considerably either by stimulation or by lesion of thalamic nonspecific, as well as other specific structures; 3) An afterdischarge in the medial geniculate body (evoked by a click) remains unchanged after cooling or extirpation of the whole auditory cortex. All this suggests a generation of both spontaneous and evoked local rhythmic activity of the auditory thalamo-cortical system, independent of other such systems.", "contents": "[Thalamocortical relationships during spontaneous and evoked rhythmic activity of the brain]. A study was made in lightly nembutalized and unanaesthetized immunobilized cats of the interrelations between rhythmic afterdischarge evoked in the auditory cortex by a click, and a spontaneous spindle burst under different states of intact animals. The experiments showed: 1) Rhythmic afterdischarge represents a stimulus induced spindle burst, 2) local spindle burst (spontaneous or evoked by peripheral and central stimulations) in the auditory cortex does not change considerably either by stimulation or by lesion of thalamic nonspecific, as well as other specific structures; 3) An afterdischarge in the medial geniculate body (evoked by a click) remains unchanged after cooling or extirpation of the whole auditory cortex. All this suggests a generation of both spontaneous and evoked local rhythmic activity of the auditory thalamo-cortical system, independent of other such systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1202824", "title": "[Spatial synchronization of rabbit brain biopotentials upon repeated electrical stimulation of the cortex].", "content": "A study was made on 23 rabbits of the degree of spatial synchronization in response to repeated electrical stimulations of one or simultaneously two cortical areas: the sensorimotor or visual, or simultaneously the sensorimotor and visual, or sensorimotor and precentral respectively. Enhancement of the synchronization induced by the stimulation, globally spread over the entire cortex and was followed by its decrease. However, in the two directly stimulated areas of the cortex, the similarity of bioelectrical oscillations persisted for a long time, which testifies to the establishment of selective relations between them.", "contents": "[Spatial synchronization of rabbit brain biopotentials upon repeated electrical stimulation of the cortex]. A study was made on 23 rabbits of the degree of spatial synchronization in response to repeated electrical stimulations of one or simultaneously two cortical areas: the sensorimotor or visual, or simultaneously the sensorimotor and visual, or sensorimotor and precentral respectively. Enhancement of the synchronization induced by the stimulation, globally spread over the entire cortex and was followed by its decrease. However, in the two directly stimulated areas of the cortex, the similarity of bioelectrical oscillations persisted for a long time, which testifies to the establishment of selective relations between them."}
{"id": "PMID:1202825", "title": "[Modulation of the neuronal activity and evoked potentials of the cerebral cortex by stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus].", "content": "In experiments on alert rabbits high frequency stimulation of the CA1 field of the dorsal hippocampus reduced the peak latency of the main negative component of the evoked potential (EP) to a light flash in the sensorimotor and occipital tests areas of the cerebral cortex. A single stimulation of the same part of the hippocampus resulted in a gradually developing facilitation of secondary negativity of the EP 5th component, predominantly in the sensorimotor cortex. Investigation of neuronal responses in the same cortical areas to a stimulation of the CA1 field with different parameters has shown that the effects of EP modulation are due to dynamic reorganizations of cortical neuronal activity.", "contents": "[Modulation of the neuronal activity and evoked potentials of the cerebral cortex by stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus]. In experiments on alert rabbits high frequency stimulation of the CA1 field of the dorsal hippocampus reduced the peak latency of the main negative component of the evoked potential (EP) to a light flash in the sensorimotor and occipital tests areas of the cerebral cortex. A single stimulation of the same part of the hippocampus resulted in a gradually developing facilitation of secondary negativity of the EP 5th component, predominantly in the sensorimotor cortex. Investigation of neuronal responses in the same cortical areas to a stimulation of the CA1 field with different parameters has shown that the effects of EP modulation are due to dynamic reorganizations of cortical neuronal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1202826", "title": "[Participation of the neocortical and reticulo-hypothalamic apparatuses in the regulation of recurrent inhibition in the thalamic relay nucleus].", "content": "In acute experiments on cats a study was made into the development of the field potential of the recurrent inhibition wave (P-wave) in VPL in response to the stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. It has been found that high-frequency stimulation of the posterior medial hypothalamus results in the reduction of the thalamic P-wave brought about antidromically and in a decrease of the number of waves in the series. The effect of stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus on the processes of recurrent inhibition in the relay thalamus is to a great extent mediated through mechanisms of the branstem reticular formation. It has been shown that the dynamics of amplitude characteristics of primary sensory responses in the VPL depends on the phases of development of P-wave in the nucleus. Functional switching off of the cortex by means of loci toxic action reduces the amplitude of P-wave produced by stimulation of a point of the poisoned cortex. Spatial non-coincidence between the topography of foci of maximal activity of primary thalamo-cortical responses and the foci of maximal influences of the stimulated cortex on recurrent inhibition in VPL points to the likely involvement of the neocortical apparatus proper in recurrent thalamic inhibition.", "contents": "[Participation of the neocortical and reticulo-hypothalamic apparatuses in the regulation of recurrent inhibition in the thalamic relay nucleus]. In acute experiments on cats a study was made into the development of the field potential of the recurrent inhibition wave (P-wave) in VPL in response to the stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. It has been found that high-frequency stimulation of the posterior medial hypothalamus results in the reduction of the thalamic P-wave brought about antidromically and in a decrease of the number of waves in the series. The effect of stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus on the processes of recurrent inhibition in the relay thalamus is to a great extent mediated through mechanisms of the branstem reticular formation. It has been shown that the dynamics of amplitude characteristics of primary sensory responses in the VPL depends on the phases of development of P-wave in the nucleus. Functional switching off of the cortex by means of loci toxic action reduces the amplitude of P-wave produced by stimulation of a point of the poisoned cortex. Spatial non-coincidence between the topography of foci of maximal activity of primary thalamo-cortical responses and the foci of maximal influences of the stimulated cortex on recurrent inhibition in VPL points to the likely involvement of the neocortical apparatus proper in recurrent thalamic inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:1202827", "title": "[The effect of illumination on involuntary eye saccades].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of sudden illumination micromovements of the eyes. Sudden contour illumination of the eye by a 15 degrees field with a crossing in the centre and a brightness of 100 nit reduced the amplitude of involuntary saccades and their frequency. The effect was particularly distinct with preliminary recording of the eye micromovement in complete darkness without a fixation point. In the case of fixation of a stationary point with one eye and of illumination of the other, the effect was also manifest, but it was less pronounced. During illumination of the eye with diffused light (through spectacles with frosted glasses) the effect of diminution of the saccade amplitude was smaller, though the brightness remained unchanged. A decrease in the saccade amplitude was practically not observed when the point was fixed at diffuse illumination. It has also been shown that with greater brightness of the fixation point (0.3; 25; 92 and 1000 nit), the amplitude and frequency of involuntary saccades diminish. The results attest that in choosing the conditions of work of the saccadic system two factors should be taken into consideration: the presence of the contours of the visible object and its brightness, the latter by itself having a lesser effect than the former.", "contents": "[The effect of illumination on involuntary eye saccades]. A study was made of the influence of sudden illumination micromovements of the eyes. Sudden contour illumination of the eye by a 15 degrees field with a crossing in the centre and a brightness of 100 nit reduced the amplitude of involuntary saccades and their frequency. The effect was particularly distinct with preliminary recording of the eye micromovement in complete darkness without a fixation point. In the case of fixation of a stationary point with one eye and of illumination of the other, the effect was also manifest, but it was less pronounced. During illumination of the eye with diffused light (through spectacles with frosted glasses) the effect of diminution of the saccade amplitude was smaller, though the brightness remained unchanged. A decrease in the saccade amplitude was practically not observed when the point was fixed at diffuse illumination. It has also been shown that with greater brightness of the fixation point (0.3; 25; 92 and 1000 nit), the amplitude and frequency of involuntary saccades diminish. The results attest that in choosing the conditions of work of the saccadic system two factors should be taken into consideration: the presence of the contours of the visible object and its brightness, the latter by itself having a lesser effect than the former."}
{"id": "PMID:1202836", "title": "A method for the identification and quantitative investigation of denatured proteins in mixtures based on computer comparison of amino-acid patterns.", "content": "A procedure is described in which stepwise regression is adapted to permit comparison of the amino-acid pattern from a composite sample with those of simple substances arranged in an easily accessible data bank. The computer program automatically selects from the bank those proteins whose amino-acid patterns best correspond to that of the sample, and calculates the proportion of the proteins contained in the mixture. The procedure is applicable to food analytical problems that involve the identification and determination of proteins in mixtures, and also to situations in which the properties of the proteins have been altered by denaturation or enzymatic degradation. The determination is limited to 3-4 proteins in the mixture.", "contents": "A method for the identification and quantitative investigation of denatured proteins in mixtures based on computer comparison of amino-acid patterns. A procedure is described in which stepwise regression is adapted to permit comparison of the amino-acid pattern from a composite sample with those of simple substances arranged in an easily accessible data bank. The computer program automatically selects from the bank those proteins whose amino-acid patterns best correspond to that of the sample, and calculates the proportion of the proteins contained in the mixture. The procedure is applicable to food analytical problems that involve the identification and determination of proteins in mixtures, and also to situations in which the properties of the proteins have been altered by denaturation or enzymatic degradation. The determination is limited to 3-4 proteins in the mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:1202837", "title": "[Electrophoretical differentiation and classification of proteins. VI. Disc-electrophoresis and isoelectrical focossing of proteins and enzymes from tomatoes, cucumber, sugar-maize and onions (author's transl)].", "content": "Acetone-dry powders which are excellently suited for the enrichment of proteins and partially also for enzymes, have been extracted with buffers. Separation was accomplished using disc-electrophoresis and isoelectrical focusing. The protein distribution patterns of fleshy tomatoe varieties largly correspond to each other. In the protein distribution patterns of cucumbers, sugar-maize and onions, the protein pherograms indicate sort-dependency. The zymograms partially differ very much. This can not entirely be attributed to differences of the sorts.", "contents": "[Electrophoretical differentiation and classification of proteins. VI. Disc-electrophoresis and isoelectrical focossing of proteins and enzymes from tomatoes, cucumber, sugar-maize and onions (author's transl)]. Acetone-dry powders which are excellently suited for the enrichment of proteins and partially also for enzymes, have been extracted with buffers. Separation was accomplished using disc-electrophoresis and isoelectrical focusing. The protein distribution patterns of fleshy tomatoe varieties largly correspond to each other. In the protein distribution patterns of cucumbers, sugar-maize and onions, the protein pherograms indicate sort-dependency. The zymograms partially differ very much. This can not entirely be attributed to differences of the sorts."}
{"id": "PMID:1202838", "title": "[The phenolics of fruits. VI. The phenolics of currants, gooseberries and blueberries. Changes in phenolic acids and catechins during development of black currants (author's transl)].", "content": "Black, red, and white currants, gooseberries and cultivated blueberries contained only small amounts of catechins (total up to 30 mg per kg). Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, especially of caffeic and p-coumaric acid, occured mostly in higher concentrations. Furthermore, 4-hydroxygenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and gallic acid were found after hydrolysis in currants and only protocatechuic acid in gooseberries in different levels. Salicyclic and gentisic acid were found in traces up to 2 mg per kg, occassionally vanillic acid, syringic acid or isoferulic acid. The concentrations of the examined phenolic acids in black currants related to the whole fruit (mg per fruit) increased, and related to fresh weight (mg per 1000 g) decreased during the growth of the fruits with the exception of protocatechuic acid, which appeared mostly in a last stage of the fruit.", "contents": "[The phenolics of fruits. VI. The phenolics of currants, gooseberries and blueberries. Changes in phenolic acids and catechins during development of black currants (author's transl)]. Black, red, and white currants, gooseberries and cultivated blueberries contained only small amounts of catechins (total up to 30 mg per kg). Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, especially of caffeic and p-coumaric acid, occured mostly in higher concentrations. Furthermore, 4-hydroxygenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and gallic acid were found after hydrolysis in currants and only protocatechuic acid in gooseberries in different levels. Salicyclic and gentisic acid were found in traces up to 2 mg per kg, occassionally vanillic acid, syringic acid or isoferulic acid. The concentrations of the examined phenolic acids in black currants related to the whole fruit (mg per fruit) increased, and related to fresh weight (mg per 1000 g) decreased during the growth of the fruits with the exception of protocatechuic acid, which appeared mostly in a last stage of the fruit."}
{"id": "PMID:1202839", "title": "[Caffeine determination by gelchromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Caffeine in beverages was determined by gel chromatography after extraction with chloroform from an alkalized sample. For extract from coffee, tea and mat\u00e8 a very good agreement was observed between the chromatographic method used and the method of Navellier et al. Major departures were observed for decaffeinized coffee and some beverages of the cola type, where gel chromatography was more selective and caffeine separated from impurities stripped into the extract. The reproducibility of determination corresponded to the standard method (standard deviation 4.2%).", "contents": "[Caffeine determination by gelchromatography (author's transl)]. Caffeine in beverages was determined by gel chromatography after extraction with chloroform from an alkalized sample. For extract from coffee, tea and mat\u00e8 a very good agreement was observed between the chromatographic method used and the method of Navellier et al. Major departures were observed for decaffeinized coffee and some beverages of the cola type, where gel chromatography was more selective and caffeine separated from impurities stripped into the extract. The reproducibility of determination corresponded to the standard method (standard deviation 4.2%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202840", "title": "[Quantitative determination of supplemental vitamin C in mineral salt mixtures (author's transl)].", "content": "Supplemental vitamin C in mineral salt mixtures is extracted without destruction by diluted ethanol under the reducing and stabilizing protection of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol-(1) (BAL). After removal of heavy metal ions in form of mercaptides and by means of cation exchange BAL is extracted and vitamin C (ascorbic plus dehydroascorbic acid) titrated with dichlorophenolindophenol. Recovery 98-100%.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of supplemental vitamin C in mineral salt mixtures (author's transl)]. Supplemental vitamin C in mineral salt mixtures is extracted without destruction by diluted ethanol under the reducing and stabilizing protection of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol-(1) (BAL). After removal of heavy metal ions in form of mercaptides and by means of cation exchange BAL is extracted and vitamin C (ascorbic plus dehydroascorbic acid) titrated with dichlorophenolindophenol. Recovery 98-100%."}
{"id": "PMID:1202841", "title": "[About mass-spectroscopy of aflatoxines (author's transl)].", "content": "The mass-spectroscopical identification of aflatoxines in the eluant after thin-layer-chromatographical seperation represents a problem at amounts of less than 50 ng normally found in foods. Therefore it was necessary to investigate the factors influencing the identification. Among others, influences of plate material and the eluant were found. Based on the results with pure aflatoxines ideas were developed on their possible reactions.", "contents": "[About mass-spectroscopy of aflatoxines (author's transl)]. The mass-spectroscopical identification of aflatoxines in the eluant after thin-layer-chromatographical seperation represents a problem at amounts of less than 50 ng normally found in foods. Therefore it was necessary to investigate the factors influencing the identification. Among others, influences of plate material and the eluant were found. Based on the results with pure aflatoxines ideas were developed on their possible reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202842", "title": "[LDH- and MDH-isoenzymes in the costo-chondral junction in experimental lathyrismus and under additional medication with 6-methyl-prednisolone and O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides].", "content": "Several classic studies suggest that experimental lathyrism is not only based on an extracellular distrubance of collagen fibre maturation but on a disturbed cellular energy metabolism. To exemplity this in assessment of skeletal damage the isoenzymes of LDH and MDH on the bone metabolism have been determined. Thus in experimental lathyrism the capacity for glycolysis and for oxidative energy production are significantly diminished in the rib bones and rib cartilage. The resulting reduction of glycoseaminoglycans in the ground substance, thus disturbing the function of the matrix in the formation of collagen fibres. In the bone the lack of mature collagen fibres leads to a mineralisation disturbance because of impaired nucleation function. Thus experimental lathyrism cannot be regarded as a disturbed extracellular collagen metabolism. \"Venoruton\" could not correct the lathyrogenic disturbance of energy metabolism, but after 3 weeks 6-methyl-prednisolone caused a normalisation of the state of energy metabolism.", "contents": "[LDH- and MDH-isoenzymes in the costo-chondral junction in experimental lathyrismus and under additional medication with 6-methyl-prednisolone and O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides]. Several classic studies suggest that experimental lathyrism is not only based on an extracellular distrubance of collagen fibre maturation but on a disturbed cellular energy metabolism. To exemplity this in assessment of skeletal damage the isoenzymes of LDH and MDH on the bone metabolism have been determined. Thus in experimental lathyrism the capacity for glycolysis and for oxidative energy production are significantly diminished in the rib bones and rib cartilage. The resulting reduction of glycoseaminoglycans in the ground substance, thus disturbing the function of the matrix in the formation of collagen fibres. In the bone the lack of mature collagen fibres leads to a mineralisation disturbance because of impaired nucleation function. Thus experimental lathyrism cannot be regarded as a disturbed extracellular collagen metabolism. \"Venoruton\" could not correct the lathyrogenic disturbance of energy metabolism, but after 3 weeks 6-methyl-prednisolone caused a normalisation of the state of energy metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1202850", "title": "[Short-term memory of the mouse-eared bat, Myotis myotis, and its biological value].", "content": "Myotis myotis can precisely locate and memorize sounds made by insects moving on the ground. Its competent approach even after an interval indicates an accurate short-term memory, important in catching prey and greatly influencing its distribution and abundance.", "contents": "[Short-term memory of the mouse-eared bat, Myotis myotis, and its biological value]. Myotis myotis can precisely locate and memorize sounds made by insects moving on the ground. Its competent approach even after an interval indicates an accurate short-term memory, important in catching prey and greatly influencing its distribution and abundance."}
{"id": "PMID:1202861", "title": "[Secretion of catecholamines during pregnancy].", "content": "The excretion of total catecholamines in the urine of 18 females being in various stages of gestation was examined. These women did not take during their pregnancy any drug affecting the synthesis, storage, release, reuptake or metabolism of catecholamines. From the assessment of total catecholamines of 24 hours no statistically significant difference was observed as to the excretion of catecholamines as compared to the amount excreted by non-pregnant normal females.", "contents": "[Secretion of catecholamines during pregnancy]. The excretion of total catecholamines in the urine of 18 females being in various stages of gestation was examined. These women did not take during their pregnancy any drug affecting the synthesis, storage, release, reuptake or metabolism of catecholamines. From the assessment of total catecholamines of 24 hours no statistically significant difference was observed as to the excretion of catecholamines as compared to the amount excreted by non-pregnant normal females."}
{"id": "PMID:1202862", "title": "[Problem of causative relation between pregnancy interruption and following premature termination of pregnancy].", "content": "On the basis of the case material of the Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik Jena, in a prospective investigation 524 women with an interruption in 1972 are investigated for subsequent premature births and abortions. In a second study we retrospectively analyzed the anamnestic data of 133 females whose pregnancies in 1974 ended with a premature birth. The results presented in tables are compared with suggestions from literature.", "contents": "[Problem of causative relation between pregnancy interruption and following premature termination of pregnancy]. On the basis of the case material of the Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik Jena, in a prospective investigation 524 women with an interruption in 1972 are investigated for subsequent premature births and abortions. In a second study we retrospectively analyzed the anamnestic data of 133 females whose pregnancies in 1974 ended with a premature birth. The results presented in tables are compared with suggestions from literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1202863", "title": "[Case of old uterine perforation after abortus mens II/III].", "content": "We can point out a rare case of an old, covered perforation of the uterus after abortus mens II-III and report the method of treatment carried out.", "contents": "[Case of old uterine perforation after abortus mens II/III]. We can point out a rare case of an old, covered perforation of the uterus after abortus mens II-III and report the method of treatment carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:1202864", "title": "[Results of delivery in umbilical cord prolapse at the University-Gynecological Clinic Rostock in the years 1958 to 1973].", "content": "Basing on a 16-year-analysis recommendations are given for the definitive management of delivery in cases of umbilical cord prolapsus in dependence of the cervical dilatation and the position of the fetus. The indication for cesarean section is to pronounce generously and inhibition of labour by tocolytical drugs is to demand.", "contents": "[Results of delivery in umbilical cord prolapse at the University-Gynecological Clinic Rostock in the years 1958 to 1973]. Basing on a 16-year-analysis recommendations are given for the definitive management of delivery in cases of umbilical cord prolapsus in dependence of the cervical dilatation and the position of the fetus. The indication for cesarean section is to pronounce generously and inhibition of labour by tocolytical drugs is to demand."}
{"id": "PMID:1202865", "title": "[Conglutinatio orificii uteri externi as indication for cesarean section].", "content": "A case of conglutinatio orificii uteri externi is reported. Aetiology and pathogenesis of this rare complication of birth are discussed.", "contents": "[Conglutinatio orificii uteri externi as indication for cesarean section]. A case of conglutinatio orificii uteri externi is reported. Aetiology and pathogenesis of this rare complication of birth are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202866", "title": "[Endometriosis in the episiotomy-cicatrix].", "content": "The endometriosis in the scar caused by episiotomy after delivery of twins has been shown, and the coalesced placentas have been peeled off. The first menstrual hemorrage began four weeks following the childbirth, and the first disorders in the scar appeared three months after child birth. A small number of such cases have been reported so far, probably because the endometrium in the second half of pregnancy has a slight ability of implantation, and the brisk fall in the sexual hormone production in the puerperium is not favourable for the growth of the probable implant.", "contents": "[Endometriosis in the episiotomy-cicatrix]. The endometriosis in the scar caused by episiotomy after delivery of twins has been shown, and the coalesced placentas have been peeled off. The first menstrual hemorrage began four weeks following the childbirth, and the first disorders in the scar appeared three months after child birth. A small number of such cases have been reported so far, probably because the endometrium in the second half of pregnancy has a slight ability of implantation, and the brisk fall in the sexual hormone production in the puerperium is not favourable for the growth of the probable implant."}
{"id": "PMID:1202867", "title": "[Oral contraceptives during pregnancy and fetal chromosome findings].", "content": "By means of direct chromosome preparation 7 foetuses are studied whose mothers had taken oral contraceptives during conception and early pregnancy. Two X0/XX-mosaics are found in whom it is questionable whether they are the result of taking ovulation inhibitors.", "contents": "[Oral contraceptives during pregnancy and fetal chromosome findings]. By means of direct chromosome preparation 7 foetuses are studied whose mothers had taken oral contraceptives during conception and early pregnancy. Two X0/XX-mosaics are found in whom it is questionable whether they are the result of taking ovulation inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:1202868", "title": "[Problems in the preoperative treatment of old patients].", "content": "Because of a higher duration of life the age surgical operations get higher importance also in the gynaecology. In elderly patients careful pre-operative treatment gives a reduction of lethality and morbidity. You must consider the shorted functional resources of the heart circulation system and the lungs and kindeys. Disturbances in electrolyte metabolism, water balance and acid-base regulation should optimally be compensated pre-operatively. At the same time the thrombosis prophylactic is a very important fact in the pre-operative treatment.", "contents": "[Problems in the preoperative treatment of old patients]. Because of a higher duration of life the age surgical operations get higher importance also in the gynaecology. In elderly patients careful pre-operative treatment gives a reduction of lethality and morbidity. You must consider the shorted functional resources of the heart circulation system and the lungs and kindeys. Disturbances in electrolyte metabolism, water balance and acid-base regulation should optimally be compensated pre-operatively. At the same time the thrombosis prophylactic is a very important fact in the pre-operative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1202869", "title": "[Activity of lysozymes in blood serum of rabbits with experimental salmonellosis (Salmonella agona) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have analysed the influence of experimental infection of rabbits with Salmonella agona on lysozyme activity in the blood serum of examined animals. 37 rabbits were used in the experiments; experimental salmonellosis was developed in 22 out of this number, the remaining ones (15 rabbits) served as controls A statistically significant increase of lysozyme activity has been found in the serum of sick animals in the acute stage of the disease. A significantly high activity of this enzyme was observed in the diluted blood serum of experimental animals. No correlation was founds between the number of leucocytes and the percentage of granulocytes, and the lysozyme activity.", "contents": "[Activity of lysozymes in blood serum of rabbits with experimental salmonellosis (Salmonella agona) (author's transl)]. The authors have analysed the influence of experimental infection of rabbits with Salmonella agona on lysozyme activity in the blood serum of examined animals. 37 rabbits were used in the experiments; experimental salmonellosis was developed in 22 out of this number, the remaining ones (15 rabbits) served as controls A statistically significant increase of lysozyme activity has been found in the serum of sick animals in the acute stage of the disease. A significantly high activity of this enzyme was observed in the diluted blood serum of experimental animals. No correlation was founds between the number of leucocytes and the percentage of granulocytes, and the lysozyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1202870", "title": "[Ten new serotypes of Salmonella subgenus I isolated from healthy carriers in Togo (West Africa)].", "content": "The Salmonella strains described in this paper were isolated from stool specimens of healthy persons in epidemiological studies in Togo (West Africa). All strains belong to the subgenus I of the genus Salmonella. [see text]", "contents": "[Ten new serotypes of Salmonella subgenus I isolated from healthy carriers in Togo (West Africa)]. The Salmonella strains described in this paper were isolated from stool specimens of healthy persons in epidemiological studies in Togo (West Africa). All strains belong to the subgenus I of the genus Salmonella. [see text]"}
{"id": "PMID:1202871", "title": "[Nine new Salmonella species belonging to sub-genera I, II, and III and a new serological variant of S. tornow (author's transl)].", "content": "Between October 1971 and March 1972, 168 samples were collected from tank-water and faeces of amphibious animals and reptiles living in the Aquarium of the Berlin Zoo. They were examined for Salmonella and Arizona. Nine unknown Salmonella species and one new serological variant of S. tornow were isolated. Two of the new species were found to belong to sub-genus I, three to sub-genus II, and for to sub-genus III (Arizona) (see article).", "contents": "[Nine new Salmonella species belonging to sub-genera I, II, and III and a new serological variant of S. tornow (author's transl)]. Between October 1971 and March 1972, 168 samples were collected from tank-water and faeces of amphibious animals and reptiles living in the Aquarium of the Berlin Zoo. They were examined for Salmonella and Arizona. Nine unknown Salmonella species and one new serological variant of S. tornow were isolated. Two of the new species were found to belong to sub-genus I, three to sub-genus II, and for to sub-genus III (Arizona) (see article)."}
{"id": "PMID:1202872", "title": "[Investigations on the structure of the sphingolipids of the genus Bacteroides (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1972 Fritsche and Thelen have described the difference between the structure of the komplex lipids of the genus Bacteroides and the genus Sphaerophorus. Further investigations of Fritsche demonstrated the possibility of grouping gramnegative anaerobes into the genus Bacteroides in spite of the fact, that one of the final products of metabolism of these strains is butyric acid. These strains are the so-called butyric acid producing Bacteroides. This paper describes the structure of the still unknown fatty acids of the komplex lipids of Bacteroides strains and confirms the heterogenity of the sphingosine bases of Bacteroides as a principle. Fife strains of Bacteroides - with and without production of butyric acid - were used for purification of their long chain bases, which were characterized by degradation. The unknown fatty acids were isolated from B. thetaiotaomicron and analyzed by Dr. Rosenfelder with the aid of mass spectrometry, O-methylation and dehydratisation. The experiments of Rosenfelder demonstrate, that the unknown fatty acids have the behaviour of 3-hydroxy fatty acids, the two main peaks are a hexadecanoic and a heptade-behaviour of 3-hydroxy fatty acids, the two main peaks are a hexadecanoic and a heptadecanoic acid. They have an identical behaviour with the 3-hydroxy-15-methyl-palmitic acid of Myxococcus fulvus. Therefore the genus Bacteroides differs from the genus Sphaerophorus by synthesis of 3-hydroxy fatty acids. The production of sphingolipids is a common characteristic of the genus Bacteroides, each of the five strains demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern of bases with sphingosines with 16 to 20, perhaps also 12 to 14 carbon atoms, sometimes predominantly the branched and n-heptadeca- and the octadeca-sphinganine can be identified. The possibility of the production of phyto-sphingosines is discussed.", "contents": "[Investigations on the structure of the sphingolipids of the genus Bacteroides (author's transl)]. In 1972 Fritsche and Thelen have described the difference between the structure of the komplex lipids of the genus Bacteroides and the genus Sphaerophorus. Further investigations of Fritsche demonstrated the possibility of grouping gramnegative anaerobes into the genus Bacteroides in spite of the fact, that one of the final products of metabolism of these strains is butyric acid. These strains are the so-called butyric acid producing Bacteroides. This paper describes the structure of the still unknown fatty acids of the komplex lipids of Bacteroides strains and confirms the heterogenity of the sphingosine bases of Bacteroides as a principle. Fife strains of Bacteroides - with and without production of butyric acid - were used for purification of their long chain bases, which were characterized by degradation. The unknown fatty acids were isolated from B. thetaiotaomicron and analyzed by Dr. Rosenfelder with the aid of mass spectrometry, O-methylation and dehydratisation. The experiments of Rosenfelder demonstrate, that the unknown fatty acids have the behaviour of 3-hydroxy fatty acids, the two main peaks are a hexadecanoic and a heptade-behaviour of 3-hydroxy fatty acids, the two main peaks are a hexadecanoic and a heptadecanoic acid. They have an identical behaviour with the 3-hydroxy-15-methyl-palmitic acid of Myxococcus fulvus. Therefore the genus Bacteroides differs from the genus Sphaerophorus by synthesis of 3-hydroxy fatty acids. The production of sphingolipids is a common characteristic of the genus Bacteroides, each of the five strains demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern of bases with sphingosines with 16 to 20, perhaps also 12 to 14 carbon atoms, sometimes predominantly the branched and n-heptadeca- and the octadeca-sphinganine can be identified. The possibility of the production of phyto-sphingosines is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202873", "title": "The growth cycle of influenza viruses as studied in touch preparations of the allantoic layer of chick embryos. 4. The growth cycle of influenza B virus: presence of basophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of CAM epithelial cells.", "content": "The infectious cycle of Influenza B virus occurring at the allantoic layer of embryonated eggs has been studied by means of cytological and immunofluorescence techniques utilizing touch preparations. The infectious cycle of the virus resembles closely that of Influenza A virus. Influenza B virus, regardless of the dose inoculated, affected the strata of the allantoic layer to a different extent. It totally destroyed the surface stratum (major growth cycle) in about 20 hours time when a 10(8) ID50 dose was inoculated and within 38 hours with a 10 ID50 dose. In the deep stratum, which remained denuded after the destruction of the surface one, most cells (90%) showed normal appearance and a small proportion (about 10%) appeared to be infected. This condition of a minor growth cycle of infection lasted till death of the embryos which occurred within 3--4 days as a maximum. At advanced stages of infection ulcerations (loss of epithelium) appeared which at no time were observed in a Influenza A virus infection.", "contents": "The growth cycle of influenza viruses as studied in touch preparations of the allantoic layer of chick embryos. 4. The growth cycle of influenza B virus: presence of basophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of CAM epithelial cells. The infectious cycle of Influenza B virus occurring at the allantoic layer of embryonated eggs has been studied by means of cytological and immunofluorescence techniques utilizing touch preparations. The infectious cycle of the virus resembles closely that of Influenza A virus. Influenza B virus, regardless of the dose inoculated, affected the strata of the allantoic layer to a different extent. It totally destroyed the surface stratum (major growth cycle) in about 20 hours time when a 10(8) ID50 dose was inoculated and within 38 hours with a 10 ID50 dose. In the deep stratum, which remained denuded after the destruction of the surface one, most cells (90%) showed normal appearance and a small proportion (about 10%) appeared to be infected. This condition of a minor growth cycle of infection lasted till death of the embryos which occurred within 3--4 days as a maximum. At advanced stages of infection ulcerations (loss of epithelium) appeared which at no time were observed in a Influenza A virus infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1202874", "title": "Untraditional glucose fermenting actinomycetes as human pathogens. Part II: Rothia dentocariosa as a cause of abdominal actinomycosis and a pathogen for mice.", "content": "Rothia dentocariosa was proved as a primary pathogen for man in the case of abdominal infection of a 19 year old woman. Clinical findings were typical for actinomycosis and the patient was cured with penicillin following surgery. Actinomycotic granules were proved by direct microscopy in the pus and R. dentocariosa was recovered as a single pathogen according to the microscopy. Two morphologically distinct isolates recovered from primocultures were described. They were studied separately and finally they were recognized as physiologically identical varieties of a single organism. In addition, the two morphological varieties of R. dentocariosa were considered to represent a particular kind of variability of the A-N type. The isolated germ was found to be pathogen for mice. Intraperitoneal infections provoked multiple nodules formation which were grown into the internal organs of experimental animals. The nodules were encapsulated and tended to spread without regard to the natural tissue plan. They contained pus involving microgranules of viable germs. This first report of the natural human infection caused by R. dentocariosa is the precedent for the definite establishing of this aerobic glucose fermenting actinomycete amidst the untraditional potential pathogens of human actinomycosis.", "contents": "Untraditional glucose fermenting actinomycetes as human pathogens. Part II: Rothia dentocariosa as a cause of abdominal actinomycosis and a pathogen for mice. Rothia dentocariosa was proved as a primary pathogen for man in the case of abdominal infection of a 19 year old woman. Clinical findings were typical for actinomycosis and the patient was cured with penicillin following surgery. Actinomycotic granules were proved by direct microscopy in the pus and R. dentocariosa was recovered as a single pathogen according to the microscopy. Two morphologically distinct isolates recovered from primocultures were described. They were studied separately and finally they were recognized as physiologically identical varieties of a single organism. In addition, the two morphological varieties of R. dentocariosa were considered to represent a particular kind of variability of the A-N type. The isolated germ was found to be pathogen for mice. Intraperitoneal infections provoked multiple nodules formation which were grown into the internal organs of experimental animals. The nodules were encapsulated and tended to spread without regard to the natural tissue plan. They contained pus involving microgranules of viable germs. This first report of the natural human infection caused by R. dentocariosa is the precedent for the definite establishing of this aerobic glucose fermenting actinomycete amidst the untraditional potential pathogens of human actinomycosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1202875", "title": "Immunizing effects of structural components of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.", "content": "The protective attributes of the structural components of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura were examined. Guinea pigs were immunized with the outer envelope, the cell wall, the type-specific main antigen, and the protein constituent of the outer envelope respectively. Of the 4 preparations, the outer envelope, the cell wall and the type-specific main antigen showed a considerable protective effect in this order. The protein constituent of the outer envelope was less effective. Immunization with 200 mug of the outer envelope protected guinea pigs from lethal infection but no completely from the renal carrier state. The rate of protection from renal leptospirosis by the preparations of leptospiral components and lyophilized whole cells was always inferior to the survivor rate.", "contents": "Immunizing effects of structural components of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. The protective attributes of the structural components of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura were examined. Guinea pigs were immunized with the outer envelope, the cell wall, the type-specific main antigen, and the protein constituent of the outer envelope respectively. Of the 4 preparations, the outer envelope, the cell wall and the type-specific main antigen showed a considerable protective effect in this order. The protein constituent of the outer envelope was less effective. Immunization with 200 mug of the outer envelope protected guinea pigs from lethal infection but no completely from the renal carrier state. The rate of protection from renal leptospirosis by the preparations of leptospiral components and lyophilized whole cells was always inferior to the survivor rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1202876", "title": "[Bone marrow eythroid series cellular reaction to antigenic stimulation].", "content": "The authors describe changes in the cells of the erythroid series of the bone marrow against the background of immunization with diphtheria toxoid. Physiological saline was injected to control animals. Changes in the blood system were in one direction and were expressed in the erythroblastic reaction; this reaction was less pronounced in control than in the experimental animals.", "contents": "[Bone marrow eythroid series cellular reaction to antigenic stimulation]. The authors describe changes in the cells of the erythroid series of the bone marrow against the background of immunization with diphtheria toxoid. Physiological saline was injected to control animals. Changes in the blood system were in one direction and were expressed in the erythroblastic reaction; this reaction was less pronounced in control than in the experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1202877", "title": "[Relation of intrahospital morbidity from staphylococcal infections to some properties of hospital strains].", "content": "Analysis of staphylococcus infection morbidity in a large obstetrical hospital for 5 years offered a possibility of establishing an association between the severity of the course of staphylococcus infections in patients, the bacteriophage type of the causative agent and its resistance to antibiotics. The qualitative changes in morbidity in the direction of the prevalence of minor forms and mild course ocurred in parallel with the changes of the leading bacteriophage type from the epidemic 75/77 and 80/81 to the nonepidemic bacteriophage types of the III bacteriophage group and the changes of the antibiograms of the causative agents in the direction of an increase in the number of strains sensitive to antibiotics. Since the severity of the course of staphylococcus infection characterized the pathogenicity of the strain of the causative agent a conclusion could be drawn on the association between the sign of virulence and determinants of the medicinal resistance and definite prophages in the hospital strains of staphylococcus.", "contents": "[Relation of intrahospital morbidity from staphylococcal infections to some properties of hospital strains]. Analysis of staphylococcus infection morbidity in a large obstetrical hospital for 5 years offered a possibility of establishing an association between the severity of the course of staphylococcus infections in patients, the bacteriophage type of the causative agent and its resistance to antibiotics. The qualitative changes in morbidity in the direction of the prevalence of minor forms and mild course ocurred in parallel with the changes of the leading bacteriophage type from the epidemic 75/77 and 80/81 to the nonepidemic bacteriophage types of the III bacteriophage group and the changes of the antibiograms of the causative agents in the direction of an increase in the number of strains sensitive to antibiotics. Since the severity of the course of staphylococcus infection characterized the pathogenicity of the strain of the causative agent a conclusion could be drawn on the association between the sign of virulence and determinants of the medicinal resistance and definite prophages in the hospital strains of staphylococcus."}
{"id": "PMID:1202881", "title": "[Patterns in the epidemic process of scarlet fever in various territories differing in respect of climate and geography].", "content": "Observations carried out in Ashkhabad and Petrozavodsk permitted to reveal specific features of the epidemic process in scarlet fever at the territories differing in climato-geographic respect. This was expressed in a different level of morbidity, differences in the character of periodicity, seasonality and age structure of morbidity. Along with this there were noted differences in the spread of the carrier state of hemolytic streptococcus and of their biological properties, and also in the process of immunity formation in the population. The data obtained suggest that one of the causes of epidemiological differences in scarlet fever detected in the southern and the northern districts were peculiarities of the immunological reactivity of the population and a difference in the carrier state of the highly toxigenic streptococci.", "contents": "[Patterns in the epidemic process of scarlet fever in various territories differing in respect of climate and geography]. Observations carried out in Ashkhabad and Petrozavodsk permitted to reveal specific features of the epidemic process in scarlet fever at the territories differing in climato-geographic respect. This was expressed in a different level of morbidity, differences in the character of periodicity, seasonality and age structure of morbidity. Along with this there were noted differences in the spread of the carrier state of hemolytic streptococcus and of their biological properties, and also in the process of immunity formation in the population. The data obtained suggest that one of the causes of epidemiological differences in scarlet fever detected in the southern and the northern districts were peculiarities of the immunological reactivity of the population and a difference in the carrier state of the highly toxigenic streptococci."}
{"id": "PMID:1202882", "title": "[Possibility of shortening an aerosol immunization session with dry live plague vaccine].", "content": "A comparative study of the 10- and 30-minute seances of the animal vaccination with the dry living plague aerozol EB vaccine demonstrated that the biological and the weight aspiration doses for a 10-minute vaccination seance constituted 96 and 89% of the dose, respectively, during a 30-minute exposure. According to the results of the passive hemagglutination test immunological shifts developing in guinea pigs after the 10- and 30-minute exposure proved to be equal. On this basis it is recommended to decrease the seance of the animal vaccination from 30 to 10 minutes.", "contents": "[Possibility of shortening an aerosol immunization session with dry live plague vaccine]. A comparative study of the 10- and 30-minute seances of the animal vaccination with the dry living plague aerozol EB vaccine demonstrated that the biological and the weight aspiration doses for a 10-minute vaccination seance constituted 96 and 89% of the dose, respectively, during a 30-minute exposure. According to the results of the passive hemagglutination test immunological shifts developing in guinea pigs after the 10- and 30-minute exposure proved to be equal. On this basis it is recommended to decrease the seance of the animal vaccination from 30 to 10 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:1202883", "title": "[Etiology of acute suppurative destructive pneumonias in children].", "content": "Clinical, immunological and bacteriological studies were carried out in 63 children with the so-called staphylococcus destruction of the lungs. It was shown that in some of the cases destructive process in the lungs, along with the pathogenic staphylococcus, could be caused by the Gram negative bacteria (Proteus, Bac. pyocyaneus, etc.). It was found that in children of different age groups the titre of antistaphylococcus antibodies up to 0.5 AU/ml was normal and pointed to the absence of any inflammatory disease of staphylococcus etiology; a titre of 2 AU/ml - and overcould be considered as diagnostic. In connection with bacterial poly-etiology of acute destruction of the lungs in children it is suggested that it should be designated as \"acute purulent destructive pneumonia\". The importance of immuno-bacteriological studies in children with diseases with the mentioned pathology is emphasized; these examinations permit to choose proper complex therapy.", "contents": "[Etiology of acute suppurative destructive pneumonias in children]. Clinical, immunological and bacteriological studies were carried out in 63 children with the so-called staphylococcus destruction of the lungs. It was shown that in some of the cases destructive process in the lungs, along with the pathogenic staphylococcus, could be caused by the Gram negative bacteria (Proteus, Bac. pyocyaneus, etc.). It was found that in children of different age groups the titre of antistaphylococcus antibodies up to 0.5 AU/ml was normal and pointed to the absence of any inflammatory disease of staphylococcus etiology; a titre of 2 AU/ml - and overcould be considered as diagnostic. In connection with bacterial poly-etiology of acute destruction of the lungs in children it is suggested that it should be designated as \"acute purulent destructive pneumonia\". The importance of immuno-bacteriological studies in children with diseases with the mentioned pathology is emphasized; these examinations permit to choose proper complex therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1202884", "title": "[Isolation and identification of Neisseria in bronchial asthma].", "content": "A study was made of 29 strains of neisseria isolated from the mucosa of the pharynx and the bronchi of patients suffering from infectious-allergic bronchial asthma of different severity. Comparison of the strains by 22 tests (including the assessment of the morphological, biochemical and other signs) permitted to establish the species of neisseria with some probability. The species reference was determined in 23 cultures. N. perflava was isolated in 10 cases, N. subflava--in 6, N. flava--in 3 cases and N. sicca--in 4 cases, 2 strains corresponded to apigmentary N. cinerea. The species was not established in 4 cultures. There was found no connection between a definite microbial association and the species of neisseria and the severity of the disease. Pigment species of neisseria should be tested as diagnostic allergens.", "contents": "[Isolation and identification of Neisseria in bronchial asthma]. A study was made of 29 strains of neisseria isolated from the mucosa of the pharynx and the bronchi of patients suffering from infectious-allergic bronchial asthma of different severity. Comparison of the strains by 22 tests (including the assessment of the morphological, biochemical and other signs) permitted to establish the species of neisseria with some probability. The species reference was determined in 23 cultures. N. perflava was isolated in 10 cases, N. subflava--in 6, N. flava--in 3 cases and N. sicca--in 4 cases, 2 strains corresponded to apigmentary N. cinerea. The species was not established in 4 cultures. There was found no connection between a definite microbial association and the species of neisseria and the severity of the disease. Pigment species of neisseria should be tested as diagnostic allergens."}
{"id": "PMID:1202885", "title": "[Quantitative indices of lysozyme activity in staphylococci].", "content": "The lysozyme activity of 354 lysozyme-positive and 100 lysozyme-negative (by the results of qualitative test) staphylococcus strains were studied quantitatively. The method was based on titration of the lysozyme in the culture fluid of 48-hour broth cultures of the strains under study. The quantitative method proved to be more sensitive than the qualitative one, and permitted to reveal the lysozyme production in 71% of the strains which were formerly considered to be lysozyme-negative. There were distinct species differences between the lysozyme-positive staphylococci: the mean lysozyme level in the S. aureus was significantly greater then in the S. epidermis. There was no regular association between the lysozyme activity, staphylococcus origin, bacteriophage reference and the antibiotic resistance.", "contents": "[Quantitative indices of lysozyme activity in staphylococci]. The lysozyme activity of 354 lysozyme-positive and 100 lysozyme-negative (by the results of qualitative test) staphylococcus strains were studied quantitatively. The method was based on titration of the lysozyme in the culture fluid of 48-hour broth cultures of the strains under study. The quantitative method proved to be more sensitive than the qualitative one, and permitted to reveal the lysozyme production in 71% of the strains which were formerly considered to be lysozyme-negative. There were distinct species differences between the lysozyme-positive staphylococci: the mean lysozyme level in the S. aureus was significantly greater then in the S. epidermis. There was no regular association between the lysozyme activity, staphylococcus origin, bacteriophage reference and the antibiotic resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:1202886", "title": "[Comparison of the physiological and biochemical indices of the phagocytosis of ram erythrocytes by macro- and microphages].", "content": "Morita and Perkins' method was applied to the study of the stage of ingestion and destruction of an antigen (sheep erythrocytes) in the macrophages of peritoneal exudate of rabbits and rats and in the microphages of rabbit pleural exudate. Ingestion and intracellular destruction of the antigen were accompanied by intensified respiration and glycolysis of phagocytes. Respiration of the three types of phagocytes at two stages of phagocytosis and also the digestive capacity of microphages proved to be sensitive to cyanide and colchicine. The latter failed to influence the ingestion of the antigen by the three types of phagocytes and its digestion by macrophages. The differences in the metabolism routes of macro- and microphages in intracellular destruction of the antigen was postulated. An intensification of the phagocytic activity after the immunization was characteristic of rabbit and rat macrophages.", "contents": "[Comparison of the physiological and biochemical indices of the phagocytosis of ram erythrocytes by macro- and microphages]. Morita and Perkins' method was applied to the study of the stage of ingestion and destruction of an antigen (sheep erythrocytes) in the macrophages of peritoneal exudate of rabbits and rats and in the microphages of rabbit pleural exudate. Ingestion and intracellular destruction of the antigen were accompanied by intensified respiration and glycolysis of phagocytes. Respiration of the three types of phagocytes at two stages of phagocytosis and also the digestive capacity of microphages proved to be sensitive to cyanide and colchicine. The latter failed to influence the ingestion of the antigen by the three types of phagocytes and its digestion by macrophages. The differences in the metabolism routes of macro- and microphages in intracellular destruction of the antigen was postulated. An intensification of the phagocytic activity after the immunization was characteristic of rabbit and rat macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:1202888", "title": "[Use of regression analysis in the quantitative evaluation of the activity of biological preparations].", "content": "Use of regression analysis in the assessment of the activity of biological preparations under experimental conditions permitted not only to assess the quantitative effect (ED50) more strictly, but also to find other parameters of importance for the results of comparison, for example with the standard, i.e. in standardization. To these belong regression coefficient, parallelism of regressions, and the relative potency. By the presence of a parallelism one can judge the similarity between the activity mechanism of the active principle of the preparations being compared. Relative potency characterizes the activity of the preparation in the relative values in comparison with the standard, with a statistical evaluation of this value with the aid of the confidence interval. The authors suggest a program for Mir-2 computer facilitating the calculations in using the analystical method which is more objective than the graphic method of assessment of the linear dosage-response curve.", "contents": "[Use of regression analysis in the quantitative evaluation of the activity of biological preparations]. Use of regression analysis in the assessment of the activity of biological preparations under experimental conditions permitted not only to assess the quantitative effect (ED50) more strictly, but also to find other parameters of importance for the results of comparison, for example with the standard, i.e. in standardization. To these belong regression coefficient, parallelism of regressions, and the relative potency. By the presence of a parallelism one can judge the similarity between the activity mechanism of the active principle of the preparations being compared. Relative potency characterizes the activity of the preparation in the relative values in comparison with the standard, with a statistical evaluation of this value with the aid of the confidence interval. The authors suggest a program for Mir-2 computer facilitating the calculations in using the analystical method which is more objective than the graphic method of assessment of the linear dosage-response curve."}
{"id": "PMID:1202889", "title": "A study of DNA from chloroplasts separated by counter-current distribution.", "content": "Three types of chloroplasts (Peak I, Peak II, and Peak III chloroplasts) isolated by counter-current distribution in aqueous polymer two-phase systems have been studied with respect to DNA content. (The characterization was performed by studying the buoyant density, the melting profile and the amount of DNA of each type). The DNA was found to differ between the three types of chloroplasts.", "contents": "A study of DNA from chloroplasts separated by counter-current distribution. Three types of chloroplasts (Peak I, Peak II, and Peak III chloroplasts) isolated by counter-current distribution in aqueous polymer two-phase systems have been studied with respect to DNA content. (The characterization was performed by studying the buoyant density, the melting profile and the amount of DNA of each type). The DNA was found to differ between the three types of chloroplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:1202890", "title": "Structural studies of metabolic products of dopamine. IV. Crystal and molecular structure of (-)-noradrenaline.", "content": "The crystal structure of (-)-noradrenaline has been determined by X-ray methods, using 1000 observed reflections collected by counter diffractometer techniques. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with a=8.611(2), B=6.138(2), And c=14.912(4) A. Least-squares refinements yielded a conventional R-factor of 0.036. Standard deviations in bond lengths are 0.003 A and in bond angles 0.2 degrees. The crystal structure of (-)-noradrenaline corresponds closely to that of (-)-adrenaline in molecular geometry, conformation, and arrangement in the crystals. The results of the structure investigations are discussed in relation to the biological activity of these biogenic amines.", "contents": "Structural studies of metabolic products of dopamine. IV. Crystal and molecular structure of (-)-noradrenaline. The crystal structure of (-)-noradrenaline has been determined by X-ray methods, using 1000 observed reflections collected by counter diffractometer techniques. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with a=8.611(2), B=6.138(2), And c=14.912(4) A. Least-squares refinements yielded a conventional R-factor of 0.036. Standard deviations in bond lengths are 0.003 A and in bond angles 0.2 degrees. The crystal structure of (-)-noradrenaline corresponds closely to that of (-)-adrenaline in molecular geometry, conformation, and arrangement in the crystals. The results of the structure investigations are discussed in relation to the biological activity of these biogenic amines."}
{"id": "PMID:1202893", "title": "[Contribution to the clinical study of the Parsonage and Turner syndrome. 15 personal observations (author's transl)].", "content": "The seimological aspects of 15 observations of amyotrophic neuralgia of the shoulder are described. This group includes 12 men and 3 women. The signs were bilateral in 4 patients. A recurrence was observed in 3 cases, suggesting a constitutional predisposition. One patient also demonstrated neuropathic signs in the lower limbs. Special emphasis is put on the mode of onset and the prodromal symptoms. A functional overloading of the scapulo-humeral articulation is evident in 5 cases. In 12 patients a complete functional recovery was observed in less than one year.", "contents": "[Contribution to the clinical study of the Parsonage and Turner syndrome. 15 personal observations (author's transl)]. The seimological aspects of 15 observations of amyotrophic neuralgia of the shoulder are described. This group includes 12 men and 3 women. The signs were bilateral in 4 patients. A recurrence was observed in 3 cases, suggesting a constitutional predisposition. One patient also demonstrated neuropathic signs in the lower limbs. Special emphasis is put on the mode of onset and the prodromal symptoms. A functional overloading of the scapulo-humeral articulation is evident in 5 cases. In 12 patients a complete functional recovery was observed in less than one year."}
{"id": "PMID:1202896", "title": "Segmental fibre breakdown and defects of the plasmalemma in diseased human muscles.", "content": "Thick round fibres common in cross sections of muscle biopsies from patients with muscular dystrophy are due to contracted and swollen segments of otherwise normal muscle fibres. This contracture leads to segmental fibre breakdown, which is identical with Zenker's waxy degeneration. In biopsies from 90 patients suspected of neuromuscular disease, segmental contracture was seen in all or nearly all patients with infantile muscular dystrophy, necrotic myopathy or acute alcoholic myopathy. It was present in half of the patients with polymyositis or myotonic dystrophy. In resticted forms of muscular dystrophy it was rare as it was in neurogenic atrophy. In 9 clinically normal patients it was absent. In electron micrographs of the initial stage sarcomeres were moderately shortened, the sarcoplasmic reticulum was distended and the mitochondria were normal. In the plasmalemma holes were found, through which glycogen granules were lost into the interstitial tissue. In later stages myofibrils were overcontracted and homogenized; in large areas the plasmalemma was absent. Based on these findings a hypothesis for the development of waxy degeneration is proposed: locally defects of the plasmamembrane cause segmental contracture, glycogen granules and water soluble enzymes are lost through holes in the plasma membrane, and finally the affected fibre segment becomes necrotic.", "contents": "Segmental fibre breakdown and defects of the plasmalemma in diseased human muscles. Thick round fibres common in cross sections of muscle biopsies from patients with muscular dystrophy are due to contracted and swollen segments of otherwise normal muscle fibres. This contracture leads to segmental fibre breakdown, which is identical with Zenker's waxy degeneration. In biopsies from 90 patients suspected of neuromuscular disease, segmental contracture was seen in all or nearly all patients with infantile muscular dystrophy, necrotic myopathy or acute alcoholic myopathy. It was present in half of the patients with polymyositis or myotonic dystrophy. In resticted forms of muscular dystrophy it was rare as it was in neurogenic atrophy. In 9 clinically normal patients it was absent. In electron micrographs of the initial stage sarcomeres were moderately shortened, the sarcoplasmic reticulum was distended and the mitochondria were normal. In the plasmalemma holes were found, through which glycogen granules were lost into the interstitial tissue. In later stages myofibrils were overcontracted and homogenized; in large areas the plasmalemma was absent. Based on these findings a hypothesis for the development of waxy degeneration is proposed: locally defects of the plasmamembrane cause segmental contracture, glycogen granules and water soluble enzymes are lost through holes in the plasma membrane, and finally the affected fibre segment becomes necrotic."}
{"id": "PMID:1202897", "title": "Epileptic activity and anatomical characteristics of different lesions in cat cortex. Ultrastructural study.", "content": "Three different types of lesions have been studied in the cortex of the cat, by means of electroencephalography and electron microscopy. These three types of lesions can be listed in order of increasing magnitude according to their capacity to induce abnormal electrical activity: 1.  incision of the cortex gives paroxymal activity, 2. intracortical insertion of a resin pellet generates weak epileptic activity, 3. intracortical insertion of a colbalt resin pellet  produces epileptic activity. A parallel can be drawn between electrophysiological and anatomical data: there seems to  be a quantitative relationship between the degree of epileptic activity and the extent of perilesional tissue. Furthermore, in this perilesional tissue, oedema is observed, the intensity of which varies according to the type of lesion. Thus, the epileptic activity of a lesion seems to be proportional not only to the volume of the perilesional tissue but also to the development of the oedema.", "contents": "Epileptic activity and anatomical characteristics of different lesions in cat cortex. Ultrastructural study. Three different types of lesions have been studied in the cortex of the cat, by means of electroencephalography and electron microscopy. These three types of lesions can be listed in order of increasing magnitude according to their capacity to induce abnormal electrical activity: 1.  incision of the cortex gives paroxymal activity, 2. intracortical insertion of a resin pellet generates weak epileptic activity, 3. intracortical insertion of a colbalt resin pellet  produces epileptic activity. A parallel can be drawn between electrophysiological and anatomical data: there seems to  be a quantitative relationship between the degree of epileptic activity and the extent of perilesional tissue. Furthermore, in this perilesional tissue, oedema is observed, the intensity of which varies according to the type of lesion. Thus, the epileptic activity of a lesion seems to be proportional not only to the volume of the perilesional tissue but also to the development of the oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:1202894", "title": "[Histochemical study of choroid plexuses, ependymal epithelium and subcommissural organ in experimental conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Activities of some dehydrogenases (DH) belonging to the metabolism of glucose, glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid, and to Kreb's cycle are investigated in choroid plexuses, ependymal epithelium and subcommissural organ of the rat. The observations are completed by detection of acid phosphatase activity. Metabolic modifications are demonstrated following carbonic anhydrase inhibition and plasmatic sodium hypertonicity. After treatment with Diamox, an increase of the activity of the various DH considered is observed in choroid plexuses. The effect seems to be only transient. Plasmatic hypertonicity induces some changes in DH activity in the different tissues. Acid phosphatase activity remains unchanged in these conditions.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of choroid plexuses, ependymal epithelium and subcommissural organ in experimental conditions (author's transl)]. Activities of some dehydrogenases (DH) belonging to the metabolism of glucose, glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid, and to Kreb's cycle are investigated in choroid plexuses, ependymal epithelium and subcommissural organ of the rat. The observations are completed by detection of acid phosphatase activity. Metabolic modifications are demonstrated following carbonic anhydrase inhibition and plasmatic sodium hypertonicity. After treatment with Diamox, an increase of the activity of the various DH considered is observed in choroid plexuses. The effect seems to be only transient. Plasmatic hypertonicity induces some changes in DH activity in the different tissues. Acid phosphatase activity remains unchanged in these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1202898", "title": "Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. II. Changes in carbohydrates.", "content": "A cerebral ischemia was produced by unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery in the neck of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), which are frequently characterized by deficiencies in the circulus of Willis. Concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycogen were measured in the hemisphere on the side of occlusion and in the contralateral control hemisphere of animals sacrificed after 5, 15 and 30 min, as well as after 1,3,5 and 9 hrs of carotid clamping. Significant decrease of glucose, and increase in lactate and pyruvate concentration were found in the hemisphere ipsilateral to occlusion; the extent of the changes was proportional to the duration of the ischemia. After an initial fall, an increase in the glycogen content occurred in the later stages of ischemia. Glycogen, glucose, lactate and pyruvate were determined also at 1, 5, 20 hrs and 1 week intervals following release of an occlusion lasting for 1 hr. Return to normal values of glucose and pyruvate was seen at 1 hr after release. The lactate and glycogen levels were significantly raised on the occluded side after 20 hrs release. An increased level of glycogen was observed as long as 1 week after a 1-hr carotid occlusion.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. II. Changes in carbohydrates. A cerebral ischemia was produced by unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery in the neck of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), which are frequently characterized by deficiencies in the circulus of Willis. Concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycogen were measured in the hemisphere on the side of occlusion and in the contralateral control hemisphere of animals sacrificed after 5, 15 and 30 min, as well as after 1,3,5 and 9 hrs of carotid clamping. Significant decrease of glucose, and increase in lactate and pyruvate concentration were found in the hemisphere ipsilateral to occlusion; the extent of the changes was proportional to the duration of the ischemia. After an initial fall, an increase in the glycogen content occurred in the later stages of ischemia. Glycogen, glucose, lactate and pyruvate were determined also at 1, 5, 20 hrs and 1 week intervals following release of an occlusion lasting for 1 hr. Return to normal values of glucose and pyruvate was seen at 1 hr after release. The lactate and glycogen levels were significantly raised on the occluded side after 20 hrs release. An increased level of glycogen was observed as long as 1 week after a 1-hr carotid occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1202895", "title": "L-dopa plus dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor. Sleep organization in Parkinson's syndrome before and after treatment.", "content": "Sixty-four all-night sleep polygraphic recordings have been carried out in patients affected by Parkinson's syndrome, before and after treatment with an association of l-dopa plus a peripheral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor. Without any drug, parkinsonian patients showed sleep disruption with frequent awakenings, reduction of total sleeping time and lessening of REM stage rather than slow sleep. Treatment with l-dopa plus inhibitor appeared to be able to restore good night sleep organization with a noteworthy increase in the REM stage.", "contents": "L-dopa plus dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor. Sleep organization in Parkinson's syndrome before and after treatment. Sixty-four all-night sleep polygraphic recordings have been carried out in patients affected by Parkinson's syndrome, before and after treatment with an association of l-dopa plus a peripheral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor. Without any drug, parkinsonian patients showed sleep disruption with frequent awakenings, reduction of total sleeping time and lessening of REM stage rather than slow sleep. Treatment with l-dopa plus inhibitor appeared to be able to restore good night sleep organization with a noteworthy increase in the REM stage."}
{"id": "PMID:1202899", "title": "Serum and Placental lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in normal pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia.", "content": "LDH isoenzymes and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase were studied in the serum and placental extract of 20 cases of pre-eclampsia and 10 normal pregnancies as a control. The starch-gel electrophoretic serum and placental isoenzymogram showed that LDH4 and LDH5 were the main isoenzymes in the placenta while LDH1 and LDH2 were the main isoenzymes in the serum in pre-eclampsia. The electrophoretic serum protein pattern in pre-eclamlobulins with decreased albumin fraction, while in the placenta, the albumin fraction was increased together with a decrease in the alpha-globulins. The electrophoretic pattern of serum alkaline phosphatase showed a main band of activity at the B-globulin zone in all cases of normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. In the placenta, two additional bands were detected.", "contents": "Serum and Placental lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in normal pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. LDH isoenzymes and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase were studied in the serum and placental extract of 20 cases of pre-eclampsia and 10 normal pregnancies as a control. The starch-gel electrophoretic serum and placental isoenzymogram showed that LDH4 and LDH5 were the main isoenzymes in the placenta while LDH1 and LDH2 were the main isoenzymes in the serum in pre-eclampsia. The electrophoretic serum protein pattern in pre-eclamlobulins with decreased albumin fraction, while in the placenta, the albumin fraction was increased together with a decrease in the alpha-globulins. The electrophoretic pattern of serum alkaline phosphatase showed a main band of activity at the B-globulin zone in all cases of normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. In the placenta, two additional bands were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:1202900", "title": "Continuous epidural anaesthesia with a low frequency of instrumental deliveries.", "content": "The results of 204 cases of regional analgesia by means of continuous epidural block during labour and delivery are reported. The frequency of instrummental intervention using forceps or the vacuum extractor is low, less than 15% for primi- and multi-gravidas combined, although pathological conditions were recognized prior to blockade in almost one-third of the parturients. Moreover, the frequency of emergency Caesarean section has dropped significantly since epidural anaesthesia was introduced into the clinic. The 1 min Apgar scores of babies born to mothers given epidural anaesthesia are similar to those of babies born to mothers receiving conventional analgesic agents. The amount of blood lost by mothers given epidural anaesthesia was, on average, 15% less than in a control group. It is concluded that the essential feature of our technique of administering continuous regional analgesia is a selective block of small pain fibres with the deep tactile sensations largely intact, and the motor pathways virtually unaffected. This has been achieved using small doses of bupivacaine 0.25% concentration and meticulous observation of the individual patient.", "contents": "Continuous epidural anaesthesia with a low frequency of instrumental deliveries. The results of 204 cases of regional analgesia by means of continuous epidural block during labour and delivery are reported. The frequency of instrummental intervention using forceps or the vacuum extractor is low, less than 15% for primi- and multi-gravidas combined, although pathological conditions were recognized prior to blockade in almost one-third of the parturients. Moreover, the frequency of emergency Caesarean section has dropped significantly since epidural anaesthesia was introduced into the clinic. The 1 min Apgar scores of babies born to mothers given epidural anaesthesia are similar to those of babies born to mothers receiving conventional analgesic agents. The amount of blood lost by mothers given epidural anaesthesia was, on average, 15% less than in a control group. It is concluded that the essential feature of our technique of administering continuous regional analgesia is a selective block of small pain fibres with the deep tactile sensations largely intact, and the motor pathways virtually unaffected. This has been achieved using small doses of bupivacaine 0.25% concentration and meticulous observation of the individual patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1202901", "title": "Presence of antisperm antibodies in fertile and infertile persons.", "content": "The sera of 70 infertile and 30 fertile couples were tested for the presence of sperm agglutinins with Kibrick's macroagglutination technique and Boyden's haemagglutination test. 15.7% of the couples studied showed the presence of sperm agglutinins (by Kibrick's method) of which 5.7% were from males and 10.0% were from females. By the haemagglutination test, 13% of the couples studied were found to possess sperm agglutinins, of which 3% were from males and 10% were from females. 30 fertile men and women studied for sperm agglutinins were found to be negative by both methods. It was also observed that these two tests detected different types of sperm agglutinins. The cervical mucus samples from 45 females (15 fertile and 30 infertile) were tested for sperm agglutinins with a mucus penetration test. 23.1, 16.5, and 57.4% of the samples from infertile females, showed 0-degree, 1-degree and 2-degree penetration respectively. In case of samples from fertile females, 6.6, 13.2 and 79.2% showed 0-degree, 1-degree and 2-degree penetration respectively. Addition of serum from infertile females to cervical mucus from the infertile female increased the 0-degree penetration percent cases to 50%, as compared with 23.1 when only cervical mucus was used. Addition of serum from fertile females, or horse serum or pure albumin or globulins did not increase the 0-degree penetration cases.", "contents": "Presence of antisperm antibodies in fertile and infertile persons. The sera of 70 infertile and 30 fertile couples were tested for the presence of sperm agglutinins with Kibrick's macroagglutination technique and Boyden's haemagglutination test. 15.7% of the couples studied showed the presence of sperm agglutinins (by Kibrick's method) of which 5.7% were from males and 10.0% were from females. By the haemagglutination test, 13% of the couples studied were found to possess sperm agglutinins, of which 3% were from males and 10% were from females. 30 fertile men and women studied for sperm agglutinins were found to be negative by both methods. It was also observed that these two tests detected different types of sperm agglutinins. The cervical mucus samples from 45 females (15 fertile and 30 infertile) were tested for sperm agglutinins with a mucus penetration test. 23.1, 16.5, and 57.4% of the samples from infertile females, showed 0-degree, 1-degree and 2-degree penetration respectively. In case of samples from fertile females, 6.6, 13.2 and 79.2% showed 0-degree, 1-degree and 2-degree penetration respectively. Addition of serum from infertile females to cervical mucus from the infertile female increased the 0-degree penetration percent cases to 50%, as compared with 23.1 when only cervical mucus was used. Addition of serum from fertile females, or horse serum or pure albumin or globulins did not increase the 0-degree penetration cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1202902", "title": "Studies in cholestasis of pregnancy. V. Gallbladder disease, liver function tests, serum lipids and fatty acid composition of serum lecithin in the non-pregnant state.", "content": "Women from an earlier series of cholestasis of pregnancy (CP) were called for a retrospective study to consider presence of gallstones in the gallbladder (evaluated by cholecystography), liver function tests, serum lipids and lipoproteins and the relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin (as determined by GLC). The attendance in the retrospective study was 60%. Estimated on the total series (assuming that none of the non-responders would have a positive X-ray), the incidence of gallbladder disease was 23.7%. Among women with previous cholestasis of pregnancy and with a positive X-ray finding no characteristic changes in liver function tests or serum lipids were revealed. The women with positive X-ray had, however, a lower alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol than women with negative X-ray. A characteristic finding among women with positive X-ray was furthermore the low relative content of palmitic acid (16:0) in serum lecithin. Also women with negative X-ray had a lower relative content of palmitic acid than controls. It is suggested that the low palmitic acid content is expressive of an influence on liver lecithin synthesis pathways and that the serum lecithin fatty acid composition reflects similar changes in bile lecithin. The \"basic defect\" in CP influencing liver lecithin synthesis might be the primary cause for disturbed cholesterol solubility in bile and of the frequent occurrence of gallstones in CP.", "contents": "Studies in cholestasis of pregnancy. V. Gallbladder disease, liver function tests, serum lipids and fatty acid composition of serum lecithin in the non-pregnant state. Women from an earlier series of cholestasis of pregnancy (CP) were called for a retrospective study to consider presence of gallstones in the gallbladder (evaluated by cholecystography), liver function tests, serum lipids and lipoproteins and the relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin (as determined by GLC). The attendance in the retrospective study was 60%. Estimated on the total series (assuming that none of the non-responders would have a positive X-ray), the incidence of gallbladder disease was 23.7%. Among women with previous cholestasis of pregnancy and with a positive X-ray finding no characteristic changes in liver function tests or serum lipids were revealed. The women with positive X-ray had, however, a lower alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol than women with negative X-ray. A characteristic finding among women with positive X-ray was furthermore the low relative content of palmitic acid (16:0) in serum lecithin. Also women with negative X-ray had a lower relative content of palmitic acid than controls. It is suggested that the low palmitic acid content is expressive of an influence on liver lecithin synthesis pathways and that the serum lecithin fatty acid composition reflects similar changes in bile lecithin. The \"basic defect\" in CP influencing liver lecithin synthesis might be the primary cause for disturbed cholesterol solubility in bile and of the frequent occurrence of gallstones in CP."}
{"id": "PMID:1202903", "title": "Phospholipids and creatinine in amniotic fluid in relation to gestational age.", "content": "185 samples of amniotic fluid were obtained from 174 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies in the 15th-43rd week of pregnancy by abdominal amniocentesis or by puncture of the amniotic sac via an amnioscope. The concentrations of creatinine (183 cases), phospholipid phosphorus and the ratio of lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S-ratio, 130 cases) were determined. The treatment of the amniotic fluid samples (centrifugation, filtration and lipid extraction) and the methods for the determination of L/S-ratio were examined and the accuracy and limitations of the latter method were defined and discussed. The relative amounts of lecithin and sphingomyelin as well as the L/S-ratio and creatinine concentration were closely correlated to gestational age. A L/S-ratio of greater than or equal to 2.25 indicated all women to be greater than or equal to 34th week of pregnancy; 64% of them had reached the 38th week. A creatinine concentration of greater than or equal to 1.8 mg% corresponded to X greater than or equal to 35th week or pregnancy, while 75% of the women had reached at least the 38th week. With a L/S-ratio greater than or equal to 2.25 and a creatinine concentration greater or equal to 1.8 mg% of all women were greater than or equal the 36th week. 71% of the women greater or equal the 38th week fulfilled these critiera. A combination of the two parameters seems to be of a great value in discrimination between gestational ages less than the 36th week and greater than or equal to the 38th week.", "contents": "Phospholipids and creatinine in amniotic fluid in relation to gestational age. 185 samples of amniotic fluid were obtained from 174 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies in the 15th-43rd week of pregnancy by abdominal amniocentesis or by puncture of the amniotic sac via an amnioscope. The concentrations of creatinine (183 cases), phospholipid phosphorus and the ratio of lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S-ratio, 130 cases) were determined. The treatment of the amniotic fluid samples (centrifugation, filtration and lipid extraction) and the methods for the determination of L/S-ratio were examined and the accuracy and limitations of the latter method were defined and discussed. The relative amounts of lecithin and sphingomyelin as well as the L/S-ratio and creatinine concentration were closely correlated to gestational age. A L/S-ratio of greater than or equal to 2.25 indicated all women to be greater than or equal to 34th week of pregnancy; 64% of them had reached the 38th week. A creatinine concentration of greater than or equal to 1.8 mg% corresponded to X greater than or equal to 35th week or pregnancy, while 75% of the women had reached at least the 38th week. With a L/S-ratio greater than or equal to 2.25 and a creatinine concentration greater or equal to 1.8 mg% of all women were greater than or equal the 36th week. 71% of the women greater or equal the 38th week fulfilled these critiera. A combination of the two parameters seems to be of a great value in discrimination between gestational ages less than the 36th week and greater than or equal to the 38th week."}
{"id": "PMID:1202904", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase in pregnancy. I. A comparative study of total, L-phenylanine-sensitive and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase at 56 degrees C and 65 degrees C in normal pregnancy.", "content": "312 paired, serial estimations of total, L-phenylalanine-sensitive and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (at two temperatures, 56 degrees C and 65 degrees C) were performed on sera from 31 pregnant healthy women from 18 weeks to term. Heat-stable alkaline phosphatase, determined at 65 degrees C, enriched the serum in a smooth exponential course throughout the second and third trimester, whereas the other enzymic activities investigated showed more irregular increments. There was a slight, but significant correlation between total alkaline phosphatase activity of the placenta and serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase at term, whereas there was no correlation between the weight of the child at birth and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in the serum of the mother. It is concluded that to test the feto-maternal unit, determination of serum alkaline phosphatase should be performed at 65 degrees C with due regard to appropriate sampling and experimental design.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase in pregnancy. I. A comparative study of total, L-phenylanine-sensitive and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase at 56 degrees C and 65 degrees C in normal pregnancy. 312 paired, serial estimations of total, L-phenylalanine-sensitive and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (at two temperatures, 56 degrees C and 65 degrees C) were performed on sera from 31 pregnant healthy women from 18 weeks to term. Heat-stable alkaline phosphatase, determined at 65 degrees C, enriched the serum in a smooth exponential course throughout the second and third trimester, whereas the other enzymic activities investigated showed more irregular increments. There was a slight, but significant correlation between total alkaline phosphatase activity of the placenta and serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase at term, whereas there was no correlation between the weight of the child at birth and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in the serum of the mother. It is concluded that to test the feto-maternal unit, determination of serum alkaline phosphatase should be performed at 65 degrees C with due regard to appropriate sampling and experimental design."}
{"id": "PMID:1202905", "title": "On some late effects of bilateral oophorectomy in the age range 15-30 years.", "content": "Between 1910 and 1940, 146 young females, aged 15-30 years, underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy as part of a radical operation for salpingo-oophoritis. These women or their records were reviewed in 1971. 42 women had died in the meantime. More than half (22) of them had died from cardiovascular diseases, 5 from carcinoma of the uterus and 4 had committed suicide. None had died from carcinoma of the breast. Of 68 who were still alive, information by questionnaire was obtained and 32 were admitted to hospital for extensive examination. 32 age-matched women to be operated on for prolapse but with no other known disease of the reproductive tract served as controls. A further control group was added as 11 of the 68 were found to have menstruated again after the operation which had evidently not completely removed the gonads. Complete oophorectomy was found to have been followed by: (a) an increased incidence of cardiac symptoms and nervous diseases as well as an increased use of drugs; (b) a significant increase in the frequency of coronary vascular diseases in ages up to 70 years; (c) an increase in the serum cholesterol and triglycerides, most significantly in the ages below 60-65 years. Women with symptomatic coronary disease had a higher serum cholesterol level than women without and women with signs of peripheral vascular diseases had a significantly higher concentration of serum triglycerides; (d) an increased frequency of fractures (radius and femoral neck), increased osteoporosis and thinner cortical bone. The brittleness of the skeleton was correlated with low excretion of oestrogens in the urine. No vertebral compression or abnormal decrease in height was observed. (e) an increased adrenocortical activity with significantly increased excretion of 17-ketosteroids, 17-OH-ketosteroids and low polar total oestrogens. This activity abated in women above 65 years. (f) a traumatic psychological experience of the accompanying sterility while sexuality seemed to be largely unaffected in many of them. Almost half of the women examined by the psychiatrist were unusually mentally active and agile and they had a lower excretion of estriol than the rest.", "contents": "On some late effects of bilateral oophorectomy in the age range 15-30 years. Between 1910 and 1940, 146 young females, aged 15-30 years, underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy as part of a radical operation for salpingo-oophoritis. These women or their records were reviewed in 1971. 42 women had died in the meantime. More than half (22) of them had died from cardiovascular diseases, 5 from carcinoma of the uterus and 4 had committed suicide. None had died from carcinoma of the breast. Of 68 who were still alive, information by questionnaire was obtained and 32 were admitted to hospital for extensive examination. 32 age-matched women to be operated on for prolapse but with no other known disease of the reproductive tract served as controls. A further control group was added as 11 of the 68 were found to have menstruated again after the operation which had evidently not completely removed the gonads. Complete oophorectomy was found to have been followed by: (a) an increased incidence of cardiac symptoms and nervous diseases as well as an increased use of drugs; (b) a significant increase in the frequency of coronary vascular diseases in ages up to 70 years; (c) an increase in the serum cholesterol and triglycerides, most significantly in the ages below 60-65 years. Women with symptomatic coronary disease had a higher serum cholesterol level than women without and women with signs of peripheral vascular diseases had a significantly higher concentration of serum triglycerides; (d) an increased frequency of fractures (radius and femoral neck), increased osteoporosis and thinner cortical bone. The brittleness of the skeleton was correlated with low excretion of oestrogens in the urine. No vertebral compression or abnormal decrease in height was observed. (e) an increased adrenocortical activity with significantly increased excretion of 17-ketosteroids, 17-OH-ketosteroids and low polar total oestrogens. This activity abated in women above 65 years. (f) a traumatic psychological experience of the accompanying sterility while sexuality seemed to be largely unaffected in many of them. Almost half of the women examined by the psychiatrist were unusually mentally active and agile and they had a lower excretion of estriol than the rest."}
{"id": "PMID:1202906", "title": "Tubal surgery. Report of 101 cases with special reference to the experience of the surgeon.", "content": "A report is given of the results of tubal surgery in 101 cases selected from 851 sterility patients. The follow-up time was 3-10 years. Ordinary surgical technique was applied with the use of prednisolone and antibiotics but largely without the use of polyethylene tubing or other splints. Fourteen surgeons were involved. Since the most experienced surgeon operated on about 30% of the cases, an assessment of the effect of the surgeon's skill was possible. The patients are divided into groups with regard to type of operation, and the result is judged with regard to conception, live birth, ectopic pregnancy and abortion as well as with regard to patency. After salpingolysis the conception rate was 52%, and after salpingostomy 32%. There was, however, a gap between the conception rate and the live birth rate, especially for the salpingostomy cases. The live birth rate was more than twice as high after salpingolysis than after salpingostomy. The small lasting effect of cut adhesions is also demonstrated by the observation that combined unilateral or bilateral lysis did not interfere with the result after salpingostomy. Contrary to this, the patients conceived faster after salpingostomy than after salpingolysis. There was no difference between the results in the patients operated on by the most experienced surgeon and in those treated by the thirteen less skilled gynecologists.", "contents": "Tubal surgery. Report of 101 cases with special reference to the experience of the surgeon. A report is given of the results of tubal surgery in 101 cases selected from 851 sterility patients. The follow-up time was 3-10 years. Ordinary surgical technique was applied with the use of prednisolone and antibiotics but largely without the use of polyethylene tubing or other splints. Fourteen surgeons were involved. Since the most experienced surgeon operated on about 30% of the cases, an assessment of the effect of the surgeon's skill was possible. The patients are divided into groups with regard to type of operation, and the result is judged with regard to conception, live birth, ectopic pregnancy and abortion as well as with regard to patency. After salpingolysis the conception rate was 52%, and after salpingostomy 32%. There was, however, a gap between the conception rate and the live birth rate, especially for the salpingostomy cases. The live birth rate was more than twice as high after salpingolysis than after salpingostomy. The small lasting effect of cut adhesions is also demonstrated by the observation that combined unilateral or bilateral lysis did not interfere with the result after salpingostomy. Contrary to this, the patients conceived faster after salpingostomy than after salpingolysis. There was no difference between the results in the patients operated on by the most experienced surgeon and in those treated by the thirteen less skilled gynecologists."}
{"id": "PMID:1202907", "title": "Methods of calculating uterine blood flow from the wash-out curves of intra-arterial and local injections of 133Xenon.", "content": "The wash-out curve from the human non-pregnant uterus of intra-arterially and locally injected 133Xenon can be broken down into two, sometimes three components. It has not been shown that these components are physiologically meaningful. However, if it is assumed that the uterus is composed of two or three compartments perfused in parallel, it is possible to calculate total blood flow per unit weight using relative weights of the compartments and compartment blood flows. Relative weights may be determined from the amount of isotope present in each compartment at the start of the washout. The possibly false assumption of a certain number of compartments has in this study been avoided by evaluating curves after intra-arterial injections according to the stochastic method of Zierler analysis, disregarding any elimination of isotope left after 20 minutes. After local injections initial slope analysis has been used. The equation for values according to Zierler as a function of compartment values is y=0.9772x-0.5921, for modified Zierler analysis values y=1.2582x-2.3993 and for initial slope values y=0.8679x-1.3412. The conclusion is that compartment analysis may be a good alternative for calculation of mean blood flow, even if it has not been shown that individual compartment values are physiologically meaningful.", "contents": "Methods of calculating uterine blood flow from the wash-out curves of intra-arterial and local injections of 133Xenon. The wash-out curve from the human non-pregnant uterus of intra-arterially and locally injected 133Xenon can be broken down into two, sometimes three components. It has not been shown that these components are physiologically meaningful. However, if it is assumed that the uterus is composed of two or three compartments perfused in parallel, it is possible to calculate total blood flow per unit weight using relative weights of the compartments and compartment blood flows. Relative weights may be determined from the amount of isotope present in each compartment at the start of the washout. The possibly false assumption of a certain number of compartments has in this study been avoided by evaluating curves after intra-arterial injections according to the stochastic method of Zierler analysis, disregarding any elimination of isotope left after 20 minutes. After local injections initial slope analysis has been used. The equation for values according to Zierler as a function of compartment values is y=0.9772x-0.5921, for modified Zierler analysis values y=1.2582x-2.3993 and for initial slope values y=0.8679x-1.3412. The conclusion is that compartment analysis may be a good alternative for calculation of mean blood flow, even if it has not been shown that individual compartment values are physiologically meaningful."}
{"id": "PMID:1202908", "title": "Intravascular coagulation in pregnancy--treatment with heparin.", "content": "Two pregnant women with a history of miscarriages or premature labour are described. In the 25-27th week of pregnancy routine examinations showed high levels of FDP in serum. Subsequent extensive coaggulation studies revealed a positive ethanol gelation test, low levels of firbrinogen, plasminogen, alpha2-macroglobulin and P&P and high level of AHF related protein for the stage of pregnancy, i.e. finding indicating abnormal proteolysis with activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. Continuous intravenous heparin treatment caused the coagulation system to return to normal throughout the rest of pregnancy. Both women gave birth to healthy babies without any complications. But the placenta showed numerous infarcts. The heparin treatment may have prevented later developing of placental dysfunction.", "contents": "Intravascular coagulation in pregnancy--treatment with heparin. Two pregnant women with a history of miscarriages or premature labour are described. In the 25-27th week of pregnancy routine examinations showed high levels of FDP in serum. Subsequent extensive coaggulation studies revealed a positive ethanol gelation test, low levels of firbrinogen, plasminogen, alpha2-macroglobulin and P&P and high level of AHF related protein for the stage of pregnancy, i.e. finding indicating abnormal proteolysis with activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. Continuous intravenous heparin treatment caused the coagulation system to return to normal throughout the rest of pregnancy. Both women gave birth to healthy babies without any complications. But the placenta showed numerous infarcts. The heparin treatment may have prevented later developing of placental dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:1202909", "title": "Prevention of premature delivery in a unicornuate uterus by cervical cerclage.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman had two premature deliveries when 6 months pregnant. Neither produced a living child. A hysterosalpingogram was done, confirming a diagnosis of unicornuate uterus. When the patient became pregnant again, a third and fourth time, cervical cerclage was done in both cases. Pregnancies were terminated by cesarean section because of breech presentation and malformation of the uterus and in each case a healthy living child was delivered. In our view, in order to prevent premature deliveries, when a diagnosis of uterus malformations has been confirmed, a cerclage should be performed.", "contents": "Prevention of premature delivery in a unicornuate uterus by cervical cerclage. A 26-year-old woman had two premature deliveries when 6 months pregnant. Neither produced a living child. A hysterosalpingogram was done, confirming a diagnosis of unicornuate uterus. When the patient became pregnant again, a third and fourth time, cervical cerclage was done in both cases. Pregnancies were terminated by cesarean section because of breech presentation and malformation of the uterus and in each case a healthy living child was delivered. In our view, in order to prevent premature deliveries, when a diagnosis of uterus malformations has been confirmed, a cerclage should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202910", "title": "Inner ear damage and hearing loss after exposure to tones of high intensity.", "content": "Experimental animals (cats) were exposed to tones of 125, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz at sound pressure levels in the range 120 to 157.5 dB, and for durations of one hour (1000, 2000, 4000 Hz) or four hours (125 Hz). Pure tone audiograms were obtained for each animal before and after exposure. Post-exposure tests were continued until complete recovery of hearing had occurred or until a stable permanent threshold shift had been measured. Cochleas of animals were examined by phase-contrast microscopy; condition of all hair cells was recorded. Extent of inner-ear damage and range of frequencies for which hearing loss occurred increased as exposure tone was decreased in frequency. For example, exposure to 4000 Hz produced damage in a restricted region of the cochlea and hearing loss for a relatively narrow range of frequencies; exposure to 125 Hz produced wide-spread inner ear damage and hearing loss throughout the frequency range 125 to 6000 Hz.", "contents": "Inner ear damage and hearing loss after exposure to tones of high intensity. Experimental animals (cats) were exposed to tones of 125, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz at sound pressure levels in the range 120 to 157.5 dB, and for durations of one hour (1000, 2000, 4000 Hz) or four hours (125 Hz). Pure tone audiograms were obtained for each animal before and after exposure. Post-exposure tests were continued until complete recovery of hearing had occurred or until a stable permanent threshold shift had been measured. Cochleas of animals were examined by phase-contrast microscopy; condition of all hair cells was recorded. Extent of inner-ear damage and range of frequencies for which hearing loss occurred increased as exposure tone was decreased in frequency. For example, exposure to 4000 Hz produced damage in a restricted region of the cochlea and hearing loss for a relatively narrow range of frequencies; exposure to 125 Hz produced wide-spread inner ear damage and hearing loss throughout the frequency range 125 to 6000 Hz."}
{"id": "PMID:1202911", "title": "Audiological findings in 125 cases of acoustic neuromas.", "content": "The audiological findings in 125 patients with surgically confirmed acoustic neuromas are presented. Following the classification by Pulec et al. (1971) we found 20 medium-size and 105 large tumours; small tumours were not represented. A clear connection between the degree of hearing loss and tumour size was noted, while there was no correlation between duration of history and tumour size. An attempted evaluation of the different audiological tests (ABLB and Metz recruitment test, speech discrimination scores, tone decay, reflex decay, and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracings) that were applied to the patients, has been made. Attention is called to some audiological findings which, to our knowledge, have not been described previously. No patient in the entire material had normal hearing; 73 had anacusis, and 52 hearing losses of varying degree. In the presence of a normal contralateral ear, the evaluation of audiological tests at PTA thresholds poorer than 80 dB is rather questionable. Attention was therefore concentrated on 32 patients with a hearing loss of 80 dB or less. The pathophysiological basis for the typical hearing loss in patients with retrocochlear disease is a reduction in the number of active fibers in the acoustic nerve and it was to be expected that abnormal findings would be present especially in those tests that exert the greatest demand on the total transmission capacity of the nerve, in other words with the application of intense and/or prolonged sounds. The Metz test is just such a procedure and it is not surprising that it shows the highest degree of validity between all the tests. No single test suffices to distinguish cochlear from retrocochlear disease and it is necessary to use a battery of tests. Any unexpected variability in the outcome of ordinary routine test results has gradually become one main indication to pursue the diagnosis with more elaborate procedures, ant it has been a great help always to apply the Metz test as a part of our routine clinical examination.", "contents": "Audiological findings in 125 cases of acoustic neuromas. The audiological findings in 125 patients with surgically confirmed acoustic neuromas are presented. Following the classification by Pulec et al. (1971) we found 20 medium-size and 105 large tumours; small tumours were not represented. A clear connection between the degree of hearing loss and tumour size was noted, while there was no correlation between duration of history and tumour size. An attempted evaluation of the different audiological tests (ABLB and Metz recruitment test, speech discrimination scores, tone decay, reflex decay, and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracings) that were applied to the patients, has been made. Attention is called to some audiological findings which, to our knowledge, have not been described previously. No patient in the entire material had normal hearing; 73 had anacusis, and 52 hearing losses of varying degree. In the presence of a normal contralateral ear, the evaluation of audiological tests at PTA thresholds poorer than 80 dB is rather questionable. Attention was therefore concentrated on 32 patients with a hearing loss of 80 dB or less. The pathophysiological basis for the typical hearing loss in patients with retrocochlear disease is a reduction in the number of active fibers in the acoustic nerve and it was to be expected that abnormal findings would be present especially in those tests that exert the greatest demand on the total transmission capacity of the nerve, in other words with the application of intense and/or prolonged sounds. The Metz test is just such a procedure and it is not surprising that it shows the highest degree of validity between all the tests. No single test suffices to distinguish cochlear from retrocochlear disease and it is necessary to use a battery of tests. Any unexpected variability in the outcome of ordinary routine test results has gradually become one main indication to pursue the diagnosis with more elaborate procedures, ant it has been a great help always to apply the Metz test as a part of our routine clinical examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1202912", "title": "Speech discrimination in quiet and in white noise by patients with peripheral and central lesions.", "content": "Speech-discrimination scores in quiet and in white noise (O dB S/N ratio) were obtained from six groups of subjects. Differences of 40% or more between scores in quiet and in white noise were observed for less than 1% of the normal ears tested but were found for 8.0% of ears with noise trauma, 48% of ears with Meniere's disease, 62% of ears with subsequently surgically confirmed 8th-nerve tumors, 14% of ears of patients with multiple sclerosis, and 42% of ears contralateral to the lesion in patients with temporal-lobe damage.", "contents": "Speech discrimination in quiet and in white noise by patients with peripheral and central lesions. Speech-discrimination scores in quiet and in white noise (O dB S/N ratio) were obtained from six groups of subjects. Differences of 40% or more between scores in quiet and in white noise were observed for less than 1% of the normal ears tested but were found for 8.0% of ears with noise trauma, 48% of ears with Meniere's disease, 62% of ears with subsequently surgically confirmed 8th-nerve tumors, 14% of ears of patients with multiple sclerosis, and 42% of ears contralateral to the lesion in patients with temporal-lobe damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1202913", "title": "Undistorted and filtered speech audiometry in children with normal hearing.", "content": "Undistorted and filtered speech tests were carried out in 140 test subjects with normal hearing acuity ranging in age from 4 to 19 years. Routine adult word lists were used in all tests. The intelligibility of undistorted speech rose markedly in the age groups from 4 to 9 years and correspondingly in the filtered speech test up to 11 years, taking the group 16-19 years as basis of reference. According to these results a speech discrimination test can be made in childhood with the same methods as in adults, if the norms are taken into account. In the filtered speech test the binaural test result and the monaural discrimination ability of the left ear were significantly better than the monaural test results for the right ear up to the age of 12-13 years.", "contents": "Undistorted and filtered speech audiometry in children with normal hearing. Undistorted and filtered speech tests were carried out in 140 test subjects with normal hearing acuity ranging in age from 4 to 19 years. Routine adult word lists were used in all tests. The intelligibility of undistorted speech rose markedly in the age groups from 4 to 9 years and correspondingly in the filtered speech test up to 11 years, taking the group 16-19 years as basis of reference. According to these results a speech discrimination test can be made in childhood with the same methods as in adults, if the norms are taken into account. In the filtered speech test the binaural test result and the monaural discrimination ability of the left ear were significantly better than the monaural test results for the right ear up to the age of 12-13 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1202914", "title": "Ototoxicity of topically applied gentamicin using a statistical analysis of electrophysiological measurement.", "content": "Ototoxicity of topically applied gentamicin was studied in guinea pigs. 0.3% gentamicin was instilled in one side of the middle ear cavity and Ringer's solution was instilled in the other side, and the difference in the cochlear microphonics measured with the round window electrode was analysed statistically. Instillation of Ringer's solution in the middle ear cavity for 1 day did not cause any significant sensorineural hearing loss, but on the 3rd day of instillation significantly reduced responses were observed, compared with the responses from non-treated ears, followed by a partial recovery starting on the 4th day. When gentamicin 0.3% was instilled into the middle ear cavity, significant deafness occurred 24 hours later, and highly significant deafness on the 2nd and 3rd day. The usage of gentamicin ear drops of the current formula should be discouraged until a better formula is provided.", "contents": "Ototoxicity of topically applied gentamicin using a statistical analysis of electrophysiological measurement. Ototoxicity of topically applied gentamicin was studied in guinea pigs. 0.3% gentamicin was instilled in one side of the middle ear cavity and Ringer's solution was instilled in the other side, and the difference in the cochlear microphonics measured with the round window electrode was analysed statistically. Instillation of Ringer's solution in the middle ear cavity for 1 day did not cause any significant sensorineural hearing loss, but on the 3rd day of instillation significantly reduced responses were observed, compared with the responses from non-treated ears, followed by a partial recovery starting on the 4th day. When gentamicin 0.3% was instilled into the middle ear cavity, significant deafness occurred 24 hours later, and highly significant deafness on the 2nd and 3rd day. The usage of gentamicin ear drops of the current formula should be discouraged until a better formula is provided."}
{"id": "PMID:1202915", "title": "Firing mechanisms in the single vestibular neurons in the cat.", "content": "Spontaneous unitary discharges in nucleus vestibularis lateralis (NVL) neurons were studied in locally anesthetized cats. The mean +/-S.E. firing rate of spontaneous unitary discharges of NVL neurons was 19.8 +/- 0.9 Hz. About 12% of NVL neurons showed a random firing. The spontaneous unitary discharge rate of the gamma distribution at lambda=2 was relativley low. However, the others were high. Patterns of peak interval time of the distribution with one peak and the interpeak interval time of those with two and three peaks were almost the same.", "contents": "Firing mechanisms in the single vestibular neurons in the cat. Spontaneous unitary discharges in nucleus vestibularis lateralis (NVL) neurons were studied in locally anesthetized cats. The mean +/-S.E. firing rate of spontaneous unitary discharges of NVL neurons was 19.8 +/- 0.9 Hz. About 12% of NVL neurons showed a random firing. The spontaneous unitary discharge rate of the gamma distribution at lambda=2 was relativley low. However, the others were high. Patterns of peak interval time of the distribution with one peak and the interpeak interval time of those with two and three peaks were almost the same."}
{"id": "PMID:1202916", "title": "The relationship between the nuclear DNA content in smears of aspirates and the prognosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma.", "content": "Cytophometric analysis of nuclear DNA content was performed in a series of mucoepidermoid carcinomas with an extreme difference in the clinical course, which was observed during a follow-up period of 6-13 years. The prerequisite for such a study was the development of a method, which made it possible to study the nuclear DNA content in tumour cells obtained at the time of diagnosis, i.e. 6-13 years ago in the present material. A special cytochemical procedure with destaining of the original Giemsa stain, refixation and subsequent Feulgen staining of the smears of aspirates in the original cytological material was developed. The cytophotometric nuclear DNA analysis of tumour cells in smears of aspirate from mucoepidermoid carcinomas showed that higher ploidy tumours (near-triploid) had a worse prognosis when compared with near-diploid tumours. These data are supported by our previous findings that a shift from a near-diploid to a near-triploid DNA content of the tumour cell nuclei was associated with the prognostic important property of invasive growth. Thus, the cytophotometric nuclear DNA analysis of aspirated tumour cells seems to give valuable information about the malignancy degree of the individual tumour, which is not possible to obtain only from the cytomorphological features.", "contents": "The relationship between the nuclear DNA content in smears of aspirates and the prognosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Cytophometric analysis of nuclear DNA content was performed in a series of mucoepidermoid carcinomas with an extreme difference in the clinical course, which was observed during a follow-up period of 6-13 years. The prerequisite for such a study was the development of a method, which made it possible to study the nuclear DNA content in tumour cells obtained at the time of diagnosis, i.e. 6-13 years ago in the present material. A special cytochemical procedure with destaining of the original Giemsa stain, refixation and subsequent Feulgen staining of the smears of aspirates in the original cytological material was developed. The cytophotometric nuclear DNA analysis of tumour cells in smears of aspirate from mucoepidermoid carcinomas showed that higher ploidy tumours (near-triploid) had a worse prognosis when compared with near-diploid tumours. These data are supported by our previous findings that a shift from a near-diploid to a near-triploid DNA content of the tumour cell nuclei was associated with the prognostic important property of invasive growth. Thus, the cytophotometric nuclear DNA analysis of aspirated tumour cells seems to give valuable information about the malignancy degree of the individual tumour, which is not possible to obtain only from the cytomorphological features."}
{"id": "PMID:1202917", "title": "The patency of the maxillary ostium in relation to body posture.", "content": "Eleven subjects were investigated concerning the effect of postural changes on the functional size of the maxillary ostium. The ostial size expressed as the percentage of the initial value decreased only slightly when the body position was altered from 90 degrees (sitting) to 30 degrees, while the decrease between 30 degrees and 0 degrees (lying) was more pronounced. A cuff around the neck inflated to 25 mmHg gave a decrease corresponding to a value of 20 degrees body position. Insufficient ventilation of the paranasal sinuses when lying down may result, especially in cases already having small ostia in the sitting position.", "contents": "The patency of the maxillary ostium in relation to body posture. Eleven subjects were investigated concerning the effect of postural changes on the functional size of the maxillary ostium. The ostial size expressed as the percentage of the initial value decreased only slightly when the body position was altered from 90 degrees (sitting) to 30 degrees, while the decrease between 30 degrees and 0 degrees (lying) was more pronounced. A cuff around the neck inflated to 25 mmHg gave a decrease corresponding to a value of 20 degrees body position. Insufficient ventilation of the paranasal sinuses when lying down may result, especially in cases already having small ostia in the sitting position."}
{"id": "PMID:1202921", "title": "Laser therapy of human benign and malignant neoplasms of the skin.", "content": "Radiation of a powerful neodymium-doped glass pulsed laser, Pulsar-1000 type, has been used for therapy of 235 patients with a total of 257 precancerous lesions and benign tumours, 76 basal and squamous cell carcinomas, 13 melanoblastomas and 59 metastatic melanoblastomas in the skin. Energy density used in the treatment of precancerous lesions and benign tumours was 200-450 J/cm2, in basal and squamous cell carcinomas 400-500 J/cm2, in melanoblastomas and their skin metastases 800-1 000 J/cm2. The results have been satisfactory.", "contents": "Laser therapy of human benign and malignant neoplasms of the skin. Radiation of a powerful neodymium-doped glass pulsed laser, Pulsar-1000 type, has been used for therapy of 235 patients with a total of 257 precancerous lesions and benign tumours, 76 basal and squamous cell carcinomas, 13 melanoblastomas and 59 metastatic melanoblastomas in the skin. Energy density used in the treatment of precancerous lesions and benign tumours was 200-450 J/cm2, in basal and squamous cell carcinomas 400-500 J/cm2, in melanoblastomas and their skin metastases 800-1 000 J/cm2. The results have been satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:1202918", "title": "Olfactory neuroblastoma.", "content": "A case of olfactory neuroblastoma, type 1 (olfactory neurocytoma), in a 44-year-old man is described. The tumour grew extensively in the right nasal cavity with involvement of the maxillary sinus and ethmoidal region, but was radically removed at operation. The prognosis and treatment are discussed in the light of earlier literature.", "contents": "Olfactory neuroblastoma. A case of olfactory neuroblastoma, type 1 (olfactory neurocytoma), in a 44-year-old man is described. The tumour grew extensively in the right nasal cavity with involvement of the maxillary sinus and ethmoidal region, but was radically removed at operation. The prognosis and treatment are discussed in the light of earlier literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1202922", "title": "Mass-screening of a female population for detection of early carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "In 1969-1970 a breast mass-screening was undertaken in G\u00e4vle, with thermography and questionnaire. Mammary radiography and clinical examination of subjects with abnormal screening reports and of a group of normal subjects were performed. In spite of having achieved early detection of malignant tumours in many cases with a preponderance of carcinoma cases in the abnormal group, thermography was found to have considerable drawbacks as a screening method.", "contents": "Mass-screening of a female population for detection of early carcinoma of the breast. In 1969-1970 a breast mass-screening was undertaken in G\u00e4vle, with thermography and questionnaire. Mammary radiography and clinical examination of subjects with abnormal screening reports and of a group of normal subjects were performed. In spite of having achieved early detection of malignant tumours in many cases with a preponderance of carcinoma cases in the abnormal group, thermography was found to have considerable drawbacks as a screening method."}
{"id": "PMID:1202919", "title": "Mucosal malignant melanomas of the head and neck with special reference to cases having a prolonged clinical course.", "content": "A histological re-examination and re-classification of primary mucosal tumours of the head and neck region, treated at Radiumhemmet and Karolinska Sjukhuset during the period 1927-1970, revealed that 41 tumours were malignant melanomas. All these 41 tumours were located in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and oral cavity and not a single case of primary mucosal malignant melanoma was found in other locations of the head and neck region. In the present study, the long-term prognosis has been analysed. The follow-up period was at least 5 years and ranged up to 48 years. It was found that mucosal malignant melanomas had a very poor prognosis with a five year survival rate of 17% (7 of the total 41 cases) and a ten year survival rate of 7% (3 of the total of 41 cases). The unpredictability of the clinical behaviour of this tumour type is elucidated by cases with a prolonged clinical course despite a primary relatively limited surgery, repeated local recurrences and regional lymph node metastases in an early stage of the disease. Thus, there is always a never-ceasing risk of death in the tumour disease when once a malignant melanoma has occurred. For this reason a meticulous and lifelong follow-up of tumour patients is stressed, and also the value of repeated surgery of local recurrences and regional lymph node metastases.", "contents": "Mucosal malignant melanomas of the head and neck with special reference to cases having a prolonged clinical course. A histological re-examination and re-classification of primary mucosal tumours of the head and neck region, treated at Radiumhemmet and Karolinska Sjukhuset during the period 1927-1970, revealed that 41 tumours were malignant melanomas. All these 41 tumours were located in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and oral cavity and not a single case of primary mucosal malignant melanoma was found in other locations of the head and neck region. In the present study, the long-term prognosis has been analysed. The follow-up period was at least 5 years and ranged up to 48 years. It was found that mucosal malignant melanomas had a very poor prognosis with a five year survival rate of 17% (7 of the total 41 cases) and a ten year survival rate of 7% (3 of the total of 41 cases). The unpredictability of the clinical behaviour of this tumour type is elucidated by cases with a prolonged clinical course despite a primary relatively limited surgery, repeated local recurrences and regional lymph node metastases in an early stage of the disease. Thus, there is always a never-ceasing risk of death in the tumour disease when once a malignant melanoma has occurred. For this reason a meticulous and lifelong follow-up of tumour patients is stressed, and also the value of repeated surgery of local recurrences and regional lymph node metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:1202923", "title": "Hormonal treatment of mammary carcinoma with Progynon-Depot and Depostat.", "content": "The results of combined treatment with 90 mg estradiol valerianate and 300 mg 17-alpha-hydroxy-19-norprogesterone-capronate (SH 834) (3 ml once a week i.m.) in 117 cases with disseminated or inoperable mammary carcinoma are reported. Objective remissions of 3 to 36 months were obtained in 48 patients. Soft tissue, lung and pleura metastases responded more favourably than bone metastases. Liver and brain metastases were unaffected.", "contents": "Hormonal treatment of mammary carcinoma with Progynon-Depot and Depostat. The results of combined treatment with 90 mg estradiol valerianate and 300 mg 17-alpha-hydroxy-19-norprogesterone-capronate (SH 834) (3 ml once a week i.m.) in 117 cases with disseminated or inoperable mammary carcinoma are reported. Objective remissions of 3 to 36 months were obtained in 48 patients. Soft tissue, lung and pleura metastases responded more favourably than bone metastases. Liver and brain metastases were unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:1202920", "title": "Thyroplasty type I (lateral compression) for dysphonia due to vocal cord paralysis or atrophy.", "content": "Based on the experimental results of thyroplasty, thyroplasty type I which aims at medical shifting the vocal cord was performed on 8 patients with dysphonia, 6 with vocal cord paralysis and 2 with vocal cord atrophy. The surgery was conducted on either in- or out-patient basis and local anesthesia was used. Usually, a rectangular incision was made on the thyroid cartilage at the level of the vocal cord, and the fragmemt was depressed inward. A cartilage piece taken from the opposite side was used as a wedge, if necessary, to enhance the effect of lateral compression of the vocal cord. The voice after surgery was generally satisfactory, except in one case of traumatic vocal cord paralysis. Complications such as stridor or dyspnea were nil. As surgical intervention inside the thyroid cartilage is minimal, fine and reliable adjustment of depression is possible during the surgery.", "contents": "Thyroplasty type I (lateral compression) for dysphonia due to vocal cord paralysis or atrophy. Based on the experimental results of thyroplasty, thyroplasty type I which aims at medical shifting the vocal cord was performed on 8 patients with dysphonia, 6 with vocal cord paralysis and 2 with vocal cord atrophy. The surgery was conducted on either in- or out-patient basis and local anesthesia was used. Usually, a rectangular incision was made on the thyroid cartilage at the level of the vocal cord, and the fragmemt was depressed inward. A cartilage piece taken from the opposite side was used as a wedge, if necessary, to enhance the effect of lateral compression of the vocal cord. The voice after surgery was generally satisfactory, except in one case of traumatic vocal cord paralysis. Complications such as stridor or dyspnea were nil. As surgical intervention inside the thyroid cartilage is minimal, fine and reliable adjustment of depression is possible during the surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1202925", "title": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the lip. Histologic grading in the clinical evaluation.", "content": "A retrospective microscopic evaluation of primary biopsies was carried out in a material of 438 patients with carcinoma of the lip. A multifactorial grading system consisting of 8 parameters, each sub-divided into 4 grades, was used. The degree of malignancy showed a statistically significant correlation to the frequency of metastases, frequency of recurrence or residual tumour, mortality and T classification. This grading system may allow a separation of risk groups in which special treatment and follow-up should be applied.", "contents": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the lip. Histologic grading in the clinical evaluation. A retrospective microscopic evaluation of primary biopsies was carried out in a material of 438 patients with carcinoma of the lip. A multifactorial grading system consisting of 8 parameters, each sub-divided into 4 grades, was used. The degree of malignancy showed a statistically significant correlation to the frequency of metastases, frequency of recurrence or residual tumour, mortality and T classification. This grading system may allow a separation of risk groups in which special treatment and follow-up should be applied."}
{"id": "PMID:1202926", "title": "Skin reactions after different fractionation schedules giving the same cumulative radiation effect.", "content": "The CRE formula was used for calculation of biologically equivalent radiation doses with different fractionation schedules. The early radiation effects, skin erythema and pigmentation were measured with a reflectance spectrophotometer at wavelengths 578 and 660 nm. The course and maximum for both erythema and pigmentation agreed well with the two types of fractionation. The results seem to justify further use of this simple formula.", "contents": "Skin reactions after different fractionation schedules giving the same cumulative radiation effect. The CRE formula was used for calculation of biologically equivalent radiation doses with different fractionation schedules. The early radiation effects, skin erythema and pigmentation were measured with a reflectance spectrophotometer at wavelengths 578 and 660 nm. The course and maximum for both erythema and pigmentation agreed well with the two types of fractionation. The results seem to justify further use of this simple formula."}
{"id": "PMID:1202927", "title": "Influence of oestrogen on the excretion of strontium-90 and -85 in mice.", "content": "Groups of male CBA-mice were treated with oestrogenic hormones alone or in combination with 85Sr and 90Sr. The strontium retention was measured in special skeleton parts and also by means of whole body counting. After a period of increasing bone weight in mice treated with oestrogen and 90Sr, there were signs of a serious breakdown of that newly formed 'oestrogenic' bone tissue. The strontium retention was in no case found higher in animals treated with both the hormones and 90Sr when compared to those treated with 90Sr alone. The life span was shortened in mice given the combined treatment. The results support the theories that at the same time irradiated and stimulated cell populations are exposed to a larger risk for induction of tumours and that the irradiation injury cannot be referred entirely to the irradiation dose in a physical sense.", "contents": "Influence of oestrogen on the excretion of strontium-90 and -85 in mice. Groups of male CBA-mice were treated with oestrogenic hormones alone or in combination with 85Sr and 90Sr. The strontium retention was measured in special skeleton parts and also by means of whole body counting. After a period of increasing bone weight in mice treated with oestrogen and 90Sr, there were signs of a serious breakdown of that newly formed 'oestrogenic' bone tissue. The strontium retention was in no case found higher in animals treated with both the hormones and 90Sr when compared to those treated with 90Sr alone. The life span was shortened in mice given the combined treatment. The results support the theories that at the same time irradiated and stimulated cell populations are exposed to a larger risk for induction of tumours and that the irradiation injury cannot be referred entirely to the irradiation dose in a physical sense."}
{"id": "PMID:1202928", "title": "[Development of the gonads and gonaducts in the polypterids (Pisces)].", "content": "No study of the development of the gonads and gonoducts in Polypterus has ever been made in a more or less complete way. The present study does not fill up this gap, but repairs several lacks of knowledge, by putting clear a few items that may contribute to a better understanding of this development. In larvae between 5,5 mm and 9,6 mm the primary gonocytes appear under the pronephric ducts in the anterior region of the opisthonephros. A genital crest is foreshadowed there; one of its characteristics is a cubial epithelium. The latter does not have any relation with peritoneal channels and it does not contribute to the formation of gonocytes. In the following stages the gonocytes get very numerous because of cellular multiplication. They cause a local transformation of the genital crest into a genital fold; when the number of gonocytes has increased very much, a part of the fold gets transformated into a gonad. At no stage is there any intrusion of medullary tissue into this gonad anlage.", "contents": "[Development of the gonads and gonaducts in the polypterids (Pisces)]. No study of the development of the gonads and gonoducts in Polypterus has ever been made in a more or less complete way. The present study does not fill up this gap, but repairs several lacks of knowledge, by putting clear a few items that may contribute to a better understanding of this development. In larvae between 5,5 mm and 9,6 mm the primary gonocytes appear under the pronephric ducts in the anterior region of the opisthonephros. A genital crest is foreshadowed there; one of its characteristics is a cubial epithelium. The latter does not have any relation with peritoneal channels and it does not contribute to the formation of gonocytes. In the following stages the gonocytes get very numerous because of cellular multiplication. They cause a local transformation of the genital crest into a genital fold; when the number of gonocytes has increased very much, a part of the fold gets transformated into a gonad. At no stage is there any intrusion of medullary tissue into this gonad anlage."}
{"id": "PMID:1202932", "title": "Initiating contractions of the gravid uterus through electro-acupuncture.", "content": "This is a report on 35 patients on whom electro-acupuncture was tested as a method of initiating contractions. In all cases the membranes remained intact up to the end of the electro-acupuncture. Before the electro-acupuncture none of the patients had experienced any labor pains. The subjective reports were checked by planimetric evaluation of the tocogram curves. A statistical comparison of the values before and after electro-acupuncture was undertaken. Thirty-one cases evidenced certain increase in the intensity of labor contraction frequency (p less than 0.01). Amniotomy was performed immediately after the electro-acupuncture on 31 cases. In a control group likewise consisting of 35 gravidae with intact membranes, no electro-acupuncture was performed. In this control group no significant increase in labor activity could be observed. If amniotomy was performed on gravidae with contractions induced by electro-acupuncture, there was no latent period to be observed. Through avoidance of a lengthened latent period after amniotomy, fetal jeopardy during labor induction can be reduced.", "contents": "Initiating contractions of the gravid uterus through electro-acupuncture. This is a report on 35 patients on whom electro-acupuncture was tested as a method of initiating contractions. In all cases the membranes remained intact up to the end of the electro-acupuncture. Before the electro-acupuncture none of the patients had experienced any labor pains. The subjective reports were checked by planimetric evaluation of the tocogram curves. A statistical comparison of the values before and after electro-acupuncture was undertaken. Thirty-one cases evidenced certain increase in the intensity of labor contraction frequency (p less than 0.01). Amniotomy was performed immediately after the electro-acupuncture on 31 cases. In a control group likewise consisting of 35 gravidae with intact membranes, no electro-acupuncture was performed. In this control group no significant increase in labor activity could be observed. If amniotomy was performed on gravidae with contractions induced by electro-acupuncture, there was no latent period to be observed. Through avoidance of a lengthened latent period after amniotomy, fetal jeopardy during labor induction can be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1202933", "title": "The correspondence between some motor points and acupuncture loci.", "content": "A double blind study was conducted to establish the possible correspondence between some motor points and acupuncture loci. The protocol calls for the acupuncturist marking the first group of volunteers with invisible ink at the acupuncture loci. Then the motor points in the same volunteer are found by electrodiagnosis. The error is made visible by UV illumination. In the second group, the procedure is reversed. A statistical analysis of the error yields the following classes of correspondences: (a) Excellent: 1st Dorsal Interosseus (hand) = LI-4; Abductor Pollicis Brevis = Lu-10; Abductor Minimi Digiti = SI-4; 1st Dorsal Interosseus (foot) = LI-3; Tibialis Anterior = Curious Locus; Orbicularis Oculi = GB-1; Frontalis = GB-14; Splenius Capitis = GB-20; Sternocleidomastoid = LI-18; Semi Spinalis Capitis = BI-10. (b) Good: Opponens Pollicis = Curious Locus; Peroneus Longus = Curious Locus; Flexor Digitorum Longus = Ki-3 (Ki-6); Trapezius (upper) = GB-21; Rectus Abdominis = Ki-15; Vastus Medialis = Sp-10.", "contents": "The correspondence between some motor points and acupuncture loci. A double blind study was conducted to establish the possible correspondence between some motor points and acupuncture loci. The protocol calls for the acupuncturist marking the first group of volunteers with invisible ink at the acupuncture loci. Then the motor points in the same volunteer are found by electrodiagnosis. The error is made visible by UV illumination. In the second group, the procedure is reversed. A statistical analysis of the error yields the following classes of correspondences: (a) Excellent: 1st Dorsal Interosseus (hand) = LI-4; Abductor Pollicis Brevis = Lu-10; Abductor Minimi Digiti = SI-4; 1st Dorsal Interosseus (foot) = LI-3; Tibialis Anterior = Curious Locus; Orbicularis Oculi = GB-1; Frontalis = GB-14; Splenius Capitis = GB-20; Sternocleidomastoid = LI-18; Semi Spinalis Capitis = BI-10. (b) Good: Opponens Pollicis = Curious Locus; Peroneus Longus = Curious Locus; Flexor Digitorum Longus = Ki-3 (Ki-6); Trapezius (upper) = GB-21; Rectus Abdominis = Ki-15; Vastus Medialis = Sp-10."}
{"id": "PMID:1202934", "title": "Acupuncture analgesia in China.", "content": "A delegation of ten Canadian anaesthetists visited the People's Republic of China in April and May 1974 and observed 87 surgical and 19 dental operations under acupuncture analgesia. In 80% of the cases observed the analgesia appeared adequate for the conduct of the planned surgery. The utilization of acupuncture analgesia varied from hospital to hospital; surgeons and anaesthetists appeared to have confidence in using it in a limited number of planned surgical operations. The technique of induction varied from hospital to hospital, but a certain pattern became apparent; body needling was related to the site of operation and also based on ancient theories; using loci unrelated to the operative site, para-incisional needles were used to produce skin analgesia; ear needling alone was used in 19 cases and nose needling in one. No premedication  was given for short cases and dental extractions. Most hospitals used electrical stimulation; in one institution needles were left in place during induction and throughout surgery without stimulation with equal results. A considerable degree of analgesia appeared to be present immediately post-operative and patients moved without concern for the operative site. It was felt that acupuncture analgesia represents n China an alternative to regional anaesthesia and that surgeons adapt their technique to the conscious patient in the operating room. It is essential that the patient cooperate and is prepared and motivated to withstand the emotional stress and unpleasant sensations associated with the surgery. Problems include inadequate suppression of visceral pain, lack of muscle relaxation and inadequate analgesia. In the author's opinion acupuncture analgesia has a very limited scope in our practice; it is time consuming and imposes considerable restrictions on the surgeon. However, the phenomenon is real and its investigation should contribute to a better understanding of the function of the nervous system.", "contents": "Acupuncture analgesia in China. A delegation of ten Canadian anaesthetists visited the People's Republic of China in April and May 1974 and observed 87 surgical and 19 dental operations under acupuncture analgesia. In 80% of the cases observed the analgesia appeared adequate for the conduct of the planned surgery. The utilization of acupuncture analgesia varied from hospital to hospital; surgeons and anaesthetists appeared to have confidence in using it in a limited number of planned surgical operations. The technique of induction varied from hospital to hospital, but a certain pattern became apparent; body needling was related to the site of operation and also based on ancient theories; using loci unrelated to the operative site, para-incisional needles were used to produce skin analgesia; ear needling alone was used in 19 cases and nose needling in one. No premedication  was given for short cases and dental extractions. Most hospitals used electrical stimulation; in one institution needles were left in place during induction and throughout surgery without stimulation with equal results. A considerable degree of analgesia appeared to be present immediately post-operative and patients moved without concern for the operative site. It was felt that acupuncture analgesia represents n China an alternative to regional anaesthesia and that surgeons adapt their technique to the conscious patient in the operating room. It is essential that the patient cooperate and is prepared and motivated to withstand the emotional stress and unpleasant sensations associated with the surgery. Problems include inadequate suppression of visceral pain, lack of muscle relaxation and inadequate analgesia. In the author's opinion acupuncture analgesia has a very limited scope in our practice; it is time consuming and imposes considerable restrictions on the surgeon. However, the phenomenon is real and its investigation should contribute to a better understanding of the function of the nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1202935", "title": "The effect of acupuncture on essential hypertension.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with essential hypertension were treated with acupuncture therapy. Sixteen showed excellent improvement in terms of the lowering of blood pressure to normal and the disappearance of original symptoms. Eight had moderate improvement and 4 showed no response. The results of treatment seem to indicate that improvement is closely related to the duration of disease and the history of drug treatment. The selection of acupuncture loci and the techniques of needle insertion and manipulation are discussed in detail.", "contents": "The effect of acupuncture on essential hypertension. Twenty-eight patients with essential hypertension were treated with acupuncture therapy. Sixteen showed excellent improvement in terms of the lowering of blood pressure to normal and the disappearance of original symptoms. Eight had moderate improvement and 4 showed no response. The results of treatment seem to indicate that improvement is closely related to the duration of disease and the history of drug treatment. The selection of acupuncture loci and the techniques of needle insertion and manipulation are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1202937", "title": "Cellular composition of the nipple aspirate specimen of breast fluid. I. The benign cells.", "content": "A nipple aspirator device was used to obtain breast secretions for cytologic examination, as well as for viral and biochemical analysis. Examination of the first 1,456 specimens from 796 women revealed ductal epithelium in 54%. Ductal epithelial cells were often absent in specimens from normal women; however, 78.5% of women with benign breast disease on tissue biopsy had specimens containing ductal epithelium. Apocrine metaplastic cells were a further indication of the presence of breast disease, and were rarely found in specimens from asymptomatic women. Foam cells were often abundant in specimens from normal breasts, but were found in decreased numbers in specimens from women benign breast disease. Differences in the occurrence of ductal epithelial cells, apocrine metaplastic cells, and foam cells suggest an alteration in the rate of maturation of ductal epithelium in women with both benign and malignant breast disease. The finding of a relative abundance of cells in nipple aspirate specimens from women with breast disease and few or no cells in specimens from women with normal breasts is believed to be of great importance in the cytologic evaluation of nipple aspirate specimens.", "contents": "Cellular composition of the nipple aspirate specimen of breast fluid. I. The benign cells. A nipple aspirator device was used to obtain breast secretions for cytologic examination, as well as for viral and biochemical analysis. Examination of the first 1,456 specimens from 796 women revealed ductal epithelium in 54%. Ductal epithelial cells were often absent in specimens from normal women; however, 78.5% of women with benign breast disease on tissue biopsy had specimens containing ductal epithelium. Apocrine metaplastic cells were a further indication of the presence of breast disease, and were rarely found in specimens from asymptomatic women. Foam cells were often abundant in specimens from normal breasts, but were found in decreased numbers in specimens from women benign breast disease. Differences in the occurrence of ductal epithelial cells, apocrine metaplastic cells, and foam cells suggest an alteration in the rate of maturation of ductal epithelium in women with both benign and malignant breast disease. The finding of a relative abundance of cells in nipple aspirate specimens from women with breast disease and few or no cells in specimens from women with normal breasts is believed to be of great importance in the cytologic evaluation of nipple aspirate specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:1202938", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity in aneurysmal bone cysts.", "content": "Euglobulin fibrinolytic activity of cyst fluid from six patients with aneurysmal bone cysys was considerably higher than that of arterial and venous blood of the corresponding patients. The high fibrinolytic activity was associated with a very low concentration of fibrinogen and a low concentration of plasminogen. Correspondingly, a high plasminogen activator activity was found in cyst tissue related to endothelial lining. It is suggested that fibrinolysis is an important factor in the maintenance and expansion of the aneurysmal bone cyst.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity in aneurysmal bone cysts. Euglobulin fibrinolytic activity of cyst fluid from six patients with aneurysmal bone cysys was considerably higher than that of arterial and venous blood of the corresponding patients. The high fibrinolytic activity was associated with a very low concentration of fibrinogen and a low concentration of plasminogen. Correspondingly, a high plasminogen activator activity was found in cyst tissue related to endothelial lining. It is suggested that fibrinolysis is an important factor in the maintenance and expansion of the aneurysmal bone cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:1202939", "title": "Quantitative one-stage assays for factors V and X.", "content": "The relative sensitivities of the prothrombin time, Russell's viper venom time and activated partial thromboplastin time were determined in one-stage quantitative assays for factor V and factor X. Sensitivity was defined as the slope of the reference curve. The prothrombin time was the most sensitive test for factor X and the least sensitive for factor V. The Russell's viper venom time was the most sensitive test for factor V and least sensitive for factor X. The activated partial thromboplastin time approximated the sensitivity of Russell's viper venom for factor V and had intermediate sensitivity for factor X. The data indicate that factor V is best quantitated by the Russell's viper venom time and factor X by the prothrombin time, exactly the opposite of what is customarily done.", "contents": "Quantitative one-stage assays for factors V and X. The relative sensitivities of the prothrombin time, Russell's viper venom time and activated partial thromboplastin time were determined in one-stage quantitative assays for factor V and factor X. Sensitivity was defined as the slope of the reference curve. The prothrombin time was the most sensitive test for factor X and the least sensitive for factor V. The Russell's viper venom time was the most sensitive test for factor V and least sensitive for factor X. The activated partial thromboplastin time approximated the sensitivity of Russell's viper venom for factor V and had intermediate sensitivity for factor X. The data indicate that factor V is best quantitated by the Russell's viper venom time and factor X by the prothrombin time, exactly the opposite of what is customarily done."}
{"id": "PMID:1202942", "title": "Normative and parametric analyses of school maladjustment.", "content": "Format and instructional revisions were made in the TRF, a previously reported school adjustment measure, to extend its diagnostic, prescriptive, and empirical utility. Factor analyses of school adjustment ratings on the revised CARS with a normative sample of \"healthy\" primary graders demonstrated that while the revisions maintained the scale's original three-factor structure, they increased specific item factor loadings and accounted scale variance. To extend the screening utility of the proposed measure, normative and parametric comparisons are reported describing adjustment ratings for sex, age, and city/country subgroups. Comparisons of children who are or are not referred to a secondary prevention program provide evidence of the CARS discriminative validity and screening potential.", "contents": "Normative and parametric analyses of school maladjustment. Format and instructional revisions were made in the TRF, a previously reported school adjustment measure, to extend its diagnostic, prescriptive, and empirical utility. Factor analyses of school adjustment ratings on the revised CARS with a normative sample of \"healthy\" primary graders demonstrated that while the revisions maintained the scale's original three-factor structure, they increased specific item factor loadings and accounted scale variance. To extend the screening utility of the proposed measure, normative and parametric comparisons are reported describing adjustment ratings for sex, age, and city/country subgroups. Comparisons of children who are or are not referred to a secondary prevention program provide evidence of the CARS discriminative validity and screening potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1202943", "title": "Job design variables as change measures in a correctional facility.", "content": "The importance of working conditions is stressed as a neglected area of concern in human service organizations. The present investigation attempts to demonstrate the utility of the concept of job design dimensions as evaluative measures of change in a correctional facility for delinquent youth. Staff were administered a modified version of the Hackman/Lawler Job Design Inventory at two time periods separated by an interval of 14 months. Staff who were participants in an innovative institutional change program at both times were compared with staff who were not participants at Time I but were at Time II. The results provide support for the notion that examination of the perceptions of working conditions by employees may be an important method for assessing institutional change.", "contents": "Job design variables as change measures in a correctional facility. The importance of working conditions is stressed as a neglected area of concern in human service organizations. The present investigation attempts to demonstrate the utility of the concept of job design dimensions as evaluative measures of change in a correctional facility for delinquent youth. Staff were administered a modified version of the Hackman/Lawler Job Design Inventory at two time periods separated by an interval of 14 months. Staff who were participants in an innovative institutional change program at both times were compared with staff who were not participants at Time I but were at Time II. The results provide support for the notion that examination of the perceptions of working conditions by employees may be an important method for assessing institutional change."}
{"id": "PMID:1202944", "title": "The community psychologist as social planner. Designing optimal environments.", "content": "The environmental movement may provide a vehicle by which community psychologists can contribute to large-scale ecological change. This paper uses one outgrowth of the environmental movement--the environmental impact assessment process--to illustrate the procedures for input by community psychologists can participate in the environmental impact assessment process to (1) predict the effects of any new project on the demand for treatment services and (2) suggest ways in which a project may be designed to prevent psychological problems and enhance community well-being.", "contents": "The community psychologist as social planner. Designing optimal environments. The environmental movement may provide a vehicle by which community psychologists can contribute to large-scale ecological change. This paper uses one outgrowth of the environmental movement--the environmental impact assessment process--to illustrate the procedures for input by community psychologists can participate in the environmental impact assessment process to (1) predict the effects of any new project on the demand for treatment services and (2) suggest ways in which a project may be designed to prevent psychological problems and enhance community well-being."}
{"id": "PMID:1202945", "title": "The prediction of \"shows\" and \"no-shows\" to a crisis center: a replication.", "content": "The relationship between measures of worker effectiveness in a therapeutic telephone intervention and whether a caller shows for a scheduled appointment can be used to assess the variables that contribute to \"successful\" telephone counseling. This study replicated the findings of a previous investigation in showing that the motivation of a caller in response to the question of a referral was positively correlated with \"showing\" for the appointment. Futher, the identification of a specific problem related negatively to the caller's response to the referral. However, the concreteness of the phone worker was not correlated with whither the scheduled appointment was kept by the caller.", "contents": "The prediction of \"shows\" and \"no-shows\" to a crisis center: a replication. The relationship between measures of worker effectiveness in a therapeutic telephone intervention and whether a caller shows for a scheduled appointment can be used to assess the variables that contribute to \"successful\" telephone counseling. This study replicated the findings of a previous investigation in showing that the motivation of a caller in response to the question of a referral was positively correlated with \"showing\" for the appointment. Futher, the identification of a specific problem related negatively to the caller's response to the referral. However, the concreteness of the phone worker was not correlated with whither the scheduled appointment was kept by the caller."}
{"id": "PMID:1202946", "title": "Selecting nonprofessional counselor trainees with the Group Assessment of Interpersonal Traits (GAIT).", "content": "The GAIT is a procedure for sampling and measuring communication behavior. Candidates for a counselor-training program (136 Ss; 86% women; average age 44 yr.) took the GAIT in 18 groups and completed written forms for staff screening. Data included pre-GAIT first impression peer ratings and GAIT Empathy. Acceptance, and Openness ratings by peers and by trained audiotape judges. After nine months of training, 26 remaining Ss were judged on a counseling readiness criterion. First impression and peer GAIT ratings were positively intercorrelated, but none predicted counseling readiness. The criterion was correlated with both trained GAIT Empathy (Kendall tau = .40) and staff ratings (.41. both ps less than .01). Suggestions were made for using the GAIT as a counselor selection instrument.", "contents": "Selecting nonprofessional counselor trainees with the Group Assessment of Interpersonal Traits (GAIT). The GAIT is a procedure for sampling and measuring communication behavior. Candidates for a counselor-training program (136 Ss; 86% women; average age 44 yr.) took the GAIT in 18 groups and completed written forms for staff screening. Data included pre-GAIT first impression peer ratings and GAIT Empathy. Acceptance, and Openness ratings by peers and by trained audiotape judges. After nine months of training, 26 remaining Ss were judged on a counseling readiness criterion. First impression and peer GAIT ratings were positively intercorrelated, but none predicted counseling readiness. The criterion was correlated with both trained GAIT Empathy (Kendall tau = .40) and staff ratings (.41. both ps less than .01). Suggestions were made for using the GAIT as a counselor selection instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:1202947", "title": "A competency-based curriculum for training middle-level community--clinical psychologists.", "content": "The focus of this paper is to delineate the basic skills that might be appropriate for a community--clinical psychologist.. The need for competent professionals to deliver mental health services has exceeded the capacity of existing training programs. Current training emphasis is aimed at providing a community--clinical psychologist on the middle level who would have a set of skills or competencies that would easily identify him as a psychologist", "contents": "A competency-based curriculum for training middle-level community--clinical psychologists. The focus of this paper is to delineate the basic skills that might be appropriate for a community--clinical psychologist.. The need for competent professionals to deliver mental health services has exceeded the capacity of existing training programs. Current training emphasis is aimed at providing a community--clinical psychologist on the middle level who would have a set of skills or competencies that would easily identify him as a psychologist"}
{"id": "PMID:1202949", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: introduction.", "content": "It has been observed that among men of Japanese ancestry, there is a gradient in CHD mortality increasing from Japan to Hawaii to California. A study of 11,900 Japanese men in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, Honolulu, Hawaii, and the San Francisco Bay Area of California has been conducted to investigate this disease difference. This paper describes the selection of the study populations and their age distributions, and outlines the study methods. This paper also introduces and briefly summarizes four papers that give the results for mortality comparisons, biochemical and blood pressure distributions and results for heart disease prevalence among the three cohorts.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: introduction. It has been observed that among men of Japanese ancestry, there is a gradient in CHD mortality increasing from Japan to Hawaii to California. A study of 11,900 Japanese men in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, Honolulu, Hawaii, and the San Francisco Bay Area of California has been conducted to investigate this disease difference. This paper describes the selection of the study populations and their age distributions, and outlines the study methods. This paper also introduces and briefly summarizes four papers that give the results for mortality comparisons, biochemical and blood pressure distributions and results for heart disease prevalence among the three cohorts."}
{"id": "PMID:1202950", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: mortality.", "content": "Stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) and total mortality are evaluated from death certificates in enumerated cohorts of 45-64-year old Japanese men in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1965-1970), in Homolulu (1966-1970), and in the San Francisco area (1968-1972). Total mortality is highest in Japan with no consistent differences between Japanese Americans in Homolulu and San Francisco. Age-specific CHD death rates are markedly lower in all three Japanese groups than in American whites. The CHD rates are consistently and significantly lower in Japan that in American Japanese. Stroke death rates for American Japanese men appear equivalent to figures for US white men of the same age, but are significantly lower than in the Japan cohort for the 60-64-year-old group. The number of stroke deaths below that age are too few as yet for analysis. Validation of mortality ascertainment and of the accuracy of death certification has been carried out in Japan and in Hawaii. The international differences in mortaltiy do not appear to be due to certification or other methodologic artifact.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: mortality. Stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) and total mortality are evaluated from death certificates in enumerated cohorts of 45-64-year old Japanese men in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1965-1970), in Homolulu (1966-1970), and in the San Francisco area (1968-1972). Total mortality is highest in Japan with no consistent differences between Japanese Americans in Homolulu and San Francisco. Age-specific CHD death rates are markedly lower in all three Japanese groups than in American whites. The CHD rates are consistently and significantly lower in Japan that in American Japanese. Stroke death rates for American Japanese men appear equivalent to figures for US white men of the same age, but are significantly lower than in the Japan cohort for the 60-64-year-old group. The number of stroke deaths below that age are too few as yet for analysis. Validation of mortality ascertainment and of the accuracy of death certification has been carried out in Japan and in Hawaii. The international differences in mortaltiy do not appear to be due to certification or other methodologic artifact."}
{"id": "PMID:1202951", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: distribution of biochemical risk factors.", "content": "Distributions of serum cholesterol, glucose, uric acid and triglycerides are examined among Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Laboratory methods are described in detail and efforts to assure comparability of these methods. In every age group studied, the mean, median and percentile for each of the biochemical variables are lower for men in Japan than in Hawaii and California.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: distribution of biochemical risk factors. Distributions of serum cholesterol, glucose, uric acid and triglycerides are examined among Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Laboratory methods are described in detail and efforts to assure comparability of these methods. In every age group studied, the mean, median and percentile for each of the biochemical variables are lower for men in Japan than in Hawaii and California."}
{"id": "PMID:1202952", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: blood pressure distributions.", "content": "Blood pressure measurements were made on three Japanese populations residing in Japan, Honolulu, and Northern California. A common protocol was utilized in an effort to standardize inter-observer variability. Zero terminal digit preference varied among the three areas and there was differential clustering of diastolic values at 80 mm Hg and 90 mm Hg in Hawaii and California, respectively. Diastolic blood pressure did not rise with age in any of the three populations while systolic blood pressure rose in each. Blood pressure levels in Japanese in Japan were intermediate to those in Hawaiian and Northern California Japanese, California having the higher blood pressure levels. Since the relative weights of the Japanese migrants to Hawaii and California were substantially higher than the relative weights of the non-migrant populations in Japan, the blood pressures were adjusted for these differences. When this was done, most of the differences among the various study subgroups were explained. The findings indicate that the blood pressure distributions of the Japanese populations residing in Japan, Hawaii, and Northern California cannot of themselves account for the observed differences in coronary heart disease and stroke occurrence among these populations in which there is a gradient from high stroke rates in Japan to low rates in California and a reverse trend for coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: blood pressure distributions. Blood pressure measurements were made on three Japanese populations residing in Japan, Honolulu, and Northern California. A common protocol was utilized in an effort to standardize inter-observer variability. Zero terminal digit preference varied among the three areas and there was differential clustering of diastolic values at 80 mm Hg and 90 mm Hg in Hawaii and California, respectively. Diastolic blood pressure did not rise with age in any of the three populations while systolic blood pressure rose in each. Blood pressure levels in Japanese in Japan were intermediate to those in Hawaiian and Northern California Japanese, California having the higher blood pressure levels. Since the relative weights of the Japanese migrants to Hawaii and California were substantially higher than the relative weights of the non-migrant populations in Japan, the blood pressures were adjusted for these differences. When this was done, most of the differences among the various study subgroups were explained. The findings indicate that the blood pressure distributions of the Japanese populations residing in Japan, Hawaii, and Northern California cannot of themselves account for the observed differences in coronary heart disease and stroke occurrence among these populations in which there is a gradient from high stroke rates in Japan to low rates in California and a reverse trend for coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1202953", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: prevalence of coronary and hypertensive heart disease and associated risk factors.", "content": "A study of coronary heart disease (CHD) among Japanese migrants compared with Japanese living in Japan provided the opportunity to study factors possibly responsible for the high rates of CHD in America as compared with Japan. Comparable methods were employed in examining 11,900 men of Japanese ancestry aged 45--69 living in Japan, Hawaii and California. The age-adjusted prevalence rates for definite CHD as determined by ECG were: Japan 5.3, Hawaii 5.2 and California 10.8/1000. For definite plus possible CHD the rates were 25.4, 34.7 and 44.6. The prevalence of angina pectoris and pain of possible myocardial infarction, determined by questionnaire, showed a similar gradient. Elevated serum cholesterol showed a Japan-Hawaii-California gradient, but the prevalence of hypertension in Japan was intermediate between the prevalence in Hawaii and the higher prevalence in California. The three geographic locations were compared as to prevalence of CHD at comparable levels of blood pressure and cholesterol. At each blood pressure level and at each cholesterol level, the greater prevalence of CHD in California persisted. These facts, plus the near universality of smoking in Japan, suggest that conventional risk factors only partly explain the observed gradient in CHD.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: prevalence of coronary and hypertensive heart disease and associated risk factors. A study of coronary heart disease (CHD) among Japanese migrants compared with Japanese living in Japan provided the opportunity to study factors possibly responsible for the high rates of CHD in America as compared with Japan. Comparable methods were employed in examining 11,900 men of Japanese ancestry aged 45--69 living in Japan, Hawaii and California. The age-adjusted prevalence rates for definite CHD as determined by ECG were: Japan 5.3, Hawaii 5.2 and California 10.8/1000. For definite plus possible CHD the rates were 25.4, 34.7 and 44.6. The prevalence of angina pectoris and pain of possible myocardial infarction, determined by questionnaire, showed a similar gradient. Elevated serum cholesterol showed a Japan-Hawaii-California gradient, but the prevalence of hypertension in Japan was intermediate between the prevalence in Hawaii and the higher prevalence in California. The three geographic locations were compared as to prevalence of CHD at comparable levels of blood pressure and cholesterol. At each blood pressure level and at each cholesterol level, the greater prevalence of CHD in California persisted. These facts, plus the near universality of smoking in Japan, suggest that conventional risk factors only partly explain the observed gradient in CHD."}
{"id": "PMID:1202954", "title": "Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Latino residents of Chicago.", "content": "In 1970, 250,000 Spanish-speaking persons resided in Chicago, 80,000 of whom were Puerto Rican. Because migration to Chicago is constantly occurring from areas where intestinal parasites are endemic, a survey was conducted in a predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood to determine the prevalence of these parasites and to provide impetus for further case finding and treatment programs. The survey was part of an epidemiologic and cutreach workers going door-to-door obtained histories, hematocrits, and single stool specimens from 358 individuals. An overall intestinal parasite prevalence rate of 18.6% (67 persons) was found. Specific rates were Trichuris trichiura 13.9% (50 cases), hookworm 6.6% (24 cases), Giardia lamblia (3.9% (14 cases), and Strongyloides stercoralis 1.7% (6 cases). There were no cases of Ascaris lumbricoides or ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA, Although several nonpathogenic protozoa were found. The most affected age groups were 15--24 years followed by 5--14. Two of the Giardia cases were individuals never out of the continental United States. An incidental finding was a high rate of low hematocrit readings not correlated with the parasite findings.", "contents": "Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Latino residents of Chicago. In 1970, 250,000 Spanish-speaking persons resided in Chicago, 80,000 of whom were Puerto Rican. Because migration to Chicago is constantly occurring from areas where intestinal parasites are endemic, a survey was conducted in a predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood to determine the prevalence of these parasites and to provide impetus for further case finding and treatment programs. The survey was part of an epidemiologic and cutreach workers going door-to-door obtained histories, hematocrits, and single stool specimens from 358 individuals. An overall intestinal parasite prevalence rate of 18.6% (67 persons) was found. Specific rates were Trichuris trichiura 13.9% (50 cases), hookworm 6.6% (24 cases), Giardia lamblia (3.9% (14 cases), and Strongyloides stercoralis 1.7% (6 cases). There were no cases of Ascaris lumbricoides or ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA, Although several nonpathogenic protozoa were found. The most affected age groups were 15--24 years followed by 5--14. Two of the Giardia cases were individuals never out of the continental United States. An incidental finding was a high rate of low hematocrit readings not correlated with the parasite findings."}
{"id": "PMID:1202955", "title": "Serosurvey for \"acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis\" virus (Enterovirus 70) antibodies in the Southeastern United States, with review of the literature and some epidemiologic implications.", "content": "Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) has been epidemic throughout much of the Eastern Hemisphere since its emergence in central West Africa in 1969. The disease had a distinctive clinical picture and an unusual geographic epidemiology. Between 1969 and 1975 AHC has occurred almost exclusively in crowded coastal areas of tropical countries during hot, rainy seasons. Only a few documented outbreaks have occurred in inland cities and in subtropical or temperate climate zones. Of 1014 residents of the eastern or southeastern United States who were screende for neutralizing antibodies to three or four strains of AHC virus (enterovirus type 70), three (0.3%) had titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:40. However, no clinical evidence of prior experience with AHC disease could be ascertained for these persons, so that the antigenic specificity of the detected antibodies is unknown. We conclude that populations of coastal tropical areas of northern South America and all of Central America are vulnerable to AHC epidemics.", "contents": "Serosurvey for \"acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis\" virus (Enterovirus 70) antibodies in the Southeastern United States, with review of the literature and some epidemiologic implications. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) has been epidemic throughout much of the Eastern Hemisphere since its emergence in central West Africa in 1969. The disease had a distinctive clinical picture and an unusual geographic epidemiology. Between 1969 and 1975 AHC has occurred almost exclusively in crowded coastal areas of tropical countries during hot, rainy seasons. Only a few documented outbreaks have occurred in inland cities and in subtropical or temperate climate zones. Of 1014 residents of the eastern or southeastern United States who were screende for neutralizing antibodies to three or four strains of AHC virus (enterovirus type 70), three (0.3%) had titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:40. However, no clinical evidence of prior experience with AHC disease could be ascertained for these persons, so that the antigenic specificity of the detected antibodies is unknown. We conclude that populations of coastal tropical areas of northern South America and all of Central America are vulnerable to AHC epidemics."}
{"id": "PMID:1202956", "title": "Epidemic hepatitis B: a sustained outbreak in a large military population.", "content": "A sustained outbreak of viral hepatitis occurred at an Army base in Texas between January 1971 and June 1973. Seven hundred ninety-two admissions but no deaths were recorded in a military population of 35,000. Cases were sporadic, with highest attack rates in low-ranking soldiers with disciplinary problems. Twenty-nine per cent of patients had histories of intravenous drug use within six months prior to  hospitalization; most of the rest had close personal contact with jaundiced persons. Of 505 patients tested, 31% were seropositive for hepatitis B antigen (HBSAg) by counterelectrophoresis. Comparison of 38 hepatitis patients (cases) to 34 orthopedic patients (controls) revealed marked differences in rates of exposure to jaundiced persons are shared needles. Sixteen (94%) of 17 antigenemic cases tested were of subtype ayw. Seven (78%) of nine NBSAg-negative cases tested were antibody (anti-HBS) positive three months later.", "contents": "Epidemic hepatitis B: a sustained outbreak in a large military population. A sustained outbreak of viral hepatitis occurred at an Army base in Texas between January 1971 and June 1973. Seven hundred ninety-two admissions but no deaths were recorded in a military population of 35,000. Cases were sporadic, with highest attack rates in low-ranking soldiers with disciplinary problems. Twenty-nine per cent of patients had histories of intravenous drug use within six months prior to  hospitalization; most of the rest had close personal contact with jaundiced persons. Of 505 patients tested, 31% were seropositive for hepatitis B antigen (HBSAg) by counterelectrophoresis. Comparison of 38 hepatitis patients (cases) to 34 orthopedic patients (controls) revealed marked differences in rates of exposure to jaundiced persons are shared needles. Sixteen (94%) of 17 antigenemic cases tested were of subtype ayw. Seven (78%) of nine NBSAg-negative cases tested were antibody (anti-HBS) positive three months later."}
{"id": "PMID:1202957", "title": "The Tecumseh Study of Respiratory Illness. IX. Occurence of influenza in the community, 1966--1971.", "content": "The occurrence of types A and B influenza infections was determined by isolation and serology over six years among residents of Tecumseh, Michigan. By isolation, there was evidence of type A infection for a limited period during each year of the study; most rises in titer were detected during the periods of viral isolation, but some also occurred out of season. Outbreaks of type B infection were encountered three times during the six-year period and out of season infections were less frequently seen than with type A. Infection rates with type A were relatively flat over the age range, with high rates seen in infants and small children; in contrast, highest infection rates with type B were observed in the 5--14-year-olds. On examination of illness rates, it was found that some of the outbreaks wound have gone undetected if surveillance techniques for infection had not been in operation. Frequency of respiratory illness with activity restriction was taken as a guide to influenza virus activity during outbreaks; it was found that highest rates of such illnesses occurred among the 1--4-year-olds for type A outbreaks, and among the 5--9-year-olds during mixed or type B outbreaks.", "contents": "The Tecumseh Study of Respiratory Illness. IX. Occurence of influenza in the community, 1966--1971. The occurrence of types A and B influenza infections was determined by isolation and serology over six years among residents of Tecumseh, Michigan. By isolation, there was evidence of type A infection for a limited period during each year of the study; most rises in titer were detected during the periods of viral isolation, but some also occurred out of season. Outbreaks of type B infection were encountered three times during the six-year period and out of season infections were less frequently seen than with type A. Infection rates with type A were relatively flat over the age range, with high rates seen in infants and small children; in contrast, highest infection rates with type B were observed in the 5--14-year-olds. On examination of illness rates, it was found that some of the outbreaks wound have gone undetected if surveillance techniques for infection had not been in operation. Frequency of respiratory illness with activity restriction was taken as a guide to influenza virus activity during outbreaks; it was found that highest rates of such illnesses occurred among the 1--4-year-olds for type A outbreaks, and among the 5--9-year-olds during mixed or type B outbreaks."}
{"id": "PMID:1202967", "title": "The tethered conus.", "content": "The tethered conus is a real and treatable entity. It presents with a variable though fairly constant symptom complex. The diagnosis is probably not even considered in many patients with this condition. Recognition of the possibility of this condition by both the clinician and radiologist is needed. Properly performed oil or air myelography is the only method of preoperative confirmation of a tethered conus and should be done in all cases where it is suspected.", "contents": "The tethered conus. The tethered conus is a real and treatable entity. It presents with a variable though fairly constant symptom complex. The diagnosis is probably not even considered in many patients with this condition. Recognition of the possibility of this condition by both the clinician and radiologist is needed. Properly performed oil or air myelography is the only method of preoperative confirmation of a tethered conus and should be done in all cases where it is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:1202968", "title": "Roentgen recognition of acute plastic bowing of the forearm in children.", "content": "Traumatic bowing of one or both forearm bones in children represents an acute plastic deformation of bone. Plastic curvatures have been produced in the dog ulna, but have been recognized only recently in man. The biomechanics and histologic changes of the experimental model explain the roentgenological features found in children with traumatically bowed bones: (1) broad fixed curvatures which hold fractures in angulation and resist orthopedic reduction; (2) absence of periosteal new bone formation following the injury; and (3) partial correction of the plastic corvature by cortical remodeling in young children. In a series of 17 patients, eight children had bowing of the ulna with an angulated fracture of the radius, five had bowing of the radius with an angulated ulna fracture, and four children had both the radius and ulna bowed without fracture. Manipulative reduction in the majority of children with fractures failed to reduce the plastic curvature, causing partial loss of pronation and supination.", "contents": "Roentgen recognition of acute plastic bowing of the forearm in children. Traumatic bowing of one or both forearm bones in children represents an acute plastic deformation of bone. Plastic curvatures have been produced in the dog ulna, but have been recognized only recently in man. The biomechanics and histologic changes of the experimental model explain the roentgenological features found in children with traumatically bowed bones: (1) broad fixed curvatures which hold fractures in angulation and resist orthopedic reduction; (2) absence of periosteal new bone formation following the injury; and (3) partial correction of the plastic corvature by cortical remodeling in young children. In a series of 17 patients, eight children had bowing of the ulna with an angulated fracture of the radius, five had bowing of the radius with an angulated ulna fracture, and four children had both the radius and ulna bowed without fracture. Manipulative reduction in the majority of children with fractures failed to reduce the plastic curvature, causing partial loss of pronation and supination."}
{"id": "PMID:1202969", "title": "Drowning: another plunge.", "content": "Hypoxia, pulmonary edema, acidosis, and aspiration compose the syndrome of near drowning. A review of 20 cases of near drowning indicated that the initial chest roentgenogram bears little weight in assessing the present or future clinical status. In some cases a 24 to 48 hour delay occurred before roentgenographic evidence for pulmonary edema was noted. The composition of fluid aspirated does not affect the outcome. The results of this report suggest that patients with a history of near drowning should be followed closely for at least 48 hours despite an initial normal chest roentgenogram.", "contents": "Drowning: another plunge. Hypoxia, pulmonary edema, acidosis, and aspiration compose the syndrome of near drowning. A review of 20 cases of near drowning indicated that the initial chest roentgenogram bears little weight in assessing the present or future clinical status. In some cases a 24 to 48 hour delay occurred before roentgenographic evidence for pulmonary edema was noted. The composition of fluid aspirated does not affect the outcome. The results of this report suggest that patients with a history of near drowning should be followed closely for at least 48 hours despite an initial normal chest roentgenogram."}
{"id": "PMID:1202970", "title": "Arteriomegaly.", "content": "Arteriomegaly describes tortuous, ectatic, irregular vessels with prolonged blood flow. Seven cases of this entity are outlined with representative case reports. The increased incidence of aneurysms, thrombosis and embolization is noted in this and other series. The possibility that tortuous vessels may be confused with aneurysms on examination is also discussed. Due to the prolongation of blood flow, adequate arteriographic evaluation may be quite difficult.", "contents": "Arteriomegaly. Arteriomegaly describes tortuous, ectatic, irregular vessels with prolonged blood flow. Seven cases of this entity are outlined with representative case reports. The increased incidence of aneurysms, thrombosis and embolization is noted in this and other series. The possibility that tortuous vessels may be confused with aneurysms on examination is also discussed. Due to the prolongation of blood flow, adequate arteriographic evaluation may be quite difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:1202971", "title": "Dissecting aneurysm of thoracic aorta: reappraisal of radiologic diagnosis.", "content": "In a series of 24 cases of acute dissecting aneurysm of the aorta (not including Marfan's disease) the diagnosis was usually suspected on the basis of the clinical picture and plain chest roentgenograms. The most consistent clinical sign was severe pain. Absent pulses and a neurological deficit were each noted in only five patients. In many cases there was no correlation between the clinical picture and the type or the extent of the dissection. Widening of the aortic arch and obliteration of the aortic knob with displacement of the trachea to the right are the most common signs in plain chest roentgenograms. A barium swallow examination in these cases reveals an elongated compression and displacement of the esophagus by the aortic arch. Calcification in the area of the aortic arch is the exception rather than the rule in dissecting aneurysms. Angiography is essential for the definitive diagnosis of dissecting aneurysms. The diagnosis is based on the demonstration of two channels, either by the presence of a linear radiolucency separating the two lumens, or by differences in flow that present as delayed opacification or delayed washout. If only the true lumen is opacified, widening of the outer extraluminal border of the aorta or narrowing of the lumen indicates the presence of a dissection. Abnormal catheter recoil and position were helpful in only two cases, and are not informative when the false lumen is catheterized. Failure to visualize main aortic branches was not always due to involvement by the dissection. It can also be caused by reduced flow due to severe proximal compression of the main lumen. The exact location of the intimal tears is usually not demonstrated unless additional injections are made in the area assumed to contain the tear. If only the false lumen is opacified in the ascending aorta, this can be recognized by the demonstration of a blind end, by failure to visualize the sinuses of Valsalva, from flattening of the medial border of the opacified channel, and from delayed washout in the blind end.", "contents": "Dissecting aneurysm of thoracic aorta: reappraisal of radiologic diagnosis. In a series of 24 cases of acute dissecting aneurysm of the aorta (not including Marfan's disease) the diagnosis was usually suspected on the basis of the clinical picture and plain chest roentgenograms. The most consistent clinical sign was severe pain. Absent pulses and a neurological deficit were each noted in only five patients. In many cases there was no correlation between the clinical picture and the type or the extent of the dissection. Widening of the aortic arch and obliteration of the aortic knob with displacement of the trachea to the right are the most common signs in plain chest roentgenograms. A barium swallow examination in these cases reveals an elongated compression and displacement of the esophagus by the aortic arch. Calcification in the area of the aortic arch is the exception rather than the rule in dissecting aneurysms. Angiography is essential for the definitive diagnosis of dissecting aneurysms. The diagnosis is based on the demonstration of two channels, either by the presence of a linear radiolucency separating the two lumens, or by differences in flow that present as delayed opacification or delayed washout. If only the true lumen is opacified, widening of the outer extraluminal border of the aorta or narrowing of the lumen indicates the presence of a dissection. Abnormal catheter recoil and position were helpful in only two cases, and are not informative when the false lumen is catheterized. Failure to visualize main aortic branches was not always due to involvement by the dissection. It can also be caused by reduced flow due to severe proximal compression of the main lumen. The exact location of the intimal tears is usually not demonstrated unless additional injections are made in the area assumed to contain the tear. If only the false lumen is opacified in the ascending aorta, this can be recognized by the demonstration of a blind end, by failure to visualize the sinuses of Valsalva, from flattening of the medial border of the opacified channel, and from delayed washout in the blind end."}
{"id": "PMID:1202972", "title": "Roentgenology of sinus of Valsalva aneurysms.", "content": "Aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsava are neither rare nor always fatal. They are of three types: congenital, acquired, and associated with cystic medial necrosis. Each can be recognized by its characteristic appearance on plain roentgenograms and arteriography. With surgical repair, the congenital type and that which is the result of cystic medial necrosis carry a good prognosis for the patient. With the acquired type, usually syphilitic, the prognosis with conservative management is good.", "contents": "Roentgenology of sinus of Valsalva aneurysms. Aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsava are neither rare nor always fatal. They are of three types: congenital, acquired, and associated with cystic medial necrosis. Each can be recognized by its characteristic appearance on plain roentgenograms and arteriography. With surgical repair, the congenital type and that which is the result of cystic medial necrosis carry a good prognosis for the patient. With the acquired type, usually syphilitic, the prognosis with conservative management is good."}
{"id": "PMID:1202973", "title": "Angiographic features of Cimono-Brescia fistulas.", "content": "Forty-four patients with operatively created arteriovenous fistulas have been examined angiographically. Widening of the main arteries of the forearm was evident, the most pronounced widening occurring in the artery feeding the fistula. Stenosis of the arteries or veins seldom influenced the flow significantly. Blood from the fistula was often partly or totally directed into the hand. In nine patients filling of deep veins was evident, and in most of these cases big fistulas were present. A rough estimate of the blood supply to the hand indicated poor supply in eight patients of which only one had symptoms of ischemia. Brachial angiography is of value in estimation of the blood flow in fistulas, when cannulation of veins is difficult, when thrombosis is suspected, or when a new fistula is planned after decreased function of an old one.", "contents": "Angiographic features of Cimono-Brescia fistulas. Forty-four patients with operatively created arteriovenous fistulas have been examined angiographically. Widening of the main arteries of the forearm was evident, the most pronounced widening occurring in the artery feeding the fistula. Stenosis of the arteries or veins seldom influenced the flow significantly. Blood from the fistula was often partly or totally directed into the hand. In nine patients filling of deep veins was evident, and in most of these cases big fistulas were present. A rough estimate of the blood supply to the hand indicated poor supply in eight patients of which only one had symptoms of ischemia. Brachial angiography is of value in estimation of the blood flow in fistulas, when cannulation of veins is difficult, when thrombosis is suspected, or when a new fistula is planned after decreased function of an old one."}
{"id": "PMID:1202974", "title": "The cervical aortic arch.", "content": "Cervical aortic arch anomaly is a rare congenital entity. The aortic arch extends into the soft tissues of the neck before turning downward on itself to become the descending aorta. Nineteen cases have been previously reported in the world literature with one more presently in publication. We have collected six additional cases, in four of which the cervical arch was located on the left. Formerly the left cervical aortic arch was felt to be much less common than the right. It now appears that they have equal incidence. Four of our cases were also associated with cardiac anomalies, and this coincidence has not been previously reported.", "contents": "The cervical aortic arch. Cervical aortic arch anomaly is a rare congenital entity. The aortic arch extends into the soft tissues of the neck before turning downward on itself to become the descending aorta. Nineteen cases have been previously reported in the world literature with one more presently in publication. We have collected six additional cases, in four of which the cervical arch was located on the left. Formerly the left cervical aortic arch was felt to be much less common than the right. It now appears that they have equal incidence. Four of our cases were also associated with cardiac anomalies, and this coincidence has not been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1202975", "title": "The role of lymphangiography in chylothorax. A report of six nontraumatic cases.", "content": "Six cases of nontraumatic chylothorax secondary to filariasis, postinflammatory thoracic duct obstruction, idiopathic lymphangiectasis with lymph node hypoplasia, lymphangioma and lymphoma (2 cases) are reported. All cases were studied by lymphangiography, which provided considerable diagnostic information. In those cases which are undiagnosed at the time the chylothorax is discovered, a lymphangiogram should be carried out prior to any therapeutic measures.", "contents": "The role of lymphangiography in chylothorax. A report of six nontraumatic cases. Six cases of nontraumatic chylothorax secondary to filariasis, postinflammatory thoracic duct obstruction, idiopathic lymphangiectasis with lymph node hypoplasia, lymphangioma and lymphoma (2 cases) are reported. All cases were studied by lymphangiography, which provided considerable diagnostic information. In those cases which are undiagnosed at the time the chylothorax is discovered, a lymphangiogram should be carried out prior to any therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:1202976", "title": "Peripheral vascular perfusion scanning. Correlation with the arteriogram and clinical assessment in the patient with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Peripheral vascular perfusion scan during rest and reactive hyperemia does not necessarily offer the same information as the arteriogram or the clinical assessment of the peripheral pulses. The information obtained from the peripheral vascular perfusion scan offers potentially clinically useful information regarding the physiologic significance of various arterial lesions to the surgeon in selection of his therapeutic approach. The peripheral vascular perfusion scan uniquely and under varied physiologic conditions permits assessment of the effect of arterial disease on the distribution of perfusion within the extremity. The peripheral vascular perfusion scan is not in competition with, but is complementary to, arteriography and clinical assessment of the patient with peripheral vascular disease.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular perfusion scanning. Correlation with the arteriogram and clinical assessment in the patient with peripheral vascular disease. Peripheral vascular perfusion scan during rest and reactive hyperemia does not necessarily offer the same information as the arteriogram or the clinical assessment of the peripheral pulses. The information obtained from the peripheral vascular perfusion scan offers potentially clinically useful information regarding the physiologic significance of various arterial lesions to the surgeon in selection of his therapeutic approach. The peripheral vascular perfusion scan uniquely and under varied physiologic conditions permits assessment of the effect of arterial disease on the distribution of perfusion within the extremity. The peripheral vascular perfusion scan is not in competition with, but is complementary to, arteriography and clinical assessment of the patient with peripheral vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1202977", "title": "Experience in parathyroid scanning.", "content": "In our experience, the low success rate of 75Se parathyroid studies does not justify continuance of the test as a routine diagnostic procedure. The initial results using the 99mTc O4--131I subtraction technique are encouraging but further experience is required in order to ascertain whether this procedure will justify a place as a routine test in the localization of parathyroid adenoma.", "contents": "Experience in parathyroid scanning. In our experience, the low success rate of 75Se parathyroid studies does not justify continuance of the test as a routine diagnostic procedure. The initial results using the 99mTc O4--131I subtraction technique are encouraging but further experience is required in order to ascertain whether this procedure will justify a place as a routine test in the localization of parathyroid adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1202978", "title": "Roentgenology of sporotrichosis.", "content": "Localized cutaneous as well as unifocal and multifocal systemic sporotrichosis may all produce roentgenographic findings. Localized cutaneous nodules may occasionally extend to the bone below producing a locally erosive lesion similar to those more commonly found in blastomycosis. More frequently, sporotrichosis involves the joints, either alone or with accompanying skin nodules. The joint changes are those of a pyogenic arthritis of the knees, elbows, hands, or feet which is difficult to distinguish from pyarthrosis produced by other organisms. The pulmonary findings depend upon whether or not the lung is the only site of infection. If there are no other areas of involvement, the pulmonary findings may be indistinguishable from those of secondary tuberculosis. However, if the skin on joints are also involved, small nodules appear and apparently do not proceed to cavitation.", "contents": "Roentgenology of sporotrichosis. Localized cutaneous as well as unifocal and multifocal systemic sporotrichosis may all produce roentgenographic findings. Localized cutaneous nodules may occasionally extend to the bone below producing a locally erosive lesion similar to those more commonly found in blastomycosis. More frequently, sporotrichosis involves the joints, either alone or with accompanying skin nodules. The joint changes are those of a pyogenic arthritis of the knees, elbows, hands, or feet which is difficult to distinguish from pyarthrosis produced by other organisms. The pulmonary findings depend upon whether or not the lung is the only site of infection. If there are no other areas of involvement, the pulmonary findings may be indistinguishable from those of secondary tuberculosis. However, if the skin on joints are also involved, small nodules appear and apparently do not proceed to cavitation."}
{"id": "PMID:1202979", "title": "Xerographic manifestations of male breast disease.", "content": "Male breast disease, although overshadowed by its female counterpart, is still a problem which often comes to the attention of the radiologist. The major importance of mammography is differentiating unilateral gynecomastia from cancer. We now recognize four xeroradiographic patterns of gynecomastia: (1) increased ducts only; (2) ductal hyperplasia mimicking adenosis; (3) small ducts with stromal proliferation; and (4) fatty replacement only. These reflect the duration of the process. Gynecomastic masses are central, smooth, and most important, extend from the nipple outward, usually bisecting the midplane. Ducts may be visible. Carcinoma is usually central, dense, with irregular spiculated margins and, unlike gynecomastia is rarely in the midplane of the nipple, although it can be retroareolar in location. There may be concomitant skin changes or lymphadenopathy seen on the xerogram and these never occur in gynecomastia. There are numerous etiologies for gynecomastia, and these have been discussed in detail. It is thought that the radiologist should be aware of the pathophysiology of male breast disease and understand its significance.", "contents": "Xerographic manifestations of male breast disease. Male breast disease, although overshadowed by its female counterpart, is still a problem which often comes to the attention of the radiologist. The major importance of mammography is differentiating unilateral gynecomastia from cancer. We now recognize four xeroradiographic patterns of gynecomastia: (1) increased ducts only; (2) ductal hyperplasia mimicking adenosis; (3) small ducts with stromal proliferation; and (4) fatty replacement only. These reflect the duration of the process. Gynecomastic masses are central, smooth, and most important, extend from the nipple outward, usually bisecting the midplane. Ducts may be visible. Carcinoma is usually central, dense, with irregular spiculated margins and, unlike gynecomastia is rarely in the midplane of the nipple, although it can be retroareolar in location. There may be concomitant skin changes or lymphadenopathy seen on the xerogram and these never occur in gynecomastia. There are numerous etiologies for gynecomastia, and these have been discussed in detail. It is thought that the radiologist should be aware of the pathophysiology of male breast disease and understand its significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1202980", "title": "The use of xeroradiography in the investigation of diseases occurring in the central nervous system.", "content": "A total of 88 cases of normal and pathological conditions of the skull, brain and spinal cord was studied by skull series, pneumoencephalography, and air myelography. The roentgenographic images of these structures were recorded by conventional roentgenograms, xeroradiograms, and tomogrrams and compared with each other. In general the high resolution and wide recording latitude of xeroradiography produced a more pleasing, sharper image than that obtained by conventional roentgenography. However, the individual tomographic image was superior to xeroradiography.", "contents": "The use of xeroradiography in the investigation of diseases occurring in the central nervous system. A total of 88 cases of normal and pathological conditions of the skull, brain and spinal cord was studied by skull series, pneumoencephalography, and air myelography. The roentgenographic images of these structures were recorded by conventional roentgenograms, xeroradiograms, and tomogrrams and compared with each other. In general the high resolution and wide recording latitude of xeroradiography produced a more pleasing, sharper image than that obtained by conventional roentgenography. However, the individual tomographic image was superior to xeroradiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1202981", "title": "Thorium induced hepatic hemangioendothelioma. Roentgen-angiographic findings in two additional cases with clinical \"inform and  consent\" problems.", "content": "1. Two additional cases of presumed, thorium-induced hemangioendothelioma of the liver are reported. 2. The angiographic pattern of large venous lakes conforms closely to the pathologic descriitions of this malignancy. 3. To our knowledge, angiography of the thorotrast (and vinyl chloride) liver, before the clinical evolution of malignancy, has not been recorded and may provide information of prognostic and therapeutic value. 4. Incidental identification of thorium deposits in the tissues of clinically healthy patients creates perplexing \"inform and consent\" problems. Presumably, these must be solved on an individual basis. 5. Because the use of thorotrast has been discontinued since the early 1950s, all physicians reviewing chest and abdominal roentgenograms should be aware of the characteristic appearance of human thorotrast deposits, especially in the liver, spleen and celiac lymph nodes. 6. The number of living thorotrast \"carriers\" and previous deaths from thorotrast related malignancy seems highly uncertain at this time.", "contents": "Thorium induced hepatic hemangioendothelioma. Roentgen-angiographic findings in two additional cases with clinical \"inform and  consent\" problems. 1. Two additional cases of presumed, thorium-induced hemangioendothelioma of the liver are reported. 2. The angiographic pattern of large venous lakes conforms closely to the pathologic descriitions of this malignancy. 3. To our knowledge, angiography of the thorotrast (and vinyl chloride) liver, before the clinical evolution of malignancy, has not been recorded and may provide information of prognostic and therapeutic value. 4. Incidental identification of thorium deposits in the tissues of clinically healthy patients creates perplexing \"inform and consent\" problems. Presumably, these must be solved on an individual basis. 5. Because the use of thorotrast has been discontinued since the early 1950s, all physicians reviewing chest and abdominal roentgenograms should be aware of the characteristic appearance of human thorotrast deposits, especially in the liver, spleen and celiac lymph nodes. 6. The number of living thorotrast \"carriers\" and previous deaths from thorotrast related malignancy seems highly uncertain at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:1202982", "title": "Intrathoracic kidney.", "content": "Two cases of ectopic, partly intrathoracic kidneys are discussed. One case represents bilateral ectopy, an extremely rare condition. This anomaly deserves consideration because a correct diagnosis can save the patient extensive examinations and possibly thoracic surgery.", "contents": "Intrathoracic kidney. Two cases of ectopic, partly intrathoracic kidneys are discussed. One case represents bilateral ectopy, an extremely rare condition. This anomaly deserves consideration because a correct diagnosis can save the patient extensive examinations and possibly thoracic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1202983", "title": "Cavernous hemangioma of the kidney.", "content": "Three patients with cavernous hemangiomas of the kidney all presented with hematuria. In each there was found a poorly defined renal medullary mass with displacement of the calyces and renal vessels and paradoxical hypovascularity of the mass. This rare, benign tumor of the kidney should be considered in the presence of this characteristic clinical picture.", "contents": "Cavernous hemangioma of the kidney. Three patients with cavernous hemangiomas of the kidney all presented with hematuria. In each there was found a poorly defined renal medullary mass with displacement of the calyces and renal vessels and paradoxical hypovascularity of the mass. This rare, benign tumor of the kidney should be considered in the presence of this characteristic clinical picture."}
{"id": "PMID:1202984", "title": "Radiologic features of the interureteric ridge.", "content": "Careful attention to the dimensions and symmetry of the interureteric ridge, when it is visible, aids in interpretation of abnormalities in the bladder and ureters. It is important in evaluating renal agenesis, low ureteral calculi, trauma, and neoplasm.", "contents": "Radiologic features of the interureteric ridge. Careful attention to the dimensions and symmetry of the interureteric ridge, when it is visible, aids in interpretation of abnormalities in the bladder and ureters. It is important in evaluating renal agenesis, low ureteral calculi, trauma, and neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:1202985", "title": "Schwannomas of the central nervous system.", "content": "Isolated schwannomas may occur in many different situations within the central nervous system. Most neurilemmomas are benign, and enucleation after longitudinal dissection of the nerve will usually affect a cure. It is for this reason that the roentgenological appearances should be appreciated and this diagnosis considered so as to attempt total surgical removal.", "contents": "Schwannomas of the central nervous system. Isolated schwannomas may occur in many different situations within the central nervous system. Most neurilemmomas are benign, and enucleation after longitudinal dissection of the nerve will usually affect a cure. It is for this reason that the roentgenological appearances should be appreciated and this diagnosis considered so as to attempt total surgical removal."}
{"id": "PMID:1202986", "title": "The neuroradiologic evaluation of \"optic neuritis\".", "content": "Optic neuritis, even when clinically typical, cannot be diagnosed with certainty because mass lesions compressing the anterior visual pathways may mimic it. The radiologist is in a position to assist in identifying such lesions or in ruling them out and thus preventing surgical exploration. While every patient in whom the diagnosis of optic neuritis is entertained should have plain roentgenograms of skull, orbits and optic canals, we have developed a schema for detailed neuroradiologic investigation based on clinical and plain roentgenographic findings. A classification of such lesions by location is illustrated.", "contents": "The neuroradiologic evaluation of \"optic neuritis\". Optic neuritis, even when clinically typical, cannot be diagnosed with certainty because mass lesions compressing the anterior visual pathways may mimic it. The radiologist is in a position to assist in identifying such lesions or in ruling them out and thus preventing surgical exploration. While every patient in whom the diagnosis of optic neuritis is entertained should have plain roentgenograms of skull, orbits and optic canals, we have developed a schema for detailed neuroradiologic investigation based on clinical and plain roentgenographic findings. A classification of such lesions by location is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1202987", "title": "Barium findings in retrograde intussusception.", "content": "Four instances of antiperistaltic intussusception are presented. These serve to depict the varied roentgen appearances in both types of intussusception on barium study and emphasize two simple interpretational principles: (1) when contrast material is administered orad to an antegrade or caudad to a retrograde intussusception, it must first enter the intussusceptum; and (2) when barium is administered orad to a retrograde or caudad to an antegrade intussusception, it must first enter the intussuscipiens. Attention is also directed to tube related intussusceptions and to potential difficulty in their identification.", "contents": "Barium findings in retrograde intussusception. Four instances of antiperistaltic intussusception are presented. These serve to depict the varied roentgen appearances in both types of intussusception on barium study and emphasize two simple interpretational principles: (1) when contrast material is administered orad to an antegrade or caudad to a retrograde intussusception, it must first enter the intussusceptum; and (2) when barium is administered orad to a retrograde or caudad to an antegrade intussusception, it must first enter the intussuscipiens. Attention is also directed to tube related intussusceptions and to potential difficulty in their identification."}
{"id": "PMID:1202989", "title": "The timing and sequence of events in the development of the limbs in the human embryo.", "content": "A documented scheme of the early development of the human limbs is presented. It is based on (1) published and unpublished personal observations, and (2) reports of other workers who personally studied staged human embryos. The necessity of studying staged embryos in determining the precise sequence of developmental events is stressed.", "contents": "The timing and sequence of events in the development of the limbs in the human embryo. A documented scheme of the early development of the human limbs is presented. It is based on (1) published and unpublished personal observations, and (2) reports of other workers who personally studied staged human embryos. The necessity of studying staged embryos in determining the precise sequence of developmental events is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202990", "title": "Internal structure of cat extraocular muscle.", "content": "Teasing preparations of cat extraocular muscles (EOM) were used to study the arrangement of muscle fibers and the distribution of the different cholinesterase-positive sites, i.e. (1) large motor endplates, (2) small motor endings of the 'en grappe' type, (3) myotendinous junctions and (4) myomyous junctions. The distribution of these cholinesterase-positive structures gives clear evidence of a complex muscle architecture of cat EOM. In the global layer of cat EOM, only multiply innervated muscle fibers run the whole length of the muscle. The focally innervated muscle fibers are generally shorter; they are usually arranged in series of two to three fibers being interconnected by myomyous junctions. Moreover, muscle fiber splitting is frequently present resulting in a netlike arrangement of muscle fibers. Most of the myomyous junctions occur between focally innervated muscle fibers, but also end-to-side connections of focally to multiply innervated muscle fibers are observed; multiply innervated muscle fi0ers have not been found connected to each other. In this layer, large motor endplates are distributed in several bands between origin and insertion. In the orbital layer all muscle fibers run from tendon to tendon, focally as well as multiply innervated ones. Here, large motor endplates are confined to a band in the middle of the muscle, and myomyous junctions are generally absent. Some functional implications of this complex architecture of cat EOM are discussed.", "contents": "Internal structure of cat extraocular muscle. Teasing preparations of cat extraocular muscles (EOM) were used to study the arrangement of muscle fibers and the distribution of the different cholinesterase-positive sites, i.e. (1) large motor endplates, (2) small motor endings of the 'en grappe' type, (3) myotendinous junctions and (4) myomyous junctions. The distribution of these cholinesterase-positive structures gives clear evidence of a complex muscle architecture of cat EOM. In the global layer of cat EOM, only multiply innervated muscle fibers run the whole length of the muscle. The focally innervated muscle fibers are generally shorter; they are usually arranged in series of two to three fibers being interconnected by myomyous junctions. Moreover, muscle fiber splitting is frequently present resulting in a netlike arrangement of muscle fibers. Most of the myomyous junctions occur between focally innervated muscle fibers, but also end-to-side connections of focally to multiply innervated muscle fibers are observed; multiply innervated muscle fi0ers have not been found connected to each other. In this layer, large motor endplates are distributed in several bands between origin and insertion. In the orbital layer all muscle fibers run from tendon to tendon, focally as well as multiply innervated ones. Here, large motor endplates are confined to a band in the middle of the muscle, and myomyous junctions are generally absent. Some functional implications of this complex architecture of cat EOM are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1202991", "title": "The postnatal development of the ovary in the \"nude\" mouse.", "content": "The postnatal development of the ovary of the heterozygous nude (nu/+) mouse with the genetic background BALB/c is very similar--if not identical-- to that of other mouse strains. As other BALB/c mice, the nu/+ females become sexually mature during the 5th week post partum (p.p.). At this age the ovaries corpora lutea at various stages of differentiation. In the ovaries of newborn and 1 week-old homozygous (nu/nu) mice, the differentiation of oocytes into primary and secondary follicles is delayed. In the third postnatal week, the ovaries of homozygous females contain more atretic follicles than those of their heterozygous littermates. This increased degeneration of follicles may account for the greater mass of secondary interstitial tissue, which is observed in the ovaries of adult nu/nu females. In nine out of the 5 to 7 week-old nu/nu mice studied, the ovaries contained no-/or only very few corpora lutea. Thus in homozygous nude females, the onset of sexual maturity is delayed. This ovarial immaturity may persist throughout life. In other animals development may become normal. In addition to the impaired postnatal development of the ovary, unspecific inflammation of the uterine wall (endo- and/or myometritis) was detected in 47% of nu/nu animals older than five weeks. No direct correlation was, however, found between the delay of sexual maturation and the inflammatory changes in the uterus as many of the animals with an endo- or myometritis possessed mature ovaries. The low fertility of the female homozygous \"nude\" mouse seems, therefore, to be caused not only by an impaired differentiation of the ovary but also by inflammatory processes in the uterus.", "contents": "The postnatal development of the ovary in the \"nude\" mouse. The postnatal development of the ovary of the heterozygous nude (nu/+) mouse with the genetic background BALB/c is very similar--if not identical-- to that of other mouse strains. As other BALB/c mice, the nu/+ females become sexually mature during the 5th week post partum (p.p.). At this age the ovaries corpora lutea at various stages of differentiation. In the ovaries of newborn and 1 week-old homozygous (nu/nu) mice, the differentiation of oocytes into primary and secondary follicles is delayed. In the third postnatal week, the ovaries of homozygous females contain more atretic follicles than those of their heterozygous littermates. This increased degeneration of follicles may account for the greater mass of secondary interstitial tissue, which is observed in the ovaries of adult nu/nu females. In nine out of the 5 to 7 week-old nu/nu mice studied, the ovaries contained no-/or only very few corpora lutea. Thus in homozygous nude females, the onset of sexual maturity is delayed. This ovarial immaturity may persist throughout life. In other animals development may become normal. In addition to the impaired postnatal development of the ovary, unspecific inflammation of the uterine wall (endo- and/or myometritis) was detected in 47% of nu/nu animals older than five weeks. No direct correlation was, however, found between the delay of sexual maturation and the inflammatory changes in the uterus as many of the animals with an endo- or myometritis possessed mature ovaries. The low fertility of the female homozygous \"nude\" mouse seems, therefore, to be caused not only by an impaired differentiation of the ovary but also by inflammatory processes in the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:1202992", "title": "Quantitative studies of the effect of progesterone on endometrial morphology of the spayed rat.", "content": "The effects of various dosages and of various time periods of treatment with progesterone have been studied in the spayed, mature rat. Test objects were the cells of the luminal epithelium and of the endometrial stroma which were examined by qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy. No significant response was observed in epithelial or stromal cells until after 12 hrs of progesterone treatment. The nuclei of both cell types were then more circular than earlier with reduced long diameters. The functional significance of this change in configuration is unclear since only in the stromal cells was it followed by nuclear growth. Further, after 12 hrs of treatment the relative amounts of mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum of stromal cells were reduced while the volume of the stromal cell cytoplasm appeared enlarged. This is taken as evidence that progesterone causes an intracellular oedema probably by decreasing cell membrane permeability. This response is probably not specific for the stroma but also includes the luminal epithelium, although the volume of the epithelial cell cytoplasm could not be determined here. Nucleolar enlargement did occur in stromal cells and was observed after 12 hrs of treatment but was not significant until after 24 hrs. At this point of time the net amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum in stromal and epithelial cells was increased indicating an increased protein synthesis in both cell types. However, only in the stromal cells was this associated with nucleolar enlargement, which supports the idea that progesterone stimulates protein synthesis through different mechanisms in the two cell types. Testing various dosages of progesterone showed that 0.5 mg had an effect similar to 5 mg of progesterone. When 0.05 mg progesterone was injected the only effect observed was an increase in the amount of apical vesicles of the luminal epithelium, showing that the epithelium is more sensitive to progesterone than the stroma.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of the effect of progesterone on endometrial morphology of the spayed rat. The effects of various dosages and of various time periods of treatment with progesterone have been studied in the spayed, mature rat. Test objects were the cells of the luminal epithelium and of the endometrial stroma which were examined by qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy. No significant response was observed in epithelial or stromal cells until after 12 hrs of progesterone treatment. The nuclei of both cell types were then more circular than earlier with reduced long diameters. The functional significance of this change in configuration is unclear since only in the stromal cells was it followed by nuclear growth. Further, after 12 hrs of treatment the relative amounts of mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum of stromal cells were reduced while the volume of the stromal cell cytoplasm appeared enlarged. This is taken as evidence that progesterone causes an intracellular oedema probably by decreasing cell membrane permeability. This response is probably not specific for the stroma but also includes the luminal epithelium, although the volume of the epithelial cell cytoplasm could not be determined here. Nucleolar enlargement did occur in stromal cells and was observed after 12 hrs of treatment but was not significant until after 24 hrs. At this point of time the net amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum in stromal and epithelial cells was increased indicating an increased protein synthesis in both cell types. However, only in the stromal cells was this associated with nucleolar enlargement, which supports the idea that progesterone stimulates protein synthesis through different mechanisms in the two cell types. Testing various dosages of progesterone showed that 0.5 mg had an effect similar to 5 mg of progesterone. When 0.05 mg progesterone was injected the only effect observed was an increase in the amount of apical vesicles of the luminal epithelium, showing that the epithelium is more sensitive to progesterone than the stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:1202993", "title": "Studies on intra-arterial cushions. I. Morphology of the cushions at the origins of intercostal arteries in mice.", "content": "The origins of intercostal arteries in mice are surrounded by cushions which project into the aortal lumen. A boat-like structure, whose bow is directed against the blood stream, is formed by the cushions. The shape of this formation depends on the dilatation of the aortal wall, becoming flatter when the aortal wall is stretched. Grooves direct the blood into the initial segment of the branching artery which is narrowed in moderately distended or relaxed states of the aorta. The cushions are covered by an endothelial layer which continues to the endothelium of the aorta and of the branching artery. Ramified smooth muscle cells are found in the stroma of the cushions, while connective tissue are absent. Ramifications of the lamina elastica interna project into the stroma and faint elastic fibres reach the apical margins of the cushions. Basement membranes of ramified smooth muscle cells form a three-dimensional network which is connected with the basement membrane of the endothelium. Contacts between processes of endothelial cells and those of ramified smoot; muscle cells occur. Collagen fibrols are absent or extremely rare. In the interstitial space clusters of electron dense granules (mean diameter 500 A) are found which might be secreted by the specialized ramified smooth muscle cells. This peculiar morphology characterizes the intraaortal cushions as autonomous formations and excludes their being regarded as simple retroextension of the branching artery.", "contents": "Studies on intra-arterial cushions. I. Morphology of the cushions at the origins of intercostal arteries in mice. The origins of intercostal arteries in mice are surrounded by cushions which project into the aortal lumen. A boat-like structure, whose bow is directed against the blood stream, is formed by the cushions. The shape of this formation depends on the dilatation of the aortal wall, becoming flatter when the aortal wall is stretched. Grooves direct the blood into the initial segment of the branching artery which is narrowed in moderately distended or relaxed states of the aorta. The cushions are covered by an endothelial layer which continues to the endothelium of the aorta and of the branching artery. Ramified smooth muscle cells are found in the stroma of the cushions, while connective tissue are absent. Ramifications of the lamina elastica interna project into the stroma and faint elastic fibres reach the apical margins of the cushions. Basement membranes of ramified smooth muscle cells form a three-dimensional network which is connected with the basement membrane of the endothelium. Contacts between processes of endothelial cells and those of ramified smoot; muscle cells occur. Collagen fibrols are absent or extremely rare. In the interstitial space clusters of electron dense granules (mean diameter 500 A) are found which might be secreted by the specialized ramified smooth muscle cells. This peculiar morphology characterizes the intraaortal cushions as autonomous formations and excludes their being regarded as simple retroextension of the branching artery."}
{"id": "PMID:1202994", "title": "Effects of guanethidine on paraganglionic cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat.", "content": "Paraganglionic cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion were investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy following treatment with guanethidine for 5-30 days. Control animals received saline and guanidine. Fluorescence cytophotometric measurements revealed a general decrease in the catecholamine content of paraganglionic cells in guanethidine-treated animals. However a few cell clusters showed focal increases. Similarly by electron microscopy there was a general decrease of cell clusters showing increases. -- guanethidine -- as well as guanidine--treated animals showed non-specific cytological alterations such as mitochondrial swelling and increase of cytoplasmic glycogen. However no changes of catecholamine contents and of dense core vesicles were noted in control animals. These results confirm the conception that in rat paraganglionic cells the dense core vesicles are the main storage site of catecholamines. The marked difference in the response of some cell culsters to the experimental treatment can be considered as evidence of functional heterogeneity of this cell population in the rat superior cervical ganglion.", "contents": "Effects of guanethidine on paraganglionic cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Paraganglionic cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion were investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy following treatment with guanethidine for 5-30 days. Control animals received saline and guanidine. Fluorescence cytophotometric measurements revealed a general decrease in the catecholamine content of paraganglionic cells in guanethidine-treated animals. However a few cell clusters showed focal increases. Similarly by electron microscopy there was a general decrease of cell clusters showing increases. -- guanethidine -- as well as guanidine--treated animals showed non-specific cytological alterations such as mitochondrial swelling and increase of cytoplasmic glycogen. However no changes of catecholamine contents and of dense core vesicles were noted in control animals. These results confirm the conception that in rat paraganglionic cells the dense core vesicles are the main storage site of catecholamines. The marked difference in the response of some cell culsters to the experimental treatment can be considered as evidence of functional heterogeneity of this cell population in the rat superior cervical ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:1202996", "title": "Tuberculosis care in general hospitals: Arizona's experience.", "content": "In June 1973 the state of Arizona transferred all in-hospital care of patients with tuberculosis from the State Sanatorium to general hospitals. Eleven general hospitals, 2 extended care facilities, and 30 physicians are under contract; the state pays billed charges after payment from any third-party insurers. Admission to the Tuberculosis Hospitalization Program is controlled by the state and requires real evidence of need for hospital care; there are no residency or indigency requirements. During the first 2 years of the program, 279 patients were admitted for hospital care. The average length of stay was 23.6 days; a marked decrease from the 93-day average in the sanatorium in 1971-1972. Of the 274 patients discharged during the first 2 years, 232 had a final diagnosis of tuberculosis; 105 of these were discharged with sputum smears positive for acid-fast bacilli. Although the cost per patient day was higher than in the sanatorium, the average cost of hospitalization per patient was lower because of the decrease in length of stay. Thirty-five per cent of the patients had some insurance coverage and/or Medicare. An employee skin testing program was required in all hospitals participating in the program. Although there was a 3.5 per cent conversion rate among all hospital employees, there were only 5 converters among employees exposed to patients with tuberculosis under the program. None of the employees was found to have tuberculosis. Of 70 patients with active tuberculosis who have been followed 12 to 24 months, 65 are bacteriologically negative. The general hospital program has been well accepted by patients, physicians, hospitals, and the public.", "contents": "Tuberculosis care in general hospitals: Arizona's experience. In June 1973 the state of Arizona transferred all in-hospital care of patients with tuberculosis from the State Sanatorium to general hospitals. Eleven general hospitals, 2 extended care facilities, and 30 physicians are under contract; the state pays billed charges after payment from any third-party insurers. Admission to the Tuberculosis Hospitalization Program is controlled by the state and requires real evidence of need for hospital care; there are no residency or indigency requirements. During the first 2 years of the program, 279 patients were admitted for hospital care. The average length of stay was 23.6 days; a marked decrease from the 93-day average in the sanatorium in 1971-1972. Of the 274 patients discharged during the first 2 years, 232 had a final diagnosis of tuberculosis; 105 of these were discharged with sputum smears positive for acid-fast bacilli. Although the cost per patient day was higher than in the sanatorium, the average cost of hospitalization per patient was lower because of the decrease in length of stay. Thirty-five per cent of the patients had some insurance coverage and/or Medicare. An employee skin testing program was required in all hospitals participating in the program. Although there was a 3.5 per cent conversion rate among all hospital employees, there were only 5 converters among employees exposed to patients with tuberculosis under the program. None of the employees was found to have tuberculosis. Of 70 patients with active tuberculosis who have been followed 12 to 24 months, 65 are bacteriologically negative. The general hospital program has been well accepted by patients, physicians, hospitals, and the public."}
{"id": "PMID:1202997", "title": "Skin testing: a comparison of the jet injector with the Mantoux method.", "content": "Employees in a large industry in Baltimore were tested with 5 TU of purified protein derivative (PPD)-S and PPD-B using both jet injector and Mantoux methods. Wheal sizes tended to be larger among men than women and larger among blacks than whites, regardless of the technique used. Within any given race-sex group, and also within subjects, considerable systematic and nonsystematic variations in wheal size occurred when the jet injector was used. On the contrary, there was little variation in wheal size within race-sex groups when the Mantoux method was used. Mean wheal sizes elicited with the jet injector tended to be smaller than those elicited with the Mantoux method. There were also considerable differences in the reactions elicited by the 2 techniques. The Mantoux method elicited more and larger reactions than the jet injector, which suggests that the 2 injections are in some way qualitatively or quantitatively different. For jet injector tests, the frequency of reactions of different size tended to be related to the size of the wheal measured immediately after injection. This was not true for the Mantoux method. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that the jet injector method is inferior to the Mantoux method in tuberculin skin testing.", "contents": "Skin testing: a comparison of the jet injector with the Mantoux method. Employees in a large industry in Baltimore were tested with 5 TU of purified protein derivative (PPD)-S and PPD-B using both jet injector and Mantoux methods. Wheal sizes tended to be larger among men than women and larger among blacks than whites, regardless of the technique used. Within any given race-sex group, and also within subjects, considerable systematic and nonsystematic variations in wheal size occurred when the jet injector was used. On the contrary, there was little variation in wheal size within race-sex groups when the Mantoux method was used. Mean wheal sizes elicited with the jet injector tended to be smaller than those elicited with the Mantoux method. There were also considerable differences in the reactions elicited by the 2 techniques. The Mantoux method elicited more and larger reactions than the jet injector, which suggests that the 2 injections are in some way qualitatively or quantitatively different. For jet injector tests, the frequency of reactions of different size tended to be related to the size of the wheal measured immediately after injection. This was not true for the Mantoux method. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that the jet injector method is inferior to the Mantoux method in tuberculin skin testing."}
{"id": "PMID:1202998", "title": "Active transport of Na+ and Cl- across the canine tracheal epithelium in vitro.", "content": "The flow of water across the tracheobronchial epithelium is likely to be an important determinant of the efficiency of mucociliary clearance. Because bulk water flow has been shown to be coupled to net ion flux in several epithelia, experiments were performed to determine whether ions are transported actively by the canine tracheal epithelium. Electrical potential difference, short circuit current, and the unidirectional fluxes of positive sodium ions (Na+) and negative chloride ions (Cl-) were measured using an in vitro preparation of the posterior membranous portion of canine trachea. The values of the electrical parameters were potential difference, 30.7 +/- 2.7 mV (SE; n = 30), lumen negative to submucosa; short circuit current, 108 +/- 8 muA per cm2 (SE; n = 30). Bidirectional fluxes of Na+ and Cl- were measured both with and without continuous short circuiting of the epithelium. Under short circuit conditions there was a unidirectional flux of Cl- toward the lumen of 7.4 +/- 1.2 muEq per cm2 per hour (SE; n = 6) and toward the submucosa of 4.7 +/- 1.1 muEq per cm2 per hour (SE; n = 6), resulting in a calculated net flux of Cl- of 2.7 +/- 0.6 muEq per cm2 per hour toward the lumen. The unidirectional flux of Na+ toward the lumen was 1.3 +/- 0.5 muEq per cm2 per hour (SE; n = 8) and toward the submucosa was 2.1 +/- 0.7 muEq per cm2 per hour (SE; n = 8). This resulted in a calculated net flux of Na+ of 0.8 +/- 0.2 muEq per cm2 per hour toward the submucosa. These fluxes are consistent with active transport and together they account for the entire short circuit current. Under open circuit conditions, the calculated net fluxes of Cl- and Na+ were not significantly different from zero.", "contents": "Active transport of Na+ and Cl- across the canine tracheal epithelium in vitro. The flow of water across the tracheobronchial epithelium is likely to be an important determinant of the efficiency of mucociliary clearance. Because bulk water flow has been shown to be coupled to net ion flux in several epithelia, experiments were performed to determine whether ions are transported actively by the canine tracheal epithelium. Electrical potential difference, short circuit current, and the unidirectional fluxes of positive sodium ions (Na+) and negative chloride ions (Cl-) were measured using an in vitro preparation of the posterior membranous portion of canine trachea. The values of the electrical parameters were potential difference, 30.7 +/- 2.7 mV (SE; n = 30), lumen negative to submucosa; short circuit current, 108 +/- 8 muA per cm2 (SE; n = 30). Bidirectional fluxes of Na+ and Cl- were measured both with and without continuous short circuiting of the epithelium. Under short circuit conditions there was a unidirectional flux of Cl- toward the lumen of 7.4 +/- 1.2 muEq per cm2 per hour (SE; n = 6) and toward the submucosa of 4.7 +/- 1.1 muEq per cm2 per hour (SE; n = 6), resulting in a calculated net flux of Cl- of 2.7 +/- 0.6 muEq per cm2 per hour toward the lumen. The unidirectional flux of Na+ toward the lumen was 1.3 +/- 0.5 muEq per cm2 per hour (SE; n = 8) and toward the submucosa was 2.1 +/- 0.7 muEq per cm2 per hour (SE; n = 8). This resulted in a calculated net flux of Na+ of 0.8 +/- 0.2 muEq per cm2 per hour toward the submucosa. These fluxes are consistent with active transport and together they account for the entire short circuit current. Under open circuit conditions, the calculated net fluxes of Cl- and Na+ were not significantly different from zero."}
{"id": "PMID:1202999", "title": "A case of primary alveolar hypoventilation associated with mild proximal myopathy.", "content": "A 34-year-old man presented with clinical features of primary alveolar hypoventilation, but was found additionally to have an adult onset myopathy caused by acid maltase deficiency. This was not severe, as judged clinically, and was initially overlooked. His vital capacity and sprint maximal ventilatory volume were only slightly reduced, and the ventilatory response to CO2 was virtually absent. There was, however, a mild impairment  in the ability to decrease Pco2 to normal by voluntary hyperventilation. The relation of myopathy and alveolar hypoventilation is discussed, and it is proposed that the primary muscle disease predisposed the patient to the development of the ventilatory abnormality.", "contents": "A case of primary alveolar hypoventilation associated with mild proximal myopathy. A 34-year-old man presented with clinical features of primary alveolar hypoventilation, but was found additionally to have an adult onset myopathy caused by acid maltase deficiency. This was not severe, as judged clinically, and was initially overlooked. His vital capacity and sprint maximal ventilatory volume were only slightly reduced, and the ventilatory response to CO2 was virtually absent. There was, however, a mild impairment  in the ability to decrease Pco2 to normal by voluntary hyperventilation. The relation of myopathy and alveolar hypoventilation is discussed, and it is proposed that the primary muscle disease predisposed the patient to the development of the ventilatory abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:1203000", "title": "\"Bad breath\": presenting manifestation of anaerobic pulmonary infection.", "content": "Three patients are described in whom a putrid breath odor was the only or fist manifestation of anaerobic infection of the lung. Fever, productive cough, and pleuritic pain, common findings in anaerobic pulmonary infection, were not initally present. \"Bad breath\" may be an early due to the presence of anaerobic pulmonary infection.", "contents": "\"Bad breath\": presenting manifestation of anaerobic pulmonary infection. Three patients are described in whom a putrid breath odor was the only or fist manifestation of anaerobic infection of the lung. Fever, productive cough, and pleuritic pain, common findings in anaerobic pulmonary infection, were not initally present. \"Bad breath\" may be an early due to the presence of anaerobic pulmonary infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1203005", "title": "Diagnosis and management of major vascular injuries: a review of 200 operative cases.", "content": "In a series of 250 civilian vascular injuries, 85 per cent were due to firearms and 50 per cent involved the torso, both of which represent an increased frequency of occurrence over other reports. There were 40 deaths, 31 of which occurred during operation or in the recovery room and were due to irreversible shock or coagulopathy. Of the nine late deaths, failure of the vascular repair was responsible for only three. In 124 extremity artery injuries, there were 12 leg amputations (10%) with shotgun wounds responsible for nine and popliteal artery injuries involved in seven. In gunshot wounds of the aorta and iliac arteries, there were five suture line disruptions in nine primary repairs and no disruptions in 11 patients repaired by grafts. The evidence indicates that an antibiotic soaked dacron graft is the method of choice to repair gunshot wounds of the aorta and iliac arteries at this time.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of major vascular injuries: a review of 200 operative cases. In a series of 250 civilian vascular injuries, 85 per cent were due to firearms and 50 per cent involved the torso, both of which represent an increased frequency of occurrence over other reports. There were 40 deaths, 31 of which occurred during operation or in the recovery room and were due to irreversible shock or coagulopathy. Of the nine late deaths, failure of the vascular repair was responsible for only three. In 124 extremity artery injuries, there were 12 leg amputations (10%) with shotgun wounds responsible for nine and popliteal artery injuries involved in seven. In gunshot wounds of the aorta and iliac arteries, there were five suture line disruptions in nine primary repairs and no disruptions in 11 patients repaired by grafts. The evidence indicates that an antibiotic soaked dacron graft is the method of choice to repair gunshot wounds of the aorta and iliac arteries at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:1203006", "title": "Hydroxychloroquine sulfate in prevention of thromboembolic phenomena in surgical patients.", "content": "Hydroxychloroquine sulfate appears to be a safe drug with no apparent hemorrhagic or other complications when used pre- and postoperatively in the manner described. With the criteria for thromboembolism of abnormal impedance plethysmography and confirmatory clinical signs, protection seems to have been afforded by hydroxychloroquine sulfate. Since these studies support prior extremely favorable results, further clinical trial with parenteral hydroxychloroquine sulfate seems indicated.", "contents": "Hydroxychloroquine sulfate in prevention of thromboembolic phenomena in surgical patients. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate appears to be a safe drug with no apparent hemorrhagic or other complications when used pre- and postoperatively in the manner described. With the criteria for thromboembolism of abnormal impedance plethysmography and confirmatory clinical signs, protection seems to have been afforded by hydroxychloroquine sulfate. Since these studies support prior extremely favorable results, further clinical trial with parenteral hydroxychloroquine sulfate seems indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1203009", "title": "Evaluation and management of solitary pulmonary nodules.", "content": "The incidence of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules found on routine chest roentgenographic survey is unknown but may be as high as 20 per cent. The greatest dilemma confronting most physicians involved in the primary care of patients with solitary pulmonary nodules is sorting out those nodules that can be safely watched from those that should be surgically removed. Certain roentgenographic features of these nodules have been found to be helpful in diagnosis. The only two features that can indicate benign lesions are the presence of dense or concentric calcifications and the stability of the lesion over a period of more than two years. The final decision to operate or not may depend on comparison with old films. Pulmonary nodules present for more than two years without any change in size can be safely followed without operation. Operation is indicated in most newly discovered noncalcified nodules larger than 4 cm and for lesions causing obstructive symptoms.", "contents": "Evaluation and management of solitary pulmonary nodules. The incidence of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules found on routine chest roentgenographic survey is unknown but may be as high as 20 per cent. The greatest dilemma confronting most physicians involved in the primary care of patients with solitary pulmonary nodules is sorting out those nodules that can be safely watched from those that should be surgically removed. Certain roentgenographic features of these nodules have been found to be helpful in diagnosis. The only two features that can indicate benign lesions are the presence of dense or concentric calcifications and the stability of the lesion over a period of more than two years. The final decision to operate or not may depend on comparison with old films. Pulmonary nodules present for more than two years without any change in size can be safely followed without operation. Operation is indicated in most newly discovered noncalcified nodules larger than 4 cm and for lesions causing obstructive symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1203010", "title": "[Retention of noradrenaline by the rat endometrial epithelium. Action of estradiol].", "content": "The application of the cytochemical fluorescence method on uterine samples obtained from spayed rats, injected with ascorbic acid, oestradiol, norspinephrine and oestradiol plus norepinephrine, permits the visualization of an extraneuronal uptake of norepinephrine by the luminal and glandular epithelium of the rat endometrium. The enhancing of the oestradiol uptake exerted by norepinephrine could be explained in this case by a direct action of norepinephrine on the target cell.", "contents": "[Retention of noradrenaline by the rat endometrial epithelium. Action of estradiol]. The application of the cytochemical fluorescence method on uterine samples obtained from spayed rats, injected with ascorbic acid, oestradiol, norspinephrine and oestradiol plus norepinephrine, permits the visualization of an extraneuronal uptake of norepinephrine by the luminal and glandular epithelium of the rat endometrium. The enhancing of the oestradiol uptake exerted by norepinephrine could be explained in this case by a direct action of norepinephrine on the target cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1203011", "title": "[Importance of urinary 3-O methyldopamine in the metabolism of adrenergic tumors].", "content": "Urinary 3-O methyldopamine has been found highly increased in all cases of malignant tumours, as well of sympathetic nature (sympathoblastoma) as of chromaffin type (pheochromocytoma) but at a lesser extent in benign sympathetic tumours (ganglioneuroma). On the other hand, 3-O methyldopamine excretion is normal in benign pheochromocytoma. The ratio of this compound in the dopaminergic block is increased in sympathoblastoma, decreased in ganglioneurona and unchanged in pheochromocytoma. This kind of analysis has not been made for the case of malignant pheochromoblastoma. This ratio of 3-O methyldopamine in the whole dopaminergic and noradrenergic metabolism is increased only in sympathoblastoma. In the other cases (ganglioneuroma and pheochromocytoma) this ratio is decreased. Comparative analysis of urinary 3-O methyldopamine and the two other methoxylated amines (norepinephrine and metanephrine) shows that the methoxylated derivative of dopamine, when compared to normal subjects values, increased at the greatest extent in sympathoblastoma, while in ganglioneurona and chromaffin tumours, normetanephrine is with a variable degree, the predominant compound.", "contents": "[Importance of urinary 3-O methyldopamine in the metabolism of adrenergic tumors]. Urinary 3-O methyldopamine has been found highly increased in all cases of malignant tumours, as well of sympathetic nature (sympathoblastoma) as of chromaffin type (pheochromocytoma) but at a lesser extent in benign sympathetic tumours (ganglioneuroma). On the other hand, 3-O methyldopamine excretion is normal in benign pheochromocytoma. The ratio of this compound in the dopaminergic block is increased in sympathoblastoma, decreased in ganglioneurona and unchanged in pheochromocytoma. This kind of analysis has not been made for the case of malignant pheochromoblastoma. This ratio of 3-O methyldopamine in the whole dopaminergic and noradrenergic metabolism is increased only in sympathoblastoma. In the other cases (ganglioneuroma and pheochromocytoma) this ratio is decreased. Comparative analysis of urinary 3-O methyldopamine and the two other methoxylated amines (norepinephrine and metanephrine) shows that the methoxylated derivative of dopamine, when compared to normal subjects values, increased at the greatest extent in sympathoblastoma, while in ganglioneurona and chromaffin tumours, normetanephrine is with a variable degree, the predominant compound."}
{"id": "PMID:1203012", "title": "[Circadian plasma LH changes in young bulls].", "content": "Six young postpubertal bulls (1 year of age) were blood sampled on one to three occassions each, at hourly intervals for 25 hours. One of them was sampled on a separate occasion every 10 minutes for 2 hours. They were managed in similar conditions since they were 8 days old. LH was measured by radioimmunoassay. There was not a circadian periodicity of LH levels. Peak frequencies or magnitudes varied widely not only between bulls but also between days.", "contents": "[Circadian plasma LH changes in young bulls]. Six young postpubertal bulls (1 year of age) were blood sampled on one to three occassions each, at hourly intervals for 25 hours. One of them was sampled on a separate occasion every 10 minutes for 2 hours. They were managed in similar conditions since they were 8 days old. LH was measured by radioimmunoassay. There was not a circadian periodicity of LH levels. Peak frequencies or magnitudes varied widely not only between bulls but also between days."}
{"id": "PMID:1203013", "title": "[Male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Success of treatment of sterility with HMG plus HCG].", "content": "Ten typical cases of male eunuchoidism (two with anosmia) are reported. After administration of clomifene citrate to five patients, there is no change in blood levels of gonadotrophins in four cases; in the fifth, a small and transitory increase of LH is noted. The intravenous injection of LHRH (100 mug) to five patients induces an increase of serum LH in all cases and serum FSH in three cases. The initial site of the dysfunction is possibly hypothalamic with secondary gonadotrophic pituitary insufficiency. Among six patients anxious for paternity, prolonged treatment (for 36 to 98 weeks), with HCG (250-1 000 I.U. daily) +HMG (65-120 I.U. FSH daily) results in appearance of spermatozoa in the seminal fluid in five cases and a pregnancy was obtained in four cases. Comments are done upon methods of treatment.", "contents": "[Male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Success of treatment of sterility with HMG plus HCG]. Ten typical cases of male eunuchoidism (two with anosmia) are reported. After administration of clomifene citrate to five patients, there is no change in blood levels of gonadotrophins in four cases; in the fifth, a small and transitory increase of LH is noted. The intravenous injection of LHRH (100 mug) to five patients induces an increase of serum LH in all cases and serum FSH in three cases. The initial site of the dysfunction is possibly hypothalamic with secondary gonadotrophic pituitary insufficiency. Among six patients anxious for paternity, prolonged treatment (for 36 to 98 weeks), with HCG (250-1 000 I.U. daily) +HMG (65-120 I.U. FSH daily) results in appearance of spermatozoa in the seminal fluid in five cases and a pregnancy was obtained in four cases. Comments are done upon methods of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1203014", "title": "[Testosterone metabolism in isolated cells of rat and ram seminiferous tubules].", "content": "Aspermatogenic seminiferous tubules were obtained from adult Wistar rats treated with Busulfan at the 20th day of foetel life. The isolated tubules converted 14C testosterone (T) into androstenedione (delta4), 3,5%) 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), (1%) ANd 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol at unit gravity and incubated with 14C-T. Only delta was produced (2%). Using a similar technique the same result was obtained when pure preparation of round spermatids and primary spermatocytes from ram testis were incubated with 14C-T. From these experiments, we conclude that 5 alpha-reductase activity is present only in Sertoli cells.", "contents": "[Testosterone metabolism in isolated cells of rat and ram seminiferous tubules]. Aspermatogenic seminiferous tubules were obtained from adult Wistar rats treated with Busulfan at the 20th day of foetel life. The isolated tubules converted 14C testosterone (T) into androstenedione (delta4), 3,5%) 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), (1%) ANd 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol at unit gravity and incubated with 14C-T. Only delta was produced (2%). Using a similar technique the same result was obtained when pure preparation of round spermatids and primary spermatocytes from ram testis were incubated with 14C-T. From these experiments, we conclude that 5 alpha-reductase activity is present only in Sertoli cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1203015", "title": "[Role of guanidylic nucleotides in the adenylate cyclase activity of the rat liver].", "content": "Glucagon and adrenaline exert their action upon the liver via the cyclic AMP synthetizing system located in the plasma membrane. The enzyme adenylate cyclase is further regulated by guanyl nucleotides. It has been recently shown that the rat liver plasma membrane system could respond to GTP by simultaneous increase in the cyclase activity in response to glucagon and by the dissociation of this hormone from its binding sites (1). Unambiguous relationship between the activating effect of GTP upon the cyclase and its action upon glucagon binding has not been determined yet (2). This problem was approached using the in vitro action of epinephrine as a model. When 1 to 100 muM GTP or DGP were added to rat liver plasma membranes isolated from adrenalectomized animals, they increased markedly the response of the cyclase system to epinephrine. These effects could be observed in the absence of an ATP-regenerating system and were mimicked by 5'-guanylyl diphosphonate; GTP and GDP were the most active compounds followed by ITP, CTP and by a series of guanyl derivatives. UTP, as well as guanosine, GMP, cyclic GMP and ppGpp were inactive. Guanyl nucleotides did not increase the affinity of the cyclase system for the activating hormones, but enhanced the affinity for ATP-Mg and also the Vmax of the reaction. Finally, GTP, ATP, CTP, UTP but not GDP displaced epinephrine bound to plasma membranes by a mere chelation phenomenon. It is concluded that 1) guanyl nucleotides do not act primarily by influencing the binding of hormones to the membranes; 2) they act directly upon the catalytic subunit of the cyclase; 3) the low concentrations of GTP required for its action strongly suggest that this nucleotide plays a role in the physiological regulation of the intrahepatic cyclic AMP level.", "contents": "[Role of guanidylic nucleotides in the adenylate cyclase activity of the rat liver]. Glucagon and adrenaline exert their action upon the liver via the cyclic AMP synthetizing system located in the plasma membrane. The enzyme adenylate cyclase is further regulated by guanyl nucleotides. It has been recently shown that the rat liver plasma membrane system could respond to GTP by simultaneous increase in the cyclase activity in response to glucagon and by the dissociation of this hormone from its binding sites (1). Unambiguous relationship between the activating effect of GTP upon the cyclase and its action upon glucagon binding has not been determined yet (2). This problem was approached using the in vitro action of epinephrine as a model. When 1 to 100 muM GTP or DGP were added to rat liver plasma membranes isolated from adrenalectomized animals, they increased markedly the response of the cyclase system to epinephrine. These effects could be observed in the absence of an ATP-regenerating system and were mimicked by 5'-guanylyl diphosphonate; GTP and GDP were the most active compounds followed by ITP, CTP and by a series of guanyl derivatives. UTP, as well as guanosine, GMP, cyclic GMP and ppGpp were inactive. Guanyl nucleotides did not increase the affinity of the cyclase system for the activating hormones, but enhanced the affinity for ATP-Mg and also the Vmax of the reaction. Finally, GTP, ATP, CTP, UTP but not GDP displaced epinephrine bound to plasma membranes by a mere chelation phenomenon. It is concluded that 1) guanyl nucleotides do not act primarily by influencing the binding of hormones to the membranes; 2) they act directly upon the catalytic subunit of the cyclase; 3) the low concentrations of GTP required for its action strongly suggest that this nucleotide plays a role in the physiological regulation of the intrahepatic cyclic AMP level."}
{"id": "PMID:1203019", "title": "[Experiments concerning the enhancement of clostridial growth (Clostridium butyricum 1672 A McClung) by means of the anaerobic metabolism of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells of the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells stimulate the vegetative growth of Clostridium butyricum in a modified Parker medium under N2 atmosphere. The enhancement of clostridial growth depends on the number of tumour cells added. The Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells keep the ordinary transplantability after anaerobic incubation with the vegetative forms of Clostridia. Further means for the manometric investigations of the tumour clostridium phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "[Experiments concerning the enhancement of clostridial growth (Clostridium butyricum 1672 A McClung) by means of the anaerobic metabolism of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells of the mouse (author's transl)]. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells stimulate the vegetative growth of Clostridium butyricum in a modified Parker medium under N2 atmosphere. The enhancement of clostridial growth depends on the number of tumour cells added. The Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells keep the ordinary transplantability after anaerobic incubation with the vegetative forms of Clostridia. Further means for the manometric investigations of the tumour clostridium phenomenon are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203016", "title": "[Contribution of radioimmunologic determination of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) (38 cases].", "content": "The P.T.H. radioimmunoassay was done in 38 cases of suspected H.P.T. In confirmed primary H.P.T., the dosage was in positive correlation in 75% of cases; the classic metabolic exploration was in good correlation in 81% of cases. The specificity of the dosage is good but the defect of correlation comes from the antiserum utilised which recognizes the NH2-terminal region of human P.T.H.", "contents": "[Contribution of radioimmunologic determination of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) (38 cases]. The P.T.H. radioimmunoassay was done in 38 cases of suspected H.P.T. In confirmed primary H.P.T., the dosage was in positive correlation in 75% of cases; the classic metabolic exploration was in good correlation in 81% of cases. The specificity of the dosage is good but the defect of correlation comes from the antiserum utilised which recognizes the NH2-terminal region of human P.T.H."}
{"id": "PMID:1203020", "title": "[A transplantable myeloid hamster leukemia with high peripheral leukocyte counts and C-particles. I. Transplantation experiments, pathogenesis, and electron-microscopic observations (author's transl)].", "content": "In this article is reported a generalized leukemia of the myeloproliferative system of golden hamsters capable of cellular transmission. Cellfree transmissions to 83 golden hamsters after a 6-month latency period, have so far yielded the same result in three cases. After cellular transplantation leukocyte counts of 180,000 on the average occured abruptly in the end-phase of the disease. Latencies were between 4 and 10 days. Electronmicroscopically, oncorna-viruses were demonstrated in hamsters inoculated with either the cellular or the cellfree preparation that bear close resemblance to the murine C-particles.", "contents": "[A transplantable myeloid hamster leukemia with high peripheral leukocyte counts and C-particles. I. Transplantation experiments, pathogenesis, and electron-microscopic observations (author's transl)]. In this article is reported a generalized leukemia of the myeloproliferative system of golden hamsters capable of cellular transmission. Cellfree transmissions to 83 golden hamsters after a 6-month latency period, have so far yielded the same result in three cases. After cellular transplantation leukocyte counts of 180,000 on the average occured abruptly in the end-phase of the disease. Latencies were between 4 and 10 days. Electronmicroscopically, oncorna-viruses were demonstrated in hamsters inoculated with either the cellular or the cellfree preparation that bear close resemblance to the murine C-particles."}
{"id": "PMID:1203021", "title": "Comparative studies on the behaviour of the plasmatic clotting system and platelet function in surgically treated cancer patients.", "content": "By measuring 18 functional parameters of blood coagulation the dynamic pattern of pre- and postoperative blood coagulation was studied in a total of 43 patients with primarily operable solid tumours. The results were compared with those obtained in patients having benign diseases in the same anatomical regions. Results were discussed preferably from the tumourbiological point of view. Changes of blood coagulation occuring in operated cancer patients with benign diseases. Compensatory processes operating in the haemostatic system provide a well balanced coagulation even in cancer patients. Patients with gastric cancer having low adenine nucleotide levels in platelets had a significantly higher risk to die postoperatively than those with normal levels. This indicates metabolic disorder on cellular levels than haemostatic dysfunctions.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the behaviour of the plasmatic clotting system and platelet function in surgically treated cancer patients. By measuring 18 functional parameters of blood coagulation the dynamic pattern of pre- and postoperative blood coagulation was studied in a total of 43 patients with primarily operable solid tumours. The results were compared with those obtained in patients having benign diseases in the same anatomical regions. Results were discussed preferably from the tumourbiological point of view. Changes of blood coagulation occuring in operated cancer patients with benign diseases. Compensatory processes operating in the haemostatic system provide a well balanced coagulation even in cancer patients. Patients with gastric cancer having low adenine nucleotide levels in platelets had a significantly higher risk to die postoperatively than those with normal levels. This indicates metabolic disorder on cellular levels than haemostatic dysfunctions."}
{"id": "PMID:1203017", "title": "[Radioimmunological determination of calcitonin (TCT) in the course of thyroid tumor pathology (84 cases)].", "content": "The dosage of calcitonin was done in 13 thyroid carcinoma and 71 begnin thyroid tumors. In one case, the preoperative diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (M.T.C.) was alloved; in one another case of M.T.C. the repeatted dosage allows the evolution survey and the exploration of the family; in a third case, the dosage allows to doubt the diagnosis of M.T.C. in post-mortem. In 71 cases of begnin thyroid tumors, the calcitonin immunoassay is in the normal range. The interest and limits of the preoperative dosage was drawn of this experience.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological determination of calcitonin (TCT) in the course of thyroid tumor pathology (84 cases)]. The dosage of calcitonin was done in 13 thyroid carcinoma and 71 begnin thyroid tumors. In one case, the preoperative diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (M.T.C.) was alloved; in one another case of M.T.C. the repeatted dosage allows the evolution survey and the exploration of the family; in a third case, the dosage allows to doubt the diagnosis of M.T.C. in post-mortem. In 71 cases of begnin thyroid tumors, the calcitonin immunoassay is in the normal range. The interest and limits of the preoperative dosage was drawn of this experience."}
{"id": "PMID:1203022", "title": "[Histologic structure and spread of malignant neoplasms within the urinary bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "In 96 out of 250 cases of bladder cancer, neoplastic tissue was found by biopsy in areas within the bladder but remote of the primary and unsuspiciously looking mucosa. Neither the histologic type of the tumour nor the degree of infiltration of the primary allow predictions regarding remote cancerous lesions within the bladder. It must be concluded: In bladder cancer, indication and choice of treatment must take into consideration that the neoplastic process involves the urinary bladder as a whole.", "contents": "[Histologic structure and spread of malignant neoplasms within the urinary bladder (author's transl)]. In 96 out of 250 cases of bladder cancer, neoplastic tissue was found by biopsy in areas within the bladder but remote of the primary and unsuspiciously looking mucosa. Neither the histologic type of the tumour nor the degree of infiltration of the primary allow predictions regarding remote cancerous lesions within the bladder. It must be concluded: In bladder cancer, indication and choice of treatment must take into consideration that the neoplastic process involves the urinary bladder as a whole."}
{"id": "PMID:1203024", "title": "[Beta-glucuronidase activity and morphological alterations in the nervus trigeminus of the rat after application of the neurotropic carcinogen ethylnitrosourea (author's transl)].", "content": "Newborn rats were given subcutaneuously 85 mg ethylnitrosourea/kg body weight. The trigeminal nerves of the grown up and of infantile animals were histologically examined and their beta-glucuronidase activity biochemically determined. These activities were compared with those of untreated control animals of the same age. More than 50% of the enzyme values of the experimental animals were significantly higher than those of the controls. Most of the elevated activities were encountered in the central part of the nerve and consisted mainly of the pooled soluble and bound fraction of the enzyme. There is a positive correlation between the level of the enzymatic activity and the degree of morphological changes. An increased enzymatic activity was found in almost 100% of the tumor bearing nerves. Moreover such increased activities were found in a considerable number of histologically tumor free nerves. Ruling out other causes, for instance inflammation, it may be assumed that the increased activity of beta-glucuronidase in the trigeminal nerve of the rat after application of ethylnitrosourea is an expression of its carcinogenic effect and precedes the histologically visible alterations.", "contents": "[Beta-glucuronidase activity and morphological alterations in the nervus trigeminus of the rat after application of the neurotropic carcinogen ethylnitrosourea (author's transl)]. Newborn rats were given subcutaneuously 85 mg ethylnitrosourea/kg body weight. The trigeminal nerves of the grown up and of infantile animals were histologically examined and their beta-glucuronidase activity biochemically determined. These activities were compared with those of untreated control animals of the same age. More than 50% of the enzyme values of the experimental animals were significantly higher than those of the controls. Most of the elevated activities were encountered in the central part of the nerve and consisted mainly of the pooled soluble and bound fraction of the enzyme. There is a positive correlation between the level of the enzymatic activity and the degree of morphological changes. An increased enzymatic activity was found in almost 100% of the tumor bearing nerves. Moreover such increased activities were found in a considerable number of histologically tumor free nerves. Ruling out other causes, for instance inflammation, it may be assumed that the increased activity of beta-glucuronidase in the trigeminal nerve of the rat after application of ethylnitrosourea is an expression of its carcinogenic effect and precedes the histologically visible alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:1203025", "title": "Cell proliferation, differentiation and transformation in the rat submandibular gland during early postnatal growth. A quantitative and morphological study.", "content": "The development of the submandibular gland of the rat was studied between days 2 and 55 of the postpartum. Besides confirming previous ultrastructural findings wer observed at the electron microscope that the architecturally complex terminal tubules, proacinar, acinar and striated duct cells retained mitosis the major ultrastructural features they exhibited in interphase. The ultrastructure of cells that were in the S period of the proliferative cycle was evaluated in high resolution autoradiographs from rats injected with thymidine-H3. All cell types were thus studied and no obvious cytoarchitectural modifications could be detected in these cells preparing for dividion. We obtained ultrastructural evidence that between days 20 and 30 some terminal tubule cells undergo transformation into acinar cells. The intercalated duct cells showed the highest rate of proliferation and the lowest daily increment in number. This suggests that cells from the intercalated ducts migrate to the neighboring morphological compartments. Quantitative data on the rate of cell proliferation and accumulation in the straited duct indicated that cells from the intercalcated ducts should differentiate into straited duct cells. Differentiation of intercalated duct cells into the terminal tubule cells was observed with the electron microscope.", "contents": "Cell proliferation, differentiation and transformation in the rat submandibular gland during early postnatal growth. A quantitative and morphological study. The development of the submandibular gland of the rat was studied between days 2 and 55 of the postpartum. Besides confirming previous ultrastructural findings wer observed at the electron microscope that the architecturally complex terminal tubules, proacinar, acinar and striated duct cells retained mitosis the major ultrastructural features they exhibited in interphase. The ultrastructure of cells that were in the S period of the proliferative cycle was evaluated in high resolution autoradiographs from rats injected with thymidine-H3. All cell types were thus studied and no obvious cytoarchitectural modifications could be detected in these cells preparing for dividion. We obtained ultrastructural evidence that between days 20 and 30 some terminal tubule cells undergo transformation into acinar cells. The intercalated duct cells showed the highest rate of proliferation and the lowest daily increment in number. This suggests that cells from the intercalated ducts migrate to the neighboring morphological compartments. Quantitative data on the rate of cell proliferation and accumulation in the straited duct indicated that cells from the intercalcated ducts should differentiate into straited duct cells. Differentiation of intercalated duct cells into the terminal tubule cells was observed with the electron microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:1203026", "title": "Electron microscopic study of early formation of the tooth enameloid of a fish (Hoplognathus fasciatus). I. Odontoblasts and matrix fibers.", "content": "An electron microscope study was made on the tooth germs of Hoplognathus fasciatus in early developmental stage. Special attention was given to the odontoblasts, enameloid matrix fibers, calcification of enameloid and the hitherto controversial origin of the enameloid. 1. The ameloblasts and the odontoblasts are demarcated by a single layer of basement membrane which persists until immediately before the calcification of the enameloid matrix. 2. This histogenesis of the enameloid matrix begins with the formation of non-striated fibers 140-180 A thick. They are arranged in a direction vertical to the basement membrane and parallel to the sides of odontoblasts. Fibers with regular cross striations of 640 A periodicity later appear and the entire enameloid matrix is formed by these fibers. 3. Along with the formation of the enameloid, the odontoblasts assume a high columnar form, with a marked increase in cell organelles which show marked polarity suggesting active protein synthesis. Numerous odontoblastic processes are noted in the enameloid matrix. Granules, representing precurosors of enamleoid matrix fibers occur in the odontoblasts. Based on these findings, the enameloid matrix fibers must be of mesodermal origin. 4. Deposition of crystals of small size, needle and tube in shape, occurs in the circumference of the fiber bundles. As calcification progresses, crystals appear in the central portion of the bundles. Later, large crystals of rod and platelet shapes become intermingled. In addition to this, small crystals are fused, forming aggregates.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of early formation of the tooth enameloid of a fish (Hoplognathus fasciatus). I. Odontoblasts and matrix fibers. An electron microscope study was made on the tooth germs of Hoplognathus fasciatus in early developmental stage. Special attention was given to the odontoblasts, enameloid matrix fibers, calcification of enameloid and the hitherto controversial origin of the enameloid. 1. The ameloblasts and the odontoblasts are demarcated by a single layer of basement membrane which persists until immediately before the calcification of the enameloid matrix. 2. This histogenesis of the enameloid matrix begins with the formation of non-striated fibers 140-180 A thick. They are arranged in a direction vertical to the basement membrane and parallel to the sides of odontoblasts. Fibers with regular cross striations of 640 A periodicity later appear and the entire enameloid matrix is formed by these fibers. 3. Along with the formation of the enameloid, the odontoblasts assume a high columnar form, with a marked increase in cell organelles which show marked polarity suggesting active protein synthesis. Numerous odontoblastic processes are noted in the enameloid matrix. Granules, representing precurosors of enamleoid matrix fibers occur in the odontoblasts. Based on these findings, the enameloid matrix fibers must be of mesodermal origin. 4. Deposition of crystals of small size, needle and tube in shape, occurs in the circumference of the fiber bundles. As calcification progresses, crystals appear in the central portion of the bundles. Later, large crystals of rod and platelet shapes become intermingled. In addition to this, small crystals are fused, forming aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:1203027", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of tannin-osmium treated and resin-embedded specimens. A demonstration of transmural passage of blood cells in the bone marrow.", "content": "Tissue pieces were made conductive by osmium impregnation (revised tannin-osmium method of MURAKAMI, 1974) and embedded in hydroxy ethyl methacrylate. The resin-embedded specimens were cracked and observed with neither elimination of resin nor metal containing, the scanning electron microscope. Using the bone marrow of the rat femur, it was shown that this resin-embedding preserved the delicate tissue-elements without undesirable dislocation and breakage and assured the effective scanning observation as high as X 10,000 at 25 kV accelerating voltage. Passage of blood cells through the sinus wall was thus clearly demonstrated.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of tannin-osmium treated and resin-embedded specimens. A demonstration of transmural passage of blood cells in the bone marrow. Tissue pieces were made conductive by osmium impregnation (revised tannin-osmium method of MURAKAMI, 1974) and embedded in hydroxy ethyl methacrylate. The resin-embedded specimens were cracked and observed with neither elimination of resin nor metal containing, the scanning electron microscope. Using the bone marrow of the rat femur, it was shown that this resin-embedding preserved the delicate tissue-elements without undesirable dislocation and breakage and assured the effective scanning observation as high as X 10,000 at 25 kV accelerating voltage. Passage of blood cells through the sinus wall was thus clearly demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1203028", "title": "Electron microscope study on endocrine cells and tumor cells in the glandular stomach of Praomys (mastomys) natalensis.", "content": "Endocrine cells in the normal glandular stomach and gastric carcinoids of mastomys were observed by electron microscopy and at least five types of endocrine cells, EC, G, D-like, R (round-granule) and ECL cells were identified. Of these, four types excepting G cells were recognized in the fundic mucosa. Characteristic in mastomys was a scarcity of endocrine cells in the fundic mucosa, where ECL and R cells were predominant types. Silver impregnation methods including SEVIER-MUNGER's argyrophil reaction of our own modifications were applied to tissue sections and the endocrine cells were examined by electron microscopy. Only EC cells revealed argentaffin granules under the light and electron microscope. R, ECL and some of the G cells were non-argentaffin and argyrophil in reaction and D-like cells and the rest of the G cells failed to show even an argyrophil reaction. Granules of mastomys carcinoid cells, as noted in the previous reports, were non-argentaffin but faintly argyrophil. Mastomys gastric carcinoids were studied by the same method, with special reference to the parent cells of this particular neoplasia. Noteworthily, mastomys gastric carcinoids arise mostly from the fundus, the area where R and ECL cells mainly occur in normal animals. The neoplasms are composed of cells containing granules resembling partly those of R cells and partly those of ECL cells. ECL cells and neoplastic cells in the present investigation have a similar reactivity to SEVIER-MUNGER's method. Considering the generally accepted fact that neoplastic cells may not fully duplicate their parent cells in cytological features, it seems reasonable to presume that R and/or ECL cells might be the parent cells of the mastomys gastric carcinoids. In connection with this assumption histamine has been demonstrated to be produced both in mastomys carcinoid cells and normal ECL cells.", "contents": "Electron microscope study on endocrine cells and tumor cells in the glandular stomach of Praomys (mastomys) natalensis. Endocrine cells in the normal glandular stomach and gastric carcinoids of mastomys were observed by electron microscopy and at least five types of endocrine cells, EC, G, D-like, R (round-granule) and ECL cells were identified. Of these, four types excepting G cells were recognized in the fundic mucosa. Characteristic in mastomys was a scarcity of endocrine cells in the fundic mucosa, where ECL and R cells were predominant types. Silver impregnation methods including SEVIER-MUNGER's argyrophil reaction of our own modifications were applied to tissue sections and the endocrine cells were examined by electron microscopy. Only EC cells revealed argentaffin granules under the light and electron microscope. R, ECL and some of the G cells were non-argentaffin and argyrophil in reaction and D-like cells and the rest of the G cells failed to show even an argyrophil reaction. Granules of mastomys carcinoid cells, as noted in the previous reports, were non-argentaffin but faintly argyrophil. Mastomys gastric carcinoids were studied by the same method, with special reference to the parent cells of this particular neoplasia. Noteworthily, mastomys gastric carcinoids arise mostly from the fundus, the area where R and ECL cells mainly occur in normal animals. The neoplasms are composed of cells containing granules resembling partly those of R cells and partly those of ECL cells. ECL cells and neoplastic cells in the present investigation have a similar reactivity to SEVIER-MUNGER's method. Considering the generally accepted fact that neoplastic cells may not fully duplicate their parent cells in cytological features, it seems reasonable to presume that R and/or ECL cells might be the parent cells of the mastomys gastric carcinoids. In connection with this assumption histamine has been demonstrated to be produced both in mastomys carcinoid cells and normal ECL cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1203030", "title": "Permeability characteristics of brain adjacent to tumors in rats.", "content": "The brain immediately surrounding 9L sarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma was evaluated, using radioactive water, albumin, red blood cells, urea, and sodium to quantitate isotopic exchange and permeability in the brain adjacent to tumor (BAT), normal brain, and, to a lesser extent, tumor. Exchange between blood and BAT for 14C-urea and 22Na averaged 53% of that for comparable regions of normal brain. This reduction in exchange is not explainable by differences in capillary surface area for transcapillary exchange in the BAT. This reduction in capillary permeability in the BAT could be detrimental to the delivery of watersoluble and rapidly binding drugs.", "contents": "Permeability characteristics of brain adjacent to tumors in rats. The brain immediately surrounding 9L sarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma was evaluated, using radioactive water, albumin, red blood cells, urea, and sodium to quantitate isotopic exchange and permeability in the brain adjacent to tumor (BAT), normal brain, and, to a lesser extent, tumor. Exchange between blood and BAT for 14C-urea and 22Na averaged 53% of that for comparable regions of normal brain. This reduction in exchange is not explainable by differences in capillary surface area for transcapillary exchange in the BAT. This reduction in capillary permeability in the BAT could be detrimental to the delivery of watersoluble and rapidly binding drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1203031", "title": "Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid cerebrospinal fluid levels. A study with and without probenecid administration of their relationship to the state of consciousness after head injury.", "content": "Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were measured in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of 98 patients after closed head injury. The HVA levels decreased in patients, whether or not they were given the drug probenecid, which inhibits the active transport of these acids from the brain. The decline of HVA was more notable in patients with the longest duration of unconsciousness. The HVA levels showed no correlation with the state of consciousness at the moment of the lumbar puncture. The 5-HIAA levels were below normal in the conscious patients, but paradoxically, at about normal levels in unconscious patients. The overall results suggest a decreased cerebral dopamine and serotonin metabolism after head injury.", "contents": "Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid cerebrospinal fluid levels. A study with and without probenecid administration of their relationship to the state of consciousness after head injury. Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were measured in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of 98 patients after closed head injury. The HVA levels decreased in patients, whether or not they were given the drug probenecid, which inhibits the active transport of these acids from the brain. The decline of HVA was more notable in patients with the longest duration of unconsciousness. The HVA levels showed no correlation with the state of consciousness at the moment of the lumbar puncture. The 5-HIAA levels were below normal in the conscious patients, but paradoxically, at about normal levels in unconscious patients. The overall results suggest a decreased cerebral dopamine and serotonin metabolism after head injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1203032", "title": "Ultrastructure of aneurysms.", "content": "The fine structure of five cerebral aneurysms, four early aneurysmal changes, and three arteriovenous aneurysms (two cerebral and one spinal) were investigated from surgical and autopsy specimens. Each lesion was characterized by thickening, lamination, redundancy, and separation of basement membranes, abundant cellular debris, and a paucity or absence of elastica. In several instances, extracellular lipid and lipophages were present. These vascular lesions were remarkably similar to one another and also to the degenerative changes in experimental arteriovenous aneurysms, thus substantiating the concept that they, too, are essentially degenerative in nature.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of aneurysms. The fine structure of five cerebral aneurysms, four early aneurysmal changes, and three arteriovenous aneurysms (two cerebral and one spinal) were investigated from surgical and autopsy specimens. Each lesion was characterized by thickening, lamination, redundancy, and separation of basement membranes, abundant cellular debris, and a paucity or absence of elastica. In several instances, extracellular lipid and lipophages were present. These vascular lesions were remarkably similar to one another and also to the degenerative changes in experimental arteriovenous aneurysms, thus substantiating the concept that they, too, are essentially degenerative in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1203033", "title": "Reversible vacuolar myopathy of type II fibers.", "content": "A 23-year-old ex-bicycle racer with vague gastrointestinal symptoms had an acute weight loss of 13.6 kg (30 lb). During the period of maximal weight loss, he experienced muscle weakness, dysphagia, bradycardia, and T wave changes on the electrocardiogram. His skeletal muscle biopsy showed a severe vacuolar myopathy devastating the atrophic type II fibers. Without treatment, he recovered completely and has remained well. This may be an exaggerated or acute form of type II atrophy not previously reported, or it may represent an acute muscular degeneration.", "contents": "Reversible vacuolar myopathy of type II fibers. A 23-year-old ex-bicycle racer with vague gastrointestinal symptoms had an acute weight loss of 13.6 kg (30 lb). During the period of maximal weight loss, he experienced muscle weakness, dysphagia, bradycardia, and T wave changes on the electrocardiogram. His skeletal muscle biopsy showed a severe vacuolar myopathy devastating the atrophic type II fibers. Without treatment, he recovered completely and has remained well. This may be an exaggerated or acute form of type II atrophy not previously reported, or it may represent an acute muscular degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:1203034", "title": "Effects of shock on the pancreatic acinar cell. Cellular and subcellular effects in humans.", "content": "Pancreatic tissues from 22 patients with a wide variety of types of shock were obtained within minutes of somatic death for light and electron microscopy and for cytochemical studies. By light microscopy, it was difficult to ascertain any differences between the shock groups; however, electron microscopy disclosed subcellular alterations that could be correlated well with the type, severity, and duration of shock. Mild cases of shock or shock of short duration showed mild cell damage, while extreme cases of hemorrhagic or septic shock showed cell death and necrosis. No morphological evidence for lysosomal initiation of damage was seen, but it is clear that the pancreas can undergo severe cell injury during shock that could result in release of further damaging enzymes, most probably from zymogen granules rather than from lysosomes.", "contents": "Effects of shock on the pancreatic acinar cell. Cellular and subcellular effects in humans. Pancreatic tissues from 22 patients with a wide variety of types of shock were obtained within minutes of somatic death for light and electron microscopy and for cytochemical studies. By light microscopy, it was difficult to ascertain any differences between the shock groups; however, electron microscopy disclosed subcellular alterations that could be correlated well with the type, severity, and duration of shock. Mild cases of shock or shock of short duration showed mild cell damage, while extreme cases of hemorrhagic or septic shock showed cell death and necrosis. No morphological evidence for lysosomal initiation of damage was seen, but it is clear that the pancreas can undergo severe cell injury during shock that could result in release of further damaging enzymes, most probably from zymogen granules rather than from lysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203035", "title": "Glomerular lesions in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "Three cases of Hodgkin disease with renal manifestations were studied with electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. The first patient had lipoid nephrosis that disappeared after chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease. Immune-complex nephritis was observed in the second patient who also had Sjogren syndrome. The third patient developed amyloid nephrosis five years after the onset of Hodgkin disease. Apparently, diverse lesions and mechanisms are involved in the development of the nephrotic syndrome in Hodgkin disease and the diagnosis can only be established by appropriate studies of kidney specimens.", "contents": "Glomerular lesions in Hodgkin disease. Three cases of Hodgkin disease with renal manifestations were studied with electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. The first patient had lipoid nephrosis that disappeared after chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease. Immune-complex nephritis was observed in the second patient who also had Sjogren syndrome. The third patient developed amyloid nephrosis five years after the onset of Hodgkin disease. Apparently, diverse lesions and mechanisms are involved in the development of the nephrotic syndrome in Hodgkin disease and the diagnosis can only be established by appropriate studies of kidney specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:1203036", "title": "Acute calcium nephrotoxicity. An electron microscopical and semiquantitative light microscopical study.", "content": "Rats were infused for three hours with doses of calcium gluconate to elevate serum calcium level and were killed either immediately after infusion or after 24 hours. Necrosis of proximal tubular cells was observed when serum calcium level was 16.0 mg/dl or higher. Above 16.0 mg/dl, an additional 5% of renal tubular profiles contained damaged cells for each 1 mg/dl in serum calcium. No difference in extent of damage was found in rats killed immediately or after 24 hours. Initial changes were formation of granular dense bodies in mitochondria, cell swelling, rupture, and extensive mitochondrial calcification. Renal tubular basement membrane changes appeared to be initiated by protrusion of cytoplasmic buds, forming ovoid bodies, which became embedded in the basement membrane. These ovoid bodies then appeared to serve as a nidus for further extensive basement membrane calcification.", "contents": "Acute calcium nephrotoxicity. An electron microscopical and semiquantitative light microscopical study. Rats were infused for three hours with doses of calcium gluconate to elevate serum calcium level and were killed either immediately after infusion or after 24 hours. Necrosis of proximal tubular cells was observed when serum calcium level was 16.0 mg/dl or higher. Above 16.0 mg/dl, an additional 5% of renal tubular profiles contained damaged cells for each 1 mg/dl in serum calcium. No difference in extent of damage was found in rats killed immediately or after 24 hours. Initial changes were formation of granular dense bodies in mitochondria, cell swelling, rupture, and extensive mitochondrial calcification. Renal tubular basement membrane changes appeared to be initiated by protrusion of cytoplasmic buds, forming ovoid bodies, which became embedded in the basement membrane. These ovoid bodies then appeared to serve as a nidus for further extensive basement membrane calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:1203037", "title": "D-serine nephrotoxicity. The nature of proteinuria, glucosuria, and aminoaciduria in acute tubular necrosis.", "content": "Administration of D-serine to rats induced acute necrosis of the proximal straight tubules, proteinuria, glucosuria, and aminoaciduria. Proteinuria and glucosuria developed at the onset of tubular necrosis and disappeared when the tubules were completely relined by new epithelium. Our findings suggest (1) that abnormal loss of protein and glucose in urine is due to diffusion of these substances from interstitium to tubular fluid across the denuded permeable basement membranes of the necrotic tubules, and (2) that tubular cells normally are a barrier to diffusion of certain solutes betweeen interstitial and tubular fluids. Amino-aciduria preceded the onset of tubular necrosis and increased excretion of some amino acids persisted after tubular repair. Thus, D-serine-induced aminoaciduria may be due to impaired reabsorption of amino acids by the injured proximal straight tubules, as well as by backward diffusion of amino acids from the interstitium.", "contents": "D-serine nephrotoxicity. The nature of proteinuria, glucosuria, and aminoaciduria in acute tubular necrosis. Administration of D-serine to rats induced acute necrosis of the proximal straight tubules, proteinuria, glucosuria, and aminoaciduria. Proteinuria and glucosuria developed at the onset of tubular necrosis and disappeared when the tubules were completely relined by new epithelium. Our findings suggest (1) that abnormal loss of protein and glucose in urine is due to diffusion of these substances from interstitium to tubular fluid across the denuded permeable basement membranes of the necrotic tubules, and (2) that tubular cells normally are a barrier to diffusion of certain solutes betweeen interstitial and tubular fluids. Amino-aciduria preceded the onset of tubular necrosis and increased excretion of some amino acids persisted after tubular repair. Thus, D-serine-induced aminoaciduria may be due to impaired reabsorption of amino acids by the injured proximal straight tubules, as well as by backward diffusion of amino acids from the interstitium."}
{"id": "PMID:1203038", "title": "Oncocytic change in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland.", "content": "Among the morphological features of an oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid salivary gland in a 78-year-old man, the oncocytes had granular eosinophilic cytoplasm that was characterized ultrastructurally by large numbers of mitochondria that displayed minimal abnormalities. Complex cell-to-cell relationship, well-developed junctival complexes, and microvillous-like surface projections suggestive of ductal differentiation were present; epidermoid features in the form of dense focal aggregates of cytoplasmic fibrils were also seen.", "contents": "Oncocytic change in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland. Among the morphological features of an oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid salivary gland in a 78-year-old man, the oncocytes had granular eosinophilic cytoplasm that was characterized ultrastructurally by large numbers of mitochondria that displayed minimal abnormalities. Complex cell-to-cell relationship, well-developed junctival complexes, and microvillous-like surface projections suggestive of ductal differentiation were present; epidermoid features in the form of dense focal aggregates of cytoplasmic fibrils were also seen."}
{"id": "PMID:1203039", "title": "Elastic tissue in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Ultrastructural study of endocardial lesions.", "content": "A 56-year-old woman had pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Ultrastructural findings in the endocardium showed increased collagenogenesis and elastogenesis. The newly formed elastic fibers appeared morphologically normal, but showed a notable propensity to become calcified. The internal structure of the calcified areas was essentially similar to that of the adjacent uninvolved portions of the elastic fibers. Some of the heavily calcified fibers showed loss of internal structure and fragmentation. These findings support the concept that in PXE, calcification involves morphologically unaltered elastic fibers that subsequently may undergo secondary degenerative changes, such as loss of internal structure and fragmentation.", "contents": "Elastic tissue in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Ultrastructural study of endocardial lesions. A 56-year-old woman had pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Ultrastructural findings in the endocardium showed increased collagenogenesis and elastogenesis. The newly formed elastic fibers appeared morphologically normal, but showed a notable propensity to become calcified. The internal structure of the calcified areas was essentially similar to that of the adjacent uninvolved portions of the elastic fibers. Some of the heavily calcified fibers showed loss of internal structure and fragmentation. These findings support the concept that in PXE, calcification involves morphologically unaltered elastic fibers that subsequently may undergo secondary degenerative changes, such as loss of internal structure and fragmentation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203045", "title": "[Characteristic electrolyte changes in the hereditary myopathy and cardiomyopathy of the Syrian golden hamster (strain BIO 8262) (author's transl)].", "content": "In hamsters of differing ages suffering from a hereditary myopathy and cardiomyopathy (strain BIO 8262), the electrolytes sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in serum, and several tissues were compared with appropriate controls. The determinations of the electrolytes were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. An enormous accumulation of calcium in the necrotizing heart and skeletal muscle was the noticeable feature besides pronounced elevation of the sodium content in the myopathic skeletal muscle. While the latter refers mainly to an interstitial edema which is a consequence of the myopathy, the calcium accumulation is assumed to be an essential part in the cycle of pathologic events occurring in the hereditary disease: it seems to induce the necrotization.", "contents": "[Characteristic electrolyte changes in the hereditary myopathy and cardiomyopathy of the Syrian golden hamster (strain BIO 8262) (author's transl)]. In hamsters of differing ages suffering from a hereditary myopathy and cardiomyopathy (strain BIO 8262), the electrolytes sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in serum, and several tissues were compared with appropriate controls. The determinations of the electrolytes were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. An enormous accumulation of calcium in the necrotizing heart and skeletal muscle was the noticeable feature besides pronounced elevation of the sodium content in the myopathic skeletal muscle. While the latter refers mainly to an interstitial edema which is a consequence of the myopathy, the calcium accumulation is assumed to be an essential part in the cycle of pathologic events occurring in the hereditary disease: it seems to induce the necrotization."}
{"id": "PMID:1203046", "title": "[Spontaneous changes in blood pressure and aortal pulse wave velocity in normotensive subjects (results of a long term study in 183 men) author's transl)].", "content": "The changes in the aortal pulse-wave velocity (PWV) occurring in connection with and dependent on spontaneous fluctuations of blood pressure has been recorded at intervals over the years in 183 normotensive men, who were aged from 17-74 at the beginning of the long term study. An essential condition was that the diastolic blood pressure should not exceed 95 mm Hg and the systolic 145 mm Hg. In order to eliminate the effect of age on the PWV between 2 measurements, and so to obtain a \"pure\" PWV-mean pressure relationship (c-p relationships), 7 cm/sec per year was subtracted from the c-value of the second measurement before the age of 55 and 9 cm/sec per year after that age. The differences quotient delta cp as a standard for the change of c with the mean pressure p was obtained from the difference between two c values (c1-c2) taken at different times, converted to a pressure change of 10 mm Hg, and divided by the difference of the mean pressure levels belonging to them (p1-p2). In applying the appropriate age correction to c2, the time factor had no statistically recognisable effect on delta cp. In 78% of the cases in our long term study, c rose and fell with p, in 22%, the changes of c were at variance with the changes of p. Taking into consideration all the test subjects, delta cp averaged 0.40 m/sec. Before the age of 55, delta cp is smaller (0.30 m/sec) than above that age (0.55 m/sec). The age difference of delta cp is significant ( = 0.05). When the concordant c-p relationships alone were calculated, delta cp was 0.70 m/sec and scarcely differed from the delta cp values of hypertensives published earlier (0.60 m/sec: also concordant c-p relationships only). The generally lower delta cp values from group cross sections (in contrast to the longitudinal investigations) are explained by an unrecognisable admixture of discordant c-p relationships. In a range of pressure from 90-170 mm Hg, delta cp was shown to be independent of the level of the initial pressure. Also the magnitude of the (spontaneous) mean pressure variation (5-70 mm Hg, normotensives - hypertensives) seems to have no effect on the statistical mean value of delta cp. delta cp is, however, dependent on the direction of the pressure change in normotensives (just as with hypertensives), even when age is taken into account. If the pressure is reduced, c is higher and delta cp (p = 0.05) is greater than when the blood pressure is increased. The c-p relationship traverses a kind of loop (counterclockwise). In the discussion, an attempt is made to point out the effect of the vascular musculature on delta cp, which threads conspicuously through the comparison of the physiological delta cp values with the delta cp values in arteriosclerosis (hypertension; diabetes) and in endurance training. From this it can be deduced that normal values for c and delta cp in arteriosclerosis indicate that the musculature is still capable of maintaining a normal elastic function even with considerable regressive changes in the vessel wall.", "contents": "[Spontaneous changes in blood pressure and aortal pulse wave velocity in normotensive subjects (results of a long term study in 183 men) author's transl)]. The changes in the aortal pulse-wave velocity (PWV) occurring in connection with and dependent on spontaneous fluctuations of blood pressure has been recorded at intervals over the years in 183 normotensive men, who were aged from 17-74 at the beginning of the long term study. An essential condition was that the diastolic blood pressure should not exceed 95 mm Hg and the systolic 145 mm Hg. In order to eliminate the effect of age on the PWV between 2 measurements, and so to obtain a \"pure\" PWV-mean pressure relationship (c-p relationships), 7 cm/sec per year was subtracted from the c-value of the second measurement before the age of 55 and 9 cm/sec per year after that age. The differences quotient delta cp as a standard for the change of c with the mean pressure p was obtained from the difference between two c values (c1-c2) taken at different times, converted to a pressure change of 10 mm Hg, and divided by the difference of the mean pressure levels belonging to them (p1-p2). In applying the appropriate age correction to c2, the time factor had no statistically recognisable effect on delta cp. In 78% of the cases in our long term study, c rose and fell with p, in 22%, the changes of c were at variance with the changes of p. Taking into consideration all the test subjects, delta cp averaged 0.40 m/sec. Before the age of 55, delta cp is smaller (0.30 m/sec) than above that age (0.55 m/sec). The age difference of delta cp is significant ( = 0.05). When the concordant c-p relationships alone were calculated, delta cp was 0.70 m/sec and scarcely differed from the delta cp values of hypertensives published earlier (0.60 m/sec: also concordant c-p relationships only). The generally lower delta cp values from group cross sections (in contrast to the longitudinal investigations) are explained by an unrecognisable admixture of discordant c-p relationships. In a range of pressure from 90-170 mm Hg, delta cp was shown to be independent of the level of the initial pressure. Also the magnitude of the (spontaneous) mean pressure variation (5-70 mm Hg, normotensives - hypertensives) seems to have no effect on the statistical mean value of delta cp. delta cp is, however, dependent on the direction of the pressure change in normotensives (just as with hypertensives), even when age is taken into account. If the pressure is reduced, c is higher and delta cp (p = 0.05) is greater than when the blood pressure is increased. The c-p relationship traverses a kind of loop (counterclockwise). In the discussion, an attempt is made to point out the effect of the vascular musculature on delta cp, which threads conspicuously through the comparison of the physiological delta cp values with the delta cp values in arteriosclerosis (hypertension; diabetes) and in endurance training. From this it can be deduced that normal values for c and delta cp in arteriosclerosis indicate that the musculature is still capable of maintaining a normal elastic function even with considerable regressive changes in the vessel wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1203044", "title": "[Organization of experimental thrombi in arteries and veins. A comparative study (author's transl)].", "content": "Thrombi were produced in 62 female white rats (Sprague-Dawley) by injection of thrombin in the right common carotid artery and in the left vena iugularis as well. Partly the vessels were ligatured proximal and distal of the thrombus, partly they were closed with one ligature. In this latter group (one ligature) the thrombus was exposed to the blood-pressure, while in the first group the thrombus was protected against the blood-waves. After 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 14 days as after 4 and 6 weeks the rats were sacrificed and the thrombosed vessel-segments were studied by light-microscope. In the arterie we found occlusive thrombi. In the veins the thrombi were higher in fibrin content than in the arteries. Between the thrombus and the endothelium of the vein-wall there was a sinus which became wider with aging of the thrombus. In the first days the progression of thrombus-organization was more rapid in veins than in arteries; endothelial cells, fibroblasts and capillary buds invaded the thrombus more extensive. In veins there was no difference in composition and organization of the thrombi of the two groups. In the thrombosed veins often small capillaries could be seen running through the vessel wall into the tissue of the organized thrombus but not in arteries. 6 weeks after thrombus-formation wide capillaries recanalized the veins, but the arteries were obturated by fibrous tissue with only a few small capillaries. Elastic fibres could be seen in the organized arterial thrombi earlier and more extensive than in the venous. In double ligatured arteries the organization of thrombi was more rapid than in arteries, in which the thrombus was influenced by the pulsating blood-pressure. In this latter group with only one ligature the organization-process was pronounced in the proximal part of the thrombus, which was higher in fibrin content. Next the ligature the thrombus was composed mainly of erythrocytes and hematoidin-needles. In this part of the thrombus the organization-process started with delay. From our findings we may conclude that the composition of a thrombus, the influence of the blood-pressure and the structure of the vessel-wall are important factors to explain the different temporal course and morphological pattern of thrombus-organization.", "contents": "[Organization of experimental thrombi in arteries and veins. A comparative study (author's transl)]. Thrombi were produced in 62 female white rats (Sprague-Dawley) by injection of thrombin in the right common carotid artery and in the left vena iugularis as well. Partly the vessels were ligatured proximal and distal of the thrombus, partly they were closed with one ligature. In this latter group (one ligature) the thrombus was exposed to the blood-pressure, while in the first group the thrombus was protected against the blood-waves. After 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 14 days as after 4 and 6 weeks the rats were sacrificed and the thrombosed vessel-segments were studied by light-microscope. In the arterie we found occlusive thrombi. In the veins the thrombi were higher in fibrin content than in the arteries. Between the thrombus and the endothelium of the vein-wall there was a sinus which became wider with aging of the thrombus. In the first days the progression of thrombus-organization was more rapid in veins than in arteries; endothelial cells, fibroblasts and capillary buds invaded the thrombus more extensive. In veins there was no difference in composition and organization of the thrombi of the two groups. In the thrombosed veins often small capillaries could be seen running through the vessel wall into the tissue of the organized thrombus but not in arteries. 6 weeks after thrombus-formation wide capillaries recanalized the veins, but the arteries were obturated by fibrous tissue with only a few small capillaries. Elastic fibres could be seen in the organized arterial thrombi earlier and more extensive than in the venous. In double ligatured arteries the organization of thrombi was more rapid than in arteries, in which the thrombus was influenced by the pulsating blood-pressure. In this latter group with only one ligature the organization-process was pronounced in the proximal part of the thrombus, which was higher in fibrin content. Next the ligature the thrombus was composed mainly of erythrocytes and hematoidin-needles. In this part of the thrombus the organization-process started with delay. From our findings we may conclude that the composition of a thrombus, the influence of the blood-pressure and the structure of the vessel-wall are important factors to explain the different temporal course and morphological pattern of thrombus-organization."}
{"id": "PMID:1203047", "title": "Effect of the carotid sinus nerve stimulation on nutritive myocardial blood flow in regional cardiac ischaemia.", "content": "The authors have studied the local blood flow regulation of the heart under the influence of the stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve in segmental myocardial ischaemia. The experiments were carried out on 38 dogs. By ligating the mid-portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, a small artificial infarction has been produced. Circulatory examinations were made after 24 hours following the coronary ligation. In 18 dogs the circulatory investigations were done during the electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve while 20 dogs were used as control. The local nutritive blood flow of the heart was measured by the administration of 86 rubidium in the intact zone, in the ischaemia (necrotic) zone and at the border zone of the heart. According to the experimental data, under the influence of the carotid sinus nerve stimulation the blood flow of the intact zone does not change considerably while the necrotic and border zones increases to a great extent. Reflex redistribution of the myocardial blood flow probably plays a decisive role in the antianginal effect of carotid sinus nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of the carotid sinus nerve stimulation on nutritive myocardial blood flow in regional cardiac ischaemia. The authors have studied the local blood flow regulation of the heart under the influence of the stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve in segmental myocardial ischaemia. The experiments were carried out on 38 dogs. By ligating the mid-portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, a small artificial infarction has been produced. Circulatory examinations were made after 24 hours following the coronary ligation. In 18 dogs the circulatory investigations were done during the electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve while 20 dogs were used as control. The local nutritive blood flow of the heart was measured by the administration of 86 rubidium in the intact zone, in the ischaemia (necrotic) zone and at the border zone of the heart. According to the experimental data, under the influence of the carotid sinus nerve stimulation the blood flow of the intact zone does not change considerably while the necrotic and border zones increases to a great extent. Reflex redistribution of the myocardial blood flow probably plays a decisive role in the antianginal effect of carotid sinus nerve stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203051", "title": "Genetic variation of an intestinal leucine arylaminopeptidase (Lap-1) in the mouse and its location on chromosome 9.", "content": "Electrophoretic variation for an intestinal enzyme that cleaves L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide has been discovered among inbred mouse strains. Several strains including related strains C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, C57BR/cdJ, C57L/J, and C58/J demonstrate an electrophoretic band of this enzyme that is absent in other strains and stocks thus far observed. The enzyme is tentatively being called leucine arylaminopeptidase (LAP) and the variant genetic locus Lap-1. The presence of the band is determined by an allele designated Lap-1a. Homozygotes for the alternate allele, Lap-1b, are without the band and heterozygotes are, under our electrophoretic conditions, indistinguishable from Lap-1a homozygotes. Data from recombinant inbred lines and a B6D2F1 X DBA/2J backcross established linkage of Lap-1 to dilute (d) and supernatant malic enzyme (Mod-1) on chromosome 9 in the following order: Lap-1-d-Mod-1. The Lap-1 to d map distance was estimated to be 21.3 +/- 4.6 cM from backcross data and 8.1 +/- 4.8 cM from recombinant inbred lines.", "contents": "Genetic variation of an intestinal leucine arylaminopeptidase (Lap-1) in the mouse and its location on chromosome 9. Electrophoretic variation for an intestinal enzyme that cleaves L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide has been discovered among inbred mouse strains. Several strains including related strains C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, C57BR/cdJ, C57L/J, and C58/J demonstrate an electrophoretic band of this enzyme that is absent in other strains and stocks thus far observed. The enzyme is tentatively being called leucine arylaminopeptidase (LAP) and the variant genetic locus Lap-1. The presence of the band is determined by an allele designated Lap-1a. Homozygotes for the alternate allele, Lap-1b, are without the band and heterozygotes are, under our electrophoretic conditions, indistinguishable from Lap-1a homozygotes. Data from recombinant inbred lines and a B6D2F1 X DBA/2J backcross established linkage of Lap-1 to dilute (d) and supernatant malic enzyme (Mod-1) on chromosome 9 in the following order: Lap-1-d-Mod-1. The Lap-1 to d map distance was estimated to be 21.3 +/- 4.6 cM from backcross data and 8.1 +/- 4.8 cM from recombinant inbred lines."}
{"id": "PMID:1203048", "title": "[Intramyocardial pressure at various depths, during aortic constriction and myocardial ischemia in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "Systolic intramyocardial pressure (IMP) is measured with a modification of the \"closed perfusion technic\" in 3 different layers of the myocardium in 8 anesthetized mongrel dogs. In the subendocardium IMP exceed left ventricular pressure (LVP) by about 30% whereas it is 30% lower than LVP in the subepicardium. Under resting conditions the level of isobaric balance of IMP and LVP is at a distance of 57% from the epicardium. During thoracic aortic constriction the ratio of IMP/LVP increases in the subepicardium but decreases in the subendocardium. Occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery for 30 seconds results in a decrease of IMP and IMP/LVP in the ischemic region. In 25% of all cases, however, an increase of these parameters is found.", "contents": "[Intramyocardial pressure at various depths, during aortic constriction and myocardial ischemia in the dog (author's transl)]. Systolic intramyocardial pressure (IMP) is measured with a modification of the \"closed perfusion technic\" in 3 different layers of the myocardium in 8 anesthetized mongrel dogs. In the subendocardium IMP exceed left ventricular pressure (LVP) by about 30% whereas it is 30% lower than LVP in the subepicardium. Under resting conditions the level of isobaric balance of IMP and LVP is at a distance of 57% from the epicardium. During thoracic aortic constriction the ratio of IMP/LVP increases in the subepicardium but decreases in the subendocardium. Occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery for 30 seconds results in a decrease of IMP and IMP/LVP in the ischemic region. In 25% of all cases, however, an increase of these parameters is found."}
{"id": "PMID:1203052", "title": "Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (Mor-1) in the mouse: linkage to chromosome 5 markers.", "content": "Malate dehydrogenase is present in most mammalian tissues in both supernatant and mitochondrial forms. Although genetic variation for the supernatant form has not been observed in the mouse, electrophoretic variants caused by alleles at the mitochondrial locus (Mor-1) have been previously described. We have located this locus 11.0 +/- 2.9 cM from the beta-glucuronidase structural gene, Gus, on chromosome 5. The gene order is Hm-Pgm-1-rd-bf-Gus-Mor-1. Thus Mor-1 is presently the most distal marker on chromosome 5. Three different nuclear loci for mitochondrial enzymes (Mod-2, Got-2, and Mor-1) have now been mapped in the mouse, all on different chromosomes.", "contents": "Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (Mor-1) in the mouse: linkage to chromosome 5 markers. Malate dehydrogenase is present in most mammalian tissues in both supernatant and mitochondrial forms. Although genetic variation for the supernatant form has not been observed in the mouse, electrophoretic variants caused by alleles at the mitochondrial locus (Mor-1) have been previously described. We have located this locus 11.0 +/- 2.9 cM from the beta-glucuronidase structural gene, Gus, on chromosome 5. The gene order is Hm-Pgm-1-rd-bf-Gus-Mor-1. Thus Mor-1 is presently the most distal marker on chromosome 5. Three different nuclear loci for mitochondrial enzymes (Mod-2, Got-2, and Mor-1) have now been mapped in the mouse, all on different chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203049", "title": "Collateral vessel formation: isolation of a transferable factor promoting a vascular response.", "content": "Collateral vessel formation to the kidney was induced by renal artery stenosis or embolization in six dogs. Extracts from control and collateral-forming kidneys were assessed for their ability to promote a vascular response in the hamster cheekpouch. The highly significant response evoked by particulate and soluble fractions of cytoplasm from collateral-forming kidneys suggests a humoral element in collateral vessel formation.", "contents": "Collateral vessel formation: isolation of a transferable factor promoting a vascular response. Collateral vessel formation to the kidney was induced by renal artery stenosis or embolization in six dogs. Extracts from control and collateral-forming kidneys were assessed for their ability to promote a vascular response in the hamster cheekpouch. The highly significant response evoked by particulate and soluble fractions of cytoplasm from collateral-forming kidneys suggests a humoral element in collateral vessel formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203053", "title": "Genetic control of acid phosphate isozymes in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh.", "content": "Starch gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous buffer system has enabled us to study two acid phosphatase systems (AcPh-1 and AcPh-2) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The AcPh-2 bands are much more prominent than those belonging to AcPh-1. Among the 17 geographic races, one variant for AcPh-2 was detected. A study of F1 hybrids and F2 segregating progenies showed that AcPh-2 variants are controlled by two codominant alleles (AcPh-2N and AcPh-2F) at one locus. The heterozygotes are characterized by an intermediated hybrid band in addition to the two parental ones, thus showing that these proteins are at least dimeric structures.", "contents": "Genetic control of acid phosphate isozymes in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh. Starch gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous buffer system has enabled us to study two acid phosphatase systems (AcPh-1 and AcPh-2) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The AcPh-2 bands are much more prominent than those belonging to AcPh-1. Among the 17 geographic races, one variant for AcPh-2 was detected. A study of F1 hybrids and F2 segregating progenies showed that AcPh-2 variants are controlled by two codominant alleles (AcPh-2N and AcPh-2F) at one locus. The heterozygotes are characterized by an intermediated hybrid band in addition to the two parental ones, thus showing that these proteins are at least dimeric structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1203054", "title": "Linkage of the locus for serum albumin in the house mouse, Mus musculus.", "content": "An electrophoretic variant for serum albumin in Mus musculus has been used to map the structural gene for this protein to chromosome 5.", "contents": "Linkage of the locus for serum albumin in the house mouse, Mus musculus. An electrophoretic variant for serum albumin in Mus musculus has been used to map the structural gene for this protein to chromosome 5."}
{"id": "PMID:1203050", "title": "Influence of the sympathomimetic activity of oxprenolol on haemodynamics in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "In anaesthetized, artificially respirated mongrel dogs, the intravenous infusion of oxprenolol (0.3 mg and 1 mg/kg over 10 minutes) led to an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. Blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries and right atrium, and vascular resistance were reduced. The pressure in the aorta was transiently decreased. Infusion of propranolol in the same doses was followed by a decrease in heart rate and cardiac output. The calculated peripheral resistances, pulmonary capillary pressure and right-atrial pressure increased slightly. Pressure in the aorta diminished slightly. In the light of the present results, it is evident that the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of oxprenolol has a significant bearing on its haemodynamic effects in the anaesthetized dog.", "contents": "Influence of the sympathomimetic activity of oxprenolol on haemodynamics in the anaesthetized dog. In anaesthetized, artificially respirated mongrel dogs, the intravenous infusion of oxprenolol (0.3 mg and 1 mg/kg over 10 minutes) led to an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. Blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries and right atrium, and vascular resistance were reduced. The pressure in the aorta was transiently decreased. Infusion of propranolol in the same doses was followed by a decrease in heart rate and cardiac output. The calculated peripheral resistances, pulmonary capillary pressure and right-atrial pressure increased slightly. Pressure in the aorta diminished slightly. In the light of the present results, it is evident that the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of oxprenolol has a significant bearing on its haemodynamic effects in the anaesthetized dog."}
{"id": "PMID:1203055", "title": "Deficiency of toxin-binding protein activity in mutants of sugarcane clone H54-775 as it relates to disease resistance.", "content": "Three mutants selected from a population of sugarcane clone H54-775 that had been irradiated with 3 kR gamma-radiation all lacked toxin-binding protein activity. This activity previously had been shown to be essential for eye spot disease susceptibility and was demonstrated in the susceptible parent clone H54-775. In one mutant, the biochemical, immunochemical, and electrophoretic mobilities of the toxin-binding protein were all modified.", "contents": "Deficiency of toxin-binding protein activity in mutants of sugarcane clone H54-775 as it relates to disease resistance. Three mutants selected from a population of sugarcane clone H54-775 that had been irradiated with 3 kR gamma-radiation all lacked toxin-binding protein activity. This activity previously had been shown to be essential for eye spot disease susceptibility and was demonstrated in the susceptible parent clone H54-775. In one mutant, the biochemical, immunochemical, and electrophoretic mobilities of the toxin-binding protein were all modified."}
{"id": "PMID:1203056", "title": "The phosphorylase kinase deficiency (Phk) locus in the mouse: evidence that the mutant allele codes for an enzyme with an abnormal structure.", "content": "Female (I/St X C57BL/St) F1 mice heterozygous at the sex-linked phosphorylase kinase deficiency locus (Phk) have phosphorylase kinase activities averaging 86% that of mice homozygous for the wild-type allele (C57BL/St), i.e., 72% greater than the sum of one-half the activities of the parental strains. Approximately one-half the phosphorylase kinase activity in the (I X C57BL) F1 muscle extracts had a stability at 42.5 C similar to that of the activity in C57BL extracts (t1/2 = 13.2 min); the other half of the activity in the F1 extracts was more labile (t1/2 = 3.9 min). Two species of phosphorylase kinase activity in F1 muscle extracts were also differentiated with an antiserum prepared in guinea pigs against purified rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase. This anti-serum cross-reacted with phosphorylase kinase in C57BL muscle extracts but did not cross-react with skeletal muscle extracts of mice hemi- or homozygous for the mutant allele (I/LnJ). The guinea pig antiserum precipitated 52% as much protein from (I X C57BL)F1 muscle extracts compared to those of C57BL. However, an antiserum prepared against purified rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase in the goat cross-reacted with the mutant phosphorylase kinase. The ratio C57BL:(I X C57BL)F1:I of immunoprecipitated protein from skeletal muscle extracts with this antiserum was 1:0.97:1.08. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitates in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate showed three subunits for mouse phosphorylase kinase with molecular weights of 139,000, 118,000, and 41,000; these values are similar to the ones obtained with purified rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase. These three subunits were also observed in immunoprecipitates from I/LnJ muscle extracts. These results offer substantial evidence (1) that in skeletal muscle extracts of mice heterozygous at the Phk locus the mutant phosphorylase kinase is active, (2) that the gene product of the mutant allele is an enzyme with an abnormal structure, and (3) that the phosphorylase kinase deficiency in I/LnJ skeletal muscle extracts is not the result of the absence of phosphorylase kinase or one of its subunits.", "contents": "The phosphorylase kinase deficiency (Phk) locus in the mouse: evidence that the mutant allele codes for an enzyme with an abnormal structure. Female (I/St X C57BL/St) F1 mice heterozygous at the sex-linked phosphorylase kinase deficiency locus (Phk) have phosphorylase kinase activities averaging 86% that of mice homozygous for the wild-type allele (C57BL/St), i.e., 72% greater than the sum of one-half the activities of the parental strains. Approximately one-half the phosphorylase kinase activity in the (I X C57BL) F1 muscle extracts had a stability at 42.5 C similar to that of the activity in C57BL extracts (t1/2 = 13.2 min); the other half of the activity in the F1 extracts was more labile (t1/2 = 3.9 min). Two species of phosphorylase kinase activity in F1 muscle extracts were also differentiated with an antiserum prepared in guinea pigs against purified rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase. This anti-serum cross-reacted with phosphorylase kinase in C57BL muscle extracts but did not cross-react with skeletal muscle extracts of mice hemi- or homozygous for the mutant allele (I/LnJ). The guinea pig antiserum precipitated 52% as much protein from (I X C57BL)F1 muscle extracts compared to those of C57BL. However, an antiserum prepared against purified rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase in the goat cross-reacted with the mutant phosphorylase kinase. The ratio C57BL:(I X C57BL)F1:I of immunoprecipitated protein from skeletal muscle extracts with this antiserum was 1:0.97:1.08. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitates in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate showed three subunits for mouse phosphorylase kinase with molecular weights of 139,000, 118,000, and 41,000; these values are similar to the ones obtained with purified rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase. These three subunits were also observed in immunoprecipitates from I/LnJ muscle extracts. These results offer substantial evidence (1) that in skeletal muscle extracts of mice heterozygous at the Phk locus the mutant phosphorylase kinase is active, (2) that the gene product of the mutant allele is an enzyme with an abnormal structure, and (3) that the phosphorylase kinase deficiency in I/LnJ skeletal muscle extracts is not the result of the absence of phosphorylase kinase or one of its subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:1203057", "title": "The status of ribosomal RNA genes during nuclear DNA reversion in flax.", "content": "Heritable changes in plant weight and nuclear DNA content may be induced in certain varieties of flax by different fertilizer environments. The large stable form (L) has 16% more nuclear DNA that the small stable form (S). In subsequent generations in particular environments the nuclear DNA difference disappears, although the plant weight differences remain, while in other environments both DNA and plant weight differences are maintained. The large stable form has 56-70% more rRNA genes than the small stable form. The majority of this difference in rDNA is maintained in types where the nuclear difference has reverted. It is suggested that the expression of the flax genome may be susceptible to a reduction in the multiplicity of rRNA genes which limits the availability of protein synthetic machinery needed for growth.", "contents": "The status of ribosomal RNA genes during nuclear DNA reversion in flax. Heritable changes in plant weight and nuclear DNA content may be induced in certain varieties of flax by different fertilizer environments. The large stable form (L) has 16% more nuclear DNA that the small stable form (S). In subsequent generations in particular environments the nuclear DNA difference disappears, although the plant weight differences remain, while in other environments both DNA and plant weight differences are maintained. The large stable form has 56-70% more rRNA genes than the small stable form. The majority of this difference in rDNA is maintained in types where the nuclear difference has reverted. It is suggested that the expression of the flax genome may be susceptible to a reduction in the multiplicity of rRNA genes which limits the availability of protein synthetic machinery needed for growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1203058", "title": "High genetic variability in an ecologically variable vertebrate, Bufo viridis.", "content": "Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 26 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 517 specimens of green toads from 11 populations from Israel and one population from Vis Island in the Adriatic Sea. Genetic variation in this toad is the highest yet reported in any vertebrate. All three genetic parameters, mean number of alleles per locus (A), mean proportion of loci polymorphic per population (P), and mean number of heterozygous loci per individual (H), are very high (A = 1.65, range 1.38-2.04; P = 0.423, range 0.346-0.615; H = 0.133, range 0.108-0.159). Central and marginal mainland populations are only slightly more variable than desert isolates, but much more variable than the Vis Island population. Genetic similarity is very high between mainland populations  (S = 0.951, range 0.93-0.97). Frequencies of two alleles (Icd-lc and Tfa) are correlated with an ecological gradient of increasing aridity. Regulatory enzymes appeared to contribute more to overall polymorphism than non-regulatory enzymes. The genetic variation observed suggests that selection for heterozygosity as an adaptive strategy is operating in the ecologically variable environment in which green toads live.", "contents": "High genetic variability in an ecologically variable vertebrate, Bufo viridis. Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 26 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 517 specimens of green toads from 11 populations from Israel and one population from Vis Island in the Adriatic Sea. Genetic variation in this toad is the highest yet reported in any vertebrate. All three genetic parameters, mean number of alleles per locus (A), mean proportion of loci polymorphic per population (P), and mean number of heterozygous loci per individual (H), are very high (A = 1.65, range 1.38-2.04; P = 0.423, range 0.346-0.615; H = 0.133, range 0.108-0.159). Central and marginal mainland populations are only slightly more variable than desert isolates, but much more variable than the Vis Island population. Genetic similarity is very high between mainland populations  (S = 0.951, range 0.93-0.97). Frequencies of two alleles (Icd-lc and Tfa) are correlated with an ecological gradient of increasing aridity. Regulatory enzymes appeared to contribute more to overall polymorphism than non-regulatory enzymes. The genetic variation observed suggests that selection for heterozygosity as an adaptive strategy is operating in the ecologically variable environment in which green toads live."}
{"id": "PMID:1203059", "title": "Variation in the isozymes of flax (Linum usitatissimum) genotrophs.", "content": "Peroxidase, esterase, and acid phosphatase isozymes of environmentally induced L and S genotrophs, nuclear DNA reversion types, and the orginal plastic (Pl) type of the flax variety Stormont Cirrus have been compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differences were observed in particular line was not correlated with the nuclear DNA amount. The relationship between the isozyme pattern and the phenotypes of the lines in which they are expressed is discussed.", "contents": "Variation in the isozymes of flax (Linum usitatissimum) genotrophs. Peroxidase, esterase, and acid phosphatase isozymes of environmentally induced L and S genotrophs, nuclear DNA reversion types, and the orginal plastic (Pl) type of the flax variety Stormont Cirrus have been compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differences were observed in particular line was not correlated with the nuclear DNA amount. The relationship between the isozyme pattern and the phenotypes of the lines in which they are expressed is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203060", "title": "Two factors affecting the heat stability of xanthine oxidase in extracts of mouse intestine.", "content": "The heat stability at 56 C of xanthine oxidase (Xox) from mouse intestine was found to be affected by two factors: (1) Xox which had been partially digested by trypsin was less heat stable than Xox which was protected from digestion by the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; (2) Xox was less heat stable in glass tubes than in polystyrene tubes and siliconized glass tubes resembled polystyrene tubes in this respect.", "contents": "Two factors affecting the heat stability of xanthine oxidase in extracts of mouse intestine. The heat stability at 56 C of xanthine oxidase (Xox) from mouse intestine was found to be affected by two factors: (1) Xox which had been partially digested by trypsin was less heat stable than Xox which was protected from digestion by the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; (2) Xox was less heat stable in glass tubes than in polystyrene tubes and siliconized glass tubes resembled polystyrene tubes in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:1203061", "title": "Gel isoelectric focusing of mouse lactate dehydrogenase: heterogeneity of the isoenzymes A4 and X4.", "content": "LDH of mouse organs (including testis) was investigated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The number of LDH bands in this pattern considerably exceeds the five (six in testis) of the standard electrophoretic pattern. An attempt was made to identify these bands as tetrameric isoenzymes formed by random association of different subunits. This included isoelectric focusing of purified LDH A, B, and X, two-dimensional separation of LDH, urea treatment of LDH, staining with specific substrates, and comparison of different organs. Further experiments were performed to exclude artifacts possibly produced by the isoelectric focusing technique. Different strains of mice were also investigated. The results demonstrate that in addition to the common five LDH bands (A4-B4) one set of five bands is formed by LDH A (A41-A42) and another one by LDH X (X 41-X42). Moreover, an unusual band was found which has a lower molecular weight and no affinity to the other isoenzymes. The data suggest that the heterogeneity of the LDH pattern revealed by isoelectric focusing arises from post-transcriptional events rather than from a number of additional genes.", "contents": "Gel isoelectric focusing of mouse lactate dehydrogenase: heterogeneity of the isoenzymes A4 and X4. LDH of mouse organs (including testis) was investigated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The number of LDH bands in this pattern considerably exceeds the five (six in testis) of the standard electrophoretic pattern. An attempt was made to identify these bands as tetrameric isoenzymes formed by random association of different subunits. This included isoelectric focusing of purified LDH A, B, and X, two-dimensional separation of LDH, urea treatment of LDH, staining with specific substrates, and comparison of different organs. Further experiments were performed to exclude artifacts possibly produced by the isoelectric focusing technique. Different strains of mice were also investigated. The results demonstrate that in addition to the common five LDH bands (A4-B4) one set of five bands is formed by LDH A (A41-A42) and another one by LDH X (X 41-X42). Moreover, an unusual band was found which has a lower molecular weight and no affinity to the other isoenzymes. The data suggest that the heterogeneity of the LDH pattern revealed by isoelectric focusing arises from post-transcriptional events rather than from a number of additional genes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203080", "title": "Evaluation of rosette inhibition test by antisera to hl-a system.", "content": "Specific antisera to HL-A antigens may inhibit spontaneous rosette formation by HPL bearing the corresponding antigen. This rosette-inhibiting activity is removed by absorption with lymphocytes carrying the specific antigen. The rosette-inhibition test may be acceptable as a cross-matching procedure for detecting tissue sensitization in the field of transplantation.", "contents": "Evaluation of rosette inhibition test by antisera to hl-a system. Specific antisera to HL-A antigens may inhibit spontaneous rosette formation by HPL bearing the corresponding antigen. This rosette-inhibiting activity is removed by absorption with lymphocytes carrying the specific antigen. The rosette-inhibition test may be acceptable as a cross-matching procedure for detecting tissue sensitization in the field of transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203081", "title": "The c 1 fixation and transfer test for studying immunity in melanoma patients.", "content": "Sera from 27 melanoma patients and from 30 healthy persons were investigated for humoral immunity by C 1 fixation and transfer test. The number of C 1 molecules fixed to serum treated, sensitized tumor cells and C 1 molecules fixed to these cells in vivo were calculated and the quotient of these values was determined. On the basis of the quotient the patients could be divided into four groups. In Group 1 the serum treatment of cells decreased the C 1 fixation; in these cases the presence of blocking factors can be supposed. In Group 2 the serum treatment did not cause any difference: the patient serum does not contain humoral antibody. In Groups 3 and 4 the C 1 fixation rose slightly and significantly respectively. Work is in progress to find a possible relation of the results with the stage of the disease.", "contents": "The c 1 fixation and transfer test for studying immunity in melanoma patients. Sera from 27 melanoma patients and from 30 healthy persons were investigated for humoral immunity by C 1 fixation and transfer test. The number of C 1 molecules fixed to serum treated, sensitized tumor cells and C 1 molecules fixed to these cells in vivo were calculated and the quotient of these values was determined. On the basis of the quotient the patients could be divided into four groups. In Group 1 the serum treatment of cells decreased the C 1 fixation; in these cases the presence of blocking factors can be supposed. In Group 2 the serum treatment did not cause any difference: the patient serum does not contain humoral antibody. In Groups 3 and 4 the C 1 fixation rose slightly and significantly respectively. Work is in progress to find a possible relation of the results with the stage of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1203082", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of hepatitis B surface antigen and of the homologous antibody.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure is presented, which allows the simultaneous detection and quantitation of HB, Ag and of anti-HBs. This procedure involves short preliminary incubation of test sera and of negative controls with a standard HB, Ag. The standard HBs Ag is diluted, according to preliminary assays, in order to yield a count ratio to negative controls of 10 to 1. Therefore, a value of 10 is ascribed to the counts of positive controls (standard HBs, Ag + HBs-negative serum) and counts of all test sera are proportionally related. The values obtained are denominated HBs Units. Test sera are considered to be positive for HBs Ag or anti-HBs when the corresponding HBs Units are significantly higher or lower, respectively, than the average value of standard antigen controls. Including the reference standard HBs Ag controls in each set of assays ensures the quantitative reproducibility of results among different assays and among different laboratories. Titres of serum HBs Ag and anti-HBs can be expressed as end-point dilutions, simply by plotting the corresponding HBs Units on a nomography. This was drawn according to the indications emerging from analysis of the radioimmunoassay kinetics. Laboratory assays and the practical application of the combined procedure over several thousands determinations showed that the binding capacity of the solid-phase substrate used (small antibody-coated polystyrene tubes) is extremely homogeneous. Such homogeneity accounts for a very high accuracy and reproducibility of quantitative results.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of hepatitis B surface antigen and of the homologous antibody. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure is presented, which allows the simultaneous detection and quantitation of HB, Ag and of anti-HBs. This procedure involves short preliminary incubation of test sera and of negative controls with a standard HB, Ag. The standard HBs Ag is diluted, according to preliminary assays, in order to yield a count ratio to negative controls of 10 to 1. Therefore, a value of 10 is ascribed to the counts of positive controls (standard HBs, Ag + HBs-negative serum) and counts of all test sera are proportionally related. The values obtained are denominated HBs Units. Test sera are considered to be positive for HBs Ag or anti-HBs when the corresponding HBs Units are significantly higher or lower, respectively, than the average value of standard antigen controls. Including the reference standard HBs Ag controls in each set of assays ensures the quantitative reproducibility of results among different assays and among different laboratories. Titres of serum HBs Ag and anti-HBs can be expressed as end-point dilutions, simply by plotting the corresponding HBs Units on a nomography. This was drawn according to the indications emerging from analysis of the radioimmunoassay kinetics. Laboratory assays and the practical application of the combined procedure over several thousands determinations showed that the binding capacity of the solid-phase substrate used (small antibody-coated polystyrene tubes) is extremely homogeneous. Such homogeneity accounts for a very high accuracy and reproducibility of quantitative results."}
{"id": "PMID:1203083", "title": "Studies on hydrolysis and synthesis of fats in staphylococcus aureus and candida lipolytica.", "content": "Hydrolysis of triglycerides via di- and mono-glycerides has been obtained from washed cells and crude lipolytic enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus and Candida lipolytica. The same strains were unable to synthesize triglycerides starting from oleic acid and glycerol, while synthesis was obtained starting from mono- and di-oleate.", "contents": "Studies on hydrolysis and synthesis of fats in staphylococcus aureus and candida lipolytica. Hydrolysis of triglycerides via di- and mono-glycerides has been obtained from washed cells and crude lipolytic enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus and Candida lipolytica. The same strains were unable to synthesize triglycerides starting from oleic acid and glycerol, while synthesis was obtained starting from mono- and di-oleate."}
{"id": "PMID:1203084", "title": "Effect of L-histidine and various buffers on colony size and morphology of a T-strain of mycoplasma.", "content": "The incorporation into agar medium of either histidine or various buffers affects the colony size and the type of superficial outgrowth (fried egg), stabilizing the initial low pH of the medium.", "contents": "Effect of L-histidine and various buffers on colony size and morphology of a T-strain of mycoplasma. The incorporation into agar medium of either histidine or various buffers affects the colony size and the type of superficial outgrowth (fried egg), stabilizing the initial low pH of the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1203085", "title": "[Evaluation of the lysozyme and DNAase activity for the identification of pathogenic staphylococci].", "content": "The sensitivity of two tests recently proposed for the classification of pathogen staphylococci were evaluated: --production of DNA-ase with the modified method of Lachica et al.; --production of lisozyme. The two above tests were studied with other six tests on 1,000 strains of staphylococci showing a very high specificity. The Authors propose that the DNA-ase production and the lisozyme production, also for their very simple execution, should become routine tests to identify the strains of pathogenic staphylococci.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the lysozyme and DNAase activity for the identification of pathogenic staphylococci]. The sensitivity of two tests recently proposed for the classification of pathogen staphylococci were evaluated: --production of DNA-ase with the modified method of Lachica et al.; --production of lisozyme. The two above tests were studied with other six tests on 1,000 strains of staphylococci showing a very high specificity. The Authors propose that the DNA-ase production and the lisozyme production, also for their very simple execution, should become routine tests to identify the strains of pathogenic staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:1203086", "title": "[Effect of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on rosette formation by human peripheral lymphocytes].", "content": "Treatment of human perypheral blood lymphocytes with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), for 30 min and for 72 h, increases their ability to form E-rosettes. Possible interpretations of the phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on rosette formation by human peripheral lymphocytes]. Treatment of human perypheral blood lymphocytes with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), for 30 min and for 72 h, increases their ability to form E-rosettes. Possible interpretations of the phenomenon are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203087", "title": "Oral influenza vaccination with live attenuated viruses. 1. Acceptability, immunogenicity and transmissibility.", "content": "151 subjects were vaccinated by oral route with live attenuated influenza virus vaccine, bivalent A and B, prepared in the U.S.S.R. Each subject received two vaccine doses with a 10-day interval. Vaccination did not bring about any important clinical manifestation and the incidende of the symptoms after vaccination was not significantly different in comparison with what observed in the non vaccinated cohabitants. The vaccine showed good immunizing activity: among the subjects who before vaccination, had a HI antibody titer lower than 1/16, 91% responded for A type, and 70% for B type. Several subjects with starting low antibody titers also responded to vaccination. Among the cohabitants of the vaccinated no influenza virus infections were serologically ascertained, thus showing that no transmission of the virus from the vaccinated to the cohabitants occurred.", "contents": "Oral influenza vaccination with live attenuated viruses. 1. Acceptability, immunogenicity and transmissibility. 151 subjects were vaccinated by oral route with live attenuated influenza virus vaccine, bivalent A and B, prepared in the U.S.S.R. Each subject received two vaccine doses with a 10-day interval. Vaccination did not bring about any important clinical manifestation and the incidende of the symptoms after vaccination was not significantly different in comparison with what observed in the non vaccinated cohabitants. The vaccine showed good immunizing activity: among the subjects who before vaccination, had a HI antibody titer lower than 1/16, 91% responded for A type, and 70% for B type. Several subjects with starting low antibody titers also responded to vaccination. Among the cohabitants of the vaccinated no influenza virus infections were serologically ascertained, thus showing that no transmission of the virus from the vaccinated to the cohabitants occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:1203088", "title": "Oral influenza vaccination with live attenuated viruses. 2. Protective efficacy during a type A(H3N2) epidemic.", "content": "151 subjects, orally immunized with live attenuated influenza virus of the Institute for Viral Preparations of Moscow (bivalent A(H3N2) England 72 and B vaccine) and 66 non vaccinated cohabitants were studied during an epidemic caused by strains similar to A/Port Chalmers/73. 5 cases of disease were virologically or serologically ascertained among the vaccinated (morbidity 3.3%) and 8 among the non-immunized cohabitants (12.1%). The difference turned out statistically significant. By comparing the incidence of the disease in the two groups the protection resulting from vaccination was 72.6%.", "contents": "Oral influenza vaccination with live attenuated viruses. 2. Protective efficacy during a type A(H3N2) epidemic. 151 subjects, orally immunized with live attenuated influenza virus of the Institute for Viral Preparations of Moscow (bivalent A(H3N2) England 72 and B vaccine) and 66 non vaccinated cohabitants were studied during an epidemic caused by strains similar to A/Port Chalmers/73. 5 cases of disease were virologically or serologically ascertained among the vaccinated (morbidity 3.3%) and 8 among the non-immunized cohabitants (12.1%). The difference turned out statistically significant. By comparing the incidence of the disease in the two groups the protection resulting from vaccination was 72.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:1203089", "title": "Immunological investigation and immunotherapy approaches in cancer patients.", "content": "The Authors report the preliminary results of a two-step far-reaching investigation carried out on cancer patients to study: 1) the immune conditions of the patients and establish, by a thorough immune monitoring, employing tests of humoral immunity (tetanus toxoid response), of delayed immunity (BCG test, PHA-lymphocyte blastogenesis, MIF release, skin window) and macrophage immunity (skin window), the chemotherapy effects on the immune conditions and the most suitable time to carry out immunotherapy; 2) the immunotherapeutic results which can be obtained with three different immunogens (BCG, C. parvum and ribonucleotides). The results obtained in the first part of the investigations pointed out the usefulness of the tests adopted to follow up the evolution of the immunological reactivity in patients submitted to chemotherapy, while the results of the immunotherapeutic trial show a preliminary character and, at present, do not allow definitive conclusions. Carefully planned and randomized studies are at present under way to establish, more thoroughly, the optimal modalities and the real possibilities of the immunotherapy performed with C. parvum and ribonucleotides in cancer patients.", "contents": "Immunological investigation and immunotherapy approaches in cancer patients. The Authors report the preliminary results of a two-step far-reaching investigation carried out on cancer patients to study: 1) the immune conditions of the patients and establish, by a thorough immune monitoring, employing tests of humoral immunity (tetanus toxoid response), of delayed immunity (BCG test, PHA-lymphocyte blastogenesis, MIF release, skin window) and macrophage immunity (skin window), the chemotherapy effects on the immune conditions and the most suitable time to carry out immunotherapy; 2) the immunotherapeutic results which can be obtained with three different immunogens (BCG, C. parvum and ribonucleotides). The results obtained in the first part of the investigations pointed out the usefulness of the tests adopted to follow up the evolution of the immunological reactivity in patients submitted to chemotherapy, while the results of the immunotherapeutic trial show a preliminary character and, at present, do not allow definitive conclusions. Carefully planned and randomized studies are at present under way to establish, more thoroughly, the optimal modalities and the real possibilities of the immunotherapy performed with C. parvum and ribonucleotides in cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1203090", "title": "Beta-glucuronidase activity of lymphocytes in the premature infant with special reference to the fetal maturation stage.", "content": "Activity of beta-glucuronidase (GR) was determined cytochemically by the Hayashi et al. method on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 50 premature infants, born between 21st and 37th week gestation. The subjects studied were subtyped into group I (21st to 28th week), group II (29th to 33rd week), and group III (34th to 37th week). Absolute count of enzyme-positive lymphocytes was lower in group I, when compared with group II and III as a whole. Absolute count of GR-positive lymphocytes exhibiting granular reaction type was significantly lower in group I, when compared with other groups. Absolute counts of GR-positive cells, with both granular and diffuse, or diffuse enzymatic reaction did not differ in groups I, II and III. The results obtained indicate ontogenetic development of lysosomal granules containing GR in the lymphocyte cytoplasm in premature infants related to their fetal age.", "contents": "Beta-glucuronidase activity of lymphocytes in the premature infant with special reference to the fetal maturation stage. Activity of beta-glucuronidase (GR) was determined cytochemically by the Hayashi et al. method on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 50 premature infants, born between 21st and 37th week gestation. The subjects studied were subtyped into group I (21st to 28th week), group II (29th to 33rd week), and group III (34th to 37th week). Absolute count of enzyme-positive lymphocytes was lower in group I, when compared with group II and III as a whole. Absolute count of GR-positive lymphocytes exhibiting granular reaction type was significantly lower in group I, when compared with other groups. Absolute counts of GR-positive cells, with both granular and diffuse, or diffuse enzymatic reaction did not differ in groups I, II and III. The results obtained indicate ontogenetic development of lysosomal granules containing GR in the lymphocyte cytoplasm in premature infants related to their fetal age."}
{"id": "PMID:1203091", "title": "[Cellular lysis and dissociative phase of the genus Bacillus].", "content": "The sensitivity of the dissociative variants \"R\", \"RS\" and \"S\" of the spore-forming bacilli to some lytic agents (lysozyme, sodium lauryl sulphate, lipase, trypsin and some of their associations) has been studied. The research has been carried out on 32 strains: 14 \"R\", 14 \"RS\" and 4 \"S\" of different species of the genus Bacillus. The results have shown that the sensitivity to the studied lytic agents is strictly correlated, not to the species, but to the dissociative phases: these results are in accordance with those obtained in previous researches, carried out by the same Authors, on other characters, both morphological and biological, of the same variants. Thus, also through this way, it is possible to reach the conclusion that within this genus, there is more similarity among the different species of the same dissociative phase than among different dissociative variants of the same species. The results obtained in the present study allow to advance hypothesis, based also on the data of the literature, about the composition of the cell walls of the three above mentioned dissociative variants of the strains belonging to the genus Bacillus.", "contents": "[Cellular lysis and dissociative phase of the genus Bacillus]. The sensitivity of the dissociative variants \"R\", \"RS\" and \"S\" of the spore-forming bacilli to some lytic agents (lysozyme, sodium lauryl sulphate, lipase, trypsin and some of their associations) has been studied. The research has been carried out on 32 strains: 14 \"R\", 14 \"RS\" and 4 \"S\" of different species of the genus Bacillus. The results have shown that the sensitivity to the studied lytic agents is strictly correlated, not to the species, but to the dissociative phases: these results are in accordance with those obtained in previous researches, carried out by the same Authors, on other characters, both morphological and biological, of the same variants. Thus, also through this way, it is possible to reach the conclusion that within this genus, there is more similarity among the different species of the same dissociative phase than among different dissociative variants of the same species. The results obtained in the present study allow to advance hypothesis, based also on the data of the literature, about the composition of the cell walls of the three above mentioned dissociative variants of the strains belonging to the genus Bacillus."}
{"id": "PMID:1203092", "title": "[Anti-mycoplasmatic activity of 2 antracyclinic antibiotics].", "content": "The antimycoplasma activity (bacteriostatic and bactericidal) of daunomycin and adriamycin has been tested on 14 strains in liquid and solid medium. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of daunomycin and tetracycline have resulted of the same greatness, while those regarding adriamycin are lightly greater.", "contents": "[Anti-mycoplasmatic activity of 2 antracyclinic antibiotics]. The antimycoplasma activity (bacteriostatic and bactericidal) of daunomycin and adriamycin has been tested on 14 strains in liquid and solid medium. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of daunomycin and tetracycline have resulted of the same greatness, while those regarding adriamycin are lightly greater."}
{"id": "PMID:1203093", "title": "A study of complement functions in a family with hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "content": "A study of some complement functions was performed in two patients affected with hereditary angioneurotic edema (HAE) - mother and daughter - from a Southern Italy family (Apulia) and in three of their relatives. A decreased level of the C1 esterase plasma inhibitor was found in both the patients, who were treated with tranexamic acid with a slight, but definite improvement. However, the disease could not be traced beyond two generations in the pedigree and a couple of ascendants was found who were free from HAE both from the clinical standpoint and from that of the laboratory evaluation of complement functions. The possibility that HAE arose in the family through a mutational event is discussed.", "contents": "A study of complement functions in a family with hereditary angioneurotic edema. A study of some complement functions was performed in two patients affected with hereditary angioneurotic edema (HAE) - mother and daughter - from a Southern Italy family (Apulia) and in three of their relatives. A decreased level of the C1 esterase plasma inhibitor was found in both the patients, who were treated with tranexamic acid with a slight, but definite improvement. However, the disease could not be traced beyond two generations in the pedigree and a couple of ascendants was found who were free from HAE both from the clinical standpoint and from that of the laboratory evaluation of complement functions. The possibility that HAE arose in the family through a mutational event is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203135", "title": "A paramagnetic method for measuring the carbon dioxide concentration of a gas.", "content": "A paramagnetic method of carbon dioxide analysis enables the simultaneous analysis of carbon dioxide and oxygen to be made at 2-min intervals. The method depends upon observing the change of oxygen concentration in a gas mixture before and after absorbing the carbon dioxide component. The carrier-gas in the experiments reported was nitrogen. The output of the paramagnetic meter was measured both by a digital voltmeter and by a chart recorded and the carbon dioxide concentrations calculated from these observations (Y1% and Y2% respectively) were compared with those obtained by Lloyd-Haldane (x%) gas analysis, for carbon dioxide concentration of 2-20% in a range of oxygen concentrations of about 9-90%. The agreement between paramagnetic and Lloyd-Haldane carbon dioxide analysis is shown in the following linear regression equations: Y1=0.996x-0.001 (r=0.9999+/-0.04 SEM of estimate; P less than 0.001); Y2=0.997x-0.006 (r=0.9999+/-0.06 SEM of estimate; P less than 0.001). Carbon dioxide in nitrogen was measured by the prior addition of an arbitrary concentration of oxygen, to a gas sample. The method is applicable to the measurement of carbon dioxide and oxygen, when the carrier-gas may have characteristics which preclude the use of katharometer, infra-red or Haldane analysis.", "contents": "A paramagnetic method for measuring the carbon dioxide concentration of a gas. A paramagnetic method of carbon dioxide analysis enables the simultaneous analysis of carbon dioxide and oxygen to be made at 2-min intervals. The method depends upon observing the change of oxygen concentration in a gas mixture before and after absorbing the carbon dioxide component. The carrier-gas in the experiments reported was nitrogen. The output of the paramagnetic meter was measured both by a digital voltmeter and by a chart recorded and the carbon dioxide concentrations calculated from these observations (Y1% and Y2% respectively) were compared with those obtained by Lloyd-Haldane (x%) gas analysis, for carbon dioxide concentration of 2-20% in a range of oxygen concentrations of about 9-90%. The agreement between paramagnetic and Lloyd-Haldane carbon dioxide analysis is shown in the following linear regression equations: Y1=0.996x-0.001 (r=0.9999+/-0.04 SEM of estimate; P less than 0.001); Y2=0.997x-0.006 (r=0.9999+/-0.06 SEM of estimate; P less than 0.001). Carbon dioxide in nitrogen was measured by the prior addition of an arbitrary concentration of oxygen, to a gas sample. The method is applicable to the measurement of carbon dioxide and oxygen, when the carrier-gas may have characteristics which preclude the use of katharometer, infra-red or Haldane analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203136", "title": "A method for the gas chromatographic analysis of inhalation anaesthetics in whole blood by direct injection into a simple precolumn device.", "content": "A simple heated precolumn device constructed from standard gas chromatographic components is described and evaluated. The device permits the analysis of concentrations of anaesthetic agents by direct injection of whole blood containing a suitable internal standard. A method is described for the analysis of halothane, chloroform, trichloroethylene, and methoxyflurane. The procedure is rapid and of acceptable accuracy.", "contents": "A method for the gas chromatographic analysis of inhalation anaesthetics in whole blood by direct injection into a simple precolumn device. A simple heated precolumn device constructed from standard gas chromatographic components is described and evaluated. The device permits the analysis of concentrations of anaesthetic agents by direct injection of whole blood containing a suitable internal standard. A method is described for the analysis of halothane, chloroform, trichloroethylene, and methoxyflurane. The procedure is rapid and of acceptable accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:1203137", "title": "The uptake and elimination of halothane in dogs: a two- or multicompartment system? I: Gas chromatographic determination of halothane in blood and in inspired and end-tidal gases.", "content": "The gas chromatographic determination of volatile organic anaesthetic agents in blood and in respiratory gases is described. The analysis in blood is based on a head space technique. Sampling of inspired and end-tidal gases is carried out by means of a system including a gas sampling valve.", "contents": "The uptake and elimination of halothane in dogs: a two- or multicompartment system? I: Gas chromatographic determination of halothane in blood and in inspired and end-tidal gases. The gas chromatographic determination of volatile organic anaesthetic agents in blood and in respiratory gases is described. The analysis in blood is based on a head space technique. Sampling of inspired and end-tidal gases is carried out by means of a system including a gas sampling valve."}
{"id": "PMID:1203139", "title": "Effects of althesin anaesthesia and surgery on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in man.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Althesin and surgery on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in 10 male patients. Plasma LH concentrations increased markedly during Althesin anaesthesia given alone over a period of 45 min. The high concentration lasted for 30 min after the start of surgery and was followed by a gradual decrease, although the concentration remained significantly greater than the control value. Plasma testosterone concentrations decreased during Althesin anaesthesia, and a further decrease was noted during the period following surgery.", "contents": "Effects of althesin anaesthesia and surgery on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in man. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Althesin and surgery on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in 10 male patients. Plasma LH concentrations increased markedly during Althesin anaesthesia given alone over a period of 45 min. The high concentration lasted for 30 min after the start of surgery and was followed by a gradual decrease, although the concentration remained significantly greater than the control value. Plasma testosterone concentrations decreased during Althesin anaesthesia, and a further decrease was noted during the period following surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1203140", "title": "The use of a digital computer for the on-line real-time assessment of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthetized man.", "content": "A computer program written mainly in a high level language (ALGOL), but with the sampling routine and certain calculations written in assembly language (SIR), has been developed to assess neuromuscular blockade in anaesthetized man by means of an Elliott 903 digital computer. The program allows the on-line real-time analysis of a range of variables including twitch height, maximum slope of twitch and twitch pulse widths, peak height of tetanic contraction, end-height of tetanic contraction, the tetanic tension ratio and the percentage tetanic transmission. The program has been used to investigate the pattern of action of neuromuscular blocking drugs and has particular value in the study of the pharmacokinetic action of these drugs.", "contents": "The use of a digital computer for the on-line real-time assessment of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthetized man. A computer program written mainly in a high level language (ALGOL), but with the sampling routine and certain calculations written in assembly language (SIR), has been developed to assess neuromuscular blockade in anaesthetized man by means of an Elliott 903 digital computer. The program allows the on-line real-time analysis of a range of variables including twitch height, maximum slope of twitch and twitch pulse widths, peak height of tetanic contraction, end-height of tetanic contraction, the tetanic tension ratio and the percentage tetanic transmission. The program has been used to investigate the pattern of action of neuromuscular blocking drugs and has particular value in the study of the pharmacokinetic action of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1203141", "title": "Muscle hypertonus after intravenous suxamethonium: A clinical problem.", "content": "Hypertonus of masseter and chest wall muscle in one patient following intravenous suxamethonium is reported. Subsequent investigations including electromyography and muscle biopsy with in vitro pharmacological testing failed to reveal any abnormality to account for the response. The clinical problems presented to the anaesthetist when suxamethonium-induced hypertonus occurs are discussed. The relationship between a hypertonic reaction to suxamethonium and neuromuscular disease (including myotonic disorders and the malignant hyperpyrexia myopathy) is considered.", "contents": "Muscle hypertonus after intravenous suxamethonium: A clinical problem. Hypertonus of masseter and chest wall muscle in one patient following intravenous suxamethonium is reported. Subsequent investigations including electromyography and muscle biopsy with in vitro pharmacological testing failed to reveal any abnormality to account for the response. The clinical problems presented to the anaesthetist when suxamethonium-induced hypertonus occurs are discussed. The relationship between a hypertonic reaction to suxamethonium and neuromuscular disease (including myotonic disorders and the malignant hyperpyrexia myopathy) is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1203142", "title": "Pulmonary damage from a Swan-Ganz catheter.", "content": "A patient developed pulmonary damage following the insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter into the pulmonary artery. Suggestions are made on how to avoid this complication.", "contents": "Pulmonary damage from a Swan-Ganz catheter. A patient developed pulmonary damage following the insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter into the pulmonary artery. Suggestions are made on how to avoid this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:1203143", "title": "Accidental subdural analgesia: A case report, possible clinical implications and relevance to \"massive extradurals\".", "content": "A continuous obstetric epidural is described, in which an abnormally extensive block and hypotension resulted. The catheter was subsequently shown to enter the subdural space. As this case resembles a \"massive epidural\", it is suggested that subdural injection may explain the phenomenon.", "contents": "Accidental subdural analgesia: A case report, possible clinical implications and relevance to \"massive extradurals\". A continuous obstetric epidural is described, in which an abnormally extensive block and hypotension resulted. The catheter was subsequently shown to enter the subdural space. As this case resembles a \"massive epidural\", it is suggested that subdural injection may explain the phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1203158", "title": "The changing pattern of bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "1. The age incidence of bronchial carcinoma in England and Wales is rising. 2. In one series the proportion of the patients operated on over the age of 65 years rose from 12% in 1950-5 to 37% in 1970-4. 3. Thes change reflects the national figures in both men and women. 4. The proportion of the population in the ages at risk has risen substantially, particularly amongst men, in the last 20 years, but this does not nearly account for the rise in the incidence in the older age groups. 5. The rate continues to rise in the patients over 65 years of age, but is now falling in all groups of men below that age. It is still rising in all age groups of women. 6. As time has passed the rate has begun to fall in men of older age groups. 7. The sex ratio continues to fall. 8. The process described has been going on for at least 50 years, and it is suggested that the decline in the younger age groups represents the natural history of bronchial carcinoma in the community. 9. The timing of the change in mortality is different in different parts of the world and in the two sexes. 10. It is predicted that the number of men with broncial carcinoma fit for surgery may shortly start to fall in this country.", "contents": "The changing pattern of bronchial carcinoma. 1. The age incidence of bronchial carcinoma in England and Wales is rising. 2. In one series the proportion of the patients operated on over the age of 65 years rose from 12% in 1950-5 to 37% in 1970-4. 3. Thes change reflects the national figures in both men and women. 4. The proportion of the population in the ages at risk has risen substantially, particularly amongst men, in the last 20 years, but this does not nearly account for the rise in the incidence in the older age groups. 5. The rate continues to rise in the patients over 65 years of age, but is now falling in all groups of men below that age. It is still rising in all age groups of women. 6. As time has passed the rate has begun to fall in men of older age groups. 7. The sex ratio continues to fall. 8. The process described has been going on for at least 50 years, and it is suggested that the decline in the younger age groups represents the natural history of bronchial carcinoma in the community. 9. The timing of the change in mortality is different in different parts of the world and in the two sexes. 10. It is predicted that the number of men with broncial carcinoma fit for surgery may shortly start to fall in this country."}
{"id": "PMID:1203159", "title": "Failure of resolution in pneumonia.", "content": "An account is given of the clinical, radiological and pathological features of 50 cases of pneumonia in which resolution was incomplete. This phenomenon occurs mainly in middle-aged and elderly men with chronic bronchitis and may simulate bronchial carcinoma. It most frequently affects the right upper lobe. Fibrosis and inflitration by chronic inflammatory cells are the characteristic histological abnormalities. Serious long-term sequelae are uncommon.", "contents": "Failure of resolution in pneumonia. An account is given of the clinical, radiological and pathological features of 50 cases of pneumonia in which resolution was incomplete. This phenomenon occurs mainly in middle-aged and elderly men with chronic bronchitis and may simulate bronchial carcinoma. It most frequently affects the right upper lobe. Fibrosis and inflitration by chronic inflammatory cells are the characteristic histological abnormalities. Serious long-term sequelae are uncommon."}
{"id": "PMID:1203160", "title": "Patterns of response to isoprenaline in asthmatic patients.", "content": "Six asthmatic patients whose airway obstruction improved significantly during a trial of prednisone have been studied in detail. Serial measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were made at specific times each day before and after isoprenaline, for 8 days. Peak response was at 5 minutes in the majority of tests. In contrast to previous studies no clear pattern of response emerged in relation either to type of asthma, length of history or initial FEV1.", "contents": "Patterns of response to isoprenaline in asthmatic patients. Six asthmatic patients whose airway obstruction improved significantly during a trial of prednisone have been studied in detail. Serial measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were made at specific times each day before and after isoprenaline, for 8 days. Peak response was at 5 minutes in the majority of tests. In contrast to previous studies no clear pattern of response emerged in relation either to type of asthma, length of history or initial FEV1."}
{"id": "PMID:1203161", "title": "Confluent lymphoreticular aggregates in the bronchi of children--'mural bronchitis'.", "content": "A study of a random series of 503 lungs from children of all ages and comprising a cross-section of almost all deaths in children in Sheffield shows that 'mural bronchitis' is not seen at birth but increases progressively with post-natal age. These lesions bear no relationship to unexpected death in infancy. They are probably a normal component of children's lungs, and an indication of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue. There is a positive correlation between the presence of prominent lesions and long-standing history of respiratory symptoms.", "contents": "Confluent lymphoreticular aggregates in the bronchi of children--'mural bronchitis'. A study of a random series of 503 lungs from children of all ages and comprising a cross-section of almost all deaths in children in Sheffield shows that 'mural bronchitis' is not seen at birth but increases progressively with post-natal age. These lesions bear no relationship to unexpected death in infancy. They are probably a normal component of children's lungs, and an indication of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue. There is a positive correlation between the presence of prominent lesions and long-standing history of respiratory symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1203167", "title": "The effect of angrod on the delayed hypersensitivity response in rats.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity was induced in rats by means of sheep erythrocytes and bovine serum albumin-lipid conjugate. Administration of heparin to rats sensitized to either antigen resulted in diminution of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Administration of ancrod, however, failed to inhibit the delayed cellular reaction to either antigen. Granuloma formation remained unaffected when rats were injected with either heparin or ancrod. The lack of ancrod effect, in contrast to heparin effect, on delayed hypersensitivity is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of angrod on the delayed hypersensitivity response in rats. Delayed hypersensitivity was induced in rats by means of sheep erythrocytes and bovine serum albumin-lipid conjugate. Administration of heparin to rats sensitized to either antigen resulted in diminution of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Administration of ancrod, however, failed to inhibit the delayed cellular reaction to either antigen. Granuloma formation remained unaffected when rats were injected with either heparin or ancrod. The lack of ancrod effect, in contrast to heparin effect, on delayed hypersensitivity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203168", "title": "Protection by carbon tetrachloride against the toxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine in mice.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), from 0-004 to 0-5 ml/kg, protected male mice against the toxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). The LD20 of DMN was increased by a factor of about 4-2 with the highest dose of CCl4 and by a lesser factor with lower doses. The increase in LD50 correlated with a decrease in DMN-demethylase activity in the liver of CCl4 treated mice. These effects commenced within 10 min of administration of CCl4, increased very rapidly for 12 h to a high level which was maintained for up to 60 h, after which the LD50 of DMN and the level of DMN-demethylase returned slowly to normal only in 5 or 6 days. The administration of CCl4 reduced the acute hepatonecrotic action of DMN.", "contents": "Protection by carbon tetrachloride against the toxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine in mice. A single intraperitoneal dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), from 0-004 to 0-5 ml/kg, protected male mice against the toxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). The LD20 of DMN was increased by a factor of about 4-2 with the highest dose of CCl4 and by a lesser factor with lower doses. The increase in LD50 correlated with a decrease in DMN-demethylase activity in the liver of CCl4 treated mice. These effects commenced within 10 min of administration of CCl4, increased very rapidly for 12 h to a high level which was maintained for up to 60 h, after which the LD50 of DMN and the level of DMN-demethylase returned slowly to normal only in 5 or 6 days. The administration of CCl4 reduced the acute hepatonecrotic action of DMN."}
{"id": "PMID:1203169", "title": "En face organ culture of vascular endothelium.", "content": "A simple technique is described for maintaining in organ culture segments of blood vessel in such a way that the endothelium can be studied en face. The behaviour of such cultures throws further light on the interaction between endothelium and intravascular clotting.", "contents": "En face organ culture of vascular endothelium. A simple technique is described for maintaining in organ culture segments of blood vessel in such a way that the endothelium can be studied en face. The behaviour of such cultures throws further light on the interaction between endothelium and intravascular clotting."}
{"id": "PMID:1203170", "title": "The resolution of thermal oedema at various temperatures under coumarin treatment.", "content": "The treatment of thermal oedema with coumarin (a benzopyrone) has been found to be most effect when fast moving air of 20 degrees was blown over the burnt animals. Coumarin has two main effects: one is to cause vascular injury thus allowing extra protein and fluid into the tissues; the other is to stimulate phagocytosis, enzyme production and thus proteolysis and a subsequent removal of protein and fluid from the injured tissues. At lower temperatures the injurious nature of coumarin is prominent. At medium range temperatures the proteolytic actions of coumarin outweigh its injurious nature. Resolution thus proceeds much more rapidly. At high temperatures resolution is slowed. This is a consequence of the antioxidant effect of coumarin on adrenaline and ambient temperature on peripheral dilatation. The results obtained tie in well with those obtained by workers using water of equivalent temperature.", "contents": "The resolution of thermal oedema at various temperatures under coumarin treatment. The treatment of thermal oedema with coumarin (a benzopyrone) has been found to be most effect when fast moving air of 20 degrees was blown over the burnt animals. Coumarin has two main effects: one is to cause vascular injury thus allowing extra protein and fluid into the tissues; the other is to stimulate phagocytosis, enzyme production and thus proteolysis and a subsequent removal of protein and fluid from the injured tissues. At lower temperatures the injurious nature of coumarin is prominent. At medium range temperatures the proteolytic actions of coumarin outweigh its injurious nature. Resolution thus proceeds much more rapidly. At high temperatures resolution is slowed. This is a consequence of the antioxidant effect of coumarin on adrenaline and ambient temperature on peripheral dilatation. The results obtained tie in well with those obtained by workers using water of equivalent temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:1203171", "title": "The induction of renal papillary necrosis in Gunn rats by analgesics and analgesic mixtures.", "content": "Homozygous members of the mutant Gunn strain of Wistar rats genetically lack the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase. \"High\" and \"low\" dose gavage feeding for 18-34 days of an analgesic mixture containing aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine (APC) confirmed the previously reported susceptibility of these animals to analgesic induced renal papillary necrosis. Heterozygotes do not share the gross enzyme deficiency of homozygotes and, when treated with APC under identical conditions, failed to develop renal papillary necrosis. Groups of homozygotes were dosed by gavage with aspirin, phenacetin and paracetamol for 4 weeks. Renal papillary necrosis was produced by all 3 drugs, the lowest frequency of lesions occurring with phenacetin. It is postulated that the enzyme deficiency of homozygous Gunn rats influences the metabolism of analgesics to favour the excretion of nephrotoxic metabolites. The renal papillary necrosis appearing in these experiments is essentially an acute lesion, differing both in natural history and morphology from the renal papillary necrosis of analgesic nephropathy, suggesting that the pathogeneses of the experimental and human lesions differ.", "contents": "The induction of renal papillary necrosis in Gunn rats by analgesics and analgesic mixtures. Homozygous members of the mutant Gunn strain of Wistar rats genetically lack the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase. \"High\" and \"low\" dose gavage feeding for 18-34 days of an analgesic mixture containing aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine (APC) confirmed the previously reported susceptibility of these animals to analgesic induced renal papillary necrosis. Heterozygotes do not share the gross enzyme deficiency of homozygotes and, when treated with APC under identical conditions, failed to develop renal papillary necrosis. Groups of homozygotes were dosed by gavage with aspirin, phenacetin and paracetamol for 4 weeks. Renal papillary necrosis was produced by all 3 drugs, the lowest frequency of lesions occurring with phenacetin. It is postulated that the enzyme deficiency of homozygous Gunn rats influences the metabolism of analgesics to favour the excretion of nephrotoxic metabolites. The renal papillary necrosis appearing in these experiments is essentially an acute lesion, differing both in natural history and morphology from the renal papillary necrosis of analgesic nephropathy, suggesting that the pathogeneses of the experimental and human lesions differ."}
{"id": "PMID:1203172", "title": "The response of the rat liver to alterations in total portal blood flow.", "content": "In attempting to isolate the various components involved in the stimulus induced by partial hepatectomy, the effect of sudden increased portal flow to the whole liver has been studied. The technique involved the construction of a portacaval anastomosis and after a week, reconstitution of the original portal vein, allowing resumption of portal blood flow. The effects of increased portal flow in this experiment were to induce hypertrophy of hepatocytes and a minor degree of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "The response of the rat liver to alterations in total portal blood flow. In attempting to isolate the various components involved in the stimulus induced by partial hepatectomy, the effect of sudden increased portal flow to the whole liver has been studied. The technique involved the construction of a portacaval anastomosis and after a week, reconstitution of the original portal vein, allowing resumption of portal blood flow. The effects of increased portal flow in this experiment were to induce hypertrophy of hepatocytes and a minor degree of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203173", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of shock. The importance of central catecholaminergic neurons in the response to injury.", "content": "Destruction of central catecholaminergic nerve terminals and axons by the injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into a lateral cerebral ventricle lowered the resistance of rats to 4-h bilateral hindlimb ischaemia. Although treatment with 6-OHDA alters food intake and growth rate its effect on the resistance of rats to this injury could not be attributed to differences in the size of the limbs which were made ischaemic or in nutritional state. It was not seen after peripheral chemical sympathectomy produced by the intravenous injection of 6-OHDA. Pretreatment with intraventricular 6-OHDA affected the core temperature changes during and after the limb ischaemia and impaired the blood pressure response after removal of the tourniquets. The lesions in the hypothalamus associated with these changes were examined with fluorescence histochemistry and found to be severe and widespread. It was concluded that the catecholaminergic fibres innervating the hypothalamus and other parts of the brain concerned in homoeostasis play a beneficial role in the defence against injury.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of shock. The importance of central catecholaminergic neurons in the response to injury. Destruction of central catecholaminergic nerve terminals and axons by the injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into a lateral cerebral ventricle lowered the resistance of rats to 4-h bilateral hindlimb ischaemia. Although treatment with 6-OHDA alters food intake and growth rate its effect on the resistance of rats to this injury could not be attributed to differences in the size of the limbs which were made ischaemic or in nutritional state. It was not seen after peripheral chemical sympathectomy produced by the intravenous injection of 6-OHDA. Pretreatment with intraventricular 6-OHDA affected the core temperature changes during and after the limb ischaemia and impaired the blood pressure response after removal of the tourniquets. The lesions in the hypothalamus associated with these changes were examined with fluorescence histochemistry and found to be severe and widespread. It was concluded that the catecholaminergic fibres innervating the hypothalamus and other parts of the brain concerned in homoeostasis play a beneficial role in the defence against injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1203174", "title": "Reduction of carbon tetrachloride toxicity by prior administration of a single small dose in mice and rats.", "content": "Mice were given progressively smaller doses of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and at intervals later the LD50 of a second dose was determined. The LD50 was greater than in previously untreated mice as soon as 10 min after the first dose, increased to a maximum between 12 and 24 h that was maintained for about 3 or 4 days, after which the LD50 returned to normal by the 7th day. The maximum LD50 reached was dependent on the first dose, but even a minute first dose, 0-004 ml/kg, had a significant effect. The same phenomenon was confirmed in rats. Administration of promethazine before doseing with CCl4 did not have this effect, nor did an ether anaesthetic.", "contents": "Reduction of carbon tetrachloride toxicity by prior administration of a single small dose in mice and rats. Mice were given progressively smaller doses of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and at intervals later the LD50 of a second dose was determined. The LD50 was greater than in previously untreated mice as soon as 10 min after the first dose, increased to a maximum between 12 and 24 h that was maintained for about 3 or 4 days, after which the LD50 returned to normal by the 7th day. The maximum LD50 reached was dependent on the first dose, but even a minute first dose, 0-004 ml/kg, had a significant effect. The same phenomenon was confirmed in rats. Administration of promethazine before doseing with CCl4 did not have this effect, nor did an ether anaesthetic."}
{"id": "PMID:1203175", "title": "Haematological changes and iron metabolism in rats after administration of Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Administration of 1-4 mg of C. parvum to rats caused a transient and mild normochromic and normocytic anaemia with reticulocytosis. There was also an immediate and marked fall of plasma iron concentration and a moderate increase of total iron binding capacity of plasma. Despite increased clearance of 59Fe from the plasma there was no significant change of the plasma iron turnover rate. At later intervals after administration of C. parvum an increased incorporation of iron into red blood cells and the spleen was observed. These changes in iron metabolism have been explained in terms of increased retention of iron in the mononuclear phagocyte system during the first few days after C. parvum and enhanced erythropoiesis at later intervals. Other haematological parameters remained normal, with the exception of the absolute number of lymphocytes, which initially fell sharply but soon returned to, and even exceeded, control levels. Liver and spleen weights increased greatly after administration of C. parvum, reaching a maximum at the end of the first week, and both these organs contained mononuclear cell infiltrates, granulomata and giant cells.", "contents": "Haematological changes and iron metabolism in rats after administration of Corynebacterium parvum. Administration of 1-4 mg of C. parvum to rats caused a transient and mild normochromic and normocytic anaemia with reticulocytosis. There was also an immediate and marked fall of plasma iron concentration and a moderate increase of total iron binding capacity of plasma. Despite increased clearance of 59Fe from the plasma there was no significant change of the plasma iron turnover rate. At later intervals after administration of C. parvum an increased incorporation of iron into red blood cells and the spleen was observed. These changes in iron metabolism have been explained in terms of increased retention of iron in the mononuclear phagocyte system during the first few days after C. parvum and enhanced erythropoiesis at later intervals. Other haematological parameters remained normal, with the exception of the absolute number of lymphocytes, which initially fell sharply but soon returned to, and even exceeded, control levels. Liver and spleen weights increased greatly after administration of C. parvum, reaching a maximum at the end of the first week, and both these organs contained mononuclear cell infiltrates, granulomata and giant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1203176", "title": "Natural antibiosis among skin bacteria as a primary defence against infection.", "content": "Antibiotic-producing bacteria were present on the healthy intact skin of 77 of 340 people but predominated in only 38-9% of these. In contrast, antibiotic-producers which occurred in the lesions of 51 out of 263 dermatological patients predominated in 78-4%. The presence of inhibitory commensals in skin lesions was associated with a significantly low incidence of secondary infection both on admission and during hospital stay; there was, however, a small excess of Gram-negative infections on admission in skin lesions containing antibiotic producers. Among ninety surgical patients, also, the presence of inhibitory skin bacteria was associated with a relatively low rate of wound colonization by pathogenic bacteria. The ecological implications and practical applications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Natural antibiosis among skin bacteria as a primary defence against infection. Antibiotic-producing bacteria were present on the healthy intact skin of 77 of 340 people but predominated in only 38-9% of these. In contrast, antibiotic-producers which occurred in the lesions of 51 out of 263 dermatological patients predominated in 78-4%. The presence of inhibitory commensals in skin lesions was associated with a significantly low incidence of secondary infection both on admission and during hospital stay; there was, however, a small excess of Gram-negative infections on admission in skin lesions containing antibiotic producers. Among ninety surgical patients, also, the presence of inhibitory skin bacteria was associated with a relatively low rate of wound colonization by pathogenic bacteria. The ecological implications and practical applications of the findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203177", "title": "The significance of a positive cutaneous immunofluorescence test in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Direct cutaneous immunofluorescence microscopical examination of uninvolved skin is an important diagnostic test in systemic lupus erythematosus. Its prognostic significance is undetermined. In twenty-four patients there was an increased incidence of leukopenia, hypocomplementaemia, and LE cells in patients with positive skin immunofluorescence. Positive cutaneous immunofluorescence of uninvolved skin was correlated with the most severe forms of lupus renal disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "The significance of a positive cutaneous immunofluorescence test in systemic lupus erythematosus. Direct cutaneous immunofluorescence microscopical examination of uninvolved skin is an important diagnostic test in systemic lupus erythematosus. Its prognostic significance is undetermined. In twenty-four patients there was an increased incidence of leukopenia, hypocomplementaemia, and LE cells in patients with positive skin immunofluorescence. Positive cutaneous immunofluorescence of uninvolved skin was correlated with the most severe forms of lupus renal disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203178", "title": "In vitro assay of immunity to human wart antigen.", "content": "The cell-mediated and antibody responses to human wart antigen have been studied in patients with warts and in controls. Most patients show a positive cell-mediated response at or about the time of resolution of their warts but the detectable immunity is short-lived. The majority of patients with warts have antibodies and the percentage rises both with resolution of the warts and with increase in the duration of the infection. No correlation between the presence of antibodies and the development of cell-mediated immunity was found.", "contents": "In vitro assay of immunity to human wart antigen. The cell-mediated and antibody responses to human wart antigen have been studied in patients with warts and in controls. Most patients show a positive cell-mediated response at or about the time of resolution of their warts but the detectable immunity is short-lived. The majority of patients with warts have antibodies and the percentage rises both with resolution of the warts and with increase in the duration of the infection. No correlation between the presence of antibodies and the development of cell-mediated immunity was found."}
{"id": "PMID:1203179", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in patients with warts.", "content": "Competence of cell-mediated immunity in patients with warts was assessed by measuring in vitro response to PHA and PPD. Patients with warts were found to be less responsive as compared with a control group and this deficiency was related to the length of history of the wart infection.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in patients with warts. Competence of cell-mediated immunity in patients with warts was assessed by measuring in vitro response to PHA and PPD. Patients with warts were found to be less responsive as compared with a control group and this deficiency was related to the length of history of the wart infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1203180", "title": "Nickel hypersensitivity. Nickel binding to amino acids and lymphocytes.", "content": "The nature of a protein hapten conjugate which could effect lymphocyte transformation in nickel hypersensitivity was investigated by subjecting the culture media employed to radiochromatographic analysis. Autoradiographic studies with 63Ni demonstrate direct binding of nickel salts to the lymphocyte cell surface. This occurs with a proportion of lymphocytes both from nickel sensitive and from control subjects and so binding is not of itself the stimulus for transformation.", "contents": "Nickel hypersensitivity. Nickel binding to amino acids and lymphocytes. The nature of a protein hapten conjugate which could effect lymphocyte transformation in nickel hypersensitivity was investigated by subjecting the culture media employed to radiochromatographic analysis. Autoradiographic studies with 63Ni demonstrate direct binding of nickel salts to the lymphocyte cell surface. This occurs with a proportion of lymphocytes both from nickel sensitive and from control subjects and so binding is not of itself the stimulus for transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203181", "title": "Comparative bio-availability and activity of proprietary topical corticosteroid preparations: vasoconstrictor assays on thirty-one ointments.", "content": "Thirty-one proprietary corticosteroid ointments were evaluated for vasoconstriction using an occluded blanching test. The results were expressed as three parameters: (1) area under the blanching curve, (2) summed % total possible score, and (3) square root transformation of sum of scores divided by number of volunteers. Experiments were performed to (a) compare the bio-availability and activity of the ointments, (b) determine the effect of antimicrobial additivies, and (c) assess the retention of steroids in the skin. Scores for the additivie-containing and 'plain' preparations were within 90% except for Locorten-Vioform/Locorten (58%). A steroid reservoir in the skin was demonstrated lasting for 8-14 days. Selected preparations were re-tested by a non-occluded method. The results for the ointments were compared with those previously obtained using the corresponding creams.", "contents": "Comparative bio-availability and activity of proprietary topical corticosteroid preparations: vasoconstrictor assays on thirty-one ointments. Thirty-one proprietary corticosteroid ointments were evaluated for vasoconstriction using an occluded blanching test. The results were expressed as three parameters: (1) area under the blanching curve, (2) summed % total possible score, and (3) square root transformation of sum of scores divided by number of volunteers. Experiments were performed to (a) compare the bio-availability and activity of the ointments, (b) determine the effect of antimicrobial additivies, and (c) assess the retention of steroids in the skin. Scores for the additivie-containing and 'plain' preparations were within 90% except for Locorten-Vioform/Locorten (58%). A steroid reservoir in the skin was demonstrated lasting for 8-14 days. Selected preparations were re-tested by a non-occluded method. The results for the ointments were compared with those previously obtained using the corresponding creams."}
{"id": "PMID:1203182", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in a patient with follicular and dermal mucinosis and spontaneous ooze of mucin (mucinorrhoea).", "content": "A patient with follicular and dermal mucinosis is described. Although the skin histology was of a benign nature the patient died from an associated underlying reticulosis. Spontaneous mucinorrhoea subsided with therapy for Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in a patient with follicular and dermal mucinosis and spontaneous ooze of mucin (mucinorrhoea). A patient with follicular and dermal mucinosis is described. Although the skin histology was of a benign nature the patient died from an associated underlying reticulosis. Spontaneous mucinorrhoea subsided with therapy for Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1203183", "title": "Leprechaunism. Case report in a black African child.", "content": "A case of leprechaunism is described. This is thought to be the first reported in a black child.", "contents": "Leprechaunism. Case report in a black African child. A case of leprechaunism is described. This is thought to be the first reported in a black child."}
{"id": "PMID:1203184", "title": "Multiple keratoacanthomas: association with deficient cell mediated immunity.", "content": "A case of multiple keratoacanthomas associated with deficient cell mediated immunity in a 44-year-old male Caucasian is presented. Many attempts to restore the lymphocyte function (transfer factor, levamisole) have failed but the treatments may have had a curative effect on the development of new lesions. The significance of impaired cellular immune defense mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple keratoacanthomas: association with deficient cell mediated immunity. A case of multiple keratoacanthomas associated with deficient cell mediated immunity in a 44-year-old male Caucasian is presented. Many attempts to restore the lymphocyte function (transfer factor, levamisole) have failed but the treatments may have had a curative effect on the development of new lesions. The significance of impaired cellular immune defense mechanisms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203186", "title": "The simulated tutorial. Method for assessing medical school applicants.", "content": "The simulated tutorial is a method for selecting medical students by their performance in a small problem-solving group, currently being tested at McMaster University. Four hundred and thirty-two applicants were randomly allocated to groups consisting of 5 or 6 members, assigned a group leader, and asked to work through two unstructured problem situations in a 50-minute session. Assessors, seated behind a one-way mirror, evaluated applicants according to their abilities to relate to their peers, to function in the group, and to define issues in the problem situations. Feedback from the assessors and applicants suggests that the simulated tutorial is potentially useful as a selection tool. All assessors thought they were able to evaluate the 5 or 6 applicants in the group in the time provided. Nearly 80% of the applicants who anonymously returned questionnaires felt they were able to express themselves during their simulated tutorial. The data also suggest that applicants with experience in small groups and applicants previously rated as having outstanding 'personal qualities' are given higher ratings than other applicants. A validation study of the simulated tutorial, comparing individual's scores with evaluations of performance in tutorial groups in the undergraduate M.D. programme, is currently in progress.", "contents": "The simulated tutorial. Method for assessing medical school applicants. The simulated tutorial is a method for selecting medical students by their performance in a small problem-solving group, currently being tested at McMaster University. Four hundred and thirty-two applicants were randomly allocated to groups consisting of 5 or 6 members, assigned a group leader, and asked to work through two unstructured problem situations in a 50-minute session. Assessors, seated behind a one-way mirror, evaluated applicants according to their abilities to relate to their peers, to function in the group, and to define issues in the problem situations. Feedback from the assessors and applicants suggests that the simulated tutorial is potentially useful as a selection tool. All assessors thought they were able to evaluate the 5 or 6 applicants in the group in the time provided. Nearly 80% of the applicants who anonymously returned questionnaires felt they were able to express themselves during their simulated tutorial. The data also suggest that applicants with experience in small groups and applicants previously rated as having outstanding 'personal qualities' are given higher ratings than other applicants. A validation study of the simulated tutorial, comparing individual's scores with evaluations of performance in tutorial groups in the undergraduate M.D. programme, is currently in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:1203187", "title": "Entry to medical schools with 'A' level in mathematics rather than biology.", "content": "The majority of British medical schools now accept for their shortest courses students who have mathematics at A level in place of the former requirement of biology A level. Only a small fraction of the entry, less than one-fifth, enters this way, in spite of statements by most medical schools that they make no distinction between those with mathematics and those with biology when making conditional offers of places. There is no evidence that those without biology are at a disadvantage in the courses. If the prospects of entry without A level biology were better publicized medical schools would have a wider field of possibly abler entrants, and pupils entering sixth forms could defer for a year a choice between a medical (or dental) career and one involving physical science, engineering, or other mathematics-based university education.", "contents": "Entry to medical schools with 'A' level in mathematics rather than biology. The majority of British medical schools now accept for their shortest courses students who have mathematics at A level in place of the former requirement of biology A level. Only a small fraction of the entry, less than one-fifth, enters this way, in spite of statements by most medical schools that they make no distinction between those with mathematics and those with biology when making conditional offers of places. There is no evidence that those without biology are at a disadvantage in the courses. If the prospects of entry without A level biology were better publicized medical schools would have a wider field of possibly abler entrants, and pupils entering sixth forms could defer for a year a choice between a medical (or dental) career and one involving physical science, engineering, or other mathematics-based university education."}
{"id": "PMID:1203188", "title": "Comparative study of Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School participation in education council ofr foreign medical graduates (ECFMG) examination.", "content": "The achievements of the 874 (55%) medical graduates of Hebrew University-Hadassah School who took the ECFMG examination from 1962, when it was introduced in Israel, to 1972, were compared with those of candidates from other schools during the same period. The achievement level of candidates was high: usually above the 90th percentile rank position; 80 to 85% of its candidates passed the examination (compared to about 40% from all other schools); and the frequency distribution of ECFMG examination scores of HUHMS candidates in 1965 revelas a similarity to the achievements in American medical schools. The difference between the percentage of candidates passing the ECFMG examination from year to year supports the contention that the level of difficulty of the examinations varies. Candidates taking the examination after several years of clinical experience do not perform better. Since only 19% of all HUHMS graduates have gone abroad for postgraduate training, and only 11% have remained abroad for 4 or more consecutive years, participation in ECFMG has not been reflected in an increase in 'brain drain'.", "contents": "Comparative study of Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School participation in education council ofr foreign medical graduates (ECFMG) examination. The achievements of the 874 (55%) medical graduates of Hebrew University-Hadassah School who took the ECFMG examination from 1962, when it was introduced in Israel, to 1972, were compared with those of candidates from other schools during the same period. The achievement level of candidates was high: usually above the 90th percentile rank position; 80 to 85% of its candidates passed the examination (compared to about 40% from all other schools); and the frequency distribution of ECFMG examination scores of HUHMS candidates in 1965 revelas a similarity to the achievements in American medical schools. The difference between the percentage of candidates passing the ECFMG examination from year to year supports the contention that the level of difficulty of the examinations varies. Candidates taking the examination after several years of clinical experience do not perform better. Since only 19% of all HUHMS graduates have gone abroad for postgraduate training, and only 11% have remained abroad for 4 or more consecutive years, participation in ECFMG has not been reflected in an increase in 'brain drain'."}
{"id": "PMID:1203189", "title": "Teaching psychological diagnosis and management.", "content": "Teaching experiences have been described which illustrate the medical student's tendency to isolate what is learned in psychiatry from clinical work in general medicine. This tendency can be minimized by presenting diagnosis as the complete assessment of a patient, rather than exclusively as a search for disease. Early experience in patient care helps the student broaden his or her concept of clinical assessment. An important goal of psychiatric teaching in medical school is to help students learn to evaluate the psychological status of the general medical patient. Attention is focused upon this evaluation by use of the problem-orientated record. Since the data base is derived largely from the medical history, objectives for the interview are presented in detail. Students are encouraged to consider the relations between the patient's psychological status and other aspects of the medical problems. Only after they have learned to make evaluations of general medical patients, are the psychiatric syndromes introduced. An example is presented of a programme in which psychiatric teaching is carried out in a surgical ward of a general hospital. Success of such programmes depends upon explicit description of goals and methods, and upon collaboration with colleagues in other departments who share similar goals.", "contents": "Teaching psychological diagnosis and management. Teaching experiences have been described which illustrate the medical student's tendency to isolate what is learned in psychiatry from clinical work in general medicine. This tendency can be minimized by presenting diagnosis as the complete assessment of a patient, rather than exclusively as a search for disease. Early experience in patient care helps the student broaden his or her concept of clinical assessment. An important goal of psychiatric teaching in medical school is to help students learn to evaluate the psychological status of the general medical patient. Attention is focused upon this evaluation by use of the problem-orientated record. Since the data base is derived largely from the medical history, objectives for the interview are presented in detail. Students are encouraged to consider the relations between the patient's psychological status and other aspects of the medical problems. Only after they have learned to make evaluations of general medical patients, are the psychiatric syndromes introduced. An example is presented of a programme in which psychiatric teaching is carried out in a surgical ward of a general hospital. Success of such programmes depends upon explicit description of goals and methods, and upon collaboration with colleagues in other departments who share similar goals."}
{"id": "PMID:1203190", "title": "Parental attitudes to a clinical examination in paediatrics.", "content": "A selected group of parents, whose children were patients in a recent clinical examination, declared, with one exception that this experience was not disturbing to them or their child. The overall impression given was of interest in the proceedings and of satisfaction that this was a tangible method of expressing their gratitude for the care their children had received. Complaints were few and related to organization rather than to the examiners or candidates.", "contents": "Parental attitudes to a clinical examination in paediatrics. A selected group of parents, whose children were patients in a recent clinical examination, declared, with one exception that this experience was not disturbing to them or their child. The overall impression given was of interest in the proceedings and of satisfaction that this was a tangible method of expressing their gratitude for the care their children had received. Complaints were few and related to organization rather than to the examiners or candidates."}
{"id": "PMID:1203191", "title": "Case methods in teaching organization of medical care.", "content": "This paper describes the use of case methods in teaching the organization of medical care on the two year masters course in social medicine at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The basic characteristics of the subject and of case methods are related and the teaching implications of their similarities discussed. Terminology and different kinds of case methods are introduced and the objectives of using them on the course are outlined. A brief specimen case report is given to illustrate the use of the case methods approach in practice. It is emphasized that the effective development and use of case methods requires suitable materials, preparation, and teaching skills, and a list of the basic requirements is given. It is concluded that case methods of teaching have generally achieved their objectives on the course and have been well received by the students.", "contents": "Case methods in teaching organization of medical care. This paper describes the use of case methods in teaching the organization of medical care on the two year masters course in social medicine at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The basic characteristics of the subject and of case methods are related and the teaching implications of their similarities discussed. Terminology and different kinds of case methods are introduced and the objectives of using them on the course are outlined. A brief specimen case report is given to illustrate the use of the case methods approach in practice. It is emphasized that the effective development and use of case methods requires suitable materials, preparation, and teaching skills, and a list of the basic requirements is given. It is concluded that case methods of teaching have generally achieved their objectives on the course and have been well received by the students."}
{"id": "PMID:1203192", "title": "A survey of interests in teacher training of health science faculty. Interests in teacher training.", "content": "In excess of 1000 members of the faculty at the University of Illinois Medical Center completed and returned an 'Educational Needs Inventory'. In general, respondents displayed a willingness to pursue several educational topics, through short-term seminars and workshops, an interest that was unrelated to present time commitments. Questionnaire results also documented that nearly 50% of the faculty had educational training in the past and perceived this training as valuable and useful to people in instructional roles.", "contents": "A survey of interests in teacher training of health science faculty. Interests in teacher training. In excess of 1000 members of the faculty at the University of Illinois Medical Center completed and returned an 'Educational Needs Inventory'. In general, respondents displayed a willingness to pursue several educational topics, through short-term seminars and workshops, an interest that was unrelated to present time commitments. Questionnaire results also documented that nearly 50% of the faculty had educational training in the past and perceived this training as valuable and useful to people in instructional roles."}
{"id": "PMID:1203193", "title": "Survey of biochemical topics used by clinicians in teaching and practice.", "content": "In a pilot survey of biochemical topics, implied and overt, one of us (M.K.) attended 14 clinicians in 7 London medical schools during 4 half-day sessions, chosen at random, and recorded the activities and their relation to biochemistry. The sample was not intended to be representative but aimed at reasonable comprehensiveness. A list of twenty 'biochemical and related' topics was derived from these records, sent to the clinician for approval and comment, and used for rating the incidence of topics during the sampled sessions. Ratings by the two authors independently and the clinicians were combined. Collaboration between biochemist and clinicians was found crucial for the interpretation of clinical events in biochemical terms. Extension of this survey, using a questionnaire embodying the 20 biochemical categories, is to serve as a basis for defining objectives in biochemistry teaching for medical students.", "contents": "Survey of biochemical topics used by clinicians in teaching and practice. In a pilot survey of biochemical topics, implied and overt, one of us (M.K.) attended 14 clinicians in 7 London medical schools during 4 half-day sessions, chosen at random, and recorded the activities and their relation to biochemistry. The sample was not intended to be representative but aimed at reasonable comprehensiveness. A list of twenty 'biochemical and related' topics was derived from these records, sent to the clinician for approval and comment, and used for rating the incidence of topics during the sampled sessions. Ratings by the two authors independently and the clinicians were combined. Collaboration between biochemist and clinicians was found crucial for the interpretation of clinical events in biochemical terms. Extension of this survey, using a questionnaire embodying the 20 biochemical categories, is to serve as a basis for defining objectives in biochemistry teaching for medical students."}
{"id": "PMID:1203195", "title": "Home bases for private work and study. Are multidisciplinary laboratories the best answer?", "content": "Since 1970 we have measured the use of our multidisciplinary laboratories as home study bases for out-of-hours private work, and find that our students make little use of them in this way, preferring to work in study-bedrooms or libraries. We consider that there is no need to incorporate private study areas in the design of multidisciplinary laboratories, with the result that uncluttered areas with free sight lines can be used for a variety of purposes; we suggest that multidisciplinary laboratories will evolve in the future along this multi-purpose, multifunction line.", "contents": "Home bases for private work and study. Are multidisciplinary laboratories the best answer? Since 1970 we have measured the use of our multidisciplinary laboratories as home study bases for out-of-hours private work, and find that our students make little use of them in this way, preferring to work in study-bedrooms or libraries. We consider that there is no need to incorporate private study areas in the design of multidisciplinary laboratories, with the result that uncluttered areas with free sight lines can be used for a variety of purposes; we suggest that multidisciplinary laboratories will evolve in the future along this multi-purpose, multifunction line."}
{"id": "PMID:1203196", "title": "Influence of personality on achievement of medical students.", "content": "In this study second year medical students completed a battery of psychometric tests which measured both cognitive and non-cognitive personality traits. Personality profiles obtained have been compared with reported norms from some other published sources. The scores obtained from factor analyses of these tests were used as predictors of total achievement in cellular biology and physiology over two years. In agreement with reports by other authors we found that the most important trait contributing to achievement was introversion/extra-version with introversion correlating with high achievement particularly in multiple choice tests. Emotional maturity was also a major factor especially as a predictor of success in essay tests. General mental ability, verbal skills, and reading comprehension appeared as significant predictors of achievement, and these were apparently of comparable importance in both kinds of test. Students of foreign origin whose first language was other than English tended to perform better in essay than multiple choice tests but their overall performance was lower than would have been expected from their other personality traits including their verbal skills. On the other hand, students resident in college halls tended to have better overall performance than expected.", "contents": "Influence of personality on achievement of medical students. In this study second year medical students completed a battery of psychometric tests which measured both cognitive and non-cognitive personality traits. Personality profiles obtained have been compared with reported norms from some other published sources. The scores obtained from factor analyses of these tests were used as predictors of total achievement in cellular biology and physiology over two years. In agreement with reports by other authors we found that the most important trait contributing to achievement was introversion/extra-version with introversion correlating with high achievement particularly in multiple choice tests. Emotional maturity was also a major factor especially as a predictor of success in essay tests. General mental ability, verbal skills, and reading comprehension appeared as significant predictors of achievement, and these were apparently of comparable importance in both kinds of test. Students of foreign origin whose first language was other than English tended to perform better in essay than multiple choice tests but their overall performance was lower than would have been expected from their other personality traits including their verbal skills. On the other hand, students resident in college halls tended to have better overall performance than expected."}
{"id": "PMID:1203197", "title": "An innovative course in undergraduate neuroscience. Experiment in problem-based learning with 'problem boxes'.", "content": "A novel course in undergraduate neurosciences is described in this paper. The course features a 'problem-box' and use of an educational prescription, each designed to foster the continual development of problem solving and self-directed study skills. The use of a wide range of evaluation tools, stimulated patients, questionnaires, tutorial evaluations, and interviews indicated that it was successful in its attempt. The philosophy of the design of problem-boxes and the problem-solving approach are discussed.", "contents": "An innovative course in undergraduate neuroscience. Experiment in problem-based learning with 'problem boxes'. A novel course in undergraduate neurosciences is described in this paper. The course features a 'problem-box' and use of an educational prescription, each designed to foster the continual development of problem solving and self-directed study skills. The use of a wide range of evaluation tools, stimulated patients, questionnaires, tutorial evaluations, and interviews indicated that it was successful in its attempt. The philosophy of the design of problem-boxes and the problem-solving approach are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203198", "title": "A medical sociology course in a revised curriculum.", "content": "This article describes some of the factors that have been involved in the development of a medical sociology course in a revised undergraduate curriculum in the University of Dundee. The course content and the educational techniques used are discussed. The aim of the course is to give a sociological perspective on medicine which it is hoped will be of value to medical students whatever their future careers may be.", "contents": "A medical sociology course in a revised curriculum. This article describes some of the factors that have been involved in the development of a medical sociology course in a revised undergraduate curriculum in the University of Dundee. The course content and the educational techniques used are discussed. The aim of the course is to give a sociological perspective on medicine which it is hoped will be of value to medical students whatever their future careers may be."}
{"id": "PMID:1203199", "title": "Feedback research in postgraduates on efficacy of education in school of medicine.", "content": "At the Medical School, Tirgu-Mures/Romania, in the Alumni Office of the Department of Social Medicine, two feed-back researches were performed in 1962 and 1973 on 100 graduates working in basic medical care, in order to evaluate the efficacy of practical medical training. Between 1962 and 1973 efforts have been made to bring the medical teaching nearer to the ambulatory practical training. The compulsory externship (4 to 6 years), the young students' work as nurses at the patients' beds (1 to 2 years), their distribution in rural factory surgeries (5 to 6 years), the night duties at medical emergency services (6 years), as well as their training in prophylactic medico-hygiene activities brought a lot of improvements to the practical training of the students, future general practitioners. However, there are problems in this field of hygiene and epidemiology, as well as in emergency assistance. The improvement of practical education goes on. The next feed-back research is planned for 1976.", "contents": "Feedback research in postgraduates on efficacy of education in school of medicine. At the Medical School, Tirgu-Mures/Romania, in the Alumni Office of the Department of Social Medicine, two feed-back researches were performed in 1962 and 1973 on 100 graduates working in basic medical care, in order to evaluate the efficacy of practical medical training. Between 1962 and 1973 efforts have been made to bring the medical teaching nearer to the ambulatory practical training. The compulsory externship (4 to 6 years), the young students' work as nurses at the patients' beds (1 to 2 years), their distribution in rural factory surgeries (5 to 6 years), the night duties at medical emergency services (6 years), as well as their training in prophylactic medico-hygiene activities brought a lot of improvements to the practical training of the students, future general practitioners. However, there are problems in this field of hygiene and epidemiology, as well as in emergency assistance. The improvement of practical education goes on. The next feed-back research is planned for 1976."}
{"id": "PMID:1203200", "title": "Medical students' retention of knowledge of physics and chemistry on entry to a course in physiology.", "content": "In this paper we have assessed the extent to which two cohorts of medical students retained skills acquired in two of their basic science courses, i.e. physics and chemistry. It has been shown that a great deal of attrition takes place with respect to factual information and also, therefore, the capacity to apply this information in a relevant manner. It has been argued that this occurs, in part, because students do not appear to regard chemistry and physics as a useful part of their preparation as doctors and, in part, because of the methods used to teach these basic science subjects. Finally, some implications of this preliminary study have been discussed.", "contents": "Medical students' retention of knowledge of physics and chemistry on entry to a course in physiology. In this paper we have assessed the extent to which two cohorts of medical students retained skills acquired in two of their basic science courses, i.e. physics and chemistry. It has been shown that a great deal of attrition takes place with respect to factual information and also, therefore, the capacity to apply this information in a relevant manner. It has been argued that this occurs, in part, because students do not appear to regard chemistry and physics as a useful part of their preparation as doctors and, in part, because of the methods used to teach these basic science subjects. Finally, some implications of this preliminary study have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203201", "title": "Recall and retrieval of anatomical knowledge.", "content": "The performance outcomes of a course in anatomy based on the use of specific behavioural objectives and group discussion techniques have been followed up over a period of 21 months. At the end of this time attrition of knowledge averaged 17-5% of the original performance. 72% of students still performed at better than pass level. Performance levels on retest were significantly associated with original levels of performance and were significantly better in respect of items 'reinforced' by subsequent teaching in other subjects. It is suggested that the performance on retest also reflected the nature of the original course, which was dependent on the use of general and specific behavioural objectives and on active learning methods using group discussion techniques.", "contents": "Recall and retrieval of anatomical knowledge. The performance outcomes of a course in anatomy based on the use of specific behavioural objectives and group discussion techniques have been followed up over a period of 21 months. At the end of this time attrition of knowledge averaged 17-5% of the original performance. 72% of students still performed at better than pass level. Performance levels on retest were significantly associated with original levels of performance and were significantly better in respect of items 'reinforced' by subsequent teaching in other subjects. It is suggested that the performance on retest also reflected the nature of the original course, which was dependent on the use of general and specific behavioural objectives and on active learning methods using group discussion techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:1203202", "title": "Reasons for differential performance in multiple choice and essay tests.", "content": "1. Previous studies with preclinical students demonstrated that there were factors other than topic content which produced significant differences in performance in multiple choice (MC) and essay (E) tests. 2. In this study second year medical students completed a battery of psychometric tests measuring both cognitive and non-cognitive personality traits. 3. The scores obtained after factor analyses of these tests were used as predictors of the difference in performance in 6 matched pairs of MC and E achievement tests over 2 years. 4. Students with high scores in a factor associated with introversion achieved better results in MC tests than would have been expected from their performance in E tests. On the other hand, students whose first language was not English did not perform as well in MC as they did in E tests. 5. Students with high scores in a factor associated with emotional maturity and illegible writing performed better in E tests than would have been expected from their MC results.", "contents": "Reasons for differential performance in multiple choice and essay tests. 1. Previous studies with preclinical students demonstrated that there were factors other than topic content which produced significant differences in performance in multiple choice (MC) and essay (E) tests. 2. In this study second year medical students completed a battery of psychometric tests measuring both cognitive and non-cognitive personality traits. 3. The scores obtained after factor analyses of these tests were used as predictors of the difference in performance in 6 matched pairs of MC and E achievement tests over 2 years. 4. Students with high scores in a factor associated with introversion achieved better results in MC tests than would have been expected from their performance in E tests. On the other hand, students whose first language was not English did not perform as well in MC as they did in E tests. 5. Students with high scores in a factor associated with emotional maturity and illegible writing performed better in E tests than would have been expected from their MC results."}
{"id": "PMID:1203204", "title": "Multiple choice questions. The debate goes on.", "content": "The clinical comprehensive examination given to Pahlavi University medical students in their last year was designed to include three types of questions: multiple choice questions (MCQ's) testing factual recall, MCQ's measuring clinical problems solving ability, and simulated patient management problems (PMP's). The scores of the three types of questions were compared with the five-year cumulative class standing and with each other. It was found that the class standing was very highly correlated with MCQ's testing for recall of information. The relation progressively lessened with problem solving MCQ's and PMP's. In the extremes of class standing there was no significant correlation with problem solving MCQ's and a significant but negative correlation with PMP's. Similar results were obtained when recall type MCQ's were compared with problem solving MCQ's and PMP's. It is concluded that the various determinants of class standing (MCQ's, oral exams, 'performance' reports, etc) are probably based on ability for factual recall and that the usual variety of MCQ's are a poor discriminating index of medical competence. It is, however, possible to write MCQ's that are better able to measure the more significant objectives of medical education.", "contents": "Multiple choice questions. The debate goes on. The clinical comprehensive examination given to Pahlavi University medical students in their last year was designed to include three types of questions: multiple choice questions (MCQ's) testing factual recall, MCQ's measuring clinical problems solving ability, and simulated patient management problems (PMP's). The scores of the three types of questions were compared with the five-year cumulative class standing and with each other. It was found that the class standing was very highly correlated with MCQ's testing for recall of information. The relation progressively lessened with problem solving MCQ's and PMP's. In the extremes of class standing there was no significant correlation with problem solving MCQ's and a significant but negative correlation with PMP's. Similar results were obtained when recall type MCQ's were compared with problem solving MCQ's and PMP's. It is concluded that the various determinants of class standing (MCQ's, oral exams, 'performance' reports, etc) are probably based on ability for factual recall and that the usual variety of MCQ's are a poor discriminating index of medical competence. It is, however, possible to write MCQ's that are better able to measure the more significant objectives of medical education."}
{"id": "PMID:1203205", "title": "Computerization of a patient management problems examination to prevent 'retracing'.", "content": "During 1973, a 10-patient, linear PMP examination was administered in both written and computerized form to 104 candidates for certification by the American Board of Pediatrics and to 122 individuals in their first month of graduate training in paediatrics. Both groups made significantly more errors of omission (failure to select appropriate actions) and fewer correct diagnoses on the computerized version of the test than on the written version. These results suggest that examinees 'retrace' (use clues from problems near the end of the case to make additional correct decisions on earlier problems) when the test is presented in written form and that computerization prevents this phenomenon. Additional analyses indicated that the reliability of the PMP examination was essentially the same for the written and computerized versions, that both forms distinguished about equally well between first-year residents and candidates, and that both forms had about the same magnitude of correlation with the American Board of Pediatrics oral examination. Finally, correlation between both PMP forms and the American Board of Pediatrics multiple-choice examination suggested that the PMP, in either mode of presentation, measures characteristics that are not tapped by the multiple-choice test. Thus, computerization of the PMP provides a means for controlling a variable (retracing) which may be considered extraneous to the desired measurement, but it does not appear to alter the reliability of the test or to modify its relations with other measures.", "contents": "Computerization of a patient management problems examination to prevent 'retracing'. During 1973, a 10-patient, linear PMP examination was administered in both written and computerized form to 104 candidates for certification by the American Board of Pediatrics and to 122 individuals in their first month of graduate training in paediatrics. Both groups made significantly more errors of omission (failure to select appropriate actions) and fewer correct diagnoses on the computerized version of the test than on the written version. These results suggest that examinees 'retrace' (use clues from problems near the end of the case to make additional correct decisions on earlier problems) when the test is presented in written form and that computerization prevents this phenomenon. Additional analyses indicated that the reliability of the PMP examination was essentially the same for the written and computerized versions, that both forms distinguished about equally well between first-year residents and candidates, and that both forms had about the same magnitude of correlation with the American Board of Pediatrics oral examination. Finally, correlation between both PMP forms and the American Board of Pediatrics multiple-choice examination suggested that the PMP, in either mode of presentation, measures characteristics that are not tapped by the multiple-choice test. Thus, computerization of the PMP provides a means for controlling a variable (retracing) which may be considered extraneous to the desired measurement, but it does not appear to alter the reliability of the test or to modify its relations with other measures."}
{"id": "PMID:1203206", "title": "Difficulties in postgraduate training of foreign paediatric residents and interns in child psychiatry.", "content": "In a new program of teaching and consultation in child psychiatry for paediatric interns and residents, many of them of foreign birth, several approaches were tried: individual case consultation; screening conferences; experiential groups; didactic sessions. None succeeded very well. As a result of this experience, however, we have been able to identify some of the problems of the foreign students (and our own), which made the more usual educational approaches ineffective with them, and to determine better approaches. Some of the students had personal problems of adjustment, most were relatively unfamiliar with the culture, others could not communicat adequately and had scant psychiatric knowledge, and almost all were accustomed to an entirely different student-teacher relation. The most effective way of dealing with these problems was found to be through one-to-one supervision and consultation. Didactic sessions were changed to focus on specific ways to handle specific problems, with only simple, not very theoretical reading material used. With the growth of personal relations, informal consultation and teaching increased, and the formal programme became more successful.", "contents": "Difficulties in postgraduate training of foreign paediatric residents and interns in child psychiatry. In a new program of teaching and consultation in child psychiatry for paediatric interns and residents, many of them of foreign birth, several approaches were tried: individual case consultation; screening conferences; experiential groups; didactic sessions. None succeeded very well. As a result of this experience, however, we have been able to identify some of the problems of the foreign students (and our own), which made the more usual educational approaches ineffective with them, and to determine better approaches. Some of the students had personal problems of adjustment, most were relatively unfamiliar with the culture, others could not communicat adequately and had scant psychiatric knowledge, and almost all were accustomed to an entirely different student-teacher relation. The most effective way of dealing with these problems was found to be through one-to-one supervision and consultation. Didactic sessions were changed to focus on specific ways to handle specific problems, with only simple, not very theoretical reading material used. With the growth of personal relations, informal consultation and teaching increased, and the formal programme became more successful."}
{"id": "PMID:1203207", "title": "Role of Canadian family medicine teacher in continuing medical education.", "content": "This article is an attempt to illustrate diagrammatically and analyse the continuing medical education needs of the family physician throughout his entire career. It goes on to suggest how these needs may be met and puts forward the theory of the 'expanded university' which would include practising physicians in the community as members of faculty. This would encourage an osmotic-like interchange of students, full-time faculty, and practising physicians.", "contents": "Role of Canadian family medicine teacher in continuing medical education. This article is an attempt to illustrate diagrammatically and analyse the continuing medical education needs of the family physician throughout his entire career. It goes on to suggest how these needs may be met and puts forward the theory of the 'expanded university' which would include practising physicians in the community as members of faculty. This would encourage an osmotic-like interchange of students, full-time faculty, and practising physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:1203208", "title": "Textbooks -- a new approach.", "content": "A new approach to medical textbooks has been applied by a team comprising a publisher, educationalist, and subject specialist. The binding of the book can be opened so that additional material can be added and the pages rearranged. Illustrations are printed on separate sheets so as to be available for study at any point in the text. An interdisciplinary approach has been adopted throughout and each section of the book examines the subject from a different viewpoint, for example, a disease, a clinical presentation, or an approach to therapy. An important feature is the separation of core material from additional material. Layout and design have been used to facilitate learning and to make possible the use of the book for reference and revision.", "contents": "Textbooks -- a new approach. A new approach to medical textbooks has been applied by a team comprising a publisher, educationalist, and subject specialist. The binding of the book can be opened so that additional material can be added and the pages rearranged. Illustrations are printed on separate sheets so as to be available for study at any point in the text. An interdisciplinary approach has been adopted throughout and each section of the book examines the subject from a different viewpoint, for example, a disease, a clinical presentation, or an approach to therapy. An important feature is the separation of core material from additional material. Layout and design have been used to facilitate learning and to make possible the use of the book for reference and revision."}
{"id": "PMID:1203209", "title": "A foreign body in the rectum presenting as a vulval abscess. A case report.", "content": "A case of trans-rectal impaction of a foreign body in the perineum is reported. The importance of rectal palpation during pelvic examination is re-emphasized.", "contents": "A foreign body in the rectum presenting as a vulval abscess. A case report. A case of trans-rectal impaction of a foreign body in the perineum is reported. The importance of rectal palpation during pelvic examination is re-emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1203210", "title": "The influence of abnormal glucose tolerance (hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia) on pregnancy outcome when oestriol excretion is subnormal.", "content": "Subnormal urinary oestriol excretion was present in 611 (13.9 per cent) of 4403 consecutive patients in whom a glucose tolerance test had been performed and urinary oestriol excretion measured during the third trimester of pregnancy. Hypoglycaemia (less than 5th centile) had a significant association with subnormal oestriol excretion. The perinatal mortality rate was significantly higher in the presence of abnormal glucose tolerance when oestriol excretion was low. Normoglycaemia was associated with a perinatal mortality rate of 1.7 per cent when oestriol excretion was persistently low, whereas in the presence of hyperglycaemia (greater than 95th centile) the perinatal mortality rate was 12.5 per cent (P less than 0.01) and when there was hypoglycaemia the rate was 14.8 per cent (P less than 0.001). Small-fordates babies occurred in 46.3 per cent of pregnancies complicated by hypoglycaemia and persistently subnormal urinary oestriol excretion. The advantage of routine urinary oestriol assay and glucose tolerance testing in pregnancy is emphasized.", "contents": "The influence of abnormal glucose tolerance (hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia) on pregnancy outcome when oestriol excretion is subnormal. Subnormal urinary oestriol excretion was present in 611 (13.9 per cent) of 4403 consecutive patients in whom a glucose tolerance test had been performed and urinary oestriol excretion measured during the third trimester of pregnancy. Hypoglycaemia (less than 5th centile) had a significant association with subnormal oestriol excretion. The perinatal mortality rate was significantly higher in the presence of abnormal glucose tolerance when oestriol excretion was low. Normoglycaemia was associated with a perinatal mortality rate of 1.7 per cent when oestriol excretion was persistently low, whereas in the presence of hyperglycaemia (greater than 95th centile) the perinatal mortality rate was 12.5 per cent (P less than 0.01) and when there was hypoglycaemia the rate was 14.8 per cent (P less than 0.001). Small-fordates babies occurred in 46.3 per cent of pregnancies complicated by hypoglycaemia and persistently subnormal urinary oestriol excretion. The advantage of routine urinary oestriol assay and glucose tolerance testing in pregnancy is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1203211", "title": "Progression in response patterns of fetal heart rate throughout labour.", "content": "A study of 70 fetal heart rate (FHR) traces throughout labour has allowed analysis of FHR responses associated with approximately 7000 individual uterine contractions. The significance of the less emphasized FHR patterns has been assessed and an attempt has been made to identify any trend or progression in the occurrence of these patterns. Transient acceleration was the most frequently occurring response in early labour and was the first observed response in the majority of cases. Decelerations became prevalent as labour progressed. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the observed overall progression in FHR responses and the possible physiological mechanisms underlying the cyclic changes in response patterns which occur throughout the course of labour.", "contents": "Progression in response patterns of fetal heart rate throughout labour. A study of 70 fetal heart rate (FHR) traces throughout labour has allowed analysis of FHR responses associated with approximately 7000 individual uterine contractions. The significance of the less emphasized FHR patterns has been assessed and an attempt has been made to identify any trend or progression in the occurrence of these patterns. Transient acceleration was the most frequently occurring response in early labour and was the first observed response in the majority of cases. Decelerations became prevalent as labour progressed. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the observed overall progression in FHR responses and the possible physiological mechanisms underlying the cyclic changes in response patterns which occur throughout the course of labour."}
{"id": "PMID:1203212", "title": "Circulating levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation fragment E in normal pregnancy, and in association with intrauterine growth retardation and perinatal asphyxia.", "content": "Levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products have been measured by aspecific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for degradation fragment E (FgE) in pregnant patients. Maternal FgE levels rose from the 16th week reaching a plateau at the 36th week in normal pregnancy. There was no correlation between maternal FgE levels and maternal age, parity or the occurrence of perinatal asphyxia. A minority of patients (5 per cent) with evidence of intrauterine growth retardation showed prolonged elevation of FgE levels.", "contents": "Circulating levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation fragment E in normal pregnancy, and in association with intrauterine growth retardation and perinatal asphyxia. Levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products have been measured by aspecific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for degradation fragment E (FgE) in pregnant patients. Maternal FgE levels rose from the 16th week reaching a plateau at the 36th week in normal pregnancy. There was no correlation between maternal FgE levels and maternal age, parity or the occurrence of perinatal asphyxia. A minority of patients (5 per cent) with evidence of intrauterine growth retardation showed prolonged elevation of FgE levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1203213", "title": "Smoking, human placental lactogen and birth weight.", "content": "Human placental lactogen (HPL) was measured in 525 serum samples from 144 pregnant women and related to smoking habits and the birth weight of their infants. Women smoking during pregnancy were found to have a level of HPL significantly lower than the non-smokers (p less than 0.05). A significant correlation between HPL and birth weight was found (r=0.38); p less than 0.001) which remained significant when smoking was held constant (r=0.35; p less than 0.001). There was no relationship between birth weight and smoking when HPL was held constant.", "contents": "Smoking, human placental lactogen and birth weight. Human placental lactogen (HPL) was measured in 525 serum samples from 144 pregnant women and related to smoking habits and the birth weight of their infants. Women smoking during pregnancy were found to have a level of HPL significantly lower than the non-smokers (p less than 0.05). A significant correlation between HPL and birth weight was found (r=0.38); p less than 0.001) which remained significant when smoking was held constant (r=0.35; p less than 0.001). There was no relationship between birth weight and smoking when HPL was held constant."}
{"id": "PMID:1203214", "title": "The effects of stilboestrol and quinestrol upon coagulation and fibrinolysis during the puerperium.", "content": "Two oestrogens, stilboestrol and quinestrol, were used to inhibit lactation and their effects upon coagulation and fibrinolysis were compared with control patients before delivery, during the puerperium and six weeks after delivery. During the first week of the puerperium, stilboestrol therapy was associated with rises of factors IX and X and quinestrol therapy with rises of factors IX and II. Six weeks after delivery, the clotting factors were similar to the control values in those who had received stilboestrol but factor II was still raised in the quinestrol treated patients. Additionally, a significant rise of factor X in the quinestrol group was noted at this time. Plasma antithrombin levels rose during the first week of the puerperium in all three groups but, six weeks after delivery, they were lower in those who had received oestrogens. Stilboestrol and quinestrol were also associated with a rise of plasminogen and antiplasmin concentration during the first week of the puerperium. Six weeks after delivery, quinestrol treated patients still had raised levels of plasminogen and antiplasmin while the stilboestrol treated patients only had raised levels of antiplasmin. These changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis are similar to those reported during oral contraceptive therapy. The persisting changes six weeks after delivery in women who had taken quinestrol might indicate an increased thrombogenic risk when long acting oestrogen preparations are used to inhibit lactation.", "contents": "The effects of stilboestrol and quinestrol upon coagulation and fibrinolysis during the puerperium. Two oestrogens, stilboestrol and quinestrol, were used to inhibit lactation and their effects upon coagulation and fibrinolysis were compared with control patients before delivery, during the puerperium and six weeks after delivery. During the first week of the puerperium, stilboestrol therapy was associated with rises of factors IX and X and quinestrol therapy with rises of factors IX and II. Six weeks after delivery, the clotting factors were similar to the control values in those who had received stilboestrol but factor II was still raised in the quinestrol treated patients. Additionally, a significant rise of factor X in the quinestrol group was noted at this time. Plasma antithrombin levels rose during the first week of the puerperium in all three groups but, six weeks after delivery, they were lower in those who had received oestrogens. Stilboestrol and quinestrol were also associated with a rise of plasminogen and antiplasmin concentration during the first week of the puerperium. Six weeks after delivery, quinestrol treated patients still had raised levels of plasminogen and antiplasmin while the stilboestrol treated patients only had raised levels of antiplasmin. These changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis are similar to those reported during oral contraceptive therapy. The persisting changes six weeks after delivery in women who had taken quinestrol might indicate an increased thrombogenic risk when long acting oestrogen preparations are used to inhibit lactation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203215", "title": "Cortisol metabolism after oral contraceptives: total plasma cortisol and the free cortisol index.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of cortisol, cortisol resin uptake ratio (cortisol RUR) and free cortisol index (FCI) were measured in women taking combined oestrogen/progestogen and progestogen only oral contraceptives. Compared to control subjects, women taking the combined pill had elevated cortisol and cortisol RUR values in both the morning and afternoon but there was no significant change in FCI. Women taking the progestogen only pill had essentially normal levels of cortisol, cortisol RUR and FCI at both times of the day. As far as could be judged, diurnal variation of total cortisol and FCI remained unimpaired in women taking both types of pill. The FCI measurements indicated that there was no significant increase in metabolically active cortisol in women taking either the combined oestrogen/progestogen or the progestogen only type of oral contraceptive.", "contents": "Cortisol metabolism after oral contraceptives: total plasma cortisol and the free cortisol index. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, cortisol resin uptake ratio (cortisol RUR) and free cortisol index (FCI) were measured in women taking combined oestrogen/progestogen and progestogen only oral contraceptives. Compared to control subjects, women taking the combined pill had elevated cortisol and cortisol RUR values in both the morning and afternoon but there was no significant change in FCI. Women taking the progestogen only pill had essentially normal levels of cortisol, cortisol RUR and FCI at both times of the day. As far as could be judged, diurnal variation of total cortisol and FCI remained unimpaired in women taking both types of pill. The FCI measurements indicated that there was no significant increase in metabolically active cortisol in women taking either the combined oestrogen/progestogen or the progestogen only type of oral contraceptive."}
{"id": "PMID:1203216", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins and C-reactive protein in patients using intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Serum IgA, IgG, IgM and C-reactive protein levels were measured over a 12-week period in 20 women using the intrauterine contraceptive device. No significant amount of serum C-reactive protein was detected at any time. Alterations in the serum immunoglobulin levels are discussed.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins and C-reactive protein in patients using intrauterine contraceptive devices. Serum IgA, IgG, IgM and C-reactive protein levels were measured over a 12-week period in 20 women using the intrauterine contraceptive device. No significant amount of serum C-reactive protein was detected at any time. Alterations in the serum immunoglobulin levels are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203217", "title": "Endometrial granulocytes in proliferative endometrium.", "content": "Endometrial granulocytes were found in significant numbers in proliferative, hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium. The significance of this observation is discussed.", "contents": "Endometrial granulocytes in proliferative endometrium. Endometrial granulocytes were found in significant numbers in proliferative, hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium. The significance of this observation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203218", "title": "A large hamartoma (angioleiomyolipoma) arising from the uterine cervix.", "content": "A pelvic mass removed from an asymptomatic 52-year-old woman proved to be a large angioleiomyolipoma arising from the cervix and lying within the broad ligament. It was histologically unusual in that it incorporated structures reproducing the sinuses of lymph nodes.", "contents": "A large hamartoma (angioleiomyolipoma) arising from the uterine cervix. A pelvic mass removed from an asymptomatic 52-year-old woman proved to be a large angioleiomyolipoma arising from the cervix and lying within the broad ligament. It was histologically unusual in that it incorporated structures reproducing the sinuses of lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203220", "title": "Sclero-cornea and defective mesodermal migration.", "content": "A 5-month-old boy with bilateral sclero-cornea, multiple systemic abnormalities, and normal karyotype had his left eye removed after corneal perforation. Histopathological examination of the enucleated eye revealed an irregular corneal epithelium, absent Bowman's membrane, thickened and vascularized stromal lamellae, absent Descemet's membrane and endothelium, no angle structures, hypoplasia of the iris and ciliary body, and total kerato-iridic adhesions. A profound defect in embryogenesis due to defective mesodermal migration during the earliest phase of mesoderm differentiation is postulated as the causative factor in this case.", "contents": "Sclero-cornea and defective mesodermal migration. A 5-month-old boy with bilateral sclero-cornea, multiple systemic abnormalities, and normal karyotype had his left eye removed after corneal perforation. Histopathological examination of the enucleated eye revealed an irregular corneal epithelium, absent Bowman's membrane, thickened and vascularized stromal lamellae, absent Descemet's membrane and endothelium, no angle structures, hypoplasia of the iris and ciliary body, and total kerato-iridic adhesions. A profound defect in embryogenesis due to defective mesodermal migration during the earliest phase of mesoderm differentiation is postulated as the causative factor in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:1203221", "title": "Early breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes.", "content": "The blood-retinal barrier plays an important part in the processes of retinal pathophysiology. A new clinical method for the study of the blood-retinal barrier by vitreous fluorophotometry appears to satisfy the necessary requirements in that it is quantitative and shows good reproducibility and high sensitivity. The application of this method  to a series of diabetic patients with apparently \"normal\" fundi revealed the presence of a significant breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in the early stages of retinal involvement in diabetes. The extent of the breakdown can be measured allowing for comparative and evolutionary evaluations. The disturbance of the blood-retinal barrier, as evidence by vitreous fluorophotometry, appears before microaneurysms or capillary closure can be demonstrated by fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Early breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes. The blood-retinal barrier plays an important part in the processes of retinal pathophysiology. A new clinical method for the study of the blood-retinal barrier by vitreous fluorophotometry appears to satisfy the necessary requirements in that it is quantitative and shows good reproducibility and high sensitivity. The application of this method  to a series of diabetic patients with apparently \"normal\" fundi revealed the presence of a significant breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in the early stages of retinal involvement in diabetes. The extent of the breakdown can be measured allowing for comparative and evolutionary evaluations. The disturbance of the blood-retinal barrier, as evidence by vitreous fluorophotometry, appears before microaneurysms or capillary closure can be demonstrated by fluorescein angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1203222", "title": "Neuro-ophthalmic sarcoidosis.", "content": "Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder in which ocular involvement occurs in about one-quarter and neurosarcoidosis in 7 per cent of patients. When the retina is involved, the reported incidence of central nervous system sarcoidosis is 37 per cent. The patient described had a transient papular eruption of the legs, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, polyarthralgia with knee effusions, and bilateral facial and peripheral neuropathy. Ocular involvement was characterized by anterior uveitis (in the initial stages), vitreous flare, bilateral disc oedema, macular oedema, streak haemorrhages, peripheral periphlebitis, nerve fibre bundle defects, and candle-wax spots. Fluorescein angiography showed no fluorescence of the candle-wax spots nor of the adjacent vessels. However, there was hyperfluorescence of two retinal lesions. This patient had unilateral internal ophthalmoplegia, only three cases of which have been reported in the literature. Her health was restored by heavy, prolonged corticosteroid therapy. Her family history revealed that an uncle died of sarcoidosis complicated by cryptococcal meningitis. The literature on retinopathy in sarcoidosis is reviewed and the lesions noted in the posterior segment are listed.", "contents": "Neuro-ophthalmic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder in which ocular involvement occurs in about one-quarter and neurosarcoidosis in 7 per cent of patients. When the retina is involved, the reported incidence of central nervous system sarcoidosis is 37 per cent. The patient described had a transient papular eruption of the legs, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, polyarthralgia with knee effusions, and bilateral facial and peripheral neuropathy. Ocular involvement was characterized by anterior uveitis (in the initial stages), vitreous flare, bilateral disc oedema, macular oedema, streak haemorrhages, peripheral periphlebitis, nerve fibre bundle defects, and candle-wax spots. Fluorescein angiography showed no fluorescence of the candle-wax spots nor of the adjacent vessels. However, there was hyperfluorescence of two retinal lesions. This patient had unilateral internal ophthalmoplegia, only three cases of which have been reported in the literature. Her health was restored by heavy, prolonged corticosteroid therapy. Her family history revealed that an uncle died of sarcoidosis complicated by cryptococcal meningitis. The literature on retinopathy in sarcoidosis is reviewed and the lesions noted in the posterior segment are listed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203223", "title": "Fluorescein angiography in carotid ischaemia.", "content": "A cheap and safe screening method for demonstrating ocular ischaemia using fluorescein angiography is described and illustrated.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography in carotid ischaemia. A cheap and safe screening method for demonstrating ocular ischaemia using fluorescein angiography is described and illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1203224", "title": "Effect of benzalkonium chloride on the stability of the precorneal tear film in rabbit and man.", "content": "Benzalkonium chloride, a surface-active preservative commonly used in eyedrop preparations, has been shown to hasten the drying of the precorneal tear film. In the rabbit, 0.01 per cent benzalkonium (the concentration usually employed as a preservative) shortened the time required for the appearance of dry spots on the corneal surface by a factor of about four. In man, an approximately twofold hastening was demonstrated. This effect is thought to preclude the use of this substance as a preservative in eyedrop preparations for use as local anaesthetics.", "contents": "Effect of benzalkonium chloride on the stability of the precorneal tear film in rabbit and man. Benzalkonium chloride, a surface-active preservative commonly used in eyedrop preparations, has been shown to hasten the drying of the precorneal tear film. In the rabbit, 0.01 per cent benzalkonium (the concentration usually employed as a preservative) shortened the time required for the appearance of dry spots on the corneal surface by a factor of about four. In man, an approximately twofold hastening was demonstrated. This effect is thought to preclude the use of this substance as a preservative in eyedrop preparations for use as local anaesthetics."}
{"id": "PMID:1203226", "title": "Acute presumed histoplasmosis of the optic nerve head.", "content": "A 38-year-old man from the Ohio Valley area presented to the Ophthalmology Cinic at a west coast hospital (USA) because of sudden loss of the right inferior temporal visual field after severe right frontal headache of several hours' duration. During the following months, diffuse peripapillary atrophy and peripheral punched-out lesions developed. When he had been seen initially, the fundus of the left eye had also revealed extensive, diffuse, peripapillary atrophy and scarring. All laboratory tests were normal except a histoplasmin intradermal skin test. The clinical appearance of both eyes 8 months after the acute episode in the right eye supports the diagnosis of presumed ocular histoplasmosis.", "contents": "Acute presumed histoplasmosis of the optic nerve head. A 38-year-old man from the Ohio Valley area presented to the Ophthalmology Cinic at a west coast hospital (USA) because of sudden loss of the right inferior temporal visual field after severe right frontal headache of several hours' duration. During the following months, diffuse peripapillary atrophy and peripheral punched-out lesions developed. When he had been seen initially, the fundus of the left eye had also revealed extensive, diffuse, peripapillary atrophy and scarring. All laboratory tests were normal except a histoplasmin intradermal skin test. The clinical appearance of both eyes 8 months after the acute episode in the right eye supports the diagnosis of presumed ocular histoplasmosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203227", "title": "Drusen of the optic disc. A retrospective study in cadaver eyes.", "content": "A retrospective study of 737 consecutive necropsies yielded 15 cases of drusen of the optic nerve head, an incidence of 20-4 cases per thousand. This represents the highest incidence yet reported. The histopathological features of drusen of the nerve head included elevation of the nerve head, compression of optic nerve fibres, partial optic atrophy, cytoid bodies, disc haemorrhages, juxtapapillary retinal scarring with haemosiderin deposition, calcification, and iron deposition within drusen.", "contents": "Drusen of the optic disc. A retrospective study in cadaver eyes. A retrospective study of 737 consecutive necropsies yielded 15 cases of drusen of the optic nerve head, an incidence of 20-4 cases per thousand. This represents the highest incidence yet reported. The histopathological features of drusen of the nerve head included elevation of the nerve head, compression of optic nerve fibres, partial optic atrophy, cytoid bodies, disc haemorrhages, juxtapapillary retinal scarring with haemosiderin deposition, calcification, and iron deposition within drusen."}
{"id": "PMID:1203228", "title": "Trachoma in the Sudan. A laboratory study.", "content": "Out of 46 patients in the Sudan who had been diagnosed clinically as having trachoma 25 strains of the trachoma agent were isolated. Bacterial contamination was easily controlled by streptomycin and vancomycin. On repeated passaging, chick embryos lost their susceptibility to the trachoma agent during the summer.", "contents": "Trachoma in the Sudan. A laboratory study. Out of 46 patients in the Sudan who had been diagnosed clinically as having trachoma 25 strains of the trachoma agent were isolated. Bacterial contamination was easily controlled by streptomycin and vancomycin. On repeated passaging, chick embryos lost their susceptibility to the trachoma agent during the summer."}
{"id": "PMID:1203229", "title": "Incidence of aphakic macular oedema. A prospective study.", "content": "A prospective angiographic study of 77 aphakic eyes demonstrated cystoid macular oedema in 36 eyes (46-7 per cent) 6 to 7 weeks postoperatively. This subsequently resolved in 16 eyes, improved in eight, and was no better or worse in five (eight patients failed to return for follow-up). Of those patients with cystoid oedema, 16-6 per cent had a visual acuity of less than 6/12 at the time of the original examination; this was reduced to 13-8 per cent at the time of the follow-up study. The mean visual acuity of the group with oedema improved from 6/9 to 6/7-5 between the two examinations compared with 6/6 in the remaining 53-3 per cent without oedema. Preoperative ocular or general disease, specific surgical technique, and vitreous loss were not shown to be associated with macular oedema. However, there was some indication that intraocular inflammation predisposed to macular oedema.", "contents": "Incidence of aphakic macular oedema. A prospective study. A prospective angiographic study of 77 aphakic eyes demonstrated cystoid macular oedema in 36 eyes (46-7 per cent) 6 to 7 weeks postoperatively. This subsequently resolved in 16 eyes, improved in eight, and was no better or worse in five (eight patients failed to return for follow-up). Of those patients with cystoid oedema, 16-6 per cent had a visual acuity of less than 6/12 at the time of the original examination; this was reduced to 13-8 per cent at the time of the follow-up study. The mean visual acuity of the group with oedema improved from 6/9 to 6/7-5 between the two examinations compared with 6/6 in the remaining 53-3 per cent without oedema. Preoperative ocular or general disease, specific surgical technique, and vitreous loss were not shown to be associated with macular oedema. However, there was some indication that intraocular inflammation predisposed to macular oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:1203230", "title": "Posterior vitreous detachment after cataract extraction in non-myopic eyes and the resulting retinal lesions.", "content": "A series of 54 non-myopic aphakic eyes with no signs of posterior vitreous detachment and 63 non-myopic aphakic eyes with various stages of posterior vitreous detachment was followed-up for a period of 6 months to 6 years. Over half of the eyes with no vitreous detachment when first examined developed various stages of posterior vitreous detachment during the follow-up period; in 10 eyes this was accompanied by entopsies with or without photopsies and three eyes developed five new retinal tears. In over half of the eyes with partial vitreous detachment when first examined, the vitreous detachment continued to progress causing retinal detachment in one eye. Late vitreous detachment in non-myopic aphakia or the completion of a partially-detached vitreous could account for the higher incidence of retinal tears in this group of eyes.", "contents": "Posterior vitreous detachment after cataract extraction in non-myopic eyes and the resulting retinal lesions. A series of 54 non-myopic aphakic eyes with no signs of posterior vitreous detachment and 63 non-myopic aphakic eyes with various stages of posterior vitreous detachment was followed-up for a period of 6 months to 6 years. Over half of the eyes with no vitreous detachment when first examined developed various stages of posterior vitreous detachment during the follow-up period; in 10 eyes this was accompanied by entopsies with or without photopsies and three eyes developed five new retinal tears. In over half of the eyes with partial vitreous detachment when first examined, the vitreous detachment continued to progress causing retinal detachment in one eye. Late vitreous detachment in non-myopic aphakia or the completion of a partially-detached vitreous could account for the higher incidence of retinal tears in this group of eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203231", "title": "Pilocarpine dispensation for the soft hydrophilic contact lens.", "content": "The use of hydrophilic soft contact lenses for dispensation of pilocarpine is described. The release rate of pilocarpine from three materials of different water content was estimated and from this the surface concentrations were calculated. It is estimated that PolyHEMA can after 15 hours provide a 1 per cent surface concentration of pilocarpine, whereas higher water content materials (70 and 85 per cent) halve this, although they provide a much higher concentration in the first few hours of use. These results are based upon pre-soaking in 4 per cent pilocarpine solution. Because contact lenses present a management problem, this method of dispensation will be used only for selected cases. Some clinical examples treated successfully over a 20 month period are discussed.", "contents": "Pilocarpine dispensation for the soft hydrophilic contact lens. The use of hydrophilic soft contact lenses for dispensation of pilocarpine is described. The release rate of pilocarpine from three materials of different water content was estimated and from this the surface concentrations were calculated. It is estimated that PolyHEMA can after 15 hours provide a 1 per cent surface concentration of pilocarpine, whereas higher water content materials (70 and 85 per cent) halve this, although they provide a much higher concentration in the first few hours of use. These results are based upon pre-soaking in 4 per cent pilocarpine solution. Because contact lenses present a management problem, this method of dispensation will be used only for selected cases. Some clinical examples treated successfully over a 20 month period are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203232", "title": "Dark-without-pressure fundus lesions.", "content": "Seven black patients had dark brown homogeneous geographical areas of the fundus. Six cases were associated with sickle cell haemoglobinopathies and one was associated with systemic hypertension. These flat lesions were uniform in colour and occurred in the posterior pole or in the midperiphery. They appeared to be transient and often disappeared leaving no residue. The cause is unknown. By analogy with white-without-pressure fundus lesions, we have called these areas dark-without-pressure.", "contents": "Dark-without-pressure fundus lesions. Seven black patients had dark brown homogeneous geographical areas of the fundus. Six cases were associated with sickle cell haemoglobinopathies and one was associated with systemic hypertension. These flat lesions were uniform in colour and occurred in the posterior pole or in the midperiphery. They appeared to be transient and often disappeared leaving no residue. The cause is unknown. By analogy with white-without-pressure fundus lesions, we have called these areas dark-without-pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1203233", "title": "Myopia-aphakia. I. Prevalence of retinal detachment.", "content": "Retinal detachment after cataract extraction occurred in nine out of 136 eyes with myopia of 6 or more dioptress (6-7 per cent), during a follow-up period of 1 1/2-9 1/2 years. Five of the nine detachments occurred within 3 months of cataract extraction. All patients with retinal detachment were under the age of 63 years. Relatively young patients with high myopia bear a special risk of developing retinal detachment after lens extraction. The possible reason for this is discussed.", "contents": "Myopia-aphakia. I. Prevalence of retinal detachment. Retinal detachment after cataract extraction occurred in nine out of 136 eyes with myopia of 6 or more dioptress (6-7 per cent), during a follow-up period of 1 1/2-9 1/2 years. Five of the nine detachments occurred within 3 months of cataract extraction. All patients with retinal detachment were under the age of 63 years. Relatively young patients with high myopia bear a special risk of developing retinal detachment after lens extraction. The possible reason for this is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203234", "title": "Myopia-aphakia. II. Vitreous and peripheral retina.", "content": "Biomicroscopical examination of the vitreous and peripheral retina was performed on 103 aphakic eyes with myopia of at least -6-0 dioptres. Retinal breaks were found in 19 eyes (18-4 per cent). Posterior vitreous detachment was present in all but one of the eyes. The high prevalence of retinal breaks in aphakic eyes with high myopia is compatible with the high incidence of retinal detachment in such eyes.", "contents": "Myopia-aphakia. II. Vitreous and peripheral retina. Biomicroscopical examination of the vitreous and peripheral retina was performed on 103 aphakic eyes with myopia of at least -6-0 dioptres. Retinal breaks were found in 19 eyes (18-4 per cent). Posterior vitreous detachment was present in all but one of the eyes. The high prevalence of retinal breaks in aphakic eyes with high myopia is compatible with the high incidence of retinal detachment in such eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203235", "title": "Cilio-retinal arterial circulation in central retinal vein occlusion.", "content": "The hypothesis that an occlusion of the central retinal artery is an essential prerequisite for haemorrhage formation after central retinal vein obstruction has been investigated by examining the fundus changes in patients with a cilio-retinal arterial circulation; the findings are at variance with the 'combined occlusion hypothesis'. Comparisons were made between the pathological features in two retinal capillary beds with independent sources of arterial supply--namely, the central retinal and cilio-retinal arteries--but with an obstructed venous drainage channel common to both--namely, the central retinal vein. The importance of intraluminal pressure changes (as distinct from perfusion changes) in the causation of haemorrhages and oedema after venous occlusion is stressed, and the role of arterial disease in the pathogenesis of venous occlusions is distinguished from its role in determining the sequelae of such occlusions.", "contents": "Cilio-retinal arterial circulation in central retinal vein occlusion. The hypothesis that an occlusion of the central retinal artery is an essential prerequisite for haemorrhage formation after central retinal vein obstruction has been investigated by examining the fundus changes in patients with a cilio-retinal arterial circulation; the findings are at variance with the 'combined occlusion hypothesis'. Comparisons were made between the pathological features in two retinal capillary beds with independent sources of arterial supply--namely, the central retinal and cilio-retinal arteries--but with an obstructed venous drainage channel common to both--namely, the central retinal vein. The importance of intraluminal pressure changes (as distinct from perfusion changes) in the causation of haemorrhages and oedema after venous occlusion is stressed, and the role of arterial disease in the pathogenesis of venous occlusions is distinguished from its role in determining the sequelae of such occlusions."}
{"id": "PMID:1203236", "title": "Multiple major retinal vascular occlusions in sickle cell haemoglobin C disease.", "content": "A case of multiple occlusions of different sized arterioles involving the central area of the fundus has been reported in a patient suffering from sickle cell haemoglobin C disease (SC).", "contents": "Multiple major retinal vascular occlusions in sickle cell haemoglobin C disease. A case of multiple occlusions of different sized arterioles involving the central area of the fundus has been reported in a patient suffering from sickle cell haemoglobin C disease (SC)."}
{"id": "PMID:1203238", "title": "Complete avulsion of the optic nerve. A clinical, angiographic, and electrodiagnostic study.", "content": "A case of traumatic complete avulsion of the optic nerve is reported together with fluorescein angiography and electrodiagnostic findings. Despite the disappearance of the central vessels, circulation remained in the branch retinal vessels and angiography demonstrated communication between peripapillary choroidal vessels and the superior temporal artery. The visually-evoked cortical response was abolished. Electroretinography showed a normal a-wave but reduced amplitude b-wave, not supporting the theory of the existence of centrifugal retino-suppressive fibres in the optic nerve of man.", "contents": "Complete avulsion of the optic nerve. A clinical, angiographic, and electrodiagnostic study. A case of traumatic complete avulsion of the optic nerve is reported together with fluorescein angiography and electrodiagnostic findings. Despite the disappearance of the central vessels, circulation remained in the branch retinal vessels and angiography demonstrated communication between peripapillary choroidal vessels and the superior temporal artery. The visually-evoked cortical response was abolished. Electroretinography showed a normal a-wave but reduced amplitude b-wave, not supporting the theory of the existence of centrifugal retino-suppressive fibres in the optic nerve of man."}
{"id": "PMID:1203242", "title": "The investigation of peptide-oligodeoxythymidylic acid interactions using template chromatography.", "content": "Poly(vinyl alcohol) has been substituted with oligodeoxythymidylic acid and the resulting polyanion irreversibly attached to DEAE-cellulose via ionic bonding. Peptide-oligonucleotide interactions have been studied using a column chromatography technique with the PV(pT)n-DEAE-cellulose as stationary phase. Of all the naturally occurring amino acids, only tryptophan and to a lesser extent tyrosine intreact significantly with the immobilized oligodeoxythymidylic acid residues under the conditions for base pairing. The homopolymers of tryptophan and tyrosine undergo greater retardation than the monomers, such that the effect is not additive but multiplicative. Thus Tyr-Tyr-Tyr shows an eightfold and Trp-Trp-Trp an approximately 30-fold larger retardation than tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively. The peptide-oligonucleotide interaction decreases considerably when nonaromatic amino acids are present in the peptide. Consequently, naturally occurring peptides and proteins which contain relatively small amounts of tryptophan and tyrosine compared with the nonaromatic amino acids undergo at the most only slight retardation on the PV(pT)n-DEAE-cellulose. The retention of oligonucleotides and peptides containing these aromatic amino acids is due in both cases mainly to base stacking (roughly 67% of the total interaction) but involves different mechanisms. Thus, the peptides interact preferably with the cellulose matrix whereas the oligonucleotides with the immobilized oligonucleotides. Interaction via hydrogen-bond formation makes up the remaining 33% of the total interaction. The oligonucleotides and peptides of the mobile phase interact with each other also via this mechanism. The strength of the d(pA-A-A) interaction is roughly that of Trp-Trp whereas d(pA-A-A-A) is weaker than Trp-Trp-Trp.", "contents": "The investigation of peptide-oligodeoxythymidylic acid interactions using template chromatography. Poly(vinyl alcohol) has been substituted with oligodeoxythymidylic acid and the resulting polyanion irreversibly attached to DEAE-cellulose via ionic bonding. Peptide-oligonucleotide interactions have been studied using a column chromatography technique with the PV(pT)n-DEAE-cellulose as stationary phase. Of all the naturally occurring amino acids, only tryptophan and to a lesser extent tyrosine intreact significantly with the immobilized oligodeoxythymidylic acid residues under the conditions for base pairing. The homopolymers of tryptophan and tyrosine undergo greater retardation than the monomers, such that the effect is not additive but multiplicative. Thus Tyr-Tyr-Tyr shows an eightfold and Trp-Trp-Trp an approximately 30-fold larger retardation than tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively. The peptide-oligonucleotide interaction decreases considerably when nonaromatic amino acids are present in the peptide. Consequently, naturally occurring peptides and proteins which contain relatively small amounts of tryptophan and tyrosine compared with the nonaromatic amino acids undergo at the most only slight retardation on the PV(pT)n-DEAE-cellulose. The retention of oligonucleotides and peptides containing these aromatic amino acids is due in both cases mainly to base stacking (roughly 67% of the total interaction) but involves different mechanisms. Thus, the peptides interact preferably with the cellulose matrix whereas the oligonucleotides with the immobilized oligonucleotides. Interaction via hydrogen-bond formation makes up the remaining 33% of the total interaction. The oligonucleotides and peptides of the mobile phase interact with each other also via this mechanism. The strength of the d(pA-A-A) interaction is roughly that of Trp-Trp whereas d(pA-A-A-A) is weaker than Trp-Trp-Trp."}
{"id": "PMID:1203243", "title": "Biosynthesis of the polyoxins, nucleoside peptide antibiotics: glutamate as an origin of 2-amino-2-deoxy-L-xylonic acid (polyoxamic acid).", "content": "The biosynthetic origin of the carbon skeleton of 2-amino-2-deoxy-L-xylonic acid (polyoxamic acid) is described. This aminoaldonic acid is the N terminus of the nucleoside peptide antibiotics, the polyoxins, produced by Streptomyces cacaoi var. asoensis. In vivo experiments concerning incorporation and distribution of radioactivity from a number of 14C-labeled compounds have clearly shown that the carbon skeleton of glutamate is a precursor for this aminoaldonic acid and sugars are incorporated only after their conversion into gluamate through the glycolytic and the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways. Experiments utilizing [14C]-acetate and succinate have also indicated multiple passages through the Krebs cycle are operating before their incorporation into polyoxamic acid via glutamate. The distribution of 14C between C-1 and C-5 of polyoxamic acid from [5-14C]glutamate experiment has indicated that 40% of glutamate incorporated only after the reversible conversion into alpha-ketoglutarate followed by the passage through the Krebs cycle. Lack of incorporation of 3H in the [1-14C;2-3H]- and [5-14C;2-3H]glutamate experiments is discussed in terms of a reaction(s) between glutamate and polyoxamic acid.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the polyoxins, nucleoside peptide antibiotics: glutamate as an origin of 2-amino-2-deoxy-L-xylonic acid (polyoxamic acid). The biosynthetic origin of the carbon skeleton of 2-amino-2-deoxy-L-xylonic acid (polyoxamic acid) is described. This aminoaldonic acid is the N terminus of the nucleoside peptide antibiotics, the polyoxins, produced by Streptomyces cacaoi var. asoensis. In vivo experiments concerning incorporation and distribution of radioactivity from a number of 14C-labeled compounds have clearly shown that the carbon skeleton of glutamate is a precursor for this aminoaldonic acid and sugars are incorporated only after their conversion into gluamate through the glycolytic and the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways. Experiments utilizing [14C]-acetate and succinate have also indicated multiple passages through the Krebs cycle are operating before their incorporation into polyoxamic acid via glutamate. The distribution of 14C between C-1 and C-5 of polyoxamic acid from [5-14C]glutamate experiment has indicated that 40% of glutamate incorporated only after the reversible conversion into alpha-ketoglutarate followed by the passage through the Krebs cycle. Lack of incorporation of 3H in the [1-14C;2-3H]- and [5-14C;2-3H]glutamate experiments is discussed in terms of a reaction(s) between glutamate and polyoxamic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1203244", "title": "The mechanism of action of vinblastine. Binding of [acetyl-3H]vinblastine to embryonic chick brain tubulin and tubulin from sea urchin sperm tail outer doublet microtubules.", "content": "Tritium-labeled viblastine, specific activity 107 Ci/mol, was prepared by acetylation of desacetylvinblastine with [3H]acetic anhydride, and has been employed in a study of vinblastine binding to tubulin. There are two high affinity vinblastine-binding sites per mole of embryonic chick brain tubulin (KA = 3-5 X 10(5) l./mol). Binding to these sites was rapid, and relatively independent of temperature between 37 and 0degreeC. Vincristin sulfate and desacetylvinblastine sulfate, two other active vinca alkaloid derivatives, competitively inhibited the binding of vinblastine. The inhibition constant for vincristine was 1.7 X 10(-5) M; and for desacetylvinblastine, 2 X 10(-5) M. The vinblastine binding activity of tubulin decayed upon aging, but this property was not studied in detail. Vinblastine did not depolymerize stable sea urchin sperm tail outer doublet microtubules, nor did it bind to these microtubules. However, tubulin solubilized from the B subfiber of the outer doublet microtubules possessed the two high affinity binding sites (KA = 1-3 X 105 l./mol). These data suggest that vinblastine destroys microtubules in cells primarily by inhibition of microtubule polymerization, and does not directly destroy preformed microtubules.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of vinblastine. Binding of [acetyl-3H]vinblastine to embryonic chick brain tubulin and tubulin from sea urchin sperm tail outer doublet microtubules. Tritium-labeled viblastine, specific activity 107 Ci/mol, was prepared by acetylation of desacetylvinblastine with [3H]acetic anhydride, and has been employed in a study of vinblastine binding to tubulin. There are two high affinity vinblastine-binding sites per mole of embryonic chick brain tubulin (KA = 3-5 X 10(5) l./mol). Binding to these sites was rapid, and relatively independent of temperature between 37 and 0degreeC. Vincristin sulfate and desacetylvinblastine sulfate, two other active vinca alkaloid derivatives, competitively inhibited the binding of vinblastine. The inhibition constant for vincristine was 1.7 X 10(-5) M; and for desacetylvinblastine, 2 X 10(-5) M. The vinblastine binding activity of tubulin decayed upon aging, but this property was not studied in detail. Vinblastine did not depolymerize stable sea urchin sperm tail outer doublet microtubules, nor did it bind to these microtubules. However, tubulin solubilized from the B subfiber of the outer doublet microtubules possessed the two high affinity binding sites (KA = 1-3 X 105 l./mol). These data suggest that vinblastine destroys microtubules in cells primarily by inhibition of microtubule polymerization, and does not directly destroy preformed microtubules."}
{"id": "PMID:1203245", "title": "Fat metabolism in higher plants. Production of short- and medium-chain acyl-acyl carrier protein by spinach stroma preparations treated with cerulenin.", "content": "Incubation of stroma preparations from spinach chloroplasts with low concentrations of cerulenin (10 muM) resulted in severe inhibition of fatty acid synthesis but stimulated the release of medium-chain acids in very high proportions (60-70%). Preincubation of these preparations with cerulenin in the absence of substrate exerted no additional effect on subsequent fatty acid synthesis (as measured by incorporation of [14C]acetate into fatty acids) or the pattern of radioactive acids obtained. Acyl-protein, acyl-CoA, free fatty acids and lipids were resolved from each other and analysed for their distribution of 14C-labelled fatty acids. Acyl-protein derived from cerulenin-treated preparations was the only fraction which contained short- and medium-chain acids (C6--C12). The other fractions from both control and cerulenin-treated groups consisted exclusively of C16 and C18 acids. Acyl-protein was purified by gel filtration chromatography and was characterized as acyl-acyl carrier protein.", "contents": "Fat metabolism in higher plants. Production of short- and medium-chain acyl-acyl carrier protein by spinach stroma preparations treated with cerulenin. Incubation of stroma preparations from spinach chloroplasts with low concentrations of cerulenin (10 muM) resulted in severe inhibition of fatty acid synthesis but stimulated the release of medium-chain acids in very high proportions (60-70%). Preincubation of these preparations with cerulenin in the absence of substrate exerted no additional effect on subsequent fatty acid synthesis (as measured by incorporation of [14C]acetate into fatty acids) or the pattern of radioactive acids obtained. Acyl-protein, acyl-CoA, free fatty acids and lipids were resolved from each other and analysed for their distribution of 14C-labelled fatty acids. Acyl-protein derived from cerulenin-treated preparations was the only fraction which contained short- and medium-chain acids (C6--C12). The other fractions from both control and cerulenin-treated groups consisted exclusively of C16 and C18 acids. Acyl-protein was purified by gel filtration chromatography and was characterized as acyl-acyl carrier protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1203246", "title": "Organ and intracellular localization of short-chain acyl-CoA synthetases in rat and guinea-pig.", "content": "1. Homogenates of rat epididymal fat pad, heart, kidney, lactating mammary gland, liver, skeletal muscle and small intestinal mucosa have been partitioned into a particulate and supernatant fraction. With reliable marker enzymes for the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol: propionyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate kinase, the distributions of the acyl-CoA synthetase activities measured at 1 and 10 mM C2, C3 and C4 over mitochondria and cytosol have been calculated. From these values an estimate was made of the K0.5 of the fatty acids. 2. A distinct fatty acid-activating enzyme was assumed to be present in one of the compartments when that fatty acid was activated with a K0.5 less than or equal to 1.5 mM in an amount of greater than 13% of the total cellular activity. Adipose tissue, gut, liver and mammary gland, all organs of a high lipogenetic capacity, contained a cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthetase. At 1 mM acetate 60, 31, 77 and 83% of the total cellular activities in these organs were cytosolic in nature, with activities of 0.021, 0.32, 0.37 and 1.16 mumol C2 activated per min per g wet weight, respectively. 3. Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA synthetases were found in adipose tissue, gut, heart, kidney, mammary gland and muscle. They were absent in liver. Adipose tissue and liver contained a mitochondrial propionyl-CoA synthetase with activities at 1 mM C3 of 0.014 and 1.50 mumol C3 activated per min per g wet weight, respectively. 4. At 1 mM, C2 was activated with decreasing rates by kidney, heart, mammary gland and gut (7.6-1.0 mumol C2 activated per min per g wet weight). C3 (1 mM) activation was about equal (1.6-1.9 mumol C3 activated per min per g wet weight) in liver, kidney and heart. C4 (1 mM) was activated with decreasing rates by heart, liver, kidney and gut (4.0-0.5 mumol C4 activated per min per g wet weight) in the order given. 5. The influence of the isolation method and the diet on fatty acid activation in small intestinal mucosal scrapings have been studied. To demonstrate the existence of cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthetase in fed animals a pre-treatment of everted intestine by low amplitude vibration has been found essential. Also C16 activation was highly (95%) decreased in a non-pre-vibrated preparation. 24 h starvation lowered cytosolic C2 and total C16 activation by 90 and 80%, respectively. Refeeding of starved rats with a balanced fat-free diet, and not with sucrose only, gave the same cytosolic C2 and total C16 activation as normally fed rats. 6. In guienea-pig heart, kidney, liver and muscle about the same partitions have been found as in the respective rat organs. The acetate activation in liver was factor 6 lower. Acetate and butyrate activation in guinea-pig muscle was much higher (6 and 37 times, respectively).", "contents": "Organ and intracellular localization of short-chain acyl-CoA synthetases in rat and guinea-pig. 1. Homogenates of rat epididymal fat pad, heart, kidney, lactating mammary gland, liver, skeletal muscle and small intestinal mucosa have been partitioned into a particulate and supernatant fraction. With reliable marker enzymes for the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol: propionyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate kinase, the distributions of the acyl-CoA synthetase activities measured at 1 and 10 mM C2, C3 and C4 over mitochondria and cytosol have been calculated. From these values an estimate was made of the K0.5 of the fatty acids. 2. A distinct fatty acid-activating enzyme was assumed to be present in one of the compartments when that fatty acid was activated with a K0.5 less than or equal to 1.5 mM in an amount of greater than 13% of the total cellular activity. Adipose tissue, gut, liver and mammary gland, all organs of a high lipogenetic capacity, contained a cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthetase. At 1 mM acetate 60, 31, 77 and 83% of the total cellular activities in these organs were cytosolic in nature, with activities of 0.021, 0.32, 0.37 and 1.16 mumol C2 activated per min per g wet weight, respectively. 3. Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA synthetases were found in adipose tissue, gut, heart, kidney, mammary gland and muscle. They were absent in liver. Adipose tissue and liver contained a mitochondrial propionyl-CoA synthetase with activities at 1 mM C3 of 0.014 and 1.50 mumol C3 activated per min per g wet weight, respectively. 4. At 1 mM, C2 was activated with decreasing rates by kidney, heart, mammary gland and gut (7.6-1.0 mumol C2 activated per min per g wet weight). C3 (1 mM) activation was about equal (1.6-1.9 mumol C3 activated per min per g wet weight) in liver, kidney and heart. C4 (1 mM) was activated with decreasing rates by heart, liver, kidney and gut (4.0-0.5 mumol C4 activated per min per g wet weight) in the order given. 5. The influence of the isolation method and the diet on fatty acid activation in small intestinal mucosal scrapings have been studied. To demonstrate the existence of cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthetase in fed animals a pre-treatment of everted intestine by low amplitude vibration has been found essential. Also C16 activation was highly (95%) decreased in a non-pre-vibrated preparation. 24 h starvation lowered cytosolic C2 and total C16 activation by 90 and 80%, respectively. Refeeding of starved rats with a balanced fat-free diet, and not with sucrose only, gave the same cytosolic C2 and total C16 activation as normally fed rats. 6. In guienea-pig heart, kidney, liver and muscle about the same partitions have been found as in the respective rat organs. The acetate activation in liver was factor 6 lower. Acetate and butyrate activation in guinea-pig muscle was much higher (6 and 37 times, respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:1203247", "title": "Brain lipids from the porpoise (Delphinus delphis). Phosphoglycerides rich in isovaleric acid and long-chain iso-acids.", "content": "The whole brain of a porpoise (Delphinus delphis) comprised 23.1 wt% of phospholipids on a dry weight basis. Ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (36.6 wt%), choline phosphoglycerides (27.3 wt%), and serine phosphoglycerides (16.9 wt%) were the major components of the phospholipids. A unique feature of the data was the occurrence of large amounts of isovaleric acid in choline phosphoglucerides (28.1 mol%) and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (6.4 mol%), together with 11.6 and 15.2 mol% of long-chain (C11--C16) iso-acids, respectively. Interestingly, serine phosphoglycerides did not contain detectable amounts of isovaleric acid although trace amounts of long-chain iso-acids were present. No previous evidence exists to show that appreciable amounts of a short-chain acid can be accommodated in animal phospholipids. The occurrence of isovaleric acid in the principal phosphoglycerides of the porpoise brain elicits an interest in how such an anomalous structure is accommodated in the lipid bilayers of the neural membranes.", "contents": "Brain lipids from the porpoise (Delphinus delphis). Phosphoglycerides rich in isovaleric acid and long-chain iso-acids. The whole brain of a porpoise (Delphinus delphis) comprised 23.1 wt% of phospholipids on a dry weight basis. Ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (36.6 wt%), choline phosphoglycerides (27.3 wt%), and serine phosphoglycerides (16.9 wt%) were the major components of the phospholipids. A unique feature of the data was the occurrence of large amounts of isovaleric acid in choline phosphoglucerides (28.1 mol%) and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (6.4 mol%), together with 11.6 and 15.2 mol% of long-chain (C11--C16) iso-acids, respectively. Interestingly, serine phosphoglycerides did not contain detectable amounts of isovaleric acid although trace amounts of long-chain iso-acids were present. No previous evidence exists to show that appreciable amounts of a short-chain acid can be accommodated in animal phospholipids. The occurrence of isovaleric acid in the principal phosphoglycerides of the porpoise brain elicits an interest in how such an anomalous structure is accommodated in the lipid bilayers of the neural membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203248", "title": "Ether lipid metabolism. Incorporation of O-hexadecyl ethanediol into rat brain lipids.", "content": "1-O-[1'-14C]Hexadecyl ethanediol was administered intracerebrally to myelinating rat brain, and incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids was followed over a 48-h period: (1) O-Hexadecyl ethanediol was metabolized primarily through oxidative ether bond cleavage, and much of the label was recovered in phospholipid acyl groups. (2) Substantial amounts of radioactivity were also found in choline and ethanolamine phospholipids having an O-hexadecyloxyethyl glycerol backbone. This means that alkyl ethanediol was used in glycerol ether biosynthesis as are long-chain primary alcohols. (3) Acidic hydrolysis of the ethanolamine glycerophosphatide fraction yielded also labeled hexadecanol which may indicate desaturation of 1-O-hexadecyloxyethyl 2-acyl glycerophosphoryl ethanolamine to the plasmalogen analogue. (4) Small amounts of the substrate were oxidized to O-hexadecyl glycolic acid and incorporated into the phospholipids. The substrate did not serve as precursor of O-hexadecyl ethanediol phosphorylcholine or phosphorylethanolamine in the brain.", "contents": "Ether lipid metabolism. Incorporation of O-hexadecyl ethanediol into rat brain lipids. 1-O-[1'-14C]Hexadecyl ethanediol was administered intracerebrally to myelinating rat brain, and incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids was followed over a 48-h period: (1) O-Hexadecyl ethanediol was metabolized primarily through oxidative ether bond cleavage, and much of the label was recovered in phospholipid acyl groups. (2) Substantial amounts of radioactivity were also found in choline and ethanolamine phospholipids having an O-hexadecyloxyethyl glycerol backbone. This means that alkyl ethanediol was used in glycerol ether biosynthesis as are long-chain primary alcohols. (3) Acidic hydrolysis of the ethanolamine glycerophosphatide fraction yielded also labeled hexadecanol which may indicate desaturation of 1-O-hexadecyloxyethyl 2-acyl glycerophosphoryl ethanolamine to the plasmalogen analogue. (4) Small amounts of the substrate were oxidized to O-hexadecyl glycolic acid and incorporated into the phospholipids. The substrate did not serve as precursor of O-hexadecyl ethanediol phosphorylcholine or phosphorylethanolamine in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1203249", "title": "Gangliosides of the human gastrointestinal mucosa.", "content": "Gangliosides of the human alimentary mucosa were purified and analysed with thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The content of ganglioside neuraminic acid was 0.16 mumol/g dry weight in the stomach, 0.07 mumol/g dry weight in the small intestine and 0.11 mumol/g dry weight in the large intestine. Mono- and disialosylhemosides were the major gangliosides, on a molar basis 68% of the total found in the stomach and 44% of the total in the small and large intestine. Considerable amounts of more complex gangliosides were found, especially in the small and large intestine, in which the molar content of tri- and tetraglycosylgangliosides containing galactosamine made up 38% of the total. Two glucosamine-containing gangliosides were also found, the probable structures of which were mono- and disialotetraglycosylceramide. The presence of the latter is reported for the first time.", "contents": "Gangliosides of the human gastrointestinal mucosa. Gangliosides of the human alimentary mucosa were purified and analysed with thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The content of ganglioside neuraminic acid was 0.16 mumol/g dry weight in the stomach, 0.07 mumol/g dry weight in the small intestine and 0.11 mumol/g dry weight in the large intestine. Mono- and disialosylhemosides were the major gangliosides, on a molar basis 68% of the total found in the stomach and 44% of the total in the small and large intestine. Considerable amounts of more complex gangliosides were found, especially in the small and large intestine, in which the molar content of tri- and tetraglycosylgangliosides containing galactosamine made up 38% of the total. Two glucosamine-containing gangliosides were also found, the probable structures of which were mono- and disialotetraglycosylceramide. The presence of the latter is reported for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:1203250", "title": "Ceramides of human normal and cataractous lens.", "content": "Ceramides were quantitatively isolated from human normal and cataractous lens by solvent extraction, silicic acid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography. Only two species of ceramides with normal fatty acids were detected. In the mature cataracts, there was an increase in palmitate and nervonate at the expense of the other fatty acids. Due to the increase of 24 : 1, the ratio of 24 : 1/24 : 0 increased significantly from normals to cataracts. Sphinganine was the major long-chain base, but 4-sphingenine was also present. The total amount of ceramides in the immature and mature cataracts was 1.8 and 3.0 times higher than the normals of the same age group. Such an increase does not seem to be the result of an age-dependent process.", "contents": "Ceramides of human normal and cataractous lens. Ceramides were quantitatively isolated from human normal and cataractous lens by solvent extraction, silicic acid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography. Only two species of ceramides with normal fatty acids were detected. In the mature cataracts, there was an increase in palmitate and nervonate at the expense of the other fatty acids. Due to the increase of 24 : 1, the ratio of 24 : 1/24 : 0 increased significantly from normals to cataracts. Sphinganine was the major long-chain base, but 4-sphingenine was also present. The total amount of ceramides in the immature and mature cataracts was 1.8 and 3.0 times higher than the normals of the same age group. Such an increase does not seem to be the result of an age-dependent process."}
{"id": "PMID:1203251", "title": "Biosynthetic studies on mannolipids and mannoproteins of normal and vitamin A-depleted hamster livers.", "content": "The incorporation of [1-14C]mannose into hamster liver glycolipids and glycoproteins was studied in normal and vitamin A-depleted hamsters. Severly (25% weight loss) and mildly (no weight loss) deficient animals were compared to vitamin A-fed controls. The incorporation of [14C]mannose into glycolipids and glycoproteins decreased in mild and severe vitamin A deficiency by 63-90% compared to vitamin A-fed animals. These results were essentially the same whether expressed per g of wet liver, per DNA or per protein. The size of the pools of mannose, glucose and galactose and their specific radioactivity in liver were determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the boronates of the hexitols (Eisenberg, Jr, F. (1972) Methods Enzymol. XXVIIIB, 168-178) in normal and vitamin A-deficient conditions. It was found that the amount of free hexoses per g of liver was very similar in normal and vitamin A-deficient conditions. The specific radioactivities for mannose and glucose were greater in vitamin A deficiency, thus excluding the possibility that the observed severe decrease in glycopeptide and glycolipid synthesis is a reflection of a similar decrease in the specific radioactivity of the precursor pools. Quantitation of mannose in glycoprotein showed a 79% decrease in vitamin A deficiency. Specific radioactivity of mannose in glycoproteins, 20 min after injection of the label, was 187 dpm/mug of mannose in the normal and 48 kpm/mug of mannose in the vitamin A-deficient livers. It is concluded that vitamin A is necessary for the biosynthesis of liver mannose-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids.", "contents": "Biosynthetic studies on mannolipids and mannoproteins of normal and vitamin A-depleted hamster livers. The incorporation of [1-14C]mannose into hamster liver glycolipids and glycoproteins was studied in normal and vitamin A-depleted hamsters. Severly (25% weight loss) and mildly (no weight loss) deficient animals were compared to vitamin A-fed controls. The incorporation of [14C]mannose into glycolipids and glycoproteins decreased in mild and severe vitamin A deficiency by 63-90% compared to vitamin A-fed animals. These results were essentially the same whether expressed per g of wet liver, per DNA or per protein. The size of the pools of mannose, glucose and galactose and their specific radioactivity in liver were determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the boronates of the hexitols (Eisenberg, Jr, F. (1972) Methods Enzymol. XXVIIIB, 168-178) in normal and vitamin A-deficient conditions. It was found that the amount of free hexoses per g of liver was very similar in normal and vitamin A-deficient conditions. The specific radioactivities for mannose and glucose were greater in vitamin A deficiency, thus excluding the possibility that the observed severe decrease in glycopeptide and glycolipid synthesis is a reflection of a similar decrease in the specific radioactivity of the precursor pools. Quantitation of mannose in glycoprotein showed a 79% decrease in vitamin A deficiency. Specific radioactivity of mannose in glycoproteins, 20 min after injection of the label, was 187 dpm/mug of mannose in the normal and 48 kpm/mug of mannose in the vitamin A-deficient livers. It is concluded that vitamin A is necessary for the biosynthesis of liver mannose-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1203252", "title": "Genetic control of sterol esterification in developing wheat endosperm.", "content": "1. The action of gene Pln, previously characterized by the sterol ester patterns of mature whole wheat kernels, has been found to be restricted to the endosperm and not to affect the embryo, the pericarp or the seed coat. 2. The dominant allele Pln, which determines a sterol ester pattern with palmitate as the main ester, is also responsible for a low level of free sterol at maturity. A high level of free sterol is associated with the recessive allelet pln, which determines an ester pattern with linoleate as the main ester. 3. Divergence between the two phenotypes starts at about 21 days after anthesis, when cell proliferation has been completed, the aleurone layer has differentiated, and only cell enlargement is taking place. A marked increased in esterification, mainly by palmitate, which is controlled by the dominant allele, is concomitant with a sharp decrease in free sterol. 4. The increased net esterification is non-specific with respect to 4-demethyl sterols, because it affects the four main ones, namely sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and cholesterol.", "contents": "Genetic control of sterol esterification in developing wheat endosperm. 1. The action of gene Pln, previously characterized by the sterol ester patterns of mature whole wheat kernels, has been found to be restricted to the endosperm and not to affect the embryo, the pericarp or the seed coat. 2. The dominant allele Pln, which determines a sterol ester pattern with palmitate as the main ester, is also responsible for a low level of free sterol at maturity. A high level of free sterol is associated with the recessive allelet pln, which determines an ester pattern with linoleate as the main ester. 3. Divergence between the two phenotypes starts at about 21 days after anthesis, when cell proliferation has been completed, the aleurone layer has differentiated, and only cell enlargement is taking place. A marked increased in esterification, mainly by palmitate, which is controlled by the dominant allele, is concomitant with a sharp decrease in free sterol. 4. The increased net esterification is non-specific with respect to 4-demethyl sterols, because it affects the four main ones, namely sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:1203253", "title": "Crystallization and properties of rat liver malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP).", "content": "Rat liver malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) ((L-malate: NADP) oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40) was purified and crystallized from medium containing 30 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.7), 5 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. The enzyme formed rhomboid crystals free from coenzyme, and appeared homogeneous on isoelectric focusing. The crystalline enzyme had an isoelectric point of pH 6.3. Amino acid analysis showed that it contained more acidic amino acids than basic ones.", "contents": "Crystallization and properties of rat liver malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP). Rat liver malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) ((L-malate: NADP) oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40) was purified and crystallized from medium containing 30 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.7), 5 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. The enzyme formed rhomboid crystals free from coenzyme, and appeared homogeneous on isoelectric focusing. The crystalline enzyme had an isoelectric point of pH 6.3. Amino acid analysis showed that it contained more acidic amino acids than basic ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1203254", "title": "Determination of the subunit molecular weight of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from human erythrocytes by recovery of enzyme activity from sodium dodecyl sulphate gels.", "content": "The molecular weights of the subunits of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) from human erythrocytes were determined with a simple novel method, including electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate gels, gel slicing, elution of protein from the gel slices and enzyme reactivation in the presence of the substrate 5-phosphorylribose-1-pyrophosphate. As molecular weight standards glutaraldehyde-polymerized polypeptides of human haemoglobin were used. The experiments clearly showed the existence of molecular weight differences in human erythrocyte hypoxanthine-quanine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "contents": "Determination of the subunit molecular weight of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from human erythrocytes by recovery of enzyme activity from sodium dodecyl sulphate gels. The molecular weights of the subunits of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) from human erythrocytes were determined with a simple novel method, including electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate gels, gel slicing, elution of protein from the gel slices and enzyme reactivation in the presence of the substrate 5-phosphorylribose-1-pyrophosphate. As molecular weight standards glutaraldehyde-polymerized polypeptides of human haemoglobin were used. The experiments clearly showed the existence of molecular weight differences in human erythrocyte hypoxanthine-quanine phosphoribosyltransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:1203255", "title": "Lack of specific correlation of the deoxycytidine triphosphate pool level with rate of DNA synthesis.", "content": "The levels of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and the distribution of cells in the various phases of the cell cycle have been examined in Chinese hamster cells as thymidine, present as a regular constituent in the growth medium, was removed in stages. The results indicate that: 1. Duration of the DNA synthetic phase was lengthened when thymidine was removed from the growth medium. 2. Temporally correlated with lengthening of the DNA synthetic phase upon thymidine removal was a 7-fold increase in level of the dCTP pool, reduction in the dGTP pools, and little or no change in dATP pool. 3. Radioactive labeling procedures indicated that expansion of the dCTP pool could be completely accounted for by increased ribonucleotide reductase activity and that the dTTP pool switched from a largely exogenous thymidine source to endogenous dTTP synthesis as the extracellular thymidine concentration was reduced. 4. Deoxyuridine and thymidine were apparently transported by the same system in Chinese hamster cells, while deoxycytidine was transported by a different system. Although deoxycytidine transport was unaffected by thymidine, phosphorylation of intracellular deoxycytidine compounds to the triphosphate level was stimulated by thymidine. Cytidine transport was not significantly affected by thymidine.", "contents": "Lack of specific correlation of the deoxycytidine triphosphate pool level with rate of DNA synthesis. The levels of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and the distribution of cells in the various phases of the cell cycle have been examined in Chinese hamster cells as thymidine, present as a regular constituent in the growth medium, was removed in stages. The results indicate that: 1. Duration of the DNA synthetic phase was lengthened when thymidine was removed from the growth medium. 2. Temporally correlated with lengthening of the DNA synthetic phase upon thymidine removal was a 7-fold increase in level of the dCTP pool, reduction in the dGTP pools, and little or no change in dATP pool. 3. Radioactive labeling procedures indicated that expansion of the dCTP pool could be completely accounted for by increased ribonucleotide reductase activity and that the dTTP pool switched from a largely exogenous thymidine source to endogenous dTTP synthesis as the extracellular thymidine concentration was reduced. 4. Deoxyuridine and thymidine were apparently transported by the same system in Chinese hamster cells, while deoxycytidine was transported by a different system. Although deoxycytidine transport was unaffected by thymidine, phosphorylation of intracellular deoxycytidine compounds to the triphosphate level was stimulated by thymidine. Cytidine transport was not significantly affected by thymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:1203256", "title": "Dissociation of the DNA replicase system of bovine lymphocyte nuclei.", "content": "Exposure of S-phase nuclei or subnuclear preparations from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated bovine lymphocytes to 0.02 M ATP caused an immediate and almost total loss of their ability to replicate DNA in vitro. Other ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates caused a similar inhibition of DNA replication. Levels of ATP which inhibit replication cause the release of DNA polymerases alpha and beta and small pieces of DNA from these nuclei. This release occurs both at 4 and 37 degrees C. The data support the conclusion that high levels of ATP or other nucleoside triphosphates inhibit DNA replication in nuclei by dissolution of the DNA replication complex. The limited success in reconstitution of the DNA replicase complexes is discussed.", "contents": "Dissociation of the DNA replicase system of bovine lymphocyte nuclei. Exposure of S-phase nuclei or subnuclear preparations from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated bovine lymphocytes to 0.02 M ATP caused an immediate and almost total loss of their ability to replicate DNA in vitro. Other ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates caused a similar inhibition of DNA replication. Levels of ATP which inhibit replication cause the release of DNA polymerases alpha and beta and small pieces of DNA from these nuclei. This release occurs both at 4 and 37 degrees C. The data support the conclusion that high levels of ATP or other nucleoside triphosphates inhibit DNA replication in nuclei by dissolution of the DNA replication complex. The limited success in reconstitution of the DNA replicase complexes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203257", "title": "Physical studies on the binding of cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) to DNA and homopolynucleotides.", "content": "The amount of cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) bound to DNAs of varying (dA + dT) content was assayed by both ultraviolet absorbance spectrophotometry and the use of the radioisotope 1 9 5 Pt. Radioisotope labeling indicates twice as much bound platinum as do optical measurements. The molar ratio of bound platinum r at saturation is approximately half the sum of the nearest-neighbor frequencies of all base-pairs that do not contain thymine. We therefore conclude that platinum does not bind to thymine in DNA. Chromatographic studies with (14C) purine-labeled DNA indicate preferential binding of platinum to guanine, followed by binding to adenine. The luminescence properties of DNA and of homopolynucleotides are strongly affected by bound platinum as a result of a heavy-atom effect. A plot of the fluorescence-to-phosphorescence ratio as a function of r gives a saturation binding curve similar to that obtained using 1 9 5 Pt. Ultraviolet irradiation of DNA treated with the platinum compound results in a 30% increase in the rate of formation of thymine homocyclobutadipyrimidine. When acetophenone sensitization is employed, platinum binding enhances cytosine homocyclobutadipyrimidine formation 10-fold presumably because the triplet level of cytosine complexed with platinum is lowered below that of acetophenone. The viscosity of DNA decreases sharply upon binding platinum, with half the change occuring when less that 6% of the bases are complexed. From the rate of reaction with formaldehyde, we conclude that binding of the platinum compound to DNA induces small denatured regions that unwind in the presence of formaldehyde with a rate about 40 times slower than that of a single-strand chain break.", "contents": "Physical studies on the binding of cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) to DNA and homopolynucleotides. The amount of cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) bound to DNAs of varying (dA + dT) content was assayed by both ultraviolet absorbance spectrophotometry and the use of the radioisotope 1 9 5 Pt. Radioisotope labeling indicates twice as much bound platinum as do optical measurements. The molar ratio of bound platinum r at saturation is approximately half the sum of the nearest-neighbor frequencies of all base-pairs that do not contain thymine. We therefore conclude that platinum does not bind to thymine in DNA. Chromatographic studies with (14C) purine-labeled DNA indicate preferential binding of platinum to guanine, followed by binding to adenine. The luminescence properties of DNA and of homopolynucleotides are strongly affected by bound platinum as a result of a heavy-atom effect. A plot of the fluorescence-to-phosphorescence ratio as a function of r gives a saturation binding curve similar to that obtained using 1 9 5 Pt. Ultraviolet irradiation of DNA treated with the platinum compound results in a 30% increase in the rate of formation of thymine homocyclobutadipyrimidine. When acetophenone sensitization is employed, platinum binding enhances cytosine homocyclobutadipyrimidine formation 10-fold presumably because the triplet level of cytosine complexed with platinum is lowered below that of acetophenone. The viscosity of DNA decreases sharply upon binding platinum, with half the change occuring when less that 6% of the bases are complexed. From the rate of reaction with formaldehyde, we conclude that binding of the platinum compound to DNA induces small denatured regions that unwind in the presence of formaldehyde with a rate about 40 times slower than that of a single-strand chain break."}
{"id": "PMID:1203258", "title": "Temperature sensitivity of protein synthesis initiation in the reticulocyte lysate system. Reduced formation of the 40 S ribosomal subunit - Met-tRNAf complex at an elevated temperature.", "content": "Analysis of protein synthesis in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system revealed the existence of a temperature-sensitive step in chain initiation which became irreversibly inactivated in the incubation at 42 degrees C. This inactivation of initiation was accompanied by a marked reduction in formation of the 40 S ribosomal subunit - Met-tRNAf complex. Decreased protein synthesis and a decrease in formation of the 40 S complex were also evident in unfortified lysates which had been prewarmed at 42 degrees C prior to protein synthesis. Hemin did not protect such lysates. The addition of supernatant fraction of a fresh lysate did not promote recovery of the reduced protein synthesis by such prewarmed lysates. Moreover, the addition of supernatant fraction prewarmed at 42 degrees C in the presence of added hemin caused little inhibition of protein synthesis by fresh lysate. The results indicate that the supernatant fraction is not involved in the inactivation.", "contents": "Temperature sensitivity of protein synthesis initiation in the reticulocyte lysate system. Reduced formation of the 40 S ribosomal subunit - Met-tRNAf complex at an elevated temperature. Analysis of protein synthesis in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system revealed the existence of a temperature-sensitive step in chain initiation which became irreversibly inactivated in the incubation at 42 degrees C. This inactivation of initiation was accompanied by a marked reduction in formation of the 40 S ribosomal subunit - Met-tRNAf complex. Decreased protein synthesis and a decrease in formation of the 40 S complex were also evident in unfortified lysates which had been prewarmed at 42 degrees C prior to protein synthesis. Hemin did not protect such lysates. The addition of supernatant fraction of a fresh lysate did not promote recovery of the reduced protein synthesis by such prewarmed lysates. Moreover, the addition of supernatant fraction prewarmed at 42 degrees C in the presence of added hemin caused little inhibition of protein synthesis by fresh lysate. The results indicate that the supernatant fraction is not involved in the inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203259", "title": "Elongation factor 2 as the target of the reaction product between sodium selenite and glutathione (GSSeSG) in the inhibiting of amino acid incorporation in vitro.", "content": "The product of the reaction between sodium selenite and glutathione, designated as selenodiglutathione (GSSeSG), nearly completely inhibits amino acid incorporation from [14C]leucyl-tRNA by free polyribosomes isolated from rat liver. The mechanism of this inhibition was studied on the basis of the following three findings. Glutathione decomposes GSSeSG  to harmless products; GSSeSG acts instantaneously on some component of the complete incubation system during preparation of the incubation vessels (at 0 degrees C); once GSSeSG has reacted its inhibitory effect cannot be reversed by glutathione. Accordingly, the effect of GSSeSG on the various steps of the amino acid incorporation process was studied by varying the sequence of additions of the reaction components, GSSeSG and GSH. The results of these and other experiments showed elongation factor 2 to be target of GSSeSG. The GSSeSG-B blocked factor could be regenerated by reduction with glutathione reductase and NADPH.", "contents": "Elongation factor 2 as the target of the reaction product between sodium selenite and glutathione (GSSeSG) in the inhibiting of amino acid incorporation in vitro. The product of the reaction between sodium selenite and glutathione, designated as selenodiglutathione (GSSeSG), nearly completely inhibits amino acid incorporation from [14C]leucyl-tRNA by free polyribosomes isolated from rat liver. The mechanism of this inhibition was studied on the basis of the following three findings. Glutathione decomposes GSSeSG  to harmless products; GSSeSG acts instantaneously on some component of the complete incubation system during preparation of the incubation vessels (at 0 degrees C); once GSSeSG has reacted its inhibitory effect cannot be reversed by glutathione. Accordingly, the effect of GSSeSG on the various steps of the amino acid incorporation process was studied by varying the sequence of additions of the reaction components, GSSeSG and GSH. The results of these and other experiments showed elongation factor 2 to be target of GSSeSG. The GSSeSG-B blocked factor could be regenerated by reduction with glutathione reductase and NADPH."}
{"id": "PMID:1203261", "title": "[Application of rare-earth elements as labels in studying biologically active compounds. III. Natural and magnetic circular dichroism of complexes of rare-earth elements with pyridoxalidene amino acid complexes].", "content": "Circular dichroism of pyrodoxalidenaminoacid complexes with rare earths and other metals and magnetic circular dichroism of several neodimium complexes are investigated. CD spectra of the complexes of the rare earths with azometines made of different amino acids could be classified into four groups. Some of the CD spectra are shown to be individual. The dependence of the CD spectra on the rare earch ion dimension is considered. Coordination of the rare earth ions is shown to be the same as in the case of zinc, cobalt, iron or copper.", "contents": "[Application of rare-earth elements as labels in studying biologically active compounds. III. Natural and magnetic circular dichroism of complexes of rare-earth elements with pyridoxalidene amino acid complexes]. Circular dichroism of pyrodoxalidenaminoacid complexes with rare earths and other metals and magnetic circular dichroism of several neodimium complexes are investigated. CD spectra of the complexes of the rare earths with azometines made of different amino acids could be classified into four groups. Some of the CD spectra are shown to be individual. The dependence of the CD spectra on the rare earch ion dimension is considered. Coordination of the rare earth ions is shown to be the same as in the case of zinc, cobalt, iron or copper."}
{"id": "PMID:1203262", "title": "[Instability and excitation propagation in a catalytic reaction model. II. Distributed system model].", "content": "The regime of excitation propagation in monomeric model of active medium is considered. Conditions exist when the phase plane falls into two regions in both of which the equations are linear and their automodel solutions are found analytically. After connecting the solutions a transcendental algebraic equation is obtained, from which the values of excitation propagation rate can be found. The trigger wave has one rate value the propagating impulse--two (physically realised--one). There is a parameter region with four rates (three physically realised ones).", "contents": "[Instability and excitation propagation in a catalytic reaction model. II. Distributed system model]. The regime of excitation propagation in monomeric model of active medium is considered. Conditions exist when the phase plane falls into two regions in both of which the equations are linear and their automodel solutions are found analytically. After connecting the solutions a transcendental algebraic equation is obtained, from which the values of excitation propagation rate can be found. The trigger wave has one rate value the propagating impulse--two (physically realised--one). There is a parameter region with four rates (three physically realised ones)."}
{"id": "PMID:1203263", "title": "[Temperature changes in ribonuclease].", "content": "Deuteroexchange kinetics of ribonuclease is studied by the change of IR-spectra in the range of 1400--1900 cm-1 at different temperatures in solutions with two pD values, 2.6 and 5.1. It is shown that in the pre-denaturational temperature range the enthalpy of unfolding is 1.5 kcal/mol, i. e. two orders lower than the enthalpy of unfolding in the denaturational temperature range (100--120 kcal/mol). Thus in the pre-denaturational range of temperatures the disclosure of a compact protein structure can proceed at the expense of separate non-cooperative disruptures of bonds. However, the concentration of these disruptures is so low that they cannot give an explanation to the observed pre-denaturational macroscopic changes of protein.", "contents": "[Temperature changes in ribonuclease]. Deuteroexchange kinetics of ribonuclease is studied by the change of IR-spectra in the range of 1400--1900 cm-1 at different temperatures in solutions with two pD values, 2.6 and 5.1. It is shown that in the pre-denaturational temperature range the enthalpy of unfolding is 1.5 kcal/mol, i. e. two orders lower than the enthalpy of unfolding in the denaturational temperature range (100--120 kcal/mol). Thus in the pre-denaturational range of temperatures the disclosure of a compact protein structure can proceed at the expense of separate non-cooperative disruptures of bonds. However, the concentration of these disruptures is so low that they cannot give an explanation to the observed pre-denaturational macroscopic changes of protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1203264", "title": "[Experience in the use of synchrotron radiation for the x-ray study of biopolymers].", "content": "The results of methodical work, carried out on the sources of synchrotron radiation (SR) with the aim of using SR as a powerful source of X-rays for studying biopolymer structure, are presented. The questions of monochromatization are considered. The technique designed for photoregistration of diffraction patterns within the wide range of scattering angles is described. X-ray diffraction patterns of feather ceratin, collagen and striated muscle are obtained with exposure periods ten times less than those in the case of X-ray tubes. The high resolution of diffraction lines, the absence of parasitic phone and the presence of reflections within the wide range of scattering angles are characteristic of these patterns.", "contents": "[Experience in the use of synchrotron radiation for the x-ray study of biopolymers]. The results of methodical work, carried out on the sources of synchrotron radiation (SR) with the aim of using SR as a powerful source of X-rays for studying biopolymer structure, are presented. The questions of monochromatization are considered. The technique designed for photoregistration of diffraction patterns within the wide range of scattering angles is described. X-ray diffraction patterns of feather ceratin, collagen and striated muscle are obtained with exposure periods ten times less than those in the case of X-ray tubes. The high resolution of diffraction lines, the absence of parasitic phone and the presence of reflections within the wide range of scattering angles are characteristic of these patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:1203265", "title": "[Impulse photoconductivity of solutions of ohlorophyll and its analogs. III. Photoconductivity of hexanol solutions of chlorophyll a in the presence of n-benzoquinone. Kinetic and temperature measurements].", "content": "It is shown that an increase deltasigma of electroconductivity of chlorophyll \"a\" (Chlalpha) solution in hexanole in the presence of n-benzoquinone (Q) under impulse illumination of solution is proportional to flash intensity: deltasigma=1(0,99+/-0,07). Dependence deltasigma on solution temperature is of an exponential character with the activation energy Esigma=0,30+/-0,01 ev. In the temperature range studied (248--298 degrees K) the ratio between the recombination velocity constant and the mobility of ion-radicals Chlalpha+ and Q-(Kp/mu) is shown to be equal (8+/-1)X 10(-8) cm-v. The activation energy for the dissociation of coulomb pair (Chlalpha+Q-) into free ion-radicals Epiapproximately0,1 ev is evaluated. The value of total mobility of negative and positive ion-radicals is calculated from the date obtained and literature ones: mu=(1,0+/-0,2)X10(-5) cm2/v-sec.", "contents": "[Impulse photoconductivity of solutions of ohlorophyll and its analogs. III. Photoconductivity of hexanol solutions of chlorophyll a in the presence of n-benzoquinone. Kinetic and temperature measurements]. It is shown that an increase deltasigma of electroconductivity of chlorophyll \"a\" (Chlalpha) solution in hexanole in the presence of n-benzoquinone (Q) under impulse illumination of solution is proportional to flash intensity: deltasigma=1(0,99+/-0,07). Dependence deltasigma on solution temperature is of an exponential character with the activation energy Esigma=0,30+/-0,01 ev. In the temperature range studied (248--298 degrees K) the ratio between the recombination velocity constant and the mobility of ion-radicals Chlalpha+ and Q-(Kp/mu) is shown to be equal (8+/-1)X 10(-8) cm-v. The activation energy for the dissociation of coulomb pair (Chlalpha+Q-) into free ion-radicals Epiapproximately0,1 ev is evaluated. The value of total mobility of negative and positive ion-radicals is calculated from the date obtained and literature ones: mu=(1,0+/-0,2)X10(-5) cm2/v-sec."}
{"id": "PMID:1203266", "title": "[Interaction of the nuclear proteins protamine and histone with charged bilayer membranes].", "content": "The interaction of nuclear proteins of protamine and histone with neutral and charged BLM was studied. Anion and cation detergents were used to create the surface charge. The surface density of charges in BLM was comparable with that in biomembranes. Protamine and histone increased the electroconductivity of negatively charged BLM for anions and cations correspondingly. It is suggested that the surface charge of the membrane may influence the ion transport directly and indirectly due to the interaction of the membrane structures with charged proteins present in the surrounding medium.", "contents": "[Interaction of the nuclear proteins protamine and histone with charged bilayer membranes]. The interaction of nuclear proteins of protamine and histone with neutral and charged BLM was studied. Anion and cation detergents were used to create the surface charge. The surface density of charges in BLM was comparable with that in biomembranes. Protamine and histone increased the electroconductivity of negatively charged BLM for anions and cations correspondingly. It is suggested that the surface charge of the membrane may influence the ion transport directly and indirectly due to the interaction of the membrane structures with charged proteins present in the surrounding medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1203269", "title": "[Characteristics of Debye potentials in cell structures].", "content": "The activity of the cellular system is accompanied by the changes of substrate concentrations and excreted substances in the medium. This event brings about essential changes of the medium electrical properties. For the accomplishment of stationary metabolism the following condition should be fulfilled B=--2nsquare rootA, where n=1,2...., A and B are some functions depending on the diffusion coefficient of the substrate and excrement, their molecular weights, dissociation coefficients, membrane permeabilities and other parameters of the cellular structure.", "contents": "[Characteristics of Debye potentials in cell structures]. The activity of the cellular system is accompanied by the changes of substrate concentrations and excreted substances in the medium. This event brings about essential changes of the medium electrical properties. For the accomplishment of stationary metabolism the following condition should be fulfilled B=--2nsquare rootA, where n=1,2...., A and B are some functions depending on the diffusion coefficient of the substrate and excrement, their molecular weights, dissociation coefficients, membrane permeabilities and other parameters of the cellular structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1203267", "title": "[Fluorescence analysis study of the structural lability of biomembranes and their components. I. Bovine serum albumin].", "content": "The binding constants, quentum yield and temperature dependence of the fluorescence of ionic (1-anilinonaphtalin-8-sulphinate) and neutral (N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine) probes were studied on the molecules of bovine serum albumine with the change of pH and solution ionic strength. On the basis of the data obtained the nature of sorbing forces and structural properties of the albumine molecule concerned are discussed.", "contents": "[Fluorescence analysis study of the structural lability of biomembranes and their components. I. Bovine serum albumin]. The binding constants, quentum yield and temperature dependence of the fluorescence of ionic (1-anilinonaphtalin-8-sulphinate) and neutral (N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine) probes were studied on the molecules of bovine serum albumine with the change of pH and solution ionic strength. On the basis of the data obtained the nature of sorbing forces and structural properties of the albumine molecule concerned are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203268", "title": "[Fluorescence analysis study of the structural lability of biomembranes and their components. II. Higher fatty acids].", "content": "Binding constants, quantum yield and temperature relationship of the fluorescence of ionic (1-anilinonaphtalene-8-sulphonate-ANS) and neutral (N-phenyl-1-naphtalamine-PNA) probes have been studied on micellae and ufasomes of natural fat acids. The following regularities have been obtained: 1. The Anion dye (ANS) sharply decreases the intensity of fluorescence on fat acid structures while alkilating the medium, it is not practically bound with them at pH-7; 2. The neutral dye (PNA) shiws no fluorescence on micellae of the limited fat acids and is comparatively well bound with urasomes. The binding constant quantum yield of PNA fluorescence significantly decreases during the transition from the ufasomes of oleic acid to those of polyunsaturated fat acids. 3. The temperature relationship of PNA fluorescence intensity sorbed on oleic acid ufasomes shows twists in the region of 16--20degreesC and 46--52degreesC. The first transition is connected with the melting of potassium oleate.", "contents": "[Fluorescence analysis study of the structural lability of biomembranes and their components. II. Higher fatty acids]. Binding constants, quantum yield and temperature relationship of the fluorescence of ionic (1-anilinonaphtalene-8-sulphonate-ANS) and neutral (N-phenyl-1-naphtalamine-PNA) probes have been studied on micellae and ufasomes of natural fat acids. The following regularities have been obtained: 1. The Anion dye (ANS) sharply decreases the intensity of fluorescence on fat acid structures while alkilating the medium, it is not practically bound with them at pH-7; 2. The neutral dye (PNA) shiws no fluorescence on micellae of the limited fat acids and is comparatively well bound with urasomes. The binding constant quantum yield of PNA fluorescence significantly decreases during the transition from the ufasomes of oleic acid to those of polyunsaturated fat acids. 3. The temperature relationship of PNA fluorescence intensity sorbed on oleic acid ufasomes shows twists in the region of 16--20degreesC and 46--52degreesC. The first transition is connected with the melting of potassium oleate."}
{"id": "PMID:1203270", "title": "[Formation of purple membranes during salt bacteria cultivation].", "content": "Experiments have been carried out on cultivation of halophile with probe selection in the interval of 1--2 hours to record the spectra of repeated disturbed completed inner reflection. Periodicity in the changes of spectral characteristics of the culture with the interval of 20--24 hours is revealed. A clearly expressed dichroism of the amid II band of the membrane complex is found, the absence of this dichroism in the protein isolated from the membrane complex is stated. It is suggested that dichroism revealed is a specific feature of the presence of purpuric membranes in the cells. Spontaneous plane orientation of protein macromolecules in purpuric membranes is established. The level of dichroism of amid II band is shown to depend on fermentation conditions of salt bacteria.", "contents": "[Formation of purple membranes during salt bacteria cultivation]. Experiments have been carried out on cultivation of halophile with probe selection in the interval of 1--2 hours to record the spectra of repeated disturbed completed inner reflection. Periodicity in the changes of spectral characteristics of the culture with the interval of 20--24 hours is revealed. A clearly expressed dichroism of the amid II band of the membrane complex is found, the absence of this dichroism in the protein isolated from the membrane complex is stated. It is suggested that dichroism revealed is a specific feature of the presence of purpuric membranes in the cells. Spontaneous plane orientation of protein macromolecules in purpuric membranes is established. The level of dichroism of amid II band is shown to depend on fermentation conditions of salt bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:1203271", "title": "[Photochemical and spectral properties of photosystem-2 subchloroplast fragments, highly purified from photosystem-1 mixtures].", "content": "A rather simple method of isolation of photosystem 2 fragments, which are highly purified from Photosystem 1 admixture, has been developed on the basis of combined action of detergents and differential centrifugation. The isolated fragments are characterized by insignificant content of P700 (one molecule per 10500 molecules of chlorophyll) and by high ratio of band values at 685 and 735 nm in the low temperature emission spectrum of fluorescence (F685/F735=5.9). The data on photochemical activity and ability for photoinduced changes in fluorescence prove that the activity of Photosystem 2 is retained both at the level of reaction centre operation and at that of water photooxidation with oxygen evolution.", "contents": "[Photochemical and spectral properties of photosystem-2 subchloroplast fragments, highly purified from photosystem-1 mixtures]. A rather simple method of isolation of photosystem 2 fragments, which are highly purified from Photosystem 1 admixture, has been developed on the basis of combined action of detergents and differential centrifugation. The isolated fragments are characterized by insignificant content of P700 (one molecule per 10500 molecules of chlorophyll) and by high ratio of band values at 685 and 735 nm in the low temperature emission spectrum of fluorescence (F685/F735=5.9). The data on photochemical activity and ability for photoinduced changes in fluorescence prove that the activity of Photosystem 2 is retained both at the level of reaction centre operation and at that of water photooxidation with oxygen evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:1203272", "title": "[Spectrophotometry of individual Chlorella cells].", "content": "A research of optical properties of individual microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cells was performed under various conditions of cultivation. On the basis of cell absorption spectra measurements in the visible spectrum region chlorophyll \"a\" absorption maxima are estimated to fall within the intervals of 669-675 nm for the red region of the spectrum and 429--436 nm for the blue one. Concentration of chlorophylls in the cells of the diameter from 2,8 up to 3,3 micrometers was found to increase considerably for algae grown both in continuous denisty static and periodical regimes. Integral optical density of individual Chlorella cells in the range of 400-750 nm grows with cell diameter increase. This increase appears to be most intensive in the cells grown in density static regime. A correlation was also established between algae cell dimensions and the general maxima position (correlation coefficient has a positive sign and absolute value near unit). With cell diameter growth the absorption maxima shift to the region of long waves.", "contents": "[Spectrophotometry of individual Chlorella cells]. A research of optical properties of individual microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cells was performed under various conditions of cultivation. On the basis of cell absorption spectra measurements in the visible spectrum region chlorophyll \"a\" absorption maxima are estimated to fall within the intervals of 669-675 nm for the red region of the spectrum and 429--436 nm for the blue one. Concentration of chlorophylls in the cells of the diameter from 2,8 up to 3,3 micrometers was found to increase considerably for algae grown both in continuous denisty static and periodical regimes. Integral optical density of individual Chlorella cells in the range of 400-750 nm grows with cell diameter increase. This increase appears to be most intensive in the cells grown in density static regime. A correlation was also established between algae cell dimensions and the general maxima position (correlation coefficient has a positive sign and absolute value near unit). With cell diameter growth the absorption maxima shift to the region of long waves."}
{"id": "PMID:1203273", "title": "[Quantum productivity of different areas of the spectrum during cultivation of an asynchronous Chlorella culture].", "content": "The data are given of calculation of quantum productivity of chlorella asynchroneous culture during 7 hour development in different spectrum regions. High quantum productivity when chlorella develops in the green spectrum region is shown.", "contents": "[Quantum productivity of different areas of the spectrum during cultivation of an asynchronous Chlorella culture]. The data are given of calculation of quantum productivity of chlorella asynchroneous culture during 7 hour development in different spectrum regions. High quantum productivity when chlorella develops in the green spectrum region is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1203274", "title": "[Effect of light of different spectral composition on pigment accumulation, productivity and effectiveness of use of absorbed energy in photosynthesis during the developmental cycle of Chlorella].", "content": "The paper deals with the effect of light of different spectral composition on the duration of developmental cycle, pigment accumulation, productivity and efficiency of the use of absorbed energy in photosynthesis during the developmental cycle of Chlorella. An extremely high efficiency of using the green spectrum region in photosynthesis (21,0%) was observed. The efficiency of using absorbed radiation of the red (12%) and blue (6%) spectrum regions is also very high, but significantly lower than that of the green one. The activity of metabolic processes in Chlorella cells differs in various spectrum regions during different developmental cycles and is determined by the acting spectrum.", "contents": "[Effect of light of different spectral composition on pigment accumulation, productivity and effectiveness of use of absorbed energy in photosynthesis during the developmental cycle of Chlorella]. The paper deals with the effect of light of different spectral composition on the duration of developmental cycle, pigment accumulation, productivity and efficiency of the use of absorbed energy in photosynthesis during the developmental cycle of Chlorella. An extremely high efficiency of using the green spectrum region in photosynthesis (21,0%) was observed. The efficiency of using absorbed radiation of the red (12%) and blue (6%) spectrum regions is also very high, but significantly lower than that of the green one. The activity of metabolic processes in Chlorella cells differs in various spectrum regions during different developmental cycles and is determined by the acting spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:1203275", "title": "[Use of a mathematical model of erythropoiesis to study the recovery process in mice exposed to acute x-ray irradiation].", "content": "The model described in the preceding paper was used (after introducing several further presumptions of a radiobiological nature) for the interpretation of the dynamics of erythropoietic recovery, experimentally studied by the authors in mice after acute X-irradiation. The solution of equations in the model was carried out by a digital computer, finding some (not yet experimentally determined) quantitative characteristics of the system by trial and error. A satisfactory degree of agreement in the behaviour of the model with the experimentally determined course of recovery seems to indicate the validity of the basic assumptions of the model, esp. the existence of the negative feedback between erythroid populations of the bone marrow and spleen.", "contents": "[Use of a mathematical model of erythropoiesis to study the recovery process in mice exposed to acute x-ray irradiation]. The model described in the preceding paper was used (after introducing several further presumptions of a radiobiological nature) for the interpretation of the dynamics of erythropoietic recovery, experimentally studied by the authors in mice after acute X-irradiation. The solution of equations in the model was carried out by a digital computer, finding some (not yet experimentally determined) quantitative characteristics of the system by trial and error. A satisfactory degree of agreement in the behaviour of the model with the experimentally determined course of recovery seems to indicate the validity of the basic assumptions of the model, esp. the existence of the negative feedback between erythroid populations of the bone marrow and spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:1203276", "title": "[Rate of excitation propagation in a reduced Hodgkins-Huxley model. II. Slow relaxation of the sodium current].", "content": "The influence of sodium current activation on the value of nerve excitation conduction velocity is investigated on the basis of Hodgkin-Huxley model. The potassium activation and sodium inactivation are considered as slow processes which do not develop to an appreciable extent in the region of conduction velocity formation. The system of equations was derived and solved analytically after neglecting the dependency of sodium relaxation time on potential; the approximation of steady-state sodium activation was also used with the help of Hevyside function. The algebraic equation for conduction velocity was obtained; its solution has a simple analytical form in two limits of rapid and slow sodium current relaxation. The comparison with the experimental data has shown that at not very high temperatures the slow (compared to the potential dynamics) sodium current relaxation approximation is more appropriate. The dependency of impulse velocity on capacitance and conductance of the fiber was analyzed.", "contents": "[Rate of excitation propagation in a reduced Hodgkins-Huxley model. II. Slow relaxation of the sodium current]. The influence of sodium current activation on the value of nerve excitation conduction velocity is investigated on the basis of Hodgkin-Huxley model. The potassium activation and sodium inactivation are considered as slow processes which do not develop to an appreciable extent in the region of conduction velocity formation. The system of equations was derived and solved analytically after neglecting the dependency of sodium relaxation time on potential; the approximation of steady-state sodium activation was also used with the help of Hevyside function. The algebraic equation for conduction velocity was obtained; its solution has a simple analytical form in two limits of rapid and slow sodium current relaxation. The comparison with the experimental data has shown that at not very high temperatures the slow (compared to the potential dynamics) sodium current relaxation approximation is more appropriate. The dependency of impulse velocity on capacitance and conductance of the fiber was analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203277", "title": "[Evaluation of synaptic potential dynamics from evoked impulse activity of neurons].", "content": "To evaluate intracellular potentials in the region of spike initiation of function lambda (t) is suggested which describes the dependence on time of the density of conditional probability of generation by the neuron of the first impulse in response to the stimulus. Qualitative correspondence of the dynamics of membrane potentials and function lambda (t) is demonstrated on the analog model. The application of the function lambda (t) to the classification of the neurons of auditory system is shown to be promising. The difference between the function lambda (t) and normalized poststimulus histogram allows to evaluate the refracteriness of the neuron.", "contents": "[Evaluation of synaptic potential dynamics from evoked impulse activity of neurons]. To evaluate intracellular potentials in the region of spike initiation of function lambda (t) is suggested which describes the dependence on time of the density of conditional probability of generation by the neuron of the first impulse in response to the stimulus. Qualitative correspondence of the dynamics of membrane potentials and function lambda (t) is demonstrated on the analog model. The application of the function lambda (t) to the classification of the neurons of auditory system is shown to be promising. The difference between the function lambda (t) and normalized poststimulus histogram allows to evaluate the refracteriness of the neuron."}
{"id": "PMID:1203278", "title": "[Model of the impulse activity of a neuron receiving a stationary impulse imput].", "content": "The stationary model of spike activity of a single neuron is considered. This model exponential decay and constant threshold can be described as discontinuous one. The problem of calculation of Laplas' transform the probability density function (PDF) of interspike interval (ISI) can be reduced to the boundary problem for the usual differential equation. For the exponential PDF of the magnitude of the PSP the Laplas' transform of ISI PDF is expressed by special functions. The mean and standard deviation of ISI for different combinations of parameters were plotted with the aid of computer. The experiment without intracellular recoding, allowing to estimate the values of certain physiological parameters of a neuron on the basis of the model is proposed.", "contents": "[Model of the impulse activity of a neuron receiving a stationary impulse imput]. The stationary model of spike activity of a single neuron is considered. This model exponential decay and constant threshold can be described as discontinuous one. The problem of calculation of Laplas' transform the probability density function (PDF) of interspike interval (ISI) can be reduced to the boundary problem for the usual differential equation. For the exponential PDF of the magnitude of the PSP the Laplas' transform of ISI PDF is expressed by special functions. The mean and standard deviation of ISI for different combinations of parameters were plotted with the aid of computer. The experiment without intracellular recoding, allowing to estimate the values of certain physiological parameters of a neuron on the basis of the model is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203279", "title": "[Method of evaluating the synaptic input to a single mesencephalic neuron].", "content": "The mathematical model of the spike activity of a neuron with synaptic input from many other neurons [1], describes adequately the firing of 5 from 7 neurons in the tegmentum of mesencephalic cat and changes of their activity evoked by glutamate iontophoresis. For these 5 neurons the estimates of the PSPs' average frequency of the threshold depolarization and of the constant decay of the EPSP were received. For different neurons the values of these parameters are 4--100 KHz, 100--800 average unitary EPSPs and 4--30 msec correspondingly. The stationary value of the average membrane potential (SVAMP) in all 5 neurons was removed significantly from the resting potential toward the threshold potential. SWAMP could be changed by the glutamate iontophoresis in such a degree to overlap the threshold potential.", "contents": "[Method of evaluating the synaptic input to a single mesencephalic neuron]. The mathematical model of the spike activity of a neuron with synaptic input from many other neurons [1], describes adequately the firing of 5 from 7 neurons in the tegmentum of mesencephalic cat and changes of their activity evoked by glutamate iontophoresis. For these 5 neurons the estimates of the PSPs' average frequency of the threshold depolarization and of the constant decay of the EPSP were received. For different neurons the values of these parameters are 4--100 KHz, 100--800 average unitary EPSPs and 4--30 msec correspondingly. The stationary value of the average membrane potential (SVAMP) in all 5 neurons was removed significantly from the resting potential toward the threshold potential. SWAMP could be changed by the glutamate iontophoresis in such a degree to overlap the threshold potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1203280", "title": "[Work of the human visual system. I. Adequate visual stimulus].", "content": "It is shown that the adequate stimulus permitting to detect the presence of colour differentiation in the visual field is the change of relative space-time differences of light actions in different retinal points. Differences only in space or only in time are not sufficient for perception.", "contents": "[Work of the human visual system. I. Adequate visual stimulus]. It is shown that the adequate stimulus permitting to detect the presence of colour differentiation in the visual field is the change of relative space-time differences of light actions in different retinal points. Differences only in space or only in time are not sufficient for perception."}
{"id": "PMID:1203281", "title": "[Correlation model of object recognition by echolocating animals].", "content": "The model proposed in an attempt to find out physical bases of object perception during echolocation. It is shown that echolocational perception can be provided with correlational treatment of corresponding signals. The character of objects is determined by the comparison by echo probing accepted in the given cycle with typical distortions remembered in the course of individual experience of the animal. The distortions take place during the reflection of the probing impulse from these or those objects. \"Binding\" of the objects according to distance may be carried out by using the choice of typical distortions for corresponding correction of the copy of probing impulse, serving as a bearing signal of distance correlometer. The response of correlometer to the echo from correctly perceived target increases. The block-scheme of such correlation perception during echolocation is given. Performance of some experiments allowing to check and refine the model considered.", "contents": "[Correlation model of object recognition by echolocating animals]. The model proposed in an attempt to find out physical bases of object perception during echolocation. It is shown that echolocational perception can be provided with correlational treatment of corresponding signals. The character of objects is determined by the comparison by echo probing accepted in the given cycle with typical distortions remembered in the course of individual experience of the animal. The distortions take place during the reflection of the probing impulse from these or those objects. \"Binding\" of the objects according to distance may be carried out by using the choice of typical distortions for corresponding correction of the copy of probing impulse, serving as a bearing signal of distance correlometer. The response of correlometer to the echo from correctly perceived target increases. The block-scheme of such correlation perception during echolocation is given. Performance of some experiments allowing to check and refine the model considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1203282", "title": "[Kinematics of metachronous walking. III. Invariants].", "content": "The concept of a kinematic space for a locomotor system is introduced and regime of locomotion is defined as a continued one-dimensional manifold of this space. The problem of describing of locomotion is set (settled) by kinematic invariants. It is shown that metachrony of such millipedes as Scolopendra and Julus can be considered as a special case of some \"relativity principle\", on the basis of which the expression of metachrony invariant has come out. The attempt is made to use this principle for the determination of step's invariants of each individual leg too.", "contents": "[Kinematics of metachronous walking. III. Invariants]. The concept of a kinematic space for a locomotor system is introduced and regime of locomotion is defined as a continued one-dimensional manifold of this space. The problem of describing of locomotion is set (settled) by kinematic invariants. It is shown that metachrony of such millipedes as Scolopendra and Julus can be considered as a special case of some \"relativity principle\", on the basis of which the expression of metachrony invariant has come out. The attempt is made to use this principle for the determination of step's invariants of each individual leg too."}
{"id": "PMID:1203283", "title": "[Model representation of rat motor behavior during electric self stimulation of the brain. II. Concretization of function shape. Comparison with experiment].", "content": "In this chapter the function of activity of the motor behavior in selfstimulation situation and function of the stimulation of the brain are determined. Solutions of the equation give the relation between the motor behavior and parameters of stimulation. The solutions agree with many experimental data in selfstimulation situation in the Skinner's box.", "contents": "[Model representation of rat motor behavior during electric self stimulation of the brain. II. Concretization of function shape. Comparison with experiment]. In this chapter the function of activity of the motor behavior in selfstimulation situation and function of the stimulation of the brain are determined. Solutions of the equation give the relation between the motor behavior and parameters of stimulation. The solutions agree with many experimental data in selfstimulation situation in the Skinner's box."}
{"id": "PMID:1203288", "title": "[Photovoltaic effect in pigment films in contact with an electrolytes. V. Theory of the Becquerel photovoltaic effect in porous films of phthalocyanine].", "content": "In accordance with literature and our experimental data a theoretical analysis of the model system metal-porous film of the pigment-electrolyte was carried out at stationary illumination in the regimes of photocurrent and photopotential. The main properties and positions of the model are supported experimentally. Specific behaviour of the photovoltaic system considered resides in the discovered dependence of the transfer mechanism on the value of catode potential of the electrode.", "contents": "[Photovoltaic effect in pigment films in contact with an electrolytes. V. Theory of the Becquerel photovoltaic effect in porous films of phthalocyanine]. In accordance with literature and our experimental data a theoretical analysis of the model system metal-porous film of the pigment-electrolyte was carried out at stationary illumination in the regimes of photocurrent and photopotential. The main properties and positions of the model are supported experimentally. Specific behaviour of the photovoltaic system considered resides in the discovered dependence of the transfer mechanism on the value of catode potential of the electrode."}
{"id": "PMID:1203289", "title": "[Frequency relations of capacitance and conductance of the system electrolyte--membrane--electrolyte in a model framework].", "content": "An electrodiffusion model of immediate permeability of ions through the lipid membrane was considered. The model suggests the existence of finite immovable layers of the electrolyte near the membrane. A technique is given for linearization and obtaining analytical solutions of the time-dependent electrodiffusion equations for one ion species. The expression for admittence of the system was obtained. The model allowed to obtain the curves of c (omega) and g (omega) which agreed with the empiric ones.", "contents": "[Frequency relations of capacitance and conductance of the system electrolyte--membrane--electrolyte in a model framework]. An electrodiffusion model of immediate permeability of ions through the lipid membrane was considered. The model suggests the existence of finite immovable layers of the electrolyte near the membrane. A technique is given for linearization and obtaining analytical solutions of the time-dependent electrodiffusion equations for one ion species. The expression for admittence of the system was obtained. The model allowed to obtain the curves of c (omega) and g (omega) which agreed with the empiric ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1203290", "title": "[Distribution of small hydrophobic molecules in membranes. I. Artificial lipid membranes].", "content": "A hydrophobic uncharged fluorescent probe of 4-dimethylaminochalcone (DMC) interacted with synthetic phospholipid membranes. Comparison of absorption spectra and fluorescence of DMC in the membranes and organic solvents shows that in the membranes the DMC molecules are located not in the hydrocarbon layer but in the polar regions near the surface. The probe is distributed regularly along the surface forming no dimers and clusters. Polar groups which surround the probe in the membrane are less mobile than the molecules of organic solvents at the same temperature. The evaluation shows that the relaxation time of polar groups in the probe environment is longer than 0.15-10(-9) sec. The DMC molecules may be located in different sites of the membrane surface, which seem to differ from one another in the mobility of polar groups.", "contents": "[Distribution of small hydrophobic molecules in membranes. I. Artificial lipid membranes]. A hydrophobic uncharged fluorescent probe of 4-dimethylaminochalcone (DMC) interacted with synthetic phospholipid membranes. Comparison of absorption spectra and fluorescence of DMC in the membranes and organic solvents shows that in the membranes the DMC molecules are located not in the hydrocarbon layer but in the polar regions near the surface. The probe is distributed regularly along the surface forming no dimers and clusters. Polar groups which surround the probe in the membrane are less mobile than the molecules of organic solvents at the same temperature. The evaluation shows that the relaxation time of polar groups in the probe environment is longer than 0.15-10(-9) sec. The DMC molecules may be located in different sites of the membrane surface, which seem to differ from one another in the mobility of polar groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1203291", "title": "[Comparison of discrete models of charge transfer in thin membranes. I. Stationary regime].", "content": "The model of the ion transport through thin membranes is discussed. It is assumed that there exist some steps of the ion transfer in the membrane volume. Theory of absolute rate of processes is used to derive an equation for stationary transmembrane flow. As a result the thory parameters are connected with the form of potential energy curve of permeable ions into the membrane phase.", "contents": "[Comparison of discrete models of charge transfer in thin membranes. I. Stationary regime]. The model of the ion transport through thin membranes is discussed. It is assumed that there exist some steps of the ion transfer in the membrane volume. Theory of absolute rate of processes is used to derive an equation for stationary transmembrane flow. As a result the thory parameters are connected with the form of potential energy curve of permeable ions into the membrane phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1203292", "title": "[Properties of bilayer lipid membranes with different surface charges in the presence of tetraalkylammonium salts].", "content": "It is shown that with the growth of the radius of tetraalkylammonium ions the conductivity of the membrane increases. With an increase of the dimensions of penetrating ions the maximum cation selectivity reached in the beginning decreases with a further growth of cation radius. A negative charge on the membrane surface results in a higher cation selectivity and conductance mechanism is observed at the transition to the cations with a large radius at their high enough concentration in the aqueous solution. It can be explaind by the formation of triplet in the membrane phase which aid in the penetration of C1-.", "contents": "[Properties of bilayer lipid membranes with different surface charges in the presence of tetraalkylammonium salts]. It is shown that with the growth of the radius of tetraalkylammonium ions the conductivity of the membrane increases. With an increase of the dimensions of penetrating ions the maximum cation selectivity reached in the beginning decreases with a further growth of cation radius. A negative charge on the membrane surface results in a higher cation selectivity and conductance mechanism is observed at the transition to the cations with a large radius at their high enough concentration in the aqueous solution. It can be explaind by the formation of triplet in the membrane phase which aid in the penetration of C1-."}
{"id": "PMID:1203293", "title": "[Use of the fluorescent probe method to study the interaction of barbiturates with biological membranes].", "content": "The binding of the negatively charged fluorescence dye ANS and neutral dye NPN2 with lipid and erythrocyte membranes in the presence of barbiturates was studied. It was found that barbiturates decreased the amount of binding sites of ANS and NPN2 with membranes did not affect the quantum yield and the dissociation of the membrane-dye complex. It was shown that all barbiturates investigated were bound with the membranes in a neutral form.", "contents": "[Use of the fluorescent probe method to study the interaction of barbiturates with biological membranes]. The binding of the negatively charged fluorescence dye ANS and neutral dye NPN2 with lipid and erythrocyte membranes in the presence of barbiturates was studied. It was found that barbiturates decreased the amount of binding sites of ANS and NPN2 with membranes did not affect the quantum yield and the dissociation of the membrane-dye complex. It was shown that all barbiturates investigated were bound with the membranes in a neutral form."}
{"id": "PMID:1203294", "title": "[Permeability of plane bilayer lipid membranes in the presence of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles].", "content": "Interaction between vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticulum (VSR) and bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) was investigated. VSR were added into the membrane-surrounding solution. For the formation of complex VSR-BLM the surface of BLM was charged positively by adding 10(-6) M acetyltrimethylammonium bromide and the transmembrane electrical potential was applied in the negative direction (the positive direction was chosen from inner section of camera with VSR to outer section). The formation of complex VSR-BLM proceeds via two stages. The second stage is accompanied by the formation of nonselective channels of conductivity, perhaps, aqueous pores.", "contents": "[Permeability of plane bilayer lipid membranes in the presence of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles]. Interaction between vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticulum (VSR) and bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) was investigated. VSR were added into the membrane-surrounding solution. For the formation of complex VSR-BLM the surface of BLM was charged positively by adding 10(-6) M acetyltrimethylammonium bromide and the transmembrane electrical potential was applied in the negative direction (the positive direction was chosen from inner section of camera with VSR to outer section). The formation of complex VSR-BLM proceeds via two stages. The second stage is accompanied by the formation of nonselective channels of conductivity, perhaps, aqueous pores."}
{"id": "PMID:1203295", "title": "[High resolution NMR study of mitochondria and submitochondrial fragments].", "content": "The PMR spectra of mitochondrias, inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and also, matrix and intermembrane material are presented. The essential effect of sonication on the structure of inner membranes of mitochondrias is demonstrated.", "contents": "[High resolution NMR study of mitochondria and submitochondrial fragments]. The PMR spectra of mitochondrias, inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and also, matrix and intermembrane material are presented. The essential effect of sonication on the structure of inner membranes of mitochondrias is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1203298", "title": "[Study using the Noble model of excitation propagation through a branching node].", "content": "Excitation propagation through a branching node with 3 thin branches fused into a thick one has been studied on Noble model. When the ratio of the diameters of thin and thick branches equals 1 : 10 the propagation is blocked. When the diameter ratio is 1 : 8 and excitation comes asynchroneously (along one of input branches 10 msec later than along two others) a 30 msec delay of propagation is observed. The importance of the results obtained for explaining atrio-ventricular delay is discussed.", "contents": "[Study using the Noble model of excitation propagation through a branching node]. Excitation propagation through a branching node with 3 thin branches fused into a thick one has been studied on Noble model. When the ratio of the diameters of thin and thick branches equals 1 : 10 the propagation is blocked. When the diameter ratio is 1 : 8 and excitation comes asynchroneously (along one of input branches 10 msec later than along two others) a 30 msec delay of propagation is observed. The importance of the results obtained for explaining atrio-ventricular delay is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203299", "title": "[Principles of neuronal organization. I. Memory as a process of information transmission].", "content": "The process of memory is considered as the process of information transmission from \"wrighter\" to \"reader\" with an aid of memory device. A special attention is paid to memory which work with errors: \"false memorising\" and missing some words. The results obtained are useful for evaluation of possibilities of neuronal memory circuits of Brindley-Marr type.", "contents": "[Principles of neuronal organization. I. Memory as a process of information transmission]. The process of memory is considered as the process of information transmission from \"wrighter\" to \"reader\" with an aid of memory device. A special attention is paid to memory which work with errors: \"false memorising\" and missing some words. The results obtained are useful for evaluation of possibilities of neuronal memory circuits of Brindley-Marr type."}
{"id": "PMID:1203300", "title": "[Mathematical model of autoimmunity].", "content": "A mathematical model of autoimmunity is developed. This model is a system of two nonlinear differential equations, which describe the concentration dynamics of tissue cells and agressive lymphocytes. An analysis of the solutions shows that this model reproduces general behaviour of autoimmune diseases.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of autoimmunity]. A mathematical model of autoimmunity is developed. This model is a system of two nonlinear differential equations, which describe the concentration dynamics of tissue cells and agressive lymphocytes. An analysis of the solutions shows that this model reproduces general behaviour of autoimmune diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1203296", "title": "[Rate of excitation propagation in a reduced Hodgkins-Huxley model. III. Integrodifferential equations].", "content": "The Hodgkin - Huxley system of equations is reduced to single integral-differential equation in neglection of slow variables dynamics. Two limiting cases of fast and slow sodium activation processes are considered. The first case leads to a nonlinear differential equation for the potential, the second one - to an ordinary differential equation with a known source as a function of coordinate. Such a simplification is due to approximation of steady-state sodium activation variable with the help of Heviside function. The validity of this approximation is discussed; the corresponding error is estimated by calculation of the second approximation for the source function.", "contents": "[Rate of excitation propagation in a reduced Hodgkins-Huxley model. III. Integrodifferential equations]. The Hodgkin - Huxley system of equations is reduced to single integral-differential equation in neglection of slow variables dynamics. Two limiting cases of fast and slow sodium activation processes are considered. The first case leads to a nonlinear differential equation for the potential, the second one - to an ordinary differential equation with a known source as a function of coordinate. Such a simplification is due to approximation of steady-state sodium activation variable with the help of Heviside function. The validity of this approximation is discussed; the corresponding error is estimated by calculation of the second approximation for the source function."}
{"id": "PMID:1203297", "title": "[Model of a passive 3-dimensional anisotropic syncytium as a continuous medium].", "content": "A model is being proposed for analysis passive electrical properties of the syncitium with anisotropy. In terms of the model the potential is expected to decay as approximately e-r/r with an increase of the distance, r, from a polarising electrode. Input resistance of the three-dimensional syncitium loosely depends upon the resistance of electrogenic membrane, and thus should be mainly accounted for by the resistances of the myoplasm and intercellular contacts.", "contents": "[Model of a passive 3-dimensional anisotropic syncytium as a continuous medium]. A model is being proposed for analysis passive electrical properties of the syncitium with anisotropy. In terms of the model the potential is expected to decay as approximately e-r/r with an increase of the distance, r, from a polarising electrode. Input resistance of the three-dimensional syncitium loosely depends upon the resistance of electrogenic membrane, and thus should be mainly accounted for by the resistances of the myoplasm and intercellular contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:1203301", "title": "[Work of the human visual system. II. Color].", "content": "In the first part of this work [1] the author presented the expression for so called adequate visual stimulus. This expression describing the change of relative space - time differences of light actions in different retinal points defines the conditions necessary for producing visual sensations. In this paper author makes a statement that the quality of visual sensation (the percieved colour) can be evaluated by integrating the expression for the adequate visual stimulus both in time and in space. The integration in space is fulfilled starting from the extreme periphery of the retina, which is usually illuminated by scattered light averaged over the whole visual field. Human visual system works in such a way that the light action in the extreme periphery plays a role of the unit for scaling of visual sensations.", "contents": "[Work of the human visual system. II. Color]. In the first part of this work [1] the author presented the expression for so called adequate visual stimulus. This expression describing the change of relative space - time differences of light actions in different retinal points defines the conditions necessary for producing visual sensations. In this paper author makes a statement that the quality of visual sensation (the percieved colour) can be evaluated by integrating the expression for the adequate visual stimulus both in time and in space. The integration in space is fulfilled starting from the extreme periphery of the retina, which is usually illuminated by scattered light averaged over the whole visual field. Human visual system works in such a way that the light action in the extreme periphery plays a role of the unit for scaling of visual sensations."}
{"id": "PMID:1203302", "title": "[Spectral characteristics of stimuli and responses in a complex receptive field].", "content": "Responses of a complex receptive field of visual cortex of the cat are determined by the energy of stimuli in the band pass of equivalent space frequency characteristic of the receptive field. This is a proof that the complex receptive fields are spatial frequency band pass filters.", "contents": "[Spectral characteristics of stimuli and responses in a complex receptive field]. Responses of a complex receptive field of visual cortex of the cat are determined by the energy of stimuli in the band pass of equivalent space frequency characteristic of the receptive field. This is a proof that the complex receptive fields are spatial frequency band pass filters."}
{"id": "PMID:1203303", "title": "[Transformation of angular accelerations by the semicircular canal system of the vestibular apparatus].", "content": "Transformation of angular accelerations by the system of three semicircular channels is considered which takes into account mutual influence of vertical channels through a common crus.", "contents": "[Transformation of angular accelerations by the semicircular canal system of the vestibular apparatus]. Transformation of angular accelerations by the system of three semicircular channels is considered which takes into account mutual influence of vertical channels through a common crus."}
{"id": "PMID:1203304", "title": "[Computer modeling of human movements].", "content": "A dynamic model for studying man's movements is proposed. Lagrange equations of the second order are used. Differential equations of the model are presented in the matrix form, and all the coefficients involved are calculated from recurrent formulae. The dynamic model described is easily algorythmized. Differentiating operations can be thus avoided which are realized on electron computers with difficulities.", "contents": "[Computer modeling of human movements]. A dynamic model for studying man's movements is proposed. Lagrange equations of the second order are used. Differential equations of the model are presented in the matrix form, and all the coefficients involved are calculated from recurrent formulae. The dynamic model described is easily algorythmized. Differentiating operations can be thus avoided which are realized on electron computers with difficulities."}
{"id": "PMID:1203305", "title": "[Modeling human spatial movement].", "content": "The problem of determining biodynamical characters of human locomotion in space is considered. The method for calculating the forces and the moments in joints for 15-link model of support-motive apparatus of man is discussed.", "contents": "[Modeling human spatial movement]. The problem of determining biodynamical characters of human locomotion in space is considered. The method for calculating the forces and the moments in joints for 15-link model of support-motive apparatus of man is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203309", "title": "[Temperature dependence of the electronic absorption spectra of polynucleotides and their components].", "content": "The temperature dependence of UV-absorption spectra of solutions nucleic bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and metilated bases, uncapable of tautomerization has been studied. The nature of such dependence, its connection with hypochromic effect is discussed. It is shown that for some methods of investigating polynucleotides it is necessary to take into account the temperature changes spectra of monomers.", "contents": "[Temperature dependence of the electronic absorption spectra of polynucleotides and their components]. The temperature dependence of UV-absorption spectra of solutions nucleic bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and metilated bases, uncapable of tautomerization has been studied. The nature of such dependence, its connection with hypochromic effect is discussed. It is shown that for some methods of investigating polynucleotides it is necessary to take into account the temperature changes spectra of monomers."}
{"id": "PMID:1203310", "title": "[Internal rotation potentials in polynucleotides].", "content": "An empirical potential function for internal rotation around P-O bonds in polynucleotides is suggested. Its parameters have been determined taking into account the result of quantum mechanical calculations for dimethylphosphate.", "contents": "[Internal rotation potentials in polynucleotides]. An empirical potential function for internal rotation around P-O bonds in polynucleotides is suggested. Its parameters have been determined taking into account the result of quantum mechanical calculations for dimethylphosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:1203311", "title": "[Dynamic model of protein behavior in water].", "content": "In the basis of the suggested model lies the hypothesis that during the evolution process biological macromolecules \"learnt\" to use the ability of water through cooperative transition from the rigid phase to the liquid one without a change in free energy for the regulation of their conformation. In accordance with the results of a number of investigations it is assumed that the protein molecule exists in thermodynamic equilibrium between two conformers with different accessibilities of nonpolar cavities to water and with different effective volumes. Deformation of both or one of the conformers under the effect of specific or nonspecific influences removes the system (protein+water) from the equilibrium, and as a result of the relaxation process the system achieves a new equilibrium state. A change in the equilibrium constant between the conformers determines the change of the average protein volume. The entropy and entalpy of protein and water in the system (protein+water) change during this process in a counterphase manner. Phase transition of water, involved between the subunits of oligomeric protein, may play a significant role in the mechanisms of allosteric effects.", "contents": "[Dynamic model of protein behavior in water]. In the basis of the suggested model lies the hypothesis that during the evolution process biological macromolecules \"learnt\" to use the ability of water through cooperative transition from the rigid phase to the liquid one without a change in free energy for the regulation of their conformation. In accordance with the results of a number of investigations it is assumed that the protein molecule exists in thermodynamic equilibrium between two conformers with different accessibilities of nonpolar cavities to water and with different effective volumes. Deformation of both or one of the conformers under the effect of specific or nonspecific influences removes the system (protein+water) from the equilibrium, and as a result of the relaxation process the system achieves a new equilibrium state. A change in the equilibrium constant between the conformers determines the change of the average protein volume. The entropy and entalpy of protein and water in the system (protein+water) change during this process in a counterphase manner. Phase transition of water, involved between the subunits of oligomeric protein, may play a significant role in the mechanisms of allosteric effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1203312", "title": "[Interaction of human serum albumin with luminol].", "content": "Chemoluminescent and fluorescent studies of the interaction between serum albumine and luminole have been carried out. An increase of chemoluminescent intensity and quenching of luminole fluorescence dependent on protein concentration has been observed. Possibility of complex formation and the mechanism of fluorescence quenching with luminole are discussed.", "contents": "[Interaction of human serum albumin with luminol]. Chemoluminescent and fluorescent studies of the interaction between serum albumine and luminole have been carried out. An increase of chemoluminescent intensity and quenching of luminole fluorescence dependent on protein concentration has been observed. Possibility of complex formation and the mechanism of fluorescence quenching with luminole are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203313", "title": "[Effect of aniline and hydrazine derivatives on reversible oxygen addition in model systems of cobalt complexes of etioporphyrin and alpha, beta, gamma, delta-tetraphenylporphine].", "content": "The influence of aniline and hydrazine derivatives on the reversible oxygenation of cobaltous complexes of etioporphyrin I and alpha,beta,gamma,delta-tetraphenylporphin has been studied by means of ESR and electronic spectra. The formation of stable six-coordinated complexes with the said reagents prevents the oxygenation. The excess of hydrazines cause the destruction of porphyrin nucleus. The formation of intermediate dihydroporphyrins (chlorins) has been noticed.", "contents": "[Effect of aniline and hydrazine derivatives on reversible oxygen addition in model systems of cobalt complexes of etioporphyrin and alpha, beta, gamma, delta-tetraphenylporphine]. The influence of aniline and hydrazine derivatives on the reversible oxygenation of cobaltous complexes of etioporphyrin I and alpha,beta,gamma,delta-tetraphenylporphin has been studied by means of ESR and electronic spectra. The formation of stable six-coordinated complexes with the said reagents prevents the oxygenation. The excess of hydrazines cause the destruction of porphyrin nucleus. The formation of intermediate dihydroporphyrins (chlorins) has been noticed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203317", "title": "Effects of calcium ions on pyruvate kinase from human erythrocytes.", "content": "Ca2+ ions have a biphasic effect on the allosteric pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) from human erythrocytes: Ca2+ is an activator at low phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) concentrations: at increased PEP concentrations Ca2+ behaves as an inhibitor. In the presence of ATP the same effect was observed and at low PEP concentrations Ca2+ ions can completely abolish the ATP inhibitory effect. At high Ca2+ concentrations there is a loss of the cooperativity towards PEP. The enzyme activated by fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) is inhibited by Ca2+ ions at all concentrations of PEP tested. Mg2+ ions are not able to counteract the activation by Ca2+ ions at low PEP concentrations. The results are interpreted on the basis of the model of Monod.", "contents": "Effects of calcium ions on pyruvate kinase from human erythrocytes. Ca2+ ions have a biphasic effect on the allosteric pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) from human erythrocytes: Ca2+ is an activator at low phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) concentrations: at increased PEP concentrations Ca2+ behaves as an inhibitor. In the presence of ATP the same effect was observed and at low PEP concentrations Ca2+ ions can completely abolish the ATP inhibitory effect. At high Ca2+ concentrations there is a loss of the cooperativity towards PEP. The enzyme activated by fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) is inhibited by Ca2+ ions at all concentrations of PEP tested. Mg2+ ions are not able to counteract the activation by Ca2+ ions at low PEP concentrations. The results are interpreted on the basis of the model of Monod."}
{"id": "PMID:1203318", "title": "[Isolation and physico-chemical properties of oligosaccharides of human milk].", "content": "From a non-dialysable fraction of human milk the authors have isolated 30 oligosaccharides by combining anion exchange and paper chromatography. These oligosaccharides (MW 998 to 3113) contain D (+)-galactose, L (-)-fucose, N-acetyl-D (+)-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D (-)-neuraminic acid in variable proportions and one single D (+)-glucose residue in terminal reducing position. The characteristics of the oligosaccharides are those of the so-called \"Polonovski and Lespagnol gynolactose\". These sugars do not originate from glycoproteins nor glycolipids. The authors suggest that the biosynthesis of human milk oligosaccharides is due to an activation of glycosyltransferases related to blood group substances, induced by lactose. They base this hypothesis on the fact that, as demonstrated by Strecker and Montreuil, spontaneous or glucose, galactose and lactose induced meliturias are accompagnied by an important urinary excretion of blood group substance related oligosaccharides.", "contents": "[Isolation and physico-chemical properties of oligosaccharides of human milk]. From a non-dialysable fraction of human milk the authors have isolated 30 oligosaccharides by combining anion exchange and paper chromatography. These oligosaccharides (MW 998 to 3113) contain D (+)-galactose, L (-)-fucose, N-acetyl-D (+)-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D (-)-neuraminic acid in variable proportions and one single D (+)-glucose residue in terminal reducing position. The characteristics of the oligosaccharides are those of the so-called \"Polonovski and Lespagnol gynolactose\". These sugars do not originate from glycoproteins nor glycolipids. The authors suggest that the biosynthesis of human milk oligosaccharides is due to an activation of glycosyltransferases related to blood group substances, induced by lactose. They base this hypothesis on the fact that, as demonstrated by Strecker and Montreuil, spontaneous or glucose, galactose and lactose induced meliturias are accompagnied by an important urinary excretion of blood group substance related oligosaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:1203314", "title": "[Photopotential during the photochemical reaction of chlorophyll with duroquinone].", "content": "Under the illumination of ethanol solutions of chlorophyll \"alpha\" and \"beta\" in the presence of duroquinone positive photopotential (PP) appears, the sign of which is not changed with an increase of pH. However, if duroquinone is used, which had been illuminated with white light in the absence of air, in ethanol, which results in an increase of concentration of its reduced forms, at neutral weakly alkaline pH the PP sign gets negative. This fact supports the assumption that the change of PP sign at the change of pH when parabenzoquinone is used as an oxidizer results from the change of the direction of electron transfer during photoreaction. During photoreaction of pheophytin incapable of photooxidation with duroquinone and disposed to photoreduction, PP at all pH is negative.", "contents": "[Photopotential during the photochemical reaction of chlorophyll with duroquinone]. Under the illumination of ethanol solutions of chlorophyll \"alpha\" and \"beta\" in the presence of duroquinone positive photopotential (PP) appears, the sign of which is not changed with an increase of pH. However, if duroquinone is used, which had been illuminated with white light in the absence of air, in ethanol, which results in an increase of concentration of its reduced forms, at neutral weakly alkaline pH the PP sign gets negative. This fact supports the assumption that the change of PP sign at the change of pH when parabenzoquinone is used as an oxidizer results from the change of the direction of electron transfer during photoreaction. During photoreaction of pheophytin incapable of photooxidation with duroquinone and disposed to photoreduction, PP at all pH is negative."}
{"id": "PMID:1203319", "title": "Location of the cistron of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.", "content": "Treatment of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA with T1 RNase under mild conditions cuts the RNA molecule into a large number of fragments, only a few of which may be specifically recognized by disks of TMV protein. It has been shown elsewhere that these specifically recognized RNA fragments are a part of the coat protein cistron, the portion coding for amino acids 95 to 129 of the coat protein. It is reported that different size classes of partially uncoated virus particles were prepared by limited reconstitution between TMV RNA and protein or by partial stripping of intact virus with DMSO. Both procedures produce nucleoprotein rods in which the 5'-terminal portion of the RNA is encapsidated and the 3'-terminal region is free. The free and the encapsidated portions of the RNA were each tested for the ability to give rise to the aforesaid specifically recognized fragments of the coat protein cistron upon partial T1 RNase digestion. It was found that only the 3'-terminal third of the virus particle need to be uncoated in order to expose the portion of the RNA molecule from which these fragments are derived. We conclude, therefore, that the coat protein cistron is situated upon the 3'-terminal third of the RNA chain, i.e. within 2000 nucleotides of the 3'-end.", "contents": "Location of the cistron of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein. Treatment of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA with T1 RNase under mild conditions cuts the RNA molecule into a large number of fragments, only a few of which may be specifically recognized by disks of TMV protein. It has been shown elsewhere that these specifically recognized RNA fragments are a part of the coat protein cistron, the portion coding for amino acids 95 to 129 of the coat protein. It is reported that different size classes of partially uncoated virus particles were prepared by limited reconstitution between TMV RNA and protein or by partial stripping of intact virus with DMSO. Both procedures produce nucleoprotein rods in which the 5'-terminal portion of the RNA is encapsidated and the 3'-terminal region is free. The free and the encapsidated portions of the RNA were each tested for the ability to give rise to the aforesaid specifically recognized fragments of the coat protein cistron upon partial T1 RNase digestion. It was found that only the 3'-terminal third of the virus particle need to be uncoated in order to expose the portion of the RNA molecule from which these fragments are derived. We conclude, therefore, that the coat protein cistron is situated upon the 3'-terminal third of the RNA chain, i.e. within 2000 nucleotides of the 3'-end."}
{"id": "PMID:1203315", "title": "[Effect of the dielectric constant of the medium on the photooxidation of chlorophyll a by parabenzoquinone].", "content": "Spectrophotometric study was carried out of the effect of medium polarity on the parabenzoquinone photooxidation of chlorophyll \"a\" at lower temperature using as solvents toluene and CCl4 containing different quantities of polaric solvents, methanole, ethanole, amilic alkohol, acetone. It is shown that the photoreaction with the formation of primary photooxidized form of the pigment starts only if some amount of the polar component is in the medium. The data are in favour of the suggestion that chlorophyll and quinone in non-polar medium form an reaction complex which disintegrates under the given conditions at a definite value of medium polarity.", "contents": "[Effect of the dielectric constant of the medium on the photooxidation of chlorophyll a by parabenzoquinone]. Spectrophotometric study was carried out of the effect of medium polarity on the parabenzoquinone photooxidation of chlorophyll \"a\" at lower temperature using as solvents toluene and CCl4 containing different quantities of polaric solvents, methanole, ethanole, amilic alkohol, acetone. It is shown that the photoreaction with the formation of primary photooxidized form of the pigment starts only if some amount of the polar component is in the medium. The data are in favour of the suggestion that chlorophyll and quinone in non-polar medium form an reaction complex which disintegrates under the given conditions at a definite value of medium polarity."}
{"id": "PMID:1203320", "title": "Characterization and purification of messenger RNAs containing poly A in insect imaginal disks.", "content": "The presence of a fragment of polyA resistant to both T1 and p ribonucleases in mRNAs extracted from wing imaginal disks of an insect, Pieris brassicae, is reported. Its length was approximatively 150 nucleotides. PolyU sepharose affinity chromatography was subsequently used for purification of these polyA(+)mRNA molecules. Analyses on sucrose gradients showed a good recovery of poly(+)molecules characterized by their size (20-100 S) and a polydisperse pattern. These mRNAlike species represent 2-3 per cent of the total radioactivity incorporated into RNA in 3 hours of labeling. Sequential extractions were carried out to provide cytoplasmic RNA rich fractions (4 degrees C) and nuclear rich fractions (45 degrees C). When assayed for the presence of polyA(+)RNA, molecules extracted by these two sequential methods were found to be very similar in their polyA content.", "contents": "Characterization and purification of messenger RNAs containing poly A in insect imaginal disks. The presence of a fragment of polyA resistant to both T1 and p ribonucleases in mRNAs extracted from wing imaginal disks of an insect, Pieris brassicae, is reported. Its length was approximatively 150 nucleotides. PolyU sepharose affinity chromatography was subsequently used for purification of these polyA(+)mRNA molecules. Analyses on sucrose gradients showed a good recovery of poly(+)molecules characterized by their size (20-100 S) and a polydisperse pattern. These mRNAlike species represent 2-3 per cent of the total radioactivity incorporated into RNA in 3 hours of labeling. Sequential extractions were carried out to provide cytoplasmic RNA rich fractions (4 degrees C) and nuclear rich fractions (45 degrees C). When assayed for the presence of polyA(+)RNA, molecules extracted by these two sequential methods were found to be very similar in their polyA content."}
{"id": "PMID:1203316", "title": "[Participation of oxygen in the reduction of methylviologen, photosensitized by chlorophyll, in an aqueous solution of detergent].", "content": "Dependence of chlorophyll \"a\" photosensitized reduction of methylviologene with tiourea on the temperature of reaction mixture was studied in aerobic conditions in triton X-100 aqueous solution. It was found that the reaction consisted of two stages: the light and dark ones. Photosensitized oxidation of tiourea with air oxygen proceeds at the temperatures up to -70 degrees C. Reduction of methylviologen is a dark stage for which diffusion processes are necessary. The role of hydrogen peroxide in the reaction studied has been investigated. It has been shown that hydrogen peroxide is not the \"initiator\" of the reaction which results in the reduction of methylviologen. Reduced glutation and the mixture of reduced and oxidized glutations were used as electron donors in photosensitized reaction in the presence of air oxygen. An increase of the depth and rate of the reduction of methylviologen under aerobic conditions as compared to anaerobic ones points to the formation of more active reducers than the initial electron donor.", "contents": "[Participation of oxygen in the reduction of methylviologen, photosensitized by chlorophyll, in an aqueous solution of detergent]. Dependence of chlorophyll \"a\" photosensitized reduction of methylviologene with tiourea on the temperature of reaction mixture was studied in aerobic conditions in triton X-100 aqueous solution. It was found that the reaction consisted of two stages: the light and dark ones. Photosensitized oxidation of tiourea with air oxygen proceeds at the temperatures up to -70 degrees C. Reduction of methylviologen is a dark stage for which diffusion processes are necessary. The role of hydrogen peroxide in the reaction studied has been investigated. It has been shown that hydrogen peroxide is not the \"initiator\" of the reaction which results in the reduction of methylviologen. Reduced glutation and the mixture of reduced and oxidized glutations were used as electron donors in photosensitized reaction in the presence of air oxygen. An increase of the depth and rate of the reduction of methylviologen under aerobic conditions as compared to anaerobic ones points to the formation of more active reducers than the initial electron donor."}
{"id": "PMID:1203321", "title": "Cell surface changes during myoblast differentiation: preparation and carbohydrate composition of plasma membranes.", "content": "A technique for the preparation of plasma membrane from a skeletal muscle myogenic cell culture is described. Electron microscopic and enzymatic studies indicate that the preparation has kept its morphological integrity and has negligeable amount of cellular contiaminants. Carbohydrate composition studies have shown that the differentiated cells contain less hexosamine and sialic acid but accumulate glucose and galactose; the latter increase reflects the presence of a glucose-galactose-hydroxylysine unit which appears at the cell surface when myoblasts reach confluency.", "contents": "Cell surface changes during myoblast differentiation: preparation and carbohydrate composition of plasma membranes. A technique for the preparation of plasma membrane from a skeletal muscle myogenic cell culture is described. Electron microscopic and enzymatic studies indicate that the preparation has kept its morphological integrity and has negligeable amount of cellular contiaminants. Carbohydrate composition studies have shown that the differentiated cells contain less hexosamine and sialic acid but accumulate glucose and galactose; the latter increase reflects the presence of a glucose-galactose-hydroxylysine unit which appears at the cell surface when myoblasts reach confluency."}
{"id": "PMID:1203322", "title": "[Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA of rat liver: a critique of various evaluation methods].", "content": "We have measured the incorporation of 3H-(methyl)-thymidine by cell cultures of rat foetal liver and in vivo by the livers of young rats stimulated by casein, in order to compare three methods for the extraction of DNA. The DNA was extracted by three different techniques: perchloric acid precipitation, trichloroacetic acid precipitation and phenol extraction, and its specific activity was determined. The radioactive labelling was also determined for the lipid, ribonucleic acid and protein fractions for the two first methods, in both of which 70 p. cent of the incorporated tritium is found in the DNA fraction and about 10 p. cent in each of the other fractions. The determination of the specific radioactivity of DNA gives similar results for the three extraction methods. However, since larger yields were obtained by both acid precipitation techniques than by phenol extraction, we believe them to be more suitable for studies on cell cultures.", "contents": "[Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA of rat liver: a critique of various evaluation methods]. We have measured the incorporation of 3H-(methyl)-thymidine by cell cultures of rat foetal liver and in vivo by the livers of young rats stimulated by casein, in order to compare three methods for the extraction of DNA. The DNA was extracted by three different techniques: perchloric acid precipitation, trichloroacetic acid precipitation and phenol extraction, and its specific activity was determined. The radioactive labelling was also determined for the lipid, ribonucleic acid and protein fractions for the two first methods, in both of which 70 p. cent of the incorporated tritium is found in the DNA fraction and about 10 p. cent in each of the other fractions. The determination of the specific radioactivity of DNA gives similar results for the three extraction methods. However, since larger yields were obtained by both acid precipitation techniques than by phenol extraction, we believe them to be more suitable for studies on cell cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:1203323", "title": "[Effects of thyroidectomy of the rat on the structure and functions of skeletal muscle mitochondria].", "content": "Mitochondria used in the present study were isolated from skeletal muscle of normal and thyroidectomized rats. The preparations were controlled by electron microscopy. It was not possible to find any morphological change induced by thyroidectomy, nevertheless, some difference appeared in the cytochrome contents which were slightly decreased. Oxygen consumption rates of thyroidectomized rat mitochondria were decreased when the particles were maintained in states 3 and 4 in the presence of various substrates, but the P/O ratios were not modified. The activities of mitochondrial enzymes were in general slightly affected by thyroidectomy except for glycerol-1-phosphate cytochrome c reductase and NADH rotenone sensitive cytochrome c reductase which were decreased and for glutamate dehydrogenase activity which was increased. The tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity found in the mitochondrial matrix was not influenced by the absence of thyroid secretion. Normal rat muscle mitochondria incorporate 14C-leucine with an artificial ATP-generating system or with a respiratory substrate. The amino acid incorporation was decreased by thyroidectomy. Muscle mitochondria analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis contained more than 30 protein components with MW ranging from 10.000 to 135.000. Thyroidectomy lowered the amount of a fraction of about 54.000 MW. It is not impossible that all the data observed in the absence of thyroid secretion are in relation with changes induced in the mitochondrial genome as previously shown in mitochondria isolated from liver or thyroidectomized rats.", "contents": "[Effects of thyroidectomy of the rat on the structure and functions of skeletal muscle mitochondria]. Mitochondria used in the present study were isolated from skeletal muscle of normal and thyroidectomized rats. The preparations were controlled by electron microscopy. It was not possible to find any morphological change induced by thyroidectomy, nevertheless, some difference appeared in the cytochrome contents which were slightly decreased. Oxygen consumption rates of thyroidectomized rat mitochondria were decreased when the particles were maintained in states 3 and 4 in the presence of various substrates, but the P/O ratios were not modified. The activities of mitochondrial enzymes were in general slightly affected by thyroidectomy except for glycerol-1-phosphate cytochrome c reductase and NADH rotenone sensitive cytochrome c reductase which were decreased and for glutamate dehydrogenase activity which was increased. The tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity found in the mitochondrial matrix was not influenced by the absence of thyroid secretion. Normal rat muscle mitochondria incorporate 14C-leucine with an artificial ATP-generating system or with a respiratory substrate. The amino acid incorporation was decreased by thyroidectomy. Muscle mitochondria analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis contained more than 30 protein components with MW ranging from 10.000 to 135.000. Thyroidectomy lowered the amount of a fraction of about 54.000 MW. It is not impossible that all the data observed in the absence of thyroid secretion are in relation with changes induced in the mitochondrial genome as previously shown in mitochondria isolated from liver or thyroidectomized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1203324", "title": "Effect of phosphate and ionophores on (14C)-NEM incorporation in mitochondrial membranes and relationships with phosphate carrier system.", "content": "Phosphate transport in mitochondria was investigated with respect to its inhibition by NEM. The reactivity of the Pi carrier SH groups was influenced by phosphate or ionophores during preincubation before the addition of NEM. Furthermore in order to obtain some mitochondrial protein fractions where the typical effects of phosphate and ionophores on [14C]-NEM fixations were observed, mitochondria were submitted to hypotonic treatment and sonication. The following results were obtained: 1. -- Phosphate and grisorixin (a new ionophore of the nigericin group) decreased the inhibition of phosphate transport by NEM. The same effect was observed for [14C]-NEM incorporation. 2. -- Valinomycin increased [14C]-NEM incorporation. The valinomycin effect was abolished by phosphate. ClCCP alone affected [14C]-NEM incorporation slightly. Valinomycin plus ClCCP decreased NEM inhibition of phosphate transport and [14C]-NEM incorporation like grisorixin. 3. -- The variability of SH group reactivity can be interpreted by a control of SH group accessibility by transmembrane delta pH as previously suggested. 4. -- Typical effects of phosphate or ionophores were observed in whole pig heart and rat liver mitochondria. These effects were enhanced in the same supernatant protein fraction resulting from sonication in pig heart mitochondria : phosphate decreased [14C]-NEM incorporation by 1,50 nmoles/mg protein, grisorixin by 0.95 nmoles, whereas valinomycin increased it by 0.75 nmoles. For rat liver mitochondria the phosphate effect and the valinomycin increased it by 0.75 nmoles. For rat liver mitochondria the phosphate effect valinomycin effect on [14C]-NEM incorporation were observed in the subparticular fraction obtained after sonification.", "contents": "Effect of phosphate and ionophores on (14C)-NEM incorporation in mitochondrial membranes and relationships with phosphate carrier system. Phosphate transport in mitochondria was investigated with respect to its inhibition by NEM. The reactivity of the Pi carrier SH groups was influenced by phosphate or ionophores during preincubation before the addition of NEM. Furthermore in order to obtain some mitochondrial protein fractions where the typical effects of phosphate and ionophores on [14C]-NEM fixations were observed, mitochondria were submitted to hypotonic treatment and sonication. The following results were obtained: 1. -- Phosphate and grisorixin (a new ionophore of the nigericin group) decreased the inhibition of phosphate transport by NEM. The same effect was observed for [14C]-NEM incorporation. 2. -- Valinomycin increased [14C]-NEM incorporation. The valinomycin effect was abolished by phosphate. ClCCP alone affected [14C]-NEM incorporation slightly. Valinomycin plus ClCCP decreased NEM inhibition of phosphate transport and [14C]-NEM incorporation like grisorixin. 3. -- The variability of SH group reactivity can be interpreted by a control of SH group accessibility by transmembrane delta pH as previously suggested. 4. -- Typical effects of phosphate or ionophores were observed in whole pig heart and rat liver mitochondria. These effects were enhanced in the same supernatant protein fraction resulting from sonication in pig heart mitochondria : phosphate decreased [14C]-NEM incorporation by 1,50 nmoles/mg protein, grisorixin by 0.95 nmoles, whereas valinomycin increased it by 0.75 nmoles. For rat liver mitochondria the phosphate effect and the valinomycin increased it by 0.75 nmoles. For rat liver mitochondria the phosphate effect valinomycin effect on [14C]-NEM incorporation were observed in the subparticular fraction obtained after sonification."}
{"id": "PMID:1203346", "title": "[Modification in all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal and 11-cis-retinal caused by exposure to sunlight].", "content": "Results indicate that diffused sunlight determines in the molecules of all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal and 11-cis-retinal a process of photoinduction with the formation of an unknown photoproduct.", "contents": "[Modification in all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal and 11-cis-retinal caused by exposure to sunlight]. Results indicate that diffused sunlight determines in the molecules of all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal and 11-cis-retinal a process of photoinduction with the formation of an unknown photoproduct."}
{"id": "PMID:1203347", "title": "[Primary structure of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart muscle. Amino acid sequence of peptides from cyanogen bromide hydrolysate].", "content": "Amino acid sequences were determined for the six peptides from cyanogen bromide hydrolysis of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. These peptides accounted for 177 amino acid residues of the enzyme. Partial sequence of N-terminal peptide accounting for 212 amino acid residues of enzyme was also determined.", "contents": "[Primary structure of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart muscle. Amino acid sequence of peptides from cyanogen bromide hydrolysate]. Amino acid sequences were determined for the six peptides from cyanogen bromide hydrolysis of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. These peptides accounted for 177 amino acid residues of the enzyme. Partial sequence of N-terminal peptide accounting for 212 amino acid residues of enzyme was also determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1203348", "title": "[Analysis of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal subunits of pea seeds by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel].", "content": "The amino acid composition of overall protein of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits of pea seeds has been found typical of ribosomal protein. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel demonstrates that proteins extracted by the solution of 3 M LiCl-4 M urea from purified ribosomes of pea seeds move towards the cathode at pH 2.2 and separate into 41 components. Electrophoresis in a tris-glycine buffer at pH 9.2 does not reveal any substance corresponding to acid proteins. Similar distribution patterns are observed when ribosomal particles are isolated with or without triton (0,5%). The treatment of ribosomes by deoxycholate results in some changes, depending on the detergent concentration. All the protein components detected in ribosomes, except one, are present in the subunits. Proteins of large and small ribosome subunits produced 26 and 21 components respectively in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution patterns of proteins of the two subunits appear to be different. The majority of the components of the large and small subunits differ in mobility. The data obtained suggest considerable specificity of the protein composition of 60S and 40S subunits of 80S ribosomes in higher plants.", "contents": "[Analysis of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal subunits of pea seeds by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel]. The amino acid composition of overall protein of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits of pea seeds has been found typical of ribosomal protein. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel demonstrates that proteins extracted by the solution of 3 M LiCl-4 M urea from purified ribosomes of pea seeds move towards the cathode at pH 2.2 and separate into 41 components. Electrophoresis in a tris-glycine buffer at pH 9.2 does not reveal any substance corresponding to acid proteins. Similar distribution patterns are observed when ribosomal particles are isolated with or without triton (0,5%). The treatment of ribosomes by deoxycholate results in some changes, depending on the detergent concentration. All the protein components detected in ribosomes, except one, are present in the subunits. Proteins of large and small ribosome subunits produced 26 and 21 components respectively in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution patterns of proteins of the two subunits appear to be different. The majority of the components of the large and small subunits differ in mobility. The data obtained suggest considerable specificity of the protein composition of 60S and 40S subunits of 80S ribosomes in higher plants."}
{"id": "PMID:1203349", "title": "[Biosynthesis of proteins and ribonucleic acids in red and white rat skeletal muscles].", "content": "Protein biosynthesis is studied in red and white rat shank muscles in vitro. It is found that the incorporation rate of 14C-lysine in red muscle was 2-fold higher than that in white muscle. The difference in the lysine incorporation rate into muscle proteins studied increased with the increase of lysine molar concentration in the incubation medium, which was probably due to a selective protein synthesis activation in the red muscle. A higher level of 14C-lysine incorporation in red muscle proteins was found under similar uptake of the labelled amino acid in both red and white muscles. RNA synthesis rate was the same in both muscles and its inhibition with actinomycin D did not affect the ratio of protein synthesis rates in red and white muscles.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of proteins and ribonucleic acids in red and white rat skeletal muscles]. Protein biosynthesis is studied in red and white rat shank muscles in vitro. It is found that the incorporation rate of 14C-lysine in red muscle was 2-fold higher than that in white muscle. The difference in the lysine incorporation rate into muscle proteins studied increased with the increase of lysine molar concentration in the incubation medium, which was probably due to a selective protein synthesis activation in the red muscle. A higher level of 14C-lysine incorporation in red muscle proteins was found under similar uptake of the labelled amino acid in both red and white muscles. RNA synthesis rate was the same in both muscles and its inhibition with actinomycin D did not affect the ratio of protein synthesis rates in red and white muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:1203350", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine on phosphorylase from skeletal muscle].", "content": "Acetylcholine (1-10(-5) g/ml) was shown to increase the content of active form of phosphorylase A in homogenate of cat skeletal muscle. Atropine (1-10(-5) g/ml) diminished acetylcholine-induced increase in the phosphorylase activity from 22% to 5.28%. Activating effect of acetylcholine was observed also in superatant (105000 g), although it was 2-fold decreased. No acetylcholine-induced phosphorylase activation was observed in the presence of Mg2+. Addition of Ca2+ (2.2-10(-14) M) did not affect considerably the activation process. It is concluded that the mechanism of acetylcholine-induced phosphorylase activation is different from the effect of adrenaline on phosphorylase.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine on phosphorylase from skeletal muscle]. Acetylcholine (1-10(-5) g/ml) was shown to increase the content of active form of phosphorylase A in homogenate of cat skeletal muscle. Atropine (1-10(-5) g/ml) diminished acetylcholine-induced increase in the phosphorylase activity from 22% to 5.28%. Activating effect of acetylcholine was observed also in superatant (105000 g), although it was 2-fold decreased. No acetylcholine-induced phosphorylase activation was observed in the presence of Mg2+. Addition of Ca2+ (2.2-10(-14) M) did not affect considerably the activation process. It is concluded that the mechanism of acetylcholine-induced phosphorylase activation is different from the effect of adrenaline on phosphorylase."}
{"id": "PMID:1203351", "title": "[Fluorescence properties of actin and analysis of the content of native actin in its preparations].", "content": "Changes of properties of actin preparations from rabbit skeletal muscles in the course of purification were studied. It is shown that independent on initial properties of actin preparations at successive polimerization, sedimentation and depolimerization cycles: 1) the quantity of protein in supernatant diminishes progressively, 2) intrinsic viscosity of F-actin increases, 3) the value of spectral parameter A = (I320/I365)296., which in characteristic of the fluorescence spectrum position of tryptophan residues, increases and approaches the extremal value, 4) the effect of short wave shift of the spectrum at actin polimerazation becomes more pronounced. The actin preparation with the extremal value of A = 2,6 (native actin) has [eta] = 8,8; deltaAg leads to f approximately 0,25; lambdamax=325 nm. Inactivation of actin results in the long-wave shift of fluorescence spectrum (lambdamax=337 nm, A = 1,30) suggesting the disturbance of exclusively compact globular structure of native protein macromolecular. The ratio is described which enables to use parameter A for the quick estimation of the content of native actin in its preparations. The technical simplicity of the measurement of parameter A enables to use it for the characterization of individual fractions in gelfiltration of actin preparations.", "contents": "[Fluorescence properties of actin and analysis of the content of native actin in its preparations]. Changes of properties of actin preparations from rabbit skeletal muscles in the course of purification were studied. It is shown that independent on initial properties of actin preparations at successive polimerization, sedimentation and depolimerization cycles: 1) the quantity of protein in supernatant diminishes progressively, 2) intrinsic viscosity of F-actin increases, 3) the value of spectral parameter A = (I320/I365)296., which in characteristic of the fluorescence spectrum position of tryptophan residues, increases and approaches the extremal value, 4) the effect of short wave shift of the spectrum at actin polimerazation becomes more pronounced. The actin preparation with the extremal value of A = 2,6 (native actin) has [eta] = 8,8; deltaAg leads to f approximately 0,25; lambdamax=325 nm. Inactivation of actin results in the long-wave shift of fluorescence spectrum (lambdamax=337 nm, A = 1,30) suggesting the disturbance of exclusively compact globular structure of native protein macromolecular. The ratio is described which enables to use parameter A for the quick estimation of the content of native actin in its preparations. The technical simplicity of the measurement of parameter A enables to use it for the characterization of individual fractions in gelfiltration of actin preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:1203352", "title": "[Effect of brain and thymus cationic proteins on membrane permeability].", "content": "Cationic proteins of brain lysosomes (LCP), myelin (MCP) and nuclear histone fractions from calf thymus (T) and rat brain (B) are shown to increase at different degree the permeability of brain lysosomes and neutrophiles for acid RNAase, acid phosphatase, catepsin D and beta-galactosidase. According to the effectivity, basic proteins can be listed in the following order: for lysosomes-f2aT, F3B, f3T greater than total histones B, f2bT greater than f2B greater than LCP, MCP greater than flT, flB; for neutriphiles-f3T larger than or equal to total histones B larger than or equal to f3b MCP larger than or equal to f2aT, f2bT greater than f2B greater than LCP greater than flB greater than flT. Fractions f2a and f3 considerably increased the release of acid RNAase from lysosomes in very low concentrations beginning from 0,2 mug/ml, while the release of catepsine and acid phosphatase took place beginning from 5-10 mug/ml. The effect of lysosome and myelin cationic proteins on the release of hydrolases occurred at concentrations ten to hundred times higher.", "contents": "[Effect of brain and thymus cationic proteins on membrane permeability]. Cationic proteins of brain lysosomes (LCP), myelin (MCP) and nuclear histone fractions from calf thymus (T) and rat brain (B) are shown to increase at different degree the permeability of brain lysosomes and neutrophiles for acid RNAase, acid phosphatase, catepsin D and beta-galactosidase. According to the effectivity, basic proteins can be listed in the following order: for lysosomes-f2aT, F3B, f3T greater than total histones B, f2bT greater than f2B greater than LCP, MCP greater than flT, flB; for neutriphiles-f3T larger than or equal to total histones B larger than or equal to f3b MCP larger than or equal to f2aT, f2bT greater than f2B greater than LCP greater than flB greater than flT. Fractions f2a and f3 considerably increased the release of acid RNAase from lysosomes in very low concentrations beginning from 0,2 mug/ml, while the release of catepsine and acid phosphatase took place beginning from 5-10 mug/ml. The effect of lysosome and myelin cationic proteins on the release of hydrolases occurred at concentrations ten to hundred times higher."}
{"id": "PMID:1203353", "title": "[Isolation of messenger RNA for rabbit globin].", "content": "Methods are described of isolation of individual globin messenger RNA from rabbit reticulocytes using zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradient and specific sorption of polyribosome RNAs on poly U-cellulose column. The addition of globin RNA into cell-free system from Krebs-2 ascites mouse cells resulted in the globin synthesis.", "contents": "[Isolation of messenger RNA for rabbit globin]. Methods are described of isolation of individual globin messenger RNA from rabbit reticulocytes using zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradient and specific sorption of polyribosome RNAs on poly U-cellulose column. The addition of globin RNA into cell-free system from Krebs-2 ascites mouse cells resulted in the globin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203354", "title": "[Destiny of 5-methylcystosine of newly synthesized DNA fraction in bone marrow cells].", "content": "Methylation kinetics of newly formed DNA in bone marrow cell culture of animals and healthy humans was studied in order to investigate the role of DNA methylation in proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Synthesis of a DNA fraction with extremely high cytosine methylation level was observed under the incubation of cells with 14C-orotic acid for 0.5-1 hour. Long-term incubation (3 and more hours) with 14C-orotic acid resulted in a rapid decrease of 5-methylcytosine radioactivity and in an increase of thymine radioactivity. Elimination of 14C-orotate from the medium and inhibition of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea did not change kinetics of the radioactivity content in 5-methylcytosine and thymine in newly synthesized DNA. No synthesis of hypermethylated DNA fraction was observed under incubation of cells with preformed pyrimidine precursors.", "contents": "[Destiny of 5-methylcystosine of newly synthesized DNA fraction in bone marrow cells]. Methylation kinetics of newly formed DNA in bone marrow cell culture of animals and healthy humans was studied in order to investigate the role of DNA methylation in proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Synthesis of a DNA fraction with extremely high cytosine methylation level was observed under the incubation of cells with 14C-orotic acid for 0.5-1 hour. Long-term incubation (3 and more hours) with 14C-orotic acid resulted in a rapid decrease of 5-methylcytosine radioactivity and in an increase of thymine radioactivity. Elimination of 14C-orotate from the medium and inhibition of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea did not change kinetics of the radioactivity content in 5-methylcytosine and thymine in newly synthesized DNA. No synthesis of hypermethylated DNA fraction was observed under incubation of cells with preformed pyrimidine precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:1203355", "title": "[Guanidinoacetate-N-methyltransferase: location in mammalian retina and rat Harderian gland].", "content": "Homogenates of retinal external segments of rat, rabbit, beef and hen and of rat Harderian gland were found to possess a considerable activity of guanidineacetate-N-methyltransferase (GAMT, E.C. 2.1.1.2), comparable with the enzyme activity in liver, pancreas and testis. Permanent UV-illumination of rats (from 1 day to 1 week) resulted in the decrease of GAMT activity in retina and especially in Harderian gland. Caffeine (10(-4) M) and papaverine (10(-7) M) activated GAMT in retina and rat Harderian gland, while cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor (0.5-2 mkg/ml), eliminated caffeine-stimulated GAMT activity. Histamine (0.3 mkg/ml) inhibited GAMT activity both in retina and Harderian gland. A decrease of GAMT activity in retina, liver and testis of rat and an increase of the enzyme activity in rat pancreas and Harderian gland were observed in the presence of Mg2+ (5 mM). Physiological importance of GAMT and creatine in mammalian retina and rat Harderian gland is discussed.", "contents": "[Guanidinoacetate-N-methyltransferase: location in mammalian retina and rat Harderian gland]. Homogenates of retinal external segments of rat, rabbit, beef and hen and of rat Harderian gland were found to possess a considerable activity of guanidineacetate-N-methyltransferase (GAMT, E.C. 2.1.1.2), comparable with the enzyme activity in liver, pancreas and testis. Permanent UV-illumination of rats (from 1 day to 1 week) resulted in the decrease of GAMT activity in retina and especially in Harderian gland. Caffeine (10(-4) M) and papaverine (10(-7) M) activated GAMT in retina and rat Harderian gland, while cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor (0.5-2 mkg/ml), eliminated caffeine-stimulated GAMT activity. Histamine (0.3 mkg/ml) inhibited GAMT activity both in retina and Harderian gland. A decrease of GAMT activity in retina, liver and testis of rat and an increase of the enzyme activity in rat pancreas and Harderian gland were observed in the presence of Mg2+ (5 mM). Physiological importance of GAMT and creatine in mammalian retina and rat Harderian gland is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203356", "title": "[Study of oxygen photoreduction in chloroplasts by the method of luminol and chlorophyll chemiluminescence].", "content": "The reduction of oxygen by irradiated chloroplasts was studied for elucidation of oxygen action site in the electron transport chain of photosynthesis. Chemiluminescence system, consisted of luminol and peroxidase, was used for registration of oxygen reduction products. In the first case chemiluminescence system was added to supernatant fraction after centrifugation of suspension of irradiated chloroplasts in order to determine H2O2 which was found to be the final product of oxygen photoreduction. In the second case when chloroplasts were illuminated in the presence of chemiluminescence system and oxygen the fact delayed luminescence of luminol was observed. This photoluminescence related also with the oxygen reduction in chloroplasts caused a possible formation of radicals HO2 (or -O2). The formation of this radicals and H2O2 was inhibited by DCMU, heating of chloroplasts at 45 degrees C for 5 min and by washing with EDTA and NH2OH. The rate of HO2 dissappearance was increased by methylviologen. The kinetics of photoluminescence of luminol and afterglow of chlorophyll in chloroplasts was identical in the interval from 20 msec to several seconds. It is suggested that oxygen reaction site is located near the reaction centre of chloroplasts.", "contents": "[Study of oxygen photoreduction in chloroplasts by the method of luminol and chlorophyll chemiluminescence]. The reduction of oxygen by irradiated chloroplasts was studied for elucidation of oxygen action site in the electron transport chain of photosynthesis. Chemiluminescence system, consisted of luminol and peroxidase, was used for registration of oxygen reduction products. In the first case chemiluminescence system was added to supernatant fraction after centrifugation of suspension of irradiated chloroplasts in order to determine H2O2 which was found to be the final product of oxygen photoreduction. In the second case when chloroplasts were illuminated in the presence of chemiluminescence system and oxygen the fact delayed luminescence of luminol was observed. This photoluminescence related also with the oxygen reduction in chloroplasts caused a possible formation of radicals HO2 (or -O2). The formation of this radicals and H2O2 was inhibited by DCMU, heating of chloroplasts at 45 degrees C for 5 min and by washing with EDTA and NH2OH. The rate of HO2 dissappearance was increased by methylviologen. The kinetics of photoluminescence of luminol and afterglow of chlorophyll in chloroplasts was identical in the interval from 20 msec to several seconds. It is suggested that oxygen reaction site is located near the reaction centre of chloroplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:1203357", "title": "[Fluorinated analogues of tryptophan showing substrate and inhibitor activity in the ATP-32ppi exchange reaction catalysed by tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase].", "content": "L-6-Flurotryptophan and D,L-5-fluorotryptophan stimulate ATP-32PPi exchange reaction catalysed by tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas. Exchange reactions proceeding in the presence of these analogues of the substrate amino acid show distinct values of maximum rate and similar Km values. D,L-5,7-Difluorotryptophan and D,L-4,5,6,7-tetrafluorotryptophan competetively inhibit the exchange reaction stimulated by L-tryptophan. Introduction of a single fluorine atom into the tryptophan indole ring results in a decrease of the affinity for the enzyme by one order. The affinity of difluorotryptophan is two orders less than that of L-tryptophan. D,L-5,7-Difluorotryptophan has been synthesized by cyclization of acetamide dicarboetoxy butyric aldehyde upon boiling in 8% H2SO4 solution. Optically pure L-6-fluorotryptophan was isolated from the racemic mixture by using oxidase of D-amino acids.", "contents": "[Fluorinated analogues of tryptophan showing substrate and inhibitor activity in the ATP-32ppi exchange reaction catalysed by tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase]. L-6-Flurotryptophan and D,L-5-fluorotryptophan stimulate ATP-32PPi exchange reaction catalysed by tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas. Exchange reactions proceeding in the presence of these analogues of the substrate amino acid show distinct values of maximum rate and similar Km values. D,L-5,7-Difluorotryptophan and D,L-4,5,6,7-tetrafluorotryptophan competetively inhibit the exchange reaction stimulated by L-tryptophan. Introduction of a single fluorine atom into the tryptophan indole ring results in a decrease of the affinity for the enzyme by one order. The affinity of difluorotryptophan is two orders less than that of L-tryptophan. D,L-5,7-Difluorotryptophan has been synthesized by cyclization of acetamide dicarboetoxy butyric aldehyde upon boiling in 8% H2SO4 solution. Optically pure L-6-fluorotryptophan was isolated from the racemic mixture by using oxidase of D-amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1203358", "title": "[Nature of active sites during complex formation of DNA and Pt (II) compounds].", "content": "Quantitative estimation of the binding of Pt (II) with DNA and its derivatives is carried out and the selectivity of this reaction is studied. Absorption spectra and binding curves of Pt (II) with GC- and AT-enriched DNA fractions, apurinic and apyrimidinic acids, poly A and deoxyribonucleotides are studied. The strongest Pt (II) binding was observed in cytosine-containing nucleic acid components. The reduction of Pt (II) to Pt (O) took place only in the presence of cytosine. Adenine component was found to form 1 : 1 complex with chloroplatinit. A model of Pt (II) : DNA complex is proposed, in which a metal ion is bound with cytosine cycle through N3 atom. A complex is formed due to a high electron-acceptor capacity of cytosine cycle, the charge being transferred between platinum and DNA base. Thus, complex-bound platinum is capable of oxidating platinum ions in the solution.", "contents": "[Nature of active sites during complex formation of DNA and Pt (II) compounds]. Quantitative estimation of the binding of Pt (II) with DNA and its derivatives is carried out and the selectivity of this reaction is studied. Absorption spectra and binding curves of Pt (II) with GC- and AT-enriched DNA fractions, apurinic and apyrimidinic acids, poly A and deoxyribonucleotides are studied. The strongest Pt (II) binding was observed in cytosine-containing nucleic acid components. The reduction of Pt (II) to Pt (O) took place only in the presence of cytosine. Adenine component was found to form 1 : 1 complex with chloroplatinit. A model of Pt (II) : DNA complex is proposed, in which a metal ion is bound with cytosine cycle through N3 atom. A complex is formed due to a high electron-acceptor capacity of cytosine cycle, the charge being transferred between platinum and DNA base. Thus, complex-bound platinum is capable of oxidating platinum ions in the solution."}
{"id": "PMID:1203359", "title": "[Ribonucleases of rat liver nuclear membranes].", "content": "A comparative study of ribonuclease activity of isolated rat liver nuclei, nuclear membranes with buoyant density rho 1,19 and rho 1,22 and pH 8 nuclear membrane extract showed high nuclear membranes activity with different affinity to RNA and synthetic polyribonucleotides. Chromatographic analysis of poly-U degradation products demonstrates that the nuclear membrane extract contains at least two ribonucleases: a 3'-endonuclease and a 5'-endonuclease.", "contents": "[Ribonucleases of rat liver nuclear membranes]. A comparative study of ribonuclease activity of isolated rat liver nuclei, nuclear membranes with buoyant density rho 1,19 and rho 1,22 and pH 8 nuclear membrane extract showed high nuclear membranes activity with different affinity to RNA and synthetic polyribonucleotides. Chromatographic analysis of poly-U degradation products demonstrates that the nuclear membrane extract contains at least two ribonucleases: a 3'-endonuclease and a 5'-endonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:1203360", "title": "[Isolation and some properties of mitochondria from yeast Candida lipolytica 695].", "content": "Mitochondria is obtained from yeast Candida lipolytica 695 grown in the presence of glucose, lactate or citrate. Yeast mitochondria were shown to be practically indistinguishable from animal tissue mitochondria in [ADP]/[O] values and in their sensitivity to electron transport inhibitors, to inhibitors and uncoupling agents of oxidative phosphorylation. The only exception was more low value of the respiration control under succinate oxidation. Mitochondria from yeast, grown in the presence of lactate or citrate were capable of the reduction of endogenous pyridine nucleotides under succinate oxidation for the expense of the reverse electron transport. No reverse electron transport from succinate to NAD(P) was observed in mitochondria from yeast grown in the presence of glucose, but it was found under oxidation of alpha-glycerophosphate. All three types of yeast mitochondria were not capable of the reverse electron transport coupled with the pyridine nucleotides reduction under lactate oxidation.", "contents": "[Isolation and some properties of mitochondria from yeast Candida lipolytica 695]. Mitochondria is obtained from yeast Candida lipolytica 695 grown in the presence of glucose, lactate or citrate. Yeast mitochondria were shown to be practically indistinguishable from animal tissue mitochondria in [ADP]/[O] values and in their sensitivity to electron transport inhibitors, to inhibitors and uncoupling agents of oxidative phosphorylation. The only exception was more low value of the respiration control under succinate oxidation. Mitochondria from yeast, grown in the presence of lactate or citrate were capable of the reduction of endogenous pyridine nucleotides under succinate oxidation for the expense of the reverse electron transport. No reverse electron transport from succinate to NAD(P) was observed in mitochondria from yeast grown in the presence of glucose, but it was found under oxidation of alpha-glycerophosphate. All three types of yeast mitochondria were not capable of the reverse electron transport coupled with the pyridine nucleotides reduction under lactate oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203361", "title": "[The nature of differences in amidase and esterase activities of some acyltrypsins].", "content": "Specific trypsin substrates (esters, anilides, amides, peptides) were shown to accelerate deacetylation of monoacetylated trypsin. The amidase activity of monoacetyl-, monopropyonyl-, and tetraformyl-trypsin was not manifested if the amidase activity of native enzyme was suppressed in these preparations by the ester substrates (benzoylarginine ethyl ester or p-nitrophenyl acetate). Therefore the differences in the residual amidase and esterase activities of these acylated trypsin preparations found earlier did not contradict the universality of the acylenzyme mechanism. These differences are due to the strong deacylating effect of specific substrate in its complex with the enzyme modified with nonspecific acyl residue. The latter fact is suggested to be an experimental confirmation of the \"induced fit\" hypothesis.", "contents": "[The nature of differences in amidase and esterase activities of some acyltrypsins]. Specific trypsin substrates (esters, anilides, amides, peptides) were shown to accelerate deacetylation of monoacetylated trypsin. The amidase activity of monoacetyl-, monopropyonyl-, and tetraformyl-trypsin was not manifested if the amidase activity of native enzyme was suppressed in these preparations by the ester substrates (benzoylarginine ethyl ester or p-nitrophenyl acetate). Therefore the differences in the residual amidase and esterase activities of these acylated trypsin preparations found earlier did not contradict the universality of the acylenzyme mechanism. These differences are due to the strong deacylating effect of specific substrate in its complex with the enzyme modified with nonspecific acyl residue. The latter fact is suggested to be an experimental confirmation of the \"induced fit\" hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203362", "title": "[Distribution of pyrimidine sequences of different length and base composition in bacteriophage T5 DNA].", "content": "Distribution of pyrimidine tracts of different length (isopliths) with general formula PynPn+1 in bacteriophage T5 DNA was studied. The first seven isoplith fractions were subfractionated by the chain length and the quantity of the resulting non-isomeric oligonucleotides was determined. The pattern of distribution of pyrimidine tracts of various length and base composition in bacteriophage T5 DNA is different from that previously observed in the DNAs of bacteriophages T3 and T7. The observed differences in distribution of pyrimidine nucleotides are in accordance with the other peculiarities of bacteriophage T5 genome.", "contents": "[Distribution of pyrimidine sequences of different length and base composition in bacteriophage T5 DNA]. Distribution of pyrimidine tracts of different length (isopliths) with general formula PynPn+1 in bacteriophage T5 DNA was studied. The first seven isoplith fractions were subfractionated by the chain length and the quantity of the resulting non-isomeric oligonucleotides was determined. The pattern of distribution of pyrimidine tracts of various length and base composition in bacteriophage T5 DNA is different from that previously observed in the DNAs of bacteriophages T3 and T7. The observed differences in distribution of pyrimidine nucleotides are in accordance with the other peculiarities of bacteriophage T5 genome."}
{"id": "PMID:1203363", "title": "[Functional groups of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase].", "content": "Functional groups of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase critical for monoamine oxidase activity were investigated by chemical modification of highly purified monoamine oxidase preparations from pig liver by specific inhibitors. The substrate and inhibitory properties of synthesized derivatives of beta-phenylethylamine, containing various acylating and alkylating groups in the p-position of the benzene ring, were studied. It was shown that 4-carbmethoxy-beta-phenylethylamine (I) is readily deaminated by monoamine oxidase, whereas 4-O-acetyl-beta-phenylethylamine (II) is not affected by the enzyme. 4-O-acetyl-beta-phenylethylamine (II) and 4-ethyl-O-chloroacethyl phenol (III) inhibit deamination of tyramine, 4-amino-beta-phenylethylamine, beta-phenylethylamine, 4-chloro-beta-phenylethylamine and serotonin in different degrees. The kinetic studies demonstrated that this inhibition is probably due to the acylating properties of the compounds obtained. Selectivity in inhibition may be accounted for by acylation of the group of monoamine oxidase which is located in the nearest proximity to the nucleophynoamine oxidase which is located in the nearest proximity to the nucleophylic site of monoamine oxidase active centre important for binding of tyramine. This group is neither the imidazole group of histidyl, nor the SH-group of cysteinyl residues of monoamine oxidase protein molecule. Its nature is discussed in the light of the data obtained.", "contents": "[Functional groups of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase]. Functional groups of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase critical for monoamine oxidase activity were investigated by chemical modification of highly purified monoamine oxidase preparations from pig liver by specific inhibitors. The substrate and inhibitory properties of synthesized derivatives of beta-phenylethylamine, containing various acylating and alkylating groups in the p-position of the benzene ring, were studied. It was shown that 4-carbmethoxy-beta-phenylethylamine (I) is readily deaminated by monoamine oxidase, whereas 4-O-acetyl-beta-phenylethylamine (II) is not affected by the enzyme. 4-O-acetyl-beta-phenylethylamine (II) and 4-ethyl-O-chloroacethyl phenol (III) inhibit deamination of tyramine, 4-amino-beta-phenylethylamine, beta-phenylethylamine, 4-chloro-beta-phenylethylamine and serotonin in different degrees. The kinetic studies demonstrated that this inhibition is probably due to the acylating properties of the compounds obtained. Selectivity in inhibition may be accounted for by acylation of the group of monoamine oxidase which is located in the nearest proximity to the nucleophynoamine oxidase which is located in the nearest proximity to the nucleophylic site of monoamine oxidase active centre important for binding of tyramine. This group is neither the imidazole group of histidyl, nor the SH-group of cysteinyl residues of monoamine oxidase protein molecule. Its nature is discussed in the light of the data obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1203364", "title": "[The effect of mRNA on the stability of the ribosome--aminoacyl-tRNA complex].", "content": "The effect of some olygo- and polynucleotides on the dissociation rate of the 14C-aminoacyl-tRNA - ribosome complex was investigated. Polyuridylic and polycytidylic acids were shown to accelerate significantly dissociation of the complex of lysyl- and phenylalanyl-tRNA with native ribosomes, but not to affect the complexes of these aminoacyl-tRNA's with 50S subunits. It is proposed that the template polynucleotides decrease the affinity of ribosomes to tRNA by association with the mRNA-binding site on 30S subunits.", "contents": "[The effect of mRNA on the stability of the ribosome--aminoacyl-tRNA complex]. The effect of some olygo- and polynucleotides on the dissociation rate of the 14C-aminoacyl-tRNA - ribosome complex was investigated. Polyuridylic and polycytidylic acids were shown to accelerate significantly dissociation of the complex of lysyl- and phenylalanyl-tRNA with native ribosomes, but not to affect the complexes of these aminoacyl-tRNA's with 50S subunits. It is proposed that the template polynucleotides decrease the affinity of ribosomes to tRNA by association with the mRNA-binding site on 30S subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:1203366", "title": "[Conformation aspects of peptide interaction with proteolytic enzymes. Alpha-chymotrypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of the cyclopeptides containing leucyltyrosyl fragments].", "content": "The studies were made on the interaction of alpha-chymotrypsin with a series of cyclopeptides cyclo(-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl-glycyln-), n=4, 6 and 8 (I, II and III respectively), and cyclo(-L-leucyl-L-tryosyl-beta-aminovalero-yl2-) (IV). Compounds I and IV are resistant to enzyme action whereas cyclopeptides II and III proved to be the substrates, their kinetic constants being Km=15.4 and 13.2 mM and kcat=0.54 and 9.53 sec-1 respectively. The binding capacity of cyclopeptides I-IV is evaluated by their competitive inhibition of alpha-chymotrypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester.", "contents": "[Conformation aspects of peptide interaction with proteolytic enzymes. Alpha-chymotrypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of the cyclopeptides containing leucyltyrosyl fragments]. The studies were made on the interaction of alpha-chymotrypsin with a series of cyclopeptides cyclo(-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl-glycyln-), n=4, 6 and 8 (I, II and III respectively), and cyclo(-L-leucyl-L-tryosyl-beta-aminovalero-yl2-) (IV). Compounds I and IV are resistant to enzyme action whereas cyclopeptides II and III proved to be the substrates, their kinetic constants being Km=15.4 and 13.2 mM and kcat=0.54 and 9.53 sec-1 respectively. The binding capacity of cyclopeptides I-IV is evaluated by their competitive inhibition of alpha-chymotrypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester."}
{"id": "PMID:1203367", "title": "[Inhibition of respiration and phosphorylation by some maleimide derivatives].", "content": "The inhibitory effect of maleimide and ten its N-substituted mono- and bifunctional derivatives was studied in isolated rat liver mitochondria. It was found that all these compounds blocked protein and non-protein SH-groups and were the potent inhibitors of the respiratory chain. In the inhibitory activity of unsubstituted maleimide its alkylating properties play the dominant role. The introduction of some substitutors in the maleimide molecule lends the properties of hydrophobic inhibitors to these derivatives. A high toxicity of all compound studied was shown in in vivo experiments.", "contents": "[Inhibition of respiration and phosphorylation by some maleimide derivatives]. The inhibitory effect of maleimide and ten its N-substituted mono- and bifunctional derivatives was studied in isolated rat liver mitochondria. It was found that all these compounds blocked protein and non-protein SH-groups and were the potent inhibitors of the respiratory chain. In the inhibitory activity of unsubstituted maleimide its alkylating properties play the dominant role. The introduction of some substitutors in the maleimide molecule lends the properties of hydrophobic inhibitors to these derivatives. A high toxicity of all compound studied was shown in in vivo experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1203368", "title": "[Metabolism of different histone fractions under induction of rat liver regeneration].", "content": "Histone metabolism in liver studied within 72-hour period of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in 24 hours after the injection of 14C-amino acids in rats. The increase in radioactivity of f2a, f3 and f2b histones and the simultaneous decrease in f1 histone radioactivity was observed in regenerating rat liver as compared with the level of radioactivity estimated for the respective histones in ectomized liver lobes. These changes, which are characteristic for regenerating liver, were not observed after the shame operation and they did not eliminate after the injection of respective unlabelled amino acid. Possible correlation between the increase in specific radioactivity of most nuclear histones under regeneration process and a migration of pre-synthesized labelled histone molecules into nucleus, and also a transformation into histones of other nuclear proteins is discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolism of different histone fractions under induction of rat liver regeneration]. Histone metabolism in liver studied within 72-hour period of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in 24 hours after the injection of 14C-amino acids in rats. The increase in radioactivity of f2a, f3 and f2b histones and the simultaneous decrease in f1 histone radioactivity was observed in regenerating rat liver as compared with the level of radioactivity estimated for the respective histones in ectomized liver lobes. These changes, which are characteristic for regenerating liver, were not observed after the shame operation and they did not eliminate after the injection of respective unlabelled amino acid. Possible correlation between the increase in specific radioactivity of most nuclear histones under regeneration process and a migration of pre-synthesized labelled histone molecules into nucleus, and also a transformation into histones of other nuclear proteins is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203369", "title": "[Determination of the time of polypeptide chain synthesis in animal experiments].", "content": "A method is worked out for the estimation of the time of polypeptide chain synthesis in animals in vivo. The time of the synthesis of \"middle\" polypeptide was found to be 1.45 min. in mouse liver cells under normal conditions, while in the presence of translation inhibitors, cycloheximide (20 mg/kg) and aurintricarboxilic acid (1 g/mg) the time of the synthesis increased in 2.7 and 2.5 times respectively. The time of polypeptide synthesis linearly increased with the increase of aurintricarboxilic acid dose.", "contents": "[Determination of the time of polypeptide chain synthesis in animal experiments]. A method is worked out for the estimation of the time of polypeptide chain synthesis in animals in vivo. The time of the synthesis of \"middle\" polypeptide was found to be 1.45 min. in mouse liver cells under normal conditions, while in the presence of translation inhibitors, cycloheximide (20 mg/kg) and aurintricarboxilic acid (1 g/mg) the time of the synthesis increased in 2.7 and 2.5 times respectively. The time of polypeptide synthesis linearly increased with the increase of aurintricarboxilic acid dose."}
{"id": "PMID:1203365", "title": "[Molecular weight hetergeneity of proteins of the ribosomes and ribosomal subunits from dry pea seeds].", "content": "The molecular weight distribution of the total protein of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits isolated from dry pea seeds was studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. It was demonstrated that overall protein of 80 S ribosomes is separated into a number of fractions with molecular weights of 10000-64000. Treatment of ribosomes with 0.5 per cent tritone, 0.5 per cent and 1 per cent deoxycholate does not change the general pattern of the molecular weight distribution of ribosomal proteins. The large subunit reveals 19 protein zones (14 major and 5 minor zones), their molecular weights are varying from 10000 to 54000. The majority of proteins of the large subunit have molecular weights of 14000--32000. The molecular weights of 17 protein zones of the small subunit (7 major and 10 minor zones) vary from 10000 to 64000. The majority of proteins of both large and small subunits have molecular weights of 14000--32000. Electrophoretic separation of proteins in the split gel confirmed the fact that the proteins of large subunit differ in molecular weights from those of the small subunit. Thus, ribosomal proteins of pea seeds are shown to produce a typical (for 80S ribosomes) pattern of molecular weight distribution under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecul sulphate.", "contents": "[Molecular weight hetergeneity of proteins of the ribosomes and ribosomal subunits from dry pea seeds]. The molecular weight distribution of the total protein of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits isolated from dry pea seeds was studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. It was demonstrated that overall protein of 80 S ribosomes is separated into a number of fractions with molecular weights of 10000-64000. Treatment of ribosomes with 0.5 per cent tritone, 0.5 per cent and 1 per cent deoxycholate does not change the general pattern of the molecular weight distribution of ribosomal proteins. The large subunit reveals 19 protein zones (14 major and 5 minor zones), their molecular weights are varying from 10000 to 54000. The majority of proteins of the large subunit have molecular weights of 14000--32000. The molecular weights of 17 protein zones of the small subunit (7 major and 10 minor zones) vary from 10000 to 64000. The majority of proteins of both large and small subunits have molecular weights of 14000--32000. Electrophoretic separation of proteins in the split gel confirmed the fact that the proteins of large subunit differ in molecular weights from those of the small subunit. Thus, ribosomal proteins of pea seeds are shown to produce a typical (for 80S ribosomes) pattern of molecular weight distribution under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecul sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:1203370", "title": "[Estimation of the irreversible inhibition reaction rate constants and of the concentration of cholinesterase active sites under commensurable concentrations of enzyme and inhibitors].", "content": "Kinetic analysis of the interaction of butyrylcholinesterase and the phosphoorganic inhibitor GT-161 [(C2H2O)2P(O)SC2H4+N(CH3)2C6H5-1-] is carried out. Short time incubations of an enzyme and an inhibitor (1-3 sec), even under commensurable concentrations, were shown to enable the rate constants of irreversible enzyme inhibition to be calcualted by the formula for pseudomonomoleuclar reactions. A simple analytical method for the estimation of the enzyme active sites concentrations is proposed.", "contents": "[Estimation of the irreversible inhibition reaction rate constants and of the concentration of cholinesterase active sites under commensurable concentrations of enzyme and inhibitors]. Kinetic analysis of the interaction of butyrylcholinesterase and the phosphoorganic inhibitor GT-161 [(C2H2O)2P(O)SC2H4+N(CH3)2C6H5-1-] is carried out. Short time incubations of an enzyme and an inhibitor (1-3 sec), even under commensurable concentrations, were shown to enable the rate constants of irreversible enzyme inhibition to be calcualted by the formula for pseudomonomoleuclar reactions. A simple analytical method for the estimation of the enzyme active sites concentrations is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203371", "title": "[Chromatographic separation of ribonucleic acids from bacterial and animal cells on MAB columns].", "content": "Practicable and efficient method of the chromatographic separation of ribonucleic acids from animal and bacterial cells on columns with MAB-methylated albumin adsorbed on bentonite basis is developed. Distinct separation of transport and ribosomal RNAs was obtained on MAB columns. Ribosomal RNA from bacterial cells was, in its turn, separated in two fractions. Effect of pH, elution rate and temperature on the efficiency of the fractionation is studied. The method proposed is shown to have a number of advantages as compared with well-known method of RNA fractionation on MAK columns. The essence of the method described is irreversible inactivation of RNAse by AMB, which is confirmed in the series of special experiments.", "contents": "[Chromatographic separation of ribonucleic acids from bacterial and animal cells on MAB columns]. Practicable and efficient method of the chromatographic separation of ribonucleic acids from animal and bacterial cells on columns with MAB-methylated albumin adsorbed on bentonite basis is developed. Distinct separation of transport and ribosomal RNAs was obtained on MAB columns. Ribosomal RNA from bacterial cells was, in its turn, separated in two fractions. Effect of pH, elution rate and temperature on the efficiency of the fractionation is studied. The method proposed is shown to have a number of advantages as compared with well-known method of RNA fractionation on MAK columns. The essence of the method described is irreversible inactivation of RNAse by AMB, which is confirmed in the series of special experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1203372", "title": "[Determination of lysosome membrane stability].", "content": "Effect of different concentration of non-ionic detergents (Triton X-100, Triton X-305, BRIJ-35 and Triton WR-1339) on total and non-sedimentable activity of 8 rat liver lysosome enzymes (acid phosphatase, acid DNase, acid RNase, arylsulphatases A and B, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase and beta-acetylglucosaminidase) was studied. Only Triton X-100 at the concentration of 0.1% (and higher) was found to release completely lysosome enzymes. Low concentrations of Triton X-100 (0.025-0.05%) were used to characterize the strength of enzyme binding: the level of releasing acid DNase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and acid phsophatase being considerably higher than that of other lysosome enzymes studied. On the basis of the data obtained a method is worked out, which is suitable for series studies of the stability of lysosome membranes under different physiological and pathological conditions. The essence of the method is the treatment of membrane particles with increasing concentrations of Triton X-100 (0.025; 0.05 AND 0.1%) AND THE SUCCESSIVE ESTIMATION OF NON-Sedimentable activity of marker enzymes. The method detected troubles in the stability of rat liver lysosome membranes under starvation, protein deficiency and aging.", "contents": "[Determination of lysosome membrane stability]. Effect of different concentration of non-ionic detergents (Triton X-100, Triton X-305, BRIJ-35 and Triton WR-1339) on total and non-sedimentable activity of 8 rat liver lysosome enzymes (acid phosphatase, acid DNase, acid RNase, arylsulphatases A and B, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase and beta-acetylglucosaminidase) was studied. Only Triton X-100 at the concentration of 0.1% (and higher) was found to release completely lysosome enzymes. Low concentrations of Triton X-100 (0.025-0.05%) were used to characterize the strength of enzyme binding: the level of releasing acid DNase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and acid phsophatase being considerably higher than that of other lysosome enzymes studied. On the basis of the data obtained a method is worked out, which is suitable for series studies of the stability of lysosome membranes under different physiological and pathological conditions. The essence of the method is the treatment of membrane particles with increasing concentrations of Triton X-100 (0.025; 0.05 AND 0.1%) AND THE SUCCESSIVE ESTIMATION OF NON-Sedimentable activity of marker enzymes. The method detected troubles in the stability of rat liver lysosome membranes under starvation, protein deficiency and aging."}
{"id": "PMID:1203373", "title": "[Some arylamidases from vetch seeds].", "content": "Hydrolysis of L-phenylalanyl-p-nitroanilide (PPA) and glycyl-p-nitroanilide by extracts from resting vetch seeds was shown to be the effect of two different arylamidases. One of them, PPAase, was 2000-fold purified on hydroxylapatide, DEAE-cellulose and by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100. The preparation obtained was nearly homogenous chromatographycally. Molecular weight of PPAase, as shown by means of gel filtration, was 66000, K(m) was calculated to be 1.64-10-4 M. PPAase was inhibited by SH-reagents and partially by o-oxyquinoline. Some increase in the enzyme activity was observed in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ in low concentrations. The enzyme hydrolysed amino acid arylamides with hydrophobic side groups and some dipeptides, which had at least one hydrophobic amino acid and did not contain amino acids with polar group.", "contents": "[Some arylamidases from vetch seeds]. Hydrolysis of L-phenylalanyl-p-nitroanilide (PPA) and glycyl-p-nitroanilide by extracts from resting vetch seeds was shown to be the effect of two different arylamidases. One of them, PPAase, was 2000-fold purified on hydroxylapatide, DEAE-cellulose and by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100. The preparation obtained was nearly homogenous chromatographycally. Molecular weight of PPAase, as shown by means of gel filtration, was 66000, K(m) was calculated to be 1.64-10-4 M. PPAase was inhibited by SH-reagents and partially by o-oxyquinoline. Some increase in the enzyme activity was observed in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ in low concentrations. The enzyme hydrolysed amino acid arylamides with hydrophobic side groups and some dipeptides, which had at least one hydrophobic amino acid and did not contain amino acids with polar group."}
{"id": "PMID:1203374", "title": "[Role of monovalent cations in reactions catalyzed by glycerol dehydrase from Aerobacter aerogenes].", "content": "Cobamide-dependent glyceroldehydrase (GDH) is shown to have an absolute requirement in monovalent cations: K+, NH4+, Tl+, Rb+ and Cs+. Dependencies of initial dehydratation rates of three substrates: glycerol, ethyleneglycol and 1,2-propandiol on the concentration of K+ are studied. Km values for K+, NH4+ and Tl+ are calculated to be 7-10-3, 4-10-3 and 1-10-3 M respectively. Effect of K+ on Km values for glycerol and coenzyme and on maximal reaction rate is investigated. It is shown that the apparent affinity of the substrate to the enzyme does not depend on monovalent cation; the apparent affinity of the coenzyme somewhat changes with the change of K+ concentration. Maximal reaction rate increases with the increase of K+ content. On the basis of kinetic data obtained possible mechanism of the activating effect of monovalent cations in reactions, catalyzed by GDH, is discussed.", "contents": "[Role of monovalent cations in reactions catalyzed by glycerol dehydrase from Aerobacter aerogenes]. Cobamide-dependent glyceroldehydrase (GDH) is shown to have an absolute requirement in monovalent cations: K+, NH4+, Tl+, Rb+ and Cs+. Dependencies of initial dehydratation rates of three substrates: glycerol, ethyleneglycol and 1,2-propandiol on the concentration of K+ are studied. Km values for K+, NH4+ and Tl+ are calculated to be 7-10-3, 4-10-3 and 1-10-3 M respectively. Effect of K+ on Km values for glycerol and coenzyme and on maximal reaction rate is investigated. It is shown that the apparent affinity of the substrate to the enzyme does not depend on monovalent cation; the apparent affinity of the coenzyme somewhat changes with the change of K+ concentration. Maximal reaction rate increases with the increase of K+ content. On the basis of kinetic data obtained possible mechanism of the activating effect of monovalent cations in reactions, catalyzed by GDH, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203375", "title": "[Application of DNA sonication in the study of reassociation kinetics].", "content": "Single-stranded breaks arising is DNA under sonication divide the molecule in short double-stranded regions of lengths depending on sonication conditions. The reassociation rate of DNA with single-stranded breaks is considerably lowered as compared with intact DNA of the same length. For sonicated DNA the slowing of reassociation and the deflection to higher orders of C(o)t of the reaction is observed at the late stages. Further process of sonication occurs likely on single-stranded breaks and DNA fragments obtained as a result of infinite sonication are practically intact. Reassociation of DNA, degraded to a \"saturation\", proceeds as a second order reaction in precise accordance with the obtained fragment length.", "contents": "[Application of DNA sonication in the study of reassociation kinetics]. Single-stranded breaks arising is DNA under sonication divide the molecule in short double-stranded regions of lengths depending on sonication conditions. The reassociation rate of DNA with single-stranded breaks is considerably lowered as compared with intact DNA of the same length. For sonicated DNA the slowing of reassociation and the deflection to higher orders of C(o)t of the reaction is observed at the late stages. Further process of sonication occurs likely on single-stranded breaks and DNA fragments obtained as a result of infinite sonication are practically intact. Reassociation of DNA, degraded to a \"saturation\", proceeds as a second order reaction in precise accordance with the obtained fragment length."}
{"id": "PMID:1203376", "title": "[Kinetic manifestations of slow isomerization of allosteric enzyme for the model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux].", "content": "A shape of the curves of a product accumulation in time (t) is analysed for the variant of Monod, Wyman and Changeux model which is characterized by comparable rates of equilibration between R and T enzyme forms on the one hand and the enzymatic process on the other hand. It is assumed that the complex of R and T forms with substrate are in rapid equilibrium with the free components. The character of the dependences of effective constant of R denoting T isomerization and the value of tau on substrate concentration are analysed (tau is the intercept of t-axis for linear asymptota of the curve of product concentration versus time at t leads to infinity). It is also shown that the low rate of R denoting T isomerization may be manifested by the shape of the plot of initial reaction rate versus substrate concentration unusual for the model of Monod et al. (the plots with intermediate plateau and ones with Hill's coefficient of cooperativity less than unity).", "contents": "[Kinetic manifestations of slow isomerization of allosteric enzyme for the model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux]. A shape of the curves of a product accumulation in time (t) is analysed for the variant of Monod, Wyman and Changeux model which is characterized by comparable rates of equilibration between R and T enzyme forms on the one hand and the enzymatic process on the other hand. It is assumed that the complex of R and T forms with substrate are in rapid equilibrium with the free components. The character of the dependences of effective constant of R denoting T isomerization and the value of tau on substrate concentration are analysed (tau is the intercept of t-axis for linear asymptota of the curve of product concentration versus time at t leads to infinity). It is also shown that the low rate of R denoting T isomerization may be manifested by the shape of the plot of initial reaction rate versus substrate concentration unusual for the model of Monod et al. (the plots with intermediate plateau and ones with Hill's coefficient of cooperativity less than unity)."}
{"id": "PMID:1203377", "title": "[Photophosphorylation sensitized by chlorophyll in the adsorbed state].", "content": "Products of phosphate oxidation in a weak alkaline medium in the electrolysis and in the reaction, photosensitized by chlorophyll, are studied. It is shown that besides perphosphates, pyrophosphate can be formed under electrochemical phosphate oxidation. Phosphate was used as an electron donor and the air oxygen was an electron acceptor in the red-ox reaction, photosensitized by chlorophyll. The reaction was accompanied by the decrease of inorganic phosphate content in the reaction medium and by the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The mechanism of photophosphorylation is discussed on the basis of the data obtained.", "contents": "[Photophosphorylation sensitized by chlorophyll in the adsorbed state]. Products of phosphate oxidation in a weak alkaline medium in the electrolysis and in the reaction, photosensitized by chlorophyll, are studied. It is shown that besides perphosphates, pyrophosphate can be formed under electrochemical phosphate oxidation. Phosphate was used as an electron donor and the air oxygen was an electron acceptor in the red-ox reaction, photosensitized by chlorophyll. The reaction was accompanied by the decrease of inorganic phosphate content in the reaction medium and by the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The mechanism of photophosphorylation is discussed on the basis of the data obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1203379", "title": "[The interaction of pyridoxamine-5'-thiophosphate with aspartate apo-transaminase].", "content": "Interaction of 5'-bromopyridoxamine with thiophosphate yeld 5'-phosphate thio ester of pyridoxamine (I). Apotransaminase and I reacted in equimolar amounts; a stable complex with 10--15 per cent of activity formed exhibiting a positive CD at 335 nm. Incubation of the complex with alpha-ketoglutarate led to formation of corresponding aldimine form and to partial splitting of the S--P bond. The same splitting take place during incubation of the I--apo-enzyme complex with substrate mixture.", "contents": "[The interaction of pyridoxamine-5'-thiophosphate with aspartate apo-transaminase]. Interaction of 5'-bromopyridoxamine with thiophosphate yeld 5'-phosphate thio ester of pyridoxamine (I). Apotransaminase and I reacted in equimolar amounts; a stable complex with 10--15 per cent of activity formed exhibiting a positive CD at 335 nm. Incubation of the complex with alpha-ketoglutarate led to formation of corresponding aldimine form and to partial splitting of the S--P bond. The same splitting take place during incubation of the I--apo-enzyme complex with substrate mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:1203380", "title": "[Effect of a \"direct\" hemolytic factor and phospholipse A2 from Middle-Asian cobra venom on erythrocytes].", "content": "The effect of \"direct\" hemolytic factor (DHF) and phospholipase A2, isolated and purifed from Middle-Asian cobra venom on human erythrocytes is studied. DHF is found to increase the hemolytic effect of phospholipase A2 Ca2+ ions inhibit the hemolytic effect of DHF, but they increase the hemolysis in the presence of DHF and phospholipse A2. Heparin re moves the increasing effect of DHF. Possible mechanisms of the hemolytic effect of DHF and phospholipase A2 are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of a \"direct\" hemolytic factor and phospholipse A2 from Middle-Asian cobra venom on erythrocytes]. The effect of \"direct\" hemolytic factor (DHF) and phospholipase A2, isolated and purifed from Middle-Asian cobra venom on human erythrocytes is studied. DHF is found to increase the hemolytic effect of phospholipase A2 Ca2+ ions inhibit the hemolytic effect of DHF, but they increase the hemolysis in the presence of DHF and phospholipse A2. Heparin re moves the increasing effect of DHF. Possible mechanisms of the hemolytic effect of DHF and phospholipase A2 are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203381", "title": "[Various properties of ribonucleotide reductase from rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "Three fractions of mitochondria (light, heavy and intermediate) from normal and regenerating rat liver ( in 15, 24 and 48 hours after partial hepatectomy) were isolated by means of differential centrifugation. Heavy mitochondrial fraction was shown to have a higher CDP-reductase activity than light mitochondria. The activity of the procces of ribonucleotides reduction in the mitochondria was shown to depend on the tissue functional state and it was maximal in 24 hours after partial hepatectomy.", "contents": "[Various properties of ribonucleotide reductase from rat liver mitochondria]. Three fractions of mitochondria (light, heavy and intermediate) from normal and regenerating rat liver ( in 15, 24 and 48 hours after partial hepatectomy) were isolated by means of differential centrifugation. Heavy mitochondrial fraction was shown to have a higher CDP-reductase activity than light mitochondria. The activity of the procces of ribonucleotides reduction in the mitochondria was shown to depend on the tissue functional state and it was maximal in 24 hours after partial hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1203382", "title": "[Preparation of electrophoretically homogeneous erythrocuprein and its thermodenaturation].", "content": "The procedure for isolation of electrophoretically homogeneous preparation of erythrocuprein from 17 1 blood batch was described. The preparation had absorbtion value, A260/A680, of 25-26. The protein completely retains superoxide dismutase activity after treatment 7 min. at 75 degrees C. The heating of protein solution at 100 degrees C bring about autoreduction of protein copper as demonstrated by decreasing optical and EPR-spectral intensities. The reduced protein was oxidized in aerobic condition and oxidized preparation had optical and EPR-spectra differ from those of the native protein the activy being decreased.", "contents": "[Preparation of electrophoretically homogeneous erythrocuprein and its thermodenaturation]. The procedure for isolation of electrophoretically homogeneous preparation of erythrocuprein from 17 1 blood batch was described. The preparation had absorbtion value, A260/A680, of 25-26. The protein completely retains superoxide dismutase activity after treatment 7 min. at 75 degrees C. The heating of protein solution at 100 degrees C bring about autoreduction of protein copper as demonstrated by decreasing optical and EPR-spectral intensities. The reduced protein was oxidized in aerobic condition and oxidized preparation had optical and EPR-spectra differ from those of the native protein the activy being decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:1203383", "title": "[Soluble and membrane-bound neuraminidase in regenerating rat liver].", "content": "Two forms of neuraminidase (soluble and membrane-bound) are found in regenerating rat liver. Specific activity of the soluble form was found to be maximal in 18 hours after partial hepatectomy, and that of the membrane-bound form-in 24 hours after the operation. Maximal specific activities of both neurominidase forms from regenerating rat liver considerably exceeded that from intact rat liver, shem-operated liver and also from embryonic and lactating rat liver.", "contents": "[Soluble and membrane-bound neuraminidase in regenerating rat liver]. Two forms of neuraminidase (soluble and membrane-bound) are found in regenerating rat liver. Specific activity of the soluble form was found to be maximal in 18 hours after partial hepatectomy, and that of the membrane-bound form-in 24 hours after the operation. Maximal specific activities of both neurominidase forms from regenerating rat liver considerably exceeded that from intact rat liver, shem-operated liver and also from embryonic and lactating rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1203384", "title": "[On intratetrametric catalytic independency of active sites of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes].", "content": "Interrelations of active sites of tetrameric molecules of human lactatedehydrogenase (LDH), known as intratetrameric catalytic independency of subunits, are studied. Estimation of catalytic activity of subunits, which compose hybrid LDH isoenzymes, is carried out. Ratios of molecular activity of subunits are calculated and a conclution is drawn on the catalytic independency of LDH isoenzymes active sites with respect to substrate inhibition by L-lactate. Possible mechanisms of substrate inhibition of LDH isoenzymes and their inactivation with urea in the view of different interrelations of active sites of these isoenzymes under conditions studied are discussed.", "contents": "[On intratetrametric catalytic independency of active sites of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes]. Interrelations of active sites of tetrameric molecules of human lactatedehydrogenase (LDH), known as intratetrameric catalytic independency of subunits, are studied. Estimation of catalytic activity of subunits, which compose hybrid LDH isoenzymes, is carried out. Ratios of molecular activity of subunits are calculated and a conclution is drawn on the catalytic independency of LDH isoenzymes active sites with respect to substrate inhibition by L-lactate. Possible mechanisms of substrate inhibition of LDH isoenzymes and their inactivation with urea in the view of different interrelations of active sites of these isoenzymes under conditions studied are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203385", "title": "[Isolation and characteristics of benzoyl-DL-arginl-p-nitroanilide-hydrolysing enzyme (BAPAase) from vetch seedlings].", "content": "The enzyme hydrolysing N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPA). is isolated from vetch seedlings and 1600-fold purified by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hdroxyapatite and gel filtration through Sephadex G-100. The preparation is chromatographically homogenous, but disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed an insignificant contamination by inactive proteins. The data of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate have shown that BAPAase has a quaternary structure containing, probably, four subunits identical in their molecular weight. BAPAase has a narrow substrate specificity: it hydrolyses BAPA, benzoyl-D,L,-argininenaphtylamide, benzoyl-L-arginyglycine CBZ-L-arginylglycine histones and protamine, but does not attack L-arginyl-p-nitroanilide benzoyl-L-arginineamide, tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester and casein.", "contents": "[Isolation and characteristics of benzoyl-DL-arginl-p-nitroanilide-hydrolysing enzyme (BAPAase) from vetch seedlings]. The enzyme hydrolysing N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPA). is isolated from vetch seedlings and 1600-fold purified by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hdroxyapatite and gel filtration through Sephadex G-100. The preparation is chromatographically homogenous, but disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed an insignificant contamination by inactive proteins. The data of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate have shown that BAPAase has a quaternary structure containing, probably, four subunits identical in their molecular weight. BAPAase has a narrow substrate specificity: it hydrolyses BAPA, benzoyl-D,L,-argininenaphtylamide, benzoyl-L-arginyglycine CBZ-L-arginylglycine histones and protamine, but does not attack L-arginyl-p-nitroanilide benzoyl-L-arginineamide, tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester and casein."}
{"id": "PMID:1203386", "title": "[Effect of temperature and concentrations of initial components on synthesis of internucleotide bond catalyzed by pancreatic ribonuclease].", "content": "The synthesis of cytidylyu-(3,-5,)-cytidine (CpC) catalyzed by pancreatic ribonuclease at 23 degrees, 0 degrees, and -15 degrees C in Tris-HCl-buffer was compared with that in aqueous propan-2-0. The data obtained show that the increase in the yield of oligonucleotides in aqueous buffer at -15 degrees, observed earlier is rather a result of the concentration change in the reaction mixture caused by the freezing of water than by a temperature fall from 0 to -15 degrees. A 4-fold increase in the initial concentrations of the substrates and ribonuclease with respect to the concentrations used earlier leads to the yield of CC in a homogeneous solution at 0 degrees close to is yield found in the frozen mixture at -15 degrees.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature and concentrations of initial components on synthesis of internucleotide bond catalyzed by pancreatic ribonuclease]. The synthesis of cytidylyu-(3,-5,)-cytidine (CpC) catalyzed by pancreatic ribonuclease at 23 degrees, 0 degrees, and -15 degrees C in Tris-HCl-buffer was compared with that in aqueous propan-2-0. The data obtained show that the increase in the yield of oligonucleotides in aqueous buffer at -15 degrees, observed earlier is rather a result of the concentration change in the reaction mixture caused by the freezing of water than by a temperature fall from 0 to -15 degrees. A 4-fold increase in the initial concentrations of the substrates and ribonuclease with respect to the concentrations used earlier leads to the yield of CC in a homogeneous solution at 0 degrees close to is yield found in the frozen mixture at -15 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:1203387", "title": "[Effect of levomycetin (chloramphenicol) on the biosynthesis of membrane proteins, structure and some functions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacterial membranes].", "content": "Levomycetin (chloroamphenicol), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, caused drastic changes in the molecular organization of bacterial membranes being introduced into the cultural medium of Micrococcus lysodeikiticus (50-100 mkg/ml. Isolated membranes of levomycetin-treated cells are enriched with lipids as compared with the control, they are more labile and they lose the X protein component and a considerable part of dehydrogenases, which results in the significant inhibition of all the respiration chain. At the same time the content of cytochrome alpha was increased by 17%, and the activity of malate dehydrogenase (as estimated in cell lysates) was two-fold increased in levomycetin-treated cell as compared with the control. It means that biosynthesis of some membrane proteins can be twice more resistant to the action of the antibiotic than the biosynthesis of other proteins, the total protein biosynthesis being significantly depressed (the incorporation of labelled leucine in membrane proteins is inhibited by 78%, and in cytoplasmic proteins-by 83%). The ratio of the respiration rate of intact levomycetin-treated cells to the protein content or to the cell bulk was similar to that of the control culture, which testifies the stability of membranes in vivo even under considerable \"fattening\". The loss of dehydrogenases and the X protein from the membranes apparently takes place at the moment of the cell rupture during the lysis in hypotonic medium. The ratio of the respiration rate of intact levomycetin-treated cells to the content of cytochromes a, b, c was 1.15-1.55 times as low as that of control cells which is probably due to the tendency of respiration components to the independent translocation in the membrane and is the result of the decrease in the concentration of the respiration components under the less than fattening greater than of the membrane.", "contents": "[Effect of levomycetin (chloramphenicol) on the biosynthesis of membrane proteins, structure and some functions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacterial membranes]. Levomycetin (chloroamphenicol), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, caused drastic changes in the molecular organization of bacterial membranes being introduced into the cultural medium of Micrococcus lysodeikiticus (50-100 mkg/ml. Isolated membranes of levomycetin-treated cells are enriched with lipids as compared with the control, they are more labile and they lose the X protein component and a considerable part of dehydrogenases, which results in the significant inhibition of all the respiration chain. At the same time the content of cytochrome alpha was increased by 17%, and the activity of malate dehydrogenase (as estimated in cell lysates) was two-fold increased in levomycetin-treated cell as compared with the control. It means that biosynthesis of some membrane proteins can be twice more resistant to the action of the antibiotic than the biosynthesis of other proteins, the total protein biosynthesis being significantly depressed (the incorporation of labelled leucine in membrane proteins is inhibited by 78%, and in cytoplasmic proteins-by 83%). The ratio of the respiration rate of intact levomycetin-treated cells to the protein content or to the cell bulk was similar to that of the control culture, which testifies the stability of membranes in vivo even under considerable \"fattening\". The loss of dehydrogenases and the X protein from the membranes apparently takes place at the moment of the cell rupture during the lysis in hypotonic medium. The ratio of the respiration rate of intact levomycetin-treated cells to the content of cytochromes a, b, c was 1.15-1.55 times as low as that of control cells which is probably due to the tendency of respiration components to the independent translocation in the membrane and is the result of the decrease in the concentration of the respiration components under the less than fattening greater than of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1203388", "title": "[Changes in the content of different nuclear proteins and DNA from diploid and polyploid hepatocytes in regenerating liver of mice].", "content": "The content of 4 fractions of nuclear proteins (histones, acid chromatin protein, globulins and chromatin-free acid protein) in diploid and polyploid hepatocytes from intact and regenerating liver of mice is studied. These types of nuclei are found to differ in the protein content and in the protein/DNA ratio. Synthesis of all classes of nuclear proteins was intensified at the G1-stage, and synthesis of DNP non-histone proteins at the end of S- and G2-stage. Possible role of different nuclear proteins in the regulation of cell multiplication is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the content of different nuclear proteins and DNA from diploid and polyploid hepatocytes in regenerating liver of mice]. The content of 4 fractions of nuclear proteins (histones, acid chromatin protein, globulins and chromatin-free acid protein) in diploid and polyploid hepatocytes from intact and regenerating liver of mice is studied. These types of nuclei are found to differ in the protein content and in the protein/DNA ratio. Synthesis of all classes of nuclear proteins was intensified at the G1-stage, and synthesis of DNP non-histone proteins at the end of S- and G2-stage. Possible role of different nuclear proteins in the regulation of cell multiplication is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203389", "title": "[Deviations from hyperbolic kinetics in slowly dissociating allosteric enzyme systems].", "content": "The feautres of kinetic behavior of dissociating enzyme systems for which the rate of equilibrium between the oligomeric forms is slow in comparison with the rate of the enzymatic process are discussed. It is shown that in slowly dissociating enzyme system of the type Np in equilibrium P (P is the enzyme oligomer, and p is the subunit: N greater than or equal to2) in which P and p forms differ by the character of allosteric interaction between the active and allosteric sites the plots of the initial reaction rate (v) versus substrate (S) or effector (F) concentration may be a very complicated shape. In similar systems the v versus [S]0 plots may have intermediate plateau, maximum and minimum simultaneously, sigmoidality followed by intermediate plateau and so on, and the v versus [F]0 plots may have intermediate plateau.", "contents": "[Deviations from hyperbolic kinetics in slowly dissociating allosteric enzyme systems]. The feautres of kinetic behavior of dissociating enzyme systems for which the rate of equilibrium between the oligomeric forms is slow in comparison with the rate of the enzymatic process are discussed. It is shown that in slowly dissociating enzyme system of the type Np in equilibrium P (P is the enzyme oligomer, and p is the subunit: N greater than or equal to2) in which P and p forms differ by the character of allosteric interaction between the active and allosteric sites the plots of the initial reaction rate (v) versus substrate (S) or effector (F) concentration may be a very complicated shape. In similar systems the v versus [S]0 plots may have intermediate plateau, maximum and minimum simultaneously, sigmoidality followed by intermediate plateau and so on, and the v versus [F]0 plots may have intermediate plateau."}
{"id": "PMID:1203390", "title": "[Fractionation of alpha-L-fucosidases from pig kidney by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing].", "content": "Molecular weights of alpha-L-fucosidases I and II were found to be about 200 000 and 140 000, respectively, by means of gel filtration. Unlike alpha-L-fucosidase I, alpha-L-fucosidase II were capable of binding with Sephadex for the expense of non-specific adsorption, which makes possible to purify alpha-L-fucosidase II from ballast protein under certain conditions. Some problems concerning interrelation of both fucosidases forms are discussed and data on isoelectric focusing are given, which suggest the heterogeneity of both alpha-L-fucosidases.", "contents": "[Fractionation of alpha-L-fucosidases from pig kidney by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing]. Molecular weights of alpha-L-fucosidases I and II were found to be about 200 000 and 140 000, respectively, by means of gel filtration. Unlike alpha-L-fucosidase I, alpha-L-fucosidase II were capable of binding with Sephadex for the expense of non-specific adsorption, which makes possible to purify alpha-L-fucosidase II from ballast protein under certain conditions. Some problems concerning interrelation of both fucosidases forms are discussed and data on isoelectric focusing are given, which suggest the heterogeneity of both alpha-L-fucosidases."}
{"id": "PMID:1203391", "title": "[Aspartate aminotransferase from chicken heart cytosol. Characterization of SH-groups].", "content": "Homogeneous aspartate aminotransferase has been prepared from chicken heart cytosol. The purification procedure includes fractionation with NH4-sulfate and with ethanol, chromatography on ion-exchange cellulose DE-32 and on hydroxylapatite. Crystallization of the enyme is described. The enzyme was shown to contain 4 SH-groups per protein subunit of molecular weight 50 000. Two of the SH-groups are fully buried, they can be blocked with thiol reagents only upon denaturation of the protein. One exposed SH-group is readily modified at alkaline pH by iodoacetamide, N-ethymaleimide or tetranitromethane, without any inhibition of enzymic activity; this group readily reacts also with 5,5,-ditthiobis (2-nitrobenzoate) and p-mercuribenzoate. One SH-group is semi-buried: it is inaccessible to the above-mentioned reagents at pH 8, but can be blocked by p-mercuribenzoate at pH about 5. Blocking with p-mercuribenzoate of two SH-groups-the exposed and the semi-buried one-lowers enzymic activity to 70% of the initial value. Syncatalytic modication of a SH-group observed in aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart cytosol does not occur in chicken enzyme.", "contents": "[Aspartate aminotransferase from chicken heart cytosol. Characterization of SH-groups]. Homogeneous aspartate aminotransferase has been prepared from chicken heart cytosol. The purification procedure includes fractionation with NH4-sulfate and with ethanol, chromatography on ion-exchange cellulose DE-32 and on hydroxylapatite. Crystallization of the enyme is described. The enzyme was shown to contain 4 SH-groups per protein subunit of molecular weight 50 000. Two of the SH-groups are fully buried, they can be blocked with thiol reagents only upon denaturation of the protein. One exposed SH-group is readily modified at alkaline pH by iodoacetamide, N-ethymaleimide or tetranitromethane, without any inhibition of enzymic activity; this group readily reacts also with 5,5,-ditthiobis (2-nitrobenzoate) and p-mercuribenzoate. One SH-group is semi-buried: it is inaccessible to the above-mentioned reagents at pH 8, but can be blocked by p-mercuribenzoate at pH about 5. Blocking with p-mercuribenzoate of two SH-groups-the exposed and the semi-buried one-lowers enzymic activity to 70% of the initial value. Syncatalytic modication of a SH-group observed in aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart cytosol does not occur in chicken enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1203392", "title": "[Isolation and properties of cathepsins A from chicken liver].", "content": "Four highly purified enzyme preparations, which belongs to the cathepsine A group in their substrate specificity, are isolated from the extract of a hen liver acetone powder. The preparations are designated as A1, A2, A3 and A4 according to their electrophoretic mobility. The A1 component is a protein with molecular weight of about 200 000, it degrades a synthetic substrate and, to a small degree, hemoglobin. This protein is suggested to be the fragment of a liver enzyme complex. The A2 component has molecular weight of about 70 000 and the highest activity. The A3 component has molecular weight 100 000 and the lowest activity. The A2 and A3 components are similar to cathepsine A from other tissues. THe A4 component is characterized by a high electrophoretic mobility, a resistance in neutral and weakly alkaline media and a low molecular weight (of about 60 000). Cu2+, Ag+ and diisopropylphosphofluoridate completely inhibited the activity of all the enzyme preparation studied. Tosyl-alpha-amino-phenylethyl-chloremethylketone inhibited the enzymes activity only by 50-70%.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of cathepsins A from chicken liver]. Four highly purified enzyme preparations, which belongs to the cathepsine A group in their substrate specificity, are isolated from the extract of a hen liver acetone powder. The preparations are designated as A1, A2, A3 and A4 according to their electrophoretic mobility. The A1 component is a protein with molecular weight of about 200 000, it degrades a synthetic substrate and, to a small degree, hemoglobin. This protein is suggested to be the fragment of a liver enzyme complex. The A2 component has molecular weight of about 70 000 and the highest activity. The A3 component has molecular weight 100 000 and the lowest activity. The A2 and A3 components are similar to cathepsine A from other tissues. THe A4 component is characterized by a high electrophoretic mobility, a resistance in neutral and weakly alkaline media and a low molecular weight (of about 60 000). Cu2+, Ag+ and diisopropylphosphofluoridate completely inhibited the activity of all the enzyme preparation studied. Tosyl-alpha-amino-phenylethyl-chloremethylketone inhibited the enzymes activity only by 50-70%."}
{"id": "PMID:1203393", "title": "[The creatine effect on RNA and protein synthesis in growing culture of chick embryo myoblasts].", "content": "4hr incubation of the growing culture of chick embrio myoblasts in the presence of 5 mM creatine resulted, regardless of a well-defined lowering of cell membrane permeability to labelled precursors, in: (1) the 1.5-fold induction of 14C-orotic acid incorporation into total cellular RNA; (2) the 1.9-fold stimulation of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity and (3) the preferable, in comparison with total proteins, 14C-leucine incorporation in the myosin heavy chain. The stimulating effect of creatine on RNA-poly-merase deals with a definite enzyme fraction and it is caused by the augmentation of the transcriptional complex enzyme activity. Polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis of total 14C-RNA revealed a relative increase of radioactivity after creatine treatment in both high-molecular pike and the fraction corresponding to 26S RNA, the relative proportion of mRNA containing Poly-A in the composition of total cellular RNA being invariable. The data obtained show that, though creatine as a positive regulator manifestates its effect at different stages of the sucessive chain of reactions leading to muscular protein synthesis, the direct realization of creatine regulatory function is connected with nucleus and is fullfilled at the transcription level.", "contents": "[The creatine effect on RNA and protein synthesis in growing culture of chick embryo myoblasts]. 4hr incubation of the growing culture of chick embrio myoblasts in the presence of 5 mM creatine resulted, regardless of a well-defined lowering of cell membrane permeability to labelled precursors, in: (1) the 1.5-fold induction of 14C-orotic acid incorporation into total cellular RNA; (2) the 1.9-fold stimulation of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity and (3) the preferable, in comparison with total proteins, 14C-leucine incorporation in the myosin heavy chain. The stimulating effect of creatine on RNA-poly-merase deals with a definite enzyme fraction and it is caused by the augmentation of the transcriptional complex enzyme activity. Polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis of total 14C-RNA revealed a relative increase of radioactivity after creatine treatment in both high-molecular pike and the fraction corresponding to 26S RNA, the relative proportion of mRNA containing Poly-A in the composition of total cellular RNA being invariable. The data obtained show that, though creatine as a positive regulator manifestates its effect at different stages of the sucessive chain of reactions leading to muscular protein synthesis, the direct realization of creatine regulatory function is connected with nucleus and is fullfilled at the transcription level."}
{"id": "PMID:1203394", "title": "[Determination of the nature of a bond between glucose and 5'-hydrocymethylcytosine in DDVI phage DNA].", "content": "The nature of glycoside bond in extra-sugar component of 5'-hydroxymethycytidylic (5-OMS) nucleotides on DDVI phage DNA was studied. 79% of glucose in monoglucosylated 5-OMC and 50% of glucose residues in diglucosylated 5-OMC were found to be bound by beta-glucoside bond.", "contents": "[Determination of the nature of a bond between glucose and 5'-hydrocymethylcytosine in DDVI phage DNA]. The nature of glycoside bond in extra-sugar component of 5'-hydroxymethycytidylic (5-OMS) nucleotides on DDVI phage DNA was studied. 79% of glucose in monoglucosylated 5-OMC and 50% of glucose residues in diglucosylated 5-OMC were found to be bound by beta-glucoside bond."}
{"id": "PMID:1203395", "title": "[Primary structure of tyrosine-containing histone Fi peptide by means of dansyl ultramicromethod].", "content": "A method of ultramicroanalysis of dansyl-aminoacids is worked out and used for studying the primary structure of tirosin-containing F1 histone peptide isolated from calf thymus nitriated unfractionated F1 histone. The peptide is shown to be common for all the histone subfractions. The analysis of amino acid composition and C-terminal sequency using carboxypeptidase Y has shown that the peptide structure is identical to the amino acid sequence of the respective peptide from the subfraction 3 of rabbit thymus F1 histone, in the latter glycine being substituted with alanine.", "contents": "[Primary structure of tyrosine-containing histone Fi peptide by means of dansyl ultramicromethod]. A method of ultramicroanalysis of dansyl-aminoacids is worked out and used for studying the primary structure of tirosin-containing F1 histone peptide isolated from calf thymus nitriated unfractionated F1 histone. The peptide is shown to be common for all the histone subfractions. The analysis of amino acid composition and C-terminal sequency using carboxypeptidase Y has shown that the peptide structure is identical to the amino acid sequence of the respective peptide from the subfraction 3 of rabbit thymus F1 histone, in the latter glycine being substituted with alanine."}
{"id": "PMID:1203396", "title": "[Identification of the inhibition type of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activity by Ca2+].", "content": "Ca2+ inhibitory effect on hexokinase (HK) and pyruvatkinase activities is studied. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition reaction is carried out to determine the inhibition type. Non-competitive inhibition with respect to reaction activator, Mg2+, is found for HK and PK. On the basis of graph analysis data for both reactions the values of the activatory constant (KA) and the inhibitory constant (Ki) are calculated. The experimental results are discussed with respect to possible regulatory effect of Ca2+ on glycolysis cycle.", "contents": "[Identification of the inhibition type of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activity by Ca2+]. Ca2+ inhibitory effect on hexokinase (HK) and pyruvatkinase activities is studied. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition reaction is carried out to determine the inhibition type. Non-competitive inhibition with respect to reaction activator, Mg2+, is found for HK and PK. On the basis of graph analysis data for both reactions the values of the activatory constant (KA) and the inhibitory constant (Ki) are calculated. The experimental results are discussed with respect to possible regulatory effect of Ca2+ on glycolysis cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:1203397", "title": "[Method of purification of glucose oxidase by means of affinity chromatography on immunoabsorbent].", "content": "The possibility to purify glucose oxidase from Penicillium vitale on immunosorbent containing specific antibodies to the enzyme covalently bound with Sepharose 4B is studied. The method of affinity chromatography was applied, beside routine methods of fractionating blood serum proteins, to isolate specific antibodies from antiserum of rabbits immunized with glucose oxidase. Immobilized on Sepharose glucose oxidase was used as biospecific sorbent. Specific antibodies to the enzyme were isolated using chromatograpy of gamma-globulins mixture followed by protein desorption from the column with 1 M NaC1 and 3% glucose. Antibodies were immobilized by their covalent binding to activated Sepharose. The immunosorbent obtained was used to purify low active preparation of glucose oxidase by means of affinity chromatography under conditions worked out for the antibodies isolation. The enzyme was eluted from the column with 1 M NaC1 (pH 3.0) containing 3% glucose. 5-Fold purified enzyme preparation was isolated.", "contents": "[Method of purification of glucose oxidase by means of affinity chromatography on immunoabsorbent]. The possibility to purify glucose oxidase from Penicillium vitale on immunosorbent containing specific antibodies to the enzyme covalently bound with Sepharose 4B is studied. The method of affinity chromatography was applied, beside routine methods of fractionating blood serum proteins, to isolate specific antibodies from antiserum of rabbits immunized with glucose oxidase. Immobilized on Sepharose glucose oxidase was used as biospecific sorbent. Specific antibodies to the enzyme were isolated using chromatograpy of gamma-globulins mixture followed by protein desorption from the column with 1 M NaC1 and 3% glucose. Antibodies were immobilized by their covalent binding to activated Sepharose. The immunosorbent obtained was used to purify low active preparation of glucose oxidase by means of affinity chromatography under conditions worked out for the antibodies isolation. The enzyme was eluted from the column with 1 M NaC1 (pH 3.0) containing 3% glucose. 5-Fold purified enzyme preparation was isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:1203402", "title": "Electrophysiologic analysis of regional cortical maturation.", "content": "Some issues in the study of human neurobehavioral development are briefly set forth. Attention is called to the limitations of strictly structural and behavioral approaches. The value of correlative morphophysiological and psychophysiological investigations is emphasized. By averaging brain activity with respect to stimuli and motor responses, event-related cortical potentials (ERP) can be reliably detected in the scalp EEG. Longitudinal topographic studies of ERP permit the definition of a sequence of regional cortical maturation during infancy and childhood. We have found that evoked potentials in the three major sensory modalities arise from both primary and secondary projection areas by 30 weeks of conceptional age. Frontocentral responses appear shortly thereafter. Thus, cortical mechanisms show a precocious development of electrogenesis which indicates the possibility for an early environmental impact on brain maturation. In contrast to the evoked potentials, association cortex potentials (ACP) do not seem to appear until early childhood. The behavioral significance of these neuroelectric phenomena is being sought in studies employing techniques which permit the concurrent recording of brain activity and behavioral responses in the waking infant and child. Some of the problems confronting the application of these methods to studies of infants are outlined.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic analysis of regional cortical maturation. Some issues in the study of human neurobehavioral development are briefly set forth. Attention is called to the limitations of strictly structural and behavioral approaches. The value of correlative morphophysiological and psychophysiological investigations is emphasized. By averaging brain activity with respect to stimuli and motor responses, event-related cortical potentials (ERP) can be reliably detected in the scalp EEG. Longitudinal topographic studies of ERP permit the definition of a sequence of regional cortical maturation during infancy and childhood. We have found that evoked potentials in the three major sensory modalities arise from both primary and secondary projection areas by 30 weeks of conceptional age. Frontocentral responses appear shortly thereafter. Thus, cortical mechanisms show a precocious development of electrogenesis which indicates the possibility for an early environmental impact on brain maturation. In contrast to the evoked potentials, association cortex potentials (ACP) do not seem to appear until early childhood. The behavioral significance of these neuroelectric phenomena is being sought in studies employing techniques which permit the concurrent recording of brain activity and behavioral responses in the waking infant and child. Some of the problems confronting the application of these methods to studies of infants are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1203403", "title": "Psychophysiology of sociopathy: electrocortical measures.", "content": "The CNV, visual AEP and resting EEG were analyzed in sociopaths and controls matched for age and sex. Twenty-seven male sociopaths were selected by psychiatric interview and special rating scale, restricted to Shipley-Hartford IQs of 115-145 and separated into young (x = 20.5 yr) and older (x = 35.3 yr) age groups. Subjects participated in forewarned reaction-time tasks in which the imperative stimulus was either an innocuous or noxious tone that the subject escaped by pressing a response key. Sociopaths and controls did not differ in reaction time, vertex and occipital AEP amplitude or latency, and power spectral density of the EEG. Contrary to previous findings, there also were no significant differences between sociopaths and controls in overall CNV amplitude or topography. However, while most controls showed increased CNV amplitude in the noxious tone condition as compared to the innocuous tone condition, older sociopaths showed no change, or decreased amplitudes.", "contents": "Psychophysiology of sociopathy: electrocortical measures. The CNV, visual AEP and resting EEG were analyzed in sociopaths and controls matched for age and sex. Twenty-seven male sociopaths were selected by psychiatric interview and special rating scale, restricted to Shipley-Hartford IQs of 115-145 and separated into young (x = 20.5 yr) and older (x = 35.3 yr) age groups. Subjects participated in forewarned reaction-time tasks in which the imperative stimulus was either an innocuous or noxious tone that the subject escaped by pressing a response key. Sociopaths and controls did not differ in reaction time, vertex and occipital AEP amplitude or latency, and power spectral density of the EEG. Contrary to previous findings, there also were no significant differences between sociopaths and controls in overall CNV amplitude or topography. However, while most controls showed increased CNV amplitude in the noxious tone condition as compared to the innocuous tone condition, older sociopaths showed no change, or decreased amplitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203404", "title": "Spontaneous rhythms of perceptual motor performance in intact and damaged brain of man.", "content": "A simple 15-sec maximal speed tapping task was administered every minute for 20 min to 69 healthy subjects and to 53 patients with mental disorders embodying six diagnostic categories including mental retardation. Analysis of the results showed age and diagnosis, but not gender, to be significant variables. Autocorrelation analysis of the results revealed the existence of spontaneous ultradian cycles of recurrence for all subjects, the frequency and amplitude of which discriminated the healthy subjects and only non-organically sick patients from patients with organic neurological deficits. 'Scatter' scores representing deviations about the mean tapping scores showed similar cyclic characteristics. The relationship between these cycles of motor performance and neural clock controlling perception is discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous rhythms of perceptual motor performance in intact and damaged brain of man. A simple 15-sec maximal speed tapping task was administered every minute for 20 min to 69 healthy subjects and to 53 patients with mental disorders embodying six diagnostic categories including mental retardation. Analysis of the results showed age and diagnosis, but not gender, to be significant variables. Autocorrelation analysis of the results revealed the existence of spontaneous ultradian cycles of recurrence for all subjects, the frequency and amplitude of which discriminated the healthy subjects and only non-organically sick patients from patients with organic neurological deficits. 'Scatter' scores representing deviations about the mean tapping scores showed similar cyclic characteristics. The relationship between these cycles of motor performance and neural clock controlling perception is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203405", "title": "Developmental effects of neonatal sex hormones on spatial and activity skills in the white rat.", "content": "The purpose of this experiment is to extend these experiments by using varying neonatal hormonal differentiation processes and to examine the effects of these different methods of neonatal feminization on changes in spatial and activity skills. The experiment involved three neonatally feminized groups of male rats: 'castration alone', 'estrogen alone', and 'estrogen injected castrates' together with one female sample, 'testosterone injected castrates', while treated and untreated male and female controls were also used. The data provide partial support for the major hypotheses that neonatal gonadectomy and opposite sex hormones administered to male and female castrated rats (together and independently for males) would reverse the normal sex-associated abilities of the white rate (higher male spatial learning and higher female activity). However, the feminization effect for the male 'estrogen alone' and 'castration alone' experimental groups was much greater than for the male estrogen injected castrates. The masculinized females, testosterone injected castrates, also had higher spatial learning and lower activity levels, while the feminized male's spatial and activity skills were also reversed. This confirmed in part the extent to which neonatal gonadal sex hormones are effective at critical periods of development in programming the brain in terms of sex-associated spatial and activity skills. Adult hormonal replacement therapy was also administered at 12 months and supported the hypothesis that sex hormones in adults would be mainly activational and have less marked effects than the significant directional changes obtained by these neonatal sex hormones and castration techniques.", "contents": "Developmental effects of neonatal sex hormones on spatial and activity skills in the white rat. The purpose of this experiment is to extend these experiments by using varying neonatal hormonal differentiation processes and to examine the effects of these different methods of neonatal feminization on changes in spatial and activity skills. The experiment involved three neonatally feminized groups of male rats: 'castration alone', 'estrogen alone', and 'estrogen injected castrates' together with one female sample, 'testosterone injected castrates', while treated and untreated male and female controls were also used. The data provide partial support for the major hypotheses that neonatal gonadectomy and opposite sex hormones administered to male and female castrated rats (together and independently for males) would reverse the normal sex-associated abilities of the white rate (higher male spatial learning and higher female activity). However, the feminization effect for the male 'estrogen alone' and 'castration alone' experimental groups was much greater than for the male estrogen injected castrates. The masculinized females, testosterone injected castrates, also had higher spatial learning and lower activity levels, while the feminized male's spatial and activity skills were also reversed. This confirmed in part the extent to which neonatal gonadal sex hormones are effective at critical periods of development in programming the brain in terms of sex-associated spatial and activity skills. Adult hormonal replacement therapy was also administered at 12 months and supported the hypothesis that sex hormones in adults would be mainly activational and have less marked effects than the significant directional changes obtained by these neonatal sex hormones and castration techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:1203421", "title": "The effect of histological variation on the tensile strength of cortical bone.", "content": "Under controlled machining, storage and testing conditions the tensile strength of longitudinally orientated specimens of cortical bone is measured over a range of 3 rates of strain. Coefficients of correlation and associated regression curves computed between the strength measurements and the results of a comprehensive photometric analysis of the histological microstructure indicate that naturally occurring cavities in the structure constitute the most significant sites of weakness. The observed strain rate sensitivity of their weakening effect suggests a mechanism of stress concentration to be operative. Clinical significance in such conditions as osteoporosis is indicated.", "contents": "The effect of histological variation on the tensile strength of cortical bone. Under controlled machining, storage and testing conditions the tensile strength of longitudinally orientated specimens of cortical bone is measured over a range of 3 rates of strain. Coefficients of correlation and associated regression curves computed between the strength measurements and the results of a comprehensive photometric analysis of the histological microstructure indicate that naturally occurring cavities in the structure constitute the most significant sites of weakness. The observed strain rate sensitivity of their weakening effect suggests a mechanism of stress concentration to be operative. Clinical significance in such conditions as osteoporosis is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1203422", "title": "Electrical interference in hospitals--practical experience in a large region.", "content": "A great deal has been written about electrical interference, yet there is a distinct lack of information for the hospital environment. There are many factors affecting this problem in the clinical context and we report on our own practical experiences based on routine investigation of electrical interference. We describe the special instrumentation developed, the method of investigation adopted and the most common interference problems encountered. We also review the manufacturer's contribution.", "contents": "Electrical interference in hospitals--practical experience in a large region. A great deal has been written about electrical interference, yet there is a distinct lack of information for the hospital environment. There are many factors affecting this problem in the clinical context and we report on our own practical experiences based on routine investigation of electrical interference. We describe the special instrumentation developed, the method of investigation adopted and the most common interference problems encountered. We also review the manufacturer's contribution."}
{"id": "PMID:1203423", "title": "A photoelastic force-indicating spreader for the correction of scoliosis.", "content": "The Harrington rod procedure for the surgical correction of scoliosis may be safely applied only if the spreader is instrumented with a force indicator. A method is described here of providing the surgeon with simple and direct means of controlling the force exerted with the spreader, using a photoelastic transducer with a special device for temperature compensation which is built into the spreader.", "contents": "A photoelastic force-indicating spreader for the correction of scoliosis. The Harrington rod procedure for the surgical correction of scoliosis may be safely applied only if the spreader is instrumented with a force indicator. A method is described here of providing the surgeon with simple and direct means of controlling the force exerted with the spreader, using a photoelastic transducer with a special device for temperature compensation which is built into the spreader."}
{"id": "PMID:1203424", "title": "A cardiac monitor combining flow and pressure measurement.", "content": "Continuous measurements on patients after cardiac surgery are usually limited to blood pressure and ECG. This article describes a new monitor which combines instantaneous arotic flow and arterial pressure measurements to derive stroke volume, ventricular power, stroke work, and an indication of left ventricular afterload. The methods used to obtain the new derivatives are discussed and clinical applications described.", "contents": "A cardiac monitor combining flow and pressure measurement. Continuous measurements on patients after cardiac surgery are usually limited to blood pressure and ECG. This article describes a new monitor which combines instantaneous arotic flow and arterial pressure measurements to derive stroke volume, ventricular power, stroke work, and an indication of left ventricular afterload. The methods used to obtain the new derivatives are discussed and clinical applications described."}
{"id": "PMID:1203427", "title": "Comparison of logistic equations for population growth.", "content": "Two different forms of the logistic equation for population growth appear in the ecological literature. In the form of the logistic equation that appears in recent ecology textbooks the parameters are the instantaneous rate of natural increase per individual and the carrying capacity of the environment. In the form of the logistic equation that appears in some older literature the parameters are the instantaneous birth rate per individual and the carrying capacity. The decision whether to use one form or the other depends on which form of the equation is biologically more realistic. In this study the form of the logistic equation in which the instantaneous birth rate per individual is a parameter is shown to be more realistic in terms of the birth and death processes of population growth. Application of the logistic equation to calculate yield from an exploited fish population also shows that the parameters must be the instantaneous birth rate per individual and the carrying capacity.", "contents": "Comparison of logistic equations for population growth. Two different forms of the logistic equation for population growth appear in the ecological literature. In the form of the logistic equation that appears in recent ecology textbooks the parameters are the instantaneous rate of natural increase per individual and the carrying capacity of the environment. In the form of the logistic equation that appears in some older literature the parameters are the instantaneous birth rate per individual and the carrying capacity. The decision whether to use one form or the other depends on which form of the equation is biologically more realistic. In this study the form of the logistic equation in which the instantaneous birth rate per individual is a parameter is shown to be more realistic in terms of the birth and death processes of population growth. Application of the logistic equation to calculate yield from an exploited fish population also shows that the parameters must be the instantaneous birth rate per individual and the carrying capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1203429", "title": "Tests for association of gene frequencies at several loci in random mating diploid populations.", "content": "Methods are outlined for analyzing data on genotype frequencies at several codominant loci in random mating diploid populations. Maximum likelihood (ML) methods are given for estimating chromosomal frequencies. Using these, a succession of models of assumed independence of gene frequency are fitted. These are based on those used in multi-dimensional contigency tables, and tests for association (linkage disequilibrium), made using likelihood ratios. The methods are illustrated with an example.", "contents": "Tests for association of gene frequencies at several loci in random mating diploid populations. Methods are outlined for analyzing data on genotype frequencies at several codominant loci in random mating diploid populations. Maximum likelihood (ML) methods are given for estimating chromosomal frequencies. Using these, a succession of models of assumed independence of gene frequency are fitted. These are based on those used in multi-dimensional contigency tables, and tests for association (linkage disequilibrium), made using likelihood ratios. The methods are illustrated with an example."}
{"id": "PMID:1203430", "title": "An improved life table method.", "content": "A life table estimates probabilities of surviving and of dying as well as death rates, as these would apply in a stationary population with the same underlying continuous mortality curve as the observed population. We have derived approximations to the probability of surviving that require no iteration, do not depend on graduation or interpolation, and appear to give as precise results as interpolated or iterated tables. On the side of theroy we show that methods due to T.N.E. Greville and to Reed and Merrell are special cases of our formula (3). The new approach is extended to cause-deleted tables and to multiple decrement.", "contents": "An improved life table method. A life table estimates probabilities of surviving and of dying as well as death rates, as these would apply in a stationary population with the same underlying continuous mortality curve as the observed population. We have derived approximations to the probability of surviving that require no iteration, do not depend on graduation or interpolation, and appear to give as precise results as interpolated or iterated tables. On the side of theroy we show that methods due to T.N.E. Greville and to Reed and Merrell are special cases of our formula (3). The new approach is extended to cause-deleted tables and to multiple decrement."}
{"id": "PMID:1203431", "title": "The statistical analysis of density dependence.", "content": "The distrubution of the reciprocal of von Neumann's ratio is considered under the random walk model, x(t+1) rwis;d xt + et, and it is shown how this quantity can be used to test for density dependence in animal populations. Another test is described which is robust under superimposed errors of measurement. The methods are used to analyze data on Canadian fur-bearing mammals.", "contents": "The statistical analysis of density dependence. The distrubution of the reciprocal of von Neumann's ratio is considered under the random walk model, x(t+1) rwis;d xt + et, and it is shown how this quantity can be used to test for density dependence in animal populations. Another test is described which is robust under superimposed errors of measurement. The methods are used to analyze data on Canadian fur-bearing mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:1203432", "title": "The use and analysis of multiple responses in multicompartment cellular systems.", "content": "Within multicompartment cellular systems in the steady state the distrubution of tracer as a function of time is described by sums of exponentials. A design for data collection and analysis is set forward to deal with the problems of lumping and ill-conditioning inherent in such a mathematical description. This design requires the provision of multiple responses and can be analyzed by a Bayesian multivariate technique. Although only one response may be capable of completely characterizing the system, there is much to be gained from additional responses in terms of precision in parameter estimation. A time series is used to account for autocorrelated error in the responses. The design is compared to other least squares approaches and is demonstrated in an investigation of the transport and storage of serotonin in blood platelets. The kinetic parameters describing serotinin movement are estimated and their joint confidnece regions plotted.", "contents": "The use and analysis of multiple responses in multicompartment cellular systems. Within multicompartment cellular systems in the steady state the distrubution of tracer as a function of time is described by sums of exponentials. A design for data collection and analysis is set forward to deal with the problems of lumping and ill-conditioning inherent in such a mathematical description. This design requires the provision of multiple responses and can be analyzed by a Bayesian multivariate technique. Although only one response may be capable of completely characterizing the system, there is much to be gained from additional responses in terms of precision in parameter estimation. A time series is used to account for autocorrelated error in the responses. The design is compared to other least squares approaches and is demonstrated in an investigation of the transport and storage of serotonin in blood platelets. The kinetic parameters describing serotinin movement are estimated and their joint confidnece regions plotted."}
{"id": "PMID:1203433", "title": "A case study in techniques of allocation.", "content": "A number of techniques for allocating an individual into one of two groups have been compared in a practical situation. On the basis of the answers to nine Yes/No questions it was necessary to allocate patients previously treated for thyrotoxicosis into those suspected to be hypothyroid and those thought to be euthyroid. Eight different methods have been applied to this problem and the main conclusion from the analysis is that seven of the techniques give broadly similar results, including the simple one of symptom counting. The other method, the multinomial, suffered from the need to estimate a large number of parameters on a relatively small set of data, and the resulting allocation rule performed badly in an independent sample.", "contents": "A case study in techniques of allocation. A number of techniques for allocating an individual into one of two groups have been compared in a practical situation. On the basis of the answers to nine Yes/No questions it was necessary to allocate patients previously treated for thyrotoxicosis into those suspected to be hypothyroid and those thought to be euthyroid. Eight different methods have been applied to this problem and the main conclusion from the analysis is that seven of the techniques give broadly similar results, including the simple one of symptom counting. The other method, the multinomial, suffered from the need to estimate a large number of parameters on a relatively small set of data, and the resulting allocation rule performed badly in an independent sample."}
{"id": "PMID:1203434", "title": "Some interrelationships among the regression coefficient estimates arising in a class of models appropriate to response-time data.", "content": "Interrelationships among three response-time models which incorporate covariate information are explored. The most general of these models is the logistic-exponential in which the log odds of the probability of responding in a fixed interval is assumed to be a linear function of the covariates; this model includes a parameter W for the width of discrete time intervals in which responses occur. As W leads to O this model is equivalent to a continuous time exponential model in which the log hazard is linear in the covariates. As W leads to infininity it is equivalent to a continuous time exponential model in which the hazard itself is a linear function of the covariates. This second model was fitted to the data used in an earlier publication describing the logistic exponential model, and very close agreement of the estimates of the regression coefficients is demonstrated.", "contents": "Some interrelationships among the regression coefficient estimates arising in a class of models appropriate to response-time data. Interrelationships among three response-time models which incorporate covariate information are explored. The most general of these models is the logistic-exponential in which the log odds of the probability of responding in a fixed interval is assumed to be a linear function of the covariates; this model includes a parameter W for the width of discrete time intervals in which responses occur. As W leads to O this model is equivalent to a continuous time exponential model in which the log hazard is linear in the covariates. As W leads to infininity it is equivalent to a continuous time exponential model in which the hazard itself is a linear function of the covariates. This second model was fitted to the data used in an earlier publication describing the logistic exponential model, and very close agreement of the estimates of the regression coefficients is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1203435", "title": "The analysis of binary responses from toxicological experiments involving reproduction and teratogenicity.", "content": "This paper describes a parametric method for analyzing binary response data from completely randomized experiments in which the experimental units are animal litters. Responses within a litter are assumed to form a set of Bernoulli trials whose success probability varies between litters in the same treatment group according to a two parameter beta distribution. The parameters of the beta distribution for each treatment are estimated by maximum likelihood and treatment differences are tested by asymptotic likelihood ratio tests.", "contents": "The analysis of binary responses from toxicological experiments involving reproduction and teratogenicity. This paper describes a parametric method for analyzing binary response data from completely randomized experiments in which the experimental units are animal litters. Responses within a litter are assumed to form a set of Bernoulli trials whose success probability varies between litters in the same treatment group according to a two parameter beta distribution. The parameters of the beta distribution for each treatment are estimated by maximum likelihood and treatment differences are tested by asymptotic likelihood ratio tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1203436", "title": "Remarks on the conservatism of sigma(0 -- E)2/E in survival data.", "content": "This note presents theoretical and numerical calculations which investigate the adequacy of the sigma(0 -- E)2/E approximation (Peto and Pike [1973]) when applying the Mantel/Haenszel summary chisquare statistic to the comparison of r life tables in the manner suggested by Mantel [1966], Peto and Peto [1972], and Cox [1972]. These indicate that conservatism is mild unless there are marked differences in the withdrawal patterns in the r tables. Such differences may, however, be anticipated in the case of a generalization of the life table procedure suggested by Crowley [1973], Mantel and Byar [1974], and Turnbull, Brown, and Hu [1974], wherein individuals are moved from one life table to another according to changes in their treatment (or other) statuses.", "contents": "Remarks on the conservatism of sigma(0 -- E)2/E in survival data. This note presents theoretical and numerical calculations which investigate the adequacy of the sigma(0 -- E)2/E approximation (Peto and Pike [1973]) when applying the Mantel/Haenszel summary chisquare statistic to the comparison of r life tables in the manner suggested by Mantel [1966], Peto and Peto [1972], and Cox [1972]. These indicate that conservatism is mild unless there are marked differences in the withdrawal patterns in the r tables. Such differences may, however, be anticipated in the case of a generalization of the life table procedure suggested by Crowley [1973], Mantel and Byar [1974], and Turnbull, Brown, and Hu [1974], wherein individuals are moved from one life table to another according to changes in their treatment (or other) statuses."}
{"id": "PMID:1203437", "title": "A first mathematical approximation of cerebral cortical responses to cerebello-thalamic signals using a thermodynamic analogue.", "content": "A mathematical approximation is developed to predict cerebral cortical responses CTX(t, x, R) at a distance R (R greater than or equal to 0) from a focal point in the cerebral cortex, at a depth x (0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 500 mu) from the cortical surface and at any time t, to thalamic signals THAL(t) whose amplitudes also vary with time t. The equation is derived from a thermodynamic analogue, which is the time dependent heating of a focus at the surface of a semi-infinite solid.", "contents": "A first mathematical approximation of cerebral cortical responses to cerebello-thalamic signals using a thermodynamic analogue. A mathematical approximation is developed to predict cerebral cortical responses CTX(t, x, R) at a distance R (R greater than or equal to 0) from a focal point in the cerebral cortex, at a depth x (0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 500 mu) from the cortical surface and at any time t, to thalamic signals THAL(t) whose amplitudes also vary with time t. The equation is derived from a thermodynamic analogue, which is the time dependent heating of a focus at the surface of a semi-infinite solid."}
{"id": "PMID:1203439", "title": "White noise analysis of Phycomyces light growth response system. II. Extended intensity ranges.", "content": "By means of white gaussian noise stimulation, the Wiener kernels are derived for the Phycomyces light growth response for a variety of intensity conditions. In one experiment the intensity I, rather than log I, is used as the input variable. Under the very limited dynamic range of that experiment, the response is fairly linear. To examine the dependence of the kernels on dynamic range, a series of experiments were performed in which the range of log I was halved and doubled relative to normal. The amplitude of the kernels, but not the time course, is affected strongly by the choice of dynamic range, and the dependence reveals large-scale nonlinearities not evident in the kernels themselves. In addition kernels are evaluated for experiments at a number of absolute intensity levels ranging from 10(-12) to 10(-3) W/cm2. The kernel amplitudes are maximal at about 10(-6) W/cm2. At 10(-12) W/cm2, just above the absolute threshold, the respond is very small. The falloff at high intensity, attributable to inactivation of the photoreceptor, is analyzed in the framework of a first-order pigment kinetics model, yielding estimates for the partial extinction coefficient for inactivation epsilonI455 = (1.5 +/- 0.2) X 10(4) liter/mol-cm and a regeneration time constant of tau = (2.7 +/- 0.6) min. A model is introduced which associates the processes of adaptation and photoreceptor inactivation. The model predicts that the time constants for adaptation and pigment should be identical. This prediction is consistent with values in this and the preceding paper. The effects of pigment inactivation are simulated by a linear electronic analog circuit element, which may be cascaded with the linear simulator circuit in the preceding paper.", "contents": "White noise analysis of Phycomyces light growth response system. II. Extended intensity ranges. By means of white gaussian noise stimulation, the Wiener kernels are derived for the Phycomyces light growth response for a variety of intensity conditions. In one experiment the intensity I, rather than log I, is used as the input variable. Under the very limited dynamic range of that experiment, the response is fairly linear. To examine the dependence of the kernels on dynamic range, a series of experiments were performed in which the range of log I was halved and doubled relative to normal. The amplitude of the kernels, but not the time course, is affected strongly by the choice of dynamic range, and the dependence reveals large-scale nonlinearities not evident in the kernels themselves. In addition kernels are evaluated for experiments at a number of absolute intensity levels ranging from 10(-12) to 10(-3) W/cm2. The kernel amplitudes are maximal at about 10(-6) W/cm2. At 10(-12) W/cm2, just above the absolute threshold, the respond is very small. The falloff at high intensity, attributable to inactivation of the photoreceptor, is analyzed in the framework of a first-order pigment kinetics model, yielding estimates for the partial extinction coefficient for inactivation epsilonI455 = (1.5 +/- 0.2) X 10(4) liter/mol-cm and a regeneration time constant of tau = (2.7 +/- 0.6) min. A model is introduced which associates the processes of adaptation and photoreceptor inactivation. The model predicts that the time constants for adaptation and pigment should be identical. This prediction is consistent with values in this and the preceding paper. The effects of pigment inactivation are simulated by a linear electronic analog circuit element, which may be cascaded with the linear simulator circuit in the preceding paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1203440", "title": "White noise analysis of Phycomyces light growth response system. III. Photomutants.", "content": "Wiener kernels have been measured for the light growth response of a number of mutants of Phycomyces which show abnormal phototropism (mad mutants). Representative mutants were chosen from the six complementation groups (madA to madF) associated with the light response pathway. One group, madA, associated with the input part of the pathway, exhibits an essentially normal response provided it is tested above its moderate threshold. The groups madB and madC appear more defective, in that their kernel amplitudes are very small even above their thresholds. Their similarity to each other suggests a close functional connection between the respective genes. The remaining three groups (madD, madE, and madF) have all been associated with the output of the pathway. Tbe kernels for all three indicate a gain reduction, which depends gradually on intensity. These three groups appear to have the same absolute threshold as wild-type. None of the mutants studied shows special behavior at high intensity that could be evidence of alterations in the photoreceptor complex.", "contents": "White noise analysis of Phycomyces light growth response system. III. Photomutants. Wiener kernels have been measured for the light growth response of a number of mutants of Phycomyces which show abnormal phototropism (mad mutants). Representative mutants were chosen from the six complementation groups (madA to madF) associated with the light response pathway. One group, madA, associated with the input part of the pathway, exhibits an essentially normal response provided it is tested above its moderate threshold. The groups madB and madC appear more defective, in that their kernel amplitudes are very small even above their thresholds. Their similarity to each other suggests a close functional connection between the respective genes. The remaining three groups (madD, madE, and madF) have all been associated with the output of the pathway. Tbe kernels for all three indicate a gain reduction, which depends gradually on intensity. These three groups appear to have the same absolute threshold as wild-type. None of the mutants studied shows special behavior at high intensity that could be evidence of alterations in the photoreceptor complex."}
{"id": "PMID:1203441", "title": "An equivalent circuit for small atrial trabeculae of frog.", "content": "An equivalent electrical circuit has been constructed for small atrial trabecula of frog in a double sucrose gap voltage clamp apparatus. The basic strategy in constructing the circuit was to derive the distribution of membrane capacitance and extracellular resistance from the preparation's response to small voltage displacements near the resting condition, when the membrane conductance is presumably quite low. Then standard Hodgkin-Huxley channels were placed in parallel with the capacitance and the results of voltage clamp experiments were simulated. The results suggest that the membranes of the preparation cannot in fact be clamped near the control voltage nor can the ionic currents be measured directly with reasonable accuracy by axon standards. It may or may not be a realizable goal in the future to define the preparation's electrical behavior well enough to permit the ultimate quantitative description of the membrane's specific ion conductances. The result of this paper suggest that if this goal is achieved using the double sucrose gap voltage clamp, it will be by a detailed quantitative accounting for substantial irreducible errors in voltage control, rather than by experimental achievement of good voltage control.", "contents": "An equivalent circuit for small atrial trabeculae of frog. An equivalent electrical circuit has been constructed for small atrial trabecula of frog in a double sucrose gap voltage clamp apparatus. The basic strategy in constructing the circuit was to derive the distribution of membrane capacitance and extracellular resistance from the preparation's response to small voltage displacements near the resting condition, when the membrane conductance is presumably quite low. Then standard Hodgkin-Huxley channels were placed in parallel with the capacitance and the results of voltage clamp experiments were simulated. The results suggest that the membranes of the preparation cannot in fact be clamped near the control voltage nor can the ionic currents be measured directly with reasonable accuracy by axon standards. It may or may not be a realizable goal in the future to define the preparation's electrical behavior well enough to permit the ultimate quantitative description of the membrane's specific ion conductances. The result of this paper suggest that if this goal is achieved using the double sucrose gap voltage clamp, it will be by a detailed quantitative accounting for substantial irreducible errors in voltage control, rather than by experimental achievement of good voltage control."}
{"id": "PMID:1203443", "title": "Spatial stability of traveling wave solutions of a nerve conduction equation.", "content": "A simplified FitzHugh-Nagumo nerve conduction equation with known traveling wave solutions is considered. The spatial stability of these solutions is analyzed to determine which solutions should occur in signal transmission along such a nerve model. It is found that the slower of the two pulse solutions is unstable while the faster one is stable, so the faster one should occur. This agrees with conjectures which have been made about the solutions of other nerve conduction equations. Furthermore for certain parameter values the equation has two periodic wave solutions, each representing a train of impulses, at each frequency less than a maximum frequency wmax. The slower one is found to be unstable and the faster one to be stable, while that at wmax is found to be neutrally stable. These spatial stability results complement the previous results of Rinzel and Keller (1973. Biophys. J. 13: 1313) on temporal stability, which are applicable to the solutions of initial value problems.", "contents": "Spatial stability of traveling wave solutions of a nerve conduction equation. A simplified FitzHugh-Nagumo nerve conduction equation with known traveling wave solutions is considered. The spatial stability of these solutions is analyzed to determine which solutions should occur in signal transmission along such a nerve model. It is found that the slower of the two pulse solutions is unstable while the faster one is stable, so the faster one should occur. This agrees with conjectures which have been made about the solutions of other nerve conduction equations. Furthermore for certain parameter values the equation has two periodic wave solutions, each representing a train of impulses, at each frequency less than a maximum frequency wmax. The slower one is found to be unstable and the faster one to be stable, while that at wmax is found to be neutrally stable. These spatial stability results complement the previous results of Rinzel and Keller (1973. Biophys. J. 13: 1313) on temporal stability, which are applicable to the solutions of initial value problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1203444", "title": "White noise analysis of Phycomyces light growth response system. I. Normal intensity range.", "content": "The Wiener-Lee-Schetzen method for the identification of a nonlinear system through white gaussian noise stimulation was applied to the transient light growth response of the sporangiophore of Phycomyces. In order to cover a moderate dynamic range of light intensity I, the imput variable was defined to be log I. The experiments were performed in the normal range of light intensity, centered about I0 = 10(-6) W/cm2. The kernels of the Wierner functionals were computed up to second order. Within the range of a few decades the system is reasonably linear with log I. The main nonlinear feature of the second-order kernel corresponds to the property of rectification. Power spectral analysis reveals that the slow dynamics of the system are of at least fifth order. The system can be represented approximately by a linear transfer function, including a first-order high-pass (adaptation) filter with a 4 min time constant and an underdamped fourth-order low-pass filter. Accordingly a linear electronic circuit was constructed to simulate the small scale response characteristics. In terms of the adaptation model of Delbr\u00fcck and Reichardt (1956, in Cellular Mechanisms in Differentiation and Growth, Princeton University Press), kernels were deduced for the dynamic dependence of the growth velocity (output) on the \"subjective intensity\", a presumed internal variable. Finally the linear electronic simulator above was generalized to accommodate the large scale nonlinearity of the adaptation model and to serve as a tool for deeper test of the model.", "contents": "White noise analysis of Phycomyces light growth response system. I. Normal intensity range. The Wiener-Lee-Schetzen method for the identification of a nonlinear system through white gaussian noise stimulation was applied to the transient light growth response of the sporangiophore of Phycomyces. In order to cover a moderate dynamic range of light intensity I, the imput variable was defined to be log I. The experiments were performed in the normal range of light intensity, centered about I0 = 10(-6) W/cm2. The kernels of the Wierner functionals were computed up to second order. Within the range of a few decades the system is reasonably linear with log I. The main nonlinear feature of the second-order kernel corresponds to the property of rectification. Power spectral analysis reveals that the slow dynamics of the system are of at least fifth order. The system can be represented approximately by a linear transfer function, including a first-order high-pass (adaptation) filter with a 4 min time constant and an underdamped fourth-order low-pass filter. Accordingly a linear electronic circuit was constructed to simulate the small scale response characteristics. In terms of the adaptation model of Delbr\u00fcck and Reichardt (1956, in Cellular Mechanisms in Differentiation and Growth, Princeton University Press), kernels were deduced for the dynamic dependence of the growth velocity (output) on the \"subjective intensity\", a presumed internal variable. Finally the linear electronic simulator above was generalized to accommodate the large scale nonlinearity of the adaptation model and to serve as a tool for deeper test of the model."}
{"id": "PMID:1203445", "title": "Derivation of some parameters of myoelectric signals recorded during sustained constant force isometric contractions.", "content": "Mathematical expressions are derived for some parameters of the myoelectric (ME) signal recorded during a constant force isometric contraction. The expressions are developed from a stochastic model for the motor-unit action-potential trains obtained from empirical results. The following parameters: (a) the mean rectified value, (b) the mean integrated rectified value, (c) the root-mean-square value, and (d) the power density spectrum are described as functions of contraction time and constant force of an isometric muscle contraction. The calculated parameters are compared to their corresponding empirically obtained measurements which have been reported in the literature. A discussion on the behavior of the parameters during increasing contraction time is presented. Synchronization of the motor-unit action-potential trains is shown to have a pronounced effect on the parameters of the myoelectric signal. This result should be considered when analyzing long records of myoelectric signals.", "contents": "Derivation of some parameters of myoelectric signals recorded during sustained constant force isometric contractions. Mathematical expressions are derived for some parameters of the myoelectric (ME) signal recorded during a constant force isometric contraction. The expressions are developed from a stochastic model for the motor-unit action-potential trains obtained from empirical results. The following parameters: (a) the mean rectified value, (b) the mean integrated rectified value, (c) the root-mean-square value, and (d) the power density spectrum are described as functions of contraction time and constant force of an isometric muscle contraction. The calculated parameters are compared to their corresponding empirically obtained measurements which have been reported in the literature. A discussion on the behavior of the parameters during increasing contraction time is presented. Synchronization of the motor-unit action-potential trains is shown to have a pronounced effect on the parameters of the myoelectric signal. This result should be considered when analyzing long records of myoelectric signals."}
{"id": "PMID:1203446", "title": "The electric dipole moment of rhodopsin solubilized in Triton X-100.", "content": "The electric dipole moment of solubilized rhodopsin was determined with dielectric dispersion measurements. Rhodopsin was extracted from disc membranes of cattle rod outer segments with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. The dipole moment of rhodopsin at its isoionic point in the detergent micelle is 720 D (150 charge-A). This value is comparable to dipole moments of nonmembrane proteins, especially those which tend to aggregate or polymerize. Flash irradiation of the rhodopsin results in an increase in the dipole moment of about 25 D (5 charge-A). The light-induced increase in dipole moment appears to be composed of two parts--a faster component related to a change in the number of protons bound by rhodopsin and a slower component apparently independent of the change in proton binding.", "contents": "The electric dipole moment of rhodopsin solubilized in Triton X-100. The electric dipole moment of solubilized rhodopsin was determined with dielectric dispersion measurements. Rhodopsin was extracted from disc membranes of cattle rod outer segments with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. The dipole moment of rhodopsin at its isoionic point in the detergent micelle is 720 D (150 charge-A). This value is comparable to dipole moments of nonmembrane proteins, especially those which tend to aggregate or polymerize. Flash irradiation of the rhodopsin results in an increase in the dipole moment of about 25 D (5 charge-A). The light-induced increase in dipole moment appears to be composed of two parts--a faster component related to a change in the number of protons bound by rhodopsin and a slower component apparently independent of the change in proton binding."}
{"id": "PMID:1203447", "title": "An analysis of lamellar x-ray diffraction from disordered membrane multilayers with application to data from retinal rod outer segments.", "content": "Oriented multilayers containing a membrane pair within the unit cell potentially possess both lattice disorder and substitution disorder. Lattice disorder occurs when there is a lack of long-range order in the lattice spacings produced by a variation in the nearest neighbor distances between unit cells. A simple form of substitution disorder can arise from a variation in the separation of the two membranes within the unit cells in the multilayer. Lattice disorder produces a monotonically increasing width for higher order lamellar \"reflections\" while simple substitution disorder produces an incoherent intensity underlying the coherent intensity. A generalized Patterson function analysis has been developed for treating lamellar diffraction from lattice disordered multilayers. This analysis allows the identification of the autocorrelation function of the unit cell electron density profile and its subsequent deconvolution to provide the unit cell electron density profile. A recursive procedure has been developed for separating the incoherent intensity from the coherent intensity via a Gaussian probability model of the membrane intra-pair separation. In cases studied so far both disorders can be quantitatively accounted for and eliminated from interfering with the phasing of the coherent intensity or distorting the derived electron density profile. Lamellar X-ray diffraction data from intact retinal rods, using either film or position sensitive detectors, shows severe effects of both forms of disorder which have not been taken into account in past analysis of such data. We have applied our analysis to the data on dark adapted rod outer segments in electrophysiologically intact retinas of Chabre and Cavaggioni (unpublished). An electron density profile is derived at 25 A resolution. The lattice nearest neighbor spacing has a variation of +/- 19 A out of a 295 A repeat. The intra-unit cell membrane pair center to center distance of 88 A varies +/-8 A.", "contents": "An analysis of lamellar x-ray diffraction from disordered membrane multilayers with application to data from retinal rod outer segments. Oriented multilayers containing a membrane pair within the unit cell potentially possess both lattice disorder and substitution disorder. Lattice disorder occurs when there is a lack of long-range order in the lattice spacings produced by a variation in the nearest neighbor distances between unit cells. A simple form of substitution disorder can arise from a variation in the separation of the two membranes within the unit cells in the multilayer. Lattice disorder produces a monotonically increasing width for higher order lamellar \"reflections\" while simple substitution disorder produces an incoherent intensity underlying the coherent intensity. A generalized Patterson function analysis has been developed for treating lamellar diffraction from lattice disordered multilayers. This analysis allows the identification of the autocorrelation function of the unit cell electron density profile and its subsequent deconvolution to provide the unit cell electron density profile. A recursive procedure has been developed for separating the incoherent intensity from the coherent intensity via a Gaussian probability model of the membrane intra-pair separation. In cases studied so far both disorders can be quantitatively accounted for and eliminated from interfering with the phasing of the coherent intensity or distorting the derived electron density profile. Lamellar X-ray diffraction data from intact retinal rods, using either film or position sensitive detectors, shows severe effects of both forms of disorder which have not been taken into account in past analysis of such data. We have applied our analysis to the data on dark adapted rod outer segments in electrophysiologically intact retinas of Chabre and Cavaggioni (unpublished). An electron density profile is derived at 25 A resolution. The lattice nearest neighbor spacing has a variation of +/- 19 A out of a 295 A repeat. The intra-unit cell membrane pair center to center distance of 88 A varies +/-8 A."}
{"id": "PMID:1203448", "title": "Water in agarose gels studied by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in the rotating frame.", "content": "The dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1rho) on radio frequency (RF) field strength and temperature has been studied for agarose gels in order to investigate molecular motion. The results indicate the presence of slow motions with a correlation time of ca. 5-10(-6) s at room temperature. This interaction is responsible for the short spin-spin relaxation times (T2) for water protons in agarose gels and is ascribed to firmly bound water. The fraction of bound water is estimated to about 0.003 for a 7.3% agarose gel. The motion of the more mobile protons in agarose-water systems can not be characterized by single correlation time. This fraction is presumably composed of water in different motional states and some of the agarose hydroxyl protons. Higher mobilities are the most common.", "contents": "Water in agarose gels studied by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in the rotating frame. The dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1rho) on radio frequency (RF) field strength and temperature has been studied for agarose gels in order to investigate molecular motion. The results indicate the presence of slow motions with a correlation time of ca. 5-10(-6) s at room temperature. This interaction is responsible for the short spin-spin relaxation times (T2) for water protons in agarose gels and is ascribed to firmly bound water. The fraction of bound water is estimated to about 0.003 for a 7.3% agarose gel. The motion of the more mobile protons in agarose-water systems can not be characterized by single correlation time. This fraction is presumably composed of water in different motional states and some of the agarose hydroxyl protons. Higher mobilities are the most common."}
{"id": "PMID:1203449", "title": "Computation of axon gating currents from dipole moment changes in channel subunits.", "content": "The gating polarizational currents were computed on the basis of the dipole moment changes occurring in nerve membrane ionic channel subunits. Membrane thickness and surface density of channels were the only parameters used in addition to the Hodgkin-Huxley model. The gating currents computed for membrane potentials where the Hodgkin-Huxley empirical formulae are reliable were found to be in good agreement with the available experimental data. It is demonstrated that the gating currents of the n and h subunits are responsible for the late slowly decaying gating currents.", "contents": "Computation of axon gating currents from dipole moment changes in channel subunits. The gating polarizational currents were computed on the basis of the dipole moment changes occurring in nerve membrane ionic channel subunits. Membrane thickness and surface density of channels were the only parameters used in addition to the Hodgkin-Huxley model. The gating currents computed for membrane potentials where the Hodgkin-Huxley empirical formulae are reliable were found to be in good agreement with the available experimental data. It is demonstrated that the gating currents of the n and h subunits are responsible for the late slowly decaying gating currents."}
{"id": "PMID:1203451", "title": "A new aspect of the RNA bacteriophages translation control mechanism.", "content": "The polarity effect of the coat protein gene of the ribonucleic acid of RNA bacteriophages on the polymerase gene translation will be taken as the basis of the polymerase translation control mechanism. A further condition for this mechanism discussed in this work is the dependence of the phage RNA replication on host cell translation factors. The ribosome binding sites of the phage RNA play a decisive role to realize the control mechanism coding for definite ribosome binding probabilities. The relation between them quantifies the reached polymerase concentration in the early phase of the development of the RNA bacteriophage system in the infected cell.", "contents": "A new aspect of the RNA bacteriophages translation control mechanism. The polarity effect of the coat protein gene of the ribonucleic acid of RNA bacteriophages on the polymerase gene translation will be taken as the basis of the polymerase translation control mechanism. A further condition for this mechanism discussed in this work is the dependence of the phage RNA replication on host cell translation factors. The ribosome binding sites of the phage RNA play a decisive role to realize the control mechanism coding for definite ribosome binding probabilities. The relation between them quantifies the reached polymerase concentration in the early phase of the development of the RNA bacteriophage system in the infected cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1203452", "title": "Model for the positional differentiation of the cap in Acetabularia.", "content": "A late stage during the biological cycle of the unicellular alga Acetabularia is the differentiation of a cap at the apical end of the stalk. A minimal model of the spatio-temporal regulation of this event is proposed on the basis of biological data available and current hypotheses. This involves the interaction between a diffusing inhibitor specific to the translation of cap mRNAs and a graded distribution of these messengers. The model accounts for delayed protein synthesis which occurs preferably at the apex and is likely to initiate the formation of the cap. The biological and theoretical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Model for the positional differentiation of the cap in Acetabularia. A late stage during the biological cycle of the unicellular alga Acetabularia is the differentiation of a cap at the apical end of the stalk. A minimal model of the spatio-temporal regulation of this event is proposed on the basis of biological data available and current hypotheses. This involves the interaction between a diffusing inhibitor specific to the translation of cap mRNAs and a graded distribution of these messengers. The model accounts for delayed protein synthesis which occurs preferably at the apex and is likely to initiate the formation of the cap. The biological and theoretical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203453", "title": "Problems with entropy in biology.", "content": "Entropy has been widely referred to as a measure of biological order. The validity of this notion is discussed in conjunction with it's relation to the spontaneous creation of order. Information theory offers a quantitative method for characterization of order, however, it is not fundamentally connected to formalisms of irreversible thermodynamics, and it is severely limited because the meaning and value of the information is neglected. A completely general notation is proposed for including measures of order of a biological system in the entropy balance equation of irreversible thermodynamics. Problems of assigning energetic equivalents to measures of order are indicated, with a final focus on the problem of meaning and value.", "contents": "Problems with entropy in biology. Entropy has been widely referred to as a measure of biological order. The validity of this notion is discussed in conjunction with it's relation to the spontaneous creation of order. Information theory offers a quantitative method for characterization of order, however, it is not fundamentally connected to formalisms of irreversible thermodynamics, and it is severely limited because the meaning and value of the information is neglected. A completely general notation is proposed for including measures of order of a biological system in the entropy balance equation of irreversible thermodynamics. Problems of assigning energetic equivalents to measures of order are indicated, with a final focus on the problem of meaning and value."}
{"id": "PMID:1203455", "title": "Primitive mitotic mechanisms.", "content": "Unorthodox mitotic mechanisms are reviewed and their contribution to the understanding of evolution of the orthodox mitotic apparatus is considered. Dinoflagellates and hypermastigote flagellates are of particular significance because the microtubular mitotic apparatus is entirely extranuclear with the nuclear membrane persisting through mitosis. Chromosomes are attached to the nuclear membrane. In hypermastigole flagellates early kinetochore separation is on the nuclear membrane without any contribution from microtubules. In dinoflagellates the chromosomes are also attached to the nuclear membrane, but at least in some species cytoplasmic microtubules connect to the attachment site. In Syndinium the attachment site resembles a typical kinetochore, but is inserted in the nuclear membrane. A similar kinetochore is found in certain Radiolaria, but with an intranuclear spindle apparatus the association with the nuclear membrane is no longer necessary and has been lost. Mitosis in the yeast Saccharomyces is essentially orthodox, though chromosomes do not condense. No kinetochores are seen, but a single microtubule makes direct contact with the 20 nm chromatin fiber of each chromosome and shortens during anaphase. About 5-10 microtubules are continuous between the spindle pole bodies and form the elongating central spindle.", "contents": "Primitive mitotic mechanisms. Unorthodox mitotic mechanisms are reviewed and their contribution to the understanding of evolution of the orthodox mitotic apparatus is considered. Dinoflagellates and hypermastigote flagellates are of particular significance because the microtubular mitotic apparatus is entirely extranuclear with the nuclear membrane persisting through mitosis. Chromosomes are attached to the nuclear membrane. In hypermastigole flagellates early kinetochore separation is on the nuclear membrane without any contribution from microtubules. In dinoflagellates the chromosomes are also attached to the nuclear membrane, but at least in some species cytoplasmic microtubules connect to the attachment site. In Syndinium the attachment site resembles a typical kinetochore, but is inserted in the nuclear membrane. A similar kinetochore is found in certain Radiolaria, but with an intranuclear spindle apparatus the association with the nuclear membrane is no longer necessary and has been lost. Mitosis in the yeast Saccharomyces is essentially orthodox, though chromosomes do not condense. No kinetochores are seen, but a single microtubule makes direct contact with the 20 nm chromatin fiber of each chromosome and shortens during anaphase. About 5-10 microtubules are continuous between the spindle pole bodies and form the elongating central spindle."}
{"id": "PMID:1203458", "title": "Possible formation and development of spirochaete attachment sites found on the surface of symbiotic polymastigote flagellates of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes.", "content": "We propose that spirochaete attachment sites arise from peripheral protrusions which appear on the surface of polymastigote flagellates. These protrusions develop into bracket-shaped structures which then form the mature attachment site. Next the site becomes detached from the surface of the cell; this latter process may be facilitated by the fusion of vesicles located in the region immediately beneath the spirochaete attachment site. This theory could explain the variability in the number and distribution of attachment sites on the surface of the flagellates.", "contents": "Possible formation and development of spirochaete attachment sites found on the surface of symbiotic polymastigote flagellates of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. We propose that spirochaete attachment sites arise from peripheral protrusions which appear on the surface of polymastigote flagellates. These protrusions develop into bracket-shaped structures which then form the mature attachment site. Next the site becomes detached from the surface of the cell; this latter process may be facilitated by the fusion of vesicles located in the region immediately beneath the spirochaete attachment site. This theory could explain the variability in the number and distribution of attachment sites on the surface of the flagellates."}
{"id": "PMID:1203459", "title": "The evolutionary significance of ultrastructural variations in the micronuclear spindle apparatus in the genus Paramecium.", "content": "Ultrastructural variations of micronuclear mitosis in three species of Paramecium have been reviewed for the purpose of hypothesizing possible evolutionary relationships. P. bursaria is considered to be the most primitive species because it has complex kinetochore-equivalents termed microlamellae which attach to microfilaments. P. multimicronucleatum is considered more advanced since it has typical kinetochores which intercalate between the kinetochores and polar microfilaments. P. aurelia is considered the most advanced member of the genus, and has typical diffuse or well defined kinetochores and chromosomal microtubules while it lacks obvious meshworks of microfilaments. A hypothetical model of chromosome movement in the genus involves the interaction of microtubules and microfilaments.", "contents": "The evolutionary significance of ultrastructural variations in the micronuclear spindle apparatus in the genus Paramecium. Ultrastructural variations of micronuclear mitosis in three species of Paramecium have been reviewed for the purpose of hypothesizing possible evolutionary relationships. P. bursaria is considered to be the most primitive species because it has complex kinetochore-equivalents termed microlamellae which attach to microfilaments. P. multimicronucleatum is considered more advanced since it has typical kinetochores which intercalate between the kinetochores and polar microfilaments. P. aurelia is considered the most advanced member of the genus, and has typical diffuse or well defined kinetochores and chromosomal microtubules while it lacks obvious meshworks of microfilaments. A hypothetical model of chromosome movement in the genus involves the interaction of microtubules and microfilaments."}
{"id": "PMID:1203460", "title": "YATP value in Candida tropicalis grown on n-alkanes, fatty acids, and acetate.", "content": "The amount of ATP produced during n-alkane, fatty acid, or acetate metabolism in Candida tropicalis has been established from the P/O ratios measured on isolated mitochondria, yield on substrate and carbon balance. For these three kinds of substrates YATP value has been found to be close to 4, although Ysub on acetate is very different from those found with n-alkanes or fatty acids.", "contents": "YATP value in Candida tropicalis grown on n-alkanes, fatty acids, and acetate. The amount of ATP produced during n-alkane, fatty acid, or acetate metabolism in Candida tropicalis has been established from the P/O ratios measured on isolated mitochondria, yield on substrate and carbon balance. For these three kinds of substrates YATP value has been found to be close to 4, although Ysub on acetate is very different from those found with n-alkanes or fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1203461", "title": "The effect of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid on growth of Candida boidinii 11 Bh.", "content": "The dependence of the specific growth rate of Candida boidinii 11 Bh on methanol concentration follows Monod-type kinetics only in a narrow concentration range (0--0.8 v/v), with a saturation constant of about 19 mmol. With a further increase in methanol concentration of up to 3% v/v, the specific growth rate remains constant. Beyond this level, the growth rate gradually drops to zero, reaching the threshold value at 7.8% v/v. The specific growth rate is also strongly dependent on the size of the inoculum. The biomass yield decreases with an increase in the methanol concentration. Formaldehyde and formic acid, oxidative products of methanol, approximately 100 and ten times, respectively, more toxic to growth than the original substrate.", "contents": "The effect of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid on growth of Candida boidinii 11 Bh. The dependence of the specific growth rate of Candida boidinii 11 Bh on methanol concentration follows Monod-type kinetics only in a narrow concentration range (0--0.8 v/v), with a saturation constant of about 19 mmol. With a further increase in methanol concentration of up to 3% v/v, the specific growth rate remains constant. Beyond this level, the growth rate gradually drops to zero, reaching the threshold value at 7.8% v/v. The specific growth rate is also strongly dependent on the size of the inoculum. The biomass yield decreases with an increase in the methanol concentration. Formaldehyde and formic acid, oxidative products of methanol, approximately 100 and ten times, respectively, more toxic to growth than the original substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:1203462", "title": "The yields of extracted protein and of residual fiber from potato haulm taken as a by-product.", "content": "In July the yield of protein extractable from potato haulm could be 600 kg/ha and the beginning of September it is 200 kg/ha. The yield of fiber containing 1 to 2% N is less affected by maturity. The annual waste of extractable protein, suitable for feeding nonruminants, is about 60,000 tons. The contribution that some small changes in conventional potato husbandry might make to minimizing this waste is discussed.", "contents": "The yields of extracted protein and of residual fiber from potato haulm taken as a by-product. In July the yield of protein extractable from potato haulm could be 600 kg/ha and the beginning of September it is 200 kg/ha. The yield of fiber containing 1 to 2% N is less affected by maturity. The annual waste of extractable protein, suitable for feeding nonruminants, is about 60,000 tons. The contribution that some small changes in conventional potato husbandry might make to minimizing this waste is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203463", "title": "Application of modified Rosenbrock's method for optimization of nutrient media used in microorganism culturing.", "content": "The Rosenbrock's procedure has been modified for optimization of nutrient medium composition and has been found to be less tedious than the Box-Wilson method, especially for larger numbers of optimized parameters. Its merits are particularly obvious with multiparameter optimization where the gradient method, so far the only one employed in microbiology from a variety of optimization methods (e.g., refs, 9 and 10), becomes impractical because of the excessive number of experiments required. The method suggested is also more stable during optimization than the gradient methods which are very sensitive to the selection of steps in the direction of the gradient and may thus easily shoot out of the optimized region. It is also anticipated that other direct search methods, particularly simplex design, may be easily adapted for optimization of medium composition. It is obvious that direct search methods may find an application in process improvement in antibiotic and related industries.", "contents": "Application of modified Rosenbrock's method for optimization of nutrient media used in microorganism culturing. The Rosenbrock's procedure has been modified for optimization of nutrient medium composition and has been found to be less tedious than the Box-Wilson method, especially for larger numbers of optimized parameters. Its merits are particularly obvious with multiparameter optimization where the gradient method, so far the only one employed in microbiology from a variety of optimization methods (e.g., refs, 9 and 10), becomes impractical because of the excessive number of experiments required. The method suggested is also more stable during optimization than the gradient methods which are very sensitive to the selection of steps in the direction of the gradient and may thus easily shoot out of the optimized region. It is also anticipated that other direct search methods, particularly simplex design, may be easily adapted for optimization of medium composition. It is obvious that direct search methods may find an application in process improvement in antibiotic and related industries."}
{"id": "PMID:1203537", "title": "Functional abnormalities of human neutrophils collected by continuous flow filtration leukopheresis.", "content": "Continuous flow filtration leukopheresis (FL) is a relatively simple, inexpensive, and efficient technique of harvesting blood neutrophils from normal donors for transfusion into neutropenic recipients. There has been concern, however, that neutrophils may be functionally altered druing this leukopheresis procedure. Human neutrophils obtained by various FL techniques were studied for in vitro chemotaxis by a 51Cr-radiolabel method and for in vitro killing and phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. We compared their function with neutrophils obtained by the NCI-IBM cell separator and by dextran sedimentation from whole blood. FL neutrophils eluted from nylon filters after 3-hr collection periods were functionally abnormal by all parameters tested, while neutrophils obtained by cell separator after similar collection times were not significantly different from control cells. However, neutrophils from 3-hr FL collections were found to include both normal and abnormal populations of cells. Loosely adherent cells, eluted after tapping the filters, were functionally normal; more adherent cells, eluted after tapping the filters and representing the bulk of cells collected, were progressively more abnormal the less readily they were eluted. Shortened FL collection times (1-2 hr) were found to decrease the functional defects. Also, administration of dexamethasone to donors prior to filtration leukopheresis diminished the functional defects of FL neutrophils perhaps by altering adherence characteristics of the cells. These studies show that neutrophils obtained by filtration leukopheresis are functionally abnormal in relation to the time and extent of adherence to nylon filters.", "contents": "Functional abnormalities of human neutrophils collected by continuous flow filtration leukopheresis. Continuous flow filtration leukopheresis (FL) is a relatively simple, inexpensive, and efficient technique of harvesting blood neutrophils from normal donors for transfusion into neutropenic recipients. There has been concern, however, that neutrophils may be functionally altered druing this leukopheresis procedure. Human neutrophils obtained by various FL techniques were studied for in vitro chemotaxis by a 51Cr-radiolabel method and for in vitro killing and phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. We compared their function with neutrophils obtained by the NCI-IBM cell separator and by dextran sedimentation from whole blood. FL neutrophils eluted from nylon filters after 3-hr collection periods were functionally abnormal by all parameters tested, while neutrophils obtained by cell separator after similar collection times were not significantly different from control cells. However, neutrophils from 3-hr FL collections were found to include both normal and abnormal populations of cells. Loosely adherent cells, eluted after tapping the filters, were functionally normal; more adherent cells, eluted after tapping the filters and representing the bulk of cells collected, were progressively more abnormal the less readily they were eluted. Shortened FL collection times (1-2 hr) were found to decrease the functional defects. Also, administration of dexamethasone to donors prior to filtration leukopheresis diminished the functional defects of FL neutrophils perhaps by altering adherence characteristics of the cells. These studies show that neutrophils obtained by filtration leukopheresis are functionally abnormal in relation to the time and extent of adherence to nylon filters."}
{"id": "PMID:1203538", "title": "Abnormal erythrocyte metabolism in hepatic disease.", "content": "Erythrocyte (RBC) metabolic studies were done on 114 patients with severe hepatic disease. Heinz body formation after incubation of RBCs with acetyl phenylhydrazine was found to be significantly higher in patients than in controls. RBC-reduced glutathione levels were lower than those of controls both before and after incubation with acetyl phenylhydrazine, and patients with the highest Heinz body counts had the lowest reduced glutathione levels. RBC methylene blue-stimulated hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt metabolism and glucose recycling through the shunt were significantly lower in patients with active hepatic disease than in controls. There was no difference in resting HMP shunt activity or in resting recycling of glucose. Despite impairment of shunt metabolism, total glucose consumption was greater in patients than in controls. The patients with the lowest stimulated HMP shunt metabolism and glucose recycling had the highest Heinz body counts, lowest reduced glutathione, and highest total glucose consumption. A continuum of abnormal shunt metabolism was seen, from a mild reduction of stimulated HMP shunt activity to a severe combined decrease in both the HMP shunt and glucose recycling. When measured, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and transketolase were normal or increased. Sequential studies were done on 11 patients who had abnormal metabolic studies. Coincident with improvement of HMP shunt metabolism, the Heinz body counts became lower, reduced glutathione higher, hematocrit higher, and liver function improved. Impaired HMP shunt metabolism appears to be a common, acquired RBC abnormality in patients with severe, active liver disease.", "contents": "Abnormal erythrocyte metabolism in hepatic disease. Erythrocyte (RBC) metabolic studies were done on 114 patients with severe hepatic disease. Heinz body formation after incubation of RBCs with acetyl phenylhydrazine was found to be significantly higher in patients than in controls. RBC-reduced glutathione levels were lower than those of controls both before and after incubation with acetyl phenylhydrazine, and patients with the highest Heinz body counts had the lowest reduced glutathione levels. RBC methylene blue-stimulated hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt metabolism and glucose recycling through the shunt were significantly lower in patients with active hepatic disease than in controls. There was no difference in resting HMP shunt activity or in resting recycling of glucose. Despite impairment of shunt metabolism, total glucose consumption was greater in patients than in controls. The patients with the lowest stimulated HMP shunt metabolism and glucose recycling had the highest Heinz body counts, lowest reduced glutathione, and highest total glucose consumption. A continuum of abnormal shunt metabolism was seen, from a mild reduction of stimulated HMP shunt activity to a severe combined decrease in both the HMP shunt and glucose recycling. When measured, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and transketolase were normal or increased. Sequential studies were done on 11 patients who had abnormal metabolic studies. Coincident with improvement of HMP shunt metabolism, the Heinz body counts became lower, reduced glutathione higher, hematocrit higher, and liver function improved. Impaired HMP shunt metabolism appears to be a common, acquired RBC abnormality in patients with severe, active liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1203539", "title": "Contrasting splenic mechanisms in the blood clearance of red blood cells and colloidal particles.", "content": "We have studied the blood clearance and organ uptake of colloidal particles and of antibody-coated and chemically treated Na2 51Cr O4-labeled erythrocytes (RBC) in mice. Hepatic and splenic uptake of both colloidal particles and autologous RBC coated with rabbit antibody were reduced significantly following pretreatment of animals with cortisone acetate. Hepatic removal of RBC previously treated in vitro with N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) or phenylhydrazine-HCl (PHZ) was similarly depressed by pretreatment with cortisone. In contrast, the splenic uptake of NEM- and PHZ-altered erythrocytes was unaffected by cortisone. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examination of perfused spleens from PHZ-injected animals demonstrated extensive mechanical trapping of Heinz body-containing RBC in sinus wall apertures, whereas little erythrophagocytosis was observed. These studies suggested that, while clearance of inert particulate matter and of antibody-coated RBC from the blood occurred primarily by a cortisone-suppressible, presumably phagocytic process in the spleen, chemically altered RBC were removed primarily by a cortisone-insensitive filtration process in the splenic microvasculature.", "contents": "Contrasting splenic mechanisms in the blood clearance of red blood cells and colloidal particles. We have studied the blood clearance and organ uptake of colloidal particles and of antibody-coated and chemically treated Na2 51Cr O4-labeled erythrocytes (RBC) in mice. Hepatic and splenic uptake of both colloidal particles and autologous RBC coated with rabbit antibody were reduced significantly following pretreatment of animals with cortisone acetate. Hepatic removal of RBC previously treated in vitro with N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) or phenylhydrazine-HCl (PHZ) was similarly depressed by pretreatment with cortisone. In contrast, the splenic uptake of NEM- and PHZ-altered erythrocytes was unaffected by cortisone. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examination of perfused spleens from PHZ-injected animals demonstrated extensive mechanical trapping of Heinz body-containing RBC in sinus wall apertures, whereas little erythrophagocytosis was observed. These studies suggested that, while clearance of inert particulate matter and of antibody-coated RBC from the blood occurred primarily by a cortisone-suppressible, presumably phagocytic process in the spleen, chemically altered RBC were removed primarily by a cortisone-insensitive filtration process in the splenic microvasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:1203541", "title": "Hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis in sickle-cell disease.", "content": "Fifty-two patients with sickle-cell (SC) disease (48 with SC-beta-thalassaemia and 4 with homozygous SC-anaemia) were studied as regards blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. It was found that the thrombin and the reptilase times of the patients' plasma were significantly shorter than normal. The mean values of platelet count, fibrinogen level and factor VIII activity of patients with SC disease were higher than normal; however, in the group of patients transfused, with less than 50% haemoglobin S (HbS), the fibrinogen level and the factor VIII activity were significantly lower compared to the other patients. Antithrombin-III (At-III) activity was normal in all. The fibrinolytic activity was normal in patients with asymptomatic SC disease, but reduced in patients on painful crises. Plasminogen and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product (FDP) levels were normal in all patients. Two patients on painful crises with complications had additional abnormal findings, namely prolonged prothrombin time, reduced At-III level and elevated FDP.", "contents": "Hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis in sickle-cell disease. Fifty-two patients with sickle-cell (SC) disease (48 with SC-beta-thalassaemia and 4 with homozygous SC-anaemia) were studied as regards blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. It was found that the thrombin and the reptilase times of the patients' plasma were significantly shorter than normal. The mean values of platelet count, fibrinogen level and factor VIII activity of patients with SC disease were higher than normal; however, in the group of patients transfused, with less than 50% haemoglobin S (HbS), the fibrinogen level and the factor VIII activity were significantly lower compared to the other patients. Antithrombin-III (At-III) activity was normal in all. The fibrinolytic activity was normal in patients with asymptomatic SC disease, but reduced in patients on painful crises. Plasminogen and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product (FDP) levels were normal in all patients. Two patients on painful crises with complications had additional abnormal findings, namely prolonged prothrombin time, reduced At-III level and elevated FDP."}
{"id": "PMID:1203542", "title": "[Computer simulation of cell renewal systems].", "content": "This paper deals with a block diagram which describes the structure of the control of erythropoiesis by negative feedback loops. The model is transformed into an adequate simulation program using a special block-oriented programming language called ASIM (Analoge SIMulation). For both normal and diseased states of the blood forming process the dynamic responses of the erythrocytes and reticulocytes are simulated by a digital computer analysis. The computer simulation includes different forms of anemia caused by parameter variations as well as by structural alterations. Rising oscillations are obtained too in multiloop control systems containing complex paths with minor loops, which for example take into account the erythrocytic chalones. The described model shows that rising oscillations, that are unstable control loops, can be produced by changing the control-loop structure as well as by parameter changes. In case of malignant disorders such failures becoming effective in oscillations are discussed as parts of disturbed homoeostasis. The results of these studies obtained by simulation should especially stimulate scientists working  in the fields of biology and medicine to new test series to verify the proposed hypothesis.", "contents": "[Computer simulation of cell renewal systems]. This paper deals with a block diagram which describes the structure of the control of erythropoiesis by negative feedback loops. The model is transformed into an adequate simulation program using a special block-oriented programming language called ASIM (Analoge SIMulation). For both normal and diseased states of the blood forming process the dynamic responses of the erythrocytes and reticulocytes are simulated by a digital computer analysis. The computer simulation includes different forms of anemia caused by parameter variations as well as by structural alterations. Rising oscillations are obtained too in multiloop control systems containing complex paths with minor loops, which for example take into account the erythrocytic chalones. The described model shows that rising oscillations, that are unstable control loops, can be produced by changing the control-loop structure as well as by parameter changes. In case of malignant disorders such failures becoming effective in oscillations are discussed as parts of disturbed homoeostasis. The results of these studies obtained by simulation should especially stimulate scientists working  in the fields of biology and medicine to new test series to verify the proposed hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203543", "title": "[Radio-anatomical study of the arteries of the foot].", "content": "30 Cadaveric feet were injected with minium by 3 catheters, one in each foot artery. The A. tibialis posterior is the most voluminous. It branches off in A. plantaris lateralis, main artery of the sole of the foot and A. plantaris medialis, small artery terminating on the medial edge of the big toe (in fact, in most cases (60%), it divides into 3 branches). The third branch has a double destiny, it vascularizes the shell of the calcaneus and it anastomoses with the posterior fibular artery. The A. dorsalis pedis, in 80% of the cases rejoins the lateral plantar artery in the first space. Among the 5 classical branches, the lateral tarsal artery and the dorsal metatarsal artery are constant. The other branches are more uncommun. But some anastomoses are frequent: - with the posterior fibular artery, (20%); - with the anterior fibular artery (10%). The A. fibularis is divided over the talo-tibial joint. Only the posterior branch is always injected. It gives three anastomoses: - The supra-malleolar artery with the posterior tibial artery, of great value because it is able to inject all the foot arteries. - The two others are narrower, the supracalcanean artery with the posterior tibial artery, and the medial supratarsal artery with the lateral tarsal artery. It ends in the sole of the foot after having given the vascularisation of the external face of the calcaneus. It is possible to oppose: The parts with a good vascularisation: - sole of the foot, - internal face of the calcaneus, - external face of the big toe, - internal face of the last 4 toes; The parts with a poor vascularisation: - dorsal face of the foot, - external face of the calcaneus, - internal face of the big toe, - external face of the last 4 toes.", "contents": "[Radio-anatomical study of the arteries of the foot]. 30 Cadaveric feet were injected with minium by 3 catheters, one in each foot artery. The A. tibialis posterior is the most voluminous. It branches off in A. plantaris lateralis, main artery of the sole of the foot and A. plantaris medialis, small artery terminating on the medial edge of the big toe (in fact, in most cases (60%), it divides into 3 branches). The third branch has a double destiny, it vascularizes the shell of the calcaneus and it anastomoses with the posterior fibular artery. The A. dorsalis pedis, in 80% of the cases rejoins the lateral plantar artery in the first space. Among the 5 classical branches, the lateral tarsal artery and the dorsal metatarsal artery are constant. The other branches are more uncommun. But some anastomoses are frequent: - with the posterior fibular artery, (20%); - with the anterior fibular artery (10%). The A. fibularis is divided over the talo-tibial joint. Only the posterior branch is always injected. It gives three anastomoses: - The supra-malleolar artery with the posterior tibial artery, of great value because it is able to inject all the foot arteries. - The two others are narrower, the supracalcanean artery with the posterior tibial artery, and the medial supratarsal artery with the lateral tarsal artery. It ends in the sole of the foot after having given the vascularisation of the external face of the calcaneus. It is possible to oppose: The parts with a good vascularisation: - sole of the foot, - internal face of the calcaneus, - external face of the big toe, - internal face of the last 4 toes; The parts with a poor vascularisation: - dorsal face of the foot, - external face of the calcaneus, - internal face of the big toe, - external face of the last 4 toes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203544", "title": "[Influence of modified histones on the differentiation in vitro of chick embryo pulmonary rudiments].", "content": "The presence of carbamylated lysine-rich histones in the medium determines some evident changes on the development in vitro of the lung buds of chick embryo in comparison with the controls cultived in a standard medium or in a medium containing unmodified lysine rich histones. The action of these modified histones mainly affects the peribronchial mesenchyme.", "contents": "[Influence of modified histones on the differentiation in vitro of chick embryo pulmonary rudiments]. The presence of carbamylated lysine-rich histones in the medium determines some evident changes on the development in vitro of the lung buds of chick embryo in comparison with the controls cultived in a standard medium or in a medium containing unmodified lysine rich histones. The action of these modified histones mainly affects the peribronchial mesenchyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1203545", "title": "[Multiplicity and dispersion of the parasympathetic ganglia of the head].", "content": "In addition to the four parasympathetic ganglia usually described in the head, many other microscopic parasympathetic ganglia have been observed in various regions of the cephalic territory. The cranial parasympathetic system is therefore diffuse as in the case of the sympathetic, although the neurones composing it are morphologically different.", "contents": "[Multiplicity and dispersion of the parasympathetic ganglia of the head]. In addition to the four parasympathetic ganglia usually described in the head, many other microscopic parasympathetic ganglia have been observed in various regions of the cephalic territory. The cranial parasympathetic system is therefore diffuse as in the case of the sympathetic, although the neurones composing it are morphologically different."}
{"id": "PMID:1203546", "title": "[Interstitial plasma cells of the submaxillary glands].", "content": "Interstitial plasma cells are constantly present in the submaxillary gland. Their number varies greatly with species. They are normal cells, lymphocytes are never associated with them. Immuno-fluorescent studies show the presence of IgA. So, these cells are presumably the site of formation of secretory immunoglobulins which have been shown to be present in saliva. However this does not prove that they have no other secretory activity.", "contents": "[Interstitial plasma cells of the submaxillary glands]. Interstitial plasma cells are constantly present in the submaxillary gland. Their number varies greatly with species. They are normal cells, lymphocytes are never associated with them. Immuno-fluorescent studies show the presence of IgA. So, these cells are presumably the site of formation of secretory immunoglobulins which have been shown to be present in saliva. However this does not prove that they have no other secretory activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1203547", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of anomalies of the acrosome in spermatozoa with irregular heads].", "content": "The study of the ultrastructure of spermatozoa having an irregular head, encountered in large number in semen of men supposed to be sterile, shows that the acrosome is often modified in its shape or its texture. In several samples the spermatozoa have either no acrosome or a small one, at a certain distance from the nucleus. In other cases the ratio between the segments of the acrosome is modified and the parallelism between the edges is not conserved. These acrosomes are often covered with a cytoplasmic velum the post acrosomal cape is missing. Finally the acrosome can be deformed by local expansions of the subacrosomal space, or by large gaps. Other anomalies which are less common have been observed. The elimination of possible artefacts and the comparison between these human anomalies and similar acrosomal anomalies of mammalian semen, are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of anomalies of the acrosome in spermatozoa with irregular heads]. The study of the ultrastructure of spermatozoa having an irregular head, encountered in large number in semen of men supposed to be sterile, shows that the acrosome is often modified in its shape or its texture. In several samples the spermatozoa have either no acrosome or a small one, at a certain distance from the nucleus. In other cases the ratio between the segments of the acrosome is modified and the parallelism between the edges is not conserved. These acrosomes are often covered with a cytoplasmic velum the post acrosomal cape is missing. Finally the acrosome can be deformed by local expansions of the subacrosomal space, or by large gaps. Other anomalies which are less common have been observed. The elimination of possible artefacts and the comparison between these human anomalies and similar acrosomal anomalies of mammalian semen, are discussed in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1203548", "title": "[Macroscopic substratum of acupuncture points].", "content": "The dissection of supra-aponeurotic macroscopic elements underlying 201 acupuncture loci showed the following proportions: cerebrospinal nerve, 29%; vascular element (mostly venous), 34%; vascular and nervous pedicle, 37%. Thus there is no specific structure related to all the acupuncture loci, but a preferential distribution has been established according to the loci and their therapeutic indications.", "contents": "[Macroscopic substratum of acupuncture points]. The dissection of supra-aponeurotic macroscopic elements underlying 201 acupuncture loci showed the following proportions: cerebrospinal nerve, 29%; vascular element (mostly venous), 34%; vascular and nervous pedicle, 37%. Thus there is no specific structure related to all the acupuncture loci, but a preferential distribution has been established according to the loci and their therapeutic indications."}
{"id": "PMID:1203549", "title": "[Junction zones of luteal cells in the luteotrophic phase in humans].", "content": "Three different types of junctions were revealed studying human corpus luteum during luteotrophic phasis : tight-junctions, gap-junctions and septate junctions. Tight-junctions were characterized by a discontinuous central leaflet formed by osmiophilous punctiform components separated by osmiophobic spaces. Lanthanum nitrate permeability of these junctions lead us to think that they may be leaky. They were only a very few gap-junctions, they were found to be as classically described, made up of seven leaflets. Septate junctions were about 250 A long, some septa were arrayed in a discordely fashion and were separated by lanthanum nitrate permeable spaces. The location of these different junctions was determined with accuracy: tight and gap junctions were located on the lateral faces and around cellular interdigitations, septate junctions were shown to bind either the microvillosities of a same cell or the microvillosities of two bordering cells. The fonctionnal signification of these junctions is discussed. Les auteurs remercient vivement M. le Professeur SOUTOUL et M. le Docteur LANSAC du Service de Gyn\u00e9cologie-Obst\u00e9trique (C.H.U. Bretonneau) pour leur aimable collaboration.", "contents": "[Junction zones of luteal cells in the luteotrophic phase in humans]. Three different types of junctions were revealed studying human corpus luteum during luteotrophic phasis : tight-junctions, gap-junctions and septate junctions. Tight-junctions were characterized by a discontinuous central leaflet formed by osmiophilous punctiform components separated by osmiophobic spaces. Lanthanum nitrate permeability of these junctions lead us to think that they may be leaky. They were only a very few gap-junctions, they were found to be as classically described, made up of seven leaflets. Septate junctions were about 250 A long, some septa were arrayed in a discordely fashion and were separated by lanthanum nitrate permeable spaces. The location of these different junctions was determined with accuracy: tight and gap junctions were located on the lateral faces and around cellular interdigitations, septate junctions were shown to bind either the microvillosities of a same cell or the microvillosities of two bordering cells. The fonctionnal signification of these junctions is discussed. Les auteurs remercient vivement M. le Professeur SOUTOUL et M. le Docteur LANSAC du Service de Gyn\u00e9cologie-Obst\u00e9trique (C.H.U. Bretonneau) pour leur aimable collaboration."}
{"id": "PMID:1203550", "title": "[Changes induced with cyclophosphamide in the lympho-reticular elements with specific enzymatic activities of the splenic white pulp in rats and guinea-pigs].", "content": "The effect of cyclophosphamide, one potent immunosupressor drug, was used to differenciate the behaviour of two types of Reticular cells, the phosphatasic acid and the 5'nucleotidasic cells. The first exhibit macrophagic and migratory properties, the second are devoid of these criteria but remain associated with the presence of T-lymphocytes. This suggests its possible role in the nutrition and the differential evolution of T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Changes induced with cyclophosphamide in the lympho-reticular elements with specific enzymatic activities of the splenic white pulp in rats and guinea-pigs]. The effect of cyclophosphamide, one potent immunosupressor drug, was used to differenciate the behaviour of two types of Reticular cells, the phosphatasic acid and the 5'nucleotidasic cells. The first exhibit macrophagic and migratory properties, the second are devoid of these criteria but remain associated with the presence of T-lymphocytes. This suggests its possible role in the nutrition and the differential evolution of T-lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203551", "title": "[Spatial variability of some lateral cranial points in chimpanzees].", "content": "The differential variability of cranial regions of chimpanzees has been studied, in the three dimensional space defined by the vestibular method, by means of the volume of the ellipsoid surrounding the scatter diagram of each lateral point. Thus the importance of the variation of a given point as a function of its position can be measured and the specific and sexual differences of this variation can be determined.", "contents": "[Spatial variability of some lateral cranial points in chimpanzees]. The differential variability of cranial regions of chimpanzees has been studied, in the three dimensional space defined by the vestibular method, by means of the volume of the ellipsoid surrounding the scatter diagram of each lateral point. Thus the importance of the variation of a given point as a function of its position can be measured and the specific and sexual differences of this variation can be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1203552", "title": "[Anatomical studies of Luschka's gland].", "content": "In that work, the authors determine precisely the classical outlines relating to the formation described by LUSCHKA in 1859. The morphology, the situation in relation with the medium sacral artery, the exact topography of what is wrongly called \"gland of Luschka\" are successively analysed. Otherwise, notions which emerge about is histological conformation are referred to.", "contents": "[Anatomical studies of Luschka's gland]. In that work, the authors determine precisely the classical outlines relating to the formation described by LUSCHKA in 1859. The morphology, the situation in relation with the medium sacral artery, the exact topography of what is wrongly called \"gland of Luschka\" are successively analysed. Otherwise, notions which emerge about is histological conformation are referred to."}
{"id": "PMID:1203553", "title": "[Arteries of the opto-peduncular region of the sheep].", "content": "The main features of the arterial plane of the base of the brain of 15 sheep are studied. Details of the topography and the importance of the manifold twigs going to the optic-peduncular formations and grey central nuclei are given also. In spite of the presence of a peculiar arterial polygon, since it has direct supply from a rete mirabile and that it depends almost exclusively on the external carotid arteries, the general diagram of the different arterial pedicles appears comparable with what was formerly pointed out in the dog (LIBERSA an coll., 1974) and even in man. It seems to be a proof of the morphological independance of the cerebral arterial system beyond the arterial polygon. The reason of the existence and appearance of the arterial plane of the base of the brain (internal carotid, external carotid, vertebral arteries) keeps an essentially functional meaning.", "contents": "[Arteries of the opto-peduncular region of the sheep]. The main features of the arterial plane of the base of the brain of 15 sheep are studied. Details of the topography and the importance of the manifold twigs going to the optic-peduncular formations and grey central nuclei are given also. In spite of the presence of a peculiar arterial polygon, since it has direct supply from a rete mirabile and that it depends almost exclusively on the external carotid arteries, the general diagram of the different arterial pedicles appears comparable with what was formerly pointed out in the dog (LIBERSA an coll., 1974) and even in man. It seems to be a proof of the morphological independance of the cerebral arterial system beyond the arterial polygon. The reason of the existence and appearance of the arterial plane of the base of the brain (internal carotid, external carotid, vertebral arteries) keeps an essentially functional meaning."}
{"id": "PMID:1203554", "title": "[Origin of the hepatic artery in the embryo and fetus].", "content": "Study of the hepatic artery in 52 human foetuses and 4 embryos. The authors compare their findings to those published on adults. They underline the higher frequency of the hepatic artery arising out of the left gastric artery (67%) in foetuses and embryos, either associated to the common hepatic artery only (55,4%) or to both the common hepatic artery and the right hepatic artery (12,5%). Graphic reconstruction of foetal hepatic arteries shows two important lines of force one coming from the coeliac trunk - the future common hepatic artery, the other arising from the left gastric artery - the future left hepatic artery. At the 19th stage according to Streeter, the definitive disposition is attained.", "contents": "[Origin of the hepatic artery in the embryo and fetus]. Study of the hepatic artery in 52 human foetuses and 4 embryos. The authors compare their findings to those published on adults. They underline the higher frequency of the hepatic artery arising out of the left gastric artery (67%) in foetuses and embryos, either associated to the common hepatic artery only (55,4%) or to both the common hepatic artery and the right hepatic artery (12,5%). Graphic reconstruction of foetal hepatic arteries shows two important lines of force one coming from the coeliac trunk - the future common hepatic artery, the other arising from the left gastric artery - the future left hepatic artery. At the 19th stage according to Streeter, the definitive disposition is attained."}
{"id": "PMID:1203555", "title": "[Effect of pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile on the activity of the rat thyroid gland and anterior pituitary].", "content": "PCN, in daily doses of 20 mg/100 g per body weight exerted a marked stimulative effect on the rat thyroid. It was also found that the uptake of radioiodine in animals receiving PCN, was increased. Chromatographic investigations have shown that in PCN treated animals the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones was accelerated. There is evidence of histophysiological activation of the TSH cells of the adenohypophysis. It was concluded that there was no inhibition of the synthesis of thyroid hormones and that activation of the pituitary-thyroid axis under the influence of PCN, resulted from alteration of the peripheral metabolism of thyroxin.", "contents": "[Effect of pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile on the activity of the rat thyroid gland and anterior pituitary]. PCN, in daily doses of 20 mg/100 g per body weight exerted a marked stimulative effect on the rat thyroid. It was also found that the uptake of radioiodine in animals receiving PCN, was increased. Chromatographic investigations have shown that in PCN treated animals the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones was accelerated. There is evidence of histophysiological activation of the TSH cells of the adenohypophysis. It was concluded that there was no inhibition of the synthesis of thyroid hormones and that activation of the pituitary-thyroid axis under the influence of PCN, resulted from alteration of the peripheral metabolism of thyroxin."}
{"id": "PMID:1203556", "title": "[Formation of the skeleton. VIII. Growth of a long bone: periostealization of the metaphysial bone].", "content": "The growth of the diaphysis of a long bone is manifested in three distinct constituent parts: the bone periosteal collar and, at both ends, the two metaphyses. These grow on the epiphyseal plate side and at the other end, they are integrated into the periosteal bone collar. This integration involves changes in the periosteal bone as well as in the fibro-cellular-layer which surrounds it. All these modifications have been described as constitutuing \"the periostealisation of metaphyseal bone\".", "contents": "[Formation of the skeleton. VIII. Growth of a long bone: periostealization of the metaphysial bone]. The growth of the diaphysis of a long bone is manifested in three distinct constituent parts: the bone periosteal collar and, at both ends, the two metaphyses. These grow on the epiphyseal plate side and at the other end, they are integrated into the periosteal bone collar. This integration involves changes in the periosteal bone as well as in the fibro-cellular-layer which surrounds it. All these modifications have been described as constitutuing \"the periostealisation of metaphyseal bone\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1203557", "title": "[Formation of the skeleton. IX. Growth of a long bone: dynamics of diaphysial growth].", "content": "The diaphysis of a growing long bone is composed of three distinct parts: the bone periosteal collar and the two metaphyses. Each of these parts affects a separate radiographic, microradiographic and histologic appearance. By these means, it is possible to follow the growth and the increase of these parts and thus the relations which exist between them: all together they constitute the \"dynamics of diaphyseal growth\".", "contents": "[Formation of the skeleton. IX. Growth of a long bone: dynamics of diaphysial growth]. The diaphysis of a growing long bone is composed of three distinct parts: the bone periosteal collar and the two metaphyses. Each of these parts affects a separate radiographic, microradiographic and histologic appearance. By these means, it is possible to follow the growth and the increase of these parts and thus the relations which exist between them: all together they constitute the \"dynamics of diaphyseal growth\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1203558", "title": "[Induced degeneration and lysosome activity in the cells of the tail bud in the early chick embryo].", "content": "In chick embryos, cells of the tail bud are induced to degenerate by autophagocytosis when treated by puromycine or sodium fluoride. Although these degenerative processes exhibit some differences, according to the nature of the inhibitor used, their initial steps, which consist in a modification of the Golgi zone, are identical. These facts are discussed in relation to the problem of morphogenetic cell degeneration.", "contents": "[Induced degeneration and lysosome activity in the cells of the tail bud in the early chick embryo]. In chick embryos, cells of the tail bud are induced to degenerate by autophagocytosis when treated by puromycine or sodium fluoride. Although these degenerative processes exhibit some differences, according to the nature of the inhibitor used, their initial steps, which consist in a modification of the Golgi zone, are identical. These facts are discussed in relation to the problem of morphogenetic cell degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:1203559", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the prolactin cells of the pituitary gland of female rats after stimulation with norethisterone enanthate].", "content": "Prolactine cells of rat anterior pituitary gland were studied with the electron microscope in thin sections and freeze-etch replicas after treatment with norethisterone-oenanthate. A pathological secretory process is caused in this cell type in rats, when treated with this compound. Prolactine cells grow in number and volume of single cells. This is especially due to an enormous proliferation of the Golgi apparatus. In the same time, however, exocytosis of hormonal secretory granules is apparently reduced. Therefore, serum hormone level remains nearly normal.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the prolactin cells of the pituitary gland of female rats after stimulation with norethisterone enanthate]. Prolactine cells of rat anterior pituitary gland were studied with the electron microscope in thin sections and freeze-etch replicas after treatment with norethisterone-oenanthate. A pathological secretory process is caused in this cell type in rats, when treated with this compound. Prolactine cells grow in number and volume of single cells. This is especially due to an enormous proliferation of the Golgi apparatus. In the same time, however, exocytosis of hormonal secretory granules is apparently reduced. Therefore, serum hormone level remains nearly normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1203560", "title": "[Nature and evolutive aptitudes of cells of the mitotic compartment of the secondary cartilages of the mandible and maxilla of the young rat. Experience with cytotypic culture and homotransplantation].", "content": "1. Two cell types are found in the mitotic compartment of a secondary cartilage of the mandible (condylar, angular and coronoid cartilages) and of the maxillary (cartilage of the sagital suture): - the \"skeletoblast\", which bears a spontaneous tendancy to differentiate into an osteoblast, but which differentiates in vivo into a chondroblast; - the prechondroblast, originating from the skeletoblast and differentiating only into a chondroblast. 2. After homotransplantation of the condylar cartilage the skeletoblast no longer differentiates into a prechondroblast. The preexisting prechondroblast continues to mature into chondroblasts until exhaustion of the supply. The chondroblastic zone is soon replaced by \"endochondral\" bone. Mitosis of prechondroblasts soon stop in the presence of chondroblasts, probably by a chalone-like mitotic inhibitor. But, if the disappearing of the cartilage is more rapid than the transformation of prechondroblasts into chondroblasts, the prechondroblasts then resume mitosis for some time. The skeletoblast differentiates into an osteoblast when prechondroblasts have transformed into chondroblasts; only then, does it lay down periosteal-like bone.", "contents": "[Nature and evolutive aptitudes of cells of the mitotic compartment of the secondary cartilages of the mandible and maxilla of the young rat. Experience with cytotypic culture and homotransplantation]. 1. Two cell types are found in the mitotic compartment of a secondary cartilage of the mandible (condylar, angular and coronoid cartilages) and of the maxillary (cartilage of the sagital suture): - the \"skeletoblast\", which bears a spontaneous tendancy to differentiate into an osteoblast, but which differentiates in vivo into a chondroblast; - the prechondroblast, originating from the skeletoblast and differentiating only into a chondroblast. 2. After homotransplantation of the condylar cartilage the skeletoblast no longer differentiates into a prechondroblast. The preexisting prechondroblast continues to mature into chondroblasts until exhaustion of the supply. The chondroblastic zone is soon replaced by \"endochondral\" bone. Mitosis of prechondroblasts soon stop in the presence of chondroblasts, probably by a chalone-like mitotic inhibitor. But, if the disappearing of the cartilage is more rapid than the transformation of prechondroblasts into chondroblasts, the prechondroblasts then resume mitosis for some time. The skeletoblast differentiates into an osteoblast when prechondroblasts have transformed into chondroblasts; only then, does it lay down periosteal-like bone."}
{"id": "PMID:1203561", "title": "[Microglia and pericytes of the human cerebral cortex].", "content": "Biopsies of normal human cerebral cortex were fixed by aldehydes and their ultrastructure was studied. Two main types of vessels are observed, capillaries and metarterioles, and around them two types of pericytes are described: a microgliocyte-like pericyte which is either surrounded by a nervous basal membrane, or laying outside this membrane; endothelial-like pericytes which are frequently observed inside the metarterioles perivascular space and contain many lysosomes. Endothelial-like pericytes have probably a metabolic function and microgliocyte-like pericytes are more involved in a role of mechanic regulation of the microcirculation. This hypothesis is supported by the observation of a microgliocyte interposed between two endothelial processes and protuding into the vascular lumen.", "contents": "[Microglia and pericytes of the human cerebral cortex]. Biopsies of normal human cerebral cortex were fixed by aldehydes and their ultrastructure was studied. Two main types of vessels are observed, capillaries and metarterioles, and around them two types of pericytes are described: a microgliocyte-like pericyte which is either surrounded by a nervous basal membrane, or laying outside this membrane; endothelial-like pericytes which are frequently observed inside the metarterioles perivascular space and contain many lysosomes. Endothelial-like pericytes have probably a metabolic function and microgliocyte-like pericytes are more involved in a role of mechanic regulation of the microcirculation. This hypothesis is supported by the observation of a microgliocyte interposed between two endothelial processes and protuding into the vascular lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:1203569", "title": "Photochemically induced artifact in the analysis of soil for residues of organochlorine pesticides.", "content": "After solvent extraction of soil and clean-up of the extract there is a possibility of reactions being induced photochemically in the solvent phase. In one recent instance such reactions, proceeding relatively quickly during 6-8 days, produced unknown compound(s) whose retention time in a column of 10% DC-200 on 80/100 mesh Gas Chrom Q coincided with that of pp'-DDT. Such interference could be eliminated by later treatment of the extract with concentrated sulphuric acid.", "contents": "Photochemically induced artifact in the analysis of soil for residues of organochlorine pesticides. After solvent extraction of soil and clean-up of the extract there is a possibility of reactions being induced photochemically in the solvent phase. In one recent instance such reactions, proceeding relatively quickly during 6-8 days, produced unknown compound(s) whose retention time in a column of 10% DC-200 on 80/100 mesh Gas Chrom Q coincided with that of pp'-DDT. Such interference could be eliminated by later treatment of the extract with concentrated sulphuric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1203576", "title": "The chronic toxicity of methiocarb to grackles, doves, and quail and reproductive effect in quail.", "content": "Methiocarb (4-methylthio-3, 5-xylyl N-methyl carbamate, Mesurol, Bay (3744), a bird repellent, was fed in concentrations of 100 to 1,000 ppm to common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), and breeding pairs of coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) to investigate the possibility of cumulative intoxication. Although aversion to treated diets was readily apparent in most of the tests, the 28- to 30-day median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined to be greater than 100 ppm for grackles, 630 ppm (95% confidence limits, 480-830 ppm) for doves, and greater than 1,000 ppm for coturnix quail. Methiocarb appeared to be noncumulative when measured by an index of chronicity: birds consumed several LD50 doses during a day's feeding, and when deaths occurred, they appeared to be due to acute intoxication. Egg production and live chick production were not affected in coturnix fed 100 ppm but were reduced at 316 and 1,000 ppm.", "contents": "The chronic toxicity of methiocarb to grackles, doves, and quail and reproductive effect in quail. Methiocarb (4-methylthio-3, 5-xylyl N-methyl carbamate, Mesurol, Bay (3744), a bird repellent, was fed in concentrations of 100 to 1,000 ppm to common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), and breeding pairs of coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) to investigate the possibility of cumulative intoxication. Although aversion to treated diets was readily apparent in most of the tests, the 28- to 30-day median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined to be greater than 100 ppm for grackles, 630 ppm (95% confidence limits, 480-830 ppm) for doves, and greater than 1,000 ppm for coturnix quail. Methiocarb appeared to be noncumulative when measured by an index of chronicity: birds consumed several LD50 doses during a day's feeding, and when deaths occurred, they appeared to be due to acute intoxication. Egg production and live chick production were not affected in coturnix fed 100 ppm but were reduced at 316 and 1,000 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:1203578", "title": "Mercuric chloride uptake by eggs of the ricefish and resulting teratogenic effects.", "content": "Eggs collected from adult Japanese Medaka were incubated for 16 days in solutions containing 10, 15, 20, and 30 ppb mercury as mercuric chloride. The mean hatchability of control eggs was 46.7 percent. Experimental eggs incubated in 10 ppb and 15 ppb mercury had hatching percentages of 58.3 and 20.8 respectively (Chi Square = 12.8, Pless than.0005). None of the 20 ppb or 30 ppb experimental eggs hatched. Nemorrhaging, blood vessel deterioration and loss of blood cells were observed in 79 percent of the 15 ppb experimental eggs and all the 20 and 30 ppb experimental eggs. Neither the control nor the 10 ppb experimental eggs demonstrated any of these abnormalities. The LC100 for 384 hours was between 20 ppb and 30 ppb. The 10, 15, 20 and 30 ppb experimental eggs concentrated mercury directly from the incubating solution 1,600, 1,900, 2,700, and 1,900 times, respectively. The total concentration of mercury in these eggs after 16 consecutive days was 16,000, 29,000, 54,000, and 56,000 respectively.", "contents": "Mercuric chloride uptake by eggs of the ricefish and resulting teratogenic effects. Eggs collected from adult Japanese Medaka were incubated for 16 days in solutions containing 10, 15, 20, and 30 ppb mercury as mercuric chloride. The mean hatchability of control eggs was 46.7 percent. Experimental eggs incubated in 10 ppb and 15 ppb mercury had hatching percentages of 58.3 and 20.8 respectively (Chi Square = 12.8, Pless than.0005). None of the 20 ppb or 30 ppb experimental eggs hatched. Nemorrhaging, blood vessel deterioration and loss of blood cells were observed in 79 percent of the 15 ppb experimental eggs and all the 20 and 30 ppb experimental eggs. Neither the control nor the 10 ppb experimental eggs demonstrated any of these abnormalities. The LC100 for 384 hours was between 20 ppb and 30 ppb. The 10, 15, 20 and 30 ppb experimental eggs concentrated mercury directly from the incubating solution 1,600, 1,900, 2,700, and 1,900 times, respectively. The total concentration of mercury in these eggs after 16 consecutive days was 16,000, 29,000, 54,000, and 56,000 respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1203580", "title": "Movement of mirex from sediment and uptake by the hogchoker, Trinectes maculatus.", "content": "Mirex contaminated sediments of the static test retained virtually all of the insecticide over a 4 week period. About 40% of the initial concentration was lost from the sediment under constant flow conditions. Mirex in water was directly related to levels of mirex in sediment. Mirex in water reached an equilibrium during the first week and declined over the following 3 weeks. Uptake of mirex by tissues showed a dose dependent relationship. Accumulation of the insecticide increased over time and did not appear to reach an equilbrium. Residues in the muscle of fish increased significantly with time (pless than.01) and test concentration (pless than.01). Mirex in the liver of fish increased significantly with time (pless than.05) of the flow-through test. Declinging levels of mirex in water indicated mirex was absorbed from the water by the fish. Considerably more mirex, however, was gained by the fish than was lost from the water. Thus the fish probably absorbed a significant amount of mirex from the sediments.", "contents": "Movement of mirex from sediment and uptake by the hogchoker, Trinectes maculatus. Mirex contaminated sediments of the static test retained virtually all of the insecticide over a 4 week period. About 40% of the initial concentration was lost from the sediment under constant flow conditions. Mirex in water was directly related to levels of mirex in sediment. Mirex in water reached an equilibrium during the first week and declined over the following 3 weeks. Uptake of mirex by tissues showed a dose dependent relationship. Accumulation of the insecticide increased over time and did not appear to reach an equilbrium. Residues in the muscle of fish increased significantly with time (pless than.01) and test concentration (pless than.01). Mirex in the liver of fish increased significantly with time (pless than.05) of the flow-through test. Declinging levels of mirex in water indicated mirex was absorbed from the water by the fish. Considerably more mirex, however, was gained by the fish than was lost from the water. Thus the fish probably absorbed a significant amount of mirex from the sediments."}
{"id": "PMID:1203587", "title": "Determination of paraquat residues in food crops by gas chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for determining paraquat residues in lettuce, carrots and onions. The procedure is based on the extraction of the sample with 5N H2SO4 and catalytic hydrogenation of the acid extract. This is followed by column cleanup on alumina and subsequent determination by gas chromatography. Recoveries of paraquat added to lettuce, carrots and onion at 0.5, 0.1, and 0.05 ppm were between 75 to 86%, with maximum standard error of 4%. The lower limit of this method is in the 0.05 ppm range.", "contents": "Determination of paraquat residues in food crops by gas chromatography. A method is described for determining paraquat residues in lettuce, carrots and onions. The procedure is based on the extraction of the sample with 5N H2SO4 and catalytic hydrogenation of the acid extract. This is followed by column cleanup on alumina and subsequent determination by gas chromatography. Recoveries of paraquat added to lettuce, carrots and onion at 0.5, 0.1, and 0.05 ppm were between 75 to 86%, with maximum standard error of 4%. The lower limit of this method is in the 0.05 ppm range."}
{"id": "PMID:1203613", "title": "The lift lock: a device to increase the lifting ability of dual-control prostheses.", "content": "Preliminary results obtained from limited use by one amputee along with previous laboratory trials on other amputees indicate that the lift-lock principle can improve the operation of above-elbow prostheses which are body powered. A wider evaluation will be necessary to determine its full worth.", "contents": "The lift lock: a device to increase the lifting ability of dual-control prostheses. Preliminary results obtained from limited use by one amputee along with previous laboratory trials on other amputees indicate that the lift-lock principle can improve the operation of above-elbow prostheses which are body powered. A wider evaluation will be necessary to determine its full worth."}
{"id": "PMID:1203614", "title": "A voluntarily controlled electrohydraulic above-knee prosthesis.", "content": "Most above-knee amputees to date are using prostheses employing either constant friction or some type of programed hydraulic damping which the wearer has no control over and which limits his gait speeds. A new system was designed and tested in which voluntary control of a lower-limb prosthesis is derived from the EMG signals of residual thigh muscles in the stump. These signals, after suitable conditioning, open or close solenoid valves, which form a closed hydraulic loop around the damping cylinder in the knee joint. Thus, the amputee is able to voluntarily vary the resistance to knee flexion, from free swing to full lock, by operating valves controlling the resistance to flow around a hydraulic cylinder. The main advantages of this system are a variable and more aesthetic gait, stability over uneven terrain, and because the lock prevents only knee flexion, the amputee can rise on his prosthesis and so use a passive appendage as an active element of his skeleton. The results of this project demonstrate that the concept of an EMG voluntarily controlled hydraulic prosthesis is viable; however, continuing effort is required to make this system lighter, more compact, and cosmetically acceptable.", "contents": "A voluntarily controlled electrohydraulic above-knee prosthesis. Most above-knee amputees to date are using prostheses employing either constant friction or some type of programed hydraulic damping which the wearer has no control over and which limits his gait speeds. A new system was designed and tested in which voluntary control of a lower-limb prosthesis is derived from the EMG signals of residual thigh muscles in the stump. These signals, after suitable conditioning, open or close solenoid valves, which form a closed hydraulic loop around the damping cylinder in the knee joint. Thus, the amputee is able to voluntarily vary the resistance to knee flexion, from free swing to full lock, by operating valves controlling the resistance to flow around a hydraulic cylinder. The main advantages of this system are a variable and more aesthetic gait, stability over uneven terrain, and because the lock prevents only knee flexion, the amputee can rise on his prosthesis and so use a passive appendage as an active element of his skeleton. The results of this project demonstrate that the concept of an EMG voluntarily controlled hydraulic prosthesis is viable; however, continuing effort is required to make this system lighter, more compact, and cosmetically acceptable."}
{"id": "PMID:1203616", "title": "Transferring load to flesh. Part VIII. Stasis and stress.", "content": "Those who suffer peripheral vascular disease (PVD) frequently require lower-limb amputation. To prevent further difficulties with circuation, the socket and support system of the resulting artificial leg should be arranged so as to prevent impairment of blood flow. The mechanical stress factors tending to impede flow and cause stasis are investigated. An assessment is made of the relative importance of the two types of stress, normal and shear, in reducing the flow within a simulated vessel surrounded by a model flesh.", "contents": "Transferring load to flesh. Part VIII. Stasis and stress. Those who suffer peripheral vascular disease (PVD) frequently require lower-limb amputation. To prevent further difficulties with circuation, the socket and support system of the resulting artificial leg should be arranged so as to prevent impairment of blood flow. The mechanical stress factors tending to impede flow and cause stasis are investigated. An assessment is made of the relative importance of the two types of stress, normal and shear, in reducing the flow within a simulated vessel surrounded by a model flesh."}
{"id": "PMID:1203618", "title": "Physical response of SACH feet under laboratory testing.", "content": "The results of testing nine different commercially available SACH feet have been reported for purposes of improving testing techniques and standards of durability. Further studies are required to adequately define and correlate the function(s) of artificial feet, as related to levels of amputation and levels of activity, to provide the ultimate in the amputees' comfort and gait.", "contents": "Physical response of SACH feet under laboratory testing. The results of testing nine different commercially available SACH feet have been reported for purposes of improving testing techniques and standards of durability. Further studies are required to adequately define and correlate the function(s) of artificial feet, as related to levels of amputation and levels of activity, to provide the ultimate in the amputees' comfort and gait."}
{"id": "PMID:1203620", "title": "Effect of amodiaquine on gastric histamine methyltransferase and on histamine-stimulated gastric secretion.", "content": "1 Amodiaquine was found to be a potent inhibitor in vitro of gastric histamine methyltransferase from human and canine corpus and from pig antrum. The ID50 for the enzyme, purified from pig antrum mucosa by ultracentrifugation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, was 2.5 muM. 2 In six dogs with Heidenhanin pouches the maximum secretory response to histamine (40 mug/kg i.m.) was augmented by i.m. injection of amodiaquine. The augmentation depended on the dose of amodiaquine, the optimum effect (40% increase in volume of gastric juice, 80% in acid output) being achieved with 2 mg/kg. The maximum secretory response to betazole was also enhanced by amodiaquine. 3 It was suggested that amodiaquine may enhance the histamine and betazole stimulated gastric secretion by an inhibition of gastric histamine methyltransferase in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of amodiaquine on gastric histamine methyltransferase and on histamine-stimulated gastric secretion. 1 Amodiaquine was found to be a potent inhibitor in vitro of gastric histamine methyltransferase from human and canine corpus and from pig antrum. The ID50 for the enzyme, purified from pig antrum mucosa by ultracentrifugation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, was 2.5 muM. 2 In six dogs with Heidenhanin pouches the maximum secretory response to histamine (40 mug/kg i.m.) was augmented by i.m. injection of amodiaquine. The augmentation depended on the dose of amodiaquine, the optimum effect (40% increase in volume of gastric juice, 80% in acid output) being achieved with 2 mg/kg. The maximum secretory response to betazole was also enhanced by amodiaquine. 3 It was suggested that amodiaquine may enhance the histamine and betazole stimulated gastric secretion by an inhibition of gastric histamine methyltransferase in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1203621", "title": "Atypical tryptamine receptors in sheep pulmonary vein.", "content": "Both the pulmonary artery and vein of the sheep contracted dose-dependently to histamine, carbamoylcholine, prostaglandin F2a, noradrenaline and bradykinin and relaxed in the presence of isoprenaline or prostaglandin E1. 2 The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the artery was consistently to produce dose-dependent contractions without tachyphylaxis. The effect on the vein was biphasic. 5HT 5 X 10(-10) to 5 X 10(-8) M relaxed the partially constricted vein. 5-HT 10(-7) to 10(-6) m caused brief venoconstriction followed by relaxation. 5-HT greater than 10(-6) M caused dose-related contraction of the vein. 3 Methysergide effectively blocked the contractile response of the artery to 5-HT, but only weakly inhibited the contractions of the vein (dose-ratio less than 20). 4 Each of ten antagonists tested failed to inhibit the 5-HT-induced relaxation of the vein. Sheep pulmonary vein possesses tryptamine receptors which mediate relaxation and which are not of the classicl M- or D-type. These receptors appear not to be involved directly or indirectly with responses to acetylcholine, catecholamines, histamine or prostaglandins.", "contents": "Atypical tryptamine receptors in sheep pulmonary vein. Both the pulmonary artery and vein of the sheep contracted dose-dependently to histamine, carbamoylcholine, prostaglandin F2a, noradrenaline and bradykinin and relaxed in the presence of isoprenaline or prostaglandin E1. 2 The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the artery was consistently to produce dose-dependent contractions without tachyphylaxis. The effect on the vein was biphasic. 5HT 5 X 10(-10) to 5 X 10(-8) M relaxed the partially constricted vein. 5-HT 10(-7) to 10(-6) m caused brief venoconstriction followed by relaxation. 5-HT greater than 10(-6) M caused dose-related contraction of the vein. 3 Methysergide effectively blocked the contractile response of the artery to 5-HT, but only weakly inhibited the contractions of the vein (dose-ratio less than 20). 4 Each of ten antagonists tested failed to inhibit the 5-HT-induced relaxation of the vein. Sheep pulmonary vein possesses tryptamine receptors which mediate relaxation and which are not of the classicl M- or D-type. These receptors appear not to be involved directly or indirectly with responses to acetylcholine, catecholamines, histamine or prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:1203622", "title": "Behavioural changes induced in conscious mice by intracerebroventricular injection of catecholamines, acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "1 A simple method of injecting soluble substances into the lateral ventricle of the brain of the conscious mouse is described. 2 The effect of various doses of noradrenaline, dopamine, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine given into the right lateral brain ventricle were tested on locomotor and exploratory activities of mice. 3 Noradrenaline in a dose of 0.1 mug increased locomotor activity. This effect was prevented by phenoxybensamine but not by propranolol. 4 Higher doses of noradrenaline (1 or 10 mug) decreased locomotor and exploratory activities. Propranolol but not phenoxybenzamine abolished these effects. 5 Dopamine (0.1 or 1 mug) increased locomotor activity. The higher doses also induced tremor. 6 The highese dose of dopamine tested (10 mug) elicited stereotypical behaviour. 7 All the behavioural phenomena induced by 0.1 mug and 10 mug of dopamine were blocked by pimozide. 8 Acetylcholine (1 and 10 mug) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (1 mug) inhibited locomotor and exploratory activity. 9 The effects of 1 and 10 mug of acetylcholine were abolished by atropine (5 mg/kg i.p. Methysergide (5 mg/kg i.p.) had no influence on the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (1 mug).", "contents": "Behavioural changes induced in conscious mice by intracerebroventricular injection of catecholamines, acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. 1 A simple method of injecting soluble substances into the lateral ventricle of the brain of the conscious mouse is described. 2 The effect of various doses of noradrenaline, dopamine, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine given into the right lateral brain ventricle were tested on locomotor and exploratory activities of mice. 3 Noradrenaline in a dose of 0.1 mug increased locomotor activity. This effect was prevented by phenoxybensamine but not by propranolol. 4 Higher doses of noradrenaline (1 or 10 mug) decreased locomotor and exploratory activities. Propranolol but not phenoxybenzamine abolished these effects. 5 Dopamine (0.1 or 1 mug) increased locomotor activity. The higher doses also induced tremor. 6 The highese dose of dopamine tested (10 mug) elicited stereotypical behaviour. 7 All the behavioural phenomena induced by 0.1 mug and 10 mug of dopamine were blocked by pimozide. 8 Acetylcholine (1 and 10 mug) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (1 mug) inhibited locomotor and exploratory activity. 9 The effects of 1 and 10 mug of acetylcholine were abolished by atropine (5 mg/kg i.p. Methysergide (5 mg/kg i.p.) had no influence on the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (1 mug)."}
{"id": "PMID:1203623", "title": "Calcium and pancreatic secretion-dynamics of subcellur calcium pools in resting and stimulated acinar cells.", "content": "1 Pulse-chase experiments were carried out on pancreatic tissue lobules incubated in vitro, with 45Ca as the tracer, in order to shed some light on the functional significance of the calcium pools associated with the various cell organelles of the acinar cell, especially in relation to stimulus-secretion coupling. 2 The kinetics of tracer uptake and release which were observed in the intact lobules suggest the existence of a number of intracellular pools, whose rate of exchange is slower than that across teh plasmalemma. 3 The various subcellular fractions accumulate the tracer in different amounts: some (rough microsomes and postmicrosomal supernatant) showed little radioactivity and some (smooth microsomes and zymogen granule membranes) were heavily labelled; mitochondria and zymogen granules showed intermediate values. 4 The fractions are heterogeneous also in relation to the time course of uptake and release of the tracer: in rough and smooth microsomes and, especially, in the postmicrosomal supernatant both rates were fast; zymogen granules and zymogen granule membranes showed slow rates of uptake and little release during chase; intermediate rates were found in mitochondria. 5 In agreement with previous findings we observed that in 45Ca preloaded lobules, stimulation of secretion (brought about by the secretagogue polypeptide caerulein) results in an increase of the tracer release which seems to be due primarily to the rise of the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ and to the consequent increase of the transmembrane Ca2+ efflux. Among the cell fractions isolated from stimulated lobules only the mitochondria exhibited a significantly lower 45Ca level relative to the unstimulated controls. 6 It is concluded that, of the organelle-bound calcium pools, that associated with the mitochondria might be involved in the regulation of the calcium-dependent functions, including stimulus-secretion coupling; the calcium associated with the zymogen granule content probably has a role in the architecture of the organelle and in the functionality of the pancreatic juice, while the calcium bound to the membrane of the granules might be concerned with the regulation of its permeability properties.", "contents": "Calcium and pancreatic secretion-dynamics of subcellur calcium pools in resting and stimulated acinar cells. 1 Pulse-chase experiments were carried out on pancreatic tissue lobules incubated in vitro, with 45Ca as the tracer, in order to shed some light on the functional significance of the calcium pools associated with the various cell organelles of the acinar cell, especially in relation to stimulus-secretion coupling. 2 The kinetics of tracer uptake and release which were observed in the intact lobules suggest the existence of a number of intracellular pools, whose rate of exchange is slower than that across teh plasmalemma. 3 The various subcellular fractions accumulate the tracer in different amounts: some (rough microsomes and postmicrosomal supernatant) showed little radioactivity and some (smooth microsomes and zymogen granule membranes) were heavily labelled; mitochondria and zymogen granules showed intermediate values. 4 The fractions are heterogeneous also in relation to the time course of uptake and release of the tracer: in rough and smooth microsomes and, especially, in the postmicrosomal supernatant both rates were fast; zymogen granules and zymogen granule membranes showed slow rates of uptake and little release during chase; intermediate rates were found in mitochondria. 5 In agreement with previous findings we observed that in 45Ca preloaded lobules, stimulation of secretion (brought about by the secretagogue polypeptide caerulein) results in an increase of the tracer release which seems to be due primarily to the rise of the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ and to the consequent increase of the transmembrane Ca2+ efflux. Among the cell fractions isolated from stimulated lobules only the mitochondria exhibited a significantly lower 45Ca level relative to the unstimulated controls. 6 It is concluded that, of the organelle-bound calcium pools, that associated with the mitochondria might be involved in the regulation of the calcium-dependent functions, including stimulus-secretion coupling; the calcium associated with the zymogen granule content probably has a role in the architecture of the organelle and in the functionality of the pancreatic juice, while the calcium bound to the membrane of the granules might be concerned with the regulation of its permeability properties."}
{"id": "PMID:1203624", "title": "Effects of fasting, stress and drugs on gastric glycoprotein synthesis in the rat.", "content": "1 The relationship between gastric mucosal damage and synthesis of gastric glycoproteins, as measured by the rate of incorporation of N-acetyl-[3H]glucosamine, was investigated in rats after fasting and restraint stress and a single administration of aspirin (200 mg/kg, orally), phenylbutazone (200 mg/kg, orally), prednisolone (200 mg/kg, orally), or adrenaline (2 mg/kg, i.p.). In one experiment, the effects of aspirin and phenylbutazone on carbohydrate content of the glycoproteins were also determined. 2 Restraint stress, phenylbutazone and aspirin resulted in acute gastric mucosal erosions in some of the rats. Adrenaline produced severe sub-mucosal haemorrhage, but no erosions or ulceration, while prednisolone and fasting gave no gross pathology. 3 The rate of incorporation of N-acetyl-[3H]glucosamine into glycoproteins was decreased after all treatments except adrenaline. In the groups receiving restraint stress, aspirin or phenylbutazone, the decreases were more marked in rats which developed erosions than in those with no gastric pathology. 4 Aspirin and phenylbutazone also produced changes in the carbohydrate content of the glycoproteins, the effects again being greater in the rats which developed erosions. 5 The results are discussed in the context of a possible association between erosion formation and glycoprotein synthesis and it is proposed that inhibition of mucus glycoprotein biosynthesis may be one mode of action of stress and drugs in causing gastric mucosal damage.", "contents": "Effects of fasting, stress and drugs on gastric glycoprotein synthesis in the rat. 1 The relationship between gastric mucosal damage and synthesis of gastric glycoproteins, as measured by the rate of incorporation of N-acetyl-[3H]glucosamine, was investigated in rats after fasting and restraint stress and a single administration of aspirin (200 mg/kg, orally), phenylbutazone (200 mg/kg, orally), prednisolone (200 mg/kg, orally), or adrenaline (2 mg/kg, i.p.). In one experiment, the effects of aspirin and phenylbutazone on carbohydrate content of the glycoproteins were also determined. 2 Restraint stress, phenylbutazone and aspirin resulted in acute gastric mucosal erosions in some of the rats. Adrenaline produced severe sub-mucosal haemorrhage, but no erosions or ulceration, while prednisolone and fasting gave no gross pathology. 3 The rate of incorporation of N-acetyl-[3H]glucosamine into glycoproteins was decreased after all treatments except adrenaline. In the groups receiving restraint stress, aspirin or phenylbutazone, the decreases were more marked in rats which developed erosions than in those with no gastric pathology. 4 Aspirin and phenylbutazone also produced changes in the carbohydrate content of the glycoproteins, the effects again being greater in the rats which developed erosions. 5 The results are discussed in the context of a possible association between erosion formation and glycoprotein synthesis and it is proposed that inhibition of mucus glycoprotein biosynthesis may be one mode of action of stress and drugs in causing gastric mucosal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1203625", "title": "Actions of prostaglandin E2 on myocardial mechanics, coronary vascular resistance and oxygen consumption in the guinea-pig isolated heat preparation.", "content": "1 In isolated, electrically driven (3 Hz) hearts of guinea-pigs the action of prostaglandin E2 on left  ventricular pressure (LVP), oxygen consumption (Qo2) and coronary vascular resistance (CVR) was studied by establishing cumulative concentration-response curves. The hearts were perfused at a constant flow (10 ml/min) with Tyrode solution (Ca++ 1.8 mM) at 32 degrees C. 2 Under control conditions prostaglandin E2 (2.86 X10(-11) -1.43 X 10(-7) M) decreased LVP, QO2 and CVR in a concentration-dependent manner by maximally 27, 18 and 38%, respectively (P less than 0.05). 3 After reserpine pretreatment there were lower initial values for all parameters measured. The effect of prostaglandin E2 on LVP and QO2 was abolished, but CVR was further diminished, depending on the concentration. 4 The results seem to support the hypothesis of an interaction of prostaglandin E2 with endogenous catecholamines as far as the effects on LVP and QO2 are concerned. In contrast, prostaglandin E2 seems to have a direct action on CVR, which is independent of the presence of catecholamines.", "contents": "Actions of prostaglandin E2 on myocardial mechanics, coronary vascular resistance and oxygen consumption in the guinea-pig isolated heat preparation. 1 In isolated, electrically driven (3 Hz) hearts of guinea-pigs the action of prostaglandin E2 on left  ventricular pressure (LVP), oxygen consumption (Qo2) and coronary vascular resistance (CVR) was studied by establishing cumulative concentration-response curves. The hearts were perfused at a constant flow (10 ml/min) with Tyrode solution (Ca++ 1.8 mM) at 32 degrees C. 2 Under control conditions prostaglandin E2 (2.86 X10(-11) -1.43 X 10(-7) M) decreased LVP, QO2 and CVR in a concentration-dependent manner by maximally 27, 18 and 38%, respectively (P less than 0.05). 3 After reserpine pretreatment there were lower initial values for all parameters measured. The effect of prostaglandin E2 on LVP and QO2 was abolished, but CVR was further diminished, depending on the concentration. 4 The results seem to support the hypothesis of an interaction of prostaglandin E2 with endogenous catecholamines as far as the effects on LVP and QO2 are concerned. In contrast, prostaglandin E2 seems to have a direct action on CVR, which is independent of the presence of catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:1203626", "title": "Voluntary lithium intake, antidotal thirst' and concurrent behavior of rats.", "content": "1 Voluntary intake of various pair combinations of fluids (100 mM, 10 mM LiC1, 10 mM NaC1, water) and body weight was measured daily in rats. 2 More lithium was consumed when water was available. 3 When offered a lithium-sodium choice the rats did not consume significantly more saline than water on the previous trial. While saline consumption increased over the two days, lithium decreased slightly. 4 Following the lithium-only trial, water and saline were provided. Marked polydipsia was observed on the first day and the rats drank more water than saline. On the second day there was a significant drop in saline intake while water consumption returned to baseline levels. 5 Behavioural measurements overall confirmed the depressant effect of lithium: decreased ambulation and rearing and increased time spent immobile/grooming. 6 These findings are discussed with reference to lithium toxicity, which may be a comfounding variable in studies concerned with the effects of this salt on the behavior of laboratory rodents. Behavioural irritability such as aggression reported in situations using long-term lithium treatment may be reduced by provision for voluntary saline consumption.", "contents": "Voluntary lithium intake, antidotal thirst' and concurrent behavior of rats. 1 Voluntary intake of various pair combinations of fluids (100 mM, 10 mM LiC1, 10 mM NaC1, water) and body weight was measured daily in rats. 2 More lithium was consumed when water was available. 3 When offered a lithium-sodium choice the rats did not consume significantly more saline than water on the previous trial. While saline consumption increased over the two days, lithium decreased slightly. 4 Following the lithium-only trial, water and saline were provided. Marked polydipsia was observed on the first day and the rats drank more water than saline. On the second day there was a significant drop in saline intake while water consumption returned to baseline levels. 5 Behavioural measurements overall confirmed the depressant effect of lithium: decreased ambulation and rearing and increased time spent immobile/grooming. 6 These findings are discussed with reference to lithium toxicity, which may be a comfounding variable in studies concerned with the effects of this salt on the behavior of laboratory rodents. Behavioural irritability such as aggression reported in situations using long-term lithium treatment may be reduced by provision for voluntary saline consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:1203627", "title": "Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition by clorgyline, deprenil or tranylcypromine on 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in rat brain and hyperactivity following subsequent tryptophan administration.", "content": "1 The effect of various doses of tranylcypromine on the degree of inhibition of rat brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) using 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and phenylethylamine as substrates has been examined 120 min after injection of the inhibitor. The concentration of brain 5-HT was also examined both after tranylcypromine alone and also when L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) had been given 30 min after the tranylcypromine. 2 All doses of tranylcypromine greater than 2.5 mg/kg totally inhibited MAO oxidation of 5-HT, phenylethylamine and dopamine as measured in vitro and produced a similar rise of brain 5-HT in vivo. When tryptophan was also given, there was a further rise of brain 5-HT, which was comparable after all doses of tranylcypromine above 2.5 mg/kg and the characteristic syndrome of hyperactivity made is appearance. 3 Clorgyline (a \"Type A\" MAO inhibitor), in doses up to 10 mg/kg, did not totally inhibit MAO activity towards phenylethylamine although it did inhibit 5-HT oxidation by 100%. Deprenil (a \"Type B\" MAO inhibitor) at doses up to 10 mg/kg did not fully inhibit 5-HT oxidation although phenylethylamine oxidation was inhibited almost completely. Administration of either compound alone did not produce as great an accumulation of brain 5-HT as that seen after tranylcypromine (2.5 mg/kg) and subsequent administration of tryptophan did not cause hyperactivity or the rise of brain 5-HT seen after tranylcypromine (2.5 mg/kg) plus tryptophan. 4 Administration of clorgyline plus deprenil (2.5 mg/kg of each) almost totally inhibited oxidation of both 5-HT and phenylethylamine; subsequent tryptophan administration resulted in a rise of brain 5-HT nearly as great as that seen following tranylcypromine (2.5 mg/kg) plus tryptophan and the animals became hyperactive. 5 No evidence was found pointing to the formation of any other 5-substituted indole in the brain following tranylcypromine plus L-tryptophan administration as suggested by others. 6 It is concluded that while 5-HT may normally be metabolized in the brain by \"Tye A\" MAO in vivo, when this form is inhibited, 5-HT can still be metabolized by \"Type B\" enzyme. It is only when both forms are almost totally inhibited that the largest rise of brain 5-HT is seen and subsequent tryptophan administration produces the hyperactivity syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition by clorgyline, deprenil or tranylcypromine on 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in rat brain and hyperactivity following subsequent tryptophan administration. 1 The effect of various doses of tranylcypromine on the degree of inhibition of rat brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) using 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and phenylethylamine as substrates has been examined 120 min after injection of the inhibitor. The concentration of brain 5-HT was also examined both after tranylcypromine alone and also when L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) had been given 30 min after the tranylcypromine. 2 All doses of tranylcypromine greater than 2.5 mg/kg totally inhibited MAO oxidation of 5-HT, phenylethylamine and dopamine as measured in vitro and produced a similar rise of brain 5-HT in vivo. When tryptophan was also given, there was a further rise of brain 5-HT, which was comparable after all doses of tranylcypromine above 2.5 mg/kg and the characteristic syndrome of hyperactivity made is appearance. 3 Clorgyline (a \"Type A\" MAO inhibitor), in doses up to 10 mg/kg, did not totally inhibit MAO activity towards phenylethylamine although it did inhibit 5-HT oxidation by 100%. Deprenil (a \"Type B\" MAO inhibitor) at doses up to 10 mg/kg did not fully inhibit 5-HT oxidation although phenylethylamine oxidation was inhibited almost completely. Administration of either compound alone did not produce as great an accumulation of brain 5-HT as that seen after tranylcypromine (2.5 mg/kg) and subsequent administration of tryptophan did not cause hyperactivity or the rise of brain 5-HT seen after tranylcypromine (2.5 mg/kg) plus tryptophan. 4 Administration of clorgyline plus deprenil (2.5 mg/kg of each) almost totally inhibited oxidation of both 5-HT and phenylethylamine; subsequent tryptophan administration resulted in a rise of brain 5-HT nearly as great as that seen following tranylcypromine (2.5 mg/kg) plus tryptophan and the animals became hyperactive. 5 No evidence was found pointing to the formation of any other 5-substituted indole in the brain following tranylcypromine plus L-tryptophan administration as suggested by others. 6 It is concluded that while 5-HT may normally be metabolized in the brain by \"Tye A\" MAO in vivo, when this form is inhibited, 5-HT can still be metabolized by \"Type B\" enzyme. It is only when both forms are almost totally inhibited that the largest rise of brain 5-HT is seen and subsequent tryptophan administration produces the hyperactivity syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1203628", "title": "Response of rat lung to humoral mediators of anaphylaxis and its modification by drugs and sensitization.", "content": "1 The effects of humoral mediators of anaphylaxis on the bronchial function of the pithed rat have been assessed and compared with their effects in the guinea-pig and man. 2 5-Hydroxtryptamine, acetylcholine and bradykinin were bronchoconstrictor. Slow reacting substance in anaphylaxis and prostaglandin F2a caused only slight constriction at high doses and histamine was not active. 3 Bradykinin was less active in the rat than in the guinea-pig and its effects were not antagonized by anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs. 4 beta-Adrenoceptor blockade potentiated the activity of bradykinin but not that of 5-hydroxytryptamine or acetylcholine. 5 Dexamethasone reduced the activity of bradykinin but not that of 5-hydroxytryptamine or acetylcholine. 6 Sensitization with Nippostrogylus brasiliensis did not increase the sensitivity of the rat lung to the effects of mediators.", "contents": "Response of rat lung to humoral mediators of anaphylaxis and its modification by drugs and sensitization. 1 The effects of humoral mediators of anaphylaxis on the bronchial function of the pithed rat have been assessed and compared with their effects in the guinea-pig and man. 2 5-Hydroxtryptamine, acetylcholine and bradykinin were bronchoconstrictor. Slow reacting substance in anaphylaxis and prostaglandin F2a caused only slight constriction at high doses and histamine was not active. 3 Bradykinin was less active in the rat than in the guinea-pig and its effects were not antagonized by anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs. 4 beta-Adrenoceptor blockade potentiated the activity of bradykinin but not that of 5-hydroxytryptamine or acetylcholine. 5 Dexamethasone reduced the activity of bradykinin but not that of 5-hydroxytryptamine or acetylcholine. 6 Sensitization with Nippostrogylus brasiliensis did not increase the sensitivity of the rat lung to the effects of mediators."}
{"id": "PMID:1203629", "title": "Tolerance to morphine-induced calcium depletion in regional brain areas: characterization with reserpine and protein synthesis inhibitors.", "content": "1 Administration of a single dose of morphine sulphate (25 mg/kg) induces tolerance to calcium depletion lasting seven days. 2 There are no apparent changes in calcium content in any of eight discrete brain regions throughout this seven day period. 3 Pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg) did not alter the ability of morphine to induce tolerance. Reserpine alone produced no tolerance to its own calcium depleting action. 4 Cycloheximide (500 mug/kg) but not chloramphenicol (200 mg/kg) effectively prevented development of tolerance. 5 It is concluded that the induction of tolerance to calcium depletion seen after morphine may involve changes in various proteins in membranes of synaptic origin.", "contents": "Tolerance to morphine-induced calcium depletion in regional brain areas: characterization with reserpine and protein synthesis inhibitors. 1 Administration of a single dose of morphine sulphate (25 mg/kg) induces tolerance to calcium depletion lasting seven days. 2 There are no apparent changes in calcium content in any of eight discrete brain regions throughout this seven day period. 3 Pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg) did not alter the ability of morphine to induce tolerance. Reserpine alone produced no tolerance to its own calcium depleting action. 4 Cycloheximide (500 mug/kg) but not chloramphenicol (200 mg/kg) effectively prevented development of tolerance. 5 It is concluded that the induction of tolerance to calcium depletion seen after morphine may involve changes in various proteins in membranes of synaptic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1203630", "title": "Adenosine and dipyridamole actions and interactions on isolated coronary artery strips of cattle.", "content": "1 The actions and interactions of adenosine and dipyridamole were investigated on isolated strips of coronary arteries of beef cattle. It was found that small diameter arteries (about 0.5-1.0 mm o9d.), raised to a moderate level of tone with potassium, responded with relaxation to low concentrations of adenosine. 2 Dipyridamole, over a broad concentration range (6.0 X 10(-8)-2.0 X 10(-5)M), enhanced these responses, shifting the adenosine concentration-response curve (3.7 X 10(-8)-1.1 X 10(-4)M) considerably to the left. In contrast, inhibitory concentrations-response curves to sodium nitrite and to noradrenaline were not materially altered by dipyridamole. 3 Studies of the uptake of [3H]-adenosine revealed a rapid uptake of the nucleoside by coronary artery strips, which was inhibited by dipyridamole (6.0X 10(-8)-2.0X10(-5)M); but this may not be sufficient to account fully for the observed sensitization. 4 It is concluded that the regulation of adenosine responses and the action of dipyridamole in the heart involve a more direct association with coronary vascular tissue than has been previously appreciated.", "contents": "Adenosine and dipyridamole actions and interactions on isolated coronary artery strips of cattle. 1 The actions and interactions of adenosine and dipyridamole were investigated on isolated strips of coronary arteries of beef cattle. It was found that small diameter arteries (about 0.5-1.0 mm o9d.), raised to a moderate level of tone with potassium, responded with relaxation to low concentrations of adenosine. 2 Dipyridamole, over a broad concentration range (6.0 X 10(-8)-2.0 X 10(-5)M), enhanced these responses, shifting the adenosine concentration-response curve (3.7 X 10(-8)-1.1 X 10(-4)M) considerably to the left. In contrast, inhibitory concentrations-response curves to sodium nitrite and to noradrenaline were not materially altered by dipyridamole. 3 Studies of the uptake of [3H]-adenosine revealed a rapid uptake of the nucleoside by coronary artery strips, which was inhibited by dipyridamole (6.0X 10(-8)-2.0X10(-5)M); but this may not be sufficient to account fully for the observed sensitization. 4 It is concluded that the regulation of adenosine responses and the action of dipyridamole in the heart involve a more direct association with coronary vascular tissue than has been previously appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:1203631", "title": "The assessment of social breakdown in newly-admitted psychiatric patients.", "content": "This paper presents a study of patients' social and domestic functioning preceding admission to a psychiatric hospital. A method is described for the quantitative assessment of 'social breakdown' in the areas of work, domestic performance and social group activity, based on reports from the patient and from another household member. Complementary changes in the domestic tasks carried out by other family members are also investigated. The sample consisted of 28 women and 17 men. Their usual level of functioning and their degree of breakdown are related to psychiatric diagnosis on admission, to the patient's position within the family and to the social class of the household. Discrepancies between reports are also investigated in relation to these variables.", "contents": "The assessment of social breakdown in newly-admitted psychiatric patients. This paper presents a study of patients' social and domestic functioning preceding admission to a psychiatric hospital. A method is described for the quantitative assessment of 'social breakdown' in the areas of work, domestic performance and social group activity, based on reports from the patient and from another household member. Complementary changes in the domestic tasks carried out by other family members are also investigated. The sample consisted of 28 women and 17 men. Their usual level of functioning and their degree of breakdown are related to psychiatric diagnosis on admission, to the patient's position within the family and to the social class of the household. Discrepancies between reports are also investigated in relation to these variables."}
{"id": "PMID:1203632", "title": "Parental characteristics in relation to diagnosis and neurological status in childhood psychosis.", "content": "Twenty-six psychotic children were examined by means of psychological tests and EEGs. The parents of these patients were also tested with the EPI and the Grid Test of Thought Disorder. The mothers of children with the symptom of autism tended to have some cognitive disorganization, which was less common in the mothers of children without the symptom. The extraversion and neuroticism scores of all parents were not markedly different from population statistics. The incidence of EEG abnormality in the children was high and not related to diagnosis or other criteria. These findings are interpreted as providing suggestive evidence for a two-factor theory of childhood psychosis. It is postulated that a neurological disorder is a necessary condition for the development of such a disorder; and that a second process related to parental characteristics is also involved, which has the effect of determining the particular symptomatic manifestations seen in the psychotic child.", "contents": "Parental characteristics in relation to diagnosis and neurological status in childhood psychosis. Twenty-six psychotic children were examined by means of psychological tests and EEGs. The parents of these patients were also tested with the EPI and the Grid Test of Thought Disorder. The mothers of children with the symptom of autism tended to have some cognitive disorganization, which was less common in the mothers of children without the symptom. The extraversion and neuroticism scores of all parents were not markedly different from population statistics. The incidence of EEG abnormality in the children was high and not related to diagnosis or other criteria. These findings are interpreted as providing suggestive evidence for a two-factor theory of childhood psychosis. It is postulated that a neurological disorder is a necessary condition for the development of such a disorder; and that a second process related to parental characteristics is also involved, which has the effect of determining the particular symptomatic manifestations seen in the psychotic child."}
{"id": "PMID:1203633", "title": "A survey of female patients in Carstairs State Hospital.", "content": "The characteristics of the female population in Carstairs State Hospital are described. The patients were predominantly young, single and physically fit, with a history of significantly more previous psychiatric admissions than their male counterparts. Thwy showed a greater degree of violence towards both themselves and others before their admission to Carstairs; and their length of stay was much shorter. One third of the patients have an IQ of less than 70.", "contents": "A survey of female patients in Carstairs State Hospital. The characteristics of the female population in Carstairs State Hospital are described. The patients were predominantly young, single and physically fit, with a history of significantly more previous psychiatric admissions than their male counterparts. Thwy showed a greater degree of violence towards both themselves and others before their admission to Carstairs; and their length of stay was much shorter. One third of the patients have an IQ of less than 70."}
{"id": "PMID:1203634", "title": "A fifteen-year review of female admissions to Carstairs State Hospital.", "content": "A survey was made of all female admissions to the State Hospital, Carstairs, between the time of the first female admission in 1959, and 31 December 1973. There were 66 female admissions, constituting 7-1 per cent of the total admissions over the same period. The females fall into two separate sub-groups. The first consists of persistently violent patients transferred from other hospitals, suffering from mental subnormality or personality disorder; they have a poorer prognosis than the second group, who are sent from Courts or prison because of single serious acts of violence often directed at a member of the family, and who suffer from a personality disorder or from schizophrenia. Some features of the two groups are compared and contrasted. There may be an increase in the proportion of pateints in the first group being admitted to the State Hospital, and some implications of this trend are discussed.", "contents": "A fifteen-year review of female admissions to Carstairs State Hospital. A survey was made of all female admissions to the State Hospital, Carstairs, between the time of the first female admission in 1959, and 31 December 1973. There were 66 female admissions, constituting 7-1 per cent of the total admissions over the same period. The females fall into two separate sub-groups. The first consists of persistently violent patients transferred from other hospitals, suffering from mental subnormality or personality disorder; they have a poorer prognosis than the second group, who are sent from Courts or prison because of single serious acts of violence often directed at a member of the family, and who suffer from a personality disorder or from schizophrenia. Some features of the two groups are compared and contrasted. There may be an increase in the proportion of pateints in the first group being admitted to the State Hospital, and some implications of this trend are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203635", "title": "Am empirical classification of psychopathic personality.", "content": "Personality profiles of 79 non-psychotic male offenders admitted to a security hospital were subjected to a cluster analysis. Four profile types were generated, classifying four-fifths of the sample, and differences were found between the types in previous antisocial behaviour. Two of the types were identifiable as primary and secondary psychopaths, while the remaining two showed little resemblance to the concept of the psychopathic personality. The primary psychopaths were extraverted but not neurotic, while the secondary psychopaths were neurotic, but not extraverted. Both were highly impulsive but distinguished by a dimension of sociability-withdrawal.", "contents": "Am empirical classification of psychopathic personality. Personality profiles of 79 non-psychotic male offenders admitted to a security hospital were subjected to a cluster analysis. Four profile types were generated, classifying four-fifths of the sample, and differences were found between the types in previous antisocial behaviour. Two of the types were identifiable as primary and secondary psychopaths, while the remaining two showed little resemblance to the concept of the psychopathic personality. The primary psychopaths were extraverted but not neurotic, while the secondary psychopaths were neurotic, but not extraverted. Both were highly impulsive but distinguished by a dimension of sociability-withdrawal."}
{"id": "PMID:1203636", "title": "Assessment if intent--an approach to the preparation of court reports.", "content": "In a minority of persons interviewed for the purposes of a court report it will be found impossible to determine retrospectively their intention at the material time with any exactness. This in itself is an indication of an abnormal mental state when the alleged crime was committed, irrespective of how the accused may appear when interviewed later. As well as issues arising under the McNaughton Rules or Diminished Responsibility to which intention is relevant, many offences require a specific intention to be proved so that the reporting psychiatrist should enquire into the accused's intention when preparing a court report.", "contents": "Assessment if intent--an approach to the preparation of court reports. In a minority of persons interviewed for the purposes of a court report it will be found impossible to determine retrospectively their intention at the material time with any exactness. This in itself is an indication of an abnormal mental state when the alleged crime was committed, irrespective of how the accused may appear when interviewed later. As well as issues arising under the McNaughton Rules or Diminished Responsibility to which intention is relevant, many offences require a specific intention to be proved so that the reporting psychiatrist should enquire into the accused's intention when preparing a court report."}
{"id": "PMID:1203637", "title": "The social setting of hysteria.", "content": "Previous reviews of hysteria have emphasized the most severe and disabling forms and ignored evidence from a wide variety of sources. It is argued that hysteria is more prevalent in medial settings than is usually recognized, that the same psychological mechanisms are of wide occurrence, often being accepted as normal for the culture. Discussion of the social factors affecting prevalence suggests that there is a universal potential for the hysterical reaction, with individual variation in susceptibility in appropriate circumstances.", "contents": "The social setting of hysteria. Previous reviews of hysteria have emphasized the most severe and disabling forms and ignored evidence from a wide variety of sources. It is argued that hysteria is more prevalent in medial settings than is usually recognized, that the same psychological mechanisms are of wide occurrence, often being accepted as normal for the culture. Discussion of the social factors affecting prevalence suggests that there is a universal potential for the hysterical reaction, with individual variation in susceptibility in appropriate circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:1203638", "title": "Mood and whole blood adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "The claim of Hansen (1969) and Hansen and Dimitrakoudi (1974) that whole blood adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels correlate with depressed affect was examined. The findings from 84 patients failed to confirm any relationship between mood and whole blood ATP. One patient showing the highest correlation (r = 0-85; p less than 0-001) between the ATP levels and mood in the original report was re-examined; no relationship was now found (r = -0-25; p greater than 0-1).", "contents": "Mood and whole blood adenosine triphosphate. The claim of Hansen (1969) and Hansen and Dimitrakoudi (1974) that whole blood adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels correlate with depressed affect was examined. The findings from 84 patients failed to confirm any relationship between mood and whole blood ATP. One patient showing the highest correlation (r = 0-85; p less than 0-001) between the ATP levels and mood in the original report was re-examined; no relationship was now found (r = -0-25; p greater than 0-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:1203639", "title": "X-linkage and manic-depressive illness.", "content": "Thirty years ago it was suggested that the apparently higher incidence of manic-depressive illness in women might be due to X-linked heredity. The hypothesis was undermined by subsequent reports of the frequent occurrence of father to son transmission. Winokur and his associates recently revived it, providing data which indicated that such transmission is absent or rare in the bipolar form of the illness. Additional support has come from linkage studies with known genetic markers located on the X chromosome. The present study, based on the 400 parents of 100 male and 100 female bipolar manic-depressive probands, failed to discover a lack of father-son compared to other affected parent-child pairs. This finding, together with a review of the literature, would indicate that it is premature to invoke X-linked heredity as a general explanation for bipolar manic-depressive illness, though there is mounting evidence that it may account for the illness in some family pedigrees.", "contents": "X-linkage and manic-depressive illness. Thirty years ago it was suggested that the apparently higher incidence of manic-depressive illness in women might be due to X-linked heredity. The hypothesis was undermined by subsequent reports of the frequent occurrence of father to son transmission. Winokur and his associates recently revived it, providing data which indicated that such transmission is absent or rare in the bipolar form of the illness. Additional support has come from linkage studies with known genetic markers located on the X chromosome. The present study, based on the 400 parents of 100 male and 100 female bipolar manic-depressive probands, failed to discover a lack of father-son compared to other affected parent-child pairs. This finding, together with a review of the literature, would indicate that it is premature to invoke X-linked heredity as a general explanation for bipolar manic-depressive illness, though there is mounting evidence that it may account for the illness in some family pedigrees."}
{"id": "PMID:1203640", "title": "A brief psychogeriatric assessment schedule. Validation against psychiatric diagnosis and discharge from hospital.", "content": "This paper represents part of an investigation designed to establish the validity of the Clifton Assessment Scale (a brief psychogeriatric assessment procedure) and the Stockton Geriatric Rating Schedule. One hundred consecutive admissions over the age of 60 were assessed soon after admission to the acute wards of a psychiatric hospital. The results indicated a close relationship between the scores and psychiatric diagnosis. Outcome was differentiated in terms of discharge home or of transfer to psychogeriatric and to other non-psychogeriatric wards, and significant differences were obtained between groups. The assessment procedure had predicitive validity comparable with other reported procedures, with the advantages of brevity and test acceptability for an elderly population.", "contents": "A brief psychogeriatric assessment schedule. Validation against psychiatric diagnosis and discharge from hospital. This paper represents part of an investigation designed to establish the validity of the Clifton Assessment Scale (a brief psychogeriatric assessment procedure) and the Stockton Geriatric Rating Schedule. One hundred consecutive admissions over the age of 60 were assessed soon after admission to the acute wards of a psychiatric hospital. The results indicated a close relationship between the scores and psychiatric diagnosis. Outcome was differentiated in terms of discharge home or of transfer to psychogeriatric and to other non-psychogeriatric wards, and significant differences were obtained between groups. The assessment procedure had predicitive validity comparable with other reported procedures, with the advantages of brevity and test acceptability for an elderly population."}
{"id": "PMID:1203641", "title": "Methods of assessment of drug administration in a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "Previous studies have shown varying rates of discrepancy in drug administration in psychiatric hospitals, and the present survey attempted to elucidate this problem further, using two methods of investigation simultaneously. Two wards in a psychiatric hospital and one ward in a mental subnormality hospital were studied. Urine specimens were tested for psychotropic drugs, and ward drug rounds were observed to detect discrepancies in administration. Of the 266 instances of drug administraion tested for in urine specimens, prescribed drugs were not detected in 7-9 per cent of cases and non-prescribed drugs were found in another 29 instances. Observation was made of 3,689 instances of drug administration, and in 1-7 per cent of these the drug was not given or taken as prescribed, whereas no instances of ingestion of non-prescribed drugs were observed. The reasons for the discrepancies and the different results obtained by the two methods are discussed.", "contents": "Methods of assessment of drug administration in a psychiatric hospital. Previous studies have shown varying rates of discrepancy in drug administration in psychiatric hospitals, and the present survey attempted to elucidate this problem further, using two methods of investigation simultaneously. Two wards in a psychiatric hospital and one ward in a mental subnormality hospital were studied. Urine specimens were tested for psychotropic drugs, and ward drug rounds were observed to detect discrepancies in administration. Of the 266 instances of drug administraion tested for in urine specimens, prescribed drugs were not detected in 7-9 per cent of cases and non-prescribed drugs were found in another 29 instances. Observation was made of 3,689 instances of drug administration, and in 1-7 per cent of these the drug was not given or taken as prescribed, whereas no instances of ingestion of non-prescribed drugs were observed. The reasons for the discrepancies and the different results obtained by the two methods are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203642", "title": "Academic psychiatrists.", "content": "The training experiences of 35 academic psychiatrists first appointed in the years 1966-72, obtained by a postal questionnaire, are reported and compared with those of N.H.S. consultant psychiatrists appointed in the same period. The academic group reported less satisfactory training in a number of important areas, including psychogeriatrics and work in the community. Academics also differ from consultants in their fathers' socio-economic status and educational background.", "contents": "Academic psychiatrists. The training experiences of 35 academic psychiatrists first appointed in the years 1966-72, obtained by a postal questionnaire, are reported and compared with those of N.H.S. consultant psychiatrists appointed in the same period. The academic group reported less satisfactory training in a number of important areas, including psychogeriatrics and work in the community. Academics also differ from consultants in their fathers' socio-economic status and educational background."}
{"id": "PMID:1203643", "title": "The semantics of locative information in pictures and mental images.", "content": "Three experiments examined how people compare sentences about spatial location to pictures and images. Previous investigations have found that people are faster at judging relative location when the description contains the word above or right than when it contains the word below or left. Expt I showed that this asymmetry persisted when the words were replaced by arrows, indicating that the effect is not specific to particular lexical items. Expt. II showed the asymmetry persisted even when the response latency did not iclude the time to encode the description, indicating that the asymmetry does not lie in the description-encoding stage. Finally, Expt. III investigated how people compare sentences to information from a previously memorized picture. In this situation, the usual asymmetry was not present. The three studies suggest that the asymmetry arises from the way descriptions influence the encoding of perceptual events. The results also show that the information encoded in a mental representation of a picture is ordered such that certain features can be access-d more quickly than others. However, the same features are equally quickly accessed in a picture that is physically present.", "contents": "The semantics of locative information in pictures and mental images. Three experiments examined how people compare sentences about spatial location to pictures and images. Previous investigations have found that people are faster at judging relative location when the description contains the word above or right than when it contains the word below or left. Expt I showed that this asymmetry persisted when the words were replaced by arrows, indicating that the effect is not specific to particular lexical items. Expt. II showed the asymmetry persisted even when the response latency did not iclude the time to encode the description, indicating that the asymmetry does not lie in the description-encoding stage. Finally, Expt. III investigated how people compare sentences to information from a previously memorized picture. In this situation, the usual asymmetry was not present. The three studies suggest that the asymmetry arises from the way descriptions influence the encoding of perceptual events. The results also show that the information encoded in a mental representation of a picture is ordered such that certain features can be access-d more quickly than others. However, the same features are equally quickly accessed in a picture that is physically present."}
{"id": "PMID:1203644", "title": "Spatial memory by blind and sighted children.", "content": "Non-verbal recall of haptically presented spatial positions by three age groups of blind and sighted children was tested under conditions varying cueing, recall type and stimulus position in a within-subject design. Slighted status was not only significant, but interacted significantly with recall type, and further with stimulus position, consistent with sequential haptic by blind and quasi-simultaneous visual processing by sighted children. Age was significant, but its only significant interaction was a relatively small one with cueing conditions and stimulus position, suggesting that the oldest group, regardless of sightedness, used verbal strategies in pre-cued conditions. The findings support the hypothesis that visual and haptic modalities of representation have demonstrably different effects on processing and efficiency in spatial recall, but counterindicate the hypothesis that these relate differentially to age. Results also suggest that a combination of cue utilization and verbal strategies is a significant, but relatively minor, factor in improvements in spatial recall.", "contents": "Spatial memory by blind and sighted children. Non-verbal recall of haptically presented spatial positions by three age groups of blind and sighted children was tested under conditions varying cueing, recall type and stimulus position in a within-subject design. Slighted status was not only significant, but interacted significantly with recall type, and further with stimulus position, consistent with sequential haptic by blind and quasi-simultaneous visual processing by sighted children. Age was significant, but its only significant interaction was a relatively small one with cueing conditions and stimulus position, suggesting that the oldest group, regardless of sightedness, used verbal strategies in pre-cued conditions. The findings support the hypothesis that visual and haptic modalities of representation have demonstrably different effects on processing and efficiency in spatial recall, but counterindicate the hypothesis that these relate differentially to age. Results also suggest that a combination of cue utilization and verbal strategies is a significant, but relatively minor, factor in improvements in spatial recall."}
{"id": "PMID:1203645", "title": "Spatial perception in the blind.", "content": "It is often that the spatial senses (vision, hearing and the tactual senses) operate as distinct and independent modalities and, moreover, that vision is crucial to the development of spatial abilities. However, well controlled studies of blind persons with adequate experience show that they can function usefully in space. In other words, vision is not a necessary condition for spatial awareness. On the other hand, thought the blind may be equal or even superior to the sighted when performing spatial tasks within the body space, they may be deficient, either developmentally or absolutely, in tasks which involve events at a distance from the body, principally in auditory localization. One possible explanation of the differences between blind and sighted (McKinney, 1964; Attneave & Benson, 1969, Warren, 1970) is that vision is the primary spatial reference, and inputs from other modalities are fitted to a visual map. Several criticisms of this theory are adduced and an alternative theory derived from Sherrington (1947), in which all sensory inputs map on to efferent patterns, is sketched.", "contents": "Spatial perception in the blind. It is often that the spatial senses (vision, hearing and the tactual senses) operate as distinct and independent modalities and, moreover, that vision is crucial to the development of spatial abilities. However, well controlled studies of blind persons with adequate experience show that they can function usefully in space. In other words, vision is not a necessary condition for spatial awareness. On the other hand, thought the blind may be equal or even superior to the sighted when performing spatial tasks within the body space, they may be deficient, either developmentally or absolutely, in tasks which involve events at a distance from the body, principally in auditory localization. One possible explanation of the differences between blind and sighted (McKinney, 1964; Attneave & Benson, 1969, Warren, 1970) is that vision is the primary spatial reference, and inputs from other modalities are fitted to a visual map. Several criticisms of this theory are adduced and an alternative theory derived from Sherrington (1947), in which all sensory inputs map on to efferent patterns, is sketched."}
{"id": "PMID:1203646", "title": "The effects of chronological age on the relationship of intelligence and academic achievement with extraversion and neuroticism.", "content": "This study examines the possibility that the relationships of intelligence and academic achievement with both extraversion and neuroticism may vary with chronological age. A sample of 741 students in the 15-19 age group worked through a battery of four tests, two of which were tests of intelligence and two tests of achievement in chemistry. The nature of the relationships between performance on these tests and measures of extraversion, neuroticism and chronological age were then expressed as multiple regression equations. The results whoed a consistently different pattern of significant relationships for both extraversion and neuroticism with the achievement tests on the one hand and with the intelligence tests on the other. Only the performance on the two achievement tests depended upon an interaction between extraversion and chronological age. There were no such interactions involving neuroticism and chronological age.", "contents": "The effects of chronological age on the relationship of intelligence and academic achievement with extraversion and neuroticism. This study examines the possibility that the relationships of intelligence and academic achievement with both extraversion and neuroticism may vary with chronological age. A sample of 741 students in the 15-19 age group worked through a battery of four tests, two of which were tests of intelligence and two tests of achievement in chemistry. The nature of the relationships between performance on these tests and measures of extraversion, neuroticism and chronological age were then expressed as multiple regression equations. The results whoed a consistently different pattern of significant relationships for both extraversion and neuroticism with the achievement tests on the one hand and with the intelligence tests on the other. Only the performance on the two achievement tests depended upon an interaction between extraversion and chronological age. There were no such interactions involving neuroticism and chronological age."}
{"id": "PMID:1203647", "title": "Personality and differential susceptibility to hypnosis: further replication and sex differences.", "content": "Following the study of Gibson & Curran (1974), a further sample of 45 subjects were tested on the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and a slightly modified form of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS) in precisely the same way. The results in this second sample were broadly the same as those obtained in the earlier study. Combining the two samples, it was found that the sex variable provided some interesting contrasts. The power of the lie scale of the EPI to predict hypnotic susceptibility observed earlier was found to be a significant effect only for males. While there was no significant difference between the sexes in terms of the means and S.D.S. of the extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) scales, when the interaction of these scales was studied males and females differed significantly. The population from the two studies (n = 88) was analysed by means of polar coordinates in the manner suggested by Eysenck (1966) with regard to the E nad N scales. Esyenck's prediction as to hypnotic susceptibility was strikingly confirmed. These data are briefly discussed in terms of alternative approaches to hypnosis from the 'state' and the 'non-state' viewpoints.", "contents": "Personality and differential susceptibility to hypnosis: further replication and sex differences. Following the study of Gibson & Curran (1974), a further sample of 45 subjects were tested on the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and a slightly modified form of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS) in precisely the same way. The results in this second sample were broadly the same as those obtained in the earlier study. Combining the two samples, it was found that the sex variable provided some interesting contrasts. The power of the lie scale of the EPI to predict hypnotic susceptibility observed earlier was found to be a significant effect only for males. While there was no significant difference between the sexes in terms of the means and S.D.S. of the extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) scales, when the interaction of these scales was studied males and females differed significantly. The population from the two studies (n = 88) was analysed by means of polar coordinates in the manner suggested by Eysenck (1966) with regard to the E nad N scales. Esyenck's prediction as to hypnotic susceptibility was strikingly confirmed. These data are briefly discussed in terms of alternative approaches to hypnosis from the 'state' and the 'non-state' viewpoints."}
{"id": "PMID:1203648", "title": "Surgical complications of implanting pacemakers.", "content": "An analysis of the complications of implanting pacemakers at St George's Hospital between 1967 and 1973 highlights the difficulties of implanting foreign bodies. During this 7 years 1543 pacemakers were implanted in 779 adults. In 91 patients there were 118 implants with surgical complications, most of them due to a pressure necrosis or local infection; 3 septicaemias occurred. The various complications are classified and related to technique of implantation. Methods of management of the complications are presented. As an Appendix the operative techniques of first and subsequent implantations are outlined.", "contents": "Surgical complications of implanting pacemakers. An analysis of the complications of implanting pacemakers at St George's Hospital between 1967 and 1973 highlights the difficulties of implanting foreign bodies. During this 7 years 1543 pacemakers were implanted in 779 adults. In 91 patients there were 118 implants with surgical complications, most of them due to a pressure necrosis or local infection; 3 septicaemias occurred. The various complications are classified and related to technique of implantation. Methods of management of the complications are presented. As an Appendix the operative techniques of first and subsequent implantations are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1203649", "title": "The efficiency of surgical masks of varying design and composition.", "content": "Five different types of surgical mask of varying design and composition of natural and synthetic fibres were tested for their efficiency in vivo by means of a special test chamber. Contaminated particles escaping through or around the mask during speech by the wearer could be collected and sized. Analysis of the data showed that the gross efficiency of all the masks was high, but that some masks were distinctly better at small particle 'filtration' than others. There was a significant difference in efficiency between the best and worst masks. The best masks contained more fabric, were softer and were pleated, while the worst were stiffer, smaller and not pleated. Reusable cotton fabric masks were as effective as synthetic fabric masks when made to a good design.", "contents": "The efficiency of surgical masks of varying design and composition. Five different types of surgical mask of varying design and composition of natural and synthetic fibres were tested for their efficiency in vivo by means of a special test chamber. Contaminated particles escaping through or around the mask during speech by the wearer could be collected and sized. Analysis of the data showed that the gross efficiency of all the masks was high, but that some masks were distinctly better at small particle 'filtration' than others. There was a significant difference in efficiency between the best and worst masks. The best masks contained more fabric, were softer and were pleated, while the worst were stiffer, smaller and not pleated. Reusable cotton fabric masks were as effective as synthetic fabric masks when made to a good design."}
{"id": "PMID:1203650", "title": "The effect of metal clips on the tensile properties of healing skin wounds.", "content": "The effects of nylon sutures and metal skin clips on the tensile properties of healing skin wounds have been studied in the pig. Wounds closed with clips have significantly poorer mechanical properties at 5, 7 and 14 days after wounding than similar wounds in the same animal closed with interrupted nylon sutures. This difference increased progressively with the period of retention of the clips. It is also shown that in equivalent groups of 14-day wounds, those in which clips were retained after the seventh day had a lower tensile strength, poorer ability to absorb energy and a lower elastic modulus than similar wounds where clips had been removed early. No such adverse effect was noted with nylon sutures.", "contents": "The effect of metal clips on the tensile properties of healing skin wounds. The effects of nylon sutures and metal skin clips on the tensile properties of healing skin wounds have been studied in the pig. Wounds closed with clips have significantly poorer mechanical properties at 5, 7 and 14 days after wounding than similar wounds in the same animal closed with interrupted nylon sutures. This difference increased progressively with the period of retention of the clips. It is also shown that in equivalent groups of 14-day wounds, those in which clips were retained after the seventh day had a lower tensile strength, poorer ability to absorb energy and a lower elastic modulus than similar wounds where clips had been removed early. No such adverse effect was noted with nylon sutures."}
{"id": "PMID:1203651", "title": "Gangrene of the tongue following self-application of a rubber band.", "content": "A case of dry gangrene of the tongue due to self-application of an elastic rubber band in a mentally retarded child is described. As far as is known, no such case of gangrene of the tongue has been described in the English literature.", "contents": "Gangrene of the tongue following self-application of a rubber band. A case of dry gangrene of the tongue due to self-application of an elastic rubber band in a mentally retarded child is described. As far as is known, no such case of gangrene of the tongue has been described in the English literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1203652", "title": "The survival rate of men with carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "The Cancer Register for the South-West Region of England has been used to examine the survival rate of men with carcinoma of the breast, and a comparison has been made with carcinoma of the breast in women. For all men with carcinoma of the breast the prognosis is worse than for all women, but comparing the prognosis by clinical stage, the difference between men and women is small. However, the survival rate in men under 65 years of age is appreciably better than for men over 65, and for older men the survival rate is considerably less than for women over 65.", "contents": "The survival rate of men with carcinoma of the breast. The Cancer Register for the South-West Region of England has been used to examine the survival rate of men with carcinoma of the breast, and a comparison has been made with carcinoma of the breast in women. For all men with carcinoma of the breast the prognosis is worse than for all women, but comparing the prognosis by clinical stage, the difference between men and women is small. However, the survival rate in men under 65 years of age is appreciably better than for men over 65, and for older men the survival rate is considerably less than for women over 65."}
{"id": "PMID:1203653", "title": "Operative cholangiography: a reappraisal based on a review of 400 cholangiograms.", "content": "In the period 1957-72, 426 patients were operated upon for calculous disease of the biliary tract. For various reasons pre-exploratory operative cholangiography was not performed in 26 patients, but in the remaining 400 patients this examination was the major determinant as to whether or not the common duct contained calculi, and hence required exploration. Analysis of this series of 400 patients shows that without operative cholangiography (a) ductal stones would have been overlooked in 16 of the 78 patients with stones in the common duct (4 per cent of the whole series; 20-5 per cent of those with stones in the common bile duct); (b) exploration of the common duct would have been required in a further 48 (15 per cent) of the 322 patients without stones in the common duct, giving a positive yield from operative cholangiography in 64 patients (16 per cent) in the whole series. Negative exploration of the common duct was performed in only 31 patients, that is 29 per cent of the patients whose duct was explored but only 7-8 per cent of the whole group. The criteria by which an operative cholangiogram should be assessed were re-evaluated in the light of the findings in these 400 patients. In general the criteria of normality previously described were affirmed, and the following points established: a. In the absence of a filling defect the diameter of the duct is the most important indication of the presence of a stone. b. There is a statistically significant increase in the diameter of the common duct with age, and though not great this could, if neglected, give rise to error in the interpretation of the cholangiogram in younger patients. c. Even within the overall normal range of duct diameter (less than 12 mm) the wider the duct, the greater is the chance of it harbouring a stone. d. Impaired flow of contrast material into the duodenum is significantly related to duct diameter. e. Impaired flow of contrast material into the duodenum and failure to delineate the terminal segment of the duct tend to occur together; they may occur in a duct free of stones and if they are the only abnormality the examination should be repeated after the inhalation of amyl nitrite. This study confirms that operative cholangiography is the most accurate method at present available of determining whether or not the common duct contains a stone (or stones), and hence requires exploration.", "contents": "Operative cholangiography: a reappraisal based on a review of 400 cholangiograms. In the period 1957-72, 426 patients were operated upon for calculous disease of the biliary tract. For various reasons pre-exploratory operative cholangiography was not performed in 26 patients, but in the remaining 400 patients this examination was the major determinant as to whether or not the common duct contained calculi, and hence required exploration. Analysis of this series of 400 patients shows that without operative cholangiography (a) ductal stones would have been overlooked in 16 of the 78 patients with stones in the common duct (4 per cent of the whole series; 20-5 per cent of those with stones in the common bile duct); (b) exploration of the common duct would have been required in a further 48 (15 per cent) of the 322 patients without stones in the common duct, giving a positive yield from operative cholangiography in 64 patients (16 per cent) in the whole series. Negative exploration of the common duct was performed in only 31 patients, that is 29 per cent of the patients whose duct was explored but only 7-8 per cent of the whole group. The criteria by which an operative cholangiogram should be assessed were re-evaluated in the light of the findings in these 400 patients. In general the criteria of normality previously described were affirmed, and the following points established: a. In the absence of a filling defect the diameter of the duct is the most important indication of the presence of a stone. b. There is a statistically significant increase in the diameter of the common duct with age, and though not great this could, if neglected, give rise to error in the interpretation of the cholangiogram in younger patients. c. Even within the overall normal range of duct diameter (less than 12 mm) the wider the duct, the greater is the chance of it harbouring a stone. d. Impaired flow of contrast material into the duodenum is significantly related to duct diameter. e. Impaired flow of contrast material into the duodenum and failure to delineate the terminal segment of the duct tend to occur together; they may occur in a duct free of stones and if they are the only abnormality the examination should be repeated after the inhalation of amyl nitrite. This study confirms that operative cholangiography is the most accurate method at present available of determining whether or not the common duct contains a stone (or stones), and hence requires exploration."}
{"id": "PMID:1203654", "title": "Carcinoma of the duodenum: its preoperative diagnosis.", "content": "Carcinoma of the duodenum, although uncommon, can be diagnosed by direct visualization, photography of the tumour and biopsy by the fibre-duodenoscope. The duodenoscopic examination may not only distinguish carcinoma of the duodenum from pancreatic carcinoma, ampullary carcinoma and secondary tumour from an adjacent organ but will also enable a correct diagnosis to be made early in the course of the disease. It is therefore suggested that duodenoscopy and biopsy will increase the resectability and 5-year survival rate.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the duodenum: its preoperative diagnosis. Carcinoma of the duodenum, although uncommon, can be diagnosed by direct visualization, photography of the tumour and biopsy by the fibre-duodenoscope. The duodenoscopic examination may not only distinguish carcinoma of the duodenum from pancreatic carcinoma, ampullary carcinoma and secondary tumour from an adjacent organ but will also enable a correct diagnosis to be made early in the course of the disease. It is therefore suggested that duodenoscopy and biopsy will increase the resectability and 5-year survival rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1203655", "title": "Clinical features of the degenerate meniscus with the results of meniscectomy.", "content": "A series of 172 patients with an unambiguous diagnosis of horizontal cleavage lesion is reviewed, the average duration of which was 4 1/2 years. Although all the patients complained of pain, night pain and mechanical instability were not invariable. Joint line tenderness was the commonest physical sign. Whereas all but 7 per cent were either 'cured' or 'improved', nearly half the patients had persistent complaints, usually pain. The objective physical findings at review frequently failed to correspond with patients' opinions of their knees. Recovery after meniscectomy may be slow.", "contents": "Clinical features of the degenerate meniscus with the results of meniscectomy. A series of 172 patients with an unambiguous diagnosis of horizontal cleavage lesion is reviewed, the average duration of which was 4 1/2 years. Although all the patients complained of pain, night pain and mechanical instability were not invariable. Joint line tenderness was the commonest physical sign. Whereas all but 7 per cent were either 'cured' or 'improved', nearly half the patients had persistent complaints, usually pain. The objective physical findings at review frequently failed to correspond with patients' opinions of their knees. Recovery after meniscectomy may be slow."}
{"id": "PMID:1203656", "title": "Pressure measurements beneath below-knee amputation stump bandages: elastic bandaging, the Puddifoot dressing and a pneumatic bandaging technique compared.", "content": "Elastic wrap bandaging is unreliable and dangerous in terms of pressure and pressure distribution (tourniquet effect). The Puddifoot dressing is safe and is less likely to produce a tourniquet effect. The range of pressures it produces is low--possibly too low to achieve ideal moulding or oedema control. A pneumatic bandage achieved a relatively narrow range of pressures between capillary and arteriolar blood pressures. It minimized tourniquet effects and differences between skilled and unskilled bandagers. It is sufficiently promising to merit development.", "contents": "Pressure measurements beneath below-knee amputation stump bandages: elastic bandaging, the Puddifoot dressing and a pneumatic bandaging technique compared. Elastic wrap bandaging is unreliable and dangerous in terms of pressure and pressure distribution (tourniquet effect). The Puddifoot dressing is safe and is less likely to produce a tourniquet effect. The range of pressures it produces is low--possibly too low to achieve ideal moulding or oedema control. A pneumatic bandage achieved a relatively narrow range of pressures between capillary and arteriolar blood pressures. It minimized tourniquet effects and differences between skilled and unskilled bandagers. It is sufficiently promising to merit development."}
{"id": "PMID:1203664", "title": "Operative mortality and postoperative morbidity of highly selective vagotomy.", "content": "In a world-wide survey of the results of 5539 highly selective vagotomies (HSVs) performed electively for duodenal ulcer the operative mortality was found to be 0-3%. This was lower than that found in collected series after either vagotomy with drainage (0-8%) or gastric resection with or without vagotomy (over 1%). Necrosis of the lesser curvature occurred in 10 patients (0-2%) after HSV and caused death in 5(0-1%). Such necrosis is probably ischaemic in origin. Hence reperitonealisation of the raw area on the lesser curvature and prompt laparotomy if the patient develops signs of peritonitis might lower the mortality still further. Three deaths were due to pulmonary embolism, one to mesenteric vascular occlusion, and four to myocardial infarction; such deaths might be reduced by the prophylactic use of low-dose heparin. Persisting gastric stasis requiring drainage occurred in only 0-1% of the patients in the early postoperative period and in 0-6% of the patients later. Hence drainage procedures, which produce side effects such as early dumping, bilious vomiting, and diiarrhoea, could be abandoned if the mean incidence of recurrent ulceration after HSV remains close to its present level. HSV is probably the safest operation for duodenal ulcer because the alimentary tract is not opened and there is no anastomosis, suture line, or stoma.", "contents": "Operative mortality and postoperative morbidity of highly selective vagotomy. In a world-wide survey of the results of 5539 highly selective vagotomies (HSVs) performed electively for duodenal ulcer the operative mortality was found to be 0-3%. This was lower than that found in collected series after either vagotomy with drainage (0-8%) or gastric resection with or without vagotomy (over 1%). Necrosis of the lesser curvature occurred in 10 patients (0-2%) after HSV and caused death in 5(0-1%). Such necrosis is probably ischaemic in origin. Hence reperitonealisation of the raw area on the lesser curvature and prompt laparotomy if the patient develops signs of peritonitis might lower the mortality still further. Three deaths were due to pulmonary embolism, one to mesenteric vascular occlusion, and four to myocardial infarction; such deaths might be reduced by the prophylactic use of low-dose heparin. Persisting gastric stasis requiring drainage occurred in only 0-1% of the patients in the early postoperative period and in 0-6% of the patients later. Hence drainage procedures, which produce side effects such as early dumping, bilious vomiting, and diiarrhoea, could be abandoned if the mean incidence of recurrent ulceration after HSV remains close to its present level. HSV is probably the safest operation for duodenal ulcer because the alimentary tract is not opened and there is no anastomosis, suture line, or stoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1203665", "title": "Local infusion of urokinase and heparin into renal arteries in impending renal cortical necrosis.", "content": "Two patients with presumed impending cortical necrosis, after haemolytic uraemic syndrome in one and after concealed accidental haemorrhage in the other, were treated by local infusion of urokinase and heparin into the renal artery. Both recovered and one regained normal renal function. Local infusion of anticoagulants or thrombolytic drugs into one renal artery offers the possibility of a controlled examination of the efficacy of this treatment in preventing cortical necrosis.", "contents": "Local infusion of urokinase and heparin into renal arteries in impending renal cortical necrosis. Two patients with presumed impending cortical necrosis, after haemolytic uraemic syndrome in one and after concealed accidental haemorrhage in the other, were treated by local infusion of urokinase and heparin into the renal artery. Both recovered and one regained normal renal function. Local infusion of anticoagulants or thrombolytic drugs into one renal artery offers the possibility of a controlled examination of the efficacy of this treatment in preventing cortical necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203666", "title": "Plastic isolators for treatment of acute leukaemia patients under \"germ-free\" conditions.", "content": "A gnotobiotic isolation system based on those developed in veterinary research has been constructed for hospital use. Fifteen patients with leukaemia and neutropenia spent a total of 110 weeks in plastic isolators, and none acquired any infection. Endogenous flora was effectively suppressed by topical antiseptics and gastrointestinal decontamination effected with nonabsorbable antibiotics. The isolator system was acceptable to patients and staff and much cheaper than the use of sterile rooms. Other advantages of the system are portability, easy storage, and use on ordinary open wards without prejudice to the microbiological protection afforded. It is as yet uncertain whether protective environments of this type will substantially improve the outcome of treatment for the acute leukaemias.", "contents": "Plastic isolators for treatment of acute leukaemia patients under \"germ-free\" conditions. A gnotobiotic isolation system based on those developed in veterinary research has been constructed for hospital use. Fifteen patients with leukaemia and neutropenia spent a total of 110 weeks in plastic isolators, and none acquired any infection. Endogenous flora was effectively suppressed by topical antiseptics and gastrointestinal decontamination effected with nonabsorbable antibiotics. The isolator system was acceptable to patients and staff and much cheaper than the use of sterile rooms. Other advantages of the system are portability, easy storage, and use on ordinary open wards without prejudice to the microbiological protection afforded. It is as yet uncertain whether protective environments of this type will substantially improve the outcome of treatment for the acute leukaemias."}
{"id": "PMID:1203667", "title": "Value of Doppler ultrasound in diagnosis of clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "Doppler ultrasound was used to study 120 legs of 106 patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism. Venography was subsequently performed in all. DVT was confirmed by venography in 44 legs and was confined to the calf in 10 of these. Ultrasound detected three calf thromboses and 29 out of 34 more extensive thromboses. Of five undetected thrombi that were proximal to the calf one was associated with partial occlusion and four with extensive collateral circulation. Of the 76 limbs without venographic evidence of thrombosis 21 were thought to have DVT by ultrasound; 18 of these false-positive results could be attributed to external compression of veins, two to excessive tenderness precluding adequate examination; and in one no explanation was found. This test gives more accurate results than judging by clinical signs alone, but users must be aware of its limitations and, particularly, the causes of false-positive and false-negative results.", "contents": "Value of Doppler ultrasound in diagnosis of clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis. Doppler ultrasound was used to study 120 legs of 106 patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism. Venography was subsequently performed in all. DVT was confirmed by venography in 44 legs and was confined to the calf in 10 of these. Ultrasound detected three calf thromboses and 29 out of 34 more extensive thromboses. Of five undetected thrombi that were proximal to the calf one was associated with partial occlusion and four with extensive collateral circulation. Of the 76 limbs without venographic evidence of thrombosis 21 were thought to have DVT by ultrasound; 18 of these false-positive results could be attributed to external compression of veins, two to excessive tenderness precluding adequate examination; and in one no explanation was found. This test gives more accurate results than judging by clinical signs alone, but users must be aware of its limitations and, particularly, the causes of false-positive and false-negative results."}
{"id": "PMID:1203670", "title": "Management of uraemic pericarditis.", "content": "Of 250 patients undergoing haemodialysis from 1967 to 1974 17 presented with uraemic pericarditis. Seven of these patients who had been transferred early enough to peritoneal dialysis treatment were cured without pericardiectomy (mean survival 18 months (range 6-36); no deaths). Only one patient was cured from his pericarditis by \"aggressive haemodialysis.\" In seven out of 10 patients treated with haemodialysis, pericardiectomy finally had to be performed because of pericardial tamponade (postoperative survival 20 months (range 8-36); one death). Two patients died from pericardial tamponade before surgery. In patients with evidence of uraemic pericarditis frequent peritoneal dialysis with high fluid withdrawal is the treatment of choice, but in cardiac tamponade pericardiectomy should follow a preoperative pericardiocentesis with limited fluid aspiration. Of possible significance in the aetiology of pericarditis were the findings that 10 of the 17 patients had hypertension with cardiac enlargement and that 14 presented with evidence of underdialysis, possibly due to the reuse of dialysis components.", "contents": "Management of uraemic pericarditis. Of 250 patients undergoing haemodialysis from 1967 to 1974 17 presented with uraemic pericarditis. Seven of these patients who had been transferred early enough to peritoneal dialysis treatment were cured without pericardiectomy (mean survival 18 months (range 6-36); no deaths). Only one patient was cured from his pericarditis by \"aggressive haemodialysis.\" In seven out of 10 patients treated with haemodialysis, pericardiectomy finally had to be performed because of pericardial tamponade (postoperative survival 20 months (range 8-36); one death). Two patients died from pericardial tamponade before surgery. In patients with evidence of uraemic pericarditis frequent peritoneal dialysis with high fluid withdrawal is the treatment of choice, but in cardiac tamponade pericardiectomy should follow a preoperative pericardiocentesis with limited fluid aspiration. Of possible significance in the aetiology of pericarditis were the findings that 10 of the 17 patients had hypertension with cardiac enlargement and that 14 presented with evidence of underdialysis, possibly due to the reuse of dialysis components."}
{"id": "PMID:1203672", "title": "Geriatric patients in an acute medical ward.", "content": "During a nine-month study 160 out of 482 bed-weeks in an acute medical ward were accounted for by 11 patients who no longer needed to be there. This was unsatisfactory both for the 11 patients concerned and for those patients requiring admission for whom the beds were blocked.", "contents": "Geriatric patients in an acute medical ward. During a nine-month study 160 out of 482 bed-weeks in an acute medical ward were accounted for by 11 patients who no longer needed to be there. This was unsatisfactory both for the 11 patients concerned and for those patients requiring admission for whom the beds were blocked."}
{"id": "PMID:1203673", "title": "Ambulatory electrocardiographic records in patients with transient cerebral attacks or palpitation.", "content": "Continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) records were made over 24 hours in 130 ambulant outpatients complaining of syncope, dizzy turns, or palpitation. In all these patients resting ECGs had failed to show significant dysrhythmias. Exercise testing was performed on 64 patients and also failed to reveal any dysrhythmias. Analysis of the tape recordings, however, showed appreciable dysrhythmias in 74% of the group. In most cases the dysrhythmias were complex mixtures of rapid supraventricular and ventricular rhythms. bouts of ventricular tachycardia were seen in seven patients, all of whom were women. Episodic complete heart block was seen in only two patients, but prolonged ventricular gaps (greater than 1-5 s), not associated with ectopic beats, were found in 26. No episodes of ventricular fibrillation were recorded. We conclude that many patients with vague symptoms suggestive of transient cerebral ischaemia or irregular heart action have significant and often dangerous dysrhythmias which can be diagnosed only by long-term recording of the ECG under fully ambulant conditions.", "contents": "Ambulatory electrocardiographic records in patients with transient cerebral attacks or palpitation. Continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) records were made over 24 hours in 130 ambulant outpatients complaining of syncope, dizzy turns, or palpitation. In all these patients resting ECGs had failed to show significant dysrhythmias. Exercise testing was performed on 64 patients and also failed to reveal any dysrhythmias. Analysis of the tape recordings, however, showed appreciable dysrhythmias in 74% of the group. In most cases the dysrhythmias were complex mixtures of rapid supraventricular and ventricular rhythms. bouts of ventricular tachycardia were seen in seven patients, all of whom were women. Episodic complete heart block was seen in only two patients, but prolonged ventricular gaps (greater than 1-5 s), not associated with ectopic beats, were found in 26. No episodes of ventricular fibrillation were recorded. We conclude that many patients with vague symptoms suggestive of transient cerebral ischaemia or irregular heart action have significant and often dangerous dysrhythmias which can be diagnosed only by long-term recording of the ECG under fully ambulant conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1203698", "title": "Primary ventricular fibrillation and resumption of work, sexual activity, and driving after first acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The resumption of work, sexual activity, and driving were studied in 32 patients who had suffered primary ventricular fibrillation after their first myocardial infarction. They were compared with 95 patients whose myocardial infarction was not so complicated. Though initially slowing rehabilitation, primary ventricular fibrillation did not affect ultimately either the return to work or the resumption of normal sexual activity and driving.", "contents": "Primary ventricular fibrillation and resumption of work, sexual activity, and driving after first acute myocardial infarction. The resumption of work, sexual activity, and driving were studied in 32 patients who had suffered primary ventricular fibrillation after their first myocardial infarction. They were compared with 95 patients whose myocardial infarction was not so complicated. Though initially slowing rehabilitation, primary ventricular fibrillation did not affect ultimately either the return to work or the resumption of normal sexual activity and driving."}
{"id": "PMID:1203699", "title": "Lactic acidosis complicating treatment of ketosis of labour.", "content": "Hypertonic glucose, fructose, and sorbitol solutions were given intravenously to women in the first stage of labour who had ketonuria and ketonaemia as evidenced by a raised blood acetoacetate and 3-hydrosybutyrate. There was no difference in the antiketogenic action of these, which was rapid and effective, but when compared with a control group who were given normal saline they had a high incidence of hyperlactataemia, and nine out of 28 patients developed lactic acidosis after the infusions. The \"lactatogenic\" effect was shared by all three substrates, and when they are used in the treatment of ketosis of labour, and the mother develops lactic acidosis, they might exacerbate pre-existing lactic acidosis and precipitate fetal distress.", "contents": "Lactic acidosis complicating treatment of ketosis of labour. Hypertonic glucose, fructose, and sorbitol solutions were given intravenously to women in the first stage of labour who had ketonuria and ketonaemia as evidenced by a raised blood acetoacetate and 3-hydrosybutyrate. There was no difference in the antiketogenic action of these, which was rapid and effective, but when compared with a control group who were given normal saline they had a high incidence of hyperlactataemia, and nine out of 28 patients developed lactic acidosis after the infusions. The \"lactatogenic\" effect was shared by all three substrates, and when they are used in the treatment of ketosis of labour, and the mother develops lactic acidosis, they might exacerbate pre-existing lactic acidosis and precipitate fetal distress."}
{"id": "PMID:1203700", "title": "Current \"corrected\" calcium concept challenged.", "content": "There is wide individual variation in the number of millimoles of calcium bound per gram of albumin in the serum. Individual regression coefficients for serum calcium concentration on serum albumin concentration have been determined in 62 people (25 of our own patients and 37 reported by others). The 95 percentile range was 0-007-0-053 mmol/g, with a median value of 0-025 mmol/g. Accordingly, it is not valid to \"correct\" a person's measured serum total calcium concentration for variations in serum albumin concentration using an average regression coefficient. Rather, the individual's own regression coefficient must be used. A tourniquet test seems to be the simplest technique for determining this value. Even then, precise interpretation of an individual's corrected serum calcium concentration is possible only when an appropriate reference range for corrected serum calcium concentration has been established. Such an appropriate reference range must be determined from an adequate number of normal people using the individual's own correction factor in each case.", "contents": "Current \"corrected\" calcium concept challenged. There is wide individual variation in the number of millimoles of calcium bound per gram of albumin in the serum. Individual regression coefficients for serum calcium concentration on serum albumin concentration have been determined in 62 people (25 of our own patients and 37 reported by others). The 95 percentile range was 0-007-0-053 mmol/g, with a median value of 0-025 mmol/g. Accordingly, it is not valid to \"correct\" a person's measured serum total calcium concentration for variations in serum albumin concentration using an average regression coefficient. Rather, the individual's own regression coefficient must be used. A tourniquet test seems to be the simplest technique for determining this value. Even then, precise interpretation of an individual's corrected serum calcium concentration is possible only when an appropriate reference range for corrected serum calcium concentration has been established. Such an appropriate reference range must be determined from an adequate number of normal people using the individual's own correction factor in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:1203701", "title": "Effect on adrenal function of topically applied clobetasol propionate (Dermovate).", "content": "Thirty-nine patients (15 outpatients and 24 inpatients) with a variety of skin diseases affecting variable areas of the body surface were treated with clobetasol propionate ointment (Dermovate). Before and after treatment the adrenal response to an intramuscular injection of tetracosactrin was rested and additional 9 am plasma cortisol levels were measured at intervals during treatment. A satisfactory initial therapeutic response was achieved in almost all cases during the trial period. When more than 50 g of ointment a week was used a significant number of patients developed adrenal suppression. WHen less than 50 g per week was used any suppression tended to be transtion. These cysts may be the cause of this condition, producing abnormal amounts of ovarian steroids which modify the pituitary response. Futher studies are needed, however, to determine this possibility.", "contents": "Effect on adrenal function of topically applied clobetasol propionate (Dermovate). Thirty-nine patients (15 outpatients and 24 inpatients) with a variety of skin diseases affecting variable areas of the body surface were treated with clobetasol propionate ointment (Dermovate). Before and after treatment the adrenal response to an intramuscular injection of tetracosactrin was rested and additional 9 am plasma cortisol levels were measured at intervals during treatment. A satisfactory initial therapeutic response was achieved in almost all cases during the trial period. When more than 50 g of ointment a week was used a significant number of patients developed adrenal suppression. WHen less than 50 g per week was used any suppression tended to be transtion. These cysts may be the cause of this condition, producing abnormal amounts of ovarian steroids which modify the pituitary response. Futher studies are needed, however, to determine this possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:1203702", "title": "The monocystic ovary syndrome.", "content": "Three patients with oligomenorrhoea and hirsutism thought to have the polycystic ovary syndrome were found to have only one ovarian cyst. Endocrine findings were similar to those found in the polycystic syndrome, but apart from the single cyst the ovaries were histologically normal; a biopsy specimen of a cyst showed normal follicular appearances and no evidence of luteinisation. These cysts may be the cause of this condition, producing abnormal amounts of ovarian steroids which modify the pituitary response. Further studies are needed, however, to determine this possibility.", "contents": "The monocystic ovary syndrome. Three patients with oligomenorrhoea and hirsutism thought to have the polycystic ovary syndrome were found to have only one ovarian cyst. Endocrine findings were similar to those found in the polycystic syndrome, but apart from the single cyst the ovaries were histologically normal; a biopsy specimen of a cyst showed normal follicular appearances and no evidence of luteinisation. These cysts may be the cause of this condition, producing abnormal amounts of ovarian steroids which modify the pituitary response. Further studies are needed, however, to determine this possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:1203720", "title": "Edinburgh emergency asthma admission service.", "content": "In December 1968 an emergency service was set up in Edinburgh to enable patients with severe asthma to be admitted to hospital without delay. Up to 31 August 1975, 82 such patients had been admitted on 162 occasions, on 116 without the intervention of a general practitioner. The service is extended to patients particularly at risk of developing fatal asthma, and since it began no patient has died from asthma outside hospital. One patient, however, died from tension pneumothorax that developed after admission. We believe that similar services should be available throughout Britain.", "contents": "Edinburgh emergency asthma admission service. In December 1968 an emergency service was set up in Edinburgh to enable patients with severe asthma to be admitted to hospital without delay. Up to 31 August 1975, 82 such patients had been admitted on 162 occasions, on 116 without the intervention of a general practitioner. The service is extended to patients particularly at risk of developing fatal asthma, and since it began no patient has died from asthma outside hospital. One patient, however, died from tension pneumothorax that developed after admission. We believe that similar services should be available throughout Britain."}
{"id": "PMID:1203721", "title": "Renal masses and ultrasound.", "content": "Among the first 111 patients with renal masses examined by ultrasound most renal cysts (98%) and carcinomas (86%) were correctly detected. Diagnostic accuracy was high when ultrasound predicted a renal cyst (97%), but renal carcinoma accounted for only 60% of the complex echo masses found. Ultrasound was used as the primary, non-invasive test for the selection of outpatients with simple renal cysts for diagnostic puncture and for the selection of those with complex renal masses for more elaborate and expensive inpatient investigation. Ultrasound is not infallible but a safe diagnostic pathway may be drawn up in which ultrasound errors are not allowed to lead to diagnostic disasters. This approach reduced the use of arteriography for renal masses by two-thirds. With care the diagnosis of the common chance finding of a renal mass can be made simpler, safer, and cheaper.", "contents": "Renal masses and ultrasound. Among the first 111 patients with renal masses examined by ultrasound most renal cysts (98%) and carcinomas (86%) were correctly detected. Diagnostic accuracy was high when ultrasound predicted a renal cyst (97%), but renal carcinoma accounted for only 60% of the complex echo masses found. Ultrasound was used as the primary, non-invasive test for the selection of outpatients with simple renal cysts for diagnostic puncture and for the selection of those with complex renal masses for more elaborate and expensive inpatient investigation. Ultrasound is not infallible but a safe diagnostic pathway may be drawn up in which ultrasound errors are not allowed to lead to diagnostic disasters. This approach reduced the use of arteriography for renal masses by two-thirds. With care the diagnosis of the common chance finding of a renal mass can be made simpler, safer, and cheaper."}
{"id": "PMID:1203726", "title": "Abdominal surgical emergencies in the puerperium.", "content": "Since surgical emergencies in the puerperium are rare, surgeons and obstetricians amass little experience of them. There may be considerable delay in making a diagnosis, firstly, because the abdominal symptoms are thought to be related to the pregnancy, and, secondly, because the signs are rarely convincing in contrast to the symptoms. Any of the common surgical emergencies may occur in pregnancy and the puerperium and there are some others that appear to be a particullar problem of the puerperium.", "contents": "Abdominal surgical emergencies in the puerperium. Since surgical emergencies in the puerperium are rare, surgeons and obstetricians amass little experience of them. There may be considerable delay in making a diagnosis, firstly, because the abdominal symptoms are thought to be related to the pregnancy, and, secondly, because the signs are rarely convincing in contrast to the symptoms. Any of the common surgical emergencies may occur in pregnancy and the puerperium and there are some others that appear to be a particullar problem of the puerperium."}
{"id": "PMID:1203727", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment of female infertility: report of 13 pregnancies.", "content": "Thirteen pregnancies occurred in 12 women who were treated with bromocriptine for infertility. Pretreatment prolactin levels were recorded in 11 patients and were normal in three. Five patients had suspected pituitary tumours, and they received irradiation to prevent swelling of the pituitary and the consequent visual field defects caused by the pressure of the swollen gland on the optic nerve. Ten of the 13 pregnancies have come to term, and all the babies were normal. When a patient with a pituitary tumour developed a visual field defect in the 38th week of pregnancy labour was induced and the defect disappeared after delivery. No multiple pregnancies occurred and there were no major complications.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment of female infertility: report of 13 pregnancies. Thirteen pregnancies occurred in 12 women who were treated with bromocriptine for infertility. Pretreatment prolactin levels were recorded in 11 patients and were normal in three. Five patients had suspected pituitary tumours, and they received irradiation to prevent swelling of the pituitary and the consequent visual field defects caused by the pressure of the swollen gland on the optic nerve. Ten of the 13 pregnancies have come to term, and all the babies were normal. When a patient with a pituitary tumour developed a visual field defect in the 38th week of pregnancy labour was induced and the defect disappeared after delivery. No multiple pregnancies occurred and there were no major complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1203728", "title": "Bites by puff-adder (Bitis arietans) in Nigeria, and value of antivenom.", "content": "Ten patients bitten by the puff-adder (Bitis arietans) were studied in the North of Nigeria. Six showed severe local signs, and four also had evidence of systemic envenoming, including spontaneous bleeding with thrombocytopenia, hypotension, and bradycardia. Two patients died after developing circulatory collapse and renal failure. Antivenom and intravenous fluid restored blood pressure in two hypotensive patients, and antivenom probably prevented the development of local necrosis in four others with massive local swelling. Victims of B arietans who have swelling of more than half the bitten limb or show signs of systemic envenoming should be given at least 80 ml of specific polyvalent antivenom and watched carefully for signs of circulatory collapse. Debridement of necrotic tissue may be necessary.", "contents": "Bites by puff-adder (Bitis arietans) in Nigeria, and value of antivenom. Ten patients bitten by the puff-adder (Bitis arietans) were studied in the North of Nigeria. Six showed severe local signs, and four also had evidence of systemic envenoming, including spontaneous bleeding with thrombocytopenia, hypotension, and bradycardia. Two patients died after developing circulatory collapse and renal failure. Antivenom and intravenous fluid restored blood pressure in two hypotensive patients, and antivenom probably prevented the development of local necrosis in four others with massive local swelling. Victims of B arietans who have swelling of more than half the bitten limb or show signs of systemic envenoming should be given at least 80 ml of specific polyvalent antivenom and watched carefully for signs of circulatory collapse. Debridement of necrotic tissue may be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1203747", "title": "Morphology and size-distribution of sound and acid-treated enamel crystallites.", "content": "Citric acid dissolves crystallites of enamel by initially etching out approximately hexagonal holes in the core of the crystallites, parallel to their long axis. Such acid-treatment influences the crystallite diameter only slightly since the distribution of the diameters of crystallites with a hollow core is not essentially different from those found in sound enamel. In both cases, the average diameter is 37 nm. Crystallites having a central defect and an outer diameter of about 40 nm are split into two parts of approximatley 15 nm in diameter following acid treatment. The central defect is caused exclusively by the acid and not by damage from the electron beam, nor by a combination of acid treatment and electron beam damage.", "contents": "Morphology and size-distribution of sound and acid-treated enamel crystallites. Citric acid dissolves crystallites of enamel by initially etching out approximately hexagonal holes in the core of the crystallites, parallel to their long axis. Such acid-treatment influences the crystallite diameter only slightly since the distribution of the diameters of crystallites with a hollow core is not essentially different from those found in sound enamel. In both cases, the average diameter is 37 nm. Crystallites having a central defect and an outer diameter of about 40 nm are split into two parts of approximatley 15 nm in diameter following acid treatment. The central defect is caused exclusively by the acid and not by damage from the electron beam, nor by a combination of acid treatment and electron beam damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1203748", "title": "Hypercalcemic effect of catecholamines and its prevention by thyrocalcitonin.", "content": "Earlier work by others has shown that the catecholamines, epinephrine and isoproterenol, can raise blood calcium levels in parathyroidectomized but not intact rats, and can restrict the hypocalcemic effect of injected thyrocalcitonin (TCT). The present findings support this earlier work, further showing that such catecholamines can produce hypercalcemia in rats after removal of the thyroid gland by acute thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) and indicating that these drugs may raise blood calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone. Rats were fasted overnight, subjected to TPTX and concurrently injected with adrenergic agonist or antagonist drugs alone or in combination. Epinephrine, isoproterenol, and the beta-2 adrenergic agonist, salbutamol, in doses greater than or equal to 1 mg/kg raised blood calcium from low normal levels (approximately 9-10 mg/100 ml) by 1.5 to 2 mg/100 ml (p less than 0.01). Hypercalcemia was apparent by 1 hour after injection and lasted for 1-4 hours. The extent of Ca elevation was dose-related. Pretreatment of rats with the alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, enhanced the effect of epinephrine while pretreatment with the beta-antagonist, propranolol, reduced the effect of isoproterenol. The more selective beta-2 antagonist, butoxamine, but not the beta-1 antagonist, practolol, also reduced the hypercalcemic effect of isoproterenol in TPTX rats. These results suggest that catecholamine-induced hypercalcemia in TPTX rats is mediated by beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Related studies using rats prelabeled with 45Ca further suggest that the catecholamines, like parathyroid hormone, may act to raise blood calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone. The fact that these catecholamines could induce marked hypercalcemia in acutely TPTX rats but not in intact rats indicated that endogenous TCT protects the thyroid intact rat against hypercalcemia. The present findings support this idea in showing that isoproterenol and salbutamol raised levels of immunoreactive rat TCT in both thyroid venous and peripheral blood. Catecholamines apparently can promote TCT secretion, either directly or by a small transient increase in blood calcium. This, in turem, acts to combat hypercalcemia in thhroid-intact rats.", "contents": "Hypercalcemic effect of catecholamines and its prevention by thyrocalcitonin. Earlier work by others has shown that the catecholamines, epinephrine and isoproterenol, can raise blood calcium levels in parathyroidectomized but not intact rats, and can restrict the hypocalcemic effect of injected thyrocalcitonin (TCT). The present findings support this earlier work, further showing that such catecholamines can produce hypercalcemia in rats after removal of the thyroid gland by acute thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) and indicating that these drugs may raise blood calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone. Rats were fasted overnight, subjected to TPTX and concurrently injected with adrenergic agonist or antagonist drugs alone or in combination. Epinephrine, isoproterenol, and the beta-2 adrenergic agonist, salbutamol, in doses greater than or equal to 1 mg/kg raised blood calcium from low normal levels (approximately 9-10 mg/100 ml) by 1.5 to 2 mg/100 ml (p less than 0.01). Hypercalcemia was apparent by 1 hour after injection and lasted for 1-4 hours. The extent of Ca elevation was dose-related. Pretreatment of rats with the alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, enhanced the effect of epinephrine while pretreatment with the beta-antagonist, propranolol, reduced the effect of isoproterenol. The more selective beta-2 antagonist, butoxamine, but not the beta-1 antagonist, practolol, also reduced the hypercalcemic effect of isoproterenol in TPTX rats. These results suggest that catecholamine-induced hypercalcemia in TPTX rats is mediated by beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Related studies using rats prelabeled with 45Ca further suggest that the catecholamines, like parathyroid hormone, may act to raise blood calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone. The fact that these catecholamines could induce marked hypercalcemia in acutely TPTX rats but not in intact rats indicated that endogenous TCT protects the thyroid intact rat against hypercalcemia. The present findings support this idea in showing that isoproterenol and salbutamol raised levels of immunoreactive rat TCT in both thyroid venous and peripheral blood. Catecholamines apparently can promote TCT secretion, either directly or by a small transient increase in blood calcium. This, in turem, acts to combat hypercalcemia in thhroid-intact rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1203749", "title": "Transmembrane bone matrix gelatin-induced differentiation of bone.", "content": "In response to chemically-defined bone matrix gelatin (BMG) inside a diffusion chamber implanted in a muscle pouch, mesenchymal cells migrate directionally, aggregate and differentiate into new bone, on the outside of the chamber. BMG diffuses through double membranes 275 to 300 mum in thickness. The inner membrane of pore size is 0.025 mum and the outer membrane of pore size is 0.45 mum. The inner membrane is 1/20 the pore size and the combination is twice the thickness of membranes previously reported to transfer osteoinductive activity of living cells. Autoradiographs show 35S-cysteine-labelled BMG produces very high trans-membrane grain counts while 3H-proline labelled BMG produces very low transmembrane grain counts. Electron micrographs demonstrate that gelatin-derived, uranyl-acetate-stained fine granules interspersed with ruthenium red-staining coarse granules, diffuse through the membrane of 0.025 mum pore size from the inside out. Solitary pale-staining collagen fibrils, possibly formed in interstitial fluid by renaturation of BMG are found in the interior of the chamber and in the interior of the outer 0.45 mum but not the inner 0.025 mum pore size membrane. Densely-stained new bone collagen fiber bundles cover the outer membrane, fill the 0.45 mum subsurface pores for a depth of 0.20 to 30 mum, and thereby attach the new cartilage and bone deposits to the outer surface of the chamber. BMG powders solubilize rapidly in diffusion chambers and produce high yields of new bone. The relationship between denatured collagen and renatured gelatin fibrils in the process of transfer of the bone morphogen from BMG to mesenchymal cell receptors is an intriguing subject for further investigation.", "contents": "Transmembrane bone matrix gelatin-induced differentiation of bone. In response to chemically-defined bone matrix gelatin (BMG) inside a diffusion chamber implanted in a muscle pouch, mesenchymal cells migrate directionally, aggregate and differentiate into new bone, on the outside of the chamber. BMG diffuses through double membranes 275 to 300 mum in thickness. The inner membrane of pore size is 0.025 mum and the outer membrane of pore size is 0.45 mum. The inner membrane is 1/20 the pore size and the combination is twice the thickness of membranes previously reported to transfer osteoinductive activity of living cells. Autoradiographs show 35S-cysteine-labelled BMG produces very high trans-membrane grain counts while 3H-proline labelled BMG produces very low transmembrane grain counts. Electron micrographs demonstrate that gelatin-derived, uranyl-acetate-stained fine granules interspersed with ruthenium red-staining coarse granules, diffuse through the membrane of 0.025 mum pore size from the inside out. Solitary pale-staining collagen fibrils, possibly formed in interstitial fluid by renaturation of BMG are found in the interior of the chamber and in the interior of the outer 0.45 mum but not the inner 0.025 mum pore size membrane. Densely-stained new bone collagen fiber bundles cover the outer membrane, fill the 0.45 mum subsurface pores for a depth of 0.20 to 30 mum, and thereby attach the new cartilage and bone deposits to the outer surface of the chamber. BMG powders solubilize rapidly in diffusion chambers and produce high yields of new bone. The relationship between denatured collagen and renatured gelatin fibrils in the process of transfer of the bone morphogen from BMG to mesenchymal cell receptors is an intriguing subject for further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203750", "title": "Mineralization of invertebrate cartilage.", "content": "Although invertebrate cartilage tissues do not mineralize in nature, it is now reported for the first time that when excised gill cartilage tissue from Limulus (horse shoe crab) is placed in an appropriate incubation medium metastable to hydroxyapatite, mineralization will occur. The mineralization is temperature dependent, and takes place at 37 degrees but not at 20 degrees. Incubations in media metastable to calcite have not produced mineralization. Histologic examination of mineralized tissues showed mineral deposits predominantly within cells, and to a lesser extent in the matrix. X-ray diffraction of the deposited mineral revealed a typical biological hydroxyapatite pattern.", "contents": "Mineralization of invertebrate cartilage. Although invertebrate cartilage tissues do not mineralize in nature, it is now reported for the first time that when excised gill cartilage tissue from Limulus (horse shoe crab) is placed in an appropriate incubation medium metastable to hydroxyapatite, mineralization will occur. The mineralization is temperature dependent, and takes place at 37 degrees but not at 20 degrees. Incubations in media metastable to calcite have not produced mineralization. Histologic examination of mineralized tissues showed mineral deposits predominantly within cells, and to a lesser extent in the matrix. X-ray diffraction of the deposited mineral revealed a typical biological hydroxyapatite pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:1203751", "title": "Uptake of 99mTe-Sn-EHDP in beagles with advanced periodontal disease.", "content": "Bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals were used in conjunction with skeletal imaging techniques to study bone mineral metabolism in beagle jaws. In beagles with chronic destructive periodontal disease, the tooth-supporting bone exhibited an increased uptake of technetium-99m-tin-diphosphonate when compared to control dogs. Scan images of soft tissue and vascular pools in the diseased jaws were normal. When quantitative densitometric data derived from bone scan images were compared, it was found that values reflecting radionuclide uptake in dogs with chronic destructive periodontal disease were six times greater than corresponding values in control dogs.", "contents": "Uptake of 99mTe-Sn-EHDP in beagles with advanced periodontal disease. Bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals were used in conjunction with skeletal imaging techniques to study bone mineral metabolism in beagle jaws. In beagles with chronic destructive periodontal disease, the tooth-supporting bone exhibited an increased uptake of technetium-99m-tin-diphosphonate when compared to control dogs. Scan images of soft tissue and vascular pools in the diseased jaws were normal. When quantitative densitometric data derived from bone scan images were compared, it was found that values reflecting radionuclide uptake in dogs with chronic destructive periodontal disease were six times greater than corresponding values in control dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1203752", "title": "Anti-inflammatory steroids, lysosomal stabilization and parachor.", "content": "Parachor is an additive constitutive property of a molecule and is related to the molar volume and the surface tension. The parachor of a steroid can be calculated from its constituent atoms and bonds. The parachor of a biologically active molecule is related to the ability of that molecule to permeate hydrophobic regions of cells, especially cellular membranes. An examination of the parachor values of a large number of steroids shows that these values are correlated with a number of different biological activities, from independent sources. The ability of steroids to release lysosomal enzymes from isolated lysosomes in vitro is inversely related to the parachor of the steroid. A similar relationship holds for the release of lysosomal beta-glucoronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) from isolated lysosomes of rat preputial gland following in vivo administration of steroids. The relative anti-inflammatory potencies of steroids by several assay methods are directly proportional to their parachors. The relative ability of corticosteroids to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and to swell isolated mitochondria in vitro show a direct proportionality with the steroidal parachor. The percutaneous absorptions of steroids show good correlation with parachors, stratum corneum-water partition coefficients and amylcaproate-water partition coefficients; but not with hexadecane-water partition coefficients. The application of parachor as a structure-activity correlation parameter in drug design is likely to yield useful information. The advantages and limitations of the calculated parachor method are discussed.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory steroids, lysosomal stabilization and parachor. Parachor is an additive constitutive property of a molecule and is related to the molar volume and the surface tension. The parachor of a steroid can be calculated from its constituent atoms and bonds. The parachor of a biologically active molecule is related to the ability of that molecule to permeate hydrophobic regions of cells, especially cellular membranes. An examination of the parachor values of a large number of steroids shows that these values are correlated with a number of different biological activities, from independent sources. The ability of steroids to release lysosomal enzymes from isolated lysosomes in vitro is inversely related to the parachor of the steroid. A similar relationship holds for the release of lysosomal beta-glucoronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) from isolated lysosomes of rat preputial gland following in vivo administration of steroids. The relative anti-inflammatory potencies of steroids by several assay methods are directly proportional to their parachors. The relative ability of corticosteroids to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and to swell isolated mitochondria in vitro show a direct proportionality with the steroidal parachor. The percutaneous absorptions of steroids show good correlation with parachors, stratum corneum-water partition coefficients and amylcaproate-water partition coefficients; but not with hexadecane-water partition coefficients. The application of parachor as a structure-activity correlation parameter in drug design is likely to yield useful information. The advantages and limitations of the calculated parachor method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203753", "title": "Effect of valine on the control of fatty acid synthesis in white adipose tissue of the rat.", "content": "In adipocytes from fed rats, the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the presence of glucose and insulin was inhibited 40% by valine (5 mm). tthis inhibition was largely abolished by the addition to the incubation medium of the transaminase inhibitor aminooxy acetate, and of pyruvate and agents which raise the intracellular pyruvate levels such as N,N,N1,N1-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. Pyruvate output into the incubation medium from fat pads obtained from fed rats and incubated with glucose and insulin was decreased significantly by the addition of valine. When adipocytes were incubated under similar conditions, the final concentration of pyruvate in the incubation medium was 42 +/- 1.6 muM under control conditions and approximately one third of this value in the presence of 2.5 mM valine. Valine had no significant effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoate) (EC 1.2.4.1) activity when assayed in homogenates prepared from adipose tissue previously incubated for 60 min with the amino acid. Although the ketoacid analogue of valine alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, is a competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoate) (K1 = 1.4 mM), this cannot solely account for the valine-induced reduced rate of lipogenesis. Rather, the mechanism involves a reduction in pyruvate concentration and thereby a diminished flow through pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoate). Details of the possible mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of valine on the control of fatty acid synthesis in white adipose tissue of the rat. In adipocytes from fed rats, the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the presence of glucose and insulin was inhibited 40% by valine (5 mm). tthis inhibition was largely abolished by the addition to the incubation medium of the transaminase inhibitor aminooxy acetate, and of pyruvate and agents which raise the intracellular pyruvate levels such as N,N,N1,N1-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. Pyruvate output into the incubation medium from fat pads obtained from fed rats and incubated with glucose and insulin was decreased significantly by the addition of valine. When adipocytes were incubated under similar conditions, the final concentration of pyruvate in the incubation medium was 42 +/- 1.6 muM under control conditions and approximately one third of this value in the presence of 2.5 mM valine. Valine had no significant effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoate) (EC 1.2.4.1) activity when assayed in homogenates prepared from adipose tissue previously incubated for 60 min with the amino acid. Although the ketoacid analogue of valine alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, is a competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoate) (K1 = 1.4 mM), this cannot solely account for the valine-induced reduced rate of lipogenesis. Rather, the mechanism involves a reduction in pyruvate concentration and thereby a diminished flow through pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoate). Details of the possible mechanism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203754", "title": "Studies of the metabolism of asialotransferrins: the metabolic heterogeneity of human asialotransferrin.", "content": "Catabolism of human transferrin and human asialotransferrin was simultaneously studied in guinea pigs by means of total body radioactivity measurements. Total body activity representing transferrin decreased at a constant rate with an average half-life of 88 h. Decrease of the total body activity representing asialotransferrin exhibited at least two rates; the half-life of the fast initial component averaged at 25 h, whereas the half-life of the slower component averaged at 55 h. Transition occurred between the 50th and 80th hours of the experiments. The complex character of the elimination curves could not be explained by differences in the iron content of asialotransferrin, by the presence of transferrin variants or of denatured protein in the injected material, by residual sialic acid in the preparations, by accumulation of radioactive terminal catabolic products in the body, by an association of asialotransferrin with any other macromolecular plasma constituent, by changing conditions for mass action, or by a continuing return of labeled protein from the extravascular space. Injection of bovine asialotransferrin into guinea pigs did not result in complex total body curves. Analyses of guinea pig tissues demonstrated that human asialotransferrin had marked affinity for the liver and none for the kidney, lung, or spleen. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the glycopeptides in human transferrin are heterogeneous in that removal of the sialyl residues exposes structures with different affinities for the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. The precise chemical basis for the metabolic heterogeneity is unknown.", "contents": "Studies of the metabolism of asialotransferrins: the metabolic heterogeneity of human asialotransferrin. Catabolism of human transferrin and human asialotransferrin was simultaneously studied in guinea pigs by means of total body radioactivity measurements. Total body activity representing transferrin decreased at a constant rate with an average half-life of 88 h. Decrease of the total body activity representing asialotransferrin exhibited at least two rates; the half-life of the fast initial component averaged at 25 h, whereas the half-life of the slower component averaged at 55 h. Transition occurred between the 50th and 80th hours of the experiments. The complex character of the elimination curves could not be explained by differences in the iron content of asialotransferrin, by the presence of transferrin variants or of denatured protein in the injected material, by residual sialic acid in the preparations, by accumulation of radioactive terminal catabolic products in the body, by an association of asialotransferrin with any other macromolecular plasma constituent, by changing conditions for mass action, or by a continuing return of labeled protein from the extravascular space. Injection of bovine asialotransferrin into guinea pigs did not result in complex total body curves. Analyses of guinea pig tissues demonstrated that human asialotransferrin had marked affinity for the liver and none for the kidney, lung, or spleen. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the glycopeptides in human transferrin are heterogeneous in that removal of the sialyl residues exposes structures with different affinities for the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. The precise chemical basis for the metabolic heterogeneity is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:1203755", "title": "A model for the mode of action of cytochalasin B inhibition of D-glucose transport in the human erythrocyte.", "content": "By an optical method, cytochalasin B is shown to be a competitive inhibitor of D-glucose transport across the human erythrocyte membrane with Ki of 1.2 x 10(-7) M. A Drieding molecular model of cytochalasin B reveals an almost identical spatial distribution of four oxygen atoms to those found in the C1-conformation of beta-D-glucopyranose and implicated in hydrogen bonding to the carrier protein associated with D-glucose transport. The stereochemistry of this transport model is discussed. On the basis of the interoxygen distances found in cytochalasin B, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, corticosterone, and phenolphthalein are considered as analogues and are shown to be competitive inhibitors of D-glucose transport with Ki values of 2.2 x 10(-4) M, 3.0 x 10(-4) M, 4.0 x 10(-4) M, and 2.5 x 10(-5) M, respectively. These results are considered to be consistent with the proposed mode of action of cytochalasin B and also provide further support for the model of D-glucose stereospecifically hydrogen-bonded to a carrier protein.", "contents": "A model for the mode of action of cytochalasin B inhibition of D-glucose transport in the human erythrocyte. By an optical method, cytochalasin B is shown to be a competitive inhibitor of D-glucose transport across the human erythrocyte membrane with Ki of 1.2 x 10(-7) M. A Drieding molecular model of cytochalasin B reveals an almost identical spatial distribution of four oxygen atoms to those found in the C1-conformation of beta-D-glucopyranose and implicated in hydrogen bonding to the carrier protein associated with D-glucose transport. The stereochemistry of this transport model is discussed. On the basis of the interoxygen distances found in cytochalasin B, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, corticosterone, and phenolphthalein are considered as analogues and are shown to be competitive inhibitors of D-glucose transport with Ki values of 2.2 x 10(-4) M, 3.0 x 10(-4) M, 4.0 x 10(-4) M, and 2.5 x 10(-5) M, respectively. These results are considered to be consistent with the proposed mode of action of cytochalasin B and also provide further support for the model of D-glucose stereospecifically hydrogen-bonded to a carrier protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1203756", "title": "Effect of sample volume and column length on transcortin determination by sephadex G-25 gel filtration.", "content": "When Sephadex G-25 columns are used to separate transcortin-bound corticosterone from free corticosterone, there is a non-linear increase of total binding with increasing plasma volume filtered. However, the specific binding (total binding - unspecific binding) shows a linear relationship with the plasma volume filtered. Furthermore, the specific binding decreases with increasing Sephadex column length and absolute binding values are found by extrapolating to a zero length column.", "contents": "Effect of sample volume and column length on transcortin determination by sephadex G-25 gel filtration. When Sephadex G-25 columns are used to separate transcortin-bound corticosterone from free corticosterone, there is a non-linear increase of total binding with increasing plasma volume filtered. However, the specific binding (total binding - unspecific binding) shows a linear relationship with the plasma volume filtered. Furthermore, the specific binding decreases with increasing Sephadex column length and absolute binding values are found by extrapolating to a zero length column."}
{"id": "PMID:1203757", "title": "Piperonyl butoxide, a potent inhibitor of potato spindle tuber viroid in Scopolia sinensis.", "content": "Piperonyl butoxide has been found to act as potent inhibitor for potato spindle tuber viroid in Scopolia sinensis Hemsl plant.", "contents": "Piperonyl butoxide, a potent inhibitor of potato spindle tuber viroid in Scopolia sinensis. Piperonyl butoxide has been found to act as potent inhibitor for potato spindle tuber viroid in Scopolia sinensis Hemsl plant."}
{"id": "PMID:1203758", "title": "Some legal implications of advances in human genetics.", "content": "The law which, to some extent at least, reflects contemporary mores, has not kept pace with the recent scientific advances in genetics. Because of the rate of advance in the science of genetics there is a real risk that we shall know how to change the traditional nature of man before we possess the knowledge necessary to enable us to use the new knowledge for humane purposes. Clonal reproduction may produce a creature who, for the purposes of the law, especially the criminal law, which defines when a child becomes a human being in terms of \"old-fashioned\" motherhood, may not be a human being, so that putting him to death may not be homicide. Similarly, in vitro fertilization and development in an artificial uterus may result in the \"birth\" of one who, though having human attributes, may not, in law, be a human being. While cloning and in vitro fertilization may not have immediate legal implications because of the state of the art, genetic manipulation in the form of amniocentesis has very real legal implications now because it is a matter of current practice. The assumption that detection of genetic abnormality in the foetus is a beneficial development because it enables parents to have the option of terminating the pregnancy, though valid in the United Kingdom and the United States, is invalid in Canada. Abortion on demand is not part of the law in Canada and the liberalization of the abortion provisions of the Criminal Code of Canada in 1969 expressly avoided including as a criterion for therapeutic abortion the risk that the child, if born, would be likely to suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped. Beyond the more technical issues raised by scientific advances, however, lies the fundamental question whether a handicapped life is a life not worth living.", "contents": "Some legal implications of advances in human genetics. The law which, to some extent at least, reflects contemporary mores, has not kept pace with the recent scientific advances in genetics. Because of the rate of advance in the science of genetics there is a real risk that we shall know how to change the traditional nature of man before we possess the knowledge necessary to enable us to use the new knowledge for humane purposes. Clonal reproduction may produce a creature who, for the purposes of the law, especially the criminal law, which defines when a child becomes a human being in terms of \"old-fashioned\" motherhood, may not be a human being, so that putting him to death may not be homicide. Similarly, in vitro fertilization and development in an artificial uterus may result in the \"birth\" of one who, though having human attributes, may not, in law, be a human being. While cloning and in vitro fertilization may not have immediate legal implications because of the state of the art, genetic manipulation in the form of amniocentesis has very real legal implications now because it is a matter of current practice. The assumption that detection of genetic abnormality in the foetus is a beneficial development because it enables parents to have the option of terminating the pregnancy, though valid in the United Kingdom and the United States, is invalid in Canada. Abortion on demand is not part of the law in Canada and the liberalization of the abortion provisions of the Criminal Code of Canada in 1969 expressly avoided including as a criterion for therapeutic abortion the risk that the child, if born, would be likely to suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped. Beyond the more technical issues raised by scientific advances, however, lies the fundamental question whether a handicapped life is a life not worth living."}
{"id": "PMID:1203759", "title": "Knowledge, power, man and justice: ethical problems in biomedical research.", "content": "This essay attempts to raise some ethical problems related to biomedical research as they revolve around the issues of knowledge, power, man and justice. The arguments connected with such matters will not provide answers, but rather soundings for unchartered waters. Much more can and needs to be developed about the nature of knowledge and the politics of its use and abuse. A more detailed analysis and critique of man's nature might be engaged in to determine many concerns, not least of which is whether we can even talk about human nature. The idea of justice is elusive at the best of times and is particularly complicated at a time in history when social and economic interpretation is so complex. Much more must be debated before we can produce a detailed map. Fundamental to all of this, though, hopefully will be a dialogue among the many disciplines concerned with human research. We can not afford to work in isolation. The consequences of our decisions are too great.", "contents": "Knowledge, power, man and justice: ethical problems in biomedical research. This essay attempts to raise some ethical problems related to biomedical research as they revolve around the issues of knowledge, power, man and justice. The arguments connected with such matters will not provide answers, but rather soundings for unchartered waters. Much more can and needs to be developed about the nature of knowledge and the politics of its use and abuse. A more detailed analysis and critique of man's nature might be engaged in to determine many concerns, not least of which is whether we can even talk about human nature. The idea of justice is elusive at the best of times and is particularly complicated at a time in history when social and economic interpretation is so complex. Much more must be debated before we can produce a detailed map. Fundamental to all of this, though, hopefully will be a dialogue among the many disciplines concerned with human research. We can not afford to work in isolation. The consequences of our decisions are too great."}
{"id": "PMID:1203760", "title": "Advances in medical genetics.", "content": "Although advances in medical genetics are designed ultimately to help human beings receive better health care, they pose many problems for society. Some of these concerns are real, but others result from misunderstanding and/or misrepresentation of the true implication of certain developments in genetics. It is obvious that the geneticist must play a dual role in society as scientist and as advocate. Although such a duality or role is not easy, it is not impossible. However, it does mean that the training of the medical geneticist must include more than exposure to the scientific approach.", "contents": "Advances in medical genetics. Although advances in medical genetics are designed ultimately to help human beings receive better health care, they pose many problems for society. Some of these concerns are real, but others result from misunderstanding and/or misrepresentation of the true implication of certain developments in genetics. It is obvious that the geneticist must play a dual role in society as scientist and as advocate. Although such a duality or role is not easy, it is not impossible. However, it does mean that the training of the medical geneticist must include more than exposure to the scientific approach."}
{"id": "PMID:1203761", "title": "Linkage of a gene for DDT-resistance in adults of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.", "content": "The gene RDDT2, which gives resistance to DDT in the imago of Aedes aegypti L. has been mapped on linkage group III with respect to six visible markers. The best interpretation of the order of the genes is:- blp - blt - co - fz - wi -RDDT2 - min, but the order blp - blt - co - fz -RDDT2 - wi - min is also possible.", "contents": "Linkage of a gene for DDT-resistance in adults of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The gene RDDT2, which gives resistance to DDT in the imago of Aedes aegypti L. has been mapped on linkage group III with respect to six visible markers. The best interpretation of the order of the genes is:- blp - blt - co - fz - wi -RDDT2 - min, but the order blp - blt - co - fz -RDDT2 - wi - min is also possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1203762", "title": "Genetic control of susceptibility to hydroxyproline in Drosophila.", "content": "Hydroxyproline (OHP) is known to produce morphological abnormalities in susceptible Drosophila. In some, OHP prevents head eversion during pupation producing a cryptocephal (crc) phenocopy, others fail to fully stretch legs and wings producing a shortened distance between these appendages (LWD). In this paper the genetic basis of susceptibility to OHP is explored and compared to the control of susceptibility to glucosamine (GA) which also produces a crc phenocopy. The data suggest that genes providing resistance to the effects of GA are different from those conferring resistance to OHP. Furthermore, genes providing resistance to the crc effects of OHP appear to be different from those controlling resistance-to the LWD effects. Intrastrain gene coadaptation also seems to be important in resistance to OHP. The relevance of these results to the problem of the genetic control of developmental buffering is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Genetic control of susceptibility to hydroxyproline in Drosophila. Hydroxyproline (OHP) is known to produce morphological abnormalities in susceptible Drosophila. In some, OHP prevents head eversion during pupation producing a cryptocephal (crc) phenocopy, others fail to fully stretch legs and wings producing a shortened distance between these appendages (LWD). In this paper the genetic basis of susceptibility to OHP is explored and compared to the control of susceptibility to glucosamine (GA) which also produces a crc phenocopy. The data suggest that genes providing resistance to the effects of GA are different from those conferring resistance to OHP. Furthermore, genes providing resistance to the crc effects of OHP appear to be different from those controlling resistance-to the LWD effects. Intrastrain gene coadaptation also seems to be important in resistance to OHP. The relevance of these results to the problem of the genetic control of developmental buffering is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203763", "title": "[Karyotypes, supernumerary chromosomes, rudimentary parthenogenesis and polyploidy in 2 species of the genus Phronima (Crustacea, Amphipoda)].", "content": "The diploid number of Phronima sedentaria and P. atlantica is 30, all the chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric; the caryotypes of these two species are compared with those of other Amphipods. Some individuals of each species have a supernumerary chromosome. This element, found in both sexes, remains as an univalent at meiosis and goes earlier to one pole. In some cases nonfertilized ova undergo segmentation; this rudimentary parthenogenesis stops quickly and is partly related to polyploidization.", "contents": "[Karyotypes, supernumerary chromosomes, rudimentary parthenogenesis and polyploidy in 2 species of the genus Phronima (Crustacea, Amphipoda)]. The diploid number of Phronima sedentaria and P. atlantica is 30, all the chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric; the caryotypes of these two species are compared with those of other Amphipods. Some individuals of each species have a supernumerary chromosome. This element, found in both sexes, remains as an univalent at meiosis and goes earlier to one pole. In some cases nonfertilized ova undergo segmentation; this rudimentary parthenogenesis stops quickly and is partly related to polyploidization."}
{"id": "PMID:1203764", "title": "A karyological study of nine species of Torymus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae).", "content": "Haploid karyotypes composed of 5 metacentrics (T. umbilicatus, T. koebelei), 4 metacentrics plus 2 telocentrics (T. tubicola), 5 metacentrics plus 1 telocentric (T. warreni), 5 metacentrics plus 1 acrocentric (T. baccharidis, T. vesiculi, T. occidentalis, T. capillaceus), and 6 metacentrics (T. californicus) are described. Five metacentrics are postulated as ancestral for the Torymidae, based on karyotype frequency for the family and Robertsonian relationships among taxa. Karyotypes of 5 metacentrics plus 1 telocentric are considered ancestral for the genus Torymus. Derived karyotypes have apparently evolved independently in several lineages within the genus.", "contents": "A karyological study of nine species of Torymus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Haploid karyotypes composed of 5 metacentrics (T. umbilicatus, T. koebelei), 4 metacentrics plus 2 telocentrics (T. tubicola), 5 metacentrics plus 1 telocentric (T. warreni), 5 metacentrics plus 1 acrocentric (T. baccharidis, T. vesiculi, T. occidentalis, T. capillaceus), and 6 metacentrics (T. californicus) are described. Five metacentrics are postulated as ancestral for the Torymidae, based on karyotype frequency for the family and Robertsonian relationships among taxa. Karyotypes of 5 metacentrics plus 1 telocentric are considered ancestral for the genus Torymus. Derived karyotypes have apparently evolved independently in several lineages within the genus."}
{"id": "PMID:1203765", "title": "Drug resistance and membrane alteration in mutants of mammalian cells.", "content": "Independent colchicine-resistant (CHR) mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells displaying reduced permeability to colchicine have been isolated. A distinguishing feature of these membrane-altered mutants is their pleiotropic cross-resistance to a variety of unrelated compounds. Genetic characterization of the CHR lines indicate that colchicine resistance and cross-resistance to other drugs are of a dominant nature in somatic cell hybrids. Revertants of CHR have been isolated which display decreased resistance to colchicine and a corresponding decrease in resistance to other drugs. These results strongly suggest that colchicine resistance and the pleiotropic cross-resistance are the result of the same mutation(s). Biochemical studies indicate that although colchicine is transported into our cells by passive diffusion, no major alterations in the membrane lipids could be detected in mutant cells. However, there appears to be an energy-dependent process in these cells which actively maintains a permeability barrier against colchicine and other drugs. The CHR cells might be altered in this process. A new glycoprotein has been identified in mutant cell membranes which is not present in parental cells, and is greatly reduced in revertant cells. A model for colchicine-resistance is proposed which suggests that certain membrane proteins such as the new glycoprotein of CHR cells, are modulators of membrane fluidity (mmf proteins) whose molecular conformation regulates membrane permeability to a variety of compounds and that the CHR mutants are altered in their mmf proteins. The possible importance of the CHR cells as models for investigating aspects of chemotherapy related to drug resistance is discussed.", "contents": "Drug resistance and membrane alteration in mutants of mammalian cells. Independent colchicine-resistant (CHR) mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells displaying reduced permeability to colchicine have been isolated. A distinguishing feature of these membrane-altered mutants is their pleiotropic cross-resistance to a variety of unrelated compounds. Genetic characterization of the CHR lines indicate that colchicine resistance and cross-resistance to other drugs are of a dominant nature in somatic cell hybrids. Revertants of CHR have been isolated which display decreased resistance to colchicine and a corresponding decrease in resistance to other drugs. These results strongly suggest that colchicine resistance and the pleiotropic cross-resistance are the result of the same mutation(s). Biochemical studies indicate that although colchicine is transported into our cells by passive diffusion, no major alterations in the membrane lipids could be detected in mutant cells. However, there appears to be an energy-dependent process in these cells which actively maintains a permeability barrier against colchicine and other drugs. The CHR cells might be altered in this process. A new glycoprotein has been identified in mutant cell membranes which is not present in parental cells, and is greatly reduced in revertant cells. A model for colchicine-resistance is proposed which suggests that certain membrane proteins such as the new glycoprotein of CHR cells, are modulators of membrane fluidity (mmf proteins) whose molecular conformation regulates membrane permeability to a variety of compounds and that the CHR mutants are altered in their mmf proteins. The possible importance of the CHR cells as models for investigating aspects of chemotherapy related to drug resistance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203766", "title": "Detection of virus-like particles in the coremia of Penicillium claviforme.", "content": "A double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) was isolated from coremial extracts of wild type P. claviforme, by methylated-albumin kieselguhr chromatography. Differential centrifugations of the coremial extracts from WT and Sh mutant strains yielded two classes of virus-like particles (VLP), of dimensions 25-30 nm, and 50-70 nm. The possible ecological significance of fungal viruses is discussed.", "contents": "Detection of virus-like particles in the coremia of Penicillium claviforme. A double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) was isolated from coremial extracts of wild type P. claviforme, by methylated-albumin kieselguhr chromatography. Differential centrifugations of the coremial extracts from WT and Sh mutant strains yielded two classes of virus-like particles (VLP), of dimensions 25-30 nm, and 50-70 nm. The possible ecological significance of fungal viruses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203767", "title": "Linkage of the genes for DDT and dieldrin resistance in larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.", "content": "The DDT resistance gene RDDT1, and the dieldrin resistance gene Rd1 have been mapped on linkage group II with respect to visible markers, in the mosquito Aedes argypti L. The best interpretation of the data gives the order wa - Rdl - ds  RDDT1 - s - y but was - Rdl -ds - y - s - RDDT1 is also possible. h is very loosely linked with RDDT1. The length of the linkage group has been considerably extended from previous studies.", "contents": "Linkage of the genes for DDT and dieldrin resistance in larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The DDT resistance gene RDDT1, and the dieldrin resistance gene Rd1 have been mapped on linkage group II with respect to visible markers, in the mosquito Aedes argypti L. The best interpretation of the data gives the order wa - Rdl - ds  RDDT1 - s - y but was - Rdl -ds - y - s - RDDT1 is also possible. h is very loosely linked with RDDT1. The length of the linkage group has been considerably extended from previous studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1203768", "title": "The effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on meiotic zoosporogenesis and mitotic gametogenesis in Ulva mutabilis.", "content": "Ulva mutabilis cells induced to form zoospores or gametes were exposed to chloramphenicol or cycloheximide during the 48 hours preparatory period. Chloramphenicol inhibited protein and RNA accumulation to the same degree at all concentrations, and appeared to have a general toxic effect. Cycloheximide at low concentrations inhibited primarily protein accumulation, while at higher concentrations it had also an effect on the net synthesis of RNA. Most of the inhibited cells were found in interphase, but a small percent of vegetative mitoses were observed and may indicate a return to this type of division. The gametophyte appeared to be more sensitive to chloramphenicol than the sporophyte. The effect of cycloheximide on the two processes seems to be more or less the same. A transition period, after which the sporulation process could no longer be inhibited, was found about 10 hours before the cells entered meiotic prophase in zoosporogenesis.", "contents": "The effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on meiotic zoosporogenesis and mitotic gametogenesis in Ulva mutabilis. Ulva mutabilis cells induced to form zoospores or gametes were exposed to chloramphenicol or cycloheximide during the 48 hours preparatory period. Chloramphenicol inhibited protein and RNA accumulation to the same degree at all concentrations, and appeared to have a general toxic effect. Cycloheximide at low concentrations inhibited primarily protein accumulation, while at higher concentrations it had also an effect on the net synthesis of RNA. Most of the inhibited cells were found in interphase, but a small percent of vegetative mitoses were observed and may indicate a return to this type of division. The gametophyte appeared to be more sensitive to chloramphenicol than the sporophyte. The effect of cycloheximide on the two processes seems to be more or less the same. A transition period, after which the sporulation process could no longer be inhibited, was found about 10 hours before the cells entered meiotic prophase in zoosporogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203769", "title": "Heterosis, sex and maternal interactions in crosses among inbred lines of mice.", "content": "All possible crosses and reciprocals were made among four inbred lines (F = 92%) developed from 12 generations of full-sib mating. All lines originated from a common outbred base population of ICR-albino mice. Data were obtained from 356 litter containing 2,734 mice to evaluate heterosis, reciprocal effects, sex effects and their interactions as they affect body weight and weight gain. Heterosis was significant for most of the postweaning traits (42- and 56-day weight and gain from 21 to 42 days). Nonadditive gene action may have included overdominance and epistasis since both reciprocal linecrosses were generally heavier than those of the better inbred lines. Although significant differences in reciprocals and inbred lines were not frequent, there were sufficient differences to indicate that lines varied in the fixation of loci during inbreeding. Sex-heterosis interactions were significant for 12 of 30 possible cases. However, eight of the 12 significant interactions occurred in crosses involving only one of the lines. The interactions were of the divergent type and arose from males exhibiting more heterosis than females. Overdominance in genes on the sex chromosomes modified by other loci (epistasis) was proposed as a possible explanation for these results. Some sex-linkage affecting growth was evident from the interaction of sex with reciprocal effects.", "contents": "Heterosis, sex and maternal interactions in crosses among inbred lines of mice. All possible crosses and reciprocals were made among four inbred lines (F = 92%) developed from 12 generations of full-sib mating. All lines originated from a common outbred base population of ICR-albino mice. Data were obtained from 356 litter containing 2,734 mice to evaluate heterosis, reciprocal effects, sex effects and their interactions as they affect body weight and weight gain. Heterosis was significant for most of the postweaning traits (42- and 56-day weight and gain from 21 to 42 days). Nonadditive gene action may have included overdominance and epistasis since both reciprocal linecrosses were generally heavier than those of the better inbred lines. Although significant differences in reciprocals and inbred lines were not frequent, there were sufficient differences to indicate that lines varied in the fixation of loci during inbreeding. Sex-heterosis interactions were significant for 12 of 30 possible cases. However, eight of the 12 significant interactions occurred in crosses involving only one of the lines. The interactions were of the divergent type and arose from males exhibiting more heterosis than females. Overdominance in genes on the sex chromosomes modified by other loci (epistasis) was proposed as a possible explanation for these results. Some sex-linkage affecting growth was evident from the interaction of sex with reciprocal effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1203770", "title": "Genetic analysis of a population of Tribolium. V. Viability of the unsaturated fatty acid sensitive mutant.", "content": "The viability pattern of the unsaturated fatty acid sensitive mutant (cos/cos) of Tribolium castaneum was examined with reference to the normal genotype from egg hatching through adult emergence. The beetles were cultured on diets with 0, 3, or 5% corn oil in growth chambers maintained at 33 +/- 1 degree C and either 42 +/- 6% or 75 +/- 3% relative humidity. The pattern of the mutant was altered during the larval stage and was dependent on both the concentration of dietary fatty acid and the relative humidity of the culture chamber. Values of the viability component of fitness were assigned to the cos/cos, +/-/cos and +/-/+/- genotypes for multiple environments based on the number of eggs surviving to pupation. In large, random mating populations segregating at this locus, a stable genetic polymorphism is forecast. Predicted rates of change of allele frequency are dependent upon the culture conditions.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of a population of Tribolium. V. Viability of the unsaturated fatty acid sensitive mutant. The viability pattern of the unsaturated fatty acid sensitive mutant (cos/cos) of Tribolium castaneum was examined with reference to the normal genotype from egg hatching through adult emergence. The beetles were cultured on diets with 0, 3, or 5% corn oil in growth chambers maintained at 33 +/- 1 degree C and either 42 +/- 6% or 75 +/- 3% relative humidity. The pattern of the mutant was altered during the larval stage and was dependent on both the concentration of dietary fatty acid and the relative humidity of the culture chamber. Values of the viability component of fitness were assigned to the cos/cos, +/-/cos and +/-/+/- genotypes for multiple environments based on the number of eggs surviving to pupation. In large, random mating populations segregating at this locus, a stable genetic polymorphism is forecast. Predicted rates of change of allele frequency are dependent upon the culture conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1203771", "title": "The difference of pupa weight measurements in Tribolium and its effects on selection responses.", "content": "Possible causes of asymmetrical direct and indirect selection responses in Tribolium which were observed in a series of various experiments have been investigated. In some experiments the pupae were weighed just after pupation and in others they were weighed on the 20th day of incubation. Weight loss between pupation time and the 20th day of incubation as well as systematic differences in weight between individuals, pupating at successive ages are considered to be responsible for the asymmetry. The concept of unconscious secondary selection was introduced to interpret the asymmetrics of realized heritability and genetic correlation observed in two-way selection experiments.", "contents": "The difference of pupa weight measurements in Tribolium and its effects on selection responses. Possible causes of asymmetrical direct and indirect selection responses in Tribolium which were observed in a series of various experiments have been investigated. In some experiments the pupae were weighed just after pupation and in others they were weighed on the 20th day of incubation. Weight loss between pupation time and the 20th day of incubation as well as systematic differences in weight between individuals, pupating at successive ages are considered to be responsible for the asymmetry. The concept of unconscious secondary selection was introduced to interpret the asymmetrics of realized heritability and genetic correlation observed in two-way selection experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1203772", "title": "Extra-large Tribolium confusum: a new autosomal recessive mutant.", "content": "A new mutant of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), extra-large (designated xl), was isolated in mating competition tests with red-eye (re) and wild-type (+). Crosses showed that it was autosomal recessive gene with subvital effects. The pupal weights averaged 6.1 and 7.3 mg for males and females, respectively, about twice the weights of the ancestral wild-type. The generation time (egg to adult) was approximately 8 to 9 weeks compared with about 4 weeks for the wild-type. This increase resulted from a lengthening of the larval stage since the durations of the egg and pupal stages were within the ranges of the wild-type. Mean longivity of xl males and females was reduced to 8.5 and 6.0 weeks, respectively at 26.7 +/- 1 degree C and 60% RH.", "contents": "Extra-large Tribolium confusum: a new autosomal recessive mutant. A new mutant of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), extra-large (designated xl), was isolated in mating competition tests with red-eye (re) and wild-type (+). Crosses showed that it was autosomal recessive gene with subvital effects. The pupal weights averaged 6.1 and 7.3 mg for males and females, respectively, about twice the weights of the ancestral wild-type. The generation time (egg to adult) was approximately 8 to 9 weeks compared with about 4 weeks for the wild-type. This increase resulted from a lengthening of the larval stage since the durations of the egg and pupal stages were within the ranges of the wild-type. Mean longivity of xl males and females was reduced to 8.5 and 6.0 weeks, respectively at 26.7 +/- 1 degree C and 60% RH."}
{"id": "PMID:1203773", "title": "Chromosomal abnormalities and the morphology of mouse sperm heads.", "content": "In the mouse, numerous mutagens, teratogens and carcinogens have been shown to induce marked elevations in the fraction of sperm with head shape abnormalities. Since carcinogens and teratogens may act by causing genetic damage, a likely explanation of these results is that the sperm abnormalities are also caused by genetic damage. There are two more or less distinct classes of genetic damage, chromosomal aberrations and point mutations. In this paper, we provide evidence, that in general, chromosomal aberrations are not responsible for causing abnormally shaped sperm. Chromosomal aberrations could have caused abnormal sperm morphology in a number of ways. One possibility was that the mere presence of a translocated chromosome within the germ cell led to the malformation of the sperm head. A second possibility was that chromosomal imbalance, i.e., aneuploidy, duplications or deficiencies, within the spermatid or haploid cells caused abnormalities in shape. We tested these hypotheses by measuring the level of abnormally shaped sperm in mice homozygous and heterozygous for 24 various reciprocal and Robertsonian translocations. The diploid cells of these mice are known to be chromosomally balanced, containing translocated chromosomes. A predictable proportion of their gametes are, however, chromosomally unbalanced and carry translocated chromosomes. It was found that the levels of sperm abnormalities in these mice were convincingly unrelated to the levels predicted by any of the above hypotheses. Based on these results it seems that sperm abnormalities in mice are not due to the mere presence of translocated chromosomes in germ cells and also not due to chromosomal aneuploidy or duplication-deficiencies of chromosomal segments in the spermatid during development of the sperm.", "contents": "Chromosomal abnormalities and the morphology of mouse sperm heads. In the mouse, numerous mutagens, teratogens and carcinogens have been shown to induce marked elevations in the fraction of sperm with head shape abnormalities. Since carcinogens and teratogens may act by causing genetic damage, a likely explanation of these results is that the sperm abnormalities are also caused by genetic damage. There are two more or less distinct classes of genetic damage, chromosomal aberrations and point mutations. In this paper, we provide evidence, that in general, chromosomal aberrations are not responsible for causing abnormally shaped sperm. Chromosomal aberrations could have caused abnormal sperm morphology in a number of ways. One possibility was that the mere presence of a translocated chromosome within the germ cell led to the malformation of the sperm head. A second possibility was that chromosomal imbalance, i.e., aneuploidy, duplications or deficiencies, within the spermatid or haploid cells caused abnormalities in shape. We tested these hypotheses by measuring the level of abnormally shaped sperm in mice homozygous and heterozygous for 24 various reciprocal and Robertsonian translocations. The diploid cells of these mice are known to be chromosomally balanced, containing translocated chromosomes. A predictable proportion of their gametes are, however, chromosomally unbalanced and carry translocated chromosomes. It was found that the levels of sperm abnormalities in these mice were convincingly unrelated to the levels predicted by any of the above hypotheses. Based on these results it seems that sperm abnormalities in mice are not due to the mere presence of translocated chromosomes in germ cells and also not due to chromosomal aneuploidy or duplication-deficiencies of chromosomal segments in the spermatid during development of the sperm."}
{"id": "PMID:1203774", "title": "Some observations on a record keeping and end-results reporting system.", "content": "Possible objectives to be served by a multiple source cancer data acquistion program and some limitations associated therewith are presented. Alternative approaches to on-going cancer data collection from multiple sources are briefly considered. Basic requirements of a cancer record keeping and end-results reporting system, and standard defintions, procedures, and rules relating thereto are indicated. Points which may be useful in reaching a decision on an on-going international collaborative data collection arrangement are noted.", "contents": "Some observations on a record keeping and end-results reporting system. Possible objectives to be served by a multiple source cancer data acquistion program and some limitations associated therewith are presented. Alternative approaches to on-going cancer data collection from multiple sources are briefly considered. Basic requirements of a cancer record keeping and end-results reporting system, and standard defintions, procedures, and rules relating thereto are indicated. Points which may be useful in reaching a decision on an on-going international collaborative data collection arrangement are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1203778", "title": "Laryngeal photography.", "content": "Laryngeal photography -- still, motion, and television -- is of great value in teaching students and residents, in communicating findings to colleagues, and in demonstrating surgical technique in microsurgery of the larynx. Acceptable photographs can be achieved at moderate cost using the optical system of the Zeiss microscope, photo-adapters and an appropriate 35 mm camera body, 16 mm movie camera, and/or lightweight TV color camera. Large bore fiberoptic light carriers are used in the laryngoscope to carry maximum amount of light from the quartz iodide light source or indium-iodide lamp. These techniques interfere minimally with the operation.", "contents": "Laryngeal photography. Laryngeal photography -- still, motion, and television -- is of great value in teaching students and residents, in communicating findings to colleagues, and in demonstrating surgical technique in microsurgery of the larynx. Acceptable photographs can be achieved at moderate cost using the optical system of the Zeiss microscope, photo-adapters and an appropriate 35 mm camera body, 16 mm movie camera, and/or lightweight TV color camera. Large bore fiberoptic light carriers are used in the laryngoscope to carry maximum amount of light from the quartz iodide light source or indium-iodide lamp. These techniques interfere minimally with the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203779", "title": "Techniques in microlaryngoscopic photography.", "content": "A microlaryngoscopic photographic technique is described similar to that technique advocated by Kleinsasser. This technique is an uncomplicated routine method, which can be adopted by anyone using the Zeiss surgical microscope. With a relaxed, intubated patient, alignment of the optical axis of the microscope with the central axis of the laryngoscope, and with careful focusing, using the over-changed (9.5 A, 7.6 V) 6 V 50 W bulb, shutter at 22, magnification of 16 or 25, and with 1/4 second exposure time, and the Kodak Ektachrome HS film (125 ASA), the result should be satisfactory.", "contents": "Techniques in microlaryngoscopic photography. A microlaryngoscopic photographic technique is described similar to that technique advocated by Kleinsasser. This technique is an uncomplicated routine method, which can be adopted by anyone using the Zeiss surgical microscope. With a relaxed, intubated patient, alignment of the optical axis of the microscope with the central axis of the laryngoscope, and with careful focusing, using the over-changed (9.5 A, 7.6 V) 6 V 50 W bulb, shutter at 22, magnification of 16 or 25, and with 1/4 second exposure time, and the Kodak Ektachrome HS film (125 ASA), the result should be satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:1203780", "title": "Open tube, proximal illumination mirror and direct laryngeal photography.", "content": "Equipment is described for mirror and open tube direct laryngoscopic photography. It consists of specially constructed reflex camera systems that provide adequate exposure and depth of the desired field, sharpness of focus, correct color, and effective composition for meaningful illustrations. The separate cameras for still and motion pictures consist of units that contain the light source, lenses, optic reflex systems, and film chambers. The mirrors for indirect laryngoscopy and the open tube direct laryngoscopes are attached by rigid, easily released clamps for quick interchange. It is stressed that the laryngologist himself must be the photographer. The pictures are adjuncts to case recording, are supportive evidence of investigative work, and may be used as chronologic sequences in study of physiology and in pre- and postoperative evaluation.", "contents": "Open tube, proximal illumination mirror and direct laryngeal photography. Equipment is described for mirror and open tube direct laryngoscopic photography. It consists of specially constructed reflex camera systems that provide adequate exposure and depth of the desired field, sharpness of focus, correct color, and effective composition for meaningful illustrations. The separate cameras for still and motion pictures consist of units that contain the light source, lenses, optic reflex systems, and film chambers. The mirrors for indirect laryngoscopy and the open tube direct laryngoscopes are attached by rigid, easily released clamps for quick interchange. It is stressed that the laryngologist himself must be the photographer. The pictures are adjuncts to case recording, are supportive evidence of investigative work, and may be used as chronologic sequences in study of physiology and in pre- and postoperative evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203781", "title": "Advances in endoscopic techniques for examination of the larynx and nasopharynx.", "content": "The development of the new Hopkins rod indirect laryngoscope with the polished glass rod lens system and fiberoptic lighting promise to revolutionize the indirect examination of the larynx and nasopharynx. The improved optics and lighting facilitate the acquisition of still and moving picture photography for permanent records. Examples of the superior photographic resolution are presented.", "contents": "Advances in endoscopic techniques for examination of the larynx and nasopharynx. The development of the new Hopkins rod indirect laryngoscope with the polished glass rod lens system and fiberoptic lighting promise to revolutionize the indirect examination of the larynx and nasopharynx. The improved optics and lighting facilitate the acquisition of still and moving picture photography for permanent records. Examples of the superior photographic resolution are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1203782", "title": "Ultra high speed photography in laryngeal research.", "content": "An attempt has been made in this paper to suggest the role of ultra high speed motion photography in laryngeal research and to sketch the more important technical requirements of the equipment and procedures for its use. The latter included comments about a camera and its auxilliary equipment, illumination, recording, synchronizaiton of the patient whose larynx is to be photographed.", "contents": "Ultra high speed photography in laryngeal research. An attempt has been made in this paper to suggest the role of ultra high speed motion photography in laryngeal research and to sketch the more important technical requirements of the equipment and procedures for its use. The latter included comments about a camera and its auxilliary equipment, illumination, recording, synchronizaiton of the patient whose larynx is to be photographed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203785", "title": "Research policies in university centres in India.", "content": "India is a developling country with its necessary priorities. Therefore the limited resources which are available cannot be spared for basic cancer research. The population is close to 600 million -- 80 per cent living in villages and receiving hardly any medical aid. This has provided extensive clinical material which can be beneficially utilized for research. The following plan is suggested under the existing circumstances: 1. Motivation of specialists towards head and neck problems. 2. Creation of regional specialists in cancer hospitals. 3. Advanced cases as objects for research. 4. A universal law regarding compulsory postmortem. 5. In a developing country like India with limited resources highly academic investigations should have low priority. 6. Refresher courses for general practitioners to educate them regarding early clinical manifestations of laryngeal cancer. 7. Training of postgraduates. A postgraduate should be first trained in one's own country, particularly in a developing country like India. He can then go for further experience to other international centres. 8. Communication by way of publication. The clinicians from developing countries should have easy opportunity to get their works published in English journals.", "contents": "Research policies in university centres in India. India is a developling country with its necessary priorities. Therefore the limited resources which are available cannot be spared for basic cancer research. The population is close to 600 million -- 80 per cent living in villages and receiving hardly any medical aid. This has provided extensive clinical material which can be beneficially utilized for research. The following plan is suggested under the existing circumstances: 1. Motivation of specialists towards head and neck problems. 2. Creation of regional specialists in cancer hospitals. 3. Advanced cases as objects for research. 4. A universal law regarding compulsory postmortem. 5. In a developing country like India with limited resources highly academic investigations should have low priority. 6. Refresher courses for general practitioners to educate them regarding early clinical manifestations of laryngeal cancer. 7. Training of postgraduates. A postgraduate should be first trained in one's own country, particularly in a developing country like India. He can then go for further experience to other international centres. 8. Communication by way of publication. The clinicians from developing countries should have easy opportunity to get their works published in English journals."}
{"id": "PMID:1203788", "title": "Research policies related to laryngeal cancer in clinical departments of Scandinavian universities.", "content": "This review covers ongoing and planned research projects in Scandinavian university ENT facilities concerning laryngeal carcinoma. Scandinavia (Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Iceland) has a population of fewer than 22 million, and therefore each department has only a few patients with laryngeal carcinoma per year. Clinical surveys of therapeutic results were the most commonly performed investigation. Many departments are interested in cytostatics alone or in combination with radiotherapy. Histopathological classification and malignancy grading of laryngeal carcinoma with multifactor analysis, diagnosis and treatment of precancerous conditions, and whole organ serial sectioning occupy some departments. Etiological factors, diagnostic problems, and postoperative functional disturbances are other fields of interest. Immunology and experimental animal research are both studied to a lesser extent. A very great interest exists for inter-regional and inter-Scandinavian joint projects, which may hopefully become a reality after this survey.", "contents": "Research policies related to laryngeal cancer in clinical departments of Scandinavian universities. This review covers ongoing and planned research projects in Scandinavian university ENT facilities concerning laryngeal carcinoma. Scandinavia (Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Iceland) has a population of fewer than 22 million, and therefore each department has only a few patients with laryngeal carcinoma per year. Clinical surveys of therapeutic results were the most commonly performed investigation. Many departments are interested in cytostatics alone or in combination with radiotherapy. Histopathological classification and malignancy grading of laryngeal carcinoma with multifactor analysis, diagnosis and treatment of precancerous conditions, and whole organ serial sectioning occupy some departments. Etiological factors, diagnostic problems, and postoperative functional disturbances are other fields of interest. Immunology and experimental animal research are both studied to a lesser extent. A very great interest exists for inter-regional and inter-Scandinavian joint projects, which may hopefully become a reality after this survey."}
{"id": "PMID:1203789", "title": "Review of current research projects under way in Australia related to laryngeal cancer.", "content": "Research in laryngeal cancer in Australia has been largely confined to the study of serial sections of tumor specimens to determine the methods of spread of carcinoma. More recently, a prospective trial, using BCG and Methotrexate in terminal epidermoid carcinoma patients. It is strongly urged that research be directed towards international data collection and double blind prospective clinical trials of modes of therapy for comparable lesions. It is also felt that more basic research should be directed towards determining the role of smoking in the pathogenesis of laryngeal cancer, and the mechanism of action of immunotherapy and chemotherapy.", "contents": "Review of current research projects under way in Australia related to laryngeal cancer. Research in laryngeal cancer in Australia has been largely confined to the study of serial sections of tumor specimens to determine the methods of spread of carcinoma. More recently, a prospective trial, using BCG and Methotrexate in terminal epidermoid carcinoma patients. It is strongly urged that research be directed towards international data collection and double blind prospective clinical trials of modes of therapy for comparable lesions. It is also felt that more basic research should be directed towards determining the role of smoking in the pathogenesis of laryngeal cancer, and the mechanism of action of immunotherapy and chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1203791", "title": "Research opportunities at the Institute of Laryngology and Otology, London.", "content": "Emphasis is placed on the need to encourage original research in our training programs. This implies an obligation to help trainees inexperienced in research to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Four examples of patterns of research at a postgraduate institute are presented. All are in areas in some way relevant to carcinoma of the larynx: a) the effect of experimental hypothermia on transplanted tumors in rats; b) isotope detection of deep vein thrombosis following head and neck surgery; c) stomal calibre after laryngectomy related to airflow, esophageal voice and cineradiographic appearances; d) a case-controlled study of the etiologic role of asbestos in laryngeal cancer. These studies are still in progress but some preliminary observations can be reported.", "contents": "Research opportunities at the Institute of Laryngology and Otology, London. Emphasis is placed on the need to encourage original research in our training programs. This implies an obligation to help trainees inexperienced in research to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Four examples of patterns of research at a postgraduate institute are presented. All are in areas in some way relevant to carcinoma of the larynx: a) the effect of experimental hypothermia on transplanted tumors in rats; b) isotope detection of deep vein thrombosis following head and neck surgery; c) stomal calibre after laryngectomy related to airflow, esophageal voice and cineradiographic appearances; d) a case-controlled study of the etiologic role of asbestos in laryngeal cancer. These studies are still in progress but some preliminary observations can be reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1203793", "title": "Grading of biopsies of laryngeal carcinomas by multiple criteria.", "content": "The system of tumor grading of Jakobsson et al was applied in a study of the malignancy grade of biopsy tissue compared with the grade of the corresponding tissue obtained at definitive surgery. The results suggest that at biopsy tumors are rated lower grade than they exhibit in the final tumor tissue. Some observations are made on the application of this system of point rating multiple features to determine histologic grade.", "contents": "Grading of biopsies of laryngeal carcinomas by multiple criteria. The system of tumor grading of Jakobsson et al was applied in a study of the malignancy grade of biopsy tissue compared with the grade of the corresponding tissue obtained at definitive surgery. The results suggest that at biopsy tumors are rated lower grade than they exhibit in the final tumor tissue. Some observations are made on the application of this system of point rating multiple features to determine histologic grade."}
{"id": "PMID:1203794", "title": "Histologic grading of malignancy and prognosis in glottic carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty patients with glottic carcinomas of the larynx treated at the Radiumhemmet from 1956 to 1966 by radiotherapy and followed for at least five years were investigated. Histologic grading of malignancy was made in each case by the registration of eight morphologic criteria, four representing the tumor cell population itself (structure, differentiation, nuclear polymorphism, and mitoses) and four representing the tumor host relationship (mode of invasion, stage of invasion, vascular invasion, and cellular response). There parameters were graded on the bases of a one to four point system according to arbitrary units. Multivariate analysis of the material revealed that the most important factors in the prediction of the five year result were found to be the nuclear polymorphism, mode of invasion, and total malignancy point value. The histologic grading of malignancy in this series was found to be better in the prediction of the five year result, recurrence or not, than the TNM classification.", "contents": "Histologic grading of malignancy and prognosis in glottic carcinoma of the larynx. Two hundred and thirty patients with glottic carcinomas of the larynx treated at the Radiumhemmet from 1956 to 1966 by radiotherapy and followed for at least five years were investigated. Histologic grading of malignancy was made in each case by the registration of eight morphologic criteria, four representing the tumor cell population itself (structure, differentiation, nuclear polymorphism, and mitoses) and four representing the tumor host relationship (mode of invasion, stage of invasion, vascular invasion, and cellular response). There parameters were graded on the bases of a one to four point system according to arbitrary units. Multivariate analysis of the material revealed that the most important factors in the prediction of the five year result were found to be the nuclear polymorphism, mode of invasion, and total malignancy point value. The histologic grading of malignancy in this series was found to be better in the prediction of the five year result, recurrence or not, than the TNM classification."}
{"id": "PMID:1203797", "title": "Laryngeal carcinoma: stomal recurrences and distant metastases.", "content": "Stomal recurrence and distant metastases are two of the most serious complications occurring in the patient treated for carcinoma of the larynx. Their appearances are ominous prognostic signs for survival of the host and both are refractory to any form of effective management. To date, the stomal recurrence has defied a satisfactory pathogenetic explanation but neoplastic cell inculation of the laryngectomy wound and extension from paratracheal lymph nodes appear to be partial explanations. Uncontrolled local disease plays a significant, if not the major role in the genesis of distant metastases.", "contents": "Laryngeal carcinoma: stomal recurrences and distant metastases. Stomal recurrence and distant metastases are two of the most serious complications occurring in the patient treated for carcinoma of the larynx. Their appearances are ominous prognostic signs for survival of the host and both are refractory to any form of effective management. To date, the stomal recurrence has defied a satisfactory pathogenetic explanation but neoplastic cell inculation of the laryngectomy wound and extension from paratracheal lymph nodes appear to be partial explanations. Uncontrolled local disease plays a significant, if not the major role in the genesis of distant metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:1203798", "title": "Radiotherapy as the primary approach in the treatment of laryngeal cancer.", "content": "At the Institute of Radiology, University of Belgrade, in close collaboration with ENT Hospital, a group of 772 patients were treated at various stages of laryngeal cancer with telecobalt therapy during the 1960-68 period. The supervoltage was consistently the primary approach in the treatment with curative intent, while surgery was resorted to for the failures only. One hundred and thirteen patients with recurrences following their exposure to irradiation, unfit for an operation or refusing surgery, were re-irradiated with telecobalt therapy. The authors studied several overall time, dose and fractionation schemes. The NSD concept of Ellis was employed to compare the biological effects of the different treatment factors. The optimum results were obtained with the doses fractioned over five or six weeks and NSD amounting to 1950. The five year absolute survival rate obtained at glottic cancer was 60.9 per cent. All stages of supraglottic cancer had a survival rate of 39.2 per cent. The five year survival after the second course of irradiation (113 patients) was 22.1 per cent, including 25 patients operated on after two series of irradiation. The authors consider that the risk of a radical re-irradiation has to be accepted in spite of possible complications because it is the only possibility to save a limited number of the patients unfit for an operation or who have a negative attitude to surgical treatment, especially to laryngectomy.", "contents": "Radiotherapy as the primary approach in the treatment of laryngeal cancer. At the Institute of Radiology, University of Belgrade, in close collaboration with ENT Hospital, a group of 772 patients were treated at various stages of laryngeal cancer with telecobalt therapy during the 1960-68 period. The supervoltage was consistently the primary approach in the treatment with curative intent, while surgery was resorted to for the failures only. One hundred and thirteen patients with recurrences following their exposure to irradiation, unfit for an operation or refusing surgery, were re-irradiated with telecobalt therapy. The authors studied several overall time, dose and fractionation schemes. The NSD concept of Ellis was employed to compare the biological effects of the different treatment factors. The optimum results were obtained with the doses fractioned over five or six weeks and NSD amounting to 1950. The five year absolute survival rate obtained at glottic cancer was 60.9 per cent. All stages of supraglottic cancer had a survival rate of 39.2 per cent. The five year survival after the second course of irradiation (113 patients) was 22.1 per cent, including 25 patients operated on after two series of irradiation. The authors consider that the risk of a radical re-irradiation has to be accepted in spite of possible complications because it is the only possibility to save a limited number of the patients unfit for an operation or who have a negative attitude to surgical treatment, especially to laryngectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1203801", "title": "The contribution of interstitial implants to treatment planning.", "content": "Delivery of radiation to a deeply located tumor site by external radiation is only accomplished by traversal of normal tissues. Even with the physical advantages of high energy radiation or heavy particles, this is still unwanted radiation. Even a tumor-seeking isotope, such as radio-iodine for carcinoma of the thyroid, must still have an initial total body distribution. While interstitial sources, removable or permanent, present a personnel exposure problem, the delivery and deposition of ionizing radiation in this way has unequalled simplicity, versatility, and availability. Although the method is as old as radiotherapy itself, three dimensional computer dosimetry has given it extended applicability, and extends an invitation to innovations in achieving ideal dose distribution.", "contents": "The contribution of interstitial implants to treatment planning. Delivery of radiation to a deeply located tumor site by external radiation is only accomplished by traversal of normal tissues. Even with the physical advantages of high energy radiation or heavy particles, this is still unwanted radiation. Even a tumor-seeking isotope, such as radio-iodine for carcinoma of the thyroid, must still have an initial total body distribution. While interstitial sources, removable or permanent, present a personnel exposure problem, the delivery and deposition of ionizing radiation in this way has unequalled simplicity, versatility, and availability. Although the method is as old as radiotherapy itself, three dimensional computer dosimetry has given it extended applicability, and extends an invitation to innovations in achieving ideal dose distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:1203838", "title": "Phase I study of ftorafur, an analog of 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Ftorafur, a furanyl analog of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is reported to be five to six times less toxic and possibly more effective in cancer of the breast and colon than 5-FU. The drug was synthesized, formulated, and utilized in toxicologic studies, and then in 24 patients with advanced incurable malignancies. When Ftorafur is given by intravenous push, it results in immediate flushing, dizziness, nausea, retching, and in some cases transient hypotension. These immediate side effects are largely eliminated by administering the drug slowly by infusion. In patients, 60 mg/kg of Ftorafur given i.v. daily for up to 10 days resulted in mild toxicity. However, 80 mg/kg given i.v. daily for 7 days resulted in severe toxicity, with nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. These studies confirm those of the Russian investigators as to toxicity and dosage, even with a different method of administration more convenient for therapy. Phase II studies are presently being carried out to compare the effectiveness of Ftorafur and 5-FU.", "contents": "Phase I study of ftorafur, an analog of 5-fluorouracil. Ftorafur, a furanyl analog of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is reported to be five to six times less toxic and possibly more effective in cancer of the breast and colon than 5-FU. The drug was synthesized, formulated, and utilized in toxicologic studies, and then in 24 patients with advanced incurable malignancies. When Ftorafur is given by intravenous push, it results in immediate flushing, dizziness, nausea, retching, and in some cases transient hypotension. These immediate side effects are largely eliminated by administering the drug slowly by infusion. In patients, 60 mg/kg of Ftorafur given i.v. daily for up to 10 days resulted in mild toxicity. However, 80 mg/kg given i.v. daily for 7 days resulted in severe toxicity, with nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. These studies confirm those of the Russian investigators as to toxicity and dosage, even with a different method of administration more convenient for therapy. Phase II studies are presently being carried out to compare the effectiveness of Ftorafur and 5-FU."}
{"id": "PMID:1203839", "title": "Clinical and theoretical aspects of the treatment of surgically unresectable retroperitoneal malignancy with combined intra-arterial actinomycin-D and radiotherapy.", "content": "A small pilot series (eight patients) of surgically unresectable retroperitoneal tumors treated with radiotherapy and a selective, prolonged, continuous intra-arterial infusion of actinomycin-D is discussed, in addition to the possible theoretical advantages for this therapy. For such tumors, there is a very low probability of obtaining local control with conventional radiotherapy alone. However, on the basis of recent knowledge from radiobiology and molecular biology, the technique is a rational attempt to improve the local control probability. Geographic miss with radiotherapy portals is another major cause for local failure with such tumors. We also emphasize the importance of detailed tumor localization procedures. The local responses, some of the local controls, the palliation achieved, and the lack of significant morbidity with this technique have been encouraging. We therefore consider it worthy of further clinical investigation.", "contents": "Clinical and theoretical aspects of the treatment of surgically unresectable retroperitoneal malignancy with combined intra-arterial actinomycin-D and radiotherapy. A small pilot series (eight patients) of surgically unresectable retroperitoneal tumors treated with radiotherapy and a selective, prolonged, continuous intra-arterial infusion of actinomycin-D is discussed, in addition to the possible theoretical advantages for this therapy. For such tumors, there is a very low probability of obtaining local control with conventional radiotherapy alone. However, on the basis of recent knowledge from radiobiology and molecular biology, the technique is a rational attempt to improve the local control probability. Geographic miss with radiotherapy portals is another major cause for local failure with such tumors. We also emphasize the importance of detailed tumor localization procedures. The local responses, some of the local controls, the palliation achieved, and the lack of significant morbidity with this technique have been encouraging. We therefore consider it worthy of further clinical investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203840", "title": "Comparison of continuously infused 5-fluorouracil with bolus injection in treatment of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "In a randomized series of 70 patients with with colo rectal adenocarcinoma, a comparison of systemic 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy administered as a continuous 120-hours infusion vs. intravenous bolus injection daily for 5 days demonstrated superiority of prolonged intravenous infusion. The most striking advantage of prolonged infusion of 5-FU was the absence of myelotoxicity. Fifteen of the 34 patients treated with infusion and 8 of the 36 patients treated by bolus injection developed objective tumor responses. The difference in response rate at least in part is explainable by unequal distribution of patients with different characteristics between the two treatment groups.", "contents": "Comparison of continuously infused 5-fluorouracil with bolus injection in treatment of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. In a randomized series of 70 patients with with colo rectal adenocarcinoma, a comparison of systemic 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy administered as a continuous 120-hours infusion vs. intravenous bolus injection daily for 5 days demonstrated superiority of prolonged intravenous infusion. The most striking advantage of prolonged infusion of 5-FU was the absence of myelotoxicity. Fifteen of the 34 patients treated with infusion and 8 of the 36 patients treated by bolus injection developed objective tumor responses. The difference in response rate at least in part is explainable by unequal distribution of patients with different characteristics between the two treatment groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1203841", "title": "Heparin and chemotherapy in the management of inoperable lung carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with inoperable or metastatic carcinoma of the lung who failed to respond to conventional chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were entered in this study. All of them received repeated courses of multiple chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, 6-thioguanine, methotrexate, and vincristine) with or without concurrent intravenous heparin anticoagulation. No tumor regression was noted in any of the 14 patients who received the multiple chemotherapy only. On the contrary, tumor progression was seen in all of them, and subsequently 12 died of their disease. The other 14 patients were anticoagulated with heparin, then received the same multiple chemotherapeutics while anticoagulated. Over 50% tumor regression was noted clinically and radiologically, and occasionally demonstrated histologically in 7 of them. Two patients in this group are alive and well for 1 1/2 years. No increase in toxicity or metastases was noted. The 2 patients who had progression of their disease while on the multiple chemotherapy program alone showed tumor regression when they received the same chemotherapy after heparinization.", "contents": "Heparin and chemotherapy in the management of inoperable lung carcinoma. Twenty-eight patients with inoperable or metastatic carcinoma of the lung who failed to respond to conventional chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were entered in this study. All of them received repeated courses of multiple chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, 6-thioguanine, methotrexate, and vincristine) with or without concurrent intravenous heparin anticoagulation. No tumor regression was noted in any of the 14 patients who received the multiple chemotherapy only. On the contrary, tumor progression was seen in all of them, and subsequently 12 died of their disease. The other 14 patients were anticoagulated with heparin, then received the same multiple chemotherapeutics while anticoagulated. Over 50% tumor regression was noted clinically and radiologically, and occasionally demonstrated histologically in 7 of them. Two patients in this group are alive and well for 1 1/2 years. No increase in toxicity or metastases was noted. The 2 patients who had progression of their disease while on the multiple chemotherapy program alone showed tumor regression when they received the same chemotherapy after heparinization."}
{"id": "PMID:1203842", "title": "Papillary cystadenofibroma of endometrium: a histochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The light and electron microscopic as well as the histochemical characteristics of a papillary cystadenofibroma of the endometrium are described. The neoplasm arose in the lower uterine segment and was composed of a florid fibroblastic growth arranged in club-shaped papillae projecting into clefts and cystic spaces. The epithelium lining the plicae, recesses, and cysts was exclusively of the mucous-secreting type and bore identical histochemical and subcellular characteristics to that of the normal endocervical epithelium. Essentially similar papillary lesions were recently reported in the endocervix, endometrium, and fallopian tube. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of this distinct neoplasm are discussed in the light of the available morphological data.", "contents": "Papillary cystadenofibroma of endometrium: a histochemical and ultrastructural study. The light and electron microscopic as well as the histochemical characteristics of a papillary cystadenofibroma of the endometrium are described. The neoplasm arose in the lower uterine segment and was composed of a florid fibroblastic growth arranged in club-shaped papillae projecting into clefts and cystic spaces. The epithelium lining the plicae, recesses, and cysts was exclusively of the mucous-secreting type and bore identical histochemical and subcellular characteristics to that of the normal endocervical epithelium. Essentially similar papillary lesions were recently reported in the endocervix, endometrium, and fallopian tube. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of this distinct neoplasm are discussed in the light of the available morphological data."}
{"id": "PMID:1203843", "title": "Ultrastructure of primary and metastatic ovarian carcinoids: analysis of 11 cases.", "content": "The ultrastructure of 11 ovarian carcinoids was investigated. The 6 carcinoids with an insular pattern primary in the ovary or metastatic to it from the ileum displayed granules that were pleomorphic (dumbbell and reniform shaped) and varied from 90 to 410 mum, with an average diameter of 210 mum. Five trabecular carcinoids primary in the ovary or metastatic to if from the pancreas contained uniformly round granules with an average diameter of 185 mum and a range of 150-210 mum. These data confirm other reports that pleomorphic granules are typically associated with insular carcinoids of the midgut, and round granules with trabecular carcinoids of the foregut and hindgut.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of primary and metastatic ovarian carcinoids: analysis of 11 cases. The ultrastructure of 11 ovarian carcinoids was investigated. The 6 carcinoids with an insular pattern primary in the ovary or metastatic to it from the ileum displayed granules that were pleomorphic (dumbbell and reniform shaped) and varied from 90 to 410 mum, with an average diameter of 210 mum. Five trabecular carcinoids primary in the ovary or metastatic to if from the pancreas contained uniformly round granules with an average diameter of 185 mum and a range of 150-210 mum. These data confirm other reports that pleomorphic granules are typically associated with insular carcinoids of the midgut, and round granules with trabecular carcinoids of the foregut and hindgut."}
{"id": "PMID:1203844", "title": "Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. The significance of lymphatic invasion and confluent patterns of stromal growth.", "content": "Thirty examples of microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix were studied to determine the presence or absence of lymphatic invasion. Invasion of spaces resembling lymphatic spaces was demonstrated by step sections in more than half of the cases (57%). The pattern of invasion within the stroma, whether confluent or finger-like, did not correlate with the presence or absence of invasion of these spaces. All of the patients had been treated with a pelvic lymphadenectomy, and all of the lymph nodes were negative for metastasis. Thus, neither invasion of what have been considered to be lymphatics nor a confluent pattern of stromal invasion should be a criterion for excluding either the diagnosis of microinvasion or treatment by simple hysterectomy.", "contents": "Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. The significance of lymphatic invasion and confluent patterns of stromal growth. Thirty examples of microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix were studied to determine the presence or absence of lymphatic invasion. Invasion of spaces resembling lymphatic spaces was demonstrated by step sections in more than half of the cases (57%). The pattern of invasion within the stroma, whether confluent or finger-like, did not correlate with the presence or absence of invasion of these spaces. All of the patients had been treated with a pelvic lymphadenectomy, and all of the lymph nodes were negative for metastasis. Thus, neither invasion of what have been considered to be lymphatics nor a confluent pattern of stromal invasion should be a criterion for excluding either the diagnosis of microinvasion or treatment by simple hysterectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1203845", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation in newly presenting patients with primary carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "The transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to PHA was studied in 37 newly presenting patients who were subsequently proven to have carcinoma of the lung. When compared with healthy age- and sex-matched normal controls, no differences were noted in the thymidine uptake of the unstimulated lymphocytes in culture or in the response to any of the three dose levels of PHA used. Neither the extent of the spread of the carcinoma nor the type of its histology showed any correlation with the PHA response, but the PHA response was significantly depressed within 14 days of death in 7 patients. No evidence for serum inhibitory factors was found.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation in newly presenting patients with primary carcinoma of the lung. The transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to PHA was studied in 37 newly presenting patients who were subsequently proven to have carcinoma of the lung. When compared with healthy age- and sex-matched normal controls, no differences were noted in the thymidine uptake of the unstimulated lymphocytes in culture or in the response to any of the three dose levels of PHA used. Neither the extent of the spread of the carcinoma nor the type of its histology showed any correlation with the PHA response, but the PHA response was significantly depressed within 14 days of death in 7 patients. No evidence for serum inhibitory factors was found."}
{"id": "PMID:1203846", "title": "The influence of splenectomy on the invitro lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Using tissue culture techniques, the 14C-thymidine incorporation of peripheral lymphocytes in 17 Hodgkin's patients was tested before and after splenectomy under stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed. Incorporation under phytohemagglutinin stimulation about 10 days after splenectomy was not affected in Hodgkin's patients with pathologic Stages I and II, but was significantly (p less than 0.005) increased in those with Stages III and IV. The total PHA stimulation potency, i.e. the product of the lymphocyte count and PHA stimulation, increased slightly in both groups. Incorporation under pokeweed stimulation after splenectomy did not significantly differ from that before the operation in the two groups. Although the number of cases studied is rather small, it is concluded that splenectomy causes no demonstrable untoward effect on the cellular immunologic potency. The immunologic state is more likely to be favorably influenced than unfavorably.", "contents": "The influence of splenectomy on the invitro lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen in Hodgkin's disease. Using tissue culture techniques, the 14C-thymidine incorporation of peripheral lymphocytes in 17 Hodgkin's patients was tested before and after splenectomy under stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed. Incorporation under phytohemagglutinin stimulation about 10 days after splenectomy was not affected in Hodgkin's patients with pathologic Stages I and II, but was significantly (p less than 0.005) increased in those with Stages III and IV. The total PHA stimulation potency, i.e. the product of the lymphocyte count and PHA stimulation, increased slightly in both groups. Incorporation under pokeweed stimulation after splenectomy did not significantly differ from that before the operation in the two groups. Although the number of cases studied is rather small, it is concluded that splenectomy causes no demonstrable untoward effect on the cellular immunologic potency. The immunologic state is more likely to be favorably influenced than unfavorably."}
{"id": "PMID:1203847", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XII. Banding analysis of abnormal chromosomes in polycythemia vera.", "content": "The chromosome constitution of bone marrow cells was determined in 13 patients with polycythemia vera (PV). In 5 of these patients definite karyotypic abnormalities were found: 3 with 46,XY,Fq-; 1 with 46,XY,11q-, 13q-; and 1 with missing Y. The latter cytogenetic finding is thought not to be related to the PV. The 4 patients with partial deletions of chromosomes had been treated with 32P, and 3 of them with chemotherapy also. Karyotypes from 2 of these patients, 1 with 46,XY,20q-, and another with 46,XY,11q-,13q- were examined with G and/or Q banding. From the results of the banding analysis, it appears that the abnormal chromosomes were due to simple deletions at specific sites on their arms, particularly in the cases with the F abnormality (20q11). The breaks occurred in the regions C11q and D12q. The portions missing from the original chromosomes could not be found on any chromosome. Most patients with PV do not develop chromosomal abnormalities through the course of their disease; when such abnormalities appear (20q- in particular), they seem to result exclusively from radiation (and possibly chemo-) therapy. Thus, cytogenetic changes do not appear to play a crucial role in the genesis of PV.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XII. Banding analysis of abnormal chromosomes in polycythemia vera. The chromosome constitution of bone marrow cells was determined in 13 patients with polycythemia vera (PV). In 5 of these patients definite karyotypic abnormalities were found: 3 with 46,XY,Fq-; 1 with 46,XY,11q-, 13q-; and 1 with missing Y. The latter cytogenetic finding is thought not to be related to the PV. The 4 patients with partial deletions of chromosomes had been treated with 32P, and 3 of them with chemotherapy also. Karyotypes from 2 of these patients, 1 with 46,XY,20q-, and another with 46,XY,11q-,13q- were examined with G and/or Q banding. From the results of the banding analysis, it appears that the abnormal chromosomes were due to simple deletions at specific sites on their arms, particularly in the cases with the F abnormality (20q11). The breaks occurred in the regions C11q and D12q. The portions missing from the original chromosomes could not be found on any chromosome. Most patients with PV do not develop chromosomal abnormalities through the course of their disease; when such abnormalities appear (20q- in particular), they seem to result exclusively from radiation (and possibly chemo-) therapy. Thus, cytogenetic changes do not appear to play a crucial role in the genesis of PV."}
{"id": "PMID:1203848", "title": "The incidence of yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) elements in germ cell tumors of the testis in adults.", "content": "The incidence of yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) elements was studied in 147 germ cell neoplasms of the testis in adults observed over a 4 1/2-year period. Excluding 79 cases of pure seminoma, yolk sac tumor elements were found in 26 (38%) of 68 tumors; in 8 tumors the yolk sac tumor was the predominant element. Yolk sac tumor elements were found admixed with all other germ cell tumor elements. Tumors composed entirely of yolk sac tumor were not encountered. Fifteen (57%) of the 26 patients with tumors containing yolk sac tumor elements have died of their disease during the period under study, compared with 13 (31%) of the remaining 42 patients, suggesting that the prognosis of adults with testicular tumors containing yolk sac tumor elements is unfavorable. This is in contrast to the relatively good prognosis of infants and young children with testicular yolk sac tumor, and similar to the prognosis of female patients with ovarian yolk sac tumor. The results of the present study give further support to the view that yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) is not adistinctive neoplasm of the infant's testis, but a germ cell neoplasm differentiating in the direction of yolk sac or vitelline structures, and occurring in the testis, ovary and extragonadal sites in common with other germ cell neoplasms.", "contents": "The incidence of yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) elements in germ cell tumors of the testis in adults. The incidence of yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) elements was studied in 147 germ cell neoplasms of the testis in adults observed over a 4 1/2-year period. Excluding 79 cases of pure seminoma, yolk sac tumor elements were found in 26 (38%) of 68 tumors; in 8 tumors the yolk sac tumor was the predominant element. Yolk sac tumor elements were found admixed with all other germ cell tumor elements. Tumors composed entirely of yolk sac tumor were not encountered. Fifteen (57%) of the 26 patients with tumors containing yolk sac tumor elements have died of their disease during the period under study, compared with 13 (31%) of the remaining 42 patients, suggesting that the prognosis of adults with testicular tumors containing yolk sac tumor elements is unfavorable. This is in contrast to the relatively good prognosis of infants and young children with testicular yolk sac tumor, and similar to the prognosis of female patients with ovarian yolk sac tumor. The results of the present study give further support to the view that yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) is not adistinctive neoplasm of the infant's testis, but a germ cell neoplasm differentiating in the direction of yolk sac or vitelline structures, and occurring in the testis, ovary and extragonadal sites in common with other germ cell neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:1203849", "title": "Clinicopathologic review of 88 cases of carcinoma metastatic to the putuitary gland.", "content": "Clinical and pathologic features of 88 cases of carcinoma metastatic to the pituitary gland were reviewed. In 61 (69.3%), metastases were localized either in the posterior lobe alone or in the posterior and anterior lobes together; only 12 (13.6%) involved the anterior lobe alone. Diabetes insipidus was present in 6 patients (6.8%), one of whom also had clinical panhypopituitarism due to metastatic tumor and necrosis in the anterior pituitary lobe. Breast and lung were the most frequent primary sites in women and men, respectively. Sixty-four (72.7%) of these glands were grossly normal at necropsy. Metastases to the pituitary gland occur more frequently in the posterior lobe than in the anterior lobe, and my ve reflected clinically by diabetes insipidus in patients with diseminated carcinoma. Clinical panhypopituitarism is a rare accompaniment of anterior lobe involvement.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic review of 88 cases of carcinoma metastatic to the putuitary gland. Clinical and pathologic features of 88 cases of carcinoma metastatic to the pituitary gland were reviewed. In 61 (69.3%), metastases were localized either in the posterior lobe alone or in the posterior and anterior lobes together; only 12 (13.6%) involved the anterior lobe alone. Diabetes insipidus was present in 6 patients (6.8%), one of whom also had clinical panhypopituitarism due to metastatic tumor and necrosis in the anterior pituitary lobe. Breast and lung were the most frequent primary sites in women and men, respectively. Sixty-four (72.7%) of these glands were grossly normal at necropsy. Metastases to the pituitary gland occur more frequently in the posterior lobe than in the anterior lobe, and my ve reflected clinically by diabetes insipidus in patients with diseminated carcinoma. Clinical panhypopituitarism is a rare accompaniment of anterior lobe involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:1203850", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin levels IgA, IgG, and IgM have been estimated in 92 patients with breast cancer and 50 control patients, 40 of whom had benign disease of the breast. In patients with breast cancer, IgA was significantly raised at all stages and IgG was significantly reduced, but the two abnormalities were not necessarily concomitant. These findings may suggest a disturbance in the secretory immune system, and immunologic defect even when the cancer is localized to the breast.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with breast cancer. Serum immunoglobulin levels IgA, IgG, and IgM have been estimated in 92 patients with breast cancer and 50 control patients, 40 of whom had benign disease of the breast. In patients with breast cancer, IgA was significantly raised at all stages and IgG was significantly reduced, but the two abnormalities were not necessarily concomitant. These findings may suggest a disturbance in the secretory immune system, and immunologic defect even when the cancer is localized to the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:1203851", "title": "Proliferative kinetics of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia.", "content": "The proliferative kinetics of the leukemic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were studied in three adults with CNS leukemia after 18 and 8 months while receiving an intensive treatment regimen. One (J.L.) had acute myeloblastic leukemia and developed CNS disease after 5 years' treatment with arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine. All were in marrow remission at the time of study. G.H. had had no therapy for CNS disease, A.K. had had intrathecal methotrexate 2 months previously, and J.L. had recently completed radiotherapy (1900 R) to the head. An Ommaya reservoir was placed in a lateral ventricle and 3H-thymidine was injected into the resrvoir every 12 hours for 10 days; samples of cells were obtained by lumbar puncture periodically for autoradiography. In all patients the flash 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI) of the leukemic cells was less than 2% (determined in vitro) and the mitotic index less than 0.1%. After 10 days of 3H-thymidine injections in vivo, the LIs of the leukemic cells were 55%, 36%, and 21% in G.H., A.K., and J.L., respectively. These findings indicate that leukemic cells may proliferate very slowly in the CNS, and stress the difficulty of eradicating CNS leukemia with chemotherapeutic agents which are only active against proliferating cells.", "contents": "Proliferative kinetics of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia. The proliferative kinetics of the leukemic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were studied in three adults with CNS leukemia after 18 and 8 months while receiving an intensive treatment regimen. One (J.L.) had acute myeloblastic leukemia and developed CNS disease after 5 years' treatment with arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine. All were in marrow remission at the time of study. G.H. had had no therapy for CNS disease, A.K. had had intrathecal methotrexate 2 months previously, and J.L. had recently completed radiotherapy (1900 R) to the head. An Ommaya reservoir was placed in a lateral ventricle and 3H-thymidine was injected into the resrvoir every 12 hours for 10 days; samples of cells were obtained by lumbar puncture periodically for autoradiography. In all patients the flash 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI) of the leukemic cells was less than 2% (determined in vitro) and the mitotic index less than 0.1%. After 10 days of 3H-thymidine injections in vivo, the LIs of the leukemic cells were 55%, 36%, and 21% in G.H., A.K., and J.L., respectively. These findings indicate that leukemic cells may proliferate very slowly in the CNS, and stress the difficulty of eradicating CNS leukemia with chemotherapeutic agents which are only active against proliferating cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1203852", "title": "Extraskeletal neoplasm resembling Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "This article reviews the pathologic features and the behavior of 39 small, round, or oval cell sarcomas occurring in the soft tissues and considered histologically indistinguishable from Ewing's sarcoma of bone. The tumors affected chiefly young adults (median age 20 years) and most commonly involved the soft tissues of the lower extremity and the paravertebral region. Microscopically, they consisted of solidly packed small, round, or ovoid cells of great uniformity, arranged in sheets or lobules separated by strands of fibrous connective tissue. The nucleus of the tumor cells contained finely divided chromatin, a distinct nuclear membrane, and frequently a minute nucleolus. The scanty ill-defined cytoplasm contained varying amounts of glycogen. Sometimes the histologic picture was dominated by a \"peritheliomatous\" pattern, or by large areas of necrosis or hemorrhage. Followup data ranging from 1 month to 14 years were available in 35 of the 39 cases (93%). Of these, 13 were alive  and 22 had died. In the majority of the fatal cases, the clinical course was rapid; metastatic lesions developed within a few months after the primary tumor was excised. The lungs and the skeleton were the two most common sites of metastasis. Cure may be achieved by wide local excision of the tumor at an early stage of the disease, combined with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.", "contents": "Extraskeletal neoplasm resembling Ewing's sarcoma. This article reviews the pathologic features and the behavior of 39 small, round, or oval cell sarcomas occurring in the soft tissues and considered histologically indistinguishable from Ewing's sarcoma of bone. The tumors affected chiefly young adults (median age 20 years) and most commonly involved the soft tissues of the lower extremity and the paravertebral region. Microscopically, they consisted of solidly packed small, round, or ovoid cells of great uniformity, arranged in sheets or lobules separated by strands of fibrous connective tissue. The nucleus of the tumor cells contained finely divided chromatin, a distinct nuclear membrane, and frequently a minute nucleolus. The scanty ill-defined cytoplasm contained varying amounts of glycogen. Sometimes the histologic picture was dominated by a \"peritheliomatous\" pattern, or by large areas of necrosis or hemorrhage. Followup data ranging from 1 month to 14 years were available in 35 of the 39 cases (93%). Of these, 13 were alive  and 22 had died. In the majority of the fatal cases, the clinical course was rapid; metastatic lesions developed within a few months after the primary tumor was excised. The lungs and the skeleton were the two most common sites of metastasis. Cure may be achieved by wide local excision of the tumor at an early stage of the disease, combined with radiation therapy and chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1203853", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide for advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Fifty-five consecutive women with advanced breast cancer were treated with a combination of adriamycin (40 mg/m2 administered intravenously on day 1) and cyclophosphamide (200 mg/m2/day given orally in divided doses for 4 days on days 3-6). Courses were repeated at 21-28-day intervals. The mean age for the 55 patients was 55 years (range, 37-77 years); 20% of the patients were 65 years or older. All patients were evaluable. Objective response (at least a 50% decrease in the size of all measurable lesions lasting for at least 1 month) was noted in 40 (80%) of the 50 patients who received an adequate trial of chemotherapy (a minimum of two courses). Six of the 40 responses observed were complete. The median duration of response was 10 months. Actuarial survival for the entire group of 55 patients was 80% at 6 months after initiating chemotherapy and 70% at 12 months. Survival for the 40 responding patients was 95% at 6 months and 80% at 12 months. Response rates by site of involvement were: soft tissue, 20/25 (80%); lymph node, 15/19 (79%); bone, 21/25 (84%); lung, 15/18 (83%); pleural effusion, 6/8 (75%); and liver, 7/10 (70%). Eighty-three percent of the responses were apparent after two courses of treatment and 98% were apparent after four courses. Toxicity was acceptable and included nausea, myelosuppression, alopecia, and reversible congestive heart failure (in 2 patients who received 550 mg/m2 of adriamycin). Chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide proved to be safe and effective for out-patient treatment of advanced breast cancer.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide for advanced breast cancer. Fifty-five consecutive women with advanced breast cancer were treated with a combination of adriamycin (40 mg/m2 administered intravenously on day 1) and cyclophosphamide (200 mg/m2/day given orally in divided doses for 4 days on days 3-6). Courses were repeated at 21-28-day intervals. The mean age for the 55 patients was 55 years (range, 37-77 years); 20% of the patients were 65 years or older. All patients were evaluable. Objective response (at least a 50% decrease in the size of all measurable lesions lasting for at least 1 month) was noted in 40 (80%) of the 50 patients who received an adequate trial of chemotherapy (a minimum of two courses). Six of the 40 responses observed were complete. The median duration of response was 10 months. Actuarial survival for the entire group of 55 patients was 80% at 6 months after initiating chemotherapy and 70% at 12 months. Survival for the 40 responding patients was 95% at 6 months and 80% at 12 months. Response rates by site of involvement were: soft tissue, 20/25 (80%); lymph node, 15/19 (79%); bone, 21/25 (84%); lung, 15/18 (83%); pleural effusion, 6/8 (75%); and liver, 7/10 (70%). Eighty-three percent of the responses were apparent after two courses of treatment and 98% were apparent after four courses. Toxicity was acceptable and included nausea, myelosuppression, alopecia, and reversible congestive heart failure (in 2 patients who received 550 mg/m2 of adriamycin). Chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide proved to be safe and effective for out-patient treatment of advanced breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1203854", "title": "Comparison of prednisolone, vincristine, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine vs. vincristine and prednisone induction therapy in childhood acute leukemia.", "content": "This was designed to compare vincristine-prednisone (VP) vs. prednisolone, vincristine, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine (POMP) with respect to response rates and toxicity for induction therapy in acute leukemia. Children with acute lymphoblastic, acute undifferentiated, or acute stem cell leukemia were stratified on the basis of initial leukocyte count and age, then randomly assigned to POMP or VP induction therapy. On the POMP regime, 19/34 (56%) achieved complete remission (CR), 7 achieved partial remission (PR), and 5 did not respond (NR). Three died prior to day 25 of the study. On the VP regime, 37/39 (95%) had CR, and 2 NR. On the VP regime neither sepsis nor toxicity were significant problems. The POMP regime had a higher incidence of sepsis and other toxicities frequently causing therapy interruption, but not enequivocally causing the poor response rate. Several other factors were evaluated as possible causes for the lack of response to POMP therapy.", "contents": "Comparison of prednisolone, vincristine, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine vs. vincristine and prednisone induction therapy in childhood acute leukemia. This was designed to compare vincristine-prednisone (VP) vs. prednisolone, vincristine, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine (POMP) with respect to response rates and toxicity for induction therapy in acute leukemia. Children with acute lymphoblastic, acute undifferentiated, or acute stem cell leukemia were stratified on the basis of initial leukocyte count and age, then randomly assigned to POMP or VP induction therapy. On the POMP regime, 19/34 (56%) achieved complete remission (CR), 7 achieved partial remission (PR), and 5 did not respond (NR). Three died prior to day 25 of the study. On the VP regime, 37/39 (95%) had CR, and 2 NR. On the VP regime neither sepsis nor toxicity were significant problems. The POMP regime had a higher incidence of sepsis and other toxicities frequently causing therapy interruption, but not enequivocally causing the poor response rate. Several other factors were evaluated as possible causes for the lack of response to POMP therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1203855", "title": "An analysis of a multiple-drug program in the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer utilizing 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone with or without vincristine.", "content": "Ninety patients with advanced breast cancer received a polychemotherapeutic program composed of 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone with or without vincristine as a control group in a series of four consecutive Phase II clinical trials of new drug programs. Objective regression rates were 59% without vincristine and 46% with vincristine. Projected mean length of regressions exceeds 1 year. Site of dominant disease, disease-free interval, or performance scale score (if score was 0, 1, or 2, ECOG scale) failed to influence response rates; decreasing response rates were noted as the length of time increased after menopause. No advantage existed in patients experiencing severe myelosuppression (nadir leukocyte count of less than 1,500/mm), and appreciable response rates occurred without significant myelosuppression. The addition of vincristine to the regimen failed to increase the response rates, and only increased toxicity. The program as outlined is reasonably tolerable and effective for this group of patients with advanced breast cancer.", "contents": "An analysis of a multiple-drug program in the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer utilizing 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone with or without vincristine. Ninety patients with advanced breast cancer received a polychemotherapeutic program composed of 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone with or without vincristine as a control group in a series of four consecutive Phase II clinical trials of new drug programs. Objective regression rates were 59% without vincristine and 46% with vincristine. Projected mean length of regressions exceeds 1 year. Site of dominant disease, disease-free interval, or performance scale score (if score was 0, 1, or 2, ECOG scale) failed to influence response rates; decreasing response rates were noted as the length of time increased after menopause. No advantage existed in patients experiencing severe myelosuppression (nadir leukocyte count of less than 1,500/mm), and appreciable response rates occurred without significant myelosuppression. The addition of vincristine to the regimen failed to increase the response rates, and only increased toxicity. The program as outlined is reasonably tolerable and effective for this group of patients with advanced breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1203856", "title": "The response of the local immunoglobulin system to malignant lesions of the stomach. A new diagnostic test.", "content": "The response of the local secretory immunoglobulin system to tumor antigens was studied in 71 patients suspected of harboring a gastric malignancy. Gastric aspirates were obtained by fiberoptic endoscopy and measured on single radial immunodiffusion plates (Behring Diagnostics). Patients with malignant neoplasms of the stomach were divided into Type I and Type II lesions, based on the extent and stage of the disease. Secretory IgA titers were elevated in all patients with a Type I malignant tumor confirmed by histologic examination; mean 6.1 mg/100 (SD +/- 3.7 mg/100). This leads us to believe that  the host's response to malignant cells of the gastrointestinal system is an altered and elevated secretion of IgA. Evaluation of local immunoglobulin titers may be of value when used in conjunction with other diagnostic modalities in determining the nature of gastrointestinal lesions, particularly when the lesion is not metastatic or massively involving the gastric wall.", "contents": "The response of the local immunoglobulin system to malignant lesions of the stomach. A new diagnostic test. The response of the local secretory immunoglobulin system to tumor antigens was studied in 71 patients suspected of harboring a gastric malignancy. Gastric aspirates were obtained by fiberoptic endoscopy and measured on single radial immunodiffusion plates (Behring Diagnostics). Patients with malignant neoplasms of the stomach were divided into Type I and Type II lesions, based on the extent and stage of the disease. Secretory IgA titers were elevated in all patients with a Type I malignant tumor confirmed by histologic examination; mean 6.1 mg/100 (SD +/- 3.7 mg/100). This leads us to believe that  the host's response to malignant cells of the gastrointestinal system is an altered and elevated secretion of IgA. Evaluation of local immunoglobulin titers may be of value when used in conjunction with other diagnostic modalities in determining the nature of gastrointestinal lesions, particularly when the lesion is not metastatic or massively involving the gastric wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1203857", "title": "CEA levels in patients with colorectal polyps.", "content": "Preoperative plasma CEA levels were measured in 93 selected patients with histologically defined colorectal adenomata removed at fibroptic colonoscopy in order to determine whether CEA levels are elevated in patients with colonic polyps, or vary with different histologic patterns. None of the patients had inflammatory bowel disease, previous history of carcinoma, or evidence of liver disease. Fifteen percent of the patients had elevated CEA levels (greater than or equal to 2.5 ng/ml; Hansen method), and two-thirds of these were between 2.5 and 4.0 ng/ml. Increased association of elevated CEA levels was noted with old age, villous adenomas (2- to 4-fold), and increased tumor size (greater than 2.3-cm diameter; 2-fold), but not with foci of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ as such. One-half (7/14) of the patients with elevated CEA levels showed the following: two patients had villous tumors with carcinoma in situ, one had a villous adenoma, two had mixed villous and tubular adenomas (with a high proportion of villous pattern), and two were subsequently shown to have carcinoma elsewhere in the colon. It is uncertain that the polyps were the source of the elevated circulating CEA levels; other factors including smoking and patient selection need to be considered. This preliminary study suggests that patients with colorectal adenomata and elevated circulating CEA may be at higher risk for the development of carcinoma. Further follow-up studies of the malignant potential of the polyp-bearing colon are essential.", "contents": "CEA levels in patients with colorectal polyps. Preoperative plasma CEA levels were measured in 93 selected patients with histologically defined colorectal adenomata removed at fibroptic colonoscopy in order to determine whether CEA levels are elevated in patients with colonic polyps, or vary with different histologic patterns. None of the patients had inflammatory bowel disease, previous history of carcinoma, or evidence of liver disease. Fifteen percent of the patients had elevated CEA levels (greater than or equal to 2.5 ng/ml; Hansen method), and two-thirds of these were between 2.5 and 4.0 ng/ml. Increased association of elevated CEA levels was noted with old age, villous adenomas (2- to 4-fold), and increased tumor size (greater than 2.3-cm diameter; 2-fold), but not with foci of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ as such. One-half (7/14) of the patients with elevated CEA levels showed the following: two patients had villous tumors with carcinoma in situ, one had a villous adenoma, two had mixed villous and tubular adenomas (with a high proportion of villous pattern), and two were subsequently shown to have carcinoma elsewhere in the colon. It is uncertain that the polyps were the source of the elevated circulating CEA levels; other factors including smoking and patient selection need to be considered. This preliminary study suggests that patients with colorectal adenomata and elevated circulating CEA may be at higher risk for the development of carcinoma. Further follow-up studies of the malignant potential of the polyp-bearing colon are essential."}
{"id": "PMID:1203858", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine arising in Crohn's disease. Demonstration of a tumor-associated antigen in invasive and intraepithelial components.", "content": "A segment of small intestine surgically removed from a man with intestinal obstruction was found to have coexisting regional enteritis and an invasive adenocarcinoma associated with an area of intraepithelial neoplasia. The cells of the adenocarcinoma and the intraepithelial neoplasia contained a tumor-associated surface antigen capable of reacting with an antiserum prepared against a colonic carcinoma. The importance of thorough sampling of specimens of regional enteritis in accurate reporting of the incidence of carcinoma is stressed, as is the use of immunohistologic techniques as an adjunct to the morphologic diagnosis of preinvasive neoplasia.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine arising in Crohn's disease. Demonstration of a tumor-associated antigen in invasive and intraepithelial components. A segment of small intestine surgically removed from a man with intestinal obstruction was found to have coexisting regional enteritis and an invasive adenocarcinoma associated with an area of intraepithelial neoplasia. The cells of the adenocarcinoma and the intraepithelial neoplasia contained a tumor-associated surface antigen capable of reacting with an antiserum prepared against a colonic carcinoma. The importance of thorough sampling of specimens of regional enteritis in accurate reporting of the incidence of carcinoma is stressed, as is the use of immunohistologic techniques as an adjunct to the morphologic diagnosis of preinvasive neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:1203859", "title": "End results of radiation therapy, alone and combination with 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancers.", "content": "The authors retrospectively analyzed the results of irradiation in 148 cases of primary inoperable and recurrent adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum treated at the Department of Radiation Therapy, Roswell Park Memorial Institute between 1962 and 1970. This group includes 95 recurrences and 53 inoperable primaries. Uninterrupted radiotherapy was used in 118 cases and split-course technique in 30 cases. Eleven patients received combined radiotherapy and surgery. Seventy-eight patients received a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irradiation. The response rate and survival of individual groups is discussed in detail. This study indicated that perineal recurrences should receive whole pelvic irradiation in addition to perineum field. Split-course technique appeared to yield a better survival than the uninterrupted course. The best 5-year survival rate (64%) is found in the group treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. For locally advanced, inoperable cancers, split-course technique, combined 5-FU and irradiation gave the best results, achieving longer palliation with improved quality of life and sometimes yielding cure (5-year survival).", "contents": "End results of radiation therapy, alone and combination with 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancers. The authors retrospectively analyzed the results of irradiation in 148 cases of primary inoperable and recurrent adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum treated at the Department of Radiation Therapy, Roswell Park Memorial Institute between 1962 and 1970. This group includes 95 recurrences and 53 inoperable primaries. Uninterrupted radiotherapy was used in 118 cases and split-course technique in 30 cases. Eleven patients received combined radiotherapy and surgery. Seventy-eight patients received a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irradiation. The response rate and survival of individual groups is discussed in detail. This study indicated that perineal recurrences should receive whole pelvic irradiation in addition to perineum field. Split-course technique appeared to yield a better survival than the uninterrupted course. The best 5-year survival rate (64%) is found in the group treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. For locally advanced, inoperable cancers, split-course technique, combined 5-FU and irradiation gave the best results, achieving longer palliation with improved quality of life and sometimes yielding cure (5-year survival)."}
{"id": "PMID:1203860", "title": "Lymphographic demonstration of cyclic changes in lymph node size during Pel-Epstein fever.", "content": "Pel-Epstein fever cycles, consisting of 1-2 weeks of high fever separated by afebrile periods of the same duration, are classically characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. Clinical observation has determined that the lymph nodes enlarge during periods of fever and reduce in size as the fever subsides. To our knowledge, the waxing and waning of lymph nodes in tempo with the fever cycle in Hodgkin's disease have never before been documented by lymphography. The alterations we verified radiographically resemble cyclic swings in classic autoimmune diseases. Speculations are offered regarding the observed changes.", "contents": "Lymphographic demonstration of cyclic changes in lymph node size during Pel-Epstein fever. Pel-Epstein fever cycles, consisting of 1-2 weeks of high fever separated by afebrile periods of the same duration, are classically characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. Clinical observation has determined that the lymph nodes enlarge during periods of fever and reduce in size as the fever subsides. To our knowledge, the waxing and waning of lymph nodes in tempo with the fever cycle in Hodgkin's disease have never before been documented by lymphography. The alterations we verified radiographically resemble cyclic swings in classic autoimmune diseases. Speculations are offered regarding the observed changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1203861", "title": "Primary malignant melanocytic tumors of the sympathetic ganglia, with an ultrastructural study of one.", "content": "Three cases of melanocytic tumors arising in the sympathetic chain were studied. A metastasis from one of them was studied with electron microscopy. Both light and electron microscopy demonstrated the presence in these tumors of true melanogenesis and autophagic activity in melanocytes as well as phagocytosis of mature melanin by associated histiocytes. Review of the embryology, biochemistry and in vitro culture of sympathetic nervous tissue showed a close relationship between it and pigmented cells in other parts of the body which are also derived from neural crest. These findings support the clinical and morphological conclusion that these rare pigmented tumors are true melanocytic tumors originating from the sympathetic chain. The malignant potential of these tumors is emphasized by the fact that the two patients who survived initial surgery later died of metastatic disease.", "contents": "Primary malignant melanocytic tumors of the sympathetic ganglia, with an ultrastructural study of one. Three cases of melanocytic tumors arising in the sympathetic chain were studied. A metastasis from one of them was studied with electron microscopy. Both light and electron microscopy demonstrated the presence in these tumors of true melanogenesis and autophagic activity in melanocytes as well as phagocytosis of mature melanin by associated histiocytes. Review of the embryology, biochemistry and in vitro culture of sympathetic nervous tissue showed a close relationship between it and pigmented cells in other parts of the body which are also derived from neural crest. These findings support the clinical and morphological conclusion that these rare pigmented tumors are true melanocytic tumors originating from the sympathetic chain. The malignant potential of these tumors is emphasized by the fact that the two patients who survived initial surgery later died of metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1203862", "title": "Induction of pulmonary metastases in both immune and nonimmune mice. Effect of the removal of a transplanted primary tumor.", "content": "In mice bearing a benzypyrene-induced fibrosarcoma tumor, the survival was determined of intravenously injected tumor cells at various intervals after previous immunization of experimental animals by induction and subsequent excision of a transplanted primary tumor in the soft tissues of the leg. Seven days after induction of a transplanted primary tumor, I.V. tumor cells produced fewer pulmonary metastases in immunized mice than in nonimmunized mice. When tumor cells were inoculated I.V. immediately following amputation of the transplanted primary tumor, the number of pulmonary metastases in the immunized and nonimmunized animals were similar; however, 6 hours, 7 days and 14 days after primary tumor excision, I.V. inoculated tumor cells produced a higher incidence of lung metastases in the immunized than in the nonimmunized mice. This increased survival of I.V. tumor cells following excision of the transplanted primary tumor may have relevance to the development of metastases after eradication of certain primary tumors in humans.", "contents": "Induction of pulmonary metastases in both immune and nonimmune mice. Effect of the removal of a transplanted primary tumor. In mice bearing a benzypyrene-induced fibrosarcoma tumor, the survival was determined of intravenously injected tumor cells at various intervals after previous immunization of experimental animals by induction and subsequent excision of a transplanted primary tumor in the soft tissues of the leg. Seven days after induction of a transplanted primary tumor, I.V. tumor cells produced fewer pulmonary metastases in immunized mice than in nonimmunized mice. When tumor cells were inoculated I.V. immediately following amputation of the transplanted primary tumor, the number of pulmonary metastases in the immunized and nonimmunized animals were similar; however, 6 hours, 7 days and 14 days after primary tumor excision, I.V. inoculated tumor cells produced a higher incidence of lung metastases in the immunized than in the nonimmunized mice. This increased survival of I.V. tumor cells following excision of the transplanted primary tumor may have relevance to the development of metastases after eradication of certain primary tumors in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:1203863", "title": "Prognosis in breast cancer utilizing histologic characteristics of the primary tumor.", "content": "A study was made of the inter-relationships and prognostic significance of structural characteristics found in primary breast cancers and their associated axillary lymph nodes. The prognostically favorable characteristics included the following. For the primary tumor: nuclear differentiation of the cancer cells, diffuse lymphoid cell infiltrations (LI) and perivenous lymphoid cell infiltrations (PVI). For the axillary lymph nodes: sinus histiocytosis (SH). Perivenous lymphoid cell infiltrations (PVI) in the primary tumor are found to be as important a prognostic factor as SH in the axillary lymph nodes; these two characteristics are found to be positively associated. Evaluation of the nuclear grade (NG), LI, and PVI in the primary tumor allows for the definition of association with cancer cells having a low (anaplastic) nuclear grade, and to be positively associated with follicular hyperplasia (FH) in the lymph nodes. We also found a positive association between the cellular responses to areas of in situ carcinoma and the cellular responses to accompanying invasive breast breast cancer tissue. They also provide a prognostic system for classifying breast cancer patients on the basis of the microscopic characteristics of the primary tumor and surrounding breast tissue. The latter system should be of value in comparing the therapeutic benefits of various treatments.", "contents": "Prognosis in breast cancer utilizing histologic characteristics of the primary tumor. A study was made of the inter-relationships and prognostic significance of structural characteristics found in primary breast cancers and their associated axillary lymph nodes. The prognostically favorable characteristics included the following. For the primary tumor: nuclear differentiation of the cancer cells, diffuse lymphoid cell infiltrations (LI) and perivenous lymphoid cell infiltrations (PVI). For the axillary lymph nodes: sinus histiocytosis (SH). Perivenous lymphoid cell infiltrations (PVI) in the primary tumor are found to be as important a prognostic factor as SH in the axillary lymph nodes; these two characteristics are found to be positively associated. Evaluation of the nuclear grade (NG), LI, and PVI in the primary tumor allows for the definition of association with cancer cells having a low (anaplastic) nuclear grade, and to be positively associated with follicular hyperplasia (FH) in the lymph nodes. We also found a positive association between the cellular responses to areas of in situ carcinoma and the cellular responses to accompanying invasive breast breast cancer tissue. They also provide a prognostic system for classifying breast cancer patients on the basis of the microscopic characteristics of the primary tumor and surrounding breast tissue. The latter system should be of value in comparing the therapeutic benefits of various treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:1203864", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in 228 patients with carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-eight patients who were treated for carcinoma of the lung were followed and their plasma CEA levels assessed at intervals during the course of the disease. In addition, plasma samples were taken from 487 healthy blood  donors for comparison as a control. CEA assay is not selective or specific enough, at this time, to be used for screening purposes even though 68% of the patients who have lung cancer will have an elevated concentration of CEA regardless of the histological cell type. In patients with plasma levels of CEA above 15 ng/ml the prognosis is uniformly poor. CEA in the author's view does have value as a prognostic marker capable of suggesting the successful resection of a tumor and to a lesser degree confirming the clinical objective response to the radiotherapy or chemotherapy. It was found that the presence of CEA was not necessarily related to the volume of the tumor or the site of organ metastasis, but reflects the metabolic properties and characteristics of the individual tumor as it occurs in the patient.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in 228 patients with carcinoma of the lung. Two hundred and twenty-eight patients who were treated for carcinoma of the lung were followed and their plasma CEA levels assessed at intervals during the course of the disease. In addition, plasma samples were taken from 487 healthy blood  donors for comparison as a control. CEA assay is not selective or specific enough, at this time, to be used for screening purposes even though 68% of the patients who have lung cancer will have an elevated concentration of CEA regardless of the histological cell type. In patients with plasma levels of CEA above 15 ng/ml the prognosis is uniformly poor. CEA in the author's view does have value as a prognostic marker capable of suggesting the successful resection of a tumor and to a lesser degree confirming the clinical objective response to the radiotherapy or chemotherapy. It was found that the presence of CEA was not necessarily related to the volume of the tumor or the site of organ metastasis, but reflects the metabolic properties and characteristics of the individual tumor as it occurs in the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1203865", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in the bone marrow.", "content": "Tumor involvement of the bone marrow in patients with Hodgkin's disease may be suspected in the presence of other manifestations of advanced disease such as fever, lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, mixed cellular histologic type, or Stage III or IV disease by other clinical parameters. It occurs more frequently in the older age groups. When anemia, leucopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia are present and are unrelated to recent bone marrow suppressant chemotherapy, marrow involvement is likely to be present. Bone marrow examination, done by multiple trephine biopsies, provides an adequate sampling of tissue and results in a high incidence of detection of involvement by Hodgkin's disease. This manifestation of Hodgkin's disease is associated with a relatively short survival. Aggressive combination chemotherapy is necessary to produce a significant remission.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in the bone marrow. Tumor involvement of the bone marrow in patients with Hodgkin's disease may be suspected in the presence of other manifestations of advanced disease such as fever, lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, mixed cellular histologic type, or Stage III or IV disease by other clinical parameters. It occurs more frequently in the older age groups. When anemia, leucopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia are present and are unrelated to recent bone marrow suppressant chemotherapy, marrow involvement is likely to be present. Bone marrow examination, done by multiple trephine biopsies, provides an adequate sampling of tissue and results in a high incidence of detection of involvement by Hodgkin's disease. This manifestation of Hodgkin's disease is associated with a relatively short survival. Aggressive combination chemotherapy is necessary to produce a significant remission."}
{"id": "PMID:1203866", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in childhood.", "content": "A retrospective study of 116 children with Hodgkin's disease diagnosed in the period 1935-1970 was undertaken to assess the prognostic role of histopathologic classiciation and clinical extent of the disease. The ages of the 80 boys and 36 girls ranged from 2.5 years to 15.0 years (mean, 10.0 years). The histopathologic diagnosis by lymph node biopsy revealed lymphocyte predominance in 22, nodular sclerosis in 67, mixed cellularity in 24, and lymphocyte depletion in 3. Within the subgroup of nodular sclerosis, 47 biopsies had classic well-developed collagenous bands, whereas 20 were in the cellular phase (10 without collagenous bands and 10 with minimal collagen). The clinical extent of disease was determined. There were 33 patients with Stage I disease, 38 with Stage IIA, 12 with Stage IIB, 24 with Stage III, and 9 with Stage IV. Survival correlated with histopathologic type and clinical stage, but not with age or sex. Survival was not dependent on the degree of collagenization in nodular sclerosis. There were 28 patients who survived for more than 10 years. Four of these 29 subsequently died owing to acute myelomonocytic leukemia, carcinoma of the breast, sepsis, and progression of Hodgkin's disease, respectively. Neoplasms developed in two other long-term survivors (thyroid carcinoma in one, and multiple basal cell carcinomas in the other).", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in childhood. A retrospective study of 116 children with Hodgkin's disease diagnosed in the period 1935-1970 was undertaken to assess the prognostic role of histopathologic classiciation and clinical extent of the disease. The ages of the 80 boys and 36 girls ranged from 2.5 years to 15.0 years (mean, 10.0 years). The histopathologic diagnosis by lymph node biopsy revealed lymphocyte predominance in 22, nodular sclerosis in 67, mixed cellularity in 24, and lymphocyte depletion in 3. Within the subgroup of nodular sclerosis, 47 biopsies had classic well-developed collagenous bands, whereas 20 were in the cellular phase (10 without collagenous bands and 10 with minimal collagen). The clinical extent of disease was determined. There were 33 patients with Stage I disease, 38 with Stage IIA, 12 with Stage IIB, 24 with Stage III, and 9 with Stage IV. Survival correlated with histopathologic type and clinical stage, but not with age or sex. Survival was not dependent on the degree of collagenization in nodular sclerosis. There were 28 patients who survived for more than 10 years. Four of these 29 subsequently died owing to acute myelomonocytic leukemia, carcinoma of the breast, sepsis, and progression of Hodgkin's disease, respectively. Neoplasms developed in two other long-term survivors (thyroid carcinoma in one, and multiple basal cell carcinomas in the other)."}
{"id": "PMID:1203867", "title": "Disseminated melanoma with unique unilateral distribution.", "content": "This is a case report of extensive metastases of dermal and subcutaneous malignant melanomas limited to the right side of the body, with the left side remaining singularly free of any evidence of tumor. The primary melanoma, which had been excised 7 years before the development of metastases, existed on the posterior aspect of the chest, slightly to the right of the midline. This is the only case of its kind noted.", "contents": "Disseminated melanoma with unique unilateral distribution. This is a case report of extensive metastases of dermal and subcutaneous malignant melanomas limited to the right side of the body, with the left side remaining singularly free of any evidence of tumor. The primary melanoma, which had been excised 7 years before the development of metastases, existed on the posterior aspect of the chest, slightly to the right of the midline. This is the only case of its kind noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1203868", "title": "Features of prognostic significance in solid ovarian teratoma.", "content": "The morphology of 20 ovarian tumors reported as solid teratomas is reviewed and correlated with their clinical behavior, in an attempt to select histologic features of prognostic significance. Utilizing a grading system quantitating immature tissue of embryonic origin a tendency was shown for fully mature tumors to follow a benign course, and for those composed predominantly of immature tissues to prove fatal. This method, however, was prognostically unreliable in 16 tumors. An additional but far more important prognostic guide in this series was provided by extra-embryonic tissue of yolk sac origin, which was present in variable amounts and diverse histologic patterns; all teratomas including this component were fatal, frequently with evidence of extra-abdominal metastases. In certain circumstances, immature embryonic teratomas were associated with widespread peritoneal implants, causing death from intestinal obstruction and recurrent ascites. It is important when considering prognosis and therapy to realize the metastatic potential of extra-embryonic elements in teratomas, as distinct from the tendency of immature embryonic components to implant locally and mature into noninvasive deposits, which may be amenable to surgery.", "contents": "Features of prognostic significance in solid ovarian teratoma. The morphology of 20 ovarian tumors reported as solid teratomas is reviewed and correlated with their clinical behavior, in an attempt to select histologic features of prognostic significance. Utilizing a grading system quantitating immature tissue of embryonic origin a tendency was shown for fully mature tumors to follow a benign course, and for those composed predominantly of immature tissues to prove fatal. This method, however, was prognostically unreliable in 16 tumors. An additional but far more important prognostic guide in this series was provided by extra-embryonic tissue of yolk sac origin, which was present in variable amounts and diverse histologic patterns; all teratomas including this component were fatal, frequently with evidence of extra-abdominal metastases. In certain circumstances, immature embryonic teratomas were associated with widespread peritoneal implants, causing death from intestinal obstruction and recurrent ascites. It is important when considering prognosis and therapy to realize the metastatic potential of extra-embryonic elements in teratomas, as distinct from the tendency of immature embryonic components to implant locally and mature into noninvasive deposits, which may be amenable to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1203869", "title": "Excess occurrence of cancer of the oral cavity, lung, and bladder following cancer of the cervix.", "content": "The risk of developing a second cancer among white and black females with an initial cancer of the uterine cervix or corpus has been estimated based on the experience of the Charity Hospital of Louisiana Tumor Registry, a participant of the End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute. Observed second primary cancers were compared to expected numbers in order to obtain a direct estimate of risk. White females having an initial cancer of the cervix had a 5-to-6-fold excess risk of developing a subsequent cancer of the oral pharynx, lung or bladder during the first 5 years following their initial cancer with no excess risk for developing subsequent cancer of the breast or large intestine, but a slight excess risk for developing subsequent cancer of the ano-rectum. There was a 7% excess risk among both whites and blacks with initial cancer of the corpus uteri of subsequently developing another cancer.", "contents": "Excess occurrence of cancer of the oral cavity, lung, and bladder following cancer of the cervix. The risk of developing a second cancer among white and black females with an initial cancer of the uterine cervix or corpus has been estimated based on the experience of the Charity Hospital of Louisiana Tumor Registry, a participant of the End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute. Observed second primary cancers were compared to expected numbers in order to obtain a direct estimate of risk. White females having an initial cancer of the cervix had a 5-to-6-fold excess risk of developing a subsequent cancer of the oral pharynx, lung or bladder during the first 5 years following their initial cancer with no excess risk for developing subsequent cancer of the breast or large intestine, but a slight excess risk for developing subsequent cancer of the ano-rectum. There was a 7% excess risk among both whites and blacks with initial cancer of the corpus uteri of subsequently developing another cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1203870", "title": "Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. V. Intravenous leiomyomatosis. A clinical and pathologic study of 14 cases.", "content": "Fourteen examples of intravenous leiomyomatosis in the FIP files were studied. Growth beyond the uterus occurred in 10 of the 14 examples, largely in vessels in the broad ligament and in uterine and iliac veins. Metastasis to the heart occurred in 1 example. The study provides evidence that is consistent with both theories of origin of intravenous leiomyomatosis; namely, that it may arise either from the wall of veins within the myometrium or be a result of unusually extensive vascular invasion from a leiomyoma of the myometrium. Intravenous leiomyomatosis should be distinguished from a leiomyoma with vascular invasion by arbitrarily limiting the designation of leiomyoma with vascular invasion to neoplasms in which the vascular growth is a microscopic finding and confined within the leiomyoma. Criteria are given for distinguishing intravenous leiomyomatosis from endometrial stromal sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, leiomyoma with vascular invasion, and leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata.", "contents": "Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. V. Intravenous leiomyomatosis. A clinical and pathologic study of 14 cases. Fourteen examples of intravenous leiomyomatosis in the FIP files were studied. Growth beyond the uterus occurred in 10 of the 14 examples, largely in vessels in the broad ligament and in uterine and iliac veins. Metastasis to the heart occurred in 1 example. The study provides evidence that is consistent with both theories of origin of intravenous leiomyomatosis; namely, that it may arise either from the wall of veins within the myometrium or be a result of unusually extensive vascular invasion from a leiomyoma of the myometrium. Intravenous leiomyomatosis should be distinguished from a leiomyoma with vascular invasion by arbitrarily limiting the designation of leiomyoma with vascular invasion to neoplasms in which the vascular growth is a microscopic finding and confined within the leiomyoma. Criteria are given for distinguishing intravenous leiomyomatosis from endometrial stromal sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, leiomyoma with vascular invasion, and leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata."}
{"id": "PMID:1203871", "title": "Benign metastasizing uterine leiomyoma. Multiple lymph nodal metastases.", "content": "A case of histologically benign lymph nodal metastases from a uterine leiomyoma in a 27-year-old woman is reported. It is postulated that fragments of a leiomyoma, detached at the time of endometrial curettage, entered dilated lymphatic channels in or adjacent to a large projecting submucous leiomyoma, and seeded several pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes. During an interval of 8 years, these grew slowly and did not infiltrate the perinodal tissues or give rise to secondary metastases.", "contents": "Benign metastasizing uterine leiomyoma. Multiple lymph nodal metastases. A case of histologically benign lymph nodal metastases from a uterine leiomyoma in a 27-year-old woman is reported. It is postulated that fragments of a leiomyoma, detached at the time of endometrial curettage, entered dilated lymphatic channels in or adjacent to a large projecting submucous leiomyoma, and seeded several pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes. During an interval of 8 years, these grew slowly and did not infiltrate the perinodal tissues or give rise to secondary metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:1203872", "title": "Unusual intracardiac tumor in a child. Inflammatory pseudotumor or \"granulomatous\" variant of myxoma?", "content": "An intracardiac tumor arising in the right atrium of a young child is reported. Morphologically, the lesion was reminiscent of \"plasma cell granulomas,\" but unprecedented in this location. Based on clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, histologic and ultrastructural characteristics of the mass, the speculation is put forth that this lesion may represent a cardiac myxoma with atypical structural features. An extension of this proposal is a pathogenetic sequence that would try to reconcile the complex clinical course of some myxomas with the described structural observations. Alternative choices for classification of the lesion are also given consideration.", "contents": "Unusual intracardiac tumor in a child. Inflammatory pseudotumor or \"granulomatous\" variant of myxoma? An intracardiac tumor arising in the right atrium of a young child is reported. Morphologically, the lesion was reminiscent of \"plasma cell granulomas,\" but unprecedented in this location. Based on clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, histologic and ultrastructural characteristics of the mass, the speculation is put forth that this lesion may represent a cardiac myxoma with atypical structural features. An extension of this proposal is a pathogenetic sequence that would try to reconcile the complex clinical course of some myxomas with the described structural observations. Alternative choices for classification of the lesion are also given consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:1203873", "title": "Incidence, mortality or prevalence as indicators of the cancer problem.", "content": "The magnitude of the cancer problem, as conveyed by the incidence, mortality and prevalence figures, was studied by analysis of the material of the Finnish Cancer Registry from 1953-1970. The prevalence was defined as the number of persons who had cancer, or had ever had cancer, and were living on December 31, 1970. The incidence and mortality of cancer in males exceeded those in respect of females, whereas the prevalence with females was clearly higher than that with males. According to all 3 indices, the commonest site of cancer was in the lungs in males. In females, cancer of the breast was the commonest malignant neoplasm measured by incidence and prevalence, where as in mortality statistics it was second to cancer of the stomach. Cancers with poor prognosis such as cancer of the lung, stomach, pancreas and esophagus, and leukemia, exhibited relatively low prevalence figures, whereas cancers with good prognosis, such as cancer of the breast, uterus, larynx and lip, showed relatively large numbers of prevalent cases. In females, cancer of the genitals, including the breasts, constituted nearly as may prevalent cases as did the total figure in males. As the 3 cancer indices measure different things, the nature of the index used should be taken into account in evaluation of the magnitude of the cancer problem.", "contents": "Incidence, mortality or prevalence as indicators of the cancer problem. The magnitude of the cancer problem, as conveyed by the incidence, mortality and prevalence figures, was studied by analysis of the material of the Finnish Cancer Registry from 1953-1970. The prevalence was defined as the number of persons who had cancer, or had ever had cancer, and were living on December 31, 1970. The incidence and mortality of cancer in males exceeded those in respect of females, whereas the prevalence with females was clearly higher than that with males. According to all 3 indices, the commonest site of cancer was in the lungs in males. In females, cancer of the breast was the commonest malignant neoplasm measured by incidence and prevalence, where as in mortality statistics it was second to cancer of the stomach. Cancers with poor prognosis such as cancer of the lung, stomach, pancreas and esophagus, and leukemia, exhibited relatively low prevalence figures, whereas cancers with good prognosis, such as cancer of the breast, uterus, larynx and lip, showed relatively large numbers of prevalent cases. In females, cancer of the genitals, including the breasts, constituted nearly as may prevalent cases as did the total figure in males. As the 3 cancer indices measure different things, the nature of the index used should be taken into account in evaluation of the magnitude of the cancer problem."}
{"id": "PMID:1203874", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma. A clinicopathologic study and long-term followup of 60 patients.", "content": "The clinical courses of 60 patients with hemangiopericytoma of the somatic soft tissues are summarized in this retrospective study. The tumors were subjected to a comparative histologic review and classified as benign (12 lesions), borderline malignant (16 lesions), and malignant (32 lesions). Tumors with 1 mitotic figure per 10 high-power field and moderate cellular anaplasia or 1 mitotic figure per 20 high-power fields and moderate cellular anaplasia may be expected to follow a malignant clinical course. Six of the 16 tumors with these microscopic features (borederline lesions) metastasized (37.5%), and 6 exhibited local recurrences after excision. Of the 32 malignant tumors, 25 (78%) metastasized. Twenty-three patients with malignant tumors were followed for more than 5 years or until death from tumor, and only one patient was alive and free of disease. Fifteen of the 23 patients experienced one of more local recurrences. None of the benign tumors metastasized. Surgical ablation of hemangiopericytioma is, in our experience, the only satisfactory method of treatment. Amputation of an extremity need be done only when the location of the lesion precludes a wide local excision. Local recurrent tumor was experienced by 22 patients after an inadequate local excision. Long-term follow-up is recommended because metastasis became apparent in 11% of patients with malignant tumors and 7% with borderline tumors after 5 \"disease-free\" years.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma. A clinicopathologic study and long-term followup of 60 patients. The clinical courses of 60 patients with hemangiopericytoma of the somatic soft tissues are summarized in this retrospective study. The tumors were subjected to a comparative histologic review and classified as benign (12 lesions), borderline malignant (16 lesions), and malignant (32 lesions). Tumors with 1 mitotic figure per 10 high-power field and moderate cellular anaplasia or 1 mitotic figure per 20 high-power fields and moderate cellular anaplasia may be expected to follow a malignant clinical course. Six of the 16 tumors with these microscopic features (borederline lesions) metastasized (37.5%), and 6 exhibited local recurrences after excision. Of the 32 malignant tumors, 25 (78%) metastasized. Twenty-three patients with malignant tumors were followed for more than 5 years or until death from tumor, and only one patient was alive and free of disease. Fifteen of the 23 patients experienced one of more local recurrences. None of the benign tumors metastasized. Surgical ablation of hemangiopericytioma is, in our experience, the only satisfactory method of treatment. Amputation of an extremity need be done only when the location of the lesion precludes a wide local excision. Local recurrent tumor was experienced by 22 patients after an inadequate local excision. Long-term follow-up is recommended because metastasis became apparent in 11% of patients with malignant tumors and 7% with borderline tumors after 5 \"disease-free\" years."}
{"id": "PMID:1203875", "title": "Breast cancer screening. Preliminary report of 207 biopsies performed in 4, 128 volunteer screenees.", "content": "Thirty-six carcinomas of the breast were pathologically verified in the first 207 biopsies performed to date on women attending the Breast Cancer Detection Center at The University of Cincinnati. Fifty-three percent of these have been minimal breast cancer, 14 being totally in situ. This is compared with a similar number of breast biopsies performed prior to the opening of the Breast Cancer Project. In the latter group of cases there were 45 carcinomas  proven, only 1 of which was in situ, 24 of which were invasive Stage I and 20 Stage II or higher. In addition, 65 biopsies demonstrated proliferative disease of varying degrees of severity as compared to a total of 13 in the non screened population.", "contents": "Breast cancer screening. Preliminary report of 207 biopsies performed in 4, 128 volunteer screenees. Thirty-six carcinomas of the breast were pathologically verified in the first 207 biopsies performed to date on women attending the Breast Cancer Detection Center at The University of Cincinnati. Fifty-three percent of these have been minimal breast cancer, 14 being totally in situ. This is compared with a similar number of breast biopsies performed prior to the opening of the Breast Cancer Project. In the latter group of cases there were 45 carcinomas  proven, only 1 of which was in situ, 24 of which were invasive Stage I and 20 Stage II or higher. In addition, 65 biopsies demonstrated proliferative disease of varying degrees of severity as compared to a total of 13 in the non screened population."}
{"id": "PMID:1203876", "title": "The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum.", "content": "The malignant potential of adenomas of the colon and rectum varies with size, histological type and grade of epithelial atypia. The adenomatous polyp is usually small and has a low malignant potential, whereas tumors with a villous structure are usually larger and have a much higher cancer rate. Severe atypia is more common in villous adenomas than in adenomatous polyps. Evidence is presented which suggests that most cancers of the colon and rectum have evolved through the polyp-cancer sequence although the majority of adenomas do not becoma cancerous during a normal adult life span. The slow evolution of the polyp-cancer sequence is stressed. The implications of the polyp-cancer sequence for the design of cancer prevention programmes and the study of the aetiology of large bowel cancer are discussed.", "contents": "The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. The malignant potential of adenomas of the colon and rectum varies with size, histological type and grade of epithelial atypia. The adenomatous polyp is usually small and has a low malignant potential, whereas tumors with a villous structure are usually larger and have a much higher cancer rate. Severe atypia is more common in villous adenomas than in adenomatous polyps. Evidence is presented which suggests that most cancers of the colon and rectum have evolved through the polyp-cancer sequence although the majority of adenomas do not becoma cancerous during a normal adult life span. The slow evolution of the polyp-cancer sequence is stressed. The implications of the polyp-cancer sequence for the design of cancer prevention programmes and the study of the aetiology of large bowel cancer are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203877", "title": "A metastasising ameloblastoma associated with renal calculi and hypercalcaemia.", "content": "A young male had an assumed dentigerous cyst marsupialized and later a recurrent ameloblastoma resected. Eleven years later he was admitted with renal stones and hypercalcemia and metastases of the ameloblastoma in the left lung were discovered. Death occurred as a result of spinal and hepatic spread of his tumor and thrombosis of the renal veins. Renal calcification was demonstrated. The possible causes of the hypercalcaemia which was not associated with a raised serum parathormone or affected by parathyroidectomy is discussed.", "contents": "A metastasising ameloblastoma associated with renal calculi and hypercalcaemia. A young male had an assumed dentigerous cyst marsupialized and later a recurrent ameloblastoma resected. Eleven years later he was admitted with renal stones and hypercalcemia and metastases of the ameloblastoma in the left lung were discovered. Death occurred as a result of spinal and hepatic spread of his tumor and thrombosis of the renal veins. Renal calcification was demonstrated. The possible causes of the hypercalcaemia which was not associated with a raised serum parathormone or affected by parathyroidectomy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203879", "title": "Survival and phase sensitivity of HeLa cells treated with dianhydrogalactitol (NSC-132313).", "content": "The effect of dianhydrogalactitol on survival and phase sensitivity of the cell cycle of HeLa cells was studied. In survival experiments no cells survived when the drug was added and left in contact with the cells at or above a dose of 0.7 mug/ml. Cells synchronized by the mitotic-selection method showed changing sensitivity to the drug during the cell cycle. G, late-S, and M phases were more sensitive to dianhydrogalactitol than the early-S and G phases. The DNA synthetic phase was divided into an early low sensitive and a late highly sensitive stage. The different sensitivity of mid-G and early-S phases was further established in separate survival experiments. Cells treated in G phase entered M phase in a manner similar to untreated control cells, while the progress of cells in S or G phase during treatment was delayed significantly. Lack of phase specificity of this drug is consistent with that of other alkylating agents. Changing sensitivity during some phases of the cell cycle proves that some metabolic events are especially sensitive to this particular drug.", "contents": "Survival and phase sensitivity of HeLa cells treated with dianhydrogalactitol (NSC-132313). The effect of dianhydrogalactitol on survival and phase sensitivity of the cell cycle of HeLa cells was studied. In survival experiments no cells survived when the drug was added and left in contact with the cells at or above a dose of 0.7 mug/ml. Cells synchronized by the mitotic-selection method showed changing sensitivity to the drug during the cell cycle. G, late-S, and M phases were more sensitive to dianhydrogalactitol than the early-S and G phases. The DNA synthetic phase was divided into an early low sensitive and a late highly sensitive stage. The different sensitivity of mid-G and early-S phases was further established in separate survival experiments. Cells treated in G phase entered M phase in a manner similar to untreated control cells, while the progress of cells in S or G phase during treatment was delayed significantly. Lack of phase specificity of this drug is consistent with that of other alkylating agents. Changing sensitivity during some phases of the cell cycle proves that some metabolic events are especially sensitive to this particular drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1203880", "title": "Comparative studies of cyclocytidine (NSC-145668) and cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878) in mice.", "content": "The distribution of cyclocytidine and cytosine arabinoside has been studied in normal BDF mice and in mice bearing 6-day solid L1210 lymphocytic leukemia by whole-body radioautography, bioassay, and radiochemical techniques. Radioactivity was widely distributed throughout the tissues between 15 minutes and 12 hours after a single intravenous dose of either cyclocytidine-2-14C or cytosine arabinoside-2-14C. Whole-body radioautograms demonstrated that for most tissues, cytosine arabinoside-derived 14C was uniformly excreted by 48 hours; cyclocytidine-derived 14C, however, was localized in certain tissues as early as 15 minutes after drug administration and was retained in these sites for 48 hours. Depot loci of 14C included salivary and adrenal glands, fat, cardiac muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and L1210 tumor. The distribution and persistence of cyclocytidine-derived radioactivity is consistent with other reports of toxicity induced by the drug in these tissues. Radiochromatography and bioassay data from BDF mice dosed intraperitoneally with cyclocytidine demonstrated that 65%-95% of the 14C-radioactivity in a number of tissues was the parent compound itself. Thus, cyclocytidine contributed in large measur to the generation of the radioautograms. This study demonstrates that the retention of cyclocytidine in body tissues may serve to effect the sustained release of the deaminase-resistant chemotherapeutic drug from these depot sites and thus prolong cytotoxic levels of drug in tumor tissue.", "contents": "Comparative studies of cyclocytidine (NSC-145668) and cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878) in mice. The distribution of cyclocytidine and cytosine arabinoside has been studied in normal BDF mice and in mice bearing 6-day solid L1210 lymphocytic leukemia by whole-body radioautography, bioassay, and radiochemical techniques. Radioactivity was widely distributed throughout the tissues between 15 minutes and 12 hours after a single intravenous dose of either cyclocytidine-2-14C or cytosine arabinoside-2-14C. Whole-body radioautograms demonstrated that for most tissues, cytosine arabinoside-derived 14C was uniformly excreted by 48 hours; cyclocytidine-derived 14C, however, was localized in certain tissues as early as 15 minutes after drug administration and was retained in these sites for 48 hours. Depot loci of 14C included salivary and adrenal glands, fat, cardiac muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and L1210 tumor. The distribution and persistence of cyclocytidine-derived radioactivity is consistent with other reports of toxicity induced by the drug in these tissues. Radiochromatography and bioassay data from BDF mice dosed intraperitoneally with cyclocytidine demonstrated that 65%-95% of the 14C-radioactivity in a number of tissues was the parent compound itself. Thus, cyclocytidine contributed in large measur to the generation of the radioautograms. This study demonstrates that the retention of cyclocytidine in body tissues may serve to effect the sustained release of the deaminase-resistant chemotherapeutic drug from these depot sites and thus prolong cytotoxic levels of drug in tumor tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1203881", "title": "Microbiologic assay for cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878): the use of a mutant of streptococcus faecium var. durans resistant to methotrexate (NSC-740) and 6-mercaptopurine (NSC-755).", "content": "Cytosine arabinoside has been shown to be effective in the treatment of acute leukemias and lymphomas, especially in combination with other established anticancer agents such as methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine. A microbiologic assay capable of detecting cytosine arabinoside in the presence of such anticancer agents in body fluids has been developed using a strain of Streptococcus faecium var. durans resistant to methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine; the assay can also be used to determine cytosine arabinoside concentrations in the presence of l-thioguanine. In view of the present trend toward drug combinations, including those using tetrahydrouridine, in the chemotherapy for human neoplasms, the proposed assay method will be valuable in cytosine arabinoside distribution studies.", "contents": "Microbiologic assay for cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878): the use of a mutant of streptococcus faecium var. durans resistant to methotrexate (NSC-740) and 6-mercaptopurine (NSC-755). Cytosine arabinoside has been shown to be effective in the treatment of acute leukemias and lymphomas, especially in combination with other established anticancer agents such as methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine. A microbiologic assay capable of detecting cytosine arabinoside in the presence of such anticancer agents in body fluids has been developed using a strain of Streptococcus faecium var. durans resistant to methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine; the assay can also be used to determine cytosine arabinoside concentrations in the presence of l-thioguanine. In view of the present trend toward drug combinations, including those using tetrahydrouridine, in the chemotherapy for human neoplasms, the proposed assay method will be valuable in cytosine arabinoside distribution studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1203882", "title": "Mutiple myeloma resistant to melphalan (NSC-8806) treated with cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), prednisone (NSC-10023), and chloroquine (NSC-187208).", "content": "A prospective randomized study of the effects of two different therapeutic regimens was conducted in 41 patients with multiple myeloma resistant to therapy with melphalan. The results of treatment with cyclophosphamide plus prednisone were compared with those of cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and chloroquine. Chloroquine, which inhibits the repair process of DNA in animals, has reportedly produced responses to alkylating agents to which the animal had been resistant. No significant differences in response to the doses used with either regimen could be found. Toxocity consisted mainly of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Mutiple myeloma resistant to melphalan (NSC-8806) treated with cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), prednisone (NSC-10023), and chloroquine (NSC-187208). A prospective randomized study of the effects of two different therapeutic regimens was conducted in 41 patients with multiple myeloma resistant to therapy with melphalan. The results of treatment with cyclophosphamide plus prednisone were compared with those of cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and chloroquine. Chloroquine, which inhibits the repair process of DNA in animals, has reportedly produced responses to alkylating agents to which the animal had been resistant. No significant differences in response to the doses used with either regimen could be found. Toxocity consisted mainly of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1203886", "title": "Studies on the antitumor activity of gallium nitrate (NSC-15200) and other group IIIa metal salts.", "content": "Several group IIIa metal salts, eg, aluminum nitrate, gallium nitrate, indium nitrate, and thallium chloride, have been evaluated for in vivo toxicity in mice and rats, for cytotoxicity in tumor cells in vitro, and for activity against a broad spectrum of experimental rodent tumors. The position of these agents in the periodical table roughly parallels their toxicity, the LD50s decreasing with increasing atomic weights. This parallel also exists with regard to in vitro cytotoxicity to Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. Although all of the metal salts had activity against the ascites Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, they were ineffective in ascites leukemias, plasma cell tumors, or Ehrlich carcinoma. Gallium nitrate was particularly active against solid tumors transplanted subcutaneously, suppressing the growth of six of eight tumors more than 90%. Because of its demonstrated antitumor activity in rodents and its uptake and concentration by various animal and human tumors, gallium nitrate has potential usefulness in the treatment of solid tumors in man and has been entered into a phase I study at the National Cancer Institute.", "contents": "Studies on the antitumor activity of gallium nitrate (NSC-15200) and other group IIIa metal salts. Several group IIIa metal salts, eg, aluminum nitrate, gallium nitrate, indium nitrate, and thallium chloride, have been evaluated for in vivo toxicity in mice and rats, for cytotoxicity in tumor cells in vitro, and for activity against a broad spectrum of experimental rodent tumors. The position of these agents in the periodical table roughly parallels their toxicity, the LD50s decreasing with increasing atomic weights. This parallel also exists with regard to in vitro cytotoxicity to Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. Although all of the metal salts had activity against the ascites Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, they were ineffective in ascites leukemias, plasma cell tumors, or Ehrlich carcinoma. Gallium nitrate was particularly active against solid tumors transplanted subcutaneously, suppressing the growth of six of eight tumors more than 90%. Because of its demonstrated antitumor activity in rodents and its uptake and concentration by various animal and human tumors, gallium nitrate has potential usefulness in the treatment of solid tumors in man and has been entered into a phase I study at the National Cancer Institute."}
{"id": "PMID:1203887", "title": "Coordination complexes of platinum as antitumor agents.", "content": "Rosenberg and VanCamp first reported the bacteriostatic and antitumor properties of certain platinum coordination compounds. This pioneering work has led to the synthesis and testing of a large number of related platinum products and the clinical use of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). This drug has proven very efficacious against a wide variety of mouse tumors when employed as the sole chemotherapeutic agent and has also been combined successfully with other antitumor agents, such as cyclophosphamide and cytosine arabinsoide. Unfortunately, cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) has a low therapeutic index with renal toxicity being the principal limitation of its use. This has prompted the synthesis and testing of many related platinum compounds, of which cis-dichlorobiscyclopentylamine-platinum (II) and the \"platinum blues\" appear most promising. Experience in the synthesis, purification, and testing of such products will be discussed together with identification of outstanding unsolved problems in this area.", "contents": "Coordination complexes of platinum as antitumor agents. Rosenberg and VanCamp first reported the bacteriostatic and antitumor properties of certain platinum coordination compounds. This pioneering work has led to the synthesis and testing of a large number of related platinum products and the clinical use of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). This drug has proven very efficacious against a wide variety of mouse tumors when employed as the sole chemotherapeutic agent and has also been combined successfully with other antitumor agents, such as cyclophosphamide and cytosine arabinsoide. Unfortunately, cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) has a low therapeutic index with renal toxicity being the principal limitation of its use. This has prompted the synthesis and testing of many related platinum compounds, of which cis-dichlorobiscyclopentylamine-platinum (II) and the \"platinum blues\" appear most promising. Experience in the synthesis, purification, and testing of such products will be discussed together with identification of outstanding unsolved problems in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:1203889", "title": "Clinical studies of Platinum Coordination compounds in the treatment of various malignant diseases.", "content": "Following the prior work of Rosenberg et al, Rosenberg and VanCamp, and Speer et al, we started clinical trials with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in April 1971. Marked tumor regression was noted in several malignant diseases in these initial clinical studies which were reported at the Chemotherapy Congress in Prague, August 1971. At the present time over 178 patients have been treated wihhis durg for a variety of malignant conditions. Approximately half of these patients received the platinum compound alone and the other half received it in combination with four other chemotherapeutic agents...", "contents": "Clinical studies of Platinum Coordination compounds in the treatment of various malignant diseases. Following the prior work of Rosenberg et al, Rosenberg and VanCamp, and Speer et al, we started clinical trials with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in April 1971. Marked tumor regression was noted in several malignant diseases in these initial clinical studies which were reported at the Chemotherapy Congress in Prague, August 1971. At the present time over 178 patients have been treated wihhis durg for a variety of malignant conditions. Approximately half of these patients received the platinum compound alone and the other half received it in combination with four other chemotherapeutic agents..."}
{"id": "PMID:1203890", "title": "Inhibition of Deamination of Arabinosylcytosine (NSC-63878) by Rhodium(II) Acetate.", "content": "The nobel metal \"cage\" complex, rhodium(II) acetate, was found to inhibit the deamination of the fraudulent nucleoside, arabinosylcytosine. Potent inhibition of a purified cytidine deaminase from mouse kidney was observed when either cytidine or arabinosylcytosine was used as substrate.", "contents": "Inhibition of Deamination of Arabinosylcytosine (NSC-63878) by Rhodium(II) Acetate. The nobel metal \"cage\" complex, rhodium(II) acetate, was found to inhibit the deamination of the fraudulent nucleoside, arabinosylcytosine. Potent inhibition of a purified cytidine deaminase from mouse kidney was observed when either cytidine or arabinosylcytosine was used as substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:1203891", "title": "Action of Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (NSC-119875) at ehe cellular level.", "content": "Asynchronous human lymphoma cells treated for 1 hour with increasing concentrations of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) revealed a marked decrease in survival as estimated by the colony-forming technique. When the treatmentwas extended for 8 hours at a concentration of 5micrograms/ml, a killing effect (greater than 3 log decades) was observed which was similar to that obtained when 50micrograms/ml is incubated with the cells for 1 hour. This finding suggests that better antitumor effects with fewer toxic effects may be obtained clinically by prolonged infusion of low doses of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). Synchronized lymphoma cells showed no significant degree of cell-cycle-stage sensitivity to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). The drug kills cells with similar efficiency in all stages of the cell cycle. No killing effect was elicited after incubation of the cells with spironolactone, a compound said to protect the kidneys from the toxic effects of heavy metals. However, simultaneous incubation of spironolactone and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) did not prevent the lethal action of the second drug. If spironolactone is proven to be an inhibitor of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) nephrotoxicity, it will become a valuable addition to the treatment of human neoplasia with this platinum compound. Lymphoma cells given a \"priming\" dose of 10 micrograms/ml of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) failed to repair the induced damage. A second exposure to 10 micrograms/ml of the drug at various subsequent intervals elicited greater killing effect than that produced by 20 micrograms/ml given at one time. A clear synergistic effect was noted when cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) was given simultaneously with camptothecin or BCNU. The molecular mechanism by which this effect is accomplished is not presently apparent.", "contents": "Action of Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (NSC-119875) at ehe cellular level. Asynchronous human lymphoma cells treated for 1 hour with increasing concentrations of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) revealed a marked decrease in survival as estimated by the colony-forming technique. When the treatmentwas extended for 8 hours at a concentration of 5micrograms/ml, a killing effect (greater than 3 log decades) was observed which was similar to that obtained when 50micrograms/ml is incubated with the cells for 1 hour. This finding suggests that better antitumor effects with fewer toxic effects may be obtained clinically by prolonged infusion of low doses of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). Synchronized lymphoma cells showed no significant degree of cell-cycle-stage sensitivity to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). The drug kills cells with similar efficiency in all stages of the cell cycle. No killing effect was elicited after incubation of the cells with spironolactone, a compound said to protect the kidneys from the toxic effects of heavy metals. However, simultaneous incubation of spironolactone and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) did not prevent the lethal action of the second drug. If spironolactone is proven to be an inhibitor of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) nephrotoxicity, it will become a valuable addition to the treatment of human neoplasia with this platinum compound. Lymphoma cells given a \"priming\" dose of 10 micrograms/ml of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) failed to repair the induced damage. A second exposure to 10 micrograms/ml of the drug at various subsequent intervals elicited greater killing effect than that produced by 20 micrograms/ml given at one time. A clear synergistic effect was noted when cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) was given simultaneously with camptothecin or BCNU. The molecular mechanism by which this effect is accomplished is not presently apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:1203897", "title": "Differential sensitivity of colony-forming cells of hemopoietic tissue, Lewis lung carcinoma, and B16 melanoma to three nitrosoureas.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the effects of three nitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU, and methyl-CCNU) on the cells of Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma in vivo using a new in vitro method for assaying colony-forming cells. In addition, the effect on early hemopoietic precursors has been studied using the in vivo spleen colony assay and the in vitro agar colony assay. The results show that the three nitrosoureas are selective against Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma relative to normal hemopoietic precursors. Furthermore, the effect of these nitrosoureas is unchanged when the rate of proliferation of the hemopoietic precursor cells is increased.", "contents": "Differential sensitivity of colony-forming cells of hemopoietic tissue, Lewis lung carcinoma, and B16 melanoma to three nitrosoureas. A comparison has been made of the effects of three nitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU, and methyl-CCNU) on the cells of Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma in vivo using a new in vitro method for assaying colony-forming cells. In addition, the effect on early hemopoietic precursors has been studied using the in vivo spleen colony assay and the in vitro agar colony assay. The results show that the three nitrosoureas are selective against Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma relative to normal hemopoietic precursors. Furthermore, the effect of these nitrosoureas is unchanged when the rate of proliferation of the hemopoietic precursor cells is increased."}
{"id": "PMID:1203898", "title": "Antitumor activity of amygdalin MF (NSC-15780) as a single agent and with beta-glucosidase (NSC-128056) on a spectrum of transplantable rodent tumors.", "content": "Experiments are described in which four transplantable rodent tumors (L1210 lymphoid leukemia, P388 lymphocytic leukemia, B16 melanoma, and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma) were used to investigate the antitumor activity of amygdalin MF. Amygdalin MF was given alone and in combination with beta-glucosidase which was administered 1/2 hour prior to amygdalin MF, starting 24 hours after tumor implantation. No antitumor activity was observed in any of the four tumor systems tested with the drug alone or in combined therapy. The combined therapy showed potentiation of toxicity with doses of amygdalin MF greater than or equal to 100 mg/kg.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of amygdalin MF (NSC-15780) as a single agent and with beta-glucosidase (NSC-128056) on a spectrum of transplantable rodent tumors. Experiments are described in which four transplantable rodent tumors (L1210 lymphoid leukemia, P388 lymphocytic leukemia, B16 melanoma, and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma) were used to investigate the antitumor activity of amygdalin MF. Amygdalin MF was given alone and in combination with beta-glucosidase which was administered 1/2 hour prior to amygdalin MF, starting 24 hours after tumor implantation. No antitumor activity was observed in any of the four tumor systems tested with the drug alone or in combined therapy. The combined therapy showed potentiation of toxicity with doses of amygdalin MF greater than or equal to 100 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:1203899", "title": "Inhibition of antilymphoma allograft response in normal and lethally irradiated mice by cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) and isophosphamide (NSC-109724).", "content": "Cyclophosphamide and isophosphamide (an analog) were tested for their effect on the antilymphoma allograft reaction in normal and lethally irradiated mice. Both drugs were effective in abrogating the classic allograft response if given 1 or 3 days before the tumor challenge. While the drugs also inhibited the hemopoietic-histocompatibily response, they were effective when adminstered 7 days before challenge. It is suggested that the activity of various immunosuppressive agents could be compared for their effect on the hemopoietic-histocompatibility system to select the best agent for transplantation of bone marrow or bone marrow or bone marrow-derived cells. Drug toxicity, as well as the effect of the drugs on humoral response and DNA synthesis, was also compared. While isophosphamide was found to be less toxic than cyclophosphamide, the effect of humoral response and DNA synthesis was comparable.", "contents": "Inhibition of antilymphoma allograft response in normal and lethally irradiated mice by cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) and isophosphamide (NSC-109724). Cyclophosphamide and isophosphamide (an analog) were tested for their effect on the antilymphoma allograft reaction in normal and lethally irradiated mice. Both drugs were effective in abrogating the classic allograft response if given 1 or 3 days before the tumor challenge. While the drugs also inhibited the hemopoietic-histocompatibily response, they were effective when adminstered 7 days before challenge. It is suggested that the activity of various immunosuppressive agents could be compared for their effect on the hemopoietic-histocompatibility system to select the best agent for transplantation of bone marrow or bone marrow or bone marrow-derived cells. Drug toxicity, as well as the effect of the drugs on humoral response and DNA synthesis, was also compared. While isophosphamide was found to be less toxic than cyclophosphamide, the effect of humoral response and DNA synthesis was comparable."}
{"id": "PMID:1203900", "title": "Murine neuroblastoma: further evaluation of the C1300 model with single antitumor agents.", "content": "The murine C1300 neuroblastoma model has been evaluated as a possible model for children with widespread metastatic disease. Drug toxicity studies were conducted in adult A/J mice with various doses of antitumor agents. Adriamycin, BCNU, bleomycin, guanazole, acronycine, isophosphamide, DTIC, ICRF-159, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and vinblastine were adminstered intraperitoneally to random groups of normal mice. After identification of appropriate doses, chemotherapy studies were conducted with varius regimens of drugs. Chemotherapy was administered to adult A/J mice when their subcutaneously implanted tumors measured 1.0-1.7 cm in diameter. Antitumor drugs can be classified into three groups according to drug efficacy. BCNU, cyclophosphamide, and isophosphamide were extremely active. Cytosine arabinoside was reported to be active against this murine tumor in a previous publication. Drugs with minimal activiyt which deserve further evaluation included adriamycin, guanazole, ICRF-159, DTIC, and vinblastine. Inactive drugs were acronycine, bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, and vincristine. These experiments suggest that children with metastatic neuroblastoma may respond to cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide, and BCNU, while DTIC, adriamycin, ICRF-159, guanazole, and the vinca alkaloids may also be effective. The results suggest that agents selected by the C1300 model should be given adequate clinical trials.", "contents": "Murine neuroblastoma: further evaluation of the C1300 model with single antitumor agents. The murine C1300 neuroblastoma model has been evaluated as a possible model for children with widespread metastatic disease. Drug toxicity studies were conducted in adult A/J mice with various doses of antitumor agents. Adriamycin, BCNU, bleomycin, guanazole, acronycine, isophosphamide, DTIC, ICRF-159, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and vinblastine were adminstered intraperitoneally to random groups of normal mice. After identification of appropriate doses, chemotherapy studies were conducted with varius regimens of drugs. Chemotherapy was administered to adult A/J mice when their subcutaneously implanted tumors measured 1.0-1.7 cm in diameter. Antitumor drugs can be classified into three groups according to drug efficacy. BCNU, cyclophosphamide, and isophosphamide were extremely active. Cytosine arabinoside was reported to be active against this murine tumor in a previous publication. Drugs with minimal activiyt which deserve further evaluation included adriamycin, guanazole, ICRF-159, DTIC, and vinblastine. Inactive drugs were acronycine, bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, and vincristine. These experiments suggest that children with metastatic neuroblastoma may respond to cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide, and BCNU, while DTIC, adriamycin, ICRF-159, guanazole, and the vinca alkaloids may also be effective. The results suggest that agents selected by the C1300 model should be given adequate clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:1203903", "title": "A crystallographic determination of a chemical structure: 6-amino-10-(beta-D-ribofuranosylamino)pyrimido-[5,4-d]pyrimidine, an example of an unusual D-ribose conformation.", "content": "The crystal and molecular structure of 6-amino-10-(beta-D-ribofuranosylamino)-pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The crystals are triclinic, of noncentric space group Pl, with cell dimensions a equals 5.434 (5), b equals 12.269 (19), c equals 4.574 (4) A, alpha equals 92.3 (1), beta equals 94.0 (1), gamma equals 95.3 degrees (1) and Z equals 1. The structure has been refined to an R value of 0.049 (Rw equals 0.063), by use of counter measured intensity data for 1063 observed reflections. The pyrimidopyrimidine ring is planar. The sugar moiety is in the envelope conformation with O-1'-endo (0E), and there is an intramolecular hydrogen bond (2.58 A) (O-3'-H-O3'...O-2'). All oxygen atoms except O-1' ring oxygen-atom are involved in hydrogen bonding. The pyrimidopyrimidine rings lie in planes 3.4 A apart.", "contents": "A crystallographic determination of a chemical structure: 6-amino-10-(beta-D-ribofuranosylamino)pyrimido-[5,4-d]pyrimidine, an example of an unusual D-ribose conformation. The crystal and molecular structure of 6-amino-10-(beta-D-ribofuranosylamino)-pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The crystals are triclinic, of noncentric space group Pl, with cell dimensions a equals 5.434 (5), b equals 12.269 (19), c equals 4.574 (4) A, alpha equals 92.3 (1), beta equals 94.0 (1), gamma equals 95.3 degrees (1) and Z equals 1. The structure has been refined to an R value of 0.049 (Rw equals 0.063), by use of counter measured intensity data for 1063 observed reflections. The pyrimidopyrimidine ring is planar. The sugar moiety is in the envelope conformation with O-1'-endo (0E), and there is an intramolecular hydrogen bond (2.58 A) (O-3'-H-O3'...O-2'). All oxygen atoms except O-1' ring oxygen-atom are involved in hydrogen bonding. The pyrimidopyrimidine rings lie in planes 3.4 A apart."}
{"id": "PMID:1203904", "title": "A preparative synthesis of 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-L-lyxo-hexose (daunosamine) hydrochloride from D-mannose.", "content": "A simple, preparative route in nine steps from methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (1) is described that affords, in 40% overall yield, the title amino sugar 11, the sugar constituent of the antitumor antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin. The 2,3:4,5-dibenzylidene acetal (2) of 1 is converted by butyllithium into the 2-deoxy-3-ketone 3, whose oxime 4 is reduced with high stereoselectivity to the D-ribo amine, isolated as its N-acetyl derivative 5 and converted by action of N-bromosuccinimide into the 4-O-benzoyl-6-bromide 7. Dehydrohalogenation of  gives the 5,6-unsaturated glycoside 8, which, after O-debenzoylation to 9, undergoes stereospecific reduction by hydrogen with net C-5 inversion to give the crystalline, N-acetylated methyl beta-glycoside (10) of daunosamine, readily converted into daunosamine hydrochloride (11) and into the crystalline N-benzoyl (14) and N-acetyl(15) derivatives. No chromatographic procedures for isolation are required in any of the steps.", "contents": "A preparative synthesis of 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-L-lyxo-hexose (daunosamine) hydrochloride from D-mannose. A simple, preparative route in nine steps from methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (1) is described that affords, in 40% overall yield, the title amino sugar 11, the sugar constituent of the antitumor antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin. The 2,3:4,5-dibenzylidene acetal (2) of 1 is converted by butyllithium into the 2-deoxy-3-ketone 3, whose oxime 4 is reduced with high stereoselectivity to the D-ribo amine, isolated as its N-acetyl derivative 5 and converted by action of N-bromosuccinimide into the 4-O-benzoyl-6-bromide 7. Dehydrohalogenation of  gives the 5,6-unsaturated glycoside 8, which, after O-debenzoylation to 9, undergoes stereospecific reduction by hydrogen with net C-5 inversion to give the crystalline, N-acetylated methyl beta-glycoside (10) of daunosamine, readily converted into daunosamine hydrochloride (11) and into the crystalline N-benzoyl (14) and N-acetyl(15) derivatives. No chromatographic procedures for isolation are required in any of the steps."}
{"id": "PMID:1203905", "title": "Preparation and properties of fluorescein-labelled hyaluronate.", "content": "Hyaluronate has been labelled with fluorescein groups by two procedures. Products with degrees of substitution ((d.s.) between 0.05 and 0.001 were obtained. Physico-chemical analysis (viscometry, gel chromatography, and measurements of sedimentation and diffusion coefficients) of the parent compound and the products showed that the labelling procedures caused only a limited degradation of the polysaccharide.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of fluorescein-labelled hyaluronate. Hyaluronate has been labelled with fluorescein groups by two procedures. Products with degrees of substitution ((d.s.) between 0.05 and 0.001 were obtained. Physico-chemical analysis (viscometry, gel chromatography, and measurements of sedimentation and diffusion coefficients) of the parent compound and the products showed that the labelling procedures caused only a limited degradation of the polysaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:1203906", "title": "Effects of titanium compounds on a D-glucose-D-glucose oxidase assay system.", "content": "Titanium compounds affect the measurement of D-glucose oxidase (and therefore D-glucose) by the D-glucose-D-glucose oxidase-peroxidase-2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay system. The validity of measurement of the activity of D-glucose oxidase immobilised on supports based on titanium oxides is affected by complexation of the intermediate hydrogen peroxide with the support, and such supports may prove to be unsuitable for the immobilisation of D-glucose oxidase. The formation of titanic peroxides is among the reasons discussed for the various interactions encountered. The use of the assay system for the determination of D-glucose oxidase contaminated with catalase and for the determination of hydrogen peroxide is also described.", "contents": "Effects of titanium compounds on a D-glucose-D-glucose oxidase assay system. Titanium compounds affect the measurement of D-glucose oxidase (and therefore D-glucose) by the D-glucose-D-glucose oxidase-peroxidase-2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay system. The validity of measurement of the activity of D-glucose oxidase immobilised on supports based on titanium oxides is affected by complexation of the intermediate hydrogen peroxide with the support, and such supports may prove to be unsuitable for the immobilisation of D-glucose oxidase. The formation of titanic peroxides is among the reasons discussed for the various interactions encountered. The use of the assay system for the determination of D-glucose oxidase contaminated with catalase and for the determination of hydrogen peroxide is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:1203910", "title": "Changes in left ventricular internal diameter with increasing pericardial pressure.", "content": "Changes in left ventricular internal diameter resulting from increasing intrapericardial pressure induced by increasing the pericardial fluid volume were studied in closed chest, anaesthetized dogs. Left ventricular internal diameters were measured by placing an ultrasonic dimension catheter in the left ventricle at the time of the experiments. With increasing pericardial pressure, significant increases occurred in heart rate and mean left atrial pressure. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter progressively decreased as the pericardial pressure was elevated. After beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg), the decline in end-systolic diameter during pericardial tamponade was significantly reduced. These observations indicate the importance of the systolic reserve and the role of beta adrenergic receptors in the adaptation of the left ventricle to increases in pericardial tamponade.", "contents": "Changes in left ventricular internal diameter with increasing pericardial pressure. Changes in left ventricular internal diameter resulting from increasing intrapericardial pressure induced by increasing the pericardial fluid volume were studied in closed chest, anaesthetized dogs. Left ventricular internal diameters were measured by placing an ultrasonic dimension catheter in the left ventricle at the time of the experiments. With increasing pericardial pressure, significant increases occurred in heart rate and mean left atrial pressure. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter progressively decreased as the pericardial pressure was elevated. After beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg), the decline in end-systolic diameter during pericardial tamponade was significantly reduced. These observations indicate the importance of the systolic reserve and the role of beta adrenergic receptors in the adaptation of the left ventricle to increases in pericardial tamponade."}
{"id": "PMID:1203911", "title": "An evaluation of the pericardial sac as a safety factor during tamponade.", "content": "Studies were conducted in vitro to determine the permeability characteristics of the rabbit and dog pericardium. The hydraulic conductance (Lp), which was significantly higher than other tissue, was 1.6 +/- 0.19 X 10(-4) and 1.78 +/- 0.18 X 10(-4) g-cm-2-min-1-cm H2O-1 (mean +/- SEM), respectively, for the rabbit and dog pericardium. For various solutes, the permeability coefficient (P) of the pericardium for the rabbit was: 1.40 +/- 0.10 X 10(-4) cm-s-1 for water, 0.50 +/- 0.03 X 10(-4) cm-s-1 for glucose, and 0.73 +/- 0.005 X 10(-4) cm-s-1 for albumin. The reflection coefficient, sigma, for various solutes was: glucose 8.89 +/- 0.86 X 10(-4), sucrose 15.7 +/- 1.5 X 10(-4), dextran (molecular weight 40 000) 0.39 +/- 0.03, albumin 0.42 +/- 0.05, and for haemoglobin 0.58 +/- 0.06. These results, which indicate that the pericardium offers little resistance to the bulk transfer of liquids and to the passage of large molecules, are discussed as possible safety factors during pericardial effusion.", "contents": "An evaluation of the pericardial sac as a safety factor during tamponade. Studies were conducted in vitro to determine the permeability characteristics of the rabbit and dog pericardium. The hydraulic conductance (Lp), which was significantly higher than other tissue, was 1.6 +/- 0.19 X 10(-4) and 1.78 +/- 0.18 X 10(-4) g-cm-2-min-1-cm H2O-1 (mean +/- SEM), respectively, for the rabbit and dog pericardium. For various solutes, the permeability coefficient (P) of the pericardium for the rabbit was: 1.40 +/- 0.10 X 10(-4) cm-s-1 for water, 0.50 +/- 0.03 X 10(-4) cm-s-1 for glucose, and 0.73 +/- 0.005 X 10(-4) cm-s-1 for albumin. The reflection coefficient, sigma, for various solutes was: glucose 8.89 +/- 0.86 X 10(-4), sucrose 15.7 +/- 1.5 X 10(-4), dextran (molecular weight 40 000) 0.39 +/- 0.03, albumin 0.42 +/- 0.05, and for haemoglobin 0.58 +/- 0.06. These results, which indicate that the pericardium offers little resistance to the bulk transfer of liquids and to the passage of large molecules, are discussed as possible safety factors during pericardial effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1203912", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the acute response to haemorrhage of the renin-angiotensin-vasoconstrictor feedback loop in areflexic dogs.", "content": "The importance of the renin-angiotensin-vasoconstrictor system during haemorrhagic hypotension was quantitated in 44 areflexic dogs by determining the ability of the arterial pressure to recover following haemorrhage to 8.8 kPa (66 mm Hg). In 30 animals with intact kidneys, the arterial pressure following haemorrhage rose to a new steady-state level averaging 11.7 kPa (88 mm Hg), which represented 65.3 +/- 1.8 (SE) % compensation. In 18 nephrectomized animals only 24.4 +/- 1.5% compensation occurred. The system exhibited a relatively rapid time course for pressure compensation with the new steady state occurring 19.2 +/- 2.0 min after haemorrhage. Following reinfusion of blood the pressure returned to the pre-haemorrhage in 19.2 +/- 3.0 min. Arterial renin activity was significantly elevated following haemorrhage in the intact kidney group and unchanged in the anephric group. The arterial pressure compensation of two animals with intact kidneys was significantly reduced when the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) was infused before the haemorrhage. The results are consistent with a renin-angiotensin-vasoconstrictor mechanism of arterial pressure compensation and indicate that this mechanism possesses sufficient gain and time response characteristics to play a homeostatically significatn role during haemorrhagic hypotension.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the acute response to haemorrhage of the renin-angiotensin-vasoconstrictor feedback loop in areflexic dogs. The importance of the renin-angiotensin-vasoconstrictor system during haemorrhagic hypotension was quantitated in 44 areflexic dogs by determining the ability of the arterial pressure to recover following haemorrhage to 8.8 kPa (66 mm Hg). In 30 animals with intact kidneys, the arterial pressure following haemorrhage rose to a new steady-state level averaging 11.7 kPa (88 mm Hg), which represented 65.3 +/- 1.8 (SE) % compensation. In 18 nephrectomized animals only 24.4 +/- 1.5% compensation occurred. The system exhibited a relatively rapid time course for pressure compensation with the new steady state occurring 19.2 +/- 2.0 min after haemorrhage. Following reinfusion of blood the pressure returned to the pre-haemorrhage in 19.2 +/- 3.0 min. Arterial renin activity was significantly elevated following haemorrhage in the intact kidney group and unchanged in the anephric group. The arterial pressure compensation of two animals with intact kidneys was significantly reduced when the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) was infused before the haemorrhage. The results are consistent with a renin-angiotensin-vasoconstrictor mechanism of arterial pressure compensation and indicate that this mechanism possesses sufficient gain and time response characteristics to play a homeostatically significatn role during haemorrhagic hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:1203913", "title": "Short-term variability of pulse rate and blood pressure in cardiac surgery patients.", "content": "The magnitude and mathematical nature of short-term variations of pulse rate and mean arterial blood pressure has been studied in 27 post-operative cardiac surgical patients over a continuous period of 200 min in each case. Similar variability was observed in all patients. Short-term variations were composed predominantly of a series of rhythmic changes ranging from one synchronous with respiration to others between 2 and 5 min in cycle length. There was consistent variance of the beat-by-beat values for both variables about a continuously updating 5 min mean. The average standard deviation was 3.75 beats/min for pulse rate and 0.48 kPa (3.64 mm Hg) for mean arterial blood pressure. For both variables the distribution about the 5-min mean did not differ significantly from a normal distribution in 50 out of the 54 records. These findings have implications for the reproducibility of current methods of estimating mean pulse rate and blood pressure, and the change necessary before two estimates may be regarded as significantly different. The results are applicable both to the interpretation of Ward Charts by medical staff and to automated monitoring systems.", "contents": "Short-term variability of pulse rate and blood pressure in cardiac surgery patients. The magnitude and mathematical nature of short-term variations of pulse rate and mean arterial blood pressure has been studied in 27 post-operative cardiac surgical patients over a continuous period of 200 min in each case. Similar variability was observed in all patients. Short-term variations were composed predominantly of a series of rhythmic changes ranging from one synchronous with respiration to others between 2 and 5 min in cycle length. There was consistent variance of the beat-by-beat values for both variables about a continuously updating 5 min mean. The average standard deviation was 3.75 beats/min for pulse rate and 0.48 kPa (3.64 mm Hg) for mean arterial blood pressure. For both variables the distribution about the 5-min mean did not differ significantly from a normal distribution in 50 out of the 54 records. These findings have implications for the reproducibility of current methods of estimating mean pulse rate and blood pressure, and the change necessary before two estimates may be regarded as significantly different. The results are applicable both to the interpretation of Ward Charts by medical staff and to automated monitoring systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1203914", "title": "Responses to exercise in experimental hypertension.", "content": "Exaggerated cardiovascular responses to stressful stimuli and behavioural hyperexcitability have been observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The present series of experiments examined blood pressure and heart rate responses of SHR and renal hypertensive rats (RHR) to a combined physical and mental stress in the form of treadmill exercise. SHRs exhibited only slight and selective hyper-responsiveness to exercise in regard to increases in heart rate, whereas, RHRs responded normally. The excessive sensitivity of \"older\" SHRs is related mainly to slightly lower resting heart rates.", "contents": "Responses to exercise in experimental hypertension. Exaggerated cardiovascular responses to stressful stimuli and behavioural hyperexcitability have been observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The present series of experiments examined blood pressure and heart rate responses of SHR and renal hypertensive rats (RHR) to a combined physical and mental stress in the form of treadmill exercise. SHRs exhibited only slight and selective hyper-responsiveness to exercise in regard to increases in heart rate, whereas, RHRs responded normally. The excessive sensitivity of \"older\" SHRs is related mainly to slightly lower resting heart rates."}
{"id": "PMID:1203915", "title": "Effects of local anaesthetics on calcium transport by canine cardiac microsomes (fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum).", "content": "Local anaesthetics inhibit calcium transport by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, the concentrations of lidocaine and procaineamide needed to produce these effects are high. No significant differences were found between these agents that could account for reported differences in their electrophysiological effects.", "contents": "Effects of local anaesthetics on calcium transport by canine cardiac microsomes (fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum). Local anaesthetics inhibit calcium transport by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, the concentrations of lidocaine and procaineamide needed to produce these effects are high. No significant differences were found between these agents that could account for reported differences in their electrophysiological effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1203916", "title": "The effects of isoprenaline on epicardial ST-segment elevation, lactate production, and myocardial blood flow following coronary artery ligation.", "content": "Isoprenaline was infused at low and high rates into anaesthetized dogs after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the resultant changes in epicardial ST-segment elevation being compared with lactate production and myocardial blood flow in the infarcting myocardium. Although ST elevation was increased at both infusion rates, there was no change in the arterial-local coronary venous difference of lactate concentration nor in myocardial blood flow at the centre of the infarct. The results suggest that the relationship between epicardial ST-segment elevation and other indices of ischaemic myocardial injury is complex and requires further evaluation.", "contents": "The effects of isoprenaline on epicardial ST-segment elevation, lactate production, and myocardial blood flow following coronary artery ligation. Isoprenaline was infused at low and high rates into anaesthetized dogs after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the resultant changes in epicardial ST-segment elevation being compared with lactate production and myocardial blood flow in the infarcting myocardium. Although ST elevation was increased at both infusion rates, there was no change in the arterial-local coronary venous difference of lactate concentration nor in myocardial blood flow at the centre of the infarct. The results suggest that the relationship between epicardial ST-segment elevation and other indices of ischaemic myocardial injury is complex and requires further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203917", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of a new anti-arrhythmic agent, mexiletine (K\u00f6 1173) in ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of mexiletine (K\u00f6 1173) were studied in six patients. Heart rate and cardiac output remained unchanged. The systemic arterial pressure was reduced in two patients owing to a fall in the peripheral resistance. Cardiac function, assessed by means of the stroke work and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, was depressed in three patients, who all had a current or past history of severe heart failure.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of a new anti-arrhythmic agent, mexiletine (K\u00f6 1173) in ischaemic heart disease. The haemodynamic effects of mexiletine (K\u00f6 1173) were studied in six patients. Heart rate and cardiac output remained unchanged. The systemic arterial pressure was reduced in two patients owing to a fall in the peripheral resistance. Cardiac function, assessed by means of the stroke work and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, was depressed in three patients, who all had a current or past history of severe heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1203918", "title": "Effects of three fat-enriched diets on the arterial pressure of rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were fed diets enriched with proprietary edible fats for 5 weeks, raising the fat content of their diet from 4% to 23%. The diet enriched with animal fat caused a 13.5% rise in arterial pressure. The diet enriched with vegetable oil caused an 8.5% rise in arterial pressure. The diet enriched with butter caused an initial rise of 10% decreasing to 6% by the fifth week. Histological examination of the carotid and renal arteries, and aorta revealed no changes in connective tissue or lipid content as compared with those of control animals. It is concluded that changes in arterial pressure can occur after ingestion of excess dietary lipid, and that these changes are not confined to any class of lipid, or related to its properties as an atherosclerotic agent.", "contents": "Effects of three fat-enriched diets on the arterial pressure of rabbits. Rabbits were fed diets enriched with proprietary edible fats for 5 weeks, raising the fat content of their diet from 4% to 23%. The diet enriched with animal fat caused a 13.5% rise in arterial pressure. The diet enriched with vegetable oil caused an 8.5% rise in arterial pressure. The diet enriched with butter caused an initial rise of 10% decreasing to 6% by the fifth week. Histological examination of the carotid and renal arteries, and aorta revealed no changes in connective tissue or lipid content as compared with those of control animals. It is concluded that changes in arterial pressure can occur after ingestion of excess dietary lipid, and that these changes are not confined to any class of lipid, or related to its properties as an atherosclerotic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1203919", "title": "Myocardial oxygen consumption at constant left ventricular workload and varying arterial oxygenation.", "content": "The effect of arterial oxygen content (CaO2) changes on myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) was studied in dogs with controlled heart rate, cardiac output, and arterial pressure. MVO2 did not change significantly as a result of systemic or selective left coronary CaO2 changes ranging randomly from hypoxaemia to hyperoxaemia.", "contents": "Myocardial oxygen consumption at constant left ventricular workload and varying arterial oxygenation. The effect of arterial oxygen content (CaO2) changes on myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) was studied in dogs with controlled heart rate, cardiac output, and arterial pressure. MVO2 did not change significantly as a result of systemic or selective left coronary CaO2 changes ranging randomly from hypoxaemia to hyperoxaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1203949", "title": "Effect of cortisol on human fetal lung in organ culture: a biochemical, electron-microscopic and autoradiographic study.", "content": "Human fetal lung tissue obtained during the second trimester was cultured as organ culture with or without cortisol. The effect of cortisol on the phospholipid metabolism, as related to the appearance of osmiophilic lamellar bodies and the localisation of newly incorporated choline, was studied. In cortisol-treated explants, the concentration of saturated lecithins and the incorporation of (Me-3H)-choline into saturated lecithins increases significantly concomitantly with an increased number of osmiophilic lamellar bodies. The labelled choline is predominantly associated with these bodies. The obtained results indicate that cortisol accelerates the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant in the human fetal lung as early as in the second trimester.", "contents": "Effect of cortisol on human fetal lung in organ culture: a biochemical, electron-microscopic and autoradiographic study. Human fetal lung tissue obtained during the second trimester was cultured as organ culture with or without cortisol. The effect of cortisol on the phospholipid metabolism, as related to the appearance of osmiophilic lamellar bodies and the localisation of newly incorporated choline, was studied. In cortisol-treated explants, the concentration of saturated lecithins and the incorporation of (Me-3H)-choline into saturated lecithins increases significantly concomitantly with an increased number of osmiophilic lamellar bodies. The labelled choline is predominantly associated with these bodies. The obtained results indicate that cortisol accelerates the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant in the human fetal lung as early as in the second trimester."}
{"id": "PMID:1203950", "title": "Neuronal migration during the early development of the cerebral cortex: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Fixed cerebral vesicles of mouse foetuses were fractured and examined with the scanning electron microscope. This method provides a study of the three dimensional developmental features of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium up to the formation of the early cortex plate. Matrix cells are a cell population of homogeneous shape, however, mitotic cells are easily identified by their spherical form. The external surface of the brain is formed by the closely packed end feet of these cells covered by a basal membrane. The formation of the cortical plate is the result of a continuous cell migration in columnar arrangement towards the pia. Glioependymal cells extend along the whole brain wall and most likely provide guidance for the migrating cell cords. The formation of the so-called migratory zone is a consequence of the growth of the basal and the horizontal prolongations of emigrating cells. The significance of the cell to cell contacts for the neuronal migration processes is discussed.", "contents": "Neuronal migration during the early development of the cerebral cortex: a scanning electron microscopic study. Fixed cerebral vesicles of mouse foetuses were fractured and examined with the scanning electron microscope. This method provides a study of the three dimensional developmental features of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium up to the formation of the early cortex plate. Matrix cells are a cell population of homogeneous shape, however, mitotic cells are easily identified by their spherical form. The external surface of the brain is formed by the closely packed end feet of these cells covered by a basal membrane. The formation of the cortical plate is the result of a continuous cell migration in columnar arrangement towards the pia. Glioependymal cells extend along the whole brain wall and most likely provide guidance for the migrating cell cords. The formation of the so-called migratory zone is a consequence of the growth of the basal and the horizontal prolongations of emigrating cells. The significance of the cell to cell contacts for the neuronal migration processes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203951", "title": "Ultrastructure of the presumed ion-transporting cells in the gills of ammocoete lampreys, Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) and Lampetra planeri (Bloch).", "content": "Mitochondria-rich cells were located in the interplatelet area of gill filaments from ammocoete Lampetra fluviatilis and L. planeri. The ultrastructure of this cell type differs from typical teleost 'chloride cells' by the  absence of a tubular, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). This difference is discussed in relation to the presumed functions of the cell and to the evolutionary histories of lampreys and teleosts. It is concluded that the mitochondria-rich cell is responsible for the active uptake of ions by the ammocoete gill.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the presumed ion-transporting cells in the gills of ammocoete lampreys, Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) and Lampetra planeri (Bloch). Mitochondria-rich cells were located in the interplatelet area of gill filaments from ammocoete Lampetra fluviatilis and L. planeri. The ultrastructure of this cell type differs from typical teleost 'chloride cells' by the  absence of a tubular, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). This difference is discussed in relation to the presumed functions of the cell and to the evolutionary histories of lampreys and teleosts. It is concluded that the mitochondria-rich cell is responsible for the active uptake of ions by the ammocoete gill."}
{"id": "PMID:1203952", "title": "Ultrastructural observaitons of growth hormone (STH) cells of anterior pituitary glands of partially hepatectomized rats.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in pituitary growth-hormone cells were observed in partially hepatectomized rats. The hepatectomies were carried out during the afternoon after 3 p.m. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation at midnight at intervals of 32, 80, and 104 hours after the operation. The principal changes in the growth-hormone cells of anterior pituitary glands of partially hepatectomized rats were: (1) increased numbers of secretory granules in exocytosis, (2) increased numbers of microtubules, and (3) enlargement of endoplasmic reticulum and occurrence of dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticula. Many growth-hormone cells contained a reduced number of secretory granules. Exocytosis of growth-hormone granules was more frequently observed in animals sacrificed at 32 hours after the operation than in those killed at 80 or 104 hours after surgery. The above results in which appearance of numerous microtubules and active secretory granule extrusion in the growth-hormone cells were observed after hepatectomy indicate that ultrastructure of growth-hormone cells and growth hormone secretion were markedly stimulated by the operation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observaitons of growth hormone (STH) cells of anterior pituitary glands of partially hepatectomized rats. Ultrastructural changes in pituitary growth-hormone cells were observed in partially hepatectomized rats. The hepatectomies were carried out during the afternoon after 3 p.m. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation at midnight at intervals of 32, 80, and 104 hours after the operation. The principal changes in the growth-hormone cells of anterior pituitary glands of partially hepatectomized rats were: (1) increased numbers of secretory granules in exocytosis, (2) increased numbers of microtubules, and (3) enlargement of endoplasmic reticulum and occurrence of dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticula. Many growth-hormone cells contained a reduced number of secretory granules. Exocytosis of growth-hormone granules was more frequently observed in animals sacrificed at 32 hours after the operation than in those killed at 80 or 104 hours after surgery. The above results in which appearance of numerous microtubules and active secretory granule extrusion in the growth-hormone cells were observed after hepatectomy indicate that ultrastructure of growth-hormone cells and growth hormone secretion were markedly stimulated by the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203953", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for a direct connection between the myocardial granules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the cardiac ventricle of Myxine glutinosa (L.).", "content": "The occurrence of structural connections between myocardial granules and tubular elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the cardiac ventricle of the Atlantic hagfish is described. The core substance of the myocardial granules is shown to be uranophilic and in this respect similar to the granular cores within the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. After application of CaCl2-containing fixatives, the ultrastructure of the core substance of these organelles resembles that described for calcium-containing structures in vertebrate glial cells. Incidences of uranophilic core substance in the extracellular space suggest a secretory function of the myocardial granules. Possible implications of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the myocardial granules in storage, intracellular transport, and secretion of bound calcium are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for a direct connection between the myocardial granules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the cardiac ventricle of Myxine glutinosa (L.). The occurrence of structural connections between myocardial granules and tubular elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the cardiac ventricle of the Atlantic hagfish is described. The core substance of the myocardial granules is shown to be uranophilic and in this respect similar to the granular cores within the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. After application of CaCl2-containing fixatives, the ultrastructure of the core substance of these organelles resembles that described for calcium-containing structures in vertebrate glial cells. Incidences of uranophilic core substance in the extracellular space suggest a secretory function of the myocardial granules. Possible implications of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the myocardial granules in storage, intracellular transport, and secretion of bound calcium are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203954", "title": "Exocytosis couples to endocytosis of ferritin in parotid acinar cells from isoprenalin stimulated rats.", "content": "Distribution of acid phosphatase as a marker enzyme for lysosomes was investigated in the isoprenalin stimulated rat parotid gland. The enzyme was localized in lipofuscin-like bodies as well as in non-discharged granules. The appearance of these bodies was correlated in time to the appearance of smooth vesicles and reduction of the acinar lumen. Ferritin, used as a tracer and introduced into the stimulated gland via cannulated parotid ducts, was found in smooth vesicles, vacuoles and lipofuscin-like bodies throughout the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. Very often ferritin-containing vesicles were found in the vicinity of the Golgi complex. In most cases the vesicles containing ferritin also showed acid phosphatase reaction product. A possible correlation between the lysosomal system and the process of recycling and degradation of membranes in the stimulated gland is discussed.", "contents": "Exocytosis couples to endocytosis of ferritin in parotid acinar cells from isoprenalin stimulated rats. Distribution of acid phosphatase as a marker enzyme for lysosomes was investigated in the isoprenalin stimulated rat parotid gland. The enzyme was localized in lipofuscin-like bodies as well as in non-discharged granules. The appearance of these bodies was correlated in time to the appearance of smooth vesicles and reduction of the acinar lumen. Ferritin, used as a tracer and introduced into the stimulated gland via cannulated parotid ducts, was found in smooth vesicles, vacuoles and lipofuscin-like bodies throughout the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. Very often ferritin-containing vesicles were found in the vicinity of the Golgi complex. In most cases the vesicles containing ferritin also showed acid phosphatase reaction product. A possible correlation between the lysosomal system and the process of recycling and degradation of membranes in the stimulated gland is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203955", "title": "Ultrastructure of the integumental melanophores of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae.", "content": "The integumental melanophores of Latimeria chalumnae were studied by light and electron microscopy. The epidermal melanophore located in the mid-epidermis consists of a round perikaryon with long slender dendrites extending into epidermal cells and intercellular spaces. The dermal melanophores occur in the loose dermal matrix underlying a relatively thick layer of collagen fibers. The dermal melanophores are usually flattened and their dendrites lie parallel to the collagen layer. Both epidermal and dermal melanophores contain oval, electron-opaque melanosomes, large mitochondria, agranular vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. Microfilaments and RNP particles are less conspicuous. While the peripheral cytoplasm of both dermal and epidermal melanophores is filled with a large number of melanosomes, the perinuclear cytoplasm of many dermal melanophores is occupied by premelanosomes in various stages of differentiation, and that of the epidermal melanophore contains numerous large vacuoles. Despite the scarcity of epidermal melanophores, the epidermal melanin unit is present in the form of melanosome complexes. In addition, the melanophores of Latimeria possess the basic characteristics common to other vertebrates, but they more closely resemble those of lungfish and other aquatic vertebrates.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the integumental melanophores of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. The integumental melanophores of Latimeria chalumnae were studied by light and electron microscopy. The epidermal melanophore located in the mid-epidermis consists of a round perikaryon with long slender dendrites extending into epidermal cells and intercellular spaces. The dermal melanophores occur in the loose dermal matrix underlying a relatively thick layer of collagen fibers. The dermal melanophores are usually flattened and their dendrites lie parallel to the collagen layer. Both epidermal and dermal melanophores contain oval, electron-opaque melanosomes, large mitochondria, agranular vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. Microfilaments and RNP particles are less conspicuous. While the peripheral cytoplasm of both dermal and epidermal melanophores is filled with a large number of melanosomes, the perinuclear cytoplasm of many dermal melanophores is occupied by premelanosomes in various stages of differentiation, and that of the epidermal melanophore contains numerous large vacuoles. Despite the scarcity of epidermal melanophores, the epidermal melanin unit is present in the form of melanosome complexes. In addition, the melanophores of Latimeria possess the basic characteristics common to other vertebrates, but they more closely resemble those of lungfish and other aquatic vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1203956", "title": "Effect of denervation on the mitotic index of the intestinal epithelium of the rat.", "content": "The infradiaphragmatic section of vagi nerves at the level of the diaphragm crura causes, on the third day after surgery, a reduction of the mitotic activity in the crypts of the intestinal epithelium of the rat. Moreover there is a drastic reduction in number of the goblet cells that remain concentrated at the lower third of the villi. After the third day after vagotomy there is a tendency to normality. Sympathectomy did not affect significantly the intestinal epithelium of the rat. When both surgeries were performed together, there was no additive effect.", "contents": "Effect of denervation on the mitotic index of the intestinal epithelium of the rat. The infradiaphragmatic section of vagi nerves at the level of the diaphragm crura causes, on the third day after surgery, a reduction of the mitotic activity in the crypts of the intestinal epithelium of the rat. Moreover there is a drastic reduction in number of the goblet cells that remain concentrated at the lower third of the villi. After the third day after vagotomy there is a tendency to normality. Sympathectomy did not affect significantly the intestinal epithelium of the rat. When both surgeries were performed together, there was no additive effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1203957", "title": "Light and electron microscopy of the hepatopancreas of the isopod Acellus intermedius.", "content": "Hepatopancreas from Acellus intermedius, a small freshwater isopod, was examined by light and electron microscopy. Of particular interest are the two cell types present in the hepatopancreas. Their ultrastructural features indicate that the major role of the large alpha cells is to absorb material from the lumen as well as secrete materials into the lumen while the major role of the small beta cells is to store the absorbed materials as well as break down stored materials before transport.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy of the hepatopancreas of the isopod Acellus intermedius. Hepatopancreas from Acellus intermedius, a small freshwater isopod, was examined by light and electron microscopy. Of particular interest are the two cell types present in the hepatopancreas. Their ultrastructural features indicate that the major role of the large alpha cells is to absorb material from the lumen as well as secrete materials into the lumen while the major role of the small beta cells is to store the absorbed materials as well as break down stored materials before transport."}
{"id": "PMID:1203958", "title": "The reality of arthropod cuticular laminae.", "content": "Examination of etched pyramids of decapod crustacean cuticles with the scanning electron microscope indicates that laminae are continuous around the angles of the pyramids. This observation is in direct contrast to the result expected on Bouligand's (1965, 1971) hypothesis and suggests that laminae may be real structures.", "contents": "The reality of arthropod cuticular laminae. Examination of etched pyramids of decapod crustacean cuticles with the scanning electron microscope indicates that laminae are continuous around the angles of the pyramids. This observation is in direct contrast to the result expected on Bouligand's (1965, 1971) hypothesis and suggests that laminae may be real structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1203959", "title": "Rate of protein synthesis in rat salivary gland cells after pilocarpine or feeding. I. Rate of (glyco) protein secretion from cells of mixed salivary glands.", "content": "In untreated, fasting animals the cells of the serous demilunes of the sublingual gland incorporate [3H]-leucine at a higher rate than any other of the 5 main cell types of the 3 major salivary glands. The acinar cells of the submandibular and the mucous cells of the sublingual gland show intermediate values, while the cells of the granular ducts of the submandibular and the acini of the parotid gland have a low rate of incorporation. In fasting animals extrusion of newly synthesized protein starts early in the cells of the serous demilunes. It starts between 4 and 7 hrs after [3H]-leucine injection in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland, while the other cell types did not lose substantial amounts of labelled (glyco)protein within 7 hrs. The secretion of protein is stimulated by the cholinergic drug pilocarpine in all but one of the 5 types of salivary gland cells studied. The acinar cells of the submandibular gland react strongly, the granular duct cells less strongly. Still less are the reactions of the acinar cells of the parotid and of the nucous cells of the sublingual gland. The cells of the serous demilunes of the latter appear to be insensible to pilocarpine. The effect of food uptake on secretion does not differ from pilocarpine stimulation, with one exception: the acinar cells of the parotid gland react more strongly on food uptake than on cholenergic stimulation.", "contents": "Rate of protein synthesis in rat salivary gland cells after pilocarpine or feeding. I. Rate of (glyco) protein secretion from cells of mixed salivary glands. In untreated, fasting animals the cells of the serous demilunes of the sublingual gland incorporate [3H]-leucine at a higher rate than any other of the 5 main cell types of the 3 major salivary glands. The acinar cells of the submandibular and the mucous cells of the sublingual gland show intermediate values, while the cells of the granular ducts of the submandibular and the acini of the parotid gland have a low rate of incorporation. In fasting animals extrusion of newly synthesized protein starts early in the cells of the serous demilunes. It starts between 4 and 7 hrs after [3H]-leucine injection in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland, while the other cell types did not lose substantial amounts of labelled (glyco)protein within 7 hrs. The secretion of protein is stimulated by the cholinergic drug pilocarpine in all but one of the 5 types of salivary gland cells studied. The acinar cells of the submandibular gland react strongly, the granular duct cells less strongly. Still less are the reactions of the acinar cells of the parotid and of the nucous cells of the sublingual gland. The cells of the serous demilunes of the latter appear to be insensible to pilocarpine. The effect of food uptake on secretion does not differ from pilocarpine stimulation, with one exception: the acinar cells of the parotid gland react more strongly on food uptake than on cholenergic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1203960", "title": "Rate of protein synthesis in rat salivary gland cells after pilocarpine or feeding. II. Protein synthesis in vivo in cells of the submandibular and parotid gland after secretion.", "content": "The effect of pilocarpine and food uptake on the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine in vivo was measured by means of quantitative radioautography in three exocrine cells of the rat: the acinar and the granular duct cells of the submandibular and the acinar cells of the parotid gland. The three cell types react differently. The submandibular acinar cells showed a decrease in incorporation rate after pilocarpine administration but not after feeding. The incorporation rate of the granular duct cells of the submandibular gland remains constant after both stimulations. The acinar cells of the parotid gland show an increase in incorporation rate of [3H]-leucine in response to both. The contrast between the submandibular and the parotid gland could also be demonstrated radiobiochemically, the results reflecting the incorporation rates of the acinar cells of both glands, giving no information on the contribution of other cell types. The decrease in incorporation rate of the submandibular gland acinar cells is accompained by a shift of polyribosomes towards monomers.", "contents": "Rate of protein synthesis in rat salivary gland cells after pilocarpine or feeding. II. Protein synthesis in vivo in cells of the submandibular and parotid gland after secretion. The effect of pilocarpine and food uptake on the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine in vivo was measured by means of quantitative radioautography in three exocrine cells of the rat: the acinar and the granular duct cells of the submandibular and the acinar cells of the parotid gland. The three cell types react differently. The submandibular acinar cells showed a decrease in incorporation rate after pilocarpine administration but not after feeding. The incorporation rate of the granular duct cells of the submandibular gland remains constant after both stimulations. The acinar cells of the parotid gland show an increase in incorporation rate of [3H]-leucine in response to both. The contrast between the submandibular and the parotid gland could also be demonstrated radiobiochemically, the results reflecting the incorporation rates of the acinar cells of both glands, giving no information on the contribution of other cell types. The decrease in incorporation rate of the submandibular gland acinar cells is accompained by a shift of polyribosomes towards monomers."}
{"id": "PMID:1203961", "title": "Rate of protein synthesis in rat salivary gland cells after pilocarpine or feeding. III. Protein synthesis in vitro in the submandibular and parotid gland after stimulation of secretion in vivo.", "content": "After stimulation of the protein secretion by pilocarpine or feeding the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine increases in the acinar cells of the parotid gland of the rat while the secretory cells of the submandibular gland show a moderate decrease (Kuijper et al., 1975b). Since the rate of labelled amino acid incorporation depends on the specific radioactivity of the amino acid used, which is not easy to determine in vivo, experiments in vitro were performed to get an idea of the influence of this factor on the measured changes in [3H]-leucine incorporation. In vitro both cell types showed a more pronounced but essentially identical reaction as in vivo. Since in these experiments the specific radioactivity of the extracellular leucine is the same whether fragments of stimulated or unstimulated glands incorporate the radioactive amino acid, the increase of incorporation in the parotid and the decrease in the submandibular cells cannot be ascribed to differences in specific radioactivity of leucine, unless the intracellular leucine pool should show great differences between secreting and non-secreting cells. However, in vitro the submandibular gland cells under both conditions appear to use the extracellular leucine for their protein synthesis (or a small compartmentalized pool in rapid exchange with the extracellular pool). In the parotid cells the whole intracellular pool showed such a rapid exchange with the extracellular one that for practical reasons one may say that these cells, too, rely on the extracellular specific radioactivity of leucine in their protein synthesis. We conclude that the rat parotid gland cells show a rapid and substantial increase of protein synthesis after stimulation of their enzyme secretion, while the submandibular gland cells do not.", "contents": "Rate of protein synthesis in rat salivary gland cells after pilocarpine or feeding. III. Protein synthesis in vitro in the submandibular and parotid gland after stimulation of secretion in vivo. After stimulation of the protein secretion by pilocarpine or feeding the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine increases in the acinar cells of the parotid gland of the rat while the secretory cells of the submandibular gland show a moderate decrease (Kuijper et al., 1975b). Since the rate of labelled amino acid incorporation depends on the specific radioactivity of the amino acid used, which is not easy to determine in vivo, experiments in vitro were performed to get an idea of the influence of this factor on the measured changes in [3H]-leucine incorporation. In vitro both cell types showed a more pronounced but essentially identical reaction as in vivo. Since in these experiments the specific radioactivity of the extracellular leucine is the same whether fragments of stimulated or unstimulated glands incorporate the radioactive amino acid, the increase of incorporation in the parotid and the decrease in the submandibular cells cannot be ascribed to differences in specific radioactivity of leucine, unless the intracellular leucine pool should show great differences between secreting and non-secreting cells. However, in vitro the submandibular gland cells under both conditions appear to use the extracellular leucine for their protein synthesis (or a small compartmentalized pool in rapid exchange with the extracellular pool). In the parotid cells the whole intracellular pool showed such a rapid exchange with the extracellular one that for practical reasons one may say that these cells, too, rely on the extracellular specific radioactivity of leucine in their protein synthesis. We conclude that the rat parotid gland cells show a rapid and substantial increase of protein synthesis after stimulation of their enzyme secretion, while the submandibular gland cells do not."}
{"id": "PMID:1203962", "title": "Subsurface cisterns in the vertebrate retina.", "content": "Structures identified as subsurface cisterns (SSC's) were found in retinal neurons and their processes in the Western grey squirrel, the California and 13-line ground squirrels, the South African clawed toad, and the domestic cat. The SSC's are located in amacrine, bipolar, and ganglion cells; they are connected with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are associated with specific membrane specializations. SSC's were not seen in the M\u00fcller cells, an observation which agrees with earlier reports that these organelles do not exist in glial cells.", "contents": "Subsurface cisterns in the vertebrate retina. Structures identified as subsurface cisterns (SSC's) were found in retinal neurons and their processes in the Western grey squirrel, the California and 13-line ground squirrels, the South African clawed toad, and the domestic cat. The SSC's are located in amacrine, bipolar, and ganglion cells; they are connected with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are associated with specific membrane specializations. SSC's were not seen in the M\u00fcller cells, an observation which agrees with earlier reports that these organelles do not exist in glial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1203963", "title": "Development and cytodifferentiation of the rabbit pars intermedia. I. Fetal and perinatal stages.", "content": "The developing pars intermedia (PI) of rabbits of between 14 days post coitum (PC) and one day post partum (PP) have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Cell division is marked until 4th week PC, after which it is reduced. The (PI) loses its homogeneity by the 5th week PC due to localisation both intrinsic and invading cells and blood vessels. Four groups of parenchyma cells are recognisable: PI-glandular cells, interstitial cells, ACT-type cells and a heterogeneous group of dark cells. The ultrastructure of the ACT-type cells in the rabbit PI are here described for the first time. The differentiation of these cell types has been traced from 14 days PC to 32 days PC, in particular ACT-type cells are shown to develop in situ and the significance of this is discussed. In the PI-glandular cells dense cored granules appear first on the 15th day PC which is one day before any nerve connection is made with the primitive neural lobe and more than a week before vascularisation. Thereafter granularity increases until parturition when there is a phase of degranulation. Relatively electron lucent, larger vesicles are not found until 4th week PC.", "contents": "Development and cytodifferentiation of the rabbit pars intermedia. I. Fetal and perinatal stages. The developing pars intermedia (PI) of rabbits of between 14 days post coitum (PC) and one day post partum (PP) have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Cell division is marked until 4th week PC, after which it is reduced. The (PI) loses its homogeneity by the 5th week PC due to localisation both intrinsic and invading cells and blood vessels. Four groups of parenchyma cells are recognisable: PI-glandular cells, interstitial cells, ACT-type cells and a heterogeneous group of dark cells. The ultrastructure of the ACT-type cells in the rabbit PI are here described for the first time. The differentiation of these cell types has been traced from 14 days PC to 32 days PC, in particular ACT-type cells are shown to develop in situ and the significance of this is discussed. In the PI-glandular cells dense cored granules appear first on the 15th day PC which is one day before any nerve connection is made with the primitive neural lobe and more than a week before vascularisation. Thereafter granularity increases until parturition when there is a phase of degranulation. Relatively electron lucent, larger vesicles are not found until 4th week PC."}
{"id": "PMID:1203964", "title": "Time- and dose-dependent influence of ouabain on the ultrastructure of optic neurones.", "content": "The cardiac glycoside ouabain was injected into the eye-bulb of the teleost fish, Carassius carassius. Three doses of ouabain were used: 10(-4) M, 10(-5) M, 10(-6) M. The final concentrations in the vitreous body of the eye were approximately 3-10(-5) M, 3-10-6 M and 3-10-7 M, respectively. After 8 hrs, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days the ultrastructural alterations of retinal ganglion cells, the optic axons near the bulb and the terminal segments in the optic tectum were studied. The high doses of ouabain induced an early necrobiosis of the cell bodies in the retina followed by degeneration in the nerve. This is characterized as a protracted form of Wallerian degeneration. The significance of the inhibition of Na+ -K+-activated ATPase at the perikaryal level for both the integrity of axonal morphology and the axonal flow is discussed.", "contents": "Time- and dose-dependent influence of ouabain on the ultrastructure of optic neurones. The cardiac glycoside ouabain was injected into the eye-bulb of the teleost fish, Carassius carassius. Three doses of ouabain were used: 10(-4) M, 10(-5) M, 10(-6) M. The final concentrations in the vitreous body of the eye were approximately 3-10(-5) M, 3-10-6 M and 3-10-7 M, respectively. After 8 hrs, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days the ultrastructural alterations of retinal ganglion cells, the optic axons near the bulb and the terminal segments in the optic tectum were studied. The high doses of ouabain induced an early necrobiosis of the cell bodies in the retina followed by degeneration in the nerve. This is characterized as a protracted form of Wallerian degeneration. The significance of the inhibition of Na+ -K+-activated ATPase at the perikaryal level for both the integrity of axonal morphology and the axonal flow is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1203965", "title": "Cellular contacts in the synovial membrane of the cat and the rabbit: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Regularly, four different types of cellular contacts are found in synovial folds and villi of the cobital joint of the cat (interdigitations, desmosomes, intermediate junctions, gap junctions). The same types of contact--with the exception of intermediate junctions--occur sporadically also in synovial fat folds of the knee joint of the rabbit. In both species, hemidesmosomes and discontinuous basement membranes are seen in the synovial lining layer. Cellular contacts predominate between A-cells and cells of the intermediate type, hemidesmosomes and incomplete basement membranes predominate in intermediate cells and B-cells. The latter are rare in A-cells. The importance of such contacts for mechanical, metabolic and electrical interactions of cellular elements in the synovial membrane is discussed. No unanimous concept as to their function can be advanced at present.", "contents": "Cellular contacts in the synovial membrane of the cat and the rabbit: an ultrastructural study. Regularly, four different types of cellular contacts are found in synovial folds and villi of the cobital joint of the cat (interdigitations, desmosomes, intermediate junctions, gap junctions). The same types of contact--with the exception of intermediate junctions--occur sporadically also in synovial fat folds of the knee joint of the rabbit. In both species, hemidesmosomes and discontinuous basement membranes are seen in the synovial lining layer. Cellular contacts predominate between A-cells and cells of the intermediate type, hemidesmosomes and incomplete basement membranes predominate in intermediate cells and B-cells. The latter are rare in A-cells. The importance of such contacts for mechanical, metabolic and electrical interactions of cellular elements in the synovial membrane is discussed. No unanimous concept as to their function can be advanced at present."}
{"id": "PMID:1203966", "title": "Ontogeny of the pig hypothalamic neurosecretory system with particular reference to the distribution of neurophysin.", "content": "The immunoperoxidase cytochemical reaction was applied to the localization of neurophysin-containing elements in the fetal and adult pig hypothalamus. In the 60 day fetal pig, cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were the only structues in the hypothalamus in which neurophysin was detected. However, by 87 days the cell bodies in both the SON and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contained neurophysin-like material. The distribution of immunoreactive material in the 111 day fetal animal was similar to that found in the adult pig. In transverse section of the mature pig the SON exists in two discrete components; an antero-lateral group of cells connected by scattered cells to a smaller postero-medial group. Anteriorly, the PVN appears as a line of cells bordering the third ventricle but as we proceed posteriorly the dorsal aspect expands laterally to give a wedge-shaped group of cells. In mid-sagittal sections, the cells of the PVN are distributed over a wide area of the anterior hypothalamus in a triangular profile. The borders between the SON and PVN became more difficult to define in medial sections than in lateral sections. Continuous gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out on the neural lobe extracts from fetal, newborn and adult pigs. Proteins with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of porcine neurophysins-I, -II and -III were present in the newborn and 98 day fetal pig. It is concluded that material immunoreactive with anti-neurophysin serum is present in the hypothalamus of the 60 day fetal pig. Furthermore, at late fetal development and during the postnatal period it is tentatively suggested that the neurophysin present in the pituitaries of these animals is chemically identical with that of adult neurophysin.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the pig hypothalamic neurosecretory system with particular reference to the distribution of neurophysin. The immunoperoxidase cytochemical reaction was applied to the localization of neurophysin-containing elements in the fetal and adult pig hypothalamus. In the 60 day fetal pig, cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were the only structues in the hypothalamus in which neurophysin was detected. However, by 87 days the cell bodies in both the SON and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contained neurophysin-like material. The distribution of immunoreactive material in the 111 day fetal animal was similar to that found in the adult pig. In transverse section of the mature pig the SON exists in two discrete components; an antero-lateral group of cells connected by scattered cells to a smaller postero-medial group. Anteriorly, the PVN appears as a line of cells bordering the third ventricle but as we proceed posteriorly the dorsal aspect expands laterally to give a wedge-shaped group of cells. In mid-sagittal sections, the cells of the PVN are distributed over a wide area of the anterior hypothalamus in a triangular profile. The borders between the SON and PVN became more difficult to define in medial sections than in lateral sections. Continuous gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out on the neural lobe extracts from fetal, newborn and adult pigs. Proteins with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of porcine neurophysins-I, -II and -III were present in the newborn and 98 day fetal pig. It is concluded that material immunoreactive with anti-neurophysin serum is present in the hypothalamus of the 60 day fetal pig. Furthermore, at late fetal development and during the postnatal period it is tentatively suggested that the neurophysin present in the pituitaries of these animals is chemically identical with that of adult neurophysin."}
{"id": "PMID:1203967", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on the pineal organ of the antarctic penguin, (Pygoscelis papua).", "content": "The pineal organ of the migratory antarctic penguin, Pygoscelis papua, has a lobular structure. Clusters formed by different types of parenchymal cells are separated by connective tissue septa containing blood vessels. The predominant cell type displays a well-developed Golgi complex, free ribosomes, clear and granular vesicles (secretory granules), and lysosomes. Other cell types found in the gland are supporting and ependymal-like cells. The former contain dense bodies and filament bundles, the latter possess abundant cilia and clusters of ribosomes. Typical photoreceptor elements are lacking. Blood vessels are located within a perivascular space bordered by basal laminae. This perivascular space extends between the basal protrusions of the parenchymal cells. The presence of pinocytotic vesicles, secretory granules and cytoplasmic processes in the vicinity of these spaces suggests active sites of transport and exchange of substances. Intercellular conaliculi-like spaces are surrounded by parenchymal cells rich in microvilli. These cancliculi are continuous with the cavities (invaginations) of secretory and other parenchymal cells.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on the pineal organ of the antarctic penguin, (Pygoscelis papua). The pineal organ of the migratory antarctic penguin, Pygoscelis papua, has a lobular structure. Clusters formed by different types of parenchymal cells are separated by connective tissue septa containing blood vessels. The predominant cell type displays a well-developed Golgi complex, free ribosomes, clear and granular vesicles (secretory granules), and lysosomes. Other cell types found in the gland are supporting and ependymal-like cells. The former contain dense bodies and filament bundles, the latter possess abundant cilia and clusters of ribosomes. Typical photoreceptor elements are lacking. Blood vessels are located within a perivascular space bordered by basal laminae. This perivascular space extends between the basal protrusions of the parenchymal cells. The presence of pinocytotic vesicles, secretory granules and cytoplasmic processes in the vicinity of these spaces suggests active sites of transport and exchange of substances. Intercellular conaliculi-like spaces are surrounded by parenchymal cells rich in microvilli. These cancliculi are continuous with the cavities (invaginations) of secretory and other parenchymal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1203968", "title": "The first optic ganglion of the bee. I. Correlation between visual cell types and their terminals in the lamina and medulla.", "content": "Each visual unit (ommatidium) of the compound eye of the honey bee contains nine retinula cells, six of which end as axons in the first synaptic ganglion, the lamina, and three in the second optic ganglion, the medulla. A technique allowing light- and electron microscopy to be performed on the same silver-impregnated sections has made it possible to follow all types of retinula axons of one ommatidium to their terminals in order to study the shape of the terminal branches with their position in the cartridge. 1. The axons of retinula cells 1-6 (numbered according to Menzel and Snyder, 1974) end as three different types of short visual fibres (svf) in the lamina; the axons of retinula cells 7-9 run through the lamina to terminate in the medulla and are known as long visual fibres (lvf). Retinula cells of each type are identified by the location of their cell bodies and by the direction of their microvilli. The retinula cells 1 and 4 (group I according to Gribakin, 1967) end as svf type 1 with three tassel-like branches in stratum B of the first synaptic region. The pair of cells 3, 6 and the pair 2, 5 (group II) end in the first synaptic region in stratum A. Cells 3 and 6 have forked endings, svf type 2, whereas cells 2 and 5 have tapered endings, svf type 3. The remaining retinula cells 7, 8 and 9 have long fibres. Nos. 7 and 8 (group III) have tapered endings and are termed lvf types 1 and 2, respectively. The 9th cell is the lvf type 3 with a highly branched ending. 2. The nine axons in the bundle from one ommatidium have relative positions which do not change from the proximal retina to the monopolar cell body layer. 3. By following silver-stained retinula cells and their corresponding axons, it is possible to describe mirror-image arrangements of fibres in the axon bundles in different parts of the eye. This correlation of numbered retinula cells with specific axon types, together with the highly organized pattern in an axon bundle, allows the correlation between histological and physiological findings on polarization and colour perception.", "contents": "The first optic ganglion of the bee. I. Correlation between visual cell types and their terminals in the lamina and medulla. Each visual unit (ommatidium) of the compound eye of the honey bee contains nine retinula cells, six of which end as axons in the first synaptic ganglion, the lamina, and three in the second optic ganglion, the medulla. A technique allowing light- and electron microscopy to be performed on the same silver-impregnated sections has made it possible to follow all types of retinula axons of one ommatidium to their terminals in order to study the shape of the terminal branches with their position in the cartridge. 1. The axons of retinula cells 1-6 (numbered according to Menzel and Snyder, 1974) end as three different types of short visual fibres (svf) in the lamina; the axons of retinula cells 7-9 run through the lamina to terminate in the medulla and are known as long visual fibres (lvf). Retinula cells of each type are identified by the location of their cell bodies and by the direction of their microvilli. The retinula cells 1 and 4 (group I according to Gribakin, 1967) end as svf type 1 with three tassel-like branches in stratum B of the first synaptic region. The pair of cells 3, 6 and the pair 2, 5 (group II) end in the first synaptic region in stratum A. Cells 3 and 6 have forked endings, svf type 2, whereas cells 2 and 5 have tapered endings, svf type 3. The remaining retinula cells 7, 8 and 9 have long fibres. Nos. 7 and 8 (group III) have tapered endings and are termed lvf types 1 and 2, respectively. The 9th cell is the lvf type 3 with a highly branched ending. 2. The nine axons in the bundle from one ommatidium have relative positions which do not change from the proximal retina to the monopolar cell body layer. 3. By following silver-stained retinula cells and their corresponding axons, it is possible to describe mirror-image arrangements of fibres in the axon bundles in different parts of the eye. This correlation of numbered retinula cells with specific axon types, together with the highly organized pattern in an axon bundle, allows the correlation between histological and physiological findings on polarization and colour perception."}
{"id": "PMID:1203969", "title": "Ultrastructure of the milk fat globule membrane with and without triglyceride.", "content": "The primary milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) around freshly secreted milk fat globules consists of a unit membrane separated from the triglyceride core by a dense material. This dense material may widen to include cytoplasmic organelles or may form small blebs. Preincubation and fixation of the globules at temperatures between 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C has no effect on the width or appearance of the dense material. Isolated MFGM profiles show structures identical to those found on intact globules. The dense material on the isolated MFGM profiles is unaffected by extractions which remove essentially all the triglyceride present in the pellets of MFGM. The structure of the primary MFGM is therefore independent of any triglyceride content and the earlier suggestions that the dark material represented a triglyceride layer of high melting point adsorped during cooling of the globules after milking are not supported by the work described in this paper.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the milk fat globule membrane with and without triglyceride. The primary milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) around freshly secreted milk fat globules consists of a unit membrane separated from the triglyceride core by a dense material. This dense material may widen to include cytoplasmic organelles or may form small blebs. Preincubation and fixation of the globules at temperatures between 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C has no effect on the width or appearance of the dense material. Isolated MFGM profiles show structures identical to those found on intact globules. The dense material on the isolated MFGM profiles is unaffected by extractions which remove essentially all the triglyceride present in the pellets of MFGM. The structure of the primary MFGM is therefore independent of any triglyceride content and the earlier suggestions that the dark material represented a triglyceride layer of high melting point adsorped during cooling of the globules after milking are not supported by the work described in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1203970", "title": "Neurosecretion in the sinus gland of the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the sinus gland of the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax, was investigated and found to be similar to that in other crustaceans. Five types of neurosecretory axon terminals were tentatively identified on the basis of the size, shape, and electron density of granules within the axons. Release of neuro-secretory material appears to be by exocytosis.", "contents": "Neurosecretion in the sinus gland of the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax. The ultrastructure of the sinus gland of the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax, was investigated and found to be similar to that in other crustaceans. Five types of neurosecretory axon terminals were tentatively identified on the basis of the size, shape, and electron density of granules within the axons. Release of neuro-secretory material appears to be by exocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1203971", "title": "Stimulation of the adrenal gland of the Mongolian gerbil after ovariectomy.", "content": "The effect of ovariectomy on the adrenal gland was studied in the Mongolian gerbil. Castration stimulated cells in the zona fasciculata as well as those in the region between the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. No alterations occurred in the zona reticularis. The width of the intermediate region was enlarged, the cells were hypertrophic and contained an increased number of concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was hypertropic in cells of the zona fasciculata and intermediate region. Many mitochondria in cells of the intermediate region were larger than those in controls. Stimulation of cellular ultrastructure is directly correlated with a significant elevation in plasma cortisol in ovariectomized gerbils.", "contents": "Stimulation of the adrenal gland of the Mongolian gerbil after ovariectomy. The effect of ovariectomy on the adrenal gland was studied in the Mongolian gerbil. Castration stimulated cells in the zona fasciculata as well as those in the region between the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. No alterations occurred in the zona reticularis. The width of the intermediate region was enlarged, the cells were hypertrophic and contained an increased number of concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was hypertropic in cells of the zona fasciculata and intermediate region. Many mitochondria in cells of the intermediate region were larger than those in controls. Stimulation of cellular ultrastructure is directly correlated with a significant elevation in plasma cortisol in ovariectomized gerbils."}
{"id": "PMID:1203972", "title": "Ultrastructure of the compound eye of the diploid female beetle, Xyleborus ferrugineus.", "content": "The compound eye of female (diploid) Xyleborus ferrugineus beetles was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The eye is emarginate, and externally consists of roughly 70-100 facets. Each ommatidium is composed of a thickly biconvex lenslet with about 50 electron dense and rare layers. The lens facet overlies a crystalline cone of the acone type which is roughly hourglass-shaped. Pigment cells envelop the entire ommatidium, and pigment granules also are abundant throughout the cytoplasm of the 8 retinular cells. The rhabdomeres of 2 centrally situated photoreceptor cells effectively fuse into a rhabdom that extends from the base of the crystalline cone deeply into the ommatidium. Six distal peripheral retinular cells encircle the 2 central cells, and their rhabdomeres join laterally to form a rhabdomeric ring around the central rhabdom. The rhabdom and rhabdomeric ring are effectively separated by the cytoplasm of the two central retinular cells which contains the usual organelles and an abundance of shielding pigment granules. Eight axons per ommatidium gather in a tracheae-less fascicle before exiting the eye through the fenestrate basement membrane. No tracheation was observed among the retinular cells. Each Semper cell of each observed crystalline cone contained an abundance of virus-like particles near the cell nucleus. The insect is laboratory reared, and the visual system seems very amenable to photoreceptor investigations.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the compound eye of the diploid female beetle, Xyleborus ferrugineus. The compound eye of female (diploid) Xyleborus ferrugineus beetles was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The eye is emarginate, and externally consists of roughly 70-100 facets. Each ommatidium is composed of a thickly biconvex lenslet with about 50 electron dense and rare layers. The lens facet overlies a crystalline cone of the acone type which is roughly hourglass-shaped. Pigment cells envelop the entire ommatidium, and pigment granules also are abundant throughout the cytoplasm of the 8 retinular cells. The rhabdomeres of 2 centrally situated photoreceptor cells effectively fuse into a rhabdom that extends from the base of the crystalline cone deeply into the ommatidium. Six distal peripheral retinular cells encircle the 2 central cells, and their rhabdomeres join laterally to form a rhabdomeric ring around the central rhabdom. The rhabdom and rhabdomeric ring are effectively separated by the cytoplasm of the two central retinular cells which contains the usual organelles and an abundance of shielding pigment granules. Eight axons per ommatidium gather in a tracheae-less fascicle before exiting the eye through the fenestrate basement membrane. No tracheation was observed among the retinular cells. Each Semper cell of each observed crystalline cone contained an abundance of virus-like particles near the cell nucleus. The insect is laboratory reared, and the visual system seems very amenable to photoreceptor investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1203973", "title": "The cryptonephridial system in the mealworm Tenebrio molitor: transport of radioactive potassium, thallium and sodium; a functional and structural study.", "content": "Larvae of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor were injected with radioactive potassium, sodium or thallium solution. It was found that the rectal complex of the animal was labelled with potassium and thallium, but not with sodium. Potassium and thallium labelled the complex to the same level as if the two ions were tracers for each other. Ramsay has found that potassium is actively transported to the complex from the hemocoel and there are reasons to believe that T1+ follows the same pathway. Therefore animals injected with thallium were investigated both by light and electron microscopy. The results suggest that thallium spreads from the hemocoel through the leptophragma to the neighbouring ordinary tubular cells, and in moist mealworms thallium is further found in the perirectal space. Due to diffusion and washing out of thallium during fixation it can not be determined whether T1+ and K+ follow identical pathways, but it is possible to determine how far thallium has penetrated during the experiments.", "contents": "The cryptonephridial system in the mealworm Tenebrio molitor: transport of radioactive potassium, thallium and sodium; a functional and structural study. Larvae of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor were injected with radioactive potassium, sodium or thallium solution. It was found that the rectal complex of the animal was labelled with potassium and thallium, but not with sodium. Potassium and thallium labelled the complex to the same level as if the two ions were tracers for each other. Ramsay has found that potassium is actively transported to the complex from the hemocoel and there are reasons to believe that T1+ follows the same pathway. Therefore animals injected with thallium were investigated both by light and electron microscopy. The results suggest that thallium spreads from the hemocoel through the leptophragma to the neighbouring ordinary tubular cells, and in moist mealworms thallium is further found in the perirectal space. Due to diffusion and washing out of thallium during fixation it can not be determined whether T1+ and K+ follow identical pathways, but it is possible to determine how far thallium has penetrated during the experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1203974", "title": "The microfiber texture in a specialized plastic cuticle area within a sensillum field on the cockroach maxillary palp as revealed by freeze fracturing.", "content": "A field of sensilla extends across the ventral surface of the terminal segment of the maxillary palps of Periplaneta americana. The sensilla project from a sheet of pliable cuticle. Ultrathin sections of the cuticle in this area reveal a clear-cut parabolic microfiber pattern. Microfibers can also be seen from freeze fracture faces running parallel to the cuticular surface. These microfibers have a diameter of 80 A and may consist of chitin crystallites surrounded by a matrix coat. The number of straight parallel microfibers visible in a fracture face increases the more closely parallel to the surface the fracture runs. This result suggests a helicoidal texture, as the model of Bouligand would demand. The layer-to-layer rotational displacement of the microfibers is about 12 degrees. This texture can be regarded as typical for flexible cuticles in general. Other structural properties such as the continuation of the epicuticular dense layer into deeper cuticular layers around the enveloping cells of sensilla can be interpreted as specializations connected with the function of the sensillum field.", "contents": "The microfiber texture in a specialized plastic cuticle area within a sensillum field on the cockroach maxillary palp as revealed by freeze fracturing. A field of sensilla extends across the ventral surface of the terminal segment of the maxillary palps of Periplaneta americana. The sensilla project from a sheet of pliable cuticle. Ultrathin sections of the cuticle in this area reveal a clear-cut parabolic microfiber pattern. Microfibers can also be seen from freeze fracture faces running parallel to the cuticular surface. These microfibers have a diameter of 80 A and may consist of chitin crystallites surrounded by a matrix coat. The number of straight parallel microfibers visible in a fracture face increases the more closely parallel to the surface the fracture runs. This result suggests a helicoidal texture, as the model of Bouligand would demand. The layer-to-layer rotational displacement of the microfibers is about 12 degrees. This texture can be regarded as typical for flexible cuticles in general. Other structural properties such as the continuation of the epicuticular dense layer into deeper cuticular layers around the enveloping cells of sensilla can be interpreted as specializations connected with the function of the sensillum field."}
{"id": "PMID:1203975", "title": "Spermiogenesis in the teleost Gambusia affinis with particular reference to the role played by microtubules.", "content": "During nuclear elongation in spermatids of Gambusia affinis, a deep fossa is formed at the base of the nucleus in which the centriolar complex and proximal portion of the flagellum reside. To stabilize the positional relationship between the nucleus and centriolar complex, while nuclear morphogenesis is taking place, a series of microtubules develop which emanate from the centriolar complex and extend to the nuclear envelope lining the fossa. Buttressing microtubules also develop within the nuclear fossa which both originate and insert along the nuclear envelope. These appear to stabilize nuclear shape prior to the time when chromatin condensation has proceeded to the stage where it could lend structural stability to nuclear form. Microtubules develop only after specific nuclear morphogenic events have taken place. It is therefore concluded that the spermatid nucleus is capable of \"self-assembly\" involving microtubules in a supportive role in addition to stabilizing the nuclear-flagellar relationship in G. affinis. The pattern of nuclear fossa-associated microtubules in G. affinis is significantly different from that observed in other poeciliid teleosts indicating a degree of species specificity with regard to both the timing of appearance and total number of microtubules.", "contents": "Spermiogenesis in the teleost Gambusia affinis with particular reference to the role played by microtubules. During nuclear elongation in spermatids of Gambusia affinis, a deep fossa is formed at the base of the nucleus in which the centriolar complex and proximal portion of the flagellum reside. To stabilize the positional relationship between the nucleus and centriolar complex, while nuclear morphogenesis is taking place, a series of microtubules develop which emanate from the centriolar complex and extend to the nuclear envelope lining the fossa. Buttressing microtubules also develop within the nuclear fossa which both originate and insert along the nuclear envelope. These appear to stabilize nuclear shape prior to the time when chromatin condensation has proceeded to the stage where it could lend structural stability to nuclear form. Microtubules develop only after specific nuclear morphogenic events have taken place. It is therefore concluded that the spermatid nucleus is capable of \"self-assembly\" involving microtubules in a supportive role in addition to stabilizing the nuclear-flagellar relationship in G. affinis. The pattern of nuclear fossa-associated microtubules in G. affinis is significantly different from that observed in other poeciliid teleosts indicating a degree of species specificity with regard to both the timing of appearance and total number of microtubules."}
{"id": "PMID:1203981", "title": "Precocious differentiation of immature chief cells in fundic mucosa of infant rats induced by hydrocortisone.", "content": "Injection of hydrocortisone into developing rats induced precocious increase in the potential peptic activity of pepsinogen in the fundic mucosa, change from the immature to the mature electrophoretic pattern of pepsinogen isozymes and morphological change from the immature to the mature chief cells. The continual presence of hydrocortisone was required for maintenance of mature chief cells.", "contents": "Precocious differentiation of immature chief cells in fundic mucosa of infant rats induced by hydrocortisone. Injection of hydrocortisone into developing rats induced precocious increase in the potential peptic activity of pepsinogen in the fundic mucosa, change from the immature to the mature electrophoretic pattern of pepsinogen isozymes and morphological change from the immature to the mature chief cells. The continual presence of hydrocortisone was required for maintenance of mature chief cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1203982", "title": "Control of cell division and cell differentiation by deoxynucleotides in the early embryo of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "It is proposed that the deoxyriboside triphosphates present in the egg of Xenopus laevis support the synchronous cell divisions occurring during the earliest phase of embryonic development and that, as long as synchrony prevails, the cells are prevented from undergoing differentiation. This hypothesis has been tested by injecting deoxyribonucleotides into fertilized eggs. The following effects were observed: 1) the duration of synchrony is prolonged, 2) the morphological development is suppressed, an effect which is greatest when four nucleotides are injected together and 3) the synthesis of all kinds of RNA is inhibited, including the mRNA required for differentiation to occur.", "contents": "Control of cell division and cell differentiation by deoxynucleotides in the early embryo of Xenopus laevis. It is proposed that the deoxyriboside triphosphates present in the egg of Xenopus laevis support the synchronous cell divisions occurring during the earliest phase of embryonic development and that, as long as synchrony prevails, the cells are prevented from undergoing differentiation. This hypothesis has been tested by injecting deoxyribonucleotides into fertilized eggs. The following effects were observed: 1) the duration of synchrony is prolonged, 2) the morphological development is suppressed, an effect which is greatest when four nucleotides are injected together and 3) the synthesis of all kinds of RNA is inhibited, including the mRNA required for differentiation to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:1204085", "title": "[Phosphoglyceridosis].", "content": "On the basis of a bioptic examination of the appendix, skin and a liver specimen, the diagnosis of phospholipidosis was made in a girl aged 27 months. In contrast to the Niemann-Pick's complex of sphingomyelinoses, phosphoglycerides were stored in larger amounts than spingomyelin. The disease should be undoubtedly included under one heading with the so-called \"kephalinosis\" [11] and with the cases described by Wiedemann et al. [10]. The terms \"Type II phospholipidosis [Baar-Wiedemann's disease]\" or, briefly, phosphoglyceridosis, appear to be most adequeate for designating the diseases in question. The disorder can be diagnosed on the basis of iron hematoxylin staining, visualizing all phospholipids. In Niemann-Pick's sfingomyelinosis, alkaline hydrolysis does not alter the colour, whereas in the phosphoglyceridosis under discussion the colour is substantially reduced or even desappears after alkaline hydrolysis.", "contents": "[Phosphoglyceridosis]. On the basis of a bioptic examination of the appendix, skin and a liver specimen, the diagnosis of phospholipidosis was made in a girl aged 27 months. In contrast to the Niemann-Pick's complex of sphingomyelinoses, phosphoglycerides were stored in larger amounts than spingomyelin. The disease should be undoubtedly included under one heading with the so-called \"kephalinosis\" [11] and with the cases described by Wiedemann et al. [10]. The terms \"Type II phospholipidosis [Baar-Wiedemann's disease]\" or, briefly, phosphoglyceridosis, appear to be most adequeate for designating the diseases in question. The disorder can be diagnosed on the basis of iron hematoxylin staining, visualizing all phospholipids. In Niemann-Pick's sfingomyelinosis, alkaline hydrolysis does not alter the colour, whereas in the phosphoglyceridosis under discussion the colour is substantially reduced or even desappears after alkaline hydrolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1204086", "title": "[Jejunal mucosa in children with mucoviscidosis].", "content": "Thirty-eight specimens obtained by jejunal biopsy from 22 children suffering from mucoviscidosis were examined by histochemical techniques. In 27% of the patients the findings were within normal limits. In 18% of cases, associated coeliacal sprue was disclosed. The remaining cases displayed slight morphological abnormalities associated with trehalase and/or lactase deficiency, and in 41% there was hypersecretion of viscous mucus filling up dilated crypts and adhering to the surface of villi. The findings as observed in enterobiopsis are not pathognostic of mucoviscidosis. They however, should make one to think of it, particularly if trehalase and/or lactase deficiency is found associated with hypersecretion of viscous mucus and an almost normal morphological appearance. Neither normal findings nor that of coeliacal sprue exclude the diagnosis of mucoviscidosis. It appears that malabsorption in mucoviscidosis is not only pancreatogenic; the intestinal mucosa may be contributory to a various degree as well.", "contents": "[Jejunal mucosa in children with mucoviscidosis]. Thirty-eight specimens obtained by jejunal biopsy from 22 children suffering from mucoviscidosis were examined by histochemical techniques. In 27% of the patients the findings were within normal limits. In 18% of cases, associated coeliacal sprue was disclosed. The remaining cases displayed slight morphological abnormalities associated with trehalase and/or lactase deficiency, and in 41% there was hypersecretion of viscous mucus filling up dilated crypts and adhering to the surface of villi. The findings as observed in enterobiopsis are not pathognostic of mucoviscidosis. They however, should make one to think of it, particularly if trehalase and/or lactase deficiency is found associated with hypersecretion of viscous mucus and an almost normal morphological appearance. Neither normal findings nor that of coeliacal sprue exclude the diagnosis of mucoviscidosis. It appears that malabsorption in mucoviscidosis is not only pancreatogenic; the intestinal mucosa may be contributory to a various degree as well."}
{"id": "PMID:1204132", "title": "A simple method for the synthesis of cholesterol esters in high yield.", "content": "A simple and convenient synthesis of cholesterol esters from cholesterol and fatty acid anhydrides is described. The high, reproducible yield of cholesterol ester and the small excess of fatty acid used makes this method attractive for the preparation of cholesterol esters using difficultly obtained fatty acids.", "contents": "A simple method for the synthesis of cholesterol esters in high yield. A simple and convenient synthesis of cholesterol esters from cholesterol and fatty acid anhydrides is described. The high, reproducible yield of cholesterol ester and the small excess of fatty acid used makes this method attractive for the preparation of cholesterol esters using difficultly obtained fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1204133", "title": "Conformational analysis of phosphatidylethanol-amine in multilayers by infrared dichroism.", "content": "Built-up films of L-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine were prepared. Infrared dichroism was measured for the sample and analysed by a new method. This method has been developed for the determination of the directions of transition moments in a film sample, in which there is an axis of symmetry of perpendicular to the film plane. The directions of transition moments were determined for the six vibrations assigned to the CH2 antisymmetric stretching, CH2 symmetric stretching, CH2 scissoring, C=O stretching, PO2- antisymmetric stretching, and C-C-N+ antisymmetric stretching modes. The results indicate that hydrocarbon chains are inclined at about 75 degrees to the film plane and the polar groups orient parallel to the plane in the builtup film. A structural model of the phosphatidylethanolamine in the built-up film is proposed.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of phosphatidylethanol-amine in multilayers by infrared dichroism. Built-up films of L-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine were prepared. Infrared dichroism was measured for the sample and analysed by a new method. This method has been developed for the determination of the directions of transition moments in a film sample, in which there is an axis of symmetry of perpendicular to the film plane. The directions of transition moments were determined for the six vibrations assigned to the CH2 antisymmetric stretching, CH2 symmetric stretching, CH2 scissoring, C=O stretching, PO2- antisymmetric stretching, and C-C-N+ antisymmetric stretching modes. The results indicate that hydrocarbon chains are inclined at about 75 degrees to the film plane and the polar groups orient parallel to the plane in the builtup film. A structural model of the phosphatidylethanolamine in the built-up film is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204134", "title": "Mass spectrometric analysis of permethylated glycosphingolipids I. Sequence analysis of two blood-group B active glycosphingolipids from human B erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Two blood group B active glycosphingolipids (B-I and B-II) formerly isolated and purified from human B erythrocytes (16) were investigated by mass spectrometry after permethylation. B-I yielded fragments up to m/e 1266 and B-II up to m/e 1495, showing the sequence of six and seven carbohydrate residues respectively. In combination with additional experimental evidence (18) the glycosphingolipids are demonstrated to be a gal-[ fuc ]-gal-glcNAc-gal-glc-ceramide (B-I) and a gal-[ fuc ]-gal-glcNAc-gal-glcNAc-gal-glc-ceramide (B-II). Mass spectrometric evidence for the ceramide residues are also obtained indicating besides spingosine C24-,C24:1-, and C22-fatty acids as main constituents.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric analysis of permethylated glycosphingolipids I. Sequence analysis of two blood-group B active glycosphingolipids from human B erythrocyte membranes. Two blood group B active glycosphingolipids (B-I and B-II) formerly isolated and purified from human B erythrocytes (16) were investigated by mass spectrometry after permethylation. B-I yielded fragments up to m/e 1266 and B-II up to m/e 1495, showing the sequence of six and seven carbohydrate residues respectively. In combination with additional experimental evidence (18) the glycosphingolipids are demonstrated to be a gal-[ fuc ]-gal-glcNAc-gal-glc-ceramide (B-I) and a gal-[ fuc ]-gal-glcNAc-gal-glcNAc-gal-glc-ceramide (B-II). Mass spectrometric evidence for the ceramide residues are also obtained indicating besides spingosine C24-,C24:1-, and C22-fatty acids as main constituents."}
{"id": "PMID:1204209", "title": "Individual variation in inosine triphosphate accumulation in human erythrocytes.", "content": "Erythrocytes from 5% of a normal population accumulated relatively high amounts of radioactive inosine triphosphate (i.e., greater than 70 nmoles/10(10) cells in 2 hr) when they were incubated with [14C]hypoxanthine. The incidence of this characteristic in a mentally retarded population was 16%. Inosine triphosphate was synthesized from [14C]hypoxanthine, but not from [14C]adenine or [14C]guanine. The metabolism of [14C]adenine and [14C]guanine was the same in erythrocytes that accumulated \"normal\" and \"high\" amounts of inosine triphosphate. Inosine triphosphate did not accumulate in leukocytes.", "contents": "Individual variation in inosine triphosphate accumulation in human erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from 5% of a normal population accumulated relatively high amounts of radioactive inosine triphosphate (i.e., greater than 70 nmoles/10(10) cells in 2 hr) when they were incubated with [14C]hypoxanthine. The incidence of this characteristic in a mentally retarded population was 16%. Inosine triphosphate was synthesized from [14C]hypoxanthine, but not from [14C]adenine or [14C]guanine. The metabolism of [14C]adenine and [14C]guanine was the same in erythrocytes that accumulated \"normal\" and \"high\" amounts of inosine triphosphate. Inosine triphosphate did not accumulate in leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1204210", "title": "Urine vapor pattern for olivopontocerebellar degeneration.", "content": "Autosomal dominant olivopontocerebellar degeneration was evaluated in a family numbering 414 living members. Urine samples were obtained from 5 affected and 5 unaffected not at-risk family members after 4 days on a synthetic diet. 159 urine vapor constituents were measured by gas-liquid and ion-exchange chromatography and a non-correlation index was calculated. 2 distinct populations of urine vapor patterns were identified which conformed to the normal and disease affected groups, thus a diagnostically useful pattern for this disease in this family has been demonstrated which will be helpful in genetic counselling and potential elimination of the disease.", "contents": "Urine vapor pattern for olivopontocerebellar degeneration. Autosomal dominant olivopontocerebellar degeneration was evaluated in a family numbering 414 living members. Urine samples were obtained from 5 affected and 5 unaffected not at-risk family members after 4 days on a synthetic diet. 159 urine vapor constituents were measured by gas-liquid and ion-exchange chromatography and a non-correlation index was calculated. 2 distinct populations of urine vapor patterns were identified which conformed to the normal and disease affected groups, thus a diagnostically useful pattern for this disease in this family has been demonstrated which will be helpful in genetic counselling and potential elimination of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1204211", "title": "Combined radioimmunoassay of four steroids in one ml of plasma: I. Progestins.", "content": "Using partially specific antisera combined with a 1 step celite microcolumn chromatography, progesterone (P), 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (20alpha-P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), and 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (16alpha-P) could be  measured in the same 1 ml aliquot of plasma. The chromatographic step removed known interfering steroids and conferred specificity to the assay. After correction for recovery the sensitivities, expressed as ng/ml of plasma, were respectively: 0.04 for P, 0.03 for 20alpha-P, 0.02 for 17P, and 0.01 for 16alpha-P. Recovery experiments, using steroid-free plasma to which various amounts of each steroid were added and then measured in the assay in 12 replicates, confirmed adequate accuracy and precision. The ability to measure multiple progestogens in small volumes of plasma should permit comprehensive evaluation of the role of these steroids in health and disease.", "contents": "Combined radioimmunoassay of four steroids in one ml of plasma: I. Progestins. Using partially specific antisera combined with a 1 step celite microcolumn chromatography, progesterone (P), 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (20alpha-P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), and 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (16alpha-P) could be  measured in the same 1 ml aliquot of plasma. The chromatographic step removed known interfering steroids and conferred specificity to the assay. After correction for recovery the sensitivities, expressed as ng/ml of plasma, were respectively: 0.04 for P, 0.03 for 20alpha-P, 0.02 for 17P, and 0.01 for 16alpha-P. Recovery experiments, using steroid-free plasma to which various amounts of each steroid were added and then measured in the assay in 12 replicates, confirmed adequate accuracy and precision. The ability to measure multiple progestogens in small volumes of plasma should permit comprehensive evaluation of the role of these steroids in health and disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1204212", "title": "Combined radioimmunoassay of four steroids in one ml of plasma: II. Androgens.", "content": "Using partially specific antisera combined with a 1 step celite microcolumn chromatography, androstenedione (A), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), and androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol (delta 5-diol) could be measured in the same 1 ml aliquot of plasma. The chromatographic step removed known interfering steroids and conferred specificity to the assay. After correction for recovery the sensitivities, expressed as ng/ml of plasma, were respectively: 0.025 for A, 0.05 for DHT, 0.025 for T, and 0.1 for delta5-diol. Recovery experiments, using steroid-free plasma to which various amounts of each steroid were added and then measured in the assay in 12 replicates, confirmed adequate accuracy and precision. The ability to measure multiple androgens in small volumes of plasma should permit comprehensive evaluation of the role of these steroids in health and disease.", "contents": "Combined radioimmunoassay of four steroids in one ml of plasma: II. Androgens. Using partially specific antisera combined with a 1 step celite microcolumn chromatography, androstenedione (A), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), and androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol (delta 5-diol) could be measured in the same 1 ml aliquot of plasma. The chromatographic step removed known interfering steroids and conferred specificity to the assay. After correction for recovery the sensitivities, expressed as ng/ml of plasma, were respectively: 0.025 for A, 0.05 for DHT, 0.025 for T, and 0.1 for delta5-diol. Recovery experiments, using steroid-free plasma to which various amounts of each steroid were added and then measured in the assay in 12 replicates, confirmed adequate accuracy and precision. The ability to measure multiple androgens in small volumes of plasma should permit comprehensive evaluation of the role of these steroids in health and disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1204213", "title": "Scope and limitations of propionylthiocholinesterase in the characterisation of cholinesterase variants.", "content": "1. A manual procedure, using propionylthiocholine, for the determination of serum cholinesterase and its genetic variants has been assessed in respect of its precision and of its ability to classify the genetic variants of the enzyme. 2. It is shown that the propionylthiocholinesterase activity alone is a useful guide in identifying individuals who are likely to be sensitive to succinylcholine. 3. In phenotyping with dibucaine and fluoride, sera of phenotypes U and UF could not be distinguished from each other with confidence, but were distinguishable from sera of phenotype UA.", "contents": "Scope and limitations of propionylthiocholinesterase in the characterisation of cholinesterase variants. 1. A manual procedure, using propionylthiocholine, for the determination of serum cholinesterase and its genetic variants has been assessed in respect of its precision and of its ability to classify the genetic variants of the enzyme. 2. It is shown that the propionylthiocholinesterase activity alone is a useful guide in identifying individuals who are likely to be sensitive to succinylcholine. 3. In phenotyping with dibucaine and fluoride, sera of phenotypes U and UF could not be distinguished from each other with confidence, but were distinguishable from sera of phenotype UA."}
{"id": "PMID:1204214", "title": "The In Common Laboratory, Toronto.", "content": "1. The history of the In Common Laboratory system has been described, together with some of the techniques developed to deal with the problems of a centralised hospital laboratory. 2. It is suggested that the growth and strengthening of such systems will provide a solution to some of the problems of providing a comprehensive clinical laboratory service in multi-hospital groupings, and that this resource may be extended readily to distant, less well-served areas.", "contents": "The In Common Laboratory, Toronto. 1. The history of the In Common Laboratory system has been described, together with some of the techniques developed to deal with the problems of a centralised hospital laboratory. 2. It is suggested that the growth and strengthening of such systems will provide a solution to some of the problems of providing a comprehensive clinical laboratory service in multi-hospital groupings, and that this resource may be extended readily to distant, less well-served areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1204215", "title": "The molecular heterogeneity and instability of radioiodinated human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "Gel chromatographic studies on radioiodinated HCG have shown that a polymer and fragmented materials are associated with the radiolabelled product which interfere in the RIA of HCG in serum. Scatchard plots of experimental data indicated that the polymer material (fraction I) has two species of antigenic determinants that recognize two species of binding sites on the anti-HCG-beta. The use of purified 125I-HCG (gel chromatographic fraction II) for radioligand improved the reliability of the RIA. It was further demonstrated that a labelled preparation of HCG could be used for RIA tests for periods of five weeks or longer provided that chromatographic purification was carried out immediately prior to the assay.", "contents": "The molecular heterogeneity and instability of radioiodinated human chorionic gonadotrophin. Gel chromatographic studies on radioiodinated HCG have shown that a polymer and fragmented materials are associated with the radiolabelled product which interfere in the RIA of HCG in serum. Scatchard plots of experimental data indicated that the polymer material (fraction I) has two species of antigenic determinants that recognize two species of binding sites on the anti-HCG-beta. The use of purified 125I-HCG (gel chromatographic fraction II) for radioligand improved the reliability of the RIA. It was further demonstrated that a labelled preparation of HCG could be used for RIA tests for periods of five weeks or longer provided that chromatographic purification was carried out immediately prior to the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:1204216", "title": "A system for reporting analytical results according to the actual level of the test's exactitude.", "content": "The number of significant digits, or better the increment by which a result is increased to the next highest figure, has to be related to the precision of the analytic procedure. If the relative increment is much smaller than the precision, the last digits are meaningless, and if it is too large, information contained in the result is lost. A system based only on a determined number of digits in a report is inefficient as the relative increment varies within too wide a range of 10 to 1. In the proposed system, the increment and the range of values to which this increment applies are determined. The two limits of the range are set as fractions of the 95% limits of confidence so that at mid-range, half of the results have better precision and half less than the relative increment. A Table gives the increments to be used for various ranges of results between 0.001 and 1000 units and for precision between 2% and 12%. The system produces realistic reports for every level of analytical precision and its application is simple. It also permits to take into account changes of precision at the extremes of low or high values.", "contents": "A system for reporting analytical results according to the actual level of the test's exactitude. The number of significant digits, or better the increment by which a result is increased to the next highest figure, has to be related to the precision of the analytic procedure. If the relative increment is much smaller than the precision, the last digits are meaningless, and if it is too large, information contained in the result is lost. A system based only on a determined number of digits in a report is inefficient as the relative increment varies within too wide a range of 10 to 1. In the proposed system, the increment and the range of values to which this increment applies are determined. The two limits of the range are set as fractions of the 95% limits of confidence so that at mid-range, half of the results have better precision and half less than the relative increment. A Table gives the increments to be used for various ranges of results between 0.001 and 1000 units and for precision between 2% and 12%. The system produces realistic reports for every level of analytical precision and its application is simple. It also permits to take into account changes of precision at the extremes of low or high values."}
{"id": "PMID:1204218", "title": "Immunological relationship between human placental and intestinal alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Crystalline human alkaline phosphatase from placenta and intestine was isolated by butanol extraction, acetone precipitation, a heat step (for the placental enzyme), ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and crystallisation with ammonium sulfate. Rabbit antibodies showed a partial cross-reaction between both enzymes in double diffusion, quantitative precipitation experiments and in serial precipitin curves. There was no reaction with human alkaline phosphatases from liver, kidney and bone. Three phenotypes of placental alkaline phosphatase with different electrophoretical mobility exhibited identical immunological reactions with their respective antisera. Monospecific antisera were obtained by absorption with crystalline intestinal or placental alkaline phosphatase. These monospecific antisera against the placental or the intestinal alkaline phosphatase can be used for an immunological determination of these two alkaline phosphatases without contamination by other alkaline phosphatases in human serum.", "contents": "Immunological relationship between human placental and intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Crystalline human alkaline phosphatase from placenta and intestine was isolated by butanol extraction, acetone precipitation, a heat step (for the placental enzyme), ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and crystallisation with ammonium sulfate. Rabbit antibodies showed a partial cross-reaction between both enzymes in double diffusion, quantitative precipitation experiments and in serial precipitin curves. There was no reaction with human alkaline phosphatases from liver, kidney and bone. Three phenotypes of placental alkaline phosphatase with different electrophoretical mobility exhibited identical immunological reactions with their respective antisera. Monospecific antisera were obtained by absorption with crystalline intestinal or placental alkaline phosphatase. These monospecific antisera against the placental or the intestinal alkaline phosphatase can be used for an immunological determination of these two alkaline phosphatases without contamination by other alkaline phosphatases in human serum."}
{"id": "PMID:1204219", "title": "Acid proteinase and peroxidase activity in spielmeyer-Vogt's syndrome (Batten's syndrome-Stengel's syndrome).", "content": "The acid proteinase and the peroxidase activity of peripheral leucocytes of respectively 12 and 13 patients suffering from Spielmeyer-Vogt's disease, alias Batten's disease, alias Stengel's disease was studied. Cathepsin D activity was found to be normal in the disease, but the cathepsin B activity was decreased by 24 percent. However, the decrease was insignificant. The peroxidase assay was made using Guajacol as well as p-phenylenediamine as substrate. When the assay was performed with p-phenylenediamine, the enzymic activities were significantly decreased (p less than or equal to 1%) compared to the activity of normal control leucocytes. Assaying peroxidase activity by means of Guajacol revealed a non-significant difference between the two groups. The data obtained indicate the syndrome under study to be due to hampered peroxidase activity. The defect found explains the occurrence of lipofuchsin in the nervous system previously demonstrated.", "contents": "Acid proteinase and peroxidase activity in spielmeyer-Vogt's syndrome (Batten's syndrome-Stengel's syndrome). The acid proteinase and the peroxidase activity of peripheral leucocytes of respectively 12 and 13 patients suffering from Spielmeyer-Vogt's disease, alias Batten's disease, alias Stengel's disease was studied. Cathepsin D activity was found to be normal in the disease, but the cathepsin B activity was decreased by 24 percent. However, the decrease was insignificant. The peroxidase assay was made using Guajacol as well as p-phenylenediamine as substrate. When the assay was performed with p-phenylenediamine, the enzymic activities were significantly decreased (p less than or equal to 1%) compared to the activity of normal control leucocytes. Assaying peroxidase activity by means of Guajacol revealed a non-significant difference between the two groups. The data obtained indicate the syndrome under study to be due to hampered peroxidase activity. The defect found explains the occurrence of lipofuchsin in the nervous system previously demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1204220", "title": "An examination of the age-related patterns of decay of the hexokinases of human red cells.", "content": "A previous method for red cell fractionation by density gradient centrifugation, using a swing-out rotor, has been scaled up to deal with larger volumes of red cells. This method, involving the use of a zonal rotor, is described and has been applied to the study of the decay of hexokinase in the red cells of normal individuals. Hexokinase activity was seen to fall very rapidly in the young cells followed by a much more gradual decline in older cells. It is estimated that the mature red cell probably contains no more than 2-3% of the hexokinase activity originally present in the reticulocyte. An electrophoretic study showed a changing pattern of the isozymes HK1 and HK2 with increasing cell age. HK2 declines very rapidly in the early fractions whereas HK1 appears to decay more gradually.", "contents": "An examination of the age-related patterns of decay of the hexokinases of human red cells. A previous method for red cell fractionation by density gradient centrifugation, using a swing-out rotor, has been scaled up to deal with larger volumes of red cells. This method, involving the use of a zonal rotor, is described and has been applied to the study of the decay of hexokinase in the red cells of normal individuals. Hexokinase activity was seen to fall very rapidly in the young cells followed by a much more gradual decline in older cells. It is estimated that the mature red cell probably contains no more than 2-3% of the hexokinase activity originally present in the reticulocyte. An electrophoretic study showed a changing pattern of the isozymes HK1 and HK2 with increasing cell age. HK2 declines very rapidly in the early fractions whereas HK1 appears to decay more gradually."}
{"id": "PMID:1204222", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in healthy children and adults. Levels of the five classes, expressed in international units per millilitre.", "content": "Serum levels of IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE were determined in serum samples of 270 healthy Dutch children (aged 4-13 years) and of 30 healthy Dutch adults, the amounts being expressed in International Units per millilitre. Special attention is given to the IgD and IgE results, since the IgM, IgG, and IgA levels in mg per 100 ml of these sera and their implications have already been reported. In the children's sera the occurrence of relatively high IgD and IgE levels was frequently observed, whereas the adult group did not show excessive variation in this respect. The mean IgD levels found for adult males and females are 21 I.U./ml and 24 I.U./ml, respectively; the mean IgE levels for the same groups are 68 I.U./ml and 88 I.U./ml, respectively. The mean IgD and IgE levels in the children of each year group were usually higher than those of each of the juvenile groups and the mean level of the adult group was not statistically significant. A statistically significant influence of sex and season on the IgD and IgE levels could not be demonstrated in this material either. Three of the 270 children's sera showed an exceptionally low IgA content. In two of these cases the serum was sampled and studied a second time after an interval of four years, when the IgA deficiency proved to be still present. The IgE levels in the sera of these healthy IgA-deficient children were normal, whereas the presence of IgD could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in healthy children and adults. Levels of the five classes, expressed in international units per millilitre. Serum levels of IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE were determined in serum samples of 270 healthy Dutch children (aged 4-13 years) and of 30 healthy Dutch adults, the amounts being expressed in International Units per millilitre. Special attention is given to the IgD and IgE results, since the IgM, IgG, and IgA levels in mg per 100 ml of these sera and their implications have already been reported. In the children's sera the occurrence of relatively high IgD and IgE levels was frequently observed, whereas the adult group did not show excessive variation in this respect. The mean IgD levels found for adult males and females are 21 I.U./ml and 24 I.U./ml, respectively; the mean IgE levels for the same groups are 68 I.U./ml and 88 I.U./ml, respectively. The mean IgD and IgE levels in the children of each year group were usually higher than those of each of the juvenile groups and the mean level of the adult group was not statistically significant. A statistically significant influence of sex and season on the IgD and IgE levels could not be demonstrated in this material either. Three of the 270 children's sera showed an exceptionally low IgA content. In two of these cases the serum was sampled and studied a second time after an interval of four years, when the IgA deficiency proved to be still present. The IgE levels in the sera of these healthy IgA-deficient children were normal, whereas the presence of IgD could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1204223", "title": "On the quantitative determination of liver ferritin in the rat.", "content": "The measurement of liver ferritin is usually performed after homogenization of liver, heating the homogenate and centrifugation. Because ferritin is stable to 80 degrees this protein and its iron are recovered in the supernatant. We found that this procedure resulted in losses of ferritin so we developed a method to measure ferritin protein in the unheated homogenate. Total liver ferritin iron could be calculated with use of the ferritin protein and ferritin iron values as measured in the supernatant after heating the liver homogenate.", "contents": "On the quantitative determination of liver ferritin in the rat. The measurement of liver ferritin is usually performed after homogenization of liver, heating the homogenate and centrifugation. Because ferritin is stable to 80 degrees this protein and its iron are recovered in the supernatant. We found that this procedure resulted in losses of ferritin so we developed a method to measure ferritin protein in the unheated homogenate. Total liver ferritin iron could be calculated with use of the ferritin protein and ferritin iron values as measured in the supernatant after heating the liver homogenate."}
{"id": "PMID:1204224", "title": "Validation of routine methods for serum progesterone determination using mass fragmentography.", "content": "A mass fragmentographic reference method for determination of serum progesterone is described. A fixed amount of [4-14C]progesterone (usually 7.5 ng) is added to a fixed amount of serum (usually 1 ml) and extracted with hexane. The extract is purified by means of thin-layer chromatography. The purified progesterone is converted into the dienol heptafluorobutyrate derivative by treatment with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride. The amount of unlabeled progesterone is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 510 and m/e 512 obtained after analysis with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with a MID-unit (multiple ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the molecular peak in the mass spectrum of the dienol heptafluorobutyrate derivative of unlabeled and labeled progesterone, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method was 3.7% provided that serum progesterone concentration was in the range 10-70 nM. Two radioimmunoassay techniques with commercial kits were compared with the mass fragmentographic method. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.93 and 0.76 respectively, and the regression coefficient 0.93 and 1.05, respectively.", "contents": "Validation of routine methods for serum progesterone determination using mass fragmentography. A mass fragmentographic reference method for determination of serum progesterone is described. A fixed amount of [4-14C]progesterone (usually 7.5 ng) is added to a fixed amount of serum (usually 1 ml) and extracted with hexane. The extract is purified by means of thin-layer chromatography. The purified progesterone is converted into the dienol heptafluorobutyrate derivative by treatment with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride. The amount of unlabeled progesterone is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 510 and m/e 512 obtained after analysis with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with a MID-unit (multiple ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the molecular peak in the mass spectrum of the dienol heptafluorobutyrate derivative of unlabeled and labeled progesterone, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method was 3.7% provided that serum progesterone concentration was in the range 10-70 nM. Two radioimmunoassay techniques with commercial kits were compared with the mass fragmentographic method. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.93 and 0.76 respectively, and the regression coefficient 0.93 and 1.05, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1204225", "title": "Measurement of renin concenration in human plasma using 125i-labelled sheep renin substrate.", "content": "Sheep renin substrate was prepared 28% pure, labelled with 125I and then diluted in concentrated unlabelled sheep substrate. Ten percent of the 125I-label was released as a small fragment on incubation with excess human renin. Adequate separation of the labelled fragment from the parent protein was accomplished with charcoal precipitation or gel filtration. Renin concentration in human plasma was assayed by incubating the 125I-labelled substrate with plasma under zero-order kinetic conditions. Renin was assayed in plasma that had been either acidified or untreated. The acidification procedure was employed to activate inactive renin which accounted for more than half of the total plasma renin concentration. The results of this radiochemical assay correlated closely with the results of bioassay. Specificity of the method was established with antirenin. The assay was sufficiently sensitive to measure suppressed plasma renin levels. The iodinated substrate was stable on storage at -10 degrees C over a six-month period. Because of its high affinity for human renin, ease of purification and stability of the iodinated product, sheep substrate provides a convenient means for routine determination of plasma renin concentration by radiochemical assay.", "contents": "Measurement of renin concenration in human plasma using 125i-labelled sheep renin substrate. Sheep renin substrate was prepared 28% pure, labelled with 125I and then diluted in concentrated unlabelled sheep substrate. Ten percent of the 125I-label was released as a small fragment on incubation with excess human renin. Adequate separation of the labelled fragment from the parent protein was accomplished with charcoal precipitation or gel filtration. Renin concentration in human plasma was assayed by incubating the 125I-labelled substrate with plasma under zero-order kinetic conditions. Renin was assayed in plasma that had been either acidified or untreated. The acidification procedure was employed to activate inactive renin which accounted for more than half of the total plasma renin concentration. The results of this radiochemical assay correlated closely with the results of bioassay. Specificity of the method was established with antirenin. The assay was sufficiently sensitive to measure suppressed plasma renin levels. The iodinated substrate was stable on storage at -10 degrees C over a six-month period. Because of its high affinity for human renin, ease of purification and stability of the iodinated product, sheep substrate provides a convenient means for routine determination of plasma renin concentration by radiochemical assay."}
{"id": "PMID:1204226", "title": "The influence of viscosity on dilution methods. Its problems in the determination of serum sodium.", "content": "Dilution with a roller-pump is a well known procedure in clinical chemistry. This method may be influenced by viscosity. A higher viscosity of the sample yields a lower sample output and consequently a larger dilution. If the substance to be determined in the diluted sample can be measured accurately, the influence of viscosity may be analysed easily. This was performed for serum sodium. It was shown that with extreme pathological viscosities (as are found e.g. in multiple myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobinemia) underestimations of more than 15% may occur. Especially for serum sodium, the physiological range of which is fairly small, this may provoke serious diagnostic and therapeutic problems. We propose to use viscosity independent dilution systems.", "contents": "The influence of viscosity on dilution methods. Its problems in the determination of serum sodium. Dilution with a roller-pump is a well known procedure in clinical chemistry. This method may be influenced by viscosity. A higher viscosity of the sample yields a lower sample output and consequently a larger dilution. If the substance to be determined in the diluted sample can be measured accurately, the influence of viscosity may be analysed easily. This was performed for serum sodium. It was shown that with extreme pathological viscosities (as are found e.g. in multiple myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobinemia) underestimations of more than 15% may occur. Especially for serum sodium, the physiological range of which is fairly small, this may provoke serious diagnostic and therapeutic problems. We propose to use viscosity independent dilution systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1204227", "title": "The erythrocyte protoporphyrin in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration in 63 patients suffering from chronic renal failure was estimated and found to be significantly decreased when compared to healthy subjects. There was a negative correlation between the decrease of the erythrocyte protoporphyrin and the blood urea and haematocrit. Following haemodialysis the concentration of erythrocyte protoporphyrin was reduced but not significantly so. It is proposed that uraemia or insufficiency of erythropoietin could affect erythroblasts and young red cells impairing haem synthesis.", "contents": "The erythrocyte protoporphyrin in chronic renal failure. The erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration in 63 patients suffering from chronic renal failure was estimated and found to be significantly decreased when compared to healthy subjects. There was a negative correlation between the decrease of the erythrocyte protoporphyrin and the blood urea and haematocrit. Following haemodialysis the concentration of erythrocyte protoporphyrin was reduced but not significantly so. It is proposed that uraemia or insufficiency of erythropoietin could affect erythroblasts and young red cells impairing haem synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1204228", "title": "Synthesis of polymers of Bence-Jones protein for use as molecular weight markers for sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A simple method is described of preparing a series of stable polymers of Bence-Jones protein, of known molecular weight, for use as molecular weight markers for sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Synthesis of polymers of Bence-Jones protein for use as molecular weight markers for sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A simple method is described of preparing a series of stable polymers of Bence-Jones protein, of known molecular weight, for use as molecular weight markers for sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:1204230", "title": "Influence of the myopia gene on brain development.", "content": "Evaluation of the performance of 17-18-year-old high school students on standard intelligence tests confirms previous reports that nearsighted persons consistently achieve scores approximately eight I.O. points higher than non-myopes. Comparison of tests administered to the same students 10 years earlier suggests that the intellectual gain precedes the development of nearsightedness. Since there is convincing evidence from genetic studies that myopia is an inherited condition, probably transmitted as a recessive characteristic, it is concluded that the myopia gene has a stimulant action on the brain in addition to its effect on the eye. The high frequency of myopia in urbanized societies is explained in terms of an evolutionary adjustment, myopes probably having a survival advantage under conditions of industrialization.", "contents": "Influence of the myopia gene on brain development. Evaluation of the performance of 17-18-year-old high school students on standard intelligence tests confirms previous reports that nearsighted persons consistently achieve scores approximately eight I.O. points higher than non-myopes. Comparison of tests administered to the same students 10 years earlier suggests that the intellectual gain precedes the development of nearsightedness. Since there is convincing evidence from genetic studies that myopia is an inherited condition, probably transmitted as a recessive characteristic, it is concluded that the myopia gene has a stimulant action on the brain in addition to its effect on the eye. The high frequency of myopia in urbanized societies is explained in terms of an evolutionary adjustment, myopes probably having a survival advantage under conditions of industrialization."}
{"id": "PMID:1204231", "title": "The Nathalie syndrome. A new hereditary syndrome.", "content": "Deafness, cataract, muscular atrophy, skeletal abnormalities, retardation of growth, underdeveloped secondary sexual characteristics, and electrocardiographic abnormalities are the features of a new, probably hereditary syndrome. Case reports are presented.", "contents": "The Nathalie syndrome. A new hereditary syndrome. Deafness, cataract, muscular atrophy, skeletal abnormalities, retardation of growth, underdeveloped secondary sexual characteristics, and electrocardiographic abnormalities are the features of a new, probably hereditary syndrome. Case reports are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1204232", "title": "The 9p- deletion syndrome. Report of a patient with a 46, XX, 9P- constitution due to a paternal t(9p-;15+) translocation.", "content": "A new case of the 9p- chromosome-deletion syndrome is described. The 9p-chromosome, identified by the G-, R-, Q- and G11-banding techniques, showed mainly a deletion of bands p23 and p24. Routine chromosome analysis and banding studies in the parents revealed normal chromosomes in the mother and a balanced t (9p-; 15q+) translocation in the father. The main clinical features of the proband are narrow cranium, prominent forehead, flat occiput, hyperteloris, flat bridge of the nose, long upper lip, micrognathia, low-set and abnormal ears, short, broad neck, wide-set nipples, systolic murmur, umbilical hernia, diastasis musculi recti, short arms and broad thumbs, equinovarus adductus, hypotonia and psychomotor retardation. These clinical findings are compared with those of the three 9p- cases found in the literature.", "contents": "The 9p- deletion syndrome. Report of a patient with a 46, XX, 9P- constitution due to a paternal t(9p-;15+) translocation. A new case of the 9p- chromosome-deletion syndrome is described. The 9p-chromosome, identified by the G-, R-, Q- and G11-banding techniques, showed mainly a deletion of bands p23 and p24. Routine chromosome analysis and banding studies in the parents revealed normal chromosomes in the mother and a balanced t (9p-; 15q+) translocation in the father. The main clinical features of the proband are narrow cranium, prominent forehead, flat occiput, hyperteloris, flat bridge of the nose, long upper lip, micrognathia, low-set and abnormal ears, short, broad neck, wide-set nipples, systolic murmur, umbilical hernia, diastasis musculi recti, short arms and broad thumbs, equinovarus adductus, hypotonia and psychomotor retardation. These clinical findings are compared with those of the three 9p- cases found in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1204233", "title": "Origin of a small metacentric chromosome: familial and cytogenic evidence.", "content": "A family is described in which the mother has an 18p- chromosome, one normal 18, and a probable i(18p). One of the daughters of this woman inherited the 18p- chromosome, and her phenotype resembles that of other 18p- cases. The other daughter inherited the presumed i(18p) chromosome, and her phenotype resembles that of some cases with extra, small metacentric chromosomes. The clinical, chromosomal, and familial evidence suggest that these abnormal chromosomes originated in the occurrence of one transverse break of the centromere and subsequent misdivision of a chromosome 18 in an earlier generation of this family. According to this interpretation, the mother is trisomic for 18p, one daughter is monosomic and the other daughter is tetrasomic for this chromosomal region.", "contents": "Origin of a small metacentric chromosome: familial and cytogenic evidence. A family is described in which the mother has an 18p- chromosome, one normal 18, and a probable i(18p). One of the daughters of this woman inherited the 18p- chromosome, and her phenotype resembles that of other 18p- cases. The other daughter inherited the presumed i(18p) chromosome, and her phenotype resembles that of some cases with extra, small metacentric chromosomes. The clinical, chromosomal, and familial evidence suggest that these abnormal chromosomes originated in the occurrence of one transverse break of the centromere and subsequent misdivision of a chromosome 18 in an earlier generation of this family. According to this interpretation, the mother is trisomic for 18p, one daughter is monosomic and the other daughter is tetrasomic for this chromosomal region."}
{"id": "PMID:1204234", "title": "Ring chromosome 6 in a malformed boy.", "content": "In a mentally retarded and malformed boy who died at 6 months of age a ring chromosome 6 was identified by G banding. Clinical, cytogenetical and post-mortem findings are discussed.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 6 in a malformed boy. In a mentally retarded and malformed boy who died at 6 months of age a ring chromosome 6 was identified by G banding. Clinical, cytogenetical and post-mortem findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204235", "title": "Hyperpipecolic acidemia associated with hepatomegaly, mental retardation, optic nerve dysplasia and progressive neurological disease.", "content": "A male infant with hyperpipecolic acidemia is described. To our knowledge this is only the second report of this disorder. As with the previous case, our patient's course was characterized by persistent hepatomegaly, severe mental retardation, progressive loss of developmental milestones and diminished visual acuity associated with nystagmus, abnormal discs and retinal changes. Death occurred at 2 years of age, following a progressive loss of neurological function. Pipecolic acid was repeatedly present in the serum at a concentrattion of 4-5 mg %. Trace amounts of this compound were also detected in the urine. In addition, an adaption of the method of Piez et al. (1956) for the direct quantitation of pipecolic acid in serum was evaluated and found to be very useful for the biochemical diagnosis of this disorder.", "contents": "Hyperpipecolic acidemia associated with hepatomegaly, mental retardation, optic nerve dysplasia and progressive neurological disease. A male infant with hyperpipecolic acidemia is described. To our knowledge this is only the second report of this disorder. As with the previous case, our patient's course was characterized by persistent hepatomegaly, severe mental retardation, progressive loss of developmental milestones and diminished visual acuity associated with nystagmus, abnormal discs and retinal changes. Death occurred at 2 years of age, following a progressive loss of neurological function. Pipecolic acid was repeatedly present in the serum at a concentrattion of 4-5 mg %. Trace amounts of this compound were also detected in the urine. In addition, an adaption of the method of Piez et al. (1956) for the direct quantitation of pipecolic acid in serum was evaluated and found to be very useful for the biochemical diagnosis of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:1204237", "title": "Cryoglobulinaemia in patients with infectious endocarditis.", "content": "Serum cryoglobulins were found in nineteen out of twenty patients with infectious endocarditis. The cryoglobulins were of the 'mixed type' consisting of IgG, IgM and IgA. C3 and fibrinogen were present in some specimens. The concentration of the cryoglobulins tended to fall with therapy and clinical improvement of the patients. Serum antibodies to the offending bacterial organism were not preferentially concentrated in the cryoglobulins. In contrast, IgM rheumatoid factor was present in the cryoglobulins, though undetectable in the corresponding serum. These findings are consistent with the view that cryoglobulins represent circulating immune complexes which may be important in the pathogenesis of immunological sequelae sometimes found in patients with infectious endocarditis.", "contents": "Cryoglobulinaemia in patients with infectious endocarditis. Serum cryoglobulins were found in nineteen out of twenty patients with infectious endocarditis. The cryoglobulins were of the 'mixed type' consisting of IgG, IgM and IgA. C3 and fibrinogen were present in some specimens. The concentration of the cryoglobulins tended to fall with therapy and clinical improvement of the patients. Serum antibodies to the offending bacterial organism were not preferentially concentrated in the cryoglobulins. In contrast, IgM rheumatoid factor was present in the cryoglobulins, though undetectable in the corresponding serum. These findings are consistent with the view that cryoglobulins represent circulating immune complexes which may be important in the pathogenesis of immunological sequelae sometimes found in patients with infectious endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:1204238", "title": "Activation of the classical and alternate pathways of complement by Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "The immunological adjuvant Corynebacterium parvum has been to activate the alternate pathway of complement in human and guinea-pig serum. Human serum in addition contains anti-C. parvum antibodies leading to activation of the classical complement pathway. The possible role of a C. parvum derived polysaccharide in this activation is considered in relation to the biological effects of the micro-organism.", "contents": "Activation of the classical and alternate pathways of complement by Corynebacterium parvum. The immunological adjuvant Corynebacterium parvum has been to activate the alternate pathway of complement in human and guinea-pig serum. Human serum in addition contains anti-C. parvum antibodies leading to activation of the classical complement pathway. The possible role of a C. parvum derived polysaccharide in this activation is considered in relation to the biological effects of the micro-organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1204239", "title": "Cytotoxic activity against rubella-infected cells in the supernatants of human lymphocyte cultures stimulated by rubella virus.", "content": "Supernatant fluids of lymphocyte cultures from rubella-seropositive donors, stimulated with inactivated rubella virus, showed cytotoxic activity against rubella-infected target cells (NYU 32 line of human embryonic fibroblasts) but not against uninfected fibroblasts. The time of appearance of cytotoxic activity in rubella-stimulated lymphocyte cultures correlated with increased rate of DNA synthesis as measured by thymidine uptake. No such cytotoxic activity became detectable in the supernatants of lymphocyte cultures from rubella-seronegative donors cultured in the presence of rubella virus, or in unstimulated lymphocyte cultures from seropositive or seronegative donors. The cytotoxic activity was lost at 60degreesC in 30 min. In contrast to this rubella virus-induced cytotoxic activity, cytotoxin produced in mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte cultures from rubella seropositive and seronegative donors was equally cytocidal against rubella-infected and uninfected human fibroblasts. Although the nature of cytotoxic activity remains to be characterized, it is suggested that it is associated with a lymphokine released immune-specifically from rubella virus-stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activity against rubella-infected cells in the supernatants of human lymphocyte cultures stimulated by rubella virus. Supernatant fluids of lymphocyte cultures from rubella-seropositive donors, stimulated with inactivated rubella virus, showed cytotoxic activity against rubella-infected target cells (NYU 32 line of human embryonic fibroblasts) but not against uninfected fibroblasts. The time of appearance of cytotoxic activity in rubella-stimulated lymphocyte cultures correlated with increased rate of DNA synthesis as measured by thymidine uptake. No such cytotoxic activity became detectable in the supernatants of lymphocyte cultures from rubella-seronegative donors cultured in the presence of rubella virus, or in unstimulated lymphocyte cultures from seropositive or seronegative donors. The cytotoxic activity was lost at 60degreesC in 30 min. In contrast to this rubella virus-induced cytotoxic activity, cytotoxin produced in mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte cultures from rubella seropositive and seronegative donors was equally cytocidal against rubella-infected and uninfected human fibroblasts. Although the nature of cytotoxic activity remains to be characterized, it is suggested that it is associated with a lymphokine released immune-specifically from rubella virus-stimulated lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1204240", "title": "Depression of grass pollen-induced lymphocyte transformation by serum from hyposensitized patients.", "content": "Serum from grass-sensitive patients who had received hyposensitization therapy was found able to depress the in vitro response to Holcus lanatus grass pollen extract of lymphocytes from untreated grass-sensitive individuals. The inhibitory activity could no longer be demonstrated at serum dilutions equal to or greater than 1/100 and was not seen when the cells were stimulated with PHA or unrelated antigens. It was contained in the precipitated fraction of 33% saturated ammonium sulphate-treated serum, segregated with the 7S peak of Sephadex G-200 and with the IgG fraction of DEAE-Sephadex-fractionated serum and could be removed by the absorption of the serum with the Holcus lanatus allergenic extract. These data suggest that the serum factor responsible for the depressed in vitro lymphocyte response to the allergen in hyposensitized patients was a 7S IgG antibody induced by immunotherapy.", "contents": "Depression of grass pollen-induced lymphocyte transformation by serum from hyposensitized patients. Serum from grass-sensitive patients who had received hyposensitization therapy was found able to depress the in vitro response to Holcus lanatus grass pollen extract of lymphocytes from untreated grass-sensitive individuals. The inhibitory activity could no longer be demonstrated at serum dilutions equal to or greater than 1/100 and was not seen when the cells were stimulated with PHA or unrelated antigens. It was contained in the precipitated fraction of 33% saturated ammonium sulphate-treated serum, segregated with the 7S peak of Sephadex G-200 and with the IgG fraction of DEAE-Sephadex-fractionated serum and could be removed by the absorption of the serum with the Holcus lanatus allergenic extract. These data suggest that the serum factor responsible for the depressed in vitro lymphocyte response to the allergen in hyposensitized patients was a 7S IgG antibody induced by immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1204241", "title": "Galactose oxidase-induced blastogenesis of human lymphocytes and the effect of macrophages on the reaction.", "content": "Treatment of human lymphocytes with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase induced extensive blastogenesis. A less pronounced effect was observed after treatment of the cells with galactose oxidase alone. Macrophage-depleted human lymphocytes had a markedly reduced blastogenic response after treatment with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase. Incubation of the purified lymphocytes on macrophage monolayers markedly enhanced their response to neuraminidase and galactose oxidase. Furthermore, a stimulation of thymidine incorporation into purified untreated lymphocytes was noted after incubation of the cells on neuraminidase and galactose oxidase-treated macrophage monolayers.", "contents": "Galactose oxidase-induced blastogenesis of human lymphocytes and the effect of macrophages on the reaction. Treatment of human lymphocytes with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase induced extensive blastogenesis. A less pronounced effect was observed after treatment of the cells with galactose oxidase alone. Macrophage-depleted human lymphocytes had a markedly reduced blastogenic response after treatment with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase. Incubation of the purified lymphocytes on macrophage monolayers markedly enhanced their response to neuraminidase and galactose oxidase. Furthermore, a stimulation of thymidine incorporation into purified untreated lymphocytes was noted after incubation of the cells on neuraminidase and galactose oxidase-treated macrophage monolayers."}
{"id": "PMID:1204242", "title": "Immunological studies in patients with chronic active hepatitis. Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes to autochthonous liver cells grown in tissue culture.", "content": "The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against autochthonous liver cells was studied in patients with chronic liver diseases and in controls. Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes was observed in eight of ten patients with chronic active hepatitis, two patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, one patient with primary biliary cirrhosis, one patient with alcoholic hepatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas, and in three of five patients with acute viral hepatitis, but not in seven patients without liver alteration or with miscellaneous liver diseases. Serum was not cytotoxic, but in three patients it decreased the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was seen in both HBAg-positive and HBAg-negative patients, appears to be influenced by therapy, and does not correlate with autoantibodies. These data support the hypothesis of an aggressive activity of lymphocytes in certain liver diseases.", "contents": "Immunological studies in patients with chronic active hepatitis. Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes to autochthonous liver cells grown in tissue culture. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against autochthonous liver cells was studied in patients with chronic liver diseases and in controls. Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes was observed in eight of ten patients with chronic active hepatitis, two patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, one patient with primary biliary cirrhosis, one patient with alcoholic hepatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas, and in three of five patients with acute viral hepatitis, but not in seven patients without liver alteration or with miscellaneous liver diseases. Serum was not cytotoxic, but in three patients it decreased the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was seen in both HBAg-positive and HBAg-negative patients, appears to be influenced by therapy, and does not correlate with autoantibodies. These data support the hypothesis of an aggressive activity of lymphocytes in certain liver diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1204243", "title": "The leucocyte migration technique as an assay of presensitization to human transplantation antigens.", "content": "An assay of cell-mediated immunity, the leucocyte migration technique (LMT), has been compared with the commonly used assay of humoral immunity to transplantation antigens, the microlymphocytotoxicity test. Five recently multiply transfused patients and nineteen haemodialysis patients who had been potentially immunized against transplantation antigens were studied by both tests. All five transfused patients gave positive LMT results while only two gave a positive serological test. Sixteen out of nineteen dialysis patients gave positive LMT results compared with nine with known anti-HL-A antibodies and four showing positive serological direct cross-matches. There was no correlation between cell-mediated and humoral immunity as detected by these methods, although there was a tendency, which was not absolute, for positive direct cross-matches between patients' sera and the panel's lymphocytes, to be associated with positive LMT results. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0-05) between the number of blood transfusions received by the dialysis patients and the detection of cytotoxic antibodies but not with the LMT results. It is felt that some of these positive LMT results are due to reactivity with non-HL-A antigens, and that false negative results also occur. For this reason the technique is not of great value in determining presensitization against HL-A before transplantation.", "contents": "The leucocyte migration technique as an assay of presensitization to human transplantation antigens. An assay of cell-mediated immunity, the leucocyte migration technique (LMT), has been compared with the commonly used assay of humoral immunity to transplantation antigens, the microlymphocytotoxicity test. Five recently multiply transfused patients and nineteen haemodialysis patients who had been potentially immunized against transplantation antigens were studied by both tests. All five transfused patients gave positive LMT results while only two gave a positive serological test. Sixteen out of nineteen dialysis patients gave positive LMT results compared with nine with known anti-HL-A antibodies and four showing positive serological direct cross-matches. There was no correlation between cell-mediated and humoral immunity as detected by these methods, although there was a tendency, which was not absolute, for positive direct cross-matches between patients' sera and the panel's lymphocytes, to be associated with positive LMT results. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0-05) between the number of blood transfusions received by the dialysis patients and the detection of cytotoxic antibodies but not with the LMT results. It is felt that some of these positive LMT results are due to reactivity with non-HL-A antigens, and that false negative results also occur. For this reason the technique is not of great value in determining presensitization against HL-A before transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:1204244", "title": "The effect of anticomplementary substances on properdin in normal and C2-deficient sera.", "content": "The effect of anticomplementary substances, including zymosan, cobra venom, endotoxin, inulin and immune complexes, on serum properdin concentration and immunoelectrophoretic mobility was studied. In normal serum, zymosan, inulin and immune complexes 'fixed' properdin, while in C2-deficient serum, only zymyosan 'fixed' properdin. Slowly migrating properdin (P) was detected in normal serum following activation by endotoxin and cobra venom but in C2-deficient serum only with cobra venom. Endotoxin did not activate the alternative pathway proteins studied in C2-deficient serum. Fast migrating properdin (P) represented activated properdin and occured as a result of activation of properdin in the Noble agar medium used for electrophoresis provided sufficient cofactors, including Mg2+, were present.", "contents": "The effect of anticomplementary substances on properdin in normal and C2-deficient sera. The effect of anticomplementary substances, including zymosan, cobra venom, endotoxin, inulin and immune complexes, on serum properdin concentration and immunoelectrophoretic mobility was studied. In normal serum, zymosan, inulin and immune complexes 'fixed' properdin, while in C2-deficient serum, only zymyosan 'fixed' properdin. Slowly migrating properdin (P) was detected in normal serum following activation by endotoxin and cobra venom but in C2-deficient serum only with cobra venom. Endotoxin did not activate the alternative pathway proteins studied in C2-deficient serum. Fast migrating properdin (P) represented activated properdin and occured as a result of activation of properdin in the Noble agar medium used for electrophoresis provided sufficient cofactors, including Mg2+, were present."}
{"id": "PMID:1204245", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic disease.", "content": "Membrane antigens from autologous and from allogeneic red blood cells (RBC) induced migration inhibition of splenic leucocytes and transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient with idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic disease (AHD). No migration inhibition occurred following stimulation of splenic leucocytes obtained during splenectomy from a patient with beta-thalassaemia major. Lymphocyte transformation did not occur when normal lymphocytes were stimulated by similar RBC membrane preparations. These findings indicate that autosensitization in AHD may be a function of both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic disease. Membrane antigens from autologous and from allogeneic red blood cells (RBC) induced migration inhibition of splenic leucocytes and transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient with idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic disease (AHD). No migration inhibition occurred following stimulation of splenic leucocytes obtained during splenectomy from a patient with beta-thalassaemia major. Lymphocyte transformation did not occur when normal lymphocytes were stimulated by similar RBC membrane preparations. These findings indicate that autosensitization in AHD may be a function of both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1204246", "title": "The different migratory characteristics of lymphocyte populations from a whole spleen transplant.", "content": "Spleens from AS x BN donor rats labelled in vivo by multiple doses of [3H]thymidine were transplanted into syngeneic recipients by anastomosis to the abdominal great vessels. The recipients were killed 1-5 days after receiving the whole spleen transplants and the numbers and location of the [3H]thymidine-labelled cells which had migrated from the labelled donor spleen traced by means of autoradiographs of sections, imprints and smears of various recipient lymphoid tissues. These results were compared with the migration pattern of labelled dissociated spleen cell suspensions injected intravenously. The latter consists almost entirely of small lymphocytes which migrate to T or B areas of recipient spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. The labelled whole spleens also contained cells which migrated to the T and B areas of recipient lymphoid tissues, but in addition contained many lymphoid cells which migrated to the red pulp of the recipient spleen and to the lamina propria of the gut. These experiments showed, therefore, that the spleen contains mobile elements which have not been detected by transfer of spleen cell suspensions.", "contents": "The different migratory characteristics of lymphocyte populations from a whole spleen transplant. Spleens from AS x BN donor rats labelled in vivo by multiple doses of [3H]thymidine were transplanted into syngeneic recipients by anastomosis to the abdominal great vessels. The recipients were killed 1-5 days after receiving the whole spleen transplants and the numbers and location of the [3H]thymidine-labelled cells which had migrated from the labelled donor spleen traced by means of autoradiographs of sections, imprints and smears of various recipient lymphoid tissues. These results were compared with the migration pattern of labelled dissociated spleen cell suspensions injected intravenously. The latter consists almost entirely of small lymphocytes which migrate to T or B areas of recipient spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. The labelled whole spleens also contained cells which migrated to the T and B areas of recipient lymphoid tissues, but in addition contained many lymphoid cells which migrated to the red pulp of the recipient spleen and to the lamina propria of the gut. These experiments showed, therefore, that the spleen contains mobile elements which have not been detected by transfer of spleen cell suspensions."}
{"id": "PMID:1204247", "title": "Experimental myositis in rats. II. The sensitivity of spleen cells to syngeneic muscle antigen.", "content": "The transformation responses to a syngeneic muscle homogenate of spleen cells, lymph node cells and blood lymphocytes have been studied in rats with allergic myositis. Significantly increased responses to muscle were obtained only for spleen cells from rats which had received two or more immunizing injections of heterologous muscle with Freund's complete adjuvant. Other populations of lymphoid cells which had previously been shown to be capable of transferring the disease did not show significant transformation responses to muscle. Increased responses in spleen cells were obtained using a supernatant ultracentrifugal fraction as well as a whole muscle homogenate. Fractionation of the antigen showed blast stimulating activity to be present in fractions of differing molecular size, suggesting that the antigen(s) responsible may be present in polymeric form or may be bound to molecules of varying molecular size.", "contents": "Experimental myositis in rats. II. The sensitivity of spleen cells to syngeneic muscle antigen. The transformation responses to a syngeneic muscle homogenate of spleen cells, lymph node cells and blood lymphocytes have been studied in rats with allergic myositis. Significantly increased responses to muscle were obtained only for spleen cells from rats which had received two or more immunizing injections of heterologous muscle with Freund's complete adjuvant. Other populations of lymphoid cells which had previously been shown to be capable of transferring the disease did not show significant transformation responses to muscle. Increased responses in spleen cells were obtained using a supernatant ultracentrifugal fraction as well as a whole muscle homogenate. Fractionation of the antigen showed blast stimulating activity to be present in fractions of differing molecular size, suggesting that the antigen(s) responsible may be present in polymeric form or may be bound to molecules of varying molecular size."}
{"id": "PMID:1204248", "title": "Hydantoin immunosuppression and carcinogenesis.", "content": "The immunological response of mice submitted to hydantoin treatment was determined. Hydantoin reduced the absolute number of spleen cells in treated animals and did not modify spleen cells reactivity to concanavalin A, although the response to SRBC challenge, as measured by the Jerne plaque-forming cell technique, was significantly decreased. Following these findings, the influence of hydantoin on carcinogenesis was evaluated by using the model of urethane-induced lung adenomas in SWR mice. Treatment with hydantoin significantly reduced the incidence of the induced adenomas. We confirmed that hydantoin modifies the immune response of the host mainly by depressing its humoral function and we have shown that this effect was associated with an inhibitory effect on tumour induction.", "contents": "Hydantoin immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. The immunological response of mice submitted to hydantoin treatment was determined. Hydantoin reduced the absolute number of spleen cells in treated animals and did not modify spleen cells reactivity to concanavalin A, although the response to SRBC challenge, as measured by the Jerne plaque-forming cell technique, was significantly decreased. Following these findings, the influence of hydantoin on carcinogenesis was evaluated by using the model of urethane-induced lung adenomas in SWR mice. Treatment with hydantoin significantly reduced the incidence of the induced adenomas. We confirmed that hydantoin modifies the immune response of the host mainly by depressing its humoral function and we have shown that this effect was associated with an inhibitory effect on tumour induction."}
{"id": "PMID:1204249", "title": "Cytolysis of neuraminidase-treated autochthonous lymphoid cells by autologous serum.", "content": "Rabbit lymph node cells treated with bacterial neuraminidase become susceptible to cytolysis by autologous antibody and complement. Cytolysis of cells can be prevented by absorbing out the antibodies, probably IgM antibodies, from the autologous serum using neuraminidase-treated autochthonous lymph node cells. The significance of this mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Cytolysis of neuraminidase-treated autochthonous lymphoid cells by autologous serum. Rabbit lymph node cells treated with bacterial neuraminidase become susceptible to cytolysis by autologous antibody and complement. Cytolysis of cells can be prevented by absorbing out the antibodies, probably IgM antibodies, from the autologous serum using neuraminidase-treated autochthonous lymph node cells. The significance of this mechanism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204250", "title": "Suppressor cells in different types of unresponsiveness to DNCB contact sensitivity in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment known to enhance the normal cell-mediated immune response by selectively inhibiting the function of suppressor cells abrogates tolerance by pretreatment when tolerant animals are sensitized 3 days after the intraperitoneal injection of CY. The tolerance during the primary response is also reversed by CY treatment, indicating that in both these types of unresponsiveness suppressor cells may be operating. However, CY treatment did not influence the short-lasting unresponsiveness induced in already sensitized guinea-pigs by the intravenous injection of tolerogen. These findings corroborate the idea that the mechanism of desensitization is different from that of tolerance induced by pretreatment of during the primary response.", "contents": "Suppressor cells in different types of unresponsiveness to DNCB contact sensitivity in guinea-pigs. Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment known to enhance the normal cell-mediated immune response by selectively inhibiting the function of suppressor cells abrogates tolerance by pretreatment when tolerant animals are sensitized 3 days after the intraperitoneal injection of CY. The tolerance during the primary response is also reversed by CY treatment, indicating that in both these types of unresponsiveness suppressor cells may be operating. However, CY treatment did not influence the short-lasting unresponsiveness induced in already sensitized guinea-pigs by the intravenous injection of tolerogen. These findings corroborate the idea that the mechanism of desensitization is different from that of tolerance induced by pretreatment of during the primary response."}
{"id": "PMID:1204251", "title": "Immunoglobulin synthesis and antibody content in the small intestine of the rabbit.", "content": "The concentration of immunoglobulin and specific antibody in the serum and the intestinal fluid and the rate of synthesis of immunoglobulin in the small intestine was measured in normal and immunized rabbits. IgA was found to be the predominant immunoglobulin in the intestinal fluid. IgA and IgG were secreted at rates of 4-3 mug/cm/hr and 1-3 mug/cm/hr respectively. Specific anti-Vibrio cholerae antibodies in the intestine were found mainly in the IgA class after oral immunization.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin synthesis and antibody content in the small intestine of the rabbit. The concentration of immunoglobulin and specific antibody in the serum and the intestinal fluid and the rate of synthesis of immunoglobulin in the small intestine was measured in normal and immunized rabbits. IgA was found to be the predominant immunoglobulin in the intestinal fluid. IgA and IgG were secreted at rates of 4-3 mug/cm/hr and 1-3 mug/cm/hr respectively. Specific anti-Vibrio cholerae antibodies in the intestine were found mainly in the IgA class after oral immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:1204252", "title": "Reversal of experimental allergic thyroiditis in cyclophosphamide-treated rats.", "content": "A 10-day course of cyclophosphamide completely reversed the histopathological manifestations of experimental allergic thyroiditis in Wistar rats. This therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide was sustained, no recrudescence of thyroid inflammation being detected among rats examined 4 weeks after immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Reversal of experimental allergic thyroiditis in cyclophosphamide-treated rats. A 10-day course of cyclophosphamide completely reversed the histopathological manifestations of experimental allergic thyroiditis in Wistar rats. This therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide was sustained, no recrudescence of thyroid inflammation being detected among rats examined 4 weeks after immunosuppressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1204253", "title": "Immune reactions in acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "Serial studies of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation, serum autoantibodies, immunoglobulins and complement were performed in seventeen patients with hepatitis A and nine patients with hepatitis B. In both types of hepatitis PHA-induced transformation was markedly impaired during the 1st week after the onset of jaundice and there was less marked but prolonged impairment for a further period of 6-10 weeks. A group of eleven subjects with a previous history of hepatitis had values which were similar to those of healthy persons. Serum from patients with hepatitis A and hepatitis B contains an inhibitor of lymphocyte response to PHA. The inhibitor depresses the function of both patients' and normal lymphocytes and is only detectable during the acute phase of the illness. Washing lymphocytes free from autologous serum did not restore the PHA response to normal but the markedly impaired response present during the first 2 weeks of the illness was improved. A serum factor or factors may therefore be responsible for at least part of the impaired response of lymphocytes to PHA during the acute phase of hepatitis but does not appear to account for the more prolonged impairment of the PHA response. The protracted lymphocyte defect is possibly induced by hepatitis virus. The incidence of autoantibodies and the changes in immunoglobulin levels were similar to those reported by other workers.", "contents": "Immune reactions in acute viral hepatitis. Serial studies of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation, serum autoantibodies, immunoglobulins and complement were performed in seventeen patients with hepatitis A and nine patients with hepatitis B. In both types of hepatitis PHA-induced transformation was markedly impaired during the 1st week after the onset of jaundice and there was less marked but prolonged impairment for a further period of 6-10 weeks. A group of eleven subjects with a previous history of hepatitis had values which were similar to those of healthy persons. Serum from patients with hepatitis A and hepatitis B contains an inhibitor of lymphocyte response to PHA. The inhibitor depresses the function of both patients' and normal lymphocytes and is only detectable during the acute phase of the illness. Washing lymphocytes free from autologous serum did not restore the PHA response to normal but the markedly impaired response present during the first 2 weeks of the illness was improved. A serum factor or factors may therefore be responsible for at least part of the impaired response of lymphocytes to PHA during the acute phase of hepatitis but does not appear to account for the more prolonged impairment of the PHA response. The protracted lymphocyte defect is possibly induced by hepatitis virus. The incidence of autoantibodies and the changes in immunoglobulin levels were similar to those reported by other workers."}
{"id": "PMID:1204254", "title": "Anti-reticulin antibody in jejunal juice in coeliac disease.", "content": "Anti-reticulin antibody has been demonstrated in the jejunal juice of eight out of fourteen (57%) untreated coeliac patients, one out of twelve (8%) patients with normal jejunal biopsies and none of ten normal control subjects. The jejunal juice antibody was invariably of the IgA class. It is suggested that the presence of anti-reticulin antibody in the jejunal juice in coeliac disease supports the hypothesis that this antibody is secreted in response to reticulin antigens present in the diet.", "contents": "Anti-reticulin antibody in jejunal juice in coeliac disease. Anti-reticulin antibody has been demonstrated in the jejunal juice of eight out of fourteen (57%) untreated coeliac patients, one out of twelve (8%) patients with normal jejunal biopsies and none of ten normal control subjects. The jejunal juice antibody was invariably of the IgA class. It is suggested that the presence of anti-reticulin antibody in the jejunal juice in coeliac disease supports the hypothesis that this antibody is secreted in response to reticulin antigens present in the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:1204255", "title": "Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from healthy subjects and from melanoma patients against cultured melanoma cells.", "content": "The in vitro cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from forty-seven melanoma patients and thirteen healthy subjects for cultured melanoma cells was studied using a 51Cr release assay. Two different melanoma cell lines were used as target cells: one cultured in suspension (SK Mel1) and one tissue culture line growing as a monolayer (NK I1). The lymphocytes from most healthy subjects were found to be cytotoxic for these cultured cells, with individual variations. These repeatable cytotoxic reactions could not be explained on the grounds of previous isoimmunization. The lymphocytes from melanoma patients were also cytotoxic for the melanoma cell lines, but the highest degree of cytotoxicity was found in patients with primitive and localized tumours, and not in patients with metastases.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from healthy subjects and from melanoma patients against cultured melanoma cells. The in vitro cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from forty-seven melanoma patients and thirteen healthy subjects for cultured melanoma cells was studied using a 51Cr release assay. Two different melanoma cell lines were used as target cells: one cultured in suspension (SK Mel1) and one tissue culture line growing as a monolayer (NK I1). The lymphocytes from most healthy subjects were found to be cytotoxic for these cultured cells, with individual variations. These repeatable cytotoxic reactions could not be explained on the grounds of previous isoimmunization. The lymphocytes from melanoma patients were also cytotoxic for the melanoma cell lines, but the highest degree of cytotoxicity was found in patients with primitive and localized tumours, and not in patients with metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:1204256", "title": "L-tetramisole. Enhancement of human lymphocyte response to antigen.", "content": "The anthelminthic drug L-Tetramisole enhanced in vitro lymphocyte transformation of normal young adults in the presence of PPD, Candida or measles antigen. This enhancement occurred regardless of evident pre-existing immunity to the antigen used. The increase in stimulation obtained by the drug and antigen combined, beyond that by antigen alone, varied between 1-25 and 5-99 for all three antigens in fourteen cell donors. Lymphocyte transformation was induced in seven individuals by the drug alone and suppressed in two. In levamisole dose--response tests, the optimum dose for this in vitro effect in six donors was similar for the three antigens.", "contents": "L-tetramisole. Enhancement of human lymphocyte response to antigen. The anthelminthic drug L-Tetramisole enhanced in vitro lymphocyte transformation of normal young adults in the presence of PPD, Candida or measles antigen. This enhancement occurred regardless of evident pre-existing immunity to the antigen used. The increase in stimulation obtained by the drug and antigen combined, beyond that by antigen alone, varied between 1-25 and 5-99 for all three antigens in fourteen cell donors. Lymphocyte transformation was induced in seven individuals by the drug alone and suppressed in two. In levamisole dose--response tests, the optimum dose for this in vitro effect in six donors was similar for the three antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:1204257", "title": "Studies on the specificity of agglutinins against human erythrocytes modified by Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "The specificity of agglutinins in human sera against human erythrocytes modified by Newcastle disease virus (NDV-O agglutinins) was studied with agglutination and agglutination inhibition techniques. Virus grown in both embryonic eggs and tissue culture was used in the experiments. The findings were compatible with the existence of four specificities of agglutinins. In some sera, including those from subjects recently inoculated with vaccines prepared in eggs, the agglutinins were directed against a component of the allantoic fluid. In high-titred infectious mononucleosis (IM sera the agglutinins were directed against antigenic groupings present in the Vic strain but not the B1 strain of NDV, whereas in certain other sera they were directed against antigens present in both of them. Finally, in some sera the agglutinins probably reacted with a red cell antigen uncovered by the viral neuraminidase.", "contents": "Studies on the specificity of agglutinins against human erythrocytes modified by Newcastle disease virus. The specificity of agglutinins in human sera against human erythrocytes modified by Newcastle disease virus (NDV-O agglutinins) was studied with agglutination and agglutination inhibition techniques. Virus grown in both embryonic eggs and tissue culture was used in the experiments. The findings were compatible with the existence of four specificities of agglutinins. In some sera, including those from subjects recently inoculated with vaccines prepared in eggs, the agglutinins were directed against a component of the allantoic fluid. In high-titred infectious mononucleosis (IM sera the agglutinins were directed against antigenic groupings present in the Vic strain but not the B1 strain of NDV, whereas in certain other sera they were directed against antigens present in both of them. Finally, in some sera the agglutinins probably reacted with a red cell antigen uncovered by the viral neuraminidase."}
{"id": "PMID:1204260", "title": "Treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis with a combination of indomethacin and cyclophosphamide.", "content": "33 cases of chronic glomerulonephritis who responded unsatisfactorily to treatment with indomethacin alone were treated in addition with a low dose of cyclophosphamide. The five patients with focal glomerulosclerosis responded poorly. The remaining 28 patients showed a statistically significant improvement in renal function and proteinuria.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis with a combination of indomethacin and cyclophosphamide. 33 cases of chronic glomerulonephritis who responded unsatisfactorily to treatment with indomethacin alone were treated in addition with a low dose of cyclophosphamide. The five patients with focal glomerulosclerosis responded poorly. The remaining 28 patients showed a statistically significant improvement in renal function and proteinuria."}
{"id": "PMID:1204261", "title": "Complications of percutaneous renal biopsy: an analysis of 1,000 consecutive biopsies.", "content": "In a series of 1,000 consecutive percutaneous renal biopsies, adequate tissue for diagnosis was obtained in 94.9%. The rate of complications was 8.1% and was directly related to 1. age of the patient, 2. presence of renal insufficiency, and 3. arterial hypertension. The use of fluoroscopic control for localization of the kidney did not affect the rate of complications, nor did it improve the success rate in obtaining adequate tissue.", "contents": "Complications of percutaneous renal biopsy: an analysis of 1,000 consecutive biopsies. In a series of 1,000 consecutive percutaneous renal biopsies, adequate tissue for diagnosis was obtained in 94.9%. The rate of complications was 8.1% and was directly related to 1. age of the patient, 2. presence of renal insufficiency, and 3. arterial hypertension. The use of fluoroscopic control for localization of the kidney did not affect the rate of complications, nor did it improve the success rate in obtaining adequate tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1204262", "title": "Bone volume and mineral density of iliac crest spongiosa in uremia.", "content": "Bone mass and bone mineral content were measured in non-dialyzed and dialyzed uremic patients. Bone mass, measured by micromorphometry and a gas displacement method, was higher in uremic than in age and sex matched control subjects (micromorphometry-U:25.8 +/- 8.24%; Co:15.6 +/- 4.38; gas displacement-U:211 +/- 66 mm3/cm3; Co:191 +/- 45). In hemodialyzed patients, bone mass was lower the longer the patients had been on dialysis (r = 0.38; P 0.05). Bone mineral content (specific weight) was diminished in uremia (1.82 +/- 0.095 g/ml; controls 1.854 +/- 0.0173). In hemodialyzed patients, specific weight was higher, as was Ca content of bone assessed by neutron activation analysis. It is concluded, that negative Ca balance was the major cause of bone loss and that bone loss is thus preventable.", "contents": "Bone volume and mineral density of iliac crest spongiosa in uremia. Bone mass and bone mineral content were measured in non-dialyzed and dialyzed uremic patients. Bone mass, measured by micromorphometry and a gas displacement method, was higher in uremic than in age and sex matched control subjects (micromorphometry-U:25.8 +/- 8.24%; Co:15.6 +/- 4.38; gas displacement-U:211 +/- 66 mm3/cm3; Co:191 +/- 45). In hemodialyzed patients, bone mass was lower the longer the patients had been on dialysis (r = 0.38; P 0.05). Bone mineral content (specific weight) was diminished in uremia (1.82 +/- 0.095 g/ml; controls 1.854 +/- 0.0173). In hemodialyzed patients, specific weight was higher, as was Ca content of bone assessed by neutron activation analysis. It is concluded, that negative Ca balance was the major cause of bone loss and that bone loss is thus preventable."}
{"id": "PMID:1204263", "title": "Experimental crystal nephropathy (one year study in the pig).", "content": "An acute crystal nephropathy was produced in pigs by feeding a mixture of guanine and allopurinol. The pathogenesis of the lesion produced was studied by serial histology and renal function tests over 12 months. Tubular blockage by the crystals produced erosion of the basement membrane and an accompanying interstitial nephritis. Tubular degeneration around the crystal mass transferred the crystals to the interstitium. Despite rapid subsequent disappearance of these crystals the interstitial nephritis was still evident nine months later. An early return of renal function to near normal was not sustained beyond nine months. It was shown that even brief periods of intratubular crystal deposition caused irreversible changes, resulting eventually in a reduction in kidney size, nephron population and renal function.", "contents": "Experimental crystal nephropathy (one year study in the pig). An acute crystal nephropathy was produced in pigs by feeding a mixture of guanine and allopurinol. The pathogenesis of the lesion produced was studied by serial histology and renal function tests over 12 months. Tubular blockage by the crystals produced erosion of the basement membrane and an accompanying interstitial nephritis. Tubular degeneration around the crystal mass transferred the crystals to the interstitium. Despite rapid subsequent disappearance of these crystals the interstitial nephritis was still evident nine months later. An early return of renal function to near normal was not sustained beyond nine months. It was shown that even brief periods of intratubular crystal deposition caused irreversible changes, resulting eventually in a reduction in kidney size, nephron population and renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:1204264", "title": "Experimental model for peritoneal dialysis in small laboratory animals.", "content": "A simple method of performing peritoneal dialysis in rats and guinea-pigs for 48 hours is described. The method appears to be suitable for the experimental investigation of clinical problems although the long term problem of protein loss should not be forgotten when assessing the results of these short term experiments.", "contents": "Experimental model for peritoneal dialysis in small laboratory animals. A simple method of performing peritoneal dialysis in rats and guinea-pigs for 48 hours is described. The method appears to be suitable for the experimental investigation of clinical problems although the long term problem of protein loss should not be forgotten when assessing the results of these short term experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1204275", "title": "Quinine-induced alterations in drug disposition.", "content": "In normal volunteers, chronic quinine administration shortened plasma antipyrine half-life and significantly increased the intraindividual correlation between the disposition of quinine and antipyrine. Decreased plasma antipyrine half-life appears to be due to a quinine-induced enhancement of antipyrine metabolism. A dose-dependent prolongation of plasma quinine half-life was observed and attributed primarily to an increased apparent volume of distribution of quinine, although our data did not permit separation of an effect on quinine metabolism from an effect on quinine distribution between the peripheral and central compartments. Plasma protein binding of quinine was similar at both the low and high doses of quinine. Studies in dogs given quinine intravenously revealed a biphasic plasma decay curve compatible with a 2-compartment open model for quinine disposition. Dose dependence of plasma quinine half-life in the dog after intravenous quinine eliminated altered gastrointestinal absorption of quinine as a cause for the dose dependence of plasma quinine half-life. These studies illustrate the importance of such conditions as dose and time of administration in determining the type and magnitude of interaction observed between drugs.", "contents": "Quinine-induced alterations in drug disposition. In normal volunteers, chronic quinine administration shortened plasma antipyrine half-life and significantly increased the intraindividual correlation between the disposition of quinine and antipyrine. Decreased plasma antipyrine half-life appears to be due to a quinine-induced enhancement of antipyrine metabolism. A dose-dependent prolongation of plasma quinine half-life was observed and attributed primarily to an increased apparent volume of distribution of quinine, although our data did not permit separation of an effect on quinine metabolism from an effect on quinine distribution between the peripheral and central compartments. Plasma protein binding of quinine was similar at both the low and high doses of quinine. Studies in dogs given quinine intravenously revealed a biphasic plasma decay curve compatible with a 2-compartment open model for quinine disposition. Dose dependence of plasma quinine half-life in the dog after intravenous quinine eliminated altered gastrointestinal absorption of quinine as a cause for the dose dependence of plasma quinine half-life. These studies illustrate the importance of such conditions as dose and time of administration in determining the type and magnitude of interaction observed between drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1204276", "title": "Effect of hemodialysis on kinetics of acetaminophen elimination by anephric patients.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen elimination were determined in 4 anephric patients during hemodialysis and on an interdialysis day. The biologic half-life of acetaminophen ranged from 119 to 147 min on an interdialysis day and was decreased by 42% to 53% during hemodialysis. Individual mean dialyzer extraction ratios, based on assay of plasma samples from blood flowing into and out of the dialysis unit, were 0.46 to 0.78 for acetaminophen, 0.53 to 0.57 for acetaminophen glucuronide, 0.13 to 0.60 for acetaminophen sulfate, and 0.70 to 0.87 for urea nitrogen. There was a strong correlation between the extraction ratios of acetaminophen and urea nitrogen. Hemodialysis was the major or sole routine of elimination of acetaminophen glucuronide and sulfate in the anephric patients.", "contents": "Effect of hemodialysis on kinetics of acetaminophen elimination by anephric patients. The pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen elimination were determined in 4 anephric patients during hemodialysis and on an interdialysis day. The biologic half-life of acetaminophen ranged from 119 to 147 min on an interdialysis day and was decreased by 42% to 53% during hemodialysis. Individual mean dialyzer extraction ratios, based on assay of plasma samples from blood flowing into and out of the dialysis unit, were 0.46 to 0.78 for acetaminophen, 0.53 to 0.57 for acetaminophen glucuronide, 0.13 to 0.60 for acetaminophen sulfate, and 0.70 to 0.87 for urea nitrogen. There was a strong correlation between the extraction ratios of acetaminophen and urea nitrogen. Hemodialysis was the major or sole routine of elimination of acetaminophen glucuronide and sulfate in the anephric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1204277", "title": "Action of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. An approach to the active metabolite hypothesis.", "content": "The active metabolite hypothesis, that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) must be converted to its 11-hydroxy metabolite before it becomes active, was tested in a study of subjects chosen as rapid and slow hydroxylators of drugs on the basis of antipyrine and phenylbutazone plasma disappearance rates. Although the sample of subjects showed the customary wide variations in effects experienced after an intravenously administered dose of THC, it was impossible to correlate either the speed of onset, total intensity, or duration of these effects with speed of hydroxylation of drugs. Although 11-hydroxy-THC has unquestioned activity indistinguishable from THC itself, it need not necessarily be solely responsible for the pharmacologic activity of THC.", "contents": "Action of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. An approach to the active metabolite hypothesis. The active metabolite hypothesis, that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) must be converted to its 11-hydroxy metabolite before it becomes active, was tested in a study of subjects chosen as rapid and slow hydroxylators of drugs on the basis of antipyrine and phenylbutazone plasma disappearance rates. Although the sample of subjects showed the customary wide variations in effects experienced after an intravenously administered dose of THC, it was impossible to correlate either the speed of onset, total intensity, or duration of these effects with speed of hydroxylation of drugs. Although 11-hydroxy-THC has unquestioned activity indistinguishable from THC itself, it need not necessarily be solely responsible for the pharmacologic activity of THC."}
{"id": "PMID:1204278", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of nabilone, a cannabinol derivative.", "content": "Nabilone is a modified cannabinol derivative with central nervous system activity. Administration of nabilone in single doses of 1 to 5 mg results in dose-related pharmacologic effects in man. One and 2.5 mg doses of nabilone induced relaxant and sedative effects in all subjects. No euphoria, dry mouth, tachycardia, or postural hypotension was seen after 1 mg, minimal effects were seen after 2.5 mg, and marked effects were seen after 5 mg. Effects were evident within 60 to 90 min and persisted for 8 to 12 hr. Nabilone produced no significant tachycardia. There were no changes in supine blood pressure; however, marked postural hypotension occurred after the 5-mg dose. The administration of nabilone at doses of 1 mg or 2 mg two times daily resulted in euphoria and dry mouth during the first two days of drug; thereafter tolerance developed to these effects but there was no apparent decrease in relaxation. Subjects challenged with a single 5-mg dose of nabilone showed a 66% reduction in symptoms and signs after the 7-day drug period compared to that of the same dose after 1 wk of placebo. Comparison of nabilone with other cannabinol derivatives suggests that some of the undesirable pharmacologic effects can be separated within the group.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of nabilone, a cannabinol derivative. Nabilone is a modified cannabinol derivative with central nervous system activity. Administration of nabilone in single doses of 1 to 5 mg results in dose-related pharmacologic effects in man. One and 2.5 mg doses of nabilone induced relaxant and sedative effects in all subjects. No euphoria, dry mouth, tachycardia, or postural hypotension was seen after 1 mg, minimal effects were seen after 2.5 mg, and marked effects were seen after 5 mg. Effects were evident within 60 to 90 min and persisted for 8 to 12 hr. Nabilone produced no significant tachycardia. There were no changes in supine blood pressure; however, marked postural hypotension occurred after the 5-mg dose. The administration of nabilone at doses of 1 mg or 2 mg two times daily resulted in euphoria and dry mouth during the first two days of drug; thereafter tolerance developed to these effects but there was no apparent decrease in relaxation. Subjects challenged with a single 5-mg dose of nabilone showed a 66% reduction in symptoms and signs after the 7-day drug period compared to that of the same dose after 1 wk of placebo. Comparison of nabilone with other cannabinol derivatives suggests that some of the undesirable pharmacologic effects can be separated within the group."}
{"id": "PMID:1204279", "title": "Phenytoin and phenobarbital concentrations in saliva and plasma measured by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Saliva and plasma levels of phenytoin (DPH) and phenobarbital (PB) in a series of epileptic patients were compared by means of a radioimmunoassat (RIA) that required only 10 mul of saliva or plasma. There was an excellent linear relation (r = 0.98) between the logarithms of the concentrations of DPH in the two fluids. The ratio saliva/plasma was remarkably constant at 0.10 and was unaffected by varying levels of PB. The ratio was close to the fraction of DPH reported unbound in plasma at 37 degrees. PB plasma and saliva levels were also closely related (r = 0.98 for logarithm of plasma and saliva levels). This relation was nonlinear [plasma ocncentration = 4.43 X (salivary concentration)0.86], but could be approximated by the ratio plasma/saliva = 3.4. The simplicity of sample collection and the sensitivity of the RIA procedure suggest that clinical monitoring of these anticonvulsant levels may be carried out by RIA on saliva samples.", "contents": "Phenytoin and phenobarbital concentrations in saliva and plasma measured by radioimmunoassay. Saliva and plasma levels of phenytoin (DPH) and phenobarbital (PB) in a series of epileptic patients were compared by means of a radioimmunoassat (RIA) that required only 10 mul of saliva or plasma. There was an excellent linear relation (r = 0.98) between the logarithms of the concentrations of DPH in the two fluids. The ratio saliva/plasma was remarkably constant at 0.10 and was unaffected by varying levels of PB. The ratio was close to the fraction of DPH reported unbound in plasma at 37 degrees. PB plasma and saliva levels were also closely related (r = 0.98 for logarithm of plasma and saliva levels). This relation was nonlinear [plasma ocncentration = 4.43 X (salivary concentration)0.86], but could be approximated by the ratio plasma/saliva = 3.4. The simplicity of sample collection and the sensitivity of the RIA procedure suggest that clinical monitoring of these anticonvulsant levels may be carried out by RIA on saliva samples."}
{"id": "PMID:1204280", "title": "Renal clearance of canrenoate in normal man.", "content": "Potassium canrenoate was administered intravenously, twice at a 9-hr interval, to 3 apparently healthy male volunteers. No consistent changes in endogenous creatinine or PAH clearances were observed for 6 hr after the initial 200-mg dose of this aldosterone antagonist. The clearance of canrenone (the major gamma-lactone metabolite) exceeded by 70% the simultaneous clearance of creatinine from the second through the sixth hour. The excretion of canrenone amounted to 6.8 mg (3.4%) of the dose during the 6-hr clearance study, but was nearly absent (0.2 mg) during the ensuing 6- to 9-hr period. The cumulative excretion of the glucuronide conjugate of canrenone amounted to 4.6 and 2.8 mg (2.3% and 1.4%) of the dose during these respective periods. A sustained retention of K was observed in 1 subject. Otherwise, as was anticipated in the absence of hyperaldosteronism, urinary electrolyte levels were essentially unchanged. Circulating aldosterone and plasma renin activity levels were essentially unaltered.", "contents": "Renal clearance of canrenoate in normal man. Potassium canrenoate was administered intravenously, twice at a 9-hr interval, to 3 apparently healthy male volunteers. No consistent changes in endogenous creatinine or PAH clearances were observed for 6 hr after the initial 200-mg dose of this aldosterone antagonist. The clearance of canrenone (the major gamma-lactone metabolite) exceeded by 70% the simultaneous clearance of creatinine from the second through the sixth hour. The excretion of canrenone amounted to 6.8 mg (3.4%) of the dose during the 6-hr clearance study, but was nearly absent (0.2 mg) during the ensuing 6- to 9-hr period. The cumulative excretion of the glucuronide conjugate of canrenone amounted to 4.6 and 2.8 mg (2.3% and 1.4%) of the dose during these respective periods. A sustained retention of K was observed in 1 subject. Otherwise, as was anticipated in the absence of hyperaldosteronism, urinary electrolyte levels were essentially unchanged. Circulating aldosterone and plasma renin activity levels were essentially unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:1204281", "title": "Serial serum digoxin concentrations and quantitative electrocardiographic changes.", "content": "Four elderly female patients in sinus rhythm and with mild congestive cardiac failure were treated with digoxin and studied over a 6-month period. There were significant linear correlations between serum digoxin concentrations and several quantitative electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters. T-wave amplitude was the most important ECG variable. ECG changes reverted to baseline values when digoxin was discontinued. These findings suggest that quantitative ECG changes are potentially useful in clinical and research situations involving digitalis glycosides.", "contents": "Serial serum digoxin concentrations and quantitative electrocardiographic changes. Four elderly female patients in sinus rhythm and with mild congestive cardiac failure were treated with digoxin and studied over a 6-month period. There were significant linear correlations between serum digoxin concentrations and several quantitative electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters. T-wave amplitude was the most important ECG variable. ECG changes reverted to baseline values when digoxin was discontinued. These findings suggest that quantitative ECG changes are potentially useful in clinical and research situations involving digitalis glycosides."}
{"id": "PMID:1204282", "title": "The influence of potassium on the renal vasculature and the adrenal gland, and their responsiveness to angiotensin II in normal man.", "content": "1. The effect of modifying potassium intake on arterial plasma renin activity, angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations, renal blood flow and their responses to exogenous angiotensin II has been assessed in twenty-six normal subjects. 2. Reduced potassium intake was associated with a significant increase in circulating renin activity and angiotensin II concentration and a significant reduction in renal blood flow. Conversely, a high potassium intake was associated with a significant increase in plasma aldosterone concentration and renal blood flow without alteration in plasma renin activity or angiotensin II concentration. 3. Reduced potassium intake decreased both the renal vascular and the adrenal response to infused angiotensin II. Conversely, an increased potassium intake enhanced the responsiveness of both systems. 4. The results suggest an important influence of potassium-induced renin-angiotensin system responses on both the renal vasculature and adrenal glomerulosa cell in normal man.", "contents": "The influence of potassium on the renal vasculature and the adrenal gland, and their responsiveness to angiotensin II in normal man. 1. The effect of modifying potassium intake on arterial plasma renin activity, angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations, renal blood flow and their responses to exogenous angiotensin II has been assessed in twenty-six normal subjects. 2. Reduced potassium intake was associated with a significant increase in circulating renin activity and angiotensin II concentration and a significant reduction in renal blood flow. Conversely, a high potassium intake was associated with a significant increase in plasma aldosterone concentration and renal blood flow without alteration in plasma renin activity or angiotensin II concentration. 3. Reduced potassium intake decreased both the renal vascular and the adrenal response to infused angiotensin II. Conversely, an increased potassium intake enhanced the responsiveness of both systems. 4. The results suggest an important influence of potassium-induced renin-angiotensin system responses on both the renal vasculature and adrenal glomerulosa cell in normal man."}
{"id": "PMID:1204283", "title": "Potassium depletion induced by vasopressin and overhydration in the rabbit.", "content": "1. In order to study the effect of overhydration on body potassium, experiments were performed on pair-fed rabbits, one of which was maintained continuously on vasopressin and given extra water (60-90 ml day-1 kg-1) for 6-8 days, while the other served as control. 2. Overhydrated rabbits excreted significantly more potassium (53%) in their urine than control rabbits and accumulated a mean potassium deficit of 65-0 mmol, significantly higher than the mean value of 37-1 mmol in the control rabbits. 3. In the overhydrated rabbits, potassium fell significantly in both erythrocytes, from 266 to 173 mmol/kg of dry cells, and also in muscle, from 435 to 341 mmol/kg of fat-free dry solids. Neither changed significantly in the control animals. 4. Overhydration in the presence of vasopressin leads to potassium depletion in the rabbit and a similar phenomenon might be expected in man. Potassium depletion due to overhydration might account for the hypokalaemia and reduction in exchangeable potassium observed in some patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "contents": "Potassium depletion induced by vasopressin and overhydration in the rabbit. 1. In order to study the effect of overhydration on body potassium, experiments were performed on pair-fed rabbits, one of which was maintained continuously on vasopressin and given extra water (60-90 ml day-1 kg-1) for 6-8 days, while the other served as control. 2. Overhydrated rabbits excreted significantly more potassium (53%) in their urine than control rabbits and accumulated a mean potassium deficit of 65-0 mmol, significantly higher than the mean value of 37-1 mmol in the control rabbits. 3. In the overhydrated rabbits, potassium fell significantly in both erythrocytes, from 266 to 173 mmol/kg of dry cells, and also in muscle, from 435 to 341 mmol/kg of fat-free dry solids. Neither changed significantly in the control animals. 4. Overhydration in the presence of vasopressin leads to potassium depletion in the rabbit and a similar phenomenon might be expected in man. Potassium depletion due to overhydration might account for the hypokalaemia and reduction in exchangeable potassium observed in some patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:1204284", "title": "I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II): resolution of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alpha-L-fucosidase components by DEAE-cellulose chromatography.", "content": "1. In a patient with I-cell disease the activities of several acid hydrolases were elevated inplasma and reduced in cultured fibroblasts when compared with normal values. Normal activities for the enzymes were found in leucocytes. These findings agree with reports on other cases. 2. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was resolved into its component forms by chromatography on microcolumns of DEAE-cellulose coupled with continuous automated assay of activity in the column effluent. Cultured skin fibroblasts from three patients showed a profound deficiency of glucosaminidase component A and a relative increase in the activity of a form eluted earlier than A. 3. In the one patient studied, the elution profile of plasma glucosaminidase was similar to that of normal plasma, but treatment with neuraminidase revealed a minor component which did not appear in control specimens. 4. Chromatographic resolution of glucosaminidase secreted by normal fibroblasts into the culture medium shoed that component A comprised two forms, a serum-type and a tissue-type, whereas only a serum-type was found in I-cell medium. 5. Different forma of alpha-L-fucosidase were shown to occur in normal plasma and fibroblasts. This is the second lysosomal hydrolase for which differences between intracellular and extracellular forms have been described and might reflect a general phenomenon. 6. The major acidic component of fucosidase from normal fibroblasts was not detected in I-cell fibroblasts. Elution profiles of fucosidase activity in normal and I-cell plasma were indistinguishable, both before and after treatment with neuraminidase. 7. On the basis of the above findings, we suggest that for several acid hydrolases there is a common biosynthetic reaction, which produces forms of these enzymes destined for incorporation into primary lysosomes rather than secretion by the cell. In cultured fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease, the enzyme catalysing the reaction leading to the production of intracellular forms is deficient or defective, whereas the synthesis of precursor and secreted forms is unaffected.", "contents": "I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II): resolution of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alpha-L-fucosidase components by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. 1. In a patient with I-cell disease the activities of several acid hydrolases were elevated inplasma and reduced in cultured fibroblasts when compared with normal values. Normal activities for the enzymes were found in leucocytes. These findings agree with reports on other cases. 2. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was resolved into its component forms by chromatography on microcolumns of DEAE-cellulose coupled with continuous automated assay of activity in the column effluent. Cultured skin fibroblasts from three patients showed a profound deficiency of glucosaminidase component A and a relative increase in the activity of a form eluted earlier than A. 3. In the one patient studied, the elution profile of plasma glucosaminidase was similar to that of normal plasma, but treatment with neuraminidase revealed a minor component which did not appear in control specimens. 4. Chromatographic resolution of glucosaminidase secreted by normal fibroblasts into the culture medium shoed that component A comprised two forms, a serum-type and a tissue-type, whereas only a serum-type was found in I-cell medium. 5. Different forma of alpha-L-fucosidase were shown to occur in normal plasma and fibroblasts. This is the second lysosomal hydrolase for which differences between intracellular and extracellular forms have been described and might reflect a general phenomenon. 6. The major acidic component of fucosidase from normal fibroblasts was not detected in I-cell fibroblasts. Elution profiles of fucosidase activity in normal and I-cell plasma were indistinguishable, both before and after treatment with neuraminidase. 7. On the basis of the above findings, we suggest that for several acid hydrolases there is a common biosynthetic reaction, which produces forms of these enzymes destined for incorporation into primary lysosomes rather than secretion by the cell. In cultured fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease, the enzyme catalysing the reaction leading to the production of intracellular forms is deficient or defective, whereas the synthesis of precursor and secreted forms is unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:1204285", "title": "The early effects of intravenous frusemide on central haemodynamics, venous tone and plasma renin activity.", "content": "1. Nine paatients with clinically unimportant heart disease or benign essential hypertension were given frusemide intravenously during right-heart catheterization. 2. Pressures in both atria decreased rapidly and in parallel. The magnitude of the pressure decrease was clearly related to decrease in plasma volume loss. 3. Plasma renin activity increased significantly after 5 min (P less than 0-01), but did not correlate with plasma volume loss. 4. Venous tone in the forearm was unchanged. 5. It is concluded that the pressure reduction was secondary to plasma volume depletion through diuresis and that increased plasma renin activity was mainly caused by intrarenal changes.", "contents": "The early effects of intravenous frusemide on central haemodynamics, venous tone and plasma renin activity. 1. Nine paatients with clinically unimportant heart disease or benign essential hypertension were given frusemide intravenously during right-heart catheterization. 2. Pressures in both atria decreased rapidly and in parallel. The magnitude of the pressure decrease was clearly related to decrease in plasma volume loss. 3. Plasma renin activity increased significantly after 5 min (P less than 0-01), but did not correlate with plasma volume loss. 4. Venous tone in the forearm was unchanged. 5. It is concluded that the pressure reduction was secondary to plasma volume depletion through diuresis and that increased plasma renin activity was mainly caused by intrarenal changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1204286", "title": "Systolic blood pressure variation during the first 6 days of life.", "content": "1. Systolic blood pressure was measured by a Doppler ultrasound technique in twenty normal babies on 6 successive days after the day of delivery. In three babies blood pressure was recorded every 15 min for 24 h. 2. Systolic blood pressure during the first 6 days of life was 95 (SEM = 2) mmHg. 3. Systolic blood pressure increased on average by 2 mmHg/day, but increased most between the second and third days of life. 4. Systolic blood pressure was 11 mmHg higher when awake than when the babies were asleep. 5. There was marked within-baby variation in the systolic blood pressure of neonates, which could not be accounted for by age or recognizable changes in level in consciousness.", "contents": "Systolic blood pressure variation during the first 6 days of life. 1. Systolic blood pressure was measured by a Doppler ultrasound technique in twenty normal babies on 6 successive days after the day of delivery. In three babies blood pressure was recorded every 15 min for 24 h. 2. Systolic blood pressure during the first 6 days of life was 95 (SEM = 2) mmHg. 3. Systolic blood pressure increased on average by 2 mmHg/day, but increased most between the second and third days of life. 4. Systolic blood pressure was 11 mmHg higher when awake than when the babies were asleep. 5. There was marked within-baby variation in the systolic blood pressure of neonates, which could not be accounted for by age or recognizable changes in level in consciousness."}
{"id": "PMID:1204287", "title": "Urinary concentration and dilution after unilateral nephrectomy in the rat.", "content": "1. The effects of unilateral nephrectomy on urinary concentration and dilution were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. To exclude incomplete suppression of antidiuretic hormone, free water formation was also sutdied in rats with congenital diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain). 2. Urinary solute-free water formation was similar in Sprague-Dawley and Brattleboro rats. Uninephrectomized animals excreted a water load promptly and diluted their urine to the same degree as control rats. Maximal values for Cwater and TCwater per kidney were higher after nephrectomy, but were similar to those of control rats at comparable rates of fluid delivery to the distal nephron. Renal tissue osmolaity was similar in uninephrectomized and sham-operated animals, indicating that nonantidiuretic hormone-dependent backflux of filtrate was the same in the two groups. The only defect observed in uninephrectomized animals was a small reduction in maximal urine osmolaity. 3. These results demonstrate that free water formation and reabsorption are unaffected by unilateral nephrectomy and suggest that, in the remaining kidney, filtrate reabsorption along the entire nephron increases in proportion to the increment in glomerular filtration.", "contents": "Urinary concentration and dilution after unilateral nephrectomy in the rat. 1. The effects of unilateral nephrectomy on urinary concentration and dilution were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. To exclude incomplete suppression of antidiuretic hormone, free water formation was also sutdied in rats with congenital diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain). 2. Urinary solute-free water formation was similar in Sprague-Dawley and Brattleboro rats. Uninephrectomized animals excreted a water load promptly and diluted their urine to the same degree as control rats. Maximal values for Cwater and TCwater per kidney were higher after nephrectomy, but were similar to those of control rats at comparable rates of fluid delivery to the distal nephron. Renal tissue osmolaity was similar in uninephrectomized and sham-operated animals, indicating that nonantidiuretic hormone-dependent backflux of filtrate was the same in the two groups. The only defect observed in uninephrectomized animals was a small reduction in maximal urine osmolaity. 3. These results demonstrate that free water formation and reabsorption are unaffected by unilateral nephrectomy and suggest that, in the remaining kidney, filtrate reabsorption along the entire nephron increases in proportion to the increment in glomerular filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:1204288", "title": "The meaning of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Resting plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and haemodynamic parameters were studied in untreated borderline (twenty-nine) and permanent (twenty-seven) essential hypertensive patients. DBH was also measured in sixty-three apparently healthy subjects. 2. Mean DBH values were not significantly different between the groups. 3. Cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume and the cardiopulmonary blood volume/total blood volume ratio (CPBV/TBV) were significantly higher in borderline than in permanent hypertensive patients. 4. In borderline hypertensive patients, plasma DBH activity was directly correlated with diastolic arterial pressure and with values of cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume and CPBV/TBV ratio. No such correlations could be observed in the permanent hypertensive group. 5. These results suggest that plasma DBH activities in borderline hypertension mainly depend on the sympathetic activity responsible for the haemodynamic variations. Contrariwise, plasma DBH activities in permanent essential hypertensive patients appear to reflect other factors.", "contents": "The meaning of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in essential hypertension. 1. Resting plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and haemodynamic parameters were studied in untreated borderline (twenty-nine) and permanent (twenty-seven) essential hypertensive patients. DBH was also measured in sixty-three apparently healthy subjects. 2. Mean DBH values were not significantly different between the groups. 3. Cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume and the cardiopulmonary blood volume/total blood volume ratio (CPBV/TBV) were significantly higher in borderline than in permanent hypertensive patients. 4. In borderline hypertensive patients, plasma DBH activity was directly correlated with diastolic arterial pressure and with values of cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume and CPBV/TBV ratio. No such correlations could be observed in the permanent hypertensive group. 5. These results suggest that plasma DBH activities in borderline hypertension mainly depend on the sympathetic activity responsible for the haemodynamic variations. Contrariwise, plasma DBH activities in permanent essential hypertensive patients appear to reflect other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1204289", "title": "Measurement of muscle protein synthetic rate from serial muscle biopsies and total body protein turnover in man by continuous intravenous infusion of L-(alpha-15N)lysine.", "content": "1. Five healthy male subjects were studied by continuous infusion of L-[alpha-15N]lysine over 20-30 h with timed blood and urine samples, and two or three percutaneous needle biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle. 2. A standard creatine-free diet, quantitatively related to body surface area, was given for 5 days before the infusion. The [15N]lysine was administered at a constant rate in  an amino acid solution with a nitrogen content of 0-96 mol/l, which constituted the sole source of exogenous nitrogen during the infusion. 3. A plateau level of plasma free [15N]lysine enrichment was achieved after infusion for 14 h. The total plasma lysine flux calculated from the plateau was 7-3 mmol/h (range 4-8-9-6). Total body protein turnover calculated from the lysine flux was 3-5 g day-1 kg body wt.-1 (range 2-5-5-0). 4. Muscle sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar fractions were separated, purified and the 15N enrichment was measured. The sarcoplasmic protein fractional synthetic rate was calculated as 3-8%/day (range 2-2-5-1). The myofibrillar protein synthetic rate was 1-46%/day (range 1-09-2-44). 5. Muscle mass, calculated from 24 h creatinine excretion, was 33-7 kg (range 28-8-37-4), which represented 50-0% of body weight (range 38-9-58-1). Total muscle protein synthesis was calculated to account for 53-2% (range 39-5-62-1) of total body protein syntehsis. 6. The advantages and limitations of using continuous infusion of [15N]lysine in human subjects are discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of muscle protein synthetic rate from serial muscle biopsies and total body protein turnover in man by continuous intravenous infusion of L-(alpha-15N)lysine. 1. Five healthy male subjects were studied by continuous infusion of L-[alpha-15N]lysine over 20-30 h with timed blood and urine samples, and two or three percutaneous needle biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle. 2. A standard creatine-free diet, quantitatively related to body surface area, was given for 5 days before the infusion. The [15N]lysine was administered at a constant rate in  an amino acid solution with a nitrogen content of 0-96 mol/l, which constituted the sole source of exogenous nitrogen during the infusion. 3. A plateau level of plasma free [15N]lysine enrichment was achieved after infusion for 14 h. The total plasma lysine flux calculated from the plateau was 7-3 mmol/h (range 4-8-9-6). Total body protein turnover calculated from the lysine flux was 3-5 g day-1 kg body wt.-1 (range 2-5-5-0). 4. Muscle sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar fractions were separated, purified and the 15N enrichment was measured. The sarcoplasmic protein fractional synthetic rate was calculated as 3-8%/day (range 2-2-5-1). The myofibrillar protein synthetic rate was 1-46%/day (range 1-09-2-44). 5. Muscle mass, calculated from 24 h creatinine excretion, was 33-7 kg (range 28-8-37-4), which represented 50-0% of body weight (range 38-9-58-1). Total muscle protein synthesis was calculated to account for 53-2% (range 39-5-62-1) of total body protein syntehsis. 6. The advantages and limitations of using continuous infusion of [15N]lysine in human subjects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204290", "title": "Relation between hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity and the ascorbic acid in leucocytes of patients with liver disease.", "content": "1. Hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity and leucocyte ascorbic acid content was measured in thirty-five patients with liver disease and in ten control subjects with duodenal ulcer. The patients with liver disease were divided into three groups consisting of non-drinkers, moderate drinkers and alcoholic/heavy drinkers. 2. There was no significant difference in hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity between the groups with liver disease, but all patients had less than half the hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the control subjects (P less than 0-001). 3. The ascorbic acid in leucocytes was significantly lower in the alcoholic/heavy drinker group than that in the control subjects (P less than 0-02) when the Student's t-test was applied, but no significant difference was found when the Mann-Whitney U-test was used. 4. A correlation coefficient of r = 0-77 (P less than 0-001) was observed among the thirty-five patients with liver disease when hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity was compared with leucocyte ascorbic acid content. An insignificant correlation (r = 0-332) was found in the control subjects with no liver disease. 5. This comparison was also significant among non-drinkers with liver disease (r = 0-873; P less than 0-001), moderate drinkers (r = 0-739; P less than 0-02) and alcoholic/heavy drinkers (r = 0-702; P less than 0-005). 6. The addition of ascorbic acid in vitro (0-5-10 mmol/1) had no effect on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. 7. The relation between hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity and leucocyte ascorbic acid content is probably a consequence of liver disease, as opposed to any specific effect of ascorbic acid deficiency of alcohol consumption on alcohol dehydrogenase activity.", "contents": "Relation between hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity and the ascorbic acid in leucocytes of patients with liver disease. 1. Hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity and leucocyte ascorbic acid content was measured in thirty-five patients with liver disease and in ten control subjects with duodenal ulcer. The patients with liver disease were divided into three groups consisting of non-drinkers, moderate drinkers and alcoholic/heavy drinkers. 2. There was no significant difference in hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity between the groups with liver disease, but all patients had less than half the hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the control subjects (P less than 0-001). 3. The ascorbic acid in leucocytes was significantly lower in the alcoholic/heavy drinker group than that in the control subjects (P less than 0-02) when the Student's t-test was applied, but no significant difference was found when the Mann-Whitney U-test was used. 4. A correlation coefficient of r = 0-77 (P less than 0-001) was observed among the thirty-five patients with liver disease when hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity was compared with leucocyte ascorbic acid content. An insignificant correlation (r = 0-332) was found in the control subjects with no liver disease. 5. This comparison was also significant among non-drinkers with liver disease (r = 0-873; P less than 0-001), moderate drinkers (r = 0-739; P less than 0-02) and alcoholic/heavy drinkers (r = 0-702; P less than 0-005). 6. The addition of ascorbic acid in vitro (0-5-10 mmol/1) had no effect on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. 7. The relation between hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity and leucocyte ascorbic acid content is probably a consequence of liver disease, as opposed to any specific effect of ascorbic acid deficiency of alcohol consumption on alcohol dehydrogenase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1204291", "title": "The stimulation of renin secretion by non-vasocontrictor infusions of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the isolated rat kidney.", "content": "1. The effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on renin secretion in the isolated perfuseed rat kidney was examined. The doses of catecholamines used were such that renal vasoconstriction and therefore increases in renal perfusion pressure were avoided. Under these conditions adrenaline and noradrenaline significantly increased renin secretion rates, compared with control experiments in which no catecholamine was infused. 2. Mean renal perfusion pressure during both adrenaline and noradrenaline infusion paralleled the control study by showing a progressive fall. 3. Administration of phenoxybenzamine did not impair the stimulation of renin secretion by adrenaline whereas this was prevented by racemic propranolol. 4. These observations suggest that catecholamines stimulate renin secretion by an intrarenal effect which is largely independent of changes in renal perfusion pressure. It is postulated that the beta-adrenoceptors mediating renin secretion are an integral component of the renin-producing cell.", "contents": "The stimulation of renin secretion by non-vasocontrictor infusions of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the isolated rat kidney. 1. The effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on renin secretion in the isolated perfuseed rat kidney was examined. The doses of catecholamines used were such that renal vasoconstriction and therefore increases in renal perfusion pressure were avoided. Under these conditions adrenaline and noradrenaline significantly increased renin secretion rates, compared with control experiments in which no catecholamine was infused. 2. Mean renal perfusion pressure during both adrenaline and noradrenaline infusion paralleled the control study by showing a progressive fall. 3. Administration of phenoxybenzamine did not impair the stimulation of renin secretion by adrenaline whereas this was prevented by racemic propranolol. 4. These observations suggest that catecholamines stimulate renin secretion by an intrarenal effect which is largely independent of changes in renal perfusion pressure. It is postulated that the beta-adrenoceptors mediating renin secretion are an integral component of the renin-producing cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1204292", "title": "Plasma uric acid concentration related to the urinary excretion of aldosterone and of electrolytes in normal subjects.", "content": "1. The relations between the concentration of plasma uric acid and urinary excretion of aldosterone, sodium and potassium, were studied in ten healthy males on a diet containing 160 mmol of sodium and 90 mmol of potassium per day. 2. Plasma uric acid correlated positively with aldosterone excretion and this correlation was statistically independent of sodium and potassium excretion. 3. Plasma uric acid correlated positively with potassium excretion and negatively with the urinary sodium/potassium ratio. There was no significant simple correlation with sodium excretion but the partial correlation of plasma uric acid and sodium excretion was negative and significant when excretion of aldosterone and potassium were held constant.", "contents": "Plasma uric acid concentration related to the urinary excretion of aldosterone and of electrolytes in normal subjects. 1. The relations between the concentration of plasma uric acid and urinary excretion of aldosterone, sodium and potassium, were studied in ten healthy males on a diet containing 160 mmol of sodium and 90 mmol of potassium per day. 2. Plasma uric acid correlated positively with aldosterone excretion and this correlation was statistically independent of sodium and potassium excretion. 3. Plasma uric acid correlated positively with potassium excretion and negatively with the urinary sodium/potassium ratio. There was no significant simple correlation with sodium excretion but the partial correlation of plasma uric acid and sodium excretion was negative and significant when excretion of aldosterone and potassium were held constant."}
{"id": "PMID:1204293", "title": "The relationship between dietary fat composition and plasma cholesterol esterification in man.", "content": "1. Cholesterol esterification has been studied in the plasma of subjects on diets rich in saturated or polyunsaturated fat. 2. The diet rich in polyunsaturated fat was associated with lower rates of plasma cholesterol esterification in vitro. The data suggest that there was a reduction of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity as well as decreased ability of the lipoprotein substrates of the enzyme to support esterification. 3. On this diet, there was no change in the proportion of the plasma cholesterol esterified but the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were reduced.", "contents": "The relationship between dietary fat composition and plasma cholesterol esterification in man. 1. Cholesterol esterification has been studied in the plasma of subjects on diets rich in saturated or polyunsaturated fat. 2. The diet rich in polyunsaturated fat was associated with lower rates of plasma cholesterol esterification in vitro. The data suggest that there was a reduction of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity as well as decreased ability of the lipoprotein substrates of the enzyme to support esterification. 3. On this diet, there was no change in the proportion of the plasma cholesterol esterified but the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1204294", "title": "Plasma squalene as an index of cholesterol synthesis.", "content": "1. Seven subjects were studied before and after the rate of cholesterol synthesis was altered with drugs or dietary cholesterol. 2. The rate at which plasma free cholesterol was formed from squalene during constant infusions of radioactive mevalonate increased with colestipol treatment, decreased with clofibrate treatment and decreased when cholesterol was added to the diet. The plasma squalene concentration showed corresponding changes, confirming that its measurement may qualitatively define changes in cholesterol synthesis. 3. The mean plasma squalene concentration in seven hypertriglyceridaemic, slightly overweight subjects was significantly higher than in six hypercholesterolaemic subjects, which is consistent with other evidence for increased cholesterol synthesis in hypertriglyceridaemia.", "contents": "Plasma squalene as an index of cholesterol synthesis. 1. Seven subjects were studied before and after the rate of cholesterol synthesis was altered with drugs or dietary cholesterol. 2. The rate at which plasma free cholesterol was formed from squalene during constant infusions of radioactive mevalonate increased with colestipol treatment, decreased with clofibrate treatment and decreased when cholesterol was added to the diet. The plasma squalene concentration showed corresponding changes, confirming that its measurement may qualitatively define changes in cholesterol synthesis. 3. The mean plasma squalene concentration in seven hypertriglyceridaemic, slightly overweight subjects was significantly higher than in six hypercholesterolaemic subjects, which is consistent with other evidence for increased cholesterol synthesis in hypertriglyceridaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1204295", "title": "Plasma prostaglandin E during neurogenic hypertension in tetraplegic man.", "content": "1. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured before, during and after cutaneous and visceral stimulation in subjects tetraplegic due to severe cervical spinal cord damage. Stimulation resulted in marked hypertension as a result of reflex sympathetic overactivity. 2. Mixed venous blood from a catheter situated in the right atrium was obtained before and after stimulation and plasma prostaglandin E and prostaglandin F were measured. A consistent and significant rise in plasma prostaglandin E, but not plasma prostaglandin F, accompanied the hypertension. 3. It is suggested that prostaglan ding E is released during this sympathetic nervous activity and may be related to neurogenic hypertension.", "contents": "Plasma prostaglandin E during neurogenic hypertension in tetraplegic man. 1. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured before, during and after cutaneous and visceral stimulation in subjects tetraplegic due to severe cervical spinal cord damage. Stimulation resulted in marked hypertension as a result of reflex sympathetic overactivity. 2. Mixed venous blood from a catheter situated in the right atrium was obtained before and after stimulation and plasma prostaglandin E and prostaglandin F were measured. A consistent and significant rise in plasma prostaglandin E, but not plasma prostaglandin F, accompanied the hypertension. 3. It is suggested that prostaglan ding E is released during this sympathetic nervous activity and may be related to neurogenic hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1204320", "title": "Linking planning with evaluation in community mental health.", "content": "A suggested example of a systematic approach for linking planning with evaluation is presented. The proposed systematic processes would help deal with the ambiguities of the mental health field and provide a more objective way of planning and evaluating programs. Program evaluation can then be related to the predetermined effectiveness criteria of the planning processes. The planning and evaluation processes are described as a part of a 13-stage cycle of 18 months.", "contents": "Linking planning with evaluation in community mental health. A suggested example of a systematic approach for linking planning with evaluation is presented. The proposed systematic processes would help deal with the ambiguities of the mental health field and provide a more objective way of planning and evaluating programs. Program evaluation can then be related to the predetermined effectiveness criteria of the planning processes. The planning and evaluation processes are described as a part of a 13-stage cycle of 18 months."}
{"id": "PMID:1204321", "title": "A nonobtrusive interview technique for drug abuse program follow-up.", "content": "A follow-up study of 65 former clients in a drug abuse program employed paraprofessional street workers, indigenous to the area, as data gatherers. The interview was designed to appear to be a casual conversation. Interviewers were trained in the use of a mnemonic device which allowed them to guide the conversation over 46 items of factual information. The information was recorded later on a form. An alpha coefficient reliability estimate of additional subjective ratings on the 65 former clients was .923. An analysys of correlational associations between measures provides an interesting insight into the paraprofessional interviewers' perceptions of posttreatment functioning.", "contents": "A nonobtrusive interview technique for drug abuse program follow-up. A follow-up study of 65 former clients in a drug abuse program employed paraprofessional street workers, indigenous to the area, as data gatherers. The interview was designed to appear to be a casual conversation. Interviewers were trained in the use of a mnemonic device which allowed them to guide the conversation over 46 items of factual information. The information was recorded later on a form. An alpha coefficient reliability estimate of additional subjective ratings on the 65 former clients was .923. An analysys of correlational associations between measures provides an interesting insight into the paraprofessional interviewers' perceptions of posttreatment functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:1204322", "title": "Teamwork and social worker advocacy: conflicts and possibilities.", "content": "Consumer participation in mental health services has made professional activities, including teamwork, visible to increased examination of points of conflict that often focus on aspects of professional ehtics. Social workers are ethically bound to serve as client advocates, which implies an adversary process not provided for in assumptions about teamwork. Social work generally is based on a consensus model and occurs in the absence of legitimate standards to assess competence. These factors are likely to be a negative influence on social workers' contributions to teamwork. An interprofessional procedure focused on client rights is suggested to increase explicit attention to conflict in teamwork.", "contents": "Teamwork and social worker advocacy: conflicts and possibilities. Consumer participation in mental health services has made professional activities, including teamwork, visible to increased examination of points of conflict that often focus on aspects of professional ehtics. Social workers are ethically bound to serve as client advocates, which implies an adversary process not provided for in assumptions about teamwork. Social work generally is based on a consensus model and occurs in the absence of legitimate standards to assess competence. These factors are likely to be a negative influence on social workers' contributions to teamwork. An interprofessional procedure focused on client rights is suggested to increase explicit attention to conflict in teamwork."}
{"id": "PMID:1204323", "title": "Special role and role expectation of black administrators of neighborhood mental health programs.", "content": "This paper attempts to portray the role conflict and ambiguity of black administrators in community mental health programs. The paper is not about mental health programs themselves but rather focuses on the problems of blacks in leadership positions in such programs. The implication of this paper is that blacks cannot escape being black despite their professional position or training. They are regarded by their superiors, colleagues, staff, and the community as performing what Hughes called a \"racial function.\" This function presents an interesting dilemma. On the one hand, the black administrators are recruited and employed out of the needs expressed by the black community. On the other hand, their white superiors determine whether they remain in those positions. To offend either group risks the loss of their position. The black community and white employer sometimes make conflicting demands on these black administrators. The result is that blacks find themselves unable to please either. Blacks have reacted by withdrawal from the black community or resignation from the organization. This paper attempts to explain these conflicts. Although the problems of black administrators are called special cases it does not mean that other ethnic groups have not experienced any or all of these problems. It is called a special case because the black community is undergoing a special and unique kind of socioeconomical transition. Black administrators in other types of public organizations will recognize some of the conflicts described in this paper.", "contents": "Special role and role expectation of black administrators of neighborhood mental health programs. This paper attempts to portray the role conflict and ambiguity of black administrators in community mental health programs. The paper is not about mental health programs themselves but rather focuses on the problems of blacks in leadership positions in such programs. The implication of this paper is that blacks cannot escape being black despite their professional position or training. They are regarded by their superiors, colleagues, staff, and the community as performing what Hughes called a \"racial function.\" This function presents an interesting dilemma. On the one hand, the black administrators are recruited and employed out of the needs expressed by the black community. On the other hand, their white superiors determine whether they remain in those positions. To offend either group risks the loss of their position. The black community and white employer sometimes make conflicting demands on these black administrators. The result is that blacks find themselves unable to please either. Blacks have reacted by withdrawal from the black community or resignation from the organization. This paper attempts to explain these conflicts. Although the problems of black administrators are called special cases it does not mean that other ethnic groups have not experienced any or all of these problems. It is called a special case because the black community is undergoing a special and unique kind of socioeconomical transition. Black administrators in other types of public organizations will recognize some of the conflicts described in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1204324", "title": "Prior occupational experience and choice of alcoholism rehabilitation counselors.", "content": "Although the use of recovering alcoholics as counselors in professional settings is increasing, there is little information on the factors important in selecting counselors. This study looks at previous occupational socialization as one such factor. On the basis of a study of alcoholism rehabilitation counselors and their supervisors in Indiana it has been concluded that such socialization is an important factor. It is recommended that prospective employers be wary of applicants without some experience in \"bureaucratic\" types of work experience, that is, who have not had experience in work settings or with work requirements somewhat analogous to those in the professional setting.", "contents": "Prior occupational experience and choice of alcoholism rehabilitation counselors. Although the use of recovering alcoholics as counselors in professional settings is increasing, there is little information on the factors important in selecting counselors. This study looks at previous occupational socialization as one such factor. On the basis of a study of alcoholism rehabilitation counselors and their supervisors in Indiana it has been concluded that such socialization is an important factor. It is recommended that prospective employers be wary of applicants without some experience in \"bureaucratic\" types of work experience, that is, who have not had experience in work settings or with work requirements somewhat analogous to those in the professional setting."}
{"id": "PMID:1204325", "title": "Citizens' boards for Philadelphia community mental health centers.", "content": "Community participation is a frequently discussed and controversial aspect of the community mental health center program. To many professionals and lay people, the community mental health center concept includes a basic commitment to a participatory process of the community in the planning and implementation of the community mental health center program. However, this commitment is not readily evident in the federal and Pennsylvania regulations. This paper presents an approach taken by the Philadelphia Office of Mental Health and Mental Retardation to insure that its 13 centers and base service units have a meaningful partnership with their catchment area communities. Specifically the paper presents the community participation regulations developed by the Philadelphia office, as well as the conditions that led to the development of these regulations. A conclusion of the paper is that additional regulations are needed to insure that community participation becomes an integral part of the community mental health center program.", "contents": "Citizens' boards for Philadelphia community mental health centers. Community participation is a frequently discussed and controversial aspect of the community mental health center program. To many professionals and lay people, the community mental health center concept includes a basic commitment to a participatory process of the community in the planning and implementation of the community mental health center program. However, this commitment is not readily evident in the federal and Pennsylvania regulations. This paper presents an approach taken by the Philadelphia Office of Mental Health and Mental Retardation to insure that its 13 centers and base service units have a meaningful partnership with their catchment area communities. Specifically the paper presents the community participation regulations developed by the Philadelphia office, as well as the conditions that led to the development of these regulations. A conclusion of the paper is that additional regulations are needed to insure that community participation becomes an integral part of the community mental health center program."}
{"id": "PMID:1204326", "title": "Following the Blackfoot Indians: toward democratic administration of a community mental health center.", "content": "Community mental health centers have been held back by authoritarian administrative structures, inherited from the traditional medical model, from fulfilling their original promise of innovative approaches to mental health and responsiveness to the community. This is a 10-year case history of one mental health center's struggle \"to put its own house in order\" to further staff morale, productivity, more egalitarian attitudes toward clients, and a sense of partnership with each other and the community. The paper shows the development of democratic structures and processes, how line staff and administrators confronted their taboo on power, the traditional hierarchy among disciplines, staff participation in administration, and their vulnerability within the wider bureaucratic system.", "contents": "Following the Blackfoot Indians: toward democratic administration of a community mental health center. Community mental health centers have been held back by authoritarian administrative structures, inherited from the traditional medical model, from fulfilling their original promise of innovative approaches to mental health and responsiveness to the community. This is a 10-year case history of one mental health center's struggle \"to put its own house in order\" to further staff morale, productivity, more egalitarian attitudes toward clients, and a sense of partnership with each other and the community. The paper shows the development of democratic structures and processes, how line staff and administrators confronted their taboo on power, the traditional hierarchy among disciplines, staff participation in administration, and their vulnerability within the wider bureaucratic system."}
{"id": "PMID:1204327", "title": "Learning style preferences of community mental health professionals.", "content": "Programs of continuing education in mental health are increasing at a rapid pace. This study examines-selected personal and occupational characteristics of enrollees in one such program and classifies the nature of enrollee motivation for participating in specialized programs of community mental health training. The learning-style preferences of these highly experienced professionals are also explored and recommendations are made concering the design of similar educational programs under development elsewhere.", "contents": "Learning style preferences of community mental health professionals. Programs of continuing education in mental health are increasing at a rapid pace. This study examines-selected personal and occupational characteristics of enrollees in one such program and classifies the nature of enrollee motivation for participating in specialized programs of community mental health training. The learning-style preferences of these highly experienced professionals are also explored and recommendations are made concering the design of similar educational programs under development elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:1204356", "title": "Results of hospital rehabilitation of 1000 patients with myocardial infarction.", "content": "Hospital rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction was conducted according to the model worked out by the Institute of Cardiology in Warsaw and modified at the Department of Cardiology of the Medical Academy in Lublin. According to their clinical condition, the patients were divided into 3 groups. Group A comprised patients with extensive myocardial infarction and complications; duration of hospital stay was 28 days. Group B included patients with extensive infarction without complications; hospital stay was 21 days. Group C included patients with limited myocardial necrosis and a mild course of the disease, and duration of stay of 14 days. Out of 1000 patients with myocardial infarction 134 (13.4%) died within the first 4 days after admission, i.e. before the beginning of rehabilitation treatment; 56 (5.6%) died during rehabilitation. The group of patients undergoing rehabilitation treatment comprised 866 patients (86.6%), including 382 (44.1%) in group A, 404 (46.6%) In group B, and 80 (9.3%) in group C. The mean duration of hospital stay of all patients with myocardial infarction was 24.3 days; in 80 cases (9.9%) it was 14 days, in 397 cases (49.0%) 21 days, and in 236 cases (29.1%) 28 days. In 97 cases (12.0%) hospitalization was longer than 28 days. Work was resumed by 30% of white and blue collar workers and 89.5% or farmers within the productive age groups.", "contents": "Results of hospital rehabilitation of 1000 patients with myocardial infarction. Hospital rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction was conducted according to the model worked out by the Institute of Cardiology in Warsaw and modified at the Department of Cardiology of the Medical Academy in Lublin. According to their clinical condition, the patients were divided into 3 groups. Group A comprised patients with extensive myocardial infarction and complications; duration of hospital stay was 28 days. Group B included patients with extensive infarction without complications; hospital stay was 21 days. Group C included patients with limited myocardial necrosis and a mild course of the disease, and duration of stay of 14 days. Out of 1000 patients with myocardial infarction 134 (13.4%) died within the first 4 days after admission, i.e. before the beginning of rehabilitation treatment; 56 (5.6%) died during rehabilitation. The group of patients undergoing rehabilitation treatment comprised 866 patients (86.6%), including 382 (44.1%) in group A, 404 (46.6%) In group B, and 80 (9.3%) in group C. The mean duration of hospital stay of all patients with myocardial infarction was 24.3 days; in 80 cases (9.9%) it was 14 days, in 397 cases (49.0%) 21 days, and in 236 cases (29.1%) 28 days. In 97 cases (12.0%) hospitalization was longer than 28 days. Work was resumed by 30% of white and blue collar workers and 89.5% or farmers within the productive age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1204357", "title": "Changes in the plasma kinin system in patients with myocardial infarction.", "content": "The levels of kininogen, prekallikrein and kininase activity in the plasma of 54 patients with myocardial infarction were studied. It was demonstrated that in acute myocardial infarction (during the first two days after its onset) the level of kininogen and that of prekallikrein decreased simultaneously. After two weeks of the disease both these parameters returned to the values obtained in healthy controls. No correlation was observed between the degree of fall of kininogen and prekallikrein levels on the one hand, and the extent of myocardial infarction, on the other. Complications of myocardial infarction in the form of shock and pulmonary oedema affected only the level of kininogen which decreased, while they were without effect on prekallikrein. Kininase activity was reduced in all cases of myocardial infarction and did not change for two weeks. It seems likely that the biological activity of kinins in myocardial infarction may rise owing to their inadaequate breakdown by kininase.", "contents": "Changes in the plasma kinin system in patients with myocardial infarction. The levels of kininogen, prekallikrein and kininase activity in the plasma of 54 patients with myocardial infarction were studied. It was demonstrated that in acute myocardial infarction (during the first two days after its onset) the level of kininogen and that of prekallikrein decreased simultaneously. After two weeks of the disease both these parameters returned to the values obtained in healthy controls. No correlation was observed between the degree of fall of kininogen and prekallikrein levels on the one hand, and the extent of myocardial infarction, on the other. Complications of myocardial infarction in the form of shock and pulmonary oedema affected only the level of kininogen which decreased, while they were without effect on prekallikrein. Kininase activity was reduced in all cases of myocardial infarction and did not change for two weeks. It seems likely that the biological activity of kinins in myocardial infarction may rise owing to their inadaequate breakdown by kininase."}
{"id": "PMID:1204358", "title": "Characteristic features of the differential sphygmogram in peripheral vascular dilation.", "content": "Characteristic features of differential sphygmogram were investigated in persons in whom the radial circulation had been interrupted in order to produce a partial distension of muscular-type arteries and minute peripheral vessels. Eighteen subjects aged 20-35 years were examined. The differential and volume sphygmograms were recorded in the radial artery. After a five-minute stoppage of the circulation, the following characteristic features of the differential sphygmogram were observed: 1) the differential curve assumed the shape of a triangle with a broad base; 2) the amplitudes of all wave components decreased, the B wave disappeared, the V2 wave was minimal, and the t2 time considerably extended. The ratios V2/V1 and V2/(V1 +V2) were considerably diminished. These ratios may serve as fundamental criteria for the appraisal of vascular elastic properties in an intact organism.", "contents": "Characteristic features of the differential sphygmogram in peripheral vascular dilation. Characteristic features of differential sphygmogram were investigated in persons in whom the radial circulation had been interrupted in order to produce a partial distension of muscular-type arteries and minute peripheral vessels. Eighteen subjects aged 20-35 years were examined. The differential and volume sphygmograms were recorded in the radial artery. After a five-minute stoppage of the circulation, the following characteristic features of the differential sphygmogram were observed: 1) the differential curve assumed the shape of a triangle with a broad base; 2) the amplitudes of all wave components decreased, the B wave disappeared, the V2 wave was minimal, and the t2 time considerably extended. The ratios V2/V1 and V2/(V1 +V2) were considerably diminished. These ratios may serve as fundamental criteria for the appraisal of vascular elastic properties in an intact organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1204359", "title": "Changes in microcirculation and oxygen pressure in the liver and kidneys in experimental traumatic shock.", "content": "Changes in microcirculation and oxygen pressure in the liver and kidneys were studied in experiments on 42 rats in the course of experimental traumatic shock elicited by Cannon's methoicroscope with a microphoto adapter MFN-12. Oxygen pressure was recorded with the aid of active open hemispheric platinum electrodes with diameters of 150-200 mum. With advencing shock, considerable disturbances of microcirculation and PO2 occurred in hepatic and renal tissues. By the end of the torpid phase of the shock, the PO2 in the liver sank to 1/2.4, and in the kidneys, to less than 1/4 of the respective initial values. The changes in microcirculation were of an ischaemic, vasospastic type in the kidneys, and of a mosaic pattern in the liver: ischaemic segments alternated with areas fully supplied with blood. A severe and rapid course of shock was accompanied by more marked disturbances of PO2 and circulation in hepatic and renal terminal vessels.", "contents": "Changes in microcirculation and oxygen pressure in the liver and kidneys in experimental traumatic shock. Changes in microcirculation and oxygen pressure in the liver and kidneys were studied in experiments on 42 rats in the course of experimental traumatic shock elicited by Cannon's methoicroscope with a microphoto adapter MFN-12. Oxygen pressure was recorded with the aid of active open hemispheric platinum electrodes with diameters of 150-200 mum. With advencing shock, considerable disturbances of microcirculation and PO2 occurred in hepatic and renal tissues. By the end of the torpid phase of the shock, the PO2 in the liver sank to 1/2.4, and in the kidneys, to less than 1/4 of the respective initial values. The changes in microcirculation were of an ischaemic, vasospastic type in the kidneys, and of a mosaic pattern in the liver: ischaemic segments alternated with areas fully supplied with blood. A severe and rapid course of shock was accompanied by more marked disturbances of PO2 and circulation in hepatic and renal terminal vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1204360", "title": "Perceptual and linguistic factors in the language impairment of developmental dysphasics: an experimental investigation with the token test.", "content": "Twelve developmental dysphasics and twelve control children were tested on De Renzi and Vignolo's Token Test. The performance of the dysphasics, though significantly poorer than that of the controls on Parts 2-5 of the test, seemed to follow a similar pattern. Both groups were errorless on the initial parts of the test. As the demand on auditory retention increased on subsequent parts of the test, the performance of both groups progressively deteriorated. However, the addition of grammatical complexity on Part 5, rather than causing even further deterioration in performance, actually served to improve the performance of both groups, though not significantly. Although the pattern of errors made by the two groups was similar, the quantity of errors made by the dysphasics, as compared to the normal control children, demonstrated the magnitude of the dysphasic children's receptive language impairment. Analysis of errors indicated that dysphasic children have greater difficulty with auditory retention and verbal memory than they do with the grammatical or structural complexity of language. It is suggested that the observed gross language impairment of developmentally dysphasic children does not result, at least primarily, from a specific inability to analyze the linguistic components of language. Rather, the language impairment of these children appears to reflect their primary inability to analyze the rapid stream of acoustic information which characterizes speech and is essential to normal speech perception and language development.", "contents": "Perceptual and linguistic factors in the language impairment of developmental dysphasics: an experimental investigation with the token test. Twelve developmental dysphasics and twelve control children were tested on De Renzi and Vignolo's Token Test. The performance of the dysphasics, though significantly poorer than that of the controls on Parts 2-5 of the test, seemed to follow a similar pattern. Both groups were errorless on the initial parts of the test. As the demand on auditory retention increased on subsequent parts of the test, the performance of both groups progressively deteriorated. However, the addition of grammatical complexity on Part 5, rather than causing even further deterioration in performance, actually served to improve the performance of both groups, though not significantly. Although the pattern of errors made by the two groups was similar, the quantity of errors made by the dysphasics, as compared to the normal control children, demonstrated the magnitude of the dysphasic children's receptive language impairment. Analysis of errors indicated that dysphasic children have greater difficulty with auditory retention and verbal memory than they do with the grammatical or structural complexity of language. It is suggested that the observed gross language impairment of developmentally dysphasic children does not result, at least primarily, from a specific inability to analyze the linguistic components of language. Rather, the language impairment of these children appears to reflect their primary inability to analyze the rapid stream of acoustic information which characterizes speech and is essential to normal speech perception and language development."}
{"id": "PMID:1204361", "title": "Effects of dichotically presented simulatneous synchronous and delayed auditory feedback on key tapping performance.", "content": "A selective replication of Tsunoda's (1966) application of the DAF key tapping paradigm to the study of functional auditory asymmetry was conducted. Present findings do not offer confirmation of Tsunoda's assertion that most subjects will exhibit performance disruption at a lower intensity level when a vowel is delayed at the right ear and when a pure tone is delayed at the left ear. In the present study, it was found that no difference existed between the pure tone and the vowel delayed to the left ear conditions in terms of performance deterioration. The significant difference in performance disruption between the vowel delayed to the right ear condition and the pure tone delayed to the right ear condition was interpreted to be suggestive of functional auditory asymmetry.", "contents": "Effects of dichotically presented simulatneous synchronous and delayed auditory feedback on key tapping performance. A selective replication of Tsunoda's (1966) application of the DAF key tapping paradigm to the study of functional auditory asymmetry was conducted. Present findings do not offer confirmation of Tsunoda's assertion that most subjects will exhibit performance disruption at a lower intensity level when a vowel is delayed at the right ear and when a pure tone is delayed at the left ear. In the present study, it was found that no difference existed between the pure tone and the vowel delayed to the left ear conditions in terms of performance deterioration. The significant difference in performance disruption between the vowel delayed to the right ear condition and the pure tone delayed to the right ear condition was interpreted to be suggestive of functional auditory asymmetry."}
{"id": "PMID:1204362", "title": "Recognition thresholds in the central and lateral visual fields following temporal lobectomy.", "content": "This study examined recognition thresholds for patients wtih unilateral left or right temporal lobectomy and for normal subjects. Material was projected tachistoscopically and successively to the center, left, and right visual fields. Stimuli were random designs and three-letter words oriented vertically. The recognition thresholds of the left temporal and normal groups were comparable, for both sets of stimuli. In contrast, the right temoral group was impaired in the recognition of words and random designs in the central and lateral fields. Results were seen to reflect the processing of units of visual information, whether in the form of letters or random designs, which at this elementary level relates to the right temporal lobe functioning.", "contents": "Recognition thresholds in the central and lateral visual fields following temporal lobectomy. This study examined recognition thresholds for patients wtih unilateral left or right temporal lobectomy and for normal subjects. Material was projected tachistoscopically and successively to the center, left, and right visual fields. Stimuli were random designs and three-letter words oriented vertically. The recognition thresholds of the left temporal and normal groups were comparable, for both sets of stimuli. In contrast, the right temoral group was impaired in the recognition of words and random designs in the central and lateral fields. Results were seen to reflect the processing of units of visual information, whether in the form of letters or random designs, which at this elementary level relates to the right temporal lobe functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:1204363", "title": "Patterns of hand preference in a student population.", "content": "The handedness of 1599 college students was assessed using a modification of Annett's (1967) inventory. The addition of a strength of preference scale makes the \"mixed\" classification a better indicator of ambidexterity than in the original inventory by eliminating from it subjects who show preference for the same hand for nearly all tasks. Contrary to previous reports, sex was not significantly related to handedness. It was found that a family history of left-handedness was significantly related to the handedness of the subject. The present form of the Annett inventory provides an easily scorable inventory for determining handedness of large groups as well as for use in individual testing situations. A further advantage of the present inventory is the ease with which data may be transferred by key-punch operators prior to special analysis or sorting procedures.", "contents": "Patterns of hand preference in a student population. The handedness of 1599 college students was assessed using a modification of Annett's (1967) inventory. The addition of a strength of preference scale makes the \"mixed\" classification a better indicator of ambidexterity than in the original inventory by eliminating from it subjects who show preference for the same hand for nearly all tasks. Contrary to previous reports, sex was not significantly related to handedness. It was found that a family history of left-handedness was significantly related to the handedness of the subject. The present form of the Annett inventory provides an easily scorable inventory for determining handedness of large groups as well as for use in individual testing situations. A further advantage of the present inventory is the ease with which data may be transferred by key-punch operators prior to special analysis or sorting procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1204364", "title": "Aphasia with infarction in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery.", "content": "Two right-handed patients with clinical evidence of major infarction in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery developed a profound but transient aphasia characterized by (1) a striking dissociation between intact repetition and grossly disturbed spontaneous conversational speech, (2) an absence of phonemic paraphasia, (3) a lack of speech inhibition and (4) relative preservation of conformation naming and comprehension. Despite the initially profound motor aphasia, servicable spontaneous conversational speech returned in two to three months. However, more subtle changes in the form of lack of speech initiative and difficulties in narrating stories and describing complex pictures, remained many months after the onset. In these patients the major features of the disturbance could not be explained only on the basis of an interruption of the downgoing pathway from the dominant motor speech area, and in fact, may have been due to damage to the superior and mesial pre-motor area (particularly the supplementary motor region), an area that has been shown to play a role in processes which govern the initiation, continuation and inhibition of speech.", "contents": "Aphasia with infarction in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery. Two right-handed patients with clinical evidence of major infarction in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery developed a profound but transient aphasia characterized by (1) a striking dissociation between intact repetition and grossly disturbed spontaneous conversational speech, (2) an absence of phonemic paraphasia, (3) a lack of speech inhibition and (4) relative preservation of conformation naming and comprehension. Despite the initially profound motor aphasia, servicable spontaneous conversational speech returned in two to three months. However, more subtle changes in the form of lack of speech initiative and difficulties in narrating stories and describing complex pictures, remained many months after the onset. In these patients the major features of the disturbance could not be explained only on the basis of an interruption of the downgoing pathway from the dominant motor speech area, and in fact, may have been due to damage to the superior and mesial pre-motor area (particularly the supplementary motor region), an area that has been shown to play a role in processes which govern the initiation, continuation and inhibition of speech."}
{"id": "PMID:1204365", "title": "Incidence of laterality effects in mandibular and manual performance of dichoptic visual pursuit tracking.", "content": "In dichotic pursuit auditory tracking tasks (PAT) subjects match a continuously varying pure tone presented to one ear with a second tone presented to the other ear and controlled by unidimensional movements of part of their motor system. In previous studies in which tonal frequency was varied, performance was significantly better when the tone controlled by a speech articulator (tongue, jaw) was presented to the right ear, rather than the left, but not if the tone was hand controlled. This study examined a visual analog of the PAT in which subjects matched the vertical position of a continually moving horizontal line (target) presented on one side of their point of fixation, with a second line (cursor) presented on the other side of their fixation point. Two predictions were confirmed for 12 right handed subjects: that there would be no significant laterality effect for articulatory (jaw) tracking because previous auditory tracking findings were speech related; and, that there would be a significant laterality effect (cursor right field-left hemisphere) for right hand tracking because of the development of a specialized sensorimotor integration mechanism for eye-right hand coordination in the left hemisphere. Alternative explanations for the right hand tracking results, and for the nonsignificant trend towards a laterality effect (cursor left field-right hemisphere) for left hand tracking, were discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of laterality effects in mandibular and manual performance of dichoptic visual pursuit tracking. In dichotic pursuit auditory tracking tasks (PAT) subjects match a continuously varying pure tone presented to one ear with a second tone presented to the other ear and controlled by unidimensional movements of part of their motor system. In previous studies in which tonal frequency was varied, performance was significantly better when the tone controlled by a speech articulator (tongue, jaw) was presented to the right ear, rather than the left, but not if the tone was hand controlled. This study examined a visual analog of the PAT in which subjects matched the vertical position of a continually moving horizontal line (target) presented on one side of their point of fixation, with a second line (cursor) presented on the other side of their fixation point. Two predictions were confirmed for 12 right handed subjects: that there would be no significant laterality effect for articulatory (jaw) tracking because previous auditory tracking findings were speech related; and, that there would be a significant laterality effect (cursor right field-left hemisphere) for right hand tracking because of the development of a specialized sensorimotor integration mechanism for eye-right hand coordination in the left hemisphere. Alternative explanations for the right hand tracking results, and for the nonsignificant trend towards a laterality effect (cursor left field-right hemisphere) for left hand tracking, were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204366", "title": "A tapping test in apraxia.", "content": "An enigma in understanding the mechanism of motor apraxia is why patients with disease restricted to the left hemisphere cannot imitate motions with the left hand despite intact visual motor apparatus. Liepmann suggested that motor memories are stored in the left hemisphere and that in apraxia these engrams are either destroyed or separated from the right hemisphere. If Liepmann's hypothesis is correct, then, in addition to poor performance on commands and imitation, there should be poor performance in a motor task. To ascertain if there is a motor defect of the non-paretic hand of apraxic patients, twenty apraxic patients were given a rapid finger tapping test and their performance was compared with the left hand performance of aphasic right hemiparetic non-apraxic controls. The aptaxic group performed this task significantly slower than the control group, thereby giving support to Liepmann's hypothesis of apraxia.", "contents": "A tapping test in apraxia. An enigma in understanding the mechanism of motor apraxia is why patients with disease restricted to the left hemisphere cannot imitate motions with the left hand despite intact visual motor apparatus. Liepmann suggested that motor memories are stored in the left hemisphere and that in apraxia these engrams are either destroyed or separated from the right hemisphere. If Liepmann's hypothesis is correct, then, in addition to poor performance on commands and imitation, there should be poor performance in a motor task. To ascertain if there is a motor defect of the non-paretic hand of apraxic patients, twenty apraxic patients were given a rapid finger tapping test and their performance was compared with the left hand performance of aphasic right hemiparetic non-apraxic controls. The aptaxic group performed this task significantly slower than the control group, thereby giving support to Liepmann's hypothesis of apraxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1204367", "title": "Grammatical impairment in developmental aphasia.", "content": "The language production of a 23 year old patient with developmental aphasia caused by birth injury was analyzed in detail within the framework of Chomsky's generative grammar. It was shown that different stages of grammatical development occur simultaneously, without the predominance of those grammatical forms which are identical with or close to adult grammar. Thus the language of this patient with developmental aphasia is quite comparable to the language of children from 3 to 6, and shares many features with grammatical impairment well known from agrammatism and paragrammatism in adult aphasia. It was suggested that in developmental aphasia incomplete linguistic generalizations are related to an incomplete maturation of inhibitory functions during language acquisition, whereas in adult aphasia comparable forms of less advanced grammars are set free by dissolution of function.", "contents": "Grammatical impairment in developmental aphasia. The language production of a 23 year old patient with developmental aphasia caused by birth injury was analyzed in detail within the framework of Chomsky's generative grammar. It was shown that different stages of grammatical development occur simultaneously, without the predominance of those grammatical forms which are identical with or close to adult grammar. Thus the language of this patient with developmental aphasia is quite comparable to the language of children from 3 to 6, and shares many features with grammatical impairment well known from agrammatism and paragrammatism in adult aphasia. It was suggested that in developmental aphasia incomplete linguistic generalizations are related to an incomplete maturation of inhibitory functions during language acquisition, whereas in adult aphasia comparable forms of less advanced grammars are set free by dissolution of function."}
{"id": "PMID:1204368", "title": "The lateralized effects of concurrent cognitive activity on a unimanual skill.", "content": "Laterality studies have long been plagued by: (1) poor psychological methodology; (2) lack of specification of treatment parameters' and (3) exclusive use of left-hemisphere dependent measures. It was suspected that a recent study by Kinsbourne and Cook (1971) suffered from these faults. The present experimental findings confirm these original suspicions. Both spatial and verbal cognitive tasks were employed and comparisons made with performance during two control conditions. One was a mixed spatial-verbal activity, the other control required S to merely look at a blank card. While left-hand performance was enhanced under the verbal concurrent activities, when compared with performance under control (spatial-verbal) conditions, no other significant enhancement of performance occurred with any other concurrent activity condition. With the \"No Activity Specified\" control some support for the Kinsbourne study was found. However, the major finding, or implication, of this study was in demonstrating that the methodological problems outlined above cannot be ignored if worthwhile laterality studies are to be performed.", "contents": "The lateralized effects of concurrent cognitive activity on a unimanual skill. Laterality studies have long been plagued by: (1) poor psychological methodology; (2) lack of specification of treatment parameters' and (3) exclusive use of left-hemisphere dependent measures. It was suspected that a recent study by Kinsbourne and Cook (1971) suffered from these faults. The present experimental findings confirm these original suspicions. Both spatial and verbal cognitive tasks were employed and comparisons made with performance during two control conditions. One was a mixed spatial-verbal activity, the other control required S to merely look at a blank card. While left-hand performance was enhanced under the verbal concurrent activities, when compared with performance under control (spatial-verbal) conditions, no other significant enhancement of performance occurred with any other concurrent activity condition. With the \"No Activity Specified\" control some support for the Kinsbourne study was found. However, the major finding, or implication, of this study was in demonstrating that the methodological problems outlined above cannot be ignored if worthwhile laterality studies are to be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204376", "title": "Advantages of the prone position for neurosurgical procedures on the upper cervical spine and posterior cranial fossa in children.", "content": "The authors have reviewed the charts of 107 patients undergoing 119 surgical procedures in the prone position for posterior fossa or upper cervical lesions. The intraoperative complications encountered include cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory complications, cardiac arrest, hypothermia, air embolus and technical difficulties. In all but three children the problems were minor and easily remedied. The use of controlled ventilation appears to reduce blood loss, permits excellent relaxation of the exposed tissues and had some anesthetic advantages.", "contents": "Advantages of the prone position for neurosurgical procedures on the upper cervical spine and posterior cranial fossa in children. The authors have reviewed the charts of 107 patients undergoing 119 surgical procedures in the prone position for posterior fossa or upper cervical lesions. The intraoperative complications encountered include cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory complications, cardiac arrest, hypothermia, air embolus and technical difficulties. In all but three children the problems were minor and easily remedied. The use of controlled ventilation appears to reduce blood loss, permits excellent relaxation of the exposed tissues and had some anesthetic advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:1204377", "title": "Extradural hematomas in children. 104 cases.", "content": "The authors have studied the clinical features of 104 extradural hematomas in children. The frequency of this complication seems rather high and its severity undeniable. 17 cases were observed in newborns and 2 cases were localized in the posterior fossa. From a clinical point of view, 57% of the children had no disturbances in consciousness at the time of the injury, and 7% had no disturbances at anytime. A lucid interval was found in 68% of the cases, and this was less than 24 h in 60% of the cases. In 19% of the cases there was no skull fracture. Angiography allowed correct diagnosis and a better choice of the surgical technique. The hematoma was distinctly localized in 59 children, whereas it was widespread in 45, meaning that, excepting the coronal suture, the cranial sutures do not limit the spreading of an extradural hematoma. For treatment the authors prefer a bone flap with four or five holes (90 operations). The results are rather unsatisfactory. 18 patients died and in 21 (7.2%) the motor sequelae were the most important complications.", "contents": "Extradural hematomas in children. 104 cases. The authors have studied the clinical features of 104 extradural hematomas in children. The frequency of this complication seems rather high and its severity undeniable. 17 cases were observed in newborns and 2 cases were localized in the posterior fossa. From a clinical point of view, 57% of the children had no disturbances in consciousness at the time of the injury, and 7% had no disturbances at anytime. A lucid interval was found in 68% of the cases, and this was less than 24 h in 60% of the cases. In 19% of the cases there was no skull fracture. Angiography allowed correct diagnosis and a better choice of the surgical technique. The hematoma was distinctly localized in 59 children, whereas it was widespread in 45, meaning that, excepting the coronal suture, the cranial sutures do not limit the spreading of an extradural hematoma. For treatment the authors prefer a bone flap with four or five holes (90 operations). The results are rather unsatisfactory. 18 patients died and in 21 (7.2%) the motor sequelae were the most important complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1204378", "title": "Schizencephaly: a clinical study and review.", "content": "Schizencephaly is a rare malformation in which symmetrical portions of the cerebral mantle fail to develop. It should be differentiated by angiography and pneumography from the porencephalies that follow destructive lesions and from the prognostically more favorable subdural hematomas and effusions. If the diagnosis of this anomaly can be firmly established short of surgical exploration, operation or further treatment of any kind is not, in the authors opinion, warranted.", "contents": "Schizencephaly: a clinical study and review. Schizencephaly is a rare malformation in which symmetrical portions of the cerebral mantle fail to develop. It should be differentiated by angiography and pneumography from the porencephalies that follow destructive lesions and from the prognostically more favorable subdural hematomas and effusions. If the diagnosis of this anomaly can be firmly established short of surgical exploration, operation or further treatment of any kind is not, in the authors opinion, warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:1204379", "title": "Technique of fontanelle and persutural ventriculoscopy and endoscopic ventricular surgery in infants.", "content": "The author describes a new type of neurosurgical operating telescope which makes possible the foundation of endoneurosurgery. Illumination through a fibre-optic bundle and image transmission through a series of coated air lenses in glass are based on Hopkins optical systems. The telescope is 2.6 mm in external diameter. The operating sheath introduced around the telescope by means of split obturators which dilate the telescope track, enlarges the external diameter of the instrument to 4.5 mm. Up to four special instruments (electrode, aspirating cannula, accessory light, perfusing cannula, scissors) or a grasping forceps can be introduced through the instrument sheath. The instrument can be introduced, using a sharp trocar, through the fontanelle or lambdoid suture in infants and through a burr hole in children. It has been used for third ventriculoscopy and choroid plexus coagulation. The latter has been carried out successfully through the anterior fontanelle and the lambdoid suture, bilaterally in 2-4 stages. Complications  - one meningitis - have been the exception.", "contents": "Technique of fontanelle and persutural ventriculoscopy and endoscopic ventricular surgery in infants. The author describes a new type of neurosurgical operating telescope which makes possible the foundation of endoneurosurgery. Illumination through a fibre-optic bundle and image transmission through a series of coated air lenses in glass are based on Hopkins optical systems. The telescope is 2.6 mm in external diameter. The operating sheath introduced around the telescope by means of split obturators which dilate the telescope track, enlarges the external diameter of the instrument to 4.5 mm. Up to four special instruments (electrode, aspirating cannula, accessory light, perfusing cannula, scissors) or a grasping forceps can be introduced through the instrument sheath. The instrument can be introduced, using a sharp trocar, through the fontanelle or lambdoid suture in infants and through a burr hole in children. It has been used for third ventriculoscopy and choroid plexus coagulation. The latter has been carried out successfully through the anterior fontanelle and the lambdoid suture, bilaterally in 2-4 stages. Complications  - one meningitis - have been the exception."}
{"id": "PMID:1204380", "title": "Expansion of central arachnoid pouches.", "content": "Three case of central arachnoid pouches or cysts which are freely in communication with the subarachnoid space and cause hydrocephalus are reported. One case died; the second recovered following transtentorial opening of a huge cystic cavity located between the tentorium and the cerebellum, which opened into the cisterna magna. The patient was well although mentally retarded 6 years later. The third case was treated with a ventriculoatrial shunt and has fully recovered.  In these cases, the shape and situation of the pouches are consistent with a processes of upward movement of CSF. In the CSF waves, originating from constant variations of venous pressure, there is an obvious aetiological factor. Even if the hydrocephalus were primary and the pouch secondary, the pouch might contribute to the progression of the former by occasional compression of the aqueduct. This can be another example of the way hydrocephalus leads to its own exacerbation.", "contents": "Expansion of central arachnoid pouches. Three case of central arachnoid pouches or cysts which are freely in communication with the subarachnoid space and cause hydrocephalus are reported. One case died; the second recovered following transtentorial opening of a huge cystic cavity located between the tentorium and the cerebellum, which opened into the cisterna magna. The patient was well although mentally retarded 6 years later. The third case was treated with a ventriculoatrial shunt and has fully recovered.  In these cases, the shape and situation of the pouches are consistent with a processes of upward movement of CSF. In the CSF waves, originating from constant variations of venous pressure, there is an obvious aetiological factor. Even if the hydrocephalus were primary and the pouch secondary, the pouch might contribute to the progression of the former by occasional compression of the aqueduct. This can be another example of the way hydrocephalus leads to its own exacerbation."}
{"id": "PMID:1204381", "title": "Intracranial abscess: treatment by continuous catheter drainage.", "content": "15 children with brain abscesses were subjected to continuous catheter drainage as the procedure of choice for a solitary encapsulated abscess. Although many still advocate craniotomy and total excision, this series, coupled with the experience of others in the literature, leaves little doubt that catheter drainage alone is sufficient. The simplicity of creating a burr hole under local anesthesia, the ability to irrigate with antibiotics and then outline the cavity with contrast agents are but a few of the advantages of this method.", "contents": "Intracranial abscess: treatment by continuous catheter drainage. 15 children with brain abscesses were subjected to continuous catheter drainage as the procedure of choice for a solitary encapsulated abscess. Although many still advocate craniotomy and total excision, this series, coupled with the experience of others in the literature, leaves little doubt that catheter drainage alone is sufficient. The simplicity of creating a burr hole under local anesthesia, the ability to irrigate with antibiotics and then outline the cavity with contrast agents are but a few of the advantages of this method."}
{"id": "PMID:1204393", "title": "[Treatment of peptic esophageal stenosis in childhood].", "content": "Among a total of 82 children treated conservatively and surgically for hiatal hernia and gastro-esophageal malposition (Lortat-Jacob) 14 cases (17%) of peptic stenosis of the esophagus was observed. In an evaluation of the etiology of peptic esophageal stenosis the importance of anatomical growth and morphological changes of the cardia during infancy is stressed. Analysis of patient data revealed an unusually short period of stenotic manifestation after the first symptoms of reflux had been noted. Fundoplication with or without bouginage on an endless string seems to constitute the most beneficial form of therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of peptic esophageal stenosis in childhood]. Among a total of 82 children treated conservatively and surgically for hiatal hernia and gastro-esophageal malposition (Lortat-Jacob) 14 cases (17%) of peptic stenosis of the esophagus was observed. In an evaluation of the etiology of peptic esophageal stenosis the importance of anatomical growth and morphological changes of the cardia during infancy is stressed. Analysis of patient data revealed an unusually short period of stenotic manifestation after the first symptoms of reflux had been noted. Fundoplication with or without bouginage on an endless string seems to constitute the most beneficial form of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1204394", "title": "[Critical notes on the transport of patients with cervical spinal cord injuries].", "content": "Patients with a cervical spine injury who cannot be taken to a special centre immediately after the accident should be transferred to such a centre only when one is sure that no additional transportation trauma will be produced. The fracture cervical spine must be adequately stabilized during transportation. The partial oxygen pressure must not be lower than 60 mm Hg and one should wait at least 1 week post removal of tracheostomy tube. An acute stress ulcer (melaena) also has to be excluded.", "contents": "[Critical notes on the transport of patients with cervical spinal cord injuries]. Patients with a cervical spine injury who cannot be taken to a special centre immediately after the accident should be transferred to such a centre only when one is sure that no additional transportation trauma will be produced. The fracture cervical spine must be adequately stabilized during transportation. The partial oxygen pressure must not be lower than 60 mm Hg and one should wait at least 1 week post removal of tracheostomy tube. An acute stress ulcer (melaena) also has to be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:1204399", "title": "[Contribution to the surgical and cytostatical treatment of multiple abdominal and hepatic echinococcosis].", "content": "This is a report on 5 patients with multiple liver and abdominal echinococcosis. Besides surgical treatment the cytostatic Cyclophosphamide (=Endoxan) has been used in all cases. With this combined treatment there has been no recurrence. At this time the cytostatic-surgical combination treatment represents the therapy of choice in multiple echinococcosis. It remains to be seen whether a specific drug therapy will displace these methods in the near future.", "contents": "[Contribution to the surgical and cytostatical treatment of multiple abdominal and hepatic echinococcosis]. This is a report on 5 patients with multiple liver and abdominal echinococcosis. Besides surgical treatment the cytostatic Cyclophosphamide (=Endoxan) has been used in all cases. With this combined treatment there has been no recurrence. At this time the cytostatic-surgical combination treatment represents the therapy of choice in multiple echinococcosis. It remains to be seen whether a specific drug therapy will displace these methods in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:1204400", "title": "[Comparative strength analysis of selected osteosynthesis materials for pertrochanteric femoral fractures].", "content": "Four commercially available hip-fixation devices for stable fixation of pertrochanteric fractures were selected for a biomechanical evaluation, in order to determine, which construction would best support the load of weight-bearing in postoperative period. Intramedullar nailing by Lezius, K\u00fcntscher or Ender showed less bending moments than trifin nail-plates or extramedullar plate attachments with plate angles of 130 degrees or 95 degrees, so that bending tension of Lezius-nails were reduced compared to other implants in a proportion of 1.1,6:1,8:2,7. Whenever possible intramedullar nailing should be preferred. For extramedullar fixation of pathologic or unstable pertrochanteric fractures a double-T-plate was constructed, which shows a 3-fold load resistance of a Lezius-nail, 5-fold load-bearing of a 130 degree plate or a trifin nail combination and a 8-fold higher stress tolerance than a 95 degree-plate.", "contents": "[Comparative strength analysis of selected osteosynthesis materials for pertrochanteric femoral fractures]. Four commercially available hip-fixation devices for stable fixation of pertrochanteric fractures were selected for a biomechanical evaluation, in order to determine, which construction would best support the load of weight-bearing in postoperative period. Intramedullar nailing by Lezius, K\u00fcntscher or Ender showed less bending moments than trifin nail-plates or extramedullar plate attachments with plate angles of 130 degrees or 95 degrees, so that bending tension of Lezius-nails were reduced compared to other implants in a proportion of 1.1,6:1,8:2,7. Whenever possible intramedullar nailing should be preferred. For extramedullar fixation of pathologic or unstable pertrochanteric fractures a double-T-plate was constructed, which shows a 3-fold load resistance of a Lezius-nail, 5-fold load-bearing of a 130 degree plate or a trifin nail combination and a 8-fold higher stress tolerance than a 95 degree-plate."}
{"id": "PMID:1204401", "title": "[Results of the fixation of pertrochanteric fractures by condyle nails using Ender's and Simon-Weidner methods].", "content": "2 year-results are reported after intramedullary fixation of pertrochenteric fractures with the so-called \"feather nails\" of Ender and Simon-Weidner. The procedure is discussed with special references to possible complications. This method performed with the necessary experience represents a real progress in the treatment of pertrochenteric fractures.", "contents": "[Results of the fixation of pertrochanteric fractures by condyle nails using Ender's and Simon-Weidner methods]. 2 year-results are reported after intramedullary fixation of pertrochenteric fractures with the so-called \"feather nails\" of Ender and Simon-Weidner. The procedure is discussed with special references to possible complications. This method performed with the necessary experience represents a real progress in the treatment of pertrochenteric fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:1204421", "title": "Partially sighted Swedish schoolchildren.", "content": "812 visually handicapped children aged 7-21 years and educated by black print are investigated with regard to the degree and cause of visual impairment. The rate of visually handicapped children amounted to around 0.7 o/oo, boys being more frequently afflicted than girls. The causes were most often prenatal; 30% of genetic origin, 15% caused by pre- or perinatal damage and 40% of prenatal origin which could not be specified. Some of the more common clinical entities are discussed. The importance of preventing an additional functional amblyopia in the visually handicapped child is stressed.", "contents": "Partially sighted Swedish schoolchildren. 812 visually handicapped children aged 7-21 years and educated by black print are investigated with regard to the degree and cause of visual impairment. The rate of visually handicapped children amounted to around 0.7 o/oo, boys being more frequently afflicted than girls. The causes were most often prenatal; 30% of genetic origin, 15% caused by pre- or perinatal damage and 40% of prenatal origin which could not be specified. Some of the more common clinical entities are discussed. The importance of preventing an additional functional amblyopia in the visually handicapped child is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204500", "title": "[Tolerance and immunogenicity of an attenuated live influenza virus vaccine in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The attenuated influenza-A-virus strain \"Alice\" (H3N2) - A Recombination from A2/England/72 and A/PR8 Mount Sinai/34 - was given intransally in drops (10(7,2) ID50 per dose), twice seven days apart. In a similar fashion, 25 healthy persons received placebos. Local antibodies were determined before and three weeks after the first vaccination from nasal irrigation fluid. The fluid was concentrated and adjusted to an IgA amount of 50 mg/l. Blood samples were obtained at similar intervals. Systemic antibody formation was comparable to that obtained with inactivated virus vaccine. There was good antibody formation against retrospective and prospective virus strains of the actual drift period. The conversion rate of antineuraminidase antibodies was comparable to that obtained with inactivated virus vaccine. The locally induced antibodies behaved predominantly in a strain-specific manner. However, there were also reactions with the virus strains Port Chalmers and Hong Kong. Live vaccine should in future be used in \"drift\" times, while inactivated virus vaccine should be used in shift periods (occurrence of new virus strains).", "contents": "[Tolerance and immunogenicity of an attenuated live influenza virus vaccine in man (author's transl)]. The attenuated influenza-A-virus strain \"Alice\" (H3N2) - A Recombination from A2/England/72 and A/PR8 Mount Sinai/34 - was given intransally in drops (10(7,2) ID50 per dose), twice seven days apart. In a similar fashion, 25 healthy persons received placebos. Local antibodies were determined before and three weeks after the first vaccination from nasal irrigation fluid. The fluid was concentrated and adjusted to an IgA amount of 50 mg/l. Blood samples were obtained at similar intervals. Systemic antibody formation was comparable to that obtained with inactivated virus vaccine. There was good antibody formation against retrospective and prospective virus strains of the actual drift period. The conversion rate of antineuraminidase antibodies was comparable to that obtained with inactivated virus vaccine. The locally induced antibodies behaved predominantly in a strain-specific manner. However, there were also reactions with the virus strains Port Chalmers and Hong Kong. Live vaccine should in future be used in \"drift\" times, while inactivated virus vaccine should be used in shift periods (occurrence of new virus strains)."}
{"id": "PMID:1204501", "title": "[Nomogram for the relation between plasma renin activity and fasting urinary sodium creatinine ratio (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on repeat measurements in 11 male and 12 female normal subjects, aged 20 to 35 years, on normal, low and high sodium intake a nomogram for the relation between fasting urinary sodium creatinine ratio and plasma renin activity (PRA) is presented. The use of fasting urinary sodium creatinine ratio as index of sodium intake and hydration of the subject results in a better prediction of PRA as compared with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Although fasting urinary sodium creatinine ratio in normal subjects on a normal sodium intake varies between 0.2 and 1.6, a uniform increase of basal PRA is found only at a ratio of below 0.3. A ratio greater than 0.5 excludes any stimulation of PRA by low sodium intake and (or) dehydration of the subject. The shape of the nomogram should make it applicable independent of the method used for PRA assay, as soon as the variation of PRA in normal subjects with a urinary sodium creatinine ratio above 0.5 is established.", "contents": "[Nomogram for the relation between plasma renin activity and fasting urinary sodium creatinine ratio (author's transl)]. Based on repeat measurements in 11 male and 12 female normal subjects, aged 20 to 35 years, on normal, low and high sodium intake a nomogram for the relation between fasting urinary sodium creatinine ratio and plasma renin activity (PRA) is presented. The use of fasting urinary sodium creatinine ratio as index of sodium intake and hydration of the subject results in a better prediction of PRA as compared with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Although fasting urinary sodium creatinine ratio in normal subjects on a normal sodium intake varies between 0.2 and 1.6, a uniform increase of basal PRA is found only at a ratio of below 0.3. A ratio greater than 0.5 excludes any stimulation of PRA by low sodium intake and (or) dehydration of the subject. The shape of the nomogram should make it applicable independent of the method used for PRA assay, as soon as the variation of PRA in normal subjects with a urinary sodium creatinine ratio above 0.5 is established."}
{"id": "PMID:1204507", "title": "Low-dose clonidine: a review of its therapeutic efficacy in migraine prophylaxis.", "content": "The demonstration that long-term administration of relatively low doses of clonidine decreased the responsiveness of blood vessels to vasodilator and vasoconstrictor drugs in animals led to its investigation in the prevention of migraine in man. Results of placebo-controlled and open therapeutic trials have shown that clonidine in low dosages (75 to 150 mug daily) is useful in preventing migraine headaches in about 30%-50% of patients. A 50% or greater reduction in headache frequency or headache indices has been reported in 40% of patients in controlled and open studies. Thus clonidine, like other drugs used in the interval therapy of migraine, can be expected to be effective in only a proportion of patients. Although clonidine has not been compared directly with other drugs used in the prophylactic treatment of migraine, the general clinical impression is that it is less effective then pizotifen or methysergide. Because it is relatively well tolerated at dosages of 75 to 150 mug daily it is worthy of a trial, particularly in patients considered to need prophylactic  migraine therapy for the first time, and when migraine occurs in association with hypertension. At the dosages used in migraine prophylaxis, which are almost invariably lower than used in hypertension, clonidine does not cause hypotension and can be used in patients with cardiovascular disease. The principal side-effects are drowsiness and dry mouth which tend to diminish as treatment continues.", "contents": "Low-dose clonidine: a review of its therapeutic efficacy in migraine prophylaxis. The demonstration that long-term administration of relatively low doses of clonidine decreased the responsiveness of blood vessels to vasodilator and vasoconstrictor drugs in animals led to its investigation in the prevention of migraine in man. Results of placebo-controlled and open therapeutic trials have shown that clonidine in low dosages (75 to 150 mug daily) is useful in preventing migraine headaches in about 30%-50% of patients. A 50% or greater reduction in headache frequency or headache indices has been reported in 40% of patients in controlled and open studies. Thus clonidine, like other drugs used in the interval therapy of migraine, can be expected to be effective in only a proportion of patients. Although clonidine has not been compared directly with other drugs used in the prophylactic treatment of migraine, the general clinical impression is that it is less effective then pizotifen or methysergide. Because it is relatively well tolerated at dosages of 75 to 150 mug daily it is worthy of a trial, particularly in patients considered to need prophylactic  migraine therapy for the first time, and when migraine occurs in association with hypertension. At the dosages used in migraine prophylaxis, which are almost invariably lower than used in hypertension, clonidine does not cause hypotension and can be used in patients with cardiovascular disease. The principal side-effects are drowsiness and dry mouth which tend to diminish as treatment continues."}
{"id": "PMID:1204570", "title": "Sodium chloride suppression of renin release in the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that increased sodium chloride in drinking water failed to suppress serum renin activity (SRA) in the etheranesthetized rat. In the absence of anesthesia, sodium chloride decreased SRA by 76% and serum aldosterone by 72%. Deoxycorticosterone acetate, when given alone, produced similar results but was more effective in reducing SRA (96%) when combined with sodium chloride. However, if \"light\" ether anesthesia was administered prior to blood collection, there was a 10-fold increase in SRA and the effects of sodium chloride were blocked. Thus, in the absence of anesthesia, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of the rat responds, as in other species, to a sodium load.", "contents": "Sodium chloride suppression of renin release in the unanesthetized rat. Previous studies have shown that increased sodium chloride in drinking water failed to suppress serum renin activity (SRA) in the etheranesthetized rat. In the absence of anesthesia, sodium chloride decreased SRA by 76% and serum aldosterone by 72%. Deoxycorticosterone acetate, when given alone, produced similar results but was more effective in reducing SRA (96%) when combined with sodium chloride. However, if \"light\" ether anesthesia was administered prior to blood collection, there was a 10-fold increase in SRA and the effects of sodium chloride were blocked. Thus, in the absence of anesthesia, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of the rat responds, as in other species, to a sodium load."}
{"id": "PMID:1204571", "title": "Site of iodination in the rat thyroid gland deduced from electron microscopic autoradiographs.", "content": "The site of iodination of protein in the thyroid gland (whether intracellular  or intraluminal)  was ascertained by autoradiographic studies using iodide-125I. In tissue fixed within about 40 sec after intravenous injection of radioiodide the silver grains of autoradiographs were concentrated over the follicular lumen generally as a ring of grains close to the apical border of the follicular cells. The zone of grains was sharply limited toward the cells. No concentration of silver grains was detected associated with any intracellular organelle. The autoradiographic ring which had a minimum width of about 2 mum was continuous along the apical plasma membrane of the follicle cells but there was a drastic reduction in grain density along the plasma membrane of the distal portion of pseudopods. Tissue was fixed so soon after radioiodide injection that it appeared likely that a negligible fraction of radioiodoprotein, if formed in the cell, could have been transferred to the lumen. The observations strongly indicate that the iodination of thyroglobulin occurs in the follicle lumen, probably at the apical surface of the follicle cells. Since in the TSH-treated animals the distribution of the labeling along the apical plasma membrane agrees well with the reported histochemical distribution of thyroperoxidase in this membrane, it is further concluded that iodination may well be catalyzed by peroxidase in the apical plasma membrane.", "contents": "Site of iodination in the rat thyroid gland deduced from electron microscopic autoradiographs. The site of iodination of protein in the thyroid gland (whether intracellular  or intraluminal)  was ascertained by autoradiographic studies using iodide-125I. In tissue fixed within about 40 sec after intravenous injection of radioiodide the silver grains of autoradiographs were concentrated over the follicular lumen generally as a ring of grains close to the apical border of the follicular cells. The zone of grains was sharply limited toward the cells. No concentration of silver grains was detected associated with any intracellular organelle. The autoradiographic ring which had a minimum width of about 2 mum was continuous along the apical plasma membrane of the follicle cells but there was a drastic reduction in grain density along the plasma membrane of the distal portion of pseudopods. Tissue was fixed so soon after radioiodide injection that it appeared likely that a negligible fraction of radioiodoprotein, if formed in the cell, could have been transferred to the lumen. The observations strongly indicate that the iodination of thyroglobulin occurs in the follicle lumen, probably at the apical surface of the follicle cells. Since in the TSH-treated animals the distribution of the labeling along the apical plasma membrane agrees well with the reported histochemical distribution of thyroperoxidase in this membrane, it is further concluded that iodination may well be catalyzed by peroxidase in the apical plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1204572", "title": "Surface modifications evoked by estradiol and diethylstilbestrol in isolated endometrial cells: evidence from lectin probes and extracellular release of lysosomal protease.", "content": "Endometrial cells were isolated from the uteri of ovariectomized rats. The inhibitory effect of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside on fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A (Con A) binding to these cells indicates that they possess specific binding sites for Con A. The lectin also mediates adsorption of homologous erythrocytes to these cells. Both Con A binding and Con A-mediated hemadsorption to endometrial cells are depressed at 4 C compared with these functions in cells maintained at 22 C. Gross elevations in lectin-mediated hemadsorption to endometrial cells are evident following prior exposure to 1 X 10(-9)M concentrations of diethylstilbestrol (DES) or estradiol-17beta, but not to the physiologically inactive 17 alpha-epimer, at 22 C. The enhancement of hemagglutinability cannot be attributed to a corresponding increase in lectin binding at 22 C. Although estrogen treatment elicited significant increments in Con A binding as early as 5 min after addition of estrogen to cell suspensions, the increment in agglutination attributable to hormone treatment consistently ranged from 1.5-3 times greater than the increase in lectin binding. These estrogenic effects were reduced by incubation of the endometrial cells at 4 C or when cortisol, 3 X 10(-6)M, was present with estradiol-17beta. In parallel experiments, treatment with DES and estradiol-17beta, but not estradiol-17 alpha, also enhanced the release of cathepsin B 1 and acid phosphatase from uterine segments into the particle-free extracellular media in which the tissues had been incubated for 30-60 min. The marked increment in the extracellular activity of the lysosomal hydrolases induced by estrogen treatment was suppressed in cells incubated at 4 C or when cortisol was present concomitantly. These and related data suggest the hypothesis that acute increments in lysosomal hydrolase activity may contribute to cell surface alterations which have been described in both normal and aberrant processes of cell growth.", "contents": "Surface modifications evoked by estradiol and diethylstilbestrol in isolated endometrial cells: evidence from lectin probes and extracellular release of lysosomal protease. Endometrial cells were isolated from the uteri of ovariectomized rats. The inhibitory effect of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside on fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A (Con A) binding to these cells indicates that they possess specific binding sites for Con A. The lectin also mediates adsorption of homologous erythrocytes to these cells. Both Con A binding and Con A-mediated hemadsorption to endometrial cells are depressed at 4 C compared with these functions in cells maintained at 22 C. Gross elevations in lectin-mediated hemadsorption to endometrial cells are evident following prior exposure to 1 X 10(-9)M concentrations of diethylstilbestrol (DES) or estradiol-17beta, but not to the physiologically inactive 17 alpha-epimer, at 22 C. The enhancement of hemagglutinability cannot be attributed to a corresponding increase in lectin binding at 22 C. Although estrogen treatment elicited significant increments in Con A binding as early as 5 min after addition of estrogen to cell suspensions, the increment in agglutination attributable to hormone treatment consistently ranged from 1.5-3 times greater than the increase in lectin binding. These estrogenic effects were reduced by incubation of the endometrial cells at 4 C or when cortisol, 3 X 10(-6)M, was present with estradiol-17beta. In parallel experiments, treatment with DES and estradiol-17beta, but not estradiol-17 alpha, also enhanced the release of cathepsin B 1 and acid phosphatase from uterine segments into the particle-free extracellular media in which the tissues had been incubated for 30-60 min. The marked increment in the extracellular activity of the lysosomal hydrolases induced by estrogen treatment was suppressed in cells incubated at 4 C or when cortisol was present concomitantly. These and related data suggest the hypothesis that acute increments in lysosomal hydrolase activity may contribute to cell surface alterations which have been described in both normal and aberrant processes of cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1204573", "title": "Studies on luteolysis: effect of antiserum to luteinizing hormone on sterols and steroid levels in pregnant hamsters.", "content": "The effect of luteinizing hormone antiserum (LH A/S) on sterol and steroid levels in luteal and non-luteal ovarian compartments, and on serum steroid levels of pregnant hamsters, was studied. Injection (ip) of 0.1 ml of LH A/S on day 7 caused termination of pregnancy and morphological regression of the corpus luteum (CL) within 18-20 h of treatment, whereas LH-free non-immune serum had no effect. Within 3 h of administration of LH A/S the luteal progesterone levels fell from a control value of 36.0 +/- 2.4 to 15.6 +/- 3.4 ng/mg, and estrogen from a control value of 20.8 +/- 3.4 to 12.2 +/- 1.5 pg/mg. By 12 h progesterone had dropped to 7.3 +/- 0.3 ng/mg whereas estrogen was undetectable by radioimmunoassay. Serum progesterone fell in 3 h from 5.53 +/- 0.39 to 3.15 +/- 0.26 ng/ml whereas estrogen fell from 172 +/- 26 to 123 +/- 9 pg/ml. The progesterone content of non-luteal ovarian tissue dropped in 3 h from 1.06 +/- 0.01 to 0.47 +/- 0.06 ng/mg and estrogen from 115.0 +/- 1.5 to 11.0 +/- 0.65 pg/mg. Both progesterone and estrogen were undetectable at 24 h. In the CL, free cholesterol concentration did not change significantly after A/S treatment, while esterified cholesterol increased from 2.82 +/- 0.14 to 4.14 +/- 0.25 mug/mg within 6 h and 5.52 +/- 0.17 mug/mg by 12 h. The results suggest that LH plays a critical role in the maintenance of CL of early pregnancy in the hamster and that deprivation of LH, even for periods as short as 3 h, significantly influences steroid production. The accumulation of cholesterol esters following LH-deprivation suggests that loss of cholesteryl esterase activity could be one of the events leading to luteolysis.", "contents": "Studies on luteolysis: effect of antiserum to luteinizing hormone on sterols and steroid levels in pregnant hamsters. The effect of luteinizing hormone antiserum (LH A/S) on sterol and steroid levels in luteal and non-luteal ovarian compartments, and on serum steroid levels of pregnant hamsters, was studied. Injection (ip) of 0.1 ml of LH A/S on day 7 caused termination of pregnancy and morphological regression of the corpus luteum (CL) within 18-20 h of treatment, whereas LH-free non-immune serum had no effect. Within 3 h of administration of LH A/S the luteal progesterone levels fell from a control value of 36.0 +/- 2.4 to 15.6 +/- 3.4 ng/mg, and estrogen from a control value of 20.8 +/- 3.4 to 12.2 +/- 1.5 pg/mg. By 12 h progesterone had dropped to 7.3 +/- 0.3 ng/mg whereas estrogen was undetectable by radioimmunoassay. Serum progesterone fell in 3 h from 5.53 +/- 0.39 to 3.15 +/- 0.26 ng/ml whereas estrogen fell from 172 +/- 26 to 123 +/- 9 pg/ml. The progesterone content of non-luteal ovarian tissue dropped in 3 h from 1.06 +/- 0.01 to 0.47 +/- 0.06 ng/mg and estrogen from 115.0 +/- 1.5 to 11.0 +/- 0.65 pg/mg. Both progesterone and estrogen were undetectable at 24 h. In the CL, free cholesterol concentration did not change significantly after A/S treatment, while esterified cholesterol increased from 2.82 +/- 0.14 to 4.14 +/- 0.25 mug/mg within 6 h and 5.52 +/- 0.17 mug/mg by 12 h. The results suggest that LH plays a critical role in the maintenance of CL of early pregnancy in the hamster and that deprivation of LH, even for periods as short as 3 h, significantly influences steroid production. The accumulation of cholesterol esters following LH-deprivation suggests that loss of cholesteryl esterase activity could be one of the events leading to luteolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1204574", "title": "Effects of a non-steroidal antiandrogen on sexual behavior and pituitary-gonadal function in the male rat.", "content": "An investigation was conducted on the effects of the non-steroidal antiandrogen flutamide (F; alpha-alpha-alpha-tri-fluoro-2-methyl-4-nitro-m-propionotoluidide) on two neuroendocrine mechanisms in the male rat, androgen-dependent sexual behavior, and LH regulation. F was administered in the dose of 50 mg/kg/day SC. In intact, sexually experienced adult males, no quantitative or qualitative behavioral effects were noted. In long-term castrates, F completely suppressed the effects of 100 mug testosterone propionate (TP) per day on accessory sexual glands and penes, but only partially inhibited the marked stimulatory effects of this moderate TP dose on mating. Although the incidence of testosterone (T)-activated ejaculatory behavior was markedly diminished, there was no statistically significant effect on occurrence of mount and intromission behavior. The rapid and profound elevations of circulating LH and T in intact males indicate an effective antagonism of the negative feedback effect of endogenous androgen, and suggest the usefulness of F as a provocative test of pituitary-testicular function. Pituitary LH response to exogenous LHRH was markedly enhanced, as previously found in castrated rats. The administration of F did not affect circulating T levels in T-treated or untreated castrates, indicating lack of interference of circulating F in the T assay. It was concluded that, like the steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone, non-steroidal F shows a divergence between its effects on peripheral androgen-dependent and central feedback mechanisms on the one hand, and sexual behavior on the other. It was not determined whether the inhibition of ejaculatory behavior following F treatment is centrally mediated or results from failure of the peripheral, androgen-dependent structural or functional elements.", "contents": "Effects of a non-steroidal antiandrogen on sexual behavior and pituitary-gonadal function in the male rat. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the non-steroidal antiandrogen flutamide (F; alpha-alpha-alpha-tri-fluoro-2-methyl-4-nitro-m-propionotoluidide) on two neuroendocrine mechanisms in the male rat, androgen-dependent sexual behavior, and LH regulation. F was administered in the dose of 50 mg/kg/day SC. In intact, sexually experienced adult males, no quantitative or qualitative behavioral effects were noted. In long-term castrates, F completely suppressed the effects of 100 mug testosterone propionate (TP) per day on accessory sexual glands and penes, but only partially inhibited the marked stimulatory effects of this moderate TP dose on mating. Although the incidence of testosterone (T)-activated ejaculatory behavior was markedly diminished, there was no statistically significant effect on occurrence of mount and intromission behavior. The rapid and profound elevations of circulating LH and T in intact males indicate an effective antagonism of the negative feedback effect of endogenous androgen, and suggest the usefulness of F as a provocative test of pituitary-testicular function. Pituitary LH response to exogenous LHRH was markedly enhanced, as previously found in castrated rats. The administration of F did not affect circulating T levels in T-treated or untreated castrates, indicating lack of interference of circulating F in the T assay. It was concluded that, like the steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone, non-steroidal F shows a divergence between its effects on peripheral androgen-dependent and central feedback mechanisms on the one hand, and sexual behavior on the other. It was not determined whether the inhibition of ejaculatory behavior following F treatment is centrally mediated or results from failure of the peripheral, androgen-dependent structural or functional elements."}
{"id": "PMID:1204575", "title": "Comparison of results from in situ and in vitro perfusions of rabbit uterus with labeled estrone and estradiol.", "content": "The interconversion of labeled estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) in rabbit uterus was studied in vivo and in vitro, in order to evaluate the influence of incubation conditions upon the preferred direction of the reversible conversion of E2 to E1. In a typical experiment, one uterine horn was perfused intraluminally in situ with a mixture of [3H]E2 and [14C]E1, while the other horn was dissected and used for in vitro perfusions with the same tracers, both intraluminally and on tissue slices. The ratios of rate constants corresponding to the oxidative and reductive reactions were found to be similar under the three perfusion conditions, as calculated from the isotopic data. The rate constant of conversion of E1 to E2 was 10-20 times larger than the rate constant of the opposite reaction. Equal E2 nuclear saturation levels were obtained by perfusion of the uterine tissue with excess [3H]E2 in situ and in vitro after slicing.", "contents": "Comparison of results from in situ and in vitro perfusions of rabbit uterus with labeled estrone and estradiol. The interconversion of labeled estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) in rabbit uterus was studied in vivo and in vitro, in order to evaluate the influence of incubation conditions upon the preferred direction of the reversible conversion of E2 to E1. In a typical experiment, one uterine horn was perfused intraluminally in situ with a mixture of [3H]E2 and [14C]E1, while the other horn was dissected and used for in vitro perfusions with the same tracers, both intraluminally and on tissue slices. The ratios of rate constants corresponding to the oxidative and reductive reactions were found to be similar under the three perfusion conditions, as calculated from the isotopic data. The rate constant of conversion of E1 to E2 was 10-20 times larger than the rate constant of the opposite reaction. Equal E2 nuclear saturation levels were obtained by perfusion of the uterine tissue with excess [3H]E2 in situ and in vitro after slicing."}
{"id": "PMID:1204576", "title": "Blockade of testosterone-induced mounting behavior in the male rat with intracranial application of the aromatization inhibitor, androst-1,4,6,-triene-3,17-dione.", "content": "Propylene glycol (glycol) solutions containing either testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2) were infused directly into the preoptic area (POA) of longterm castrated rats in order to reinstate male copulatory behavior. In addition, castrated males were administered T or E2 in the POA in combination with a steroid that has been shown to block the aromatization of testosterone to estradiol, androst-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione (ATD). The facilitatory action of testosterone on mounting behavior was blocked when it was given in combination with ATD. Animals treated in the POA with glycol +T, glycol +E2 or ATD + E2 all showed significant increases in mounting behavior over preimplant levels. There was no significant rise in the number of intromissions or ejaculations in any of the hypothesis that, at least for mounting behavior, aromatization is necessary for the stimulation of male sexual behavior by testosterone.", "contents": "Blockade of testosterone-induced mounting behavior in the male rat with intracranial application of the aromatization inhibitor, androst-1,4,6,-triene-3,17-dione. Propylene glycol (glycol) solutions containing either testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2) were infused directly into the preoptic area (POA) of longterm castrated rats in order to reinstate male copulatory behavior. In addition, castrated males were administered T or E2 in the POA in combination with a steroid that has been shown to block the aromatization of testosterone to estradiol, androst-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione (ATD). The facilitatory action of testosterone on mounting behavior was blocked when it was given in combination with ATD. Animals treated in the POA with glycol +T, glycol +E2 or ATD + E2 all showed significant increases in mounting behavior over preimplant levels. There was no significant rise in the number of intromissions or ejaculations in any of the hypothesis that, at least for mounting behavior, aromatization is necessary for the stimulation of male sexual behavior by testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:1204577", "title": "Bone resorbing activity of vitamin D metabolites and congeners in vitro: influence of hydroxyl substituents in the A ring.", "content": "The vitamin D3 derivatives, 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3; 1alpha-hydroxy-3-deoxyvitamin D3; 5,6-trans-vitamin D3; and 5,6-trans-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were tested for bone resorbing activity in vitro. 1alpha-Hydroxy-3-deoxyvitamin D3 and 5,6-trans-vitamin D3 were inactive at concentrations as high as 10(-6)M. 1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D3 had significant effects on mineral and matrix resorption at concentrations of 2.5 X 10(-8)M and above, and was 2-3 orders of magnitude less potent than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in this system. A concentration of 2.5 X 10(-7)M of 5,6-trans-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was required to stimulate 45Ca release. The results indicate that 1) in the vitamin D3 series of compounds the presence of only one hydroxyl group in the molecule in either the 1alpha or the 3beta position in the A ring results in a compound with very limited or no direct effects on bone, and 2) the direct effects of vitamin D3 congeners on bone resorption do not require the presence of a 25-hydroxy group, but their activity is markedly enhanced by the 25-hydroxy group.", "contents": "Bone resorbing activity of vitamin D metabolites and congeners in vitro: influence of hydroxyl substituents in the A ring. The vitamin D3 derivatives, 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3; 1alpha-hydroxy-3-deoxyvitamin D3; 5,6-trans-vitamin D3; and 5,6-trans-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were tested for bone resorbing activity in vitro. 1alpha-Hydroxy-3-deoxyvitamin D3 and 5,6-trans-vitamin D3 were inactive at concentrations as high as 10(-6)M. 1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D3 had significant effects on mineral and matrix resorption at concentrations of 2.5 X 10(-8)M and above, and was 2-3 orders of magnitude less potent than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in this system. A concentration of 2.5 X 10(-7)M of 5,6-trans-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was required to stimulate 45Ca release. The results indicate that 1) in the vitamin D3 series of compounds the presence of only one hydroxyl group in the molecule in either the 1alpha or the 3beta position in the A ring results in a compound with very limited or no direct effects on bone, and 2) the direct effects of vitamin D3 congeners on bone resorption do not require the presence of a 25-hydroxy group, but their activity is markedly enhanced by the 25-hydroxy group."}
{"id": "PMID:1204578", "title": "Effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Solanum glaucophyllum on intestinal calcium and phosphate transport and on plasma Ca, Mg and P levels in the rat.", "content": "The responses elicited by a single dose of either S. glaucophyllum (SG) or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha, 25-(OH)2D3) in vitamin D-deficient rats were qualitatively identical. Both compounds stimulated duodenal absorption of calcium and phosphate 3 h after administration, and the effects persisted for 96 h. The SG effects on calcium transport were maximal at 6 h and exceeded the greatest response to 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 which occurred at 48 h. While the early SG effects on phosphate absorption exceeded those of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3, the latter compound had a much greater effect at 48 h. Both SG and 1alpha, 25-(OH)2D3 produced marked hyperphosphatemia that was accompanied by hypocalcemia and transient hypermagnesemia at 3-6 h. The phosphatemia increased for 48 h in the 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 group and fell toward baseline between 48 and 96 h, while this parameter was maximal in the SG group at 3-12 h and returned to baseline values by 96 h. Plasma calcium levels tended to vary inversely with phosphorus concentrations and did not exceed baseline values until 48 h for the SG group and 96 h for the 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 group. We suggest that the hypocalcemia is due to calcium phosphate precipitation. The quantitative differences in the effects on calcium and phosphorus metabolism may be dose-related. The responses to SG suggest that a gram of dried leaf has approximately the same activity as 1 mug of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3. It appears that the water-soluble SG factor has the same biological effects on Ca and P metabolism as does 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3.", "contents": "Effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Solanum glaucophyllum on intestinal calcium and phosphate transport and on plasma Ca, Mg and P levels in the rat. The responses elicited by a single dose of either S. glaucophyllum (SG) or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha, 25-(OH)2D3) in vitamin D-deficient rats were qualitatively identical. Both compounds stimulated duodenal absorption of calcium and phosphate 3 h after administration, and the effects persisted for 96 h. The SG effects on calcium transport were maximal at 6 h and exceeded the greatest response to 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 which occurred at 48 h. While the early SG effects on phosphate absorption exceeded those of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3, the latter compound had a much greater effect at 48 h. Both SG and 1alpha, 25-(OH)2D3 produced marked hyperphosphatemia that was accompanied by hypocalcemia and transient hypermagnesemia at 3-6 h. The phosphatemia increased for 48 h in the 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 group and fell toward baseline between 48 and 96 h, while this parameter was maximal in the SG group at 3-12 h and returned to baseline values by 96 h. Plasma calcium levels tended to vary inversely with phosphorus concentrations and did not exceed baseline values until 48 h for the SG group and 96 h for the 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 group. We suggest that the hypocalcemia is due to calcium phosphate precipitation. The quantitative differences in the effects on calcium and phosphorus metabolism may be dose-related. The responses to SG suggest that a gram of dried leaf has approximately the same activity as 1 mug of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3. It appears that the water-soluble SG factor has the same biological effects on Ca and P metabolism as does 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3."}
{"id": "PMID:1204579", "title": "The intratesticular localization of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes in the rat testis.", "content": "Following separation of the seminiferous tubules from the interstitial cells in the rat testis, the amount of cytochrome P-450 and the activities of the cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes, the 17alpha-hydroxylase and the C17-C20 lyase, were measured in the microsomes of the separated fractions. The amount of cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes recovered in the microsomal fraction of the interstitial cells ranged from 71 to 86% of the whole testis. However, in some experiments lower recoveries of the activities of the enzymes were attributed to the breakdown of cytochrome P-450 to cytochrome P-420. In all cases, less than 10% of the testicular cytochrome P-450 and the cytochrome P-450-dependent steroidogenic enzymes were found in the tubular microsomes. Moreover, the specific activities of the 17 alpha-hydroxylase and the C17-C20 lyase were found to be 10 to 30 times higher in the interstitial tissue than in the seminiferous tubules of the rat testis. From these results, we have concluded that cytochrome P-450 and the activities of the cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes in the rat testis are predominantly, if not sole, located in the interstitial cells.", "contents": "The intratesticular localization of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes in the rat testis. Following separation of the seminiferous tubules from the interstitial cells in the rat testis, the amount of cytochrome P-450 and the activities of the cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes, the 17alpha-hydroxylase and the C17-C20 lyase, were measured in the microsomes of the separated fractions. The amount of cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes recovered in the microsomal fraction of the interstitial cells ranged from 71 to 86% of the whole testis. However, in some experiments lower recoveries of the activities of the enzymes were attributed to the breakdown of cytochrome P-450 to cytochrome P-420. In all cases, less than 10% of the testicular cytochrome P-450 and the cytochrome P-450-dependent steroidogenic enzymes were found in the tubular microsomes. Moreover, the specific activities of the 17 alpha-hydroxylase and the C17-C20 lyase were found to be 10 to 30 times higher in the interstitial tissue than in the seminiferous tubules of the rat testis. From these results, we have concluded that cytochrome P-450 and the activities of the cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes in the rat testis are predominantly, if not sole, located in the interstitial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1204580", "title": "Prolactin restores plasma testosterone levels and stimulates testicular growth in hamsters exposed to short day-length.", "content": "In male hamsters, light deprivation was reported to reduce both testis weight and prolactin (PRL) levels. Therefore, we decided to examine the effects of PRL on testicular function in hamsters exposed to short day-length. Adult hamsters were exposed to 5 h of light per day to induce gonadal atrophy, and, starting two months later, were injected daily with 300 mug PRL, 20 mug LH or 150 mug FSH daily for 2 1/2 weeks. In animals treated with PRL the concentration of testosterone in peripheral plasma, as well as the weights of the testes and the accessory reproductive glands, were significantly greater than in the controls. Treatment with LH or FSH had no effect on any of the parameters examined. It is suggested that changes in the rate of PRL release may mediate the effects of light on testicular function in the hamster and possibly, in other species.", "contents": "Prolactin restores plasma testosterone levels and stimulates testicular growth in hamsters exposed to short day-length. In male hamsters, light deprivation was reported to reduce both testis weight and prolactin (PRL) levels. Therefore, we decided to examine the effects of PRL on testicular function in hamsters exposed to short day-length. Adult hamsters were exposed to 5 h of light per day to induce gonadal atrophy, and, starting two months later, were injected daily with 300 mug PRL, 20 mug LH or 150 mug FSH daily for 2 1/2 weeks. In animals treated with PRL the concentration of testosterone in peripheral plasma, as well as the weights of the testes and the accessory reproductive glands, were significantly greater than in the controls. Treatment with LH or FSH had no effect on any of the parameters examined. It is suggested that changes in the rate of PRL release may mediate the effects of light on testicular function in the hamster and possibly, in other species."}
{"id": "PMID:1204581", "title": "Evaluation of gossyplure, compared with hexalure, for monitoring pink bollworm infestations in cotton fields of Israel.", "content": "Gossyplure used to bait field traps at a dose of 50 micrograms admixed with 4-16 milligrams of an antioxidant attracted and captured male pink bollworm moths early in the cotton-growing season (early May) in Israel, whereas 20 milligrams of hexalure plus antioxidant was completely inactive under identical conditions. Although gossyplure without antioxidant was inactivated through decomposition within ten days, the mixtures remained attractive for at least two months; the antioxidant also increased moth catches 2.5 fold. Monitoring data obtained with 3000 gossyplure-baited traps, at one trap per 50 dunams, in cotton fields in the Beth-Shann region proved that capture thresholds of 5 moths/trap/night to the end of July and 8 moths/trap/night afterward were completely satisfactory for maintaining a low 2.8% average boll infestation for which only 5.8 insecticidal treatments were required during the entire growing season; results were even better in other areas of the country.", "contents": "Evaluation of gossyplure, compared with hexalure, for monitoring pink bollworm infestations in cotton fields of Israel. Gossyplure used to bait field traps at a dose of 50 micrograms admixed with 4-16 milligrams of an antioxidant attracted and captured male pink bollworm moths early in the cotton-growing season (early May) in Israel, whereas 20 milligrams of hexalure plus antioxidant was completely inactive under identical conditions. Although gossyplure without antioxidant was inactivated through decomposition within ten days, the mixtures remained attractive for at least two months; the antioxidant also increased moth catches 2.5 fold. Monitoring data obtained with 3000 gossyplure-baited traps, at one trap per 50 dunams, in cotton fields in the Beth-Shann region proved that capture thresholds of 5 moths/trap/night to the end of July and 8 moths/trap/night afterward were completely satisfactory for maintaining a low 2.8% average boll infestation for which only 5.8 insecticidal treatments were required during the entire growing season; results were even better in other areas of the country."}
{"id": "PMID:1204582", "title": "Cadmium, lead and zinc accumulation in soils near a smelter complex.", "content": "Concentrations of nitric acid extractable Cd, Pb and Zn in surface soils, predominated by partially decomposed litter, from 15 sites within 9.7 km of the lead-zinc smelter complex at Trail, British Columbia, Canada, attained 36.1, 12123, and 1394 ppm but averaged 17.8, 2607, and 571 ppm, respectively. Although underlying mineral soils contained smaller concentrations of all three metals, the relative immobility of Pb and mobility of Zn were observed. A close association between Cd and Zn concentrations was reflected by significant correlations but variation of Pb concentration in surface soils was independent from concentrations of the other metals.", "contents": "Cadmium, lead and zinc accumulation in soils near a smelter complex. Concentrations of nitric acid extractable Cd, Pb and Zn in surface soils, predominated by partially decomposed litter, from 15 sites within 9.7 km of the lead-zinc smelter complex at Trail, British Columbia, Canada, attained 36.1, 12123, and 1394 ppm but averaged 17.8, 2607, and 571 ppm, respectively. Although underlying mineral soils contained smaller concentrations of all three metals, the relative immobility of Pb and mobility of Zn were observed. A close association between Cd and Zn concentrations was reflected by significant correlations but variation of Pb concentration in surface soils was independent from concentrations of the other metals."}
{"id": "PMID:1204583", "title": "Solvent extraction of cadmium from alkaline cyanide solutions with quaternary amines.", "content": "Quaternary amines are unique in their ability to extract metal cyanides from highly alkaline solutions. Cadmium cyanide extracts essentially quantitatively at both the subnanogram and macro levels. Regeneration of the amine solvent is achieved by stripping the cadmium with sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, or alkaline or acidic formaldehyde solutions. Because they readily extract free cyanide as well as anionic metab cyano complexes, the high-molecular-weight quaternary amines show considerable promise for industrial pollution abatement applications.", "contents": "Solvent extraction of cadmium from alkaline cyanide solutions with quaternary amines. Quaternary amines are unique in their ability to extract metal cyanides from highly alkaline solutions. Cadmium cyanide extracts essentially quantitatively at both the subnanogram and macro levels. Regeneration of the amine solvent is achieved by stripping the cadmium with sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, or alkaline or acidic formaldehyde solutions. Because they readily extract free cyanide as well as anionic metab cyano complexes, the high-molecular-weight quaternary amines show considerable promise for industrial pollution abatement applications."}
{"id": "PMID:1204584", "title": "Chlorination in dilute aqueous systems; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.", "content": "Chlorination of wastewaters can cause extensive transformations of organic contaminants. In the case of phenol, the reaction path is only partially understood. In an effort to elucidate this reaction, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in dilute aqueous solution was treated with excess hypochlorous acid at pH 3.5-6. The major products were 2,6-dichloroquinone and 2,4,4,6-tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadienone. Additional polychlorinated species are formed in minor amounts by the addition of chlorine and/or hypochlorous acid to the aromatic ring.", "contents": "Chlorination in dilute aqueous systems; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Chlorination of wastewaters can cause extensive transformations of organic contaminants. In the case of phenol, the reaction path is only partially understood. In an effort to elucidate this reaction, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in dilute aqueous solution was treated with excess hypochlorous acid at pH 3.5-6. The major products were 2,6-dichloroquinone and 2,4,4,6-tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadienone. Additional polychlorinated species are formed in minor amounts by the addition of chlorine and/or hypochlorous acid to the aromatic ring."}
{"id": "PMID:1204585", "title": "Charged aerosol particles and air pollution.", "content": "Possible environmental effects and the importance of charged aerosol particles are examined. Some calculations of the evolution of the charge distribution of the atmospheric aerosol are presented. Several possible environmental effects of particle charge are noted including effects on particle coagulation, dry deposition, and deposition in the lung. Finally some problems in aerosol charging are reviewed as they pertain to various technical operations in air pollution control.", "contents": "Charged aerosol particles and air pollution. Possible environmental effects and the importance of charged aerosol particles are examined. Some calculations of the evolution of the charge distribution of the atmospheric aerosol are presented. Several possible environmental effects of particle charge are noted including effects on particle coagulation, dry deposition, and deposition in the lung. Finally some problems in aerosol charging are reviewed as they pertain to various technical operations in air pollution control."}
{"id": "PMID:1204586", "title": "Particle sizing of arc smokes by forward light scattering.", "content": "The polarization ratio method similar to that proposed by Kirker et al. has been applied to obtain size distribution for several types of metallic smoke particulates generated by a dc electric arc. Results are presented for carbon, tungsten and aluminum arc smokes. These results are compared with the average size of the particulates measured by the two-angle ratio method of Hodkinson and are found to be consistent and within experimental error. The optical system was calibrated with standard latex spheres in both cases. It is believed that the parameters of the arc smoke particulate systems should be useful for environmental particulate research.", "contents": "Particle sizing of arc smokes by forward light scattering. The polarization ratio method similar to that proposed by Kirker et al. has been applied to obtain size distribution for several types of metallic smoke particulates generated by a dc electric arc. Results are presented for carbon, tungsten and aluminum arc smokes. These results are compared with the average size of the particulates measured by the two-angle ratio method of Hodkinson and are found to be consistent and within experimental error. The optical system was calibrated with standard latex spheres in both cases. It is believed that the parameters of the arc smoke particulate systems should be useful for environmental particulate research."}
{"id": "PMID:1204587", "title": "Placental transfer and teratology of pentachlorophenol in rats.", "content": "Pentachloro[U-14C]phenol was administered orally to Charles River CD strain pregnant rats on day 15 of gestation. Concentrations found in the placentas and fetuses up to 32 hr remained very small indicating that the amount that passes through the placental barrier is negligible. Unlabeled compound was administered on days 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 of gestation. The incidence of resorptions in the treated animals was not significantly greater than that in the controls. Although malformations were observed, the number was minimal and could have been due to the toxic effects of the compound on the maternal rat.", "contents": "Placental transfer and teratology of pentachlorophenol in rats. Pentachloro[U-14C]phenol was administered orally to Charles River CD strain pregnant rats on day 15 of gestation. Concentrations found in the placentas and fetuses up to 32 hr remained very small indicating that the amount that passes through the placental barrier is negligible. Unlabeled compound was administered on days 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 of gestation. The incidence of resorptions in the treated animals was not significantly greater than that in the controls. Although malformations were observed, the number was minimal and could have been due to the toxic effects of the compound on the maternal rat."}
{"id": "PMID:1204588", "title": "Investigation of the transport of metals and orthophosphate away from a sewage treatment plant outfall.", "content": "The distribution of O2, chlorophyll a, alkalinity, phosphate, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb has been measured in the discharge plume of the large sewage treatment plant on Back River, Maryland. The concentrations of phosphate and the trace metals decrease downstream more rapidly than can be accounted for by conservative dilution. Solubility calculations suggest that saturation with respect to phosphate or oxyhydroxide phases could limit the mobility of phosphate, Fe, Mn, and Pb. For Cu, Zn, and Cd, saturation is not a feasible control mechanism, and other processes such as biofixation or adsorption are probably involved.", "contents": "Investigation of the transport of metals and orthophosphate away from a sewage treatment plant outfall. The distribution of O2, chlorophyll a, alkalinity, phosphate, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb has been measured in the discharge plume of the large sewage treatment plant on Back River, Maryland. The concentrations of phosphate and the trace metals decrease downstream more rapidly than can be accounted for by conservative dilution. Solubility calculations suggest that saturation with respect to phosphate or oxyhydroxide phases could limit the mobility of phosphate, Fe, Mn, and Pb. For Cu, Zn, and Cd, saturation is not a feasible control mechanism, and other processes such as biofixation or adsorption are probably involved."}
{"id": "PMID:1204589", "title": "Use of the electroretinogram to measure the quality of vision of the fruit fly.", "content": "The electroretinogram (ERG) technique was used to measure the visual sensitivity of Caribbean Fruit flies Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), reared at 3 laboratories on 5 artificial diets. These ERGs were compared with those of flies reared from field-infested fruit.  Flies reared on artificial diets differed greatly in visual sensitivity, and those reared on fruit were at least 10 times more sensitive than certain strains. Since ERGs can be obtained 3-4 days before the Caribbean fruit fly is sexually mature, the use of visually substandard flies in behavioral studies or field releases could be avoided. The results have stimulated further studies of the effects of nutrition and handling procedures on the vision and behavior of the Caribbean fruit fly in the laboratory and the field. A simple, easy to operate, and inexpensive ERG system is being developed that can be used at any rearing facility to monitor the quality of visual receptors of the insects being produced.", "contents": "Use of the electroretinogram to measure the quality of vision of the fruit fly. The electroretinogram (ERG) technique was used to measure the visual sensitivity of Caribbean Fruit flies Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), reared at 3 laboratories on 5 artificial diets. These ERGs were compared with those of flies reared from field-infested fruit.  Flies reared on artificial diets differed greatly in visual sensitivity, and those reared on fruit were at least 10 times more sensitive than certain strains. Since ERGs can be obtained 3-4 days before the Caribbean fruit fly is sexually mature, the use of visually substandard flies in behavioral studies or field releases could be avoided. The results have stimulated further studies of the effects of nutrition and handling procedures on the vision and behavior of the Caribbean fruit fly in the laboratory and the field. A simple, easy to operate, and inexpensive ERG system is being developed that can be used at any rearing facility to monitor the quality of visual receptors of the insects being produced."}
{"id": "PMID:1204590", "title": "Arsenate ion reduction in non-living biological materials.", "content": "The reduction of arsenate ion to arsenite ion by a variety of tissues was widely distributed, and not a property of any particular tissue. The nature of the reduction was investigated by using various chemical inducers and inhibitors and is believed to be chemical in nature.", "contents": "Arsenate ion reduction in non-living biological materials. The reduction of arsenate ion to arsenite ion by a variety of tissues was widely distributed, and not a property of any particular tissue. The nature of the reduction was investigated by using various chemical inducers and inhibitors and is believed to be chemical in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1204591", "title": "A new mechanical disruption technique for organic enrichment of hi-vol samples.", "content": "A mechanical disrupting technique capable of extracting the organic content from a high volume fiber glass filter is described. The method is rapid, inexpensive and reproducible.", "contents": "A new mechanical disruption technique for organic enrichment of hi-vol samples. A mechanical disrupting technique capable of extracting the organic content from a high volume fiber glass filter is described. The method is rapid, inexpensive and reproducible."}
{"id": "PMID:1204592", "title": "Improvement of the attractiveness of spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone, and its possible use in safety belts around cultivated areas to control the pest in Israel.", "content": "A comparison of the field attractiveness of five samples of American-synthesized and one sample of Japanese-synthesized (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-01 acetate (9,11-TDDA), the sex pheromone of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. and S. litura (F.), showed that traps baited with one of the American-produced samples and the Japanese product were equally effective in attracting and capturing S. littoralis males in cotton and alfalfa fields of Israel. Optimum captures were obtained for periods up to three months with 4800 mug of 9,11-TDDA plus 8 mg of an antioxidant; higher  doses were not advantageous. Paper squares were superior to two types of rubber septa and to closed polyethylene vials as dispensers for the pheromone; the polyethylene vials were least effective. In terms of numbers of moths captured, open polyethylene vials were as effective as paper dispensers when both were baited with 9-11-TDDA plus antioxidant. Admixture of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-o1 acetate (9,12-TDDA) with 9,11-TDDA was antagonistic at ratios of 1:20 and 1:50, but ratios from 1:500 to 1:1600 were synergistic, increasing moth catches up to 2.5-fold. Pheromone traps placed in Caesarea sand dunes located at least 3 km from the nearest host area captured larger numbers of males than traps placed in cultivated areas. It is therefore recommended that safety belts of pheromone traps, about 500 m apart, be used around cultivated areas to prevent invasion of the pest from outside and to attract males present inside such areas, thus reducing both the male population and mating through mass trapping and disruption of sex communication.", "contents": "Improvement of the attractiveness of spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone, and its possible use in safety belts around cultivated areas to control the pest in Israel. A comparison of the field attractiveness of five samples of American-synthesized and one sample of Japanese-synthesized (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-01 acetate (9,11-TDDA), the sex pheromone of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. and S. litura (F.), showed that traps baited with one of the American-produced samples and the Japanese product were equally effective in attracting and capturing S. littoralis males in cotton and alfalfa fields of Israel. Optimum captures were obtained for periods up to three months with 4800 mug of 9,11-TDDA plus 8 mg of an antioxidant; higher  doses were not advantageous. Paper squares were superior to two types of rubber septa and to closed polyethylene vials as dispensers for the pheromone; the polyethylene vials were least effective. In terms of numbers of moths captured, open polyethylene vials were as effective as paper dispensers when both were baited with 9-11-TDDA plus antioxidant. Admixture of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-o1 acetate (9,12-TDDA) with 9,11-TDDA was antagonistic at ratios of 1:20 and 1:50, but ratios from 1:500 to 1:1600 were synergistic, increasing moth catches up to 2.5-fold. Pheromone traps placed in Caesarea sand dunes located at least 3 km from the nearest host area captured larger numbers of males than traps placed in cultivated areas. It is therefore recommended that safety belts of pheromone traps, about 500 m apart, be used around cultivated areas to prevent invasion of the pest from outside and to attract males present inside such areas, thus reducing both the male population and mating through mass trapping and disruption of sex communication."}
{"id": "PMID:1204593", "title": "Field studies on ozone inactivation of a Gymnodinium breve toxin.", "content": "Water samples were collected from Boca Ciega Bay (St. Petersburg) during the April, 1974, red tide that occurred on the Florida west coast. The causative agent of this phenomenon was the toxic dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve. The toxic red tide samples were treated with ozone gas and rendered nonlethal, as measured by mouse injection.", "contents": "Field studies on ozone inactivation of a Gymnodinium breve toxin. Water samples were collected from Boca Ciega Bay (St. Petersburg) during the April, 1974, red tide that occurred on the Florida west coast. The causative agent of this phenomenon was the toxic dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve. The toxic red tide samples were treated with ozone gas and rendered nonlethal, as measured by mouse injection."}
{"id": "PMID:1204594", "title": "The effects of 5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid on experimental seizures in rats: correlation between plasma and brain concentrations and anticonvulsant activity.", "content": "Diphenylbarbituric acid was administered by gavage to male albino Sprague-Dawley rats for evaluation of anticonvulsant activity and analysis of blood plasma and brain drug concentrations. A method for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of blood plasma and brain for diphenylbarbituric acid is described. The drug was effective in the maximum electroshock test and as an antagonist to clonic seizures and death produced by pentylenetetrazol. Brain concentrations associated with 50 to 70% protection in the maximum electroshock seizure test were of the order of 2 to 6 mug/g of brain and are thus equal to values for phenobarbital in this test. Large doses of diphenylbarbituric acid (up to 2,800 mg/kg) failed to produce signs of neurotoxicity. The results of the present investigation continue to indicate that diphenylbarbituric acid exhibits promise as a potential antiepileptic agent.", "contents": "The effects of 5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid on experimental seizures in rats: correlation between plasma and brain concentrations and anticonvulsant activity. Diphenylbarbituric acid was administered by gavage to male albino Sprague-Dawley rats for evaluation of anticonvulsant activity and analysis of blood plasma and brain drug concentrations. A method for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of blood plasma and brain for diphenylbarbituric acid is described. The drug was effective in the maximum electroshock test and as an antagonist to clonic seizures and death produced by pentylenetetrazol. Brain concentrations associated with 50 to 70% protection in the maximum electroshock seizure test were of the order of 2 to 6 mug/g of brain and are thus equal to values for phenobarbital in this test. Large doses of diphenylbarbituric acid (up to 2,800 mg/kg) failed to produce signs of neurotoxicity. The results of the present investigation continue to indicate that diphenylbarbituric acid exhibits promise as a potential antiepileptic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1204595", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin serum levels, toxicity, and neuropsychological performance in patients with epilepsy.", "content": "The neuropsychological effects of diphenylhydantoin were assessed in 70 adults having primarily psychomotor and major motor seizures. All patients were stabilized on diphenylhydantoin alone, and assessment of this drug by gas-liquid chromatography provided a basis for dichotomizing the group into High and Low drug groups, both with and without toxic patients. In addition, patients showing signs of toxicity were contrasted with those not showing such signs. In each of these comparisons, control was maintained with respect to the variables of age, education, age at onset of disorder, and duration of disorder. Neuropsychological assessment was by means of the test battery originated by Halstead and developed by Reitan. Results showed that the High and Toxic Groups rather consistently did more poorly on all tasks than the Low and Nontoxic Groups. However, differences which were statistically significant appeared only in connection with tasks which had a heavy motor component. Possible reasons for the lack of statistically significant differences on the higher level mental tasks were presented.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin serum levels, toxicity, and neuropsychological performance in patients with epilepsy. The neuropsychological effects of diphenylhydantoin were assessed in 70 adults having primarily psychomotor and major motor seizures. All patients were stabilized on diphenylhydantoin alone, and assessment of this drug by gas-liquid chromatography provided a basis for dichotomizing the group into High and Low drug groups, both with and without toxic patients. In addition, patients showing signs of toxicity were contrasted with those not showing such signs. In each of these comparisons, control was maintained with respect to the variables of age, education, age at onset of disorder, and duration of disorder. Neuropsychological assessment was by means of the test battery originated by Halstead and developed by Reitan. Results showed that the High and Toxic Groups rather consistently did more poorly on all tasks than the Low and Nontoxic Groups. However, differences which were statistically significant appeared only in connection with tasks which had a heavy motor component. Possible reasons for the lack of statistically significant differences on the higher level mental tasks were presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1204602", "title": "The covalent structure of collagen. The chymotrypsin, trypsin and hydroxylamine peptides derived from alpha2-CB4 of calf-skin collagen.", "content": "The cyanogen-bromide-derived peptide alpha2-CB4 from calf skin collagen, consisting of 321 amino acid residues, has been fragmented in order to obtain peptides suitable for automated sequential analysis. Digestion with chymotrypsin liberated six unique peptides consisting of 12, 17, 19, 54, 63 and 156 amino acid residues. Treatment of alpha2-CB4 with hydroxylamine yielded four peptides with 24, 87, 96 and 114 residues. No unspecific cleavage by hydroxylamine was encountered. All of the trypsin-derived peptides of alpha2-CB4 were isolated and characterized by their amino acid compositions. Most of the peptides isolated were ordered along the peptide chain of alpha2-CB4. Ordering of the peptides was greatly assisted by the isolation of double peptides from the chymotrypsin, trypsin and hydroxylamine-derived peptide mixtures.", "contents": "The covalent structure of collagen. The chymotrypsin, trypsin and hydroxylamine peptides derived from alpha2-CB4 of calf-skin collagen. The cyanogen-bromide-derived peptide alpha2-CB4 from calf skin collagen, consisting of 321 amino acid residues, has been fragmented in order to obtain peptides suitable for automated sequential analysis. Digestion with chymotrypsin liberated six unique peptides consisting of 12, 17, 19, 54, 63 and 156 amino acid residues. Treatment of alpha2-CB4 with hydroxylamine yielded four peptides with 24, 87, 96 and 114 residues. No unspecific cleavage by hydroxylamine was encountered. All of the trypsin-derived peptides of alpha2-CB4 were isolated and characterized by their amino acid compositions. Most of the peptides isolated were ordered along the peptide chain of alpha2-CB4. Ordering of the peptides was greatly assisted by the isolation of double peptides from the chymotrypsin, trypsin and hydroxylamine-derived peptide mixtures."}
{"id": "PMID:1204603", "title": "Incorporation of L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as single units into rat brain tubulin.", "content": "The product of the incorporation of [14C]tyrosine as single unit into a protein of the soluble fraction of rat brain homogenate was purified by following a procedure used to purify tubulin. Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified material showed a single protein band containing all the radioactivity. Purification data indicate that this protein accounts for 10.2% of the total protein of the supernatant fraction. This is in good agreement with the amount found for tubulin by the [3H]colchicine-binding method (10.5% of the total protein). The incorporated [14C]-tyrosine was found in the alpha-subunit of tubulin. Protein labelled with [3H]colchicine and [14C]tyrosine was precipatated with vinblastine sulphate and the radioactivity of 3H and that of 14C were quantitatively recovered in the precipitate (98%). Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the vinblastine precipitate showed that the 14C radioactivity moved with the tubulin band. Results obtained in experiments with phenylalanine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine were identical to those obtained for tyrosine. Bineing of colchicine did not interfere with the incorporation of tyrosine. About 30% of tubulin from rat brain supernatant fraction can incorporate tyrosine as single unit.", "contents": "Incorporation of L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as single units into rat brain tubulin. The product of the incorporation of [14C]tyrosine as single unit into a protein of the soluble fraction of rat brain homogenate was purified by following a procedure used to purify tubulin. Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified material showed a single protein band containing all the radioactivity. Purification data indicate that this protein accounts for 10.2% of the total protein of the supernatant fraction. This is in good agreement with the amount found for tubulin by the [3H]colchicine-binding method (10.5% of the total protein). The incorporated [14C]-tyrosine was found in the alpha-subunit of tubulin. Protein labelled with [3H]colchicine and [14C]tyrosine was precipatated with vinblastine sulphate and the radioactivity of 3H and that of 14C were quantitatively recovered in the precipitate (98%). Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the vinblastine precipitate showed that the 14C radioactivity moved with the tubulin band. Results obtained in experiments with phenylalanine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine were identical to those obtained for tyrosine. Bineing of colchicine did not interfere with the incorporation of tyrosine. About 30% of tubulin from rat brain supernatant fraction can incorporate tyrosine as single unit."}
{"id": "PMID:1204604", "title": "Stabilization of energy charge, generation of oscillations and multiple steady states in energy metabolism as a result of purely stoichiometric regulation.", "content": "A simple kinetic model of cell energy metabolism with autocatalytic reaction sequences has beepn analysed. The model accounts for the fact that part of energy produced in the form of ATP, or any other equivalent form, is utilized in \"sparking\" reactions to activate initial substrates. Analysis of the model shows that energy metabolism, in the absen-e of all non-stoichiometric (i.e. isosteric, cooperative, and allosteric) regulations, is capable of (a) stabilizing, to a high degree of accuracy, the relative concentration of the \"charged form\" of the energy-transferring cofactor (ATP); (b) alternating between two stable stationary states by means of hysteretic transitions; (c) generating self-oscillations in energy production. It is proposed that energy metabolism can be a source of very slow, in particular circadian (of about a one-day period), oscillations which may serve as the basis for temporal organization of the cell.", "contents": "Stabilization of energy charge, generation of oscillations and multiple steady states in energy metabolism as a result of purely stoichiometric regulation. A simple kinetic model of cell energy metabolism with autocatalytic reaction sequences has beepn analysed. The model accounts for the fact that part of energy produced in the form of ATP, or any other equivalent form, is utilized in \"sparking\" reactions to activate initial substrates. Analysis of the model shows that energy metabolism, in the absen-e of all non-stoichiometric (i.e. isosteric, cooperative, and allosteric) regulations, is capable of (a) stabilizing, to a high degree of accuracy, the relative concentration of the \"charged form\" of the energy-transferring cofactor (ATP); (b) alternating between two stable stationary states by means of hysteretic transitions; (c) generating self-oscillations in energy production. It is proposed that energy metabolism can be a source of very slow, in particular circadian (of about a one-day period), oscillations which may serve as the basis for temporal organization of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1204605", "title": "Mitochondrial protein synthesis in a mammalian cell-line with a temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "The temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant tsH1, has been shown previously to contain a temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase. At the non-permissive temperature of 40 degrees C cytosolic protein synthesis is rapidly inhibited. The protein synthesis which continues at 40 degrees C appears to be mitochondrial, since: (a) whole-cell protein synthesis at the permissive temperature of 34 degrees C is not inhibied by tevenel, the sulfamoyl analogue of chloramphenicol and a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis; however, whole-cell protein synthesis at 40 degrees C is inhibited by tevenel, (b) Protein synthesis by isolated mitochondria from tsH1 cells is not significantly inhibited at 40 degrees C. (c) At 40 degrees C [14C]leucine is incorporated predominantly into the mitochondrial fraction of tsH1 cells. (d) The incorporation of [14C]leucine at 40 degrees C into mitochondrial proteins of tsH1 cells is inh-bited by tevenel but not by cycloheximide. These results suggest that the mitochondria of tsH1 cells contain a leucyl-tRNA synthetase which is different from the cytosolic enzyme. The inhibition of cytosolic, but not of mitochondrial protein synthesis in tsH1 cells at 40 degrees C allows the selective labelling of mitochondrial translation products in the absence of inhibitors. The mitochondrial translation products labelled in tsH1 cells at 40 degrees C and at 34 degrees C in the presence of cycloheximide have been compared by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both conditions of labelling give similar profiles. The mitochondrial translation products are resolved into two components, one with an apparent molecular weight range from 40,000 to 20,000 and a second with an apparent molecular weight range from 20,000 to 10,000.", "contents": "Mitochondrial protein synthesis in a mammalian cell-line with a temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant tsH1, has been shown previously to contain a temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase. At the non-permissive temperature of 40 degrees C cytosolic protein synthesis is rapidly inhibited. The protein synthesis which continues at 40 degrees C appears to be mitochondrial, since: (a) whole-cell protein synthesis at the permissive temperature of 34 degrees C is not inhibied by tevenel, the sulfamoyl analogue of chloramphenicol and a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis; however, whole-cell protein synthesis at 40 degrees C is inhibited by tevenel, (b) Protein synthesis by isolated mitochondria from tsH1 cells is not significantly inhibited at 40 degrees C. (c) At 40 degrees C [14C]leucine is incorporated predominantly into the mitochondrial fraction of tsH1 cells. (d) The incorporation of [14C]leucine at 40 degrees C into mitochondrial proteins of tsH1 cells is inh-bited by tevenel but not by cycloheximide. These results suggest that the mitochondria of tsH1 cells contain a leucyl-tRNA synthetase which is different from the cytosolic enzyme. The inhibition of cytosolic, but not of mitochondrial protein synthesis in tsH1 cells at 40 degrees C allows the selective labelling of mitochondrial translation products in the absence of inhibitors. The mitochondrial translation products labelled in tsH1 cells at 40 degrees C and at 34 degrees C in the presence of cycloheximide have been compared by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both conditions of labelling give similar profiles. The mitochondrial translation products are resolved into two components, one with an apparent molecular weight range from 40,000 to 20,000 and a second with an apparent molecular weight range from 20,000 to 10,000."}
{"id": "PMID:1204606", "title": "Studies on the intracellular location of enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon-reduction cycle.", "content": "Homogenates of dark-pretreated leaves yield two particulate fractions in density gradient centrifugation: one contains chlorophyll (chloroplasts) while a second fraction contains ribulose-1, 5-bisphophate carboxylase, NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase. Addition of a microbody-rich pellet to chloroplasts isolated from dark-pretreated plants largely enhances both oxygen evolution and CO2-fixation into organic compounds. The pathway of CO2 reduction may be part of a membrane system which, under suitable conditions, may separate from the chloroplast as a distinct cytoplasmic entity, having physical properties similar to those of microbodies.", "contents": "Studies on the intracellular location of enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon-reduction cycle. Homogenates of dark-pretreated leaves yield two particulate fractions in density gradient centrifugation: one contains chlorophyll (chloroplasts) while a second fraction contains ribulose-1, 5-bisphophate carboxylase, NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase. Addition of a microbody-rich pellet to chloroplasts isolated from dark-pretreated plants largely enhances both oxygen evolution and CO2-fixation into organic compounds. The pathway of CO2 reduction may be part of a membrane system which, under suitable conditions, may separate from the chloroplast as a distinct cytoplasmic entity, having physical properties similar to those of microbodies."}
{"id": "PMID:1204607", "title": "Enzyme-bound intermediates in the biosynthesis of bacitracin.", "content": "1. Bacitracin synthetase, a three-component enzyme complex which catalyzes synthesis of the dodecapeptide bacitracin A, has been prepared from Bacillus licheniformis strains ATCC 10716, AL and SB 319. During synthesis of bacitracin, the amino acids (smaller amounts) and peptides are covalently bound to the enzyme complex. The nature of the bindings suggest that the amino acids and peptides are thioester linked. 2. The peptides, identified by thin-layer chromatography after performic acid liberation were Ile-Cys, Ile-Cys-Leu, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile-Lys-Orn, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile-Ile-Orn-Ile, Ile-Cys-L-EU-Glu-Ile-Lys-Orn-Ile-Phe, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile-L-YS-Orn-Ile-Phe-His-Phe-His and Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile-Lys-Orn-Ile-Phe-His-Asp. 3. The labelled peptides covalently bound to bacitracin synthetase were intermediates in bacitracin synthesis. 4. Chain growth is initiated on one enzyme component (A) by the addition of isoleucine and cysteine. The sequential addition of the other amino acids proceeds in the C-terminal direction until the pentapeptide is formed. Further addition of amino acids and production of bacitracin are obtained by adding the other enzyme components (B and C) to the incubation mixture.", "contents": "Enzyme-bound intermediates in the biosynthesis of bacitracin. 1. Bacitracin synthetase, a three-component enzyme complex which catalyzes synthesis of the dodecapeptide bacitracin A, has been prepared from Bacillus licheniformis strains ATCC 10716, AL and SB 319. During synthesis of bacitracin, the amino acids (smaller amounts) and peptides are covalently bound to the enzyme complex. The nature of the bindings suggest that the amino acids and peptides are thioester linked. 2. The peptides, identified by thin-layer chromatography after performic acid liberation were Ile-Cys, Ile-Cys-Leu, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile-Lys-Orn, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile-Ile-Orn-Ile, Ile-Cys-L-EU-Glu-Ile-Lys-Orn-Ile-Phe, Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile-L-YS-Orn-Ile-Phe-His-Phe-His and Ile-Cys-Leu-Glu-Ile-Lys-Orn-Ile-Phe-His-Asp. 3. The labelled peptides covalently bound to bacitracin synthetase were intermediates in bacitracin synthesis. 4. Chain growth is initiated on one enzyme component (A) by the addition of isoleucine and cysteine. The sequential addition of the other amino acids proceeds in the C-terminal direction until the pentapeptide is formed. Further addition of amino acids and production of bacitracin are obtained by adding the other enzyme components (B and C) to the incubation mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:1204608", "title": "Characterization of the component, which controls the transformation between the kinetic forms of the b cytochromes.", "content": "1. In the presence of KCN and a saturating concentration of antimycin the reduction of the b-type cytochromes in submitochondrial particles is biphasic. This phenomenon was explained by suggesting the existence of two kinetic forms of cytochrome b:bA-the active form which was reduced in the rapid phase, and bS-the sluggish form which was reduced in the slow phase. The ratio between these forms and the transformation from one to other was controlled by the redox state of an unknown component, names \"y\", located between cytochromes b and c1. Pre-treatment with ascorbate plus N,N,N1,N1-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine transforms all the b-type cytochromes to their sluggish form, and the reduction by succinate follows slow monophasic kinetics. The name \"dynamic control mechanism\" was given to this mechanism [Eisenbach, M. & Gutman, M. (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 52, 107-116] 2.  Increasing concentrations of antimycin (0-2 nmol/mg) in the presence of KCN increased the fraction of the rapid phase of the reduction but did not affect the calculated absolute rates of the reduction. It is concluded that antimycin delays the reduction of \"y\" and thus permits the observation of the biphasic phenomen, but that it is not essential for the operation of this dynamic control mechanism.", "contents": "Characterization of the component, which controls the transformation between the kinetic forms of the b cytochromes. 1. In the presence of KCN and a saturating concentration of antimycin the reduction of the b-type cytochromes in submitochondrial particles is biphasic. This phenomenon was explained by suggesting the existence of two kinetic forms of cytochrome b:bA-the active form which was reduced in the rapid phase, and bS-the sluggish form which was reduced in the slow phase. The ratio between these forms and the transformation from one to other was controlled by the redox state of an unknown component, names \"y\", located between cytochromes b and c1. Pre-treatment with ascorbate plus N,N,N1,N1-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine transforms all the b-type cytochromes to their sluggish form, and the reduction by succinate follows slow monophasic kinetics. The name \"dynamic control mechanism\" was given to this mechanism [Eisenbach, M. & Gutman, M. (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 52, 107-116] 2.  Increasing concentrations of antimycin (0-2 nmol/mg) in the presence of KCN increased the fraction of the rapid phase of the reduction but did not affect the calculated absolute rates of the reduction. It is concluded that antimycin delays the reduction of \"y\" and thus permits the observation of the biphasic phenomen, but that it is not essential for the operation of this dynamic control mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1204609", "title": "Alcohol oxidase and catalase in peroxisomes of methanol-grown Candida boidinii.", "content": "Microbodies, designated as peroxisomes because of their enzyme complement, have been isolated from methanol-grown cells of Candida boidinii. Spheroplast lysates were separated on non-continuous Ficoll density gradients, resulting in a mitochondrial fraction and a peroxisome fraction. Estimates of purity using the mitochondrial enzyme markers suggested that the contamination of mitochondria in the peroxisome fraction was about 2-3%. As shown by electron microscopy the peroxisomes were 0.4-0.6 mum in diameter and contained crystalloid inclusions. Alcohol oxidase and catalase, which catalyse the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde in Candida boidinii, could be localized within the peroxisomes. Gel-electrophoretic studies of the peroxisome fraction demonstrated that it contained only two predominant protein bands consistent with alcohol oxidase and catalase. No alcohol oxidase and catalase activity was found in mitochondria.", "contents": "Alcohol oxidase and catalase in peroxisomes of methanol-grown Candida boidinii. Microbodies, designated as peroxisomes because of their enzyme complement, have been isolated from methanol-grown cells of Candida boidinii. Spheroplast lysates were separated on non-continuous Ficoll density gradients, resulting in a mitochondrial fraction and a peroxisome fraction. Estimates of purity using the mitochondrial enzyme markers suggested that the contamination of mitochondria in the peroxisome fraction was about 2-3%. As shown by electron microscopy the peroxisomes were 0.4-0.6 mum in diameter and contained crystalloid inclusions. Alcohol oxidase and catalase, which catalyse the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde in Candida boidinii, could be localized within the peroxisomes. Gel-electrophoretic studies of the peroxisome fraction demonstrated that it contained only two predominant protein bands consistent with alcohol oxidase and catalase. No alcohol oxidase and catalase activity was found in mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1204610", "title": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histones in eukaryote chromatin. The conformation of phi1 histones from marine invertebrate sperm.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance, circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy are used to investigate the secondary and tertiary structure of three very lysine-rich histones from marine invertebrate sperm. At high ionic strength both Arbacia lixula and Holothuria tubulosa histone phi 1 are observed to contain 25-30% alpha-helix, no beta-structure and to form specific folded structures. Both phi 1 proton magnetic resonance spectra have perturbed methyl resonances at chemical shifts close to those observed for calf thymus H1, suggesting analogies in tertiary structure. Mytilus edulis histone phi 1 however, shows no spectroscopic evidence of secondary and tertiary structure on salt addition.", "contents": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histones in eukaryote chromatin. The conformation of phi1 histones from marine invertebrate sperm. Proton magnetic resonance, circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy are used to investigate the secondary and tertiary structure of three very lysine-rich histones from marine invertebrate sperm. At high ionic strength both Arbacia lixula and Holothuria tubulosa histone phi 1 are observed to contain 25-30% alpha-helix, no beta-structure and to form specific folded structures. Both phi 1 proton magnetic resonance spectra have perturbed methyl resonances at chemical shifts close to those observed for calf thymus H1, suggesting analogies in tertiary structure. Mytilus edulis histone phi 1 however, shows no spectroscopic evidence of secondary and tertiary structure on salt addition."}
{"id": "PMID:1204611", "title": "The sex-factor-dependent exclusion of coli virus T7.", "content": "The cause of T7 exclusion by the F episome was investigated. Extracts from neither normal nor infected F+ cells contained an inhibitor of gene expression in vitro. The protein synthesizing systems prepared in vitro from these cells supported T7 early and late protein synthesis with normal efficiency. The content of translational initiation factors in F- and F+ cells, both noninfected and infected, was almost identical. The episome-dependent block of T7 gene expression was observed only in intact cells and detailed kinetics of gene expression in vivo revealed a stop of all transcription and translation at or just before 11 min after T7 infection. The mechanism of F+-dependent T7 exclusion involves both episomal and viral gene products. The data indicate that a T7-induced membrane alteration of the F+ cell membrane leads to cessation of T7 development as well as to the death of the host cell ('suicide').", "contents": "The sex-factor-dependent exclusion of coli virus T7. The cause of T7 exclusion by the F episome was investigated. Extracts from neither normal nor infected F+ cells contained an inhibitor of gene expression in vitro. The protein synthesizing systems prepared in vitro from these cells supported T7 early and late protein synthesis with normal efficiency. The content of translational initiation factors in F- and F+ cells, both noninfected and infected, was almost identical. The episome-dependent block of T7 gene expression was observed only in intact cells and detailed kinetics of gene expression in vivo revealed a stop of all transcription and translation at or just before 11 min after T7 infection. The mechanism of F+-dependent T7 exclusion involves both episomal and viral gene products. The data indicate that a T7-induced membrane alteration of the F+ cell membrane leads to cessation of T7 development as well as to the death of the host cell ('suicide')."}
{"id": "PMID:1204612", "title": "Interactions between prostaglandin analogues and a receptor in bovine Corpora lutea. Correlation of dissociation constants with luteolytic potencies in hamsters.", "content": "The dissociation constants for the interactions between some prostaglandin analogues and a prostaglandin F2 receptor in bovine corpora lutea were determined. These values were compared to the antifertility potencies of these compounds in hamsters and the rates of metabolism by 15-hydro-syprostaglandin dehydrogenase. The most active analogues with regard to both affinity for the receptor and luteolytic potency were 17-phenyl-18, 19, 20-trinorprostaglandin F2alpha and 15-methylprostaglandin F2alpha. The alkyl side chain of prostaglandins could be modified considerably without altering the affinity for the receptor. In this way metabolism by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase could be blocked. Some of these compounds -ad greatly increased luteolytic effects. Substitution of a phenyl group for the 3 terminal carbon units of the alkyl side chain of prostaglandins increased both the affinity for the receptor and the luteolytic activity in vivo. 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid, an antagonist of the luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo was a weak competitive inhibitor of the interation between prostaglandin F2alpha and the receptor.", "contents": "Interactions between prostaglandin analogues and a receptor in bovine Corpora lutea. Correlation of dissociation constants with luteolytic potencies in hamsters. The dissociation constants for the interactions between some prostaglandin analogues and a prostaglandin F2 receptor in bovine corpora lutea were determined. These values were compared to the antifertility potencies of these compounds in hamsters and the rates of metabolism by 15-hydro-syprostaglandin dehydrogenase. The most active analogues with regard to both affinity for the receptor and luteolytic potency were 17-phenyl-18, 19, 20-trinorprostaglandin F2alpha and 15-methylprostaglandin F2alpha. The alkyl side chain of prostaglandins could be modified considerably without altering the affinity for the receptor. In this way metabolism by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase could be blocked. Some of these compounds -ad greatly increased luteolytic effects. Substitution of a phenyl group for the 3 terminal carbon units of the alkyl side chain of prostaglandins increased both the affinity for the receptor and the luteolytic activity in vivo. 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid, an antagonist of the luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo was a weak competitive inhibitor of the interation between prostaglandin F2alpha and the receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:1204613", "title": "Molecular characterization of an insect genome: Chironomus thummi.", "content": "DNA extracted from Chironomus thummi larvae was studied by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl, thermal denaturation and DNA-DNA reassociation techniques. The mean G+C content of the C. thummi DNA is 28-29% as indicated both by centrifugation in CsCl and thermal denaturation. According to optical reassociation analysis of total DNA and of isolated DNA fractions the C. thummi genome is composed of at least four components. About 80% of the DNA is classified as unique with a kinetic complexity of nearly 7 X 10(10) daltons. 6-8% intermediate DNA exhibits a kinetic complexity slightly above 10(8) daltons with a mean repetition frequency of 35. 11-13% fast-reassociating DNA has a kinetic complexity slightly above 10(6) daltons with a mean repetition frequency of 6000. 3-5% of the DNA cannot be properly studied by the optical reassociation technique and probably contains inverted repeats. The thermal denaturation behaviour of isolated DNA fractions indicated that most of the repetitive sequences in the C. thummi genome are tightly interspersed.", "contents": "Molecular characterization of an insect genome: Chironomus thummi. DNA extracted from Chironomus thummi larvae was studied by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl, thermal denaturation and DNA-DNA reassociation techniques. The mean G+C content of the C. thummi DNA is 28-29% as indicated both by centrifugation in CsCl and thermal denaturation. According to optical reassociation analysis of total DNA and of isolated DNA fractions the C. thummi genome is composed of at least four components. About 80% of the DNA is classified as unique with a kinetic complexity of nearly 7 X 10(10) daltons. 6-8% intermediate DNA exhibits a kinetic complexity slightly above 10(8) daltons with a mean repetition frequency of 35. 11-13% fast-reassociating DNA has a kinetic complexity slightly above 10(6) daltons with a mean repetition frequency of 6000. 3-5% of the DNA cannot be properly studied by the optical reassociation technique and probably contains inverted repeats. The thermal denaturation behaviour of isolated DNA fractions indicated that most of the repetitive sequences in the C. thummi genome are tightly interspersed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204614", "title": "The reactions of alpha-chymotrypsin and related proteins with ester substrates in non-aqueous solvents.", "content": "1. The reactivity of alpha-chymotrypsin toward p-nitrophenylacetate has been studied in dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, formamide and methylacetamide. p-Nitrophenol is liberated in dimethylsulfoxide only. 2. The reactions of alpha-chymotrypsin in dimethylsulfoxide are characterized by the same kinetic and equilibrium constants with either the p-nitrophenyl esters of straight chain carboxylic acids (from acetic to n-caprylic) or with the \"specific substrate\", N-carbobenzoxy-DL-phenylalanine p-nitrophenyl ester. This signifies that reactions of alpha-chymotrypsin in dimethylsulfoxide, unlike those in aqueous medium, have no specificity toward su-strate structure. 3. The stoichiometry of alpha-chymotrypsin reactions in dimethylsulfoxide was shown to be about five moles of substrate per mole of enzyme. After attaining this stoichiometry, the reaction is completed. 4. Optical rotatory dispersion spectra indicate that in non-aqueous media alpha-chymotrypsin undergoes a large conformational transition which results in a random coil. 5. Chymotrypsinogen, trypsin, trysinogen, lysozyme and serum albumin react with p-nitrophenylacetate in dimethylsulfoxide at rates which are approximately equal to those of alpha-chymotrypsin. Thus, the \"activity\" of alpha-chymotrypsin in dimethylsulfoxide toward p-nitrophenylacetate does not differ from the \"activity\" of other proteins, some of which are not even hydrolytic enzymes.", "contents": "The reactions of alpha-chymotrypsin and related proteins with ester substrates in non-aqueous solvents. 1. The reactivity of alpha-chymotrypsin toward p-nitrophenylacetate has been studied in dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, formamide and methylacetamide. p-Nitrophenol is liberated in dimethylsulfoxide only. 2. The reactions of alpha-chymotrypsin in dimethylsulfoxide are characterized by the same kinetic and equilibrium constants with either the p-nitrophenyl esters of straight chain carboxylic acids (from acetic to n-caprylic) or with the \"specific substrate\", N-carbobenzoxy-DL-phenylalanine p-nitrophenyl ester. This signifies that reactions of alpha-chymotrypsin in dimethylsulfoxide, unlike those in aqueous medium, have no specificity toward su-strate structure. 3. The stoichiometry of alpha-chymotrypsin reactions in dimethylsulfoxide was shown to be about five moles of substrate per mole of enzyme. After attaining this stoichiometry, the reaction is completed. 4. Optical rotatory dispersion spectra indicate that in non-aqueous media alpha-chymotrypsin undergoes a large conformational transition which results in a random coil. 5. Chymotrypsinogen, trypsin, trysinogen, lysozyme and serum albumin react with p-nitrophenylacetate in dimethylsulfoxide at rates which are approximately equal to those of alpha-chymotrypsin. Thus, the \"activity\" of alpha-chymotrypsin in dimethylsulfoxide toward p-nitrophenylacetate does not differ from the \"activity\" of other proteins, some of which are not even hydrolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:1204615", "title": "Metabolism of [4-14C] testosterone in the rat uterus in vitro.", "content": "In view of the uterine action of androgens we have investigated in vitro the metabolism of [4-14C]-testosterone in uterine tissue of ovariectomized rats. After purification of the extracts on Amberlite XAD-2 the metabolites have been isolated by gel. Five metabolites were isolated and identified during these incubation studies: 4-androstene 3,17-dione, 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one, 5 alpha-androstane-3alpha17beta-diol, 4-androstene-3 beta, 17beta-diol and 4-androstene-3alpha, 17beta-diol. Furthermore, two polar C19O3-metabolites and one isopolar to 5 alpha-androstane-3, 17-dione have also been detected. The metabolites were characterized by radioactive gas chromatogrphy, and determination of the relative specific activity in the eluates of Sephadex column chromatography. The identification of allylic alcohols was complemented by their oxidation to 4-androstene-3,17-dione. The present data show that activity of 17beta,3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid-oxidoreductase and 5alpha-ring-reductase are involved in the metabolism of testosterone in vitro in the rat uterus. The very low 5 alpha-reductase activity under the experimental conditions used in this work explains the formation of allylalcohols as the principal metabolites of testosterone in the rat uterus.", "contents": "Metabolism of [4-14C] testosterone in the rat uterus in vitro. In view of the uterine action of androgens we have investigated in vitro the metabolism of [4-14C]-testosterone in uterine tissue of ovariectomized rats. After purification of the extracts on Amberlite XAD-2 the metabolites have been isolated by gel. Five metabolites were isolated and identified during these incubation studies: 4-androstene 3,17-dione, 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one, 5 alpha-androstane-3alpha17beta-diol, 4-androstene-3 beta, 17beta-diol and 4-androstene-3alpha, 17beta-diol. Furthermore, two polar C19O3-metabolites and one isopolar to 5 alpha-androstane-3, 17-dione have also been detected. The metabolites were characterized by radioactive gas chromatogrphy, and determination of the relative specific activity in the eluates of Sephadex column chromatography. The identification of allylic alcohols was complemented by their oxidation to 4-androstene-3,17-dione. The present data show that activity of 17beta,3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid-oxidoreductase and 5alpha-ring-reductase are involved in the metabolism of testosterone in vitro in the rat uterus. The very low 5 alpha-reductase activity under the experimental conditions used in this work explains the formation of allylalcohols as the principal metabolites of testosterone in the rat uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:1204616", "title": "Methylation of ribosomal-precursor RNA, synthesized in vitro, by isolated rat-liver nucleoli.", "content": "Nucleoli isolated from rat liver were incubated for synthesis of RNA in vitro in the presence or absence of S-adenosyl [3H] methionine. The results obtained indicate that neither the rate of RNA synthesis not the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA was changed if methylation was allowed to take place. The methylation process acts on the RNA most recently synthesized, rather than on the bulk of the RNA already present in the nucleoli. The reaction seems to occur faithfully both quantitatively and qualitatively. It is calculated that 104 mol methyl groups were incorporated per mol of newly synthesized 45-S RNA. Methylation of the ribose rather than the bases predominated. The pattern of alkali-stable oligonucleotides of RNA methylated in vitro was analyzed and found to correspond closely to that of ribosomal RNA labelled in vivo.", "contents": "Methylation of ribosomal-precursor RNA, synthesized in vitro, by isolated rat-liver nucleoli. Nucleoli isolated from rat liver were incubated for synthesis of RNA in vitro in the presence or absence of S-adenosyl [3H] methionine. The results obtained indicate that neither the rate of RNA synthesis not the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA was changed if methylation was allowed to take place. The methylation process acts on the RNA most recently synthesized, rather than on the bulk of the RNA already present in the nucleoli. The reaction seems to occur faithfully both quantitatively and qualitatively. It is calculated that 104 mol methyl groups were incorporated per mol of newly synthesized 45-S RNA. Methylation of the ribose rather than the bases predominated. The pattern of alkali-stable oligonucleotides of RNA methylated in vitro was analyzed and found to correspond closely to that of ribosomal RNA labelled in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1204617", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of 5-S RNA from Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequence of 5-S RNA from Bacillus licheniformis was determined by analysis of complete and partial digests obtained with either T1 or pancreatic ribonuclease. The molecule was found to have a length of 116 nucleotides and may possess a minor sequence heterogeneity. There is a large degree of homology between the sequence of B. licheniformis 5-S RNA and those published for 5-S RNA from B. megatherium and B. stearothermophilus. The difference between the three 5-S RNA species are limited mainly to the two terminal and one internal sequence. B. licheniformis 5-S RNA contains the sequence U95-G-A-G-A-G100, which in B. subtilis has been implicated in the processing of precursor 5-S RNA. Possible models for the secondary structure of prokaryotic 5-S RNA are discussed on the basis of the results of limited digestion of B. licheniformis 5-S RNA by ribonuclease T1.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of 5-S RNA from Bacillus licheniformis. The complete nucleotide sequence of 5-S RNA from Bacillus licheniformis was determined by analysis of complete and partial digests obtained with either T1 or pancreatic ribonuclease. The molecule was found to have a length of 116 nucleotides and may possess a minor sequence heterogeneity. There is a large degree of homology between the sequence of B. licheniformis 5-S RNA and those published for 5-S RNA from B. megatherium and B. stearothermophilus. The difference between the three 5-S RNA species are limited mainly to the two terminal and one internal sequence. B. licheniformis 5-S RNA contains the sequence U95-G-A-G-A-G100, which in B. subtilis has been implicated in the processing of precursor 5-S RNA. Possible models for the secondary structure of prokaryotic 5-S RNA are discussed on the basis of the results of limited digestion of B. licheniformis 5-S RNA by ribonuclease T1."}
{"id": "PMID:1204618", "title": "Chemical synthesis of partially and fully phosphorylated protamines.", "content": "Chromatographically purified components Z and YI of clupeine from herring have been phosphorylated by a chemical method. To enhance solubility in trimethylphosphate, the protamine capronate salts were used and phosphorylation was performed with POCl3. Both serine and threonine residues were phosphorylated; however, besides monophosphate esters considerable amounts of polyphosphate esters were obtained. Its nature was identified by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by chemical methods, such as comparison of the hydrolysis rate with that of ADP and phoshocreatine, respectively. The pyrophosphate bonds were cleaved by controlled hydrolysis with HCl. The phosphorylated protamine species were purified by gel filtration and chromatography on a Sephadex CM column. Fully phosphorylated clupeine Z (3 serine residues and 3 phosphates) and YI (3 serine, 2 threonine residues and 5 phosphates) were obtained as well as partially phosphorylated fractions; in the case of clupeine Z the resolution into mono, doubly and triply (fully) phosphorylated fractions was excellent. The overall yield of phosphorylated clupeine was better than 50%.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of partially and fully phosphorylated protamines. Chromatographically purified components Z and YI of clupeine from herring have been phosphorylated by a chemical method. To enhance solubility in trimethylphosphate, the protamine capronate salts were used and phosphorylation was performed with POCl3. Both serine and threonine residues were phosphorylated; however, besides monophosphate esters considerable amounts of polyphosphate esters were obtained. Its nature was identified by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by chemical methods, such as comparison of the hydrolysis rate with that of ADP and phoshocreatine, respectively. The pyrophosphate bonds were cleaved by controlled hydrolysis with HCl. The phosphorylated protamine species were purified by gel filtration and chromatography on a Sephadex CM column. Fully phosphorylated clupeine Z (3 serine residues and 3 phosphates) and YI (3 serine, 2 threonine residues and 5 phosphates) were obtained as well as partially phosphorylated fractions; in the case of clupeine Z the resolution into mono, doubly and triply (fully) phosphorylated fractions was excellent. The overall yield of phosphorylated clupeine was better than 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:1204619", "title": "New useful reagents for peptide synthesis. Insoluble active esters of polystyrene-bound 1-hydroxybenzotriazole.", "content": "Insoluble 1-hydroxbenzotriazole-bound polystyrene was prepared through a series of chemical modifications of commercially available polystyrene. Reaction of 3-nitro-4-chlorobenzyl alcohol or of 3-nitro-4-chlorobenzyl bromide with polystyrene in the presence of aluminium trichloride yielded (3-nitro-4-chloro)benzylated polystyrene. Upon reaction with hydrazine it was converted to (3-nitro-4-hydrazine) benzylated polystyrene which was cyclized, by acidolysis, to yield 1-hydroxybenzotriazole-bound polystyrene. This was coupled, using N, N' -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as the coupling agent, to many N-blocked amino acid derivatives, yielding polymeric polystyrene-bound active esters. Such derivatives are highly reactive and their efficacy in the synthesis of several peptides, including that of the tetrapeptide Boc-L-Leu-L-leu-L-Val-0bzl-L-Tyr-0Bzl and of thyrotropin-releasing hormone was demonstrated.", "contents": "New useful reagents for peptide synthesis. Insoluble active esters of polystyrene-bound 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Insoluble 1-hydroxbenzotriazole-bound polystyrene was prepared through a series of chemical modifications of commercially available polystyrene. Reaction of 3-nitro-4-chlorobenzyl alcohol or of 3-nitro-4-chlorobenzyl bromide with polystyrene in the presence of aluminium trichloride yielded (3-nitro-4-chloro)benzylated polystyrene. Upon reaction with hydrazine it was converted to (3-nitro-4-hydrazine) benzylated polystyrene which was cyclized, by acidolysis, to yield 1-hydroxybenzotriazole-bound polystyrene. This was coupled, using N, N' -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as the coupling agent, to many N-blocked amino acid derivatives, yielding polymeric polystyrene-bound active esters. Such derivatives are highly reactive and their efficacy in the synthesis of several peptides, including that of the tetrapeptide Boc-L-Leu-L-leu-L-Val-0bzl-L-Tyr-0Bzl and of thyrotropin-releasing hormone was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1204620", "title": "Investigation of the symmetry of oligomeric enzymes with bifunctional reagents.", "content": "The symmetry of proteins composed of identical polypeptide chains has been investigated by means of cross-linking with bifunctional reagents and subsequent sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The majority of the investigations were performed with diimidates of different chain lengths (C3-C12), which react exclusively with amino groups. Aldolase, catalase, fumarase, pyruvate kinase, tetrameric proteins with identical polypeptide chains, reveal a D2 symmetry, i.e. they appear to be composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains. The validity of this conclusion is demonstrated with lactate dehydrogenase. This enzyme, shown by X-ray analysis to have a D2 symmetry, yields after cross-linking and subsequent polyacrylamide electrophoresis the band pattern expected for a protein with this quaternary structure and similar to the pattern obtained with the above enzymes. 2. The influence of the experimental conditions on the cross-linking reaction has been investigated. The selectivity of the bifunctional reagent for the different contact domains within the quaternary structure of a protein depends on the reaction time, the chain length and on the concentration of the reagent. In general the D2 symmetry becomes more obvious with increasing chain length and with increasing concentration of the diimidate. Diethylpyrocarbonate showed very little selectivity.", "contents": "Investigation of the symmetry of oligomeric enzymes with bifunctional reagents. The symmetry of proteins composed of identical polypeptide chains has been investigated by means of cross-linking with bifunctional reagents and subsequent sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The majority of the investigations were performed with diimidates of different chain lengths (C3-C12), which react exclusively with amino groups. Aldolase, catalase, fumarase, pyruvate kinase, tetrameric proteins with identical polypeptide chains, reveal a D2 symmetry, i.e. they appear to be composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains. The validity of this conclusion is demonstrated with lactate dehydrogenase. This enzyme, shown by X-ray analysis to have a D2 symmetry, yields after cross-linking and subsequent polyacrylamide electrophoresis the band pattern expected for a protein with this quaternary structure and similar to the pattern obtained with the above enzymes. 2. The influence of the experimental conditions on the cross-linking reaction has been investigated. The selectivity of the bifunctional reagent for the different contact domains within the quaternary structure of a protein depends on the reaction time, the chain length and on the concentration of the reagent. In general the D2 symmetry becomes more obvious with increasing chain length and with increasing concentration of the diimidate. Diethylpyrocarbonate showed very little selectivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1204621", "title": "The pyruvate-dehydrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Axotobacter vinelandii was isolated in a five-step procedure. The minimum molecular weight of the pure complex is 600,000, as based on an FAD content of 1.6 nmol-mg protein-1. The molecular weight is 1.0-1.2 X 10(6), indicating 1 mole of lipoamide dehydrogenase dimer per complex molecule. Sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoretical patterns show that apart from pyruvate dehydrogenase (Mr89,000) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (Mrmonomer 56,000) two active transacetylase isoenzymes are present with molecular weight on the gel 82,000 and 59,000 but probably actually lower. The pure complex has a specific activity of the pyruvate-NAD+ reductase (overall) reaction of 10 units-mg protein-1 at 25 degrees C. The partial reactions have the following specific activities in units-mg protein-1 at 25 degrees C under standard conditions: pyruvate-K3Fe(CN)6 reductase 0.14, transacetylase 3.6 and lipoamide dehydrogenase 2.9. The properties of this complex are compared with those from other sources. NADPH reduced the FAD of lipoamide dehydrogenase as well in the complex as in the free form. NADP+ cannot be used as electron acceptor. Under aerobic conditios pyruvate oxidase reaction, dependent on Mg2+ and thiamine pyrophosphate, converts pyruvate into CO2 and acetate; V is 0.2 mumol 02-min-1-mg-1, Km(pyruvate)0.3 mM. The kinetics of this reaction shows a linear 1/velocity-1/[pyruvate] plot. K3Fe(CN)6 competes with the oxidase reaction. The oxidase activity is stimulated by AMP and sulphate and is inhibited by acetyl-CoA. The partially purified enzyme contains considerable phosphotransacetylase activity. The pure complex does not contain this activity. The physiological significance of this activity is discussed.", "contents": "The pyruvate-dehydrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Axotobacter vinelandii was isolated in a five-step procedure. The minimum molecular weight of the pure complex is 600,000, as based on an FAD content of 1.6 nmol-mg protein-1. The molecular weight is 1.0-1.2 X 10(6), indicating 1 mole of lipoamide dehydrogenase dimer per complex molecule. Sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoretical patterns show that apart from pyruvate dehydrogenase (Mr89,000) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (Mrmonomer 56,000) two active transacetylase isoenzymes are present with molecular weight on the gel 82,000 and 59,000 but probably actually lower. The pure complex has a specific activity of the pyruvate-NAD+ reductase (overall) reaction of 10 units-mg protein-1 at 25 degrees C. The partial reactions have the following specific activities in units-mg protein-1 at 25 degrees C under standard conditions: pyruvate-K3Fe(CN)6 reductase 0.14, transacetylase 3.6 and lipoamide dehydrogenase 2.9. The properties of this complex are compared with those from other sources. NADPH reduced the FAD of lipoamide dehydrogenase as well in the complex as in the free form. NADP+ cannot be used as electron acceptor. Under aerobic conditios pyruvate oxidase reaction, dependent on Mg2+ and thiamine pyrophosphate, converts pyruvate into CO2 and acetate; V is 0.2 mumol 02-min-1-mg-1, Km(pyruvate)0.3 mM. The kinetics of this reaction shows a linear 1/velocity-1/[pyruvate] plot. K3Fe(CN)6 competes with the oxidase reaction. The oxidase activity is stimulated by AMP and sulphate and is inhibited by acetyl-CoA. The partially purified enzyme contains considerable phosphotransacetylase activity. The pure complex does not contain this activity. The physiological significance of this activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204622", "title": "Hydrogen exchane at the beta-carbon of amino acids during transamination.", "content": "The hydrogen exchange at the Beta-carbon of L-alanine, L-glutamate and L-asparate with water has been examined during transamination catalyzed by glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and by glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. A significant hydrogen exchange at the Beta-carbon has been demonstrated during incubation of L-[3-3H]alanine + glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, L-[3-3H]alanine + alpha-oxo-glutarate + glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, L-[3-3H]glutamate + glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, L-[3-3H]glutamate + oxaloacetate +glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, and L-[3-3H]glutamate + pyruvate + glutamic-pyruvic transaminase as shown by the appearance of 3H2O. No hydrogen exchange at the Beta-carbon of L-glutamate occurred during incubation of L-[3-3H]-glutamate with glutamic-pyruvic transaminase alone. The hydrogen exchaned at the Beta-carbon of L-glutamate coincides with transamination as demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 2H2O-L-glutamate exchange during transamination by glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. No hydrogen exchange at the Beta-carbon occurred during transamination of L-aspartate by glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance simulation studies. The results are discussed with special reference to the different equilibria between the pyridoxal form and the pyridoxamine form of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase.", "contents": "Hydrogen exchane at the beta-carbon of amino acids during transamination. The hydrogen exchange at the Beta-carbon of L-alanine, L-glutamate and L-asparate with water has been examined during transamination catalyzed by glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and by glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. A significant hydrogen exchange at the Beta-carbon has been demonstrated during incubation of L-[3-3H]alanine + glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, L-[3-3H]alanine + alpha-oxo-glutarate + glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, L-[3-3H]glutamate + glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, L-[3-3H]glutamate + oxaloacetate +glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, and L-[3-3H]glutamate + pyruvate + glutamic-pyruvic transaminase as shown by the appearance of 3H2O. No hydrogen exchange at the Beta-carbon of L-glutamate occurred during incubation of L-[3-3H]-glutamate with glutamic-pyruvic transaminase alone. The hydrogen exchaned at the Beta-carbon of L-glutamate coincides with transamination as demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 2H2O-L-glutamate exchange during transamination by glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. No hydrogen exchange at the Beta-carbon occurred during transamination of L-aspartate by glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance simulation studies. The results are discussed with special reference to the different equilibria between the pyridoxal form and the pyridoxamine form of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase."}
{"id": "PMID:1204623", "title": "Pt(CN)2-4 and Au(CN)-2: potential general probes for anion-binding sites of proteins. 35Cl and 81Br nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies.", "content": "Nuclear magnetic quadrupole relaxation appears to be a general method for studying the binding of anions to proteins. This is shown by the increase in transverse quadrupole relaxation rate of 35Cl- and 81Br- in the presence of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, lysozyme, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, human carbonic anhydrase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and human serum albumin. Of the many possible binding sites at the surface of a protein (e.g. positively charged amino acid side-chains) only a few account for the main part of the relaxation enhancement. This is shown by the decrease in 35Cl- and 81Br- relaxation rate on addition of functional ligands. Large, kinetically inert, complex anions like Pt(CN)2-4 and Au(CN)-2 are found to act as strong competitors towards halogen ions for the high-affinity anion binding sites of a number of proteins. Titrations with complex anions following the 35Cl- or 81Br- relaxation rates are found to be helpful in attempts to elucidate binding mechanisms. Especially, the complex anions may be useful probes for the discrimination between general and metallic anion binding sites in proteins and they also permit correlation of information from X-ray investigations of crystals with that from physical measurements in solution. From the change in halide ion quadrupole relaxation rate on addition of strongly binding ligands the quadrupole coupling constants of the high affinity Cl- and Br- binding sites are estimated using certain assumptions. It is found that for several proteins, comprising the metal-free proteins but also alcohol dehydrogenase and Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, the 35Cl quadrupole coupling constants have approximately the same values. For some other metallo-proteins like carbonic anhydrase and a zinc - serum-albumin complex considerably greater quadrupole coupling constants were obtained. The estimated quadrupole coupling constants are used as a basis for a discussion of the interactions involved in anion-protein interactions.", "contents": "Pt(CN)2-4 and Au(CN)-2: potential general probes for anion-binding sites of proteins. 35Cl and 81Br nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies. Nuclear magnetic quadrupole relaxation appears to be a general method for studying the binding of anions to proteins. This is shown by the increase in transverse quadrupole relaxation rate of 35Cl- and 81Br- in the presence of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, lysozyme, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, human carbonic anhydrase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and human serum albumin. Of the many possible binding sites at the surface of a protein (e.g. positively charged amino acid side-chains) only a few account for the main part of the relaxation enhancement. This is shown by the decrease in 35Cl- and 81Br- relaxation rate on addition of functional ligands. Large, kinetically inert, complex anions like Pt(CN)2-4 and Au(CN)-2 are found to act as strong competitors towards halogen ions for the high-affinity anion binding sites of a number of proteins. Titrations with complex anions following the 35Cl- or 81Br- relaxation rates are found to be helpful in attempts to elucidate binding mechanisms. Especially, the complex anions may be useful probes for the discrimination between general and metallic anion binding sites in proteins and they also permit correlation of information from X-ray investigations of crystals with that from physical measurements in solution. From the change in halide ion quadrupole relaxation rate on addition of strongly binding ligands the quadrupole coupling constants of the high affinity Cl- and Br- binding sites are estimated using certain assumptions. It is found that for several proteins, comprising the metal-free proteins but also alcohol dehydrogenase and Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, the 35Cl quadrupole coupling constants have approximately the same values. For some other metallo-proteins like carbonic anhydrase and a zinc - serum-albumin complex considerably greater quadrupole coupling constants were obtained. The estimated quadrupole coupling constants are used as a basis for a discussion of the interactions involved in anion-protein interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1204624", "title": "Properties of immobilized flavodoxin from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii. An affinity ligand for the purification of riboflavin 5'-phosphate (FMN) and its analogues.", "content": "The small flavoprotein, flavodoxin, isolated from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii, has been covalently coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The immobilized protein replaces ferredoxin as an electron carrier in hydrogen production from dithionite or pyruvate in the presence of ferredoxin-free extracts of P. elsdenii; compared with soluble flavodoxin, its activities in these systems are 13% and 3.5% respectively. Acid treatment reversibly dissociates FMN from the immobilized protein. The dissociation constant of the complex with FMN, determined by fluorimetric titration, is 1.5 (+/- 0.4) nM, and is therefore very little different from that of soluble flavodoxin. Like soluble apoflavodoxin, the immobilized apoprotein is highly specific for flavins with an N-10 side-chain of 5 carbon atoms and a C-5' phosphate group. Approximately half of the flavin impurity in commercial preparations of FMN (12-15% of the total flavin), and similar impurity in synthetic analogues of FMN, is not separated by conventional purification procedures, but it is readily and conveniently removed by affinity chromatography with apoflavodoxin as the immobilized ligand. The immobilized protein is stable for long periods; its capacity for FMN decreases by only 20% after 15 cycles of flavin dissociation and reassociation during several months.", "contents": "Properties of immobilized flavodoxin from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii. An affinity ligand for the purification of riboflavin 5'-phosphate (FMN) and its analogues. The small flavoprotein, flavodoxin, isolated from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii, has been covalently coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The immobilized protein replaces ferredoxin as an electron carrier in hydrogen production from dithionite or pyruvate in the presence of ferredoxin-free extracts of P. elsdenii; compared with soluble flavodoxin, its activities in these systems are 13% and 3.5% respectively. Acid treatment reversibly dissociates FMN from the immobilized protein. The dissociation constant of the complex with FMN, determined by fluorimetric titration, is 1.5 (+/- 0.4) nM, and is therefore very little different from that of soluble flavodoxin. Like soluble apoflavodoxin, the immobilized apoprotein is highly specific for flavins with an N-10 side-chain of 5 carbon atoms and a C-5' phosphate group. Approximately half of the flavin impurity in commercial preparations of FMN (12-15% of the total flavin), and similar impurity in synthetic analogues of FMN, is not separated by conventional purification procedures, but it is readily and conveniently removed by affinity chromatography with apoflavodoxin as the immobilized ligand. The immobilized protein is stable for long periods; its capacity for FMN decreases by only 20% after 15 cycles of flavin dissociation and reassociation during several months."}
{"id": "PMID:1204625", "title": "Reversible, covalent immobilization of enzymes by thiol-disulphide interchange.", "content": "1. alpha-Amylase and alpha-chymotrypsin have been immobilized by covalent attachment to mercaptohydroxypropyl ether agarose gel. The technique involves two steps: (a) thiolation of the enzymes by methyl 3-mercaptopropioimidate, (b) coupling of the thiolated enzymes to a mixed disulphide derivative of agarose obtained by reacting mercaptohydroxypropyl ether agarose with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide. 2. The immobilization technique can be performed so that most of the inherent activity of the enzymes is conserved. However, diffusion limitations and steric factors prevent full manifestation of the immobilized activities. 3. Immobilized alpha-amylase was used in a packed-bed reactor for the continuous hydrolysis of starch. When the enzymically active gel had lost its activity it could be regenerated in situ by reductive uncoupling of the inactive protein and attachment of a new portion of thiolated alpha-amylase.", "contents": "Reversible, covalent immobilization of enzymes by thiol-disulphide interchange. 1. alpha-Amylase and alpha-chymotrypsin have been immobilized by covalent attachment to mercaptohydroxypropyl ether agarose gel. The technique involves two steps: (a) thiolation of the enzymes by methyl 3-mercaptopropioimidate, (b) coupling of the thiolated enzymes to a mixed disulphide derivative of agarose obtained by reacting mercaptohydroxypropyl ether agarose with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide. 2. The immobilization technique can be performed so that most of the inherent activity of the enzymes is conserved. However, diffusion limitations and steric factors prevent full manifestation of the immobilized activities. 3. Immobilized alpha-amylase was used in a packed-bed reactor for the continuous hydrolysis of starch. When the enzymically active gel had lost its activity it could be regenerated in situ by reductive uncoupling of the inactive protein and attachment of a new portion of thiolated alpha-amylase."}
{"id": "PMID:1204626", "title": "A urinary pentasaccharide in bovine mannosidosis.", "content": "Abnormally high amounts of low molecular weight mannose-rich carbohydrate material were found in the urine of an Angus calf with mannosidosis. At least five oligosaccharide fractions were detected by paper chromatography. The most abundant compound was purified by gel chromatography, zone electrophoresis, and two consecutive preparative paper chromatographic steps. The yield was 10 mg/liter of urine. From structural studies including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical rotation, sugar analysis, methylation analysis, and partial enzymatic degradation the following structure was deduced: alpha-D-Manp-(1 leads to 6)-beta-D-Manp-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 4)-D-GlcNAc. This oligosaccharide is distinct from all the oligosaccharides previously described which are excreted by patients with mannosidosis.", "contents": "A urinary pentasaccharide in bovine mannosidosis. Abnormally high amounts of low molecular weight mannose-rich carbohydrate material were found in the urine of an Angus calf with mannosidosis. At least five oligosaccharide fractions were detected by paper chromatography. The most abundant compound was purified by gel chromatography, zone electrophoresis, and two consecutive preparative paper chromatographic steps. The yield was 10 mg/liter of urine. From structural studies including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical rotation, sugar analysis, methylation analysis, and partial enzymatic degradation the following structure was deduced: alpha-D-Manp-(1 leads to 6)-beta-D-Manp-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 4)-D-GlcNAc. This oligosaccharide is distinct from all the oligosaccharides previously described which are excreted by patients with mannosidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1204627", "title": "Effects of external potassium on potassium efflux and accumulation by rat adipocytes.", "content": "Effects of external K+ concentration, [K+]o, on K+ transport rate and on relative K+, an index of intracellular K+ concentration, were studied in adipocytes isolated from rat epididymal fat pads. 2. Relative K+ changed upon a step change of [K+]o from normal, but with continued exposure to the second [K+]o  the relative K+ returned to or approached the initial level. 3. Reversal of the initial change in relative K+ was accelerated by restoration of a normal [K+]o. 4. 42K efflux from cells exposed to a single [K+]o was described by a single rate constant for a wash-out period of up to four half-times. 5. The rate constant was bi-stable with respect to [K+]o, with the critical [K+]o between 3-6 and 4-8 mM. 6. Rate constants were independent of relative K+ and uncorrelated with net fluxes. 7. It is suggested that [K+]o exerts its effects only at the outer surface of the adipocyte membrane.", "contents": "Effects of external potassium on potassium efflux and accumulation by rat adipocytes. Effects of external K+ concentration, [K+]o, on K+ transport rate and on relative K+, an index of intracellular K+ concentration, were studied in adipocytes isolated from rat epididymal fat pads. 2. Relative K+ changed upon a step change of [K+]o from normal, but with continued exposure to the second [K+]o  the relative K+ returned to or approached the initial level. 3. Reversal of the initial change in relative K+ was accelerated by restoration of a normal [K+]o. 4. 42K efflux from cells exposed to a single [K+]o was described by a single rate constant for a wash-out period of up to four half-times. 5. The rate constant was bi-stable with respect to [K+]o, with the critical [K+]o between 3-6 and 4-8 mM. 6. Rate constants were independent of relative K+ and uncorrelated with net fluxes. 7. It is suggested that [K+]o exerts its effects only at the outer surface of the adipocyte membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1204628", "title": "Avian febrile response.", "content": "The febrile response of the pigeon (Columba livia) was characterized for comparison with our present day understnading of mammalian fever. 2. When injected with live Pasteurella multocida the birds became febrile and died. 3. Varying doses of dead bacteria produced a complex dose-dependent febrile response. 4. Antipyretics effectively attenuated the febrile response to dead bacteria. 5. The similarities of reptilian, avian and mammalian fever suggest a common origin and perhaps a similar adaptive role of fever in increasing host survival during bacterial infection.", "contents": "Avian febrile response. The febrile response of the pigeon (Columba livia) was characterized for comparison with our present day understnading of mammalian fever. 2. When injected with live Pasteurella multocida the birds became febrile and died. 3. Varying doses of dead bacteria produced a complex dose-dependent febrile response. 4. Antipyretics effectively attenuated the febrile response to dead bacteria. 5. The similarities of reptilian, avian and mammalian fever suggest a common origin and perhaps a similar adaptive role of fever in increasing host survival during bacterial infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1204629", "title": "Absorption of amino acids and peptides from a complex mixture in the isolated small intestine of the rat.", "content": "Amino acid and peptide absorption from a pancreatic digest of casein at low concentration by an isolated preparation of perfused rat small intestine has been measured. 2. The rate of absorption of each amino acid (free or peptide-bound) is closely proportional to its concentration in the perfusate; this implies a constant Vmax/Km ration for all amino acids in the mixture. 3. There is a high correlation between the compositions of luminal perfusate and secretion into the tissue fluid (apart from the content of glutamic and aspartic acids and alanine). 4. The concentrations of each free amino acid are, on average, 9 times as great in secretion as in lumen; the total peptide-N concentration in secretion is approximately 4 times that in the lumen. 5. The rate of absorption of each free amino acid is highly negatively dependent on the rate of absorption of that amino acid in peptide-bound form, in addition to being positively dependent on the perfusate concentration of free amino acid. 6. While peptide-bound proline appears to be well absorbed, free proline liberated by hydrolysis appears to pass back into the lumen as well as into the tissue fluid. Substantial back flux of hydrolysis products may occur for all amino acids. 7. About one-third of the amino acids appearing in the secretion on the serosal surface are peptide-bound. 8. The rate of absorption of peptides appears to determine the rate of their hydrolysis which probably occurs mainly after entry into the mucosal cells.", "contents": "Absorption of amino acids and peptides from a complex mixture in the isolated small intestine of the rat. Amino acid and peptide absorption from a pancreatic digest of casein at low concentration by an isolated preparation of perfused rat small intestine has been measured. 2. The rate of absorption of each amino acid (free or peptide-bound) is closely proportional to its concentration in the perfusate; this implies a constant Vmax/Km ration for all amino acids in the mixture. 3. There is a high correlation between the compositions of luminal perfusate and secretion into the tissue fluid (apart from the content of glutamic and aspartic acids and alanine). 4. The concentrations of each free amino acid are, on average, 9 times as great in secretion as in lumen; the total peptide-N concentration in secretion is approximately 4 times that in the lumen. 5. The rate of absorption of each free amino acid is highly negatively dependent on the rate of absorption of that amino acid in peptide-bound form, in addition to being positively dependent on the perfusate concentration of free amino acid. 6. While peptide-bound proline appears to be well absorbed, free proline liberated by hydrolysis appears to pass back into the lumen as well as into the tissue fluid. Substantial back flux of hydrolysis products may occur for all amino acids. 7. About one-third of the amino acids appearing in the secretion on the serosal surface are peptide-bound. 8. The rate of absorption of peptides appears to determine the rate of their hydrolysis which probably occurs mainly after entry into the mucosal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1204630", "title": "Axoplasm architecture and physical properties as seen in the Myxicola giant axon.", "content": "A technique is described for extracting axoplasm from the giant axon of a marine worm, Myxicola infundibulum. The operation can be completed in 10 sec. 2. Axoplasm is pulled from the axon of a living worm as a long, clear cylinder, up to 35 cm long and 70 mg wet weight. The worm regenerates a new giant axon in about 4 months. 3. Myxicola axoplasm is a gel, 87% water, held together by protein neurofilaments. It contains small amounts of mitochondria and vesicles, but no detectable microtubules. 4. The internal structure of the gel is superficially similar to that of yarn. Closer inspection with light and electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, show it to be organized in a hierarchy of helical forms. Squid giant axons have a similar structure. 5. Initial estimates of the bulk physical properties of extracted Myxicola axoplasm give: breaking strength, 1400 g/cm2; specific gravity, 1-05 g/cm3; birefringence, 1-6 X 10(-4); index of refraction, 1-351; resistivity, 57 omega cm. These average values are shown to be compatible with the observed structure and composition. 6. Despite its mechanical strength, the axoplasm gel is so hydrated that Na+, K+ and homarine diffuse through it at rates approaching those in free solution. Fewer than about 5% of each of these ions are tightly bound to the gel. 7. It is argued that (a) the structure and physical properties of Myxicola axoplasm are representative of those in other axons, (b) the compound helix architecture results from twist of parallel, cross-linked fibrous proteins, and (c) this sturcture serves as a flexible internal skeleton for nerve cell processes.", "contents": "Axoplasm architecture and physical properties as seen in the Myxicola giant axon. A technique is described for extracting axoplasm from the giant axon of a marine worm, Myxicola infundibulum. The operation can be completed in 10 sec. 2. Axoplasm is pulled from the axon of a living worm as a long, clear cylinder, up to 35 cm long and 70 mg wet weight. The worm regenerates a new giant axon in about 4 months. 3. Myxicola axoplasm is a gel, 87% water, held together by protein neurofilaments. It contains small amounts of mitochondria and vesicles, but no detectable microtubules. 4. The internal structure of the gel is superficially similar to that of yarn. Closer inspection with light and electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, show it to be organized in a hierarchy of helical forms. Squid giant axons have a similar structure. 5. Initial estimates of the bulk physical properties of extracted Myxicola axoplasm give: breaking strength, 1400 g/cm2; specific gravity, 1-05 g/cm3; birefringence, 1-6 X 10(-4); index of refraction, 1-351; resistivity, 57 omega cm. These average values are shown to be compatible with the observed structure and composition. 6. Despite its mechanical strength, the axoplasm gel is so hydrated that Na+, K+ and homarine diffuse through it at rates approaching those in free solution. Fewer than about 5% of each of these ions are tightly bound to the gel. 7. It is argued that (a) the structure and physical properties of Myxicola axoplasm are representative of those in other axons, (b) the compound helix architecture results from twist of parallel, cross-linked fibrous proteins, and (c) this sturcture serves as a flexible internal skeleton for nerve cell processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1204631", "title": "Affinity labelling to - SH groups in adenosine - triphosphate - phosphoribosyl transferase with the dinitrophenyl group from S-dinitrophenyl-6-mercaptopurine-riboside 5'-phosphate.", "content": "Adenosine-triphosphate-phosphoribosyl transferase from Escherichia coli reacts with S-dinitrophenyl-6-mercaptopurine-riboside 5'-phosphate. In this reaction the dinitrophenyl group becomes attached to the enzyme, while the nucleotide is split off. Most aliphatic high and low-molecular-weight-SH compounds react with the thioether in the opposite way, i.e. bind the nucleotide and split off dinitrothiophenol. It appears that the dinitrophenyl moiety of the thioether interacts with the enzyme in a specific way, and that this interaction activates the bond between the dinitrophenyl group and the sulfur atom. In support of this it was found that dinitrophenol inhibits the transferase reaction with half maximal effect at 0.4 mM. The inhibition is competitive with ATP. Dinitrophenol also competes with ATP in binding studies.", "contents": "Affinity labelling to - SH groups in adenosine - triphosphate - phosphoribosyl transferase with the dinitrophenyl group from S-dinitrophenyl-6-mercaptopurine-riboside 5'-phosphate. Adenosine-triphosphate-phosphoribosyl transferase from Escherichia coli reacts with S-dinitrophenyl-6-mercaptopurine-riboside 5'-phosphate. In this reaction the dinitrophenyl group becomes attached to the enzyme, while the nucleotide is split off. Most aliphatic high and low-molecular-weight-SH compounds react with the thioether in the opposite way, i.e. bind the nucleotide and split off dinitrothiophenol. It appears that the dinitrophenyl moiety of the thioether interacts with the enzyme in a specific way, and that this interaction activates the bond between the dinitrophenyl group and the sulfur atom. In support of this it was found that dinitrophenol inhibits the transferase reaction with half maximal effect at 0.4 mM. The inhibition is competitive with ATP. Dinitrophenol also competes with ATP in binding studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1204632", "title": "Biochemistry of development in insects. Stereospecific incorporation of fatty acids into triacylglycerols.", "content": "1. Previous experiments showed that fatty acids were incorporated into triacylglycerols by homogenates of Ceratitis capitata larvae far more efficiently than by pharate adult homogenates. This metabolic behaviour of both stages of development of the insect has been interpreted throughout the existence of a different acyltransferase activity. To obtain new data on the acyltransferase mechanism, a time-course of the stereospecific incorporation of labelled myristic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids into the sn-positions of triacylglycerols has been followed. 2. Studies on the stereospecific incorporation of labelled fatty acids confirmed previous results. Palmitic acid was mainly incorporated into sn-1 and sn-3 positions whereas position 2 exhibited a low incorporation. Myristic acid acylated sn-3 position at a higher rate than it acylated the other sn-positions. Oleic acid was more specifically distributed than palmitic acid and linoleic acid was more efficiently incorporated than the monounsaturated acid. All these data reflect substrate differences in the acyltransferase activity of larval homogenates. Pharate adult homogenates incorporated fatty acids very scarcely and mainly into positions (1 + 3). 3. Kinetics of incorporation of labelled fatty acids into the sn-positions points to a non-random distribution with respect to the major saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in triacylglycerols of larvae of Ceratitis capitata.", "contents": "Biochemistry of development in insects. Stereospecific incorporation of fatty acids into triacylglycerols. 1. Previous experiments showed that fatty acids were incorporated into triacylglycerols by homogenates of Ceratitis capitata larvae far more efficiently than by pharate adult homogenates. This metabolic behaviour of both stages of development of the insect has been interpreted throughout the existence of a different acyltransferase activity. To obtain new data on the acyltransferase mechanism, a time-course of the stereospecific incorporation of labelled myristic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids into the sn-positions of triacylglycerols has been followed. 2. Studies on the stereospecific incorporation of labelled fatty acids confirmed previous results. Palmitic acid was mainly incorporated into sn-1 and sn-3 positions whereas position 2 exhibited a low incorporation. Myristic acid acylated sn-3 position at a higher rate than it acylated the other sn-positions. Oleic acid was more specifically distributed than palmitic acid and linoleic acid was more efficiently incorporated than the monounsaturated acid. All these data reflect substrate differences in the acyltransferase activity of larval homogenates. Pharate adult homogenates incorporated fatty acids very scarcely and mainly into positions (1 + 3). 3. Kinetics of incorporation of labelled fatty acids into the sn-positions points to a non-random distribution with respect to the major saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in triacylglycerols of larvae of Ceratitis capitata."}
{"id": "PMID:1204633", "title": "Biochemistry of development in insects. Incorporation of fatty acids into different lipid classes.", "content": "1. To study the different metabolic behaviour of various stages of development of the insect Ceratitis capitata, the incorporation of labelled decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids into triacylglycerols by insect homogenates was investigated. The time-course of incorporation of labelled fatty acids was firstly studied by using oleic acid; it showed that after 10 min of incubation the levels of radioactivity incorporated into triacylglycerols and those remaining in the free fatty acids were practically unchanged. 2. All labelled fatty acids were efficiently incorporated by larval homogenates; however, most of the radioactivity remained as free fatty acids in the presence of pharate adult homogenates, palmitic, and stearic acids being the most scarcely incorporated by this stage of development of the insect. 3. Plots of triacylglycerol and free fatty acid radioactivites versus the stage of development defined a crossing-zone in coincidence with the larval-pupal apolysis. This metabolic difference between larval and pharate adult homogenates could not be explained through differences in the acyl-CoA synthetase activity of the insect; this enzyme activity was notably higher in pharate adult homogenates than in the larval homogenates whatever would be the nature of the fatty acid. 4. [14C]Triolein was scarcely hydrolyzed by both larval and pharate adult homogenates. 5. Double-label experiments were carried out by incorporating either [3H]oleic acid or [3H]-palmitic acid and [14C]glycerol 3-phosphate by larval and pharate adult homogenates at different incubation intervals. Diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, and phosphoglycerides were isolated and the 14C/3H molar ratio calculated. Results suggest the existence of a different acyltransferase activity in the different stages of development of the insect.", "contents": "Biochemistry of development in insects. Incorporation of fatty acids into different lipid classes. 1. To study the different metabolic behaviour of various stages of development of the insect Ceratitis capitata, the incorporation of labelled decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids into triacylglycerols by insect homogenates was investigated. The time-course of incorporation of labelled fatty acids was firstly studied by using oleic acid; it showed that after 10 min of incubation the levels of radioactivity incorporated into triacylglycerols and those remaining in the free fatty acids were practically unchanged. 2. All labelled fatty acids were efficiently incorporated by larval homogenates; however, most of the radioactivity remained as free fatty acids in the presence of pharate adult homogenates, palmitic, and stearic acids being the most scarcely incorporated by this stage of development of the insect. 3. Plots of triacylglycerol and free fatty acid radioactivites versus the stage of development defined a crossing-zone in coincidence with the larval-pupal apolysis. This metabolic difference between larval and pharate adult homogenates could not be explained through differences in the acyl-CoA synthetase activity of the insect; this enzyme activity was notably higher in pharate adult homogenates than in the larval homogenates whatever would be the nature of the fatty acid. 4. [14C]Triolein was scarcely hydrolyzed by both larval and pharate adult homogenates. 5. Double-label experiments were carried out by incorporating either [3H]oleic acid or [3H]-palmitic acid and [14C]glycerol 3-phosphate by larval and pharate adult homogenates at different incubation intervals. Diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, and phosphoglycerides were isolated and the 14C/3H molar ratio calculated. Results suggest the existence of a different acyltransferase activity in the different stages of development of the insect."}
{"id": "PMID:1204634", "title": "Tubular polymers derived from Helix pomatia beta-hemocyanin.", "content": "Upon trypsinolysis Helix pomatia beta-hemocyanin forms long tubular structures, which appear to be linear polymers of hemocyanin molecules from which the collar structure has been removed. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate shows that only few peptide bonds are hydrolyzed by trypsin. The structure of the polymers has been investigated by electron microscopy, combined with optical diffraction. Preliminary X-ray diffraction data are presented. Functional properties of the polymers are similar to those of the native protein. Both show a calciumion-dependent co-operativity of oxygen binding and a Bohr effect. The results suggest that the collar of a hemocyanin molecule has no special function in the process of (co-operative) oxygen binding, different from that of the wall of the molecule.", "contents": "Tubular polymers derived from Helix pomatia beta-hemocyanin. Upon trypsinolysis Helix pomatia beta-hemocyanin forms long tubular structures, which appear to be linear polymers of hemocyanin molecules from which the collar structure has been removed. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate shows that only few peptide bonds are hydrolyzed by trypsin. The structure of the polymers has been investigated by electron microscopy, combined with optical diffraction. Preliminary X-ray diffraction data are presented. Functional properties of the polymers are similar to those of the native protein. Both show a calciumion-dependent co-operativity of oxygen binding and a Bohr effect. The results suggest that the collar of a hemocyanin molecule has no special function in the process of (co-operative) oxygen binding, different from that of the wall of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:1204635", "title": "Steroid-induced early protein synthesis in rat uterus and prostate.", "content": "An early 'induced protein', after exposure of the rat uterus to estradiol, is detected among the soluble proteins with a double-labelling technique and electrophoretic fractionation. Efforts have been directed to establish the subcellular distribution of the induced protein, since such a protein, observable 1 h after hormone administration, may play an important role in the subsequent amplified responses, especially in terms of RNA synthesis. Moreover such an early discrete induced protein was sought in a comparable system responding to another hormone, namely prostate and seminal vesicles under androgens. The induced protein was not found in uterine nuclei of 21-day-old rats after 1 h of estradiol action in vivo and 1 h of tissue incubation with labelled leucine. This negative result summarizes a search among different nuclear protein fractions using various procedures; nor was induced protein observed in mitochondrial and microsomal pellets. Contrary to these negative findings, slight changes of histone labelling were observed under the experimental conditions used to demonstrate induced protein. In addition histone acetylation was increased after 1 h of estradiol action in vivo and 15 min tissue labelling in vitro with radioactive acetate. Furthermore, an increase in total protein synthesis between 0 and 2 h after estradiol action was observed, the relative increase of incorporation of radioactive leucine into protein of estradiol-treated vs non-stimulated uteri being corrected for variations of the acid-soluble radioactive leucine pool. Attempts to obtain an early and discrete induced protein with androgens in prostate and seminal vesicles of immature or castrated rats after different times of exposure to testosterone, androstanolone and estradiol have been unsuccessful. The contribution of both negative and positive findings in steroid-induced early protein synthesis is discussed in the context of the current knowledge of hormone action.", "contents": "Steroid-induced early protein synthesis in rat uterus and prostate. An early 'induced protein', after exposure of the rat uterus to estradiol, is detected among the soluble proteins with a double-labelling technique and electrophoretic fractionation. Efforts have been directed to establish the subcellular distribution of the induced protein, since such a protein, observable 1 h after hormone administration, may play an important role in the subsequent amplified responses, especially in terms of RNA synthesis. Moreover such an early discrete induced protein was sought in a comparable system responding to another hormone, namely prostate and seminal vesicles under androgens. The induced protein was not found in uterine nuclei of 21-day-old rats after 1 h of estradiol action in vivo and 1 h of tissue incubation with labelled leucine. This negative result summarizes a search among different nuclear protein fractions using various procedures; nor was induced protein observed in mitochondrial and microsomal pellets. Contrary to these negative findings, slight changes of histone labelling were observed under the experimental conditions used to demonstrate induced protein. In addition histone acetylation was increased after 1 h of estradiol action in vivo and 15 min tissue labelling in vitro with radioactive acetate. Furthermore, an increase in total protein synthesis between 0 and 2 h after estradiol action was observed, the relative increase of incorporation of radioactive leucine into protein of estradiol-treated vs non-stimulated uteri being corrected for variations of the acid-soluble radioactive leucine pool. Attempts to obtain an early and discrete induced protein with androgens in prostate and seminal vesicles of immature or castrated rats after different times of exposure to testosterone, androstanolone and estradiol have been unsuccessful. The contribution of both negative and positive findings in steroid-induced early protein synthesis is discussed in the context of the current knowledge of hormone action."}
{"id": "PMID:1204636", "title": "Compartmentation of acetyl-coA in rat-liver mitochondria.", "content": "The ratio of the specific radioactivities of 3-hydroxybutyrate: citrate was determined in rat liver mitochondria which were incubated in the presence of [1-14C]palmitate, pyruvate, bicarbonate, ATP, phosphate and malonate. Without compartmentation this ratio would maximally be 2, however, under our conditions values of 2.5-3.7 were observed. In further experiments with mitochondria, the sensitivity of pyruvate carboxylase for acetyl-CoA produced from various precursors was tested. It was found that acetyl-CoA produced from L-acetylcarnitine or by oxidation from either pyruvate, octanoate or palmitylcarnitine but not from leucine led to a stimulation of pyruvate carboxylation. These results demonstrate a compartmentation of acetyl-CoA in liver mitochondria. The further finding that different mitochondrial fractions showed varying ratios of specific radioactivities of 3-hydroxybutyrate:citrate indicates that the observed compartmentation may be explained by the existence of different types of mitochondria with varying enzyme patterns and acetyl-CoA pools.", "contents": "Compartmentation of acetyl-coA in rat-liver mitochondria. The ratio of the specific radioactivities of 3-hydroxybutyrate: citrate was determined in rat liver mitochondria which were incubated in the presence of [1-14C]palmitate, pyruvate, bicarbonate, ATP, phosphate and malonate. Without compartmentation this ratio would maximally be 2, however, under our conditions values of 2.5-3.7 were observed. In further experiments with mitochondria, the sensitivity of pyruvate carboxylase for acetyl-CoA produced from various precursors was tested. It was found that acetyl-CoA produced from L-acetylcarnitine or by oxidation from either pyruvate, octanoate or palmitylcarnitine but not from leucine led to a stimulation of pyruvate carboxylation. These results demonstrate a compartmentation of acetyl-CoA in liver mitochondria. The further finding that different mitochondrial fractions showed varying ratios of specific radioactivities of 3-hydroxybutyrate:citrate indicates that the observed compartmentation may be explained by the existence of different types of mitochondria with varying enzyme patterns and acetyl-CoA pools."}
{"id": "PMID:1204637", "title": "Studies of the distribution of proteins bound to CNBr-activated Sepharose 6B at the electron-microscopic level.", "content": "Proteins were covalently attached to Sepharose by the CNBr method. Their distribution across the carrier beads was studied at the electron microscopic level. The approach has been to ferritinstain and to section the gel beads. Ferritin was either coupled directly to the polysaccharide backbone of the carrier or conjugated with pure rabbit anti-aminopeptidase in order to visualize covalently bound leucine aminopeptidase by the immunferritin technique. The results corroborate earlier fluorescence microscopic findings of a uniform protein distribution, provided that a number of conditions are fulfilled.", "contents": "Studies of the distribution of proteins bound to CNBr-activated Sepharose 6B at the electron-microscopic level. Proteins were covalently attached to Sepharose by the CNBr method. Their distribution across the carrier beads was studied at the electron microscopic level. The approach has been to ferritinstain and to section the gel beads. Ferritin was either coupled directly to the polysaccharide backbone of the carrier or conjugated with pure rabbit anti-aminopeptidase in order to visualize covalently bound leucine aminopeptidase by the immunferritin technique. The results corroborate earlier fluorescence microscopic findings of a uniform protein distribution, provided that a number of conditions are fulfilled."}
{"id": "PMID:1204638", "title": "Determination in vitro of the rate of protein synthesis and degradation in human-skeletal-muscle tissue.", "content": "The present studies were aimed to evaluate the possibility to use a system for estimation in vitro of the biosynthesis and degradation rates of human skeletal muscle protein. A previously characterized human skeletal muscle preparation was used. Amino acids and insulin stimulated significantly the incorporation rate of leucine into proteins. The effect of amino acids was more pronounced than that of insulin. The stimulatory effect of insulin could be decreased by amino acids. Insulin did not influence the tissue uptake or the oxidation rate of leucine. The release of [14C]leucine deriving from degradation of prelabelled skeletal muscle fibre proteins was linear for at least 2.5 h of incubation and optimal with leucine at concentrations beyond 12.5 mmol/1 or in the presence of puromycin in the incubation medium. The rate of the release of radioactivity was significantly inhibited by amino acids and at borderline significance by insulin but not by puromycin. The specific radioactivity in prelabelled proteins decreased significantly in the presence of puromycin suggesting that leucine derived from protein degradation was reutilized in vitro. This reutilization was found to be 9 +/- 1% of leucine released from degradation of proteins in 30 subjects. A statistically significant positive correlation between the cathepsin D activity in human skeletal muscle tissue and the degradative rate of prelabelled muscle proteins in vitro was observed. The results indicate that biosynthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle proteins in this system in vitro were subjected to control mechanisms. It is suggested that the release of radioactivity from prelabelled muscle fibre proteins during incubation probably only reflects the degradation of some rapidly-turning-over proteins.", "contents": "Determination in vitro of the rate of protein synthesis and degradation in human-skeletal-muscle tissue. The present studies were aimed to evaluate the possibility to use a system for estimation in vitro of the biosynthesis and degradation rates of human skeletal muscle protein. A previously characterized human skeletal muscle preparation was used. Amino acids and insulin stimulated significantly the incorporation rate of leucine into proteins. The effect of amino acids was more pronounced than that of insulin. The stimulatory effect of insulin could be decreased by amino acids. Insulin did not influence the tissue uptake or the oxidation rate of leucine. The release of [14C]leucine deriving from degradation of prelabelled skeletal muscle fibre proteins was linear for at least 2.5 h of incubation and optimal with leucine at concentrations beyond 12.5 mmol/1 or in the presence of puromycin in the incubation medium. The rate of the release of radioactivity was significantly inhibited by amino acids and at borderline significance by insulin but not by puromycin. The specific radioactivity in prelabelled proteins decreased significantly in the presence of puromycin suggesting that leucine derived from protein degradation was reutilized in vitro. This reutilization was found to be 9 +/- 1% of leucine released from degradation of proteins in 30 subjects. A statistically significant positive correlation between the cathepsin D activity in human skeletal muscle tissue and the degradative rate of prelabelled muscle proteins in vitro was observed. The results indicate that biosynthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle proteins in this system in vitro were subjected to control mechanisms. It is suggested that the release of radioactivity from prelabelled muscle fibre proteins during incubation probably only reflects the degradation of some rapidly-turning-over proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1204639", "title": "Characterization of cytoplasmic DNA of mouse-myeloma cells.", "content": "Cytoplasmic DNA from mouse myeloma cells comprised between 1% and 2% of the total cellular DNA. Detergent-prepared cytoplasmic lysate consisted mainly of 8-S and 22-S species. While these DNA species were present in the 13000 times g pellet of the detergent-prepared cytoplasmic lysate, only the light DNA species was present in the 13000 times g supernatant fraction. In neutral CsCl gradients the DNA of both cytoplasmic fractions had a buoyant density of 1700 g/cm3, which is identical to that of nuclear DNA. The similarity between the cytoplasmic and nuclear DNA was also demonstrated by analysis on alkaline CsCl gradients. A small proportion of closed-circular DNA, presumably of mitochondrial origin, was demonstrated only in cytoplasmic fraction obtained from mechanically disrupted cells and not in detergent-prepared cytoplasmic lysate. It was found that poly (A)-containing mRNA and 28-S ribosomal RNA hybridized to about the same extent to the cytoplasmic DNA as compared to nuclear DNA. The results indicate that most of the cytoplasmic DNA in myeloma cells is similar to nuclear DNA and does not consist of mitochondrial DNA.", "contents": "Characterization of cytoplasmic DNA of mouse-myeloma cells. Cytoplasmic DNA from mouse myeloma cells comprised between 1% and 2% of the total cellular DNA. Detergent-prepared cytoplasmic lysate consisted mainly of 8-S and 22-S species. While these DNA species were present in the 13000 times g pellet of the detergent-prepared cytoplasmic lysate, only the light DNA species was present in the 13000 times g supernatant fraction. In neutral CsCl gradients the DNA of both cytoplasmic fractions had a buoyant density of 1700 g/cm3, which is identical to that of nuclear DNA. The similarity between the cytoplasmic and nuclear DNA was also demonstrated by analysis on alkaline CsCl gradients. A small proportion of closed-circular DNA, presumably of mitochondrial origin, was demonstrated only in cytoplasmic fraction obtained from mechanically disrupted cells and not in detergent-prepared cytoplasmic lysate. It was found that poly (A)-containing mRNA and 28-S ribosomal RNA hybridized to about the same extent to the cytoplasmic DNA as compared to nuclear DNA. The results indicate that most of the cytoplasmic DNA in myeloma cells is similar to nuclear DNA and does not consist of mitochondrial DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1204640", "title": "Decreased dissociation of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex from Achromobacter in the presence of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA. A possible regulatory mechanism for the intracellular degradation of the enzyme.", "content": "By inactivation of different concentrations of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase from Achromobacter IVS with a fixed concentration of iodoacetamide, it was demonstrated that the degree of dissociation of the complex is considerably lower in the presence of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA. ATP did not produce this effect. This property could serve to regulate the intracellular degradation of the enzyme, if the dissociated subunits were attacked preferentially.", "contents": "Decreased dissociation of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex from Achromobacter in the presence of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA. A possible regulatory mechanism for the intracellular degradation of the enzyme. By inactivation of different concentrations of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase from Achromobacter IVS with a fixed concentration of iodoacetamide, it was demonstrated that the degree of dissociation of the complex is considerably lower in the presence of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA. ATP did not produce this effect. This property could serve to regulate the intracellular degradation of the enzyme, if the dissociated subunits were attacked preferentially."}
{"id": "PMID:1204641", "title": "Limited trypsinolysis of beta-haemocyanin of Helix pomatia. Characterization of the fragments and heterogeneity of the copper groups by circular dichroism.", "content": "A limited trypsinolysis of the tenths of beta-haemocyanin of Helix pomatia was performed at pH 8.2. The absorbance at 346 nm remained constant, indicating a preservation of the oxygen-binding sites. The five tryptic fragments were separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and on DEAE-cellulose. They contained 2 Cu per 50000 daltons and showed different mobilities in agar electrophoresis. The molecular weights indicated that one fragment was constituted of three functional domains of about 50000 daltons, that two fragments were constituted of two domains, and two others of one domain. Twentieths of beta-haemocyanin seemed thus to be made up of 9 domains. The circular dichroic spectra of the fragments indicated the presence of two classes of copper groups according to their positive maximum at 455 or at 500 nm. The circular dichroic spectra also showed that no fragment could have originated from a larger one, confirming the presence of nine domains in the twentieths.", "contents": "Limited trypsinolysis of beta-haemocyanin of Helix pomatia. Characterization of the fragments and heterogeneity of the copper groups by circular dichroism. A limited trypsinolysis of the tenths of beta-haemocyanin of Helix pomatia was performed at pH 8.2. The absorbance at 346 nm remained constant, indicating a preservation of the oxygen-binding sites. The five tryptic fragments were separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and on DEAE-cellulose. They contained 2 Cu per 50000 daltons and showed different mobilities in agar electrophoresis. The molecular weights indicated that one fragment was constituted of three functional domains of about 50000 daltons, that two fragments were constituted of two domains, and two others of one domain. Twentieths of beta-haemocyanin seemed thus to be made up of 9 domains. The circular dichroic spectra of the fragments indicated the presence of two classes of copper groups according to their positive maximum at 455 or at 500 nm. The circular dichroic spectra also showed that no fragment could have originated from a larger one, confirming the presence of nine domains in the twentieths."}
{"id": "PMID:1204642", "title": "Ribosome inactivation by the toxic lectins abrin and ricin. Kinetics of the enzymic activity of the toxin A-chains.", "content": "A sensitive test system for toxin-treated ribosomes was worked out by treating rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes with abrin A-chain, ricin A-chain or ricinus agglutinin A-chain, adding neutralizing amounts of specific antitoxins and testing for polyphenylalanine-synthesizing activity in a system where the concentration of elongation factors and ribosomes were varied. The strongest inhibition was obtained in the presence of low concentrations of elongation factor (EF-2). The activity of the ribosomes decreased with time of incubation with the toxin A-chains. Addition of anti-toxins stopped further inactivation. In systems containing untreated and toxin-treated ribosomes the ability to polymerize phenylalanine was proportional to the concentration of untreated ribosomes. There was a linear relationship between toxin A-chain concentration and the number of ribosomes inactivated per minute. The inactivation rate increased with temperature, and the estimated activation energy was 10.6 kcal (44.3 kJ). Linewaver-Burk plots of the data obtained by incubating various ribosome concentrations with toxins indicated a molecular activity of about 1500 ribosomes/minute for abrin and ricin A-chains and 100 ribosomes/minute for ricinus agglutinin A-chain. The apparent Michaelis constant was 0.1-0.2 muM for all three A-chains. The activity of the A-chains in the intact cell is discussed.", "contents": "Ribosome inactivation by the toxic lectins abrin and ricin. Kinetics of the enzymic activity of the toxin A-chains. A sensitive test system for toxin-treated ribosomes was worked out by treating rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes with abrin A-chain, ricin A-chain or ricinus agglutinin A-chain, adding neutralizing amounts of specific antitoxins and testing for polyphenylalanine-synthesizing activity in a system where the concentration of elongation factors and ribosomes were varied. The strongest inhibition was obtained in the presence of low concentrations of elongation factor (EF-2). The activity of the ribosomes decreased with time of incubation with the toxin A-chains. Addition of anti-toxins stopped further inactivation. In systems containing untreated and toxin-treated ribosomes the ability to polymerize phenylalanine was proportional to the concentration of untreated ribosomes. There was a linear relationship between toxin A-chain concentration and the number of ribosomes inactivated per minute. The inactivation rate increased with temperature, and the estimated activation energy was 10.6 kcal (44.3 kJ). Linewaver-Burk plots of the data obtained by incubating various ribosome concentrations with toxins indicated a molecular activity of about 1500 ribosomes/minute for abrin and ricin A-chains and 100 ribosomes/minute for ricinus agglutinin A-chain. The apparent Michaelis constant was 0.1-0.2 muM for all three A-chains. The activity of the A-chains in the intact cell is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204643", "title": "Biochemical research on oogenesis. Nucleotide sequence of initiator tRNA from oocytes and from somatic cells of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of initiator tRNA, tRNAfMet, from vitellogenic oocytes of Xenopus laevis was determined. The sequence was deduced from analysis of all T1 and pancreatic oligonucleotides and comparison with the sequence of initiator tRNA from other animal species. At least 80% of all initiator tRNA molecules from oocytes have the same nucleotide sequence. This means that most and probably all initiator tRNA genes which are active in oocytes are identical to one another. No structural difference was observed between liver and oocyte initiator tRNAs. Initiator tRNA from X. laevis has the same nucleotide sequence as initiator tRNA from several species of mammals. The genes coding for this RNA have therefore remained unchanged in the mammalian and amphibian lines for at least 300000000 years.", "contents": "Biochemical research on oogenesis. Nucleotide sequence of initiator tRNA from oocytes and from somatic cells of Xenopus laevis. The nucleotide sequence of initiator tRNA, tRNAfMet, from vitellogenic oocytes of Xenopus laevis was determined. The sequence was deduced from analysis of all T1 and pancreatic oligonucleotides and comparison with the sequence of initiator tRNA from other animal species. At least 80% of all initiator tRNA molecules from oocytes have the same nucleotide sequence. This means that most and probably all initiator tRNA genes which are active in oocytes are identical to one another. No structural difference was observed between liver and oocyte initiator tRNAs. Initiator tRNA from X. laevis has the same nucleotide sequence as initiator tRNA from several species of mammals. The genes coding for this RNA have therefore remained unchanged in the mammalian and amphibian lines for at least 300000000 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1204644", "title": "Translation of honeybee promelittin messenger RNA. Formation of a larger product in a mammalian cell-free system.", "content": "Venom glands of honeybees synthesize the peptide melittin via the precursor promelittin. Total RNA preparations from venom glands served as template in a cell-free system prepared from mammalian cells. The heterologous system translated the insect mRNA with approximately the same efficiency as hemoglobin mRNA. A polypeptide was synthesized which, as shown by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of detergent, has a higher molecular weight than promelittin. Analysis of peptic fragments as well as Edman degradation have demonstrated that sequences characteristic of venom gland promelittin are present in this product formed in vitro. Furthermore, a bacterial protease which specifically splits after acidic residues liberates from the cell-free product a fragment which closely resembles melittin. Evidence is presented that most of the extra amino acids are located at the amino terminus of the product formed in vitro. The larger polypeptide detected in vitro may represent a precursor of promelittin.", "contents": "Translation of honeybee promelittin messenger RNA. Formation of a larger product in a mammalian cell-free system. Venom glands of honeybees synthesize the peptide melittin via the precursor promelittin. Total RNA preparations from venom glands served as template in a cell-free system prepared from mammalian cells. The heterologous system translated the insect mRNA with approximately the same efficiency as hemoglobin mRNA. A polypeptide was synthesized which, as shown by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of detergent, has a higher molecular weight than promelittin. Analysis of peptic fragments as well as Edman degradation have demonstrated that sequences characteristic of venom gland promelittin are present in this product formed in vitro. Furthermore, a bacterial protease which specifically splits after acidic residues liberates from the cell-free product a fragment which closely resembles melittin. Evidence is presented that most of the extra amino acids are located at the amino terminus of the product formed in vitro. The larger polypeptide detected in vitro may represent a precursor of promelittin."}
{"id": "PMID:1204645", "title": "Thermal and solvent perturbation as probes of conformational heterogeneity of haptoglobin 1-1.", "content": "The shifts which occur in the ultraviolet spectra of haptoglobin 1-1 (Hp) and a conformational isomer with lower affinity for hemoglobin (Hp), in response to temperature and solvent changes, have been measured by difference spectra. The thermal difference spectra provide evidence for a different participation of tryptophyl residues in the conformational stability of Hp and Hp. Solvent perturbations have allowed an estimation to be made of the number of surface chromophores in the native Hp and Hp. These results are compatible with the existence of two Hp conformational isomers with different free energy, separated by a high-potential barrier.", "contents": "Thermal and solvent perturbation as probes of conformational heterogeneity of haptoglobin 1-1. The shifts which occur in the ultraviolet spectra of haptoglobin 1-1 (Hp) and a conformational isomer with lower affinity for hemoglobin (Hp), in response to temperature and solvent changes, have been measured by difference spectra. The thermal difference spectra provide evidence for a different participation of tryptophyl residues in the conformational stability of Hp and Hp. Solvent perturbations have allowed an estimation to be made of the number of surface chromophores in the native Hp and Hp. These results are compatible with the existence of two Hp conformational isomers with different free energy, separated by a high-potential barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:1204646", "title": "Dihydrofolate reductase from bovine liver. Enzymatic and structural properties.", "content": "Dihydrofolate reductase from bovine liver has been purified 5000-fold employing conventional techniques and methotrexate/aminohexyl/Sepharose affinity chromatography. Electrophoresis of the isolated enzyme on polyacrylamide gels resulted in the separation of two enzymatically active protein components which were not interconvertible by treatment with dihydrofolate and/or the coenzyme. The two forms, present in a ratio of 20:1, were found by isoelectric focusing to have isoelectric points of 7.15 and 5.94. They had identical specific activities toward dihydrofolate (26.1-27.0 U/mg) and folate (1.3-2.2 U/mg), and had identical molecular weights (23500) and amino acid compositions. Due to the small quantity of the acidic form and the similarity of the two forms, the amino-terminal sequence (19 residues) was determined on a mixture of carboxymethylated reductase. The single sulfhydryl group of the enzyme can be modified by several sulfhydryl reagents in the native enzyme without loss of activity. Modification of the same residue occurs in the denaturated state and partially inhibits renaturation to the fully acitve enzyme. One disulfide bridge was detected by reduction and alkylation. The cleavage of this bond did not effect the enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Dihydrofolate reductase from bovine liver. Enzymatic and structural properties. Dihydrofolate reductase from bovine liver has been purified 5000-fold employing conventional techniques and methotrexate/aminohexyl/Sepharose affinity chromatography. Electrophoresis of the isolated enzyme on polyacrylamide gels resulted in the separation of two enzymatically active protein components which were not interconvertible by treatment with dihydrofolate and/or the coenzyme. The two forms, present in a ratio of 20:1, were found by isoelectric focusing to have isoelectric points of 7.15 and 5.94. They had identical specific activities toward dihydrofolate (26.1-27.0 U/mg) and folate (1.3-2.2 U/mg), and had identical molecular weights (23500) and amino acid compositions. Due to the small quantity of the acidic form and the similarity of the two forms, the amino-terminal sequence (19 residues) was determined on a mixture of carboxymethylated reductase. The single sulfhydryl group of the enzyme can be modified by several sulfhydryl reagents in the native enzyme without loss of activity. Modification of the same residue occurs in the denaturated state and partially inhibits renaturation to the fully acitve enzyme. One disulfide bridge was detected by reduction and alkylation. The cleavage of this bond did not effect the enzymatic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1204647", "title": "Effect of nucleic-acid-binding compounds on the hydrolytic activity of various ribonucleases.", "content": "Studies were conducted on the stimulatory effect that various nucleic-acid-binding compounds have on the hydrolysis of RNA and polyribonucleotides by pancreatic ribonuclease A and by other ribonucleases. The stimulatory activity of chloroquine on tRNA hydrolysis by pancreatic ribonuclease was due to the formation of oligonucleotides of a wide range of sizes and was not due to the formation of very short ( n greater than 5) oligonucleotide fragments of tRNA. The dextrorotatory and levorotatory isomers of chloroquine did not differ in their ability to stimulate the hydrolysis of tRNA by pancreatic ribonuclease A. In addition to chloroquine and primaquine, other nucleic-acid-binding compounds (e.g., quinacrine, lucanthone, and proflavin) stimulated the hydrolysis of tRNA by pancreatic ribonuclease A. Chloroquine did not alter the rate of hydrolysis by pancreatic ribonuclease A of low-molecular-weight substrates (cytidine cyclic 2':o'-monophosphate, uridine cyclic 2':3'-monophosphate, cytidylyl-adenosine, or uridylyl-uridine). Furthermore, chloroquine and primaquine did not affect the hydrolysis of poly(A) by high concentrations of pancreatic ribonuclease A. In studies on the hydrolysis of tRNA by other endoribonucleases, several of the nucleic-acid-binding compounds (e.g., quinacrine and ethidium) exhibited appreciable inhibition of both ribonuclease N1 and ribonuclease T1. None of the compounds tested stimulated the activity of ribonuclease T1, and only chloroquine, and perhaps lucanthone, stimulated the hydrolysis of tRNA by ribonuclease N1.", "contents": "Effect of nucleic-acid-binding compounds on the hydrolytic activity of various ribonucleases. Studies were conducted on the stimulatory effect that various nucleic-acid-binding compounds have on the hydrolysis of RNA and polyribonucleotides by pancreatic ribonuclease A and by other ribonucleases. The stimulatory activity of chloroquine on tRNA hydrolysis by pancreatic ribonuclease was due to the formation of oligonucleotides of a wide range of sizes and was not due to the formation of very short ( n greater than 5) oligonucleotide fragments of tRNA. The dextrorotatory and levorotatory isomers of chloroquine did not differ in their ability to stimulate the hydrolysis of tRNA by pancreatic ribonuclease A. In addition to chloroquine and primaquine, other nucleic-acid-binding compounds (e.g., quinacrine, lucanthone, and proflavin) stimulated the hydrolysis of tRNA by pancreatic ribonuclease A. Chloroquine did not alter the rate of hydrolysis by pancreatic ribonuclease A of low-molecular-weight substrates (cytidine cyclic 2':o'-monophosphate, uridine cyclic 2':3'-monophosphate, cytidylyl-adenosine, or uridylyl-uridine). Furthermore, chloroquine and primaquine did not affect the hydrolysis of poly(A) by high concentrations of pancreatic ribonuclease A. In studies on the hydrolysis of tRNA by other endoribonucleases, several of the nucleic-acid-binding compounds (e.g., quinacrine and ethidium) exhibited appreciable inhibition of both ribonuclease N1 and ribonuclease T1. None of the compounds tested stimulated the activity of ribonuclease T1, and only chloroquine, and perhaps lucanthone, stimulated the hydrolysis of tRNA by ribonuclease N1."}
{"id": "PMID:1204648", "title": "DNA synthesis in circulating erythroblasts of anemic duck. Isolation and properties of nuclear and cytoplasmic-nonmitochondrial DNA.", "content": "In the circulating blood of anemic ducks, 5% of all erythroid cells synthesize DNA. Immature erythroblasts, at all stages of differentiation, synthesize DNA although to a varying degree, while reticulocytes and erythrocytes do not. In the erythroid cell population labeled in vitro 2 h with 32Pi, half of the labeled DNA sediments as small-molecular-weight molecules, suggesting that these molecules fail to integrate into the high-molecular-weight components. Labeled DNA is found in the cytoplasmic postmitochondrial fractions and it is in a form of deoxyribonucleoproteins which cosediment with ribosomes as well as subribosomal particles in sucrose gradients. However, fixation with HCHO and centrifugation to equilibrium in CsCl gradient of these particles shows that the deoxyribonucleoprotein bands at the density different than the ribosomes and, thus, not physically linked to them. In EDTA-dissociated ribosomes, the deoxyribonucleoprotein particles cosediment with ribosomes as well as subribosomal particles in sucorse gradients. However, fixation with HCHO and centrifugation to equilibrium in CsCl gradient of these particles shows that the deoxyribonucleoprotein bands at the density different than the ribosomes and, thus, not physically linked to them. In EDTA-dissociated ribosomes, the deoxyribonucleoprotein particles cosdeiment with ribosomal subunits in such a way that the larger the particle, the larger the molecular weight of the DNA cosedimenting with it. The specific radioactivity of the cytoplasmic ribosome-derived and postribosomal-particle-derived DNAs and the small molecular-weight nuclear DNA is similar and 10-20-fold higher than that of the bulk nuclear DNA. The former three DNA species sediment between 4-14 S. It is concluded that the cytoplasmic nonmitochondrial DNA species are of the nuclear origin. Less than 0.5% of the total cellular nonmitochondrial DNA can be purified from the nucleus and the cytoplasm as fast-labeled small-molecular-weight components. All of the cellular nonmitochondrial DNA species band at the same mean buoyand density in Cs2SO4/urea gradients. All behave as native structures in hydroxyapatite and contain less than 5% of their length as single-stranded regions.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in circulating erythroblasts of anemic duck. Isolation and properties of nuclear and cytoplasmic-nonmitochondrial DNA. In the circulating blood of anemic ducks, 5% of all erythroid cells synthesize DNA. Immature erythroblasts, at all stages of differentiation, synthesize DNA although to a varying degree, while reticulocytes and erythrocytes do not. In the erythroid cell population labeled in vitro 2 h with 32Pi, half of the labeled DNA sediments as small-molecular-weight molecules, suggesting that these molecules fail to integrate into the high-molecular-weight components. Labeled DNA is found in the cytoplasmic postmitochondrial fractions and it is in a form of deoxyribonucleoproteins which cosediment with ribosomes as well as subribosomal particles in sucrose gradients. However, fixation with HCHO and centrifugation to equilibrium in CsCl gradient of these particles shows that the deoxyribonucleoprotein bands at the density different than the ribosomes and, thus, not physically linked to them. In EDTA-dissociated ribosomes, the deoxyribonucleoprotein particles cosediment with ribosomes as well as subribosomal particles in sucorse gradients. However, fixation with HCHO and centrifugation to equilibrium in CsCl gradient of these particles shows that the deoxyribonucleoprotein bands at the density different than the ribosomes and, thus, not physically linked to them. In EDTA-dissociated ribosomes, the deoxyribonucleoprotein particles cosdeiment with ribosomal subunits in such a way that the larger the particle, the larger the molecular weight of the DNA cosedimenting with it. The specific radioactivity of the cytoplasmic ribosome-derived and postribosomal-particle-derived DNAs and the small molecular-weight nuclear DNA is similar and 10-20-fold higher than that of the bulk nuclear DNA. The former three DNA species sediment between 4-14 S. It is concluded that the cytoplasmic nonmitochondrial DNA species are of the nuclear origin. Less than 0.5% of the total cellular nonmitochondrial DNA can be purified from the nucleus and the cytoplasm as fast-labeled small-molecular-weight components. All of the cellular nonmitochondrial DNA species band at the same mean buoyand density in Cs2SO4/urea gradients. All behave as native structures in hydroxyapatite and contain less than 5% of their length as single-stranded regions."}
{"id": "PMID:1204649", "title": "On the control of arginine metabolism in chicken kidney and liver.", "content": "Arginases have been found to be located on the external side of the inner mitochondrial membrane of chicken kidney and liver. Transamidinase has been detected within the liver mitochondrial matrix space. Arginases and transamidinase act upon two different intracellular arginine pools. Penetration of arginine into the matrix space occurs only in respring mitochondria and in the presence of anions such as acetate and phosphate; D-arginine, L-ornithine, D-'ornithine and L-lysine penetrate with the same modalities. L-Histidine penetrates only kidney mitochondria. Because of transamidinase compartmentation, the rate of creatine synthesis is influenced by the rate of penetration of arginine into the mitochondria.", "contents": "On the control of arginine metabolism in chicken kidney and liver. Arginases have been found to be located on the external side of the inner mitochondrial membrane of chicken kidney and liver. Transamidinase has been detected within the liver mitochondrial matrix space. Arginases and transamidinase act upon two different intracellular arginine pools. Penetration of arginine into the matrix space occurs only in respring mitochondria and in the presence of anions such as acetate and phosphate; D-arginine, L-ornithine, D-'ornithine and L-lysine penetrate with the same modalities. L-Histidine penetrates only kidney mitochondria. Because of transamidinase compartmentation, the rate of creatine synthesis is influenced by the rate of penetration of arginine into the mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1204650", "title": "Properties of the ribose-ring-opened adenine nucleotide, 2,2'(1-(9-adenyl)-1'-(tri-,diphosphoryl-oxymethyl))-dihydroxydiethylether in mitochondrial adenine-nucleotide translocation.", "content": "(Adenine-14C) or (gamma-32P)-labelled 2,2'[1-(9-adenyl)-1'-(tri-, diphosphoryl-oxymethyl]-dihydroxydiethylether (rroANP) was obtained from ANP by cleavage of the C-2--C-3' bond by sodium periodate oxidation and subsequent borohydride reduction. Binding of rroANP to rat liver mitochondria revealed carrier-linked (atractyloside-sensitive) and unspecific (atractyloside-insensitive) binding but no transfer across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Kinetic data indicate rroANP as a competitive inhibitor for ANP uptake with Ki = 9.3 X 10(-5) M. Experimental rroANP confirmed that an intact adenine base and three anio.nic charges of the phosphate chain are essential for the recognition between ANP-carrier and nucleotide but insufficient for the induction of a transmembrane ANP exchange. In addition mobilisation of the carrier-nucleotide complex requires an intact ribofuranoside ring system.", "contents": "Properties of the ribose-ring-opened adenine nucleotide, 2,2'(1-(9-adenyl)-1'-(tri-,diphosphoryl-oxymethyl))-dihydroxydiethylether in mitochondrial adenine-nucleotide translocation. (Adenine-14C) or (gamma-32P)-labelled 2,2'[1-(9-adenyl)-1'-(tri-, diphosphoryl-oxymethyl]-dihydroxydiethylether (rroANP) was obtained from ANP by cleavage of the C-2--C-3' bond by sodium periodate oxidation and subsequent borohydride reduction. Binding of rroANP to rat liver mitochondria revealed carrier-linked (atractyloside-sensitive) and unspecific (atractyloside-insensitive) binding but no transfer across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Kinetic data indicate rroANP as a competitive inhibitor for ANP uptake with Ki = 9.3 X 10(-5) M. Experimental rroANP confirmed that an intact adenine base and three anio.nic charges of the phosphate chain are essential for the recognition between ANP-carrier and nucleotide but insufficient for the induction of a transmembrane ANP exchange. In addition mobilisation of the carrier-nucleotide complex requires an intact ribofuranoside ring system."}
{"id": "PMID:1204651", "title": "Turnover of polyadenylated messenger RNA in fission yeast. Evidence for the control of protein synthesis at the translational level.", "content": "Polyadenylated RNA was isolated from fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) total RNA using oligo(dT)-cellulose, and was studied as a model for messenger RNA. The half-life of poly adenylated RNA was measured by two independent methods. (a) The rate of labelling of polyadenylated RNA during incubation of cells with [5-3H]uridine was measured. A half-life of 40-45 min was found by comparing the experimental data with theoretical curves calculated for labelling of RNAs with various half-lives. The influence of precursor-pool specific activity on RNA labelling kinetics is considered. (b) Cells were labelled with [5-3H]uridine then further RNA synthesis was inhibited by addition of 8-hydroxyquinoline. The rate of loos of radioactivity from polyadenylated RNA indicated a half-life of 50 min. The half-life found by these two methods is about one-third of the cell doubling time, and is much longer than previous estimates by indirect methods of yeast messenger RNA half-life. Both experimental methods provided evidence for the existence of tas a half-life of 40-50 min; a much smaller population is probably turning over more rapidly. After inhibition of RNA synthesis by 8-hydroxyquinoline, the rate of total protein synthesis declined much more rapidly than the polyadenylated RNA content of the cells. However, 60 min after inhibition of RNA synthesis there was a small rise in the rate of portein synthesis. These data are interpreted as evidence for mechanisms controlling protein synthesis which operate at the level of messenger RNA translation.", "contents": "Turnover of polyadenylated messenger RNA in fission yeast. Evidence for the control of protein synthesis at the translational level. Polyadenylated RNA was isolated from fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) total RNA using oligo(dT)-cellulose, and was studied as a model for messenger RNA. The half-life of poly adenylated RNA was measured by two independent methods. (a) The rate of labelling of polyadenylated RNA during incubation of cells with [5-3H]uridine was measured. A half-life of 40-45 min was found by comparing the experimental data with theoretical curves calculated for labelling of RNAs with various half-lives. The influence of precursor-pool specific activity on RNA labelling kinetics is considered. (b) Cells were labelled with [5-3H]uridine then further RNA synthesis was inhibited by addition of 8-hydroxyquinoline. The rate of loos of radioactivity from polyadenylated RNA indicated a half-life of 50 min. The half-life found by these two methods is about one-third of the cell doubling time, and is much longer than previous estimates by indirect methods of yeast messenger RNA half-life. Both experimental methods provided evidence for the existence of tas a half-life of 40-50 min; a much smaller population is probably turning over more rapidly. After inhibition of RNA synthesis by 8-hydroxyquinoline, the rate of total protein synthesis declined much more rapidly than the polyadenylated RNA content of the cells. However, 60 min after inhibition of RNA synthesis there was a small rise in the rate of portein synthesis. These data are interpreted as evidence for mechanisms controlling protein synthesis which operate at the level of messenger RNA translation."}
{"id": "PMID:1204652", "title": "DNA polymerases of rat liver. Partial characterization and effect of various inhibitors.", "content": "Three distinct DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities have been partially purified from normal rat liver. Soluble activities are separable into two distinct fractions (P1 and P2) by phosphocellulose chromatography. A low-molecular-weight DNA polymerase was isolated from purified nuclei. The enzymes were characterized according to chromatographic and sedimentation behavior, enzymological properties, and response to various inhibitors. The results indicate that fraction P1 corresponds to the high-molecular-weight enzyme and suggest that polymerase P2 may be derived from partial dissociation of the high-molecular-weight enzyme. The molecular weight of polymerase P1 was estimated to be about 250 000 by Sephadex column chromatography. Both fraction P2 and nuclear DNA polymerase appeared to be low-molecular-weight enzymes. However, the molecular size of these activities was apparently different. The estimated molecular weights of nuclear and P2 enzyme are about 40 000 and 25 000, respectively. As with the nuclear enzyme, polymerase P2 (but not P1) appeared to be free of detectable exonuclease activity. All of these polymerases showed a marked preference for initiated polydeoxyribonucleotide templates. The rat liver polymerases differed in their ability to use poly[d(A-T)-A1 primer-template, as is shown by the ratios of their activity with this synthetic polymer to that with activated DNA: 0.5, 2.75, and 1.34 for P1, P2, and nuclear polymerase, respectively. Denatured DNA was a poor template for both enzymes P1 and P2, but it was inert as template for the nuclear enzyme. Although each of these polymerases required all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates for maximal activity, they catalyzed a high rate of synthesis in the absence of one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphates. Such a 'limited' synthesis was much more extensive for polymerase P2 and nuclear enzyme than for P1 was the most sensitive of the three to sulphydryl reagents, ehtidium bromide, heparin, and single-stranded DNA. The responses of P2 and nuclear enzymes to various inhibitors were very similar. However, these two enzymes respond differently to heat and high ionic strength.", "contents": "DNA polymerases of rat liver. Partial characterization and effect of various inhibitors. Three distinct DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities have been partially purified from normal rat liver. Soluble activities are separable into two distinct fractions (P1 and P2) by phosphocellulose chromatography. A low-molecular-weight DNA polymerase was isolated from purified nuclei. The enzymes were characterized according to chromatographic and sedimentation behavior, enzymological properties, and response to various inhibitors. The results indicate that fraction P1 corresponds to the high-molecular-weight enzyme and suggest that polymerase P2 may be derived from partial dissociation of the high-molecular-weight enzyme. The molecular weight of polymerase P1 was estimated to be about 250 000 by Sephadex column chromatography. Both fraction P2 and nuclear DNA polymerase appeared to be low-molecular-weight enzymes. However, the molecular size of these activities was apparently different. The estimated molecular weights of nuclear and P2 enzyme are about 40 000 and 25 000, respectively. As with the nuclear enzyme, polymerase P2 (but not P1) appeared to be free of detectable exonuclease activity. All of these polymerases showed a marked preference for initiated polydeoxyribonucleotide templates. The rat liver polymerases differed in their ability to use poly[d(A-T)-A1 primer-template, as is shown by the ratios of their activity with this synthetic polymer to that with activated DNA: 0.5, 2.75, and 1.34 for P1, P2, and nuclear polymerase, respectively. Denatured DNA was a poor template for both enzymes P1 and P2, but it was inert as template for the nuclear enzyme. Although each of these polymerases required all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates for maximal activity, they catalyzed a high rate of synthesis in the absence of one or more deoxynucleoside triphosphates. Such a 'limited' synthesis was much more extensive for polymerase P2 and nuclear enzyme than for P1 was the most sensitive of the three to sulphydryl reagents, ehtidium bromide, heparin, and single-stranded DNA. The responses of P2 and nuclear enzymes to various inhibitors were very similar. However, these two enzymes respond differently to heat and high ionic strength."}
{"id": "PMID:1204653", "title": "Heterogeneity of human milk beta(1-4)-D-galactosyltransferase.", "content": "beta(1-4)-Galactosyltransferase from human milk (the A protein of lactose synthase) has been found to be heterogeneous when fractionated by affinity chromatography against insolubilized alpha-lactalbumin, using a linear gradient of decreasing N-acetylglucosamine concentration. Three forms were isolated. Molecular weights of the different species, as determined by sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis, were found to be 38 000, 43 000 and 50 000. The 38 000 and 50 000 species were studied for their catalytic ability to synthesize either lactose in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin, or N-acetyllactosamine in the presence and absence of the 'specifier' protein. Appreciable difference was observed between the two enzyme forms with respect to their catalysis of lactose synthesis with alpha-lactalbumins from various sources. Differences in the rate of production of N-acetyllactosamine in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin were also observed. For the lowest-molecular-weight species it was found that the inhibitory effect of alpha-lactalbumin upon N-acetyllactosamine synthesis becomes an activating effect at higher alpha-lactalbumin concentrations, while no such inversion was observed for the other species. The results suggest that the conformation at the site of association of the enzyme with the acceptor saccharide or alpha-lactalbumin has been changed, presumably by a pratial enzymic hydrolysis.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of human milk beta(1-4)-D-galactosyltransferase. beta(1-4)-Galactosyltransferase from human milk (the A protein of lactose synthase) has been found to be heterogeneous when fractionated by affinity chromatography against insolubilized alpha-lactalbumin, using a linear gradient of decreasing N-acetylglucosamine concentration. Three forms were isolated. Molecular weights of the different species, as determined by sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis, were found to be 38 000, 43 000 and 50 000. The 38 000 and 50 000 species were studied for their catalytic ability to synthesize either lactose in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin, or N-acetyllactosamine in the presence and absence of the 'specifier' protein. Appreciable difference was observed between the two enzyme forms with respect to their catalysis of lactose synthesis with alpha-lactalbumins from various sources. Differences in the rate of production of N-acetyllactosamine in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin were also observed. For the lowest-molecular-weight species it was found that the inhibitory effect of alpha-lactalbumin upon N-acetyllactosamine synthesis becomes an activating effect at higher alpha-lactalbumin concentrations, while no such inversion was observed for the other species. The results suggest that the conformation at the site of association of the enzyme with the acceptor saccharide or alpha-lactalbumin has been changed, presumably by a pratial enzymic hydrolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1204654", "title": "Some actions of purified toxins from Bungarus fasciatus venom on isolated pig-heart mitochondria.", "content": "I. In the presence of succinate as an oxidation substrate, neurotoxins alpha, beta and gamma induce the following. Firstly, an increasing stimulation of oxygen uptake, which in potentiated by 25 muM Ca2+, Mg2+ 1.3 mM completely inhibits the effect of toxin alpha but not of toxins beta and gamma. Secondly, a depletion of the Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ content of the water-soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial compartments, following complex kinetics, which suggest a multistep interaction mechanism of the toxins with the mitochondria. 25 muM Ca2+ also potentiates the effect of the toxins on these ionic flows. Thirdly, no decrease of turbidity with toxin alpha, and a limited decrease with toxins beta and gamma. 2. In the absence of respiration, the neurotoxins induce a cationic depletion, the kinetics of which are different than with succinate, suggesting an instantaneous maximal effect on the inner membrane. Toxins beta and gamma (but not alpha) induce, under these conditions, a turbidity decrease of large amplitude, which is proportional to the amount of toxin added and tends to reach a maximum. With gamma toxin this turbidity decrease is faster than the rate of water uptake (which never exceeds 18%) indicating that it is due rather to structural modifications than to swelling. The same is observed with beta toxin, provided the mitochondrial protein concentration to be lower than 0.7 mg/ml. For higher concentrations, a continuous decrease of turbidity with a considerable uptake of water probably reflects the onset of phospholipasic activities. 3. It is postulated that structural modifications of the mitochondrial membranes are initiated which lead to the loss of their selective impermeability. The simultaneous loss of respiratory control with succinate may be due to the direct (though Ca2+-potentiated) displacement of the fraction of the membrane-bound Mg2+ ions which controls its energy-transducing properties. 4. In addition, correlations between the effects of the toxins on mitochondria and their neurotoxicity in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "Some actions of purified toxins from Bungarus fasciatus venom on isolated pig-heart mitochondria. I. In the presence of succinate as an oxidation substrate, neurotoxins alpha, beta and gamma induce the following. Firstly, an increasing stimulation of oxygen uptake, which in potentiated by 25 muM Ca2+, Mg2+ 1.3 mM completely inhibits the effect of toxin alpha but not of toxins beta and gamma. Secondly, a depletion of the Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ content of the water-soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial compartments, following complex kinetics, which suggest a multistep interaction mechanism of the toxins with the mitochondria. 25 muM Ca2+ also potentiates the effect of the toxins on these ionic flows. Thirdly, no decrease of turbidity with toxin alpha, and a limited decrease with toxins beta and gamma. 2. In the absence of respiration, the neurotoxins induce a cationic depletion, the kinetics of which are different than with succinate, suggesting an instantaneous maximal effect on the inner membrane. Toxins beta and gamma (but not alpha) induce, under these conditions, a turbidity decrease of large amplitude, which is proportional to the amount of toxin added and tends to reach a maximum. With gamma toxin this turbidity decrease is faster than the rate of water uptake (which never exceeds 18%) indicating that it is due rather to structural modifications than to swelling. The same is observed with beta toxin, provided the mitochondrial protein concentration to be lower than 0.7 mg/ml. For higher concentrations, a continuous decrease of turbidity with a considerable uptake of water probably reflects the onset of phospholipasic activities. 3. It is postulated that structural modifications of the mitochondrial membranes are initiated which lead to the loss of their selective impermeability. The simultaneous loss of respiratory control with succinate may be due to the direct (though Ca2+-potentiated) displacement of the fraction of the membrane-bound Mg2+ ions which controls its energy-transducing properties. 4. In addition, correlations between the effects of the toxins on mitochondria and their neurotoxicity in vivo are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204655", "title": "Luminescence studies of saccharide binding to wheat germ agglutinin (lectin).", "content": "The fluorescence and phosphorescence emission of wheat germ agglutinin are reported. Fluorescent tryptophan residues of wheat germ agglutinin are found highly exposed to solvent: fluorescence quenching induced by temperature fits with a single Arrhenius critical energy close to that of tryptophan in solution; the whole fluorescence emission is susceptible to iodide ion quenching and data reveal the homogeneity of fluorescence arising from only one type of tryptophan exposition. Energy transfers are analyzed at singlet and triplet state level. Tyrosine fluorescence at 25 degrees C is very weak. Results obtained from the relative excitation fluorescence quantum yield and from intrinsic fluorescence polarization show that a large amount of energy absorbed by tyrosine at 280 nm is transferred to tryptophan residues. However, tyrosine fluorescence is highly increased at 70 degrees C although disulfide bridges are not reduced. The phosphorescence spectrum at 77 K in 50% ethylene glycol is finely structured with several resolved vibrational bands at 405, 432 and 455 nm. Phosphorescence decay can be fitted with a single exponential. Lifetime is independent of excitation wave-length. Its value is very close to that of free tryptophan. Influence of tri-N-acetyl-chitotriose binding on luminescence properties are investigated. Results are analyzed in terms of steric tryptophan-ligand relationships. It is shown that all the fluorescent chromophores are concerned by the ligand binding but all fluorescence emission is still susceptible to iodide ion quenching. There is no change induced in energy transfer at the singlet state level and no modification in triplet state population.", "contents": "Luminescence studies of saccharide binding to wheat germ agglutinin (lectin). The fluorescence and phosphorescence emission of wheat germ agglutinin are reported. Fluorescent tryptophan residues of wheat germ agglutinin are found highly exposed to solvent: fluorescence quenching induced by temperature fits with a single Arrhenius critical energy close to that of tryptophan in solution; the whole fluorescence emission is susceptible to iodide ion quenching and data reveal the homogeneity of fluorescence arising from only one type of tryptophan exposition. Energy transfers are analyzed at singlet and triplet state level. Tyrosine fluorescence at 25 degrees C is very weak. Results obtained from the relative excitation fluorescence quantum yield and from intrinsic fluorescence polarization show that a large amount of energy absorbed by tyrosine at 280 nm is transferred to tryptophan residues. However, tyrosine fluorescence is highly increased at 70 degrees C although disulfide bridges are not reduced. The phosphorescence spectrum at 77 K in 50% ethylene glycol is finely structured with several resolved vibrational bands at 405, 432 and 455 nm. Phosphorescence decay can be fitted with a single exponential. Lifetime is independent of excitation wave-length. Its value is very close to that of free tryptophan. Influence of tri-N-acetyl-chitotriose binding on luminescence properties are investigated. Results are analyzed in terms of steric tryptophan-ligand relationships. It is shown that all the fluorescent chromophores are concerned by the ligand binding but all fluorescence emission is still susceptible to iodide ion quenching. There is no change induced in energy transfer at the singlet state level and no modification in triplet state population."}
{"id": "PMID:1204656", "title": "A contribution of nonhistone proteins to the conformation of chromatin.", "content": "1. Changes in circular dichroism (CD) spectra and thermal melting profiles of guinea pigliver DNA reassociated with histones and/or nonhistone proteins from the cerebral of liver chromatin are described. 2. In the DNA-histone complex, positive ellipiticity in the CD spectrum at 260-300 nm is progressively lod by a red-shift of the crossover point at around 260 nm. DNA in this complex is thermally stabilised to a considerable extent, but not to such a full extent as is shown with DNA in native chromatin. 3. DNA-nonhistone complex in 0.14 M NaCl is, in contrast to DNA-histone complex, not precipitable by centrifugation at 20 000 X g. DNA in this complex shows only a slight reduction in ellipticity at 260-300 nm, and a very weak thermal stabilisation. 4. Characteristics in the CD spectrum of the native chromatin are most satisfactorily reproduced in the DNA-histone-nonhistone complex. These include a large decrease in ellipticity at 260-300 nm, a red-shift of the crossover point at around 260 nm, and a slight negative band at around 305 nm. Also, DNA in this complex is thermally stabilised to the extent comparable with DNA in the native chromatin. 5. Addition of nonhistone proteins to the preformed DNA-histone complex in 3 M urea renders a half of the complex, named DNA-histone(-nonhistone), unprecipitable upon centrifugation at 20 000 X g in 0.14 M NaCl. CD spectrum and thermal melting profile of the precipitable DNA-histone(-nonhistone) complex are similar to those of the DNA-histone-nonhistone complex, while in the unprecipitable DNA-histone(-nonhistone) comples, the ellipticity at 260-300 nm is significantly elevated and the highest melting transition (at 80 degrees C) is lacking. 6. The CD spectrum of native cerebral chromatin closely resembles that of unprecipitable DNA-histone(-nonhistone) complex, while in liver chromatin, the spec.trum is an intermediate between those of the unprecipitable and pn of chromatin by nonhistone proteins. Cerebral nonhistone proteins bind to DNA and to the DNA-histone complex more extensively than liver nonhistone proteins. 7. It is concluded that, although the basic conformation of DNA in native chromatin is determined largely by histones, nonhistone proteins also play an individual role. There is also an indication that nonhistone proteins exert an organ-specific modification of chromatin superstructure.", "contents": "A contribution of nonhistone proteins to the conformation of chromatin. 1. Changes in circular dichroism (CD) spectra and thermal melting profiles of guinea pigliver DNA reassociated with histones and/or nonhistone proteins from the cerebral of liver chromatin are described. 2. In the DNA-histone complex, positive ellipiticity in the CD spectrum at 260-300 nm is progressively lod by a red-shift of the crossover point at around 260 nm. DNA in this complex is thermally stabilised to a considerable extent, but not to such a full extent as is shown with DNA in native chromatin. 3. DNA-nonhistone complex in 0.14 M NaCl is, in contrast to DNA-histone complex, not precipitable by centrifugation at 20 000 X g. DNA in this complex shows only a slight reduction in ellipticity at 260-300 nm, and a very weak thermal stabilisation. 4. Characteristics in the CD spectrum of the native chromatin are most satisfactorily reproduced in the DNA-histone-nonhistone complex. These include a large decrease in ellipticity at 260-300 nm, a red-shift of the crossover point at around 260 nm, and a slight negative band at around 305 nm. Also, DNA in this complex is thermally stabilised to the extent comparable with DNA in the native chromatin. 5. Addition of nonhistone proteins to the preformed DNA-histone complex in 3 M urea renders a half of the complex, named DNA-histone(-nonhistone), unprecipitable upon centrifugation at 20 000 X g in 0.14 M NaCl. CD spectrum and thermal melting profile of the precipitable DNA-histone(-nonhistone) complex are similar to those of the DNA-histone-nonhistone complex, while in the unprecipitable DNA-histone(-nonhistone) comples, the ellipticity at 260-300 nm is significantly elevated and the highest melting transition (at 80 degrees C) is lacking. 6. The CD spectrum of native cerebral chromatin closely resembles that of unprecipitable DNA-histone(-nonhistone) complex, while in liver chromatin, the spec.trum is an intermediate between those of the unprecipitable and pn of chromatin by nonhistone proteins. Cerebral nonhistone proteins bind to DNA and to the DNA-histone complex more extensively than liver nonhistone proteins. 7. It is concluded that, although the basic conformation of DNA in native chromatin is determined largely by histones, nonhistone proteins also play an individual role. There is also an indication that nonhistone proteins exert an organ-specific modification of chromatin superstructure."}
{"id": "PMID:1204657", "title": "Ligand binding of organic sulfides to microsomal cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Octyl methyl-, butyl methyl- and pentamethylene sulfide react with about 50% of oxidized cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats by formation of optical difference spectra with maxima at 435 and 552 nm and concomitant shifts in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum. Reduction by NADPH or sodium dithionite yielded a Soret absorption band at 449 nm and alpha and beta bands at 573 and 545 nm, respectively. The ligand metyrapone and the substrate n-octane competitively inhibited the formation of these difference spectra and pentamethylene sulfide was a strong competitive inhibitor of the 0-deakylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. These results indicate a direct ligand binding of the sulfides to cytochrome P-450 with concomitant blocking of the hydrophobic substrate binding site. Some sulfides did not interact as ligands but as substrates, in variation, however, with the source of microsomes.", "contents": "Ligand binding of organic sulfides to microsomal cytochrome P-450. Octyl methyl-, butyl methyl- and pentamethylene sulfide react with about 50% of oxidized cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats by formation of optical difference spectra with maxima at 435 and 552 nm and concomitant shifts in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum. Reduction by NADPH or sodium dithionite yielded a Soret absorption band at 449 nm and alpha and beta bands at 573 and 545 nm, respectively. The ligand metyrapone and the substrate n-octane competitively inhibited the formation of these difference spectra and pentamethylene sulfide was a strong competitive inhibitor of the 0-deakylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. These results indicate a direct ligand binding of the sulfides to cytochrome P-450 with concomitant blocking of the hydrophobic substrate binding site. Some sulfides did not interact as ligands but as substrates, in variation, however, with the source of microsomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1204658", "title": "A comparison of two methods for the computer analysis of arterial blood pressure waveforms.", "content": "Two different methods, one analogue and one digital, for the analysis of the arterial blood pressure waveform are described and compared. Little difference was found in the systolic and diastrlic pressures determined by the two methods.", "contents": "A comparison of two methods for the computer analysis of arterial blood pressure waveforms. Two different methods, one analogue and one digital, for the analysis of the arterial blood pressure waveform are described and compared. Little difference was found in the systolic and diastrlic pressures determined by the two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1204659", "title": "Regional lung function following prosthetic hip replacement surgery.", "content": "With a Xenon133 radiospirometric technique the regional lung function was evaluated before and after prosthetic hip arthroplasty performed in the lateral decubitus position with either respirator-controlled neuroleptic anesthesia or epidural anesthesia with spontaneous breathing. Regional lung function measured in a supine position 1, 20 and 72-96 hours postoperatively revealed a reduction of the perfusion, ventilation and volume of ventilated alveoli on the dependant lung. The reduction was most pronounced immediately postoperatively, especially following respirator-controlled anesthesia. There was also an increase of pulmonary blood volume and a decrease of total lung volume in this group. The changes of lung function are probably caused by congestive atelectasis, secondary to impaired ventilation of the dependent lung. Peroperatively induced microembolism might have potentiated the effect.", "contents": "Regional lung function following prosthetic hip replacement surgery. With a Xenon133 radiospirometric technique the regional lung function was evaluated before and after prosthetic hip arthroplasty performed in the lateral decubitus position with either respirator-controlled neuroleptic anesthesia or epidural anesthesia with spontaneous breathing. Regional lung function measured in a supine position 1, 20 and 72-96 hours postoperatively revealed a reduction of the perfusion, ventilation and volume of ventilated alveoli on the dependant lung. The reduction was most pronounced immediately postoperatively, especially following respirator-controlled anesthesia. There was also an increase of pulmonary blood volume and a decrease of total lung volume in this group. The changes of lung function are probably caused by congestive atelectasis, secondary to impaired ventilation of the dependent lung. Peroperatively induced microembolism might have potentiated the effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1204660", "title": "Haemodynamic response to slow plasma volume expansion in uncomplicated myocardial infarction.", "content": "Left ventricular performance in 16 patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been estimated, by measuring the haemodynamic response to a moderate increase in left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP), obtained by an espansion in blood volume with a slow infusion of 250 ml of plasma. In 9 cases the infusion was repeated. This represents a total of 25 tests. In 17 tests (group A) cardiac index (CI) and left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) did not increase significantly and sometimes decreased. In 8 tests (group B) The same plasma volume expansion (PVE) induced a moderate but significant increase in CI(p less than 0.001) and LVSWI (p less than 0.001). A higher incidence of inferior wall infarction was present in group B. Control CI and LVFP did not differ between the two groups and there was no correlation between the initial LVFP and the type of response to PVE. For the same volume load, the increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (CWP) showed large individual variations (+1 to +8 mm Hg). As a general rule when CI improved, the increment in CWP was minimal (+1 mm Hg). It is concluded that there is no unique optimal LVFP and that PVE must be carefully monitored, in all cases.", "contents": "Haemodynamic response to slow plasma volume expansion in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Left ventricular performance in 16 patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been estimated, by measuring the haemodynamic response to a moderate increase in left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP), obtained by an espansion in blood volume with a slow infusion of 250 ml of plasma. In 9 cases the infusion was repeated. This represents a total of 25 tests. In 17 tests (group A) cardiac index (CI) and left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) did not increase significantly and sometimes decreased. In 8 tests (group B) The same plasma volume expansion (PVE) induced a moderate but significant increase in CI(p less than 0.001) and LVSWI (p less than 0.001). A higher incidence of inferior wall infarction was present in group B. Control CI and LVFP did not differ between the two groups and there was no correlation between the initial LVFP and the type of response to PVE. For the same volume load, the increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (CWP) showed large individual variations (+1 to +8 mm Hg). As a general rule when CI improved, the increment in CWP was minimal (+1 mm Hg). It is concluded that there is no unique optimal LVFP and that PVE must be carefully monitored, in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1204662", "title": "Haemodynamic performance and weaning from mechanical ventilation following open-heart surgery.", "content": "In 38 patients ventilated after open-heart surgery the effect of a 20 minutes spontaneous breathing period on right atrial pressure (RAP), left atrial pressure (LAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), aortic pressure (AoP), ECG and cardiac index (CI) was monitored. Arterial bloodgas analysis before and during spontaneous breathing ruled out any respiratory failure. The test period of spontaneous breathing provoked an increase in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. By this and by a direct aggravation of cardiac failure the work of both ventricles dropped inspite of an increase in enddiastolic ventricular pressure. If these hemodynamic effects of a spontaneous breathing test period are taken as a guide for deciding, if a patient after open-heart surgery is ready for being extubated, the need for reintubation will be extremely rare. The study encourages us to sue mechanical ventilation as an additional instrument for treating heart failure even if no respiratory failure is present.", "contents": "Haemodynamic performance and weaning from mechanical ventilation following open-heart surgery. In 38 patients ventilated after open-heart surgery the effect of a 20 minutes spontaneous breathing period on right atrial pressure (RAP), left atrial pressure (LAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), aortic pressure (AoP), ECG and cardiac index (CI) was monitored. Arterial bloodgas analysis before and during spontaneous breathing ruled out any respiratory failure. The test period of spontaneous breathing provoked an increase in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. By this and by a direct aggravation of cardiac failure the work of both ventricles dropped inspite of an increase in enddiastolic ventricular pressure. If these hemodynamic effects of a spontaneous breathing test period are taken as a guide for deciding, if a patient after open-heart surgery is ready for being extubated, the need for reintubation will be extremely rare. The study encourages us to sue mechanical ventilation as an additional instrument for treating heart failure even if no respiratory failure is present."}
{"id": "PMID:1204671", "title": "Factors influencing the indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions in the rat.", "content": "The influence of various experimental conditions such as partial hepatectomy, administration of hepatotoxic drugs such as carbontetrachloride or ethionine, and starvation on the ulcerogenic activity of indomethacin at intestinal level has been studied in the rat. While lesions produced by oral administration of high doses of indomethacin are reduced by starvation, the incidence of ulcers was significantly increased by partial hepatectomy and by hepatotoxic drugs reaching the maximum of severity (intestinal perforation) in partially hepatectomized animals. These findings suggest that ulcerogenic activity of indomethacin is strictly correlated to the drug metabolising capacity of the liver.", "contents": "Factors influencing the indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions in the rat. The influence of various experimental conditions such as partial hepatectomy, administration of hepatotoxic drugs such as carbontetrachloride or ethionine, and starvation on the ulcerogenic activity of indomethacin at intestinal level has been studied in the rat. While lesions produced by oral administration of high doses of indomethacin are reduced by starvation, the incidence of ulcers was significantly increased by partial hepatectomy and by hepatotoxic drugs reaching the maximum of severity (intestinal perforation) in partially hepatectomized animals. These findings suggest that ulcerogenic activity of indomethacin is strictly correlated to the drug metabolising capacity of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1204672", "title": "[Transformation of nitrates in the digestive tract of the rat].", "content": "The in vitro transformation of nitrates in nitrites in the various parts of the gastro-intestinal tract has been analysed in the Rat. Results show that nitrites can be found at the different levels of the alimentary tract, especially in the stomach and small intestine. This nitrite production is discussed with regard to the possible formation of nitrosamines in mammals.", "contents": "[Transformation of nitrates in the digestive tract of the rat]. The in vitro transformation of nitrates in nitrites in the various parts of the gastro-intestinal tract has been analysed in the Rat. Results show that nitrites can be found at the different levels of the alimentary tract, especially in the stomach and small intestine. This nitrite production is discussed with regard to the possible formation of nitrosamines in mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:1204673", "title": "[Activities of molecules similar to carboxyhydroxamic acid chromone-2 (sodium salt) in experimental mercury chloride poisoning; importance of the chromone cycle].", "content": "The carbo-hydroxamic-2 chromone acid (sodium salt) shows a higher protective action in vivo than in vitro against mercury chloride induced intoxications. The higher effect observed in vivo might be due to the activity itself of the chromone cycle which added up to that of the carbo-hydroxamic acid function. This latter alone appears in vitro. The antihyaluronidasic properties of this protective agent allow it to prevent the toxic substances to be diffused.", "contents": "[Activities of molecules similar to carboxyhydroxamic acid chromone-2 (sodium salt) in experimental mercury chloride poisoning; importance of the chromone cycle]. The carbo-hydroxamic-2 chromone acid (sodium salt) shows a higher protective action in vivo than in vitro against mercury chloride induced intoxications. The higher effect observed in vivo might be due to the activity itself of the chromone cycle which added up to that of the carbo-hydroxamic acid function. This latter alone appears in vitro. The antihyaluronidasic properties of this protective agent allow it to prevent the toxic substances to be diffused."}
{"id": "PMID:1204674", "title": "[Effects of different toxic compounds (Pb, Cu, formol, NH4) on the carp: histologic changes in excretory and hematopoietic organs].", "content": "Here is a comparative study of the impairments observed on the histological structure of the excretory and hematopoietic organs of carps after acute intoxication (by formol and ammonia) and chronic intoxication (by copper sulfate and lead nitrate). Although all these toxic substances induce the same type of impairments, their degree of seriousness vary. The most affected organs are the gills which present with congestive reactions and partial destruction of respiratory lamellae, and the spleen whose red pulp is usually destroyed. On the other hand, the proliferation of a parasitic fungus was observed on all intoxicated carps. This was understood as a weakening of their body's natural defenses.", "contents": "[Effects of different toxic compounds (Pb, Cu, formol, NH4) on the carp: histologic changes in excretory and hematopoietic organs]. Here is a comparative study of the impairments observed on the histological structure of the excretory and hematopoietic organs of carps after acute intoxication (by formol and ammonia) and chronic intoxication (by copper sulfate and lead nitrate). Although all these toxic substances induce the same type of impairments, their degree of seriousness vary. The most affected organs are the gills which present with congestive reactions and partial destruction of respiratory lamellae, and the spleen whose red pulp is usually destroyed. On the other hand, the proliferation of a parasitic fungus was observed on all intoxicated carps. This was understood as a weakening of their body's natural defenses."}
{"id": "PMID:1204675", "title": "[Toxicologic analysis of chloralose. Application to 3 cases of acute intoxication].", "content": "The authors describe the study of three human intoxication case by chloralose. The detection and dosage of the toxic in the urine of patients have been carried out by the mean of a technic perfected by the same authors. In two case, it has been possible to trace the elimination of the toxic in the urine, the data relative to the third case were not sufficiently precised but they enable to show the existence of criminal etiology of chloralose.", "contents": "[Toxicologic analysis of chloralose. Application to 3 cases of acute intoxication]. The authors describe the study of three human intoxication case by chloralose. The detection and dosage of the toxic in the urine of patients have been carried out by the mean of a technic perfected by the same authors. In two case, it has been possible to trace the elimination of the toxic in the urine, the data relative to the third case were not sufficiently precised but they enable to show the existence of criminal etiology of chloralose."}
{"id": "PMID:1204691", "title": "Development of intertectal neuronal connections in xenopus: the effects of contralateral transposition of the eye and of eye removal.", "content": "The development of intertectal neruonal connections has been investigated in Xenopus laevis. Contralateral eye grafts and enucleations were performed in embryos and the resultant visual projections to the optic tecta were mapped electrophysiologically after metamorphosis. In enucleated animals the ipsilateral projections were found to be normally organised retinotopically but consisted of visual units with abnormally large multi-unit receptive fields. In 10 animals with contralaterally grafted eyes a normal ipsilateral projection had developed from the abnormal eye and an abnormal projection from the normal eye, to produce congruent maps via the two eyes to one tectum. All the maps in these animals were retinotopically organised. In another 11 animals the ipsilateral projection from the operated eye was fragmentary or absent, while that from the unoperated eye resembled the pattern found after enucleation. Retinotopically abnormal contralateral projections had developed in 5 animals of this group. These results suggest that prefunctional specification determines the initial development of diffuse intertectal visual connections but these may be modified by a process of binocular interaction in the presence of a normal primary contralateral input.", "contents": "Development of intertectal neuronal connections in xenopus: the effects of contralateral transposition of the eye and of eye removal. The development of intertectal neruonal connections has been investigated in Xenopus laevis. Contralateral eye grafts and enucleations were performed in embryos and the resultant visual projections to the optic tecta were mapped electrophysiologically after metamorphosis. In enucleated animals the ipsilateral projections were found to be normally organised retinotopically but consisted of visual units with abnormally large multi-unit receptive fields. In 10 animals with contralaterally grafted eyes a normal ipsilateral projection had developed from the abnormal eye and an abnormal projection from the normal eye, to produce congruent maps via the two eyes to one tectum. All the maps in these animals were retinotopically organised. In another 11 animals the ipsilateral projection from the operated eye was fragmentary or absent, while that from the unoperated eye resembled the pattern found after enucleation. Retinotopically abnormal contralateral projections had developed in 5 animals of this group. These results suggest that prefunctional specification determines the initial development of diffuse intertectal visual connections but these may be modified by a process of binocular interaction in the presence of a normal primary contralateral input."}
{"id": "PMID:1204692", "title": "An ultrastructural study of normal and injured hypoglossal nuclei after injection of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The left hypoglossal nuclei of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal nerve axotomies 7-21 days previously, were studied by electron microscopy after injection of horseradish peroxidase as a marker of extracellular space and pinocytosis. Quantitative analysis showed that the number of pinocytotically-derived structures in presynaptic boutons was significantly increased in rats at 7, 14, and 21 days after axotomy when compared with normal rats. It was suggested that presynaptic boutons which became detached from injured neurones retracted by a membrane cycling mechanism involving pinocytotic uptake of bouton plasmalemma, without compensatory membrane production elsewhere. It was confirmed that the channels in the microglial cells communicated with the extracellular space.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of normal and injured hypoglossal nuclei after injection of horseradish peroxidase. The left hypoglossal nuclei of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal nerve axotomies 7-21 days previously, were studied by electron microscopy after injection of horseradish peroxidase as a marker of extracellular space and pinocytosis. Quantitative analysis showed that the number of pinocytotically-derived structures in presynaptic boutons was significantly increased in rats at 7, 14, and 21 days after axotomy when compared with normal rats. It was suggested that presynaptic boutons which became detached from injured neurones retracted by a membrane cycling mechanism involving pinocytotic uptake of bouton plasmalemma, without compensatory membrane production elsewhere. It was confirmed that the channels in the microglial cells communicated with the extracellular space."}
{"id": "PMID:1204693", "title": "Factors determining decussation at the optic chiasma by developing retinotectal fibres in Xenopus.", "content": "In Amphibia all primary retinotectal nerve fibres cross at the chiasma. To investigate why this decussation takes place, a series of embryological operations were performed in which one host eye was replaced by an eye from the opposite side of a donor in Xenopus laevis. The visual projections to the optic tecta were mapped electrophysiologically in these animals when adult to reveal to which side of the brain the nerve fibres had become connected. In the majority of cases the contralaterally grafted eyes had developed primary projections to both tecta, in others all the fibres had innervated the contralateral tectum and in 2 animals optic axons were detected only from the ipsilateral side. In 2 other animals optic nerve fibres from both the normal and operated eyes had innervated both tecta. Control experiments showed that section of the optic nerve and stalk without any misalignment of the eye and stalk did not disturb the normal decussation of the fibres. Neither did enucleation in the embryo affect the decussation of the fibres from the remaining eye. It is concluded that no \"side specificity\" has been shown to exist to determine the side of the brain into which retinotectal fibres develop; rather it seems that complete decussation depends on the developing optic nerve fibres being able to enter a normally aligned optic stalk as they leave the eye.", "contents": "Factors determining decussation at the optic chiasma by developing retinotectal fibres in Xenopus. In Amphibia all primary retinotectal nerve fibres cross at the chiasma. To investigate why this decussation takes place, a series of embryological operations were performed in which one host eye was replaced by an eye from the opposite side of a donor in Xenopus laevis. The visual projections to the optic tecta were mapped electrophysiologically in these animals when adult to reveal to which side of the brain the nerve fibres had become connected. In the majority of cases the contralaterally grafted eyes had developed primary projections to both tecta, in others all the fibres had innervated the contralateral tectum and in 2 animals optic axons were detected only from the ipsilateral side. In 2 other animals optic nerve fibres from both the normal and operated eyes had innervated both tecta. Control experiments showed that section of the optic nerve and stalk without any misalignment of the eye and stalk did not disturb the normal decussation of the fibres. Neither did enucleation in the embryo affect the decussation of the fibres from the remaining eye. It is concluded that no \"side specificity\" has been shown to exist to determine the side of the brain into which retinotectal fibres develop; rather it seems that complete decussation depends on the developing optic nerve fibres being able to enter a normally aligned optic stalk as they leave the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:1204694", "title": "Temporal frequency characteristics of spatial interaction in human vision.", "content": "In psychophyscial experiments the bright-dark contrast effects observed in a steady test-field were measured as a function of the temporal frequency of an inducing-field modulated symmetrically about the test-field luminance. The frequency-contrast functions obtained from these measurements were interpreted as reflecting the temporal frequency characteristics of the lateral pathways within the B and D systems (the on-center and off-center neurons) in human vision. Psychophysical evidence is further presented that the lateral neural pathways have lower temporal cut-off frequencies than the \"straight-through\" pathways. The results are discussed in terms of the frequency characteristics of the center and surround of the receptive fields of on-center and off-center neurons. It is doubtful, however, whether the psychophysical results can be fully explained by the properties of the single-unit receptive field mechanisms.", "contents": "Temporal frequency characteristics of spatial interaction in human vision. In psychophyscial experiments the bright-dark contrast effects observed in a steady test-field were measured as a function of the temporal frequency of an inducing-field modulated symmetrically about the test-field luminance. The frequency-contrast functions obtained from these measurements were interpreted as reflecting the temporal frequency characteristics of the lateral pathways within the B and D systems (the on-center and off-center neurons) in human vision. Psychophysical evidence is further presented that the lateral neural pathways have lower temporal cut-off frequencies than the \"straight-through\" pathways. The results are discussed in terms of the frequency characteristics of the center and surround of the receptive fields of on-center and off-center neurons. It is doubtful, however, whether the psychophysical results can be fully explained by the properties of the single-unit receptive field mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1204695", "title": "The Aubert-Fleischl phenomenon: a temporal frequency effect on perceived velocity in afferent motion perception.", "content": "Apparent velocities of moving visual stimuli are known to be different depending on whether the subject pursues the stimulus (efferently controlled motion perception) or whether the eye is stationary and the image moves across the retina (afferent motion perception). Afferent motion perception of a periodic pattern or a moving single object causes overestimation of velocity (magnitude estimations) as compared to smooth pursuit. This socalled Aubert-Fleischl phenomenon is shown to depend on local temporal frequency stimulation on the retina caused by the repetitive passage of contrast borders of the moving periodic pattern. This is evidenced by the fact that for a given stimulus speed the amount of overestimation is a function of the spatial frequency of the pattern (or the angular subtend of a single moving object) and that the Aubert-Fleischl phenomenon is not observed if a single edge moves. Background characteristics seem not to influence the apparent velocity during smooth pursuit.", "contents": "The Aubert-Fleischl phenomenon: a temporal frequency effect on perceived velocity in afferent motion perception. Apparent velocities of moving visual stimuli are known to be different depending on whether the subject pursues the stimulus (efferently controlled motion perception) or whether the eye is stationary and the image moves across the retina (afferent motion perception). Afferent motion perception of a periodic pattern or a moving single object causes overestimation of velocity (magnitude estimations) as compared to smooth pursuit. This socalled Aubert-Fleischl phenomenon is shown to depend on local temporal frequency stimulation on the retina caused by the repetitive passage of contrast borders of the moving periodic pattern. This is evidenced by the fact that for a given stimulus speed the amount of overestimation is a function of the spatial frequency of the pattern (or the angular subtend of a single moving object) and that the Aubert-Fleischl phenomenon is not observed if a single edge moves. Background characteristics seem not to influence the apparent velocity during smooth pursuit."}
{"id": "PMID:1204696", "title": "The association connexions of the suprasylvian fringe (SF) and other areas of the cat auditory cortex.", "content": "The association connexions of the peri-auditory (SF, Ea and INS) and auditory (AI, AII and Ep) areas of the cat cortex were studied in silver impregnated material of 32 experiments with cortical lesions. The cortex of the lateral bank of the rostral part of the middle suprasylvian sulcus (SF) sends many fibres to AI and to the insular cortex (INS), and has scanty projections upon AII and Ep. In addition, it sends fibres to the visual area 17 as well as to the ventral bank of the medial part of the cruciate sulcus. It receives fibres from the three auditory areas AI, AII and Ep, as well as from Ea and INS. The dorsal part of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus (Ea) projects upon SF, AI, and AII. Ea sends few fibres to Ep, and receives relatively dense projections from AI and AII. The anterior sylvian gyrus (INS) projects heavily upon AII as well as upon the superficial part of SF. It sends a few fibres also to Ep. INS receives heavy projections from AII and relatively lighter connections from SF, AI and Ep. The three auditory areas AI, AII and Ep are strongly mutually interconnected. AI and Ep have scanty projections upon the visual area 19, and AI also to the lateral suprasylvian visual area, as well as upon the ventral bank of the medial cruciate sulcus. Correlations of the association connexions with the functions of each area are discussed.", "contents": "The association connexions of the suprasylvian fringe (SF) and other areas of the cat auditory cortex. The association connexions of the peri-auditory (SF, Ea and INS) and auditory (AI, AII and Ep) areas of the cat cortex were studied in silver impregnated material of 32 experiments with cortical lesions. The cortex of the lateral bank of the rostral part of the middle suprasylvian sulcus (SF) sends many fibres to AI and to the insular cortex (INS), and has scanty projections upon AII and Ep. In addition, it sends fibres to the visual area 17 as well as to the ventral bank of the medial part of the cruciate sulcus. It receives fibres from the three auditory areas AI, AII and Ep, as well as from Ea and INS. The dorsal part of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus (Ea) projects upon SF, AI, and AII. Ea sends few fibres to Ep, and receives relatively dense projections from AI and AII. The anterior sylvian gyrus (INS) projects heavily upon AII as well as upon the superficial part of SF. It sends a few fibres also to Ep. INS receives heavy projections from AII and relatively lighter connections from SF, AI and Ep. The three auditory areas AI, AII and Ep are strongly mutually interconnected. AI and Ep have scanty projections upon the visual area 19, and AI also to the lateral suprasylvian visual area, as well as upon the ventral bank of the medial cruciate sulcus. Correlations of the association connexions with the functions of each area are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204698", "title": "Columnar distribution of U-fibres from the postcruciate cerebral projection area of the cat's group I muscle afferents.", "content": "Needle stitch lesions were made in the maximal point of the cerebral projection area of the low threshold muscle afferents near the postcruciate dimple of the cat's posterior sigmoid gyrus. The lesions did not exceed 500 mum in diameter and were restricted to the cortical grey matter. Degenerating nerve fibres and terminals were investigated with Fink-Heimer technique in four cats (survival times: 26, 48 and 96 hours). The cytoarchitectonic areas of the sensori-motor cortex were determined in cresyl violet and van Gieson sections. All lesions were made in area 3a. Degenerating U-fibres originating from the lesion travelled in the white matter to the cortex of area 4 gamma, 3b and 2. They reentered the cortex and branched in layer III. Terminal degeneration was found in layer I. The degeneration was distributed to distinct columns with a diameter of about 1mm. Such columns were observed laterally and medially in area 4 gamma, in area 3b near the caudal end of the coronal sulcus, in area 2 near the lateral ansate sulcus and in the forelimb region of SII. The distribution of the cortico-cortical connections from the cerebral projection area of the forelimb group I muscle afferents was discussed in relation to the known cerebral projections of group I muscle afferents, low threshold joint afferents, pacinian afferents and low threshold skin afferents.", "contents": "Columnar distribution of U-fibres from the postcruciate cerebral projection area of the cat's group I muscle afferents. Needle stitch lesions were made in the maximal point of the cerebral projection area of the low threshold muscle afferents near the postcruciate dimple of the cat's posterior sigmoid gyrus. The lesions did not exceed 500 mum in diameter and were restricted to the cortical grey matter. Degenerating nerve fibres and terminals were investigated with Fink-Heimer technique in four cats (survival times: 26, 48 and 96 hours). The cytoarchitectonic areas of the sensori-motor cortex were determined in cresyl violet and van Gieson sections. All lesions were made in area 3a. Degenerating U-fibres originating from the lesion travelled in the white matter to the cortex of area 4 gamma, 3b and 2. They reentered the cortex and branched in layer III. Terminal degeneration was found in layer I. The degeneration was distributed to distinct columns with a diameter of about 1mm. Such columns were observed laterally and medially in area 4 gamma, in area 3b near the caudal end of the coronal sulcus, in area 2 near the lateral ansate sulcus and in the forelimb region of SII. The distribution of the cortico-cortical connections from the cerebral projection area of the forelimb group I muscle afferents was discussed in relation to the known cerebral projections of group I muscle afferents, low threshold joint afferents, pacinian afferents and low threshold skin afferents."}
{"id": "PMID:1204699", "title": "Functional organization of vestibulofastigial projection in the horizontal semicircular canal system in the cat.", "content": "Spike potentials of fastigial nucleus neurons were recorded extracellularly in decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. The neurons responding to head rotation in the horizontal plane with a type I fashion were located mainly in the middle and caudal regions of the fastigial nucleus. Three fourth of these fastigial type I neurons were antidromically activated by stimulation of the contralateral vestibular nuclei. These neurons were excited transsynaptically from the ipsilateral vestibular nerve or nuclei. Intra cellular recordings were made from those neurons which were located in the caudal half of the fastigial nucleus and were activated antidromically from the contralateral vestibular nuclei. Stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve produced EPSPs in these neurons with latencies of 1.0-6.6 msec. The shortest conduction time along primary vestibular aggerents from the labyrinth to the ipsilateral fastigial nucleus was 0,7 msec. The EPSPs with the shortest latency of 1.0 msec were therefore postulated to be due to monosynaptic connections of primary vestibular afferents with fastigial neurons. Stimulation of ipsilateral vestibular nuclei also produced monosynaptic EPSPs in fastigial neurons. These EPSPs were facilitated by conditioning stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve, indicating the existence of polysynaptic activation of fastigial neurons from the ipsilateral vestibular nerve through the vestibular nuclei.", "contents": "Functional organization of vestibulofastigial projection in the horizontal semicircular canal system in the cat. Spike potentials of fastigial nucleus neurons were recorded extracellularly in decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. The neurons responding to head rotation in the horizontal plane with a type I fashion were located mainly in the middle and caudal regions of the fastigial nucleus. Three fourth of these fastigial type I neurons were antidromically activated by stimulation of the contralateral vestibular nuclei. These neurons were excited transsynaptically from the ipsilateral vestibular nerve or nuclei. Intra cellular recordings were made from those neurons which were located in the caudal half of the fastigial nucleus and were activated antidromically from the contralateral vestibular nuclei. Stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve produced EPSPs in these neurons with latencies of 1.0-6.6 msec. The shortest conduction time along primary vestibular aggerents from the labyrinth to the ipsilateral fastigial nucleus was 0,7 msec. The EPSPs with the shortest latency of 1.0 msec were therefore postulated to be due to monosynaptic connections of primary vestibular afferents with fastigial neurons. Stimulation of ipsilateral vestibular nuclei also produced monosynaptic EPSPs in fastigial neurons. These EPSPs were facilitated by conditioning stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve, indicating the existence of polysynaptic activation of fastigial neurons from the ipsilateral vestibular nerve through the vestibular nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:1204714", "title": "Distribution of phenylalanine transaminase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities in etiolated and light irradiated radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L.).", "content": "In dark-grown Raphanus sativus seedlings the level of phenylalanine transaminase is higher in cotyledons than in root and hypocotyl. The maximum activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is found in the root. Only PAL is significantly increased by light.", "contents": "Distribution of phenylalanine transaminase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities in etiolated and light irradiated radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L.). In dark-grown Raphanus sativus seedlings the level of phenylalanine transaminase is higher in cotyledons than in root and hypocotyl. The maximum activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is found in the root. Only PAL is significantly increased by light."}
{"id": "PMID:1204715", "title": "In vitro lipid synthesis by lathyrogen-treated L-929 fibroblasts.", "content": "Aside from cholesterol, cholesterol esters and lyso-lecithin, the de novo lipid synthesic mechanisms which operate in cells grown in the presence of beta-amino-propionitrile are largely depressed and suggest that there may be in operation specific metabolic control mechanisms for regulation of cellular lipid composition.", "contents": "In vitro lipid synthesis by lathyrogen-treated L-929 fibroblasts. Aside from cholesterol, cholesterol esters and lyso-lecithin, the de novo lipid synthesic mechanisms which operate in cells grown in the presence of beta-amino-propionitrile are largely depressed and suggest that there may be in operation specific metabolic control mechanisms for regulation of cellular lipid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:1204716", "title": "Kininase and anti-inflammatory activities of acid carboxypeptidase from Penicillium janthinellum.", "content": "The acid carboxypeptidase from Penicillium janthinellum catalyzed the rapid release of arginine, and the slow release of phenylalanine, proline, serine and glycine from the carboxy-terminal of bradykinin at pH 4.15 to 4.8. Anti-inflammatory activity of the acid carboxypeptidase seems to suggest that the enzyme hydrolyzed bradykinin in vivo.", "contents": "Kininase and anti-inflammatory activities of acid carboxypeptidase from Penicillium janthinellum. The acid carboxypeptidase from Penicillium janthinellum catalyzed the rapid release of arginine, and the slow release of phenylalanine, proline, serine and glycine from the carboxy-terminal of bradykinin at pH 4.15 to 4.8. Anti-inflammatory activity of the acid carboxypeptidase seems to suggest that the enzyme hydrolyzed bradykinin in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1204717", "title": "Ligand-leakage in affinity chromatography: a second note on the mathematical approach.", "content": "A leakage function describing the hydrolytic release of ligand molecules covalently attached to insoluble supports by the CNBr method has been derived. Statistical factors were taken into account. The results of this random order model are compared with those of a consecutive order model proposed by Gribnau and Tesser.", "contents": "Ligand-leakage in affinity chromatography: a second note on the mathematical approach. A leakage function describing the hydrolytic release of ligand molecules covalently attached to insoluble supports by the CNBr method has been derived. Statistical factors were taken into account. The results of this random order model are compared with those of a consecutive order model proposed by Gribnau and Tesser."}
{"id": "PMID:1204718", "title": "On the role of divalent cations in the reaction mechanism of malic enzyme.", "content": "The kinetic order of addition of Mg2+ and L-malate to malic enzyme has been determined. Mg2+ is the first to bind, and probably acts as a link between the substrate and the active site.", "contents": "On the role of divalent cations in the reaction mechanism of malic enzyme. The kinetic order of addition of Mg2+ and L-malate to malic enzyme has been determined. Mg2+ is the first to bind, and probably acts as a link between the substrate and the active site."}
{"id": "PMID:1204719", "title": "Renal glucose utilization in genetically diabetic microangiopathy.", "content": "Glucose uptake into kidney tissue is not influenced by the development of glomerulosclerosis in KK mice. Glucosyltransferase activity remains at a normal level even at an age having a highest incidence of serious development of glomerulosclerosis. The observation suggests that biosynthesis of basement membrane reflected by its glucosyltransferase activity does not accelerate in genetically transmitted microangiopathy.", "contents": "Renal glucose utilization in genetically diabetic microangiopathy. Glucose uptake into kidney tissue is not influenced by the development of glomerulosclerosis in KK mice. Glucosyltransferase activity remains at a normal level even at an age having a highest incidence of serious development of glomerulosclerosis. The observation suggests that biosynthesis of basement membrane reflected by its glucosyltransferase activity does not accelerate in genetically transmitted microangiopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1204720", "title": "Effect of sex hormones on uric acid metabolism in rats.", "content": "The effects of sex hormones on purine metabolism were investigated in rats. No influence on purine synthesis was shown by the injection of estrogen and androgen. The plasma urate levels were significantly lowered from 2.43 +/- 1.04 mg/100 ml to 1.53 +/- 0.57 mg/100 ml by the injection of progesterone. Urinary excretion of uric acid plus allantoin was slightly reduced. These results suggested that progesterone may influence age and sex differences in human plasma urate levels.", "contents": "Effect of sex hormones on uric acid metabolism in rats. The effects of sex hormones on purine metabolism were investigated in rats. No influence on purine synthesis was shown by the injection of estrogen and androgen. The plasma urate levels were significantly lowered from 2.43 +/- 1.04 mg/100 ml to 1.53 +/- 0.57 mg/100 ml by the injection of progesterone. Urinary excretion of uric acid plus allantoin was slightly reduced. These results suggested that progesterone may influence age and sex differences in human plasma urate levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1204721", "title": "Evidence for purine biosynthesis in human leukocytes.", "content": "Human leukocytes and lymphocytes have shown to be equipped with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate amidotransrease, the enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of the first intermediate of the purine pathway, thus providing evidence that these cells have the capacity for de novo purine biosynthesis.", "contents": "Evidence for purine biosynthesis in human leukocytes. Human leukocytes and lymphocytes have shown to be equipped with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate amidotransrease, the enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of the first intermediate of the purine pathway, thus providing evidence that these cells have the capacity for de novo purine biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1204722", "title": "Karyological heterogeneity in the Falconiformes (Aves).", "content": "Chromosome studies in 4 families of Falconiformes, Cathartidae, Falconidae, Sagittariidae and Accipitridae showed that the karyological variety in this order is much wider than in any other avian order, which underlines the heterogeneous character of the group. Of the 4 families only the Cathartidae show karyological similarities with other avian groups (Gruiformes, Ciconiiformes), while the karyotypes of the Accipitridae are most uncommon among birds, because of the presence of only 8 microchromosomes.", "contents": "Karyological heterogeneity in the Falconiformes (Aves). Chromosome studies in 4 families of Falconiformes, Cathartidae, Falconidae, Sagittariidae and Accipitridae showed that the karyological variety in this order is much wider than in any other avian order, which underlines the heterogeneous character of the group. Of the 4 families only the Cathartidae show karyological similarities with other avian groups (Gruiformes, Ciconiiformes), while the karyotypes of the Accipitridae are most uncommon among birds, because of the presence of only 8 microchromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1204723", "title": "Male-linked translocations and the control of insect pest populations.", "content": "Published data on an experimental release of Culex pipiens carrying a male-linked translocation are re-examined and it is shown that the steady decline in translocation frequency after termination of releases agrees with theoretical expectations, because of the selective disadvantage of translocation heterozygote males. Systems based on negative heterosis or meiotic drive are considered whereby it might be possible to prolong the population control which would be achieved by a short term release.", "contents": "Male-linked translocations and the control of insect pest populations. Published data on an experimental release of Culex pipiens carrying a male-linked translocation are re-examined and it is shown that the steady decline in translocation frequency after termination of releases agrees with theoretical expectations, because of the selective disadvantage of translocation heterozygote males. Systems based on negative heterosis or meiotic drive are considered whereby it might be possible to prolong the population control which would be achieved by a short term release."}
{"id": "PMID:1204724", "title": "Karyotype of Geomys pinetis (Mammalia: Geomyidae), with a discussion of the chromosomal relationships within the genus.", "content": "4 of the 5 subspecies of Geomys pinetis were karyotyped. All specimens examined had a diploid number of 42 and a fundamental number of 80. This karyotype was compared with the described karyotypes of other species of Geomys and was considered to be derived from an ancestoral form having a karyotype of about 70 acrocentric elements.", "contents": "Karyotype of Geomys pinetis (Mammalia: Geomyidae), with a discussion of the chromosomal relationships within the genus. 4 of the 5 subspecies of Geomys pinetis were karyotyped. All specimens examined had a diploid number of 42 and a fundamental number of 80. This karyotype was compared with the described karyotypes of other species of Geomys and was considered to be derived from an ancestoral form having a karyotype of about 70 acrocentric elements."}
{"id": "PMID:1204725", "title": "Morphology of colloidal gold, ferritin and anti-ferritin antibody complexes.", "content": "The morphology of model complexes between colloidal gold, ferritin and anti-ferritin antibodies has been studied in order to evaluate the potential of colloidal gold as a cytochemical marker.", "contents": "Morphology of colloidal gold, ferritin and anti-ferritin antibody complexes. The morphology of model complexes between colloidal gold, ferritin and anti-ferritin antibodies has been studied in order to evaluate the potential of colloidal gold as a cytochemical marker."}
{"id": "PMID:1204726", "title": "Hybridization of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.", "content": "Hybridization assays of rat liver mitochondrial and cytoplasmic rRNAs with in vitro labelled mitochondrial and nuclear DNA were performed in liquid medium. Sensitivity towards S1 enzyme and Tms of the RNA-DNA hybrids were studied. Our results are in favour of a distinct genetic origin of the two types of cellular rRNAs.", "contents": "Hybridization of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Hybridization assays of rat liver mitochondrial and cytoplasmic rRNAs with in vitro labelled mitochondrial and nuclear DNA were performed in liquid medium. Sensitivity towards S1 enzyme and Tms of the RNA-DNA hybrids were studied. Our results are in favour of a distinct genetic origin of the two types of cellular rRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:1204727", "title": "Norepinephrine in fetal and neonatal rabbit brain.", "content": "In the first hour after parturition, the newborn rabbit brain norepinephrine content is about 37% less than that of the fetus of 30th or 31st day. Later on, within 2 to 4 h, the norepinephrine level returns to the prenatal value and remains unchanged between 8 to 12 h. This transitory fall of the brain norepinephrine seems to be linked to the stress conditions which occur during parturition.", "contents": "Norepinephrine in fetal and neonatal rabbit brain. In the first hour after parturition, the newborn rabbit brain norepinephrine content is about 37% less than that of the fetus of 30th or 31st day. Later on, within 2 to 4 h, the norepinephrine level returns to the prenatal value and remains unchanged between 8 to 12 h. This transitory fall of the brain norepinephrine seems to be linked to the stress conditions which occur during parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:1204729", "title": "Interaction between sugars and amino acids in intestinal absorption by rat, in vivo.", "content": "The inhibitory action of L-leucine on the intestinal absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose, as well as the inhibitory action of D-galactose on the absorption of L-leucine at various concentrations by rat small intestine has been studied. The further effect was more clearly evidenced when the medium was perfunded through the intestine in a closed circuit system using a peristaltic pump.", "contents": "Interaction between sugars and amino acids in intestinal absorption by rat, in vivo. The inhibitory action of L-leucine on the intestinal absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose, as well as the inhibitory action of D-galactose on the absorption of L-leucine at various concentrations by rat small intestine has been studied. The further effect was more clearly evidenced when the medium was perfunded through the intestine in a closed circuit system using a peristaltic pump."}
{"id": "PMID:1204730", "title": "Study on sex-specific transferrin polymorphism and on the identification of transferrins by radioactive labelling.", "content": "Sex-specific differences with regard to the intensity of transferrin bands were observed in a noninbred adult mouse population after separation of the serum proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amongst the female animals, an additional protein fraction was found just above the position of the transferrin bands. By means of a tracer method, using 59Fe-labelling, it could be shown that the additional fraction is not a part of the transferrin bands.", "contents": "Study on sex-specific transferrin polymorphism and on the identification of transferrins by radioactive labelling. Sex-specific differences with regard to the intensity of transferrin bands were observed in a noninbred adult mouse population after separation of the serum proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amongst the female animals, an additional protein fraction was found just above the position of the transferrin bands. By means of a tracer method, using 59Fe-labelling, it could be shown that the additional fraction is not a part of the transferrin bands."}
{"id": "PMID:1204731", "title": "Autonomic control of renal portal blood flow in the domestic fowl.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the intrinsic nerves of the renal portal valve of the domestic fowl demonstrated the presence of noradrenergic inhibitory, and cholinergic excitatory fibres. They may be involved in the control of venous return.", "contents": "Autonomic control of renal portal blood flow in the domestic fowl. Electrical stimulation of the intrinsic nerves of the renal portal valve of the domestic fowl demonstrated the presence of noradrenergic inhibitory, and cholinergic excitatory fibres. They may be involved in the control of venous return."}
{"id": "PMID:1204733", "title": "[Investigations on the Influence of Thrombocytes and Temperature on the Whole Blood- and Plasma-Viscosity as Comparative Measurements Between a Capillary- and a Plate-Cone-Viscosimeter (author's transl)].", "content": "The capillary viscosimeter (Viscotimer) tested with different Ubbelohde-viscosimeters is suitable for measurements of plasmaviscosity; the limitting factor of the measuring method is the exact adjustment of the temperature. When testing the plate-cone-viscosimeter (Wells-Brookfield Microviscosimeter), we achieved scientifically adequate results only when using shear rates 230, 115 and 46 sec-1. An influence of different thrombocyte-concentrations on the viscosity of whole blood and plasma could not be detected. The flow capacity of whole blood and plasma is distinctly dependent on the temperature.", "contents": "[Investigations on the Influence of Thrombocytes and Temperature on the Whole Blood- and Plasma-Viscosity as Comparative Measurements Between a Capillary- and a Plate-Cone-Viscosimeter (author's transl)]. The capillary viscosimeter (Viscotimer) tested with different Ubbelohde-viscosimeters is suitable for measurements of plasmaviscosity; the limitting factor of the measuring method is the exact adjustment of the temperature. When testing the plate-cone-viscosimeter (Wells-Brookfield Microviscosimeter), we achieved scientifically adequate results only when using shear rates 230, 115 and 46 sec-1. An influence of different thrombocyte-concentrations on the viscosity of whole blood and plasma could not be detected. The flow capacity of whole blood and plasma is distinctly dependent on the temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:1204734", "title": "Collagen in aging muscles.", "content": "The salt, acid and insoluble collagen fractions were estimated in red, white and cardiac muscles of 10-, 15- and 20-month-old albino rats. The total collagen level with reference to total proteins is more in red than in white and cardiac muscle. Accumulation of more of insoluble collagen and decrease in salt extractable collagen is seen in all three muscles with aging.", "contents": "Collagen in aging muscles. The salt, acid and insoluble collagen fractions were estimated in red, white and cardiac muscles of 10-, 15- and 20-month-old albino rats. The total collagen level with reference to total proteins is more in red than in white and cardiac muscle. Accumulation of more of insoluble collagen and decrease in salt extractable collagen is seen in all three muscles with aging."}
{"id": "PMID:1204735", "title": "[Lysosome-rich synaptosomal preparations from rat mesencephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Subcellular fraction, enriched with synaptosomes, obtained from rat brain has been found contaminated by lysosomes, as evidenced by the high content of acid phosphatase, their biochemical marker.", "contents": "[Lysosome-rich synaptosomal preparations from rat mesencephalus (author's transl)]. Subcellular fraction, enriched with synaptosomes, obtained from rat brain has been found contaminated by lysosomes, as evidenced by the high content of acid phosphatase, their biochemical marker."}
{"id": "PMID:1204736", "title": "Reduction of hypoxia-induced disturbances by previous treatment with benserazide and L-dopa in rats.", "content": "Pretreatment by benserazide (50 mg/kg i.p.) and L-Dopa (100 mg/kg i.p.) in rats induces a reduction of the diminution of motility after hypoxia and a stabilization of cerebral blood flow during and after hypoxia. An overload of cerebral dopamine and norepinephrine seems to be the original process of this phenomenon.", "contents": "Reduction of hypoxia-induced disturbances by previous treatment with benserazide and L-dopa in rats. Pretreatment by benserazide (50 mg/kg i.p.) and L-Dopa (100 mg/kg i.p.) in rats induces a reduction of the diminution of motility after hypoxia and a stabilization of cerebral blood flow during and after hypoxia. An overload of cerebral dopamine and norepinephrine seems to be the original process of this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1204737", "title": "Prostaglandin-induced choleresis in the rat.", "content": "It could be demonstrated that intraportal infusion of prostaglandin A1 (1 mug/min/100 g body wt.) in Wistar rats significantly increases bile flow. An analysis of the relationship between bile salt excretion and bile flow revealed that this choleresis is due to an increase in the bile salt independent fraction of bile.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-induced choleresis in the rat. It could be demonstrated that intraportal infusion of prostaglandin A1 (1 mug/min/100 g body wt.) in Wistar rats significantly increases bile flow. An analysis of the relationship between bile salt excretion and bile flow revealed that this choleresis is due to an increase in the bile salt independent fraction of bile."}
{"id": "PMID:1204738", "title": "High permeability of insect blood-brain barrier to alcohols demonstrated by an electrophysiological technique.", "content": "Using the anaesthetic effects of the alcohols to measure their concentration within the cockroach central nervous system, it is shown that the lower homologues have access half-times of only a few seconds. Slower access of the higher homologues is interpreted in terms of a reservoir effect resulting from their higher liposolubility.", "contents": "High permeability of insect blood-brain barrier to alcohols demonstrated by an electrophysiological technique. Using the anaesthetic effects of the alcohols to measure their concentration within the cockroach central nervous system, it is shown that the lower homologues have access half-times of only a few seconds. Slower access of the higher homologues is interpreted in terms of a reservoir effect resulting from their higher liposolubility."}
{"id": "PMID:1204740", "title": "Modification of the contractile responses of rabbit mammary strips to oxytocin by prostaglandin E1.", "content": "PGE1 administration to isolated strips from pregnant and lactating rabbit mammary gland resulted in different effects on oxytocin-induced contractions. In strips from pregnant animals, oxytocin action was enhanced; in those from lactating animals, it was reduced and threshold doses for oxytocin were markedly higher.", "contents": "Modification of the contractile responses of rabbit mammary strips to oxytocin by prostaglandin E1. PGE1 administration to isolated strips from pregnant and lactating rabbit mammary gland resulted in different effects on oxytocin-induced contractions. In strips from pregnant animals, oxytocin action was enhanced; in those from lactating animals, it was reduced and threshold doses for oxytocin were markedly higher."}
{"id": "PMID:1204741", "title": "Antagonistic effects of pemoline to colchicine and caffeine.", "content": "Pemoline, the constituent of Tradon, is able to slow down the decrease of the mitotic index caused by 0.1% caffeine in roots of Vicia faba, and mitotic aberrations are reduced. With 0.005% colchicine and 3 x 10(-4) g/ml pemoline, no metaphase-accumulation can be observed, and anaphase-disorder is delayed.", "contents": "Antagonistic effects of pemoline to colchicine and caffeine. Pemoline, the constituent of Tradon, is able to slow down the decrease of the mitotic index caused by 0.1% caffeine in roots of Vicia faba, and mitotic aberrations are reduced. With 0.005% colchicine and 3 x 10(-4) g/ml pemoline, no metaphase-accumulation can be observed, and anaphase-disorder is delayed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204742", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the neural lobe of the rat pituitary induced by reserpine treatment.", "content": "The doses of reserpine, which are generally used to deplete amines from the nervous tissue caused marked ultrastructural changes in the neural lobes of reserpine treated rats. The findings suggested depletion of neurosecretory granules, increased lysosomal activity and changes in the pituicytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the neural lobe of the rat pituitary induced by reserpine treatment. The doses of reserpine, which are generally used to deplete amines from the nervous tissue caused marked ultrastructural changes in the neural lobes of reserpine treated rats. The findings suggested depletion of neurosecretory granules, increased lysosomal activity and changes in the pituicytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1204744", "title": "Mastocytosis in suckling mice.", "content": "In suckling mice injected intraperitoneally with mitomycin C on the 1st to 5th day after birth and sacrificed in the course of 24 or 48 h after injection, mastocytosis occurred in the oral mucosa membrane, skin of the trunk or extremities and bone marrow of extremities.", "contents": "Mastocytosis in suckling mice. In suckling mice injected intraperitoneally with mitomycin C on the 1st to 5th day after birth and sacrificed in the course of 24 or 48 h after injection, mastocytosis occurred in the oral mucosa membrane, skin of the trunk or extremities and bone marrow of extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:1204746", "title": "Pentobarbital sodium and chromosome abnormalities in rabbit blastocysts.", "content": "Female rabbits were injected with pentobarbital sodium at 1/4 h or 6 h post coitum. A slight delay in oocyte maturation was evident in animals killed at 17 h pc, however, zygote development appeared normal by 24 h pc. At 6 days pc, a greater frequency of chromosomally abnormal blastocysts was found in animals injected with pentobarbital than in control rabbits.", "contents": "Pentobarbital sodium and chromosome abnormalities in rabbit blastocysts. Female rabbits were injected with pentobarbital sodium at 1/4 h or 6 h post coitum. A slight delay in oocyte maturation was evident in animals killed at 17 h pc, however, zygote development appeared normal by 24 h pc. At 6 days pc, a greater frequency of chromosomally abnormal blastocysts was found in animals injected with pentobarbital than in control rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:1204747", "title": "Effects of gamma-rays on the developing embryos of Calotes versicolor.", "content": "The gamma-ray irradiation causes mortality, retardation in development and growth rate, haemorrhage, axial defects and unilateral microphthalmia. Histological examination of microphthalmic embryos revealed a partial division of the left optic cup and a 'double lens'.", "contents": "Effects of gamma-rays on the developing embryos of Calotes versicolor. The gamma-ray irradiation causes mortality, retardation in development and growth rate, haemorrhage, axial defects and unilateral microphthalmia. Histological examination of microphthalmic embryos revealed a partial division of the left optic cup and a 'double lens'."}
{"id": "PMID:1204748", "title": "Establishment of normal diploid and malignant heteroploid cell lines from non-treated and benzo(a)pyrene treated hamster embryo cell cultures.", "content": "Two normal diploid control cell lines and a heteroploid malignant transformed cell line from B(a)P treated hamster embryo cell cultures were established. The 14-month-old B(a)P transformed cell line grew 8-times faster than the 20-month-old control cell line. The control cell line showed normal diploid chromosome complement in 93% cells and heteroploidy in 7% cells while B(a)P treated line showed 83% heteroploid cells and only 17% diploid cells. This is the first report on the establishment of diploid hamster cell cultures grown for extended period.", "contents": "Establishment of normal diploid and malignant heteroploid cell lines from non-treated and benzo(a)pyrene treated hamster embryo cell cultures. Two normal diploid control cell lines and a heteroploid malignant transformed cell line from B(a)P treated hamster embryo cell cultures were established. The 14-month-old B(a)P transformed cell line grew 8-times faster than the 20-month-old control cell line. The control cell line showed normal diploid chromosome complement in 93% cells and heteroploidy in 7% cells while B(a)P treated line showed 83% heteroploid cells and only 17% diploid cells. This is the first report on the establishment of diploid hamster cell cultures grown for extended period."}
{"id": "PMID:1204749", "title": "Potency of thyroid hormone analogues in suppressing prolactin-mediated mammary growth in thyroidectomized rats.", "content": "An antagonism between prolactin and thyroxine, similar to that found in amphibian tissues at metamorphosis, has been recently shown to occur at the level of the rat mammary epithelium. This phenomenon may be implicated in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. This experiment demonstrates that two analogues of thyroid hormone, triiodothyropropionic acid and triiodothyroacetic acid, which are relatively very weak in their calorigenic action, are as potent as thyroxine and triiodothyronine in inhibiting the prolactin-mediated mammary growth in thyroidectomized rats. The possible implication of this finding in the treatment of mammary cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Potency of thyroid hormone analogues in suppressing prolactin-mediated mammary growth in thyroidectomized rats. An antagonism between prolactin and thyroxine, similar to that found in amphibian tissues at metamorphosis, has been recently shown to occur at the level of the rat mammary epithelium. This phenomenon may be implicated in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. This experiment demonstrates that two analogues of thyroid hormone, triiodothyropropionic acid and triiodothyroacetic acid, which are relatively very weak in their calorigenic action, are as potent as thyroxine and triiodothyronine in inhibiting the prolactin-mediated mammary growth in thyroidectomized rats. The possible implication of this finding in the treatment of mammary cancer is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204750", "title": "Preliminary purification and dosages of the erythropoietic factor from ox-spleen.", "content": "The administration of ox-spleen homogenate, whether in rats made polycythemic by blood transfusion or in mice polycythemic by hypoxia, elicited a significant stimulatory effect on the rate of erythropoiesis. This activity remained unchanged even if the spleen, before being homogenized, was exhaustively washed with isotonic buffer pH 7.4 up to the total blood elimination.", "contents": "Preliminary purification and dosages of the erythropoietic factor from ox-spleen. The administration of ox-spleen homogenate, whether in rats made polycythemic by blood transfusion or in mice polycythemic by hypoxia, elicited a significant stimulatory effect on the rate of erythropoiesis. This activity remained unchanged even if the spleen, before being homogenized, was exhaustively washed with isotonic buffer pH 7.4 up to the total blood elimination."}
{"id": "PMID:1204751", "title": "ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vivo after exclusion of different circulatory districts.", "content": "The effect of the ADP infusion on the basal platelet count was studied in controls and in rats submitted to the exclusion of the following circulatory districts: splenic, renal, cerebral and of a hind-limb. After these exclusions the ADP-induced thrombocytopenia was less marked than the controls.", "contents": "ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vivo after exclusion of different circulatory districts. The effect of the ADP infusion on the basal platelet count was studied in controls and in rats submitted to the exclusion of the following circulatory districts: splenic, renal, cerebral and of a hind-limb. After these exclusions the ADP-induced thrombocytopenia was less marked than the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1204752", "title": "Change in levels of cholesterol and free fatty acids of lymphoid cells during tumor growth.", "content": "Growth of Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma in mice resulted in increase of free cholesterol and free fatty acids in lymphoid cells from thymus, spleen and cervical lymph node, but decrease of these lipids in the cells from mesenteric lymph node.", "contents": "Change in levels of cholesterol and free fatty acids of lymphoid cells during tumor growth. Growth of Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma in mice resulted in increase of free cholesterol and free fatty acids in lymphoid cells from thymus, spleen and cervical lymph node, but decrease of these lipids in the cells from mesenteric lymph node."}
{"id": "PMID:1204754", "title": "Production of antibodies to amanitins as the basis for their radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The production of antibodies against amanitins is described. By means of these antibodies, a radioimmunoassay was developed which allows detection of as little as 0.5 ng of amanitins in 1 ml of serum. By this method, the clearance of alpha-amanitin from the blood of poisoned mice was measured.", "contents": "Production of antibodies to amanitins as the basis for their radioimmunoassay. The production of antibodies against amanitins is described. By means of these antibodies, a radioimmunoassay was developed which allows detection of as little as 0.5 ng of amanitins in 1 ml of serum. By this method, the clearance of alpha-amanitin from the blood of poisoned mice was measured."}
{"id": "PMID:1204755", "title": "Possible effect of caerulein on calcitonin secretion in man.", "content": "Caerulein, infused in normal subjects, significantly reduces serum Calcium levels; in addition, when infused 60 or 90 min after radioactive calcium, it increases the specific plasma radioactivity, in a manner similar to calcitonin. These results suggest that in man caerulein stimulates calcitonin release.", "contents": "Possible effect of caerulein on calcitonin secretion in man. Caerulein, infused in normal subjects, significantly reduces serum Calcium levels; in addition, when infused 60 or 90 min after radioactive calcium, it increases the specific plasma radioactivity, in a manner similar to calcitonin. These results suggest that in man caerulein stimulates calcitonin release."}
{"id": "PMID:1204757", "title": "Suppression of pupal esterase activity in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) by an insect growth regulator.", "content": "Changes in non-specific esterases of Aedes aegypti were noted during pupal development. One esterase band was found to increase markedly within 3 h of pupation and this increase in activity was suppressed by prior treatment of larvae with an insect growth regulator, ZR 515. It is suggested that the esterase activity may help to reduce endogenous levels of juvenile hormone during metamorphosis and that the growth regulator may prevent this normal regulation.", "contents": "Suppression of pupal esterase activity in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) by an insect growth regulator. Changes in non-specific esterases of Aedes aegypti were noted during pupal development. One esterase band was found to increase markedly within 3 h of pupation and this increase in activity was suppressed by prior treatment of larvae with an insect growth regulator, ZR 515. It is suggested that the esterase activity may help to reduce endogenous levels of juvenile hormone during metamorphosis and that the growth regulator may prevent this normal regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1204759", "title": "Radioisotopic studies of human chorionic gonadotrophin in the mouse ovary.", "content": "The tissue localization of 125I-HCG was studied in intact mice. 125I-HCG concentrated in the thecal and interstitial tissues of the ovary. Differential uptake occurred in the corpora lutea which was dependent on the age and vascularization of the luteal body.", "contents": "Radioisotopic studies of human chorionic gonadotrophin in the mouse ovary. The tissue localization of 125I-HCG was studied in intact mice. 125I-HCG concentrated in the thecal and interstitial tissues of the ovary. Differential uptake occurred in the corpora lutea which was dependent on the age and vascularization of the luteal body."}
{"id": "PMID:1204760", "title": "Changes in major liver constituents following hypophysectomy in goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "The increase in the size of goldfish (Carassius auratus) liver following hypophysectomy is due to a net accumulation of glycogen and the addition of water to maintain a constant proportion with no change in the absolute amount of either protein or lipid.", "contents": "Changes in major liver constituents following hypophysectomy in goldfish (Carassius auratus). The increase in the size of goldfish (Carassius auratus) liver following hypophysectomy is due to a net accumulation of glycogen and the addition of water to maintain a constant proportion with no change in the absolute amount of either protein or lipid."}
{"id": "PMID:1204762", "title": "Synthesis of histidine2-angiotensin II analogues.", "content": "The synthesis of histidine2-angiotensin II analogues, namely H-Asp-alpha-(im-Bzl)His-Val-Tyr-Ile-(im-Bzl)His-Pro-Phe-OH and H-Asp-beta-(im-Bzl)His-Val-Tyr-Ile-(im-Bzl)His-Pro-Phe-OH, are described. Also a new route leading to the synthesis of alpha-benzyl-L-aspartate, using N-trityl-L-aspartate di-benzyl ester as the starting material, is reported.", "contents": "Synthesis of histidine2-angiotensin II analogues. The synthesis of histidine2-angiotensin II analogues, namely H-Asp-alpha-(im-Bzl)His-Val-Tyr-Ile-(im-Bzl)His-Pro-Phe-OH and H-Asp-beta-(im-Bzl)His-Val-Tyr-Ile-(im-Bzl)His-Pro-Phe-OH, are described. Also a new route leading to the synthesis of alpha-benzyl-L-aspartate, using N-trityl-L-aspartate di-benzyl ester as the starting material, is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1204763", "title": "Regional distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in adult rat brain.", "content": "The highest lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was found in thalamus, statistically significantly less in cerebral and cerebellar cortex and the lowest in pons. LDH1 and LDH4+5 represented 58% and 23% of the total activity in cerebral cortex, 54% and 20% in thalamus, 42% and 4% in cerebellar cortex and 55% and 7% in pons, respectively.", "contents": "Regional distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in adult rat brain. The highest lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was found in thalamus, statistically significantly less in cerebral and cerebellar cortex and the lowest in pons. LDH1 and LDH4+5 represented 58% and 23% of the total activity in cerebral cortex, 54% and 20% in thalamus, 42% and 4% in cerebellar cortex and 55% and 7% in pons, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1204764", "title": "Effect of piperazine on the level of phospholipids and on the activities of certain enzymes of phospholipid metabolism in human Ascaris lumbricoides.", "content": "The phospholipid level in the human parasitic nematode Ascaris lumbricoides is decreased by piperazine, by partially stimulating catabolic enzymes such as phospholipase C and partially inhibiting anabolic enzymes such as choline kinase.", "contents": "Effect of piperazine on the level of phospholipids and on the activities of certain enzymes of phospholipid metabolism in human Ascaris lumbricoides. The phospholipid level in the human parasitic nematode Ascaris lumbricoides is decreased by piperazine, by partially stimulating catabolic enzymes such as phospholipase C and partially inhibiting anabolic enzymes such as choline kinase."}
{"id": "PMID:1204765", "title": "Studies on the effect of allicin (diallyl disulphide-oxide) on alloxan diabetes.", "content": "On oral administration to alloxan diabetic rabbits, allicin produces an increase in its hypoglycemic action with relation to dose. A short-term treatment  with allicin, as well as with tolbutamide, significantly reduced the blood sugar levels and glucose nitrogen ratio of the above animals.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of allicin (diallyl disulphide-oxide) on alloxan diabetes. On oral administration to alloxan diabetic rabbits, allicin produces an increase in its hypoglycemic action with relation to dose. A short-term treatment  with allicin, as well as with tolbutamide, significantly reduced the blood sugar levels and glucose nitrogen ratio of the above animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1204766", "title": "Effects of tryptophan and other amino acids on glucose uptake and carbon dioxide output by the insulin-stimulated adipose tissue.", "content": "Tryptophan (4-10 mM) reduces the stimulating effect of insulin on glucose uptake, CO2 output and lactate production by adipose tissue. Similar but lesser effects were also obtained with high concentrations of other amino acids.", "contents": "Effects of tryptophan and other amino acids on glucose uptake and carbon dioxide output by the insulin-stimulated adipose tissue. Tryptophan (4-10 mM) reduces the stimulating effect of insulin on glucose uptake, CO2 output and lactate production by adipose tissue. Similar but lesser effects were also obtained with high concentrations of other amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1204767", "title": "Conversion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid into homogentisic acid: possible participation of p-quinol intermediates.", "content": "A proposed intermediate in the metabolic transformation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid into homogentisic acid has been synthetized. In an experiment with radioactive material in pig liver homogenate it could be shown that this compound does not occur as a free intermediate.", "contents": "Conversion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid into homogentisic acid: possible participation of p-quinol intermediates. A proposed intermediate in the metabolic transformation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid into homogentisic acid has been synthetized. In an experiment with radioactive material in pig liver homogenate it could be shown that this compound does not occur as a free intermediate."}
{"id": "PMID:1204768", "title": "Cannabidiol and its pharmacokinetic interaction with delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "Co-administration of cannabidiol with delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol was found to have no effect on the rate of disappearance of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol from the blood of rats. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Cannabidiol and its pharmacokinetic interaction with delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol. Co-administration of cannabidiol with delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol was found to have no effect on the rate of disappearance of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol from the blood of rats. The implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204770", "title": "Giemsa banding and heterochromatin distribution in Ornithogalum.", "content": "In Ornithogalum virens, following Giemsa staining, the mitotic chromosomes revealed distinct C-banding pattern. Interphase nucleus also showed 12 chromocentres corresponding to the number of C-bands. Based on the measurements of C-bands, about 13.5% of the genome is heterochromatic.", "contents": "Giemsa banding and heterochromatin distribution in Ornithogalum. In Ornithogalum virens, following Giemsa staining, the mitotic chromosomes revealed distinct C-banding pattern. Interphase nucleus also showed 12 chromocentres corresponding to the number of C-bands. Based on the measurements of C-bands, about 13.5% of the genome is heterochromatic."}
{"id": "PMID:1204771", "title": "Unchanged r-RNA-gene dose in mice liver cells of different developmental stages.", "content": "The content of ribosomal DNA in mice liver at the beginning as well as near the end of the hematopoietic period was measured by RNA/DAN-hybridization in solution. At both stages the amount of ribosomal DNA was the same and comparable to that of postnatal liver.", "contents": "Unchanged r-RNA-gene dose in mice liver cells of different developmental stages. The content of ribosomal DNA in mice liver at the beginning as well as near the end of the hematopoietic period was measured by RNA/DAN-hybridization in solution. At both stages the amount of ribosomal DNA was the same and comparable to that of postnatal liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1204772", "title": "Oocyte maturation in vitro: contribution of the oviduct to total maturation in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Contact of progesterone matured oocytes of Xenopus laevis with the oviduct reduces the time necessary to attain cleavage capacity from 24 h to 3 h. Full maturity has been demonstrated by normal development of the matured eggs after fertilization.", "contents": "Oocyte maturation in vitro: contribution of the oviduct to total maturation in Xenopus laevis. Contact of progesterone matured oocytes of Xenopus laevis with the oviduct reduces the time necessary to attain cleavage capacity from 24 h to 3 h. Full maturity has been demonstrated by normal development of the matured eggs after fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1204773", "title": "Relationship between size of muscle fibres and body dimensions in a number of teleosts.", "content": "In a survey of 17 species of teleosts, a direct relationship was found between the diameter of muscle fibres and estimated volume of the fish. The results also suggested an inverse relationship between muscle fibre diameter and 'streamlinedness' of the fish (as measured by length:height ratio).", "contents": "Relationship between size of muscle fibres and body dimensions in a number of teleosts. In a survey of 17 species of teleosts, a direct relationship was found between the diameter of muscle fibres and estimated volume of the fish. The results also suggested an inverse relationship between muscle fibre diameter and 'streamlinedness' of the fish (as measured by length:height ratio)."}
{"id": "PMID:1204774", "title": "Sporeless mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis. II. mutants derived from var. thuringiensis and var. sotto.", "content": "Three sporeless mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis, 2 derived from var. thuringiensis and 1 from var. sotto were selected after mutagenic treatment. They were completely lacking in ability to form spores, yet maintained intact insecticidal activity.", "contents": "Sporeless mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis. II. mutants derived from var. thuringiensis and var. sotto. Three sporeless mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis, 2 derived from var. thuringiensis and 1 from var. sotto were selected after mutagenic treatment. They were completely lacking in ability to form spores, yet maintained intact insecticidal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1204775", "title": "Action of Bacillus thuringiensis preparation against larch bud moth, Zeiraphera diniana (Gn.), enhanced by beta-exotoxin and DDT.", "content": "Addition of either DDT or the supernatant of a centrifuged liquid culture of Bacillus thuringiensis, serotype H1, containing beta-exotoxin, enhanced the action of the bacterial preparation Thuricide 90 T against larvae of the larch pest Zeiraphera diniana, increasing mortality from 53% to more than 80%. Since DDT alone produced 57% mortality, its combined action corresponds to independent action. The preparation of beta-exotoxin, on the other hand, had only little effect alone but synergized the action of the bacterial preparation considerably.", "contents": "Action of Bacillus thuringiensis preparation against larch bud moth, Zeiraphera diniana (Gn.), enhanced by beta-exotoxin and DDT. Addition of either DDT or the supernatant of a centrifuged liquid culture of Bacillus thuringiensis, serotype H1, containing beta-exotoxin, enhanced the action of the bacterial preparation Thuricide 90 T against larvae of the larch pest Zeiraphera diniana, increasing mortality from 53% to more than 80%. Since DDT alone produced 57% mortality, its combined action corresponds to independent action. The preparation of beta-exotoxin, on the other hand, had only little effect alone but synergized the action of the bacterial preparation considerably."}
{"id": "PMID:1204776", "title": "Development of the electric discharge in mormyrid and gymnotid fish (Marcusenius sp. and Eigenmannia virescens).", "content": "Larvae of both species start discharging at 8 days. Eigenmannia immediately produces pulses similar to those of the adult. Marcusenius however, possesses a characteristic larval discharge 20 times longer and of opposite polarity to the adult discharge which appears on Day 40.", "contents": "Development of the electric discharge in mormyrid and gymnotid fish (Marcusenius sp. and Eigenmannia virescens). Larvae of both species start discharging at 8 days. Eigenmannia immediately produces pulses similar to those of the adult. Marcusenius however, possesses a characteristic larval discharge 20 times longer and of opposite polarity to the adult discharge which appears on Day 40."}
{"id": "PMID:1204777", "title": "Post-tetanic changes of bilateral dorsal root potentials evoked by stimulation of the cutaneous afferents.", "content": "In spinal cats following tetanic stimulation of the cutaneous nerve bilateral dorsal root potentials in the lumbar spinal cord are depressed. Because of differences between ipsi- and contralateral potentials, this depression can usually be evoked only on one side of the cord.", "contents": "Post-tetanic changes of bilateral dorsal root potentials evoked by stimulation of the cutaneous afferents. In spinal cats following tetanic stimulation of the cutaneous nerve bilateral dorsal root potentials in the lumbar spinal cord are depressed. Because of differences between ipsi- and contralateral potentials, this depression can usually be evoked only on one side of the cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1204778", "title": "Development of longitudinal retraction of carotid arteries in neonatal dogs.", "content": "Longitudinal retraction of carotid arteries, was examined in 105 neonatal puppies as a measure of longitudinal traction. Percent vessel retraction increased linearly with age. This was attributed to stretching of the vessels by growth and to changes in connective tissue composition. The mechanical significance of artery retraction was discussed.", "contents": "Development of longitudinal retraction of carotid arteries in neonatal dogs. Longitudinal retraction of carotid arteries, was examined in 105 neonatal puppies as a measure of longitudinal traction. Percent vessel retraction increased linearly with age. This was attributed to stretching of the vessels by growth and to changes in connective tissue composition. The mechanical significance of artery retraction was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204779", "title": "Seasonal changes in the circadian variation of oral temperature during wakefulness.", "content": "The circadian change of oral temperature in 26 subjects was compiled for December, March and June. Average peak time delays up to 70 min, and a reduced daytime temperature rise were found in June compared with December.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in the circadian variation of oral temperature during wakefulness. The circadian change of oral temperature in 26 subjects was compiled for December, March and June. Average peak time delays up to 70 min, and a reduced daytime temperature rise were found in June compared with December."}
{"id": "PMID:1204780", "title": "Acute effect of hypophysectomy on the natriuresis following saline infusion in dogs.", "content": "The natriuresis following an i.v. isotonic saline loading corresponding to 10% of body wt. was markedly decreased after acute hypophysectomy, due to lowered urinary sodium concentration, in anaesthetized dogs. A role of the pituitary in such a homeostatic natriuresis is suggested.", "contents": "Acute effect of hypophysectomy on the natriuresis following saline infusion in dogs. The natriuresis following an i.v. isotonic saline loading corresponding to 10% of body wt. was markedly decreased after acute hypophysectomy, due to lowered urinary sodium concentration, in anaesthetized dogs. A role of the pituitary in such a homeostatic natriuresis is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1204781", "title": "Hemodynamic and ventilatory effects of skin-cooling in cattle.", "content": "Cooling the skin of cattle at an ambient temperature of 25 degrees C decreased cardiac output and increased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances. Minute ventilation was reduced by about 50%. There was no change in alveolar ventilation as measured by arterial blood gases. These results indicate that thermoregulatory ventilation has significant cardiopulmonary effects in cattle at normal laboratory temperatures.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and ventilatory effects of skin-cooling in cattle. Cooling the skin of cattle at an ambient temperature of 25 degrees C decreased cardiac output and increased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances. Minute ventilation was reduced by about 50%. There was no change in alveolar ventilation as measured by arterial blood gases. These results indicate that thermoregulatory ventilation has significant cardiopulmonary effects in cattle at normal laboratory temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:1204782", "title": "Seasonal variations of cardiac output in rats.", "content": "Cardiac output of rats shows seasonal variations with low values in spring and summer and high ones in autumn and winter. The stroke volume was much more implicated in these changes than the heart rate. The seasonal changes of cardiac output are probably due to changes of thyroid function.", "contents": "Seasonal variations of cardiac output in rats. Cardiac output of rats shows seasonal variations with low values in spring and summer and high ones in autumn and winter. The stroke volume was much more implicated in these changes than the heart rate. The seasonal changes of cardiac output are probably due to changes of thyroid function."}
{"id": "PMID:1204783", "title": "Effect of furosemide on the permeability to Cl of the isolated skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus.", "content": "Furosemide added to the Ringer solution bathing the external side of the isolated skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus increased the PD and SCC and inhibited both active chloride influx and passive chloride efflux. The action on chloride permeability is thought to contribute to the diuretic effect of the drug.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on the permeability to Cl of the isolated skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus. Furosemide added to the Ringer solution bathing the external side of the isolated skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus increased the PD and SCC and inhibited both active chloride influx and passive chloride efflux. The action on chloride permeability is thought to contribute to the diuretic effect of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1204784", "title": "Increased sensitivity to pentobarbital in rats fed a diet lacking flavonoids.", "content": "Pentobarbital-sensitivity is highly increased in rats fed a diet lacking flavonoids; sleeping time was found to be increased by 42 and 30% as compared with rats fed a normal diet. These studies confirm our previous statement according to which for the rat, benzopyrones are vitamins.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity to pentobarbital in rats fed a diet lacking flavonoids. Pentobarbital-sensitivity is highly increased in rats fed a diet lacking flavonoids; sleeping time was found to be increased by 42 and 30% as compared with rats fed a normal diet. These studies confirm our previous statement according to which for the rat, benzopyrones are vitamins."}
{"id": "PMID:1204785", "title": "Embryonic death in mouse due to lead exposure.", "content": "Female mice which displayed a vaginal plug after mating were given a diet containing 0, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500% of lead as lead acetate and were dissected 16 to 18 days later. Lead treatment was found to reduce significantly the incidence of pregnancies and to increase the postimplantation loss in the pregnant females.", "contents": "Embryonic death in mouse due to lead exposure. Female mice which displayed a vaginal plug after mating were given a diet containing 0, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500% of lead as lead acetate and were dissected 16 to 18 days later. Lead treatment was found to reduce significantly the incidence of pregnancies and to increase the postimplantation loss in the pregnant females."}
{"id": "PMID:1204786", "title": "Effect of ethanol intake on phenytoin metabolism in volunteers.", "content": "Ingestion of ethanol, 1 g/kg, did not influence the phenytoin half-life in 5 volunteers after single i.v. administration of 3 mg/kg phenytoin. The control phenytoin half-life was 12.4 h (SD +/- 4.4); with ethanol ingestion it was 12.3 h (SD +/- 5.2).", "contents": "Effect of ethanol intake on phenytoin metabolism in volunteers. Ingestion of ethanol, 1 g/kg, did not influence the phenytoin half-life in 5 volunteers after single i.v. administration of 3 mg/kg phenytoin. The control phenytoin half-life was 12.4 h (SD +/- 4.4); with ethanol ingestion it was 12.3 h (SD +/- 5.2)."}
{"id": "PMID:1204787", "title": "Pathological changes in the liver of mice given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.", "content": "In C57BL/6 mice a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (LD50 126 mug/kg) results in loss of body weight and death with an enlarged fatty liver after ca. 21 days. A progressive necrotic centrilobular liver lesion is also seen.", "contents": "Pathological changes in the liver of mice given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. In C57BL/6 mice a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (LD50 126 mug/kg) results in loss of body weight and death with an enlarged fatty liver after ca. 21 days. A progressive necrotic centrilobular liver lesion is also seen."}
{"id": "PMID:1204790", "title": "Role of bile in intestinal absorption of 203Pb in rats.", "content": "The author studied absorption of 203Pb after administering intraduodenally 203Pb eliminated with bile. The results obtained were compared with absorption of 203Pb administered into the duodenum as 203PbCl2 in rats forming 2 groups, one with bile ducts cannulated, the other intact. It was found that bile played an important role in absorption of Pb from the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption of Pb203 is significantly reduced if the bile is drained off by means of a canula.", "contents": "Role of bile in intestinal absorption of 203Pb in rats. The author studied absorption of 203Pb after administering intraduodenally 203Pb eliminated with bile. The results obtained were compared with absorption of 203Pb administered into the duodenum as 203PbCl2 in rats forming 2 groups, one with bile ducts cannulated, the other intact. It was found that bile played an important role in absorption of Pb from the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption of Pb203 is significantly reduced if the bile is drained off by means of a canula."}
{"id": "PMID:1204791", "title": "Effects of temperature on the responses to noradrenaline, isoprenaline and histamine on isolated rabbit mesenteric artery.", "content": "On the rabbit mesenteric artery, the elevation of temperature from 25 degrees up to 42 degrees diminished the affinity of histamine, whereas that of noradrenaline to the alpha-adrenoceptors remained unchanged. The presence of beta-adrenoceptors could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Effects of temperature on the responses to noradrenaline, isoprenaline and histamine on isolated rabbit mesenteric artery. On the rabbit mesenteric artery, the elevation of temperature from 25 degrees up to 42 degrees diminished the affinity of histamine, whereas that of noradrenaline to the alpha-adrenoceptors remained unchanged. The presence of beta-adrenoceptors could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1204792", "title": "The influence of pigmentation of rats and guinea-pigs on the ototoxicity of kanamycin and neomycin.", "content": "Following the finding that melanin pigment played a role in the accumulation of ototoxic drugs in the inner ear, an investigation was made of the possible influence of the pigmentation of animals on their susceptibility to the ototoxic effects of drugs. Hearing acuity was assessed by measurement of acoustic startle reaction. Preliminary experiments suggested that pigmented animals might be more likely to suffer hearing impairment following ototoxic drug administration. However, in a controlled study using rats treated with kanamycin, it was not possible to confirm this and albino animals appeared no less vulnerable than pigmented animals to kanamycin-induced deafness.", "contents": "The influence of pigmentation of rats and guinea-pigs on the ototoxicity of kanamycin and neomycin. Following the finding that melanin pigment played a role in the accumulation of ototoxic drugs in the inner ear, an investigation was made of the possible influence of the pigmentation of animals on their susceptibility to the ototoxic effects of drugs. Hearing acuity was assessed by measurement of acoustic startle reaction. Preliminary experiments suggested that pigmented animals might be more likely to suffer hearing impairment following ototoxic drug administration. However, in a controlled study using rats treated with kanamycin, it was not possible to confirm this and albino animals appeared no less vulnerable than pigmented animals to kanamycin-induced deafness."}
{"id": "PMID:1204793", "title": "Conformations and biological properties of apomorphine and its phenanthro(10,1-b,c)azepine homologue.", "content": "11,12-Dihydroxy-7-methyl-4,5,6,7,7a,8-hexahydrophenanthro[10,1-b,c]-azepine (2), a homologue of apomorphine (1), has been found to be devoid of dopaminergic effects. The biological differences between apomorphine and this homologue are explained in terms of differences in conformation of the two molecules.", "contents": "Conformations and biological properties of apomorphine and its phenanthro(10,1-b,c)azepine homologue. 11,12-Dihydroxy-7-methyl-4,5,6,7,7a,8-hexahydrophenanthro[10,1-b,c]-azepine (2), a homologue of apomorphine (1), has been found to be devoid of dopaminergic effects. The biological differences between apomorphine and this homologue are explained in terms of differences in conformation of the two molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:1204794", "title": "The process of survival of denervated and freely autotransplantated skeletal muscle.", "content": "The study shows that two distinct processes occur in free autografts of denervated intact muscle during the early critical phase of the transplantation: survival of transplanted fibres at the periphery of the graft, and regeneration of new muscle fibres following breakdown of the originally transplanted fibres in the central areas.", "contents": "The process of survival of denervated and freely autotransplantated skeletal muscle. The study shows that two distinct processes occur in free autografts of denervated intact muscle during the early critical phase of the transplantation: survival of transplanted fibres at the periphery of the graft, and regeneration of new muscle fibres following breakdown of the originally transplanted fibres in the central areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1204795", "title": "Respiratory control in liver mitochondria of rats hosting the walker 256 carcinoma tumor.", "content": "The decrease in the respiratory control ratio of mitochondria is a first order process when these organelles are incubated in isotonic sucrose. Furthermore, the initial respiratory control ratios and the rates of loss in respiratory control in liver mitochondria from rats hosting the Walker 256 carcinoma are not significantly different form the same properties of mitochondria from untreated animals.", "contents": "Respiratory control in liver mitochondria of rats hosting the walker 256 carcinoma tumor. The decrease in the respiratory control ratio of mitochondria is a first order process when these organelles are incubated in isotonic sucrose. Furthermore, the initial respiratory control ratios and the rates of loss in respiratory control in liver mitochondria from rats hosting the Walker 256 carcinoma are not significantly different form the same properties of mitochondria from untreated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1204796", "title": "Ferritin synthesis by splenic tumor tissue of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Increased ferritin synthesis by Hodgkin's disease splenic tumor tissue was demonstrated by incorporation of 14C-leucine and radioautography. This suggests that elevated tumor and serum ferritin concentrations found in patients with Hodgkin's disease is derived from tumor tissue per se.", "contents": "Ferritin synthesis by splenic tumor tissue of Hodgkin's disease. Increased ferritin synthesis by Hodgkin's disease splenic tumor tissue was demonstrated by incorporation of 14C-leucine and radioautography. This suggests that elevated tumor and serum ferritin concentrations found in patients with Hodgkin's disease is derived from tumor tissue per se."}
{"id": "PMID:1204797", "title": "Tubuloreticular structures in hepatic endothelial cells in a case of malignant melanoma liver metastasis.", "content": "The presence of tubuloreticular structures within hepatic endothelial cells in a case of malignant melanoma liver metastasis is described. This finding may reflect a host cell response to the neoplastic proliferation in the liver tissue, possible a host-tumor immunological reaction.", "contents": "Tubuloreticular structures in hepatic endothelial cells in a case of malignant melanoma liver metastasis. The presence of tubuloreticular structures within hepatic endothelial cells in a case of malignant melanoma liver metastasis is described. This finding may reflect a host cell response to the neoplastic proliferation in the liver tissue, possible a host-tumor immunological reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1204799", "title": "Quantitative morphological investigations on smooth muscle cells in vascular surgical specimens and their clinical importance.", "content": "A distinct distribution of activated SMC could be demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques and the neighbouring media of human beings. An increased proliferation was found in the younger age group and generally in the marginal regions of the plaques. The occurrence of activated SMC is thought to be a sequel of metabolic hypoxic damages. A high frequency of activated SMC is a bad prognostic sign in surgical specimens indicating a tendency for proliferation and occlusion.", "contents": "Quantitative morphological investigations on smooth muscle cells in vascular surgical specimens and their clinical importance. A distinct distribution of activated SMC could be demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques and the neighbouring media of human beings. An increased proliferation was found in the younger age group and generally in the marginal regions of the plaques. The occurrence of activated SMC is thought to be a sequel of metabolic hypoxic damages. A high frequency of activated SMC is a bad prognostic sign in surgical specimens indicating a tendency for proliferation and occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1204800", "title": "Further evidence of a positive correlation between exposure to nitrate fertilizers (NaNO3 and KNO3) and gastric cancer death rates: nitrites and nitrosamines.", "content": "Mean age-adjusted death rates for gastric cancer in Chile for 1960, 1962 and 1964 were associated with exposure to sodium nitrate and nitrates (NaNO3 and KNO3) used as fertilizers, by province. The general population exposure to NaNO3 and nitrates exhibited correlation coefficients of 0.745 and 0.718 with the death rates, respectively.", "contents": "Further evidence of a positive correlation between exposure to nitrate fertilizers (NaNO3 and KNO3) and gastric cancer death rates: nitrites and nitrosamines. Mean age-adjusted death rates for gastric cancer in Chile for 1960, 1962 and 1964 were associated with exposure to sodium nitrate and nitrates (NaNO3 and KNO3) used as fertilizers, by province. The general population exposure to NaNO3 and nitrates exhibited correlation coefficients of 0.745 and 0.718 with the death rates, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1204801", "title": "Ring chromosomes and leukaemia.", "content": "The observation of 2 leukaemic patients with ring chromosomes, and their comparison with a few previously reported cases, suggests a close association between this rare chromosomal abnormality and erythroleukaemia and indicate a poor prognostic significance of this finding.", "contents": "Ring chromosomes and leukaemia. The observation of 2 leukaemic patients with ring chromosomes, and their comparison with a few previously reported cases, suggests a close association between this rare chromosomal abnormality and erythroleukaemia and indicate a poor prognostic significance of this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:1204802", "title": "The effect of luteineizing hormone on chicken testis and pineal gland uptake of 32P.", "content": "The glandular uptake of radioactive phosphorus (32P), administered carrier-free, was used as an endpoint for the study of the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) on the testis and pineal gland of 3-, 10- and 13-day-old White Leghorn cockerels. Pineal uptake of 32P of the 13-day-old birds decreased and testis uptake of 32P increased following LH treatment. Maximum effects were observed when 20 mug LH was administered 4.0 h before autopsy. Although testis uptake of 32P increased following LH treatment in 3- and 10-day-old cockerels, pineal uptake of 32P remained unchanged.", "contents": "The effect of luteineizing hormone on chicken testis and pineal gland uptake of 32P. The glandular uptake of radioactive phosphorus (32P), administered carrier-free, was used as an endpoint for the study of the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) on the testis and pineal gland of 3-, 10- and 13-day-old White Leghorn cockerels. Pineal uptake of 32P of the 13-day-old birds decreased and testis uptake of 32P increased following LH treatment. Maximum effects were observed when 20 mug LH was administered 4.0 h before autopsy. Although testis uptake of 32P increased following LH treatment in 3- and 10-day-old cockerels, pineal uptake of 32P remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:1204803", "title": "Corticosteroid-like effect of cyproterone and cyproterone acetate in mice.", "content": "Cyproterone and cyproterone acetate exert the corticoid-like effect on the adrenal and spleen weight in the mice. When compared with prednisone, cyproterone acetate has approximately 1/5 of the corticoid potency of prednisone, expressed by the decrease of the spleen weight.", "contents": "Corticosteroid-like effect of cyproterone and cyproterone acetate in mice. Cyproterone and cyproterone acetate exert the corticoid-like effect on the adrenal and spleen weight in the mice. When compared with prednisone, cyproterone acetate has approximately 1/5 of the corticoid potency of prednisone, expressed by the decrease of the spleen weight."}
{"id": "PMID:1204804", "title": "Effect of cortexolone on the feedback action of dexamethasone.", "content": "Cortexolone in a dose of 1 mg/100 g body wt., administered to rats prior to dexamethasone, prevented dexamethasone from suppressing stress-induced ACTH-release without interfering with the effect of dexamethasone on the resting plasma corticosterone level.", "contents": "Effect of cortexolone on the feedback action of dexamethasone. Cortexolone in a dose of 1 mg/100 g body wt., administered to rats prior to dexamethasone, prevented dexamethasone from suppressing stress-induced ACTH-release without interfering with the effect of dexamethasone on the resting plasma corticosterone level."}
{"id": "PMID:1204805", "title": "Effect of progesterone on human corticosteroid 21-hydroxylation.", "content": "Progesterone inhibits the 21-hydroxylation of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone by human adrenal cortex microsomes. The possible light this finding may shed on the genetic condition, the 'adrenogenital syndrome' is discussed. Km and Vmax data for the above hydroxylation reaction are given.", "contents": "Effect of progesterone on human corticosteroid 21-hydroxylation. Progesterone inhibits the 21-hydroxylation of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone by human adrenal cortex microsomes. The possible light this finding may shed on the genetic condition, the 'adrenogenital syndrome' is discussed. Km and Vmax data for the above hydroxylation reaction are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1204806", "title": "Effect of cyproheptadine hydrochloride on spermatogenesis.", "content": "Administration of cyproheptadine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg/day) to old rats for 48 days stimulated spermatogenesis. It also initiated spermatogenesis in the abdominal testis of unilaterally cryptorchid rats after a 15-day treatment.", "contents": "Effect of cyproheptadine hydrochloride on spermatogenesis. Administration of cyproheptadine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg/day) to old rats for 48 days stimulated spermatogenesis. It also initiated spermatogenesis in the abdominal testis of unilaterally cryptorchid rats after a 15-day treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1204807", "title": "Changes of electro-shock seizure threshold in alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "During a 4-week period, the electroshock seizure threshold (EST) of R Amsterdam rats was determined. When alloxan induced diabetes, the EST values significantly decreased, while in the alloxan-treated non-diabetic group they remained unchanged. The results suggest that diabetes induces increased excitability in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Changes of electro-shock seizure threshold in alloxan diabetic rats. During a 4-week period, the electroshock seizure threshold (EST) of R Amsterdam rats was determined. When alloxan induced diabetes, the EST values significantly decreased, while in the alloxan-treated non-diabetic group they remained unchanged. The results suggest that diabetes induces increased excitability in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1204808", "title": "A method for distinction between RNA and DNA in aldehyde and osmiumtetroxide-fixed electron microscopic autoradiographs.", "content": "A simple method for distinction between RNA- and DNA-containing structures in aldehyde- and osmiumtextroxide-fixed electron microscopic autoradiographs (or ordinary thin sections) is described: the developer and the acetic acid used for processing autoradiographs extract selectively uranium acetate from DNA containing-structures which, after staining with lead citrate, leads to a characteristically 'bleached' appearance of the DNA.", "contents": "A method for distinction between RNA and DNA in aldehyde and osmiumtetroxide-fixed electron microscopic autoradiographs. A simple method for distinction between RNA- and DNA-containing structures in aldehyde- and osmiumtextroxide-fixed electron microscopic autoradiographs (or ordinary thin sections) is described: the developer and the acetic acid used for processing autoradiographs extract selectively uranium acetate from DNA containing-structures which, after staining with lead citrate, leads to a characteristically 'bleached' appearance of the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1204809", "title": "Evaluation of a conductometric method to determine the volume fraction of the suspensions of biomembrane-bounded particles.", "content": "Supported by the fact of correspondence between the results of several independent techniques compared, we recommend here a conductometric method as a simple, nondestructive and reliable tool for determining the volume fraction of the suspensions of membrane-limited particles of biological relevance. It requires only conductivity measurements on a suspension and its medium.", "contents": "Evaluation of a conductometric method to determine the volume fraction of the suspensions of biomembrane-bounded particles. Supported by the fact of correspondence between the results of several independent techniques compared, we recommend here a conductometric method as a simple, nondestructive and reliable tool for determining the volume fraction of the suspensions of membrane-limited particles of biological relevance. It requires only conductivity measurements on a suspension and its medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1204827", "title": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on derivatives of 1H-naphtho/2,1-b/pyran. V. Behavior of some 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho/2,1-b/pyrans substituted in the Mannich reaction].", "content": "1-Oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho [2,1-b] pyrans substituted in positions 5, 8 or 9 with halogen, alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, methoxyl, by the Mannich reaction will yield the corresponding 2-dialkylamino-methyl derivatives when a correct amount of acetic acid is present in the reaction mixture. Excess acid will give rise to the formation of substituted 1-oxo-2-[(1'-oxy-3'-oxo-3'H-naphtho [2',1'-b']pyran-2'-yl)methyl]-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho [2,1-b] pyrans when the group in the 3 position is dimethylamino or N-pyrrolidyl. In a few cases Mannich bases were accompanied by an appreciable quantity of substituted 2,2'-methylenebis (1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho-E12,1-B] PYRANS). Therefore, these compounds were synthesized with excellent yields by treating Mannich bases with acetic anhydride. The behavior of some compounds in the acidic hydrolysis was also considered. Some Mannich bases of 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-9 methoxy-1H-naphtho-[2,1-b] pyrans showed a more specific anticonvulsant activity than the parent compounds.", "contents": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on derivatives of 1H-naphtho/2,1-b/pyran. V. Behavior of some 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho/2,1-b/pyrans substituted in the Mannich reaction]. 1-Oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho [2,1-b] pyrans substituted in positions 5, 8 or 9 with halogen, alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, methoxyl, by the Mannich reaction will yield the corresponding 2-dialkylamino-methyl derivatives when a correct amount of acetic acid is present in the reaction mixture. Excess acid will give rise to the formation of substituted 1-oxo-2-[(1'-oxy-3'-oxo-3'H-naphtho [2',1'-b']pyran-2'-yl)methyl]-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho [2,1-b] pyrans when the group in the 3 position is dimethylamino or N-pyrrolidyl. In a few cases Mannich bases were accompanied by an appreciable quantity of substituted 2,2'-methylenebis (1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho-E12,1-B] PYRANS). Therefore, these compounds were synthesized with excellent yields by treating Mannich bases with acetic anhydride. The behavior of some compounds in the acidic hydrolysis was also considered. Some Mannich bases of 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-9 methoxy-1H-naphtho-[2,1-b] pyrans showed a more specific anticonvulsant activity than the parent compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1204828", "title": "[Reaction of 1,8-naphthyridine azides with ethyl acrylate].", "content": "The reaction of 1,8-naphthyridine azides with ethyl acrylate leads to the formation of 2-pyrazolines instead of 1,2,3-triazolines. Some of the compounds obtained have undergone pharmacological and microbiological (antibacterial) testing.", "contents": "[Reaction of 1,8-naphthyridine azides with ethyl acrylate]. The reaction of 1,8-naphthyridine azides with ethyl acrylate leads to the formation of 2-pyrazolines instead of 1,2,3-triazolines. Some of the compounds obtained have undergone pharmacological and microbiological (antibacterial) testing."}
{"id": "PMID:1204829", "title": "Tetracycline derivatives. Note III - 7- and 9-methyltetracyclines: synthesis and biological activity.", "content": "The synthesis of some 7- and 9-methyltetracyclines is reported together with the biological activity of the new compounds.", "contents": "Tetracycline derivatives. Note III - 7- and 9-methyltetracyclines: synthesis and biological activity. The synthesis of some 7- and 9-methyltetracyclines is reported together with the biological activity of the new compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1204830", "title": "[Thiourea derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole and their cyclization products].", "content": "The synthesis and chemical behaviour of 1-methoxycarbonyl-3-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thyoureas and 7-alkyl-2-methyltio-1,3,4-thiadiazolo [3,2-a]-s-triazine-4-ones is described. All compounds were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activity.", "contents": "[Thiourea derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole and their cyclization products]. The synthesis and chemical behaviour of 1-methoxycarbonyl-3-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thyoureas and 7-alkyl-2-methyltio-1,3,4-thiadiazolo [3,2-a]-s-triazine-4-ones is described. All compounds were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1204831", "title": "The anti-mycoplasmal activity of aminosidine.", "content": "Some in vivo experiments of therapeutic activity in severe experimental infection (intracranial) in the mouse due to different strains of Mycoplasma proved the high efficacy of the antibiotic aminosidine when administered subcutaneously at the dose of 30 mg/kg and have also demonstrated that oral treatment is moderately effective against Mycoplasma hominis 2. Sensitivity test carried out in vitro on the same Mycoplasma strains confirmed the bactericidal activity of aminosidine. These experiments have therefore shown that the therapeutic spectrum of aminosidine, which includes Gram-positive, Gram-negative, acid-fast bacteria and some protozoa, may be enlarged to include the genus Mycoplasma. For this reason the antibiotic can find a useful application in the treatment of primary atypical neumonia. In addition, from a clinical research point of view, aminosidine may constitute a promising tool for the treatment of different illnesses in which Mycoplasma have been described as important co-factors of pathogenicity in man.", "contents": "The anti-mycoplasmal activity of aminosidine. Some in vivo experiments of therapeutic activity in severe experimental infection (intracranial) in the mouse due to different strains of Mycoplasma proved the high efficacy of the antibiotic aminosidine when administered subcutaneously at the dose of 30 mg/kg and have also demonstrated that oral treatment is moderately effective against Mycoplasma hominis 2. Sensitivity test carried out in vitro on the same Mycoplasma strains confirmed the bactericidal activity of aminosidine. These experiments have therefore shown that the therapeutic spectrum of aminosidine, which includes Gram-positive, Gram-negative, acid-fast bacteria and some protozoa, may be enlarged to include the genus Mycoplasma. For this reason the antibiotic can find a useful application in the treatment of primary atypical neumonia. In addition, from a clinical research point of view, aminosidine may constitute a promising tool for the treatment of different illnesses in which Mycoplasma have been described as important co-factors of pathogenicity in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1204832", "title": "[Experimental research on the hyperprothrombinemic activity of an isocoumarin derivative: antagonism against anticoagulant dicoumarol (Warfarin)].", "content": "In previous research and tests it was found that some isocoumarin derivatives showed marked hyperprothrombinemic activity in rats. This action has now been demonstrated also in rabbits by using one of the most active compounds (allylamide of 4-phenyl-3-isocoumarinic acid). In both species it was found that the drug under test strong by antagonises the anticoagulant action of a dicoumarol compound (Warfarin). This result leads to the supposition that the isocoumarin derivatives tested act in a similar way to Vitamin K.", "contents": "[Experimental research on the hyperprothrombinemic activity of an isocoumarin derivative: antagonism against anticoagulant dicoumarol (Warfarin)]. In previous research and tests it was found that some isocoumarin derivatives showed marked hyperprothrombinemic activity in rats. This action has now been demonstrated also in rabbits by using one of the most active compounds (allylamide of 4-phenyl-3-isocoumarinic acid). In both species it was found that the drug under test strong by antagonises the anticoagulant action of a dicoumarol compound (Warfarin). This result leads to the supposition that the isocoumarin derivatives tested act in a similar way to Vitamin K."}
{"id": "PMID:1204833", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the activity of phospholipids in experimental liver damage induced by isoniazide].", "content": "The authors studied the activity of egg-derived phospholipids on the hepatotoxic effect induced in rats by isoniazid (INH) given orally for 20 consecutive days in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day. In the animals treated with the highest dose of INH, a great number of liver cells showed structural and ultrastructural changes. Their hyaloplasm was more electron-dense, the cytoplasmic structure was condensed and collapsed, without apparent endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. A very different structural and ultrastructural picture was observed in the animals treated with INH + phospholipids. The structure was quite normal without degenerating cells. There was a greater richness of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and glycogen particles.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the activity of phospholipids in experimental liver damage induced by isoniazide]. The authors studied the activity of egg-derived phospholipids on the hepatotoxic effect induced in rats by isoniazid (INH) given orally for 20 consecutive days in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day. In the animals treated with the highest dose of INH, a great number of liver cells showed structural and ultrastructural changes. Their hyaloplasm was more electron-dense, the cytoplasmic structure was condensed and collapsed, without apparent endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. A very different structural and ultrastructural picture was observed in the animals treated with INH + phospholipids. The structure was quite normal without degenerating cells. There was a greater richness of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and glycogen particles."}
{"id": "PMID:1204834", "title": "Anticestode quinolinehydrazones.", "content": "One hundred and seven 4-quinolinehydrazones were synthesized and tested in vivo against the tapeworm Hymenolepis nana. Twenty-five derivatives showed significant cestocidal activity; structure-activity correlations were performed using Free-Wilson methodology. Two compounds, 2,6-dimethyl-4-[(3-pyridinylmethylene)hydrazino]quinoline and 2,6-dimethyl-4-[2p][(6-methyl)pyridinylmethylene]hydrazino)quinoline, predicted to be maximally active, effected 100% reduction of H. nana in mice at 200 mg/kg, p.o.", "contents": "Anticestode quinolinehydrazones. One hundred and seven 4-quinolinehydrazones were synthesized and tested in vivo against the tapeworm Hymenolepis nana. Twenty-five derivatives showed significant cestocidal activity; structure-activity correlations were performed using Free-Wilson methodology. Two compounds, 2,6-dimethyl-4-[(3-pyridinylmethylene)hydrazino]quinoline and 2,6-dimethyl-4-[2p][(6-methyl)pyridinylmethylene]hydrazino)quinoline, predicted to be maximally active, effected 100% reduction of H. nana in mice at 200 mg/kg, p.o."}
{"id": "PMID:1204835", "title": "[Research on substances with antiviral activities. IV. Position of the lateral chain and activity of hydrazonic derivatives of benzindanones and naphthofuranones].", "content": "Hydrazonic derivatives of some nephtofuranones and benzindanones have been synthetized with a view to finding out what connection there might be between the antiviral activity and the side chain position on the pentatomic ring.", "contents": "[Research on substances with antiviral activities. IV. Position of the lateral chain and activity of hydrazonic derivatives of benzindanones and naphthofuranones]. Hydrazonic derivatives of some nephtofuranones and benzindanones have been synthetized with a view to finding out what connection there might be between the antiviral activity and the side chain position on the pentatomic ring."}
{"id": "PMID:1204836", "title": "Cardiovascular pharmacology of bombesin, a new polypeptide from amphibian skin.", "content": "Bombesin is a tetradecapeptide extracted from the side of discoglossid frogs Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata variegata. In anaesthetized dogs bombesin causes mainly systemic hypertension, bradycardia and constriction of the renal, mesenteric and coeliac arterial vessels. The other vascular beds studied (carotid, femoral and coronaric) passively follow the blood pressure. Tachyphylaxis may occur. Dibenzyline and hexamethonium do not antagonize the hypertensive property of bombesin, while the occlusion either of the renal vessels or of the mesenteric, coeliac arteries and portal vein reduces the intensity and the duration of the hypertensive response. The simultaneous occlusion of all the above mentioned vessels further reduces the duration of the hypertensive response evoked by bombesin and reverses its effect on the heart from mainly bradycardic to pure tachycardic. In these condition bombesin causes carotid and peripheral vasoconstriction. The increase of heart rate and of blood pressure, while occurs after ligation of aplanchnic vessels, is completely or partly antagonized by propranolol. In normal conscious dogs bombesin is at least 10 times more potent and less tachyphylactic than in anesthetized dogs.", "contents": "Cardiovascular pharmacology of bombesin, a new polypeptide from amphibian skin. Bombesin is a tetradecapeptide extracted from the side of discoglossid frogs Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata variegata. In anaesthetized dogs bombesin causes mainly systemic hypertension, bradycardia and constriction of the renal, mesenteric and coeliac arterial vessels. The other vascular beds studied (carotid, femoral and coronaric) passively follow the blood pressure. Tachyphylaxis may occur. Dibenzyline and hexamethonium do not antagonize the hypertensive property of bombesin, while the occlusion either of the renal vessels or of the mesenteric, coeliac arteries and portal vein reduces the intensity and the duration of the hypertensive response. The simultaneous occlusion of all the above mentioned vessels further reduces the duration of the hypertensive response evoked by bombesin and reverses its effect on the heart from mainly bradycardic to pure tachycardic. In these condition bombesin causes carotid and peripheral vasoconstriction. The increase of heart rate and of blood pressure, while occurs after ligation of aplanchnic vessels, is completely or partly antagonized by propranolol. In normal conscious dogs bombesin is at least 10 times more potent and less tachyphylactic than in anesthetized dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1204837", "title": "[New isoxazol /5,4-b/ pyridine-3-acetic acids].", "content": "We prepared two isoxazol [5,4-b] piridin-3-acetic acids by two different synthetic methods. 4,6-Dimethylisoxazole [5,4-b] pyridin-3-acetic acid was obtained by reaction with hydroxylamine of 4-hydroxy-5,7-dimethyl-2H-pyrano [2,3-b]pyridin-2-one, which was in turn prepared starting from 2-hydroxy-3-acetyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine. Isoxazolo [5,4-b] pyridine-3-acetic acid was obtained starting from 3-methyl-5-aminoisoxazole and has shown interesting auxin activity.", "contents": "[New isoxazol /5,4-b/ pyridine-3-acetic acids]. We prepared two isoxazol [5,4-b] piridin-3-acetic acids by two different synthetic methods. 4,6-Dimethylisoxazole [5,4-b] pyridin-3-acetic acid was obtained by reaction with hydroxylamine of 4-hydroxy-5,7-dimethyl-2H-pyrano [2,3-b]pyridin-2-one, which was in turn prepared starting from 2-hydroxy-3-acetyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine. Isoxazolo [5,4-b] pyridine-3-acetic acid was obtained starting from 3-methyl-5-aminoisoxazole and has shown interesting auxin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1204856", "title": "[Participation of the cardiac sympathetic innervation in the occurrence of vagotomic and atropine tachycardia in anesthetized dogs].", "content": "The sympathetic nervous system's role in the post-vagotomy and atropin-induced tachycardia was studied in anesthetized dogs. Bilateral vagotomy was followed by 166% tachycardia while on exclusion of the heart sympathetic innervation (inderal or novocain injections into the right stellate ganglion) the bilateral vagotomy was accompanied by a considerably lesser tachycardia (33%). The i.v. atropine administration increased the heart rate by 177% whereas in the presence of inderal it increased the heart rate by 77% only. Thereupon, the post-vagotomy or atropin-induced tachycardia in anesthetized dogs was to a considerable extent associated with activation of the sympatho-adrenal system.", "contents": "[Participation of the cardiac sympathetic innervation in the occurrence of vagotomic and atropine tachycardia in anesthetized dogs]. The sympathetic nervous system's role in the post-vagotomy and atropin-induced tachycardia was studied in anesthetized dogs. Bilateral vagotomy was followed by 166% tachycardia while on exclusion of the heart sympathetic innervation (inderal or novocain injections into the right stellate ganglion) the bilateral vagotomy was accompanied by a considerably lesser tachycardia (33%). The i.v. atropine administration increased the heart rate by 177% whereas in the presence of inderal it increased the heart rate by 77% only. Thereupon, the post-vagotomy or atropin-induced tachycardia in anesthetized dogs was to a considerable extent associated with activation of the sympatho-adrenal system."}
{"id": "PMID:1204857", "title": "[Electrical and contractile activity of the myocardium during a change in temperature].", "content": "In rhythmically stimulated (0.05/sec) isolated strips of the ventricle myocardium of the fresh water fish, drop of the temperature (from 20 degrees C to 10 degrees C) increased the AP duration but decreased the extent of contractions; raise of the temperature (from 10 degrees C to 20 degrees C) increased the extent of contractions but decreased the AP duration. The discrepancy between the electric and the contractile activities points out the importance of processes of the transmembrane and intracellular redistribution of ions occurring at rest, for refilling of intracellular Ca deposit released during excitation.", "contents": "[Electrical and contractile activity of the myocardium during a change in temperature]. In rhythmically stimulated (0.05/sec) isolated strips of the ventricle myocardium of the fresh water fish, drop of the temperature (from 20 degrees C to 10 degrees C) increased the AP duration but decreased the extent of contractions; raise of the temperature (from 10 degrees C to 20 degrees C) increased the extent of contractions but decreased the AP duration. The discrepancy between the electric and the contractile activities points out the importance of processes of the transmembrane and intracellular redistribution of ions occurring at rest, for refilling of intracellular Ca deposit released during excitation."}
{"id": "PMID:1204858", "title": "[Activation mechanisms for contractions of the smooth musculature of the cerebral vessels].", "content": "Pial arteries and veins were found to differ by their contractile features. Pial arteries are highly sensitive to noradrenaline, adrenaline, histamine, serotonin, rapid stretching, and potassium ions. The effects of the mediators, potassium ions, and rapid stretching could be blocked by manganese ions. Pial veins are insensitive to the mediators effects, potassium ions, or rapid stretching, although they are highly sensitive to transmural electric stimulation. Manganese ions have no effect on the veins' responses to electric stimulation. A spontaneous activity of the smooth muscle cells of the a. carotis' intracranial portion was revealed in man. The activation mechanisms for the cerebral arteries smooth muscle contractions are suggested to depend on the calcium extracellular ions. The activation mechanism for the veins' smooth muscle contractions depends on the intracellular store of calcium ions.", "contents": "[Activation mechanisms for contractions of the smooth musculature of the cerebral vessels]. Pial arteries and veins were found to differ by their contractile features. Pial arteries are highly sensitive to noradrenaline, adrenaline, histamine, serotonin, rapid stretching, and potassium ions. The effects of the mediators, potassium ions, and rapid stretching could be blocked by manganese ions. Pial veins are insensitive to the mediators effects, potassium ions, or rapid stretching, although they are highly sensitive to transmural electric stimulation. Manganese ions have no effect on the veins' responses to electric stimulation. A spontaneous activity of the smooth muscle cells of the a. carotis' intracranial portion was revealed in man. The activation mechanisms for the cerebral arteries smooth muscle contractions are suggested to depend on the calcium extracellular ions. The activation mechanism for the veins' smooth muscle contractions depends on the intracellular store of calcium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:1204859", "title": "[Amine receptors in brain vessels].", "content": "Isolated middle cerebral arteries from cats and pial arteries from humans (obtained during lobe resection) were studied in a sensitive in vitro system allowing a detailed pharmacological characterization of various amine receptors and related dissociation constants. It was found that the adrenergic receptors comprise contractile (alpha) and dilatory (beta) receptors. Acetylcholine induced dilation (at low doses) as well as constriction (at high doses) both responses being inhibited in a comparative way by atropine. Experiments with selective inhibitors showed the presence of specific histamine H2 (dilatory) receptors; at high doses histamine contracted the vessels in a non-specific way. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was the most efficient vasoconstrictor agent, and the response could be blocked by the serotonin-antagonist, methysergide.", "contents": "[Amine receptors in brain vessels]. Isolated middle cerebral arteries from cats and pial arteries from humans (obtained during lobe resection) were studied in a sensitive in vitro system allowing a detailed pharmacological characterization of various amine receptors and related dissociation constants. It was found that the adrenergic receptors comprise contractile (alpha) and dilatory (beta) receptors. Acetylcholine induced dilation (at low doses) as well as constriction (at high doses) both responses being inhibited in a comparative way by atropine. Experiments with selective inhibitors showed the presence of specific histamine H2 (dilatory) receptors; at high doses histamine contracted the vessels in a non-specific way. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was the most efficient vasoconstrictor agent, and the response could be blocked by the serotonin-antagonist, methysergide."}
{"id": "PMID:1204860", "title": "[Functioning of the microvascular mechanisms in the pial artery system].", "content": "In rabbits, the functional behavior of the pial arterial offshoots (PAO), the pial arterial anastomoses (PAA), and the precortical arteries (PCA), was studied. In functional and postischemic hyperemia, as well as on changes of cerebral blood flow (caused by changes of the systemic arterial pressure), dilatatory and constrictory responses of the active portions of the microvessels suggest that the PAO and PAA participate mainly in the regulation of blood supply to the cerebral cortex adequate to its metabolic demands, while the PCA get involved during superfluous inflow of blood to the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "[Functioning of the microvascular mechanisms in the pial artery system]. In rabbits, the functional behavior of the pial arterial offshoots (PAO), the pial arterial anastomoses (PAA), and the precortical arteries (PCA), was studied. In functional and postischemic hyperemia, as well as on changes of cerebral blood flow (caused by changes of the systemic arterial pressure), dilatatory and constrictory responses of the active portions of the microvessels suggest that the PAO and PAA participate mainly in the regulation of blood supply to the cerebral cortex adequate to its metabolic demands, while the PCA get involved during superfluous inflow of blood to the cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1204861", "title": "[Assessment of the regulatory resources of the pial and intracerebral arteries by using mathematical modeling].", "content": "A mathematical model for estimation of regulatory abilities of pial and intracerebral arteries was used for studying the pressure - radius relationships for arteries of various calibres in passive and active states. In passive state the arteries were found to be characterized by high elasticity and low tensile force. The radius of the artery depends mainly on the smooth muscle contractile force. The data obtained suggest that the wall structure of small pial and intracerebral arteries well correspond to their function: the control of the adequate and rapid cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "[Assessment of the regulatory resources of the pial and intracerebral arteries by using mathematical modeling]. A mathematical model for estimation of regulatory abilities of pial and intracerebral arteries was used for studying the pressure - radius relationships for arteries of various calibres in passive and active states. In passive state the arteries were found to be characterized by high elasticity and low tensile force. The radius of the artery depends mainly on the smooth muscle contractile force. The data obtained suggest that the wall structure of small pial and intracerebral arteries well correspond to their function: the control of the adequate and rapid cerebral blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1204862", "title": "[Effect of the hypothalamus and reticular formation on the cerebral cortex in hypoxic brain states].", "content": "In anesthetized cats and unanesthetized rabbits, the reticular formation and the posterior hypothalamus were shown to be able to reduce the resistance of cortical vessels thus increasing the blood supply of the brain cortex. This effect decreased after stimulation of the cortex and in conditions of hypoxia, hypercapnia, section of the vagus, chronic circulatory deficit in the myocardium and the brain.", "contents": "[Effect of the hypothalamus and reticular formation on the cerebral cortex in hypoxic brain states]. In anesthetized cats and unanesthetized rabbits, the reticular formation and the posterior hypothalamus were shown to be able to reduce the resistance of cortical vessels thus increasing the blood supply of the brain cortex. This effect decreased after stimulation of the cortex and in conditions of hypoxia, hypercapnia, section of the vagus, chronic circulatory deficit in the myocardium and the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1204863", "title": "[Changes in the resistance and capacity of the cerebral vascular bed under the influence of vasoactive substances].", "content": "Effects of intracarotid injections of vasoactive agents on cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were studied in hemodynamically isolated brain of cats. Perfusion pressure shifts at a constant blood volume perfusion reflected CVR changes, and changes of venous outflow - CBV alterations. Administration of adrenaline, serotonin, and angiotensine was followed mainly by an increase of CVR  and a decrease of CBV. The CBR could be reduced by isopropilnoradrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine, and caffeine. CBV was decreased after isopropilnoradrenaline, acetycholine, histamine injections and increased by caffeine. The possible role of the active changes of cerebral capacitance vessels in the transcapillary fluid exchange is discussed. Capacitance vessels active responses are supposed to entail wrong results when using certain techniques for measurement of cerebral blood flow and metabolism.", "contents": "[Changes in the resistance and capacity of the cerebral vascular bed under the influence of vasoactive substances]. Effects of intracarotid injections of vasoactive agents on cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were studied in hemodynamically isolated brain of cats. Perfusion pressure shifts at a constant blood volume perfusion reflected CVR changes, and changes of venous outflow - CBV alterations. Administration of adrenaline, serotonin, and angiotensine was followed mainly by an increase of CVR  and a decrease of CBV. The CBR could be reduced by isopropilnoradrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine, and caffeine. CBV was decreased after isopropilnoradrenaline, acetycholine, histamine injections and increased by caffeine. The possible role of the active changes of cerebral capacitance vessels in the transcapillary fluid exchange is discussed. Capacitance vessels active responses are supposed to entail wrong results when using certain techniques for measurement of cerebral blood flow and metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1204864", "title": "[Analysis of the phenomenon of lowered cerebral blood flow in cats under prolonged intracarotid microinfusion of vasodilator substances].", "content": "In 27 anesthetized cats, continual intracarotid microinfusion of 0.04% solution of noshpa first increased CBF by 12-76% and then CBF gradually decreased to the normal level and even 14% below it. There was no strict correlation between the degree of lowering CBF and the level of blood pressure, pH, pCO2, blood viscosity, or level of vasopressor substances. No signs of brain tissue oedema was found.", "contents": "[Analysis of the phenomenon of lowered cerebral blood flow in cats under prolonged intracarotid microinfusion of vasodilator substances]. In 27 anesthetized cats, continual intracarotid microinfusion of 0.04% solution of noshpa first increased CBF by 12-76% and then CBF gradually decreased to the normal level and even 14% below it. There was no strict correlation between the degree of lowering CBF and the level of blood pressure, pH, pCO2, blood viscosity, or level of vasopressor substances. No signs of brain tissue oedema was found."}
{"id": "PMID:1204866", "title": "[Effect of generalized edema on blood flow distribution in the brain].", "content": "The correlation between increase in brain tissue pressure and cerebral blood flow distribution was studied in generalized brain edema induced by water intoxication in cats. Brain tissue pressure increased as the brain edema progressed. The intracranial vascular component was suggested to play a certain role in the volume buffering capacity at increased intracranial pressure. Transtentorial redirection of carotid blood flow observed in the early stages of water intoxication, is related to tissue pressure gradients. The meaning of tissue pressure gradients for blood flow distribution is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of generalized edema on blood flow distribution in the brain]. The correlation between increase in brain tissue pressure and cerebral blood flow distribution was studied in generalized brain edema induced by water intoxication in cats. Brain tissue pressure increased as the brain edema progressed. The intracranial vascular component was suggested to play a certain role in the volume buffering capacity at increased intracranial pressure. Transtentorial redirection of carotid blood flow observed in the early stages of water intoxication, is related to tissue pressure gradients. The meaning of tissue pressure gradients for blood flow distribution is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204867", "title": "[Long- and short-term changes in engorgement in the cerebral vessels under rhythmic photic stimulation].", "content": "In 50 patients with cerebrovascular pathology, the EEG and REG were simultaneously recorded during an increase in the cerebral blood volume in response to rhythmic photostimulation. General, local, and short-term reactions of increased cerebral blood volume could be distinguished. The relationship between the EEG changes and cerebral blood volume was most obvious during the short-term reactions: EEG-desynchronization was always followed by increased blood volume. This suggests a possible neurogenic element in vascular reactions. Cerebrovascular pathology was concluded to affect both the neurogenic and the metabolic components of the regulatory mechanism of local circulation.", "contents": "[Long- and short-term changes in engorgement in the cerebral vessels under rhythmic photic stimulation]. In 50 patients with cerebrovascular pathology, the EEG and REG were simultaneously recorded during an increase in the cerebral blood volume in response to rhythmic photostimulation. General, local, and short-term reactions of increased cerebral blood volume could be distinguished. The relationship between the EEG changes and cerebral blood volume was most obvious during the short-term reactions: EEG-desynchronization was always followed by increased blood volume. This suggests a possible neurogenic element in vascular reactions. Cerebrovascular pathology was concluded to affect both the neurogenic and the metabolic components of the regulatory mechanism of local circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1204868", "title": "[Effect of potassium ions on the reactions of resistive and capacitive vessels in the skeletal muscles and intestines].", "content": "L. a. administration of 4.2% KCl was followed by contractile responses of the resistance intestinal vessels, whereas contractile-dilatatory responses were observed in the skeletal muscles. The intestinal capacitance vessels responded with insignificant increase of the venous outflow, while the contractile-dilatatory responses of the resistance vessel were not followed by any increase of the venous outflow in skeletal muscles. After papaverin administration, contractile responses of the resistance intestinal vessels were insignificant, while the contractile-dilatatory responses of the skeletal muscles resistance vessels became contractile only. After noradrenaline injections only contractile responses were observed in the resistance intestinal vessels.", "contents": "[Effect of potassium ions on the reactions of resistive and capacitive vessels in the skeletal muscles and intestines]. L. a. administration of 4.2% KCl was followed by contractile responses of the resistance intestinal vessels, whereas contractile-dilatatory responses were observed in the skeletal muscles. The intestinal capacitance vessels responded with insignificant increase of the venous outflow, while the contractile-dilatatory responses of the resistance vessel were not followed by any increase of the venous outflow in skeletal muscles. After papaverin administration, contractile responses of the resistance intestinal vessels were insignificant, while the contractile-dilatatory responses of the skeletal muscles resistance vessels became contractile only. After noradrenaline injections only contractile responses were observed in the resistance intestinal vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1204870", "title": "[Background activity of the neurons and brain tissue oxygen tension in asphyxia].", "content": "The activity level of the cerebral cortex as estimated by the unit activity was found to correlate with the PO2 parameters. Two phasic changes of the unit activity dueing asphyxia were confirmed. The initial firing rate was unrelated to decrease of the PO2 but to the reticular formation influence rather. The following reduction of the unit activity was connected with the PO2 decrease in the brain tissue.", "contents": "[Background activity of the neurons and brain tissue oxygen tension in asphyxia]. The activity level of the cerebral cortex as estimated by the unit activity was found to correlate with the PO2 parameters. Two phasic changes of the unit activity dueing asphyxia were confirmed. The initial firing rate was unrelated to decrease of the PO2 but to the reticular formation influence rather. The following reduction of the unit activity was connected with the PO2 decrease in the brain tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1204869", "title": "[Circadian periodicity of blood coagulation system indices and the hormonal activity of the adrenals in healthy persons (under conditions of rest and of stressed work)].", "content": "13 patients with the heart ischemic disease (HID) were examined in conditions of a relative rest (hospital) and 20 patients - during an intensive day work. Within the 24-hr rhythm of gemocoagulation parameters, 3 phases were distinguished (conventionally): I a tendency to hypercoagulation at 0-3-6 a.m.; II the most safe period at 9 a.m.; III an increased ability of coagulation at 12-3-6-9 p.m. During the intensive day work, hypercoagulative shifts become more obvious and the anticoagulating system becomes activated at the I and the III phases. Within the 24: hr rhythm of the plasma fibrinolytic activity, 2 phases were distinguished (conventionally): I low activity at 0-3-6-9-12 a.m.; II sufficient activity at 3-6-9 p.m. During the intensive day work fibrinolytic activity increases, and the character of 24-hr rhythm preserves. Within the 24-hr rhythm of the adrenal hormonal activity, 3 phases were distinguished (conventionally): I a reduced activity at 0-3-6 a.m.; II high activity at 9 a.m.; III high enough activity at 12-3-6-9 p.m. In conditions of intensive day work the 24-hr rhythm of the adrenal hormonal activity does not change.", "contents": "[Circadian periodicity of blood coagulation system indices and the hormonal activity of the adrenals in healthy persons (under conditions of rest and of stressed work)]. 13 patients with the heart ischemic disease (HID) were examined in conditions of a relative rest (hospital) and 20 patients - during an intensive day work. Within the 24-hr rhythm of gemocoagulation parameters, 3 phases were distinguished (conventionally): I a tendency to hypercoagulation at 0-3-6 a.m.; II the most safe period at 9 a.m.; III an increased ability of coagulation at 12-3-6-9 p.m. During the intensive day work, hypercoagulative shifts become more obvious and the anticoagulating system becomes activated at the I and the III phases. Within the 24: hr rhythm of the plasma fibrinolytic activity, 2 phases were distinguished (conventionally): I low activity at 0-3-6-9-12 a.m.; II sufficient activity at 3-6-9 p.m. During the intensive day work fibrinolytic activity increases, and the character of 24-hr rhythm preserves. Within the 24-hr rhythm of the adrenal hormonal activity, 3 phases were distinguished (conventionally): I a reduced activity at 0-3-6 a.m.; II high activity at 9 a.m.; III high enough activity at 12-3-6-9 p.m. In conditions of intensive day work the 24-hr rhythm of the adrenal hormonal activity does not change."}
{"id": "PMID:1204872", "title": "[The role of Ca ions in desensitization induced by acetylcholine].", "content": "Abolition of cholinergic inhibition in the heart of fresh-water bivalves in absence of cholinesterase can be attained by inactivation of the acetylcholine receptor (R). The role of Ca in this process was studied. Determination of Ca in the perfusate at different stages of cholinergic inhibition showed that the concentration of Ca increased during the sistolic arrest, and the initiation of beats was accompanied by binding of Ca. This coincided with the onset of ATP release and went on till the complete desensitization. The increase of external Ca concentration up to 1.10-2M increased the half-time of desensitization while the binding of Ca with EDTA decreased it and eliminated the ATP anti-acetylcholine effect. Another bivalent ion, UO2, which binds phosphate groups, competes with Ca. The role of Ca and ATP in chemical inactivation of the acetylcholine receptor is discussed.", "contents": "[The role of Ca ions in desensitization induced by acetylcholine]. Abolition of cholinergic inhibition in the heart of fresh-water bivalves in absence of cholinesterase can be attained by inactivation of the acetylcholine receptor (R). The role of Ca in this process was studied. Determination of Ca in the perfusate at different stages of cholinergic inhibition showed that the concentration of Ca increased during the sistolic arrest, and the initiation of beats was accompanied by binding of Ca. This coincided with the onset of ATP release and went on till the complete desensitization. The increase of external Ca concentration up to 1.10-2M increased the half-time of desensitization while the binding of Ca with EDTA decreased it and eliminated the ATP anti-acetylcholine effect. Another bivalent ion, UO2, which binds phosphate groups, competes with Ca. The role of Ca and ATP in chemical inactivation of the acetylcholine receptor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204873", "title": "[Several pattern in the synthesis and uptake of H3-catecholamines by isolated rat vas deferens].", "content": "In the rat isolated vos deferens, increase of the thyrosine-H3, DOPA-H3, and Dopamine-H3 contents in the incubation medium increases respectively Km and Vmax of the noradrenaline-H3 biosynthesis. Increase of the Dopamine-H3 and noradrenaline-H3 in the medium also increases Km and Vmax of neuronal uptake and reservation of these catecholamines in the adrenergic granules. The simultaneous increase of Km and Vmax of the catecholamines synthesis and uptake leads to that the effectiveness of these processes undergoes much lesser alteration that the main parametres. The interrelationship between the substrate concentration in the medium and the velocity of catecholamines synthesis is, apparently, due to that the adrenergic granules differ from each other by the intensity of synthesis and reservation of noradrenaline. This is one of the factors regulating accumulation and release of the sympathetic mediators.", "contents": "[Several pattern in the synthesis and uptake of H3-catecholamines by isolated rat vas deferens]. In the rat isolated vos deferens, increase of the thyrosine-H3, DOPA-H3, and Dopamine-H3 contents in the incubation medium increases respectively Km and Vmax of the noradrenaline-H3 biosynthesis. Increase of the Dopamine-H3 and noradrenaline-H3 in the medium also increases Km and Vmax of neuronal uptake and reservation of these catecholamines in the adrenergic granules. The simultaneous increase of Km and Vmax of the catecholamines synthesis and uptake leads to that the effectiveness of these processes undergoes much lesser alteration that the main parametres. The interrelationship between the substrate concentration in the medium and the velocity of catecholamines synthesis is, apparently, due to that the adrenergic granules differ from each other by the intensity of synthesis and reservation of noradrenaline. This is one of the factors regulating accumulation and release of the sympathetic mediators."}
{"id": "PMID:1204875", "title": "[The contractile and electrical activity of the smooth muscles of the major lymph vessels].", "content": "In rats, catecholamines were found to increase the rate of the muscles spontaneous rhythmic contractions while the alpha- and beta-blocking agents suppressed them. The spontaneous contractions were blocked in the uncalunm medium. Rhythmic electrical stimulation evoked contracture-like responses the uncalunm of which depended on the strength, frequency, and duration of the stimulation. In spontaneoulsy active preparations, single electrical stimuli evoked contractions according to the \"all or nothing\" rule. The membrane potential magnitude varied within the limits of 25-37 mV, and action potentials were related to the contractions. The data obtained suggest that the functional unit of conduction of spontaneous or evoked excitation waves is represented by a group of smooth muscle cells within a single lymphangion.", "contents": "[The contractile and electrical activity of the smooth muscles of the major lymph vessels]. In rats, catecholamines were found to increase the rate of the muscles spontaneous rhythmic contractions while the alpha- and beta-blocking agents suppressed them. The spontaneous contractions were blocked in the uncalunm medium. Rhythmic electrical stimulation evoked contracture-like responses the uncalunm of which depended on the strength, frequency, and duration of the stimulation. In spontaneoulsy active preparations, single electrical stimuli evoked contractions according to the \"all or nothing\" rule. The membrane potential magnitude varied within the limits of 25-37 mV, and action potentials were related to the contractions. The data obtained suggest that the functional unit of conduction of spontaneous or evoked excitation waves is represented by a group of smooth muscle cells within a single lymphangion."}
{"id": "PMID:1204876", "title": "[The activity of the internal laryngeal muscles during respiration].", "content": "Electromyographic study of the laryngeal internal muscles in dogs showed that the character and intensity of the electrical activity are specific for each muscle not only in frequency and amplitude of potentials, but also in the relation to the phases of the breathing cycle. Phasic electrical activity of these muscles occurred either in inspiration or expiration, whereas in some muscles the activity was recorded both in inspiration and expiration. Besides the phasic electrical activity, a less pronounced constant activity in some muscles was observed. The functional value of this phenomenon may be connected  with the fixation of the larynx cartilages, whereas that of the phasic activity is connected with the realization of the larynx respiratory function. It was shown that the instrinsic laryngeal muscles activity coordination in the breathing act is not static and strictly determined but has a dynamic character: it can change under various conditions. The final result of the action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles determining the degree of the glottis opening in the rspective phase of the breathing cycle is conditioned by the simultaneous but differently pronounced and differently derected activity of some of these muscles.", "contents": "[The activity of the internal laryngeal muscles during respiration]. Electromyographic study of the laryngeal internal muscles in dogs showed that the character and intensity of the electrical activity are specific for each muscle not only in frequency and amplitude of potentials, but also in the relation to the phases of the breathing cycle. Phasic electrical activity of these muscles occurred either in inspiration or expiration, whereas in some muscles the activity was recorded both in inspiration and expiration. Besides the phasic electrical activity, a less pronounced constant activity in some muscles was observed. The functional value of this phenomenon may be connected  with the fixation of the larynx cartilages, whereas that of the phasic activity is connected with the realization of the larynx respiratory function. It was shown that the instrinsic laryngeal muscles activity coordination in the breathing act is not static and strictly determined but has a dynamic character: it can change under various conditions. The final result of the action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles determining the degree of the glottis opening in the rspective phase of the breathing cycle is conditioned by the simultaneous but differently pronounced and differently derected activity of some of these muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:1204883", "title": "[The role of several limbic structures in neocortical activation following brain stem section at the level of the corpora quadrigemina].", "content": "In chronic experiments on 25 adult cats, after transection of the brain-stem at the level of oral margins of the anterior colliculus, the effect of high-frequency electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus and basal-lateral portion of the amygdala was studied. While stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus resulted in diffuse activation, that of basal-lateral portion of the amygdala rather rarely evoked a relatively weak long-latency activation of the neocortex. Frequently, stimulation of the basal-lateral amygdala induced epileptiform activity in the neocortex. Bilateral lesion of the amygdaloid complex did not affect the activating influence of the posterior hypothalamus on neocortex. It is suggested that the posterior hypothalamus, independently of the mesencephalic reticular formation and amygdaloid complex, exerts an activating influence on the neocortex.", "contents": "[The role of several limbic structures in neocortical activation following brain stem section at the level of the corpora quadrigemina]. In chronic experiments on 25 adult cats, after transection of the brain-stem at the level of oral margins of the anterior colliculus, the effect of high-frequency electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus and basal-lateral portion of the amygdala was studied. While stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus resulted in diffuse activation, that of basal-lateral portion of the amygdala rather rarely evoked a relatively weak long-latency activation of the neocortex. Frequently, stimulation of the basal-lateral amygdala induced epileptiform activity in the neocortex. Bilateral lesion of the amygdaloid complex did not affect the activating influence of the posterior hypothalamus on neocortex. It is suggested that the posterior hypothalamus, independently of the mesencephalic reticular formation and amygdaloid complex, exerts an activating influence on the neocortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1204884", "title": "[The heterosensory interaction of neurons in the cat frontal association cortex].", "content": "The interaction of various sensory inputs in the cat frontal neurons was studied in the motor cortex (MI), the area of the hind-limb contralateral representation (SI), and the area of the fore-limb contralateral representation (S'I), with the aid of heteromodal stimulation. Mutual blocks between various inputs (visual, auditory, contralateral hind-limb and fore-limb projections) were observed in MI and SI within the 100-600 msec intervals. Teleceptive inputs in the contralateral fore-limb representation did not block the somatic ones, though the latter blocked the teleceptive inputs within long intervals (3000 msec and more). The somatic input interactions manifested themselves in asymmetric blocks. The cortical type of the heterosensory block seemed to prevail in the fore-limb cortical projection, while multisynaptic blocking throughout the entire neuronal chains prevailed in the MI zone and in the cortical hind-limb projection.", "contents": "[The heterosensory interaction of neurons in the cat frontal association cortex]. The interaction of various sensory inputs in the cat frontal neurons was studied in the motor cortex (MI), the area of the hind-limb contralateral representation (SI), and the area of the fore-limb contralateral representation (S'I), with the aid of heteromodal stimulation. Mutual blocks between various inputs (visual, auditory, contralateral hind-limb and fore-limb projections) were observed in MI and SI within the 100-600 msec intervals. Teleceptive inputs in the contralateral fore-limb representation did not block the somatic ones, though the latter blocked the teleceptive inputs within long intervals (3000 msec and more). The somatic input interactions manifested themselves in asymmetric blocks. The cortical type of the heterosensory block seemed to prevail in the fore-limb cortical projection, while multisynaptic blocking throughout the entire neuronal chains prevailed in the MI zone and in the cortical hind-limb projection."}
{"id": "PMID:1204885", "title": "Immunogenic capacity of mouse alloantigens from ischaemic liver.", "content": "Immunogenic versus tolerogenic capacity of mouse alloantigens from ischaemic liver was tested in two different congenic strain combinations (H-2 compatible, non-H-2 incompatible). The recipients of test skin allografts were pretreated with tissue homogenate or particulate fraction and the survival pattern of the skin allografts was used as the criterion of the induced status. The results showed a difference in the immunogenicity of antigenic extracts from normal (healthy) and ischaemic liver. Following a single dose, alloantigens from ischaemic liver had an increased immunogenicity (which could be reduced through perfusion) as compared to control (extracts from healthy liver). Following three larger doses of ischaemic liver extracts, the effect was tolerogenic. Possible mechanism of the altered immunogenicity of alloantigens due to ischaemization of the liver tissue and the effect of perfusion are discussed.", "contents": "Immunogenic capacity of mouse alloantigens from ischaemic liver. Immunogenic versus tolerogenic capacity of mouse alloantigens from ischaemic liver was tested in two different congenic strain combinations (H-2 compatible, non-H-2 incompatible). The recipients of test skin allografts were pretreated with tissue homogenate or particulate fraction and the survival pattern of the skin allografts was used as the criterion of the induced status. The results showed a difference in the immunogenicity of antigenic extracts from normal (healthy) and ischaemic liver. Following a single dose, alloantigens from ischaemic liver had an increased immunogenicity (which could be reduced through perfusion) as compared to control (extracts from healthy liver). Following three larger doses of ischaemic liver extracts, the effect was tolerogenic. Possible mechanism of the altered immunogenicity of alloantigens due to ischaemization of the liver tissue and the effect of perfusion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204886", "title": "Study of thymus and peripheral lymphocyte populations characterized by the dominant nucleolar type.", "content": "In neonatally thymectomized mice and in \"B\" mice obtained by adult thymectomy, lethal irradiation and repopulation with foetal liver cells, blood lymphocytes were classified according to their nucleolar morphology as revealed by toluidine blue staining. A majority of the \"active\", i.e., RNA-synthesizing cells were found to be thymus-dependent. Direct evidence was obtained by testing the \"active\" lymphocytes for their sensitivity to anti- serum in vitro. During postnatal ontogenesis, the frequency distribution of individual  nucleolar types of lymphocytes tends to reflect the developmental changes in the organ tested. The decline of \"active\" lymphocytes in the thymus has its counterpart in their increase in the lymph nodes and peripheral blood. In hydrocortisone-treated mice, the most affected lymphocytes were those from the thymus cortex -- both the prevalent population of cells with micronucleoli and the \"active\" lymphocytes -- whereas the active small lymphocytes in the medulla (resembling those from peripheral blood and probably also their precursors) were relatively hydrocortisone-resistant.", "contents": "Study of thymus and peripheral lymphocyte populations characterized by the dominant nucleolar type. In neonatally thymectomized mice and in \"B\" mice obtained by adult thymectomy, lethal irradiation and repopulation with foetal liver cells, blood lymphocytes were classified according to their nucleolar morphology as revealed by toluidine blue staining. A majority of the \"active\", i.e., RNA-synthesizing cells were found to be thymus-dependent. Direct evidence was obtained by testing the \"active\" lymphocytes for their sensitivity to anti- serum in vitro. During postnatal ontogenesis, the frequency distribution of individual  nucleolar types of lymphocytes tends to reflect the developmental changes in the organ tested. The decline of \"active\" lymphocytes in the thymus has its counterpart in their increase in the lymph nodes and peripheral blood. In hydrocortisone-treated mice, the most affected lymphocytes were those from the thymus cortex -- both the prevalent population of cells with micronucleoli and the \"active\" lymphocytes -- whereas the active small lymphocytes in the medulla (resembling those from peripheral blood and probably also their precursors) were relatively hydrocortisone-resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:1204887", "title": "A note on the preparation of particulate material for an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Modifications of two rapid and satisfactory procedures of purification of minute biological particulate material for electron microscopic observations were described. These modifications eliminate the alterations of the investigated particles and the possibility of their artificial disintegration. In addition, these procedures preserve the grouping of the particles as compared with the original suspensions. The dialysis is made directly on the grids coated with the supporting formvar membrane. In the second procedure the filtration of the soluble components of the material into the agar is combined with the transfer of the particles on the membrane covered grids.", "contents": "A note on the preparation of particulate material for an electron microscopic study. Modifications of two rapid and satisfactory procedures of purification of minute biological particulate material for electron microscopic observations were described. These modifications eliminate the alterations of the investigated particles and the possibility of their artificial disintegration. In addition, these procedures preserve the grouping of the particles as compared with the original suspensions. The dialysis is made directly on the grids coated with the supporting formvar membrane. In the second procedure the filtration of the soluble components of the material into the agar is combined with the transfer of the particles on the membrane covered grids."}
{"id": "PMID:1204923", "title": "Horizontal distribution of three dehydrogenases in the cow snout epidermis.", "content": "A technique is described for quantifying enzyme activities in the various layers of the epidermis of the cow snout. Values for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase are reported. In general, the amount of each enzyme is largest in the basal layers and diminished towards the stratum corneum. The exception was G6PD whose highest peak of activity was in the region of the stratum spinosum.", "contents": "Horizontal distribution of three dehydrogenases in the cow snout epidermis. A technique is described for quantifying enzyme activities in the various layers of the epidermis of the cow snout. Values for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase are reported. In general, the amount of each enzyme is largest in the basal layers and diminished towards the stratum corneum. The exception was G6PD whose highest peak of activity was in the region of the stratum spinosum."}
{"id": "PMID:1204924", "title": "Determination of protoporphyrin in plasma and suction-blister fluid from light-irradiated and non-irradiated skin in protoporphyria patients.", "content": "At various times of the year the protoporphyrin level in the plasma of 11 patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria was determined. In the winter as well as in the summer, when the patients received carotenoids, an area on one forearm of 10 patients was irradiated with artificial (xenon arc) light, after which suction blisters were made on both forearms. Protoporphyrin levels were determined in the plasma and in the blister fluid from both areas. Suction-blister fluid was considered representative of the interstitial fluid in the dermis. In the winter the protoporphyrin levels of the blister fluid from the irradiated area were significantly higher than in the fluid from the non-irradiated area. In the summer this difference was not significant. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Determination of protoporphyrin in plasma and suction-blister fluid from light-irradiated and non-irradiated skin in protoporphyria patients. At various times of the year the protoporphyrin level in the plasma of 11 patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria was determined. In the winter as well as in the summer, when the patients received carotenoids, an area on one forearm of 10 patients was irradiated with artificial (xenon arc) light, after which suction blisters were made on both forearms. Protoporphyrin levels were determined in the plasma and in the blister fluid from both areas. Suction-blister fluid was considered representative of the interstitial fluid in the dermis. In the winter the protoporphyrin levels of the blister fluid from the irradiated area were significantly higher than in the fluid from the non-irradiated area. In the summer this difference was not significant. The possible implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204946", "title": "Quantitative detection and typing of HBs Ag and anti-HBs by radioimmunoassay techniques.", "content": "Small polystyrene tubes coated with purified anti-HBs were used as solid-phase substrate for the detection of HBsAg and anti-HBs by RIA procedures. This substrate yields highly sensitive, reproducible and homogeneous results. The sensitivity and the kinetics of various solid-phase RIA procedures for anti-HBs detection were explored. The preliminary heating of sera at 56 degrees C for 30 min is needed, in order to remove a thermolabile aspecific inhibitor, which is not identifiable with complement. In particular, an RIA procedure is suggested, based upon preincubation of serum to be tested with a serum containing low amounts of HBsAg (count ratio to negative sera = 10:1) and suitable for the combined detection and quantitation of HBsAg and of anti-HBs. The results are expressed as HBs Units, which provide a simple and standardizable unit allowing estimation of HBsAg and anti-HBs amounts over a range of as much as one million values. A number of RIA procedures were also studied for typing HBsAg and anti-HBs, which are also suitable to evaluate 'in vitro' the degree of cross immunity among the various subtypes.", "contents": "Quantitative detection and typing of HBs Ag and anti-HBs by radioimmunoassay techniques. Small polystyrene tubes coated with purified anti-HBs were used as solid-phase substrate for the detection of HBsAg and anti-HBs by RIA procedures. This substrate yields highly sensitive, reproducible and homogeneous results. The sensitivity and the kinetics of various solid-phase RIA procedures for anti-HBs detection were explored. The preliminary heating of sera at 56 degrees C for 30 min is needed, in order to remove a thermolabile aspecific inhibitor, which is not identifiable with complement. In particular, an RIA procedure is suggested, based upon preincubation of serum to be tested with a serum containing low amounts of HBsAg (count ratio to negative sera = 10:1) and suitable for the combined detection and quantitation of HBsAg and of anti-HBs. The results are expressed as HBs Units, which provide a simple and standardizable unit allowing estimation of HBsAg and anti-HBs amounts over a range of as much as one million values. A number of RIA procedures were also studied for typing HBsAg and anti-HBs, which are also suitable to evaluate 'in vitro' the degree of cross immunity among the various subtypes."}
{"id": "PMID:1204947", "title": "The problem of purification of HBs antigen.", "content": "Purification techniques utilized until now do not allow to obtain an HBs antigen totally free from one or more protein constituents of the serum. The authors describe the method which has given the best results; this method combines the utilization of silicate, Sephadex G200 and ultracentrifugation. The authors then determined the nature of the relations between HbsAg and the serum proteins. They have perfected a screening technique allowing to detect the immune complexes by means of a tetanus antigen-tetanus antitoxin model. Sixty-nine patients with viral hepatitis A and B were tested. It was observed that the immune complexes are in relation with the IgM which are themselves correlated with the rheumatoid factor: the mu chains found in purified HBsAg could correspond to the rheumatoid factor reacting with the Fc of IgG bound to HBsAg.", "contents": "The problem of purification of HBs antigen. Purification techniques utilized until now do not allow to obtain an HBs antigen totally free from one or more protein constituents of the serum. The authors describe the method which has given the best results; this method combines the utilization of silicate, Sephadex G200 and ultracentrifugation. The authors then determined the nature of the relations between HbsAg and the serum proteins. They have perfected a screening technique allowing to detect the immune complexes by means of a tetanus antigen-tetanus antitoxin model. Sixty-nine patients with viral hepatitis A and B were tested. It was observed that the immune complexes are in relation with the IgM which are themselves correlated with the rheumatoid factor: the mu chains found in purified HBsAg could correspond to the rheumatoid factor reacting with the Fc of IgG bound to HBsAg."}
{"id": "PMID:1204948", "title": "Anti-HBsAg assay using the Ausria system with standard antigen dilutions.", "content": "A simple modification of the radioimmunoassay Ausria I and Ausria II was employed for detecting anti-HGsAg using the inhibition of a constant amount of HBsAg. The highest incidence of anti-HGsAg was demonstrated in follow-up patients recovering from viral hepatitis B (82%) and in hemophilia patients (79%). Lower frequencies were observed in patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis or liver cirrhosis (23%), patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis (16%), family contacts of patients with viral hepatitis B (10%) and blood donors (3.4%). No difference in sensitivity for the presence of anti-HBsAg was found between the Ausria I and the Ausria II test.", "contents": "Anti-HBsAg assay using the Ausria system with standard antigen dilutions. A simple modification of the radioimmunoassay Ausria I and Ausria II was employed for detecting anti-HGsAg using the inhibition of a constant amount of HBsAg. The highest incidence of anti-HGsAg was demonstrated in follow-up patients recovering from viral hepatitis B (82%) and in hemophilia patients (79%). Lower frequencies were observed in patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis or liver cirrhosis (23%), patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis (16%), family contacts of patients with viral hepatitis B (10%) and blood donors (3.4%). No difference in sensitivity for the presence of anti-HBsAg was found between the Ausria I and the Ausria II test."}
{"id": "PMID:1204949", "title": "Detection of anti-HBs in two groups of institutionalized people by solid-phase radioimmunoassay using human labelled antibody.", "content": "A modification of Ausria II-125 solid-phase radio-immunoassay has been performed for the detection of anti-HGs in sera from 217 subjects living in two institutions. 129 subjects were mentally retarded and belonged to an institution; the other 88 were healthy people living in another institution, 74 of whom were residents and 14 members of the assistance staff. These 88 subjects were tested again three months later. Contemporaneously HBsAg was tested by Ausria II-125. Out of 129 mentally retarded subjects, 18 (13.9%) were positive for anti-HBs and 6 (4.6%1 for HBsAg. Out of 88 apparently healthy residents and members of the assistance staff, anti-HBs was detected in 24 (27.3%) and in 25 (28.4%), in the first and second bleeding, respectively; the distribution of anti-HBs carriers between residents and staff was quite similar. The screening of anti-HBs by rHA, performed in the same 88 subjects, showed a greater sensitivity than RIA modified in detecting anti-HBs carriers. Our findings outline the importance of the detection of anti-HBs as a marker of the virus B infection.", "contents": "Detection of anti-HBs in two groups of institutionalized people by solid-phase radioimmunoassay using human labelled antibody. A modification of Ausria II-125 solid-phase radio-immunoassay has been performed for the detection of anti-HGs in sera from 217 subjects living in two institutions. 129 subjects were mentally retarded and belonged to an institution; the other 88 were healthy people living in another institution, 74 of whom were residents and 14 members of the assistance staff. These 88 subjects were tested again three months later. Contemporaneously HBsAg was tested by Ausria II-125. Out of 129 mentally retarded subjects, 18 (13.9%) were positive for anti-HBs and 6 (4.6%1 for HBsAg. Out of 88 apparently healthy residents and members of the assistance staff, anti-HBs was detected in 24 (27.3%) and in 25 (28.4%), in the first and second bleeding, respectively; the distribution of anti-HBs carriers between residents and staff was quite similar. The screening of anti-HBs by rHA, performed in the same 88 subjects, showed a greater sensitivity than RIA modified in detecting anti-HBs carriers. Our findings outline the importance of the detection of anti-HBs as a marker of the virus B infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1204950", "title": "A rapid hemagglutination test for the detection of HBsAg.", "content": "Demonstration of the advantages of the direct passive hemagglutination test in comparison with the radioimmunoassay: simplicity, speed, lower costs and relatively high specificity.", "contents": "A rapid hemagglutination test for the detection of HBsAg. Demonstration of the advantages of the direct passive hemagglutination test in comparison with the radioimmunoassay: simplicity, speed, lower costs and relatively high specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:1204951", "title": "Development and clinical evaluation of novel radioimmunoassay for the detection of hepatitis B antigen.", "content": "Australia antigen or hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) is intimately associated with acute and chronic forms of serum hepatitis. It appears in the patient long before the onset of acute serum hepatitis. Transfusion of blood containing this antigen frequently leads to hepatitis in the recipient. Due to this, numerous researches have been done to develop a sensitive diagnostic test for detecting the presence of this antigen. To this date, radioimmunoassay has shown better sensitivity and specificity. The test developed at Curtis Laboratories is a human double antibody solid phase radioimmunoassay which is called RIAcT:HBAg. Human HBAb was absorbed on a polyethylene pellet and placed in a glass test tube to prevent radioactive antibody from binding to it. In this procedure, 0.2 ml of patient unknown serum or plasma is placed into the test tube containing the antibody-coated pellet. The vials with the unknown samples and proper controls are incubated in a water bath at 37 degrees C for 2 hours, washed and incubated further with iodinated human antibody for 90 minutes at 37 degrees C. At the end, the tubes are washed again and counted. The level of antigen present is determined by the radioactivity present. The counts of the patient samples that are at least twice the mean counts of the negative controls are considered positive for HBAg. The sensitivity of this test was checked many times by determining the reactivity of various samples from the Bureau of Biologics. The lowest threshold of this RIA procedure has been 1.07 X 10(10) particles per ml.", "contents": "Development and clinical evaluation of novel radioimmunoassay for the detection of hepatitis B antigen. Australia antigen or hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) is intimately associated with acute and chronic forms of serum hepatitis. It appears in the patient long before the onset of acute serum hepatitis. Transfusion of blood containing this antigen frequently leads to hepatitis in the recipient. Due to this, numerous researches have been done to develop a sensitive diagnostic test for detecting the presence of this antigen. To this date, radioimmunoassay has shown better sensitivity and specificity. The test developed at Curtis Laboratories is a human double antibody solid phase radioimmunoassay which is called RIAcT:HBAg. Human HBAb was absorbed on a polyethylene pellet and placed in a glass test tube to prevent radioactive antibody from binding to it. In this procedure, 0.2 ml of patient unknown serum or plasma is placed into the test tube containing the antibody-coated pellet. The vials with the unknown samples and proper controls are incubated in a water bath at 37 degrees C for 2 hours, washed and incubated further with iodinated human antibody for 90 minutes at 37 degrees C. At the end, the tubes are washed again and counted. The level of antigen present is determined by the radioactivity present. The counts of the patient samples that are at least twice the mean counts of the negative controls are considered positive for HBAg. The sensitivity of this test was checked many times by determining the reactivity of various samples from the Bureau of Biologics. The lowest threshold of this RIA procedure has been 1.07 X 10(10) particles per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1204952", "title": "Change in prevalent subtypes of HBsAg in acute hepatitis B infections and its implications.", "content": "Subtyping of hepatitis B antigen in patients with acute hepatitis B revealed subtype ay in 75% while subtype ad was much more common in chronic asymptomatic carriers of the antigen (in 81% of blood donors). In contrast to blood donors, a change of the prevalent subtype was noted in acute hepatitis patients between 1970 and 1974. Before May 1972, subtype ad was found in 67% of patients, whereas later subtype ay dominated in 93%. An unequal distribution of subtypes between acute and chronic forms of hepatitis B infections has been explained by differences in the virulence of virus strains. Our results suggest that the higher prevalence of subtype ad was also common in acute infections. The change of the prevalent subtype in acute infections may be attributed to differences in contagion rather than differences in virulence of virus strains.", "contents": "Change in prevalent subtypes of HBsAg in acute hepatitis B infections and its implications. Subtyping of hepatitis B antigen in patients with acute hepatitis B revealed subtype ay in 75% while subtype ad was much more common in chronic asymptomatic carriers of the antigen (in 81% of blood donors). In contrast to blood donors, a change of the prevalent subtype was noted in acute hepatitis patients between 1970 and 1974. Before May 1972, subtype ad was found in 67% of patients, whereas later subtype ay dominated in 93%. An unequal distribution of subtypes between acute and chronic forms of hepatitis B infections has been explained by differences in the virulence of virus strains. Our results suggest that the higher prevalence of subtype ad was also common in acute infections. The change of the prevalent subtype in acute infections may be attributed to differences in contagion rather than differences in virulence of virus strains."}
{"id": "PMID:1204953", "title": "Distribution of HB antigen carriers in the population of Budapest aged 0 to 85 years.", "content": "The authors investigated serum samples of 5,000 inhabitants aged 0-85 years in a crowded industrial area, by means of the counterimmunoelectrophoretic method. They evaluate their results in relation to age, sex and occupation. They compare them with data of Hungarian and several other authors. Some possible reasons of the differences are discussed and the importance of non-parenteral transmission is emphasized.", "contents": "Distribution of HB antigen carriers in the population of Budapest aged 0 to 85 years. The authors investigated serum samples of 5,000 inhabitants aged 0-85 years in a crowded industrial area, by means of the counterimmunoelectrophoretic method. They evaluate their results in relation to age, sex and occupation. They compare them with data of Hungarian and several other authors. Some possible reasons of the differences are discussed and the importance of non-parenteral transmission is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1204954", "title": "Significance of the presence of the various subtypes for the preparation of HBAb.", "content": "The superficial Australia antigen is essentially bound to the small particles and possesses different antigenic specificities 'a', 'd', 'g', 'w', and 'r'. The population which we tested was characterized by the major frequency (more than 90%) of the 'ag' subtype with respect to the 'ad' subtype. The doses have been achieved using the solid phase RIA, modified according to Ling, in which the specificity of the antisera anti 'a', 'd' and 'g' was obtained by means of the absorption and dissociation of the antigen-antibody complexes. The investigations which we carried out to establish the avidity of the various anti-HBs anti-sera used for research into the Au antigen, have established that in general the avidity is maximal for the anti-ad and minimal or absent for the anti-ag. From this arises the necessity for the preparation of an anti-HBs anti-serum 'pool' consisting of healthy and hepatitic donors, with an optimal relationship between the subtypes 'ad' and 'ag'. The subsequent research carried out using the true subtypes in order to establish a relationship between the subtype and the presence of the anticore antibody on RIA revealed the lack of any correlation.", "contents": "Significance of the presence of the various subtypes for the preparation of HBAb. The superficial Australia antigen is essentially bound to the small particles and possesses different antigenic specificities 'a', 'd', 'g', 'w', and 'r'. The population which we tested was characterized by the major frequency (more than 90%) of the 'ag' subtype with respect to the 'ad' subtype. The doses have been achieved using the solid phase RIA, modified according to Ling, in which the specificity of the antisera anti 'a', 'd' and 'g' was obtained by means of the absorption and dissociation of the antigen-antibody complexes. The investigations which we carried out to establish the avidity of the various anti-HBs anti-sera used for research into the Au antigen, have established that in general the avidity is maximal for the anti-ad and minimal or absent for the anti-ag. From this arises the necessity for the preparation of an anti-HBs anti-serum 'pool' consisting of healthy and hepatitic donors, with an optimal relationship between the subtypes 'ad' and 'ag'. The subsequent research carried out using the true subtypes in order to establish a relationship between the subtype and the presence of the anticore antibody on RIA revealed the lack of any correlation."}
{"id": "PMID:1204955", "title": "Hepatitis B core antigen and antibody.", "content": "Two distinct antigen-antibody systems are associated with the hepatitis B virus: the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, Australia antigen) and antibody (anti-HBs) and the recently characterized hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and antibody (anti-HBc, anti-core). HBsAg is found in the serum of patients acutely or chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is represented on electron microscopy of such serum as 20 nm spherical and tubular structures and as the surface component of the 42 nm Dane particle. The core antigen of the HBV is associated with a 27 nm viral nucleocapsid particle present in the nuclei of infected hepatocytes and with the inner, core component of the Dane particle. These two HBV antigens have been shown to be antigenically distinct by immune electron microscopy. Immunization studies have demonstrated that both antigens are capable of eliciting distinct, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in guinea pigs. Analysis of immune responses to HBcAg during the course of type B hepatitis provides a clearer understanding of this disease and anti-HBc may serve as a sensitive marker for the presence of the chronic HBsAg carrier state.", "contents": "Hepatitis B core antigen and antibody. Two distinct antigen-antibody systems are associated with the hepatitis B virus: the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, Australia antigen) and antibody (anti-HBs) and the recently characterized hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and antibody (anti-HBc, anti-core). HBsAg is found in the serum of patients acutely or chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is represented on electron microscopy of such serum as 20 nm spherical and tubular structures and as the surface component of the 42 nm Dane particle. The core antigen of the HBV is associated with a 27 nm viral nucleocapsid particle present in the nuclei of infected hepatocytes and with the inner, core component of the Dane particle. These two HBV antigens have been shown to be antigenically distinct by immune electron microscopy. Immunization studies have demonstrated that both antigens are capable of eliciting distinct, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in guinea pigs. Analysis of immune responses to HBcAg during the course of type B hepatitis provides a clearer understanding of this disease and anti-HBc may serve as a sensitive marker for the presence of the chronic HBsAg carrier state."}
{"id": "PMID:1204956", "title": "Purification and characterization of the 'core' particles and their potential diagnostic use.", "content": "The basis of the postulated correlation between 'core' particles and 'Dane' particles, of their different localization in the hepatocyte and of the different relationships is the mechanism of replication of the infecting material, interesting diagnostic possibilities appear evident in the hepatitis B field. Anti-core antibodies would be alone present in the serum of the hepatitic patient, in the acute or convalescent stage, whilst in the serum of the polytransfused patient they would appear in association with the antibodies directed against the superficial antigen of the Dane particles. The 'core' particles have consequently been concentrated and purified by means of 'coat' lysis using tension actives and density gradient ultracentrifugation. With such material and a hepatitic serum purified antibody, it has been possible to prepare a radioimmunoassay with which a 'screening' may be performed to evaluate the possible diagnostic use.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the 'core' particles and their potential diagnostic use. The basis of the postulated correlation between 'core' particles and 'Dane' particles, of their different localization in the hepatocyte and of the different relationships is the mechanism of replication of the infecting material, interesting diagnostic possibilities appear evident in the hepatitis B field. Anti-core antibodies would be alone present in the serum of the hepatitic patient, in the acute or convalescent stage, whilst in the serum of the polytransfused patient they would appear in association with the antibodies directed against the superficial antigen of the Dane particles. The 'core' particles have consequently been concentrated and purified by means of 'coat' lysis using tension actives and density gradient ultracentrifugation. With such material and a hepatitic serum purified antibody, it has been possible to prepare a radioimmunoassay with which a 'screening' may be performed to evaluate the possible diagnostic use."}
{"id": "PMID:1204957", "title": "Comparison of DNA polymerase and radioimmune assays for the detection of hepatitis B antigens and antibodies.", "content": "In acute cases of hepatitis, DNA polymerase activity was found 2 to 3 times more frequently than positive radioimmunoassay. For each case the DNA polymerase reactivity was shown to be associated with hepatitis B antigens. Inhibitors to this DNA polymerase, with properties of IgM and IgG antibody, were found in 13 of 34 cases of acute hepatitis but only in 1 case out of 22 of cirrhosis. During the course of the acute disease these antibodies were detected 3 times more frequently than those to HBs antigen; the two types of antibodies were almost always found separately in different patients, those to DNA polymerase were apparently transient and developed earlier since they were found as early as 3 days after the clinical onset and no later than the 6th week following the onset.", "contents": "Comparison of DNA polymerase and radioimmune assays for the detection of hepatitis B antigens and antibodies. In acute cases of hepatitis, DNA polymerase activity was found 2 to 3 times more frequently than positive radioimmunoassay. For each case the DNA polymerase reactivity was shown to be associated with hepatitis B antigens. Inhibitors to this DNA polymerase, with properties of IgM and IgG antibody, were found in 13 of 34 cases of acute hepatitis but only in 1 case out of 22 of cirrhosis. During the course of the acute disease these antibodies were detected 3 times more frequently than those to HBs antigen; the two types of antibodies were almost always found separately in different patients, those to DNA polymerase were apparently transient and developed earlier since they were found as early as 3 days after the clinical onset and no later than the 6th week following the onset."}
{"id": "PMID:1204958", "title": "Core antibodies and other parameters of hepatitis B virus infection in a tropical population.", "content": "HBsAg (80% of ay subtype) was detected with radioimmunoassay in 10% of a sample of the healthy population in Mopti, Mali, and in 6% with counterelectrophoresis. Anti-HBs was detected in approximately 57% of adults, and anti-HBc in 50%. Anti-HBs was not always detectable in anti-HBc positive sera with the methods used, and vice versa. This accounted for up to 85% of an adult group showing anti-HBs, anti-HBc, or both. While anti-HBc percentages climbed more gradually with age, and 'adult' percentage of anti-HBs was reached at about 3 years of age, and there were no significant differences in the age distribution of HBsAg.", "contents": "Core antibodies and other parameters of hepatitis B virus infection in a tropical population. HBsAg (80% of ay subtype) was detected with radioimmunoassay in 10% of a sample of the healthy population in Mopti, Mali, and in 6% with counterelectrophoresis. Anti-HBs was detected in approximately 57% of adults, and anti-HBc in 50%. Anti-HBs was not always detectable in anti-HBc positive sera with the methods used, and vice versa. This accounted for up to 85% of an adult group showing anti-HBs, anti-HBc, or both. While anti-HBc percentages climbed more gradually with age, and 'adult' percentage of anti-HBs was reached at about 3 years of age, and there were no significant differences in the age distribution of HBsAg."}
{"id": "PMID:1204959", "title": "[Culture of hepatitis virus B].", "content": "For the last 25 years, numerous attempts have been made to isolate the HBV agent responsible for hepatitis B by means of cultures 'in vitro'. We have undertaken longterm cultures of children's hepatic tissue (C.H.), conjunctive tissue (human adult H.A.F. and human embryonic fibroblasts H.E.F.) and KB cells; these were put in the presence of 7 sera HB + rich in Dane particles. These cells were trypsinized twice a week for almost 3 months and did not present any cytopathogenic effects. Electromicroscopy revealed, 15 days after infection, the presence of icosahedral particles (25 to 27 nm in diameter), free or in dense clusters, but more often empty (20 nm in diameter). These structures seemed to be made up of an assembly of capsomers approximately 5 nm in diameter, joined together in fours to form a ridge. Older cultures revealed clusters of icosahedrons some of which degenerated spontaneously; others were surrounded by proteinic structure having a fringed aspect. Certain rare particles of 35 to 45 nm in diameter are similar to full Dane particles. EID immunological results were positive in the case of sera of patients convalescent from hepatitis B, containing anti-HBc antibodies, on C.H. cells the 27th and 40th days, and negative with anti-HBs antibodies. By immunofluorescence we observed 12 to 20 days after infection of the cells, a clear fluorescence at first nuclear, then essentially cytoplasmic, by means of fluorescent anti-HBc sera of human or animal origin. With the fluorescent anti-HBs antibodies, the reaction is weak and solely cytoplasmic although in DRI, with H.E.F. and KB cells, we obtained from time to time weakly positive results in HBs. The relations between the morphological structures and the immunological results observed are discussed.", "contents": "[Culture of hepatitis virus B]. For the last 25 years, numerous attempts have been made to isolate the HBV agent responsible for hepatitis B by means of cultures 'in vitro'. We have undertaken longterm cultures of children's hepatic tissue (C.H.), conjunctive tissue (human adult H.A.F. and human embryonic fibroblasts H.E.F.) and KB cells; these were put in the presence of 7 sera HB + rich in Dane particles. These cells were trypsinized twice a week for almost 3 months and did not present any cytopathogenic effects. Electromicroscopy revealed, 15 days after infection, the presence of icosahedral particles (25 to 27 nm in diameter), free or in dense clusters, but more often empty (20 nm in diameter). These structures seemed to be made up of an assembly of capsomers approximately 5 nm in diameter, joined together in fours to form a ridge. Older cultures revealed clusters of icosahedrons some of which degenerated spontaneously; others were surrounded by proteinic structure having a fringed aspect. Certain rare particles of 35 to 45 nm in diameter are similar to full Dane particles. EID immunological results were positive in the case of sera of patients convalescent from hepatitis B, containing anti-HBc antibodies, on C.H. cells the 27th and 40th days, and negative with anti-HBs antibodies. By immunofluorescence we observed 12 to 20 days after infection of the cells, a clear fluorescence at first nuclear, then essentially cytoplasmic, by means of fluorescent anti-HBc sera of human or animal origin. With the fluorescent anti-HBs antibodies, the reaction is weak and solely cytoplasmic although in DRI, with H.E.F. and KB cells, we obtained from time to time weakly positive results in HBs. The relations between the morphological structures and the immunological results observed are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1204960", "title": "DNA and DNA polymerase of a virus-like particle in hepatitis B.", "content": "One of the particulate forms bearing hepatitis B antigen in human blood, the 42 nm Dane particle, has been shown to contain a small circular-stranded DNA with a molecular weight round 1.6 X 10(6) daltons and a DNA polymerase. The circular DNA functions as a primer-template for the DNA polymerase. The circular DNA, the DNA polymerase and the DNA product of the enzyme reaction appear to be internal components of the 28 nm core of the Dane particle. Dane particle cores labeled with H3 in a DNA polymerase reaction have been used in a sensitive double antibody precipitation assay for the antibody against core.", "contents": "DNA and DNA polymerase of a virus-like particle in hepatitis B. One of the particulate forms bearing hepatitis B antigen in human blood, the 42 nm Dane particle, has been shown to contain a small circular-stranded DNA with a molecular weight round 1.6 X 10(6) daltons and a DNA polymerase. The circular DNA functions as a primer-template for the DNA polymerase. The circular DNA, the DNA polymerase and the DNA product of the enzyme reaction appear to be internal components of the 28 nm core of the Dane particle. Dane particle cores labeled with H3 in a DNA polymerase reaction have been used in a sensitive double antibody precipitation assay for the antibody against core."}
{"id": "PMID:1204961", "title": "Hepatitis B core antigen in the immunosuppressed chimpanzee.", "content": "Two chimpanzees with low levels of anti-HBs developed increased antibody titres but showed no antigenemia after i.v. administration of 10 ml infective chimpanzee serum. Treatment of a chimpanzee (also possessing anti-HBs) i.m. with Cyclophosphamide plus Prednisolone for 3 weeks starting 2 days before the challenge with infective serum resulted in detectable circulating HBsAg by day 67. By day 95, the HBsAg concentration had increased to 17 times a human Ag reference plasma and low titres of anti-HBc were also present, but liver enzyme levels did not become abnormal until day 107. Since the circulating HBsAg concentration decreased gradually to 2 times the reference plasma by day 168, the animal was again immunosuppressed using oral Prednisolone alone for 7 weeks and then sacrificed. The liver yielded useful quantities of purified HBcAg while the plasma was an excellent source of Dane particles and HBsAg (41 X human reference plasma). This success could not be reproduced in 4 immunosuppressed cynomolgus monkeys. Our studies, therefore, demonstrate the value of the immunosuppressed high-order primate in the initiation and modulation of hepatitis B.", "contents": "Hepatitis B core antigen in the immunosuppressed chimpanzee. Two chimpanzees with low levels of anti-HBs developed increased antibody titres but showed no antigenemia after i.v. administration of 10 ml infective chimpanzee serum. Treatment of a chimpanzee (also possessing anti-HBs) i.m. with Cyclophosphamide plus Prednisolone for 3 weeks starting 2 days before the challenge with infective serum resulted in detectable circulating HBsAg by day 67. By day 95, the HBsAg concentration had increased to 17 times a human Ag reference plasma and low titres of anti-HBc were also present, but liver enzyme levels did not become abnormal until day 107. Since the circulating HBsAg concentration decreased gradually to 2 times the reference plasma by day 168, the animal was again immunosuppressed using oral Prednisolone alone for 7 weeks and then sacrificed. The liver yielded useful quantities of purified HBcAg while the plasma was an excellent source of Dane particles and HBsAg (41 X human reference plasma). This success could not be reproduced in 4 immunosuppressed cynomolgus monkeys. Our studies, therefore, demonstrate the value of the immunosuppressed high-order primate in the initiation and modulation of hepatitis B."}
{"id": "PMID:1204962", "title": "Immunogenetic factors in thalassemia and hepatitis B infection. A multicentre study.", "content": "Geographical variations in the prevalence of hepatitis B infection were found in association with an increased opportunity of exposure to this virus in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia in Cyprus, Greece, Sardinia and the United Kingdom. No association was found between the Gm phenotype of the individuals investigated and susceptibility to hepatitis B virus using HBsAg as a marker, or the ability to make antibody to it. Variation in the distribution of Gm haplotypes does not appear to be a feasible explanation for variation in anti-HBs and HBsAg frequencies in a series of highly transfused populations.", "contents": "Immunogenetic factors in thalassemia and hepatitis B infection. A multicentre study. Geographical variations in the prevalence of hepatitis B infection were found in association with an increased opportunity of exposure to this virus in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia in Cyprus, Greece, Sardinia and the United Kingdom. No association was found between the Gm phenotype of the individuals investigated and susceptibility to hepatitis B virus using HBsAg as a marker, or the ability to make antibody to it. Variation in the distribution of Gm haplotypes does not appear to be a feasible explanation for variation in anti-HBs and HBsAg frequencies in a series of highly transfused populations."}
{"id": "PMID:1204963", "title": "The variety of responses within a community to infection with Australia (hepatitis B) antigen.", "content": "There is a striking difference in the response of individuals to infection with HBV. Some individuals develop hepatitis, others form antibody which may persist for a long period, and others may become persistent carriers of Australia antigen. These responses may give some indication of the immune status of an individual and of populations relative to this agent. As such, it could provide a guide to the use of vaccines against hepatitis in areas of common occurrence of the disease. We have completed a survey of a community in northern Greece for the three factors. A very large percentage of the population have evidence of exposure and this varies with age and sex. Many responded by forming high titers of antibody but a considerable percentage developed hepatitis and/or became carriers. Some appeared to have complex. Most developed antibody against the prevalent antigenic type (ay) but in many cases antibody against the rare antigenic type (ad) appears to have been formed. Host characteristics appear to have influenced the nature of the response to the infection. The effects of vaccines on carriers is not known and conceivably could be detrimental (i.e. by formation of complexes). It would be important to learn more of the biology of Au in populations and individuals in connection with the widespread use of vaccines.", "contents": "The variety of responses within a community to infection with Australia (hepatitis B) antigen. There is a striking difference in the response of individuals to infection with HBV. Some individuals develop hepatitis, others form antibody which may persist for a long period, and others may become persistent carriers of Australia antigen. These responses may give some indication of the immune status of an individual and of populations relative to this agent. As such, it could provide a guide to the use of vaccines against hepatitis in areas of common occurrence of the disease. We have completed a survey of a community in northern Greece for the three factors. A very large percentage of the population have evidence of exposure and this varies with age and sex. Many responded by forming high titers of antibody but a considerable percentage developed hepatitis and/or became carriers. Some appeared to have complex. Most developed antibody against the prevalent antigenic type (ay) but in many cases antibody against the rare antigenic type (ad) appears to have been formed. Host characteristics appear to have influenced the nature of the response to the infection. The effects of vaccines on carriers is not known and conceivably could be detrimental (i.e. by formation of complexes). It would be important to learn more of the biology of Au in populations and individuals in connection with the widespread use of vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:1204964", "title": "Humoral and cellular immunity in guinea pigs to polypeptides derived from HBsAg-containing particles.", "content": "Recent studies in this laboratory have shown that purified HBsAg contains at least 7-9 polypeptide subunits ranging in molecular weight (MW) from 18,000 to 120,000; at least three of these are associated with carbohydrates. In addition, two glycosphingolipids have been extracted which are structurally similar to the blood group antigenic substance. The glycoproteins and glycolipids are of particular interest since it has been reported that carbohydrate is associated with the antigenic activity of HBsAg. Antisera to these subunits have been produced in guinea pigs. These results stimulated further 'in vivo' investigations into the possible development of a subunit vaccine which would exclude genes of a viral or cellular nature and would not be infectious. Guinea pigs were immunized with HBsAg, subtypes adw and ayw, and with two polypeptides (40,000 MW and 24,000 MW) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Control animals were inoculated with normal human serum or with polyacrylamide gel. Animals were boostered on day 14 and tested on day 30 for the development of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) by the macrophage inhibition assay, and for humoral immunity by PHA and RIA. Migration of peritoneal exudate (PE) cells was inhibited 30-88% in guinea pigs immunized with the 40,000-MW polypeptide when challenged with purified HGsAg, subtype adw or ayw, or with the 40,000-MW preparation, but the results were inconclusive with the 24,000-MW subunit. Similar evidence of CMI was observed with PE cells derived from guinea pigs inoculated with purified subtype-specific HBsAg or with the 24,000-MW polypeptide. Humoral responses were predictable, and showed a reasonable degree of correlation with the CMI response. Control animals failed to respond to challenge with purified preparations of HBsAg or the 40,000-MW polypeptide, but did show CMI with their respective immunogens and - in the case of guinea pigs inoculated with normal human serum - with the 24,000-MW subunit, suggesting that the latter may contain an antigenic determinant related to a human serum protein.", "contents": "Humoral and cellular immunity in guinea pigs to polypeptides derived from HBsAg-containing particles. Recent studies in this laboratory have shown that purified HBsAg contains at least 7-9 polypeptide subunits ranging in molecular weight (MW) from 18,000 to 120,000; at least three of these are associated with carbohydrates. In addition, two glycosphingolipids have been extracted which are structurally similar to the blood group antigenic substance. The glycoproteins and glycolipids are of particular interest since it has been reported that carbohydrate is associated with the antigenic activity of HBsAg. Antisera to these subunits have been produced in guinea pigs. These results stimulated further 'in vivo' investigations into the possible development of a subunit vaccine which would exclude genes of a viral or cellular nature and would not be infectious. Guinea pigs were immunized with HBsAg, subtypes adw and ayw, and with two polypeptides (40,000 MW and 24,000 MW) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Control animals were inoculated with normal human serum or with polyacrylamide gel. Animals were boostered on day 14 and tested on day 30 for the development of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) by the macrophage inhibition assay, and for humoral immunity by PHA and RIA. Migration of peritoneal exudate (PE) cells was inhibited 30-88% in guinea pigs immunized with the 40,000-MW polypeptide when challenged with purified HGsAg, subtype adw or ayw, or with the 40,000-MW preparation, but the results were inconclusive with the 24,000-MW subunit. Similar evidence of CMI was observed with PE cells derived from guinea pigs inoculated with purified subtype-specific HBsAg or with the 24,000-MW polypeptide. Humoral responses were predictable, and showed a reasonable degree of correlation with the CMI response. Control animals failed to respond to challenge with purified preparations of HBsAg or the 40,000-MW polypeptide, but did show CMI with their respective immunogens and - in the case of guinea pigs inoculated with normal human serum - with the 24,000-MW subunit, suggesting that the latter may contain an antigenic determinant related to a human serum protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1204965", "title": "A case of posthepatitic HBs-positive chronic hepatitis with transient monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "Report of a case of HBsAg-positive chronic aggressive hepatitis associated with a transient monoclonal gammopathy.", "contents": "A case of posthepatitic HBs-positive chronic hepatitis with transient monoclonal gammopathy. Report of a case of HBsAg-positive chronic aggressive hepatitis associated with a transient monoclonal gammopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1204967", "title": "Half life of transfused anti-HBs.", "content": "During a prospective study in post transfusion hepatitis 222 blood units were given to 55 patients who underwent open heart surgery. Eleven of these blood units contained anti-HBs titered higher than 1:128 by passive hemagglutination and were given to 10 patients previously negative for anti-HBs. Eight of these 10 patients showed anti-HBs in the first serum sample obtained usually one to three days after surgery and a continuous decline in titre was noted at later bleedings until antibodies were no longer detectable 2 to 20 weeks after transfusion. In four patients from whom regular blood samples were available the half life of passively acquired anti-HBs was determined to be between 23 and 28 days. In two patients with serum anti-HBs before blood transfusion no change in antibody titre was noted over a period of six months.", "contents": "Half life of transfused anti-HBs. During a prospective study in post transfusion hepatitis 222 blood units were given to 55 patients who underwent open heart surgery. Eleven of these blood units contained anti-HBs titered higher than 1:128 by passive hemagglutination and were given to 10 patients previously negative for anti-HBs. Eight of these 10 patients showed anti-HBs in the first serum sample obtained usually one to three days after surgery and a continuous decline in titre was noted at later bleedings until antibodies were no longer detectable 2 to 20 weeks after transfusion. In four patients from whom regular blood samples were available the half life of passively acquired anti-HBs was determined to be between 23 and 28 days. In two patients with serum anti-HBs before blood transfusion no change in antibody titre was noted over a period of six months."}
{"id": "PMID:1204968", "title": "Epidemiological distribution and significance of anti-HBs.", "content": "HBsAg and anti-HBs neutralizing antibodies were quantitatively detected and typed by solid-phase RIA procedures in various random populations and in commercial lots of standard immunoglobulins. The prevalence of anti-HBs was considerably higher than prevalence of HBsAg, and the specificities of HBsAg and anti-HBs overlapped within the single groups of population. The results obtained provided evidence that hepatitis B virus infections are wide-spread, particularly in communities, and that the distribution of subtypes varies according to geographical patterns. The degree of cross neutralization between homotypic and heterotypic subtypes was not quantitatively constant, implying that the amounts of the single reacting determinants probably vary among HBsAg particles. It is also stressed that a number of sera containing both HBsAg and anti-HBs escape identification, since a fairly long interval can elapse during which the decreasing levels of HBsAg and the increasing levels of anti-HBs equalize in the blood.", "contents": "Epidemiological distribution and significance of anti-HBs. HBsAg and anti-HBs neutralizing antibodies were quantitatively detected and typed by solid-phase RIA procedures in various random populations and in commercial lots of standard immunoglobulins. The prevalence of anti-HBs was considerably higher than prevalence of HBsAg, and the specificities of HBsAg and anti-HBs overlapped within the single groups of population. The results obtained provided evidence that hepatitis B virus infections are wide-spread, particularly in communities, and that the distribution of subtypes varies according to geographical patterns. The degree of cross neutralization between homotypic and heterotypic subtypes was not quantitatively constant, implying that the amounts of the single reacting determinants probably vary among HBsAg particles. It is also stressed that a number of sera containing both HBsAg and anti-HBs escape identification, since a fairly long interval can elapse during which the decreasing levels of HBsAg and the increasing levels of anti-HBs equalize in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1204969", "title": "Anti-HBAg immunoglobulin after inoculation injuries.", "content": "A Medical Research Council study was begun in England and Wales in September 1973 to determine the incidence of hepatitis B infection among persons who reported certain specified accidents with material containing hepatitis B antigen and who were given anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin within 14 days. It was not considered justifiable to include a control group. Anti-HBAg immunoglobulin was separated by cold ethanol fractionation from plasma in which hepatitis B antibody was detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The plasma pools were examined for the presence of HBAg bu immune electron-microscopy and radioimmunoassay. The aimmunoglobulin was prepared as a 5 g per 100 ml solution and the titre of anti-HBAg measured by CIEP, RPH, and RIA. The usual dose was 500 mg-intramuscularly. The study includes a year's follow-up of each participant. Serum samples usually taken at four weekly intervals for six months, then at nine months and one year are tested, by routine methods, for abnormalities of liver function and for HBAg and anti-HGAg. Specimens are stored for further tests at the end of the study. In the first year of study 110 persons were enrolled: of these, 100 participants continued to be followed up, about half of them for more than six months.", "contents": "Anti-HBAg immunoglobulin after inoculation injuries. A Medical Research Council study was begun in England and Wales in September 1973 to determine the incidence of hepatitis B infection among persons who reported certain specified accidents with material containing hepatitis B antigen and who were given anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin within 14 days. It was not considered justifiable to include a control group. Anti-HBAg immunoglobulin was separated by cold ethanol fractionation from plasma in which hepatitis B antibody was detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The plasma pools were examined for the presence of HBAg bu immune electron-microscopy and radioimmunoassay. The aimmunoglobulin was prepared as a 5 g per 100 ml solution and the titre of anti-HBAg measured by CIEP, RPH, and RIA. The usual dose was 500 mg-intramuscularly. The study includes a year's follow-up of each participant. Serum samples usually taken at four weekly intervals for six months, then at nine months and one year are tested, by routine methods, for abnormalities of liver function and for HBAg and anti-HGAg. Specimens are stored for further tests at the end of the study. In the first year of study 110 persons were enrolled: of these, 100 participants continued to be followed up, about half of them for more than six months."}
{"id": "PMID:1204970", "title": "Specific immunotherapy proposed for hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "Immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), coinciding with removal of HBsAg from the circulation, has been shown to be a cell-mediated response assessed by leukocyte migration inhibition assay. Immune response to HBsAg is a T-cell dependent phenomenon in the nude mouse model. Immunological tolerance in man appears to stem from the absence of cellular and humoral immune response to HBsAg, causing a chronic carrier state which serves as an epidemiological reservior for the transmission of viral hepatitis type B. Specific immunotherapy in hepatitis may consist of adoptive transfer of immunity to HBsAg. It is proposed to be accomplished by administration of anti-HBs, transfer factor or 'immune-RNA'. The efficacy and safety of 'immune-RNA' administration to chronic carriers can be validated by leukocyte migration inhibition techniques in vitro and in HBsAg positive chimpanzees in vivo.", "contents": "Specific immunotherapy proposed for hepatitis B virus infection. Immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), coinciding with removal of HBsAg from the circulation, has been shown to be a cell-mediated response assessed by leukocyte migration inhibition assay. Immune response to HBsAg is a T-cell dependent phenomenon in the nude mouse model. Immunological tolerance in man appears to stem from the absence of cellular and humoral immune response to HBsAg, causing a chronic carrier state which serves as an epidemiological reservior for the transmission of viral hepatitis type B. Specific immunotherapy in hepatitis may consist of adoptive transfer of immunity to HBsAg. It is proposed to be accomplished by administration of anti-HBs, transfer factor or 'immune-RNA'. The efficacy and safety of 'immune-RNA' administration to chronic carriers can be validated by leukocyte migration inhibition techniques in vitro and in HBsAg positive chimpanzees in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1204971", "title": "Viral hepatitis type B: propects for active immunization.", "content": "Studies conducted in 1970 and 1971 with heat-inactivated MS-2 serum revealed that this active immunizing procedure was associated with a protective effect, a more attenuated hepatitis B infection and a decreased hepatitis B carrier rate. More recent studies have revealed striking differences in the response of unimmunized and immunized persons following a parenteral exposure to the MS-2 strain of hepatitis B virus. Serial tests for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), DNA polymerase activity, serum transaminase (SGOT), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) revealed the following findings. In serosusceptible unimmunized persons HBsAg was detectable about 4 weeks after exposure, DNA polymerase activity at about 6 weeks, abnormal SGOT levels at about 8 weeks, anti-HBc at about 8-10 weeks, and anti-HBs usually after 20 weeks. In successfully immunized persons HBsAg, DNA polymerase activity, abnormal SGOT levels, and anti-HBc were not detectable, evidence of a booster response of pre-existing or non-detectable anti-HBs was observed one to two weeks after exposure. Studies by various investigators have revealed that anti-HBs is associated with protection and resistance to reinfection. In contrast, anti-HBc is not protective and does not correlate positively with either resistance to infection or recovery from infection. The availability of sophisticated biophysical and biochemical techniques has enabled several investigators to prepare candidate inactivated hepatitis B vaccines from purified preparations of HBsAg. The successful propagation of hapatitis B virus infection to susceptible chimpanzees has provided an excellent animal model for the evaluation of hepatitis B vaccines. At the present time various investigators are studying the immunogenic and protective effect of the vaccine in these animals. Prospects for the development of a vaccine for the prevention of viral hepatitis type B are encouraging. It is extraordinary that this objective will be achieved in spite of the failure to isolate the etiologic agent in tissue culture.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis type B: propects for active immunization. Studies conducted in 1970 and 1971 with heat-inactivated MS-2 serum revealed that this active immunizing procedure was associated with a protective effect, a more attenuated hepatitis B infection and a decreased hepatitis B carrier rate. More recent studies have revealed striking differences in the response of unimmunized and immunized persons following a parenteral exposure to the MS-2 strain of hepatitis B virus. Serial tests for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), DNA polymerase activity, serum transaminase (SGOT), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) revealed the following findings. In serosusceptible unimmunized persons HBsAg was detectable about 4 weeks after exposure, DNA polymerase activity at about 6 weeks, abnormal SGOT levels at about 8 weeks, anti-HBc at about 8-10 weeks, and anti-HBs usually after 20 weeks. In successfully immunized persons HBsAg, DNA polymerase activity, abnormal SGOT levels, and anti-HBc were not detectable, evidence of a booster response of pre-existing or non-detectable anti-HBs was observed one to two weeks after exposure. Studies by various investigators have revealed that anti-HBs is associated with protection and resistance to reinfection. In contrast, anti-HBc is not protective and does not correlate positively with either resistance to infection or recovery from infection. The availability of sophisticated biophysical and biochemical techniques has enabled several investigators to prepare candidate inactivated hepatitis B vaccines from purified preparations of HBsAg. The successful propagation of hapatitis B virus infection to susceptible chimpanzees has provided an excellent animal model for the evaluation of hepatitis B vaccines. At the present time various investigators are studying the immunogenic and protective effect of the vaccine in these animals. Prospects for the development of a vaccine for the prevention of viral hepatitis type B are encouraging. It is extraordinary that this objective will be achieved in spite of the failure to isolate the etiologic agent in tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:1204972", "title": "Some considerations regarding active immunization with HBsAg.", "content": "Krugman has demonstrated that injection of heated serum containing HBsAg conferred some protection against subsequent challenge with live hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is likely that improved protection will result from injections for larger quantities of HBsAg. This can be readily done with purified antigen. We have carried out preliminary studies in mice to investigate the inactivation kinetics of HBsAg antigenicity and immunogenicity. Rates of inactivation of the two parameters by heat have been found to be parallel. Chimpanzees will be required to determine adequacy of inactivation procedures, and optimal dose and immunization schedule, prior to the initiation of human trials. The use of newly imported chimpanzees for this purpose may be hazardous. Of 27 chimpanzees recently tested in an exporter's compound in Sierra Leone, ten were found to circulate HBsAg and five additional had detectable anti-HBs, suggesting a high risk of hepatitis B transmission within the compound. Thus newly imported animals may be incubating HB infection, and could give rise to false positive results in inactivation trials, unless quarantined for a four to six month period prior to use. We have therefore established a laboratory for chimpanzee trials in West Africa, and plan to utilize only animals captured by trapping and held in strict isolation from the time of capture. It is unlikely that immunization against HBV will ever provide absolute immunity. Three chimpanzees who received a massive transfusion of infective plasma one year after resisting challenge with aliquots of the same plasma inoculated intraperitoneally, all developed severe hepatitis, accompanied in two cases by HBs antigenemia, despite strong anamnestic anti-HBs responses in all three animals.", "contents": "Some considerations regarding active immunization with HBsAg. Krugman has demonstrated that injection of heated serum containing HBsAg conferred some protection against subsequent challenge with live hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is likely that improved protection will result from injections for larger quantities of HBsAg. This can be readily done with purified antigen. We have carried out preliminary studies in mice to investigate the inactivation kinetics of HBsAg antigenicity and immunogenicity. Rates of inactivation of the two parameters by heat have been found to be parallel. Chimpanzees will be required to determine adequacy of inactivation procedures, and optimal dose and immunization schedule, prior to the initiation of human trials. The use of newly imported chimpanzees for this purpose may be hazardous. Of 27 chimpanzees recently tested in an exporter's compound in Sierra Leone, ten were found to circulate HBsAg and five additional had detectable anti-HBs, suggesting a high risk of hepatitis B transmission within the compound. Thus newly imported animals may be incubating HB infection, and could give rise to false positive results in inactivation trials, unless quarantined for a four to six month period prior to use. We have therefore established a laboratory for chimpanzee trials in West Africa, and plan to utilize only animals captured by trapping and held in strict isolation from the time of capture. It is unlikely that immunization against HBV will ever provide absolute immunity. Three chimpanzees who received a massive transfusion of infective plasma one year after resisting challenge with aliquots of the same plasma inoculated intraperitoneally, all developed severe hepatitis, accompanied in two cases by HBs antigenemia, despite strong anamnestic anti-HBs responses in all three animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1204973", "title": "A new particulate antigen present in serum.", "content": "A new antigen has been encountered in the serum of 10 blood donors. It is distinct from Australia antigen, consists of spherical particles 21-23 nm in diameter and the corresponding antibody is widely distributed in the population.", "contents": "A new particulate antigen present in serum. A new antigen has been encountered in the serum of 10 blood donors. It is distinct from Australia antigen, consists of spherical particles 21-23 nm in diameter and the corresponding antibody is widely distributed in the population."}
{"id": "PMID:1204974", "title": "Selection of tests for hepatitis B antigen.", "content": "Three commercially available tests - two hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay were used to test sera received in a routine clinical laboratory. Their overall performance in terms of reliability and sensitivity was very similar and the yield of positive results was increased by about 25%.", "contents": "Selection of tests for hepatitis B antigen. Three commercially available tests - two hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay were used to test sera received in a routine clinical laboratory. Their overall performance in terms of reliability and sensitivity was very similar and the yield of positive results was increased by about 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:1204975", "title": "A latex agglutination test for hepatitis type B antigen.", "content": "A new latex agglutination test system (ANTIGEX-TM) for the detection of Hepatitis B Antigen (HBAg) is described. It can be used to detect HBAg in either serum or plasma with a sensitivity comparable to that of complement fixation and about four times greater than counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The sensitivity and specificity of the system is illustrated by the test results obtained on the F.D.A. Bureau of Biologics Sera Panel No. 2 and on sera and plasma specimens from normal blood donors in the U.K. and the USA. Further applications of the technique, in the detection of HBAg in finger-prick blood samples, and in the rapid determination of antigen subtype ('ad' or 'ay'), are also described.", "contents": "A latex agglutination test for hepatitis type B antigen. A new latex agglutination test system (ANTIGEX-TM) for the detection of Hepatitis B Antigen (HBAg) is described. It can be used to detect HBAg in either serum or plasma with a sensitivity comparable to that of complement fixation and about four times greater than counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The sensitivity and specificity of the system is illustrated by the test results obtained on the F.D.A. Bureau of Biologics Sera Panel No. 2 and on sera and plasma specimens from normal blood donors in the U.K. and the USA. Further applications of the technique, in the detection of HBAg in finger-prick blood samples, and in the rapid determination of antigen subtype ('ad' or 'ay'), are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:1204976", "title": "Involvement of complement and RA factor in non-specific agglutination of the latex reagent for HAA.", "content": "Heat inactivation of fresh sera reduced significantly the proportion of false-positive reactions when the latex agglutination test for the detection of HAA was used in a series of 454 sera, possibly because heating destroys the C'lq fraction of complement. Non-specific agglutination also occurred if RA factor was present in sera tested, a fact that has been previously reported. This rapid and simple test may be very convenient as a screening procedure, but all positive sera should be tested again by means of a more specific method, as well as for RA factor. Improvement of the reagent may result in the elimination of false-negative results, which were no-observed in this study but have been reported by others.", "contents": "Involvement of complement and RA factor in non-specific agglutination of the latex reagent for HAA. Heat inactivation of fresh sera reduced significantly the proportion of false-positive reactions when the latex agglutination test for the detection of HAA was used in a series of 454 sera, possibly because heating destroys the C'lq fraction of complement. Non-specific agglutination also occurred if RA factor was present in sera tested, a fact that has been previously reported. This rapid and simple test may be very convenient as a screening procedure, but all positive sera should be tested again by means of a more specific method, as well as for RA factor. Improvement of the reagent may result in the elimination of false-negative results, which were no-observed in this study but have been reported by others."}
{"id": "PMID:1204977", "title": "Specific detection of hepatitis B surface antigen utilizing chimpanzee and guinea pig antibodies in a solid-phase radio-immunoassay.", "content": "The test involves a primary incubation of sample in polystyrene tubes coated with avid guinea pig anti-HBs serum followed, after washing, by a secondary incubation with immunopurified I125 chimpanzee anti-HBs. The system was found to be suitable for automation of washing and counting. The Hebria kit eradicated the non-specific positives obtained in those tests employing antibody from only one animal species and had third generation sensitivity (35 positives out of 50 samples) with the U.S. hepatitis B reference panel No. 2. Dilution analysis of both antigen subtypes showed that Hebria was as sensitive as Ausria II. By absorbing monospecific guinea pig antisera prior to coating, the kit showed greater than 10-fold discrimination between the ad and ay antigen subtypes while retaining high sensitivity. The kit could also quantitate and subtype anti-HBs in plasma samples.", "contents": "Specific detection of hepatitis B surface antigen utilizing chimpanzee and guinea pig antibodies in a solid-phase radio-immunoassay. The test involves a primary incubation of sample in polystyrene tubes coated with avid guinea pig anti-HBs serum followed, after washing, by a secondary incubation with immunopurified I125 chimpanzee anti-HBs. The system was found to be suitable for automation of washing and counting. The Hebria kit eradicated the non-specific positives obtained in those tests employing antibody from only one animal species and had third generation sensitivity (35 positives out of 50 samples) with the U.S. hepatitis B reference panel No. 2. Dilution analysis of both antigen subtypes showed that Hebria was as sensitive as Ausria II. By absorbing monospecific guinea pig antisera prior to coating, the kit showed greater than 10-fold discrimination between the ad and ay antigen subtypes while retaining high sensitivity. The kit could also quantitate and subtype anti-HBs in plasma samples."}
{"id": "PMID:1204978", "title": "Standardized detection of hepatitis B surface antigen: determination of its serum concentration in weight units per volume.", "content": "The concentration of HBsAg in serum was determined in arbitrary units by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and in units of optical density by UV-photometry of purified antigen. The HBsAg was purified from serum by gelchromatography and subsequently by isopycnic centrifugation in cesium chloride. The ratio of the immunoelectrophoretically measured concentration to the units of optical density was found to be constant in six different samples with both subtypes - ad and ay - and varying concentration. The concentration of protein in three purified HBsAg samples was determined after acid hydrolysis by automatic aminoacid analysis. The specific extinction was E1 280 mg/ml = 4,5 +/- 0,3. Thus the arbitrary units of immunoelectrophoresis were converted to concentration of HBsAg specific protein, expressed as mug/ml. In 540 Ausria positive serum samples, mainly from the beginning of an acute hepatitis, 10-40 mug/ml was the most frequent range of concentration. About 4% of the sera contained more than 100 mug/ml, about 20% contained between 0,005 and 0,5 mug/ml and were positive only in RIA. 10 mug/ml correlated with titers in complement fixation of 1:32/64, in counterimmunoelectrophoresis of 1:8 and immuno-diffusion of 1:2. The use of standards with a defined concentration of HBsAg would allow a better control of the sensitivity in qualitative tests and of reproducibility in quantitation.", "contents": "Standardized detection of hepatitis B surface antigen: determination of its serum concentration in weight units per volume. The concentration of HBsAg in serum was determined in arbitrary units by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and in units of optical density by UV-photometry of purified antigen. The HBsAg was purified from serum by gelchromatography and subsequently by isopycnic centrifugation in cesium chloride. The ratio of the immunoelectrophoretically measured concentration to the units of optical density was found to be constant in six different samples with both subtypes - ad and ay - and varying concentration. The concentration of protein in three purified HBsAg samples was determined after acid hydrolysis by automatic aminoacid analysis. The specific extinction was E1 280 mg/ml = 4,5 +/- 0,3. Thus the arbitrary units of immunoelectrophoresis were converted to concentration of HBsAg specific protein, expressed as mug/ml. In 540 Ausria positive serum samples, mainly from the beginning of an acute hepatitis, 10-40 mug/ml was the most frequent range of concentration. About 4% of the sera contained more than 100 mug/ml, about 20% contained between 0,005 and 0,5 mug/ml and were positive only in RIA. 10 mug/ml correlated with titers in complement fixation of 1:32/64, in counterimmunoelectrophoresis of 1:8 and immuno-diffusion of 1:2. The use of standards with a defined concentration of HBsAg would allow a better control of the sensitivity in qualitative tests and of reproducibility in quantitation."}
{"id": "PMID:1204979", "title": "Direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay (dSP-RIA) for detection of antibody to hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen.", "content": "Using direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay (dSP-RIA) which was shown to be specific and about 10000 times more sensitive than immunodiffusion and even 10 times more sensitive than the radioimmunoprecipitation test used by us before, anti-HBs was detected in 90% of hepatitis B convalescents who were followed up for a one year observation period and who had eliminated HBs antigen from their sera (60/68). In 13% of these patients (8/60 anti-HBs was only temporarily detectable. In 50% of all patients who developed antibody within a two to twelve months observation period (n = 151), anti-HBs appeared within three to four months after height of disease. In 16.5% of patients with HBs antigen negative hepatitis (32/193) anti-HBs was observed to develop during convalescence indicating a type B infection despite a negative finding for HBs antigen in the acute stage of disease. Using dSP-RIA anti-HBs was found in 5.5% of voluntary blood donors (n = 1036), in 20.2% of hospitalized patients without clinical hepatitis (n = 252), and in 30.6% of hospital staff (n = 304). Anti-HBs increases with age: in 14 year olds we found 0.5%, in 60 year olds, 14%. The fact that at least 70% of the anti-HBs positive normal persons and medical staff groups had no history of hepatitis illustrates the frequency and importance of subclinical hepatitis B infections.", "contents": "Direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay (dSP-RIA) for detection of antibody to hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen. Using direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay (dSP-RIA) which was shown to be specific and about 10000 times more sensitive than immunodiffusion and even 10 times more sensitive than the radioimmunoprecipitation test used by us before, anti-HBs was detected in 90% of hepatitis B convalescents who were followed up for a one year observation period and who had eliminated HBs antigen from their sera (60/68). In 13% of these patients (8/60 anti-HBs was only temporarily detectable. In 50% of all patients who developed antibody within a two to twelve months observation period (n = 151), anti-HBs appeared within three to four months after height of disease. In 16.5% of patients with HBs antigen negative hepatitis (32/193) anti-HBs was observed to develop during convalescence indicating a type B infection despite a negative finding for HBs antigen in the acute stage of disease. Using dSP-RIA anti-HBs was found in 5.5% of voluntary blood donors (n = 1036), in 20.2% of hospitalized patients without clinical hepatitis (n = 252), and in 30.6% of hospital staff (n = 304). Anti-HBs increases with age: in 14 year olds we found 0.5%, in 60 year olds, 14%. The fact that at least 70% of the anti-HBs positive normal persons and medical staff groups had no history of hepatitis illustrates the frequency and importance of subclinical hepatitis B infections."}
{"id": "PMID:1204981", "title": "An assessment of the Pictorial Test of Intelligence for use with young cerebral-palsied children.", "content": "In order to determine the concurrent and predictive validity of the Pictorial Test of Intelligence for use with cerebral-palsied children, this test was administered to 46 cerebral-palsied children aged between four and seven years, together with the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. The results, compared with a classroom Achievement Rating Scale, showed the Pictorial Test of Intelligence to be superior to the other two tests as a predictor of classroom achievement of the children in this study.", "contents": "An assessment of the Pictorial Test of Intelligence for use with young cerebral-palsied children. In order to determine the concurrent and predictive validity of the Pictorial Test of Intelligence for use with cerebral-palsied children, this test was administered to 46 cerebral-palsied children aged between four and seven years, together with the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. The results, compared with a classroom Achievement Rating Scale, showed the Pictorial Test of Intelligence to be superior to the other two tests as a predictor of classroom achievement of the children in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:1204982", "title": "Effect of amphetamines in hyperkinetic children: stimulant of sedative? A pilot study.", "content": "Dextro-amphetamine and laevo-amphetamine were given in single equal doses to six hyperkinetic children. The effects on motor activity and palmar skin admittance (a.c. conductance) were measured. Only the 1-isomer resulted in a significant decrease in motor activity. Both isomers resulted in a significant decrease  in skin admittance, the 1-isomer having the larger effect. These findings offer no support for the hypothesis that hyperkinetic children are under-aroused and benefit from stimulation. They indicate that the beneficial effect of amphetamines is attributable to a sedative action.", "contents": "Effect of amphetamines in hyperkinetic children: stimulant of sedative? A pilot study. Dextro-amphetamine and laevo-amphetamine were given in single equal doses to six hyperkinetic children. The effects on motor activity and palmar skin admittance (a.c. conductance) were measured. Only the 1-isomer resulted in a significant decrease in motor activity. Both isomers resulted in a significant decrease  in skin admittance, the 1-isomer having the larger effect. These findings offer no support for the hypothesis that hyperkinetic children are under-aroused and benefit from stimulation. They indicate that the beneficial effect of amphetamines is attributable to a sedative action."}
{"id": "PMID:1204983", "title": "The hyperkinetic child: a behavioural, electrodermal and EEG investigation.", "content": "Ten hyperkinetic children were compared with a matched group of normal controls on the basis of behavioural measurements, electrodermal recordings and spectral analysis of the EEG. All the behavioural measures (total motor activity, speed of movement, and noisiness) differentiated the two groups in the predicted directions. The groups did not differ significantly in respect of the skin admittance (a.c. conductance) level or the EEG alpha rhythm propagation time. These findings provide no support for the hypothesis that hyperkinetic children are under-aroused. The best differentiation between the groups was provided by the EEG coherence function. The hyperkinetic group showed a significantly higher coherence within the hemisphere than the controls at frequencies up to 8Hz. It is speculated that they may reflect diminised cortical processing of information in the patients by comparison with the controls.", "contents": "The hyperkinetic child: a behavioural, electrodermal and EEG investigation. Ten hyperkinetic children were compared with a matched group of normal controls on the basis of behavioural measurements, electrodermal recordings and spectral analysis of the EEG. All the behavioural measures (total motor activity, speed of movement, and noisiness) differentiated the two groups in the predicted directions. The groups did not differ significantly in respect of the skin admittance (a.c. conductance) level or the EEG alpha rhythm propagation time. These findings provide no support for the hypothesis that hyperkinetic children are under-aroused. The best differentiation between the groups was provided by the EEG coherence function. The hyperkinetic group showed a significantly higher coherence within the hemisphere than the controls at frequencies up to 8Hz. It is speculated that they may reflect diminised cortical processing of information in the patients by comparison with the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1204984", "title": "Treatment of minor motor seizures with clonazepam.", "content": "Fifty-two patients (age-range four months to 17 years) with drug-resistant convulsive disorders were treated for up to four years (average 15 months) with clonazepam, a benzodiazepine derivative. The types of seizures suffered by these patients were atypical petit mal, akinetic, massive infantile spasms, mixed minor motor seizures, myoclonic jerks, psychomotor, classic petit mal and grand mal. Evaluation of seizure control by clonazepam showed that the large majority of patients had improved--complete control of seizures was achieved in 27 per cent, and a greater than 50 per cent control was achieved in 61 per cent of the patients. Ten per cent of the patients showed no change and one patient worsened. Eight patients were successfully managed on clonazepam alone. Lethargy and ataxia were common side-effects but usually they were transient. No serious organic toxicity was noted.", "contents": "Treatment of minor motor seizures with clonazepam. Fifty-two patients (age-range four months to 17 years) with drug-resistant convulsive disorders were treated for up to four years (average 15 months) with clonazepam, a benzodiazepine derivative. The types of seizures suffered by these patients were atypical petit mal, akinetic, massive infantile spasms, mixed minor motor seizures, myoclonic jerks, psychomotor, classic petit mal and grand mal. Evaluation of seizure control by clonazepam showed that the large majority of patients had improved--complete control of seizures was achieved in 27 per cent, and a greater than 50 per cent control was achieved in 61 per cent of the patients. Ten per cent of the patients showed no change and one patient worsened. Eight patients were successfully managed on clonazepam alone. Lethargy and ataxia were common side-effects but usually they were transient. No serious organic toxicity was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1204985", "title": "A longitudinal psychophysiological study of three-year-old Mauritian children: preliminary report.", "content": "The rationale for using the high-risk-group research design in the search for the aetiology of schizophrenia is described. A longitudinal study is being made of three-year-old Mauritian children who underwent a variety of physiological and psychological tests. Groups of these children, selected on the basis of their responses to electrodermal stimulation, are now attending nursery schools established on the island as part of this study. A control group of children do not attend nursery school. It is intended to follow-up these children over the next two decades. Mention is made of the benefits of this research to the development of para-medical and educational services in a developing country.", "contents": "A longitudinal psychophysiological study of three-year-old Mauritian children: preliminary report. The rationale for using the high-risk-group research design in the search for the aetiology of schizophrenia is described. A longitudinal study is being made of three-year-old Mauritian children who underwent a variety of physiological and psychological tests. Groups of these children, selected on the basis of their responses to electrodermal stimulation, are now attending nursery schools established on the island as part of this study. A control group of children do not attend nursery school. It is intended to follow-up these children over the next two decades. Mention is made of the benefits of this research to the development of para-medical and educational services in a developing country."}
{"id": "PMID:1204986", "title": "The development of auditory figure-ground discrimination and ear asymmetry under nonaural stimulus presentation.", "content": "The development of auditory word discrimination ability in normal male children has been investigated. 56 school-children (14 from kindergarten and 14 each from second, fourth and sixth grades) were asked to discriminate 50 single-syllable words presented against four levels of background noise (0, +10, +20, and +30). Age, noise level, and ear were all significantly related to auditory word discrimination scores. The results of the study show that with increasing age there is increased ability to discriminate words in the presence of noise. However, although the older the child the greater his ability to discriminate, a far greater effect than age on discrimination is the signal-to-noise treatment level, a finding which suggests that knowledge of the treatment condition may be a better predictor of auditory discrimination scores than a child's age. An additional finding was a general right-ear superiority in the presence of noise, most consistently found under the 0 signal/noise condition for children in kindergarten and in second and fourth grades.", "contents": "The development of auditory figure-ground discrimination and ear asymmetry under nonaural stimulus presentation. The development of auditory word discrimination ability in normal male children has been investigated. 56 school-children (14 from kindergarten and 14 each from second, fourth and sixth grades) were asked to discriminate 50 single-syllable words presented against four levels of background noise (0, +10, +20, and +30). Age, noise level, and ear were all significantly related to auditory word discrimination scores. The results of the study show that with increasing age there is increased ability to discriminate words in the presence of noise. However, although the older the child the greater his ability to discriminate, a far greater effect than age on discrimination is the signal-to-noise treatment level, a finding which suggests that knowledge of the treatment condition may be a better predictor of auditory discrimination scores than a child's age. An additional finding was a general right-ear superiority in the presence of noise, most consistently found under the 0 signal/noise condition for children in kindergarten and in second and fourth grades."}
{"id": "PMID:1204988", "title": "Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia: report of three cases.", "content": "Three children, two girls and one boy, are described as suffering from a new syndrome, 'cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia'. The characteristic findings are mental retardation, characteristic facies, narrow forehead, bushy eyebrows with synophrys, hypertelorism, broad nose, wide philtrum, triangular-shaped mouth, short neck, marked maxillary hypoplasia, a low hairline (especially posteriorly in the midline on the neck), brachycephaly, calcified clinoid ligements, and multiple bony abnormalities in the upper thoracic vertebrae and sometimes in the cervical region, together with a variety of deformities of the upper ribs. It seems possible that the condition is hereditary and that it may be inherited as a result of an autosomal recessive trait.", "contents": "Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia: report of three cases. Three children, two girls and one boy, are described as suffering from a new syndrome, 'cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia'. The characteristic findings are mental retardation, characteristic facies, narrow forehead, bushy eyebrows with synophrys, hypertelorism, broad nose, wide philtrum, triangular-shaped mouth, short neck, marked maxillary hypoplasia, a low hairline (especially posteriorly in the midline on the neck), brachycephaly, calcified clinoid ligements, and multiple bony abnormalities in the upper thoracic vertebrae and sometimes in the cervical region, together with a variety of deformities of the upper ribs. It seems possible that the condition is hereditary and that it may be inherited as a result of an autosomal recessive trait."}
{"id": "PMID:1205007", "title": "The influences of propranolol on serum gastrin concentration and hydrochloric acid secretion in response to hypoglycemia in normal subjects.", "content": "In ten normal subjects the effect of propranolol on serum gastrin concentration and HC1 secretion during insulin hypoglycemia (0.2 U/kg) was studied. Under the influence of propranolol (50 mug/kg intravenously in 3 min) the gastrin response to insulin was abolished. The insulin-induced HC1 secretion was reduced by propranolol from 38 to 18 mEq/2h (p less than 0.01). These results are compatible with the hypothesis of beta-adrenergic stimulation on serum gastrin concentration and HC1 secretion during insulin hypoglycemia.", "contents": "The influences of propranolol on serum gastrin concentration and hydrochloric acid secretion in response to hypoglycemia in normal subjects. In ten normal subjects the effect of propranolol on serum gastrin concentration and HC1 secretion during insulin hypoglycemia (0.2 U/kg) was studied. Under the influence of propranolol (50 mug/kg intravenously in 3 min) the gastrin response to insulin was abolished. The insulin-induced HC1 secretion was reduced by propranolol from 38 to 18 mEq/2h (p less than 0.01). These results are compatible with the hypothesis of beta-adrenergic stimulation on serum gastrin concentration and HC1 secretion during insulin hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1205008", "title": "Epidemiology of Oesophageal cancer in France. Increasing mortality and persistent correlation with alcoholism.", "content": "Recent data concerning the mortality from oesophageal cancer by r\u00e9gions and d\u00e9partements in France are reported (around 5,000 deaths yearly). It was decided to investigate whether any time trend had become apparent and whether the correlation with alcoholism could still be observed. Numbers of deaths from oesophageal cancer for the years 1961-1963 and 1967-1968, and from cirrhosis and alcoholism for 1967 and 1968 were collected as well as the corresponding population from the census figures of 1962 and 1968. A cohort analysis using the data for 5 reference years from (1951 to 1971) is presented. Among European countries, France has the highest mortality rate from oesophageal cancer in males (13.65/100,000) and very high sex ratio (12.88). The rates are particularly high in western areas, especially Basse-Normandie. Over the 20-year period from 1951 to 1971, a progress of 32.7% was observed in males. The increase in mortality in males is greatest in the youngest age groups. In 1967-1968, there is a strong correlation between oesophageal cancer mortality and mortality from cirrhosis and alcoholism, the latter being more significant.", "contents": "Epidemiology of Oesophageal cancer in France. Increasing mortality and persistent correlation with alcoholism. Recent data concerning the mortality from oesophageal cancer by r\u00e9gions and d\u00e9partements in France are reported (around 5,000 deaths yearly). It was decided to investigate whether any time trend had become apparent and whether the correlation with alcoholism could still be observed. Numbers of deaths from oesophageal cancer for the years 1961-1963 and 1967-1968, and from cirrhosis and alcoholism for 1967 and 1968 were collected as well as the corresponding population from the census figures of 1962 and 1968. A cohort analysis using the data for 5 reference years from (1951 to 1971) is presented. Among European countries, France has the highest mortality rate from oesophageal cancer in males (13.65/100,000) and very high sex ratio (12.88). The rates are particularly high in western areas, especially Basse-Normandie. Over the 20-year period from 1951 to 1971, a progress of 32.7% was observed in males. The increase in mortality in males is greatest in the youngest age groups. In 1967-1968, there is a strong correlation between oesophageal cancer mortality and mortality from cirrhosis and alcoholism, the latter being more significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1205009", "title": "The colon: Absorptive, seccretory and metabolic functions.", "content": "The role which the human colon fulfils in digestion and metabolism remains largely undocumented. Its capacity to conserve water and electrolytes is well known although how this is controlled is uncertain. In the animal kingdom, calcium and magnesium absorption from the colon are improtant as are absorption and synthesis of vitamins. The abundant microflora of the human colon gives it unique properties. Dietary residue is metabolised forming short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane; whilst 20% of urea synthesised in man is broken down in the colon to ammonia, which is reabsorbed, and carbonic acid. The microflora also degrades a wide variety of organic compounds including food additives, drugs, bile salts, and cholesterol which may be relevant to the development of colon cancer. Regional differences in colonic function also exist making interpretation of data from this relatively inaccessible organ more difficult.", "contents": "The colon: Absorptive, seccretory and metabolic functions. The role which the human colon fulfils in digestion and metabolism remains largely undocumented. Its capacity to conserve water and electrolytes is well known although how this is controlled is uncertain. In the animal kingdom, calcium and magnesium absorption from the colon are improtant as are absorption and synthesis of vitamins. The abundant microflora of the human colon gives it unique properties. Dietary residue is metabolised forming short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane; whilst 20% of urea synthesised in man is broken down in the colon to ammonia, which is reabsorbed, and carbonic acid. The microflora also degrades a wide variety of organic compounds including food additives, drugs, bile salts, and cholesterol which may be relevant to the development of colon cancer. Regional differences in colonic function also exist making interpretation of data from this relatively inaccessible organ more difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:1205010", "title": "The motor-stimulating effect of natural motilin on the lower esophageal sphincter fundus, antrum and duodenum in dogs.", "content": "Natural motilin was investigated for its effect on gastrointestinal motor activity in anesthetized dogs. In doses starting from 10 ng/kg as single injection and 100 ng/kg-h as intravenous infusion, motilin induced phasic pressure changes in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and in the lumen of the fundus, antrum, and duodenum. Tachyphylaxis was seen in 6 out of 10 dogs. Motilin had no effect on isolated muscle strip preparations of the LES, fundus, antrum, and duodenum in this species.", "contents": "The motor-stimulating effect of natural motilin on the lower esophageal sphincter fundus, antrum and duodenum in dogs. Natural motilin was investigated for its effect on gastrointestinal motor activity in anesthetized dogs. In doses starting from 10 ng/kg as single injection and 100 ng/kg-h as intravenous infusion, motilin induced phasic pressure changes in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and in the lumen of the fundus, antrum, and duodenum. Tachyphylaxis was seen in 6 out of 10 dogs. Motilin had no effect on isolated muscle strip preparations of the LES, fundus, antrum, and duodenum in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:1205011", "title": "Interactions between vagus nerve stimulation and pentagastrin or secretin on the guinea pig gallbladder.", "content": "In guinea pigs, anaesthetised with urethane, stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the cervical vagus activates cholinergic excitatory and non-adrenergic inhibitory fibres to the gallbladder. Central vagal stimulation reflexly contracts the gallbladder by an efferent pathway in the vagus and also activates an adrenergic, non-vagal inhibitory pathway to the gallbladder. Injections of pentagastrin (12-33 mug kg-1 s.c.) or secretin (0.1-0.2 U kg-1 i.a.), doses which produce no effect on gallbladder tone when administered alone, significantly increase the contractions evoked by vagal stimulation.", "contents": "Interactions between vagus nerve stimulation and pentagastrin or secretin on the guinea pig gallbladder. In guinea pigs, anaesthetised with urethane, stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the cervical vagus activates cholinergic excitatory and non-adrenergic inhibitory fibres to the gallbladder. Central vagal stimulation reflexly contracts the gallbladder by an efferent pathway in the vagus and also activates an adrenergic, non-vagal inhibitory pathway to the gallbladder. Injections of pentagastrin (12-33 mug kg-1 s.c.) or secretin (0.1-0.2 U kg-1 i.a.), doses which produce no effect on gallbladder tone when administered alone, significantly increase the contractions evoked by vagal stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1205012", "title": "Experimental lymphatic obstruction and fat absorption in the rabbit.", "content": "Using a previously published procedure of experimental abdominal lymphatic duct obstruction, we were unable to confirm increased faecal fat excretion after the operation. Nevertheless, the completeness of the obstruction and the huge dilatation of the lymph ducts of the villi have been verified. A spontaneous seasonal variation of faecal fat excretion has been observed in the rabbit with a maximum in October and November.", "contents": "Experimental lymphatic obstruction and fat absorption in the rabbit. Using a previously published procedure of experimental abdominal lymphatic duct obstruction, we were unable to confirm increased faecal fat excretion after the operation. Nevertheless, the completeness of the obstruction and the huge dilatation of the lymph ducts of the villi have been verified. A spontaneous seasonal variation of faecal fat excretion has been observed in the rabbit with a maximum in October and November."}
{"id": "PMID:1205013", "title": "Synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen during and after acute hepatitis.", "content": "Synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen were determined in six patients with acute virus hepatitis and in nine control patients using the 14C carbonate method of McFarlane. Five patients were restudied several weeks after complete recovery. The following results were obtained. (1) The mean albumin and fibrinogen synthesis rates in the control group were 238.8 and 23.5 mg/kg/day, respectively. (2) In two patients with mild courses of hepatitis and in one patient studied during the early phase of a rapid and fatal course the albumin synthesis rate during the acute disease did not differ from controls whereas fibrinogen synthesis rate was slightly increased. (3) Three patients with severe hepatitis showed a definite decrease in albumin and fibrinogen synthesis rates, the lowest value being 76 mg/kg/day for albumin and 6.3 mg/kg/day for fibrinogen. (4) The decrease in plasma protein synthesis correlated neither with serum transaminase or bilirubin levels nor with plasma albumin or fibrinogen concentrations during the acute phase. (5) The two patients with the lowest albumin and fibrinogen synthesis rates also showed a definite decrease of the prothrombin index during the acute phase. Both patients presented very prolonged courses of the disease. (6) In all patients studied twice, plasma protein synthesis rates were normal after recovery.", "contents": "Synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen during and after acute hepatitis. Synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen were determined in six patients with acute virus hepatitis and in nine control patients using the 14C carbonate method of McFarlane. Five patients were restudied several weeks after complete recovery. The following results were obtained. (1) The mean albumin and fibrinogen synthesis rates in the control group were 238.8 and 23.5 mg/kg/day, respectively. (2) In two patients with mild courses of hepatitis and in one patient studied during the early phase of a rapid and fatal course the albumin synthesis rate during the acute disease did not differ from controls whereas fibrinogen synthesis rate was slightly increased. (3) Three patients with severe hepatitis showed a definite decrease in albumin and fibrinogen synthesis rates, the lowest value being 76 mg/kg/day for albumin and 6.3 mg/kg/day for fibrinogen. (4) The decrease in plasma protein synthesis correlated neither with serum transaminase or bilirubin levels nor with plasma albumin or fibrinogen concentrations during the acute phase. (5) The two patients with the lowest albumin and fibrinogen synthesis rates also showed a definite decrease of the prothrombin index during the acute phase. Both patients presented very prolonged courses of the disease. (6) In all patients studied twice, plasma protein synthesis rates were normal after recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:1205014", "title": "Biliary excretion of conjugated sulfobromophthalein (BSP) in constitutional conjugated hyperbilirubinemias.", "content": "Sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and its three major forms of conjugates were determined in bile or duodenal aspitate, plasma and urine following intravenous administration of free BSP and synthetic BSP-glutathione (BSP-GSH) in five patients with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome and two patients with the Rotor syndrome, using alumina column chromatography. It was found that in Dubin-Johnson patients the biliary excretion of conjugated BSP was selectively impaired, conjugated BSP increased in plasma replacing free BSP after 30 min, and plasma retention of BSP-GSH was greater than that of free BSP when administered intravenously. In contrast, biliary excretion of BSP and its conjugates was not impaired and regurgitation of conjugated BSP into plasma was minimal in the Rotor syndrome. Thus, these two constitutional hyperbilirubinemias can be separated by their basic defects in BSP metabolism.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of conjugated sulfobromophthalein (BSP) in constitutional conjugated hyperbilirubinemias. Sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and its three major forms of conjugates were determined in bile or duodenal aspitate, plasma and urine following intravenous administration of free BSP and synthetic BSP-glutathione (BSP-GSH) in five patients with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome and two patients with the Rotor syndrome, using alumina column chromatography. It was found that in Dubin-Johnson patients the biliary excretion of conjugated BSP was selectively impaired, conjugated BSP increased in plasma replacing free BSP after 30 min, and plasma retention of BSP-GSH was greater than that of free BSP when administered intravenously. In contrast, biliary excretion of BSP and its conjugates was not impaired and regurgitation of conjugated BSP into plasma was minimal in the Rotor syndrome. Thus, these two constitutional hyperbilirubinemias can be separated by their basic defects in BSP metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1205015", "title": "Muscle cell electrolytes in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "The intracellular electrolyte concentrations in skeletal muscle from 15 patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease were examined. In patients with diarrhea not receiving potassium, muscle cell potassium and magnesium were low and sodium insignificantly elevated. By contrast, largely normal muscle cell electrolyte concentrations were found in patients receiving potassium or having a normal intestinal function. Supported by the existence of normal muscle cell electrolytes in a control group of patients receiving prednisone for extraintestinal diseases it was stated that glucocorticoid treatment does not affect the muscle cell electrolytes unless such treatment is effective in controlling the intestinal function. Potassium - and possibly magnesium - supplementations are recommended in cases with diarrhea.", "contents": "Muscle cell electrolytes in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The intracellular electrolyte concentrations in skeletal muscle from 15 patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease were examined. In patients with diarrhea not receiving potassium, muscle cell potassium and magnesium were low and sodium insignificantly elevated. By contrast, largely normal muscle cell electrolyte concentrations were found in patients receiving potassium or having a normal intestinal function. Supported by the existence of normal muscle cell electrolytes in a control group of patients receiving prednisone for extraintestinal diseases it was stated that glucocorticoid treatment does not affect the muscle cell electrolytes unless such treatment is effective in controlling the intestinal function. Potassium - and possibly magnesium - supplementations are recommended in cases with diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:1205016", "title": "Postmortem study of the prevalence of gallstones in Athens.", "content": "The prevalence of gallstones in Athens in 1973 was studied in an autopsy survey that covered 1,448 subjects of all ages and both sexes. Gallstones were found in 5.2% of all subjects and in 6.2% of subjects older than 40 years. The prevalence was higher in females and considerably higher in persons who died from cirrhosis of the liver or from ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Postmortem study of the prevalence of gallstones in Athens. The prevalence of gallstones in Athens in 1973 was studied in an autopsy survey that covered 1,448 subjects of all ages and both sexes. Gallstones were found in 5.2% of all subjects and in 6.2% of subjects older than 40 years. The prevalence was higher in females and considerably higher in persons who died from cirrhosis of the liver or from ischaemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1205017", "title": "Viscosity and osmolality of abnormal biles.", "content": "The mean osmolality of bile from the common bile duct is similar to that of bile obtained from the gallbladder of patients with non-functioning gallbladders, and both means are significantly lower than the mean of bile in functioning gallbladders. The mean viscosity of bile from both functioning and non-functioning gallbladders is on average considerably greater than that from the common bile duct, and the mean viscosity of bile from non-functioning gallbladders is greater than that from functioning ones. The presence of much mucus in gallbladders containing stones is likely to account for these differences in viscosity. The composition of the gallstones does not appear to have any influence on these observations, but the number of patients in each group is too small for the differences to be significant.", "contents": "Viscosity and osmolality of abnormal biles. The mean osmolality of bile from the common bile duct is similar to that of bile obtained from the gallbladder of patients with non-functioning gallbladders, and both means are significantly lower than the mean of bile in functioning gallbladders. The mean viscosity of bile from both functioning and non-functioning gallbladders is on average considerably greater than that from the common bile duct, and the mean viscosity of bile from non-functioning gallbladders is greater than that from functioning ones. The presence of much mucus in gallbladders containing stones is likely to account for these differences in viscosity. The composition of the gallstones does not appear to have any influence on these observations, but the number of patients in each group is too small for the differences to be significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1205018", "title": "Gastric secretion in rats after infusion of stimulants into the abdominal vena cava and aorta.", "content": "Pentagastrin or histamine were infused for 24 h by way of the abdominal vena cava or aorta into conscious rats bearing permanent gastric and vascular cannulas. The locus of infusion did not significantly affect the output and concentration of acid and pepsin, or the volume of gastric secretion.", "contents": "Gastric secretion in rats after infusion of stimulants into the abdominal vena cava and aorta. Pentagastrin or histamine were infused for 24 h by way of the abdominal vena cava or aorta into conscious rats bearing permanent gastric and vascular cannulas. The locus of infusion did not significantly affect the output and concentration of acid and pepsin, or the volume of gastric secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1205019", "title": "Small and large vessel disease in the development of foot lesions in diabetics.", "content": "This paper describes studies undertaken to determine the role of vascular disease in the development of foot lesions in diabetics, particularly those with neuropathy. The ratios of ankle/arm and toe/ankle blood pressure were used as indices of large and small vessel disease respectively. Diabetic patients with lesions had evidence of more large and small vessel disease than patients without lesions. Patients with neuropathic lesions had evidence of more small vessel disease than patients without lesions.", "contents": "Small and large vessel disease in the development of foot lesions in diabetics. This paper describes studies undertaken to determine the role of vascular disease in the development of foot lesions in diabetics, particularly those with neuropathy. The ratios of ankle/arm and toe/ankle blood pressure were used as indices of large and small vessel disease respectively. Diabetic patients with lesions had evidence of more large and small vessel disease than patients without lesions. Patients with neuropathic lesions had evidence of more small vessel disease than patients without lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1205020", "title": "Glucocorticoids and the fate of exogenous insulin in insulin-immunized guinea pigs.", "content": "Groups of normal rats and of normal and insulin-immunized guinea pigs were injected intravasculary with mixtures of radio-iodinated and unlabelled porcine insulins. No differences could be discerned between the fates of radio-iodinated and unlabelled insulins in normal or immune guinea pigs except with respect to the kidneys of normal animals, which seemed to accumlate TCA-precipitable radioactive substances devoid of immunoreactivity. The abnormally slow disappearance of insulin from the plasma and its persistent accumulation in the livers and spleens of immune guinea pigs were not affected by prior treatment for three days with large daily doses (ca 20 mg/kg body wt.) of hydrocortisone acetate.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids and the fate of exogenous insulin in insulin-immunized guinea pigs. Groups of normal rats and of normal and insulin-immunized guinea pigs were injected intravasculary with mixtures of radio-iodinated and unlabelled porcine insulins. No differences could be discerned between the fates of radio-iodinated and unlabelled insulins in normal or immune guinea pigs except with respect to the kidneys of normal animals, which seemed to accumlate TCA-precipitable radioactive substances devoid of immunoreactivity. The abnormally slow disappearance of insulin from the plasma and its persistent accumulation in the livers and spleens of immune guinea pigs were not affected by prior treatment for three days with large daily doses (ca 20 mg/kg body wt.) of hydrocortisone acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:1205021", "title": "The effects of glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, glyceraldehyde and other sugars on insulin release in vivo.", "content": "The specificity for carbohydrates of insulin secretory responses in vivo was studies. Test sugars were injected via a left femoral vein cannula into conscious rats. Blood samples collected over the ensuing 60 min via a left femoral arterial cannula were assayed for plasma insulin and glucose, and, in some experiments, for N-acetyl glucosamine. Whereas L-glucose or saline produced no significant changes in plasma insulin or glucose concentrations, D-glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, D-glucosamine, fructose, D-glyceraldehyde and DL-glyceraldehyde were potent secretagogues. Simultaneous injection of mannoheptulose abolished the insulinortopic action of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine, but not of DL-glyceraldehyde. Fructose, glucosamine, and DL-glyceraldehyde induced hyperglycaemia, but peak insulin concentraions occurred before any change in plasma glucose concentration. No evidence was obtained for a stimulatory effect of galactose on insulin release. Infusion for 60 min of N-acetyglucosamine produced a sustained elevated plasma insulin concentration and significant hypoglycaemia. The present in vivo results agree with previous in vitro observations and could indicate a role for sugars other than glucose in the regulation of insulin release.", "contents": "The effects of glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, glyceraldehyde and other sugars on insulin release in vivo. The specificity for carbohydrates of insulin secretory responses in vivo was studies. Test sugars were injected via a left femoral vein cannula into conscious rats. Blood samples collected over the ensuing 60 min via a left femoral arterial cannula were assayed for plasma insulin and glucose, and, in some experiments, for N-acetyl glucosamine. Whereas L-glucose or saline produced no significant changes in plasma insulin or glucose concentrations, D-glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, D-glucosamine, fructose, D-glyceraldehyde and DL-glyceraldehyde were potent secretagogues. Simultaneous injection of mannoheptulose abolished the insulinortopic action of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine, but not of DL-glyceraldehyde. Fructose, glucosamine, and DL-glyceraldehyde induced hyperglycaemia, but peak insulin concentraions occurred before any change in plasma glucose concentration. No evidence was obtained for a stimulatory effect of galactose on insulin release. Infusion for 60 min of N-acetyglucosamine produced a sustained elevated plasma insulin concentration and significant hypoglycaemia. The present in vivo results agree with previous in vitro observations and could indicate a role for sugars other than glucose in the regulation of insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:1205022", "title": "Glucagon and insulin from lean rats and genetically obese fatty rats: studies by radioimmunoassay, radioreceptorassay and bioassay.", "content": "Insulin, proinsulin and glucagon extracted from lean rat pancreases were studied in radioimmunoassay, radioreceptorassay and bioassay systems. Extracted insulin behaved identically to a rat insulin used as a reference standard in radioimmunoassay. On the basis of its immunoreactivity, extracted insulin was slightly less potent (about 70%) than the rat standard insulin in competing with the binding of 125I-insulin to rat liver membranes (radioreceptorassay) and in stimulating glucose oxidation by rat fat cells (bioassay). Extracted glucagon and a pork glucagon used as a reference standard were indistinguishable in two radioimmunoassay systems for glucagon, in competing with the binding of 125I-glucagon to rat liver membranes (radioreceptorassay) and in stimulating adenylate cyclase in rat liver membranes (bioassay). Genetically obese rats (Zucker, \"fatty\") were compared to their lean littermates with respect to insulin, proinsulin and glucagon extracted from their pancreases. Proinsulin represented the same proportion of total immunoreactive insulin in both types of rats. In the radioimmunoassays, the radioreceptorassays and the bioassays, insulin, proinsulin and glucagon from obese rats were indistinguishable from insulin, proinsulin and glucagon from lean rats. It is concluded that the pancreatic hormones of obese (\"fatty\") rats possess the same immunoreactivity and biological potency as those of nonobese rats. This excludes the possibility that some alteration in the biological properties of pancreas insulin and/or glucagon of fatty rats could explain the metabolic abnormalities observed in this type of obesity.", "contents": "Glucagon and insulin from lean rats and genetically obese fatty rats: studies by radioimmunoassay, radioreceptorassay and bioassay. Insulin, proinsulin and glucagon extracted from lean rat pancreases were studied in radioimmunoassay, radioreceptorassay and bioassay systems. Extracted insulin behaved identically to a rat insulin used as a reference standard in radioimmunoassay. On the basis of its immunoreactivity, extracted insulin was slightly less potent (about 70%) than the rat standard insulin in competing with the binding of 125I-insulin to rat liver membranes (radioreceptorassay) and in stimulating glucose oxidation by rat fat cells (bioassay). Extracted glucagon and a pork glucagon used as a reference standard were indistinguishable in two radioimmunoassay systems for glucagon, in competing with the binding of 125I-glucagon to rat liver membranes (radioreceptorassay) and in stimulating adenylate cyclase in rat liver membranes (bioassay). Genetically obese rats (Zucker, \"fatty\") were compared to their lean littermates with respect to insulin, proinsulin and glucagon extracted from their pancreases. Proinsulin represented the same proportion of total immunoreactive insulin in both types of rats. In the radioimmunoassays, the radioreceptorassays and the bioassays, insulin, proinsulin and glucagon from obese rats were indistinguishable from insulin, proinsulin and glucagon from lean rats. It is concluded that the pancreatic hormones of obese (\"fatty\") rats possess the same immunoreactivity and biological potency as those of nonobese rats. This excludes the possibility that some alteration in the biological properties of pancreas insulin and/or glucagon of fatty rats could explain the metabolic abnormalities observed in this type of obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:1205023", "title": "Plasma glucagon levels in normal women during pregnancy.", "content": "Increased plasma pancreatic glucagon concentrations have been reported during various states of decreased glucose tolerance. In vitro studies have demonstrated that human somatomammotropin stimulates glucagon release. The present investigation aimed at evaluating the role of plasma flucagon in the insulin resistance associated with normal pregnancy. Postprandial samples of plasma were obtained from 156 pregnant women between the 5th and the 40th week of pregnancy and were assayed for blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon and free fatty acids. Plasma insulin showed a gradual increase during pregnancy, and reached its maximal values during the last trimester. A moderate but significant increase in plasma glucagon was present between the 16th and the 28th week of gestation, whereas during the first and the last trimester of pregnancy its concentration was similar to that in non pregnant women. Intravenous glucose tolerance was performed during the last trimester and in a group of non pregnant control women. The slight decrease in glucose tolerance and the marked hyperinsulinemia associated with late pregnancy were accompanied by a more rapid and more pronounced decrease in plasma glucagon. A rapid and sustained decrease in glucagon was also observed when plasma FFA were raised by the intravenous administration of a triglyceride emulsion and heparin. These data suggest that glucagon is not involved in the insulin resistance associated with normal human pregnancy.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon levels in normal women during pregnancy. Increased plasma pancreatic glucagon concentrations have been reported during various states of decreased glucose tolerance. In vitro studies have demonstrated that human somatomammotropin stimulates glucagon release. The present investigation aimed at evaluating the role of plasma flucagon in the insulin resistance associated with normal pregnancy. Postprandial samples of plasma were obtained from 156 pregnant women between the 5th and the 40th week of pregnancy and were assayed for blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon and free fatty acids. Plasma insulin showed a gradual increase during pregnancy, and reached its maximal values during the last trimester. A moderate but significant increase in plasma glucagon was present between the 16th and the 28th week of gestation, whereas during the first and the last trimester of pregnancy its concentration was similar to that in non pregnant women. Intravenous glucose tolerance was performed during the last trimester and in a group of non pregnant control women. The slight decrease in glucose tolerance and the marked hyperinsulinemia associated with late pregnancy were accompanied by a more rapid and more pronounced decrease in plasma glucagon. A rapid and sustained decrease in glucagon was also observed when plasma FFA were raised by the intravenous administration of a triglyceride emulsion and heparin. These data suggest that glucagon is not involved in the insulin resistance associated with normal human pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1205024", "title": "The contribution of endogenous insulin secretion to the ketogenic response to glucagon in man.", "content": "The magnitude and direction of the lipolytic and ketogenic responses following exogenous glucagon administration is controversial and consideration of the possible role of endogenous insulin secretion upon these events has not been clarified. The present study examines the role of endogenous insulin secretion in modulating the net lipolytic and ketogenic activity of glucagon. Three groups characterized by different levels of endogenous insulin secretory capacity were studied. In all three groups, the responses in plasma insulin, betahydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acids were observed following bolus administration of 1.0 mug/kg glucagon. In the obese subjects with increased endogenous insulin secretion, glucagon administration resulted in a decline below basal levels of both free fatty acid and betahydroxybutyrate. In the diabetic subjects with no demonstrable endogenous insulin secretion, glucagon administration was followed by a rise in plasma free fatty acids and an exaggerated rise in plasma betahydroxybutyrate. The normal control group exhibited a response in betahydroxybutyrate midway between the obese and diabetic groups. These obwervations support the thesis that the magnitude of endogenous insulin secretion modulates the lipolytic and ketogenic actions of glucagon in man.", "contents": "The contribution of endogenous insulin secretion to the ketogenic response to glucagon in man. The magnitude and direction of the lipolytic and ketogenic responses following exogenous glucagon administration is controversial and consideration of the possible role of endogenous insulin secretion upon these events has not been clarified. The present study examines the role of endogenous insulin secretion in modulating the net lipolytic and ketogenic activity of glucagon. Three groups characterized by different levels of endogenous insulin secretory capacity were studied. In all three groups, the responses in plasma insulin, betahydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acids were observed following bolus administration of 1.0 mug/kg glucagon. In the obese subjects with increased endogenous insulin secretion, glucagon administration resulted in a decline below basal levels of both free fatty acid and betahydroxybutyrate. In the diabetic subjects with no demonstrable endogenous insulin secretion, glucagon administration was followed by a rise in plasma free fatty acids and an exaggerated rise in plasma betahydroxybutyrate. The normal control group exhibited a response in betahydroxybutyrate midway between the obese and diabetic groups. These obwervations support the thesis that the magnitude of endogenous insulin secretion modulates the lipolytic and ketogenic actions of glucagon in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1205025", "title": "Metabolic studies in familial partial lipodystrophy of the lower trunk and extremities.", "content": "A familial syndrome of partial lipodystrophy inherited as a dominant trait is reported. Subcutaneous fat loss was confined to the extremities and trunk. Diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hepatomegaly and renal disease were very prevalent in this family. Metabolic studies were performed on 3 members. In vivo tests suggested that the remaining fat tissue responded normally to stimulators and inhibitors of lipolysis. In vitro incubation of the dystrophic fat tissue of one patient suggested that the intracellular pathways of lipid and glucose metabolism were normal. The pattern of subcutaneous loss of adipose tissue observed in this family may be due to sympathetic nervous system overactivity of certain non-contiguous dermatomes.", "contents": "Metabolic studies in familial partial lipodystrophy of the lower trunk and extremities. A familial syndrome of partial lipodystrophy inherited as a dominant trait is reported. Subcutaneous fat loss was confined to the extremities and trunk. Diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hepatomegaly and renal disease were very prevalent in this family. Metabolic studies were performed on 3 members. In vivo tests suggested that the remaining fat tissue responded normally to stimulators and inhibitors of lipolysis. In vitro incubation of the dystrophic fat tissue of one patient suggested that the intracellular pathways of lipid and glucose metabolism were normal. The pattern of subcutaneous loss of adipose tissue observed in this family may be due to sympathetic nervous system overactivity of certain non-contiguous dermatomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1205026", "title": "Variation in polyol levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in diabetic patients.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or CSF and plasma levels of sorbitol, 1,5-anhydroglucitol and myoinositol of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with normal kidney function and of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with impaired kidney function were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The CSF sorbitol level correlated with the plasma glucose level (p less than or equal to 0.05) in diabetic patients with normal kidney function, having received insulin for less than 12 months. The correlation between CSF sorbitol and plasma glucose levels in patients not dependent on insulin was not significant. Sorbitol was not detected in the plasma. The highest sorbitol levels in CSF were seen in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with impaired kidney function. No rise was seen in non-diabetic uremia. 1,5-anhydroglucitol, normally present in plasma, was absent from CSF and plasma in diabetic patients receiving insulin. In non-diabetic uremic patients, 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels in CSF and plasma were lower than in healthy subjects, but htere was no correlation with plasma glucose levels. The myoinositol level was higher in CSF than in the plasma of both non-diabetic and diabetic patients with normal kidney function. Both plasma and CSF levels were significantly (p less than 0.001) elevated in diabetic as well as in non-diabetic uremic patients, the plasma myoinositol increasing relatively more than the CSF levels. The elevation of plasma myoinositol correlated with the elevation of plasma creatinine and thus also with the impairment of kidney function. Plasma and CSF myoinositol levels were not influenced by the plasma glucose level.", "contents": "Variation in polyol levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in diabetic patients. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or CSF and plasma levels of sorbitol, 1,5-anhydroglucitol and myoinositol of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with normal kidney function and of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with impaired kidney function were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The CSF sorbitol level correlated with the plasma glucose level (p less than or equal to 0.05) in diabetic patients with normal kidney function, having received insulin for less than 12 months. The correlation between CSF sorbitol and plasma glucose levels in patients not dependent on insulin was not significant. Sorbitol was not detected in the plasma. The highest sorbitol levels in CSF were seen in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with impaired kidney function. No rise was seen in non-diabetic uremia. 1,5-anhydroglucitol, normally present in plasma, was absent from CSF and plasma in diabetic patients receiving insulin. In non-diabetic uremic patients, 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels in CSF and plasma were lower than in healthy subjects, but htere was no correlation with plasma glucose levels. The myoinositol level was higher in CSF than in the plasma of both non-diabetic and diabetic patients with normal kidney function. Both plasma and CSF levels were significantly (p less than 0.001) elevated in diabetic as well as in non-diabetic uremic patients, the plasma myoinositol increasing relatively more than the CSF levels. The elevation of plasma myoinositol correlated with the elevation of plasma creatinine and thus also with the impairment of kidney function. Plasma and CSF myoinositol levels were not influenced by the plasma glucose level."}
{"id": "PMID:1205027", "title": "Stability of the 4th International Standard for Insulin.", "content": "The stability of the (W.H.O.) 4th International Standard for Insulin, has been assessed by accelerated thermal degradation studies. This is a crystalline preparation of insulin, freed from proteolytic enzymes, sealed in ampoules containing air and with a moisture content of 5--6%. Of the original biological activity 95.8 (92.8--98.9;P = 0.95)% was retained after storage for 12 years in the dark at 20 degrees C and 65.7 (63.4--68.1;P = 0.95)% after 14 years at 37 degrees C. Degradation rate constants were calculated from these data for the Standard at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C, assuming first order kinetics. The degradation constant at 37 degrees C did not differ significantly from those found in earlier degradation studies at 37 degrees C over shorter periods, thereby supporting the assumption that the degradation of crystalline insulin, at least at 37 degrees C, is a first order reaction. Extrapolation of these data suggest that the Standard stored at -20 degrees C for 20 years would have retained at least 99.93% (P = 0.95) of its original activity and so for practical purposes can be considered to be stable.", "contents": "Stability of the 4th International Standard for Insulin. The stability of the (W.H.O.) 4th International Standard for Insulin, has been assessed by accelerated thermal degradation studies. This is a crystalline preparation of insulin, freed from proteolytic enzymes, sealed in ampoules containing air and with a moisture content of 5--6%. Of the original biological activity 95.8 (92.8--98.9;P = 0.95)% was retained after storage for 12 years in the dark at 20 degrees C and 65.7 (63.4--68.1;P = 0.95)% after 14 years at 37 degrees C. Degradation rate constants were calculated from these data for the Standard at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C, assuming first order kinetics. The degradation constant at 37 degrees C did not differ significantly from those found in earlier degradation studies at 37 degrees C over shorter periods, thereby supporting the assumption that the degradation of crystalline insulin, at least at 37 degrees C, is a first order reaction. Extrapolation of these data suggest that the Standard stored at -20 degrees C for 20 years would have retained at least 99.93% (P = 0.95) of its original activity and so for practical purposes can be considered to be stable."}
{"id": "PMID:1205028", "title": "Transfilter studies on neural induction in the newt.", "content": "In order to study the transmission mechanism of neuralising signals during primary embryonic induction, the interacting components (competent newt gastrula ectoderm and dorsal lip tissues) were separated by filter membranes of varying pore size. Nuclepore filters with nominal pore size from 0.1 to 8 mum were employed and the neuralising effect was shown to traverse all of these membranes. Electron microscopic examination did not reveal any cytoplasmic processes in the pores and the authors conclude that the morphogenetic signals are carried by transmissable compounds rather than through direct cytoplasmic contacts.", "contents": "Transfilter studies on neural induction in the newt. In order to study the transmission mechanism of neuralising signals during primary embryonic induction, the interacting components (competent newt gastrula ectoderm and dorsal lip tissues) were separated by filter membranes of varying pore size. Nuclepore filters with nominal pore size from 0.1 to 8 mum were employed and the neuralising effect was shown to traverse all of these membranes. Electron microscopic examination did not reveal any cytoplasmic processes in the pores and the authors conclude that the morphogenetic signals are carried by transmissable compounds rather than through direct cytoplasmic contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:1205029", "title": "Transfer and localisation of maternal serum antigens by mouse preimplantation embryos and oviductal epithelium.", "content": "Two hours after systemic injection of bovine plasma albumin (BPA) into pregnant mice, albumin-like antigen was detected by indirect immunohistological methods within the cytoplasm of oviductal and preimplantation uterine embryos whether ovulation was spontaneous or induced by hormone injection. Although fluorescence, localising antigen similar to or identical with the systemically injected foreign protein, was present in embryos in all oviductal regions and at all cleavage stages, the intraembryonic location of the transferred serum molecules differed from embryo stage. Most ootids and two-celled blastomeres contained large intracytoplasmic areas of intense fluorescence randomly associated with non-fluorescent or dimly fluorescent areas in the same cell. By four- and eight-celled stages, albumin-like antigen was localised at the periphery of blastomeres; less was found deep within embryos. By morula and blastocyst stages, blastomeres differed from each other in fluorescence intensity although intracellular fluorescence was homogeneous. Transferred BPA antigen, present in both pronuclei, probably was absent from blastomere nuclei. Ootid zonae pellucidae contained BPA antigen but none was detected in zonae surrounding cleaving embryos. Little foreign albumin was detected in oviductal epithelium. It is concluded that morphological, as well as biochemical, differentiation occurs during mammalian cleavage and it is suggested that maternal macromolecular contributions to mammalian preimplantation embryos may be necessary for normal development in vivo.", "contents": "Transfer and localisation of maternal serum antigens by mouse preimplantation embryos and oviductal epithelium. Two hours after systemic injection of bovine plasma albumin (BPA) into pregnant mice, albumin-like antigen was detected by indirect immunohistological methods within the cytoplasm of oviductal and preimplantation uterine embryos whether ovulation was spontaneous or induced by hormone injection. Although fluorescence, localising antigen similar to or identical with the systemically injected foreign protein, was present in embryos in all oviductal regions and at all cleavage stages, the intraembryonic location of the transferred serum molecules differed from embryo stage. Most ootids and two-celled blastomeres contained large intracytoplasmic areas of intense fluorescence randomly associated with non-fluorescent or dimly fluorescent areas in the same cell. By four- and eight-celled stages, albumin-like antigen was localised at the periphery of blastomeres; less was found deep within embryos. By morula and blastocyst stages, blastomeres differed from each other in fluorescence intensity although intracellular fluorescence was homogeneous. Transferred BPA antigen, present in both pronuclei, probably was absent from blastomere nuclei. Ootid zonae pellucidae contained BPA antigen but none was detected in zonae surrounding cleaving embryos. Little foreign albumin was detected in oviductal epithelium. It is concluded that morphological, as well as biochemical, differentiation occurs during mammalian cleavage and it is suggested that maternal macromolecular contributions to mammalian preimplantation embryos may be necessary for normal development in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1205036", "title": "[Clinical diagnosis of corrected transposition of the great vessels by bulbo-ventricular inversion].", "content": "29 cases of corrected transposition of great vessels (CTGV), of which 3 cases were isolated and 26 cases were associated with various malformations were studied. The aim was to make the diagnosis of CTGV were made evident, to differentiate those which came from the associated malformations. The specific signs for CTGV are as follows: 1) a slight systolic ejection murmur at the 2nd or 3rd left intercostal space along the sternal margin; 2) a loud 2nd tone in the same focal zone. Specific radiographic signs are that: 1) the aortic arch comes up to sternal-costal articulation; 2) the inferior left margin has a convex form; 3) in the right oblique-anterior projection it is possible to see 2 imprints on the opaque esophagus, which is represented by the aorta above and pulmonary artery below...", "contents": "[Clinical diagnosis of corrected transposition of the great vessels by bulbo-ventricular inversion]. 29 cases of corrected transposition of great vessels (CTGV), of which 3 cases were isolated and 26 cases were associated with various malformations were studied. The aim was to make the diagnosis of CTGV were made evident, to differentiate those which came from the associated malformations. The specific signs for CTGV are as follows: 1) a slight systolic ejection murmur at the 2nd or 3rd left intercostal space along the sternal margin; 2) a loud 2nd tone in the same focal zone. Specific radiographic signs are that: 1) the aortic arch comes up to sternal-costal articulation; 2) the inferior left margin has a convex form; 3) in the right oblique-anterior projection it is possible to see 2 imprints on the opaque esophagus, which is represented by the aorta above and pulmonary artery below..."}
{"id": "PMID:1205032", "title": "[Frequency of serologic conversion of complement fixing antibodies FC by respiratory viruses in cases of acute juvenile respiratory disease].", "content": "The complement fixation test, run on double samples of serum pertaining to 447 children hospitalized between January 1971 and June 1974 at Ospedale Maggiore in Novara, or checked in consulting rooms for acute phlogosis of the respiratory organs, has permitted to detect in 241 children, equal to the 53,9% of the total cases, a significant increase of antibodies for respiratory viruses (Influenza A, B, C, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3. Respiratory syncytial virus, Adenovirus, Reovirus). Specifically, in the 40,0% of the total cases, the serological conversion was evidenced for one virus only, and in the 13,8% for 2-3 viruses, raising in this last cases, questions concerning the diagnosis at a serological level.", "contents": "[Frequency of serologic conversion of complement fixing antibodies FC by respiratory viruses in cases of acute juvenile respiratory disease]. The complement fixation test, run on double samples of serum pertaining to 447 children hospitalized between January 1971 and June 1974 at Ospedale Maggiore in Novara, or checked in consulting rooms for acute phlogosis of the respiratory organs, has permitted to detect in 241 children, equal to the 53,9% of the total cases, a significant increase of antibodies for respiratory viruses (Influenza A, B, C, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3. Respiratory syncytial virus, Adenovirus, Reovirus). Specifically, in the 40,0% of the total cases, the serological conversion was evidenced for one virus only, and in the 13,8% for 2-3 viruses, raising in this last cases, questions concerning the diagnosis at a serological level."}
{"id": "PMID:1205037", "title": "[The congenital coronary artery fistula. Observations on seven cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report seven cases of congenital coronary artery fistula observed in the Cardiology Department of Padua Medical School. The cardiopathy, the anatomo-histological characteristics, evolution and embriology are described. The anamnesic, clinical, electrocardiographic, X-Ray, phonocardiogram, haemodynamic, and contrastographic findings for each case are given. They are discussed and interpreted in the light of the pathophysiology of the disease.", "contents": "[The congenital coronary artery fistula. Observations on seven cases (author's transl)]. The authors report seven cases of congenital coronary artery fistula observed in the Cardiology Department of Padua Medical School. The cardiopathy, the anatomo-histological characteristics, evolution and embriology are described. The anamnesic, clinical, electrocardiographic, X-Ray, phonocardiogram, haemodynamic, and contrastographic findings for each case are given. They are discussed and interpreted in the light of the pathophysiology of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1205038", "title": "Aneurysm of the pars membranacea of the interventricular septum.", "content": "Six cases of aneurysmal formation of the pars membranacea septi (AMS) are presented. Three cases associated with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and one with VSD, prolapse of the right aortic cusp and aorto-right ventricular fistula, were operated on and the aneurysm, unsuspected preoperatively, was found at the operating table. Two cases, both with aortic coarctation (CA), have been diagnosed on the basis of selective angiocardiography and operated solely for resection of the coarctation. In three patients a mild pulmonary infundibular pressure gradient was present at catheterization. This anomaly is considered rare. It has been reported to complicate surgery, may not require surgery, and is considered by some to be a prelude to spontaneous closure of a VSD. The English medical literature concerning aneurysm of the membranous septum has been reviewed and our opinions on the management of these patients are presented. Including our own six patients, we are aware of approximately one hundred and sixty five reported cases, with possibly an additional 16 cases to be added.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the pars membranacea of the interventricular septum. Six cases of aneurysmal formation of the pars membranacea septi (AMS) are presented. Three cases associated with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and one with VSD, prolapse of the right aortic cusp and aorto-right ventricular fistula, were operated on and the aneurysm, unsuspected preoperatively, was found at the operating table. Two cases, both with aortic coarctation (CA), have been diagnosed on the basis of selective angiocardiography and operated solely for resection of the coarctation. In three patients a mild pulmonary infundibular pressure gradient was present at catheterization. This anomaly is considered rare. It has been reported to complicate surgery, may not require surgery, and is considered by some to be a prelude to spontaneous closure of a VSD. The English medical literature concerning aneurysm of the membranous septum has been reviewed and our opinions on the management of these patients are presented. Including our own six patients, we are aware of approximately one hundred and sixty five reported cases, with possibly an additional 16 cases to be added."}
{"id": "PMID:1205034", "title": "[Plasma concentrations of complement components C3, C4, and C3PA in juvenile nephropathies].", "content": "Complement profiles in children suffering for nephropathy have been investigated. The approach has proved useful in differentiating distinct nosologic entities. Plasma C3 and, to a lesser extent, C4 levels were found to be markedly reduced in glomerulonephritis and significantly increased in nephrotic syndrome. Although in both conditions plasma C3PA concentration ranges normally, additional data are request before assuming that alternate pathway is not involved. The extensive serial study of complement profiles should be widely adopted by clinicians managing nephropatic patients.", "contents": "[Plasma concentrations of complement components C3, C4, and C3PA in juvenile nephropathies]. Complement profiles in children suffering for nephropathy have been investigated. The approach has proved useful in differentiating distinct nosologic entities. Plasma C3 and, to a lesser extent, C4 levels were found to be markedly reduced in glomerulonephritis and significantly increased in nephrotic syndrome. Although in both conditions plasma C3PA concentration ranges normally, additional data are request before assuming that alternate pathway is not involved. The extensive serial study of complement profiles should be widely adopted by clinicians managing nephropatic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1205039", "title": "The \"inverted\" pattern of the normal ventricular pressure curves: a syndrome with two possible angiocardiographic entities.", "content": "The \"inverted\" pattern of the normal ventricular pressure curves (VPCs) -- as herewith defined -- is considered a characteristic finding in patients with uncomplicated transposition of the great arteries (TGA). In more than 2,000 consecutive cases of congenital heart disease, this pattern was recorded in 6 patients. In all of them situs solitus was present with a large atrial septal defect (ASD) as the sole and obligatory defect. It is shown by angiocardiography in the \"systemic\" (venous) ventricle in all patients, that this ventricle is: I) the angiographic right ventricle in 5 patients, and II) the angiographic left ventricle in 1 patient. In I TGA with atrio-ventricular concordance (classic TGA) is diagnosed, while in II atrio-ventricular discordance with no TGA (isolated ventricular inversion) is diagnosed. In both instances a Mustard-type of operation is indicated. \"Inverted\" patterns of different magnitude are found. Therefore, as long as the pattern of VPCs is \"inverted\", differential diagnosis should be made during life between I classic TGA, and II isolated ventricular inversion.", "contents": "The \"inverted\" pattern of the normal ventricular pressure curves: a syndrome with two possible angiocardiographic entities. The \"inverted\" pattern of the normal ventricular pressure curves (VPCs) -- as herewith defined -- is considered a characteristic finding in patients with uncomplicated transposition of the great arteries (TGA). In more than 2,000 consecutive cases of congenital heart disease, this pattern was recorded in 6 patients. In all of them situs solitus was present with a large atrial septal defect (ASD) as the sole and obligatory defect. It is shown by angiocardiography in the \"systemic\" (venous) ventricle in all patients, that this ventricle is: I) the angiographic right ventricle in 5 patients, and II) the angiographic left ventricle in 1 patient. In I TGA with atrio-ventricular concordance (classic TGA) is diagnosed, while in II atrio-ventricular discordance with no TGA (isolated ventricular inversion) is diagnosed. In both instances a Mustard-type of operation is indicated. \"Inverted\" patterns of different magnitude are found. Therefore, as long as the pattern of VPCs is \"inverted\", differential diagnosis should be made during life between I classic TGA, and II isolated ventricular inversion."}
{"id": "PMID:1205040", "title": "[Programmed atrial stimulation in the study of sinoatrial conduction in normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "Sinoatrial conduction was investigated in 18 normal subjects, using premature atrial depolarizations. The results obtained in this investigation were evaluated plotting the test cycle (expressed as difference between the basic sinus cycle and the test cycle as a percentage of the basic sinus cycle) as a function of the return cycle (expressed as difference between the return cycle and the basic cycle as a percentage of the basic sinus cycle). In normal subjects, premature atrial depolarizations elicited in the last 10-20% of the spontaneous sinus cycle, produced a progressive prolongation of the return cycle and the points correlating the return cycle index to the test cycle index fell above the diagonal of the plotting system. After earlier premature atrial stimulations, the return cycle stayed the same length, and the points correlating the return cycle index to the test cycle index fell along a line parallel to \"y\" axis (plateau). The mean value of the returning cycle (expressed as above) corresponding to the test cycles (evaluated as above) included in the first 5% of the \"plateau\" can be defined as the \"sinoatrial conduction index\". This index, the sum of conduction into and out of the sinus node, ranged from 79 msec to 187 msec. By assuming similar anterograde and retrograde conduction, the sinoatrial conduction time ranged from 39.5 msec to 97.5 msec (mean value 70 msec).", "contents": "[Programmed atrial stimulation in the study of sinoatrial conduction in normal subjects (author's transl)]. Sinoatrial conduction was investigated in 18 normal subjects, using premature atrial depolarizations. The results obtained in this investigation were evaluated plotting the test cycle (expressed as difference between the basic sinus cycle and the test cycle as a percentage of the basic sinus cycle) as a function of the return cycle (expressed as difference between the return cycle and the basic cycle as a percentage of the basic sinus cycle). In normal subjects, premature atrial depolarizations elicited in the last 10-20% of the spontaneous sinus cycle, produced a progressive prolongation of the return cycle and the points correlating the return cycle index to the test cycle index fell above the diagonal of the plotting system. After earlier premature atrial stimulations, the return cycle stayed the same length, and the points correlating the return cycle index to the test cycle index fell along a line parallel to \"y\" axis (plateau). The mean value of the returning cycle (expressed as above) corresponding to the test cycles (evaluated as above) included in the first 5% of the \"plateau\" can be defined as the \"sinoatrial conduction index\". This index, the sum of conduction into and out of the sinus node, ranged from 79 msec to 187 msec. By assuming similar anterograde and retrograde conduction, the sinoatrial conduction time ranged from 39.5 msec to 97.5 msec (mean value 70 msec)."}
{"id": "PMID:1205041", "title": "[High-frequency electric stimulation of the atrium in treatment of supraventricular tachycardias and atrial flutter].", "content": "The authors report the results of rapid atrial stimulation in the treatment of 12 cases of junctional tachycardia (J.T.), 20 cases of atrial tachycardia (A.T.) and 43 cases of atrial flutter (A.F.). Sinus rhythm was restored in 91.6%, 70% and 60.4% of the cases for J.T., A.T. and A.F. respectively, either when pacing was discontinued or following a period of atrial fibrillation (from a few minutes to several hours). Fifteen per cent of the cases of A.T. and 25.5% of the cases of A.F. turned into stable atrial fibrillation with reduction of ventricular rate. The authors believe that this technique is a valuable alternative to D.C. countershock when medical treatment has proved ineffective and when countershock may be hazardous.", "contents": "[High-frequency electric stimulation of the atrium in treatment of supraventricular tachycardias and atrial flutter]. The authors report the results of rapid atrial stimulation in the treatment of 12 cases of junctional tachycardia (J.T.), 20 cases of atrial tachycardia (A.T.) and 43 cases of atrial flutter (A.F.). Sinus rhythm was restored in 91.6%, 70% and 60.4% of the cases for J.T., A.T. and A.F. respectively, either when pacing was discontinued or following a period of atrial fibrillation (from a few minutes to several hours). Fifteen per cent of the cases of A.T. and 25.5% of the cases of A.F. turned into stable atrial fibrillation with reduction of ventricular rate. The authors believe that this technique is a valuable alternative to D.C. countershock when medical treatment has proved ineffective and when countershock may be hazardous."}
{"id": "PMID:1205033", "title": "[Correlation between chemical carcinogenesis and immune response].", "content": "Methylcholanthrene, in amount sufficient to induce tumors in 100% of treated animals failed to influence primary and secondary phases of antibody synthesis in mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes and human serum albumin. The early immune response in tumor bearing mice was also indistinguischable from that of normal animals, despite the presence of marked splenomegaly in the former group.", "contents": "[Correlation between chemical carcinogenesis and immune response]. Methylcholanthrene, in amount sufficient to induce tumors in 100% of treated animals failed to influence primary and secondary phases of antibody synthesis in mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes and human serum albumin. The early immune response in tumor bearing mice was also indistinguischable from that of normal animals, despite the presence of marked splenomegaly in the former group."}
{"id": "PMID:1205042", "title": "[The isoproterenol test in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of coronary insufficiency. Experience in 100 cases of ischemic cardiopathy].", "content": "Intravenous infusion of 10 to 30 gamma/min. of Isuprel for 3 to 7 minutes is accurate in diagnosing coronary disease in at least 80% of cases in our series of 100 patients with segmental coronary artery stenoses of 50% or more, demonstrated by coronary angiography. By comparing these 100 patients with a control group of 30 healthy subjects we can state that the late \"ST\" segment changes (persisting or appearing 3 minutes after stopping the infusion) are typical of coronary insufficiency. In patients without previous infarction, coronary insufficiency is expressed by a horizontal \"ST\" depression of 1 mm or more. In patients with previous infarction we observed either an \"ST\" depression or an \"ST\" elevation. The \"ST\" elevation, never observed in the control group, seems to have a different significance depending on whether or not a previous myocardial infarction has occurred. If there was no previous necrosis, severe coronary artery disease seems to be suggested and is a bad prognostic sign. This is not so if the patient has previously presented a myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[The isoproterenol test in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of coronary insufficiency. Experience in 100 cases of ischemic cardiopathy]. Intravenous infusion of 10 to 30 gamma/min. of Isuprel for 3 to 7 minutes is accurate in diagnosing coronary disease in at least 80% of cases in our series of 100 patients with segmental coronary artery stenoses of 50% or more, demonstrated by coronary angiography. By comparing these 100 patients with a control group of 30 healthy subjects we can state that the late \"ST\" segment changes (persisting or appearing 3 minutes after stopping the infusion) are typical of coronary insufficiency. In patients without previous infarction, coronary insufficiency is expressed by a horizontal \"ST\" depression of 1 mm or more. In patients with previous infarction we observed either an \"ST\" depression or an \"ST\" elevation. The \"ST\" elevation, never observed in the control group, seems to have a different significance depending on whether or not a previous myocardial infarction has occurred. If there was no previous necrosis, severe coronary artery disease seems to be suggested and is a bad prognostic sign. This is not so if the patient has previously presented a myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1205043", "title": "[The contractile function of the left ventricle in pure mitral stenosis. Echocardiographic analysis].", "content": "The left ventricular performance in patients with mitral stenosis has been assessed by echocardiography, through the measurement of various parameters, such as the stroke volume, the ejection fraction (EF), the mean circumferential fiber shortening rate (VCF), the cardiac work and the left ventricular mass. Among these parameters only EF and VCF are statistically lowered in mitral disease, in comparison with their value for normal hearts: the mean value of EF is 0.62 in healthy people and 0.49 in mitralic patients; the mean value of the VCF rate is 1.05 circ/s and 0.78 circ/s respectively. The cardiac work and power in the considered patients are on the average lower than normal values by about 10%, but not significantly so. A good correlation has been obtained between the left ventricular work and mass, whereas no correlation has been found between the ventricular wall thickness and the diameter of the left cavity, both measured at end-diastole. The quotient of the ventricular thickness and intracavity radius, in diastole, is equal to 0.38 in healthy people and 0.30 in mitralic patients. Lastly, the echocardiographic results and those of angiocardiographic literature were in agreement.", "contents": "[The contractile function of the left ventricle in pure mitral stenosis. Echocardiographic analysis]. The left ventricular performance in patients with mitral stenosis has been assessed by echocardiography, through the measurement of various parameters, such as the stroke volume, the ejection fraction (EF), the mean circumferential fiber shortening rate (VCF), the cardiac work and the left ventricular mass. Among these parameters only EF and VCF are statistically lowered in mitral disease, in comparison with their value for normal hearts: the mean value of EF is 0.62 in healthy people and 0.49 in mitralic patients; the mean value of the VCF rate is 1.05 circ/s and 0.78 circ/s respectively. The cardiac work and power in the considered patients are on the average lower than normal values by about 10%, but not significantly so. A good correlation has been obtained between the left ventricular work and mass, whereas no correlation has been found between the ventricular wall thickness and the diameter of the left cavity, both measured at end-diastole. The quotient of the ventricular thickness and intracavity radius, in diastole, is equal to 0.38 in healthy people and 0.30 in mitralic patients. Lastly, the echocardiographic results and those of angiocardiographic literature were in agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:1205044", "title": "Coronary circulation in patients with and without coronary artery disease and the effects of chewable isosorbide dinitrate.", "content": "Coronary arteriograms of 38 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) were first evaluated to decide whether or not the disease was present and, if so, whether easily recognizable collateral channels were demonstrated. In this evaluation, we found CAD in 26 of the 38 patients. Eighteen of 21 patients with severe obstructions or occlusions had functioning collateral vessels. The films were then evaluated a second and third time to determine the effects of chewable isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on the coronary circulation. Visual inspection of the arteriograms revealed significant increases in 1) the apparent number and diameter of collateral vessels, 2) the opacification of vessels distal to occlusions, and 3) the diameter of coronary arteries following the administration of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg chewable ISDN. Computer analysis of the arteriograms showed an average 16% increase in the diameters of specific segments of major coronary arteries following ISDN. All patients showed some degree of vasodilatation following ISDN; however, patients without CAD consistently showed more vasodilatation than patients with disease. Mean aortic blood pressure decreased an average of 10% following ISDN. These results demonstrate that the chewable form of ISDN reliably dilates the coronary arteries in patients both with and without CAD and enhances the collateral circulation to the ischemic areas in patients with CAD.", "contents": "Coronary circulation in patients with and without coronary artery disease and the effects of chewable isosorbide dinitrate. Coronary arteriograms of 38 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) were first evaluated to decide whether or not the disease was present and, if so, whether easily recognizable collateral channels were demonstrated. In this evaluation, we found CAD in 26 of the 38 patients. Eighteen of 21 patients with severe obstructions or occlusions had functioning collateral vessels. The films were then evaluated a second and third time to determine the effects of chewable isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on the coronary circulation. Visual inspection of the arteriograms revealed significant increases in 1) the apparent number and diameter of collateral vessels, 2) the opacification of vessels distal to occlusions, and 3) the diameter of coronary arteries following the administration of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg chewable ISDN. Computer analysis of the arteriograms showed an average 16% increase in the diameters of specific segments of major coronary arteries following ISDN. All patients showed some degree of vasodilatation following ISDN; however, patients without CAD consistently showed more vasodilatation than patients with disease. Mean aortic blood pressure decreased an average of 10% following ISDN. These results demonstrate that the chewable form of ISDN reliably dilates the coronary arteries in patients both with and without CAD and enhances the collateral circulation to the ischemic areas in patients with CAD."}
{"id": "PMID:1205045", "title": "[Study of the carotid pulse with lead II (acceleration carotidogram) in cardiovascular diseases. Introductory note].", "content": "The relationship between heart dynamic and the carotid pulse has been studied by using the second derivative as a function of the time of the carotid pulse. This method permits a detailed analysis of the systolic phase of the carotid pulse: in protosystole a positive wave preceeds a negative wave and in telesystole a negative wave preceeds a positive wave. The morphology of the acceleration carotid pulse (CDA Carotidogramma Di Accelerazione), represented by a series of formulas which relate between themselves the protosystolic and the telesystolic waves, is a characteristic as well as statistically significant in each class of the cardiovascular disease in which we examined aortic insufficiency and stenosis, mitral insufficiency and stenosis, aortic angiosclerosis and hypokinetic myocardiopathy. We propose the use of the CDA for a precise analysis of the process of contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle. Since the acceleration with which a phenomenon evolves is the expression of the strength that has generated it, the CDA is particularly effective for the study myocardial dynamic.", "contents": "[Study of the carotid pulse with lead II (acceleration carotidogram) in cardiovascular diseases. Introductory note]. The relationship between heart dynamic and the carotid pulse has been studied by using the second derivative as a function of the time of the carotid pulse. This method permits a detailed analysis of the systolic phase of the carotid pulse: in protosystole a positive wave preceeds a negative wave and in telesystole a negative wave preceeds a positive wave. The morphology of the acceleration carotid pulse (CDA Carotidogramma Di Accelerazione), represented by a series of formulas which relate between themselves the protosystolic and the telesystolic waves, is a characteristic as well as statistically significant in each class of the cardiovascular disease in which we examined aortic insufficiency and stenosis, mitral insufficiency and stenosis, aortic angiosclerosis and hypokinetic myocardiopathy. We propose the use of the CDA for a precise analysis of the process of contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle. Since the acceleration with which a phenomenon evolves is the expression of the strength that has generated it, the CDA is particularly effective for the study myocardial dynamic."}
{"id": "PMID:1205046", "title": "[The ventilation-perfusion ratio, with special reference to muscular exercise].", "content": "The values of VA/Q obtained at rest in 12 normal subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization in a supine position were between 0.63 and 1.695, with a mean of 1.142 +/- 0.295. The VA/Q values obtained in another 10 healthy subjects tested in a sitting position with a rebreathing method for calculating Q. were somewhat less scattered (between 0.77 and 1.50), and also lower (mean 0.975 +/- 0.210). A highly significant correlation was demonstrated during muscular exercise on the bicycle ergometer (sitting position), both between oxygen consumption and alveolar ventilation and between oxygen consumption and cardiac output. However, since at various submaximal work loads cardiac output increased much less than alveolar ventilation, the overall VA/Q ratio showed a progressive increment with increasing oxygen consumption.", "contents": "[The ventilation-perfusion ratio, with special reference to muscular exercise]. The values of VA/Q obtained at rest in 12 normal subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization in a supine position were between 0.63 and 1.695, with a mean of 1.142 +/- 0.295. The VA/Q values obtained in another 10 healthy subjects tested in a sitting position with a rebreathing method for calculating Q. were somewhat less scattered (between 0.77 and 1.50), and also lower (mean 0.975 +/- 0.210). A highly significant correlation was demonstrated during muscular exercise on the bicycle ergometer (sitting position), both between oxygen consumption and alveolar ventilation and between oxygen consumption and cardiac output. However, since at various submaximal work loads cardiac output increased much less than alveolar ventilation, the overall VA/Q ratio showed a progressive increment with increasing oxygen consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:1205047", "title": "[ABO blood-group phenotypes and pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Congenital, rheumatic and coronaric heart disease and arterial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Many cases of cardiovascular diseases have been examined in reference to the distribution of ABO blood-groups, in order to calculate the relative risk of disease and the hemogroupal distributive significance in our samples as related to those of other authors, using combined calculation. The analysis concerned the following cases: 746 with arterial hypertension, 3258 with congenital heart disease, 4503 with articular rheumatism, 1047 with acquired valvulopathia, and respective controls. It was found that blood-group phenotypes represent an important biophysiopathological action in regard to articular rheumatism and its cardiac consequences, in myocardial infarction and in hypertension, males only. On the contrary, no action in regard to congenital heart disease was found, with the exception of some single anomalies which have yet to be confirmed. This hemogroupal action greatly exceeds the one limited to the immunitary analogy and is a noticeable part of family heredity. It shows itself in: -- a significant negative association with group O and positive association with group A in the myocardial infarction; -- a significant negative association with group O and positive for the others in the valvulopathic (rheumatic) diseases; -- a positive association with A phenotype and negative with B in arterial hypertension, males only; -- no association with ABO blood-groups and congenital heart disease.", "contents": "[ABO blood-group phenotypes and pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Congenital, rheumatic and coronaric heart disease and arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. Many cases of cardiovascular diseases have been examined in reference to the distribution of ABO blood-groups, in order to calculate the relative risk of disease and the hemogroupal distributive significance in our samples as related to those of other authors, using combined calculation. The analysis concerned the following cases: 746 with arterial hypertension, 3258 with congenital heart disease, 4503 with articular rheumatism, 1047 with acquired valvulopathia, and respective controls. It was found that blood-group phenotypes represent an important biophysiopathological action in regard to articular rheumatism and its cardiac consequences, in myocardial infarction and in hypertension, males only. On the contrary, no action in regard to congenital heart disease was found, with the exception of some single anomalies which have yet to be confirmed. This hemogroupal action greatly exceeds the one limited to the immunitary analogy and is a noticeable part of family heredity. It shows itself in: -- a significant negative association with group O and positive association with group A in the myocardial infarction; -- a significant negative association with group O and positive for the others in the valvulopathic (rheumatic) diseases; -- a positive association with A phenotype and negative with B in arterial hypertension, males only; -- no association with ABO blood-groups and congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1205048", "title": "[Evidence for circadian variability in the renin-angiotensin II system (author's transl)].", "content": "Circadian variations of P.R.A. and angiotensin II were studied in three normal subjects and nine hypertensive patients. All data were analysed by a mathematical-statistical method called \"cosinor\". Analysis of results has shown: 1) Circadian rhythm of P.R.A. which in the normal subjects reaches its acrophase (maximum daily level) in the morning, while in the hypertensive patients the acrophase recurs in the afternoon; 2) Circadian rhythm of angiotensin II in the normal subjects, which is not detected in the hypertensive patients. Angiotensin I does not exhibit rhythm in both groups.", "contents": "[Evidence for circadian variability in the renin-angiotensin II system (author's transl)]. Circadian variations of P.R.A. and angiotensin II were studied in three normal subjects and nine hypertensive patients. All data were analysed by a mathematical-statistical method called \"cosinor\". Analysis of results has shown: 1) Circadian rhythm of P.R.A. which in the normal subjects reaches its acrophase (maximum daily level) in the morning, while in the hypertensive patients the acrophase recurs in the afternoon; 2) Circadian rhythm of angiotensin II in the normal subjects, which is not detected in the hypertensive patients. Angiotensin I does not exhibit rhythm in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1205049", "title": "[Completely interrupted aortic arch, ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. A complete surgical correction in one procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a case of completely interrupted aortic arch (Type B) associated with ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus in a child 3 years and 10 months old, who was successfully subjected to complete surgical correction in one procedure. The pre- and post-operative electrocardiographic and hemodynamic data are evaluated. The authors draw attention to the extreme rarity of surgical resolution, in one procedure, of this type of congenital heart disease.", "contents": "[Completely interrupted aortic arch, ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. A complete surgical correction in one procedure (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of completely interrupted aortic arch (Type B) associated with ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus in a child 3 years and 10 months old, who was successfully subjected to complete surgical correction in one procedure. The pre- and post-operative electrocardiographic and hemodynamic data are evaluated. The authors draw attention to the extreme rarity of surgical resolution, in one procedure, of this type of congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1205050", "title": "[Myocellular necrosis by cathecolamines in pheochromocytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of myocellular necrosis by cathecholamines in a patient presenting pheocromocytoma is reported. Death was due to cerbral apoplexy. The histological findings are quite specific and show myofibrillar degeneration with substitution of the normal striation by coarse sarcomeric transversal bands. The possible role of necrosis by catecholamines in sudden deaths and non-coronary myocardiosclerosis is emphasized.", "contents": "[Myocellular necrosis by cathecolamines in pheochromocytoma (author's transl)]. A case of myocellular necrosis by cathecholamines in a patient presenting pheocromocytoma is reported. Death was due to cerbral apoplexy. The histological findings are quite specific and show myofibrillar degeneration with substitution of the normal striation by coarse sarcomeric transversal bands. The possible role of necrosis by catecholamines in sudden deaths and non-coronary myocardiosclerosis is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1205051", "title": "[Bifascicular block: its course and prognostic significance in 52 cases followed-up for 15 years].", "content": "The authors report the results of a 15 years follow-up in a group of 52 patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock. The incidence of complete AV block and sudden death in this group is compared to the one observed in a suitable control group. Among the bifascicular block group there was only one sudden death and one case of complete AV block. However, the groups did not differ statistically for mortality rates and average survival time. The authors suggest that bifascicular blocks should be regarded as a mere risk factor for complete AV block.", "contents": "[Bifascicular block: its course and prognostic significance in 52 cases followed-up for 15 years]. The authors report the results of a 15 years follow-up in a group of 52 patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock. The incidence of complete AV block and sudden death in this group is compared to the one observed in a suitable control group. Among the bifascicular block group there was only one sudden death and one case of complete AV block. However, the groups did not differ statistically for mortality rates and average survival time. The authors suggest that bifascicular blocks should be regarded as a mere risk factor for complete AV block."}
{"id": "PMID:1205052", "title": "[Left anterior hemiblock in 4th phase in a patient with Prinzmetal's variant form of angina pectoris (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study a patient with Prinzmetal's variant form of angina pectoris presenting intraventricular conduction disturbances (left anterior hemiblock in 4th phase) is reported.", "contents": "[Left anterior hemiblock in 4th phase in a patient with Prinzmetal's variant form of angina pectoris (author's transl)]. In the present study a patient with Prinzmetal's variant form of angina pectoris presenting intraventricular conduction disturbances (left anterior hemiblock in 4th phase) is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1205110", "title": "[The vascularisation of the periorbita].", "content": "1. The periorbita is extensively vascularised from the side of the bone and the orbita. The vessels are interconnected so that the periost is not vascular boder area. 2. In the periorbita of the adult there is a dense capillary plexus which is less close-meshed on the inside. 3. Meandrian arteries and vascular loops exceptionally as long as 6 mm were found in the inner layers of the periorbita and in the adjacent layers of the fat connective tissue. 4. Flat membranes of fat connective tissue which are connected with the inner layer of the periorbita by long vascular streaks about on the inner surfaces of the periorbita. 5. On the outer surface of the periorbita venules 40 to 60 mum wide were found entering the periorbital bone. In the fissures area further meandering venules and venes were found which open in the cavernous sinus (in addition to the Vv. ophthalmicae) or enter the bordering bone. 6. N. and A. infraorbitalis run outside of the periorbita. 7. The nerves leave the periorbita by special channels and run through near and husk-like processes of the periorbita which accompany them up to the outer periost. In the bone they five off bone vessels.", "contents": "[The vascularisation of the periorbita]. 1. The periorbita is extensively vascularised from the side of the bone and the orbita. The vessels are interconnected so that the periost is not vascular boder area. 2. In the periorbita of the adult there is a dense capillary plexus which is less close-meshed on the inside. 3. Meandrian arteries and vascular loops exceptionally as long as 6 mm were found in the inner layers of the periorbita and in the adjacent layers of the fat connective tissue. 4. Flat membranes of fat connective tissue which are connected with the inner layer of the periorbita by long vascular streaks about on the inner surfaces of the periorbita. 5. On the outer surface of the periorbita venules 40 to 60 mum wide were found entering the periorbital bone. In the fissures area further meandering venules and venes were found which open in the cavernous sinus (in addition to the Vv. ophthalmicae) or enter the bordering bone. 6. N. and A. infraorbitalis run outside of the periorbita. 7. The nerves leave the periorbita by special channels and run through near and husk-like processes of the periorbita which accompany them up to the outer periost. In the bone they five off bone vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1205111", "title": "[Does the weight of the brain depend on the body height?].", "content": "Brains of 1664 subjects (895 males and 769 females) aged from 20 to 89 years have been studied. The whole material being investigated was divided, within sex groups, into body-height classes and age classes. The class interval within the age classes was 10 years, that in height classes 5 cm. Mean arithmetics, standard deviations, standard error as well as coefficients of variation and correlation for respective classes have been calculated. It has been ascertained that the brain weight depends on the body height. In tall subjects no brains of extremely low absolute weight are encountered and, adversely, high brain weight is seldom met in short individuals. The body height also exerts certain influence upon the relative weight of the brain. More favourable proportion between the brain weight and the body length has been revealed in short subjects. Tall individuals are characterized by a low relative weight of the brain. It should be supposed that the spinal cord weight is higher in the latter subjects. The differences between the mean absolute weight of women's brains and that in men of the same age class are conditioned by the difference in the body length. A constant magnitude of difference in the mean brain weight in subjects of the same body height claims 100 g. The paper provides 2 enclosed tables representing obtained results for arithmetic mean of the absolute brain weight both in the age classes and body height classes. The differences between the mean weights of brains in women as well as in men are not significant. The coefficient of correlation between the brain weight and the body height is for men r male1 = 0.2008 for women r female1 = 0.2630, wherease the coefficient of regression for the brain weight is r male2 = 3.67 and r female2 = 3.906 respectively.", "contents": "[Does the weight of the brain depend on the body height?]. Brains of 1664 subjects (895 males and 769 females) aged from 20 to 89 years have been studied. The whole material being investigated was divided, within sex groups, into body-height classes and age classes. The class interval within the age classes was 10 years, that in height classes 5 cm. Mean arithmetics, standard deviations, standard error as well as coefficients of variation and correlation for respective classes have been calculated. It has been ascertained that the brain weight depends on the body height. In tall subjects no brains of extremely low absolute weight are encountered and, adversely, high brain weight is seldom met in short individuals. The body height also exerts certain influence upon the relative weight of the brain. More favourable proportion between the brain weight and the body length has been revealed in short subjects. Tall individuals are characterized by a low relative weight of the brain. It should be supposed that the spinal cord weight is higher in the latter subjects. The differences between the mean absolute weight of women's brains and that in men of the same age class are conditioned by the difference in the body length. A constant magnitude of difference in the mean brain weight in subjects of the same body height claims 100 g. The paper provides 2 enclosed tables representing obtained results for arithmetic mean of the absolute brain weight both in the age classes and body height classes. The differences between the mean weights of brains in women as well as in men are not significant. The coefficient of correlation between the brain weight and the body height is for men r male1 = 0.2008 for women r female1 = 0.2630, wherease the coefficient of regression for the brain weight is r male2 = 3.67 and r female2 = 3.906 respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1205112", "title": "Studies on the morphology of the gills and gill arches with reference to the blood supply in Notopterus motopterus and Colisa fasciatus.", "content": "The morphology of the gills, with their blood supply have been described in Notopterus notopterus and Colisa fasciatus in some detail. Gills are curved and perforated on the dorsolateral and ventrolateral wall of the pharynx. The gills consist of 2 rows of filaments which are stacked one above the other to form a space. The gill filaments are smaller on both the ends and larger in middle. The gill filaments are of pink colour as they are supplied with blood. Gill rakers are large in size in Notopterus notopterus while they are small in Colisa fasciatus. 3 pairs of basibranchials are present in Notopterus notopterus which are covered by median membranous bony plate while 2 basibranchials are present in Colisa fasciatus. 3 pairs of hypobranchials are present in both fishes. 5 pairs of ceratobranchials are present in which Vth ceratobranchial bears teeth. 4 pairs of epibranchials are present. 3 pairs of pharyngobranchials are present in which the tip of the IVth pharyngobranchial bears minute teeth in Notopterus notopterus while in Colisa fasciatus IInd and IIIrd pharyngobranchial bear minute ones. One afferent branchial vessel is present in Notopterus notopterus and Colisa fasciatus in each gill like in other teleostean fishes. One efferent branchial vessel is present in each gill of Notopterus notopterus while in Colisa fasciatus 2 efferent are represented in each gill.", "contents": "Studies on the morphology of the gills and gill arches with reference to the blood supply in Notopterus motopterus and Colisa fasciatus. The morphology of the gills, with their blood supply have been described in Notopterus notopterus and Colisa fasciatus in some detail. Gills are curved and perforated on the dorsolateral and ventrolateral wall of the pharynx. The gills consist of 2 rows of filaments which are stacked one above the other to form a space. The gill filaments are smaller on both the ends and larger in middle. The gill filaments are of pink colour as they are supplied with blood. Gill rakers are large in size in Notopterus notopterus while they are small in Colisa fasciatus. 3 pairs of basibranchials are present in Notopterus notopterus which are covered by median membranous bony plate while 2 basibranchials are present in Colisa fasciatus. 3 pairs of hypobranchials are present in both fishes. 5 pairs of ceratobranchials are present in which Vth ceratobranchial bears teeth. 4 pairs of epibranchials are present. 3 pairs of pharyngobranchials are present in which the tip of the IVth pharyngobranchial bears minute teeth in Notopterus notopterus while in Colisa fasciatus IInd and IIIrd pharyngobranchial bear minute ones. One afferent branchial vessel is present in Notopterus notopterus and Colisa fasciatus in each gill like in other teleostean fishes. One efferent branchial vessel is present in each gill of Notopterus notopterus while in Colisa fasciatus 2 efferent are represented in each gill."}
{"id": "PMID:1205113", "title": "[Details of the muscular and nervous system in the anterior member of Sphenodon punctatus (reptiles-Rhynchocephales)].", "content": "Sphenodom is the only Lepidosaurian with an organisation of the nervous ways in the anterior member which constitute an important stage in tetrapod evoluation. Squamata are exceptions. The radial nerve is developed and possesses the most important part of the fibres for the dorsal muscles of the forearm. The flexor canal is separated into 2 voluminous trunks.", "contents": "[Details of the muscular and nervous system in the anterior member of Sphenodon punctatus (reptiles-Rhynchocephales)]. Sphenodom is the only Lepidosaurian with an organisation of the nervous ways in the anterior member which constitute an important stage in tetrapod evoluation. Squamata are exceptions. The radial nerve is developed and possesses the most important part of the fibres for the dorsal muscles of the forearm. The flexor canal is separated into 2 voluminous trunks."}
{"id": "PMID:1205114", "title": "Hypertrophic changes in the ovarian chromaffin tissue (catechol storing tissue) under the influence of the pituitary and its theoretical implications in the teleost fish, Nandus nandus.", "content": "Evidence is presented in this work for the existence of a special chromaffin tissue in the ovary of the percoid teleost fish, Nandus and its hypertrophy under the influence of the pituitary extracts. The relationship between the pituitary and the ovary has been discussed from various viewpoints and the secretions of the ovarian chromaffin tissue and the interrenal are suggested as the possible mediators in the process of maturation and ovulation in the teleost fishes.", "contents": "Hypertrophic changes in the ovarian chromaffin tissue (catechol storing tissue) under the influence of the pituitary and its theoretical implications in the teleost fish, Nandus nandus. Evidence is presented in this work for the existence of a special chromaffin tissue in the ovary of the percoid teleost fish, Nandus and its hypertrophy under the influence of the pituitary extracts. The relationship between the pituitary and the ovary has been discussed from various viewpoints and the secretions of the ovarian chromaffin tissue and the interrenal are suggested as the possible mediators in the process of maturation and ovulation in the teleost fishes."}
{"id": "PMID:1205124", "title": "Marginal overdominance in Drosophila.", "content": "A reanalysis of Drosophila viability data was undertaken to determine the role of genotype-environment interactions in the maintenance of polymorphism. Between-replicate variances of viabilities in chromosomal homozygotes and heterozygotes with the same mean fitnesses were compared, with the expectation that if the heterozygote variance were on the average greater, conditional overdominance would be prevalent; if it were less, partial dominance would be prevalent; and if it were the same, marginal overdominance of the type considered by Wallace (1968) would be the prevalent type of variation. In fact, heterozygote variance was slightly less. The work of Dempster (1955) and of Gillespie and Langley (1974) is cited to show that this situation can still lead to balanced polymorphisms. Their general model for genetic variation in populations, consistent with the viability data, is reinforced.", "contents": "Marginal overdominance in Drosophila. A reanalysis of Drosophila viability data was undertaken to determine the role of genotype-environment interactions in the maintenance of polymorphism. Between-replicate variances of viabilities in chromosomal homozygotes and heterozygotes with the same mean fitnesses were compared, with the expectation that if the heterozygote variance were on the average greater, conditional overdominance would be prevalent; if it were less, partial dominance would be prevalent; and if it were the same, marginal overdominance of the type considered by Wallace (1968) would be the prevalent type of variation. In fact, heterozygote variance was slightly less. The work of Dempster (1955) and of Gillespie and Langley (1974) is cited to show that this situation can still lead to balanced polymorphisms. Their general model for genetic variation in populations, consistent with the viability data, is reinforced."}
{"id": "PMID:1205125", "title": "Genetic drift in clines which are maintained by migration and natural selection.", "content": "Genetic drift will cause a migration-selection cline to wobble about its expected position. A rough linear approximation is developed, valid when local populations are large. This is used to calculate effects of genetic drift on clines in a stepping-stone model with abrupt and with gradual changes of selection coefficients at a single haploid locus. Among the quantities calculated are measures of slope, standardized variation of gene frequencies around their expected values, and correlation among neighboring populations with respect to deviations from the expected gene frequencies. These quantities appear to be primarily functions of Ns and Nm for a given pattern of selection. Computer simulation gives rough confirmation of these results. Standardized variances of gene frequencies and correlation of neighbors differ along the cline in the case of smooth changes in selection. In no case is pathological behavior of gene frequency deviations found near the boundaries of selective regions. Local behavior of gene frequences of nearby colonies is approximately predicted by a simple adaptation of the stepping-stone theory of Kimura and Weiss. Approximate measures of the lateral variation of the midpoint of a cline and the probability of non-monotonicity are also calculated and discussed.", "contents": "Genetic drift in clines which are maintained by migration and natural selection. Genetic drift will cause a migration-selection cline to wobble about its expected position. A rough linear approximation is developed, valid when local populations are large. This is used to calculate effects of genetic drift on clines in a stepping-stone model with abrupt and with gradual changes of selection coefficients at a single haploid locus. Among the quantities calculated are measures of slope, standardized variation of gene frequencies around their expected values, and correlation among neighboring populations with respect to deviations from the expected gene frequencies. These quantities appear to be primarily functions of Ns and Nm for a given pattern of selection. Computer simulation gives rough confirmation of these results. Standardized variances of gene frequencies and correlation of neighbors differ along the cline in the case of smooth changes in selection. In no case is pathological behavior of gene frequency deviations found near the boundaries of selective regions. Local behavior of gene frequences of nearby colonies is approximately predicted by a simple adaptation of the stepping-stone theory of Kimura and Weiss. Approximate measures of the lateral variation of the midpoint of a cline and the probability of non-monotonicity are also calculated and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205126", "title": "Genetic drift in a cline.", "content": "A model is developed of genetic drift in a cline maintained by spatially varying natural selection and local dispersal of individuals. The model is analyzed by an approximation scheme which is valid for weak selection and small migration rates. The results, which are based on numerical iterations of the approximate equations, are that the cline is less steep than predicted on the basis of the deterministic theory but that for weak selection the correlation between random fluctuations in neighboring colonies is approximately the same as in models of migration and drift in the absence of selection.", "contents": "Genetic drift in a cline. A model is developed of genetic drift in a cline maintained by spatially varying natural selection and local dispersal of individuals. The model is analyzed by an approximation scheme which is valid for weak selection and small migration rates. The results, which are based on numerical iterations of the approximate equations, are that the cline is less steep than predicted on the basis of the deterministic theory but that for weak selection the correlation between random fluctuations in neighboring colonies is approximately the same as in models of migration and drift in the absence of selection."}
{"id": "PMID:1205127", "title": "Genetic heterozygosity in unreplicated bacteriophage lambda recombinants.", "content": "Bacteriophage crosses using density-labeled parents have been carried out under conditions restricting DNA synthesis. The parental material and genetic contributions to progeny manifesting recombination within a genetic interval sufficiently short to exhibit high negative interference have been examined. The unreplicated products of recombination isolated as phage particles appear to contain long continuous heteroduplex regions which are heterozygous for the closely linked markers. Recombination between closely linked markers seems to be the consequence of the removal of base-pair mismatches that are present within the heteroduplex regions. This localized reduction of heterozygosity within the heteroduplex regions that join the parental components of recombinant DNA molecules can account for high negative interference.", "contents": "Genetic heterozygosity in unreplicated bacteriophage lambda recombinants. Bacteriophage crosses using density-labeled parents have been carried out under conditions restricting DNA synthesis. The parental material and genetic contributions to progeny manifesting recombination within a genetic interval sufficiently short to exhibit high negative interference have been examined. The unreplicated products of recombination isolated as phage particles appear to contain long continuous heteroduplex regions which are heterozygous for the closely linked markers. Recombination between closely linked markers seems to be the consequence of the removal of base-pair mismatches that are present within the heteroduplex regions. This localized reduction of heterozygosity within the heteroduplex regions that join the parental components of recombinant DNA molecules can account for high negative interference."}
{"id": "PMID:1205128", "title": "Mutant enrichment in the colonial alga, Eudorina elegans.", "content": "An enrichment procedure has been developed that results in at least a 200 X increase in mutation frequency in the colonial alga, Eudorina elegans. A period of nitrogen starvation followed by treatment with 8-azaguanine results in the death of wild-type cells and the maintenance of mutants. N'-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine-induced acetate, p-aminobenzoic acid and reduced nitrogen requiring mutants have been isolated by this procedure.", "contents": "Mutant enrichment in the colonial alga, Eudorina elegans. An enrichment procedure has been developed that results in at least a 200 X increase in mutation frequency in the colonial alga, Eudorina elegans. A period of nitrogen starvation followed by treatment with 8-azaguanine results in the death of wild-type cells and the maintenance of mutants. N'-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine-induced acetate, p-aminobenzoic acid and reduced nitrogen requiring mutants have been isolated by this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1205129", "title": "Distribution among the chromosomes of Drosophila pseudoobscura of the genes governing the response to light.", "content": "Most strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura are neutral to light when tested in phototactic mazes. However, clear-cut photopositive and photogenative populations are obtained by selection over a series of generations. The genetic nature of the differences between the positive and negative populations has been studied in crosses in which the three large autosomes carried mutant markers. All chromosomes contain genes which influence the response to light. The third chromosome has the strongest effect, followed by the second, the X, and the fourth chromosomes. This seriation is not in proportion to the relative lengths of the chromosomes. Either the effective genes are not very numerous, or some of them exert stronger influences than others.", "contents": "Distribution among the chromosomes of Drosophila pseudoobscura of the genes governing the response to light. Most strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura are neutral to light when tested in phototactic mazes. However, clear-cut photopositive and photogenative populations are obtained by selection over a series of generations. The genetic nature of the differences between the positive and negative populations has been studied in crosses in which the three large autosomes carried mutant markers. All chromosomes contain genes which influence the response to light. The third chromosome has the strongest effect, followed by the second, the X, and the fourth chromosomes. This seriation is not in proportion to the relative lengths of the chromosomes. Either the effective genes are not very numerous, or some of them exert stronger influences than others."}
{"id": "PMID:1205130", "title": "Diallel analysis of growth traits in mice.", "content": "Two replications of a complete diallel cross experiment were performed among four partially inbred lines of mice. These inbred lines originated from a random-bred ICR strain and were produced by 12 generations of full sibbing (F congruent to 92%). Individual body weight was recorded for each animal at 12, 21, 42 and 56 days of age. Body weight gain traits were examined for intervals 12-21, 21-42 and 42-56 days. Simultaneous least squares analyses of inbred and linecrossed groups were used. Sex differences were highly significant for all traits. Replicate differences were significant but made a small contribution to the total variation. Inbred lines differed greatly. Crosses showed growth trends similar to their contemporary maternal and paternal inbreds. Heterosis was highly significant for all traits except 21-day weight. Inbreds were heavier at 12 days of age, but linecrossed progeny were superior to inbreds for all postweaning weights. General combining ability was highly significant for 12- and 56-day weights and 21-42-day gain. Specific combining ability was highly significant for 21-day weight, 12-21- and 42-56-day gain. Significant maternal effects were found for all individual weights but not for 12-21- and 21-42-day gain. Residual reciprocal effects were significant for all traits. Estimated variances among linecrossed groups contained a large maternal component, a fluctuating additive genetic component and consistent non-additive genetic influence on all growth parameters measured.", "contents": "Diallel analysis of growth traits in mice. Two replications of a complete diallel cross experiment were performed among four partially inbred lines of mice. These inbred lines originated from a random-bred ICR strain and were produced by 12 generations of full sibbing (F congruent to 92%). Individual body weight was recorded for each animal at 12, 21, 42 and 56 days of age. Body weight gain traits were examined for intervals 12-21, 21-42 and 42-56 days. Simultaneous least squares analyses of inbred and linecrossed groups were used. Sex differences were highly significant for all traits. Replicate differences were significant but made a small contribution to the total variation. Inbred lines differed greatly. Crosses showed growth trends similar to their contemporary maternal and paternal inbreds. Heterosis was highly significant for all traits except 21-day weight. Inbreds were heavier at 12 days of age, but linecrossed progeny were superior to inbreds for all postweaning weights. General combining ability was highly significant for 12- and 56-day weights and 21-42-day gain. Specific combining ability was highly significant for 21-day weight, 12-21- and 42-56-day gain. Significant maternal effects were found for all individual weights but not for 12-21- and 21-42-day gain. Residual reciprocal effects were significant for all traits. Estimated variances among linecrossed groups contained a large maternal component, a fluctuating additive genetic component and consistent non-additive genetic influence on all growth parameters measured."}
{"id": "PMID:1205131", "title": "Studies on the nature and function of polygenic loci in Drosophila. III. Veinlet modifiers having region-specific effects upon the vein pattern.", "content": "Polygenic modifiers affecting the expression of the mutant veinlet were studied to determine whether each acts specifically upon one vein or wing region or whether they affect the venation pattern in some general way. Selection experiments showed that the L4 vein can be modified independently of the L2 and L3 veins. Similarly, the L2 vein can be shortened while the L3 is selected to be longer, although there is some interdependence between the L2 and L3 veins. Assays of heterozygous whole chromosome effects show that different chromosomes are involved in the responses of separate veins, and one polygenic locus causing a decrease in L4 vein length has been isolated. Substitutions of whole chromosomes from selection lines into unselected backgrounds of non-homologous mutants demonstrate that the selected modifiers have the same qualitative effects upon other mutants having similar phenotypes. These results support the hypothesis that the polygenic modifiers affecting veinlet expression function independently of the veinlet locus, presumably by influencing common steps in the developmental processes leading to the formation of individual veins.", "contents": "Studies on the nature and function of polygenic loci in Drosophila. III. Veinlet modifiers having region-specific effects upon the vein pattern. Polygenic modifiers affecting the expression of the mutant veinlet were studied to determine whether each acts specifically upon one vein or wing region or whether they affect the venation pattern in some general way. Selection experiments showed that the L4 vein can be modified independently of the L2 and L3 veins. Similarly, the L2 vein can be shortened while the L3 is selected to be longer, although there is some interdependence between the L2 and L3 veins. Assays of heterozygous whole chromosome effects show that different chromosomes are involved in the responses of separate veins, and one polygenic locus causing a decrease in L4 vein length has been isolated. Substitutions of whole chromosomes from selection lines into unselected backgrounds of non-homologous mutants demonstrate that the selected modifiers have the same qualitative effects upon other mutants having similar phenotypes. These results support the hypothesis that the polygenic modifiers affecting veinlet expression function independently of the veinlet locus, presumably by influencing common steps in the developmental processes leading to the formation of individual veins."}
{"id": "PMID:1205132", "title": "Natural selection for within-generation variance in offspring number II. Discrite haploid models.", "content": "In the classical model of genetic drift in population genetics theory, use is made of a hypothetical \"infinite-gametic pool\". If, instead, the gametic pool is determined by the random number of offspring per individual, a new form of natural selection acting on the variance in offspring number occurs. A diffusion model of this selection process is derived and some of its properties are explored. It is shown that, independent of the sampling scheme used, the diffusion equation has the drift coefficient M(p) = p(1-p) (mul--mu2 + sigma2e2--sigma2el) and the diffusion coefficient v(p) equals p(1-p) [psigma2e2 + (l--p)sigma2el]. It is also pointed out that the Direct Product Branching process model of genetic drift introduces a non-biological interaction between individuals and is thus inappropriate for modeling natural selection.", "contents": "Natural selection for within-generation variance in offspring number II. Discrite haploid models. In the classical model of genetic drift in population genetics theory, use is made of a hypothetical \"infinite-gametic pool\". If, instead, the gametic pool is determined by the random number of offspring per individual, a new form of natural selection acting on the variance in offspring number occurs. A diffusion model of this selection process is derived and some of its properties are explored. It is shown that, independent of the sampling scheme used, the diffusion equation has the drift coefficient M(p) = p(1-p) (mul--mu2 + sigma2e2--sigma2el) and the diffusion coefficient v(p) equals p(1-p) [psigma2e2 + (l--p)sigma2el]. It is also pointed out that the Direct Product Branching process model of genetic drift introduces a non-biological interaction between individuals and is thus inappropriate for modeling natural selection."}
{"id": "PMID:1205134", "title": "Genetic modification of recombination rate in Tribolium castaneum.", "content": "Asymmetrical responses were obtained in a replicated study of 15 generations of two-way selection for recombination rate between the ruby (rb) and jet (j) loci in Tribolium castaneum. Recombination rates in the two replicate high lines increased from an average of 0.22 in the base populations to an average of 0.42 at generation 15. Recombination rate pooled over the 15 generations of selection in each low line was significantly less than the control but there was no clear downward trend in response to selection for decreased recombination rate. The realized heritabilities were 0.16 +/- 0.03 and 0.17 +/- 0.02 in the two high lines, and were not significantly different from zero in the two low lines. Selection was based on crossing over in cis females only; however, rates measured in cis males after 12 generations showed the same response patterns as female rates. Similar response patterns were also determined for recombination measured in trans males and females at generation 18 following three generations of relaxed selection. The distribution of recombination rates measured in backcross beetles [(H X L) X H and (H X L) X L] at generation 12 indicated  polygenic control with those genes decreasing recombination rate being dominant. Detailed analysis of recombination rates in F1's produced by interline crosses at generation 15 confirmed the directional dominance findings. Under a polygenic model of recombination modifiers in which low recombination is dominant to high, average recombination rates will increase as inbreeding progresses, thus providing a mechanism for the production of new gene combinations in small populations.", "contents": "Genetic modification of recombination rate in Tribolium castaneum. Asymmetrical responses were obtained in a replicated study of 15 generations of two-way selection for recombination rate between the ruby (rb) and jet (j) loci in Tribolium castaneum. Recombination rates in the two replicate high lines increased from an average of 0.22 in the base populations to an average of 0.42 at generation 15. Recombination rate pooled over the 15 generations of selection in each low line was significantly less than the control but there was no clear downward trend in response to selection for decreased recombination rate. The realized heritabilities were 0.16 +/- 0.03 and 0.17 +/- 0.02 in the two high lines, and were not significantly different from zero in the two low lines. Selection was based on crossing over in cis females only; however, rates measured in cis males after 12 generations showed the same response patterns as female rates. Similar response patterns were also determined for recombination measured in trans males and females at generation 18 following three generations of relaxed selection. The distribution of recombination rates measured in backcross beetles [(H X L) X H and (H X L) X L] at generation 12 indicated  polygenic control with those genes decreasing recombination rate being dominant. Detailed analysis of recombination rates in F1's produced by interline crosses at generation 15 confirmed the directional dominance findings. Under a polygenic model of recombination modifiers in which low recombination is dominant to high, average recombination rates will increase as inbreeding progresses, thus providing a mechanism for the production of new gene combinations in small populations."}
{"id": "PMID:1205135", "title": "Population genetics of euphydryas butterflies. I Genetic variation and the neutrality hypothesis.", "content": "Twenty-one populations of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha, and ten populations of Euphydryas chalcedona were sampled for genetic variation at eight polymorphic enzyme loci. Both species possessed loci that were highly variable from population to population and loci that were virtually identical across all populations sampled. Our data indicate that the neutrality hypothesis is untenable for the loci studied, and therefore selection is indicated as the major factor responsible for producing these patterns. Thorough ecological work allowed gene flow to be ruled out (in almost all instances) as a factor maintaining similar gene frequencies across populations. The Lewontin-Krakauer test indicated magnitudes of heterogeneity among standardized variances of gene frequencies inconsistent with the neutrality hypothesis. The question of whether or not to correct this statistic for sample size is discussed. Observed equitability of gene frequencies of multiple allelic loci was found to be greater than that predicted under the neutrality hypothesis. Genetic differentiation persisting through two generations was found between the one pair of populations known to exchange significant numbers of individuals per generation. Two matrices of genetic distance between populations, based on the eight loci sampled, were found to be significantly correlated with a matrix of environmental distance, based on measures of fourteen environmental parameters. Correlations between gene frequencies and environmental parameters, results of multiple regression analysis, and results of principle component analysis showed strong patterns of association and of \"explained\" variation. The correlation analyses suggest which factors might be further investigated as proximate selective agents.", "contents": "Population genetics of euphydryas butterflies. I Genetic variation and the neutrality hypothesis. Twenty-one populations of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha, and ten populations of Euphydryas chalcedona were sampled for genetic variation at eight polymorphic enzyme loci. Both species possessed loci that were highly variable from population to population and loci that were virtually identical across all populations sampled. Our data indicate that the neutrality hypothesis is untenable for the loci studied, and therefore selection is indicated as the major factor responsible for producing these patterns. Thorough ecological work allowed gene flow to be ruled out (in almost all instances) as a factor maintaining similar gene frequencies across populations. The Lewontin-Krakauer test indicated magnitudes of heterogeneity among standardized variances of gene frequencies inconsistent with the neutrality hypothesis. The question of whether or not to correct this statistic for sample size is discussed. Observed equitability of gene frequencies of multiple allelic loci was found to be greater than that predicted under the neutrality hypothesis. Genetic differentiation persisting through two generations was found between the one pair of populations known to exchange significant numbers of individuals per generation. Two matrices of genetic distance between populations, based on the eight loci sampled, were found to be significantly correlated with a matrix of environmental distance, based on measures of fourteen environmental parameters. Correlations between gene frequencies and environmental parameters, results of multiple regression analysis, and results of principle component analysis showed strong patterns of association and of \"explained\" variation. The correlation analyses suggest which factors might be further investigated as proximate selective agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1205230", "title": "Growth of the pig: changes in body weight and body fluid compartments.", "content": "Body weight and the rate of change in TBW, ECW, and ICW were measured in 252 anesthetized pigs during the first 12 weeks after birth. After TBW was measured with 3H2O, 55 of the pigs were killed and TBW measured by desiccation. 3H2O overestimated TBW by 6.5% of body weight and 4.9% of fat-free wet weight, compared to desiccation (P less than 0.001); mean figures for 3H2O were 78.6 +/- 1.02% of body weight, and for desiccation, 72.1 +/- 0.45%; on a FFWW basis, 88.6 +/- 0.94% for 3H2O, and 83.7 +/- 0.13% for desiccation. TBW decreased significantly from 85.0% of body weight at birth (1.5 dg) to 75% at 5 kg (day 28) at a rate of ---3.2% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate). After that the rate of decrease was not different from zero: --0.117% body wt/kg body wt. ECW decreased significantly from 48% at birth to 35% at day 28 at a rate of --3.802% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate), and after day 28 the rate of decrease was not different from zero (--0.149% body wt/kg body wt) through week 12. ICW decreased, but not significantly, at a rate of --0.099% body wt/kg body wt. The changes in the rate of decrease in TBW and ECW coincided with weaning, and it was speculated that there was a direct relationship between the two events.", "contents": "Growth of the pig: changes in body weight and body fluid compartments. Body weight and the rate of change in TBW, ECW, and ICW were measured in 252 anesthetized pigs during the first 12 weeks after birth. After TBW was measured with 3H2O, 55 of the pigs were killed and TBW measured by desiccation. 3H2O overestimated TBW by 6.5% of body weight and 4.9% of fat-free wet weight, compared to desiccation (P less than 0.001); mean figures for 3H2O were 78.6 +/- 1.02% of body weight, and for desiccation, 72.1 +/- 0.45%; on a FFWW basis, 88.6 +/- 0.94% for 3H2O, and 83.7 +/- 0.13% for desiccation. TBW decreased significantly from 85.0% of body weight at birth (1.5 dg) to 75% at 5 kg (day 28) at a rate of ---3.2% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate). After that the rate of decrease was not different from zero: --0.117% body wt/kg body wt. ECW decreased significantly from 48% at birth to 35% at day 28 at a rate of --3.802% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate), and after day 28 the rate of decrease was not different from zero (--0.149% body wt/kg body wt) through week 12. ICW decreased, but not significantly, at a rate of --0.099% body wt/kg body wt. The changes in the rate of decrease in TBW and ECW coincided with weaning, and it was speculated that there was a direct relationship between the two events."}
{"id": "PMID:1205231", "title": "Growth characteristics of intact and hypophysectomized female hamsters. The effect of bovine growth hormone on hypophysectomized hamsters.", "content": "Post-weaning growth data, including body length, body weight, and several visceral organ weights, were collected for intact and hypophysectomized female hamsters aged 4 to 12 weeks. In addition, hypophysectomized hamsters were treated with bovine growth hormone for a period of six weeks and the effects examined.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of intact and hypophysectomized female hamsters. The effect of bovine growth hormone on hypophysectomized hamsters. Post-weaning growth data, including body length, body weight, and several visceral organ weights, were collected for intact and hypophysectomized female hamsters aged 4 to 12 weeks. In addition, hypophysectomized hamsters were treated with bovine growth hormone for a period of six weeks and the effects examined."}
{"id": "PMID:1205232", "title": "Growth, development and chemical composition of the pig. III. Bone, ash and moisture.", "content": "Growth and development of bone and the ash and moisture contents in the body of the growing pig were studied in a group of 90 animals, representing 12 weight groups and a live weight range of 10-132 kg. The average daily increase in body moisture was more rapid in the 10-34 kg animals than in subsequent weight groups. Beyond 34 kg the increase in moisture was more gradual and linear. The average daily gain of ash was almost linear over the weight range of 10 to 90 kg, but showed a decline from 90 to 132 kg. Length and width of the femur showed a similar growth pattern. From cross-sectional areas it appears that bone tissue develops somewhat faster in the shoulder and back than in the ham and loin. It is apparent from comparisons with growth curves reported in the literature that the animals used in the present study were much later maturing than those reported on during the thirties and forties. This could be the result of continued selection for leaner animals.", "contents": "Growth, development and chemical composition of the pig. III. Bone, ash and moisture. Growth and development of bone and the ash and moisture contents in the body of the growing pig were studied in a group of 90 animals, representing 12 weight groups and a live weight range of 10-132 kg. The average daily increase in body moisture was more rapid in the 10-34 kg animals than in subsequent weight groups. Beyond 34 kg the increase in moisture was more gradual and linear. The average daily gain of ash was almost linear over the weight range of 10 to 90 kg, but showed a decline from 90 to 132 kg. Length and width of the femur showed a similar growth pattern. From cross-sectional areas it appears that bone tissue develops somewhat faster in the shoulder and back than in the ham and loin. It is apparent from comparisons with growth curves reported in the literature that the animals used in the present study were much later maturing than those reported on during the thirties and forties. This could be the result of continued selection for leaner animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1205233", "title": "The growing conceptus of the domestic cat.", "content": "The feline conceptus is similar to larger mammals rather than to rodents in the amounts of fetal fluids and the contribution of the fetus to the total volume of the conceptus. When growth rates of several mammals are compared as Gompertzian functions, the feline fetus is more similar to that of the guinea pig or beagle than that of the mouse, rat, man, sheep or cow. The feline Gompertzian growth starts at about the 6th day of gestation. The weight of the fetus, +/- 10%, as a function of gestational age starting on day 28 is: Weight in grams = 2.6477 X 10(-10) exp (see article) when t = gestational age of 28 days or more. The feline weight to crown-rump relationship can most easily be expressed as a power function where: Crown-rump length in cm = 2.69 (weight in grams) 0.3508; with an error term of +/- 5%. The relationship of three variables gestational age, fetal weight, and fetal crown-rump length can also be expressed mathematically: Gestational age in days = 15.335 + 3.9805 (crown-rump length in cm) -0.0675 (weight in grams) Equations for crown-rump length or weight were calculated, but the inaccuracy of these expressions is too great to allow practical use.", "contents": "The growing conceptus of the domestic cat. The feline conceptus is similar to larger mammals rather than to rodents in the amounts of fetal fluids and the contribution of the fetus to the total volume of the conceptus. When growth rates of several mammals are compared as Gompertzian functions, the feline fetus is more similar to that of the guinea pig or beagle than that of the mouse, rat, man, sheep or cow. The feline Gompertzian growth starts at about the 6th day of gestation. The weight of the fetus, +/- 10%, as a function of gestational age starting on day 28 is: Weight in grams = 2.6477 X 10(-10) exp (see article) when t = gestational age of 28 days or more. The feline weight to crown-rump relationship can most easily be expressed as a power function where: Crown-rump length in cm = 2.69 (weight in grams) 0.3508; with an error term of +/- 5%. The relationship of three variables gestational age, fetal weight, and fetal crown-rump length can also be expressed mathematically: Gestational age in days = 15.335 + 3.9805 (crown-rump length in cm) -0.0675 (weight in grams) Equations for crown-rump length or weight were calculated, but the inaccuracy of these expressions is too great to allow practical use."}
{"id": "PMID:1205234", "title": "Hemoglobin values and organ weights in fast and slow growing rats at the time of weaning.", "content": "Three experimental groups of newborn rats were formed according to the number of animals suckled by one dam: fast growing animals (4 per litter), normally growing animals (8 per litter) and slow growing animals (16 per litter). All the animals were killed on the 21st day of life and the following data were collected: hemoglobin and hematocrit values, body weight and the weights of heart, kidney, liver and spleen. The results were statistically analyzed according to experimental group and also in relation to body weight with all rats treated as a single group. Hemoglobin concentration was highest in the smallest animals, gradually declining towards the lowest values around the normal body weight with a subsequent increase in the heaviest animals. The relationship between the organ weights and body weight followed an allometric formula. The slopes of the lines alpha were close to 1 in case of the heart, kidney and liver, indicating the growth of these organs proportional to the growth of the total body. The spleen grows faster than the total body in this experimental situation (alpha = 1.6).", "contents": "Hemoglobin values and organ weights in fast and slow growing rats at the time of weaning. Three experimental groups of newborn rats were formed according to the number of animals suckled by one dam: fast growing animals (4 per litter), normally growing animals (8 per litter) and slow growing animals (16 per litter). All the animals were killed on the 21st day of life and the following data were collected: hemoglobin and hematocrit values, body weight and the weights of heart, kidney, liver and spleen. The results were statistically analyzed according to experimental group and also in relation to body weight with all rats treated as a single group. Hemoglobin concentration was highest in the smallest animals, gradually declining towards the lowest values around the normal body weight with a subsequent increase in the heaviest animals. The relationship between the organ weights and body weight followed an allometric formula. The slopes of the lines alpha were close to 1 in case of the heart, kidney and liver, indicating the growth of these organs proportional to the growth of the total body. The spleen grows faster than the total body in this experimental situation (alpha = 1.6)."}
{"id": "PMID:1205235", "title": "Comparison of ontogenetic brain growth in marine and coastal dolphins.", "content": "In young postnatal individuals, brain growth proceeds at a much faster rate in the high seas dolphin Stenella than in the coastal waters form Pontoporia, and the encephalization is much higher in the former than in the latter. In prenatal Stenella, brain growth is also very rapid. These results agree with indices of brain progression estimated for several families (Platinistidae, Delphinidae, Delphinapteridae, Phocoenidae). The possibility that the difference is related to more demanding conditions of life in marine than in coastal or inland environments is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of ontogenetic brain growth in marine and coastal dolphins. In young postnatal individuals, brain growth proceeds at a much faster rate in the high seas dolphin Stenella than in the coastal waters form Pontoporia, and the encephalization is much higher in the former than in the latter. In prenatal Stenella, brain growth is also very rapid. These results agree with indices of brain progression estimated for several families (Platinistidae, Delphinidae, Delphinapteridae, Phocoenidae). The possibility that the difference is related to more demanding conditions of life in marine than in coastal or inland environments is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205236", "title": "Protein synthesis, development, growth and life span.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that reduced protein synthesis may increase life span by retarding genetic informational transfer during early life and reducing the use of the genetic code and thereby minimizing genetic imperfections as they may occur during late life, two approaches were used. In the first protein synthesis was depressed by the administration of cycloheximide, in the second by reducing the dietary protein level. One-day-old chick embryos were injected with either 0.8 gamma or 1.0 gamma of cycloheximide. On the second and third day of incubation both stage of development and heart rate were lower in the treated embryos. Growth was retarded throughout the 17 days of incubation as measured by size and DNA contents. As estimated by the activities of various enzymes per unit DNA, cells of the treated embryos were the same as normal ones of the same age. Sixteen-month-old female Wistar rats which had been previously maintained on a commercial diet (23.4% protein) were fed diets which contained either 24, 12, 8 or 4% casein throughout their remaining life span. Except for a lowering of the body weights of the animals fed the 4% casein diet, the body weights of the remaining animals were unchanged. Reducing the dietary protein level from 24% to 12% increased the life span (25%) of the animals.", "contents": "Protein synthesis, development, growth and life span. To test the hypothesis that reduced protein synthesis may increase life span by retarding genetic informational transfer during early life and reducing the use of the genetic code and thereby minimizing genetic imperfections as they may occur during late life, two approaches were used. In the first protein synthesis was depressed by the administration of cycloheximide, in the second by reducing the dietary protein level. One-day-old chick embryos were injected with either 0.8 gamma or 1.0 gamma of cycloheximide. On the second and third day of incubation both stage of development and heart rate were lower in the treated embryos. Growth was retarded throughout the 17 days of incubation as measured by size and DNA contents. As estimated by the activities of various enzymes per unit DNA, cells of the treated embryos were the same as normal ones of the same age. Sixteen-month-old female Wistar rats which had been previously maintained on a commercial diet (23.4% protein) were fed diets which contained either 24, 12, 8 or 4% casein throughout their remaining life span. Except for a lowering of the body weights of the animals fed the 4% casein diet, the body weights of the remaining animals were unchanged. Reducing the dietary protein level from 24% to 12% increased the life span (25%) of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1205237", "title": "High power polynomial regression for the study of distance, velocity and acceleration of growth.", "content": "A technique is given to use high power polynomials of logarithms of age, up to order 18, to describe, as exactly as possible with the given data, the growth as such, the growth velocity and acceleration of any desired parameter in function of age. E.g., this can be done for height or weight in children and for blood pressure or serum cholesterol or serum uric acid a.s.o. in children and adults. The growth velocity and acceleration are given at any age between the observation limits, in a dimensionless and in a linear form. Although the linear velocity id clinically more easy to understand, the dimensionless growth velocity has many advantages. Among them, it makes it possible to compare, e.g., the growth of weight and height or of blood pressure and serum cholesterol in the same individual or in the same population at a given age or it permits the comparison between individuals, between different populations or within the same population, but at different ages, of the same parameter (e.g., height, serum cholesterol a.s.o.). The comparison of growth velocity between different species is also preferably done with the dimensionless growth velocity.", "contents": "High power polynomial regression for the study of distance, velocity and acceleration of growth. A technique is given to use high power polynomials of logarithms of age, up to order 18, to describe, as exactly as possible with the given data, the growth as such, the growth velocity and acceleration of any desired parameter in function of age. E.g., this can be done for height or weight in children and for blood pressure or serum cholesterol or serum uric acid a.s.o. in children and adults. The growth velocity and acceleration are given at any age between the observation limits, in a dimensionless and in a linear form. Although the linear velocity id clinically more easy to understand, the dimensionless growth velocity has many advantages. Among them, it makes it possible to compare, e.g., the growth of weight and height or of blood pressure and serum cholesterol in the same individual or in the same population at a given age or it permits the comparison between individuals, between different populations or within the same population, but at different ages, of the same parameter (e.g., height, serum cholesterol a.s.o.). The comparison of growth velocity between different species is also preferably done with the dimensionless growth velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:1205268", "title": "The role of the antrum in determining the acid secretory response to meals to different consistency.", "content": "Three dogs with denervated pouches of stomach were tested with two test meals, one of homogenized and the other of minced meat, before and after antral denervation. The results show that the preparation of food plays an important part in the acid response and that homogenization augments acid stimulatory potential, probably by virtue of increased buffer capacity.", "contents": "The role of the antrum in determining the acid secretory response to meals to different consistency. Three dogs with denervated pouches of stomach were tested with two test meals, one of homogenized and the other of minced meat, before and after antral denervation. The results show that the preparation of food plays an important part in the acid response and that homogenization augments acid stimulatory potential, probably by virtue of increased buffer capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1205269", "title": "Gastrin response to meals of different composition in normal subjects.", "content": "The serum gastrin responses and the integrated gastrin responses to eating three meals of very different composition were studied in the same normal subjects on different days. Two meals, a milk meal of 500 ml, and a breakfast of eggs, toast, butter, marmalade, fruit juice and coffee, were eaten at breakfast time. The serum gastrin responses to these meals were compared and contrasted with the concentrations observed when the subjects fasted over the same time of day. A steak meal was eaten at lunch time. There were no significant differences between the mean serum gastrin concentrations to the three meals but each meal produced a significant increase in serum gastrin above fasting levels. When the prefeeding gastrin concentration was subtracted from the gastrin responses then the integrated responses to the steak meal were greater than those to either of the breakfast meals. Considerable variability in response to any one meal was observed within the group of subjects, but those subjects who produced high serum gastrin concentrations to one meal did so to the others. Conversely, at low response to one meal was reflected in low responses to the other two meals. Fasting serum gastrin concentration was correlated with the age of the subject. Repeatability of the response to one meal was tested in two subjects who ate the same meal on four separate occasions showing their responses to be repeatable.", "contents": "Gastrin response to meals of different composition in normal subjects. The serum gastrin responses and the integrated gastrin responses to eating three meals of very different composition were studied in the same normal subjects on different days. Two meals, a milk meal of 500 ml, and a breakfast of eggs, toast, butter, marmalade, fruit juice and coffee, were eaten at breakfast time. The serum gastrin responses to these meals were compared and contrasted with the concentrations observed when the subjects fasted over the same time of day. A steak meal was eaten at lunch time. There were no significant differences between the mean serum gastrin concentrations to the three meals but each meal produced a significant increase in serum gastrin above fasting levels. When the prefeeding gastrin concentration was subtracted from the gastrin responses then the integrated responses to the steak meal were greater than those to either of the breakfast meals. Considerable variability in response to any one meal was observed within the group of subjects, but those subjects who produced high serum gastrin concentrations to one meal did so to the others. Conversely, at low response to one meal was reflected in low responses to the other two meals. Fasting serum gastrin concentration was correlated with the age of the subject. Repeatability of the response to one meal was tested in two subjects who ate the same meal on four separate occasions showing their responses to be repeatable."}
{"id": "PMID:1205270", "title": "The gastric response to a transpyloric duodenal tube.", "content": "The quantification of gastric, pancreatic, biliary, and small bowel functions in man often requires the use of intestinal tubes. In this study, the presence of a transpyloric tube did not alter gastric emptying, acid secretion, or serum gastrin levels in response to an ordinary solid meal.", "contents": "The gastric response to a transpyloric duodenal tube. The quantification of gastric, pancreatic, biliary, and small bowel functions in man often requires the use of intestinal tubes. In this study, the presence of a transpyloric tube did not alter gastric emptying, acid secretion, or serum gastrin levels in response to an ordinary solid meal."}
{"id": "PMID:1205271", "title": "Is there an antral-body portal system in the stomach?", "content": "The direction of blood flow from the gastric mucosa of the antrum of the rat stomach has been studied using the isotope Rb86Cl. In a series of five experiments radioactivity has been shown to be transported via the blood stream from the antrum to the parietal cell mass without passing through the general circulation first. It is suggested that a 'portal' or direct transport system from antral mucosa to the body of the stomach exists.", "contents": "Is there an antral-body portal system in the stomach? The direction of blood flow from the gastric mucosa of the antrum of the rat stomach has been studied using the isotope Rb86Cl. In a series of five experiments radioactivity has been shown to be transported via the blood stream from the antrum to the parietal cell mass without passing through the general circulation first. It is suggested that a 'portal' or direct transport system from antral mucosa to the body of the stomach exists."}
{"id": "PMID:1205272", "title": "Comparison of bowel function after ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis and colonic polyposis.", "content": "Bowel habit has been studied in a group of 92 outpatients with ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis and compared with that in a group of 45 outpatients with ileorectal anastomosis for colonic polyposis. Bowel frequency ranged from 1-7 to 8-7 stools per 24 hours with a mean of 4-5 in the colitic group compared with a range of 1-3 to 8-1 stools per 24 hours and a mean of 3-5 in the polyposis group. Eighty-two per cent of the colitic group and 95% of the polyposis group had six or fewer bowel actions per 24 hours. Colitic patients in poor general condition at the time of colectomy seemed more likely to have over six bowel actions per 24 hours than those less severely ill. Urgency of defaecation was rare. Bowel actions every night and occasional faecal incontinence occurred in small but similar percentages of patients in both groups. Fifty-one per cent of patients in the colitic group, as compared with 9% in the polyposis group, were taking regular treatment to improve bowel function. Dietary difficulty was rare after ileorectal anastomosis in both colitic and polyposis groups.", "contents": "Comparison of bowel function after ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis and colonic polyposis. Bowel habit has been studied in a group of 92 outpatients with ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis and compared with that in a group of 45 outpatients with ileorectal anastomosis for colonic polyposis. Bowel frequency ranged from 1-7 to 8-7 stools per 24 hours with a mean of 4-5 in the colitic group compared with a range of 1-3 to 8-1 stools per 24 hours and a mean of 3-5 in the polyposis group. Eighty-two per cent of the colitic group and 95% of the polyposis group had six or fewer bowel actions per 24 hours. Colitic patients in poor general condition at the time of colectomy seemed more likely to have over six bowel actions per 24 hours than those less severely ill. Urgency of defaecation was rare. Bowel actions every night and occasional faecal incontinence occurred in small but similar percentages of patients in both groups. Fifty-one per cent of patients in the colitic group, as compared with 9% in the polyposis group, were taking regular treatment to improve bowel function. Dietary difficulty was rare after ileorectal anastomosis in both colitic and polyposis groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1205273", "title": "Polyposis in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "One hundred and fifty cases of ulcerative colitis were assessed by total colonoscopy with multiple biopsies. Inflammatory polyposis was found in 25 (17%) cases and six of these had a large (greater than 1-5 cm) solitary polyp which radiologically resembled carcinoma in four cases. Adenomatous polyps were discovered in four cases. Three carcinomas were found at endoscopy, of which two were entirely unsuspected. In all cases endoscopic polypectomy or surgical intervention was performed to establish the exact histological diagnosis.", "contents": "Polyposis in ulcerative colitis. One hundred and fifty cases of ulcerative colitis were assessed by total colonoscopy with multiple biopsies. Inflammatory polyposis was found in 25 (17%) cases and six of these had a large (greater than 1-5 cm) solitary polyp which radiologically resembled carcinoma in four cases. Adenomatous polyps were discovered in four cases. Three carcinomas were found at endoscopy, of which two were entirely unsuspected. In all cases endoscopic polypectomy or surgical intervention was performed to establish the exact histological diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1205274", "title": "Serum transaminase levels after experimental paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis.", "content": "The relationship between serum transaminase levels and the extent of paracetamol-induced liver necrosis has been investigated in the rat. Three methods of histological quantitation were used to assess of necrosis--arbitrary grading, point counting, and the image-analysis computer. Highly significant correlations were obtained between the three methods and all were found to be reproducible. A close correlation was found between the extent of hepatic necrosis and the serum ASAT and ALAT 24 hours after a large dose (4 g/kg) of paracetamol. Likewise, the mean grade of necrosis correlated reasonably well with the serum enzyme levels in the recovery phase at 36 and 72 hours, although the transaminase level for a given degree of necrosis was considerably lower at 72 hours than at 24 hours. These findings suggest that serum transaminase levels gives a reliable indication of the severity of hepatic necrosis if the time of ingestion of the paracetamol is known and taken into account.", "contents": "Serum transaminase levels after experimental paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis. The relationship between serum transaminase levels and the extent of paracetamol-induced liver necrosis has been investigated in the rat. Three methods of histological quantitation were used to assess of necrosis--arbitrary grading, point counting, and the image-analysis computer. Highly significant correlations were obtained between the three methods and all were found to be reproducible. A close correlation was found between the extent of hepatic necrosis and the serum ASAT and ALAT 24 hours after a large dose (4 g/kg) of paracetamol. Likewise, the mean grade of necrosis correlated reasonably well with the serum enzyme levels in the recovery phase at 36 and 72 hours, although the transaminase level for a given degree of necrosis was considerably lower at 72 hours than at 24 hours. These findings suggest that serum transaminase levels gives a reliable indication of the severity of hepatic necrosis if the time of ingestion of the paracetamol is known and taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:1205275", "title": "Large bowel myoelectrical activity in man.", "content": "The myoelectrical activity of human colon and rectum has been studied by three types of electrode in man--intraluminal (suction), serosal and cutaneous. The patterns obtained indicate a high degree of consistency between the methods and the value of surface electrodes is emphasized. Gradient along the large bowel of both frequency and percentage electrical activity have been observed and possible physiological roles are postulated for them. By correlating the features of regular electrical and corresponding regular motor waves an alteration in the myoelectrical pattern is observed in the region of the rectosigmoid junction.", "contents": "Large bowel myoelectrical activity in man. The myoelectrical activity of human colon and rectum has been studied by three types of electrode in man--intraluminal (suction), serosal and cutaneous. The patterns obtained indicate a high degree of consistency between the methods and the value of surface electrodes is emphasized. Gradient along the large bowel of both frequency and percentage electrical activity have been observed and possible physiological roles are postulated for them. By correlating the features of regular electrical and corresponding regular motor waves an alteration in the myoelectrical pattern is observed in the region of the rectosigmoid junction."}
{"id": "PMID:1205336", "title": "Photometric assay of antithrombin III with a chromogenic substrate.", "content": "A simple assay procedure for antithrombin III is described. The synthetic product benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S-2160) is used as substrate. By thrombin p-nitroaniline is split from the tripeptide molecule. The yellowish color of this split product can be measured in a photometer. Inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III results in inhibition of this reaction. The percentage of thrombin inhibited is in direct relation to the activity of antithrombin III. Various modifications were tested to optimate the method. Comparable results were obtained between the coagulation method of HENSEN and LOELIGER and the photometric method.", "contents": "Photometric assay of antithrombin III with a chromogenic substrate. A simple assay procedure for antithrombin III is described. The synthetic product benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S-2160) is used as substrate. By thrombin p-nitroaniline is split from the tripeptide molecule. The yellowish color of this split product can be measured in a photometer. Inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III results in inhibition of this reaction. The percentage of thrombin inhibited is in direct relation to the activity of antithrombin III. Various modifications were tested to optimate the method. Comparable results were obtained between the coagulation method of HENSEN and LOELIGER and the photometric method."}
{"id": "PMID:1205337", "title": "Changes in coagulation factors and platelet function in response to progestational agents.", "content": "Levels of coagulation factors I, II, V, VII-X, VIII, IX, X, plasminogen and antithrombin III, were determined at midcycle in 17 test subjects using oral contraceptive agents, and in 10 control subjects. Immunoassay of factor II and antithrombin III was also carried out, and platelet aggregation quantitatively assessed. Significant increases were found in the activity of factors II, V, VII-X, X and plasminogen, but factor II antigen levels did not change. Platelet aggregation with collagen was significantly enhanced. No change occurred in antithrombin III activity or antigen levels.", "contents": "Changes in coagulation factors and platelet function in response to progestational agents. Levels of coagulation factors I, II, V, VII-X, VIII, IX, X, plasminogen and antithrombin III, were determined at midcycle in 17 test subjects using oral contraceptive agents, and in 10 control subjects. Immunoassay of factor II and antithrombin III was also carried out, and platelet aggregation quantitatively assessed. Significant increases were found in the activity of factors II, V, VII-X, X and plasminogen, but factor II antigen levels did not change. Platelet aggregation with collagen was significantly enhanced. No change occurred in antithrombin III activity or antigen levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1205338", "title": "Cyclical changes in coagulation factors associated with the use of progestational agents.", "content": "The activity of factors II, VII, VIII, IX, X and fibrinogen and factor VIII antigen levels were followed during a single menstrual cycle in three females using oral contraceptive agents, and in two controls. Marked cyclical variation occurred in the activity of factor VII and VIII, but not in factor VIII antigen levels. Less marked changes occurred in factor II and fibrinogen.", "contents": "Cyclical changes in coagulation factors associated with the use of progestational agents. The activity of factors II, VII, VIII, IX, X and fibrinogen and factor VIII antigen levels were followed during a single menstrual cycle in three females using oral contraceptive agents, and in two controls. Marked cyclical variation occurred in the activity of factor VII and VIII, but not in factor VIII antigen levels. Less marked changes occurred in factor II and fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1205339", "title": "Serotonin uptake and glycolytic activity of human platelets after prolonged incubation with glucose-poor plasma.", "content": "It is confirmed that metabolic energy is a prerequisite for the uptake of serotonin by human blood platelets. Starvation (i.e. incubation at 25 degrees C of platelets resuspended in glucose-poor autologous plasma) generally stops glucose consumption, lactate formation as well as serotonin uptake within 2 h. The addition of glucose restores lactate formation immediately and, independent of total starvation time, to normal or even higher levels. The active uptake of serotonin, however, can be restored only partly after prolonged incubation with glucose, to an extent which seems to be dependent of the preceding starvation time. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that besides an active carbohydrate metabolism another factor, presumably the integrity of the platelet membrane, is obligatory for the active transport of serotonin.", "contents": "Serotonin uptake and glycolytic activity of human platelets after prolonged incubation with glucose-poor plasma. It is confirmed that metabolic energy is a prerequisite for the uptake of serotonin by human blood platelets. Starvation (i.e. incubation at 25 degrees C of platelets resuspended in glucose-poor autologous plasma) generally stops glucose consumption, lactate formation as well as serotonin uptake within 2 h. The addition of glucose restores lactate formation immediately and, independent of total starvation time, to normal or even higher levels. The active uptake of serotonin, however, can be restored only partly after prolonged incubation with glucose, to an extent which seems to be dependent of the preceding starvation time. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that besides an active carbohydrate metabolism another factor, presumably the integrity of the platelet membrane, is obligatory for the active transport of serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:1205340", "title": "Controlled trial of platelet anti-aggregating agents and subcutaneous heparin in prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in high risk patients.", "content": "In a prospective randomised trial, three groups of 20 patients each were compared. A first group served as a control, a second group received dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid and a third group received low doses of heparin. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis determined by the 125I-fibrinogen test was 40% in the first group, 50% in the second group, and 5% in the third group. The differences between the heparin group and the two other groups are statistically significant. No wound complication and no haematoma at the injection site occurred.", "contents": "Controlled trial of platelet anti-aggregating agents and subcutaneous heparin in prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in high risk patients. In a prospective randomised trial, three groups of 20 patients each were compared. A first group served as a control, a second group received dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid and a third group received low doses of heparin. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis determined by the 125I-fibrinogen test was 40% in the first group, 50% in the second group, and 5% in the third group. The differences between the heparin group and the two other groups are statistically significant. No wound complication and no haematoma at the injection site occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:1205412", "title": "The influence of phentolamine on the fluorescence of catecholaminergic structures in selected areas of rat brain.", "content": "Wistar rats were given phentolamine into the ventriculus lateralis. The D1 group of rats received a larger dose than the D2 group. The animals were decapitated within 2 hours after phentolamine injection. The FALCK fluorescence technique was applied to demonstrate the fluorescence of catecholaminergic structures. The results in rat brain areas selected according to KONIG and KLIPPEL are shown in figs 10-46. Whereas earlier biochemical experiments did not show any phentolamine-induced changes in the NA level of the whole brain, the present histochemical experiments carried out with the fluorescence technique revealed the influence of phentolamine on individual structures and areas of the NA system. In comparison with the control material in 5 out of 11 areas the fluorescence was much weaker, in 3 it was similar to the control group, and in 3 (1 with a larger dose and 2 with a smaller dose of phentolamine) it was slightly stronger. The simultaneous increase of fluorescence in 6 out of 7 areas of the DA system may indicate a compensatory interaction of these areas as a response to the neuromediator decrease in the NA system. The paper discusses the increase in the intensity of fluorescence induced by a small dose of phentolamine in some brain areas, or by a large dose in others, both these alternatives depending on the neuromediator turnover.", "contents": "The influence of phentolamine on the fluorescence of catecholaminergic structures in selected areas of rat brain. Wistar rats were given phentolamine into the ventriculus lateralis. The D1 group of rats received a larger dose than the D2 group. The animals were decapitated within 2 hours after phentolamine injection. The FALCK fluorescence technique was applied to demonstrate the fluorescence of catecholaminergic structures. The results in rat brain areas selected according to KONIG and KLIPPEL are shown in figs 10-46. Whereas earlier biochemical experiments did not show any phentolamine-induced changes in the NA level of the whole brain, the present histochemical experiments carried out with the fluorescence technique revealed the influence of phentolamine on individual structures and areas of the NA system. In comparison with the control material in 5 out of 11 areas the fluorescence was much weaker, in 3 it was similar to the control group, and in 3 (1 with a larger dose and 2 with a smaller dose of phentolamine) it was slightly stronger. The simultaneous increase of fluorescence in 6 out of 7 areas of the DA system may indicate a compensatory interaction of these areas as a response to the neuromediator decrease in the NA system. The paper discusses the increase in the intensity of fluorescence induced by a small dose of phentolamine in some brain areas, or by a large dose in others, both these alternatives depending on the neuromediator turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:1205413", "title": "Histochemical and electron microscopical studies of skeletal muscle affected by gas gangrene.", "content": "Ultrastructural and histochemical changes of skeletal muscle were studied in three patients affected with gas gangrene. There was complete lack of the phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities in the affected muscles of all the patients. In unaffected muscles these enzymes showed weaker activities than in norm. The lactate dehydrogenase activity, especially the heart type isozyme (LDH-1 or H4) proved less sensitive to the effect of clostridial toxin. A general increase in the acid phosphatase activity was found both in affected and in unaffected muscles. On electron microscopic examination damage to sarcolemmal membrane and disintegration of myofilaments was seen. The mitochondria were swollen and their cristae distorted and fragmented.", "contents": "Histochemical and electron microscopical studies of skeletal muscle affected by gas gangrene. Ultrastructural and histochemical changes of skeletal muscle were studied in three patients affected with gas gangrene. There was complete lack of the phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities in the affected muscles of all the patients. In unaffected muscles these enzymes showed weaker activities than in norm. The lactate dehydrogenase activity, especially the heart type isozyme (LDH-1 or H4) proved less sensitive to the effect of clostridial toxin. A general increase in the acid phosphatase activity was found both in affected and in unaffected muscles. On electron microscopic examination damage to sarcolemmal membrane and disintegration of myofilaments was seen. The mitochondria were swollen and their cristae distorted and fragmented."}
{"id": "PMID:1205414", "title": "Effect of hydroxyurea on the protein content and synthesis in normal and tumorous tobacco tissues cultured in vitro.", "content": "An over 9 per cent increase was found in the protein content of callus and tumorous tissues of Nicotiana tabacum cultured for 39 days in a medium with an addition of hydroxyurea at a concentration of 100 mg/l. The inhibitory effect of this compound on incorporation of [14C]leucine was demonstrated, differences in the intensity of labelling between the nucleus and cytoplasm being present only in the tumorous tissue. These differences may indicate either disturbances in the migration of proteins from cytoplasm to nuclei or a specific blockade of histone synthesis. Hydroxyurea inhibits incorporation of [3H]arginine in callus tissues, whereas in tumorous tissues, apart from inhibition (at 75 and 100 mg HU/1), the stimulation of incorporation of this amino acid was observed (at 10 and 50 mg HU/1). The inhibitory effect of hydroxyurea on incorporation of [3H] lysine was demonstrated in both tissues examined, but it was stronger in the callus tissue. On the basis of the results concerning the influence of hydroxyurea on the content and synthesis of nucleic acids [4, 5] and the results of the present study it may be supposed that this compound induces unbalanced growth of cells of both tissues (inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and simultaneous accumulation of proteins), thus leading to their death.", "contents": "Effect of hydroxyurea on the protein content and synthesis in normal and tumorous tobacco tissues cultured in vitro. An over 9 per cent increase was found in the protein content of callus and tumorous tissues of Nicotiana tabacum cultured for 39 days in a medium with an addition of hydroxyurea at a concentration of 100 mg/l. The inhibitory effect of this compound on incorporation of [14C]leucine was demonstrated, differences in the intensity of labelling between the nucleus and cytoplasm being present only in the tumorous tissue. These differences may indicate either disturbances in the migration of proteins from cytoplasm to nuclei or a specific blockade of histone synthesis. Hydroxyurea inhibits incorporation of [3H]arginine in callus tissues, whereas in tumorous tissues, apart from inhibition (at 75 and 100 mg HU/1), the stimulation of incorporation of this amino acid was observed (at 10 and 50 mg HU/1). The inhibitory effect of hydroxyurea on incorporation of [3H] lysine was demonstrated in both tissues examined, but it was stronger in the callus tissue. On the basis of the results concerning the influence of hydroxyurea on the content and synthesis of nucleic acids [4, 5] and the results of the present study it may be supposed that this compound induces unbalanced growth of cells of both tissues (inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and simultaneous accumulation of proteins), thus leading to their death."}
{"id": "PMID:1205415", "title": "Karyometric observations of WISH cell cultures irradiated with 3 GHz microwaves.", "content": "WISH cell cultures 24 hours after passage were irradiated with 3 GHz microwaves (10 cm) at far field conditions in free space (anechoic chamber) for 30 minutes, at field power density 5 or 20 mW/cm2. Within 1,24 and 48 hours of the exposure to microwave fields the volumes of nuclei and nucleoli were measured with the use of a micrometer, and logvolumes and nucleo-nucleolar ratios were calculated. Under the applied irradiation conditions the culture medium temperature did not exceed 37 degrees C. In cultures irradiated at field power density 20 mW/cm2 increased number of cells with small nuclei and enlarged nucleoli was noted within 1 hour of the exposure. Within 24 and 48 hours after irradiation the nucleolar volume showed a slight decrease, whereas the nuclear volume increased. In cultures irradiated at field power density 5 mW/cm2 increased numbers of cells with enlarged nuclei and nucleoli were found. Analysis of the distribution curves of nuclear and nucleolar volumes suggests that non-thermal power densities of microwaves stimulate the metabolism of cell cultures. However, at higher power densities (20 mW/cm2) the stimulation phase is preceded by a period of reduced viability of cell cultures.", "contents": "Karyometric observations of WISH cell cultures irradiated with 3 GHz microwaves. WISH cell cultures 24 hours after passage were irradiated with 3 GHz microwaves (10 cm) at far field conditions in free space (anechoic chamber) for 30 minutes, at field power density 5 or 20 mW/cm2. Within 1,24 and 48 hours of the exposure to microwave fields the volumes of nuclei and nucleoli were measured with the use of a micrometer, and logvolumes and nucleo-nucleolar ratios were calculated. Under the applied irradiation conditions the culture medium temperature did not exceed 37 degrees C. In cultures irradiated at field power density 20 mW/cm2 increased number of cells with small nuclei and enlarged nucleoli was noted within 1 hour of the exposure. Within 24 and 48 hours after irradiation the nucleolar volume showed a slight decrease, whereas the nuclear volume increased. In cultures irradiated at field power density 5 mW/cm2 increased numbers of cells with enlarged nuclei and nucleoli were found. Analysis of the distribution curves of nuclear and nucleolar volumes suggests that non-thermal power densities of microwaves stimulate the metabolism of cell cultures. However, at higher power densities (20 mW/cm2) the stimulation phase is preceded by a period of reduced viability of cell cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:1205418", "title": "The effect of a long-term CCl4 action on the DNA content of rat liver cell nuclei. A cytophotometric study.", "content": "Inbred CFY male and female rats were given subcutaneous injections of carbon tetrachloride solution in sunflower oil for 12 weeks. Cytophotometric DNA determination was made on liver cell nuclei. Cell nuclei from normal liver showed modal peak of DNA in the diploid range. In the treated animals there were modal peaks of DNA in diploid and tetraploid regions as well as remarkable numbers of over-tetraploid nuclei. The hepatic lesions classified histologically were more severe in males than in females. The ploidy distributions were not related to the histopathological features and sex.", "contents": "The effect of a long-term CCl4 action on the DNA content of rat liver cell nuclei. A cytophotometric study. Inbred CFY male and female rats were given subcutaneous injections of carbon tetrachloride solution in sunflower oil for 12 weeks. Cytophotometric DNA determination was made on liver cell nuclei. Cell nuclei from normal liver showed modal peak of DNA in the diploid range. In the treated animals there were modal peaks of DNA in diploid and tetraploid regions as well as remarkable numbers of over-tetraploid nuclei. The hepatic lesions classified histologically were more severe in males than in females. The ploidy distributions were not related to the histopathological features and sex."}
{"id": "PMID:1205442", "title": "[Rectal neoplasms: the current state of surgical treatment].", "content": "The number of patients with rectal cancer ist increasing steadily in the BRD. Even if diagnosis of early stages of rectal cancer is not too difficult, the fatal diagnostic delay is 7-8 months on the average. After operative methods have been subtilized and radicalized only preventive medical examinations and early public instruction may improve the prognosis of the patients concerned. Additional treatment with cytostatical agents seems to be promising. If preventive medical care makes it possible to detect rectal cancer in its early stages, the same operative results can be obtained by the meanwhile developed continence-preserving methods as by the hitherto carried out widespread and continence-sacrificing rectal resection as our own experiences prove.", "contents": "[Rectal neoplasms: the current state of surgical treatment]. The number of patients with rectal cancer ist increasing steadily in the BRD. Even if diagnosis of early stages of rectal cancer is not too difficult, the fatal diagnostic delay is 7-8 months on the average. After operative methods have been subtilized and radicalized only preventive medical examinations and early public instruction may improve the prognosis of the patients concerned. Additional treatment with cytostatical agents seems to be promising. If preventive medical care makes it possible to detect rectal cancer in its early stages, the same operative results can be obtained by the meanwhile developed continence-preserving methods as by the hitherto carried out widespread and continence-sacrificing rectal resection as our own experiences prove."}
{"id": "PMID:1205444", "title": "[Emergency endoscopy].", "content": "We prefer emergency-endoscopy in case of acute hemorrhage of the upper gastro-intestinal-tract, in case of perforation no endoscopy. Within the last two years 122 patients were treated by endoscopy and more than half of them must be treated by operation.", "contents": "[Emergency endoscopy]. We prefer emergency-endoscopy in case of acute hemorrhage of the upper gastro-intestinal-tract, in case of perforation no endoscopy. Within the last two years 122 patients were treated by endoscopy and more than half of them must be treated by operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1205445", "title": "[The Mallory-Weiss syndrome (MWS)].", "content": "Mallory and Weiss (1929) described the syndrome which is characterized by hemorrhages from mucous membrane gaps of the cardia ner the esophagus. There are many causes responsible: sudden intraluminal pressure, obliteration of the mucous membrane, alcohol excess, voluminous meals, myocard infarction. In 3-5% hyperemesis is accompanied by Mallory-Weiss-Syndrome. For diagnosis endoscopy is the method of choice; if conservative therapy is without result, surgical measures are necessary. Lately endoscopic electrocoagulation gains more and more importance. 2 cases are reported.", "contents": "[The Mallory-Weiss syndrome (MWS)]. Mallory and Weiss (1929) described the syndrome which is characterized by hemorrhages from mucous membrane gaps of the cardia ner the esophagus. There are many causes responsible: sudden intraluminal pressure, obliteration of the mucous membrane, alcohol excess, voluminous meals, myocard infarction. In 3-5% hyperemesis is accompanied by Mallory-Weiss-Syndrome. For diagnosis endoscopy is the method of choice; if conservative therapy is without result, surgical measures are necessary. Lately endoscopic electrocoagulation gains more and more importance. 2 cases are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1205446", "title": "[Problems of the so-called geriatric gastrointestinal diseases].", "content": "The significant increase in the number of people older than seventy forces the physician to be acquainted with both psychological and physical alterations induced by aging and to devote an ever increasing proportion of time for recognition and treatment os such alterations. In the medical sense, the biological and physiological age is more important than the chronological age. With increasing age there is--especially concerning the digestive tract and its accessory organs--a rise in the incidence of organic affections and a decline in the frequency of functional disorders. Besides it is wise to know, that the increasing age there is often a coexistence of multiple degenerative disorders and disease states, involving many body systems and organs. On the background of this recognition it is also important to know, that prognosis too varies with age because of the coexistence of individually prognosticated disease states and moreover to realize, that elderly patients do not tolerate invasive and prolonged surgical procedures. Structural or functional disturbances of the digestive organs by aging processes do not cause death per se, but can become one important factor; degenerative sclerotic vascular alterations bear relationship to the poorly contractile vasculature that brings up difficulties in the control of hemorrhagic gastroduodenal ulcers. Many gastrointestinal disorders in elderly patients occur with an equal frequency in younger patients, some are more common in the geriatric population; these include hiatal hernia, carcinoma of esophagus, stomach, pancreas, bile ducts and colon, intestinal obstruction (ileus) by neoplastic growth, gallstone ileus, external hernia and operative adhesions and especially diverticular diseases of the colon and its complications and ischemic colitis by mesenteric vascular occlusion. Cirrhosis of the liver is often diagnosed for the first time in the older age groups while acute viral hepatitis uses to run a cholestatic course and is therefore often misdiagnosed as mechanical obstruction. In general history is difficult to obtain, the response of the organism with temperature and white blood count to stress is often delayed and rigidity associated with an underlying inflammatory disease involving the peritoneum is often delayed and rigidity associated with an underlying inflammatory disease involving the peritoneum is often atypical. Because of this limited reaction to severe stress, early surgical intervention is imperative in the elderly patients.", "contents": "[Problems of the so-called geriatric gastrointestinal diseases]. The significant increase in the number of people older than seventy forces the physician to be acquainted with both psychological and physical alterations induced by aging and to devote an ever increasing proportion of time for recognition and treatment os such alterations. In the medical sense, the biological and physiological age is more important than the chronological age. With increasing age there is--especially concerning the digestive tract and its accessory organs--a rise in the incidence of organic affections and a decline in the frequency of functional disorders. Besides it is wise to know, that the increasing age there is often a coexistence of multiple degenerative disorders and disease states, involving many body systems and organs. On the background of this recognition it is also important to know, that prognosis too varies with age because of the coexistence of individually prognosticated disease states and moreover to realize, that elderly patients do not tolerate invasive and prolonged surgical procedures. Structural or functional disturbances of the digestive organs by aging processes do not cause death per se, but can become one important factor; degenerative sclerotic vascular alterations bear relationship to the poorly contractile vasculature that brings up difficulties in the control of hemorrhagic gastroduodenal ulcers. Many gastrointestinal disorders in elderly patients occur with an equal frequency in younger patients, some are more common in the geriatric population; these include hiatal hernia, carcinoma of esophagus, stomach, pancreas, bile ducts and colon, intestinal obstruction (ileus) by neoplastic growth, gallstone ileus, external hernia and operative adhesions and especially diverticular diseases of the colon and its complications and ischemic colitis by mesenteric vascular occlusion. Cirrhosis of the liver is often diagnosed for the first time in the older age groups while acute viral hepatitis uses to run a cholestatic course and is therefore often misdiagnosed as mechanical obstruction. In general history is difficult to obtain, the response of the organism with temperature and white blood count to stress is often delayed and rigidity associated with an underlying inflammatory disease involving the peritoneum is often delayed and rigidity associated with an underlying inflammatory disease involving the peritoneum is often atypical. Because of this limited reaction to severe stress, early surgical intervention is imperative in the elderly patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1205447", "title": "[Aims and realities in geriatric psychiatry].", "content": "The psychiatric care of the elderly in the Federal Republic of Germany must presently be considered to be inadequate. At the present the main point of emphasis in treatment is placed almost exclusively on the stationary sector, having a predominantly keeping character. What is necessary, however, is psychogeriatric activity which unfolds itself very substantially in the field of out-patient diagnostics, therapy and health education in order to cope better with the handcaps of the the elderly. Apart from the urgently needed establishment of new institutions, the overcoming of the wide-spread therapeutic pessimism in the care of the older people is to be seen as a substantial aim, particularly of those active in geriatric health care.", "contents": "[Aims and realities in geriatric psychiatry]. The psychiatric care of the elderly in the Federal Republic of Germany must presently be considered to be inadequate. At the present the main point of emphasis in treatment is placed almost exclusively on the stationary sector, having a predominantly keeping character. What is necessary, however, is psychogeriatric activity which unfolds itself very substantially in the field of out-patient diagnostics, therapy and health education in order to cope better with the handcaps of the the elderly. Apart from the urgently needed establishment of new institutions, the overcoming of the wide-spread therapeutic pessimism in the care of the older people is to be seen as a substantial aim, particularly of those active in geriatric health care."}
{"id": "PMID:1205448", "title": "[Ketone bodies in the blood during sorbitol infusion].", "content": "The concentration of hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate during infusion of sorbitol was significantly depressed in 12 healthy subjects. The dosage ranged between 0.25 and 0.50 g/kg BW/h. Considering the blood parameter the hunger ketosis was depressed by the infusion rate of 0.25 g/kg/h. Cholesterol concentration, too, was significantly lowered by sorbitol.", "contents": "[Ketone bodies in the blood during sorbitol infusion]. The concentration of hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate during infusion of sorbitol was significantly depressed in 12 healthy subjects. The dosage ranged between 0.25 and 0.50 g/kg BW/h. Considering the blood parameter the hunger ketosis was depressed by the infusion rate of 0.25 g/kg/h. Cholesterol concentration, too, was significantly lowered by sorbitol."}
{"id": "PMID:1205449", "title": "Purification and characterization of a hemagglutinin from Arachis hypogeae.", "content": "A. hypogaea hemagglutinin was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sepharose 6 B column chromatography. The homogeneity of the purified hemagglutinin was ascertained by ultracentrifugal analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has a molecular weight of 106.500 and is a tetramer of a subunit with a molecular weight of 27.000. The purified hemagglutinin agglutinated neuraminidase-treated human erythrocytes regardless of their ABO group type, but did not agglutinate intact erythrocytes. In hapten inhibition assays with simple sugars, the so-called M\u00e4kel\u00e4's group 2 sugars, which bear the same configuration of hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-4 as D-galactopyranose, were inhibitors for this hemagglutinin. It does not contain any carbohydrate, in contrast to most phytohemagglutinins except concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a hemagglutinin from Arachis hypogeae. A. hypogaea hemagglutinin was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sepharose 6 B column chromatography. The homogeneity of the purified hemagglutinin was ascertained by ultracentrifugal analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has a molecular weight of 106.500 and is a tetramer of a subunit with a molecular weight of 27.000. The purified hemagglutinin agglutinated neuraminidase-treated human erythrocytes regardless of their ABO group type, but did not agglutinate intact erythrocytes. In hapten inhibition assays with simple sugars, the so-called M\u00e4kel\u00e4's group 2 sugars, which bear the same configuration of hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-4 as D-galactopyranose, were inhibitors for this hemagglutinin. It does not contain any carbohydrate, in contrast to most phytohemagglutinins except concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin."}
{"id": "PMID:1205450", "title": "Formation, circular dichroism and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of hepatic Zn-thionein.", "content": "The formation of the powerful Zn binding protein called Zn-thionein was examined using male albino rats and [14C]cysteine, as cystein is known to be the most abundant constituent of this metal protein. 65% of the hepatic [14C]cysteine was incorporated into the protein portion of freshly prepared Zn-thionein. The protein was isolated by a combination of ethanol/chloroform treatment and various chromatographic steps, including ion exchange and gel filtration. 4.7 mol of Zn, 0.02 mol of Cd and less than 0.001 mol of either Cu or Hg were found per 12 000 g of portein. It was presumed that considerable amounts of Zn were lost during these isolation procedures, with the consequence of disulphide gridge formation. Indeed, the presence of R-S-S-R was deduced from circular dichroism and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Due to the clearly detectable disulphide chromophore in the circular dichroism spectrum, it was possible to assign the shoulder at S 2p1/2,3/2 =  162.7 eV of the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of native Zn-thionein to R-S-S-R and not to strongly polarized sulphur. Upon reducing R-S-S-R-containing native Zn-thionein with dithiothreitol, all oxidised thiolate moieties of the thionein molecule could be restored. The addition of ZnCl2 with the subsequent desalting of extraneously bound Zn2 yielded a homogeneous Zn-thionein with 9.6 mol Zn2 per mol protein. A stoichiometry of ZnRS 1:3 was seen, which confirmed earlier reports of the existence of the mixed Cd,Zn-thionein. The conversion of mixed Cd,Zn-thionein into homogeneous Zn-, Cd-, Hg- and Cu-thionein by the gel filtration technique proved successful. From chiroptical measurements, the extraordinary contribution of the metal chromophores to the circular dichroism was seen. Due to the differences in the geometry of complexes formed by the respective metal ions, dramatic changes in the protein portion were expected. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of purified native untreated Zn-thionein resulted in the appearance of two or more bands. This phenomenon was attributed to the different migration rates of cystine-thionein and thiolate-rich Zn-thionein, and was consistent with the spectral properties of the above Zn-protein species. By contrast, only one single band was monitored when a homogeneous metal-thionein was electrophoresed.", "contents": "Formation, circular dichroism and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of hepatic Zn-thionein. The formation of the powerful Zn binding protein called Zn-thionein was examined using male albino rats and [14C]cysteine, as cystein is known to be the most abundant constituent of this metal protein. 65% of the hepatic [14C]cysteine was incorporated into the protein portion of freshly prepared Zn-thionein. The protein was isolated by a combination of ethanol/chloroform treatment and various chromatographic steps, including ion exchange and gel filtration. 4.7 mol of Zn, 0.02 mol of Cd and less than 0.001 mol of either Cu or Hg were found per 12 000 g of portein. It was presumed that considerable amounts of Zn were lost during these isolation procedures, with the consequence of disulphide gridge formation. Indeed, the presence of R-S-S-R was deduced from circular dichroism and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Due to the clearly detectable disulphide chromophore in the circular dichroism spectrum, it was possible to assign the shoulder at S 2p1/2,3/2 =  162.7 eV of the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of native Zn-thionein to R-S-S-R and not to strongly polarized sulphur. Upon reducing R-S-S-R-containing native Zn-thionein with dithiothreitol, all oxidised thiolate moieties of the thionein molecule could be restored. The addition of ZnCl2 with the subsequent desalting of extraneously bound Zn2 yielded a homogeneous Zn-thionein with 9.6 mol Zn2 per mol protein. A stoichiometry of ZnRS 1:3 was seen, which confirmed earlier reports of the existence of the mixed Cd,Zn-thionein. The conversion of mixed Cd,Zn-thionein into homogeneous Zn-, Cd-, Hg- and Cu-thionein by the gel filtration technique proved successful. From chiroptical measurements, the extraordinary contribution of the metal chromophores to the circular dichroism was seen. Due to the differences in the geometry of complexes formed by the respective metal ions, dramatic changes in the protein portion were expected. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of purified native untreated Zn-thionein resulted in the appearance of two or more bands. This phenomenon was attributed to the different migration rates of cystine-thionein and thiolate-rich Zn-thionein, and was consistent with the spectral properties of the above Zn-protein species. By contrast, only one single band was monitored when a homogeneous metal-thionein was electrophoresed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205451", "title": "On the carbohydrate composition of bovine colostrum trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "The trypsin inhibitor from bovine colostrum has been separated into several forms by CM-Sephadex and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. These forms differ in the amount and composition of the carbohydrate they contain, which has been quantitated for four components by gas-liquid chromatography and standrad colorimetric procedures. The monosaccharides fucose, mannose, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine and sialic acids have been determined. A microheterogeneity was establish ed in the carbohydrate moiety, which amounts to about 40% of the total molecular weight (Mr 11 000 - 14 000) of bovine colostrum inhibitor.", "contents": "On the carbohydrate composition of bovine colostrum trypsin inhibitor. The trypsin inhibitor from bovine colostrum has been separated into several forms by CM-Sephadex and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. These forms differ in the amount and composition of the carbohydrate they contain, which has been quantitated for four components by gas-liquid chromatography and standrad colorimetric procedures. The monosaccharides fucose, mannose, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine and sialic acids have been determined. A microheterogeneity was establish ed in the carbohydrate moiety, which amounts to about 40% of the total molecular weight (Mr 11 000 - 14 000) of bovine colostrum inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:1205452", "title": "The isolation of the urogastrones - inhibitors of gastric acid secretion - from human urine.", "content": "It has been known for over thirty years that extracts of human urine could cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion. The active principle was called urogastrone and this has now been isolated using a series of twelve simple stages of partition, gel and ion-exchange chromatography. In fact two products were obtained, each in a yeild of less than 1 mg per 1 000 l urine, which represented an overall recovery of 3 - 5%. These materials were biologically indistinguishable, causing inhibition of gastric acid secretion in a variety of circumstances at doses of less than 1 mug/kg. The purified urogastrones were found to be acidic polypeptides composed of 53 and 52 amino acid residues with three internal disulphide bonds, and they differed by only one arginine residue. Neither threonine nor phenylalanine residues were present in the urogastrones.", "contents": "The isolation of the urogastrones - inhibitors of gastric acid secretion - from human urine. It has been known for over thirty years that extracts of human urine could cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion. The active principle was called urogastrone and this has now been isolated using a series of twelve simple stages of partition, gel and ion-exchange chromatography. In fact two products were obtained, each in a yeild of less than 1 mg per 1 000 l urine, which represented an overall recovery of 3 - 5%. These materials were biologically indistinguishable, causing inhibition of gastric acid secretion in a variety of circumstances at doses of less than 1 mug/kg. The purified urogastrones were found to be acidic polypeptides composed of 53 and 52 amino acid residues with three internal disulphide bonds, and they differed by only one arginine residue. Neither threonine nor phenylalanine residues were present in the urogastrones."}
{"id": "PMID:1205456", "title": "The relationship between systems theory and community psychiatry.", "content": "General systems theory, when applied to human personality and behavior, considers the human system to be an active, open one in which personality develops through interaction with other systems; problems within one system can produce ripple effects in others. Community psychiatry sees the roots of most mental disorders as being in disturbances within the network of interacting systems. The author believes that community mental health centers, with their multifaceted approach to treatment and prevention, reflect the health profession's efforts to deal with the mental health problems of a community in a systems-oriented way. Although the CMHC movement has weaknesses, he feels they do not stem from the basic concepts behind the centers, but from the inadequate implementation of those concepts. He considers four major interfacing variables that are relevant in determining a center's capacity to survive and to function.", "contents": "The relationship between systems theory and community psychiatry. General systems theory, when applied to human personality and behavior, considers the human system to be an active, open one in which personality develops through interaction with other systems; problems within one system can produce ripple effects in others. Community psychiatry sees the roots of most mental disorders as being in disturbances within the network of interacting systems. The author believes that community mental health centers, with their multifaceted approach to treatment and prevention, reflect the health profession's efforts to deal with the mental health problems of a community in a systems-oriented way. Although the CMHC movement has weaknesses, he feels they do not stem from the basic concepts behind the centers, but from the inadequate implementation of those concepts. He considers four major interfacing variables that are relevant in determining a center's capacity to survive and to function."}
{"id": "PMID:1205457", "title": "Medically oriented psychiatry: an approach to improving the quality of mental health care.", "content": "To assure the consumer of the highest quality cost-effective mental health care, the author argues for the use of a proper \"medical model\" when care is delivered. He also argues that psychiatrists must deal with the whole person-both his psyche and his soma. The author discusses the role of the medically oriented psychiatrist, and presents a case study that demonstrates the interplay between a patient's psyche and soma. In addition, he introduces a four-step principle, to be incorporated into all health insurance plans, that will ensure that a patient's physical and psychological problems will be dealt with together and that he will receive quality health care.", "contents": "Medically oriented psychiatry: an approach to improving the quality of mental health care. To assure the consumer of the highest quality cost-effective mental health care, the author argues for the use of a proper \"medical model\" when care is delivered. He also argues that psychiatrists must deal with the whole person-both his psyche and his soma. The author discusses the role of the medically oriented psychiatrist, and presents a case study that demonstrates the interplay between a patient's psyche and soma. In addition, he introduces a four-step principle, to be incorporated into all health insurance plans, that will ensure that a patient's physical and psychological problems will be dealt with together and that he will receive quality health care."}
{"id": "PMID:1205458", "title": "A survey of rural community mental health needs and resources.", "content": "The authors conducted a survey of 215 rural community mental health centers across the country to determine their unique problems, needs, and resources. From the 92 responses they received, they formulated a composite description of the rural mental health scene. Their description focuses on services offered, skills required to operate effective rural programs, and problems in the delivery of care and of evaluation. From the responses they also analyzed the extent of inservice training available to rural practitioners, the support systems needed, and the functions a proposed national task force on rural mental health could perform.", "contents": "A survey of rural community mental health needs and resources. The authors conducted a survey of 215 rural community mental health centers across the country to determine their unique problems, needs, and resources. From the 92 responses they received, they formulated a composite description of the rural mental health scene. Their description focuses on services offered, skills required to operate effective rural programs, and problems in the delivery of care and of evaluation. From the responses they also analyzed the extent of inservice training available to rural practitioners, the support systems needed, and the functions a proposed national task force on rural mental health could perform."}
{"id": "PMID:1205459", "title": "The first year of a child advocacy project.", "content": "In a child advocacy project funded through a community mental health center, five area residents were trained as advocates and assigned to two elementary schools. The advocates spent much of their first year in training, and in trying to establish themselves as resource persons for children and families, in setting up parent-school councils, and in developing recreational programs. They found it easier to be activists and caregivers than corrdinators of services, and they met some resistance from the schools and the community. But by the end of the first year the advocates had made significant progress in helping children and families obtain community services and in increasing contact between parents and the schools.", "contents": "The first year of a child advocacy project. In a child advocacy project funded through a community mental health center, five area residents were trained as advocates and assigned to two elementary schools. The advocates spent much of their first year in training, and in trying to establish themselves as resource persons for children and families, in setting up parent-school councils, and in developing recreational programs. They found it easier to be activists and caregivers than corrdinators of services, and they met some resistance from the schools and the community. But by the end of the first year the advocates had made significant progress in helping children and families obtain community services and in increasing contact between parents and the schools."}
{"id": "PMID:1205460", "title": "Measuring staff attitudes toward computerization.", "content": "The authors developed and tested an 88-item scale designed to measure staff attitudes toward and knowledge about computers. A questionnaire was completed by 42 staff members at a psychiatric unit of a hospital where a health information system was being implemented; 28 of the staff members had attended a two-and-one-half day course on computer systems. Those who had completed the course had more favorable attitudes toward computerization than the 14 who did not. The authors described the findings and discuss their implications.", "contents": "Measuring staff attitudes toward computerization. The authors developed and tested an 88-item scale designed to measure staff attitudes toward and knowledge about computers. A questionnaire was completed by 42 staff members at a psychiatric unit of a hospital where a health information system was being implemented; 28 of the staff members had attended a two-and-one-half day course on computer systems. Those who had completed the course had more favorable attitudes toward computerization than the 14 who did not. The authors described the findings and discuss their implications."}
{"id": "PMID:1205461", "title": "Organizing a staff development department: the Fort Logan Model.", "content": "The staff development department at the Fort Logan Mental Health Center in Denver was created to increase interdisciplinary coordination and participation in student- and continuing-education programs. A great deal of interdisciplinary competition was evident at the beginning. Eventually, continued interaction and expanding needs for members' skills eliminated most competition, and staff were able to learn from one another. Most of the staff now have multiple capabilities and are effective not only in teaching but also in systems intervention. The department's services include a preservice program, which is responsible for student and professional training programs; inservice- and continuing-education programs; and a consultation program.", "contents": "Organizing a staff development department: the Fort Logan Model. The staff development department at the Fort Logan Mental Health Center in Denver was created to increase interdisciplinary coordination and participation in student- and continuing-education programs. A great deal of interdisciplinary competition was evident at the beginning. Eventually, continued interaction and expanding needs for members' skills eliminated most competition, and staff were able to learn from one another. Most of the staff now have multiple capabilities and are effective not only in teaching but also in systems intervention. The department's services include a preservice program, which is responsible for student and professional training programs; inservice- and continuing-education programs; and a consultation program."}
{"id": "PMID:1205462", "title": "An evaluation of alcoholism treatment services for Alaskan natives.", "content": "Using chart-review procedures, the authors examined the management of patients with a recognized alcohol problem in 12 medical facilities and 20 alcoholism programs throughout Alaska. The evaluation, which covered a one-year period, focused on the service delivery system rather than on treatment outcome, and sought to determine if problems of alcohol abuse were being solved. The authors found that a treatment plan was developed, followed up, and evaluated for 8 per cent of the problem drinkers treated in medical facilities and for 16.7 per cent of those in alcohol programs.", "contents": "An evaluation of alcoholism treatment services for Alaskan natives. Using chart-review procedures, the authors examined the management of patients with a recognized alcohol problem in 12 medical facilities and 20 alcoholism programs throughout Alaska. The evaluation, which covered a one-year period, focused on the service delivery system rather than on treatment outcome, and sought to determine if problems of alcohol abuse were being solved. The authors found that a treatment plan was developed, followed up, and evaluated for 8 per cent of the problem drinkers treated in medical facilities and for 16.7 per cent of those in alcohol programs."}
{"id": "PMID:1205499", "title": "[Mitochondrial antibodies induced by drug administration in patients with and without pseudo LE syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The pseudo LE syndrome was first described in 1972. It is a severe, sometimes fatal condition, in which high titres of mitochondrial antibodies are a constant feature. In the vast majority of cases detected, Venopyronum in drag\u00e9e form (containing phenopyrazone, horse-chestnut extract, and cardiac glycosides from various plants), had been taken prior to onset of the clinical symptoms. It is probably commoner, that following intake of the drug mitochondrial antibodies appear without clinical manifestations. In both situations, disposition, dose and duration of treatment are important factors. There is reasonable ground to believe that not just a single component, but rather the combination of various substances in the preparation is responsible for the induction of an autoimmune process. At the present time it appears that an idiopathic form, without drug contact, also exists.", "contents": "[Mitochondrial antibodies induced by drug administration in patients with and without pseudo LE syndrome (author's transl)]. The pseudo LE syndrome was first described in 1972. It is a severe, sometimes fatal condition, in which high titres of mitochondrial antibodies are a constant feature. In the vast majority of cases detected, Venopyronum in drag\u00e9e form (containing phenopyrazone, horse-chestnut extract, and cardiac glycosides from various plants), had been taken prior to onset of the clinical symptoms. It is probably commoner, that following intake of the drug mitochondrial antibodies appear without clinical manifestations. In both situations, disposition, dose and duration of treatment are important factors. There is reasonable ground to believe that not just a single component, but rather the combination of various substances in the preparation is responsible for the induction of an autoimmune process. At the present time it appears that an idiopathic form, without drug contact, also exists."}
{"id": "PMID:1205500", "title": "[The role of rubella specific IgM within the serological diagnosis of rubella (German measles) (authors transl)].", "content": "The sera of 327 patients were investigated for rubella specific IgA after separation of the IgM fraction by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. 1. In 96 out of 137 cases suspicious of clinical rubella, where the time for demonstration of a significant rise of the antibody titer had been missed, the demonstration of rubella specific IgM confirmed the diagnosis of German measles. This demonstration was still possible in 9 out of 10 cases 5 to 7 weeks after the onset of the disease, but in only 2 out 7 cases 8 to 15 weeks after the onset of the disease. 2. In 48 patients who had contact with patients with German measles but did not develop any symptoms, a primary infection could not be excluded by the examination of the whole serum. In 5 out of them rubella specific IgM indicted a recent rubella infection. 3. Rubella specific IgM could not be demonstrated in 47 patients who had high antibody titers but no other hints for a recent rubella infection. 4. In 89 newborns, the investigation was prompted, when elevated IgM levels were found in umbilical cord blood, or when the newborn was sick, or when a rubella infection of the mother was suspected or proven. Rubella infection of the newborn was confirmed by rubella specific IgM only if the mother had contracted German measles during the first trimester of the pregnancy (6 out of 7 cases). The diagnosis of primary rubella infection during pregnancy is proven only if 2 out the fose in antibody titer, demonstration of rubella specific IgM.", "contents": "[The role of rubella specific IgM within the serological diagnosis of rubella (German measles) (authors transl)]. The sera of 327 patients were investigated for rubella specific IgA after separation of the IgM fraction by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. 1. In 96 out of 137 cases suspicious of clinical rubella, where the time for demonstration of a significant rise of the antibody titer had been missed, the demonstration of rubella specific IgM confirmed the diagnosis of German measles. This demonstration was still possible in 9 out of 10 cases 5 to 7 weeks after the onset of the disease, but in only 2 out 7 cases 8 to 15 weeks after the onset of the disease. 2. In 48 patients who had contact with patients with German measles but did not develop any symptoms, a primary infection could not be excluded by the examination of the whole serum. In 5 out of them rubella specific IgM indicted a recent rubella infection. 3. Rubella specific IgM could not be demonstrated in 47 patients who had high antibody titers but no other hints for a recent rubella infection. 4. In 89 newborns, the investigation was prompted, when elevated IgM levels were found in umbilical cord blood, or when the newborn was sick, or when a rubella infection of the mother was suspected or proven. Rubella infection of the newborn was confirmed by rubella specific IgM only if the mother had contracted German measles during the first trimester of the pregnancy (6 out of 7 cases). The diagnosis of primary rubella infection during pregnancy is proven only if 2 out the fose in antibody titer, demonstration of rubella specific IgM."}
{"id": "PMID:1205501", "title": "[Pertussis and it complications-analysis of hospitalized patients in Hamburg 1950-1970 (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1950 to 1970 in Hamburg, 9240 patients under 15 years of age were treated as inpatients for pertussis. 1674 patients had pneumonia due to pertussis, 114 had pertussis encephalopathies, and 41 seizures. The fatality from pneumonia went from 2,26% (1950-1960) to 0,4% (1961-1970). Fatality from encephalopathy was less influenced (24% respectively, 17,9%). The mild clinical course of pertussis is also reflected in the reduced number of hospitalizations due to pertussis (1956, 3,7%; 1970, 0,8%). Permanent damage from complications due to pertussis was seen in 0,7% of survivors from pertussis pneumonia and in 3,4% after pertussis encephalopathy.", "contents": "[Pertussis and it complications-analysis of hospitalized patients in Hamburg 1950-1970 (author's transl)]. From 1950 to 1970 in Hamburg, 9240 patients under 15 years of age were treated as inpatients for pertussis. 1674 patients had pneumonia due to pertussis, 114 had pertussis encephalopathies, and 41 seizures. The fatality from pneumonia went from 2,26% (1950-1960) to 0,4% (1961-1970). Fatality from encephalopathy was less influenced (24% respectively, 17,9%). The mild clinical course of pertussis is also reflected in the reduced number of hospitalizations due to pertussis (1956, 3,7%; 1970, 0,8%). Permanent damage from complications due to pertussis was seen in 0,7% of survivors from pertussis pneumonia and in 3,4% after pertussis encephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1205504", "title": "Inhibition of mitogen mediated lymphocyte blastogenesis by adenosine.", "content": "The effect of adenosine on the proliferative response of human peripheral circulating lymphocytes to stimulation by concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen was evaluated. Increasing concentrations of adenosine substantially inhibited mitogen mediated lymphocyte blastogenesis. Erythro-9(2-hydroxyl-3-nonyl) adenine. HCl enhanced the inhibitory effect of adenosine. Inosine, the deamination product of adenosine, had an inhibitory effect which was less than that of adenosine. Inhibition by adenosine may be relevant to the normal regulation of immune function and may account in part for the pathophysiological relationship between severe combined immunodeficiency disease and adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitogen mediated lymphocyte blastogenesis by adenosine. The effect of adenosine on the proliferative response of human peripheral circulating lymphocytes to stimulation by concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen was evaluated. Increasing concentrations of adenosine substantially inhibited mitogen mediated lymphocyte blastogenesis. Erythro-9(2-hydroxyl-3-nonyl) adenine. HCl enhanced the inhibitory effect of adenosine. Inosine, the deamination product of adenosine, had an inhibitory effect which was less than that of adenosine. Inhibition by adenosine may be relevant to the normal regulation of immune function and may account in part for the pathophysiological relationship between severe combined immunodeficiency disease and adenosine deaminase deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1205505", "title": "Spontaneous release of soluble HL-A antigens from platelets during conservation.", "content": "Experiments with the aim of studying the solubilisation of HL-A antigens from blood platelets by methods which do not involve any biologically active processes (moderate, discontinuous agitation of a low concentration of platelets suspended in a saline medium, in the presence of an antiseptic; supernatants collected at frequent intervals) have shown that platelets release membrane proteins, including HL-A antigens, spontaneously. Optimal conditions for the treatment of membrane proteins have been perfected. The great stability of HL-A antigens under these conditions permits prolonged treatment. The products extracted are soluble and extremely complex. The molecular weight of the HL-A antigens is between 40,000 and 70,000.", "contents": "Spontaneous release of soluble HL-A antigens from platelets during conservation. Experiments with the aim of studying the solubilisation of HL-A antigens from blood platelets by methods which do not involve any biologically active processes (moderate, discontinuous agitation of a low concentration of platelets suspended in a saline medium, in the presence of an antiseptic; supernatants collected at frequent intervals) have shown that platelets release membrane proteins, including HL-A antigens, spontaneously. Optimal conditions for the treatment of membrane proteins have been perfected. The great stability of HL-A antigens under these conditions permits prolonged treatment. The products extracted are soluble and extremely complex. The molecular weight of the HL-A antigens is between 40,000 and 70,000."}
{"id": "PMID:1205506", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in PHA stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) stimulated in vitro by phytohemoagglutinin (PHA) manifest augmented glycolysis and oxidation of glucose-1-14C, indicating an increased utilization of the pentose pathway. Lactic acid production, as index of increased glycolysis, follows the same kinetic of thymidine incorporation and can be easily quantitated by an enzymatic assay.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in PHA stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) stimulated in vitro by phytohemoagglutinin (PHA) manifest augmented glycolysis and oxidation of glucose-1-14C, indicating an increased utilization of the pentose pathway. Lactic acid production, as index of increased glycolysis, follows the same kinetic of thymidine incorporation and can be easily quantitated by an enzymatic assay."}
{"id": "PMID:1205556", "title": "Central nervous control of venous tone. III. Responses of capacitance and resistance vessels of skin to bulbar and hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of 350 points in the bulbar formation of 35 dogs under chloralose anaesthesia demonstrated the presence of sites producing increase or decrease of systemic arterial pressure (SAP) in the same general morphological limits of bulbar pressor and depressor regions as described by earlier authors. Simultaneous recording of pressure changes in the cutaneous vessels however demonstrated that pressure changes in these vessels did not correspond to the pressor or depressor effects of the SAP. Instead, responses were obtained in which pressures in cutaneous capacitance and resistance vessels followed a trend which was opposite in direction and magnitude to that of SAP. Thus there were 30 depressor sites which produce increase in cutaneous vessel pressure and 23 pressor sites which produced a fall in cutaneous vessel pressure. For a marked rise in the SAP, only 62 sites elicited equally marked increase in both capacitance and resistance vessel pressure, while another 52 elicited only a small increase of equivalent magnitude in the capacitance and resistance vessels. Stimulation of 84 points produced dissimilar effects on capacitance and resistance vessels out of which 38 elicited moderate increase in resistance vessel tone with minimal changes in the capacitance vessel tone, while 46 points elicited moderate increase in capacitance vessel tone with only a small increase in the resistance vessel tone. These points were diffusely admixed in the bulbar reticular formation. Effects which were exclusive to the capacitance and resistance vessels of skin, singly or in combination, without affecting the SAP were elicited from 12 points while another 28 points produced marked rise or fall of systemic arterial pressure without affecting the cutaneous vessels. These observations suggest that the neuronal organisation regulating cardiovascular activities at the bulbar level is quite complex having the capacity to generate varying activities in different components of the vascular circuits by differentially altering the discharge of the efferent sympathetic fibres on the one hand, and marked selectivity of action on any particular vascular bed or circulatory component on the other hand. Stimulation of 93 points in the hypothalamus produced similar patterns of response as obtained from medulla oblongata. In addition, stimulation of 6 points in the anterior hypothalamus produced a distinctive response accompanied by dilatation of cutaneous resistance and capacitance vessels with marked increase in respiratory rate and minimal changes in the SAP. This type of response which resembled the physiological response employed for heat loss was not obtained from any stimulation site in the medulla oblongata.", "contents": "Central nervous control of venous tone. III. Responses of capacitance and resistance vessels of skin to bulbar and hypothalamic stimulation. Electrical stimulation of 350 points in the bulbar formation of 35 dogs under chloralose anaesthesia demonstrated the presence of sites producing increase or decrease of systemic arterial pressure (SAP) in the same general morphological limits of bulbar pressor and depressor regions as described by earlier authors. Simultaneous recording of pressure changes in the cutaneous vessels however demonstrated that pressure changes in these vessels did not correspond to the pressor or depressor effects of the SAP. Instead, responses were obtained in which pressures in cutaneous capacitance and resistance vessels followed a trend which was opposite in direction and magnitude to that of SAP. Thus there were 30 depressor sites which produce increase in cutaneous vessel pressure and 23 pressor sites which produced a fall in cutaneous vessel pressure. For a marked rise in the SAP, only 62 sites elicited equally marked increase in both capacitance and resistance vessel pressure, while another 52 elicited only a small increase of equivalent magnitude in the capacitance and resistance vessels. Stimulation of 84 points produced dissimilar effects on capacitance and resistance vessels out of which 38 elicited moderate increase in resistance vessel tone with minimal changes in the capacitance vessel tone, while 46 points elicited moderate increase in capacitance vessel tone with only a small increase in the resistance vessel tone. These points were diffusely admixed in the bulbar reticular formation. Effects which were exclusive to the capacitance and resistance vessels of skin, singly or in combination, without affecting the SAP were elicited from 12 points while another 28 points produced marked rise or fall of systemic arterial pressure without affecting the cutaneous vessels. These observations suggest that the neuronal organisation regulating cardiovascular activities at the bulbar level is quite complex having the capacity to generate varying activities in different components of the vascular circuits by differentially altering the discharge of the efferent sympathetic fibres on the one hand, and marked selectivity of action on any particular vascular bed or circulatory component on the other hand. Stimulation of 93 points in the hypothalamus produced similar patterns of response as obtained from medulla oblongata. In addition, stimulation of 6 points in the anterior hypothalamus produced a distinctive response accompanied by dilatation of cutaneous resistance and capacitance vessels with marked increase in respiratory rate and minimal changes in the SAP. This type of response which resembled the physiological response employed for heat loss was not obtained from any stimulation site in the medulla oblongata."}
{"id": "PMID:1205557", "title": "Effects of heat--stress in rats: Critical period and reduced survival of post-implantation heat-stress inducted in early gestation.", "content": "High ambient temperature (34.4 C degrees and 60-65% relative humidity (RH) did not affect foetal survival when bred female rats were exposed between day-8 and -18 (Day-0=day of breeding). Heat-stress at this intensity given on day-0 was critical for embryonic and/or foetal survival rate and more so, if the ambient temperature was increased to 36.6 C degrees and 70-75% RH than on day-1. Postimplantation foetal survival was reduced due to heat-stress given only during early gestation period.", "contents": "Effects of heat--stress in rats: Critical period and reduced survival of post-implantation heat-stress inducted in early gestation. High ambient temperature (34.4 C degrees and 60-65% relative humidity (RH) did not affect foetal survival when bred female rats were exposed between day-8 and -18 (Day-0=day of breeding). Heat-stress at this intensity given on day-0 was critical for embryonic and/or foetal survival rate and more so, if the ambient temperature was increased to 36.6 C degrees and 70-75% RH than on day-1. Postimplantation foetal survival was reduced due to heat-stress given only during early gestation period."}
{"id": "PMID:1205560", "title": "Effect of Krebs cycle metabolites on frog heart.", "content": "All the Krebs metabolites except pyruvate, lactate, acetate and succinate reduced the force and rate of myocardial contractions and also decreased cardiac output in frog. Succinate on the contrary was found to augment the rate and force of heart. The cardiac stimulation produced by epinephrine was reduced by fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate and alpha-oxoglutarate, whereas transaconitate and citrate produced only a slight inhibition. Pyruvate, lactate, acetate and succinate did not alter cardiac response to epinephrine.", "contents": "Effect of Krebs cycle metabolites on frog heart. All the Krebs metabolites except pyruvate, lactate, acetate and succinate reduced the force and rate of myocardial contractions and also decreased cardiac output in frog. Succinate on the contrary was found to augment the rate and force of heart. The cardiac stimulation produced by epinephrine was reduced by fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate and alpha-oxoglutarate, whereas transaconitate and citrate produced only a slight inhibition. Pyruvate, lactate, acetate and succinate did not alter cardiac response to epinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:1205558", "title": "Effects of heat--stress in rats. II. Factor(s) responsible for reduced embroynic and/or foetal survival percentage.", "content": "High ambient temperature (34.4 C degrees and 60-65% relative humidity (RH failed to maintain optimum embryonic and/or foetal survival rate in ovariectomized pregnant rats given exogenous progesterone and oestrone injections. A still higher ambient environment (36.6 C degrees and 70-75% RH) did not affect the decidual cell response (DCR) in psuedo-pregnant rats. Heat stress did not result either in insufficiency or lack of progesterone and hence the latter two are not factors for the heat stress causing embryonic and/or foetal loss. The possibility of the failure of oestrone being converted to oestradiol or an intrinsic interference of RNA synthesis to be the factors responsible for embryonic and/or foetal loss caused by heat stress has been examined.", "contents": "Effects of heat--stress in rats. II. Factor(s) responsible for reduced embroynic and/or foetal survival percentage. High ambient temperature (34.4 C degrees and 60-65% relative humidity (RH failed to maintain optimum embryonic and/or foetal survival rate in ovariectomized pregnant rats given exogenous progesterone and oestrone injections. A still higher ambient environment (36.6 C degrees and 70-75% RH) did not affect the decidual cell response (DCR) in psuedo-pregnant rats. Heat stress did not result either in insufficiency or lack of progesterone and hence the latter two are not factors for the heat stress causing embryonic and/or foetal loss. The possibility of the failure of oestrone being converted to oestradiol or an intrinsic interference of RNA synthesis to be the factors responsible for embryonic and/or foetal loss caused by heat stress has been examined."}
{"id": "PMID:1205559", "title": "Central nervous system pharmacology of propranolol.", "content": "In rats, propranolol potentiated alcohol and pentobarbitone hypnosis, but not barbital sleeping time, indicating enzyme inhibition as a possible mechanism of potentiation. Propranolol showed anticonvulsant effect on normal and reserpine treated rats by MES test, but showed dose related lowering of MET. Probable mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Central nervous system pharmacology of propranolol. In rats, propranolol potentiated alcohol and pentobarbitone hypnosis, but not barbital sleeping time, indicating enzyme inhibition as a possible mechanism of potentiation. Propranolol showed anticonvulsant effect on normal and reserpine treated rats by MES test, but showed dose related lowering of MET. Probable mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205561", "title": "Isolated innervated, rat and guinea-pig hemi-urinary bladder preparations.", "content": "Isolated innervated hemi-urinary bladder preparations of the rat and the guinea-pig have been described. In durability and behaviour to different frequencies of stimulation, the guinea-pig hemi-bladder is shown to give comparable results to those reported for the whole nerve-bladder. The rat hemi-bladder gave less durable contractions on prolonged stimulation. It is shown that the isolated guinea-pig hemi-bladder can be substituted for the isolated whole bladder preparation.", "contents": "Isolated innervated, rat and guinea-pig hemi-urinary bladder preparations. Isolated innervated hemi-urinary bladder preparations of the rat and the guinea-pig have been described. In durability and behaviour to different frequencies of stimulation, the guinea-pig hemi-bladder is shown to give comparable results to those reported for the whole nerve-bladder. The rat hemi-bladder gave less durable contractions on prolonged stimulation. It is shown that the isolated guinea-pig hemi-bladder can be substituted for the isolated whole bladder preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:1205583", "title": "[Basics on the application technics of infusions].", "content": "For the application of infusion solutions the subclavian catheter is best suited. The sometimes serious complications resulting from it can only be avoided by exact insertion technique and observation of the contraindications. In rare cases the vena-cava-inferior catheter serves as an alternative access. For short-term infusions and in the case of non-occurring circulation centralisation arm and leg venipuncture can be applied. Due to frequent complications and difficulties arising during insertion the brachial vein catheter is contraindicated.", "contents": "[Basics on the application technics of infusions]. For the application of infusion solutions the subclavian catheter is best suited. The sometimes serious complications resulting from it can only be avoided by exact insertion technique and observation of the contraindications. In rare cases the vena-cava-inferior catheter serves as an alternative access. For short-term infusions and in the case of non-occurring circulation centralisation arm and leg venipuncture can be applied. Due to frequent complications and difficulties arising during insertion the brachial vein catheter is contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1205584", "title": "[Infusion therapy in disorders of the sodium and water balance].", "content": "Water depletion, water in excess and sodium depletion are the most important disturbance of sodium-water balance. Water, electrolytes and acid-base balance have always to be considered in their complex correlation because of their various interrdependency. The restoration of balance concerning imput and output is considered as a basic principle of any intravenous therapy.", "contents": "[Infusion therapy in disorders of the sodium and water balance]. Water depletion, water in excess and sodium depletion are the most important disturbance of sodium-water balance. Water, electrolytes and acid-base balance have always to be considered in their complex correlation because of their various interrdependency. The restoration of balance concerning imput and output is considered as a basic principle of any intravenous therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1205585", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the potassium balance with special reference to infusion therapy].", "content": "Following a short review of the physiological regulation of body potassium diagnostic procedures to detect disturbances in potassium balance are cited. The limited value of serum potassium concentration is emphasized. Possible caused of potassium deficiency and prophylactic measures to prevent negative potassium balance are summarized including oral and parenteral potassium administration. A synopsis of the causes of hyperkalemia is followed by a description of therapeutical measures. Chronic hyperkalemia may be treated by oral or rectal administration of ion-exchange resins, while acute lifethreatening hyperkalemia is corrected by infusion of isotonic saline, glucose and insulin, and calcium gluconate as well as by correction of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate. In patients with intact renal function these measures will generally result in rapid correction of increased serum potassium levels.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the potassium balance with special reference to infusion therapy]. Following a short review of the physiological regulation of body potassium diagnostic procedures to detect disturbances in potassium balance are cited. The limited value of serum potassium concentration is emphasized. Possible caused of potassium deficiency and prophylactic measures to prevent negative potassium balance are summarized including oral and parenteral potassium administration. A synopsis of the causes of hyperkalemia is followed by a description of therapeutical measures. Chronic hyperkalemia may be treated by oral or rectal administration of ion-exchange resins, while acute lifethreatening hyperkalemia is corrected by infusion of isotonic saline, glucose and insulin, and calcium gluconate as well as by correction of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate. In patients with intact renal function these measures will generally result in rapid correction of increased serum potassium levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1205587", "title": "Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta-a radiological pitfall.", "content": "A previously undescribed feature of a traumatic thoracic aneurysm is presented. The pateint was a young motor cyclist who sustained multiple injuries and died 10 days after admission from delayed rupture of the thoracic aorta which had dissected along oesophageal planes into the stomach. Although the radiological features of traumatic mediastinal haematoma were evident shortly after injury, these features had disappeared in later radiographs creating a false sense of security.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta-a radiological pitfall. A previously undescribed feature of a traumatic thoracic aneurysm is presented. The pateint was a young motor cyclist who sustained multiple injuries and died 10 days after admission from delayed rupture of the thoracic aorta which had dissected along oesophageal planes into the stomach. Although the radiological features of traumatic mediastinal haematoma were evident shortly after injury, these features had disappeared in later radiographs creating a false sense of security."}
{"id": "PMID:1205588", "title": "Long-term follow-up of a series of infected fractures of the tibia.", "content": "The management of chronic infection in fractures by a method I described in 1965 which was shown to give a better than 9 out of 10 chance of wound healing, is now shown to offer at least a 6 out of 10 chance of wounds remaining healed for 10 years. Amputation is almost never necessary.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of a series of infected fractures of the tibia. The management of chronic infection in fractures by a method I described in 1965 which was shown to give a better than 9 out of 10 chance of wound healing, is now shown to offer at least a 6 out of 10 chance of wounds remaining healed for 10 years. Amputation is almost never necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1205589", "title": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistulae.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of arteriovenous fistulae are reviewed retrospectively, with particular emphasis on their clinical presentation, physical signs, investigations and management. This review allows us to make certain conclusions for the future diagnosis and management of this condition.", "contents": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistulae. Twenty-two cases of arteriovenous fistulae are reviewed retrospectively, with particular emphasis on their clinical presentation, physical signs, investigations and management. This review allows us to make certain conclusions for the future diagnosis and management of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1205590", "title": "Subclavian artery rupture (an unusual seat-belt injury).", "content": "A case of blunt injury to the subclavian artery in the absence of bony injury or dislocation sustained while wearing a seat belt is described. Its rarity and diagnostic pitfalls are discussed. The mechanism of the injury is analysed. The value of angiography is emphazided. It is suggested that, even in the presence of collateral circulation, exploration and repair should be undertaken.", "contents": "Subclavian artery rupture (an unusual seat-belt injury). A case of blunt injury to the subclavian artery in the absence of bony injury or dislocation sustained while wearing a seat belt is described. Its rarity and diagnostic pitfalls are discussed. The mechanism of the injury is analysed. The value of angiography is emphazided. It is suggested that, even in the presence of collateral circulation, exploration and repair should be undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:1205591", "title": "Olecranon fractures in children.", "content": "A series of 40 cases of fractures of the olecranon in children under the age of 11 years is presented. These fractures are commonest at 5 years of age and are almost twice as common in boys as in girls. The fracture is usually undisplaced and incomplete; fractures in the long axis of the ulna (the 'longitudinal split' fracture) are not uncommon in children. Associated injury of the proximal end of the radius is recognized. Only 2 cases were sufficiently displaced to require open reduction. Although immobilization in plaster with the elbow at 90 degree for a month is usually recommended, the results indicate that in the usual undisplaced and incomplete fracture, a period of 3 weeks in a sling may be all the treatment necessary.", "contents": "Olecranon fractures in children. A series of 40 cases of fractures of the olecranon in children under the age of 11 years is presented. These fractures are commonest at 5 years of age and are almost twice as common in boys as in girls. The fracture is usually undisplaced and incomplete; fractures in the long axis of the ulna (the 'longitudinal split' fracture) are not uncommon in children. Associated injury of the proximal end of the radius is recognized. Only 2 cases were sufficiently displaced to require open reduction. Although immobilization in plaster with the elbow at 90 degree for a month is usually recommended, the results indicate that in the usual undisplaced and incomplete fracture, a period of 3 weeks in a sling may be all the treatment necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1205592", "title": "Fracture recurrence in children.", "content": "A group of 20 children are described who presented with refracture (predominently affecting the forearm). The most likely causes were a combination of premature cessation of splintage combined with excessively reckless physical activity, the latter factor being of major importance. The problem is not a major one except where a significant increase of deformity occurs in refractures of the forearm.", "contents": "Fracture recurrence in children. A group of 20 children are described who presented with refracture (predominently affecting the forearm). The most likely causes were a combination of premature cessation of splintage combined with excessively reckless physical activity, the latter factor being of major importance. The problem is not a major one except where a significant increase of deformity occurs in refractures of the forearm."}
{"id": "PMID:1205593", "title": "Riot injuries to policemen. An analysis of 808 policemen injured in roiting between 1969 and 1972 in Northern Ireland.", "content": "Injuries to 808 policemen injured in rioting in Northern Ireland are analysed. The causes and effect of the injuries are discussed especially in relation to the protective clothing worn, and modification are suggested.", "contents": "Riot injuries to policemen. An analysis of 808 policemen injured in roiting between 1969 and 1972 in Northern Ireland. Injuries to 808 policemen injured in rioting in Northern Ireland are analysed. The causes and effect of the injuries are discussed especially in relation to the protective clothing worn, and modification are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1205594", "title": "A case of traumatic bilateral superficial dislocation of the testis.", "content": "A rare case of traumatic bilateral dislocation of the testis is described. Aetiology, management, factors which influence treatment and prognosis, and the differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "A case of traumatic bilateral superficial dislocation of the testis. A rare case of traumatic bilateral dislocation of the testis is described. Aetiology, management, factors which influence treatment and prognosis, and the differential diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205595", "title": "The results of operative and non-operative management of tibial fractures.", "content": "A series of 160 fractures of the tibia in 155 patients is analysed. Eighty patients were operated on' intramedullary nails were used in 33, AO plates in 29 and screws in 18 cases. In the final evaluation the result was classified as good in 39, fair in 27, and poor in 14 cases in the non-operative group, and 40, 25 and 15 in the operative group. Fracture comminution had a significant effect on foot and ankle motion.", "contents": "The results of operative and non-operative management of tibial fractures. A series of 160 fractures of the tibia in 155 patients is analysed. Eighty patients were operated on' intramedullary nails were used in 33, AO plates in 29 and screws in 18 cases. In the final evaluation the result was classified as good in 39, fair in 27, and poor in 14 cases in the non-operative group, and 40, 25 and 15 in the operative group. Fracture comminution had a significant effect on foot and ankle motion."}
{"id": "PMID:1205596", "title": "External fixation of the pelvic girdle with a trapezoid compression frame.", "content": "The compression obtained with external anchorage in the anterior and posterior part of the pelvic girdle has been studied with a measuring device in the sacroiliac joint and and the symphysis of a specimen pelvis. Two models of external frames were tested, in both of which anchorage to the pelvic bone was brought about with 3 pins inserted in the iliac crests. The results were best with a trapezoid frame and bar exerting a compressive force on the pelvic girdle. When mounted with an inclination of 70 degrees to the long axis of the body, the frame exerted considerable compression on the posterior part of the pelvic girdle. This mounting afforded good stability of the detached hemipelvis. The trapezoid compression frame is recommended as an alternative to conventional methods of treating unstable fractures and dislocations of the pelvic girdle.", "contents": "External fixation of the pelvic girdle with a trapezoid compression frame. The compression obtained with external anchorage in the anterior and posterior part of the pelvic girdle has been studied with a measuring device in the sacroiliac joint and and the symphysis of a specimen pelvis. Two models of external frames were tested, in both of which anchorage to the pelvic bone was brought about with 3 pins inserted in the iliac crests. The results were best with a trapezoid frame and bar exerting a compressive force on the pelvic girdle. When mounted with an inclination of 70 degrees to the long axis of the body, the frame exerted considerable compression on the posterior part of the pelvic girdle. This mounting afforded good stability of the detached hemipelvis. The trapezoid compression frame is recommended as an alternative to conventional methods of treating unstable fractures and dislocations of the pelvic girdle."}
{"id": "PMID:1205598", "title": "Penetrating injuries of the neck.", "content": "In view of the close arrangement of a large number of vital structures in the neck, penetrating wounds in this region should be considered as potentially lethal. Nineteen cases of injury to great vessels and food and air passages which required repair are analysed. There were 4 deaths, giving an overall mortality of 21 per cent. Two of these were injuries of the subclavian and innominate veins when prolonged delay for resuscitation was probably the main reason for the deaths. The third was in a patient with tracheal injury in whom a coexistent oesophageal lesion was missed and the fourth a case of spinal cord injury. When adequate exposure cannot be obtained by exploration of the neck, median sternotomy or anterior thoracotomy is advisable.", "contents": "Penetrating injuries of the neck. In view of the close arrangement of a large number of vital structures in the neck, penetrating wounds in this region should be considered as potentially lethal. Nineteen cases of injury to great vessels and food and air passages which required repair are analysed. There were 4 deaths, giving an overall mortality of 21 per cent. Two of these were injuries of the subclavian and innominate veins when prolonged delay for resuscitation was probably the main reason for the deaths. The third was in a patient with tracheal injury in whom a coexistent oesophageal lesion was missed and the fourth a case of spinal cord injury. When adequate exposure cannot be obtained by exploration of the neck, median sternotomy or anterior thoracotomy is advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:1205599", "title": "Traumatic intercostal pulmonary hernia.", "content": "A case of intercostal pulmonary hernia following blunt trauma to the chest wall is reported. This type of hernia is a benign disorder. Although most lung herniae need operative treatment, it is reasonable to wait for spontaneous regression.", "contents": "Traumatic intercostal pulmonary hernia. A case of intercostal pulmonary hernia following blunt trauma to the chest wall is reported. This type of hernia is a benign disorder. Although most lung herniae need operative treatment, it is reasonable to wait for spontaneous regression."}
{"id": "PMID:1205600", "title": "Jaundice as a sign of delayed gall-bladder perforation following blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "A case of delayed rupture of the gall-bladder following blund abdominal trauma is presented. A discussion of the aetiology, clinical and biochemical manifestations, and prognosis of this condition follows.", "contents": "Jaundice as a sign of delayed gall-bladder perforation following blunt abdominal trauma. A case of delayed rupture of the gall-bladder following blund abdominal trauma is presented. A discussion of the aetiology, clinical and biochemical manifestations, and prognosis of this condition follows."}
{"id": "PMID:1205601", "title": "Burns to infants using walking aids.", "content": "Thirty-one burns and scalds to infants using walking aids are recorded. The mechanism of injury and resulting morbidity are described. The need for more rigerous precautions is discussed.", "contents": "Burns to infants using walking aids. Thirty-one burns and scalds to infants using walking aids are recorded. The mechanism of injury and resulting morbidity are described. The need for more rigerous precautions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205602", "title": "Fractures of the clavicle.", "content": "Three hundred and forty-two patients with fractures of the clavicle attended the Fractrure Clinic at Bridgend General Hospital between 1957 and 1972. The history of injury was recorded in the notes at the first visit but in only 215 cases was the exact mechanism of the injury clearly stated. Of these, 91 per cent were caused by a fall or a blow on the point of the shoulder. All patients were treated symptomatically. A triangular sling was applied to support the weight of the arm and early use of the limb was encouraged. One hundred unselected patients were followed up, the longest period being 15 years and the shortest, 1 year. None had any loss of function of muscle power at the shoulder. Only 15 per cent were left with any noteworthy deformity at the site of fracture.", "contents": "Fractures of the clavicle. Three hundred and forty-two patients with fractures of the clavicle attended the Fractrure Clinic at Bridgend General Hospital between 1957 and 1972. The history of injury was recorded in the notes at the first visit but in only 215 cases was the exact mechanism of the injury clearly stated. Of these, 91 per cent were caused by a fall or a blow on the point of the shoulder. All patients were treated symptomatically. A triangular sling was applied to support the weight of the arm and early use of the limb was encouraged. One hundred unselected patients were followed up, the longest period being 15 years and the shortest, 1 year. None had any loss of function of muscle power at the shoulder. Only 15 per cent were left with any noteworthy deformity at the site of fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:1205604", "title": "Fractures of the neck of the femur in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "Twenty cases of fracture of the neck of the femur in children and adolescents below the age of 20 were reviewed. The most important single prognostic factor was the degree of displacement of the fracture at the time of injury. Undisplaced fractures, whether treated conservatively or by internal fixation, did well. Displaced fractures, however, always required internal fixation with thin pins after accurate correction of displacement. The various complications of this fracture in children are discussed. Acute necrosis of articular cartilage following this fracture in children is recorded for the first time in 2 cases.", "contents": "Fractures of the neck of the femur in childhood and adolescence. Twenty cases of fracture of the neck of the femur in children and adolescents below the age of 20 were reviewed. The most important single prognostic factor was the degree of displacement of the fracture at the time of injury. Undisplaced fractures, whether treated conservatively or by internal fixation, did well. Displaced fractures, however, always required internal fixation with thin pins after accurate correction of displacement. The various complications of this fracture in children are discussed. Acute necrosis of articular cartilage following this fracture in children is recorded for the first time in 2 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1205605", "title": "Fractures of the radius and ulna in children.", "content": "A consecutive series of 375 fractures of the radius and ulna in children of up to 15 years is described. At discharge from the fracture clinic, 65 failed to achieve a satisfactory result. After 4 years, however, only 9 children did not have normal function and only 1 was aware of any disability. The natural history of this injury is towards a complete functional recovery in the vast majority of cases.", "contents": "Fractures of the radius and ulna in children. A consecutive series of 375 fractures of the radius and ulna in children of up to 15 years is described. At discharge from the fracture clinic, 65 failed to achieve a satisfactory result. After 4 years, however, only 9 children did not have normal function and only 1 was aware of any disability. The natural history of this injury is towards a complete functional recovery in the vast majority of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1205606", "title": "Tibial shaft fractures treated by rigid internal fixation: the early results in a 4-year series.", "content": "Ninety-nine fractures of the shaft of the tibia in 98 patients were treated by rigid internal fixation over 4 years. One patient died after operation from myocardial infarction; and one patient went abroad. The healing course of the remaining 97 fractures is described, classified according to the type of fracture and the accuracy of operative reduction. Seventy-five fractures had a normal time to union, defined as the lasting achievement of full weight-bearing within 4 months. In 7 fractures the healing period was moderately delayed (full weight-bearing being achieved in 4-6 months) and in 5 it was seriously delayed, requiring 6-11 months after injury. Nonunion occurred in 4 cases and refracture in 6 cases. Osteitis developed in 2 cases and was successfully treated with antibiotics within 6 weeks. A second internal fixation was necessary in 12 patients. In 5 patients a plaster cast was applied to treat delayed union. Amputation was necessary in a 75-year-old man with senile dementia who developed infection after a second operation for refracture. One patient still has a pseudarthrosis after 2 years and 2 further operations. In the other 95 fractures union was the end-result. Of the 21 comminuted and open fractures only 13 healed within 4 months. We recommend a different approach in the treatment of badly comminuted and open 'high-energy' fractures. With this reservation, we find that the method of rigid internal fixation which we employ has given satisfactory early results. The frequency of both delayed healing and infection is reasonably low compared to the results in similar series.", "contents": "Tibial shaft fractures treated by rigid internal fixation: the early results in a 4-year series. Ninety-nine fractures of the shaft of the tibia in 98 patients were treated by rigid internal fixation over 4 years. One patient died after operation from myocardial infarction; and one patient went abroad. The healing course of the remaining 97 fractures is described, classified according to the type of fracture and the accuracy of operative reduction. Seventy-five fractures had a normal time to union, defined as the lasting achievement of full weight-bearing within 4 months. In 7 fractures the healing period was moderately delayed (full weight-bearing being achieved in 4-6 months) and in 5 it was seriously delayed, requiring 6-11 months after injury. Nonunion occurred in 4 cases and refracture in 6 cases. Osteitis developed in 2 cases and was successfully treated with antibiotics within 6 weeks. A second internal fixation was necessary in 12 patients. In 5 patients a plaster cast was applied to treat delayed union. Amputation was necessary in a 75-year-old man with senile dementia who developed infection after a second operation for refracture. One patient still has a pseudarthrosis after 2 years and 2 further operations. In the other 95 fractures union was the end-result. Of the 21 comminuted and open fractures only 13 healed within 4 months. We recommend a different approach in the treatment of badly comminuted and open 'high-energy' fractures. With this reservation, we find that the method of rigid internal fixation which we employ has given satisfactory early results. The frequency of both delayed healing and infection is reasonably low compared to the results in similar series."}
{"id": "PMID:1205607", "title": "Dislocation of the hip associated with fracture of the femoral head.", "content": "With increasing numbers of road traffic accidents, dislocation of the hip associated with fracture of the femoral head is becoming more common. Seven cases are presented. Treatment of this injury is difficult but it is suggested that conservative methods should be considered initially. Long-term follow-up is necessary as many of these patients develop late complications.", "contents": "Dislocation of the hip associated with fracture of the femoral head. With increasing numbers of road traffic accidents, dislocation of the hip associated with fracture of the femoral head is becoming more common. Seven cases are presented. Treatment of this injury is difficult but it is suggested that conservative methods should be considered initially. Long-term follow-up is necessary as many of these patients develop late complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1205608", "title": "Fracture-dislocations of the elbow.", "content": "This paper presents a series of 105 cases of fracture-dislocation of the elbow joint. All these fractures differ in mechanism, age of patient and method of treatment, so problems arise in classification. Causes can be grouped together more easily than in principles of treatment. The cases are classified into 2 major groups and 10 subgroups. Single fracture types are analysed and the optimal type of treatment is studied. As with all joint fractures, adequate reconstruction is obilgatory to remove all steps in the articular cartilage, and rigid fixation is mandatory except for the radial head, where excision is indicated. The different fracture types and their relevant operations are illustrated with examples.", "contents": "Fracture-dislocations of the elbow. This paper presents a series of 105 cases of fracture-dislocation of the elbow joint. All these fractures differ in mechanism, age of patient and method of treatment, so problems arise in classification. Causes can be grouped together more easily than in principles of treatment. The cases are classified into 2 major groups and 10 subgroups. Single fracture types are analysed and the optimal type of treatment is studied. As with all joint fractures, adequate reconstruction is obilgatory to remove all steps in the articular cartilage, and rigid fixation is mandatory except for the radial head, where excision is indicated. The different fracture types and their relevant operations are illustrated with examples."}
{"id": "PMID:1205612", "title": "Trauma to the urethra.", "content": "Little is known of the exact aetiology of traumatic stricture of the urethra, but the first clinical presentation can be delayed many years after the trauma. Diagnosis can be made on clinical grounds alone and the passage of a catheter is condemned as clinically misleading and surgically dangerous. Partial rupture is relatively common and every effort should be made to preseve the remaining bridge of tissue which may still be viable. Initial treatment should ensure that no additional damage is done to the urethra by converting a partial rupture into a complete transection.", "contents": "Trauma to the urethra. Little is known of the exact aetiology of traumatic stricture of the urethra, but the first clinical presentation can be delayed many years after the trauma. Diagnosis can be made on clinical grounds alone and the passage of a catheter is condemned as clinically misleading and surgically dangerous. Partial rupture is relatively common and every effort should be made to preseve the remaining bridge of tissue which may still be viable. Initial treatment should ensure that no additional damage is done to the urethra by converting a partial rupture into a complete transection."}
{"id": "PMID:1205613", "title": "An analysis of the post-mortem findings in the 21 victims of the Birmingham pub bombings.", "content": "On the evening of 21 November, 1974 explosions occurred almost simultaneously in two crowded public houses in the centre of Birmingham. Of the 21 people who died, 18 were killed outright and 3 died later in hospital. All 21 cases showed the terrible multiple injuries associated with close proximity to a powerful explosion within a confined space. Although all the victims suffered one or more injuries which alone would have been fatal, certain patterns of injury were noted which, if appreciated early in any future similar incident, may help to save the lives of those who are futher removed from the centre of the explosion or exposed to one of lesser force.", "contents": "An analysis of the post-mortem findings in the 21 victims of the Birmingham pub bombings. On the evening of 21 November, 1974 explosions occurred almost simultaneously in two crowded public houses in the centre of Birmingham. Of the 21 people who died, 18 were killed outright and 3 died later in hospital. All 21 cases showed the terrible multiple injuries associated with close proximity to a powerful explosion within a confined space. Although all the victims suffered one or more injuries which alone would have been fatal, certain patterns of injury were noted which, if appreciated early in any future similar incident, may help to save the lives of those who are futher removed from the centre of the explosion or exposed to one of lesser force."}
{"id": "PMID:1205615", "title": "Antigenic variation of Streptococcus mutans colonizing gnotobiotic rats.", "content": "Strains of Streptococcus mutans representative of serotypes b and d exhibited antigenic variation in both the oral cavity and in the intestinal canal of gnotobiotic rats. Laboratory-maintained cultures did not vary. The antigenic alterations observed were: (i) loss of detectable levels of both weakly reacting \"strain\" antigens and the type antigen; (ii) decreased production of the type antigen; (ii) production of altered type antigen; and (iv) production of an antigen not possessed by the parent strain. Immunization of animals before monoinfection with S. mutans strain Bob-1 (serotype d) appeared to increase the rate of emergence of antigenically altered mutants in the intestinal canal, and more diversely altered isolates were obtained. Antigenic variation may account in part for the variation noted by several investigators in attempting to immunize animals against S. mutans-induced dental caries.", "contents": "Antigenic variation of Streptococcus mutans colonizing gnotobiotic rats. Strains of Streptococcus mutans representative of serotypes b and d exhibited antigenic variation in both the oral cavity and in the intestinal canal of gnotobiotic rats. Laboratory-maintained cultures did not vary. The antigenic alterations observed were: (i) loss of detectable levels of both weakly reacting \"strain\" antigens and the type antigen; (ii) decreased production of the type antigen; (ii) production of altered type antigen; and (iv) production of an antigen not possessed by the parent strain. Immunization of animals before monoinfection with S. mutans strain Bob-1 (serotype d) appeared to increase the rate of emergence of antigenically altered mutants in the intestinal canal, and more diversely altered isolates were obtained. Antigenic variation may account in part for the variation noted by several investigators in attempting to immunize animals against S. mutans-induced dental caries."}
{"id": "PMID:1205616", "title": "Mycoplasma-mediated hyporeactivity to various interferon inducers.", "content": "Three strains of Mycoplasma arthritidis were shown to induce marked hyporeactivity in mice to interferon induction by both Newcastle disease virus and poly(I:C). In contrast, the interferon response of mice to tilorone was only partially suppressed by pretreatment of the animals with mycoplasms. Hyporeactivity to Newcastle disease virus was maximal 1 and 3 days after mycoplasms treatment, but the interferon response was maximal 1 day after injection of the mycoplasmas and was no longer apparent by 5 days. No relationship was found between the ability of the mycoplasms themselves to induce interferon and the degree of hyporeactivity produced. These results suggest that mycoplasmas may alter virus-host relationships in vivo.", "contents": "Mycoplasma-mediated hyporeactivity to various interferon inducers. Three strains of Mycoplasma arthritidis were shown to induce marked hyporeactivity in mice to interferon induction by both Newcastle disease virus and poly(I:C). In contrast, the interferon response of mice to tilorone was only partially suppressed by pretreatment of the animals with mycoplasms. Hyporeactivity to Newcastle disease virus was maximal 1 and 3 days after mycoplasms treatment, but the interferon response was maximal 1 day after injection of the mycoplasmas and was no longer apparent by 5 days. No relationship was found between the ability of the mycoplasms themselves to induce interferon and the degree of hyporeactivity produced. These results suggest that mycoplasmas may alter virus-host relationships in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1205617", "title": "Multiple sclerosis-associated agent: transmission to animals and some properties of the agent.", "content": "In confirmation and extension of observations by Carp and his associates, brain tissue and sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were found to harbor an agent which induces a transitory depression in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in mice as well as in rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs. All of eight MD brains contained this agent at titers as high as 10(-9)/g of brain tissue. The agent was found in MS sera at titers up to 10(-3)/ml of serum, but its presence depended to some extent on the clinical status of the patients; it was observed more frequently in sera of patients with active disease (73%) thatn in sera of patients with quiescent disease (31%). Control brain tissues or sera failed to induce PMN depression. The apparently MS-associated agent (MSAA) passed through 50-nm but not 25-nm membrane filters (Millipore Corp.) and was largely sedimented at 105,000 X g but not at 50,000 X g for 1 h. It multiplied to high titers in the central nervous tissue of the inoculated animals and could be serially transmitted from animal to animal by passage of brain homeganates. Various observations and considerations appear to preclude that MS-associated agent represents an indigenous animal virus. Although its role in MS remains to be determined, it should be considered a candidate for the etiology of this disease.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis-associated agent: transmission to animals and some properties of the agent. In confirmation and extension of observations by Carp and his associates, brain tissue and sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were found to harbor an agent which induces a transitory depression in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in mice as well as in rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs. All of eight MD brains contained this agent at titers as high as 10(-9)/g of brain tissue. The agent was found in MS sera at titers up to 10(-3)/ml of serum, but its presence depended to some extent on the clinical status of the patients; it was observed more frequently in sera of patients with active disease (73%) thatn in sera of patients with quiescent disease (31%). Control brain tissues or sera failed to induce PMN depression. The apparently MS-associated agent (MSAA) passed through 50-nm but not 25-nm membrane filters (Millipore Corp.) and was largely sedimented at 105,000 X g but not at 50,000 X g for 1 h. It multiplied to high titers in the central nervous tissue of the inoculated animals and could be serially transmitted from animal to animal by passage of brain homeganates. Various observations and considerations appear to preclude that MS-associated agent represents an indigenous animal virus. Although its role in MS remains to be determined, it should be considered a candidate for the etiology of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1205618", "title": "Multiple sclerosis-associated agent: neutralization of the agent by human sera.", "content": "A total of 172 sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), theri relatives and nursing personnel, patients with other neurological and nonneurological diseases, and healthy donors living in the United State or East Africa under vastly divergent hygienic conditions were examined for their capacity to neutralize the MS-associated agent (MSAA), which induces in experimental animals a transitory depression of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). A considerable proportion of sera from MS patients and their relatives or nursing personnel and East African donors revealed neutralizing activity, but only one of 59 sera from American donors without known contacts with MS patients revealed neutralizing activity. Some of the sera could be diluted 100- or 1,000- fold and still prevent, or substantially reduce, PMN depressions in mice. The neutralizing activity was shown to be associated with the immunoglobulin fractions of sera and therefore appears to be due to an antibody. Cerebrospinal fluids from MS, but not other, patients also strongly neutralized MSAA. Evidence has been presented that sera from MS patients may contain both MSAA and MSAA neutralizing antibodies. Antigen-antibody complexes were separated from such sera by high-speed centrifugation, and neutralizing antibodies were dissociated from them at a low pH. Whereas the data are as yet limited due to the vagaries and complexities of the test procedures, they provide further evidence that MSAA is not an indigenous virus of experimental animals, causes infections in man, and is indeed closely associated with MS. If it were the cause of MS, which remains to be ascertained, the data imply that not all infections by MSAA lead to the development of MS.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis-associated agent: neutralization of the agent by human sera. A total of 172 sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), theri relatives and nursing personnel, patients with other neurological and nonneurological diseases, and healthy donors living in the United State or East Africa under vastly divergent hygienic conditions were examined for their capacity to neutralize the MS-associated agent (MSAA), which induces in experimental animals a transitory depression of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). A considerable proportion of sera from MS patients and their relatives or nursing personnel and East African donors revealed neutralizing activity, but only one of 59 sera from American donors without known contacts with MS patients revealed neutralizing activity. Some of the sera could be diluted 100- or 1,000- fold and still prevent, or substantially reduce, PMN depressions in mice. The neutralizing activity was shown to be associated with the immunoglobulin fractions of sera and therefore appears to be due to an antibody. Cerebrospinal fluids from MS, but not other, patients also strongly neutralized MSAA. Evidence has been presented that sera from MS patients may contain both MSAA and MSAA neutralizing antibodies. Antigen-antibody complexes were separated from such sera by high-speed centrifugation, and neutralizing antibodies were dissociated from them at a low pH. Whereas the data are as yet limited due to the vagaries and complexities of the test procedures, they provide further evidence that MSAA is not an indigenous virus of experimental animals, causes infections in man, and is indeed closely associated with MS. If it were the cause of MS, which remains to be ascertained, the data imply that not all infections by MSAA lead to the development of MS."}
{"id": "PMID:1205619", "title": "In vitro radiolabeling procedure which labels the proteins of Newcastle disease virions with carbon-14.", "content": "A convenient and gentle procedure was used for in vitro radioisotopic labeling the proteins of Newcastle disease virus. This method, which utilizes [14C]formaldehyde and sodium borohydride, labels all the proteins of purified Newcastle disease virus. Virions labeled in this manner retained biological and biopysical integrity", "contents": "In vitro radiolabeling procedure which labels the proteins of Newcastle disease virions with carbon-14. A convenient and gentle procedure was used for in vitro radioisotopic labeling the proteins of Newcastle disease virus. This method, which utilizes [14C]formaldehyde and sodium borohydride, labels all the proteins of purified Newcastle disease virus. Virions labeled in this manner retained biological and biopysical integrity"}
{"id": "PMID:1205620", "title": "Effect of dextranase on the extracellular polysaccharide synthesis of Streptococcus mutans; chemical and scanning electron microscopy studies.", "content": "A dextranase preparation (AD17) partially purified from a culture liquor of Spicaria violacea strain IFO 6120 significantly inhibited the formation of artifcial dental plaque on a steel wire or on an extracted tooth surface. Changes in the surface morphology of Streptococcus mutans cells due to AD17 action were studied using scanning electron microscopy. S. mutans cells grown in 5% sucrose-containing broth were coated with sticky amorphous capsule-like material, whereas cells grown in sucrose in the presence of AD17 or in glucose instead of sucrose did not synthesize such capsular material. AK17 degraded commercially available dextrans of molecular weight 7 X 1(04) and 2 X 10(6) to liberate glucose and various oligosaccharides, including isomaltose. On the other hand, AD17 hydrolyzed the extracellular polysaccharides (mainly glucan in nature) of some strains of S. mutans to a limited degree. Only 15 to 36% of the total polysaccharides were hydrolyzed by AD1M with little release of isomaltose. Prolonged incubation of the polysaccharides from S. mutans with AD17 did not release additional reducing sugars, which indicates that AD17 did not contain alpha-1,3-glucanase activity. These results suggest that glucosidic linkages which are susceptible to AD17 may play an important role in the adherence of S. mutans cells to smooth surfaces.", "contents": "Effect of dextranase on the extracellular polysaccharide synthesis of Streptococcus mutans; chemical and scanning electron microscopy studies. A dextranase preparation (AD17) partially purified from a culture liquor of Spicaria violacea strain IFO 6120 significantly inhibited the formation of artifcial dental plaque on a steel wire or on an extracted tooth surface. Changes in the surface morphology of Streptococcus mutans cells due to AD17 action were studied using scanning electron microscopy. S. mutans cells grown in 5% sucrose-containing broth were coated with sticky amorphous capsule-like material, whereas cells grown in sucrose in the presence of AD17 or in glucose instead of sucrose did not synthesize such capsular material. AK17 degraded commercially available dextrans of molecular weight 7 X 1(04) and 2 X 10(6) to liberate glucose and various oligosaccharides, including isomaltose. On the other hand, AD17 hydrolyzed the extracellular polysaccharides (mainly glucan in nature) of some strains of S. mutans to a limited degree. Only 15 to 36% of the total polysaccharides were hydrolyzed by AD1M with little release of isomaltose. Prolonged incubation of the polysaccharides from S. mutans with AD17 did not release additional reducing sugars, which indicates that AD17 did not contain alpha-1,3-glucanase activity. These results suggest that glucosidic linkages which are susceptible to AD17 may play an important role in the adherence of S. mutans cells to smooth surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:1205621", "title": "Comparative toxic effect of the surface lipid of Corynebacterium ovis on peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The postphagocytic effect on mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages of a petrol-ether lipid extract from Corynebacterium ovis (C. pseudotuberculosis) representing the surface coat of the organism external to the cell wall was investigated by examing three parameters of cytotoxicity, viability assayed by dye exclusion, glycolytic activity, and ultrastructural morphology. The viability test demonstrated a lethal effect on normal and immune mouse macrophages but not on those of the rabbit or guinea  pig. Measurement of glycolsis indicated a significant degree of cytotoxicity in normal mouse macrophages ingesting lipid, a nonsignificant depression of activity in cells from immune mice, and no alteration in the activities of rabbit and guinea pig macrophages. Electron microscopy demonstrated that C. ovis surface lipid caused acute lethal injury in normal and immune mouse macrophages. The early stages of degeneration were typified by dilatation of the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi lamellae, and nuclear envelope, proceeding to focal disruption of various cell membranes, particularly those of the lipidcontaining phagolysosomes and nucleus. In contrast, over the 3-h period of study, no cytotoxic change was evident in rabbit or guinea pig macrophages. The results add further support to previous observations that the surface lipid of C. ovis plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the organism in mice, but they do not explain the guinea pig's marked susceptibility to infection.", "contents": "Comparative toxic effect of the surface lipid of Corynebacterium ovis on peritoneal macrophages. The postphagocytic effect on mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages of a petrol-ether lipid extract from Corynebacterium ovis (C. pseudotuberculosis) representing the surface coat of the organism external to the cell wall was investigated by examing three parameters of cytotoxicity, viability assayed by dye exclusion, glycolytic activity, and ultrastructural morphology. The viability test demonstrated a lethal effect on normal and immune mouse macrophages but not on those of the rabbit or guinea  pig. Measurement of glycolsis indicated a significant degree of cytotoxicity in normal mouse macrophages ingesting lipid, a nonsignificant depression of activity in cells from immune mice, and no alteration in the activities of rabbit and guinea pig macrophages. Electron microscopy demonstrated that C. ovis surface lipid caused acute lethal injury in normal and immune mouse macrophages. The early stages of degeneration were typified by dilatation of the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi lamellae, and nuclear envelope, proceeding to focal disruption of various cell membranes, particularly those of the lipidcontaining phagolysosomes and nucleus. In contrast, over the 3-h period of study, no cytotoxic change was evident in rabbit or guinea pig macrophages. The results add further support to previous observations that the surface lipid of C. ovis plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the organism in mice, but they do not explain the guinea pig's marked susceptibility to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1205622", "title": "Comparison of the rate of absorption and proteolysis of [14C]choleragen and [14C]bovine serum albumin in the rat jejunum.", "content": "[14C]choleragen was used to study the rate of disappearance of choleragen enterotoxin from the jejunum of rats. [14C]bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied in a similar manner. Almost one-third of the labeled toxin had disappeared from the intestine after 6 h. Its rate of disappearance was the same in germfree rats as in conventional rats. The rate of proteolysis of [14C]choleragen and [14C]BSA by intestinal mucodal lysosomal enzymes was also studied. Neither was significantly degraded by neutral proteases; however, heat-inactivated toxin was. They were all degraded by acid proteases; however, the rate of BSA proteolysis was only one-third of that of toxin. Soybean trypsin inhibitor had no effect on the in vivo disappearance of toxin nor on the acid proteases. It did inhibit the neutral protease digestion of heat-treated toxin. Aprotinin and protamine inhibited disappearance in loops of gut but had no effect to inhibit degradation rates. Gangliosides inhibited both rates of disappearance and proolysis of toxin. These agents had some different effects on disappearance rates and proteolysis of BSA. The data indicate that cholera enterotoxin is absorbed by intestinal mucosal cells and is degraded by acid proteases in the cells.", "contents": "Comparison of the rate of absorption and proteolysis of [14C]choleragen and [14C]bovine serum albumin in the rat jejunum. [14C]choleragen was used to study the rate of disappearance of choleragen enterotoxin from the jejunum of rats. [14C]bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied in a similar manner. Almost one-third of the labeled toxin had disappeared from the intestine after 6 h. Its rate of disappearance was the same in germfree rats as in conventional rats. The rate of proteolysis of [14C]choleragen and [14C]BSA by intestinal mucodal lysosomal enzymes was also studied. Neither was significantly degraded by neutral proteases; however, heat-inactivated toxin was. They were all degraded by acid proteases; however, the rate of BSA proteolysis was only one-third of that of toxin. Soybean trypsin inhibitor had no effect on the in vivo disappearance of toxin nor on the acid proteases. It did inhibit the neutral protease digestion of heat-treated toxin. Aprotinin and protamine inhibited disappearance in loops of gut but had no effect to inhibit degradation rates. Gangliosides inhibited both rates of disappearance and proolysis of toxin. These agents had some different effects on disappearance rates and proteolysis of BSA. The data indicate that cholera enterotoxin is absorbed by intestinal mucosal cells and is degraded by acid proteases in the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1205623", "title": "Effect of neonatal thymectomy on experimental subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in adult hamsters.", "content": "Syrian golden hamsters were thymectomized in the first 48 h of life, raised, and then inoculated intracerebrally with the HBS strain of hamster-adapted subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus when over 12 weeks old. Two groups soon become apparent; one group showed progressive neurological susmptoms and the other group remained healthy. The sick hamsters became moribund between days 8 and 17 postinoculation, and they had large amounts of complete virus in their brains, no antibodies to measles virus in their sera, and a demonstrated lack of thymus tissue. Pathological changes in the central nervous system included marked focal necrosis, numerous giant and inclusion-bearing cells, and slight inflammation. The healthy animals, killed at day 22 or 35 postinoculation, contained no central nervous system virus, moderate amounts of measles antibody in their sera, minimal or absent central nervous system pathology, and histologically identifiable remnants of thymus tissue. These studeis indicate that, in the hamster, the immune system is essential in recovering from central nervous system measles infection and that the antibody response to measles probably requires helper T lymphocytes to develop. Im the absence of antibody to measles, the virus did not undergo modification to a cell-associated state, as noted in previous hamster studies and in human subacute aclerosing panencephalitis. This model system may be useful for passive transfer studies to further clarify the effect of the n vivo immune response to acute and persistent central nervous system measles virus infections9", "contents": "Effect of neonatal thymectomy on experimental subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in adult hamsters. Syrian golden hamsters were thymectomized in the first 48 h of life, raised, and then inoculated intracerebrally with the HBS strain of hamster-adapted subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus when over 12 weeks old. Two groups soon become apparent; one group showed progressive neurological susmptoms and the other group remained healthy. The sick hamsters became moribund between days 8 and 17 postinoculation, and they had large amounts of complete virus in their brains, no antibodies to measles virus in their sera, and a demonstrated lack of thymus tissue. Pathological changes in the central nervous system included marked focal necrosis, numerous giant and inclusion-bearing cells, and slight inflammation. The healthy animals, killed at day 22 or 35 postinoculation, contained no central nervous system virus, moderate amounts of measles antibody in their sera, minimal or absent central nervous system pathology, and histologically identifiable remnants of thymus tissue. These studeis indicate that, in the hamster, the immune system is essential in recovering from central nervous system measles infection and that the antibody response to measles probably requires helper T lymphocytes to develop. Im the absence of antibody to measles, the virus did not undergo modification to a cell-associated state, as noted in previous hamster studies and in human subacute aclerosing panencephalitis. This model system may be useful for passive transfer studies to further clarify the effect of the n vivo immune response to acute and persistent central nervous system measles virus infections9"}
{"id": "PMID:1205624", "title": "Thymus dependence of tapeworm (Hymenolepis diminuta) elimination from mice.", "content": "Although normal mice eliminated the lumen-dwelling intestinal cestode Hymenolepis diminuta by day 21 post-cysticercoid inoculation, congenitally thymus-deficient (nude) mice maintained their work burdens. Nude mice grafted with thymus glands or injected with thymus cells eliminated their worms.", "contents": "Thymus dependence of tapeworm (Hymenolepis diminuta) elimination from mice. Although normal mice eliminated the lumen-dwelling intestinal cestode Hymenolepis diminuta by day 21 post-cysticercoid inoculation, congenitally thymus-deficient (nude) mice maintained their work burdens. Nude mice grafted with thymus glands or injected with thymus cells eliminated their worms."}
{"id": "PMID:1205625", "title": "[Fetal vaccinia (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems of vaccination in pregnancy are discussed with regard to the specific immunological circumstances of pregnancy and the immunological relationship between the mother and the fetus. In the whole medical literature only 18 cases of fetal vaccinia are described. The author emphasizes that fetal vaccinia is a complication of primovaccination of a pregnant woman. Experiments on rabbits disclosed that the suppression of cellular immunity in the mother may cause prolanged virusemia and thus favour intrauterine infection. Pregnancy is an absolute contraindication for primovaccination against smallpox.", "contents": "[Fetal vaccinia (author's transl)]. The problems of vaccination in pregnancy are discussed with regard to the specific immunological circumstances of pregnancy and the immunological relationship between the mother and the fetus. In the whole medical literature only 18 cases of fetal vaccinia are described. The author emphasizes that fetal vaccinia is a complication of primovaccination of a pregnant woman. Experiments on rabbits disclosed that the suppression of cellular immunity in the mother may cause prolanged virusemia and thus favour intrauterine infection. Pregnancy is an absolute contraindication for primovaccination against smallpox."}
{"id": "PMID:1205626", "title": "[Further pharmacokinetical observations on gentamicin (author's transl)].", "content": "Applying a single i.m. dose of 80 mg (41 patients) and 120 mg (23 patients) of gentamicin, respectively, investigations in females have shown that, although the bulk of the antibiotic is excreted with the urine within the first 24 hours after injection, slow excretion is maintained at a very low level. According to the dose administered gentamicin remains detectable in the urine for many days. Thus, after injection of 120 mg in two patients gentamicin was detectable in the urine for a period of up to 20 days. Peak serum levels one hour after i.m. injection of 120 mg did not exceed 8.2 mug/ml, the mean concentration was 5.76 mug/ml. Serum half life was 2 hours. Studies of distribution in animal and human tissues have shown that gentamicin is accumulated almost exclusively in the kidneys, mainly in the cortex.", "contents": "[Further pharmacokinetical observations on gentamicin (author's transl)]. Applying a single i.m. dose of 80 mg (41 patients) and 120 mg (23 patients) of gentamicin, respectively, investigations in females have shown that, although the bulk of the antibiotic is excreted with the urine within the first 24 hours after injection, slow excretion is maintained at a very low level. According to the dose administered gentamicin remains detectable in the urine for many days. Thus, after injection of 120 mg in two patients gentamicin was detectable in the urine for a period of up to 20 days. Peak serum levels one hour after i.m. injection of 120 mg did not exceed 8.2 mug/ml, the mean concentration was 5.76 mug/ml. Serum half life was 2 hours. Studies of distribution in animal and human tissues have shown that gentamicin is accumulated almost exclusively in the kidneys, mainly in the cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1205627", "title": "[Central european tick-borne encephalitis from 1969 to 1972 in central bohemia (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1969 to 1972 1,080 patients admitted with a diagnosis of viral meningoencephalitis were treated at the Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Prague-Bulovka. In 633 of these patients tick-borne encephalitis could be detected serologically. The epidemiological conditions and the clinical course of the disease are described. Paresis of the extremities and the cranial nerves occurred in 12.8% of the patients; the outcome was fatal in 0.8%. Treatment in hospital usually lasted 3 to 4 weeks and patients were unfit for work for a further 6 to 10 weeks after dismissal.", "contents": "[Central european tick-borne encephalitis from 1969 to 1972 in central bohemia (author's transl)]. From 1969 to 1972 1,080 patients admitted with a diagnosis of viral meningoencephalitis were treated at the Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Prague-Bulovka. In 633 of these patients tick-borne encephalitis could be detected serologically. The epidemiological conditions and the clinical course of the disease are described. Paresis of the extremities and the cranial nerves occurred in 12.8% of the patients; the outcome was fatal in 0.8%. Treatment in hospital usually lasted 3 to 4 weeks and patients were unfit for work for a further 6 to 10 weeks after dismissal."}
{"id": "PMID:1205628", "title": "Rapidly reversible depression of delayed hypersensitivity in two children with visceral leishmaniasis.", "content": "Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis in children are described. In both \"in vitro\" lymphocyte response to mitogens and allogeneic cells was initially markedly depressed, but returned to normal within a few days after six days of treatment with N-methylglucamine antimonate; in one the candidin skin test reverted from negative to positive after treatment and in the other a circulating serum factor was found which strongly inhibited phytohemagglutinin--and mixed--responsiveness of normal lymphocytes, but disappeared after therapy.", "contents": "Rapidly reversible depression of delayed hypersensitivity in two children with visceral leishmaniasis. Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis in children are described. In both \"in vitro\" lymphocyte response to mitogens and allogeneic cells was initially markedly depressed, but returned to normal within a few days after six days of treatment with N-methylglucamine antimonate; in one the candidin skin test reverted from negative to positive after treatment and in the other a circulating serum factor was found which strongly inhibited phytohemagglutinin--and mixed--responsiveness of normal lymphocytes, but disappeared after therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1205647", "title": "Economic class and differential access to care: comparisons among health care systems.", "content": "This paper presents a new technique for describing inequality of access to medical care. Access is described by the empirical relationship between need and the probability of entering the health care system for treatment. The need-entry probability relationship for one population group is compared with that for another population group to determine the extent of access differentials (differences in entry probabilities) at varying levels of need. As an illustrative application, the technique is employed to describe access differentials by economic class in six different geographic areas located in five different countries (Canada, England, Finland, Poland, United States) with differently structured health care systems. Although the findings for adults varied considerably from area to area, the access differentials among children were surprisingly consistent and unrelated to health care system structure. In particular, it appears that higher family income is associated with greater access to medical care among children at all levels of need. The paper concludes with suggestions for further applications of the proposed technique to problems of monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing the extent of access inequality.", "contents": "Economic class and differential access to care: comparisons among health care systems. This paper presents a new technique for describing inequality of access to medical care. Access is described by the empirical relationship between need and the probability of entering the health care system for treatment. The need-entry probability relationship for one population group is compared with that for another population group to determine the extent of access differentials (differences in entry probabilities) at varying levels of need. As an illustrative application, the technique is employed to describe access differentials by economic class in six different geographic areas located in five different countries (Canada, England, Finland, Poland, United States) with differently structured health care systems. Although the findings for adults varied considerably from area to area, the access differentials among children were surprisingly consistent and unrelated to health care system structure. In particular, it appears that higher family income is associated with greater access to medical care among children at all levels of need. The paper concludes with suggestions for further applications of the proposed technique to problems of monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing the extent of access inequality."}
{"id": "PMID:1205648", "title": "Women and health care: a comparison of theories.", "content": "There are three distinct approaches to the analysis of women's position in society, and thus of women's relation to the health care system. Liberal feminists seek equal opportunity \"within the system,\" deman equal opportunity and employment for women in health care, and are critical of the patronizing attitudes of physicians. Radical feminists reject \"the system\" as one based on the oppression of women and seek to build alternative structures to better fill their needs. They see the division between man and woman as the primary contradiction in society and patriarchy as its fundamental institution. They have initiated self-help groups and women's clinics to extend the base of health care controlled by women in their own interests. Marxist-feminists see the particular oppression of women as generated by contradications within the development of capitalism. Women's unpaid labor at home and underpaid labor in the work force both serve the interests of the owners of capital. The health care system serves these same interests; it maintains and perpetuates the social class structure while becoming increasingly alienated from the health needs of the majority of the population.", "contents": "Women and health care: a comparison of theories. There are three distinct approaches to the analysis of women's position in society, and thus of women's relation to the health care system. Liberal feminists seek equal opportunity \"within the system,\" deman equal opportunity and employment for women in health care, and are critical of the patronizing attitudes of physicians. Radical feminists reject \"the system\" as one based on the oppression of women and seek to build alternative structures to better fill their needs. They see the division between man and woman as the primary contradiction in society and patriarchy as its fundamental institution. They have initiated self-help groups and women's clinics to extend the base of health care controlled by women in their own interests. Marxist-feminists see the particular oppression of women as generated by contradications within the development of capitalism. Women's unpaid labor at home and underpaid labor in the work force both serve the interests of the owners of capital. The health care system serves these same interests; it maintains and perpetuates the social class structure while becoming increasingly alienated from the health needs of the majority of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:1205649", "title": "Health service planning in a British new town.", "content": "The initial postwar development of new towns in Britain took place at a time when the present British National Health Service was in its infancy, and few attempts were made to integrate health service planning into the overall planning process. The more recent new towns have been the object of better social planning and, at the same time, the National Health Service has been substantially unified, at first functionally and, in 1974, administratively. In consequence, attempts have been made to use the opportunities which such towns present for planning health services in a comprehensive and integrated manner. The evolution of a planning and implementation structure for health services in Milton Keynes, a new town with a target population of 250,000, is described, together with some of the implications for the administratively unified National Health Service which came into being in 1974.", "contents": "Health service planning in a British new town. The initial postwar development of new towns in Britain took place at a time when the present British National Health Service was in its infancy, and few attempts were made to integrate health service planning into the overall planning process. The more recent new towns have been the object of better social planning and, at the same time, the National Health Service has been substantially unified, at first functionally and, in 1974, administratively. In consequence, attempts have been made to use the opportunities which such towns present for planning health services in a comprehensive and integrated manner. The evolution of a planning and implementation structure for health services in Milton Keynes, a new town with a target population of 250,000, is described, together with some of the implications for the administratively unified National Health Service which came into being in 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:1205650", "title": "National health planning in the United States: prospects and portents.", "content": "The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 in the United States demonstrates a growing determination in Congress to motivate the system of health services toward greater efficiency in utilization of resources. The Act was designed to overcome some of the weaknesses in earlier planning  legislation. More complete coverage and more functional local jurisdictions for planning should result. The Act provides better financial support, and more effective incentives and inducements to assure adherence to plans. Concern is expressed about aspects of the legislation which the authors feel may deserve consideration. The principle of delegating responsibility to voluntary agencies for disbursement of public funds is questioned, and the authors suggest that local public health authorities apply for designation as planning agencies. Reservation is expressed about the adequacy of regional organization as provided by the Act to accomplish its purposes, and the authors recommend demonstrations of regional administrative agencies to implement plans developed by Health Systems Agencies. Failure to incorporate the provision of the House planning bill to set up a national health policy council in the Act is considered unfortunate. Persistence in pursuing the course outlined in the Act is urged.", "contents": "National health planning in the United States: prospects and portents. The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 in the United States demonstrates a growing determination in Congress to motivate the system of health services toward greater efficiency in utilization of resources. The Act was designed to overcome some of the weaknesses in earlier planning  legislation. More complete coverage and more functional local jurisdictions for planning should result. The Act provides better financial support, and more effective incentives and inducements to assure adherence to plans. Concern is expressed about aspects of the legislation which the authors feel may deserve consideration. The principle of delegating responsibility to voluntary agencies for disbursement of public funds is questioned, and the authors suggest that local public health authorities apply for designation as planning agencies. Reservation is expressed about the adequacy of regional organization as provided by the Act to accomplish its purposes, and the authors recommend demonstrations of regional administrative agencies to implement plans developed by Health Systems Agencies. Failure to incorporate the provision of the House planning bill to set up a national health policy council in the Act is considered unfortunate. Persistence in pursuing the course outlined in the Act is urged."}
{"id": "PMID:1205651", "title": "Challenge to international agencies.", "content": "International health agencies face major changes requiring basic adjustments in approaches and values. The ethical issues include moral criteria for allocating scarce resources, relation of health to population growth and development, iatrogenic social consequences of health measures, and inappropriate transfer of technology. A proposed new style of international health work is summarized in five principles and ten guidelines. The principles are: development from below; a role shift from adviser collaborator; sequential research, demonstration, and implementation; concentration on problems of motivation; and parternship in approaches to mutually shared complex problems.", "contents": "Challenge to international agencies. International health agencies face major changes requiring basic adjustments in approaches and values. The ethical issues include moral criteria for allocating scarce resources, relation of health to population growth and development, iatrogenic social consequences of health measures, and inappropriate transfer of technology. A proposed new style of international health work is summarized in five principles and ten guidelines. The principles are: development from below; a role shift from adviser collaborator; sequential research, demonstration, and implementation; concentration on problems of motivation; and parternship in approaches to mutually shared complex problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1205652", "title": "Path analysis of socioeconomic correlates of county infant mortality rates.", "content": "Relationships between selected socioeconomic characteristics of counties and infant mortality rates are examined. There are two research objectives: to determine the extent to which low family income, low education, sound housing, and the percentage of blacks \"directly\" and \"jointly\" relate to neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates; and to determine the degree to which a zero-order correlation between a given socioeconomic measure and general infant mortality is transmitted by neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates, respectively. Data corresponding to 2237 counties in the United States are analyzed by path analysis. Results show that the percentage of blacks and low education are two variables which have appreciable direct effects on both components of infant mortality. These two factors are also responsible in large measure for gross associations between low family income, sound housing, and rates of infant loss. On the basis of this study it is estimated that approximately two-thirds of the zero-order correlation between a given county measure of socioeconomic status and infant mortality occurs through the postneonatal component. Implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Path analysis of socioeconomic correlates of county infant mortality rates. Relationships between selected socioeconomic characteristics of counties and infant mortality rates are examined. There are two research objectives: to determine the extent to which low family income, low education, sound housing, and the percentage of blacks \"directly\" and \"jointly\" relate to neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates; and to determine the degree to which a zero-order correlation between a given socioeconomic measure and general infant mortality is transmitted by neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates, respectively. Data corresponding to 2237 counties in the United States are analyzed by path analysis. Results show that the percentage of blacks and low education are two variables which have appreciable direct effects on both components of infant mortality. These two factors are also responsible in large measure for gross associations between low family income, sound housing, and rates of infant loss. On the basis of this study it is estimated that approximately two-thirds of the zero-order correlation between a given county measure of socioeconomic status and infant mortality occurs through the postneonatal component. Implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205653", "title": "Increasing threat to man as a result of frequently uncontrolled and widespread use of various drugs.", "content": "Consumption of drugs is steadily increasing. The reasons for this could be the diminished threshold level of acceptable sufferings, increased expectations about health, the psychological effects of a medical prescription, publicity, consumer society attitude in respect to drugs and polipharmacy. Overexposure to drugs increases the risk of precipitating drug adverse reactions. This could be avoided in many cases by non-administration of an unnecessary drug. The frequency and consequences of drug adverse reactions are considerable, and WHO plays an import role in collecting data and facilitating the exchange of informations in that area.", "contents": "Increasing threat to man as a result of frequently uncontrolled and widespread use of various drugs. Consumption of drugs is steadily increasing. The reasons for this could be the diminished threshold level of acceptable sufferings, increased expectations about health, the psychological effects of a medical prescription, publicity, consumer society attitude in respect to drugs and polipharmacy. Overexposure to drugs increases the risk of precipitating drug adverse reactions. This could be avoided in many cases by non-administration of an unnecessary drug. The frequency and consequences of drug adverse reactions are considerable, and WHO plays an import role in collecting data and facilitating the exchange of informations in that area."}
{"id": "PMID:1205654", "title": "Interaction of heart glycosides and phenobarbital.", "content": "One week's administration of phenobarbital does not affect the disappearance of a single dose of digitalis glycosides from the serum of man. The increase of bile flow and of liver weight produced by phenobarbital in the rat is not further enhanced by glycosides. In case of acute digitalization, the enzyme inducing effect of barbiturates has probably no clinical significance.", "contents": "Interaction of heart glycosides and phenobarbital. One week's administration of phenobarbital does not affect the disappearance of a single dose of digitalis glycosides from the serum of man. The increase of bile flow and of liver weight produced by phenobarbital in the rat is not further enhanced by glycosides. In case of acute digitalization, the enzyme inducing effect of barbiturates has probably no clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1205655", "title": "[The effect of allopurinol on hemodynamic, respiratory and biochemical functional values in health persons following oral administration].", "content": "Starting from results of experimentation on animals, the influence of allopurinol on hemodynamic, respiratory and biochemical parameters after oral application by 10 probands in quiescence and after load had been studied. With mecanocardiographic, spiroergometric and circulation analytic function tests, no significative decrease of heart frequence, systolic blood pressure, pulse volume, heart minute volume, work of the heart, power of the heart and consumption of oxygen appears. The time of ejection diminished. Besides a pronounced sinking of the concentration of uric acid serum, it came to a suspension of the increase caused through load of the total free fatty acids and the beta-lipoproteide in the serum. The results indicate a circulation economized effect of allopurinol.", "contents": "[The effect of allopurinol on hemodynamic, respiratory and biochemical functional values in health persons following oral administration]. Starting from results of experimentation on animals, the influence of allopurinol on hemodynamic, respiratory and biochemical parameters after oral application by 10 probands in quiescence and after load had been studied. With mecanocardiographic, spiroergometric and circulation analytic function tests, no significative decrease of heart frequence, systolic blood pressure, pulse volume, heart minute volume, work of the heart, power of the heart and consumption of oxygen appears. The time of ejection diminished. Besides a pronounced sinking of the concentration of uric acid serum, it came to a suspension of the increase caused through load of the total free fatty acids and the beta-lipoproteide in the serum. The results indicate a circulation economized effect of allopurinol."}
{"id": "PMID:1205656", "title": "Plasma concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites after peroral, intramuscular, and rectal administration. Correlation between plasma concentration and sedatory effect of diazepam.", "content": "Plasma levels of diazepam, N-demethyldiazepam and free oxazepam were measured gaschromatographically in ten healthy volunteers after 5 mg of diazepam perorally, intramuscularly and rectally (with three different kinds of suppositories). The best absorption of diazepam was found after peroral administration. After an intramuscular injection a delayed absorption with low plasma concentrations of diazepam was found. The basal component of a diazepam suppository seems to have a great effect on the rectal absorption of diazepam. Two of the three different kinds of diazepam suppositories caused higher plasma diazepam concentrations than the intramuscular injection of the drug. There were no great differences in the amount of the metabolites of diazepam after different kinds of administration. The subjective sedatory effect of diazepam lasted approximately as long as the fast distribution of diazepam from plasma took place. A very highly significant correlation between plasma concentration and subjective sedatory effect of diazepam after a single dose was found.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites after peroral, intramuscular, and rectal administration. Correlation between plasma concentration and sedatory effect of diazepam. Plasma levels of diazepam, N-demethyldiazepam and free oxazepam were measured gaschromatographically in ten healthy volunteers after 5 mg of diazepam perorally, intramuscularly and rectally (with three different kinds of suppositories). The best absorption of diazepam was found after peroral administration. After an intramuscular injection a delayed absorption with low plasma concentrations of diazepam was found. The basal component of a diazepam suppository seems to have a great effect on the rectal absorption of diazepam. Two of the three different kinds of diazepam suppositories caused higher plasma diazepam concentrations than the intramuscular injection of the drug. There were no great differences in the amount of the metabolites of diazepam after different kinds of administration. The subjective sedatory effect of diazepam lasted approximately as long as the fast distribution of diazepam from plasma took place. A very highly significant correlation between plasma concentration and subjective sedatory effect of diazepam after a single dose was found."}
{"id": "PMID:1205657", "title": "Studies on absorption and elimination of drugs. Part VI: Fitting of a double exponential curve to the observed drug concentration after single extravascular administration.", "content": "A simple program was written in Algol 1204 for the Polish digital computer ODRA 1204. It permits the fitting of the Bateman equation C equals const [e-KEt -- e-KAt] or the equation C equals Be-KEt -- Ae-KAt to the observed plasma or serum concentration data after single extravascular administration of a drug. The results obtained with this M-31 program, compared with the calculations of the pharmacokinetic parameters for tetracycline HCl obtained with the Wagner's Nonline or Lag Time program, show a good conformity.", "contents": "Studies on absorption and elimination of drugs. Part VI: Fitting of a double exponential curve to the observed drug concentration after single extravascular administration. A simple program was written in Algol 1204 for the Polish digital computer ODRA 1204. It permits the fitting of the Bateman equation C equals const [e-KEt -- e-KAt] or the equation C equals Be-KEt -- Ae-KAt to the observed plasma or serum concentration data after single extravascular administration of a drug. The results obtained with this M-31 program, compared with the calculations of the pharmacokinetic parameters for tetracycline HCl obtained with the Wagner's Nonline or Lag Time program, show a good conformity."}
{"id": "PMID:1205658", "title": "[The reciprocal actions of phenprocoumon (Marcumar) with human serum albumin, erythrocytes and blood].", "content": "The binding properties of phenprocoumon (PhC) to human serum albumin (HSA) and to red blood cells (RBC) were determined by using the equilibrium dialysis. Analysis of PhC-binding data to HSA at pH 7.4 and temperatures of 10 degrees C and 27 degrees C resulted in binding constants (k) of 11.8 - 10(4) and 7.0 - 10(4), in free standard enthalpy changes deltaG0 of -6.658 and -6.651 kcal/mol, and in standard enthalpy change TdeltaS0 of 1.386 and 1.469 kcal/mole, respectively. The standard enthalpy change deltaH0 was -5.182 kcal/mole for both temperatures. These results indicate that the binding between PhC and HSA is predominantly effected by hydrophobic interactions. At pH 7.4 the binding to HSA is essentially characeterized by two straight lines of binding, whereas at pH 9 and 10 there are three. With increasing pH more binding sites become free and the affinity of PhC to HSA grows. Studies of binding properties to RBC indicate a strong binding of PhC to hemoglobin (k 7.9 - 10(5)), but only a weak one to red cell membranes (binding ratio hemoglobin to ghosts 66 : 1). In a combined system of HSA and RBC, competition occurs between both components and therefore the strength of binding decreases. At therapeutic PhC-concentrations, 91.7% of the PhC are bound to the whole blood, 20.8% to RBC, and 70.9% to HSA. With increasing concentrations of PhC the binding to RBC declines to 10.5% accompanied by an approximately unchanged binding to whole blood of 92.1%; whereas binding to HSA increases to 81.6%. The affinity of PhC to HSA grows larger than its affinity to RBC. The total binding to blood remains unchanged within a 21-fold range and it is predominantly determined by the affinity of HSA to PhC.", "contents": "[The reciprocal actions of phenprocoumon (Marcumar) with human serum albumin, erythrocytes and blood]. The binding properties of phenprocoumon (PhC) to human serum albumin (HSA) and to red blood cells (RBC) were determined by using the equilibrium dialysis. Analysis of PhC-binding data to HSA at pH 7.4 and temperatures of 10 degrees C and 27 degrees C resulted in binding constants (k) of 11.8 - 10(4) and 7.0 - 10(4), in free standard enthalpy changes deltaG0 of -6.658 and -6.651 kcal/mol, and in standard enthalpy change TdeltaS0 of 1.386 and 1.469 kcal/mole, respectively. The standard enthalpy change deltaH0 was -5.182 kcal/mole for both temperatures. These results indicate that the binding between PhC and HSA is predominantly effected by hydrophobic interactions. At pH 7.4 the binding to HSA is essentially characeterized by two straight lines of binding, whereas at pH 9 and 10 there are three. With increasing pH more binding sites become free and the affinity of PhC to HSA grows. Studies of binding properties to RBC indicate a strong binding of PhC to hemoglobin (k 7.9 - 10(5)), but only a weak one to red cell membranes (binding ratio hemoglobin to ghosts 66 : 1). In a combined system of HSA and RBC, competition occurs between both components and therefore the strength of binding decreases. At therapeutic PhC-concentrations, 91.7% of the PhC are bound to the whole blood, 20.8% to RBC, and 70.9% to HSA. With increasing concentrations of PhC the binding to RBC declines to 10.5% accompanied by an approximately unchanged binding to whole blood of 92.1%; whereas binding to HSA increases to 81.6%. The affinity of PhC to HSA grows larger than its affinity to RBC. The total binding to blood remains unchanged within a 21-fold range and it is predominantly determined by the affinity of HSA to PhC."}
{"id": "PMID:1205669", "title": "Human leptospirosis in Brazil.", "content": "Serological data on the prevalence of human leptospiroses in certain regions of Brazil are presented. Out of 467 diseased and clinically healthy persons, 40 were positive in the Amazonia. The most frequent serotypes were grippotyphosa (27.5%), panama (25%), icterohaemorrhagiae (10%) and woffi (10%). In 1966 and 1970, 279 cases were identified in Recife (northeastern Brazil) during outbreaks subsequent to floods. Among these 92.5% belonged to the icterohaemorrhagiae serotype. From 1947 to 1972, in S\u00e3o Paulo City (southeastern Brazil), of 18,233 patients with clinical signs of leptospirosis, 2,237 were positive with 86.5% belonging to icterohaemorrhagiae. In all Brazil, 32 strains of leptospires were isolated, 27 of which belonged to the icterohaemorrhagiae serotype and one strain for each wolffi, canicola, grippotyphosa, andamana and alexi serotypes.", "contents": "Human leptospirosis in Brazil. Serological data on the prevalence of human leptospiroses in certain regions of Brazil are presented. Out of 467 diseased and clinically healthy persons, 40 were positive in the Amazonia. The most frequent serotypes were grippotyphosa (27.5%), panama (25%), icterohaemorrhagiae (10%) and woffi (10%). In 1966 and 1970, 279 cases were identified in Recife (northeastern Brazil) during outbreaks subsequent to floods. Among these 92.5% belonged to the icterohaemorrhagiae serotype. From 1947 to 1972, in S\u00e3o Paulo City (southeastern Brazil), of 18,233 patients with clinical signs of leptospirosis, 2,237 were positive with 86.5% belonging to icterohaemorrhagiae. In all Brazil, 32 strains of leptospires were isolated, 27 of which belonged to the icterohaemorrhagiae serotype and one strain for each wolffi, canicola, grippotyphosa, andamana and alexi serotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:1205671", "title": "An investigation of canine antileptospiral antibodies in Japan.", "content": "From 1970 through 1973, blood samples of 7113 attended dogs and 1615 stray dogs in 50 cities of Japan were examined for leptospiral antibodies by RMAT on filter paper specimens. Results were as follows: 1. Prevalences of antibodies against L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola in attended dogs in 50 cities ranged from 22.5% to 0% with an average of 9.8%. Those of stray dogs in 8 cities ranged from 52.5% to 0% with an average of 21.7%. 2. 64 and 37 of 7113 attended dog sera reached positively only against either L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola, respectively. 595 of 7113 attended dog sera reacted positively against both antigens. 3. In 820 attended dog sera tested against 8 leptospiral serotypes, 57 had antibodies against L. icterohaemorrhagiae, 52 against L. canicola, 2 against L. australis A, 10 against L. pyrogenes and 2 against L. grippotyphosa. 4. The prevalence of antibodies was twice as much in male dogs as in females. The prevalence in a healthy group was only half that of a sick group. Attended dogs below 4 years old had a higher antibody prevalence than any other age. The prevalence of antibodies in summer was lower than for any other season.", "contents": "An investigation of canine antileptospiral antibodies in Japan. From 1970 through 1973, blood samples of 7113 attended dogs and 1615 stray dogs in 50 cities of Japan were examined for leptospiral antibodies by RMAT on filter paper specimens. Results were as follows: 1. Prevalences of antibodies against L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola in attended dogs in 50 cities ranged from 22.5% to 0% with an average of 9.8%. Those of stray dogs in 8 cities ranged from 52.5% to 0% with an average of 21.7%. 2. 64 and 37 of 7113 attended dog sera reached positively only against either L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola, respectively. 595 of 7113 attended dog sera reacted positively against both antigens. 3. In 820 attended dog sera tested against 8 leptospiral serotypes, 57 had antibodies against L. icterohaemorrhagiae, 52 against L. canicola, 2 against L. australis A, 10 against L. pyrogenes and 2 against L. grippotyphosa. 4. The prevalence of antibodies was twice as much in male dogs as in females. The prevalence in a healthy group was only half that of a sick group. Attended dogs below 4 years old had a higher antibody prevalence than any other age. The prevalence of antibodies in summer was lower than for any other season."}
{"id": "PMID:1205674", "title": "Histopathological correlates of presumed ocular histoplasmosis.", "content": "There are very few eyes with the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome that have been studied as such by the ophthalmic pathologist. Hoefnagels and Pijpers [6] were the first to demonstrate H. capsulatum in the human eye. However, this was a case of endophthalmitis and not the clinically observe syndrome. Klintworth et. al. [7] demonstrated the organism histologically in granulomatous choroiditis occurring in dissemiated histoplasmosis. The hot was compromised immunologically, and this again is somewhat different from the typical clinical situation. The histopathological material available for study was derived from the eyes of patients enucleated after the diagnosis of malanoma at the AFIP, nd from autopsy material from the Wilmer Institute. These five cases have a number of findings in common. The atrophic scars and punched-out sponts in the periphery and elsewhere correlate with an absence of the pigment epithelium. The degree of inflammation, usually lymphocyte infiltration, can be variable...", "contents": "Histopathological correlates of presumed ocular histoplasmosis. There are very few eyes with the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome that have been studied as such by the ophthalmic pathologist. Hoefnagels and Pijpers [6] were the first to demonstrate H. capsulatum in the human eye. However, this was a case of endophthalmitis and not the clinically observe syndrome. Klintworth et. al. [7] demonstrated the organism histologically in granulomatous choroiditis occurring in dissemiated histoplasmosis. The hot was compromised immunologically, and this again is somewhat different from the typical clinical situation. The histopathological material available for study was derived from the eyes of patients enucleated after the diagnosis of malanoma at the AFIP, nd from autopsy material from the Wilmer Institute. These five cases have a number of findings in common. The atrophic scars and punched-out sponts in the periphery and elsewhere correlate with an absence of the pigment epithelium. The degree of inflammation, usually lymphocyte infiltration, can be variable..."}
{"id": "PMID:1205675", "title": "Koch's stulates and experimental ocular histoplasmosis.", "content": "The present study shows clearly that focal choroiditis is produced in rabbits by infecting the animals with a mycelial form of H. capsulatum. Identification of this organism as the pathogenic agent was made by histopathological and mycological observations. This fungus was recovered from infected ocular lesions in those eyes enucleated within four weeks following the appearance of uveitus-a time period consistent with the clinical and pathological appearance of multiple granulomas in the choroid. The absence of organisms in the contralateral eyes of these same animals at eight weeks suggests perhaps that recovery was associated with the emergence of immunity by two months following the appearance of uveitus. This is supported in part by our previous study, which supplied evidence that animals were protected from further uveitis on subsequent reinfections (after they had recovered from their initial infection) by a mycelial or yeast form of the fungus. Similar protection was also seen in animals that had prior exposures to heat-killed organisms. Moreover, onset of the ocular changes occurred usually two weeks after infection. This evidence strongly suggests that the experimental choroiditis may be immunologically induced. H. capsulatum recovered from infected eyes (Groups I and II) produced identical ocular lesions clinically and histopathologically when injected into normal animals (Groups IA and IIA). Fulfillment of Koch's postulates in experimental ocular histoplasmosis was achieved within only one month following the appearance of uveitis. This may be of fundamental importance in that efforts to demonstrate a causal relationship between the ocular picture and benign systemic histoplasmosis have been unsuccessful in man. Because of the striking similarity between the experimental choroiditis in rabbits and the changes observed in presumed ocular histoplasmosis in man, studies in primates are necessary. Since the ocular anatomy is similar in monkeys and in man, there remains the necessity to reproduce the hemorrhagic disciform lesion of the macula, which represents the gravest aspect of presumed ocular histoplasmosis.", "contents": "Koch's stulates and experimental ocular histoplasmosis. The present study shows clearly that focal choroiditis is produced in rabbits by infecting the animals with a mycelial form of H. capsulatum. Identification of this organism as the pathogenic agent was made by histopathological and mycological observations. This fungus was recovered from infected ocular lesions in those eyes enucleated within four weeks following the appearance of uveitus-a time period consistent with the clinical and pathological appearance of multiple granulomas in the choroid. The absence of organisms in the contralateral eyes of these same animals at eight weeks suggests perhaps that recovery was associated with the emergence of immunity by two months following the appearance of uveitus. This is supported in part by our previous study, which supplied evidence that animals were protected from further uveitis on subsequent reinfections (after they had recovered from their initial infection) by a mycelial or yeast form of the fungus. Similar protection was also seen in animals that had prior exposures to heat-killed organisms. Moreover, onset of the ocular changes occurred usually two weeks after infection. This evidence strongly suggests that the experimental choroiditis may be immunologically induced. H. capsulatum recovered from infected eyes (Groups I and II) produced identical ocular lesions clinically and histopathologically when injected into normal animals (Groups IA and IIA). Fulfillment of Koch's postulates in experimental ocular histoplasmosis was achieved within only one month following the appearance of uveitis. This may be of fundamental importance in that efforts to demonstrate a causal relationship between the ocular picture and benign systemic histoplasmosis have been unsuccessful in man. Because of the striking similarity between the experimental choroiditis in rabbits and the changes observed in presumed ocular histoplasmosis in man, studies in primates are necessary. Since the ocular anatomy is similar in monkeys and in man, there remains the necessity to reproduce the hemorrhagic disciform lesion of the macula, which represents the gravest aspect of presumed ocular histoplasmosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1205676", "title": "Diagnosis and management of minimal recurrences of macular histoplasmosis.", "content": "Disease in the macula from ocular histoplasmosis has been ascribed to (1) traction of a scar, (2) fresh areas of choroiditis, and (3) reactivation of a scar. Traction of a scar is probably a rare cause. The rationale for early use of corticosteroids in attacks of ocular histoplasmosis is based on the hypothesis that the underlying disease is an inflammation. The concept of a choroiditis could fit with what is assumed to happen in the case of second and third hypotheses, those of fresh choroiditis and reactivation of a scar. The goal of therapy is to stop the inflammation before it is clinically recognizable by the ophthalmologist, so that little or no damage to vision results. Whether corticosteroids might work by suppression of an immunological response or simply by curtailing the severity of the choroiditis, or both, is not known. We do know from clinical experience that corticosteroids do not appear to be deleterious to the ocular histoplasmosis. When they were first tried, we were wary about using them in a \"fungal\" disease. As experience grew, we learned that our mistakes were usually not from using too great a quantity of corticosteroids for too long a time but the opposite; from using too small amounts of corticosteroids for too short a time. Clinically, most attacks of macular histoplasmosis occur at the sites of previous scars, with little or no sign of any choroiditis. At present, there are six poorly defined hypotheses of how this may occur: (1) symbiosis, (2) secondary infection, (3) vascular decompensation [2], (4) immunological reaction [3], (5) altered structure [1], and (6) failure of precapillary arteriole [5]. Corticosteroids might be helpful in any of these instances. I believe that the attack that usually takes the form of an enlargement of the atrophic histo spot is caused by an immunological response in this area that develops into a mild spreading choroiditis. It is possible that with a reduction of the patient's resistance, live H. capsulatum or an antigenic component of it escapes from one of the viscera to lodge in the sensitized area of the atrophic choroid where a choroiditis previously existed. At this site, a fresh, mild choroiditis is activated. This choroiditis then persists for a variable period before either becoming quiescent or progressing into the neovascular stage, with the growth of a net through Bruch's membrane and the pigment epithelium and under the sensory retina. The rationale for the early and intensive use of corticosteroids is to try to abort the attack of choroiditis before it reaches the stage of becoming recognizable by the ophthalmologist.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of minimal recurrences of macular histoplasmosis. Disease in the macula from ocular histoplasmosis has been ascribed to (1) traction of a scar, (2) fresh areas of choroiditis, and (3) reactivation of a scar. Traction of a scar is probably a rare cause. The rationale for early use of corticosteroids in attacks of ocular histoplasmosis is based on the hypothesis that the underlying disease is an inflammation. The concept of a choroiditis could fit with what is assumed to happen in the case of second and third hypotheses, those of fresh choroiditis and reactivation of a scar. The goal of therapy is to stop the inflammation before it is clinically recognizable by the ophthalmologist, so that little or no damage to vision results. Whether corticosteroids might work by suppression of an immunological response or simply by curtailing the severity of the choroiditis, or both, is not known. We do know from clinical experience that corticosteroids do not appear to be deleterious to the ocular histoplasmosis. When they were first tried, we were wary about using them in a \"fungal\" disease. As experience grew, we learned that our mistakes were usually not from using too great a quantity of corticosteroids for too long a time but the opposite; from using too small amounts of corticosteroids for too short a time. Clinically, most attacks of macular histoplasmosis occur at the sites of previous scars, with little or no sign of any choroiditis. At present, there are six poorly defined hypotheses of how this may occur: (1) symbiosis, (2) secondary infection, (3) vascular decompensation [2], (4) immunological reaction [3], (5) altered structure [1], and (6) failure of precapillary arteriole [5]. Corticosteroids might be helpful in any of these instances. I believe that the attack that usually takes the form of an enlargement of the atrophic histo spot is caused by an immunological response in this area that develops into a mild spreading choroiditis. It is possible that with a reduction of the patient's resistance, live H. capsulatum or an antigenic component of it escapes from one of the viscera to lodge in the sensitized area of the atrophic choroid where a choroiditis previously existed. At this site, a fresh, mild choroiditis is activated. This choroiditis then persists for a variable period before either becoming quiescent or progressing into the neovascular stage, with the growth of a net through Bruch's membrane and the pigment epithelium and under the sensory retina. The rationale for the early and intensive use of corticosteroids is to try to abort the attack of choroiditis before it reaches the stage of becoming recognizable by the ophthalmologist."}
{"id": "PMID:1205677", "title": "Therapy of chorioretinitis presumed to be caused by histoplasmosis.", "content": "We acknowledge that for most patients with istoplasmic chorioretinitis, the only treatment available is steroids. We agree with Schlaegel that steroids have to be used in adequate doses and for long periods of time. Alternate-day treatment should be instituted as soon as possible. Because it  takes the adrenals 10 days to to weeks to be suppressed by sterid therapy, we treat our patients with daily doses for as short a time as possible and then witch over o alernate-day treatment. A short-acting steroid such as prednisone, prednisolone, or methylprednisolone should be used at the outset if long-term therapy is necessary and one anticipates using alternate-day therapy...", "contents": "Therapy of chorioretinitis presumed to be caused by histoplasmosis. We acknowledge that for most patients with istoplasmic chorioretinitis, the only treatment available is steroids. We agree with Schlaegel that steroids have to be used in adequate doses and for long periods of time. Alternate-day treatment should be instituted as soon as possible. Because it  takes the adrenals 10 days to to weeks to be suppressed by sterid therapy, we treat our patients with daily doses for as short a time as possible and then witch over o alernate-day treatment. A short-acting steroid such as prednisone, prednisolone, or methylprednisolone should be used at the outset if long-term therapy is necessary and one anticipates using alternate-day therapy..."}
{"id": "PMID:1205679", "title": "Presumed histoplasmic maculopathy: xenon photocoagulation.", "content": "Every investigation into the efficacy and role of photocoagulation in the management of PHM has been handicapped by the lack of a valid control series. In all first eyes, the results of photocoagulation are better than in second eyes. The increased salvage rate of central visual acuityof 20/50 or better in first eyes without photocoagulation is on the order of 15.8 percent to 28.6 percent-versus 25 to 38 percent in first eyes with photocoagulation (an average of 54 percent salvage rate for all first eyes). However, in second eyes, even though the number of eyes is small, it appears that nonphotocoagulated eyes do better than those that have been photocoagulated: 46 percent of nonphotocoagulated second eyes versus 33 percent of second eyes with photocoagulation retain central vision of 20/50 or better. Comparison of our results with some of the other published studies indicates some disparity in results [1-5], arising, most plausibly, from variations in the severity of the maculopathy just prior to photocoagulation. It is our contention that carefully designed prospective studies are needed, in which cases would be randomized for treatment in groups classified according to severity of the process (for example, size of SNV, proximity of SNV to fovea, and amount and location of subretinal hemorrhage). In order to obtain sufficient cases for analysis, a collaborative study may be essential in which the results and analysis of the cases are compiled by an independent party not involved in the treatment of evaluation of the patients. Despite this lack of clinical corroboration, it is my firm belief based on clinical experience that photocoagulation does have a role in the management of this vision-threatning process.", "contents": "Presumed histoplasmic maculopathy: xenon photocoagulation. Every investigation into the efficacy and role of photocoagulation in the management of PHM has been handicapped by the lack of a valid control series. In all first eyes, the results of photocoagulation are better than in second eyes. The increased salvage rate of central visual acuityof 20/50 or better in first eyes without photocoagulation is on the order of 15.8 percent to 28.6 percent-versus 25 to 38 percent in first eyes with photocoagulation (an average of 54 percent salvage rate for all first eyes). However, in second eyes, even though the number of eyes is small, it appears that nonphotocoagulated eyes do better than those that have been photocoagulated: 46 percent of nonphotocoagulated second eyes versus 33 percent of second eyes with photocoagulation retain central vision of 20/50 or better. Comparison of our results with some of the other published studies indicates some disparity in results [1-5], arising, most plausibly, from variations in the severity of the maculopathy just prior to photocoagulation. It is our contention that carefully designed prospective studies are needed, in which cases would be randomized for treatment in groups classified according to severity of the process (for example, size of SNV, proximity of SNV to fovea, and amount and location of subretinal hemorrhage). In order to obtain sufficient cases for analysis, a collaborative study may be essential in which the results and analysis of the cases are compiled by an independent party not involved in the treatment of evaluation of the patients. Despite this lack of clinical corroboration, it is my firm belief based on clinical experience that photocoagulation does have a role in the management of this vision-threatning process."}
{"id": "PMID:1205681", "title": "Presumed histoplasmic maculopathy: clinical course and prognosis in nonphotocoagulated eyes.", "content": "In this chapter, we have tried to identify some of the variables related to the visual prognosis in eyes with presumed histoplasmic maculopathy. We are cognizant that a constellation of other as yet unidentifiable variables also may play a role in the visual prognosis. Also, we have reported our visual results in patients who were nt photocoagulated. Many of these patients received corticosteroid therapy in some form, but we found it impossible to compare treatment ot nontreatment groups. Our results for visual prognosis is all nonphotocoagulated eyes are in general agreement with those available in the literature. For instance, Gass et al. [1] report 20 of 38 eyes (52.6 percent) with visual acuity of 20/200 or less. Also, this same study documents retention of 20/30 or better central vision in 13 of 38 eyes (34 percent), and the visual results in our study for all 54 nonphotocoagulated eyes parallel the reported findings of Schlaegel et al. [3] where 59 percent of eyes ended with a visual acuity of 20/200 or worse, 30 percent with vision of 20/50 or better, and 18 percent with vision of 20/30 or better...", "contents": "Presumed histoplasmic maculopathy: clinical course and prognosis in nonphotocoagulated eyes. In this chapter, we have tried to identify some of the variables related to the visual prognosis in eyes with presumed histoplasmic maculopathy. We are cognizant that a constellation of other as yet unidentifiable variables also may play a role in the visual prognosis. Also, we have reported our visual results in patients who were nt photocoagulated. Many of these patients received corticosteroid therapy in some form, but we found it impossible to compare treatment ot nontreatment groups. Our results for visual prognosis is all nonphotocoagulated eyes are in general agreement with those available in the literature. For instance, Gass et al. [1] report 20 of 38 eyes (52.6 percent) with visual acuity of 20/200 or less. Also, this same study documents retention of 20/30 or better central vision in 13 of 38 eyes (34 percent), and the visual results in our study for all 54 nonphotocoagulated eyes parallel the reported findings of Schlaegel et al. [3] where 59 percent of eyes ended with a visual acuity of 20/200 or worse, 30 percent with vision of 20/50 or better, and 18 percent with vision of 20/30 or better..."}
{"id": "PMID:1205682", "title": "Ocular lesions in the Earth Day, 1970, histoplasmosis epidemic.", "content": "The relationship between systemic histoplasmosis and this particular clinical picutre of a central choroiditis with peripheral atrophic lesions in the fundus was postulated by Woods in 1960 [19]. Since that time there have been many studies attempting to substantiate his hyptthesis [1, 3-5, 7-18]. In a large study performed in Walkersville, Maryland, which is an area endemic for histoplasmosis [14], the prevalence of the characteristic peripheral histoplasmic lesion in the fundus was 27 per 1000 population. The prevalence was 44 per 1000 population with positive histoplasmosis skin tests. In a similar study done in sothern Ohio, the prevalence of peripheral fundus lesions was 1.6 percent of 1417 patients examined [1]. Several generalizations can be made from the information obtained in studying the students involved in the Willis flu, and these can be compared with information from the control students from Bellingham. First, the acute infection at Willis School did not cause significant ocular abnormalities. This finding is supported by the fact that no significant differences occurred in the fundus lesions seen in the control group of students who lived in the same geographic area but were not clinically ill from histoplasmosis. Our evidence shows that the eyegrounds of the individuals living in this area were different from those of the students who lived outside the central Ohio area. How do we account for the similarity of ocular lesions in the affected students and the Delaware control group? Perhaps by the age of 11 or 12, a person living in the histoplasmosis belt will have already been exposed to histoplasmosis, resulting in the characteristic scars that are seen. If, in fact, histoplasmosis is the etiological agent in the patients who are diagnosed as having presumed ocular histoplasmosis, difficulty arises in understanding why those individuals involved in the epidemic did not have more scars than the control group. Perhaps the numbers of patients examined were not large enough to reflect the difference that really may exist. An interesting observation is that 4 (67 percent) of our control students with significant lesions had negative histoplasmosis skin tests. Of course, other organisms may have caused these lesions which have not yet been implicated as causative agents in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.", "contents": "Ocular lesions in the Earth Day, 1970, histoplasmosis epidemic. The relationship between systemic histoplasmosis and this particular clinical picutre of a central choroiditis with peripheral atrophic lesions in the fundus was postulated by Woods in 1960 [19]. Since that time there have been many studies attempting to substantiate his hyptthesis [1, 3-5, 7-18]. In a large study performed in Walkersville, Maryland, which is an area endemic for histoplasmosis [14], the prevalence of the characteristic peripheral histoplasmic lesion in the fundus was 27 per 1000 population. The prevalence was 44 per 1000 population with positive histoplasmosis skin tests. In a similar study done in sothern Ohio, the prevalence of peripheral fundus lesions was 1.6 percent of 1417 patients examined [1]. Several generalizations can be made from the information obtained in studying the students involved in the Willis flu, and these can be compared with information from the control students from Bellingham. First, the acute infection at Willis School did not cause significant ocular abnormalities. This finding is supported by the fact that no significant differences occurred in the fundus lesions seen in the control group of students who lived in the same geographic area but were not clinically ill from histoplasmosis. Our evidence shows that the eyegrounds of the individuals living in this area were different from those of the students who lived outside the central Ohio area. How do we account for the similarity of ocular lesions in the affected students and the Delaware control group? Perhaps by the age of 11 or 12, a person living in the histoplasmosis belt will have already been exposed to histoplasmosis, resulting in the characteristic scars that are seen. If, in fact, histoplasmosis is the etiological agent in the patients who are diagnosed as having presumed ocular histoplasmosis, difficulty arises in understanding why those individuals involved in the epidemic did not have more scars than the control group. Perhaps the numbers of patients examined were not large enough to reflect the difference that really may exist. An interesting observation is that 4 (67 percent) of our control students with significant lesions had negative histoplasmosis skin tests. Of course, other organisms may have caused these lesions which have not yet been implicated as causative agents in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1205685", "title": "Benign breast disease and cancer.", "content": "We report the necessity for thoroughly understanding the physiopathology of benign breast lesions in order to treat each type of lesion adequately. Three groups of women are outlined as a practical approach to this problem. Subadipose mastectomy is proposed to treat heteronodular mastopathy. This operation is compared with the subcutaneous mastectomy proposed by plastic surgeons.", "contents": "Benign breast disease and cancer. We report the necessity for thoroughly understanding the physiopathology of benign breast lesions in order to treat each type of lesion adequately. Three groups of women are outlined as a practical approach to this problem. Subadipose mastectomy is proposed to treat heteronodular mastopathy. This operation is compared with the subcutaneous mastectomy proposed by plastic surgeons."}
{"id": "PMID:1205686", "title": "Giant teratomas with benign glial abdominal seeding, mimicking diffuse abdominal carcinomatosis.", "content": "Teratomas of children represent an important part of oncology. A small percentage of teratomas in this age group is malignant and associated with a rather poor prognosis. In most cases, the malignant element is a mature ectodermal derivative, i.e., epidermal epithelium. Abdominal seeding associated with teratomas is usually considered clinically and pathologically malignant. In a few cases, the teratomatous masses are associated with abdominal seeding of essentially mature neuroglial elements and chances of long survival are good. Therefore, recognition of neurogenic teratomatous tumors associated with glial seeding is important since it will preclude unnecessary surgery and irradiation or chemotherapy. Conservative management seems to entail a good prognosis even if occasional postsurgical complications such as adhesions, fibrous bands or obstructions occur. The two presented cases illustrate the clinical and pathological entity of large ovarian teratomas associated with neuroglial abdominal seeding and their good prognosis at four and five years respectively following surgery alone. These two cases support the experience in the other 25 cases reported in the world literature that these lesions are benign clinically and pathologically.", "contents": "Giant teratomas with benign glial abdominal seeding, mimicking diffuse abdominal carcinomatosis. Teratomas of children represent an important part of oncology. A small percentage of teratomas in this age group is malignant and associated with a rather poor prognosis. In most cases, the malignant element is a mature ectodermal derivative, i.e., epidermal epithelium. Abdominal seeding associated with teratomas is usually considered clinically and pathologically malignant. In a few cases, the teratomatous masses are associated with abdominal seeding of essentially mature neuroglial elements and chances of long survival are good. Therefore, recognition of neurogenic teratomatous tumors associated with glial seeding is important since it will preclude unnecessary surgery and irradiation or chemotherapy. Conservative management seems to entail a good prognosis even if occasional postsurgical complications such as adhesions, fibrous bands or obstructions occur. The two presented cases illustrate the clinical and pathological entity of large ovarian teratomas associated with neuroglial abdominal seeding and their good prognosis at four and five years respectively following surgery alone. These two cases support the experience in the other 25 cases reported in the world literature that these lesions are benign clinically and pathologically."}
{"id": "PMID:1205687", "title": "Otoneurological problems in head injuries and their management.", "content": "In facial nerve injury, the guidelines for treatment are time of onset, electrical responses, other concomitant damage such as CSF otorrhea or ossicular disruption, and associated infective conditions such as cholesteatoma. Four patients with CSF otorrhea responded well to conservative treatment, one patient needed postauricular mastoidectomy as there was an associated cholesteatoma and one required surgery when conservative treatment failed to stop the otorrhea. Two cases of deafness due to ossicular disruption were seen in the postoperative convalescent phase. Five other cases were discovered during routine examinations for conductive deafness. All seven patiens underwent surgery for incudostapedial joint separation.", "contents": "Otoneurological problems in head injuries and their management. In facial nerve injury, the guidelines for treatment are time of onset, electrical responses, other concomitant damage such as CSF otorrhea or ossicular disruption, and associated infective conditions such as cholesteatoma. Four patients with CSF otorrhea responded well to conservative treatment, one patient needed postauricular mastoidectomy as there was an associated cholesteatoma and one required surgery when conservative treatment failed to stop the otorrhea. Two cases of deafness due to ossicular disruption were seen in the postoperative convalescent phase. Five other cases were discovered during routine examinations for conductive deafness. All seven patiens underwent surgery for incudostapedial joint separation."}
{"id": "PMID:1205695", "title": "The \"turban\" nevoid basal cell syndrome. Current management with surgery, chemotherapy and immunotherapy.", "content": "\"Turban\" nevoid basal cell syndrome is a congenital disease that presents with multiple subepidermal epitheliomas, primarily on the scalp. Other secondary findings may be present such as cysts in the mandible and bifid synostotic rib. A combination of treatments proved beneficial in this disease. Surgical excision was used for treatment of large symptomatic lesions such as painful ulcerating and enlarging tumors. Chemotherapy was used to arrest and cause regression of small and dormant lesions. Immunotherapy was used to control the primary disease. Such treatment cured most of the disease and offered a fruitful life to the patient, who is presented to illustrate this multiple disciplinary approach.", "contents": "The \"turban\" nevoid basal cell syndrome. Current management with surgery, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. \"Turban\" nevoid basal cell syndrome is a congenital disease that presents with multiple subepidermal epitheliomas, primarily on the scalp. Other secondary findings may be present such as cysts in the mandible and bifid synostotic rib. A combination of treatments proved beneficial in this disease. Surgical excision was used for treatment of large symptomatic lesions such as painful ulcerating and enlarging tumors. Chemotherapy was used to arrest and cause regression of small and dormant lesions. Immunotherapy was used to control the primary disease. Such treatment cured most of the disease and offered a fruitful life to the patient, who is presented to illustrate this multiple disciplinary approach."}
{"id": "PMID:1205697", "title": "On the increase of the percentage of females among patients with infectious and calculous renal diseases and on its possible causes.", "content": "The study of sex distribution revealed an increase of the percentage of females among more than 12 000 patients with pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis and nephroureterolithiasis in the period 1959-73 from 69 to 75%, from 63 to 69% and from 54 to 64%, respectively. The tendency revealed may be explained by a decrease of the role of general causal factors, which are of the same importance for males and females, and by the relative increase of the role of local factors, which are of greater importance for females due to pregnancy, delivery, and gynecological disorders. The role of the latter factors in the pathogenesis of infectious and calculous renal diseases in women is confirmed by the study of the history and the fate of female patients and by a more frequent affection of their right kidney. Women after complicated pregnancy and delivery, gynecological diseases and genital surgery need regulat dispensary urological observation to prevent and detect early infectious and calculous renal diseases.", "contents": "On the increase of the percentage of females among patients with infectious and calculous renal diseases and on its possible causes. The study of sex distribution revealed an increase of the percentage of females among more than 12 000 patients with pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis and nephroureterolithiasis in the period 1959-73 from 69 to 75%, from 63 to 69% and from 54 to 64%, respectively. The tendency revealed may be explained by a decrease of the role of general causal factors, which are of the same importance for males and females, and by the relative increase of the role of local factors, which are of greater importance for females due to pregnancy, delivery, and gynecological disorders. The role of the latter factors in the pathogenesis of infectious and calculous renal diseases in women is confirmed by the study of the history and the fate of female patients and by a more frequent affection of their right kidney. Women after complicated pregnancy and delivery, gynecological diseases and genital surgery need regulat dispensary urological observation to prevent and detect early infectious and calculous renal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1205699", "title": "Determination of the glomerular filtration rate by the minute diuresis at a specific gravity of 1001.", "content": "A new method is described for determination of the glomerular filtration rate, based on the fact that at an urinary specific gravity of 1001 the final urine is concentrated 6.67 times, as compared with the primary glomerular filtrate. The glomerular filtration rate is evaluated by multiplication of the minute diuresis at a specific gravity of 1001 by the factor 6.67. In this manner the chemical analysis of urine and blood is avoided. Urine with a specific gravity of 1001 is obtained by water loading much the same as in the dilution test of Volhard. For checking the accuracy of the method, comparative studies were conducted with creatinine clearance in 36 patients and with 51Cr-EDTA clearance in 33 patients. The difference in the values of the glomerular filtration rate, evaluated by the above-mentioned two methods and the new method was statistically not significant (p greater than 0.05). The method is recommended for the early detection of disturbances in the glomerular function prior to the occurrence of azotemia.", "contents": "Determination of the glomerular filtration rate by the minute diuresis at a specific gravity of 1001. A new method is described for determination of the glomerular filtration rate, based on the fact that at an urinary specific gravity of 1001 the final urine is concentrated 6.67 times, as compared with the primary glomerular filtrate. The glomerular filtration rate is evaluated by multiplication of the minute diuresis at a specific gravity of 1001 by the factor 6.67. In this manner the chemical analysis of urine and blood is avoided. Urine with a specific gravity of 1001 is obtained by water loading much the same as in the dilution test of Volhard. For checking the accuracy of the method, comparative studies were conducted with creatinine clearance in 36 patients and with 51Cr-EDTA clearance in 33 patients. The difference in the values of the glomerular filtration rate, evaluated by the above-mentioned two methods and the new method was statistically not significant (p greater than 0.05). The method is recommended for the early detection of disturbances in the glomerular function prior to the occurrence of azotemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1205700", "title": "Potassium load from blood transfusion in dialysis patients.", "content": "When a transfusion of packed red blood cells is given, the net potassium load results from lysis of some cells and absorption of potassium by surviving cells. Potassium load was calculated which results from administration of 1 unit (200 cc.) of packed RBC and also that resulting from administration of sufficient packed cells to yield 200 cc. of surviving RBC. Although the acute load of potassium due to cell lysis increases as blood is stored for longer periods, the absorption of potassium by surviving cells also increases. Thus, net potassium load may be least if blood is stored for about one week. Hence the acute potassium load and the net potassium burden a patient receives from a transfusion can be considered when transfusion therapy is selected.", "contents": "Potassium load from blood transfusion in dialysis patients. When a transfusion of packed red blood cells is given, the net potassium load results from lysis of some cells and absorption of potassium by surviving cells. Potassium load was calculated which results from administration of 1 unit (200 cc.) of packed RBC and also that resulting from administration of sufficient packed cells to yield 200 cc. of surviving RBC. Although the acute load of potassium due to cell lysis increases as blood is stored for longer periods, the absorption of potassium by surviving cells also increases. Thus, net potassium load may be least if blood is stored for about one week. Hence the acute potassium load and the net potassium burden a patient receives from a transfusion can be considered when transfusion therapy is selected."}
{"id": "PMID:1205701", "title": "Spermolithiasis.", "content": "Spermolithiasis has been a neglected subject of discussions and of published observations. This may be due to the fact that the process is fairly uncommon and does not seem to involve serious clinical consequences. It presents, on the other hand, important differential diagnostic aspects in connection with the pathology of the true pelvis and may give rise to misinterpretations unless its possibility is kept in mind. The importance of this rare syndrome is pointed out. Its etiology, pathology, symptomatology, differential diagnosis and therapy are discussed. Five observations are reported.", "contents": "Spermolithiasis. Spermolithiasis has been a neglected subject of discussions and of published observations. This may be due to the fact that the process is fairly uncommon and does not seem to involve serious clinical consequences. It presents, on the other hand, important differential diagnostic aspects in connection with the pathology of the true pelvis and may give rise to misinterpretations unless its possibility is kept in mind. The importance of this rare syndrome is pointed out. Its etiology, pathology, symptomatology, differential diagnosis and therapy are discussed. Five observations are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1205702", "title": "Significance of transaminase determination in seminal fluid.", "content": "GOT activity of the seminal fluid plasma was examined in 161 cases. High values were found in cases with astheno- and necrospermia, and in those with an increased spermatozoon count, low values were found in cases with oligospermia. The authors consider GOT determination in seminal fulid plasma a useful supplemental test in the diagnosis of male sterility.", "contents": "Significance of transaminase determination in seminal fluid. GOT activity of the seminal fluid plasma was examined in 161 cases. High values were found in cases with astheno- and necrospermia, and in those with an increased spermatozoon count, low values were found in cases with oligospermia. The authors consider GOT determination in seminal fulid plasma a useful supplemental test in the diagnosis of male sterility."}
{"id": "PMID:1205703", "title": "Recent changes in the assessment of urogenital tuberculosis.", "content": "The urogenital tuberculosis has undergone a change in form and clinical assessment. The absolute proportion of urogenital tuberculosis cases has fallen off sharply since 1967. The nmber of surgical interventions is also remarkably reduced. The cases exhibiting a milder stage have significantly increased, while the severe cases have decreased. This change of tuberculosis has made a conservative therapy favorable; therefore the current operative indication is somewhat different than 15 years ago. The time of release from the stationary treatment depends first on the animal experiment and bacterial findings; furthermore, tests are necessary to determine the status of immunity. It was revealed with urogenital tuberculosis, through regular examination of the menstrual blood of women, that the number of positive cases among women was considerably higher, than among men. In contracted bladder a surgical intervention is often necessary due to intense pain and incontinence. We prefer the rectal bladder with sigmoid pull-through inside the sphincter ani, whereby excellent success can be achieved. The study shows that the clinical assessment of tuberculosis is somewhat different today than is was earlier. Tuberculosis underwent a change in form that must be taken into consideration with respect to operative indication.", "contents": "Recent changes in the assessment of urogenital tuberculosis. The urogenital tuberculosis has undergone a change in form and clinical assessment. The absolute proportion of urogenital tuberculosis cases has fallen off sharply since 1967. The nmber of surgical interventions is also remarkably reduced. The cases exhibiting a milder stage have significantly increased, while the severe cases have decreased. This change of tuberculosis has made a conservative therapy favorable; therefore the current operative indication is somewhat different than 15 years ago. The time of release from the stationary treatment depends first on the animal experiment and bacterial findings; furthermore, tests are necessary to determine the status of immunity. It was revealed with urogenital tuberculosis, through regular examination of the menstrual blood of women, that the number of positive cases among women was considerably higher, than among men. In contracted bladder a surgical intervention is often necessary due to intense pain and incontinence. We prefer the rectal bladder with sigmoid pull-through inside the sphincter ani, whereby excellent success can be achieved. The study shows that the clinical assessment of tuberculosis is somewhat different today than is was earlier. Tuberculosis underwent a change in form that must be taken into consideration with respect to operative indication."}
{"id": "PMID:1205704", "title": "Renal calcification in genito-urinary tuberculosis a clinical study.", "content": "1. Calcification in renal tuberculosis is not warranting a healing process, but may be a clinical manifestation of the disease. 2. Calcification presenting at least one year after the start of treatment should be considered differently from calcification  first seen on presentation, and s,ould be treated in the same way as renal calculi. In view of the high incidence of associated active renal tuberculosis, calcification present when first seen should be removed, preferably with partial excision if the lesion is amenable to this form of treatment, but if it is not removed, patients should be followed up indefinitely, as complications can occur at any time. 3. Extra-renal calcification is more common in patients suffering from genito-urinary tuberculosis who present with renal calcification. 4. The incidence of renal calcification in patients suffering from renal tuberculosis is increasing. This could either be due to the host, the pathogenic organism, or possibly the treatment. As the host and treatment have not changed, it would suggest some alteration in the character of the organism.", "contents": "Renal calcification in genito-urinary tuberculosis a clinical study. 1. Calcification in renal tuberculosis is not warranting a healing process, but may be a clinical manifestation of the disease. 2. Calcification presenting at least one year after the start of treatment should be considered differently from calcification  first seen on presentation, and s,ould be treated in the same way as renal calculi. In view of the high incidence of associated active renal tuberculosis, calcification present when first seen should be removed, preferably with partial excision if the lesion is amenable to this form of treatment, but if it is not removed, patients should be followed up indefinitely, as complications can occur at any time. 3. Extra-renal calcification is more common in patients suffering from genito-urinary tuberculosis who present with renal calcification. 4. The incidence of renal calcification in patients suffering from renal tuberculosis is increasing. This could either be due to the host, the pathogenic organism, or possibly the treatment. As the host and treatment have not changed, it would suggest some alteration in the character of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1205705", "title": "Estimated frequency of acute and chronic renal insufficiencies in a Transdanubian region of Hungary.", "content": "The literature on the incidence of chronic and acute renal insufficiency is reviewed and the results of own investigations in an area with a population of 1,560,000 are presented. Data were collected in questionnaires. The yearly incidence of patients with chronic uraemia requiring active therapy was estimated at 33 per 1 million population. The number of acute cases was 45 per million. The necessity of increasing the dialysis capacity is stressed. The importance of peritoneal dialysis in the therapy of uraemia cases which do not meet the requirements of the acute and chronic dialysis programmes is emphasized.", "contents": "Estimated frequency of acute and chronic renal insufficiencies in a Transdanubian region of Hungary. The literature on the incidence of chronic and acute renal insufficiency is reviewed and the results of own investigations in an area with a population of 1,560,000 are presented. Data were collected in questionnaires. The yearly incidence of patients with chronic uraemia requiring active therapy was estimated at 33 per 1 million population. The number of acute cases was 45 per million. The necessity of increasing the dialysis capacity is stressed. The importance of peritoneal dialysis in the therapy of uraemia cases which do not meet the requirements of the acute and chronic dialysis programmes is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1205706", "title": "1975 Memorial Award Paper. Image generation and display techniques for CT scan data. Thin transverse and reconstructed coronal and sagittal planes.", "content": "The various limitations to computerized axial tomographic (CT) interpretation are due in part to the 8-13 mm standard tissue plane thickness and in part to the absence of alternative planes of view, such as coronal or sagittal images. This paper describes a method for gathering multiple overlapped 8 mm transverse sections, subjecting these data to a deconvolution process, and then displaying thin (1 mm) transverse as well as reconstructed coronal and sagittal CT images. Verification of the deconvolution technique with phantom experiments is described. Application of the phantom results to human post mortem CT scan data illustrates this method's faithful reconstruction of coronal and sagittal tissue densities when correlated with actual specimen photographs of a sectioned brain. A special CT procedure, limited basal overlap scanning, is proposed for use on current first generation CT scanners without hardware modification.", "contents": "1975 Memorial Award Paper. Image generation and display techniques for CT scan data. Thin transverse and reconstructed coronal and sagittal planes. The various limitations to computerized axial tomographic (CT) interpretation are due in part to the 8-13 mm standard tissue plane thickness and in part to the absence of alternative planes of view, such as coronal or sagittal images. This paper describes a method for gathering multiple overlapped 8 mm transverse sections, subjecting these data to a deconvolution process, and then displaying thin (1 mm) transverse as well as reconstructed coronal and sagittal CT images. Verification of the deconvolution technique with phantom experiments is described. Application of the phantom results to human post mortem CT scan data illustrates this method's faithful reconstruction of coronal and sagittal tissue densities when correlated with actual specimen photographs of a sectioned brain. A special CT procedure, limited basal overlap scanning, is proposed for use on current first generation CT scanners without hardware modification."}
{"id": "PMID:1205707", "title": "Further investigation and initial clinical use of advanced CT display capability.", "content": "The AUR Memorial Award Paper (this issue, pp. 403-416) described a technique for providing thin transverse CT sections and for redisplaying this transverse CT data as coronal or sagittal anatomic planes. This paper presents additional experience with cadaver models and the results of initial applications of the method to data obtained from living patients. The technique potentially enhances the clinical usefulness of CT scanning by providing precise triangulation and resolution of normal and abnormal structures.", "contents": "Further investigation and initial clinical use of advanced CT display capability. The AUR Memorial Award Paper (this issue, pp. 403-416) described a technique for providing thin transverse CT sections and for redisplaying this transverse CT data as coronal or sagittal anatomic planes. This paper presents additional experience with cadaver models and the results of initial applications of the method to data obtained from living patients. The technique potentially enhances the clinical usefulness of CT scanning by providing precise triangulation and resolution of normal and abnormal structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1205708", "title": "Renal collateral blood supply after acute unilateral renal artery occlusion.", "content": "Preformed arterial collaterals are critical to renal parenchymal survival after acute total renal artery occlusion. This study was designed to delineate and quantify preformed collaterals and assess their response to vasodilators. A Swan-Ganz catheter induced a sudden, total occlusion of a renal artery sufficient to reduce distal arterial pressure to near zero and prevent perfusion through the renal artery. Arteriography assessed the effectiveness of the occlusion and delineated the collateral arterial pathways. Strontium, cerium-, and chromium-labeled microspheres measured renal blood flow and cardiac output 1, 60, and 120 minutes after occlusion. In two additional series of experiments either contralateral nephrectomy was performed 5 to 8 days before the study, or dibenzylene, dopamine, or glucagon were administered in an attempt to increase blood flow through the collaterals. Collateral renal blood flow was demonstrated in all dogs. Mean blood flow to the occluded kidneys ranged from 0.13 +/- 0.05 cm3/minute/g to 0.22 +/- 0.08 cm3/minute/g, about 5% of control values. Neither prior contralateral nephrectomy nor vasodilator agents increased the flow to the obstructed kidneys. In the dogs with intact contralateral kidneys, however, there was a progressive decrease in cardiac output during the experiment, which was not found in uninephrectomized animals. We concluded that preformed arterial channels are available to maintain a small, but probably critical level of perfusion following sudden total occlusion of the renal artery. Neither hypertrophy due to prior contralateral nephrectomy nor active vasodilators modify flow through the preformed channels. It is likely that total renal ischemia provides a maximal stimulus for vasodilatation. The pattern of hind limb collaterals differed strikingly from those of the kidney, with maintenance of a greater portion of a normal flow and rapid increase in flow within 1 hour after femoral artery occlusion. Thus, data concerning collateral circulation cannot be generalized from one vascular bed to another even in the same species.", "contents": "Renal collateral blood supply after acute unilateral renal artery occlusion. Preformed arterial collaterals are critical to renal parenchymal survival after acute total renal artery occlusion. This study was designed to delineate and quantify preformed collaterals and assess their response to vasodilators. A Swan-Ganz catheter induced a sudden, total occlusion of a renal artery sufficient to reduce distal arterial pressure to near zero and prevent perfusion through the renal artery. Arteriography assessed the effectiveness of the occlusion and delineated the collateral arterial pathways. Strontium, cerium-, and chromium-labeled microspheres measured renal blood flow and cardiac output 1, 60, and 120 minutes after occlusion. In two additional series of experiments either contralateral nephrectomy was performed 5 to 8 days before the study, or dibenzylene, dopamine, or glucagon were administered in an attempt to increase blood flow through the collaterals. Collateral renal blood flow was demonstrated in all dogs. Mean blood flow to the occluded kidneys ranged from 0.13 +/- 0.05 cm3/minute/g to 0.22 +/- 0.08 cm3/minute/g, about 5% of control values. Neither prior contralateral nephrectomy nor vasodilator agents increased the flow to the obstructed kidneys. In the dogs with intact contralateral kidneys, however, there was a progressive decrease in cardiac output during the experiment, which was not found in uninephrectomized animals. We concluded that preformed arterial channels are available to maintain a small, but probably critical level of perfusion following sudden total occlusion of the renal artery. Neither hypertrophy due to prior contralateral nephrectomy nor active vasodilators modify flow through the preformed channels. It is likely that total renal ischemia provides a maximal stimulus for vasodilatation. The pattern of hind limb collaterals differed strikingly from those of the kidney, with maintenance of a greater portion of a normal flow and rapid increase in flow within 1 hour after femoral artery occlusion. Thus, data concerning collateral circulation cannot be generalized from one vascular bed to another even in the same species."}
{"id": "PMID:1205709", "title": "Characteristics of tantalum dust and dust generator for bronchography.", "content": "The two tantalum powders, \"5mu\" and \"1.4mu\", available from Fansteel Metals, are characterized with respect to particle size. Results show that these powders cannot be used directly for tantalum bronchography, but require fractionation to achieve a range of sizes for effective use in tantalum bronchography. This task can be accomplished with the BAHCO Micro Particle Classifier. The powder designated \"1.4mu\" is superior to the \"5mu\" powder because about 60% by weight can be salvaged by separation for use in bronchography, compared to only 7% by weight of the \"5mu\" powder. Theoretical considerations of particle deposition in the human respiratory tract indicate that the material obtained with throttle 16 of the BAHCO is best suited for tantalum bronchography. The dust generator is a good tool to deliver a dust cloud into the lung. The generator can operate for approximately 2 1/2 hours before the brush of the brush feed must be replaced; a procedure taking about 10 min. Additional maintenance is unnecessary. The breathing resistance of 1.1 inch of water imposed by the generator system, and which has to be overcome by the patient, is judged acceptable. The bronchograms obtained by introducing tantalum dust for 10 min into an artificially ventilated dog lung were clear, with deposition heaviest at bifurcations. These results suggest that the generator should now be used for human bronchography.", "contents": "Characteristics of tantalum dust and dust generator for bronchography. The two tantalum powders, \"5mu\" and \"1.4mu\", available from Fansteel Metals, are characterized with respect to particle size. Results show that these powders cannot be used directly for tantalum bronchography, but require fractionation to achieve a range of sizes for effective use in tantalum bronchography. This task can be accomplished with the BAHCO Micro Particle Classifier. The powder designated \"1.4mu\" is superior to the \"5mu\" powder because about 60% by weight can be salvaged by separation for use in bronchography, compared to only 7% by weight of the \"5mu\" powder. Theoretical considerations of particle deposition in the human respiratory tract indicate that the material obtained with throttle 16 of the BAHCO is best suited for tantalum bronchography. The dust generator is a good tool to deliver a dust cloud into the lung. The generator can operate for approximately 2 1/2 hours before the brush of the brush feed must be replaced; a procedure taking about 10 min. Additional maintenance is unnecessary. The breathing resistance of 1.1 inch of water imposed by the generator system, and which has to be overcome by the patient, is judged acceptable. The bronchograms obtained by introducing tantalum dust for 10 min into an artificially ventilated dog lung were clear, with deposition heaviest at bifurcations. These results suggest that the generator should now be used for human bronchography."}
{"id": "PMID:1205710", "title": "Investigation of 125I as an isotopic source for mammography.", "content": "An isotopic radiation source 125I was investigated for use in soft tissue radiaography, with particular attention to possible use in mammography for mass screening. Film sensitivities, exposure rates, absorbed doeses, contrast and resolution were determined, and compared to conventional x-ray units. It was found that contrast and resolution were comparable to 30 kVp x-rays (W anode) but that surface absorbed dose was reduced by a factor of two with 125I. These results experimentally verified the advantage to be obtained from monoenergetic radiations, which had been predicted from theoretical considerations by others. Duration of exposure was estimated to be between 4 and 12 sec with a 40 Ci source. The 60-day half life of 125I may necessitate its use in conjunction with an image intensification system or electron radiographic techniques, in order to preclude source replacement at inconveniently short intervals.", "contents": "Investigation of 125I as an isotopic source for mammography. An isotopic radiation source 125I was investigated for use in soft tissue radiaography, with particular attention to possible use in mammography for mass screening. Film sensitivities, exposure rates, absorbed doeses, contrast and resolution were determined, and compared to conventional x-ray units. It was found that contrast and resolution were comparable to 30 kVp x-rays (W anode) but that surface absorbed dose was reduced by a factor of two with 125I. These results experimentally verified the advantage to be obtained from monoenergetic radiations, which had been predicted from theoretical considerations by others. Duration of exposure was estimated to be between 4 and 12 sec with a 40 Ci source. The 60-day half life of 125I may necessitate its use in conjunction with an image intensification system or electron radiographic techniques, in order to preclude source replacement at inconveniently short intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:1205711", "title": "Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast medium on aortic and pulmonary arterial pressure. An angiocardiographic study in rabbits.", "content": "Effects in angiocardiography from injections into the right atrium of rabbit hearts of a new, non-ionic contrast medium (Amipaque) were studied and were compared with the effects from injections of an ionic medium (Isopaque Coronar) at a dose of 3 ml/kg rabbit and concentration of 370 mg I/ml. Forty-seven experiments in 11 rabbits are reported. Amipaque produced a significantly (p less than 0.001) smaller increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (29%) than Isopaque Coronar (82%). Simultaneously (within 12 seconds from the beginning of an injection) Amipaque produced an increase in aortic pressure of 21%. About 10-15 seconds later when the contrast media had reached peripheral vessels Amipaque produced a significantly (p less than 0.001) smaller decrease of aortic pressure (12%) than the decrease produced by Isopaque Coronar (40%). The differences found between the two types of contrast media are believed to be related to, among other factors, their different osmolality. The osmolality of Amipaque was about one third of the osmolality of Isopaque Coronar.", "contents": "Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast medium on aortic and pulmonary arterial pressure. An angiocardiographic study in rabbits. Effects in angiocardiography from injections into the right atrium of rabbit hearts of a new, non-ionic contrast medium (Amipaque) were studied and were compared with the effects from injections of an ionic medium (Isopaque Coronar) at a dose of 3 ml/kg rabbit and concentration of 370 mg I/ml. Forty-seven experiments in 11 rabbits are reported. Amipaque produced a significantly (p less than 0.001) smaller increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (29%) than Isopaque Coronar (82%). Simultaneously (within 12 seconds from the beginning of an injection) Amipaque produced an increase in aortic pressure of 21%. About 10-15 seconds later when the contrast media had reached peripheral vessels Amipaque produced a significantly (p less than 0.001) smaller decrease of aortic pressure (12%) than the decrease produced by Isopaque Coronar (40%). The differences found between the two types of contrast media are believed to be related to, among other factors, their different osmolality. The osmolality of Amipaque was about one third of the osmolality of Isopaque Coronar."}
{"id": "PMID:1205712", "title": "Cholangiographic excretion studies. Solu-Biloptin and Biligrafin comparison.", "content": "The biliary concentration and output of two cholangiographic agents, Solu-Biloptin (calcium ipodate) and Biligrafin (meglumine iodipamide), were compared in labrador dogs. The maximum output of ipodate was approximately 20 mumol/min compared with 16 mumol/min for iodipamide. The maximum bile iodine concentration with both ipodate and iodipamide was similar (18-20 mgI/Ml) but the molar concentration of ipodate was almost twice that of iodipamide. Iodipamide was found to be much more choleretic, producing 0.025 ml of bile/mumole excreted compared with 0.009 ml/mumole for ipodate. Compared with iodipamide the lower choleretic effect and higher molar concentration of ipodate suggests that hepatic conjugation of the oral agent may permit its excretion in bile salt micelles.", "contents": "Cholangiographic excretion studies. Solu-Biloptin and Biligrafin comparison. The biliary concentration and output of two cholangiographic agents, Solu-Biloptin (calcium ipodate) and Biligrafin (meglumine iodipamide), were compared in labrador dogs. The maximum output of ipodate was approximately 20 mumol/min compared with 16 mumol/min for iodipamide. The maximum bile iodine concentration with both ipodate and iodipamide was similar (18-20 mgI/Ml) but the molar concentration of ipodate was almost twice that of iodipamide. Iodipamide was found to be much more choleretic, producing 0.025 ml of bile/mumole excreted compared with 0.009 ml/mumole for ipodate. Compared with iodipamide the lower choleretic effect and higher molar concentration of ipodate suggests that hepatic conjugation of the oral agent may permit its excretion in bile salt micelles."}
{"id": "PMID:1205724", "title": "Characteristics of smokers, nonsmokers and ex-smokers among 10,000 adult males in Israel. I. Distribution of selected sociodemographic and behavioral variables and the prevalence of disease.", "content": "Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of nonsmokers and smokers were compared in a large sample of working men aged 40 to 65 years. The prevalence of several diseases was compared. There was a significantly higher percentage of smokers among those born in the Middle East (outside Israel) and North Africa. Smokers were characterized by crowded housing (a high number of persons per room); low levels of education; little leisure-time physical activity; and a tendency to be nonreligious. Current cigarette smoking gradually decreased with age, while smoking a cigar or pipe only, increased. The demographic and behavioral profile of current smokers in general, and of \"heavy\" (larger than or equal to 21 cigarettes/day) smokers in particular, resembled that of those who had smoked at any time. Both the current and the \"heavy\" smokers were more often later immigrants to Israel, had more children, and were physically active at work, frequently being engaged in manual labor or technical work. Prevalence of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, definite peripheral arterial disease, intermittent claudication and peptic ulcer was significantly higher among those who had smoked at any time. Apart from silent myocardial infarction and intermittent claudication, subjects with these conditions also included a significantly higher percentage of former smokers. Former smoking was also related to age, number of years in the country, less crowding at home, low activity at work, and a low calorie intake (particularly of protein and carbohydrates).", "contents": "Characteristics of smokers, nonsmokers and ex-smokers among 10,000 adult males in Israel. I. Distribution of selected sociodemographic and behavioral variables and the prevalence of disease. Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of nonsmokers and smokers were compared in a large sample of working men aged 40 to 65 years. The prevalence of several diseases was compared. There was a significantly higher percentage of smokers among those born in the Middle East (outside Israel) and North Africa. Smokers were characterized by crowded housing (a high number of persons per room); low levels of education; little leisure-time physical activity; and a tendency to be nonreligious. Current cigarette smoking gradually decreased with age, while smoking a cigar or pipe only, increased. The demographic and behavioral profile of current smokers in general, and of \"heavy\" (larger than or equal to 21 cigarettes/day) smokers in particular, resembled that of those who had smoked at any time. Both the current and the \"heavy\" smokers were more often later immigrants to Israel, had more children, and were physically active at work, frequently being engaged in manual labor or technical work. Prevalence of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, definite peripheral arterial disease, intermittent claudication and peptic ulcer was significantly higher among those who had smoked at any time. Apart from silent myocardial infarction and intermittent claudication, subjects with these conditions also included a significantly higher percentage of former smokers. Former smoking was also related to age, number of years in the country, less crowding at home, low activity at work, and a low calorie intake (particularly of protein and carbohydrates)."}
{"id": "PMID:1205725", "title": "Fears during pregnancy. An interview study of 200 postpartum women.", "content": "Within 48 hr of delivery, 200 women were questioned about their fears and anxieties during pregnancy. Fears during pregnancy were reported by 81% of the mothers; 52% reported fears about the birth of a malformed child, 29% about a mentally defective child and 28% about the death of the child. Differences were found in the incidence of fears and superstitions in relation to ethnic group, educational background and parity. The results are similar to those of the British study conducted by the Royal College of Midwives in 1966.", "contents": "Fears during pregnancy. An interview study of 200 postpartum women. Within 48 hr of delivery, 200 women were questioned about their fears and anxieties during pregnancy. Fears during pregnancy were reported by 81% of the mothers; 52% reported fears about the birth of a malformed child, 29% about a mentally defective child and 28% about the death of the child. Differences were found in the incidence of fears and superstitions in relation to ethnic group, educational background and parity. The results are similar to those of the British study conducted by the Royal College of Midwives in 1966."}
{"id": "PMID:1205726", "title": "Modification of the Rappaport rapid test in large-scale testing for syphilis. Evaluation of the rapid plate and rapid card tests.", "content": "The Rappaport rapid (RR) plate and card tests were developed as modifications of the RR tube test to permit rapid and inexpensive screening of large numbers of subjects for the diagnosis of syphilis. More than 2,000 sera were examined in parallel by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) slide test, the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test and the RR plate and card tests. There was complete agreement between the RR plate and card tests and the VDRL slide and RPR card tests in 96.6% of sera. In a selected group of 1,530 sera examined, in addition, by the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test, there was agreement between the RR plate and card tests and the FTA-ABS test in 74.3% of sera and between the VDRL and RPR tests and the FTA-ABS test in 73.7% of sera. The RR plate test was found to be sufficiently sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of syphilis, although the VDRL slide test is perhaps more sensitive in primary and late latent syphilis. Since the antigen used in the RR tests is colored and stable and the sera do not require inactivation before the test, the tests are easier to perform than the VDRL slide test: the RR plate and card tests could therefore replace the VDRL test as a screening test, with hardly any loss of accuracy.", "contents": "Modification of the Rappaport rapid test in large-scale testing for syphilis. Evaluation of the rapid plate and rapid card tests. The Rappaport rapid (RR) plate and card tests were developed as modifications of the RR tube test to permit rapid and inexpensive screening of large numbers of subjects for the diagnosis of syphilis. More than 2,000 sera were examined in parallel by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) slide test, the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test and the RR plate and card tests. There was complete agreement between the RR plate and card tests and the VDRL slide and RPR card tests in 96.6% of sera. In a selected group of 1,530 sera examined, in addition, by the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test, there was agreement between the RR plate and card tests and the FTA-ABS test in 74.3% of sera and between the VDRL and RPR tests and the FTA-ABS test in 73.7% of sera. The RR plate test was found to be sufficiently sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of syphilis, although the VDRL slide test is perhaps more sensitive in primary and late latent syphilis. Since the antigen used in the RR tests is colored and stable and the sera do not require inactivation before the test, the tests are easier to perform than the VDRL slide test: the RR plate and card tests could therefore replace the VDRL test as a screening test, with hardly any loss of accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:1205843", "title": "[Alterations of connective tissue in granuloma anulare and in necrobiosis lipoidica. Microradiographic studies].", "content": "The microradiogram of granuloma anulare was compared with that of necrobiosis lipoidica. In the areas of cellular infiltration, the amount of connective tissue missing depended on the degree of infiltration. Apparently the collagenous bundles were destroyed, not pushed aside. In the necrobiotic type of necrobiosis lipoidica, the damage to collagenous tissue was more severe than one would have expected from the stained sections. The collagenous bundles were generally swollen, and there was a complete lack of normal high-density bundles in the damaged areas, in contrast to granuloma anulare and to the granulomatous type of necrobiosis lipoidica, however, the damage to the collagenous tissue seemed less severe in the microradiograms than in the stained sections. Differences between granuloma anulare and necrobiosis lipoidica were to be found in the microradiogram (see tables), but in general a differential diagnosis is only possible in severe cases, in spite of the different clinical picture.", "contents": "[Alterations of connective tissue in granuloma anulare and in necrobiosis lipoidica. Microradiographic studies]. The microradiogram of granuloma anulare was compared with that of necrobiosis lipoidica. In the areas of cellular infiltration, the amount of connective tissue missing depended on the degree of infiltration. Apparently the collagenous bundles were destroyed, not pushed aside. In the necrobiotic type of necrobiosis lipoidica, the damage to collagenous tissue was more severe than one would have expected from the stained sections. The collagenous bundles were generally swollen, and there was a complete lack of normal high-density bundles in the damaged areas, in contrast to granuloma anulare and to the granulomatous type of necrobiosis lipoidica, however, the damage to the collagenous tissue seemed less severe in the microradiograms than in the stained sections. Differences between granuloma anulare and necrobiosis lipoidica were to be found in the microradiogram (see tables), but in general a differential diagnosis is only possible in severe cases, in spite of the different clinical picture."}
{"id": "PMID:1205844", "title": "[Trichorrhexis congenita. Scanning electron microscopic studies on a congenital disorder of hair growth].", "content": "1. A congenital disturbance of hair growth belonging to the \"trichorrhexis nodosa\" group is described. Clinically, abnormal hair fragility since birth was the leading symptom. There was no detectable amino-aciduria. 2. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveals localized alterations of the hair shafts. These are irregularities of the cuticular pattern, partial fractures of the cortical filament bundles, and complete fractures with broom-like splintering of the hair ends. 3. There is no generally accepted definition of the symptom or the disease of \"trichorrhexis nodosa\". Further SEM analysis and collection of such hair anomalies is proposed. As in the case described here no \"nodes\" of the hair shaft were observed, it is presented as \"trichorrhexis conginita\".", "contents": "[Trichorrhexis congenita. Scanning electron microscopic studies on a congenital disorder of hair growth]. 1. A congenital disturbance of hair growth belonging to the \"trichorrhexis nodosa\" group is described. Clinically, abnormal hair fragility since birth was the leading symptom. There was no detectable amino-aciduria. 2. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveals localized alterations of the hair shafts. These are irregularities of the cuticular pattern, partial fractures of the cortical filament bundles, and complete fractures with broom-like splintering of the hair ends. 3. There is no generally accepted definition of the symptom or the disease of \"trichorrhexis nodosa\". Further SEM analysis and collection of such hair anomalies is proposed. As in the case described here no \"nodes\" of the hair shaft were observed, it is presented as \"trichorrhexis conginita\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1205845", "title": "[The local treatment of the keratoacanthoma with 5-fluorouracil].", "content": "In the last two years thirteen patients with keratoacanthomas were treated with 5% f-fluorouracil ointment at the Department of Dermatology II of the University of Vienna. Treatment lasted from two to eight weeks depending upon the size of the tumor. In all cases there was clearing of lesions with good cosmetic results. During an average follow-up period of 7.4 months for all patients there was no recurrence of the tumors.", "contents": "[The local treatment of the keratoacanthoma with 5-fluorouracil]. In the last two years thirteen patients with keratoacanthomas were treated with 5% f-fluorouracil ointment at the Department of Dermatology II of the University of Vienna. Treatment lasted from two to eight weeks depending upon the size of the tumor. In all cases there was clearing of lesions with good cosmetic results. During an average follow-up period of 7.4 months for all patients there was no recurrence of the tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:1205846", "title": "[The effect of bath additive concentration and the water temperature on the refatting effect of oil bath additives].", "content": "The refatting effects of three different oil bath products was tested in 30 healthy subjects. In each case the concentration of the therapeutic bath oils and the temperature of the bath water were varied. It could be demonstrated in 2 of the tested products that a threefold increase in the concentrations (as recommended by the companies) significantly enlarges the refatting effect. A further increase in the concentrations significantly reduces this effect. An increase in the temperature of the bath water from 32 degrees to 38 degrees C significantly lessened the refatting effects of all 3 products.", "contents": "[The effect of bath additive concentration and the water temperature on the refatting effect of oil bath additives]. The refatting effects of three different oil bath products was tested in 30 healthy subjects. In each case the concentration of the therapeutic bath oils and the temperature of the bath water were varied. It could be demonstrated in 2 of the tested products that a threefold increase in the concentrations (as recommended by the companies) significantly enlarges the refatting effect. A further increase in the concentrations significantly reduces this effect. An increase in the temperature of the bath water from 32 degrees to 38 degrees C significantly lessened the refatting effects of all 3 products."}
{"id": "PMID:1205848", "title": "[Acryronitril as a contact allergen].", "content": "A case of allergic contact dermatitis following the use of a Plexidur finger splint is reported. The allergen was acrylonitrile, one of the original constituents of the polymer Plexidur.", "contents": "[Acryronitril as a contact allergen]. A case of allergic contact dermatitis following the use of a Plexidur finger splint is reported. The allergen was acrylonitrile, one of the original constituents of the polymer Plexidur."}
{"id": "PMID:1205849", "title": "[Pathology of connective tissue and nerve fibers in lichen sclerosus et atrophicans and in genital atrophies].", "content": "Comparative histological and neurohistological investigations in various atrophic conditions of the vulva (lichen sclerosus et atrophicans, vulvar kraurosis and senile vulvar atrophy) have been performed. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicans is an idiopathic disease within the group of atrophic inflammatory conditions. The main lesions involve the subepidermal zone which is surrounded by an inflammatory infiltration and shows at the same time the degeneration of all the fibrous and cellular components of the tissue. The resulting metabolic disturbances in the lesions enhance the degenerative processes. A neurohistological examination revealed pronounced symptoms of degeneration in the peripheral nervous system, which seems to be confirmed by the changes in LSA-lesions. Kraurosis vulvae is a separate disease and a peculiar variety of \"sclerosing atrophy\" leading to atrophy of the vulva and stenosis of the vaginal orifice, with atrophy of the elastic fibers, and with signs of the atrophy of the peripheral nervous network without features of degeneration. Senile atrophy of the vulva is an involuntary process without inflammatory features, in which the thinning of the entire skin and atrophy of the appendages and elastic fibers is accompanied by atrophy of the peripheral nervous system. The obtained results stress the differences which justify classification of these conditions as separate entities.", "contents": "[Pathology of connective tissue and nerve fibers in lichen sclerosus et atrophicans and in genital atrophies]. Comparative histological and neurohistological investigations in various atrophic conditions of the vulva (lichen sclerosus et atrophicans, vulvar kraurosis and senile vulvar atrophy) have been performed. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicans is an idiopathic disease within the group of atrophic inflammatory conditions. The main lesions involve the subepidermal zone which is surrounded by an inflammatory infiltration and shows at the same time the degeneration of all the fibrous and cellular components of the tissue. The resulting metabolic disturbances in the lesions enhance the degenerative processes. A neurohistological examination revealed pronounced symptoms of degeneration in the peripheral nervous system, which seems to be confirmed by the changes in LSA-lesions. Kraurosis vulvae is a separate disease and a peculiar variety of \"sclerosing atrophy\" leading to atrophy of the vulva and stenosis of the vaginal orifice, with atrophy of the elastic fibers, and with signs of the atrophy of the peripheral nervous network without features of degeneration. Senile atrophy of the vulva is an involuntary process without inflammatory features, in which the thinning of the entire skin and atrophy of the appendages and elastic fibers is accompanied by atrophy of the peripheral nervous system. The obtained results stress the differences which justify classification of these conditions as separate entities."}
{"id": "PMID:1205865", "title": "Input-output analysis and the hospital budgeting process.", "content": "Two hospitals budget systems, a conventional budget and an input-output budget, are compared to determine how they affect management decisions in pricing, output, planning, and cost control. Analysis of data from a 210-bed not-for-profit hospital indicates that adoption of the input-output budget could cause substantial changes in posted hospital rates in individual departments but probably would have no impact on hospital output determination. The input-output approach promises to be a more accurate system for cost control and planning because, unlike the conventional approach, it generates objective signals for investigating variances of expenses from budgeted levels.", "contents": "Input-output analysis and the hospital budgeting process. Two hospitals budget systems, a conventional budget and an input-output budget, are compared to determine how they affect management decisions in pricing, output, planning, and cost control. Analysis of data from a 210-bed not-for-profit hospital indicates that adoption of the input-output budget could cause substantial changes in posted hospital rates in individual departments but probably would have no impact on hospital output determination. The input-output approach promises to be a more accurate system for cost control and planning because, unlike the conventional approach, it generates objective signals for investigating variances of expenses from budgeted levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1205866", "title": "Scalability of Community Participation in Health Program Decisions.", "content": "The achievement of significant levels of influence on six program decision areas by communities served by health care program is investigated using Guttman scale analysis in a sample of 50 Children and Youth comprehensive health care projects in the United States to determine whether such achievement occurs in an ordered or a random sequence. Evidence presented indicates that the achievement of relative levels of community influence is orderly for initial levels of influence; higher levels of community influence apparently do not follow the same order. Implications of these findings for planning and predicting the development of personal health service programs are discussed.", "contents": "Scalability of Community Participation in Health Program Decisions. The achievement of significant levels of influence on six program decision areas by communities served by health care program is investigated using Guttman scale analysis in a sample of 50 Children and Youth comprehensive health care projects in the United States to determine whether such achievement occurs in an ordered or a random sequence. Evidence presented indicates that the achievement of relative levels of community influence is orderly for initial levels of influence; higher levels of community influence apparently do not follow the same order. Implications of these findings for planning and predicting the development of personal health service programs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205867", "title": "Livelihood benefits of small improvements in the life table.", "content": "This article proposes and illustrates a new lower bound on the economic benefits of reducing the number of deaths due to a particular cause and specifies the underlying economic and demographic assumptions. Unlike previous estimates of the increase in a population's output due to the extension of working lives, this new bound includes the present value to the existing population of avoiding future deaths from the cause. The estimated lower bound of $20 billion benefit from eliminating U.S. male deaths due to kidney and related diseases exceeds by an order of magnitude a previous estimate that considers only current deaths.", "contents": "Livelihood benefits of small improvements in the life table. This article proposes and illustrates a new lower bound on the economic benefits of reducing the number of deaths due to a particular cause and specifies the underlying economic and demographic assumptions. Unlike previous estimates of the increase in a population's output due to the extension of working lives, this new bound includes the present value to the existing population of avoiding future deaths from the cause. The estimated lower bound of $20 billion benefit from eliminating U.S. male deaths due to kidney and related diseases exceeds by an order of magnitude a previous estimate that considers only current deaths."}
{"id": "PMID:1205870", "title": "Roles of international advisors.", "content": "Consultation, collaboration, and direct services are described and distinguished as three different roles which advisors play. Drawn from the author's field experience, factors affecting the success of each role are presented. Consultation is further classified as expert, resource or process. Certain advisory problems are described: cultural shock and the interpersonal threats of knowledge, position and take-over.", "contents": "Roles of international advisors. Consultation, collaboration, and direct services are described and distinguished as three different roles which advisors play. Drawn from the author's field experience, factors affecting the success of each role are presented. Consultation is further classified as expert, resource or process. Certain advisory problems are described: cultural shock and the interpersonal threats of knowledge, position and take-over."}
{"id": "PMID:1205871", "title": "Decision making theory: a consultant's guide to getting technical information used.", "content": "A simple model of the decision making process of a consultee can help clarify his data needs, and thus can guide a consultant in how to present and how to obtain better use of his technical information. Seven characteristics of developing countries which affect decision making are described. An approach to advising, matched to the nine elements of decision making, is suggested.", "contents": "Decision making theory: a consultant's guide to getting technical information used. A simple model of the decision making process of a consultee can help clarify his data needs, and thus can guide a consultant in how to present and how to obtain better use of his technical information. Seven characteristics of developing countries which affect decision making are described. An approach to advising, matched to the nine elements of decision making, is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1205872", "title": "Evaluating the impact of program consultation in health services.", "content": "This article describes a methodology developed to be useful to both consultant and consultee in evaluating their mutual efforts to improve agency health service programs. Reporting forms and instruction manuals based upon the concept of mutuality in consultation were used by 19 consultants in 29 consultations. Two-thirds of the respondents reported some increase in problem-solving ability. The implications of evaluating program consultation are discussed, as are certain issues in consultation: definition, implementation, process, utilization, impact delays, interpersonal interactions, hidden agendas, organizational learning, and outcome measurements.", "contents": "Evaluating the impact of program consultation in health services. This article describes a methodology developed to be useful to both consultant and consultee in evaluating their mutual efforts to improve agency health service programs. Reporting forms and instruction manuals based upon the concept of mutuality in consultation were used by 19 consultants in 29 consultations. Two-thirds of the respondents reported some increase in problem-solving ability. The implications of evaluating program consultation are discussed, as are certain issues in consultation: definition, implementation, process, utilization, impact delays, interpersonal interactions, hidden agendas, organizational learning, and outcome measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:1205972", "title": "[The child and the otolaryngologist (author's transl)].", "content": "Figments of imagination and previous experiences enter into each clinic room emotional situation, and the apprehensions of the child, the parent and the doctor must be anticipated and acknowledged. The possibility of conflict should thus diminish. Awareness of the child's reaction and consideration of this should be the basis of doctor-patient rapport rather than physician authority. This article discusses with several illustrations the special situation of the ENT specialist.", "contents": "[The child and the otolaryngologist (author's transl)]. Figments of imagination and previous experiences enter into each clinic room emotional situation, and the apprehensions of the child, the parent and the doctor must be anticipated and acknowledged. The possibility of conflict should thus diminish. Awareness of the child's reaction and consideration of this should be the basis of doctor-patient rapport rather than physician authority. This article discusses with several illustrations the special situation of the ENT specialist."}
{"id": "PMID:1205973", "title": "[Facial nerve anomalies found at surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Facial nerve anomalies found at surgery are reported, and are classified as Minor and Severe. A solitary malformation is rare. Duplication of the nerve in its tympanic segment as well as branching within the mastoid bone with an unusual route close to the mastoid cortex was also observed. Malformations of the nerve in connection with other anomalies of the ear were encountered in 20% of all ear anomalies that underwent surgery. There was no direct correlation between the degree of the ear deformity and the facial nerve malformation. Two cases of severe malformations were seen whereby in one with a minor ear deformity the nerve was seen lying at the level of the tympanic membrane. In the other instance the nerve had an additional well developed duplication in the correct position, although a lesion on the duplicated nerve showed that it was non-conductive.", "contents": "[Facial nerve anomalies found at surgery (author's transl)]. Facial nerve anomalies found at surgery are reported, and are classified as Minor and Severe. A solitary malformation is rare. Duplication of the nerve in its tympanic segment as well as branching within the mastoid bone with an unusual route close to the mastoid cortex was also observed. Malformations of the nerve in connection with other anomalies of the ear were encountered in 20% of all ear anomalies that underwent surgery. There was no direct correlation between the degree of the ear deformity and the facial nerve malformation. Two cases of severe malformations were seen whereby in one with a minor ear deformity the nerve was seen lying at the level of the tympanic membrane. In the other instance the nerve had an additional well developed duplication in the correct position, although a lesion on the duplicated nerve showed that it was non-conductive."}
{"id": "PMID:1205974", "title": "[The surgery of otogenic facial paralysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty five patients with lesions of the Fallopian canal were assessed: in 13 the canal was destroyed, in 7 the nerve sheath was involved and in 5 the nerve fibres were involved. Electrical and clinical testing was normal of patients with minor involvement of the nerve fibres. In poorly pneumatized mastoids the probability of osteitis close to the facial nerve must be remembered because of the dangers of latent localized mastoiditis. In all patients with chronic otitis media with granulations, cholesteatoma and osteitis the Fallopian canal should be metriculously explored surgically, and when found involved in disease it is recommended that the nerve be examined and that a \"small decompression\" of bone without slitting the sheath be performed.", "contents": "[The surgery of otogenic facial paralysis (author's transl)]. Twenty five patients with lesions of the Fallopian canal were assessed: in 13 the canal was destroyed, in 7 the nerve sheath was involved and in 5 the nerve fibres were involved. Electrical and clinical testing was normal of patients with minor involvement of the nerve fibres. In poorly pneumatized mastoids the probability of osteitis close to the facial nerve must be remembered because of the dangers of latent localized mastoiditis. In all patients with chronic otitis media with granulations, cholesteatoma and osteitis the Fallopian canal should be metriculously explored surgically, and when found involved in disease it is recommended that the nerve be examined and that a \"small decompression\" of bone without slitting the sheath be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205975", "title": "[Diagnostic studies of facial nerve function in bell's palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "In early Bell's Palsy the nerve excitability test (NET) still proves to be a very simple and reliable method for determining whether or not a decompression operation is necessary. However, two weeks after the onset of the paralysis, pathological findings in the NET may require verification by electromyography.", "contents": "[Diagnostic studies of facial nerve function in bell's palsy (author's transl)]. In early Bell's Palsy the nerve excitability test (NET) still proves to be a very simple and reliable method for determining whether or not a decompression operation is necessary. However, two weeks after the onset of the paralysis, pathological findings in the NET may require verification by electromyography."}
{"id": "PMID:1205976", "title": "[Facial neuroma without facial paresis (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a 15 year period during which 12156 operations were performed for improvement in hearing 2 facial neuromas were diagnosed. In both patients aged 55 and 61 years no treatment was considered indicated. One case which had a conductive deafness for 5 years, had a diagnostic tympanotomy and biopsy in 1961 and during the subsequent 10 years no paresis developed.", "contents": "[Facial neuroma without facial paresis (author's transl)]. Over a 15 year period during which 12156 operations were performed for improvement in hearing 2 facial neuromas were diagnosed. In both patients aged 55 and 61 years no treatment was considered indicated. One case which had a conductive deafness for 5 years, had a diagnostic tympanotomy and biopsy in 1961 and during the subsequent 10 years no paresis developed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205977", "title": "[Applied phoniatry: II. Functional dysphonies (author's transl)].", "content": "Definition and classification of functional dysphonies are problematic. Division into phonoponosis and phononeurosis is used. The terms hyperkinetic and hypokinetic dysphonia are replaced by definitions of hyperfunctional and hypofunctional dysphonia which are better applicable in clinical work. Etiology and symptoms of functional dysphonies and some pragmatically important aspects of therapy are described.", "contents": "[Applied phoniatry: II. Functional dysphonies (author's transl)]. Definition and classification of functional dysphonies are problematic. Division into phonoponosis and phononeurosis is used. The terms hyperkinetic and hypokinetic dysphonia are replaced by definitions of hyperfunctional and hypofunctional dysphonia which are better applicable in clinical work. Etiology and symptoms of functional dysphonies and some pragmatically important aspects of therapy are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1205978", "title": "[Modern photo-endoscopic techniques for examination of the nasopharynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Advances in electrotechniques and optics in the last years have led to the use of fiberoptic endoscopes in the examination of the nasopharynx. A modified photo-endoscopic method is reported, utilizing a Hopkins' lens system which is introduced intraorally. A robot-reflex camera with variable optics and focal distance is used for photographic documentation of nasopharyngeal findings. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated by selected clinical examples.", "contents": "[Modern photo-endoscopic techniques for examination of the nasopharynx (author's transl)]. Advances in electrotechniques and optics in the last years have led to the use of fiberoptic endoscopes in the examination of the nasopharynx. A modified photo-endoscopic method is reported, utilizing a Hopkins' lens system which is introduced intraorally. A robot-reflex camera with variable optics and focal distance is used for photographic documentation of nasopharyngeal findings. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated by selected clinical examples."}
{"id": "PMID:1205980", "title": "[Otosclerosis in children (author's transl.)].", "content": "11 children (13 ears) have been operated upon for otosclerosis. In ten cases the stapes footplate was found totally fixed, with histological verification of the diagnosis of otosclerosis. Conservative surgery of the oval window was possible in only four cases. All other patients required total removal of staples or footplate. Findings indicate that clinical otosclerosis occurring in childhood results in an otosclerotic process in the oval window region with total fixation of the footplate. Thus, correction usually requires removal of at least the entire footplate.", "contents": "[Otosclerosis in children (author's transl.)]. 11 children (13 ears) have been operated upon for otosclerosis. In ten cases the stapes footplate was found totally fixed, with histological verification of the diagnosis of otosclerosis. Conservative surgery of the oval window was possible in only four cases. All other patients required total removal of staples or footplate. Findings indicate that clinical otosclerosis occurring in childhood results in an otosclerotic process in the oval window region with total fixation of the footplate. Thus, correction usually requires removal of at least the entire footplate."}
{"id": "PMID:1205981", "title": "[The prevention and management of tracheal and laryngeal steeosis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "During chronic intubation or tracheostomy in children, there is a risk of stenosis at three sites: the cricoid ring, the tracheostomy and the area of tube cuff inflation. The following measures are recommended to prevent this occurrence: endoscopic examination of the mucous membranes when changing the intubation tube or the tracheal cannula: nasotracheal intubation with the smallest possible diameter tubes when chronic intubation is required; use of the \"open-type\" tracheostomy utilizing mucosaskin retraction sutures but with out removal of tracheal cartilage. Careful inflation of the cuff and regular changing of the position of the cuff in ther cervican trachea also lower the risk of pressure-induced injury. Infection or co-existing metabolic disease increases mucosal sensitivity to pressure. Several stenosis of the laryngotracheal regions frequently requires staged laryngeal and tracheal plastic reconstruction. The curvature and stiffening of the ventral wall of the trachea can be achieved by the implantation of arched homograft cactilage taken from a tissue bank.", "contents": "[The prevention and management of tracheal and laryngeal steeosis in children (author's transl)]. During chronic intubation or tracheostomy in children, there is a risk of stenosis at three sites: the cricoid ring, the tracheostomy and the area of tube cuff inflation. The following measures are recommended to prevent this occurrence: endoscopic examination of the mucous membranes when changing the intubation tube or the tracheal cannula: nasotracheal intubation with the smallest possible diameter tubes when chronic intubation is required; use of the \"open-type\" tracheostomy utilizing mucosaskin retraction sutures but with out removal of tracheal cartilage. Careful inflation of the cuff and regular changing of the position of the cuff in ther cervican trachea also lower the risk of pressure-induced injury. Infection or co-existing metabolic disease increases mucosal sensitivity to pressure. Several stenosis of the laryngotracheal regions frequently requires staged laryngeal and tracheal plastic reconstruction. The curvature and stiffening of the ventral wall of the trachea can be achieved by the implantation of arched homograft cactilage taken from a tissue bank."}
{"id": "PMID:1205982", "title": "[The postoperative management of the alcoholic (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper deals with observations on alcoholics suffering from withdrawal symptoms after surgery. Apart from differential diagnostic comment suggestions are made concerning the immediate treeatment of these patients. A therapeutic scheme is proposed which has proved valuable in relevant cases. Chlormethiazol (Distraneurin) appears to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[The postoperative management of the alcoholic (author's transl)]. The paper deals with observations on alcoholics suffering from withdrawal symptoms after surgery. Apart from differential diagnostic comment suggestions are made concerning the immediate treeatment of these patients. A therapeutic scheme is proposed which has proved valuable in relevant cases. Chlormethiazol (Distraneurin) appears to be the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:1205983", "title": "[The responsibility of the Otolaryngologist and noise induced \"accident prevention regulations\" (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the noise induced Accident Prevention Regulations each employee's auditory threshold must be tested before working in a noisy enviornment [greater than or equal to dB(A)], and this threshold must be reviewed at intervals of 1 to 3 years. The regulations regarding method of examination and interpretation of observation must be followed.", "contents": "[The responsibility of the Otolaryngologist and noise induced \"accident prevention regulations\" (author's transl)]. According to the noise induced Accident Prevention Regulations each employee's auditory threshold must be tested before working in a noisy enviornment [greater than or equal to dB(A)], and this threshold must be reviewed at intervals of 1 to 3 years. The regulations regarding method of examination and interpretation of observation must be followed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205984", "title": "[A method of otological student teaching (author's transl)].", "content": "A mechanism of teaching is described which enables students in their examination of the ear to recognise certain diseases. Pathological changes of the tympanic membrane can only be recognised by correct observation.", "contents": "[A method of otological student teaching (author's transl)]. A mechanism of teaching is described which enables students in their examination of the ear to recognise certain diseases. Pathological changes of the tympanic membrane can only be recognised by correct observation."}
{"id": "PMID:1205985", "title": "[Drainage of deep mediastinal infections following perforation of the cervical esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "Deep mediastinal infection following cervical phageal perforations can be managed successfully using double-barreled sump drainage under low suction with intermittent normal saline irrigations. By so doing, the additional hazards of thoracotomy and contamination of the pleural cavity can be prevented.", "contents": "[Drainage of deep mediastinal infections following perforation of the cervical esophagus (author's transl)]. Deep mediastinal infection following cervical phageal perforations can be managed successfully using double-barreled sump drainage under low suction with intermittent normal saline irrigations. By so doing, the additional hazards of thoracotomy and contamination of the pleural cavity can be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:1205986", "title": "[Falk's lacrimal sac surgical technique for stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The lacrimal sac as such is sacrificed in Falk's extra-nasal dacrocystorhinostomy. It is opened along its entire extent and embedded in toto into the lateral nasal wall. This procedure proved to be successful in most kinds of lacrimal duct stenosis. Its indications have now been extended to include those with obliteration of the lacrimal canaliculi and where the sac is itself obliterated. In such cases a thin silicone tube passed into the lower lacrimal punctum through the inferion lacrimal canaliculus and into the nose.", "contents": "[Falk's lacrimal sac surgical technique for stenosis (author's transl)]. The lacrimal sac as such is sacrificed in Falk's extra-nasal dacrocystorhinostomy. It is opened along its entire extent and embedded in toto into the lateral nasal wall. This procedure proved to be successful in most kinds of lacrimal duct stenosis. Its indications have now been extended to include those with obliteration of the lacrimal canaliculi and where the sac is itself obliterated. In such cases a thin silicone tube passed into the lower lacrimal punctum through the inferion lacrimal canaliculus and into the nose."}
{"id": "PMID:1205987", "title": "[Immunoglobulin and electrolyte levels in sialadenosis of the parotid (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of 15 patients with sialadenosis of the parotid gland and 15 control patients was made of their levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, albumin, inorganic phosphate, cholesterin, uric acid and creatinin. Those patients with sialadenosis, in comparison with the control group and the findings in other reports, show reduced immunoglobulin A and increased potassium in the parotic secretion. The disturbance of function of the acinic cell is discussed.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin and electrolyte levels in sialadenosis of the parotid (author's transl)]. A comparison of 15 patients with sialadenosis of the parotid gland and 15 control patients was made of their levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, albumin, inorganic phosphate, cholesterin, uric acid and creatinin. Those patients with sialadenosis, in comparison with the control group and the findings in other reports, show reduced immunoglobulin A and increased potassium in the parotic secretion. The disturbance of function of the acinic cell is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1205988", "title": "[Where lies the boundary between common sensation and taste perception in electrogustometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The shift of the electrogustatory threshold following section of the corda tympani has been investigated in 14 patients. Postoperatively the anterior half of the tongue showed complete ageusia. Two thirds of the patients were able to recognize stimulations of 50-127 muA as a burning, and not a sour metallic, sensation for at least 1-2 weeks. Probably the trigeminal nerve endings perceive this burning sensation during the period of taste bud degeneration. A similar situation exists in cases where the gustatory fibres are interrupted proximal to the gustatory ganglion, because the tasts buds do not degenerate. It is therefore important to ask the patient to describe the sensation experienced. Only a sour metallic taste during electrogustometry should be regarded as a true gustatory sensation.", "contents": "[Where lies the boundary between common sensation and taste perception in electrogustometry (author's transl)]. The shift of the electrogustatory threshold following section of the corda tympani has been investigated in 14 patients. Postoperatively the anterior half of the tongue showed complete ageusia. Two thirds of the patients were able to recognize stimulations of 50-127 muA as a burning, and not a sour metallic, sensation for at least 1-2 weeks. Probably the trigeminal nerve endings perceive this burning sensation during the period of taste bud degeneration. A similar situation exists in cases where the gustatory fibres are interrupted proximal to the gustatory ganglion, because the tasts buds do not degenerate. It is therefore important to ask the patient to describe the sensation experienced. Only a sour metallic taste during electrogustometry should be regarded as a true gustatory sensation."}
{"id": "PMID:1205989", "title": "[The fronto-orbital approach in the treatment of post-traumatic fronto-basal cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea in children (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the advantages and limits of the paranasal (fronto-orbital) extradural approach for closing the leakage in 11 children with cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea after fronto-basal fractures. According to the classification of Escher, particularly the more localized types (II, III, IV) of lesions in the frontal base can be treated with good functional and cosmetic results: there was one partial failure out of 12 operations for closing the leakage in the frontal base of the skull.", "contents": "[The fronto-orbital approach in the treatment of post-traumatic fronto-basal cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea in children (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the advantages and limits of the paranasal (fronto-orbital) extradural approach for closing the leakage in 11 children with cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea after fronto-basal fractures. According to the classification of Escher, particularly the more localized types (II, III, IV) of lesions in the frontal base can be treated with good functional and cosmetic results: there was one partial failure out of 12 operations for closing the leakage in the frontal base of the skull."}
{"id": "PMID:1205990", "title": "[Surgical management of sudden deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "The conservative treatment of idiopathic sudden deafness generally shows good results. There are, however, some cases resistant to therapy which may be treated surgically by vestibulotomy. Reports are made on personal experiences as well as those of other authors. Vestibulotomy is recommended for those patients in whom the possibilities of conservative therapy have been exhausted and severe hearing loss has occurred.", "contents": "[Surgical management of sudden deafness (author's transl)]. The conservative treatment of idiopathic sudden deafness generally shows good results. There are, however, some cases resistant to therapy which may be treated surgically by vestibulotomy. Reports are made on personal experiences as well as those of other authors. Vestibulotomy is recommended for those patients in whom the possibilities of conservative therapy have been exhausted and severe hearing loss has occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:1205991", "title": "[I. Methods for investigation of the voice (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey of possibilities and methods for examining voices in otorhinolaryngologic practise is given as an introduction to a series of articles on applied phoniatrics. In the present review, an attempt is made to demonstrate a pragmatic view of diagnosis and therapy for phoniatric disorders. The voice as the carrier of human speech is considered to be an expression of the total personaltiy so that the phoniatric investigation cannot be resitrcted to disturbed laryngeal function alone. All aspects of the voice as it relates to the individual and his surroundings are included within the diagnostic evaluation.", "contents": "[I. Methods for investigation of the voice (author's transl)]. A survey of possibilities and methods for examining voices in otorhinolaryngologic practise is given as an introduction to a series of articles on applied phoniatrics. In the present review, an attempt is made to demonstrate a pragmatic view of diagnosis and therapy for phoniatric disorders. The voice as the carrier of human speech is considered to be an expression of the total personaltiy so that the phoniatric investigation cannot be resitrcted to disturbed laryngeal function alone. All aspects of the voice as it relates to the individual and his surroundings are included within the diagnostic evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1205992", "title": "[The value of audiological screening tests in paediatric practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Pure tone threshold levels using play audiometry were compared with the sound screening test in 100 children in whom the acoustic-palebral reflex was also tested. The following conclusions are drawn from the findings. 1. A mild hearing loss and a loss above 1 000 cps in not demonstrable on the screening test. 2. A moderate hearing loss is undetected in two thirds, when only the screening test is used. 3. 10% of children with a severe hearing loss appeared to have normal hearing using the screening test only. 4. The failure to demonstrate with a few exceptions the acoustic-palpebral reflex suggests at least a moderate hearing loss, but the presence of the reflex is not proof of normal hearing.", "contents": "[The value of audiological screening tests in paediatric practice (author's transl)]. Pure tone threshold levels using play audiometry were compared with the sound screening test in 100 children in whom the acoustic-palebral reflex was also tested. The following conclusions are drawn from the findings. 1. A mild hearing loss and a loss above 1 000 cps in not demonstrable on the screening test. 2. A moderate hearing loss is undetected in two thirds, when only the screening test is used. 3. 10% of children with a severe hearing loss appeared to have normal hearing using the screening test only. 4. The failure to demonstrate with a few exceptions the acoustic-palpebral reflex suggests at least a moderate hearing loss, but the presence of the reflex is not proof of normal hearing."}
{"id": "PMID:1205993", "title": "[An improved and practical electrogustometer].", "content": "Basic considerations in the construction of an electrogustometer led to the use of electronically regulated equipment. The changing body resistence is automatically regulated, but the electric voltage of 220 volts AC necessitated special precautions. The decibel scale as proposed by Tomita seems the most convenient. The range of stimulation of 3-318 muA and the 4 dB current increment, which is regarded as the lowest pathological difference between the thresholds of the two sides of the tongue, made this equipment in practice very convenient.", "contents": "[An improved and practical electrogustometer]. Basic considerations in the construction of an electrogustometer led to the use of electronically regulated equipment. The changing body resistence is automatically regulated, but the electric voltage of 220 volts AC necessitated special precautions. The decibel scale as proposed by Tomita seems the most convenient. The range of stimulation of 3-318 muA and the 4 dB current increment, which is regarded as the lowest pathological difference between the thresholds of the two sides of the tongue, made this equipment in practice very convenient."}
{"id": "PMID:1205994", "title": "[Electromyography and electroneurography in peripheral facial nerve paralysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The function of the facial nerve can be examined by 4 electrodiagnostic methods. In the nerve excitability test and electroneurography the facial nerve itself is stimulated over the stylomastoid foramen, whereas chronaximetry and electromyography are performed in the muscles. In the majority of patients with Bell's palsy it is possible to make a more or less favourable prognosis by clinical examination alone. As soon as the paralysis is evident only these diagnostic tests give an accurate prediciton. The early realisation of a poor prognosis is surgically important. Chronaximetry and electromyography do not facilitate early assessment of the prognosis. The nerve excitability test and electroneurography can assist in the prognosis within the first 6 days after the onset. This is especially so with electroneurography, in which the muscle action potentials are examined during facial stimulation. A continual decrease of amplitude of the action potential of 50% in 2 days and a complete loss of potential in 4 to 6 days indicate a total nerve degeneration with an unfavourable prognosis.", "contents": "[Electromyography and electroneurography in peripheral facial nerve paralysis (author's transl)]. The function of the facial nerve can be examined by 4 electrodiagnostic methods. In the nerve excitability test and electroneurography the facial nerve itself is stimulated over the stylomastoid foramen, whereas chronaximetry and electromyography are performed in the muscles. In the majority of patients with Bell's palsy it is possible to make a more or less favourable prognosis by clinical examination alone. As soon as the paralysis is evident only these diagnostic tests give an accurate prediciton. The early realisation of a poor prognosis is surgically important. Chronaximetry and electromyography do not facilitate early assessment of the prognosis. The nerve excitability test and electroneurography can assist in the prognosis within the first 6 days after the onset. This is especially so with electroneurography, in which the muscle action potentials are examined during facial stimulation. A continual decrease of amplitude of the action potential of 50% in 2 days and a complete loss of potential in 4 to 6 days indicate a total nerve degeneration with an unfavourable prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1205995", "title": "[Vasomotor rhinitis: a side-effect of hormonal contraception? (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to detect a possible influence of hormonal contraception on the development of vasomotor rhinitis, a five-months rhinoscopic survey was conducted on 460 women whose ages ranged from 18 to 40 years. 67 (32.7%) of the 205 women taking oral contraceptives, and 77 (30.2%) of a control group of 255 women were found to have vasomotor rhinitis. A questionaire was used in the survey, and included the following items: contraceptive preparation used, duration of use, and nasal distress associated with medication or prior pregnancies. In contrast to the findings of other authors, it was not possible to correlate the development of vasomotor rhinitis with the administration of oral contraceptives during the present study. Moreover, results were not altered by taking into account the composition of the different contraceptive drugs used. The statistical significance of the present study was established by the comparison of findings with a randomly selected control group of patients during the same period of time.", "contents": "[Vasomotor rhinitis: a side-effect of hormonal contraception? (author's transl)]. In order to detect a possible influence of hormonal contraception on the development of vasomotor rhinitis, a five-months rhinoscopic survey was conducted on 460 women whose ages ranged from 18 to 40 years. 67 (32.7%) of the 205 women taking oral contraceptives, and 77 (30.2%) of a control group of 255 women were found to have vasomotor rhinitis. A questionaire was used in the survey, and included the following items: contraceptive preparation used, duration of use, and nasal distress associated with medication or prior pregnancies. In contrast to the findings of other authors, it was not possible to correlate the development of vasomotor rhinitis with the administration of oral contraceptives during the present study. Moreover, results were not altered by taking into account the composition of the different contraceptive drugs used. The statistical significance of the present study was established by the comparison of findings with a randomly selected control group of patients during the same period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:1205996", "title": "[The pathogenesis of the nasopharyngeal bursa (Tornwaldt's disease) (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharyngeal recess, first described in 1842 by Mayer, is a cavity in the middle of the nasopharynx, just between the nasal septum and the ventral tuberculum atlantis. It was assumed to be an excavation of the pharyngeal mucous membrane often persistantly fixed to the embryonic spine (Chorda dorsalis). It might be therefore, looked upon as a malformation. The recess is always stuffed with mucous membrane of the pharyngeal tract and ends next to the adenoids. It might pass into the occipital bone as an epithelialized cleft surrounded by connective tissue. Cystic transformation of the recess was first described by Tornwaldt in 1885, causing discomfort in the epipharyngeal and adjacent areas, and was named Tornwaldt's disease. The clinical data of 12 patients with pharyngeal cysts are presented. The conclusion is made, that we have evident lack of knowledge between the rare clinical manifestation of the pharyngeal recess only in adults on the one hand and the almost constant presence of the pharyngeal recess in human embryos on the other. It is therefore assumed, that frequent inflammatory discharge of the nasopharynx during life initiates the development of the nasopharyngeal cyst and not vice versa.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of the nasopharyngeal bursa (Tornwaldt's disease) (author's transl)]. The pharyngeal recess, first described in 1842 by Mayer, is a cavity in the middle of the nasopharynx, just between the nasal septum and the ventral tuberculum atlantis. It was assumed to be an excavation of the pharyngeal mucous membrane often persistantly fixed to the embryonic spine (Chorda dorsalis). It might be therefore, looked upon as a malformation. The recess is always stuffed with mucous membrane of the pharyngeal tract and ends next to the adenoids. It might pass into the occipital bone as an epithelialized cleft surrounded by connective tissue. Cystic transformation of the recess was first described by Tornwaldt in 1885, causing discomfort in the epipharyngeal and adjacent areas, and was named Tornwaldt's disease. The clinical data of 12 patients with pharyngeal cysts are presented. The conclusion is made, that we have evident lack of knowledge between the rare clinical manifestation of the pharyngeal recess only in adults on the one hand and the almost constant presence of the pharyngeal recess in human embryos on the other. It is therefore assumed, that frequent inflammatory discharge of the nasopharynx during life initiates the development of the nasopharyngeal cyst and not vice versa."}
{"id": "PMID:1205997", "title": "[Histological study of otological homografts (incus, cartilage and fascia) (author's transl)].", "content": "To summarise our morphological findings of this study the following conclusions are drawn: In bone grafts growth of vital cells originating from the Haversian canals is clearly demonstrated. The growth of connective tissue in the Haversian system is understandable on general principles of pathology. The morphology of the change of osteocytes from fibrocytes through osteoblasts is photographically clearly shown and is in keeping with the findings of Steinbach and of Kerr and Smyth. New bone formation was detected at earliest nine months after implantation. Our investigations do not confirm whether this new bone formation occurs persistently in all cases or to what extent the original homograft material, preserves in cialit solution, takes part in this process. A similar mechanism of tissue regrowth should be accepted in homograft cartilage. We have studied two cases, one after 6 months and the other after 5 years following implant. The three fascial grafts examined compare with earlier publications, with oedema, slight inflammation and little shrinkage occurring. The suitability for grafting of homograft incus, cartilage and fascia we believe to have been demonstrated.", "contents": "[Histological study of otological homografts (incus, cartilage and fascia) (author's transl)]. To summarise our morphological findings of this study the following conclusions are drawn: In bone grafts growth of vital cells originating from the Haversian canals is clearly demonstrated. The growth of connective tissue in the Haversian system is understandable on general principles of pathology. The morphology of the change of osteocytes from fibrocytes through osteoblasts is photographically clearly shown and is in keeping with the findings of Steinbach and of Kerr and Smyth. New bone formation was detected at earliest nine months after implantation. Our investigations do not confirm whether this new bone formation occurs persistently in all cases or to what extent the original homograft material, preserves in cialit solution, takes part in this process. A similar mechanism of tissue regrowth should be accepted in homograft cartilage. We have studied two cases, one after 6 months and the other after 5 years following implant. The three fascial grafts examined compare with earlier publications, with oedema, slight inflammation and little shrinkage occurring. The suitability for grafting of homograft incus, cartilage and fascia we believe to have been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1205998", "title": "[Solitary bronchial papilloma (author's transl)].", "content": "A solitary papilloma of the left main bronchus in a 48 year old man is described. The patient had a one year history of cough, hemoptysis and bronchospasm. Bronchoscopy and repeated removal of the tumour through the bronchoscope failed to control it, and local recurrence finally made pneumonectomy necessary.", "contents": "[Solitary bronchial papilloma (author's transl)]. A solitary papilloma of the left main bronchus in a 48 year old man is described. The patient had a one year history of cough, hemoptysis and bronchospasm. Bronchoscopy and repeated removal of the tumour through the bronchoscope failed to control it, and local recurrence finally made pneumonectomy necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1205999", "title": "[Oncocytoma with rare localization (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of oncocytoma involving the nose and paranasal sinuses is reported. Although the tumor is benign histologically, extensive local destruction as well as life-threatening hemorrhage can occur. Recommended treatment for the tumor is wide surgical exposure with radical extirpation.", "contents": "[Oncocytoma with rare localization (author's transl)]. A rare case of oncocytoma involving the nose and paranasal sinuses is reported. Although the tumor is benign histologically, extensive local destruction as well as life-threatening hemorrhage can occur. Recommended treatment for the tumor is wide surgical exposure with radical extirpation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206000", "title": "[Fundamental frequency analysis - a contribution to the objective examination of the speaking and singing voice (author's transl)].", "content": "The applicability of a newly developed fundamental frequency analyzer to diagnosis in phoniatrics is reviewed. During routine voice examination, the analyzer allows a quick and accurate measurement of fundamental frequency and sound level of the speaking voice, and of vocal range and maximum phonation time. By computing fundamental frequency histograms, the median fundamental frequency and the total pitch range can be better determined and compared. Objective studies of certain technical faculties of the singing voice, which usually are estimated subjectively by the speech therapist, may now be done by means of this analyzer. Several examples demonstrate the differences between correct and incorrect phonation. These studies compare the pitch perturbations during the crescendo and decrescendo of a swell-tone, and show typical traces of staccato, thrill and yodel. Conclusions of the study indicate that fundamental frequency analysis is a valuable supplemental method for objective voice examination.", "contents": "[Fundamental frequency analysis - a contribution to the objective examination of the speaking and singing voice (author's transl)]. The applicability of a newly developed fundamental frequency analyzer to diagnosis in phoniatrics is reviewed. During routine voice examination, the analyzer allows a quick and accurate measurement of fundamental frequency and sound level of the speaking voice, and of vocal range and maximum phonation time. By computing fundamental frequency histograms, the median fundamental frequency and the total pitch range can be better determined and compared. Objective studies of certain technical faculties of the singing voice, which usually are estimated subjectively by the speech therapist, may now be done by means of this analyzer. Several examples demonstrate the differences between correct and incorrect phonation. These studies compare the pitch perturbations during the crescendo and decrescendo of a swell-tone, and show typical traces of staccato, thrill and yodel. Conclusions of the study indicate that fundamental frequency analysis is a valuable supplemental method for objective voice examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1206001", "title": "Evaluation of gonorrhea control efforts.", "content": "Organized gonorrhea control programs came into being in 1972-73 and have four major aspects: education, case finding through culture \"screening,\" treatment of cases, and case investigation. Experience in Upstate New York indicates that case investigation and the provision of public diagnostic and treatment facilities are the most important of these. A relatively stable reported incidence of gonorrhea 1972-74 despite more aggressive detection of cases suggests that control efforts are beginning to interrupt the transmission of gonorrhea.", "contents": "Evaluation of gonorrhea control efforts. Organized gonorrhea control programs came into being in 1972-73 and have four major aspects: education, case finding through culture \"screening,\" treatment of cases, and case investigation. Experience in Upstate New York indicates that case investigation and the provision of public diagnostic and treatment facilities are the most important of these. A relatively stable reported incidence of gonorrhea 1972-74 despite more aggressive detection of cases suggests that control efforts are beginning to interrupt the transmission of gonorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:1206004", "title": "Nanaomycins, new antibiotics produced by a strain of Streptomyces. III. A new component, nanaomycin C, and biological activities of nanaomycin derivatives.", "content": "A new component, nanaomycin C, has been isolated from culture medium of Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis, which had been found to produce nanaomycins A and B. Nanaomycin C is an amide of nanaomycin A. Biological activities of nanaomycin C and several derivatives of nanaomycin A are also shown. Acetylnanaomycin A exhibits as strong activities against Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and Mycoplasma gallisepticum as nanaomycin A.", "contents": "Nanaomycins, new antibiotics produced by a strain of Streptomyces. III. A new component, nanaomycin C, and biological activities of nanaomycin derivatives. A new component, nanaomycin C, has been isolated from culture medium of Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis, which had been found to produce nanaomycins A and B. Nanaomycin C is an amide of nanaomycin A. Biological activities of nanaomycin C and several derivatives of nanaomycin A are also shown. Acetylnanaomycin A exhibits as strong activities against Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and Mycoplasma gallisepticum as nanaomycin A."}
{"id": "PMID:1206005", "title": "Antibiotic A-130, isolation and characterization.", "content": "An antibiotic, A-130, was isolated from a strain identified as Streptomyces hygroscopicus, strain A-130. The antibiotic belongs to the nigericin group and like dianemycin, has an alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone chromophore in its molecule. A-130 is active against gram-positive organisms.", "contents": "Antibiotic A-130, isolation and characterization. An antibiotic, A-130, was isolated from a strain identified as Streptomyces hygroscopicus, strain A-130. The antibiotic belongs to the nigericin group and like dianemycin, has an alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone chromophore in its molecule. A-130 is active against gram-positive organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1206006", "title": "DB-2073, a new alkylresorcinol antibiotic. I. Taxonomy, isolation and characterization.", "content": "A new antibiotic, DB-2073, was isolated in crystalline form from the fermented broth of Pseudomonas sp. B-9004. The compound is a alkylresorcinol antibiotic. The antibiotic melts at 86-88 degrees C. The molecular weight of 236 was determined by mass spectroscopy and the molecular formula was calculated as C15H24O2. The antibiotic has antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi.", "contents": "DB-2073, a new alkylresorcinol antibiotic. I. Taxonomy, isolation and characterization. A new antibiotic, DB-2073, was isolated in crystalline form from the fermented broth of Pseudomonas sp. B-9004. The compound is a alkylresorcinol antibiotic. The antibiotic melts at 86-88 degrees C. The molecular weight of 236 was determined by mass spectroscopy and the molecular formula was calculated as C15H24O2. The antibiotic has antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi."}
{"id": "PMID:1206007", "title": "DB-2073, a new alkylresorcinol antibiotic. II. The chemical structure of DB-2073.", "content": "DB-2073 (I), an antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas sp. B-9004, was obtained as a pure crystals state having a formula of C15H24O2 (ME 236). The characterization indicated that I was a resorcinol antibiotic and it was elucidated as 2-n-hexyl-5-n-propylresorcinol.", "contents": "DB-2073, a new alkylresorcinol antibiotic. II. The chemical structure of DB-2073. DB-2073 (I), an antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas sp. B-9004, was obtained as a pure crystals state having a formula of C15H24O2 (ME 236). The characterization indicated that I was a resorcinol antibiotic and it was elucidated as 2-n-hexyl-5-n-propylresorcinol."}
{"id": "PMID:1206008", "title": "Isolation of isoflavones inhibiting DOPA decarboxylase from fungi and streptomyces.", "content": "By screening of culture filtrates of fungi and streptomyces for activity in inhibit dopa decarboxylase the following isoflavone compounds were obtained: psi-tectorigenen (I), genistein (II), orobol (IV), 8-hydroxygenistein (V) and a new compound (III). III was elucidated to be 3', 4', 5, 7-tetrahydroxy-8methoxy isoflavone. Among these isoflavones, IV and III showed the strongest activity in inhibiting dopa decarboxylase. All these isoflavones also inhibited histidine decarboxylase and catechol-O-methyltrasnferase. Activities of these compounds to inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase were examined. Orobol which showed no or only slight inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase exhibited a significant hypotensive effect on spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Isolation of isoflavones inhibiting DOPA decarboxylase from fungi and streptomyces. By screening of culture filtrates of fungi and streptomyces for activity in inhibit dopa decarboxylase the following isoflavone compounds were obtained: psi-tectorigenen (I), genistein (II), orobol (IV), 8-hydroxygenistein (V) and a new compound (III). III was elucidated to be 3', 4', 5, 7-tetrahydroxy-8methoxy isoflavone. Among these isoflavones, IV and III showed the strongest activity in inhibiting dopa decarboxylase. All these isoflavones also inhibited histidine decarboxylase and catechol-O-methyltrasnferase. Activities of these compounds to inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase were examined. Orobol which showed no or only slight inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase exhibited a significant hypotensive effect on spontaneously hypertensive rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1206009", "title": "Biosynthesis of formycin. Formation of formycin from formycin B.", "content": "1. In replacement culture with a formycin-producing strain. Steptomyces sp. MA406-A-1, exogenously added formycin B was quantitatively converted to formycin and the conversion was inhibited by adding the chromophore moiety of formycin. 2. The in vitro experiments revealed that the novel enzyme(s) catalyzing the formation and formycin from asparate and formycin B, but not from formycin B monophosphate, was present in this organism. The action of the partially purified enzyme(s) was also inhibited by the chromophore moiety of formycin, whereas the moiety showed no inhibitory effect on the actions of adenylosuccinate synthetase and adenylosuccinate lyase. 3. Adenine auxotrophs lacking either adenylosuccinate synthetase or adrenylosuccinate lyase were derived from strain MA406-A-1 and these auxotrophs were found to readily convert formycin B to formycin in replacement culture. From these results, it was estimated that, under the conditions of replacement culture, formycin B would be converted to formycin in vivo by the action of novel enzyme(s) rather than by the action of enzyme system including adenylosuccinate synthetase and adenylosuccinate lyase.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of formycin. Formation of formycin from formycin B. 1. In replacement culture with a formycin-producing strain. Steptomyces sp. MA406-A-1, exogenously added formycin B was quantitatively converted to formycin and the conversion was inhibited by adding the chromophore moiety of formycin. 2. The in vitro experiments revealed that the novel enzyme(s) catalyzing the formation and formycin from asparate and formycin B, but not from formycin B monophosphate, was present in this organism. The action of the partially purified enzyme(s) was also inhibited by the chromophore moiety of formycin, whereas the moiety showed no inhibitory effect on the actions of adenylosuccinate synthetase and adenylosuccinate lyase. 3. Adenine auxotrophs lacking either adenylosuccinate synthetase or adrenylosuccinate lyase were derived from strain MA406-A-1 and these auxotrophs were found to readily convert formycin B to formycin in replacement culture. From these results, it was estimated that, under the conditions of replacement culture, formycin B would be converted to formycin in vivo by the action of novel enzyme(s) rather than by the action of enzyme system including adenylosuccinate synthetase and adenylosuccinate lyase."}
{"id": "PMID:1206010", "title": "Evaluation of mycobacillin and versicolin as agricultural fungicides. I. Antifungal spectrum and phytotoxicity.", "content": "Two antifungal antibiotics, mycobacillin and versicolin, were studied as agricultural fungicides in the control of fungal infection of rice and jute. Mycobacillin is especially active against Piricularia oryzae at a concentration of 10 mug/ml, and versicolin against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides at a concentration of 2.5 mug/ml. Mycobacillin has no adverse effect on germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of rice and jute plants as a concentration of 500ppm, even for prolonged exposure. (24 or 48 hours); in fact, it is stimulatory. On the other hand, versicolin has showed detectable phytotoxicity at 500ppm for prolonged exposure", "contents": "Evaluation of mycobacillin and versicolin as agricultural fungicides. I. Antifungal spectrum and phytotoxicity. Two antifungal antibiotics, mycobacillin and versicolin, were studied as agricultural fungicides in the control of fungal infection of rice and jute. Mycobacillin is especially active against Piricularia oryzae at a concentration of 10 mug/ml, and versicolin against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides at a concentration of 2.5 mug/ml. Mycobacillin has no adverse effect on germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of rice and jute plants as a concentration of 500ppm, even for prolonged exposure. (24 or 48 hours); in fact, it is stimulatory. On the other hand, versicolin has showed detectable phytotoxicity at 500ppm for prolonged exposure"}
{"id": "PMID:1206011", "title": "Influence of nine surfactants on the activity of oxytetracycline hydrochloride against Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.", "content": "The effect of nine surfactants on the activity of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OCT) was investigated against Lipaphis erysimi Kalt feeding on cabbage plants. All the surfactants, except Emulgator EL and Emulgator IP, at 0.1% increased the efficacy of OTC at 0.25% and the maximum reduction of 83.93% in fertility was observed for the combination OTC+Arkopal N-110. The nymphal development was delayed by various treatments. The treated adults were lighter in weight and smaller in size compared to the control insects. No photoxicity was observed in any case.", "contents": "Influence of nine surfactants on the activity of oxytetracycline hydrochloride against Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. The effect of nine surfactants on the activity of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OCT) was investigated against Lipaphis erysimi Kalt feeding on cabbage plants. All the surfactants, except Emulgator EL and Emulgator IP, at 0.1% increased the efficacy of OTC at 0.25% and the maximum reduction of 83.93% in fertility was observed for the combination OTC+Arkopal N-110. The nymphal development was delayed by various treatments. The treated adults were lighter in weight and smaller in size compared to the control insects. No photoxicity was observed in any case."}
{"id": "PMID:1206045", "title": "The arrangement of germ cells in the rat seminiferous tubule: an electron-microscope study.", "content": "The spermatogonia and early spermatocytes of 13 samples of rat seminiferous epithelium (about 0-05 mm2 each) were mapped from electron micrographs of serial sections. Clones of cells, connected by cytoplasmic bridges (syncytia of 2-100 cells), in various stages of spermatogenic development were identified. Maps of 7 separate areas are illustrated. It is concluded that, contrary to the models of spermatogonial proliferation based on light-microscope observations, regions of seminiferous epithelium which are identical in terms of spermatid and spermatocyte criteria have, in fact, quantitative and qualitative differences in their spermatogonial population. The data are interpreted that for a given epithelial area there is a periodic build-up of spermatogonia which then produce several successive quanta of spermatocytes and when the spermatogonia are depleted the process repeats. That cell numbers less than double following a mitotic cycle has generally been attributed to systematic degeneration. Evidence from electron microscopy indicates, however, that at the mitotic peaks not all the syncytia undergo division but that some remain arrested. Similarly, within a dividing syncytium a few cells do not divide while they advance developmentally with the syncytium as a whole. The observed large size of spermatocyte syncytia further argues against systematic degeneration with its attendant fragmentation of syncytia.", "contents": "The arrangement of germ cells in the rat seminiferous tubule: an electron-microscope study. The spermatogonia and early spermatocytes of 13 samples of rat seminiferous epithelium (about 0-05 mm2 each) were mapped from electron micrographs of serial sections. Clones of cells, connected by cytoplasmic bridges (syncytia of 2-100 cells), in various stages of spermatogenic development were identified. Maps of 7 separate areas are illustrated. It is concluded that, contrary to the models of spermatogonial proliferation based on light-microscope observations, regions of seminiferous epithelium which are identical in terms of spermatid and spermatocyte criteria have, in fact, quantitative and qualitative differences in their spermatogonial population. The data are interpreted that for a given epithelial area there is a periodic build-up of spermatogonia which then produce several successive quanta of spermatocytes and when the spermatogonia are depleted the process repeats. That cell numbers less than double following a mitotic cycle has generally been attributed to systematic degeneration. Evidence from electron microscopy indicates, however, that at the mitotic peaks not all the syncytia undergo division but that some remain arrested. Similarly, within a dividing syncytium a few cells do not divide while they advance developmentally with the syncytium as a whole. The observed large size of spermatocyte syncytia further argues against systematic degeneration with its attendant fragmentation of syncytia."}
{"id": "PMID:1206046", "title": "The erythroid cells of anaemic Xenopus laevis. I. Studies on cellular morphology and protein and nucleic acid synthesis during differentiation.", "content": "Phenylhydrazine has been used to induce anaemia in Xenopus laevis. The dosage used causes the complete destruction of all mature erythrocytes within twelve days. The anaemia results in the initiation of a wave of erythropoiesis and large numbers of immature erythroid cells are released into the circulation. The morphological and biosynthetic changes which these cells undergo as they differentiate in circulation are described. The origin of the circulating erythroid cells is also discussed.", "contents": "The erythroid cells of anaemic Xenopus laevis. I. Studies on cellular morphology and protein and nucleic acid synthesis during differentiation. Phenylhydrazine has been used to induce anaemia in Xenopus laevis. The dosage used causes the complete destruction of all mature erythrocytes within twelve days. The anaemia results in the initiation of a wave of erythropoiesis and large numbers of immature erythroid cells are released into the circulation. The morphological and biosynthetic changes which these cells undergo as they differentiate in circulation are described. The origin of the circulating erythroid cells is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206047", "title": "The erythroid cells of anaemic Xenopus laevis. II. Studies on nuclear non-histone proteins.", "content": "The mass ratio of nuclear non-histone protein: DNA in the immature circulating erythroid cells of phenylhydrazine-induced anaemic Xenopus is approximately threefold higher than in mature erythrocytes. This is largely due to the presence of increased amounts of low and intermediate molecular weight proteins in the nuclei of the immature cells. There are a few qualitative differences in the components of this class of proteins between the mature and immature cells, the most notable of which is the presence of a protein of molecular weight approximately 115000 in the former which is not detectable in the latter. These changes are discussed in relation to the changing synthetic capacities of cells and to certain generalizations about the function of the nuclear non-histone protein based on studies of other differentiating systems.", "contents": "The erythroid cells of anaemic Xenopus laevis. II. Studies on nuclear non-histone proteins. The mass ratio of nuclear non-histone protein: DNA in the immature circulating erythroid cells of phenylhydrazine-induced anaemic Xenopus is approximately threefold higher than in mature erythrocytes. This is largely due to the presence of increased amounts of low and intermediate molecular weight proteins in the nuclei of the immature cells. There are a few qualitative differences in the components of this class of proteins between the mature and immature cells, the most notable of which is the presence of a protein of molecular weight approximately 115000 in the former which is not detectable in the latter. These changes are discussed in relation to the changing synthetic capacities of cells and to certain generalizations about the function of the nuclear non-histone protein based on studies of other differentiating systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1206048", "title": "Ultrastructural changes and a second mode of flagellar degeneration during ageing of Phytophthora palmivora sporangia.", "content": "Ageing of sporangia in Phytophthora palmivora is accompanied by a gradual breakdown of flagella, a transformation of the 'fingerprint' vacuoles, extensive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, accumulation of bundles of microtubules (mastigonemes)contained within cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, formation of a germination wall lining the inside of the sporangial wall and production of secondary sporangia. The mechanism of flagellar degeneration differs from that observed in directly germinating sporangia. In ageing sporangia and in sporangia induced to germinate directly with germ tubes, there is a close correlation between loss of competence for zoosporogenesis and breakdown of the flagella.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes and a second mode of flagellar degeneration during ageing of Phytophthora palmivora sporangia. Ageing of sporangia in Phytophthora palmivora is accompanied by a gradual breakdown of flagella, a transformation of the 'fingerprint' vacuoles, extensive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, accumulation of bundles of microtubules (mastigonemes)contained within cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, formation of a germination wall lining the inside of the sporangial wall and production of secondary sporangia. The mechanism of flagellar degeneration differs from that observed in directly germinating sporangia. In ageing sporangia and in sporangia induced to germinate directly with germ tubes, there is a close correlation between loss of competence for zoosporogenesis and breakdown of the flagella."}
{"id": "PMID:1206049", "title": "Studies on intercellular invasion in vitro using rabbit peritoneal neutrophil granulocytes. II. Adhesive interaction between cells.", "content": "A possible mechanism for intercellular invasion is that the strength of adhesion between host and invading cells is greater than the average of the strengths of homotypic adhesions. This hypothesis has been examined by a study of the kinetics of aggregation of dispersed populations of an invasive cell type (the rabbit peritoneal neutrophil granulocyte) and a host cell type (the chick embryo heart fibroblast) in shaken suspension culture. Since aggregation in mixed populations of the 2 cell types demonstrated tissue specificity, the hypothesis is not supported by these studies, heterotypic adhesions seem in fact to be weaker than homotypic adhesions.", "contents": "Studies on intercellular invasion in vitro using rabbit peritoneal neutrophil granulocytes. II. Adhesive interaction between cells. A possible mechanism for intercellular invasion is that the strength of adhesion between host and invading cells is greater than the average of the strengths of homotypic adhesions. This hypothesis has been examined by a study of the kinetics of aggregation of dispersed populations of an invasive cell type (the rabbit peritoneal neutrophil granulocyte) and a host cell type (the chick embryo heart fibroblast) in shaken suspension culture. Since aggregation in mixed populations of the 2 cell types demonstrated tissue specificity, the hypothesis is not supported by these studies, heterotypic adhesions seem in fact to be weaker than homotypic adhesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1206056", "title": "Applications of high-pressure liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry in studies of natural porphyrins and chlorophyll derivatives.", "content": "Mixtures of porphyrins derived from natural sources can be readily separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography both analytically and on a preparative scale. A variety of procedures have been developed not only for the esters but also for free acids, and on the analytical scale quantitation is easily achieved by visible absorption. The retention times are largely characteristic of the number of carboxylic acid side chains (or other polar groups) but further information can be obtained by mass spectrometric studies of the various fractions. Field desorption mass spectrometry is particularly useful for this purpose because the emitter wire can be dipped directly into the eluates. The field desorption spectra of porphyrin free acids and esters as well as their metal complexes give essentially molecular ions with little or no fragmentation in most cases, whereas electron-impact mass spectrometry, particularly of free acids, is impeded by the low volatility of porphyrins. Mixtures can also be analysed by field desorption mass spectrometry, and this provides not only a rapid qualitative assessment of the components of a mixture, but also a check on the subsequent chromatographic separations.", "contents": "Applications of high-pressure liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry in studies of natural porphyrins and chlorophyll derivatives. Mixtures of porphyrins derived from natural sources can be readily separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography both analytically and on a preparative scale. A variety of procedures have been developed not only for the esters but also for free acids, and on the analytical scale quantitation is easily achieved by visible absorption. The retention times are largely characteristic of the number of carboxylic acid side chains (or other polar groups) but further information can be obtained by mass spectrometric studies of the various fractions. Field desorption mass spectrometry is particularly useful for this purpose because the emitter wire can be dipped directly into the eluates. The field desorption spectra of porphyrin free acids and esters as well as their metal complexes give essentially molecular ions with little or no fragmentation in most cases, whereas electron-impact mass spectrometry, particularly of free acids, is impeded by the low volatility of porphyrins. Mixtures can also be analysed by field desorption mass spectrometry, and this provides not only a rapid qualitative assessment of the components of a mixture, but also a check on the subsequent chromatographic separations."}
{"id": "PMID:1206057", "title": "An experimental high-performance photodensitometer for quantitative chromatography. I. Design and construction.", "content": "A new and experimental photodensitometer designed for quantitative chromatography is described. The principal features of the instrument were based upon the results of an extensive theoretical analysis and incorporate a mechanical arrangement for the production fo a flying spot and an optical path in which two beams of light are separated after interaction with the medium. The device is constructed so as to be suitable for operation in the three principal modes; in reflectance measurements only the ratio of the beam signals is formed, whilst in transmittance measurements the ratio is converted to logarithmic form, in the fluorescence mode only a single beam is used. The spectral range of the instrument extends from the red end of the visible spectrum to the medium ultraviolet, and quartz optics are utilized in most of the optic elements. A quartz halogen lamp and a xenon-mercury lamp may be used alternatively as the light source. Changeable interference filters are employed to determine the spectral position of the light beams and semiconductor photo-diodes with sensitivities extending into the ultraviolet are used as photo-detectors. In the determination of the sensitivity limits of the device the photo-diodes were replaced by photomultipliers and the apparatus was shown to fulfil most of the calculated thoeretical predictions.", "contents": "An experimental high-performance photodensitometer for quantitative chromatography. I. Design and construction. A new and experimental photodensitometer designed for quantitative chromatography is described. The principal features of the instrument were based upon the results of an extensive theoretical analysis and incorporate a mechanical arrangement for the production fo a flying spot and an optical path in which two beams of light are separated after interaction with the medium. The device is constructed so as to be suitable for operation in the three principal modes; in reflectance measurements only the ratio of the beam signals is formed, whilst in transmittance measurements the ratio is converted to logarithmic form, in the fluorescence mode only a single beam is used. The spectral range of the instrument extends from the red end of the visible spectrum to the medium ultraviolet, and quartz optics are utilized in most of the optic elements. A quartz halogen lamp and a xenon-mercury lamp may be used alternatively as the light source. Changeable interference filters are employed to determine the spectral position of the light beams and semiconductor photo-diodes with sensitivities extending into the ultraviolet are used as photo-detectors. In the determination of the sensitivity limits of the device the photo-diodes were replaced by photomultipliers and the apparatus was shown to fulfil most of the calculated thoeretical predictions."}
{"id": "PMID:1206058", "title": "Rapid estimation of trace amounts of ethylenimine by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid procedure utilizing high-pressure liquid chromatography is described for determining trace quantities of ehtylenimine down to 0.01 ppm. The basis for the method is the quantitative reaction of ethyleneimine with the 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate ion (Folin's reagent) to give 4-(1-aziridinyl)-1,2-naphthoquinone. Compared with the spectrophotometric procedure, this method provides a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. The method has been employed to determine ethylenimine in the pyrolysis products of polyethylenimine.", "contents": "Rapid estimation of trace amounts of ethylenimine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A rapid procedure utilizing high-pressure liquid chromatography is described for determining trace quantities of ehtylenimine down to 0.01 ppm. The basis for the method is the quantitative reaction of ethyleneimine with the 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate ion (Folin's reagent) to give 4-(1-aziridinyl)-1,2-naphthoquinone. Compared with the spectrophotometric procedure, this method provides a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. The method has been employed to determine ethylenimine in the pyrolysis products of polyethylenimine."}
{"id": "PMID:1206059", "title": "Reversed-phase ion-pair partition chromatography of carboxylates and sulphonates.", "content": "A reversed-phase partition chromatographic system for separation of organic anions as ion pairs with quaternary ammonium ions has been developed. Commercial, hydrophobized silica supports are used with 1-pentanol as stationary phase and aqueous solutions of tetrabutylammonium (TBA) as mobile phase. The separation of the aromatic sulphonates and benzoic acid derivatives is demonstrated. The use of the TBA concentration of the mobile phase to regulate the capacity factor of the anions, as a means of improving separation by gradient elution and direct injection of large sample volumes, is demonstrated. The isolation of nicotinic acid from human serum samples is shown.", "contents": "Reversed-phase ion-pair partition chromatography of carboxylates and sulphonates. A reversed-phase partition chromatographic system for separation of organic anions as ion pairs with quaternary ammonium ions has been developed. Commercial, hydrophobized silica supports are used with 1-pentanol as stationary phase and aqueous solutions of tetrabutylammonium (TBA) as mobile phase. The separation of the aromatic sulphonates and benzoic acid derivatives is demonstrated. The use of the TBA concentration of the mobile phase to regulate the capacity factor of the anions, as a means of improving separation by gradient elution and direct injection of large sample volumes, is demonstrated. The isolation of nicotinic acid from human serum samples is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1206060", "title": "[Separation of guanidino compounds by means of ion-exchange thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirteen guanidino compounds including glycocyamine, glycocyamidine, creatine, creatinine, arginine and guanidinosuccinic acid were chromatographed on thin-layer plates pre-coated with ion-exchange resins. Maximum resolution was obtained on layers of the cation-exchange resin eluted with 0.12 M sodium citrate buffer of pH 5.2, permitting the separation of nine of the thirteen guanidino compounds. Relationships between structure and physiochemical properties and the elution patterns of some selected guanidines were graphically evaluated.", "contents": "[Separation of guanidino compounds by means of ion-exchange thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)]. Thirteen guanidino compounds including glycocyamine, glycocyamidine, creatine, creatinine, arginine and guanidinosuccinic acid were chromatographed on thin-layer plates pre-coated with ion-exchange resins. Maximum resolution was obtained on layers of the cation-exchange resin eluted with 0.12 M sodium citrate buffer of pH 5.2, permitting the separation of nine of the thirteen guanidino compounds. Relationships between structure and physiochemical properties and the elution patterns of some selected guanidines were graphically evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:1206061", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic determination of barbiturates and phenytoin in serum and blood.", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of blood, serum and/or plasma levels of hexobarbital, phenobarbital, cyclobarbital and phenytoin by ultraviolet reflectance photometry on thin-layer chromatograms. The lowest concentrations measured were 0.3-0.7 mug/ml. The accuracy was similar to that of gas chromatographic procudures. For phenytoin determinations 5-(p-methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin may be used as internal standard. The method has been applied to clinico-pharmacological assays, to the measurement of cyclobarbital elimination in man following a therapeutic dose, and to the study of phenobarbital kinetics in rats using serial blood samples.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic determination of barbiturates and phenytoin in serum and blood. A method is described for the measurement of blood, serum and/or plasma levels of hexobarbital, phenobarbital, cyclobarbital and phenytoin by ultraviolet reflectance photometry on thin-layer chromatograms. The lowest concentrations measured were 0.3-0.7 mug/ml. The accuracy was similar to that of gas chromatographic procudures. For phenytoin determinations 5-(p-methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin may be used as internal standard. The method has been applied to clinico-pharmacological assays, to the measurement of cyclobarbital elimination in man following a therapeutic dose, and to the study of phenobarbital kinetics in rats using serial blood samples."}
{"id": "PMID:1206062", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic screening and confirmation of basic drugs of abuse in urine.", "content": "Thin-layer chromatographic procedures are presented for the positive identification of methodone, primary metabolite of methodone (2-ethylidine-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine), propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methoqualone, and phencyclidine from urine specimens. Initial screening of specimens is done by developing plates in ethyl acetate-methanol-diethylamine (90:10:1.6). Samples screened positive are confirmed in methylene chloride-methyl ethyl ketone-concentrated ammonium hydroxide (74:25:0.8), depending on the drug(s) indicated by the screening procedure. The method is quite sensitive, detecting most of the listed drugs at levels of 1.0 mug/ml or less.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic screening and confirmation of basic drugs of abuse in urine. Thin-layer chromatographic procedures are presented for the positive identification of methodone, primary metabolite of methodone (2-ethylidine-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine), propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methoqualone, and phencyclidine from urine specimens. Initial screening of specimens is done by developing plates in ethyl acetate-methanol-diethylamine (90:10:1.6). Samples screened positive are confirmed in methylene chloride-methyl ethyl ketone-concentrated ammonium hydroxide (74:25:0.8), depending on the drug(s) indicated by the screening procedure. The method is quite sensitive, detecting most of the listed drugs at levels of 1.0 mug/ml or less."}
{"id": "PMID:1206063", "title": "Microchromatography of hemoglobins. V. Thin-layer chromatography of some hemoglobins on CM-cellulose.", "content": "By means of thin-layer ion-exchange chromatography, human hemoglobins A, S, and C in various combinations can be distinctly separated. Also, hemoglobin F can be separated from the A, S, and C components of cord blood samples from infants and in adult blood samples with a relatively high percentage of F (15% or more). The procedure uses CM-cellulose and solutions of Tris-HCl, NaCl, and KCN. A 0.3-mg sample in 5-10 mul of solvent is required. Development can be completed in 30-40 min.", "contents": "Microchromatography of hemoglobins. V. Thin-layer chromatography of some hemoglobins on CM-cellulose. By means of thin-layer ion-exchange chromatography, human hemoglobins A, S, and C in various combinations can be distinctly separated. Also, hemoglobin F can be separated from the A, S, and C components of cord blood samples from infants and in adult blood samples with a relatively high percentage of F (15% or more). The procedure uses CM-cellulose and solutions of Tris-HCl, NaCl, and KCN. A 0.3-mg sample in 5-10 mul of solvent is required. Development can be completed in 30-40 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1206064", "title": "The estimation of N-nitrosamines in tropical regions by reversed-phase paper and thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A simple and convenient procedure based on reversed-phase paper and thin-layer chromatography is reported for the detection and estimation of N-nitrosamines in food products, particularly cured meat. The method can easily be applied in tropical regions when plenty of sunshine is available. It is particularly useful in food-testing laboratories where sophisticated analysical instruments such as the gas chromatograph, mass spectrometer, etc., are not available. By this procedure, it is possible to detect up to 10 mug and to estimated up to 75-mug (reversed phase) and 50-mug (thin layer) amounts of N-nitrosamines.", "contents": "The estimation of N-nitrosamines in tropical regions by reversed-phase paper and thin-layer chromatography. A simple and convenient procedure based on reversed-phase paper and thin-layer chromatography is reported for the detection and estimation of N-nitrosamines in food products, particularly cured meat. The method can easily be applied in tropical regions when plenty of sunshine is available. It is particularly useful in food-testing laboratories where sophisticated analysical instruments such as the gas chromatograph, mass spectrometer, etc., are not available. By this procedure, it is possible to detect up to 10 mug and to estimated up to 75-mug (reversed phase) and 50-mug (thin layer) amounts of N-nitrosamines."}
{"id": "PMID:1206065", "title": "Fatty acids. IV. Synthesis of all the dimethylene-interrupted methyl octadecadiynoates and a study of their gas-liquid chromatographic properties.", "content": "All the dimethylene-interrupted methyl octadecadiynoates have been synthesised and the gas-liquid chromatographic behaviour of these isomers was studied on polar [Carbowax 20M, FFAP, DEGA, DEGS and Silar 10C (recently renamed as Apolar 10C)], semi-polar (XE-60) and non-polar (SE-30, OV-101 and Apiezon L) stationary phases. The possibility of identification and separation of these isomers is discussed. The delta3a,7a isomer was found to decompose on most polar phases and the delta2a,6a isomer could not be eluted from the Carbowax 20M phase.", "contents": "Fatty acids. IV. Synthesis of all the dimethylene-interrupted methyl octadecadiynoates and a study of their gas-liquid chromatographic properties. All the dimethylene-interrupted methyl octadecadiynoates have been synthesised and the gas-liquid chromatographic behaviour of these isomers was studied on polar [Carbowax 20M, FFAP, DEGA, DEGS and Silar 10C (recently renamed as Apolar 10C)], semi-polar (XE-60) and non-polar (SE-30, OV-101 and Apiezon L) stationary phases. The possibility of identification and separation of these isomers is discussed. The delta3a,7a isomer was found to decompose on most polar phases and the delta2a,6a isomer could not be eluted from the Carbowax 20M phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1206089", "title": "Changes in estradiol and cortisol production rates in men under the influence of narcotics.", "content": "The production rates of estradiol and cortisol in two male opiate addicts while on narcotic maintenance, were in the low normal or subnormal range. There was a sharp several-fold increase upon withdrawal with a subsequent fall to normal values after a period of abstinence. The changes in estradiol production rates were proportionally greater than those of cortisol and suggest that they were due to changes in testicular secretion of the precursor testosterone.", "contents": "Changes in estradiol and cortisol production rates in men under the influence of narcotics. The production rates of estradiol and cortisol in two male opiate addicts while on narcotic maintenance, were in the low normal or subnormal range. There was a sharp several-fold increase upon withdrawal with a subsequent fall to normal values after a period of abstinence. The changes in estradiol production rates were proportionally greater than those of cortisol and suggest that they were due to changes in testicular secretion of the precursor testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:1206090", "title": "Co-existent diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, a familial disease.", "content": "Three male siblings with diabetes mellitus are described, two of whom also had coexistent diabetes insipidus. The co-existence of diabetes mellitus and insipidus appears to represent a single genetic abnormality and may or may not be accompanied by primary optic atrophy. Chlorpropamide was effective in controlling the symptoms of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.", "contents": "Co-existent diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, a familial disease. Three male siblings with diabetes mellitus are described, two of whom also had coexistent diabetes insipidus. The co-existence of diabetes mellitus and insipidus appears to represent a single genetic abnormality and may or may not be accompanied by primary optic atrophy. Chlorpropamide was effective in controlling the symptoms of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus."}
{"id": "PMID:1206091", "title": "Hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism: the role of the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "In four out of seven patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, we have found elevated plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood pressure, both of which returned to normal following surgical correction of the hyperparathyroidism. However, PRA was normal in nonmotensive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, those with hypercalcemia of other etiologies, and those with secondary hyperparathyroidism. These findings suggest that the renin angiotensin system may play a role in the etiology of the hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism: the role of the renin-angiotensin system. In four out of seven patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, we have found elevated plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood pressure, both of which returned to normal following surgical correction of the hyperparathyroidism. However, PRA was normal in nonmotensive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, those with hypercalcemia of other etiologies, and those with secondary hyperparathyroidism. These findings suggest that the renin angiotensin system may play a role in the etiology of the hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:1206092", "title": "Study on maternal, fetal, and amniotic human prolactin at term.", "content": "Prolactin present in maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid samples obtained simultaneously at term was examined. The relative concentrations of prolactin in maternal and fetal serum samples were found to vary with each individual case. However, amniotic fluid samples contained a much higher level of prolactin than did both maternal and fetal serum samples in every case. After gel filtration, three separate peaks of immunoreactive prolactin were observed, probably representing three different sizes of the hormone molecule. The main component was small prolactin, constituting at least 69% of the total prolactin immunoreactivity in blood samples and 90% in amniotic fluids. Prolactin was found to be very similar in cord venous and arterial sera, both quantitatively and in terms of heterogeneity. There were more noticeable differences in the percentages of medium and small prolactin present in serum samples than in amniotic fluid samples. Big prolactin was present in all samples; its percentage in maternal serum was slightly higher than its percentages in the other samples. These results suggest that: 1) The mother and fetus carry on independent secretion of prolactin during gestation. 2) The size heterogeneity of prolactin in amniotic fluid differs from maternal hPRL to a greater degree than it does from fetal hPRL. 3) The prolactin in amniotic fluid appears to be of fetal origin.", "contents": "Study on maternal, fetal, and amniotic human prolactin at term. Prolactin present in maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid samples obtained simultaneously at term was examined. The relative concentrations of prolactin in maternal and fetal serum samples were found to vary with each individual case. However, amniotic fluid samples contained a much higher level of prolactin than did both maternal and fetal serum samples in every case. After gel filtration, three separate peaks of immunoreactive prolactin were observed, probably representing three different sizes of the hormone molecule. The main component was small prolactin, constituting at least 69% of the total prolactin immunoreactivity in blood samples and 90% in amniotic fluids. Prolactin was found to be very similar in cord venous and arterial sera, both quantitatively and in terms of heterogeneity. There were more noticeable differences in the percentages of medium and small prolactin present in serum samples than in amniotic fluid samples. Big prolactin was present in all samples; its percentage in maternal serum was slightly higher than its percentages in the other samples. These results suggest that: 1) The mother and fetus carry on independent secretion of prolactin during gestation. 2) The size heterogeneity of prolactin in amniotic fluid differs from maternal hPRL to a greater degree than it does from fetal hPRL. 3) The prolactin in amniotic fluid appears to be of fetal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1206093", "title": "Immunoreactive relaxin in human serum during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Immunoreactive relaxin was measured in serum obtained at the same time each day from one woman during a normal menstrual cycle and eight other women using selected bleeding schedules. In addition to relaxin immunoactivity, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol 17beta, and progesterone were measured in the same samples. The data was combined according to the day of the LH peak. Serum relaxin immunoactivity was found to be high over the period of menstruation, its concentration then decreased until the middle of the follicular phase when a peak equal in amplitude to the menstrual peak occurred. Relaxin immunoactivity remained fairly constant throughout the preovulatory LH surge; however, as the LH levels dropped, relaxin immunoactivity increased reaching maximal levels for the whole cycle. Relaxin immunoactivity then increased gradually over the luteal phase and reached a peak when progesterone levels were declining; it then dropped to low levels until menses ensued. It is not possible with the present radioimmunoassay to determine whether the immunoactive relaxin was ovarian or uterine in origin.", "contents": "Immunoreactive relaxin in human serum during the menstrual cycle. Immunoreactive relaxin was measured in serum obtained at the same time each day from one woman during a normal menstrual cycle and eight other women using selected bleeding schedules. In addition to relaxin immunoactivity, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol 17beta, and progesterone were measured in the same samples. The data was combined according to the day of the LH peak. Serum relaxin immunoactivity was found to be high over the period of menstruation, its concentration then decreased until the middle of the follicular phase when a peak equal in amplitude to the menstrual peak occurred. Relaxin immunoactivity remained fairly constant throughout the preovulatory LH surge; however, as the LH levels dropped, relaxin immunoactivity increased reaching maximal levels for the whole cycle. Relaxin immunoactivity then increased gradually over the luteal phase and reached a peak when progesterone levels were declining; it then dropped to low levels until menses ensued. It is not possible with the present radioimmunoassay to determine whether the immunoactive relaxin was ovarian or uterine in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1206094", "title": "Distribution of calcitonin-containing cells in the normal neonatal human thyroid gland: a correlation of morphology with peptide content.", "content": "C-cells have been mapped in the thyroid glands of 6 human neonates by means of immunoperoxidase localization of calcitonin and tissue calcitonin content as measured by radioimmunoassay. The C-cells were concentrated in a zone in the upper two-thirds of the lateral lobes bilaterally, where they were identified individually and in small groups in both an intrafollicular and parafollicular distribution. In contrast to findings in the adult, C-cells were predominantly intrafollicular in the neonate. The relative numbers of C-cells counted per unit area of thyroid tissue correlated strongly with the calcitonin content of immediately adjacent tissue sections. In areas rich in C-cells, as many as 75 immunoperoxidase-stained cells per low-power field were counted, and the concentration of calcitonin was as high as 540 to 2100 mU/g fresh weight, values that were as great as 10 times those observed in the normal adult thyroid gland. The prominence of the C-cell population and increased tissue calcitonin content in the human neonatal thyroid gland may reflect an as yet undefined physiologic role for calcitonin in the newborn.", "contents": "Distribution of calcitonin-containing cells in the normal neonatal human thyroid gland: a correlation of morphology with peptide content. C-cells have been mapped in the thyroid glands of 6 human neonates by means of immunoperoxidase localization of calcitonin and tissue calcitonin content as measured by radioimmunoassay. The C-cells were concentrated in a zone in the upper two-thirds of the lateral lobes bilaterally, where they were identified individually and in small groups in both an intrafollicular and parafollicular distribution. In contrast to findings in the adult, C-cells were predominantly intrafollicular in the neonate. The relative numbers of C-cells counted per unit area of thyroid tissue correlated strongly with the calcitonin content of immediately adjacent tissue sections. In areas rich in C-cells, as many as 75 immunoperoxidase-stained cells per low-power field were counted, and the concentration of calcitonin was as high as 540 to 2100 mU/g fresh weight, values that were as great as 10 times those observed in the normal adult thyroid gland. The prominence of the C-cell population and increased tissue calcitonin content in the human neonatal thyroid gland may reflect an as yet undefined physiologic role for calcitonin in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:1206095", "title": "The effect of somatostatin on TSH levels in patients with primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Somatostatin, a growth hormone inhibiting factor (GHIF), was infused into 8 patients with primary hypothyroidism at a dosage of 1000 mug for 105 min. GHIF caused a suppression of TSH levels from 42.6 to 76.9% of preinfusion levels with a mean nadir of 65.0 +/- 4.0%;(mean +/- SEM).", "contents": "The effect of somatostatin on TSH levels in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Somatostatin, a growth hormone inhibiting factor (GHIF), was infused into 8 patients with primary hypothyroidism at a dosage of 1000 mug for 105 min. GHIF caused a suppression of TSH levels from 42.6 to 76.9% of preinfusion levels with a mean nadir of 65.0 +/- 4.0%;(mean +/- SEM)."}
{"id": "PMID:1206096", "title": "The response of pancreatic and pituitary hormones to pulses and constant infusion of somatostatin.", "content": "The inhibitory action of pulses and constant infusion of somatostatin on the secretion of pancreatic and pituitary hormones was studied serially in 7 normal men and 2 untreated acromegalics. In normal men, significant inhibition of basal release of insulin and glucagon was elicited by as little as 1 mug dose of a pulse of somatostatin. Increasing doses of somatostatin (5, 50, 250 and 500 mug) given as a single pulse at weekly intervals produced what appears to be a decreased inhibition of glucagon while no measurable relationship between the dose of somatostatin and the degree of inhibition of insulin was seen. Given during the same day, incremental doses (from 1 to 250 mug) of pulses of somatostain produced a progressive decline in both glucagon and insulin. The elevated basal levels of GH, insulin and glucagon seen in acromegalics, were inhibited by a pulse of somatostatin as little as 2 mug. These inhibitions were sustained during the constant infusion of somatostatin (2.5 mug/min), and a rebound in GH, insulin and glucagon appeared promptly following the infusion.", "contents": "The response of pancreatic and pituitary hormones to pulses and constant infusion of somatostatin. The inhibitory action of pulses and constant infusion of somatostatin on the secretion of pancreatic and pituitary hormones was studied serially in 7 normal men and 2 untreated acromegalics. In normal men, significant inhibition of basal release of insulin and glucagon was elicited by as little as 1 mug dose of a pulse of somatostatin. Increasing doses of somatostatin (5, 50, 250 and 500 mug) given as a single pulse at weekly intervals produced what appears to be a decreased inhibition of glucagon while no measurable relationship between the dose of somatostatin and the degree of inhibition of insulin was seen. Given during the same day, incremental doses (from 1 to 250 mug) of pulses of somatostain produced a progressive decline in both glucagon and insulin. The elevated basal levels of GH, insulin and glucagon seen in acromegalics, were inhibited by a pulse of somatostatin as little as 2 mug. These inhibitions were sustained during the constant infusion of somatostatin (2.5 mug/min), and a rebound in GH, insulin and glucagon appeared promptly following the infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1206097", "title": "Nicotine-stimulated release of neurophysin and vasopressin in humans.", "content": "Nicotine stimulation, induced by cigarette smoking, has previously been identified as a potent stimulus for vasopressin release in humans. In this study, radioimmunoassay measurements of plasma vasopressin and human neurophysin were performed on samples taken from 14 normal subjects during cigarette smoking. Significant rises in vasopressin occurred in 10 of the 14 subjects and the same 10 had significant rises in neurophysin. Pretreatment with ethanol in 3 subjects either eliminated or greatly blunted the responses of both vasopressin and neurophysin to cigarette smoking. These studies indicate that the release mechanisms for vasopressin and neurophysin are closely linked in humans.", "contents": "Nicotine-stimulated release of neurophysin and vasopressin in humans. Nicotine stimulation, induced by cigarette smoking, has previously been identified as a potent stimulus for vasopressin release in humans. In this study, radioimmunoassay measurements of plasma vasopressin and human neurophysin were performed on samples taken from 14 normal subjects during cigarette smoking. Significant rises in vasopressin occurred in 10 of the 14 subjects and the same 10 had significant rises in neurophysin. Pretreatment with ethanol in 3 subjects either eliminated or greatly blunted the responses of both vasopressin and neurophysin to cigarette smoking. These studies indicate that the release mechanisms for vasopressin and neurophysin are closely linked in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:1206098", "title": "The effect of anticonvulsant therapy on serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, calcium, and parathyroid hormone.", "content": "In 20 female patients treated for 2 to 37 years (mean :12) with anticonvulsant drugs, low serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH-D; 6.4 +/- 3.2 ng/ml M +/- SD), relative hypocalcemia (9.2 +/- 0.4 mg/100 ml) and high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH 277 +/- 165 pg/ml) were found compared to an age-matched control group (respectively 8.6 +/- 3.2 ng/ml, 9.6 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml and 183 +/- 95 pg/ml) living in the same psychiatric clinic. A significant negative correlation was found between total duration of treatment and either serum 25-OH-D or serum calcium. After treatment with an oral vitamin D3 supplement (2000 IU/day) for 3 weeks, the serum 25-OH-D levels, although increased, remained lower than normal in the epileptic group and neither hypocalcemia nor their secondary hyperparathyroidism were corrected. These data confirm the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency in patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs resulting in hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "The effect of anticonvulsant therapy on serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, calcium, and parathyroid hormone. In 20 female patients treated for 2 to 37 years (mean :12) with anticonvulsant drugs, low serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH-D; 6.4 +/- 3.2 ng/ml M +/- SD), relative hypocalcemia (9.2 +/- 0.4 mg/100 ml) and high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH 277 +/- 165 pg/ml) were found compared to an age-matched control group (respectively 8.6 +/- 3.2 ng/ml, 9.6 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml and 183 +/- 95 pg/ml) living in the same psychiatric clinic. A significant negative correlation was found between total duration of treatment and either serum 25-OH-D or serum calcium. After treatment with an oral vitamin D3 supplement (2000 IU/day) for 3 weeks, the serum 25-OH-D levels, although increased, remained lower than normal in the epileptic group and neither hypocalcemia nor their secondary hyperparathyroidism were corrected. These data confirm the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency in patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs resulting in hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:1206099", "title": "Binding of the sulfates of estradiol-17beta to human serum albumin and plasma.", "content": "The binding of the 3 estradiol-17beta sulfates in solutions of human serum albumin (HSA) and in plasma has been studied by the method of centrifugal ultrafiltration. HSA has one binding site for the 17-sulfate with association constants of about 10(5) to 10(6)M-1 at either 4 degrees or 37 degrees and several sites with association constants of 10(3) to 10(4) M-1. HSA has 3 groups of binding sites for estradiol-17beta disulfate, one binding site with association constants of about 10(6) M-1 at either 4 C or 37 C, about 2 binding sites with association constants of about 10(4)M-1 and several sites with association constants of about 10(3)M-1. The binding data of the 3-sulfate of estradiol-17beta are best interpreted by the postulate of the existence of a tetramer in addition to the monomer of the sulfate in solution. With this postulate, HSA has one binding site with an association constant of about 5-10(5)M-1 and seven binding sites with association constants of about 10(3)M-1 at either 4 C or 37 C. More than 99% of the 17-sulfate or the disulfate of estradiol-17beta is bound in plasma at 37 degrees, with all of the binding accounted for by HSA. The estradiol-17beta sulfates compete with one another for binding to HSA. Strong displacement has also been found by androgen sulfates and, less, by estrogen glucosiduronates.", "contents": "Binding of the sulfates of estradiol-17beta to human serum albumin and plasma. The binding of the 3 estradiol-17beta sulfates in solutions of human serum albumin (HSA) and in plasma has been studied by the method of centrifugal ultrafiltration. HSA has one binding site for the 17-sulfate with association constants of about 10(5) to 10(6)M-1 at either 4 degrees or 37 degrees and several sites with association constants of 10(3) to 10(4) M-1. HSA has 3 groups of binding sites for estradiol-17beta disulfate, one binding site with association constants of about 10(6) M-1 at either 4 C or 37 C, about 2 binding sites with association constants of about 10(4)M-1 and several sites with association constants of about 10(3)M-1. The binding data of the 3-sulfate of estradiol-17beta are best interpreted by the postulate of the existence of a tetramer in addition to the monomer of the sulfate in solution. With this postulate, HSA has one binding site with an association constant of about 5-10(5)M-1 and seven binding sites with association constants of about 10(3)M-1 at either 4 C or 37 C. More than 99% of the 17-sulfate or the disulfate of estradiol-17beta is bound in plasma at 37 degrees, with all of the binding accounted for by HSA. The estradiol-17beta sulfates compete with one another for binding to HSA. Strong displacement has also been found by androgen sulfates and, less, by estrogen glucosiduronates."}
{"id": "PMID:1206100", "title": "The effect of chlorpromazine on plasma renin activity and aldosterone in man.", "content": "The response of plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone to the intravenous administration of chlorpromazine was determined in schizophrenic patients while they were supine and on a normal sodium diet. In all subjects PRA and aldosterone increased during chlorpromazine administration with little or no change in blood pressure. The maximum PRA and aldosterone levels occurred 60 min after the higher dose of chlorpromazine. These data suggest that chlorpromazine affects the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and it may interfere with the evaluation of this system in patients receiving this drug.", "contents": "The effect of chlorpromazine on plasma renin activity and aldosterone in man. The response of plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone to the intravenous administration of chlorpromazine was determined in schizophrenic patients while they were supine and on a normal sodium diet. In all subjects PRA and aldosterone increased during chlorpromazine administration with little or no change in blood pressure. The maximum PRA and aldosterone levels occurred 60 min after the higher dose of chlorpromazine. These data suggest that chlorpromazine affects the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and it may interfere with the evaluation of this system in patients receiving this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1206101", "title": "Benign thyroid nodule with normal iodide trap and defective organification.", "content": "Cold thyroid nodules are generally due to impaired iodide uptake, while organification remains normal. In a case of a nodule appearing hot one hour after Tc99 m and cold 24 h after 131I-iodide, in vivo investigations showed that the trapping function was unimpaired and that the defect lay in organification. An early thyroid scan taken with 131I-iodide showed definite radioactivity in the nodule which was dischargeable by K perchlorate. This finding was confirmed by in vitro study of the tissue. Indirect evidence suggests that a defect was present in the H2O2 generating system rather than in peroxidase.", "contents": "Benign thyroid nodule with normal iodide trap and defective organification. Cold thyroid nodules are generally due to impaired iodide uptake, while organification remains normal. In a case of a nodule appearing hot one hour after Tc99 m and cold 24 h after 131I-iodide, in vivo investigations showed that the trapping function was unimpaired and that the defect lay in organification. An early thyroid scan taken with 131I-iodide showed definite radioactivity in the nodule which was dischargeable by K perchlorate. This finding was confirmed by in vitro study of the tissue. Indirect evidence suggests that a defect was present in the H2O2 generating system rather than in peroxidase."}
{"id": "PMID:1206103", "title": "Biological activity of des-asp1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III) in man.", "content": "Effects of des-asp1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III) on blood pressure and aldosterone secretion were examined in man. Angiotensin III was equipotent with val5-angiotensin II amide in the stimulation of aldosterone production, but had only 20% of the pressor activity of the later. These results are consistent with those previously reported by other investigators in animals.", "contents": "Biological activity of des-asp1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III) in man. Effects of des-asp1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III) on blood pressure and aldosterone secretion were examined in man. Angiotensin III was equipotent with val5-angiotensin II amide in the stimulation of aldosterone production, but had only 20% of the pressor activity of the later. These results are consistent with those previously reported by other investigators in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1206104", "title": "Normalization of fasting hyperglucagonemia and excessive glucagon responses to intravenous arginine in human diabetes mellitus by prolonged infusion of insulin.", "content": "Infusion of insulin (1 U/hr) for 14 hr suppressed basal glucagon levels and normalized previously excessive glucagon responses to arginine in juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, indicating that abnormal pancreatic alpha-cell function in human juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus may be a consequence of insulin lack.", "contents": "Normalization of fasting hyperglucagonemia and excessive glucagon responses to intravenous arginine in human diabetes mellitus by prolonged infusion of insulin. Infusion of insulin (1 U/hr) for 14 hr suppressed basal glucagon levels and normalized previously excessive glucagon responses to arginine in juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, indicating that abnormal pancreatic alpha-cell function in human juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus may be a consequence of insulin lack."}
{"id": "PMID:1206105", "title": "11 beta-Hydroxylase with affinity to C-21-Deoxysteroids from ovaries of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.", "content": "When ovarian mitochondria from a patient with polycystic ovary syndrome (POS) were incubated with [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and [4-14C]17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 11beta-hydroxylated metabolites were obtained. When the same mitochondrial preparation was incubated with [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and [4-14C]11-deoxycortisol no 11beta-hydroxylated derivatives of 11-deoxycortisol were found. These results are compatible with and support the conclusion that the ovary of POS patients who excrete pregnanetriolone contains an 11beta-hydroxylase capable of hydroxylating C-21-deoxysteroids but not C-21-hydroxysteroids.", "contents": "11 beta-Hydroxylase with affinity to C-21-Deoxysteroids from ovaries of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. When ovarian mitochondria from a patient with polycystic ovary syndrome (POS) were incubated with [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and [4-14C]17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 11beta-hydroxylated metabolites were obtained. When the same mitochondrial preparation was incubated with [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and [4-14C]11-deoxycortisol no 11beta-hydroxylated derivatives of 11-deoxycortisol were found. These results are compatible with and support the conclusion that the ovary of POS patients who excrete pregnanetriolone contains an 11beta-hydroxylase capable of hydroxylating C-21-deoxysteroids but not C-21-hydroxysteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:1206106", "title": "New microtechnique for the leptospiral microscopic agglutination test.", "content": "A new microtechnique has been developed for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in serum by the microscopic agglutination test. The test was set up in a microtiter transfer plate held in a transfer plate holder, resting on a transfer plate cover. Live leptospiral antigen was added and a second transfer plate cover was placed over the transfer plate during 2 h of incubation at 32 C. After incubation the bottom cover was removed and the complete unit was placed in a specially designed base plate containing microscope slides (50 by 75 mm). The serum/antigen mixture was ejected on to the microscope slides by means of a sharp tap. The agglutination was then read using a 10 X objective, 10 X eyepieces, and a dry, dark field condenser.", "contents": "New microtechnique for the leptospiral microscopic agglutination test. A new microtechnique has been developed for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in serum by the microscopic agglutination test. The test was set up in a microtiter transfer plate held in a transfer plate holder, resting on a transfer plate cover. Live leptospiral antigen was added and a second transfer plate cover was placed over the transfer plate during 2 h of incubation at 32 C. After incubation the bottom cover was removed and the complete unit was placed in a specially designed base plate containing microscope slides (50 by 75 mm). The serum/antigen mixture was ejected on to the microscope slides by means of a sharp tap. The agglutination was then read using a 10 X objective, 10 X eyepieces, and a dry, dark field condenser."}
{"id": "PMID:1206107", "title": "Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products: mechanisms of intrinsic contamination.", "content": "Between 1 July 1970 and April 1971, in many hospitals in this country, there were outbreaks of nosocomial septicemia caused by Enterobacter cloacae of E. agglomerans (formerly Erwinia, herbicola-lathyri). All of these hospitals used infusion products manufactured by one company, Abbott Laboratories, and all affected patients had onset of septicemia while receiving the company's infusion products. Septicemia was epidemiologically and microbiologically traced to intrinsic contamination of the company's screw-cap closure for infusion bottles which was sealed with a newly introduced elastomer liner. Epidemic organisms were isolated from these closures. Investigations both in the laboratory and in the manufacturing plant into the mechanism of contamination of these products revealed the following. (i) Epidemic strains were present in numerous areas throughout the manufacturing plants. (ii) Viable microorganisms gained access to the interior of screw-cap closures after the autoclave step of production. (iii) Cooling closures actively drew moisture through the thread interstices into the inner-most depths of the closure. (iv) Transfer of contaminants from closures to fluid was easily effected by simple manipulations duplicating normal in-hospital use. (v) The red-rubber liner used in the company's screw-cap closures before the introduction of elastomer contained a broad-spectrum antimicrobial inhibitor. The findings from this epidemic and the associated studies show that the screw-cap closure as it is now designed cannot be considered secure for products that must remain sterile.", "contents": "Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products: mechanisms of intrinsic contamination. Between 1 July 1970 and April 1971, in many hospitals in this country, there were outbreaks of nosocomial septicemia caused by Enterobacter cloacae of E. agglomerans (formerly Erwinia, herbicola-lathyri). All of these hospitals used infusion products manufactured by one company, Abbott Laboratories, and all affected patients had onset of septicemia while receiving the company's infusion products. Septicemia was epidemiologically and microbiologically traced to intrinsic contamination of the company's screw-cap closure for infusion bottles which was sealed with a newly introduced elastomer liner. Epidemic organisms were isolated from these closures. Investigations both in the laboratory and in the manufacturing plant into the mechanism of contamination of these products revealed the following. (i) Epidemic strains were present in numerous areas throughout the manufacturing plants. (ii) Viable microorganisms gained access to the interior of screw-cap closures after the autoclave step of production. (iii) Cooling closures actively drew moisture through the thread interstices into the inner-most depths of the closure. (iv) Transfer of contaminants from closures to fluid was easily effected by simple manipulations duplicating normal in-hospital use. (v) The red-rubber liner used in the company's screw-cap closures before the introduction of elastomer contained a broad-spectrum antimicrobial inhibitor. The findings from this epidemic and the associated studies show that the screw-cap closure as it is now designed cannot be considered secure for products that must remain sterile."}
{"id": "PMID:1206108", "title": "Experiments on terminal disinfection by formaldehyde vapor in the case of smallpox.", "content": "The usually recommended terminal disinfection by formaldehyde vapor is unable to completely inactivate vaccinia viruses embedded in scabs. In view of our results, we recommend doubling the concentration of formaldehyde (10 g of formaldehyde per m3 of space) and prolonging the time of exposure to 24 h for terminal disinfection in the case of smallpox. Subsequent disinfection by scrubbing assumes special importance, since no complete inactivation of the scabs occurs.", "contents": "Experiments on terminal disinfection by formaldehyde vapor in the case of smallpox. The usually recommended terminal disinfection by formaldehyde vapor is unable to completely inactivate vaccinia viruses embedded in scabs. In view of our results, we recommend doubling the concentration of formaldehyde (10 g of formaldehyde per m3 of space) and prolonging the time of exposure to 24 h for terminal disinfection in the case of smallpox. Subsequent disinfection by scrubbing assumes special importance, since no complete inactivation of the scabs occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:1206109", "title": "Simple procedure for the removal of nonspecific inhibitors of rubella virus hemagglutination.", "content": "The adsorption of serum lipoproteins onto an insoluble matrix of colloidal silicic acid results in the removal of nonspecific inhibitors of rubella virus hemagglutinin. The procedure can be performed in 15 min at room temperature. Comparative studies using both the dextran sulfate-CaCl2 and heparin-MnCl2 methods for removal of inhibitors demonstrated that the colloidal silicic acid procedure yielded identical hemagglutination inhibition titers. In addition, it is technically feasible to read titers below 1:8.", "contents": "Simple procedure for the removal of nonspecific inhibitors of rubella virus hemagglutination. The adsorption of serum lipoproteins onto an insoluble matrix of colloidal silicic acid results in the removal of nonspecific inhibitors of rubella virus hemagglutinin. The procedure can be performed in 15 min at room temperature. Comparative studies using both the dextran sulfate-CaCl2 and heparin-MnCl2 methods for removal of inhibitors demonstrated that the colloidal silicic acid procedure yielded identical hemagglutination inhibition titers. In addition, it is technically feasible to read titers below 1:8."}
{"id": "PMID:1206110", "title": "Polypectate digestion by Yersinia.", "content": "The ability of Yersinia to digest polypectate may be of some value in differentiating Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis from some of the other fermenting gram-negative bacilli, such as Enterobacter agglomerans, with which they can be confused. Pectolytic activity in Yersinia may also have some teleologic or taxonomic significance about which we do not care to speculate.", "contents": "Polypectate digestion by Yersinia. The ability of Yersinia to digest polypectate may be of some value in differentiating Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis from some of the other fermenting gram-negative bacilli, such as Enterobacter agglomerans, with which they can be confused. Pectolytic activity in Yersinia may also have some teleologic or taxonomic significance about which we do not care to speculate."}
{"id": "PMID:1206111", "title": "Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus from wound infections.", "content": "Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated from two patients with leg wounds. Both had a history of recent exposure to ocean water.", "contents": "Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus from wound infections. Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated from two patients with leg wounds. Both had a history of recent exposure to ocean water."}
{"id": "PMID:1206112", "title": "Use of a serologically distinct strain of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris in the diagnosis of farmer's lung disease.", "content": "During investigations into farmer's lung disease it was noticed that Micropolyspora faeni (MF) was isolated and identified with ease, but difficulty was encountered in the identification of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (TV), although an organism resembling TV was frequently isolated. Extracts prepared from the isolates resembling TV (called Thermoactinomyces vulgaris variant, TVV) when tested against the standard TV antiserum by double diffusion, did not produce any precipitin lines. When TVV extracts were tested against the serum of a patient from whom TVV had been isolated from the sputum, +++ precipitin lines were observed. With the TVV extracts the authors have demonstrated the existence of a serologically distinct strain of TV, and also that it would be a useful addition to the routine testing of antibodies to farmer's lung disease.", "contents": "Use of a serologically distinct strain of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris in the diagnosis of farmer's lung disease. During investigations into farmer's lung disease it was noticed that Micropolyspora faeni (MF) was isolated and identified with ease, but difficulty was encountered in the identification of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (TV), although an organism resembling TV was frequently isolated. Extracts prepared from the isolates resembling TV (called Thermoactinomyces vulgaris variant, TVV) when tested against the standard TV antiserum by double diffusion, did not produce any precipitin lines. When TVV extracts were tested against the serum of a patient from whom TVV had been isolated from the sputum, +++ precipitin lines were observed. With the TVV extracts the authors have demonstrated the existence of a serologically distinct strain of TV, and also that it would be a useful addition to the routine testing of antibodies to farmer's lung disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1206116", "title": "Spontaneous infarction of the breast.", "content": "Five cases of infarction of physiological hyperplastic breast tissue associated with pregnancy or lactation are reported. These presented clinically as lumps in the breast, two of which were painful. Similar cases in the literature are briefly reviewed. The demonstration of an underlying lobular pattern in the present cases and the distribution of the infarcts support the view that the so-called 'adenoma' of pregnancy or lactation is a myth. Organizing vascular thrombi, previously unrecorded in this context, were seen in three of the five cases, and it is postulated that these lesions are the primary cause of the infarction rather than relative vascular insufficiency, as proposed by previous authors.", "contents": "Spontaneous infarction of the breast. Five cases of infarction of physiological hyperplastic breast tissue associated with pregnancy or lactation are reported. These presented clinically as lumps in the breast, two of which were painful. Similar cases in the literature are briefly reviewed. The demonstration of an underlying lobular pattern in the present cases and the distribution of the infarcts support the view that the so-called 'adenoma' of pregnancy or lactation is a myth. Organizing vascular thrombi, previously unrecorded in this context, were seen in three of the five cases, and it is postulated that these lesions are the primary cause of the infarction rather than relative vascular insufficiency, as proposed by previous authors."}
{"id": "PMID:1206117", "title": "Extrarenal malignancy and the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "The clinical and histological findings are described of a patient who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and was found at necropsy to have a bronchial carcinoma. Amyloidosis, renal vein thrombosis, and neoplastic infiltration of the kidneys were excluded. The kidneys showed a diffuse glomerulonephritis of mesangiocapillary type. The possible aetiological association between these two conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Extrarenal malignancy and the nephrotic syndrome. The clinical and histological findings are described of a patient who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and was found at necropsy to have a bronchial carcinoma. Amyloidosis, renal vein thrombosis, and neoplastic infiltration of the kidneys were excluded. The kidneys showed a diffuse glomerulonephritis of mesangiocapillary type. The possible aetiological association between these two conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206118", "title": "Quantitative observations on iliac bone marrow mast cells in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Mast cells have been counted in sections of iliac bone from 61 control subjects at necropsy. Mast cells were found in all but three, and the range was 0-33-7, median 1-95 per mm2 marrow. The majority (82%) had less than 4-99 mast cells per mm2 marrow; in 37-7% there was less than 1 mast cell per mm2 marrow. In a group of 45 patients with chronic renal failure there was a significant increase in the numbers of mast cells (P less than 0-001) with a range of 0-96-55-63, median 9-55 per mm2 marrow. Mast cells were common in the areas of marrow fibrosis associated with osteitis fibrosa but this was not the sole cause of the increase since there was also an excess of mast cells in the non-fibrous parts of the marrow. There was a tendency towards greater numbers of mast cells in those cases with most marked osteitis fibrosa in association with the prominent marrow fibrosis, but there was no significant relationship between mast cell numbers and other features of oesteitis fibrosa such as the number of osteoclasts and the amount of woven bone formation. There was no relationship between the numbers of mast cells and the amounts of total bone, ostoid, percentage mineralization of cancellous bone, or the presence of osteomalacia.", "contents": "Quantitative observations on iliac bone marrow mast cells in chronic renal failure. Mast cells have been counted in sections of iliac bone from 61 control subjects at necropsy. Mast cells were found in all but three, and the range was 0-33-7, median 1-95 per mm2 marrow. The majority (82%) had less than 4-99 mast cells per mm2 marrow; in 37-7% there was less than 1 mast cell per mm2 marrow. In a group of 45 patients with chronic renal failure there was a significant increase in the numbers of mast cells (P less than 0-001) with a range of 0-96-55-63, median 9-55 per mm2 marrow. Mast cells were common in the areas of marrow fibrosis associated with osteitis fibrosa but this was not the sole cause of the increase since there was also an excess of mast cells in the non-fibrous parts of the marrow. There was a tendency towards greater numbers of mast cells in those cases with most marked osteitis fibrosa in association with the prominent marrow fibrosis, but there was no significant relationship between mast cell numbers and other features of oesteitis fibrosa such as the number of osteoclasts and the amount of woven bone formation. There was no relationship between the numbers of mast cells and the amounts of total bone, ostoid, percentage mineralization of cancellous bone, or the presence of osteomalacia."}
{"id": "PMID:1206119", "title": "Agar culture and chromosome analysis of eosinophilic leukaemia.", "content": "The blood and bone marrow of a 75-year-old woman with eosinophilia were studied in an attempt to characterize further the entity eosinophilic leukaemia (EL). Haemopoietic cell culture in agar gave patterns of colony size and number and cell morphology indistinguishable from those seen in classical chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). Analysis of myeloid cells showed an extra C group chromosome that proved on Giemsa banding to be number 10. These results suggest that some cases of EL represent a chronic myeloproliferative disease that resembles classical CGL but can be distinguished from it by chromosomal analysis.", "contents": "Agar culture and chromosome analysis of eosinophilic leukaemia. The blood and bone marrow of a 75-year-old woman with eosinophilia were studied in an attempt to characterize further the entity eosinophilic leukaemia (EL). Haemopoietic cell culture in agar gave patterns of colony size and number and cell morphology indistinguishable from those seen in classical chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). Analysis of myeloid cells showed an extra C group chromosome that proved on Giemsa banding to be number 10. These results suggest that some cases of EL represent a chronic myeloproliferative disease that resembles classical CGL but can be distinguished from it by chromosomal analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1206120", "title": "Change of blood group from A2 to Ax in a child with congenital abnormalities.", "content": "A blood group change from A2 to Ax is described in a boy who had Fallot's tetralogy, oesophageal atresia, and a tracheo-oesophageal fistula. The change of blood group created a transfusion problem. The unusual serology is discussed.", "contents": "Change of blood group from A2 to Ax in a child with congenital abnormalities. A blood group change from A2 to Ax is described in a boy who had Fallot's tetralogy, oesophageal atresia, and a tracheo-oesophageal fistula. The change of blood group created a transfusion problem. The unusual serology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206121", "title": "Detection and quantitation of tetanus antitoxin in blood donations.", "content": "Passive haemagglutination and IEOP have been used both to detect and to measure tetanus antitoxin in human donor sera. Forty percent of blood donors had detectable antitoxin but only 9% had levels suitable for production of human antitetanus immuoglobulin (larger than or equal to 2 IU/ml). The incidence of high titre antitoxin was significantly greater in men and was unrelated to the ABO blood group system. The prevalence of antitoxin in selected donor groups and immunized staff is shown.", "contents": "Detection and quantitation of tetanus antitoxin in blood donations. Passive haemagglutination and IEOP have been used both to detect and to measure tetanus antitoxin in human donor sera. Forty percent of blood donors had detectable antitoxin but only 9% had levels suitable for production of human antitetanus immuoglobulin (larger than or equal to 2 IU/ml). The incidence of high titre antitoxin was significantly greater in men and was unrelated to the ABO blood group system. The prevalence of antitoxin in selected donor groups and immunized staff is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1206122", "title": "Factor VIII levels during the course of acute hepatitis in a haemophiliac.", "content": "A 51-year-old patient with haemophilia since childhood (usual factor VIII level 14%) developed acute viral hepatitis type B two months after an operation which had been covered by cryoprecipitate. The course of the hepatitis following admission was severe with encephalopathy and ascites. Evidence of intravascular coagulation with an increased radioactive fibrinogen turnover was also present. The factor VIII level measured by a one-stage clotting factor assay rose rapidly to 200% of normal and remained at this level for two weeks, and factor-VIII-related antigen as measured by electroimmunoassay also became greatly elevated (900% of normal). The possible mechanisms underlying those surprising changes are discussed.", "contents": "Factor VIII levels during the course of acute hepatitis in a haemophiliac. A 51-year-old patient with haemophilia since childhood (usual factor VIII level 14%) developed acute viral hepatitis type B two months after an operation which had been covered by cryoprecipitate. The course of the hepatitis following admission was severe with encephalopathy and ascites. Evidence of intravascular coagulation with an increased radioactive fibrinogen turnover was also present. The factor VIII level measured by a one-stage clotting factor assay rose rapidly to 200% of normal and remained at this level for two weeks, and factor-VIII-related antigen as measured by electroimmunoassay also became greatly elevated (900% of normal). The possible mechanisms underlying those surprising changes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206123", "title": "Heparin neutralizing activity test in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "We have previously shown in patients after recovery from a myocardial infarct (post-MI) that the heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) in the plasma is raised and that this activity may come from platelet factor 4 derived from activated platelets. This report concerns 89 patients admitted with acute chest pain; in 54, with evidence of acute infarction, the level of HNA is much higher than in a post-MI group or controls. Over the ensuing weeks the HNA decreases to the post-MI level. In 34 patients the evidence subsequently collected excluded a diagnosis of infarction; in these there were almost always normal amounts of HNA and little overlap with the results from the patients with infarcts. This easy test is therefore likely to prove clinically useful. Its significance is discussed. The platelet count and platelet volume are both abnormal in patients with acute infarction and also in the chest pain group so these tests do not help to discriminate.", "contents": "Heparin neutralizing activity test in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. We have previously shown in patients after recovery from a myocardial infarct (post-MI) that the heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) in the plasma is raised and that this activity may come from platelet factor 4 derived from activated platelets. This report concerns 89 patients admitted with acute chest pain; in 54, with evidence of acute infarction, the level of HNA is much higher than in a post-MI group or controls. Over the ensuing weeks the HNA decreases to the post-MI level. In 34 patients the evidence subsequently collected excluded a diagnosis of infarction; in these there were almost always normal amounts of HNA and little overlap with the results from the patients with infarcts. This easy test is therefore likely to prove clinically useful. Its significance is discussed. The platelet count and platelet volume are both abnormal in patients with acute infarction and also in the chest pain group so these tests do not help to discriminate."}
{"id": "PMID:1206124", "title": "Comparison of tablets and paper discs for antibiotic sensitivity testing.", "content": "The value of tablets and paper discs as reservoirs of antimicrobial agents for use in sensitivity testing was compared. Antibiotics that were unstable in paper discs showed no demonstrable loss of activity in tablets over a period of 50 days under adverse storage conditions. The antibiotic content of commercially prepared tablets is very high in comparison with the accepted content of paper discs used in Britain, but not all of the agent is released from tablets during tests. Comparison of the size of zones of inhibition around tablets and standard paper discs indicated that the amount of the various agents released from the tablets varied between 2-6% and 69% of the stated content. In tests of the sensitivity of a range of common pathogenic organisms, the results obtained with the tablet method--when interpreted as recommended by the manufacturer--were generally similar to those obtained with a paper disc method commonly used in British laboratories. In 47% of tests with aminoglycoside antibiotics, however, strains sensitive by the disc method were 'intermediate' or resistant by the tablet method. As with paper discs, it was necessary to press the tablets on to the medium. With adjustment of the 'effective antibiotic content of tablets to bring it into line with the accepted content in paper discs, the stability of antibiotics in the tablets might make them an acceptable alternative to paper discs.", "contents": "Comparison of tablets and paper discs for antibiotic sensitivity testing. The value of tablets and paper discs as reservoirs of antimicrobial agents for use in sensitivity testing was compared. Antibiotics that were unstable in paper discs showed no demonstrable loss of activity in tablets over a period of 50 days under adverse storage conditions. The antibiotic content of commercially prepared tablets is very high in comparison with the accepted content of paper discs used in Britain, but not all of the agent is released from tablets during tests. Comparison of the size of zones of inhibition around tablets and standard paper discs indicated that the amount of the various agents released from the tablets varied between 2-6% and 69% of the stated content. In tests of the sensitivity of a range of common pathogenic organisms, the results obtained with the tablet method--when interpreted as recommended by the manufacturer--were generally similar to those obtained with a paper disc method commonly used in British laboratories. In 47% of tests with aminoglycoside antibiotics, however, strains sensitive by the disc method were 'intermediate' or resistant by the tablet method. As with paper discs, it was necessary to press the tablets on to the medium. With adjustment of the 'effective antibiotic content of tablets to bring it into line with the accepted content in paper discs, the stability of antibiotics in the tablets might make them an acceptable alternative to paper discs."}
{"id": "PMID:1206125", "title": "Pseudomonas putrefaciens as a cause of infection in humans.", "content": "Pseudomonas putrefaciens, a strongly H2S-producing pseudomonad, was isolated from 10 human infections over a two-year period. In one patient the organism was repeatedly isolated from a phlegmone developing in the depth of a varicose leg ulcer. This is the first report on the occurrence of Ps. putrefaciens in humans outside the USA and the first to provide the detailed account of a clinical observation where the opportunistic pathogenic role of this unfamiliar organism has been sufficiently documented. Data are presented on the bacteriological properties and on the antibiotic sensitivity of Ps. putrefaciens.", "contents": "Pseudomonas putrefaciens as a cause of infection in humans. Pseudomonas putrefaciens, a strongly H2S-producing pseudomonad, was isolated from 10 human infections over a two-year period. In one patient the organism was repeatedly isolated from a phlegmone developing in the depth of a varicose leg ulcer. This is the first report on the occurrence of Ps. putrefaciens in humans outside the USA and the first to provide the detailed account of a clinical observation where the opportunistic pathogenic role of this unfamiliar organism has been sufficiently documented. Data are presented on the bacteriological properties and on the antibiotic sensitivity of Ps. putrefaciens."}
{"id": "PMID:1206126", "title": "Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. II. An autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study of the efferent connections of the anterior olfactory nucleus.", "content": "The efferent connections of the anterior olfactory nucleus in the female albino rabbit have been studied using the autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase methods for tracing axonal pathways. Following a unilateral injection of 3H-leucine into the olfactory peduncle, radioactively labeled efferent projections from the anterior olfactory nucleus were traced into all layers of the ipsilateral main olfactory bulb beneath the olfactory nerve layer and through the ipsilateral anterior limb of the anterior commissure and plexiform layer of the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere to the deep half of the plexiform (IB) and pyramidal cell (II) layers of the prepyriform cortex, the tenia tecta, and the entire surface of the olfactory tubercle. Labeled projections crossing the midline within the anterior commissure were followed to the layers IB and II of the contralateral anterior prepyriform cortex and pars externa, pars lateralis, and pars dorsalis of the anterior olfactory nucleus, and through the periventricular layer of the olfactory peduncle to all layers of the main olfactory bulb beneath the olfactory nerve layer. No well-defined labeled projection was traced to the contralateral accessory olfactory bulb. Evidence for possible anterior olfactory nucleus and/or prepyriform cortical projections to the ipsilateral paleocortical half of the claustrum, horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, the posterior lateral hypothalamus at the level of the mammillary complex, and to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is discussed. Intra-axonal retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from axon terminals to parent cell bodies after unilateral injection of the protein into the main olfactory bulb or anterior olfactory nucleus revealed that anterior olfactory nucleus projections to the olfactory bulbs and the contralateral anterior olfactory nucleus arise predominately from the pars externa. The autoradiographic data indicate that the anterior olfactory nucleus projects to olfactory cortical structures which also receive afferent input from the olfactory bulb and that the termination of these projections is complementary to those from the olfactory bulb.", "contents": "Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. II. An autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study of the efferent connections of the anterior olfactory nucleus. The efferent connections of the anterior olfactory nucleus in the female albino rabbit have been studied using the autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase methods for tracing axonal pathways. Following a unilateral injection of 3H-leucine into the olfactory peduncle, radioactively labeled efferent projections from the anterior olfactory nucleus were traced into all layers of the ipsilateral main olfactory bulb beneath the olfactory nerve layer and through the ipsilateral anterior limb of the anterior commissure and plexiform layer of the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere to the deep half of the plexiform (IB) and pyramidal cell (II) layers of the prepyriform cortex, the tenia tecta, and the entire surface of the olfactory tubercle. Labeled projections crossing the midline within the anterior commissure were followed to the layers IB and II of the contralateral anterior prepyriform cortex and pars externa, pars lateralis, and pars dorsalis of the anterior olfactory nucleus, and through the periventricular layer of the olfactory peduncle to all layers of the main olfactory bulb beneath the olfactory nerve layer. No well-defined labeled projection was traced to the contralateral accessory olfactory bulb. Evidence for possible anterior olfactory nucleus and/or prepyriform cortical projections to the ipsilateral paleocortical half of the claustrum, horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, the posterior lateral hypothalamus at the level of the mammillary complex, and to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is discussed. Intra-axonal retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from axon terminals to parent cell bodies after unilateral injection of the protein into the main olfactory bulb or anterior olfactory nucleus revealed that anterior olfactory nucleus projections to the olfactory bulbs and the contralateral anterior olfactory nucleus arise predominately from the pars externa. The autoradiographic data indicate that the anterior olfactory nucleus projects to olfactory cortical structures which also receive afferent input from the olfactory bulb and that the termination of these projections is complementary to those from the olfactory bulb."}
{"id": "PMID:1206127", "title": "Organization and development of brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: tonotopic organization of n. magnocellularis and n. laminaris.", "content": "Extracellular recordings of responses to tone-burst stimulation were used to determine the tonotopic organization of n. magnocellularis (NM) and n. laminaris (NL) in hatching chickens. NM cells show \"primary-like\" response patterns to ipsilateral stimulation, and are arranged in dorso-ventral isofrequency columns. Units responding to the highest frequency tones (about 4,100 Hz) are situated at the rostromedial pole of the medial division. Units with lower characteristic frequencies (CF's) are found at successively caudal and lateral sites, until extremely low CF's ( less than 500 Hz) are represented dorsoventrally in the daudolateral tail of the lateral division. No evidence was found of auditory input to the region which receives projections from the macula lagena. NL receives polarized, binaural, excitatory input. Units have similar CF's and thresholds to tones presented to either ear. The tonotopic organization in NL matches that found in NM--high CF's rostromedially and low CF's caudal and lateral. Quantitative procedures were developed for relating CF to the position of a unit within either nucleus. These analyses account for 79% and 89% of the frequency variance found within NM and NL, respectively, and predict the CF of a neuron by its position within each nucleus.", "contents": "Organization and development of brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: tonotopic organization of n. magnocellularis and n. laminaris. Extracellular recordings of responses to tone-burst stimulation were used to determine the tonotopic organization of n. magnocellularis (NM) and n. laminaris (NL) in hatching chickens. NM cells show \"primary-like\" response patterns to ipsilateral stimulation, and are arranged in dorso-ventral isofrequency columns. Units responding to the highest frequency tones (about 4,100 Hz) are situated at the rostromedial pole of the medial division. Units with lower characteristic frequencies (CF's) are found at successively caudal and lateral sites, until extremely low CF's ( less than 500 Hz) are represented dorsoventrally in the daudolateral tail of the lateral division. No evidence was found of auditory input to the region which receives projections from the macula lagena. NL receives polarized, binaural, excitatory input. Units have similar CF's and thresholds to tones presented to either ear. The tonotopic organization in NL matches that found in NM--high CF's rostromedially and low CF's caudal and lateral. Quantitative procedures were developed for relating CF to the position of a unit within either nucleus. These analyses account for 79% and 89% of the frequency variance found within NM and NL, respectively, and predict the CF of a neuron by its position within each nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:1206128", "title": "Organization and development of brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: organization of projections from n. magnocellularis to n. laminaris.", "content": "The tonotopic and topographic organization of the bilateral projection from second-order auditory neurons of nucleus magnocellularis (NM) to nucleus laminaris (NL) was examined in young chickens. In one group of birds, the NM axons which innvervate the contralateral NL were severed by cutting the crossed dorsal cochlear tract at the midline. Heavy terminal degeneration in NL was confined to the neuropil area immediately ventral to the perikaryl lamina. Very little degeneration was seen in the dorsal neuropil region. In a second series of animals, the charactertistic frequency (CF) of cells in an area of NM was first determined by microelectrode recording techniques and then a small electrolytic lesion was made through the recording electrode. Following survival periods of 24-48 hours, the distribution of projections from the lesioned area to the ipsilateral and contralateral NL was examined using the Fink-Heimer method. As previously described in the pigeon, projections from NM terminate densely in the neuropil region immediately dorsal to the ipsilateral NL cell bodies and ventral to the perikaryl layer on the contralateral side, providing each NL neuron with segregated binaural innervation. Lesions in any area of the NM produced degeneration confined to a limited caudo-rostral and medio-lateral portion of both laminar nuclei. To investigate this topographic relationship, the cuado-rostral extents of the lesion in NM and of the resulting degeneration in both NL were determined. Linear regression and correlation analyses then related these positional values to each other and to the CF found at the center of each lesion. All correlations were highly significant and ranged from 0.78 between the position of the lesion in NM and CF to 0.91 between the caudo-rostral position of degeneration in the NL ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion. It is concluded that neurons in NM project in a very discrete topographic, tonotopic and symmetrical fashion to NL on both sides of the brain, contributing to the binaural response properties and tonotopic organization of neurons in NL. The results also suggest that the organization of projections from NM to NL could provide a mechanism for the differential transmission delay required by a \"place\" model of low-frequency sound localization.", "contents": "Organization and development of brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: organization of projections from n. magnocellularis to n. laminaris. The tonotopic and topographic organization of the bilateral projection from second-order auditory neurons of nucleus magnocellularis (NM) to nucleus laminaris (NL) was examined in young chickens. In one group of birds, the NM axons which innvervate the contralateral NL were severed by cutting the crossed dorsal cochlear tract at the midline. Heavy terminal degeneration in NL was confined to the neuropil area immediately ventral to the perikaryl lamina. Very little degeneration was seen in the dorsal neuropil region. In a second series of animals, the charactertistic frequency (CF) of cells in an area of NM was first determined by microelectrode recording techniques and then a small electrolytic lesion was made through the recording electrode. Following survival periods of 24-48 hours, the distribution of projections from the lesioned area to the ipsilateral and contralateral NL was examined using the Fink-Heimer method. As previously described in the pigeon, projections from NM terminate densely in the neuropil region immediately dorsal to the ipsilateral NL cell bodies and ventral to the perikaryl layer on the contralateral side, providing each NL neuron with segregated binaural innervation. Lesions in any area of the NM produced degeneration confined to a limited caudo-rostral and medio-lateral portion of both laminar nuclei. To investigate this topographic relationship, the cuado-rostral extents of the lesion in NM and of the resulting degeneration in both NL were determined. Linear regression and correlation analyses then related these positional values to each other and to the CF found at the center of each lesion. All correlations were highly significant and ranged from 0.78 between the position of the lesion in NM and CF to 0.91 between the caudo-rostral position of degeneration in the NL ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion. It is concluded that neurons in NM project in a very discrete topographic, tonotopic and symmetrical fashion to NL on both sides of the brain, contributing to the binaural response properties and tonotopic organization of neurons in NL. The results also suggest that the organization of projections from NM to NL could provide a mechanism for the differential transmission delay required by a \"place\" model of low-frequency sound localization."}
{"id": "PMID:1206129", "title": "The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive of the cat has been mapped following injections of small amounts of horseradish perosidase in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum. The distribution of labeled cells was plotted in drawings of approximately serial transverse sections. The findings in each case were transferred to a standard diagram of the olive to facilitate comparison of cases. Previous studies of the distribution of retrograde cell loss in the inferior olive following cerebellar lesions (Brodal, '40b) showed that fibers ending in the paramedian lobule come from the caudal part of the ventral lamella of the principla olive. This was confirmed with the peroxidase method, but in addition three other separate and well circumscribed area of the olive showed labeling: one in the dorsal accessory olive, another in the rostral part of the medial accessory olive, a third in the caudal part of the dorsal lamella of the principal olive (fig. 7). There is some degree of topical arrangement within the projection of each of these olivary areas to the paramedian lobule. It is particularly striking that the projection areas of the caudal one-third of the lobule are different from and overlap only little with those of the orstral two-thirds. On account of diffusion of the injected perosidase solution in the folia it could not be decided whether the different olivary areas project to particular longitudinal zones in the paramedian lobule. The main findings can be correlated with the physiological observations of Armstrong et al. ('74). Some of the \"paramedian\" olivary areas are labeled also following peroxidase injections in other cerebellar parts, among them the nuclei interpositus anterior and posterior. The findings are compatible with the notion that olivocerebellar fibers branch to supply more than one cerebellar region. It is confirmed that the olivocerebellar projection, including that of the nuclei, is almost completely crossed. In the discussion it is emphasized that afferents from several sources converge on all four olivary regions projecting onto the paramedian lobule. The olivocerebellar projection obviously allows for divergence as well as convergence of impulses from the olive to the cerebellum. For further insight into the anatomical organization of the inferior olive, the entire olivocerebellar projection has to be mapped with the peroxidase methods, and further studies of the afferents to the olive are needed. In such studies, as well as in physiological ones, it is essential that findings are described with meticulous reference to the topography of the olivary subdivisions.", "contents": "The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive of the cat has been mapped following injections of small amounts of horseradish perosidase in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum. The distribution of labeled cells was plotted in drawings of approximately serial transverse sections. The findings in each case were transferred to a standard diagram of the olive to facilitate comparison of cases. Previous studies of the distribution of retrograde cell loss in the inferior olive following cerebellar lesions (Brodal, '40b) showed that fibers ending in the paramedian lobule come from the caudal part of the ventral lamella of the principla olive. This was confirmed with the peroxidase method, but in addition three other separate and well circumscribed area of the olive showed labeling: one in the dorsal accessory olive, another in the rostral part of the medial accessory olive, a third in the caudal part of the dorsal lamella of the principal olive (fig. 7). There is some degree of topical arrangement within the projection of each of these olivary areas to the paramedian lobule. It is particularly striking that the projection areas of the caudal one-third of the lobule are different from and overlap only little with those of the orstral two-thirds. On account of diffusion of the injected perosidase solution in the folia it could not be decided whether the different olivary areas project to particular longitudinal zones in the paramedian lobule. The main findings can be correlated with the physiological observations of Armstrong et al. ('74). Some of the \"paramedian\" olivary areas are labeled also following peroxidase injections in other cerebellar parts, among them the nuclei interpositus anterior and posterior. The findings are compatible with the notion that olivocerebellar fibers branch to supply more than one cerebellar region. It is confirmed that the olivocerebellar projection, including that of the nuclei, is almost completely crossed. In the discussion it is emphasized that afferents from several sources converge on all four olivary regions projecting onto the paramedian lobule. The olivocerebellar projection obviously allows for divergence as well as convergence of impulses from the olive to the cerebellum. For further insight into the anatomical organization of the inferior olive, the entire olivocerebellar projection has to be mapped with the peroxidase methods, and further studies of the afferents to the olive are needed. In such studies, as well as in physiological ones, it is essential that findings are described with meticulous reference to the topography of the olivary subdivisions."}
{"id": "PMID:1206130", "title": "A normally laminated afferent projection to an abnormally laminated cortex: some olfactory connections in the reeler mouse.", "content": "The relative positions of pyramidal and polymorphic cell classes are inverted in the central olfactory cortical structures of the reeler mutant mouse. Each cell class is generated at the normal embryonic time. The polymorphic cells of the mutant, like those of the normal, are generated between E11-E13. The pyramidal cells are formed between E11-E16 in both. Despite the anomalous positions of their somata deep in the cortex the apical dendrites of many pyramidal cells reach and ramify at a superficial cortical level subjacent to the lateral olfactory tract. The main and accessory olfactory bulbs are cytoarchitectonically normal in the mutant and project normally upon the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the hippocampal rudiment, the piriform cortex, the amygdaloid region and the entorhinal cortex. As in the normal animal the axons transverse layer Ialpha, and their terminals are concentrated in the immediately subjacent laminar zone. The rostrally directed cortic-cortical association system of the piriform cortex projects upon the anterior olfactory nucleus in the mutant just as in the normal with a relative concentration of terminals in a lamina subjacent and complementary to the zone of termination afferent systems in the abnormally laminated olfactory cortex of the mutant syggests that, in this system at least, the developmental mechanisms which determine relative position of neuron somata and those which govern axon trajectories and the distribution of axon terminals are largely independent.", "contents": "A normally laminated afferent projection to an abnormally laminated cortex: some olfactory connections in the reeler mouse. The relative positions of pyramidal and polymorphic cell classes are inverted in the central olfactory cortical structures of the reeler mutant mouse. Each cell class is generated at the normal embryonic time. The polymorphic cells of the mutant, like those of the normal, are generated between E11-E13. The pyramidal cells are formed between E11-E16 in both. Despite the anomalous positions of their somata deep in the cortex the apical dendrites of many pyramidal cells reach and ramify at a superficial cortical level subjacent to the lateral olfactory tract. The main and accessory olfactory bulbs are cytoarchitectonically normal in the mutant and project normally upon the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the hippocampal rudiment, the piriform cortex, the amygdaloid region and the entorhinal cortex. As in the normal animal the axons transverse layer Ialpha, and their terminals are concentrated in the immediately subjacent laminar zone. The rostrally directed cortic-cortical association system of the piriform cortex projects upon the anterior olfactory nucleus in the mutant just as in the normal with a relative concentration of terminals in a lamina subjacent and complementary to the zone of termination afferent systems in the abnormally laminated olfactory cortex of the mutant syggests that, in this system at least, the developmental mechanisms which determine relative position of neuron somata and those which govern axon trajectories and the distribution of axon terminals are largely independent."}
{"id": "PMID:1206131", "title": "Anatomy of the cerebral ganglion of the male acanthocephalan, Moniliformis dubius.", "content": "An atlas of the cerebral ganglion of Moniliformis dubius has been constructed and the cells identified by number. There is a total of 88 cells, two of which are binucleate. These cells (20 and 90) are located in the frontal plane. The cell population is equally distributed between each half of the ganglion, there being 41 cells on each side with six cells centrally located between the two halves. Most cells give rise to bilateral processes and are organized in such a way that there is an outer coat of somata or cell bodies. Cell bodies predominate on the ventral surface, but the dorsal surface is more of a mixture of cell bodies and nerve processes. The core or neuropile occupies the central part of the ganglion and is the site for cross over for many cell processes which then exist from the side opposite the cell body. The cytoarchitecture of these cells varies considerably. Most have a large round nucleus with well defined nucleoli.", "contents": "Anatomy of the cerebral ganglion of the male acanthocephalan, Moniliformis dubius. An atlas of the cerebral ganglion of Moniliformis dubius has been constructed and the cells identified by number. There is a total of 88 cells, two of which are binucleate. These cells (20 and 90) are located in the frontal plane. The cell population is equally distributed between each half of the ganglion, there being 41 cells on each side with six cells centrally located between the two halves. Most cells give rise to bilateral processes and are organized in such a way that there is an outer coat of somata or cell bodies. Cell bodies predominate on the ventral surface, but the dorsal surface is more of a mixture of cell bodies and nerve processes. The core or neuropile occupies the central part of the ganglion and is the site for cross over for many cell processes which then exist from the side opposite the cell body. The cytoarchitecture of these cells varies considerably. Most have a large round nucleus with well defined nucleoli."}
{"id": "PMID:1206132", "title": "Functional localization and cortical architecture in the nine-banded armadilli (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus).", "content": "A functional map of the armadillo neocortex was produced by cortical stimulation and recording evoked potentials following somatic, auditory and visual stimuli. The results obtained were then correlated with the cortical architecture as revealed by Nissl, Golgi and myelin-stained sections. Cortex rostral to the supraorbital sulcus has a wide layer IV and is mostly silent, except for a motor eye field and a part of the tongue sensory region in its caudal part. Two types of motor-sensory cortex are present caudal to the supraorbital sulcus. Postsupraorbital I is mostly motor and has prominent pyramidal layers. Layer V is particularly well developed and in rostral sections its superficial zone is broken up into clusters similar to the solid \"barrels\" seen in layer IV of other species. Postsupraorbital II has less prominent pyramidal layers and layers II and III are organized into clusters. This region corresponds to the sensory area for the limbs and trunk and the partially overlapping (surface recordings) sensory and motor areas for head, snout and tongue. Digits and limbs are rostral to the trunk representation in both the sensory and motor \"homunculi.\" Even though surface recording was employed, potentials evoked by visual stimuli could only be recorded from a small caudal area with a very thin layer IV. Although striate and peristriate areas appear similar in Nissl stained preparations, they can be readily differentiated in Weil stained sections. The stellate character of neurons in layer IV of the visual cortex is particularly apparent in Golgi material. Auditory evoked surface potentials were recorded from a broad oval region in the caudal lateral cortex which has a wide layer IV and aggregates of neurons in layers II and III. A Weil stain demonstrates inner and outer bands of Baillarger in this same region. The presumptive insular cortex is electrically silent to sensory stimulation and presents as a narrow band just dorsal to the rhinal fissure with indefinite cell lamination and little myelin.", "contents": "Functional localization and cortical architecture in the nine-banded armadilli (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus). A functional map of the armadillo neocortex was produced by cortical stimulation and recording evoked potentials following somatic, auditory and visual stimuli. The results obtained were then correlated with the cortical architecture as revealed by Nissl, Golgi and myelin-stained sections. Cortex rostral to the supraorbital sulcus has a wide layer IV and is mostly silent, except for a motor eye field and a part of the tongue sensory region in its caudal part. Two types of motor-sensory cortex are present caudal to the supraorbital sulcus. Postsupraorbital I is mostly motor and has prominent pyramidal layers. Layer V is particularly well developed and in rostral sections its superficial zone is broken up into clusters similar to the solid \"barrels\" seen in layer IV of other species. Postsupraorbital II has less prominent pyramidal layers and layers II and III are organized into clusters. This region corresponds to the sensory area for the limbs and trunk and the partially overlapping (surface recordings) sensory and motor areas for head, snout and tongue. Digits and limbs are rostral to the trunk representation in both the sensory and motor \"homunculi.\" Even though surface recording was employed, potentials evoked by visual stimuli could only be recorded from a small caudal area with a very thin layer IV. Although striate and peristriate areas appear similar in Nissl stained preparations, they can be readily differentiated in Weil stained sections. The stellate character of neurons in layer IV of the visual cortex is particularly apparent in Golgi material. Auditory evoked surface potentials were recorded from a broad oval region in the caudal lateral cortex which has a wide layer IV and aggregates of neurons in layers II and III. A Weil stain demonstrates inner and outer bands of Baillarger in this same region. The presumptive insular cortex is electrically silent to sensory stimulation and presents as a narrow band just dorsal to the rhinal fissure with indefinite cell lamination and little myelin."}
{"id": "PMID:1206133", "title": "Nonequilibration of acetyl units from fatty acids and glucose in mammary glands of lactating mice.", "content": "Lipid synthesis by lactating mouse mammary gland slices from [1-carbon14] propionate, [1-carbon14] valerate, and [1-carbon-14] heptanoate, in the presence of glucose and from [uniformly labeled carbon-14] glucose in the presence of propionate, valerate, and heptanoate was studied. Regardless of the labeled substrate, almost all of the radioactivity incorporated into the total lipid fraction was in triglycerides. In experiments with labeled glucose and either the propionic. the valeric, or the heptylic acid, the carbon-14 fatty acids in triglycerides were almost exclusively composed of even-chain fatty acids. When the substrate was either [1-carbon-14] propionate, [1-carbon-14] valerate, or [1-carbon-14] heptanoate, in the presence of glucose, the pattern changed to one in which a larger proportion of the radioactivity was in the odd-chain fatty acids. These findings suggest that in mouse mammary gland, acetyl units produced via beta-oxidation of fatty acids may not equilibrate with those formed from oxidation of pyruvate which is derived from glucose.", "contents": "Nonequilibration of acetyl units from fatty acids and glucose in mammary glands of lactating mice. Lipid synthesis by lactating mouse mammary gland slices from [1-carbon14] propionate, [1-carbon14] valerate, and [1-carbon-14] heptanoate, in the presence of glucose and from [uniformly labeled carbon-14] glucose in the presence of propionate, valerate, and heptanoate was studied. Regardless of the labeled substrate, almost all of the radioactivity incorporated into the total lipid fraction was in triglycerides. In experiments with labeled glucose and either the propionic. the valeric, or the heptylic acid, the carbon-14 fatty acids in triglycerides were almost exclusively composed of even-chain fatty acids. When the substrate was either [1-carbon-14] propionate, [1-carbon-14] valerate, or [1-carbon-14] heptanoate, in the presence of glucose, the pattern changed to one in which a larger proportion of the radioactivity was in the odd-chain fatty acids. These findings suggest that in mouse mammary gland, acetyl units produced via beta-oxidation of fatty acids may not equilibrate with those formed from oxidation of pyruvate which is derived from glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:1206134", "title": "Milk secretory response of the conscious lactating rat following intravenous injections of rat prolactin.", "content": "Mammary glands of rats on day 14 of lactation were emptied of milk by the pups after 8 h of nonsuckling with the aid of oxytocin injections to the mother. The glands subsequently refilled about 50% within 6 h and were completely refilled with mild within 16 h. Suckling for 5 min midway during the 8 h period of nonsuckling caused complete refilling of the glands within 6 h. Refilling within 6 h also occurred if, instead of suckling, rat prolactin was injected at 1 min intervals directly into the circulation of the conscious mother via an indwelling right atrial catheter. Five injections of 200 ng or three injections of 400 ng were without effect (in comparison with five injections of saline) upon mammary refilling whereas 10 injections of 200 ng or four injections of 400 ng simulated significant but submaximal refilling. Complete refilling resulted from five injections of 400 ng. Prolactin is secreted steadily over prolonged periods of suckling in the rat, but only that prolactin released during the first few minutes of suckling appears to be required for milk secretion.", "contents": "Milk secretory response of the conscious lactating rat following intravenous injections of rat prolactin. Mammary glands of rats on day 14 of lactation were emptied of milk by the pups after 8 h of nonsuckling with the aid of oxytocin injections to the mother. The glands subsequently refilled about 50% within 6 h and were completely refilled with mild within 16 h. Suckling for 5 min midway during the 8 h period of nonsuckling caused complete refilling of the glands within 6 h. Refilling within 6 h also occurred if, instead of suckling, rat prolactin was injected at 1 min intervals directly into the circulation of the conscious mother via an indwelling right atrial catheter. Five injections of 200 ng or three injections of 400 ng were without effect (in comparison with five injections of saline) upon mammary refilling whereas 10 injections of 200 ng or four injections of 400 ng simulated significant but submaximal refilling. Complete refilling resulted from five injections of 400 ng. Prolactin is secreted steadily over prolonged periods of suckling in the rat, but only that prolactin released during the first few minutes of suckling appears to be required for milk secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1206135", "title": "Metabolism of arginine and ornithine in the cow and rabbit mammary tissue.", "content": "Amino acid uptake by the bovine mammary gland was determined by arteriovenous difference. Extraction of arginine from the plasma by the lactating bovine mammary gland was in excess of requirements for milk protein synthesis. Ornithine and citrulline also were extracted by the gland but are not in milk protein. Incubations of slices of lactating mammary tissue from cows and rabbits indicate that nonessential amino acids, especially proline and glutamate, are the major end products of arginine and ornithine metabolism in the lactating mammary gland.", "contents": "Metabolism of arginine and ornithine in the cow and rabbit mammary tissue. Amino acid uptake by the bovine mammary gland was determined by arteriovenous difference. Extraction of arginine from the plasma by the lactating bovine mammary gland was in excess of requirements for milk protein synthesis. Ornithine and citrulline also were extracted by the gland but are not in milk protein. Incubations of slices of lactating mammary tissue from cows and rabbits indicate that nonessential amino acids, especially proline and glutamate, are the major end products of arginine and ornithine metabolism in the lactating mammary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:1206136", "title": "Effect of drying off practices on mastitis infection.", "content": "Two methods of drying off cows, intermittent milking and abrupt cessation, were studied with data from 9254 quarters of cows on 36 New York dairy farms. Eighty percent of the cows were infused with nine different antibiotic preparations separately at drying off, and 20% served as controls. Cows dried off by intermittent milking has a similar number of quarters infected at drying off, had fewer spontaneous recoveries, had a higher rate of cure, and developed fewer new infections in control quarters in comparison with cows dried off by the stop method. Methods worked equally well in treated cows. However, intermittent milking resulted in fewer infections at subsequent calving than stop milking in nondry treated cows. Cows producing less than or equal to 4 kg of milk at drying off were more highly infected than higher producing cows. Hind quarters contained more infections at drying off, fewer responded to therapy, and more infections developed in the dry period. Cows with dry periods of less than or equal to 30 days had more infected quarters respond to therapy and had the fewest new infections in the dry period. The role of routine dry cow therapy in decreasing the number of infections in dairy herds by preventing new infections and removing old infections is demonstrated.", "contents": "Effect of drying off practices on mastitis infection. Two methods of drying off cows, intermittent milking and abrupt cessation, were studied with data from 9254 quarters of cows on 36 New York dairy farms. Eighty percent of the cows were infused with nine different antibiotic preparations separately at drying off, and 20% served as controls. Cows dried off by intermittent milking has a similar number of quarters infected at drying off, had fewer spontaneous recoveries, had a higher rate of cure, and developed fewer new infections in control quarters in comparison with cows dried off by the stop method. Methods worked equally well in treated cows. However, intermittent milking resulted in fewer infections at subsequent calving than stop milking in nondry treated cows. Cows producing less than or equal to 4 kg of milk at drying off were more highly infected than higher producing cows. Hind quarters contained more infections at drying off, fewer responded to therapy, and more infections developed in the dry period. Cows with dry periods of less than or equal to 30 days had more infected quarters respond to therapy and had the fewest new infections in the dry period. The role of routine dry cow therapy in decreasing the number of infections in dairy herds by preventing new infections and removing old infections is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1206137", "title": "Metabolism of liquid whey fed to sheep.", "content": "Digestion was studied with three groups of four sheep each fed alfalfa hay. Treatments were whey only, whey plus water, and water only. Digestibilities of dry matter for the three rations were 71.3, 69.7, and 62.9%. Digestibilities of whey solids calculated by difference was 86.9% for whey only and 81.6% for whey plus water. Twelve sheep were in three trials to determine the intake of whey, water, and hay consumption. They were assigned to whey only, whey plus water, and water only. Hay, whey, and water consumption was 1.89, 8.73, and 0; 1.88, 7.62, and 1.21; and 2.05, 0, and 6.07 kg per animal daily. Three mature fistulated wether sheep were fed 6 liters of liquid whey daily. Three mature fistulated wether sheep uere fed 6 liters of liquid whey daily, and three similar sheep were fed water only. Rumen liquor samples were taken for analysis of volatile fatty acids at 0, 3, and 6 h after whey feeding on each of three alternate days. Alfalfa hay (1.2 kg/animal daily) was fed after the 6-h sampling. Molar percentage of acetic and valeric acids were lower and for butyric acid was higher for sheep fed whey. Propionic acid, acetate:propionate ratio, and total concentration were not affected significantly by whey feeding. Acetic acid decreased from 0 to 3 h, then partly returned to the prefeeding level at 6 h. The reverse was true for butyric acid. Valeric acid and total concentration of volatile fatty acids decreased from 0 to 6 h. Effects of day were unexplained.", "contents": "Metabolism of liquid whey fed to sheep. Digestion was studied with three groups of four sheep each fed alfalfa hay. Treatments were whey only, whey plus water, and water only. Digestibilities of dry matter for the three rations were 71.3, 69.7, and 62.9%. Digestibilities of whey solids calculated by difference was 86.9% for whey only and 81.6% for whey plus water. Twelve sheep were in three trials to determine the intake of whey, water, and hay consumption. They were assigned to whey only, whey plus water, and water only. Hay, whey, and water consumption was 1.89, 8.73, and 0; 1.88, 7.62, and 1.21; and 2.05, 0, and 6.07 kg per animal daily. Three mature fistulated wether sheep were fed 6 liters of liquid whey daily. Three mature fistulated wether sheep uere fed 6 liters of liquid whey daily, and three similar sheep were fed water only. Rumen liquor samples were taken for analysis of volatile fatty acids at 0, 3, and 6 h after whey feeding on each of three alternate days. Alfalfa hay (1.2 kg/animal daily) was fed after the 6-h sampling. Molar percentage of acetic and valeric acids were lower and for butyric acid was higher for sheep fed whey. Propionic acid, acetate:propionate ratio, and total concentration were not affected significantly by whey feeding. Acetic acid decreased from 0 to 3 h, then partly returned to the prefeeding level at 6 h. The reverse was true for butyric acid. Valeric acid and total concentration of volatile fatty acids decreased from 0 to 6 h. Effects of day were unexplained."}
{"id": "PMID:1206138", "title": "Digestibility and volatile fatty acids in steers and wethers at 21 and 32 C ambient temperature.", "content": "Four steers and four closely shorn wethers, each with ruminal fistula, were used in a reversal experiment to compare the direct effect of 21 and 32 C ambient temperatures (70% relative humidity) on dry matter digestibility and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations. Pelleted alfalfa intake was held constant at 2.3% of body weight. Orts were placed into the rumen via fistula. Dry matter digestibility was determined by total collection during the last 7 days of each trial. On one of the last 2 days, ruminal fluid was sampled 11 times within 13 h. At 32 C, the steers suffered considerable heat stress as evidenced by a mean 1.6 C increase in body temperature, reduced heart rate, and greatly increased respiration rate. The wethers, however, exhibited only increased respiration rate at 32 C. Extent of digestion increased five percentage units for the steers but did not change for the wethers at the high temperature. Temperature caused only slight shifts in ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were much higher in steers than in wethers. The frequently observed effects of heat stress on intake and digestibility are mediated by changes in rate of passage as a result of altered thyroid secretion rates.", "contents": "Digestibility and volatile fatty acids in steers and wethers at 21 and 32 C ambient temperature. Four steers and four closely shorn wethers, each with ruminal fistula, were used in a reversal experiment to compare the direct effect of 21 and 32 C ambient temperatures (70% relative humidity) on dry matter digestibility and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations. Pelleted alfalfa intake was held constant at 2.3% of body weight. Orts were placed into the rumen via fistula. Dry matter digestibility was determined by total collection during the last 7 days of each trial. On one of the last 2 days, ruminal fluid was sampled 11 times within 13 h. At 32 C, the steers suffered considerable heat stress as evidenced by a mean 1.6 C increase in body temperature, reduced heart rate, and greatly increased respiration rate. The wethers, however, exhibited only increased respiration rate at 32 C. Extent of digestion increased five percentage units for the steers but did not change for the wethers at the high temperature. Temperature caused only slight shifts in ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were much higher in steers than in wethers. The frequently observed effects of heat stress on intake and digestibility are mediated by changes in rate of passage as a result of altered thyroid secretion rates."}
{"id": "PMID:1206139", "title": "Relationship between ruminal ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen utilization by ruminants. I. Development of a model for predicting nonprotein nitrogen utilization by cattle.", "content": "The influence of ration composition on mean ruminal ammonia concentration was studied by collecting samples of ruminal ingesta from cattle fed rations varying in crude protein and total digestible nutrient content. A minimum of four sampling times distributed throughout the day permitted calculation of mean ruminal ammonia concentrations. Mean ruminal ammonia concentration was positively related to dietary crude protein concentration and negatively related to total digestible nutrient concentration. It is postulated that mean ruminal ammonia concentration may be a useful criterion for predicting efficacy of nonprotein nitrogen supplementation. A quantitative approach for evaluating nonprotein nitrogen supplementation based upon determination of the point at which ruminal ammonia exceeds the requirement (5 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml rumen fluid) of the ammonia-utilizing bacteria is proposed. Dietary conditions expected to result in excessive concentrations of ruminal ammonia are defined and recommended upper limits for nonprotein nitrogen supplementation are presented. Theoretical relationships between composition of the unsupplemented ration, amount of nonprotein nitrogen added, and efficiency of nonprotein nitrogen utilization are discussed. The practice of adding nonprotein nitrogen so as to exceed 12 to 13% crude protein in typical dairy or feedlot rations needs to be reevaluated.", "contents": "Relationship between ruminal ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen utilization by ruminants. I. Development of a model for predicting nonprotein nitrogen utilization by cattle. The influence of ration composition on mean ruminal ammonia concentration was studied by collecting samples of ruminal ingesta from cattle fed rations varying in crude protein and total digestible nutrient content. A minimum of four sampling times distributed throughout the day permitted calculation of mean ruminal ammonia concentrations. Mean ruminal ammonia concentration was positively related to dietary crude protein concentration and negatively related to total digestible nutrient concentration. It is postulated that mean ruminal ammonia concentration may be a useful criterion for predicting efficacy of nonprotein nitrogen supplementation. A quantitative approach for evaluating nonprotein nitrogen supplementation based upon determination of the point at which ruminal ammonia exceeds the requirement (5 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml rumen fluid) of the ammonia-utilizing bacteria is proposed. Dietary conditions expected to result in excessive concentrations of ruminal ammonia are defined and recommended upper limits for nonprotein nitrogen supplementation are presented. Theoretical relationships between composition of the unsupplemented ration, amount of nonprotein nitrogen added, and efficiency of nonprotein nitrogen utilization are discussed. The practice of adding nonprotein nitrogen so as to exceed 12 to 13% crude protein in typical dairy or feedlot rations needs to be reevaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:1206140", "title": "Relationship between ruminal ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen utilization by ruminants. II. Application of published evidence to the development of theoretical model for predicting nonprotein nitrogen utilization.", "content": "Results from published experiments dealing with several aspects of nitrogen utilization by ruminants were used to test the concept of zero utilization of nonprotein nitrogen under conditions where more ammonia (greater than 5 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml) is in the rumen than can be converted to microbial protein. Results from experiments where the flow of non-ammonia nitrogen to the abomasum of sheep was measured indicate that when urea was the source of supplemental nitrogen, a constant quantity of amino acids reached the abomasum for all rations ranging from 10 to 23% crude protein. From growth studies, addition of nonprotein nitrogen to low protein, high energy rations caused an improved rate of gain. Additions of nonprotein nitrogen to rations resulting in predicted ruminal ammonia concentrations greater than 5 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml rumen fluid were without benefit. From lactation studies, nonprotein nitrogen supplementation did not improve milk production if the ration contained more than 12.5% crude protein prior to supplementation or if the predicted ruminal ammonia concentration was greater than 4 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml rumen fluid. The importance of the amino acid requirement of the animal as well as the composition of the ration in designing and evaluating nitrogen supplementation studies is discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between ruminal ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen utilization by ruminants. II. Application of published evidence to the development of theoretical model for predicting nonprotein nitrogen utilization. Results from published experiments dealing with several aspects of nitrogen utilization by ruminants were used to test the concept of zero utilization of nonprotein nitrogen under conditions where more ammonia (greater than 5 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml) is in the rumen than can be converted to microbial protein. Results from experiments where the flow of non-ammonia nitrogen to the abomasum of sheep was measured indicate that when urea was the source of supplemental nitrogen, a constant quantity of amino acids reached the abomasum for all rations ranging from 10 to 23% crude protein. From growth studies, addition of nonprotein nitrogen to low protein, high energy rations caused an improved rate of gain. Additions of nonprotein nitrogen to rations resulting in predicted ruminal ammonia concentrations greater than 5 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml rumen fluid were without benefit. From lactation studies, nonprotein nitrogen supplementation did not improve milk production if the ration contained more than 12.5% crude protein prior to supplementation or if the predicted ruminal ammonia concentration was greater than 4 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml rumen fluid. The importance of the amino acid requirement of the animal as well as the composition of the ration in designing and evaluating nitrogen supplementation studies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206141", "title": "Simplified method for producing permanent ruminal fistulae.", "content": "A quick and simple method for establishing permanent rumimal fistulae is described. A frozen cannula is forced into the rumen in a manner similar to the use of a trocar. Minimal equipment is required, and the entire operation can be performed in 15 to 20 min in sheep or 30 min in cattle. The technique has been used successfully to fistulate seven sheep and two cows.", "contents": "Simplified method for producing permanent ruminal fistulae. A quick and simple method for establishing permanent rumimal fistulae is described. A frozen cannula is forced into the rumen in a manner similar to the use of a trocar. Minimal equipment is required, and the entire operation can be performed in 15 to 20 min in sheep or 30 min in cattle. The technique has been used successfully to fistulate seven sheep and two cows."}
{"id": "PMID:1206142", "title": "Effect of forage-to-concentrate ratio in complete feeds and feed intake on digestion of starch by dairy cows.", "content": "In digestion trials, 16 Holstein cows were fed complete mixed feeds of (a) 75:25, (b) 60:40, (c) 45:55, and (d) 30:70 ratios of forage to concentrate on a dry basis. At an intake of feed for maintenance, digestibility of starch ranged from 96.2 to 96.8%. During the lactation phase when intakes of feed were 2.5 to 3.2 times maintenance, digestibility of starch ranged from 84.7 to 88.1%. Starch in feces represented 2.9, 3.7, 5.5, and 5.9% of the intake of dry matter during the lactation phase, and .6, 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6% of intake at maintenance for the respective rations. At high intakes of concentrate, substantial amounts of dietary starch escaped degradation in the rumen and small intestine and were lost in the feces.", "contents": "Effect of forage-to-concentrate ratio in complete feeds and feed intake on digestion of starch by dairy cows. In digestion trials, 16 Holstein cows were fed complete mixed feeds of (a) 75:25, (b) 60:40, (c) 45:55, and (d) 30:70 ratios of forage to concentrate on a dry basis. At an intake of feed for maintenance, digestibility of starch ranged from 96.2 to 96.8%. During the lactation phase when intakes of feed were 2.5 to 3.2 times maintenance, digestibility of starch ranged from 84.7 to 88.1%. Starch in feces represented 2.9, 3.7, 5.5, and 5.9% of the intake of dry matter during the lactation phase, and .6, 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6% of intake at maintenance for the respective rations. At high intakes of concentrate, substantial amounts of dietary starch escaped degradation in the rumen and small intestine and were lost in the feces."}
{"id": "PMID:1206143", "title": "Erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase changes in the preruminant calf.", "content": "Sixteen preruminant, male Holstein calves were tested for erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase activity, hemoglobin and erythrocyte count in blood samples taken weekly during the first 13 wk of life. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase showed a continual increase in activity beginning at wk 3 to a maximal activity at wk 9. Hemoglobin content was decreased by wk 5 and erythrocyte count was reduced by wk 6. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase enzyme activities increased with age corresponding to changes in hemoglobin and erythrocyte count during early postnatal development of the preruminant calf.", "contents": "Erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase changes in the preruminant calf. Sixteen preruminant, male Holstein calves were tested for erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase activity, hemoglobin and erythrocyte count in blood samples taken weekly during the first 13 wk of life. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase showed a continual increase in activity beginning at wk 3 to a maximal activity at wk 9. Hemoglobin content was decreased by wk 5 and erythrocyte count was reduced by wk 6. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase enzyme activities increased with age corresponding to changes in hemoglobin and erythrocyte count during early postnatal development of the preruminant calf."}
{"id": "PMID:1206183", "title": "Bronchial sensitivity to methacholine in current and former asthmatic and allergic rhinitis patients and control subjects.", "content": "Ninety-eight subjects underwent methacholine (Mecholyl) aerosol challenge at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. All atopic groups differed significantly in their bronchial response to Mecholyl compared to nonatopic control subjects. Nineteen normal subjects had a mean decrease of 11.4% in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) with 128 Mecholyl inhalations and 2 decreased by greater than 20%. Fifteen of 27 allergic rhinitis patients had a positive response to Mecholyl as defined by a decrease in FEV1 greater than 20%. Four of these responders developed greater diminution in FEV1 response with additional Mecholyl inhalations in a manner similar to that seen in the asthmatic patients. Eighteen current asthmatics showed the greatest bronchial sensitivity to Mecholyl with a mean 33% decrease in FEV1 at 4.5 inhalations. One hundred per cent of current asthmatics and 82% (28 of 34) of former asthmatics (free of asthma symptoms for 1 to 20 yr) showed positive response to Mecholyl. A 20% decrease in FEV1 with a total of 20 inhalations or less is consistent with a diagnosis of \"current asthma,\" and even 20 of 34 former asthmatics responded in this manner. The Mecholyl aerosol test can be used to diagnose previous and current asthma and may be of value in predicting asthma in hay fever patients.", "contents": "Bronchial sensitivity to methacholine in current and former asthmatic and allergic rhinitis patients and control subjects. Ninety-eight subjects underwent methacholine (Mecholyl) aerosol challenge at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. All atopic groups differed significantly in their bronchial response to Mecholyl compared to nonatopic control subjects. Nineteen normal subjects had a mean decrease of 11.4% in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) with 128 Mecholyl inhalations and 2 decreased by greater than 20%. Fifteen of 27 allergic rhinitis patients had a positive response to Mecholyl as defined by a decrease in FEV1 greater than 20%. Four of these responders developed greater diminution in FEV1 response with additional Mecholyl inhalations in a manner similar to that seen in the asthmatic patients. Eighteen current asthmatics showed the greatest bronchial sensitivity to Mecholyl with a mean 33% decrease in FEV1 at 4.5 inhalations. One hundred per cent of current asthmatics and 82% (28 of 34) of former asthmatics (free of asthma symptoms for 1 to 20 yr) showed positive response to Mecholyl. A 20% decrease in FEV1 with a total of 20 inhalations or less is consistent with a diagnosis of \"current asthma,\" and even 20 of 34 former asthmatics responded in this manner. The Mecholyl aerosol test can be used to diagnose previous and current asthma and may be of value in predicting asthma in hay fever patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1206184", "title": "Stinging insect allergy: detection and clinical significance of venom IgE antibodies.", "content": "Venom-specific IgE antibodies in 109 sera from patients who had had immediate systemic allergic reactions following insect stings were measured by the radioallergosorbent (RAST) procedure. The majority of sera contained IgE antibodies to either bee, yellow jacket, or hornet venoms. Some sera had positive RAST reactions with 2 or 3 venoms, but others contained single venom-specific IgE antibodies. Of 24 patients who had large local reactions, the sera of 12 contained venom IgE antibodies. The RAST procedure provides an accurate means of documenting IgE-mediated allergic sensitivity to stinging insects.", "contents": "Stinging insect allergy: detection and clinical significance of venom IgE antibodies. Venom-specific IgE antibodies in 109 sera from patients who had had immediate systemic allergic reactions following insect stings were measured by the radioallergosorbent (RAST) procedure. The majority of sera contained IgE antibodies to either bee, yellow jacket, or hornet venoms. Some sera had positive RAST reactions with 2 or 3 venoms, but others contained single venom-specific IgE antibodies. Of 24 patients who had large local reactions, the sera of 12 contained venom IgE antibodies. The RAST procedure provides an accurate means of documenting IgE-mediated allergic sensitivity to stinging insects."}
{"id": "PMID:1206185", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the lungs of guinea pigs due to potassium dichromate.", "content": "Potassium dichromate was inhaled by guinea pigs previously immunized by potassium dichromate until strong positive patch tests were obtained. No obvious respiratory changes were noted during and after inhalation. Histologically, however, mononuclear cells infiltrated the interstitial spaces in large areas of the lung, producing considerable thickening of the alveolar spaces in 24 to 48 hr after inhalation. Polymorphonuclear cells were predominant initially. These changes were similar to the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the lung elicited by the inhalation of purified protein derivative (PPD) in the guinea pigs immunized by an injection of dry-killed tubercle bacilli. A less marked reaction was observed in guinea pigs passively sensitized with peritoneal exudate cells and lymph node cells. Consequently, the pulmonary changes were thought to be elicited by delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction due to a simple chemical. The clinical implications of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the lung due to simple chemicals are discussed.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the lungs of guinea pigs due to potassium dichromate. Potassium dichromate was inhaled by guinea pigs previously immunized by potassium dichromate until strong positive patch tests were obtained. No obvious respiratory changes were noted during and after inhalation. Histologically, however, mononuclear cells infiltrated the interstitial spaces in large areas of the lung, producing considerable thickening of the alveolar spaces in 24 to 48 hr after inhalation. Polymorphonuclear cells were predominant initially. These changes were similar to the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the lung elicited by the inhalation of purified protein derivative (PPD) in the guinea pigs immunized by an injection of dry-killed tubercle bacilli. A less marked reaction was observed in guinea pigs passively sensitized with peritoneal exudate cells and lymph node cells. Consequently, the pulmonary changes were thought to be elicited by delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction due to a simple chemical. The clinical implications of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the lung due to simple chemicals are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206186", "title": "Operative and nonoperative risks in the cardiac patient.", "content": "Four hundred and sixteen patients with documented arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) underwent 424 diagnostic and therapeutic surgical procedures during the year 1970 at the Henry Ford Hospital. They were classified according to the specific clinical manifestation of their cardiac abnormality. Patients with a history of old, well-compensated myocardial infarction, and those with cardiac arrhythmia, bundle-branch block, congestive heart failure and A-V block (pacemaker-protected) but no evidence of previous myocardial infarction fared almost as well as subjects of the same age without cardiac disease, and were considered to run the lowest operative risk. Patients with angina, especially if there was a history of infarction, were an intermediate risk in terms of complications and mortality. Patients with a history of previous infarction complicated at the time of the surgical procedure by arrhythmia, A-V block, bundle-branch block, or congestive heart failure were in the \"highest risk\" category. A severe A-V block indicated the need for insertion of a \"prophylactic\" pacemaker before any attempt at a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. No patient with clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of a recent infarction (less than three months' duration) should undergo any elective surgical procedure under any form of anesthesia unless the surgeon is prepared for a high mortality rate that may approach 90 percent. In contrast, the patient with old, well-compensated myocardial infarction and no evidence of dysrhythmia, block or congestive failure can tolerate even a major surgical operation under any form of anesthesia extremely well.", "contents": "Operative and nonoperative risks in the cardiac patient. Four hundred and sixteen patients with documented arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) underwent 424 diagnostic and therapeutic surgical procedures during the year 1970 at the Henry Ford Hospital. They were classified according to the specific clinical manifestation of their cardiac abnormality. Patients with a history of old, well-compensated myocardial infarction, and those with cardiac arrhythmia, bundle-branch block, congestive heart failure and A-V block (pacemaker-protected) but no evidence of previous myocardial infarction fared almost as well as subjects of the same age without cardiac disease, and were considered to run the lowest operative risk. Patients with angina, especially if there was a history of infarction, were an intermediate risk in terms of complications and mortality. Patients with a history of previous infarction complicated at the time of the surgical procedure by arrhythmia, A-V block, bundle-branch block, or congestive heart failure were in the \"highest risk\" category. A severe A-V block indicated the need for insertion of a \"prophylactic\" pacemaker before any attempt at a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. No patient with clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of a recent infarction (less than three months' duration) should undergo any elective surgical procedure under any form of anesthesia unless the surgeon is prepared for a high mortality rate that may approach 90 percent. In contrast, the patient with old, well-compensated myocardial infarction and no evidence of dysrhythmia, block or congestive failure can tolerate even a major surgical operation under any form of anesthesia extremely well."}
{"id": "PMID:1206187", "title": "Membranous nephropathy: an overview.", "content": "Membranous nephropathy (MN) accounts for about 20 percent of cases of the nephrotic syndrome. The importance of renal biopsy in establishing the diagnosis is emphasized. In the great majority of MN patients, no etiologic factor can be discerned. In a significant minority, MN appears to be a manifestation of sarcoidosis, diabetes, lupus, syphilis, malaria, or toxicity from heavy metals or drugs. In some cases the \"cause\" is neoplasia (including lymphoma) or a viral infection. Massive proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and edema are the principal manifestations of MN, finally resulting in renal failure. Treatment consists chiefly of diet and diuretic drugs. In the more pronounced cases, corticosteroids may have a favorable effect and in very resistant cases, cyclophosphamide is indicated. Judicious use of these modalities if often associated with the diminution or disappearance of the clinical signs of MN.", "contents": "Membranous nephropathy: an overview. Membranous nephropathy (MN) accounts for about 20 percent of cases of the nephrotic syndrome. The importance of renal biopsy in establishing the diagnosis is emphasized. In the great majority of MN patients, no etiologic factor can be discerned. In a significant minority, MN appears to be a manifestation of sarcoidosis, diabetes, lupus, syphilis, malaria, or toxicity from heavy metals or drugs. In some cases the \"cause\" is neoplasia (including lymphoma) or a viral infection. Massive proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and edema are the principal manifestations of MN, finally resulting in renal failure. Treatment consists chiefly of diet and diuretic drugs. In the more pronounced cases, corticosteroids may have a favorable effect and in very resistant cases, cyclophosphamide is indicated. Judicious use of these modalities if often associated with the diminution or disappearance of the clinical signs of MN."}
{"id": "PMID:1206203", "title": "[Contraception and subsequent fertility. General review on the reversibility of oral contraception].", "content": "We have carried out a general review of the problem of reversing the contraceptive mehtods using oestrogen-pregestogen contraceptives. We have very carefully reviewed the onset of long cycles showing clearly that they occur more easily in women who have started with irregular cycles, as do post-pill amenorrhoea cases. Spontaneous abortions seem to occur just as often after the pill as in the general population and the alarm that was raised by D. Carr seems to us to be very exaggerated. The infants are normal, have a lower perinatal mortality when we take into account the patients who use this method and there are no more congenital abnormalities than in other patients.", "contents": "[Contraception and subsequent fertility. General review on the reversibility of oral contraception]. We have carried out a general review of the problem of reversing the contraceptive mehtods using oestrogen-pregestogen contraceptives. We have very carefully reviewed the onset of long cycles showing clearly that they occur more easily in women who have started with irregular cycles, as do post-pill amenorrhoea cases. Spontaneous abortions seem to occur just as often after the pill as in the general population and the alarm that was raised by D. Carr seems to us to be very exaggerated. The infants are normal, have a lower perinatal mortality when we take into account the patients who use this method and there are no more congenital abnormalities than in other patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1206204", "title": "[Pseudosarcomatous leiomyomas of the uterus. Fusiform cell myomas, plexiform myomas and myomas with nuclear anomalies].", "content": "The authors report 14 cases of atypical myomata wich might have been mistaken for sarcomata were it not for the fact that they were devoid of mitotic features. Four of the myomata were immature types with small fusiform cells and without connective tissue fibres. Two of the myomata had a plexiform structure several cm. in diameter and appaered to correspond to tissue that was undergoing endothelial and periocytal regeneration round an old focus of necrosis. These features could only be made out precisely under the microscope. The other eight myomata were mature in form and associated with abnormal nuclei (large, hyperchromatic irregular multi-nuclear giant cell clumps) surrounding the periphery of centres of hypoxia, more commonly after pregnancy (3 cases) or treatment with progesterone (2 cases).", "contents": "[Pseudosarcomatous leiomyomas of the uterus. Fusiform cell myomas, plexiform myomas and myomas with nuclear anomalies]. The authors report 14 cases of atypical myomata wich might have been mistaken for sarcomata were it not for the fact that they were devoid of mitotic features. Four of the myomata were immature types with small fusiform cells and without connective tissue fibres. Two of the myomata had a plexiform structure several cm. in diameter and appaered to correspond to tissue that was undergoing endothelial and periocytal regeneration round an old focus of necrosis. These features could only be made out precisely under the microscope. The other eight myomata were mature in form and associated with abnormal nuclei (large, hyperchromatic irregular multi-nuclear giant cell clumps) surrounding the periphery of centres of hypoxia, more commonly after pregnancy (3 cases) or treatment with progesterone (2 cases)."}
{"id": "PMID:1206205", "title": "[[Utero-placental hemodynamics during normal and pathological pregnancies. Its changes under the influence of a beta-sympathicomimetic: salbutamol].", "content": "Utero-placental circulation was studied using a gamma-camera which measures the appearance of a radio-active bolus of transferin tagged with Indium 113 in the region of the placenta and of the myometrium. The technique adopted for the calculations that are carried out allows a ratio between the placental blood flow and the myometrial blood flow to be established. The measurements that were taken in the last trimester of pregnancy showed that there was a significant difference between the ratio in normal pregnancies and in those that resulted in the deliveries of small-for-date babies. The foetus is small-for-date in 80 per cent of cases when the placental blood flow (Dp) to the myometrial blood flow (Dm), ratio is less than 80. It is small-for-dates in 25 per cent of cases if the Dp/Dm is between 0.80 and 1.60. If the Dp/Dm ratio is about 1.60 the foetus is normal in 93 per cent of cases. When we compared especially the variations between the Dp/Dm ratio during the administration of Salbutamol, we showed in the light of work already published that the intravenous administration of 50 mug of Salbutamol brought about a lowering of resistance in the placental blood vessels, and probably an increase in the blood flow at the maternal placental site, whereas, on the other hand when 500 mug of Salbutamol were injected intravenously the result was a deficiency in placental blood flow.", "contents": "[[Utero-placental hemodynamics during normal and pathological pregnancies. Its changes under the influence of a beta-sympathicomimetic: salbutamol]. Utero-placental circulation was studied using a gamma-camera which measures the appearance of a radio-active bolus of transferin tagged with Indium 113 in the region of the placenta and of the myometrium. The technique adopted for the calculations that are carried out allows a ratio between the placental blood flow and the myometrial blood flow to be established. The measurements that were taken in the last trimester of pregnancy showed that there was a significant difference between the ratio in normal pregnancies and in those that resulted in the deliveries of small-for-date babies. The foetus is small-for-date in 80 per cent of cases when the placental blood flow (Dp) to the myometrial blood flow (Dm), ratio is less than 80. It is small-for-dates in 25 per cent of cases if the Dp/Dm is between 0.80 and 1.60. If the Dp/Dm ratio is about 1.60 the foetus is normal in 93 per cent of cases. When we compared especially the variations between the Dp/Dm ratio during the administration of Salbutamol, we showed in the light of work already published that the intravenous administration of 50 mug of Salbutamol brought about a lowering of resistance in the placental blood vessels, and probably an increase in the blood flow at the maternal placental site, whereas, on the other hand when 500 mug of Salbutamol were injected intravenously the result was a deficiency in placental blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1206206", "title": "[Chromosome abnormalities in male sterility].", "content": "A study of the caryotype in 281 cases of male secretory sterility. Chromosomal anomalies were found in 81 cases, i.e. 78 cases, of azoospermia, 3 cases of oligospermia. Barr bodies were found in 66 cases of Klinefelter syndrome or one of its varieties. In the remaining 15 cases, there was no Barr chromatin: 7 of them bore gonosomal abnormalities with or without mosaicism. In 8 cases reciprocal translocations were found: in 2 of them a sexual chromosome was involved. The high rate of chromosomal anomalies should be stressed: every male secretory sterility, especially with azoospermia, warrants a chromosomal study. In the group of translocations, FSH and LH rates are not elevated in spite of the existence of azoospermia, whereas they are consistently increased in all the other chromosomal abnormalities: this so far undescribed phenomenon has no present explanation. The role played by translocations in male secretory sterility, although difficult to understand, is well documented, since translocations occur ten times more frequently in male sterility than in the general population.", "contents": "[Chromosome abnormalities in male sterility]. A study of the caryotype in 281 cases of male secretory sterility. Chromosomal anomalies were found in 81 cases, i.e. 78 cases, of azoospermia, 3 cases of oligospermia. Barr bodies were found in 66 cases of Klinefelter syndrome or one of its varieties. In the remaining 15 cases, there was no Barr chromatin: 7 of them bore gonosomal abnormalities with or without mosaicism. In 8 cases reciprocal translocations were found: in 2 of them a sexual chromosome was involved. The high rate of chromosomal anomalies should be stressed: every male secretory sterility, especially with azoospermia, warrants a chromosomal study. In the group of translocations, FSH and LH rates are not elevated in spite of the existence of azoospermia, whereas they are consistently increased in all the other chromosomal abnormalities: this so far undescribed phenomenon has no present explanation. The role played by translocations in male secretory sterility, although difficult to understand, is well documented, since translocations occur ten times more frequently in male sterility than in the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:1206212", "title": "Acuariid, capillariid and hymenolepidid parasites of the dasyurid marsupial Antechinus stuartii Macleay, 1841, from southeastern Australia.", "content": "Stammerinema suffodiax sp. n. is described from the dasyurid marsupial Antechinus stuartii. It differs from S. soricis, the only other member of the genus, in lacking lateral body spines, as well as in the spicules and characters of the anterior extremity. As well as redescribing Synhimantus australiensis (Johnston and Mawson, 1952) now collected from the stomach of A. stuartii, a new capillariid, Capillaria rickardi from the stomach and two cestodes Hymenolepis aklei sp. n. and H. bradleyi sp. n. are described from the same host.", "contents": "Acuariid, capillariid and hymenolepidid parasites of the dasyurid marsupial Antechinus stuartii Macleay, 1841, from southeastern Australia. Stammerinema suffodiax sp. n. is described from the dasyurid marsupial Antechinus stuartii. It differs from S. soricis, the only other member of the genus, in lacking lateral body spines, as well as in the spicules and characters of the anterior extremity. As well as redescribing Synhimantus australiensis (Johnston and Mawson, 1952) now collected from the stomach of A. stuartii, a new capillariid, Capillaria rickardi from the stomach and two cestodes Hymenolepis aklei sp. n. and H. bradleyi sp. n. are described from the same host."}
{"id": "PMID:1206207", "title": "[Disorders of genital positioning. Attempted definition and classification].", "content": "We propose to classify in one chapter the different troubles of positioning which the uterus can have. In its site the uterus normaly has an extrinsic positions situation and position. The situation can be defined on the sagittal plane of the pelvic curve by the level in height of the organ in relationship to the bony pelvis. The position of the uterus is a global localisation of the uterus in the antero-posterior and frontal planes. The uterus also has an intrinsic status for which we had to have two terms of definition, the one being attitude and the other \"bearing\". The attitude is determined by the general morphology of the organ and the bearing is determined by the angle that the uterus makes in relationship to the axis of the pelvic cavity. In this way we can define exactly any position the uterus may take abnormally within precise groups.", "contents": "[Disorders of genital positioning. Attempted definition and classification]. We propose to classify in one chapter the different troubles of positioning which the uterus can have. In its site the uterus normaly has an extrinsic positions situation and position. The situation can be defined on the sagittal plane of the pelvic curve by the level in height of the organ in relationship to the bony pelvis. The position of the uterus is a global localisation of the uterus in the antero-posterior and frontal planes. The uterus also has an intrinsic status for which we had to have two terms of definition, the one being attitude and the other \"bearing\". The attitude is determined by the general morphology of the organ and the bearing is determined by the angle that the uterus makes in relationship to the axis of the pelvic cavity. In this way we can define exactly any position the uterus may take abnormally within precise groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1206213", "title": "Quantitative studies on Heterakis gallinarum infections in the common fowl, Gallus gallus L.", "content": "The fertility, mortality, and migration patterns of Hetarakis gallinarum were studied in chickens with concomitant Parahistomonas wenrichi infections. H. gallinarum females were found to produce approximately 936 ova per day, when 50 days of age, and a total of 34,000 to 86,000 ova in a lifetime. There was no evidence of differential mortality between the sexes, nor of a preference for either the left or the right caecal organ of chickens. Both male and female worms are capable of migrating between caeca, and are expecially prone to do so when in the absence of individuals of the opposite sex.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on Heterakis gallinarum infections in the common fowl, Gallus gallus L. The fertility, mortality, and migration patterns of Hetarakis gallinarum were studied in chickens with concomitant Parahistomonas wenrichi infections. H. gallinarum females were found to produce approximately 936 ova per day, when 50 days of age, and a total of 34,000 to 86,000 ova in a lifetime. There was no evidence of differential mortality between the sexes, nor of a preference for either the left or the right caecal organ of chickens. Both male and female worms are capable of migrating between caeca, and are expecially prone to do so when in the absence of individuals of the opposite sex."}
{"id": "PMID:1206208", "title": "[Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy].", "content": "The authors have taken the opportunity presented them by having a case of pheochromocytoma observed and diagnosed in the puerperium, of reviewing the various clinical and diagnostic features appropriate to this chromaffin tissue tumour. They also review the cardinal points in the differential diagnosis of any case of arterial hypertension discorvered in connection with pregnancy. A study of the literature shows that failure to recognise pheochromocytomata in pregnant women is accompanied by particularly hight maternal and fetal mortality. This complication of pregnancy, although rare, should be recognised by the obstetrician, who will be in a much better position early to combat and palliate the very grave threat to the mother and her baby.", "contents": "[Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy]. The authors have taken the opportunity presented them by having a case of pheochromocytoma observed and diagnosed in the puerperium, of reviewing the various clinical and diagnostic features appropriate to this chromaffin tissue tumour. They also review the cardinal points in the differential diagnosis of any case of arterial hypertension discorvered in connection with pregnancy. A study of the literature shows that failure to recognise pheochromocytomata in pregnant women is accompanied by particularly hight maternal and fetal mortality. This complication of pregnancy, although rare, should be recognised by the obstetrician, who will be in a much better position early to combat and palliate the very grave threat to the mother and her baby."}
{"id": "PMID:1206209", "title": "[Pain in obstetrics].", "content": "In this article the authors start by going over the anatomical and neuro-physiological pathways of transmission of painful nerve impulses from the periphery to the centres. Pain is a \"sensation\" which is integrated in both a psychological and an emotional context. Psycho-physiological studies show that the cortex of the brain therefore plays a basic role in this integration and this allows us to consider the psycho-prophylaxis of delivery. Certain failures of psychoprophylaxis demonstrate the role of cultural factors and of factors that are specific to the subject of the pain of labour. The latter are dominated by anxiety, wich is at the same time due to the circumstances of the labour and of the individual patient. The latter stem from several sources: fear of death, separation, guilt and castration. There is one more psychological element that seems to be equally important and that is, morbid narcissism. The obstetrician should fight against the patient's anxieties which will thwart his work and disturb the onward progress of the labour. He will usually succeed but not always by the pathways that he thinks he is taking.", "contents": "[Pain in obstetrics]. In this article the authors start by going over the anatomical and neuro-physiological pathways of transmission of painful nerve impulses from the periphery to the centres. Pain is a \"sensation\" which is integrated in both a psychological and an emotional context. Psycho-physiological studies show that the cortex of the brain therefore plays a basic role in this integration and this allows us to consider the psycho-prophylaxis of delivery. Certain failures of psychoprophylaxis demonstrate the role of cultural factors and of factors that are specific to the subject of the pain of labour. The latter are dominated by anxiety, wich is at the same time due to the circumstances of the labour and of the individual patient. The latter stem from several sources: fear of death, separation, guilt and castration. There is one more psychological element that seems to be equally important and that is, morbid narcissism. The obstetrician should fight against the patient's anxieties which will thwart his work and disturb the onward progress of the labour. He will usually succeed but not always by the pathways that he thinks he is taking."}
{"id": "PMID:1206214", "title": "The effect of sublethal concentrations of the molluscicide niclosamide on the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of sublethal concentrations of niclosamide on the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Exposure of cercariae to 0.02 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l of niclosamide, respectively, for only two hours increased their mortality during penetration of mammalian host skin. The observed increase in mortality in the skin resulted in a consequent reduction of adult worm recovery from the liver and mesenteric veins of animals infected with the treated cercariae.", "contents": "The effect of sublethal concentrations of the molluscicide niclosamide on the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of sublethal concentrations of niclosamide on the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Exposure of cercariae to 0.02 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l of niclosamide, respectively, for only two hours increased their mortality during penetration of mammalian host skin. The observed increase in mortality in the skin resulted in a consequent reduction of adult worm recovery from the liver and mesenteric veins of animals infected with the treated cercariae."}
{"id": "PMID:1206215", "title": "The morphology of Bothriocephalus scorpii (M\u00fcller) (Pseudophyllidea, Bothriocephalidae) from littoral fishes Britain.", "content": "Observations have been made on the morphology of Bothriocephalus scorpii from littoral fishes in Britain, with particular reference to the reproductive system and the ultrastructure of the tegument. Two different kinds of microtriches, and ciliated sense organs, have been found. The shedding of proglottides by pseudoapolysis is described.", "contents": "The morphology of Bothriocephalus scorpii (M\u00fcller) (Pseudophyllidea, Bothriocephalidae) from littoral fishes Britain. Observations have been made on the morphology of Bothriocephalus scorpii from littoral fishes in Britain, with particular reference to the reproductive system and the ultrastructure of the tegument. Two different kinds of microtriches, and ciliated sense organs, have been found. The shedding of proglottides by pseudoapolysis is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1206211", "title": "[Use of diazepam during labor].", "content": "The effect of diazepam has been watched and studied by continuing monitoring of the heart rate of the mother, the fetus and the newborn, as well as by studying the acid-base balance of the mother and the fetus and the newborn after doses of 20 mg of diazepam had been given to 40 normal labouring women. A good calming effect was found in 87 p. % of women and the remainder had an acceptable result. Both in the mother and in the fetus tachycardia resulted from injection of diazepam as well as a lessening in the frequency of changes in the heart rate. These two alterations were statistically significant (p less than 0.01) and appeared very soon after the administration of the diazepam. Later, no other effects could be found in the mother, the fetus or the newborn.", "contents": "[Use of diazepam during labor]. The effect of diazepam has been watched and studied by continuing monitoring of the heart rate of the mother, the fetus and the newborn, as well as by studying the acid-base balance of the mother and the fetus and the newborn after doses of 20 mg of diazepam had been given to 40 normal labouring women. A good calming effect was found in 87 p. % of women and the remainder had an acceptable result. Both in the mother and in the fetus tachycardia resulted from injection of diazepam as well as a lessening in the frequency of changes in the heart rate. These two alterations were statistically significant (p less than 0.01) and appeared very soon after the administration of the diazepam. Later, no other effects could be found in the mother, the fetus or the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:1206216", "title": "Studies on the Malayan forest rat filaria, Breinlia booliati: periodicity and microfilaraemic patterns during the course of infection.", "content": "Breinlia booliati exhibited nocturnal subperiodicity in its natural host, Rattus sabanus in contrast to experimentally infected laboratory-reared albine rats which showed irregular fluctuations of microfilariae throughout the 24 hour cycle. All the infected albino rats showed a prepatent period between 11-14 weeks postinoculation. Three patterns of microfilaraemia were discerned during the course of infection 38/49 rats displayed a single peak, 4/49 displayed 2 peaks about 12-15 weeks apart and 7/49 showed a sustained high plateau-like pattern of microfilaraemia. Cortisone had no effect on microfilarial levels when administered to rats near postpatency and some at postpatency.", "contents": "Studies on the Malayan forest rat filaria, Breinlia booliati: periodicity and microfilaraemic patterns during the course of infection. Breinlia booliati exhibited nocturnal subperiodicity in its natural host, Rattus sabanus in contrast to experimentally infected laboratory-reared albine rats which showed irregular fluctuations of microfilariae throughout the 24 hour cycle. All the infected albino rats showed a prepatent period between 11-14 weeks postinoculation. Three patterns of microfilaraemia were discerned during the course of infection 38/49 rats displayed a single peak, 4/49 displayed 2 peaks about 12-15 weeks apart and 7/49 showed a sustained high plateau-like pattern of microfilaraemia. Cortisone had no effect on microfilarial levels when administered to rats near postpatency and some at postpatency."}
{"id": "PMID:1206210", "title": "[Threatened premature labor. Account of our recent experience].", "content": "We have been using two products, one an alpha-blocker (Vadilex) and the other a beta-stimulating drug (Ritodrine) to treat cases with threatened premature labour. Our experience is with 93 women who were treated in a continuous series. The overall result of our treatment show that 72 per cent of the cases were treated successfully and 28 failed. Analysing these preliminary figures in greater detail we have observed that the prognosis depends mainly on the state of the cervix at the time treatment is started in cases of threatened premature labour. The chances for success are much greater if the cervix is long and closed that if it is taken up or open. Since the trial was not carried out with a \"double blind\" control, we cannot really tell which of the two products we used was more efficacious.", "contents": "[Threatened premature labor. Account of our recent experience]. We have been using two products, one an alpha-blocker (Vadilex) and the other a beta-stimulating drug (Ritodrine) to treat cases with threatened premature labour. Our experience is with 93 women who were treated in a continuous series. The overall result of our treatment show that 72 per cent of the cases were treated successfully and 28 failed. Analysing these preliminary figures in greater detail we have observed that the prognosis depends mainly on the state of the cervix at the time treatment is started in cases of threatened premature labour. The chances for success are much greater if the cervix is long and closed that if it is taken up or open. Since the trial was not carried out with a \"double blind\" control, we cannot really tell which of the two products we used was more efficacious."}
{"id": "PMID:1206217", "title": "Gazellostrongylus lerouxi Yeh, 1956 from antelopes in East Africa and its relation to the genus Paracooperia Travassos, 1935.", "content": "A detailed redescription of Gazellostrongylus lerouxi and Paracooperia serrata was given from specimens collected from antelopes in Kenya. It was felt that there was no justification for the synonymy of the genus Gazellostrongylus with Paracooperia. Gazellostrongylus was placed in the tribe Ostertagiea.", "contents": "Gazellostrongylus lerouxi Yeh, 1956 from antelopes in East Africa and its relation to the genus Paracooperia Travassos, 1935. A detailed redescription of Gazellostrongylus lerouxi and Paracooperia serrata was given from specimens collected from antelopes in Kenya. It was felt that there was no justification for the synonymy of the genus Gazellostrongylus with Paracooperia. Gazellostrongylus was placed in the tribe Ostertagiea."}
{"id": "PMID:1206218", "title": "Nasitrema attenuata (Trematoda) infection of Tursiops truncatus and its potentialities as an aetiological agent of chronic pulmonary lesions.", "content": "Two cases of Nasitrema sp (Trematoda) infection of the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, are reported and N. attenuata is briefly redescribed. The adults of the trematode occurring in the nasal sinuses and posterior nasal passage of the dolphins are considered as practically harmless for the host but thier eggs, aspirated deep into the bronchial tree, may initiate a foreign-body of inflammatory reaction in the lungs and continuous aspiration of such eggs may provoke a chronic pneumonia condition.", "contents": "Nasitrema attenuata (Trematoda) infection of Tursiops truncatus and its potentialities as an aetiological agent of chronic pulmonary lesions. Two cases of Nasitrema sp (Trematoda) infection of the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, are reported and N. attenuata is briefly redescribed. The adults of the trematode occurring in the nasal sinuses and posterior nasal passage of the dolphins are considered as practically harmless for the host but thier eggs, aspirated deep into the bronchial tree, may initiate a foreign-body of inflammatory reaction in the lungs and continuous aspiration of such eggs may provoke a chronic pneumonia condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1206219", "title": "The growth of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps in white mice.", "content": "The effect of the sex of the intermediate host on the growth and development of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps has been investigated. Three different strains of mice were used, the C R S, L A C A and C F L P strains and two strains of metacestode, the Toi and the E R S strains. The results show that matacestodes of T. crassiceps grow and multiply more rapidly in female than in male mice, although both sexes are equally susceptible to the infection. The origin of the parasite, i.e., from a rat or mouse host, affects the parasite growth.", "contents": "The growth of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps in white mice. The effect of the sex of the intermediate host on the growth and development of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps has been investigated. Three different strains of mice were used, the C R S, L A C A and C F L P strains and two strains of metacestode, the Toi and the E R S strains. The results show that matacestodes of T. crassiceps grow and multiply more rapidly in female than in male mice, although both sexes are equally susceptible to the infection. The origin of the parasite, i.e., from a rat or mouse host, affects the parasite growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1206221", "title": "Improvement in measuring migration areas in migration inhibition assays.", "content": "An improved method for measuring migration areas in migration inhibition assays is described. In this method, drawings of the projected image are analysed with an image analysis system. This method is faster as well as more accurate than a standard method.", "contents": "Improvement in measuring migration areas in migration inhibition assays. An improved method for measuring migration areas in migration inhibition assays is described. In this method, drawings of the projected image are analysed with an image analysis system. This method is faster as well as more accurate than a standard method."}
{"id": "PMID:1206222", "title": "The use of 2-deoxy-D-glucose to assess changes in tumor target cell membranes in vitro.", "content": "Following short-term suspension culture, cells from the Balb/C sarcoma Meth A were allowed to incorporate both [14C] leucine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose-1-[3H] (2DG). The 2DG is trapped as a small anionic marker of the cytosol. Deviation from the kinetics of spontaneous efflux of the markers is interpreted as reflecting perturbation of the target cell membrane. In the presence of guinea pig complement and a rabbit antiserum to Meth A, enhanced 2DG efflux was effected in a titer comparable to that detected with a 51Cr-release assay. With a number of alloantisera and syngeneic immune sera, 2DG efflux was enhanced while 51Cr-release was unaffected. Only in the presence of syngeneic immune sera from mice bearing a low tumor mass, syngeneic splenic leukocytes effect a retardation in the spontaneous 2DG efflux. Sera from animals with a large tumor mass were ineffective. Effux of proteins labeled with [14C] leucine was not altered. The phenomenon was not dependent on the presence of a heat-inactivatable syngeneic complement source. The method described provides a sensitive probe of target cell membrane permeability in the tumor model studied. The phenomenon detected is the capacity of serum, sampled relatively early in syngeneic oncogenesis, to direct syngeneic splenic leukocytes to interact with the target cell membrane differentially altering its permeability to the small cytosol marker.", "contents": "The use of 2-deoxy-D-glucose to assess changes in tumor target cell membranes in vitro. Following short-term suspension culture, cells from the Balb/C sarcoma Meth A were allowed to incorporate both [14C] leucine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose-1-[3H] (2DG). The 2DG is trapped as a small anionic marker of the cytosol. Deviation from the kinetics of spontaneous efflux of the markers is interpreted as reflecting perturbation of the target cell membrane. In the presence of guinea pig complement and a rabbit antiserum to Meth A, enhanced 2DG efflux was effected in a titer comparable to that detected with a 51Cr-release assay. With a number of alloantisera and syngeneic immune sera, 2DG efflux was enhanced while 51Cr-release was unaffected. Only in the presence of syngeneic immune sera from mice bearing a low tumor mass, syngeneic splenic leukocytes effect a retardation in the spontaneous 2DG efflux. Sera from animals with a large tumor mass were ineffective. Effux of proteins labeled with [14C] leucine was not altered. The phenomenon was not dependent on the presence of a heat-inactivatable syngeneic complement source. The method described provides a sensitive probe of target cell membrane permeability in the tumor model studied. The phenomenon detected is the capacity of serum, sampled relatively early in syngeneic oncogenesis, to direct syngeneic splenic leukocytes to interact with the target cell membrane differentially altering its permeability to the small cytosol marker."}
{"id": "PMID:1206223", "title": "The application of radiolabelled HL-A antibodies in the detection of (soluble) transplantation antigens: an alternative for the microcytotoxicity test.", "content": "The use of radiolabelled anti HL-A antibody preparations is described. Absorption by platelets, followed by acid elution, fractionation of the eluate by column chromatography, radiolabelling and a second absorption--elution step with platelets yielded specific preparations, irrespective of original cytotoxic titres. The binding of these radiolabelled antibodies to lymphocytes could be inhibited by soluble antigens present in normal plasma or obtained from spleen cells by papain treatment. As a method for the detection of soluble transplantation antigens the use of radiolabelled antibodies appeared as sensitive as the microcytotoxicity test.", "contents": "The application of radiolabelled HL-A antibodies in the detection of (soluble) transplantation antigens: an alternative for the microcytotoxicity test. The use of radiolabelled anti HL-A antibody preparations is described. Absorption by platelets, followed by acid elution, fractionation of the eluate by column chromatography, radiolabelling and a second absorption--elution step with platelets yielded specific preparations, irrespective of original cytotoxic titres. The binding of these radiolabelled antibodies to lymphocytes could be inhibited by soluble antigens present in normal plasma or obtained from spleen cells by papain treatment. As a method for the detection of soluble transplantation antigens the use of radiolabelled antibodies appeared as sensitive as the microcytotoxicity test."}
{"id": "PMID:1206224", "title": "An indirect radioimmunoassay for mouse casein using 125I-labeled antigen.", "content": "A new indirect radioimmunoassay was developed for detection of casein in mouse milk and in mammary tissue extract. Preincubation of rabbit gamma globulin to mouse milk casein (Ca2+-rennin precipitate) with unlabeled casein, milk, extracts of mammary tissues of late pregnancy and lactation, virtually blocked subsequent binding of 125I-labeled mouse milk casein to the antibody. Preincubation with mouse serum, bovine serum albumin, rennin, extracts of liver or immature mammary tissue had little effect on [125I]casein binding to the antibody. The inability of [125I]casein to bind to the antibody after preincubation with protein samples, which are likely to contain casein, is indicative of a specific antigen-antibody reaction. The assay is capable of detecting 0.2 mug casein, 1 mug milk proteins and 10 mug lactating mammary tissue extract. The application of the assay was also demonstrated using organ culture of the entire mammary gland. The glands treated with the lactogenic hormones, insulin + prolactin + cortisol, showed a saturation level of antibody-antigen reaction, indicating hormonal induction of casein; whereas, no reaction was observed with the non-treated gland.", "contents": "An indirect radioimmunoassay for mouse casein using 125I-labeled antigen. A new indirect radioimmunoassay was developed for detection of casein in mouse milk and in mammary tissue extract. Preincubation of rabbit gamma globulin to mouse milk casein (Ca2+-rennin precipitate) with unlabeled casein, milk, extracts of mammary tissues of late pregnancy and lactation, virtually blocked subsequent binding of 125I-labeled mouse milk casein to the antibody. Preincubation with mouse serum, bovine serum albumin, rennin, extracts of liver or immature mammary tissue had little effect on [125I]casein binding to the antibody. The inability of [125I]casein to bind to the antibody after preincubation with protein samples, which are likely to contain casein, is indicative of a specific antigen-antibody reaction. The assay is capable of detecting 0.2 mug casein, 1 mug milk proteins and 10 mug lactating mammary tissue extract. The application of the assay was also demonstrated using organ culture of the entire mammary gland. The glands treated with the lactogenic hormones, insulin + prolactin + cortisol, showed a saturation level of antibody-antigen reaction, indicating hormonal induction of casein; whereas, no reaction was observed with the non-treated gland."}
{"id": "PMID:1206225", "title": "Disturbance of hapten-antibody equilibria by ammonium sulphate solutions. A source of error in antibody affinity determinations.", "content": "The affinity of anti-hapten antibody can be conveniently measured by precipitating immune complexes with ammonium sulphate. The method has, however, not proved very reproducible. Here is described one variable difficult to control in the assay: the ammonium sulphate was found to cause dissociation of ligands from hapten (NIP)--antibody complexes. The reason was the volume increase caused by addition of ammonium sulphate. The study suggested that in the calculation of the free hapten concentration the final volume during precipitation should be used. The precipitate should not be washed when hapten binding capacities are measured.", "contents": "Disturbance of hapten-antibody equilibria by ammonium sulphate solutions. A source of error in antibody affinity determinations. The affinity of anti-hapten antibody can be conveniently measured by precipitating immune complexes with ammonium sulphate. The method has, however, not proved very reproducible. Here is described one variable difficult to control in the assay: the ammonium sulphate was found to cause dissociation of ligands from hapten (NIP)--antibody complexes. The reason was the volume increase caused by addition of ammonium sulphate. The study suggested that in the calculation of the free hapten concentration the final volume during precipitation should be used. The precipitate should not be washed when hapten binding capacities are measured."}
{"id": "PMID:1206226", "title": "Identification of immunoprecipitates in line immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A technique has been developed for the identification of immunoprecipitates in complex line-immunoelectrophoretic patterns. It is based on localized adsorption of individual antigens by monospecific antisera. The technique is suited for the following purposes as well: (1) testing the specificity and titer of uncharacterized antisera and (2) evaluation of binding properties of chromatographic media.", "contents": "Identification of immunoprecipitates in line immunoelectrophoresis. A technique has been developed for the identification of immunoprecipitates in complex line-immunoelectrophoretic patterns. It is based on localized adsorption of individual antigens by monospecific antisera. The technique is suited for the following purposes as well: (1) testing the specificity and titer of uncharacterized antisera and (2) evaluation of binding properties of chromatographic media."}
{"id": "PMID:1206227", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for nanogram quantities of DNA.", "content": "A direct competitive binding radioimmunoassay for DNA has been developed, using 125I-iododeoxyuridine-labelled DNA as the antigen and the serum from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. The assay is sensitive in the range of 25 to 1000 ng/ml of DNA. The sensitivity is determined by the affinity of the antibody: this SLE serum contains a component with an association constant of 9.6 X 10(-5) l/mol active at high dilution (1/10,000). Any biological material, such as serum, synovial fluid or tissue extracts can be tested directly. No interference has been found by DNAse in normal serum, or inhibition by mononucleotides or RNA. Native or denatured DNA from different sources (Escherichia coli, salmon sperm, calf thymus and human placenta) either purified or not, competes equally well for the antibody in this system.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for nanogram quantities of DNA. A direct competitive binding radioimmunoassay for DNA has been developed, using 125I-iododeoxyuridine-labelled DNA as the antigen and the serum from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. The assay is sensitive in the range of 25 to 1000 ng/ml of DNA. The sensitivity is determined by the affinity of the antibody: this SLE serum contains a component with an association constant of 9.6 X 10(-5) l/mol active at high dilution (1/10,000). Any biological material, such as serum, synovial fluid or tissue extracts can be tested directly. No interference has been found by DNAse in normal serum, or inhibition by mononucleotides or RNA. Native or denatured DNA from different sources (Escherichia coli, salmon sperm, calf thymus and human placenta) either purified or not, competes equally well for the antibody in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:1206228", "title": "Liposome spin immunoassay: a new sensitive method for detecting lipid substances in aqueous media.", "content": "A new sensitive immunoassay procedure is described for quantitative detection of glycolipids and other lipids in aqueous media. As with other immunoassays specific antiserum is first reacted with the free lipid hapten. The amount of antibody activity remaining is measured by assaying the release, in the presence of complement, of spin label marker from liposomes containing the same lipid hapten. Using this method, 2.6 pmol of aqueous Forssman hapten was detected, and the sensitivity could be increased further.", "contents": "Liposome spin immunoassay: a new sensitive method for detecting lipid substances in aqueous media. A new sensitive immunoassay procedure is described for quantitative detection of glycolipids and other lipids in aqueous media. As with other immunoassays specific antiserum is first reacted with the free lipid hapten. The amount of antibody activity remaining is measured by assaying the release, in the presence of complement, of spin label marker from liposomes containing the same lipid hapten. Using this method, 2.6 pmol of aqueous Forssman hapten was detected, and the sensitivity could be increased further."}
{"id": "PMID:1206269", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma vasopressin in physiological and pathological states in man.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in human plasma has been developed which requires 5 ml of plasma and has a lower limit of detection of 1-8 pg/ml plasma. Arginine-vasopressin was found to be stable in whole blood for up to 1 h at room temperature and for at least 4 h at 4 degrees C, while in plasma stored at -20 degrees C no loss was seen over 10 days. Dehydration and rehydration in normal subjects produced appropriate changes in AVP concentration but there was considerable variability in the levels attained by individual subjects and no obvious correlation with plasma osmolality. No consistent increase in plasma AVP concentration was seen on change of posture from the recumbent to the upright position. Vigorous exercise produced a marked rise in plasma AVP concentrations in most subjects which could not be attributed simply to an increase in plasma osmolality. In fusion studies with Pitressin in normal subjects showed a mean half-life of 6-4 min with an overall plasma clearance rate of 8-5 ml/min/kg body weight and a mean volume of distribution of 5-33 l. In patients with a biochemical picture suggestive of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, markedly raised plasma AVP concentrations were found only in patients with bronchial carcinoma.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma vasopressin in physiological and pathological states in man. A radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in human plasma has been developed which requires 5 ml of plasma and has a lower limit of detection of 1-8 pg/ml plasma. Arginine-vasopressin was found to be stable in whole blood for up to 1 h at room temperature and for at least 4 h at 4 degrees C, while in plasma stored at -20 degrees C no loss was seen over 10 days. Dehydration and rehydration in normal subjects produced appropriate changes in AVP concentration but there was considerable variability in the levels attained by individual subjects and no obvious correlation with plasma osmolality. No consistent increase in plasma AVP concentration was seen on change of posture from the recumbent to the upright position. Vigorous exercise produced a marked rise in plasma AVP concentrations in most subjects which could not be attributed simply to an increase in plasma osmolality. In fusion studies with Pitressin in normal subjects showed a mean half-life of 6-4 min with an overall plasma clearance rate of 8-5 ml/min/kg body weight and a mean volume of distribution of 5-33 l. In patients with a biochemical picture suggestive of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, markedly raised plasma AVP concentrations were found only in patients with bronchial carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1206272", "title": "Distribution of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in rat epididymis and their concentrations in efferent duct fluid.", "content": "5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone concentrations were found to be appreciably higher in the proximal portion of the rat epididymis than in the distal portion. Following ligation of the efferent ducts of a testis, the 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone concentration diminished in the proximal half but not in the distal half of the epididymis. Epididymal fluid and spermatozoa were washed out from minces of epididymal tissue. The numbers of spermatozoa present in the wash fluid and in the homogenate of washed minces of epididymal tissue were used as measures for the amounts of epididymal fluid present in these fractions. Of the total amount of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (30-2 ng/g tissue) in the proximal portion, 20-5 ng were localized in the epididymal fluid, whereas of the total amount of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (8-6 ng/g tissue) in the distal portion, 2-8 ng were found in the epididymal fluid. The amounts of testosterone present in the fluids of both proximal and distal portions were 1-2 ng/g tissue. In contrast to the epididymal fluid, efferent duct fluid had a high concentration of testosterone (28-8 ng/ml) and a low concentration of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (1-9 ng/ml). These data suggest that the fluid surrounding the spermatozoa in the testis and the epididymis contains a high concentration of androgen and that as the fluid moves from the testis to the epididymis there is a clear change in the ratio of testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone.", "contents": "Distribution of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in rat epididymis and their concentrations in efferent duct fluid. 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone concentrations were found to be appreciably higher in the proximal portion of the rat epididymis than in the distal portion. Following ligation of the efferent ducts of a testis, the 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone concentration diminished in the proximal half but not in the distal half of the epididymis. Epididymal fluid and spermatozoa were washed out from minces of epididymal tissue. The numbers of spermatozoa present in the wash fluid and in the homogenate of washed minces of epididymal tissue were used as measures for the amounts of epididymal fluid present in these fractions. Of the total amount of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (30-2 ng/g tissue) in the proximal portion, 20-5 ng were localized in the epididymal fluid, whereas of the total amount of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (8-6 ng/g tissue) in the distal portion, 2-8 ng were found in the epididymal fluid. The amounts of testosterone present in the fluids of both proximal and distal portions were 1-2 ng/g tissue. In contrast to the epididymal fluid, efferent duct fluid had a high concentration of testosterone (28-8 ng/ml) and a low concentration of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (1-9 ng/ml). These data suggest that the fluid surrounding the spermatozoa in the testis and the epididymis contains a high concentration of androgen and that as the fluid moves from the testis to the epididymis there is a clear change in the ratio of testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:1206273", "title": "A comparison of variations in plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations in male and female domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) from hatch to sexual maturity.", "content": "Changes in plasma LH concentrations were followed in chickens of both sexes from hatch to sexual maturity using a radioimmunoassay. Mean levels of LH were lower in the females than in the males at all stages of development. These levels rose rapidly in both sexes during the first week after hatch to maxima of 6-5 +/- 1-2 (S.E.M.) ng/ml (n = 6) in the males and 4-6 +/- 0-6 ng/ml (n = 6) in the females. Thereafter levels of the hormone in the circulation stabilized in the males but fell over a period of 1 or 2 weeks in the females to 2-5-3 ng/ml. Plasma LH levels started to rise steeply in both sexes when they were between 16 and 19 weeks old at the same time as there was an increase in the rate of comb growth. Afterwards in six of the males studied in detail the mean plasma LH level rose significantly (P less than 0-01) over a period of 5-8 weeks from 8-1 +/- 1-2 to 13-2 +/- 1-9 ng/ml. In a parallel study on six females the rate of LH secretion increased for approximately 3 weeks and then decreased for about the same period forming a prepubertal LH peak. The first eggs were laid between 22 and 25 weeks of age when mean plasma LH levels had fallen to about 1-8 ng/ml. The mean plasma LH level in these hens when they were laying (1-8 +/- 0-3 ng/ml) was significantly lower (P less than 0-01) than when they were sexually immature (2-7 +/- 0-3 ng/ml). The duration of the period of rapid comb growth in each bird was closely related in the males to the time during which prepubertal LH peak. Differences in mean plasma LH concentrations in individual birds of either sex before the onset of puberty appeared to be related to subsequent reproductive performance.", "contents": "A comparison of variations in plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations in male and female domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) from hatch to sexual maturity. Changes in plasma LH concentrations were followed in chickens of both sexes from hatch to sexual maturity using a radioimmunoassay. Mean levels of LH were lower in the females than in the males at all stages of development. These levels rose rapidly in both sexes during the first week after hatch to maxima of 6-5 +/- 1-2 (S.E.M.) ng/ml (n = 6) in the males and 4-6 +/- 0-6 ng/ml (n = 6) in the females. Thereafter levels of the hormone in the circulation stabilized in the males but fell over a period of 1 or 2 weeks in the females to 2-5-3 ng/ml. Plasma LH levels started to rise steeply in both sexes when they were between 16 and 19 weeks old at the same time as there was an increase in the rate of comb growth. Afterwards in six of the males studied in detail the mean plasma LH level rose significantly (P less than 0-01) over a period of 5-8 weeks from 8-1 +/- 1-2 to 13-2 +/- 1-9 ng/ml. In a parallel study on six females the rate of LH secretion increased for approximately 3 weeks and then decreased for about the same period forming a prepubertal LH peak. The first eggs were laid between 22 and 25 weeks of age when mean plasma LH levels had fallen to about 1-8 ng/ml. The mean plasma LH level in these hens when they were laying (1-8 +/- 0-3 ng/ml) was significantly lower (P less than 0-01) than when they were sexually immature (2-7 +/- 0-3 ng/ml). The duration of the period of rapid comb growth in each bird was closely related in the males to the time during which prepubertal LH peak. Differences in mean plasma LH concentrations in individual birds of either sex before the onset of puberty appeared to be related to subsequent reproductive performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1206274", "title": "Progesterone, prostaglandin F2alpha, and oestradiol in the utero-ovarian venous plasma of non-pregnant and early, unilaterally pregnant guinea-pigs.", "content": "Levels of progesterone, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and oestradiol in the utero-ovarian venous plasma of non-pregnant and early, unilaterally pregnant guinea-pigs were compared. Progesterone levels fell from day 12 to day 15 in the non-pregnant animals, while levels of PGF2alpha and oestradiol increased during this period. In contrast, in the pregnant guinea-pigs, progesterone levels remained high up to day 15 and PGF2alpha and oestradiol levels remained low in plasma from both the pregnant and non-pregnant sides. These findings support the hypothesis that the guinea-pig conceptus secretes an anti-luteolytic factor in early pregnancy, which reduces the amount of PGF2alpha produced by the uterus and released into the uterine veins and thereby allows luteal maintenance and continued progesterone secretion. Oestradiol, in the presence of progesterone, is regarded as the physiological stimulus for normal uterine PGF2alpha synthesis and release. Consequently, the inhibition of ovarian oestradiol secretion seen in early pregnancy is probably at least part of the mechanism by which the anti-luteolytic factor produced by the conceptus reduces PGF2alpha synthesis by and release from the uterus.", "contents": "Progesterone, prostaglandin F2alpha, and oestradiol in the utero-ovarian venous plasma of non-pregnant and early, unilaterally pregnant guinea-pigs. Levels of progesterone, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and oestradiol in the utero-ovarian venous plasma of non-pregnant and early, unilaterally pregnant guinea-pigs were compared. Progesterone levels fell from day 12 to day 15 in the non-pregnant animals, while levels of PGF2alpha and oestradiol increased during this period. In contrast, in the pregnant guinea-pigs, progesterone levels remained high up to day 15 and PGF2alpha and oestradiol levels remained low in plasma from both the pregnant and non-pregnant sides. These findings support the hypothesis that the guinea-pig conceptus secretes an anti-luteolytic factor in early pregnancy, which reduces the amount of PGF2alpha produced by the uterus and released into the uterine veins and thereby allows luteal maintenance and continued progesterone secretion. Oestradiol, in the presence of progesterone, is regarded as the physiological stimulus for normal uterine PGF2alpha synthesis and release. Consequently, the inhibition of ovarian oestradiol secretion seen in early pregnancy is probably at least part of the mechanism by which the anti-luteolytic factor produced by the conceptus reduces PGF2alpha synthesis by and release from the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:1206276", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha and E2 on the production of progesterone by human granulosa cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Human granulosa cells with differing steroidogenic potentials were cultured in vitro. The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and PGE2 on the progesterone output and viability of these cells were investigated. Prostaglandin F2alpha either alone or in combination with LH and FSH inhibited the production of progesterone over a wide range of concentrations (1-8000 ng/ml). However, the inhibitory effect of PGF2alpha was 200 times less effective when the cells were exposed to LH and FSH for 6 days before the addition of the prostaglandin. By contrast PGE2, at concentrations from 1 to 500 ng/ml, markedly stimulated the production of progesterone by granulosa cells, and this was not prevented by the addition of PGF2alpha. The degree of inhibition by PGF2alpha or stimulation by PGE2 was related to the biosynthetic capacity of the cells. These studies suggest that PGF2alpha may act directly on the adenylate cyclase system of human granulosa cells by blocking its activation by LH, and they demonstrate that functional regression of the luteal cell can be induced independently of the blood vascular system.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha and E2 on the production of progesterone by human granulosa cells in tissue culture. Human granulosa cells with differing steroidogenic potentials were cultured in vitro. The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and PGE2 on the progesterone output and viability of these cells were investigated. Prostaglandin F2alpha either alone or in combination with LH and FSH inhibited the production of progesterone over a wide range of concentrations (1-8000 ng/ml). However, the inhibitory effect of PGF2alpha was 200 times less effective when the cells were exposed to LH and FSH for 6 days before the addition of the prostaglandin. By contrast PGE2, at concentrations from 1 to 500 ng/ml, markedly stimulated the production of progesterone by granulosa cells, and this was not prevented by the addition of PGF2alpha. The degree of inhibition by PGF2alpha or stimulation by PGE2 was related to the biosynthetic capacity of the cells. These studies suggest that PGF2alpha may act directly on the adenylate cyclase system of human granulosa cells by blocking its activation by LH, and they demonstrate that functional regression of the luteal cell can be induced independently of the blood vascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:1206279", "title": "An unusual pattern of testosterone metabolism in tissue associated with a keratin-filled cutaneous cyst.", "content": "Testosterone metabolism was studied in tissues associated with a keratin-filled cutaneous cyst. Instead of the 5alpha-reduced metabolites usually associated with skin steroid metabolism, considerable amounts of 5beta-reduced steroids were found. These included 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione, 17beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-3-one, and 5beta-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol. This change in metabolic pattern is discussed.", "contents": "An unusual pattern of testosterone metabolism in tissue associated with a keratin-filled cutaneous cyst. Testosterone metabolism was studied in tissues associated with a keratin-filled cutaneous cyst. Instead of the 5alpha-reduced metabolites usually associated with skin steroid metabolism, considerable amounts of 5beta-reduced steroids were found. These included 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione, 17beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-3-one, and 5beta-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol. This change in metabolic pattern is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206280", "title": "Presence of sex pheromone in preputial glands of male rats.", "content": "Female rats consistently preferred the odour of male rat preputial gland compared with that of foot pads, submaxillary-sublingual glands, coagulating glands, liver, fat or muscle. Both saline homogenates and ether extracts were effective. Female rats did not respond to the odour of female preputial extract and they preferred the odour of normal male preputial extract to that from castrated rats. The pheromone was not associated with the fatty acids of the preputial extract. The fractionation of the volatile components of preputial extracts by gas chromatography revealed that most of the biological  activity resided in a specific fraction.", "contents": "Presence of sex pheromone in preputial glands of male rats. Female rats consistently preferred the odour of male rat preputial gland compared with that of foot pads, submaxillary-sublingual glands, coagulating glands, liver, fat or muscle. Both saline homogenates and ether extracts were effective. Female rats did not respond to the odour of female preputial extract and they preferred the odour of normal male preputial extract to that from castrated rats. The pheromone was not associated with the fatty acids of the preputial extract. The fractionation of the volatile components of preputial extracts by gas chromatography revealed that most of the biological  activity resided in a specific fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1206281", "title": "Rapid interaction between luteinizing hormone and isolated rabbit follicles.", "content": "The rapidity of binding of LH to rabbit ovarian follicles was examined using androgen production as the endpoint. Incubations were carried out for about 8 h with medium being changed every 15 min except during the periods when follicles were exposed to LH and/or anti-LH and subsequent washing. Exposure of follicles to LH for 1 s followed by washing in (a) LH-free medium, (b) pure anti-LH or (c) diluted anti-LH, failed to inhibit androgen production which persisted for more than 2 h. Simultaneous addition of anti-LH and LH to the medium before incubation with follicles completely inhibited the response though it could be elicited from the same follicles when LH was added later. These data suggest that the binding of LH to follicular receptors is a rapid process and that either the LH-receptor complex is very stable or that LH initiates a series of reactions which are independent of the presence of hormone.", "contents": "Rapid interaction between luteinizing hormone and isolated rabbit follicles. The rapidity of binding of LH to rabbit ovarian follicles was examined using androgen production as the endpoint. Incubations were carried out for about 8 h with medium being changed every 15 min except during the periods when follicles were exposed to LH and/or anti-LH and subsequent washing. Exposure of follicles to LH for 1 s followed by washing in (a) LH-free medium, (b) pure anti-LH or (c) diluted anti-LH, failed to inhibit androgen production which persisted for more than 2 h. Simultaneous addition of anti-LH and LH to the medium before incubation with follicles completely inhibited the response though it could be elicited from the same follicles when LH was added later. These data suggest that the binding of LH to follicular receptors is a rapid process and that either the LH-receptor complex is very stable or that LH initiates a series of reactions which are independent of the presence of hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:1206282", "title": "Specific release of bovine neurophysin II during arterial or venous haemorrhage in the cow.", "content": "An almost specific release of neurophysin II with only minor release of neurophysin I was found during venous or arterial haemorrhage in five cows. Our data confirm the results of experiments in vitro in which vasopressin has been found to be associated with neurophysin II within neurosecretory granules.", "contents": "Specific release of bovine neurophysin II during arterial or venous haemorrhage in the cow. An almost specific release of neurophysin II with only minor release of neurophysin I was found during venous or arterial haemorrhage in five cows. Our data confirm the results of experiments in vitro in which vasopressin has been found to be associated with neurophysin II within neurosecretory granules."}
{"id": "PMID:1206322", "title": "Enzyme activity in kidney, adrenal and gonadal tissue of rats treated neonatally with androgen or oestrogen.", "content": "A single injection of 300 mug oestradiol benzoate (OEB) or 1.25 mg testosterone propionate (TP) on day 1 of life led to significant changes in the activity of enzymes involved in steroid hormone metabolism in kidney, adrenal and gonadal tissues of adult rats. In the kidney, the enzyme activities of male rats reacted to OEB, but not TP, by the development of normal female levels. With one exception the enzyme activities of the kidney of female rats did not respond to either steroid. In the adrenal of both sexes 5alpha-reductase reacted to OEB, but not TP treatment, by a fourfold increase in activity. In the ovary all the enzymes investigated responded both to OEB and TP treatment by a fall in activity; 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity fell to undetectable levels. In the testis, OEB and TP treatment led to contrasting effects. With the exception of 5alpha-reductase all the enzymes tested in this organ responded to OEB by a rise in activity. Where TP had any effect, it produced a slight decrease in activity.", "contents": "Enzyme activity in kidney, adrenal and gonadal tissue of rats treated neonatally with androgen or oestrogen. A single injection of 300 mug oestradiol benzoate (OEB) or 1.25 mg testosterone propionate (TP) on day 1 of life led to significant changes in the activity of enzymes involved in steroid hormone metabolism in kidney, adrenal and gonadal tissues of adult rats. In the kidney, the enzyme activities of male rats reacted to OEB, but not TP, by the development of normal female levels. With one exception the enzyme activities of the kidney of female rats did not respond to either steroid. In the adrenal of both sexes 5alpha-reductase reacted to OEB, but not TP treatment, by a fourfold increase in activity. In the ovary all the enzymes investigated responded both to OEB and TP treatment by a fall in activity; 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity fell to undetectable levels. In the testis, OEB and TP treatment led to contrasting effects. With the exception of 5alpha-reductase all the enzymes tested in this organ responded to OEB by a rise in activity. Where TP had any effect, it produced a slight decrease in activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1206323", "title": "Sexual behaviour in castrated rabbits treated with testosterone, oestradiol, dihydrotestosterone or oestradiol in combination with dihydrotestosterone.", "content": "Sexual behaviour and the function of the accessory sexual glands were studied in castrated rabbits injected with testosterone benzoate (TB), oestradiol benzoate (OEB), dihydrotestosterone benzoate (DHTB) or OEB in combination with DHTB. Testosterone benzoate (1 mg daily for 90 days) stimulated the sexual behaviour more than any of the other steroids. The combination of OEB (0-33 mg) and DHTB (1 mg) was no more effective than either of these steroids given alone. The function of the accessory sexual glands was stimulated to a level comparable to that of intact animals given TB. Dihydrotestosterone benzoate was, however, not very effective in this respect. Oestradiol benzoate alone or in combination with DHTB caused hypertrophy and very low secretory activity of the seminal vesicles. These results suggest that testosterone itself is active both in the brain and in the accessory sexual glands in rabbits. This is in contrast to the rat, in which aromatization to oestradiol in the brain and reduction to DHT in the periphery seems to be important.", "contents": "Sexual behaviour in castrated rabbits treated with testosterone, oestradiol, dihydrotestosterone or oestradiol in combination with dihydrotestosterone. Sexual behaviour and the function of the accessory sexual glands were studied in castrated rabbits injected with testosterone benzoate (TB), oestradiol benzoate (OEB), dihydrotestosterone benzoate (DHTB) or OEB in combination with DHTB. Testosterone benzoate (1 mg daily for 90 days) stimulated the sexual behaviour more than any of the other steroids. The combination of OEB (0-33 mg) and DHTB (1 mg) was no more effective than either of these steroids given alone. The function of the accessory sexual glands was stimulated to a level comparable to that of intact animals given TB. Dihydrotestosterone benzoate was, however, not very effective in this respect. Oestradiol benzoate alone or in combination with DHTB caused hypertrophy and very low secretory activity of the seminal vesicles. These results suggest that testosterone itself is active both in the brain and in the accessory sexual glands in rabbits. This is in contrast to the rat, in which aromatization to oestradiol in the brain and reduction to DHT in the periphery seems to be important."}
{"id": "PMID:1206324", "title": "Protein binding of plasma cortisol in the foetal lamb near term.", "content": "Binding of cortisol to plasma proteins was studied in the foetal lamb by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C. At 122 days of pregnancy the mean level of transcortin expressed as cortisol-binding capacity was 28 +/- 6 (S.D.) ng cortisol/ml plasma. During the last 14 days of pregnancy there was a progressive increase in transcortin-binding capacity to 85 +/- 14 ng cortisol/ml plasma. A sharp increase in the concentration of both protein-bound and unbound cortisol was observed over the same period. A rise in the concentration of total cortisol from around 3 to 42 ng/ml was associated with an increase in unbound cortisol from 0-2 to a maximum of 2-1 ng/ml. The concentration of albumin-bound cortisol was approximately equal to that of unbound cortisol. The mean value for the transcortin-cortisol affinity constant was 1-15 x 10(8) l/mol. It is concluded that an increase in transcortin-binding capacity is partly responsible for the prepartum increase of corticosteroid levels observed in normal foetal lambs.", "contents": "Protein binding of plasma cortisol in the foetal lamb near term. Binding of cortisol to plasma proteins was studied in the foetal lamb by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C. At 122 days of pregnancy the mean level of transcortin expressed as cortisol-binding capacity was 28 +/- 6 (S.D.) ng cortisol/ml plasma. During the last 14 days of pregnancy there was a progressive increase in transcortin-binding capacity to 85 +/- 14 ng cortisol/ml plasma. A sharp increase in the concentration of both protein-bound and unbound cortisol was observed over the same period. A rise in the concentration of total cortisol from around 3 to 42 ng/ml was associated with an increase in unbound cortisol from 0-2 to a maximum of 2-1 ng/ml. The concentration of albumin-bound cortisol was approximately equal to that of unbound cortisol. The mean value for the transcortin-cortisol affinity constant was 1-15 x 10(8) l/mol. It is concluded that an increase in transcortin-binding capacity is partly responsible for the prepartum increase of corticosteroid levels observed in normal foetal lambs."}
{"id": "PMID:1206325", "title": "Effects of injections of monoamine oxidase inhibitor or saline into the uterus in late pregnancy on uterine catecholamine levels related to abnormal parturition in rats.", "content": "Injection of a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor (nialamide) into the uterus of an anaesthetized and laparotomized rat on day 20 of pregnancy severely disturbed parturition. Injection of the solvent (0-9% isotonic NaCl solution) at the same stage of gestation produced the same but less frequent disturbances. When the rats were injected on days 19 or 21, impairment was less marked than on day 20. Therefore, day 20 seems to be a critical period for the onset of parturition. Injection of Ringer solution into the uterus on day 20 had effects analogous to those of saline injection at the same stage. Anaesthesia induced with ether, laparotomy of the pregnant rat on day 20, and handling of the uterine horns without injection of either Ringer or NaCl also disturbed parturition in 70% of the rats treated. Nevertheless, disorders were not as severe as those after injection. Laparotomy alone on day 20 did not disturb parturition. The effects on parturition of a saline injection into the uterus on day 20 were greatly decreased when the injection was performed on pregnant rats adrenalectomized on day 14, or on pregnant rats pretreated on days 18 and 19 with an agent blocking the adrenergic beta receptors (propranolol); 70-80% of the treated rats had normal deliveries. In control rats, uterine catecholamine levels were markedly modified between days 21 and 22 of gestation. These changes did not occur in rats injected with MAO inhibitor or saline.", "contents": "Effects of injections of monoamine oxidase inhibitor or saline into the uterus in late pregnancy on uterine catecholamine levels related to abnormal parturition in rats. Injection of a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor (nialamide) into the uterus of an anaesthetized and laparotomized rat on day 20 of pregnancy severely disturbed parturition. Injection of the solvent (0-9% isotonic NaCl solution) at the same stage of gestation produced the same but less frequent disturbances. When the rats were injected on days 19 or 21, impairment was less marked than on day 20. Therefore, day 20 seems to be a critical period for the onset of parturition. Injection of Ringer solution into the uterus on day 20 had effects analogous to those of saline injection at the same stage. Anaesthesia induced with ether, laparotomy of the pregnant rat on day 20, and handling of the uterine horns without injection of either Ringer or NaCl also disturbed parturition in 70% of the rats treated. Nevertheless, disorders were not as severe as those after injection. Laparotomy alone on day 20 did not disturb parturition. The effects on parturition of a saline injection into the uterus on day 20 were greatly decreased when the injection was performed on pregnant rats adrenalectomized on day 14, or on pregnant rats pretreated on days 18 and 19 with an agent blocking the adrenergic beta receptors (propranolol); 70-80% of the treated rats had normal deliveries. In control rats, uterine catecholamine levels were markedly modified between days 21 and 22 of gestation. These changes did not occur in rats injected with MAO inhibitor or saline."}
{"id": "PMID:1206326", "title": "Effect of L-dopa on milk ejection and prolactin release in lactating rats.", "content": "The effect of L-DOPA on milk ejection and on prolactin release during 30 min of suckling was studied in lactating rats. Various doses of L-DOPA (1-25, 2-5, 5 and 10 mg/100 g body wt) were injected i.p. 30 min before the suckling period. Control rats were injected with 0-9% NaCl solution only. An inhibition of milk ejection proportional to the dose of drug administered was obtained. The dose of 10 mg completely blocked milk ejection but 1-25 mg had no effect. A normal milk-ejection response was obtained with a small dose of oxytocin injected immediately before nursing into mothers treated with 10 mg L-DOPA, indicating that the blocking effect was not due to a lack of mammary gland response. In control mothers, serum prolactin levels increased from 67-2 +/- 25-9 (S.E.M.) to 950-3 +/- 118-7 ng/ml after a 30 min suckling period. L-DOPA (5 and 10 mg) prevented the release of prolactin induced by suckling, but 1-25 and 2-5 mg L-DOPA had no effect. The results indicate that oxytocin and prolactin release induced by suckling in lactating rats is inhibited by an increase of catecholamines at the hypothalamic-hypophysial axis.", "contents": "Effect of L-dopa on milk ejection and prolactin release in lactating rats. The effect of L-DOPA on milk ejection and on prolactin release during 30 min of suckling was studied in lactating rats. Various doses of L-DOPA (1-25, 2-5, 5 and 10 mg/100 g body wt) were injected i.p. 30 min before the suckling period. Control rats were injected with 0-9% NaCl solution only. An inhibition of milk ejection proportional to the dose of drug administered was obtained. The dose of 10 mg completely blocked milk ejection but 1-25 mg had no effect. A normal milk-ejection response was obtained with a small dose of oxytocin injected immediately before nursing into mothers treated with 10 mg L-DOPA, indicating that the blocking effect was not due to a lack of mammary gland response. In control mothers, serum prolactin levels increased from 67-2 +/- 25-9 (S.E.M.) to 950-3 +/- 118-7 ng/ml after a 30 min suckling period. L-DOPA (5 and 10 mg) prevented the release of prolactin induced by suckling, but 1-25 and 2-5 mg L-DOPA had no effect. The results indicate that oxytocin and prolactin release induced by suckling in lactating rats is inhibited by an increase of catecholamines at the hypothalamic-hypophysial axis."}
{"id": "PMID:1206327", "title": "Plasma luteinizing hormone and testosterone in the adult male pig: 24 hour fluctuations and the effect of copulation.", "content": "Secretory patterns of LH and testosterone were characterized in the intact male miniature pig. All blood samples were taken from indwelling catheters. Hourly sampling was carried out over 24 h and during a morning period blood was collected for 2 h at 10 min intervals. No significant difference was detected in the plasma LH concentration on the basis of hourly sampling. Plasma testosterone was significantly (P less than 0-05) lower during the evening and night when compared with morning values. The second experiment was concerned with the pattern of plasma LH and testosterone concentrations before and after copulation. Blood sampling was performed at 10 min intervals. Plasma LH was significantly (P less than 0-001) raised for 30 min after copulation when compared with any 30 min period (0-120 min) before copulation. Plasma testosterone was not significantly altered for any 30 min period of the experiment (0-270 min). The data are interpreted as a possible mechanism for endocrine control of testicular function.", "contents": "Plasma luteinizing hormone and testosterone in the adult male pig: 24 hour fluctuations and the effect of copulation. Secretory patterns of LH and testosterone were characterized in the intact male miniature pig. All blood samples were taken from indwelling catheters. Hourly sampling was carried out over 24 h and during a morning period blood was collected for 2 h at 10 min intervals. No significant difference was detected in the plasma LH concentration on the basis of hourly sampling. Plasma testosterone was significantly (P less than 0-05) lower during the evening and night when compared with morning values. The second experiment was concerned with the pattern of plasma LH and testosterone concentrations before and after copulation. Blood sampling was performed at 10 min intervals. Plasma LH was significantly (P less than 0-001) raised for 30 min after copulation when compared with any 30 min period (0-120 min) before copulation. Plasma testosterone was not significantly altered for any 30 min period of the experiment (0-270 min). The data are interpreted as a possible mechanism for endocrine control of testicular function."}
{"id": "PMID:1206328", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone secretion in Japanese quail.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to localize those hypothalamic areas in the male quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) where electrical stimulation would increase LH secretion. The posterior basal hypothalamus was stimulated with rectangular pulses (height 500 muA) through a bipolar electrode for 6 min, blood samples being taken for LH assay 20 min before, and 2, 10, 20 and 30 min after stimulation. The highest plasma concentration was observed in the 2 min sample. Over the next 30 min the LH level decreased to the resting concentration. The relative increase in LH level was greatest in sexually immature quail and least in photostimulated castrated birds, although the highest absolute levels were seen in the castrated quail. There were no statistical differences between the magnitude of the LH increases in sexually immature, mature and castrated quail. Various hypothalamic regions were then stimulated with a smaller current (200 muA) applied for only 2 min. A highly significant rise in LH followed stimulation of either the tuberal hypothalamus (postero-dorsal part of the infundibular nuclear complex, PD-INC), or the preoptic region (POR) while stimulation 0-5-1-5 mm away from these regions did not change LH secretion. Stimulation of the anterior basal hypothalamus, or of the suprachiasmatic area, caused a significant rise in LH concentration although this was less than that seen after stimulation of the POR. Stimulation in the POR or the PD-INC was ineffective if the tuberal hypothalamus had been deafferentated surgically some days previously. The data complement the studies in which destruction of the PD-INC or the POR by electrolytic lesions has been shown to block photoperiodically induced testicular growth and LH secretion.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone secretion in Japanese quail. Experiments were undertaken to localize those hypothalamic areas in the male quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) where electrical stimulation would increase LH secretion. The posterior basal hypothalamus was stimulated with rectangular pulses (height 500 muA) through a bipolar electrode for 6 min, blood samples being taken for LH assay 20 min before, and 2, 10, 20 and 30 min after stimulation. The highest plasma concentration was observed in the 2 min sample. Over the next 30 min the LH level decreased to the resting concentration. The relative increase in LH level was greatest in sexually immature quail and least in photostimulated castrated birds, although the highest absolute levels were seen in the castrated quail. There were no statistical differences between the magnitude of the LH increases in sexually immature, mature and castrated quail. Various hypothalamic regions were then stimulated with a smaller current (200 muA) applied for only 2 min. A highly significant rise in LH followed stimulation of either the tuberal hypothalamus (postero-dorsal part of the infundibular nuclear complex, PD-INC), or the preoptic region (POR) while stimulation 0-5-1-5 mm away from these regions did not change LH secretion. Stimulation of the anterior basal hypothalamus, or of the suprachiasmatic area, caused a significant rise in LH concentration although this was less than that seen after stimulation of the POR. Stimulation in the POR or the PD-INC was ineffective if the tuberal hypothalamus had been deafferentated surgically some days previously. The data complement the studies in which destruction of the PD-INC or the POR by electrolytic lesions has been shown to block photoperiodically induced testicular growth and LH secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1206329", "title": "Suppression of the development of female hamster behaviour by implants of testosterone and non-aromatizable androgens administered neonatally.", "content": "Testosterone in its free form, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androsterone, both androgens which are not aromatizable to oestrogen, injected in oil during the neonatal period have been reported not to modify the development of female sexual behaviour. This failure might be due to the short period of activity of these substances when injected in liquid vehicles. In the current study, a Silastic pellet containing 9% of its weight of testosterone, androsterone, or DHT was implanted subcutaneously in 42 female and 38 neonatally castrated male hamsters on day 2 of life and removed on day 10. Pellets of pure Silastic were implanted in 36 control animals. Males were gonadectomized on day 5 and females on day 45. Female sexual behaviour induced by oestradiol benzoate and progesterone was measured in a series of 10-min mating tests with vigorous males, starting at 55 days of age. The duration of lordosis was consistently reduced below control levels in females implanted with testosterone, DHT, and androsterone, and in males, with testosterone and DHT. Thus the free form of testosterone, and some non-aromatizable androgens, when present for a sufficiently long period after birth, can permanently suppress development of female reproductive behaviour.", "contents": "Suppression of the development of female hamster behaviour by implants of testosterone and non-aromatizable androgens administered neonatally. Testosterone in its free form, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androsterone, both androgens which are not aromatizable to oestrogen, injected in oil during the neonatal period have been reported not to modify the development of female sexual behaviour. This failure might be due to the short period of activity of these substances when injected in liquid vehicles. In the current study, a Silastic pellet containing 9% of its weight of testosterone, androsterone, or DHT was implanted subcutaneously in 42 female and 38 neonatally castrated male hamsters on day 2 of life and removed on day 10. Pellets of pure Silastic were implanted in 36 control animals. Males were gonadectomized on day 5 and females on day 45. Female sexual behaviour induced by oestradiol benzoate and progesterone was measured in a series of 10-min mating tests with vigorous males, starting at 55 days of age. The duration of lordosis was consistently reduced below control levels in females implanted with testosterone, DHT, and androsterone, and in males, with testosterone and DHT. Thus the free form of testosterone, and some non-aromatizable androgens, when present for a sufficiently long period after birth, can permanently suppress development of female reproductive behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:1206331", "title": "The pigeon's perception of saturation.", "content": "Three experiments used similar methods to investigate the pigeon's perception of saturation of monochromatic lights. This trial-wise procedure consisted of brief presentations of positive and negative stimuli in random sequence. Pecks to the positive stimuli were occasionally reinforced on a low fixed-ratio schedule. The first study determined absolute thresholds for \"white\" and monochromatic lights by establishing a discrimination between lights of various radiances and a dark key. Experiment II investigated generalization from a white light to various monochromatic lights under conditions that minimized the use of luminance as a cue. The third experiment examined discrimination of various monochromatic lights along a colorimetric purity continuum; responses to white light were reinforced, while responses to lights that combined white and monochromatic lights in various proportions were not. The results indicated that lights of different wavelength differ in saturation, but that all are discriminable from white. Wavelengths between 550 and 600 nm are least saturated for the pigeon, and saturation increases markedly as wavelength decreases below this region of the spectrum.", "contents": "The pigeon's perception of saturation. Three experiments used similar methods to investigate the pigeon's perception of saturation of monochromatic lights. This trial-wise procedure consisted of brief presentations of positive and negative stimuli in random sequence. Pecks to the positive stimuli were occasionally reinforced on a low fixed-ratio schedule. The first study determined absolute thresholds for \"white\" and monochromatic lights by establishing a discrimination between lights of various radiances and a dark key. Experiment II investigated generalization from a white light to various monochromatic lights under conditions that minimized the use of luminance as a cue. The third experiment examined discrimination of various monochromatic lights along a colorimetric purity continuum; responses to white light were reinforced, while responses to lights that combined white and monochromatic lights in various proportions were not. The results indicated that lights of different wavelength differ in saturation, but that all are discriminable from white. Wavelengths between 550 and 600 nm are least saturated for the pigeon, and saturation increases markedly as wavelength decreases below this region of the spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:1206332", "title": "Transfer of hue matching in pigeons.", "content": "Pigeons were trained on a modified three-key matching-to-sample procedure, in which only one comparison key (rather than two) was lighted after an observing response to the center-key standard. Pecks on keys of matching comparison hues were reinforced. When non-matching hues appeared as the initially lighted comparisons, the nonmatching hue terminated and the matching hue appeared on the other side key only if the pigeon did not peck the nonmatching comparison for 4.8 sec. Pecks to the nonmatching hue reset the 4.8-sec delay interval. Three hues were used during acquisition. During transfer tests, two novel hues were substituted individually or together for one or two of the training hues. Latencies to the novel side-key hue were shortest when a novel matching hue appeared as the standard on the center key, and were essentially identical to baseline matching latencies. In contrast, when a novel hue appeared as either a standard or comparison in a nonmatching combination, latencies increased with increasing separation between the noevel hue and the nonmatching hue. These transfer data demonstrate the concept of hue matching.", "contents": "Transfer of hue matching in pigeons. Pigeons were trained on a modified three-key matching-to-sample procedure, in which only one comparison key (rather than two) was lighted after an observing response to the center-key standard. Pecks on keys of matching comparison hues were reinforced. When non-matching hues appeared as the initially lighted comparisons, the nonmatching hue terminated and the matching hue appeared on the other side key only if the pigeon did not peck the nonmatching comparison for 4.8 sec. Pecks to the nonmatching hue reset the 4.8-sec delay interval. Three hues were used during acquisition. During transfer tests, two novel hues were substituted individually or together for one or two of the training hues. Latencies to the novel side-key hue were shortest when a novel matching hue appeared as the standard on the center key, and were essentially identical to baseline matching latencies. In contrast, when a novel hue appeared as either a standard or comparison in a nonmatching combination, latencies increased with increasing separation between the noevel hue and the nonmatching hue. These transfer data demonstrate the concept of hue matching."}
{"id": "PMID:1206333", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, and chlordiazepoxide on intercurrent behavior during spaced-responding schedules.", "content": "Effects of d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, and chlordiazepoxide on lever pressing under direct control of spaced-responding schedules were compared with effects on intercurrent drinking and wheel running in the rat. Drug effects on lever pressing were systematically related to dose and were consistent for all animals; drug effects on intercurrent behavior were generally different for each animal. In the case of lever presses, increasing doses of d-amphetamine first increased and then decreased response rate, increasing doses of chlorpromazine produced graded decreases in response rate, and doses of chlordiazepoxide up to 40 mg/kg produced no effect on response rate. These data are discussed in context with the concept of schedule control, and it is suggested that the behavioral pharmacology of intercurrent behavior be explored as a useful procedure in the experimental analysis of intercurrent behavior.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, and chlordiazepoxide on intercurrent behavior during spaced-responding schedules. Effects of d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, and chlordiazepoxide on lever pressing under direct control of spaced-responding schedules were compared with effects on intercurrent drinking and wheel running in the rat. Drug effects on lever pressing were systematically related to dose and were consistent for all animals; drug effects on intercurrent behavior were generally different for each animal. In the case of lever presses, increasing doses of d-amphetamine first increased and then decreased response rate, increasing doses of chlorpromazine produced graded decreases in response rate, and doses of chlordiazepoxide up to 40 mg/kg produced no effect on response rate. These data are discussed in context with the concept of schedule control, and it is suggested that the behavioral pharmacology of intercurrent behavior be explored as a useful procedure in the experimental analysis of intercurrent behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1206334", "title": "The effect of temperature on the outward currents in the soma of molluscan neurones in voltage-clamp conditions.", "content": "The delayed outward current in snail neurones was separated into two components with different temperature sensitivity: (i) a persistent component and (ii) a transient (inactivating) component. The effect of cooling on the value of the transient current is strongly dependent upon the value of the conditioning potential. It was supposed that cooling causes a decrease in the negative surface potential in the vicinity of the potassium pathways and removes their inactivation. Simultaneously cooling depresses the potassium conductance. The effect on surface potential is more distinct with conditioning potentials at which a significant fraction of the transient outward current is inactivated. The effect of cooling on the transient component of the fast outward current was similar to that on the transient component of the delayed outward current.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on the outward currents in the soma of molluscan neurones in voltage-clamp conditions. The delayed outward current in snail neurones was separated into two components with different temperature sensitivity: (i) a persistent component and (ii) a transient (inactivating) component. The effect of cooling on the value of the transient current is strongly dependent upon the value of the conditioning potential. It was supposed that cooling causes a decrease in the negative surface potential in the vicinity of the potassium pathways and removes their inactivation. Simultaneously cooling depresses the potassium conductance. The effect on surface potential is more distinct with conditioning potentials at which a significant fraction of the transient outward current is inactivated. The effect of cooling on the transient component of the fast outward current was similar to that on the transient component of the delayed outward current."}
{"id": "PMID:1206335", "title": "Peripheral control of acoustic signals in the auditory system of echolocating bats.", "content": "Many species of echolocating bats emit intense orientation sounds. If such intense sounds directly stimulated their ears, detection of faint echoes would be impaired. Therefore, possible mechanisms for the attenuation of self-stimulation were studied with Myotis lucifugus. The acoustic middle-ear-muscle reflex could perfectly and transiently regulate the amplitude of an incoming signal only at its beginning. However, its shortest latency in terms of electromyograms and of the attenuation of the cochlear microphonic was 3-4 and 4-8 msec, respectively, so that these muscles failed to attenuate orientation signals by the reflex. The muscles, however, received a message from the vocalization system when the bat vocalized, and contracted synchronously with vocalization. The duration of the contraction-relaxation was so short that the self-stimulation was attenuated, but the echoes were not. The tetanus-fusion frequency of tha stapedium muscle ranged between 260 and 320/sec. Unlike the efferent fibres in the lateral-line and vestibular systems, the olivo-cochlear bundle showed no sign of attenuation of self-stimulation.", "contents": "Peripheral control of acoustic signals in the auditory system of echolocating bats. Many species of echolocating bats emit intense orientation sounds. If such intense sounds directly stimulated their ears, detection of faint echoes would be impaired. Therefore, possible mechanisms for the attenuation of self-stimulation were studied with Myotis lucifugus. The acoustic middle-ear-muscle reflex could perfectly and transiently regulate the amplitude of an incoming signal only at its beginning. However, its shortest latency in terms of electromyograms and of the attenuation of the cochlear microphonic was 3-4 and 4-8 msec, respectively, so that these muscles failed to attenuate orientation signals by the reflex. The muscles, however, received a message from the vocalization system when the bat vocalized, and contracted synchronously with vocalization. The duration of the contraction-relaxation was so short that the self-stimulation was attenuated, but the echoes were not. The tetanus-fusion frequency of tha stapedium muscle ranged between 260 and 320/sec. Unlike the efferent fibres in the lateral-line and vestibular systems, the olivo-cochlear bundle showed no sign of attenuation of self-stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206336", "title": "Transport of amino acids by isolated gills of the mussel Mytilus californianus Conrad.", "content": "The unidirectional influx of cycloleucine into in vitro preparations of gill tissue of the mussel, Mytilus californianus, was determined. Influx was found to be linear for at least an hour, and the kinetics of cycloleucine influx conformed to Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. The transport mechanism(s) for cycloleucine is relatively specific for the L-enantiomorph of neutral amino acids, and is capable of accumulating cycloleucine to intracellular concentrations much higher than those of the surrounding medium. Evedence is presented that the transport of amino acids by gill tissue plays a significant role in whole animal nutrition.", "contents": "Transport of amino acids by isolated gills of the mussel Mytilus californianus Conrad. The unidirectional influx of cycloleucine into in vitro preparations of gill tissue of the mussel, Mytilus californianus, was determined. Influx was found to be linear for at least an hour, and the kinetics of cycloleucine influx conformed to Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. The transport mechanism(s) for cycloleucine is relatively specific for the L-enantiomorph of neutral amino acids, and is capable of accumulating cycloleucine to intracellular concentrations much higher than those of the surrounding medium. Evedence is presented that the transport of amino acids by gill tissue plays a significant role in whole animal nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:1206337", "title": "Factors affecting the heart activity and blood pressure of the swan mussel Anodonta cygnea.", "content": "1. The rate of heart beat increased with temperature and was three times as high in the active as in the inactive animal. 2. The rate of shell valve movement rose and the rate of heart beat fell when the foot was extended. 3. The rates of heart beat and shell valve movement decreased when the water was saturated with carbon dioxide. This heart response remained when the visceral ganglion was destroyed. 4. Ventricular contraction occurred simultaneously over the shole chamber. The passage of blood into the posterior aorta could be restricted by the protuberances on its wall. 5. Pericardial cavity pressure rose by about 5 cm H2O at shell valve adduction and 0-25--0-6 cm H2O at ventricular diastole. 6. Pulse pressure changes of 0-25--0-6 cm H2O occurred in the auricle and 1--3 cm H2O in the ventricle and anterior aorta.", "contents": "Factors affecting the heart activity and blood pressure of the swan mussel Anodonta cygnea. 1. The rate of heart beat increased with temperature and was three times as high in the active as in the inactive animal. 2. The rate of shell valve movement rose and the rate of heart beat fell when the foot was extended. 3. The rates of heart beat and shell valve movement decreased when the water was saturated with carbon dioxide. This heart response remained when the visceral ganglion was destroyed. 4. Ventricular contraction occurred simultaneously over the shole chamber. The passage of blood into the posterior aorta could be restricted by the protuberances on its wall. 5. Pericardial cavity pressure rose by about 5 cm H2O at shell valve adduction and 0-25--0-6 cm H2O at ventricular diastole. 6. Pulse pressure changes of 0-25--0-6 cm H2O occurred in the auricle and 1--3 cm H2O in the ventricle and anterior aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:1206338", "title": "Role of active potassium transport by integumentary epithelium in secretion of larval-pupal moulting fluid during silkmoth development.", "content": "1. The exuvial side of the pharate pupal integument is usually positive to the haemolymph-side, both in vivo and in vitro, during the period when the moulting fluid is being secreted. 2. The ratio of potassium flux toward the exuvial space is higher than that toward the haemolymph, under both open-circuit conditions and short-circuit conditions, demonstrating by the Flux Ratio test that potassium is actively transported across the isolated integument during this secretion period. 3. Just prior to ecdysis, while moulting fluid is being reabsorbed, the potassium flux ratios become unity, suggesting that active potassium transport has ceased, but the short-circuit current that remains suggests that some other ion is actively transported at this time. 4. We argue that the potassium salt solution, formed in the exuvial space (as water presumably follows the actively transported potassium), has three functions (1) to accomplish the gel--sol transformation, (2) to activate the gel enzymes and (3) to buffer the enzyme solution at a pH favourable to the activity of the gel enzymes.", "contents": "Role of active potassium transport by integumentary epithelium in secretion of larval-pupal moulting fluid during silkmoth development. 1. The exuvial side of the pharate pupal integument is usually positive to the haemolymph-side, both in vivo and in vitro, during the period when the moulting fluid is being secreted. 2. The ratio of potassium flux toward the exuvial space is higher than that toward the haemolymph, under both open-circuit conditions and short-circuit conditions, demonstrating by the Flux Ratio test that potassium is actively transported across the isolated integument during this secretion period. 3. Just prior to ecdysis, while moulting fluid is being reabsorbed, the potassium flux ratios become unity, suggesting that active potassium transport has ceased, but the short-circuit current that remains suggests that some other ion is actively transported at this time. 4. We argue that the potassium salt solution, formed in the exuvial space (as water presumably follows the actively transported potassium), has three functions (1) to accomplish the gel--sol transformation, (2) to activate the gel enzymes and (3) to buffer the enzyme solution at a pH favourable to the activity of the gel enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:1206339", "title": "Modes of stimulation of the teleost ear.", "content": "Microphonic potentials were recorded from the inner ears of a catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and an African mouthbreeder (Tilapia macrocephala) in response to underwater sound stimulation and direct vibration of the head. The shape of the vibratory isopotential functions of frequency was similar in both species up to 600 HZ. Above 600 HZ, the sensitivity of Ictalurus continued to increase to 4000 HZ while the sensitivity of Tilapia declined. Deflation of the swim bladder did not affect the response to vibration in either species, the response of Tilapia to the underwater sound stimulus being minimal and unaffected by removal of the swim bladder. Ictalurus was pressure-sensitive to above 4000 HZ, ther being a significant dedline in the response with deflation of the swimbladder.", "contents": "Modes of stimulation of the teleost ear. Microphonic potentials were recorded from the inner ears of a catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and an African mouthbreeder (Tilapia macrocephala) in response to underwater sound stimulation and direct vibration of the head. The shape of the vibratory isopotential functions of frequency was similar in both species up to 600 HZ. Above 600 HZ, the sensitivity of Ictalurus continued to increase to 4000 HZ while the sensitivity of Tilapia declined. Deflation of the swim bladder did not affect the response to vibration in either species, the response of Tilapia to the underwater sound stimulus being minimal and unaffected by removal of the swim bladder. Ictalurus was pressure-sensitive to above 4000 HZ, ther being a significant dedline in the response with deflation of the swimbladder."}
{"id": "PMID:1206340", "title": "An in vitro bioassay for a mulluscan gonadotropin.", "content": "1. Protein synthesis occurs at a high rate in the ovaries of maturing Octopus vulgaris and can be measured from the incorporation of [14C]leucine in vivo and in isolated groups of eggs in vitro. 2. Removal of the optic glands in vivo 1--3 days prior to testing markedly reduces amino acid incorporation in vivo or in vitro. After 5 days in vivo incorporation stops. 3. The rate of incorporation in vitro is increased by the addition of optic gland extract. 4. Analysis of the kinetics of leucine uptake and incorporation in vitro indicates that the hormone has an effect on the inward transport of leucine which is independent of its action on protein synthesis. 5. Electron-microscope studies of the follicle cells and ova show that the former are the site of protein synthesis. 6. Changes in either uptake or incorporation into protein by the follicle cells can be used as a qualitative biolobical assay for the optic gland hormone. Uptake is very easy to measure but incorporation is the more sensitive parameter. Either is potentially suitable as a quantitative assay for this and perhaps also for other molluscan gonadotropins.", "contents": "An in vitro bioassay for a mulluscan gonadotropin. 1. Protein synthesis occurs at a high rate in the ovaries of maturing Octopus vulgaris and can be measured from the incorporation of [14C]leucine in vivo and in isolated groups of eggs in vitro. 2. Removal of the optic glands in vivo 1--3 days prior to testing markedly reduces amino acid incorporation in vivo or in vitro. After 5 days in vivo incorporation stops. 3. The rate of incorporation in vitro is increased by the addition of optic gland extract. 4. Analysis of the kinetics of leucine uptake and incorporation in vitro indicates that the hormone has an effect on the inward transport of leucine which is independent of its action on protein synthesis. 5. Electron-microscope studies of the follicle cells and ova show that the former are the site of protein synthesis. 6. Changes in either uptake or incorporation into protein by the follicle cells can be used as a qualitative biolobical assay for the optic gland hormone. Uptake is very easy to measure but incorporation is the more sensitive parameter. Either is potentially suitable as a quantitative assay for this and perhaps also for other molluscan gonadotropins."}
{"id": "PMID:1206341", "title": "Activity and habituation in the brain of the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola.", "content": "1. A variety of spontaneously active units was measured in the brain of the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola. Following application of MgCl2 there was both a decrease in number of active units and a decrease in frequency of firing of those cells which persisted in their activity. 2. Receptors which respond to vibration stimuli evoke potentials in the posterior part of the brain. Repetitive stimulation leads to habituation, the extent of which is dependent on both the number of times stimulated and the strength of the stimulus. Weaker stimuli habituate more rapidly than strong stimuli. Habituated responses can be dishabituated by tactile stimuli and also by stronger intensity stimuli of the same modality. The vibration-evoked potentials appear to occur in at least second-order cells, since vibration responses are abolished by the application of MgCl2. 3. Tactile responses can also be elicited from the posterior portion of the brain when the stimulus is applied to the periphery of the animal. These responses are insensitive to MgCl2. 4. Both vibration and tactile evoked responses are able to evoke further barrages of spike activity. 5. The presence of a dual sensitizing and inhibitory system during habituation is discussed.", "contents": "Activity and habituation in the brain of the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola. 1. A variety of spontaneously active units was measured in the brain of the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola. Following application of MgCl2 there was both a decrease in number of active units and a decrease in frequency of firing of those cells which persisted in their activity. 2. Receptors which respond to vibration stimuli evoke potentials in the posterior part of the brain. Repetitive stimulation leads to habituation, the extent of which is dependent on both the number of times stimulated and the strength of the stimulus. Weaker stimuli habituate more rapidly than strong stimuli. Habituated responses can be dishabituated by tactile stimuli and also by stronger intensity stimuli of the same modality. The vibration-evoked potentials appear to occur in at least second-order cells, since vibration responses are abolished by the application of MgCl2. 3. Tactile responses can also be elicited from the posterior portion of the brain when the stimulus is applied to the periphery of the animal. These responses are insensitive to MgCl2. 4. Both vibration and tactile evoked responses are able to evoke further barrages of spike activity. 5. The presence of a dual sensitizing and inhibitory system during habituation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206342", "title": "Electrophysiology of the peripheral nerve net in the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola.", "content": "1. A diffuse-conducting system close to the dorsal epithelium of the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola is described. Tactile stimuli elicit small action potentials which can be conducted around lesions through the body wall. The potentials can occur in bursts or barrages. 2. This conducting system appears to be insensitive to Mg2+ ions. 3. Conduction velocities (0-26--71 m/sec) vary over the animal. Conduction spread in the anterior half of the animal appears to be greater than that in the posterior portion. 4. Response decrement to repeated stimulation can be recorded in the peripheral system but it is not clear if this is due to habituation or fatigue. 5. Conduction from the peripheral net to the brain occurs. Some central units appear to pick up information only, or mainly, through the anterior nerves, while other units can respond to information conducted through the network to nerves of the contralateral side. 6. Different possibilities to account for this system are discussed, and it is suggested that the animals either possess a unique Mg2+ insensitive synaptic nerve-net or else the network is electrically coupled.", "contents": "Electrophysiology of the peripheral nerve net in the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola. 1. A diffuse-conducting system close to the dorsal epithelium of the polyclad flatworm Freemania litoricola is described. Tactile stimuli elicit small action potentials which can be conducted around lesions through the body wall. The potentials can occur in bursts or barrages. 2. This conducting system appears to be insensitive to Mg2+ ions. 3. Conduction velocities (0-26--71 m/sec) vary over the animal. Conduction spread in the anterior half of the animal appears to be greater than that in the posterior portion. 4. Response decrement to repeated stimulation can be recorded in the peripheral system but it is not clear if this is due to habituation or fatigue. 5. Conduction from the peripheral net to the brain occurs. Some central units appear to pick up information only, or mainly, through the anterior nerves, while other units can respond to information conducted through the network to nerves of the contralateral side. 6. Different possibilities to account for this system are discussed, and it is suggested that the animals either possess a unique Mg2+ insensitive synaptic nerve-net or else the network is electrically coupled."}
{"id": "PMID:1206343", "title": "The cardioregulatory system of crayfish: neuroanatomy and physiology.", "content": "1. The anatomical arrangement of the cardioregulatory nerves and their physiological activity during cardiac modulation were analysed in Procambarus clarkii. 2. The bilaterally arranged pairs of cardioinhibitors and cardioaccelerator axons, in nerves SN II and SN III respectively, were physiologically identified by correlating spikes in SN II and SN III with the same spikes in the dorsal nerve, which innervates the heart. 3. The cardioinhibitor neurone fired tonically in varied sporadic bursts. During periods of cardiac inhibition, however, this neurone discharged in a long chain of spikes at a characteristic frequency of 40-50Hz. 4. The cardioaccelerator neurone fired tonically at 2-3 Hz but on occasion its activity reached 12 Hz. 5. Three inhibitory cardiac reflexes were analysed. The sensory modalities for the reflexes included (a) stretch of the dorsal pericardial wall, (b) chemical stimulation of coxal hair sensilla with glucose and (c) tactile stimulation of hair sensilla in and below the gill chamber, on the antennae, the antennules and on the anterior cephalothorax. 6. The discharge of both cardioinhibitor neurones showed a weak temporal correlation suggesting a common presynaptic drive, while the pair of cardioaccelerators appeared to have a reciprocal relationship with the cardioinhibitors.", "contents": "The cardioregulatory system of crayfish: neuroanatomy and physiology. 1. The anatomical arrangement of the cardioregulatory nerves and their physiological activity during cardiac modulation were analysed in Procambarus clarkii. 2. The bilaterally arranged pairs of cardioinhibitors and cardioaccelerator axons, in nerves SN II and SN III respectively, were physiologically identified by correlating spikes in SN II and SN III with the same spikes in the dorsal nerve, which innervates the heart. 3. The cardioinhibitor neurone fired tonically in varied sporadic bursts. During periods of cardiac inhibition, however, this neurone discharged in a long chain of spikes at a characteristic frequency of 40-50Hz. 4. The cardioaccelerator neurone fired tonically at 2-3 Hz but on occasion its activity reached 12 Hz. 5. Three inhibitory cardiac reflexes were analysed. The sensory modalities for the reflexes included (a) stretch of the dorsal pericardial wall, (b) chemical stimulation of coxal hair sensilla with glucose and (c) tactile stimulation of hair sensilla in and below the gill chamber, on the antennae, the antennules and on the anterior cephalothorax. 6. The discharge of both cardioinhibitor neurones showed a weak temporal correlation suggesting a common presynaptic drive, while the pair of cardioaccelerators appeared to have a reciprocal relationship with the cardioinhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:1206344", "title": "The cardioregulatory system of crayfish: The role of circumoesophageal interneurones.", "content": "1. Interneurones located in the circumoesophageal commissures were found to control the activity of the cardioinhibitor and cardioaccelerator regularity neurones. 2. These interneurones (cardiac command fibres) fell into three classes: (1) strong inhibitors, which caused cardiac arrest, (2) weak inhibitors, which caused bradycardia, and (3) accelerators, which caused tachycardia. 3. When the positions of interneurones were plotted collectively, they formed distinct clusters, suggesting that each cluster was represented by one command unit in an individual preparation. Twenty strong inhibitor units and 16 accelerator units were found. Weak inhibitors did not form clusters. 4. Stimulus threshold characteristics were as low as 3.0 V and 3 Hz for the strong inhibitor units (mean range 4.7-7.1 V and 14-30 Hz). Higher values were found for weak inhibitors and accelerators. 5. The strong inhibitor command drives always showed a positive bias toward the contralateral cardioinhibitor neurone, relative to the ipsilateral cardioinhibitor. 6. Plots of command neurone stimulating frequency versus evoked cardio-inhibitor activity displayed steep positive slopes for strong inhibitor command units and shallow positive slopes for weak inhibitor units. 7. Reciprocity between the cardioinhibitor and cardioaccelerator neurones occurred during both inhibitory and acceleratory command drives. This is not likely to be a property inherent in the command units themselves because reciprocity was earlier observed during chemical and tactile reflex inhibition of the heart. (Field & Larimer, 1974a).", "contents": "The cardioregulatory system of crayfish: The role of circumoesophageal interneurones. 1. Interneurones located in the circumoesophageal commissures were found to control the activity of the cardioinhibitor and cardioaccelerator regularity neurones. 2. These interneurones (cardiac command fibres) fell into three classes: (1) strong inhibitors, which caused cardiac arrest, (2) weak inhibitors, which caused bradycardia, and (3) accelerators, which caused tachycardia. 3. When the positions of interneurones were plotted collectively, they formed distinct clusters, suggesting that each cluster was represented by one command unit in an individual preparation. Twenty strong inhibitor units and 16 accelerator units were found. Weak inhibitors did not form clusters. 4. Stimulus threshold characteristics were as low as 3.0 V and 3 Hz for the strong inhibitor units (mean range 4.7-7.1 V and 14-30 Hz). Higher values were found for weak inhibitors and accelerators. 5. The strong inhibitor command drives always showed a positive bias toward the contralateral cardioinhibitor neurone, relative to the ipsilateral cardioinhibitor. 6. Plots of command neurone stimulating frequency versus evoked cardio-inhibitor activity displayed steep positive slopes for strong inhibitor command units and shallow positive slopes for weak inhibitor units. 7. Reciprocity between the cardioinhibitor and cardioaccelerator neurones occurred during both inhibitory and acceleratory command drives. This is not likely to be a property inherent in the command units themselves because reciprocity was earlier observed during chemical and tactile reflex inhibition of the heart. (Field & Larimer, 1974a)."}
{"id": "PMID:1206345", "title": "Nervous control of respiration: oxygen-sensitive elements in the prosoma of Limulus polyphemus.", "content": "1. Responses of oxygen-sensitive units in the prosomal haemal nerve of Limulus polyphemus were examined while varying the oxygen content of sea water bathing the intercoxal cuticle. 2. When exposed to high oxygen levels these units units maintained a continuous background discharge of spikes. Unit activity was inhibited when oxygen content decreased. Upon reintroduction of oxygen tonic spike discharge resumed. 3. Mechanosensitive units with receptive fields on the prosomal shield or intercoxal cuticle were also present in the haemal nerve. Neither the mechanosensitivity nor the background discharge of these units was affected by changes in oxygen content. 4. It is proposed that the oxygen-sensitive respiratory reflexes of Limulus are an adaption to existence in the tertidal zone. Published observations of the respiratory stress responses of many intertidal animals support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Nervous control of respiration: oxygen-sensitive elements in the prosoma of Limulus polyphemus. 1. Responses of oxygen-sensitive units in the prosomal haemal nerve of Limulus polyphemus were examined while varying the oxygen content of sea water bathing the intercoxal cuticle. 2. When exposed to high oxygen levels these units units maintained a continuous background discharge of spikes. Unit activity was inhibited when oxygen content decreased. Upon reintroduction of oxygen tonic spike discharge resumed. 3. Mechanosensitive units with receptive fields on the prosomal shield or intercoxal cuticle were also present in the haemal nerve. Neither the mechanosensitivity nor the background discharge of these units was affected by changes in oxygen content. 4. It is proposed that the oxygen-sensitive respiratory reflexes of Limulus are an adaption to existence in the tertidal zone. Published observations of the respiratory stress responses of many intertidal animals support this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1206346", "title": "Behavioural and electrophysiological studies of taste discrimination by the maxillary palps of larvae of Locusta migratoria (L.).", "content": "1. Behavioural studies show that larvae of Locusta migratoria (L.) can discriminate between certain simple chemicals and between chemicals obtained from plant sources. 2. Electrophysiological tests show that within each sensillum the same neurones respond to different chemicals. 3. The frequency of occurrence of sensilla with enhanced specificity to certain chemicals is investigated. 4. Statistical tests confirm that, despite the variability of response, across-fibre analysis could allow discrimination between chemicals provided an adequate number of senilla are used. 5. The conclusions are discussed in relation to current theories of chemoreceptor functioning.", "contents": "Behavioural and electrophysiological studies of taste discrimination by the maxillary palps of larvae of Locusta migratoria (L.). 1. Behavioural studies show that larvae of Locusta migratoria (L.) can discriminate between certain simple chemicals and between chemicals obtained from plant sources. 2. Electrophysiological tests show that within each sensillum the same neurones respond to different chemicals. 3. The frequency of occurrence of sensilla with enhanced specificity to certain chemicals is investigated. 4. Statistical tests confirm that, despite the variability of response, across-fibre analysis could allow discrimination between chemicals provided an adequate number of senilla are used. 5. The conclusions are discussed in relation to current theories of chemoreceptor functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:1206347", "title": "Optic gland implants and their effects on the gonads of Octopus.", "content": "1. Optic glands transplanted from one Octopus vulgaris into another cause enlargement of the gonads and ducts of the recipient. 2. Enlargement occurs whether or not the gland was secreting when implanted and regardless of the sex of the donor or recipient. 3. Glands derived from Eledone moschata or Octopus macropus implanted into O. vulgaris are as effective as glands derived from O. vulgaris. 4. Implants derived from Sepia officinalis or Loligo vulgaris appear to be ineffective.", "contents": "Optic gland implants and their effects on the gonads of Octopus. 1. Optic glands transplanted from one Octopus vulgaris into another cause enlargement of the gonads and ducts of the recipient. 2. Enlargement occurs whether or not the gland was secreting when implanted and regardless of the sex of the donor or recipient. 3. Glands derived from Eledone moschata or Octopus macropus implanted into O. vulgaris are as effective as glands derived from O. vulgaris. 4. Implants derived from Sepia officinalis or Loligo vulgaris appear to be ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:1206348", "title": "Corpus allatum activity in vitro during ovarian maturation in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria.", "content": "1. Radiochemical in vitro assays show that there are large and rapid changes in the spontaneous rate of juvenile hormone synthesis and release during the course of sexual maturation in the locust. 2. Parallel observations on glands incubated with farnesenic acid show that the rate-limiting step is always prior to the stage of esterification of farnesenic acid to the final intermediate, methyl farnesoate. 3. Corresponding changes in oocyte morphometrics do not reveal any clear correlation between endocrine activity of the corpus allatum and either the induction or maintenance of rapid vitellogenesis. 4. Peaks of synthetic activity in the corpus allatum correspond well with the onset of previtellogenic growth in the oocytes. 5. The data do not provide any evidence that 'corpus allatum insufficiency' is responsible for resorption of growing oocytes. 6. It is concluded that short-term in vitro radio-assays provide a valid method for estimating quantitatively the physiological activity of the corpus allatum.", "contents": "Corpus allatum activity in vitro during ovarian maturation in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. 1. Radiochemical in vitro assays show that there are large and rapid changes in the spontaneous rate of juvenile hormone synthesis and release during the course of sexual maturation in the locust. 2. Parallel observations on glands incubated with farnesenic acid show that the rate-limiting step is always prior to the stage of esterification of farnesenic acid to the final intermediate, methyl farnesoate. 3. Corresponding changes in oocyte morphometrics do not reveal any clear correlation between endocrine activity of the corpus allatum and either the induction or maintenance of rapid vitellogenesis. 4. Peaks of synthetic activity in the corpus allatum correspond well with the onset of previtellogenic growth in the oocytes. 5. The data do not provide any evidence that 'corpus allatum insufficiency' is responsible for resorption of growing oocytes. 6. It is concluded that short-term in vitro radio-assays provide a valid method for estimating quantitatively the physiological activity of the corpus allatum."}
{"id": "PMID:1206349", "title": "Effects of viscosity and ATP concentration on the movement of reactivated sea-urchin sperm flagella.", "content": "Spermatozoa from the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, can be demembranated with solutions containing Triton X-100 and 5mM-CaCl2 and reactivated in ATP solutions containing low concentrations (10(-9)M) Of free Ca2+ ion to give symmetrical bending wave movements, even at very low ATP concentrations. At ATP concentrations of 0.01-0.02 mM the reactivated spermatozoa have beat frequencies near 1 Hz, nearly normal bend angles, and wave-lengths about 50% longer than normal. 2. The effects of increased viscosity, obtained by addition of methyl cellulose to the reactivation solutions, on bend angle and beat frequency decrease with decreasing ATP concentration, and become almost undetectable at 0.01 mM ATP. On the other hand, the effect of increased viscosity on wavelength shows relatively little change with ATP concentration, although it is noticeably reduced at 0.01 mM ATP. 3. These observations suggest that the beat frequency at low ATP concentrations is determined by an intrinsic rate-limiting process, in contrast to the viscocity-limited behaviour at high beat frequencies. Quantitative agreement with the experimental results is obtained with a model in which ATP concentration and viscosity each determine the rates of one step in a two-step reaction cycle which determines the beat frequency. 4. Two other models which can qualitatively explain the effects of ATP concentration and viscosity on flagellar beat frequency fail to show quantitative agreement with the experimental results. In one of these models, ATP concentration determines the maximum rate of shear between filaments. In the other, ATP concentration determines a time delay which is required to bring the active moment into phase with the elastic moments which would be expected to dominate the bending resistance at low beat frequencies.", "contents": "Effects of viscosity and ATP concentration on the movement of reactivated sea-urchin sperm flagella. Spermatozoa from the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, can be demembranated with solutions containing Triton X-100 and 5mM-CaCl2 and reactivated in ATP solutions containing low concentrations (10(-9)M) Of free Ca2+ ion to give symmetrical bending wave movements, even at very low ATP concentrations. At ATP concentrations of 0.01-0.02 mM the reactivated spermatozoa have beat frequencies near 1 Hz, nearly normal bend angles, and wave-lengths about 50% longer than normal. 2. The effects of increased viscosity, obtained by addition of methyl cellulose to the reactivation solutions, on bend angle and beat frequency decrease with decreasing ATP concentration, and become almost undetectable at 0.01 mM ATP. On the other hand, the effect of increased viscosity on wavelength shows relatively little change with ATP concentration, although it is noticeably reduced at 0.01 mM ATP. 3. These observations suggest that the beat frequency at low ATP concentrations is determined by an intrinsic rate-limiting process, in contrast to the viscocity-limited behaviour at high beat frequencies. Quantitative agreement with the experimental results is obtained with a model in which ATP concentration and viscosity each determine the rates of one step in a two-step reaction cycle which determines the beat frequency. 4. Two other models which can qualitatively explain the effects of ATP concentration and viscosity on flagellar beat frequency fail to show quantitative agreement with the experimental results. In one of these models, ATP concentration determines the maximum rate of shear between filaments. In the other, ATP concentration determines a time delay which is required to bring the active moment into phase with the elastic moments which would be expected to dominate the bending resistance at low beat frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:1206350", "title": "Sodium activity of insect blood: physiological significance and relevance to the design of physiological saline.", "content": "The apparent activity coefficients for sodium (gamma'Na) in the blood of six insect species have been calculated from measurements made with sodium-selective electrodes and a flame photometer. In every case gamma Na was significantly lower than that for this cation in free solution (gammaNa). In Periplaneta americana gammaNa varied considerably, during a period of 90 days, so that a relatively constant sodium activity (aNa) was maintained in the blood in the face of large variations in the total sodium content measured by flame photometry. Despite the relative constancy of aNa (of around 0.088M) appreciable fluctuations were observed in the sodium and potassium content of nervous connective over a period of 140 days. The values of aNa and aK were used to devise a satisfactory cockroach saline for use in experiments with isolated nerve cords.", "contents": "Sodium activity of insect blood: physiological significance and relevance to the design of physiological saline. The apparent activity coefficients for sodium (gamma'Na) in the blood of six insect species have been calculated from measurements made with sodium-selective electrodes and a flame photometer. In every case gamma Na was significantly lower than that for this cation in free solution (gammaNa). In Periplaneta americana gammaNa varied considerably, during a period of 90 days, so that a relatively constant sodium activity (aNa) was maintained in the blood in the face of large variations in the total sodium content measured by flame photometry. Despite the relative constancy of aNa (of around 0.088M) appreciable fluctuations were observed in the sodium and potassium content of nervous connective over a period of 140 days. The values of aNa and aK were used to devise a satisfactory cockroach saline for use in experiments with isolated nerve cords."}
{"id": "PMID:1206351", "title": "Potassium-induced motion increase in a central nervous ganglion.", "content": "1. By means of light-beating spectroscopy, a four-fold increase in the modulation of laser light scattered at right angles by a locust (Schistocerca gregaria, Forsk\u00e5l) ganglion is detected when potassium ions replace sodium ions in the Ringer solution. 2. This is interpreted as an increased level of motion of the scattering particles (size 0.3-3.0 mum, if viscosity is taken to be 0.01 poises). 3. The amplitude of the potassium-response is similar at all frequencies in the range 6.3-150 Hz and is reversible on return to normal (Na+) Ringer. 4. Desheathing the ganglion reduces the half-time of the potassium-response by 3-4 times. 5. By means of photon-correlation spectroscopy it was estimated that less than 10% of the tissue contributes to the motion detected. 6. Cyanide (1-2 mM) typically enhances the potassium-response and renders it irreversible, suggesting that the response is thermally rather than metabolically-driven. In addition, the dependence of both the correlation function and the power spectrum on the scattering angle is in the direction predicted for a diffusive process. 7. Cobaltous ions (2-10 mM), which block calcium entry into nerve cells, depress the potassium-response. 8. It is proposed that potassium-depolarization and the resultant calcium entry into the cells causes a partial liquefaction of the cytoplasms which is detected as an increase in the level of Brownian motion. This mechanism could be used in vesicular release or in growth.", "contents": "Potassium-induced motion increase in a central nervous ganglion. 1. By means of light-beating spectroscopy, a four-fold increase in the modulation of laser light scattered at right angles by a locust (Schistocerca gregaria, Forsk\u00e5l) ganglion is detected when potassium ions replace sodium ions in the Ringer solution. 2. This is interpreted as an increased level of motion of the scattering particles (size 0.3-3.0 mum, if viscosity is taken to be 0.01 poises). 3. The amplitude of the potassium-response is similar at all frequencies in the range 6.3-150 Hz and is reversible on return to normal (Na+) Ringer. 4. Desheathing the ganglion reduces the half-time of the potassium-response by 3-4 times. 5. By means of photon-correlation spectroscopy it was estimated that less than 10% of the tissue contributes to the motion detected. 6. Cyanide (1-2 mM) typically enhances the potassium-response and renders it irreversible, suggesting that the response is thermally rather than metabolically-driven. In addition, the dependence of both the correlation function and the power spectrum on the scattering angle is in the direction predicted for a diffusive process. 7. Cobaltous ions (2-10 mM), which block calcium entry into nerve cells, depress the potassium-response. 8. It is proposed that potassium-depolarization and the resultant calcium entry into the cells causes a partial liquefaction of the cytoplasms which is detected as an increase in the level of Brownian motion. This mechanism could be used in vesicular release or in growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1206352", "title": "Habituation and inhibition of the crayfish lateral giant fibre escape response.", "content": "1. Decrement of the lateral giant fibre escape response was studied in intact, restrained, crayfish and in those with the ventral nerve cord transected at the thoracic-abdominal level. 2. Taps (delivered at rates of 1 per 5 min to the abdomen) depressed responsiveness to about 50% of its inital value in 10 trials, for both intact and operated animals. 3. With additional stimulation, responsiveness dropped to near zero for both groups. Recovery was negligible 2 h later, but nearly complete after an additional 24 h rest. 4. Protection against response decrement in this situation was obtained by directly activating the cord giant fibres 30 msec prior to the tactile stimulus. The directly-elicited giant fibre spikes which follow the tactile stimulus do not influence the course of response decrement. 5. The results establish the decrement as centrally mediated habituation, and minimize the role of receptor alterations or descending neuronal influences in the behavioural change. 6. A comparison is made between the properties of hibituation and the homosynaptic depression of afferent to interneurone synapses that is presumed to be the physiological mechanism of habituation in this situation.", "contents": "Habituation and inhibition of the crayfish lateral giant fibre escape response. 1. Decrement of the lateral giant fibre escape response was studied in intact, restrained, crayfish and in those with the ventral nerve cord transected at the thoracic-abdominal level. 2. Taps (delivered at rates of 1 per 5 min to the abdomen) depressed responsiveness to about 50% of its inital value in 10 trials, for both intact and operated animals. 3. With additional stimulation, responsiveness dropped to near zero for both groups. Recovery was negligible 2 h later, but nearly complete after an additional 24 h rest. 4. Protection against response decrement in this situation was obtained by directly activating the cord giant fibres 30 msec prior to the tactile stimulus. The directly-elicited giant fibre spikes which follow the tactile stimulus do not influence the course of response decrement. 5. The results establish the decrement as centrally mediated habituation, and minimize the role of receptor alterations or descending neuronal influences in the behavioural change. 6. A comparison is made between the properties of hibituation and the homosynaptic depression of afferent to interneurone synapses that is presumed to be the physiological mechanism of habituation in this situation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206353", "title": "Problems associated with the use of tetraethylammonium to test for monosynaptic connexions.", "content": "Several investigators of the molluscan nervous system have used TEA, injected into presynptic neurones, to determine whether the connexions made by these neurones are monosynaptic. The increase in spike duration produced by the TEA causes an increase in transmitter release, and hence an increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential if the connexion is direct. If the connexion is indirect, the spike in an intercalated neurone will not be affected by the TEA, and the postsynaptic response will remain constant. Experiments described here show that TEA can cross electrotonic junctions in the gastropod mollusc Planorbis corneus. They also show that each TEA-prolonged presynaptic impulse may produce more than one postsynaptic impulse. A larger postsynaptic potential could therefore be produced by presynaptic injection of TEA in the case of an indirect connexion. This indicates that care must be taken when interpreting the results of experiments using TEA to test for monosynaptic connexions.", "contents": "Problems associated with the use of tetraethylammonium to test for monosynaptic connexions. Several investigators of the molluscan nervous system have used TEA, injected into presynptic neurones, to determine whether the connexions made by these neurones are monosynaptic. The increase in spike duration produced by the TEA causes an increase in transmitter release, and hence an increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential if the connexion is direct. If the connexion is indirect, the spike in an intercalated neurone will not be affected by the TEA, and the postsynaptic response will remain constant. Experiments described here show that TEA can cross electrotonic junctions in the gastropod mollusc Planorbis corneus. They also show that each TEA-prolonged presynaptic impulse may produce more than one postsynaptic impulse. A larger postsynaptic potential could therefore be produced by presynaptic injection of TEA in the case of an indirect connexion. This indicates that care must be taken when interpreting the results of experiments using TEA to test for monosynaptic connexions."}
{"id": "PMID:1206360", "title": "Pitfalls in emergency care.", "content": "The provision of effective emergency care for patients with life-threatening problems requires a disciplined and systematic approach to comprehensive evaluation and management. It is unfortunately not unusual for serious problems to go unrecognized, for diagnosis to be delayed or for inappropriate treatment to be instituted because one or another basic principle of care is overlooked. This paper presents illustrative cases which stress the importance of 13 common principles for good emergency care: careful history, adequate airway, complete physical examination, evacuation of the stomach, adequate laboratory studies, appropriate follow-up of laboratory results, adequate x-ray examinations, complete patient instructions, avoidance of premature conclusions, adequate preparation for transportation, appropriate timing of discharge, careful establishment of priorities, and adequate records.", "contents": "Pitfalls in emergency care. The provision of effective emergency care for patients with life-threatening problems requires a disciplined and systematic approach to comprehensive evaluation and management. It is unfortunately not unusual for serious problems to go unrecognized, for diagnosis to be delayed or for inappropriate treatment to be instituted because one or another basic principle of care is overlooked. This paper presents illustrative cases which stress the importance of 13 common principles for good emergency care: careful history, adequate airway, complete physical examination, evacuation of the stomach, adequate laboratory studies, appropriate follow-up of laboratory results, adequate x-ray examinations, complete patient instructions, avoidance of premature conclusions, adequate preparation for transportation, appropriate timing of discharge, careful establishment of priorities, and adequate records."}
{"id": "PMID:1206361", "title": "Evaluation of suicide risk in adolescents.", "content": "Self-destructive behavior in the adolescent is a continuum that ranges from drug intoxications to gestures of low lethality to suicide attempts with high lethality of intent. Such behavior should be treated as a signal of long-term stress and strife. A \"Psychological biopsy\" is outlined for evaluation of the severity and type of perturbation. This focuses on 9 areas of inquiry: the circumstantial lethality of the event; prior self-destructive behavior; depression; hostility; stress; reaction of the parent or parent surrogate; loss of communication; lack of resources; and extremes of parental expectations and control. Adolescents under severe familial and socioeconomic stress, and with a history of acting-out behavior, often respond well to transfer to a more favorable home situation. In cases where there is no apparent familial perturbation, the physician should be alert to the possibility of severe psychiatric disorder. In either case, initial definition of the problem opens the way to a plan for management and support.", "contents": "Evaluation of suicide risk in adolescents. Self-destructive behavior in the adolescent is a continuum that ranges from drug intoxications to gestures of low lethality to suicide attempts with high lethality of intent. Such behavior should be treated as a signal of long-term stress and strife. A \"Psychological biopsy\" is outlined for evaluation of the severity and type of perturbation. This focuses on 9 areas of inquiry: the circumstantial lethality of the event; prior self-destructive behavior; depression; hostility; stress; reaction of the parent or parent surrogate; loss of communication; lack of resources; and extremes of parental expectations and control. Adolescents under severe familial and socioeconomic stress, and with a history of acting-out behavior, often respond well to transfer to a more favorable home situation. In cases where there is no apparent familial perturbation, the physician should be alert to the possibility of severe psychiatric disorder. In either case, initial definition of the problem opens the way to a plan for management and support."}
{"id": "PMID:1206362", "title": "Family conference in the case of the cancer patient.", "content": "The patient with cancer faces a crisis involving many basic questions and major life adjustments. The natural history of the illness may involve progressive loss in the patient's functional capacity, and the patient needs medical, psychologic, and social support. The family of the patient with cancer can provide much help if their potential resources are fully utilized. Conferences involving the patient, family members, and health care professionals allow for open communication, problem-solving, and support for the patient and family through this difficult time. A case is reported illustrating the value of periodic family conferences in the care of a patient with metastatic disease.", "contents": "Family conference in the case of the cancer patient. The patient with cancer faces a crisis involving many basic questions and major life adjustments. The natural history of the illness may involve progressive loss in the patient's functional capacity, and the patient needs medical, psychologic, and social support. The family of the patient with cancer can provide much help if their potential resources are fully utilized. Conferences involving the patient, family members, and health care professionals allow for open communication, problem-solving, and support for the patient and family through this difficult time. A case is reported illustrating the value of periodic family conferences in the care of a patient with metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1206363", "title": "Practice objectives and goals; a survey of family practice residents.", "content": "This study shows that the majority of family practice residents initially become aware of individual community needs for family physicians in either medical school or early in residency training, but the final decision in regard to the selection of a specific community for private practice is not generally made until late in the third year of residency training. When the final decision as to practice location is established, the family practice resident and his family have regarded at least six different factors as significant. Most family practice residents will enter private practice as members of a group practice, rather than as solo practitioners. There is a direct relationship between the population of the family practice resident's home community and the size of the communities being considered for private practice. The most influential recruiting technique is personal contact by the physicians and citizens of the community, whereas the least effective method of recruiting is through printed material distributed through mail service.", "contents": "Practice objectives and goals; a survey of family practice residents. This study shows that the majority of family practice residents initially become aware of individual community needs for family physicians in either medical school or early in residency training, but the final decision in regard to the selection of a specific community for private practice is not generally made until late in the third year of residency training. When the final decision as to practice location is established, the family practice resident and his family have regarded at least six different factors as significant. Most family practice residents will enter private practice as members of a group practice, rather than as solo practitioners. There is a direct relationship between the population of the family practice resident's home community and the size of the communities being considered for private practice. The most influential recruiting technique is personal contact by the physicians and citizens of the community, whereas the least effective method of recruiting is through printed material distributed through mail service."}
{"id": "PMID:1206364", "title": "Evaluating family practice residents with a problem category index.", "content": "Using a standard ambulatory coding system as a base, an index of 42 problem clusters encountered in family practice was developed by two Pennsylvania family practice residency programs. Comparisons of frequencies with which these index problems were encountered by physicians in the Family Practice Centers were used to identify the practice patterns of family practice residents and faculty. Analyses of these displays, while largely subjective, produced some interesting general and specific results. The initial study indicates that many problems known to be common in family practice are not identified as such by the physician. When this type of information can be simplified, it is welcomed and found useful by residents and faculty in family practice training programs. A simplified index can be developed and used by any physician without any special equipment.", "contents": "Evaluating family practice residents with a problem category index. Using a standard ambulatory coding system as a base, an index of 42 problem clusters encountered in family practice was developed by two Pennsylvania family practice residency programs. Comparisons of frequencies with which these index problems were encountered by physicians in the Family Practice Centers were used to identify the practice patterns of family practice residents and faculty. Analyses of these displays, while largely subjective, produced some interesting general and specific results. The initial study indicates that many problems known to be common in family practice are not identified as such by the physician. When this type of information can be simplified, it is welcomed and found useful by residents and faculty in family practice training programs. A simplified index can be developed and used by any physician without any special equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:1206365", "title": "Continuity of care in family practice. Part 1: dimensions of continuity.", "content": "This is the first in a series of four articles exploring the issue of continuity of care in family practice. There are four dimensions of continuity of care in family practice: chronological, geographical, interdisciplinary, and interpersonal. Each of these dimensions can be measured by specific actions and can, therefore, be evaluated and learned. Subsequent articles will deal with implications of continuity of care in family practice, its measurement and evaluation, and problems with its integration into family practice residency training.", "contents": "Continuity of care in family practice. Part 1: dimensions of continuity. This is the first in a series of four articles exploring the issue of continuity of care in family practice. There are four dimensions of continuity of care in family practice: chronological, geographical, interdisciplinary, and interpersonal. Each of these dimensions can be measured by specific actions and can, therefore, be evaluated and learned. Subsequent articles will deal with implications of continuity of care in family practice, its measurement and evaluation, and problems with its integration into family practice residency training."}
{"id": "PMID:1206366", "title": "Continuity of care in family practice. Part 2: implications of continuity.", "content": "Continuity of care in family practice cannot be adequately described merely in terms of duration. It is not delineated by the nature of a patient's illness, but involves the family physician's ongoing commitment to the patient and his family as persons. An implicit contract exists between the family physician and the patient. This kind of continuity of care provides several important elements related to patient care, such as the feasibility of long-term observations allowing effective diagnosis with less need for extensive one-time workups, the potential for psychotherapy and counseling through a continuing personal relationship, and the opportunity to perceive illness in the context of the whole person and his environment. Continuity of responsibility by the family physician is achievable despite mobility of some patients and is more a matter of the physician's attitude and style of practice than duration of the doctor-patient relationship.", "contents": "Continuity of care in family practice. Part 2: implications of continuity. Continuity of care in family practice cannot be adequately described merely in terms of duration. It is not delineated by the nature of a patient's illness, but involves the family physician's ongoing commitment to the patient and his family as persons. An implicit contract exists between the family physician and the patient. This kind of continuity of care provides several important elements related to patient care, such as the feasibility of long-term observations allowing effective diagnosis with less need for extensive one-time workups, the potential for psychotherapy and counseling through a continuing personal relationship, and the opportunity to perceive illness in the context of the whole person and his environment. Continuity of responsibility by the family physician is achievable despite mobility of some patients and is more a matter of the physician's attitude and style of practice than duration of the doctor-patient relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:1206367", "title": "The enuretic child.", "content": "The evaluation and management of enuresis has long been a common and challenging problem in everyday practice. Enuresis is a symptom believed to result from a variety of etiological factors, including genitourinary disease, neurological disturbances, delayed development, allergic reactions, deep sleep, and psychological factors. Although enuresis is frequently a self-limiting condition, every child presenting with this problem deserves a careful work-up and consideration of therapy based on the probable underlying cause. There are five major approaches to therapy of enuresis: psychological, psycho-physiological, medication (particularly imipramine HC1), conditioning therapy, and dietary restrictions. Effective therapy will often involve more than one approach and should be tailored on an individual basis to meet each child's particular needs.", "contents": "The enuretic child. The evaluation and management of enuresis has long been a common and challenging problem in everyday practice. Enuresis is a symptom believed to result from a variety of etiological factors, including genitourinary disease, neurological disturbances, delayed development, allergic reactions, deep sleep, and psychological factors. Although enuresis is frequently a self-limiting condition, every child presenting with this problem deserves a careful work-up and consideration of therapy based on the probable underlying cause. There are five major approaches to therapy of enuresis: psychological, psycho-physiological, medication (particularly imipramine HC1), conditioning therapy, and dietary restrictions. Effective therapy will often involve more than one approach and should be tailored on an individual basis to meet each child's particular needs."}
{"id": "PMID:1206368", "title": "Evaluation and management of corneal foreign bodies.", "content": "Insults from corneal foreigh bodies range from trivial windblown debris through destructive chemicals, penetrating wounds, and severe secondary infection. History and preliminary examination should begin concurrently, particularly in the case of chemically active compounds. Needed auxiliaries are topical anesthetics, oblique light, magnification, sterile sodium fluorescein for diagnostic staining of surface breaks, removal instruments, and topical antibiotics to reduce the potential of secondary infection. A steadied, seated position for the physician, resting posture with hands supported on the face, and an oblique approach tend to reduce the likelihood of unwanted perforations or scars. An irrigating stream of sterile saline delivered through a 25 gauge short needle on a 5 cc syringe will dislodge most recent foreign bodies. The sterile needle is also available as a spud. Corneal thickness varies from slightly above 1 mm in the periphery to less than 0.5 mm centrally. Therefore, it is essential to have clear visualization of the foreign body in relation to corneal depth. Dislodgment into the anterior chamber or incidental perforation of the cornea generally require hospitalization, intensive antibiotics, and steroid therapy.", "contents": "Evaluation and management of corneal foreign bodies. Insults from corneal foreigh bodies range from trivial windblown debris through destructive chemicals, penetrating wounds, and severe secondary infection. History and preliminary examination should begin concurrently, particularly in the case of chemically active compounds. Needed auxiliaries are topical anesthetics, oblique light, magnification, sterile sodium fluorescein for diagnostic staining of surface breaks, removal instruments, and topical antibiotics to reduce the potential of secondary infection. A steadied, seated position for the physician, resting posture with hands supported on the face, and an oblique approach tend to reduce the likelihood of unwanted perforations or scars. An irrigating stream of sterile saline delivered through a 25 gauge short needle on a 5 cc syringe will dislodge most recent foreign bodies. The sterile needle is also available as a spud. Corneal thickness varies from slightly above 1 mm in the periphery to less than 0.5 mm centrally. Therefore, it is essential to have clear visualization of the foreign body in relation to corneal depth. Dislodgment into the anterior chamber or incidental perforation of the cornea generally require hospitalization, intensive antibiotics, and steroid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1206372", "title": "Protein reagent modification of cholera toxin: characterization of effects on antigenic, receptor-binding and toxic properties.", "content": "The effects of protein modification procedures on the biologically most important properties of cholera toxin, i.e. the toxic activity, the GM1 receptor-binding capacity and the antigenic (antibody-fixing) properties, have been studied quantitatively using microgram amounts or less of toxin protein. Most of the 24 group-specific reagents used had either no inhibitory effect on the toxic or the combination of GM1-binding and antibody-fixing properties of cholera toxin, or they had a concomitant inhibitory effect on these activities. Separate testing of GM1- and antibody-binding revealed a close, but not absolute, structural association between these properties, Amino group reactive substances were particularly effective in decreasing the GM1-binding activity, while leucine aminopeptidase had no effect. This suggests that lysine residues may be involved in binding toxin to the acidic GM1 receptor. Sodium dodecylsulphate and mercaptoethanol, which caused dissociation of the subunits of cholera toxin as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, abolished toxicity without inhibiting the concomitant GM1- and antibody-binding properties of the toxin. Similar differential effects were also obtained with three reagents which did not seem to change the aggregation state of the toxin. These substances all had specificity for arginine, suggesting that arginyl residues of the toxin molecule may be involved in a 'toxic site' distinct from the receptor-binding site(s). A selective effect on the toxic site was also found by treating the toxin with carboxypeptidase or trypsin in the presence of urea; in the absence of urea no enzymic effect on any toxin property was noted.", "contents": "Protein reagent modification of cholera toxin: characterization of effects on antigenic, receptor-binding and toxic properties. The effects of protein modification procedures on the biologically most important properties of cholera toxin, i.e. the toxic activity, the GM1 receptor-binding capacity and the antigenic (antibody-fixing) properties, have been studied quantitatively using microgram amounts or less of toxin protein. Most of the 24 group-specific reagents used had either no inhibitory effect on the toxic or the combination of GM1-binding and antibody-fixing properties of cholera toxin, or they had a concomitant inhibitory effect on these activities. Separate testing of GM1- and antibody-binding revealed a close, but not absolute, structural association between these properties, Amino group reactive substances were particularly effective in decreasing the GM1-binding activity, while leucine aminopeptidase had no effect. This suggests that lysine residues may be involved in binding toxin to the acidic GM1 receptor. Sodium dodecylsulphate and mercaptoethanol, which caused dissociation of the subunits of cholera toxin as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, abolished toxicity without inhibiting the concomitant GM1- and antibody-binding properties of the toxin. Similar differential effects were also obtained with three reagents which did not seem to change the aggregation state of the toxin. These substances all had specificity for arginine, suggesting that arginyl residues of the toxin molecule may be involved in a 'toxic site' distinct from the receptor-binding site(s). A selective effect on the toxic site was also found by treating the toxin with carboxypeptidase or trypsin in the presence of urea; in the absence of urea no enzymic effect on any toxin property was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1206373", "title": "Control of isocitrate lyase in Nocardia salmonicolor (NCIB9701).", "content": "Nocardia salmonicolor, grown on acetate, commercial D,L-lactate or hydrocarbon substrates, has high isocitrate lyase activities compared with those resulting from growth on other carbon sources. This presumably reflects the anaplerotic role of the glyoxylate cycle during growth on the former substrates. Amongst a variety of compounds tested, including glucose, pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, only succinate and fumarate prevented an increase in enzyme activity in the presence of acetate. When acetate (equimolar to the initial sugar concentration) was added to cultures growing on glucose, there followed de novo synthesis of isocitrated lyase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, with increases in growth rate and glucose utilization, and both acetate and glucose were metabolized simultaneously. A minute amount of acetate (40 muM) caused isocitrate lyase synthesis (a three-fold increase in activity within 3 min of addition) when added to glucose-limited continuous cultures, but even large amounts added to nitrogen-limited batch cultures were ineffective. Malonate, at a concentration that was not totally growth-inhibitory (1mM) prevented the inhibition of acetate-stimulated isocitrate lyase synthesis by succinate, but fumarate still inhibited in the presence of malonate. Phosphoenolpyruvate is a non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (apparent Ki 1-7 mM). The results are consistent with the induction of isocitrate or a closely related metabolite, and catabolite repression by a C-4 acid of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, possibly fumarate.", "contents": "Control of isocitrate lyase in Nocardia salmonicolor (NCIB9701). Nocardia salmonicolor, grown on acetate, commercial D,L-lactate or hydrocarbon substrates, has high isocitrate lyase activities compared with those resulting from growth on other carbon sources. This presumably reflects the anaplerotic role of the glyoxylate cycle during growth on the former substrates. Amongst a variety of compounds tested, including glucose, pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, only succinate and fumarate prevented an increase in enzyme activity in the presence of acetate. When acetate (equimolar to the initial sugar concentration) was added to cultures growing on glucose, there followed de novo synthesis of isocitrated lyase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, with increases in growth rate and glucose utilization, and both acetate and glucose were metabolized simultaneously. A minute amount of acetate (40 muM) caused isocitrate lyase synthesis (a three-fold increase in activity within 3 min of addition) when added to glucose-limited continuous cultures, but even large amounts added to nitrogen-limited batch cultures were ineffective. Malonate, at a concentration that was not totally growth-inhibitory (1mM) prevented the inhibition of acetate-stimulated isocitrate lyase synthesis by succinate, but fumarate still inhibited in the presence of malonate. Phosphoenolpyruvate is a non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (apparent Ki 1-7 mM). The results are consistent with the induction of isocitrate or a closely related metabolite, and catabolite repression by a C-4 acid of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, possibly fumarate."}
{"id": "PMID:1206374", "title": "Regulation of growth of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB8250 on L-mandelate in batch culture.", "content": "Batch culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in L-mandelate- or phenylglyoxylate-salts medium showed an unusual non-exponential pattern unless the inoculum had been grown on benzyl alcohol. There were transient accumulations of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol caused by the limitation of L-mandelate oxidation by low activities of benzaldehyde dehydrogenase and the diversion of reducing power to the formation of benzyl alcohol. In vivo enzymic activities were estimated from patterns of substrate utilization in batch cultures containing pairs of substrates. When bacteria previously grown in L-mandelate-salts medium were inoculated into media containing L-mandelate and a second carbon source, metabolism of L-mandelate was arithmetical in the presence of benzoate, catechol or succinate, but accelerated on exhaustion of the second substrate. This indicated  repression of the enzymes involved in L-mandelate oxidation. Inoculation of bacteria grown in benzoate-salts medium into medium containing L-mandelate and benzoate gave diauxie with initial utilization of benzoate. Similar experiments showed that benzoate oxidation was not repressed by catechol and only partially repressed by succinate. Measurement of L-mandelate dehydrogenase, phenylglyoxylate carboxy-lyase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I in bacterial extracts showed no evidence for feedback inhibition by intermediates of the pathway. The rates of L-mandelate and benzoate utilization by bacterial suspensions were inhibited by succinate and catechol but not by other intermediates of the pathway.", "contents": "Regulation of growth of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB8250 on L-mandelate in batch culture. Batch culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in L-mandelate- or phenylglyoxylate-salts medium showed an unusual non-exponential pattern unless the inoculum had been grown on benzyl alcohol. There were transient accumulations of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol caused by the limitation of L-mandelate oxidation by low activities of benzaldehyde dehydrogenase and the diversion of reducing power to the formation of benzyl alcohol. In vivo enzymic activities were estimated from patterns of substrate utilization in batch cultures containing pairs of substrates. When bacteria previously grown in L-mandelate-salts medium were inoculated into media containing L-mandelate and a second carbon source, metabolism of L-mandelate was arithmetical in the presence of benzoate, catechol or succinate, but accelerated on exhaustion of the second substrate. This indicated  repression of the enzymes involved in L-mandelate oxidation. Inoculation of bacteria grown in benzoate-salts medium into medium containing L-mandelate and benzoate gave diauxie with initial utilization of benzoate. Similar experiments showed that benzoate oxidation was not repressed by catechol and only partially repressed by succinate. Measurement of L-mandelate dehydrogenase, phenylglyoxylate carboxy-lyase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase I in bacterial extracts showed no evidence for feedback inhibition by intermediates of the pathway. The rates of L-mandelate and benzoate utilization by bacterial suspensions were inhibited by succinate and catechol but not by other intermediates of the pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:1206375", "title": "Stability of protein and ribonucleic acid in Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "The turnover of protein in a prototrophic strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus during exponential growth in a salts medium with glucose or succinate as carbon source was about 4 %/h and in a richer nutrient broth medium about 23 %/h. Protein degradation under non-growing conditions conformed to a similar pattern. The turnover of RNA (non-messenger) was about 1 %/h in salts medium and about 9 %/h in nutrient broth. The turnover of protein and RNA in the thermophile is thus moderate rather than massive. This conclusion was confirmed by measurement of the decay of a specific enzyme, isocitrate lyase, in the prototroph and of the overall protein turnover in a non-prototrophic strain of B. stearothermophilus. The half-lives of a number of enzyme systems in intact cells of the prototrophic thermophile at its optimum growth temperature showed some variation but indicated a significant rate of inactivation. Such decay of protein in vivo apparently accounts for the moderate protein turnover observed during growth.", "contents": "Stability of protein and ribonucleic acid in Bacillus stearothermophilus. The turnover of protein in a prototrophic strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus during exponential growth in a salts medium with glucose or succinate as carbon source was about 4 %/h and in a richer nutrient broth medium about 23 %/h. Protein degradation under non-growing conditions conformed to a similar pattern. The turnover of RNA (non-messenger) was about 1 %/h in salts medium and about 9 %/h in nutrient broth. The turnover of protein and RNA in the thermophile is thus moderate rather than massive. This conclusion was confirmed by measurement of the decay of a specific enzyme, isocitrate lyase, in the prototroph and of the overall protein turnover in a non-prototrophic strain of B. stearothermophilus. The half-lives of a number of enzyme systems in intact cells of the prototrophic thermophile at its optimum growth temperature showed some variation but indicated a significant rate of inactivation. Such decay of protein in vivo apparently accounts for the moderate protein turnover observed during growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1206380", "title": "An image analysis study of adenovirus type 5-induced crystalline inclusions.", "content": "A combined electron microscopic and optical diffractometric study of Ad5-induced non-virion protein crystals found in the nuclei of infected KB cells at late times (48 to 72 h p.i.) after infection has been carried out. Data obtained have indicated that the unit cell of the crystal is rectangular and not hexagonal as previously presumed.", "contents": "An image analysis study of adenovirus type 5-induced crystalline inclusions. A combined electron microscopic and optical diffractometric study of Ad5-induced non-virion protein crystals found in the nuclei of infected KB cells at late times (48 to 72 h p.i.) after infection has been carried out. Data obtained have indicated that the unit cell of the crystal is rectangular and not hexagonal as previously presumed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206381", "title": "[Hereditary recurrent epistaxis].", "content": "The author has carried out a clinical and genetic investigation of a large family who lives in the south of the Algerian Sahara and comprises 213 individuals belonging to 8 generations. Among the examined members of this family, 105 (49.2%) showed repeated nose bleeding. However, no anomalies of the blood or the coagulation could be found in these patients. From the physical point of view they were all normally developed and vigorous. The distribution of the patients according to age showed no pedilection for any age group (affected individuals between 7 months and 85 years). The condition affected both sexes with a slight predominance in favour of females (53.4% of women against 46.6% of men). The inheritance is autosomal dominant wigh sometimes skipping of one or several generations. In one sibship all 13 members were affected owing to the fact that the father was an affected homozygote, offspring of a marriage between two affected cousins. The author proposes for this new noslological and genetic entity the term hereditary recurrent epistaxis. This capillaropathy has to be distinguished in particular from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia of Rendu-Osler.", "contents": "[Hereditary recurrent epistaxis]. The author has carried out a clinical and genetic investigation of a large family who lives in the south of the Algerian Sahara and comprises 213 individuals belonging to 8 generations. Among the examined members of this family, 105 (49.2%) showed repeated nose bleeding. However, no anomalies of the blood or the coagulation could be found in these patients. From the physical point of view they were all normally developed and vigorous. The distribution of the patients according to age showed no pedilection for any age group (affected individuals between 7 months and 85 years). The condition affected both sexes with a slight predominance in favour of females (53.4% of women against 46.6% of men). The inheritance is autosomal dominant wigh sometimes skipping of one or several generations. In one sibship all 13 members were affected owing to the fact that the father was an affected homozygote, offspring of a marriage between two affected cousins. The author proposes for this new noslological and genetic entity the term hereditary recurrent epistaxis. This capillaropathy has to be distinguished in particular from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia of Rendu-Osler."}
{"id": "PMID:1206382", "title": "[Surgical correction of facial asymmetry].", "content": "It is not possible to group the facial asymmetries in one single nosological entity. However, whatever the origin of these malformations, their surgical treatment is governed by the same principles. In this article, the author attempts to define certain aetiologies:genetic, congenital and developmental, of the minor assymmetries of the face. He then reviews the different techniques in current use, in plastic and reconstructive surgery:autogenic or homogenic tissue grafts (bone, cartilage, derm, fascia, etc.), implants of plastic material, osteotomies. He stresses the use of simple techniques which cause little mutilation, as well as the simultaneous correction of the profile which greatly enhances the aesthetic appearance and the psychological well-being of these patients.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of facial asymmetry]. It is not possible to group the facial asymmetries in one single nosological entity. However, whatever the origin of these malformations, their surgical treatment is governed by the same principles. In this article, the author attempts to define certain aetiologies:genetic, congenital and developmental, of the minor assymmetries of the face. He then reviews the different techniques in current use, in plastic and reconstructive surgery:autogenic or homogenic tissue grafts (bone, cartilage, derm, fascia, etc.), implants of plastic material, osteotomies. He stresses the use of simple techniques which cause little mutilation, as well as the simultaneous correction of the profile which greatly enhances the aesthetic appearance and the psychological well-being of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1206383", "title": "XO/XY mosaicism in a 2 year phenotypic male.", "content": "A 2-year-old male with bilateral undescended gonads, hypoplastic external auditory canals, large umbilical hernia and XO/XY chromosome mosaicism is described in this communication. Salient features of other similar cases, i.e. XO/XY mosaicism in phenotypic males, from the literature are summarized, showing the wide diversity of manifestations of this syndrome.", "contents": "XO/XY mosaicism in a 2 year phenotypic male. A 2-year-old male with bilateral undescended gonads, hypoplastic external auditory canals, large umbilical hernia and XO/XY chromosome mosaicism is described in this communication. Salient features of other similar cases, i.e. XO/XY mosaicism in phenotypic males, from the literature are summarized, showing the wide diversity of manifestations of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1206384", "title": "The distinction between self and not-self in children and adolescents.", "content": "The direction and extent of age-related differences in self-definition were studied in 120 students from age 6 to 16 years who were asked to identify 42 items as self or not-self. Total number of self-responses increased with age, and girls responded to slightly more items as self than boys. Body parts, identifying personal characteristics, and psychological processes were identified as self more frequently at all ages than significant others, self-related objects, and possessions. The direction of age-related change was toward greater self-extension and appeared to involve a reconceptualization of self and not-self relations.", "contents": "The distinction between self and not-self in children and adolescents. The direction and extent of age-related differences in self-definition were studied in 120 students from age 6 to 16 years who were asked to identify 42 items as self or not-self. Total number of self-responses increased with age, and girls responded to slightly more items as self than boys. Body parts, identifying personal characteristics, and psychological processes were identified as self more frequently at all ages than significant others, self-related objects, and possessions. The direction of age-related change was toward greater self-extension and appeared to involve a reconceptualization of self and not-self relations."}
{"id": "PMID:1206385", "title": "Perceptual incongruity and social interaction as determinants of infants' reaction to novel persons.", "content": "To investigate the contrary position of perceptual incongruity and social interaction theories regarding birth order and reactions to novel persons within the first year of life, novel persons were presented to 96 first and later borns 8 and 12 months of age. Because firstborns, exposed to more positive social interaction within the family within the first year of life, were more positive towards strangers than were the later borns, the authors concluded that by the end of the first year of life the nature of the infant's social interaction within the family, rather than the number of perceptual encounters, is the major determinant of infants' reaction to novel persons in their enviornment.", "contents": "Perceptual incongruity and social interaction as determinants of infants' reaction to novel persons. To investigate the contrary position of perceptual incongruity and social interaction theories regarding birth order and reactions to novel persons within the first year of life, novel persons were presented to 96 first and later borns 8 and 12 months of age. Because firstborns, exposed to more positive social interaction within the family within the first year of life, were more positive towards strangers than were the later borns, the authors concluded that by the end of the first year of life the nature of the infant's social interaction within the family, rather than the number of perceptual encounters, is the major determinant of infants' reaction to novel persons in their enviornment."}
{"id": "PMID:1206386", "title": "Manifest anxiety and self-concept: further investigation.", "content": "Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS), Actual-Self, Ideal-Self, and Self-Ideal Discrepancy results from 134 first-year female nursing students were studied by the multivariate methods of factor analysis and multiple regression. Ideal-Self was less variant than Actual-Self, and correlated significantly with it. Factorial compositions of the three self-conceptual indices uncovered three overlapping factors: a tension-steadiness-worry factor, a well-being factor, and superficial social assets factor. The correlation of MAS with the discrepancy scores was overwhelmingly due to its relationship to Actual-Self, since it was only scarcely related to Ideal-Self, MAS was mainly associated with traits loading on the tension factor and secondarily with the well-being factor. Traits touching upon intellectual efficiency, physical attractiveness, and methodicalness were unrelated to MAS.", "contents": "Manifest anxiety and self-concept: further investigation. Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS), Actual-Self, Ideal-Self, and Self-Ideal Discrepancy results from 134 first-year female nursing students were studied by the multivariate methods of factor analysis and multiple regression. Ideal-Self was less variant than Actual-Self, and correlated significantly with it. Factorial compositions of the three self-conceptual indices uncovered three overlapping factors: a tension-steadiness-worry factor, a well-being factor, and superficial social assets factor. The correlation of MAS with the discrepancy scores was overwhelmingly due to its relationship to Actual-Self, since it was only scarcely related to Ideal-Self, MAS was mainly associated with traits loading on the tension factor and secondarily with the well-being factor. Traits touching upon intellectual efficiency, physical attractiveness, and methodicalness were unrelated to MAS."}
{"id": "PMID:1206387", "title": "A child's emotions and adult authoritarianism as determinants of punishment.", "content": "The present research attempted to assess the effects of a child's emothins on the severity of punishment suggested by adult subjects who hold authoritarian or nonauthoritarian attitudes about child rearing. The administration of a punishment scale, the dependent measure, to several population suggested that this scale is a reliable measurement instrument. Also, it was found that authoritarians suggested more severe punsihment, but that a child's emotions may have little effect on the level of suggested punishment.", "contents": "A child's emotions and adult authoritarianism as determinants of punishment. The present research attempted to assess the effects of a child's emothins on the severity of punishment suggested by adult subjects who hold authoritarian or nonauthoritarian attitudes about child rearing. The administration of a punishment scale, the dependent measure, to several population suggested that this scale is a reliable measurement instrument. Also, it was found that authoritarians suggested more severe punsihment, but that a child's emotions may have little effect on the level of suggested punishment."}
{"id": "PMID:1206388", "title": "Learning and behavioral correlates in learning-disabled pupils prone to heterozygous thalassemia and sicklemia.", "content": "The pilot study was designed to vindicate planning for large-scale detection and management of two parallel genetic blood disorders occurring in large numbers of Mediterranean- and black Americans; the heterozygous minor traits of thalassemia (Cooley's anemia) and sicklemia (sickle-cell anemia). Referred pupils (N=191) matched on schools, age, and learning difficulties associated with learning disabilities were compared as to presumed ethnic origin (n Mediterranean = 80; n black = 64; n \"others\" = 47) and incidence of trait-related learning and behavioral characteristics. Group mean differences on the study's criteria were found to be significant. Both minor-trait prone groups equally indicated the associative effects, while the control group without tradt-predisposition showed a nonsignificant relationship, thus supporting the hypotheses and the need for large-scale research.", "contents": "Learning and behavioral correlates in learning-disabled pupils prone to heterozygous thalassemia and sicklemia. The pilot study was designed to vindicate planning for large-scale detection and management of two parallel genetic blood disorders occurring in large numbers of Mediterranean- and black Americans; the heterozygous minor traits of thalassemia (Cooley's anemia) and sicklemia (sickle-cell anemia). Referred pupils (N=191) matched on schools, age, and learning difficulties associated with learning disabilities were compared as to presumed ethnic origin (n Mediterranean = 80; n black = 64; n \"others\" = 47) and incidence of trait-related learning and behavioral characteristics. Group mean differences on the study's criteria were found to be significant. Both minor-trait prone groups equally indicated the associative effects, while the control group without tradt-predisposition showed a nonsignificant relationship, thus supporting the hypotheses and the need for large-scale research."}
{"id": "PMID:1206391", "title": "Effect of the norepinephrine receptor stimulating agent \"clonidine\" on the turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine in some areas of the rat brain.", "content": "The effect of clonidine (0.05 mg/kg i.p.) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover has been studied in the whole brain and in various cerebral areas of the rat (brain stem, hypothalamus, striatum and \"rest\" of the brain). In the whole brain, clonidine produced a significant decrease (-23%) in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid level and a slight increase (+7%) in 5-HT level. These variations were not observed in all the cerebral structures. The 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels were reduced in the hypothalamus and in the rest of the brain; they were not significantly altered in the brain stem and increased in the striatum. The effect of clonidine on the 5-HT synthesis has been studied by evaluation of the rises in 5-HT levels induced by pargyline: these rises were found significantly increased in the brain stem and the hypothalamus and not significantly altered in the other cerebral structures. These findings give support to the hypothesis according to which the norepinephrine receptor stimulation inhibits the activtity in the 5-HT neurons: clonidine reduces primarily the relase of 5-HT without an immediate effect on its synthesis. The differences observed among the various cerebral areas might be explained by the fact that relations between nor-epinephrine and 5-HT neurons do not exist identically in all cerebral structures.", "contents": "Effect of the norepinephrine receptor stimulating agent \"clonidine\" on the turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine in some areas of the rat brain. The effect of clonidine (0.05 mg/kg i.p.) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover has been studied in the whole brain and in various cerebral areas of the rat (brain stem, hypothalamus, striatum and \"rest\" of the brain). In the whole brain, clonidine produced a significant decrease (-23%) in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid level and a slight increase (+7%) in 5-HT level. These variations were not observed in all the cerebral structures. The 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels were reduced in the hypothalamus and in the rest of the brain; they were not significantly altered in the brain stem and increased in the striatum. The effect of clonidine on the 5-HT synthesis has been studied by evaluation of the rises in 5-HT levels induced by pargyline: these rises were found significantly increased in the brain stem and the hypothalamus and not significantly altered in the other cerebral structures. These findings give support to the hypothesis according to which the norepinephrine receptor stimulation inhibits the activtity in the 5-HT neurons: clonidine reduces primarily the relase of 5-HT without an immediate effect on its synthesis. The differences observed among the various cerebral areas might be explained by the fact that relations between nor-epinephrine and 5-HT neurons do not exist identically in all cerebral structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1206392", "title": "Acetylcholine induced responses of plasma LH and prolactin in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.", "content": "The effects of intraventricular injection of acetylcholine at doses of 50 mug were studied in male rats. Under ether anesthesia, acetylcholine did not modify plasma prolactin and LH levels. Contrarily, in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, acetylcholine at the same doses induced significant decreases of prolactin from 10 to 60 min postinjection. LH levels were not modified by treatment. Prolactin responses to acetylcholine were absent during the first 30 min postinjection in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Only a delayed response was detected. In these animals, icv administration of dopamine caused a clear decrease of plasma prolactin levels. A marked rise of LH at 30 and 60 min following acetylcholine injection was found in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Results suggest a catecholaminergic mediation of the prolactin and LH responses induced by acetylcholin in male rats.", "contents": "Acetylcholine induced responses of plasma LH and prolactin in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. The effects of intraventricular injection of acetylcholine at doses of 50 mug were studied in male rats. Under ether anesthesia, acetylcholine did not modify plasma prolactin and LH levels. Contrarily, in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, acetylcholine at the same doses induced significant decreases of prolactin from 10 to 60 min postinjection. LH levels were not modified by treatment. Prolactin responses to acetylcholine were absent during the first 30 min postinjection in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Only a delayed response was detected. In these animals, icv administration of dopamine caused a clear decrease of plasma prolactin levels. A marked rise of LH at 30 and 60 min following acetylcholine injection was found in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Results suggest a catecholaminergic mediation of the prolactin and LH responses induced by acetylcholin in male rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1206393", "title": "Effects of L-tryptophan treatment on central indoleamine metabolism and short-lasting neurologic disturbances in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Twelve MS patients were treated with L-tryptophan with or without decarboxylase inhibitor for 30 days, and the daily dose was either 1.5 g or 8 g. Tryptophan, 5-HIAA and HVA were analysed from lumbar punctures before and during tryptophan treatment. Clinical evaluation of MS symptoms was performed before, during and at the end of the tryptophan treatment period as well as after a 30-day placebo period. Tryptophan and 5-HIAA levels were found to be elevated 10 hours after the last dose of L-tryptophan. HVA concentrations remained approximately constant. A slight alleviation of changeable MS symptoms was noticed during the first month. The best response was found in symptoms like motility and bladder disturbances as well as in the mood of patients. These findings are indicative of the neural transmission changes during the rapid functional disturbances in MS.", "contents": "Effects of L-tryptophan treatment on central indoleamine metabolism and short-lasting neurologic disturbances in multiple sclerosis. Twelve MS patients were treated with L-tryptophan with or without decarboxylase inhibitor for 30 days, and the daily dose was either 1.5 g or 8 g. Tryptophan, 5-HIAA and HVA were analysed from lumbar punctures before and during tryptophan treatment. Clinical evaluation of MS symptoms was performed before, during and at the end of the tryptophan treatment period as well as after a 30-day placebo period. Tryptophan and 5-HIAA levels were found to be elevated 10 hours after the last dose of L-tryptophan. HVA concentrations remained approximately constant. A slight alleviation of changeable MS symptoms was noticed during the first month. The best response was found in symptoms like motility and bladder disturbances as well as in the mood of patients. These findings are indicative of the neural transmission changes during the rapid functional disturbances in MS."}
{"id": "PMID:1206412", "title": "Absence of cellular hypersensitivity to muscle and thymic antigens in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Humoral antibodies to skeletal muscle and its components and to thymus have been demonstrated in the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis. A role for cellular hypersensitivity to similar antigens in the pathogenesis of the disease has been suggested by some reports of the presence of cellular immunity. A detailed immunological study using muscle and thymic antigens, including those prepared from the patients' own tissues, failed to confirm these findings. It is suggested that previous reports of cellular hypersensitivity represent the demonstration of an epiphenomenon.", "contents": "Absence of cellular hypersensitivity to muscle and thymic antigens in myasthenia gravis. Humoral antibodies to skeletal muscle and its components and to thymus have been demonstrated in the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis. A role for cellular hypersensitivity to similar antigens in the pathogenesis of the disease has been suggested by some reports of the presence of cellular immunity. A detailed immunological study using muscle and thymic antigens, including those prepared from the patients' own tissues, failed to confirm these findings. It is suggested that previous reports of cellular hypersensitivity represent the demonstration of an epiphenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1206413", "title": "Spinal cord compression by a rheumatoid nodule.", "content": "A case, believed to be unique, is reported of spinal cord compression due to an extradural rheumatoid nodule.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression by a rheumatoid nodule. A case, believed to be unique, is reported of spinal cord compression due to an extradural rheumatoid nodule."}
{"id": "PMID:1206414", "title": "Arachnoid calcification producing spinal cord compression.", "content": "A case of spinal cord compression, presumed to be due to a calcification in the arachnoid, is presented. Its relationship to a previous spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage is mentioned. The literature is reviewed and the relationship of this condition to spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage, previous myelogram, and spinal anaesthetic is stressed.", "contents": "Arachnoid calcification producing spinal cord compression. A case of spinal cord compression, presumed to be due to a calcification in the arachnoid, is presented. Its relationship to a previous spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage is mentioned. The literature is reviewed and the relationship of this condition to spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage, previous myelogram, and spinal anaesthetic is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206415", "title": "Scapuloperoneal atrophy with sensory involvement: Davidenkow's syndrome.", "content": "A patient with scapuloperoneal atrophy of neurogenic type, in whome there was also distal sensory impairment, has been studied with conventional EMG, single fibre EMG, and muscle biopsy. This disorder, described by Davidenkow, may be a distinct entity.", "contents": "Scapuloperoneal atrophy with sensory involvement: Davidenkow's syndrome. A patient with scapuloperoneal atrophy of neurogenic type, in whome there was also distal sensory impairment, has been studied with conventional EMG, single fibre EMG, and muscle biopsy. This disorder, described by Davidenkow, may be a distinct entity."}
{"id": "PMID:1206416", "title": "Assessment of the capacity of cerebral collateral circulation using ultrasonic Doppler technique.", "content": "A new non-invasive method for the assessment of cerebral collateral circulation via the circle of Willis using an ultrasonic directional Doppler flowmeter is described. The technique was found useful in measuring the capacity of cerebral collateral circulation and would be applicable not only in internal medicine but also in neurosurgery.", "contents": "Assessment of the capacity of cerebral collateral circulation using ultrasonic Doppler technique. A new non-invasive method for the assessment of cerebral collateral circulation via the circle of Willis using an ultrasonic directional Doppler flowmeter is described. The technique was found useful in measuring the capacity of cerebral collateral circulation and would be applicable not only in internal medicine but also in neurosurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1206417", "title": "Granulomatous myopathy: its relationship to sarcoidosis and polymyositis.", "content": "In three cases of generalized muscle weakness, muscle biopsy revealed well-defined, non-caseating epithelioid granulomata with giant cells. In one of these patients there was, in addition, a high serum CPK and histological evidence of widespread muscle cell degeneration and regeneration, apparently unrelated to the granulomatous process. In a re-examination of the histopathology of these cases, using biopsy material from a fourth case of proven sarcoidosis as a standard, it was concluded that there are no special features of the granulomatous/giant cell process which permit the separation of the case of presumed polymyositis. However, it appeared that granulomata per se do not exert a significant ill effect on surrounding muscle cells, and that evidence of widespread degeneration of muscle cells is the important point of distinction.", "contents": "Granulomatous myopathy: its relationship to sarcoidosis and polymyositis. In three cases of generalized muscle weakness, muscle biopsy revealed well-defined, non-caseating epithelioid granulomata with giant cells. In one of these patients there was, in addition, a high serum CPK and histological evidence of widespread muscle cell degeneration and regeneration, apparently unrelated to the granulomatous process. In a re-examination of the histopathology of these cases, using biopsy material from a fourth case of proven sarcoidosis as a standard, it was concluded that there are no special features of the granulomatous/giant cell process which permit the separation of the case of presumed polymyositis. However, it appeared that granulomata per se do not exert a significant ill effect on surrounding muscle cells, and that evidence of widespread degeneration of muscle cells is the important point of distinction."}
{"id": "PMID:1206418", "title": "Leigh's disease: significance of the biochemical changes in brain.", "content": "Analysis of five brains from patients with Leigh's disease demonstrates an accumulation of thiamine pyrophosphate and a deficiency of thiamine triphosphate. The enzyme which converts thiamine pyrophosphate to thiamine triphosphate was normally active in two of these brains, suggesting that the inhibitor found in Leigh's disease is probably producing the observed neurochemical changes. Reasons for the histological similarity between Leigh's and Wernicke's diseases are suggested.", "contents": "Leigh's disease: significance of the biochemical changes in brain. Analysis of five brains from patients with Leigh's disease demonstrates an accumulation of thiamine pyrophosphate and a deficiency of thiamine triphosphate. The enzyme which converts thiamine pyrophosphate to thiamine triphosphate was normally active in two of these brains, suggesting that the inhibitor found in Leigh's disease is probably producing the observed neurochemical changes. Reasons for the histological similarity between Leigh's and Wernicke's diseases are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1206419", "title": "Cerebral hydatid disease in Britain.", "content": "Two cases of cerebral hydatid disease are described. This condition, acquired by Britons in Britain, is extremely rare as only two similar cases have been reported before. Details of clinical presentation, investigation and treatment are described.", "contents": "Cerebral hydatid disease in Britain. Two cases of cerebral hydatid disease are described. This condition, acquired by Britons in Britain, is extremely rare as only two similar cases have been reported before. Details of clinical presentation, investigation and treatment are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1206420", "title": "Subclinical optic neuropathy in multiple sclerosis. How early VER components reflect axon loss and conduction defects in optic pathways.", "content": "The pathological effect of multiple sclerosis in the visual pathways consists of axonal demyelination and axonal loss. These two consequences of the disease, even in its subclinical stages, are reflected in changes in the initial component of the visual evoked response (VER) affecting its latency, configuration, or both. These abnormal early components of the VER were recorded in 25 patients with multiple sclerosis, only 10 of whom had any indication of visual involvement that could be documented historically or by conventional ophthalmic investigation.", "contents": "Subclinical optic neuropathy in multiple sclerosis. How early VER components reflect axon loss and conduction defects in optic pathways. The pathological effect of multiple sclerosis in the visual pathways consists of axonal demyelination and axonal loss. These two consequences of the disease, even in its subclinical stages, are reflected in changes in the initial component of the visual evoked response (VER) affecting its latency, configuration, or both. These abnormal early components of the VER were recorded in 25 patients with multiple sclerosis, only 10 of whom had any indication of visual involvement that could be documented historically or by conventional ophthalmic investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206421", "title": "Focal hemisphere and visuoperceptual categorization.", "content": "Visuoperceptual categorization was investigated in patients with unilateral brain damage by a task in which meaningless shapes had to be classified with reference to a number of prototype patterns. Right brain-damaged subjects with visual field defect turned out to have a narrower categorization span. As this outcome seems to be scarcely consonant with a lower level disorder of visual processing, a major competence of the right hemisphere is suggested for visuoperceptual categorization.", "contents": "Focal hemisphere and visuoperceptual categorization. Visuoperceptual categorization was investigated in patients with unilateral brain damage by a task in which meaningless shapes had to be classified with reference to a number of prototype patterns. Right brain-damaged subjects with visual field defect turned out to have a narrower categorization span. As this outcome seems to be scarcely consonant with a lower level disorder of visual processing, a major competence of the right hemisphere is suggested for visuoperceptual categorization."}
{"id": "PMID:1206422", "title": "Cognitive recovery after severe head injury. 1. Serial testing on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.", "content": "The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was administered serially to 40 severely head-injured adults, and the results compared with a matched group of 40 non-injured men. The scores on the verbal subtests showed less initial impairment and were faster to recover to the level of the comparison group than were the non-verbal subtest scores. Verbal IQ of the head-injury group approached that of the comparison group within about one year of injury, while recovery of Performance IQ continued over about three years.", "contents": "Cognitive recovery after severe head injury. 1. Serial testing on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was administered serially to 40 severely head-injured adults, and the results compared with a matched group of 40 non-injured men. The scores on the verbal subtests showed less initial impairment and were faster to recover to the level of the comparison group than were the non-verbal subtest scores. Verbal IQ of the head-injury group approached that of the comparison group within about one year of injury, while recovery of Performance IQ continued over about three years."}
{"id": "PMID:1206423", "title": "Extracranial metastases from a glioma in the absence of surgical intervention.", "content": "A case of metastatic spread to the pleura from a glioma which had not been biopsied or treated surgically is reported. There was no direct extension to extracranial soft tissues, the route of spread apparently being by way of meningeal veins.", "contents": "Extracranial metastases from a glioma in the absence of surgical intervention. A case of metastatic spread to the pleura from a glioma which had not been biopsied or treated surgically is reported. There was no direct extension to extracranial soft tissues, the route of spread apparently being by way of meningeal veins."}
{"id": "PMID:1206424", "title": "Cognitive recovery after severe head injury. 2. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale during post-traumatic amnesia.", "content": "The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was administered to two matched groups of severely head-injured patients. The first administration was early in the recovery period, when group I was still in post-traumatic amnesia. The WaiS results for this group were significantly lower than those of group II, who were fully conscious. A follow-up at a later stage of recovery found that group I had substantially caught up with group II on the WAIS. At both administrations the WAIS subtest scores were correlated with clinical data, and changes in the pattern of correlations between PTA and full consciousness suggested that the former represents a qualitatively, and not merely quantitatively, distinct phase of recovery.", "contents": "Cognitive recovery after severe head injury. 2. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale during post-traumatic amnesia. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was administered to two matched groups of severely head-injured patients. The first administration was early in the recovery period, when group I was still in post-traumatic amnesia. The WaiS results for this group were significantly lower than those of group II, who were fully conscious. A follow-up at a later stage of recovery found that group I had substantially caught up with group II on the WAIS. At both administrations the WAIS subtest scores were correlated with clinical data, and changes in the pattern of correlations between PTA and full consciousness suggested that the former represents a qualitatively, and not merely quantitatively, distinct phase of recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:1206425", "title": "An investigation of the correlation between abnormal patterns of ocular microtremor and an abnormal pupil reflex in neurological patients.", "content": "Twenty-two patients and 7 normal subjects at the Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery, Moscow, have taken part in an investigation in which the direct light reflex to a brief flash, and the high-frequency microtremor of the eyes, have been recorded. The direct pupil reflex recordings obtained with a flash of 20 msec duration and 100 lux intensity at the plane of the pupil were registered from the right eye of each patient. Ocular microtremor recordings were obtained simultaneously from both eyes of 20 of the patients. A set of criteria of abnormality of ocular microtremor, as judged by visual examination of the records, is proposed by the authors. Abnormality of the pupil reflex is assessed in terms of the amplitude, latent period, and time course of the contraction and relaxation phases of the reflex. A strong correlation has been found between the occurrence of an abnormal ocular tremor record and an abnormal pupil reflex. On the basis of this correlation, the authors propose that ocular tremor recordings may be used in diagnosis as sensitive indicators of brain-stem dysfunction.", "contents": "An investigation of the correlation between abnormal patterns of ocular microtremor and an abnormal pupil reflex in neurological patients. Twenty-two patients and 7 normal subjects at the Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery, Moscow, have taken part in an investigation in which the direct light reflex to a brief flash, and the high-frequency microtremor of the eyes, have been recorded. The direct pupil reflex recordings obtained with a flash of 20 msec duration and 100 lux intensity at the plane of the pupil were registered from the right eye of each patient. Ocular microtremor recordings were obtained simultaneously from both eyes of 20 of the patients. A set of criteria of abnormality of ocular microtremor, as judged by visual examination of the records, is proposed by the authors. Abnormality of the pupil reflex is assessed in terms of the amplitude, latent period, and time course of the contraction and relaxation phases of the reflex. A strong correlation has been found between the occurrence of an abnormal ocular tremor record and an abnormal pupil reflex. On the basis of this correlation, the authors propose that ocular tremor recordings may be used in diagnosis as sensitive indicators of brain-stem dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:1206426", "title": "Anterior horn cell disease seen in South India.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with clinical evidence of anterior horn cell dysfunction are descirbed. This group of patients could be divided into those with bulbar dysfunction, and those without. Eighth cranial nerve involvement was seen in 10%. The commonest perpheral distribution seen was symmetrical involvement of all four extremities. During the period of follow-up (1 to 5 years) none of the patients without bulbar dysfunction initially developed such symptoms. In all these patients electromyographic evidence of anterior horn cell disease was confirmed. The motor nerve conduction velocities in all of these patients were normal. None of them showed signs of pyramidal tract involvement. Muscle biopsy showed evidence of group fibre atrophy in 10 cases, was normal in 3, and showed a myopathic pattern in 1. Sural nerve biopsy obtained in a single patient was considered histologically normal. Plasma citrate and plasma pyruvate levels obtained in 5 patients of this group, showed elevated values for plasma citrate with normal plasma pyruvate levels. Conspicuous absence of pyramidal signs, elevated plasma citrate, normal plasma pyruvate values and the extremely slow progression suggest that this group of patients are different from other varieties of anterior horn cell dysfunction previously described.", "contents": "Anterior horn cell disease seen in South India. Thirty-two patients with clinical evidence of anterior horn cell dysfunction are descirbed. This group of patients could be divided into those with bulbar dysfunction, and those without. Eighth cranial nerve involvement was seen in 10%. The commonest perpheral distribution seen was symmetrical involvement of all four extremities. During the period of follow-up (1 to 5 years) none of the patients without bulbar dysfunction initially developed such symptoms. In all these patients electromyographic evidence of anterior horn cell disease was confirmed. The motor nerve conduction velocities in all of these patients were normal. None of them showed signs of pyramidal tract involvement. Muscle biopsy showed evidence of group fibre atrophy in 10 cases, was normal in 3, and showed a myopathic pattern in 1. Sural nerve biopsy obtained in a single patient was considered histologically normal. Plasma citrate and plasma pyruvate levels obtained in 5 patients of this group, showed elevated values for plasma citrate with normal plasma pyruvate levels. Conspicuous absence of pyramidal signs, elevated plasma citrate, normal plasma pyruvate values and the extremely slow progression suggest that this group of patients are different from other varieties of anterior horn cell dysfunction previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:1206427", "title": "Nerve regeneration and thyroid hormone treatment.", "content": "On the basis of 3 reports that thyroid hormone treatment stimulates axon outgrowth in rats with nervous system injuries, a 43-year-old patient with an ulnar nerve laceration was given desiccated thyroid (up to 360 mg/day) following nerve suture. The Hoffmann-Tinel sign of sensory axon outgrowth advanced at a rate of 5.0 mm/day in the forearm, approximately 200% faster than the anticipated rate. A good functional result was obtained in 7 months. On the maximum dosage of desiccated thyroid, the patient developed mild weight loss associated with an increased appetite; there was no other sign or symptom of hyperthyroidism. Further investigation of the role of thyroid hormone during nerve regeneration seems warranted.", "contents": "Nerve regeneration and thyroid hormone treatment. On the basis of 3 reports that thyroid hormone treatment stimulates axon outgrowth in rats with nervous system injuries, a 43-year-old patient with an ulnar nerve laceration was given desiccated thyroid (up to 360 mg/day) following nerve suture. The Hoffmann-Tinel sign of sensory axon outgrowth advanced at a rate of 5.0 mm/day in the forearm, approximately 200% faster than the anticipated rate. A good functional result was obtained in 7 months. On the maximum dosage of desiccated thyroid, the patient developed mild weight loss associated with an increased appetite; there was no other sign or symptom of hyperthyroidism. Further investigation of the role of thyroid hormone during nerve regeneration seems warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:1206428", "title": "Some stereological correction formulae with particular applications in quantitative neurohistology.", "content": "The present report furnishes explicit formulations for correcting the observed nucleolar and nuclear volume fractions of neurons sampled on the basis of the presence of nucleolar profiles when sectioned. Such samples, frequently chosen for quantitative studies in neurohistology, can result in the overestimation ov component volume fractions. The correction formulae are derived by considering theoretical spherical models exhibiting \"nucleus-nucleolus\" concentricity and eccentricity, and are tested by applying them to analogous neuron populations in rat spinal cord. It is concluded that, with certain reservations, the formulae can be usefully applied to data obtained from nucleolar-biased samples, thereby increasing the reliability of quantitative information gleaned from such samples.", "contents": "Some stereological correction formulae with particular applications in quantitative neurohistology. The present report furnishes explicit formulations for correcting the observed nucleolar and nuclear volume fractions of neurons sampled on the basis of the presence of nucleolar profiles when sectioned. Such samples, frequently chosen for quantitative studies in neurohistology, can result in the overestimation ov component volume fractions. The correction formulae are derived by considering theoretical spherical models exhibiting \"nucleus-nucleolus\" concentricity and eccentricity, and are tested by applying them to analogous neuron populations in rat spinal cord. It is concluded that, with certain reservations, the formulae can be usefully applied to data obtained from nucleolar-biased samples, thereby increasing the reliability of quantitative information gleaned from such samples."}
{"id": "PMID:1206429", "title": "Oligodendroglial cell development in jimpy mice and controls. An electron-microscopic study in the optic nerve.", "content": "Glial development was studied in the optic nerve of 1- to 28-day-old Jimpy mice and controls. Abnormalities were found in oligodelopment and axons were not affected. These consisted in (a) Increased numbers of glioblastic cells containing lipids and increased occurrence of glial cell death in the premyelination stage; (b) Decreased numbers of maturing oligodendrocytes (i.e. young and active oligodendrocytes) in the period of early myelination; (c) An occurrence of abnormal oligodendroglial cells containing lipids and multimembranous tubes in the period of advanced myelination. The decreased number of maturing oligodendrocytes in the premyelination stage indicates that the lack of myelin in Jimpy mice may be secondary to a disturbance in the differentiation of the oligodendroglial cell line. The occurrence of abnormal, lipid-containing glioblasts and oligodendrocytes may be an expression of a defect in metabolism leading to an abnormality in the association of myelin proteins and myelin lipids.", "contents": "Oligodendroglial cell development in jimpy mice and controls. An electron-microscopic study in the optic nerve. Glial development was studied in the optic nerve of 1- to 28-day-old Jimpy mice and controls. Abnormalities were found in oligodelopment and axons were not affected. These consisted in (a) Increased numbers of glioblastic cells containing lipids and increased occurrence of glial cell death in the premyelination stage; (b) Decreased numbers of maturing oligodendrocytes (i.e. young and active oligodendrocytes) in the period of early myelination; (c) An occurrence of abnormal oligodendroglial cells containing lipids and multimembranous tubes in the period of advanced myelination. The decreased number of maturing oligodendrocytes in the premyelination stage indicates that the lack of myelin in Jimpy mice may be secondary to a disturbance in the differentiation of the oligodendroglial cell line. The occurrence of abnormal, lipid-containing glioblasts and oligodendrocytes may be an expression of a defect in metabolism leading to an abnormality in the association of myelin proteins and myelin lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1206430", "title": "Spinal cord blood flow measured by a hydrogen clearance technique.", "content": "Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) has been measured in segments of the thoracolumbar cord of dogs using the hydrogen clearance technique. Clearances were recorded and flows calculated from electrodes placed in grey and white matter. The position of the recording electrodes was marked by diathermy and confirmed in each experiment. The SCBF in the white matter for 82 clearances was 13.7+/-4.5 ml/100 g/min using pentobarbitone anaesthesia. In the grey matter both monoexponential and biexponential clearances were recorded from electrodes placed in grey matter. There was no difference in flows calculated from the monoexponentail and slow components. SCBF from the slow components or monoexponentials was 12.0+/-4.5 ml/100g/min. The flow from the fast component was 69+/-11 ml/100 g/min. with pentobarbitone anaesthesia and 97.5+/-32.9 ml/100g/min with alpha-chloralopse anaesthesia. The flow calculated from the fast component did not correlate to changes of PaCO2. The slow component of any biexponential clearances was used to calculate flows from electrodes placed in the grey matter. There was no significant difference between flows from the grey matter (calculated from the slow component) and the white matter. Simultaneously recorded cortical and sub-cortical -lows were higher than in spinal grey and white matter. There was considerable variation in flow from animal to animal. The area of spinal grey matter is small and surrounded by white matter and the flow recorded from electrodes placed in grey matter is probably the average SCBF representing a mixture of grey and white flow. This will arise because of the rapid diffusibility of hydrogen gas between the tissues. It is therefore difficult to ascribe the flow from a centrally placed cord electrode to a definite anatomical compartment.", "contents": "Spinal cord blood flow measured by a hydrogen clearance technique. Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) has been measured in segments of the thoracolumbar cord of dogs using the hydrogen clearance technique. Clearances were recorded and flows calculated from electrodes placed in grey and white matter. The position of the recording electrodes was marked by diathermy and confirmed in each experiment. The SCBF in the white matter for 82 clearances was 13.7+/-4.5 ml/100 g/min using pentobarbitone anaesthesia. In the grey matter both monoexponential and biexponential clearances were recorded from electrodes placed in grey matter. There was no difference in flows calculated from the monoexponentail and slow components. SCBF from the slow components or monoexponentials was 12.0+/-4.5 ml/100g/min. The flow from the fast component was 69+/-11 ml/100 g/min. with pentobarbitone anaesthesia and 97.5+/-32.9 ml/100g/min with alpha-chloralopse anaesthesia. The flow calculated from the fast component did not correlate to changes of PaCO2. The slow component of any biexponential clearances was used to calculate flows from electrodes placed in the grey matter. There was no significant difference between flows from the grey matter (calculated from the slow component) and the white matter. Simultaneously recorded cortical and sub-cortical -lows were higher than in spinal grey and white matter. There was considerable variation in flow from animal to animal. The area of spinal grey matter is small and surrounded by white matter and the flow recorded from electrodes placed in grey matter is probably the average SCBF representing a mixture of grey and white flow. This will arise because of the rapid diffusibility of hydrogen gas between the tissues. It is therefore difficult to ascribe the flow from a centrally placed cord electrode to a definite anatomical compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:1206431", "title": "Striato-nigral degeneration. Report of a case with an unusually short course and multiple system degenerations.", "content": "A 50-year-old white woman with an 8-month history of Parkinson's syndrome which did not respond to levodopa therapy was found on pathological examination to have the topographical lesions of striato-nigral degeneration. In addition to those characteristic lesions, an associated degeneration of the optic pathways, from the level of the optic nerve to the geniculo-collicular fibers, of the corticospinal tract and of the olivo-dentate axis, were found. While offering further evidence for the concept of \"multiple system degeneration\", no pathogenetic relationship either to previous cases of striato-nigral degeneration or to other multiple system degenerations is implied.", "contents": "Striato-nigral degeneration. Report of a case with an unusually short course and multiple system degenerations. A 50-year-old white woman with an 8-month history of Parkinson's syndrome which did not respond to levodopa therapy was found on pathological examination to have the topographical lesions of striato-nigral degeneration. In addition to those characteristic lesions, an associated degeneration of the optic pathways, from the level of the optic nerve to the geniculo-collicular fibers, of the corticospinal tract and of the olivo-dentate axis, were found. While offering further evidence for the concept of \"multiple system degeneration\", no pathogenetic relationship either to previous cases of striato-nigral degeneration or to other multiple system degenerations is implied."}
{"id": "PMID:1206432", "title": "Kinetic studies on glial, Schwann and capsular cells labelled with [3H] thymidine in cerebrospinal tissue of young mice.", "content": "Neuroglia, capsular and Schwann cell renewal and turnover in the cerebellum, the spinal cord and spinal ganglia have been evaluated in 2-months-old mice. The animals received intraperitoneal injections of [3H] thymidine at 8 hr intervals starting on the 28th day of postnatal life for a period of 30 days and were killed 1 hr after the last injection. Substantial numbers of labelled neuroglial cells but no labelled neurons were observed. Oligodendrocytes of the cerebellum and the spinal cord showed higher labelling indices (19.8% and 18.0%, respectively) than astrocytes (10.0%) and Bergmann's supporting cells (7.2%). The labelling indices of capsular cells in the spinal ganglia and Schwann cells in the spinal roots were 35.8% and 25.8%, respectively. The experiments failed to provide evidence for matrix cell layers in the cerebellum, the spinal cord and spinal ganglia. It may be concluded therefore that glial and Schwann cells in these parts of the nervous system proliferate in situ.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on glial, Schwann and capsular cells labelled with [3H] thymidine in cerebrospinal tissue of young mice. Neuroglia, capsular and Schwann cell renewal and turnover in the cerebellum, the spinal cord and spinal ganglia have been evaluated in 2-months-old mice. The animals received intraperitoneal injections of [3H] thymidine at 8 hr intervals starting on the 28th day of postnatal life for a period of 30 days and were killed 1 hr after the last injection. Substantial numbers of labelled neuroglial cells but no labelled neurons were observed. Oligodendrocytes of the cerebellum and the spinal cord showed higher labelling indices (19.8% and 18.0%, respectively) than astrocytes (10.0%) and Bergmann's supporting cells (7.2%). The labelling indices of capsular cells in the spinal ganglia and Schwann cells in the spinal roots were 35.8% and 25.8%, respectively. The experiments failed to provide evidence for matrix cell layers in the cerebellum, the spinal cord and spinal ganglia. It may be concluded therefore that glial and Schwann cells in these parts of the nervous system proliferate in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:1206433", "title": "\"Myotubular Myopathy\" and \"type I fiber atrophy\" in a family.", "content": "An 11-month-old girl and her mother had similar muscular weakness and wasting shich started in early life and were non-progressive throughout the course of the illness. Muscle biopsy in the girl revealed muscle fibers with central nuclei and surrounding clear areas compatible with myotubular, centronuclear or peri-centri-nuclear myopathy, whereas the biopsy from the mother showed a selective atrophy of Type I fibers without central nuclei. Since the grandfather also had similar clinical features, a heredofamilial neuromuscular disease was thought likely, and it is postulated that the pathological change in the girl represented an earlier, and in the mother a later manifestation of the same disease.", "contents": "\"Myotubular Myopathy\" and \"type I fiber atrophy\" in a family. An 11-month-old girl and her mother had similar muscular weakness and wasting shich started in early life and were non-progressive throughout the course of the illness. Muscle biopsy in the girl revealed muscle fibers with central nuclei and surrounding clear areas compatible with myotubular, centronuclear or peri-centri-nuclear myopathy, whereas the biopsy from the mother showed a selective atrophy of Type I fibers without central nuclei. Since the grandfather also had similar clinical features, a heredofamilial neuromuscular disease was thought likely, and it is postulated that the pathological change in the girl represented an earlier, and in the mother a later manifestation of the same disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1206434", "title": "The CSF lipid content in brain atrophy.", "content": "Significantly low CSF values for cholesterol and total lipids were found in a group of patients with brain atrophy in comparison with a control group. It is possible that these changes are a function of reduced brain mass or of defect in brain lipid metabolism in brain atrophy patients. Further metabolic studies are required to clarify the biochemical aspects of brain atrophy.", "contents": "The CSF lipid content in brain atrophy. Significantly low CSF values for cholesterol and total lipids were found in a group of patients with brain atrophy in comparison with a control group. It is possible that these changes are a function of reduced brain mass or of defect in brain lipid metabolism in brain atrophy patients. Further metabolic studies are required to clarify the biochemical aspects of brain atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:1206435", "title": "Neuromyotonia. A mild case.", "content": "A mild case of the syndrome of generalized, sustained, fine muscular twitchings and impaired relaxation after a vigorous contraction (but without a myotonic response), which is presumably due to peripheral motor nerve hyperactivity is described. In this case, generalized muscle stiffness, deformities of the hands and feet, excessive sweating and an increased basal metabolic rate were not present.", "contents": "Neuromyotonia. A mild case. A mild case of the syndrome of generalized, sustained, fine muscular twitchings and impaired relaxation after a vigorous contraction (but without a myotonic response), which is presumably due to peripheral motor nerve hyperactivity is described. In this case, generalized muscle stiffness, deformities of the hands and feet, excessive sweating and an increased basal metabolic rate were not present."}
{"id": "PMID:1206436", "title": "Folate and monoamine metabolism in epilepsy.", "content": "In 27 drug-treated epileptics there was a significant fall in serum, red cell and CSF folate levels compared with 15 untreated epileptics and 22 neurological controls. The 3 folate parameters were positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with serum phenobarbitone, diphenylhydantoin and primidone. There was also a significant elevation of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in the drug-treated epileptics; but this was not seen until \"therapeutic\" serum levels of phenobarbitone and diphenylhydantoin had been achieved and was most marked in clinically intoxicated patients. Similar trends were observed in CSF homovanillic acid (HVA). CSF 5HIAA and HVA were positively correlated with each other, especially in the drug-treated patients, in whom both amine metabolites were also negatively correlated with CSF folate. A possible relationship between folate and monoamine metabolism is discussed with particular reference to the antiepileptic and toxic effects of phenobarbitone, diphenylhydantoin and primidone.", "contents": "Folate and monoamine metabolism in epilepsy. In 27 drug-treated epileptics there was a significant fall in serum, red cell and CSF folate levels compared with 15 untreated epileptics and 22 neurological controls. The 3 folate parameters were positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with serum phenobarbitone, diphenylhydantoin and primidone. There was also a significant elevation of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in the drug-treated epileptics; but this was not seen until \"therapeutic\" serum levels of phenobarbitone and diphenylhydantoin had been achieved and was most marked in clinically intoxicated patients. Similar trends were observed in CSF homovanillic acid (HVA). CSF 5HIAA and HVA were positively correlated with each other, especially in the drug-treated patients, in whom both amine metabolites were also negatively correlated with CSF folate. A possible relationship between folate and monoamine metabolism is discussed with particular reference to the antiepileptic and toxic effects of phenobarbitone, diphenylhydantoin and primidone."}
{"id": "PMID:1206437", "title": "Analytical isotachophoresis: a new method for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins. A preliminary report.", "content": "Isotachophoresis of CSF proteins seems to be a very promising method. Very small CSF samples, a few mul of concentrated and 15-30 mul of unconcentrated CSF, can be quickly analysed (30-60 min), and the results immediately obtained on a recorder. Using unconcentrated CSF, losses due to concentration procedures, are avoided. Low-molecular weight compounds, e.g. in CSF ultrafiltrates, can also be examined. The method gives high resolution, is reproducible, and is easy to perform. The isotachophoretic findings have been compared with those of electrofocusing.", "contents": "Analytical isotachophoresis: a new method for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins. A preliminary report. Isotachophoresis of CSF proteins seems to be a very promising method. Very small CSF samples, a few mul of concentrated and 15-30 mul of unconcentrated CSF, can be quickly analysed (30-60 min), and the results immediately obtained on a recorder. Using unconcentrated CSF, losses due to concentration procedures, are avoided. Low-molecular weight compounds, e.g. in CSF ultrafiltrates, can also be examined. The method gives high resolution, is reproducible, and is easy to perform. The isotachophoretic findings have been compared with those of electrofocusing."}
{"id": "PMID:1206439", "title": "Carbon dioxide-protein interaction in a gas-solid phase.", "content": "In the course of developing the packaging of protein foods under the carbon dioxide atmosphere, various proteins in a solid state were found to adsorb carbon dioxide gas gradually. The results obtained by the Warburg manometry indicated that 100-1000 mul of carbon dioxide gas was adsorbed at 25 degrees C for 24 hr by gram of purified proteins, dried protein foods and other proteinous materials such as the rabbit hair and raw silk when they were placed in the high partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas. Casein, gelatin and raw silk were revealed to be the better adsorbents comparing with egg albumin, hemoglobin, gluten and others tested in this experiment. This adsorption was found to be almost specific to carbon dioxide gas. Amount of carbon dioxide gas adsorbed by casein and gelatin depended on the moisture content of them. The lower the moisture is, the greater the adsorption amount of carbon dioxide gas increase. Peptones and partial hydrolyzates of gelatin also showed the adsorbability. Oligo-peptides, amino acids and amines were examined too. Among these, L-lysine (free base), L-arginine (free base), histamine and tyramine adsorbed a large amount of carbon dioxide gas while others failed to do so. Some differences, however, were observed between temperature dependence and reversibility of the carbon dioxide gas adsorption by proteins and those by amines and amino acids (free bases). The mode of interaction between carbon dioxide and protein in a gas-solid phase was discussed comparing with the results obtained in a gas-liquid phase. Large contribution of physical adsorption and less contribution of chemical reaction or chemisorption were assumed in the mode of the carbon dioxide-protein interaction.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide-protein interaction in a gas-solid phase. In the course of developing the packaging of protein foods under the carbon dioxide atmosphere, various proteins in a solid state were found to adsorb carbon dioxide gas gradually. The results obtained by the Warburg manometry indicated that 100-1000 mul of carbon dioxide gas was adsorbed at 25 degrees C for 24 hr by gram of purified proteins, dried protein foods and other proteinous materials such as the rabbit hair and raw silk when they were placed in the high partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas. Casein, gelatin and raw silk were revealed to be the better adsorbents comparing with egg albumin, hemoglobin, gluten and others tested in this experiment. This adsorption was found to be almost specific to carbon dioxide gas. Amount of carbon dioxide gas adsorbed by casein and gelatin depended on the moisture content of them. The lower the moisture is, the greater the adsorption amount of carbon dioxide gas increase. Peptones and partial hydrolyzates of gelatin also showed the adsorbability. Oligo-peptides, amino acids and amines were examined too. Among these, L-lysine (free base), L-arginine (free base), histamine and tyramine adsorbed a large amount of carbon dioxide gas while others failed to do so. Some differences, however, were observed between temperature dependence and reversibility of the carbon dioxide gas adsorption by proteins and those by amines and amino acids (free bases). The mode of interaction between carbon dioxide and protein in a gas-solid phase was discussed comparing with the results obtained in a gas-liquid phase. Large contribution of physical adsorption and less contribution of chemical reaction or chemisorption were assumed in the mode of the carbon dioxide-protein interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1206440", "title": "Action site of antagonists of vitamin B6 in the central nervous system of the frogs and cockroaches.", "content": "Susceptibility to some antagonists of vitamin B6 was studied in frogs and cockroaches after operational intervention in their central nervous systems, and also in the intack frogs and cockroaches. Thiosemicarbazide, semicarbazide, isoniazide and penicillamine induced wild jumping behavior, and tonic or clonic convulsions in frogs, when the nervous parts posterior to the optic lobe inclusive remained intact. In frog, in which the nervous parts anterior to the diencephalon inclusive had been removed, no convulsions were induced by castrix or 4-deoxypyridoxine in large doses. In cockroaches excessive fluttering of wings and convulsions upon administration of thiosemicarbazide following severance of the central nerve cord between the subesophageal and prothoracic ganglions were induced. Castrix was not a convulsant in the intact frogs and cockroaches.", "contents": "Action site of antagonists of vitamin B6 in the central nervous system of the frogs and cockroaches. Susceptibility to some antagonists of vitamin B6 was studied in frogs and cockroaches after operational intervention in their central nervous systems, and also in the intack frogs and cockroaches. Thiosemicarbazide, semicarbazide, isoniazide and penicillamine induced wild jumping behavior, and tonic or clonic convulsions in frogs, when the nervous parts posterior to the optic lobe inclusive remained intact. In frog, in which the nervous parts anterior to the diencephalon inclusive had been removed, no convulsions were induced by castrix or 4-deoxypyridoxine in large doses. In cockroaches excessive fluttering of wings and convulsions upon administration of thiosemicarbazide following severance of the central nerve cord between the subesophageal and prothoracic ganglions were induced. Castrix was not a convulsant in the intact frogs and cockroaches."}
{"id": "PMID:1206441", "title": "Effect of diet on enzymes of the brush border of the small intestine and kidney of rats.", "content": "The effect of diets containing various amounts of casein and starch on enzymes bound to the brush border of the small intestine and kidney of rats were investigated with the following results. 1) Diets with low starch and high casein contents resulted in higher specific activity of leucineaminopeptidase in the small intestine than diets with high starch and low casein contents. Diets with high starch and low casein contents increased the specific activity of maltase. 2) Rat small intestine contains at least two isoenzymes of leucineaminopeptidase: one bound to the brush border and the other not bound to it but recoverable in the soluble fraction. Only the former was influenced by the diet. 3) The maximum velocity (Vmax) of leucineaminopeptidase bound to the brush border was twice as much in rats on a high casein diet as in those on a low casein diet, but the Michaelis constant (Km) was approximately the same in both groups of rats. 4) Leucineaminopeptidase and maltase activities in the kidney were not influenced by diet.", "contents": "Effect of diet on enzymes of the brush border of the small intestine and kidney of rats. The effect of diets containing various amounts of casein and starch on enzymes bound to the brush border of the small intestine and kidney of rats were investigated with the following results. 1) Diets with low starch and high casein contents resulted in higher specific activity of leucineaminopeptidase in the small intestine than diets with high starch and low casein contents. Diets with high starch and low casein contents increased the specific activity of maltase. 2) Rat small intestine contains at least two isoenzymes of leucineaminopeptidase: one bound to the brush border and the other not bound to it but recoverable in the soluble fraction. Only the former was influenced by the diet. 3) The maximum velocity (Vmax) of leucineaminopeptidase bound to the brush border was twice as much in rats on a high casein diet as in those on a low casein diet, but the Michaelis constant (Km) was approximately the same in both groups of rats. 4) Leucineaminopeptidase and maltase activities in the kidney were not influenced by diet."}
{"id": "PMID:1206442", "title": "Protein nutrition and aging.", "content": "Twenty-four female rats consisting of 6 sets of litters were used for the experiment. After weaning, rats were divided into 4 groups and fed with 10, 18, 27 and 36% casein diet. Effect of protein nutrition on aging was examined from the anthropometric and biochemical viewpoint. The difference of growth in body weight, and that of the urinary excretion of creatinine and 17-ketosteroids observed in the early period of growing disappeared by the end of growth period. From 1 year after birth, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and serum cholesterol were also measured. However, effect of protein nutrition on these parameters was not clear due to the scatter of data. The difference in diet did not affect life span in the present experiments, but the effect of the variance of litters on it seemed to be significant between the rats fed 18% casein diet and those fed 10% casein diet. Rats fed high-protein diet had a great number of lesions in the kidney and hypophysis, and often an incidence of tumors.", "contents": "Protein nutrition and aging. Twenty-four female rats consisting of 6 sets of litters were used for the experiment. After weaning, rats were divided into 4 groups and fed with 10, 18, 27 and 36% casein diet. Effect of protein nutrition on aging was examined from the anthropometric and biochemical viewpoint. The difference of growth in body weight, and that of the urinary excretion of creatinine and 17-ketosteroids observed in the early period of growing disappeared by the end of growth period. From 1 year after birth, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and serum cholesterol were also measured. However, effect of protein nutrition on these parameters was not clear due to the scatter of data. The difference in diet did not affect life span in the present experiments, but the effect of the variance of litters on it seemed to be significant between the rats fed 18% casein diet and those fed 10% casein diet. Rats fed high-protein diet had a great number of lesions in the kidney and hypophysis, and often an incidence of tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:1206443", "title": "Long-term mortality study of steelworkers. IX. Mortality patterns among sheet and tin mill workers.", "content": "As a result of findings of an earlier report in this series, this study examines the updated cause-specific mortality of men employed in the sheet and tin mill areas of the steel industry. In order to investigate possible relationships between occupational responsibilities or exposures and mortality from specific causes, the sheet and tin mills have been subdivided into 13 mutually exclusive work areas. Detailed analysis is limited primarily to white workers due to the small number of nonwhites in these areas. The most important observations are: 1. Increased overall mortality appears for men employed in 1953 in the sheet finishing and shipping area, confirming the findings of Lloyd, et al. The earlier observation of a significant excess in deaths from vascular lesions of the central nervous system does not hold over time. The previously noted excess for this cause may be related to selective factors or an extreme chance observation. The excess in mortality from all causes of death, which occurs over several disease categories, may not be a result of occupational exposures, but rather some selectivity. 2. Significant excesses in mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease are noted among men employed in batch pickling and sheet dryer operations, which is in agreement with the earlier findings. Increased risks of dying from hypertensive heart disease are seen in the coating area. 3. Cancer of the lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues is found to be a significant source of excess mortality for workers in the heat treating and forging and tin finishing and shipping work areas. 4. Steelworkers employed in the annealing-normalizing work area show an excess in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory diseases, primarily pneumonia. Further study in these areas should attempt to investigate whether factors in the work environment may be responsible for the observed excess mortalities. More specifically, work should be done to find out whether men employed in heat treating and forging and tin finishing and shipping work in close proximity to chemicals or radiation exposure and whether workers employed in the annealing-normalizing area are exposed to any kind of oil, vapor, or chemical which might be irritating or infectious to the respiratory system. A similar analysis for men working in the batch pickling and sheet dryers and coating areas would also be worthwhile. The main emphasis of any future study should lie upon investigating whether the observed excess mortalities are due to any environmental factor, selection for health, or random fluctuation.", "contents": "Long-term mortality study of steelworkers. IX. Mortality patterns among sheet and tin mill workers. As a result of findings of an earlier report in this series, this study examines the updated cause-specific mortality of men employed in the sheet and tin mill areas of the steel industry. In order to investigate possible relationships between occupational responsibilities or exposures and mortality from specific causes, the sheet and tin mills have been subdivided into 13 mutually exclusive work areas. Detailed analysis is limited primarily to white workers due to the small number of nonwhites in these areas. The most important observations are: 1. Increased overall mortality appears for men employed in 1953 in the sheet finishing and shipping area, confirming the findings of Lloyd, et al. The earlier observation of a significant excess in deaths from vascular lesions of the central nervous system does not hold over time. The previously noted excess for this cause may be related to selective factors or an extreme chance observation. The excess in mortality from all causes of death, which occurs over several disease categories, may not be a result of occupational exposures, but rather some selectivity. 2. Significant excesses in mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease are noted among men employed in batch pickling and sheet dryer operations, which is in agreement with the earlier findings. Increased risks of dying from hypertensive heart disease are seen in the coating area. 3. Cancer of the lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues is found to be a significant source of excess mortality for workers in the heat treating and forging and tin finishing and shipping work areas. 4. Steelworkers employed in the annealing-normalizing work area show an excess in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory diseases, primarily pneumonia. Further study in these areas should attempt to investigate whether factors in the work environment may be responsible for the observed excess mortalities. More specifically, work should be done to find out whether men employed in heat treating and forging and tin finishing and shipping work in close proximity to chemicals or radiation exposure and whether workers employed in the annealing-normalizing area are exposed to any kind of oil, vapor, or chemical which might be irritating or infectious to the respiratory system. A similar analysis for men working in the batch pickling and sheet dryers and coating areas would also be worthwhile. The main emphasis of any future study should lie upon investigating whether the observed excess mortalities are due to any environmental factor, selection for health, or random fluctuation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206451", "title": "Locus of control and competence.", "content": "The relation of locus of control and competence in school achievement, social interactions, sports, and home related activities was examined. The sample consisted of 346 ninth-grade students, and competence was measured using self-report, antional battery test scores, grades, and sociometric ratings. Among males, locus of control was significantly related to competent performance only among those subjects who placed a high value on outcomes in each area. Among females, the pattern was exactly reversed. Locus of control and various forms of competence were related only in areas of low interest value. The implications of these findings were discussed.", "contents": "Locus of control and competence. The relation of locus of control and competence in school achievement, social interactions, sports, and home related activities was examined. The sample consisted of 346 ninth-grade students, and competence was measured using self-report, antional battery test scores, grades, and sociometric ratings. Among males, locus of control was significantly related to competent performance only among those subjects who placed a high value on outcomes in each area. Among females, the pattern was exactly reversed. Locus of control and various forms of competence were related only in areas of low interest value. The implications of these findings were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206452", "title": "Deviance and a generalized disposition toward internality: an attributional approach.", "content": "Two studies were carried out to test the hypothesis, derived from attribution theory, that adolescents might acquire an identity and mediating beliefs about reality (internal locus of control) by deviating from norms when they perceived adults to be powerful. In line with this expectation, the major study found that students rated by teachers as \"deviant,\" but not those rated as \"conformant,\" showed greater internality in beliefs about man (control ideology), p = .024, under conditions of high power. Despite the following limitations or exceptions, attribution theory seemed to best explain the predicted effect: (1) the effect for beliefs about control was nonsignificantly weaker for females then males, perhaps because of different meanings of deviance for males and females and female socialization for conformity rather than independence; (2) in the major study the effect was absent for questions dealing with respondents' personal feelings of control (\"self-attributions\"); and (3) in both studies there was a tendency for deviant females to show more personal externality (relative to conformers) when perceived power was high.", "contents": "Deviance and a generalized disposition toward internality: an attributional approach. Two studies were carried out to test the hypothesis, derived from attribution theory, that adolescents might acquire an identity and mediating beliefs about reality (internal locus of control) by deviating from norms when they perceived adults to be powerful. In line with this expectation, the major study found that students rated by teachers as \"deviant,\" but not those rated as \"conformant,\" showed greater internality in beliefs about man (control ideology), p = .024, under conditions of high power. Despite the following limitations or exceptions, attribution theory seemed to best explain the predicted effect: (1) the effect for beliefs about control was nonsignificantly weaker for females then males, perhaps because of different meanings of deviance for males and females and female socialization for conformity rather than independence; (2) in the major study the effect was absent for questions dealing with respondents' personal feelings of control (\"self-attributions\"); and (3) in both studies there was a tendency for deviant females to show more personal externality (relative to conformers) when perceived power was high."}
{"id": "PMID:1206453", "title": "Restrained and unrestrained eating.", "content": "Nisbett's (1972) model of obesity implies that individual differences in relative deprivation (relative to set-point weight) within obese and normal weight groups should produce corresponding within-group differences in eating behavior. Normal weight subjects were separated into hypothetically deprived (high restraint) and non-deprived (low restraint) groups. The expectation that high restraint subjects' intake would vary directly with preload size while low restraint subjects would eat in inverse proportion to preload size, was confirmed. It was concluded that relative deprivation rather than obesity per se may be the cirtical determinant of individual differences in eating behavior. Consideration was given to the concept of \"restraint\" as an important behavioral mechanism affecting the expression of physiologically-based hungar.", "contents": "Restrained and unrestrained eating. Nisbett's (1972) model of obesity implies that individual differences in relative deprivation (relative to set-point weight) within obese and normal weight groups should produce corresponding within-group differences in eating behavior. Normal weight subjects were separated into hypothetically deprived (high restraint) and non-deprived (low restraint) groups. The expectation that high restraint subjects' intake would vary directly with preload size while low restraint subjects would eat in inverse proportion to preload size, was confirmed. It was concluded that relative deprivation rather than obesity per se may be the cirtical determinant of individual differences in eating behavior. Consideration was given to the concept of \"restraint\" as an important behavioral mechanism affecting the expression of physiologically-based hungar."}
{"id": "PMID:1206466", "title": "Identifying emergent leaders from verbal and nonverbal communications.", "content": "Subject/observers were accurate in identifying emergent leadership hierarchies on four leadership dimensions when provided records of target groups' meetings containing only verbal communications, only nonverbal communications, or both types of behavior. With knowledge of participation rates controlled by covariance, the subject/observers' accuracy scores retained significance in three of the information conditions demonstrating the presence of verbal and nonverbal leadership cues independent of participation rates. The value of verbal and nonverbal communications to identifying leaders varied with the type of leadership hierarchy being identified. The findings are presumed to hold for leader selection as well. The author proposes that the question of why a group member has emerged to fulfill a leadership role in a group be studied from the point of view of group members' selecting leaders or permitting emergence rather than leaders emitting behaviors.", "contents": "Identifying emergent leaders from verbal and nonverbal communications. Subject/observers were accurate in identifying emergent leadership hierarchies on four leadership dimensions when provided records of target groups' meetings containing only verbal communications, only nonverbal communications, or both types of behavior. With knowledge of participation rates controlled by covariance, the subject/observers' accuracy scores retained significance in three of the information conditions demonstrating the presence of verbal and nonverbal leadership cues independent of participation rates. The value of verbal and nonverbal communications to identifying leaders varied with the type of leadership hierarchy being identified. The findings are presumed to hold for leader selection as well. The author proposes that the question of why a group member has emerged to fulfill a leadership role in a group be studied from the point of view of group members' selecting leaders or permitting emergence rather than leaders emitting behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:1206467", "title": "Effects of type and dose of alcohol on human physical aggression.", "content": "Forty male undergraduates over 21 years of age were provoked following their ingestion of either 1.5 ounces (.045 1) or .5 ounces (.015 1) of 100 proof bourbon or vodka per 40 (18 kg) of body weight. The expression of physical aggression was related to the quantity of alcohol ingested. The high dose of alcohol appeared to instigate and the low dose of alcohol appeared to inhibit aggressive responding. This effect was most pronounced in the vodka conditions. Interpersonal judgments were also influenced by the type and dose of alcohol consumed.", "contents": "Effects of type and dose of alcohol on human physical aggression. Forty male undergraduates over 21 years of age were provoked following their ingestion of either 1.5 ounces (.045 1) or .5 ounces (.015 1) of 100 proof bourbon or vodka per 40 (18 kg) of body weight. The expression of physical aggression was related to the quantity of alcohol ingested. The high dose of alcohol appeared to instigate and the low dose of alcohol appeared to inhibit aggressive responding. This effect was most pronounced in the vodka conditions. Interpersonal judgments were also influenced by the type and dose of alcohol consumed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206468", "title": "Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity.", "content": "Male (N = 248) and female (N = 282) subjects were given the Personal Attributes Questionnaire consisting of 55 bipolar attributes drawn from the Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire by Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, and Broverman and were asked to rate themselves and then to compare directly the typical male and female college student. Self-ratings were divided into male-valued (stereotypically masculine attributes judged more desirable for both sexes), female-valued, and sex-specific items. Also administered was the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and a measure of social self-esteem. Correlations of the self-ratings with stereotype scores and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale were low in magnitude, suggesting that sex role expectations do not distort self-concepts. For both men and women, \"femininity\" on the female-valued self items and \"masculinity\" on the male-valued items were positively correlated, and both significantly related to self-esteem. The implications of the results for a concept of masculinity and femininity as a duality, characteristic of all individuals, and the use of the self-rating scales for measuring masculinity, femininity, and androgyny were discussed.", "contents": "Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Male (N = 248) and female (N = 282) subjects were given the Personal Attributes Questionnaire consisting of 55 bipolar attributes drawn from the Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire by Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, and Broverman and were asked to rate themselves and then to compare directly the typical male and female college student. Self-ratings were divided into male-valued (stereotypically masculine attributes judged more desirable for both sexes), female-valued, and sex-specific items. Also administered was the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and a measure of social self-esteem. Correlations of the self-ratings with stereotype scores and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale were low in magnitude, suggesting that sex role expectations do not distort self-concepts. For both men and women, \"femininity\" on the female-valued self items and \"masculinity\" on the male-valued items were positively correlated, and both significantly related to self-esteem. The implications of the results for a concept of masculinity and femininity as a duality, characteristic of all individuals, and the use of the self-rating scales for measuring masculinity, femininity, and androgyny were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206469", "title": "Enhancement of experienced sexual arousal in response to erotic stimuli through misattribution of unrelated residual excitation.", "content": "In a pretest, three phases of recovery from a standard physical exercise were determined. In Phase 1, subjects experienced high levels of physiological excitation and recognized that their arousal was due to exercise. In Phase 2, subjects maintained substantial excitatory residues from the exercise but felt that their arousal had returned to base level. In Phase 3, subjects' excitatory responses had decayed, and they knew they had recovered from the exercise. Subjects in the main experiment were exposed to an erotic film in the first, second, or third recovery phase after performing the exercise. Subjects viewing the film during the second recovery phase reported being more sexually aroused by the film and evaluated the film more positively than subjects in the other two conditions. Counter to the notion of arousal as a simple energizer of all behavior, these findings were interpreted as supporting excitation-transfer theory, which posits that residual excitation enhances emotional responses to unrelated, immediately present stimuli only when the prevailing arousal cannot be attributed to its actual source.", "contents": "Enhancement of experienced sexual arousal in response to erotic stimuli through misattribution of unrelated residual excitation. In a pretest, three phases of recovery from a standard physical exercise were determined. In Phase 1, subjects experienced high levels of physiological excitation and recognized that their arousal was due to exercise. In Phase 2, subjects maintained substantial excitatory residues from the exercise but felt that their arousal had returned to base level. In Phase 3, subjects' excitatory responses had decayed, and they knew they had recovered from the exercise. Subjects in the main experiment were exposed to an erotic film in the first, second, or third recovery phase after performing the exercise. Subjects viewing the film during the second recovery phase reported being more sexually aroused by the film and evaluated the film more positively than subjects in the other two conditions. Counter to the notion of arousal as a simple energizer of all behavior, these findings were interpreted as supporting excitation-transfer theory, which posits that residual excitation enhances emotional responses to unrelated, immediately present stimuli only when the prevailing arousal cannot be attributed to its actual source."}
{"id": "PMID:1206470", "title": "Personality research: components of variance attributable to the person and the situation.", "content": "Studies involving personality and situational variables were surveyed. Studies permitting determination of main effects and interactions involving these variables have increased since 1950. In one comparison, situational main effects were significant in 65.5% of the cases, whereas the figure was 31% for individual difference variables and 59.9% for interactions. In another comparison, 35% of situational main effects accounted for more than 10% of the variance, compared with 29% for personality indexes; 19% of the situational variable effects accounted for more than 20% of the variance, compared with 14% of the personality main effects. Low percentages of variance were accounted for by all variables investigated: situational, personality, demographic, and interactions among these variables.", "contents": "Personality research: components of variance attributable to the person and the situation. Studies involving personality and situational variables were surveyed. Studies permitting determination of main effects and interactions involving these variables have increased since 1950. In one comparison, situational main effects were significant in 65.5% of the cases, whereas the figure was 31% for individual difference variables and 59.9% for interactions. In another comparison, 35% of situational main effects accounted for more than 10% of the variance, compared with 29% for personality indexes; 19% of the situational variable effects accounted for more than 20% of the variance, compared with 14% of the personality main effects. Low percentages of variance were accounted for by all variables investigated: situational, personality, demographic, and interactions among these variables."}
{"id": "PMID:1206471", "title": "The role of information in attenuating behavioral responses to stress: a reinterpretation of the misattribution phenomenon.", "content": "Two experiments replicating and extending Ross, Rodin, and Zimbardo were conducted to determine whether reductions in emotional behavior resulted from misattribution of naturally occurring arousal states or from informational factors confounded in previous research. In Experiment 1, arousal or arousal-irrelevant symptoms were attributed to noise or the threat of shock. Subjects receiving arousal symptoms avoided shock less, regardless of attribution. Extended manipulation checks revealed no evidence of differential attribution of arousal. In Experiment 2 subjects heard high or low noise. Arousal symptoms were attributed to noise or threat of shock. Subjects for whom arousal symptoms were attributed to noise and who heard low noise spent more time in shock avoidance than the other three groups. Again there was no evidence of misattribution of arousal. The results are interpreted as indicating that the results of misattribution studies are best explained in terms of the presentation of arousal information in a plausible context.", "contents": "The role of information in attenuating behavioral responses to stress: a reinterpretation of the misattribution phenomenon. Two experiments replicating and extending Ross, Rodin, and Zimbardo were conducted to determine whether reductions in emotional behavior resulted from misattribution of naturally occurring arousal states or from informational factors confounded in previous research. In Experiment 1, arousal or arousal-irrelevant symptoms were attributed to noise or the threat of shock. Subjects receiving arousal symptoms avoided shock less, regardless of attribution. Extended manipulation checks revealed no evidence of differential attribution of arousal. In Experiment 2 subjects heard high or low noise. Arousal symptoms were attributed to noise or threat of shock. Subjects for whom arousal symptoms were attributed to noise and who heard low noise spent more time in shock avoidance than the other three groups. Again there was no evidence of misattribution of arousal. The results are interpreted as indicating that the results of misattribution studies are best explained in terms of the presentation of arousal information in a plausible context."}
{"id": "PMID:1206472", "title": "Attribution theory, insomnia, and the reverse placebo effect: a reversal of Storms and Nisbett's findings.", "content": "Storms and Nisbett found that insomniacs got to sleep faster than usual on nights when they took placebos believed to be arousal pills. Our study attempted: (a) to replicate the reverse placebo effect using a method of measurement considered more accurate than the original technique, (b) to evaluate the effect of an arousal pill therapy after therapy is discontinued, and (c) to clarify which of two hypotheses better accounts for the effect. Using 42 insomniacs, the design varied whether pills were administered (pill) or withheld (no pill) and whether or not high justification was provided for taking the pills. The high-justification-pill and the high-justification-no-pill groups were given information intended to justify their participation, while the no-justification-pill and no-pill-no-justification groups were treated like the original arousal and control groups. Instead of a decrease in latency to sleep, the no-justification-pill group but not the high-justification-pill troup displayed a typical placebo reaction on nights they took the pills. Our results cast suspicion on the original finding. The lack of response by the high-justification-pill group is discussed in terms of Bem and Kelley's views of attribution theory.", "contents": "Attribution theory, insomnia, and the reverse placebo effect: a reversal of Storms and Nisbett's findings. Storms and Nisbett found that insomniacs got to sleep faster than usual on nights when they took placebos believed to be arousal pills. Our study attempted: (a) to replicate the reverse placebo effect using a method of measurement considered more accurate than the original technique, (b) to evaluate the effect of an arousal pill therapy after therapy is discontinued, and (c) to clarify which of two hypotheses better accounts for the effect. Using 42 insomniacs, the design varied whether pills were administered (pill) or withheld (no pill) and whether or not high justification was provided for taking the pills. The high-justification-pill and the high-justification-no-pill groups were given information intended to justify their participation, while the no-justification-pill and no-pill-no-justification groups were treated like the original arousal and control groups. Instead of a decrease in latency to sleep, the no-justification-pill group but not the high-justification-pill troup displayed a typical placebo reaction on nights they took the pills. Our results cast suspicion on the original finding. The lack of response by the high-justification-pill group is discussed in terms of Bem and Kelley's views of attribution theory."}
{"id": "PMID:1206473", "title": "Erotic stimuli and aggression: facilitation or inhibition.", "content": "The present experiment attempted to reconcile previous results on the relationship of erotic stimuli and aggression. Subjects were either insulted or not insulted prior or subsequent to observing erotic stimuli of varying levels of arousal inducements. It was found, in support of prior research, that mildly erotic stimuli had an inhibiting effect on aggression when viewed subsequent to anger arousal, whereas highly erotic stimuli tended to maintain aggression at a level similar to nonerotic exposure. Prior viewing of erotic stimuli, however, had a facilitative effect on aggressive behavior. It was proposed that erotic stimuli have two components (arousal and attentional shift) that interact with anger arousal to either inhibit or facilitate aggressive behavior. The article considers the implications of this two-component system for future research on erotic and aggressive stimuli.", "contents": "Erotic stimuli and aggression: facilitation or inhibition. The present experiment attempted to reconcile previous results on the relationship of erotic stimuli and aggression. Subjects were either insulted or not insulted prior or subsequent to observing erotic stimuli of varying levels of arousal inducements. It was found, in support of prior research, that mildly erotic stimuli had an inhibiting effect on aggression when viewed subsequent to anger arousal, whereas highly erotic stimuli tended to maintain aggression at a level similar to nonerotic exposure. Prior viewing of erotic stimuli, however, had a facilitative effect on aggressive behavior. It was proposed that erotic stimuli have two components (arousal and attentional shift) that interact with anger arousal to either inhibit or facilitate aggressive behavior. The article considers the implications of this two-component system for future research on erotic and aggressive stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:1206474", "title": "Effects of movie violence on aggression in a field setting as a function of group dominance and cohesion.", "content": "In this quasi-experimental field study, delinquent members belonging to two cottages viewed aggressive commercial movies every evening for a week, while at the same time, subjects from two other cottages were exposed to neutral commercial movies. Behavioral observations were obtained through a nonhier-archical, minimally inferential procedure of a time-sampling nature; they were taken during a baseline week (at noon and in the evening), a treatment week (noon and evening) and a posttreatment week (noon). The main immediate effects of the violent films were an overall increase of both active behaviors and physical aggression; the effects on verbal aggression were more persistent but limited to one of the two cottages. On the other hand, more interactions occurred as an immediate consequence of viewing the films in both neutral treatment cottages; moreover, one of these two cottages also decreased its level of physical (short-term effect) and verbal (short- and long-term effects) aggression. In the aggressive treatment cottage, which was most affected, subjects who were most dominant, most popular, and least popular were influenced the most: an opposite effect was exhibited by those subjects who were judged as least aggressive by their peers. Complementary data are presented and discussed; the difference between the single individual laboratory paradigm and the existing group field paradigm is especially stressed.", "contents": "Effects of movie violence on aggression in a field setting as a function of group dominance and cohesion. In this quasi-experimental field study, delinquent members belonging to two cottages viewed aggressive commercial movies every evening for a week, while at the same time, subjects from two other cottages were exposed to neutral commercial movies. Behavioral observations were obtained through a nonhier-archical, minimally inferential procedure of a time-sampling nature; they were taken during a baseline week (at noon and in the evening), a treatment week (noon and evening) and a posttreatment week (noon). The main immediate effects of the violent films were an overall increase of both active behaviors and physical aggression; the effects on verbal aggression were more persistent but limited to one of the two cottages. On the other hand, more interactions occurred as an immediate consequence of viewing the films in both neutral treatment cottages; moreover, one of these two cottages also decreased its level of physical (short-term effect) and verbal (short- and long-term effects) aggression. In the aggressive treatment cottage, which was most affected, subjects who were most dominant, most popular, and least popular were influenced the most: an opposite effect was exhibited by those subjects who were judged as least aggressive by their peers. Complementary data are presented and discussed; the difference between the single individual laboratory paradigm and the existing group field paradigm is especially stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206483", "title": "Inhibition of drug metabolism by hydroxylated metabolites: cross-inhibition and specificity.", "content": "Inhibition of drug metabolism was studied in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. A hydroxylated metabolite of phenylbutazone (oxyphenbutazone) inhibited the elimination of phenytoin, which is metabolized by oxidative pathways. The biotransformation of a relatively polar and only slightly plasma protein-bound drug, antipyrine, was subject to product inhibition by a hydroxylated metabolite, 4-hydroxyantipyrine. Neither oxyphenbutazone nor 4-hydroxyantipyrine measurably affected the elimination kinetics or metabolic fate of a drug (sulfanilamide) that is not metabolized by oxidative pathways.", "contents": "Inhibition of drug metabolism by hydroxylated metabolites: cross-inhibition and specificity. Inhibition of drug metabolism was studied in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. A hydroxylated metabolite of phenylbutazone (oxyphenbutazone) inhibited the elimination of phenytoin, which is metabolized by oxidative pathways. The biotransformation of a relatively polar and only slightly plasma protein-bound drug, antipyrine, was subject to product inhibition by a hydroxylated metabolite, 4-hydroxyantipyrine. Neither oxyphenbutazone nor 4-hydroxyantipyrine measurably affected the elimination kinetics or metabolic fate of a drug (sulfanilamide) that is not metabolized by oxidative pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:1206484", "title": "Solid-state decomposition of para-substituted salicylic acids.", "content": "A series of para-substituted salicylic acids, all crystallizing monoclinically and decomposing by decarboxylation, were shown to adhere to Bawn-type kinetics, and the decomposition rate constants were shown to adhere approximately to a Hammett-type relation. The value of the reaction parameter was -8. Both para-substituted salicyclic and benzoic acids occur as dimers in the crystalline state. The mechanism whereby the latter decomposes is speculated to be intermolecular in the sense that the substituent from one dimer interacts with the carboxyl group of a neighboring dimer. In the same sense of the word, the substituted salicyclic acids decompose by an intramolecular mechanism, i.e., within the dimer unit.", "contents": "Solid-state decomposition of para-substituted salicylic acids. A series of para-substituted salicylic acids, all crystallizing monoclinically and decomposing by decarboxylation, were shown to adhere to Bawn-type kinetics, and the decomposition rate constants were shown to adhere approximately to a Hammett-type relation. The value of the reaction parameter was -8. Both para-substituted salicyclic and benzoic acids occur as dimers in the crystalline state. The mechanism whereby the latter decomposes is speculated to be intermolecular in the sense that the substituent from one dimer interacts with the carboxyl group of a neighboring dimer. In the same sense of the word, the substituted salicyclic acids decompose by an intramolecular mechanism, i.e., within the dimer unit."}
{"id": "PMID:1206485", "title": "GLC determination of carbamazepine suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.", "content": "A GLC determination of carbamazepine in plasma and urine is described. It is performed by injecting the cyano derivative, which, in contrast to carbamazepine, has bood GLC properties. The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies, since it is specific and accurate down to 0.27 mug/ml.", "contents": "GLC determination of carbamazepine suitable for pharmacokinetic studies. A GLC determination of carbamazepine in plasma and urine is described. It is performed by injecting the cyano derivative, which, in contrast to carbamazepine, has bood GLC properties. The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies, since it is specific and accurate down to 0.27 mug/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1206486", "title": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of potential hypoglycemic agents I: Carnitine analogs.", "content": "A series of 4-dialkylamino-3-hydroxybutyric acid hydrochlorides and methochlorides, analogs of carnitine, was synthesized by treatment of tert-butyl 3,4-epoxybutyrate with the appropriate amine or amine hydrochloride in methanol followed by mild acid hydrolysis. The compounds had no effect on blood glucose or serum fatty acid levels in rats.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of potential hypoglycemic agents I: Carnitine analogs. A series of 4-dialkylamino-3-hydroxybutyric acid hydrochlorides and methochlorides, analogs of carnitine, was synthesized by treatment of tert-butyl 3,4-epoxybutyrate with the appropriate amine or amine hydrochloride in methanol followed by mild acid hydrolysis. The compounds had no effect on blood glucose or serum fatty acid levels in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1206487", "title": "Alkaloids of Vinca rosea L. (Catharanthus roseus G. Don) XXXVI: Isolation and characterization of new dimeric alkaloids.", "content": "In a continuing effort to study thoroughly the alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus, new dimeric alkaloids were isolated and characterized. Structures are proposed for leurocolombine and vinamidine based on UV, IR, PMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and CMR. Pseudovincaleukoblastine diol was identified by PMR and mass spectrometry. Leurocolombine exhibited antimitotic activity and marginal antitumor activity against the Ridgeway osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Vinca rosea L. (Catharanthus roseus G. Don) XXXVI: Isolation and characterization of new dimeric alkaloids. In a continuing effort to study thoroughly the alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus, new dimeric alkaloids were isolated and characterized. Structures are proposed for leurocolombine and vinamidine based on UV, IR, PMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and CMR. Pseudovincaleukoblastine diol was identified by PMR and mass spectrometry. Leurocolombine exhibited antimitotic activity and marginal antitumor activity against the Ridgeway osteogenic sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1206488", "title": "Absorption of 3H-benzocaine from ointments following rectal administration in rats.", "content": "Total radioactivity in the blood of rats for 5 hr following rectal administration of 3H-benzocaine in oleaginous, absorption, emulsion (water-in-oil and oil-in water), and water-soluble ointment vehicles was measured. The release was greatest from the water-soluble vehicle and followed the same relative order as seen in an earlier in vitro experiment. No intact benzocaine was found in the blood using radiochromatography. In vitro hydrolysis of benzocaine by rat blood did not occur as determined with the techniques of this experiment.", "contents": "Absorption of 3H-benzocaine from ointments following rectal administration in rats. Total radioactivity in the blood of rats for 5 hr following rectal administration of 3H-benzocaine in oleaginous, absorption, emulsion (water-in-oil and oil-in water), and water-soluble ointment vehicles was measured. The release was greatest from the water-soluble vehicle and followed the same relative order as seen in an earlier in vitro experiment. No intact benzocaine was found in the blood using radiochromatography. In vitro hydrolysis of benzocaine by rat blood did not occur as determined with the techniques of this experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:1206489", "title": "Determination of tolmetin in human plasma by GLC and spectrophotometric procedures.", "content": "GLC and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of tolmetin in plasma were developed. The methods can detect tolmetin in concentrations above 0.5 mug/ml. The plasma levels obtained with a 600-mg dose of tolmetin to a human subject are reported.", "contents": "Determination of tolmetin in human plasma by GLC and spectrophotometric procedures. GLC and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of tolmetin in plasma were developed. The methods can detect tolmetin in concentrations above 0.5 mug/ml. The plasma levels obtained with a 600-mg dose of tolmetin to a human subject are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1206490", "title": "GLC determination of procainamide in biological fluids.", "content": "A GLC method for the determination of procainamide in biological fluids is presented. By using a dipropyl analog of procainamide as an internal standard, both compounds can be chromatographed directly, yielding linear calibration curves and a sensitivity that allows quantitative determination of concentrations as low as 0.1 mug/ml. The extraction procedure was carefully modified to avoid hydrolysis of N-acetylprocainamide, a major metabolite of procainamide. The usefulness of the procedure is demonstrated by following the disappearance of procainamide from the plasma and urine of human subjects treated with the drug.", "contents": "GLC determination of procainamide in biological fluids. A GLC method for the determination of procainamide in biological fluids is presented. By using a dipropyl analog of procainamide as an internal standard, both compounds can be chromatographed directly, yielding linear calibration curves and a sensitivity that allows quantitative determination of concentrations as low as 0.1 mug/ml. The extraction procedure was carefully modified to avoid hydrolysis of N-acetylprocainamide, a major metabolite of procainamide. The usefulness of the procedure is demonstrated by following the disappearance of procainamide from the plasma and urine of human subjects treated with the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1206491", "title": "Molecular connectivity. I: Relationship to nonspecific local anesthesia.", "content": "A very significant linear correlation was found between a recently proposed connectivity index and molecular polarizability, cavity surface areas calculated for water solubility of alcohols and hydrocarbons, and biological potencies of nonspecific local anesthetics. The simplicity of calculation of the index from the connectivity in the molecular skeleton, together with the very significant correlation, indicates its practical value.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity. I: Relationship to nonspecific local anesthesia. A very significant linear correlation was found between a recently proposed connectivity index and molecular polarizability, cavity surface areas calculated for water solubility of alcohols and hydrocarbons, and biological potencies of nonspecific local anesthetics. The simplicity of calculation of the index from the connectivity in the molecular skeleton, together with the very significant correlation, indicates its practical value."}
{"id": "PMID:1206492", "title": "Molecular connectivity. II: Relationship to water solubility and boiling point.", "content": "The connectivity index, easily computed by arithmetic and based upon the degree of connectedness at each vertex in the molecular skeleton, is shown to give highly significant correlations with water solubility of branched, cyclic, and straight-chain alcohols and hydrocarbons as well as with boiling points of alcohols. These correlations are superior to those based on well-founded theory relating to solvent cavity surface area. An empirical modification to the connectivity index gave an improved correlation for both solubilities and boiling points.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity. II: Relationship to water solubility and boiling point. The connectivity index, easily computed by arithmetic and based upon the degree of connectedness at each vertex in the molecular skeleton, is shown to give highly significant correlations with water solubility of branched, cyclic, and straight-chain alcohols and hydrocarbons as well as with boiling points of alcohols. These correlations are superior to those based on well-founded theory relating to solvent cavity surface area. An empirical modification to the connectivity index gave an improved correlation for both solubilities and boiling points."}
{"id": "PMID:1206493", "title": "Molecular connectivity. III: Relationship to partition coefficients.", "content": "The molecular connectivity index is shown to be linearly related to the octanol-water partition coefficients of a variety of monofunctional chemical classes including esters, alcohol, ketones, ethers, carboxylic acids, amines, and hydrocarbons. A modification of the connectivity index, taking into account the valency or degree of unsaturation of an atom, merges the data for all compounds except hydrocarbons. The connectivity index is also shown to be useful for correlating biological activity. These studies indicate that partition coefficients represent empirical quantities having intermediate significance between biological data and the more fundamental property of molecular connectivity.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity. III: Relationship to partition coefficients. The molecular connectivity index is shown to be linearly related to the octanol-water partition coefficients of a variety of monofunctional chemical classes including esters, alcohol, ketones, ethers, carboxylic acids, amines, and hydrocarbons. A modification of the connectivity index, taking into account the valency or degree of unsaturation of an atom, merges the data for all compounds except hydrocarbons. The connectivity index is also shown to be useful for correlating biological activity. These studies indicate that partition coefficients represent empirical quantities having intermediate significance between biological data and the more fundamental property of molecular connectivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1206494", "title": "Size distribution effects in multiparticulate dissolution.", "content": "The evaluation of models for single-particle dissolution, based on multiparticulate dissolution data, is complicated by the distribution effect present when the particles are not truly monodispersed. By using simulated data, it is shown that remarkably good linearity can be obtained with log-normal powders using an incorrect model. It is suggested that particle-size analysis is necessary to enable calculation of the distribution effect and to prevent this type of misinterpretation. The change in particle-size distribution during dissolution is calculated and shows potential for distinguishing between two, but not all three, of the models investigated. Four theoretical rules for multiparticulate dissolution are stated and discussed. The concept of \"time scaling\" is presented. By using this procedure, it should be possible to reduce considerably computational errors arising from nonlinear dissolution data. It is demonstrated that dissolution profiles can be transformed to a standard form, enabling the distribution effect to be evaluated without interference from rate or particle-size parameters.", "contents": "Size distribution effects in multiparticulate dissolution. The evaluation of models for single-particle dissolution, based on multiparticulate dissolution data, is complicated by the distribution effect present when the particles are not truly monodispersed. By using simulated data, it is shown that remarkably good linearity can be obtained with log-normal powders using an incorrect model. It is suggested that particle-size analysis is necessary to enable calculation of the distribution effect and to prevent this type of misinterpretation. The change in particle-size distribution during dissolution is calculated and shows potential for distinguishing between two, but not all three, of the models investigated. Four theoretical rules for multiparticulate dissolution are stated and discussed. The concept of \"time scaling\" is presented. By using this procedure, it should be possible to reduce considerably computational errors arising from nonlinear dissolution data. It is demonstrated that dissolution profiles can be transformed to a standard form, enabling the distribution effect to be evaluated without interference from rate or particle-size parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:1206495", "title": "Selective assay of benzoyl peroxide in lotions and creams.", "content": "A selective titrimetric method for the determination of benzoyl peroxide in lotions and creams was developed. It is based on the work of Horner and J\u00fcrgens, in which diacylperoxides, dialkylperoxides, peracids, and alkylhydroperoxides can be determined selectively by iodometry and acidimetry. The proposed assay is stability indicating with respect to peracids. Good recovery data were obtained.", "contents": "Selective assay of benzoyl peroxide in lotions and creams. A selective titrimetric method for the determination of benzoyl peroxide in lotions and creams was developed. It is based on the work of Horner and J\u00fcrgens, in which diacylperoxides, dialkylperoxides, peracids, and alkylhydroperoxides can be determined selectively by iodometry and acidimetry. The proposed assay is stability indicating with respect to peracids. Good recovery data were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1206496", "title": "Colorimetric determinations of chlorpheniramine maleate, ephedrine hydrochloride, and guaiacolsulfonate potassium in a cough syrup.", "content": "Colorimetric methods for the quantitative determinations of chlorpheniramine maleate, ephedrine hydrochloride, and guaiacolsulfonate potassium in a cough syrup containing color (amaranth) are reported. Chlorpheniramine maleate can be assayed using the cyanogen bromide method as reported in the literature. Ephedrine hydrochloride can be assayed using a dye method in which interference from chlorpheniramine maleate is taken into consideration. Guaiacolsulfonate potassium can be assayed by coupling it with 4-aminoantipyrine (the method is similar to the one for phenylephrine hydrochloride). All of the methods are simple, accurate, and precise. The application of the guaiacolsulfonate potassium assay method to commercial dosage forms is reported.", "contents": "Colorimetric determinations of chlorpheniramine maleate, ephedrine hydrochloride, and guaiacolsulfonate potassium in a cough syrup. Colorimetric methods for the quantitative determinations of chlorpheniramine maleate, ephedrine hydrochloride, and guaiacolsulfonate potassium in a cough syrup containing color (amaranth) are reported. Chlorpheniramine maleate can be assayed using the cyanogen bromide method as reported in the literature. Ephedrine hydrochloride can be assayed using a dye method in which interference from chlorpheniramine maleate is taken into consideration. Guaiacolsulfonate potassium can be assayed by coupling it with 4-aminoantipyrine (the method is similar to the one for phenylephrine hydrochloride). All of the methods are simple, accurate, and precise. The application of the guaiacolsulfonate potassium assay method to commercial dosage forms is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1206497", "title": "GLC determination of underivatized carbamazepine in whole blood.", "content": "This report describes a rapid GLC assay for carbamazepine in blood. Carbamazepine is chromatographed directly using phenyl methyl silicone gum as the stationary phase. The calibration curve is linear up to 50 mug/ml, with a lower limit of sensitivity of 1 mug/ml. Other anticonvulsants may be measured simultaneously, and the procedure works equally well with plasma or blood.", "contents": "GLC determination of underivatized carbamazepine in whole blood. This report describes a rapid GLC assay for carbamazepine in blood. Carbamazepine is chromatographed directly using phenyl methyl silicone gum as the stationary phase. The calibration curve is linear up to 50 mug/ml, with a lower limit of sensitivity of 1 mug/ml. Other anticonvulsants may be measured simultaneously, and the procedure works equally well with plasma or blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1206498", "title": "Fluorometric determination of 2,3-bis(p-methoxphenyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyrimidine in biological materials.", "content": "Interest in 2,3-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]-pyrimidine as a potent, orally active, anti-inflammatory agent required a method for its determination in serum, urine, and feces to permit studies of its absorption, metabolism, and excretion. A simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure was developed based on an ethyl acetate extraction of alkaline specimens and subsequent fluorometric analysis of ethanolic solutions of the extract residues. The method is sensitive to 0.2 mug/ml, 0.3 mug/ml, and 1.2 mug/100 mg of drug in serum, urine, and feces, respectively. The overall mean recovery and the standard deviation from biological samples are 99.8 +/- 5.1%. The procedure has been successfully applied to absorption studies in the dog.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of 2,3-bis(p-methoxphenyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyrimidine in biological materials. Interest in 2,3-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]-pyrimidine as a potent, orally active, anti-inflammatory agent required a method for its determination in serum, urine, and feces to permit studies of its absorption, metabolism, and excretion. A simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure was developed based on an ethyl acetate extraction of alkaline specimens and subsequent fluorometric analysis of ethanolic solutions of the extract residues. The method is sensitive to 0.2 mug/ml, 0.3 mug/ml, and 1.2 mug/100 mg of drug in serum, urine, and feces, respectively. The overall mean recovery and the standard deviation from biological samples are 99.8 +/- 5.1%. The procedure has been successfully applied to absorption studies in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:1206499", "title": "Conformationally constrained analogs of mescaline II.", "content": "The synthesis of methyl-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-piperidyl) acetate is described. In addition, preliminary pharmacological data comparing the compound with mescaline are given.", "contents": "Conformationally constrained analogs of mescaline II. The synthesis of methyl-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-piperidyl) acetate is described. In addition, preliminary pharmacological data comparing the compound with mescaline are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1206500", "title": "Bioequivalency of doxycycline products.", "content": "The bioavailability of three different brands and three different dosage forms of doxycycline was studied in normal subjects. Single doses, equivalent to 200 mg of doxycycline, were administered to six subjects in a crossover design as the innovator's intravenous solution given orally (Treatment A), the innovator's capsule product (Treatment B), a noninnovator's capsule product (Treatment C), the innovator's oral suspension product (Treatment D), and a second noninnovator's capsule product (Treatment E). All dosage forms contained doxycycline as the hyclate, except the suspension which contained the nonhyclate form. Serum levels were determined periodically over 48 hr, and cumulative urinary excretion was measured concurrently over a 120-hr collection period. No statistically significant differences were observed in any in vivo indicator of bioequivalence when the three capsule products were compared. Consequently, they were judged to be bioequivalent. When these capsule products were compared to the oral solution, no statistically significant differences were observed. However, when the capsules and the suspension were compared, statistically significant differences were found in the rate of absorption. In vitro dissolution tests were also conducted on the three brands of capsules, and times required to achieve 50% dissolution showed rank-order correlation with corresponding absorption rate constants.", "contents": "Bioequivalency of doxycycline products. The bioavailability of three different brands and three different dosage forms of doxycycline was studied in normal subjects. Single doses, equivalent to 200 mg of doxycycline, were administered to six subjects in a crossover design as the innovator's intravenous solution given orally (Treatment A), the innovator's capsule product (Treatment B), a noninnovator's capsule product (Treatment C), the innovator's oral suspension product (Treatment D), and a second noninnovator's capsule product (Treatment E). All dosage forms contained doxycycline as the hyclate, except the suspension which contained the nonhyclate form. Serum levels were determined periodically over 48 hr, and cumulative urinary excretion was measured concurrently over a 120-hr collection period. No statistically significant differences were observed in any in vivo indicator of bioequivalence when the three capsule products were compared. Consequently, they were judged to be bioequivalent. When these capsule products were compared to the oral solution, no statistically significant differences were observed. However, when the capsules and the suspension were compared, statistically significant differences were found in the rate of absorption. In vitro dissolution tests were also conducted on the three brands of capsules, and times required to achieve 50% dissolution showed rank-order correlation with corresponding absorption rate constants."}
{"id": "PMID:1206501", "title": "Stability of aspirin in liquid and semisolid bases V: polyglycerol esters.", "content": "The stability of aspirin in decaglycerol tetraoleate, decaglycerol octaoleate, and decaglycerol decaoleate was studied at 4, 26, and 45 degrees. Degradation of aspirin in these polyglycerol esters was temperature dependent. Aspirin demonstrated the greatest stability in decaglycerol octaoleate and the lowest stability in decaglycerol tetraoleate at all temperatures studied. The hydroxyl value and the viscosity of the polyglycerol ester appeared to influence the stability of aspirin.", "contents": "Stability of aspirin in liquid and semisolid bases V: polyglycerol esters. The stability of aspirin in decaglycerol tetraoleate, decaglycerol octaoleate, and decaglycerol decaoleate was studied at 4, 26, and 45 degrees. Degradation of aspirin in these polyglycerol esters was temperature dependent. Aspirin demonstrated the greatest stability in decaglycerol octaoleate and the lowest stability in decaglycerol tetraoleate at all temperatures studied. The hydroxyl value and the viscosity of the polyglycerol ester appeared to influence the stability of aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:1206502", "title": "Microbial transformation of aspidospermine.", "content": "Thirty actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples and screened for their ability to modify the structure of aspidospermine. One actinomycete culture converted aspidospermine into O-demethylaspidospermine but failed to modify N-deacetylaspidospermine, N-ethyl-N-deacetylaspidospermine, 7-methoxyindole, and 7-methoxytryptophan.", "contents": "Microbial transformation of aspidospermine. Thirty actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples and screened for their ability to modify the structure of aspidospermine. One actinomycete culture converted aspidospermine into O-demethylaspidospermine but failed to modify N-deacetylaspidospermine, N-ethyl-N-deacetylaspidospermine, 7-methoxyindole, and 7-methoxytryptophan."}
{"id": "PMID:1206529", "title": "Secretion of electrolytes by the pancreas of the anaestetized rat.", "content": "1. HCO-3, Na+ and K+ concentrations were measured in bile-free pancreatic juice collected from fasted and fed anaesthetized rats. 2. Resting flow rates averaged 0.62 mul. g-1 .min-1 (fasted) and 2.8 mul. g-1. min-1 (fed) and the mean HCO-3 concentrations, respectively, were 25.8 and 33.3 mM. 3. In fasted rats, instillation of HCl into the duodenum caused flow rate to increase threefold and HCO-3 concentrations to double (66 mM). Intravenous infusion of pure natural (GIH) secretin caused a fivefold increase in flow rate; HCO-3 concentrations, again, doubled (67.5 mM). Infusion of synthetic secretin produced effects essentially the same as those produced by GIH secretin. 4. Infusion of Boots secretin caused a thirteenfold increase in flow rate (8.32 mul.g-1. min-1) but HCO-3 concentrations rose only slightly (43.3 mM). However, following cessation of infusion, when flow rate approximated the maximum obtained with pure secretin, the HCO-3 concentration was much higher (57.2 mM at 3.19 uml.g-1.min-1). In fed animals the responses were similar but maximum flow rates were greater (12 mul. g-1. min-1). 5. Infusion of caerulein produced a secretory rate slightly less than with Boots secretin (5.06 mul. g-1.min-1) and HCO-3 concentrations were plasmalike (30.2 mM); infusion of the synthetic octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) gave similar flow rates and HCO-3 concentrations. 6. Infusion of a mixture of caerulein and GIH secretin mimicked closely the effect of Boots secretin. At maximum flow rates (7.6 mul. g-1. min-1) the HCO-3 concentration was 43.7 mM and at lower flow rates (3.90 mul.g-1. min-1) it rose to 54.2mM. 7. It is concluded that the response of the rat pancreas to secretin is qualitatively similar to that of all other vertebrates so far studied, but, relative to other animals, the response is sluggish. In contrast, the rat pancreas responds well to cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulation, yielding a juice with plasma-like HCO-3 concentration. Boots secretin, which is heavily contaminated with CCK, causes a mixed response resembling that of CCK at high secretory rates and that of pure secretin at lower rates. 8. An unexplained feature of rat pancreatic juice was that K+ concentrations, although plasma-like in unstimulated samples, rose to about 8mM when flow rate increases as a result of secretin, but not CCK, stimulation. In all other animals so far studied, the K+ concentration has been found to be independent of flow rate.", "contents": "Secretion of electrolytes by the pancreas of the anaestetized rat. 1. HCO-3, Na+ and K+ concentrations were measured in bile-free pancreatic juice collected from fasted and fed anaesthetized rats. 2. Resting flow rates averaged 0.62 mul. g-1 .min-1 (fasted) and 2.8 mul. g-1. min-1 (fed) and the mean HCO-3 concentrations, respectively, were 25.8 and 33.3 mM. 3. In fasted rats, instillation of HCl into the duodenum caused flow rate to increase threefold and HCO-3 concentrations to double (66 mM). Intravenous infusion of pure natural (GIH) secretin caused a fivefold increase in flow rate; HCO-3 concentrations, again, doubled (67.5 mM). Infusion of synthetic secretin produced effects essentially the same as those produced by GIH secretin. 4. Infusion of Boots secretin caused a thirteenfold increase in flow rate (8.32 mul.g-1. min-1) but HCO-3 concentrations rose only slightly (43.3 mM). However, following cessation of infusion, when flow rate approximated the maximum obtained with pure secretin, the HCO-3 concentration was much higher (57.2 mM at 3.19 uml.g-1.min-1). In fed animals the responses were similar but maximum flow rates were greater (12 mul. g-1. min-1). 5. Infusion of caerulein produced a secretory rate slightly less than with Boots secretin (5.06 mul. g-1.min-1) and HCO-3 concentrations were plasmalike (30.2 mM); infusion of the synthetic octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) gave similar flow rates and HCO-3 concentrations. 6. Infusion of a mixture of caerulein and GIH secretin mimicked closely the effect of Boots secretin. At maximum flow rates (7.6 mul. g-1. min-1) the HCO-3 concentration was 43.7 mM and at lower flow rates (3.90 mul.g-1. min-1) it rose to 54.2mM. 7. It is concluded that the response of the rat pancreas to secretin is qualitatively similar to that of all other vertebrates so far studied, but, relative to other animals, the response is sluggish. In contrast, the rat pancreas responds well to cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulation, yielding a juice with plasma-like HCO-3 concentration. Boots secretin, which is heavily contaminated with CCK, causes a mixed response resembling that of CCK at high secretory rates and that of pure secretin at lower rates. 8. An unexplained feature of rat pancreatic juice was that K+ concentrations, although plasma-like in unstimulated samples, rose to about 8mM when flow rate increases as a result of secretin, but not CCK, stimulation. In all other animals so far studied, the K+ concentration has been found to be independent of flow rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1206535", "title": "Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following interruption of their axons.", "content": "The effects of interrupting the axons of principal neurones in the superior cervical ganglion of adult guinea-pigs were studied by means of intracellular recording, and light and electron microscopy. 1. Within 72 hr of axon interruption, the amplitude of exitatory postsynaptic potentials potentials (e.p.s.p.s) recorded in principal neurons in response to maximal preganglionic stimulation declined. E.p.s.p.s were maximally reduced (by more than 70% on average) 4-7 days following interruption, and failed to bring many cells to threshold. E.p.s.p.s. recorded in nearby neurones whose axons remained intact were unaffected. 2. In ganglia in which axon interruption was achieved by means of nerve crush (thus allowing prompt regeneration), mean e.p.s.p. amplitudes began to increase again after about 1-2 weeks. One month after the initial injury many neurones had e.p.s.p.s of normal amplitude, and by 2 months affected neurones were indistinguishable from control cells. Functional peripheral connexions were re-established during the period of synaptic recovery. 3. The mean number of synapses identified electron microscopically in ganglia in which all the major efferent branches had been crushed decreased by 65-70% in parallel with synaptic depression measured by intracellular recording. However synapse counts did not return to normal levels even after 3 months. 4. During the period of maximum synaptic depression, numerous abnormal profiles which contained accumulations of vesicular and tubular  organelles, vesicles, and mitochondria were observed in electron microscopic sections. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into affected neurones demonstrated dendritic swelling which probably correspond to these profiles. 5. Little or no difference was found in the electrical properties of normal neurones and neurones whose axons had been interrupted 4-7 days previously. However, the mean amplitude of spontaneously occurring synaptic potentials was reduced, and the amplitude distribution was shifted. This abnormality of the synapses which remain on affected neurones also contributes to synaptic depression. 6. Counts of neurones in normal and experimental ganglia showed that approximately half the principal cells died 1-5 weeks after crushing the major efferent brances. This finding presumably explains the failure of synapse counts to return to control levels after recovery. 7. If axons were prevented from growing back to their target organ by chronic ligation, surviving neurones whose axons were enclosed by the ligature did not generally recover normal synaptic function. Following ligation, most affected cells died within a month. 8. Thus the integrity of a principal cell's axon is necessary for the maintenance of preganglionic synaptic contacts, and ultimately for neuronal survival. The basis of neuronal recovery from the effects of axon interruption appears to be some aspect of regeneration to the peripheral target.", "contents": "Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following interruption of their axons. The effects of interrupting the axons of principal neurones in the superior cervical ganglion of adult guinea-pigs were studied by means of intracellular recording, and light and electron microscopy. 1. Within 72 hr of axon interruption, the amplitude of exitatory postsynaptic potentials potentials (e.p.s.p.s) recorded in principal neurons in response to maximal preganglionic stimulation declined. E.p.s.p.s were maximally reduced (by more than 70% on average) 4-7 days following interruption, and failed to bring many cells to threshold. E.p.s.p.s. recorded in nearby neurones whose axons remained intact were unaffected. 2. In ganglia in which axon interruption was achieved by means of nerve crush (thus allowing prompt regeneration), mean e.p.s.p. amplitudes began to increase again after about 1-2 weeks. One month after the initial injury many neurones had e.p.s.p.s of normal amplitude, and by 2 months affected neurones were indistinguishable from control cells. Functional peripheral connexions were re-established during the period of synaptic recovery. 3. The mean number of synapses identified electron microscopically in ganglia in which all the major efferent branches had been crushed decreased by 65-70% in parallel with synaptic depression measured by intracellular recording. However synapse counts did not return to normal levels even after 3 months. 4. During the period of maximum synaptic depression, numerous abnormal profiles which contained accumulations of vesicular and tubular  organelles, vesicles, and mitochondria were observed in electron microscopic sections. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into affected neurones demonstrated dendritic swelling which probably correspond to these profiles. 5. Little or no difference was found in the electrical properties of normal neurones and neurones whose axons had been interrupted 4-7 days previously. However, the mean amplitude of spontaneously occurring synaptic potentials was reduced, and the amplitude distribution was shifted. This abnormality of the synapses which remain on affected neurones also contributes to synaptic depression. 6. Counts of neurones in normal and experimental ganglia showed that approximately half the principal cells died 1-5 weeks after crushing the major efferent brances. This finding presumably explains the failure of synapse counts to return to control levels after recovery. 7. If axons were prevented from growing back to their target organ by chronic ligation, surviving neurones whose axons were enclosed by the ligature did not generally recover normal synaptic function. Following ligation, most affected cells died within a month. 8. Thus the integrity of a principal cell's axon is necessary for the maintenance of preganglionic synaptic contacts, and ultimately for neuronal survival. The basis of neuronal recovery from the effects of axon interruption appears to be some aspect of regeneration to the peripheral target."}
{"id": "PMID:1206540", "title": "Differentiation of motoneurones and skeletal muscles in kittens.", "content": "1. Isometric contractions of the medial gastrocnemius (fast switch) and soleus (slow twitch) muscles were recorded in kittens ranging in age from 3 to 112 days, as well as in adult cats. 2. It was confirmed that the speed of contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle becomes progressively faster during the first few weeks after birth, whereas contraction times of the soleus muscle show little changes or a slight prolongation during the period of post-natal development. 3. The properties of gastrocnemius (fast alpha) and soleus (slow alpha) motoneurons were examined with intracellular electrodes in kittens at three different stages; 16-20, 61-71 and 100-112 days in age. 4. The axonal conduction velocities of both gastrocnemius and soleus motoneurones increased monotonically throughout the period of development and showed no correlation with post-natal changes in contraction times of the innervated muscles. 5. The duration of after-hyperpolarization in soleus motoneurones became progressively longer with age, while that in gastrocnemius motoneurones remained virtually unchanged during development. 6. The relation between the duration of after-hyperpolarization and the axonal conduction velocity in kitten motoneurones was similar to that observed in axotomized motoneurones of adult cats. 7. It is suggested that fast and slow alpha motoneurones show postnatal differentiation in terms of the duration of after-hyperpolarization and that axotomy leads to 'dedifferentiation' of the motoneurone properties. 8. Post-natal changes in the contractile properties of skeletal muscles were independent of the changes in the duration of after-hyperpolarization of the innervating motoneurones. However, it remains uncertain whether muscle differentiation is independent of the discharge pattern of the innervating motoneurones.", "contents": "Differentiation of motoneurones and skeletal muscles in kittens. 1. Isometric contractions of the medial gastrocnemius (fast switch) and soleus (slow twitch) muscles were recorded in kittens ranging in age from 3 to 112 days, as well as in adult cats. 2. It was confirmed that the speed of contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle becomes progressively faster during the first few weeks after birth, whereas contraction times of the soleus muscle show little changes or a slight prolongation during the period of post-natal development. 3. The properties of gastrocnemius (fast alpha) and soleus (slow alpha) motoneurons were examined with intracellular electrodes in kittens at three different stages; 16-20, 61-71 and 100-112 days in age. 4. The axonal conduction velocities of both gastrocnemius and soleus motoneurones increased monotonically throughout the period of development and showed no correlation with post-natal changes in contraction times of the innervated muscles. 5. The duration of after-hyperpolarization in soleus motoneurones became progressively longer with age, while that in gastrocnemius motoneurones remained virtually unchanged during development. 6. The relation between the duration of after-hyperpolarization and the axonal conduction velocity in kitten motoneurones was similar to that observed in axotomized motoneurones of adult cats. 7. It is suggested that fast and slow alpha motoneurones show postnatal differentiation in terms of the duration of after-hyperpolarization and that axotomy leads to 'dedifferentiation' of the motoneurone properties. 8. Post-natal changes in the contractile properties of skeletal muscles were independent of the changes in the duration of after-hyperpolarization of the innervating motoneurones. However, it remains uncertain whether muscle differentiation is independent of the discharge pattern of the innervating motoneurones."}
{"id": "PMID:1206541", "title": "Inhibition of thermal tachypnoea in rabbits following exposure to cold and water deprivation.", "content": "1. Rabbits were clipped and exposed in turn to four environmental conditions: control (C), cold exposure (CE), water deprivation (WD) and water deprivation and cold exposure together (WD/CE). 2. Following each type of treatment, the rabbits were exposed for 1 hr to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 35 degrees C. During this time, respiratory frequency (RF), rectal temperature (Tre), activity and oxygen consumption (V02) were recorded. 3. It was found that under both cold exposure and water deprivation conditions, the mean respiratory frequency during the first 30 min of heat exposure was reduced when compared with controls. This was associated with a delay in the onset of thermal tachypnoea. Under conditions of water deprivation and cold exposure together, the mean respiratory frequency was further reduced and the length of the delay was increased. 4. Previous cold exposure led to an increase in the V02 measured at 35 degrees C, whereas the V02, after water deprivation and water deprivation and cold exposure together were not significantly different from the control. 5. Neither the initial Tre nor the change in the Tre during the course of the heat exposure were significantly different from the controls under any of the experimental conditions. 6. It is concluded that both water deprivation and previous cold exposure cause a block to panting in the heat and that the blocking mechanisms involved are closely interrelated. It is also concluded that neither the metabolic rate of the animal nor its initial or final Tre are important factors in determing the degree to which thermal tachypnoea is inhibited.", "contents": "Inhibition of thermal tachypnoea in rabbits following exposure to cold and water deprivation. 1. Rabbits were clipped and exposed in turn to four environmental conditions: control (C), cold exposure (CE), water deprivation (WD) and water deprivation and cold exposure together (WD/CE). 2. Following each type of treatment, the rabbits were exposed for 1 hr to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 35 degrees C. During this time, respiratory frequency (RF), rectal temperature (Tre), activity and oxygen consumption (V02) were recorded. 3. It was found that under both cold exposure and water deprivation conditions, the mean respiratory frequency during the first 30 min of heat exposure was reduced when compared with controls. This was associated with a delay in the onset of thermal tachypnoea. Under conditions of water deprivation and cold exposure together, the mean respiratory frequency was further reduced and the length of the delay was increased. 4. Previous cold exposure led to an increase in the V02 measured at 35 degrees C, whereas the V02, after water deprivation and water deprivation and cold exposure together were not significantly different from the control. 5. Neither the initial Tre nor the change in the Tre during the course of the heat exposure were significantly different from the controls under any of the experimental conditions. 6. It is concluded that both water deprivation and previous cold exposure cause a block to panting in the heat and that the blocking mechanisms involved are closely interrelated. It is also concluded that neither the metabolic rate of the animal nor its initial or final Tre are important factors in determing the degree to which thermal tachypnoea is inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:1206544", "title": "Potassium-induced increase in oxygen consumption of brown adipose tissue from the rat.", "content": "1. In brown adipose tissue, noradrenaline induces an increase in respiration and a depolarization of the cells. The effect of an increase in potassium concentration in a range known to depolarize the brown adipocytes was tested on the O2 consumption. 2. Isolated interscapular brown adipose tissue from the rat was incubated in chambers that allowed O2 consumption to be measured over prolonged periods. 3. 45-50 mM-KC1 were found to induce a more that fourfold increase in O2 consumption, which was stable, reversible and dependent upon the presence of calcium in the meduim. 4. When rats were pre-treated with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine the KC1-induced increase in O2 consumption was sharply reduced or entirely adsent. 5. The effect of KC1 was greatly inhibited by (-)-propranolol, but not by (+)-propranolol. 6. Moderate increases in O2 consumption induced by low concentrations of potassium were potentiated by desipramine, a drug which is known to block the uptake of catecholamines by adrenergic nerve endings. 7. Surgical denervation caused a decrease in the catecholamine content of the tissue, but had no effect on the KC1 response. 8. It is concluded that in brown adipose tissue, potassium stimulates O2 consumption by causing a release of noradrenaline from nerve endings. This implies that surgical denervation as it is commonly performed on this tissue does not denervate the brown adipocytes but probably only the blood vessels.", "contents": "Potassium-induced increase in oxygen consumption of brown adipose tissue from the rat. 1. In brown adipose tissue, noradrenaline induces an increase in respiration and a depolarization of the cells. The effect of an increase in potassium concentration in a range known to depolarize the brown adipocytes was tested on the O2 consumption. 2. Isolated interscapular brown adipose tissue from the rat was incubated in chambers that allowed O2 consumption to be measured over prolonged periods. 3. 45-50 mM-KC1 were found to induce a more that fourfold increase in O2 consumption, which was stable, reversible and dependent upon the presence of calcium in the meduim. 4. When rats were pre-treated with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine the KC1-induced increase in O2 consumption was sharply reduced or entirely adsent. 5. The effect of KC1 was greatly inhibited by (-)-propranolol, but not by (+)-propranolol. 6. Moderate increases in O2 consumption induced by low concentrations of potassium were potentiated by desipramine, a drug which is known to block the uptake of catecholamines by adrenergic nerve endings. 7. Surgical denervation caused a decrease in the catecholamine content of the tissue, but had no effect on the KC1 response. 8. It is concluded that in brown adipose tissue, potassium stimulates O2 consumption by causing a release of noradrenaline from nerve endings. This implies that surgical denervation as it is commonly performed on this tissue does not denervate the brown adipocytes but probably only the blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1206568", "title": "Neural systems responsible for the gastric secretion provoked by 2-deoxy-D-glucose cytoglucopoenia.", "content": "1. The central structures responsible for the gastrosecretory effect of cytoglucopoenia caused by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) were investigated in 105 cats prepared with chronic gastric fistulae and subjected to various experimental procedures. 2. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the caudalmost two thirds of globus pallidus almost suppressed the secretory response and caused aphagia and adipsia. 3. Secretion in response to 2-DG and feeding behaviour were entirely blocked after making a lesion in a large ventromedial area of the meso diencephalic transition comprising the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, the ventral tegmental decussation, the red nucleus, a ventral portion of the central grey matter, the interstitial nuclei of Darkschewitsch and of Cajal, the pre-rubral fields, the reticular part of substantia nigra, the internal portion of the cerebral peduncle and the ventral part of the mesencephalic reticular formation. 4. Microinjection of 2-DG in the medial forebrain bundle, at the level of the hypothalamus, caused intense gastric secretion, whereas the same procedure was totally ineffective when the caudalmost two thirds of the globus pallidus were stimulated. 5. Increasing doses of 2-DG, systemically injected, restored the secretory response in volume and acid concentration and output after intercollicular transection of the brain stem. After the transection, secretion of pepsin was only slightly increased when large doses of 2-DG were administered, thus suggesting a differential control of water, acid and pepsin secretion in response to cytoglucopoenia. 6. It is concluded that there are at least three reflex systems involved in gastric secretion due to cytoglucopoenia: (a) a reflex consisting of afferent and efferent pathways in the medial forebrain bundle area; (b) a reflex whose afferent side is from the hypothalamus and efferent side is from the globus pallidus; (c) a reflex with the afferent side probably originating in the liver and the efferent side in the lower brain stem. 7. The pathways involved in the first two arcs run along Nauta's limbic mid-brain circuit. The three systems are possibly related to control of secretion and feeding behaviour.", "contents": "Neural systems responsible for the gastric secretion provoked by 2-deoxy-D-glucose cytoglucopoenia. 1. The central structures responsible for the gastrosecretory effect of cytoglucopoenia caused by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) were investigated in 105 cats prepared with chronic gastric fistulae and subjected to various experimental procedures. 2. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the caudalmost two thirds of globus pallidus almost suppressed the secretory response and caused aphagia and adipsia. 3. Secretion in response to 2-DG and feeding behaviour were entirely blocked after making a lesion in a large ventromedial area of the meso diencephalic transition comprising the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, the ventral tegmental decussation, the red nucleus, a ventral portion of the central grey matter, the interstitial nuclei of Darkschewitsch and of Cajal, the pre-rubral fields, the reticular part of substantia nigra, the internal portion of the cerebral peduncle and the ventral part of the mesencephalic reticular formation. 4. Microinjection of 2-DG in the medial forebrain bundle, at the level of the hypothalamus, caused intense gastric secretion, whereas the same procedure was totally ineffective when the caudalmost two thirds of the globus pallidus were stimulated. 5. Increasing doses of 2-DG, systemically injected, restored the secretory response in volume and acid concentration and output after intercollicular transection of the brain stem. After the transection, secretion of pepsin was only slightly increased when large doses of 2-DG were administered, thus suggesting a differential control of water, acid and pepsin secretion in response to cytoglucopoenia. 6. It is concluded that there are at least three reflex systems involved in gastric secretion due to cytoglucopoenia: (a) a reflex consisting of afferent and efferent pathways in the medial forebrain bundle area; (b) a reflex whose afferent side is from the hypothalamus and efferent side is from the globus pallidus; (c) a reflex with the afferent side probably originating in the liver and the efferent side in the lower brain stem. 7. The pathways involved in the first two arcs run along Nauta's limbic mid-brain circuit. The three systems are possibly related to control of secretion and feeding behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:1206569", "title": "Further studies on the control of ACh sensitivity by muscle activity in the rat.", "content": "1. Denervated rat soleus muscles were stimulated directly through chronically implanted electrodes and the influence of different amounts and patterns of stimuli on the acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity of the muscle was studied. The number of stimuli was varied by giving similar trains of stimuli (10 Hz for 10 sec) at different intervals (0 to 12 hr). The pattern of stimulation was varied by giving different trains of stimuli (100 Hz for 1 sec, 10 Hz for 10 sec and 1 Hz continuously) as the same average frequency of stimulation (1 Hz). 2. Stimulation usually started 5 days after the denervation when ACh hypersensitivity was fully developed. Most stimulation procedures reduced extrajunctional ACh sensitivity to normal or below normal values within 5-21 days, and these levels were maintained on prolonged stimulation. 3. The rate at which ACh hypersensitivity disappeared increased with increasing amount and frequency of stimulation. However, as few as 100 stimuli given every 5-5 hr for 3 weeks caused a tenfold reduction of sensitivity. 4. The stimulation had little or no effect on the ACh sensitivity at the end plate. Along the rest of the fibre the sensitivity was reduced at approximately the same rate except near the tendons where it appeared to fall more slowly in some fibres. 5. The stimulation restored the resting membrane potential of the denervated fibres to normal.", "contents": "Further studies on the control of ACh sensitivity by muscle activity in the rat. 1. Denervated rat soleus muscles were stimulated directly through chronically implanted electrodes and the influence of different amounts and patterns of stimuli on the acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity of the muscle was studied. The number of stimuli was varied by giving similar trains of stimuli (10 Hz for 10 sec) at different intervals (0 to 12 hr). The pattern of stimulation was varied by giving different trains of stimuli (100 Hz for 1 sec, 10 Hz for 10 sec and 1 Hz continuously) as the same average frequency of stimulation (1 Hz). 2. Stimulation usually started 5 days after the denervation when ACh hypersensitivity was fully developed. Most stimulation procedures reduced extrajunctional ACh sensitivity to normal or below normal values within 5-21 days, and these levels were maintained on prolonged stimulation. 3. The rate at which ACh hypersensitivity disappeared increased with increasing amount and frequency of stimulation. However, as few as 100 stimuli given every 5-5 hr for 3 weeks caused a tenfold reduction of sensitivity. 4. The stimulation had little or no effect on the ACh sensitivity at the end plate. Along the rest of the fibre the sensitivity was reduced at approximately the same rate except near the tendons where it appeared to fall more slowly in some fibres. 5. The stimulation restored the resting membrane potential of the denervated fibres to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1206570", "title": "Contrast constancy: deblurring in human vision by spatial frequency channels.", "content": "The perception of contrast was measured in humans by a technique of subjective contrast-matching, and was compared with contrast sensitivity as defined by threshold measures. 2. Contrast-matching between different spatial frequencies was performed correctly (especially at frequencies above 5 c/deg) despite the attenuation by optical and neural factors which cause large differences in contrast thresholds. 3. Contrast-matching between single lines of different widths was also veridical, and was not limited by the spatial integration (Ricco's Law) present at threshold. Adaptation to gratings altered the appearance of lines, and this could be best understood in Fourier terms. 4. The generality of these results was shown by matching the contrast of pictures which had been filtered so that each contained a one octave band of spatial frequencies. 5. Within the limits imposed by threshold and resolution, contrast-matching was largely independent of luminance and position on the retina. 6. Six out of eleven astigmatic observers showed considerable suprathreshold compensation for their orientation-specific neural deficit in contrast sensitivity. 7. These results define a new property of vision: contrast constancy. It is argued that spatial frequency channels in the visual cortex are organized to compensate for earlier attenuation. This achieves a dramatic 'deblurring' of the image, and optimizes the clarity of vision.", "contents": "Contrast constancy: deblurring in human vision by spatial frequency channels. The perception of contrast was measured in humans by a technique of subjective contrast-matching, and was compared with contrast sensitivity as defined by threshold measures. 2. Contrast-matching between different spatial frequencies was performed correctly (especially at frequencies above 5 c/deg) despite the attenuation by optical and neural factors which cause large differences in contrast thresholds. 3. Contrast-matching between single lines of different widths was also veridical, and was not limited by the spatial integration (Ricco's Law) present at threshold. Adaptation to gratings altered the appearance of lines, and this could be best understood in Fourier terms. 4. The generality of these results was shown by matching the contrast of pictures which had been filtered so that each contained a one octave band of spatial frequencies. 5. Within the limits imposed by threshold and resolution, contrast-matching was largely independent of luminance and position on the retina. 6. Six out of eleven astigmatic observers showed considerable suprathreshold compensation for their orientation-specific neural deficit in contrast sensitivity. 7. These results define a new property of vision: contrast constancy. It is argued that spatial frequency channels in the visual cortex are organized to compensate for earlier attenuation. This achieves a dramatic 'deblurring' of the image, and optimizes the clarity of vision."}
{"id": "PMID:1206571", "title": "Sensitive osmometer function of juxtaglomerular cells in vitro.", "content": "The rate of renin release from viable juxtaglomerular cells was studied during prolonged superfusion of isolated rat renal glomeruli with Ringer solutions of differing osmolarities. 2. Reduction in osmolarity from 305 to 285 m-osmole/l. by lowering sucrose concentration caused renin release rate to double. A rise in osmolarity of 30 m-osmole/l. by raising sucrose concentration halved release rate. 3. The response to osmolarity was graded. During the first 30 min following a 20 m-osmole/l. decrease in osmolarity, 1-57 +/- 0-22% (S.E. of mean) of cellular renin content was released; three times this amount was released with a decrease of 50 m-osmole/l. The effect persisted at lower release rates for 60-90 min. 4. The juxtaglomerular cells were four to five times more sensitive to changes in osmolarity through sucrose than sodium chloride concentration. Changes in potassium chloride concentration (7-57 mM) had little effect. 5. Sodium chloride had no direct ionic effect on renin release outside its osmotic properties. 6. The findings support a previous proposal that the rate of renin release in vitro relates directly to the volume of the juxtaglomerular cell. The hypothesis is developed that a similar mechanism may underlie renin secretion in vivo.", "contents": "Sensitive osmometer function of juxtaglomerular cells in vitro. The rate of renin release from viable juxtaglomerular cells was studied during prolonged superfusion of isolated rat renal glomeruli with Ringer solutions of differing osmolarities. 2. Reduction in osmolarity from 305 to 285 m-osmole/l. by lowering sucrose concentration caused renin release rate to double. A rise in osmolarity of 30 m-osmole/l. by raising sucrose concentration halved release rate. 3. The response to osmolarity was graded. During the first 30 min following a 20 m-osmole/l. decrease in osmolarity, 1-57 +/- 0-22% (S.E. of mean) of cellular renin content was released; three times this amount was released with a decrease of 50 m-osmole/l. The effect persisted at lower release rates for 60-90 min. 4. The juxtaglomerular cells were four to five times more sensitive to changes in osmolarity through sucrose than sodium chloride concentration. Changes in potassium chloride concentration (7-57 mM) had little effect. 5. Sodium chloride had no direct ionic effect on renin release outside its osmotic properties. 6. The findings support a previous proposal that the rate of renin release in vitro relates directly to the volume of the juxtaglomerular cell. The hypothesis is developed that a similar mechanism may underlie renin secretion in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1206572", "title": "Effects of fasting and semistarvation on the kinetics of active and passive sugar absorption across the small intestine in vivo.", "content": "The effects of dietary restriction on the kinetics of absorption in vivo of glucose, galactose and alpha-methyl glucoside were assessed by electrical and chemical methods in the rat jejunum. 2. The 'apparent Km', maximum absorption or Vmax (mu-mole/10 cm. 15 min) and maximum potential difference (p.d.max) were obtained for the jejunal electrogenic active transfer mechanism from the transfer p.d.s and the chemical absorption data corrected for diffusion using various graphical kinetic plots. 3. Fasting for 3 days greatly decreased the 'apparent Kms', obtained from electrical or chemical data, for all the sugars but had no effect on those for L-valine or L-methionine. Semistarvation caused a less pronounced reduction of the 'apparent Kms' for the sugars. The dietary-induced change in 'apparent Km' for glucose was also observed in the fasted hamster. One interpretation of these changes is that the affinity of the carriers for sugars increases during dietary restriction; the greater the level of restriction the greater the increase. 4. Fasting and semistarvation caused large reductions in the Vmax. These reductions were correlated with a reduced enterocyte population estimated by changes in enterocyte column size. 5. The reduction in the Vmax for galactose was mainly accounted for by the decrease in enterocyte population. In the case of glucose, other factors such as reduced enterocyte metabolism or changes in the carriers must be involved to explain the discrepancy between the large decrease in Vmax and the enterocyte column size. 6. Fasting and semi-starvation had complex, differential actions on the p.d.max for glucose, galactose and alpha-methyl glucoside. These changes did not correlate with those observed in the Vmax measured chemically. 7. A standard diet obtained from two commercial sources was found to differ greatly in its effect on the electrogenic transfer system for alpha-methyl glucoside but had no effect on those for galactose and glucose.", "contents": "Effects of fasting and semistarvation on the kinetics of active and passive sugar absorption across the small intestine in vivo. The effects of dietary restriction on the kinetics of absorption in vivo of glucose, galactose and alpha-methyl glucoside were assessed by electrical and chemical methods in the rat jejunum. 2. The 'apparent Km', maximum absorption or Vmax (mu-mole/10 cm. 15 min) and maximum potential difference (p.d.max) were obtained for the jejunal electrogenic active transfer mechanism from the transfer p.d.s and the chemical absorption data corrected for diffusion using various graphical kinetic plots. 3. Fasting for 3 days greatly decreased the 'apparent Kms', obtained from electrical or chemical data, for all the sugars but had no effect on those for L-valine or L-methionine. Semistarvation caused a less pronounced reduction of the 'apparent Kms' for the sugars. The dietary-induced change in 'apparent Km' for glucose was also observed in the fasted hamster. One interpretation of these changes is that the affinity of the carriers for sugars increases during dietary restriction; the greater the level of restriction the greater the increase. 4. Fasting and semistarvation caused large reductions in the Vmax. These reductions were correlated with a reduced enterocyte population estimated by changes in enterocyte column size. 5. The reduction in the Vmax for galactose was mainly accounted for by the decrease in enterocyte population. In the case of glucose, other factors such as reduced enterocyte metabolism or changes in the carriers must be involved to explain the discrepancy between the large decrease in Vmax and the enterocyte column size. 6. Fasting and semi-starvation had complex, differential actions on the p.d.max for glucose, galactose and alpha-methyl glucoside. These changes did not correlate with those observed in the Vmax measured chemically. 7. A standard diet obtained from two commercial sources was found to differ greatly in its effect on the electrogenic transfer system for alpha-methyl glucoside but had no effect on those for galactose and glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:1206573", "title": "Voltage-clamp analysis of transmembrane ionic currents in guinea-pig myometrium: evidence for an initial potassium activation triggered by calcium influx.", "content": "Voltage-clamp analysis of ionic transmembrane currents in very small strands of guinea-pig myometrium was carried out with a double sucrose-gap technique. It was found that the electrical activity, consisting of a spike followed by a long plateau, is controlled by, at least, four ionic conductances. (1) A fast inward current is responsible for the spike generation. Its low equilibrium potential accounts, partly, for the low amplitude of the spike. (2) The fast inward current is antagonized by an early outward current which occurs almost simultaneously. This fast outward current is blocked by TEA. Its reversal potential is about -95 mV. A tenfold increase in the external K-concentration shifts the reversal potential by 50 mV. Thus, it is concluded that the initial outward current is carried by K+. (3) A slow current, whose reversal potential ranges from -40 to -10 mV, is responsible for the negative after-potential. Cl-depletion (to one-ninth) does not modify this current while Na-depletion (to one-ninth) decreases its reversal potential by about 20 mV. (4) A late current which shows delayed rectification is elicited by long pulses. Its analysis is made difficult by the change mainly of the K-equilibrium potential suggesting accumulation of K+ outside the cell membrane. (5) The availability of the inward current and of the slow current, determined in TEA solution, shows that both currents are half-inactivated by a 8 mV conditioning depolarization. Using a slope factor of -2-5 or -3 the availability curve fits the experimental values. In normal solution, the availability curve of the initial current appears complex in the hyperpolarization range. The fast outward current, which is partly inactivated at the resting potential, is restored by conditioning hyperpolarization and then antagonizes the Ca inward current more. (6) It is concluded that the fast K-current controls the spike generation and accounts for the fast repolarization of the spike. The fast and transient increase in K-conductance may be the result of a momentary local increase in Ca concentration at the internal surface of the membrane.", "contents": "Voltage-clamp analysis of transmembrane ionic currents in guinea-pig myometrium: evidence for an initial potassium activation triggered by calcium influx. Voltage-clamp analysis of ionic transmembrane currents in very small strands of guinea-pig myometrium was carried out with a double sucrose-gap technique. It was found that the electrical activity, consisting of a spike followed by a long plateau, is controlled by, at least, four ionic conductances. (1) A fast inward current is responsible for the spike generation. Its low equilibrium potential accounts, partly, for the low amplitude of the spike. (2) The fast inward current is antagonized by an early outward current which occurs almost simultaneously. This fast outward current is blocked by TEA. Its reversal potential is about -95 mV. A tenfold increase in the external K-concentration shifts the reversal potential by 50 mV. Thus, it is concluded that the initial outward current is carried by K+. (3) A slow current, whose reversal potential ranges from -40 to -10 mV, is responsible for the negative after-potential. Cl-depletion (to one-ninth) does not modify this current while Na-depletion (to one-ninth) decreases its reversal potential by about 20 mV. (4) A late current which shows delayed rectification is elicited by long pulses. Its analysis is made difficult by the change mainly of the K-equilibrium potential suggesting accumulation of K+ outside the cell membrane. (5) The availability of the inward current and of the slow current, determined in TEA solution, shows that both currents are half-inactivated by a 8 mV conditioning depolarization. Using a slope factor of -2-5 or -3 the availability curve fits the experimental values. In normal solution, the availability curve of the initial current appears complex in the hyperpolarization range. The fast outward current, which is partly inactivated at the resting potential, is restored by conditioning hyperpolarization and then antagonizes the Ca inward current more. (6) It is concluded that the fast K-current controls the spike generation and accounts for the fast repolarization of the spike. The fast and transient increase in K-conductance may be the result of a momentary local increase in Ca concentration at the internal surface of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1206574", "title": "Interactions of rod and cone signals in the mudpuppy retina.", "content": "Interactions between rod and cone signals in mudpuppy retinal neurones were investigated by intracellular recording. 2. The mudpuppy retina contains one kind of rod (lambda max = 525 nm) and one kind of cone (lambda max = 572 nm). The responses of receptors can be distinguished on the basis of their spectral sensitivities. 3. Rod and cone responses have different time courses of recovery and absolute sensitivities. Differences between receptor responses can be used to describe inputs to interneurones. 4. There are two spectral classes of horizontal cells: L-type and C-type. L-type cells are hyperpolarized by rods and cones in varying proportion, with some cells receiving little rod input. C-type cells are hyperpolarized by rods and depolarized by cones. 5. Bipolar cell receptive field centres receive input from cones or from rods and cones. There is no correlation between the spectral properties of centre responses and their polarity. 6. Antagonistic surrounds of bipolar cells show cone or rod and cone sensitivity. They are believed to be generated by the L-type horizontal cells. 7. Some bipolar cells exhibit chromatic interactions between cone signals in the centre and rod signals in the surround, which resemble those observed between the signals of different spectral classes of cones in species known to possess colour discrimination. 8. Amacrine and on-off ganglion cells have L-type responses showing both rod and cone sensitivity. 9. It is proposed that interactions between rod and cone signals observed in mudpuppy also exist in primate retina and are at least partially responsible for certain psychophysical observations of rod-cone interactions.", "contents": "Interactions of rod and cone signals in the mudpuppy retina. Interactions between rod and cone signals in mudpuppy retinal neurones were investigated by intracellular recording. 2. The mudpuppy retina contains one kind of rod (lambda max = 525 nm) and one kind of cone (lambda max = 572 nm). The responses of receptors can be distinguished on the basis of their spectral sensitivities. 3. Rod and cone responses have different time courses of recovery and absolute sensitivities. Differences between receptor responses can be used to describe inputs to interneurones. 4. There are two spectral classes of horizontal cells: L-type and C-type. L-type cells are hyperpolarized by rods and cones in varying proportion, with some cells receiving little rod input. C-type cells are hyperpolarized by rods and depolarized by cones. 5. Bipolar cell receptive field centres receive input from cones or from rods and cones. There is no correlation between the spectral properties of centre responses and their polarity. 6. Antagonistic surrounds of bipolar cells show cone or rod and cone sensitivity. They are believed to be generated by the L-type horizontal cells. 7. Some bipolar cells exhibit chromatic interactions between cone signals in the centre and rod signals in the surround, which resemble those observed between the signals of different spectral classes of cones in species known to possess colour discrimination. 8. Amacrine and on-off ganglion cells have L-type responses showing both rod and cone sensitivity. 9. It is proposed that interactions between rod and cone signals observed in mudpuppy also exist in primate retina and are at least partially responsible for certain psychophysical observations of rod-cone interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1206575", "title": "Loss of alpha-bungarotoxin from junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors in rat diaphragm muscle in vivo and in organ culture.", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in rat diaphragm muscle were blocked by intrathoracic injection of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx) or [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin ([125I]alpha-BuTx). The stability in vivo of the toxin-receptor complex formed by receptors in normal muscles and receptors in extrajunctional regions of denervated muscles was compared. Toxin was lost from junctional regions of normal muscles with a half-time of approximately 6 days. The loss of toxin was accompanied by a corresponding increase in the number of free toxin-binding sites. In contrast, 65% of the toxin bound to extrajunctional regions of denervated muscle was lost in 24 hr. 2. In a second series of experiments, animals were injected with [125I]alpha-BuTx and the muscle subsequently cultured for 24 hr. Loss of toxin again occurred more rapidly from extrajunctional receptors than from junctional receptors. The loss from extrajunctional receptors was described by a single first-order rate constant whose corresponding half-time was 8-11 hr. Loss was almost completely blocked by sodium cyanide and dinitrophenol and was inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide. The radioactivity recovered in the medium was largely monoiodotyrosine. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that toxin loss reflects intracellular degradation of toxin-receptor complex. 3. Neonatal rats were injected with [125I]alpha-BuTx and the diaphragms cultured. Radioactive toxin was lost rapidly from extrajunctional regions of muscle and more slowly from regions containing end-plates. 4. These results could be explained by a difference in turnover rates for junctional and extrajunctional receptors.", "contents": "Loss of alpha-bungarotoxin from junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors in rat diaphragm muscle in vivo and in organ culture. Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in rat diaphragm muscle were blocked by intrathoracic injection of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx) or [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin ([125I]alpha-BuTx). The stability in vivo of the toxin-receptor complex formed by receptors in normal muscles and receptors in extrajunctional regions of denervated muscles was compared. Toxin was lost from junctional regions of normal muscles with a half-time of approximately 6 days. The loss of toxin was accompanied by a corresponding increase in the number of free toxin-binding sites. In contrast, 65% of the toxin bound to extrajunctional regions of denervated muscle was lost in 24 hr. 2. In a second series of experiments, animals were injected with [125I]alpha-BuTx and the muscle subsequently cultured for 24 hr. Loss of toxin again occurred more rapidly from extrajunctional receptors than from junctional receptors. The loss from extrajunctional receptors was described by a single first-order rate constant whose corresponding half-time was 8-11 hr. Loss was almost completely blocked by sodium cyanide and dinitrophenol and was inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide. The radioactivity recovered in the medium was largely monoiodotyrosine. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that toxin loss reflects intracellular degradation of toxin-receptor complex. 3. Neonatal rats were injected with [125I]alpha-BuTx and the diaphragms cultured. Radioactive toxin was lost rapidly from extrajunctional regions of muscle and more slowly from regions containing end-plates. 4. These results could be explained by a difference in turnover rates for junctional and extrajunctional receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:1206576", "title": "The stages of osmotic haemolysis.", "content": "The haemolysis of individual human erythrocytes has been observed using an inverted microscope and cine-camera. 2. With each permeant (glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, urea and water) haemolysis is a multistage process. The stages are swelling, popping, reduction in volume possibly accompanied by ion leakage and, finally, haemoglobin leakage. 3. The classical haemolysis time (Th) is made up of a swelling time (Tsw) and a stress time (Tst). Tst is not negligible and with the faster permeants it may occupy more than 75% of the haemolysis time. 4. The stress time can also be divided into two parts: a K+ leak time (TK) during which the cell shrinks and a time (THb) during which haemoglobin is leaving the cell. THb occupies a substantial part of Th, from 25 to 65%, and is relatively longer in fast haemolysis. 5. There is a wide spread in the permeability coefficient to glycerol in a population of erythrocytes. The distribution is compatible with a Gaussian distribution. The mean permeability is 1-79 X 10(-6) cm/sec and the S.D. is +/0 0-45 X 10(-6) cm/sec. 6. The correlation between haemolysis time and swelling time for individual erythrocytes is poor, especially for fast haemolysis. Consequently, a measure of the distribution of haemolysis time does not give a related distribution of the swelling time or of the calculated permeability for individual erythrocytes.", "contents": "The stages of osmotic haemolysis. The haemolysis of individual human erythrocytes has been observed using an inverted microscope and cine-camera. 2. With each permeant (glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, urea and water) haemolysis is a multistage process. The stages are swelling, popping, reduction in volume possibly accompanied by ion leakage and, finally, haemoglobin leakage. 3. The classical haemolysis time (Th) is made up of a swelling time (Tsw) and a stress time (Tst). Tst is not negligible and with the faster permeants it may occupy more than 75% of the haemolysis time. 4. The stress time can also be divided into two parts: a K+ leak time (TK) during which the cell shrinks and a time (THb) during which haemoglobin is leaving the cell. THb occupies a substantial part of Th, from 25 to 65%, and is relatively longer in fast haemolysis. 5. There is a wide spread in the permeability coefficient to glycerol in a population of erythrocytes. The distribution is compatible with a Gaussian distribution. The mean permeability is 1-79 X 10(-6) cm/sec and the S.D. is +/0 0-45 X 10(-6) cm/sec. 6. The correlation between haemolysis time and swelling time for individual erythrocytes is poor, especially for fast haemolysis. Consequently, a measure of the distribution of haemolysis time does not give a related distribution of the swelling time or of the calculated permeability for individual erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1206577", "title": "Lipid A fever in cats.", "content": "In unanaesthetized cats the effect of lipid A on rectal temperature and on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) activity in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) was examined. Lipid A was injected either intravenously or into the cerebral ventricles. 2. Lipid A injected intravenously in a dose of 1--4 mug/kg produced longlasting fever which was more often biphasic than monophasic. With a second injection a much shorter but usually hither monophasic response was produced. The cat was then for a time insensitive to I.V. lipid A but when the injections were repeated at 24 hr intervals brisk monophasic fevers were again produced. The threshold dose of I.V. lipid A lay between 0-1 and 0-3 mug/kg. 3. Lipid A injected into the cerebral ventricles in a dose of 100 ng or 1 mug produced long-lasting monophasic fever. No tolerance developed; the same or only slightly diminished responses occurred on repeated injections. The threshold dose was between 5 and 20 ng. 4. A cat rendered insensitive to I.V. lipid A gave its normal fever response to injection of lipid A into the cerebral ventricles. 5. The fever produced by lipid A injected I.V. or into the cerebral ventricles was associated with the appearance of, or a rise in PGE2 activity in c.s.f. 6. Both the fever and the PGE2 activity in c.s.f. produced by lipid A injected intravenously or into the cerebral ventricles were brought down and prevented by I.P. injections of aspirin, paracetamol, or indomethacin.", "contents": "Lipid A fever in cats. In unanaesthetized cats the effect of lipid A on rectal temperature and on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) activity in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) was examined. Lipid A was injected either intravenously or into the cerebral ventricles. 2. Lipid A injected intravenously in a dose of 1--4 mug/kg produced longlasting fever which was more often biphasic than monophasic. With a second injection a much shorter but usually hither monophasic response was produced. The cat was then for a time insensitive to I.V. lipid A but when the injections were repeated at 24 hr intervals brisk monophasic fevers were again produced. The threshold dose of I.V. lipid A lay between 0-1 and 0-3 mug/kg. 3. Lipid A injected into the cerebral ventricles in a dose of 100 ng or 1 mug produced long-lasting monophasic fever. No tolerance developed; the same or only slightly diminished responses occurred on repeated injections. The threshold dose was between 5 and 20 ng. 4. A cat rendered insensitive to I.V. lipid A gave its normal fever response to injection of lipid A into the cerebral ventricles. 5. The fever produced by lipid A injected I.V. or into the cerebral ventricles was associated with the appearance of, or a rise in PGE2 activity in c.s.f. 6. Both the fever and the PGE2 activity in c.s.f. produced by lipid A injected intravenously or into the cerebral ventricles were brought down and prevented by I.P. injections of aspirin, paracetamol, or indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:1206578", "title": "Influence of the insulin sensitive central nervous system glucoregulator receptor on hepatic glucose metabolism.", "content": "Excitation of the insulin sensitive glucoregulator receptor in the central nervous system (C.N.S.) causes an immediate decrease in the systemic blood sugar level in rats. 2. A study was made in animals that were subjected either to evisceration or to evisceration and functional-hepatectomy, in order to assess the role of the liver and pancreatic hormones in the blood sugar decrease following insulin injection into the carotid artery. 3. The results indicate that the change in the systemic blood sugar level, induced by exposing the C.N.S. to insulin, was effected through a direct influence of the receptor centre on glucose metabolism of the liver. 4. Excitation of the insulin-sensitive receptor in the C.N.S. regulates carbohydrate metabolism of the liver, both by inhibiting hepatic glucose output and by facilitating hepatic glucose uptake. 5. The data derived from these animal models reveal that the mode of transmission of the impulse from the C.N.S. region is through efferent neural pathways that directly influence the hepatic carbocydrate metabolism, and not through a modification of pancreatic hormone secretion.", "contents": "Influence of the insulin sensitive central nervous system glucoregulator receptor on hepatic glucose metabolism. Excitation of the insulin sensitive glucoregulator receptor in the central nervous system (C.N.S.) causes an immediate decrease in the systemic blood sugar level in rats. 2. A study was made in animals that were subjected either to evisceration or to evisceration and functional-hepatectomy, in order to assess the role of the liver and pancreatic hormones in the blood sugar decrease following insulin injection into the carotid artery. 3. The results indicate that the change in the systemic blood sugar level, induced by exposing the C.N.S. to insulin, was effected through a direct influence of the receptor centre on glucose metabolism of the liver. 4. Excitation of the insulin-sensitive receptor in the C.N.S. regulates carbohydrate metabolism of the liver, both by inhibiting hepatic glucose output and by facilitating hepatic glucose uptake. 5. The data derived from these animal models reveal that the mode of transmission of the impulse from the C.N.S. region is through efferent neural pathways that directly influence the hepatic carbocydrate metabolism, and not through a modification of pancreatic hormone secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1206579", "title": "Cardiovascular and endocrine responses to feeding in the young calf.", "content": "A number of cardiovascular and endocrine responses which occur during and after feeding in the unweaned calf are described. 2. There was a substantial increase in both heart rate and mean aortic blood pressure during feeding in these animals. This occurred within the first few seconds and persisted throughout the period of ingestion. 3. The concentrations of glucose, insulin and gastrin in arterial plasma rose abruptly during, or immediately after, feeding and elevated values persisted for at least 2 hr. A transient increase in glucagon concentration was also observed. In contrast, feeding appeared to produce no immediate rise in enteroglucagon concentration. 4. The adrenal output of glucocorticoids rose transiently in response to feeding but that of catecholamines was unaffected. 5. Cardiovascular responses to feeding were also examined in other species. In unweaned kids the changes were essentially similar to those observed in the calf but were less pronounced. In lambs a persistent hypertension occurred which was associated with a brief initial tachycardia. In adult dogs ingestion of solid food also caused tachycardia but although the aortic blood pressure rose for a short period at the beginning of feeding, hypotension developed thereafter. 6. The possibility that both the cardiovascular and endocrine responses, which occur during or immediately after feeding, are mediated by the autonomic nervous system is discussed.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and endocrine responses to feeding in the young calf. A number of cardiovascular and endocrine responses which occur during and after feeding in the unweaned calf are described. 2. There was a substantial increase in both heart rate and mean aortic blood pressure during feeding in these animals. This occurred within the first few seconds and persisted throughout the period of ingestion. 3. The concentrations of glucose, insulin and gastrin in arterial plasma rose abruptly during, or immediately after, feeding and elevated values persisted for at least 2 hr. A transient increase in glucagon concentration was also observed. In contrast, feeding appeared to produce no immediate rise in enteroglucagon concentration. 4. The adrenal output of glucocorticoids rose transiently in response to feeding but that of catecholamines was unaffected. 5. Cardiovascular responses to feeding were also examined in other species. In unweaned kids the changes were essentially similar to those observed in the calf but were less pronounced. In lambs a persistent hypertension occurred which was associated with a brief initial tachycardia. In adult dogs ingestion of solid food also caused tachycardia but although the aortic blood pressure rose for a short period at the beginning of feeding, hypotension developed thereafter. 6. The possibility that both the cardiovascular and endocrine responses, which occur during or immediately after feeding, are mediated by the autonomic nervous system is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206580", "title": "The release of pancreatic glucagon and inhibition of insulin in response to stimulation of the sympathetic innervation.", "content": "The changes in the concentration of glucagon and insulin in arterial plasma which occur in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation have been investigated in adrenalectomized dogs, cats and sheep. 2. In dogs, stimulation of both splanchnic nerves at a low frequency (2-0 c/s) for 10 min produced a small but statistically significant increase in plasma glucagon concentration and appeared to inhibit the release of insulin. Stimulation at a higher frequency (10-0 c/s) produced a much greater increase in plasma glucagon concentration, which was normally accompanied by a rise in plasma glucose concentration. 3. Qualitatively similar changes in plasma glucagon and insulin concentration were observed in both sheep and cats in response to adrenergic stimulation. 4. Intramesenteric infusions of glucagon at a dose of 5-0 ng kg-1 min-1 in dogs produced a comparable rise in plasma glucagon concentration to that elicited by splanchnic nerve stimulation at high frequency (10-0 c/s) and invariably caused a rise in plasma glucose concentration. 5. In dogs given exogenous glucose, release of glucagon in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation was unaffected by induced hyperglycaemia. Secretion of insulin was partially inhibited by stimulation at 2-0 c/s and completely suppressed at higher frequency (10-0c/s). 6. It is concluded that stimulation of the sympathetic innervation to the pancreatic islets, at frequencies within thephysiological range, stimulates the release of glucagon and inhibits that of insulin in each of these species.", "contents": "The release of pancreatic glucagon and inhibition of insulin in response to stimulation of the sympathetic innervation. The changes in the concentration of glucagon and insulin in arterial plasma which occur in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation have been investigated in adrenalectomized dogs, cats and sheep. 2. In dogs, stimulation of both splanchnic nerves at a low frequency (2-0 c/s) for 10 min produced a small but statistically significant increase in plasma glucagon concentration and appeared to inhibit the release of insulin. Stimulation at a higher frequency (10-0 c/s) produced a much greater increase in plasma glucagon concentration, which was normally accompanied by a rise in plasma glucose concentration. 3. Qualitatively similar changes in plasma glucagon and insulin concentration were observed in both sheep and cats in response to adrenergic stimulation. 4. Intramesenteric infusions of glucagon at a dose of 5-0 ng kg-1 min-1 in dogs produced a comparable rise in plasma glucagon concentration to that elicited by splanchnic nerve stimulation at high frequency (10-0 c/s) and invariably caused a rise in plasma glucose concentration. 5. In dogs given exogenous glucose, release of glucagon in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation was unaffected by induced hyperglycaemia. Secretion of insulin was partially inhibited by stimulation at 2-0 c/s and completely suppressed at higher frequency (10-0c/s). 6. It is concluded that stimulation of the sympathetic innervation to the pancreatic islets, at frequencies within thephysiological range, stimulates the release of glucagon and inhibits that of insulin in each of these species."}
{"id": "PMID:1206581", "title": "Two phases of chorda-lingual induced vasodilatation in the cat's submandibular gland during prolonged perfusion with Locke solution.", "content": "The effect of stimulation of the chorda-lingual nerve on the venous flow has been studied in cat submandibular glands perfused with Locke solution for 2-4 hr. When trains of pulses at 25 Hz were given for 1-5 sec, two distinct phases of vasodilatation were observed: a rapid initial phase of high amplitude and a slower developing more prolonged phase of smaller amplitude. Repeated stimulations did not lead to a reduction of the vasodilatory response. A close relationship was found between the duration and magnitude of the second phase of vasodilatation and the duration and magnitude of the post-stimulatory, active reuptake of potassium. When the active reuptake of potassium was prevented either by ouabain (which inhibits active transport) or by atropine (which abolishes the stimulation induced loss of potassium) the second phase of vasodilatation was severely reduced, while the initial phase remained virtually normal. It is concluded that the initial phase of vasodilatation probably is mediated by vasodilator nerve fibres. The second phase is perhaps causally related to the post-stimulatory, active transport of cations. An involvement of bradykinin formation is highly unlikely under the given experimental conditions.", "contents": "Two phases of chorda-lingual induced vasodilatation in the cat's submandibular gland during prolonged perfusion with Locke solution. The effect of stimulation of the chorda-lingual nerve on the venous flow has been studied in cat submandibular glands perfused with Locke solution for 2-4 hr. When trains of pulses at 25 Hz were given for 1-5 sec, two distinct phases of vasodilatation were observed: a rapid initial phase of high amplitude and a slower developing more prolonged phase of smaller amplitude. Repeated stimulations did not lead to a reduction of the vasodilatory response. A close relationship was found between the duration and magnitude of the second phase of vasodilatation and the duration and magnitude of the post-stimulatory, active reuptake of potassium. When the active reuptake of potassium was prevented either by ouabain (which inhibits active transport) or by atropine (which abolishes the stimulation induced loss of potassium) the second phase of vasodilatation was severely reduced, while the initial phase remained virtually normal. It is concluded that the initial phase of vasodilatation probably is mediated by vasodilator nerve fibres. The second phase is perhaps causally related to the post-stimulatory, active transport of cations. An involvement of bradykinin formation is highly unlikely under the given experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1206582", "title": "Post-natal developmental changes in the length-tension relationship of cat papillary muscles.", "content": "The length-tension relationship and the effect of paired electrical stimulation were studied in right ventricular papillary muscles obtained from cats. The animals were divided into three age groups: neonatal kittens, less than 24 hr of age; infant kittens, 16--18 days of age; and adult cats. 2. The muscles were electrically driven to contract isometrically using field stimulation at 10--20% above the threshold valus. 3. At Lmax the neonatal preparations produced significantly less developed (active) tension than did the adult preparations. The resting tension at Lmax was significantly greater in the neonatal preparations than in the adult ones. The infant group occupied an intermediate position between the two other groups. 4. The response to paired electrical stimulation was less in the neonatal group than in either the infants or the adults. 5. It is concluded that post-natal developmental changes occur in the contractile properties of the myocardium of the cat.", "contents": "Post-natal developmental changes in the length-tension relationship of cat papillary muscles. The length-tension relationship and the effect of paired electrical stimulation were studied in right ventricular papillary muscles obtained from cats. The animals were divided into three age groups: neonatal kittens, less than 24 hr of age; infant kittens, 16--18 days of age; and adult cats. 2. The muscles were electrically driven to contract isometrically using field stimulation at 10--20% above the threshold valus. 3. At Lmax the neonatal preparations produced significantly less developed (active) tension than did the adult preparations. The resting tension at Lmax was significantly greater in the neonatal preparations than in the adult ones. The infant group occupied an intermediate position between the two other groups. 4. The response to paired electrical stimulation was less in the neonatal group than in either the infants or the adults. 5. It is concluded that post-natal developmental changes occur in the contractile properties of the myocardium of the cat."}
{"id": "PMID:1206583", "title": "[Mauration of unitary responses to tonal stimulation in the cochlear nerve of the kitten].", "content": "The maturation of single auditory nerve fiber responses to long-duration (500 ms) tone-bursts was studied in kittens at various stages after birth. Spike discharges were examined as a function of three criteria. 10 Latency. Mean value of the \"on\" peak latency was about 25 ms at 1 to 3 days after birth. It then regressed, reaching 8 to 12 ms at the end of the first week, and 2 to 4 ms at 20 days. 20 Peristimulus histograms (PSTH). Evolution of PSTH revealed the characteristic sequence of unit reactivity to long duration stimuli (i.e. on, rhythmic, and continuous responses). Rhythmic responses is assumed up to now to be related to the immaturity of synaptic junctions below the hair cells. 30 interval histograms. The interspike interval histograms of the discharges showed a similar evolution. A bimodal distribution corresponding to the rhythmic mode of reactivity, appeared at the end of the first week.", "contents": "[Mauration of unitary responses to tonal stimulation in the cochlear nerve of the kitten]. The maturation of single auditory nerve fiber responses to long-duration (500 ms) tone-bursts was studied in kittens at various stages after birth. Spike discharges were examined as a function of three criteria. 10 Latency. Mean value of the \"on\" peak latency was about 25 ms at 1 to 3 days after birth. It then regressed, reaching 8 to 12 ms at the end of the first week, and 2 to 4 ms at 20 days. 20 Peristimulus histograms (PSTH). Evolution of PSTH revealed the characteristic sequence of unit reactivity to long duration stimuli (i.e. on, rhythmic, and continuous responses). Rhythmic responses is assumed up to now to be related to the immaturity of synaptic junctions below the hair cells. 30 interval histograms. The interspike interval histograms of the discharges showed a similar evolution. A bimodal distribution corresponding to the rhythmic mode of reactivity, appeared at the end of the first week."}
{"id": "PMID:1206584", "title": "[Influence of eating modalities on water intake in dog (author's transl)].", "content": "Food and water intake of a dog which had free access to water were studied in three experimental circumstances: 1) Food given ad libitum. 2) Food given at fixed hours. 3) Food deprivation for four days followed by resumption of food intake. A) The results indicate the water intake follows a pattern, the profile, range and duration of which can be modified within 24 hrs. In spite of modifications related to food intake, a typical profile remains which suggests that water is taken according to a program which is at least partly indepdent of food intake. B) Under experimental condition 1, food and water intake were weakly related, probably revealing an acquired relationship between the meal weight and the water intake which immediately precedes and follows food intake. The correlation was strengthened when the dog was forced to eat only once a day (observation 2). On the contrary, after a period of starvation (observation 3) the previous relationship between meal weight and water intake lessens and others appear which suggest the action of direct mechanisms of shortage compensation as far as water and food are concerned.", "contents": "[Influence of eating modalities on water intake in dog (author's transl)]. Food and water intake of a dog which had free access to water were studied in three experimental circumstances: 1) Food given ad libitum. 2) Food given at fixed hours. 3) Food deprivation for four days followed by resumption of food intake. A) The results indicate the water intake follows a pattern, the profile, range and duration of which can be modified within 24 hrs. In spite of modifications related to food intake, a typical profile remains which suggests that water is taken according to a program which is at least partly indepdent of food intake. B) Under experimental condition 1, food and water intake were weakly related, probably revealing an acquired relationship between the meal weight and the water intake which immediately precedes and follows food intake. The correlation was strengthened when the dog was forced to eat only once a day (observation 2). On the contrary, after a period of starvation (observation 3) the previous relationship between meal weight and water intake lessens and others appear which suggest the action of direct mechanisms of shortage compensation as far as water and food are concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:1206585", "title": "[Intrarenal distribution of calcium and magnesium in the dog. Effect of an osmotic diuresis (author's transl)].", "content": "1 The determination of Na, Ca, Mg, and K concentrations was performed in four different regions of the dog kidney (cortex, outer medulla, inner medulla, and papilla) during antidiuresis and during an osmotic diuresis. 2 The results show a medullary concentration gradient for calcium. This gradient is much higher than that found for sodium. 3 An inverse concentration gradient from cortex to inner medulla for Mg and K is found. 4 An osmotic diuresis (hypertonic mannitol) decreases the corticomedullary gradient of Na, but does not alter significantly the intrarenal distribution of Ca, Mg and K. 5 These results consistent with an intracellular localization of Mg and K in the renal tissue. It is suggested that the medullary concentration gradient for Ca may be due either to a countercurrent multiplier system similar to that for Na, or to a higher tissular fixation of Ca in the inner medulla and papilla than in the outer medulla and cortex.", "contents": "[Intrarenal distribution of calcium and magnesium in the dog. Effect of an osmotic diuresis (author's transl)]. 1 The determination of Na, Ca, Mg, and K concentrations was performed in four different regions of the dog kidney (cortex, outer medulla, inner medulla, and papilla) during antidiuresis and during an osmotic diuresis. 2 The results show a medullary concentration gradient for calcium. This gradient is much higher than that found for sodium. 3 An inverse concentration gradient from cortex to inner medulla for Mg and K is found. 4 An osmotic diuresis (hypertonic mannitol) decreases the corticomedullary gradient of Na, but does not alter significantly the intrarenal distribution of Ca, Mg and K. 5 These results consistent with an intracellular localization of Mg and K in the renal tissue. It is suggested that the medullary concentration gradient for Ca may be due either to a countercurrent multiplier system similar to that for Na, or to a higher tissular fixation of Ca in the inner medulla and papilla than in the outer medulla and cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1206586", "title": "[Electroencephalographic study of the eel (author's transl)].", "content": "1 This paper describes a method for electroencephalographic recording from unanesthetized and unraistrained european eels (Anguilla anguilla L.). 2 EEG's records from the cerebellum, tectum opticum, telencephalon and olfactory bulb of the eel are compared with other fish previously studied by other authors. 3 Averaged evoked visual potentials from the telencephalon, tectum opticum and cerebellum are presented. 4 This study provides a reference point for future research on fish vigilance depth and EEG changes associated with modified environmental factors.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic study of the eel (author's transl)]. 1 This paper describes a method for electroencephalographic recording from unanesthetized and unraistrained european eels (Anguilla anguilla L.). 2 EEG's records from the cerebellum, tectum opticum, telencephalon and olfactory bulb of the eel are compared with other fish previously studied by other authors. 3 Averaged evoked visual potentials from the telencephalon, tectum opticum and cerebellum are presented. 4 This study provides a reference point for future research on fish vigilance depth and EEG changes associated with modified environmental factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1206587", "title": "[Vascular responses to tilting in paraplegic subject compared to normal (author's transl)].", "content": "1 Vascular tone is higher in paraplegics than in normals, both in capacitance and resistance vessels. This is possibly correlated with the increase in circulating catecholamines which has recently been reported. 2 Tilting at 30 degrees from horizontal induces a hydrostatic increase in transmural pressure in the affected vascular bed. This pressure change causes:  an initial decrease in resistance, followed by a progressive increase which can be explained by the Bayliss reflex. The time sequence and amplitude of the responses are comparable for normal and paraplegic subjects; an increase in vascular tone of the capacitance vessels (increase in venous pressure, decrease in local blood volume). This response was constantly observed in paraplegic subjects and was absent or weak in normal subjects. 3 In conclusion, reflex changes in vascular tone due to upright posture persist after traumatic section of the spinal chord. Orthostatic hypotension and blood pooling in the lower limbs in paraplegic subjects is probably due primarly to a deficit of the pumping action of the leg muscles.", "contents": "[Vascular responses to tilting in paraplegic subject compared to normal (author's transl)]. 1 Vascular tone is higher in paraplegics than in normals, both in capacitance and resistance vessels. This is possibly correlated with the increase in circulating catecholamines which has recently been reported. 2 Tilting at 30 degrees from horizontal induces a hydrostatic increase in transmural pressure in the affected vascular bed. This pressure change causes:  an initial decrease in resistance, followed by a progressive increase which can be explained by the Bayliss reflex. The time sequence and amplitude of the responses are comparable for normal and paraplegic subjects; an increase in vascular tone of the capacitance vessels (increase in venous pressure, decrease in local blood volume). This response was constantly observed in paraplegic subjects and was absent or weak in normal subjects. 3 In conclusion, reflex changes in vascular tone due to upright posture persist after traumatic section of the spinal chord. Orthostatic hypotension and blood pooling in the lower limbs in paraplegic subjects is probably due primarly to a deficit of the pumping action of the leg muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:1206588", "title": "[Topography of stimulation sites with aversive effects in the rat's medial hypothalamus (author's transl)].", "content": "The intensity of the aversive effects induced by an electrical stimulation of various sites in the rat's medial hypothalamus was evaluated through analysing the relation between stimulation intensity and the induced switch-off responses. Series of \"hot points\" were found in both the ventro-medial and the dorso-medial nuclei. Stimulation sites with less marked aversive effects were found in a periventricular region.", "contents": "[Topography of stimulation sites with aversive effects in the rat's medial hypothalamus (author's transl)]. The intensity of the aversive effects induced by an electrical stimulation of various sites in the rat's medial hypothalamus was evaluated through analysing the relation between stimulation intensity and the induced switch-off responses. Series of \"hot points\" were found in both the ventro-medial and the dorso-medial nuclei. Stimulation sites with less marked aversive effects were found in a periventricular region."}
{"id": "PMID:1206589", "title": "[Effect of cortisol on the cellular proliferation and maturation in the cerebrum and the cerebellum of the rat: Importance of the age of the animals at the beginning of treatment].", "content": "Young rats were given either a single subcutaneous injection (1 mg at 0, 1, 4 or 8 days), or four consecutive daily injections (0.2 mg/day between 0 and 3 days; 0.4 mg/day between 4 and 7 days; 0.6 mg/day between 8 and 11 days) of cortisol acetate in order to test the influence of age on the action of corticosteroids on the biochemical maturation of the cerebrum and cerebellum in terms of their DNA, RNA, and protein contents. The results showed that: 1 The diminution of the DNA content at 35 days was greater in the cerebellum (- 16 to - 32%) than in the cerebrum (- 9 to 20%); the DNA content of the cerebrum was more affected by treatment at birth, whereas that of the cerebellum was more affected by the delayed treatments. Results were different when expressed in terms of reduction of the normal increase: the gain of DNA decreased more in the cerebrum (-70%) than in the cerebellum (-40%); but the most delayed treatment induced a greater effect in both organs. These abnormalities were not always accompanied by a significant decrease of the body weight. 2 Generally, the treatments led to an increase of the mean cell territory, expressed either in terms of decrease of the DNA concentration, or in terms of increase of the organ weight/DNA ratio. Moreover, the increase of the RNA/DNA and the protein/DNA ratios constituted an indication of an accelerated cellular maturation.", "contents": "[Effect of cortisol on the cellular proliferation and maturation in the cerebrum and the cerebellum of the rat: Importance of the age of the animals at the beginning of treatment]. Young rats were given either a single subcutaneous injection (1 mg at 0, 1, 4 or 8 days), or four consecutive daily injections (0.2 mg/day between 0 and 3 days; 0.4 mg/day between 4 and 7 days; 0.6 mg/day between 8 and 11 days) of cortisol acetate in order to test the influence of age on the action of corticosteroids on the biochemical maturation of the cerebrum and cerebellum in terms of their DNA, RNA, and protein contents. The results showed that: 1 The diminution of the DNA content at 35 days was greater in the cerebellum (- 16 to - 32%) than in the cerebrum (- 9 to 20%); the DNA content of the cerebrum was more affected by treatment at birth, whereas that of the cerebellum was more affected by the delayed treatments. Results were different when expressed in terms of reduction of the normal increase: the gain of DNA decreased more in the cerebrum (-70%) than in the cerebellum (-40%); but the most delayed treatment induced a greater effect in both organs. These abnormalities were not always accompanied by a significant decrease of the body weight. 2 Generally, the treatments led to an increase of the mean cell territory, expressed either in terms of decrease of the DNA concentration, or in terms of increase of the organ weight/DNA ratio. Moreover, the increase of the RNA/DNA and the protein/DNA ratios constituted an indication of an accelerated cellular maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206590", "title": "[Pulmonary stretch receptors activity during thermal polypnea (author's transl)].", "content": "1 We have studied the unit activity of 88 pulmonary stretch receptors (RPI) in the vagus nerve of the cat by using the single fibre technique. 2 In spite of a 38% decrease in tidal volume, the discharge frequency of RPI is statistically unchanged during polypnea, However, RPI are recruited earlier, but their discharge overlaps expiration. 3 Individual influences of tidal volume, temperature, and FACO2 on RPI activities are tested. During polypnea, the excitatory influences of hyperthermia and hypocapnia act against the depressing action of tidal volume reduction: RPI are still active. 4 During polypnea, respiratory rhythm and tidal volume are unchanged after bivagotomy. RPI activity seems functionally insignificant. This result suggests that the thermally induced respiratory response is mediated by structures in the upper brain stem (probably the preoptic anterior hypothalamus) and is not dependent on the integrity of the vagus nerve.", "contents": "[Pulmonary stretch receptors activity during thermal polypnea (author's transl)]. 1 We have studied the unit activity of 88 pulmonary stretch receptors (RPI) in the vagus nerve of the cat by using the single fibre technique. 2 In spite of a 38% decrease in tidal volume, the discharge frequency of RPI is statistically unchanged during polypnea, However, RPI are recruited earlier, but their discharge overlaps expiration. 3 Individual influences of tidal volume, temperature, and FACO2 on RPI activities are tested. During polypnea, the excitatory influences of hyperthermia and hypocapnia act against the depressing action of tidal volume reduction: RPI are still active. 4 During polypnea, respiratory rhythm and tidal volume are unchanged after bivagotomy. RPI activity seems functionally insignificant. This result suggests that the thermally induced respiratory response is mediated by structures in the upper brain stem (probably the preoptic anterior hypothalamus) and is not dependent on the integrity of the vagus nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:1206591", "title": "[A method for real time separation of multiple unit action potentials from intact nerves (author's transl)].", "content": "1 A method is described for on line separation and classification of individual action potentials from multi unit extracellular recordings from intact nerves.  2 this method is based on the simultaneous determination of several of the features of each action potential, especially their form and velocity. 3 provided that only a few conditions are fulfilled, each of the action potentials can be recognized, and the recognition work is achieved at the time of the generation of the action potentials. 4 The prerequisite conditions are the following: the nerve diameter should not exceed a few tenths of a millimeter. The nervous filament must be carefully dissected from the surrounding tissue. The overall frequency of the action potentials should not exceed 1000 spikes/sec.", "contents": "[A method for real time separation of multiple unit action potentials from intact nerves (author's transl)]. 1 A method is described for on line separation and classification of individual action potentials from multi unit extracellular recordings from intact nerves.  2 this method is based on the simultaneous determination of several of the features of each action potential, especially their form and velocity. 3 provided that only a few conditions are fulfilled, each of the action potentials can be recognized, and the recognition work is achieved at the time of the generation of the action potentials. 4 The prerequisite conditions are the following: the nerve diameter should not exceed a few tenths of a millimeter. The nervous filament must be carefully dissected from the surrounding tissue. The overall frequency of the action potentials should not exceed 1000 spikes/sec."}
{"id": "PMID:1206592", "title": "[A comparison of the behavioral response of the field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) to a 24 hour fast as measured by actograph or in a cage].", "content": "1. The \"general activity\" of Apodemus Sylvaticus L. has been recorded and analysed using two techniques: a) in an actograph, several components of the \"general activity\" have been recorded and quantified over 24 hours, including wheel running, locomotion in various areas of the enclosure, nest occupancy, drinking, eating and hoarding; b) in a breeding cage, ten times smaller than the actograph and where the possibilities of locomotion are considerably reduced, the wheel running only has been recorded. In these two situations, we have compared the effects of a food deprivation for 24 hours. 2. In the actograph, starvation increases the general locomotion in the enclosure without detectable changes in wheel running. On the other hand, in the breeding cage, wheel running is somewhat increased. 3. Refeeding results in decreased wheel running under both experimental conditions, and restores general locomotion in the actograph to the predeprivation level. 4. These results are discussed in view of the current literature. The apparent disagreement between our results and those of other workers is attributed to the fact that the latter used experimental conditions where the measured response was predetermined by the lack of choice in expressed responses which were offered to the animal. Consequently, we suggest that the interpretation of such experiments can be improved by allowing a choice of possible behavioural response and that each of them should be recorded separately.", "contents": "[A comparison of the behavioral response of the field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) to a 24 hour fast as measured by actograph or in a cage]. 1. The \"general activity\" of Apodemus Sylvaticus L. has been recorded and analysed using two techniques: a) in an actograph, several components of the \"general activity\" have been recorded and quantified over 24 hours, including wheel running, locomotion in various areas of the enclosure, nest occupancy, drinking, eating and hoarding; b) in a breeding cage, ten times smaller than the actograph and where the possibilities of locomotion are considerably reduced, the wheel running only has been recorded. In these two situations, we have compared the effects of a food deprivation for 24 hours. 2. In the actograph, starvation increases the general locomotion in the enclosure without detectable changes in wheel running. On the other hand, in the breeding cage, wheel running is somewhat increased. 3. Refeeding results in decreased wheel running under both experimental conditions, and restores general locomotion in the actograph to the predeprivation level. 4. These results are discussed in view of the current literature. The apparent disagreement between our results and those of other workers is attributed to the fact that the latter used experimental conditions where the measured response was predetermined by the lack of choice in expressed responses which were offered to the animal. Consequently, we suggest that the interpretation of such experiments can be improved by allowing a choice of possible behavioural response and that each of them should be recorded separately."}
{"id": "PMID:1206593", "title": "[Comparison of the effects of anosmia induced by either peripheral lesion or bulbectomy upon the feeding pattern of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to support the contention that the feeding pattern seen after olfactory bulb removal is due to a sensory loss, the feeding pattern of rats was studied after a peripheral chemical lesion of the olfactory mucosa. A conditioned smell aversion procedure was used to assess the occurence and duration of anosmia after the topical application of zinc sulfate to the olfactory mucosa. It was found that the sensory deficit induced by the peripheral lesion lasted from four to six days. The occurrence of the disrupted feeding pattern in the peripherally lesioned rats coincided in time with the short period of anosmia. Thus, the disruption of the feeding pattern after bulbectomy and after lesions of the central olfactory pathways is clearly the result of anosmia and not of the loss of other non-sensory functions of the olfactory bulbs.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effects of anosmia induced by either peripheral lesion or bulbectomy upon the feeding pattern of the rat (author's transl)]. In order to support the contention that the feeding pattern seen after olfactory bulb removal is due to a sensory loss, the feeding pattern of rats was studied after a peripheral chemical lesion of the olfactory mucosa. A conditioned smell aversion procedure was used to assess the occurence and duration of anosmia after the topical application of zinc sulfate to the olfactory mucosa. It was found that the sensory deficit induced by the peripheral lesion lasted from four to six days. The occurrence of the disrupted feeding pattern in the peripherally lesioned rats coincided in time with the short period of anosmia. Thus, the disruption of the feeding pattern after bulbectomy and after lesions of the central olfactory pathways is clearly the result of anosmia and not of the loss of other non-sensory functions of the olfactory bulbs."}
{"id": "PMID:1206594", "title": "[Level of oxytocin release induced by vaginal dilatation (Ferguson reflex) and vagal stimulation (vago-pituitary reflex) in lactating rats (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Vaginal dilatation for 30 seconds caused a rapid and brief increase in intramammary pressure which was equivalent to that evoked by 160 muU of oxytocin (Syntocinon) injected intravenously. 2. The rise in mammary pressure induced by the stimulation of the central end of a severed vagus nerve for 30 seconds (5 V, 0,5 ms, 50 HZ) was similar to the response obtained with an intravenous injection of 360 muU of oxytocin. 3. The vago-pituitary reflex leads to the liberation of large amounts of antidiuretic hormone which does not interfere with the effect of oxytocin on the mammary gland, since dexamethasone phosphate prevented the vasopressor effect without significantly affecting the increase in intramammary pressure.", "contents": "[Level of oxytocin release induced by vaginal dilatation (Ferguson reflex) and vagal stimulation (vago-pituitary reflex) in lactating rats (author's transl)]. 1. Vaginal dilatation for 30 seconds caused a rapid and brief increase in intramammary pressure which was equivalent to that evoked by 160 muU of oxytocin (Syntocinon) injected intravenously. 2. The rise in mammary pressure induced by the stimulation of the central end of a severed vagus nerve for 30 seconds (5 V, 0,5 ms, 50 HZ) was similar to the response obtained with an intravenous injection of 360 muU of oxytocin. 3. The vago-pituitary reflex leads to the liberation of large amounts of antidiuretic hormone which does not interfere with the effect of oxytocin on the mammary gland, since dexamethasone phosphate prevented the vasopressor effect without significantly affecting the increase in intramammary pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1206595", "title": "[Muscular blood flow in human highlanders and in lowlanders living at altitude (3 800 m) (author's transl)].", "content": "Muscular blood flow (MBF) was measured in the tibialis anteiror muscle by the 133Xe washout technique. Measurements were made in lowlanders at sea level, in native highlanders at 3 800 m and in lowlanders who had been living at this altitude for less than 6 months. At rest and during exercise, MBF is smaller in highlanders and in the high altitude visitors than in lowlanders. If, instead of total blood flow, the red cell flow is calculated (by multiplying MBF by the haematocrit) these differences are no longer significant at rest and are minimized during exercice. These results are consistent with reduction of cardiac output and blood supply to other regions in subjects who are acclimatized to altitude.", "contents": "[Muscular blood flow in human highlanders and in lowlanders living at altitude (3 800 m) (author's transl)]. Muscular blood flow (MBF) was measured in the tibialis anteiror muscle by the 133Xe washout technique. Measurements were made in lowlanders at sea level, in native highlanders at 3 800 m and in lowlanders who had been living at this altitude for less than 6 months. At rest and during exercise, MBF is smaller in highlanders and in the high altitude visitors than in lowlanders. If, instead of total blood flow, the red cell flow is calculated (by multiplying MBF by the haematocrit) these differences are no longer significant at rest and are minimized during exercice. These results are consistent with reduction of cardiac output and blood supply to other regions in subjects who are acclimatized to altitude."}
{"id": "PMID:1206596", "title": "[Total cardiopulmonary bypass in rabbits. Techniques and the effect of pulsatile perfusion pressure on hemodynamic parameters].", "content": "Fifty-two total cardiopulmonary bypasses (CA) have been performed in rabbits in order to obtain a stable preparation. The present paper deals with techniques and haemodynamic results. 1. Two kinds of priming solution have been used. Best results were obtained by using Ringer-lactate-gelatin (65 ml) and T.H.A.M. (5 ml). 2. Pulsatile arterial perfusion was performed either at uniform frequency (series A:10 experiments) or in accordance with the arterial mechanical resonance frequency of each animal (series B: experiments). The later setting resulted in better levels of maximal arterial pressure throughout the experiments (p less than 0,001). 3. The perfusion pressure flows (integrated at minute intervals), and total peripheral resistances, were studied on two groups of 4 animals each, A' and B' forming a part of A and B respectively. The flows were higher in B' after 5 min of CA (p less than 0,001), and after 40 min of CA (p less than 0,025); the flow increased during the experiment in group A' but remained in a steady state in group B'. The differences in total peripheral resistances were not statistically significant after 5 min of CA, but were smaller in A' after 40 min of CA (p less than or equal to 0,025); the difference in the variation of total peripheral resistances was statistically significant (p less than 0,025).", "contents": "[Total cardiopulmonary bypass in rabbits. Techniques and the effect of pulsatile perfusion pressure on hemodynamic parameters]. Fifty-two total cardiopulmonary bypasses (CA) have been performed in rabbits in order to obtain a stable preparation. The present paper deals with techniques and haemodynamic results. 1. Two kinds of priming solution have been used. Best results were obtained by using Ringer-lactate-gelatin (65 ml) and T.H.A.M. (5 ml). 2. Pulsatile arterial perfusion was performed either at uniform frequency (series A:10 experiments) or in accordance with the arterial mechanical resonance frequency of each animal (series B: experiments). The later setting resulted in better levels of maximal arterial pressure throughout the experiments (p less than 0,001). 3. The perfusion pressure flows (integrated at minute intervals), and total peripheral resistances, were studied on two groups of 4 animals each, A' and B' forming a part of A and B respectively. The flows were higher in B' after 5 min of CA (p less than 0,001), and after 40 min of CA (p less than 0,025); the flow increased during the experiment in group A' but remained in a steady state in group B'. The differences in total peripheral resistances were not statistically significant after 5 min of CA, but were smaller in A' after 40 min of CA (p less than or equal to 0,025); the difference in the variation of total peripheral resistances was statistically significant (p less than 0,025)."}
{"id": "PMID:1206606", "title": "Eliminating self-defeating behaviors and change in locus of control.", "content": "This study investigated changes in locus of control occurring among participants in a workshop designed to eliminate self-defeating behaviors. Experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 18) groups were composed of male and female university students. An analysis of covariance indicated that the treatment group moved significantly more than the control group (p less than .001) on the Rotter I-E Scale, and movement was in the anticipated direction, toward greater internal control. The increased internal control was maintained in a follow-up administration of the I-E Scale four months later. It was concluded that the workshop brought relatively stable changes toward greater perceived internal control. Implications were discussed.", "contents": "Eliminating self-defeating behaviors and change in locus of control. This study investigated changes in locus of control occurring among participants in a workshop designed to eliminate self-defeating behaviors. Experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 18) groups were composed of male and female university students. An analysis of covariance indicated that the treatment group moved significantly more than the control group (p less than .001) on the Rotter I-E Scale, and movement was in the anticipated direction, toward greater internal control. The increased internal control was maintained in a follow-up administration of the I-E Scale four months later. It was concluded that the workshop brought relatively stable changes toward greater perceived internal control. Implications were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206607", "title": "Sex differences in the comprehension of spatial orientation.", "content": "This research examined effects of instruction upon acquisition of Piaget's concept of horizontality and determined sex differences related to this acquisition. Hypotheses tested were that there are no significant differences (a) in performance on perception and prediction tasks, (b) by sex in the ability to comprehend horizontality, (c) by sex in the stage of development after instruction, and (d) by sex after instruction on the number of correct responses on horizontal tasks. Subjects were 18 male and 17 female rural, public school pupils ranging in age from 8 years, 0 months to 9 years, 11 months. Test instruments were a cylindrical bottle half-filled with colored water and eight pictures of bottles positioned at angles from 0 to 315 degrees at increments of 45 degrees. Chi square tests indicated that males performed significantly better than females on perception and prediction, and that instruction significantly improved male performance on prediction and female performance on prediction and perception. It was concluded that females, if given instruction, could more closely approximate the performance of males on the horizontal water level task.", "contents": "Sex differences in the comprehension of spatial orientation. This research examined effects of instruction upon acquisition of Piaget's concept of horizontality and determined sex differences related to this acquisition. Hypotheses tested were that there are no significant differences (a) in performance on perception and prediction tasks, (b) by sex in the ability to comprehend horizontality, (c) by sex in the stage of development after instruction, and (d) by sex after instruction on the number of correct responses on horizontal tasks. Subjects were 18 male and 17 female rural, public school pupils ranging in age from 8 years, 0 months to 9 years, 11 months. Test instruments were a cylindrical bottle half-filled with colored water and eight pictures of bottles positioned at angles from 0 to 315 degrees at increments of 45 degrees. Chi square tests indicated that males performed significantly better than females on perception and prediction, and that instruction significantly improved male performance on prediction and female performance on prediction and perception. It was concluded that females, if given instruction, could more closely approximate the performance of males on the horizontal water level task."}
{"id": "PMID:1206608", "title": "Slope of gradients for performance as a function of achievement motive, goal distance in time, and future time orientation.", "content": "It was predicted that (a) individuals high in motivation to approach success and low in motivation to avoid failure (approach-oriented) would increase their performance and (b) those with the opposite motivation constellation (avoidance-oriented) would decrease their amount of performance as a distant future achievement task (goal) approached in time. Furhter, it was assumed that individuals high in future time orientation (FTO) would perceive a distant future event (goal) as nearer in time than those who are low in FTO. This implies the hypotheses that (c) the slope of the positive goal gradient is steeper for those of the approach-oriented individuals who are low in FTO as compared with those who are high in FTO, and (d) the slope of the negative goal gradient is steeper for those of the avodiance-oriented individuals who are low in FTO as compared with those who are high in FTO. The results, based on 379 boys and girls (about 12 years old), supported hypotheses a and d, and left also some indications that supported hypotheses b and c.", "contents": "Slope of gradients for performance as a function of achievement motive, goal distance in time, and future time orientation. It was predicted that (a) individuals high in motivation to approach success and low in motivation to avoid failure (approach-oriented) would increase their performance and (b) those with the opposite motivation constellation (avoidance-oriented) would decrease their amount of performance as a distant future achievement task (goal) approached in time. Furhter, it was assumed that individuals high in future time orientation (FTO) would perceive a distant future event (goal) as nearer in time than those who are low in FTO. This implies the hypotheses that (c) the slope of the positive goal gradient is steeper for those of the approach-oriented individuals who are low in FTO as compared with those who are high in FTO, and (d) the slope of the negative goal gradient is steeper for those of the avodiance-oriented individuals who are low in FTO as compared with those who are high in FTO. The results, based on 379 boys and girls (about 12 years old), supported hypotheses a and d, and left also some indications that supported hypotheses b and c."}
{"id": "PMID:1206609", "title": "Trends in powerlessness: a ten year follow-up.", "content": "This experiment tested the hypothesis that there would be a significant increase in powerlessness scores over a 10 year period. The sample was drawn from a population of college students originally tested in 1964. At the 10 year follow-up, all Ss had graduated from college and were either professionally employed (mostly as teachers) or engaged in child-rearing/home activities. The average age of the 1974 sample was 29 years and consisted of 70 females and 30 males. The test instrument was the adult version of Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) Locus of Control Scale which consists of 23 forced-choice items. There were no significant differences on total I-E scores over the 10 year period. However, with use of the Mirels two-factor scoring system, significant increases in social-political control were found. No significant differences in personal control were found. It was concluded that care should be taken in utilizing cross-sectional findings and that utilizing multidimensional scores suggests different results for previously published reports.", "contents": "Trends in powerlessness: a ten year follow-up. This experiment tested the hypothesis that there would be a significant increase in powerlessness scores over a 10 year period. The sample was drawn from a population of college students originally tested in 1964. At the 10 year follow-up, all Ss had graduated from college and were either professionally employed (mostly as teachers) or engaged in child-rearing/home activities. The average age of the 1974 sample was 29 years and consisted of 70 females and 30 males. The test instrument was the adult version of Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) Locus of Control Scale which consists of 23 forced-choice items. There were no significant differences on total I-E scores over the 10 year period. However, with use of the Mirels two-factor scoring system, significant increases in social-political control were found. No significant differences in personal control were found. It was concluded that care should be taken in utilizing cross-sectional findings and that utilizing multidimensional scores suggests different results for previously published reports."}
{"id": "PMID:1206610", "title": "Problem-solving training groups for hospitalized psychiatric patients.", "content": "Small groups lasting eight sessions each and aimed at improving patient's interpersonal problem-solving skills were conducted for a total of 41 hospitalized psychiatric patients. Forty control patients received the same pre and posttests but notraining. Twenty-three patients participated in play-reading groups without problem-solving training (placebo condition). Three separate 3 by 2 repeated measures analyses of variance showed that hospitalization alone improved the patient's functioning on the criterion test of problem-solving, but the problem-solving training groups advanced the improvement significantly. More disturbed patients made only slightly greater gains than less disturbed ones. The hospital stay was significantly shorter for the experimental and the placebo groups than for the control sample.", "contents": "Problem-solving training groups for hospitalized psychiatric patients. Small groups lasting eight sessions each and aimed at improving patient's interpersonal problem-solving skills were conducted for a total of 41 hospitalized psychiatric patients. Forty control patients received the same pre and posttests but notraining. Twenty-three patients participated in play-reading groups without problem-solving training (placebo condition). Three separate 3 by 2 repeated measures analyses of variance showed that hospitalization alone improved the patient's functioning on the criterion test of problem-solving, but the problem-solving training groups advanced the improvement significantly. More disturbed patients made only slightly greater gains than less disturbed ones. The hospital stay was significantly shorter for the experimental and the placebo groups than for the control sample."}
{"id": "PMID:1206611", "title": "Modification through modeling and reinforcement in leaderless groups.", "content": "This study compared the effects of modeling plus reinforcement (MR), reinforcement alone (R), and demand characteristics (D) on individual verbal output in a leaderless group discussion. Seventy-two male and female volunteers from undergraduate psychology courses (mean age 20.7 years) were assigned to three-person groups in the three conditions and participated in two 10 minute discussions. Ss who spoke the least in the first discussion were chosen as target persons (TPs). TPs in the R condition were reinforced for talking and punished for silence. TPs in the MR condition received the same treatment but were also exposed to a leadership modeling film. TPs in the D condition received no reinforcement, but were encouraged to become the group's leader. All conditions showed increases in verbral output, but the MR was superior to both the R (p less than .05) and D (p less than .01) conditions. The results were interpreted as consistent with Bandura's mediational theory of modeling.", "contents": "Modification through modeling and reinforcement in leaderless groups. This study compared the effects of modeling plus reinforcement (MR), reinforcement alone (R), and demand characteristics (D) on individual verbal output in a leaderless group discussion. Seventy-two male and female volunteers from undergraduate psychology courses (mean age 20.7 years) were assigned to three-person groups in the three conditions and participated in two 10 minute discussions. Ss who spoke the least in the first discussion were chosen as target persons (TPs). TPs in the R condition were reinforced for talking and punished for silence. TPs in the MR condition received the same treatment but were also exposed to a leadership modeling film. TPs in the D condition received no reinforcement, but were encouraged to become the group's leader. All conditions showed increases in verbral output, but the MR was superior to both the R (p less than .05) and D (p less than .01) conditions. The results were interpreted as consistent with Bandura's mediational theory of modeling."}
{"id": "PMID:1206612", "title": "The relationship of personality traits as measured in the questionnaire medium and by self-ratings.", "content": "The general purpose of the study was to determine (a)whether individuals tend to have an accurate perception of their personality, and (b)the manner in which an individual's personality (as measured by a personality questionnaire) affects self-ratings on the same traits. The Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ), Part 1, was administered to 98 males and female undergraduates. One week later, Ss were asked to self-rate themselves on the 16 personality traits measures by the CAQ, using a modified version of the 16PF Test Profile. High correlations between measured and self-ratings indicated that the instruments were measuring similar, but not identical, traits. Following a factor analysis of the intercorrelations, 12 factors were identified, representing the interrelationship between perception of self and measured personality traits.", "contents": "The relationship of personality traits as measured in the questionnaire medium and by self-ratings. The general purpose of the study was to determine (a)whether individuals tend to have an accurate perception of their personality, and (b)the manner in which an individual's personality (as measured by a personality questionnaire) affects self-ratings on the same traits. The Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ), Part 1, was administered to 98 males and female undergraduates. One week later, Ss were asked to self-rate themselves on the 16 personality traits measures by the CAQ, using a modified version of the 16PF Test Profile. High correlations between measured and self-ratings indicated that the instruments were measuring similar, but not identical, traits. Following a factor analysis of the intercorrelations, 12 factors were identified, representing the interrelationship between perception of self and measured personality traits."}
{"id": "PMID:1206613", "title": "The effects of instructions on self-disclosure.", "content": "In a study of the effects that instructions have on self-disclosure, two groups of male and female college students (N = 120) were asked to select items for discussion with a same sexed stranger under one of two sets of instructions: (a) Ss were asked to select items that they were interested in discussing or (b) Ss selected items they were willing to discuss. Results indicated that changing one word from \"interested\" to \"willing\" produced significantly higher potential disclosures in all Ss from low to high disclosers.", "contents": "The effects of instructions on self-disclosure. In a study of the effects that instructions have on self-disclosure, two groups of male and female college students (N = 120) were asked to select items for discussion with a same sexed stranger under one of two sets of instructions: (a) Ss were asked to select items that they were interested in discussing or (b) Ss selected items they were willing to discuss. Results indicated that changing one word from \"interested\" to \"willing\" produced significantly higher potential disclosures in all Ss from low to high disclosers."}
{"id": "PMID:1206614", "title": "Mood and helping.", "content": "In order to test (a) whether helping someone puts the helper in a better mood and (b) whether people in a good mood are more likely than controls to help with a task maintaining their positive mood but no more likely to help with a task leading to a negative mood, 80 female undergraduates participated in a study in which they (a) had an interaction with a confederate (C) designed to put them in a good or neutral mood, (b) rated their mood, (c) rated some neutral pictures, and (d) were requested to rate some potentially elating or depressing pictures. Ss who were induced to help C or who were given candy by her rated themselves as feeling nicer than these having a more neutral interaction. Neither their interaction with C, the type of pictures they were ased to rate, nor their self-reported mood, with the exception of happiness, was significantly associated with number of pictures rated or time spent helping. Those rating the depressing pictures became more depressed than those rating the cheerful pictures. It was suggested that the lack of significant findings might be due either to the fact that the effect of a good mood on helping declines over time or to the fact that rating pictures was so enjoyable that it was not considered altruistic.", "contents": "Mood and helping. In order to test (a) whether helping someone puts the helper in a better mood and (b) whether people in a good mood are more likely than controls to help with a task maintaining their positive mood but no more likely to help with a task leading to a negative mood, 80 female undergraduates participated in a study in which they (a) had an interaction with a confederate (C) designed to put them in a good or neutral mood, (b) rated their mood, (c) rated some neutral pictures, and (d) were requested to rate some potentially elating or depressing pictures. Ss who were induced to help C or who were given candy by her rated themselves as feeling nicer than these having a more neutral interaction. Neither their interaction with C, the type of pictures they were ased to rate, nor their self-reported mood, with the exception of happiness, was significantly associated with number of pictures rated or time spent helping. Those rating the depressing pictures became more depressed than those rating the cheerful pictures. It was suggested that the lack of significant findings might be due either to the fact that the effect of a good mood on helping declines over time or to the fact that rating pictures was so enjoyable that it was not considered altruistic."}
{"id": "PMID:1206615", "title": "Racial prejudice, belief similarity, and human aggression.", "content": "Out of 66 undergraduates administered a scale designed to measure racial prejudice, 16 male Caucasians scoring above the median and 16 male Caucasians scoring below the median later interacted in a competition situation with an attitudinally similar or an attitudinally dissimilar black stimulus person. The competition situation was such that the Ss had the opportunity to aggress against their opponent using electric shock. The results indicated that highly prejudiced attitudes were related to high aggression scores. It was also observed that the attitudinal similarity variable interacted with the prejudice variable during the initial stages of the aggressive interaction.", "contents": "Racial prejudice, belief similarity, and human aggression. Out of 66 undergraduates administered a scale designed to measure racial prejudice, 16 male Caucasians scoring above the median and 16 male Caucasians scoring below the median later interacted in a competition situation with an attitudinally similar or an attitudinally dissimilar black stimulus person. The competition situation was such that the Ss had the opportunity to aggress against their opponent using electric shock. The results indicated that highly prejudiced attitudes were related to high aggression scores. It was also observed that the attitudinal similarity variable interacted with the prejudice variable during the initial stages of the aggressive interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1206616", "title": "The effect of increased information upon community perception of ex-mental patients.", "content": "Data are presented for 30 suburban homeowners, which suggest they respond differentially to three levels of severity when rating the concept ex-mental patients via the semantic differential technique after having been given descriptive information about typical symptoms and behaviors. This finding contrasts with those from a previous study of similar suburbanites which indicated nonindividuation among severity of illness levels under minimal information conditions. A more favorable perception of mildly ill ex-mental patients resulted from the exposure to more information.", "contents": "The effect of increased information upon community perception of ex-mental patients. Data are presented for 30 suburban homeowners, which suggest they respond differentially to three levels of severity when rating the concept ex-mental patients via the semantic differential technique after having been given descriptive information about typical symptoms and behaviors. This finding contrasts with those from a previous study of similar suburbanites which indicated nonindividuation among severity of illness levels under minimal information conditions. A more favorable perception of mildly ill ex-mental patients resulted from the exposure to more information."}
{"id": "PMID:1206617", "title": "The indication of sexual and aggressive similarities through humor appreciation.", "content": "Freudian theory and subsequent research indicate a connection between sexual and aggressive motivation. The present study investigated this proposed connection by examining humor preferences during an induced aggressive mood. Appreciation of neutral, sexual, and aggressive humor was examined under conditions of aggression arousal. A total of 90 male and 90 female university students participated in one of two 2 X 3 factorial designs that crossed arousal with humor type. Ss in arousal conditions rated all humor as funnier than Ss in neutral conditions, and sexual humor was rated as being funniest. Males and females showed complex significant differences in humor preferences.", "contents": "The indication of sexual and aggressive similarities through humor appreciation. Freudian theory and subsequent research indicate a connection between sexual and aggressive motivation. The present study investigated this proposed connection by examining humor preferences during an induced aggressive mood. Appreciation of neutral, sexual, and aggressive humor was examined under conditions of aggression arousal. A total of 90 male and 90 female university students participated in one of two 2 X 3 factorial designs that crossed arousal with humor type. Ss in arousal conditions rated all humor as funnier than Ss in neutral conditions, and sexual humor was rated as being funniest. Males and females showed complex significant differences in humor preferences."}
{"id": "PMID:1206618", "title": "Response bias and physiological reactivity.", "content": "Sixteen Ss were selected from a group of 30 adult males for low and high levels of physiological reactivity, as defined by several measures of electrodermal activity (EDA). They were subsequently tested on two occasions on a tone discrimination task in which confidence ratings were required. High EDA Ss discriminated a significantly greater number of tones, but this apparent superiority was not due to their superior sensitivity, but to a greater bias towards responding positively to signals. The results were discussed in relation to possible mechanisms mediating individual differences in response bias and physiological reactivity.", "contents": "Response bias and physiological reactivity. Sixteen Ss were selected from a group of 30 adult males for low and high levels of physiological reactivity, as defined by several measures of electrodermal activity (EDA). They were subsequently tested on two occasions on a tone discrimination task in which confidence ratings were required. High EDA Ss discriminated a significantly greater number of tones, but this apparent superiority was not due to their superior sensitivity, but to a greater bias towards responding positively to signals. The results were discussed in relation to possible mechanisms mediating individual differences in response bias and physiological reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1206621", "title": "The effects of HCG, indomethacin, flufenamic acid and aspirin in the immature female rat.", "content": "Immature female rats (21 to 23 days old, 35 to 45 g) were injected subcutaneously with 2-5 i. u. HCG 18 hr before autopsy. Ovaries and uteri were removed; wet weight, dry weight and uterine protein content were determined. Ovarian and uterine weights, ovarian blood volume and uterine protein content were increased after HCG treatment. When immature female rats were pretreated with indomethacin, flufenamic acid or aspirin, the ovarian effects of HCG were inhibited: only slight increases in ovarian weight and blood volume were observed. Indomethacin attenuated the increases in uterine weight, and protein content, but neither flufenamic acid nor aspirin were effective in inhibiting these responses. The possible role of prostaglandins and of oestrogen as mediators of these responses is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of HCG, indomethacin, flufenamic acid and aspirin in the immature female rat. Immature female rats (21 to 23 days old, 35 to 45 g) were injected subcutaneously with 2-5 i. u. HCG 18 hr before autopsy. Ovaries and uteri were removed; wet weight, dry weight and uterine protein content were determined. Ovarian and uterine weights, ovarian blood volume and uterine protein content were increased after HCG treatment. When immature female rats were pretreated with indomethacin, flufenamic acid or aspirin, the ovarian effects of HCG were inhibited: only slight increases in ovarian weight and blood volume were observed. Indomethacin attenuated the increases in uterine weight, and protein content, but neither flufenamic acid nor aspirin were effective in inhibiting these responses. The possible role of prostaglandins and of oestrogen as mediators of these responses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206622", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of semen abnormalities and Herpesvirus associated with cultured testicular cells from domestic turkeys.", "content": "Abnormal cells and macrophages found in white and yellow turkey semen were studied by electron microscopy. Yellow semen contained many abnormal cells, most of which were large and round or smaller and ellipsoidal. It was concluded that they were aberrant spermatids, with differentiation being more complete in the smaller cells. Only a few cells of the smaller type were detected in normal white semen. Macrophages were occasionally seen in white semen but were numerous in yellow semen. Phagocytic vacuoles of these cells contained structural elements of spermatozoa and abnormal spermatids. Virus particles were not detected in any of the seminal cells observed. Ultrastructure studies of cultured testicular cells obtained from several of the turkeys examined showed the presence of intranuclear Herpesvirus particles in germinal cells. Macrophages from the testicular cultures seldom were seen with intranuclear Herpesvirus, although these cells commonly were found with Herpesvirus particles and cellular debris contained within phagocytic vacuoles.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of semen abnormalities and Herpesvirus associated with cultured testicular cells from domestic turkeys. Abnormal cells and macrophages found in white and yellow turkey semen were studied by electron microscopy. Yellow semen contained many abnormal cells, most of which were large and round or smaller and ellipsoidal. It was concluded that they were aberrant spermatids, with differentiation being more complete in the smaller cells. Only a few cells of the smaller type were detected in normal white semen. Macrophages were occasionally seen in white semen but were numerous in yellow semen. Phagocytic vacuoles of these cells contained structural elements of spermatozoa and abnormal spermatids. Virus particles were not detected in any of the seminal cells observed. Ultrastructure studies of cultured testicular cells obtained from several of the turkeys examined showed the presence of intranuclear Herpesvirus particles in germinal cells. Macrophages from the testicular cultures seldom were seen with intranuclear Herpesvirus, although these cells commonly were found with Herpesvirus particles and cellular debris contained within phagocytic vacuoles."}
{"id": "PMID:1206623", "title": "Neurophpophysial hormones and the emission of semen in rabbits.", "content": "To elucidate the importance of the neurohypophysial hormones for the emission of semen, several neurohypophysial peptides were tested in male rabbits and the sperm density in the ejaculates was determined. Besides oxytocin and vasopressin, vasotocin and one oxytocin analogue (de-amino1-oxytocin) were used. Only vasopressin, in a dose as low as 10 mU, increased the number of spermatozoa in the ejaculates. It is suggested that vasopressin is of physiological significance for the emission of semen, at least in rabbits.", "contents": "Neurophpophysial hormones and the emission of semen in rabbits. To elucidate the importance of the neurohypophysial hormones for the emission of semen, several neurohypophysial peptides were tested in male rabbits and the sperm density in the ejaculates was determined. Besides oxytocin and vasopressin, vasotocin and one oxytocin analogue (de-amino1-oxytocin) were used. Only vasopressin, in a dose as low as 10 mU, increased the number of spermatozoa in the ejaculates. It is suggested that vasopressin is of physiological significance for the emission of semen, at least in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:1206624", "title": "The seminiferous tubules in dasyurid marsupials.", "content": "The morphology of the seminiferous tubules of dasyurid marsupials has been investigated in seven species. The tubules are large in diameter, ranging from 0-36 to 0-52 mm, and the total length of the tubules in the testis is small (less than 1 m). In dissected testes, most tubules were found to be in the form of simple loops and the number of loops ranged from one to four. Each loop had two openings into the duct draining the testis. There was only a single duct from the testis in the dasyurids examined. The large diameter, simple form and low number of tubules in the testis of these dasyurid marsupials make them unique among mammals which have been studied in this respect.", "contents": "The seminiferous tubules in dasyurid marsupials. The morphology of the seminiferous tubules of dasyurid marsupials has been investigated in seven species. The tubules are large in diameter, ranging from 0-36 to 0-52 mm, and the total length of the tubules in the testis is small (less than 1 m). In dissected testes, most tubules were found to be in the form of simple loops and the number of loops ranged from one to four. Each loop had two openings into the duct draining the testis. There was only a single duct from the testis in the dasyurids examined. The large diameter, simple form and low number of tubules in the testis of these dasyurid marsupials make them unique among mammals which have been studied in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:1206625", "title": "Methods of measuring swimming speed of spermatozoa.", "content": "Three basic approaches for determining the mean swimming speed of a suspension of microorganisms were compared, using bull and ram spermatozoa. Number fluctuation counting was performed automatically on a Quantimet 720 image analysing computer, the mean speed being obtained using 'probability after' statistics. The other two approaches were photomicrographic: number flux counting was performed on single photomicrographs; on the same photomicrographs, the mean speed was estimated from measurement of 'whole' and 'half' track lengths. These results were compared with each other and with the Quantimet results. The 'probability after' method was also compared, on additional samples, with cine-photomicrographic tracking. The mean speeds predicted by the 'probability after' method compared favourably with the other methods (range 68 mum/sec to 162 mum/sec). The results also suggested that, on single photomicrographs, measurement of 'half' track lengths or number flux counting were generally preferable to measurement of whole track lengths.", "contents": "Methods of measuring swimming speed of spermatozoa. Three basic approaches for determining the mean swimming speed of a suspension of microorganisms were compared, using bull and ram spermatozoa. Number fluctuation counting was performed automatically on a Quantimet 720 image analysing computer, the mean speed being obtained using 'probability after' statistics. The other two approaches were photomicrographic: number flux counting was performed on single photomicrographs; on the same photomicrographs, the mean speed was estimated from measurement of 'whole' and 'half' track lengths. These results were compared with each other and with the Quantimet results. The 'probability after' method was also compared, on additional samples, with cine-photomicrographic tracking. The mean speeds predicted by the 'probability after' method compared favourably with the other methods (range 68 mum/sec to 162 mum/sec). The results also suggested that, on single photomicrographs, measurement of 'half' track lengths or number flux counting were generally preferable to measurement of whole track lengths."}
{"id": "PMID:1206626", "title": "The effects of nutrition on the reproductive performance of Finn x Dorset ewes. I. Plasma progesterone and LH concentrations during late pregnancy.", "content": "Progesterone and LH concentrations were measured in the plasma of blood samples taken from forty-eight pregnant ewes on Days 100, 120 and 134 of gestation. The ewes, in two groups of twenty-four were maintained from Day 100 until parturition on two planes of nutrition which supplied daily energy and protein intakes of about 4-1 or 2-3 Mcal metabolizable energy and either 192 or 111 g digestible crude protein per ewe. Within the groups, the ewes carried one, two or three fetuses and the feed intake was adjusted according to litter size to produce a uniform nutritional state within the group. On Day 100, litter size affected the concentration of plasma progesterone (P less than 0-001), but had no effect on Days 120 or 134 when the ewes were fed according to litter size. The low feed intake however caused a significant increase in plasma progesterone concentrations. The LH concentrations showed no major changes during late pregnancy and no effect of nutrition or little size on the plasma hormone concentration was observed. It was concluded that the effect of litter size on plasma progesterone concentration recorded on Day 100 or gestation was partly mediated by level of nutrition.", "contents": "The effects of nutrition on the reproductive performance of Finn x Dorset ewes. I. Plasma progesterone and LH concentrations during late pregnancy. Progesterone and LH concentrations were measured in the plasma of blood samples taken from forty-eight pregnant ewes on Days 100, 120 and 134 of gestation. The ewes, in two groups of twenty-four were maintained from Day 100 until parturition on two planes of nutrition which supplied daily energy and protein intakes of about 4-1 or 2-3 Mcal metabolizable energy and either 192 or 111 g digestible crude protein per ewe. Within the groups, the ewes carried one, two or three fetuses and the feed intake was adjusted according to litter size to produce a uniform nutritional state within the group. On Day 100, litter size affected the concentration of plasma progesterone (P less than 0-001), but had no effect on Days 120 or 134 when the ewes were fed according to litter size. The low feed intake however caused a significant increase in plasma progesterone concentrations. The LH concentrations showed no major changes during late pregnancy and no effect of nutrition or little size on the plasma hormone concentration was observed. It was concluded that the effect of litter size on plasma progesterone concentration recorded on Day 100 or gestation was partly mediated by level of nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:1206627", "title": "The effects of nutrition on the reproductive performance of Finn x Dorset ewes. II. Post-partum ovarian activity, conception and the plasma concentration of progesterone and LH.", "content": "After lambing forty-five ewes were allocated to three groups, two of sixteen and one of thirteen ewes. The lambs of the two groups of sixteen ewes were weaned on Day 1 after lambing and the ewes were fed a diet of 100% (Group H) or 50% (Group R) of maintenance energy requirements. The thirteen ewes in the third group (Group L) suckled twin lambs and were fed freely. During the first 3 weeks after lambing, oestrus was observed for 11/16 (Group H) and 8/16 (Group R) ewes; of the ewes which had shown oestrus in the two groups, ovulation occurred in 5/8 and 5/7 respectively. Only 1/13 Group-L ewes showed oestrus and ovulated during the same period. The mean plasma concentrations of progesterone and LH were unaffected by the treatments and were around 0-4 and 1-5 ng/ml, respectively. Restricted feeding had no effect on oestrus, ovulation or the hormone levels during the oestrus cycle following synchronization. The onset of oestrus and the start of the preovulatory discharge of LH were 3 and 6 hr later, respectively, in the lactating ewes (Group L) than in those in Groups H and R. Ewes in Group L also had a higher ovulation rate, 2-8 +/- 0-2 versus 2-1 +/- 0-2 (P less than 0-05). Restricted feeding reduced the number of ewes lambing; only 1/11 ewes in Group R, considered to have conceived because of the presence of high progesterone levels 17 days after mating, subsequently lambed compared with 6/12 in Group H and 5/9 in Group L.", "contents": "The effects of nutrition on the reproductive performance of Finn x Dorset ewes. II. Post-partum ovarian activity, conception and the plasma concentration of progesterone and LH. After lambing forty-five ewes were allocated to three groups, two of sixteen and one of thirteen ewes. The lambs of the two groups of sixteen ewes were weaned on Day 1 after lambing and the ewes were fed a diet of 100% (Group H) or 50% (Group R) of maintenance energy requirements. The thirteen ewes in the third group (Group L) suckled twin lambs and were fed freely. During the first 3 weeks after lambing, oestrus was observed for 11/16 (Group H) and 8/16 (Group R) ewes; of the ewes which had shown oestrus in the two groups, ovulation occurred in 5/8 and 5/7 respectively. Only 1/13 Group-L ewes showed oestrus and ovulated during the same period. The mean plasma concentrations of progesterone and LH were unaffected by the treatments and were around 0-4 and 1-5 ng/ml, respectively. Restricted feeding had no effect on oestrus, ovulation or the hormone levels during the oestrus cycle following synchronization. The onset of oestrus and the start of the preovulatory discharge of LH were 3 and 6 hr later, respectively, in the lactating ewes (Group L) than in those in Groups H and R. Ewes in Group L also had a higher ovulation rate, 2-8 +/- 0-2 versus 2-1 +/- 0-2 (P less than 0-05). Restricted feeding reduced the number of ewes lambing; only 1/11 ewes in Group R, considered to have conceived because of the presence of high progesterone levels 17 days after mating, subsequently lambed compared with 6/12 in Group H and 5/9 in Group L."}
{"id": "PMID:1206628", "title": "Abortifacient effects of Vibrio cholerae exo-enterotoxin and endotoxin in mice.", "content": "To study antifertility properties of microbial toxins, exoenterotoxin and endotoxin from Vibrio cholerae were injected intravenously into mice at different times during pregnancy. The two substances induced termination of pregnancy, but the patterns of abortifacient activity were different. Exotoxin terminated pregnancy in mice when administered between Days 4 and 10 of gestation, but abortifacient activity was reduced in animals more than 10 days pregnant; exogenous progesterone did not protect the pregnancies. Endotoxin was most effective in terminating pregnancy when injected after mid-gestation and the active principle was heat-stable; exogenous progesterone was not able to prevent the effects of endotoxin. Animals treated with endotoxin on Day 17 often gave birth to live young prematurely; indomethacin reduced the incidence of premature littering. The results demonstrate that exo- and endotoxins have antifertility properties and both appear to act on intrauterine targets rather than inducing progestin deficiency.", "contents": "Abortifacient effects of Vibrio cholerae exo-enterotoxin and endotoxin in mice. To study antifertility properties of microbial toxins, exoenterotoxin and endotoxin from Vibrio cholerae were injected intravenously into mice at different times during pregnancy. The two substances induced termination of pregnancy, but the patterns of abortifacient activity were different. Exotoxin terminated pregnancy in mice when administered between Days 4 and 10 of gestation, but abortifacient activity was reduced in animals more than 10 days pregnant; exogenous progesterone did not protect the pregnancies. Endotoxin was most effective in terminating pregnancy when injected after mid-gestation and the active principle was heat-stable; exogenous progesterone was not able to prevent the effects of endotoxin. Animals treated with endotoxin on Day 17 often gave birth to live young prematurely; indomethacin reduced the incidence of premature littering. The results demonstrate that exo- and endotoxins have antifertility properties and both appear to act on intrauterine targets rather than inducing progestin deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1206629", "title": "The frequency of aneuploidy in the secondary spermatocytes of normal and Robertsonian translocation-carrying rams.", "content": "A detailed analysis was made of the chromosomes in 1008 M II figures from three different types of heterozygous Robertsonian translocation-carrying rams (53,xy,t1; 53,xy,t3) and 225 M II figures from homozygous Robertsonian translocation-carrying rams (52,xy,t1t1; 52,xy,t3t3) and rams of normal karotype (54,xy). No hypermodal cells were recorded in either the normal or the homozygous rams, but from 4-5% to 9-2% of M II cells from the heterozygous rams were hypermodal. The heterozygous rams also produced a significantly higher level of hypomodal cells suggesting that, in addition to non-disjunction, lagging at anaphase I may have occurred. There were also distinct differences in M II aneuploid spermatocyte frequency between heterozygous versus normal and homozygous rams. Fewer balanced translocation X-carrying M II cells were recorded than expected in three of the four 53,xy,t2 rams. This coincides with mating data which suggest that 26,x,t2 gametes may occur less frequently than expected. Since ewes of normal karotype mated to 53,xy,t rams conceive to first service at a rate equal to or better than normal mating groups, and because no blastocysts with unbalanced karotypes associated with the t1 translocation have been recorded, it is suggested that only euploid spermatozoa are involved in fertilization. In the sheep, aneuploid spermatocytes probably degenerate before sperm maturation.", "contents": "The frequency of aneuploidy in the secondary spermatocytes of normal and Robertsonian translocation-carrying rams. A detailed analysis was made of the chromosomes in 1008 M II figures from three different types of heterozygous Robertsonian translocation-carrying rams (53,xy,t1; 53,xy,t3) and 225 M II figures from homozygous Robertsonian translocation-carrying rams (52,xy,t1t1; 52,xy,t3t3) and rams of normal karotype (54,xy). No hypermodal cells were recorded in either the normal or the homozygous rams, but from 4-5% to 9-2% of M II cells from the heterozygous rams were hypermodal. The heterozygous rams also produced a significantly higher level of hypomodal cells suggesting that, in addition to non-disjunction, lagging at anaphase I may have occurred. There were also distinct differences in M II aneuploid spermatocyte frequency between heterozygous versus normal and homozygous rams. Fewer balanced translocation X-carrying M II cells were recorded than expected in three of the four 53,xy,t2 rams. This coincides with mating data which suggest that 26,x,t2 gametes may occur less frequently than expected. Since ewes of normal karotype mated to 53,xy,t rams conceive to first service at a rate equal to or better than normal mating groups, and because no blastocysts with unbalanced karotypes associated with the t1 translocation have been recorded, it is suggested that only euploid spermatozoa are involved in fertilization. In the sheep, aneuploid spermatocytes probably degenerate before sperm maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206630", "title": "The fine structure of the human endometrial ciliated cell.", "content": "Sixty-eight histologically normal specimens from all stages of the menstrual cycle were examined during an ultrastructural study of the human endometrial ciliated cell. The 'clear' ciliated cells found initially were seen to become at first dense and then secretory. These changes are advanced as an explanation to account for the previously observed reduction in frequency of the ciliated cell during the luteal phase. The possibility of an hormonal control mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "The fine structure of the human endometrial ciliated cell. Sixty-eight histologically normal specimens from all stages of the menstrual cycle were examined during an ultrastructural study of the human endometrial ciliated cell. The 'clear' ciliated cells found initially were seen to become at first dense and then secretory. These changes are advanced as an explanation to account for the previously observed reduction in frequency of the ciliated cell during the luteal phase. The possibility of an hormonal control mechanism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206631", "title": "Effects of maternal blood loss on embryonic and placental development in the rat.", "content": "The effects of acute loss of maternal blood on embryonic and placental development was examined in 50 rats on Days 8 or 9 of gestation. Blood was withdrawn from conscious, cannulated rats over a 1-min period at 1-0 or 2-0 ml/100 g body weight. These degrees of blood loss were expected to produce a mild (about 50%) and severe (about 80%) reduction in uterine blood flow, respectively, for at least 15 min. There was no evidence that loss of blood affected either fetal survival and malformation rates or fetal weights and sex ratios. The anaemia resulting from haemorrhage lasted no longer than 6 days. Placental weights were 11% higher in rats losing 2-0 ml blood/100 g than in controls (P less than 0-05). It appears that the 8- or 9- day rat embryo is highly resistant to the partial reduction in uterine blood flow, maternal anaemia and other possible challenges induced by maternal loss of blood at levels sufficient to affect the mothers.", "contents": "Effects of maternal blood loss on embryonic and placental development in the rat. The effects of acute loss of maternal blood on embryonic and placental development was examined in 50 rats on Days 8 or 9 of gestation. Blood was withdrawn from conscious, cannulated rats over a 1-min period at 1-0 or 2-0 ml/100 g body weight. These degrees of blood loss were expected to produce a mild (about 50%) and severe (about 80%) reduction in uterine blood flow, respectively, for at least 15 min. There was no evidence that loss of blood affected either fetal survival and malformation rates or fetal weights and sex ratios. The anaemia resulting from haemorrhage lasted no longer than 6 days. Placental weights were 11% higher in rats losing 2-0 ml blood/100 g than in controls (P less than 0-05). It appears that the 8- or 9- day rat embryo is highly resistant to the partial reduction in uterine blood flow, maternal anaemia and other possible challenges induced by maternal loss of blood at levels sufficient to affect the mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:1206634", "title": "Free N-acetylaminosugar in the seminal plasma of eutherian mammals.", "content": "The seminal plasma of seven eutherian species, including man, was examined for the presence of free N-acetylaminosugar. Only man had appreciable levels of N-acetylaminosugar in the semen (37-1 mg/100 ml), but in all cases this free N-acetylaminosugar was probably the result of breakdown of polysaccharides by semen glycosidases. High levels of free N-acetylaminosugar thus appear to be peculiar to marsupials.", "contents": "Free N-acetylaminosugar in the seminal plasma of eutherian mammals. The seminal plasma of seven eutherian species, including man, was examined for the presence of free N-acetylaminosugar. Only man had appreciable levels of N-acetylaminosugar in the semen (37-1 mg/100 ml), but in all cases this free N-acetylaminosugar was probably the result of breakdown of polysaccharides by semen glycosidases. High levels of free N-acetylaminosugar thus appear to be peculiar to marsupials."}
{"id": "PMID:1206641", "title": "The absorption by boar spermatozoa of zinc bound to low molecular weight ligands.", "content": "Most of the zinc accumulated by boar spermatozoa at 4 degrees C from seminal plasma appears to arise from the low molecular weight zinc ligands. Zinc added to semen in low concentrations (0-1 to 0-6 mM) is preferentially absorbed by the spermatozoa, particularly at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "The absorption by boar spermatozoa of zinc bound to low molecular weight ligands. Most of the zinc accumulated by boar spermatozoa at 4 degrees C from seminal plasma appears to arise from the low molecular weight zinc ligands. Zinc added to semen in low concentrations (0-1 to 0-6 mM) is preferentially absorbed by the spermatozoa, particularly at 4 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:1206642", "title": "Reproduction in the ferret. I. The effect of ovariectomy on the course of gestation.", "content": "The role of the ovaries in the maintenance of pregnancy was studied in the ferret. Ovariectomy at the time of implantation showed that some embryos survived for 7 days after the operation but all were destroyed after 10 days, although the trophoblast continued to grow at a much faster rate than normal. Ovariectomy performed after implantation showed that no fetal development occurred when the ovaries were removed at Day 21 post coitum, but that fetuses developed for an appreciable length of time in animals ovariectomized on Days 23 to 27 post coitum. Ovariectomy in late gestation resulted in speedy expulsion of the fetuses. An increase in the placenta:fetus ratio did not alter the response to ovariectomy in late gestation. The uteri in all ovariectomized animals showed progestational endometria when examined shortly after explusion of the fetuses.", "contents": "Reproduction in the ferret. I. The effect of ovariectomy on the course of gestation. The role of the ovaries in the maintenance of pregnancy was studied in the ferret. Ovariectomy at the time of implantation showed that some embryos survived for 7 days after the operation but all were destroyed after 10 days, although the trophoblast continued to grow at a much faster rate than normal. Ovariectomy performed after implantation showed that no fetal development occurred when the ovaries were removed at Day 21 post coitum, but that fetuses developed for an appreciable length of time in animals ovariectomized on Days 23 to 27 post coitum. Ovariectomy in late gestation resulted in speedy expulsion of the fetuses. An increase in the placenta:fetus ratio did not alter the response to ovariectomy in late gestation. The uteri in all ovariectomized animals showed progestational endometria when examined shortly after explusion of the fetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:1206643", "title": "Embryonic mortality during the pre- and post-implantation periods of pregnancy in mature mice after superovulation.", "content": "Sexually mature mice were stimulated to superovulate by giving exogenous gonadotrophins at known stages of the oestrous cycle. Untreated animals which ovulated spontaneously served as controls. The number of oocytes ovulated by each female was estimated from counts of the number of CL of pregnancy, and the incidence of embryonic mortality during the pre- and post-implantation stages of pregnancy was assessed from the number of zygotes recovered from the reproductive tract at 2-0 and 4-0 days post coitum and of conceptuses examined at 7-5 and 11-5 days post coitum. The mean number of oocytes ovulated by treated animals was 39-54, compared with 12-80 in controls: in mice which had superovulated, 44% of the ova were lost before implantation compared with about 10% in the controls. Further losses occurred about the time of implantation and at mid-pregnancy and thus the number of embryos classified as normal rarely exceeded the maximum found in controls. Death at mid-pregnancy seemed to be preceded by developmental retardation. The possibility that genetic and environmental factors play a role in embryonic loss after superovulation is discussed.", "contents": "Embryonic mortality during the pre- and post-implantation periods of pregnancy in mature mice after superovulation. Sexually mature mice were stimulated to superovulate by giving exogenous gonadotrophins at known stages of the oestrous cycle. Untreated animals which ovulated spontaneously served as controls. The number of oocytes ovulated by each female was estimated from counts of the number of CL of pregnancy, and the incidence of embryonic mortality during the pre- and post-implantation stages of pregnancy was assessed from the number of zygotes recovered from the reproductive tract at 2-0 and 4-0 days post coitum and of conceptuses examined at 7-5 and 11-5 days post coitum. The mean number of oocytes ovulated by treated animals was 39-54, compared with 12-80 in controls: in mice which had superovulated, 44% of the ova were lost before implantation compared with about 10% in the controls. Further losses occurred about the time of implantation and at mid-pregnancy and thus the number of embryos classified as normal rarely exceeded the maximum found in controls. Death at mid-pregnancy seemed to be preceded by developmental retardation. The possibility that genetic and environmental factors play a role in embryonic loss after superovulation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206644", "title": "The development of the mouse ovary and its response to exogenous gonadotrophins.", "content": "Immature mice aged 14 to 49 days were treated with a single injection of 4 i.u. HCG, or 3 i.u. PMSG followed 48 hr later by 2 i.u. HCG. After treatment with HCG alone the number of oocytes which were ovulated rose gradually from Day 21 to Day 28 and then remained constant, while the combined PMSG+HCG treatment induced a peak response between Days 24 and 28. The percentage of animals responding also varied with age and treatment. After the combined PMSG+HCG treatment, 90% of the animals ovulated on Day 21, while a similar proportion was not achieved in response to HCG alone until Day 32. The variation in response with age and treatment was related to follicular development within the ovary.", "contents": "The development of the mouse ovary and its response to exogenous gonadotrophins. Immature mice aged 14 to 49 days were treated with a single injection of 4 i.u. HCG, or 3 i.u. PMSG followed 48 hr later by 2 i.u. HCG. After treatment with HCG alone the number of oocytes which were ovulated rose gradually from Day 21 to Day 28 and then remained constant, while the combined PMSG+HCG treatment induced a peak response between Days 24 and 28. The percentage of animals responding also varied with age and treatment. After the combined PMSG+HCG treatment, 90% of the animals ovulated on Day 21, while a similar proportion was not achieved in response to HCG alone until Day 32. The variation in response with age and treatment was related to follicular development within the ovary."}
{"id": "PMID:1206645", "title": "Epithelial cell death in the oil-induced decidual reaction of the pseudopregnant mouse: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Arachis oil instilled into the uterus of sensitized mice was localized mesometrially or, more commonly, antimesometrially, suggesting that the uterus is polarized in its capacity to respond since implantation chambers only form antimesometrially. Epithelial breakdown occurred only within the 'implantation chabmer', but cell death took place more rapidly than in normal pregnancy and was complete at only 5 to 9 hr after the Pontamine Blue reaction. Between 19 and 43 hr after oil instillation, the antimesometrial epithelial cells lost contact with each other and initially were characterized by distended rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body, lipid droplet accumulation and ribosome segregation. At a later stage of deterioration, epithelial cell contents were scattered into the uterine lumen where polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes were also found, probably involved in ingesting the cellular debris. There was no evidence of increased size of lysosomal dense bodies or of the formation of autophagosomes in dying epithelial cells; suggesting that the mechanism of epithelial death in the oil-induced reaction is not identical to that of normal pregnancy.", "contents": "Epithelial cell death in the oil-induced decidual reaction of the pseudopregnant mouse: an ultrastructural study. Arachis oil instilled into the uterus of sensitized mice was localized mesometrially or, more commonly, antimesometrially, suggesting that the uterus is polarized in its capacity to respond since implantation chambers only form antimesometrially. Epithelial breakdown occurred only within the 'implantation chabmer', but cell death took place more rapidly than in normal pregnancy and was complete at only 5 to 9 hr after the Pontamine Blue reaction. Between 19 and 43 hr after oil instillation, the antimesometrial epithelial cells lost contact with each other and initially were characterized by distended rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body, lipid droplet accumulation and ribosome segregation. At a later stage of deterioration, epithelial cell contents were scattered into the uterine lumen where polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes were also found, probably involved in ingesting the cellular debris. There was no evidence of increased size of lysosomal dense bodies or of the formation of autophagosomes in dying epithelial cells; suggesting that the mechanism of epithelial death in the oil-induced reaction is not identical to that of normal pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1206646", "title": "Sexual receptivity and oestrus in the white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula monacha.", "content": "In common white-toothed shrews, the vaginal smear was an inadequate indicator of receptivity. Nucleated epithelial cells usually predominated and most matings took place when the smear was of this type. Cornified cells in the smear in infrequent. Mating tests showed that virgin females 2 to 4 months old, were unreceptive for extended periods. Willingness to mate increased gradually with the age of the female. Females were receptive throughout pregnancy, suggesting a continuous secretion of oestrogen during gestation. There was a post-partum oestrus whether or not the young of the litter were being suckled, and an oestrus at the end of lactation. During mid-lactation, females were in a state of low receptivity, whether or not they were suckling.", "contents": "Sexual receptivity and oestrus in the white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula monacha. In common white-toothed shrews, the vaginal smear was an inadequate indicator of receptivity. Nucleated epithelial cells usually predominated and most matings took place when the smear was of this type. Cornified cells in the smear in infrequent. Mating tests showed that virgin females 2 to 4 months old, were unreceptive for extended periods. Willingness to mate increased gradually with the age of the female. Females were receptive throughout pregnancy, suggesting a continuous secretion of oestrogen during gestation. There was a post-partum oestrus whether or not the young of the litter were being suckled, and an oestrus at the end of lactation. During mid-lactation, females were in a state of low receptivity, whether or not they were suckling."}
{"id": "PMID:1206647", "title": "Testis growth and plasma LH concentration following hemicastration and its relation with female prolificacy in sheep.", "content": "The mean testis diameter of 20- to 25-week-old Blackface, Finn and Merino rams was ranked in the same order as the ovulation rates of females of their breeds. The removal of one testis at 12 or 16 weeks of age resulted in hypertrophy of the remaining testis. The relative increase in testis growth following hemicastration was greatest in the Merino rams (72%), least in the Finns (42%) and intermediate in the Blackfaces (57%), so that it was inversely related to their breed ovulation rates. This hypertrophy was associated with increases in the concentration of plasma LH in all breed types. The results indicate that differences in testis growth rate are associated with differences in gonadotrophic stimulation rather than in intrinsic growth potential, and it is postulated that these may arise from breed differences in sensitivity to negative feed-back from the testes.", "contents": "Testis growth and plasma LH concentration following hemicastration and its relation with female prolificacy in sheep. The mean testis diameter of 20- to 25-week-old Blackface, Finn and Merino rams was ranked in the same order as the ovulation rates of females of their breeds. The removal of one testis at 12 or 16 weeks of age resulted in hypertrophy of the remaining testis. The relative increase in testis growth following hemicastration was greatest in the Merino rams (72%), least in the Finns (42%) and intermediate in the Blackfaces (57%), so that it was inversely related to their breed ovulation rates. This hypertrophy was associated with increases in the concentration of plasma LH in all breed types. The results indicate that differences in testis growth rate are associated with differences in gonadotrophic stimulation rather than in intrinsic growth potential, and it is postulated that these may arise from breed differences in sensitivity to negative feed-back from the testes."}
{"id": "PMID:1206648", "title": "Secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin by the early placenta in Vitro.", "content": "The secretion in vitro of HCG and proteins was studied in fragments of placenta from women in the first trimester of pregnancy by a pulse-chase system. A 10-min pulse with [3H]leucine was used. It was concluded that the approximate half-time of release of HCG was 150 min. Proteins precipitable with trichloroacetic acid had a bi-exponential pattern, the half-times of release being 100 and 270 min. These rates of release indicate that the HCG produced by the early placenta was rapidly passed into the circulation rather than stored.", "contents": "Secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin by the early placenta in Vitro. The secretion in vitro of HCG and proteins was studied in fragments of placenta from women in the first trimester of pregnancy by a pulse-chase system. A 10-min pulse with [3H]leucine was used. It was concluded that the approximate half-time of release of HCG was 150 min. Proteins precipitable with trichloroacetic acid had a bi-exponential pattern, the half-times of release being 100 and 270 min. These rates of release indicate that the HCG produced by the early placenta was rapidly passed into the circulation rather than stored."}
{"id": "PMID:1206650", "title": "Spatial distribution of chromosomes 1 and Y in human spermatozoa.", "content": "The positions of chromosomes 1 and Y inside human spermatozoa were determined by differential staining techniques. In 85/100 cells the two chromosomes were in close contact and in association with a vacuole. This observation is in contrast to previous findings for chromosome No. 9 and the Y-chromosome whose positions do not appear to be correlated.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of chromosomes 1 and Y in human spermatozoa. The positions of chromosomes 1 and Y inside human spermatozoa were determined by differential staining techniques. In 85/100 cells the two chromosomes were in close contact and in association with a vacuole. This observation is in contrast to previous findings for chromosome No. 9 and the Y-chromosome whose positions do not appear to be correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:1206651", "title": "Sites of production of fructose and citric acid in the accessory sex glands of the male musk shrew, Suncus murinus.", "content": "The main source of citric acid in the accessory sex glands of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus) was the prostate and fructose was abundantly produced by the ampullary glands.", "contents": "Sites of production of fructose and citric acid in the accessory sex glands of the male musk shrew, Suncus murinus. The main source of citric acid in the accessory sex glands of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus) was the prostate and fructose was abundantly produced by the ampullary glands."}
{"id": "PMID:1206653", "title": "Release of prostaglandin F-2alpha during foaling in mares.", "content": "The concentrations of PGF-2alpha in the peripheral blood of five foaling mares were measured by radioimmunoassay. Low levels of PGF-2alpha were detected as early as 1 week before foaling in two of the mares. These levels increased steadily, reaching a peak (1-74 +/- 0-44 ng/ml) during fetal expulsion. A relatively high PGF-2alpha level was found in samples collected 60 min after foaling.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandin F-2alpha during foaling in mares. The concentrations of PGF-2alpha in the peripheral blood of five foaling mares were measured by radioimmunoassay. Low levels of PGF-2alpha were detected as early as 1 week before foaling in two of the mares. These levels increased steadily, reaching a peak (1-74 +/- 0-44 ng/ml) during fetal expulsion. A relatively high PGF-2alpha level was found in samples collected 60 min after foaling."}
{"id": "PMID:1206657", "title": "The function of the growing follicle.", "content": "The follicle plays a major role in the dual function of the ovary--oocyte maturation and release and steroidogenesis required for regulating its own growth and providing the proper environment in reproductive organs for the transport of gametes and nidation. Some aspects of how follicles attain their functional competence following a series of developmental changes are discussed. The presentation is based on data obtained mainly in rodents in which follicular development occurs postnatally. The peak activity of follicular growth occurs during the 1st week of life, but not until the 5th day is follicular development clearly dependent upon gonadotrophin stimulation. The formation of the theca layer and zona pellucida, differentiation of the vascular system and competence to respond to gonadotrophins are acquired during the 2nd week. FSH alone is primarily responsible for granulosa cell proliferation and the integrity of the granulosa cell membrane, but has little differential effect on steroidogenic enzymes. Synergism of FSH and LH promotes an enrichment of the theca layer, enhancement of vascular development and antrum formation, and induces a marked differential stimulation of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, aromatizing and cholesterol side-chain cleavage systems. The number of gonadotrophin receptors on granulosa and theca cells increases with follicular development. Steroids secreted by the ovary seem to modulate follicular growth, not only by effects upon FSH and LH release but also by a local influence within the ovary. A number of physiological events related to follicular function are explained according to these observations.", "contents": "The function of the growing follicle. The follicle plays a major role in the dual function of the ovary--oocyte maturation and release and steroidogenesis required for regulating its own growth and providing the proper environment in reproductive organs for the transport of gametes and nidation. Some aspects of how follicles attain their functional competence following a series of developmental changes are discussed. The presentation is based on data obtained mainly in rodents in which follicular development occurs postnatally. The peak activity of follicular growth occurs during the 1st week of life, but not until the 5th day is follicular development clearly dependent upon gonadotrophin stimulation. The formation of the theca layer and zona pellucida, differentiation of the vascular system and competence to respond to gonadotrophins are acquired during the 2nd week. FSH alone is primarily responsible for granulosa cell proliferation and the integrity of the granulosa cell membrane, but has little differential effect on steroidogenic enzymes. Synergism of FSH and LH promotes an enrichment of the theca layer, enhancement of vascular development and antrum formation, and induces a marked differential stimulation of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, aromatizing and cholesterol side-chain cleavage systems. The number of gonadotrophin receptors on granulosa and theca cells increases with follicular development. Steroids secreted by the ovary seem to modulate follicular growth, not only by effects upon FSH and LH release but also by a local influence within the ovary. A number of physiological events related to follicular function are explained according to these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:1206658", "title": "Renal biopsy in pregnancy-induced hypertension.", "content": "Percutaneous renal biopsy, introduced 20 years ago, has revolutionized our understanding of many diseases affecting the kidney. In studies performed in nonpregnant subjects substantial progress in defining the mechanism, prognosis and treatment of a host of renal diseases was achieved by correlating clinical findings and renal function with light, electron and immunofluorescent microscopy. In the early 1960's investigators described the renal lesions associated with preeclampsia and made initial clinicopathological correlations, but relatively few studies combining light, electron and immunofluorescent findings in pregnant women have appeared to date. This is because clinical circumstances rarely justify even the minimal risks of biopsy during gestation, and after the disease has regressed, nephrology consultation is not requested in the puerperium. In addition, a report of excessive bleeding and other complications in gravidas, although not encountered by other groups (and personal experience of the authors), has contributed to the lack of enthusiasm for renal biopsy on obstetrical services and to the belief that this procedure is not advisable both during gestation and the immediate puerperium. This article reviews the renal morphology of preeclampsia and described those aspects of it in which current knowledge is still incomplete. Indications, benefits, and risks of kidney biopsy during pregnancy or puerperium will be discussed, with emphasis on the prognostic information to be expected from the procedure which may help in predicting the outcome of future pregnancies.", "contents": "Renal biopsy in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Percutaneous renal biopsy, introduced 20 years ago, has revolutionized our understanding of many diseases affecting the kidney. In studies performed in nonpregnant subjects substantial progress in defining the mechanism, prognosis and treatment of a host of renal diseases was achieved by correlating clinical findings and renal function with light, electron and immunofluorescent microscopy. In the early 1960's investigators described the renal lesions associated with preeclampsia and made initial clinicopathological correlations, but relatively few studies combining light, electron and immunofluorescent findings in pregnant women have appeared to date. This is because clinical circumstances rarely justify even the minimal risks of biopsy during gestation, and after the disease has regressed, nephrology consultation is not requested in the puerperium. In addition, a report of excessive bleeding and other complications in gravidas, although not encountered by other groups (and personal experience of the authors), has contributed to the lack of enthusiasm for renal biopsy on obstetrical services and to the belief that this procedure is not advisable both during gestation and the immediate puerperium. This article reviews the renal morphology of preeclampsia and described those aspects of it in which current knowledge is still incomplete. Indications, benefits, and risks of kidney biopsy during pregnancy or puerperium will be discussed, with emphasis on the prognostic information to be expected from the procedure which may help in predicting the outcome of future pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:1206659", "title": "The treatment of gestational hypertension.", "content": "The development of a logical and physiologically sound approach to the management of gestational hypertension presents a formidable challenge to both obstetrician and internist. The maternal and fetal risks and sequelae are well known and significant. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiology of the particular hypertensive syndrome or disease being treated is of great importance if a rational approach to treatment is to be accomplished. In this discussion we will present the pharmacology of the various antihypertensive agents currently being used, followed by a brief discussion of our current concept of the pathophysiology of the three major types of hypertension seen during pregnancy and finally by our suggested management.", "contents": "The treatment of gestational hypertension. The development of a logical and physiologically sound approach to the management of gestational hypertension presents a formidable challenge to both obstetrician and internist. The maternal and fetal risks and sequelae are well known and significant. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiology of the particular hypertensive syndrome or disease being treated is of great importance if a rational approach to treatment is to be accomplished. In this discussion we will present the pharmacology of the various antihypertensive agents currently being used, followed by a brief discussion of our current concept of the pathophysiology of the three major types of hypertension seen during pregnancy and finally by our suggested management."}
{"id": "PMID:1206667", "title": "Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and its association with HL-A 27.", "content": "The close relationship between ankylosing spondylitis and the presence of the transplantation antigen HL-A 27 is well recognized. An attractive explanation for this has been that the gene coding for this antigen exists in marked linkage disequilibrium with an abnormal immune response gene. We have suggested, in contrast, that HL-A 27 may have a more direct importance because of a defective epistatic interaction between the gene coding for this antigen and a distinct disease susceptibility gene for AS, which may therefore be situated some distance from the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and its association with HL-A 27. The close relationship between ankylosing spondylitis and the presence of the transplantation antigen HL-A 27 is well recognized. An attractive explanation for this has been that the gene coding for this antigen exists in marked linkage disequilibrium with an abnormal immune response gene. We have suggested, in contrast, that HL-A 27 may have a more direct importance because of a defective epistatic interaction between the gene coding for this antigen and a distinct disease susceptibility gene for AS, which may therefore be situated some distance from the major histocompatibility complex."}
{"id": "PMID:1206668", "title": "Size distribution of lymphocytes in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The diameters of circulating peripheral lymphocytes were measured in 28 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. These were compared with lymphocyte measurements in 68 normal children, 19 children with asthma, and 12 children with cystic fibrosis. The average diameter of lymphocytes in normal children was found to be 11.2 microns. In contrast, the average diameter of lymphocytes in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was 12.7 microns (P less than 0.0001). There were more lymphocytes with a diameter of 13 to 15 microns in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis than in normal children.", "contents": "Size distribution of lymphocytes in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The diameters of circulating peripheral lymphocytes were measured in 28 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. These were compared with lymphocyte measurements in 68 normal children, 19 children with asthma, and 12 children with cystic fibrosis. The average diameter of lymphocytes in normal children was found to be 11.2 microns. In contrast, the average diameter of lymphocytes in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was 12.7 microns (P less than 0.0001). There were more lymphocytes with a diameter of 13 to 15 microns in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis than in normal children."}
{"id": "PMID:1206669", "title": "Experimental immune arthritis: host factors.", "content": "An experimental chronic mono-arthritis was induced in rabbits using adjuvants and bovine serum albumin. The results suggest that unidentified host factors (possibly genetic) influence the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to the antigen. The data further show a clear correlation between systemic cell mediated immunity and chronic synovitis. When this condition is absent, there is a poor correlation between the humoral response and the arthritis. The results make difficult the interpretation of local immune complex deposition as the sole, chronic phlogistic stimulus. (J Rheumatol 2: 373-383, 1975).", "contents": "Experimental immune arthritis: host factors. An experimental chronic mono-arthritis was induced in rabbits using adjuvants and bovine serum albumin. The results suggest that unidentified host factors (possibly genetic) influence the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to the antigen. The data further show a clear correlation between systemic cell mediated immunity and chronic synovitis. When this condition is absent, there is a poor correlation between the humoral response and the arthritis. The results make difficult the interpretation of local immune complex deposition as the sole, chronic phlogistic stimulus. (J Rheumatol 2: 373-383, 1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:1206670", "title": "Decreased concentration of free histidine in serum in rheumatoid arthritis, an isolated amino acid abnormality not associated with generalized hypoaminoacidemia.", "content": "The serum concentrations of 12 free amino acids (alanine, arginine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine) were measured in 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 12 control subjects. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a low serum histidine concentration (P equals 0.002) but no abnormality of any other amino acid concentration or of the combined concentration of the measured amino acids, excluding histidine. These data and 22 other reported studies provide strong evidence for the presence of hypohistidemia, not associated with generalized hypoaminoacidemia, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (J Rheumatol 2: 384-392, 1975).", "contents": "Decreased concentration of free histidine in serum in rheumatoid arthritis, an isolated amino acid abnormality not associated with generalized hypoaminoacidemia. The serum concentrations of 12 free amino acids (alanine, arginine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine) were measured in 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 12 control subjects. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a low serum histidine concentration (P equals 0.002) but no abnormality of any other amino acid concentration or of the combined concentration of the measured amino acids, excluding histidine. These data and 22 other reported studies provide strong evidence for the presence of hypohistidemia, not associated with generalized hypoaminoacidemia, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (J Rheumatol 2: 384-392, 1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:1206671", "title": "The origins and relative distribution of polysaccharidases in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic fluids.", "content": "Three lysosomal polysaccharidases were measured in synovial fluid (SF) and serum from rheumatoid (RA) patients, SF from osteoarthritic (OA) patients, and serum from healthy volunteers. (1) There was no correlation between the enzyme levels and white cell counts in the SF. (2) beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were markedly elevated in the SF of RA as compared to OA. (3) beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase levels in the SF of RA correlated well with each other but not with hyaluronidase. (4) beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase levels were higher in the SF of RA than in the corresponding serum, while the converse was true for hyaluronidase. (5) Hyaluronidase levels were significantly higher in RA serum than in normal serum. These results suggest that the synovial membrane may be the source of beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, while hyaluronidase is derived from a source remote from the joint via the serum. This source of hyaluronidase may be the liver. (J Rheumatol 2: 393-400, 1975).", "contents": "The origins and relative distribution of polysaccharidases in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic fluids. Three lysosomal polysaccharidases were measured in synovial fluid (SF) and serum from rheumatoid (RA) patients, SF from osteoarthritic (OA) patients, and serum from healthy volunteers. (1) There was no correlation between the enzyme levels and white cell counts in the SF. (2) beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were markedly elevated in the SF of RA as compared to OA. (3) beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase levels in the SF of RA correlated well with each other but not with hyaluronidase. (4) beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase levels were higher in the SF of RA than in the corresponding serum, while the converse was true for hyaluronidase. (5) Hyaluronidase levels were significantly higher in RA serum than in normal serum. These results suggest that the synovial membrane may be the source of beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, while hyaluronidase is derived from a source remote from the joint via the serum. This source of hyaluronidase may be the liver. (J Rheumatol 2: 393-400, 1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:1206672", "title": "Chrysotherapy: pharmacological and clinical correlates.", "content": "Relationships between gold administration and serum gold content were observed in 56 RA subjects receiving up to five years of weekly chrysotherapy. Wide fluctuations in serum gold responses to standard 50 mg IM injections were noted. Individual adjustments to dosage schedules were made as dictated by patient serum gold responses. Enhanced clinical and laboratory response was prolonged with higher sustained serum gold concentration greater than 300 mug per cent. Maintaining serum levels greater than 300 mug per cent is postulated to facilitate access of gold to \"effector sites\" within the deeper compartments by providing higher sustained gradients between superficial (blood) and deeper body compartments. The complexity of the system of effector sites responsive to gold and their divergent location within the body likely affects the accessibility of the agent for these sites; hence, affecting the correlation between gold levels and therapeutic response. The application of pharmacokinetic principles in chrysotherapy, nevertheless, provides the basis for optimizing accessibility of the agent and the therapeutic response. (J Rheumatol 2: 401-410, 1975).", "contents": "Chrysotherapy: pharmacological and clinical correlates. Relationships between gold administration and serum gold content were observed in 56 RA subjects receiving up to five years of weekly chrysotherapy. Wide fluctuations in serum gold responses to standard 50 mg IM injections were noted. Individual adjustments to dosage schedules were made as dictated by patient serum gold responses. Enhanced clinical and laboratory response was prolonged with higher sustained serum gold concentration greater than 300 mug per cent. Maintaining serum levels greater than 300 mug per cent is postulated to facilitate access of gold to \"effector sites\" within the deeper compartments by providing higher sustained gradients between superficial (blood) and deeper body compartments. The complexity of the system of effector sites responsive to gold and their divergent location within the body likely affects the accessibility of the agent for these sites; hence, affecting the correlation between gold levels and therapeutic response. The application of pharmacokinetic principles in chrysotherapy, nevertheless, provides the basis for optimizing accessibility of the agent and the therapeutic response. (J Rheumatol 2: 401-410, 1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:1206673", "title": "Irreversible bone marrow failure with chlorambucil.", "content": "Two cases of irreversible bone marrow failure are described, one with rheumatoid disease and one with systemic lupus erythematosus. Each case was associated with prior chlorambucil administration, effective in controlling the clinical manifestations (total dosage 398 and 1,764 mg respectively). The irreversibility of the bone marrow depression in the two cases presented stands in contrast to published assurances that chlorambucil-associated leukopenia is dose-related and readily reversible. The cases illustrate that chlorambucil therapy should not be continued after initial leukopenia, until peripheral counts or marrow cellularity has returned to normal. Titration of drug dosage and leukocyte count, as frequently employed with cyclophosphamide and other alkylating agents, must be presumed hazardous. Additional studies are needed to determine if irreversible bone marrow depression is dose-related or idiosyncratic.", "contents": "Irreversible bone marrow failure with chlorambucil. Two cases of irreversible bone marrow failure are described, one with rheumatoid disease and one with systemic lupus erythematosus. Each case was associated with prior chlorambucil administration, effective in controlling the clinical manifestations (total dosage 398 and 1,764 mg respectively). The irreversibility of the bone marrow depression in the two cases presented stands in contrast to published assurances that chlorambucil-associated leukopenia is dose-related and readily reversible. The cases illustrate that chlorambucil therapy should not be continued after initial leukopenia, until peripheral counts or marrow cellularity has returned to normal. Titration of drug dosage and leukocyte count, as frequently employed with cyclophosphamide and other alkylating agents, must be presumed hazardous. Additional studies are needed to determine if irreversible bone marrow depression is dose-related or idiosyncratic."}
{"id": "PMID:1206674", "title": "Avascular necrosis and its relation to lipid and purine metabolism.", "content": "Serum uric acid, triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipoprotein levels were determined in 35 patients with primary avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The results were compared with a control group and a group of gouty patients. Frequency distribution of the data in the three groups was found to be of the log normal type, and the statistical calculations were performed after log transformation of the serum values. Compared to the control group, a significant increase in the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, pre-beta-lipoprotein, and uric acid were found in the patients with avascular necrosis. No significant difference was observed between lipid and lipoprotein levels in gout and avascular necrosis, although the serum uric acid was higher in the gouty patients. In contrast to the findings in gout, the uric acid levels did not correlate with the lipid or lipoprotein fractions in patients with avascular necrosis. There were no statistical differences between lipid, lipoprotein and uric acid levels in patients with avascular necrosis receiving corticosteroids or using alcohol, as compared with those not taking these drugs. It is concluded that avascular necrosis of bone complicating longterm use of steroids or alcohol is not induced directly by the two drugs, but that the initiating event may lie in lipid disturbances.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis and its relation to lipid and purine metabolism. Serum uric acid, triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipoprotein levels were determined in 35 patients with primary avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The results were compared with a control group and a group of gouty patients. Frequency distribution of the data in the three groups was found to be of the log normal type, and the statistical calculations were performed after log transformation of the serum values. Compared to the control group, a significant increase in the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, pre-beta-lipoprotein, and uric acid were found in the patients with avascular necrosis. No significant difference was observed between lipid and lipoprotein levels in gout and avascular necrosis, although the serum uric acid was higher in the gouty patients. In contrast to the findings in gout, the uric acid levels did not correlate with the lipid or lipoprotein fractions in patients with avascular necrosis. There were no statistical differences between lipid, lipoprotein and uric acid levels in patients with avascular necrosis receiving corticosteroids or using alcohol, as compared with those not taking these drugs. It is concluded that avascular necrosis of bone complicating longterm use of steroids or alcohol is not induced directly by the two drugs, but that the initiating event may lie in lipid disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:1206675", "title": "The pharmacology of hypouricemic effect of benzbromarone.", "content": "The hypouricemic effect of benzbromarone has been investigated in six subjects. Benzbromarone increased urate: creatinine by 371 per cent over control values at two to four hours after administration. Over a 24 hour period, the mean serum uric acid decreased from a control value of 7.8 +/- 0.8 to 4.3 +/- 0.6 mg/dl. This uricosuric effect was completely reversed by pyrazinamide, partially inhibited by acetylsalicyclic acid and sulfinpyrazone, and was not accompanied by an elevation of the creatinine clearance or an inhibition of urate binding to plasma protein. In vitro studies showed only 22 per cent inhibition of urate binding by benzbromarone five muM, a concentration which is transiently reached in man. Kinetic studies of human liver xanthine oxidase demonstrated non-competitive inhibition with variable hypoxanthine and a Ki slope of 8.5 muM. The Ki slopes for benzarone and allopurinol were 19.0 muM and 0.05 muM respectively. There was no elevation of the urinary oxypurines following benzbromarone ingestion. These observations suggest that only the renal tubular activity of benzbromarone is relevant to its hypouricemic effects in man. (J Rheumatol 2: 437-445, 1975).", "contents": "The pharmacology of hypouricemic effect of benzbromarone. The hypouricemic effect of benzbromarone has been investigated in six subjects. Benzbromarone increased urate: creatinine by 371 per cent over control values at two to four hours after administration. Over a 24 hour period, the mean serum uric acid decreased from a control value of 7.8 +/- 0.8 to 4.3 +/- 0.6 mg/dl. This uricosuric effect was completely reversed by pyrazinamide, partially inhibited by acetylsalicyclic acid and sulfinpyrazone, and was not accompanied by an elevation of the creatinine clearance or an inhibition of urate binding to plasma protein. In vitro studies showed only 22 per cent inhibition of urate binding by benzbromarone five muM, a concentration which is transiently reached in man. Kinetic studies of human liver xanthine oxidase demonstrated non-competitive inhibition with variable hypoxanthine and a Ki slope of 8.5 muM. The Ki slopes for benzarone and allopurinol were 19.0 muM and 0.05 muM respectively. There was no elevation of the urinary oxypurines following benzbromarone ingestion. These observations suggest that only the renal tubular activity of benzbromarone is relevant to its hypouricemic effects in man. (J Rheumatol 2: 437-445, 1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:1206676", "title": "Pulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Chest radiographs of 39 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were studied. Three showed apical pulmonary fibrosis, two with cavitary lesions. Other known causes of lung disease were excluded. Symptoms and roentgenographic evidence of spondylitis were present for many years prior to the onset of pulmonary symptoms, which variably included shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain, fever, and chills. Apical pulmonary lesions of unknown cause were absent in 53 age, sex, and racematched osteoarthritis control patients. The findings suggest that apical pulmonary fibrosis may be an extra-skeletal manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis, the frequency of which approaches that of spondylitic heart disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Chest radiographs of 39 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were studied. Three showed apical pulmonary fibrosis, two with cavitary lesions. Other known causes of lung disease were excluded. Symptoms and roentgenographic evidence of spondylitis were present for many years prior to the onset of pulmonary symptoms, which variably included shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain, fever, and chills. Apical pulmonary lesions of unknown cause were absent in 53 age, sex, and racematched osteoarthritis control patients. The findings suggest that apical pulmonary fibrosis may be an extra-skeletal manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis, the frequency of which approaches that of spondylitic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1206710", "title": "A histochemical study of cervical motor neurons and the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle in normal and dystropic chickens.", "content": "A chromatolysis study, 14 to 21 days following denervation, showed the spinal cord representation of the nerve to the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle to be in the ventrolateral cell column between cervical ganglia 14 and 15. to characterize cevical neruos nt undergoing chromatolysis, histochemical stuies were done the cords of additional nondenervated animals. Staining reactions for beta-hydrocybutyrate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase did not reveal any quantitative differences between motor neurons in cervical segments 14 and 15 of normal and dystrophic birds. Motor neurons are positive for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase, but the surrounding neuropil is positive for the latter only. No pseudocholinesterase activity is found in the ventral horn cells, but true cholinesterase is present in most of the neurons...", "contents": "A histochemical study of cervical motor neurons and the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle in normal and dystropic chickens. A chromatolysis study, 14 to 21 days following denervation, showed the spinal cord representation of the nerve to the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle to be in the ventrolateral cell column between cervical ganglia 14 and 15. to characterize cevical neruos nt undergoing chromatolysis, histochemical stuies were done the cords of additional nondenervated animals. Staining reactions for beta-hydrocybutyrate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase did not reveal any quantitative differences between motor neurons in cervical segments 14 and 15 of normal and dystrophic birds. Motor neurons are positive for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase, but the surrounding neuropil is positive for the latter only. No pseudocholinesterase activity is found in the ventral horn cells, but true cholinesterase is present in most of the neurons..."}
{"id": "PMID:1206711", "title": "Smooth muscle cells in the rat testicular capsule: a developmental study.", "content": "This study of the postnatal development (from 1 to 60 days) of smooth muscle elements in the rat testicular capsule has demonstrated that while such elements are identifiable by light microscopy at 30 days, myocytes are present at birth as seen by electron microscopy. The differentiation of smooth muscle from birth to 30 days has been described, by which time it is of adult morphology and content. Perhaps significantly, it is at 30 days that the testis achieves a scrotal position, although sexual maturity does not occur until about 60 days. Presumably, at 30 days the testicular capsule of the rat is capable of the spontaneous contractions which are known to occur in the adult and which are assumed to aid the transport of non-motile spermatozoa from the testis to the spididymis. The presence of occasional striated muscle fibers in the rat testicular capsule as reported previously has not been confirmed by this investigation, although their possible origin is discussed.", "contents": "Smooth muscle cells in the rat testicular capsule: a developmental study. This study of the postnatal development (from 1 to 60 days) of smooth muscle elements in the rat testicular capsule has demonstrated that while such elements are identifiable by light microscopy at 30 days, myocytes are present at birth as seen by electron microscopy. The differentiation of smooth muscle from birth to 30 days has been described, by which time it is of adult morphology and content. Perhaps significantly, it is at 30 days that the testis achieves a scrotal position, although sexual maturity does not occur until about 60 days. Presumably, at 30 days the testicular capsule of the rat is capable of the spontaneous contractions which are known to occur in the adult and which are assumed to aid the transport of non-motile spermatozoa from the testis to the spididymis. The presence of occasional striated muscle fibers in the rat testicular capsule as reported previously has not been confirmed by this investigation, although their possible origin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206722", "title": "Tables of critical values for examining compositional non-randomness in proteins and nucleic acids.", "content": "A binomially distributed statistic pchi2i is defined which in conjunction with a set of critical tables permits, for peptides or proteins of arbitrary lengths, a well-defined answer to the question: Does the proportion of a particular amino acid iota present in that protein deviate significantly from random expectation? An analogous statistic is defined for nucleic acids. This statistic is simply related to the classical chi-squared test. The classical chi2 and the pchi2i are supplementary in that the former permits one to determine that a non-randomness in amino acid composition exists in a protein, while the latter permits one to localize that non-randomness to particular amino acids. The pchi2i statistic takes into account explicity the compositional fluctuations imposed by the finite length of proteins. The tables are more exact than any hitherto existing, and require no intermediate calculations for their use: from the direct experimental measurement of the number of residues of amino acid iota, one immediately reads from the tables whether the number observed is within random expectation or not. These statistics are used to analyze eight proteins of diverse length, function, and origin in an accompanying paper.", "contents": "Tables of critical values for examining compositional non-randomness in proteins and nucleic acids. A binomially distributed statistic pchi2i is defined which in conjunction with a set of critical tables permits, for peptides or proteins of arbitrary lengths, a well-defined answer to the question: Does the proportion of a particular amino acid iota present in that protein deviate significantly from random expectation? An analogous statistic is defined for nucleic acids. This statistic is simply related to the classical chi-squared test. The classical chi2 and the pchi2i are supplementary in that the former permits one to determine that a non-randomness in amino acid composition exists in a protein, while the latter permits one to localize that non-randomness to particular amino acids. The pchi2i statistic takes into account explicity the compositional fluctuations imposed by the finite length of proteins. The tables are more exact than any hitherto existing, and require no intermediate calculations for their use: from the direct experimental measurement of the number of residues of amino acid iota, one immediately reads from the tables whether the number observed is within random expectation or not. These statistics are used to analyze eight proteins of diverse length, function, and origin in an accompanying paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1206723", "title": "Homologies of ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences in monocots.", "content": "Competitive hybridization among ribosomal RNA was used to estimate homologies of nucleotide sequences in monocots. Homologies have been measured with respect to Allium cepa (Liliaceae) and Zea mays (Graminaceae). It was found that nucleotide sequences are highly conserved within Liliaceae, while some divergences were found within Graminaceae.", "contents": "Homologies of ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences in monocots. Competitive hybridization among ribosomal RNA was used to estimate homologies of nucleotide sequences in monocots. Homologies have been measured with respect to Allium cepa (Liliaceae) and Zea mays (Graminaceae). It was found that nucleotide sequences are highly conserved within Liliaceae, while some divergences were found within Graminaceae."}
{"id": "PMID:1206724", "title": "Speculations on the origin and evolution of metabolism.", "content": "An autotrophic origin of metabolism is described, which requires clays, transition state metals, disulfide and dithiols, U.V. and cyanide ion. A general scheme is proposed, involving the fixation of CO2 and N2, for the evolution of intermediary metabolism based on the evolution of a complex system from a simple one. The basic conclusion is that metabolism could have evolved from a simple environment rather than from a complex one.", "contents": "Speculations on the origin and evolution of metabolism. An autotrophic origin of metabolism is described, which requires clays, transition state metals, disulfide and dithiols, U.V. and cyanide ion. A general scheme is proposed, involving the fixation of CO2 and N2, for the evolution of intermediary metabolism based on the evolution of a complex system from a simple one. The basic conclusion is that metabolism could have evolved from a simple environment rather than from a complex one."}
{"id": "PMID:1206725", "title": "The charge-state model of protein polymorphism in natural populations.", "content": "Routine electrophoretic surveys for genetic variation in natural populations depend primarily upon detecting differences in the net charge carried by a protein. We have calculated the proportion of base substitutions which would yield an electrophoretically detectable mutant protein, and the relative mutation rates among different chare classes, under a variety of simplifying assumptions. These calculations indicate that: (i) only 25 per cent of all single base mutations would lead to a charge change on a protein molecule. (ii) five distinct classes of electrophoretic variants can be generated from a specified protein by single base substitutions. (iii) the relative mutation rates differ markedly among the different charge classes which can be generated by single base substitutions. The estimates of the proportion of electrophoretically detectable mutant proteins and relative mutation rates among charge classes were relatively robust to changes in assumptions concerned with the kind and site of base substitutions and the amino acid composition of the protein.", "contents": "The charge-state model of protein polymorphism in natural populations. Routine electrophoretic surveys for genetic variation in natural populations depend primarily upon detecting differences in the net charge carried by a protein. We have calculated the proportion of base substitutions which would yield an electrophoretically detectable mutant protein, and the relative mutation rates among different chare classes, under a variety of simplifying assumptions. These calculations indicate that: (i) only 25 per cent of all single base mutations would lead to a charge change on a protein molecule. (ii) five distinct classes of electrophoretic variants can be generated from a specified protein by single base substitutions. (iii) the relative mutation rates differ markedly among the different charge classes which can be generated by single base substitutions. The estimates of the proportion of electrophoretically detectable mutant proteins and relative mutation rates among charge classes were relatively robust to changes in assumptions concerned with the kind and site of base substitutions and the amino acid composition of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1206726", "title": "Evolution of the haem-haem interaction in vertebrate haemoglobins - a hypothesis.", "content": "A hypothesis about the evolution of the haem-haem interaction in haemoglobins has been formulated on the basis of available functional and structural data. It emerges that this cooperative muchanism is not necessarily due solely to the higher levels of protomer aggregation, because it occurs only in haemoglobins having the distal histidine. It is thus proposed that this amino acid residue might have had a significant role for the development of low-oxygen-affinity haemoglobins in vertebrates.", "contents": "Evolution of the haem-haem interaction in vertebrate haemoglobins - a hypothesis. A hypothesis about the evolution of the haem-haem interaction in haemoglobins has been formulated on the basis of available functional and structural data. It emerges that this cooperative muchanism is not necessarily due solely to the higher levels of protomer aggregation, because it occurs only in haemoglobins having the distal histidine. It is thus proposed that this amino acid residue might have had a significant role for the development of low-oxygen-affinity haemoglobins in vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1206727", "title": "Compartmentalization of amino acids in surfactant aggregates. Partitioning between water and aqueous micellar sodium deodecanoate and between hexane and dodecylammonium propionate trapped water in hexane.", "content": "Cationic amino acids, arginine and lysine partition differentially from water into aqueous micellar sodium dodecanoate. Conversely, partitioning of serine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and isoleucine do not vary appreciably. Partitioning from neat hexane into dodecylammonium propionate trapped water in hexane is, however, dependent upon both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. These results imply that the interior of dedecylammonium propionate aggregates is negatively charged and is capable of hydrogen bonding in addition to providing a hydrophobic enviroment. The solubilities of amino acids in neat hexane substantiate the previously derived amino acid hydrophobicity scale. Relevance of partitioning in these systems to the postulated selective amino acid compartmentalization is discussed.", "contents": "Compartmentalization of amino acids in surfactant aggregates. Partitioning between water and aqueous micellar sodium deodecanoate and between hexane and dodecylammonium propionate trapped water in hexane. Cationic amino acids, arginine and lysine partition differentially from water into aqueous micellar sodium dodecanoate. Conversely, partitioning of serine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and isoleucine do not vary appreciably. Partitioning from neat hexane into dodecylammonium propionate trapped water in hexane is, however, dependent upon both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. These results imply that the interior of dedecylammonium propionate aggregates is negatively charged and is capable of hydrogen bonding in addition to providing a hydrophobic enviroment. The solubilities of amino acids in neat hexane substantiate the previously derived amino acid hydrophobicity scale. Relevance of partitioning in these systems to the postulated selective amino acid compartmentalization is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206729", "title": "Detecting evolutionary trends from molecular data. 1. Some measures of compositional nonrandomness.", "content": "The measures of compositional nonrandomness to be discussed as to their physical significance and to their power of detecting evolutionary significant variations are (see article)(pi a priori probability for amino acid i, ni its number of occurrences in a protein of length L). As a concrete example, the pi are here supposed to represent equal frequencies of all non-stop codons. For each quantity, four levels are defined: The base level, with optimal (i.e. minimal nonrandomness) composition, admitting non-integer values of ni; the integer level with optimal integer composition; the noise level, represented by a typical random cain; and the real protein level. On all these levels, S, which is the measure with the most direct physical sense, shows the smoothest behavior with the smallest relative fluctuations and thus the highest resolution.", "contents": "Detecting evolutionary trends from molecular data. 1. Some measures of compositional nonrandomness. The measures of compositional nonrandomness to be discussed as to their physical significance and to their power of detecting evolutionary significant variations are (see article)(pi a priori probability for amino acid i, ni its number of occurrences in a protein of length L). As a concrete example, the pi are here supposed to represent equal frequencies of all non-stop codons. For each quantity, four levels are defined: The base level, with optimal (i.e. minimal nonrandomness) composition, admitting non-integer values of ni; the integer level with optimal integer composition; the noise level, represented by a typical random cain; and the real protein level. On all these levels, S, which is the measure with the most direct physical sense, shows the smoothest behavior with the smallest relative fluctuations and thus the highest resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:1206731", "title": "Abnormal profile of human nucleolytic activity as a test for cancer.", "content": "Serum samples from patients with various malignancies including acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), brain tumor (BT), Hodgkin's disease (HD), and non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were evaluated for nucleolytic activity against six synthetic polynucleotides: polyadenylic acid, polyuridylic acid, polycytidylic acid, polyguanylic acid, polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid, and polyguanylic-polycytidylic acid; The enzyme activity was determined spectrophotometrically by following the degradation of substrate to acid-soluble nucleotides. Most patients had elevated serum RNase activity at the 95% confidence level when compared to 30 controls. Included in this group were 67% of patients with ANLL, 46% of patients with BT, 73% of patients with HD, and 67% of patients with NHL. These data confirmed the earlier suggestion that elevated serum nuclease activity is found in patients with neoplastic disease. However, whether or not a serum was identified as abnormal depended on the substrate used in the assay; this underscored the need to test samples against a variety of polynucleotides. Alterations in serum nucleolytic activity represent an important marker of neoplastic disease and can serve as the basis for a useful clinical screening device.", "contents": "Abnormal profile of human nucleolytic activity as a test for cancer. Serum samples from patients with various malignancies including acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), brain tumor (BT), Hodgkin's disease (HD), and non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were evaluated for nucleolytic activity against six synthetic polynucleotides: polyadenylic acid, polyuridylic acid, polycytidylic acid, polyguanylic acid, polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid, and polyguanylic-polycytidylic acid; The enzyme activity was determined spectrophotometrically by following the degradation of substrate to acid-soluble nucleotides. Most patients had elevated serum RNase activity at the 95% confidence level when compared to 30 controls. Included in this group were 67% of patients with ANLL, 46% of patients with BT, 73% of patients with HD, and 67% of patients with NHL. These data confirmed the earlier suggestion that elevated serum nuclease activity is found in patients with neoplastic disease. However, whether or not a serum was identified as abnormal depended on the substrate used in the assay; this underscored the need to test samples against a variety of polynucleotides. Alterations in serum nucleolytic activity represent an important marker of neoplastic disease and can serve as the basis for a useful clinical screening device."}
{"id": "PMID:1206732", "title": "Adriamycin-induced chromosome aberrations in human fibroblasts.", "content": "Adriamycin (AM) induced chromosome lesions and cell division delay in human foreskin fibroblasts. Cells treated with 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 mug AM/ml culture medium for 1 hour and evaluated 5-12 hours post treatment exhibited a wide spectrum of cytogenetic injuries, ranging from moderately damaged metaphases with predominantly simple chromatid-type lesions to heavily damaged metaphases with chromosome stickiness and fragmentation. In moderately damaged metaphases that could be scored for specific types of aberrations, we observed a paucity of chromatid exchanges and chromosome-type lesions even in cultures having a very high frequency of breakages. Further, the distribution of breaks among chromosomes within groups A-G appeared to be random, which suggested that the drug does not show breakage specificity in human fibroblasts; The number of heavily damaged metaphases increased with an increase in concentration of AM and with longer periods of recovery.", "contents": "Adriamycin-induced chromosome aberrations in human fibroblasts. Adriamycin (AM) induced chromosome lesions and cell division delay in human foreskin fibroblasts. Cells treated with 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 mug AM/ml culture medium for 1 hour and evaluated 5-12 hours post treatment exhibited a wide spectrum of cytogenetic injuries, ranging from moderately damaged metaphases with predominantly simple chromatid-type lesions to heavily damaged metaphases with chromosome stickiness and fragmentation. In moderately damaged metaphases that could be scored for specific types of aberrations, we observed a paucity of chromatid exchanges and chromosome-type lesions even in cultures having a very high frequency of breakages. Further, the distribution of breaks among chromosomes within groups A-G appeared to be random, which suggested that the drug does not show breakage specificity in human fibroblasts; The number of heavily damaged metaphases increased with an increase in concentration of AM and with longer periods of recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:1206733", "title": "Incidence of childhood cancer in Finland.", "content": "Between 1953 and 1970, 2,605 malignant tumors in children under 15 years of age were reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry, a population-based registry that covers the whole country (population, 4.6 million). The mean annual age-adjusted incidence rates per million were 128 in males and 108 in females. The most common neoplasms were leukemia (age-adjusted incidence rates, 43.7 in males; 34;7 in females), brain tumors (26.4 in males, 22.8 in females), renal tumors (10;0 in males, 9.1 in females), lymphomas (10.8 in males, 5.3 in females), and bone tumors (5;3 in males, 5.1 in females). This distribution is roughly the same as the observed in many other white populations. However, the incidence rates of leukemia, lymphomas, neuroblastomas, and soft-tissue tumors were somewhate lower than figures reported in the Third National Cancer Survey of the United States.", "contents": "Incidence of childhood cancer in Finland. Between 1953 and 1970, 2,605 malignant tumors in children under 15 years of age were reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry, a population-based registry that covers the whole country (population, 4.6 million). The mean annual age-adjusted incidence rates per million were 128 in males and 108 in females. The most common neoplasms were leukemia (age-adjusted incidence rates, 43.7 in males; 34;7 in females), brain tumors (26.4 in males, 22.8 in females), renal tumors (10;0 in males, 9.1 in females), lymphomas (10.8 in males, 5.3 in females), and bone tumors (5;3 in males, 5.1 in females). This distribution is roughly the same as the observed in many other white populations. However, the incidence rates of leukemia, lymphomas, neuroblastomas, and soft-tissue tumors were somewhate lower than figures reported in the Third National Cancer Survey of the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:1206734", "title": "Change of antigenic expression on rat tumor cells after their transplantation.", "content": "Antigenic expression of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transplantable fibrosarcoma KMT-17 cells was investigated in relation to days after ip transplantation. Cytotoxicity tests with antiserum against tumor-associated surface antigen of KMT-17 cells revealed that cytotoxic sensitivity and absorbing capacity decreased after transplantation, but they increased when other normal rats were given transplants of tumor cells. A decrease in the sensitivity was observed when immunosuppressively irradiated rats were given tumor transplants. Tumor cell density in the abdominal cavities of rats directly and absorbing capacity of KMT-17 cells to antiserum against the histocompatibility antigen did not change after transplantation. The possible mechanisms of antigenic change of KMT-17 cells were discussed.", "contents": "Change of antigenic expression on rat tumor cells after their transplantation. Antigenic expression of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transplantable fibrosarcoma KMT-17 cells was investigated in relation to days after ip transplantation. Cytotoxicity tests with antiserum against tumor-associated surface antigen of KMT-17 cells revealed that cytotoxic sensitivity and absorbing capacity decreased after transplantation, but they increased when other normal rats were given transplants of tumor cells. A decrease in the sensitivity was observed when immunosuppressively irradiated rats were given tumor transplants. Tumor cell density in the abdominal cavities of rats directly and absorbing capacity of KMT-17 cells to antiserum against the histocompatibility antigen did not change after transplantation. The possible mechanisms of antigenic change of KMT-17 cells were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206735", "title": "Effects of levamisole on in vivo and in vitro murine host response to syngeneic transplantable tumor.", "content": "The effects of levamisole were studied in vivo and in vitro on two murine tumors, B16 melanoma and adenocarcinoma 15091, syngeneic to the mouse strains used. Administration of levamisole before tumor transplantation enhanced the early appearance of neoplasms but did not affect the overall incidence or course of tumor growth as compared with that observed in controls given saline injections or animals given levamisole with lethally X-irradiated tumor cells. Administration of the drug 1 day before iv injection of tumor cells significantly reduced the incidence of pulmonary nodules, but if the drug was given 3 or 5 days before tumor challenge, the incidence of nodules was increased. Lymphocytes or macrophages from normal mice given levamisole had no effect on tumor cells in vitro, whereas lymphocytes incubated with levamisole in vitro enhanced tumor cell growth. When lymphocytes and tumor cells were mixed in vitro, lymphocytes from animals treated with the drug formed larger multicell clumps with tumor cells than did those from normal controls. We concluded that levamisole did not protect the mice against the tested tumors.", "contents": "Effects of levamisole on in vivo and in vitro murine host response to syngeneic transplantable tumor. The effects of levamisole were studied in vivo and in vitro on two murine tumors, B16 melanoma and adenocarcinoma 15091, syngeneic to the mouse strains used. Administration of levamisole before tumor transplantation enhanced the early appearance of neoplasms but did not affect the overall incidence or course of tumor growth as compared with that observed in controls given saline injections or animals given levamisole with lethally X-irradiated tumor cells. Administration of the drug 1 day before iv injection of tumor cells significantly reduced the incidence of pulmonary nodules, but if the drug was given 3 or 5 days before tumor challenge, the incidence of nodules was increased. Lymphocytes or macrophages from normal mice given levamisole had no effect on tumor cells in vitro, whereas lymphocytes incubated with levamisole in vitro enhanced tumor cell growth. When lymphocytes and tumor cells were mixed in vitro, lymphocytes from animals treated with the drug formed larger multicell clumps with tumor cells than did those from normal controls. We concluded that levamisole did not protect the mice against the tested tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:1206736", "title": "Potentiation by carbon tetrachloride of the immunosuppressive effects of fibrosarcoma and toxic material produced by fibrosarcoma cells.", "content": "SaD2-AG fibrosarcomas growing in DBA/2 mice caused nonspecific immunodepression. Injection of soluble material produced by cultured SaD2-AG cells into normal DBA/2 recipients caused nonspecific immunodepression and signs of systemic toxicity. These in vivo effects were enhanced by prior treatment of the recipients with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In contrast, material released by syngeneic fibroblasts was neither immunosuppressive nor toxic to normal mice or mice previously treated with CCl4. A soluble toxic material released by the fibrosarcoma cells may be responsible for at least some of the systemic effects of localized SaD2-AG tumors growing at a site not involving vital structures, and a protective host mechanism whose maximum capacity can be decreased by the administration of CCl4 may minimize the toxic effects of the cancer-derived material.", "contents": "Potentiation by carbon tetrachloride of the immunosuppressive effects of fibrosarcoma and toxic material produced by fibrosarcoma cells. SaD2-AG fibrosarcomas growing in DBA/2 mice caused nonspecific immunodepression. Injection of soluble material produced by cultured SaD2-AG cells into normal DBA/2 recipients caused nonspecific immunodepression and signs of systemic toxicity. These in vivo effects were enhanced by prior treatment of the recipients with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In contrast, material released by syngeneic fibroblasts was neither immunosuppressive nor toxic to normal mice or mice previously treated with CCl4. A soluble toxic material released by the fibrosarcoma cells may be responsible for at least some of the systemic effects of localized SaD2-AG tumors growing at a site not involving vital structures, and a protective host mechanism whose maximum capacity can be decreased by the administration of CCl4 may minimize the toxic effects of the cancer-derived material."}
{"id": "PMID:1206737", "title": "Data on the action spectrum for ultraviolet carcinogenesis.", "content": "When 300, 310, or 320 nm monochromatic UV energy was given to albino mice in amounts proportional to its erythemal effectiveness, skin tumors developed on the exposed ears of the mice at approximately the same time and the same rate in all three groups. Thus the long wavelength limit of the carcinogenesis action spectrum paralleled that of the erythema action spectrum. No tumors were found in mice exposed to a 290-nm UV wavelength nor in those exposed to low dosages at 310 nm. All tumors observed in the group exposed to 300 nm were squamous cell carcinomas; 3 sarcomas and 5 squamous cell carcinomas were seen with the more penetrating doses of a 310-nm UV wavelength.", "contents": "Data on the action spectrum for ultraviolet carcinogenesis. When 300, 310, or 320 nm monochromatic UV energy was given to albino mice in amounts proportional to its erythemal effectiveness, skin tumors developed on the exposed ears of the mice at approximately the same time and the same rate in all three groups. Thus the long wavelength limit of the carcinogenesis action spectrum paralleled that of the erythema action spectrum. No tumors were found in mice exposed to a 290-nm UV wavelength nor in those exposed to low dosages at 310 nm. All tumors observed in the group exposed to 300 nm were squamous cell carcinomas; 3 sarcomas and 5 squamous cell carcinomas were seen with the more penetrating doses of a 310-nm UV wavelength."}
{"id": "PMID:1206738", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses to transplanted tumors in mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke.", "content": "C57BL and BALB/c mice were exposed to fresh cigarette smoke for 7-8 minutes per day for varying periods up to 30 weeks before subcutaneous or intratracheal inoculation of viable tumor cells. The growth rates of subcutaneous tumors in the mice exposed to smoke were significantly higher than those of controls and more lung metastases were noted. Enhanced tumor growth rates in the respiratory tracts of smoke-exposed mice were evidenced by the markedly increased death rates in these animals after the intratracheal inoculation of tumor cells. Increased tumor growth rates in mice that inhaled smoke were assoicated with depressed tumor-specific cytotoxic responses in both spleens and regional lymph nodes. Short-term exposure (10 wk) of mice to cigarette smoke resulted in decreased tumor growth rates concomitant with enhanced cytotoxic responses.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses to transplanted tumors in mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. C57BL and BALB/c mice were exposed to fresh cigarette smoke for 7-8 minutes per day for varying periods up to 30 weeks before subcutaneous or intratracheal inoculation of viable tumor cells. The growth rates of subcutaneous tumors in the mice exposed to smoke were significantly higher than those of controls and more lung metastases were noted. Enhanced tumor growth rates in the respiratory tracts of smoke-exposed mice were evidenced by the markedly increased death rates in these animals after the intratracheal inoculation of tumor cells. Increased tumor growth rates in mice that inhaled smoke were assoicated with depressed tumor-specific cytotoxic responses in both spleens and regional lymph nodes. Short-term exposure (10 wk) of mice to cigarette smoke resulted in decreased tumor growth rates concomitant with enhanced cytotoxic responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1206739", "title": "Effect of dimethylmyleran on cell-mediated immunity to a tumor allograft.", "content": "C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) were inoculated on day 0 with killed Moloney lymphoma cells (LSTRA) of BALB/c origin (H-2d), and their spleen cells were tested for reactivity against LSTRA by the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. Cytotoxic reactivity of cells from ice not treated with drug was maximal by day 6 and disappeared by day 10. Cells from mice given dimethylmyleran (DDM) (12 or 16 mg/kg) on day -1 showed higher levels of cytotoxicity, whereas DMM administered on day +1 had little effect. The effect of DMM on the secondary response was tested and compared with that of cyclophosphamide (CY), 180 mg/kg. Cytotoxicity of cells from mice immunized on days 0 and 10 was maximal on day 15 and then declined. CY administered on day 11 prevented the development of any cytotoxicity and, when given on day 14 in the presence of a detectably strong secondary cytotoxic response, abolished the established response. In contrast, DMM given on day 11 delayed the onset and moderately decreased the peaks of secondary reactivity but had no effect when administered on day 14. These results showed that DMM enhanced a primary response, interfered somewhat with the development of a secondary response, and had no effect on an established secondary cell-mediated response to a tumor allograft. DMM thus was one of the rare agents with antitumor activity and little immunosuppressive action.", "contents": "Effect of dimethylmyleran on cell-mediated immunity to a tumor allograft. C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) were inoculated on day 0 with killed Moloney lymphoma cells (LSTRA) of BALB/c origin (H-2d), and their spleen cells were tested for reactivity against LSTRA by the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. Cytotoxic reactivity of cells from ice not treated with drug was maximal by day 6 and disappeared by day 10. Cells from mice given dimethylmyleran (DDM) (12 or 16 mg/kg) on day -1 showed higher levels of cytotoxicity, whereas DMM administered on day +1 had little effect. The effect of DMM on the secondary response was tested and compared with that of cyclophosphamide (CY), 180 mg/kg. Cytotoxicity of cells from mice immunized on days 0 and 10 was maximal on day 15 and then declined. CY administered on day 11 prevented the development of any cytotoxicity and, when given on day 14 in the presence of a detectably strong secondary cytotoxic response, abolished the established response. In contrast, DMM given on day 11 delayed the onset and moderately decreased the peaks of secondary reactivity but had no effect when administered on day 14. These results showed that DMM enhanced a primary response, interfered somewhat with the development of a secondary response, and had no effect on an established secondary cell-mediated response to a tumor allograft. DMM thus was one of the rare agents with antitumor activity and little immunosuppressive action."}
{"id": "PMID:1206740", "title": "Further observations on the inhibition of tumor growth by Corynebacterium parvum with cyclophosphamide. I. Variation in administration of both agents.", "content": "Studies from this laboratory have indicated that the administration of cyclophosphamide (CY) and Corynebacterium parvum (CP) over a prolonged time to C3H mice with established measurable tumors resulted in complete arrest of tumor growth as well as partial and complete regressions in many instances. The present investigations on optimal dosage, route, frequency, and sequence of administration of CY and CP in the model system were performed to obtain information that could be useful in the design of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of human tumors. Findings have suggested the need for administration of CP in more than one instance. Although a single dose of CP in combination with weekly injections of CY had a significantly prolonged inhibitory effect, weekly doses of CP and CY were more effective. We also concluded that the time between doses of an immunostimulating agent (I-I interval) as well as between administration of chemotherapy (C-C interval) may be critical for an optimal result. In this model system, C-C and I-I intervals of 7 days inhibited tumor growth most effectively. The time between administration of chemotherapy and immunotherapy (C-I interval) has been considered critical. Whereas slightly better results were achieved in these studies when the immunotherapy was administered 4 days after the CY or when the C-I interval was +4 days, almost equally good results were obtained when both agents were given on the same day, which signified that the C-I interval may not be as critical as other investigators have reported. The present findings confirmed and extended our prior observations and indicated that the iv and ip routes of administration were superior to the im and sc routes in our model. The observed tumor growth inhibition was a result of both chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic modalities; also, the inhibitory properties of the regimen were more related to the chemotherapeutic component. Finally, almost identical tumor growth inhibition was observed when CP obtained from two different laboratories was used in conjunction with CY.", "contents": "Further observations on the inhibition of tumor growth by Corynebacterium parvum with cyclophosphamide. I. Variation in administration of both agents. Studies from this laboratory have indicated that the administration of cyclophosphamide (CY) and Corynebacterium parvum (CP) over a prolonged time to C3H mice with established measurable tumors resulted in complete arrest of tumor growth as well as partial and complete regressions in many instances. The present investigations on optimal dosage, route, frequency, and sequence of administration of CY and CP in the model system were performed to obtain information that could be useful in the design of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of human tumors. Findings have suggested the need for administration of CP in more than one instance. Although a single dose of CP in combination with weekly injections of CY had a significantly prolonged inhibitory effect, weekly doses of CP and CY were more effective. We also concluded that the time between doses of an immunostimulating agent (I-I interval) as well as between administration of chemotherapy (C-C interval) may be critical for an optimal result. In this model system, C-C and I-I intervals of 7 days inhibited tumor growth most effectively. The time between administration of chemotherapy and immunotherapy (C-I interval) has been considered critical. Whereas slightly better results were achieved in these studies when the immunotherapy was administered 4 days after the CY or when the C-I interval was +4 days, almost equally good results were obtained when both agents were given on the same day, which signified that the C-I interval may not be as critical as other investigators have reported. The present findings confirmed and extended our prior observations and indicated that the iv and ip routes of administration were superior to the im and sc routes in our model. The observed tumor growth inhibition was a result of both chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic modalities; also, the inhibitory properties of the regimen were more related to the chemotherapeutic component. Finally, almost identical tumor growth inhibition was observed when CP obtained from two different laboratories was used in conjunction with CY."}
{"id": "PMID:1206741", "title": "Activation in vitro of mouse macrophages by syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic lymphocyte supernatants.", "content": "Macrophages from normal C57BL/6 mice, those with a subcutaneous B16 melanoma, and mice immunized against the tumor were examined for in vitro cytotoxicity to B16 tumor cells. Macrophages were treated by incubation with supernatants from B16 cells grown either in unmixed cultures or in cultures containing syngeneic, normal, or sensitized allogeneic (A mouse), or xenogeneic (rat) lymphocytes. The various treated and untreated macrophages were then cultured for 5 days with viable B16 cells prelabeled with 125I-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine; the cultures were terminated, and the extent of destruction of the B16 target cells was determined from the amounts of radioactivity remaining in adherent tumor cells. Of the untreated macrophages, only those from immunized mice were cytotoxic to the tumor cells; macrophages from normal and tumor-bearing mice became cytotoxic by incubation with supernatants from cultures containing lymphocytes from immunized syngeneic mice, sensitized allogeneic mice, or sensitized rats; and macrophages incubated with supernatants from cultures containing normal nonsensitized allogeneic or xenogeneic lymphocytes showed no cytotoxicity. Thes results suggested that macrophages from tumor-bearing animals are potentially cytotoxic to their syngeneic tumors and can be activated by mediators released from sensitized syngeneic, allogeneic, and/or xenogeneic lymphocytes in vitro.", "contents": "Activation in vitro of mouse macrophages by syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic lymphocyte supernatants. Macrophages from normal C57BL/6 mice, those with a subcutaneous B16 melanoma, and mice immunized against the tumor were examined for in vitro cytotoxicity to B16 tumor cells. Macrophages were treated by incubation with supernatants from B16 cells grown either in unmixed cultures or in cultures containing syngeneic, normal, or sensitized allogeneic (A mouse), or xenogeneic (rat) lymphocytes. The various treated and untreated macrophages were then cultured for 5 days with viable B16 cells prelabeled with 125I-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine; the cultures were terminated, and the extent of destruction of the B16 target cells was determined from the amounts of radioactivity remaining in adherent tumor cells. Of the untreated macrophages, only those from immunized mice were cytotoxic to the tumor cells; macrophages from normal and tumor-bearing mice became cytotoxic by incubation with supernatants from cultures containing lymphocytes from immunized syngeneic mice, sensitized allogeneic mice, or sensitized rats; and macrophages incubated with supernatants from cultures containing normal nonsensitized allogeneic or xenogeneic lymphocytes showed no cytotoxicity. Thes results suggested that macrophages from tumor-bearing animals are potentially cytotoxic to their syngeneic tumors and can be activated by mediators released from sensitized syngeneic, allogeneic, and/or xenogeneic lymphocytes in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1206742", "title": "Neoplastic and life-span effects of chronic exposure to tritium. II. Rats exposed in utero.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the effects on neoplasia incidence and life-span of exposure in utero to a major environmental radionuclide. Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously exposed to tritiated water (HTO) from conception through birth in doses of 0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 muCi HTO/ml body water. HTO administration was terminated at birth. Calculated cumulative doses during gestation were approximately 0, 6.6, 66, 330, and 660 rads of total body irradiation. Under these exposure conditions, the two highest doses resulted in sterile offspring. Animals surviving through 30 days postnatally were defined as the study population and observed until their deaths. Intrauterine exposures to doses up to 66 rads had no significant effects on either sex with respect to life-span, overall neoplasia incidence, incidence rate, or onset of mammary fibroadenomas. Females exposed to 330 or 660 rads were sterile and had lower incidence rates of mammary fibroadenomass than did controls; at 660 rads females had a lower incidence of overall neoplasia and reduced mean life-spans. Sterile male offspring had reduced mean longevity after irradiation at 660 rads. Regardless of dose group, females had significantly higher incidences of neoplasia and longer life-spans than males.", "contents": "Neoplastic and life-span effects of chronic exposure to tritium. II. Rats exposed in utero. A study was conducted to determine the effects on neoplasia incidence and life-span of exposure in utero to a major environmental radionuclide. Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously exposed to tritiated water (HTO) from conception through birth in doses of 0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 muCi HTO/ml body water. HTO administration was terminated at birth. Calculated cumulative doses during gestation were approximately 0, 6.6, 66, 330, and 660 rads of total body irradiation. Under these exposure conditions, the two highest doses resulted in sterile offspring. Animals surviving through 30 days postnatally were defined as the study population and observed until their deaths. Intrauterine exposures to doses up to 66 rads had no significant effects on either sex with respect to life-span, overall neoplasia incidence, incidence rate, or onset of mammary fibroadenomas. Females exposed to 330 or 660 rads were sterile and had lower incidence rates of mammary fibroadenomass than did controls; at 660 rads females had a lower incidence of overall neoplasia and reduced mean life-spans. Sterile male offspring had reduced mean longevity after irradiation at 660 rads. Regardless of dose group, females had significantly higher incidences of neoplasia and longer life-spans than males."}
{"id": "PMID:1206743", "title": "Stimulation of erythropoietic differentiation in BALB/c mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "The function of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) hemolysis in ameliorating the anemia induced in mice by a slow-acting strain of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV-A) was described. After cessation of treatment with PHZ, mid-stage RLV-A-infected, anemic mice responded with massive reticulocytoses and a rebound in hematocrit above control levels. RLV-infected mice, subjected to PHZ-induced hemolysis or phlebotomy, produced high levels of plasma erythropoietin (Ep); this suggested that Ep mediated the PHZ-induced differentiation. In addition, administration of exogenous Ep induced a wave of erythroid maturation in RLV-infected anemic mice, which indicated that virus-infected erythroid precursors could still respond to the hormone governing normal differentiation.", "contents": "Stimulation of erythropoietic differentiation in BALB/c mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. The function of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) hemolysis in ameliorating the anemia induced in mice by a slow-acting strain of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV-A) was described. After cessation of treatment with PHZ, mid-stage RLV-A-infected, anemic mice responded with massive reticulocytoses and a rebound in hematocrit above control levels. RLV-infected mice, subjected to PHZ-induced hemolysis or phlebotomy, produced high levels of plasma erythropoietin (Ep); this suggested that Ep mediated the PHZ-induced differentiation. In addition, administration of exogenous Ep induced a wave of erythroid maturation in RLV-infected anemic mice, which indicated that virus-infected erythroid precursors could still respond to the hormone governing normal differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206744", "title": "Neoplastic transformation of fetal rat brain cells in culture after exposure to ethylnitrosourea in vivo.", "content": "A single, transplacental pulse of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU; 75 mug/g body wt) to the fetal (18th day of gestation) BD IX rat led to death with malignant tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system after a median time of approximately 195 days. In contrast to untreated control cells, dissociated brain cells transferred to long-term cell culture 20-90 hours after the ENU pulse became tumorigenic after approximately 200 days, as assayed by reimplantation into baby BD IX rats. This was preceded by a characteristic sequence of phenotypic alterations (termed \"stages I-IV\"). During early primary culture (stage I), both ENU and control cultures exhibited stationary glia-like cells on a growing layer of epithelioid (possibly glia precursors) and few fibroblast-like cells. Stage II (approximately 10th-40th day) was characterized by a constant proportion of glia-like cells in the ENU cultures and by their disappearance in the controls. During stage III (approximately 40th-100th day), slowly proliferating glia-like cells in the ENU cultures formed \"piled-up\" foci. They could then be removed from the underlying cell layer and cultured separately. Transition to stage IV (approximately 100th-200th day) was marked by proliferation of morphologically altered cells, which subsequently acquired the capacity of form colonies in semisolid agar and finally became tumorigenic (stage V). This system may represent a model for the study of malignant transformation.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation of fetal rat brain cells in culture after exposure to ethylnitrosourea in vivo. A single, transplacental pulse of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU; 75 mug/g body wt) to the fetal (18th day of gestation) BD IX rat led to death with malignant tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system after a median time of approximately 195 days. In contrast to untreated control cells, dissociated brain cells transferred to long-term cell culture 20-90 hours after the ENU pulse became tumorigenic after approximately 200 days, as assayed by reimplantation into baby BD IX rats. This was preceded by a characteristic sequence of phenotypic alterations (termed \"stages I-IV\"). During early primary culture (stage I), both ENU and control cultures exhibited stationary glia-like cells on a growing layer of epithelioid (possibly glia precursors) and few fibroblast-like cells. Stage II (approximately 10th-40th day) was characterized by a constant proportion of glia-like cells in the ENU cultures and by their disappearance in the controls. During stage III (approximately 40th-100th day), slowly proliferating glia-like cells in the ENU cultures formed \"piled-up\" foci. They could then be removed from the underlying cell layer and cultured separately. Transition to stage IV (approximately 100th-200th day) was marked by proliferation of morphologically altered cells, which subsequently acquired the capacity of form colonies in semisolid agar and finally became tumorigenic (stage V). This system may represent a model for the study of malignant transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206745", "title": "Metronidazole: effect on radiosensitivity of tumor and normal tissues in mice.", "content": "Local control of a mammary carcinoma in air-breathing C3H mice was enhanced by giving metronidazole before radiotherapy; When 0.5-1.0 mg metronidazole/g body weight was given ip 10 minutes before irradiation, the dose required for local control of 50% of the tumors (TCD50) was reduced by a factor of 1.37-1.38. The TCD50 was reduced by a factor of 1.48-1.50 when tumors were irradiated 30-60 minutes after 1.0 mg/g. Metronidazole alone, at a dose of 1.0 mg/g, only slightly inhibited tumor growth. The acute skin response of the leg, as determined by the radiation dose required to produce complete moist desquamation in 50% of the animals (DD50), was enhanced by a factor of 1.26 when mice were irradiated 10 minutes after a dose of 1.0 mg metronidazole/g. Clonogenic cells in the jejunal epithelium were not sensitized after metronidazole administration in either air-breathing mice or those irradiated in O2 30 pounds per square inch, but the drug appeared to exert a slight protective effect at higher doses of radiation.", "contents": "Metronidazole: effect on radiosensitivity of tumor and normal tissues in mice. Local control of a mammary carcinoma in air-breathing C3H mice was enhanced by giving metronidazole before radiotherapy; When 0.5-1.0 mg metronidazole/g body weight was given ip 10 minutes before irradiation, the dose required for local control of 50% of the tumors (TCD50) was reduced by a factor of 1.37-1.38. The TCD50 was reduced by a factor of 1.48-1.50 when tumors were irradiated 30-60 minutes after 1.0 mg/g. Metronidazole alone, at a dose of 1.0 mg/g, only slightly inhibited tumor growth. The acute skin response of the leg, as determined by the radiation dose required to produce complete moist desquamation in 50% of the animals (DD50), was enhanced by a factor of 1.26 when mice were irradiated 10 minutes after a dose of 1.0 mg metronidazole/g. Clonogenic cells in the jejunal epithelium were not sensitized after metronidazole administration in either air-breathing mice or those irradiated in O2 30 pounds per square inch, but the drug appeared to exert a slight protective effect at higher doses of radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206746", "title": "Nonimmunogenic sarcomas induced by 3-methylcholanthrene treatment of murine fibroblasts in diffusion chambers.", "content": "A 30-mug dose of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was applied for 1 week to normal BALB/c fibroblasts in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers (DC) in the peritoneal cavities of BALB/c micemtwo groups of DC cultures, in which the carcinogen was given during weeks 1 and 5 of cultivation, respectively, were compared for the frequency of malignant transformation and for the immunogenicity of the resulting neoplasms. The cells from each DC were transplanted sc into immunodepressed semisyngeneic mice for assay of their tumorigenicity. Although tumor yield was similar in the 2 groups (25 and 22%, respectively), there was clear difference in immunogenicity; 10 of 16 sarcomas from fibroblasts treated during week 1 of culture were nonimmunogenic, whereas 8 of 9 tumors from the older cultures were immunogenic (P less than 0.02). A kinetic study of normal fibroblasts in DC revealed that cells proliferated rapidly, with a peak at day 4 after seeding, then grew progressively more slowly and ceased to replicate between 14 and 28 days of culture. Thus there was a notable difference at the moment of MCA application in the growth phase of the target cell population of the first as compared with the fifth week of culture, possible related to the different expression of tumor-associated transplantation antigens in the resulting neoplasms.", "contents": "Nonimmunogenic sarcomas induced by 3-methylcholanthrene treatment of murine fibroblasts in diffusion chambers. A 30-mug dose of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was applied for 1 week to normal BALB/c fibroblasts in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers (DC) in the peritoneal cavities of BALB/c micemtwo groups of DC cultures, in which the carcinogen was given during weeks 1 and 5 of cultivation, respectively, were compared for the frequency of malignant transformation and for the immunogenicity of the resulting neoplasms. The cells from each DC were transplanted sc into immunodepressed semisyngeneic mice for assay of their tumorigenicity. Although tumor yield was similar in the 2 groups (25 and 22%, respectively), there was clear difference in immunogenicity; 10 of 16 sarcomas from fibroblasts treated during week 1 of culture were nonimmunogenic, whereas 8 of 9 tumors from the older cultures were immunogenic (P less than 0.02). A kinetic study of normal fibroblasts in DC revealed that cells proliferated rapidly, with a peak at day 4 after seeding, then grew progressively more slowly and ceased to replicate between 14 and 28 days of culture. Thus there was a notable difference at the moment of MCA application in the growth phase of the target cell population of the first as compared with the fifth week of culture, possible related to the different expression of tumor-associated transplantation antigens in the resulting neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:1206747", "title": "Metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine to mutagenic intermediates by kidney microsomal enzymes and correlation with reported host susceptibility to kidney tumors.", "content": "Purified kidney microsomal enzymes from C3H/HeJ and Ha/1CR mice exhibited an unusually high capacity to generate mutagenic metabolites from dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) when compared with similar enzyme preparations from BALB/cJ and RF/J mice. These results suggested that the DMNA-activating enzymes involved in mutagen formation were either present at higher levels or were more active in the kidneys of C3H/HeJ and Ha/ICR mice than in those of the other two strains. This strain difference correlated with the established susceptibility of these four strains to the neoplastic activity of DMNA.", "contents": "Metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine to mutagenic intermediates by kidney microsomal enzymes and correlation with reported host susceptibility to kidney tumors. Purified kidney microsomal enzymes from C3H/HeJ and Ha/1CR mice exhibited an unusually high capacity to generate mutagenic metabolites from dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) when compared with similar enzyme preparations from BALB/cJ and RF/J mice. These results suggested that the DMNA-activating enzymes involved in mutagen formation were either present at higher levels or were more active in the kidneys of C3H/HeJ and Ha/ICR mice than in those of the other two strains. This strain difference correlated with the established susceptibility of these four strains to the neoplastic activity of DMNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1206748", "title": "Tumor growth: suppression in mice by submanidibular gland extirpation.", "content": "Transplanted A-10 breast adenocarcinomas grew more slowly in young-adult male A/HeJ mice from which the submandibular glands had been extirpated than in sham-operated or unoperated control mice of the same strain. The mitotic index was lower in tumors from experimental animals than in those from controls. Vascularization about the tumor margins was also less prominent. The C1300 neuroblastoma grew more slowly in sialoadenectomized mice than in controls. Modulation of tumor growth by factors of salivary gland origin may have been responsible for these effects.", "contents": "Tumor growth: suppression in mice by submanidibular gland extirpation. Transplanted A-10 breast adenocarcinomas grew more slowly in young-adult male A/HeJ mice from which the submandibular glands had been extirpated than in sham-operated or unoperated control mice of the same strain. The mitotic index was lower in tumors from experimental animals than in those from controls. Vascularization about the tumor margins was also less prominent. The C1300 neuroblastoma grew more slowly in sialoadenectomized mice than in controls. Modulation of tumor growth by factors of salivary gland origin may have been responsible for these effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1206749", "title": "Carcinogenic effect of 2,2'-dimethyldipropylnitrosamine in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Oxidation at the beta carbon occurred in metabolism of di-n-propylnitrosamine (DPN), previously shown to be carcinogenic for animals. When 2,2'-dimethyldipropylnitrosamine (DMDPN) was injected sc once a week for life into male and female Syrian hamsters at levels of 500, 250, 125, and 62.5 mg/kg body weight, it induced neoplasms in the nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, and stem bronchi. Since the presence of a methyl group on the beta carbon suggested that DMDPN could not undergo beta oxidation, the carcinogenicity of DPN for these portions of the respiratory tract was probably unrelated to beta oxidation, though earlier experiments had indicated the possibility of this mechanism. Because DMDPN failed to induce neoplasms in other organs, the carcinogenicity of DPN or its beta metabolites for the lungs, liver, pancreas, and kidneys was not explained by this experiment.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effect of 2,2'-dimethyldipropylnitrosamine in Syrian hamsters. Oxidation at the beta carbon occurred in metabolism of di-n-propylnitrosamine (DPN), previously shown to be carcinogenic for animals. When 2,2'-dimethyldipropylnitrosamine (DMDPN) was injected sc once a week for life into male and female Syrian hamsters at levels of 500, 250, 125, and 62.5 mg/kg body weight, it induced neoplasms in the nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, and stem bronchi. Since the presence of a methyl group on the beta carbon suggested that DMDPN could not undergo beta oxidation, the carcinogenicity of DPN for these portions of the respiratory tract was probably unrelated to beta oxidation, though earlier experiments had indicated the possibility of this mechanism. Because DMDPN failed to induce neoplasms in other organs, the carcinogenicity of DPN or its beta metabolites for the lungs, liver, pancreas, and kidneys was not explained by this experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:1206750", "title": "Topologic forms of mitochondrial DNA in AKR mice.", "content": "Circular dimer forms of mitochondrial DNA were found in leukemic and preleukemic AKR mice but not in nonleukemic animals. There was a positive correlation between the presence of circular dimers and progression of the disease, the leukemic mice having the greatest evidence of circular dimers. This finding suggested that the occurrence of early subcellular changes is an important cellular modification in the leukemogenic process.", "contents": "Topologic forms of mitochondrial DNA in AKR mice. Circular dimer forms of mitochondrial DNA were found in leukemic and preleukemic AKR mice but not in nonleukemic animals. There was a positive correlation between the presence of circular dimers and progression of the disease, the leukemic mice having the greatest evidence of circular dimers. This finding suggested that the occurrence of early subcellular changes is an important cellular modification in the leukemogenic process."}
{"id": "PMID:1206751", "title": "The dependence of successful immunotherapy on adequate tumor burden as shown by the treatment of AKR leukemia with poly A-poly U.", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy of polyadenlyic-polyuridylic acid (poly A-poly U) on the transplantable AKR leukemia varied with the dose of tumor cells implanted. The greater the number of AKR tumor cells injected into 8-week-old AKR mice free of clinical evidence of cancer, the greater the effect of poly A-poly U in mediating host immunologic control of the tumor. Poly A-poly U was either ineffective or could enhance tumor growth when smaller doses of tumor cells were transferred. The efficacy of an immune adjuvant depended on a tumor burden affording optimum host responsiveness. This does not necessarily arise in the host bearing minimal tumor burden.", "contents": "The dependence of successful immunotherapy on adequate tumor burden as shown by the treatment of AKR leukemia with poly A-poly U. The therapeutic efficacy of polyadenlyic-polyuridylic acid (poly A-poly U) on the transplantable AKR leukemia varied with the dose of tumor cells implanted. The greater the number of AKR tumor cells injected into 8-week-old AKR mice free of clinical evidence of cancer, the greater the effect of poly A-poly U in mediating host immunologic control of the tumor. Poly A-poly U was either ineffective or could enhance tumor growth when smaller doses of tumor cells were transferred. The efficacy of an immune adjuvant depended on a tumor burden affording optimum host responsiveness. This does not necessarily arise in the host bearing minimal tumor burden."}
{"id": "PMID:1206752", "title": "Tumor suppression by a lymphokine released into the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "Lymphokines such as migration inhibitory factor and type II interferon were released into the circulation of tuberculin-sensitive mice after iv injection of old tuberculin. Daily administration of such sera into the tumor sites of mice given implants of sarcoma MC-36 markedly suppressed tumor growth.", "contents": "Tumor suppression by a lymphokine released into the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity. Lymphokines such as migration inhibitory factor and type II interferon were released into the circulation of tuberculin-sensitive mice after iv injection of old tuberculin. Daily administration of such sera into the tumor sites of mice given implants of sarcoma MC-36 markedly suppressed tumor growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1206753", "title": "Conversion of nitrosobenzene to N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid by yeast pyruvate decarboxylase.", "content": "In the presence of yeast enzyme concentrate or purified yeast pyruvate decarboxylase, nitrosobenzene was converted in part to N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid. This transformation had to be catalyzed by the enzyme, since the incubation of nitrosobenzene with the cofactor of pyruvate decarboxylase did not produce the hydroxamic acid. Similar incubations conducted with phenylhydroxylamine did not yield any detectable amounts of N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid.", "contents": "Conversion of nitrosobenzene to N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid by yeast pyruvate decarboxylase. In the presence of yeast enzyme concentrate or purified yeast pyruvate decarboxylase, nitrosobenzene was converted in part to N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid. This transformation had to be catalyzed by the enzyme, since the incubation of nitrosobenzene with the cofactor of pyruvate decarboxylase did not produce the hydroxamic acid. Similar incubations conducted with phenylhydroxylamine did not yield any detectable amounts of N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1206754", "title": "Prognosis in Kaposi's sarcoma.", "content": "We studied and followed up 112 African patients with Kaposi's sarcoma for at least 3 years or until death to determine what features of the disease at presentation most accurately predicted the prognosis. The clinical pattern of disease at presentation was most important. All patients with generalized disease died of their disease; the only deaths among those with nodular disease were due to intercurrent illness. The 3-year survuval rate among patients with locally aggressive lesions with 64%. We could obtain greater refinement of prognosis by noting the response to a dinitrochlorobenzene challenge, the presence of nodal involvement, and the histologic pattern of the tumor. The age and sex of the patient influenced the pattern of disease likely to be found, but the prognosis for a given clinical pattern was the same in both sexes and at different ages.", "contents": "Prognosis in Kaposi's sarcoma. We studied and followed up 112 African patients with Kaposi's sarcoma for at least 3 years or until death to determine what features of the disease at presentation most accurately predicted the prognosis. The clinical pattern of disease at presentation was most important. All patients with generalized disease died of their disease; the only deaths among those with nodular disease were due to intercurrent illness. The 3-year survuval rate among patients with locally aggressive lesions with 64%. We could obtain greater refinement of prognosis by noting the response to a dinitrochlorobenzene challenge, the presence of nodal involvement, and the histologic pattern of the tumor. The age and sex of the patient influenced the pattern of disease likely to be found, but the prognosis for a given clinical pattern was the same in both sexes and at different ages."}
{"id": "PMID:1206755", "title": "Differentiation of melanocytes in cultures of primary malignant melanoma indicated by 5-S-cysteinyldopa formation.", "content": "The dedifferentiation of cultured primary human malignant melanocytes was not accompanied by disappearance of 5-S-cysteinyldopa formation. The addition of conditioned medium from undifferentiated fibroblast-like cells brought about the reappearance of pigmented melanocytes and the increase of the metabolite in the cells and culture medium. The presence of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in cultured cells indicated the melanocytic origin of undifferentiated cells, and the increase of this metabolite was characteristic of differentiation.", "contents": "Differentiation of melanocytes in cultures of primary malignant melanoma indicated by 5-S-cysteinyldopa formation. The dedifferentiation of cultured primary human malignant melanocytes was not accompanied by disappearance of 5-S-cysteinyldopa formation. The addition of conditioned medium from undifferentiated fibroblast-like cells brought about the reappearance of pigmented melanocytes and the increase of the metabolite in the cells and culture medium. The presence of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in cultured cells indicated the melanocytic origin of undifferentiated cells, and the increase of this metabolite was characteristic of differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206756", "title": "Feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen. V. Humoral immune response to virus and cell membrane antigens in cats inoculated with Gardner-Arnstein feline sarcoma virus.", "content": "Tumor growth responses in 5- to 6-week-old kittens inoculated with the Gardner-Arnstein strain of feline sarcoma virus exhibited three distinct pattern: 1) complete tumor regression or no detectable tumor growth in approximately one-third of 43 inoculated kittens, 2) rapid tumor progression which led to debilitation and death within 16.2 +/- 4.2 weeks following infection in an additional one-third, and 3) slow tumor growth or temporary regressions in the remaining third. The feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) antibody response was closely correlated with tumor progression; rapid progressors had the lowest antibody titers, whereas those in the \"no tumor or permanent regression\" categories had the highest titers. These results agreed with those previously observed with another virus strain, the Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus. Cats in the intermediate categories of tumor growth also had intermediate levels of FOCMA antibody. The presence of virus-neutralizing (VN) activity was not always correlated with anti-FOCMA activity. Animals in the rapid-progressor category, compared to the regressors or slow progressors, were more likely to have detectable VN antibody during early periods. Conversely, animals in the regressor group or group with no tumors were more likely to show an early rise in detectable anti-FOCMA activity than animals in either of the progressor groups.", "contents": "Feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen. V. Humoral immune response to virus and cell membrane antigens in cats inoculated with Gardner-Arnstein feline sarcoma virus. Tumor growth responses in 5- to 6-week-old kittens inoculated with the Gardner-Arnstein strain of feline sarcoma virus exhibited three distinct pattern: 1) complete tumor regression or no detectable tumor growth in approximately one-third of 43 inoculated kittens, 2) rapid tumor progression which led to debilitation and death within 16.2 +/- 4.2 weeks following infection in an additional one-third, and 3) slow tumor growth or temporary regressions in the remaining third. The feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) antibody response was closely correlated with tumor progression; rapid progressors had the lowest antibody titers, whereas those in the \"no tumor or permanent regression\" categories had the highest titers. These results agreed with those previously observed with another virus strain, the Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus. Cats in the intermediate categories of tumor growth also had intermediate levels of FOCMA antibody. The presence of virus-neutralizing (VN) activity was not always correlated with anti-FOCMA activity. Animals in the rapid-progressor category, compared to the regressors or slow progressors, were more likely to have detectable VN antibody during early periods. Conversely, animals in the regressor group or group with no tumors were more likely to show an early rise in detectable anti-FOCMA activity than animals in either of the progressor groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1206757", "title": "Cell proliferation and atrophic gastritis in explanted canine gastric mucosa.", "content": "We produced experimental atrophic gastritis in 7 mongrel dogs by explanting a full-thickness wedge of vascularized mucosa from the gastric greater curvature onto the abdominal wall. Autoradiography of mucosal specimens was done after the iv injection of triated thymidine. The labeling index, S-phase duration, and cell cycle time were measured in normal and explanted fundic mucosa. The spatial distribution histograms of the labeled cells showed an enlarged are of proliferation. As in human atrophic gastritis, proliferation was shifted toward the mucosal surface. Significantly higher labeling indices were observed in the atrophic mucosa. Shortening of the S-phase  duration and the cell cycle time was indicated by the curves of the labeled mitoses. Proliferative activity was significantly accelerated in this experimental model of atrophic gastritis.", "contents": "Cell proliferation and atrophic gastritis in explanted canine gastric mucosa. We produced experimental atrophic gastritis in 7 mongrel dogs by explanting a full-thickness wedge of vascularized mucosa from the gastric greater curvature onto the abdominal wall. Autoradiography of mucosal specimens was done after the iv injection of triated thymidine. The labeling index, S-phase duration, and cell cycle time were measured in normal and explanted fundic mucosa. The spatial distribution histograms of the labeled cells showed an enlarged are of proliferation. As in human atrophic gastritis, proliferation was shifted toward the mucosal surface. Significantly higher labeling indices were observed in the atrophic mucosa. Shortening of the S-phase  duration and the cell cycle time was indicated by the curves of the labeled mitoses. Proliferative activity was significantly accelerated in this experimental model of atrophic gastritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1206758", "title": "Inhibitory effect of sodium ascorbate on ethylurea and sodium nitrite carcinogensis and negative findings in progeny after intestinal inoculation of precursors into pregnant hamsters.", "content": "To assess their carcinogenic effects, the ethylnitrosourea (ENU) precursors, ethylurea and sodium nitrite, [were administered to pregnant hamsters as a single intragastic] dose on day 15 of gestation, or introduced into the cecum on day 14. Since sodium ascorbate (NaASC) inhibits the biosynthesis of nitrosamides, identical doses of the precursors were given concomitantly with NaASC. Progeny of mothers treater intragastrically developed significant incidences of neurogenic tumors of the peripheral nervous system, with a predominance in females. The concurrent administration of NaASC with ENU precursors prevented carcinogenic effects in the progency, whereas the simultaneous inoculation of the precursors into the cecum produced no carcinogenic effects in the offspring.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of sodium ascorbate on ethylurea and sodium nitrite carcinogensis and negative findings in progeny after intestinal inoculation of precursors into pregnant hamsters. To assess their carcinogenic effects, the ethylnitrosourea (ENU) precursors, ethylurea and sodium nitrite, [were administered to pregnant hamsters as a single intragastic] dose on day 15 of gestation, or introduced into the cecum on day 14. Since sodium ascorbate (NaASC) inhibits the biosynthesis of nitrosamides, identical doses of the precursors were given concomitantly with NaASC. Progeny of mothers treater intragastrically developed significant incidences of neurogenic tumors of the peripheral nervous system, with a predominance in females. The concurrent administration of NaASC with ENU precursors prevented carcinogenic effects in the progency, whereas the simultaneous inoculation of the precursors into the cecum produced no carcinogenic effects in the offspring."}
{"id": "PMID:1206759", "title": "Mucosal damage induced by various gastric carcinogens in the glandular stomach of the rat.", "content": "The process of erosion formation in the glandular stomach of the rat given single and multiple intragastric doses of 100 mg N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)/kg body weight, was studied histologically, histochemically, and ultramicroscopically and compared with erosion induced by other gastric carcinogens and erosion-forming chemicals. The acute effect of several nongastric carcinogens on the glandular mucosa was also studied. The earliest degenerative transformation, fatty change, was found in the surface mucous cells within 1 hour a one-pulse intragastric dose of 100 mg MNNG/kg body weight; the change gradually progressed into deeper glandular cells and after three successive doses, erosion was complete in every rat. Ultrastructurally, four main glandular cells showed essentially similar degenerative alterations. Fatty change was also induced by other gastric caricnogens such as 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, methylnitrosocyanamide, methylnitrosourea, N-2-fluorenylacetamide, and iodacetamide, a noncarcinogenic alkylating agent. Mucosal damage induced by acetylsalicylic acid and thermal burn did not show fatty change. Nongastric carcinogens failed to induce mucosal damage. The relationship of the carcinogen-induced fatty change and mucosal damage to carcinogenesis was discussed.", "contents": "Mucosal damage induced by various gastric carcinogens in the glandular stomach of the rat. The process of erosion formation in the glandular stomach of the rat given single and multiple intragastric doses of 100 mg N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)/kg body weight, was studied histologically, histochemically, and ultramicroscopically and compared with erosion induced by other gastric carcinogens and erosion-forming chemicals. The acute effect of several nongastric carcinogens on the glandular mucosa was also studied. The earliest degenerative transformation, fatty change, was found in the surface mucous cells within 1 hour a one-pulse intragastric dose of 100 mg MNNG/kg body weight; the change gradually progressed into deeper glandular cells and after three successive doses, erosion was complete in every rat. Ultrastructurally, four main glandular cells showed essentially similar degenerative alterations. Fatty change was also induced by other gastric caricnogens such as 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, methylnitrosocyanamide, methylnitrosourea, N-2-fluorenylacetamide, and iodacetamide, a noncarcinogenic alkylating agent. Mucosal damage induced by acetylsalicylic acid and thermal burn did not show fatty change. Nongastric carcinogens failed to induce mucosal damage. The relationship of the carcinogen-induced fatty change and mucosal damage to carcinogenesis was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206760", "title": "Mchanisms of antitumor action of Corynebacterium parvum: nonspecific tumor cell destruction at site of immunologically mediated sensitivity reaction to C. parvum.", "content": "Mice immunized in the footpad with Corynebacterium parvum developed a systemic mechanism with a potential for destroying syngeneic tumor cells. The development of this mechanism of antitumor action depended on the generation of a state of systemic sensitivity to C. parvum antigens, which allowed an immunologically mediated inflammatory response to be focused at the site of a tumor cell challenge or in the bed of an established tumor. This resulted in complete inhibition of growth of the former regression of the latter. This nonspecific mechanism of tumor cell destruction could be utilized only during a relatively short period when mice were responding maximally to the organism. This corresponded to a period during which there was maximum cell division in the lymph node draining the site of immunization with C. parvum, maximum systemic macrophage activation, and maximum sensitivity to eliciting injections of the organism. The potential for destroying tumor cells could be transferred to normal recipients with lymph node cells from C. parvum-immunized donors, which indicated the distinct possibility that antitumor action was based on the cell-mediated response to C. parvum antigens. That the destruction of tumor cells at the site of a C. parvum sensitivity reaction was associated with a massive influx of mono-nuclear cells provided further support for this possibility.", "contents": "Mchanisms of antitumor action of Corynebacterium parvum: nonspecific tumor cell destruction at site of immunologically mediated sensitivity reaction to C. parvum. Mice immunized in the footpad with Corynebacterium parvum developed a systemic mechanism with a potential for destroying syngeneic tumor cells. The development of this mechanism of antitumor action depended on the generation of a state of systemic sensitivity to C. parvum antigens, which allowed an immunologically mediated inflammatory response to be focused at the site of a tumor cell challenge or in the bed of an established tumor. This resulted in complete inhibition of growth of the former regression of the latter. This nonspecific mechanism of tumor cell destruction could be utilized only during a relatively short period when mice were responding maximally to the organism. This corresponded to a period during which there was maximum cell division in the lymph node draining the site of immunization with C. parvum, maximum systemic macrophage activation, and maximum sensitivity to eliciting injections of the organism. The potential for destroying tumor cells could be transferred to normal recipients with lymph node cells from C. parvum-immunized donors, which indicated the distinct possibility that antitumor action was based on the cell-mediated response to C. parvum antigens. That the destruction of tumor cells at the site of a C. parvum sensitivity reaction was associated with a massive influx of mono-nuclear cells provided further support for this possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:1206761", "title": "Autoradiographic evidence for the association of DNA with intracytoplasmic A-particle inclusions in situ.", "content": "Mice with subcutaneous transplants of a Leydig cell tumor were given tritiated thymidine sc proximal to the tumor mass. The labeled tissue was collected and samples for autoradiography were taken. Nuclei and intracytoplasmic. A particle(s) (CAP) were purified from the remainder of the tumor pool. The distribution of radioisotopic grains over electron microscopic autoradiography was semiquantitated and analyzed. Granin were found over CAP inclusions in situ. Comparison of the relative frequency of CAP-associated grains to nuclear grains by probability on a planar area basis revealed a higher frequency of thymidine incorporation into these structures. Isolation and comparison of the DNA(s) associated with CAP and nuclei showed a higher specific activity for CAP-associated DNA than for nuclear DNA, which was in good agreement with the autoradiographic analysis. The DNA associated with the purified CAP possessed a significantly higher buoyant density  in CsCl than did the nuclear DNA. These reslult implied that this DNA was present in CAP inclusions in situ.", "contents": "Autoradiographic evidence for the association of DNA with intracytoplasmic A-particle inclusions in situ. Mice with subcutaneous transplants of a Leydig cell tumor were given tritiated thymidine sc proximal to the tumor mass. The labeled tissue was collected and samples for autoradiography were taken. Nuclei and intracytoplasmic. A particle(s) (CAP) were purified from the remainder of the tumor pool. The distribution of radioisotopic grains over electron microscopic autoradiography was semiquantitated and analyzed. Granin were found over CAP inclusions in situ. Comparison of the relative frequency of CAP-associated grains to nuclear grains by probability on a planar area basis revealed a higher frequency of thymidine incorporation into these structures. Isolation and comparison of the DNA(s) associated with CAP and nuclei showed a higher specific activity for CAP-associated DNA than for nuclear DNA, which was in good agreement with the autoradiographic analysis. The DNA associated with the purified CAP possessed a significantly higher buoyant density  in CsCl than did the nuclear DNA. These reslult implied that this DNA was present in CAP inclusions in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:1206762", "title": "Spontaneous tumors in ACI/N rats.", "content": "One hundred ninety-five spontaneous tumors, developing in 55 male and 209 female ACI/N rats in 169 weeks, were studied. The incidence was 56% (31/55) in males and 52% (108/209) in females; their average survival time was 113 and 108 weeks, respectively. These neoplasms were found in all organ systems except those of the sensory and locomotor systems. In the males, interstitial cell tumors of the testis (45.5%, 25/55) were most frequent, followed by those in the adrenal (16.4%, 9/55) and pituitary glands (5.5%, 3/55), skin (5.5%, 3/55), and urinary bladder (3.6%, 2/55). In female rats, tumors of the pituitary gland (21.1%, 44/209), uterus (12.9%, 27/209), mammary gland (11.1%, 23/209), adrenal gland (5.7%, 12/209), urinary bladder (4.8%, 10/209), thymus and lymph nodes (4.3%, 9/209), subcutaneous tissues (1.4%, 3/209), heart (1.4%, 3/209), vagina (1.0%, 2/209), and salivary gland (1.0%, 2/209) were detected. In addition, tumors of the glandular stomach, small intestine, spleen, trachea, lacrymal gland, ovary, brain, kidney, thyroid, and bone marrow were detected in 1 female each, and those of the small intestine, spleen, lung, and peritoneum in 1 male rat each. Only 6 adenocarcinomas of the uterus, 3 lymphatic leukemias, 1 cortical carcinoma, and 1 mesothelioma of 195 tumors observed in the present studies metastasized to remote organs.", "contents": "Spontaneous tumors in ACI/N rats. One hundred ninety-five spontaneous tumors, developing in 55 male and 209 female ACI/N rats in 169 weeks, were studied. The incidence was 56% (31/55) in males and 52% (108/209) in females; their average survival time was 113 and 108 weeks, respectively. These neoplasms were found in all organ systems except those of the sensory and locomotor systems. In the males, interstitial cell tumors of the testis (45.5%, 25/55) were most frequent, followed by those in the adrenal (16.4%, 9/55) and pituitary glands (5.5%, 3/55), skin (5.5%, 3/55), and urinary bladder (3.6%, 2/55). In female rats, tumors of the pituitary gland (21.1%, 44/209), uterus (12.9%, 27/209), mammary gland (11.1%, 23/209), adrenal gland (5.7%, 12/209), urinary bladder (4.8%, 10/209), thymus and lymph nodes (4.3%, 9/209), subcutaneous tissues (1.4%, 3/209), heart (1.4%, 3/209), vagina (1.0%, 2/209), and salivary gland (1.0%, 2/209) were detected. In addition, tumors of the glandular stomach, small intestine, spleen, trachea, lacrymal gland, ovary, brain, kidney, thyroid, and bone marrow were detected in 1 female each, and those of the small intestine, spleen, lung, and peritoneum in 1 male rat each. Only 6 adenocarcinomas of the uterus, 3 lymphatic leukemias, 1 cortical carcinoma, and 1 mesothelioma of 195 tumors observed in the present studies metastasized to remote organs."}
{"id": "PMID:1206763", "title": "Mode of action of immunosuppressive substances in sera of tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Sera from mice with transplanted 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced tumors inhibited the proliferative response of normal mouse lymphocytes to mitogens and allogeneic cells. The sera were not toxic to these cells and did not inhibit mitogen responses by an increased binding of mitogen to serum components. The sera could have prevented the initiation of the proliferative response or could have inhibited cells already proliferating. The uptake of 3H-uridine, an event preceding DNA synthesis, was also suppressed. The sera had no effect on proliferation of a normal tissue culture line or an allogeneic tumor cell line induced by MCA. However, sera from tumor-bearing mice slowed growth of the autochthonous tumor cells and allogeneic lymphoma cells but did not completely block their proliferation. Exposure of lymphoid cells to the sera for a period as brief as 1 hour markedly decreased the ability of cells to respond subsequently to mitogens, and washing of the cells did not restore that ability. The inhibitory activity of the sera was only partially removed by absorption with lymphoid cells or cell lines.", "contents": "Mode of action of immunosuppressive substances in sera of tumor-bearing mice. Sera from mice with transplanted 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced tumors inhibited the proliferative response of normal mouse lymphocytes to mitogens and allogeneic cells. The sera were not toxic to these cells and did not inhibit mitogen responses by an increased binding of mitogen to serum components. The sera could have prevented the initiation of the proliferative response or could have inhibited cells already proliferating. The uptake of 3H-uridine, an event preceding DNA synthesis, was also suppressed. The sera had no effect on proliferation of a normal tissue culture line or an allogeneic tumor cell line induced by MCA. However, sera from tumor-bearing mice slowed growth of the autochthonous tumor cells and allogeneic lymphoma cells but did not completely block their proliferation. Exposure of lymphoid cells to the sera for a period as brief as 1 hour markedly decreased the ability of cells to respond subsequently to mitogens, and washing of the cells did not restore that ability. The inhibitory activity of the sera was only partially removed by absorption with lymphoid cells or cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:1206764", "title": "Growth of human normal and neoplastic mammary tissues in the cleared mammary fat pad of the nude mouse.", "content": "Dysplastic and malignant human breast tissues were grown successfully in the cleared mammary fat pads (CFP) of nude mice. The mammary fat pads were cleared while the mice were in a germfree isolator. Prepared mice were removed fron the germfree enviornment to facilitate transplantation of the human mammary tissue  into their CFP and subsequently were maintained in sterile laminar flow racks.", "contents": "Growth of human normal and neoplastic mammary tissues in the cleared mammary fat pad of the nude mouse. Dysplastic and malignant human breast tissues were grown successfully in the cleared mammary fat pads (CFP) of nude mice. The mammary fat pads were cleared while the mice were in a germfree isolator. Prepared mice were removed fron the germfree enviornment to facilitate transplantation of the human mammary tissue  into their CFP and subsequently were maintained in sterile laminar flow racks."}
{"id": "PMID:1206765", "title": "In vitro growth promotion of rat leukemia L5222 cells in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol.", "content": "Propagation of the transplantable acute rat leukemia L5222 in vitro was highly dependent on the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol (2-Me). Maximum growth promotion was obtained in the simultaneous presence of 1.25-2.5 x 10-4m 2-Me and 30% fetal bovine serum in enriched tissue culture medium NCTC 135. A short exposure to the reducing agent insured growth of the leukemia cells for 5 days, but extended culture necessitated constant presence of the thiol. After 2-8 days of culture, inoculation of the cell suspension produced widespread leukemia in inbred BD IX rats.", "contents": "In vitro growth promotion of rat leukemia L5222 cells in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Propagation of the transplantable acute rat leukemia L5222 in vitro was highly dependent on the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol (2-Me). Maximum growth promotion was obtained in the simultaneous presence of 1.25-2.5 x 10-4m 2-Me and 30% fetal bovine serum in enriched tissue culture medium NCTC 135. A short exposure to the reducing agent insured growth of the leukemia cells for 5 days, but extended culture necessitated constant presence of the thiol. After 2-8 days of culture, inoculation of the cell suspension produced widespread leukemia in inbred BD IX rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1206766", "title": "Colon carcinoma of highly inbred rats.", "content": "Colon carcinoma in related WF rats was found in several colonies. The tumors were noted in generations 12-15. Usually, the lesions were detected in 6-month-old animals. However, in later generations, the tumors seemed to occur earlier.", "contents": "Colon carcinoma of highly inbred rats. Colon carcinoma in related WF rats was found in several colonies. The tumors were noted in generations 12-15. Usually, the lesions were detected in 6-month-old animals. However, in later generations, the tumors seemed to occur earlier."}
{"id": "PMID:1206767", "title": "Schistosomiasis: its significance in a changing human ecology.", "content": "Schistosomiasis is a man-made disease. Evaluation of the current status of schistosomiasis requires knowledge of the intensity of infection, a measure now dependent on quantitative egg counts and applied to data only on a limited scale. The determinants of intensity of infection are as yet ill-defined. Morbidity and mortality associated with schistosomiasis are difficult to assess in indigenous populations saddled with a multiplicity of diseases. However, the problem of schistosomiasis and its deleterious consequences will rapidly worsen as an expanding population creates new aquatic habitats favorable for the snail intermediate hosts and as people have increased contact with infected water. Moreover, the number of children is increasing fastest in the developing regions of the world. Children and young adolescents are the age groups primarily responsible for the transmission of schistosomiasis. We are in an era when a predominantly young population will increasingly contaminate a finite environment.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis: its significance in a changing human ecology. Schistosomiasis is a man-made disease. Evaluation of the current status of schistosomiasis requires knowledge of the intensity of infection, a measure now dependent on quantitative egg counts and applied to data only on a limited scale. The determinants of intensity of infection are as yet ill-defined. Morbidity and mortality associated with schistosomiasis are difficult to assess in indigenous populations saddled with a multiplicity of diseases. However, the problem of schistosomiasis and its deleterious consequences will rapidly worsen as an expanding population creates new aquatic habitats favorable for the snail intermediate hosts and as people have increased contact with infected water. Moreover, the number of children is increasing fastest in the developing regions of the world. Children and young adolescents are the age groups primarily responsible for the transmission of schistosomiasis. We are in an era when a predominantly young population will increasingly contaminate a finite environment."}
{"id": "PMID:1206768", "title": "Clinically available antischistosomal drugs.", "content": "The indications, the contraindications, and the characteristics of the antimonial and nonantimonial drugs clinically available for the treatment of human schistosomiasis are outlined. Of the antimonial compounds, antimony potassium tartrate or antimony sodium tartrate, both given by the intravenous route, are effective against Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni, and S. hematobium, but the production of severe side effects limits their use outside the treatment of individuals. Sodium antimonyl gluconate is less effective against S. mansoni and S. hemotobium and is also given intravenously. Of those antimonial compounds given intramuscularly, antimony dimercaptosuccinate is the most effective against all three common human schistosomes. Four available nonmetallic schistosomicides are considered. Niridazole, orally administered, is effective against all three common species of schistosome infecting man, but activity is maximal against S. hematobium. Many minor side effects have been described, but the major and most important side effects, neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs, are fortunately rare. Lucanthone hydrochloride, of moderate efficiency when given orally for S. hematobium or S. mansoni infections, is probably best used as a suppressant in small doses. Troublesome gastrointestinal toxicity limits its therapeutic use. Metrifonate, a cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphorus compound, is effective only against S. hematobium. Clinical tolerance is very good. Hycanthone mesylate is highly effective against S. mansoni and S. hematobium but ineffective against S. japonicum. It is given as a single intramuscular dose. Many contraindications to its use exist, and acute hepatotoxicity has occurred infrequently. Its association with mutagenicity in certain experimental test systems has stimulated numerous ongoing studies to clarify the implications of its use in humans.", "contents": "Clinically available antischistosomal drugs. The indications, the contraindications, and the characteristics of the antimonial and nonantimonial drugs clinically available for the treatment of human schistosomiasis are outlined. Of the antimonial compounds, antimony potassium tartrate or antimony sodium tartrate, both given by the intravenous route, are effective against Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni, and S. hematobium, but the production of severe side effects limits their use outside the treatment of individuals. Sodium antimonyl gluconate is less effective against S. mansoni and S. hemotobium and is also given intravenously. Of those antimonial compounds given intramuscularly, antimony dimercaptosuccinate is the most effective against all three common human schistosomes. Four available nonmetallic schistosomicides are considered. Niridazole, orally administered, is effective against all three common species of schistosome infecting man, but activity is maximal against S. hematobium. Many minor side effects have been described, but the major and most important side effects, neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs, are fortunately rare. Lucanthone hydrochloride, of moderate efficiency when given orally for S. hematobium or S. mansoni infections, is probably best used as a suppressant in small doses. Troublesome gastrointestinal toxicity limits its therapeutic use. Metrifonate, a cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphorus compound, is effective only against S. hematobium. Clinical tolerance is very good. Hycanthone mesylate is highly effective against S. mansoni and S. hematobium but ineffective against S. japonicum. It is given as a single intramuscular dose. Many contraindications to its use exist, and acute hepatotoxicity has occurred infrequently. Its association with mutagenicity in certain experimental test systems has stimulated numerous ongoing studies to clarify the implications of its use in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:1206769", "title": "Evaluation of schistosomicides against experimentally established Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice and hamsters.", "content": "The procedures employed at the Sterling Winthrop Research Institute for the maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni, method of infection, and measurement of efficacy are discussed. Data are presented illustrating the activities of a number of known antischistosomal agents in mice and hamsters against a Puerto Rican strain of the parasite with a well-documented origin.", "contents": "Evaluation of schistosomicides against experimentally established Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice and hamsters. The procedures employed at the Sterling Winthrop Research Institute for the maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni, method of infection, and measurement of efficacy are discussed. Data are presented illustrating the activities of a number of known antischistosomal agents in mice and hamsters against a Puerto Rican strain of the parasite with a well-documented origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1206770", "title": "Additional statistical evaluation and pharmacological considerations of hycanthone methanesulfonate-induced dominant lethality.", "content": "Investigations of the mutagenicity of hycanthone methanesulfonate (HCT) in mammals have led to varied results. To avoid ambiguous interpretation of significant results previously reported in two dominant-lethal studies of HCT a nested analysis of variance was performed on the number of corpora lutea per pregnant female, the number of implantations per pregnant female, average preimplantation losses, the number of dead implants per pregnant female, and the number of live implants. The analysis showed that variability among males and females was not responsible for the reported significant effects and consequently established the validity of the previous studies. Based on a comparison of the mammalian mutagenicity work performed utilizing hycanthone, pharmacokinetic factors are thought to be responsible for the differences seen; consideration of these factors in the future may lead to fewer false-negative results in mammalian systems.", "contents": "Additional statistical evaluation and pharmacological considerations of hycanthone methanesulfonate-induced dominant lethality. Investigations of the mutagenicity of hycanthone methanesulfonate (HCT) in mammals have led to varied results. To avoid ambiguous interpretation of significant results previously reported in two dominant-lethal studies of HCT a nested analysis of variance was performed on the number of corpora lutea per pregnant female, the number of implantations per pregnant female, average preimplantation losses, the number of dead implants per pregnant female, and the number of live implants. The analysis showed that variability among males and females was not responsible for the reported significant effects and consequently established the validity of the previous studies. Based on a comparison of the mammalian mutagenicity work performed utilizing hycanthone, pharmacokinetic factors are thought to be responsible for the differences seen; consideration of these factors in the future may lead to fewer false-negative results in mammalian systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1206771", "title": "Results of tests for possible transmitted genetic effects of hycanthone in mammals.", "content": "Extensive tests to detect transmitted genetic effects of hycanthone in mammals have been made to provide the most pertinent information for estimating a possible mutagenic hazard of this compound. The tests include dominant lethal studies in males and females, X chromosome loss study in offspring of treated females, and a search for deficiencies and gene mutations in the offspring of treated males whose germ cells were exposed in spermatogonial and postspermatogonial stages. In most tests, no genetic effect of hycanthone was observed even at dosages much higher than the clinical level. In the few cases where the results are possibly or definitely positive, there is none where the magnitude of the effect estimated, with maximizing assumptions, at the clinical level reaches as high as 10% of the spontaneous mutation rate or 10% of the frequency in controls.", "contents": "Results of tests for possible transmitted genetic effects of hycanthone in mammals. Extensive tests to detect transmitted genetic effects of hycanthone in mammals have been made to provide the most pertinent information for estimating a possible mutagenic hazard of this compound. The tests include dominant lethal studies in males and females, X chromosome loss study in offspring of treated females, and a search for deficiencies and gene mutations in the offspring of treated males whose germ cells were exposed in spermatogonial and postspermatogonial stages. In most tests, no genetic effect of hycanthone was observed even at dosages much higher than the clinical level. In the few cases where the results are possibly or definitely positive, there is none where the magnitude of the effect estimated, with maximizing assumptions, at the clinical level reaches as high as 10% of the spontaneous mutation rate or 10% of the frequency in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1206772", "title": "A study of chromosomes of lymphocytes from patients treated with hycanthone.", "content": "The frequency of cells presenting chromosome abnormalities was determined in patients with schistosomiasis before and after treatment with a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight of hycanthone methanosulfonate. No significant effect of the drug was detected with this therapeutic dose.", "contents": "A study of chromosomes of lymphocytes from patients treated with hycanthone. The frequency of cells presenting chromosome abnormalities was determined in patients with schistosomiasis before and after treatment with a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight of hycanthone methanosulfonate. No significant effect of the drug was detected with this therapeutic dose."}
{"id": "PMID:1206773", "title": "Evaluation of the teratogenic activity of hycanthone in mice and rabbits.", "content": "Hycanthone has been tested for embryotoxic activity in mice and rabbits. Treatment of mice on days 6-11 of gestation produced little embryotoxicity at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg, but produced teratogenic effects at 25 mg/kg and induced almost complete intrauterine death at 50 mg/kg. Single injections on various days of gestation demonstrated that the mouse conceptus is most sensitive to hycanthone-induced teratogenesis on gestation days 6 and 7, at which time a high incidence of exencephaly and skeletal malformations was found. Hycanthone (50 mg/kg) given to pregnant mice on day 7 of gestation depressed DNA synthesis in embryonic tissue, an effect which was evident 30 minutes after drug treatment and which lasted at least 3 hours. Following a single injection of [3H-U]hycanthone into 7-day pregnant mice, radioactivity was rapidly cleared from the maternal plasma, having a half-life of 1-2 hours; higher levels of radioactivity were attained in the embryonic vesicles than in maternal plasma at all time intervals tested. Hycanthone also had embryotoxic activity in rabbits. A dose of 25 mg/kg increased the incidence of intrauterine death, and at 50 mg/kg both embryolethal and teratogenic effects were noted.", "contents": "Evaluation of the teratogenic activity of hycanthone in mice and rabbits. Hycanthone has been tested for embryotoxic activity in mice and rabbits. Treatment of mice on days 6-11 of gestation produced little embryotoxicity at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg, but produced teratogenic effects at 25 mg/kg and induced almost complete intrauterine death at 50 mg/kg. Single injections on various days of gestation demonstrated that the mouse conceptus is most sensitive to hycanthone-induced teratogenesis on gestation days 6 and 7, at which time a high incidence of exencephaly and skeletal malformations was found. Hycanthone (50 mg/kg) given to pregnant mice on day 7 of gestation depressed DNA synthesis in embryonic tissue, an effect which was evident 30 minutes after drug treatment and which lasted at least 3 hours. Following a single injection of [3H-U]hycanthone into 7-day pregnant mice, radioactivity was rapidly cleared from the maternal plasma, having a half-life of 1-2 hours; higher levels of radioactivity were attained in the embryonic vesicles than in maternal plasma at all time intervals tested. Hycanthone also had embryotoxic activity in rabbits. A dose of 25 mg/kg increased the incidence of intrauterine death, and at 50 mg/kg both embryolethal and teratogenic effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1206774", "title": "Transformation of cell cultures as a parameter for detecting the potential carcinogenicity of antischistosomal drugs.", "content": "Several antischistosomal drugs and their metabolites were found to transform rat embryo cell cultures persistently infected with the Rauscher leukemia virus. The transformed cells produced fibrosarcomas when implanted into newborn rats. Cell cultures treated with either virus or chemical alone were not transformed nor were they invasive in rats. The advantages of early screening of developmental drugs in cell culture systems are discussed.", "contents": "Transformation of cell cultures as a parameter for detecting the potential carcinogenicity of antischistosomal drugs. Several antischistosomal drugs and their metabolites were found to transform rat embryo cell cultures persistently infected with the Rauscher leukemia virus. The transformed cells produced fibrosarcomas when implanted into newborn rats. Cell cultures treated with either virus or chemical alone were not transformed nor were they invasive in rats. The advantages of early screening of developmental drugs in cell culture systems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206775", "title": "Dissociation of mutagenic and other toxic properties from schistosomicides.", "content": "Structural alterations of two schistosomicides (hycanthone and niridazole) can bring about very marked reductions in mutagenic activity without decreasing antischistosomal potency. Therefore, these two effects are not necessarily associated with each other, providing opportunities for the design and development of safer schistosomicidal drugs.", "contents": "Dissociation of mutagenic and other toxic properties from schistosomicides. Structural alterations of two schistosomicides (hycanthone and niridazole) can bring about very marked reductions in mutagenic activity without decreasing antischistosomal potency. Therefore, these two effects are not necessarily associated with each other, providing opportunities for the design and development of safer schistosomicidal drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1206776", "title": "Long-term toxicity of antischistosomal drugs: summary and perspectives.", "content": "In addition to the papers presented at the workshop, there were also discussion periods following the presentations and concluding the whole workshop. The various parts in the present section represent summaries of the different discussions that took place at the end of the workshop, except for the first part, which reports on drugs currently used in the treatment of schistosomiasis and makes recommendations for developing new and better drugs. The other parts in this section present the discussions and recommendations dealing with these areas: epidemiology, infected animal studies, in vitro and in vivo test correlations, and benefit vs. risk correlation. The author of each paper served as a rapporteur for these discussion sessions.", "contents": "Long-term toxicity of antischistosomal drugs: summary and perspectives. In addition to the papers presented at the workshop, there were also discussion periods following the presentations and concluding the whole workshop. The various parts in the present section represent summaries of the different discussions that took place at the end of the workshop, except for the first part, which reports on drugs currently used in the treatment of schistosomiasis and makes recommendations for developing new and better drugs. The other parts in this section present the discussions and recommendations dealing with these areas: epidemiology, infected animal studies, in vitro and in vivo test correlations, and benefit vs. risk correlation. The author of each paper served as a rapporteur for these discussion sessions."}
{"id": "PMID:1206784", "title": "[Vesico-renal reflux in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "This article is based on an analysis of 88 cases of vesico-renal reflux, 43 primary and 45 secundary ones. The author consider successively the clinical, bacteriological, radiological and endoscopical facts and their relations to the different types of reflux. They emphasize the frequency and the gravity of the primary reflux in adults and its probable connection with the genesis of the non-obstructive pyelonephrities and the unilateral renal atrophies. Its noxioness is primarily connected with the infection. The secundary reflux, however, even infected, is relatively well tolerated in adults. In case of primary vesico-renal reflux the therapeutical conduct has to be extremely well suited. A surgical correction should only be considered if the kidney has satisfactorily maintained its fonction and if the tonicity of the excreting ways is still good enough. In case of secundary reflux, the therapeutical conduct depends first of all on the etiology. In the group of primary reflux 11 patients derived benefit from ureteral reimplantation; whereas in the group of secundary reflux only 5 patients were submitted to an operation. The method applied was that of Paquin.", "contents": "[Vesico-renal reflux in adults (author's transl)]. This article is based on an analysis of 88 cases of vesico-renal reflux, 43 primary and 45 secundary ones. The author consider successively the clinical, bacteriological, radiological and endoscopical facts and their relations to the different types of reflux. They emphasize the frequency and the gravity of the primary reflux in adults and its probable connection with the genesis of the non-obstructive pyelonephrities and the unilateral renal atrophies. Its noxioness is primarily connected with the infection. The secundary reflux, however, even infected, is relatively well tolerated in adults. In case of primary vesico-renal reflux the therapeutical conduct has to be extremely well suited. A surgical correction should only be considered if the kidney has satisfactorily maintained its fonction and if the tonicity of the excreting ways is still good enough. In case of secundary reflux, the therapeutical conduct depends first of all on the etiology. In the group of primary reflux 11 patients derived benefit from ureteral reimplantation; whereas in the group of secundary reflux only 5 patients were submitted to an operation. The method applied was that of Paquin."}
{"id": "PMID:1206785", "title": "[Long-term results of conservative surgery for bilateral renal tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Long term results of conservative surgery for bilateral renal tuberculosis treated medically should be examined periodically (clinically, bacteriologically and radiologically) in order to detect early any possible changes in the renal or ureteric lesions, since surgery is sometimes of great benefit in particular in the case of a single kidney. Conservative and reparative operations are essential procedures which must be adapted to each individual case after careful study and only when covered by adequate treatment.", "contents": "[Long-term results of conservative surgery for bilateral renal tuberculosis (author's transl)]. Long term results of conservative surgery for bilateral renal tuberculosis treated medically should be examined periodically (clinically, bacteriologically and radiologically) in order to detect early any possible changes in the renal or ureteric lesions, since surgery is sometimes of great benefit in particular in the case of a single kidney. Conservative and reparative operations are essential procedures which must be adapted to each individual case after careful study and only when covered by adequate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1206783", "title": "[Neo-bladder made from the rectum in surgical cure of uro-genital malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors give a critical account of the results of artificial bladder construction using the rectum in complex genito-urinary malformations, such as, extrophic bladder, failure of correction of epispadias, and discuss 12 personal cases of which 6 out of 10 had been followed up for between 10 and 15 years. One important recommendation: in adults where the shincter system is normal, according to our experience, there is little trouble with urinary or fecal incontinence. In children, it is still necessary to develop a procedure which might permit one to express, numerically, the conclusions of the electrical examination and the volume above which resistance begins to break down. In small boys, after formation of the new bladder, one should attempt to restore micturition by the natural route, by reconstruction of the neck of the bladder, ileoplasty and reimplantation of the ureters in situ.", "contents": "[Neo-bladder made from the rectum in surgical cure of uro-genital malformations (author's transl)]. The authors give a critical account of the results of artificial bladder construction using the rectum in complex genito-urinary malformations, such as, extrophic bladder, failure of correction of epispadias, and discuss 12 personal cases of which 6 out of 10 had been followed up for between 10 and 15 years. One important recommendation: in adults where the shincter system is normal, according to our experience, there is little trouble with urinary or fecal incontinence. In children, it is still necessary to develop a procedure which might permit one to express, numerically, the conclusions of the electrical examination and the volume above which resistance begins to break down. In small boys, after formation of the new bladder, one should attempt to restore micturition by the natural route, by reconstruction of the neck of the bladder, ileoplasty and reimplantation of the ureters in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:1206797", "title": "Protein synthesis in BHK-21 cells infected with semliki forest virus.", "content": "[3H]leucine-labeled proteins synthesized in BHK-21 cells infected with Semliki Forest virus were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Cellular and virus-specific proteins were identified by difference analysis of the PAGE profiles. The specific activity of intracellular [3H-A1leucine was determined. Two alterations of protein synthesis, which develop with different time courses, were discerned. (i) In infected cultures an inhibition of overall protein synthesis to about 25% of the protein synthesis in mock-infected cultures develops between about 1 and 4 h postinfection (p.i.). (ii) The relative amount of virus-specific polypeptides versus cellular polypeptides increases after infection. About 80% of the proteins synthesized at 4 h p.i. are cellular proteins. Since significant amounts of nontranslocating robosomes in polyribosomes were not detected up to 7 h p.i., the inhibition of protein synthesis is not caused by inactivation of about 75% of all polyribosomes but by a decreased protein synthetic activity of the majority of polyribosomes. Indirect evidence indicates that an inhibition of elongation and/or release of protein synthesis develops in infected cells, which is sufficient to account for the observed inhibition of protein synthesis. Inhibition of over-all protein synthesis developed when virus-specific RNA began to accumulate at the maximal rate. This relationship was observed during virus multiplication at 37, 30, and 25 C. A possible mechanism by which synthesis of virus-specific RNA in the cytoplasm could inhibit cellular protein synthesis is discussed. Indirect evidence and analysis of polyribosomal RNA show that the increased synthesis of virus-specific protein is brought about by a substitution of cellular by viral mRNA in the polyribosomes.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in BHK-21 cells infected with semliki forest virus. [3H]leucine-labeled proteins synthesized in BHK-21 cells infected with Semliki Forest virus were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Cellular and virus-specific proteins were identified by difference analysis of the PAGE profiles. The specific activity of intracellular [3H-A1leucine was determined. Two alterations of protein synthesis, which develop with different time courses, were discerned. (i) In infected cultures an inhibition of overall protein synthesis to about 25% of the protein synthesis in mock-infected cultures develops between about 1 and 4 h postinfection (p.i.). (ii) The relative amount of virus-specific polypeptides versus cellular polypeptides increases after infection. About 80% of the proteins synthesized at 4 h p.i. are cellular proteins. Since significant amounts of nontranslocating robosomes in polyribosomes were not detected up to 7 h p.i., the inhibition of protein synthesis is not caused by inactivation of about 75% of all polyribosomes but by a decreased protein synthetic activity of the majority of polyribosomes. Indirect evidence indicates that an inhibition of elongation and/or release of protein synthesis develops in infected cells, which is sufficient to account for the observed inhibition of protein synthesis. Inhibition of over-all protein synthesis developed when virus-specific RNA began to accumulate at the maximal rate. This relationship was observed during virus multiplication at 37, 30, and 25 C. A possible mechanism by which synthesis of virus-specific RNA in the cytoplasm could inhibit cellular protein synthesis is discussed. Indirect evidence and analysis of polyribosomal RNA show that the increased synthesis of virus-specific protein is brought about by a substitution of cellular by viral mRNA in the polyribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1206798", "title": "Viral RNA synthesis and levels of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases during replication of adenovirus 2.", "content": "The rates of RNA synthesis in cultured human KB cells infected by adenovirus 2 were estimated by measuring the endogenous RNA polymerase activities in isolated nuclei. The fungal toxin alpha-amanitin was used to determine the relative and absolute levels of RNA polymerases I, II, and III in nuclei isolated during the course of infection. Whereas the level of endogenous RNA polymerase I activity in nuclei from infected cells remained constant relative to the level in nuclei from mock-infected cells, the endogenous RNA polymerase II and III activities each increased about 10-fold. These increases in endogenous RNA polymerase activities were accompanied by concomitant increases in the rates of synthesis in isolated nuclei of viral mRNA precursor, which was quantitated by electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels. The cellular RNA polymerase levels were measured with exogenous templates after solubilization and chromatographic resolution of the enzymes on DEAE-Sephadex, using procedures in which no losses of activity were apparent. In contrast to the endogenous RNA polymerase activities in isolated nuclei, the cellular levels of the solubilized class I, II, and III RNA polymerases remained constant throughout the course of the infection. Furthermore, no differences were detected in the chromatographic properties of the RNA polymerases obtained from infected or control mock-infected cells. These observations suggest that the increases in endogenous RNA polymerase activities in isolated nuclei are not due to variations in the cellular concentrations of the enzymes. Instead, it is likely that the increased endogenous enzyme activities result from either the large amounts of viral DNA template available as a consequence of viral replication of from replication or from functional modifications of the RNA polymerases or from a combination of these effects.", "contents": "Viral RNA synthesis and levels of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases during replication of adenovirus 2. The rates of RNA synthesis in cultured human KB cells infected by adenovirus 2 were estimated by measuring the endogenous RNA polymerase activities in isolated nuclei. The fungal toxin alpha-amanitin was used to determine the relative and absolute levels of RNA polymerases I, II, and III in nuclei isolated during the course of infection. Whereas the level of endogenous RNA polymerase I activity in nuclei from infected cells remained constant relative to the level in nuclei from mock-infected cells, the endogenous RNA polymerase II and III activities each increased about 10-fold. These increases in endogenous RNA polymerase activities were accompanied by concomitant increases in the rates of synthesis in isolated nuclei of viral mRNA precursor, which was quantitated by electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels. The cellular RNA polymerase levels were measured with exogenous templates after solubilization and chromatographic resolution of the enzymes on DEAE-Sephadex, using procedures in which no losses of activity were apparent. In contrast to the endogenous RNA polymerase activities in isolated nuclei, the cellular levels of the solubilized class I, II, and III RNA polymerases remained constant throughout the course of the infection. Furthermore, no differences were detected in the chromatographic properties of the RNA polymerases obtained from infected or control mock-infected cells. These observations suggest that the increases in endogenous RNA polymerase activities in isolated nuclei are not due to variations in the cellular concentrations of the enzymes. Instead, it is likely that the increased endogenous enzyme activities result from either the large amounts of viral DNA template available as a consequence of viral replication of from replication or from functional modifications of the RNA polymerases or from a combination of these effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1206799", "title": "DNA-minus temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 5 help adenovirus-associated virus replication.", "content": "Efficient potentiation of adenovirus-associated viruses (AAV) replication occurs in coinfections with either of two DNA-minus temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), ts125 and ts149. The helper activity of these mutants does not result from leakiness. At the nonpermissive termperature (39.5 C) there was little or no detectable adenovirus DNA synthesis, and only a relatively low level of adenovirus transcription was observed. However, the synthesis of AAV DNA and RNA and the yield of infectious AAV were comparable in amounts to those found when wild-type Ad5 was the helper. Furthermore, an apparent lag in the initiation of AAV transcription after the onset of AAV DNA synthesis was seen in coinfections with both wild type or ts125. These findings strongly suggest that the adenovirus factor(s) required for AAV multiplication is produced early in the adenovirus DNA replication, this requirement does not include all factors directly needed for adenovirus DNA synthesis.", "contents": "DNA-minus temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 5 help adenovirus-associated virus replication. Efficient potentiation of adenovirus-associated viruses (AAV) replication occurs in coinfections with either of two DNA-minus temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), ts125 and ts149. The helper activity of these mutants does not result from leakiness. At the nonpermissive termperature (39.5 C) there was little or no detectable adenovirus DNA synthesis, and only a relatively low level of adenovirus transcription was observed. However, the synthesis of AAV DNA and RNA and the yield of infectious AAV were comparable in amounts to those found when wild-type Ad5 was the helper. Furthermore, an apparent lag in the initiation of AAV transcription after the onset of AAV DNA synthesis was seen in coinfections with both wild type or ts125. These findings strongly suggest that the adenovirus factor(s) required for AAV multiplication is produced early in the adenovirus DNA replication, this requirement does not include all factors directly needed for adenovirus DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1206800", "title": "Restriction enzyme digests of rapidly renaturing fragments of vaccinia virus DNA.", "content": "Vaccinia virus DNA fragments that have been denatured by alkali and then neutralized contain a fraction that rapidly reforms duplex structures. The fraction is enriched by fractionating on hydroxyapatite columns and serves as as substrate for digestion by two restriction endonucleases isolated from Hemophilus parainfluenzae, Hpa I and HPa II. The patterns obtained by gel electrophoresis of the digested fragments show the presence of three major bands after Hpa I digestion and four major bands after Hpa II digestion. The DNA that is isolated from some of these bands quickly reforms duplex regions after alkaline denaturation. The size of the DNA segments in the major bands has been estimated to be in the range of 0.44 X 10(6) to 3.2 X 10(6) daltons. The fragments which rapidly reform duplex chains after denaturation are sensitive to single-strand-specific nucleases. These results are consistent with a model of vaccinia virus DNA which has a covalent link connecting complementary chains.", "contents": "Restriction enzyme digests of rapidly renaturing fragments of vaccinia virus DNA. Vaccinia virus DNA fragments that have been denatured by alkali and then neutralized contain a fraction that rapidly reforms duplex structures. The fraction is enriched by fractionating on hydroxyapatite columns and serves as as substrate for digestion by two restriction endonucleases isolated from Hemophilus parainfluenzae, Hpa I and HPa II. The patterns obtained by gel electrophoresis of the digested fragments show the presence of three major bands after Hpa I digestion and four major bands after Hpa II digestion. The DNA that is isolated from some of these bands quickly reforms duplex regions after alkaline denaturation. The size of the DNA segments in the major bands has been estimated to be in the range of 0.44 X 10(6) to 3.2 X 10(6) daltons. The fragments which rapidly reform duplex chains after denaturation are sensitive to single-strand-specific nucleases. These results are consistent with a model of vaccinia virus DNA which has a covalent link connecting complementary chains."}
{"id": "PMID:1206801", "title": "Rapid purification of 70S RNA from media of cells producing RNA tumor viruses.", "content": "Media from cells producing RNA tumor viruses, when treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyvinyl sulfate, yield 70S RNA as the major species binding oligo(dT)-cellulose. The procedure described for purifying 70S RNA requires no special equipment and is suitable for rapidly processing large quantities of media or for purifying RNA from commercially avialable virus, with a 5- to 10-fold higher yield than was obtained using existing methods.", "contents": "Rapid purification of 70S RNA from media of cells producing RNA tumor viruses. Media from cells producing RNA tumor viruses, when treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyvinyl sulfate, yield 70S RNA as the major species binding oligo(dT)-cellulose. The procedure described for purifying 70S RNA requires no special equipment and is suitable for rapidly processing large quantities of media or for purifying RNA from commercially avialable virus, with a 5- to 10-fold higher yield than was obtained using existing methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1206802", "title": "Molecular weights of DNA from bacteriophages T5, T5st(O), BF23, and BF23st(4).", "content": "The DNA molecular weights were determined by calibrated electron microscopy. The results (in units of 10(6)) are: for T5, 77.4 +/- 2.4 T5st(O), 72.4 +/- 1.9; BF23, 76.7 +/- 2.3; and BF23st(4), 71.4 +/- 1.7.", "contents": "Molecular weights of DNA from bacteriophages T5, T5st(O), BF23, and BF23st(4). The DNA molecular weights were determined by calibrated electron microscopy. The results (in units of 10(6)) are: for T5, 77.4 +/- 2.4 T5st(O), 72.4 +/- 1.9; BF23, 76.7 +/- 2.3; and BF23st(4), 71.4 +/- 1.7."}
{"id": "PMID:1206803", "title": "Comparison of RNA polymerase associated with Newcastle disease virus and a temperature-sensitive mutant of Newcastle disease virus isolated from persistently infected L cells.", "content": "An in vitro comparison was made of the RNA polymerase activity associated with Newcastle disease virus (NDVo) and three clones of the temperature-sensitive mutant (NDVpi) isolated from persistently infected L cells. Less polymerase activity was associated with the NDVpi clones. Also, compared to NDVo, an increase in incubation temperature from 32 to 37 or 42 C resulted in a marked decrease in polymerase activity for the temperature-sensitive mutants which coincided with their inability to replicate at 42 C.", "contents": "Comparison of RNA polymerase associated with Newcastle disease virus and a temperature-sensitive mutant of Newcastle disease virus isolated from persistently infected L cells. An in vitro comparison was made of the RNA polymerase activity associated with Newcastle disease virus (NDVo) and three clones of the temperature-sensitive mutant (NDVpi) isolated from persistently infected L cells. Less polymerase activity was associated with the NDVpi clones. Also, compared to NDVo, an increase in incubation temperature from 32 to 37 or 42 C resulted in a marked decrease in polymerase activity for the temperature-sensitive mutants which coincided with their inability to replicate at 42 C."}
{"id": "PMID:1206805", "title": "Unit activity in somatosensory area II (SII) and tooth pulp stimulation in a cat.", "content": "Within and near the rostral half of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus of an unanesthetized chronic cat, properties of units which responded to stimulation of the ipsilateral upper canine tooth pulp were studied. In total 75 responsive units were recorded by 192 microelectrode penetrations. Discharge patterns of these units to pulp stimulation were classified into 3 types: single spike response (4 units), short burst response (66 units) and prolonged response continuing up to several hundred msec (4 units). Spontaneous activities of one exceptional unit were depressed for 200-300 msec after pulp stimulation. These units were scattered in the explored cortical area, indicating that the SII somatotopically organized area may also receive nociceptive inputs. Most of these units responded to some modalities of mechanical stimuli applied to various parts of the body surface including face and head. This result suggests that they may correspond to the neurons unspecific with regard to modality and place observed in the anesthetized cat. Few units activated by pulp stimulation were encountered in the rostral portion of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus, where MELZACK and HAUGEN (1957) recorded the evoked potential by pulp stimulation. Five tooth pulp-sensitive units which were excited only by pin pricks and/or firm pressure were encountered on the dorsal bank of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus, the non-somatotopically organized area of SII.", "contents": "Unit activity in somatosensory area II (SII) and tooth pulp stimulation in a cat. Within and near the rostral half of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus of an unanesthetized chronic cat, properties of units which responded to stimulation of the ipsilateral upper canine tooth pulp were studied. In total 75 responsive units were recorded by 192 microelectrode penetrations. Discharge patterns of these units to pulp stimulation were classified into 3 types: single spike response (4 units), short burst response (66 units) and prolonged response continuing up to several hundred msec (4 units). Spontaneous activities of one exceptional unit were depressed for 200-300 msec after pulp stimulation. These units were scattered in the explored cortical area, indicating that the SII somatotopically organized area may also receive nociceptive inputs. Most of these units responded to some modalities of mechanical stimuli applied to various parts of the body surface including face and head. This result suggests that they may correspond to the neurons unspecific with regard to modality and place observed in the anesthetized cat. Few units activated by pulp stimulation were encountered in the rostral portion of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus, where MELZACK and HAUGEN (1957) recorded the evoked potential by pulp stimulation. Five tooth pulp-sensitive units which were excited only by pin pricks and/or firm pressure were encountered on the dorsal bank of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus, the non-somatotopically organized area of SII."}
{"id": "PMID:1206806", "title": "A method of analysis of the pulmonary gas exchange system.", "content": "This method of system analysis is based on O2 and CO2 concentration curves obtained simultaneously from expired air during constant flow expiration. First, theoretical equations for alveolar O2 and CO2 curves were derived by using a simple gas exchange model. By substituting them with the measured data on alveolar gas concentrations and volume, such parameters as O2 uptake VO2, pulmonary blood flow Q and venous PCO2 were estimated. Expired air was continuously analyzed by means of a glow discharge gas analyzer and the alveolar gas volume was measured immediately after the gas analysis using a body plethysmograph. The estimated Q value showed a dispersion of about 14% average standard deviation in each subject, but other parameters showed no large variation. The average Q values of several measurements, however, corresponded with those obtained by an acetylene inhalation method. The VO2 also corresponded well with that measured by spirometry. This coinciding data seemed to reveal that the model was reasonable for the analysis. CO2 output, by virtue of the Haldane effect, was examined through the analyses in both normoxia and hypoxia in 9 normal subjects. No significant effect was observed.", "contents": "A method of analysis of the pulmonary gas exchange system. This method of system analysis is based on O2 and CO2 concentration curves obtained simultaneously from expired air during constant flow expiration. First, theoretical equations for alveolar O2 and CO2 curves were derived by using a simple gas exchange model. By substituting them with the measured data on alveolar gas concentrations and volume, such parameters as O2 uptake VO2, pulmonary blood flow Q and venous PCO2 were estimated. Expired air was continuously analyzed by means of a glow discharge gas analyzer and the alveolar gas volume was measured immediately after the gas analysis using a body plethysmograph. The estimated Q value showed a dispersion of about 14% average standard deviation in each subject, but other parameters showed no large variation. The average Q values of several measurements, however, corresponded with those obtained by an acetylene inhalation method. The VO2 also corresponded well with that measured by spirometry. This coinciding data seemed to reveal that the model was reasonable for the analysis. CO2 output, by virtue of the Haldane effect, was examined through the analyses in both normoxia and hypoxia in 9 normal subjects. No significant effect was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206807", "title": "Inhibition of hypoglossal motoneurons by stimulation of the jaw-opening muscle afferents.", "content": "The synaptic linkage of jaw-opening muscle afferents with the retractive and the protrusive motoneurons (R-Mns and P-Mns) in the hypoglossal motor nucleus was explored in anesthetized cats. It was found that stimulation of low-threshold afferents arising in the jaw-opening muscles (m. mylohyoideus and m. digastricus) evoked IPSPs in both R-Mns and P-Mns with about 10 to 15 msec latencies. By injecting Cl ions into R-Mns or P-Mns, the hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potentials evoked by jaw-opening muscle afferent impulses were reversed to depolarizing potentials. The lingual-IPSPs of hypoglossal motoneurons were concluded to be dependent on increase of Cl conductance. Stimulation of low threshold lingual afferents evoked a reflex discharge in the retractive nerve fibers with a 6.0 msec latency and in the protrusive nerve fibers with a 5.5 msec latency. Inhibition of the linguohypoglossal reflex by stimulation of the jaw-opening muscle afferents was completely removed by an intravenous injection of strychnine (0.1 mg/kg) or picrotoxin (6 mg/kg). It is concluded that the low threshold afferents arising in the jaw-opening muscles are connected to both R-Mns and P-Mns and P-Mns through inhibitory synapses via a polysynaptic pathway.", "contents": "Inhibition of hypoglossal motoneurons by stimulation of the jaw-opening muscle afferents. The synaptic linkage of jaw-opening muscle afferents with the retractive and the protrusive motoneurons (R-Mns and P-Mns) in the hypoglossal motor nucleus was explored in anesthetized cats. It was found that stimulation of low-threshold afferents arising in the jaw-opening muscles (m. mylohyoideus and m. digastricus) evoked IPSPs in both R-Mns and P-Mns with about 10 to 15 msec latencies. By injecting Cl ions into R-Mns or P-Mns, the hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potentials evoked by jaw-opening muscle afferent impulses were reversed to depolarizing potentials. The lingual-IPSPs of hypoglossal motoneurons were concluded to be dependent on increase of Cl conductance. Stimulation of low threshold lingual afferents evoked a reflex discharge in the retractive nerve fibers with a 6.0 msec latency and in the protrusive nerve fibers with a 5.5 msec latency. Inhibition of the linguohypoglossal reflex by stimulation of the jaw-opening muscle afferents was completely removed by an intravenous injection of strychnine (0.1 mg/kg) or picrotoxin (6 mg/kg). It is concluded that the low threshold afferents arising in the jaw-opening muscles are connected to both R-Mns and P-Mns and P-Mns through inhibitory synapses via a polysynaptic pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:1206808", "title": "Thermal influence on palmar sweating and mental influence on generalized sweating in man.", "content": "Sweat rates on the forearm and on the palm were simultaneously recorded by resistance hygrometry and the mode of sweating in these areas in response to thermal and non-thermal stimuli were compared with each other. In Series A, periodic infrared irradiation (1 min on, 1 min off) was done to the back of the trunk, and reflex responses in sweat rate were recorded on both test areas. A high correlation was noted between the mean changes in the palmar sweat rate and those in the forearm one during the irradiation cycle in a majority of cases. However the magnitude of the sweat response was much less on the palm than on the forearm. These observations reveal that the central mechanism of palmar sweating may be affected to some extent by the thermoregulatory mechanism. Series B was concerned with the pattern of response in forearm sweating to various non-thermal stimuli. Careful observations showed that the forearm sweating responded diversely to various mental stimuli, unlike the palmar sweating whose response was always an increase. Mental arithmetic, mental testing and physical exercise caused an immediate increase in the palmar sweating but often elicited a transient decrease in the forearm sweating, whereas pain, noise, and emotional stimuli consistently provoked an increase of sweating on the forearm as well as on the palm. These observations suggest that the activities of higher centers, presumably involving neocortex and limbic cortex, exert various influences on the central mechanisms of palmar and generalized sweating.", "contents": "Thermal influence on palmar sweating and mental influence on generalized sweating in man. Sweat rates on the forearm and on the palm were simultaneously recorded by resistance hygrometry and the mode of sweating in these areas in response to thermal and non-thermal stimuli were compared with each other. In Series A, periodic infrared irradiation (1 min on, 1 min off) was done to the back of the trunk, and reflex responses in sweat rate were recorded on both test areas. A high correlation was noted between the mean changes in the palmar sweat rate and those in the forearm one during the irradiation cycle in a majority of cases. However the magnitude of the sweat response was much less on the palm than on the forearm. These observations reveal that the central mechanism of palmar sweating may be affected to some extent by the thermoregulatory mechanism. Series B was concerned with the pattern of response in forearm sweating to various non-thermal stimuli. Careful observations showed that the forearm sweating responded diversely to various mental stimuli, unlike the palmar sweating whose response was always an increase. Mental arithmetic, mental testing and physical exercise caused an immediate increase in the palmar sweating but often elicited a transient decrease in the forearm sweating, whereas pain, noise, and emotional stimuli consistently provoked an increase of sweating on the forearm as well as on the palm. These observations suggest that the activities of higher centers, presumably involving neocortex and limbic cortex, exert various influences on the central mechanisms of palmar and generalized sweating."}
{"id": "PMID:1206809", "title": "Protein synthesis in mouse brain during development of acute morphine tolerance.", "content": "In order to observe the effects of morphine on protein metabolism in mouse brain, experimental procedures were carried out over a 7 hr period of infusion. When the analgesia reached a peak, namely around 2 hr after the start of infusion, the in vivo incorporation of radioactive leucine into protein estimated by the dual label technique was uniformally depressed in all the examined subcellular fractions of both brain and liver. After tolerance developed, however, the incorporation of leucine increased to a much higher level than the control in brain subcellular fractions and the increase was masked by naloxone. In contrast, the incorporation into a TCA soluble fraction of the brain S2, separated by Gray and Whittaker's method, was more than doubled even after 4 hr infusion. While the in vitro incorporation rate of the mitochondrial fraction significantly fluctuated during development of tolerance with naloxone that of the synaptosomal fraction did not fluctuate. The observed coincidence in the time course of development of tolerance and changes in the brain protein synthesis indicates a possible relationship between the phenomena, though the causal nature of the relationship could not be elucidated.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in mouse brain during development of acute morphine tolerance. In order to observe the effects of morphine on protein metabolism in mouse brain, experimental procedures were carried out over a 7 hr period of infusion. When the analgesia reached a peak, namely around 2 hr after the start of infusion, the in vivo incorporation of radioactive leucine into protein estimated by the dual label technique was uniformally depressed in all the examined subcellular fractions of both brain and liver. After tolerance developed, however, the incorporation of leucine increased to a much higher level than the control in brain subcellular fractions and the increase was masked by naloxone. In contrast, the incorporation into a TCA soluble fraction of the brain S2, separated by Gray and Whittaker's method, was more than doubled even after 4 hr infusion. While the in vitro incorporation rate of the mitochondrial fraction significantly fluctuated during development of tolerance with naloxone that of the synaptosomal fraction did not fluctuate. The observed coincidence in the time course of development of tolerance and changes in the brain protein synthesis indicates a possible relationship between the phenomena, though the causal nature of the relationship could not be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:1206810", "title": "Effect of diltiazem on electrical and mechanical activity of isolated cardiac ventricular muscle of guinea pig.", "content": "Diltiazem, a new 1,5-benzothiazepine derivative, antagonized calcium ion and thus caused a reduction in the contractile force of isolated papillary muscle. The antagonistic ratio of diltiazem to calcium ion was estimated to be approx. 1: 100. A lower concentration of diltiazem (2.2 x 10(-6) M) decreased the contractile force without affecting significantly the intracellularly recorded resting and action potentials. When the concentration of the compound was increased to 2.2 x 10(-5) M, only the maximum rate of rise of the action potential was reduced, while the other parameters of the action potential were also affected at 1.1 x 10(-4) M diltiazem. There was no significant change in the resting potential. Under conditions where the contractile force almost disappeared (1.1 x 10(-4) M), the membrane excitability was retained. It is concluded that diltiazem is an excitation-contraction  uncoupler in the cardiac muscle cell and that the compound may exhibit its negative inotropic action by reducing in some way the intracellular concentration of free calcium ion available for the contractile mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of diltiazem on electrical and mechanical activity of isolated cardiac ventricular muscle of guinea pig. Diltiazem, a new 1,5-benzothiazepine derivative, antagonized calcium ion and thus caused a reduction in the contractile force of isolated papillary muscle. The antagonistic ratio of diltiazem to calcium ion was estimated to be approx. 1: 100. A lower concentration of diltiazem (2.2 x 10(-6) M) decreased the contractile force without affecting significantly the intracellularly recorded resting and action potentials. When the concentration of the compound was increased to 2.2 x 10(-5) M, only the maximum rate of rise of the action potential was reduced, while the other parameters of the action potential were also affected at 1.1 x 10(-4) M diltiazem. There was no significant change in the resting potential. Under conditions where the contractile force almost disappeared (1.1 x 10(-4) M), the membrane excitability was retained. It is concluded that diltiazem is an excitation-contraction  uncoupler in the cardiac muscle cell and that the compound may exhibit its negative inotropic action by reducing in some way the intracellular concentration of free calcium ion available for the contractile mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1206811", "title": "Effects of S-8527 (1, 1-bis (4'-(1\"-carboxy-1\"-methylpropoxy) phenyl) cyclohexane), a new hypolipidemic compound, on platelet aggregation, adhesiveness and blood coagulation in rats.", "content": "Effects of S-8527 (1,1-bis[4'-(1\"-carboxy-1\"-methylpropoxy) phenyl] cyclohexane) on platelet aggregation, adhesiveness and blood coagulation were examined in rats. In animals maintained on a semisynthetic diet containing sucrose (62%) as the only carbohydrate source, platelet adhesiveness increased as compared with that in rats fed a normal chow pellet. Under these experimental conditions, oral dose of S-8527 (30-300 mg/kg) for 14 days decreased platelet adhesiveness and ADP-induced platelet aggregation, but did not decrease collagen-induced platelet aggregation. S-8527 also showed a slight but significant increase of R value of thrombelastograph. In rats which were fed a normal chow pellet oral dose of S-8527 for 14 days did not significantly affect the several tests of platelet function and blood coagulation. These results suggest that S-8527 normalizes the platelet function in a hyper-adhesive state, but does not affect the platelet function in a normal state.", "contents": "Effects of S-8527 (1, 1-bis (4'-(1\"-carboxy-1\"-methylpropoxy) phenyl) cyclohexane), a new hypolipidemic compound, on platelet aggregation, adhesiveness and blood coagulation in rats. Effects of S-8527 (1,1-bis[4'-(1\"-carboxy-1\"-methylpropoxy) phenyl] cyclohexane) on platelet aggregation, adhesiveness and blood coagulation were examined in rats. In animals maintained on a semisynthetic diet containing sucrose (62%) as the only carbohydrate source, platelet adhesiveness increased as compared with that in rats fed a normal chow pellet. Under these experimental conditions, oral dose of S-8527 (30-300 mg/kg) for 14 days decreased platelet adhesiveness and ADP-induced platelet aggregation, but did not decrease collagen-induced platelet aggregation. S-8527 also showed a slight but significant increase of R value of thrombelastograph. In rats which were fed a normal chow pellet oral dose of S-8527 for 14 days did not significantly affect the several tests of platelet function and blood coagulation. These results suggest that S-8527 normalizes the platelet function in a hyper-adhesive state, but does not affect the platelet function in a normal state."}
{"id": "PMID:1206812", "title": "Coronary vasodilatation and adrenergic receptors in the dog heart and coronary.", "content": "The question of whether the coronary blood vessels contain an intrinsic adrenergic mechanism for vasodilatation of physiological significance has been examined in the canine heart-lung preparation with a donor by studying the response of the coronary vessels to epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and salbutamol in combination with practolol. To differentiate the vasodilatation mediated through adrenoceptors in the coronary vessels from that resulting from an increase in the myocardial O2 consumption, a special method of analysis was developed based on the linear relation between the coronary flow and the myocardial O2 consumption. It was found that all four compounds produced an increase in the coronary flow attributable to an increased myocardial O2 consumption. Epinephrine and norepinephrine produced a decrease in the coronary flow after practolol which completely abolished the increase in the myocardial O2 consumption as well as the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects produced by these compounds, while isoproterenol and salbutamol produced an increase. These results indicate that adrenergic beta-receptor exists in the coronary subserving a vasodilatation. However, the vasodilatation through this mechanism is of minor importance under physiological conditions and becomes completely masked in the presence of an overwhelmingly strong vasodilatation consequent to an increase in the myocardial O2 consumption.", "contents": "Coronary vasodilatation and adrenergic receptors in the dog heart and coronary. The question of whether the coronary blood vessels contain an intrinsic adrenergic mechanism for vasodilatation of physiological significance has been examined in the canine heart-lung preparation with a donor by studying the response of the coronary vessels to epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and salbutamol in combination with practolol. To differentiate the vasodilatation mediated through adrenoceptors in the coronary vessels from that resulting from an increase in the myocardial O2 consumption, a special method of analysis was developed based on the linear relation between the coronary flow and the myocardial O2 consumption. It was found that all four compounds produced an increase in the coronary flow attributable to an increased myocardial O2 consumption. Epinephrine and norepinephrine produced a decrease in the coronary flow after practolol which completely abolished the increase in the myocardial O2 consumption as well as the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects produced by these compounds, while isoproterenol and salbutamol produced an increase. These results indicate that adrenergic beta-receptor exists in the coronary subserving a vasodilatation. However, the vasodilatation through this mechanism is of minor importance under physiological conditions and becomes completely masked in the presence of an overwhelmingly strong vasodilatation consequent to an increase in the myocardial O2 consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:1206813", "title": "Comparison of the effects of norepinephrine and acetylcholine between intraarterial and extravascular administration to the isolated, blood-perfused canine atrium.", "content": "Effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine on atrial contractility and pacemaker activity were investigated in isolated and blood-perfused canine atrium preparations whith a support dog which were suspended in the blood-filled bath kept at 37 degrees C. The drug was given in two forms of administration, i.e., intraarterial injection into the cannulated sinus node artery or direct administration into the bath. ACh administered into the bath produced a significant decrease in the developed tension from a concentration of 10(-5) g/ml and norepinephrine produced a significant increase in the developed tension from 3 X 10(-6) g/ml. An injection via the sinus node artery resulted in 300 and 100 times greater response to ACh and norepinephrine, respectively, in the tension development. In atrial pacemaker activity, ACh given into the bath did not produce a dose-related decrease while norepinephrine produced a dose-related increase frequently accompanied by an irregularity of rhythmicity.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of norepinephrine and acetylcholine between intraarterial and extravascular administration to the isolated, blood-perfused canine atrium. Effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine on atrial contractility and pacemaker activity were investigated in isolated and blood-perfused canine atrium preparations whith a support dog which were suspended in the blood-filled bath kept at 37 degrees C. The drug was given in two forms of administration, i.e., intraarterial injection into the cannulated sinus node artery or direct administration into the bath. ACh administered into the bath produced a significant decrease in the developed tension from a concentration of 10(-5) g/ml and norepinephrine produced a significant increase in the developed tension from 3 X 10(-6) g/ml. An injection via the sinus node artery resulted in 300 and 100 times greater response to ACh and norepinephrine, respectively, in the tension development. In atrial pacemaker activity, ACh given into the bath did not produce a dose-related decrease while norepinephrine produced a dose-related increase frequently accompanied by an irregularity of rhythmicity."}
{"id": "PMID:1206814", "title": "Modifications of responses to adrenergic drugs in arterial strip by treatment in vivo with ephedrine and reserpine.", "content": "The aim of the present experiment was to investigate effects of ephedrine and reserpine, administered in vivo, on responses of dog isolated arterial strips to adrenergic drugs, and to study a possible mechanism involved in the reversal of blood pressure responses to dopamine. Dose-dependent contractile responses to adrenaline (A), dopamine (DA) and ephedrine (ED) were depressed in the femoral strips isolated from the ED-treated dogs as compared with those isolated from the untreated dogs. Those to noradrenaline (NA) were potentiated in low concentration and in hibited in high concentration, though those to tyramine (TY) were not altered. Relaxing and contractile responses to isoprenaline (IP) were inhibited. DA did not induce a relaxing effect but a contractile one even in the strips brought to a state of moderate tone with ED or phelypressin. In the strips isolated from the reserpine-treated dogs, contractile responses were to some extent potentiated by NA, A and DA, and significantly by ED, while those to TY were inhibited. Relaxing responses to IP were reduced and contractile responses potentiated. In the strips extirpated from the reserpine and ED-treated dogs, contractile responses to NA and A were potentiated in low concentration and tended to be potentiated in high concentration whereas those to DA and ED were not affected. Dose-dependent relaxing effects of DA in the dog renal and mesenteric strips contracted previously by KCl after phenoxybenzamine were attenuated by treatment with ephedrine in vivo. The results suggested that the dopamine reversal in the blood pressure may be mainly due to actions other than its peripheral effect on the blood vessels.", "contents": "Modifications of responses to adrenergic drugs in arterial strip by treatment in vivo with ephedrine and reserpine. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate effects of ephedrine and reserpine, administered in vivo, on responses of dog isolated arterial strips to adrenergic drugs, and to study a possible mechanism involved in the reversal of blood pressure responses to dopamine. Dose-dependent contractile responses to adrenaline (A), dopamine (DA) and ephedrine (ED) were depressed in the femoral strips isolated from the ED-treated dogs as compared with those isolated from the untreated dogs. Those to noradrenaline (NA) were potentiated in low concentration and in hibited in high concentration, though those to tyramine (TY) were not altered. Relaxing and contractile responses to isoprenaline (IP) were inhibited. DA did not induce a relaxing effect but a contractile one even in the strips brought to a state of moderate tone with ED or phelypressin. In the strips isolated from the reserpine-treated dogs, contractile responses were to some extent potentiated by NA, A and DA, and significantly by ED, while those to TY were inhibited. Relaxing responses to IP were reduced and contractile responses potentiated. In the strips extirpated from the reserpine and ED-treated dogs, contractile responses to NA and A were potentiated in low concentration and tended to be potentiated in high concentration whereas those to DA and ED were not affected. Dose-dependent relaxing effects of DA in the dog renal and mesenteric strips contracted previously by KCl after phenoxybenzamine were attenuated by treatment with ephedrine in vivo. The results suggested that the dopamine reversal in the blood pressure may be mainly due to actions other than its peripheral effect on the blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1206820", "title": "Cyanotic congenital heart disease: Surgical techniques and pitfalls.", "content": "A review is presented of the currently employed approaches and techniques for the treatment of several forms of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Emphasis is placed on unusual associated defects which require special approaches for management. The question of definitive repair in infancy, as opposed to early palliation and later repair, is particularly pertinent to these conditions. It is evident that considerable progress has been made during the thirty-year evolution of surgery for congenital heart disease, but there are many advances yet to be made.", "contents": "Cyanotic congenital heart disease: Surgical techniques and pitfalls. A review is presented of the currently employed approaches and techniques for the treatment of several forms of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Emphasis is placed on unusual associated defects which require special approaches for management. The question of definitive repair in infancy, as opposed to early palliation and later repair, is particularly pertinent to these conditions. It is evident that considerable progress has been made during the thirty-year evolution of surgery for congenital heart disease, but there are many advances yet to be made."}
{"id": "PMID:1206821", "title": "Histological characteristics and postoperative course of gastric carcinoma.", "content": "The histological features of gastric carcinoma in patients survived more than 5 years after the resection were reviewed. In general prognosis and length of survival were related clearly to the degree of malignancy of cancer. Duration of the remission was also reciprocaly related. Certain type of carcinoma simplex or undifferentiated carcinoma was associated with unexpectedly more favorable prognosis. Paradoxical relation was also demonstrated between degree of atypism in adenocarcinoma papillare with introversive pseudopapillary pattern and its prognosis.", "contents": "Histological characteristics and postoperative course of gastric carcinoma. The histological features of gastric carcinoma in patients survived more than 5 years after the resection were reviewed. In general prognosis and length of survival were related clearly to the degree of malignancy of cancer. Duration of the remission was also reciprocaly related. Certain type of carcinoma simplex or undifferentiated carcinoma was associated with unexpectedly more favorable prognosis. Paradoxical relation was also demonstrated between degree of atypism in adenocarcinoma papillare with introversive pseudopapillary pattern and its prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1206822", "title": "Prophylactic administrations of aspirin for the prevention of thrombo-embolic complications in postoperative reactive thrombocytosis.", "content": "Hyperfunctioning platelets in the thrombocytotic patients after major surgery were satisfactorily controlled by a small dose of aspirin ingestion. Since aspirin is well documented as a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, a small dose of prophylactic administration of aspirin appeared to be a legitimate approach to a possible life-threatening thrombo-embolic complication after surgery, particularly when the platelets are excessively produced and hyperfunctioning.", "contents": "Prophylactic administrations of aspirin for the prevention of thrombo-embolic complications in postoperative reactive thrombocytosis. Hyperfunctioning platelets in the thrombocytotic patients after major surgery were satisfactorily controlled by a small dose of aspirin ingestion. Since aspirin is well documented as a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, a small dose of prophylactic administration of aspirin appeared to be a legitimate approach to a possible life-threatening thrombo-embolic complication after surgery, particularly when the platelets are excessively produced and hyperfunctioning."}
{"id": "PMID:1206823", "title": "Occurrence of pulmonary insufficiency in abdominal trauma.", "content": "The alteration of pulmonary function in 35 patients with abdominal trauma admitted to the Trauma ICU of Oska University Hospital were studied. A fall of PaO2 reaching the lowest level on the third post-traumatic day, incomplete recovery even on the seventh posttraumatic day and of longer duration was remarkable in comparison to those seen after elective abdominal surgery. Thirty two patients recovered without need of particular respiratory control but remaining three died with progressive decrease of PaO2 in spite of the intensive respiratory care. The hypoxia seen in the fatal cases was irresponsive to the administration of 100 per cent O2 with mechanical ventilation. Therefore, increase in intrapulmonary shunt was likely to be responsible for their fatal course.", "contents": "Occurrence of pulmonary insufficiency in abdominal trauma. The alteration of pulmonary function in 35 patients with abdominal trauma admitted to the Trauma ICU of Oska University Hospital were studied. A fall of PaO2 reaching the lowest level on the third post-traumatic day, incomplete recovery even on the seventh posttraumatic day and of longer duration was remarkable in comparison to those seen after elective abdominal surgery. Thirty two patients recovered without need of particular respiratory control but remaining three died with progressive decrease of PaO2 in spite of the intensive respiratory care. The hypoxia seen in the fatal cases was irresponsive to the administration of 100 per cent O2 with mechanical ventilation. Therefore, increase in intrapulmonary shunt was likely to be responsible for their fatal course."}
{"id": "PMID:1206824", "title": "Acute gangrenous colitis proximal to obstructive cancer of the sigmoid colon.", "content": "Two cases of massive gangrenous inflammation of the colon proximal to obstructive carcinomatous lesions, the so-called obstructive colitis, are reported. Because of the rarity of this condition, the etiological factors responsible for this entity are not yet clear. The detailed pathological and microbiological studies at the time of operation are essential to their further clarification.", "contents": "Acute gangrenous colitis proximal to obstructive cancer of the sigmoid colon. Two cases of massive gangrenous inflammation of the colon proximal to obstructive carcinomatous lesions, the so-called obstructive colitis, are reported. Because of the rarity of this condition, the etiological factors responsible for this entity are not yet clear. The detailed pathological and microbiological studies at the time of operation are essential to their further clarification."}
{"id": "PMID:1206825", "title": "Mild beta-thalassemia in black subjects.", "content": "In two American black families with beta-thalassemia, globin chain synthesis was investigated in vitro. The resultant alpha/beta and alpha/non-alpha labelling ratios were expressed in terms of both specific activity and total counts. In one family, two brothers with clinical presentations compatible with thalassemia intermedia had apparently each inherited two different beta-thalassemia alleles. Thus, they are compound heterozygotes. Their alpha/beta (or alpha/non-alpha) ratios were in the same range as those found in Caucasian subjects with severe Cooley's anemia. In addition, alpha/beta ratios in heterozygotes in this study were the same as those found in Caucasian heterozygotes. A difference in degree of chain imbalance measured by our present method cannot explain the relative lack of severe clinical manifestations of beta-thalassemia in blacks. Further family studies are indicated to discover other genetic or environmental factors modifying the effects of beta-thalassemia.", "contents": "Mild beta-thalassemia in black subjects. In two American black families with beta-thalassemia, globin chain synthesis was investigated in vitro. The resultant alpha/beta and alpha/non-alpha labelling ratios were expressed in terms of both specific activity and total counts. In one family, two brothers with clinical presentations compatible with thalassemia intermedia had apparently each inherited two different beta-thalassemia alleles. Thus, they are compound heterozygotes. Their alpha/beta (or alpha/non-alpha) ratios were in the same range as those found in Caucasian subjects with severe Cooley's anemia. In addition, alpha/beta ratios in heterozygotes in this study were the same as those found in Caucasian heterozygotes. A difference in degree of chain imbalance measured by our present method cannot explain the relative lack of severe clinical manifestations of beta-thalassemia in blacks. Further family studies are indicated to discover other genetic or environmental factors modifying the effects of beta-thalassemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1206826", "title": "Early diagnosis of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head.", "content": "Intraosseous pressure in the intertrochanteric region, and response to a five mililiter saline load injected intraosseously were measured in twenty-four hips in twenty patients with ischemic necrosis of the femoral head and nine hips in seven controls. All hips in which subsequent biopsy proved ischemic necrosis of the femoral head showed either intraosseous pressure greater than 30 mmHg, a hypertensive response to the saline load, or both. All controls measure less than 30 mmHg intraosseous pressure and no significant pressure rise to the saline injection. Intramedullary venography in ischemic necrosis of the femoral head revealed poor filling of extraosseous veins, diaphyseal reflux and delayed clearance of dye. These changes were present in all stages of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head including the pre-radiologic stage and constitute the basis for early detection.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. Intraosseous pressure in the intertrochanteric region, and response to a five mililiter saline load injected intraosseously were measured in twenty-four hips in twenty patients with ischemic necrosis of the femoral head and nine hips in seven controls. All hips in which subsequent biopsy proved ischemic necrosis of the femoral head showed either intraosseous pressure greater than 30 mmHg, a hypertensive response to the saline load, or both. All controls measure less than 30 mmHg intraosseous pressure and no significant pressure rise to the saline injection. Intramedullary venography in ischemic necrosis of the femoral head revealed poor filling of extraosseous veins, diaphyseal reflux and delayed clearance of dye. These changes were present in all stages of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head including the pre-radiologic stage and constitute the basis for early detection."}
{"id": "PMID:1206832", "title": "[Relationship between lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and hyperinsulinemia in coronary arteriosclerosis].", "content": "The disorders in the carbohydrates metabolism were studied along with the level of insulinemia in patients with coronary atherosclerosis, and the interrelationship between the pathological shifts in the lipid and carbohydrates metabolism were clarified. The study was conducted in 45 persons: 31 patients with coronary atherosclerosis and 14 normals. The indices of the lipid (cholestrol, triglycerides, NEFA, lipoproteids) and carbohydrates metabolism (blood sugar immunoreactive insulin) were analysed on an empty stomach and after glucose provocation. Twenty of the 31 patients demonstrated hyperinsulinemia, 25--an altered tolerance of carbohydrates. The authors believe that in atherosclerosis hyperinsulinemia develops against the background of pre-existing disorders in the lipid metabolism, and correlates with the degree of the increase in atherogenic lipoproteids.", "contents": "[Relationship between lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and hyperinsulinemia in coronary arteriosclerosis]. The disorders in the carbohydrates metabolism were studied along with the level of insulinemia in patients with coronary atherosclerosis, and the interrelationship between the pathological shifts in the lipid and carbohydrates metabolism were clarified. The study was conducted in 45 persons: 31 patients with coronary atherosclerosis and 14 normals. The indices of the lipid (cholestrol, triglycerides, NEFA, lipoproteids) and carbohydrates metabolism (blood sugar immunoreactive insulin) were analysed on an empty stomach and after glucose provocation. Twenty of the 31 patients demonstrated hyperinsulinemia, 25--an altered tolerance of carbohydrates. The authors believe that in atherosclerosis hyperinsulinemia develops against the background of pre-existing disorders in the lipid metabolism, and correlates with the degree of the increase in atherogenic lipoproteids."}
{"id": "PMID:1206833", "title": "[Comparison of electrocardiographic data with morphological picture of atrial infarct].", "content": "The electrocardiographic changes were studied in autopsyproven fresh atrial infarction and compared with the morphological pattern of the lesion. The infarction was found to localize predominantly in the posterior wall of the right atrium. The morphological pattern of atrial infarction was similar to the changes developing in focal lesions of the left ventricular myocardium. The electrocardiographic pattern was characterized by the development of various rhythm and conductivity disorders, PQ (S-TP) segment shift, longer duration of the P wave, changes in its morphology, increase in the Macrus index. The electrocardiographic signs were demonstrated most comprehensively in cases of transmural lesions and with approximately the same rate on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day of the lesion.", "contents": "[Comparison of electrocardiographic data with morphological picture of atrial infarct]. The electrocardiographic changes were studied in autopsyproven fresh atrial infarction and compared with the morphological pattern of the lesion. The infarction was found to localize predominantly in the posterior wall of the right atrium. The morphological pattern of atrial infarction was similar to the changes developing in focal lesions of the left ventricular myocardium. The electrocardiographic pattern was characterized by the development of various rhythm and conductivity disorders, PQ (S-TP) segment shift, longer duration of the P wave, changes in its morphology, increase in the Macrus index. The electrocardiographic signs were demonstrated most comprehensively in cases of transmural lesions and with approximately the same rate on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:1206835", "title": "[Meso-telesystolic sounds in children].", "content": "Many years of observations over 80 children with meso-telesystolic clicks have brought evidence that these clicks usually come in combination with late systolic murmur and specific alterations in the posterio-phrenic portion of the left ventricle myocardium. The prevalent view today is that at the root of this interrelated triad lies a single intracardiac pathogenetic mechanism triggered by various causative factors. The pathology in question is met with in children of different age and may appear as a consequence of congenital maldevelopment, of an overt or cubclinical inflammation and also of a fibrotic process in the subvalvular region of the posterio-phrenic portion of the left ventricle. Clinical observations point also to the etiological part played by the rheumatic heart disease in the development of the said changes. It is on rare occasions only that the systolic click is of an extracardiac origin, being caused by pleuropericardiac adhesions. The meso-telesystolic click and late systolic murmur, being an expression  of a mild and moderate mitral insufficiency, have a favourable prognosis.", "contents": "[Meso-telesystolic sounds in children]. Many years of observations over 80 children with meso-telesystolic clicks have brought evidence that these clicks usually come in combination with late systolic murmur and specific alterations in the posterio-phrenic portion of the left ventricle myocardium. The prevalent view today is that at the root of this interrelated triad lies a single intracardiac pathogenetic mechanism triggered by various causative factors. The pathology in question is met with in children of different age and may appear as a consequence of congenital maldevelopment, of an overt or cubclinical inflammation and also of a fibrotic process in the subvalvular region of the posterio-phrenic portion of the left ventricle. Clinical observations point also to the etiological part played by the rheumatic heart disease in the development of the said changes. It is on rare occasions only that the systolic click is of an extracardiac origin, being caused by pleuropericardiac adhesions. The meso-telesystolic click and late systolic murmur, being an expression  of a mild and moderate mitral insufficiency, have a favourable prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1206842", "title": "[Treatment of circulatory insufficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease with digoxin and determination of its concentration in the blood serum by radioisotope method].", "content": "The radioisotope method with Rb86 was used for determining in vitro the serum concentration of Digoxin. The study was conducted in 57 patients with cardiac insufficiency in the acute period of myocardial infarction and with post infarction cardiosclerosis. The mean values of Digoxin concentration depending on the daily maintenance dose were obtained. The direct correlation between the amount of the drug taken and the content of the drug in the blood serum was proved. Digoxin intoxication was found to develop in cases of its content exceeding the mean level for the given dosage (4 patients), however, in 2 patients signs of intoxication developed with a low concentration of Digoxin. The causes favouring the development of intoxication are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of circulatory insufficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease with digoxin and determination of its concentration in the blood serum by radioisotope method]. The radioisotope method with Rb86 was used for determining in vitro the serum concentration of Digoxin. The study was conducted in 57 patients with cardiac insufficiency in the acute period of myocardial infarction and with post infarction cardiosclerosis. The mean values of Digoxin concentration depending on the daily maintenance dose were obtained. The direct correlation between the amount of the drug taken and the content of the drug in the blood serum was proved. Digoxin intoxication was found to develop in cases of its content exceeding the mean level for the given dosage (4 patients), however, in 2 patients signs of intoxication developed with a low concentration of Digoxin. The causes favouring the development of intoxication are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206843", "title": "[Use of gutimine for treatment of chronic coronary insufficiency].", "content": "The therapeutic effect of an antihypoxic drug--Gutimine--was studied in 30 patients with chronic coronary insufficiency. The effect of gutimine on the adaptation for physical exercises connected with motor hypoxy in 5 normal individuals was used as control. The treatment with Gutimine resulted in a clear subjective improvement (less frequent and less intense anginal attacks) in 2/3 of the patients with chronic coronary insufficiency. Objective signs of improvement (positive ECG shifts, phases of the left ventricular systole and hemodynamics; increased tolerance of physical exercises) after Gutimine therapy were noted only in 4 patients who had a comparatively mild course of their disease and less distinct sclerotic changes in the myocardium. When Gutimine was used in normals, significant improvement of their capacity for work was noted, as well as an improvement of their cardiovascular functions and gas exchange parameters during \"extreme\" exercises. The positive effect of Gutimine was more distinct after 1-2 weeks of its administration. Side effects were absent.", "contents": "[Use of gutimine for treatment of chronic coronary insufficiency]. The therapeutic effect of an antihypoxic drug--Gutimine--was studied in 30 patients with chronic coronary insufficiency. The effect of gutimine on the adaptation for physical exercises connected with motor hypoxy in 5 normal individuals was used as control. The treatment with Gutimine resulted in a clear subjective improvement (less frequent and less intense anginal attacks) in 2/3 of the patients with chronic coronary insufficiency. Objective signs of improvement (positive ECG shifts, phases of the left ventricular systole and hemodynamics; increased tolerance of physical exercises) after Gutimine therapy were noted only in 4 patients who had a comparatively mild course of their disease and less distinct sclerotic changes in the myocardium. When Gutimine was used in normals, significant improvement of their capacity for work was noted, as well as an improvement of their cardiovascular functions and gas exchange parameters during \"extreme\" exercises. The positive effect of Gutimine was more distinct after 1-2 weeks of its administration. Side effects were absent."}
{"id": "PMID:1206844", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the effect of curanthil on blood vessels of different organs].", "content": "In experiments on dogs conducted by means of resistography Curanthil (Dipyridamol) was shown to produce a consistent fall in the resistance to the blood flow in the cardiac vessels due to their active depressor reaction. Besides, Curanthil helps a distinct fall in the resistance of the vessels of the small intestine, sceletal muscles and, to a lower degree, of the brain. These data do not support those of a selective coronary-dilating action of this drug. The reaction of the renal vessels to Curanthil was not uniform and was predominantly of a pressor nature.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the effect of curanthil on blood vessels of different organs]. In experiments on dogs conducted by means of resistography Curanthil (Dipyridamol) was shown to produce a consistent fall in the resistance to the blood flow in the cardiac vessels due to their active depressor reaction. Besides, Curanthil helps a distinct fall in the resistance of the vessels of the small intestine, sceletal muscles and, to a lower degree, of the brain. These data do not support those of a selective coronary-dilating action of this drug. The reaction of the renal vessels to Curanthil was not uniform and was predominantly of a pressor nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1206846", "title": "[Contractile function and the effectiveness of oxygen utilization by the heart during adaptation to hypoxia].", "content": "Experiments on isolated functioning hearts of rats established that under equal filling pressure the hearts of the animals who are adapted to the periodic effect of hypoxy develop a higher force and rate of contractions; ultimately, the contractile function of such hearts, as calculated per unit of myocardial mass and unit of time, appears to be increased by 1/3. Oxygen consumption by the hearts of adapted animals does not much differ from the control values, and consequently, the efficiency of oxygen utilization increases approximately by 1/3. A considerable increase of adrenoreactivity of the hearts of adapted animals is also noted. The obtained data are discussed proceeding from the assumption that an increased power of the potassium pump in the sarcoplasmatic reticulum of the myocardium of adapted animals may influence the coupling of oxydation with phosphorillation in the mytochondria.", "contents": "[Contractile function and the effectiveness of oxygen utilization by the heart during adaptation to hypoxia]. Experiments on isolated functioning hearts of rats established that under equal filling pressure the hearts of the animals who are adapted to the periodic effect of hypoxy develop a higher force and rate of contractions; ultimately, the contractile function of such hearts, as calculated per unit of myocardial mass and unit of time, appears to be increased by 1/3. Oxygen consumption by the hearts of adapted animals does not much differ from the control values, and consequently, the efficiency of oxygen utilization increases approximately by 1/3. A considerable increase of adrenoreactivity of the hearts of adapted animals is also noted. The obtained data are discussed proceeding from the assumption that an increased power of the potassium pump in the sarcoplasmatic reticulum of the myocardium of adapted animals may influence the coupling of oxydation with phosphorillation in the mytochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1206847", "title": "[Histoxic hypoxia as one of the causes of ventricular fibrillation and decreased myocardial contractility].", "content": "Long-lasting infusions of adrenalin were demonstrated to result in histotoxic hypoxy of the myocardium and its decreased contractility. After a preliminary ligation of several branches of the coronary arteries such situations often caused ventricular fibrillation. The restoration of the myocardial contractility and of the oxydation processes was achieved by the administration of Unithiol, Methionin, Cystein and Succimere. The latter often produce an unusual effect--arrest of ventricular fibrillation and restoration of a normal cardiac rhythm without electric defibrillation. The beneficial effect of these drugs is attributed by the authors to the presence of thiol groups in their structure.", "contents": "[Histoxic hypoxia as one of the causes of ventricular fibrillation and decreased myocardial contractility]. Long-lasting infusions of adrenalin were demonstrated to result in histotoxic hypoxy of the myocardium and its decreased contractility. After a preliminary ligation of several branches of the coronary arteries such situations often caused ventricular fibrillation. The restoration of the myocardial contractility and of the oxydation processes was achieved by the administration of Unithiol, Methionin, Cystein and Succimere. The latter often produce an unusual effect--arrest of ventricular fibrillation and restoration of a normal cardiac rhythm without electric defibrillation. The beneficial effect of these drugs is attributed by the authors to the presence of thiol groups in their structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1206848", "title": "[Stimulation of protein synthesis in damaged cardiac muscle with RNA preparations].", "content": "Local injuries of the myocardium in rats induced by means of diathermocoagulation, as judged by the inclusion of C14-labelled aminoacids, stimulate the reparative biosynthesis of proteins in the injured and intact zones of the myocardium. Intraperitoneal administrations of a polymer RNA preparation from the cattle liver (6 mg/100 g of body weight) enhance the biosynthesis of proteins in the injured and intact zones of the myocardium 1.5--2--fold. The enzymatic hydrolyzate of RNA produces a less distinct stimulating effect. The authors believe that the RNA preparations may find their place in clinical stimulation of the reparative processes in the injured myocardium.", "contents": "[Stimulation of protein synthesis in damaged cardiac muscle with RNA preparations]. Local injuries of the myocardium in rats induced by means of diathermocoagulation, as judged by the inclusion of C14-labelled aminoacids, stimulate the reparative biosynthesis of proteins in the injured and intact zones of the myocardium. Intraperitoneal administrations of a polymer RNA preparation from the cattle liver (6 mg/100 g of body weight) enhance the biosynthesis of proteins in the injured and intact zones of the myocardium 1.5--2--fold. The enzymatic hydrolyzate of RNA produces a less distinct stimulating effect. The authors believe that the RNA preparations may find their place in clinical stimulation of the reparative processes in the injured myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:1206849", "title": "[Content of sugar and immunoreactive insulin in the blood of patients with myocardial infarct].", "content": "The content of sugar in the blood and that of immunoreactive insulin was determined in myocardial infarction cases on the 1st, 7th and 30th day. On the 30th day the carbohydrates tolerance test was conducted, and the content of immunoreactive insulin was determined after a glucose provocation. The assessment of glycemia and of the content of immunoreactive insulin was made in accordance with the type of the sugar curve. Hyperglycemia during the acute period of myocardial infarction was detected in 1/3 of the patients, a decrease of carbohydrates tolerance--2/3. Transient hyperglycemia was observed in persons in whom the glycemic and insulinemic curves resembled those in diabetes mellitus. The patients of this group displayed the same symptoms as those with diabetes mellitus. The dynamics of the content of the immunoreactive insulin from day to day of the disease differed in patients with transient hyperglycemia from those with normoglycemia.", "contents": "[Content of sugar and immunoreactive insulin in the blood of patients with myocardial infarct]. The content of sugar in the blood and that of immunoreactive insulin was determined in myocardial infarction cases on the 1st, 7th and 30th day. On the 30th day the carbohydrates tolerance test was conducted, and the content of immunoreactive insulin was determined after a glucose provocation. The assessment of glycemia and of the content of immunoreactive insulin was made in accordance with the type of the sugar curve. Hyperglycemia during the acute period of myocardial infarction was detected in 1/3 of the patients, a decrease of carbohydrates tolerance--2/3. Transient hyperglycemia was observed in persons in whom the glycemic and insulinemic curves resembled those in diabetes mellitus. The patients of this group displayed the same symptoms as those with diabetes mellitus. The dynamics of the content of the immunoreactive insulin from day to day of the disease differed in patients with transient hyperglycemia from those with normoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1206850", "title": "Surface areas of brush border and lateral cell walls in the rabbit proximal nephron.", "content": "A morphometric technique is used to estimate the absolute and relative surface areas of the brush border microvilli and cell walls bordering lateral intercellular spaces. In isolated, perfused proximal tubule from rabbit, the luminal and lateral surfaces are equal in area. For proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) each surface is 4.1 +/- 0.3 mu2/mu3 of epithelial cell volume or approximately 2.9 X 10(6) mu2/mm of tubule length. In proximal straight tubules (PST) the areas are 2.6 +/- 0.2 mu2/mu3 or 1.2 X 10(6) mu2/mm. Brush border enlarges the apical cell surface 36-fold in PCT and 15-fold in PST. The luminal and lateral cell surfaces each are approximately 20-fold (in PCT) and 10-fold (in PST) greater than the areas of the basal cell surface and tubule basement membrane. These data may be important in the context of an intercellular transport model.", "contents": "Surface areas of brush border and lateral cell walls in the rabbit proximal nephron. A morphometric technique is used to estimate the absolute and relative surface areas of the brush border microvilli and cell walls bordering lateral intercellular spaces. In isolated, perfused proximal tubule from rabbit, the luminal and lateral surfaces are equal in area. For proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) each surface is 4.1 +/- 0.3 mu2/mu3 of epithelial cell volume or approximately 2.9 X 10(6) mu2/mm of tubule length. In proximal straight tubules (PST) the areas are 2.6 +/- 0.2 mu2/mu3 or 1.2 X 10(6) mu2/mm. Brush border enlarges the apical cell surface 36-fold in PCT and 15-fold in PST. The luminal and lateral cell surfaces each are approximately 20-fold (in PCT) and 10-fold (in PST) greater than the areas of the basal cell surface and tubule basement membrane. These data may be important in the context of an intercellular transport model."}
{"id": "PMID:1206851", "title": "Growth in experimental renal failure: role of calorie and amino acid intake.", "content": "In order to evaluate the role of calorie and protein intake in growth impairment due to chronic renal failure (CRF), a subtotal nephrectomy was performed in weanling Wistar rats. A two-thirds reduction of renal function was obtained, which induced a marked growth retardation. Growth retardation was identical in nephrectomized and in pair-fed controls, and thus appeared to be entirely due to a deficient food intake. Using low protein diets, administration of a supplement with small amounts of essential amino acids (EAA) resulted in accelerated growth associated with a higher calorie intake, a better utilization of ingested calories for growth and a greater fall of blood urea nitrogen concentration.", "contents": "Growth in experimental renal failure: role of calorie and amino acid intake. In order to evaluate the role of calorie and protein intake in growth impairment due to chronic renal failure (CRF), a subtotal nephrectomy was performed in weanling Wistar rats. A two-thirds reduction of renal function was obtained, which induced a marked growth retardation. Growth retardation was identical in nephrectomized and in pair-fed controls, and thus appeared to be entirely due to a deficient food intake. Using low protein diets, administration of a supplement with small amounts of essential amino acids (EAA) resulted in accelerated growth associated with a higher calorie intake, a better utilization of ingested calories for growth and a greater fall of blood urea nitrogen concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1206852", "title": "Effects of furosemide on low-dose mercuric chloride acute renal failure in the rat.", "content": "The use of potent diuretics in acute renal failure remains controversial. Both beneficial and detrimental effects have been reported. In the present study, the effects of both low and high doses of furosemide administered in the developmental and established stages of mercuric chloride-induced acute renal failure were evaluated. Both low and high doses of furosemide produced a significant diuresis when given early in the course of experimental acute renal failure. Despite this diuresis, furosemide did not modify the development of the acute renal failure. Continued administration of a low dose of furosemide had no effect on renal function; however, prolonged administration of high doses of furosemide resulted in significantly lower creatinine clearances 48 hr after induction of acute renal failure. This detrimental effect was due to sodium depletion by the diuretic since it was prevented by continuous replacement of urinary sodium losses. In the absence of sodium depletion, high doses of furosemide produced a significant diuresis, both in the developmental and established phases of acute renal failure, but it had no effect on the degree of renal functional impairment.", "contents": "Effects of furosemide on low-dose mercuric chloride acute renal failure in the rat. The use of potent diuretics in acute renal failure remains controversial. Both beneficial and detrimental effects have been reported. In the present study, the effects of both low and high doses of furosemide administered in the developmental and established stages of mercuric chloride-induced acute renal failure were evaluated. Both low and high doses of furosemide produced a significant diuresis when given early in the course of experimental acute renal failure. Despite this diuresis, furosemide did not modify the development of the acute renal failure. Continued administration of a low dose of furosemide had no effect on renal function; however, prolonged administration of high doses of furosemide resulted in significantly lower creatinine clearances 48 hr after induction of acute renal failure. This detrimental effect was due to sodium depletion by the diuretic since it was prevented by continuous replacement of urinary sodium losses. In the absence of sodium depletion, high doses of furosemide produced a significant diuresis, both in the developmental and established phases of acute renal failure, but it had no effect on the degree of renal functional impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:1206853", "title": "Transepithelial potential difference profile of the distal tubule of the rat kidney.", "content": "In a recent micropuncture study electrodes with relatively large tips (3 to 5 mu O.D.) and, hence, low tip resistances were used to measure the transepithelial potential difference (PD) across the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. The present study reexamines the PD of the distal tubule of the rat kidney using such electrodes. In contrast to previous studies where a negative PD has been uniformly found in the distal tubule, the transtubular PD was found to be positively oriented (+3.7 mv) when particular efforts were made to puncture the earliest accessible segments. In accord with previous observations, the PD of the late segment was consistently negative (mean, -19.6 mv). Morphologic examination of the epithelium at the site of puncture suggests that in the very early distal tubule where positive potentials are recorded, the epithelium is characteristic of the distal convoluted tubule. By contrast, in the latter part of the distal tubule, where negative potentials are recorded, the epithelium displays the morphologic characteristics of the cortical collecting duct. The results of these studies suggest that the net transport properties of the distal tubule, that is the region of the nephron beginning just beyond the macula densa and extending to the first junction with another renal tubule, are a composite of activities of at least two types of epithelium.", "contents": "Transepithelial potential difference profile of the distal tubule of the rat kidney. In a recent micropuncture study electrodes with relatively large tips (3 to 5 mu O.D.) and, hence, low tip resistances were used to measure the transepithelial potential difference (PD) across the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. The present study reexamines the PD of the distal tubule of the rat kidney using such electrodes. In contrast to previous studies where a negative PD has been uniformly found in the distal tubule, the transtubular PD was found to be positively oriented (+3.7 mv) when particular efforts were made to puncture the earliest accessible segments. In accord with previous observations, the PD of the late segment was consistently negative (mean, -19.6 mv). Morphologic examination of the epithelium at the site of puncture suggests that in the very early distal tubule where positive potentials are recorded, the epithelium is characteristic of the distal convoluted tubule. By contrast, in the latter part of the distal tubule, where negative potentials are recorded, the epithelium displays the morphologic characteristics of the cortical collecting duct. The results of these studies suggest that the net transport properties of the distal tubule, that is the region of the nephron beginning just beyond the macula densa and extending to the first junction with another renal tubule, are a composite of activities of at least two types of epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1206913", "title": "[Some clinical aspects concerning diplopia after retinal detachment surgery with cryopexy and episcleral silastic sponge (author's transl)].", "content": "The aetiology of diplopia following retinal detachment surgery after the Lincoff-Custodis method is examined. Of 140 patients operated, 16 (i.e. 11.4%) developed diplopia. The authors believe that this diplopia is due to a fixation of the eyeball at the point of the silastic sponge placement. As responsible factors, which depend on the manner of sponge fixation and the size of the sponge, they regard: Alteration of the bulb curvature, shortening of the Tenon's capsule placed over the sponge, and changes in the conditions of muscular action.", "contents": "[Some clinical aspects concerning diplopia after retinal detachment surgery with cryopexy and episcleral silastic sponge (author's transl)]. The aetiology of diplopia following retinal detachment surgery after the Lincoff-Custodis method is examined. Of 140 patients operated, 16 (i.e. 11.4%) developed diplopia. The authors believe that this diplopia is due to a fixation of the eyeball at the point of the silastic sponge placement. As responsible factors, which depend on the manner of sponge fixation and the size of the sponge, they regard: Alteration of the bulb curvature, shortening of the Tenon's capsule placed over the sponge, and changes in the conditions of muscular action."}
{"id": "PMID:1206914", "title": "[Mechanical factors contributing to the cause of retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no doubt that besides the anatomical changes in vitreous and retinal structures mechanical factors are involved in producing retinal detachment. Especially vertical accelerations can produce fast movements of the vitreous, which also can induce the retina. To investigate the effect of various external movements upon the eye a number of experiments were made: 31 variations of movements with and without different vehicles at different speeds have been investigated. As direct measurements of acceleration of the eye are not possible at present, the upper verges of the orbitae were chosen as measuring point. Additionally accelerations were measured nearest to the place of the entrance of vibration to the body in order to examine the transmissibility of vibration to the orbita. The transduced signal of the accelerometer was recorded on a tape. When measuring in vehicles or riding, radiotelemetry of the signal was used. The statistical analysis of the results was performed. Typical frequencies were found in which the amplitude of the induced acceleration even is enlargen on its way through the body to the orbita. The significance of the different results for producing dangerous mechanical stress to the eye is discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanical factors contributing to the cause of retinal detachment (author's transl)]. There is no doubt that besides the anatomical changes in vitreous and retinal structures mechanical factors are involved in producing retinal detachment. Especially vertical accelerations can produce fast movements of the vitreous, which also can induce the retina. To investigate the effect of various external movements upon the eye a number of experiments were made: 31 variations of movements with and without different vehicles at different speeds have been investigated. As direct measurements of acceleration of the eye are not possible at present, the upper verges of the orbitae were chosen as measuring point. Additionally accelerations were measured nearest to the place of the entrance of vibration to the body in order to examine the transmissibility of vibration to the orbita. The transduced signal of the accelerometer was recorded on a tape. When measuring in vehicles or riding, radiotelemetry of the signal was used. The statistical analysis of the results was performed. Typical frequencies were found in which the amplitude of the induced acceleration even is enlargen on its way through the body to the orbita. The significance of the different results for producing dangerous mechanical stress to the eye is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206915", "title": "[Block-excision of intraocular processes. II. Epithelial ingrowth into the anterior segment of the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Extensive posttraumatic epithelial ingrowth was completely removed by block-excision of 10 to 11 nm diameter from 3 eyes. The cyst is excised together with adjacent cornea, sclera, iris and ciliary body as a single \"block\". Thus direct manipulation of the delicate wall of the intact cyst is avoided, the invading epithelium is totally eradicated and a recurrence impossible. The defect of the globe extending up to 6 mm beyond the limbus is covered by a tectonic corneal graft. This procedure was derived from a clinicopathologic study of 35 epithelial ingrowths among 1300 enucleations between 1966-1974. Attempts of excision confined to cornea and iris always have been incomplete. 25 enucleated globes with epithelial ingrowth revealed an attached retina in 16 eyes indicating probably useful visual acuity in case of early complete \"block-excision\".", "contents": "[Block-excision of intraocular processes. II. Epithelial ingrowth into the anterior segment of the eye (author's transl)]. Extensive posttraumatic epithelial ingrowth was completely removed by block-excision of 10 to 11 nm diameter from 3 eyes. The cyst is excised together with adjacent cornea, sclera, iris and ciliary body as a single \"block\". Thus direct manipulation of the delicate wall of the intact cyst is avoided, the invading epithelium is totally eradicated and a recurrence impossible. The defect of the globe extending up to 6 mm beyond the limbus is covered by a tectonic corneal graft. This procedure was derived from a clinicopathologic study of 35 epithelial ingrowths among 1300 enucleations between 1966-1974. Attempts of excision confined to cornea and iris always have been incomplete. 25 enucleated globes with epithelial ingrowth revealed an attached retina in 16 eyes indicating probably useful visual acuity in case of early complete \"block-excision\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1206916", "title": "[Visual training of partial blinds due to organic lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The immanent sense of optic orientation in space is related to the unchangeable line of principal visual direction and its collaterals. Therefore in patients with loss of central vision due to organic lesion the orientation in space is impaired as well. as a result of a vicious circle of indistinct vision, eccentric fixation and suppresion of foveal perception. By a systematic training the normal sense of direction may be restored and thereby relatively good orientation and by reactivation of the suppressed macular perceptions some reading ability may be regained. Based on experience during 15 years the special diagnostic, the training course and the results of the method are reported and the possibility of rehabilitation of patients with to a high degree impaired central vision due to organic lesions is shown.", "contents": "[Visual training of partial blinds due to organic lesions (author's transl)]. The immanent sense of optic orientation in space is related to the unchangeable line of principal visual direction and its collaterals. Therefore in patients with loss of central vision due to organic lesion the orientation in space is impaired as well. as a result of a vicious circle of indistinct vision, eccentric fixation and suppresion of foveal perception. By a systematic training the normal sense of direction may be restored and thereby relatively good orientation and by reactivation of the suppressed macular perceptions some reading ability may be regained. Based on experience during 15 years the special diagnostic, the training course and the results of the method are reported and the possibility of rehabilitation of patients with to a high degree impaired central vision due to organic lesions is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1206917", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis of hemangiomas in the orbital region (author's transl)].", "content": "The polymorphus hemangiomas-especially those of the cavernous type in the orbital region, the face, the scalp or the rhinopharynx are not demonstrable neither by arterial nor venous angiography. If direct puncture of the angioma is possible, the injection of radioopaque medium shows a characteristic picture. The smooth limitation, partial septation and the delayed outflow of contrast medium are important criterions for the differential diagnosis. Moreover the delimitation of the hemangioma from the surrounding tissue is possible and the best surgical access can be selected. If the expanding process is situated in the orbit, and has reached a certain size, the venography of the orbit indicates the extent and localization of the orbital mass.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis of hemangiomas in the orbital region (author's transl)]. The polymorphus hemangiomas-especially those of the cavernous type in the orbital region, the face, the scalp or the rhinopharynx are not demonstrable neither by arterial nor venous angiography. If direct puncture of the angioma is possible, the injection of radioopaque medium shows a characteristic picture. The smooth limitation, partial septation and the delayed outflow of contrast medium are important criterions for the differential diagnosis. Moreover the delimitation of the hemangioma from the surrounding tissue is possible and the best surgical access can be selected. If the expanding process is situated in the orbit, and has reached a certain size, the venography of the orbit indicates the extent and localization of the orbital mass."}
{"id": "PMID:1206918", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of bitemporal paracentral visual fields defects in \"low-tension glaucoma\" and tumors of the pituitary gland (author's transl)].", "content": "A 46-year-old patient shows paracentral scotomas in the oblique meridians of the visual fields. Additionally there exists pathologically cupped, atrophical disks which lead to the tentative diagnosis of \"low-tension glaucoma\". As the scotomas are bitemporally located a tumor near the chiasm must be the cause for these field defects. During the operation a chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary gland was found in the patient. We pointed out that even arcuate scotomas which cross the vertical meridian of the visual field can be caused by an intra- or parasellar tumor. As Hoyt has shown in his investigations in animals one could suppose that these scotomas can be developed from direct compression of the chiasm.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of bitemporal paracentral visual fields defects in \"low-tension glaucoma\" and tumors of the pituitary gland (author's transl)]. A 46-year-old patient shows paracentral scotomas in the oblique meridians of the visual fields. Additionally there exists pathologically cupped, atrophical disks which lead to the tentative diagnosis of \"low-tension glaucoma\". As the scotomas are bitemporally located a tumor near the chiasm must be the cause for these field defects. During the operation a chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary gland was found in the patient. We pointed out that even arcuate scotomas which cross the vertical meridian of the visual field can be caused by an intra- or parasellar tumor. As Hoyt has shown in his investigations in animals one could suppose that these scotomas can be developed from direct compression of the chiasm."}
{"id": "PMID:1206919", "title": "[Problems of intraocular pressure in scuba diving (author's transl)].", "content": "The reactions of intraocular pressure (i. o. p.), pulse rate, and blood pressure were studied on 30 scuba divers in a pressure tank. Under excess pressures of 2 and 4 atm the i.o.p. showed an average fall of 2-3 mm Hg. The pulse rate fell in average by 4-5/min, while the blood pressure only showed minor changes. In the authors' opinion a well compensated chronic simple glaucoma with intact discs and fields does not exclude fitness for scuba diving.", "contents": "[Problems of intraocular pressure in scuba diving (author's transl)]. The reactions of intraocular pressure (i. o. p.), pulse rate, and blood pressure were studied on 30 scuba divers in a pressure tank. Under excess pressures of 2 and 4 atm the i.o.p. showed an average fall of 2-3 mm Hg. The pulse rate fell in average by 4-5/min, while the blood pressure only showed minor changes. In the authors' opinion a well compensated chronic simple glaucoma with intact discs and fields does not exclude fitness for scuba diving."}
{"id": "PMID:1206920", "title": "[Clinical problems of different forms of heterochromie(author's transl)].", "content": "The causes of hypo- and hyperchromic heterochromia were analysed in 94 patients. The hypochromic forms were the commonest, especially the Fuchs-Herrenschwandt heterochromia, and heterochromia simplex. Also after degenerative diseases and accidents appears almost exclusively hypochromic heterochromia. Causes of hyperchromic heterochromia (siderosis, melanosis, wart-iris) were in the minority. Finally a heterogenous group of pseudoheterochromiae were more closely examined. This group seemed to be mainly hypochromic but in 2 rare cases the pseudoheterochromia was cuased by a brown dystrophy of the repeatedly inflamed cornea, probably associated with repeated fluorescien-staining of large corneal erosions.", "contents": "[Clinical problems of different forms of heterochromie(author's transl)]. The causes of hypo- and hyperchromic heterochromia were analysed in 94 patients. The hypochromic forms were the commonest, especially the Fuchs-Herrenschwandt heterochromia, and heterochromia simplex. Also after degenerative diseases and accidents appears almost exclusively hypochromic heterochromia. Causes of hyperchromic heterochromia (siderosis, melanosis, wart-iris) were in the minority. Finally a heterogenous group of pseudoheterochromiae were more closely examined. This group seemed to be mainly hypochromic but in 2 rare cases the pseudoheterochromia was cuased by a brown dystrophy of the repeatedly inflamed cornea, probably associated with repeated fluorescien-staining of large corneal erosions."}
{"id": "PMID:1206921", "title": "[Monitoring the progress of lens opacities in cases of senile cataract by retro-illumination photography (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow-up study of lens opacities, utilizing retro-illumination photography with the fundus camera is described. After giving technical details, results are discussed and possible errors pointed out. If evaluation by planimetry or other devices is not possible, a useful procedure is the evaluation of simultaneous projected slides by a group of ophthalmologists not directly involved in the trial. This is demonstrated by testing the effect of 1-hydroxy-pyrido-(3,2alpha)-5-phenoxazone-3-carboxylic acid on the progress of senile cataract in a total of 48 eyes. Together with slit image photography of Brown (2, 3) the method of retro-illumination photography of the lens presented in this paper is a definite improvement in demonstrating the temporal course of cataract development.", "contents": "[Monitoring the progress of lens opacities in cases of senile cataract by retro-illumination photography (author's transl)]. A follow-up study of lens opacities, utilizing retro-illumination photography with the fundus camera is described. After giving technical details, results are discussed and possible errors pointed out. If evaluation by planimetry or other devices is not possible, a useful procedure is the evaluation of simultaneous projected slides by a group of ophthalmologists not directly involved in the trial. This is demonstrated by testing the effect of 1-hydroxy-pyrido-(3,2alpha)-5-phenoxazone-3-carboxylic acid on the progress of senile cataract in a total of 48 eyes. Together with slit image photography of Brown (2, 3) the method of retro-illumination photography of the lens presented in this paper is a definite improvement in demonstrating the temporal course of cataract development."}
{"id": "PMID:1206922", "title": "[Practical experiences with the pilocarpine-test for the early diagnosis of glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The Pilocarpin-test according to Hollwich proved to be useful expecially for older patients where the carrying out of a functional test can be difficult also for myopes with suspected glaucoma.", "contents": "[Practical experiences with the pilocarpine-test for the early diagnosis of glaucoma (author's transl)]. The Pilocarpin-test according to Hollwich proved to be useful expecially for older patients where the carrying out of a functional test can be difficult also for myopes with suspected glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1206923", "title": "[The control of postoperative inflammation with fluorometholon (author's transl)].", "content": "Control of postoperative inflammation is essential in corneal surgery. Frequently this control must be extended for long periods of time. The long-term use of steroids such as prednisolone or dexamethasone is therefore limited because of the risk of inducing a rise in intraocular pressure. Personal experience in almost 400 surgical procedures indicates that fluorometholone has the ability to suppress inflammation without inducing significant increases in intraocular pressure. Fluorometholone should therefore be considered as the steroid of choice for the control of postoperative inflammation.", "contents": "[The control of postoperative inflammation with fluorometholon (author's transl)]. Control of postoperative inflammation is essential in corneal surgery. Frequently this control must be extended for long periods of time. The long-term use of steroids such as prednisolone or dexamethasone is therefore limited because of the risk of inducing a rise in intraocular pressure. Personal experience in almost 400 surgical procedures indicates that fluorometholone has the ability to suppress inflammation without inducing significant increases in intraocular pressure. Fluorometholone should therefore be considered as the steroid of choice for the control of postoperative inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206924", "title": "[Persistent iridoplegia and filamentary keratitis complications following cataract extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 3,222 cataract operations where enzymatic zonulolysis with Alphachymotrypsin was employed, the authors describe two complications which are thought to be due to the effects of the enzyme. They are the persistent iridoplegia in 18 cases (0.05) and the filamentary keratitis in 34 patients (1.05%). The clinical picture of an acute enzymatic intraocular pressure increase and the appearance of a persistent iridoplegia are discussed. Furthermore, these complications are brought together in tables and associated with other which are also thought to be caused by Chymotrypsin.", "contents": "[Persistent iridoplegia and filamentary keratitis complications following cataract extraction (author's transl)]. In a series of 3,222 cataract operations where enzymatic zonulolysis with Alphachymotrypsin was employed, the authors describe two complications which are thought to be due to the effects of the enzyme. They are the persistent iridoplegia in 18 cases (0.05) and the filamentary keratitis in 34 patients (1.05%). The clinical picture of an acute enzymatic intraocular pressure increase and the appearance of a persistent iridoplegia are discussed. Furthermore, these complications are brought together in tables and associated with other which are also thought to be caused by Chymotrypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:1206925", "title": "[Fitting of contact lenses in children and juveniles with progressive myopia (author's transl)].", "content": "More than 200 children and juveniles till 15 years who got contact lenses because of myopia progressiva, were continuously controlled more than 3 years before and after the fitting. In the majority of the cases a favorable influence on the progression of myopia could be observed.", "contents": "[Fitting of contact lenses in children and juveniles with progressive myopia (author's transl)]. More than 200 children and juveniles till 15 years who got contact lenses because of myopia progressiva, were continuously controlled more than 3 years before and after the fitting. In the majority of the cases a favorable influence on the progression of myopia could be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206926", "title": "[Results with automatic refraction (author's transl)].", "content": "Hundred eyes of young patients with an average age of 25 years were measured with two refraction methods: 1. subjectiv refraction and 2. automatic refraction with the \"Dioptron\". The results of refraction and visual acuity before and after cycloplegia were compared. As for the spherical aquivalents we found a very good correlation between both methods (r - 0,98). The \"Dioptron\" printed out stronger cylindric powers as were found with the subjectiv refraction. Furthermore it could be shown that the stronger the cylindric power the smaller the axial deviation between subjectiv and automatic refraction. We believe that the automatic refraction with \"Dioptron\" is a good screening method, which cannot replace fine subjective adjustments, but complements them by serving as a good starting point for the refractive procedure.", "contents": "[Results with automatic refraction (author's transl)]. Hundred eyes of young patients with an average age of 25 years were measured with two refraction methods: 1. subjectiv refraction and 2. automatic refraction with the \"Dioptron\". The results of refraction and visual acuity before and after cycloplegia were compared. As for the spherical aquivalents we found a very good correlation between both methods (r - 0,98). The \"Dioptron\" printed out stronger cylindric powers as were found with the subjectiv refraction. Furthermore it could be shown that the stronger the cylindric power the smaller the axial deviation between subjectiv and automatic refraction. We believe that the automatic refraction with \"Dioptron\" is a good screening method, which cannot replace fine subjective adjustments, but complements them by serving as a good starting point for the refractive procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1206927", "title": "[The psychosomatic factors in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of the psychosomatic factors is gradually increasing in the ophthalmological practice. In cases with hysterical symptoms they cause amaurosis and changes of refraction. Emotional factors lead to strabism and photophoby. Anxiety conditions and stress effect lead to glaucoma. In a short review the principles of psychosomatic treatment are dealt with.", "contents": "[The psychosomatic factors in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. The importance of the psychosomatic factors is gradually increasing in the ophthalmological practice. In cases with hysterical symptoms they cause amaurosis and changes of refraction. Emotional factors lead to strabism and photophoby. Anxiety conditions and stress effect lead to glaucoma. In a short review the principles of psychosomatic treatment are dealt with."}
{"id": "PMID:1206928", "title": "[Diagnosis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-syndrome (uveoencephalitis) (author's transl)].", "content": "Some aspects of the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of VHK-syndrome are described from the long term observations of two cases in our clinic. The most important point in differential diagnosis is the presence of proved meningo-encephalitis. Systemic immunosuppressive therapy did probably not modify the course of the disease. The functional results in our patients were good.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-syndrome (uveoencephalitis) (author's transl)]. Some aspects of the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of VHK-syndrome are described from the long term observations of two cases in our clinic. The most important point in differential diagnosis is the presence of proved meningo-encephalitis. Systemic immunosuppressive therapy did probably not modify the course of the disease. The functional results in our patients were good."}
{"id": "PMID:1206929", "title": "[Maculopathia solaris after ingestion of LSD (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a case of maculopathia solaris in a 25-year-old white male following an ingestion of LSD. Within a period of 7 months there was an amelioration of the visual acuity from 0.4 respectively 0.6 to 1.0 in both eyes.", "contents": "[Maculopathia solaris after ingestion of LSD (author's transl)]. Report on a case of maculopathia solaris in a 25-year-old white male following an ingestion of LSD. Within a period of 7 months there was an amelioration of the visual acuity from 0.4 respectively 0.6 to 1.0 in both eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:1206930", "title": "[Vibration, a new way of cutting in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Rapid movement (vibration) of a movable scissor blade against a stationary blade at alternating current frequency (50 Hz) provides considerable improvement of cutting power and decreases distortion and crushing of the tissue. The article describes vibrational scissors for cataract surgery.", "contents": "[Vibration, a new way of cutting in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)]. Rapid movement (vibration) of a movable scissor blade against a stationary blade at alternating current frequency (50 Hz) provides considerable improvement of cutting power and decreases distortion and crushing of the tissue. The article describes vibrational scissors for cataract surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1206931", "title": "[Retinal detachment, caused by hyperaemia of the choroid? Remarks on the supposed relationship between retinal detachment and \"indirect trauma\" (author's transl)].", "content": "It was recently stressed by Scheerer that retinal detachment in a highly myopic eye may be caused by hyperaemia of the choroid, presumably occuring during heavy physical labour which is performed by a non-trained person. Clinical studies have shown, however, that choroidal detachment, resulting from either hemorrhagic, or serous accumulation of fluid during operative procedures or during postoperative periods, is not followed by retinal detachment. Also experimental occlusion of large choroidal vessels, associated with hyperaemia in the choroidal vasculature, does not lead to retinal changes inducing the separation of the neuroretina from the pigment epithelium layer. Thus, it is concluded that choroidal hyperaemia, possibly occuring during heavy physical labour, has no relationship to the development of a retinal detachment in a \"disposed\" eye.", "contents": "[Retinal detachment, caused by hyperaemia of the choroid? Remarks on the supposed relationship between retinal detachment and \"indirect trauma\" (author's transl)]. It was recently stressed by Scheerer that retinal detachment in a highly myopic eye may be caused by hyperaemia of the choroid, presumably occuring during heavy physical labour which is performed by a non-trained person. Clinical studies have shown, however, that choroidal detachment, resulting from either hemorrhagic, or serous accumulation of fluid during operative procedures or during postoperative periods, is not followed by retinal detachment. Also experimental occlusion of large choroidal vessels, associated with hyperaemia in the choroidal vasculature, does not lead to retinal changes inducing the separation of the neuroretina from the pigment epithelium layer. Thus, it is concluded that choroidal hyperaemia, possibly occuring during heavy physical labour, has no relationship to the development of a retinal detachment in a \"disposed\" eye."}
{"id": "PMID:1206932", "title": "[Cataract surgery and trabeculectomy at the same time (author's transl)].", "content": "It is not unusual to observe in the same eye a chronic glaucoma and a cataract. Surgery may be indicated for one of these diseases separately or for both of them. For simultaneous operation on glaucoma and cataract several attitudes could be discussed: a) cataract surgery and medical treatment of glaucoma, b) glaucoma surgery at first and then cataract surgery, c) cataract and glaucoma surgery at the same time. Since trabeculectomy is used for glaucoma surgery, the author performs the combined method, i.e. the simultaneous lens extraction and the operation of glaucoma through trabeculectomy. The advantages of trabec-lectomy over the other techniques for glaucoma surgery indicated that trabeculectomy over the other techniques for glaucoma surgery indicated that trabeculectomy is the best technique to be used in association with intracapsular cataract extraction. Our material consists of 65 patients, amongst which there are 11 patients with diabetes. 91 eyes have been operated upon during the last 2 years. Most of the postoperative complications, i.e. hyphaema, vitreous haemorrhage and prolapse, pupillary block, postoperatve rise of i.o. pressure are not severe and have no influence in the desired fall of i.o. pressure. It may be pointed out that a permanent regulation of i.o. pressure often occurs only 3 months postoperatively. Finally it can be said that the trabeculectomy associated with intracapsular cataract extraction appeared to be the best operation in case of glaucoma and cataract, provided that on the one hand the vascular status of these patients is controlled and on the other hand the operation microscope is exclusively used in surgery of the trabeculum.", "contents": "[Cataract surgery and trabeculectomy at the same time (author's transl)]. It is not unusual to observe in the same eye a chronic glaucoma and a cataract. Surgery may be indicated for one of these diseases separately or for both of them. For simultaneous operation on glaucoma and cataract several attitudes could be discussed: a) cataract surgery and medical treatment of glaucoma, b) glaucoma surgery at first and then cataract surgery, c) cataract and glaucoma surgery at the same time. Since trabeculectomy is used for glaucoma surgery, the author performs the combined method, i.e. the simultaneous lens extraction and the operation of glaucoma through trabeculectomy. The advantages of trabec-lectomy over the other techniques for glaucoma surgery indicated that trabeculectomy over the other techniques for glaucoma surgery indicated that trabeculectomy is the best technique to be used in association with intracapsular cataract extraction. Our material consists of 65 patients, amongst which there are 11 patients with diabetes. 91 eyes have been operated upon during the last 2 years. Most of the postoperative complications, i.e. hyphaema, vitreous haemorrhage and prolapse, pupillary block, postoperatve rise of i.o. pressure are not severe and have no influence in the desired fall of i.o. pressure. It may be pointed out that a permanent regulation of i.o. pressure often occurs only 3 months postoperatively. Finally it can be said that the trabeculectomy associated with intracapsular cataract extraction appeared to be the best operation in case of glaucoma and cataract, provided that on the one hand the vascular status of these patients is controlled and on the other hand the operation microscope is exclusively used in surgery of the trabeculum."}
{"id": "PMID:1206933", "title": "[Indications and results of operative exposure of traumatically damaged optic nerves (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications for operative treatment of traumatically damaged optic nerves are given and the results from microsurgical transethmoid approaches are communicated. This operation method has such a low risk, that it can be also used on patients with recent head injuries. The early diagnosis of traumatic optic nerve damage and the earliest possible exposure of the nerve with pressure relief of the traumatised optic nerves are important for possible success. The development of microsurgery of the orbit, the possibility of a low-risk anaesthetic, the use of modern post-operative therapy and observation make older treatments such as waiting for spontaneous return of vision out of date. During the operation undiagnosed dural tears and other secondary damage are often found, which can be repaired at the same time. This is a further argument for a broadly-based indication to operation.", "contents": "[Indications and results of operative exposure of traumatically damaged optic nerves (author's transl)]. The indications for operative treatment of traumatically damaged optic nerves are given and the results from microsurgical transethmoid approaches are communicated. This operation method has such a low risk, that it can be also used on patients with recent head injuries. The early diagnosis of traumatic optic nerve damage and the earliest possible exposure of the nerve with pressure relief of the traumatised optic nerves are important for possible success. The development of microsurgery of the orbit, the possibility of a low-risk anaesthetic, the use of modern post-operative therapy and observation make older treatments such as waiting for spontaneous return of vision out of date. During the operation undiagnosed dural tears and other secondary damage are often found, which can be repaired at the same time. This is a further argument for a broadly-based indication to operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206934", "title": "[The influence of pilocarpine upon the aqueous humour dynamics using ocusert with continuous delivery rate (author's transl)].", "content": "Sustained drug release systems could be especially useful in glaucoma treatment. Continuous delivery could be advantageous for maintaining an efficient tissue drug level. The aim of our investigations therefore was not only to control intraocular tension after having applied ocusert, but also to study aqueous humour dynamics by means of tonography. Conventional pilocarpine application and the new sustained drug release system were compared.", "contents": "[The influence of pilocarpine upon the aqueous humour dynamics using ocusert with continuous delivery rate (author's transl)]. Sustained drug release systems could be especially useful in glaucoma treatment. Continuous delivery could be advantageous for maintaining an efficient tissue drug level. The aim of our investigations therefore was not only to control intraocular tension after having applied ocusert, but also to study aqueous humour dynamics by means of tonography. Conventional pilocarpine application and the new sustained drug release system were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:1206935", "title": "[Late results of cataract surgery after oculopression (author's transl)].", "content": "By the hypotonisation of the eyeball with an oculopressor the loss of vitreous during the cataract extraction can be almost always avoided. The anatomic and functional results are discussed from 65 cases examined at follow-up. The further supervision should not be neglected as also recommended in cases of cataract extractions without previous oculopression.", "contents": "[Late results of cataract surgery after oculopression (author's transl)]. By the hypotonisation of the eyeball with an oculopressor the loss of vitreous during the cataract extraction can be almost always avoided. The anatomic and functional results are discussed from 65 cases examined at follow-up. The further supervision should not be neglected as also recommended in cases of cataract extractions without previous oculopression."}
{"id": "PMID:1206936", "title": "[Diagnosis of tumor-like fundus changes by means of a combination of echography, infrared photography and fluorescein angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a combination of echography, infrared photography and fluorescein angiography in tumor simulating changes of the fundus an optimum combination of these diagnostic methods was achieved. The echography allows exact measurements of the prominence and in lesions exceeding 1.1 to 1.5 mm also a tissue differentiation. By infrared photography melanin could be differentiated from the bloodpigments and lipofuscin and the extension of pigmented tissues could be revealed. Fluoresceinangiography visualizes the vascular pattern and the permeability of the vessels of tumors or pseudotumors. Up to now 100 cases with tumorlike fundus lesions were subjected to this combined examination method and many of these cases preserved from enucleation.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of tumor-like fundus changes by means of a combination of echography, infrared photography and fluorescein angiography (author's transl)]. Using a combination of echography, infrared photography and fluorescein angiography in tumor simulating changes of the fundus an optimum combination of these diagnostic methods was achieved. The echography allows exact measurements of the prominence and in lesions exceeding 1.1 to 1.5 mm also a tissue differentiation. By infrared photography melanin could be differentiated from the bloodpigments and lipofuscin and the extension of pigmented tissues could be revealed. Fluoresceinangiography visualizes the vascular pattern and the permeability of the vessels of tumors or pseudotumors. Up to now 100 cases with tumorlike fundus lesions were subjected to this combined examination method and many of these cases preserved from enucleation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206937", "title": "[Fundus changes in scleroderma (author's transl)].", "content": "12 patients with scleroderma were submitted to an ophthalmological examination. 9 patients displayed fundus changes. In 7 cases defects of the retinal pigment epithelium near the macula were observed, one of these patients showed an associated serous detachment of the pigment epithelium. In three patients localized retinal vascular changes, especially on the capillary level, were notices. Obviously, alterations of the collagen as well as vasopathological changes being part of the systemic disorder do have their counterpart of the systemic disorder do have their counterpart within the eye.", "contents": "[Fundus changes in scleroderma (author's transl)]. 12 patients with scleroderma were submitted to an ophthalmological examination. 9 patients displayed fundus changes. In 7 cases defects of the retinal pigment epithelium near the macula were observed, one of these patients showed an associated serous detachment of the pigment epithelium. In three patients localized retinal vascular changes, especially on the capillary level, were notices. Obviously, alterations of the collagen as well as vasopathological changes being part of the systemic disorder do have their counterpart of the systemic disorder do have their counterpart within the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:1206938", "title": "[The relationship of the collapse-phenomenon on the disc to the pulsatory variations of the intraocular pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "The collapse-phenomenon of the central retinal artery induced by compression of the eyeball and the pulsatory variations of the intraocular pressure were recorded simultaneously. The collapse-phenomenon indicating the systolic pressure of the ophthalmic artery was correlated to the peak and that indicating the diastolic pressure of the ophthalmic artery to the through of the pulsewave. This finding has to be taken into account when evaluating the curves delivered by Stepanik's ophthalmic artery-tonography.", "contents": "[The relationship of the collapse-phenomenon on the disc to the pulsatory variations of the intraocular pressure (author's transl)]. The collapse-phenomenon of the central retinal artery induced by compression of the eyeball and the pulsatory variations of the intraocular pressure were recorded simultaneously. The collapse-phenomenon indicating the systolic pressure of the ophthalmic artery was correlated to the peak and that indicating the diastolic pressure of the ophthalmic artery to the through of the pulsewave. This finding has to be taken into account when evaluating the curves delivered by Stepanik's ophthalmic artery-tonography."}
{"id": "PMID:1206939", "title": "[Current formation in the aqueous humor (author's transl)].", "content": "The localisation of deposits on the inner surface of the cornea can not be explained from the visible aqueous humor currents. Only with statistical methods could we find a flat vortex, which forms in a approximately triangular region behind the cornea and which is too slow to observe directly.", "contents": "[Current formation in the aqueous humor (author's transl)]. The localisation of deposits on the inner surface of the cornea can not be explained from the visible aqueous humor currents. Only with statistical methods could we find a flat vortex, which forms in a approximately triangular region behind the cornea and which is too slow to observe directly."}
{"id": "PMID:1206940", "title": "[Orbitopiezography and its clinical significance (author's transl)].", "content": "A new procedure of piezometry of the orbit with electronic recording of the data obtained is being described. The advantages offered by this method are the unprecedented possibility of conducting long-term tests, the high accuracy of the measurements (0.1 mm), and transpalpebral measuring involving a minimum of inconvenience to the patient; in addition to this, only one examiner is required. The clinical significance of orbitopiezography is demonstrated by a description of the possible significance of the data and their evaluation in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Orbitopiezography and its clinical significance (author's transl)]. A new procedure of piezometry of the orbit with electronic recording of the data obtained is being described. The advantages offered by this method are the unprecedented possibility of conducting long-term tests, the high accuracy of the measurements (0.1 mm), and transpalpebral measuring involving a minimum of inconvenience to the patient; in addition to this, only one examiner is required. The clinical significance of orbitopiezography is demonstrated by a description of the possible significance of the data and their evaluation in the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1206941", "title": "[Unusual courses of orbit-floor-fracture (author's transl)].", "content": "Blunt trauma can lead to intra-orbital haemorrhage, which cause motility and sensibility disturbances typically found also in orbit-floor fracture. When there is also a fracture present, it can be problematic to give the function deficiencies their right causes. Spontaneous improvement of the defiencies can be expected in a reasonable percentage of cases. Operative revision therefore should not be performed in cases of doubt, or in any case not earlier than 14 days after the injury. In a severe stove-in orbit with enophthalmos and double vision the operation should be preformed within the first week. In some cases, however, residual diplopia can be expected in spite of optimal early therapy.", "contents": "[Unusual courses of orbit-floor-fracture (author's transl)]. Blunt trauma can lead to intra-orbital haemorrhage, which cause motility and sensibility disturbances typically found also in orbit-floor fracture. When there is also a fracture present, it can be problematic to give the function deficiencies their right causes. Spontaneous improvement of the defiencies can be expected in a reasonable percentage of cases. Operative revision therefore should not be performed in cases of doubt, or in any case not earlier than 14 days after the injury. In a severe stove-in orbit with enophthalmos and double vision the operation should be preformed within the first week. In some cases, however, residual diplopia can be expected in spite of optimal early therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1206942", "title": "[Drainage of the vitreous body space in cases of intra-ocular infection (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last 2 years we saw eight cases with massive i.o.infection (panopht-almitis) following perforating injuries. We took measures as follows: After trepanation of the sclera we washed out the space of the vitreous body with diluted solution of Gentamycin and simultaneously we used massive systemic therapy of Gentamycin and of Penicillin. In this way we stopped the infection in four eyes and we were successful in maintaining in various degree the function of these eyes.", "contents": "[Drainage of the vitreous body space in cases of intra-ocular infection (author's transl)]. In the last 2 years we saw eight cases with massive i.o.infection (panopht-almitis) following perforating injuries. We took measures as follows: After trepanation of the sclera we washed out the space of the vitreous body with diluted solution of Gentamycin and simultaneously we used massive systemic therapy of Gentamycin and of Penicillin. In this way we stopped the infection in four eyes and we were successful in maintaining in various degree the function of these eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:1206943", "title": "[Drugs with unwanted side-effects on the retinal vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is given on systemically applied drugs, which may cause vascular disturbances of the retina with possible irreversible involvment of the ocular function. Based upon personal observations and reports in the literature a series of drugs with such side effects is reported. In particular, besides retrolental fibroplasia and complications which can be induced by oestrogens, drugs are described, which on the basis of an allergic reaction may produce retinal haemorrhages or occlusions of retinal blood vessels.", "contents": "[Drugs with unwanted side-effects on the retinal vessels (author's transl)]. A review is given on systemically applied drugs, which may cause vascular disturbances of the retina with possible irreversible involvment of the ocular function. Based upon personal observations and reports in the literature a series of drugs with such side effects is reported. In particular, besides retrolental fibroplasia and complications which can be induced by oestrogens, drugs are described, which on the basis of an allergic reaction may produce retinal haemorrhages or occlusions of retinal blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1206944", "title": "[Recurring retinal haemorrhages with tortuosity of the retinal arteriols (author's transl)].", "content": "Four young and healthy adults with tortuosity of the retinal arterioles of the posterior pole and recurring superficial retinal haemorrhages are described. Two of them had a suspected mild thrombocytopathy without clinical manifestations in other organs. Inheritance of the syndrome was not demonstrated and the pathogenic mechanism still remains obscure. All the described patients had been at risk of a retinopathy of praematurity. Knowing that familial retinal haemorrhages without retinal tortuosity do occur and retinal tortusity may persist as a minimal change of retinopathy of praematurity, it is suggested that this syndrome might be a combination of two entities.", "contents": "[Recurring retinal haemorrhages with tortuosity of the retinal arteriols (author's transl)]. Four young and healthy adults with tortuosity of the retinal arterioles of the posterior pole and recurring superficial retinal haemorrhages are described. Two of them had a suspected mild thrombocytopathy without clinical manifestations in other organs. Inheritance of the syndrome was not demonstrated and the pathogenic mechanism still remains obscure. All the described patients had been at risk of a retinopathy of praematurity. Knowing that familial retinal haemorrhages without retinal tortuosity do occur and retinal tortusity may persist as a minimal change of retinopathy of praematurity, it is suggested that this syndrome might be a combination of two entities."}
{"id": "PMID:1206945", "title": "[Acute myopia with increased intraocular pressure due to a decompensated juvenile diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on a 33-year-old woman, whose diabetes mellitus was kept under control with depot insulin and diet for 18 years. One evening she notices blurred vision in both eyes which markedly increased during the following days. We found flat anterior chambers, an increased ocular pressure up to 34 mm Hg, and a myopia up to-3,5 D. on both sides. Bloodsugar tests revealed varying results. After the diabetic metabolic state was normalized, the myopia and the raised intraocular pressure ceased to exist.", "contents": "[Acute myopia with increased intraocular pressure due to a decompensated juvenile diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. We report on a 33-year-old woman, whose diabetes mellitus was kept under control with depot insulin and diet for 18 years. One evening she notices blurred vision in both eyes which markedly increased during the following days. We found flat anterior chambers, an increased ocular pressure up to 34 mm Hg, and a myopia up to-3,5 D. on both sides. Bloodsugar tests revealed varying results. After the diabetic metabolic state was normalized, the myopia and the raised intraocular pressure ceased to exist."}
{"id": "PMID:1206946", "title": "[Clinical patterns of Parinaud's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In agreement with other clinical reports we observed in 20 patients that Parinaud's syndrome may be associated with other midbrain symptoms. Most frequently we found convergence insufficiency or pupillary changes. In contrast to textbooks in most cases that was an incomplete, absolute paralysis of pupillary constriction. Some patients had also paresis of the 3rd and 4th cranial nerve or lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (internuclear ophthalmoplegia). All clinical patterns which we noted were understandable in view of the topographical relationship of their presumed lesions. However, none of the symptoms was invariably associated with Parinaud's syndrome.", "contents": "[Clinical patterns of Parinaud's syndrome (author's transl)]. In agreement with other clinical reports we observed in 20 patients that Parinaud's syndrome may be associated with other midbrain symptoms. Most frequently we found convergence insufficiency or pupillary changes. In contrast to textbooks in most cases that was an incomplete, absolute paralysis of pupillary constriction. Some patients had also paresis of the 3rd and 4th cranial nerve or lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (internuclear ophthalmoplegia). All clinical patterns which we noted were understandable in view of the topographical relationship of their presumed lesions. However, none of the symptoms was invariably associated with Parinaud's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1206947", "title": "[Light coagulation in central and paracentral choroiditis (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1966 photocoagulation has been performed in 52 cases and 54 eyes of choroiditis located on the posterior pole. The course of the cases treated is compared with a control group treated with drugs. Photocoagulation shortens the duration of the acute inflammatory process, decreases the frequency of recurrences by about 40% and improves the visual prognosis. The follow-up 1 year to 9 years later (average 7 years) showed in the control group a visual function of 0.5, in the treated group of 0.8.", "contents": "[Light coagulation in central and paracentral choroiditis (author's transl)]. Since 1966 photocoagulation has been performed in 52 cases and 54 eyes of choroiditis located on the posterior pole. The course of the cases treated is compared with a control group treated with drugs. Photocoagulation shortens the duration of the acute inflammatory process, decreases the frequency of recurrences by about 40% and improves the visual prognosis. The follow-up 1 year to 9 years later (average 7 years) showed in the control group a visual function of 0.5, in the treated group of 0.8."}
{"id": "PMID:1206948", "title": "[Diagnosis of myasthenic eye signs. Clinical signs and electronystagmographical findings of saccadic eye movements (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical eye signs of 31 myasthenic patients are presented and those signs important for an early diagnosis are then discussed: lid symptoms caused by fatigue (Simpson-test), characteristic lid twitches as well as alternating asymmetrical eye muscle pareses. The importance of an investigation with the tangent scale in the course of which tensilon is injected is pointed out. False diagnosis and differential diagnostic signs are then considered (disseminated sclerosis, aneeurysm, encephalitis, pseudopulbarparalysis). - Our electronystagmographical investigations of saccadic eye movements showed hypometric, alternating saccades with occasional nystagmuslike jerks. After Tensilon injection hypermetric saccades (overshoots) were observed which depended on a disproportion of the supranuclear oculomotor centers and the eye muscles. The \"muscleparetic\" nystagmus is a pathologically increased endposition nystagmus. The hypometric nystagmuslike jerks during a saccadic eye movement are caused by insufficient phasic innervation.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of myasthenic eye signs. Clinical signs and electronystagmographical findings of saccadic eye movements (author's transl)]. The clinical eye signs of 31 myasthenic patients are presented and those signs important for an early diagnosis are then discussed: lid symptoms caused by fatigue (Simpson-test), characteristic lid twitches as well as alternating asymmetrical eye muscle pareses. The importance of an investigation with the tangent scale in the course of which tensilon is injected is pointed out. False diagnosis and differential diagnostic signs are then considered (disseminated sclerosis, aneeurysm, encephalitis, pseudopulbarparalysis). - Our electronystagmographical investigations of saccadic eye movements showed hypometric, alternating saccades with occasional nystagmuslike jerks. After Tensilon injection hypermetric saccades (overshoots) were observed which depended on a disproportion of the supranuclear oculomotor centers and the eye muscles. The \"muscleparetic\" nystagmus is a pathologically increased endposition nystagmus. The hypometric nystagmuslike jerks during a saccadic eye movement are caused by insufficient phasic innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:1206949", "title": "[Unilateral aphakia in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The monocular and binocular vision will always be disturbed after unilateral cataract extraction in childhood. The treatment therefore not only means operation, but also correction of the optic error, pleoptics and orthoptics. In 40 cases of unilateral aphakia (12 congenital, 28 traumatical) the prognosis depends on the age of the individual and maintenance of treatment. The older the child and the sooner therapy is started the better are the functional results.", "contents": "[Unilateral aphakia in childhood (author's transl)]. The monocular and binocular vision will always be disturbed after unilateral cataract extraction in childhood. The treatment therefore not only means operation, but also correction of the optic error, pleoptics and orthoptics. In 40 cases of unilateral aphakia (12 congenital, 28 traumatical) the prognosis depends on the age of the individual and maintenance of treatment. The older the child and the sooner therapy is started the better are the functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:1206950", "title": "[Convergence insufficiency and school difficulties (author's transl)].", "content": "124 lowgrade hypermetropic pupils aged from 6 to 9 years, with normal I.Q. showed exophoria for near vision combined with weakness of convergence and school difficulties in several disciplines. These were treated as follows: training of the physiological diplopy, training of convergence, and surgical treatment by unilateral or bilateral resection of the medial rectus (the last-mentioned method has been applied on failure of so-called \"ophthalmologic home-work\"). Results were satisfactory in only 19%. The subjective primary complaints, similar to asthenopy, disappeared within a few weeks (65%). The effect of ophthalmological treatment was examined by the school psychological service as to acceleration in learning. Supported by comparisable objective effects (reading- and writing tests) with 50 control persons an improvement of concentration and motivation (77% and 62%), of reading capacity (44%) and of writing capacity (42%) was obtained within a space of 6 weeks to four months. Without taking up a too great percentage of the available school time, more attention should be paid in the elementary school age to a more accurate examination of the eyes, in order to detect even minor defects.", "contents": "[Convergence insufficiency and school difficulties (author's transl)]. 124 lowgrade hypermetropic pupils aged from 6 to 9 years, with normal I.Q. showed exophoria for near vision combined with weakness of convergence and school difficulties in several disciplines. These were treated as follows: training of the physiological diplopy, training of convergence, and surgical treatment by unilateral or bilateral resection of the medial rectus (the last-mentioned method has been applied on failure of so-called \"ophthalmologic home-work\"). Results were satisfactory in only 19%. The subjective primary complaints, similar to asthenopy, disappeared within a few weeks (65%). The effect of ophthalmological treatment was examined by the school psychological service as to acceleration in learning. Supported by comparisable objective effects (reading- and writing tests) with 50 control persons an improvement of concentration and motivation (77% and 62%), of reading capacity (44%) and of writing capacity (42%) was obtained within a space of 6 weeks to four months. Without taking up a too great percentage of the available school time, more attention should be paid in the elementary school age to a more accurate examination of the eyes, in order to detect even minor defects."}
{"id": "PMID:1206951", "title": "[The mode of action of trabeculectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "We could ascertain the mode of action of trabeculectomy by clinical research in more than 370 eyes after the operation and especially by the injection of fluorescein into the anterior chamber in 90 of these eyes. The following drainage mechanisms of the aqueous humor were observed: 1. Outflow through new developed aqueous veins (trabeculectomy-veins), 2. Bulkflow through lymphatic vessels, 3. Diffuse resorption into the subconjunctival tissue, 4. Outflow through normal aqueous veins. The latter mechanism is seldom of great importance. In only three cases passed all of the visible aqueous outflow through normal aqueous veins. In these cases an opening of Schlemm's canal could be assumed. In all of the other eyes we could not find any evidence for an outflow through Schlemm's canal whether there was a filtering bleb or not. This means that from the presence or absence of a visible bleb no conclusion can be drawn as to the mode of action.", "contents": "[The mode of action of trabeculectomy (author's transl)]. We could ascertain the mode of action of trabeculectomy by clinical research in more than 370 eyes after the operation and especially by the injection of fluorescein into the anterior chamber in 90 of these eyes. The following drainage mechanisms of the aqueous humor were observed: 1. Outflow through new developed aqueous veins (trabeculectomy-veins), 2. Bulkflow through lymphatic vessels, 3. Diffuse resorption into the subconjunctival tissue, 4. Outflow through normal aqueous veins. The latter mechanism is seldom of great importance. In only three cases passed all of the visible aqueous outflow through normal aqueous veins. In these cases an opening of Schlemm's canal could be assumed. In all of the other eyes we could not find any evidence for an outflow through Schlemm's canal whether there was a filtering bleb or not. This means that from the presence or absence of a visible bleb no conclusion can be drawn as to the mode of action."}
{"id": "PMID:1206952", "title": "[Experimental fluorescence angiographic and microscopic investigations on laser treated animal eyes (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of laser coagulation on rat fundi were studied angiographically and with the fluorescence microscope. The coagulations were performed using constantly 300 mW and 0.2 second exposure time and 50 microns spot diameter. We observed the animals for 3 months, after which we could still observe dye diffusion by fluorescence angiography. With the fluorescence microscope we could localize these diffusions as originating from neovascularisation starting from the choroid. These new vessels penetrated subsequently into the exterior retinal layers. At the beginning of our observation time, the retinal vessels showed some sinuosities, dilatations and solitary stenosis, but no disturbance of circulation was demonstrable.", "contents": "[Experimental fluorescence angiographic and microscopic investigations on laser treated animal eyes (author's transl)]. The effects of laser coagulation on rat fundi were studied angiographically and with the fluorescence microscope. The coagulations were performed using constantly 300 mW and 0.2 second exposure time and 50 microns spot diameter. We observed the animals for 3 months, after which we could still observe dye diffusion by fluorescence angiography. With the fluorescence microscope we could localize these diffusions as originating from neovascularisation starting from the choroid. These new vessels penetrated subsequently into the exterior retinal layers. At the beginning of our observation time, the retinal vessels showed some sinuosities, dilatations and solitary stenosis, but no disturbance of circulation was demonstrable."}
{"id": "PMID:1206953", "title": "[The diabetic retinopathy in the ophthalmologic practice (author's transl)].", "content": "155 patients with diabetic retinopathy (309 eyes) were treated with Dexium\u00bf. Good results were seen in diabetics with simple retinopathy; there was no important change where proliferating retinopathy was present.", "contents": "[The diabetic retinopathy in the ophthalmologic practice (author's transl)]. 155 patients with diabetic retinopathy (309 eyes) were treated with Dexium\u00bf. Good results were seen in diabetics with simple retinopathy; there was no important change where proliferating retinopathy was present."}
{"id": "PMID:1206954", "title": "[Cryoapplication in a case of subconjunctival iris prolapse after cataract extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on cryotherapy of a subconjunctival iris prolapse in a 46-year-old man 23 days after cataract extraction. The procedure is simple, without complications, and was in accordance with descriptions in the literatur also in this case successful.", "contents": "[Cryoapplication in a case of subconjunctival iris prolapse after cataract extraction (author's transl)]. A report is given on cryotherapy of a subconjunctival iris prolapse in a 46-year-old man 23 days after cataract extraction. The procedure is simple, without complications, and was in accordance with descriptions in the literatur also in this case successful."}
{"id": "PMID:1206955", "title": "[Partial closure of the central artery and vein of the retina in retrobulbar optic neuritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes in the fundus of a 57-year-old patient (perimacular turbid retinal oedema, cloudy peripapillary exsudates and peripheral retinal hemorrhages) could not be interpreted satisfactorly on a clinical basis. Histologic examination revealed a retrobulbar optic neuritis associated with round cell infiltrates around the central retinal blood vessels impeding their blood flow.", "contents": "[Partial closure of the central artery and vein of the retina in retrobulbar optic neuritis (author's transl)]. The changes in the fundus of a 57-year-old patient (perimacular turbid retinal oedema, cloudy peripapillary exsudates and peripheral retinal hemorrhages) could not be interpreted satisfactorly on a clinical basis. Histologic examination revealed a retrobulbar optic neuritis associated with round cell infiltrates around the central retinal blood vessels impeding their blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1206956", "title": "[The influence of refraction on diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Two groups of patients with diabetic retinopathy were tested by refraction. Patients with advanced retinopathy and those with early diabetic retinopathy had about the same propor-tion of refractive errors as the normal population. The only important difference was seen in middle- and high myopic eyes, which occurred less frequently when diabetic retinopathy was present. Illustrated from 4 cases of high myopia the inhibitory influence of diabetic retinopathy on the formation of shortsightedness is shown. Possible causes for this are discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of refraction on diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)]. Two groups of patients with diabetic retinopathy were tested by refraction. Patients with advanced retinopathy and those with early diabetic retinopathy had about the same propor-tion of refractive errors as the normal population. The only important difference was seen in middle- and high myopic eyes, which occurred less frequently when diabetic retinopathy was present. Illustrated from 4 cases of high myopia the inhibitory influence of diabetic retinopathy on the formation of shortsightedness is shown. Possible causes for this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1206957", "title": "[A case of monocular retinitis pigmentosa (author's transl)].", "content": "A 38-year-old patient showed monocular nonprogressing pigmentary changes for 8 years, with nearly normal blood vessels and scarcely restricted dark-adaptation. ERG and VER were different from those of the other eye. The affected eye had full vision and an annular scotoma corresponding to the pigmentary changes. The other eye was amblyopic due to strabismus. Phenotypes, similar to retinitis pigmentosa, and chorioretinitis diffusa are discussed. This is probably a congenital anomaly.", "contents": "[A case of monocular retinitis pigmentosa (author's transl)]. A 38-year-old patient showed monocular nonprogressing pigmentary changes for 8 years, with nearly normal blood vessels and scarcely restricted dark-adaptation. ERG and VER were different from those of the other eye. The affected eye had full vision and an annular scotoma corresponding to the pigmentary changes. The other eye was amblyopic due to strabismus. Phenotypes, similar to retinitis pigmentosa, and chorioretinitis diffusa are discussed. This is probably a congenital anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:1206958", "title": "[Thoughts on phacoemulsification (author's transl)].", "content": "It is difficult to have a clear opinion about phacoemulsification since attitudes towards this method are at the moment controversal. The author tries to make judgment easier by discussing the contrary arguments.", "contents": "[Thoughts on phacoemulsification (author's transl)]. It is difficult to have a clear opinion about phacoemulsification since attitudes towards this method are at the moment controversal. The author tries to make judgment easier by discussing the contrary arguments."}
{"id": "PMID:1206959", "title": "[The Mackay-Marg-tonometer. A clinically applicable measuring apparatus for Pt-values (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative pressure measurements on the corneae of enucleated eyes and on a 0.05 mm-thick rubber membrane showed that the Pt-values obtained by the MMT can be sufficiently exactly controlled. An air chamber attached to a Hg-manometer has in an upper wall a round window 8 mm in diameter, closed by a 0.05 mm-thick rubber membrane. The sensor of the MMT is mechanically fixed over the window so that the foot plate of the sensor indents the rubber membrane by 1 mm. The pressure in the chamber can be varied at will by vanying the amount of air in it.", "contents": "[The Mackay-Marg-tonometer. A clinically applicable measuring apparatus for Pt-values (author's transl)]. Comparative pressure measurements on the corneae of enucleated eyes and on a 0.05 mm-thick rubber membrane showed that the Pt-values obtained by the MMT can be sufficiently exactly controlled. An air chamber attached to a Hg-manometer has in an upper wall a round window 8 mm in diameter, closed by a 0.05 mm-thick rubber membrane. The sensor of the MMT is mechanically fixed over the window so that the foot plate of the sensor indents the rubber membrane by 1 mm. The pressure in the chamber can be varied at will by vanying the amount of air in it."}
{"id": "PMID:1206960", "title": "[About the application of a new audio video color cartridge system in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on an advanced color video cartridge system and its application within various disciplines of ophthalmology.", "contents": "[About the application of a new audio video color cartridge system in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. A report is given on an advanced color video cartridge system and its application within various disciplines of ophthalmology."}
{"id": "PMID:1206961", "title": "[An ophthalmologist's hints for organising medical help in remote areas of developing countries (author's transl)].", "content": "Judging by her experience gained in the south of Tunisia, the author suggests that instead of sending individual ophthalmologists to the developing countries it would be more advantageous to send mobile work teams in vehicles equipped with ophthalmological examination and surgical instruments and apparatus. This would be a suitable reply to the appeal made by the World Health Organization in 1973 for organising large-scale surgical treatment of cataracts with international participation within the framework of struggle against blindness in the world.", "contents": "[An ophthalmologist's hints for organising medical help in remote areas of developing countries (author's transl)]. Judging by her experience gained in the south of Tunisia, the author suggests that instead of sending individual ophthalmologists to the developing countries it would be more advantageous to send mobile work teams in vehicles equipped with ophthalmological examination and surgical instruments and apparatus. This would be a suitable reply to the appeal made by the World Health Organization in 1973 for organising large-scale surgical treatment of cataracts with international participation within the framework of struggle against blindness in the world."}
{"id": "PMID:1206962", "title": "[Flow in natural and artificial organs and vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "After introductory remarks about the flow phenomena in the human body (separation, dead waters, stagnation regions) and the model simularity conditions, the flow behaviour in arterial bifurcations at pulsatile flow are considered; they are accompanied by the formation of dead waters and secondary flows and therefore they give the danger of atherosclerosis. Then the flow pattern at arterio-venous anastomosis is interpreted with regard to the danger of thrombogenesis. At the selected example of ball prosthesis the flow pattern and the pressure loss of artificial heart valves (aortic as well as mitral valves) are described; the special behaviour of ball valves used as mitral valves is discussed critically. Finally in a view of contribution to the question of the flow-induced blood damage, in extended series of basic tests on models (orifices and perforated discs) the rate of hemolysis was measured depending on the flow; the tests were completed by measurements at rolling pumps, atria of a artificial ventricle and other parts. In order to try an explanation for the flow-induced hemolysis one starts from the influence of the hemodynamic shear stresses on the damage of the erythrocytes; hereby the effect of the frequently repeated passages of the red blood cells through a stenosis (e.g. regurgitation) should be taken into account.", "contents": "[Flow in natural and artificial organs and vessels (author's transl)]. After introductory remarks about the flow phenomena in the human body (separation, dead waters, stagnation regions) and the model simularity conditions, the flow behaviour in arterial bifurcations at pulsatile flow are considered; they are accompanied by the formation of dead waters and secondary flows and therefore they give the danger of atherosclerosis. Then the flow pattern at arterio-venous anastomosis is interpreted with regard to the danger of thrombogenesis. At the selected example of ball prosthesis the flow pattern and the pressure loss of artificial heart valves (aortic as well as mitral valves) are described; the special behaviour of ball valves used as mitral valves is discussed critically. Finally in a view of contribution to the question of the flow-induced blood damage, in extended series of basic tests on models (orifices and perforated discs) the rate of hemolysis was measured depending on the flow; the tests were completed by measurements at rolling pumps, atria of a artificial ventricle and other parts. In order to try an explanation for the flow-induced hemolysis one starts from the influence of the hemodynamic shear stresses on the damage of the erythrocytes; hereby the effect of the frequently repeated passages of the red blood cells through a stenosis (e.g. regurgitation) should be taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:1206963", "title": "[Thermodynamic aspects of phagocytosis and thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper, thermodynamic considerations are applied to two biological processes, phagocytosis and platelet adhesion, the latter being an important step in thrombosis formation. Simple thermodynamic models in terms of changes of the Helmholtz free energy are presented for the engulfment of bacteria by phagocystic cells, as well as for the attachment of platelets to biomaterial surfaces. The interfacial tensions contained in the expressions for the Helmholtz free energy may be obtained from contact angles, by means of an equation of state approach. The in vitro phagocytosis tests show that hydrophobic bacteria are more readily phagocytized than hydrophilic ones, and the thermodynamic model elucidates the reason for this pattern of behaviour. Preliminary results for two types of platelet adhesion tests are presented. Although there is, in terms of simple thermodynamic considerations, a strong similarity between platelet adhesion and the early stages of phagocytosis, we anticipate that specific interactions will play a larger role in platelet adhesion than in phagocytosis.", "contents": "[Thermodynamic aspects of phagocytosis and thrombosis (author's transl)]. In this paper, thermodynamic considerations are applied to two biological processes, phagocytosis and platelet adhesion, the latter being an important step in thrombosis formation. Simple thermodynamic models in terms of changes of the Helmholtz free energy are presented for the engulfment of bacteria by phagocystic cells, as well as for the attachment of platelets to biomaterial surfaces. The interfacial tensions contained in the expressions for the Helmholtz free energy may be obtained from contact angles, by means of an equation of state approach. The in vitro phagocytosis tests show that hydrophobic bacteria are more readily phagocytized than hydrophilic ones, and the thermodynamic model elucidates the reason for this pattern of behaviour. Preliminary results for two types of platelet adhesion tests are presented. Although there is, in terms of simple thermodynamic considerations, a strong similarity between platelet adhesion and the early stages of phagocytosis, we anticipate that specific interactions will play a larger role in platelet adhesion than in phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1206965", "title": "[The self-organization of biological structures (author's transl)].", "content": "Viruses played an important role in analysing macromolecular structures. Structure and function in living systems are arranged hierarchically. An important purpose of biology is to describe the correlation between the structural hierarchy and the observed assembly and to analyse the embryological program of the organism.", "contents": "[The self-organization of biological structures (author's transl)]. Viruses played an important role in analysing macromolecular structures. Structure and function in living systems are arranged hierarchically. An important purpose of biology is to describe the correlation between the structural hierarchy and the observed assembly and to analyse the embryological program of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1206966", "title": "[Transmembrane inward currents during excitation of the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "During excitation of the myocardial cell 2 transmembrane inward currents occur. The initial fast Na current is responsible for the upstroke of the normal action potential. The slow inward current is triggered at a threshold potential of about -40 mV and causes the plateau phase of action potential. Under physiological conditions Ca ions are the main charge carriers of the slow inward current. Both inward currents are mediated by 2 membrane channels which are independent from each other. The normal excitability of the myocardial cell depends upon the availability of the fast Na channel but the transmembrane Ca supply will be determined by the Ca conductance of the slow channel. After inactivation of the fast Na channel the excitability of the myocardial cell does not disappear completely. In this situation the slow inward current can mediate action potentials (so called Ca action potentials). The slow inward current can be considered as the predominant mediator of the excitation process in the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node and the av node. Specific inhibitors of the slow membrane channel (verapamil, D 600, Ni, Co, and Mn ions) block the transmembrane Ca current leading to excitation contraction uncoupling. The excitation process will be impaired only if it is carried by the slow inward current alone. Specific inhibitors of the fast Na channel reduce the Na-dependent excitability of the myocardial cell without significant changes of the Ca current. The existence of 2 separate channels in the ventricular myocardium allows selective alteration of contractility without concomitant changes of the Na-dependent excitation process or, conversely, the reduction of excitability whereas the Ca current remains unchanged.", "contents": "[Transmembrane inward currents during excitation of the heart (author's transl)]. During excitation of the myocardial cell 2 transmembrane inward currents occur. The initial fast Na current is responsible for the upstroke of the normal action potential. The slow inward current is triggered at a threshold potential of about -40 mV and causes the plateau phase of action potential. Under physiological conditions Ca ions are the main charge carriers of the slow inward current. Both inward currents are mediated by 2 membrane channels which are independent from each other. The normal excitability of the myocardial cell depends upon the availability of the fast Na channel but the transmembrane Ca supply will be determined by the Ca conductance of the slow channel. After inactivation of the fast Na channel the excitability of the myocardial cell does not disappear completely. In this situation the slow inward current can mediate action potentials (so called Ca action potentials). The slow inward current can be considered as the predominant mediator of the excitation process in the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node and the av node. Specific inhibitors of the slow membrane channel (verapamil, D 600, Ni, Co, and Mn ions) block the transmembrane Ca current leading to excitation contraction uncoupling. The excitation process will be impaired only if it is carried by the slow inward current alone. Specific inhibitors of the fast Na channel reduce the Na-dependent excitability of the myocardial cell without significant changes of the Ca current. The existence of 2 separate channels in the ventricular myocardium allows selective alteration of contractility without concomitant changes of the Na-dependent excitation process or, conversely, the reduction of excitability whereas the Ca current remains unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:1206967", "title": "Membrane-localized pyruvate kinase of red blood cells in hemolytic anemia associated with pyruvate kinase deficiency.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase activity of red blood cell membranes, which is normally masked, has been determined after mechanical disruption of the membranes in normal individuals and in three homozygous patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency. Although patients 1 and 2, who were siblings, had relatively high enzyme activities in their hemolysates, they had the severest form of the disorder. The activities of their membrane fragments were decreased to seven per cent of fragments of normal membranes. Patient 3 had a mild form of hemolytic anemia despite a low enzyme activity of his hemolysates. The membrane fragments of this patient contained 28 per cent of the pyruvate kinase activity of normal fragments. The data suggest a relationship between the amount of membrane-localized pyruvate kinase and the severity of the clinical disorder. The reduced production of ATP by the enzyme portion localized within the membrane may cause an impairment of membrane functions in pyruvate kinase deficiency.", "contents": "Membrane-localized pyruvate kinase of red blood cells in hemolytic anemia associated with pyruvate kinase deficiency. Pyruvate kinase activity of red blood cell membranes, which is normally masked, has been determined after mechanical disruption of the membranes in normal individuals and in three homozygous patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency. Although patients 1 and 2, who were siblings, had relatively high enzyme activities in their hemolysates, they had the severest form of the disorder. The activities of their membrane fragments were decreased to seven per cent of fragments of normal membranes. Patient 3 had a mild form of hemolytic anemia despite a low enzyme activity of his hemolysates. The membrane fragments of this patient contained 28 per cent of the pyruvate kinase activity of normal fragments. The data suggest a relationship between the amount of membrane-localized pyruvate kinase and the severity of the clinical disorder. The reduced production of ATP by the enzyme portion localized within the membrane may cause an impairment of membrane functions in pyruvate kinase deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1206968", "title": "Comparative studies of the electroencephalogram and the cerebral oxidative metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "In two groups of patients with liver cirrhosis and normal EEG (Group A) and with pathological EEG (Group B) it was possible to demonstrate a correlation between the severity grade of the EEG changes, the livertypical deviations of serum chemistry and alterations in cerebral oxidative metabolism. The metabolism of the brain showed a reduced oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output in the patients with pathological EEG changes. All patients showed a raised glucose uptake, an increased lactate release, a raised ammonia uptake and glutamine output. These findings in patients with liver cirrhosis indicate a disturbance of the oxidative energy metabolism of the brain with secondary intensification of glycolysis. Pathological changes in the EEG only appear if the oxygen consumption of the brain is limited (as in the patients of Group B). These EEG changes have a poor prognosis in respect to life expectancy. With consideration of the data from animal experiments and the reported results of cerebral blood flow and oxydative metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis it might be assumed that liver insufficiency with elevated serum ammonia results in a deranged oxydative cerebral metabolism which might explain hepatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the electroencephalogram and the cerebral oxidative metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis. In two groups of patients with liver cirrhosis and normal EEG (Group A) and with pathological EEG (Group B) it was possible to demonstrate a correlation between the severity grade of the EEG changes, the livertypical deviations of serum chemistry and alterations in cerebral oxidative metabolism. The metabolism of the brain showed a reduced oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output in the patients with pathological EEG changes. All patients showed a raised glucose uptake, an increased lactate release, a raised ammonia uptake and glutamine output. These findings in patients with liver cirrhosis indicate a disturbance of the oxidative energy metabolism of the brain with secondary intensification of glycolysis. Pathological changes in the EEG only appear if the oxygen consumption of the brain is limited (as in the patients of Group B). These EEG changes have a poor prognosis in respect to life expectancy. With consideration of the data from animal experiments and the reported results of cerebral blood flow and oxydative metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis it might be assumed that liver insufficiency with elevated serum ammonia results in a deranged oxydative cerebral metabolism which might explain hepatic encephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1206969", "title": "Changes of plasma renin, angiotensin II and renin substrate during reversal of malignant renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The relationship between plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AT II) and renin substrate concentration (PRS) were studied in a patient with left renal artery occlusion and malignant hypertension before and after left-side nephrectomy. Initially, PRA and AT II were grossly elevated, while PRS was low. Treatment with alpha-methyl-DOPA and saline led to a fall in PRA and AT II and a large rise in PRS. The correlation between PRA and AT II (r=0.937; n=9, p less than 0.001) was highly significant. PRA and PRS were negatively correlated before operation (r=-0.78; n=6; p less than 0.05). A comparison of changes in PRS before and after nephrectomy suggests that renin substrate formation was increased when the ischemic kidney was still in situ. Following nephrectomy, PRA and blood pressure fell to normal within 5 hours, while PRS remained unchanged for this period of time. A two-compartmental analysis of the renin disappearance curve after nephrectomy revealed the presence of a fast and slow component with half-lives of 10 and 95 min, respectively.", "contents": "Changes of plasma renin, angiotensin II and renin substrate during reversal of malignant renovascular hypertension. The relationship between plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AT II) and renin substrate concentration (PRS) were studied in a patient with left renal artery occlusion and malignant hypertension before and after left-side nephrectomy. Initially, PRA and AT II were grossly elevated, while PRS was low. Treatment with alpha-methyl-DOPA and saline led to a fall in PRA and AT II and a large rise in PRS. The correlation between PRA and AT II (r=0.937; n=9, p less than 0.001) was highly significant. PRA and PRS were negatively correlated before operation (r=-0.78; n=6; p less than 0.05). A comparison of changes in PRS before and after nephrectomy suggests that renin substrate formation was increased when the ischemic kidney was still in situ. Following nephrectomy, PRA and blood pressure fell to normal within 5 hours, while PRS remained unchanged for this period of time. A two-compartmental analysis of the renin disappearance curve after nephrectomy revealed the presence of a fast and slow component with half-lives of 10 and 95 min, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1206970", "title": "[The effect of acetylsalicylic-lysine on platelet function (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen minutes after the intravenous administration of two different doses of acetylsalicylic lysine, a pronounced inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation was observed in healthy volunteers. A proportionate dose response to the differing doses could not be demonstrated. Platelet function investigated by the glass bead filter method according to Hellem decreased however significantly and dose-dependently after the injections. The clot formation in the thromboelastogram was not disturbed after the administration of the drug in spite of decreased platelet function.", "contents": "[The effect of acetylsalicylic-lysine on platelet function (author's transl)]. Fifteen minutes after the intravenous administration of two different doses of acetylsalicylic lysine, a pronounced inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation was observed in healthy volunteers. A proportionate dose response to the differing doses could not be demonstrated. Platelet function investigated by the glass bead filter method according to Hellem decreased however significantly and dose-dependently after the injections. The clot formation in the thromboelastogram was not disturbed after the administration of the drug in spite of decreased platelet function."}
{"id": "PMID:1206971", "title": "[Use of sodium chloride in the German Federal Republic (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to obtain data on the amount of sodium chloride used in the German Federal Republic, 106 persons of different social groups, with healthy kidneys, were investigated, measuring the sodium chloride contents in their 24-hour urine. The sodium chloride intake follows from the sodium chloride secretion because the regulation of the sodium household is effected through the renal excretion, and with healthy people the daily intake of sodium chloride down to a limit value of 200 mVal per day is eliminated without delay. The values measured are between 4.7 and 32.7 g, the mean figure corresponded to 13.1 g.", "contents": "[Use of sodium chloride in the German Federal Republic (author's transl)]. In order to obtain data on the amount of sodium chloride used in the German Federal Republic, 106 persons of different social groups, with healthy kidneys, were investigated, measuring the sodium chloride contents in their 24-hour urine. The sodium chloride intake follows from the sodium chloride secretion because the regulation of the sodium household is effected through the renal excretion, and with healthy people the daily intake of sodium chloride down to a limit value of 200 mVal per day is eliminated without delay. The values measured are between 4.7 and 32.7 g, the mean figure corresponded to 13.1 g."}
{"id": "PMID:1206972", "title": "[Immunological studies on glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency: instability and impaired synthesis of the defective enzyme (author's transl)].", "content": "The content of GPI protein in normal and GPI deficient red cells was studied by immunological methods. In normal cells almost all enzyme protein is catalytically active. In the four inherited variants with non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia studied the content of GPI protein was decreased to a variable degree. Furthermore, the catalytically active portion of GPI protein varied markedly. It can be concluded that in the pathogenesis of this hereditary disorder an increased lability as well as an impaired synthesis of the defective enzyme play a role.", "contents": "[Immunological studies on glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency: instability and impaired synthesis of the defective enzyme (author's transl)]. The content of GPI protein in normal and GPI deficient red cells was studied by immunological methods. In normal cells almost all enzyme protein is catalytically active. In the four inherited variants with non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia studied the content of GPI protein was decreased to a variable degree. Furthermore, the catalytically active portion of GPI protein varied markedly. It can be concluded that in the pathogenesis of this hereditary disorder an increased lability as well as an impaired synthesis of the defective enzyme play a role."}
{"id": "PMID:1207005", "title": "[Determination of the mechanical parameters of the cupulo-endolymphatic system from its anatomical characteristics].", "content": "The relationships which allow measurements of the mechanical parameters of semicircular canals, i.e. time constants and sensitivity to the angular velocity, from their anatomical characteristics have been established. The sensitivity varies in different animal species and in different canals of the same animal. This should be taken into consideration in the experimental studies of the function of semi-circular canals of animals and humans.", "contents": "[Determination of the mechanical parameters of the cupulo-endolymphatic system from its anatomical characteristics]. The relationships which allow measurements of the mechanical parameters of semicircular canals, i.e. time constants and sensitivity to the angular velocity, from their anatomical characteristics have been established. The sensitivity varies in different animal species and in different canals of the same animal. This should be taken into consideration in the experimental studies of the function of semi-circular canals of animals and humans."}
{"id": "PMID:1207006", "title": "[Change in the content of free amino acids in rat organs and tissues during hypokinesia].", "content": "Variations in the content of free amino acids in the gastrocnemius muscle, myocardium and plasma of rats were measured during hypokinetic and post-hypokinetic periods. It was shown that 35-day hypokinesia led to an increase of almost all amino acids in the gastrocnemius muscle and 60-day hypokinesia resulted in their decrease. Similar changes were followed in the myocardium. Variations in the content of free amino acids in the plasma were identified at every experimental stage. Changes in the protein metabolism persisted long after an exposure of the animals to prolonged hypokinesia.", "contents": "[Change in the content of free amino acids in rat organs and tissues during hypokinesia]. Variations in the content of free amino acids in the gastrocnemius muscle, myocardium and plasma of rats were measured during hypokinetic and post-hypokinetic periods. It was shown that 35-day hypokinesia led to an increase of almost all amino acids in the gastrocnemius muscle and 60-day hypokinesia resulted in their decrease. Similar changes were followed in the myocardium. Variations in the content of free amino acids in the plasma were identified at every experimental stage. Changes in the protein metabolism persisted long after an exposure of the animals to prolonged hypokinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1207008", "title": "[Biorhythmic selection of cosmonauts].", "content": "The paper describes some features of modern and future interplanetary space missions which may influence the stability of the circadian system of the human body. It presents requirements for biorhythmological selection of cosmonauts. The paper discusses the biorhythmological types of humans: biorhythmologically labile, biorhythmologically inert and intermediate. The time schedule specified by the flight program dictates the selection of the cosmonauts of a certain type for the given mission. The paper suggests methods for the biorhythmological selection of cosmonauts: 1) on the basis of adaptation to the concrete type of \"space day\" in the flight; 2) on the basis of the biorhythmological type; 3) on the basis of the length of the natural circadian period; 4) on the basis of typological features of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Biorhythmic selection of cosmonauts]. The paper describes some features of modern and future interplanetary space missions which may influence the stability of the circadian system of the human body. It presents requirements for biorhythmological selection of cosmonauts. The paper discusses the biorhythmological types of humans: biorhythmologically labile, biorhythmologically inert and intermediate. The time schedule specified by the flight program dictates the selection of the cosmonauts of a certain type for the given mission. The paper suggests methods for the biorhythmological selection of cosmonauts: 1) on the basis of adaptation to the concrete type of \"space day\" in the flight; 2) on the basis of the biorhythmological type; 3) on the basis of the length of the natural circadian period; 4) on the basis of typological features of the nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1207009", "title": "[Ocular effects of cosmic rays on the eyes].", "content": "The observed visual phenomena developing in humans as a result of the impact of heavy ions on the eye have been summarized. Possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Ocular effects of cosmic rays on the eyes]. The observed visual phenomena developing in humans as a result of the impact of heavy ions on the eye have been summarized. Possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207011", "title": "[Changes in acoustically evoked brain potentials during oxygen breathing at normal and increased pressures].", "content": "Acoustically evoked potentials of the human brain were studied when breathing pure oxygen at a normal and positive pressure. An exposure to pure oxygen at a normal pressure reduced the amplitude of evoked potentials. This effect was more pronounced at a positive oxygen pressure. The after-effect was prolonged due to the influence of an increased oxygen concentration. During an exposure to the air at a positive pressure the reduction of the amplitude was smaller and reached the pretest level as soon as the pressure returned to normal. Evoked potentials are a sensitive indicator of the effect of an altered atmosphere on the central nervous system and the sensory system.", "contents": "[Changes in acoustically evoked brain potentials during oxygen breathing at normal and increased pressures]. Acoustically evoked potentials of the human brain were studied when breathing pure oxygen at a normal and positive pressure. An exposure to pure oxygen at a normal pressure reduced the amplitude of evoked potentials. This effect was more pronounced at a positive oxygen pressure. The after-effect was prolonged due to the influence of an increased oxygen concentration. During an exposure to the air at a positive pressure the reduction of the amplitude was smaller and reached the pretest level as soon as the pressure returned to normal. Evoked potentials are a sensitive indicator of the effect of an altered atmosphere on the central nervous system and the sensory system."}
{"id": "PMID:1207010", "title": "[Effectiveness of a helium-oxygen gas mixture in transverse accelerations].", "content": "Healthy male test subjects, aged 20 to 45, were exposed to acceleration of +6 Gx for 1200 sec and of +10 Gx for 60 sec. Three gradients of the centrifuge acceleration were used in the latter case. In every experimental run the test subjects were exposed to accelerations while breathing air or a helium-oxygen atmosphere. The positive effect of the helium-oxygen atmosphere was seen in an increase of the respiration intensity and in an elevation of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange. This may be associated with a decline of the aerodynamic resistance to breathing. The positive effect of the helium-oxygen atmosphere was more pronounced during accelerations of +4 to 8 Gx and depended on the total exposure time.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of a helium-oxygen gas mixture in transverse accelerations]. Healthy male test subjects, aged 20 to 45, were exposed to acceleration of +6 Gx for 1200 sec and of +10 Gx for 60 sec. Three gradients of the centrifuge acceleration were used in the latter case. In every experimental run the test subjects were exposed to accelerations while breathing air or a helium-oxygen atmosphere. The positive effect of the helium-oxygen atmosphere was seen in an increase of the respiration intensity and in an elevation of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange. This may be associated with a decline of the aerodynamic resistance to breathing. The positive effect of the helium-oxygen atmosphere was more pronounced during accelerations of +4 to 8 Gx and depended on the total exposure time."}
{"id": "PMID:1207021", "title": "[Effect of accelerations, hypergravity and hypokinesia on protein metabolism in Japanese quail. I. Effect on muscle composition].", "content": "The effect of hypokinesia, hypergravity achieved by centrifugation and additional weight load on the content and composition of proteins and nucleic acids in the chest and pelvic muscles of four groups of quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was studied. The first group was used as controls, the second included hypokinetic birds, the third was made of birds with an additional weight load (the load was a double weight of the animal) and the fourth group included birds exposed to acceleration of 3 g. The birds were exposed to the above effects for 1 to 6 hours during 8 days. They were given identical food through forced feeding. The content of total proteins, sarcoplasmatic proteins, DNA and RNA, cholesterol and esterified fatty acids was measured in chest and pelvic muscles. The composition of total lipids was examined in pelvic muscles. The level of corticosterone was determined in the blood plasma. The above experimental variants made it possible to discriminate individual contributions of acceleration, additional weight load and hypo-inesia to the effect. Weight load and acceleration decreased and hypokinesia increased the content of total proteins in the pelvic muscles. During an exposure to acceleration and hypokinesia the content and the portion of sarcoplasmatic proteins decreased and during an exposure to weight load increased significantly. Acceleration did not exert a significant effect on the RNA and DNA content in muscles. The content of esterified fatty acids increased under the influence of acceleration and hypokinesia and decreased significantly under the influence of additional weight.", "contents": "[Effect of accelerations, hypergravity and hypokinesia on protein metabolism in Japanese quail. I. Effect on muscle composition]. The effect of hypokinesia, hypergravity achieved by centrifugation and additional weight load on the content and composition of proteins and nucleic acids in the chest and pelvic muscles of four groups of quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was studied. The first group was used as controls, the second included hypokinetic birds, the third was made of birds with an additional weight load (the load was a double weight of the animal) and the fourth group included birds exposed to acceleration of 3 g. The birds were exposed to the above effects for 1 to 6 hours during 8 days. They were given identical food through forced feeding. The content of total proteins, sarcoplasmatic proteins, DNA and RNA, cholesterol and esterified fatty acids was measured in chest and pelvic muscles. The composition of total lipids was examined in pelvic muscles. The level of corticosterone was determined in the blood plasma. The above experimental variants made it possible to discriminate individual contributions of acceleration, additional weight load and hypo-inesia to the effect. Weight load and acceleration decreased and hypokinesia increased the content of total proteins in the pelvic muscles. During an exposure to acceleration and hypokinesia the content and the portion of sarcoplasmatic proteins decreased and during an exposure to weight load increased significantly. Acceleration did not exert a significant effect on the RNA and DNA content in muscles. The content of esterified fatty acids increased under the influence of acceleration and hypokinesia and decreased significantly under the influence of additional weight."}
{"id": "PMID:1207023", "title": "[Physiological activity of Chlorella following exposure to space flight factors aboard the orbital station \"Saliut\"].", "content": "The photosynthetic activity of Chlorella vulgaris str. LARG-1 was studied after its dark exposure in the Tamiya medium to space flight factors enboard the Salyut orbital station. The exposure of Chlorella cells in the inactive state did not influence their basic physiological parameters (rate of growth and reproduction, cell size and population structure, chlorophyll content, cell viability) during subsequent intensive cultivation. These results show the possibility of storing the generative material of unicellular algae under the experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Physiological activity of Chlorella following exposure to space flight factors aboard the orbital station \"Saliut\"]. The photosynthetic activity of Chlorella vulgaris str. LARG-1 was studied after its dark exposure in the Tamiya medium to space flight factors enboard the Salyut orbital station. The exposure of Chlorella cells in the inactive state did not influence their basic physiological parameters (rate of growth and reproduction, cell size and population structure, chlorophyll content, cell viability) during subsequent intensive cultivation. These results show the possibility of storing the generative material of unicellular algae under the experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1207022", "title": "[Effect of a strong constant magnetic field and a hypomagnetic surrounding medium on histochemical indices of albino rat liver].", "content": "The paper presents histochemical measurements of the liver of white rats exposed to strong and weak constant magnetic fields. A repeated influence (30 min a day) of the strong magnetic field of 912 ersted for 16 days inhibits synthetic processes in the liver tissue. A more prolonged (30 days) exposure to the field produces insignificant histochemical changes which seem to be induced by the occuring compensatory reaction. It is shown that a month long stay of animals in the environment shielded from the geomagnetic field may enhance synthetic processes in some cells and inhibit them in others.", "contents": "[Effect of a strong constant magnetic field and a hypomagnetic surrounding medium on histochemical indices of albino rat liver]. The paper presents histochemical measurements of the liver of white rats exposed to strong and weak constant magnetic fields. A repeated influence (30 min a day) of the strong magnetic field of 912 ersted for 16 days inhibits synthetic processes in the liver tissue. A more prolonged (30 days) exposure to the field produces insignificant histochemical changes which seem to be induced by the occuring compensatory reaction. It is shown that a month long stay of animals in the environment shielded from the geomagnetic field may enhance synthetic processes in some cells and inhibit them in others."}
{"id": "PMID:1207024", "title": "[Human tolerance to +Gz acceleration during heating].", "content": "Eighty-six measurements of individual tolerance of 25 healthy test subjects to +Gz accelerations were carried out at two body temperatures. At moderate heating (body temperature 37.5+/-0.2degreesC) acceleration tolerance decreased by 1.4 g (maximally by 3 g) without an antigravity suit and by 0.5 g with an antigravit suit. In case of simulated poor fitting of the suit the tolerance decrease was 1.1 g. At high heating (body temperature 38.0+/-0.2degreesC) the decrease was great (2.1 g). In some cases centrifugation was terminated because of poor tolerance to hyperthermia. The regression analysis suggests that at body temperature of 37.3degreesC the acceleration tolerance decreases in some individuals only and at 37.6degreesC and over it declines in most subjects. The correlation between the level of water losses (0.8--2.4% of body weight) and decline in +Gz tolerance was low (r=0.33) and insignificant. The resulting data allow practical recommendations in relation to acrobatic flights in hot climate.", "contents": "[Human tolerance to +Gz acceleration during heating]. Eighty-six measurements of individual tolerance of 25 healthy test subjects to +Gz accelerations were carried out at two body temperatures. At moderate heating (body temperature 37.5+/-0.2degreesC) acceleration tolerance decreased by 1.4 g (maximally by 3 g) without an antigravity suit and by 0.5 g with an antigravit suit. In case of simulated poor fitting of the suit the tolerance decrease was 1.1 g. At high heating (body temperature 38.0+/-0.2degreesC) the decrease was great (2.1 g). In some cases centrifugation was terminated because of poor tolerance to hyperthermia. The regression analysis suggests that at body temperature of 37.3degreesC the acceleration tolerance decreases in some individuals only and at 37.6degreesC and over it declines in most subjects. The correlation between the level of water losses (0.8--2.4% of body weight) and decline in +Gz tolerance was low (r=0.33) and insignificant. The resulting data allow practical recommendations in relation to acrobatic flights in hot climate."}
{"id": "PMID:1207026", "title": "[Adaptation of the cardiovascular system to negative gravitation stresses during repeated antiorthostatic measures].", "content": "The cerebral, pulmonary, liver and peripheral circulation was studied simultaneously in 12 test subjects (aged 24--30) rheographically, photoplethysmographically and rheoplethysmographically; arterial pressure was measured by the Korotkoff method. The measurements were carried out during three antiorthostatic tests at --15degrees for 20 min or --30degrees for 20 min. It was shown that the cardiovascular system can adapt to repeated antiorthostatic exposures. The adaptation includes more significant decrease of the heart rate, increase in the systolic and pulse arterial pressure, fall of the diastolic arterial pressure, more marked reduction of antiorthostatically induced increase of blood filling and congestion of cerebral and pulmonary vessels, lesser decrease of their tone and blood redistribution into the vessels of the liver, upper and lower limbs. From the point of view of the adaptive effect repeated exposures to --15degrees are more effective.", "contents": "[Adaptation of the cardiovascular system to negative gravitation stresses during repeated antiorthostatic measures]. The cerebral, pulmonary, liver and peripheral circulation was studied simultaneously in 12 test subjects (aged 24--30) rheographically, photoplethysmographically and rheoplethysmographically; arterial pressure was measured by the Korotkoff method. The measurements were carried out during three antiorthostatic tests at --15degrees for 20 min or --30degrees for 20 min. It was shown that the cardiovascular system can adapt to repeated antiorthostatic exposures. The adaptation includes more significant decrease of the heart rate, increase in the systolic and pulse arterial pressure, fall of the diastolic arterial pressure, more marked reduction of antiorthostatically induced increase of blood filling and congestion of cerebral and pulmonary vessels, lesser decrease of their tone and blood redistribution into the vessels of the liver, upper and lower limbs. From the point of view of the adaptive effect repeated exposures to --15degrees are more effective."}
{"id": "PMID:1207027", "title": "[Interrelation of visual and auditory analyzer functions during extreme stimulation].", "content": "By psychophysiological methods the effect of intensive photostimulation on the functional state of the optic analyzer and the influence of extreme optic stimulus on the hearing function were studied. An impulse acoustic stimulus contributed to the recovery of peripheral light sensitivity, left unchanged the central light sensitivity, improved acuity of color distinction, expanded the field of vision of red and green colors and reduced electric sensitivity and critical frequency of disappearance of light flashes. After an exposure to a superbright flash a decrease of absolute thresholds of hearing, electric sensitivity and critical frequency of fusion of electric stimulation of the acoustic analyzer was detected. These data give evidence that sensitivity of one analyzer can be increased by means of short-term intensive stimulation of the other.", "contents": "[Interrelation of visual and auditory analyzer functions during extreme stimulation]. By psychophysiological methods the effect of intensive photostimulation on the functional state of the optic analyzer and the influence of extreme optic stimulus on the hearing function were studied. An impulse acoustic stimulus contributed to the recovery of peripheral light sensitivity, left unchanged the central light sensitivity, improved acuity of color distinction, expanded the field of vision of red and green colors and reduced electric sensitivity and critical frequency of disappearance of light flashes. After an exposure to a superbright flash a decrease of absolute thresholds of hearing, electric sensitivity and critical frequency of fusion of electric stimulation of the acoustic analyzer was detected. These data give evidence that sensitivity of one analyzer can be increased by means of short-term intensive stimulation of the other."}
{"id": "PMID:1207025", "title": "[Human cognitive activity during adaptation to short-term weightlessness].", "content": "The differences in subjective sensations during the first exposure to short-term weightlessness are analyzed on the basis of the pattern of cognitive activity of test subjects and the scope of information they have received previously. The subjects with objective and productive types of cognitive behavior showed the most adequate and rapid adaptation to weightlessness. The subjects with a subjective and unproductive type of cognitive tactics exhibited great problems in adapting themselves to weightlessness, showing unusual psychic states like the \"world peril\" syndrome and psychic estrangement. Anticipation of the weightless environment based on the objective information previously obtained facilitated orientation and self-control in weightlessness.", "contents": "[Human cognitive activity during adaptation to short-term weightlessness]. The differences in subjective sensations during the first exposure to short-term weightlessness are analyzed on the basis of the pattern of cognitive activity of test subjects and the scope of information they have received previously. The subjects with objective and productive types of cognitive behavior showed the most adequate and rapid adaptation to weightlessness. The subjects with a subjective and unproductive type of cognitive tactics exhibited great problems in adapting themselves to weightlessness, showing unusual psychic states like the \"world peril\" syndrome and psychic estrangement. Anticipation of the weightless environment based on the objective information previously obtained facilitated orientation and self-control in weightlessness."}
{"id": "PMID:1207028", "title": "[Study of the dynamics of psychic work capacity of hypertensive flight personnel for the purpose of predicting their professional activity].", "content": "One hundred members of the flying personnel with hypertensive disease (of the I and II stages), aged 35--50, were examined. The examinations included clinical and psychological observations which described functional and psychological potentialitites of the test subjects. Statistically significant differences in the average productivity of mental work were found in hypertensive and control test subjects. Individual characteristics of the prolonged and intensive mental activity was determined. This makes it possible to reveal consistent tendencies characterizing different disturbances in mental performance. Clinical and psychological investigations allow objectivization of qualitative features of disorders in mental capacity typical of the I and II stages of hypertension. They are helpful in predicting professional reliability of the flying personnel. Therefore, they should be taken into consideration in solving expertise problems.", "contents": "[Study of the dynamics of psychic work capacity of hypertensive flight personnel for the purpose of predicting their professional activity]. One hundred members of the flying personnel with hypertensive disease (of the I and II stages), aged 35--50, were examined. The examinations included clinical and psychological observations which described functional and psychological potentialitites of the test subjects. Statistically significant differences in the average productivity of mental work were found in hypertensive and control test subjects. Individual characteristics of the prolonged and intensive mental activity was determined. This makes it possible to reveal consistent tendencies characterizing different disturbances in mental performance. Clinical and psychological investigations allow objectivization of qualitative features of disorders in mental capacity typical of the I and II stages of hypertension. They are helpful in predicting professional reliability of the flying personnel. Therefore, they should be taken into consideration in solving expertise problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1207032", "title": "Spleen and liver weight changes in NZB mice with haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "Spleen and liver weights from 998 NZB mice were subjected to computerised multivariate analysis. 3-dimensional graphs relating predicted spleen and liver weights to age and bodyweight were prepared and the relationship of the fitted surface to the histology and pathological autoantibody is discussed. On the basis of spleen weight increase, red-cell destruction throughout the greater part of life seems to be mainly intrasplenic, while intrahepatic destruction does not become important until later, when it is probably a dominant feature in the terminal period of the disease. Only limited organ weight increases occur in breeding females, and it is suggested that pregnancy lessens the effect of the haemolytic disease, the 'protective' effect extending long after the cessation of breeding.", "contents": "Spleen and liver weight changes in NZB mice with haemolytic anaemia. Spleen and liver weights from 998 NZB mice were subjected to computerised multivariate analysis. 3-dimensional graphs relating predicted spleen and liver weights to age and bodyweight were prepared and the relationship of the fitted surface to the histology and pathological autoantibody is discussed. On the basis of spleen weight increase, red-cell destruction throughout the greater part of life seems to be mainly intrasplenic, while intrahepatic destruction does not become important until later, when it is probably a dominant feature in the terminal period of the disease. Only limited organ weight increases occur in breeding females, and it is suggested that pregnancy lessens the effect of the haemolytic disease, the 'protective' effect extending long after the cessation of breeding."}
{"id": "PMID:1207033", "title": "The Mongolian gerbil: qualitative and quantitative aspects of the cellular blood picture.", "content": "The gerbil displays sex determined differences in packed red-cell volume, haemoglobin level, total leukocyte count and absolute number of circulating lymphocytes. The erythrocytes demonstrate a prominent polychromasia and frequent occurrence of basophilic stippling.", "contents": "The Mongolian gerbil: qualitative and quantitative aspects of the cellular blood picture. The gerbil displays sex determined differences in packed red-cell volume, haemoglobin level, total leukocyte count and absolute number of circulating lymphocytes. The erythrocytes demonstrate a prominent polychromasia and frequent occurrence of basophilic stippling."}
{"id": "PMID:1207029", "title": "[Human work capacity at high altitudes].", "content": "Healthy male test subjects (students), aged 18 to 24, dwelling in lowlands ascended a mountain of 3200 m without preliminary training. At high altitude they went in for gymnastics and sorts games for 1--2 hours a day and made regular ascents, reaching an altitude of 4000 m. This was designated a pulsating regimen of adaptation. Phasic changes in the maximum physical performance were noted during a short-term exposure to high altitudes (3200 m): during the first decade it declined by 12--13% and by the 41--42 day the performance increased by 25%. During the readaptation period the performance remained for 2 months higher by 28--35% than the pretest values. The pulsating regimen of adaptation to highlands can be used to increase physical performance of the human body during and after the exposure to high altitudes.", "contents": "[Human work capacity at high altitudes]. Healthy male test subjects (students), aged 18 to 24, dwelling in lowlands ascended a mountain of 3200 m without preliminary training. At high altitude they went in for gymnastics and sorts games for 1--2 hours a day and made regular ascents, reaching an altitude of 4000 m. This was designated a pulsating regimen of adaptation. Phasic changes in the maximum physical performance were noted during a short-term exposure to high altitudes (3200 m): during the first decade it declined by 12--13% and by the 41--42 day the performance increased by 25%. During the readaptation period the performance remained for 2 months higher by 28--35% than the pretest values. The pulsating regimen of adaptation to highlands can be used to increase physical performance of the human body during and after the exposure to high altitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:1207034", "title": "A discounted least squares quadratic growth prediction model for use in 2 year toxicity studies.", "content": "Weekly weighings of the laboratory rats are required to determine the correct dosage for mixing in the food. This creates problems in that the food mixing must be done immediately after the weighings and staff are often heavily taxed to perform the task. A discounted least squares growth prediction model allows for prediction of weights a week ahead of time, obviating the necessity for instantaneously processing the weight data. When dosages were prepared based on these predictions, for 10 treatment combinations 100% of the doses proved to be within 8-0% of the required dosage; 98-4% were within 5% of the required dosage; 78-7% were within 2% of the required dosage; and 51-6% were within 1% of the required dosage. The quadratic weight prediction model can also be incorporated into a model for predicting food consumption.", "contents": "A discounted least squares quadratic growth prediction model for use in 2 year toxicity studies. Weekly weighings of the laboratory rats are required to determine the correct dosage for mixing in the food. This creates problems in that the food mixing must be done immediately after the weighings and staff are often heavily taxed to perform the task. A discounted least squares growth prediction model allows for prediction of weights a week ahead of time, obviating the necessity for instantaneously processing the weight data. When dosages were prepared based on these predictions, for 10 treatment combinations 100% of the doses proved to be within 8-0% of the required dosage; 98-4% were within 5% of the required dosage; 78-7% were within 2% of the required dosage; and 51-6% were within 1% of the required dosage. The quadratic weight prediction model can also be incorporated into a model for predicting food consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:1207035", "title": "X-ray enlargement modified for use in experimental animal science.", "content": "The primary enlarged x-ray image is produced by a reduction of the focal-film-distance to 80 cm at a given focal size of 0-15 mm. The advantages of this technique as compared to conventional x-ray methods are exemplified with x-ray images from the shoulder joint of a European hamster, a pseudoarthrosis in the foreleg of a beagle, and a renovasography of a rat. The principles of the technique and its significance for investigations using small laboratory animals are discussed.", "contents": "X-ray enlargement modified for use in experimental animal science. The primary enlarged x-ray image is produced by a reduction of the focal-film-distance to 80 cm at a given focal size of 0-15 mm. The advantages of this technique as compared to conventional x-ray methods are exemplified with x-ray images from the shoulder joint of a European hamster, a pseudoarthrosis in the foreleg of a beagle, and a renovasography of a rat. The principles of the technique and its significance for investigations using small laboratory animals are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207036", "title": "Production of rats in synchronised batches.", "content": "Successful synchronisation of copulations and births for the 1st parity permit continued synchrony of parturitions in subsequent parities. Foetal implantation after post-partum copulation was delayed by multiples of the oestrous cycle; both season and number of sucking neonates influenced the time of implantation. Post-weaning matings gave a high conception rate with a parturition spread of 36 hours for 94% of the original group.", "contents": "Production of rats in synchronised batches. Successful synchronisation of copulations and births for the 1st parity permit continued synchrony of parturitions in subsequent parities. Foetal implantation after post-partum copulation was delayed by multiples of the oestrous cycle; both season and number of sucking neonates influenced the time of implantation. Post-weaning matings gave a high conception rate with a parturition spread of 36 hours for 94% of the original group."}
{"id": "PMID:1207037", "title": "Solid intraperitoneal Landsch\u00fctz tumour in mice: implications in cancer chemotherapy and immunology studies.", "content": "Multiple intraperitoneal injections of various normal sera into BALB/c mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Landsch\u00fctz ascites tumour cells abrogated the development of ascitic syndrome in almost all the animals. In a large proportion of the survivors solid intraperitoneal tumours developed, composed of characteristic ascites tumour cells engulfed and encapsulated in connective tissue. The effect of serum on the development of the solid tumour was diminished if the donor had been immunized against mouse IgG. Inoculated animals treated with serum hyperimmune against mouse IgG showed accelerated ascitic tumour growth. Cyclophosphamide or arabinosylcytosine strongly inhibited growth of solid tumours. Simultaneous administration of arabinosylcytosine and its antagonist cycloheximide did not interrupt tumour growth.", "contents": "Solid intraperitoneal Landsch\u00fctz tumour in mice: implications in cancer chemotherapy and immunology studies. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of various normal sera into BALB/c mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Landsch\u00fctz ascites tumour cells abrogated the development of ascitic syndrome in almost all the animals. In a large proportion of the survivors solid intraperitoneal tumours developed, composed of characteristic ascites tumour cells engulfed and encapsulated in connective tissue. The effect of serum on the development of the solid tumour was diminished if the donor had been immunized against mouse IgG. Inoculated animals treated with serum hyperimmune against mouse IgG showed accelerated ascitic tumour growth. Cyclophosphamide or arabinosylcytosine strongly inhibited growth of solid tumours. Simultaneous administration of arabinosylcytosine and its antagonist cycloheximide did not interrupt tumour growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1207031", "title": "[Evaluation of the effect of impact stresses on the body according to laboratory study data].", "content": "In three experiments on white rats and in two experiments on volunteers variations of 20 clinical and laboratory parameters were investigated upon an exposure to impact accelerations. The results demonstrated a correlation between changes in the general state of the animals and morphology of viscera, on the one hand, and changes of hematological and biochemical parameters, on the other. A scheme of utilizing more informative parameters for the in vivo differentiation of effects of impact accelerations is recommended. Manned experiments indicate that measurements of urine excretion of endogenous creatinine hold promise for these purposes.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the effect of impact stresses on the body according to laboratory study data]. In three experiments on white rats and in two experiments on volunteers variations of 20 clinical and laboratory parameters were investigated upon an exposure to impact accelerations. The results demonstrated a correlation between changes in the general state of the animals and morphology of viscera, on the one hand, and changes of hematological and biochemical parameters, on the other. A scheme of utilizing more informative parameters for the in vivo differentiation of effects of impact accelerations is recommended. Manned experiments indicate that measurements of urine excretion of endogenous creatinine hold promise for these purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:1207038", "title": "The use of laminar flow for obtaining germ-free mice.", "content": "Hysterectomy in a laminar-flow cabinet affords greater economy of time and effort in obtaining germ-free mice than other methods. No contamination has occurred during the surgical procedure or in the subsequent transfer of the neonates into germ-free isolators.", "contents": "The use of laminar flow for obtaining germ-free mice. Hysterectomy in a laminar-flow cabinet affords greater economy of time and effort in obtaining germ-free mice than other methods. No contamination has occurred during the surgical procedure or in the subsequent transfer of the neonates into germ-free isolators."}
{"id": "PMID:1207039", "title": "Halothane anaesthesia of normal and dystrophic hamsters.", "content": "Induction, carried out in a small clear-plastic box with 3-5% (v/v) halothane in 30:70 (v/v) oxygen: nitrous oxide, was quiet and rapid. Recovery was almost instantaneous. 2% halothane in the oxygen-nitrous oxide mixture was sufficient for maintenance anaesthesia. The anaesthetic mixture was given by face mask in an open circuit specially designed to function at low gas-flow rates. The halothane content of the muscle and blood after 25 min anaesthesia was estimated by gas chromatography of n-heptane extracts. The mean level (+/- s.e.m.) in blood was 22-8 +/- 2-7 mg/100 ml (n=4), and in dystrophic muscle 226 +/- 36-8 mg/100 g wet weight of tissue (n=4): there was a positive correlation (r=0-94) between them (p less than 0-02).", "contents": "Halothane anaesthesia of normal and dystrophic hamsters. Induction, carried out in a small clear-plastic box with 3-5% (v/v) halothane in 30:70 (v/v) oxygen: nitrous oxide, was quiet and rapid. Recovery was almost instantaneous. 2% halothane in the oxygen-nitrous oxide mixture was sufficient for maintenance anaesthesia. The anaesthetic mixture was given by face mask in an open circuit specially designed to function at low gas-flow rates. The halothane content of the muscle and blood after 25 min anaesthesia was estimated by gas chromatography of n-heptane extracts. The mean level (+/- s.e.m.) in blood was 22-8 +/- 2-7 mg/100 ml (n=4), and in dystrophic muscle 226 +/- 36-8 mg/100 g wet weight of tissue (n=4): there was a positive correlation (r=0-94) between them (p less than 0-02)."}
{"id": "PMID:1207041", "title": "Control of Paraspidodera unicinata in guinea-pigs with levamisole.", "content": "Injectable levamisole was used to control Paraspidodera uncinata in guinea-pigs of both sexes, pregnant and non-pregnant, and was found to be safe and efficient at a dosage rate of 25 mg/kg bodyweight.", "contents": "Control of Paraspidodera unicinata in guinea-pigs with levamisole. Injectable levamisole was used to control Paraspidodera uncinata in guinea-pigs of both sexes, pregnant and non-pregnant, and was found to be safe and efficient at a dosage rate of 25 mg/kg bodyweight."}
{"id": "PMID:1207042", "title": "Spontaneous lesions and parasites of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.", "content": "Four-hundred-eighty Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus [Uclp:(MON)], most of which were experimentally infected with filarial worms, were examined for spontaneous lesions. Previously unrecognized lesions included cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, duodenal adenocarcinoma, malignant blue nevus, hepatic choleangiocarcinoma, malignant hemangiopericytoma of the uterus, ovarian teratoma, chronic interstitial nephritis, renal cortical retention cysts, splenic hemangiomas, and various histologic abnormalities of the lung. Previously reported lesions also seen in the present study were a malignant melanoma, adrenal cortical adenoma or carcinoma, uterine leiomyoma, sebaceous gland adenoma, hepatic lymphangioma, and renal hemangioma. Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) and Tyrophagus castellani (Acarina) were accidentally recovered from experimental animals. Tritichomonas caviae and a species of Entamoeba were the most common intestinal protozoa. Tyzzer's disease, however, was clearly the most significant infectious disease of gerbils in the UCLA School of Public Health colony.", "contents": "Spontaneous lesions and parasites of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. Four-hundred-eighty Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus [Uclp:(MON)], most of which were experimentally infected with filarial worms, were examined for spontaneous lesions. Previously unrecognized lesions included cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, duodenal adenocarcinoma, malignant blue nevus, hepatic choleangiocarcinoma, malignant hemangiopericytoma of the uterus, ovarian teratoma, chronic interstitial nephritis, renal cortical retention cysts, splenic hemangiomas, and various histologic abnormalities of the lung. Previously reported lesions also seen in the present study were a malignant melanoma, adrenal cortical adenoma or carcinoma, uterine leiomyoma, sebaceous gland adenoma, hepatic lymphangioma, and renal hemangioma. Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) and Tyrophagus castellani (Acarina) were accidentally recovered from experimental animals. Tritichomonas caviae and a species of Entamoeba were the most common intestinal protozoa. Tyzzer's disease, however, was clearly the most significant infectious disease of gerbils in the UCLA School of Public Health colony."}
{"id": "PMID:1207043", "title": "Isolation and in vitro characterization of a herpesvirus from ground squirrels (Citellus sp).", "content": "A viral agent was isolated from ground squirrel primary kidney cultures which presented a spontaneous cell layer alteration. The cultural, morphologic, and physico-chemical characteristics of the agent indicated that it belongs in the herpesvirus group. The isolate presented a narrow in vitro cell host range, growing best in marmoset monkey, owl monkey, rabbit, and hamster kidney cultures and poorly in Vero and dog fetal lung cells. The agent is readily released from infected cells, a fact which indicates that it is a cell-free virus. Good plaque formation was observed only in marmoset monkey kidney monolayers. The virus was not neutralized by antisera against other herpesviruses with the exception of a partial 1-way cross-neutralization between ground squirrel agent and Herpesvirus saguinus antisera. All these characteristics indicate that this virus is likely a new member of the herpesvirus family.", "contents": "Isolation and in vitro characterization of a herpesvirus from ground squirrels (Citellus sp). A viral agent was isolated from ground squirrel primary kidney cultures which presented a spontaneous cell layer alteration. The cultural, morphologic, and physico-chemical characteristics of the agent indicated that it belongs in the herpesvirus group. The isolate presented a narrow in vitro cell host range, growing best in marmoset monkey, owl monkey, rabbit, and hamster kidney cultures and poorly in Vero and dog fetal lung cells. The agent is readily released from infected cells, a fact which indicates that it is a cell-free virus. Good plaque formation was observed only in marmoset monkey kidney monolayers. The virus was not neutralized by antisera against other herpesviruses with the exception of a partial 1-way cross-neutralization between ground squirrel agent and Herpesvirus saguinus antisera. All these characteristics indicate that this virus is likely a new member of the herpesvirus family."}
{"id": "PMID:1207044", "title": "Malocclusion of the premolar and molar teeth in the guinea pig.", "content": "Malocclusions of the premolar and molar teeth of inbred Strain 2/N and Strain 13/N and outbred Dunkin-Harley guinea pigs were examined. A higher incidence of malocclusion observed in the inbred strains suggested a genetic basis for the disorder.", "contents": "Malocclusion of the premolar and molar teeth in the guinea pig. Malocclusions of the premolar and molar teeth of inbred Strain 2/N and Strain 13/N and outbred Dunkin-Harley guinea pigs were examined. A higher incidence of malocclusion observed in the inbred strains suggested a genetic basis for the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:1207045", "title": "A natural case of Schistosoma mansoni in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes versus).", "content": "A spontaneous infection with Schistosoma mansoni was found in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes versus) recently imported from Sierra Leone, Africa. Clinical signs consisted of anemia, liver enlargement, bronchial rales, and emaciation. The primary gross pathologic lesions included a fibrotic firm nodular liver and pulmonary edema and consolidation. Histopathologic examination revealed changes similar to the experimental syndrome of Manson's schistosomiasis in the chimpanzee. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of the eggs and larvae of Schistosoma mansoni.", "contents": "A natural case of Schistosoma mansoni in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes versus). A spontaneous infection with Schistosoma mansoni was found in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes versus) recently imported from Sierra Leone, Africa. Clinical signs consisted of anemia, liver enlargement, bronchial rales, and emaciation. The primary gross pathologic lesions included a fibrotic firm nodular liver and pulmonary edema and consolidation. Histopathologic examination revealed changes similar to the experimental syndrome of Manson's schistosomiasis in the chimpanzee. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of the eggs and larvae of Schistosoma mansoni."}
{"id": "PMID:1207046", "title": "The occurrence of Mycoplasma arthritidis in the throat and middle ear of rats with chronic respiratory disease.", "content": "Twenty-three rats with chronic respiratory disease were examined for the presence of Mycoplasma arthritidis in the throat and middle ear. Samples were taken at necropsy and swabbed onto an agar medium. Morphologically typical colonies were subcultured and identified serologically. All of the rats showed evidence histopathologically of chronic respiratory disease, and typical M pulmonis colonies were isolated from 21 of 23. M arthritidis was isolated from 7 (30=) of the middle ears and 3 (13%) of the throats, confirming a previous observation of the occurrence of this organism in the middle ear of rats and also indicating it can be present in the throat.", "contents": "The occurrence of Mycoplasma arthritidis in the throat and middle ear of rats with chronic respiratory disease. Twenty-three rats with chronic respiratory disease were examined for the presence of Mycoplasma arthritidis in the throat and middle ear. Samples were taken at necropsy and swabbed onto an agar medium. Morphologically typical colonies were subcultured and identified serologically. All of the rats showed evidence histopathologically of chronic respiratory disease, and typical M pulmonis colonies were isolated from 21 of 23. M arthritidis was isolated from 7 (30=) of the middle ears and 3 (13%) of the throats, confirming a previous observation of the occurrence of this organism in the middle ear of rats and also indicating it can be present in the throat."}
{"id": "PMID:1207047", "title": "Plasma hemoglobin determination in beagle dogs. An adaptation of the method of Crosby and Furth.", "content": "The plasma hemoglobin concentration of beagle dogs was measured following an improved bleeding technic which minimized trauma of the red cells. The benzidine reaction (benzidine dihydrochloride) was used to measure the hemoglobin present. Plasma hemoglobin values of the first 2 ml of blood collected were statistically significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than values of the next 2-3 ml of blood. Plasma hemoglobin values of normal beagles were 0.5-2.5 mg/dl in minimally hemolyzed samples. Recovery rates of up to 92% of hemoglobin added to plasma were possible with this method.", "contents": "Plasma hemoglobin determination in beagle dogs. An adaptation of the method of Crosby and Furth. The plasma hemoglobin concentration of beagle dogs was measured following an improved bleeding technic which minimized trauma of the red cells. The benzidine reaction (benzidine dihydrochloride) was used to measure the hemoglobin present. Plasma hemoglobin values of the first 2 ml of blood collected were statistically significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than values of the next 2-3 ml of blood. Plasma hemoglobin values of normal beagles were 0.5-2.5 mg/dl in minimally hemolyzed samples. Recovery rates of up to 92% of hemoglobin added to plasma were possible with this method."}
{"id": "PMID:1207048", "title": "Capillary tube urinalysis for small animals.", "content": "A simple method was devised using a capillary tube to collect urine for urinalysis. This method offers the following advantages: the animal is not adversely influenced; the collection and analysis of the urine is repeatable; the amount of urine required is small; because of the simplicity of the method, the number of samples tested in a given time can be increased; and contamination with foreign material is reduced, permitting more accurate evaluation of the urinary sediments.", "contents": "Capillary tube urinalysis for small animals. A simple method was devised using a capillary tube to collect urine for urinalysis. This method offers the following advantages: the animal is not adversely influenced; the collection and analysis of the urine is repeatable; the amount of urine required is small; because of the simplicity of the method, the number of samples tested in a given time can be increased; and contamination with foreign material is reduced, permitting more accurate evaluation of the urinary sediments."}
{"id": "PMID:1207049", "title": "Technics for blood collection and intravascular infusion of reptiles.", "content": "Several methods for external sampling of blood and administration of intravascular fluids are applicable to reptilian species. This paper reviewed some of the technics that have been previously reported and introduced several new procedures applicable to snakes, turtles, alligators, crocodiles, and lizards.", "contents": "Technics for blood collection and intravascular infusion of reptiles. Several methods for external sampling of blood and administration of intravascular fluids are applicable to reptilian species. This paper reviewed some of the technics that have been previously reported and introduced several new procedures applicable to snakes, turtles, alligators, crocodiles, and lizards."}
{"id": "PMID:1207052", "title": "The breeding and utilization of baboons for biomedical research.", "content": "The baboon (Papio cynocephalus) has been used extensively for biomedical research at the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education (SFRE) since 1958. This animal model has adapted well to captivity, has reproduced efficiently, and has proved to be very useful in many areas of medical research. Reproductive data from the SFRE baboon colony, the establishment of a breeding colony from imported animals, the present use of baboons as research models, and the predicted availability and use of these animals were discussed.", "contents": "The breeding and utilization of baboons for biomedical research. The baboon (Papio cynocephalus) has been used extensively for biomedical research at the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education (SFRE) since 1958. This animal model has adapted well to captivity, has reproduced efficiently, and has proved to be very useful in many areas of medical research. Reproductive data from the SFRE baboon colony, the establishment of a breeding colony from imported animals, the present use of baboons as research models, and the predicted availability and use of these animals were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207053", "title": "Reproductive, gestational, and newborn physiology of the chimpanzee.", "content": "The Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center has successfully bred chimpanzees since 1930. Breeding statistics for the last 6 yr and problems of fetal waste and infant mortality are presented here. Experience with a potential advantages of semi-free-ranging breeding systems are presented. This 6-yr study period also produced considerable information on gestational and newborn physiology.", "contents": "Reproductive, gestational, and newborn physiology of the chimpanzee. The Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center has successfully bred chimpanzees since 1930. Breeding statistics for the last 6 yr and problems of fetal waste and infant mortality are presented here. Experience with a potential advantages of semi-free-ranging breeding systems are presented. This 6-yr study period also produced considerable information on gestational and newborn physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:1207094", "title": "The distribution of perceptual cues in English prevocalic fricatives.", "content": "Two experiments involving deletion of selected segments of syllables were undertaken to investigate the distribution of perceptual cues and the role of right-to-left coarticulation in fricative vowel monosyllables. From 12 original syllables (/f, theta, s, integral/ in combination with /i, u, a/), manipulations were made so that a group of listeners were exposed to transitionless syllables and isolated segments of syllables. Consonant and vowel recognition scores under these conditions showed that right-to-left coarticulation effects are perceptible, but do not contribute to consonant identification. The vocalic effects shown for many monosyllables were consistent with a normalization hypothesis. In agreement with previous literature, spectral cues in frication determine /s, integral/ recognition. These cues also contribute to the identification of many /f/ and /theta/ syllables.", "contents": "The distribution of perceptual cues in English prevocalic fricatives. Two experiments involving deletion of selected segments of syllables were undertaken to investigate the distribution of perceptual cues and the role of right-to-left coarticulation in fricative vowel monosyllables. From 12 original syllables (/f, theta, s, integral/ in combination with /i, u, a/), manipulations were made so that a group of listeners were exposed to transitionless syllables and isolated segments of syllables. Consonant and vowel recognition scores under these conditions showed that right-to-left coarticulation effects are perceptible, but do not contribute to consonant identification. The vocalic effects shown for many monosyllables were consistent with a normalization hypothesis. In agreement with previous literature, spectral cues in frication determine /s, integral/ recognition. These cues also contribute to the identification of many /f/ and /theta/ syllables."}
{"id": "PMID:1207095", "title": "Contextual variables related to inconsistent /s/ and /z/ production in the spontaneous speech of children.", "content": "The relationship between phonetic context and inconsistent productions of /s/ and /z/ in the spontaneous speech of three approximately three-year-old children was investigated using a nonlexically constrained segmentation, the VCnV syllable. Cn represents any number of consonants occurring between two vowels. The results indicate that of the speech segments surrounding /s/ and /z/ only the identity of consonants following these segments was significantly related to the accuracy of /s/ and /z/ production. The implications of the data for models of speech production are discussed.", "contents": "Contextual variables related to inconsistent /s/ and /z/ production in the spontaneous speech of children. The relationship between phonetic context and inconsistent productions of /s/ and /z/ in the spontaneous speech of three approximately three-year-old children was investigated using a nonlexically constrained segmentation, the VCnV syllable. Cn represents any number of consonants occurring between two vowels. The results indicate that of the speech segments surrounding /s/ and /z/ only the identity of consonants following these segments was significantly related to the accuracy of /s/ and /z/ production. The implications of the data for models of speech production are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207096", "title": "Neuropsychologic function of children with severe hearing impairment.", "content": "A neuropsychologic and medical study was carried out on a selected sample of 34 hearing-impaired children aged seven to 10 years at the onset of the study. In 16 children the cause of the hearing loss was thought to be exogenous. Eight of these had evidence for organic brain dysfunction. Nine children were thought to have genetic etiologies, and in nine no cause could be determined (sporadic hearing loss). Medical examination revealed several unsuspected abnormalities, particularly visual ones. Motor and visual motor deficits were frequent among hearing-impaired children with brain damage. The Performance Scale of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, as well as the Paper Folding item of the Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude appeared sensitive to the presence of brain damage. The mean score for the WISC Performance Scale fell within the average range for hearing children, supporting previous findings of cognitive competence of the deaf. In this sample, Hiskey-Nebraska scores tended to be lower than WISC scores. Reasons for this discrepancy were suggested and did not appear to be accounted for by brain damage. Deficits in items requiring visual memory, sequencing, and categorization were relatively prevalent but showed no etiologic predilection. They were thought to be related to the consequence of hearing loss rather than to brain damage. Difficulty with stereognosis highlighted the problem of deciding why a hearing-impaired child might fail a particular task. This difficulty suggested that failure might not indicate a deficit in the function the task was designed to measure, but rather, reliance on an inefficient strategy for success.", "contents": "Neuropsychologic function of children with severe hearing impairment. A neuropsychologic and medical study was carried out on a selected sample of 34 hearing-impaired children aged seven to 10 years at the onset of the study. In 16 children the cause of the hearing loss was thought to be exogenous. Eight of these had evidence for organic brain dysfunction. Nine children were thought to have genetic etiologies, and in nine no cause could be determined (sporadic hearing loss). Medical examination revealed several unsuspected abnormalities, particularly visual ones. Motor and visual motor deficits were frequent among hearing-impaired children with brain damage. The Performance Scale of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, as well as the Paper Folding item of the Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude appeared sensitive to the presence of brain damage. The mean score for the WISC Performance Scale fell within the average range for hearing children, supporting previous findings of cognitive competence of the deaf. In this sample, Hiskey-Nebraska scores tended to be lower than WISC scores. Reasons for this discrepancy were suggested and did not appear to be accounted for by brain damage. Deficits in items requiring visual memory, sequencing, and categorization were relatively prevalent but showed no etiologic predilection. They were thought to be related to the consequence of hearing loss rather than to brain damage. Difficulty with stereognosis highlighted the problem of deciding why a hearing-impaired child might fail a particular task. This difficulty suggested that failure might not indicate a deficit in the function the task was designed to measure, but rather, reliance on an inefficient strategy for success."}
{"id": "PMID:1207097", "title": "Self and mutual speech comprehension by deviant- and normal-speaking children.", "content": "This study was conducted to determine whether deviant-speaking children can understand their own speech productions when these productions are presented to them from an external source (tape recorder). Two groups of children with normal and deviant speech attempted to comprehend their own and one another's recorded repetitions of two matched lists of imperative sentences. Although there was a significant main effect for comprehension of high- and low-intelligibility sentences, a significant main effect for the groups' comprehension performances was not found. The results suggested that the deviant-speaking children were perceptually oriented to the standard code of the speech community rather than to their own deviant speech codes. Deficits in speech production are discussed in terms of a reduction theory of telegraphic speech. Deviant-speaking children may reduce complexity of speech output through the application of phonetic reduction rules.", "contents": "Self and mutual speech comprehension by deviant- and normal-speaking children. This study was conducted to determine whether deviant-speaking children can understand their own speech productions when these productions are presented to them from an external source (tape recorder). Two groups of children with normal and deviant speech attempted to comprehend their own and one another's recorded repetitions of two matched lists of imperative sentences. Although there was a significant main effect for comprehension of high- and low-intelligibility sentences, a significant main effect for the groups' comprehension performances was not found. The results suggested that the deviant-speaking children were perceptually oriented to the standard code of the speech community rather than to their own deviant speech codes. Deficits in speech production are discussed in terms of a reduction theory of telegraphic speech. Deviant-speaking children may reduce complexity of speech output through the application of phonetic reduction rules."}
{"id": "PMID:1207098", "title": "Localization of two noise sources overlapping in time.", "content": "The accuracy of localization of two independent, wide-band noise sources, overlapping in time, was measured. Subjects given preliminary practice had little difficulty in localizing when sources separated by 55 degrees were located in front of them or in back of them, with one source 10 degrees from the midline. But when sources were at the side of the subject, perception that there were two sources present tended to improve significantly as time between onset of the sounds was increased to 100 msec. Once a sound was perceived to be present, it was localized with fairly high accuracy.", "contents": "Localization of two noise sources overlapping in time. The accuracy of localization of two independent, wide-band noise sources, overlapping in time, was measured. Subjects given preliminary practice had little difficulty in localizing when sources separated by 55 degrees were located in front of them or in back of them, with one source 10 degrees from the midline. But when sources were at the side of the subject, perception that there were two sources present tended to improve significantly as time between onset of the sounds was increased to 100 msec. Once a sound was perceived to be present, it was localized with fairly high accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:1207099", "title": "Reduction of stuttering frequency using analog electromyographic feedback.", "content": "Three stutterers were taught to reduce resting muscle activity by using analog electromyographic feedback from four sites over different muscle groups. They were then trained to reduce muscle activity prior to uttering selected sentences. A functional analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the decrease in stuttering frequency on initial phonemes and the reduction of electrical activity at each muscle site. Subjects demonstrated different responses to training. One subject's greatest decrease in stuttering frequency was associated with muscle activity training at a lip site. A second subject's greatest decrease in stuttering was associated with training at a laryngeal site. A third subject's greatest decreases in stuttering were with both lip and laryngeal site training. Following these demonstrations that stuttering could be controlled with electromyographic feedback, a practical management program was designed for a fourth stutterer. Feedback training to reduce electromyographic activity when paired with speech resulted in elimination of stuttering in two monitored situations, conversations and telephone calls. Probes indicated the stuttering continued to be markedly reduced in all situations nine months after treatment.", "contents": "Reduction of stuttering frequency using analog electromyographic feedback. Three stutterers were taught to reduce resting muscle activity by using analog electromyographic feedback from four sites over different muscle groups. They were then trained to reduce muscle activity prior to uttering selected sentences. A functional analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the decrease in stuttering frequency on initial phonemes and the reduction of electrical activity at each muscle site. Subjects demonstrated different responses to training. One subject's greatest decrease in stuttering frequency was associated with muscle activity training at a lip site. A second subject's greatest decrease in stuttering was associated with training at a laryngeal site. A third subject's greatest decreases in stuttering were with both lip and laryngeal site training. Following these demonstrations that stuttering could be controlled with electromyographic feedback, a practical management program was designed for a fourth stutterer. Feedback training to reduce electromyographic activity when paired with speech resulted in elimination of stuttering in two monitored situations, conversations and telephone calls. Probes indicated the stuttering continued to be markedly reduced in all situations nine months after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1207100", "title": "Voice onset time, frication, and aspiration in word-initial consonant clusters.", "content": "The voice onset time (VOT) and the duration of the burst of frication noise at the release of a plosive consonant were measured from spectrograms of word-initial consonant clusters. Mean data from three speakers reading English words in a sentence frame indicated that the VOT changed as a function of the place of articulation of the plosive and as a function of the identity of the following vowel or sonorant consonant. Burst durations varied in a similar way such that the remaining interval of aspiration in /p, t, k/ was nearly the same duration in comparable phonetic environments. The VOT was longer before sonorants and high vowels than before mid- and low vowels. Aspiration was also seen in an /s/-sonorant cluster. To explain these regularities, production strategies and perceptual cues to a voicing decision for English plosives are considered. Variations in VOT are explained in terms of articulatory mechanisms, perceptual constraints, and phonological rules. Some VOT data obtained from a connected discourse were also analyzed and organized into a set of rules for predicting voice onset time in any sentence context.", "contents": "Voice onset time, frication, and aspiration in word-initial consonant clusters. The voice onset time (VOT) and the duration of the burst of frication noise at the release of a plosive consonant were measured from spectrograms of word-initial consonant clusters. Mean data from three speakers reading English words in a sentence frame indicated that the VOT changed as a function of the place of articulation of the plosive and as a function of the identity of the following vowel or sonorant consonant. Burst durations varied in a similar way such that the remaining interval of aspiration in /p, t, k/ was nearly the same duration in comparable phonetic environments. The VOT was longer before sonorants and high vowels than before mid- and low vowels. Aspiration was also seen in an /s/-sonorant cluster. To explain these regularities, production strategies and perceptual cues to a voicing decision for English plosives are considered. Variations in VOT are explained in terms of articulatory mechanisms, perceptual constraints, and phonological rules. Some VOT data obtained from a connected discourse were also analyzed and organized into a set of rules for predicting voice onset time in any sentence context."}
{"id": "PMID:1207101", "title": "Vertical laryngeal position during continuous and discrete vocal frequency change.", "content": "Six young adult male subjects produced sustained phonation throughout their vocal frequency ranges: first, in a glissando or continuous frequency change maneuver, and second, in discrete intervals at separate trials. Measures of intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscle activity and vertical laryngeal position were related to voice fundamental frequency in the two conditions. Each subject consistently positioned his larynx at a resting level when he was instructed to relax or when he was not performing experimental tasks. All larynx positions during experimental tasks were measured as deviations from this resting level. Subjects showed a close correspondence between their vertical laryngeal positions and voice frequencies--more so for the glissando maneuver than for changes in discrete frequency tasks. In general, subjects lowered their larynges from the resting position for low-frequency phonation and raised their larynges for higher fundamental frequencies. Absolute larynx position for the same frequency was quite varied both within and between subjects. Vertical laryngeal position during phonation most often was directly related to the activity of the thyrohyoid and sternothyroid muscles. Neither vertical laryngeal movement nor intrinsic laryngeal activity showed any pattern of relationship to changes between modal and falsetto voice registers.", "contents": "Vertical laryngeal position during continuous and discrete vocal frequency change. Six young adult male subjects produced sustained phonation throughout their vocal frequency ranges: first, in a glissando or continuous frequency change maneuver, and second, in discrete intervals at separate trials. Measures of intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscle activity and vertical laryngeal position were related to voice fundamental frequency in the two conditions. Each subject consistently positioned his larynx at a resting level when he was instructed to relax or when he was not performing experimental tasks. All larynx positions during experimental tasks were measured as deviations from this resting level. Subjects showed a close correspondence between their vertical laryngeal positions and voice frequencies--more so for the glissando maneuver than for changes in discrete frequency tasks. In general, subjects lowered their larynges from the resting position for low-frequency phonation and raised their larynges for higher fundamental frequencies. Absolute larynx position for the same frequency was quite varied both within and between subjects. Vertical laryngeal position during phonation most often was directly related to the activity of the thyrohyoid and sternothyroid muscles. Neither vertical laryngeal movement nor intrinsic laryngeal activity showed any pattern of relationship to changes between modal and falsetto voice registers."}
{"id": "PMID:1207102", "title": "The effect of combining low- and high-frequency passbands on consonant recognition in the hearing impaired.", "content": "A comparison was made of the effect on consonant-recognition scores when a low-frequency passband and a high-frequency passband were presented to either the same ear or opposite ears of hearing-impaired subjects. The Fairbanks Rhyme Test was filtered into two bands-240-480 Hz (low band) and 1020-2040 Hz (high band). The high band was presented at 10 dB re threshold at 1500 Hz to the better ear of six subjects with moderate to severe sensorineural hearing losses. The low band was presented to the same (ear receiving high band) or the opposite ear at levels of 10, 30, or 50 dB SL re threshold at 360 Hz in that ear. When the low band and high band were added to the same ear, there was little change in the consonant-recognition score, but, when presented to opposite ears, there was a significant increase in the score, at each of the three sensation levels.", "contents": "The effect of combining low- and high-frequency passbands on consonant recognition in the hearing impaired. A comparison was made of the effect on consonant-recognition scores when a low-frequency passband and a high-frequency passband were presented to either the same ear or opposite ears of hearing-impaired subjects. The Fairbanks Rhyme Test was filtered into two bands-240-480 Hz (low band) and 1020-2040 Hz (high band). The high band was presented at 10 dB re threshold at 1500 Hz to the better ear of six subjects with moderate to severe sensorineural hearing losses. The low band was presented to the same (ear receiving high band) or the opposite ear at levels of 10, 30, or 50 dB SL re threshold at 360 Hz in that ear. When the low band and high band were added to the same ear, there was little change in the consonant-recognition score, but, when presented to opposite ears, there was a significant increase in the score, at each of the three sensation levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1207103", "title": "Comparison of glottal area changes as measured from ultrahigh-speed photographs and photoelectric glottographs.", "content": "To determine the relationship of information on glottal area function provided by deviations sensed by the photoelectric glottograph to that derived from a frame-by-frame analysis of ultrahigh-speed photographic film, simultaneous photographic and glottographic recordings were obtained from five subjects. From the investigation, the following results were obtained: (1) the measurements of the light deviations sensed by the photoelectric glottograph during laryngeal vibrations produced curves that approximated those developed from photographic film frame-by-frame measurements of the visual image in vocal fry, modal, and falsetto voice registers, and (2) the Fourier coefficients of the compared data indicated that there was no significant difference between the curves.", "contents": "Comparison of glottal area changes as measured from ultrahigh-speed photographs and photoelectric glottographs. To determine the relationship of information on glottal area function provided by deviations sensed by the photoelectric glottograph to that derived from a frame-by-frame analysis of ultrahigh-speed photographic film, simultaneous photographic and glottographic recordings were obtained from five subjects. From the investigation, the following results were obtained: (1) the measurements of the light deviations sensed by the photoelectric glottograph during laryngeal vibrations produced curves that approximated those developed from photographic film frame-by-frame measurements of the visual image in vocal fry, modal, and falsetto voice registers, and (2) the Fourier coefficients of the compared data indicated that there was no significant difference between the curves."}
{"id": "PMID:1207104", "title": "Rhythm and syllable timing in phrase level stress patterning.", "content": "The rhythm of syllables in repetitions of a phrase was measured with a finger-tapping task. These rhythm measurements were shown to vary with phrase level stress patterning. However, this relationship was not invariant. Acoustic measurements of the time between syllables showed stress pattern relationships similar to those observed in the rhythm-tapping task. The temporal differences between stress patterns appear to be (1) evident even when acoustic measurements exclude syllable duration, (2) significant even at a fast speaking rate, and (3) variable between speakers.", "contents": "Rhythm and syllable timing in phrase level stress patterning. The rhythm of syllables in repetitions of a phrase was measured with a finger-tapping task. These rhythm measurements were shown to vary with phrase level stress patterning. However, this relationship was not invariant. Acoustic measurements of the time between syllables showed stress pattern relationships similar to those observed in the rhythm-tapping task. The temporal differences between stress patterns appear to be (1) evident even when acoustic measurements exclude syllable duration, (2) significant even at a fast speaking rate, and (3) variable between speakers."}
{"id": "PMID:1207105", "title": "A comparison of pure-tone thresholds as measured by delayed feedback audiometry, electrodermal response audiometry, and voluntary response audiometry.", "content": "One hundred unselected patients seen for medical-legal evaluation were tested for pure-tone thresholds by delayed feedback audiometry (DFA), electrodermal response audiometry (EDRA), and voluntary response audiometry (VRA). The EDRA method was successful in 73% of the patients while the DFA method was successful in 88% of the patients. Eighty-six percent of the DFA thresholds obtained were within 10 dB of the patients' VRA thresholds. When both DFA and EDRA were successful, 88% of the DFA thresholds were within 10 dB of the EDRA thresholds. Ninety-six percent of the EDRA thresholds obtained were within 10 dB of the patients' VRA thresholds. Although DFA is not as precise in predicting threshold as is EDRA, it is successful in a significantly greater number of patients than is EDRA and is a useful clinical tool in medical-legal evaluation for hearing loss.", "contents": "A comparison of pure-tone thresholds as measured by delayed feedback audiometry, electrodermal response audiometry, and voluntary response audiometry. One hundred unselected patients seen for medical-legal evaluation were tested for pure-tone thresholds by delayed feedback audiometry (DFA), electrodermal response audiometry (EDRA), and voluntary response audiometry (VRA). The EDRA method was successful in 73% of the patients while the DFA method was successful in 88% of the patients. Eighty-six percent of the DFA thresholds obtained were within 10 dB of the patients' VRA thresholds. When both DFA and EDRA were successful, 88% of the DFA thresholds were within 10 dB of the EDRA thresholds. Ninety-six percent of the EDRA thresholds obtained were within 10 dB of the patients' VRA thresholds. Although DFA is not as precise in predicting threshold as is EDRA, it is successful in a significantly greater number of patients than is EDRA and is a useful clinical tool in medical-legal evaluation for hearing loss."}
{"id": "PMID:1207106", "title": "Pronoun assessment: a free speech technique.", "content": "A study of the free speech pronoun usage of 15 normal and 15 language-delayed children showed that it is possible to distinguish between children at five different levels of language development by considering linguistically relevant pronoun properties. The discriminating measure considered the frequency of pronoun types as a percentage of the child's total utterances. It is suggested that eliciting child utterances in a free play situation with the principal caregiver provides a good language sample and has potential as a diagnostic method.", "contents": "Pronoun assessment: a free speech technique. A study of the free speech pronoun usage of 15 normal and 15 language-delayed children showed that it is possible to distinguish between children at five different levels of language development by considering linguistically relevant pronoun properties. The discriminating measure considered the frequency of pronoun types as a percentage of the child's total utterances. It is suggested that eliciting child utterances in a free play situation with the principal caregiver provides a good language sample and has potential as a diagnostic method."}
{"id": "PMID:1207107", "title": "Identification and discrimination of vowel-consonant syllables in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "The speech encoding ability of eight persons with sensorineural hearing loss and three persons with normal hearing was studied in identification and discrimination paradigms. In the identification task a feature analysis of transmitted information for VC syllables was used to study encoding ability. Transmitted information was reduced from normal for persons with hearing loss, indicating a loss of ability to encode consonants. In the discrimination task coding ability was studied by measuring reaction times (RTs) for \"same\" and \"different\" decisions. The RSs for individuals with impaired hearing were found to be significantly different from those subjects with normal hearing. The trend was for faster \"same\" than \"different\" RTs among the normal subjects and faster \"different\" than \"same\" RTs among the hearing-impaired persons. The results are interpreted as indicating that the two groups of subjects used different processing modes in discriminating between pairs of phonemes.", "contents": "Identification and discrimination of vowel-consonant syllables in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. The speech encoding ability of eight persons with sensorineural hearing loss and three persons with normal hearing was studied in identification and discrimination paradigms. In the identification task a feature analysis of transmitted information for VC syllables was used to study encoding ability. Transmitted information was reduced from normal for persons with hearing loss, indicating a loss of ability to encode consonants. In the discrimination task coding ability was studied by measuring reaction times (RTs) for \"same\" and \"different\" decisions. The RSs for individuals with impaired hearing were found to be significantly different from those subjects with normal hearing. The trend was for faster \"same\" than \"different\" RTs among the normal subjects and faster \"different\" than \"same\" RTs among the hearing-impaired persons. The results are interpreted as indicating that the two groups of subjects used different processing modes in discriminating between pairs of phonemes."}
{"id": "PMID:1207108", "title": "Residual hearing and speech production in deaf children.", "content": "Residual hearing, phoneme recognition, speech production errors, and selected background variables were examined in 40 congenitally deaf children of normal intelligence who had no apparent anomalies other than deafness, in an effort to identify factors most closely associated with speech intelligibility. Mean intelligibility of the recorded speech of the children, to inexperienced listerners, was 18.7%, corresponding closely with results of previous studies. Scores on the total and some portions of the phoneme recognition test showed significant correlations with both phoneme production and speech intelligibility. The correlation between phoneme production errors and intelligibility was -0.80. A sizable proportion of the dispersion could be accounted for by certain prosodic errors, such as those resulting from improper phonatory control. Errors of place of articulation and voicing remained in essentially the same proportion for all speakers. Errors of manner and combined place and manner of articulation showed a slight systematic decrease from the poorest to the best speakers. Omissions decreased sharply, but not systematically. Vowel errors showed the most marked and systematic decrease as intelligibility improved. Children of deaf parents were poorer in phoneme recognition and in speech intelligibility than children with comparable residual hearing but with hearing parents.", "contents": "Residual hearing and speech production in deaf children. Residual hearing, phoneme recognition, speech production errors, and selected background variables were examined in 40 congenitally deaf children of normal intelligence who had no apparent anomalies other than deafness, in an effort to identify factors most closely associated with speech intelligibility. Mean intelligibility of the recorded speech of the children, to inexperienced listerners, was 18.7%, corresponding closely with results of previous studies. Scores on the total and some portions of the phoneme recognition test showed significant correlations with both phoneme production and speech intelligibility. The correlation between phoneme production errors and intelligibility was -0.80. A sizable proportion of the dispersion could be accounted for by certain prosodic errors, such as those resulting from improper phonatory control. Errors of place of articulation and voicing remained in essentially the same proportion for all speakers. Errors of manner and combined place and manner of articulation showed a slight systematic decrease from the poorest to the best speakers. Omissions decreased sharply, but not systematically. Vowel errors showed the most marked and systematic decrease as intelligibility improved. Children of deaf parents were poorer in phoneme recognition and in speech intelligibility than children with comparable residual hearing but with hearing parents."}
{"id": "PMID:1207109", "title": "Dynamic palatometry.", "content": "A computer-based instrumental system is described for continuous palatometry. Thin pseudopalatal plates (approximately 0.2 mm) with embedded electrodes are used to detect linguapalatal contact during speech articulation. Geometric configurations of such contacts are then derived and displayed to reveal articulatory characteristics.", "contents": "Dynamic palatometry. A computer-based instrumental system is described for continuous palatometry. Thin pseudopalatal plates (approximately 0.2 mm) with embedded electrodes are used to detect linguapalatal contact during speech articulation. Geometric configurations of such contacts are then derived and displayed to reveal articulatory characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:1207110", "title": "Cardiovascular fitness in a selected group of dentists.", "content": "Thirty-three dentists were studied as part of an exercise rehabilitation clinic in order to evaluate their cardiovascular capacity and coronary prone risk factors. Measurements were made of their physical work capacity, predicted maximal oxygen uptake, fatness, serum lipids and uric acid levels, pulmonary peak flow rates and personality Type A or B. The group as a whole exhibited a moderately high level of fitness and a very active life style which probably reflected their presence at a clinic of this type. Cardiovascular fitness varibles increased with age. This increase may be due to a need and desire on the part of the dentists to maintain their physical fitness as they become older. This need for improved self image may also be a factor in their joining an exercise rehabilitation clinic.", "contents": "Cardiovascular fitness in a selected group of dentists. Thirty-three dentists were studied as part of an exercise rehabilitation clinic in order to evaluate their cardiovascular capacity and coronary prone risk factors. Measurements were made of their physical work capacity, predicted maximal oxygen uptake, fatness, serum lipids and uric acid levels, pulmonary peak flow rates and personality Type A or B. The group as a whole exhibited a moderately high level of fitness and a very active life style which probably reflected their presence at a clinic of this type. Cardiovascular fitness varibles increased with age. This increase may be due to a need and desire on the part of the dentists to maintain their physical fitness as they become older. This need for improved self image may also be a factor in their joining an exercise rehabilitation clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:1207113", "title": "Investigation into hamstring strains: the case of the hybrid muscle.", "content": "Past research on hamstring strains indicated an imbalance in leg strength as a cause of hamstring strains. No theory has been put forth to explain why the strength imbalance would cause strain. Investigation on cadavers of the muscular attachment of the short head of the biceps femoris indicated the varied attachment of this muscle to the linea aspera. It is theorized that an extensive attachment to the linea aspara and a strength imbalance would cause hamstring strains.", "contents": "Investigation into hamstring strains: the case of the hybrid muscle. Past research on hamstring strains indicated an imbalance in leg strength as a cause of hamstring strains. No theory has been put forth to explain why the strength imbalance would cause strain. Investigation on cadavers of the muscular attachment of the short head of the biceps femoris indicated the varied attachment of this muscle to the linea aspera. It is theorized that an extensive attachment to the linea aspara and a strength imbalance would cause hamstring strains."}
{"id": "PMID:1207183", "title": "Transovarial transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes: a review.", "content": "One interesting aspect of mosquito-borne arboviruses is their endemic persistence, espeically during adverse climatic conditions in the temperate zones. The hypothesis that transovarial transmission of alpha- and flaviviruses by their respective mosquito vectors could serve as an overwintering mechanism has been proposed; however, experimental data in support of this hypothesis are not very convincing. Recently, some of the California encephalitis group arboviruses have been shown to be transmitted transovarially by Aedes species mosquitoes, and studies indicate that this mechanism contributes to the natural maintenance cycle of these viruses. Finally, consideration is given to the possibility that transovarial transmission may be unique to the California encephalitis group arboviruses and may be related to their association with a vector that overwinters in the egg stage of its life cycle.", "contents": "Transovarial transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes: a review. One interesting aspect of mosquito-borne arboviruses is their endemic persistence, espeically during adverse climatic conditions in the temperate zones. The hypothesis that transovarial transmission of alpha- and flaviviruses by their respective mosquito vectors could serve as an overwintering mechanism has been proposed; however, experimental data in support of this hypothesis are not very convincing. Recently, some of the California encephalitis group arboviruses have been shown to be transmitted transovarially by Aedes species mosquitoes, and studies indicate that this mechanism contributes to the natural maintenance cycle of these viruses. Finally, consideration is given to the possibility that transovarial transmission may be unique to the California encephalitis group arboviruses and may be related to their association with a vector that overwinters in the egg stage of its life cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:1207184", "title": "Mosquito-borne viruses in Finland.", "content": "Inkoo virus, the Finnish representative of the California group, was isolated from a pool of Aedes communis/punctor. It is distinguishable from Tahyna, California encephalitis, Trivittatus and Melao viruses, but seems to be antigenically related to the Jamestown Canyon virus. The prevalence of Inkoo antibodies increases towards the north in both human beings (16% to 69%) and cows (37% to 88%). Inkoo antibodies are common also in other mammals of large size (reindeer, moose, foxes), less frequent in snow hares, rare in hazel grouse and not detected in other birds and small mammals. Some show hare serum samples react with Inkoo virus only in the hemmaglutination inhibition test suggesting the existence of another California group virus in Finland. In addition, antibodies against some other mosquito-borne viruses have been found in Finland. A Batai virus epizootic among cows may have occured in the early 1960's in southern coastal Finland, and some serological data point to the existence of alphaviruses in Finland. The overwintering mechanism of the Finnish mosquito-borne viruses is still unsolved.", "contents": "Mosquito-borne viruses in Finland. Inkoo virus, the Finnish representative of the California group, was isolated from a pool of Aedes communis/punctor. It is distinguishable from Tahyna, California encephalitis, Trivittatus and Melao viruses, but seems to be antigenically related to the Jamestown Canyon virus. The prevalence of Inkoo antibodies increases towards the north in both human beings (16% to 69%) and cows (37% to 88%). Inkoo antibodies are common also in other mammals of large size (reindeer, moose, foxes), less frequent in snow hares, rare in hazel grouse and not detected in other birds and small mammals. Some show hare serum samples react with Inkoo virus only in the hemmaglutination inhibition test suggesting the existence of another California group virus in Finland. In addition, antibodies against some other mosquito-borne viruses have been found in Finland. A Batai virus epizootic among cows may have occured in the early 1960's in southern coastal Finland, and some serological data point to the existence of alphaviruses in Finland. The overwintering mechanism of the Finnish mosquito-borne viruses is still unsolved."}
{"id": "PMID:1207186", "title": "Ecology of tick-borne viruses in colonies of birds in the USSR.", "content": "During 1969--1974, 66,000 argasid and ixodid ticks from bird colonies in different parts of the USSR were studied. 247 strains of 8 different viruses were isolated. West Nile, Baku and Caspiy viruses were found from argasid ticks in the Caucasus and Middle Asia whereas ixodid ticks from seabird colonies in the North of the Far East and in the European part of the country yielded Tyuleniy, Zaliv Terpenya, Okhotskiy, Sakhalin and Paramushir viruses. The implications of the findings in the ecology of arboviruses is discussed.", "contents": "Ecology of tick-borne viruses in colonies of birds in the USSR. During 1969--1974, 66,000 argasid and ixodid ticks from bird colonies in different parts of the USSR were studied. 247 strains of 8 different viruses were isolated. West Nile, Baku and Caspiy viruses were found from argasid ticks in the Caucasus and Middle Asia whereas ixodid ticks from seabird colonies in the North of the Far East and in the European part of the country yielded Tyuleniy, Zaliv Terpenya, Okhotskiy, Sakhalin and Paramushir viruses. The implications of the findings in the ecology of arboviruses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207187", "title": "The damaging action of cellular immunity in flavivirus infections of mice.", "content": "The development of acute infections caused by different flaviviruses was studied in immunosuppressed inbred and non-inbred mice. Cyclophosphamide treatment of challenged animals resulted in an increase of the mean survival time by 24--144 hours in some but not all virus-mouse strain combinations. The transient protective action of cyclophosphamide was not due to suppression of the reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) or dengue 2 (D2) virus in the brains of mice. In TBE or D2 infections of immunosuppressed mice the clinical signs of central nervous system lesions seemed to be associated with the development of cellular immunity measured by the splenobyte migration inhibition test. The transfer of sensitized splenocytes in immunosuppressed animals, challenged with TBE or D2 virus, shortened the incubation period. These results suggest that cellular immunity may have a damaging effect in acute flavivirus infections in mice, and also that the immunopathological response varies considerably in different strains of inbred mice.", "contents": "The damaging action of cellular immunity in flavivirus infections of mice. The development of acute infections caused by different flaviviruses was studied in immunosuppressed inbred and non-inbred mice. Cyclophosphamide treatment of challenged animals resulted in an increase of the mean survival time by 24--144 hours in some but not all virus-mouse strain combinations. The transient protective action of cyclophosphamide was not due to suppression of the reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) or dengue 2 (D2) virus in the brains of mice. In TBE or D2 infections of immunosuppressed mice the clinical signs of central nervous system lesions seemed to be associated with the development of cellular immunity measured by the splenobyte migration inhibition test. The transfer of sensitized splenocytes in immunosuppressed animals, challenged with TBE or D2 virus, shortened the incubation period. These results suggest that cellular immunity may have a damaging effect in acute flavivirus infections in mice, and also that the immunopathological response varies considerably in different strains of inbred mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1207188", "title": "Interference with the glycosylation of Semliki Forest virus proteins.", "content": "It has been shown that under defined conditions the multiplication of SFV can be inhibited by specific interference with the production of viral glycoproteins. These conditions are: a) Either 0.2 mM dGlc or 2 mM glucosamine in glucose-containing medium, b) lack of any sugar or energy source in the culture medium, c) pyruvate as energy source, late in the infectious cycle. Under these conditions underglycosylated glycoproteins occur, which cannot be used to form physical or infectious particles. It is not yet clear whether the appearance of a heterogeneous population of molecules in the molecular weight range between 50 and 63,000 is due exclusively to different lengths of the carbohydrate side chains, or also due to wrong splitting or partial degradation of the precursor molecules by cellular proteases. Glucosamine seems to act via the accumulation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (or a derivative of it), while dGlc is metabolized along the pathway of mannose and acts mainly as an antimetabolite of mannose.", "contents": "Interference with the glycosylation of Semliki Forest virus proteins. It has been shown that under defined conditions the multiplication of SFV can be inhibited by specific interference with the production of viral glycoproteins. These conditions are: a) Either 0.2 mM dGlc or 2 mM glucosamine in glucose-containing medium, b) lack of any sugar or energy source in the culture medium, c) pyruvate as energy source, late in the infectious cycle. Under these conditions underglycosylated glycoproteins occur, which cannot be used to form physical or infectious particles. It is not yet clear whether the appearance of a heterogeneous population of molecules in the molecular weight range between 50 and 63,000 is due exclusively to different lengths of the carbohydrate side chains, or also due to wrong splitting or partial degradation of the precursor molecules by cellular proteases. Glucosamine seems to act via the accumulation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (or a derivative of it), while dGlc is metabolized along the pathway of mannose and acts mainly as an antimetabolite of mannose."}
{"id": "PMID:1207189", "title": "Defective particles in alphavirus infections.", "content": "This article summarizes our studies with defective-interfering particles of Sindbis virus obtained by high multiplicity passaging of the virus in BHK cells. Cells infected with these defective passages accumulate a species of RNA (20S) at the expense of 26S RNA--the mRNA coding for the viral structural proteins. Although the structure of the RNA in defective particles remains undefined, our studies of replicative forms and replicative intermediates suggest that it is larger than the intracellular 20S RNA. The defective particles are unable to synthesize detectable amounts of viral structural proteins when they infect a cell in the absence of standard virus and they do not contribute to the stimulation of intracellular viral RNA synthesis. We have proposed a model for the mechanism of interference by these defective particles in which standard and defective RNAs compete for a limited amount of viral-specific replicase.", "contents": "Defective particles in alphavirus infections. This article summarizes our studies with defective-interfering particles of Sindbis virus obtained by high multiplicity passaging of the virus in BHK cells. Cells infected with these defective passages accumulate a species of RNA (20S) at the expense of 26S RNA--the mRNA coding for the viral structural proteins. Although the structure of the RNA in defective particles remains undefined, our studies of replicative forms and replicative intermediates suggest that it is larger than the intracellular 20S RNA. The defective particles are unable to synthesize detectable amounts of viral structural proteins when they infect a cell in the absence of standard virus and they do not contribute to the stimulation of intracellular viral RNA synthesis. We have proposed a model for the mechanism of interference by these defective particles in which standard and defective RNAs compete for a limited amount of viral-specific replicase."}
{"id": "PMID:1207192", "title": "Polysomes and initiation complexes in vitro induced by Semliki Forest virus 42S and 26S RNA.", "content": "Semliki Forest virus 42S and 26S RNA induce the formation of polysomes when translated in vitro in cell-free systems. After analysis on sucrose gradients the polysomal structures, containing prelabelled RNA and nascent peptide chains labelled with [35S]methionine, had sedimentation values from 100 to 200S in the case of 26S RNA and from 150 to over 250S with 42S RNA. After incubation in the presence of inhibitors of elongation 26S RNA was found in initiation complexes sedimenting at about 80S. Under identical conditions 42S RNA had a heterogenous sedimentation pattern, being attached to complexes sedimenting even faster than 250S. These structures, however, fulfilled the criteria of initiation complexes suggesting that there were more than one ribosome attached to each 42S RNA under conditions where 26S RNA bound only one.", "contents": "Polysomes and initiation complexes in vitro induced by Semliki Forest virus 42S and 26S RNA. Semliki Forest virus 42S and 26S RNA induce the formation of polysomes when translated in vitro in cell-free systems. After analysis on sucrose gradients the polysomal structures, containing prelabelled RNA and nascent peptide chains labelled with [35S]methionine, had sedimentation values from 100 to 200S in the case of 26S RNA and from 150 to over 250S with 42S RNA. After incubation in the presence of inhibitors of elongation 26S RNA was found in initiation complexes sedimenting at about 80S. Under identical conditions 42S RNA had a heterogenous sedimentation pattern, being attached to complexes sedimenting even faster than 250S. These structures, however, fulfilled the criteria of initiation complexes suggesting that there were more than one ribosome attached to each 42S RNA under conditions where 26S RNA bound only one."}
{"id": "PMID:1207193", "title": "The basis of arbovirus classification.", "content": "The biologically defined set of arboviruses contains well over 300 separate viruses which have been subdivided into some 40 serological groups on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity. More than three quarters of all arboviruses can now bw placed into one of the following five major taxonomic genera based upon the fundamental properties of the virion: alphavirus, flavivirus, orbivirus, rhadovirus, bunyavirus. There are 20 alphaviruses, representing serological Group A, and 57 flaviviruses in serological Group B; these two genera fall into the familty Togaviridae. The 40 orbiviruses, in the family Reoviridae, include some 8 serological groups, and the 8 rhabdoviruses, in the family Rhabdoviridae include another 3 groups. About 160 bunyaviruses, family Bunyaviridae, are divisible into 20 serological groups, 10 of which show intra-group cross-reactions in the Bunyamwera supergroup. One arbovirus contains DNA, namely African swine fever virus; this is classified as an Iridovirus, or icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyvirus. Nodamura virus, which has been classified as a picornavirus, must be reclassified on the evidence that it possesses a divided genome. A number of arboviruses remain unclassified in taxonomic terms. The absence of arbovirus representatives in several major genera, such as the adenoviruses and the myxoviruses is of no interest.", "contents": "The basis of arbovirus classification. The biologically defined set of arboviruses contains well over 300 separate viruses which have been subdivided into some 40 serological groups on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity. More than three quarters of all arboviruses can now bw placed into one of the following five major taxonomic genera based upon the fundamental properties of the virion: alphavirus, flavivirus, orbivirus, rhadovirus, bunyavirus. There are 20 alphaviruses, representing serological Group A, and 57 flaviviruses in serological Group B; these two genera fall into the familty Togaviridae. The 40 orbiviruses, in the family Reoviridae, include some 8 serological groups, and the 8 rhabdoviruses, in the family Rhabdoviridae include another 3 groups. About 160 bunyaviruses, family Bunyaviridae, are divisible into 20 serological groups, 10 of which show intra-group cross-reactions in the Bunyamwera supergroup. One arbovirus contains DNA, namely African swine fever virus; this is classified as an Iridovirus, or icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyvirus. Nodamura virus, which has been classified as a picornavirus, must be reclassified on the evidence that it possesses a divided genome. A number of arboviruses remain unclassified in taxonomic terms. The absence of arbovirus representatives in several major genera, such as the adenoviruses and the myxoviruses is of no interest."}
{"id": "PMID:1207194", "title": "Tick-borne viruses in Norway.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to chart the existence and extent of arboviruses in Norway and provide information on their possible significance. Virus isolations have been attempted from ticks (I. ricinus, I. trianguliceps, I. uriae) and host animal blood from selected locations. Serological screenings have been performed with bird, small mammal, cattle and human blood. Five virus strians have been identified to date. Three of them are related to Uukuniemi virus group. Two identical strains from I. uriae demonstrate the morphology of coronaviruses and no antigenic relationship to major arbovirus groups. Within the distribution areas of I. ricinus, antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus are prevalent in cattle. Antibodies to Uukuniemi viruses are found in passerine birds, small mammals, cattle and man. Antibodies to the coronavirus like agents have been demonstrated in seabirds.", "contents": "Tick-borne viruses in Norway. The purpose of the investigation was to chart the existence and extent of arboviruses in Norway and provide information on their possible significance. Virus isolations have been attempted from ticks (I. ricinus, I. trianguliceps, I. uriae) and host animal blood from selected locations. Serological screenings have been performed with bird, small mammal, cattle and human blood. Five virus strians have been identified to date. Three of them are related to Uukuniemi virus group. Two identical strains from I. uriae demonstrate the morphology of coronaviruses and no antigenic relationship to major arbovirus groups. Within the distribution areas of I. ricinus, antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus are prevalent in cattle. Antibodies to Uukuniemi viruses are found in passerine birds, small mammals, cattle and man. Antibodies to the coronavirus like agents have been demonstrated in seabirds."}
{"id": "PMID:1207222", "title": "[Optimum perfusion pressure, renal resistance and oxygen consumption of kidney in hypothermic pulsating perfusion].", "content": "36 dog kidneys were perfused with different perfusion pressures (between 15 and 60 mm Hg) for 72 hrs and then transplanted. Hypothermic human albumin was the perfusion fluid. Kidneys perfused with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/g/min (21 mm Hg mean perfusion pressure) showed the smallest increase in kidney weight and the best function after transplantation. Renal vascular resistance was independent of the level of the perfusion pressure and renal oxygen consumption was independent of the applied flow rate.", "contents": "[Optimum perfusion pressure, renal resistance and oxygen consumption of kidney in hypothermic pulsating perfusion]. 36 dog kidneys were perfused with different perfusion pressures (between 15 and 60 mm Hg) for 72 hrs and then transplanted. Hypothermic human albumin was the perfusion fluid. Kidneys perfused with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/g/min (21 mm Hg mean perfusion pressure) showed the smallest increase in kidney weight and the best function after transplantation. Renal vascular resistance was independent of the level of the perfusion pressure and renal oxygen consumption was independent of the applied flow rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1207223", "title": "[Effect of pO2 in perfusate on metabolism of preserved dog kidneys].", "content": "In 48 canine kidneys submitted to an ischemia of 2 min duration normal cortical ATP values with a nearly unchanged content of total adenine nucleotides (SAN) were resumed by a five minute gravity perfusion. During the following 24 hours of low flow perfusion at 6 degrees C the extent of preservation of ATP and SAN correlated with the arterial oxygen pressure of the perfusate.", "contents": "[Effect of pO2 in perfusate on metabolism of preserved dog kidneys]. In 48 canine kidneys submitted to an ischemia of 2 min duration normal cortical ATP values with a nearly unchanged content of total adenine nucleotides (SAN) were resumed by a five minute gravity perfusion. During the following 24 hours of low flow perfusion at 6 degrees C the extent of preservation of ATP and SAN correlated with the arterial oxygen pressure of the perfusate."}
{"id": "PMID:1207224", "title": "[Changes in transplantation antigens of the dog due to cerebral ischemia and their demonstration using the cytotoxic test].", "content": "Experiments were performed on 19 mongrel dogs. Changes of transplantation antigens by anesthesia and by brain ischemia were identified in cytotoxic tests. Brain ischemia was responsible for the significant alterations in 5 antigens, anesthesia alone induced significant changes in 3 antigens.", "contents": "[Changes in transplantation antigens of the dog due to cerebral ischemia and their demonstration using the cytotoxic test]. Experiments were performed on 19 mongrel dogs. Changes of transplantation antigens by anesthesia and by brain ischemia were identified in cytotoxic tests. Brain ischemia was responsible for the significant alterations in 5 antigens, anesthesia alone induced significant changes in 3 antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:1207225", "title": "[Treatment of pseudomonas infection following burn injuries with specific antitoxic Ig-therapy].", "content": "The mortality rate of mice after standardized Pseudomonas infection was increased by preinjection of a sublethal dose of burn toxin. This effect was eliminated by a specific antitoxic Ig. After a sublethal burn followed by infection, 60% of the animals died, while treatment with specific Ig reduced the mortality rate to 3.3%. This might be a new way to improve the treatment of severely burned patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of pseudomonas infection following burn injuries with specific antitoxic Ig-therapy]. The mortality rate of mice after standardized Pseudomonas infection was increased by preinjection of a sublethal dose of burn toxin. This effect was eliminated by a specific antitoxic Ig. After a sublethal burn followed by infection, 60% of the animals died, while treatment with specific Ig reduced the mortality rate to 3.3%. This might be a new way to improve the treatment of severely burned patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1207226", "title": "[Experimental use of a q-switched YAQ high-performance laser as a surgical tool].", "content": "A q-switched YAG-laser has been investigated as an \"optical knife\". It was possible to cut rat liver without bleeding but there was no influence of the repetition frequency on the cutting effect. Otherwise, the width of the necrotic zone could be changed evidently more by using the q-switch-technique than by using a cw-laser. First experiments with pig liver showed, that larger vessels can be cut without bleeding by using laser beams as an \"optical tool\".", "contents": "[Experimental use of a q-switched YAQ high-performance laser as a surgical tool]. A q-switched YAG-laser has been investigated as an \"optical knife\". It was possible to cut rat liver without bleeding but there was no influence of the repetition frequency on the cutting effect. Otherwise, the width of the necrotic zone could be changed evidently more by using the q-switch-technique than by using a cw-laser. First experiments with pig liver showed, that larger vessels can be cut without bleeding by using laser beams as an \"optical tool\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1207227", "title": "[Animal experiment studies on the effect of vitamin A on cortisol-induced wound healing disorders].", "content": "In animal experiments on rats we could show that wound healing, inhibited by cortison can be normalized by vitamin A administration. The reason for this behaviour is assumed to be an antagonistic effect of cortison and vit. A via the inflammatory phase on the amount of newly formed collagen. The increase of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 globulin fraction and the decrease of the albumin fraction in the serum caused by vitamin A seems to indicate this fact as well as the pronounced leucocyte depression under cortisol treatment.", "contents": "[Animal experiment studies on the effect of vitamin A on cortisol-induced wound healing disorders]. In animal experiments on rats we could show that wound healing, inhibited by cortison can be normalized by vitamin A administration. The reason for this behaviour is assumed to be an antagonistic effect of cortison and vit. A via the inflammatory phase on the amount of newly formed collagen. The increase of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 globulin fraction and the decrease of the albumin fraction in the serum caused by vitamin A seems to indicate this fact as well as the pronounced leucocyte depression under cortisol treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1207228", "title": "[Lowering of serum bilirubin following experimental ligation of the bile duct. Affinity-chromatography binding of bilirubin to albumin conjugated with agarose].", "content": "Principle and procedure of a new method in the treatment of experimental hyperbilirubinemia for removing protein-bound, not dialyzable substances from blood by extracorporeal hemoperfusion are described. In six out of eight experiments a decrease of serum bilirubin levels between 11 and 36% has been accomplished. Changes in hemograms are reported and correlations between serum bilirubin value, amount bilirubin bound by the agarose beads and bilirubin clearance rate are discussed.", "contents": "[Lowering of serum bilirubin following experimental ligation of the bile duct. Affinity-chromatography binding of bilirubin to albumin conjugated with agarose]. Principle and procedure of a new method in the treatment of experimental hyperbilirubinemia for removing protein-bound, not dialyzable substances from blood by extracorporeal hemoperfusion are described. In six out of eight experiments a decrease of serum bilirubin levels between 11 and 36% has been accomplished. Changes in hemograms are reported and correlations between serum bilirubin value, amount bilirubin bound by the agarose beads and bilirubin clearance rate are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207229", "title": "[Significance of intravascular coagulation and acidosis on increase of pulmonary vascular resistance following trauma and hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "24 anesthetized mongrel dogs are subjected to a standardized trauma followed by a hypotonic hemorrhagic shock. Compared with the control group (n equals 8) prophylactic treatment with heparin in the second group (n equals 8) reduces the rise of pulmonary vascular resistance only insignificantly. The correction of the metabolic acidosis with Tris does not prevent a rise of PVR in third group (n equals 8).", "contents": "[Significance of intravascular coagulation and acidosis on increase of pulmonary vascular resistance following trauma and hemorrhagic shock]. 24 anesthetized mongrel dogs are subjected to a standardized trauma followed by a hypotonic hemorrhagic shock. Compared with the control group (n equals 8) prophylactic treatment with heparin in the second group (n equals 8) reduces the rise of pulmonary vascular resistance only insignificantly. The correction of the metabolic acidosis with Tris does not prevent a rise of PVR in third group (n equals 8)."}
{"id": "PMID:1207230", "title": "[Fibrinogen metabolism and distribution in tourniquet-trauma].", "content": "The distribution and turn-over of 131J-labelled fibrinogen was studied in traumatized rats. Tourniquet-trauma resulted in a pronounced accumulation of labelled fibrinogen in the traumatized region. The accumulation was at the expense of all nontraumatized-tissue. In controls there was a parallel decline of total-body-activity and plasmaactivity. The T.B.A. of traumatized animals showed a similar disapprearance-rate, while there was a pronounced reduction of circulating labelled fibrinogen.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen metabolism and distribution in tourniquet-trauma]. The distribution and turn-over of 131J-labelled fibrinogen was studied in traumatized rats. Tourniquet-trauma resulted in a pronounced accumulation of labelled fibrinogen in the traumatized region. The accumulation was at the expense of all nontraumatized-tissue. In controls there was a parallel decline of total-body-activity and plasmaactivity. The T.B.A. of traumatized animals showed a similar disapprearance-rate, while there was a pronounced reduction of circulating labelled fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1207231", "title": "[Controlled hypothermia of ischemic extremities for the prevention of tourniquet shock].", "content": "The tourniquet-shock in dogs was produced after recirculation of ischemically stressed bilateral hind limbs. 4 of 7 dogs died within 5 hours after release of the tourniquets. The cause of heart failure could be defined by hypercaliaemia, metabolic acidosis and hemoconcentration. The development of tourniquet-shock could be suppressed by hypothermic preservation of the ischemic extremities.", "contents": "[Controlled hypothermia of ischemic extremities for the prevention of tourniquet shock]. The tourniquet-shock in dogs was produced after recirculation of ischemically stressed bilateral hind limbs. 4 of 7 dogs died within 5 hours after release of the tourniquets. The cause of heart failure could be defined by hypercaliaemia, metabolic acidosis and hemoconcentration. The development of tourniquet-shock could be suppressed by hypothermic preservation of the ischemic extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:1207232", "title": "[Effect of glucagon on changes of carbohydrate metabolism in experimental hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "The behaviour of venous blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate concentration was tested in experimental shock, caused by bleeding in rabbits. The animals of one group were retransfused after 1.5 hours hypotension of 40 mm Hg. The animals of another group were left with a total blood removal of 2% body weight. We found a significantly higher blood sugar reaction in the longer surviving animals of the group in comparison to the ones, which died early. A single or repeated intravenous application of 70/1000 mg glucagon was not followed by a statistically visible change of blood sugar-, lactate- and pyruvate values in shock versus the control group. In spite of pronounced hypovolemia 20 of 22 animals, treated with glucagon, showed an increase of blood pressure by 20 mm Hg and of cardial frequency, especially after the first injection over a period of 10 minutes with decreasing tendency in the further course of shock.", "contents": "[Effect of glucagon on changes of carbohydrate metabolism in experimental hemorrhagic shock]. The behaviour of venous blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate concentration was tested in experimental shock, caused by bleeding in rabbits. The animals of one group were retransfused after 1.5 hours hypotension of 40 mm Hg. The animals of another group were left with a total blood removal of 2% body weight. We found a significantly higher blood sugar reaction in the longer surviving animals of the group in comparison to the ones, which died early. A single or repeated intravenous application of 70/1000 mg glucagon was not followed by a statistically visible change of blood sugar-, lactate- and pyruvate values in shock versus the control group. In spite of pronounced hypovolemia 20 of 22 animals, treated with glucagon, showed an increase of blood pressure by 20 mm Hg and of cardial frequency, especially after the first injection over a period of 10 minutes with decreasing tendency in the further course of shock."}
{"id": "PMID:1207233", "title": "[Histological and biochemical changes in the lung in relation to survival time following femoral fracture in the dog].", "content": "Following an experimentally applied fracture of the upper limb fat embolism can be demonstrated in the lungs. By quantitative histological evaluation and biochemical lipid analysis a definite correlation can be observed between the amount of fat in the lungs and the time interval that had elapsed between fracture and death of the animals. More fat is to found in lungs histologically as well as biochemically in those animals, in which the time interval was shorter (165 minutes) than in those which survived for a longer period of time (168 hours). The electronmicroscopic morphometric examination turned out an increased volume of the interstitium 72 hours after the fracture.", "contents": "[Histological and biochemical changes in the lung in relation to survival time following femoral fracture in the dog]. Following an experimentally applied fracture of the upper limb fat embolism can be demonstrated in the lungs. By quantitative histological evaluation and biochemical lipid analysis a definite correlation can be observed between the amount of fat in the lungs and the time interval that had elapsed between fracture and death of the animals. More fat is to found in lungs histologically as well as biochemically in those animals, in which the time interval was shorter (165 minutes) than in those which survived for a longer period of time (168 hours). The electronmicroscopic morphometric examination turned out an increased volume of the interstitium 72 hours after the fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:1207234", "title": "[Surgical treatment of Sipple's syndrome (author's transl].", "content": "Sipple's syndrome (bilateral phaeochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma) is a multiple endocrinopathy with a familial occurrence. The medullary thyroid carcinoma develops from the intrathyroidal C-cells. Radioimmunological analysis of serum calcitonin, basally or after calcium infusion, discloses the tumor also in asymptomatic members of the families. The patients are treated in two sessions. In the first a bilateral adrenalectomy is performed and in the second a total thyroidectomy with modified neck dissection. Major preoperative diagnostic procedures as angiograms and phlebograms as well as the bilateral adrenalectomy must be preceded by pre-treatment with alpha- and beta- receptorblocking substances.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of Sipple's syndrome (author's transl]. Sipple's syndrome (bilateral phaeochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma) is a multiple endocrinopathy with a familial occurrence. The medullary thyroid carcinoma develops from the intrathyroidal C-cells. Radioimmunological analysis of serum calcitonin, basally or after calcium infusion, discloses the tumor also in asymptomatic members of the families. The patients are treated in two sessions. In the first a bilateral adrenalectomy is performed and in the second a total thyroidectomy with modified neck dissection. Major preoperative diagnostic procedures as angiograms and phlebograms as well as the bilateral adrenalectomy must be preceded by pre-treatment with alpha- and beta- receptorblocking substances."}
{"id": "PMID:1207235", "title": "[Calcitonin determination as a possibility for the evaluation of surgical result in medullary thyroid carcinoma (C-cell carcinoma)].", "content": "In 4 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma serum calcitonin was measured before and after surgical treatment. In 3 cases serum CT was normalized after operation, whereas one case showed persisting hypercalcitonism as a hint for metastasation. Selective venous catheterization with CT-determination was useful for lacalizing metastases.", "contents": "[Calcitonin determination as a possibility for the evaluation of surgical result in medullary thyroid carcinoma (C-cell carcinoma)]. In 4 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma serum calcitonin was measured before and after surgical treatment. In 3 cases serum CT was normalized after operation, whereas one case showed persisting hypercalcitonism as a hint for metastasation. Selective venous catheterization with CT-determination was useful for lacalizing metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:1207236", "title": "[Electronic volume analysis of cell nuclei in the gastric mucosa].", "content": "A trial was conducted for mechanical and objective analysis of gastric mucosal specimen concerning suspicion of malignancy by means of electronic nuclear volume analysis. 16 specimen of normal and 10 specimen of malignant gastric mucosa were investigated. The mean nuclear volume was 37.3 mu3 in normal and 54.8 mu3 in carcinomatous mucosa. The difference with p less than 0.00005 is highly significant.", "contents": "[Electronic volume analysis of cell nuclei in the gastric mucosa]. A trial was conducted for mechanical and objective analysis of gastric mucosal specimen concerning suspicion of malignancy by means of electronic nuclear volume analysis. 16 specimen of normal and 10 specimen of malignant gastric mucosa were investigated. The mean nuclear volume was 37.3 mu3 in normal and 54.8 mu3 in carcinomatous mucosa. The difference with p less than 0.00005 is highly significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1207237", "title": "[Correlation of blood-chemistry changes and development of cancer in experimental tumor induction in the colon of rats].", "content": "The changes in the blood cell count and in the blood chemistry (fibrinogen in the plasma, Fe and Cu in the serum) that we have found, were only seen in a late tumor state. This is also valid for the serum aldolase activity, which is said to be a screening test for a recurrency of a tumor.", "contents": "[Correlation of blood-chemistry changes and development of cancer in experimental tumor induction in the colon of rats]. The changes in the blood cell count and in the blood chemistry (fibrinogen in the plasma, Fe and Cu in the serum) that we have found, were only seen in a late tumor state. This is also valid for the serum aldolase activity, which is said to be a screening test for a recurrency of a tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1207238", "title": "[O2 pressure on liver surface following portacaval anastomosis and administration of vasoactive substances in dogs with normal livers].", "content": "1) Following acute portocaval anastomosis in healthy dog liver tissue - pO2 drops by 23%, an extent regulary occuring in hour long laparotomy. 2) Intravenous octapressin lowers splanchnic blood flow, concomitantly liver blood-flow and tissue -pO2 is decreased. 3) In contrast to octapressin orciprenalin improves liver blood-flow and tissue-pO2. 4) By shunting of arterial blood through the gut norepinephrine causes a rapid and lasting elevation of liver tissue-pO2.", "contents": "[O2 pressure on liver surface following portacaval anastomosis and administration of vasoactive substances in dogs with normal livers]. 1) Following acute portocaval anastomosis in healthy dog liver tissue - pO2 drops by 23%, an extent regulary occuring in hour long laparotomy. 2) Intravenous octapressin lowers splanchnic blood flow, concomitantly liver blood-flow and tissue -pO2 is decreased. 3) In contrast to octapressin orciprenalin improves liver blood-flow and tissue-pO2. 4) By shunting of arterial blood through the gut norepinephrine causes a rapid and lasting elevation of liver tissue-pO2."}
{"id": "PMID:1207239", "title": "[Effect of antrectomy of total gastrectomy on calcium-induced gastric secretion and gastrin liberation in man].", "content": "These studies show that calcium stimulates gastric secretion and gastrin release in healthy individuals and duodenal ulcer patients. After antrectomy calcium still stimulates gastric secretion without affecting basal serum gastrin concentration. After total gastrectomy serum gastrin levels are decreased; hypercalcemia results in a small but definite release of gastrin from extraantral sites.", "contents": "[Effect of antrectomy of total gastrectomy on calcium-induced gastric secretion and gastrin liberation in man]. These studies show that calcium stimulates gastric secretion and gastrin release in healthy individuals and duodenal ulcer patients. After antrectomy calcium still stimulates gastric secretion without affecting basal serum gastrin concentration. After total gastrectomy serum gastrin levels are decreased; hypercalcemia results in a small but definite release of gastrin from extraantral sites."}
{"id": "PMID:1207240", "title": "[Mechanism for the liberation of duodenal gastrin in the dog].", "content": "The mechanisms of duodenal gastrin release were studied in 13 mongrel dogs after selective mucosal antrectomy: Vagal stimulation with insulin and local perfusion with acetylcholine at pH 7 resulted in a significant increase of the serum gastrin level taken from the pancreatico-duodenal vein. No significant amounts were detected after vagal stimulation with 2-deoxy-d-glucose, local perfusion with acetylcholin at pH 1, 5 nor after duodenal distension with 20, 40 and 120 cm water.", "contents": "[Mechanism for the liberation of duodenal gastrin in the dog]. The mechanisms of duodenal gastrin release were studied in 13 mongrel dogs after selective mucosal antrectomy: Vagal stimulation with insulin and local perfusion with acetylcholine at pH 7 resulted in a significant increase of the serum gastrin level taken from the pancreatico-duodenal vein. No significant amounts were detected after vagal stimulation with 2-deoxy-d-glucose, local perfusion with acetylcholin at pH 1, 5 nor after duodenal distension with 20, 40 and 120 cm water."}
{"id": "PMID:1207241", "title": "[Effects of cyclic AMP and urecholine on gastric secretion in the dog].", "content": "The influence of cyclic AMP on gastrin release from the canine antrum was investigated by a direct in vivo method. After removal of spleen, gastric corpus, pancreas and intestine an antral pouch was consecutively perfused with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, papaverin and bethanechol-HCl using a branch of the left gastroepiploic artery. A relevant rise of gastrin in portal blood was only observed during perfusion of bethanechol chloride. Thus cyclic AMP does not release gastrin from the canine antrum.", "contents": "[Effects of cyclic AMP and urecholine on gastric secretion in the dog]. The influence of cyclic AMP on gastrin release from the canine antrum was investigated by a direct in vivo method. After removal of spleen, gastric corpus, pancreas and intestine an antral pouch was consecutively perfused with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, papaverin and bethanechol-HCl using a branch of the left gastroepiploic artery. A relevant rise of gastrin in portal blood was only observed during perfusion of bethanechol chloride. Thus cyclic AMP does not release gastrin from the canine antrum."}
{"id": "PMID:1207242", "title": "[Serum gastrin level following duodenal and gastric stimulation with acetylcholine in the dog].", "content": "Before and during instillation of a solution of 1% acetylcholine into the duodenum and stomach of 13 mongrel dogs serum gastrin levels were measured at 5 min intervals. After gastric stimulation a sustained rise of serum gastrin concentration was observed. After duodenal stimulation gastrin levels rose only slightly. The multiple factors responsible for this phenomenon necessitate further investigations.", "contents": "[Serum gastrin level following duodenal and gastric stimulation with acetylcholine in the dog]. Before and during instillation of a solution of 1% acetylcholine into the duodenum and stomach of 13 mongrel dogs serum gastrin levels were measured at 5 min intervals. After gastric stimulation a sustained rise of serum gastrin concentration was observed. After duodenal stimulation gastrin levels rose only slightly. The multiple factors responsible for this phenomenon necessitate further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1207243", "title": "[Clinical and experimental studies on the transplantation of preserved tendons].", "content": "The tensile strength of preserved tendons was studied in relation with duration and preserving process. Cialite preserved cow-tendons were implanted in rear limbs of rabbit. After 5, 7 and 9 months the transplants could still be identified. They were covered by unreactive fibrous connective tissue, where by adjustant to the connective tissue the transplant was replaced by multicellular growing tissue. In clinical practice preserved tendons were successfully used for ligament-plastic. It is reported on the possibility of use and the results.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental studies on the transplantation of preserved tendons]. The tensile strength of preserved tendons was studied in relation with duration and preserving process. Cialite preserved cow-tendons were implanted in rear limbs of rabbit. After 5, 7 and 9 months the transplants could still be identified. They were covered by unreactive fibrous connective tissue, where by adjustant to the connective tissue the transplant was replaced by multicellular growing tissue. In clinical practice preserved tendons were successfully used for ligament-plastic. It is reported on the possibility of use and the results."}
{"id": "PMID:1207244", "title": "[Extragastric gastrin liberation. Studies on patients following gastrectomy and duodenopancreatectomy].", "content": "28 investigations were performed in control patients with no gastric disease (n equals 10), in patients after total gastrectomy (n equals 10) and in patients after duodenopancreatectomy (n equals 8). We measured the serum gastrin concentrations in the fasting state and after the ingestion of a test meal. The results indicate that more than 60% of the gastrin activity is released from extragastric sites and in addition, it is supposed that about 20% are released from extragastric and extraduodenal sites.", "contents": "[Extragastric gastrin liberation. Studies on patients following gastrectomy and duodenopancreatectomy]. 28 investigations were performed in control patients with no gastric disease (n equals 10), in patients after total gastrectomy (n equals 10) and in patients after duodenopancreatectomy (n equals 8). We measured the serum gastrin concentrations in the fasting state and after the ingestion of a test meal. The results indicate that more than 60% of the gastrin activity is released from extragastric sites and in addition, it is supposed that about 20% are released from extragastric and extraduodenal sites."}
{"id": "PMID:1207245", "title": "[Animal experiments on absorption and blood circulation in a mechanical ileus of the small intestine].", "content": "Using the perfusion technique the absorption of glucose, water and sodium was studied in the obstructed bowel. When the obstruction was reversed, the decreased absorption of glucose normalized after 24 hrs., of water and sodium after 36 hrs. The intraluminal pressure does not alter the capillary circulation during obstruction. Histologically an edema of the bowel wall and impaired venous flow was observed. In electronmicroscopic studies no morphological changes could be seen.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on absorption and blood circulation in a mechanical ileus of the small intestine]. Using the perfusion technique the absorption of glucose, water and sodium was studied in the obstructed bowel. When the obstruction was reversed, the decreased absorption of glucose normalized after 24 hrs., of water and sodium after 36 hrs. The intraluminal pressure does not alter the capillary circulation during obstruction. Histologically an edema of the bowel wall and impaired venous flow was observed. In electronmicroscopic studies no morphological changes could be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:1207246", "title": "[Animal experiments on the prevention of acute gastric mucosa erosions using vitamin A].", "content": "A significant reduction of vitamin A serum levels was observed in rats which underwent a hypoxic stress. The number of gastric ulcerations secondary to stress can be significantly reduced by 125 000 to 250 000 I. E. of vitamin A applicated parenterally prior or with the onset of stress. Consequently a prophylaxis of stress ulcerations appears to be possible by application of vitamin A.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the prevention of acute gastric mucosa erosions using vitamin A]. A significant reduction of vitamin A serum levels was observed in rats which underwent a hypoxic stress. The number of gastric ulcerations secondary to stress can be significantly reduced by 125 000 to 250 000 I. E. of vitamin A applicated parenterally prior or with the onset of stress. Consequently a prophylaxis of stress ulcerations appears to be possible by application of vitamin A."}
{"id": "PMID:1207247", "title": "[Kinetics of bile acid in jejuno-ileal bypass].", "content": "The influence of jejunoileal bypass on bile salt kinetics and lithogenity of bile was investigated in 9 German shephard dogs. Total bile acid pool decreased 92% from initial values, bile acid turnover rate was enhanced markedly. High relative biliary cholesterol concentration lead to an increase of lithogenity of the bile.", "contents": "[Kinetics of bile acid in jejuno-ileal bypass]. The influence of jejunoileal bypass on bile salt kinetics and lithogenity of bile was investigated in 9 German shephard dogs. Total bile acid pool decreased 92% from initial values, bile acid turnover rate was enhanced markedly. High relative biliary cholesterol concentration lead to an increase of lithogenity of the bile."}
{"id": "PMID:1207248", "title": "[Electric and mechanic gastric activity under insulin, penta-gastrin, carbachol and food ingestion in the wakeful dog].", "content": "The effect of insulin, pentagastrin, carbachol and feeding on the electrical and mechanical activity of the stomach was examined in the conscious dog. In these experiments vagal stimulation, a gastric hormone, a parasympathetic agent and distention elecited a similar stimulation of electrical and mechanical activity. The activation occurred in case of insulin only after sufficient lowering of the blood glucose level, in case of the other tested stimulants after a few minutes.", "contents": "[Electric and mechanic gastric activity under insulin, penta-gastrin, carbachol and food ingestion in the wakeful dog]. The effect of insulin, pentagastrin, carbachol and feeding on the electrical and mechanical activity of the stomach was examined in the conscious dog. In these experiments vagal stimulation, a gastric hormone, a parasympathetic agent and distention elecited a similar stimulation of electrical and mechanical activity. The activation occurred in case of insulin only after sufficient lowering of the blood glucose level, in case of the other tested stimulants after a few minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:1207249", "title": "[Behavior of intestinal motility and serum gastrin level during prostaglandin administration in acute mechanical ileus of the rabbit].", "content": "In 29 rabbits the action of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 was compared with prostigmine in a mechanical ileus model. PGE2 produces no therapeutical effect. PGF2 alpha delivered a significant increase of intraluminal intestinal pressure and of the amplitudes of peristalsis, lasting for about 5 minutes, whereas prostigmine made a long lasting significant enlargment of the amplitudes of peristalsis without any modification of intraluminal pressure. Serum gastrin levels increased after application of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha and remained constant after prostigmine. A possible way of action of PG's in the gastrointestinal tract is discussed, based on experiments concerning PG-application after different periods of time.", "contents": "[Behavior of intestinal motility and serum gastrin level during prostaglandin administration in acute mechanical ileus of the rabbit]. In 29 rabbits the action of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 was compared with prostigmine in a mechanical ileus model. PGE2 produces no therapeutical effect. PGF2 alpha delivered a significant increase of intraluminal intestinal pressure and of the amplitudes of peristalsis, lasting for about 5 minutes, whereas prostigmine made a long lasting significant enlargment of the amplitudes of peristalsis without any modification of intraluminal pressure. Serum gastrin levels increased after application of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha and remained constant after prostigmine. A possible way of action of PG's in the gastrointestinal tract is discussed, based on experiments concerning PG-application after different periods of time."}
{"id": "PMID:1207250", "title": "[Experiences with an electrically conducting plastic electrode for transient cardiac pacing in infants].", "content": "An esophageal balloon catheter is equipped with an electrical conductive rubber electrode. Cardiac pacing by battery-powered external pace-makers with low output voltage was successfull in babies and young children.", "contents": "[Experiences with an electrically conducting plastic electrode for transient cardiac pacing in infants]. An esophageal balloon catheter is equipped with an electrical conductive rubber electrode. Cardiac pacing by battery-powered external pace-makers with low output voltage was successfull in babies and young children."}
{"id": "PMID:1207251", "title": "[A new model for reflux prevention following distal and total stomach resection].", "content": "By means of a short isoperistaltic invagination of a small bowel segment a valve mechanism has been developed experimentally. After complete or partial gastric resection (B II) reflux of alkaline intestinal secretion could be prevented. Even under extreme pathological conditions like head down position and external compression normal valve function has been achieved.", "contents": "[A new model for reflux prevention following distal and total stomach resection]. By means of a short isoperistaltic invagination of a small bowel segment a valve mechanism has been developed experimentally. After complete or partial gastric resection (B II) reflux of alkaline intestinal secretion could be prevented. Even under extreme pathological conditions like head down position and external compression normal valve function has been achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:1207252", "title": "[Construction of a neoesophagus using lyophilized dura. Animal experiment in dogs].", "content": "The experiments have proven the feasibility of bridging short oesophageal defects as well as longer ones with lyophilized dura. By means of a two-stage-operation respectively a combined homologous-alloplastik oesophageal prosthesis the risk of insufficiency of anastomoses may be minimized. Thus its clinical application seems worthy of consideration.", "contents": "[Construction of a neoesophagus using lyophilized dura. Animal experiment in dogs]. The experiments have proven the feasibility of bridging short oesophageal defects as well as longer ones with lyophilized dura. By means of a two-stage-operation respectively a combined homologous-alloplastik oesophageal prosthesis the risk of insufficiency of anastomoses may be minimized. Thus its clinical application seems worthy of consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:1207253", "title": "[Experimental partial reconstruction of the esophagus using a free transplant of the small intestine].", "content": "Partial replacement of the esophagus was carried out in 20 dogs by means of free transplantation of a small bowel segment with vascular anastomosis to the aorta and v. azygos magna. Intestinal electromyography was used for vitality control in all cases and turned out reliable results. 15% of the cases showed thrombosis of the venous anastomosis with intestinal necrosis.", "contents": "[Experimental partial reconstruction of the esophagus using a free transplant of the small intestine]. Partial replacement of the esophagus was carried out in 20 dogs by means of free transplantation of a small bowel segment with vascular anastomosis to the aorta and v. azygos magna. Intestinal electromyography was used for vitality control in all cases and turned out reliable results. 15% of the cases showed thrombosis of the venous anastomosis with intestinal necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1207254", "title": "[Stabilization of a small intestine invagination valve using Kock's method. Animal experiment].", "content": "A Thiry-vella loop was performed in 37 dogs and 147 intussescepted intestinal valves were constructed and tested on their stability. Stabilisation of the valve through a nylonnet pulled through the mesenterium without destroying the vessels and fixed between the serosal layers of the valve with seromuscular silk sutures has been proved to be the best method.", "contents": "[Stabilization of a small intestine invagination valve using Kock's method. Animal experiment]. A Thiry-vella loop was performed in 37 dogs and 147 intussescepted intestinal valves were constructed and tested on their stability. Stabilisation of the valve through a nylonnet pulled through the mesenterium without destroying the vessels and fixed between the serosal layers of the valve with seromuscular silk sutures has been proved to be the best method."}
{"id": "PMID:1207255", "title": "[Continent colostomy through magnetic closure in animal experiments on dogs].", "content": "In dog experiments a continent colostomy be means of magnetic occlusion has been developed. Around a terminal anus praeter a silicon-coated ringmagnet was placed between muscular fascia and subcutaneous fascia. The colon was pulled through the lumen of the ring and sutured to the skin. There has been a primary wound healing. There was no leakage of gas and faeces beneath the magnetic cap, thus providing an excellent closure of the colostomy. After removal of the cap spontaneous defecation took place.", "contents": "[Continent colostomy through magnetic closure in animal experiments on dogs]. In dog experiments a continent colostomy be means of magnetic occlusion has been developed. Around a terminal anus praeter a silicon-coated ringmagnet was placed between muscular fascia and subcutaneous fascia. The colon was pulled through the lumen of the ring and sutured to the skin. There has been a primary wound healing. There was no leakage of gas and faeces beneath the magnetic cap, thus providing an excellent closure of the colostomy. After removal of the cap spontaneous defecation took place."}
{"id": "PMID:1207256", "title": "[Effect of autotransplantation on various functions of the small intestine in swine].", "content": "The effects of anoxia on orthotopic small bowel autotransplantation were studied in 22 pigs respectively on the operative day (before and after transplantation) and post-operatively (on the 1st, 3d, 5th, 7th and 15th day). Absorption of D-xylose (as evaluated by xylosemia curve) and several brush border enzyme activities were compared with histological and histoenzymological data. After transplantation D-xylose test, enzymatic assays and to a lesser degree histoenzymology showed some impairment until the 15th day. By contract mucosal morphology as evaluated by optical microscopy was normalized as soon as the 3d post-operative day. From these data it may be assumed that in allotransplantations, optical microscopic abnormalities seen after the fourth post-operative day are no longer due to anoxia but may be related to early rejection. Other functional tests could be of some value only after the 15th day.", "contents": "[Effect of autotransplantation on various functions of the small intestine in swine]. The effects of anoxia on orthotopic small bowel autotransplantation were studied in 22 pigs respectively on the operative day (before and after transplantation) and post-operatively (on the 1st, 3d, 5th, 7th and 15th day). Absorption of D-xylose (as evaluated by xylosemia curve) and several brush border enzyme activities were compared with histological and histoenzymological data. After transplantation D-xylose test, enzymatic assays and to a lesser degree histoenzymology showed some impairment until the 15th day. By contract mucosal morphology as evaluated by optical microscopy was normalized as soon as the 3d post-operative day. From these data it may be assumed that in allotransplantations, optical microscopic abnormalities seen after the fourth post-operative day are no longer due to anoxia but may be related to early rejection. Other functional tests could be of some value only after the 15th day."}
{"id": "PMID:1207257", "title": "[The \"Preflow technic\", a new method of pharmacoradiography of the mesenteric area].", "content": "In 16 dog experiments we were able to demonstrate that the conventional selective angiography of the superior mesenteric artery (sma) is performed in a status of underperfusion. By the injection of 50% glucose in a well defined time interval preceding the application of the contrast medium an increase of blood flow can be achieved, which allows the contrast medium to pass through the mesenteric circulation as a bolus. This shows a significantly better opacity of parenchyma and of the venous phase. This technique is easily applicable, carries no side effects on the general circulation and can be recommended for clinical use.", "contents": "[The \"Preflow technic\", a new method of pharmacoradiography of the mesenteric area]. In 16 dog experiments we were able to demonstrate that the conventional selective angiography of the superior mesenteric artery (sma) is performed in a status of underperfusion. By the injection of 50% glucose in a well defined time interval preceding the application of the contrast medium an increase of blood flow can be achieved, which allows the contrast medium to pass through the mesenteric circulation as a bolus. This shows a significantly better opacity of parenchyma and of the venous phase. This technique is easily applicable, carries no side effects on the general circulation and can be recommended for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:1207258", "title": "[Injuries, --causes and mechanics of motor vehicle side impacts].", "content": "In 228 vehicle-accidents the incidence of side-impact was 25%, being second to frontal impact. 20% of passengers involved sustained severe trauma (AISm 3 - 5). Characteristic of side-impact is a higher trauma rate of upper body with relative sparing of the cervical spine. Pelvic and abdominal injuries are rare but usually severe. The high risk for head and thorax is shown by the \"absolute-trauma-index\" (incidence x severity of trauma). Severity of trauma rises with vehicle-deformation and is more severe on the side of the impact.", "contents": "[Injuries, --causes and mechanics of motor vehicle side impacts]. In 228 vehicle-accidents the incidence of side-impact was 25%, being second to frontal impact. 20% of passengers involved sustained severe trauma (AISm 3 - 5). Characteristic of side-impact is a higher trauma rate of upper body with relative sparing of the cervical spine. Pelvic and abdominal injuries are rare but usually severe. The high risk for head and thorax is shown by the \"absolute-trauma-index\" (incidence x severity of trauma). Severity of trauma rises with vehicle-deformation and is more severe on the side of the impact."}
{"id": "PMID:1207259", "title": "[Morphology and x-ray picture of the rat lung in experimental lung contusion].", "content": "Partial contusion of the lung was performed on 131 albino rats. X-ray and histological findings are comparable with lung contusion in man. Three phases are remarkable. X-ray studies of the thorax do not show impressive changes in spite of histological findings of the lung. This means: X-ray picture of the posttraumatic lung is less eventful than the impressive anatomical histological findings.", "contents": "[Morphology and x-ray picture of the rat lung in experimental lung contusion]. Partial contusion of the lung was performed on 131 albino rats. X-ray and histological findings are comparable with lung contusion in man. Three phases are remarkable. X-ray studies of the thorax do not show impressive changes in spite of histological findings of the lung. This means: X-ray picture of the posttraumatic lung is less eventful than the impressive anatomical histological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:1207260", "title": "[The growth hormone in craniocerebral injury].", "content": "Following head injuries with various degrees of cerebral trauma increased STH-concentrations of plasma can be measured. Blood glucose values are elevated reflecting a diabetic metabolism lead to a suppressive effect of increased STH-blood levels. In general it can be stated, that a stress situation is followed by an increase of STH-secretion despite of elevated blood glucose concentrations. The reasons may be: 1. increased liberation of catecholamines, 2. an intracellular glucose deficit due to disturbed glucose utilisation, 3. alteration of regional blood flow after trauma.", "contents": "[The growth hormone in craniocerebral injury]. Following head injuries with various degrees of cerebral trauma increased STH-concentrations of plasma can be measured. Blood glucose values are elevated reflecting a diabetic metabolism lead to a suppressive effect of increased STH-blood levels. In general it can be stated, that a stress situation is followed by an increase of STH-secretion despite of elevated blood glucose concentrations. The reasons may be: 1. increased liberation of catecholamines, 2. an intracellular glucose deficit due to disturbed glucose utilisation, 3. alteration of regional blood flow after trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:1207261", "title": "[New results on the genesis of traumatic Achilles tendon rupture].", "content": "As a result of the development of a new fixing mechanism, which permitted the test of peak value of tensile strength in Achilles tendons, the following facts were demonstrated: 1. The average value of static maximum of tensile strength is about 7, 5 kp/mm2, of the dynamic maximum is about 10, 1 kp/mm2. 2. The charge maximum decreases with progressive age. 3. The tensile strength depends on the minimal cross-section plane of the tendon. 4. The minimal cross section plane decreases with progressive age. 5. With the test of dynamic tensile strength it is possible to malinger a Achilles tendon rupture.", "contents": "[New results on the genesis of traumatic Achilles tendon rupture]. As a result of the development of a new fixing mechanism, which permitted the test of peak value of tensile strength in Achilles tendons, the following facts were demonstrated: 1. The average value of static maximum of tensile strength is about 7, 5 kp/mm2, of the dynamic maximum is about 10, 1 kp/mm2. 2. The charge maximum decreases with progressive age. 3. The tensile strength depends on the minimal cross-section plane of the tendon. 4. The minimal cross section plane decreases with progressive age. 5. With the test of dynamic tensile strength it is possible to malinger a Achilles tendon rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:1207262", "title": "[Experimental studies on the biomechanics of syndesmosis].", "content": "The amplitude of movement of the distal fibula was measured with the tibio-fibular syndesmosis intact, severed and transfixed after anatomical and insufficient reduction. Transfixation by means of a location screw inserted above the syndesmosis horizontally and at an angle of 30 degrees in the frontal plane proved to be optimal since the quality of movement is not altered while its amplitude is only minimally reduced. Malalignment with shortening leads to rotation outward.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the biomechanics of syndesmosis]. The amplitude of movement of the distal fibula was measured with the tibio-fibular syndesmosis intact, severed and transfixed after anatomical and insufficient reduction. Transfixation by means of a location screw inserted above the syndesmosis horizontally and at an angle of 30 degrees in the frontal plane proved to be optimal since the quality of movement is not altered while its amplitude is only minimally reduced. Malalignment with shortening leads to rotation outward."}
{"id": "PMID:1207263", "title": "[Electromyographic changes in temporary tourniquet ischemia in man].", "content": "After inflating a tourniquet with 600 mm Hg around the thigh a total blockade of the n. peronaeus occurs. This blockade is due to ischemia and spreads from proximal to distal. It is an ischemic blockade as the delay of nerve conduction was measured distal of the tourniquet and therefore cannot be due to the pressure under the cuff.", "contents": "[Electromyographic changes in temporary tourniquet ischemia in man]. After inflating a tourniquet with 600 mm Hg around the thigh a total blockade of the n. peronaeus occurs. This blockade is due to ischemia and spreads from proximal to distal. It is an ischemic blockade as the delay of nerve conduction was measured distal of the tourniquet and therefore cannot be due to the pressure under the cuff."}
{"id": "PMID:1207264", "title": "[Incorporation of autologous spongiosa into compact substance of bones in relation to the vitality of transplanted cells].", "content": "Different types of autogenous cancellous grafts were inserted into both femora of 20 sheep subsequent to special preparation or lethal radiation. The results were indicative of the primary role of the amount of grafted cancellous substance rather than the vitality of the transplanted cells. As compared to the outstanding effectiveness of the muscle-periosteum-flap with its revascularizing ability the significance of the compact receptor bed is minimal. These facts enhance the importance of early formation of vessels and the quantity of the osseous fraction of the substance grafted.", "contents": "[Incorporation of autologous spongiosa into compact substance of bones in relation to the vitality of transplanted cells]. Different types of autogenous cancellous grafts were inserted into both femora of 20 sheep subsequent to special preparation or lethal radiation. The results were indicative of the primary role of the amount of grafted cancellous substance rather than the vitality of the transplanted cells. As compared to the outstanding effectiveness of the muscle-periosteum-flap with its revascularizing ability the significance of the compact receptor bed is minimal. These facts enhance the importance of early formation of vessels and the quantity of the osseous fraction of the substance grafted."}
{"id": "PMID:1207265", "title": "[Quantitative determination of tissue tolerance to corrosion products in organ culture].", "content": "The tissue tolerance for metal was investigated using an organ culture of embryonic rat femora. We found reproducible results using a standardized experimental method. A good correlation between the applied concentrations and resulting growth inhibition occurred and dose-response curves were established. The experimental model is applicable for testing tissue  tolerance for the soluble products.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of tissue tolerance to corrosion products in organ culture]. The tissue tolerance for metal was investigated using an organ culture of embryonic rat femora. We found reproducible results using a standardized experimental method. A good correlation between the applied concentrations and resulting growth inhibition occurred and dose-response curves were established. The experimental model is applicable for testing tissue  tolerance for the soluble products."}
{"id": "PMID:1207266", "title": "Haemostasis and healing following median sternotomy.", "content": "Experiments in goats showed that the application of bone wax to the divided sternum retarded healing. An autologous red cell compound was an efficient haemostatic and lacked the obstructive effect of wax. A human autologous red cell compound has been applied to the sterna of 15 patients following median sternotomy with good effect.", "contents": "Haemostasis and healing following median sternotomy. Experiments in goats showed that the application of bone wax to the divided sternum retarded healing. An autologous red cell compound was an efficient haemostatic and lacked the obstructive effect of wax. A human autologous red cell compound has been applied to the sterna of 15 patients following median sternotomy with good effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1207267", "title": "[Titanium, steel and their combination in bone surgery].", "content": "The combined application of Titanium plates with stainless steel screws appeared interesting, making a more elastic plate available without the risk of screw fractures. 3 different combinations of Titanium und stainless steel implants were tested in the animal and on humans. A morphometric evaluation of the soft tissue (animal) gave similar good results for stainless steel implants as for the combination of Titanium and steel, while pure Titanium gave the best result. Atomic absorption tests (human) showed that in case of the Titanium/steel mixture only the stainless steel screws did corrode. Delayed fracture healing or mechanical instability always gave risk to more metal deposits in the soft tissue than primary bone healing. If the advantages of Titanium seem important and if the rigidity of stainless steel screws may not be missed, the combination of the two metals appears possible and without danger.", "contents": "[Titanium, steel and their combination in bone surgery]. The combined application of Titanium plates with stainless steel screws appeared interesting, making a more elastic plate available without the risk of screw fractures. 3 different combinations of Titanium und stainless steel implants were tested in the animal and on humans. A morphometric evaluation of the soft tissue (animal) gave similar good results for stainless steel implants as for the combination of Titanium and steel, while pure Titanium gave the best result. Atomic absorption tests (human) showed that in case of the Titanium/steel mixture only the stainless steel screws did corrode. Delayed fracture healing or mechanical instability always gave risk to more metal deposits in the soft tissue than primary bone healing. If the advantages of Titanium seem important and if the rigidity of stainless steel screws may not be missed, the combination of the two metals appears possible and without danger."}
{"id": "PMID:1207268", "title": "[Use and limitations of acute normovolemic hemodilution].", "content": "Acute normovolemic hemodilution was performed in 46 pts. before major surgical procedures 1800 ml of pt's blood were withdrawn and hct. lowered to 24.8% mean. The hct. after retransfusion averaged 31.8% while homologous blood could widely be avoided. 78% of pts tolerated a.n.h. well or sufficiently. During a.n.h. circulatory parameters remained constant while CO rose from 4.4 to 6.1 1/min. Shortly after a.n.h., in 13 cases slight, in 10 cases, however, severe side reactions occurred: rise in BP, HR and PAP, peripheral vasoconstriction with decrease of peripheral blood flow, unproportional increase of CO and ST-depression in ECG. As a reason of this centralisation reaction a sympathetic reaction and hypoxia are discussed.", "contents": "[Use and limitations of acute normovolemic hemodilution]. Acute normovolemic hemodilution was performed in 46 pts. before major surgical procedures 1800 ml of pt's blood were withdrawn and hct. lowered to 24.8% mean. The hct. after retransfusion averaged 31.8% while homologous blood could widely be avoided. 78% of pts tolerated a.n.h. well or sufficiently. During a.n.h. circulatory parameters remained constant while CO rose from 4.4 to 6.1 1/min. Shortly after a.n.h., in 13 cases slight, in 10 cases, however, severe side reactions occurred: rise in BP, HR and PAP, peripheral vasoconstriction with decrease of peripheral blood flow, unproportional increase of CO and ST-depression in ECG. As a reason of this centralisation reaction a sympathetic reaction and hypoxia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207269", "title": "[Total blood exchange with circulatory arrest in deep hypothermia].", "content": "Total body wash out (hct less than 1%) with circulatory arrest of 30 to 60 minutes in deep hypothermia (esoph.temp. at 14 degrees C) was performed in 17 mongrel dogs by exchange against modified Ringer's Lactat-Solution. During rewarming the pump fluid was partly replaced by homologous packed red cells for readjustment of the hematocrit. After perfusion with a colloidfree perfusate all animals died under signs of massive interstitial edema. 8 out of 13 animals were long term survivors after exchange perfusion with colloid containing perfusate (dextran 60, 25 g/1). It has been demonstrated that a sanguineous circulatory arrest in deep hypothermia can be tolerated for 30 to 60 minutes if the formation of interstitial edema is prevented by use of an oncotically active perfusate.", "contents": "[Total blood exchange with circulatory arrest in deep hypothermia]. Total body wash out (hct less than 1%) with circulatory arrest of 30 to 60 minutes in deep hypothermia (esoph.temp. at 14 degrees C) was performed in 17 mongrel dogs by exchange against modified Ringer's Lactat-Solution. During rewarming the pump fluid was partly replaced by homologous packed red cells for readjustment of the hematocrit. After perfusion with a colloidfree perfusate all animals died under signs of massive interstitial edema. 8 out of 13 animals were long term survivors after exchange perfusion with colloid containing perfusate (dextran 60, 25 g/1). It has been demonstrated that a sanguineous circulatory arrest in deep hypothermia can be tolerated for 30 to 60 minutes if the formation of interstitial edema is prevented by use of an oncotically active perfusate."}
{"id": "PMID:1207270", "title": "[Immunologic studies in patients with clinical human albumin incompatibility].", "content": "17 cases of clinical incompatibility reactions due to human serum albumin were examined. The reactions consisted of tachycardia, fever, exanthema and hypotension. Regarding the onset of time, \"early\" and \"late\" reactions were distinguished. Pollution of the administered albumin batches as etiologic factor was excluded. The results of immunodiffusion, antigen elimination and skin tests suggest a pathogenetic influence of immunological reactions. The application of further purified albumin solutions might reduce the frequency of incompatibility reactions.", "contents": "[Immunologic studies in patients with clinical human albumin incompatibility]. 17 cases of clinical incompatibility reactions due to human serum albumin were examined. The reactions consisted of tachycardia, fever, exanthema and hypotension. Regarding the onset of time, \"early\" and \"late\" reactions were distinguished. Pollution of the administered albumin batches as etiologic factor was excluded. The results of immunodiffusion, antigen elimination and skin tests suggest a pathogenetic influence of immunological reactions. The application of further purified albumin solutions might reduce the frequency of incompatibility reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1207271", "title": "[Determination of the size and concentration of microemboli in ACD-blood following varying storage periods of preserved blood].", "content": "A method for the determination of the frequency-distribution of emboli in banked blood has been described. A significant shift towards larger emboli in banked blood can only be demonstrated within the first 10 days of storage. The possibility of a disturbance of microcirculation of the lung may only be of a higher degree after massive blood transfusions as the concentration of emboli in banked blood is relatively low.", "contents": "[Determination of the size and concentration of microemboli in ACD-blood following varying storage periods of preserved blood]. A method for the determination of the frequency-distribution of emboli in banked blood has been described. A significant shift towards larger emboli in banked blood can only be demonstrated within the first 10 days of storage. The possibility of a disturbance of microcirculation of the lung may only be of a higher degree after massive blood transfusions as the concentration of emboli in banked blood is relatively low."}
{"id": "PMID:1207272", "title": "[Value of physiological coagulation parameters in perioperative consumption coagulopathy using low heparin doses].", "content": "In the course of extensive operations there are disturbances of the turnover-rate because of the activation of the clotting-system. These may equally be demonstrated by simple reproducible and quick global tests as by methods which are expensive and reserved only to special laboratories. By consequent low dosis-heparin-medication hypercoagulability-conditions and reactive hemorrhage complications are prevented and the hemostasis situation is significantly improved. No disturbance of the hemostasis by antithrombin-3-effect of the heparin-application in this dosage can be proved. The results of the examination including quality control and interpretation can be obtained in 30 minutes.", "contents": "[Value of physiological coagulation parameters in perioperative consumption coagulopathy using low heparin doses]. In the course of extensive operations there are disturbances of the turnover-rate because of the activation of the clotting-system. These may equally be demonstrated by simple reproducible and quick global tests as by methods which are expensive and reserved only to special laboratories. By consequent low dosis-heparin-medication hypercoagulability-conditions and reactive hemorrhage complications are prevented and the hemostasis situation is significantly improved. No disturbance of the hemostasis by antithrombin-3-effect of the heparin-application in this dosage can be proved. The results of the examination including quality control and interpretation can be obtained in 30 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:1207273", "title": "[Prevention of thrombosis using acetylsalicylic acid following vascular prosthesis and endarterectomy].", "content": "In 20 dogs one common iliac artery was intimectomized, an equal segment of the other was replaced by a knitted dacron prosthesis. Ten animals were given Acetylsalicylic Acid 30 mg/kg BW/d. Four weeks later these arterial segments were examined grossly and histologically for the presence of thrombotic depositis. In the treated animals these segments always remained patent. Three of the untreated animals showed a complete thrombotic occlusion of the prosthesis. The amount of thrombotic deposits on intimectomized and prosthetics segments was clearly reduced in the treated animals.", "contents": "[Prevention of thrombosis using acetylsalicylic acid following vascular prosthesis and endarterectomy]. In 20 dogs one common iliac artery was intimectomized, an equal segment of the other was replaced by a knitted dacron prosthesis. Ten animals were given Acetylsalicylic Acid 30 mg/kg BW/d. Four weeks later these arterial segments were examined grossly and histologically for the presence of thrombotic depositis. In the treated animals these segments always remained patent. Three of the untreated animals showed a complete thrombotic occlusion of the prosthesis. The amount of thrombotic deposits on intimectomized and prosthetics segments was clearly reduced in the treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1207274", "title": "[Experimental demonstration of hemogenous growth of various collateral nets in chronic iliac av-fistulas].", "content": "A 2 cm long iliac av-fistula is established in 13 dogs. Flow and pressure measurements are performed in the distal fistula artery and the adjacent arteries before and immediately (stage I) as well as 3 months (stage II) and 6 to 12 months (stage III) post shunt. The development of extensive collaterals adjacent to the chronic iliac av-fistula is demonstrated angiographically and by post-mortem vascular casts. After occlusion of the proximal fistula artery a retrograde flow is directed towards the fistula even in the acute stage. This \"free\" retrograde flow increases from 70 ml/min to 1230 ml/min in stage II and 1755 ml/min in stage III. Collaterals of the tail artery contribute approximately 44%, of the contralateral iliac artery 20% and side branches of the abdominal aorta most of the remaining 36% of the retrograde arterial fistula flow. Successive occlusion of the tail artery and the contralateral iliac artery in stages II and III results in a nearly identical per cent decrease in \"free\" retrograde flow and in pressure. Even in the pre-fistula stage clamping of the iliac artery induces the same relative pressure-drop in the distal iliac artery. These findings indicate, that the three main collateral networks adjacent to the iliac artery all expand proportionally to their prefistula status in the 6 - 12 months following construction of the iliac av-fistula.", "contents": "[Experimental demonstration of hemogenous growth of various collateral nets in chronic iliac av-fistulas]. A 2 cm long iliac av-fistula is established in 13 dogs. Flow and pressure measurements are performed in the distal fistula artery and the adjacent arteries before and immediately (stage I) as well as 3 months (stage II) and 6 to 12 months (stage III) post shunt. The development of extensive collaterals adjacent to the chronic iliac av-fistula is demonstrated angiographically and by post-mortem vascular casts. After occlusion of the proximal fistula artery a retrograde flow is directed towards the fistula even in the acute stage. This \"free\" retrograde flow increases from 70 ml/min to 1230 ml/min in stage II and 1755 ml/min in stage III. Collaterals of the tail artery contribute approximately 44%, of the contralateral iliac artery 20% and side branches of the abdominal aorta most of the remaining 36% of the retrograde arterial fistula flow. Successive occlusion of the tail artery and the contralateral iliac artery in stages II and III results in a nearly identical per cent decrease in \"free\" retrograde flow and in pressure. Even in the pre-fistula stage clamping of the iliac artery induces the same relative pressure-drop in the distal iliac artery. These findings indicate, that the three main collateral networks adjacent to the iliac artery all expand proportionally to their prefistula status in the 6 - 12 months following construction of the iliac av-fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:1207275", "title": "[Effect of arginine on insulin liberation during intra-abdominal operations].", "content": "During abdominal surgery the basal and glucose stimulated insulin secretion rate is reduced. An arginine-infusion of 0,5 g/kg over 30 minutes is able to stimulate the basal as well as the glucose stimulated insulin secretion under stress condition. A synergism between the effect of arginine and blood glucose concentration concerning the influence on insulin secretion can be proven. The results are important for the postoperative (posttraumatic) infusion therapy.", "contents": "[Effect of arginine on insulin liberation during intra-abdominal operations]. During abdominal surgery the basal and glucose stimulated insulin secretion rate is reduced. An arginine-infusion of 0,5 g/kg over 30 minutes is able to stimulate the basal as well as the glucose stimulated insulin secretion under stress condition. A synergism between the effect of arginine and blood glucose concentration concerning the influence on insulin secretion can be proven. The results are important for the postoperative (posttraumatic) infusion therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1207276", "title": "Colonic dialysis.", "content": "It has been demonstrated using sheep that the colon is permeable to urea. Of nine sheep subjected to bilateral nephrectomy, six had an increased life span when dialysed via an isolated loop of colon compared to the other three used as controls. Further experiments were carried out on urea-loaded sheep and in sheep made chronically uraemic by an immunological technique which confirmed that urea could be dialysed across the colon at lower blood urea levels as well.", "contents": "Colonic dialysis. It has been demonstrated using sheep that the colon is permeable to urea. Of nine sheep subjected to bilateral nephrectomy, six had an increased life span when dialysed via an isolated loop of colon compared to the other three used as controls. Further experiments were carried out on urea-loaded sheep and in sheep made chronically uraemic by an immunological technique which confirmed that urea could be dialysed across the colon at lower blood urea levels as well."}
{"id": "PMID:1207277", "title": "[Blood-pressure behavior in rats following the diversion of renal-vein blood into the portal vein].", "content": "Experimental studies on 22 hypertonic rats which had previously one kidney removed show that the deviation of the renal vein blood into the portal vein through a cavorportal or splenoportal anastomosis does not result in a lowering of the experimentally induced renovascular hypertension. These anastomoses did not alter the blood pressure in 3 normotonic rats. The prophylactic use of these anastomoses could not prevent the development of experimental renal hypertension in 2 of 3 test animals.", "contents": "[Blood-pressure behavior in rats following the diversion of renal-vein blood into the portal vein]. Experimental studies on 22 hypertonic rats which had previously one kidney removed show that the deviation of the renal vein blood into the portal vein through a cavorportal or splenoportal anastomosis does not result in a lowering of the experimentally induced renovascular hypertension. These anastomoses did not alter the blood pressure in 3 normotonic rats. The prophylactic use of these anastomoses could not prevent the development of experimental renal hypertension in 2 of 3 test animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1207278", "title": "[Selective parathormone determination for localizing parathyroid tumors].", "content": "A method for localization of parathyroid tumors by selective venous blood sampling and measurement of parathyroid hormone is reported. The blood samples are taken after catheterization of the femoral vein from the veins of the neck and the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone levels are measured by radioimmunoassay. By this method localisation of 13 parathyroid adenomas in 15 patients was achieved. Parathyroid venous sampling seems to be more effective than any other localisation method used.", "contents": "[Selective parathormone determination for localizing parathyroid tumors]. A method for localization of parathyroid tumors by selective venous blood sampling and measurement of parathyroid hormone is reported. The blood samples are taken after catheterization of the femoral vein from the veins of the neck and the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone levels are measured by radioimmunoassay. By this method localisation of 13 parathyroid adenomas in 15 patients was achieved. Parathyroid venous sampling seems to be more effective than any other localisation method used."}
{"id": "PMID:1207279", "title": "[Early recognition of relapse hazards following thyroidectomy using TSH serum level].", "content": "The determination of the serum level of TSH, the essential factor in goitrogenesis, was the best indicator in order to recognize imminent recurrence of goitre in strumectomized patients. The functional reserve of the hypothalamic-pituitary system proved to be important: Elevation of basic TSH level and increase of TSH after stimulation with TRH was significantly higher in patients with recurrent goitre. We, therefore, recommend this test for the postoperative surveillance of patients after strumectomy.", "contents": "[Early recognition of relapse hazards following thyroidectomy using TSH serum level]. The determination of the serum level of TSH, the essential factor in goitrogenesis, was the best indicator in order to recognize imminent recurrence of goitre in strumectomized patients. The functional reserve of the hypothalamic-pituitary system proved to be important: Elevation of basic TSH level and increase of TSH after stimulation with TRH was significantly higher in patients with recurrent goitre. We, therefore, recommend this test for the postoperative surveillance of patients after strumectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1207280", "title": "[Evaluation of reliable pituitary suppression therapy through varying thyroid hormone dosage following total thyroidectomy due to a differentiated thyroid carcinoma].", "content": "The reliability of pituitary suppression by administration of 1-thyroxin (t4) or a combination of thyroxin and triiodothyronin (t3) of variable dosage following radical surgery for thyroid cancer in 13 patients was investigated by means of TRH-test and measurement of serum hormone levels. In contrary to generally applied higher doses the results were able to demonstrate that 0.2 to 0.3 mg 1-thyroxin is a sufficient dosage for a complete suppression of TSH-stimulation. In the presence of obviously more side effects the treatment with a combination of t4 and t3 is not of any advantage.", "contents": "[Evaluation of reliable pituitary suppression therapy through varying thyroid hormone dosage following total thyroidectomy due to a differentiated thyroid carcinoma]. The reliability of pituitary suppression by administration of 1-thyroxin (t4) or a combination of thyroxin and triiodothyronin (t3) of variable dosage following radical surgery for thyroid cancer in 13 patients was investigated by means of TRH-test and measurement of serum hormone levels. In contrary to generally applied higher doses the results were able to demonstrate that 0.2 to 0.3 mg 1-thyroxin is a sufficient dosage for a complete suppression of TSH-stimulation. In the presence of obviously more side effects the treatment with a combination of t4 and t3 is not of any advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:1207281", "title": "[Effects of acupuncture and conventional anesthesia on hemodynamic changes and blood gas values in cardiac surgery].", "content": "The influence of Acupuncture-O2-N2O-Analgesie (group I) and of Neurolept-Analgesia (group II) on the changes of blood flow and blood gases during cardiac operations in extracorporal circulation (EKZ) was investigated in two groups of 55 patients. During EKZ constant arterial pressure between 60 - 70 mm Hg in both groups was maintained, and the amount of blood flow during the EKZ in group II was higher than in group I. A clinically significant difference of pH, PO2 and pCO2 of both groups could not be shown. At the end of the EKZ there was a rise in the level of blood-glucose, lactate and pyruvate in both groups.", "contents": "[Effects of acupuncture and conventional anesthesia on hemodynamic changes and blood gas values in cardiac surgery]. The influence of Acupuncture-O2-N2O-Analgesie (group I) and of Neurolept-Analgesia (group II) on the changes of blood flow and blood gases during cardiac operations in extracorporal circulation (EKZ) was investigated in two groups of 55 patients. During EKZ constant arterial pressure between 60 - 70 mm Hg in both groups was maintained, and the amount of blood flow during the EKZ in group II was higher than in group I. A clinically significant difference of pH, PO2 and pCO2 of both groups could not be shown. At the end of the EKZ there was a rise in the level of blood-glucose, lactate and pyruvate in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1207282", "title": "[Primary hyperparathyroidism (1st degree HPT): plasma vitamin D and urinary cyclic AMP during the postoperative phase].", "content": "In 30 controls and 30 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism 25-OH-vitamin D in serum and urinary cyclic AMP were determined by competitive protein binding assays. Removal of hyperplastic or adenomatous parathyroid glands resulted in hypocalcemia with 1. low urinary cyclic AMP in surgical hypoparathyreoidism 2. high urinary cyclic AMP in skeletal calcium deficiency, 3. high urinary cyclic AMP in 25-OH-vitamin D deficiency. In calcium or vitamin D deficiency, therapy with calcium or calcium and vitamin D corrected hypocalcemia and urinary cyclic AMP.", "contents": "[Primary hyperparathyroidism (1st degree HPT): plasma vitamin D and urinary cyclic AMP during the postoperative phase]. In 30 controls and 30 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism 25-OH-vitamin D in serum and urinary cyclic AMP were determined by competitive protein binding assays. Removal of hyperplastic or adenomatous parathyroid glands resulted in hypocalcemia with 1. low urinary cyclic AMP in surgical hypoparathyreoidism 2. high urinary cyclic AMP in skeletal calcium deficiency, 3. high urinary cyclic AMP in 25-OH-vitamin D deficiency. In calcium or vitamin D deficiency, therapy with calcium or calcium and vitamin D corrected hypocalcemia and urinary cyclic AMP."}
{"id": "PMID:1207283", "title": "The adrenergic response to cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "12 out of 13 patients who underwent cardiac surgery requiring extracorporeal circulation survived the operation. Arterial and venous catecholamines were measured throughout the operation. Larges rises in catecholamine levels were not seen although significant changes did occur in arteriovenous differences and also between samples at certain points in the operation. These facts do not agree with Lillehei's findings (3) and may reflect improvements in surgical technique, anaesthesia and the reduced time on bypass. However the lack of an overall measurable adrenergic response in terms of plasma catecholamine levels does agree with similar findings after open heart surgery (4) and during other surgical procedures (5).", "contents": "The adrenergic response to cardiopulmonary bypass. 12 out of 13 patients who underwent cardiac surgery requiring extracorporeal circulation survived the operation. Arterial and venous catecholamines were measured throughout the operation. Larges rises in catecholamine levels were not seen although significant changes did occur in arteriovenous differences and also between samples at certain points in the operation. These facts do not agree with Lillehei's findings (3) and may reflect improvements in surgical technique, anaesthesia and the reduced time on bypass. However the lack of an overall measurable adrenergic response in terms of plasma catecholamine levels does agree with similar findings after open heart surgery (4) and during other surgical procedures (5)."}
{"id": "PMID:1207284", "title": "[Enzyme levels and morphological picture of normal and cirrhotic rat livers following portal vein ligation and subcutaneous transposition of the spleen].", "content": "The effect of portal vein ligation after subcutaneous transposition of the spleen is investigated on enzyme-activities. and morphological pattern of the normal and cirrhotic rat-liver. The increase of glycolytic enzyme-activities and the decrease of enzyme-activities of oxidative metabolic pathways can be explained by adaptation on throttled blood supply of the liver. Significant decrease of arginase-activity (urea-cycle) can not be explained by reduced protein content of food (pair-fed-animals). Diminished substrate (ammonia)-level (NH3/t/hepatocytes) may be an explanation. Histological pattern of normal and cirrhotic rat liver is nearly unchanged after portal vein ligation.", "contents": "[Enzyme levels and morphological picture of normal and cirrhotic rat livers following portal vein ligation and subcutaneous transposition of the spleen]. The effect of portal vein ligation after subcutaneous transposition of the spleen is investigated on enzyme-activities. and morphological pattern of the normal and cirrhotic rat-liver. The increase of glycolytic enzyme-activities and the decrease of enzyme-activities of oxidative metabolic pathways can be explained by adaptation on throttled blood supply of the liver. Significant decrease of arginase-activity (urea-cycle) can not be explained by reduced protein content of food (pair-fed-animals). Diminished substrate (ammonia)-level (NH3/t/hepatocytes) may be an explanation. Histological pattern of normal and cirrhotic rat liver is nearly unchanged after portal vein ligation."}
{"id": "PMID:1207285", "title": "[Effect of a decrease in viscosity on myocardial blood flow and function in myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 5 dogs the effect of a decrease in blood viscosity on myocardial blood flow (radioactive microspheres) and left ventricular function (Sarnoff curves) following ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was tested. Moderate anaemia produced a significant increase in coronary blood flow to the total left ventricle (+ 100%) and to the ischemic area (+ 400%). Depressed left ventricular function after coronary ligation alone was restored when blood viscosity was lowered only slightly. Severe anaemia further increased coronary blood flow but left ventricular function worsened.", "contents": "[Effect of a decrease in viscosity on myocardial blood flow and function in myocardial infarct]. In 5 dogs the effect of a decrease in blood viscosity on myocardial blood flow (radioactive microspheres) and left ventricular function (Sarnoff curves) following ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was tested. Moderate anaemia produced a significant increase in coronary blood flow to the total left ventricle (+ 100%) and to the ischemic area (+ 400%). Depressed left ventricular function after coronary ligation alone was restored when blood viscosity was lowered only slightly. Severe anaemia further increased coronary blood flow but left ventricular function worsened."}
{"id": "PMID:1207286", "title": "[Ventricular function following reinforcement of the mitral ostium].", "content": "After implantation of a metal ring into the mitral position the ventricular function seems to be slightly impaired in the early postoperative phase. 6 months after operation, however, ventricular function is unchanged which excludes a significant hemodynamic influence of mitral valve stiffening.", "contents": "[Ventricular function following reinforcement of the mitral ostium]. After implantation of a metal ring into the mitral position the ventricular function seems to be slightly impaired in the early postoperative phase. 6 months after operation, however, ventricular function is unchanged which excludes a significant hemodynamic influence of mitral valve stiffening."}
{"id": "PMID:1207287", "title": "Early clinical experiences with a heart assist device.", "content": "A method of left heart (left atrium-aorta) support after open heart surgery is described. Thoracic reentry is not required when support is terminated. The system has been employed in 10 patients, 4 of whom are long-term survivors.", "contents": "Early clinical experiences with a heart assist device. A method of left heart (left atrium-aorta) support after open heart surgery is described. Thoracic reentry is not required when support is terminated. The system has been employed in 10 patients, 4 of whom are long-term survivors."}
{"id": "PMID:1207288", "title": "[Effect of temperature on heart preservation over 24 hours].", "content": "By heart preservation about 24 hours in hypothermia series A at 40 degrees C was compared to series B at 10 degrees C. The preservation was only possible at 10 degrees C. These hearts normally regained a good myocardial performance by allogenic perfusion.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on heart preservation over 24 hours]. By heart preservation about 24 hours in hypothermia series A at 40 degrees C was compared to series B at 10 degrees C. The preservation was only possible at 10 degrees C. These hearts normally regained a good myocardial performance by allogenic perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1207290", "title": "[Chemotherapy of cancer: the present status (author's transl)].", "content": "Especially in the treatment of solid tumors, chemotherapy with single agents has so far not been very successful. The principles and results of polychemotherapy are therefore discussed. The experimental and clinical data available suggest that there is no correlation between the number of substances combined and the therapeutic effects. The results of \"blind\" polychemotherapy are compared with the author's and coworkers own experimental and clinical results with partial synchronization of the tumor cells. If possible the tumor-cell kinetics are determined by a double-labeling method devised by Hilscher and Maurer. In both the experimental field (literature and our group's own examinations) and in clinical experience (still limited), partial synchronization has proved clearly superior to \"blind\" polychemotherapy.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of cancer: the present status (author's transl)]. Especially in the treatment of solid tumors, chemotherapy with single agents has so far not been very successful. The principles and results of polychemotherapy are therefore discussed. The experimental and clinical data available suggest that there is no correlation between the number of substances combined and the therapeutic effects. The results of \"blind\" polychemotherapy are compared with the author's and coworkers own experimental and clinical results with partial synchronization of the tumor cells. If possible the tumor-cell kinetics are determined by a double-labeling method devised by Hilscher and Maurer. In both the experimental field (literature and our group's own examinations) and in clinical experience (still limited), partial synchronization has proved clearly superior to \"blind\" polychemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1207291", "title": "[Oncobiograms and cancer chemotherapy: Hope or reality? (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of animal experiments it is shown that the results of tumor chemotherapy can be predicted with the aid of in-vitro test systems. In investigations carried out on human tumors, the correlations obtained between in-vitro test results and response to therapy are promising. However, definitive proof of a correlation can only be provided by planned, statistically supported clinical studies. Two types of information can already be obtained from the in-vitro tests: data concerning the rate of proliferation of the tumor, on which the activity of cytostatic agents depends, and data on certain types of resistance to cytostatics.", "contents": "[Oncobiograms and cancer chemotherapy: Hope or reality? (author's transl)]. On the basis of animal experiments it is shown that the results of tumor chemotherapy can be predicted with the aid of in-vitro test systems. In investigations carried out on human tumors, the correlations obtained between in-vitro test results and response to therapy are promising. However, definitive proof of a correlation can only be provided by planned, statistically supported clinical studies. Two types of information can already be obtained from the in-vitro tests: data concerning the rate of proliferation of the tumor, on which the activity of cytostatic agents depends, and data on certain types of resistance to cytostatics."}
{"id": "PMID:1207292", "title": "[Cell cycle and carcinochemotherapy: reality or hope? (author's transl)].", "content": "Different cytostatics interrupt the biochemical dynamics of tumor cells at different stages of the generation cycle, according to their mode of action. As a result of an additive or potentiated increase in efficiency, the therapeutic effect of each substrance can be improved by the use of suitable combinations in treating the treatment of carcinoma of the breast, carcinoma of the ovary, seminoma and other progressively swelling tumors. The difficulty in defining and interpreting quantitative parameters of concerous growths prevents the wider use of cytostatics.", "contents": "[Cell cycle and carcinochemotherapy: reality or hope? (author's transl)]. Different cytostatics interrupt the biochemical dynamics of tumor cells at different stages of the generation cycle, according to their mode of action. As a result of an additive or potentiated increase in efficiency, the therapeutic effect of each substrance can be improved by the use of suitable combinations in treating the treatment of carcinoma of the breast, carcinoma of the ovary, seminoma and other progressively swelling tumors. The difficulty in defining and interpreting quantitative parameters of concerous growths prevents the wider use of cytostatics."}
{"id": "PMID:1207294", "title": "[Arteriosclerosis: morbid anatomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathology is a variant of physiology with obstacles. No arterial wall is absolutely impermeable. The basic form of arteriosclerosis results from a disturbance of the lifelong flow of humors ab intima in adventitiam et ex centro in peripheriam (author's \"Perfusion theory\"). Special forms develop from this basic form. Analysis of postmortem material with special reference to the so-called risk factors allowed us to establish connections between some of these factors and arteriosclerosis, while some other connections, e.g. with smoking, were called in question. It is pointed out that prospective treatment of arteriosclerosis will begin only when the cluster of risk factors can be broken down.", "contents": "[Arteriosclerosis: morbid anatomy (author's transl)]. Pathology is a variant of physiology with obstacles. No arterial wall is absolutely impermeable. The basic form of arteriosclerosis results from a disturbance of the lifelong flow of humors ab intima in adventitiam et ex centro in peripheriam (author's \"Perfusion theory\"). Special forms develop from this basic form. Analysis of postmortem material with special reference to the so-called risk factors allowed us to establish connections between some of these factors and arteriosclerosis, while some other connections, e.g. with smoking, were called in question. It is pointed out that prospective treatment of arteriosclerosis will begin only when the cluster of risk factors can be broken down."}
{"id": "PMID:1207295", "title": "[Epidemiology and clinical aspects of atherosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Prospective epidemiologic studies have uniformly demonstrated that a high plasma cholesterol level is indicative of an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Beside elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and stress have been correlated with an elevated incidence of atherosclerosis. At the Medical Department in Heidelberg it was demonstrated that four weeks after myocardial infarction (MI) only 59 percent of 753 men and 53 percent of 348 women were still alive, and that smoking cigarettes leads to early MI. Nonsmokers had their first MI at 63 years, cigarette smokers at the age of 53. These results stress the importance of early detection of the above-mentioned risk factors.", "contents": "[Epidemiology and clinical aspects of atherosclerosis (author's transl)]. Prospective epidemiologic studies have uniformly demonstrated that a high plasma cholesterol level is indicative of an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Beside elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and stress have been correlated with an elevated incidence of atherosclerosis. At the Medical Department in Heidelberg it was demonstrated that four weeks after myocardial infarction (MI) only 59 percent of 753 men and 53 percent of 348 women were still alive, and that smoking cigarettes leads to early MI. Nonsmokers had their first MI at 63 years, cigarette smokers at the age of 53. These results stress the importance of early detection of the above-mentioned risk factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1207296", "title": "[Cerebrovascular insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebrovascular insufficiency arises from multiple causes, including cardiovascular insufficiency and local obstacles to the blood flow in the \"four brain vessels\". These obstacles are caused by primary thrombosis, by embolism, or by stenosing or ectatic arteriosclerosis. As there are anastomoses in the extra- and intracranial vessels, a collateral circulation can arise when hemodynamic conditions (blood pressure etc.) are adequate; this is also necessary for the preservation of these collaterals in later stages. Since particular hemodynamic conditions (terminal and watershed zones) have particular roles, different patterns of infarction can arise. Local obstacles to the blood flow can be subjected to vascular surgery as a preventive measure or even for vital conditions. The details of cerebral blood flow and brain viability have not become completely clear from the results of modern experimentation. The setting up of research institutes to concentrate on arteriosclerosis and ischemia in collaboration with clinical centers devoted to coronary and cerebral infarction seems to be very necessary.", "contents": "[Cerebrovascular insufficiency (author's transl)]. Cerebrovascular insufficiency arises from multiple causes, including cardiovascular insufficiency and local obstacles to the blood flow in the \"four brain vessels\". These obstacles are caused by primary thrombosis, by embolism, or by stenosing or ectatic arteriosclerosis. As there are anastomoses in the extra- and intracranial vessels, a collateral circulation can arise when hemodynamic conditions (blood pressure etc.) are adequate; this is also necessary for the preservation of these collaterals in later stages. Since particular hemodynamic conditions (terminal and watershed zones) have particular roles, different patterns of infarction can arise. Local obstacles to the blood flow can be subjected to vascular surgery as a preventive measure or even for vital conditions. The details of cerebral blood flow and brain viability have not become completely clear from the results of modern experimentation. The setting up of research institutes to concentrate on arteriosclerosis and ischemia in collaboration with clinical centers devoted to coronary and cerebral infarction seems to be very necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1207297", "title": "[Arteriosclerosis: efficiency of angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysmatic dilation are the principle angiographic signs in arteriosclerosis. Aorto-arteriography, either by direct puncture or indirectly via a catheter, permits visualization of all vascular sites of surgical interest, determination of the location and extent of the lesion, and evaluation of the function of the collateral system as well as the inflow and outflow. This stresses the extreme importance of angiography in preoperative planning and postoperative documentation of successful therapy.", "contents": "[Arteriosclerosis: efficiency of angiography (author's transl)]. Stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysmatic dilation are the principle angiographic signs in arteriosclerosis. Aorto-arteriography, either by direct puncture or indirectly via a catheter, permits visualization of all vascular sites of surgical interest, determination of the location and extent of the lesion, and evaluation of the function of the collateral system as well as the inflow and outflow. This stresses the extreme importance of angiography in preoperative planning and postoperative documentation of successful therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1207298", "title": "[Arteriosclerosis: a challenge for the surgeon. Prevention and postoperative care (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the possibilities for primary and secondary prevention of arteriosclerosis is followed by a critical analysis of long-term therapy with anticoagulants and platelet aggregation inhibitors with regard to the prevention of occlusive vascular disease (with a review of the pertinent retrospective and prospective studies).", "contents": "[Arteriosclerosis: a challenge for the surgeon. Prevention and postoperative care (author's transl)]. A review of the possibilities for primary and secondary prevention of arteriosclerosis is followed by a critical analysis of long-term therapy with anticoagulants and platelet aggregation inhibitors with regard to the prevention of occlusive vascular disease (with a review of the pertinent retrospective and prospective studies)."}
{"id": "PMID:1207299", "title": "[Vascular surgery and patient stress tolerance with reference to anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper lists the factors that affect the stress tolerance of patients undergoing surgery. Hypertonicity is observed in 64 percent of these patients, and signs of depleted coronany supply in 82.5 percent. The stress tolerance can be tested before surgery by means of gas analyses and determination of the minute volume and the pulmonary arterial pressure. During surgery, circulatory crises occur due to occlusion and release of large arterial branches. The anesthetic technique must be selected with due consideration of the increased risk. After surgery the oxygen consumption is increased, which lays heavier demands on the myocardial performance.", "contents": "[Vascular surgery and patient stress tolerance with reference to anesthesia (author's transl)]. This paper lists the factors that affect the stress tolerance of patients undergoing surgery. Hypertonicity is observed in 64 percent of these patients, and signs of depleted coronany supply in 82.5 percent. The stress tolerance can be tested before surgery by means of gas analyses and determination of the minute volume and the pulmonary arterial pressure. During surgery, circulatory crises occur due to occlusion and release of large arterial branches. The anesthetic technique must be selected with due consideration of the increased risk. After surgery the oxygen consumption is increased, which lays heavier demands on the myocardial performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1207300", "title": "[Results of reconstructive vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "This report is based on experiences with reconstructive vascular surgery for obliterative and aneurysmal vascular diseases in 5245 patients of the Surgical University Hospitals in Cologne and Munich during the last 15 years. An analysis of early and late results is given to illustrate the presnet standard of operative possibilities, but also their limitations in vascular diseases. This approach is used to give both vascular and general surgeons practical hints on procedure.", "contents": "[Results of reconstructive vascular surgery (author's transl)]. This report is based on experiences with reconstructive vascular surgery for obliterative and aneurysmal vascular diseases in 5245 patients of the Surgical University Hospitals in Cologne and Munich during the last 15 years. An analysis of early and late results is given to illustrate the presnet standard of operative possibilities, but also their limitations in vascular diseases. This approach is used to give both vascular and general surgeons practical hints on procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1207302", "title": "[Carcinoma of the pancreas: pathologic anatomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinoma of the pancreas is seen in 1.2 percent of autopsies. Often it is not possible to determine definitely: whether it is a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, of the papilla, or of the distal part of the common bile duct (periampullary carcinoma). 90 percent of these carcinomas arise in the small ducts. They cannot be recognized by ERCP until spreading into the main duct has occurred. Differential diagnosis is concerned mainly with differentiating between chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of pancreas are not mutually exclusive; on the contrary they are closely related in diagnosis and pathogenesis. There can be no carcinoma of the pancreas without pancreatitis. For an accurate diagnosis which is vital, a diagnostic laparotomy should be performed at an early stage.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the pancreas: pathologic anatomy (author's transl)]. Carcinoma of the pancreas is seen in 1.2 percent of autopsies. Often it is not possible to determine definitely: whether it is a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, of the papilla, or of the distal part of the common bile duct (periampullary carcinoma). 90 percent of these carcinomas arise in the small ducts. They cannot be recognized by ERCP until spreading into the main duct has occurred. Differential diagnosis is concerned mainly with differentiating between chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of pancreas are not mutually exclusive; on the contrary they are closely related in diagnosis and pathogenesis. There can be no carcinoma of the pancreas without pancreatitis. For an accurate diagnosis which is vital, a diagnostic laparotomy should be performed at an early stage."}
{"id": "PMID:1207303", "title": "[Carcinoma of the pancreas: conventional roentgenologic procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypotonic duodenography has opened up new dimensions in the diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of the head of the pancreas. The procedure with out intubation has become routine over the last few years. Differentiation between severe alterations caused by chronic relapsing pancreatitis and those caused by a carcinoma of the pancreas is only seldom possible, whereas inflammatory swellings and tumors of Vater's Papilla are easily recognized. Endoscopy is necessary for confirmation of the diagnosis. When jaundice is already present, transhepatic cholangiography can yield more information; in the pre-icteric phase intravenous cholangiography can also be useful. More complicated diagnostic procedures should not be applied until all conventional roentgenologic methods have been exhausted.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the pancreas: conventional roentgenologic procedures (author's transl)]. Hypotonic duodenography has opened up new dimensions in the diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of the head of the pancreas. The procedure with out intubation has become routine over the last few years. Differentiation between severe alterations caused by chronic relapsing pancreatitis and those caused by a carcinoma of the pancreas is only seldom possible, whereas inflammatory swellings and tumors of Vater's Papilla are easily recognized. Endoscopy is necessary for confirmation of the diagnosis. When jaundice is already present, transhepatic cholangiography can yield more information; in the pre-icteric phase intravenous cholangiography can also be useful. More complicated diagnostic procedures should not be applied until all conventional roentgenologic methods have been exhausted."}
{"id": "PMID:1207304", "title": "[Carcinoma of the pancreas: angiographic diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphologic changes seen in angiographs and ductographs (endoscopic retrograde pancreaticographs) in the presence of carcinoma of the pancreas are described. The average diagnostic accuracy of angiography is currently 75 to 95 percent, while that of endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography is 90 to 95 percent. The combination of both methods increases the accuracy. The main problem with pancreatic carcinoma now is not early diagnosis, while is now possible, but early examination of the patient.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the pancreas: angiographic diagnosis (author's transl)]. Morphologic changes seen in angiographs and ductographs (endoscopic retrograde pancreaticographs) in the presence of carcinoma of the pancreas are described. The average diagnostic accuracy of angiography is currently 75 to 95 percent, while that of endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography is 90 to 95 percent. The combination of both methods increases the accuracy. The main problem with pancreatic carcinoma now is not early diagnosis, while is now possible, but early examination of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1207305", "title": "[Nuclear medical diagnostic--pancreatic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the procedures available for diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma, particular significance can be attributed to scintigraphy. The method is based upon the accumulation of a labeled amino acid in the glandular tissue. The scanning technique delineates functionable tissue. The diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas cannot be deduced from the scintigraphic picture alone, however, because functional deficiency of a different origin could result in the same picture. In these cases, carefully planned exploratory surgery  is indicated. The limited expense in terms of time and personnel and the modest stress to the patient make pancreatic scintigraphy a method that can reasonably-together with internal procedures-be applied right at the beginning of the process of diagnosis.", "contents": "[Nuclear medical diagnostic--pancreatic carcinoma (author's transl)]. Of the procedures available for diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma, particular significance can be attributed to scintigraphy. The method is based upon the accumulation of a labeled amino acid in the glandular tissue. The scanning technique delineates functionable tissue. The diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas cannot be deduced from the scintigraphic picture alone, however, because functional deficiency of a different origin could result in the same picture. In these cases, carefully planned exploratory surgery  is indicated. The limited expense in terms of time and personnel and the modest stress to the patient make pancreatic scintigraphy a method that can reasonably-together with internal procedures-be applied right at the beginning of the process of diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1207307", "title": "[Semimalignant bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Semimalignant bone tumors are characterized by local destructive and invasive growth and the tendency to recur. Haematogenous metastases are exceptional or a late manifestaion. Typical examples of semimalignancy are giant-cell tumors, large chondromas of the pelvis, and recurrent chondromas in any location. The treatments of choice are resection or amputaion.", "contents": "[Semimalignant bone tumors (author's transl)]. Semimalignant bone tumors are characterized by local destructive and invasive growth and the tendency to recur. Haematogenous metastases are exceptional or a late manifestaion. Typical examples of semimalignancy are giant-cell tumors, large chondromas of the pelvis, and recurrent chondromas in any location. The treatments of choice are resection or amputaion."}
{"id": "PMID:1207309", "title": "[The central bone tumor registry for the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)].", "content": "Among malignant tumors, bone tumors present a particularly acute problem. Bone tumors frequently occur in childhood; their etiology is completely obscure; early detection is still hardly possible, and the chances of success therefore leave much to be desired. A registry for bone tumors is being built up in the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, which is to collect epidemiological data on all malignant and semimalignant primary bone tumors occurring in the Federal Republic. The lecturer gives an introduction to the registry and requests the cooperation of German surgeons in reporting pertinent cases.", "contents": "[The central bone tumor registry for the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)]. Among malignant tumors, bone tumors present a particularly acute problem. Bone tumors frequently occur in childhood; their etiology is completely obscure; early detection is still hardly possible, and the chances of success therefore leave much to be desired. A registry for bone tumors is being built up in the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, which is to collect epidemiological data on all malignant and semimalignant primary bone tumors occurring in the Federal Republic. The lecturer gives an introduction to the registry and requests the cooperation of German surgeons in reporting pertinent cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1207310", "title": "[Surgical procedures in cleft-palate patients, with reference to phonetic function: primary and secondary methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgeons undertaking the closure of cleft lip and cleft palate must develop a therapeutic technique that will give the best possible phonetic results and cause the minimum disturbance to normal growth of the maxillae in each case. Clinical observations reveal that different operative procedures achieve normal phonetic function in 60-80 percent of cases. The author has observed the best results when patients have been operated on for cleft lips at 4-6 months of age and for cleft palate at 2-3 years. If nasal speech persists after a cleft-palate operation, a secondary pharyngoplasty can be undertaken in the preschool period, with favorable results in about 70 percent of cases.", "contents": "[Surgical procedures in cleft-palate patients, with reference to phonetic function: primary and secondary methods (author's transl)]. Surgeons undertaking the closure of cleft lip and cleft palate must develop a therapeutic technique that will give the best possible phonetic results and cause the minimum disturbance to normal growth of the maxillae in each case. Clinical observations reveal that different operative procedures achieve normal phonetic function in 60-80 percent of cases. The author has observed the best results when patients have been operated on for cleft lips at 4-6 months of age and for cleft palate at 2-3 years. If nasal speech persists after a cleft-palate operation, a secondary pharyngoplasty can be undertaken in the preschool period, with favorable results in about 70 percent of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1207311", "title": "[Restoration of grip by means of repair of the injured peripheral nerve and/or muscle-tendon transfer (author's transl)].", "content": "Muscle or tendon transfers are indicated after lesions of peripheral nerves if regeneration does not occur or remains incomplete after nerve repair or if the paralyzed muscles themselves are damaged. In long-standing cases the authors try nerve repair to attain adequate sensitivity, and perform the tendon transfer independently. The different techniques are discussed; transfer of the brachialis muscle to replace deficient flexor muscles is described and nerve-into-muscle implantation is mentioned.", "contents": "[Restoration of grip by means of repair of the injured peripheral nerve and/or muscle-tendon transfer (author's transl)]. Muscle or tendon transfers are indicated after lesions of peripheral nerves if regeneration does not occur or remains incomplete after nerve repair or if the paralyzed muscles themselves are damaged. In long-standing cases the authors try nerve repair to attain adequate sensitivity, and perform the tendon transfer independently. The different techniques are discussed; transfer of the brachialis muscle to replace deficient flexor muscles is described and nerve-into-muscle implantation is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1207312", "title": "[Reconstruction and Replacement of the grip function in the maimed hand (author's transl)].", "content": "The minimum requirement for a functional hand is the presence of one or more fingers to which a sensitive, mobile thumb separated from them by a deep cleft can be opposed. Of the reconstructive techniques available for the hand, those for the thumb are the most numerous, and they are usually applied at a secondary operation. Reconstruction can only be performed at primary surgery if the state of the hand and the resources available in terms of surgical facilities and personnel are ideal, which is of the bony structure as possible, to be used as a base for reconstruction later.", "contents": "[Reconstruction and Replacement of the grip function in the maimed hand (author's transl)]. The minimum requirement for a functional hand is the presence of one or more fingers to which a sensitive, mobile thumb separated from them by a deep cleft can be opposed. Of the reconstructive techniques available for the hand, those for the thumb are the most numerous, and they are usually applied at a secondary operation. Reconstruction can only be performed at primary surgery if the state of the hand and the resources available in terms of surgical facilities and personnel are ideal, which is of the bony structure as possible, to be used as a base for reconstruction later."}
{"id": "PMID:1207313", "title": "[Priniciples of reconstructive surgery of the rheumatic hand (author's transl)].", "content": "Rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy, and ankylosing spondylitis very often cause deformities of the hand. Especially during the early stages of these diseases, synovectomy of joints and tendons is indicated; destructive and degenerative lesions can be limited in this way. If they are already present, in most cases only reconstructive operations such as arthrodesis, resection, interposition arthroplasty, articial joint replacement, tendon transfer etc. can improve the impaired function.", "contents": "[Priniciples of reconstructive surgery of the rheumatic hand (author's transl)]. Rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy, and ankylosing spondylitis very often cause deformities of the hand. Especially during the early stages of these diseases, synovectomy of joints and tendons is indicated; destructive and degenerative lesions can be limited in this way. If they are already present, in most cases only reconstructive operations such as arthrodesis, resection, interposition arthroplasty, articial joint replacement, tendon transfer etc. can improve the impaired function."}
{"id": "PMID:1207314", "title": "[Practical tasks in cancer research (author's transl)].", "content": "Particularly urgent tasks for practical cancer research are pointed out: (1) recognition of the multidisciplinary character of oncology, (2) placement of the cancer patient more than before in the focus of research, (3) the use of modern methods of genetics to specify the definition of a \"disposition\", (4) the intensification of investigations into the field of chemical carcinogenesis, since prevention of cancer diseases seems most likely in this sector, and (5) elaboration of practical experimental models for the study of chemotherapeutic possibilities", "contents": "[Practical tasks in cancer research (author's transl)]. Particularly urgent tasks for practical cancer research are pointed out: (1) recognition of the multidisciplinary character of oncology, (2) placement of the cancer patient more than before in the focus of research, (3) the use of modern methods of genetics to specify the definition of a \"disposition\", (4) the intensification of investigations into the field of chemical carcinogenesis, since prevention of cancer diseases seems most likely in this sector, and (5) elaboration of practical experimental models for the study of chemotherapeutic possibilities"}
{"id": "PMID:1207315", "title": "[Gynecological remarks on the problem of the artificial vagina (author's transl)].", "content": "Accurate differentiation of the pathologic state must precede surgical construction of an artificial vagina. Moreover, it is necessary to know whether a uterus is present and whether the psychosexual development of the patient is female. Differential diagnosis is concerned with various forms of intersexuality, especially aplasia and atresia of the vagina. Relevant cases are reported. The author prefers the McIndoe operation, because of its low risk. If the patient has a uterus (i.e. women with AGS with complete masculinization or women with atresia of the vagina) more effective operations should be done, as intercourse and conception are possible after surgery in these women.", "contents": "[Gynecological remarks on the problem of the artificial vagina (author's transl)]. Accurate differentiation of the pathologic state must precede surgical construction of an artificial vagina. Moreover, it is necessary to know whether a uterus is present and whether the psychosexual development of the patient is female. Differential diagnosis is concerned with various forms of intersexuality, especially aplasia and atresia of the vagina. Relevant cases are reported. The author prefers the McIndoe operation, because of its low risk. If the patient has a uterus (i.e. women with AGS with complete masculinization or women with atresia of the vagina) more effective operations should be done, as intercourse and conception are possible after surgery in these women."}
{"id": "PMID:1207316", "title": "[Surgery of hypospadias (author's transl)].", "content": "The formation of an opening on the lower side of the masculine urethra is a developmental malformation. It is never combined with incontinence of the bladder. Difficulties with micturition and erection are due to a usually stenotically misdirected external orifice of the urethra, with a shortened urethra and nonelastic chorda, a remnant of the undeveloped corpus spongiosum urethra. For surgical correction (construction of a sufficiently long urethra and adequate skin extensibility) several operations are necessary, which are discussed. The most frequent complications are fistulas and problems in the wound-healing process (in approximately 30 percent of cases).", "contents": "[Surgery of hypospadias (author's transl)]. The formation of an opening on the lower side of the masculine urethra is a developmental malformation. It is never combined with incontinence of the bladder. Difficulties with micturition and erection are due to a usually stenotically misdirected external orifice of the urethra, with a shortened urethra and nonelastic chorda, a remnant of the undeveloped corpus spongiosum urethra. For surgical correction (construction of a sufficiently long urethra and adequate skin extensibility) several operations are necessary, which are discussed. The most frequent complications are fistulas and problems in the wound-healing process (in approximately 30 percent of cases)."}
{"id": "PMID:1207317", "title": "[An assessment of the functional results of various forms of surgery for epispadias and exstrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Urinary continence can be achieved by total reconstruction in perhaps 20 percent of patients born with exstrophy of the bladder. Uretero-rectal anastomosis offers a reasonalbe alternative but carries a high morbidity. Cutaneous diversion is the safest form of long-term management, but this involves the life-long penalty of a stoma and the need for appliances. Conservative reconstructive surgery is advocated in the first instance, but repeated surgical procedures may be necessary for a successful result.", "contents": "[An assessment of the functional results of various forms of surgery for epispadias and exstrophy (author's transl)]. Urinary continence can be achieved by total reconstruction in perhaps 20 percent of patients born with exstrophy of the bladder. Uretero-rectal anastomosis offers a reasonalbe alternative but carries a high morbidity. Cutaneous diversion is the safest form of long-term management, but this involves the life-long penalty of a stoma and the need for appliances. Conservative reconstructive surgery is advocated in the first instance, but repeated surgical procedures may be necessary for a successful result."}
{"id": "PMID:1207318", "title": "[Gracilis-muscle transplant for the treatment of fecal incontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1962 and 1974, 40 children were treated by transplantation of the gracilis muscle. Clinical and electromyographic follow-up studies were performed on 37 children. Results were good in 12 cases, satisfactory in 11 cases, and poor in 14. Children with myelomeningocele showed the poorest results. Four girls with ano-vestibular fistula were treated by a modified method of operation. Because of the special anatomic situation, the gracilis muscle was positioned around the dorsal rectum in a semicircle only and then fixed to the os pubis under high tension. Results were good in 3 cases and satisfactory in 1 case.", "contents": "[Gracilis-muscle transplant for the treatment of fecal incontinence (author's transl)]. Between 1962 and 1974, 40 children were treated by transplantation of the gracilis muscle. Clinical and electromyographic follow-up studies were performed on 37 children. Results were good in 12 cases, satisfactory in 11 cases, and poor in 14. Children with myelomeningocele showed the poorest results. Four girls with ano-vestibular fistula were treated by a modified method of operation. Because of the special anatomic situation, the gracilis muscle was positioned around the dorsal rectum in a semicircle only and then fixed to the os pubis under high tension. Results were good in 3 cases and satisfactory in 1 case."}
{"id": "PMID:1207320", "title": "[Soft-tissue damage caused by fracture (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone fractures are combined with damage to the soft tissue, which consists in swelling, contusion and open injury. Depending on the degree of the traumatic deformation on the bones, there are large avasculated zones, and hypoxia and acidosis are found in the whole of the injured region. This is followed by a catabolic situation that continues-according to the degree of the injury-for at least 72 hrs. The treatment regime is affected by this as it determines the point at which surgery can be undertaken, the treatment of open wounds, access to the fracture, the method of stabilization, and the follow-up treatment.", "contents": "[Soft-tissue damage caused by fracture (author's transl)]. Bone fractures are combined with damage to the soft tissue, which consists in swelling, contusion and open injury. Depending on the degree of the traumatic deformation on the bones, there are large avasculated zones, and hypoxia and acidosis are found in the whole of the injured region. This is followed by a catabolic situation that continues-according to the degree of the injury-for at least 72 hrs. The treatment regime is affected by this as it determines the point at which surgery can be undertaken, the treatment of open wounds, access to the fracture, the method of stabilization, and the follow-up treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1207321", "title": "[Local traumatic injury of the soft tissue and internal fixation (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of local traumatic injury of the soft tissue on the decision as to whether surgical therapy is indicated and on the method of internal fixation selected for a fresh, closed fracture is discussed. General descriptions of injuries to the soft tissue are followed by a critical discussion of the possibilities of closed and open methods of internal fixation with some examples.", "contents": "[Local traumatic injury of the soft tissue and internal fixation (author's transl)]. The influence of local traumatic injury of the soft tissue on the decision as to whether surgical therapy is indicated and on the method of internal fixation selected for a fresh, closed fracture is discussed. General descriptions of injuries to the soft tissue are followed by a critical discussion of the possibilities of closed and open methods of internal fixation with some examples."}
{"id": "PMID:1207322", "title": "[Bone fracture and vascular lesion (author's transl)].", "content": "Combined lesions of bone and blood vessels require a high degree of diagnostic skill and of therapeutic care (routine clinical examination of the vascular status and if necessary angiography). From a therapeutic point of view, all major vascular lesions proximal to the knee or elbow should have vascular continuity restored (artery and vein). Primary internal fixation of shortened long bones is an important technical principle which, in most cases, will allow direct vascular suture in a stable operating field.", "contents": "[Bone fracture and vascular lesion (author's transl)]. Combined lesions of bone and blood vessels require a high degree of diagnostic skill and of therapeutic care (routine clinical examination of the vascular status and if necessary angiography). From a therapeutic point of view, all major vascular lesions proximal to the knee or elbow should have vascular continuity restored (artery and vein). Primary internal fixation of shortened long bones is an important technical principle which, in most cases, will allow direct vascular suture in a stable operating field."}
{"id": "PMID:1207323", "title": "[Internal fixation with soft-tissue lesions: fracture with nerve damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Typical nerve damage after fractures due to the topographical proximity of the nerves to the bones, are shown and therapeutic principles are discussed. Primary traumatic lesions are differentiated from so-called \"creeping paralysis\". The methods of choice are neurolyses, nerve suture or transplantation, each at the appropriate time. Evaluation of 83 of the 128 Patients undergoing microsurgical operations on the nerves in recent years is presented after re-exmination by independent neurologists. One-third showed definite signs of regeneration, more than one-third had good functional results, and poor results were recarded for 25 percent of the patients.", "contents": "[Internal fixation with soft-tissue lesions: fracture with nerve damage (author's transl)]. Typical nerve damage after fractures due to the topographical proximity of the nerves to the bones, are shown and therapeutic principles are discussed. Primary traumatic lesions are differentiated from so-called \"creeping paralysis\". The methods of choice are neurolyses, nerve suture or transplantation, each at the appropriate time. Evaluation of 83 of the 128 Patients undergoing microsurgical operations on the nerves in recent years is presented after re-exmination by independent neurologists. One-third showed definite signs of regeneration, more than one-third had good functional results, and poor results were recarded for 25 percent of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1207324", "title": "[Disturbances of venous flow (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Local rupture of the veins by fracture. Compression and local spiral thrombi. 2. Failure of the venous pump at the ankle joint due to immobilization. 3. Failure of the pump in the calf muscles, leading to propagation of thrombi in the venae gastrocnemiae and in the veins of the soleus muscle, frequently with varicosity. 4. In 22 percent of left-sided fractures a venous spur is found in the left V. iliaca com.; increased likelihood of thrombosis in left leg in case of stasis due to immobilization.", "contents": "[Disturbances of venous flow (author's transl)]. 1. Local rupture of the veins by fracture. Compression and local spiral thrombi. 2. Failure of the venous pump at the ankle joint due to immobilization. 3. Failure of the pump in the calf muscles, leading to propagation of thrombi in the venae gastrocnemiae and in the veins of the soleus muscle, frequently with varicosity. 4. In 22 percent of left-sided fractures a venous spur is found in the left V. iliaca com.; increased likelihood of thrombosis in left leg in case of stasis due to immobilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1207325", "title": "[Intramedullary fixation of fragments in soft-tissue injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of open fractures, careful reconstruction of the soft tissue and stable internal fixation are generally regarded as the best means of preventing infection. With this in mind, some of the author's own cases of open fractures of the upper and lower leg-stabilized either with conventional intramedullary nails or with interlocking nails-are demonstrated. The infection rate in the especially vulnerable open fracture of the tibia was 7.89 percent.", "contents": "[Intramedullary fixation of fragments in soft-tissue injuries (author's transl)]. In cases of open fractures, careful reconstruction of the soft tissue and stable internal fixation are generally regarded as the best means of preventing infection. With this in mind, some of the author's own cases of open fractures of the upper and lower leg-stabilized either with conventional intramedullary nails or with interlocking nails-are demonstrated. The infection rate in the especially vulnerable open fracture of the tibia was 7.89 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:1207326", "title": "[Compression osteosynthesis with soft-tissue damage (author's transl)].", "content": "The advisability of open reduction with internal fixation by means of compression plates, screws, or tension band is dependant upon the localization and type of fracture, the kind and extent of soft-tissue damage, and also the time factor. Fractures in the vicinity of joints and intra-articular fracture dislocations are practically absolute indications. Its application is less frequent when the metaphysis is involved, except in the case of the forearm. Caution is suggested in the presence of chronic soft-tissue damage subsequent to peripheral circulatory disorders.", "contents": "[Compression osteosynthesis with soft-tissue damage (author's transl)]. The advisability of open reduction with internal fixation by means of compression plates, screws, or tension band is dependant upon the localization and type of fracture, the kind and extent of soft-tissue damage, and also the time factor. Fractures in the vicinity of joints and intra-articular fracture dislocations are practically absolute indications. Its application is less frequent when the metaphysis is involved, except in the case of the forearm. Caution is suggested in the presence of chronic soft-tissue damage subsequent to peripheral circulatory disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1207327", "title": "[Fixateurs externes for fractures combined with damage to the soft tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications for external fixation with fixateurs externes are discussed and some important technical and biomechanical aspects are reviewed. The three-dimensional fixateur externe is recommended on the basis of clinical experimental research. Stability can be obtained with this even when bone defects and short metaphyseal fragments are present. The results observed after the treatment of aseptic and infected pseudarthroses of the tibia are shown in tabular form.", "contents": "[Fixateurs externes for fractures combined with damage to the soft tissue (author's transl)]. The indications for external fixation with fixateurs externes are discussed and some important technical and biomechanical aspects are reviewed. The three-dimensional fixateur externe is recommended on the basis of clinical experimental research. Stability can be obtained with this even when bone defects and short metaphyseal fragments are present. The results observed after the treatment of aseptic and infected pseudarthroses of the tibia are shown in tabular form."}
{"id": "PMID:1207328", "title": "[Osteosynthesis in the presence of soft-tissue lesions: delayed internal fixation and indications for conservative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "When there are concomitant soft-tissue lesions with closed fractures, delayed osteosynthesis is indicated to prevent infection. Nonetheless, primary osteosynthesis is rarely necessary. In the case of open fractures, internal fixation should only be performed when bone and the materials used for fixation can be covered with tissues that are well supplied with blood. In case of doubt the surgeon can rely on the fact that most fractures can be effectively treated by conservative methods, and it is wise in such cases to forego the advantages of osteosynthesis and avoid the risks involved.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis in the presence of soft-tissue lesions: delayed internal fixation and indications for conservative treatment (author's transl)]. When there are concomitant soft-tissue lesions with closed fractures, delayed osteosynthesis is indicated to prevent infection. Nonetheless, primary osteosynthesis is rarely necessary. In the case of open fractures, internal fixation should only be performed when bone and the materials used for fixation can be covered with tissues that are well supplied with blood. In case of doubt the surgeon can rely on the fact that most fractures can be effectively treated by conservative methods, and it is wise in such cases to forego the advantages of osteosynthesis and avoid the risks involved."}
{"id": "PMID:1207329", "title": "[Internal fixation in the presence of soft-tissue damage in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Internal fixation is considered for the treatment of 10 percent at most of all fractures that occur in childhood. Only minimal fixation should be applied, to avoid the induction of an epiphyseal lesion in addition to the original fracture. Internal fixation allowing stability during weight-bearing or exercise immediately is not necessary in a child. Concomitant soft-tissue damage hardly affects internal fixation in childhood, except in the case of unstable reduction when there is extensive soft-tissue damage.", "contents": "[Internal fixation in the presence of soft-tissue damage in childhood (author's transl)]. Internal fixation is considered for the treatment of 10 percent at most of all fractures that occur in childhood. Only minimal fixation should be applied, to avoid the induction of an epiphyseal lesion in addition to the original fracture. Internal fixation allowing stability during weight-bearing or exercise immediately is not necessary in a child. Concomitant soft-tissue damage hardly affects internal fixation in childhood, except in the case of unstable reduction when there is extensive soft-tissue damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1207331", "title": "[Medical guidance of the cancer patient (author's transl)].", "content": "Cancer is a diseased state, but it is not incurable. Indications and methods of therapy have been standardized almost internationally. Early diagnosis leads to better rates of cure. Cancer presents as an individually characterized multiplicity of symptoms of the disease. Individualization is the real art of medicine. Truthful information, adjusted to the individual patient in each case, should be given at the right time. There should be no rush to make early statements of prognosis, especially statements of hopeless despair. No physician has the right to prolong the supravital and subhuman stage of dying. Absolute dominance of the physical time factor over the specifically human qualities and the patient's own individuality is not justified. The legal situation with regard to the gray area of passive euthanasia should be more clearly defined.", "contents": "[Medical guidance of the cancer patient (author's transl)]. Cancer is a diseased state, but it is not incurable. Indications and methods of therapy have been standardized almost internationally. Early diagnosis leads to better rates of cure. Cancer presents as an individually characterized multiplicity of symptoms of the disease. Individualization is the real art of medicine. Truthful information, adjusted to the individual patient in each case, should be given at the right time. There should be no rush to make early statements of prognosis, especially statements of hopeless despair. No physician has the right to prolong the supravital and subhuman stage of dying. Absolute dominance of the physical time factor over the specifically human qualities and the patient's own individuality is not justified. The legal situation with regard to the gray area of passive euthanasia should be more clearly defined."}
{"id": "PMID:1207332", "title": "[Surgical textiles-material, methods, effects (author's transl)].", "content": "Wound textiles suitable for placing immediately over a wound and materials for securing them in position are discussed. Wound texiles have a curative function (blotting-paper effect, antigravitation effect). Conditions for their use are three-dimensional capillary drainage, plane compression, and nonstick and cooling properties. Cellulose fibers absorb moisture in all three dimensions, while synthetic fibers transport moisture around their strands in a two-dimensional course. The nonstick properties are achieved by means of overtwisted threads in the warp (tunnel effect) in woven fabrics, and in nonwoven fabrics (when moisture is produced) by combination with overstretched cellulose, producing corrugations, or (for drying) by the uneven incorporation of overtwisted fibers into the fabric, which produces a ventilating effect. The nonstick properties always become obvious when the dressings are moistened.", "contents": "[Surgical textiles-material, methods, effects (author's transl)]. Wound textiles suitable for placing immediately over a wound and materials for securing them in position are discussed. Wound texiles have a curative function (blotting-paper effect, antigravitation effect). Conditions for their use are three-dimensional capillary drainage, plane compression, and nonstick and cooling properties. Cellulose fibers absorb moisture in all three dimensions, while synthetic fibers transport moisture around their strands in a two-dimensional course. The nonstick properties are achieved by means of overtwisted threads in the warp (tunnel effect) in woven fabrics, and in nonwoven fabrics (when moisture is produced) by combination with overstretched cellulose, producing corrugations, or (for drying) by the uneven incorporation of overtwisted fibers into the fabric, which produces a ventilating effect. The nonstick properties always become obvious when the dressings are moistened."}
{"id": "PMID:1207333", "title": "[Replantation of amputated extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "After some short remarks about the organization of microsurgery in Australia, the microsurgical technique of retransplantation of dissected extremities and the conservation methods are described in detail. In 175 out of 208 cases, retransplantation of extremities was successful, i.e. certain functions were reestablished. Results were better in children than in adults. The most important factors in successful treatment are the conservation methods, skilled technique, and postoperative care, which may last up to 1 year. One retransplantaion center with 4 experienced surgeons per 5,000,000 population seems to be mandatory.", "contents": "[Replantation of amputated extremities (author's transl)]. After some short remarks about the organization of microsurgery in Australia, the microsurgical technique of retransplantation of dissected extremities and the conservation methods are described in detail. In 175 out of 208 cases, retransplantation of extremities was successful, i.e. certain functions were reestablished. Results were better in children than in adults. The most important factors in successful treatment are the conservation methods, skilled technique, and postoperative care, which may last up to 1 year. One retransplantaion center with 4 experienced surgeons per 5,000,000 population seems to be mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:1207334", "title": "[Rescue service: initial measures on the spot and in hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Improvement of any rescue service is inextricably bound up with the provision of optimal conditions with regard to first aid at the site of the accident, transport and immediate care in hospital. Only properly trained and experienced doctors are able to take appropriate life-saving action on the spot. Therefore ane should aim at getting the doctor to the site of the accident by helicopter or by ambulance as fast as possible. After immediate life-saving action has been taken, the various injuries should also be provisionally attended to as well as possible. The entire scope of these problems was discussed at the refresher course.", "contents": "[Rescue service: initial measures on the spot and in hospital (author's transl)]. Improvement of any rescue service is inextricably bound up with the provision of optimal conditions with regard to first aid at the site of the accident, transport and immediate care in hospital. Only properly trained and experienced doctors are able to take appropriate life-saving action on the spot. Therefore ane should aim at getting the doctor to the site of the accident by helicopter or by ambulance as fast as possible. After immediate life-saving action has been taken, the various injuries should also be provisionally attended to as well as possible. The entire scope of these problems was discussed at the refresher course."}
{"id": "PMID:1207335", "title": "[Vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The course reviews the present status in the field of Vagotomy with reference to pathophysiology, gastrin release, anatomy, neural changes in the antrum, acid secretion, GI hormones, gastric motility, pepsin concentration, mucus production, O2 tension in the gastric mucosa, changes in the numbers of parietal cells, glucose tolerance, indications, diagnosis, necessity for drainage, acute complications, exclusion of malignancy in gastric ulcer; technique, intraoperative tests, results with TV, SV with antrectomy, recurrences, SPV and pyroplasty (controlled study), training. Nonresecting surgery of GDU is possible if vagotomy (SPV) and drainage (pyloroplasty) are correctly combined.", "contents": "[Vagotomy (author's transl)]. The course reviews the present status in the field of Vagotomy with reference to pathophysiology, gastrin release, anatomy, neural changes in the antrum, acid secretion, GI hormones, gastric motility, pepsin concentration, mucus production, O2 tension in the gastric mucosa, changes in the numbers of parietal cells, glucose tolerance, indications, diagnosis, necessity for drainage, acute complications, exclusion of malignancy in gastric ulcer; technique, intraoperative tests, results with TV, SV with antrectomy, recurrences, SPV and pyroplasty (controlled study), training. Nonresecting surgery of GDU is possible if vagotomy (SPV) and drainage (pyloroplasty) are correctly combined."}
{"id": "PMID:1207337", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of the surgical treatment of cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Human cancer is a worldwide problem. In most cases of cancer of an organ the best method of treatment is complete excision. Therefore the late results are dependent on the stage of the tumor at the time of operation. The most efficient weapon against cancer is early diagnosis. Progress in the development of diagnostic techniques sounds optimistic. The clinical results are still disappointing in relation to the cure rates. The first symptoms that lead the patient to consult the doctor are often already late symptoms. Progress can only be expected in the area of prophylactic screening for cancer.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of the surgical treatment of cancer (author's transl)]. Human cancer is a worldwide problem. In most cases of cancer of an organ the best method of treatment is complete excision. Therefore the late results are dependent on the stage of the tumor at the time of operation. The most efficient weapon against cancer is early diagnosis. Progress in the development of diagnostic techniques sounds optimistic. The clinical results are still disappointing in relation to the cure rates. The first symptoms that lead the patient to consult the doctor are often already late symptoms. Progress can only be expected in the area of prophylactic screening for cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1207338", "title": "[Legal problems in the treatment of cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the principles developed by the legislature, the treatment of cancer requires particularly careful diagnosis. The principle of free choise of methods is accepted in the treatment of cancer; in many cases, however, surgery plus irradiation must be regarded as the method generally accepted as the most effective, of which the doctor regularly has to avail himself. Revelation of the diagnosis involves particular problems. If telling the patient of the diagnosis likely to have a deleterious effect on the results of treatment, the type and extent of information given to the patient must be left to the discretion of the doctor.", "contents": "[Legal problems in the treatment of cancer (author's transl)]. According to the principles developed by the legislature, the treatment of cancer requires particularly careful diagnosis. The principle of free choise of methods is accepted in the treatment of cancer; in many cases, however, surgery plus irradiation must be regarded as the method generally accepted as the most effective, of which the doctor regularly has to avail himself. Revelation of the diagnosis involves particular problems. If telling the patient of the diagnosis likely to have a deleterious effect on the results of treatment, the type and extent of information given to the patient must be left to the discretion of the doctor."}
{"id": "PMID:1207339", "title": "[Evaluation of therapeutic success in cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of generally valid rules for the treatment of cancer obviously requires the comparison of different forms of treatment and their results. The basis for these comparisons is a reliably reproducible and sufficiently detailed internationally applicable classification scheme for the characterization of tumors affecting different organs and their extent on the basis of objective findings. The TNM system proposed by UICC is the only one answering all these demands. It ought to become universally accepted and be the only system used.", "contents": "[Evaluation of therapeutic success in cancer (author's transl)]. The development of generally valid rules for the treatment of cancer obviously requires the comparison of different forms of treatment and their results. The basis for these comparisons is a reliably reproducible and sufficiently detailed internationally applicable classification scheme for the characterization of tumors affecting different organs and their extent on the basis of objective findings. The TNM system proposed by UICC is the only one answering all these demands. It ought to become universally accepted and be the only system used."}
{"id": "PMID:1207340", "title": "[Anastomoses of the urinary tract for treatment of duplicated ureters (author's transl)].", "content": "Anastomoses between the kidney pelves or the ureters are excellent operative procedures to correct duplications of the urinary tract in distinct cases. Heminephrectomy may be avoided, when only one of the ureters is affected and the parenchyma of both portions of the kidney is intact. Indications are megalureter, recurrent refluxes, ureteroceles and ectopic ureteral orifice. The operative technic used in 13 cases is described. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed.", "contents": "[Anastomoses of the urinary tract for treatment of duplicated ureters (author's transl)]. Anastomoses between the kidney pelves or the ureters are excellent operative procedures to correct duplications of the urinary tract in distinct cases. Heminephrectomy may be avoided, when only one of the ureters is affected and the parenchyma of both portions of the kidney is intact. Indications are megalureter, recurrent refluxes, ureteroceles and ectopic ureteral orifice. The operative technic used in 13 cases is described. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207341", "title": "[The penetrating duodenal ulcer. Operative technique and postoperative complications (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 133 gastric resections for penetrating duodenal ulcer are reported. Because of the postoperative complications (acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, duodenal stump insufficiency, icterus and intraluminal postoperative bleeding) in future only the atypical closure of the duodenal stump according to the method of Nissen-Bsteh should be carried out. A bleeding ulcer should be operated within 48 hrs. If the bleeding needs more than 2500 ml blood substitute, this means a indication for a immediate operation.", "contents": "[The penetrating duodenal ulcer. Operative technique and postoperative complications (author's transl)]. The results of 133 gastric resections for penetrating duodenal ulcer are reported. Because of the postoperative complications (acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, duodenal stump insufficiency, icterus and intraluminal postoperative bleeding) in future only the atypical closure of the duodenal stump according to the method of Nissen-Bsteh should be carried out. A bleeding ulcer should be operated within 48 hrs. If the bleeding needs more than 2500 ml blood substitute, this means a indication for a immediate operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1207342", "title": "[Problems of the one- or two-stage operations of carcinoma on the left part of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "260 radically operations of carcinoma of the colon were carried out from 1963-1972; 163 of these operations have been done on the left part of the colon. The results of the one- and two-stage procedures were compared with the related literature. 46.5 per cent of the resected lymphnodes were affected by carcinoma. An expanded resection was done in 24 cases complicated with tumour perforation in adjacent organs. Among 147 one-stage left-side resections 20 insufficiencies of the anastomoses (13.5 per cent) were observed. To protect the anastomoses in 8 cases a coecal fistula and in 4 cases a fistula of the transverse colon were performed. There was no insufficiency of the anastomose. In 4 cases of two-stage precedures insufficiencies of the anastomose were found at the extraperitoneal replaced anus. The mortality was found to be 11.6 per cent. Peritonitis occurred in 18 cases: after 6 right sited and 12 left sited resections.", "contents": "[Problems of the one- or two-stage operations of carcinoma on the left part of the colon (author's transl)]. 260 radically operations of carcinoma of the colon were carried out from 1963-1972; 163 of these operations have been done on the left part of the colon. The results of the one- and two-stage procedures were compared with the related literature. 46.5 per cent of the resected lymphnodes were affected by carcinoma. An expanded resection was done in 24 cases complicated with tumour perforation in adjacent organs. Among 147 one-stage left-side resections 20 insufficiencies of the anastomoses (13.5 per cent) were observed. To protect the anastomoses in 8 cases a coecal fistula and in 4 cases a fistula of the transverse colon were performed. There was no insufficiency of the anastomose. In 4 cases of two-stage precedures insufficiencies of the anastomose were found at the extraperitoneal replaced anus. The mortality was found to be 11.6 per cent. Peritonitis occurred in 18 cases: after 6 right sited and 12 left sited resections."}
{"id": "PMID:1207343", "title": "[Differentialdiagnosis and surgical treatment of the familial intestinal polyposis (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1959 and 1974 we observed 18 patients with familial intestinal polyposis. 4 patients were from one family. Two brothers refused the operation and died 7 respectively 8 years after diagnosis had been made. The typical symptoms, the diagnostic procedure and the therapy are demonstrated. We prefer the proctocolectomy (eventually with the \"Kock-Ileostoma\"), because we observed a lot of recidivs after ileorectostomy. The prognosis of the familial intestinal polyposis is good, if the operation is performed early (also in cases of carcinomatosis). Only those patients died, who rejected the operation or were operated too late.", "contents": "[Differentialdiagnosis and surgical treatment of the familial intestinal polyposis (author's transl)]. Between 1959 and 1974 we observed 18 patients with familial intestinal polyposis. 4 patients were from one family. Two brothers refused the operation and died 7 respectively 8 years after diagnosis had been made. The typical symptoms, the diagnostic procedure and the therapy are demonstrated. We prefer the proctocolectomy (eventually with the \"Kock-Ileostoma\"), because we observed a lot of recidivs after ileorectostomy. The prognosis of the familial intestinal polyposis is good, if the operation is performed early (also in cases of carcinomatosis). Only those patients died, who rejected the operation or were operated too late."}
{"id": "PMID:1207344", "title": "[Juvenile bone cysts and giant cell tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The attempt is made to demonstrate clinical, radiographical, morphological differences between juvenile bone cyst and giant cell tumor as shown in the patients of the Surgical Department of the University of Dusseldorf and literature. It is possible to derive inferences in differential diagnosis from the age of the patient, clinical course and statistically most frequent locations. Radiographically the bone cyst distinguishes itself by its central localisation in the metaphysis, where as the giant cell tumor has an excentric position in the epiphysis with a tendency of extending into the metaphysis. Giant cells occur in both diseases. While the bone cyst is an tumor-like lesion, the giant cell tumor is a real neoplasia. The therapeutical procedure varies according to different prognostical significance of the two diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to draw an exact line of demarcation between the comparetively harmless juvenile bone cyst and the semimalign giant cell tumor.", "contents": "[Juvenile bone cysts and giant cell tumors (author's transl)]. The attempt is made to demonstrate clinical, radiographical, morphological differences between juvenile bone cyst and giant cell tumor as shown in the patients of the Surgical Department of the University of Dusseldorf and literature. It is possible to derive inferences in differential diagnosis from the age of the patient, clinical course and statistically most frequent locations. Radiographically the bone cyst distinguishes itself by its central localisation in the metaphysis, where as the giant cell tumor has an excentric position in the epiphysis with a tendency of extending into the metaphysis. Giant cells occur in both diseases. While the bone cyst is an tumor-like lesion, the giant cell tumor is a real neoplasia. The therapeutical procedure varies according to different prognostical significance of the two diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to draw an exact line of demarcation between the comparetively harmless juvenile bone cyst and the semimalign giant cell tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1207345", "title": "[Clinical indications for pacemaker exchange and functional studies of the explanted aggregates (author's transl)].", "content": "For the purpose of examining the clinical exchange indication 96 removed Demand-pacemakers (type Medtronic 5842, 5843, 5942, 5943) had been sujected to a functional test by the manufacturers. After a service-life from 31-45 months 71% (i.e. 42 out of 59 units) and, in the group with a service-life from 31-35 months, 66% (i.e. 33 out of 51 units) of pacemaker units removed at that time were still working regularly. The mean energy loss exceeded 70% with a simultaneous mean drop of the output voltage down to 2.5 Volts. After the 25th month of the implantation date the number of battery failure increased spasmodically. Under the suspicion diagnosis of \"battery exhaustion\" a prophylactic \"selective\" exchange operation of the pace-maker units implied does not appear justifiable to us but in cases with stable AV-Block III. Providing reliable supervision of patients with sufficient self-rhythm, the exchange may be delayed up to about the 40th month after the implantation.", "contents": "[Clinical indications for pacemaker exchange and functional studies of the explanted aggregates (author's transl)]. For the purpose of examining the clinical exchange indication 96 removed Demand-pacemakers (type Medtronic 5842, 5843, 5942, 5943) had been sujected to a functional test by the manufacturers. After a service-life from 31-45 months 71% (i.e. 42 out of 59 units) and, in the group with a service-life from 31-35 months, 66% (i.e. 33 out of 51 units) of pacemaker units removed at that time were still working regularly. The mean energy loss exceeded 70% with a simultaneous mean drop of the output voltage down to 2.5 Volts. After the 25th month of the implantation date the number of battery failure increased spasmodically. Under the suspicion diagnosis of \"battery exhaustion\" a prophylactic \"selective\" exchange operation of the pace-maker units implied does not appear justifiable to us but in cases with stable AV-Block III. Providing reliable supervision of patients with sufficient self-rhythm, the exchange may be delayed up to about the 40th month after the implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:1207346", "title": "Epidermoids involving the temporal bone: clinical, radiological and pathological aspects.", "content": "Epidermoids or congenital cholesteatomas arise from aberrant epithelial remnants and are, therefore, considerd blastomatous malformations. Their predilective sites are the intracranial cavity, the diploe of the skull and the spinal canal. In the base of the skull the temporal bone is the most frequent site. Epidermoids account for about 0.2-1.5 percent of all intracranial tumors. The majority originate in the cerebello-pontine angle where they account for 6-7 percent of all tumors. Their age incidence reveals a great scatter from birth to 80 years. The majority are recognized during the third and fourth decades with the onset of clinical symptoms occurring much earlier. They affect males more frequently than females. Their delicate capsule with a whitish mother-of-pearl sheen lends them a typical appearance. Epidermoids are generally slow growing lesions which may remain asymptomatic for years. The irritative effect of their content, however, can produce symptoms of dysfunction and intense inflammation. Malignant changes occur infrequently. Diploic epidermoids are easily recognized, whereas, intradural epidermoids are more difficult to identify. Epidermoids may arise in the vicinity, on the outer aspect or within the temporal bone. Epidermoids originating in any of these locations have certain characteristic features which may arouse suspicion of their presence. Examples of an epidermoid with origin in the typical locations within the temporal bone and cerebello-pontine angle are discussed to portray their individual characteristics.", "contents": "Epidermoids involving the temporal bone: clinical, radiological and pathological aspects. Epidermoids or congenital cholesteatomas arise from aberrant epithelial remnants and are, therefore, considerd blastomatous malformations. Their predilective sites are the intracranial cavity, the diploe of the skull and the spinal canal. In the base of the skull the temporal bone is the most frequent site. Epidermoids account for about 0.2-1.5 percent of all intracranial tumors. The majority originate in the cerebello-pontine angle where they account for 6-7 percent of all tumors. Their age incidence reveals a great scatter from birth to 80 years. The majority are recognized during the third and fourth decades with the onset of clinical symptoms occurring much earlier. They affect males more frequently than females. Their delicate capsule with a whitish mother-of-pearl sheen lends them a typical appearance. Epidermoids are generally slow growing lesions which may remain asymptomatic for years. The irritative effect of their content, however, can produce symptoms of dysfunction and intense inflammation. Malignant changes occur infrequently. Diploic epidermoids are easily recognized, whereas, intradural epidermoids are more difficult to identify. Epidermoids may arise in the vicinity, on the outer aspect or within the temporal bone. Epidermoids originating in any of these locations have certain characteristic features which may arouse suspicion of their presence. Examples of an epidermoid with origin in the typical locations within the temporal bone and cerebello-pontine angle are discussed to portray their individual characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:1207347", "title": "[Histologic patterns of liver damage in chronic poisoning from tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (author's transl)].", "content": "Six subjects, affected with TOCP polyneuritis, were submitted to liver biopsy by means of Menghini's technique. By means of both optic and electron microscopy, histologic and ultrastructural findings of liver damage were evaluated, whose genesis is believed to be due to the toxic effect of TOCP. The hepatocytes showed changes, mainly represented by cloud-vacuolar swelling of the cytoplasm, with abnormalities of nuclear membrane and lipofuscin pigment accumulation. The above mentioned patterns were found in all the examined needle biopsies, which possibly account for their toxic nature.", "contents": "[Histologic patterns of liver damage in chronic poisoning from tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (author's transl)]. Six subjects, affected with TOCP polyneuritis, were submitted to liver biopsy by means of Menghini's technique. By means of both optic and electron microscopy, histologic and ultrastructural findings of liver damage were evaluated, whose genesis is believed to be due to the toxic effect of TOCP. The hepatocytes showed changes, mainly represented by cloud-vacuolar swelling of the cytoplasm, with abnormalities of nuclear membrane and lipofuscin pigment accumulation. The above mentioned patterns were found in all the examined needle biopsies, which possibly account for their toxic nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1207348", "title": "[Functional conditions of the respiratory system and work site pollution. II. Prevalence of respiratory function changes in workers employed in bichromate and chromic acid production (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the prevalence of respiratory function changes in two groups of workers employed in bichromate and chromic acid production. In the first group (82 subjects) examined at the Institute of Occupational Medicine, the following tests were performed: filling out of a questionnaire for cronic bronchitis; chest x-ray; spirometry; pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLco) measurement; blood gas analysis on arteriolized capillary; He and CO2 rapid expiratory curves determination. No environmental pollution data were available. In the second group (180 subjects) examined at the working site, the following tests were performed: filling out of a questionnaire -or chronic bronchitis; spirometric determination. Environmental pollution data were available. A causal connection is hypothesized by the authors between either roentgenologic or respiratory functional changes and chromium exposure, and an increased proportion between lung function changes and exposure length is stressed.", "contents": "[Functional conditions of the respiratory system and work site pollution. II. Prevalence of respiratory function changes in workers employed in bichromate and chromic acid production (author's transl)]. The authors report the prevalence of respiratory function changes in two groups of workers employed in bichromate and chromic acid production. In the first group (82 subjects) examined at the Institute of Occupational Medicine, the following tests were performed: filling out of a questionnaire for cronic bronchitis; chest x-ray; spirometry; pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLco) measurement; blood gas analysis on arteriolized capillary; He and CO2 rapid expiratory curves determination. No environmental pollution data were available. In the second group (180 subjects) examined at the working site, the following tests were performed: filling out of a questionnaire -or chronic bronchitis; spirometric determination. Environmental pollution data were available. A causal connection is hypothesized by the authors between either roentgenologic or respiratory functional changes and chromium exposure, and an increased proportion between lung function changes and exposure length is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207349", "title": "Chromosome changes induced by ionizing radiations. Case reports (author's transl).", "content": "The authors, after a short review of the literature, report four cases of acute accidental irradiation from Co60 exposure, however of slight degree. A cytogenetic study showed chromosome changes of unstable type only, which were also found in the case with 1,5 rem absorption.", "contents": "Chromosome changes induced by ionizing radiations. Case reports (author's transl). The authors, after a short review of the literature, report four cases of acute accidental irradiation from Co60 exposure, however of slight degree. A cytogenetic study showed chromosome changes of unstable type only, which were also found in the case with 1,5 rem absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1207411", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of alpha-monopalmitin by rat lung in vitro.", "content": "CO2 production from and uptake of alpha-glyceryl mono (palmitate-1-14C) were studied in an in vitro system using minced rat lung. Monoglyceride radioactivity was readily incorporated into lung tissue lipids. In a time course of 5-120 min, ca. 2.9-21.9% of the initial medium 14C-radioactivity was recovered in tissue lipids, including free fatty acid and monoglyceride, per one g of tissue. From 93 to 72% of the initial radioactivity remained in the medium during the same incubation periods. The ratio of tissue neutral lipid to phospholipid radioactivity decreased from 2:1 at 5 min to ca. 1:2.1 at 120 min. Most of the phospholipid-14C was in phosphatidyl choline, and this accounted for 80% of phospholipid-14C. Analysis of the tissue lipid radioactivity pattern revealed that during early periods of incubation (5-15 min) there was a rapid accumulation of 14C in monoglycerides and free fatty acids, which decreased with increasing incubation time concomitant with increase in radioactivity of tissue phospholipids and triglycerides. During the same time course, 6.5-85.3% of medium-14C was in free fatty acid, indicating the presence of an active alpha-monopalmitin-hydrolyzing system. After 2 hr of incubation, only 1.8% of the initial medium-14C had been oxidized to CO2. Under the same experimental conditions, 14C-alpha-monopalmitin and palmitate-1-14C were almost equally utilized and the patterns of lipid incorporated from both substrates were similar. It is suggested that rat lungs can utilize alpha-monopalmitin in a similar manner as palmitate after the former is hydrolyzed.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of alpha-monopalmitin by rat lung in vitro. CO2 production from and uptake of alpha-glyceryl mono (palmitate-1-14C) were studied in an in vitro system using minced rat lung. Monoglyceride radioactivity was readily incorporated into lung tissue lipids. In a time course of 5-120 min, ca. 2.9-21.9% of the initial medium 14C-radioactivity was recovered in tissue lipids, including free fatty acid and monoglyceride, per one g of tissue. From 93 to 72% of the initial radioactivity remained in the medium during the same incubation periods. The ratio of tissue neutral lipid to phospholipid radioactivity decreased from 2:1 at 5 min to ca. 1:2.1 at 120 min. Most of the phospholipid-14C was in phosphatidyl choline, and this accounted for 80% of phospholipid-14C. Analysis of the tissue lipid radioactivity pattern revealed that during early periods of incubation (5-15 min) there was a rapid accumulation of 14C in monoglycerides and free fatty acids, which decreased with increasing incubation time concomitant with increase in radioactivity of tissue phospholipids and triglycerides. During the same time course, 6.5-85.3% of medium-14C was in free fatty acid, indicating the presence of an active alpha-monopalmitin-hydrolyzing system. After 2 hr of incubation, only 1.8% of the initial medium-14C had been oxidized to CO2. Under the same experimental conditions, 14C-alpha-monopalmitin and palmitate-1-14C were almost equally utilized and the patterns of lipid incorporated from both substrates were similar. It is suggested that rat lungs can utilize alpha-monopalmitin in a similar manner as palmitate after the former is hydrolyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207412", "title": "Effect of ethanol on utilization of plasma free fatty acids for liver triacylglycerol synthesis and its relation to hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in rats.", "content": "The effect of 3 different single doses of ethanol on the liver triacylglycerol concentration and on the metabolism of intravenously injected 14C-oleic acid in fasted rats was studied. All 3 doses (2, 3.75, and 6 g ethanol/kg body wt) caused a rapid increase in the liver triacylglycerol concentration during the first 5-6 hr after the ethanol was given. Until the plasma ethanol concentration had fallen to low values, the high liver triacylglycerol levels were raised and were independent of the ethanol dose given. The incorporation of radioactivity from intravenously injected 14C-oleic acid into liver triacylglycerols was increased over control values to the same extent in all rats given ethanol as long as the plasma ethanol concentration was above a low level. High rates of ethanol oxidation and increased utilization of plasma free fatty acids for liver triacylglycerol synthesis were closely correlated with the development and maintenance of the ethanol induced liver triacylglycerol accumulation.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on utilization of plasma free fatty acids for liver triacylglycerol synthesis and its relation to hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in rats. The effect of 3 different single doses of ethanol on the liver triacylglycerol concentration and on the metabolism of intravenously injected 14C-oleic acid in fasted rats was studied. All 3 doses (2, 3.75, and 6 g ethanol/kg body wt) caused a rapid increase in the liver triacylglycerol concentration during the first 5-6 hr after the ethanol was given. Until the plasma ethanol concentration had fallen to low values, the high liver triacylglycerol levels were raised and were independent of the ethanol dose given. The incorporation of radioactivity from intravenously injected 14C-oleic acid into liver triacylglycerols was increased over control values to the same extent in all rats given ethanol as long as the plasma ethanol concentration was above a low level. High rates of ethanol oxidation and increased utilization of plasma free fatty acids for liver triacylglycerol synthesis were closely correlated with the development and maintenance of the ethanol induced liver triacylglycerol accumulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1207413", "title": "Tumor extracellular triglycerides in mice during growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.", "content": "Our earlier work with Swiss-Webster mice has shown that most of the lipid in Ehrlich ascites tumor extracellular fluid is in the form of free fatty acids. This finding is in direct contradiction to earlier and subsequent reports from another laboratory that has found free fatty acids to be a very minor component and triglycerides to be the major lipid of Ehrlich ascites tumor extracellular fluid. In light of these contradictory reports, we have carried out a study patterned after that of other workers, but using our Swiss-Webster mice. As predicted from our earlier study, we have found very little triglyceride in Ehrlich ascites tumor extracellular fluid. Although we could demonstrate a significant, transient hypertriglyceridemia during tumor growth, maximum plasma triglyceride concentrations were an order of magnitude lower than those reported by other workers. In addition, and again in contrast to other reports, we found that plasma triglyceride and tumor extracellular fluid triglyceride levels in tumorous mice fell significantly with fasting. Thus, interesting differences in triglyceride metabolism between mouse and/or tumor strains seem to exist. Our present findings suggest, but do not prove, that triglycerides in the tumor extracellular fluid probably are not a major source of the rapidly turning over, tumor extracellular fluid free fatty acid in our mice.", "contents": "Tumor extracellular triglycerides in mice during growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Our earlier work with Swiss-Webster mice has shown that most of the lipid in Ehrlich ascites tumor extracellular fluid is in the form of free fatty acids. This finding is in direct contradiction to earlier and subsequent reports from another laboratory that has found free fatty acids to be a very minor component and triglycerides to be the major lipid of Ehrlich ascites tumor extracellular fluid. In light of these contradictory reports, we have carried out a study patterned after that of other workers, but using our Swiss-Webster mice. As predicted from our earlier study, we have found very little triglyceride in Ehrlich ascites tumor extracellular fluid. Although we could demonstrate a significant, transient hypertriglyceridemia during tumor growth, maximum plasma triglyceride concentrations were an order of magnitude lower than those reported by other workers. In addition, and again in contrast to other reports, we found that plasma triglyceride and tumor extracellular fluid triglyceride levels in tumorous mice fell significantly with fasting. Thus, interesting differences in triglyceride metabolism between mouse and/or tumor strains seem to exist. Our present findings suggest, but do not prove, that triglycerides in the tumor extracellular fluid probably are not a major source of the rapidly turning over, tumor extracellular fluid free fatty acid in our mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1207414", "title": "Quantitative, multicomponent analysis of fatty acids from cholesteryl esters by chemical ionization reconstructed mass chromatography.", "content": "Reconstructed mass chromatography using methane as a carrier and reagent gas for chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the derived methyl esters allows rapid, quantitative microdeterminations of complete cholesteryl ester fatty acid profiles. The sensitivity of this method is consistent with completely specific, multicomponent assay at the picomole level. Introduction of two homologues as internal standards, one into the intact biological specimen and the other after derivatization, provides a measure of the net efficiency of the processes of extraction and derivatization. This procedure may be extended readily to the determination of fatty acid profiles in most biological fluids.", "contents": "Quantitative, multicomponent analysis of fatty acids from cholesteryl esters by chemical ionization reconstructed mass chromatography. Reconstructed mass chromatography using methane as a carrier and reagent gas for chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the derived methyl esters allows rapid, quantitative microdeterminations of complete cholesteryl ester fatty acid profiles. The sensitivity of this method is consistent with completely specific, multicomponent assay at the picomole level. Introduction of two homologues as internal standards, one into the intact biological specimen and the other after derivatization, provides a measure of the net efficiency of the processes of extraction and derivatization. This procedure may be extended readily to the determination of fatty acid profiles in most biological fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:1207415", "title": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in hypercholesterolemic subjects and in hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with clofibrate.", "content": "The lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer reaction in the plasma of hypercholesterolemic subjects and of hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with clofibrate was studied. An increased enzyme activity was found in the first group of patients, while lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer activity tended to normalize in the second group. This increased enzyme activity might be a defense mechanism against the accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial wall.", "contents": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in hypercholesterolemic subjects and in hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with clofibrate. The lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer reaction in the plasma of hypercholesterolemic subjects and of hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with clofibrate was studied. An increased enzyme activity was found in the first group of patients, while lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer activity tended to normalize in the second group. This increased enzyme activity might be a defense mechanism against the accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1207416", "title": "24-Methylenedammarenol: a new triterpene alcohol from shea butter.", "content": "A new triterpene alcohol was isolated from shea butter and its structure was shown to be 24-methylenedammarenol (24-methylene-5alpha-dammar-20[21]-en-3beta-o1). Dammaradienol (5alpha-dammara-20[21],24-dien-3beta-o1) also was isolated from shea butter.", "contents": "24-Methylenedammarenol: a new triterpene alcohol from shea butter. A new triterpene alcohol was isolated from shea butter and its structure was shown to be 24-methylenedammarenol (24-methylene-5alpha-dammar-20[21]-en-3beta-o1). Dammaradienol (5alpha-dammara-20[21],24-dien-3beta-o1) also was isolated from shea butter."}
{"id": "PMID:1207417", "title": "Intestinal lipid absorption: evidence for an intrinsic defect of chylomicron secretion by normal rat distal intestine.", "content": "Intracellular triglyceride accumulation and delayed chylomicron secretion were demonstrated in distal but not in proximal rat intestine following prolonged steady state fat absorption. After 1 and 4 hr of intraduodenal triolein infusion, the mucosal triglyceride content in distal intestinal segments was greatly increased compared with proximal segments. Electron microscopy at each time interval disclosed greater quantities of lipid droplets within the distal cells and these were much larger than the intracellular droplets in the proximal cells, some attaining an enormous size (9000 mum). When proximal and distal cells were compared at intervals after cessation of a 4 hr triolein infusion, the differences in intracellular lipid accumulation were also evident because, even after 6 hr the distal cells were still filled with large droplets, whereas the proximal cells were almost devoid of fat. These results indicate a basic cellular difference between proximal and distal intestine in the processing of fat and, in contrast to current concepts, suggest that defective chylomicron secretion is not necessarily associated with limited B-apoprotein availability.", "contents": "Intestinal lipid absorption: evidence for an intrinsic defect of chylomicron secretion by normal rat distal intestine. Intracellular triglyceride accumulation and delayed chylomicron secretion were demonstrated in distal but not in proximal rat intestine following prolonged steady state fat absorption. After 1 and 4 hr of intraduodenal triolein infusion, the mucosal triglyceride content in distal intestinal segments was greatly increased compared with proximal segments. Electron microscopy at each time interval disclosed greater quantities of lipid droplets within the distal cells and these were much larger than the intracellular droplets in the proximal cells, some attaining an enormous size (9000 mum). When proximal and distal cells were compared at intervals after cessation of a 4 hr triolein infusion, the differences in intracellular lipid accumulation were also evident because, even after 6 hr the distal cells were still filled with large droplets, whereas the proximal cells were almost devoid of fat. These results indicate a basic cellular difference between proximal and distal intestine in the processing of fat and, in contrast to current concepts, suggest that defective chylomicron secretion is not necessarily associated with limited B-apoprotein availability."}
{"id": "PMID:1207430", "title": "Free fatty acid and glucose metabolism during increased energy expenditure and after training.", "content": "The amount of fat available as substrate to provide the energy needed for submaximal exercise is almost unlimited; therefore, it stands to reason that the organism will adapt so that it uses fat as the major energy substrate during very prolonged exercise. Nevertheless, the quantitatively smaller body stores of carbohydrate, which contain only one to two percent as many calories as the fat stores, play a very important role during exercise, since depletion of either muscle or liver glycogen will force an individual to terminate strenuous muscular work. In normal dogs during long-lasting exercise, at energy expenditures ranging from the resting state of 0.73 kcal/m2 min to a work load of 4.66 kcal/m2 min, the FFA mobilization, and participation of FFA oxidation in total energy expenditure increases. During prolonged exercise in trained dogs, 50-90% of the energy may derive from plasma FFA, while plasma glucose contributes not more than 10% to the energy expenditure. However, there is an inverse relationship between the amount of glycogen stored inside the muscle, its rate of depletion, and muscular endurance during prolonged strenuous work. Oxidation of FFA spares muscle glycogen and in this way increases work endurance.", "contents": "Free fatty acid and glucose metabolism during increased energy expenditure and after training. The amount of fat available as substrate to provide the energy needed for submaximal exercise is almost unlimited; therefore, it stands to reason that the organism will adapt so that it uses fat as the major energy substrate during very prolonged exercise. Nevertheless, the quantitatively smaller body stores of carbohydrate, which contain only one to two percent as many calories as the fat stores, play a very important role during exercise, since depletion of either muscle or liver glycogen will force an individual to terminate strenuous muscular work. In normal dogs during long-lasting exercise, at energy expenditures ranging from the resting state of 0.73 kcal/m2 min to a work load of 4.66 kcal/m2 min, the FFA mobilization, and participation of FFA oxidation in total energy expenditure increases. During prolonged exercise in trained dogs, 50-90% of the energy may derive from plasma FFA, while plasma glucose contributes not more than 10% to the energy expenditure. However, there is an inverse relationship between the amount of glycogen stored inside the muscle, its rate of depletion, and muscular endurance during prolonged strenuous work. Oxidation of FFA spares muscle glycogen and in this way increases work endurance."}
{"id": "PMID:1207431", "title": "The body composition of a college football team.", "content": "The body composition and anthropometric measurements of 65 college football players were studied. Body composition was determined by underwater weighing with an accurate assessment of residual volume. The anthropometric measurements included height, weight, seven skinfolds, waist circumference and wrist diameter. A step-wise multiple regression analysis of the data indicated that body density and body fat could be predicted from anthropometric measurements. A multiple correlation of .96 was found between body density and three independent variables (waist circumference, triceps skinfold and height). The derived regression equations' standard errors of the estimate were 0.0041 body density units and 1.64 percent fat respectively. The team data were divided into five categories by position. When subjected to analysis of variance, significant differences at the .01 level of confidence suggested that at least two separate groups, backs and linemen, be used in future body composition studies of football teams. The estimated optimal playing weights of each player were determined by densitometry, and each player and the coach estimated that their optimal weights through personal experience. It was found that the players and the coach estimated the players optimal mean weight by 9 and 6 pounds heavier, respectively, than the densitometric analysis indicated as optimal.", "contents": "The body composition of a college football team. The body composition and anthropometric measurements of 65 college football players were studied. Body composition was determined by underwater weighing with an accurate assessment of residual volume. The anthropometric measurements included height, weight, seven skinfolds, waist circumference and wrist diameter. A step-wise multiple regression analysis of the data indicated that body density and body fat could be predicted from anthropometric measurements. A multiple correlation of .96 was found between body density and three independent variables (waist circumference, triceps skinfold and height). The derived regression equations' standard errors of the estimate were 0.0041 body density units and 1.64 percent fat respectively. The team data were divided into five categories by position. When subjected to analysis of variance, significant differences at the .01 level of confidence suggested that at least two separate groups, backs and linemen, be used in future body composition studies of football teams. The estimated optimal playing weights of each player were determined by densitometry, and each player and the coach estimated that their optimal weights through personal experience. It was found that the players and the coach estimated the players optimal mean weight by 9 and 6 pounds heavier, respectively, than the densitometric analysis indicated as optimal."}
{"id": "PMID:1207432", "title": "Effects of fatigue on stabilometer performance and learning of males and females.", "content": "The effect of severe physical fatigue on the learning and performance of males and females was compared. The task used in the study was a stabilometer balance task, and fatigue was induced by walking on a treadmill. Thirty male and 30 female subjects were randomly assigned to 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Each subject was pretested, received 20 trials, and was post-tested the following day. The experimental groups were fatigued to a heart rate between 175 and 180 bpm for 5 minutes prior to the first trial and for one minute following every second trial. The control groups were not fatigued. Both time on balance (TOB) and total error (TE) scores were recorded for each trial. The TOB data indicated that fatigue was detrimental to both performance and learning of this dynamic balance task. In addition, the TOB learning data revealed that learning is detrimentally affected by fatigue. Conclusions were that severe fatigue is detrimental to both performance and learning of stabilometer balance and that fatigue has similar effects on balance performance and learning of males and females.", "contents": "Effects of fatigue on stabilometer performance and learning of males and females. The effect of severe physical fatigue on the learning and performance of males and females was compared. The task used in the study was a stabilometer balance task, and fatigue was induced by walking on a treadmill. Thirty male and 30 female subjects were randomly assigned to 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Each subject was pretested, received 20 trials, and was post-tested the following day. The experimental groups were fatigued to a heart rate between 175 and 180 bpm for 5 minutes prior to the first trial and for one minute following every second trial. The control groups were not fatigued. Both time on balance (TOB) and total error (TE) scores were recorded for each trial. The TOB data indicated that fatigue was detrimental to both performance and learning of this dynamic balance task. In addition, the TOB learning data revealed that learning is detrimentally affected by fatigue. Conclusions were that severe fatigue is detrimental to both performance and learning of stabilometer balance and that fatigue has similar effects on balance performance and learning of males and females."}
{"id": "PMID:1207433", "title": "Prediction of segmental parameters using the Hanavan human body model.", "content": "The Hanavan mathematical model of the human body was updated utilizing Clauser et al.'s multi-step weight distribution regression equations. The influence of these equations upon the predicted segment weights, specific gravities and principal moments of inertia of 30 adult male athletes was compared to that of Barter's regression equations employed in the original model. Both methods resulted in descrepancies between actual body weight and the predicted sum of the segment weights with Barter's equations consistently underestimating total body weight by an average of 2.03% and Clauser et al.'s overestimating it by 4.59%. Proportional distribution of the discrepancies produced corrected segment weights which were used in the Hanavan model. Clauser et al.'s equations predicted heavier trunks and thighs, and lighter heads, upper arms, forearms and hands with these differences being reflected in the specific gravities and principal moments of intertia. While it was not possible to establish the definite superiority of Clauser et al.'s equations in the prediction of body segment parameters, it is suggested from inferential evidence that they be used in subsequent biomechanical investigations of adult male athletes which involve the Hanavan model. It is also recommended that continued efforts be made to refine the Hanavan human body model.", "contents": "Prediction of segmental parameters using the Hanavan human body model. The Hanavan mathematical model of the human body was updated utilizing Clauser et al.'s multi-step weight distribution regression equations. The influence of these equations upon the predicted segment weights, specific gravities and principal moments of inertia of 30 adult male athletes was compared to that of Barter's regression equations employed in the original model. Both methods resulted in descrepancies between actual body weight and the predicted sum of the segment weights with Barter's equations consistently underestimating total body weight by an average of 2.03% and Clauser et al.'s overestimating it by 4.59%. Proportional distribution of the discrepancies produced corrected segment weights which were used in the Hanavan model. Clauser et al.'s equations predicted heavier trunks and thighs, and lighter heads, upper arms, forearms and hands with these differences being reflected in the specific gravities and principal moments of intertia. While it was not possible to establish the definite superiority of Clauser et al.'s equations in the prediction of body segment parameters, it is suggested from inferential evidence that they be used in subsequent biomechanical investigations of adult male athletes which involve the Hanavan model. It is also recommended that continued efforts be made to refine the Hanavan human body model."}
{"id": "PMID:1207434", "title": "Decline of physiologic training effects during the competitive season in members of the U.S. Nordic ski team.", "content": "Various physiologic parameters were examined during submaximal and maximal treadmill exercise in nine members of the U.S. Nordic Ski Team prior to and following three months of on-snow ski training. In addition, four of this group were re-tested at the conclusion of the competitive skiing season. Results indicate a perceptible increase in training effect during the fall and early winter before starting on the European race circuit with subsequent decline in this effect as measured in the spring. It is suggested that this latter phenomenon occurs at least in part due to lack of adequate training time during the period of long-distance travel and racing.", "contents": "Decline of physiologic training effects during the competitive season in members of the U.S. Nordic ski team. Various physiologic parameters were examined during submaximal and maximal treadmill exercise in nine members of the U.S. Nordic Ski Team prior to and following three months of on-snow ski training. In addition, four of this group were re-tested at the conclusion of the competitive skiing season. Results indicate a perceptible increase in training effect during the fall and early winter before starting on the European race circuit with subsequent decline in this effect as measured in the spring. It is suggested that this latter phenomenon occurs at least in part due to lack of adequate training time during the period of long-distance travel and racing."}
{"id": "PMID:1207435", "title": "Effect of caffeine upon maximal muscular endurance of females.", "content": "The effect of various dosages of caffeine upon maximal endurance capacity in females was studied. The effect of caffeine upon resting heart rate (RHR), submaximal heart rate (SHR), maximal heart rate (MHR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) was also studied. Prior to undertaking a standarized progressive workload to exhaustion on an electric bicycle ergometer, each subject consumed either a placebo, small (4 mg/kg), medium (7 mg/kg) or large (10 mg/kg) dose of caffeine. A double-blind procedure was followed. Mean times to exhaustion for the placebo, small, medium and large dosages of caffeine were, respectively, 299.5, 312.1, 299.8, and 303.2 seconds. MHR were respectively, 183.4, 185.0, 185.4, and 184.4. Maximal RPE were 16.6, 17.0, 16.3, and 17.1. The analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between the drug trials for the above three variables; in addition, no significant differences were noted for the RHR, SHR, and submaximal RPE. Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusion appears warranted: A small, moderate, or large dose of caffeine exerted no significant effect upon maximal endurance time, RHR, SHR, MHR, or RPE at either submaximal or maximal workloads.", "contents": "Effect of caffeine upon maximal muscular endurance of females. The effect of various dosages of caffeine upon maximal endurance capacity in females was studied. The effect of caffeine upon resting heart rate (RHR), submaximal heart rate (SHR), maximal heart rate (MHR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) was also studied. Prior to undertaking a standarized progressive workload to exhaustion on an electric bicycle ergometer, each subject consumed either a placebo, small (4 mg/kg), medium (7 mg/kg) or large (10 mg/kg) dose of caffeine. A double-blind procedure was followed. Mean times to exhaustion for the placebo, small, medium and large dosages of caffeine were, respectively, 299.5, 312.1, 299.8, and 303.2 seconds. MHR were respectively, 183.4, 185.0, 185.4, and 184.4. Maximal RPE were 16.6, 17.0, 16.3, and 17.1. The analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between the drug trials for the above three variables; in addition, no significant differences were noted for the RHR, SHR, and submaximal RPE. Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusion appears warranted: A small, moderate, or large dose of caffeine exerted no significant effect upon maximal endurance time, RHR, SHR, MHR, or RPE at either submaximal or maximal workloads."}
{"id": "PMID:1207436", "title": "National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment football helmet certification program.", "content": "Wayne State University, Department of Neurosurgery, was contracted in 1971 by NOCSAE to develop voluntary standards for football helmets. Preliminary tests of representative football helmets on cadavers and the Z-90 metal head form showed that a more realistic head model was necessary before it was possible to understand helmet performance. A synthetic model was developed which approached human cadaver performance and at the same time was more rugged and repeatable than a cadaver head. A test method was devised and a human tolerance limit of 1500 Severity Index based on resultant CG head accelerations was adopted as the performance standard. All new football helmets available for use in high school and college football have now been certified by the NOCSAE standard and the wearing of such helmets is mandatory for college players in 1978 and high schools in 1980. By means of design or material changes, certified helmets on the NOCSAE tests are performing at a Severity Index of 1/2 those posted by prestandard models, on the average. Experience with the equipment at a helmet reconditiong plant shows that 25% of precertified helmets being received are rejected and 84% of the remainder are testing on the front location (most critical) above a Severity Index of 1450, and should be replaced as soon as possible with certified helmets.", "contents": "National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment football helmet certification program. Wayne State University, Department of Neurosurgery, was contracted in 1971 by NOCSAE to develop voluntary standards for football helmets. Preliminary tests of representative football helmets on cadavers and the Z-90 metal head form showed that a more realistic head model was necessary before it was possible to understand helmet performance. A synthetic model was developed which approached human cadaver performance and at the same time was more rugged and repeatable than a cadaver head. A test method was devised and a human tolerance limit of 1500 Severity Index based on resultant CG head accelerations was adopted as the performance standard. All new football helmets available for use in high school and college football have now been certified by the NOCSAE standard and the wearing of such helmets is mandatory for college players in 1978 and high schools in 1980. By means of design or material changes, certified helmets on the NOCSAE tests are performing at a Severity Index of 1/2 those posted by prestandard models, on the average. Experience with the equipment at a helmet reconditiong plant shows that 25% of precertified helmets being received are rejected and 84% of the remainder are testing on the front location (most critical) above a Severity Index of 1450, and should be replaced as soon as possible with certified helmets."}
{"id": "PMID:1207437", "title": "Serum uric acid, body fatness, and heart rate response to exercise.", "content": "Serum uric acid was determined in 2298 males and 2237 females, age 10-64. Body fatness (sum of four skinfolds) and heart rate response to a modified Harvard Step Test were also measured in these subjects. Age and sex specific correlation coefficients between SUA and heart rate response to the standard exercise were low (about 0.15 on the average) but more than half were statistically significant. SUA was more closely related to body fatness than to heart rate response to exercise. Removing the effects of body fatness from the SUA - heart rate response correlations decreased these correlations so that only about one per cent of the variation in SUA among people is associated with one's physical fitness as reflected in heart rate response to exercise.", "contents": "Serum uric acid, body fatness, and heart rate response to exercise. Serum uric acid was determined in 2298 males and 2237 females, age 10-64. Body fatness (sum of four skinfolds) and heart rate response to a modified Harvard Step Test were also measured in these subjects. Age and sex specific correlation coefficients between SUA and heart rate response to the standard exercise were low (about 0.15 on the average) but more than half were statistically significant. SUA was more closely related to body fatness than to heart rate response to exercise. Removing the effects of body fatness from the SUA - heart rate response correlations decreased these correlations so that only about one per cent of the variation in SUA among people is associated with one's physical fitness as reflected in heart rate response to exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:1207486", "title": "[Determination of the number of cells with multiple nucleoli in histological sections (author's transl)].", "content": "A method has been described for correction of a bias, when cells with more than one nucleolus are counted by counting their nucleoli. The true numbers of cells and nucleoli per cell can be estimated by a system of linear equations, with coefficients depending on the thickness of the histological specimen, the average nuclear diameter and the probabilities of nuclear slices, which one gets by cutting a cell nucleus with a certain number of nucleoli. The presuppositions for this method have been discussed with respect to different practical situations. Uncorrected and corrected numbers of motoneurons in the nucl. n. oculomotorii of Tupaia belangeri have been compared.", "contents": "[Determination of the number of cells with multiple nucleoli in histological sections (author's transl)]. A method has been described for correction of a bias, when cells with more than one nucleolus are counted by counting their nucleoli. The true numbers of cells and nucleoli per cell can be estimated by a system of linear equations, with coefficients depending on the thickness of the histological specimen, the average nuclear diameter and the probabilities of nuclear slices, which one gets by cutting a cell nucleus with a certain number of nucleoli. The presuppositions for this method have been discussed with respect to different practical situations. Uncorrected and corrected numbers of motoneurons in the nucl. n. oculomotorii of Tupaia belangeri have been compared."}
{"id": "PMID:1207487", "title": "Structure of enamel surface as demonstrated by absorbed electrons.", "content": "The current induced by absorbed electrons in electron microprobe analysis was utilized to illustrate the surface structure of dental enamel. The electron images depicted a typical arcade or key-hole pattern on the surface of human incisors, while the surface of rat incisors was characterized by polygonal structures. Differences in electron density of the two specimen materials were observed, probably due to differences in their chemical composition. Absorbed electron images appear to be a valuable supplement to light microscopy, especially in the study of curved surfaces.", "contents": "Structure of enamel surface as demonstrated by absorbed electrons. The current induced by absorbed electrons in electron microprobe analysis was utilized to illustrate the surface structure of dental enamel. The electron images depicted a typical arcade or key-hole pattern on the surface of human incisors, while the surface of rat incisors was characterized by polygonal structures. Differences in electron density of the two specimen materials were observed, probably due to differences in their chemical composition. Absorbed electron images appear to be a valuable supplement to light microscopy, especially in the study of curved surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:1207494", "title": "[Respiratory activity of Acholeplasma laidlawii cells and its role in the active transport of carbohydrates].", "content": "The respiratory activity of the Acholeplasma laidlawii cells was studied in order to elucidate a possible mechanism of coupling of transport with energy. The respiration of the cells is stimulated by ethanol, glucose, NADH, lactate, and pyruvate. The substrates of the Krebs cycle have no effect on the respiration. The respiratory activity, stimulated by ethanol and glucose, is inhibited by the inhibitors of the respiratory chain, SH reagents, and the inhibitors of glycolysis. The results of experiments with inhibitors suggest that the respiratory chain in the A. laidlawii cells is reduced and terminated by flavoprotein. This is confirmed by the results of spectroscopic analysis of cytochromes. Respiration coupled with phosphorylation did not play any important role in the active transport of carbohydrates. Probably, the energy, necessary for the transport of carbohydrates, is supplied by the substrate phosphorylation. This explains the activation of respiration by glucose, which is so sensitive to arsenate. The respiration of the A. laidlawii cells is not stimulated by some carbohydrates (fructose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose).", "contents": "[Respiratory activity of Acholeplasma laidlawii cells and its role in the active transport of carbohydrates]. The respiratory activity of the Acholeplasma laidlawii cells was studied in order to elucidate a possible mechanism of coupling of transport with energy. The respiration of the cells is stimulated by ethanol, glucose, NADH, lactate, and pyruvate. The substrates of the Krebs cycle have no effect on the respiration. The respiratory activity, stimulated by ethanol and glucose, is inhibited by the inhibitors of the respiratory chain, SH reagents, and the inhibitors of glycolysis. The results of experiments with inhibitors suggest that the respiratory chain in the A. laidlawii cells is reduced and terminated by flavoprotein. This is confirmed by the results of spectroscopic analysis of cytochromes. Respiration coupled with phosphorylation did not play any important role in the active transport of carbohydrates. Probably, the energy, necessary for the transport of carbohydrates, is supplied by the substrate phosphorylation. This explains the activation of respiration by glucose, which is so sensitive to arsenate. The respiration of the A. laidlawii cells is not stimulated by some carbohydrates (fructose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose)."}
{"id": "PMID:1207495", "title": "[Hydrogenase activity of the methylotroph, Pseudomonas methylica].", "content": "The cells of Pseudomonas methylica, strain 2, cultivated in a medium containing methanol, displayed the activity of hydrogenase in the exchange reaction (D2--H2O) and in the absorption of H2 in the presence of methylviologen, azocarmine, methylene blue, and ferricyanide. The rate of H2 utilization was highest in the presence of methylviologen. Cell extracts absorb H2 in the presence of methylviologen, NAD, and NADP, but much faster in the presence of flavin mononucleotide. The bulk of the hydrogenase remains, during centrifugation of the initial cell extract (3,000 g), in the soluble fraction (144,000 g). The absorption of oxygen by the cell suspensions and the incorporation of 14C of formiate into the cells are stimulated by H2. The cells, however, cannot grow in the autotrophic conditions at the account of molecular hydrogen and CO2.", "contents": "[Hydrogenase activity of the methylotroph, Pseudomonas methylica]. The cells of Pseudomonas methylica, strain 2, cultivated in a medium containing methanol, displayed the activity of hydrogenase in the exchange reaction (D2--H2O) and in the absorption of H2 in the presence of methylviologen, azocarmine, methylene blue, and ferricyanide. The rate of H2 utilization was highest in the presence of methylviologen. Cell extracts absorb H2 in the presence of methylviologen, NAD, and NADP, but much faster in the presence of flavin mononucleotide. The bulk of the hydrogenase remains, during centrifugation of the initial cell extract (3,000 g), in the soluble fraction (144,000 g). The absorption of oxygen by the cell suspensions and the incorporation of 14C of formiate into the cells are stimulated by H2. The cells, however, cannot grow in the autotrophic conditions at the account of molecular hydrogen and CO2."}
{"id": "PMID:1207496", "title": "[Effect of ammonium on certain oxidoreductases of wine yeasts].", "content": "The effect of ammonium ions on the activity of alcohol:NAD-, L-malate:NAD-, L-glutamate:NADP-oxidoreductases was studied in wine yeast during fermentation of wine wort containing 18% of sugar, and also after the biomass cultivated in the conditions of nitrogen deficiency had been transferred to media with various amounts of nitrogen and carbohydrates. Ammonium stimulated the activity of all these enzymes during fermentation and their activity in the biomass transferred to a medium with a low content of nutrient component; its effect was less pronounced on a complete medium.", "contents": "[Effect of ammonium on certain oxidoreductases of wine yeasts]. The effect of ammonium ions on the activity of alcohol:NAD-, L-malate:NAD-, L-glutamate:NADP-oxidoreductases was studied in wine yeast during fermentation of wine wort containing 18% of sugar, and also after the biomass cultivated in the conditions of nitrogen deficiency had been transferred to media with various amounts of nitrogen and carbohydrates. Ammonium stimulated the activity of all these enzymes during fermentation and their activity in the biomass transferred to a medium with a low content of nutrient component; its effect was less pronounced on a complete medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1207498", "title": "[Extracellular polysaccharides in yeasts of the genus Sporobolomyces Kluyver et van Niel].", "content": "Nineteen yeast strains belonging to the genus Sporobolomyces were tested for the ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides during submerged cultivation in a defined growth medium. These polysaccharides, accumulated by the yeast Sporobolomyces in the cultural broth, are a heterogeneous group of polymers.", "contents": "[Extracellular polysaccharides in yeasts of the genus Sporobolomyces Kluyver et van Niel]. Nineteen yeast strains belonging to the genus Sporobolomyces were tested for the ability to produce extracellular polysaccharides during submerged cultivation in a defined growth medium. These polysaccharides, accumulated by the yeast Sporobolomyces in the cultural broth, are a heterogeneous group of polymers."}
{"id": "PMID:1207499", "title": "[Fractional makeup of the lipids of some yeast species].", "content": "The fractional composition of lipids was studied in 32 yeast strains belonging to the genera of Rhodotorula Harrison, Lipomyces Lodder et Kreger van Rij and Cryptococcus Kutz. The effect of C/N ratio in the growth medium on the content of various lipid fractions was studied. Lipids of the most studied cultures were found to contain di- and triglycerides, waxes, free fatty acids, sterines, their esters, and phospholipids. The fraction of monoglycerides was also detected in Rhodotorula and three species of Cryptococcus, but not in Lipomyces and Cr. laurentii. If C/N ratio equals 10, the predominant lipid component in Lipomyces is triglycerides, and in Rhodoturula and Cryptococcus phospholipids. The fraction of triglycerides prevailed in all cultures at C/N ratio of 100. The content of phospholipids decreased with an increase of C/N ratio in the medium from 10 to 100.", "contents": "[Fractional makeup of the lipids of some yeast species]. The fractional composition of lipids was studied in 32 yeast strains belonging to the genera of Rhodotorula Harrison, Lipomyces Lodder et Kreger van Rij and Cryptococcus Kutz. The effect of C/N ratio in the growth medium on the content of various lipid fractions was studied. Lipids of the most studied cultures were found to contain di- and triglycerides, waxes, free fatty acids, sterines, their esters, and phospholipids. The fraction of monoglycerides was also detected in Rhodotorula and three species of Cryptococcus, but not in Lipomyces and Cr. laurentii. If C/N ratio equals 10, the predominant lipid component in Lipomyces is triglycerides, and in Rhodoturula and Cryptococcus phospholipids. The fraction of triglycerides prevailed in all cultures at C/N ratio of 100. The content of phospholipids decreased with an increase of C/N ratio in the medium from 10 to 100."}
{"id": "PMID:1207500", "title": "[Synthesis and breakdown of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid in Rhizobium lupini].", "content": "The effect of various substrates on synthesis and decomposition of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHBA) was studied in cell suspensions of the effective strain of Rhizobium lupini and in suspensions of the bacteroids of this strain which were isolated from lupine nodules at different growth stages of the plants. Glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate were found to be the best substrates for synthesis of PHBA in all variants. The content of PHBA in the presence of these substrates increased in suspensions by 2.0 to 2.5 times during ten hours of incubation. In the presence of succinate, PHBA was actively synthesized only by the bacteroids isolated during the stage of active nitrogen fixation (flowering of the plants). In the absence of exogenous substrates, PHBA was decomposed, especially if ammonium ions were present in suspensions. No synthesis of PHBA was registered in the presence of ammonium and glucose, and the rate of PHBA decomposition was high in this case during the stage of active nitrogen fixation.", "contents": "[Synthesis and breakdown of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid in Rhizobium lupini]. The effect of various substrates on synthesis and decomposition of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHBA) was studied in cell suspensions of the effective strain of Rhizobium lupini and in suspensions of the bacteroids of this strain which were isolated from lupine nodules at different growth stages of the plants. Glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate were found to be the best substrates for synthesis of PHBA in all variants. The content of PHBA in the presence of these substrates increased in suspensions by 2.0 to 2.5 times during ten hours of incubation. In the presence of succinate, PHBA was actively synthesized only by the bacteroids isolated during the stage of active nitrogen fixation (flowering of the plants). In the absence of exogenous substrates, PHBA was decomposed, especially if ammonium ions were present in suspensions. No synthesis of PHBA was registered in the presence of ammonium and glucose, and the rate of PHBA decomposition was high in this case during the stage of active nitrogen fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:1207502", "title": "[Activity of methane-oxidizing bacteria in the adsorbed state].", "content": "Adsorption of pure cultures of methane oxidizing bacteria, Methylosinus trichosporium 20 and Methylococcus ucrainicus 21, on glass and coal was studied; the former strain was sorbed on both sorbents, the latter strain was sorbed on coal but not on glass. The rate of methane oxidation by the cells of adsorbed microorganisms was higher than in the case of free cells, and increased with a decrease in dimensions of the sorbent particles.", "contents": "[Activity of methane-oxidizing bacteria in the adsorbed state]. Adsorption of pure cultures of methane oxidizing bacteria, Methylosinus trichosporium 20 and Methylococcus ucrainicus 21, on glass and coal was studied; the former strain was sorbed on both sorbents, the latter strain was sorbed on coal but not on glass. The rate of methane oxidation by the cells of adsorbed microorganisms was higher than in the case of free cells, and increased with a decrease in dimensions of the sorbent particles."}
{"id": "PMID:1207503", "title": "[Thermophilic and thermotolerant bacteria that assimilate methane].", "content": "Microorganisms assimilating methane at temperatures above 40 degrees C were isolated from various natural sources: ooze, mud, waste water of coal pits. The bacteria are obligate methylotrophs and are represented by two groups: (a) thermotolerant, growing at 37 to 45 degrees C; and (b) thermophilic, growing at 50 to 62 degrees C. The selective factor used to isolate various physiological forms of methylotrophs is corresponding temperatures of growth which allow to isolate from the same substrate meso-, thermotolerant, and thermophilic forms. Morphological and physiological properties of the strains are described. The thermotolerant cultures of methylotrophs are similar to Methylobacter vinelandii, though differ from it by some characteristics. The thermophilic microorganisms should be classed as a separate species Methylococcus thermophilus.", "contents": "[Thermophilic and thermotolerant bacteria that assimilate methane]. Microorganisms assimilating methane at temperatures above 40 degrees C were isolated from various natural sources: ooze, mud, waste water of coal pits. The bacteria are obligate methylotrophs and are represented by two groups: (a) thermotolerant, growing at 37 to 45 degrees C; and (b) thermophilic, growing at 50 to 62 degrees C. The selective factor used to isolate various physiological forms of methylotrophs is corresponding temperatures of growth which allow to isolate from the same substrate meso-, thermotolerant, and thermophilic forms. Morphological and physiological properties of the strains are described. The thermotolerant cultures of methylotrophs are similar to Methylobacter vinelandii, though differ from it by some characteristics. The thermophilic microorganisms should be classed as a separate species Methylococcus thermophilus."}
{"id": "PMID:1207501", "title": "[Change in the content and biosynthesis of RNA in the process of development of a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis culture].", "content": "The concentration of RNA in the cells of Saccharamyces carlsbergensis was found to vary from 3.51 to 7.54% with aging. A high content of RNA, a high rate of the incorporation of 14C-uridine into RNA and the acid-soluble fraction are typical of the cells in the logarithmic phase of growth. The total RNA can be separated into three zones on Sephadex G-100. No changes in the chromatographic profile were detected with aging.", "contents": "[Change in the content and biosynthesis of RNA in the process of development of a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis culture]. The concentration of RNA in the cells of Saccharamyces carlsbergensis was found to vary from 3.51 to 7.54% with aging. A high content of RNA, a high rate of the incorporation of 14C-uridine into RNA and the acid-soluble fraction are typical of the cells in the logarithmic phase of growth. The total RNA can be separated into three zones on Sephadex G-100. No changes in the chromatographic profile were detected with aging."}
{"id": "PMID:1207504", "title": "[Macromolecular subunits on the surfaces of the cell wall of Thiocapsa roseopersicina].", "content": "A layer of fungiform macromolecular subunits was found on the surface of the cell wall of Thiocapsa roseopersicina, a purple sulphur bacterium, strain BBS. The cap of a particle has a diameter of 40 to 60 A; the stalk is 80 to 100 A long and 20 to 30 A thick. Under the conditions of nitrogen fixation and a low content of vitamin B12 (0.1 mcg/litre) in the cultural broth, a second layer of similar particles is formed over the first layer.", "contents": "[Macromolecular subunits on the surfaces of the cell wall of Thiocapsa roseopersicina]. A layer of fungiform macromolecular subunits was found on the surface of the cell wall of Thiocapsa roseopersicina, a purple sulphur bacterium, strain BBS. The cap of a particle has a diameter of 40 to 60 A; the stalk is 80 to 100 A long and 20 to 30 A thick. Under the conditions of nitrogen fixation and a low content of vitamin B12 (0.1 mcg/litre) in the cultural broth, a second layer of similar particles is formed over the first layer."}
{"id": "PMID:1207505", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the mycelium and spores of Actinomadura fastidiosa sp. nov].", "content": "A new species of the Actinomadura genus, A. fastidiosa sp. nov., is described. The ultrastructure of the vegetative mycelium and spores of this organism was studied. The vegetative cells have a multilayered cell wall, often consisting of five layers with different thickness and electron density. The spores are similar to the vegetative cells by their inner structure but have a thicker wall.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the mycelium and spores of Actinomadura fastidiosa sp. nov]. A new species of the Actinomadura genus, A. fastidiosa sp. nov., is described. The ultrastructure of the vegetative mycelium and spores of this organism was studied. The vegetative cells have a multilayered cell wall, often consisting of five layers with different thickness and electron density. The spores are similar to the vegetative cells by their inner structure but have a thicker wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1207506", "title": "[Primary distribution of n-alkane through the structures of yeast cells].", "content": "When n-alkane enters the cells as a result of molecular sorption and diffusion, it is distributed within all membrane structures of the cell (microsomes, mitochondria, membranes, vacuoles, cytoplasmic membranes, and cell walls). Sorption of n-alkane by all these structures in vivo comes at equilibrium after incubation of the cells with n-alkane during 3-4 min. Accumulation of the hydrocarbon in the morphological fractions of the cell depends on its concentration in the incubation medium. Isotherms of the sorption are convex curves. Sorption power, maximum sorption capacity, affinity and strength of the bonds with the hydrocarbon differ among the membrane structures of the cell. The maximum capacity of sorption of n-alkane by the structures does not correlate with the content of lipids and phospholipids in the structures. Sorption of n-alkanes is presumed to depend on the structural organization of lipids in the morphological fractions.", "contents": "[Primary distribution of n-alkane through the structures of yeast cells]. When n-alkane enters the cells as a result of molecular sorption and diffusion, it is distributed within all membrane structures of the cell (microsomes, mitochondria, membranes, vacuoles, cytoplasmic membranes, and cell walls). Sorption of n-alkane by all these structures in vivo comes at equilibrium after incubation of the cells with n-alkane during 3-4 min. Accumulation of the hydrocarbon in the morphological fractions of the cell depends on its concentration in the incubation medium. Isotherms of the sorption are convex curves. Sorption power, maximum sorption capacity, affinity and strength of the bonds with the hydrocarbon differ among the membrane structures of the cell. The maximum capacity of sorption of n-alkane by the structures does not correlate with the content of lipids and phospholipids in the structures. Sorption of n-alkanes is presumed to depend on the structural organization of lipids in the morphological fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:1207508", "title": "[Fungal origin of PBV-group viruses isolated from Penicillium brevi-compactum].", "content": "Treatment of extracts from the disintegrated mycelium of Penicillium brevi-compactum with antisera against viruses PBV-1 and PBV-3 grown on bacteria results in a considerable decrease in the infectiveness of micellar preparations toward E. coli C. This is a specific reaction since treatment with a heterologic antiserum against phage T2 has no effect on the infectiveness of the micellar extracts. The kinetics of reassociation of DNA from PBV-3 and DNA from Penicillium brevi-compactum has shown that the value of Cot at half-reassociation of these DNAs is 13.3 times higher than the value of Cot at half-reassociation of DNA from PBV-3 and heterologic DNA from chicken embryos. As was found by calculations, DNA isolated from the fungal mycelium contains virus sequences at an amount of 3.7 virus genomes per cell. These data confirm the micellar origin of the viruses PBV-1 and PBV-3. The virus PBV-3 is supposed to be present in the cells in the form of prophage.", "contents": "[Fungal origin of PBV-group viruses isolated from Penicillium brevi-compactum]. Treatment of extracts from the disintegrated mycelium of Penicillium brevi-compactum with antisera against viruses PBV-1 and PBV-3 grown on bacteria results in a considerable decrease in the infectiveness of micellar preparations toward E. coli C. This is a specific reaction since treatment with a heterologic antiserum against phage T2 has no effect on the infectiveness of the micellar extracts. The kinetics of reassociation of DNA from PBV-3 and DNA from Penicillium brevi-compactum has shown that the value of Cot at half-reassociation of these DNAs is 13.3 times higher than the value of Cot at half-reassociation of DNA from PBV-3 and heterologic DNA from chicken embryos. As was found by calculations, DNA isolated from the fungal mycelium contains virus sequences at an amount of 3.7 virus genomes per cell. These data confirm the micellar origin of the viruses PBV-1 and PBV-3. The virus PBV-3 is supposed to be present in the cells in the form of prophage."}
{"id": "PMID:1207507", "title": "[Correlation of the DNA nucleotide makeup with the physiological and cytological characteristics of spore-forming anaerobic bacteria].", "content": "The nucleotide composition of DNA from 12 studied species of anaerobic bacteria belongs to AT type, with G+C varying from 28.4 to 36.8 mole%. In the anaerobic group of Clostridium bifermentans, a correlation has been established between the nucleotide composition of DNA, the type of appendages on spores, and some physiologo-biochemical characteristics. The nucleotide composition of DNA in the spores of four anaerobic species is shifted toward GC type as compared to DNA in the vegetative cells. Data on the content of GC pairs in DNA of the spores may sometimes be of a higher taxonomic value than the corresponding evidence on DNA of the vegetative cells.", "contents": "[Correlation of the DNA nucleotide makeup with the physiological and cytological characteristics of spore-forming anaerobic bacteria]. The nucleotide composition of DNA from 12 studied species of anaerobic bacteria belongs to AT type, with G+C varying from 28.4 to 36.8 mole%. In the anaerobic group of Clostridium bifermentans, a correlation has been established between the nucleotide composition of DNA, the type of appendages on spores, and some physiologo-biochemical characteristics. The nucleotide composition of DNA in the spores of four anaerobic species is shifted toward GC type as compared to DNA in the vegetative cells. Data on the content of GC pairs in DNA of the spores may sometimes be of a higher taxonomic value than the corresponding evidence on DNA of the vegetative cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1207509", "title": "[Effect of ultraviolet rays on the activity of clover nodule bacteria].", "content": "The effect of UV on the survival, morphological variability, and effectiveness was studied with nodule bacteria of clover, strain 374a. The survival of the strain directly depended on the dose of UV rays, being 43.3% at 130 erg/mm2 and 0.000022% at 22,900 erg/mm2. UV irradiation yielded two morphological types of colonies; they differed by the production of slime which was less at higher doses of UV (15,970 to 22,900 erg/mm2). Variants with either positive or negative effectiveness were obtained by the action of UV. The positive variants increased the crop of clover by 21-60%, as compared with the parent strain 347a, while the negative variants decreased it by 18.3-35%.", "contents": "[Effect of ultraviolet rays on the activity of clover nodule bacteria]. The effect of UV on the survival, morphological variability, and effectiveness was studied with nodule bacteria of clover, strain 374a. The survival of the strain directly depended on the dose of UV rays, being 43.3% at 130 erg/mm2 and 0.000022% at 22,900 erg/mm2. UV irradiation yielded two morphological types of colonies; they differed by the production of slime which was less at higher doses of UV (15,970 to 22,900 erg/mm2). Variants with either positive or negative effectiveness were obtained by the action of UV. The positive variants increased the crop of clover by 21-60%, as compared with the parent strain 347a, while the negative variants decreased it by 18.3-35%."}
{"id": "PMID:1207510", "title": "[Role of phenol-decomposing microorganisms in the process of phenol destruction in the Black Sea].", "content": "The number and species of phenol decomposing microorganisms, as well as the activity of their biochemical oxidation of phenol, were studied in waters of the shelf zone of the Black Sea, from the Danube estuary to Batumi. The number of these microorganisms and their phenol decomposing activity were higher in waters near harbours than in regions outside the anthropogenic activity. These parameters were highest in contaminated waters of the river origin. Most of these phenol decomposing microorganisms belong to the genera Pseudomonas and Bacterium, with the predominance of the species of Bacterium album and Pseudomonas desmolyticum (subspecis Pseudomonas rathionis).", "contents": "[Role of phenol-decomposing microorganisms in the process of phenol destruction in the Black Sea]. The number and species of phenol decomposing microorganisms, as well as the activity of their biochemical oxidation of phenol, were studied in waters of the shelf zone of the Black Sea, from the Danube estuary to Batumi. The number of these microorganisms and their phenol decomposing activity were higher in waters near harbours than in regions outside the anthropogenic activity. These parameters were highest in contaminated waters of the river origin. Most of these phenol decomposing microorganisms belong to the genera Pseudomonas and Bacterium, with the predominance of the species of Bacterium album and Pseudomonas desmolyticum (subspecis Pseudomonas rathionis)."}
{"id": "PMID:1207511", "title": "[Manganese-oxidizing microorganisms inhabiting the phylloplane].", "content": "Manganese oxidizing microorganisms belonging to the genus Metallogenium were found in the phylloplane of various trees and grass plants. This is the first evidence that epiphytes participate in the transformation of mineral elements, and that microorganisms belonging to the genus Metallogenium can be found not only in fresh water and soil.", "contents": "[Manganese-oxidizing microorganisms inhabiting the phylloplane]. Manganese oxidizing microorganisms belonging to the genus Metallogenium were found in the phylloplane of various trees and grass plants. This is the first evidence that epiphytes participate in the transformation of mineral elements, and that microorganisms belonging to the genus Metallogenium can be found not only in fresh water and soil."}
{"id": "PMID:1207512", "title": "[Enzymatic determination of the autotrophic fixation of carbon dioxide in aerobic and anaerobic ecosystems].", "content": "An enzymatic method is suggested for determining the role of chemoautotrophs in bacterial populations of a high density. The method involves an assay of the activity of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, the key enzyme in autotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide. The chemoautotrophic activity of microorganisms is rather high in ecosystems based on decomposition of organic matter in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "[Enzymatic determination of the autotrophic fixation of carbon dioxide in aerobic and anaerobic ecosystems]. An enzymatic method is suggested for determining the role of chemoautotrophs in bacterial populations of a high density. The method involves an assay of the activity of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, the key enzyme in autotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide. The chemoautotrophic activity of microorganisms is rather high in ecosystems based on decomposition of organic matter in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1207513", "title": "[Increased flavinogenesis in 1 of the strains of Candida tropicalis].", "content": "Candida tropicalis IBFM 303 is capable of the active production and liberation of flavins during the oxidation of solid paraffins with the carbon chain consisting of 20 carbon atoms and more. Unlike other known strains, this strain does not accumulate considerable amounts of the vitamin neither on media containing liquid n-paraffins not on media with glucose, even under the conditions of iron deficiency.", "contents": "[Increased flavinogenesis in 1 of the strains of Candida tropicalis]. Candida tropicalis IBFM 303 is capable of the active production and liberation of flavins during the oxidation of solid paraffins with the carbon chain consisting of 20 carbon atoms and more. Unlike other known strains, this strain does not accumulate considerable amounts of the vitamin neither on media containing liquid n-paraffins not on media with glucose, even under the conditions of iron deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1207539", "title": "Are antibiotics necessary in acute cholecystitis?", "content": "The value of antibiotics in 302 cases of acute cholecystitis was examined. Antibiotics are valueless in decreasing the incidence of local septic complications, such as empyema or pericholecystic abscess formation. Antibiotics are valuable in decreasing the number of wound infections and the incidence of septicaemia in patients who are at risk. Patients at risk are aged over 60 years or have a debilitating disease which lowers host resistance to infection or already have a septic complications, such as a pericholecystic abscess. Patients who are aged under 60 years and who have uncomplicated acute cholecystitis do not require antibiotics.", "contents": "Are antibiotics necessary in acute cholecystitis? The value of antibiotics in 302 cases of acute cholecystitis was examined. Antibiotics are valueless in decreasing the incidence of local septic complications, such as empyema or pericholecystic abscess formation. Antibiotics are valuable in decreasing the number of wound infections and the incidence of septicaemia in patients who are at risk. Patients at risk are aged over 60 years or have a debilitating disease which lowers host resistance to infection or already have a septic complications, such as a pericholecystic abscess. Patients who are aged under 60 years and who have uncomplicated acute cholecystitis do not require antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:1207540", "title": "A volunteer crisis service. Pattern of utilization and referral.", "content": "One characteristic of contemporary Australian society is the increase in the number of self-help and volunteer groups operating at the social-medical interface. An analysis of the utilization and referral pattern of a volunteer crisis team shows that for a large number of people, it becomes the point of access to other helping agencies, 9% of which are medical and 7% legal.", "contents": "A volunteer crisis service. Pattern of utilization and referral. One characteristic of contemporary Australian society is the increase in the number of self-help and volunteer groups operating at the social-medical interface. An analysis of the utilization and referral pattern of a volunteer crisis team shows that for a large number of people, it becomes the point of access to other helping agencies, 9% of which are medical and 7% legal."}
{"id": "PMID:1207541", "title": "Ototoxicity of chloramphenicol ear drops with propylene glycol as solvent.", "content": "The ototoxicity of chloramphenicol ear drops was studied  in guinea-pigs. The ear drops consisted of chloramphenicol sodium succinate in propylene glycol; hence the ototoxicity of each chemical was also studied. The diluted chemicals were instilled in the middle ear cavity; thus clinical conditions were simulated, and the cochlear microphonic responses from the electrode on the round window of the cochlea were monitored as an indication of the hair cell function. Our experiment revealed that propylene glycol at the concentration of 10% or more caused irreversible deafness. Chloramphenicol sodium succinate in a concentration of 5% or more in Ringer's solution also caused irreversible deafness. It is recommended that propylene glycol should not be used in the ear drops as a solvent of the drug. Chloramphenicol at higher concentrations is not recommended for use in the middle ear cavity.", "contents": "Ototoxicity of chloramphenicol ear drops with propylene glycol as solvent. The ototoxicity of chloramphenicol ear drops was studied  in guinea-pigs. The ear drops consisted of chloramphenicol sodium succinate in propylene glycol; hence the ototoxicity of each chemical was also studied. The diluted chemicals were instilled in the middle ear cavity; thus clinical conditions were simulated, and the cochlear microphonic responses from the electrode on the round window of the cochlea were monitored as an indication of the hair cell function. Our experiment revealed that propylene glycol at the concentration of 10% or more caused irreversible deafness. Chloramphenicol sodium succinate in a concentration of 5% or more in Ringer's solution also caused irreversible deafness. It is recommended that propylene glycol should not be used in the ear drops as a solvent of the drug. Chloramphenicol at higher concentrations is not recommended for use in the middle ear cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:1207542", "title": "Acute renal failure with myoglobinuria after tiger snake bite.", "content": "This report concerns a cause of snake bite by a tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) in which the predominant pathological feature was acute massive rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria, hypocalcaemia and acute renal failure.", "contents": "Acute renal failure with myoglobinuria after tiger snake bite. This report concerns a cause of snake bite by a tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) in which the predominant pathological feature was acute massive rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria, hypocalcaemia and acute renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1207543", "title": "Fulminant tropical splenomegaly syndrome.", "content": "Eight patients with the tropical splenomegaly syndrome who presented with an acute febrile illness and severe anaemia due to haemolysis are described. None was pregnant. All were treated with anti-malarial drugs, four received steroids, and another two steroids and other cytotoxic drugs. Two patients died from causes which were, in part, attributed to this complication of the tropical splenomegaly syndrome. This mode of presentation is seldom documented in this condition. The management and differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Fulminant tropical splenomegaly syndrome. Eight patients with the tropical splenomegaly syndrome who presented with an acute febrile illness and severe anaemia due to haemolysis are described. None was pregnant. All were treated with anti-malarial drugs, four received steroids, and another two steroids and other cytotoxic drugs. Two patients died from causes which were, in part, attributed to this complication of the tropical splenomegaly syndrome. This mode of presentation is seldom documented in this condition. The management and differential diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207548", "title": "Towards demythologizing epilepsy. An appraisal of public attitudes.", "content": "A questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of Sydney adults to assess the public's general impression of epileptics as people and their performance and reliability in a variety of social situations. It would appear that a number of attitudes are prevalent which may impede the social rehabilitation of these patients.", "contents": "Towards demythologizing epilepsy. An appraisal of public attitudes. A questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of Sydney adults to assess the public's general impression of epileptics as people and their performance and reliability in a variety of social situations. It would appear that a number of attitudes are prevalent which may impede the social rehabilitation of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1207549", "title": "Australian pacemakers: a follow-up survey.", "content": "The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital experience with Australian-made pacemakers shows that the Telectronics P7 fixed-rate pacemaker has a 90% survival rate at two years. Such a figure compares favourably with those of its predecessor and other makes of pacemaker. Survival of the P6 ventricular synchronized units is slightly less than that of the P7.", "contents": "Australian pacemakers: a follow-up survey. The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital experience with Australian-made pacemakers shows that the Telectronics P7 fixed-rate pacemaker has a 90% survival rate at two years. Such a figure compares favourably with those of its predecessor and other makes of pacemaker. Survival of the P6 ventricular synchronized units is slightly less than that of the P7."}
{"id": "PMID:1207550", "title": "Serum doxycycline levels after intravenous administration in haemodialysis patients.", "content": "Serum doxycycline levels were measured after intravenous administration of doxycycline to three patients receiving regular haemodialysis therapy. Drug levels were predictable, fell within the therapeutic range, and remained so throughout dialysis. Doxycycline did not accumulate and may be used safely in these patients. A dosage regimen is recommended for maintenance dialysis patients.", "contents": "Serum doxycycline levels after intravenous administration in haemodialysis patients. Serum doxycycline levels were measured after intravenous administration of doxycycline to three patients receiving regular haemodialysis therapy. Drug levels were predictable, fell within the therapeutic range, and remained so throughout dialysis. Doxycycline did not accumulate and may be used safely in these patients. A dosage regimen is recommended for maintenance dialysis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1207551", "title": "Activated ppsb in the treatment of a patient with haemophilia and antibodies to factor VIII.", "content": "A patient with haemophilia and antibodies to factor VIII was treated with activated prothrombin concentrate (PPSB). Clinical manifestations of haemophilia subsided after treatment with PPSB, and the prolonged partial thromboplastin time shortened temporarily. There were no untoward side effects of the treatment.", "contents": "Activated ppsb in the treatment of a patient with haemophilia and antibodies to factor VIII. A patient with haemophilia and antibodies to factor VIII was treated with activated prothrombin concentrate (PPSB). Clinical manifestations of haemophilia subsided after treatment with PPSB, and the prolonged partial thromboplastin time shortened temporarily. There were no untoward side effects of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1207552", "title": "Control of haemorrhage from hepatic vein and vena cava after blunt trauma.", "content": "A case of uncontrollable haemorrhage after blunt liver trauma is described in which a technique was used to expose rapidly and ligate the right hepatic vein, and suture the vena cava at the expense of the right lobe of the liver. It is believed that this method may be appropriate and life saving when techniques of vascular isolation of the liver appear too cumbersome in the emergency situation.", "contents": "Control of haemorrhage from hepatic vein and vena cava after blunt trauma. A case of uncontrollable haemorrhage after blunt liver trauma is described in which a technique was used to expose rapidly and ligate the right hepatic vein, and suture the vena cava at the expense of the right lobe of the liver. It is believed that this method may be appropriate and life saving when techniques of vascular isolation of the liver appear too cumbersome in the emergency situation."}
{"id": "PMID:1207558", "title": "The isolation and identification of haemoglobin Lephore Boston (Washington) in an Australian family.", "content": "Haemoglobin Lepore is a haemoglobin variant associated with a thalassaemia-like disorder. It has been only rarely detected in Anglo-Saxons and its occurrrence in an Australian family of British and stock is reported for the first time. The appearances of the blood film resemble those seen in various hypochromic anaemias, inclusing thalassaemia traits, and on this account it is of clinical importance to recognize it in order to avoid unnecessary investigation and treatment. The chemical structure of nine examples of haemoglobin Lepore has been confirmed by peptide mapping and amino acid analysis, and the genetic mechanisms postulated for the production of haemoglobin Lepore are discussed.", "contents": "The isolation and identification of haemoglobin Lephore Boston (Washington) in an Australian family. Haemoglobin Lepore is a haemoglobin variant associated with a thalassaemia-like disorder. It has been only rarely detected in Anglo-Saxons and its occurrrence in an Australian family of British and stock is reported for the first time. The appearances of the blood film resemble those seen in various hypochromic anaemias, inclusing thalassaemia traits, and on this account it is of clinical importance to recognize it in order to avoid unnecessary investigation and treatment. The chemical structure of nine examples of haemoglobin Lepore has been confirmed by peptide mapping and amino acid analysis, and the genetic mechanisms postulated for the production of haemoglobin Lepore are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207559", "title": "Limitations of the Nash Logoscope or diagnostic slide rule.", "content": "The diagnostic efficacy of a commercially available diagnostic slide-rule (the Logoscope) was evaluated on 50 cases detailed in the leterature. In only 13 cases (26%) was the Logoscope of any practical assistance in diagnosis and even then it did not always indicate the entire final clinical diagnosis. Some major deficiencies of the Logoscope system are outlined.", "contents": "Limitations of the Nash Logoscope or diagnostic slide rule. The diagnostic efficacy of a commercially available diagnostic slide-rule (the Logoscope) was evaluated on 50 cases detailed in the leterature. In only 13 cases (26%) was the Logoscope of any practical assistance in diagnosis and even then it did not always indicate the entire final clinical diagnosis. Some major deficiencies of the Logoscope system are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1207568", "title": "Electroejaculation of the paraplegic male followed by pregnancy.", "content": "A method is described for the production of an ejaculate the paraplegic male by electrical stimulation from a probe placed in the rectum. A case is reported in which an ejaculate produced by this method was used to inseminate the wife of a paraplegic patient. Pregnancy resulted, but the infant died. Post-mortem examination revealed the presence of transposition of the great vessels.", "contents": "Electroejaculation of the paraplegic male followed by pregnancy. A method is described for the production of an ejaculate the paraplegic male by electrical stimulation from a probe placed in the rectum. A case is reported in which an ejaculate produced by this method was used to inseminate the wife of a paraplegic patient. Pregnancy resulted, but the infant died. Post-mortem examination revealed the presence of transposition of the great vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1207569", "title": "Effects of radial artery cannulation.", "content": "A prospective study has been carried out in 40 patients of the effects of radial artery cannulation for monitoring purposes. A Doppler flow meter was used to secure objective evidence of the incidence of thrombosis in the cannulated radial artery. Twenty-two of the 41 arteries cannulated were shown to have undergone thrombosis, and the haemodynamic defect associated with the arterial block persisted in all but two until the time of the patient's discharge from hospital. Thirteen of the 20 hands in which a persistent block was demonstrated developed features of mild ischaemia. In four instances, these were transient, and disappeared within a few days. In the remaining nine hands, however, the features persisted to the time of the patient's discharge from hospital at an average of three weeks from the date of cannulation. The mean cannulation time was 45 hours. Radial artery cannulation carries a definite morbidity, and should not be used unless there is no other reasonable way of obtaining vital information for the management of a critically ill patient.", "contents": "Effects of radial artery cannulation. A prospective study has been carried out in 40 patients of the effects of radial artery cannulation for monitoring purposes. A Doppler flow meter was used to secure objective evidence of the incidence of thrombosis in the cannulated radial artery. Twenty-two of the 41 arteries cannulated were shown to have undergone thrombosis, and the haemodynamic defect associated with the arterial block persisted in all but two until the time of the patient's discharge from hospital. Thirteen of the 20 hands in which a persistent block was demonstrated developed features of mild ischaemia. In four instances, these were transient, and disappeared within a few days. In the remaining nine hands, however, the features persisted to the time of the patient's discharge from hospital at an average of three weeks from the date of cannulation. The mean cannulation time was 45 hours. Radial artery cannulation carries a definite morbidity, and should not be used unless there is no other reasonable way of obtaining vital information for the management of a critically ill patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1207570", "title": "Intake of selected nutrients compared with socioeconomic status in young women.", "content": "In this survey the aim was to investigate the relationship between the socioeconomic status of young women of child bearing age and their daily intake of calcium and other selected nutrients. Although no significant relationship was found there were other findings of nutritional interest. Further support is given to the theory that young women are a vulnerable group with respect to nutrition.", "contents": "Intake of selected nutrients compared with socioeconomic status in young women. In this survey the aim was to investigate the relationship between the socioeconomic status of young women of child bearing age and their daily intake of calcium and other selected nutrients. Although no significant relationship was found there were other findings of nutritional interest. Further support is given to the theory that young women are a vulnerable group with respect to nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:1207572", "title": "Living and working in the United States of America. Some notes for the Australian graduate.", "content": "Medical licensing in the United State of America is dependent on examination in addition to education and training. Licenses are granted by each State, and each State has individual requirements. These requirements may include the Educational Council for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) certification, internship, visa status and the foreign licensing examination(FLEX) certificate. These factors are discussed in some detail. Temporary licensure for the physician who works in a training institution is also discussed. Ecomic pressures may force the physician on an Australian stipend to consider working outside his fellowhip or residency. Licensing for the foreign medical graduate who intends working in the United States is complex, and specific questioning of a potential employer regarding licensing is very important.", "contents": "Living and working in the United States of America. Some notes for the Australian graduate. Medical licensing in the United State of America is dependent on examination in addition to education and training. Licenses are granted by each State, and each State has individual requirements. These requirements may include the Educational Council for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) certification, internship, visa status and the foreign licensing examination(FLEX) certificate. These factors are discussed in some detail. Temporary licensure for the physician who works in a training institution is also discussed. Ecomic pressures may force the physician on an Australian stipend to consider working outside his fellowhip or residency. Licensing for the foreign medical graduate who intends working in the United States is complex, and specific questioning of a potential employer regarding licensing is very important."}
{"id": "PMID:1207580", "title": "Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia.", "content": "A large representative sample of Australians aged 14 years or more was interviewed about smoking. Forty-one per cent of the males and 29% of the females aged 16 years and over currently smoked cigarettes. Smoking rates for both sexes were highest in the 20 to 24 years age group. People in metropolitan areas smoked more than those in rural areas. There was a clear excess of smoking among British immigrants. Higher socioeconomic level was associated with lower smoking rates, with higher ex-smoking rates and with more frequent choice of low-tar brands. Low-tar cigarrettes were used more where health education had emphasized the importance of tar content. Choice of brands among young smokers appeared related to the advertising strategies employed by cigarette companies. The majority of ex-smokers over 60 years of age had given up more than five years previously. Although comparison with earlier surveys of smoking habits is difficult, the results suggested a decrease in cigarette smoking among males and a slight increase among females.", "contents": "Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. A large representative sample of Australians aged 14 years or more was interviewed about smoking. Forty-one per cent of the males and 29% of the females aged 16 years and over currently smoked cigarettes. Smoking rates for both sexes were highest in the 20 to 24 years age group. People in metropolitan areas smoked more than those in rural areas. There was a clear excess of smoking among British immigrants. Higher socioeconomic level was associated with lower smoking rates, with higher ex-smoking rates and with more frequent choice of low-tar brands. Low-tar cigarrettes were used more where health education had emphasized the importance of tar content. Choice of brands among young smokers appeared related to the advertising strategies employed by cigarette companies. The majority of ex-smokers over 60 years of age had given up more than five years previously. Although comparison with earlier surveys of smoking habits is difficult, the results suggested a decrease in cigarette smoking among males and a slight increase among females."}
{"id": "PMID:1207581", "title": "Attitudes and smoking habits of Australian doctors.", "content": "In a national survey of 1,276 Australian doctors, information was obtained about their present smoking havits, any changes in their smoking habits, their opinions of the health risks associated with smoking, and the advice they gave to their patients about smoking. The results indicated that only 14% of doctors currently smoked cigarettes, and that, of all the doctors who were now ex-smokers, 72% had given up smoking more than five years before-most of them for health reasons. Most exressed a strong belief that smoking and ill health were associated and 63% encouraged their patients to give up smoking whenever possible.", "contents": "Attitudes and smoking habits of Australian doctors. In a national survey of 1,276 Australian doctors, information was obtained about their present smoking havits, any changes in their smoking habits, their opinions of the health risks associated with smoking, and the advice they gave to their patients about smoking. The results indicated that only 14% of doctors currently smoked cigarettes, and that, of all the doctors who were now ex-smokers, 72% had given up smoking more than five years before-most of them for health reasons. Most exressed a strong belief that smoking and ill health were associated and 63% encouraged their patients to give up smoking whenever possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1207582", "title": "Enteric-coated L-dopa (prodopa). A new approach to L-dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Seventeen patients treated for a mean period of 9-4 months with an enteric-coated form of L-dopa (Prodopa), obtained the usual spectrum of benefit as from conventional L-dopa. There was a significant dose-sparing effect with the use of the enteric-coated prepartion of the order of 40% to 50%, whilst reducing gastrointestinal side effects to a minimum, at the same time as achieving optimal clinicl benefit. Enteric-coated L-dopa appears to be a useful and welcome addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Enteric-coated L-dopa (prodopa). A new approach to L-dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Seventeen patients treated for a mean period of 9-4 months with an enteric-coated form of L-dopa (Prodopa), obtained the usual spectrum of benefit as from conventional L-dopa. There was a significant dose-sparing effect with the use of the enteric-coated prepartion of the order of 40% to 50%, whilst reducing gastrointestinal side effects to a minimum, at the same time as achieving optimal clinicl benefit. Enteric-coated L-dopa appears to be a useful and welcome addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for Parkinson's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1207583", "title": "Fascioliasis causing hepatitis in two eaters of water cress.", "content": "Fasciola hepatica infection of the liver in a husband and wife occurred after they had eaten water cress exposed to pollution by cattle. Diagnosis was a problem. Both responded to treatment with chloroquine and emetine. The epidemilology and pathology of infection of the liver by Fasciola hepatica are described. The danger of eating water cress is emphasized for this momentary delight may lead to a chronic debilitating illness.", "contents": "Fascioliasis causing hepatitis in two eaters of water cress. Fasciola hepatica infection of the liver in a husband and wife occurred after they had eaten water cress exposed to pollution by cattle. Diagnosis was a problem. Both responded to treatment with chloroquine and emetine. The epidemilology and pathology of infection of the liver by Fasciola hepatica are described. The danger of eating water cress is emphasized for this momentary delight may lead to a chronic debilitating illness."}
{"id": "PMID:1207584", "title": "The tratment of non-specific urethritis.", "content": "The treatment of non-specific urethritis should aim at curing the individual, preventing reinfection and eliminating the pool of infection from the community. Tetracyclines, the rubber condom and sound advice are the basis of treatment. Many patients have symptoms that arise from anxiety and guilt rather than from infection, and this possibility calls for special consideration. It is emphasized that non-specific urethritis can be eliminated from our community by existing means. The favourable outlook merits an active and positive approach to treatment.", "contents": "The tratment of non-specific urethritis. The treatment of non-specific urethritis should aim at curing the individual, preventing reinfection and eliminating the pool of infection from the community. Tetracyclines, the rubber condom and sound advice are the basis of treatment. Many patients have symptoms that arise from anxiety and guilt rather than from infection, and this possibility calls for special consideration. It is emphasized that non-specific urethritis can be eliminated from our community by existing means. The favourable outlook merits an active and positive approach to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1207585", "title": "Multidisciplinary health teams.", "content": "The medical profession needs to learn team skills and review its managerial functions in anticipation of increasing involvement with other health professionals in a team setting. Educatinal techniques for acquiring these skills are already available or are being developed for other organizations. Review of the traditional medical hierarchy and its legal implications, architecture of health institutions, medical records systems, and the selection of medical students are other areas for specific attention.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary health teams. The medical profession needs to learn team skills and review its managerial functions in anticipation of increasing involvement with other health professionals in a team setting. Educatinal techniques for acquiring these skills are already available or are being developed for other organizations. Review of the traditional medical hierarchy and its legal implications, architecture of health institutions, medical records systems, and the selection of medical students are other areas for specific attention."}
{"id": "PMID:1207629", "title": "[A contribution on diagnostic and therapy of myxoedema coma (author's transl)].", "content": "With special reference to diagnostic and therapeutic problems, a case of myxoedema coma with secondary hyperaldosteronism and raised LDH-concentration is described. The significance of different states of consciousness due to this endocrine disorder is pointed out with respect to the differential diagnosis and particularly to the clinical symptoms. In addition, experience with an intravenously administrable triiodothyronine compound is described and the different dosages previously mentioned in the leterature are discussed. The long interval of 5 weeks from the beginning of the therapy until the remission of the omatous state was surprising.", "contents": "[A contribution on diagnostic and therapy of myxoedema coma (author's transl)]. With special reference to diagnostic and therapeutic problems, a case of myxoedema coma with secondary hyperaldosteronism and raised LDH-concentration is described. The significance of different states of consciousness due to this endocrine disorder is pointed out with respect to the differential diagnosis and particularly to the clinical symptoms. In addition, experience with an intravenously administrable triiodothyronine compound is described and the different dosages previously mentioned in the leterature are discussed. The long interval of 5 weeks from the beginning of the therapy until the remission of the omatous state was surprising."}
{"id": "PMID:1207630", "title": "[Ergometric findings depending on the severity and localization of coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Ergometric and coronary angiographic findings were compared in 145 patients with proximal lesions of at least 50% of major coronary arteries. 75% of the patients had had a previous myocardial infarction. The following ergometric parameters occur most frequently in 3-vessel disease. (1) coronary insufficiency persisting after myocardial infarction, (2) ST-segment depression of at least 0.2 mV, (3) maximum exercise tolerance limited to less than 75 Watts. However, these parameters cannot predict 3-vessel disease with absolute certainty, nor can they exclude a single vessel disease. 3-vessel disease is not likely, if there is a maximum heart rate of 150 beats per minute or more. There were only slight differences between patients with 1-vessel disease and patients with 2-vessel disease. Patients who were limited at the 50 Watts level were found to have significant LAD disease, either alone or in combination with other vessels, with the exception of one patient.", "contents": "[Ergometric findings depending on the severity and localization of coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. Ergometric and coronary angiographic findings were compared in 145 patients with proximal lesions of at least 50% of major coronary arteries. 75% of the patients had had a previous myocardial infarction. The following ergometric parameters occur most frequently in 3-vessel disease. (1) coronary insufficiency persisting after myocardial infarction, (2) ST-segment depression of at least 0.2 mV, (3) maximum exercise tolerance limited to less than 75 Watts. However, these parameters cannot predict 3-vessel disease with absolute certainty, nor can they exclude a single vessel disease. 3-vessel disease is not likely, if there is a maximum heart rate of 150 beats per minute or more. There were only slight differences between patients with 1-vessel disease and patients with 2-vessel disease. Patients who were limited at the 50 Watts level were found to have significant LAD disease, either alone or in combination with other vessels, with the exception of one patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1207631", "title": "[Hemodynamics at rest and during exercise depending on severity and localization of coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventricular filling pressure and cardiac output (C.O.) were studied at rest and during exercise in 145 patients with severe coronary artery disease, i.e. narrowing of at least one major coronary artery of greater than or equal to 50%. 95% of these patients had had a previous myocardial infarction. The most important findings are as follows: (1) Inappropriate C.O. at rest and during exercise indicates multiple vessel disease in most cases. (2) Marked increase of filling pressure during exercise indicates multiple vessel disease in most cases. (3) PCP during exercise is higher in patients with LAD disease (isolated or in combination with additional lesions), than in patients with RCA and/or left CX involvement.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics at rest and during exercise depending on severity and localization of coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. Left ventricular filling pressure and cardiac output (C.O.) were studied at rest and during exercise in 145 patients with severe coronary artery disease, i.e. narrowing of at least one major coronary artery of greater than or equal to 50%. 95% of these patients had had a previous myocardial infarction. The most important findings are as follows: (1) Inappropriate C.O. at rest and during exercise indicates multiple vessel disease in most cases. (2) Marked increase of filling pressure during exercise indicates multiple vessel disease in most cases. (3) PCP during exercise is higher in patients with LAD disease (isolated or in combination with additional lesions), than in patients with RCA and/or left CX involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:1207632", "title": "[Electrocardiographic changes in electrolyte inbalance. Part 2: Alterations in serum calcium (author's transl)].", "content": "74 patients (hypocalcemia: 41 patients, hypercalcemia 13 patients, 20 patients as control) without heart disease were examined. A prolongation of the relative QT-interval was found in 90% and a flat or inverted T-wave in 25% of the patients with hypocalcemia. In 77% of the patients with hypercalcemia the QT-interval was shortened. A good, clinically useful correlation between the QT-interval and the serumcalcium-concentration could be established in patients with hypo- and hyper-calcemia.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic changes in electrolyte inbalance. Part 2: Alterations in serum calcium (author's transl)]. 74 patients (hypocalcemia: 41 patients, hypercalcemia 13 patients, 20 patients as control) without heart disease were examined. A prolongation of the relative QT-interval was found in 90% and a flat or inverted T-wave in 25% of the patients with hypocalcemia. In 77% of the patients with hypercalcemia the QT-interval was shortened. A good, clinically useful correlation between the QT-interval and the serumcalcium-concentration could be established in patients with hypo- and hyper-calcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1207633", "title": "[Orthostatic syndrome in old age. Frequency and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Largely confirmed Caird's figures. Using Schellong's test we recorded systolic pressure falls of 20 mm Hg and more in 25% of 160 residents in an old people's home in the age range 59-88 years. These cases of circulatory dysregulation were all manifestations of the hypodynamic form of the orthostatic syndrome. This means that only systolic blood pressure fell, diastolic pressure as well as heart rate being largely unaffected. The phenomenon appears to be due to age-related deterioration in circulatory regulation; at least no evidence has been found to suggest that it has a specific aetiology. In a double-blind cross-over study the effect of dihydroergotamine (DHE) was compared to placebo in 40 patients. Half the patients were given 2 mg DHE three times daily for 14 days and the other half placebo tablets; following one week's wash-out, the treatments were then reversed for a further 2-week period. Schellong's test (measurement of blood pressure and pulse after 10 minutes in the supine position and then after 1, 2, 5 and 10 minutes standing) was performed at the beginning and end of each treatment period. The average falls in upright systolic pressure for all 40 patients were as follows: before treatment 20 mm Hg, end of placebo periods 19 mm Hg, end of DHE periods 7 mm Hg. The differences between the values recorded after treatment with DHE and the other 2 values are statistically significant.", "contents": "[Orthostatic syndrome in old age. Frequency and therapy (author's transl)]. Largely confirmed Caird's figures. Using Schellong's test we recorded systolic pressure falls of 20 mm Hg and more in 25% of 160 residents in an old people's home in the age range 59-88 years. These cases of circulatory dysregulation were all manifestations of the hypodynamic form of the orthostatic syndrome. This means that only systolic blood pressure fell, diastolic pressure as well as heart rate being largely unaffected. The phenomenon appears to be due to age-related deterioration in circulatory regulation; at least no evidence has been found to suggest that it has a specific aetiology. In a double-blind cross-over study the effect of dihydroergotamine (DHE) was compared to placebo in 40 patients. Half the patients were given 2 mg DHE three times daily for 14 days and the other half placebo tablets; following one week's wash-out, the treatments were then reversed for a further 2-week period. Schellong's test (measurement of blood pressure and pulse after 10 minutes in the supine position and then after 1, 2, 5 and 10 minutes standing) was performed at the beginning and end of each treatment period. The average falls in upright systolic pressure for all 40 patients were as follows: before treatment 20 mm Hg, end of placebo periods 19 mm Hg, end of DHE periods 7 mm Hg. The differences between the values recorded after treatment with DHE and the other 2 values are statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1207634", "title": "[Alterations in blood- and plasma-viscosity of patients with risk-factors (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of tests, performed on patients with the risk-factors smoker and adiposity, a comparison with normal persons revealed a statistically significant hyperviscosity in plasma and whole blood for smokers and overweight patients. When both risk-factors occurred simultaneously, the blood- and plasma-viscosity displayed a distinctly additive increase. Furthermore, female patients taking contraceptives showed a significantly increased plasma- and blood-viscosity when comparing them with a group of normal persons. In a group of pregnant women, hyperviscosity could not be secured statistically.", "contents": "[Alterations in blood- and plasma-viscosity of patients with risk-factors (author's transl)]. In a series of tests, performed on patients with the risk-factors smoker and adiposity, a comparison with normal persons revealed a statistically significant hyperviscosity in plasma and whole blood for smokers and overweight patients. When both risk-factors occurred simultaneously, the blood- and plasma-viscosity displayed a distinctly additive increase. Furthermore, female patients taking contraceptives showed a significantly increased plasma- and blood-viscosity when comparing them with a group of normal persons. In a group of pregnant women, hyperviscosity could not be secured statistically."}
{"id": "PMID:1207635", "title": "[Serial puncture of lymphnodes. Simultaneous occurrence of chronic lymphatic leukemia and malignant lymphoma with cytologic picture of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of the rare coexistence of chronic lymphatic leukemia and a malignant lymphoma with cytological picture resembling that of Hodgkin's disease is described. The simultaneous occurrence makes the transition from one disease to the other rather doubtful. The author's conclusion is therefore, that it is a coinciding, simultaneous incidence of two different malignant diseases of the lymphatic system. The reader's attention is also drawn to the valuable diagnostic method of serial puncture of lymphnodes.", "contents": "[Serial puncture of lymphnodes. Simultaneous occurrence of chronic lymphatic leukemia and malignant lymphoma with cytologic picture of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. A case of the rare coexistence of chronic lymphatic leukemia and a malignant lymphoma with cytological picture resembling that of Hodgkin's disease is described. The simultaneous occurrence makes the transition from one disease to the other rather doubtful. The author's conclusion is therefore, that it is a coinciding, simultaneous incidence of two different malignant diseases of the lymphatic system. The reader's attention is also drawn to the valuable diagnostic method of serial puncture of lymphnodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1207637", "title": "[Forearm and digital blood flow after arteriovenous anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Forearm and digital blood flow were measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in 7 patients with terminal renal failure before and 8 days after surgically created arterio-venous end-to-end fistula similar to the method of Brescia and Cimino. The forearm blood flow rose significantly from 3.30 +/- 1.75 to 6.98 +/- 4.74 ml/min - 100 ml. Total forearm blood flow increased from 32.9 +/- 16.8 ml/min to 69.8 +/- 45.8 ml/min. Digital blood flow was not significantly altered. The relatively low fistula flow was due to the early postoperative measurement since it increased later.", "contents": "[Forearm and digital blood flow after arteriovenous anastomosis (author's transl)]. Forearm and digital blood flow were measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in 7 patients with terminal renal failure before and 8 days after surgically created arterio-venous end-to-end fistula similar to the method of Brescia and Cimino. The forearm blood flow rose significantly from 3.30 +/- 1.75 to 6.98 +/- 4.74 ml/min - 100 ml. Total forearm blood flow increased from 32.9 +/- 16.8 ml/min to 69.8 +/- 45.8 ml/min. Digital blood flow was not significantly altered. The relatively low fistula flow was due to the early postoperative measurement since it increased later."}
{"id": "PMID:1207638", "title": "[Angina abdominalis: Clinical findings and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiographic and clinical findings of angina abdominalis are demonstrated by the clinical course of four patients. Two of them suffered from athero-sclerotic stenosis and the remaining two from compression of the coeliac trunc respectively the upper mesenteric artery by fibrotic strings. One patient was treated by an interposition of a saphenous vein graft another one by tissue decompression. Two patients were not operated upon, because one of them had sufficient collateral circulation on angiography, and the other denied an operation, he died one year after diagnosis because of an occlusion of the coeliac trunc and the upper mesenteric artery with following gangrene of the small and large intestine. Danger of complete intestinal necrosis following arterial vessel occlusion as well as reconstructive operative procedures on arterial occlusion should be considered.", "contents": "[Angina abdominalis: Clinical findings and therapy (author's transl)]. Angiographic and clinical findings of angina abdominalis are demonstrated by the clinical course of four patients. Two of them suffered from athero-sclerotic stenosis and the remaining two from compression of the coeliac trunc respectively the upper mesenteric artery by fibrotic strings. One patient was treated by an interposition of a saphenous vein graft another one by tissue decompression. Two patients were not operated upon, because one of them had sufficient collateral circulation on angiography, and the other denied an operation, he died one year after diagnosis because of an occlusion of the coeliac trunc and the upper mesenteric artery with following gangrene of the small and large intestine. Danger of complete intestinal necrosis following arterial vessel occlusion as well as reconstructive operative procedures on arterial occlusion should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1207667", "title": "Host factor for coliphage Qbeta RNA replication is present in Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Host Factor (HF)1, is a 12000 molecular weight polypeptide that is found in uninfected Escherichia coli and is required as a hexamer along with Qbeta replicase for in vitro replication of Qbeta phage RNA. It has recently been found to be associated with ribosomes and to bind tightly to poly(A). We report here the identification and purification of HF from Pseudomonas putida. HF can be detected in crude extracts by both functional activity in the Qbeta RNA replication assay and by immunodiffusion with antibody made against E. coli HF. HF from E. coli and P. putida chromatograph similarly on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose. They have similar but not identical molecular weights as judged by SES-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Like E. coli HF, P. putida HF was found to be associated with ribosomes and to bind tightly to poly(A). Furthermore, the pure protein from P. putida has full funcitonal activity in the in vitro Qbeta RNA replication assay. The findings that HF has been conserved during evolution, is associated with ribosomes, and binds poly(A), suggest that HF may be an important translational element in uninfected cells and that its role involves an interaction with RNA.", "contents": "Host factor for coliphage Qbeta RNA replication is present in Pseudomonas putida. Host Factor (HF)1, is a 12000 molecular weight polypeptide that is found in uninfected Escherichia coli and is required as a hexamer along with Qbeta replicase for in vitro replication of Qbeta phage RNA. It has recently been found to be associated with ribosomes and to bind tightly to poly(A). We report here the identification and purification of HF from Pseudomonas putida. HF can be detected in crude extracts by both functional activity in the Qbeta RNA replication assay and by immunodiffusion with antibody made against E. coli HF. HF from E. coli and P. putida chromatograph similarly on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose. They have similar but not identical molecular weights as judged by SES-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Like E. coli HF, P. putida HF was found to be associated with ribosomes and to bind tightly to poly(A). Furthermore, the pure protein from P. putida has full funcitonal activity in the in vitro Qbeta RNA replication assay. The findings that HF has been conserved during evolution, is associated with ribosomes, and binds poly(A), suggest that HF may be an important translational element in uninfected cells and that its role involves an interaction with RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1207692", "title": "[Intranuclear particles in a patient with chronic aggressive hepatitis treated by immunosuppression].", "content": "After an acute HbsAg-positive transfusion hepatitis the patient--a 40 years old women--remained seropositive. Later a chronic aggressive hepatitis have developed, which could be evidenced by histological findings. On the electron microphage in the nucleus of liver cells ring-shaped particules 20--25 nm in diameter were revealed. They consisted of granula 2--3 nm in diameter. These particules are considered to represent so called virus-nuclei (core of the virus B of hepatitis) and to play a pathogenic role. These particules are commonly present and easily found. The great number of them--according to author's opinion--can be explained by the effect of immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "[Intranuclear particles in a patient with chronic aggressive hepatitis treated by immunosuppression]. After an acute HbsAg-positive transfusion hepatitis the patient--a 40 years old women--remained seropositive. Later a chronic aggressive hepatitis have developed, which could be evidenced by histological findings. On the electron microphage in the nucleus of liver cells ring-shaped particules 20--25 nm in diameter were revealed. They consisted of granula 2--3 nm in diameter. These particules are considered to represent so called virus-nuclei (core of the virus B of hepatitis) and to play a pathogenic role. These particules are commonly present and easily found. The great number of them--according to author's opinion--can be explained by the effect of immunosuppressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1207693", "title": "[Peculiar changes in the mitochondrial structure of human glandular cells of adenocarcinoma of the uterine mucosa].", "content": "Author observed peculiar alterations in the structure of mitochondria of glandular cells of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Majority of the mitochondria reveal some lesions, but at the same time in some of them hyperplasia of the crystae and membranes could be observed. In another group of mitochondria rearrangment of the intracrystal fissures leads to the formation of a \"honey-comb\" structure. What factors lay in the base of these alterations are as yet unknown. To clear they function further investigations are needed.", "contents": "[Peculiar changes in the mitochondrial structure of human glandular cells of adenocarcinoma of the uterine mucosa]. Author observed peculiar alterations in the structure of mitochondria of glandular cells of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Majority of the mitochondria reveal some lesions, but at the same time in some of them hyperplasia of the crystae and membranes could be observed. In another group of mitochondria rearrangment of the intracrystal fissures leads to the formation of a \"honey-comb\" structure. What factors lay in the base of these alterations are as yet unknown. To clear they function further investigations are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207694", "title": "[Ultrastructure of human yolk sac].", "content": "The yolk-sac of a 15 mm and 20 mm long human embryo was investigated by the aid of electron microscope. Ultrastructure of the yolk-sac and that of the precursors of haemopoietic cells is described. The latter have been found to have a close correlation with endodermal cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of human yolk sac]. The yolk-sac of a 15 mm and 20 mm long human embryo was investigated by the aid of electron microscope. Ultrastructure of the yolk-sac and that of the precursors of haemopoietic cells is described. The latter have been found to have a close correlation with endodermal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1207695", "title": "[Permeability of post-ischemic aortic wall in rats].", "content": "Examinations were carried out in order to reveal details of process of the permeability damage, its degrea and fate of the plasma-substances getting into the vessel all. Abdominal aorta has been cross-clapped for one hour by the aid of a double ligature. In a recirculatory period from 1 hour to 10 days material serving for labeling of the plasma has been determined in the vessel using histochemical and microchemical methods. Colloidal iron was administered to animals one hour before removing the aorta. The highest quantity of colloidal iron in the aortic wall could be revealed after 24--48 hours of recirculation. By the 10th day the vessel wall contained physiological iron quantity. Colloidal iron administered on the second day of recirculation--when damage to permeability is most marked--in the early phase could be seen in the whole aortic wall. By the 7th day it could be detected only in the outer part of media and in the adventitia. Endothelium inhibits the flow of plasma-substances into the vessel wall, when they got through it, only elastic lamina form a temporary mechanical obstacle for transfusion.", "contents": "[Permeability of post-ischemic aortic wall in rats]. Examinations were carried out in order to reveal details of process of the permeability damage, its degrea and fate of the plasma-substances getting into the vessel all. Abdominal aorta has been cross-clapped for one hour by the aid of a double ligature. In a recirculatory period from 1 hour to 10 days material serving for labeling of the plasma has been determined in the vessel using histochemical and microchemical methods. Colloidal iron was administered to animals one hour before removing the aorta. The highest quantity of colloidal iron in the aortic wall could be revealed after 24--48 hours of recirculation. By the 10th day the vessel wall contained physiological iron quantity. Colloidal iron administered on the second day of recirculation--when damage to permeability is most marked--in the early phase could be seen in the whole aortic wall. By the 7th day it could be detected only in the outer part of media and in the adventitia. Endothelium inhibits the flow of plasma-substances into the vessel wall, when they got through it, only elastic lamina form a temporary mechanical obstacle for transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1207696", "title": "[Effect of transient hypoxia on the permeability of rat aorta. Electron microscopic study].", "content": "Infrarenal part of the abdominal aorta in rats was closed out from the circulation by the aid of a doubled ligature. Changes of the permeability at different intervals after recirculation were investigated using colloidal iron as a labelling substance. The latter in an hour after recirculation could already be detected in the interendothelial junction and in the subendothelial space. The lesion of the permeability was most striking on the second day, and on the tenth day no more lesion could be observed. Increase of the permeability of the endothelium was paralelly followed by an inhibition of the media, which leads to significant ultrastructural changes.", "contents": "[Effect of transient hypoxia on the permeability of rat aorta. Electron microscopic study]. Infrarenal part of the abdominal aorta in rats was closed out from the circulation by the aid of a doubled ligature. Changes of the permeability at different intervals after recirculation were investigated using colloidal iron as a labelling substance. The latter in an hour after recirculation could already be detected in the interendothelial junction and in the subendothelial space. The lesion of the permeability was most striking on the second day, and on the tenth day no more lesion could be observed. Increase of the permeability of the endothelium was paralelly followed by an inhibition of the media, which leads to significant ultrastructural changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1207697", "title": "[Fluorescence study of X and Y chromatin in frozen sections].", "content": "Chinacrine fluorescence of the Y chromatin in histological sections is a useful tool for determination of nuclear sex. Nuclei of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells seems to be most suitable for this investigation. Tissue specimens should be fixed for 5 minutes in hot formalin. Frequency of the Y chromatin in frozen sections of male origin was found to be 38--70 per cent, in paraffin embedded sections 28--44 per cent. It seems likely, that paraffin decreases chinacrin binding capacity of the Y chromatin. Frequency of the Barr-body in tissue specimens of female origin was found to be similar both in frozen and paraffin embedded sections. For the investigation of X and Y chromatin in tissue sections the technique of frozen sections should be used.", "contents": "[Fluorescence study of X and Y chromatin in frozen sections]. Chinacrine fluorescence of the Y chromatin in histological sections is a useful tool for determination of nuclear sex. Nuclei of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells seems to be most suitable for this investigation. Tissue specimens should be fixed for 5 minutes in hot formalin. Frequency of the Y chromatin in frozen sections of male origin was found to be 38--70 per cent, in paraffin embedded sections 28--44 per cent. It seems likely, that paraffin decreases chinacrin binding capacity of the Y chromatin. Frequency of the Barr-body in tissue specimens of female origin was found to be similar both in frozen and paraffin embedded sections. For the investigation of X and Y chromatin in tissue sections the technique of frozen sections should be used."}
{"id": "PMID:1207698", "title": "[Current problems of the differential diagnosis between live birth and stillbirth].", "content": "Data of the literature concerning of the livebirth and still-birth are reviewed. Pulmonal fluid formation in human lately has been prooved. At intrauterine asphyxia CO2 is deliberated causing distension of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioli. These changes have to be taken into consideration at evaluation of histological findings in the lung of newborn. Results of the newer observations can not yet be used for the differential diagnosis of live-birth and still-birth, since the validity of them is not yet prooved by practice.", "contents": "[Current problems of the differential diagnosis between live birth and stillbirth]. Data of the literature concerning of the livebirth and still-birth are reviewed. Pulmonal fluid formation in human lately has been prooved. At intrauterine asphyxia CO2 is deliberated causing distension of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioli. These changes have to be taken into consideration at evaluation of histological findings in the lung of newborn. Results of the newer observations can not yet be used for the differential diagnosis of live-birth and still-birth, since the validity of them is not yet prooved by practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1207699", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopic study of human bronchial mucosa under normal and pathological conditions].", "content": "Scanning electronmicroscopic picture of the normal human bronchial mucosa and alterations of it in chronic bronchitis are described. According to the author's findings in chronic bronchitis the regular arrangement of cilia disappears, the number of them decreases and they become shortened with a club-like formation on the end. Focal destruction of the cilia can also be seen. In the epithelium of the mucosa number of the cells without cilia increases. This is a consequence of the destruction of the cilia on one hand, and increase of the number of mucus secreting goblet cells on the other. Alterations of the bronchial mucosa in chronic bronchitis revealed by scanning electron microscopy may play an important part in the pathogenesis and persistence of chronic bronchitis of different origine.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopic study of human bronchial mucosa under normal and pathological conditions]. Scanning electronmicroscopic picture of the normal human bronchial mucosa and alterations of it in chronic bronchitis are described. According to the author's findings in chronic bronchitis the regular arrangement of cilia disappears, the number of them decreases and they become shortened with a club-like formation on the end. Focal destruction of the cilia can also be seen. In the epithelium of the mucosa number of the cells without cilia increases. This is a consequence of the destruction of the cilia on one hand, and increase of the number of mucus secreting goblet cells on the other. Alterations of the bronchial mucosa in chronic bronchitis revealed by scanning electron microscopy may play an important part in the pathogenesis and persistence of chronic bronchitis of different origine."}
{"id": "PMID:1207700", "title": "[Experimental study of the hepatotoxic effect of toluol. II. Electron microscopic and electron histochemical studies].", "content": "The hepatotoxic effect of the analitically pure toluol and a toluol neing used in the Chemical Factory \"Tiszai\" was investigated. Single toxic and various subtoxic doses of toluol were administered intraperitoneally and subeutaneously to male rats of CFY. The liver of the animals was investigated by the aid of electron microscope. It was established that large doses of toluol lead to the decrease of glycogen content and increase of the number of mitochondria in the hepatic cells. Numerous dividing mitochondria were also observed, with a great deal of matrix graules. Electronhistochemical demonstration of the activity of succinic-dehydrogenase does not reveal any difference between the liver of experimental and control animals. As an effect of small doses of toluol degenerative changes-enlargement of the cysternae of the endoplasmatic reticulum, separation of ribosomes, increase of the number of autophag-vacuola-could be seen. The degenerative changes occurred only in a part of the hepatic cells which appeared to be distributed randomly in the liver lobules. Authors assume that lesions revealed are of reversible type.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the hepatotoxic effect of toluol. II. Electron microscopic and electron histochemical studies]. The hepatotoxic effect of the analitically pure toluol and a toluol neing used in the Chemical Factory \"Tiszai\" was investigated. Single toxic and various subtoxic doses of toluol were administered intraperitoneally and subeutaneously to male rats of CFY. The liver of the animals was investigated by the aid of electron microscope. It was established that large doses of toluol lead to the decrease of glycogen content and increase of the number of mitochondria in the hepatic cells. Numerous dividing mitochondria were also observed, with a great deal of matrix graules. Electronhistochemical demonstration of the activity of succinic-dehydrogenase does not reveal any difference between the liver of experimental and control animals. As an effect of small doses of toluol degenerative changes-enlargement of the cysternae of the endoplasmatic reticulum, separation of ribosomes, increase of the number of autophag-vacuola-could be seen. The degenerative changes occurred only in a part of the hepatic cells which appeared to be distributed randomly in the liver lobules. Authors assume that lesions revealed are of reversible type."}
{"id": "PMID:1207701", "title": "[Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopic studies on post-ischemic endothelial lesions following recirculation].", "content": "The vessel wall endothelial surface was studied after recirculation for various periods following a transitory hypoxia. The acute changes consisted of a partial or total destruction of the endothelium in certain areas. Later on the regeneration (division and process formation) of endothelial cells took place to cover the damage areas. These events were demonstrated by both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In case of severe vessel damaged also the subendothelial matrix, the collagen- and elastic fibres as well as the stomata were set free. Blood cells anchored to these areas were also overgrown later by endothelium. The restitution was practically complete in 10 days when only some small endothelial processes had shown the previous regenerative activity. In spite of the extensive damages to the endothelium no occluding thrombus-formation was seen. The phagocytes functioned only in removing debris and the thrombocytes in facilitating endothelial overgroth.", "contents": "[Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopic studies on post-ischemic endothelial lesions following recirculation]. The vessel wall endothelial surface was studied after recirculation for various periods following a transitory hypoxia. The acute changes consisted of a partial or total destruction of the endothelium in certain areas. Later on the regeneration (division and process formation) of endothelial cells took place to cover the damage areas. These events were demonstrated by both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In case of severe vessel damaged also the subendothelial matrix, the collagen- and elastic fibres as well as the stomata were set free. Blood cells anchored to these areas were also overgrown later by endothelium. The restitution was practically complete in 10 days when only some small endothelial processes had shown the previous regenerative activity. In spite of the extensive damages to the endothelium no occluding thrombus-formation was seen. The phagocytes functioned only in removing debris and the thrombocytes in facilitating endothelial overgroth."}
{"id": "PMID:1207702", "title": "[Functional morphology of the odontoblast cell].", "content": "The most highly differentiated cells of the dental pulp - odontoblasts, taken from normal and carious teeth of persons of various age groups were investigated by the aid of electron microscope. Aim of the investigation to determine the relationship between the fine structure and function. Ultrastructural investigation shows that odontoblasts beside the 1) production of dentin take part in the 2) transport of substances and 3) tissue fluids. In the beginning and continuous promoting of the 4) crystallization of the enamel layers odontoblasts play a role of a border-surface which provide a necessary concentration 5) On the end part of nerve fibres they may function as supporting cells (replacement of the Schwann-cells). 6) When pathological processes present (caries) the ultrastructure shows cell-activity of defence type.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of the odontoblast cell]. The most highly differentiated cells of the dental pulp - odontoblasts, taken from normal and carious teeth of persons of various age groups were investigated by the aid of electron microscope. Aim of the investigation to determine the relationship between the fine structure and function. Ultrastructural investigation shows that odontoblasts beside the 1) production of dentin take part in the 2) transport of substances and 3) tissue fluids. In the beginning and continuous promoting of the 4) crystallization of the enamel layers odontoblasts play a role of a border-surface which provide a necessary concentration 5) On the end part of nerve fibres they may function as supporting cells (replacement of the Schwann-cells). 6) When pathological processes present (caries) the ultrastructure shows cell-activity of defence type."}
{"id": "PMID:1207703", "title": "[Morphological and toxicological studies of experimental diquat poisoning].", "content": "Lesions caused by a single subtoxic dosis of diquat were studied in rats. After the administration of diquat on the first day it was revealed in highest concentration in the lung, but in two weeks no traces of the drug could be demonstrated. On the first and third day activity of peroxidase in the liver and the number of peroxisomes as well significantly increases. On the first day after the administration of diquat in the lung damage to the surfactanct and increase of the capillary permeability was observed. Later degenerative changes of the pneumocytes I and II type, focal haemorrhagic edema and presence of alveolar macrophages can be revealed. In two and in four weeks a slight pulmonary fibrosis remains to show the damage to the lung. In kidney tubular lesions of toxic origin, in the phase of the regeneration increase of the number of lyosomes could be revealed. On the basis of this study and the data of other authors the possible mechanism of the intoxication with diquat is discussed.", "contents": "[Morphological and toxicological studies of experimental diquat poisoning]. Lesions caused by a single subtoxic dosis of diquat were studied in rats. After the administration of diquat on the first day it was revealed in highest concentration in the lung, but in two weeks no traces of the drug could be demonstrated. On the first and third day activity of peroxidase in the liver and the number of peroxisomes as well significantly increases. On the first day after the administration of diquat in the lung damage to the surfactanct and increase of the capillary permeability was observed. Later degenerative changes of the pneumocytes I and II type, focal haemorrhagic edema and presence of alveolar macrophages can be revealed. In two and in four weeks a slight pulmonary fibrosis remains to show the damage to the lung. In kidney tubular lesions of toxic origin, in the phase of the regeneration increase of the number of lyosomes could be revealed. On the basis of this study and the data of other authors the possible mechanism of the intoxication with diquat is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207704", "title": "[Capillary fluorescence in brain smears].", "content": "A histochemical technique for the detection of catecholamines accumulated by endothelial cells of the capillaries of rat brain after L-DOPA treatment is reported. The main point is to obtain smaers from the cut surface of the brain without damage to the capillaries. Catecholamine raction in the latter, then should be examined by the Fakk's technique. The method described is very quick and gives an exact localization of catecholamines accumulated in the wall of the cerebral cpaillaries. It is a useful tool for the investigation of the monoaminoerg brain-blood barriere.", "contents": "[Capillary fluorescence in brain smears]. A histochemical technique for the detection of catecholamines accumulated by endothelial cells of the capillaries of rat brain after L-DOPA treatment is reported. The main point is to obtain smaers from the cut surface of the brain without damage to the capillaries. Catecholamine raction in the latter, then should be examined by the Fakk's technique. The method described is very quick and gives an exact localization of catecholamines accumulated in the wall of the cerebral cpaillaries. It is a useful tool for the investigation of the monoaminoerg brain-blood barriere."}
{"id": "PMID:1207705", "title": "[Congenital neck teratoma].", "content": "A case of the congenital teratoma of the neck, detected at the autopsy of a stillborn baby is reported. In the Hungarian literature similar case has not yet been reported. Morphology of the tumour questions of its biological nature are discussed. Clinical symptoms are also rewieved. Surgical removal of the teratoma of the neck gives very good results.", "contents": "[Congenital neck teratoma]. A case of the congenital teratoma of the neck, detected at the autopsy of a stillborn baby is reported. In the Hungarian literature similar case has not yet been reported. Morphology of the tumour questions of its biological nature are discussed. Clinical symptoms are also rewieved. Surgical removal of the teratoma of the neck gives very good results."}
{"id": "PMID:1207706", "title": "Mutagenesis in cultured human diploid cells. III. Induction of 8-azaguanine-resistant mutations by furylfuramide.", "content": "Trans-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (furylfuramide: FF or AF2) was tested for ability to induce 8-azaguanine (8AG) resistant mutations in cultured human diploid cells. FF had a relatively severe cytotoxic effect on the cells. From the concentration-survival curve, the D0 value for 2-h treatment with FF was estimated to be 11 mug/ml. When cells were treated with FF at various concentrations for 2 h, cultured in normal medium for 48 h, and then selected in medium containing 8AG at 30 mug/ml, the induced mutation frequency increased gradually with increase in concentration of FF. When cells were treated with FF at 10 mug/ml for 2 h, cultured in normal medium for various periods of mutation expression time, and selected with 8AG at 30 mug/ml, the highest induced mutation frequency was obtained with 48 h of mutation expression time. Microscopic examination of the numbers of cells in colonies indicated that the total number of cells increased by half during this mutation expression time of 48 h.", "contents": "Mutagenesis in cultured human diploid cells. III. Induction of 8-azaguanine-resistant mutations by furylfuramide. Trans-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (furylfuramide: FF or AF2) was tested for ability to induce 8-azaguanine (8AG) resistant mutations in cultured human diploid cells. FF had a relatively severe cytotoxic effect on the cells. From the concentration-survival curve, the D0 value for 2-h treatment with FF was estimated to be 11 mug/ml. When cells were treated with FF at various concentrations for 2 h, cultured in normal medium for 48 h, and then selected in medium containing 8AG at 30 mug/ml, the induced mutation frequency increased gradually with increase in concentration of FF. When cells were treated with FF at 10 mug/ml for 2 h, cultured in normal medium for various periods of mutation expression time, and selected with 8AG at 30 mug/ml, the highest induced mutation frequency was obtained with 48 h of mutation expression time. Microscopic examination of the numbers of cells in colonies indicated that the total number of cells increased by half during this mutation expression time of 48 h."}
{"id": "PMID:1207707", "title": "Mutagenesis in cultured human diploid cells. IV. Induction of 8-azaguanine resistant mutations by phloxine, a mutagenic red dye.", "content": "Disodium 9-(3',4',5',6'-tetrachloro-o-carboxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetrabromo-3-isoxanthone (phloxine), a red dye used as a food additive, was tested for its activity to induce 8-azaguanine (8AG) resistant mutations in cultured human embryonic cells. Phloxine had a severe cytotoxic effect on the cells at concentrations of 1 to 10 mug/ml. At concentrations of more than 30 mug/ml of phloxine no further decrease in cell survival was found. This cytotoxic effect of phloxine was not dependent on the duration of treatment. After treatment with phloxine for 2 h division of cells in normal medium was inhibited for 120 h. When cells were treated with phloxine at various concentrations for 2 h, cultured in normal medium for 48 h, and then selected with 30 mug/ml of 8AG, an increase in the induced mutation frequency was found. This increase in mutation frequency was dependent on the concentration of phloxine used as a mutagen and treatment with 100 mug/ml of phloxine increased the frequency to six times that in untreated cultures.", "contents": "Mutagenesis in cultured human diploid cells. IV. Induction of 8-azaguanine resistant mutations by phloxine, a mutagenic red dye. Disodium 9-(3',4',5',6'-tetrachloro-o-carboxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetrabromo-3-isoxanthone (phloxine), a red dye used as a food additive, was tested for its activity to induce 8-azaguanine (8AG) resistant mutations in cultured human embryonic cells. Phloxine had a severe cytotoxic effect on the cells at concentrations of 1 to 10 mug/ml. At concentrations of more than 30 mug/ml of phloxine no further decrease in cell survival was found. This cytotoxic effect of phloxine was not dependent on the duration of treatment. After treatment with phloxine for 2 h division of cells in normal medium was inhibited for 120 h. When cells were treated with phloxine at various concentrations for 2 h, cultured in normal medium for 48 h, and then selected with 30 mug/ml of 8AG, an increase in the induced mutation frequency was found. This increase in mutation frequency was dependent on the concentration of phloxine used as a mutagen and treatment with 100 mug/ml of phloxine increased the frequency to six times that in untreated cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:1207708", "title": "Mutagenicity of dimethylnitrosamine to mammalian cells as determined by the use of mouse liver microsomes.", "content": "The mutagenicity of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to mammalian cells was investigated using a metabolic activation system. Mutation from 8-azaguanine (8AG) sensitivity to resistance in FM3A cells, a cell line derived from C3H mouse mammary carcinoma, was found only in the presence of dimethylnitrosamine, mouse liver microsomes and cofactors. The different inducibility of the mutation was shown by the use of liver microsomes from different strains of mouse.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of dimethylnitrosamine to mammalian cells as determined by the use of mouse liver microsomes. The mutagenicity of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to mammalian cells was investigated using a metabolic activation system. Mutation from 8-azaguanine (8AG) sensitivity to resistance in FM3A cells, a cell line derived from C3H mouse mammary carcinoma, was found only in the presence of dimethylnitrosamine, mouse liver microsomes and cofactors. The different inducibility of the mutation was shown by the use of liver microsomes from different strains of mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:1207709", "title": "The effect of methylated oxypurines on the size of newly-synthesized DNA and on the production of chromosome aberrations after UV irradiation in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "A comparison has been made, in Chinese hamster cells, of the ability of various methylated oxypurines to inhibit post-replication repair of DNA after UV irradiation and to potentiate UV-induced chromosome aberrations. DNA synthesized in UV-irradiated cells contains gaps, which are subsequently sealed by a process termed post-replication repair. In rodent cells this process is inhibited by caffeine and its analogues. This has been quantitated by measuring the molecular weight of the DNA synthesized in UV-irradiated cells during a 4-h pulse-labelling period in the presence or absence of inhibitors--the lower molecular weight the greater the inhibition. Eight methylated oxypurines were tested; caffeine and chlorocaffeine were always the most potent inhibitors, tetramethyluric acid was inactive, and the other five derivatives (methoxycaffeine, ethoxycaffeine, paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline) had intermediate effects. Measurements of the potentiation of UV-induced chromosome aberrations showed that treatments with caffeine or chlorocaffeine again had the greatest effects, tetramethyluric acid and also theophylline had no potentiating activity, and methoxycaffeine was intermediate. This correlation between effects at the molecular and cytological levels is consistent with the hypothesis that the inhibition of post-replication repair by methylated oxypurines gives rise to the increased production of chromosome aberrations.", "contents": "The effect of methylated oxypurines on the size of newly-synthesized DNA and on the production of chromosome aberrations after UV irradiation in Chinese hamster cells. A comparison has been made, in Chinese hamster cells, of the ability of various methylated oxypurines to inhibit post-replication repair of DNA after UV irradiation and to potentiate UV-induced chromosome aberrations. DNA synthesized in UV-irradiated cells contains gaps, which are subsequently sealed by a process termed post-replication repair. In rodent cells this process is inhibited by caffeine and its analogues. This has been quantitated by measuring the molecular weight of the DNA synthesized in UV-irradiated cells during a 4-h pulse-labelling period in the presence or absence of inhibitors--the lower molecular weight the greater the inhibition. Eight methylated oxypurines were tested; caffeine and chlorocaffeine were always the most potent inhibitors, tetramethyluric acid was inactive, and the other five derivatives (methoxycaffeine, ethoxycaffeine, paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline) had intermediate effects. Measurements of the potentiation of UV-induced chromosome aberrations showed that treatments with caffeine or chlorocaffeine again had the greatest effects, tetramethyluric acid and also theophylline had no potentiating activity, and methoxycaffeine was intermediate. This correlation between effects at the molecular and cytological levels is consistent with the hypothesis that the inhibition of post-replication repair by methylated oxypurines gives rise to the increased production of chromosome aberrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1207710", "title": "Absence of acrosome: an efficient tool in mammalian mutation research.", "content": "Spermatozoa without acrosomes (\"acrosomeless\") have been qualitatively and quantitatively analysed in several strains of mouse. The frequency of these abnormal cells was fairly constant within the same strain, but increased with age, consanguinity and after treatment of mice at pre-meiotic stages with alkylating agents. From this behaviour, it is thought that these abnormal cells are true mutants which could be used in mutation research.", "contents": "Absence of acrosome: an efficient tool in mammalian mutation research. Spermatozoa without acrosomes (\"acrosomeless\") have been qualitatively and quantitatively analysed in several strains of mouse. The frequency of these abnormal cells was fairly constant within the same strain, but increased with age, consanguinity and after treatment of mice at pre-meiotic stages with alkylating agents. From this behaviour, it is thought that these abnormal cells are true mutants which could be used in mutation research."}
{"id": "PMID:1207711", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges--a sensitive assay of agents damaging human chromosomes.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchange frequencies in human lymphocyte chromosomes are greatly increased by alkylating agents, but ionizing radiation has little if any such effect. Scoring these exchanges may provide a useful technique for exploring the mechanisms of chromosome breakage and repair.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges--a sensitive assay of agents damaging human chromosomes. Sister chromatid exchange frequencies in human lymphocyte chromosomes are greatly increased by alkylating agents, but ionizing radiation has little if any such effect. Scoring these exchanges may provide a useful technique for exploring the mechanisms of chromosome breakage and repair."}
{"id": "PMID:1207716", "title": "Some properties of the protease from Aspergillus terricola.", "content": "The protease from Aspergillus terricola (terrilytin) was isolated and purified by the ion exchange method and by gel chromatography. The data on its molecular weight, isoelectric point, N-terminal amino acids were described. The protease included polysaccharide which stabilized the enzyme activity under the storage and lyophylization. Polysaccharides isolated from different fungi and yeasts were found to stabilize and activate terrilytin rising the affinity of enzyme to substrate. Terrilytin was revealed to exhibit the thrombolytic effect and expressive affinity to the fibrin in comparison with other substrates of high and low molecular weight. The enzyme showed the antigenic activity. From immune rabbit sera 7S gamma-globulins inhibiting proteolysis of caseine and 19S gamma-globulins activating the proteolysis of fibrin and fibrinogen by terrilytin were isolated by gel chromatography.", "contents": "Some properties of the protease from Aspergillus terricola. The protease from Aspergillus terricola (terrilytin) was isolated and purified by the ion exchange method and by gel chromatography. The data on its molecular weight, isoelectric point, N-terminal amino acids were described. The protease included polysaccharide which stabilized the enzyme activity under the storage and lyophylization. Polysaccharides isolated from different fungi and yeasts were found to stabilize and activate terrilytin rising the affinity of enzyme to substrate. Terrilytin was revealed to exhibit the thrombolytic effect and expressive affinity to the fibrin in comparison with other substrates of high and low molecular weight. The enzyme showed the antigenic activity. From immune rabbit sera 7S gamma-globulins inhibiting proteolysis of caseine and 19S gamma-globulins activating the proteolysis of fibrin and fibrinogen by terrilytin were isolated by gel chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:1207717", "title": "The atmospheric fungal flora of the Athens metropolitan area.", "content": "In the research programme of the Department of Microbiology of the Athens University the nature of the mycological flora of the Athenian air was studied. The research took place during the calendar year 1971. The open air was sampled twice weekly from two observation stations. The open plate technique was used, Petri dishes containing Sabourand's agar being exposed for 15 minutes. A total of 180 plates were exposed, and 1714 fungal colonies were isolated; these were subcultured and identified as follows: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria SP. (representing a common transitional form towards the genus Ulocladium), Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Chrysosporium SP., Candida SP., Geotrichum SP., Mucor SP., Penicillium patulum, Pencillium SP., Rhodotorula rubra, Saccharomyces SP., Streptomyces SP., Trichsporon SP. AND Ulocladium oudemansii. The genus Alternaria was most frequently isolated, representing 38% of the total colonies. Other genera occured in the following proportions: Penicillium 27%, Aspergillus 13%, Candida 9%, Rhodotorula 6% and Mucor 1%. Species of other genera accounted for 6% of colonies, including 4% which were classified as Mycelia Sterilia. It is of considerable interest that the most frequently isolated species are considered as allergens. An appropriate line of further investigations would appear to be the preparation of antigens, application of skin tests and classification of allergic reactions after relating laboratory findings to clinical observations.", "contents": "The atmospheric fungal flora of the Athens metropolitan area. In the research programme of the Department of Microbiology of the Athens University the nature of the mycological flora of the Athenian air was studied. The research took place during the calendar year 1971. The open air was sampled twice weekly from two observation stations. The open plate technique was used, Petri dishes containing Sabourand's agar being exposed for 15 minutes. A total of 180 plates were exposed, and 1714 fungal colonies were isolated; these were subcultured and identified as follows: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria SP. (representing a common transitional form towards the genus Ulocladium), Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Chrysosporium SP., Candida SP., Geotrichum SP., Mucor SP., Penicillium patulum, Pencillium SP., Rhodotorula rubra, Saccharomyces SP., Streptomyces SP., Trichsporon SP. AND Ulocladium oudemansii. The genus Alternaria was most frequently isolated, representing 38% of the total colonies. Other genera occured in the following proportions: Penicillium 27%, Aspergillus 13%, Candida 9%, Rhodotorula 6% and Mucor 1%. Species of other genera accounted for 6% of colonies, including 4% which were classified as Mycelia Sterilia. It is of considerable interest that the most frequently isolated species are considered as allergens. An appropriate line of further investigations would appear to be the preparation of antigens, application of skin tests and classification of allergic reactions after relating laboratory findings to clinical observations."}
{"id": "PMID:1207718", "title": "Relationship between the metereological conditions and the air-borne fungal flora of the Athens metropolitan area.", "content": "The statistical relationship between the metereological conditions and the population of the air-borne fungi of the Athens metropolitan area were considered. It was found that during autumn and winter the number of suspended microfungi was more than double that which occurred during spring and summer. The fungal content appeared to be correlated positively with humidity and negatively with terperature, although during the analysis of the six predominant genera some exceptions were found to the general form of the results.", "contents": "Relationship between the metereological conditions and the air-borne fungal flora of the Athens metropolitan area. The statistical relationship between the metereological conditions and the population of the air-borne fungi of the Athens metropolitan area were considered. It was found that during autumn and winter the number of suspended microfungi was more than double that which occurred during spring and summer. The fungal content appeared to be correlated positively with humidity and negatively with terperature, although during the analysis of the six predominant genera some exceptions were found to the general form of the results."}
{"id": "PMID:1207719", "title": "[Growth and sporulation of 6 species of Entomophthorales. II. Effect of various nitrogen sources].", "content": "Growth and sporulation of Entomophthora near obscura, E. destruens, E. near thaxteriana, E. virulenta, Basidiobolus ranarum and Conidiobolus osmodes were studied in solid synthetic media containing various nitrogen sources at 0,33 g N/liter. Thirty two nitrogen sources representing nitrates, ammonium salts, amino acids and protein hydrolysates were tested. E. near obscura did not grow on any medium. Protein hydrolysates, ammonium salts and ten of the sixteen amino acids tested were the best nitrogen sources for growth and resting spores production of the five other species.", "contents": "[Growth and sporulation of 6 species of Entomophthorales. II. Effect of various nitrogen sources]. Growth and sporulation of Entomophthora near obscura, E. destruens, E. near thaxteriana, E. virulenta, Basidiobolus ranarum and Conidiobolus osmodes were studied in solid synthetic media containing various nitrogen sources at 0,33 g N/liter. Thirty two nitrogen sources representing nitrates, ammonium salts, amino acids and protein hydrolysates were tested. E. near obscura did not grow on any medium. Protein hydrolysates, ammonium salts and ten of the sixteen amino acids tested were the best nitrogen sources for growth and resting spores production of the five other species."}
{"id": "PMID:1207720", "title": "[Common presence on strawberries of ascospores of Byssochlamys nivea capable of producing patulin].", "content": "Tha auteurs have obtained a strain of Byssochlamys nivea from heat processed strawberries. The mold grown on synthetic media shows antibiotic properties. The metabolite responsible is patulin which has been purified and characterized. Several strains of B. nivea produced this mycotoxin. Patulin seems to be stable in strawberries juice.", "contents": "[Common presence on strawberries of ascospores of Byssochlamys nivea capable of producing patulin]. Tha auteurs have obtained a strain of Byssochlamys nivea from heat processed strawberries. The mold grown on synthetic media shows antibiotic properties. The metabolite responsible is patulin which has been purified and characterized. Several strains of B. nivea produced this mycotoxin. Patulin seems to be stable in strawberries juice."}
{"id": "PMID:1207721", "title": "Observations of Microsporium canis with cryoscanning and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The observations of Microsporum canis with cryoscanning and scanning electron microscopy without fixation and dehydration were reported. In the former an almost native state was observed through showing some fuzzy outlines due to frost; in the latter it was shown that marked shrinkage and distortion had occured. There were many granules on the surface of the macroconidia though their function is uncertain.", "contents": "Observations of Microsporium canis with cryoscanning and scanning electron microscopy. The observations of Microsporum canis with cryoscanning and scanning electron microscopy without fixation and dehydration were reported. In the former an almost native state was observed through showing some fuzzy outlines due to frost; in the latter it was shown that marked shrinkage and distortion had occured. There were many granules on the surface of the macroconidia though their function is uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:1207722", "title": "Zearalenol and 8'-hydroxyzearalenone from Fusarium roseum.", "content": "Fusarium roseum f. sp. gibbosum and F. roseum f. sp. semitectum were isolated from blighted culms of grain sorghum. Zearalenol and 8'-hydroxyzearalenone were produced by these isolates cultured on grain sorghum or cracked yellow field corn. Zearalenol is reported to have uterotropic activity and might be an important mycotoxin in sorghum.", "contents": "Zearalenol and 8'-hydroxyzearalenone from Fusarium roseum. Fusarium roseum f. sp. gibbosum and F. roseum f. sp. semitectum were isolated from blighted culms of grain sorghum. Zearalenol and 8'-hydroxyzearalenone were produced by these isolates cultured on grain sorghum or cracked yellow field corn. Zearalenol is reported to have uterotropic activity and might be an important mycotoxin in sorghum."}
{"id": "PMID:1207723", "title": "A critical study of the taxonomic value of some tests of assimilation used for the classification of the sporogenous yeasts.", "content": "Six texts of assimilation used in the taxonomy of yeasts, (lactose, maltose, cellobiose, trehalose, melibiose, sucrose) have been critically tested by the examination of intracellular enzymic systems. The results obtained among the sporogenous species of Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Debaryomyces indicate that cellobiose, lactose, maltose and trehalose tests no longer supply an important value for the speciation, because the number of cryptical osidases is so high.", "contents": "A critical study of the taxonomic value of some tests of assimilation used for the classification of the sporogenous yeasts. Six texts of assimilation used in the taxonomy of yeasts, (lactose, maltose, cellobiose, trehalose, melibiose, sucrose) have been critically tested by the examination of intracellular enzymic systems. The results obtained among the sporogenous species of Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Debaryomyces indicate that cellobiose, lactose, maltose and trehalose tests no longer supply an important value for the speciation, because the number of cryptical osidases is so high."}
{"id": "PMID:1207728", "title": "Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity.", "content": "Enkephalin, a natural ligand for opiate receptors is composed of the pentapepides H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH and H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH. The evidence is based on the determination of the amino acid sequence of natural enkephalin by the dansyl-Edman procedure and by mass spectrometry followed by synthesis and comparison of the natural and synthetic peptides.", "contents": "Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Enkephalin, a natural ligand for opiate receptors is composed of the pentapepides H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH and H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH. The evidence is based on the determination of the amino acid sequence of natural enkephalin by the dansyl-Edman procedure and by mass spectrometry followed by synthesis and comparison of the natural and synthetic peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:1207748", "title": "Conservation of cytoplasmic poly (A)-containing RNA in mouse and rat.", "content": "By comparing the melting temperature of DNA-DNA duplexes between related species, it is shown that total single-copy DNA evolves at a faster rate that DNA which is transcribed into poly (A)-containing RNA. Such a comparison suggests that at least 70% of rat single-copy DNA does not code for protein.", "contents": "Conservation of cytoplasmic poly (A)-containing RNA in mouse and rat. By comparing the melting temperature of DNA-DNA duplexes between related species, it is shown that total single-copy DNA evolves at a faster rate that DNA which is transcribed into poly (A)-containing RNA. Such a comparison suggests that at least 70% of rat single-copy DNA does not code for protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1207771", "title": "Strategy and tactics of chemotherapeutic drug development.", "content": "Strategic approaches to generating chemotherapeutically active lead compounds are either empirical as in traditional synthetic programs or in the search for antibiotics; they are semiempirical as concerns the design of antimetabolites and more rational for the design of DNA-complexing drugs. The tactics of exploitation of active lead compounds in chemotherapeutic drug development involve molecular modification. This aims at either substances with greater activity and/or substances with improved pharmacokinetic parameters. From quantitative structure-activity relationships one might extrapolate to members of a chemical series with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Scientific advances render chemotherapy research more predictive and, hence, less empirical.", "contents": "Strategy and tactics of chemotherapeutic drug development. Strategic approaches to generating chemotherapeutically active lead compounds are either empirical as in traditional synthetic programs or in the search for antibiotics; they are semiempirical as concerns the design of antimetabolites and more rational for the design of DNA-complexing drugs. The tactics of exploitation of active lead compounds in chemotherapeutic drug development involve molecular modification. This aims at either substances with greater activity and/or substances with improved pharmacokinetic parameters. From quantitative structure-activity relationships one might extrapolate to members of a chemical series with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Scientific advances render chemotherapy research more predictive and, hence, less empirical."}
{"id": "PMID:1207779", "title": "A procedure to produce gnotobiotic calves by cesarean section.", "content": "An effective and economical method was developed for procuring and rearing calves in gnotobiotic conditions. To evaluate apparatuses and surgical techniques, three calves, 1 to 3, welf 1 was weak and pale at delivery and died within 5 hours after delivery. Calf 2 was delivered alive, but died from a human error at 3 days of age. It was free from demonstrable bacteria and fungi at that time. Calf 3 was also successfully delivered and raised. It was killed at 10 days of age, since fungi were isolated from the feces and waste materials from it.", "contents": "A procedure to produce gnotobiotic calves by cesarean section. An effective and economical method was developed for procuring and rearing calves in gnotobiotic conditions. To evaluate apparatuses and surgical techniques, three calves, 1 to 3, welf 1 was weak and pale at delivery and died within 5 hours after delivery. Calf 2 was delivered alive, but died from a human error at 3 days of age. It was free from demonstrable bacteria and fungi at that time. Calf 3 was also successfully delivered and raised. It was killed at 10 days of age, since fungi were isolated from the feces and waste materials from it."}
{"id": "PMID:1207780", "title": "Five new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Nansei Islands.", "content": "Five new species of Culicoides of the Nansei Islands are described: C. sasai sp.n. from Amami-oshima Is., C. toshiokai sp.n. from Ishigaki Is., C. iriomotensis sp.n. from Iriomote Is., C. flavipunctatus sp.n. from Yonaguni Is., and C. yaeyamaensis sp.n. from the latter three islands. C. toshiokai sp.n. and C. iriomotensis sp.n. are tree-hole breeders, such as C. dendrophilus Amosova, which is common in similar habitats extending from Okinawa to Honshu.", "contents": "Five new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Nansei Islands. Five new species of Culicoides of the Nansei Islands are described: C. sasai sp.n. from Amami-oshima Is., C. toshiokai sp.n. from Ishigaki Is., C. iriomotensis sp.n. from Iriomote Is., C. flavipunctatus sp.n. from Yonaguni Is., and C. yaeyamaensis sp.n. from the latter three islands. C. toshiokai sp.n. and C. iriomotensis sp.n. are tree-hole breeders, such as C. dendrophilus Amosova, which is common in similar habitats extending from Okinawa to Honshu."}
{"id": "PMID:1207782", "title": "The different fatty acids composition of lecithins in the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and the membranes of adrenal chromaffin granules.", "content": "Calcium transporting membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and amine transporting membranes of chromaffin granules (AG) isolated from different animal species (ox, rabbit and rat) show similar values for their phospholipid phases (0.5 mumole phospholipids/mg protein). The AG-membranes, however, contain higher lysolecithin (LPC) (10 11%) than the SR-membranes (2-6%). In both types of membrane a characteristic distribution of fatty acids was found in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction. In SR-membranes 18-carbon fatty acids are present in increasing order of unsaturation (18:0 less than 18:1 less than 18:2) and in AG-membranes in decreasing order (18:0 greater than 18:1 greater than 18:2). The fatty acid composition of PCs specific of each membrane seems to be dependent on the presence of different endogenous lysolecithins and suggest a fatty acid turnover in both positions of the PC by the de- and re-acylation cycle. The importance in membranes function with regard to the Ca2+ transport of SR and the amine transport of AG membranes as related to the typical lipid phase is discussed.", "contents": "The different fatty acids composition of lecithins in the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and the membranes of adrenal chromaffin granules. Calcium transporting membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and amine transporting membranes of chromaffin granules (AG) isolated from different animal species (ox, rabbit and rat) show similar values for their phospholipid phases (0.5 mumole phospholipids/mg protein). The AG-membranes, however, contain higher lysolecithin (LPC) (10 11%) than the SR-membranes (2-6%). In both types of membrane a characteristic distribution of fatty acids was found in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction. In SR-membranes 18-carbon fatty acids are present in increasing order of unsaturation (18:0 less than 18:1 less than 18:2) and in AG-membranes in decreasing order (18:0 greater than 18:1 greater than 18:2). The fatty acid composition of PCs specific of each membrane seems to be dependent on the presence of different endogenous lysolecithins and suggest a fatty acid turnover in both positions of the PC by the de- and re-acylation cycle. The importance in membranes function with regard to the Ca2+ transport of SR and the amine transport of AG membranes as related to the typical lipid phase is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207783", "title": "The acyltransferase activity of adrenal medulla and sacroplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles.", "content": "The presence of acyl-CoA-lysolecithin-acyltransferase was studied in ox adrenal medulla fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The highest activity of this enzyme is localized in the microsomes and not in the membranes of chromaffin granules. Estimation of acyltransferase activity in fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from rabbit skeletal muscles before and after sucrose gradient centrifugation shows that in these membranes acyltransferase is a membrane bound enzyme. Both enzyme preparations transfer 18-carbon fatty acids in increasing order of unsaturation to 1-acyl-sn-glycer-3-phosphorylcholine (1-acyl-GPC) (18:0 less than 18:1 less than 18:2) and in decreasing order to 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (2-acyl-GPC) (18:0 greater than 18:1 greater than 18:2). For the acyltransferase present in ox adrenal medulla and fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum, 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (1-acyl-GPE) is not a good acyl acceptor. The importance of acyltransferase in the de- and re-acylation cycle for the neogenesis of membranes-specific lecithin is discussed.", "contents": "The acyltransferase activity of adrenal medulla and sacroplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles. The presence of acyl-CoA-lysolecithin-acyltransferase was studied in ox adrenal medulla fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The highest activity of this enzyme is localized in the microsomes and not in the membranes of chromaffin granules. Estimation of acyltransferase activity in fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from rabbit skeletal muscles before and after sucrose gradient centrifugation shows that in these membranes acyltransferase is a membrane bound enzyme. Both enzyme preparations transfer 18-carbon fatty acids in increasing order of unsaturation to 1-acyl-sn-glycer-3-phosphorylcholine (1-acyl-GPC) (18:0 less than 18:1 less than 18:2) and in decreasing order to 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (2-acyl-GPC) (18:0 greater than 18:1 greater than 18:2). For the acyltransferase present in ox adrenal medulla and fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum, 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (1-acyl-GPE) is not a good acyl acceptor. The importance of acyltransferase in the de- and re-acylation cycle for the neogenesis of membranes-specific lecithin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207784", "title": "Optical isomers of verapamil on canine heart. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary artery occlusion, impaired atrioventricular conductance and negative inotropic and chronotropic effects.", "content": "Effects of optical isomers of verapamil on the canine heart were measured with a pressure catheter in the left ventricle and with the electrocardiogram. 1. Both isomers of verapamil caused impaired atrioventricular conduction. slowed the rate of the sinus pacemaker and depressed the contractile state of the myocardium. (-)-Verapamil was consistently more potent than (+)-verapamil in producing these effects. (-)/(+) potency ratios of 10 and 3 were estimated for atrioventricular blockade and for the negative chronotropic effect, respectively. 2. Negative inotropic effects of 0.06-2.0 mg/kg of (+)-verapamil were determined on hearts paced at constant rate. A similar dose-response relationship could not be established with (-)-verapamil because at concentration higher than 0.06 mg/kg the hearts did not follow the supraventricular driving stimulus. With doses of (-)- and (+)-verapamil which produced the same slowing of the sinus pacemaker rate in spontaneously beating hearts, (-)-verapamil caused greater negative inotropic effects than (+)-verapamil. 3. The following doses of isomers of verapamil reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary artery ligation: 0.2 mg/kg (-)-verapamil (P less than 0.001), 0.6 mg/kg (-)-verapamil (P less than 0.001) and 0.6 mg (+)-verapamil (P less than 0.01). 4. Intravenous administration of CaCl2 to dogs treated with either isomer of verapamil restored the contractile state and reversed atrioventricular blockade to sinus rhythm. Dog ventricles under the influence of concentrations of isomers of verapamil which, with normal plasmatic Ca2+-content, prevent fibrillation, consistently fibrillated after coronary artery occlusion when high doses of CaCl2 were administered. 5. The effects of the optical isomers of verapamil may occur predominantly via a blockade of the slow inward Ca2+-current.", "contents": "Optical isomers of verapamil on canine heart. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary artery occlusion, impaired atrioventricular conductance and negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. Effects of optical isomers of verapamil on the canine heart were measured with a pressure catheter in the left ventricle and with the electrocardiogram. 1. Both isomers of verapamil caused impaired atrioventricular conduction. slowed the rate of the sinus pacemaker and depressed the contractile state of the myocardium. (-)-Verapamil was consistently more potent than (+)-verapamil in producing these effects. (-)/(+) potency ratios of 10 and 3 were estimated for atrioventricular blockade and for the negative chronotropic effect, respectively. 2. Negative inotropic effects of 0.06-2.0 mg/kg of (+)-verapamil were determined on hearts paced at constant rate. A similar dose-response relationship could not be established with (-)-verapamil because at concentration higher than 0.06 mg/kg the hearts did not follow the supraventricular driving stimulus. With doses of (-)- and (+)-verapamil which produced the same slowing of the sinus pacemaker rate in spontaneously beating hearts, (-)-verapamil caused greater negative inotropic effects than (+)-verapamil. 3. The following doses of isomers of verapamil reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary artery ligation: 0.2 mg/kg (-)-verapamil (P less than 0.001), 0.6 mg/kg (-)-verapamil (P less than 0.001) and 0.6 mg (+)-verapamil (P less than 0.01). 4. Intravenous administration of CaCl2 to dogs treated with either isomer of verapamil restored the contractile state and reversed atrioventricular blockade to sinus rhythm. Dog ventricles under the influence of concentrations of isomers of verapamil which, with normal plasmatic Ca2+-content, prevent fibrillation, consistently fibrillated after coronary artery occlusion when high doses of CaCl2 were administered. 5. The effects of the optical isomers of verapamil may occur predominantly via a blockade of the slow inward Ca2+-current."}
{"id": "PMID:1207785", "title": "Species differences in plasma binding and tissue uptake of 3H-digitoxin. A comparative study in rats and mice in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The content of cardiac glycosides in plasma and several organs of rats and mice was investigated 30 min and 12 hrs after i.p. administration of 160 mug/kg b.w. 3H-digitoxin. In rat plasma a glycoside concentration of 124.8 and 44.7 ng/ml resp. was found. The corresponding values in the liver were 834.7 and 579.7 ng/g w.w. An opposite liver/plasma distribution was obtained in mice: while in plasma 772.5 and 571.8 ng/ml were recovered, the glycoside concentration in liver was relatively small (284.8 and 235.6 ng/g w.w.). In order to find out the reason for such species differences observed in vivo, liver slices of rats and mice were incubated with 3H-digitoxin in a medium with and without various plasma proteins. The uptake of 3H-digitoxin into liver slices was drastically reduced by adding mouse plasma or albumin to the medium, while rat plasma lowered the uptake far less. These differences are well reflected by binding studies on agargel electrophoresis: only in mouse plasma a binding of 3H-digitoxin could be demonstrated. The binding rate and binding constant analyzed by equilibrium dialysis were higher in mouse than in rat plasma. It is concluded that the lower tissue accumulation in mice compared to rats must be due to the affinity of 3H-digitoxin to mouse plasma albumin. Moreover digitoxin has a higher affinity to the rat than to the mouse liver in the presence of mouse or rat plasma as well as of bovine serum albumin.", "contents": "Species differences in plasma binding and tissue uptake of 3H-digitoxin. A comparative study in rats and mice in vivo and in vitro. The content of cardiac glycosides in plasma and several organs of rats and mice was investigated 30 min and 12 hrs after i.p. administration of 160 mug/kg b.w. 3H-digitoxin. In rat plasma a glycoside concentration of 124.8 and 44.7 ng/ml resp. was found. The corresponding values in the liver were 834.7 and 579.7 ng/g w.w. An opposite liver/plasma distribution was obtained in mice: while in plasma 772.5 and 571.8 ng/ml were recovered, the glycoside concentration in liver was relatively small (284.8 and 235.6 ng/g w.w.). In order to find out the reason for such species differences observed in vivo, liver slices of rats and mice were incubated with 3H-digitoxin in a medium with and without various plasma proteins. The uptake of 3H-digitoxin into liver slices was drastically reduced by adding mouse plasma or albumin to the medium, while rat plasma lowered the uptake far less. These differences are well reflected by binding studies on agargel electrophoresis: only in mouse plasma a binding of 3H-digitoxin could be demonstrated. The binding rate and binding constant analyzed by equilibrium dialysis were higher in mouse than in rat plasma. It is concluded that the lower tissue accumulation in mice compared to rats must be due to the affinity of 3H-digitoxin to mouse plasma albumin. Moreover digitoxin has a higher affinity to the rat than to the mouse liver in the presence of mouse or rat plasma as well as of bovine serum albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:1207786", "title": "Pupillometric studies in the beagle dog.", "content": "A method of measuring pupillary diameter in the dog using a Kowa RC-2 fundus camera, to which an eyepiece graticule had been fitted, is described. Pupil diameter was measured either directly by reading off from the calibrated graticule or from photographs. The pupillary diameters of 105 (53 male, 52 female) untreated English beagles aged between 8 and 32 months were measured under light intensities of 150-200 lux and 1000-1400 lux. Mydriatic and miotic pupillary diameters were measured in 62 male and 80 female dogs. Time-effect curves were plotted for two groups of 5 beagles receiving 75 mug/kg or 175 mug/kg atropine and 100 mug/kg or 300 mug/kg propantheline intravenously. The dose-effect curve for propantheline was found to be linear. A dose of 109 (97-121) mug/kg propantheline increased pupillary diameter by 3 mm, 20 min after administration. The time- and dose-effect curves, the significant sex differences and age dependency seen in this study indicate both a high degree of accuracy and the suitability of both of these methods for use in pharmacological and toxicological studies.", "contents": "Pupillometric studies in the beagle dog. A method of measuring pupillary diameter in the dog using a Kowa RC-2 fundus camera, to which an eyepiece graticule had been fitted, is described. Pupil diameter was measured either directly by reading off from the calibrated graticule or from photographs. The pupillary diameters of 105 (53 male, 52 female) untreated English beagles aged between 8 and 32 months were measured under light intensities of 150-200 lux and 1000-1400 lux. Mydriatic and miotic pupillary diameters were measured in 62 male and 80 female dogs. Time-effect curves were plotted for two groups of 5 beagles receiving 75 mug/kg or 175 mug/kg atropine and 100 mug/kg or 300 mug/kg propantheline intravenously. The dose-effect curve for propantheline was found to be linear. A dose of 109 (97-121) mug/kg propantheline increased pupillary diameter by 3 mm, 20 min after administration. The time- and dose-effect curves, the significant sex differences and age dependency seen in this study indicate both a high degree of accuracy and the suitability of both of these methods for use in pharmacological and toxicological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1207789", "title": "[The activity of visual cortex neurons during alimentary and defensive behavior].", "content": "The reactions of the rabbit visual cortex neurons in response to conditioned light flashes were investigated during the process of repeated changes of the feeding behaviour to the avoidance one. It is demonstrated that one and the same flash evokes different responses of the same neuron while triggering different behaviour.", "contents": "[The activity of visual cortex neurons during alimentary and defensive behavior]. The reactions of the rabbit visual cortex neurons in response to conditioned light flashes were investigated during the process of repeated changes of the feeding behaviour to the avoidance one. It is demonstrated that one and the same flash evokes different responses of the same neuron while triggering different behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:1207790", "title": "[Physiologic mechanisms of the constancy of color perception].", "content": "The color constancy is the ability to recognize correctly the colours of the objects under different illuminations. For this purpose the visual system must identify the character of illumination and estimate the colour of the object, using the light reflected from this object according to the spectrum of illumination. The behavioral experiments with fishes showed that they possess the colour constancy. The electrophysiological studies on colour-coding ganglion cells showed that the simplest mechanisms of estimating the colours of objects according to illumination exist at the retinal level. The presence of colour vision facilitates the recognition of the volume form of the objects. The generally accepted view on the place and role of colour vision in the general function of the visual system of animals has to be changed on the basis of these facts.", "contents": "[Physiologic mechanisms of the constancy of color perception]. The color constancy is the ability to recognize correctly the colours of the objects under different illuminations. For this purpose the visual system must identify the character of illumination and estimate the colour of the object, using the light reflected from this object according to the spectrum of illumination. The behavioral experiments with fishes showed that they possess the colour constancy. The electrophysiological studies on colour-coding ganglion cells showed that the simplest mechanisms of estimating the colours of objects according to illumination exist at the retinal level. The presence of colour vision facilitates the recognition of the volume form of the objects. The generally accepted view on the place and role of colour vision in the general function of the visual system of animals has to be changed on the basis of these facts."}
{"id": "PMID:1207791", "title": "[Types of receptive field in the external geniculate body and its functional model].", "content": "The functional differences between receptive fields of types I and II of lateral geniculate nucleus were investigated in cat. Some characteristics of these fields are shown to coincide with transient (Y-type ) and sustanied (X-type) receptive fields. Receptive fields of type I possess a limited range for transmission of information on luminance, those of type II--a normal dynamic range (2 log. unit). The investigation of a dynamic functional model showed that type of the receptive field is determined by the depth of inhibition mediated through an interneuron. The depth of inhibition is larger in type I. Types I and II have different frequency characteristics. It is suggested that receptive fields of type I serve to transmit information on the shape of the image (spatial and time contrasts) and those of type II on luminance.", "contents": "[Types of receptive field in the external geniculate body and its functional model]. The functional differences between receptive fields of types I and II of lateral geniculate nucleus were investigated in cat. Some characteristics of these fields are shown to coincide with transient (Y-type ) and sustanied (X-type) receptive fields. Receptive fields of type I possess a limited range for transmission of information on luminance, those of type II--a normal dynamic range (2 log. unit). The investigation of a dynamic functional model showed that type of the receptive field is determined by the depth of inhibition mediated through an interneuron. The depth of inhibition is larger in type I. Types I and II have different frequency characteristics. It is suggested that receptive fields of type I serve to transmit information on the shape of the image (spatial and time contrasts) and those of type II on luminance."}
{"id": "PMID:1207792", "title": "[Image description at the level of the external geniculate body].", "content": "The responses of the receptive fields of the cat lateral geniculate body were investigated with a different position of the light stimuli in the receptive field. The stimuli were of the cross shape. On the basis of the obtained data the relief of excitation of the overlapping receptive fields was reconstructed. It is shown that at the level of the lateral geniculate body there exist a copy of the light stimuli. The description of the image is formed as a relief of excitation which changes in time. The magnitude of the excitation depends on the contrast of the stimuli.", "contents": "[Image description at the level of the external geniculate body]. The responses of the receptive fields of the cat lateral geniculate body were investigated with a different position of the light stimuli in the receptive field. The stimuli were of the cross shape. On the basis of the obtained data the relief of excitation of the overlapping receptive fields was reconstructed. It is shown that at the level of the lateral geniculate body there exist a copy of the light stimuli. The description of the image is formed as a relief of excitation which changes in time. The magnitude of the excitation depends on the contrast of the stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:1207793", "title": "[Statistical characteristics of the background and evoked activity of cat superior colliculus neurons].", "content": "Background and evoked neuronal activity in the superior colliculus was studied in cats immobilized by galamine and in the encephale isole cats. Statistical parameters of the unit activity were calculated in the light and darkness and during stimulation with a moving light spot. Differentiation of background active neurons into the following four groups was suggested: the first group with a mean interval value about 300 ms, variation coefficient 1.9 and two peaks in the autocorrelation histogram, the second group with similar statistical parameters, however, differing in a presence of a correlation with saccade eye movements; the third group with a mean interval about 100 ms, variation coefficient 1.0 and an exponential distribution of intervals; the fourth group with the symmetrical type of interval histogram, a mean interval about 50 ms, variation coefficient 0.4--0.5. Only in the neurons of the second group significant difference was found in statistical parameters under light and dark conditions. Comparison of the statistical parameters of background activity and that, evoked by a moving light spot, testifies to be possibility of coding information on stimulus movement in the 3d and 4th groups of units.", "contents": "[Statistical characteristics of the background and evoked activity of cat superior colliculus neurons]. Background and evoked neuronal activity in the superior colliculus was studied in cats immobilized by galamine and in the encephale isole cats. Statistical parameters of the unit activity were calculated in the light and darkness and during stimulation with a moving light spot. Differentiation of background active neurons into the following four groups was suggested: the first group with a mean interval value about 300 ms, variation coefficient 1.9 and two peaks in the autocorrelation histogram, the second group with similar statistical parameters, however, differing in a presence of a correlation with saccade eye movements; the third group with a mean interval about 100 ms, variation coefficient 1.0 and an exponential distribution of intervals; the fourth group with the symmetrical type of interval histogram, a mean interval about 50 ms, variation coefficient 0.4--0.5. Only in the neurons of the second group significant difference was found in statistical parameters under light and dark conditions. Comparison of the statistical parameters of background activity and that, evoked by a moving light spot, testifies to be possibility of coding information on stimulus movement in the 3d and 4th groups of units."}
{"id": "PMID:1207794", "title": "[Differences in the functional organization of the frog and cat visual centers].", "content": "Functional characteristics of neuronal responses of the frog tectum and the cat primary visual cortex were obtained under identical experimental conditions, the intensity and duration of flashes changing within the limits of 6 log. units. The comparison of the characteristics reveals a predominance of neurons with a short summation time and relatively lower thresholds in frogs, the response latencies being 5--7 times longer than those in cats. Nearly all the tectum units can react only to a very narrow range of photic energy different for different cells. In cats most cells react to changes in brightness within a range of 4--5 log. units; the units with a long summation time produce short latency responses with relatively higher thresholds. The revealed differences and comparison of various functional characteristics of neurons in the visual centre of both animals show that frogs possess fixed mechanisms of time and spatial interaction providing for the detection of stimulus brightness by means of inhibitory interaction of single units. In cats such interaction of neural populations and mutual inhibition between adjacent units of the visual cortex are not prominent. Complication and overlapping of interneuronal connections result in the convergence of day and night vision signals to one neuron and in the ability of single cells to react to the whole \"working\" light range used by the cat visual system.", "contents": "[Differences in the functional organization of the frog and cat visual centers]. Functional characteristics of neuronal responses of the frog tectum and the cat primary visual cortex were obtained under identical experimental conditions, the intensity and duration of flashes changing within the limits of 6 log. units. The comparison of the characteristics reveals a predominance of neurons with a short summation time and relatively lower thresholds in frogs, the response latencies being 5--7 times longer than those in cats. Nearly all the tectum units can react only to a very narrow range of photic energy different for different cells. In cats most cells react to changes in brightness within a range of 4--5 log. units; the units with a long summation time produce short latency responses with relatively higher thresholds. The revealed differences and comparison of various functional characteristics of neurons in the visual centre of both animals show that frogs possess fixed mechanisms of time and spatial interaction providing for the detection of stimulus brightness by means of inhibitory interaction of single units. In cats such interaction of neural populations and mutual inhibition between adjacent units of the visual cortex are not prominent. Complication and overlapping of interneuronal connections result in the convergence of day and night vision signals to one neuron and in the ability of single cells to react to the whole \"working\" light range used by the cat visual system."}
{"id": "PMID:1207795", "title": "[The effect of acetylcholine on the membrane potential of goldfish retina horizontal cells and the frog electroretinogram].", "content": "The effect of acetylcholine was studied as applied to horizontal cells of the goldfish retina and frog electroretinogram ACh (1-10-9--1-10-3 M) depolarized the cells. The highest level of depolarization never reached the O-level of the membrane potential and was approximately equal to the membrane potential in the dark. ACh (1-10-2--5-10-2 M) inhibited b- and d-waves and revealed the stable PIII component. It is supposed that ACh may be a transmitter in retinal outer synpatic layer.", "contents": "[The effect of acetylcholine on the membrane potential of goldfish retina horizontal cells and the frog electroretinogram]. The effect of acetylcholine was studied as applied to horizontal cells of the goldfish retina and frog electroretinogram ACh (1-10-9--1-10-3 M) depolarized the cells. The highest level of depolarization never reached the O-level of the membrane potential and was approximately equal to the membrane potential in the dark. ACh (1-10-2--5-10-2 M) inhibited b- and d-waves and revealed the stable PIII component. It is supposed that ACh may be a transmitter in retinal outer synpatic layer."}
{"id": "PMID:1207796", "title": "[Morphologic types of bipolar cells identified by regular grids of their axonal varicosities in the inner synaptic layer of the clupeid retina].", "content": "A morphological structure of the inner plexiform layer in the acute vision area was studied in the retina of five Clupeidae species by a light microscope. It is shown that this layer is a three-dimensional regular grid formed by bulbous varicosities (synaptic complexes) of the axons of the bipolar cells. These varicosities arranged of different levels of the inner plexiform layer form mutually coordinated periodic grids differing in the orientation and periods. The analysis of this structure shows that not less than three types of bipolar cells take part in its organization.", "contents": "[Morphologic types of bipolar cells identified by regular grids of their axonal varicosities in the inner synaptic layer of the clupeid retina]. A morphological structure of the inner plexiform layer in the acute vision area was studied in the retina of five Clupeidae species by a light microscope. It is shown that this layer is a three-dimensional regular grid formed by bulbous varicosities (synaptic complexes) of the axons of the bipolar cells. These varicosities arranged of different levels of the inner plexiform layer form mutually coordinated periodic grids differing in the orientation and periods. The analysis of this structure shows that not less than three types of bipolar cells take part in its organization."}
{"id": "PMID:1207797", "title": "[A microscopic study of the comparative morphology of the retina].", "content": "The cytoarchitecture layers and sublayers of the retina in pike, frog and cat are essentially different. The sublayers of internal granular layers 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d in these species differ qualitatively and quantitatively. The dendrites of ganglion cells and branches of amacrine cells are greatly laminated in the frog retina due to a complex stratification of the inner plexiform layer (about 10 sublayers). In all the vertebrates studied the ganglion cells are of two main types; symmetrical and asymmetrical with many variations. Asymmetrical amacrine cells are found in the pike and frog retina. The existence of vertical branches of amacrine cells in the outer plexiform layer in the cat retina is confirmed. The morphological features of the retina are discussed from the view point of physiological facts.", "contents": "[A microscopic study of the comparative morphology of the retina]. The cytoarchitecture layers and sublayers of the retina in pike, frog and cat are essentially different. The sublayers of internal granular layers 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d in these species differ qualitatively and quantitatively. The dendrites of ganglion cells and branches of amacrine cells are greatly laminated in the frog retina due to a complex stratification of the inner plexiform layer (about 10 sublayers). In all the vertebrates studied the ganglion cells are of two main types; symmetrical and asymmetrical with many variations. Asymmetrical amacrine cells are found in the pike and frog retina. The existence of vertical branches of amacrine cells in the outer plexiform layer in the cat retina is confirmed. The morphological features of the retina are discussed from the view point of physiological facts."}
{"id": "PMID:1207798", "title": "[Reactions of frog retinal rods to light].", "content": "The amplitude and shape of the rod photoresponses were investigated at different intensity, duration, wavelength and diameter of the light spot. Intracellular recordings were performed from the green and red rod outer sigments. An increase in the light intensity produced an increase in the amplitude and a decrease in the time rise of the response. An intensive light flash suppressed for a time the rod sensitivity to test flashes. At light spots of large diameter (100--1500 mum) delayed depolarizing deflection was observed. The latter was conditioned by illumination of receptor surroundings and, apparently, was due to horizontal cells activity. The possible role of the depolarizing effect of the rod surroundings illumination is discussed.", "contents": "[Reactions of frog retinal rods to light]. The amplitude and shape of the rod photoresponses were investigated at different intensity, duration, wavelength and diameter of the light spot. Intracellular recordings were performed from the green and red rod outer sigments. An increase in the light intensity produced an increase in the amplitude and a decrease in the time rise of the response. An intensive light flash suppressed for a time the rod sensitivity to test flashes. At light spots of large diameter (100--1500 mum) delayed depolarizing deflection was observed. The latter was conditioned by illumination of receptor surroundings and, apparently, was due to horizontal cells activity. The possible role of the depolarizing effect of the rod surroundings illumination is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207799", "title": "[The relationship between strength and the amplitude of evoked response components in the human somatosensory cortex].", "content": "The intensity curves were determined for the individual components of the human somatosensory evoked response, led off from the contra and ipsilateral motor and contralateral visual areas. The amplitude of the early components steeply increased, reached \"saturation\" and decreased with more intensive stimuli, their peak latencies being constant. The late components were characterised by continuous increase of amplitude, and the decrease of peak latencies for the lowest part of the curve. The responses in both frontal regions were identical, while those from the frontal and posterior leads were significantly different. The obtained data indicate a marked difference between mechanisms producing individual components of the evoked response.", "contents": "[The relationship between strength and the amplitude of evoked response components in the human somatosensory cortex]. The intensity curves were determined for the individual components of the human somatosensory evoked response, led off from the contra and ipsilateral motor and contralateral visual areas. The amplitude of the early components steeply increased, reached \"saturation\" and decreased with more intensive stimuli, their peak latencies being constant. The late components were characterised by continuous increase of amplitude, and the decrease of peak latencies for the lowest part of the curve. The responses in both frontal regions were identical, while those from the frontal and posterior leads were significantly different. The obtained data indicate a marked difference between mechanisms producing individual components of the evoked response."}
{"id": "PMID:1207800", "title": "[The effect of temperature changes on evoked potentials of the fish olfactory bulb].", "content": "Perches were kept at 10 degrees C and fixed in a chamber through which water was perfused. During the experiment the water temperature was changed. The potentials induced by electric stimulation of the olfactory nerve were recorded from the dorsal surface of the olfactory bulb. The oscillations of the evoked potentials separated into several components when the temperature was lowered. Six components were found in the evoked response of the olfactory bulb at 8 degrees C.", "contents": "[The effect of temperature changes on evoked potentials of the fish olfactory bulb]. Perches were kept at 10 degrees C and fixed in a chamber through which water was perfused. During the experiment the water temperature was changed. The potentials induced by electric stimulation of the olfactory nerve were recorded from the dorsal surface of the olfactory bulb. The oscillations of the evoked potentials separated into several components when the temperature was lowered. Six components were found in the evoked response of the olfactory bulb at 8 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:1207801", "title": "[Correlation of potentials evoked by tones and clicks during simultaneous recording from many points in the auditory cortex of awake cats].", "content": "In unanaestheized cats the vooked potentials to various tones and clicks er simultaneosly recorded at 7 auditory and 1-2 somatosensory cortical points. The comparions of the evoked potentials to pure tones of equal lodness ranging from 250 to 7000 Hz showed no common cortical tonotpic distribuion. However there is an individual dependence of the potential components on the soung pitch and location of the recording point in the auditory cortex. The knonwn evoked poteintial dependence on sound intensity was confirmed and more developed regularity of this relation was revelead. With a change in sound intensity the absoulte and relative mangnitude alterations in all the potential components were observed...", "contents": "[Correlation of potentials evoked by tones and clicks during simultaneous recording from many points in the auditory cortex of awake cats]. In unanaestheized cats the vooked potentials to various tones and clicks er simultaneosly recorded at 7 auditory and 1-2 somatosensory cortical points. The comparions of the evoked potentials to pure tones of equal lodness ranging from 250 to 7000 Hz showed no common cortical tonotpic distribuion. However there is an individual dependence of the potential components on the soung pitch and location of the recording point in the auditory cortex. The knonwn evoked poteintial dependence on sound intensity was confirmed and more developed regularity of this relation was revelead. With a change in sound intensity the absoulte and relative mangnitude alterations in all the potential components were observed..."}
{"id": "PMID:1207802", "title": "[Responses of neurons in the SI zone during a defensive conditioned reflex to sound].", "content": "Responses of single neurons in the primary projection zone of the somatosensory cortex to conditioned and electrocutaneous reinforcing stimuli were investigated in chronic experiments on cats with a preliminary developed sound conditioned defensive reflex. Five types of neuronal responses to reinforcing stimulus during application of combination were separated; such differentiation was impossible for neuronal responses appearing in the place of the absent reinforcing stimulus. A comparison of neuronal spike activity with the conditioned movement reaction revealed strict correlation between these processes. The conditioned movement reaction usually preceeded the conditioned neuronal response.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons in the SI zone during a defensive conditioned reflex to sound]. Responses of single neurons in the primary projection zone of the somatosensory cortex to conditioned and electrocutaneous reinforcing stimuli were investigated in chronic experiments on cats with a preliminary developed sound conditioned defensive reflex. Five types of neuronal responses to reinforcing stimulus during application of combination were separated; such differentiation was impossible for neuronal responses appearing in the place of the absent reinforcing stimulus. A comparison of neuronal spike activity with the conditioned movement reaction revealed strict correlation between these processes. The conditioned movement reaction usually preceeded the conditioned neuronal response."}
{"id": "PMID:1207803", "title": "[Responses of squirrel visual cortex neurons to patterned visual stimuli].", "content": "The responses of visual cortical neurons to patterned visual stimuli were studied in squirrel Sciurus vulgaris. The direction selective, orientation-selective and non-selective neurons were observed. Most direction-selective and non-selective neurons were sensitive to high speeds of stimulus movement--hundreds deg/s. The direction-selective neurons exhibited their selectivity at such high speeds in spite of the short time of the stimulus movement through the receptive field. Orientation-selective neurons (with simple or complex receptive fields) were sensitive to lower speeds of the stimulus movement (tens deg/s). Some mechanisms of the properties described are discussed.", "contents": "[Responses of squirrel visual cortex neurons to patterned visual stimuli]. The responses of visual cortical neurons to patterned visual stimuli were studied in squirrel Sciurus vulgaris. The direction selective, orientation-selective and non-selective neurons were observed. Most direction-selective and non-selective neurons were sensitive to high speeds of stimulus movement--hundreds deg/s. The direction-selective neurons exhibited their selectivity at such high speeds in spite of the short time of the stimulus movement through the receptive field. Orientation-selective neurons (with simple or complex receptive fields) were sensitive to lower speeds of the stimulus movement (tens deg/s). Some mechanisms of the properties described are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207804", "title": "[The role of polymodal synaptic influences in the formation of temporary connections in the microsystems of association cortex neurons].", "content": "Significance of various sensory convergence of the neuronal activity was investigated in unanaesthetized cats in the process of elaboration of time connections. The elaboration of time connection was realized after studying neuronal responses elicited by the direct electrical or sensory stimulation (light, sound, tactile and proprioceptive stimulation). 42 per cent of all neurons and about 90 per cent of learned cells were found to be polysensory in the investigated cortex. The data obtained are considered from the standpoint position of the hypothesis on the microsystem principle of organization underlying time connection and convergence.", "contents": "[The role of polymodal synaptic influences in the formation of temporary connections in the microsystems of association cortex neurons]. Significance of various sensory convergence of the neuronal activity was investigated in unanaesthetized cats in the process of elaboration of time connections. The elaboration of time connection was realized after studying neuronal responses elicited by the direct electrical or sensory stimulation (light, sound, tactile and proprioceptive stimulation). 42 per cent of all neurons and about 90 per cent of learned cells were found to be polysensory in the investigated cortex. The data obtained are considered from the standpoint position of the hypothesis on the microsystem principle of organization underlying time connection and convergence."}
{"id": "PMID:1207805", "title": "[The effect of adrenaline and adrenal desympathization on cerebral convulsive activity].", "content": "The influence of adrenalin and bilateral adrenal desympathization on the seizure activity of the brain caused by dorsal hippocampal electric stimulation was studied in adult cats. It is shown that within some days of adrenal bilateral desympathization the threshold of hippocampal epileptogenic stimulation fells and the duration of the seizure action grows. Intravenous injection of adrenalin causes an increase in the effectiveness of the hippocampal epileptogenic stimulation. Injection of small doses of adrenalin into the mesencephalic reticular formation causes suppression of the evoked seizure activity: the threshold of hippocampal epileptogenic stimulation increases and duration of seizure discharges reduces. It is assumed that one of the main factors limiting the seizure activity of the brain is the enrichment of the circulating blood with adrenalin.", "contents": "[The effect of adrenaline and adrenal desympathization on cerebral convulsive activity]. The influence of adrenalin and bilateral adrenal desympathization on the seizure activity of the brain caused by dorsal hippocampal electric stimulation was studied in adult cats. It is shown that within some days of adrenal bilateral desympathization the threshold of hippocampal epileptogenic stimulation fells and the duration of the seizure action grows. Intravenous injection of adrenalin causes an increase in the effectiveness of the hippocampal epileptogenic stimulation. Injection of small doses of adrenalin into the mesencephalic reticular formation causes suppression of the evoked seizure activity: the threshold of hippocampal epileptogenic stimulation increases and duration of seizure discharges reduces. It is assumed that one of the main factors limiting the seizure activity of the brain is the enrichment of the circulating blood with adrenalin."}
{"id": "PMID:1207806", "title": "[Functional interrelationships of the structures of the limbic system during initiation of seizure activity].", "content": "A functional epileptogenic focus was created by repeated electrical stimulation of the limbic structures activated by the conditioned sensory stimulus. Seizure activity in response to the conditioned stimulus was observed only in the hippocampus though other limbic structures were also stimulated. After bilateral electrolytic lesion of the septum no highly synchronized seizure activity was observed in response to the conditioned signal. In this case spontaneous high amplitude activity was found. These observations permit suggesting that the hippocampus plays the role of an initiator of the seizure activity, whereas the functional connection between the septum and hippocampus promotes its final synchronization.", "contents": "[Functional interrelationships of the structures of the limbic system during initiation of seizure activity]. A functional epileptogenic focus was created by repeated electrical stimulation of the limbic structures activated by the conditioned sensory stimulus. Seizure activity in response to the conditioned stimulus was observed only in the hippocampus though other limbic structures were also stimulated. After bilateral electrolytic lesion of the septum no highly synchronized seizure activity was observed in response to the conditioned signal. In this case spontaneous high amplitude activity was found. These observations permit suggesting that the hippocampus plays the role of an initiator of the seizure activity, whereas the functional connection between the septum and hippocampus promotes its final synchronization."}
{"id": "PMID:1207807", "title": "[Efferent connections of the caudate nucleus in cats].", "content": "The structural and ultrastructural changes in the frontal cortex and globus pallidus were investigated after local or extensive destructions of the caudate nucleus. Using the Fink-Heimer method few degenerating fibres of medium and small sizes were observed in the frontal cortex following the local destruction of the caudate nucleus with preliminary implanted electrodes (2-16 months prior to electrolytic destruction). The extensive destruction of the caudate nucleus without preliminary implanted electrodes is accompanied by mass degeneration of fibres with different calibre in the frontal cortex. Light and electron microscopy of the globus pallidus confirmed the existence of thin degenerating axons 0.5-0.6 mum in diameter after the local lesion of the caudate nucleus. Degenerating changes in axo-dendritic and axo-somatic terminals of the pallidal region occur by \"dark\" type. The degenerating fibres of the medium size in the frontal cortex following the caudate nucleus destruction are suggested to be the axons of thalamic neurons but not those of the destructed nucleus cells.", "contents": "[Efferent connections of the caudate nucleus in cats]. The structural and ultrastructural changes in the frontal cortex and globus pallidus were investigated after local or extensive destructions of the caudate nucleus. Using the Fink-Heimer method few degenerating fibres of medium and small sizes were observed in the frontal cortex following the local destruction of the caudate nucleus with preliminary implanted electrodes (2-16 months prior to electrolytic destruction). The extensive destruction of the caudate nucleus without preliminary implanted electrodes is accompanied by mass degeneration of fibres with different calibre in the frontal cortex. Light and electron microscopy of the globus pallidus confirmed the existence of thin degenerating axons 0.5-0.6 mum in diameter after the local lesion of the caudate nucleus. Degenerating changes in axo-dendritic and axo-somatic terminals of the pallidal region occur by \"dark\" type. The degenerating fibres of the medium size in the frontal cortex following the caudate nucleus destruction are suggested to be the axons of thalamic neurons but not those of the destructed nucleus cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1207808", "title": "[Morpho-functional changes in the tegmentum mesencephali of turtles following enucleation].", "content": "Morpho-functional changes in the mesencephalic centre of the turtle (Emys orbicularis L.) were studied during optic nerve degeneration. It was observed that synaptic terminals in this centre undergoing the \"dark\" degeneration are associated with myelinated optic fibres and terminals undergoing the \"light\" one are associated with unmyelinated fibres. The first low amplitude component of the evoked potential disappears with degeneration of myelinated fibres of large diameter during the \"dark\" degeneration (4-5 months after enucleation). The first high amplitude component disappears with degeneration of the middle-sized myelinated fibres and the end of the \"dark\" degeneration (7 months after enucleation). The characteristics of the second high amplitude component which reflects the excitation of both thin myelinated and all unmyelinated fibres, begin to change with degeneration of unmyelinated fibres during \"light\" degeneration (2.5-3.5 months). This component disappears with degeneration of the thin myelinated fibres (7 months).", "contents": "[Morpho-functional changes in the tegmentum mesencephali of turtles following enucleation]. Morpho-functional changes in the mesencephalic centre of the turtle (Emys orbicularis L.) were studied during optic nerve degeneration. It was observed that synaptic terminals in this centre undergoing the \"dark\" degeneration are associated with myelinated optic fibres and terminals undergoing the \"light\" one are associated with unmyelinated fibres. The first low amplitude component of the evoked potential disappears with degeneration of myelinated fibres of large diameter during the \"dark\" degeneration (4-5 months after enucleation). The first high amplitude component disappears with degeneration of the middle-sized myelinated fibres and the end of the \"dark\" degeneration (7 months after enucleation). The characteristics of the second high amplitude component which reflects the excitation of both thin myelinated and all unmyelinated fibres, begin to change with degeneration of unmyelinated fibres during \"light\" degeneration (2.5-3.5 months). This component disappears with degeneration of the thin myelinated fibres (7 months)."}
{"id": "PMID:1207809", "title": "[Comparative electrophysiologic characteristics of afferent representation in the cortical and striatal portions of the turtle forebrain].", "content": "Visual and somatic representations are established in the subcortical striatal sections of the forebrain (pallial thickening, dorsal ventricular ridge and putamen) of immobilized weakly anaesthetized turtles. According to electrophysiological characteristics they are similar to the corresponding sensory representations in the general cortex. The absence of reliable discrepancy between the latencies of potentials in the cortex and striatum evoked by light flash or by the electric stimulation of the dorsal thalamus indicates that visual projectional fibres ascending from the lateral geniculate nucleus terminate both in cortical and striatal structures. Differences in the latency distribution of single unit responses in the cortex and striatum to visual and thalamic stimulations can be due to the existence, besides the geniculo-telencephalic pathway, of a rotundo-telencephalic visual channel having direct connections with the striatum and polysynaptic ones with the general cortex. Significant differences in latency between the evoked potentials and neuronal responses in cortical and subcortical structures to electric stimulation of the skin shows that somatic projectional fibres on their way to the cortex are relayed in the striatum, thus indicating a lower corticolization degree of the somatosensory system as compared with that of the visual one.", "contents": "[Comparative electrophysiologic characteristics of afferent representation in the cortical and striatal portions of the turtle forebrain]. Visual and somatic representations are established in the subcortical striatal sections of the forebrain (pallial thickening, dorsal ventricular ridge and putamen) of immobilized weakly anaesthetized turtles. According to electrophysiological characteristics they are similar to the corresponding sensory representations in the general cortex. The absence of reliable discrepancy between the latencies of potentials in the cortex and striatum evoked by light flash or by the electric stimulation of the dorsal thalamus indicates that visual projectional fibres ascending from the lateral geniculate nucleus terminate both in cortical and striatal structures. Differences in the latency distribution of single unit responses in the cortex and striatum to visual and thalamic stimulations can be due to the existence, besides the geniculo-telencephalic pathway, of a rotundo-telencephalic visual channel having direct connections with the striatum and polysynaptic ones with the general cortex. Significant differences in latency between the evoked potentials and neuronal responses in cortical and subcortical structures to electric stimulation of the skin shows that somatic projectional fibres on their way to the cortex are relayed in the striatum, thus indicating a lower corticolization degree of the somatosensory system as compared with that of the visual one."}
{"id": "PMID:1207810", "title": "[Polysynaptic components of the early somato-sympathetic reflex response in the lumbar white rami communicantes].", "content": "The second and third components of early somatosympathetic relfex discharge were studied in anesthetized cats. Polysynaptic components of the early somatosympathetic and propriospinal somatosomatic discharges were compared. Evidence was found that these reflexes have both common and specialized interneurons in their central polysynaptic chains. It is suggested that the components of the early somatosympathetic reflex are formed by different types of sympathetic preganglionic neurons, namely the second component by neurons of the lateral horns and the third one--by neurons detected in the lateral part of intermediate zone (axonal velocity less than 1.5 m/s). A classification of sympathetic preganglionic neurons is presented.", "contents": "[Polysynaptic components of the early somato-sympathetic reflex response in the lumbar white rami communicantes]. The second and third components of early somatosympathetic relfex discharge were studied in anesthetized cats. Polysynaptic components of the early somatosympathetic and propriospinal somatosomatic discharges were compared. Evidence was found that these reflexes have both common and specialized interneurons in their central polysynaptic chains. It is suggested that the components of the early somatosympathetic reflex are formed by different types of sympathetic preganglionic neurons, namely the second component by neurons of the lateral horns and the third one--by neurons detected in the lateral part of intermediate zone (axonal velocity less than 1.5 m/s). A classification of sympathetic preganglionic neurons is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1207811", "title": "[Morphofunctional features of the catfish lateral line analyzer].", "content": "The peripheral and central portions of the catfish lateral line system were investigated by conventional light microscopical and electrophysiological methods. N. lat. post. X supplying the neuromasts and the small pit organs of the fish body consists of myelinated nerve fibres with the axonal diameters between 2 and 9 mum. The nerve also contains a number of unmyelinated fibres as well as lateral line nerves in other species. Axon conduction velocities were distributed within a range of 10-15 m/s. All afferents pass through the n. lat post. X to the area acoustico-lateralis of the medulla oblongata. Nucleus medialis is associated with the lateral line system. It consists of n. med. p. dors, and n. med. p. med. The former consists of medium size cell bodies (6-14 mum), which are of an oval or triangle shape. The latter consists of small (4-6 mum) oval cells. N. med. p. dors. and n. med. p. med. are the most distinct at the level caudally to the enter of auditory nerve VIII. Rostrally and caudally the both portions of the n. med. overlap each other. Responses to electrical and mechanical stimulation of the lateral line organs were recorded in the entire area acoustico-lateralis. All the neurons under study were situated at a depth of 400-800 mum in the area nucleus medialis.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional features of the catfish lateral line analyzer]. The peripheral and central portions of the catfish lateral line system were investigated by conventional light microscopical and electrophysiological methods. N. lat. post. X supplying the neuromasts and the small pit organs of the fish body consists of myelinated nerve fibres with the axonal diameters between 2 and 9 mum. The nerve also contains a number of unmyelinated fibres as well as lateral line nerves in other species. Axon conduction velocities were distributed within a range of 10-15 m/s. All afferents pass through the n. lat post. X to the area acoustico-lateralis of the medulla oblongata. Nucleus medialis is associated with the lateral line system. It consists of n. med. p. dors, and n. med. p. med. The former consists of medium size cell bodies (6-14 mum), which are of an oval or triangle shape. The latter consists of small (4-6 mum) oval cells. N. med. p. dors. and n. med. p. med. are the most distinct at the level caudally to the enter of auditory nerve VIII. Rostrally and caudally the both portions of the n. med. overlap each other. Responses to electrical and mechanical stimulation of the lateral line organs were recorded in the entire area acoustico-lateralis. All the neurons under study were situated at a depth of 400-800 mum in the area nucleus medialis."}
{"id": "PMID:1207812", "title": "[The inhibitory effect of carbon dioxide gas on the post-tetanic hyperpolarization of frog nerves].", "content": "CO2 as well as its mixture with O2 were passed through the Ringer solution with nerve in it or through the chamber with the preparation. This caused a cessation of posttetanic hyperpolarization of the nerve. An inhibitory effect of CO2 on the active ionic transport through the membrane of myelinated nerve fibres mediated by change in their internal pH is supposed.", "contents": "[The inhibitory effect of carbon dioxide gas on the post-tetanic hyperpolarization of frog nerves]. CO2 as well as its mixture with O2 were passed through the Ringer solution with nerve in it or through the chamber with the preparation. This caused a cessation of posttetanic hyperpolarization of the nerve. An inhibitory effect of CO2 on the active ionic transport through the membrane of myelinated nerve fibres mediated by change in their internal pH is supposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207813", "title": "[The influence of the cerebellum on the background activity of medial reticulospinal tract fibers].", "content": "Characteristics of background activity of 160 reticulo-spinal fibres of the ventral funiculus were studied in anaesthetized cats with an intact cerebellum. A reduction of the relative quantity of fast-conducting fibres with background activity and changes in the characteristics of this activity as compared with those in decerebellated cats were found. It is suggested that the activity of reticulo-spinal neurons is tonically inhibited by cerebellar influences, the inhibition being differently distributed among different groups of these neurons.", "contents": "[The influence of the cerebellum on the background activity of medial reticulospinal tract fibers]. Characteristics of background activity of 160 reticulo-spinal fibres of the ventral funiculus were studied in anaesthetized cats with an intact cerebellum. A reduction of the relative quantity of fast-conducting fibres with background activity and changes in the characteristics of this activity as compared with those in decerebellated cats were found. It is suggested that the activity of reticulo-spinal neurons is tonically inhibited by cerebellar influences, the inhibition being differently distributed among different groups of these neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1207814", "title": "[Background impulse activity of cat pericruciate cortex neurons].", "content": "Background spike activity of 66 neurons was recorded extracellularly in the pericruciate cortex of narcotized cats. As a rule it is represented by an irregular spike sequences and occasionally by a burst of two-five spikes. In 77.3 per cent of units the mean frequency of the background activity varied from 0.6 to 20 imp/s, in the other it reached sometimes 100 imp/s. Types of interspike interval histograms are analyzed.", "contents": "[Background impulse activity of cat pericruciate cortex neurons]. Background spike activity of 66 neurons was recorded extracellularly in the pericruciate cortex of narcotized cats. As a rule it is represented by an irregular spike sequences and occasionally by a burst of two-five spikes. In 77.3 per cent of units the mean frequency of the background activity varied from 0.6 to 20 imp/s, in the other it reached sometimes 100 imp/s. Types of interspike interval histograms are analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207815", "title": "[Reflection of temporal parameters of an optic stimulus in neuronal responses of the senso-motor and visual cortex in cats].", "content": "Neuronal extracellular discharges in visual (area 17) and sensory-motor (area 4 and 6) cortical fields to optical stimuli with a duration up to 1000 ms were examined in the chloralozed cats (70 mg/kg). A comparative analysis of neuronal discharge types and of functional shift intervals revealed: 1) an amount of neurons with on--off discharges in the visual cortex is 25% and in the sensory-motor cortex--100%; 2) the functional shift intervals coincide with the on--off discharge time interval for the same neurons; 3) alongside with the common time interval there are specific ranges for each zone (0--200 ms for the visual cortex; 500 ms and more for the sensory-motor cortex); 1) the afterdischarge latency of a neuron is equal to the functional shift interval value of the same neuron. These data are considered as a reflection of the optical signal time parameters by the sensory-motor cortical neurons. Such peculiarities of the sensory-motor area might be important for the time organization of the cortical movement program.", "contents": "[Reflection of temporal parameters of an optic stimulus in neuronal responses of the senso-motor and visual cortex in cats]. Neuronal extracellular discharges in visual (area 17) and sensory-motor (area 4 and 6) cortical fields to optical stimuli with a duration up to 1000 ms were examined in the chloralozed cats (70 mg/kg). A comparative analysis of neuronal discharge types and of functional shift intervals revealed: 1) an amount of neurons with on--off discharges in the visual cortex is 25% and in the sensory-motor cortex--100%; 2) the functional shift intervals coincide with the on--off discharge time interval for the same neurons; 3) alongside with the common time interval there are specific ranges for each zone (0--200 ms for the visual cortex; 500 ms and more for the sensory-motor cortex); 1) the afterdischarge latency of a neuron is equal to the functional shift interval value of the same neuron. These data are considered as a reflection of the optical signal time parameters by the sensory-motor cortical neurons. Such peculiarities of the sensory-motor area might be important for the time organization of the cortical movement program."}
{"id": "PMID:1207816", "title": "[Findings and reflections on the reverberation of thalamocortical impulses].", "content": "Chang's experiments showing the rhythmic afterdischarge in slightly nembutalized cats which he considered as a manifestation of the activity of thalamocortical reverberating circuits, prompted us to study the origin of the afterdischarge in the auditory cortex arising in response to single sound clicks on unanesthetized immobilized and nembutalized cats. The rhythmic afterdischarge was found to be most pronounced at light anesthesia with a tendency of background activity to synchronization, which may be evidenced by rare bursts of spindles. During the prolonged spontaneous desynchronization as well as during stimulation of mesencephalic reticular formation no rhythmic afterdischarge and no spontaneous bursts of spindles arose. With a deepening of anesthesia slow afterdischarge undergoes precisely the same changes as spontaneous spindle bursts (the duration tends to increase for a while with a subsequent decrease, the frequency and then the amplitude of waves decrease and eventually they disappear altogether). These and other findings suggest that rhythmic afterdischarge of the auditory cortex arising to sound clicks seems to be similar to the evoked spindle in response to peripheral and central stimulations. It was reported in many previous and recent papers. The fact, that following the cooling or ablation of the auditory cortex the rhythmic afterdischarge to sound clicks as well as spontaneous spindle bursts keep arising in the medial geniculate body without changing their patterns, militates also against the possibility of thalamocortical reverberation.", "contents": "[Findings and reflections on the reverberation of thalamocortical impulses]. Chang's experiments showing the rhythmic afterdischarge in slightly nembutalized cats which he considered as a manifestation of the activity of thalamocortical reverberating circuits, prompted us to study the origin of the afterdischarge in the auditory cortex arising in response to single sound clicks on unanesthetized immobilized and nembutalized cats. The rhythmic afterdischarge was found to be most pronounced at light anesthesia with a tendency of background activity to synchronization, which may be evidenced by rare bursts of spindles. During the prolonged spontaneous desynchronization as well as during stimulation of mesencephalic reticular formation no rhythmic afterdischarge and no spontaneous bursts of spindles arose. With a deepening of anesthesia slow afterdischarge undergoes precisely the same changes as spontaneous spindle bursts (the duration tends to increase for a while with a subsequent decrease, the frequency and then the amplitude of waves decrease and eventually they disappear altogether). These and other findings suggest that rhythmic afterdischarge of the auditory cortex arising to sound clicks seems to be similar to the evoked spindle in response to peripheral and central stimulations. It was reported in many previous and recent papers. The fact, that following the cooling or ablation of the auditory cortex the rhythmic afterdischarge to sound clicks as well as spontaneous spindle bursts keep arising in the medial geniculate body without changing their patterns, militates also against the possibility of thalamocortical reverberation."}
{"id": "PMID:1207817", "title": "[A comparative statistical study of the background impulse activity of hippocampal neurons in situ and in tissue culture].", "content": "Statistical characteristics of background impulse activity of the rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons in situ and in vitro were compared. A statistical analysis shows a good coincidence of the following numerical characteristics of interspike intervals distribution: mathematical expectations, standard deviations, coefficients of asymmetry and excess. This coincidence proves the preservation of normal functional properties of hippocampal neurons in tissue culture. However some differences were found in the structure of the compared spike sequences which may be attributed to essential differences between the neuronal networks in the objects studied.", "contents": "[A comparative statistical study of the background impulse activity of hippocampal neurons in situ and in tissue culture]. Statistical characteristics of background impulse activity of the rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons in situ and in vitro were compared. A statistical analysis shows a good coincidence of the following numerical characteristics of interspike intervals distribution: mathematical expectations, standard deviations, coefficients of asymmetry and excess. This coincidence proves the preservation of normal functional properties of hippocampal neurons in tissue culture. However some differences were found in the structure of the compared spike sequences which may be attributed to essential differences between the neuronal networks in the objects studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1207818", "title": "[Background [corrected] activity and evoked responses of pigeon cerebellar cortex neurons to stimulation of the vagus nerve and nerves of the extremities].", "content": "Background activity and evoked responses of cortical cerebellar neurons to electrical stimulation of n. vagus and limb nerves were investigated in decerebrated pigeons. The neuronal responses were of tha same type independing of the type of stimulation. The phasic and tonic responses were chiefly of an excitatory type. The phasic responses were short (10-20 ms) and long-latent (up to 80 ms). The latter were predominant. The neuronal responses to n. vagus stimulation as compared with responses to limb nerves stimulation were observed in a smaller number of neurons and revealed longer latent periods and lower ability to rhythmic reproduction. They could not be produced through the climbing fibres.", "contents": "[Background [corrected] activity and evoked responses of pigeon cerebellar cortex neurons to stimulation of the vagus nerve and nerves of the extremities]. Background activity and evoked responses of cortical cerebellar neurons to electrical stimulation of n. vagus and limb nerves were investigated in decerebrated pigeons. The neuronal responses were of tha same type independing of the type of stimulation. The phasic and tonic responses were chiefly of an excitatory type. The phasic responses were short (10-20 ms) and long-latent (up to 80 ms). The latter were predominant. The neuronal responses to n. vagus stimulation as compared with responses to limb nerves stimulation were observed in a smaller number of neurons and revealed longer latent periods and lower ability to rhythmic reproduction. They could not be produced through the climbing fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1207820", "title": "[Participation of different groups of afferent fibers of mesenteric nerves in vasomotor reflexes].", "content": "The dependence of the magnitude and character of vasomotor reflexes on the amplitude of mesenteric nerve tetanic stimulation was studied in experiments with cats anesthetized with urethane and chloralose. A comparison of the stimulus amplitude reflex magnitude curves with the previously obtained data on electrical excitability of various groups of mesenteric nerves afferent fibres revealed that there are 3 groups of \"vasomotor\" afferents in mesenteric nerves: \"fast\" Adelta-fibres (conduction velocity above 8 m/s) the impulses of which evoke depressor or small pressor reflexes; \"slow\" Adelta-fibres (conduction velocity below 8 m/s) the impulses of which evoke pressor reflexes or interacting with impulses of lower-threshold \"fast\" Adelta-fibres, either decrease depressor reflexes evoked by impulses of these fibres or increase pressor reflexes evoked by these fibres impulses; C-fibres the impulses of which increase pressor reflexes evoked by impulses of \"slow\" Adelta-fibres.", "contents": "[Participation of different groups of afferent fibers of mesenteric nerves in vasomotor reflexes]. The dependence of the magnitude and character of vasomotor reflexes on the amplitude of mesenteric nerve tetanic stimulation was studied in experiments with cats anesthetized with urethane and chloralose. A comparison of the stimulus amplitude reflex magnitude curves with the previously obtained data on electrical excitability of various groups of mesenteric nerves afferent fibres revealed that there are 3 groups of \"vasomotor\" afferents in mesenteric nerves: \"fast\" Adelta-fibres (conduction velocity above 8 m/s) the impulses of which evoke depressor or small pressor reflexes; \"slow\" Adelta-fibres (conduction velocity below 8 m/s) the impulses of which evoke pressor reflexes or interacting with impulses of lower-threshold \"fast\" Adelta-fibres, either decrease depressor reflexes evoked by impulses of these fibres or increase pressor reflexes evoked by these fibres impulses; C-fibres the impulses of which increase pressor reflexes evoked by impulses of \"slow\" Adelta-fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1207821", "title": "[The effect of sodium, potassium and calcium ions on the functional characteristics of catfish electroreceptors].", "content": "Afferent responses of single afferent fibre from small pit organs to various concentration of potassium, sodium and calcium ions were studied in the catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus). The receptors were stimulated with d. c. pulses. Calcium concentration between 0.4-5 mM/1 were practically ineffective. Calcium concentration from 5 to 100 7m/1 increased the threshold to electrical stimulation. 2mM/1 sodium and potassium solutions caused an increase in the threshold to the anodic stimuli and elimination of the responses to the cathodic ones. This effect disappeared after the addition of 0.4 mM/1 CaCl2 or application of long anodic stimuli of great intensity (10(-8)-10(-7) A/mm2). With an increase in potassium concentration to 10-20 mM/1 the threshold returned to the initial level. Potassium concentrations above 20 mM/1 increased the threshold to electrical stimuli. The effect of ions was compared with the action of electric current.", "contents": "[The effect of sodium, potassium and calcium ions on the functional characteristics of catfish electroreceptors]. Afferent responses of single afferent fibre from small pit organs to various concentration of potassium, sodium and calcium ions were studied in the catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus). The receptors were stimulated with d. c. pulses. Calcium concentration between 0.4-5 mM/1 were practically ineffective. Calcium concentration from 5 to 100 7m/1 increased the threshold to electrical stimulation. 2mM/1 sodium and potassium solutions caused an increase in the threshold to the anodic stimuli and elimination of the responses to the cathodic ones. This effect disappeared after the addition of 0.4 mM/1 CaCl2 or application of long anodic stimuli of great intensity (10(-8)-10(-7) A/mm2). With an increase in potassium concentration to 10-20 mM/1 the threshold returned to the initial level. Potassium concentrations above 20 mM/1 increased the threshold to electrical stimuli. The effect of ions was compared with the action of electric current."}
{"id": "PMID:1207822", "title": "[Several characteristics of the impulse reactions of crayfish receptor neurons to stimuli of different intensity].", "content": "Properties of the receptor cells responses in n. telsoni ventralis to the change in the direction, velocity and angle of displacement of the uropod hairs were studied in acute experiments with the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. It is shown that the receptor neurons are characterized by an inverse relation between the latent period and the velocity of hairs displacement and by impulse frequency proportional to this velocity. The selective sensibility of the various receptor neurons to the direction and change of angular displacement of a hair was found. Certain zones of the angle of displacement of the uropod cells characterized by evoked maximum receptor cells responses are distinguished.", "contents": "[Several characteristics of the impulse reactions of crayfish receptor neurons to stimuli of different intensity]. Properties of the receptor cells responses in n. telsoni ventralis to the change in the direction, velocity and angle of displacement of the uropod hairs were studied in acute experiments with the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. It is shown that the receptor neurons are characterized by an inverse relation between the latent period and the velocity of hairs displacement and by impulse frequency proportional to this velocity. The selective sensibility of the various receptor neurons to the direction and change of angular displacement of a hair was found. Certain zones of the angle of displacement of the uropod cells characterized by evoked maximum receptor cells responses are distinguished."}
{"id": "PMID:1207823", "title": "[Propagation of the action potential in the vicinity of the soma of giant neurons after the Hodgkin--Huxley model].", "content": "The Hodgkin--Huxley equations were used to investigate the loading effect of somatic membrane on spike generation in an axon. The depression of the amplitude of antidromic spike near the soma is demonstrated. It is shown that direct activation of the neuron by a current pulse through an intracellular electrode inserted in the soma causes the spike origination in the axon rather far from the cell body because of the loading effect. An increase in the magnitude of the current pulse causes a shift of the site of spike initiation towards the soma.", "contents": "[Propagation of the action potential in the vicinity of the soma of giant neurons after the Hodgkin--Huxley model]. The Hodgkin--Huxley equations were used to investigate the loading effect of somatic membrane on spike generation in an axon. The depression of the amplitude of antidromic spike near the soma is demonstrated. It is shown that direct activation of the neuron by a current pulse through an intracellular electrode inserted in the soma causes the spike origination in the axon rather far from the cell body because of the loading effect. An increase in the magnitude of the current pulse causes a shift of the site of spike initiation towards the soma."}
{"id": "PMID:1207824", "title": "[The potential-dependent nature of the sodium pump of mollusk giant neuron membranes].", "content": "The effect of the membrane potential on the pump current induced by ionophoretic injection of sodium ions into the isolated and semiisolated neurons and the effect of sodium ions intracellular concentration on the potential dependence of the pump current were studied in snails Helix pomatia and Helix italiana. It is found in voltage clamp experiments that the pump current can reverse its direction under a sufficient membrane hyperpolarization (above--80 divided by --120 mV). Additional injections of sodium ions into the neuron increases the potential dependence of the pump current and facilitates the appearance of reversed pump current. It is supposed that this reversal may be due to activation of potassium permeability of the membrane coupled in some way with the acitvity of the enzymatic transport mechanism.", "contents": "[The potential-dependent nature of the sodium pump of mollusk giant neuron membranes]. The effect of the membrane potential on the pump current induced by ionophoretic injection of sodium ions into the isolated and semiisolated neurons and the effect of sodium ions intracellular concentration on the potential dependence of the pump current were studied in snails Helix pomatia and Helix italiana. It is found in voltage clamp experiments that the pump current can reverse its direction under a sufficient membrane hyperpolarization (above--80 divided by --120 mV). Additional injections of sodium ions into the neuron increases the potential dependence of the pump current and facilitates the appearance of reversed pump current. It is supposed that this reversal may be due to activation of potassium permeability of the membrane coupled in some way with the acitvity of the enzymatic transport mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1207825", "title": "[Magnetic field perception by the electroreceptor system of fish].", "content": "Responses of 40 neurons in the acoustic-lateral area to electrical stimuli and changing magnetic induction were studied in the Black Sea skates Dasyates (Trigon) pastinaca. The smallest magnetic induction change which caused a response was 0.8 Gs/s, proving the possibility of perception of the geomagnetic field by electroreceptors of a slow-moving fish. Opposite reactions to magnetic stimulation were observed in neurons responding to electrical stimuli in the same way but connected with receptors of the right and left sides of the fish. Short-circuiting between the inner medium of the fish and the sea water showed that the induction current circuit is isolated from the inner medium and, apparently, formed by the ampullary canals.", "contents": "[Magnetic field perception by the electroreceptor system of fish]. Responses of 40 neurons in the acoustic-lateral area to electrical stimuli and changing magnetic induction were studied in the Black Sea skates Dasyates (Trigon) pastinaca. The smallest magnetic induction change which caused a response was 0.8 Gs/s, proving the possibility of perception of the geomagnetic field by electroreceptors of a slow-moving fish. Opposite reactions to magnetic stimulation were observed in neurons responding to electrical stimuli in the same way but connected with receptors of the right and left sides of the fish. Short-circuiting between the inner medium of the fish and the sea water showed that the induction current circuit is isolated from the inner medium and, apparently, formed by the ampullary canals."}
{"id": "PMID:1207827", "title": "[Monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of cerebral cortex neurons].", "content": "The auditory cortes of cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine was stimulated by monopolar macroelectrodes (tip diameter 100 mu) or micloelectrodes (tip diameter 100--15 mu). In both cases in cortical neurons located closely to the stimulation point IPSPs were recorded with latencies ranging between 0.4--1.2 and 1.4 6.0 ms. It is suggested that IPSPs of the first group are generated in response to direct stimulation of the bodies and axons of the inhibitory cortical neurons (monosynaptically). The amplitude of such IPSPs ranged in different neurons from 3 to 15 mV and their duration was between 4 and 15 ms. Many of them were complicated by later additional inhibitory volleys. 1.5% of all IPSPs generated in response to geniculocortical fibres stimulation had latencies between 0.8--1.3 ms. It is suggested that these IPSPs were also evoked monosynaptically.", "contents": "[Monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of cerebral cortex neurons]. The auditory cortes of cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine was stimulated by monopolar macroelectrodes (tip diameter 100 mu) or micloelectrodes (tip diameter 100--15 mu). In both cases in cortical neurons located closely to the stimulation point IPSPs were recorded with latencies ranging between 0.4--1.2 and 1.4 6.0 ms. It is suggested that IPSPs of the first group are generated in response to direct stimulation of the bodies and axons of the inhibitory cortical neurons (monosynaptically). The amplitude of such IPSPs ranged in different neurons from 3 to 15 mV and their duration was between 4 and 15 ms. Many of them were complicated by later additional inhibitory volleys. 1.5% of all IPSPs generated in response to geniculocortical fibres stimulation had latencies between 0.8--1.3 ms. It is suggested that these IPSPs were also evoked monosynaptically."}
{"id": "PMID:1207828", "title": "[Electrical characteristics of neurons in the motor region of the cat cerebral cortex].", "content": "Electrical parameters of motor cortex neurons were studied in acute experiments on cats. Input resistance of cortical neurons varied from few to some tens of Momega (mean value 11.11 +/- 3.93 Momega). A hyperbolic relation between threshold current and input resistance for cortical neurons was found. Velocity of axon conduction and input resistance are negatively correlated. Time constant of the membrane (to) was 7.1 +/- 3.46 ms. In some neutrons a second time constant t1= 1.65 +/- 0.36 ms was also found. Using result of Rall's model, the electronic length of the dendrite was computed, it was found to be 3.66-0.94 in units of length constant. These data are compared with those obtained on motoneurons. Functional significance of electrical parameters of cortical neurons is discussed.", "contents": "[Electrical characteristics of neurons in the motor region of the cat cerebral cortex]. Electrical parameters of motor cortex neurons were studied in acute experiments on cats. Input resistance of cortical neurons varied from few to some tens of Momega (mean value 11.11 +/- 3.93 Momega). A hyperbolic relation between threshold current and input resistance for cortical neurons was found. Velocity of axon conduction and input resistance are negatively correlated. Time constant of the membrane (to) was 7.1 +/- 3.46 ms. In some neutrons a second time constant t1= 1.65 +/- 0.36 ms was also found. Using result of Rall's model, the electronic length of the dendrite was computed, it was found to be 3.66-0.94 in units of length constant. These data are compared with those obtained on motoneurons. Functional significance of electrical parameters of cortical neurons is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207829", "title": "[Functional organization of pathways transmitting auditory signals in the somatosensory zone of the cat cerebral cortex].", "content": "The functional properties of the auditory projections to the somatosensory zones S2 and S were studied by recording evoked potentials in anesthetized and vigil unrestrained cats. The thresholds of evoked potentials recorded from SI and SII were higher by 15--35 db than those from AI. No tonotopical localization was found in SI and SII. Signals about pure tones of different frequencies were conducted to SI and SII via area AI. The signals about clicks were ascending to SI and SII not only through this pathway, but also through other ones. It suggested from the time constants analysis of the first positive wave of the evoked potentials that the interneuronal organization of the cortical auditory projections to AI is not so comples as that to SI and SII. The differences in amplitudes of evoked potential recorded in SI indicate that the head projection areas receive higher portion of the auditory projections. This is confirmed by the morphological evidence.", "contents": "[Functional organization of pathways transmitting auditory signals in the somatosensory zone of the cat cerebral cortex]. The functional properties of the auditory projections to the somatosensory zones S2 and S were studied by recording evoked potentials in anesthetized and vigil unrestrained cats. The thresholds of evoked potentials recorded from SI and SII were higher by 15--35 db than those from AI. No tonotopical localization was found in SI and SII. Signals about pure tones of different frequencies were conducted to SI and SII via area AI. The signals about clicks were ascending to SI and SII not only through this pathway, but also through other ones. It suggested from the time constants analysis of the first positive wave of the evoked potentials that the interneuronal organization of the cortical auditory projections to AI is not so comples as that to SI and SII. The differences in amplitudes of evoked potential recorded in SI indicate that the head projection areas receive higher portion of the auditory projections. This is confirmed by the morphological evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:1207830", "title": "[Changes in the receptive fields of cat lateral geniculate body neurons following removal of corticofugal influence].", "content": "The number of spikes in responses of the lateral geniculate neurons increased after section of ipsilateral corticogeniculate connections. The operation caused a distinct intensification of lateral inhibition effects in the operated side. Zones of complete spatial summation in the receptive fields of neurons in the operated side changed according to the contrast of the used light stimuli. It is suggested that corticogeniculate influences are of inhibitory nature and that receptive fields possessing a changing zone of spatial summation are realized by intrageniculate mechanisms.", "contents": "[Changes in the receptive fields of cat lateral geniculate body neurons following removal of corticofugal influence]. The number of spikes in responses of the lateral geniculate neurons increased after section of ipsilateral corticogeniculate connections. The operation caused a distinct intensification of lateral inhibition effects in the operated side. Zones of complete spatial summation in the receptive fields of neurons in the operated side changed according to the contrast of the used light stimuli. It is suggested that corticogeniculate influences are of inhibitory nature and that receptive fields possessing a changing zone of spatial summation are realized by intrageniculate mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1207831", "title": "[The effect of peripheral stimulation on the electrical activity of the neocortex in chronic premesencephalic cats].", "content": "Chronic experiments were carried out with 19 adult cats. It is demonstrated that following a premesencephalic sectioning of the brain stem, with the lemniscal pathways being spared, on the second and third day after the surgery, auditory, olfactory and skin stimulations caused diffusive activation of the neocortex. Photic stimulation, though evoking responses in the visual cortex, was unable to desynchronize the neocortical electrical activity. Taking into account the data on the organization of hypothalamic afferent connections, it is suggested that diffuse activation of the neocortex in cats, when the mesencephalic reticular formation is completely excluded, occurs during auditory, olfactory and skin stimulations due to excitation of the posterior hypothalamus.", "contents": "[The effect of peripheral stimulation on the electrical activity of the neocortex in chronic premesencephalic cats]. Chronic experiments were carried out with 19 adult cats. It is demonstrated that following a premesencephalic sectioning of the brain stem, with the lemniscal pathways being spared, on the second and third day after the surgery, auditory, olfactory and skin stimulations caused diffusive activation of the neocortex. Photic stimulation, though evoking responses in the visual cortex, was unable to desynchronize the neocortical electrical activity. Taking into account the data on the organization of hypothalamic afferent connections, it is suggested that diffuse activation of the neocortex in cats, when the mesencephalic reticular formation is completely excluded, occurs during auditory, olfactory and skin stimulations due to excitation of the posterior hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:1207832", "title": "[Connections between the posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus and the cortex of the cat suprasylvian gyrus].", "content": "Responses of neurons in the thalamic nucleus lateralis posterior (LP) to the stimulation of area 5b and 21 of the suprasylvian gyrus were studied in unanesthetized immobilized cats. Antidromic responses of these neurons indicate the existence of a direct pathways from LP to area 5b and 21. Such pathways are more extensive to area 5b. Relatively long latencies (1.2--60.0 ms) of antidromic responses show that axons of these neurons are slowly conducting (0.3--16.6 m/s). Short-latent 2--3 ms orthodromic responses to LP neurons indicate the existence of a direct pathway from the suprasylvian cortex to LP. Input to LP from area 5b is more powerful than from area 21. The converence of volleys from both areas is seen in 44% of investigated neurons. The stimulation of the suprasylvian cortex evokes postsynaptic inhibition in the most LP neurons.", "contents": "[Connections between the posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus and the cortex of the cat suprasylvian gyrus]. Responses of neurons in the thalamic nucleus lateralis posterior (LP) to the stimulation of area 5b and 21 of the suprasylvian gyrus were studied in unanesthetized immobilized cats. Antidromic responses of these neurons indicate the existence of a direct pathways from LP to area 5b and 21. Such pathways are more extensive to area 5b. Relatively long latencies (1.2--60.0 ms) of antidromic responses show that axons of these neurons are slowly conducting (0.3--16.6 m/s). Short-latent 2--3 ms orthodromic responses to LP neurons indicate the existence of a direct pathway from the suprasylvian cortex to LP. Input to LP from area 5b is more powerful than from area 21. The converence of volleys from both areas is seen in 44% of investigated neurons. The stimulation of the suprasylvian cortex evokes postsynaptic inhibition in the most LP neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1207833", "title": "[Spinal cord electrical activity during focal depression of inhibitory processes].", "content": "Cord dorsum potentials, dorsal root potentials and field potentials were studied in rats with local depression of inhibitory processes in lumbar spinal segments produced by tetanus toxin. The study was carried out at a stage when excitation of a neuronal population with depressed inhibitory processes (the so-called \"determinative dispatch station\") evoked generalized excitation of spinal and bulbar motoneurons. In experiments with spinal animals it was shown that the stimulation of a cutaneous nerve on the affected side evokes DRP's P-waves and field potentials of greater amplitude and longer duration than those evoked on the opposite side or in healthy rats. The prolonged P-wave revealed several components which coinsided with prolonged ventral root discharges. This wave could be recorded from an enlarged spinal cord region. The maximal increased and prolonged negative field potentials corresponding in time to the enlarged P-wave were found in the ventral quadrant of the affected side. In this region \"spontaneous\" rhythmical negative slow waves were recorded. The mechanisms of spreading excitation from the site with depressed inhibitory processes and the localization of this site are discussed.", "contents": "[Spinal cord electrical activity during focal depression of inhibitory processes]. Cord dorsum potentials, dorsal root potentials and field potentials were studied in rats with local depression of inhibitory processes in lumbar spinal segments produced by tetanus toxin. The study was carried out at a stage when excitation of a neuronal population with depressed inhibitory processes (the so-called \"determinative dispatch station\") evoked generalized excitation of spinal and bulbar motoneurons. In experiments with spinal animals it was shown that the stimulation of a cutaneous nerve on the affected side evokes DRP's P-waves and field potentials of greater amplitude and longer duration than those evoked on the opposite side or in healthy rats. The prolonged P-wave revealed several components which coinsided with prolonged ventral root discharges. This wave could be recorded from an enlarged spinal cord region. The maximal increased and prolonged negative field potentials corresponding in time to the enlarged P-wave were found in the ventral quadrant of the affected side. In this region \"spontaneous\" rhythmical negative slow waves were recorded. The mechanisms of spreading excitation from the site with depressed inhibitory processes and the localization of this site are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207834", "title": "[The possibility of different effects of primary afferent depolarization on spinal reflexes].", "content": "Intensive depolarization of central primary afferent terminals evoked by strong stimulation of afferent nerves or dorsal root produces recurrent discharges which may be recorded as antidromic dorsal root reflexes. It is shown that the discharges are simultaneously propagating in the dorso-ventral direction and thus produce facilitation of spinal reflexes. The obtained results allow suggesting the existence of two types of influences of the primary afferent depolarization on the reflex transmission to the spinal cord.", "contents": "[The possibility of different effects of primary afferent depolarization on spinal reflexes]. Intensive depolarization of central primary afferent terminals evoked by strong stimulation of afferent nerves or dorsal root produces recurrent discharges which may be recorded as antidromic dorsal root reflexes. It is shown that the discharges are simultaneously propagating in the dorso-ventral direction and thus produce facilitation of spinal reflexes. The obtained results allow suggesting the existence of two types of influences of the primary afferent depolarization on the reflex transmission to the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1207835", "title": "[The influence of bemegride on frog spinal cord root potentials].", "content": "The effect of the convulsant bemegride (beta-ethyl-beta-methyl-glutharimide) on the electronic potentials in the frog spinal roots was investigated in situ. Intravenous injection of the bemegride subconvulsant doses (6.8 +/- 2.7 mg/kg) depressed rapidly the electrotonic dorsal root potentials (DRP) evoked by a stimulation of the adjacent dorsal root (DR) or the ventral root (VR). They were reduced by 55--67% 3-6 min after the bemegride injection. The effect of bemegride was reversible and the DRP amplitude restored its initial value within an hour. Ventral root potentials after bemegride injection revealed only greater amplitude fluctuations. A conclusion is made that bemegride is a selective and potent depressor of the primary afferent depolarization in the frog spinal cord.", "contents": "[The influence of bemegride on frog spinal cord root potentials]. The effect of the convulsant bemegride (beta-ethyl-beta-methyl-glutharimide) on the electronic potentials in the frog spinal roots was investigated in situ. Intravenous injection of the bemegride subconvulsant doses (6.8 +/- 2.7 mg/kg) depressed rapidly the electrotonic dorsal root potentials (DRP) evoked by a stimulation of the adjacent dorsal root (DR) or the ventral root (VR). They were reduced by 55--67% 3-6 min after the bemegride injection. The effect of bemegride was reversible and the DRP amplitude restored its initial value within an hour. Ventral root potentials after bemegride injection revealed only greater amplitude fluctuations. A conclusion is made that bemegride is a selective and potent depressor of the primary afferent depolarization in the frog spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1207836", "title": "[Rubrofugal influences on the spike activity of neurons of the medial reticulo-spinal tract].", "content": "Synaptic influences from the red nucleus on the activity of the medial reticulo-spinal tract fibres were studied by microelectrode recording in throacic spinal cord of an anesthetized cat. It is found that the red nucleus establishes monosynaptic connections with many pontine and medullary reticulo-spinal neurons with fast (60-105 m/s) and moderate conducting (45-60 m/s) axons. Background activity of these fibres (characterized by grouping of impulses) is accelerated by repetitive stimulation of the red nucleus. Most neurons with slow conducting axons (10-45 m/s) are polysynaptically excited by the red nucleus stimulation, but their background activity (with uniform distribution of impulses) is depressed. Such rubro-reticular influences were also observed in cats with preliminary destroyed tectal and interstitial structures. Some functional aspects of the rubro-reticulo-spinal system are discussed.", "contents": "[Rubrofugal influences on the spike activity of neurons of the medial reticulo-spinal tract]. Synaptic influences from the red nucleus on the activity of the medial reticulo-spinal tract fibres were studied by microelectrode recording in throacic spinal cord of an anesthetized cat. It is found that the red nucleus establishes monosynaptic connections with many pontine and medullary reticulo-spinal neurons with fast (60-105 m/s) and moderate conducting (45-60 m/s) axons. Background activity of these fibres (characterized by grouping of impulses) is accelerated by repetitive stimulation of the red nucleus. Most neurons with slow conducting axons (10-45 m/s) are polysynaptically excited by the red nucleus stimulation, but their background activity (with uniform distribution of impulses) is depressed. Such rubro-reticular influences were also observed in cats with preliminary destroyed tectal and interstitial structures. Some functional aspects of the rubro-reticulo-spinal system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207837", "title": "[Membrane currents induced by entrance of sodium ions into giant mollusk neurons].", "content": "Membrane currents induced by the intake of sodium ions during tetanic stimulation or steady depolarization under voltage clamp conditions were studied on giant neurons of the mollusc Helix pomatia. It is shown that the induced current may be separated into two components: the fast one having a reversal potential close to the EK level, and the slow one slightly dependent on the membrane potential in the region --50 divided by --90 mV Strophanthin K and replacement of external sodium with lithium or calcium ions eleminated for slow component and reduced the fast one. A conclusion is made that the slow component is produced by the activation of the electrogenic sodium pump, and the fast one-- by an increase in potassium permeability probably coupled to intensive activity of this pump.", "contents": "[Membrane currents induced by entrance of sodium ions into giant mollusk neurons]. Membrane currents induced by the intake of sodium ions during tetanic stimulation or steady depolarization under voltage clamp conditions were studied on giant neurons of the mollusc Helix pomatia. It is shown that the induced current may be separated into two components: the fast one having a reversal potential close to the EK level, and the slow one slightly dependent on the membrane potential in the region --50 divided by --90 mV Strophanthin K and replacement of external sodium with lithium or calcium ions eleminated for slow component and reduced the fast one. A conclusion is made that the slow component is produced by the activation of the electrogenic sodium pump, and the fast one-- by an increase in potassium permeability probably coupled to intensive activity of this pump."}
{"id": "PMID:1207838", "title": "[Reactions of the neurons of the reticular and ventral anterior nuclei of the optic thalamus to afferent stimulation of different modalities].", "content": "Responses of 146 reticular (R) and 98 ventral anterior (VA) thalamic neurons to electrical stimulation of pads, to light flashes and sound clicks were studied in cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine or myorelaxine. The contralateral forepaw was the most effective receptive field: 24.9% of R and 31.3% of VA investigated neurons responded to its stimulation. Only 4.4% of R and 2.4% of VA neurons responded to the click. Almost all responding neurons reacted to different kind of the applied stimulation by phasic or tonic excitation. Inhibition of background activity was observed after the pads stimulation only in 2.6-4.3% of R and in 1.7%-2.1% of VA neurons. The latency of phasic responses in most neurons ranged: to electrical stimulation of the contralateral forepaw from 6 to 64 ms, to the contralateral hindpaw -- from 11 to 43 ms, to light -- 10-60 ms, and to the click -- 8-60 ms. 75.1-95.6% of R and 68.7-97.6% of VA neurons did not respond at all to different kinds of peripheral stimulation. Of a sample of cells tested to all inputs 25% of R and 47% of VA neurons responded to stimulation of more than one paw; 16% of R and 22% of VA neurons revealed convergence of volleys of different modality. The functional role of this convergence consists in inhibition (more seldom facilitation) of the neuronal response to a testing signal following 40-70 ms after a conditioning one.", "contents": "[Reactions of the neurons of the reticular and ventral anterior nuclei of the optic thalamus to afferent stimulation of different modalities]. Responses of 146 reticular (R) and 98 ventral anterior (VA) thalamic neurons to electrical stimulation of pads, to light flashes and sound clicks were studied in cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine or myorelaxine. The contralateral forepaw was the most effective receptive field: 24.9% of R and 31.3% of VA investigated neurons responded to its stimulation. Only 4.4% of R and 2.4% of VA neurons responded to the click. Almost all responding neurons reacted to different kind of the applied stimulation by phasic or tonic excitation. Inhibition of background activity was observed after the pads stimulation only in 2.6-4.3% of R and in 1.7%-2.1% of VA neurons. The latency of phasic responses in most neurons ranged: to electrical stimulation of the contralateral forepaw from 6 to 64 ms, to the contralateral hindpaw -- from 11 to 43 ms, to light -- 10-60 ms, and to the click -- 8-60 ms. 75.1-95.6% of R and 68.7-97.6% of VA neurons did not respond at all to different kinds of peripheral stimulation. Of a sample of cells tested to all inputs 25% of R and 47% of VA neurons responded to stimulation of more than one paw; 16% of R and 22% of VA neurons revealed convergence of volleys of different modality. The functional role of this convergence consists in inhibition (more seldom facilitation) of the neuronal response to a testing signal following 40-70 ms after a conditioning one."}
{"id": "PMID:1207839", "title": "[The relationship between the second zone of the auditory cortex and the medial geniculate body and first auditory zone].", "content": "Extracellular and intracellular responses of the second auditory (AII) cortical neurons to stimulation of geniculocortical fibres and first auditory cortex (AI) were studied in experiments carried out on cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. It is shown that in these neurons there appear antidromic, mono-, di- and polysynaptic spike potentials to geniculate and AI stimulation. The number of antidromic reactions was about twice as low as in AI under the same conditions. Di- and polysynaptic responses predominated among orthodromic reactions. Intracellular recording revealed EPSP, EPSP-IPSP and primary IPSP in AII neurons. Response latencies in AII neurons to AI stimulation were in the range of 0.75-6.0, 6.1-16.0, 18.0-23.0 and 60.100 ms. After the medial geniculate body was removed, the number of responses with a latency of 6.1-16.0 ms decreased considerably. In some neurons spike pontentials appeared both to geniculate and AI stimulation. Comparison of the response latencies at both types of stimulation showed that impulses from AI come in AII not only to the neurons that are inputs for MGB impulses but also to neurons in the sebsequent link of intracortical neuronal chain. In most AII neurons disynaptic IPSP appeared at AI stimulation. Only in one case IPSP with a latency of 1.0 ms was recorded being probably monosynaptic.", "contents": "[The relationship between the second zone of the auditory cortex and the medial geniculate body and first auditory zone]. Extracellular and intracellular responses of the second auditory (AII) cortical neurons to stimulation of geniculocortical fibres and first auditory cortex (AI) were studied in experiments carried out on cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. It is shown that in these neurons there appear antidromic, mono-, di- and polysynaptic spike potentials to geniculate and AI stimulation. The number of antidromic reactions was about twice as low as in AI under the same conditions. Di- and polysynaptic responses predominated among orthodromic reactions. Intracellular recording revealed EPSP, EPSP-IPSP and primary IPSP in AII neurons. Response latencies in AII neurons to AI stimulation were in the range of 0.75-6.0, 6.1-16.0, 18.0-23.0 and 60.100 ms. After the medial geniculate body was removed, the number of responses with a latency of 6.1-16.0 ms decreased considerably. In some neurons spike pontentials appeared both to geniculate and AI stimulation. Comparison of the response latencies at both types of stimulation showed that impulses from AI come in AII not only to the neurons that are inputs for MGB impulses but also to neurons in the sebsequent link of intracortical neuronal chain. In most AII neurons disynaptic IPSP appeared at AI stimulation. Only in one case IPSP with a latency of 1.0 ms was recorded being probably monosynaptic."}
{"id": "PMID:1207840", "title": "[Conduction of excitation in the cat vixual system].", "content": "The responses of striate cortex units to the lateral geniculate body and optic tract stimulations were recorded extra- and intracellularly in experiments on cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. 92% of responded cells were activated orthodromically with a latency ranging between 2 and 12.5 ms. Most of these responses may be divided into three groups--2-2.5, 3-3.5, 4-4.5 ms. The latency of each group coincided with the latency of three different parts of the evoked potentials positive components. 8% of the responding cells were activated antidromically. The difference of the response latency to the stimulation of both structures in 55.8% of cells ranged from 0.5 to 1 ms. The existence of three main groups of optic radiation fibres with conduction velocities of 28.5-16.6, 11.7-8.9, 7.4-6 m/s is postulated. A conclusion is made that peculiarities of the afferent volley formed in retino-geniculate paths are not significantly changed after its processing in the lateral geniculate body.", "contents": "[Conduction of excitation in the cat vixual system]. The responses of striate cortex units to the lateral geniculate body and optic tract stimulations were recorded extra- and intracellularly in experiments on cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. 92% of responded cells were activated orthodromically with a latency ranging between 2 and 12.5 ms. Most of these responses may be divided into three groups--2-2.5, 3-3.5, 4-4.5 ms. The latency of each group coincided with the latency of three different parts of the evoked potentials positive components. 8% of the responding cells were activated antidromically. The difference of the response latency to the stimulation of both structures in 55.8% of cells ranged from 0.5 to 1 ms. The existence of three main groups of optic radiation fibres with conduction velocities of 28.5-16.6, 11.7-8.9, 7.4-6 m/s is postulated. A conclusion is made that peculiarities of the afferent volley formed in retino-geniculate paths are not significantly changed after its processing in the lateral geniculate body."}
{"id": "PMID:1207841", "title": "[Electrical characteristics of the granular neurons of the carp olfactory bulb].", "content": "Using the intracellular recording technique the electrical activity of the carp olfactory bulb granular cells and secondary neurons was studied. Early and late EPSP and IPSP were the synaptic responses of granular cells both to the olfactory nerve and olfactory tract electrical stimulation. The comparison of responses of the granular cells and secondary neurons led to the conclusion that the granular cells are interneurons producing post-synaptic inhibition of the secondary neurons. It was supposed that the granular neurons are excited by dendro-dendritic and reccurent-collateral pathways and that the inhibitory synapses are located on the dendrites of secondary neurons which are in contact with the olfactory nerve terminals.", "contents": "[Electrical characteristics of the granular neurons of the carp olfactory bulb]. Using the intracellular recording technique the electrical activity of the carp olfactory bulb granular cells and secondary neurons was studied. Early and late EPSP and IPSP were the synaptic responses of granular cells both to the olfactory nerve and olfactory tract electrical stimulation. The comparison of responses of the granular cells and secondary neurons led to the conclusion that the granular cells are interneurons producing post-synaptic inhibition of the secondary neurons. It was supposed that the granular neurons are excited by dendro-dendritic and reccurent-collateral pathways and that the inhibitory synapses are located on the dendrites of secondary neurons which are in contact with the olfactory nerve terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:1207842", "title": "[Responses of inferior colliculus neurons to frequency modulated signals and the temporal characteristics of inhibitory interaction].", "content": "Comparison of neuronal responses (118 units) in the inferior colliculus of anesthetized rats to frequency-modulated (FM) sounds and time characteristics of two-tone inhibition were carried out. High sensitivity to certain direction of FM in 2/3 of neurons coincide with spatial characteristics of excitatory and nihibitory areas: their shape, width and arrangement. In 1/3 of neurons directional response specificity is shown to be determined by different time course of inhibitory process evoked by high-frequency and low-frequency tones.", "contents": "[Responses of inferior colliculus neurons to frequency modulated signals and the temporal characteristics of inhibitory interaction]. Comparison of neuronal responses (118 units) in the inferior colliculus of anesthetized rats to frequency-modulated (FM) sounds and time characteristics of two-tone inhibition were carried out. High sensitivity to certain direction of FM in 2/3 of neurons coincide with spatial characteristics of excitatory and nihibitory areas: their shape, width and arrangement. In 1/3 of neurons directional response specificity is shown to be determined by different time course of inhibitory process evoked by high-frequency and low-frequency tones."}
{"id": "PMID:1207843", "title": "[Formation of a generator of excitation in the gigantocellular nucleus of the medulla oblongata during disruption of inhibitory processes].", "content": "Neuronal activity in the gigantocellular nucleus after injection of tetanus toxin was studied on decerebrated cats. The toxin was used as a substance producing a deep and continuous suppression of inhibitory processes. The increase in the amplitude and rate of neuronal discharges, in the integral background and evoked activity as well as in the number of active neurons and that of neurons with burst activity was recorded in the \"poisoned\" nucleus. The enhanced activity in the investigated regions of the poisoned nucleus might be temporarily suppressed by a strong direct electrical shock and by glycin administrations to those regions. The obtained data indicate that a pool of neurons with disturbed inhibitory processes forms a generator of enhanced excitation. The mechanisms and characteristic features of the activity of such generators are discussed. The possibility of modelling neurological syndromes by production of similar generators in various parts of the central nervous system and their relation to the earlier described phenomenon of \"dispatch station\" are considered.", "contents": "[Formation of a generator of excitation in the gigantocellular nucleus of the medulla oblongata during disruption of inhibitory processes]. Neuronal activity in the gigantocellular nucleus after injection of tetanus toxin was studied on decerebrated cats. The toxin was used as a substance producing a deep and continuous suppression of inhibitory processes. The increase in the amplitude and rate of neuronal discharges, in the integral background and evoked activity as well as in the number of active neurons and that of neurons with burst activity was recorded in the \"poisoned\" nucleus. The enhanced activity in the investigated regions of the poisoned nucleus might be temporarily suppressed by a strong direct electrical shock and by glycin administrations to those regions. The obtained data indicate that a pool of neurons with disturbed inhibitory processes forms a generator of enhanced excitation. The mechanisms and characteristic features of the activity of such generators are discussed. The possibility of modelling neurological syndromes by production of similar generators in various parts of the central nervous system and their relation to the earlier described phenomenon of \"dispatch station\" are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1207844", "title": "[Classification of the vestibulospinal neurons of the cat Deiter's nucleus].", "content": "The antidromic activation of neurons in the cat Deiters nucleus to stimulation of spinal cerevical segments was studied using the intracellular microelectrode recording technique. Separate components of the antidromic action potential and its after-deflections were analyzed in fast- and slow-conducting neurons. A direct dependence between the parameters of the after-deflections and duration of the refractory period was revealed for these neurons. Variable responsivity of neurons with the same axonal conductance velocity is shown to be dependent on the after-depolarizing potential.", "contents": "[Classification of the vestibulospinal neurons of the cat Deiter's nucleus]. The antidromic activation of neurons in the cat Deiters nucleus to stimulation of spinal cerevical segments was studied using the intracellular microelectrode recording technique. Separate components of the antidromic action potential and its after-deflections were analyzed in fast- and slow-conducting neurons. A direct dependence between the parameters of the after-deflections and duration of the refractory period was revealed for these neurons. Variable responsivity of neurons with the same axonal conductance velocity is shown to be dependent on the after-depolarizing potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1207845", "title": "[Intracellular on--off responses of carp retina amacrine cells adapted to the dark].", "content": "Dependence of the amplitude and latency of on and off responses of amacrine cells in the isolated dark-adapted carp retina upon the light spot intensity and diameter was studied by intracellular recordings. It is shown that the responses of amacrine cells to onset and offset of light consist of trasient depolarizations with oscillatory potentials and impulses. The latency of the on response decreases and the latency of the off response increases when the light spot intensity and diameter are increased. A dependence close to linearity on logarithm of the spot diameter up to 3 mm is observed for the on response amplitude with changes in intensity within 4 log. units. The amplitude and zone of summation of the off response decrease, when intensity of the stimulus is increased. It is supposed to result from differences in the amplitude and time characteristics to offset of light in the bipolars which give inputs to amacrine.", "contents": "[Intracellular on--off responses of carp retina amacrine cells adapted to the dark]. Dependence of the amplitude and latency of on and off responses of amacrine cells in the isolated dark-adapted carp retina upon the light spot intensity and diameter was studied by intracellular recordings. It is shown that the responses of amacrine cells to onset and offset of light consist of trasient depolarizations with oscillatory potentials and impulses. The latency of the on response decreases and the latency of the off response increases when the light spot intensity and diameter are increased. A dependence close to linearity on logarithm of the spot diameter up to 3 mm is observed for the on response amplitude with changes in intensity within 4 log. units. The amplitude and zone of summation of the off response decrease, when intensity of the stimulus is increased. It is supposed to result from differences in the amplitude and time characteristics to offset of light in the bipolars which give inputs to amacrine."}
{"id": "PMID:1207846", "title": "[The spontaneous electrical activity of the isolated rabbit superior cervical ganglion].", "content": "Spontaneous electric activity (mean amplitude of impulses--200-300 muV and frequency--0.0m-2.9 Hz/s) was observed in isolated rabbit superior cervical symphathetic ganglia using the sucrose-gap method. This spontaneous activity was completely abolished by d-tubocurarine (5-10(-5) M) and hexamethonium (1-10(-4) M). The frequency of the spontaneous discharges was increased by doubling of osmotic pressure, increasing of [K]0 and adding theophilline or ethanol to perfusing solution. These findings suggest that the activity observed is due to spontaneous release of the transmitter by preganglionic nerve endings. However tetrodotoxin in relatively low concentrations (2.5-5-10(-7) g/ml) reversibly inhibited this activity. In high [Ca]0 solutions spontaneous discharges of an isolated ganglion were reduced or completely blocked. These facts suggest that the action potential generation mechanisms also participate in the spontaneous activity of the isolated cervical sympathetic ganglion.", "contents": "[The spontaneous electrical activity of the isolated rabbit superior cervical ganglion]. Spontaneous electric activity (mean amplitude of impulses--200-300 muV and frequency--0.0m-2.9 Hz/s) was observed in isolated rabbit superior cervical symphathetic ganglia using the sucrose-gap method. This spontaneous activity was completely abolished by d-tubocurarine (5-10(-5) M) and hexamethonium (1-10(-4) M). The frequency of the spontaneous discharges was increased by doubling of osmotic pressure, increasing of [K]0 and adding theophilline or ethanol to perfusing solution. These findings suggest that the activity observed is due to spontaneous release of the transmitter by preganglionic nerve endings. However tetrodotoxin in relatively low concentrations (2.5-5-10(-7) g/ml) reversibly inhibited this activity. In high [Ca]0 solutions spontaneous discharges of an isolated ganglion were reduced or completely blocked. These facts suggest that the action potential generation mechanisms also participate in the spontaneous activity of the isolated cervical sympathetic ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:1207847", "title": "[Changes in the synaptic vesicles of cat motor cortex axon terminals upon stimulation].", "content": "The relation of the synaptic vesicle size to the distance between the vesicle and the synapse active zone was studied in the axon terminals at the motor cortex neuron spines and dendrites of resting cats (under moderate barbiturate anesthesia) and after prolonged repetitive stimulation of the somatosensory SII area. Thes sizes of the vesicles belonging to any of the three strata observed in the terminal section profile under the electron microscope were registered as a decrementing variation sequence. The predominance of small vesicles in stratum I adjoining to the synapse active zone was found by means of the statistical analysis (symbol criterion and criterion chi2), both in the control and experimental material. A significant gradient of the vesicle size diminution from peripheral stratum III to stratum I as well as vesicle size decrease both in stratum I and intermediate stratum II in comparison with the control developed after the cortico-cortical projection stimulation. The functional role of this phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the synaptic vesicles of cat motor cortex axon terminals upon stimulation]. The relation of the synaptic vesicle size to the distance between the vesicle and the synapse active zone was studied in the axon terminals at the motor cortex neuron spines and dendrites of resting cats (under moderate barbiturate anesthesia) and after prolonged repetitive stimulation of the somatosensory SII area. Thes sizes of the vesicles belonging to any of the three strata observed in the terminal section profile under the electron microscope were registered as a decrementing variation sequence. The predominance of small vesicles in stratum I adjoining to the synapse active zone was found by means of the statistical analysis (symbol criterion and criterion chi2), both in the control and experimental material. A significant gradient of the vesicle size diminution from peripheral stratum III to stratum I as well as vesicle size decrease both in stratum I and intermediate stratum II in comparison with the control developed after the cortico-cortical projection stimulation. The functional role of this phenomenon is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207848", "title": "[Spinal nerve root distribution of the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers of a cat cutaneous nerve].", "content": "The distribution of myelinated and nomyelinated nerve fibres from n. saphenus in the dorsal and ventral roots of the cat spinal cord was investigated, using methods improving the signal-to-noise ratio in the neurogram of the nerve evoked response. Nerve fibres from n. saphneus enter the spinal cord through roots of segments L4-6. In the dorsal roots of these segments the nerve fibres have conduction velocities from 80 to 0.38 m/s. In the ventral roots four groups of the nerve fibres with conduction velocities 80--60, 40--30, 12.0--3.0 and 1.1--0.51 m/s are found that are likely to be afferents. The conditions for low amplitude potentials detection in the spinal cord roots as well as the possible functional significance of the nerve fibres in the ventral roots are discussed.", "contents": "[Spinal nerve root distribution of the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers of a cat cutaneous nerve]. The distribution of myelinated and nomyelinated nerve fibres from n. saphenus in the dorsal and ventral roots of the cat spinal cord was investigated, using methods improving the signal-to-noise ratio in the neurogram of the nerve evoked response. Nerve fibres from n. saphneus enter the spinal cord through roots of segments L4-6. In the dorsal roots of these segments the nerve fibres have conduction velocities from 80 to 0.38 m/s. In the ventral roots four groups of the nerve fibres with conduction velocities 80--60, 40--30, 12.0--3.0 and 1.1--0.51 m/s are found that are likely to be afferents. The conditions for low amplitude potentials detection in the spinal cord roots as well as the possible functional significance of the nerve fibres in the ventral roots are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207868", "title": "Distribution and age-dependent concentration in brain tissue of glycoproteins containing N-acetylgalactosamine.", "content": "Glycoproteins that yield non-dialyzable, alkali-labile, N-acetylgalactosamine-containing heteropolysaccharides upon proteolytic digestion show a threefold enrichment in white matter relative to gray matter. Approximately 50% of these glycoproteins appear in soluble extracts prepared from rat brain. This distribution contrasts with that of the predominant alkali-stable sialoglycopeptides, which account for 60% of the total brain glycoprotein-carbohydrate. The latter glycopeptides showed a twofold enrichment in gray matter compared with white, and only about 10% of the glycoproteins that yield these glycopeptides could be solubilized by extraction with aqueous solvents. The concentration of the N-acetylgalactosamine-containing glycoproteins in the 3-year-old cerebral gray matter from human brain was respectively 7-15 and 15-30 times greater than in 8- and 72-year-old tissue. Electrophoretic analysis of the non-dialyzable, alkali-stable, acidic glycopeptides that contain NANA, fucose, mannose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine, obtained from the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions, revealed that the composition of these glycopeptides in the two fractions was identical.", "contents": "Distribution and age-dependent concentration in brain tissue of glycoproteins containing N-acetylgalactosamine. Glycoproteins that yield non-dialyzable, alkali-labile, N-acetylgalactosamine-containing heteropolysaccharides upon proteolytic digestion show a threefold enrichment in white matter relative to gray matter. Approximately 50% of these glycoproteins appear in soluble extracts prepared from rat brain. This distribution contrasts with that of the predominant alkali-stable sialoglycopeptides, which account for 60% of the total brain glycoprotein-carbohydrate. The latter glycopeptides showed a twofold enrichment in gray matter compared with white, and only about 10% of the glycoproteins that yield these glycopeptides could be solubilized by extraction with aqueous solvents. The concentration of the N-acetylgalactosamine-containing glycoproteins in the 3-year-old cerebral gray matter from human brain was respectively 7-15 and 15-30 times greater than in 8- and 72-year-old tissue. Electrophoretic analysis of the non-dialyzable, alkali-stable, acidic glycopeptides that contain NANA, fucose, mannose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine, obtained from the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions, revealed that the composition of these glycopeptides in the two fractions was identical."}
{"id": "PMID:1207869", "title": "Morphological, histochemical and chromosomal patterns of neuroblastoma parental and purine resistant lines.", "content": "Several neuroblastoma clones and the same clones adapted to proliferation in a medium containing 15 mug/ml of 8-azaguanine and 6-thioguanine are characterized with respect to their morphology, acetylcholinesterase activity, catecholamine content and chromosomal pattern. Interclonal as well as intraclonal heterogeneity was found for the cell parameters studied. A reduction in the number of catecholamine-containing cells was observed in the azaguanine and thioguanine resistant adrenergic (M1, N115) cells compared with their parental lines. An increase of choline acetyltransferase activity was found in the M5 cholinergic clone, and a decrease of the same activity in the S21 cholinergic line selected in the medium with the purine analogues. Furthermore, a striking change in the distribution of chromosomes and chromosomal markers appeared in the resistant cells of all clones.", "contents": "Morphological, histochemical and chromosomal patterns of neuroblastoma parental and purine resistant lines. Several neuroblastoma clones and the same clones adapted to proliferation in a medium containing 15 mug/ml of 8-azaguanine and 6-thioguanine are characterized with respect to their morphology, acetylcholinesterase activity, catecholamine content and chromosomal pattern. Interclonal as well as intraclonal heterogeneity was found for the cell parameters studied. A reduction in the number of catecholamine-containing cells was observed in the azaguanine and thioguanine resistant adrenergic (M1, N115) cells compared with their parental lines. An increase of choline acetyltransferase activity was found in the M5 cholinergic clone, and a decrease of the same activity in the S21 cholinergic line selected in the medium with the purine analogues. Furthermore, a striking change in the distribution of chromosomes and chromosomal markers appeared in the resistant cells of all clones."}
{"id": "PMID:1207870", "title": "Effects of freezing and storage on subcellular fractionation of guinea pig and human brain.", "content": "Subcellular fractionations were carried out on guinea pig and human brains. Distributions of protein marker enzymes, and galactolipids were examined with guinea pig cerebral cortex that was (Group I) homogenized immediately; (Group II) stored 3 to 5 days at -70 degrees C prior to homogenization; (Group III) stored 3 to 6 months; (Group IV) homogenized after 3 h at R.T. and 16 to 18 h at 4 degrees C and then stored at -70 degrees C for 7 to 9 months. Human frontal lobe obtained at autopsy was fractionated immediately (Group V) or stored at -70 degrees C for 5 to 8 months prior to fractionation (Group VI). Protein recoveries in myelin, microsomal, synaptosomal, and supernatant fractions were decreased in brains that were not frozen for several hours prior to storage (Groups IV-VI). SDH and MAO recoveries in the nuclear and free mitochondrial fractions were increased in these groups. AChE, a membrane marker, was also increased in the free mitochondrial fractions in Groups IV-VI, suggesting increased contamination of mitochondria by synaptosomal membrane fragments. Arylsulfatase, a lysosomal enzyme, was decreased in the free mitochondrial fraction with freezing, but the distributions in tissues not frozen for several hours showed only an increase in the nuclear fraction and a decrease in the microsomal fraction. Freezing brought about an increase in supernatant LDH and a decrease in this enzyme in the free mitochondrial fractions. Total galactolipid contents in synaptosomal and free mitochondrial fractions were increased by freezing and storage. Though some redistribution of enzymes takes place, meaningful subcellular fractions can be obtained after storage of fresh and postmortem brain tissues.", "contents": "Effects of freezing and storage on subcellular fractionation of guinea pig and human brain. Subcellular fractionations were carried out on guinea pig and human brains. Distributions of protein marker enzymes, and galactolipids were examined with guinea pig cerebral cortex that was (Group I) homogenized immediately; (Group II) stored 3 to 5 days at -70 degrees C prior to homogenization; (Group III) stored 3 to 6 months; (Group IV) homogenized after 3 h at R.T. and 16 to 18 h at 4 degrees C and then stored at -70 degrees C for 7 to 9 months. Human frontal lobe obtained at autopsy was fractionated immediately (Group V) or stored at -70 degrees C for 5 to 8 months prior to fractionation (Group VI). Protein recoveries in myelin, microsomal, synaptosomal, and supernatant fractions were decreased in brains that were not frozen for several hours prior to storage (Groups IV-VI). SDH and MAO recoveries in the nuclear and free mitochondrial fractions were increased in these groups. AChE, a membrane marker, was also increased in the free mitochondrial fractions in Groups IV-VI, suggesting increased contamination of mitochondria by synaptosomal membrane fragments. Arylsulfatase, a lysosomal enzyme, was decreased in the free mitochondrial fraction with freezing, but the distributions in tissues not frozen for several hours showed only an increase in the nuclear fraction and a decrease in the microsomal fraction. Freezing brought about an increase in supernatant LDH and a decrease in this enzyme in the free mitochondrial fractions. Total galactolipid contents in synaptosomal and free mitochondrial fractions were increased by freezing and storage. Though some redistribution of enzymes takes place, meaningful subcellular fractions can be obtained after storage of fresh and postmortem brain tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1207871", "title": "Progesterone facilitation of sexual receptivity in rats with neural implantation of estrogen.", "content": "The neural substrate for estrogen (E) AND E plus progesterone (P)-induced sexual receptivity was examined in 3 classes of adult rats: (1) adult females ovariectomized for 11 days, and (2) females and (3) males gonadectomized on the day of birth. E responses were found only after implantation in the preoptic or medial hypothalamus; adult females had the largest fraction of responders. The addition of P significantly increased the fraction of adult and neonatally ovariectomized females responding when E implantation was made throughout the hypothalamus from preoptic to mammillary bodies. No E-P synergistic effects were seen in the day-1 gonadectomized males. E-P synergistic effects were found in the amygdala of the adult ovariectomized females. However, midbrain implants of E were ineffective for facilitating E-P-induced receptivity in the 3 classes of animals studied.", "contents": "Progesterone facilitation of sexual receptivity in rats with neural implantation of estrogen. The neural substrate for estrogen (E) AND E plus progesterone (P)-induced sexual receptivity was examined in 3 classes of adult rats: (1) adult females ovariectomized for 11 days, and (2) females and (3) males gonadectomized on the day of birth. E responses were found only after implantation in the preoptic or medial hypothalamus; adult females had the largest fraction of responders. The addition of P significantly increased the fraction of adult and neonatally ovariectomized females responding when E implantation was made throughout the hypothalamus from preoptic to mammillary bodies. No E-P synergistic effects were seen in the day-1 gonadectomized males. E-P synergistic effects were found in the amygdala of the adult ovariectomized females. However, midbrain implants of E were ineffective for facilitating E-P-induced receptivity in the 3 classes of animals studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1207872", "title": "Effects of environmental lighting, superior cervical ganglionectomy and adrenergic drugs on microtubule protein levels of the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy or exposure of rats to light for 10 days resulted in comparable increases in microtubule protein content in the hypothalamus. Administration of norepinephrine, L-dopa or isoproterenol decreased hypothalamic tubulin levels to a greater extent in ganglionectomized rats. A prior injection of phentolamine prevented norepinphrine's effects in intact rats and decreased but did not abolish the effect of the catecholamine in ganglionectomized animals. Phentolamine impaired L-dopa activity in intact and denervated rats as did propranolol; beta-adrenergic blockage impaired the effect of norepinephrine in denervated rats and abolished that of isoproterenol. Phentolamine plus propranolol prevented norepinephrine's effects whereas it only impaired L-dopa activity on hypothalamic tubulin content. The prior administration of actinomycin D blocked the effects of norepinephrine, L-dopa or isoproterenol. Pinealectomy abolished the isoproterenol-induced decrease in microtubule protein content and impaired that following L-dopa. These data suggest that tubulin levels of the rat hypothalamus are controlled by adrenergic transmitter via alpha- and beta-receptors, the latter involving the pineal gland.", "contents": "Effects of environmental lighting, superior cervical ganglionectomy and adrenergic drugs on microtubule protein levels of the rat hypothalamus. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy or exposure of rats to light for 10 days resulted in comparable increases in microtubule protein content in the hypothalamus. Administration of norepinephrine, L-dopa or isoproterenol decreased hypothalamic tubulin levels to a greater extent in ganglionectomized rats. A prior injection of phentolamine prevented norepinphrine's effects in intact rats and decreased but did not abolish the effect of the catecholamine in ganglionectomized animals. Phentolamine impaired L-dopa activity in intact and denervated rats as did propranolol; beta-adrenergic blockage impaired the effect of norepinephrine in denervated rats and abolished that of isoproterenol. Phentolamine plus propranolol prevented norepinephrine's effects whereas it only impaired L-dopa activity on hypothalamic tubulin content. The prior administration of actinomycin D blocked the effects of norepinephrine, L-dopa or isoproterenol. Pinealectomy abolished the isoproterenol-induced decrease in microtubule protein content and impaired that following L-dopa. These data suggest that tubulin levels of the rat hypothalamus are controlled by adrenergic transmitter via alpha- and beta-receptors, the latter involving the pineal gland."}
{"id": "PMID:1207873", "title": "A counter antigonadotrophic effect of melatonin in male rats.", "content": "Blinding and anosmia in male rats is followed by retarded bodily development, reduced weights of the gonads and adnexa, and depressed levels of pituitary luteinizing hormone and prolactin. The effects of dual sensory deprivation are negated, for the most part, by either pinealectomy or the weekly subcutaneous implantation of melatonin (in beeswax). This is the first report that melatonin negates the antigonadotrophic influence of the rat pineal gland.", "contents": "A counter antigonadotrophic effect of melatonin in male rats. Blinding and anosmia in male rats is followed by retarded bodily development, reduced weights of the gonads and adnexa, and depressed levels of pituitary luteinizing hormone and prolactin. The effects of dual sensory deprivation are negated, for the most part, by either pinealectomy or the weekly subcutaneous implantation of melatonin (in beeswax). This is the first report that melatonin negates the antigonadotrophic influence of the rat pineal gland."}
{"id": "PMID:1207874", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the median eminence in ovariectomized and estradiol-treated sheep. Increased LH release and evidence for neural regulation of spontaneous LH rhythms.", "content": "Plasma LH was significantly increased by electrical stimulation of the median eminence (ME) in ovariectomized and in estradiol-treated sheep. In untreated castrates, spontaneous discharges of LH occurred at regular intervals of approximately one hour (LH rhythm). When ME stimulations were initiated as early as 5-15 min following a spontaneous discharge, they increased LH as much as either ME stimulations initiated at other times or spontaneous discharges. These data failed to demonstrate any pituitary refractoriness to ME stimulation, and presumably to endogenous LH-releasing factor (LRF). Therefore, neural mechanisms involving rhythmic release of LRF were indicated. The chronic administration of estradiol inhibited the spontaneous discharges of LH, and subsequent ME stimulation increased plasma LH even more markedly than in untreated castrates.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the median eminence in ovariectomized and estradiol-treated sheep. Increased LH release and evidence for neural regulation of spontaneous LH rhythms. Plasma LH was significantly increased by electrical stimulation of the median eminence (ME) in ovariectomized and in estradiol-treated sheep. In untreated castrates, spontaneous discharges of LH occurred at regular intervals of approximately one hour (LH rhythm). When ME stimulations were initiated as early as 5-15 min following a spontaneous discharge, they increased LH as much as either ME stimulations initiated at other times or spontaneous discharges. These data failed to demonstrate any pituitary refractoriness to ME stimulation, and presumably to endogenous LH-releasing factor (LRF). Therefore, neural mechanisms involving rhythmic release of LRF were indicated. The chronic administration of estradiol inhibited the spontaneous discharges of LH, and subsequent ME stimulation increased plasma LH even more markedly than in untreated castrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1207884", "title": "Thrombosed giant middle cerebral aneurysms.", "content": "Two giant thrombosed aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery are reported with a review of the pertinent literature. A tortuous channel through the thrombus results in an unusual and characteristic angiogram. Mechanisms involved in the formation of this lesion are discussed.", "contents": "Thrombosed giant middle cerebral aneurysms. Two giant thrombosed aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery are reported with a review of the pertinent literature. A tortuous channel through the thrombus results in an unusual and characteristic angiogram. Mechanisms involved in the formation of this lesion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207885", "title": "Selective cerebral angiography through the axillary artery.", "content": "The femoral artery approach to cerebral angiography has become well accepted. Some patients, however, are not candidates for femoral catheterization because of severe arteriosclerosis. One hundred cerebral angiograms were performed in 88 severely arteriosclerotic patients, using No. 5 French polyethylene catheters and the axillary approach. The technique, degree of success, patient population, and their complications are described. This approach allows selective vertebral and internal carotid artery injections. Only one serious complication occurred, thrombosis of the axillary artery. Because of the time saved, this technique is often preferable to the femoral approach in severely arteriosclerotic patients.", "contents": "Selective cerebral angiography through the axillary artery. The femoral artery approach to cerebral angiography has become well accepted. Some patients, however, are not candidates for femoral catheterization because of severe arteriosclerosis. One hundred cerebral angiograms were performed in 88 severely arteriosclerotic patients, using No. 5 French polyethylene catheters and the axillary approach. The technique, degree of success, patient population, and their complications are described. This approach allows selective vertebral and internal carotid artery injections. Only one serious complication occurred, thrombosis of the axillary artery. Because of the time saved, this technique is often preferable to the femoral approach in severely arteriosclerotic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1207886", "title": "Radiation dose to the eyes of the patient during neuroradiological investigations.", "content": "Radiation dose measurements suggest that patients undergoing extensive neuroradiological investigations may receive a corneal dose in excess of 60 rads in tissue over a relatively short period. - There is no direct evidence that lens damage occurs in man at this level but it is important that high dose levels should be appreciated and measures taken to reduce them. Protective spectacles have been devised to effect such a reduction in two high dose procedures, namely petrous tomography and cerebral angiography, without degradation of the radiographic image.", "contents": "Radiation dose to the eyes of the patient during neuroradiological investigations. Radiation dose measurements suggest that patients undergoing extensive neuroradiological investigations may receive a corneal dose in excess of 60 rads in tissue over a relatively short period. - There is no direct evidence that lens damage occurs in man at this level but it is important that high dose levels should be appreciated and measures taken to reduce them. Protective spectacles have been devised to effect such a reduction in two high dose procedures, namely petrous tomography and cerebral angiography, without degradation of the radiographic image."}
{"id": "PMID:1207887", "title": "A simple method for embedding anatomical specimens.", "content": "A simple embedding method for brain slices using epoxy resin is described. The embedding can be done immediately after cutting the brain and can be completed in 5-6 hrs. Discoloration of the slices is insignificant.", "contents": "A simple method for embedding anatomical specimens. A simple embedding method for brain slices using epoxy resin is described. The embedding can be done immediately after cutting the brain and can be completed in 5-6 hrs. Discoloration of the slices is insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:1207888", "title": "Measurements of the normal hemispheric sulci with computer tomography: a preliminary study on 44 adults.", "content": "44 normal adults were examined by computer tomography (CT) withe fine matrix EMI scanner. Measurements of the width of the hemispheric sulci were possible in all but one case. An average value of 3.4 mm was found, but no sexual difference or influence of age could be shown statistically. The necessity of larger investigations of the normal population is stressed.", "contents": "Measurements of the normal hemispheric sulci with computer tomography: a preliminary study on 44 adults. 44 normal adults were examined by computer tomography (CT) withe fine matrix EMI scanner. Measurements of the width of the hemispheric sulci were possible in all but one case. An average value of 3.4 mm was found, but no sexual difference or influence of age could be shown statistically. The necessity of larger investigations of the normal population is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207889", "title": "Selective anterior cervical gas myelography by the lateral approach.", "content": "In order to observe pathological changes in the anterior cervical subarachnoid space with the least disturbance to the patient by gas myelography, needle puncture into the cervical spinal subarchnoid space was performed between the arch of C1 and the lamina of C2 with the patient in a horizontal supine position, gas was introduced selectively into the anterior cervical spinal subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Selective anterior cervical gas myelography by the lateral approach. In order to observe pathological changes in the anterior cervical subarachnoid space with the least disturbance to the patient by gas myelography, needle puncture into the cervical spinal subarchnoid space was performed between the arch of C1 and the lamina of C2 with the patient in a horizontal supine position, gas was introduced selectively into the anterior cervical spinal subarachnoid space."}
{"id": "PMID:1207890", "title": "Postoperative angiographic control of chronic subdural hematomas in adults.", "content": "After surgical evacuation of a subdural hematoma there is a constant relationship between the return of the deep veins to the midline, the clinical recovery and the absence of a new subdural collection, even when the anterior cerebral artery remains deviated across the midline.", "contents": "Postoperative angiographic control of chronic subdural hematomas in adults. After surgical evacuation of a subdural hematoma there is a constant relationship between the return of the deep veins to the midline, the clinical recovery and the absence of a new subdural collection, even when the anterior cerebral artery remains deviated across the midline."}
{"id": "PMID:1207891", "title": "Planigraphic measurement of angiograms and pneumencephalograms in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus.", "content": "Instead of the usual descriptive criteria commonly adopted for angiographic assessment of hydrostatic hydrocephalus, planimetric measuring methods were tried out. It was shown that the surface area under the anterior cerebral artery (pericallosal) as measured in the lateral angiogram increases proportionally to the volume of the cella media. A high degree of conformity was shown between the clinical and descriptive neurological findings and the planimetrically obtainable values.", "contents": "Planigraphic measurement of angiograms and pneumencephalograms in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Instead of the usual descriptive criteria commonly adopted for angiographic assessment of hydrostatic hydrocephalus, planimetric measuring methods were tried out. It was shown that the surface area under the anterior cerebral artery (pericallosal) as measured in the lateral angiogram increases proportionally to the volume of the cella media. A high degree of conformity was shown between the clinical and descriptive neurological findings and the planimetrically obtainable values."}
{"id": "PMID:1207892", "title": "Skeletal mass conversions in hepatolenticular degeneration.", "content": "The influence of hepatolenticular degeneration, a hereditary disease, and the skeletal mass, has been studied in the present work by determining various parameters of the skeletal mass. As such, the results of the morphometric observation on the second left metacarpal have been considered. The results have shown: a significant decrease of the skeletal mass (osteoporosis), an increased innter diameter (d) which reveals an equally increased osteal absorption (osteolysis) and no connection of the sex, type and duration of the disease with the skeletal mass.", "contents": "Skeletal mass conversions in hepatolenticular degeneration. The influence of hepatolenticular degeneration, a hereditary disease, and the skeletal mass, has been studied in the present work by determining various parameters of the skeletal mass. As such, the results of the morphometric observation on the second left metacarpal have been considered. The results have shown: a significant decrease of the skeletal mass (osteoporosis), an increased innter diameter (d) which reveals an equally increased osteal absorption (osteolysis) and no connection of the sex, type and duration of the disease with the skeletal mass."}
{"id": "PMID:1207893", "title": "Relationships between the vertebral parameters C2--C6 during movement of the cervical \"vertebral units\" in the sagittal plane.", "content": "In the paper it is endeavoured to set up objective criteria for the detection of a qualitatively abnormal mobility of the cervical vertebral units. Three scalar parameters were chosed to characterize the position of a cervical vertebra in the sagittal plane. By the aid of the parameters, graphs were drawn illustrating the reciprocal functional dependence of the vertebral parameters. It is stated that a discontinuous variation of the angle between the straight lines shown in the Fig. 4 and 8 and the axis of abscissae can be taken as an objective criterion of a qualitatively abnormal movement of the cervical vertebral units.", "contents": "Relationships between the vertebral parameters C2--C6 during movement of the cervical \"vertebral units\" in the sagittal plane. In the paper it is endeavoured to set up objective criteria for the detection of a qualitatively abnormal mobility of the cervical vertebral units. Three scalar parameters were chosed to characterize the position of a cervical vertebra in the sagittal plane. By the aid of the parameters, graphs were drawn illustrating the reciprocal functional dependence of the vertebral parameters. It is stated that a discontinuous variation of the angle between the straight lines shown in the Fig. 4 and 8 and the axis of abscissae can be taken as an objective criterion of a qualitatively abnormal movement of the cervical vertebral units."}
{"id": "PMID:1207894", "title": "Posttraumatic aneurysm of the cervical segment of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "Report of a case with double aneurysm of the cervical segment of the internal carotid artery in a 42 year old man. The initial injury, 24 years previously, had also caused a fracture of the mandible.", "contents": "Posttraumatic aneurysm of the cervical segment of the internal carotid artery. Report of a case with double aneurysm of the cervical segment of the internal carotid artery in a 42 year old man. The initial injury, 24 years previously, had also caused a fracture of the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:1207930", "title": "[Current acquisitions on phlebopathies of the lower extremities].", "content": "Phlebology has made considerable efforts to free itself from empiricism in recent years. Careful scientific methods have enabled previously unhoped-for results to be obtained in very widespread and debilitating diseases. New and in some cases revolutionary concepts are described, whose application presupposes the existence of well-trained teams. Personal results are also presented.", "contents": "[Current acquisitions on phlebopathies of the lower extremities]. Phlebology has made considerable efforts to free itself from empiricism in recent years. Careful scientific methods have enabled previously unhoped-for results to be obtained in very widespread and debilitating diseases. New and in some cases revolutionary concepts are described, whose application presupposes the existence of well-trained teams. Personal results are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1207931", "title": "[Evaluation of the reliability of the Heremans serum protein index in the differential diagnosis of jaundice].", "content": "Heremans' serum proteins index was evaluated in the diagnosis of 58 cases of icterus. Analysis of variance was employed in assessing the behaviour of the index in various forms of the disease. Its reliability was evaluated in the light of its sensitivity, specificity, suspicion, positivity, confirmation, validity and accuracy indices, information content and entropy. Multivariance analysis was also used to determine the mean and optimal values for the discriminating functions of neoplastic and non-neoplastic icterus forms.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the reliability of the Heremans serum protein index in the differential diagnosis of jaundice]. Heremans' serum proteins index was evaluated in the diagnosis of 58 cases of icterus. Analysis of variance was employed in assessing the behaviour of the index in various forms of the disease. Its reliability was evaluated in the light of its sensitivity, specificity, suspicion, positivity, confirmation, validity and accuracy indices, information content and entropy. Multivariance analysis was also used to determine the mean and optimal values for the discriminating functions of neoplastic and non-neoplastic icterus forms."}
{"id": "PMID:1207932", "title": "[Enterobacteria and endotoxins in abdominal surgical pathology. Critical review and clinico-experimental studies].", "content": "A detailed critical review on the role of endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria in the pathogenesis of most of the intestinal experimental models of surgical interest is presented. Data of an investigation on 10 cases of acute appendicitis and 2 cases of intestinal occlusion associated with toxaemia are then presented: in all these cases the Limulus test significatively revealed the presence of endotoxin in the blood and in the peritoneal fluid, also in absence of bacteria in the blood. The implications of these results and the use of the test in clinical practice are discussed.", "contents": "[Enterobacteria and endotoxins in abdominal surgical pathology. Critical review and clinico-experimental studies]. A detailed critical review on the role of endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria in the pathogenesis of most of the intestinal experimental models of surgical interest is presented. Data of an investigation on 10 cases of acute appendicitis and 2 cases of intestinal occlusion associated with toxaemia are then presented: in all these cases the Limulus test significatively revealed the presence of endotoxin in the blood and in the peritoneal fluid, also in absence of bacteria in the blood. The implications of these results and the use of the test in clinical practice are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1207941", "title": "[Anatomo-clinical studies and therapeutic results in 2 cases of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia with renal insufficiency].", "content": "Two cases of essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia selected from a personal series on account of their clinical features (hyperviscosity syndrome in one case and frank renal involvement in the other) are presented. Extensive seroimmunological examinations were carried out, along with histopathological studies designed to reveal significant changes in organs and tissues, particularly the skin and kidneys. Reference is briefly made to the debate pathogenesis of the immunological phenomenon that probably lies at the root of the disease. A short account is also given of attempts at treatment with corticosteroids, immunosuppressors and plasmapheresis.", "contents": "[Anatomo-clinical studies and therapeutic results in 2 cases of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia with renal insufficiency]. Two cases of essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia selected from a personal series on account of their clinical features (hyperviscosity syndrome in one case and frank renal involvement in the other) are presented. Extensive seroimmunological examinations were carried out, along with histopathological studies designed to reveal significant changes in organs and tissues, particularly the skin and kidneys. Reference is briefly made to the debate pathogenesis of the immunological phenomenon that probably lies at the root of the disease. A short account is also given of attempts at treatment with corticosteroids, immunosuppressors and plasmapheresis."}
{"id": "PMID:1207942", "title": "[Technic and indications for acupuncture in psychiatry].", "content": "On the basis of personal experience in the People's Republic of China, Chinese Psychiatry and acupuncture are reviewed. The application technique is described and the syndromes in which it is most indicated discussed. Its association with psychodrugs is also considered.", "contents": "[Technic and indications for acupuncture in psychiatry]. On the basis of personal experience in the People's Republic of China, Chinese Psychiatry and acupuncture are reviewed. The application technique is described and the syndromes in which it is most indicated discussed. Its association with psychodrugs is also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1207943", "title": "[Alkaptonuria with ochronosis and monoclonal gammopathy].", "content": "A case of alkaptonuria with ochronosis is described. It is suggested that such cases are not so much rare as unobserved. Their aetiology is to be sought in a metabolic error, though the pathogenesis is not clear. The syndrome is of interest because ochronosis, wich is the articular manifestation, is one of the few rheumatological affections with a certain aetiology. The case described is unusual on account of the presence of monoclonal gammopathy. Since the presence of myeloma and macroglobulinaemia could be excluded, an immunological relation was sought between the alkaptonuria and the particular serological picture.", "contents": "[Alkaptonuria with ochronosis and monoclonal gammopathy]. A case of alkaptonuria with ochronosis is described. It is suggested that such cases are not so much rare as unobserved. Their aetiology is to be sought in a metabolic error, though the pathogenesis is not clear. The syndrome is of interest because ochronosis, wich is the articular manifestation, is one of the few rheumatological affections with a certain aetiology. The case described is unusual on account of the presence of monoclonal gammopathy. Since the presence of myeloma and macroglobulinaemia could be excluded, an immunological relation was sought between the alkaptonuria and the particular serological picture."}
{"id": "PMID:1207944", "title": "[Use of coil negative pressure in the kidney].", "content": "A sealed compartment recycling system has been created for use with Extracorporeal commercial filters in order to exploit the negative pressure of the dialysate for purposes of ultrafiltration. The results of in vivo and in vitro tests regarding ultrafiltration and dialysates of urea, creatinine, Hipaque I125 and vit. B12 Co57 are reported. The tests highlighted improved dehydration characteristics in the system compared with the traditional coil technique, while the dialysates of small and medium molecules showed no decrease. The system can profitably be used as an alternative to the open compartment coil system and is particularly interesting because it can be combined with monitors which provide exclusively for the use of closed circuit dialysate instruments.", "contents": "[Use of coil negative pressure in the kidney]. A sealed compartment recycling system has been created for use with Extracorporeal commercial filters in order to exploit the negative pressure of the dialysate for purposes of ultrafiltration. The results of in vivo and in vitro tests regarding ultrafiltration and dialysates of urea, creatinine, Hipaque I125 and vit. B12 Co57 are reported. The tests highlighted improved dehydration characteristics in the system compared with the traditional coil technique, while the dialysates of small and medium molecules showed no decrease. The system can profitably be used as an alternative to the open compartment coil system and is particularly interesting because it can be combined with monitors which provide exclusively for the use of closed circuit dialysate instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:1207945", "title": "[Endemic goiter and inflammatory lesions of the hypothalamus].", "content": "Inflammation of the hypothalamus, consisting of perivasal parvicellular sleeves between the paraventricular nucleus rostrally, the mamillary nuclei caudally, 3rd ventricle wall below the sulcus, medially and o sagittal plane taken a little beyond the column of the fornix laterally--i.e. in the space shown to include the hypophysothyrotropic structures by experimental physiopathology--was observed in a woman with endemic goitre. Reference is made to a similar finding in goitrous dogs from enzootic areas of Piedmon. Epidemiological and clinical considerations are put forwary for the view that endemic goitre is responsible for primary cerebral damage, perhaps of encephalitic origin.", "contents": "[Endemic goiter and inflammatory lesions of the hypothalamus]. Inflammation of the hypothalamus, consisting of perivasal parvicellular sleeves between the paraventricular nucleus rostrally, the mamillary nuclei caudally, 3rd ventricle wall below the sulcus, medially and o sagittal plane taken a little beyond the column of the fornix laterally--i.e. in the space shown to include the hypophysothyrotropic structures by experimental physiopathology--was observed in a woman with endemic goitre. Reference is made to a similar finding in goitrous dogs from enzootic areas of Piedmon. Epidemiological and clinical considerations are put forwary for the view that endemic goitre is responsible for primary cerebral damage, perhaps of encephalitic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1207946", "title": "[Case of severe renal insufficiency appearing during a course of viral hepatitis].", "content": "Notes on the literature data concerning renal alterations observed in the course of virus diseases, and on the results of experiments designed to show the nephrotoxic action of viruses and their possible investigation of certain nephropathies, are followed by the presentation of a case of serious renal insufficiency in a young woman with virus hepatitis. The clinical data, the history and the results of blood chemistry and function tests showed this to be attributable to glomerulonephritis, probably caused by the same virus.", "contents": "[Case of severe renal insufficiency appearing during a course of viral hepatitis]. Notes on the literature data concerning renal alterations observed in the course of virus diseases, and on the results of experiments designed to show the nephrotoxic action of viruses and their possible investigation of certain nephropathies, are followed by the presentation of a case of serious renal insufficiency in a young woman with virus hepatitis. The clinical data, the history and the results of blood chemistry and function tests showed this to be attributable to glomerulonephritis, probably caused by the same virus."}
{"id": "PMID:1207981", "title": "Histogenesis of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (disseminated fibrosing deciduosis).", "content": "Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) is a rare clinical entity. Widespread subperitoneal nodules of apparent smooth muscle are found in patients who are pregnant or have recently been so. This clinical appearance together with mitotic figures found in frozen sections suggests malignancy. We believe, in contrast, that LPD is a benign reparative process in which fibroblasts replace subperitoneal decidua.", "contents": "Histogenesis of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (disseminated fibrosing deciduosis). Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) is a rare clinical entity. Widespread subperitoneal nodules of apparent smooth muscle are found in patients who are pregnant or have recently been so. This clinical appearance together with mitotic figures found in frozen sections suggests malignancy. We believe, in contrast, that LPD is a benign reparative process in which fibroblasts replace subperitoneal decidua."}
{"id": "PMID:1208021", "title": "Studies on tumor variability. V. In vivo and in vitro investigations on H10Z tumor lymph node metastasis.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro investigations of a Syrian hamster tumor metastasis in the lymph node (H10Zm) in comparison with the primary tumor (H10Z) are performed. It is shown that the metastasis differs from the primary tumor by the prevalence of M secondary cell type characterized by globulous appearance, decreased adhesion and the presence of two long submetacentric marker chromosomes. Since a cell type with such cytogenetical characters was also found in the primary tumor as well as in a non-metastasizing tumor variant, it is suggested that the role of the induction-selection phenomenon in the occurrence of H10Z tumor metastases, i.e., new inductor agents occurred in the tumor's environment, might produce the induction of certain repressed mutant genes in M secondary cell type, bringing about certain phenotypical alterations (e.g., the decrease of the mutual cell adhesion) which could favorize the migration and selection of this cell type.", "contents": "Studies on tumor variability. V. In vivo and in vitro investigations on H10Z tumor lymph node metastasis. In vivo and in vitro investigations of a Syrian hamster tumor metastasis in the lymph node (H10Zm) in comparison with the primary tumor (H10Z) are performed. It is shown that the metastasis differs from the primary tumor by the prevalence of M secondary cell type characterized by globulous appearance, decreased adhesion and the presence of two long submetacentric marker chromosomes. Since a cell type with such cytogenetical characters was also found in the primary tumor as well as in a non-metastasizing tumor variant, it is suggested that the role of the induction-selection phenomenon in the occurrence of H10Z tumor metastases, i.e., new inductor agents occurred in the tumor's environment, might produce the induction of certain repressed mutant genes in M secondary cell type, bringing about certain phenotypical alterations (e.g., the decrease of the mutual cell adhesion) which could favorize the migration and selection of this cell type."}
{"id": "PMID:1208022", "title": "In vitro cultivation of human tumor tissues.", "content": "In order to develop cell substrates suitable for the isolation of human oncornaviruses, a large number of human tumors, mostly sarcomas, were sultured in vitro. All explants yielded primary outgrowth of cells. These were of various nature and morphology and exhibited different growth potentials. About 40% of the tumors yielded cell strains which were undistinguishable from diploid human embryonic cell strains. About 20% yielded 'difficult' diploid cultures; 35% yielded short-term cultures mostly composed of undefinable cells, rarely of clearly recognizable tumor cells. About 5% yielded cell strains or lines which were aberrant in morphology or karyotype, or both. The malignant nature of the cell strains obtained in our study is conjecturable. Although some of the cell cultures showed evidence of tumoral origin, none complied with currently employed in vitro criteria for malignancy such as lack of topoinhibition and high density growth.", "contents": "In vitro cultivation of human tumor tissues. In order to develop cell substrates suitable for the isolation of human oncornaviruses, a large number of human tumors, mostly sarcomas, were sultured in vitro. All explants yielded primary outgrowth of cells. These were of various nature and morphology and exhibited different growth potentials. About 40% of the tumors yielded cell strains which were undistinguishable from diploid human embryonic cell strains. About 20% yielded 'difficult' diploid cultures; 35% yielded short-term cultures mostly composed of undefinable cells, rarely of clearly recognizable tumor cells. About 5% yielded cell strains or lines which were aberrant in morphology or karyotype, or both. The malignant nature of the cell strains obtained in our study is conjecturable. Although some of the cell cultures showed evidence of tumoral origin, none complied with currently employed in vitro criteria for malignancy such as lack of topoinhibition and high density growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1208023", "title": "Multiple primary malignancies in patients with alcoholic liver disease. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients, each with three primary malignant neoplasms are presented. In an effort to identify a possible common denominator of induction of these tumors, it was found that both patients were alcoholics with liver disease, and that both had impaired delayed hypersensitivity reactions. The possibility of an increased susceptibility to cancer among alcoholics with liver disease is noted and the need for careful follow-up of these patients is suggested.", "contents": "Multiple primary malignancies in patients with alcoholic liver disease. A report of two cases. Two patients, each with three primary malignant neoplasms are presented. In an effort to identify a possible common denominator of induction of these tumors, it was found that both patients were alcoholics with liver disease, and that both had impaired delayed hypersensitivity reactions. The possibility of an increased susceptibility to cancer among alcoholics with liver disease is noted and the need for careful follow-up of these patients is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1208024", "title": "Use of hydrazine sulfate in terminal and preterminal cancer patients: results of investigational new drug (IND) study in 84 evaluable patients.", "content": "In a series of 84 various evaluable disseminated cancer patients treated with hydrazine sulfate as a result of a pharmaceutical-sponsored investigational new drug (IND) study, it was found that 59/84 or 70% of the cases improved subjectively and 14/84 or 17% improved objectively. Subjective responses included increased appetite with either weight gain or cessation of weight loss, increase in strength and improved performance status and decrease in pain. Objective responses included measurable tumor regression, disappearance of or decrease in neoplastic-associated disorders and long-term (over 1 year) 'stabilized condition'. Of the overall 59 subjective improvements 25 (42%) had no concurrent or prior (within 3 months) anticancer therapy of any type. Of the 14 objective improvements 7 (50%) had no concurrent or prior anticancer therapy. Of the remaining cases in which there was either concurrent or prior anticancer therapy, improvements occurred only after the addition of hydrazine sulfate to the treatment regimen. Duration of improvement was variable, from temporary to long-term and continuing. Side effects were mild, comprising for the most part low incidences of extremity paresthesias, nausea, pruritus and drowsiness; there was no indication of bone marrow depression.", "contents": "Use of hydrazine sulfate in terminal and preterminal cancer patients: results of investigational new drug (IND) study in 84 evaluable patients. In a series of 84 various evaluable disseminated cancer patients treated with hydrazine sulfate as a result of a pharmaceutical-sponsored investigational new drug (IND) study, it was found that 59/84 or 70% of the cases improved subjectively and 14/84 or 17% improved objectively. Subjective responses included increased appetite with either weight gain or cessation of weight loss, increase in strength and improved performance status and decrease in pain. Objective responses included measurable tumor regression, disappearance of or decrease in neoplastic-associated disorders and long-term (over 1 year) 'stabilized condition'. Of the overall 59 subjective improvements 25 (42%) had no concurrent or prior (within 3 months) anticancer therapy of any type. Of the 14 objective improvements 7 (50%) had no concurrent or prior anticancer therapy. Of the remaining cases in which there was either concurrent or prior anticancer therapy, improvements occurred only after the addition of hydrazine sulfate to the treatment regimen. Duration of improvement was variable, from temporary to long-term and continuing. Side effects were mild, comprising for the most part low incidences of extremity paresthesias, nausea, pruritus and drowsiness; there was no indication of bone marrow depression."}
{"id": "PMID:1208025", "title": "Primary C-cell hyperplasia within a nodule of thyroid isthmus.", "content": "The electron microscopy method was used to study one case of primary C-cell hyperplasia in 'hot' thyroid nodule of isthmus. Hyperplasia of the light form of C cells was found within nodule tissue. It suggests that C-cell hyperplasia within the nodule as well as in normal thyroid tissue plays a role preceding C-cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Primary C-cell hyperplasia within a nodule of thyroid isthmus. The electron microscopy method was used to study one case of primary C-cell hyperplasia in 'hot' thyroid nodule of isthmus. Hyperplasia of the light form of C cells was found within nodule tissue. It suggests that C-cell hyperplasia within the nodule as well as in normal thyroid tissue plays a role preceding C-cell carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1208026", "title": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei: report of an unusual case.", "content": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei, a rare disease, is characterized by accumulation of mucinous material in the peritoneal cavity and is commonly caused by ovarian tumors or appendicular lesions. This report presents necropsy findings of an unusual case of pseudomyxoma peritonei caused by dissemination of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the stomach, hitherto unreported in literature.", "contents": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei: report of an unusual case. Pseudomyxoma peritonei, a rare disease, is characterized by accumulation of mucinous material in the peritoneal cavity and is commonly caused by ovarian tumors or appendicular lesions. This report presents necropsy findings of an unusual case of pseudomyxoma peritonei caused by dissemination of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the stomach, hitherto unreported in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1208027", "title": "Genetic factors in breast cancer. Identification of a high risk group by means of dermatoglyphic investigation.", "content": "We have studied dermatoglyphic traits in a group of breast cancer patients. Comparison with a control group demonstrated that it is possible to delineate a high-risk group for the breast carcinoma through certain characteristic patterns of the surface markings of the hands.", "contents": "Genetic factors in breast cancer. Identification of a high risk group by means of dermatoglyphic investigation. We have studied dermatoglyphic traits in a group of breast cancer patients. Comparison with a control group demonstrated that it is possible to delineate a high-risk group for the breast carcinoma through certain characteristic patterns of the surface markings of the hands."}
{"id": "PMID:1208028", "title": "Combined 5-fluorouracil and hydroxyurea therapy for gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "19 patients with metastatic gastrointestinal malignancy were treated with a regimen of 5-fluorouracil (FU) 500 mg/m2 intravenously and hydroxyurea (HU) 80 MG/KG orally administered on consecutive days weekly. Antitumor responses were not observed and an unusually high incidence of neurotoxicity (21%) was noted related to dose. It is suggested that the lack of therapeutic effect and the observed toxicity may be related to the biochemical interaction of FU and HU resulting in an inability to convert FU to the active metabolite and an accumulation of catabolic products with neurotoxic effects.", "contents": "Combined 5-fluorouracil and hydroxyurea therapy for gastrointestinal cancer. 19 patients with metastatic gastrointestinal malignancy were treated with a regimen of 5-fluorouracil (FU) 500 mg/m2 intravenously and hydroxyurea (HU) 80 MG/KG orally administered on consecutive days weekly. Antitumor responses were not observed and an unusually high incidence of neurotoxicity (21%) was noted related to dose. It is suggested that the lack of therapeutic effect and the observed toxicity may be related to the biochemical interaction of FU and HU resulting in an inability to convert FU to the active metabolite and an accumulation of catabolic products with neurotoxic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1208031", "title": "Intraocular lenses: one hundred consecutive cases of intracapsular cataract extraction with Copeland iris plane lens implantation.", "content": "A series of one hundred consecutive cases of intracapsular cataract extractions with insertion of the Copeland iris plane intraocular lens implant are presented. The preoperative management, surgical technique, and postoperative management are discussed in detail. Complications that may arise during surgery, early postoperative phase (first week), convalescent period (one to six weeks), and early long-term phase (1.5 through eight months) are presented and discussed. Short-term results to data have been most gratifying. The incidence of surgical complications closely parallels any consecutive series of one hundred intracapsular cataract extractions without lens implantation. The usual problems associated with adjustment to aphakia (particularly unilateral) are eliminated to the relief of patient and surgeon. The level of patient satisfaction is extremely high in comparison with standard cataract surgery. Elderly patients experience a sense of social rejuvenation that is phenomenal.", "contents": "Intraocular lenses: one hundred consecutive cases of intracapsular cataract extraction with Copeland iris plane lens implantation. A series of one hundred consecutive cases of intracapsular cataract extractions with insertion of the Copeland iris plane intraocular lens implant are presented. The preoperative management, surgical technique, and postoperative management are discussed in detail. Complications that may arise during surgery, early postoperative phase (first week), convalescent period (one to six weeks), and early long-term phase (1.5 through eight months) are presented and discussed. Short-term results to data have been most gratifying. The incidence of surgical complications closely parallels any consecutive series of one hundred intracapsular cataract extractions without lens implantation. The usual problems associated with adjustment to aphakia (particularly unilateral) are eliminated to the relief of patient and surgeon. The level of patient satisfaction is extremely high in comparison with standard cataract surgery. Elderly patients experience a sense of social rejuvenation that is phenomenal."}
{"id": "PMID:1208032", "title": "The surgical treatment of post-pseudophakos membranes.", "content": "Eleven patients who had previous pseudophakos surgery had secondary surgery for discission of post-lenticular membranes. The secondary surgery was performed 1-1/2 to 36 months after initial pseudophakos surgery. The results were excellent in ten out of the eleven cases. The surgical technique is atraumatic and well tolerated.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of post-pseudophakos membranes. Eleven patients who had previous pseudophakos surgery had secondary surgery for discission of post-lenticular membranes. The secondary surgery was performed 1-1/2 to 36 months after initial pseudophakos surgery. The results were excellent in ten out of the eleven cases. The surgical technique is atraumatic and well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:1208033", "title": "Prognosis and treatment of perforating ocular injuries. The John Luhr memorial lecture.", "content": "A review of 77 perforating ocular injuries was undertaken with emphasis on prognostic indicators and a better approach to therapy. The most common cause of perforating eye injuries was violence. It was found that over one fourth of the cases resulted in blindness or enucleation. Scleral involvement had a grave prognosis with nearly half of the eyes lost to blindness or enucleation. When vitreous was involved, 70% of the eyes were lost. The social disability associated with perforating ocular injuries is a significant factor. Microsurgical therapy must be carefully planned for each case and radical treatment of the lens and vitreous is essential. Serial sub-tenons steroids are necessary to decrease the destructive fibrosis associated with the healing process. It is felt that this retrospective review establishes a clear relationship between inadequate surgical technique and blind eyes while providing suggestions to prevent further blindness.", "contents": "Prognosis and treatment of perforating ocular injuries. The John Luhr memorial lecture. A review of 77 perforating ocular injuries was undertaken with emphasis on prognostic indicators and a better approach to therapy. The most common cause of perforating eye injuries was violence. It was found that over one fourth of the cases resulted in blindness or enucleation. Scleral involvement had a grave prognosis with nearly half of the eyes lost to blindness or enucleation. When vitreous was involved, 70% of the eyes were lost. The social disability associated with perforating ocular injuries is a significant factor. Microsurgical therapy must be carefully planned for each case and radical treatment of the lens and vitreous is essential. Serial sub-tenons steroids are necessary to decrease the destructive fibrosis associated with the healing process. It is felt that this retrospective review establishes a clear relationship between inadequate surgical technique and blind eyes while providing suggestions to prevent further blindness."}
{"id": "PMID:1208035", "title": "A new intraocular foreign body retriever.", "content": "A new intraocular foreign body retriever especially suited for removal of small nonmagnetic foreign bodies was devised. Initial clinical trials have proved satisfactory, especially with vitreous surgery.", "contents": "A new intraocular foreign body retriever. A new intraocular foreign body retriever especially suited for removal of small nonmagnetic foreign bodies was devised. Initial clinical trials have proved satisfactory, especially with vitreous surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1208037", "title": "Optic discoscopy through a miotic pupil.", "content": "A technique is described whereby visualization of the posterior pole of the retina is accomplished through a very miotic pupil. The technique is simple and quick to perform. A wide field of view is maintained as well as stereopsis.", "contents": "Optic discoscopy through a miotic pupil. A technique is described whereby visualization of the posterior pole of the retina is accomplished through a very miotic pupil. The technique is simple and quick to perform. A wide field of view is maintained as well as stereopsis."}
{"id": "PMID:1208038", "title": "Macular vision following retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "We studied 100 retinal detachment patients with macular involvement who had successful scleral buckling procedures using encircling fascia lata. Aphakic patients and patients with pre-existing ocular pathology in addition to the detachment were not excluded from the series. Follow-ups of one year or more (average 26.1 months) were available for 77 of the patients. Forty-four of these patients (56.5%) achieved acuities of 20/60 or better. The duration of the detachment was an important prognostic factor; one month was the critical period for the duration of the detachment. The existence of preoperative ocular pathology in addition to the detachment was also an important prognostic indicator. There was no significant difference in the visual acuities of phakic versus aphakic patients. Half of the patients studied with respect to refractive error became more myopic with an average change of -1.01 diopters.", "contents": "Macular vision following retinal detachment surgery. We studied 100 retinal detachment patients with macular involvement who had successful scleral buckling procedures using encircling fascia lata. Aphakic patients and patients with pre-existing ocular pathology in addition to the detachment were not excluded from the series. Follow-ups of one year or more (average 26.1 months) were available for 77 of the patients. Forty-four of these patients (56.5%) achieved acuities of 20/60 or better. The duration of the detachment was an important prognostic factor; one month was the critical period for the duration of the detachment. The existence of preoperative ocular pathology in addition to the detachment was also an important prognostic indicator. There was no significant difference in the visual acuities of phakic versus aphakic patients. Half of the patients studied with respect to refractive error became more myopic with an average change of -1.01 diopters."}
{"id": "PMID:1208039", "title": "Optimized underwater diathermy for vitreous surgery.", "content": "The properties of radio frequency (RF) diathermy currents are briefly reviewed. The inadequacy of damped currents is stressed. The recommended machine generates a frequency of 13.56 MHz. It has a power amplifier, crystal control, coaxial lead from machine to handle, and an impedance of 200 ohms. The two types of electrodes and handles described are shielded from the electrode tip to the diathermy machine. One has a short handle, and an electrode angulated at 35degrees, used in open-sky vitrectomies. The other has a longer handle and straight probe, and is provided with a system for saline infusion. It is used in closed transscleral operations. Electrodes require 35 to 50% more current when used underwater than when used on dry sclera. If charring of tissue is to be avoided, it is advisable to keep the intensity near the level at which gas bubbles form at the electrode tip. Blood vessels can be closed reliably and safely with these electrodes.", "contents": "Optimized underwater diathermy for vitreous surgery. The properties of radio frequency (RF) diathermy currents are briefly reviewed. The inadequacy of damped currents is stressed. The recommended machine generates a frequency of 13.56 MHz. It has a power amplifier, crystal control, coaxial lead from machine to handle, and an impedance of 200 ohms. The two types of electrodes and handles described are shielded from the electrode tip to the diathermy machine. One has a short handle, and an electrode angulated at 35degrees, used in open-sky vitrectomies. The other has a longer handle and straight probe, and is provided with a system for saline infusion. It is used in closed transscleral operations. Electrodes require 35 to 50% more current when used underwater than when used on dry sclera. If charring of tissue is to be avoided, it is advisable to keep the intensity near the level at which gas bubbles form at the electrode tip. Blood vessels can be closed reliably and safely with these electrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1208040", "title": "Intraocular irrigating solutions for clinical vitrectomy.", "content": "Two different intraocular irrigating solutions were used during pars plana vitrectomy. Use of glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer's (GBR) solution resulted in significantly fewer corneal complications and less endothelial damage when compared to lactated Ringer's solution. The visual results were disappointing.", "contents": "Intraocular irrigating solutions for clinical vitrectomy. Two different intraocular irrigating solutions were used during pars plana vitrectomy. Use of glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer's (GBR) solution resulted in significantly fewer corneal complications and less endothelial damage when compared to lactated Ringer's solution. The visual results were disappointing."}
{"id": "PMID:1208041", "title": "Phakoemulsification with vitrectomy through the pars plana.", "content": "Phakoemulsification through a pars plana incision has been performed on 30 patients, as the initial portion of a combined lensectomy-vitrectomy operation. The technical ease of accomplishing lens removal and the reduced stress on the cornea and irido-ciliary area are described.", "contents": "Phakoemulsification with vitrectomy through the pars plana. Phakoemulsification through a pars plana incision has been performed on 30 patients, as the initial portion of a combined lensectomy-vitrectomy operation. The technical ease of accomplishing lens removal and the reduced stress on the cornea and irido-ciliary area are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1208042", "title": "Vitamin A deficiency in the captive African lion cub Panthera loe (Linnaeus, 1758).", "content": "Dietary, breeding and clinical histories and pathological findings are presented from 2 confirmed and 5 presumed cases of vitamin A deficiency in immature African lions. Five of the 7 animals were born in the wild while 2 were born in captivity. All animals were fed lean red meat sprinkled with a vitamin/mineral supplement. Salient clinical signs were incoordination, \"star gazing\", blindness and intermittent convulsions. Pathological lesions seen in 4 animals included severe thickening of the cranial bones, with consequent marked compression of the brain and partial herniation of the cerebellum. Vascular damage in the cerebellum and ensuing haemorrhages, resulting in acute increases of an already high intracranial pressure, were thought to be the cause of some of the clinical signs, particularly convulsions rather than direct pressure-necrosis and atrophy of nervous tissue.", "contents": "Vitamin A deficiency in the captive African lion cub Panthera loe (Linnaeus, 1758). Dietary, breeding and clinical histories and pathological findings are presented from 2 confirmed and 5 presumed cases of vitamin A deficiency in immature African lions. Five of the 7 animals were born in the wild while 2 were born in captivity. All animals were fed lean red meat sprinkled with a vitamin/mineral supplement. Salient clinical signs were incoordination, \"star gazing\", blindness and intermittent convulsions. Pathological lesions seen in 4 animals included severe thickening of the cranial bones, with consequent marked compression of the brain and partial herniation of the cerebellum. Vascular damage in the cerebellum and ensuing haemorrhages, resulting in acute increases of an already high intracranial pressure, were thought to be the cause of some of the clinical signs, particularly convulsions rather than direct pressure-necrosis and atrophy of nervous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1208043", "title": "Studies on schistosomiasis. 7. A comparison of various methods for the infestation of sheep with Schistosoma mattheei.", "content": "The percutaneous (leg and thorax and abdomen) and subcutaneous routes of infestation with Schistosoma mattheei were compared in 29 sheep. Larger percentages of cercariae developed after percutaneous than subcutaneous infestation and the difference was highly significant (P less than 0,0001). Furthermore, if the leg was used for percutaneous infestation worm development was significantly higher (P less than 0,02) when the skin was washed thoroughly in water before exposing it to cercariae, than when it was left unwashed. Washing was apparently not necessary if the thorax and abdomen served as the route of infestation.", "contents": "Studies on schistosomiasis. 7. A comparison of various methods for the infestation of sheep with Schistosoma mattheei. The percutaneous (leg and thorax and abdomen) and subcutaneous routes of infestation with Schistosoma mattheei were compared in 29 sheep. Larger percentages of cercariae developed after percutaneous than subcutaneous infestation and the difference was highly significant (P less than 0,0001). Furthermore, if the leg was used for percutaneous infestation worm development was significantly higher (P less than 0,02) when the skin was washed thoroughly in water before exposing it to cercariae, than when it was left unwashed. Washing was apparently not necessary if the thorax and abdomen served as the route of infestation."}
{"id": "PMID:1208044", "title": "An apparatus for the restraint of sheep during infestation with schistosomes.", "content": "With this adjustable apparatus sheep aged from five months to five years and varying in mass from 16-95 kg could be restrained effectively. Cercarial suspension was split by only 2/44 sheep during infestation with Schistosoma mattheei. Using a battery of seven cages, it was possible to infest 23 sheep, each for 30 minutes, in one day. No cercariae were more than 4-1/2 hours old at the end of exposure.", "contents": "An apparatus for the restraint of sheep during infestation with schistosomes. With this adjustable apparatus sheep aged from five months to five years and varying in mass from 16-95 kg could be restrained effectively. Cercarial suspension was split by only 2/44 sheep during infestation with Schistosoma mattheei. Using a battery of seven cages, it was possible to infest 23 sheep, each for 30 minutes, in one day. No cercariae were more than 4-1/2 hours old at the end of exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:1208097", "title": "Life and chirality beyond the earth.", "content": "An attempt is made to show that the phenomenon of chirality- of which optical activity is but one consequence- is by no means restricted to life on Earth, but is common throughout the universe. Several independent sources have been investigated including: statistical fluctuations; stereoselective physical factors; and energetic differences between enantiomeric molecules. It is emphasised that a search for chirality as an indicator for life elsewhere in space provides an excellent tool for the fascinating question of exobiology. Still one must be aware of the limitations of the experimental methods and their interpretations.", "contents": "Life and chirality beyond the earth. An attempt is made to show that the phenomenon of chirality- of which optical activity is but one consequence- is by no means restricted to life on Earth, but is common throughout the universe. Several independent sources have been investigated including: statistical fluctuations; stereoselective physical factors; and energetic differences between enantiomeric molecules. It is emphasised that a search for chirality as an indicator for life elsewhere in space provides an excellent tool for the fascinating question of exobiology. Still one must be aware of the limitations of the experimental methods and their interpretations."}
{"id": "PMID:1208098", "title": "The mechanisms of amino acids synthesis by high temperature shock-waves.", "content": "The mechanisms of amino acids synthesis behind high temperature shock-waves were elucidated and distinction was made between the steps occurring in the gas phase and those occurring in solution. In the presence of water vapor, aldehydes and HCN are formed separately in regions of different temperatures along the reacting gas. The aldehydes and ammonia condense to aldimines which add HCN to form alpha-amino nitriles, all in the gas phase. The hydrolysis to amino acids takes place in solution. In the absence of water vapor, aldimines and HCN are formed in the gas phase but condense to alpha-amino nitriles only in solution. A fair amount of oxygen only lowers the production of amino acids, which consequently could be still produced in the presence of oxygen in the Earth's primitive atmoshere. The waterless mechanism can operate in the Jovian atmosphere and supply it with ample amounts of amino acids, especially aspartic.", "contents": "The mechanisms of amino acids synthesis by high temperature shock-waves. The mechanisms of amino acids synthesis behind high temperature shock-waves were elucidated and distinction was made between the steps occurring in the gas phase and those occurring in solution. In the presence of water vapor, aldehydes and HCN are formed separately in regions of different temperatures along the reacting gas. The aldehydes and ammonia condense to aldimines which add HCN to form alpha-amino nitriles, all in the gas phase. The hydrolysis to amino acids takes place in solution. In the absence of water vapor, aldimines and HCN are formed in the gas phase but condense to alpha-amino nitriles only in solution. A fair amount of oxygen only lowers the production of amino acids, which consequently could be still produced in the presence of oxygen in the Earth's primitive atmoshere. The waterless mechanism can operate in the Jovian atmosphere and supply it with ample amounts of amino acids, especially aspartic."}
{"id": "PMID:1208099", "title": "Effect of H2S on the formation of organic compounds from C, N,H, S model atmospheres submitted to a glow discharge.", "content": "H2S has been often invoked as the initial source of sulfur in prebiotic evolution, and several sulfur-containing compounds have been proposed as intermediates in the primordial synthesis of biologically relevant sulfur-containing chemicals. The possibilities of synthesis of the principal key intermediates by glow discharges in CH4-N2-H2S mixtures is studied. It is shown that synthesis of important intermediates such as HCN, (CN)2, CHCCN and CH3SH is possible from such mixtures if the amount of H2S is not more than 10%. For higher amounts of H2S, the syntheses are strongly inhibited.", "contents": "Effect of H2S on the formation of organic compounds from C, N,H, S model atmospheres submitted to a glow discharge. H2S has been often invoked as the initial source of sulfur in prebiotic evolution, and several sulfur-containing compounds have been proposed as intermediates in the primordial synthesis of biologically relevant sulfur-containing chemicals. The possibilities of synthesis of the principal key intermediates by glow discharges in CH4-N2-H2S mixtures is studied. It is shown that synthesis of important intermediates such as HCN, (CN)2, CHCCN and CH3SH is possible from such mixtures if the amount of H2S is not more than 10%. For higher amounts of H2S, the syntheses are strongly inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:1208100", "title": "Transformation of some hydroxy amino acids to other amino acids.", "content": "It has been observed that beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acids are transformed into other amino acids, when heated in dilute solutions with phosphorous acid, phosphoric acid or their ammonium salts. It has been shown that as in the case of previously reported glycine-aldehyde reactions, glycine also reacts with acetone to give beta-hydroxyvaline under prebiologically feasible conditions. It is suggested, therefore, that the formation of beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acids and their transformation to other amino acids may have been a pathway for the synthesis of amino acids under primitive earth conditions.", "contents": "Transformation of some hydroxy amino acids to other amino acids. It has been observed that beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acids are transformed into other amino acids, when heated in dilute solutions with phosphorous acid, phosphoric acid or their ammonium salts. It has been shown that as in the case of previously reported glycine-aldehyde reactions, glycine also reacts with acetone to give beta-hydroxyvaline under prebiologically feasible conditions. It is suggested, therefore, that the formation of beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acids and their transformation to other amino acids may have been a pathway for the synthesis of amino acids under primitive earth conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1208101", "title": "Methyleneaminoacetonitrile: possible role in chemical evolution-II.", "content": "Methyleneaminoacetonitrile (MAAN) when reacted with other amino acids, gives rise to the formation of peptides in addition to the usual hydrolytic products. It acts as a precursor of glycine and also as a dehydration condensing agent. It has been shown that MAAN is easily formed by the reaction of hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and formaldehyde as well as by the reaction of formaldehyde with aminoacetonitrile, in dilute ammoniacal solution.", "contents": "Methyleneaminoacetonitrile: possible role in chemical evolution-II. Methyleneaminoacetonitrile (MAAN) when reacted with other amino acids, gives rise to the formation of peptides in addition to the usual hydrolytic products. It acts as a precursor of glycine and also as a dehydration condensing agent. It has been shown that MAAN is easily formed by the reaction of hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and formaldehyde as well as by the reaction of formaldehyde with aminoacetonitrile, in dilute ammoniacal solution."}
{"id": "PMID:1208102", "title": "Search for amino acids in Apollo returned lunar soil.", "content": "The lunar samples from Apollo flights 11 through 17 provided the students of chemical evolution with an opportunity of examining extraterrestrial materials for evidence of early prebiological chemistry in the solar system. Our search was directed to water-extractable compounds with emphasis on amino acids. Gas chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry were used for the analysis. It is our conclusion that amino acids are not present in the lunar regolith above the background levels of our investigations.", "contents": "Search for amino acids in Apollo returned lunar soil. The lunar samples from Apollo flights 11 through 17 provided the students of chemical evolution with an opportunity of examining extraterrestrial materials for evidence of early prebiological chemistry in the solar system. Our search was directed to water-extractable compounds with emphasis on amino acids. Gas chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry were used for the analysis. It is our conclusion that amino acids are not present in the lunar regolith above the background levels of our investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1208103", "title": "The origin of the genetic code.", "content": "A new approach to the origin of the genetic code is proposed based on some regularities in the nucleotide distribution pattern of the code. The relative amounts of various amino acids in primitive proteins were possibly different from those in organisms living today. The primordial ratio was supposed to shift to the modern one guided by the action of primitive nucleotides. Each primitive tRNA had a discriminator site and, distinguished from it, an anticodon site. It also postulated that primordially each amino acid could correspond to a wide variety of codons. During the course of the evolutionary change, a selective mechanism worked among the protobionts so that less frequent nucleotides became associated with more abundant amino acids in the primordial conditions,thus finally leading to the present codon catalogue.", "contents": "The origin of the genetic code. A new approach to the origin of the genetic code is proposed based on some regularities in the nucleotide distribution pattern of the code. The relative amounts of various amino acids in primitive proteins were possibly different from those in organisms living today. The primordial ratio was supposed to shift to the modern one guided by the action of primitive nucleotides. Each primitive tRNA had a discriminator site and, distinguished from it, an anticodon site. It also postulated that primordially each amino acid could correspond to a wide variety of codons. During the course of the evolutionary change, a selective mechanism worked among the protobionts so that less frequent nucleotides became associated with more abundant amino acids in the primordial conditions,thus finally leading to the present codon catalogue."}
{"id": "PMID:1208112", "title": "Osteopetrosis associated with familial paraplegia: report of a family.", "content": "A clinical analysis of three members of a family with documented osteopetrosis and familial paraplegia is presented. All patients had a long history of increased bone density and slowly progressing paraparesis of both legs. A thorough review of the literature has revealed no other cases which presented with paraplegia without spinal cord compression. Although the etiologic factor or factors remain unknown, our review supports the contention that this is a distinct clinical entity.", "contents": "Osteopetrosis associated with familial paraplegia: report of a family. A clinical analysis of three members of a family with documented osteopetrosis and familial paraplegia is presented. All patients had a long history of increased bone density and slowly progressing paraparesis of both legs. A thorough review of the literature has revealed no other cases which presented with paraplegia without spinal cord compression. Although the etiologic factor or factors remain unknown, our review supports the contention that this is a distinct clinical entity."}
{"id": "PMID:1208114", "title": "Changes in the upper urinary tract as demonstrated on intravenous pyelography and micturating cysto-urethrography in patients with spinal cord injury.", "content": "1. Thirty-two per cent of cases examined by I.V.P. showed evidence of disease (20 per cent hydronephrosis, 12 per cent chronic pyelonephritis). 2. The incidence of V.U. reflux on micturating cysto-urethrography was 13 per cent. V.U. reflux is associated with chronic pyelonephritis in a high proportion of cases as would be expected. A normal pyelogram does not exclude V.U. reflux as mentioned by Cobb (1966). 3. Patients with complete paralysis show a significantly high incidence of chronic pyelonephritis, hydronephritis and V.U. reflux. 4. In case of unilateral hydronephrosis and chronic pyelonephritis there is a striking predilection for involvement of the right kidney. The cause for this is not evident but possibly the fact that the right ureter is shorter than the left is a factor.", "contents": "Changes in the upper urinary tract as demonstrated on intravenous pyelography and micturating cysto-urethrography in patients with spinal cord injury. 1. Thirty-two per cent of cases examined by I.V.P. showed evidence of disease (20 per cent hydronephrosis, 12 per cent chronic pyelonephritis). 2. The incidence of V.U. reflux on micturating cysto-urethrography was 13 per cent. V.U. reflux is associated with chronic pyelonephritis in a high proportion of cases as would be expected. A normal pyelogram does not exclude V.U. reflux as mentioned by Cobb (1966). 3. Patients with complete paralysis show a significantly high incidence of chronic pyelonephritis, hydronephritis and V.U. reflux. 4. In case of unilateral hydronephrosis and chronic pyelonephritis there is a striking predilection for involvement of the right kidney. The cause for this is not evident but possibly the fact that the right ureter is shorter than the left is a factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1208115", "title": "Anaesthesia of the spinal cord-injured patient: cardiovascular problems and their management.", "content": "An increased venous capacity and a decreased myocardial contractility can be expected in patients with an acute spinal cord lesion at or above T6. Both factors may contribute to a high incidence of arterial hypotension and pulmonary oedema in these patients especially during anaesthesia. We feel that the Swan-Ganz catheter provides valuable information concerning prevention, diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypotension and pulmonary oedema. Although there may be occasional difficulty in interpretation of measurements from the Swan-Ganz catheter if high airway pressures are used, it is a more sensitive monitor than C.V.P. measurement and is particularly useful in patients with a sympathectomy secondary to spinal cord trauma.", "contents": "Anaesthesia of the spinal cord-injured patient: cardiovascular problems and their management. An increased venous capacity and a decreased myocardial contractility can be expected in patients with an acute spinal cord lesion at or above T6. Both factors may contribute to a high incidence of arterial hypotension and pulmonary oedema in these patients especially during anaesthesia. We feel that the Swan-Ganz catheter provides valuable information concerning prevention, diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypotension and pulmonary oedema. Although there may be occasional difficulty in interpretation of measurements from the Swan-Ganz catheter if high airway pressures are used, it is a more sensitive monitor than C.V.P. measurement and is particularly useful in patients with a sympathectomy secondary to spinal cord trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:1208116", "title": "The use of halothane anaesthesia to control autonomic hyperreflexia during trans-urethral surgery in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "Forty-five spinal cord injury patients undergoing trans-urethral surgery were anaesthetised using a mixture of nitrous oxide and halothane in oxygen. The use of halothane to control the hypertensive manifestations of surgically induced autonomic hyperreflexia is discussed.", "contents": "The use of halothane anaesthesia to control autonomic hyperreflexia during trans-urethral surgery in spinal cord injury patients. Forty-five spinal cord injury patients undergoing trans-urethral surgery were anaesthetised using a mixture of nitrous oxide and halothane in oxygen. The use of halothane to control the hypertensive manifestations of surgically induced autonomic hyperreflexia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208117", "title": "Stability of the cervical spine after conservative treatment.", "content": "175 patients with cervical spine and spinal cord injuries were admitted to the Spinal Injuries Unit, Austin Hospital, in the five-year period from the 1 July 1968, to the 30 June 1973. Only 4-2 per cent of the patients required delayed spinal fusion for instability after a conservative treatment regime.", "contents": "Stability of the cervical spine after conservative treatment. 175 patients with cervical spine and spinal cord injuries were admitted to the Spinal Injuries Unit, Austin Hospital, in the five-year period from the 1 July 1968, to the 30 June 1973. Only 4-2 per cent of the patients required delayed spinal fusion for instability after a conservative treatment regime."}
{"id": "PMID:1208118", "title": "Stability following fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine.", "content": "After having dealt with over 150 cases of fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine, the authors conclude that conservative orthopaedic treatment leads to the best results. The lesions are classified in upper and lower cervical spine. The latter has been divided into two subgroups according to the presence or abscense of neurological involvement. The importance of skull traction and of a well-moulded minerva plaster jacket is stressed. An adjustable leather collar is a useful alternative for immobilisation and exercises, favouring spontaneous fusion. In neither group, should surgical fusion be considered a routine procedure.", "contents": "Stability following fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine. After having dealt with over 150 cases of fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine, the authors conclude that conservative orthopaedic treatment leads to the best results. The lesions are classified in upper and lower cervical spine. The latter has been divided into two subgroups according to the presence or abscense of neurological involvement. The importance of skull traction and of a well-moulded minerva plaster jacket is stressed. An adjustable leather collar is a useful alternative for immobilisation and exercises, favouring spontaneous fusion. In neither group, should surgical fusion be considered a routine procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1208119", "title": "Cervical spine dislocations with unilateral facet interlocking.", "content": "From this series it would appear that 17-5 per cent (92 cases from a series of 525) of all cervical lesions associated with spinal cord trauma are dislocations with unilateral facet interlocking. This type of dislocation is often missed but nevertheless with suitable radiographs the very characteristic radiographic appearances are well demonstrated. Two-thirds of these cases are initially incomplete neurological lesions which carry a good neurological prognosis directly proportional to the degree of initial neurological escape. A significant percentage reduce easily on traction alone--51 per cent of the entire series. Taking the year 1973, with 17 cases on a standardised regime of treatment and disregarding the two cases reduced by immediate manipulation under general anaesthesia, ten out of 15 (66 per cent) reduced easily on skull traction alone-possibly a more realistic figure.", "contents": "Cervical spine dislocations with unilateral facet interlocking. From this series it would appear that 17-5 per cent (92 cases from a series of 525) of all cervical lesions associated with spinal cord trauma are dislocations with unilateral facet interlocking. This type of dislocation is often missed but nevertheless with suitable radiographs the very characteristic radiographic appearances are well demonstrated. Two-thirds of these cases are initially incomplete neurological lesions which carry a good neurological prognosis directly proportional to the degree of initial neurological escape. A significant percentage reduce easily on traction alone--51 per cent of the entire series. Taking the year 1973, with 17 cases on a standardised regime of treatment and disregarding the two cases reduced by immediate manipulation under general anaesthesia, ten out of 15 (66 per cent) reduced easily on skull traction alone-possibly a more realistic figure."}
{"id": "PMID:1208120", "title": "The behaviour of the nasal mucosa towards blood borne colloidal carbon in experimental animals.", "content": "A single dose of 8-16 mg of carbon C11/1431a was injected intravenously into rats, guinea-pigs, mice, goats and two pigs. Examination with the naked eye, dissecting microscope, light microscope and electron microscope of tissues from these animals sacrificed minutes, hours, weeks and up to 23 months after the injection revealed phogocytosis of most of the infected carbon by the professional phagocytes of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). However, in the non-RES sites carbon was trapped in significant amounts in the endothelial cells, the interendothelial spaces, pericytes and perivascular macrophages of the subepithelial capillaries and venules in the anterior nasal mucosa. The catchment area often showed partially fenestrated capillaries and redundant porous basement membrane around the venules. The leakage of carbon through these vessels was through these vessels was thought to be caused partly by the unusual porosity of the vascular walls and partly due to vascular stasis induced by constant loss of heat to the inspired air stream in post-natal life. The importance of these findings in the predilective localization of several granulomatous diseases and various forms of vasculitis in the nasal mucosa id discussed.", "contents": "The behaviour of the nasal mucosa towards blood borne colloidal carbon in experimental animals. A single dose of 8-16 mg of carbon C11/1431a was injected intravenously into rats, guinea-pigs, mice, goats and two pigs. Examination with the naked eye, dissecting microscope, light microscope and electron microscope of tissues from these animals sacrificed minutes, hours, weeks and up to 23 months after the injection revealed phogocytosis of most of the infected carbon by the professional phagocytes of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). However, in the non-RES sites carbon was trapped in significant amounts in the endothelial cells, the interendothelial spaces, pericytes and perivascular macrophages of the subepithelial capillaries and venules in the anterior nasal mucosa. The catchment area often showed partially fenestrated capillaries and redundant porous basement membrane around the venules. The leakage of carbon through these vessels was through these vessels was thought to be caused partly by the unusual porosity of the vascular walls and partly due to vascular stasis induced by constant loss of heat to the inspired air stream in post-natal life. The importance of these findings in the predilective localization of several granulomatous diseases and various forms of vasculitis in the nasal mucosa id discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208121", "title": "Tumour metastasis in mice with reduced immune reactivity. IV. Restoration of relative resistance to metastasis formation in thymectomized sub-lethally irradiated mice by spleen cells.", "content": "Adult thymectomy and/or sub-lethal irradiation increased spontaneous metastasis formation in several syngeneic murine systems (MCA-induced sarcomas MCG101 in C57BL/6J mice, MCG12 in CBA mice and MCA-induced epidermoid carcinoma EpCa1 in CBA mice). In order to differentiate between immunological and non-immunological effects of these treatments on tumour spread the effects of presumed selective restoration of immune competence by transfer of syngeneic spleen cells from normal donors shortly after irradiation (1.5 months before tumour transplantation) was perfomed. This procedure brought the resistance of thymectomized irradiated mice to tumour spread back to the level seen in untreated mice, providing further evidence for the conclusion that the indrease of tumour spread in this experimental model to a major part was immune-mediated. In thymectomized irradiated mice adoptive transfer of concomitant immunity by spleen cells from tumour-bearing mice soon after tumour transplantation completely inhibited the spread of the highly antigenic MCG101 and reduced that of the weakly antigenic MCG12 to control level. In contrast, adoptive transfer after tumour resection had no significant effect of the spread from either to the tumours.", "contents": "Tumour metastasis in mice with reduced immune reactivity. IV. Restoration of relative resistance to metastasis formation in thymectomized sub-lethally irradiated mice by spleen cells. Adult thymectomy and/or sub-lethal irradiation increased spontaneous metastasis formation in several syngeneic murine systems (MCA-induced sarcomas MCG101 in C57BL/6J mice, MCG12 in CBA mice and MCA-induced epidermoid carcinoma EpCa1 in CBA mice). In order to differentiate between immunological and non-immunological effects of these treatments on tumour spread the effects of presumed selective restoration of immune competence by transfer of syngeneic spleen cells from normal donors shortly after irradiation (1.5 months before tumour transplantation) was perfomed. This procedure brought the resistance of thymectomized irradiated mice to tumour spread back to the level seen in untreated mice, providing further evidence for the conclusion that the indrease of tumour spread in this experimental model to a major part was immune-mediated. In thymectomized irradiated mice adoptive transfer of concomitant immunity by spleen cells from tumour-bearing mice soon after tumour transplantation completely inhibited the spread of the highly antigenic MCG101 and reduced that of the weakly antigenic MCG12 to control level. In contrast, adoptive transfer after tumour resection had no significant effect of the spread from either to the tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1208122", "title": "In vitro activity of cotrimoxazole on the intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Cotrimoxazole, from 60 mug/ml, inhibited the replication of Toxoplasma gondii within Hela cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. The percentage of inhibition reached practically 100% after 18 hours of treatment at 37 degrees C. More prolonged treatment resulted in an eradication of the organisms from the cell monolayers. In contrast, similar doses of spiramycin were quite ineffective against intracellular toxoplasma. The active doses of cotrimoxazole used were not harmful for cell cultures. Cotrimoxazole also destroyed clones (rosaces) of toxoplasma which were formed during the past 18 hours of intracellular replication in the absence of the drug. Trimethoprim was the only effective compound of cotrimoxazole on intracellular parasites; the adjunction of sulfamethoxazole produced a marked synergistic effect. The present findings confirm the great efficiency of cotrimoxazole in the treatment of experimental toxoplasmosis in mice performed previously in this laboratory.", "contents": "In vitro activity of cotrimoxazole on the intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii. Cotrimoxazole, from 60 mug/ml, inhibited the replication of Toxoplasma gondii within Hela cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. The percentage of inhibition reached practically 100% after 18 hours of treatment at 37 degrees C. More prolonged treatment resulted in an eradication of the organisms from the cell monolayers. In contrast, similar doses of spiramycin were quite ineffective against intracellular toxoplasma. The active doses of cotrimoxazole used were not harmful for cell cultures. Cotrimoxazole also destroyed clones (rosaces) of toxoplasma which were formed during the past 18 hours of intracellular replication in the absence of the drug. Trimethoprim was the only effective compound of cotrimoxazole on intracellular parasites; the adjunction of sulfamethoxazole produced a marked synergistic effect. The present findings confirm the great efficiency of cotrimoxazole in the treatment of experimental toxoplasmosis in mice performed previously in this laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:1208123", "title": "Histological modifications of the lymph nodes in mice bearing syngeneic grafts of tumours induced by methylcholanthrene.", "content": "Light and electron microscopical studies demonstrate that regional but also non-regional lymph nodes of C57BL mice grafted by tumours, induced by methylcholanthrene, are able to elicit a complex immunological response of the cellular, as well as of the humoral types. No significant difference was found according to the growth rate and the immunogenicity of the six tumours investigated. The cellular immunization is predominant during the two first weeks. It is mainly characterized by the appearance in the paracortical area of numerous immunoblasts which are in close connexions with'dendritic' macrophages showing multiple long cytoplasmic expansions. During the same period of time, the reticulum cells become hyperplasic in the sinus. From the 15th day to the death of the animals, the cellular immunizaiton progressively regresses while a humoral immunity develops. It shows itself as an hypertrophy of the lymph follicles and an increase in the number of medullary cord plasma cells.", "contents": "Histological modifications of the lymph nodes in mice bearing syngeneic grafts of tumours induced by methylcholanthrene. Light and electron microscopical studies demonstrate that regional but also non-regional lymph nodes of C57BL mice grafted by tumours, induced by methylcholanthrene, are able to elicit a complex immunological response of the cellular, as well as of the humoral types. No significant difference was found according to the growth rate and the immunogenicity of the six tumours investigated. The cellular immunization is predominant during the two first weeks. It is mainly characterized by the appearance in the paracortical area of numerous immunoblasts which are in close connexions with'dendritic' macrophages showing multiple long cytoplasmic expansions. During the same period of time, the reticulum cells become hyperplasic in the sinus. From the 15th day to the death of the animals, the cellular immunizaiton progressively regresses while a humoral immunity develops. It shows itself as an hypertrophy of the lymph follicles and an increase in the number of medullary cord plasma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1208124", "title": "Effect of angiotensin II upon platelet adhesiveness and the thrombelastogram in patients with essential arterial hypertension.", "content": "Platelet adhesiveness increases significantly after angiotensin II administration, in pressor and subpressor doses, only in the hypertensive patients with urinary infection. The k index on the thrombelastogram decreases significantly following angiotensin II infusion in pressor doses both in the hypertensive patients with urinary infection and in those without urinary infection. At the same time, angiotensin II infusion in pressor and subpressor doses determines a significant increase of epsilon index in both hypertensive patients with urinary infection and in those without urinary infection. These results pose the problem of thrombocyte sensitization by the urinary infection to the vasopressor substance. The increased tendency to thrombosis by angiotensin, in hypertensive patients with urinary infection, could constitute a mechanism of malignant transformation of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin II upon platelet adhesiveness and the thrombelastogram in patients with essential arterial hypertension. Platelet adhesiveness increases significantly after angiotensin II administration, in pressor and subpressor doses, only in the hypertensive patients with urinary infection. The k index on the thrombelastogram decreases significantly following angiotensin II infusion in pressor doses both in the hypertensive patients with urinary infection and in those without urinary infection. At the same time, angiotensin II infusion in pressor and subpressor doses determines a significant increase of epsilon index in both hypertensive patients with urinary infection and in those without urinary infection. These results pose the problem of thrombocyte sensitization by the urinary infection to the vasopressor substance. The increased tendency to thrombosis by angiotensin, in hypertensive patients with urinary infection, could constitute a mechanism of malignant transformation of arterial hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1208184", "title": "Occurrence of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, southern Florida--1968-72.", "content": "The frequency with which chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides appear in samples of southern Florida surface waters decreased sharply between 1968 and 1972. Sediment analyses attest to the earlier widespread use of chlordane, DDT, and dieldrin. Insecticide residues are more frequently detected in southern Florida than in other U.S. cropland soils. Transport of DDT, DDD, and DDE from the Everglades agricultural area into water conservation areas and undeveloped parts of the Everglades of southeastern Florida is facilitated by a system of water-management canals. Canal sediments within the urban area of southern Florida have high DDD, DDE, and dieldrin residue concentrations which may reflect local use of insecticides rather than their transport from adjacent agricultural areas.", "contents": "Occurrence of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, southern Florida--1968-72. The frequency with which chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides appear in samples of southern Florida surface waters decreased sharply between 1968 and 1972. Sediment analyses attest to the earlier widespread use of chlordane, DDT, and dieldrin. Insecticide residues are more frequently detected in southern Florida than in other U.S. cropland soils. Transport of DDT, DDD, and DDE from the Everglades agricultural area into water conservation areas and undeveloped parts of the Everglades of southeastern Florida is facilitated by a system of water-management canals. Canal sediments within the urban area of southern Florida have high DDD, DDE, and dieldrin residue concentrations which may reflect local use of insecticides rather than their transport from adjacent agricultural areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1208185", "title": "Total mercury levels in selected human tissues, Idaho-1973-74(1,2)", "content": "Total mercury levels were determined in human tissues taken at autopsy from six hospitals in the three basic geographical areas of Idaho. Of the 242 specimens analyzed, 76 percent contained detectable mercury. Levels were compared with respect to the age, sex, and geographic residence of autopsied individuals. Mean levels detected were 1.04 ppm in kidney tissue, 0.34 ppm in liver, and 0.08 ppm in brain. Mean mercury levels for the three geographical areas were: southeastern Idaho, 0.22 ppm; southwestern Idaho, 0.80 ppm; and northern Idaho, 0.43 ppm. The relatively high means in southwestern Idaho specimens may be related to the preponderance of natural cinnabar deposits in that portion of the State. Mercury levels were higher in women than men for all tissues in both the southwestern and northern areas, but the reverse was true in the southeast. Data were compared with findings of other investigators in an attempt to arrive at background levels of total mercury residues in human tissues.", "contents": "Total mercury levels in selected human tissues, Idaho-1973-74(1,2). Total mercury levels were determined in human tissues taken at autopsy from six hospitals in the three basic geographical areas of Idaho. Of the 242 specimens analyzed, 76 percent contained detectable mercury. Levels were compared with respect to the age, sex, and geographic residence of autopsied individuals. Mean levels detected were 1.04 ppm in kidney tissue, 0.34 ppm in liver, and 0.08 ppm in brain. Mean mercury levels for the three geographical areas were: southeastern Idaho, 0.22 ppm; southwestern Idaho, 0.80 ppm; and northern Idaho, 0.43 ppm. The relatively high means in southwestern Idaho specimens may be related to the preponderance of natural cinnabar deposits in that portion of the State. Mercury levels were higher in women than men for all tissues in both the southwestern and northern areas, but the reverse was true in the southeast. Data were compared with findings of other investigators in an attempt to arrive at background levels of total mercury residues in human tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1208186", "title": "Mercury residues in breast muscle of wild ducks, 1970-71.", "content": "Samples of breast muscle from 327 ducks collected from October 1970 to March 1971 in the conterminous United States were analyzed for total mercury by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Mercury levels for the entire collection ranged from less than 0.01 to 3.91 ppm wet weight with a median of 0.10 ppm. Twenty-five ducks had levels equalling or exceeding the 0.5 ppm guideline for fish and shellfish established by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Dabbling ducks, which are shallow-water feeders and mostly vegetarian in fall, winter, and spring, usually had lower levels than diving and sea ducks. Levels were generally higher in ducks collected in areas where environmental mercury levels were known to be greater than in ducks from nonsuspect areas. Despite the mobility of the ducks, levels seemed more closely linked to local environmental contamination than to various factors associated with large geographic areas.", "contents": "Mercury residues in breast muscle of wild ducks, 1970-71. Samples of breast muscle from 327 ducks collected from October 1970 to March 1971 in the conterminous United States were analyzed for total mercury by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Mercury levels for the entire collection ranged from less than 0.01 to 3.91 ppm wet weight with a median of 0.10 ppm. Twenty-five ducks had levels equalling or exceeding the 0.5 ppm guideline for fish and shellfish established by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Dabbling ducks, which are shallow-water feeders and mostly vegetarian in fall, winter, and spring, usually had lower levels than diving and sea ducks. Levels were generally higher in ducks collected in areas where environmental mercury levels were known to be greater than in ducks from nonsuspect areas. Despite the mobility of the ducks, levels seemed more closely linked to local environmental contamination than to various factors associated with large geographic areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1208187", "title": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in small migratory birds, 1964-73.", "content": "Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide burdens, especially those of DDT and its metabolites, have been determined for 19 species of small terrestrial migratory birds killed chiefly at Florida television towers from 1964 to 1973. All 128 samples were sorted into pools by species. All pooled samples except one contained DDE and often DDT and DDD; dieldrin was present in 60 of the samples; but no PCB's were detected. In small subsamples, sigma DDT (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE) residues sometimes differed between males and females, adults and immatures, and northbound and southbound migrants but results of these comparisons were inconclusive. Sigma DDT burdens were highest in adipose tissue and much lower in liver and brain samples. Especially among birds taken since 1970 have the pesticide levels in adipose tissue been at low levels, generally less than 3 ppm sigma DDT. These low quantities are comparable to those quoted in other reports on birds of similar trophic levels. The insectivorous and/or partly granivorous birds feeding on or near the ground tended to have higher sigma DDT levels than did the more arboreal species.", "contents": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in small migratory birds, 1964-73. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide burdens, especially those of DDT and its metabolites, have been determined for 19 species of small terrestrial migratory birds killed chiefly at Florida television towers from 1964 to 1973. All 128 samples were sorted into pools by species. All pooled samples except one contained DDE and often DDT and DDD; dieldrin was present in 60 of the samples; but no PCB's were detected. In small subsamples, sigma DDT (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE) residues sometimes differed between males and females, adults and immatures, and northbound and southbound migrants but results of these comparisons were inconclusive. Sigma DDT burdens were highest in adipose tissue and much lower in liver and brain samples. Especially among birds taken since 1970 have the pesticide levels in adipose tissue been at low levels, generally less than 3 ppm sigma DDT. These low quantities are comparable to those quoted in other reports on birds of similar trophic levels. The insectivorous and/or partly granivorous birds feeding on or near the ground tended to have higher sigma DDT levels than did the more arboreal species."}
{"id": "PMID:1208188", "title": "Insecticide residues in the Tuttle Creek Reservoir Ecosystem, Kansas-1970-71.", "content": "Various components of the aquatic ecosystem of Tuttle Creek Reservoir on the Big Blue River in northeastern Kansas were examined for organochlorine insecticide residues in 1970-71. Components examined were water, sediments, periphyton, zooplankton, insects, and whole-body samples of 10 common fish species. Only dieldrin and sigmaDDT residues were detected. Dieldrin was found in part of the nonfish samples at levels ranging up to 0.01 ppm and in 97 percent of the fish samples with a high level of 0.17 ppm. SigmaDDT residues were also detected in part of the nonfish samples at levels ranging up to 0.42 ppm, and in 98 percent of the fish samples at levels as high as 0.57 ppm. Authors' findings are roughly similar to those of other surveys of Kansas fishes. All levels are relatively low compared with those reported in surveys from other parts of the Nation.", "contents": "Insecticide residues in the Tuttle Creek Reservoir Ecosystem, Kansas-1970-71. Various components of the aquatic ecosystem of Tuttle Creek Reservoir on the Big Blue River in northeastern Kansas were examined for organochlorine insecticide residues in 1970-71. Components examined were water, sediments, periphyton, zooplankton, insects, and whole-body samples of 10 common fish species. Only dieldrin and sigmaDDT residues were detected. Dieldrin was found in part of the nonfish samples at levels ranging up to 0.01 ppm and in 97 percent of the fish samples with a high level of 0.17 ppm. SigmaDDT residues were also detected in part of the nonfish samples at levels ranging up to 0.42 ppm, and in 98 percent of the fish samples at levels as high as 0.57 ppm. Authors' findings are roughly similar to those of other surveys of Kansas fishes. All levels are relatively low compared with those reported in surveys from other parts of the Nation."}
{"id": "PMID:1208189", "title": "Pesticide residues in total diet samples (VIII).", "content": "During the eighth year of the Total Diet Study, residues remained at the relatively low levels reported previously. A total of 35 market baskets were collected in 32 cities which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues found are reported for the period June 1971 through July 1972 by region and food class. Results of recovery studies within various classes of residues are also presented.", "contents": "Pesticide residues in total diet samples (VIII). During the eighth year of the Total Diet Study, residues remained at the relatively low levels reported previously. A total of 35 market baskets were collected in 32 cities which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues found are reported for the period June 1971 through July 1972 by region and food class. Results of recovery studies within various classes of residues are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1208195", "title": "[Medical insurance estimation of risks].", "content": "The purpose of insurance medicine is to make a prognostic estimate of medical risk-factors in persons who apply for life, health, or accident insurance. Established risk-groups with a calculated average mortality and morbidity form the basis for premium rates and insurance terms. In most cases the applicant is accepted for insurance after a self-assessment of his health. Only around one per cent of the applications are refused, but there are cases in which the premium is raised, temporarily or permanently. It is often a matter of rough estimate, since the knowlege of the long-term prognosis for many diseases is incomplete. The insurance companies' rules for estimate of risk are revised at intervals of three or four years. The estimate of risk as regards life insurance has been gradually liberalised, while the medical conditions for health insurance have become stricter owing to an increase in the claims rate.", "contents": "[Medical insurance estimation of risks]. The purpose of insurance medicine is to make a prognostic estimate of medical risk-factors in persons who apply for life, health, or accident insurance. Established risk-groups with a calculated average mortality and morbidity form the basis for premium rates and insurance terms. In most cases the applicant is accepted for insurance after a self-assessment of his health. Only around one per cent of the applications are refused, but there are cases in which the premium is raised, temporarily or permanently. It is often a matter of rough estimate, since the knowlege of the long-term prognosis for many diseases is incomplete. The insurance companies' rules for estimate of risk are revised at intervals of three or four years. The estimate of risk as regards life insurance has been gradually liberalised, while the medical conditions for health insurance have become stricter owing to an increase in the claims rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1208196", "title": "[Hypertension, smoking and life insurance].", "content": "The insurance companies' data on blood-pressure and longevity have certainly contributed to the trend among both laymen and doctors to take hypertension more seriously. Smoking is also of special interest, having proved to be a clear risk-factor in coronary disease. It holds a unique position, in that - at least theoretically - it would be possible to eliminate. The insurance companies could undoubtedly contribute to an altered attitude towards the problem of smoking. Non-smokers might be granted a bonus and heavy smokers be charged an additional premium.", "contents": "[Hypertension, smoking and life insurance]. The insurance companies' data on blood-pressure and longevity have certainly contributed to the trend among both laymen and doctors to take hypertension more seriously. Smoking is also of special interest, having proved to be a clear risk-factor in coronary disease. It holds a unique position, in that - at least theoretically - it would be possible to eliminate. The insurance companies could undoubtedly contribute to an altered attitude towards the problem of smoking. Non-smokers might be granted a bonus and heavy smokers be charged an additional premium."}
{"id": "PMID:1208203", "title": "[Results of treatment of hyperthyroidism with 125-iodine].", "content": "About 100 patients with hyperthyroidism and diffuse goiter (gland weight not more than 60 g) were treated with an individually calculated dose of 125-Iodine. After a follow-up time between 1.5 and 2 years there are the following results: 82% of the patients are euthyroid and 18% are still hyperthyroid. Relapse rate was 10%. More than 30% of the residual or relapse hyperfunctions were T3 toxicosis. The status of 125-Iodine in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis is discussed with regard to the necessity of a \"destructive\" therapy in the major part of the patients. Published results of 125-Iodine therapy are summarized.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of hyperthyroidism with 125-iodine]. About 100 patients with hyperthyroidism and diffuse goiter (gland weight not more than 60 g) were treated with an individually calculated dose of 125-Iodine. After a follow-up time between 1.5 and 2 years there are the following results: 82% of the patients are euthyroid and 18% are still hyperthyroid. Relapse rate was 10%. More than 30% of the residual or relapse hyperfunctions were T3 toxicosis. The status of 125-Iodine in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis is discussed with regard to the necessity of a \"destructive\" therapy in the major part of the patients. Published results of 125-Iodine therapy are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:1208204", "title": "Comparison of various treatment schedules for accelerating the elimination of radioiodine from the thyroid and the human body.", "content": "In 68 euthyroid patients undergoing 131I thyroid function tests the thyroidal, urinary and plasma protein-bound radioactivity has been serially measured for 14 days. The patients were subdivided in controls and 9 groups treated with potassium iodide, carbimazole, potassium perchlorate and TSH, singly or in combination. The aim was to devise a treatment scheme for accelerating the release of iodine from the thyroid and the elimination from the body in cases of accidental radioiodine poisoning if the patient is seen after the radioiodine has already been taken up by the gland. All treatment schedules were effective, but TSH injections gave the best results, especially if combined with carbimazole and potassium perchlorate. This combination is the treatment of choice under these circumstances.", "contents": "Comparison of various treatment schedules for accelerating the elimination of radioiodine from the thyroid and the human body. In 68 euthyroid patients undergoing 131I thyroid function tests the thyroidal, urinary and plasma protein-bound radioactivity has been serially measured for 14 days. The patients were subdivided in controls and 9 groups treated with potassium iodide, carbimazole, potassium perchlorate and TSH, singly or in combination. The aim was to devise a treatment scheme for accelerating the release of iodine from the thyroid and the elimination from the body in cases of accidental radioiodine poisoning if the patient is seen after the radioiodine has already been taken up by the gland. All treatment schedules were effective, but TSH injections gave the best results, especially if combined with carbimazole and potassium perchlorate. This combination is the treatment of choice under these circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:1208205", "title": "[Myocardial blood flow in actively employed coronary cases].", "content": "In the course of coronary angiographies the blood flow of the right and left coronary artery was determined by the 133Xe lavage method in 89 patients with coronary heart disease. There was a statistically significant difference between the flow values of the LCA and RCA, while there was none between the blood flow values of blue- and white-collar workers suffering from coronary artery disease. Also a significantly better blood circulation of the right as well as of the left coronary artery was found in female employees in comparison to male employees.", "contents": "[Myocardial blood flow in actively employed coronary cases]. In the course of coronary angiographies the blood flow of the right and left coronary artery was determined by the 133Xe lavage method in 89 patients with coronary heart disease. There was a statistically significant difference between the flow values of the LCA and RCA, while there was none between the blood flow values of blue- and white-collar workers suffering from coronary artery disease. Also a significantly better blood circulation of the right as well as of the left coronary artery was found in female employees in comparison to male employees."}
{"id": "PMID:1208206", "title": "[Determination of regional ventilation-perfusion ratio with xenon-133].", "content": "Knowledge of the regional ventilation/perfusion ratio is of great interest for the diagnosis and therapy of disorders of pulmonary function. By injecting intravenously a bolus of Xe-133 during breathholding and by recording the influx of activity into the lung with a scintillation camera and analogue tape storage, the regional perfusion of the lungs can be determined, using the count-rate increase per unit time. Once the maximum count-rate is reached the patient is allowed to breathe normally. The slope of the count-rate decrease over the lungs is a measure of ventilation. The regional ventilation/perfusion ratio is calculated by dividing these two indices. Regional disturbances of the ratio are the most frequent cause of hypoxia. The demonstration of such disturbances are therefore of significance in the diagnosis and therapeutic control of pulmonary diseases.", "contents": "[Determination of regional ventilation-perfusion ratio with xenon-133]. Knowledge of the regional ventilation/perfusion ratio is of great interest for the diagnosis and therapy of disorders of pulmonary function. By injecting intravenously a bolus of Xe-133 during breathholding and by recording the influx of activity into the lung with a scintillation camera and analogue tape storage, the regional perfusion of the lungs can be determined, using the count-rate increase per unit time. Once the maximum count-rate is reached the patient is allowed to breathe normally. The slope of the count-rate decrease over the lungs is a measure of ventilation. The regional ventilation/perfusion ratio is calculated by dividing these two indices. Regional disturbances of the ratio are the most frequent cause of hypoxia. The demonstration of such disturbances are therefore of significance in the diagnosis and therapeutic control of pulmonary diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1208207", "title": "[Studies with radiolabeled autologous and heterologous thrombocytes to determine life-span and destruction sites].", "content": "The kinetic of 51Cr-labelled autologeous and heterologeous thrombocytes was studied in 12 healthy volunteers. The mean recovery value was 63% (SX = +/- 15%). The survival times (t50% and t10%) were determined as 94 hrs. (SX = +/- 11 hrs.) and as 202 hrs. (SX = +/- 13 hrs.) respectively. The \"excess counts\" over spleen and liver were measured and the spleen to liver ratio calculated. In every parameter investigated no significant difference between autologeous and heterologeous labelled thrombocytes could be found. The \"excess counts\" over spleen and liver were calculated on the basis of the radioactivity of blood and of the heart surface area. The values obtained from the blood radioactivity calculations showed significant lower variation coefficients than the corresponding values derived from the heart measurements.", "contents": "[Studies with radiolabeled autologous and heterologous thrombocytes to determine life-span and destruction sites]. The kinetic of 51Cr-labelled autologeous and heterologeous thrombocytes was studied in 12 healthy volunteers. The mean recovery value was 63% (SX = +/- 15%). The survival times (t50% and t10%) were determined as 94 hrs. (SX = +/- 11 hrs.) and as 202 hrs. (SX = +/- 13 hrs.) respectively. The \"excess counts\" over spleen and liver were measured and the spleen to liver ratio calculated. In every parameter investigated no significant difference between autologeous and heterologeous labelled thrombocytes could be found. The \"excess counts\" over spleen and liver were calculated on the basis of the radioactivity of blood and of the heart surface area. The values obtained from the blood radioactivity calculations showed significant lower variation coefficients than the corresponding values derived from the heart measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:1208208", "title": "Isotope profile investigations for the detection of venous thrombosis in the legs with the use of 131I-MAA.", "content": "Twenty patients were tested with an isotope profile method for the detection of venous thrombosis in the leg. 131I-MAA was introduced into the dorsal vein of the foot. The results of the test agreed with the results of phlebography. The authors stress the simplicity and accuracy of the above method.", "contents": "Isotope profile investigations for the detection of venous thrombosis in the legs with the use of 131I-MAA. Twenty patients were tested with an isotope profile method for the detection of venous thrombosis in the leg. 131I-MAA was introduced into the dorsal vein of the foot. The results of the test agreed with the results of phlebography. The authors stress the simplicity and accuracy of the above method."}
{"id": "PMID:1208209", "title": "[Distribution of 14C-Diazepam (Valium) in pregnant and lactating rabbits].", "content": "14C-labelled Diazepam is applied i.v. in a single dose to pregnant rabbits and in three repeated doses to lactating rabbits. The distribution patterns of the radioactivity in the mother animal and in the fetus resp. in the sucklings are investigated at different intervals post inj. within a range of 10 to 120 minutes for the pregnant and at 8 hours after last injection for the lactating animals. With regard to its metabolic properties it is still admissible to identify the recorded radioactivity with the intact pharmaceutical to large extent for the intervals used in the experiments. The compound is distributed rapidly within the maternal organism and is excreted preferentially by the liver. Compared to blood level a considerable 14C-enrichment is obvious in the brain during the total time of investigation, which seem to be of special interest for the clinical use of the diazepam. An organotropism to the ovary is indicated by the patterns of radioactivity. A rapid diaplacental passage can also be shown, but the 14C-concentrations in blood and organ tissues of the fetus are generally found to be lower than those of the maternal organ tissues. Thus, the 14C-concentration in the fetal brain is equal to 1/3 of that of the maternal brain. Due to the mammoglandular passage the 14C-concentrations in the sucklings are reaching a maximum of one half of the values in the maternal organs.", "contents": "[Distribution of 14C-Diazepam (Valium) in pregnant and lactating rabbits]. 14C-labelled Diazepam is applied i.v. in a single dose to pregnant rabbits and in three repeated doses to lactating rabbits. The distribution patterns of the radioactivity in the mother animal and in the fetus resp. in the sucklings are investigated at different intervals post inj. within a range of 10 to 120 minutes for the pregnant and at 8 hours after last injection for the lactating animals. With regard to its metabolic properties it is still admissible to identify the recorded radioactivity with the intact pharmaceutical to large extent for the intervals used in the experiments. The compound is distributed rapidly within the maternal organism and is excreted preferentially by the liver. Compared to blood level a considerable 14C-enrichment is obvious in the brain during the total time of investigation, which seem to be of special interest for the clinical use of the diazepam. An organotropism to the ovary is indicated by the patterns of radioactivity. A rapid diaplacental passage can also be shown, but the 14C-concentrations in blood and organ tissues of the fetus are generally found to be lower than those of the maternal organ tissues. Thus, the 14C-concentration in the fetal brain is equal to 1/3 of that of the maternal brain. Due to the mammoglandular passage the 14C-concentrations in the sucklings are reaching a maximum of one half of the values in the maternal organs."}
{"id": "PMID:1208210", "title": "On the stability of a tin-phytate complex.", "content": "The stability of tin-phytate solution stored at room temperature has been studied. It was found that there is a pronounced increase in the rate of degradation of this complex, both temperature and phase change contributing to the enhanced rate of decomposition. The kidney uptake which is occasionally observed clinically with an aged tin-phytate complex labelled with 99mTc is probably due to an intermediate product which subsequently breaks down on further storage. Lyophilized tin-phytate complex 'kits' have a longer shelf life than the aqueous complex.", "contents": "On the stability of a tin-phytate complex. The stability of tin-phytate solution stored at room temperature has been studied. It was found that there is a pronounced increase in the rate of degradation of this complex, both temperature and phase change contributing to the enhanced rate of decomposition. The kidney uptake which is occasionally observed clinically with an aged tin-phytate complex labelled with 99mTc is probably due to an intermediate product which subsequently breaks down on further storage. Lyophilized tin-phytate complex 'kits' have a longer shelf life than the aqueous complex."}
{"id": "PMID:1208211", "title": "S-adenosylhomocysteine inhibition of three purified tRNA methyltransferases from rat liver.", "content": "Three tRNA methyltransferases from rat liver have been fractionated and purified greater than 100-fold. These enzymes have been examined for their sensitivity to inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The methyltransferase which forms m2-guanine in the region between the dihydrouridine loop and the acceptor stem of tRNA (m2-guanine methyltransferase I) is least sensitive to SAH inhibition, with a Ki of 8 muM. The enzyme responsible for forming m2-guanine between the dihydrouridine and anticodon loops (m2-guanine methyltransferase II) has a Ki of 0.3 muM, while m1-adenine methyltransferase shows intermediate sensitivity to SAH (Ki = 2.4 muM). All three methyltransferases have similar Km's for the S-adenosylmethionine substrate (1.5-2.0 muM). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that activity of individual tRNA methyltransferases may be controlled by enzyme systems which alter cellular SAH levels.", "contents": "S-adenosylhomocysteine inhibition of three purified tRNA methyltransferases from rat liver. Three tRNA methyltransferases from rat liver have been fractionated and purified greater than 100-fold. These enzymes have been examined for their sensitivity to inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The methyltransferase which forms m2-guanine in the region between the dihydrouridine loop and the acceptor stem of tRNA (m2-guanine methyltransferase I) is least sensitive to SAH inhibition, with a Ki of 8 muM. The enzyme responsible for forming m2-guanine between the dihydrouridine and anticodon loops (m2-guanine methyltransferase II) has a Ki of 0.3 muM, while m1-adenine methyltransferase shows intermediate sensitivity to SAH (Ki = 2.4 muM). All three methyltransferases have similar Km's for the S-adenosylmethionine substrate (1.5-2.0 muM). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that activity of individual tRNA methyltransferases may be controlled by enzyme systems which alter cellular SAH levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1208220", "title": "The influence of alkaline elements on the metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat's brain.", "content": "A single or four time-administration of Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs chlorides at the doses of 2-5 and 5 mEq/kg ip does not significantly affect 5-HT level. The level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) increase only after the administration of LiCl. This increase occurs already after 1 hr and persists up to 24 hrs after the last injection. LiCl given together with probenecid induces the increase in 5-HIAA level greater than that after probenecid alone. The decrease in 5-HIAA level after pargyline-induced inhibition in MAO is more rapid in animals submitted to two action of Li. The increase 5-HIAA level in rat's brain results from Li ions-increased 5-HT turnover.", "contents": "The influence of alkaline elements on the metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat's brain. A single or four time-administration of Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs chlorides at the doses of 2-5 and 5 mEq/kg ip does not significantly affect 5-HT level. The level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) increase only after the administration of LiCl. This increase occurs already after 1 hr and persists up to 24 hrs after the last injection. LiCl given together with probenecid induces the increase in 5-HIAA level greater than that after probenecid alone. The decrease in 5-HIAA level after pargyline-induced inhibition in MAO is more rapid in animals submitted to two action of Li. The increase 5-HIAA level in rat's brain results from Li ions-increased 5-HT turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:1208221", "title": "Serotonin and proteolytic enzymes in brain of irradiated animals.", "content": "Early and late irradiation effects on biogenic amines (5-HT and NA) contents, intracellular hydrolytic enzyme activity and MAO in brain tissue was studied on mice and rats. In mice in the majority of cases (irradiated on the first day after birth) there occurs a remote effect of irradiation in the form of the increase in 5-HT content and different, species-dependent, changes in hydrolytic activity. Among early effects (24 hrs following the irradiation) the decrease in 5-HT and NA contents was stated in rats. These changes were accompanied by the increase in MAO and hydrolytic (proteolytic) activities.", "contents": "Serotonin and proteolytic enzymes in brain of irradiated animals. Early and late irradiation effects on biogenic amines (5-HT and NA) contents, intracellular hydrolytic enzyme activity and MAO in brain tissue was studied on mice and rats. In mice in the majority of cases (irradiated on the first day after birth) there occurs a remote effect of irradiation in the form of the increase in 5-HT content and different, species-dependent, changes in hydrolytic activity. Among early effects (24 hrs following the irradiation) the decrease in 5-HT and NA contents was stated in rats. These changes were accompanied by the increase in MAO and hydrolytic (proteolytic) activities."}
{"id": "PMID:1208222", "title": "The effects of serotonin injections into the locus coeruleus on ponto geniculo occipital (PGO) waves and cortical EEG pattern in cats.", "content": "Reserpine injected iv at 0-8--1-0 mg/kg doses induced continuous ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO-like) waves in immobilized cats. Both 5-HT and quipazine injected into the locus coeruleus decreased the frequency of reserpine-induced PGO waves and increased cortical synchronization. Suppression of PGO activity persisted for 15--30 min whilst synchronizing effects lasted much longer. Methysergide increased the frequency of PGO activity but caused no clear changes in the EEG pattern.", "contents": "The effects of serotonin injections into the locus coeruleus on ponto geniculo occipital (PGO) waves and cortical EEG pattern in cats. Reserpine injected iv at 0-8--1-0 mg/kg doses induced continuous ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO-like) waves in immobilized cats. Both 5-HT and quipazine injected into the locus coeruleus decreased the frequency of reserpine-induced PGO waves and increased cortical synchronization. Suppression of PGO activity persisted for 15--30 min whilst synchronizing effects lasted much longer. Methysergide increased the frequency of PGO activity but caused no clear changes in the EEG pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:1208223", "title": "Para-substituted amphetamines and brain serotonin.", "content": "Among the para-substituted amphetamines was V-111 the most potent inhibiting of examined synaptosomal reuptake of 3H-5-HT. In this respect both optical isomers of V-111 were equally effective while in the inhibition of the uptake of 3H-NA and mainly in that of 3H-DA the (+) form was found to be more potent inhibitor. Concerning the releasing potency of the former amines, in the case of 3H-5-HT both isomers were equally effective releasers. The release of 3H-NA and 3H-DA was influenced more effectively by the (+) form. The stereoselective influence of V-111 on the amine reuptake and release suggests a possibility to reach more selective serotonergic and catecholaminergic effects of amphetamines. For the irreversible inhibition of the uptake in vivo presumably one of the metabolities of V-111 is responsible.", "contents": "Para-substituted amphetamines and brain serotonin. Among the para-substituted amphetamines was V-111 the most potent inhibiting of examined synaptosomal reuptake of 3H-5-HT. In this respect both optical isomers of V-111 were equally effective while in the inhibition of the uptake of 3H-NA and mainly in that of 3H-DA the (+) form was found to be more potent inhibitor. Concerning the releasing potency of the former amines, in the case of 3H-5-HT both isomers were equally effective releasers. The release of 3H-NA and 3H-DA was influenced more effectively by the (+) form. The stereoselective influence of V-111 on the amine reuptake and release suggests a possibility to reach more selective serotonergic and catecholaminergic effects of amphetamines. For the irreversible inhibition of the uptake in vivo presumably one of the metabolities of V-111 is responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:1208229", "title": "The effects of apomorphine and 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (DMAA) on ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves in cats.", "content": "The effect of AP and DMAA on the activity of Ro4-1284-induced PGO waves in lateral geniculate body (CGL) of cats is bidirectional. Higher doses decrease, whereas lower doses increase the intensity of PGO waves. DMAA inhibitis PGO activity in a dose-dependent manner. SP antagonizes AP inhibiting activity but does not affect the action of DMAA. The present study deals with the effect of AP and DMAA, the compounds stimulating central dopamine receptors, on the function of serotonin neurons.", "contents": "The effects of apomorphine and 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (DMAA) on ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves in cats. The effect of AP and DMAA on the activity of Ro4-1284-induced PGO waves in lateral geniculate body (CGL) of cats is bidirectional. Higher doses decrease, whereas lower doses increase the intensity of PGO waves. DMAA inhibitis PGO activity in a dose-dependent manner. SP antagonizes AP inhibiting activity but does not affect the action of DMAA. The present study deals with the effect of AP and DMAA, the compounds stimulating central dopamine receptors, on the function of serotonin neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1208230", "title": "The effect of serotonin microinjections into the nuclei amygdalae on EEG and behavior in the rabbit.", "content": "In chronic experiment with rabbits the influence of 5-HT on the behaviour and bioelectric activity of different brain structures had been examined. Bilateral 5-HT microinjections mostly into the basal amygdaloid nucleus cause the increase of motor activity as well as the arousal in EEG. Agents considered to be inhibitors of central serotonin receptors (cypropheptadine, methysergide) weaken the above mentioned reactions only slightly. Atropine causes the inhibition of effects produced by 5-HT. On the ground of the results obtained it seems that the stimulation caused by injecting 5-HT into amygdaloid nucleus proceeds through the mediation of acetylcholine neurons.", "contents": "The effect of serotonin microinjections into the nuclei amygdalae on EEG and behavior in the rabbit. In chronic experiment with rabbits the influence of 5-HT on the behaviour and bioelectric activity of different brain structures had been examined. Bilateral 5-HT microinjections mostly into the basal amygdaloid nucleus cause the increase of motor activity as well as the arousal in EEG. Agents considered to be inhibitors of central serotonin receptors (cypropheptadine, methysergide) weaken the above mentioned reactions only slightly. Atropine causes the inhibition of effects produced by 5-HT. On the ground of the results obtained it seems that the stimulation caused by injecting 5-HT into amygdaloid nucleus proceeds through the mediation of acetylcholine neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1208232", "title": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine given IVC on rat behaviour.", "content": "Up till now no univocal answer to the question concerning the role of 5-HT in the control of behaviour of normal animal has been given. The effect of 5-HT was studied after ivc injection. The doses of 10, 50, 80, 100 and 200 mug of 5-HT induced a statistically significant prolongation of immobility time and the decrease in the number of rearings. The dose of 1 mug did not affect animal behaviour. The same dose ivc brought about a statistically significant decrease in locomotor and exploratory activities in rats of high activity, the decrease in locomotor activity in rats of medium-activity but did not affect the behaviour of rats of low activity. 0-1 mug did not bring about any changes in animal behaviour. 5-HT depressed locomotor and exploratory activities in rats in relation to the dose and dependently to the type of behaviour of a normal rat.", "contents": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine given IVC on rat behaviour. Up till now no univocal answer to the question concerning the role of 5-HT in the control of behaviour of normal animal has been given. The effect of 5-HT was studied after ivc injection. The doses of 10, 50, 80, 100 and 200 mug of 5-HT induced a statistically significant prolongation of immobility time and the decrease in the number of rearings. The dose of 1 mug did not affect animal behaviour. The same dose ivc brought about a statistically significant decrease in locomotor and exploratory activities in rats of high activity, the decrease in locomotor activity in rats of medium-activity but did not affect the behaviour of rats of low activity. 0-1 mug did not bring about any changes in animal behaviour. 5-HT depressed locomotor and exploratory activities in rats in relation to the dose and dependently to the type of behaviour of a normal rat."}
{"id": "PMID:1208235", "title": "The effect of low protein diet on sleeping time and on the metabolism of hexobarbital in rats.", "content": "In rats with protein deficiency a shorter time for the onset of sleep and the reduced sleeping time were stated, the level of hexobarbital being unaltered at the moment of awakening. The decrease in the amount of hexobarbital excreted with urine collected within 24 hrs and more rapid drug metabolism were observed in the experiments in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of low protein diet on sleeping time and on the metabolism of hexobarbital in rats. In rats with protein deficiency a shorter time for the onset of sleep and the reduced sleeping time were stated, the level of hexobarbital being unaltered at the moment of awakening. The decrease in the amount of hexobarbital excreted with urine collected within 24 hrs and more rapid drug metabolism were observed in the experiments in vivo and in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1208233", "title": "The activation of the renin--angiotensin system in the dog after injection of noradrenaline into the lateral brain ventricle.", "content": "Experiments were made on 15 mongrel dogs of either sex. Biologically active substances circulating in the blood after administration of noradrenaline (NA) into the left lateral brain ventricle of the dog were detected using the blood bathed organ technique of Vane. Plasma renin activity was also estimated. NA injected intraventricularly (ivc) in doses of 50-500 mug activated the renin--angiotensin system. Phentolamine prolonged the effect of NA. Propranolol abolished this central effect of NA. The increase in the concentration of endogenous NA in the brain by desmethylimipramine and RO 4-1284 also caused an activation of renin--angiotensin system.", "contents": "The activation of the renin--angiotensin system in the dog after injection of noradrenaline into the lateral brain ventricle. Experiments were made on 15 mongrel dogs of either sex. Biologically active substances circulating in the blood after administration of noradrenaline (NA) into the left lateral brain ventricle of the dog were detected using the blood bathed organ technique of Vane. Plasma renin activity was also estimated. NA injected intraventricularly (ivc) in doses of 50-500 mug activated the renin--angiotensin system. Phentolamine prolonged the effect of NA. Propranolol abolished this central effect of NA. The increase in the concentration of endogenous NA in the brain by desmethylimipramine and RO 4-1284 also caused an activation of renin--angiotensin system."}
{"id": "PMID:1208234", "title": "The effect of long-term administration of adrenaline, metanephrine and propranolol on the triphasic intestinal reaction on adrenaline in the rat.", "content": "The effect 6 weeks long treatment of rats with L-adrenaline (1 mg/kg sc), D,L-metanephrine (20 mg/kg sc) and D-propranolol (10 mg/kg po) on isolated ileum triphasic reaction on adrenaline was studied. Adrenaline and metanephrine increased the sensitivity of relaxation response and decreased the contraction phase of smooth muscle to adrenaline. In the contrary propranolol decreased relaxation and increased contraction phase of triphasic reaction. The results presented by us support our previous suggestion that the triphasic intestinal reaction on adrenaline is related to extraneuronal accumulation of catecholamines.", "contents": "The effect of long-term administration of adrenaline, metanephrine and propranolol on the triphasic intestinal reaction on adrenaline in the rat. The effect 6 weeks long treatment of rats with L-adrenaline (1 mg/kg sc), D,L-metanephrine (20 mg/kg sc) and D-propranolol (10 mg/kg po) on isolated ileum triphasic reaction on adrenaline was studied. Adrenaline and metanephrine increased the sensitivity of relaxation response and decreased the contraction phase of smooth muscle to adrenaline. In the contrary propranolol decreased relaxation and increased contraction phase of triphasic reaction. The results presented by us support our previous suggestion that the triphasic intestinal reaction on adrenaline is related to extraneuronal accumulation of catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:1208236", "title": "Bioassay of prostaglandins in the presence of high concentrations of catecholamines.", "content": "A column filled with activated aluminium oxide is incorporated into the bioassay system of Vane in which a rat stomach strip, a chick rectum and a rat colon are superfused in cascade. The absorbance of catecholamines by the column and the passage of prostaglandins through the column are almost 100%. This modification of Vane's technique enables PGE1, PGE2, PGF2, F2a to be estimated at concentrations as low as 0-5--1-0 ng/ml in the presence of catecholamines at a concentration as high as 50 ng/ml. Using this method we have demonstrated the release of small amounts (2 ng/ml) of an endogenous PGE-like substance from rabbit ear vessels contracted by an infusion of norepinephrine (500 ng/ml/min).", "contents": "Bioassay of prostaglandins in the presence of high concentrations of catecholamines. A column filled with activated aluminium oxide is incorporated into the bioassay system of Vane in which a rat stomach strip, a chick rectum and a rat colon are superfused in cascade. The absorbance of catecholamines by the column and the passage of prostaglandins through the column are almost 100%. This modification of Vane's technique enables PGE1, PGE2, PGF2, F2a to be estimated at concentrations as low as 0-5--1-0 ng/ml in the presence of catecholamines at a concentration as high as 50 ng/ml. Using this method we have demonstrated the release of small amounts (2 ng/ml) of an endogenous PGE-like substance from rabbit ear vessels contracted by an infusion of norepinephrine (500 ng/ml/min)."}
{"id": "PMID:1208237", "title": "The flavonoids in the leaves of Vinca minor L. (Apocynaceae).", "content": "Five flavonoids were isolated from the leaves of Vinca minor L. The structure of 4 glucosides was established as: kaempferol 3-rhamnogluco-7-glucoside (A), kaempferol 3-rhamnogluco-7-galactoside (B), quercetin 3-rutino-7-glucoside (D), quercetin 3-rhamnogluco-7-glucoside (E). One flavonoid isorhamnethin glucorhamnoside (C) was identified only partially. The occurance of flavonoids in the other organs of the plant was compared chromatographically.", "contents": "The flavonoids in the leaves of Vinca minor L. (Apocynaceae). Five flavonoids were isolated from the leaves of Vinca minor L. The structure of 4 glucosides was established as: kaempferol 3-rhamnogluco-7-glucoside (A), kaempferol 3-rhamnogluco-7-galactoside (B), quercetin 3-rutino-7-glucoside (D), quercetin 3-rhamnogluco-7-glucoside (E). One flavonoid isorhamnethin glucorhamnoside (C) was identified only partially. The occurance of flavonoids in the other organs of the plant was compared chromatographically."}
{"id": "PMID:1208267", "title": "[Protection of the operating field in thoracic surgery using membrane-forming spray dressing].", "content": "Considerable decrease of the incidence of purulent complications was observed when using the membrane-forming spray dressing to protect the operating field in thoracic surgery. It is concluded that the use of these dressings in surgery is a simple and effective method to prevent complications of wound healing.", "contents": "[Protection of the operating field in thoracic surgery using membrane-forming spray dressing]. Considerable decrease of the incidence of purulent complications was observed when using the membrane-forming spray dressing to protect the operating field in thoracic surgery. It is concluded that the use of these dressings in surgery is a simple and effective method to prevent complications of wound healing."}
{"id": "PMID:1208268", "title": "[Use of Plastubol as the exclusive dressing of surgical wounds].", "content": "The membrane-forming Plastubol-Spray was used to dress the wounds immediately after surgery in 2088 patients operated on in the Surgical Ward of the Miners' Hospital in Bytom. Compared with conventional dressing, there was observed the decrease of incidente of purulent complications. The membrane-forming Plastubol dressing features the following advantages: easiness of dressing application, tightness, possibility of better nursing of the patient and lesser cost compared with conventional dressing.", "contents": "[Use of Plastubol as the exclusive dressing of surgical wounds]. The membrane-forming Plastubol-Spray was used to dress the wounds immediately after surgery in 2088 patients operated on in the Surgical Ward of the Miners' Hospital in Bytom. Compared with conventional dressing, there was observed the decrease of incidente of purulent complications. The membrane-forming Plastubol dressing features the following advantages: easiness of dressing application, tightness, possibility of better nursing of the patient and lesser cost compared with conventional dressing."}
{"id": "PMID:1208269", "title": "[Use of 3M adhesive tapes in the treatment of wounds].", "content": "For several years, operative skin wounds were closed using sterile or non-sterile 3M adhesive tape. Irrespective of their size, the wounds treated in this way healed easier and quicker compared with similar wounds closed using non-resorbable surgical sutures. No reaction at the site of the wound was seen in the patients in whom the wounds were closed by means of non-sterilized adhesive tape.", "contents": "[Use of 3M adhesive tapes in the treatment of wounds]. For several years, operative skin wounds were closed using sterile or non-sterile 3M adhesive tape. Irrespective of their size, the wounds treated in this way healed easier and quicker compared with similar wounds closed using non-resorbable surgical sutures. No reaction at the site of the wound was seen in the patients in whom the wounds were closed by means of non-sterilized adhesive tape."}
{"id": "PMID:1208270", "title": "[Use of plastic catheters for the catheterization of the umbilical vein in newborn and premature infants].", "content": "The use of catheters for exchange transfusion in newborns for the treatment of hemolytic disease is discussed. Basing on over 5-years' clinical observation period it has been concluded that Polish catheter for exchange transfusion satisfactorily meets the demands.", "contents": "[Use of plastic catheters for the catheterization of the umbilical vein in newborn and premature infants]. The use of catheters for exchange transfusion in newborns for the treatment of hemolytic disease is discussed. Basing on over 5-years' clinical observation period it has been concluded that Polish catheter for exchange transfusion satisfactorily meets the demands."}
{"id": "PMID:1208271", "title": "[External gastric fistula in neoplastic esophageal stenosis].", "content": "The leakage of gastric contents along the catheter introduced in the gastric lumen is the most frequent complication of the external gastric fistula made in cases of neoplastic esophageal occlusion. In 5 patients, the author applied the modified Witzel's operation using polyvinyl chloride catheter fixed on the skin to prevent it from disengaging. In all these patients the operative wound healed by first intention and no gastric leakage was observed.", "contents": "[External gastric fistula in neoplastic esophageal stenosis]. The leakage of gastric contents along the catheter introduced in the gastric lumen is the most frequent complication of the external gastric fistula made in cases of neoplastic esophageal occlusion. In 5 patients, the author applied the modified Witzel's operation using polyvinyl chloride catheter fixed on the skin to prevent it from disengaging. In all these patients the operative wound healed by first intention and no gastric leakage was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208272", "title": "[Tracheal and esophageal endoprostheses made of soft plastics].", "content": "Soft PVC endoprostheses were used in 87 patients for long-term dilatation of post-inflammatory and neoplastic strictures of the esophagus and trachea. Satisfactory results have been obtained in about 80% cases.", "contents": "[Tracheal and esophageal endoprostheses made of soft plastics]. Soft PVC endoprostheses were used in 87 patients for long-term dilatation of post-inflammatory and neoplastic strictures of the esophagus and trachea. Satisfactory results have been obtained in about 80% cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1208273", "title": "[Use of ethylene oxide for the sterilization of thermoplastic articles].", "content": "The author applied ethylene oxide for sterilization of articles incompatible with thermal sterilization. This method has been widely accepted in many counteries. The tests have been made in the Warsaw Medical School Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, the Polish made \"Rotanox\" being the source of ethylene oxide. The following items served as sterilizing chambers in this order: Polyethylene foil bags, glass flask and pressurized chambers. The gas pressure of 1 at and temperature of 40-50 degrees C were maintained in the chamber. Sterilized material was closed in the polyethylene foil bags. The effectiveness of this method was proved by bacterial tests.", "contents": "[Use of ethylene oxide for the sterilization of thermoplastic articles]. The author applied ethylene oxide for sterilization of articles incompatible with thermal sterilization. This method has been widely accepted in many counteries. The tests have been made in the Warsaw Medical School Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, the Polish made \"Rotanox\" being the source of ethylene oxide. The following items served as sterilizing chambers in this order: Polyethylene foil bags, glass flask and pressurized chambers. The gas pressure of 1 at and temperature of 40-50 degrees C were maintained in the chamber. Sterilized material was closed in the polyethylene foil bags. The effectiveness of this method was proved by bacterial tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1208274", "title": "[Prophylaxis of influenza with a clathrate of polyvinyl alcohol with iodine and boric acid].", "content": "Taking advantage of the viricdal and antimicrobial properties of the clathrate of polyvinyl alcohol with iodine and boric acid (PVAIB) and taking into account successful results obtained during the action in 1969, it was used again as a preventive measure during the epidemy of influenza in Pozna\u0144 at the turn of 1971/1972. In this period, the prophylactic action included 1477 persons who recieved the drug as nasal drops in 30 gram bottles. After the extinction of influenza we checked 459 persons who had taken the drug regularly, according to medical prescription. Out of this group, only 23 persons or 5% fell ill with influenza. If compared with general morbidity, this rate proved to be four times smaller.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of influenza with a clathrate of polyvinyl alcohol with iodine and boric acid]. Taking advantage of the viricdal and antimicrobial properties of the clathrate of polyvinyl alcohol with iodine and boric acid (PVAIB) and taking into account successful results obtained during the action in 1969, it was used again as a preventive measure during the epidemy of influenza in Pozna\u0144 at the turn of 1971/1972. In this period, the prophylactic action included 1477 persons who recieved the drug as nasal drops in 30 gram bottles. After the extinction of influenza we checked 459 persons who had taken the drug regularly, according to medical prescription. Out of this group, only 23 persons or 5% fell ill with influenza. If compared with general morbidity, this rate proved to be four times smaller."}
{"id": "PMID:1208275", "title": "Biological testing of surface-modified acrylic polymers.", "content": "The author describes three variants of the surface treatment of PMMA using a special method suggested by Wichterle. Modified surfaces of PMMA discs in three variations A, B, C were followed in subcutaneous implantation in rats during three months and were well tolerated. The final stage was characterized by a stabilized fibrous capsule. The relationship between modified PMMA, glass and pure PMMA in vitro using human and animal blood was also investigated. The author analyzes experiments carried out with human blood (Lee-White's time of blood clotting and fibrin formation after B\u00fcrker) and proves better antithrombogenic properties of modified PMMA to control on glass and pure PMMA.", "contents": "Biological testing of surface-modified acrylic polymers. The author describes three variants of the surface treatment of PMMA using a special method suggested by Wichterle. Modified surfaces of PMMA discs in three variations A, B, C were followed in subcutaneous implantation in rats during three months and were well tolerated. The final stage was characterized by a stabilized fibrous capsule. The relationship between modified PMMA, glass and pure PMMA in vitro using human and animal blood was also investigated. The author analyzes experiments carried out with human blood (Lee-White's time of blood clotting and fibrin formation after B\u00fcrker) and proves better antithrombogenic properties of modified PMMA to control on glass and pure PMMA."}
{"id": "PMID:1208276", "title": "[Polyester knitted nets in pediatric surgery].", "content": "The paper concerns the clinical evaluation of polyester knitted nets produced by Central Laboratory of Knitting Industry in L\u00f3d\u017a used for reconstructive operations of abdominal and chest wall. The polyester knitted net was used in 29 children (newborns, infants and older children). Basing on the clinical observations and microscopic examinations there is discussed healing-in of the knitted fabric and complications observed during the postoperative course.", "contents": "[Polyester knitted nets in pediatric surgery]. The paper concerns the clinical evaluation of polyester knitted nets produced by Central Laboratory of Knitting Industry in L\u00f3d\u017a used for reconstructive operations of abdominal and chest wall. The polyester knitted net was used in 29 children (newborns, infants and older children). Basing on the clinical observations and microscopic examinations there is discussed healing-in of the knitted fabric and complications observed during the postoperative course."}
{"id": "PMID:1208277", "title": "[Clinical study of resorbable surgical sutures. A suggestion].", "content": "There has been attempted in the Institute of Surgery, Wroc\u0142aw Medical School, in 1975 the clinica study with the purpose of comparative evaluation of two kinds of tissue-resorbable surgical sutures, namely catgut and polyglycolic acid threads. To standardize the basic methods of clinical examination to be followed by teams of experts, basing on literature data and own experience, a proposition was elaborated including indications and methods of choosing the groups of resorbable and non-resorbable threads, aseptic demands, and intraoperative, postoperative and laboratory examinations.", "contents": "[Clinical study of resorbable surgical sutures. A suggestion]. There has been attempted in the Institute of Surgery, Wroc\u0142aw Medical School, in 1975 the clinica study with the purpose of comparative evaluation of two kinds of tissue-resorbable surgical sutures, namely catgut and polyglycolic acid threads. To standardize the basic methods of clinical examination to be followed by teams of experts, basing on literature data and own experience, a proposition was elaborated including indications and methods of choosing the groups of resorbable and non-resorbable threads, aseptic demands, and intraoperative, postoperative and laboratory examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1208278", "title": "[Production and testing of biologically active fibers with hemostatic properties].", "content": "The authors presented the method of laboratory elaboration of biologically active surgical sutures with hemostatic and antiiinflammatory properties as developed by the Leningrad S. M. Kirov Memorial Institute of Textile and Light Industry. With the carboxyl groups of the KFM type fibres (addition product of polyvinylfurfural with maleic acid) adrenalin sorbed from aqueous suspensions was linked by ionic bond. The sutures were tested in the A. I. Bakuliev Memorial Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery. Due to the slow release of adrenalin the sutures exert hemostatic effect. In the in vitro tests there were determined the serum calcium level, hemolysis of red blood cells, pH, prothrombin time and plasma protein content changes. The authors showed also preliminary data on the sterilization of the fibres.", "contents": "[Production and testing of biologically active fibers with hemostatic properties]. The authors presented the method of laboratory elaboration of biologically active surgical sutures with hemostatic and antiiinflammatory properties as developed by the Leningrad S. M. Kirov Memorial Institute of Textile and Light Industry. With the carboxyl groups of the KFM type fibres (addition product of polyvinylfurfural with maleic acid) adrenalin sorbed from aqueous suspensions was linked by ionic bond. The sutures were tested in the A. I. Bakuliev Memorial Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery. Due to the slow release of adrenalin the sutures exert hemostatic effect. In the in vitro tests there were determined the serum calcium level, hemolysis of red blood cells, pH, prothrombin time and plasma protein content changes. The authors showed also preliminary data on the sterilization of the fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1208279", "title": "[Use of polymers in the treatment of skull and brain traumas].", "content": "After preliminary experiments, over a period of the recent 10 years there were repaired skull bone defects in 116 patients using Styracryl, AKR-100, AKR-15 and Protacryl. The acrylic plastics polymerize at relatively low temperature, feature good mouldability, are readily sterilizable and result in no inflammatory lesions in the surrounding tissues. Good cosmetic results are obtained.", "contents": "[Use of polymers in the treatment of skull and brain traumas]. After preliminary experiments, over a period of the recent 10 years there were repaired skull bone defects in 116 patients using Styracryl, AKR-100, AKR-15 and Protacryl. The acrylic plastics polymerize at relatively low temperature, feature good mouldability, are readily sterilizable and result in no inflammatory lesions in the surrounding tissues. Good cosmetic results are obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1208280", "title": "[Use of synthetic latex LBS 3022 in anatomical technic].", "content": "The use of Polish-made synthetic latex LBS 3022 in the anatomical technique was studied. The optimal composition of the latex mixture was established with due consideration of pigments, emulgators, stabilizers and curing substances. The LBS 3022 synthetic latex meets the demands applicable to good injection composition as being capable of filling the vessels of different section area, and quick setting by way of coagulation. The obtained castings are durable; they feature considerable tensile strength and elasticity.", "contents": "[Use of synthetic latex LBS 3022 in anatomical technic]. The use of Polish-made synthetic latex LBS 3022 in the anatomical technique was studied. The optimal composition of the latex mixture was established with due consideration of pigments, emulgators, stabilizers and curing substances. The LBS 3022 synthetic latex meets the demands applicable to good injection composition as being capable of filling the vessels of different section area, and quick setting by way of coagulation. The obtained castings are durable; they feature considerable tensile strength and elasticity."}
{"id": "PMID:1208281", "title": "[Adhesion of blood platelets to electric-featuring polymers].", "content": "The authors studied the effect of electric potential arising on the plastic surface upon the blood clotting process. The study was performed according to the Breddin method. The study concerned fluorosilicone rubber, fluoroplast, polyester, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride with various surface potentials. The authors found that the negatively charged blood platelets adhere to negatively charged plastic surfaces only to a low extent and undergo no disintegration and agglomeration. To the surfaces of the same plastics being electrically neutral, only small aggregates of blood platelets adhere. On the other hand, on the positively charged surfaces the accumulation of blood platelets takes place with concurrent aggregation and disintegration, thus initiating the thrombus formation. The authors observed the intensity of these changes using blood platelet adhesion index and fluorescence microscope.", "contents": "[Adhesion of blood platelets to electric-featuring polymers]. The authors studied the effect of electric potential arising on the plastic surface upon the blood clotting process. The study was performed according to the Breddin method. The study concerned fluorosilicone rubber, fluoroplast, polyester, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride with various surface potentials. The authors found that the negatively charged blood platelets adhere to negatively charged plastic surfaces only to a low extent and undergo no disintegration and agglomeration. To the surfaces of the same plastics being electrically neutral, only small aggregates of blood platelets adhere. On the other hand, on the positively charged surfaces the accumulation of blood platelets takes place with concurrent aggregation and disintegration, thus initiating the thrombus formation. The authors observed the intensity of these changes using blood platelet adhesion index and fluorescence microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:1208282", "title": "[Laboratory and clinical testing of modern adhesive tapes and dressing materials].", "content": "Twelve kinds of adhesive tapes and dressing materials produced by Beiersdorf were evaluated using laboratory, experimental and clinical tests. There were performed examinations of physical, physico-mechanical and bacteriostatic properties. Tests for supradermal and intradermal reactivity were performed in experimental animals. Moreover, different clinical tests of these materials were made.", "contents": "[Laboratory and clinical testing of modern adhesive tapes and dressing materials]. Twelve kinds of adhesive tapes and dressing materials produced by Beiersdorf were evaluated using laboratory, experimental and clinical tests. There were performed examinations of physical, physico-mechanical and bacteriostatic properties. Tests for supradermal and intradermal reactivity were performed in experimental animals. Moreover, different clinical tests of these materials were made."}
{"id": "PMID:1208300", "title": "[Structural presentation of oxygen: its medical value].", "content": "Oxygen is presented as a molecule transported by the heme. The use of molecular energy diagrams makes possible to visaulize the energy levels related with the atomic and molecular orbitals in the case of considering the oxygen atom with and without hybridation. Get up of Griffith's and Pauling's models relative to the nature of the O2-Fe-Heme bindings.", "contents": "[Structural presentation of oxygen: its medical value]. Oxygen is presented as a molecule transported by the heme. The use of molecular energy diagrams makes possible to visaulize the energy levels related with the atomic and molecular orbitals in the case of considering the oxygen atom with and without hybridation. Get up of Griffith's and Pauling's models relative to the nature of the O2-Fe-Heme bindings."}
{"id": "PMID:1208301", "title": "[Comparative study of respiratory exchanging surfaces in birds and mammals].", "content": "Anatomical studies of the respiratory apparatus of birds show evidences for a gas exchanging tubular system (parabronchi and air capillaries); these exchanging structures are entirely dissociated from the ventilatory drive acting on the air sacs. A \"cross-current\" gas exchanging system (perpendicular disposition of air and blood capillaries) allow a good wash-out of carbon dioxide (PaCO2 lower than PECO2). The great efficiency of this lung is allowed by its very large diffusive surface (ASa) and by the high values of lung specific oxygen diffusing capacity (DO2/ASa) and of O2 extraction coefficient in inspired air. The ventilatory pattern of birds is characterized by a greater tidal volume and a smaller respiratory frequency than in mammals of same weight. Respiratory centers of birds receive afferences from lung stretch receptors, CO2-sensitive lung receptors and arterial chemoreceptors.", "contents": "[Comparative study of respiratory exchanging surfaces in birds and mammals]. Anatomical studies of the respiratory apparatus of birds show evidences for a gas exchanging tubular system (parabronchi and air capillaries); these exchanging structures are entirely dissociated from the ventilatory drive acting on the air sacs. A \"cross-current\" gas exchanging system (perpendicular disposition of air and blood capillaries) allow a good wash-out of carbon dioxide (PaCO2 lower than PECO2). The great efficiency of this lung is allowed by its very large diffusive surface (ASa) and by the high values of lung specific oxygen diffusing capacity (DO2/ASa) and of O2 extraction coefficient in inspired air. The ventilatory pattern of birds is characterized by a greater tidal volume and a smaller respiratory frequency than in mammals of same weight. Respiratory centers of birds receive afferences from lung stretch receptors, CO2-sensitive lung receptors and arterial chemoreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:1208302", "title": "[Oxygenation phenomena in plant tissues].", "content": "Study of the influence of oxygen tension on the respiration of plants does not allow to know the nature of cell oxydase(s). Conversely it gets interpretated as a limitation of the respiration by the intracellular diffusion of the oxygen, the oxydase respiration having a very high affinity for the oxygen (this is the characteristic feature of the cytochrome oxydase).", "contents": "[Oxygenation phenomena in plant tissues]. Study of the influence of oxygen tension on the respiration of plants does not allow to know the nature of cell oxydase(s). Conversely it gets interpretated as a limitation of the respiration by the intracellular diffusion of the oxygen, the oxydase respiration having a very high affinity for the oxygen (this is the characteristic feature of the cytochrome oxydase)."}
{"id": "PMID:1208303", "title": "[Transfer of reduced equivalents in the cell: lactate excess].", "content": "The classical biochemical diagram that explains the part played by lactate in hypoxia is shortly recalled. The systems that insure the transfer of reducing equivalents of the cytoplasma towards the mitochondria (and conversely) are then described with full details. The excess lactate concept (XL) advanced by Huckabee (1958) in order to differentiate an hyperlactatemia with hypoxic genesis from an another one is object of discussion. This concept is false from the theoretical point of view and has no longer to be used nowadays.", "contents": "[Transfer of reduced equivalents in the cell: lactate excess]. The classical biochemical diagram that explains the part played by lactate in hypoxia is shortly recalled. The systems that insure the transfer of reducing equivalents of the cytoplasma towards the mitochondria (and conversely) are then described with full details. The excess lactate concept (XL) advanced by Huckabee (1958) in order to differentiate an hyperlactatemia with hypoxic genesis from an another one is object of discussion. This concept is false from the theoretical point of view and has no longer to be used nowadays."}
{"id": "PMID:1208304", "title": "[Affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and tolerance to hypoxia].", "content": "The transfer of O2 in the system between the lung captation and the delivery to tissues is insured by a whole of factors that are components of Fick's equation. The two most important in this O2 transfer are heart output and blood concentration in hemoglobin (transfer capacity of O2). The affinity of blood for O2, evaluated by the determination of P50 (PO2 of half saturation of Hb) interfers also, but we have till presently no precision for what concerns its relative importance. Two demonstrative situations of chronic hypoxia are taken in consideration: adaptation to high altitude hypoxia and the reaction of the system to hypoxia in chronic respiratory deficiency. The influence of displacements of the dissociation curve of HbO2 (Bohr effect, variation in the erythrocytary DPG) is object of discussion. Authors insist particularly on the fact that the fall in the affinity of Hb for O2 (increase in P50) is not always a beneficial mechanism for the delivery of O2 to tissues, particularly in the case of severe hypoxia.", "contents": "[Affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and tolerance to hypoxia]. The transfer of O2 in the system between the lung captation and the delivery to tissues is insured by a whole of factors that are components of Fick's equation. The two most important in this O2 transfer are heart output and blood concentration in hemoglobin (transfer capacity of O2). The affinity of blood for O2, evaluated by the determination of P50 (PO2 of half saturation of Hb) interfers also, but we have till presently no precision for what concerns its relative importance. Two demonstrative situations of chronic hypoxia are taken in consideration: adaptation to high altitude hypoxia and the reaction of the system to hypoxia in chronic respiratory deficiency. The influence of displacements of the dissociation curve of HbO2 (Bohr effect, variation in the erythrocytary DPG) is object of discussion. Authors insist particularly on the fact that the fall in the affinity of Hb for O2 (increase in P50) is not always a beneficial mechanism for the delivery of O2 to tissues, particularly in the case of severe hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1208305", "title": "[Study of erythrocyte organic phosphates and the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in a hyperbaric atmosphere with slightly hyperoxic helium-oxygen mixture].", "content": "The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and organophosphoric compounds 2-3 DPG and ATP was studied in three divers in the course of a simulated diving at saturation in an helium-oxygen mixture at 31 ATA, with a sejourn of two weeks at this pressure.", "contents": "[Study of erythrocyte organic phosphates and the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in a hyperbaric atmosphere with slightly hyperoxic helium-oxygen mixture]. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and organophosphoric compounds 2-3 DPG and ATP was studied in three divers in the course of a simulated diving at saturation in an helium-oxygen mixture at 31 ATA, with a sejourn of two weeks at this pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1208306", "title": "[Oxygen transport by the fetal blood].", "content": "In the mammalian foetus, the blood oxygen tension is low (PaO2 congruent to 25 Torr). The factors limiting the oxygen transfer from maternal into foetal blood are mainly the vascular arrangement and the distribution of blood flow within the placenta. The oxygen diffusion across the placenta in facilitated by a higher oxygen affinity in foetal than in maternal blood. During placental gas exchange the Bohr Effect acts in both the maternal and foetal blood to shift their oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve so that the mean oxygen pressure gradient across the placental membrane is increased. The two main characteristics of foetal blood, a high oxygen capacity and a high oxygen affinity are well adapted to hypoxaemia since, together with a high cardiac output, they ensure an adequate oxygen supply to the foetal tissues. These characteristics of foetal blood disappear during the postnatal period in all the species thus far investigated. The change in the blood oxygen affinity which occurs in the foetus and the newborn have been attributed in some species to the presence of a foetal haemoglobin (HbF) which differs from the adult haemoglobin (HbA) either by an intrinsically higher oxygen affinity, independant of any intracellular cofactor, or by an impaired reactivity towards cofactors which alter haemoglobin oxygen affinity by directly interacting with the haemoglobin molecule (2,3 DPG, CO2). In those species in which HbF has not been shown to be structurally and functionally different from HbA, change in 2,3 DPG concentration can explain change in oxygen affinity.", "contents": "[Oxygen transport by the fetal blood]. In the mammalian foetus, the blood oxygen tension is low (PaO2 congruent to 25 Torr). The factors limiting the oxygen transfer from maternal into foetal blood are mainly the vascular arrangement and the distribution of blood flow within the placenta. The oxygen diffusion across the placenta in facilitated by a higher oxygen affinity in foetal than in maternal blood. During placental gas exchange the Bohr Effect acts in both the maternal and foetal blood to shift their oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve so that the mean oxygen pressure gradient across the placental membrane is increased. The two main characteristics of foetal blood, a high oxygen capacity and a high oxygen affinity are well adapted to hypoxaemia since, together with a high cardiac output, they ensure an adequate oxygen supply to the foetal tissues. These characteristics of foetal blood disappear during the postnatal period in all the species thus far investigated. The change in the blood oxygen affinity which occurs in the foetus and the newborn have been attributed in some species to the presence of a foetal haemoglobin (HbF) which differs from the adult haemoglobin (HbA) either by an intrinsically higher oxygen affinity, independant of any intracellular cofactor, or by an impaired reactivity towards cofactors which alter haemoglobin oxygen affinity by directly interacting with the haemoglobin molecule (2,3 DPG, CO2). In those species in which HbF has not been shown to be structurally and functionally different from HbA, change in 2,3 DPG concentration can explain change in oxygen affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:1208307", "title": "[Study of oxygen consumption in infants of diabetic mothers].", "content": "The energy expenditure (VO2) was measured during the first 36 hours of life in 10 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) and in 16 normal newborns (NB). The mean VO2 was 5,72 ml/kg/min +/- 0,4 for the NB and 4,94 ml/kg/min. +/- 0,3 for the IDM. The respiratory quotients were similar for both groups. Blood glucose determination from all IDM were greater than 44 mg%. Although the low VO2 for IDM is unexplained, several hypothesis might be anticipated: either lack of utilization of abundant endogenous glycogen stores or increased metabolism of glucose by the cells.", "contents": "[Study of oxygen consumption in infants of diabetic mothers]. The energy expenditure (VO2) was measured during the first 36 hours of life in 10 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) and in 16 normal newborns (NB). The mean VO2 was 5,72 ml/kg/min +/- 0,4 for the NB and 4,94 ml/kg/min. +/- 0,3 for the IDM. The respiratory quotients were similar for both groups. Blood glucose determination from all IDM were greater than 44 mg%. Although the low VO2 for IDM is unexplained, several hypothesis might be anticipated: either lack of utilization of abundant endogenous glycogen stores or increased metabolism of glucose by the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1208308", "title": "[Blood gas determination in the newborn infant (prognostic and therapeutic value)].", "content": "A study of 55 blood gas determinations performed on the umbilical vein blood in the new-born (determinations of pH, SAO2, PaCO2, O2 vol% of total blood, CO2 vol% of total plasma, hemoglobin, hematocrit and, in some cases, PaO2). The cases include: 26 girls, 23 boys, issued from 9 primiparas (mean age: 25 years) and 40 multiparas (mean age: 28 years). In 18 of these cases, the parturient woman was administered oxygen. In 6 cases the delivery was complicated. The comparison of the data obtained by means of blood gas determination with the Apgar test evidences the value of the determination of these biological parameters. Authors insist on the necessity to make a functional respiratory study in the pregnany woman exhibiting a chronic respiratory deficiency, and to perform a blood gas determination and an oxygen-therapy (with an hyperoxygenated gas mixture -- O2 60% -- N2 40%) during the labour in order to avoid a fetal anoxia and its consequences, always redoubtable.", "contents": "[Blood gas determination in the newborn infant (prognostic and therapeutic value)]. A study of 55 blood gas determinations performed on the umbilical vein blood in the new-born (determinations of pH, SAO2, PaCO2, O2 vol% of total blood, CO2 vol% of total plasma, hemoglobin, hematocrit and, in some cases, PaO2). The cases include: 26 girls, 23 boys, issued from 9 primiparas (mean age: 25 years) and 40 multiparas (mean age: 28 years). In 18 of these cases, the parturient woman was administered oxygen. In 6 cases the delivery was complicated. The comparison of the data obtained by means of blood gas determination with the Apgar test evidences the value of the determination of these biological parameters. Authors insist on the necessity to make a functional respiratory study in the pregnany woman exhibiting a chronic respiratory deficiency, and to perform a blood gas determination and an oxygen-therapy (with an hyperoxygenated gas mixture -- O2 60% -- N2 40%) during the labour in order to avoid a fetal anoxia and its consequences, always redoubtable."}
{"id": "PMID:1208338", "title": "[Correlation between the biological half-life of tritiated water and the body surface area in man. Preliminary report].", "content": "The literature about the half-life of the tritiated water has shown a great variety from one specimen to another. In order to determine the influence of this variations upon metabolism, mass or body surface we studied 16 healthy subjects and one patient with renal failure. We founded that there is a good correlation between the body surface and the biological half-life of the tritiated water in humans. The correlation average was 1.02.", "contents": "[Correlation between the biological half-life of tritiated water and the body surface area in man. Preliminary report]. The literature about the half-life of the tritiated water has shown a great variety from one specimen to another. In order to determine the influence of this variations upon metabolism, mass or body surface we studied 16 healthy subjects and one patient with renal failure. We founded that there is a good correlation between the body surface and the biological half-life of the tritiated water in humans. The correlation average was 1.02."}
{"id": "PMID:1208339", "title": "[Lupus nephropathy. Clinical, chemical and histological correlations of 15 cases].", "content": "Until a few years ago, the pathological findings of the nephropathy of the disseminated lupus erithematosus had been interpreted and classified with any pronostic criteria. However many papers in the literature conclude the importance of the renal involucre based only in the clinical observation of the patients. In view to take a morphologic criteria about the lesions which can be observed in the disseminated lupus erithematosus we studied the biopsy renal specimens of 15 patients with this illness and correlate the findings with the clinical and laboratory state. The clinical evolution of our patients was highly variable according with the different type of the lupus nephropathy they suffered and because of this we consider of great pronostic importance a new classification of the renal lesions of the disseminated lupus erithematosus.", "contents": "[Lupus nephropathy. Clinical, chemical and histological correlations of 15 cases]. Until a few years ago, the pathological findings of the nephropathy of the disseminated lupus erithematosus had been interpreted and classified with any pronostic criteria. However many papers in the literature conclude the importance of the renal involucre based only in the clinical observation of the patients. In view to take a morphologic criteria about the lesions which can be observed in the disseminated lupus erithematosus we studied the biopsy renal specimens of 15 patients with this illness and correlate the findings with the clinical and laboratory state. The clinical evolution of our patients was highly variable according with the different type of the lupus nephropathy they suffered and because of this we consider of great pronostic importance a new classification of the renal lesions of the disseminated lupus erithematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:1208340", "title": "[Recurrent pancreatitis and hyperlipemia. Clinical case and review of the literature].", "content": "It is discussed the case of a patient, a 45 year old female, who suffered two episodes of acute pancreatitis in one year. This patient is not an alcoholic but diabetic, atherosclerotic and with type IV hyperlipemia. It is presented some reports of the medical literature on the matter and some possible pathogenic mechanisms to explain the pancreatitis associated to hyperlipemia. In this particular case the authors do not consider the hyperlipemia secondary to a pancreatitis but a precipitating factor.", "contents": "[Recurrent pancreatitis and hyperlipemia. Clinical case and review of the literature]. It is discussed the case of a patient, a 45 year old female, who suffered two episodes of acute pancreatitis in one year. This patient is not an alcoholic but diabetic, atherosclerotic and with type IV hyperlipemia. It is presented some reports of the medical literature on the matter and some possible pathogenic mechanisms to explain the pancreatitis associated to hyperlipemia. In this particular case the authors do not consider the hyperlipemia secondary to a pancreatitis but a precipitating factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1208341", "title": "[Work motivation in an institutional hospital of Mexico City].", "content": "It was studied the laboral motivation of the medical staff, nurses, social laborers and administrative personnel of a hospital through interviews which investigated the factors proposed by Herzberg: intrinsec, command, work conditions, salary, progress, security, institution and directives and personal interrelations. The author found that the intrinsec aspects, the personal interrelations and the command was the most important things for the employee. There were also some differences between the various categories of employee: the effective command was a general preoccupation for all the personnel in the different areas and the security to retain the job was the prior motivation of the chief nurses, social laborers and administrative personnel.", "contents": "[Work motivation in an institutional hospital of Mexico City]. It was studied the laboral motivation of the medical staff, nurses, social laborers and administrative personnel of a hospital through interviews which investigated the factors proposed by Herzberg: intrinsec, command, work conditions, salary, progress, security, institution and directives and personal interrelations. The author found that the intrinsec aspects, the personal interrelations and the command was the most important things for the employee. There were also some differences between the various categories of employee: the effective command was a general preoccupation for all the personnel in the different areas and the security to retain the job was the prior motivation of the chief nurses, social laborers and administrative personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:1208370", "title": "[Changes in the activity of glyoxylate cycle enzymes of yeast during hydrocarbon nutrition].", "content": "Six strains of Candida guillermondii of different productivity showed a higher isocitrate lyase and malate dehydrogenase activity of cell-free extracts when grown on paraffin than when grown on glucose. In most cases isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was higher on glucose than on paraffin. A positive correlation between isocitrate activity and growth rate was found from studies of the strains of varying growth rate and the cultures cultivated under different conditions (nitrogen content and the presence or absence of biotin or autolysate in the medium).", "contents": "[Changes in the activity of glyoxylate cycle enzymes of yeast during hydrocarbon nutrition]. Six strains of Candida guillermondii of different productivity showed a higher isocitrate lyase and malate dehydrogenase activity of cell-free extracts when grown on paraffin than when grown on glucose. In most cases isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was higher on glucose than on paraffin. A positive correlation between isocitrate activity and growth rate was found from studies of the strains of varying growth rate and the cultures cultivated under different conditions (nitrogen content and the presence or absence of biotin or autolysate in the medium)."}
{"id": "PMID:1208371", "title": "[Effect of nucleotide containing corrinoids on vitamin B 12 synthesis in Propionibacterium shermanii].", "content": "The influence of B12-CN, B12-OH, coenzyme B12, factor III and factor B on the synthesis of vitamin B12 and porphyrins by different strains of P. shermanii was investigated. Neither compound inhibited the development of propionic bacteria or suppressed porphyrin formation. All nucleotide containing analogues of vitamin B12 produced a strong repressive effect on the synthesis of corrinoid compounds regardless of the modifications in the upper and lower cobalt ligands. Factor B containing no nucleotide moiety did not show this effect. It is suggested that the nucleotide moiety of the vitamin B12 molecule is responsible for the binding of vitamin to protein aporepressor.", "contents": "[Effect of nucleotide containing corrinoids on vitamin B 12 synthesis in Propionibacterium shermanii]. The influence of B12-CN, B12-OH, coenzyme B12, factor III and factor B on the synthesis of vitamin B12 and porphyrins by different strains of P. shermanii was investigated. Neither compound inhibited the development of propionic bacteria or suppressed porphyrin formation. All nucleotide containing analogues of vitamin B12 produced a strong repressive effect on the synthesis of corrinoid compounds regardless of the modifications in the upper and lower cobalt ligands. Factor B containing no nucleotide moiety did not show this effect. It is suggested that the nucleotide moiety of the vitamin B12 molecule is responsible for the binding of vitamin to protein aporepressor."}
{"id": "PMID:1208372", "title": "[Effect of aeration on lysine biosynthesis in nutrient media with different concentrations of components].", "content": "The lysine synthesis by the culture M. glutamicus T-3 on nutrient media with varying molasses concentrations was studied during cultivation under different aeration conditions. With an increase in the nutrient concentration the relationship between the lysine yield and aeration rate became very manifest. An elevation of aeration (Kv) from 1.2 to 6.3 g O2 1/hr increased the yield of lysine in the 15, 20 and 28% molasses medium by 3, 6 and 11 times, respectively. A decline in aeration decreased the biomass yield and increased the content of lactic acid and alanine in the culture liquid (to 19 and 4 g/l, respectively). The rate of respiration of the culture in the filtrate of the culture liquid measured in the Warburg apparatus depended on the cell age and molasses concentration in the nutrient medium and not on the aeration rate.", "contents": "[Effect of aeration on lysine biosynthesis in nutrient media with different concentrations of components]. The lysine synthesis by the culture M. glutamicus T-3 on nutrient media with varying molasses concentrations was studied during cultivation under different aeration conditions. With an increase in the nutrient concentration the relationship between the lysine yield and aeration rate became very manifest. An elevation of aeration (Kv) from 1.2 to 6.3 g O2 1/hr increased the yield of lysine in the 15, 20 and 28% molasses medium by 3, 6 and 11 times, respectively. A decline in aeration decreased the biomass yield and increased the content of lactic acid and alanine in the culture liquid (to 19 and 4 g/l, respectively). The rate of respiration of the culture in the filtrate of the culture liquid measured in the Warburg apparatus depended on the cell age and molasses concentration in the nutrient medium and not on the aeration rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1208373", "title": "[Effect of cultivation conditions on the accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxy-butyric acid in Rhizobium lupini].", "content": "The influence of the age of the culture and nitrogen source on the accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid by different strains of Rhizobium lupini was studied. The accumulation depended on the age of the culture and reached maximum at the end of the logarithmic and at the beginning of the stationary phase of the bacterial growth (about 50-60% dry weight). The accumulation varied in relation to the nitrogen source used: it was the highest in the glutamate medium and the lowest on nitrate nitrogen; the culture grown on ammonium phosphate was intermediate.", "contents": "[Effect of cultivation conditions on the accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxy-butyric acid in Rhizobium lupini]. The influence of the age of the culture and nitrogen source on the accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid by different strains of Rhizobium lupini was studied. The accumulation depended on the age of the culture and reached maximum at the end of the logarithmic and at the beginning of the stationary phase of the bacterial growth (about 50-60% dry weight). The accumulation varied in relation to the nitrogen source used: it was the highest in the glutamate medium and the lowest on nitrate nitrogen; the culture grown on ammonium phosphate was intermediate."}
{"id": "PMID:1208374", "title": "[Effect of the inoculum on beta-fructofuranosidase synthesis by Aspergillus awamori].", "content": "The influence of the age and amount of the inoculum on the beta-fructofuranosidase synthesis by Aspergillus awamori 16 was studied during submerged cultivation. The level of the synthesis increased significantly when the 36-hour mycelial inoculum was used.", "contents": "[Effect of the inoculum on beta-fructofuranosidase synthesis by Aspergillus awamori]. The influence of the age and amount of the inoculum on the beta-fructofuranosidase synthesis by Aspergillus awamori 16 was studied during submerged cultivation. The level of the synthesis increased significantly when the 36-hour mycelial inoculum was used."}
{"id": "PMID:1208375", "title": "[Lipid synthesis by Micrococcus freudenreichii in media containing unsaturated hydrocarbon's].", "content": "The growth and synthesis of lipids by thermotolerant bacteria Micrococcus freudenreichii K-219 were investigated in the mineral medium containing a mixture of unsaturated (I-) and saturated hydrocarbons. The bacteria utilized primarily I-alkenes. In lipids the predominant fractions were phospholipids (57%) and free fatty acids (20%). The content of waxes which were in significant quantities in n-alkane containing media (9%) was not higher than 0.3% dry matter upon utilization of I-alkenes. There was a certain correlation between carbon atoms of synthesized fatty acids and unsaturated hydrocarbons used. Bacteria utilizing I-alkenes showed no elevated unsaturation of cell lipids as compared to those assimilating n-alkanes. These data give evidence for different pathways of oxidation of alkenes and alkanes by the above microbial strain.", "contents": "[Lipid synthesis by Micrococcus freudenreichii in media containing unsaturated hydrocarbon's]. The growth and synthesis of lipids by thermotolerant bacteria Micrococcus freudenreichii K-219 were investigated in the mineral medium containing a mixture of unsaturated (I-) and saturated hydrocarbons. The bacteria utilized primarily I-alkenes. In lipids the predominant fractions were phospholipids (57%) and free fatty acids (20%). The content of waxes which were in significant quantities in n-alkane containing media (9%) was not higher than 0.3% dry matter upon utilization of I-alkenes. There was a certain correlation between carbon atoms of synthesized fatty acids and unsaturated hydrocarbons used. Bacteria utilizing I-alkenes showed no elevated unsaturation of cell lipids as compared to those assimilating n-alkanes. These data give evidence for different pathways of oxidation of alkenes and alkanes by the above microbial strain."}
{"id": "PMID:1208377", "title": "[The effect of iron concentration on pectin decomposition by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori].", "content": "The effect of cations Fe2+ and Fe3+ on the decomposition of apple pectin by the enzymic preparations of Asp. niger and Asp. awamori has been examined. Fe ions have delayed the process of enzymic decomposition of the pectin molecule. In the presence of Fe3+ far less amounts of monogalacturonic acid are formed. The presence of Fe ions makes the pectin molecule more stable to the effect of pectolytic enzymes.", "contents": "[The effect of iron concentration on pectin decomposition by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori]. The effect of cations Fe2+ and Fe3+ on the decomposition of apple pectin by the enzymic preparations of Asp. niger and Asp. awamori has been examined. Fe ions have delayed the process of enzymic decomposition of the pectin molecule. In the presence of Fe3+ far less amounts of monogalacturonic acid are formed. The presence of Fe ions makes the pectin molecule more stable to the effect of pectolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:1208376", "title": "[Preparation and kinetic properties of immobilized benzyl penicillin acylase].", "content": "An active insoluble preparation of immobilized benzyl penicillin acylase (IBA) EC 3.5.1.11 has been obtained by its entrapping into polyacrylamide gel lattice. Due to immobilization the preparation maintains up to 87% of its initial activity. The kinetics of IBA at low substrate concentrations obeys the Michaelis-Menten law; however, the apparent KM value decreases and the temperature optimum elevates. The inhibition by the reaction products--6-aminopenicillanic acid and phenylacetic acid--has been found to be 4.3 mM. The resultant IBA preparation proves to be suitable for hydrolysis of 5% benzyl penicillin solutions.", "contents": "[Preparation and kinetic properties of immobilized benzyl penicillin acylase]. An active insoluble preparation of immobilized benzyl penicillin acylase (IBA) EC 3.5.1.11 has been obtained by its entrapping into polyacrylamide gel lattice. Due to immobilization the preparation maintains up to 87% of its initial activity. The kinetics of IBA at low substrate concentrations obeys the Michaelis-Menten law; however, the apparent KM value decreases and the temperature optimum elevates. The inhibition by the reaction products--6-aminopenicillanic acid and phenylacetic acid--has been found to be 4.3 mM. The resultant IBA preparation proves to be suitable for hydrolysis of 5% benzyl penicillin solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:1208378", "title": "[The structure of caseins from cow milk].", "content": "The paper presents a review of up-to-date data on the primary structure of alphas1-, beta- and kappa-casein of cow milk, gives amino acid substitutes in the genetic forms, arrangement of bitter peptides resulting from enzymic degradation and discusses the possible mechanism of phosphorylation. With respect to the primary structure alimentary specificity of caseins is discussed.", "contents": "[The structure of caseins from cow milk]. The paper presents a review of up-to-date data on the primary structure of alphas1-, beta- and kappa-casein of cow milk, gives amino acid substitutes in the genetic forms, arrangement of bitter peptides resulting from enzymic degradation and discusses the possible mechanism of phosphorylation. With respect to the primary structure alimentary specificity of caseins is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208379", "title": "[Formation of alcohols during sucrose heating with amino acids].", "content": "The formation of alcohols during sucrose heating with amino acids was investigated. The sucrose heating to 180-190 degrees C resulted in the formation of methanol and ethanol and its heating with alanine--propanol and isobutanol. The sucrose heating with phenylalanine led to the formation of beta-phenylethanol as well. Alcohols were identified as benzoates by paper chromatography. They were also identified by infrared spectra.", "contents": "[Formation of alcohols during sucrose heating with amino acids]. The formation of alcohols during sucrose heating with amino acids was investigated. The sucrose heating to 180-190 degrees C resulted in the formation of methanol and ethanol and its heating with alanine--propanol and isobutanol. The sucrose heating with phenylalanine led to the formation of beta-phenylethanol as well. Alcohols were identified as benzoates by paper chromatography. They were also identified by infrared spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:1208380", "title": "[Photoisomerization of provitamins D under influence of various ultraviolet radiation].", "content": "The influence of various sources of ultraviolet radiation on the photoisomerization of provitamins D--ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol--was studied under industry-like conditions. The yield of previtamins and, consequently, vitamins D was higher with the use of erythemic lamps with luminophore E-2 and luminophore E-3 than with the use of lamps PRK-2.", "contents": "[Photoisomerization of provitamins D under influence of various ultraviolet radiation]. The influence of various sources of ultraviolet radiation on the photoisomerization of provitamins D--ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol--was studied under industry-like conditions. The yield of previtamins and, consequently, vitamins D was higher with the use of erythemic lamps with luminophore E-2 and luminophore E-3 than with the use of lamps PRK-2."}
{"id": "PMID:1208381", "title": "[Effect of mineral fertilizers on the microflora of corn roots].", "content": "The paper describes studies of the density of microorganisms grown on meat-peptone agar, fungi, nitrifiers, cellulose degraders, actinomycetes and azotobacter in the soil of the radical area of corn grown in field experiments with various doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers. In the forest-steppe zone (leached chernozem) of the Krasnoyarsk region mineral fertilizers activated proliferation of radical microorganisms grown on meat-peptone agar, fungi, nitrifiers and cellulose degraders. The effect of the tested fertilizers was dissimilar during plant vegetation. Under the influence of fertilizers proliferation of actinomycetes increased at the phase of 3--4 leaves. At later phases of the plant development a similar tendency was manifest upon soil application of N120P60K60, N60P120K60 and N120P120K120. The azotobacter density increased only after application of N60P120K60, N60P60K120 and N30P60K30.", "contents": "[Effect of mineral fertilizers on the microflora of corn roots]. The paper describes studies of the density of microorganisms grown on meat-peptone agar, fungi, nitrifiers, cellulose degraders, actinomycetes and azotobacter in the soil of the radical area of corn grown in field experiments with various doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers. In the forest-steppe zone (leached chernozem) of the Krasnoyarsk region mineral fertilizers activated proliferation of radical microorganisms grown on meat-peptone agar, fungi, nitrifiers and cellulose degraders. The effect of the tested fertilizers was dissimilar during plant vegetation. Under the influence of fertilizers proliferation of actinomycetes increased at the phase of 3--4 leaves. At later phases of the plant development a similar tendency was manifest upon soil application of N120P60K60, N60P120K60 and N120P120K120. The azotobacter density increased only after application of N60P120K60, N60P60K120 and N30P60K30."}
{"id": "PMID:1208382", "title": "[Isolation of alkaloid-like substances from penicillium fungi].", "content": "Alkaloid-like substances have been obtained from the cultivation of fungi Penicillium granulatum and Penicillin corylophillum. The procedure for their preparative isolation has been developed. They do not have physico-chemical characteristics typical of alkaloids viridicatine and cyclopenine, previously isolated from Penicillium fungi. The presence of nitrogen in the structure has been shown in the product synthesized by Penicillium granulatum. Ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra have been recorded for the product.", "contents": "[Isolation of alkaloid-like substances from penicillium fungi]. Alkaloid-like substances have been obtained from the cultivation of fungi Penicillium granulatum and Penicillin corylophillum. The procedure for their preparative isolation has been developed. They do not have physico-chemical characteristics typical of alkaloids viridicatine and cyclopenine, previously isolated from Penicillium fungi. The presence of nitrogen in the structure has been shown in the product synthesized by Penicillium granulatum. Ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra have been recorded for the product."}
{"id": "PMID:1208383", "title": "[Kinetic sorption of nicotinic acid by anionites].", "content": "Studies of the kinetic sorption of nicotinic acid have demonstrated that the ionites AH-22, AH-31 and IR-45 absorb it quantitatively from water solutions. The static exchange capacity of nicotinic acid makes 3.5 mmole/g for AH-22 and IR-45 and 2.0 mmole/g for AH-31 and remains unchanged after ionite sterilization. Ionite AH-22 absorbs also quantitatively nicotinic acid from reaction mixtures used in its microbiological synthesis from 3-methyl pyridine. Formic acid (2n) desorbs entirely nicotinic acid from the above ionites. The sorption of nicotinic acid on AH-22 and IR-45 ionites is associated with diffusion processes; there is no chemical interaction between nicotinic acid and the ionites tested.", "contents": "[Kinetic sorption of nicotinic acid by anionites]. Studies of the kinetic sorption of nicotinic acid have demonstrated that the ionites AH-22, AH-31 and IR-45 absorb it quantitatively from water solutions. The static exchange capacity of nicotinic acid makes 3.5 mmole/g for AH-22 and IR-45 and 2.0 mmole/g for AH-31 and remains unchanged after ionite sterilization. Ionite AH-22 absorbs also quantitatively nicotinic acid from reaction mixtures used in its microbiological synthesis from 3-methyl pyridine. Formic acid (2n) desorbs entirely nicotinic acid from the above ionites. The sorption of nicotinic acid on AH-22 and IR-45 ionites is associated with diffusion processes; there is no chemical interaction between nicotinic acid and the ionites tested."}
{"id": "PMID:1208384", "title": "[High voltage electrophoresis in starch gel of sarcoplasmatic and myofibrillar proteins of animal skeletal muscles].", "content": "The procedure for cooling starch gel during high voltage electrophoresis (voltage gradient 30-35 v/cm) of proteins of skeletal muscles of animals has been developed. In cooling the gel cuvette by ethanol of 15 divided by -20 degrees and -35 divided by -40 degrees C during electrophoresis in interrupted buffer systems of sarcoplasmatic and myofibrillar proteins the temperature of the gel plate does not exceed 26 degrees C in the most important sites. This allows heat denaturation of proteins during their separation.", "contents": "[High voltage electrophoresis in starch gel of sarcoplasmatic and myofibrillar proteins of animal skeletal muscles]. The procedure for cooling starch gel during high voltage electrophoresis (voltage gradient 30-35 v/cm) of proteins of skeletal muscles of animals has been developed. In cooling the gel cuvette by ethanol of 15 divided by -20 degrees and -35 divided by -40 degrees C during electrophoresis in interrupted buffer systems of sarcoplasmatic and myofibrillar proteins the temperature of the gel plate does not exceed 26 degrees C in the most important sites. This allows heat denaturation of proteins during their separation."}
{"id": "PMID:1208385", "title": "[Composition of lipids of Actinomyces olivaceus--synthesis of vitamin B 12].", "content": "Total cellular lipids of the synthetic of vitamin B12 Act. olivaceus involve predominantly phospholipids (about 70%). Lipid phosphates consist of phosphatidyl ethanol amine and phosphatidyl-2,3-butandiol (over 40 and 30%, respectively) and lower quantities of phosphatidyl inositol olmonomanoside and cardiolipin. The neutral fraction includes the predominating fraction of triglycerides (over 20%) as well as mono- and diglycerides, free fatty acids, hydrocarbons and three fractions similar to waxes, sterines and sterine esters in their Rf values.", "contents": "[Composition of lipids of Actinomyces olivaceus--synthesis of vitamin B 12]. Total cellular lipids of the synthetic of vitamin B12 Act. olivaceus involve predominantly phospholipids (about 70%). Lipid phosphates consist of phosphatidyl ethanol amine and phosphatidyl-2,3-butandiol (over 40 and 30%, respectively) and lower quantities of phosphatidyl inositol olmonomanoside and cardiolipin. The neutral fraction includes the predominating fraction of triglycerides (over 20%) as well as mono- and diglycerides, free fatty acids, hydrocarbons and three fractions similar to waxes, sterines and sterine esters in their Rf values."}
{"id": "PMID:1208386", "title": "[Growth-inhibitory substances in barley grain during postharvest ripening].", "content": "The investigation studied the occurrence of growth-inhibitory substances in barley grain during postharvest ripening cultivated in different climatic zones. It was shown that the amount of inhibitory substances accumulated in grain was higher under unfavourable ripening conditions. Heat treatment of freshly harvested barley accelerated their disintegration. The disappearance of growth-inhibitory substances coincided with the termination of postharvest ripening of barley grain.", "contents": "[Growth-inhibitory substances in barley grain during postharvest ripening]. The investigation studied the occurrence of growth-inhibitory substances in barley grain during postharvest ripening cultivated in different climatic zones. It was shown that the amount of inhibitory substances accumulated in grain was higher under unfavourable ripening conditions. Heat treatment of freshly harvested barley accelerated their disintegration. The disappearance of growth-inhibitory substances coincided with the termination of postharvest ripening of barley grain."}
{"id": "PMID:1208387", "title": "[Effect of urea and amino acids of the ornithine cycle on the biomass accumulation and amino acids synthesis by Candida guilliermondii].", "content": "When assimilating urea, arginine, ornithine and citrulline as the sole source of nitrogen, C. guilliermondii shows a higher economic coefficient of biomass accumulation (54.2, 59.7, 40.6% respectively) as compared with ammonium sulphate whose coefficient is 35.6%. Nitrogen sources exert a significant influence on the content of essential amino acids in the alcohol soluble fraction of cell biomass. For instance, urea and arginine are responsible for the accumulation of ornithine (220 and 480 mug/100 mg abs. dry weight), arginine (470 and 587 mug), aspartic acid (220 mug), glutamic acid (520 and 444 mug), alanine (460 and 500 mug), whereas ammonium sulphate provides an accumulation of serine--52 mug, glycine--57 mug, gamma-aminobutyric acid--480 mug, phenyl alanine--96 mug and leucine--96 mug.", "contents": "[Effect of urea and amino acids of the ornithine cycle on the biomass accumulation and amino acids synthesis by Candida guilliermondii]. When assimilating urea, arginine, ornithine and citrulline as the sole source of nitrogen, C. guilliermondii shows a higher economic coefficient of biomass accumulation (54.2, 59.7, 40.6% respectively) as compared with ammonium sulphate whose coefficient is 35.6%. Nitrogen sources exert a significant influence on the content of essential amino acids in the alcohol soluble fraction of cell biomass. For instance, urea and arginine are responsible for the accumulation of ornithine (220 and 480 mug/100 mg abs. dry weight), arginine (470 and 587 mug), aspartic acid (220 mug), glutamic acid (520 and 444 mug), alanine (460 and 500 mug), whereas ammonium sulphate provides an accumulation of serine--52 mug, glycine--57 mug, gamma-aminobutyric acid--480 mug, phenyl alanine--96 mug and leucine--96 mug."}
{"id": "PMID:1208388", "title": "[Double substrate-oxygen limitation of the growth of methanol oxidizing yeasts].", "content": "The influence of the double substrate-oxygen limitation on the specific rate of growth of two strains of methanol oxidizing yeast Candida boidinii was studied in a chemostat. On the basis of the bottle-neck theory in the metabolic chain of biochemical reactions, relations between the specific rate of yeast growth and limiting concentrations of methanol and oxygen are suggested. They agree with a certain mechanism of enzymic bisubstrate reactions.", "contents": "[Double substrate-oxygen limitation of the growth of methanol oxidizing yeasts]. The influence of the double substrate-oxygen limitation on the specific rate of growth of two strains of methanol oxidizing yeast Candida boidinii was studied in a chemostat. On the basis of the bottle-neck theory in the metabolic chain of biochemical reactions, relations between the specific rate of yeast growth and limiting concentrations of methanol and oxygen are suggested. They agree with a certain mechanism of enzymic bisubstrate reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1208391", "title": "[Regulation of lysine biosynthesis in the leucine-dependent mutant of Micrococcus glutamicus].", "content": "The role of leucine in metabolism of Micrococcus glutamicus was examined in relation to the lysis synthesis by the homoserine- and leucine-dependent strains of M. glutamicus 106 and the homoserine-dependent strain of M. glutamicus 95. In addition to the growth function, leucine produced a controlling effect on the yield of the end product. In the presence of leucine the inhibitory effect of isoleucine on the lysine yield was reduced or reversed. The end effect depended on the leucine: isoleucine ratio. The mechanism of interaction of amino acid metabolites with respect to the lysine biosynthesis in both strains is discussed.", "contents": "[Regulation of lysine biosynthesis in the leucine-dependent mutant of Micrococcus glutamicus]. The role of leucine in metabolism of Micrococcus glutamicus was examined in relation to the lysis synthesis by the homoserine- and leucine-dependent strains of M. glutamicus 106 and the homoserine-dependent strain of M. glutamicus 95. In addition to the growth function, leucine produced a controlling effect on the yield of the end product. In the presence of leucine the inhibitory effect of isoleucine on the lysine yield was reduced or reversed. The end effect depended on the leucine: isoleucine ratio. The mechanism of interaction of amino acid metabolites with respect to the lysine biosynthesis in both strains is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208392", "title": "[Effect of oleic acid and Tween-80 on lysine synthesis by the culture Corynebacterium glutamicum].", "content": "The effect of oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid and Tween-80 on the growth and lysine synthesis by the producers C. glutamicum strains 95, 8, 28 was investigated. Surface active substances like oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid and Tween-80 during cultivation of the lysine producers on the glucose medium (the synthetic medium) and the medium with molasses and corn extract either inhibited the culture growth, thus reducing lysine yield, or accelerated the culture growth, thus increasing lysine yield. Oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid produced the greatest effect when added to the nutrient medium on the 48th cultivation hour. The increment of synthesized lysine was 120-150% of the control. Tween-80 proved to be very effective when added at early stages of fermentation (20 hours).", "contents": "[Effect of oleic acid and Tween-80 on lysine synthesis by the culture Corynebacterium glutamicum]. The effect of oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid and Tween-80 on the growth and lysine synthesis by the producers C. glutamicum strains 95, 8, 28 was investigated. Surface active substances like oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid and Tween-80 during cultivation of the lysine producers on the glucose medium (the synthetic medium) and the medium with molasses and corn extract either inhibited the culture growth, thus reducing lysine yield, or accelerated the culture growth, thus increasing lysine yield. Oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid produced the greatest effect when added to the nutrient medium on the 48th cultivation hour. The increment of synthesized lysine was 120-150% of the control. Tween-80 proved to be very effective when added at early stages of fermentation (20 hours)."}
{"id": "PMID:1208393", "title": "[Metabolism of monocarbon compounds during biological purification of sewage waters].", "content": "Pathways and rates of metabolism of three 14C1-compounds (methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid) were investigated by means of the heterogeneous population of activated sludge microorganisms. For the above microbial population formaldehyde was the primary or preferential substrate. During an hour aeration it was processed by activated sludge 6 times faster than by sodium formiate and 2 times faster than by methanol. The basic pathways of its transformation were oxidation via formiate to CO2 with its partial reutilization and direct incorporation into the sludge biomass via the primary formation of serine. An addition of methanol increased the incorporation of 14C-formadehyde into biomass and decreased the formation of free 14CO2. The main mechanism of the transformation of 14C-formiate in activated sludge was its oxidation to CO2. An addition of methanol and formaldehyde induced no essential changes in the rate or pattern of their metabolism.", "contents": "[Metabolism of monocarbon compounds during biological purification of sewage waters]. Pathways and rates of metabolism of three 14C1-compounds (methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid) were investigated by means of the heterogeneous population of activated sludge microorganisms. For the above microbial population formaldehyde was the primary or preferential substrate. During an hour aeration it was processed by activated sludge 6 times faster than by sodium formiate and 2 times faster than by methanol. The basic pathways of its transformation were oxidation via formiate to CO2 with its partial reutilization and direct incorporation into the sludge biomass via the primary formation of serine. An addition of methanol increased the incorporation of 14C-formadehyde into biomass and decreased the formation of free 14CO2. The main mechanism of the transformation of 14C-formiate in activated sludge was its oxidation to CO2. An addition of methanol and formaldehyde induced no essential changes in the rate or pattern of their metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1208396", "title": "[Cytochrome f from Chlorella pyrenoidosa Pringsheim 82 T].", "content": "Cytochrome of the f type was isolated from the thermophilous autotrophic strain Chlorella pyrenoidosa Pringsheim 82T and purified on Sephadex G-75. The isolation procedure allowed a simultaneous production of glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. From 100 g of Chlorella wet paste 100 to 120 nM of electrophoretically unicomponent protein with a molecular weight of 12,000 to 13,000 were isolated. The Chlorella cytochrome had an absorption spectrum in the visible light that was typical of the f type cytochromes.", "contents": "[Cytochrome f from Chlorella pyrenoidosa Pringsheim 82 T]. Cytochrome of the f type was isolated from the thermophilous autotrophic strain Chlorella pyrenoidosa Pringsheim 82T and purified on Sephadex G-75. The isolation procedure allowed a simultaneous production of glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. From 100 g of Chlorella wet paste 100 to 120 nM of electrophoretically unicomponent protein with a molecular weight of 12,000 to 13,000 were isolated. The Chlorella cytochrome had an absorption spectrum in the visible light that was typical of the f type cytochromes."}
{"id": "PMID:1208399", "title": "[Study of ultrafiltration of trypsin solutions].", "content": "The dependence of the rate of trypsin ultrafiltration on the concentration, pressure and structure of membranes was studied. During ultrafiltration of diluted trypsin (0.3 mg/ml), water and sodium chloride the flow rate increased linearly with a pressure increase in the range of 0.4-4.2 kg/cm2. During ultrafiltration of trypsin solutions of a concentration of 1 mg/ml and over at a pressure of 2-3 kg/cm2 deviations from linear proportionality occurred which enhanced with an increase in the protein concentration and a decrease in membrane permeability.", "contents": "[Study of ultrafiltration of trypsin solutions]. The dependence of the rate of trypsin ultrafiltration on the concentration, pressure and structure of membranes was studied. During ultrafiltration of diluted trypsin (0.3 mg/ml), water and sodium chloride the flow rate increased linearly with a pressure increase in the range of 0.4-4.2 kg/cm2. During ultrafiltration of trypsin solutions of a concentration of 1 mg/ml and over at a pressure of 2-3 kg/cm2 deviations from linear proportionality occurred which enhanced with an increase in the protein concentration and a decrease in membrane permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:1208403", "title": "[Separate measurement of fluoroanalogues of desmosterol, cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography].", "content": "An attempt was made to develop a new method for separate measurement of sterols of similar chemical structure--desmosterol, cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol--by means of thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Fluoroanalogues of the sterols were well separated in the adsorbent thin layer. This facilitated their further identification, quantitation and accumulation. Similar results were obtained with the aid of gas liquid chromatography.", "contents": "[Separate measurement of fluoroanalogues of desmosterol, cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography]. An attempt was made to develop a new method for separate measurement of sterols of similar chemical structure--desmosterol, cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol--by means of thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Fluoroanalogues of the sterols were well separated in the adsorbent thin layer. This facilitated their further identification, quantitation and accumulation. Similar results were obtained with the aid of gas liquid chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:1208404", "title": "[Free amino acids in milk containing different amounts of dry substances after its fermentation by lactic acid Streptococci].", "content": "The content of free amino acids in milk containing different amounts of dry substances (11.2, 16, 18%) was measured. An increase in the content of dry substances reduced the capacity of lactic acid streptococci to accumulate threonine, proline, alanine, tyrosine and elevated their capacity to accumulate serine, cystine, norleucine, phenylalanine. The content of free amino acids was much higher during continuous cultivation than at the end of the stationary phase.", "contents": "[Free amino acids in milk containing different amounts of dry substances after its fermentation by lactic acid Streptococci]. The content of free amino acids in milk containing different amounts of dry substances (11.2, 16, 18%) was measured. An increase in the content of dry substances reduced the capacity of lactic acid streptococci to accumulate threonine, proline, alanine, tyrosine and elevated their capacity to accumulate serine, cystine, norleucine, phenylalanine. The content of free amino acids was much higher during continuous cultivation than at the end of the stationary phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1208405", "title": "[Volatile oil of Anethum Graveolens L. as an inhibitor of yeast and lactic acid bacteria].", "content": "The antimicrobial activity of 25 volatile oils from aerial parts and seeds of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) of different geographical origin towards yeast Saccharomyces vini and lactic acid bacteria Lactobacterium buchneri was measured by serial dilutions. Volatile oils from mature seeds and green parts of the plants harvested at late vegetation phases showed the highest activity. The geographical origin of plants influenced insignificantly the antimicrobial activity of volatile oil.", "contents": "[Volatile oil of Anethum Graveolens L. as an inhibitor of yeast and lactic acid bacteria]. The antimicrobial activity of 25 volatile oils from aerial parts and seeds of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) of different geographical origin towards yeast Saccharomyces vini and lactic acid bacteria Lactobacterium buchneri was measured by serial dilutions. Volatile oils from mature seeds and green parts of the plants harvested at late vegetation phases showed the highest activity. The geographical origin of plants influenced insignificantly the antimicrobial activity of volatile oil."}
{"id": "PMID:1208407", "title": "[Cytochromes of paraffin oxidizing yeast Candida guillermondii K-5].", "content": "The cytochrome group of the enzymes-electron carriers in the terminal site of the respiratory chain of paraffin-oxidizing yeast C. guilliermondii K-5 has been identified. Spectral peaks of their reduced form correspond to the following wave lengths: c-412, a1-510 and a2-546nm. Variations in the content of cytochrome C of the accumulative culture have been studied. Reduced forms are predominant in the lag-phase and in the phase of exponential growth. This predominance disappears in the phase with negative acceleration and the dying culturt contains a greater number of oxidized forms.", "contents": "[Cytochromes of paraffin oxidizing yeast Candida guillermondii K-5]. The cytochrome group of the enzymes-electron carriers in the terminal site of the respiratory chain of paraffin-oxidizing yeast C. guilliermondii K-5 has been identified. Spectral peaks of their reduced form correspond to the following wave lengths: c-412, a1-510 and a2-546nm. Variations in the content of cytochrome C of the accumulative culture have been studied. Reduced forms are predominant in the lag-phase and in the phase of exponential growth. This predominance disappears in the phase with negative acceleration and the dying culturt contains a greater number of oxidized forms."}
{"id": "PMID:1208408", "title": "[Influence of products of thermophilous methane fermentation on the mixed lactic acid bacterial culture].", "content": "The effect of products resulting from thermophilous methane fermentation on the accumulation and ratio of different lactic acid bacteria (Str. lactis, Str. cremoris, Str. diacetilactis, Str. diacetil. var. acetoinicus, Leuc. citrovorum8 L. plantarum) was investigated upon their combined cultivation in milk and serum. In combined cultivation of the streptococcal culture the rate of growth of a single strain differed from that in separate cultivation. Str. cremoris was accumulated with the highest rate during its separate cultivation and with the lowest rate during its combined cultivation. An addition of products of thermophilous methane fermentation to the combined culture of streptococci of different strains increased the growth rate and accumulation of each strain. At the same time the products influenced differently the quantitative ratios of various strains in the resulting biomass. For instance, the relative content of Str. cremoris and Leuc. citrovorum decreased insignificantly and that of Str. lactis and Str. diacetil. var. acetoin.increased. The combined cultivation of the five streptococcal strains with L. plantarum in the medium containing no additions of thermophilous methane fermentation products increased the relative content of L. plantarum from the beginning of fermentation. In the medium containing the additions of this parameter varied sinusoidally with a minimum of 6 to 9 hours. Possible mechanisms of these changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of products of thermophilous methane fermentation on the mixed lactic acid bacterial culture]. The effect of products resulting from thermophilous methane fermentation on the accumulation and ratio of different lactic acid bacteria (Str. lactis, Str. cremoris, Str. diacetilactis, Str. diacetil. var. acetoinicus, Leuc. citrovorum8 L. plantarum) was investigated upon their combined cultivation in milk and serum. In combined cultivation of the streptococcal culture the rate of growth of a single strain differed from that in separate cultivation. Str. cremoris was accumulated with the highest rate during its separate cultivation and with the lowest rate during its combined cultivation. An addition of products of thermophilous methane fermentation to the combined culture of streptococci of different strains increased the growth rate and accumulation of each strain. At the same time the products influenced differently the quantitative ratios of various strains in the resulting biomass. For instance, the relative content of Str. cremoris and Leuc. citrovorum decreased insignificantly and that of Str. lactis and Str. diacetil. var. acetoin.increased. The combined cultivation of the five streptococcal strains with L. plantarum in the medium containing no additions of thermophilous methane fermentation products increased the relative content of L. plantarum from the beginning of fermentation. In the medium containing the additions of this parameter varied sinusoidally with a minimum of 6 to 9 hours. Possible mechanisms of these changes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208409", "title": "[Effect of the growth phase and nutrient medium on the survival of lyophilized cells of Pseudomonas denitrificans].", "content": "The influence of the growth phase and cultivation condition of Pseudomonas denitrificans on the survival of the culture after lyophilization was examined. The culture removed for drying in the stationary phase showed the highest resistance to lyophilization. The cells dried at the beginning of exponential phase displayed enhanced sensitivity to lyophilization. Addition to the cultivation medium (meat-peptone broth) of Tween-80 (0.25%) caused an increase of proteins, lipids and polysaccharides in cells and an enhancement of their telerance to lyophilization.", "contents": "[Effect of the growth phase and nutrient medium on the survival of lyophilized cells of Pseudomonas denitrificans]. The influence of the growth phase and cultivation condition of Pseudomonas denitrificans on the survival of the culture after lyophilization was examined. The culture removed for drying in the stationary phase showed the highest resistance to lyophilization. The cells dried at the beginning of exponential phase displayed enhanced sensitivity to lyophilization. Addition to the cultivation medium (meat-peptone broth) of Tween-80 (0.25%) caused an increase of proteins, lipids and polysaccharides in cells and an enhancement of their telerance to lyophilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1208410", "title": "[Effect of low temperature treatment of liquid nutrient media on the reproduction of microorganisms].", "content": "The development of bacterial cultures of 37 microbial strains was studied after their 4-5 and 24 hour cultivation in liquid thawed and normal nutrient media. The cultivation of gram-positive aerobic bacteria, facultative anaerobic bacteria, actinomycetes and moulds in pre-frozen nutrient media increased 2-4 fold their reproduction as compared to that in the media that were not prefrozen. An insigificant acceleration of growth was found in six strains of gram-negative aerobic bacteria.", "contents": "[Effect of low temperature treatment of liquid nutrient media on the reproduction of microorganisms]. The development of bacterial cultures of 37 microbial strains was studied after their 4-5 and 24 hour cultivation in liquid thawed and normal nutrient media. The cultivation of gram-positive aerobic bacteria, facultative anaerobic bacteria, actinomycetes and moulds in pre-frozen nutrient media increased 2-4 fold their reproduction as compared to that in the media that were not prefrozen. An insigificant acceleration of growth was found in six strains of gram-negative aerobic bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:1208411", "title": "[Study of catalase and proteolytic activities of different variants of Bacillus mesentericus].", "content": "Catalase and proteolytic activity of the culures and morphological variants of Bacillus mesentericus fuscus, Bac. mesentericus vulgatus were studied. The variants were obtained as a result of prolonged cultivation of the stock strains in the potato mash under the layer of vaseline oil. The level of catalase activity varies in different morphological variants of the same culture, changes with age and depends on the storage conditions. The catalase activity in the rough, smooth and papillar variants that were freshly isolated from the potato mash was 1.5=2.5 times lower than that in the variants long kept on the agar medium. The quantitative indexes of the proteolytic activity of different variants also varied.", "contents": "[Study of catalase and proteolytic activities of different variants of Bacillus mesentericus]. Catalase and proteolytic activity of the culures and morphological variants of Bacillus mesentericus fuscus, Bac. mesentericus vulgatus were studied. The variants were obtained as a result of prolonged cultivation of the stock strains in the potato mash under the layer of vaseline oil. The level of catalase activity varies in different morphological variants of the same culture, changes with age and depends on the storage conditions. The catalase activity in the rough, smooth and papillar variants that were freshly isolated from the potato mash was 1.5=2.5 times lower than that in the variants long kept on the agar medium. The quantitative indexes of the proteolytic activity of different variants also varied."}
{"id": "PMID:1208412", "title": "[Use of enzymic preparations during diosgenine isolation from Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky].", "content": "The use of enzymic preparations of the cellulolytic and macerating effect was studied as applied to the isolation of diosgenine from rhizomes of Dioscorea caucasica Lypsky. The enzymic treatment of the steroid containing raw material prior to acid hydrolysis increased the yield of diosgenine by 30-48%. It is suggested that additional extraction of diosgenine takes place due to: 1) enzymic hydrolysis of structural polysaccharide components of the plant tissue and intercellular binding materials and 2) disintegration of glycoside bonds of saponins.", "contents": "[Use of enzymic preparations during diosgenine isolation from Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky]. The use of enzymic preparations of the cellulolytic and macerating effect was studied as applied to the isolation of diosgenine from rhizomes of Dioscorea caucasica Lypsky. The enzymic treatment of the steroid containing raw material prior to acid hydrolysis increased the yield of diosgenine by 30-48%. It is suggested that additional extraction of diosgenine takes place due to: 1) enzymic hydrolysis of structural polysaccharide components of the plant tissue and intercellular binding materials and 2) disintegration of glycoside bonds of saponins."}
{"id": "PMID:1208413", "title": "[Variability of the protein and amino acid content in the rice grain].", "content": "The amino acid composition of raw protein of ten regional varieties of rice harvested in 1972 and 1973 was investigated. The amino acid composition was measured in the Hd-1200e analyzer. Coefficients of variations in the content of protein and invididual amino acids were determined in relation to the rice variety. Consistent correlation between the lysine concentration in the protein and the protein content in the grain was established. The influence of climatic conditions on the protein accumulation in the rice grain was noted.", "contents": "[Variability of the protein and amino acid content in the rice grain]. The amino acid composition of raw protein of ten regional varieties of rice harvested in 1972 and 1973 was investigated. The amino acid composition was measured in the Hd-1200e analyzer. Coefficients of variations in the content of protein and invididual amino acids were determined in relation to the rice variety. Consistent correlation between the lysine concentration in the protein and the protein content in the grain was established. The influence of climatic conditions on the protein accumulation in the rice grain was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1208414", "title": "[Phytoalexin activity in apples as an indication of their resistance to phytopathogenic microorganisms].", "content": "Phytoalexin activity of various apple varieties was measured during their storage at subcryoscopic (-2.3 degrees C) and supracryoscopic (-1.3 degrees C) temperatures. More resistant late winter apple varieties Renet Simitrenko and Renet Champagne showed higher phyto-alexin activity than the autumn-winter strain Calville Snowy. By the end of storage the phytoalexin activity decreased independently on the storage conditions. However, the apples that were kepat at supracryoscopic temperature retained a hight phytoalexin activity. The apples which were kept at -2.3 degrees C showed no phytoalexin activity.", "contents": "[Phytoalexin activity in apples as an indication of their resistance to phytopathogenic microorganisms]. Phytoalexin activity of various apple varieties was measured during their storage at subcryoscopic (-2.3 degrees C) and supracryoscopic (-1.3 degrees C) temperatures. More resistant late winter apple varieties Renet Simitrenko and Renet Champagne showed higher phyto-alexin activity than the autumn-winter strain Calville Snowy. By the end of storage the phytoalexin activity decreased independently on the storage conditions. However, the apples that were kepat at supracryoscopic temperature retained a hight phytoalexin activity. The apples which were kept at -2.3 degrees C showed no phytoalexin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1208416", "title": "[Disintegration of cells of methane oxidizing bacteria by gas decompression].", "content": "The efficacy of disrupting cells of methane oxidizing bacteria M. trichosporium strain 20 by air decompression was measured. The efficacy increased with a rise of the gas pressure, density of the bacterial suspension and the ratio of the air and suspension volumes. The relationship between the efficacy of disruption of the microorganisms and the rate of pressure reduction showed a distinct maximum. The efficacy of the bacterial disruption did not change with an increase of the time of saturation of the bacterial suspension by air from 30 sec. to 60 min.", "contents": "[Disintegration of cells of methane oxidizing bacteria by gas decompression]. The efficacy of disrupting cells of methane oxidizing bacteria M. trichosporium strain 20 by air decompression was measured. The efficacy increased with a rise of the gas pressure, density of the bacterial suspension and the ratio of the air and suspension volumes. The relationship between the efficacy of disruption of the microorganisms and the rate of pressure reduction showed a distinct maximum. The efficacy of the bacterial disruption did not change with an increase of the time of saturation of the bacterial suspension by air from 30 sec. to 60 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1208415", "title": "[Study of thermostable proteins in potatoes by isoelectric focusing].", "content": "With the aid of the method of isoelectric focusing eight thermostable proteins with isoelectric points of 3.6, 3.9, 4.u, 5.1, 5.8, 6.6, 7.2 and 10.0 were found in the extract from potato tubers of the Lyubimets variety. All the proteins had inhibitory activity in relation to alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin.", "contents": "[Study of thermostable proteins in potatoes by isoelectric focusing]. With the aid of the method of isoelectric focusing eight thermostable proteins with isoelectric points of 3.6, 3.9, 4.u, 5.1, 5.8, 6.6, 7.2 and 10.0 were found in the extract from potato tubers of the Lyubimets variety. All the proteins had inhibitory activity in relation to alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:1208418", "title": "[Polarographic assay of nicotinic acid in the culture liquid].", "content": "The method of potarographic assay of nicotinic acid in the culure liquid has been developed. The effect of all the constituents of the culture liquid on the accuracy of measurements has been tested. The analytic scheme which provides elimination of interfering components has been devised. As the polarographic medium 0.1 n HCl was used. The quantity of nicotinic acid was measured with respect to the wave of E1/2 = - 1.18 v. The described method makes it possible to identify nicotinic acid at concentrations of 3.3 X 10(-4) M to 3.3 X 10(-3) M in the culture liquid with an error of not more than +/-5%.", "contents": "[Polarographic assay of nicotinic acid in the culture liquid]. The method of potarographic assay of nicotinic acid in the culure liquid has been developed. The effect of all the constituents of the culture liquid on the accuracy of measurements has been tested. The analytic scheme which provides elimination of interfering components has been devised. As the polarographic medium 0.1 n HCl was used. The quantity of nicotinic acid was measured with respect to the wave of E1/2 = - 1.18 v. The described method makes it possible to identify nicotinic acid at concentrations of 3.3 X 10(-4) M to 3.3 X 10(-3) M in the culture liquid with an error of not more than +/-5%."}
{"id": "PMID:1208419", "title": "[Comparative characterization of polysaccharide fractions in grapes].", "content": "Different methods of isolating polysaccharides from grapes were evaluated with respect to the three indictrial grape varieties Traminer pink, Rkatsiteli, Cabernet-Sovinjon. Hot water extration was shown to be the best method in the isolation of water-soluble polysaccharides in primary wine-making. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated polysaccharides was found to depend on the method of isolating polysaccharide fractions. The polysaccharides of grapes were heterogeneous in their molecular weight. The results of periodate oxidation of high molecular weight carbohydrates suggest a branched structure of polymers of water-soluble polysaccharides of grapes.", "contents": "[Comparative characterization of polysaccharide fractions in grapes]. Different methods of isolating polysaccharides from grapes were evaluated with respect to the three indictrial grape varieties Traminer pink, Rkatsiteli, Cabernet-Sovinjon. Hot water extration was shown to be the best method in the isolation of water-soluble polysaccharides in primary wine-making. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated polysaccharides was found to depend on the method of isolating polysaccharide fractions. The polysaccharides of grapes were heterogeneous in their molecular weight. The results of periodate oxidation of high molecular weight carbohydrates suggest a branched structure of polymers of water-soluble polysaccharides of grapes."}
{"id": "PMID:1208420", "title": "[Enzynatic method of disrupting yeast cell walls].", "content": "The influence of the preparation of mucolytic enzymes obtained from the culture liquid filtrate of Actinomyces griseinus on the yeast Candida guilliermondii was investigated. Lipids, hydrocarbons and proteins were extracted and free amino acids were separated from the biomass made of disrupted yeast cells. The extract contained 73% of cytoplasmic substances whereas normal yeast (enzymically untreated) contain on the average 13.7%. Lipids and hydrocarbons were measured.", "contents": "[Enzynatic method of disrupting yeast cell walls]. The influence of the preparation of mucolytic enzymes obtained from the culture liquid filtrate of Actinomyces griseinus on the yeast Candida guilliermondii was investigated. Lipids, hydrocarbons and proteins were extracted and free amino acids were separated from the biomass made of disrupted yeast cells. The extract contained 73% of cytoplasmic substances whereas normal yeast (enzymically untreated) contain on the average 13.7%. Lipids and hydrocarbons were measured."}
{"id": "PMID:1208417", "title": "[Trypsin concentration by ultrafiltration].", "content": "Criteria for the selection of membranes and optimal conditions for the trypsin concentration by ultrafiltration through acetylcellulose membranes have been developed. The possibility of a repeated concentration of trypsin by means of these membrances has been shown.", "contents": "[Trypsin concentration by ultrafiltration]. Criteria for the selection of membranes and optimal conditions for the trypsin concentration by ultrafiltration through acetylcellulose membranes have been developed. The possibility of a repeated concentration of trypsin by means of these membrances has been shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1208421", "title": "[Effect of amino acids on the hemicellulase synthesis by the fungus Aspergillus awamori 16-4E].", "content": "The effect of different amino acids on the hemicellulase synthesis by the fungus Aspergillus awamori 16-4E was investigated. The favorable influence of beta-alanine on the enzyme synthesis was demonstrated. Quantitative changes of beta-alanine and glutamic acid in the cell of Asp. awamori 16-4E were followed during the fungal development.", "contents": "[Effect of amino acids on the hemicellulase synthesis by the fungus Aspergillus awamori 16-4E]. The effect of different amino acids on the hemicellulase synthesis by the fungus Aspergillus awamori 16-4E was investigated. The favorable influence of beta-alanine on the enzyme synthesis was demonstrated. Quantitative changes of beta-alanine and glutamic acid in the cell of Asp. awamori 16-4E were followed during the fungal development."}
{"id": "PMID:1208422", "title": "[Changes in the intracellular pool of free amino acids of Streptococcus lactis under different cultivation conditions].", "content": "The intracellular pool of free amino of Streptococcus lactis--lysine producer contains a good number of amino acids when cultivated on the corn medium. Glutamic acid, proline, alanine, lysine, leucine, histidine and arginine are in predominance. An almost complete amino acid pool develops at an early exponential phase of Str. lactis growth under stationary cultivation conditions. The content of free amino acids increases 4-fold during the transition from the early exponential phase to the stationary phases under submerged cultivation conditions. This can be attributed to a more intensive amino acid exchange during the medium stirring than during stationary cultivation.", "contents": "[Changes in the intracellular pool of free amino acids of Streptococcus lactis under different cultivation conditions]. The intracellular pool of free amino of Streptococcus lactis--lysine producer contains a good number of amino acids when cultivated on the corn medium. Glutamic acid, proline, alanine, lysine, leucine, histidine and arginine are in predominance. An almost complete amino acid pool develops at an early exponential phase of Str. lactis growth under stationary cultivation conditions. The content of free amino acids increases 4-fold during the transition from the early exponential phase to the stationary phases under submerged cultivation conditions. This can be attributed to a more intensive amino acid exchange during the medium stirring than during stationary cultivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1208423", "title": "[Comparative study of moderate and virulent phages of mesophilous lactic acid streptococci].", "content": "A method has been developed to identify phage containing mesophilous lactic acid streptococci. The method is based on the chloroform treatment of young cultures. The isolated moderate phages P4St and P6St are morphologically identical and serologically related to one another and to virulent phages P1Sv, P2Sv, P3Sv, P12Sv, P13Sv that can be isolated in industrial phagolysis.", "contents": "[Comparative study of moderate and virulent phages of mesophilous lactic acid streptococci]. A method has been developed to identify phage containing mesophilous lactic acid streptococci. The method is based on the chloroform treatment of young cultures. The isolated moderate phages P4St and P6St are morphologically identical and serologically related to one another and to virulent phages P1Sv, P2Sv, P3Sv, P12Sv, P13Sv that can be isolated in industrial phagolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1208424", "title": "[Proteolytic preparation from the culture of Bacillus polymyxa str. 13-13].", "content": "A proteolytic preparation has been isolated from the culture fluid filtrate Bacillus polymyxa str. 13-13 by salting out with (NH4)2SO4 (0.7 of complete saturation). The data characterizing the amino acid composition and the enzymic system of the resultant preparation are given. It has been shown that the proteolytic activity depends on the enzyme containing metal ion, i. e. metal enzyme.", "contents": "[Proteolytic preparation from the culture of Bacillus polymyxa str. 13-13]. A proteolytic preparation has been isolated from the culture fluid filtrate Bacillus polymyxa str. 13-13 by salting out with (NH4)2SO4 (0.7 of complete saturation). The data characterizing the amino acid composition and the enzymic system of the resultant preparation are given. It has been shown that the proteolytic activity depends on the enzyme containing metal ion, i. e. metal enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1208425", "title": "[Multiple forms of acid phosphatase of the mould Aspergillus awamori str. 22].", "content": "By isoelectric focusing and DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-150 chromatography it has been shown that extracellular acid phosphatase produced by Aspergillus awamori str. 22 exists as a mixture of oligomers of molecular weights ranging from 30,000 to 140,000. With an increase of aggregation of molecules of acid phosphatase the isoelectric point increases from 4.6 to 5.4.", "contents": "[Multiple forms of acid phosphatase of the mould Aspergillus awamori str. 22]. By isoelectric focusing and DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-150 chromatography it has been shown that extracellular acid phosphatase produced by Aspergillus awamori str. 22 exists as a mixture of oligomers of molecular weights ranging from 30,000 to 140,000. With an increase of aggregation of molecules of acid phosphatase the isoelectric point increases from 4.6 to 5.4."}
{"id": "PMID:1208426", "title": "[Effect of products of thermophilous methane fermentation on the fermentation of fruit must by Saccharomyces vini].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study the effect of extracts from products of thermophilous methane fermentation at a dose of 0.7+2.0 ml/100 ml on the proliferation and fermentation activity of yeast Saccharomyces vini of the Yablochnaya-7 and Vishnevaya-33 race during their cultivation in the Hansen medium and in the apple and cranberry must with a normal and elevated content of sugar and acid. In some experiments the must was enriched in (NH4)2HPO4 at a dose of 0.3 g/l. Additions of small amounts of products of thermophilous methane fermentation accelerated fermentation of fruit musts with a normal sugar content and to a greater extent musts with an increased sugar content (27%). In the must enriched in (NH4)2HPO4 an almost complete (over 98%) fermentation of sugar developed for 27 days. In the must with an increased acidity (due to citric acid added to bring titrable acidity to 25 g/l) additions of the preparation also accerlerated the begining of the fermentation and increased its intensity.", "contents": "[Effect of products of thermophilous methane fermentation on the fermentation of fruit must by Saccharomyces vini]. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of extracts from products of thermophilous methane fermentation at a dose of 0.7+2.0 ml/100 ml on the proliferation and fermentation activity of yeast Saccharomyces vini of the Yablochnaya-7 and Vishnevaya-33 race during their cultivation in the Hansen medium and in the apple and cranberry must with a normal and elevated content of sugar and acid. In some experiments the must was enriched in (NH4)2HPO4 at a dose of 0.3 g/l. Additions of small amounts of products of thermophilous methane fermentation accelerated fermentation of fruit musts with a normal sugar content and to a greater extent musts with an increased sugar content (27%). In the must enriched in (NH4)2HPO4 an almost complete (over 98%) fermentation of sugar developed for 27 days. In the must with an increased acidity (due to citric acid added to bring titrable acidity to 25 g/l) additions of the preparation also accerlerated the begining of the fermentation and increased its intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:1208427", "title": "[Effect of cultivation conditions on the activity of respiration of Saccharomyces bayanus].", "content": "The effect of sugar and ammonium nitrogen content in the initial nutrient medium as well as the cultivation temperature on the respiration activity and respiratory quotient of yeast used in the champagne manufacture was studied. An addition of ammonium nitrogen stimulated respiratory processes in the yeast cell. The respiration activity increased with an increase of pH to 4.0. With an elevation of the sugar content of the substrate the respiratory quotient increased resulting in an uneconomic utilization of sugar. The maximum respiration activity and minimum respiratory quotient occurred at a temperature of 20 degrees.", "contents": "[Effect of cultivation conditions on the activity of respiration of Saccharomyces bayanus]. The effect of sugar and ammonium nitrogen content in the initial nutrient medium as well as the cultivation temperature on the respiration activity and respiratory quotient of yeast used in the champagne manufacture was studied. An addition of ammonium nitrogen stimulated respiratory processes in the yeast cell. The respiration activity increased with an increase of pH to 4.0. With an elevation of the sugar content of the substrate the respiratory quotient increased resulting in an uneconomic utilization of sugar. The maximum respiration activity and minimum respiratory quotient occurred at a temperature of 20 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:1208428", "title": "[Effect of magnesium concentration in the culture medium on the trace element requirement of yeasts].", "content": "The effect of different magnesium concentrations in the culture liquid (ranging from 2=6 to 220 mg/l) on the accumulation of Mg and Mn ions in the yeast Candida guilliermondii was studied during their continuous cultivation on purified liquid paraffins. A reverse correlation between the accumulation of magnesium and manganese in the yeast biomass was established. The magnesium content in the biomass increased with an increase of its concentration in the nutrient medium. The biomass yield was optimal at a concentration of magnesium ions in the nutrient medium of 10=25 mg/l. Under these conditions the content of magnesium ions was 0.4 mg % and that of manganese ions (upon their concentration in the nutrient medium of 1=2 mg/l) was 20 mg%.", "contents": "[Effect of magnesium concentration in the culture medium on the trace element requirement of yeasts]. The effect of different magnesium concentrations in the culture liquid (ranging from 2=6 to 220 mg/l) on the accumulation of Mg and Mn ions in the yeast Candida guilliermondii was studied during their continuous cultivation on purified liquid paraffins. A reverse correlation between the accumulation of magnesium and manganese in the yeast biomass was established. The magnesium content in the biomass increased with an increase of its concentration in the nutrient medium. The biomass yield was optimal at a concentration of magnesium ions in the nutrient medium of 10=25 mg/l. Under these conditions the content of magnesium ions was 0.4 mg % and that of manganese ions (upon their concentration in the nutrient medium of 1=2 mg/l) was 20 mg%."}
{"id": "PMID:1208429", "title": "[Vitamin biosynthesis by germinating seeds at low temperature and in overmoistened soil].", "content": "The distribution of farnesene and farnesene hydroperoxide in apples of different varieties was studied. The relationship between the content of these compounds and the pathological browning of the apple surface, scald was followed. It was shown that 1) farnesene and farnesene hydroperoxide were concentrated in the cuticle; 2) there was no distinct correlation between farnesene concentration and scald, 3) there was a direct correlation between the concentration of farnese hydroperoxide and scald development; 4) the factors that inhibited farnesene oxidation (antioxidants, low oxygen concentration, mineral oils--farnesene absorbers) slowed down the scald development during apple storage.", "contents": "[Vitamin biosynthesis by germinating seeds at low temperature and in overmoistened soil]. The distribution of farnesene and farnesene hydroperoxide in apples of different varieties was studied. The relationship between the content of these compounds and the pathological browning of the apple surface, scald was followed. It was shown that 1) farnesene and farnesene hydroperoxide were concentrated in the cuticle; 2) there was no distinct correlation between farnesene concentration and scald, 3) there was a direct correlation between the concentration of farnese hydroperoxide and scald development; 4) the factors that inhibited farnesene oxidation (antioxidants, low oxygen concentration, mineral oils--farnesene absorbers) slowed down the scald development during apple storage."}
{"id": "PMID:1208430", "title": "[Method of electrophoretic determination of S-methyl methionine in plants].", "content": "A method to determine S-methyl methionine (vitamin U) in plants has been devised. The method includes S-methyl methionine extraction extract purification on cationite KU-2 in the NH4+-form, S-methyl methionine eluation with 2n water solution of NH4OH from the cation exchange resin, eluate evaporation in vacuo, dissolution of the residue in a minimal amount of water acidified with hydrochloric acid, electrophoretic separation of S-methyl methionine from basic amino acids, ninhydrine development of the electrophoregram, methanol eluation of the spot corresponding to S-methyl methionine, and colorimetry of the solution at 506 mmu. Relative error is +/-2.5%.", "contents": "[Method of electrophoretic determination of S-methyl methionine in plants]. A method to determine S-methyl methionine (vitamin U) in plants has been devised. The method includes S-methyl methionine extraction extract purification on cationite KU-2 in the NH4+-form, S-methyl methionine eluation with 2n water solution of NH4OH from the cation exchange resin, eluate evaporation in vacuo, dissolution of the residue in a minimal amount of water acidified with hydrochloric acid, electrophoretic separation of S-methyl methionine from basic amino acids, ninhydrine development of the electrophoregram, methanol eluation of the spot corresponding to S-methyl methionine, and colorimetry of the solution at 506 mmu. Relative error is +/-2.5%."}
{"id": "PMID:1208431", "title": "[Use of colour reactions to identify lipid classes, including tocopherols, by thin-layer chromatography].", "content": "Colour reactions of different classes and individual lipids of plant origin with organic and inorganic compounds (used as reagents) were studied to identify them in thin-layer silica gel. Some of the reagents (p-dimethyl phenylene diamine, chromotropic acid in H2SO4, Ti(SO4)2 in H2SO4) helped to detect main lipid classes and to identify selectively individual compounds (alpha- and gamma-tocopherols). Hydrochloric p-nitrophenyl diazonium, p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde are of interest mainly as group reagents to lipid classes with common properties. The reaction sensitivity is measured in micrograms.", "contents": "[Use of colour reactions to identify lipid classes, including tocopherols, by thin-layer chromatography]. Colour reactions of different classes and individual lipids of plant origin with organic and inorganic compounds (used as reagents) were studied to identify them in thin-layer silica gel. Some of the reagents (p-dimethyl phenylene diamine, chromotropic acid in H2SO4, Ti(SO4)2 in H2SO4) helped to detect main lipid classes and to identify selectively individual compounds (alpha- and gamma-tocopherols). Hydrochloric p-nitrophenyl diazonium, p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde are of interest mainly as group reagents to lipid classes with common properties. The reaction sensitivity is measured in micrograms."}
{"id": "PMID:1208432", "title": "[Preparation of cell walls of group A Streptococcus. Methods of disintegration, isolation and control].", "content": "A method for disintegration of cells of group A streptococcus on the Edebeau extrusion press was developed. The level of disintegration was controlled by cell count in stained preparations, Coultier electronic counter and electron microscope. The streptococcus cell disintegration in the Edebeau extrusion press at a temperature of --40 degrees, a pressure of 3200 kg/cm2 and two cycles of the process was completed by 96-98%.", "contents": "[Preparation of cell walls of group A Streptococcus. Methods of disintegration, isolation and control]. A method for disintegration of cells of group A streptococcus on the Edebeau extrusion press was developed. The level of disintegration was controlled by cell count in stained preparations, Coultier electronic counter and electron microscope. The streptococcus cell disintegration in the Edebeau extrusion press at a temperature of --40 degrees, a pressure of 3200 kg/cm2 and two cycles of the process was completed by 96-98%."}
{"id": "PMID:1208433", "title": "[The effect physical factors and proteolytic enzymes on actinomycete mycelium and spores].", "content": "The influence of enzymes (lyzozyme, trypsin, papain) and physical factors (hydrostatic pressure, mechanical sand grinding, extrusion in the frozen state, ultrasonic treatment) on the spores and mycelium of actinomycetes Actinomyces streptomycini B-6 and Thiobacillus vulgaris 2681 was studied. Actinomycete spores proved to be stable to trypsin and papain. Lyzozyme induced an almost complete disruption of the mycelium. The influence of hydrostatic pressure and lyzozyme on spores was the least effective. The best disruption of spores was produced by ultrasonic treatment and extrusion in the frozen state. The intensity of coloration of pigmented supernatants was the highest during ultrasonic disruption of spores.", "contents": "[The effect physical factors and proteolytic enzymes on actinomycete mycelium and spores]. The influence of enzymes (lyzozyme, trypsin, papain) and physical factors (hydrostatic pressure, mechanical sand grinding, extrusion in the frozen state, ultrasonic treatment) on the spores and mycelium of actinomycetes Actinomyces streptomycini B-6 and Thiobacillus vulgaris 2681 was studied. Actinomycete spores proved to be stable to trypsin and papain. Lyzozyme induced an almost complete disruption of the mycelium. The influence of hydrostatic pressure and lyzozyme on spores was the least effective. The best disruption of spores was produced by ultrasonic treatment and extrusion in the frozen state. The intensity of coloration of pigmented supernatants was the highest during ultrasonic disruption of spores."}
{"id": "PMID:1208501", "title": "A preliminary investigation of the effects of salinity on the bacterial flora of the Tay estuary.", "content": "Two features of the effects of salinity on the bacterial flora of the Tay estuary are considered. First the effect of salinity on the size and species composition of the resident microflora at various sites within the estuary. The second part is concerned with data obtained from laboratory experiments designed to study the effects of subjecting marine and freshwater bacteria, isolated from the Tay, to salt stress.", "contents": "A preliminary investigation of the effects of salinity on the bacterial flora of the Tay estuary. Two features of the effects of salinity on the bacterial flora of the Tay estuary are considered. First the effect of salinity on the size and species composition of the resident microflora at various sites within the estuary. The second part is concerned with data obtained from laboratory experiments designed to study the effects of subjecting marine and freshwater bacteria, isolated from the Tay, to salt stress."}
{"id": "PMID:1208508", "title": "Quality control in diagnostic virology.", "content": "Quality control in diagnostic virology is in its infancy and some preliminary investigations are reported. Simulated specimens containing viruses have been prepared and distributed so that they could be included in the routine work of virus isolation in participating laboratories. Sera containing antibodies to rubella and influenza virus have also been sent to laboratories for testing. Laboratories were able to check their results immediately after the closing date, and could compare their performance with that of other laboratories when the analysis of each distribution was circulated. The results so far show considerable variation in performance and indicate that there is room for improvement in some laboratories. There is no evidence to show whether the exercise has had any effect on the practice of virology in participating laboratories but some baselines have been produced for comparison with the results of investigations in the future.", "contents": "Quality control in diagnostic virology. Quality control in diagnostic virology is in its infancy and some preliminary investigations are reported. Simulated specimens containing viruses have been prepared and distributed so that they could be included in the routine work of virus isolation in participating laboratories. Sera containing antibodies to rubella and influenza virus have also been sent to laboratories for testing. Laboratories were able to check their results immediately after the closing date, and could compare their performance with that of other laboratories when the analysis of each distribution was circulated. The results so far show considerable variation in performance and indicate that there is room for improvement in some laboratories. There is no evidence to show whether the exercise has had any effect on the practice of virology in participating laboratories but some baselines have been produced for comparison with the results of investigations in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:1208537", "title": "Effect of cholesterol feeding on circadian rhythm of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol biosynthesis in hamsters.", "content": "Forty-eight adult hamsters were divided equally into two groups fed a control diet and a 2% cholesterol diet, respectively, under a rigid lighting (6 PM-6 AM) and feeding (6 PM-8 AM) schedule for three weeks. The cholesterol synthetic activity of the liver, stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon and kidney was measured by in vivo conversion of acetate-1-14C to cholesterol in four animals each time at 4 hour intervals. A remarkable circadian rhythm with the peak at midnight and the nadir at noon was found in the liver of the control hamsters, but was completely abolished in the cholesterol-fed animals since the activity was nearly totally suppressed at all times. The small intestine exhibited a similar rhythm with the peak at midnight but maintained a high baseline activity from 8 AM to 6 PM. Cholesterol feeding did not alter the baseline activity but reduced 17% of the peak activity. Other organs failed to show such a circadian rhythm.", "contents": "Effect of cholesterol feeding on circadian rhythm of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol biosynthesis in hamsters. Forty-eight adult hamsters were divided equally into two groups fed a control diet and a 2% cholesterol diet, respectively, under a rigid lighting (6 PM-6 AM) and feeding (6 PM-8 AM) schedule for three weeks. The cholesterol synthetic activity of the liver, stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon and kidney was measured by in vivo conversion of acetate-1-14C to cholesterol in four animals each time at 4 hour intervals. A remarkable circadian rhythm with the peak at midnight and the nadir at noon was found in the liver of the control hamsters, but was completely abolished in the cholesterol-fed animals since the activity was nearly totally suppressed at all times. The small intestine exhibited a similar rhythm with the peak at midnight but maintained a high baseline activity from 8 AM to 6 PM. Cholesterol feeding did not alter the baseline activity but reduced 17% of the peak activity. Other organs failed to show such a circadian rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:1208538", "title": "Tartrazine: solid-phase radioimmunoassay studies of an azo dye implicated in allergic reactions (azo dyes and allergy).", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure was adapted for the haptenic study of tartrazine, an azo dye implicated in various forms of allergy. Further, the haptenic relationship of tartrazine and aspirin was investigated, since sensitivity of individuals to the two substances is often clinically associated. The specificity of antibody to tartrazine was directed strongly toward a pyrazolone intermediate of the molecule, 1-(4-sulfophenyl)-3-carboxy-5-hydroxy-pyrazole. Aspirin did not cross-react with anti-tartrazine, suggesting that the clinical association of aspirin and tartrazine sensitivity in patients is a nonimmunological phenomenon.", "contents": "Tartrazine: solid-phase radioimmunoassay studies of an azo dye implicated in allergic reactions (azo dyes and allergy). A solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure was adapted for the haptenic study of tartrazine, an azo dye implicated in various forms of allergy. Further, the haptenic relationship of tartrazine and aspirin was investigated, since sensitivity of individuals to the two substances is often clinically associated. The specificity of antibody to tartrazine was directed strongly toward a pyrazolone intermediate of the molecule, 1-(4-sulfophenyl)-3-carboxy-5-hydroxy-pyrazole. Aspirin did not cross-react with anti-tartrazine, suggesting that the clinical association of aspirin and tartrazine sensitivity in patients is a nonimmunological phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1208539", "title": "Arginine deficiency and orotic aciduria in mammals.", "content": "Dietary arginine deficiency in rats causes significant increases in urinary excretion of urea, citric acid and orotic acid independently of feed intake. Urea excretion during arginine deficiency depends upon the diet, sex, age, and species. Thus urea excretion has limitations as an indicator of arginine availability. Although elevated urinary citric acid during arginine deficiency is more consistently observed, it may be influenced by citric acid in natural dietary ingredients. Orotic acid excretion, however, appears to be a reliable indicator of available dietary arginine based upon studies in rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs.", "contents": "Arginine deficiency and orotic aciduria in mammals. Dietary arginine deficiency in rats causes significant increases in urinary excretion of urea, citric acid and orotic acid independently of feed intake. Urea excretion during arginine deficiency depends upon the diet, sex, age, and species. Thus urea excretion has limitations as an indicator of arginine availability. Although elevated urinary citric acid during arginine deficiency is more consistently observed, it may be influenced by citric acid in natural dietary ingredients. Orotic acid excretion, however, appears to be a reliable indicator of available dietary arginine based upon studies in rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1208540", "title": "Urine concentration and dilution: effect on red cell survival.", "content": "Survival time of 51Cr-labeled red cells was determined in dogs subjected to water restriction excreting concentrated urine and again following a 6-week period of ad lib. water intake. During water restriction, RBC survival was reduced to one-seventh of normal. In rats with untreated diabetes insipidus, 51Cr RBC survival was reduced 30% as compared to the pitressin-treated state. It appears that RBC survival may be influenced by osmotic stress associated with the state of urine concentration and dilution.", "contents": "Urine concentration and dilution: effect on red cell survival. Survival time of 51Cr-labeled red cells was determined in dogs subjected to water restriction excreting concentrated urine and again following a 6-week period of ad lib. water intake. During water restriction, RBC survival was reduced to one-seventh of normal. In rats with untreated diabetes insipidus, 51Cr RBC survival was reduced 30% as compared to the pitressin-treated state. It appears that RBC survival may be influenced by osmotic stress associated with the state of urine concentration and dilution."}
{"id": "PMID:1208541", "title": "Uptake of mercury and mercury-amino acid complexes by rat renal cortex slices.", "content": "This study was undertaken in order to assess the effects of metabolism and complexations with amino acids on the renal uptake of mercury using rat renal cortex slices as the experimental system. Mercury levels attained in the slices after 60 min of incubation were 50% higher with mercuric cysteine than with mercuric chloride. This enhancement of uptake with mercuric cysteine was reduced in the presence of a tenfold molar excess of histidine or lysine, but not by serine. Excess cysteine markedly increased mercury uptake. Incubation at 25 degrees significantly reduced uptake of mercuric cysteine, but not mercuric chloride. Anaerobic conditions and incubation in the presence of DNP each reduced mercuric cysteine uptake to the control level of mercuric chloride without affecting uptake of mercuric chloride. The differential aspects of metabolism on the uptake of mercuric cysteine and mercuric chloride and the competitive effects obtained with amino acids known to compete with cysteine in renal reabsorption support the hypothesis that a portion of the renal uptake of mercury operates through amino acid transport mechanisms acting on mercury-amino acid complexes.", "contents": "Uptake of mercury and mercury-amino acid complexes by rat renal cortex slices. This study was undertaken in order to assess the effects of metabolism and complexations with amino acids on the renal uptake of mercury using rat renal cortex slices as the experimental system. Mercury levels attained in the slices after 60 min of incubation were 50% higher with mercuric cysteine than with mercuric chloride. This enhancement of uptake with mercuric cysteine was reduced in the presence of a tenfold molar excess of histidine or lysine, but not by serine. Excess cysteine markedly increased mercury uptake. Incubation at 25 degrees significantly reduced uptake of mercuric cysteine, but not mercuric chloride. Anaerobic conditions and incubation in the presence of DNP each reduced mercuric cysteine uptake to the control level of mercuric chloride without affecting uptake of mercuric chloride. The differential aspects of metabolism on the uptake of mercuric cysteine and mercuric chloride and the competitive effects obtained with amino acids known to compete with cysteine in renal reabsorption support the hypothesis that a portion of the renal uptake of mercury operates through amino acid transport mechanisms acting on mercury-amino acid complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:1208542", "title": "Characterization of acetylcholine-induced insulin secretion in the isolated perfused dog pancreas.", "content": "In the presence of a nonstimulatory concentration of glucose, a 60-min perfusion with 50 muM acetylcholine was shown to elicit a monophasic release of insulin in the isolated dog pancreas preparation. A decline in secretory response, which may be due to desensitization of the beta-cell to acetylcholine, was noted during the latter part of the perfusion interval. The potent insulin secretory response elicited by acetylcholine during the 60-min period was abolished 0y 25 muM atropine. Inhibition of the insulinotropic action of acetylcholine was also noted with administration of the mitotic spindle inhibitor, colchicine. When compared to 20-min control perfusions, addition of 1 mM colchicine resulted in a 50% reduction in acetylcholine-induced insulin release. These results suggest that insulin secretion stimulated by acetylcholine can be considered to be due to a muscarinic action of this agent which is dependent, at least in part, upon the microtubular system of the beta-cell.", "contents": "Characterization of acetylcholine-induced insulin secretion in the isolated perfused dog pancreas. In the presence of a nonstimulatory concentration of glucose, a 60-min perfusion with 50 muM acetylcholine was shown to elicit a monophasic release of insulin in the isolated dog pancreas preparation. A decline in secretory response, which may be due to desensitization of the beta-cell to acetylcholine, was noted during the latter part of the perfusion interval. The potent insulin secretory response elicited by acetylcholine during the 60-min period was abolished 0y 25 muM atropine. Inhibition of the insulinotropic action of acetylcholine was also noted with administration of the mitotic spindle inhibitor, colchicine. When compared to 20-min control perfusions, addition of 1 mM colchicine resulted in a 50% reduction in acetylcholine-induced insulin release. These results suggest that insulin secretion stimulated by acetylcholine can be considered to be due to a muscarinic action of this agent which is dependent, at least in part, upon the microtubular system of the beta-cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1208543", "title": "The matrix of rat calvarium as transformant of fibroblasts.", "content": "Allogeneic transplantation of coarse powders of the rat calvarial matrix to subcutaneous spaces resulted in transformation of fibroblasts to chondroblasts and osteoblasts. The emergence of new phenotypes was quantitated by determination of alkaline phosphatase activity and 45Ca incorporation. A comparison of the matrices from rat calvarium and diaphyseal bone revealed that matrix of the shaft of long bones is more potent as transformant than matrix of the vault of the skull.", "contents": "The matrix of rat calvarium as transformant of fibroblasts. Allogeneic transplantation of coarse powders of the rat calvarial matrix to subcutaneous spaces resulted in transformation of fibroblasts to chondroblasts and osteoblasts. The emergence of new phenotypes was quantitated by determination of alkaline phosphatase activity and 45Ca incorporation. A comparison of the matrices from rat calvarium and diaphyseal bone revealed that matrix of the shaft of long bones is more potent as transformant than matrix of the vault of the skull."}
{"id": "PMID:1208544", "title": "Intrarenal blood flow distribution: effect of carotid occlusion.", "content": "In this study we have examined the influence of bilateral carotid occlusion on intrarenal blood flow distribution. Using labeled microspheres to determine intrarenal hemodynamics, bilateral carotid ligation in mannitol or saline expanded dogs resulted in an increase in outer cortical blood flow and a decrease in inner cortical flow. Total renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate did not change significantly during carotid occlusion whereas the average mean arterial blood pressure rose from 130 to 166 mmHg. Inner cortical flow resistance increased substantially after carotid occlusion; outer cortical resistance was unchanged. These results suggest that bilateral carotid occlusion selectively activates inner cortical renal sympathetic fibers.", "contents": "Intrarenal blood flow distribution: effect of carotid occlusion. In this study we have examined the influence of bilateral carotid occlusion on intrarenal blood flow distribution. Using labeled microspheres to determine intrarenal hemodynamics, bilateral carotid ligation in mannitol or saline expanded dogs resulted in an increase in outer cortical blood flow and a decrease in inner cortical flow. Total renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate did not change significantly during carotid occlusion whereas the average mean arterial blood pressure rose from 130 to 166 mmHg. Inner cortical flow resistance increased substantially after carotid occlusion; outer cortical resistance was unchanged. These results suggest that bilateral carotid occlusion selectively activates inner cortical renal sympathetic fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:1208545", "title": "Vascular responses to plasma hypoosmolality in man.", "content": "To study limb vascular responses to plasma hypoosmolality in man, we infused test solutions of hypoosmolar NaCl (145 mOsm/kg) and control solutions of isosmolar NaCl (290 mOsm/kg) into the brachial arteries of 14 mornotensive and 13 essential hypertensive patients. Limb blood pressures were monitored, limb blood flow was measured by indicator-dilution, and limb vascular resistance was calculated as mmHg/ml flow/min/100 cm3 limb volume. The infusions did not significantly change systemic plasma osmolality, sodium concentration, or blood pressure. Compared to control infusions, the hypoosmolar infusions decreased limb venous plasma osmolality and serum sodium concentrations by an average of 12 mOsm/kg and 7 mEq/1, respectively. Compared to control infusions, limb venous serum concentrations of potassium, calcium, magnesium, or blood hematocrit were not altered by the hypoosmolar infusions. In response to the hypoosmolar infusions, limb resistance increased by 28% in normotensives and by 26% in hypertensives. We conclude that the acute local vascular response to a small reduction in plasma osmolality in the limb of man is a large increase in vascular resistance. We found no evidence for abnormal responses to plasma hypoosmolality in essential hypertensives.", "contents": "Vascular responses to plasma hypoosmolality in man. To study limb vascular responses to plasma hypoosmolality in man, we infused test solutions of hypoosmolar NaCl (145 mOsm/kg) and control solutions of isosmolar NaCl (290 mOsm/kg) into the brachial arteries of 14 mornotensive and 13 essential hypertensive patients. Limb blood pressures were monitored, limb blood flow was measured by indicator-dilution, and limb vascular resistance was calculated as mmHg/ml flow/min/100 cm3 limb volume. The infusions did not significantly change systemic plasma osmolality, sodium concentration, or blood pressure. Compared to control infusions, the hypoosmolar infusions decreased limb venous plasma osmolality and serum sodium concentrations by an average of 12 mOsm/kg and 7 mEq/1, respectively. Compared to control infusions, limb venous serum concentrations of potassium, calcium, magnesium, or blood hematocrit were not altered by the hypoosmolar infusions. In response to the hypoosmolar infusions, limb resistance increased by 28% in normotensives and by 26% in hypertensives. We conclude that the acute local vascular response to a small reduction in plasma osmolality in the limb of man is a large increase in vascular resistance. We found no evidence for abnormal responses to plasma hypoosmolality in essential hypertensives."}
{"id": "PMID:1208546", "title": "Absence of detectable interferon in jejunal biopsies, jejunal aspirates, and sera in experimentally induced viral gastroenteritis in man.", "content": "Seven of thirteen normal volunteers inoculated with either the Norwalk of Hawaii agent of viral gastroenteritis demonstrated clinical illness, with typical rapid onset, short duration, and rapid recovery. Examination of sera, jejunal aspirates, and jejunal biopsy specimens obtained 48-96 hr after inoculation, failed to reveal the presence of interferon in samples from either ill or well subjects.", "contents": "Absence of detectable interferon in jejunal biopsies, jejunal aspirates, and sera in experimentally induced viral gastroenteritis in man. Seven of thirteen normal volunteers inoculated with either the Norwalk of Hawaii agent of viral gastroenteritis demonstrated clinical illness, with typical rapid onset, short duration, and rapid recovery. Examination of sera, jejunal aspirates, and jejunal biopsy specimens obtained 48-96 hr after inoculation, failed to reveal the presence of interferon in samples from either ill or well subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:1208548", "title": "Changes in the daily rhythm of plasma corticosterone concentration related to seasonal conditions in the white-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis.", "content": "Circadian variations in concentrations of plasma corticosterone were investigated in the white-throated sparrow maintained on short (10-hr) or long (16-hr) daily photoperiods. In addition, the plasma concentrations of corticosterone were determined throughout a day in birds that were in the reproductively photosensitive spring migratory condition, the reproductively photorefractory post nuptial molt condition, and the fall migratory condition. Distinct unimodal rhythms were found in photosensitive birds. The daily rise occurred 12 hr after the offset of light in birds kept on both the short and the long photoperiodic regimens. There was no discernible daily variation in photorefractory birds kept on a 16 hr daily photoperiod and there was a bimodal rhythm in the birds that were in the fall migratory condition. The results are consistent with an hypothesis that assigns an important role to the circadian rhythm of corticosteroid concentration in the photoperiodic mechanism controlling seasonal reproductive and migratory conditions in the white-throated sparrow.", "contents": "Changes in the daily rhythm of plasma corticosterone concentration related to seasonal conditions in the white-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis. Circadian variations in concentrations of plasma corticosterone were investigated in the white-throated sparrow maintained on short (10-hr) or long (16-hr) daily photoperiods. In addition, the plasma concentrations of corticosterone were determined throughout a day in birds that were in the reproductively photosensitive spring migratory condition, the reproductively photorefractory post nuptial molt condition, and the fall migratory condition. Distinct unimodal rhythms were found in photosensitive birds. The daily rise occurred 12 hr after the offset of light in birds kept on both the short and the long photoperiodic regimens. There was no discernible daily variation in photorefractory birds kept on a 16 hr daily photoperiod and there was a bimodal rhythm in the birds that were in the fall migratory condition. The results are consistent with an hypothesis that assigns an important role to the circadian rhythm of corticosteroid concentration in the photoperiodic mechanism controlling seasonal reproductive and migratory conditions in the white-throated sparrow."}
{"id": "PMID:1208547", "title": "Influence of dietary safflower oil and tallow on growth, plasma lipids and lipogenesis in rats, pigs and chicks.", "content": "Rats, chicks and pigs were fed diets containing safflower oil or tallow. Plasma triglyceride levels were elevated when tallow, rather than safflower oil was added to the diet of rats, unchanged in chicks and lowered when tallow, rather than safflower oil was fed to pigs. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in rat and chick liver was higher, whereas the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue preparations from rats and pigs was lower when tallow, rather than safflower oil was fed. These results indicate that there are species-specific, as well as organ-specific, metabolic responses to various dietary fats.", "contents": "Influence of dietary safflower oil and tallow on growth, plasma lipids and lipogenesis in rats, pigs and chicks. Rats, chicks and pigs were fed diets containing safflower oil or tallow. Plasma triglyceride levels were elevated when tallow, rather than safflower oil was added to the diet of rats, unchanged in chicks and lowered when tallow, rather than safflower oil was fed to pigs. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in rat and chick liver was higher, whereas the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue preparations from rats and pigs was lower when tallow, rather than safflower oil was fed. These results indicate that there are species-specific, as well as organ-specific, metabolic responses to various dietary fats."}
{"id": "PMID:1208549", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives and pregnancy on erythrocyte deformability and surface charge.", "content": "Erythrocyte deformability and surface charge were studied in normal premenopausal women, oral contraceptive users, and pregnant women. The increased incidence of thrombosis in women taking oral contraceptives could not be explained by decreased erythrocyte deformability or surface charge. However, the decreased erythrocyte deformability of late pregnancy may relate to thrombosis during this period and to increased hemolysis in patients with certain hemoglobinopathies.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives and pregnancy on erythrocyte deformability and surface charge. Erythrocyte deformability and surface charge were studied in normal premenopausal women, oral contraceptive users, and pregnant women. The increased incidence of thrombosis in women taking oral contraceptives could not be explained by decreased erythrocyte deformability or surface charge. However, the decreased erythrocyte deformability of late pregnancy may relate to thrombosis during this period and to increased hemolysis in patients with certain hemoglobinopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:1208550", "title": "Influence of quinidine and propranolol on the intracellular distribution of 45Ca in rat heart.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of 45Ca in the rat heart was studied following separate and combined administration of quinidine and propranolol. Both drugs caused an increased uptake of 45Ca in the nuclear-cell membrane fraction but quinidine suppressed the uptake in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions whereas propranolol did not affect the uptake of 45Ca in these fractions. In addition, there was an increase in serum radioactivity noted with quinidine which was not observed with propranolol. Combined treatment resulted in restoration of normal values for blood and mitochondrial fractions and an increased uptake of 45Ca in the microsomal fraction.", "contents": "Influence of quinidine and propranolol on the intracellular distribution of 45Ca in rat heart. The intracellular distribution of 45Ca in the rat heart was studied following separate and combined administration of quinidine and propranolol. Both drugs caused an increased uptake of 45Ca in the nuclear-cell membrane fraction but quinidine suppressed the uptake in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions whereas propranolol did not affect the uptake of 45Ca in these fractions. In addition, there was an increase in serum radioactivity noted with quinidine which was not observed with propranolol. Combined treatment resulted in restoration of normal values for blood and mitochondrial fractions and an increased uptake of 45Ca in the microsomal fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1208552", "title": "Lack of effect of portacaval shunt on ornithine decarboxylase activity in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The influence of the end to side portacaval shunt on the level of activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase following partial hepatectomy was investigated. A sharp rise in the enzyme level was found in both the shunted animals and in the normal controls. The chronology of the increase in enzymic activity was somewhat altered in the portacaval shunted animals, but both groups had similar peak values. The rate of cell division was also found to be unaffected. This report finds no evidence of support for the reported inhibition by the portacaval shunt of the increase in ornithine decarboxylase following partial hepatectomy.", "contents": "Lack of effect of portacaval shunt on ornithine decarboxylase activity in regenerating rat liver. The influence of the end to side portacaval shunt on the level of activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase following partial hepatectomy was investigated. A sharp rise in the enzyme level was found in both the shunted animals and in the normal controls. The chronology of the increase in enzymic activity was somewhat altered in the portacaval shunted animals, but both groups had similar peak values. The rate of cell division was also found to be unaffected. This report finds no evidence of support for the reported inhibition by the portacaval shunt of the increase in ornithine decarboxylase following partial hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1208553", "title": "The toxicity of thioxanthene neuroleptics to isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "A series of thioxanthenes was tested for cytotoxicity to isolated rat hepatocytes, as measured by the loss of an intracellular enzyme (GOT) to the surrounding medium. The relative order of potency was found to be: SKF 10812 greater than cis- = trans-chlorprothixene = N-756A greater than cis- = trans-flupenthixol greater than xanthiol greater than methixene = cis- = trans-clopenthixol = N-716 greater than N-710. The presence of an unsaturated exocyclic bond increased the apparent toxicity as did the presence of a substituent (trifluoromethyl, chlorine, bromine) at the two position of the tricyclic nucleus. The trifluoromethyl substituted thioxanthenes were three to four times more potent than their halogenated analogs, but there were no differences in potency among the halogenated (chlorine or bromine) thioxanthenes. Compounds which had a dimethylaminopropylidene side chain were five to six times stronger in causing enzyme leakage than were their analog which had a hydroxyethylpiperazinylpropylidene side chain. Although only the cis-isomers of each compound are highly active neuroleptics, both isomers were equipotent at causing the efflux of GOT from rat hepatocytes.", "contents": "The toxicity of thioxanthene neuroleptics to isolated rat liver cells. A series of thioxanthenes was tested for cytotoxicity to isolated rat hepatocytes, as measured by the loss of an intracellular enzyme (GOT) to the surrounding medium. The relative order of potency was found to be: SKF 10812 greater than cis- = trans-chlorprothixene = N-756A greater than cis- = trans-flupenthixol greater than xanthiol greater than methixene = cis- = trans-clopenthixol = N-716 greater than N-710. The presence of an unsaturated exocyclic bond increased the apparent toxicity as did the presence of a substituent (trifluoromethyl, chlorine, bromine) at the two position of the tricyclic nucleus. The trifluoromethyl substituted thioxanthenes were three to four times more potent than their halogenated analogs, but there were no differences in potency among the halogenated (chlorine or bromine) thioxanthenes. Compounds which had a dimethylaminopropylidene side chain were five to six times stronger in causing enzyme leakage than were their analog which had a hydroxyethylpiperazinylpropylidene side chain. Although only the cis-isomers of each compound are highly active neuroleptics, both isomers were equipotent at causing the efflux of GOT from rat hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1208554", "title": "Immune responses of inbred guinea pigs against random terpolymers containing L glutamic acid and L alanine.", "content": "The immune responses of the inbred guinea pig strains 2 and 13 have been determined against random terpolymers of L glutamic acid and L alanine and a third amino acid. Strain 2 guinea pigs responded against GAT10, GAT20(LLD), GAT10(NO2)15, GAT4, and GAL10. However, strain 13 guinea pigs responded only against GAT10. The explanation offered is that strain 2 guinea pigs, which have the Ir-GA gene, recognize the polymers via random GA determinants present in sufficient concentration in all of the above polymers. However, strain 13 guinea pigs recognize the GAT10 via the Ir-GT gene, and reduction in the concentration of tyrosyl residues below 10 mole % by various procedures alters the concentration of available random GT determinants necessary for interaction with the gene product of the Ir-GT gene.", "contents": "Immune responses of inbred guinea pigs against random terpolymers containing L glutamic acid and L alanine. The immune responses of the inbred guinea pig strains 2 and 13 have been determined against random terpolymers of L glutamic acid and L alanine and a third amino acid. Strain 2 guinea pigs responded against GAT10, GAT20(LLD), GAT10(NO2)15, GAT4, and GAL10. However, strain 13 guinea pigs responded only against GAT10. The explanation offered is that strain 2 guinea pigs, which have the Ir-GA gene, recognize the polymers via random GA determinants present in sufficient concentration in all of the above polymers. However, strain 13 guinea pigs recognize the GAT10 via the Ir-GT gene, and reduction in the concentration of tyrosyl residues below 10 mole % by various procedures alters the concentration of available random GT determinants necessary for interaction with the gene product of the Ir-GT gene."}
{"id": "PMID:1208555", "title": "Inhibition of cyclocytidine-induced enlargement of parotid and heart by propranolol or sympathectomy.", "content": "Enlargement of salivary glands and heart of mouse as well as rat is caused by chronic administration of the antitumor agent cyclocytidine. In rat, the effects are maximal within 3 days, and are reversible, but with heart, not readily so. The organ enlargement, in both species, is the result of an action of the cyclocytidine involving beta adrenergic receptors since administration of propranolol 20 min prior to injection of cyclocytidine prevented the enlargement as well as the increases in nucleic acids associated with the enlargement. These beta adrenergic effects appear mediated through indirect actions of cyclocytidine that probably involve release of norepinephrine from postganglionic nerve fibers. This conclusion is based on the findings that parotid sympathectomized for 5 days does not exhibit the same secretory responses and glandular enlargement with cyclocytidine administration that are observed in the innervated mate. For example, amylase activity of the innervated gland was reduced from 525 mg/mg of gland (unstimulated parotid) to approximately 190 two hr after administration of 500 mg/kg of cyclocytidine, whereas that of the sympathectomized gland was unchanged (510 mg/mg). In addition, cyclocytidine caused only a small increase in weight and nucleic acid content of the sympathectomized parotid, whereas the innervated mate exhibited the usual marked increases in all parameters (weight and RNA were twice as great as those of untreated rats). Guanethidine and bretylium were used in conjunction with cyclocytidine to provide additional evidence for the indirect beta adrenergic action of cyclocytidine on heart and parotid gland.", "contents": "Inhibition of cyclocytidine-induced enlargement of parotid and heart by propranolol or sympathectomy. Enlargement of salivary glands and heart of mouse as well as rat is caused by chronic administration of the antitumor agent cyclocytidine. In rat, the effects are maximal within 3 days, and are reversible, but with heart, not readily so. The organ enlargement, in both species, is the result of an action of the cyclocytidine involving beta adrenergic receptors since administration of propranolol 20 min prior to injection of cyclocytidine prevented the enlargement as well as the increases in nucleic acids associated with the enlargement. These beta adrenergic effects appear mediated through indirect actions of cyclocytidine that probably involve release of norepinephrine from postganglionic nerve fibers. This conclusion is based on the findings that parotid sympathectomized for 5 days does not exhibit the same secretory responses and glandular enlargement with cyclocytidine administration that are observed in the innervated mate. For example, amylase activity of the innervated gland was reduced from 525 mg/mg of gland (unstimulated parotid) to approximately 190 two hr after administration of 500 mg/kg of cyclocytidine, whereas that of the sympathectomized gland was unchanged (510 mg/mg). In addition, cyclocytidine caused only a small increase in weight and nucleic acid content of the sympathectomized parotid, whereas the innervated mate exhibited the usual marked increases in all parameters (weight and RNA were twice as great as those of untreated rats). Guanethidine and bretylium were used in conjunction with cyclocytidine to provide additional evidence for the indirect beta adrenergic action of cyclocytidine on heart and parotid gland."}
{"id": "PMID:1208557", "title": "Actions of prostaglandins E1 and F2alpha on isolated intrapulmonary vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The effects of PGE1 and PGF2alpha were studied on isolated strips of intrapulmonary arteries and veins from dog, sheep, swine and man. PGF2alpha contracted human arterial strips in a dose-dependent fashion, relaxed slightly sheep arteries and had no effect on dog arteries. Canine, sheep and human venous strips were contracted by PGF2alpha. PGE1 relaxed slightly both veins and arteries from dog and sheep. Human arteries usually contracted slightly and human veins usually relaxed slightly to PGE1. In a limited number of experiments, swine arteries and veins failed to respond to PGF2alpha or PGE1. All the vascular strips contracted well when exposed to NE. These results suggest that the responses of intrapulmonary vessels to PGF2alpha and PGE1 are species-dependent. PGF2alpha generally exhibits a contractile action, especially on veins. PGE1 usually relaxes intrapulmonary vessels. With regard to vessels from man, PGF2alpha is a powerful stimulant while PGE1 produces only small, variable effects.", "contents": "Actions of prostaglandins E1 and F2alpha on isolated intrapulmonary vascular smooth muscle. The effects of PGE1 and PGF2alpha were studied on isolated strips of intrapulmonary arteries and veins from dog, sheep, swine and man. PGF2alpha contracted human arterial strips in a dose-dependent fashion, relaxed slightly sheep arteries and had no effect on dog arteries. Canine, sheep and human venous strips were contracted by PGF2alpha. PGE1 relaxed slightly both veins and arteries from dog and sheep. Human arteries usually contracted slightly and human veins usually relaxed slightly to PGE1. In a limited number of experiments, swine arteries and veins failed to respond to PGF2alpha or PGE1. All the vascular strips contracted well when exposed to NE. These results suggest that the responses of intrapulmonary vessels to PGF2alpha and PGE1 are species-dependent. PGF2alpha generally exhibits a contractile action, especially on veins. PGE1 usually relaxes intrapulmonary vessels. With regard to vessels from man, PGF2alpha is a powerful stimulant while PGE1 produces only small, variable effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1208558", "title": "Effect of treatment on longevity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Continuous control of the pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats at systolic levels of 90-100 mm Hg with antihypertensive agents significantly prolonged their life span. The mean survival time in control animals was 73 weeks as compared to 96 weeks in treated SHR (P less than .0005) with 11% of the latter surviving to approximately 3 yr of age. Cardiovascular lesions were limited almost exclusively to the control rats. The general health, body weight and reproductive functions of the experimental animals remained normal throughout the drug treatment. These results indicate that by preventing the rise in blood pressure and consequent cardiovascular complications the life span of the SHR may be prolonged to that of the normal albino rat.", "contents": "Effect of treatment on longevity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Continuous control of the pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats at systolic levels of 90-100 mm Hg with antihypertensive agents significantly prolonged their life span. The mean survival time in control animals was 73 weeks as compared to 96 weeks in treated SHR (P less than .0005) with 11% of the latter surviving to approximately 3 yr of age. Cardiovascular lesions were limited almost exclusively to the control rats. The general health, body weight and reproductive functions of the experimental animals remained normal throughout the drug treatment. These results indicate that by preventing the rise in blood pressure and consequent cardiovascular complications the life span of the SHR may be prolonged to that of the normal albino rat."}
{"id": "PMID:1208560", "title": "Toxic effects of a new boron containing heterocycle: 4,4,8,8-tetraethyl-3,3a,4,8-tetrahydro 3a,4a,4-diazabora-S-indacene.", "content": "LD50 values in mice for 4,4,8,8-tetraethyl-3,3a,4,8-tetrahydro-3a,4a,4-diazabora-S-indacene (Myborin) were determined by the ip, po, and sc routes. The LD50 value for ip was 69.5 mg/kg found by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon, with upper and lower confidence limits of 77.8 and 62.1 mg/kg. Oral and sc LD50's were approximated after the method of Deichmann and LeBlanc and were found to be 180 mg/kg (po) and 420 mg/kg (sc). Each of these values has a confidence range of +/- 30%. Myborin induced convulsions, hyperreflexia, and death accompanied by tetany when given by either the ip or oral routes. Moreover, Myborin induced porphyria in animals surviving for 24 hr after these routes of administration and in virtually all animals dosed sc. Death by the sc route is probably a result of acute porphyria. Hepatomegaly and skin photosensitivity were demonstrated to be profound. Boron levels in the livers of mice were determined colorimetrically 24 hr after ip injections of Myborin and in untreated control mice. The quantity of boron found in the experimental group was 15.46 mug/g wet liver as compared to 8.11 mug/g wet liver for controls (P less than 0.01). The difference corresponds to 23% of the injected quantity of boron.", "contents": "Toxic effects of a new boron containing heterocycle: 4,4,8,8-tetraethyl-3,3a,4,8-tetrahydro 3a,4a,4-diazabora-S-indacene. LD50 values in mice for 4,4,8,8-tetraethyl-3,3a,4,8-tetrahydro-3a,4a,4-diazabora-S-indacene (Myborin) were determined by the ip, po, and sc routes. The LD50 value for ip was 69.5 mg/kg found by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon, with upper and lower confidence limits of 77.8 and 62.1 mg/kg. Oral and sc LD50's were approximated after the method of Deichmann and LeBlanc and were found to be 180 mg/kg (po) and 420 mg/kg (sc). Each of these values has a confidence range of +/- 30%. Myborin induced convulsions, hyperreflexia, and death accompanied by tetany when given by either the ip or oral routes. Moreover, Myborin induced porphyria in animals surviving for 24 hr after these routes of administration and in virtually all animals dosed sc. Death by the sc route is probably a result of acute porphyria. Hepatomegaly and skin photosensitivity were demonstrated to be profound. Boron levels in the livers of mice were determined colorimetrically 24 hr after ip injections of Myborin and in untreated control mice. The quantity of boron found in the experimental group was 15.46 mug/g wet liver as compared to 8.11 mug/g wet liver for controls (P less than 0.01). The difference corresponds to 23% of the injected quantity of boron."}
{"id": "PMID:1208561", "title": "Distribution and disappearance rate of submaxillary renin.", "content": "Highly purified submaxillary renin (SR) labeled with 125I was injected intravascularly into adult male mice following removal of submaxillary glands and kidneys, and the disappearance of this labeled SR from the circulating vascular volume was studied on the basis of a two compartment system. There was a fast and a slow component to the disappearance curves. Mean half-times of the fast and slow component were 12.4 +/- 0.4 min and 86 +/- 3 min in sialoadenectomized mice, while in mice whose submaxillary glands and kidneys were removed the half-times were 14.7 +/- 0.4 min and 108 +/- 7 min, respectively. The uptake of radioactivity by various organs of the mouse was also measured. Accumulation of radioactivity occurred in the kidneys and liver. Only trace amounts of radioactivity were found in the other organs. The findings suggest that the fast component of the disappearance curve was probably due to equilibration of the injected labeled SR in the circulation. However, the fast component may be related to some extent to the rapid uptake of labeled SR by the kidneys. The half-time of the slow component may represent the true halflife of SR in mice, since a significant reciprocal relationship between the half-times of the slow component and metabolic rate constant k10 was observed both in sialoadenectomized mice and in nephrectomized-sialoadenectomized mice.", "contents": "Distribution and disappearance rate of submaxillary renin. Highly purified submaxillary renin (SR) labeled with 125I was injected intravascularly into adult male mice following removal of submaxillary glands and kidneys, and the disappearance of this labeled SR from the circulating vascular volume was studied on the basis of a two compartment system. There was a fast and a slow component to the disappearance curves. Mean half-times of the fast and slow component were 12.4 +/- 0.4 min and 86 +/- 3 min in sialoadenectomized mice, while in mice whose submaxillary glands and kidneys were removed the half-times were 14.7 +/- 0.4 min and 108 +/- 7 min, respectively. The uptake of radioactivity by various organs of the mouse was also measured. Accumulation of radioactivity occurred in the kidneys and liver. Only trace amounts of radioactivity were found in the other organs. The findings suggest that the fast component of the disappearance curve was probably due to equilibration of the injected labeled SR in the circulation. However, the fast component may be related to some extent to the rapid uptake of labeled SR by the kidneys. The half-time of the slow component may represent the true halflife of SR in mice, since a significant reciprocal relationship between the half-times of the slow component and metabolic rate constant k10 was observed both in sialoadenectomized mice and in nephrectomized-sialoadenectomized mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1208562", "title": "Serum prolactin levels in fetal and neonatal hamsters and the relationship to maternal levels.", "content": "Immunoreactive prolactin was measured by RIA in 13.5-15.5 day gestation fetal and 0.5-3.5 day neonatal hamster serum and found to significantly reflect rises and falls in maternal levels. On the average, fetal and neonatal levels were 37% of maternal prolactin serum levels. 125I-PRL injected into 13.5-15.5 day pregnant hamsters was demonstrated to cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation. Ten min after injection, fetal serum levels were calculated to be an average of 3.9% of the radioactivity recorded in maternal serum. There is a strong possibility that fetal prolactin serum levels may be, at least in part, attributed to a maternal source.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels in fetal and neonatal hamsters and the relationship to maternal levels. Immunoreactive prolactin was measured by RIA in 13.5-15.5 day gestation fetal and 0.5-3.5 day neonatal hamster serum and found to significantly reflect rises and falls in maternal levels. On the average, fetal and neonatal levels were 37% of maternal prolactin serum levels. 125I-PRL injected into 13.5-15.5 day pregnant hamsters was demonstrated to cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation. Ten min after injection, fetal serum levels were calculated to be an average of 3.9% of the radioactivity recorded in maternal serum. There is a strong possibility that fetal prolactin serum levels may be, at least in part, attributed to a maternal source."}
{"id": "PMID:1208563", "title": "Changes in blood hormone levels during the immune response.", "content": "Injection of three different antigens into rats or mice led in the course of several days to about a threefold increase in serum corticosterone levels and concommitantly to a decrease in thyroxine (rats). In view of the known immuno-suppressive effect of the glucocorticoids the possibility is considered that the endocrine changes induced during the immune response could significantly modulate the subsequent character of the immune response, e.i. magnitude, duration and lymphoid cell proliferation, however, a more complete pattern of hormonal variations and their cause needs to be established. These findings while admittedly preliminary, suffice to provide an indication of a temporal pattern of hormonal change during the immune response which could be important in immunoregulation.", "contents": "Changes in blood hormone levels during the immune response. Injection of three different antigens into rats or mice led in the course of several days to about a threefold increase in serum corticosterone levels and concommitantly to a decrease in thyroxine (rats). In view of the known immuno-suppressive effect of the glucocorticoids the possibility is considered that the endocrine changes induced during the immune response could significantly modulate the subsequent character of the immune response, e.i. magnitude, duration and lymphoid cell proliferation, however, a more complete pattern of hormonal variations and their cause needs to be established. These findings while admittedly preliminary, suffice to provide an indication of a temporal pattern of hormonal change during the immune response which could be important in immunoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1208565", "title": "Ecteinascidia turbinata extracts inhibit DNA synthesis in lymphocytes after mitogenic stimulation by lectins.", "content": "Aqueous ethanol extract of a tunicate which was previously found to exert antitumor and immunosuppressive activities in vivo was tested for its effect on normal human lymphocytes in vitro. The extract suppressed the uptake of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes stimulated with mitogen. This suppressive effect did not require continuous presence of the extract. Treatment of lymphocytes prior to mitogenic stimulation resulted in suppressive effect. The fact that suppression by the extract could also be achieved 24 hr after exposure to mitogen, an interval which was found to suffice for the attainment of maximal commitment for blastogenic transformation indicates that Ete can act at a stage subsequent to the binding of the lectin and elicitation of a mitogenic signal(s).", "contents": "Ecteinascidia turbinata extracts inhibit DNA synthesis in lymphocytes after mitogenic stimulation by lectins. Aqueous ethanol extract of a tunicate which was previously found to exert antitumor and immunosuppressive activities in vivo was tested for its effect on normal human lymphocytes in vitro. The extract suppressed the uptake of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes stimulated with mitogen. This suppressive effect did not require continuous presence of the extract. Treatment of lymphocytes prior to mitogenic stimulation resulted in suppressive effect. The fact that suppression by the extract could also be achieved 24 hr after exposure to mitogen, an interval which was found to suffice for the attainment of maximal commitment for blastogenic transformation indicates that Ete can act at a stage subsequent to the binding of the lectin and elicitation of a mitogenic signal(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:1208566", "title": "Disposition of dapsone and monoacetyldapsone in rats.", "content": "Female Buffalo and Lewis rats receiving 1.0 mg DDS/kg ip exhibited higher plasma levels of DDS and its monoacetylated metabolite, MADDS, than did male rats of each strain receiving the same dose. The fraction of the total measured drug in plasma as MADDS at 8 hr in female rats of both strains ranged from 43 to 62% compared with a range of 28-31% in male rats. Plasma half times of disappearance (T1/2) of DDS ranged from 5.0 to 6.8 hr and were not different among sexes and strains. Deacetylation of MADDS to DDS occurred when equimolar doses of MADDS were administered. An approach to a steady state of acetylation-deacetylation was indicated by comparing the percentage MADDS of the total drug in plasma in the respective sexes and strains receiving both drugs. T1/2 values of MADDS were significantly lower than values for DDS in Lewis rats. They were not different in Buffalo rats. Protein binding studies in plasma from rats receiving 5.0 mg DDS or 5.8 mg MADDS/kg showed 67-72% binding of DDS and 91% binding of MADDS. These in vivo observations were confirmed by in vitro binding studies. Comparison of these results with those of earlier studies in mice and man indicates that the rat is a better model of man than is the mouse for studies on the disposition of DDS.", "contents": "Disposition of dapsone and monoacetyldapsone in rats. Female Buffalo and Lewis rats receiving 1.0 mg DDS/kg ip exhibited higher plasma levels of DDS and its monoacetylated metabolite, MADDS, than did male rats of each strain receiving the same dose. The fraction of the total measured drug in plasma as MADDS at 8 hr in female rats of both strains ranged from 43 to 62% compared with a range of 28-31% in male rats. Plasma half times of disappearance (T1/2) of DDS ranged from 5.0 to 6.8 hr and were not different among sexes and strains. Deacetylation of MADDS to DDS occurred when equimolar doses of MADDS were administered. An approach to a steady state of acetylation-deacetylation was indicated by comparing the percentage MADDS of the total drug in plasma in the respective sexes and strains receiving both drugs. T1/2 values of MADDS were significantly lower than values for DDS in Lewis rats. They were not different in Buffalo rats. Protein binding studies in plasma from rats receiving 5.0 mg DDS or 5.8 mg MADDS/kg showed 67-72% binding of DDS and 91% binding of MADDS. These in vivo observations were confirmed by in vitro binding studies. Comparison of these results with those of earlier studies in mice and man indicates that the rat is a better model of man than is the mouse for studies on the disposition of DDS."}
{"id": "PMID:1208567", "title": "Virulence of Streptococcus mutans: biochemical and pathogenic characteristics of mutant isolates.", "content": "The in vitro dextran-sucrase activities and adherence to glass of S. mutans 6715 and PS14 wild types and mutants were quantitated and compared with their in vivo cariogenicity in young, gnotobiotic rats. In general, S. mutans PS14 mutants B414 and B421 and 6715 mutant C4 demonstrated less dextran-sucrase activity and adherence than parental strains and caused fewer carious lesions in gnotobiotic rats. Rats monoinfected with either PS14 mutants B414 or B421 had less plaque and viable S. mutans in plaque than rats infected with parental strain. Both S. mutans 6715 mutants C211 and C229, demonstrated greater enzyme activity and adherence than the parental strain and produced more carious lesions.", "contents": "Virulence of Streptococcus mutans: biochemical and pathogenic characteristics of mutant isolates. The in vitro dextran-sucrase activities and adherence to glass of S. mutans 6715 and PS14 wild types and mutants were quantitated and compared with their in vivo cariogenicity in young, gnotobiotic rats. In general, S. mutans PS14 mutants B414 and B421 and 6715 mutant C4 demonstrated less dextran-sucrase activity and adherence than parental strains and caused fewer carious lesions in gnotobiotic rats. Rats monoinfected with either PS14 mutants B414 or B421 had less plaque and viable S. mutans in plaque than rats infected with parental strain. Both S. mutans 6715 mutants C211 and C229, demonstrated greater enzyme activity and adherence than the parental strain and produced more carious lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1208570", "title": "Effect of propranolol on plasma renin activity, renal cortex renin, and adrenal and brain isorenins in rats.", "content": "Propranolol administration to rats was studied for its effects on plasma renin activity, renal renin content, and adrenal and brain isorenins. Propranolol was given intraperitoneally at 6 and 30 mg/kg/day for a 15-day period. Pulse rate was significantly decreased. There were no effects on the isorenin content of adrenal or brain tissue or on renal renin content. Rats responded in two completely different ways with respect to plasma renin activity. Two-fifths had a total suppression of plasma renin activity; the rest had concentrations similar to those in controls. These observations are consistent with those seen during chronic administration of propranolol to hypertensive patients and suggest that its antihypertensive effect may in some patients be through the suppression of renin release. Its mechanism of action in most patients remains at present unclear.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on plasma renin activity, renal cortex renin, and adrenal and brain isorenins in rats. Propranolol administration to rats was studied for its effects on plasma renin activity, renal renin content, and adrenal and brain isorenins. Propranolol was given intraperitoneally at 6 and 30 mg/kg/day for a 15-day period. Pulse rate was significantly decreased. There were no effects on the isorenin content of adrenal or brain tissue or on renal renin content. Rats responded in two completely different ways with respect to plasma renin activity. Two-fifths had a total suppression of plasma renin activity; the rest had concentrations similar to those in controls. These observations are consistent with those seen during chronic administration of propranolol to hypertensive patients and suggest that its antihypertensive effect may in some patients be through the suppression of renin release. Its mechanism of action in most patients remains at present unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:1208571", "title": "Brain cholesterol XVIII: EFFECt of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on [U-14C] glucose and [2-3H] acetate incorporation.", "content": "The effect of a single injection of methylphenidate (Ritalin, 4 mg/kg) on precursor ([2-3H]acetate and [U-14C]glucose) incorporation into brain cholesterol was studied. The drug caused a steady decrease in the concentration of brain cholesterol during the 24-hr period examined. Incorporation studies during this time with [U-14C]glucose indicated higher than normal incorporation for all time periods studied. The most significant incorporation increases took place 2 and 4 hr after drug injection. Experiments using [2-3H]acetate as the sterol precursor gave incorporation values which tended (not significantly) to be lower than control values at 2 and 4 h. The values after 12 hr were less than normal, while the 24-hr group indicated an increase to or slightly higher than normal values. These data suggest that the pharmacological effect of methylphenidate may be due to lowering of brain cholesterol levels directly or on some more basic metabolic process leading to a decreased level of membrane sterols.", "contents": "Brain cholesterol XVIII: EFFECt of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on [U-14C] glucose and [2-3H] acetate incorporation. The effect of a single injection of methylphenidate (Ritalin, 4 mg/kg) on precursor ([2-3H]acetate and [U-14C]glucose) incorporation into brain cholesterol was studied. The drug caused a steady decrease in the concentration of brain cholesterol during the 24-hr period examined. Incorporation studies during this time with [U-14C]glucose indicated higher than normal incorporation for all time periods studied. The most significant incorporation increases took place 2 and 4 hr after drug injection. Experiments using [2-3H]acetate as the sterol precursor gave incorporation values which tended (not significantly) to be lower than control values at 2 and 4 h. The values after 12 hr were less than normal, while the 24-hr group indicated an increase to or slightly higher than normal values. These data suggest that the pharmacological effect of methylphenidate may be due to lowering of brain cholesterol levels directly or on some more basic metabolic process leading to a decreased level of membrane sterols."}
{"id": "PMID:1208572", "title": "Effects of high but nontoxic dietary zinc on zinc metabolism and adaptations in rats.", "content": "The effects of feeding a high but nontoxic zinc level to young rats for varied time periods on zinc metabolism and adaptations were investigated. Adding 600 ppm supplemental zinc to a \"corn-soy\" diet for periods from 7 to 42 days did not materially affect stable zinc level in any tissue studied. However, in every tissue, 65Zn retention from a single oral dose declined sharply with duration of added zinc feeding to 21 days, indicating a continuing adaptation in zinc metabolism for at least this period of time. Likewise, fecal 65Zn excretion increased with length of feeding time on high zinc, indicating a continuing reduction in net absorption for most of the 42-day period. When the data are compared with similar previous cattle studies, it is evident that there are major qualitative differences in zinc metabolism and homeostatic control between rats and cattle.", "contents": "Effects of high but nontoxic dietary zinc on zinc metabolism and adaptations in rats. The effects of feeding a high but nontoxic zinc level to young rats for varied time periods on zinc metabolism and adaptations were investigated. Adding 600 ppm supplemental zinc to a \"corn-soy\" diet for periods from 7 to 42 days did not materially affect stable zinc level in any tissue studied. However, in every tissue, 65Zn retention from a single oral dose declined sharply with duration of added zinc feeding to 21 days, indicating a continuing adaptation in zinc metabolism for at least this period of time. Likewise, fecal 65Zn excretion increased with length of feeding time on high zinc, indicating a continuing reduction in net absorption for most of the 42-day period. When the data are compared with similar previous cattle studies, it is evident that there are major qualitative differences in zinc metabolism and homeostatic control between rats and cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:1208573", "title": "Prolactin and growth hormone synthesis: effects of perphenazine, alpha-methyltyrosine and estrogen in different thyroid states.", "content": "The effects of thyroid hormones on prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) synthesis by the rat anterior pituitary gland were assessed in vitro. A marked reduction (84-87%) in the rate of H3-leucine incorporation into GH was evident 2-4 weeks after thyroidectomy, while incorporation into PRL was 52-71% less than that measured in glands from intact rats. A single injection of T4 (200 mug/kg) administered to thyroidectomized (THX) rats 48 hr before sacrifice significantly increased incorporation into both pituitary hormones, although the stimulation of GH synthesis was much more dramatic. Perphenazine, alpha-methyltyrosine and estrogen enhanced the rate of PRL synthesis in intact rats. Thyroid ablation did not affect the response to perphenazine, but significantly increased the response to alpha-methyltyrosine and estrogen. On the other hand, administration of T4 to THX rats receiving perphenazine, alpha-methyltyrosine or estrogen diminished the stimulatory influence of these treatments on PRL synthesis. Perphenazine, alpha-methyltyrosine and estrogen had no effect on the rate of GH synthesis in THX rats, nor did they alter the ability of T4 to restore GH synthesis in these animals. These results indicate that GH synthesis in the rat is dependent upon thyroid hormones and support the concept that these hormones exert their stimulatory effect directly on pituitary somatotrophs. Pituitary lactotrophs, however, appear to retain much of their capacity to synthesize PRL under conditions of thyroid deficiency. The changes in pituitary PRL levels and synthesis rate induced by thyroid ablation might reflect differences in the number rather than the activity of these cells.", "contents": "Prolactin and growth hormone synthesis: effects of perphenazine, alpha-methyltyrosine and estrogen in different thyroid states. The effects of thyroid hormones on prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) synthesis by the rat anterior pituitary gland were assessed in vitro. A marked reduction (84-87%) in the rate of H3-leucine incorporation into GH was evident 2-4 weeks after thyroidectomy, while incorporation into PRL was 52-71% less than that measured in glands from intact rats. A single injection of T4 (200 mug/kg) administered to thyroidectomized (THX) rats 48 hr before sacrifice significantly increased incorporation into both pituitary hormones, although the stimulation of GH synthesis was much more dramatic. Perphenazine, alpha-methyltyrosine and estrogen enhanced the rate of PRL synthesis in intact rats. Thyroid ablation did not affect the response to perphenazine, but significantly increased the response to alpha-methyltyrosine and estrogen. On the other hand, administration of T4 to THX rats receiving perphenazine, alpha-methyltyrosine or estrogen diminished the stimulatory influence of these treatments on PRL synthesis. Perphenazine, alpha-methyltyrosine and estrogen had no effect on the rate of GH synthesis in THX rats, nor did they alter the ability of T4 to restore GH synthesis in these animals. These results indicate that GH synthesis in the rat is dependent upon thyroid hormones and support the concept that these hormones exert their stimulatory effect directly on pituitary somatotrophs. Pituitary lactotrophs, however, appear to retain much of their capacity to synthesize PRL under conditions of thyroid deficiency. The changes in pituitary PRL levels and synthesis rate induced by thyroid ablation might reflect differences in the number rather than the activity of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1208574", "title": "Glucose tolerance, plasma and pancreatic insulin levels in zinc deficient rats.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of zinc deficiency on glucose tolerance, and on blood and pancreatic insulin concentrations. In the first study, no significant differences in blood glucose or plasma insulin levels were noted between pair-weighted zinc deficient and zinc sufficient rats after an oral glucose load. In the second experiment, the concentration of pancreatic insulin in pair-fed zinc sufficient rats did not differ significantly from that of zinc deficient rats. However, a zinc deficient group fed ad libitum had significantly lower pancreatic insulin levels, suggesting that food restriction may cause increased pancreatic insulin. Thus, zinc deficiency per se had no apparent effect on oral glucose tolerance or pancreatic insulin concentrations.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance, plasma and pancreatic insulin levels in zinc deficient rats. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of zinc deficiency on glucose tolerance, and on blood and pancreatic insulin concentrations. In the first study, no significant differences in blood glucose or plasma insulin levels were noted between pair-weighted zinc deficient and zinc sufficient rats after an oral glucose load. In the second experiment, the concentration of pancreatic insulin in pair-fed zinc sufficient rats did not differ significantly from that of zinc deficient rats. However, a zinc deficient group fed ad libitum had significantly lower pancreatic insulin levels, suggesting that food restriction may cause increased pancreatic insulin. Thus, zinc deficiency per se had no apparent effect on oral glucose tolerance or pancreatic insulin concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1208575", "title": "Glucagon stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in neonatal pigs.", "content": "The effect of an infusion of glucagon on gluconeogenesis was studied in 5-day-old piglets. Glucagon stimulated hepatic new glucose formation from lactate, but did not significantly change blood glucose or plasma free fatty acid levels. The data suggest that glucagon enhances substrate flow in the gluconeogenic pathway in neonatal animals.", "contents": "Glucagon stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in neonatal pigs. The effect of an infusion of glucagon on gluconeogenesis was studied in 5-day-old piglets. Glucagon stimulated hepatic new glucose formation from lactate, but did not significantly change blood glucose or plasma free fatty acid levels. The data suggest that glucagon enhances substrate flow in the gluconeogenic pathway in neonatal animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1208576", "title": "Influence of altitude and age on pulmonary arterial pressure in cattle.", "content": "Pulmonary arterial pressures in native cattle ranging in age from 3 months to 10 yr were found to be increased with increasing altitudes of residence from sea level to 3048 m. At altitudes of 2590 and 3048 m, but not at sea level or 1524 m, the pressures were higher in older than in younger cattle. The magnitude of the pulmonary arterial pressure, and probably the rate of progression of pulmonary hypertension at high altitude, were much less in native cattle than in cattle that were newcomers from low altitude. Natural and artificial selection are believed to have minimized the level of pulmonary hypertension in native high altitude cattle, thus protecting them from high mountain or brisket disease.", "contents": "Influence of altitude and age on pulmonary arterial pressure in cattle. Pulmonary arterial pressures in native cattle ranging in age from 3 months to 10 yr were found to be increased with increasing altitudes of residence from sea level to 3048 m. At altitudes of 2590 and 3048 m, but not at sea level or 1524 m, the pressures were higher in older than in younger cattle. The magnitude of the pulmonary arterial pressure, and probably the rate of progression of pulmonary hypertension at high altitude, were much less in native cattle than in cattle that were newcomers from low altitude. Natural and artificial selection are believed to have minimized the level of pulmonary hypertension in native high altitude cattle, thus protecting them from high mountain or brisket disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1208577", "title": "Congenital abnormality of pituitary-thyroid axis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone rats (SPR).", "content": "In an attempt to study whether TSH abnormality was genetically determined in SHR and SPR, plasma T4, T3, TSH and prolactin concentrations were measured in the animals with intervals of 1 to 3 months. Hypertension was found in 6-month-old SHR and SPR, but it was not found in younger animals. In contrast, a decrease of plasma T3 and an increase of plasma TSH were found in 15-day-old SHR. Also, an increase of TSH was found in 1-month-old SPR in spite of normal plasma T3 concentration. These abnormalities in SHR and SPR increased progressively with age. It is suggested that thyroid-pituitary abnormality was genetically determined in SHR and SPR.", "contents": "Congenital abnormality of pituitary-thyroid axis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone rats (SPR). In an attempt to study whether TSH abnormality was genetically determined in SHR and SPR, plasma T4, T3, TSH and prolactin concentrations were measured in the animals with intervals of 1 to 3 months. Hypertension was found in 6-month-old SHR and SPR, but it was not found in younger animals. In contrast, a decrease of plasma T3 and an increase of plasma TSH were found in 15-day-old SHR. Also, an increase of TSH was found in 1-month-old SPR in spite of normal plasma T3 concentration. These abnormalities in SHR and SPR increased progressively with age. It is suggested that thyroid-pituitary abnormality was genetically determined in SHR and SPR."}
{"id": "PMID:1208578", "title": "Viscosity and gelation studies in deer hunting hemoglobins.", "content": "Sickling, viscosity and gelling properties of the red cells and the hemoglobins of three Virginia white-tailed deer homozygous for types II and III (the sickling types) and V (the nonsickling type), respectively, have been analyzed. The sickling of erythrocytes of deer with type II or III is inhibited by urea and cyanate at concentrations which are comparable to those used in in vitro studies of red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia. No differences were observed between the viscosities of the three deer hemoglobin types at temperatures of 12 degrees C or above. High concentrations of deer hemoglobin types II and III gelled at 1 degree C and at pH values of 7.4-7.7; the minimum gelling concentration of type II was 33.5 g% and of type III was 38 g%. Gel formation was not observed at pH values between 6.7-7.1. Hemoglobin type V did not gel and prevented the formation of gels of type II and III in mixtures at pH 7.6-7.7.", "contents": "Viscosity and gelation studies in deer hunting hemoglobins. Sickling, viscosity and gelling properties of the red cells and the hemoglobins of three Virginia white-tailed deer homozygous for types II and III (the sickling types) and V (the nonsickling type), respectively, have been analyzed. The sickling of erythrocytes of deer with type II or III is inhibited by urea and cyanate at concentrations which are comparable to those used in in vitro studies of red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia. No differences were observed between the viscosities of the three deer hemoglobin types at temperatures of 12 degrees C or above. High concentrations of deer hemoglobin types II and III gelled at 1 degree C and at pH values of 7.4-7.7; the minimum gelling concentration of type II was 33.5 g% and of type III was 38 g%. Gel formation was not observed at pH values between 6.7-7.1. Hemoglobin type V did not gel and prevented the formation of gels of type II and III in mixtures at pH 7.6-7.7."}
{"id": "PMID:1208579", "title": "A rapid method for establishing short-term primary cultures of human tumor cells from fresh tumor biopsies.", "content": "A rapid method for the establishment of short-term primary cultures of human tumor cells obtained from fresh surgical biopsies is described. The method consists of the separation of the viable fraction of tumor cells by differential flotation on ficoll-hypaque density solution and its subsequent seeding into culture flasks. Tumor cell growth is established within 2-3 days. The incidence of overgrowth with fibroblasts is apparently reduced and usually delayed for 4-5 weeks, but cannot be prevented by this method.", "contents": "A rapid method for establishing short-term primary cultures of human tumor cells from fresh tumor biopsies. A rapid method for the establishment of short-term primary cultures of human tumor cells obtained from fresh surgical biopsies is described. The method consists of the separation of the viable fraction of tumor cells by differential flotation on ficoll-hypaque density solution and its subsequent seeding into culture flasks. Tumor cell growth is established within 2-3 days. The incidence of overgrowth with fibroblasts is apparently reduced and usually delayed for 4-5 weeks, but cannot be prevented by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:1208581", "title": "Antigenic properties of subcellular fractions from canine pancreas: development of a zymogen membrane specific antibody.", "content": "Immunization of rabbits with a membrane preparation from dog pancreas produced precipitating antibody against an antigen present in the pancreas of several mammals. This antigen appears to be organ-specific but not species-specific and is localized in the pancreatic zymogen granule membrane fraction. It is thought to represent glycoproteins of mol wt 70,000-90,000 as well as a smaller species of mol wt less than 10,000.", "contents": "Antigenic properties of subcellular fractions from canine pancreas: development of a zymogen membrane specific antibody. Immunization of rabbits with a membrane preparation from dog pancreas produced precipitating antibody against an antigen present in the pancreas of several mammals. This antigen appears to be organ-specific but not species-specific and is localized in the pancreatic zymogen granule membrane fraction. It is thought to represent glycoproteins of mol wt 70,000-90,000 as well as a smaller species of mol wt less than 10,000."}
{"id": "PMID:1208582", "title": "Lipid composition in postnatal methylazoxymethanol-treated swiss albino mouse cerebellum.", "content": "Postnatal Swiss albino mice were treated with with methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) or saline and sacrificed at 25 days of age. Granule cell depletion resulted. Significant reduction in the cerebellar weight, protein, ganglioside sialic acid , cerebrosides, sulfatides, and phospholipids were documented. There was not, however, selective reduction of any component known to be associated with the synaptic structures. Specific association of cerebellar ganglioside with its granule cell population was not substantiated. Cerebroside/sulfatide ratios were not different in the two groups, indicating that significant alterations previously observed in spinal cord were not present in the cerebellum. It was concluded that the bulk of cerebellar granule cells and their synaptic connections could be deleted without affecting total ganglioside and phospholipid concentrations.", "contents": "Lipid composition in postnatal methylazoxymethanol-treated swiss albino mouse cerebellum. Postnatal Swiss albino mice were treated with with methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) or saline and sacrificed at 25 days of age. Granule cell depletion resulted. Significant reduction in the cerebellar weight, protein, ganglioside sialic acid , cerebrosides, sulfatides, and phospholipids were documented. There was not, however, selective reduction of any component known to be associated with the synaptic structures. Specific association of cerebellar ganglioside with its granule cell population was not substantiated. Cerebroside/sulfatide ratios were not different in the two groups, indicating that significant alterations previously observed in spinal cord were not present in the cerebellum. It was concluded that the bulk of cerebellar granule cells and their synaptic connections could be deleted without affecting total ganglioside and phospholipid concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1208583", "title": "The use of radioactive microspheres to quantitate hyperemia in dermal inflammatory sites.", "content": "A variety of dermal lesions produced by PGE1, tuberculin, and allogeneic lymphocytes were induced in rabbits, guinea pigs, and sheep, respectively. Microspheres labeled with 85Sr were injected into the ascending aorta, and the distribution of radioactivity in the lesions, saline control sites, and various major organs was assessed. It was concluded that the trapping of the microspheres was related to the degree of hyperemia induced, and that this technique enabled a quantitative measure of the blood flow. PGE1 was found to be a potent mediator of hyperemia and to have a significant effect on the blood flow at a dose of 1 ng. The blood flow to cellular hypersensitivity reactions was measured and the capacity of the skin to accomodate a large increase in flow during the inflammatory response was established.", "contents": "The use of radioactive microspheres to quantitate hyperemia in dermal inflammatory sites. A variety of dermal lesions produced by PGE1, tuberculin, and allogeneic lymphocytes were induced in rabbits, guinea pigs, and sheep, respectively. Microspheres labeled with 85Sr were injected into the ascending aorta, and the distribution of radioactivity in the lesions, saline control sites, and various major organs was assessed. It was concluded that the trapping of the microspheres was related to the degree of hyperemia induced, and that this technique enabled a quantitative measure of the blood flow. PGE1 was found to be a potent mediator of hyperemia and to have a significant effect on the blood flow at a dose of 1 ng. The blood flow to cellular hypersensitivity reactions was measured and the capacity of the skin to accomodate a large increase in flow during the inflammatory response was established."}
{"id": "PMID:1208584", "title": "Renin substrate in plasma of various mammalian species: electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "The plasma of eight different species was subjected to electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, and the position of renin substrate was determined. There are considerable differences in the electrophoretic mobility of the renin substrates tested. Sheep substrate shows the slowest migration and mouse substrate the most rapid. The species tested appear to fall into two groups: slow-moving substrates occuring in the plasmas of sheep, cow, pig, and rabbit and fast moving substrates in man, dog, rat, and mouse. In most species only a single peak of renin substrate appeared, but in man and dog a minor peak was often observed in addition to the prominent major one. The classification of human renin substrate as an alpha-2-globulin is questioned.", "contents": "Renin substrate in plasma of various mammalian species: electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The plasma of eight different species was subjected to electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, and the position of renin substrate was determined. There are considerable differences in the electrophoretic mobility of the renin substrates tested. Sheep substrate shows the slowest migration and mouse substrate the most rapid. The species tested appear to fall into two groups: slow-moving substrates occuring in the plasmas of sheep, cow, pig, and rabbit and fast moving substrates in man, dog, rat, and mouse. In most species only a single peak of renin substrate appeared, but in man and dog a minor peak was often observed in addition to the prominent major one. The classification of human renin substrate as an alpha-2-globulin is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1208585", "title": "Arterial-venous magnesium gradients in hypovolemic shock: an indication of the irreversible state.", "content": "Arterial-venous magnesium differences were examined in mongrel dogs stressed with reversible and lethal hypovolemia. Increases in serum Mg with hemorrhage have long been known to occur in both humans and animals, yet, increased blood Mg levels have not been viewed as an indicator of the irreversible shock state. The magnesium gradient was shown to be a good indicator of cell destruction which is consistent with lethal shock.", "contents": "Arterial-venous magnesium gradients in hypovolemic shock: an indication of the irreversible state. Arterial-venous magnesium differences were examined in mongrel dogs stressed with reversible and lethal hypovolemia. Increases in serum Mg with hemorrhage have long been known to occur in both humans and animals, yet, increased blood Mg levels have not been viewed as an indicator of the irreversible shock state. The magnesium gradient was shown to be a good indicator of cell destruction which is consistent with lethal shock."}
{"id": "PMID:1208586", "title": "Hematologic changes in chronic arthritis of mice induced by Mycoplasma arthritidis.", "content": "The arthritis caused by iv injection of M. arthritidis in mice was found to be associated with neutrophilia and lymphopenia without a change in the total WBC concentration. A mild anemia developed which was characterized by hypoferremia and plentiful RE iron but with an increased plasma total iron-binding capacity. This anemia therefore differs from the anemia of chronic disorders and indeed from any anemia which occurs in man.", "contents": "Hematologic changes in chronic arthritis of mice induced by Mycoplasma arthritidis. The arthritis caused by iv injection of M. arthritidis in mice was found to be associated with neutrophilia and lymphopenia without a change in the total WBC concentration. A mild anemia developed which was characterized by hypoferremia and plentiful RE iron but with an increased plasma total iron-binding capacity. This anemia therefore differs from the anemia of chronic disorders and indeed from any anemia which occurs in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1208588", "title": "Renal function in the choline deficient rat.", "content": "Abnormalties in renal concentrating ability and free water reabsorption, and a diminished sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate, and effective renal plasma flow were observed in adolescent rats which ingested a lipotrope deficient diet for 10 months.", "contents": "Renal function in the choline deficient rat. Abnormalties in renal concentrating ability and free water reabsorption, and a diminished sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate, and effective renal plasma flow were observed in adolescent rats which ingested a lipotrope deficient diet for 10 months."}
{"id": "PMID:1208589", "title": "The role of potassium ion in muscle glycogenolysis and glycolysis.", "content": "We have presented evidence that in an in vitro system, glycogenolysis and glycolysis function normally at potassium levels far below those observed in muscle cell water of severely deficient dogs. We suggest that a functional impairment of glycogenolysis or glycolysis is unlikely to be a mechanism by which potassium deficiency leads to rhabdomyolysis.", "contents": "The role of potassium ion in muscle glycogenolysis and glycolysis. We have presented evidence that in an in vitro system, glycogenolysis and glycolysis function normally at potassium levels far below those observed in muscle cell water of severely deficient dogs. We suggest that a functional impairment of glycogenolysis or glycolysis is unlikely to be a mechanism by which potassium deficiency leads to rhabdomyolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1208590", "title": "Influence of dietary carbohydrate on copper, iron, and zinc status of the rat.", "content": "Rats were fed diets containing starch, sucrose, glucose, or fructose as the carbohydrate source, and the influence of these carbohydrates on copper, iron, and zinc status was determined. It was found that copper absorption was reduced in animals receiving glucose. This reduction was exaggerated when a high level of iron was present in the diet, indicating a possible antagonism between iron and copper at the site of absorption. Iron and zinc status of the animals also appeared to be influenced to some extent by dietary carbohydrate.", "contents": "Influence of dietary carbohydrate on copper, iron, and zinc status of the rat. Rats were fed diets containing starch, sucrose, glucose, or fructose as the carbohydrate source, and the influence of these carbohydrates on copper, iron, and zinc status was determined. It was found that copper absorption was reduced in animals receiving glucose. This reduction was exaggerated when a high level of iron was present in the diet, indicating a possible antagonism between iron and copper at the site of absorption. Iron and zinc status of the animals also appeared to be influenced to some extent by dietary carbohydrate."}
{"id": "PMID:1208591", "title": "Local regulation of the uterine blood flow by the umbilical circulation.", "content": "Observations were made of the responses of the uterine blood flow in the near-term pregnancy to occlusion of the umbilical circulation to a few cotyledons of the near-term sheep placenta and in one placenta of the multiparous rabbit pregnancy. It was found that the uterine blood flow declined to 67% of its predicted value 1 day after umbilical ligation in the sheep placenta and to 61% of its predicted value 1 day after the death of one of the fetuses of the rabbit pregnancy. The change in the uterine blood flow in response to the occlusion of the umbilical blood supply to the adjacent area is a local response and is similar in its time course and magnitude to the response of the whole placenta which has been previously observed by Raye et al. (9). This local response of the uterine blood flow is considered to be evidence that the uterine blood flow is in part determined and controlled by the structural or chemical nature of the adjacent fetal compartment.", "contents": "Local regulation of the uterine blood flow by the umbilical circulation. Observations were made of the responses of the uterine blood flow in the near-term pregnancy to occlusion of the umbilical circulation to a few cotyledons of the near-term sheep placenta and in one placenta of the multiparous rabbit pregnancy. It was found that the uterine blood flow declined to 67% of its predicted value 1 day after umbilical ligation in the sheep placenta and to 61% of its predicted value 1 day after the death of one of the fetuses of the rabbit pregnancy. The change in the uterine blood flow in response to the occlusion of the umbilical blood supply to the adjacent area is a local response and is similar in its time course and magnitude to the response of the whole placenta which has been previously observed by Raye et al. (9). This local response of the uterine blood flow is considered to be evidence that the uterine blood flow is in part determined and controlled by the structural or chemical nature of the adjacent fetal compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:1208592", "title": "Adenylate cyclase stimulation by trypsin.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity of a rat embryo fibroblast cell line (F111) is markedly increased by brief treatment with 1:300 trypsin. The degree of stimulation depends upon the length of time the cells are treated and the concentration of trypsin. Crystalline trypsin produced a stimulation similar to that obtained with 1:300 trypsin. Further, the addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor blocked the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by 1:300 trypsin. Trypsin-treated adenylate cyclase responds to PGE1, but there is no increase over that of untreated enzyme. This result and the increase in fluoride-stimulated levels of activity suggest that the trypsin is acting upon the catalytic unit of the enzyme.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase stimulation by trypsin. Adenylate cyclase activity of a rat embryo fibroblast cell line (F111) is markedly increased by brief treatment with 1:300 trypsin. The degree of stimulation depends upon the length of time the cells are treated and the concentration of trypsin. Crystalline trypsin produced a stimulation similar to that obtained with 1:300 trypsin. Further, the addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor blocked the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by 1:300 trypsin. Trypsin-treated adenylate cyclase responds to PGE1, but there is no increase over that of untreated enzyme. This result and the increase in fluoride-stimulated levels of activity suggest that the trypsin is acting upon the catalytic unit of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1208593", "title": "Effect of calcitonin on DNA synthesis in experimental wounds.", "content": "3H-thymidine incorporation and intracellular distribution in epidermal cells and fibroblasts of scar tissue from wounded rabbits were studied following synthetic salmon calcitonin administration. Both scintillation counting and electron microscopic autoradiography revealed a marked increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation within nuclear dense chromatin of epidermal and fibroblasts cells, mainly in 2-day wounded rabbits and at 2.5 hr. Then, 3H-thymidine uptake decreased moderately. These findings demonstrate an important role of calcitonin on DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin on DNA synthesis in experimental wounds. 3H-thymidine incorporation and intracellular distribution in epidermal cells and fibroblasts of scar tissue from wounded rabbits were studied following synthetic salmon calcitonin administration. Both scintillation counting and electron microscopic autoradiography revealed a marked increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation within nuclear dense chromatin of epidermal and fibroblasts cells, mainly in 2-day wounded rabbits and at 2.5 hr. Then, 3H-thymidine uptake decreased moderately. These findings demonstrate an important role of calcitonin on DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1208594", "title": "Simian hemorrhagic fever virus: a new togavirus.", "content": "Using the prototype strain of SHF virus, we have confirmed the nature of the genome (RNA), the presence of an envelope (derived from an internal membrane), the virion size (45-50 nm), and probable cubic symmetry. We have also described four viral structural proteins and determined the phospholipid content of the virions. The known properties of SHF virus suggest that it should be classified in the Togavirus family, and possibly in the Flavivirus group.", "contents": "Simian hemorrhagic fever virus: a new togavirus. Using the prototype strain of SHF virus, we have confirmed the nature of the genome (RNA), the presence of an envelope (derived from an internal membrane), the virion size (45-50 nm), and probable cubic symmetry. We have also described four viral structural proteins and determined the phospholipid content of the virions. The known properties of SHF virus suggest that it should be classified in the Togavirus family, and possibly in the Flavivirus group."}
{"id": "PMID:1208595", "title": "Serum prolactin levels in rats following isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.", "content": "Circulating prolactin levels were monitored in nonarteriosclerotic, arteriosclerotic, and hormonally sterilized male and female Sprague-Dawley rats during the acute necrosis and repair phases of myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol. Male rats are particularly prone to succumb to acute myocardial ischemia but reduction of androgen levels by neonatal sterilization improved survival considerably. Circulating prolactin levels are greatly increased, particularly in females, during acute myocardial ischemia. Since androgens suppress the hypothalamic center for prolactin release, prolactin levels were delayed and transitory in males. It is suggested that the superior survival of female rats may be related to their greater production of prolactin during acute stages of myocardial ischemia, which would dampen the tachycardia-inducing effects of the potent beta-adrenergic stimulating agent, isoproterenol.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels in rats following isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Circulating prolactin levels were monitored in nonarteriosclerotic, arteriosclerotic, and hormonally sterilized male and female Sprague-Dawley rats during the acute necrosis and repair phases of myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol. Male rats are particularly prone to succumb to acute myocardial ischemia but reduction of androgen levels by neonatal sterilization improved survival considerably. Circulating prolactin levels are greatly increased, particularly in females, during acute myocardial ischemia. Since androgens suppress the hypothalamic center for prolactin release, prolactin levels were delayed and transitory in males. It is suggested that the superior survival of female rats may be related to their greater production of prolactin during acute stages of myocardial ischemia, which would dampen the tachycardia-inducing effects of the potent beta-adrenergic stimulating agent, isoproterenol."}
{"id": "PMID:1208596", "title": "The relationship between sodium excretion and renin secretion by the perfused kidney.", "content": "The effect of altered tubular sodium reabsorption on renin secretion (RSR) was examined under conditions in which other factors influencing renin release could be controlled or excluded. To do this, isolated canine kidneys were perfused at constant pressure with blood circulating from donor animals. Volume expansion or hemorrhage of the donor dogs produced large changes in the animal's blood pressure, renal function, sodium excretion (UNaV), and RSR, but were without effect on renal hemodynamics, UNaV, or RSR in the perfused kidney. Hemodilution without volume expansion, resulted in hypotension, decreased UNaV and increased RSR in the donor dogs, and increased UNaV and suppressed RSR in the perfused kidney. These effects of hemodilution in the perfused kidney were partially reversed when plasma protein concentration was restored to control levels with hyperoncotic albumin, and, overall, there was a significant inverse relationship between electrolyte excretion and RSR. These results provide new evidence for the hypothesis that the rate at which sodium is delivered to the macula densa is an important determinant of the rate of renin secretion.", "contents": "The relationship between sodium excretion and renin secretion by the perfused kidney. The effect of altered tubular sodium reabsorption on renin secretion (RSR) was examined under conditions in which other factors influencing renin release could be controlled or excluded. To do this, isolated canine kidneys were perfused at constant pressure with blood circulating from donor animals. Volume expansion or hemorrhage of the donor dogs produced large changes in the animal's blood pressure, renal function, sodium excretion (UNaV), and RSR, but were without effect on renal hemodynamics, UNaV, or RSR in the perfused kidney. Hemodilution without volume expansion, resulted in hypotension, decreased UNaV and increased RSR in the donor dogs, and increased UNaV and suppressed RSR in the perfused kidney. These effects of hemodilution in the perfused kidney were partially reversed when plasma protein concentration was restored to control levels with hyperoncotic albumin, and, overall, there was a significant inverse relationship between electrolyte excretion and RSR. These results provide new evidence for the hypothesis that the rate at which sodium is delivered to the macula densa is an important determinant of the rate of renin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1208597", "title": "Prevention of hypertension in the SH rat: effects of differential central catecholamine depletion.", "content": "Six-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was administered intraventricularly to 6-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats of the Okomoto strain and to normotensive rats of the Kyoto-Wistar strain. In addition, bilateral lateral tegmental lesions were placed in 35-40-day-old SH rats to interrupt ascending noradrenergic pathways. SH rats treated with 6-OHDA did not develop hypertension and had lower heart rates than control rats. Blood pressure and heart rate of Kyoto-Wistar animals were unaffected by the drug treatment. 6-OHDA produced widespread depletion of norepinephrine throughout the CNS of both SH and Kyoto-Wistar rats. Bilateral lateral tegmental lesions interrupted the dorsal noradrenergic bundle and depleted forebrain norepinephrine. These lesions did not prevent the development of hypertension and led to an increased heart rate. It is concluded that 6-OHDA does not produce its effect through a nonspecific lowering of blood pressure, but rather, that it interferes with the expression of the hypertensive syndrome. The lack of effect seen following depletion of forebrain norepinephrine as the result of interruption of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle indicates that the fibers destroyed by this lesion are not essential for the development of genetically determined hypertension.", "contents": "Prevention of hypertension in the SH rat: effects of differential central catecholamine depletion. Six-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was administered intraventricularly to 6-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats of the Okomoto strain and to normotensive rats of the Kyoto-Wistar strain. In addition, bilateral lateral tegmental lesions were placed in 35-40-day-old SH rats to interrupt ascending noradrenergic pathways. SH rats treated with 6-OHDA did not develop hypertension and had lower heart rates than control rats. Blood pressure and heart rate of Kyoto-Wistar animals were unaffected by the drug treatment. 6-OHDA produced widespread depletion of norepinephrine throughout the CNS of both SH and Kyoto-Wistar rats. Bilateral lateral tegmental lesions interrupted the dorsal noradrenergic bundle and depleted forebrain norepinephrine. These lesions did not prevent the development of hypertension and led to an increased heart rate. It is concluded that 6-OHDA does not produce its effect through a nonspecific lowering of blood pressure, but rather, that it interferes with the expression of the hypertensive syndrome. The lack of effect seen following depletion of forebrain norepinephrine as the result of interruption of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle indicates that the fibers destroyed by this lesion are not essential for the development of genetically determined hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1208598", "title": "Effects of cholestyramine on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced enteric carcinoma in germfree rats.", "content": "Oral administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced intestinal neoplasms in germfree rats. A supplement of 2% cholestyramine resin in the diet increased the frequency of DMH-induced intestinal tumors and accelerated malignant transformation. Bile acids in the cecal content were determined with and without cholestyramine in order to obtain a correlation between the bile acid metabolism and the enteric carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of cholestyramine on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced enteric carcinoma in germfree rats. Oral administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced intestinal neoplasms in germfree rats. A supplement of 2% cholestyramine resin in the diet increased the frequency of DMH-induced intestinal tumors and accelerated malignant transformation. Bile acids in the cecal content were determined with and without cholestyramine in order to obtain a correlation between the bile acid metabolism and the enteric carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1208599", "title": "Studies on gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in isolated hepatocytes from alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "Gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis were studied in isolated hepatocytes obtained from normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Insulin treatment maintained near-normal blood glucose levels and caused an increase in glycogen deposition. The third day after insulin withdrawal the rats displayed a diabetic syndrome marked by progressive hyperglycemia and glycogen depletion. Net glucose production in liver cells isolated from alloxan diabetic rats progressively increased with time up to 72 hr after the last in vivo insulin injection. Maximal glucose production was observed at 72 hr with 10 mM alanine, lactate, pyruvate, or fructose. Glucose production decreased at 96 hr. The same pattern was observed with the incorporation of labeled bicarbonate into glucose. Ketogenesis in liver cells and hepatic lipid content also peaked at 72 hr.", "contents": "Studies on gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in isolated hepatocytes from alloxan diabetic rats. Gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis were studied in isolated hepatocytes obtained from normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Insulin treatment maintained near-normal blood glucose levels and caused an increase in glycogen deposition. The third day after insulin withdrawal the rats displayed a diabetic syndrome marked by progressive hyperglycemia and glycogen depletion. Net glucose production in liver cells isolated from alloxan diabetic rats progressively increased with time up to 72 hr after the last in vivo insulin injection. Maximal glucose production was observed at 72 hr with 10 mM alanine, lactate, pyruvate, or fructose. Glucose production decreased at 96 hr. The same pattern was observed with the incorporation of labeled bicarbonate into glucose. Ketogenesis in liver cells and hepatic lipid content also peaked at 72 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:1208600", "title": "The urea requirement and urease production of some human species of T-mycoplasmas.", "content": "Seven species of human T-mycoplasmas that grow in Fraction A and 20 mug urea/ml died when the urea was omitted. Two species would not grow in Fraction A broth containing 10 mug/urea/ml. The other five strains grew in broth containing 10 mug  urea/ml and were adapted by serial passage in broth containing decreasing concentrations of urea to grow in broth containing 2.5 mug/ml urea, but not in broth containing 1.25 mug/ml. Therefore the minimal urea requirement is not the same for the growth of all strains of T-mycoplasmas. In exponential phase broth cultures, urease was detected only intracellularly, none being found in the medium.", "contents": "The urea requirement and urease production of some human species of T-mycoplasmas. Seven species of human T-mycoplasmas that grow in Fraction A and 20 mug urea/ml died when the urea was omitted. Two species would not grow in Fraction A broth containing 10 mug/urea/ml. The other five strains grew in broth containing 10 mug  urea/ml and were adapted by serial passage in broth containing decreasing concentrations of urea to grow in broth containing 2.5 mug/ml urea, but not in broth containing 1.25 mug/ml. Therefore the minimal urea requirement is not the same for the growth of all strains of T-mycoplasmas. In exponential phase broth cultures, urease was detected only intracellularly, none being found in the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1208601", "title": "Effects of pretreatment with anti-inflammatory drugs on ozone-induced lung damage in rats.", "content": "The effects of pretreatment with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and heparin administered ip against the pulmonary edema produced by O3-exposure (4 ppm for 4 hr) were studied in rats. These anti-inflammatory drugs were found to alter the injurious effect of O3 on lung differently. First, aspirin at the high dose (125 mg/kg) accentuated O3-induced lung injury, and had no effect at the low dose (10 mg/kg); second, hydrocortisone (50 mg/kg) failed to have any effect; third, indomethacin at a high dose (20 mg/kg) offered a significant degree of protection, but had no effect at the low dose (2.5 mg/kg); and fourth, heparin (1000 units/kg) also offered a significant degree of protection against the lung damage normally induced by O3-exposure. Several mechanisms for the favorable and unfavorable interactions of anti-inflammatory drugs with O3-exposure are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of pretreatment with anti-inflammatory drugs on ozone-induced lung damage in rats. The effects of pretreatment with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and heparin administered ip against the pulmonary edema produced by O3-exposure (4 ppm for 4 hr) were studied in rats. These anti-inflammatory drugs were found to alter the injurious effect of O3 on lung differently. First, aspirin at the high dose (125 mg/kg) accentuated O3-induced lung injury, and had no effect at the low dose (10 mg/kg); second, hydrocortisone (50 mg/kg) failed to have any effect; third, indomethacin at a high dose (20 mg/kg) offered a significant degree of protection, but had no effect at the low dose (2.5 mg/kg); and fourth, heparin (1000 units/kg) also offered a significant degree of protection against the lung damage normally induced by O3-exposure. Several mechanisms for the favorable and unfavorable interactions of anti-inflammatory drugs with O3-exposure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208615", "title": "Scopolamine induced changes in activity and reactions to novelty.", "content": "The behavior of hooded rats was observed in an exploration box comprising novel and familiar halves following IP injections of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 or 1.00 mg/kg scopolamine or isotonic saline. Drug administration occurred after, rather than before, exposure to one of the alternative halves. All doses decreased reactions to the previously inaccessible novel half but decreases were greater for the 2 lowest doses. Rearing behavior was also suppressed by each dose whereas the number of apparatus cells entered (locomotion) was decreased by low doses but increased by high. The 3 behavioral measures showed declines in frequency during the course of each experimental session. However, low doses of the drug enhanced and high doses retarded these declines for rearing and cells entered. The study illustrated the difficulty in explaining data by unitary processes (such as attenuated habituation) when several behavioral indices and drug doses are employed within a single investigation.", "contents": "Scopolamine induced changes in activity and reactions to novelty. The behavior of hooded rats was observed in an exploration box comprising novel and familiar halves following IP injections of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 or 1.00 mg/kg scopolamine or isotonic saline. Drug administration occurred after, rather than before, exposure to one of the alternative halves. All doses decreased reactions to the previously inaccessible novel half but decreases were greater for the 2 lowest doses. Rearing behavior was also suppressed by each dose whereas the number of apparatus cells entered (locomotion) was decreased by low doses but increased by high. The 3 behavioral measures showed declines in frequency during the course of each experimental session. However, low doses of the drug enhanced and high doses retarded these declines for rearing and cells entered. The study illustrated the difficulty in explaining data by unitary processes (such as attenuated habituation) when several behavioral indices and drug doses are employed within a single investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1208616", "title": "Protection by nicotine from behavioral disruption caused by reticular formation stimulation in the rat.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats prepared with chronic electrodes in the mesencephalic reticular formation were trained to perform on a visual attention task. Short trains of electric current delivered to the reticular formation effectively blocked performance in a reversible and reproducible fashion. Subcutaneous administration of 100 mug/kg nicotine (as the base) served to attenuate the behavioral disruption caused by reticular stimulation. The suggestion that it is a nicotine-induced limbic system activation which antagonizes the behavioral disruption caused by electrically-induced reticular over-activation, is discussed.", "contents": "Protection by nicotine from behavioral disruption caused by reticular formation stimulation in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats prepared with chronic electrodes in the mesencephalic reticular formation were trained to perform on a visual attention task. Short trains of electric current delivered to the reticular formation effectively blocked performance in a reversible and reproducible fashion. Subcutaneous administration of 100 mug/kg nicotine (as the base) served to attenuate the behavioral disruption caused by reticular stimulation. The suggestion that it is a nicotine-induced limbic system activation which antagonizes the behavioral disruption caused by electrically-induced reticular over-activation, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208617", "title": "Effects of haloperidol, methyltyrosine and morphine on recovery from lesions of lateral hypothalamus.", "content": "In rats loss of body weight and lethality were measured after bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. The rats with incomplete lesions initially lost body weight but recovered spontaneously. Treatment with haloperidourgery facilitated the recovery in those rats. The rats with more complete lesions lost body weight which resulted in eventual death. Treatment with haloperidol (4 mg/kg/day) or morphine (60 mg/kg/day) given daily for six days before surgery promoted recovery and reduced the incidence of death. The drugs used in this study inhibit activity of brain dopamine receptors to result in the supersensitivity and/or promotion of regenerative processes. These effects are considered to be related to the facilitation of recovery from nerve injury.", "contents": "Effects of haloperidol, methyltyrosine and morphine on recovery from lesions of lateral hypothalamus. In rats loss of body weight and lethality were measured after bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. The rats with incomplete lesions initially lost body weight but recovered spontaneously. Treatment with haloperidourgery facilitated the recovery in those rats. The rats with more complete lesions lost body weight which resulted in eventual death. Treatment with haloperidol (4 mg/kg/day) or morphine (60 mg/kg/day) given daily for six days before surgery promoted recovery and reduced the incidence of death. The drugs used in this study inhibit activity of brain dopamine receptors to result in the supersensitivity and/or promotion of regenerative processes. These effects are considered to be related to the facilitation of recovery from nerve injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1208618", "title": "Gamma-butyrolactone sleep: A 24-hour rhythm paralleling normal sleep in the rat and CNS amine changes.", "content": "The duration of sleep induced by a fixed dose of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) (350 mg/kg, IP) FOllows the normal circadian sleep pattern of rats. GBL sleep duration is maximal at 1800 hr and minimal at 0600 hr. CNS amine changes are not extensive, but when normal sleep is anticipated, GBL treatment increases dopamine and serotonin levels and decreases norepinephrine levels.", "contents": "Gamma-butyrolactone sleep: A 24-hour rhythm paralleling normal sleep in the rat and CNS amine changes. The duration of sleep induced by a fixed dose of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) (350 mg/kg, IP) FOllows the normal circadian sleep pattern of rats. GBL sleep duration is maximal at 1800 hr and minimal at 0600 hr. CNS amine changes are not extensive, but when normal sleep is anticipated, GBL treatment increases dopamine and serotonin levels and decreases norepinephrine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1208619", "title": "Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol produced discrimination in pigeons.", "content": "In an operant situation pigeons learned to peck one response key 90 min after an injection of 0.25mg/kg delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and another key when trained nondrugged. When tested with doses of delta9-THC lwer than the training dose the birds disciminated 0.20 mg/kg of the drug from the nondrugged state but not 0.15 mg/kg or lower doses. The animals were able to discriminate the drug state from the nondrugged 180 min but not 360 min after the injection At a shorter interval (45 min) both drug and nondrug responding appeared. Cannabinol and cannabidiol (4.0 - 8.0 mg/kg) did not elicit any drug responses, nor did pentobarbital, ditran or amphetamine. Tests with LSD resulted in both drug and nondrug responding. When administering noncannabinoid drugs in combination with delta9-THC 0.15 mg/kg the birds responded at the key associated with the drug state, suggesting interactional effects.", "contents": "Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol produced discrimination in pigeons. In an operant situation pigeons learned to peck one response key 90 min after an injection of 0.25mg/kg delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and another key when trained nondrugged. When tested with doses of delta9-THC lwer than the training dose the birds disciminated 0.20 mg/kg of the drug from the nondrugged state but not 0.15 mg/kg or lower doses. The animals were able to discriminate the drug state from the nondrugged 180 min but not 360 min after the injection At a shorter interval (45 min) both drug and nondrug responding appeared. Cannabinol and cannabidiol (4.0 - 8.0 mg/kg) did not elicit any drug responses, nor did pentobarbital, ditran or amphetamine. Tests with LSD resulted in both drug and nondrug responding. When administering noncannabinoid drugs in combination with delta9-THC 0.15 mg/kg the birds responded at the key associated with the drug state, suggesting interactional effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1208620", "title": "Changes in developing behavior following prenatal administration of imipramine.", "content": "Female rats were given oral doses of Imipramine (5mg/kg) from 14-21 days prior to mating to conception or Day 19 or gestation and the physical maturation and behavioral development of their offspring was compared with that of controls. There were significant differences between the weights of the Imipramine and control animals at 21 days and the appearance of some reflexes was delayed. Behavior in an open field was observed when the rats were 9, 13, 17 and 21 days of age and it was found that exploratory responses were less frequent in the drug exposed offspring. In contrast there were no obvious physical anomalies and the adult behavior of the Imipramine animals on a spontaneous alternation task and a swimming maze did not differ from that of controls.", "contents": "Changes in developing behavior following prenatal administration of imipramine. Female rats were given oral doses of Imipramine (5mg/kg) from 14-21 days prior to mating to conception or Day 19 or gestation and the physical maturation and behavioral development of their offspring was compared with that of controls. There were significant differences between the weights of the Imipramine and control animals at 21 days and the appearance of some reflexes was delayed. Behavior in an open field was observed when the rats were 9, 13, 17 and 21 days of age and it was found that exploratory responses were less frequent in the drug exposed offspring. In contrast there were no obvious physical anomalies and the adult behavior of the Imipramine animals on a spontaneous alternation task and a swimming maze did not differ from that of controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1208621", "title": "Differential effects of scopolamine and D-amphetamine on avoidance: Strain interactions.", "content": "In a discriminated Y-maze avoidance task it was observed that mice of the A/J strain were superior to mice of the DBA/2J strain, which in turn made more avoidance responses than C57BL/6J mice. Moreover, the A strain was also observed to acquire a discrimination problem more readily than either of the other strains. Administration of scopolamine enhanced active avoidance performance in A, but not DBA/2 or C57BL/6 mice. D-Amphetamine improved performance in both A and DBA/2 mice but had negligible effects on the performance of the C57BL/6 strain. Neither drug affected discrimination performance irrespective of strain. In an inhibitory avoidance task the C57BL/6 strain was found to perform more poorly than the A strain which was inferior to DBA/2 mice. Scopolamine disrupted performance in all three strains, while d-amphetamine was found to disrupt the performance of the A and DBA/2 strains only. The results were interpreted in terms of the role of associative and nonassociative effects of shock in modulating avoidance behavior.", "contents": "Differential effects of scopolamine and D-amphetamine on avoidance: Strain interactions. In a discriminated Y-maze avoidance task it was observed that mice of the A/J strain were superior to mice of the DBA/2J strain, which in turn made more avoidance responses than C57BL/6J mice. Moreover, the A strain was also observed to acquire a discrimination problem more readily than either of the other strains. Administration of scopolamine enhanced active avoidance performance in A, but not DBA/2 or C57BL/6 mice. D-Amphetamine improved performance in both A and DBA/2 mice but had negligible effects on the performance of the C57BL/6 strain. Neither drug affected discrimination performance irrespective of strain. In an inhibitory avoidance task the C57BL/6 strain was found to perform more poorly than the A strain which was inferior to DBA/2 mice. Scopolamine disrupted performance in all three strains, while d-amphetamine was found to disrupt the performance of the A and DBA/2 strains only. The results were interpreted in terms of the role of associative and nonassociative effects of shock in modulating avoidance behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1208622", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine and scopolamine on activity before and after shock in three mouse strains.", "content": "In three experiments the following results were obtained: (a) Activity was greater both prior to and following exposure to shock among C57BL/6J mice than in DBA/2J mice, which in turn was greater than that of A/J mice. (b) Scopolamine hydrobromide increased general activity in DBA/2 and A mice, but had either no effect or decreased activity in the C57BL/6 strain. Following exposure to shock, however, the disinhibitory effects of scopolamine were apparent in all three strains. (c) d-amphetamine increased activity in all three strains. Moreover, following the single shock d-amphetamine had excitatory effects among both A and DBA/2 mice such that activity exceeded the level observed with d-amphetamine alone. Following several shock presentations a small but significant excitation was observed in C57BL/6 mice as well. Data were interpreted in terms of disinhibitory and excitatory effects of scopolamine and d-amphetamine, respectively, as well as possible interactions between the catecholaminergic and cholinergic systems. In addition, implications for sources of strain differences in avoidance behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine and scopolamine on activity before and after shock in three mouse strains. In three experiments the following results were obtained: (a) Activity was greater both prior to and following exposure to shock among C57BL/6J mice than in DBA/2J mice, which in turn was greater than that of A/J mice. (b) Scopolamine hydrobromide increased general activity in DBA/2 and A mice, but had either no effect or decreased activity in the C57BL/6 strain. Following exposure to shock, however, the disinhibitory effects of scopolamine were apparent in all three strains. (c) d-amphetamine increased activity in all three strains. Moreover, following the single shock d-amphetamine had excitatory effects among both A and DBA/2 mice such that activity exceeded the level observed with d-amphetamine alone. Following several shock presentations a small but significant excitation was observed in C57BL/6 mice as well. Data were interpreted in terms of disinhibitory and excitatory effects of scopolamine and d-amphetamine, respectively, as well as possible interactions between the catecholaminergic and cholinergic systems. In addition, implications for sources of strain differences in avoidance behavior are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208623", "title": "Effects of manipulating cholinergic tone upon the activity-stress ulcer.", "content": "Eighty rats were housed in standard activity wheel cages and fed for only 1 hr per day. The animals were divided into 10-animal drug groups that received either 0.25, 050, 1.0 mg/kg of scopolamine methylbromide, or 0.06, 0.125, 0.250 mg/kg of carbachol, 3 times a day. Two separate 10-animal saline control groups accompaned each drug series. All animals died within 6 days and most demonstrated significant gastric lesions in the glandular fundus of the stomach. All dosages of scopolamine methylbromide significantly reduced the number and severity of gastric lesions and in some cases abolished all signs of stomach pathology. None of the dosages of carbachol significantly affected either the number of degree of gastric ulceration noted in the body of the stomach. These results were interpreted to suggest that the secretion of gastric acid may be an important contributing factor in the formation of gastric ulcers in animals subjected to the activity-stress procedure.", "contents": "Effects of manipulating cholinergic tone upon the activity-stress ulcer. Eighty rats were housed in standard activity wheel cages and fed for only 1 hr per day. The animals were divided into 10-animal drug groups that received either 0.25, 050, 1.0 mg/kg of scopolamine methylbromide, or 0.06, 0.125, 0.250 mg/kg of carbachol, 3 times a day. Two separate 10-animal saline control groups accompaned each drug series. All animals died within 6 days and most demonstrated significant gastric lesions in the glandular fundus of the stomach. All dosages of scopolamine methylbromide significantly reduced the number and severity of gastric lesions and in some cases abolished all signs of stomach pathology. None of the dosages of carbachol significantly affected either the number of degree of gastric ulceration noted in the body of the stomach. These results were interpreted to suggest that the secretion of gastric acid may be an important contributing factor in the formation of gastric ulcers in animals subjected to the activity-stress procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1208626", "title": "Norepinephrine uptake by hypothalamic tissue from the rat related to feeding.", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) uptake by rat hypothalamus in vitro was studied in relation to food intake. Significant daily variations in NE uptake were observed in caudal hypothalamus from freely feeding rats. A maximal elevation occurred at the beginning of the night when food intake is also increasing to a maximum. NE uptake by caudal hypothalamus from relatively hungry rats previously adjusted to restricted feeding during the daytime was enhanced in afternoon and evening when compared with uptake by tissue from ad lib feeding animals. Determination of NE uptake by caudal hypothalamus from freely feeding individual rats and registration of individual meals taken by these rats revealed a relation between hypothalamic neuronal activity and the feeding pattern of the rat. A positive correlation was observed between NE uptake in vitro and feeding rate during a 2- to 4-hr interval. It also appeared that NE uptake by caudal hypothalamus is dependent on the time elapsed after the last meal. The data were evaluated in view of physiological studies concerning the onset of feeding and the hypothesis of hypothalamic adrenergic control of food intake.", "contents": "Norepinephrine uptake by hypothalamic tissue from the rat related to feeding. Norepinephrine (NE) uptake by rat hypothalamus in vitro was studied in relation to food intake. Significant daily variations in NE uptake were observed in caudal hypothalamus from freely feeding rats. A maximal elevation occurred at the beginning of the night when food intake is also increasing to a maximum. NE uptake by caudal hypothalamus from relatively hungry rats previously adjusted to restricted feeding during the daytime was enhanced in afternoon and evening when compared with uptake by tissue from ad lib feeding animals. Determination of NE uptake by caudal hypothalamus from freely feeding individual rats and registration of individual meals taken by these rats revealed a relation between hypothalamic neuronal activity and the feeding pattern of the rat. A positive correlation was observed between NE uptake in vitro and feeding rate during a 2- to 4-hr interval. It also appeared that NE uptake by caudal hypothalamus is dependent on the time elapsed after the last meal. The data were evaluated in view of physiological studies concerning the onset of feeding and the hypothesis of hypothalamic adrenergic control of food intake."}
{"id": "PMID:1208624", "title": "Profile of drug effects on temporally spaced responding in rats.", "content": "A differential reinforcement of low rate schedule was used with rats to test 15 psychotropic drugs. The computer analysis was based on interresponse time (IRT). Mean IRT, IRT standard deviation, median IRT, IRT midrange, modal IRT, frequency of modal IRT, and an efficiency index, in addition to numbers of responses and reinforcements and the IRT histogram were obtained for each rat in each drug test. An increase in number of responses and a peak shift to shorter IRTs in the histograms were observed with amphetamine, methamphetamine, priradrol and nicotine, as reported by many other investigators. Decrease in IRT midrange and less change in number of responses were observed with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide. Long pauses were found with LSD-25, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and mescaline. In a factor analysis, the following main factors were obtained. High values in factor loading a1 were observed with chlorpromazine, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, imipramine, nialamide, LSD-25, DOM and mescaline. With these drugs, mean IRT and IRT standard deviation were also high. Values for a2, were high with amphetamine, methamphetamine, pipradrol and nicotine. High a3 values were observed in some rats with chlorpromazine, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, pipradrol and caffeine. The changes in a3 values were correlated with changes in the IRT midrange. These results may be valuable in classifying new compounds in drug screening programs as being of the amphetamine type, nicotine type, diazepam type of LSD-25 type.", "contents": "Profile of drug effects on temporally spaced responding in rats. A differential reinforcement of low rate schedule was used with rats to test 15 psychotropic drugs. The computer analysis was based on interresponse time (IRT). Mean IRT, IRT standard deviation, median IRT, IRT midrange, modal IRT, frequency of modal IRT, and an efficiency index, in addition to numbers of responses and reinforcements and the IRT histogram were obtained for each rat in each drug test. An increase in number of responses and a peak shift to shorter IRTs in the histograms were observed with amphetamine, methamphetamine, priradrol and nicotine, as reported by many other investigators. Decrease in IRT midrange and less change in number of responses were observed with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide. Long pauses were found with LSD-25, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and mescaline. In a factor analysis, the following main factors were obtained. High values in factor loading a1 were observed with chlorpromazine, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, imipramine, nialamide, LSD-25, DOM and mescaline. With these drugs, mean IRT and IRT standard deviation were also high. Values for a2, were high with amphetamine, methamphetamine, pipradrol and nicotine. High a3 values were observed in some rats with chlorpromazine, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, pipradrol and caffeine. The changes in a3 values were correlated with changes in the IRT midrange. These results may be valuable in classifying new compounds in drug screening programs as being of the amphetamine type, nicotine type, diazepam type of LSD-25 type."}
{"id": "PMID:1208627", "title": "Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on temporal recovery (pre-pulse inhibition) of the acoustic startle response in the rat.", "content": "In a series of 6 experiments 40 mug/kg d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) augmented acoustic startle amplitude in rats when long intertone intervals (4, 8, 16, or 32 sec) were used but not when short interstimulus intervals were used (0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 2 sec). In contrast, 8 mg/kg d-amphetamine augmented startle when either long or short interstimulus intervals were used. The results suggest that LSD augments startle by accelerating the decay of pre-pulse inhibition (temporal recovery process) which may be one mechanism by which LSD can alter sensory processing.", "contents": "Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on temporal recovery (pre-pulse inhibition) of the acoustic startle response in the rat. In a series of 6 experiments 40 mug/kg d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) augmented acoustic startle amplitude in rats when long intertone intervals (4, 8, 16, or 32 sec) were used but not when short interstimulus intervals were used (0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 2 sec). In contrast, 8 mg/kg d-amphetamine augmented startle when either long or short interstimulus intervals were used. The results suggest that LSD augments startle by accelerating the decay of pre-pulse inhibition (temporal recovery process) which may be one mechanism by which LSD can alter sensory processing."}
{"id": "PMID:1208625", "title": "Marihuana-like activity of new synthetic tetrahydrocannabinols.", "content": "11-Methy-delta8-, 9-nor-delta8, and 9-nor-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), newly synthesized cannabinoids which are not 11-hydroxyated in vivo, were tested for cannabinoid activity. Delta8-, delta9-THC and each synthetic analog produced static ataxia in unanesthetized dogs, hypotension and bradycardia in anesthetized dogs, and decreased spontaneous activity in mice. All synthetic analogs tested produced a greater degree of tolerance to the behavioral effect in dogs than did delta8-THC. 11-Methyl-delta8-THC was more effective than delta8-THC in decreasing spontaneous activity in mice, but was less active in producing the behavioral and cardiovascular effects in dogs. 9-nor-delta9-THC was less active than delta9-TCH, but 9-nor-delta8-THC was as active as delta8-THC in all observations. These results suggest that the 11-hydroxy metabolites of delta8- and delta 9-THC are not solely responsible for the biological activity of tetrahydrocannabinol.", "contents": "Marihuana-like activity of new synthetic tetrahydrocannabinols. 11-Methy-delta8-, 9-nor-delta8, and 9-nor-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), newly synthesized cannabinoids which are not 11-hydroxyated in vivo, were tested for cannabinoid activity. Delta8-, delta9-THC and each synthetic analog produced static ataxia in unanesthetized dogs, hypotension and bradycardia in anesthetized dogs, and decreased spontaneous activity in mice. All synthetic analogs tested produced a greater degree of tolerance to the behavioral effect in dogs than did delta8-THC. 11-Methyl-delta8-THC was more effective than delta8-THC in decreasing spontaneous activity in mice, but was less active in producing the behavioral and cardiovascular effects in dogs. 9-nor-delta9-THC was less active than delta9-TCH, but 9-nor-delta8-THC was as active as delta8-THC in all observations. These results suggest that the 11-hydroxy metabolites of delta8- and delta 9-THC are not solely responsible for the biological activity of tetrahydrocannabinol."}
{"id": "PMID:1208629", "title": "6-Hydroxydopamine and avoidance: Possible role of response suppression.", "content": "The intraventricular administration of 6-HD to rats pretreated with pargyline resulted in severe, long-lasting decreases in avoidance responding with little or no effect on escape responding. Despite the fact that the rats failed to avoid, they appeared to be able to discriminate the CS, as was evident from freezing behavior and other symptoms of an apparent fear reaction during the CS. The increase in freezing, a response that was incompatible with avoidance was seen during the first few test sessions after 6-HD treatment and seemed to be largely responsible for a gradual decline in avoidance responding during this same period. The role of CA depletion in the animal's response to aversive stimuli thus appears to be a significant aspect of the avoidance decrement that follows 6-HD administration.", "contents": "6-Hydroxydopamine and avoidance: Possible role of response suppression. The intraventricular administration of 6-HD to rats pretreated with pargyline resulted in severe, long-lasting decreases in avoidance responding with little or no effect on escape responding. Despite the fact that the rats failed to avoid, they appeared to be able to discriminate the CS, as was evident from freezing behavior and other symptoms of an apparent fear reaction during the CS. The increase in freezing, a response that was incompatible with avoidance was seen during the first few test sessions after 6-HD treatment and seemed to be largely responsible for a gradual decline in avoidance responding during this same period. The role of CA depletion in the animal's response to aversive stimuli thus appears to be a significant aspect of the avoidance decrement that follows 6-HD administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1208628", "title": "Effects of norepinephrine applied to the lateral hypothalamus on schedule induced polydipsia.", "content": "Intrahypothalamic injections of 3 doses of norepinephrine were administered to rats under conditions of 80 percent body weight reduction (prepolydipsia), 80 percent body weight reduction (schedule induced polydipsia), and normal body weight (postpolydipsia). The only significant reduction in water intake occurred with the highest dose of norepinephrine, under the prepolydipsic condition. The fact that norepinephrine failed to block schedule induced polydipsia indicates that this behavior is regulated by a different biochemical system than that of deprivation induced drinking.", "contents": "Effects of norepinephrine applied to the lateral hypothalamus on schedule induced polydipsia. Intrahypothalamic injections of 3 doses of norepinephrine were administered to rats under conditions of 80 percent body weight reduction (prepolydipsia), 80 percent body weight reduction (schedule induced polydipsia), and normal body weight (postpolydipsia). The only significant reduction in water intake occurred with the highest dose of norepinephrine, under the prepolydipsic condition. The fact that norepinephrine failed to block schedule induced polydipsia indicates that this behavior is regulated by a different biochemical system than that of deprivation induced drinking."}
{"id": "PMID:1208633", "title": "Functional relationship of lateral hypothalamus and amygdala in control of eating.", "content": "Cannulas were stereotactically implanted in the lateral hypothalamus and the ipsilateral amygdaloid cortical nucleus of 7 male albino rats, Wistar strain. After functional checking of the accuracy of implants by adrenergic elicitation of increased food intake, the animals were injected with combinations of noradrenaline, phenoxybenzamine or tolazoline, or placebo under 6 treatment conditions, while food-and water satiated. The elicitation of increased food intake in the satiated rat by adrenergic stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was confirmed, and it was further found that simultaneous adrenergic stimulation of the amygdaloid cortical nucleus augmented this increase. However, simultaneous anti-adrenergic blockade in the amygdaloid cortical nucleus reduced eating to control level. The lack of response of the amygdaloid cortical nucleus to adrenergic stimulation in the satiated rat, under simultaneous stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus with either placebo or an adrenergic blocker, was also demonstrated. It was concluded that the amygdaloid cortical nucleus has a modulatory influence on eating behavior, which is dependent on the level of activity in the lateral hypothalamus, and further that this modulatory influence is necessary to the behavioral output of the hypothalamic system. This is the same relationship between the hypothalamus and amygdala previously demonstrated in regard to drinking behavior and these results are seen as supporting the behavioral generality of the functional relationships reported.", "contents": "Functional relationship of lateral hypothalamus and amygdala in control of eating. Cannulas were stereotactically implanted in the lateral hypothalamus and the ipsilateral amygdaloid cortical nucleus of 7 male albino rats, Wistar strain. After functional checking of the accuracy of implants by adrenergic elicitation of increased food intake, the animals were injected with combinations of noradrenaline, phenoxybenzamine or tolazoline, or placebo under 6 treatment conditions, while food-and water satiated. The elicitation of increased food intake in the satiated rat by adrenergic stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was confirmed, and it was further found that simultaneous adrenergic stimulation of the amygdaloid cortical nucleus augmented this increase. However, simultaneous anti-adrenergic blockade in the amygdaloid cortical nucleus reduced eating to control level. The lack of response of the amygdaloid cortical nucleus to adrenergic stimulation in the satiated rat, under simultaneous stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus with either placebo or an adrenergic blocker, was also demonstrated. It was concluded that the amygdaloid cortical nucleus has a modulatory influence on eating behavior, which is dependent on the level of activity in the lateral hypothalamus, and further that this modulatory influence is necessary to the behavioral output of the hypothalamic system. This is the same relationship between the hypothalamus and amygdala previously demonstrated in regard to drinking behavior and these results are seen as supporting the behavioral generality of the functional relationships reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1208630", "title": "Differential effects of intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine on behavior of rats in approach and avoidance procedures: Reversal of avoidance decrements by diazepam.", "content": "The administration of 6-hydroxdopamine (6-HD) and pargyline to rats produced similar selective decreases in responding during the conditioned stimulus (CS) on a discriminated avoidance test where the unconditioned stimulus (US) was shock and on an analogous conditioned approach test where the US was water. Approach behavior during the CS generally recovered, however, while avoidance decrements in the same rats remained for the duration of testing. This suggested that 6-HD-induced avoidance decrement was a result of two independent but interacting processes: (1) a decrease in conditioned behavior as reflected by the similar decrease in responding on both tests; and (2) a hyper-reaction to aversive stimuli that resulted in a tendency to selectively suppress avoidance behavior after the animal received shock. In support of this hypothesis, it was found that 6-HD-induced avoidance decrements could be reversed (1) by treatment with diazpam, a drug that releases suppressed responses; or (2) by delaying avoidance testing until conditioned responding had recovered, thus minimizing the interaction of the two processes.", "contents": "Differential effects of intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine on behavior of rats in approach and avoidance procedures: Reversal of avoidance decrements by diazepam. The administration of 6-hydroxdopamine (6-HD) and pargyline to rats produced similar selective decreases in responding during the conditioned stimulus (CS) on a discriminated avoidance test where the unconditioned stimulus (US) was shock and on an analogous conditioned approach test where the US was water. Approach behavior during the CS generally recovered, however, while avoidance decrements in the same rats remained for the duration of testing. This suggested that 6-HD-induced avoidance decrement was a result of two independent but interacting processes: (1) a decrease in conditioned behavior as reflected by the similar decrease in responding on both tests; and (2) a hyper-reaction to aversive stimuli that resulted in a tendency to selectively suppress avoidance behavior after the animal received shock. In support of this hypothesis, it was found that 6-HD-induced avoidance decrements could be reversed (1) by treatment with diazpam, a drug that releases suppressed responses; or (2) by delaying avoidance testing until conditioned responding had recovered, thus minimizing the interaction of the two processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1208634", "title": "Feeding following intraventricular injection of CA++, MG++ or pentobarbital in pigs.", "content": "The effects on food intake, of injections into the lateral ventricle of Ca++, Mg++ or equimolar mixtures of the 2 ions have been studied in pigs. The chloride salts were made up in normal saline which together with 1.35 percent NaC1 was used as a control injection. Dosages of 12.5 mumoles, 25 mumoles, or 50 mumoles either Ca++ or Mg++ elicited increased food intake in the 30 min following the injection and there was a predominantly linear feeding response to increasing concentration of the two ions. Ca++ was more effective in eliciting increased food intake than Mg++. Equimolar mixtures of Ca++ and Mg++ of 6.5 + 6.5 mumoles, 12.5 + 12.5 mumoles or 25 + 25 mumoles also increased food intake linearly and the mixture of ions was more effective than equivalent concentrations of Ca++ or Mg++ alone. No antagonism between Ca++ and Mg++ was seen with respect to food intake. Intraventricular injections of 16 mumoles of sodium pentobarbital also elicited increased food intake in the 30 min following injection. It is suggested that the ions and the barbiturate probably act by deression of periventricular neurons, particularly in the medial hypothalamus which is adjacent to the third ventricle.", "contents": "Feeding following intraventricular injection of CA++, MG++ or pentobarbital in pigs. The effects on food intake, of injections into the lateral ventricle of Ca++, Mg++ or equimolar mixtures of the 2 ions have been studied in pigs. The chloride salts were made up in normal saline which together with 1.35 percent NaC1 was used as a control injection. Dosages of 12.5 mumoles, 25 mumoles, or 50 mumoles either Ca++ or Mg++ elicited increased food intake in the 30 min following the injection and there was a predominantly linear feeding response to increasing concentration of the two ions. Ca++ was more effective in eliciting increased food intake than Mg++. Equimolar mixtures of Ca++ and Mg++ of 6.5 + 6.5 mumoles, 12.5 + 12.5 mumoles or 25 + 25 mumoles also increased food intake linearly and the mixture of ions was more effective than equivalent concentrations of Ca++ or Mg++ alone. No antagonism between Ca++ and Mg++ was seen with respect to food intake. Intraventricular injections of 16 mumoles of sodium pentobarbital also elicited increased food intake in the 30 min following injection. It is suggested that the ions and the barbiturate probably act by deression of periventricular neurons, particularly in the medial hypothalamus which is adjacent to the third ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:1208635", "title": "Apparatus for quantitative evaluation of visually guided pecking in the pigeon.", "content": "An apparatus using a phase-locked loop is described which allows automated, differential counts of correct and incorrectly oriented pecks, elicited by apomorphine in the pigeon. This apparatus provides a unique and precise means for the study of this characteristic, visually guided behavior.", "contents": "Apparatus for quantitative evaluation of visually guided pecking in the pigeon. An apparatus using a phase-locked loop is described which allows automated, differential counts of correct and incorrectly oriented pecks, elicited by apomorphine in the pigeon. This apparatus provides a unique and precise means for the study of this characteristic, visually guided behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1208641", "title": "Effects of high-dose cyanate upon cerebral energy metabolism of the rat.", "content": "The effect of sodium cyanate (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg body weight i.p. daily for 10 days) upon cerebral metabolism and the EEG of Wistar rats was studied. This treatment resulted in a dose-related carbamylation of hemoglobin and left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve. Animals receiving the highest dose of cyanate developed a significant systemic metabolic acidosis. In brain there was dose-dependent decrease in phosphocreatine, TCO2 and cytoplasmic NADH/NAD+ ratio, reflecting the calculated drop in intracellular pH. Glucose levels were elevated despite a normal calculated energy charge, which suggests a balanced slowing of the energy-producing and energy-utilizing systems. The higher doses of cyanate produced spontaneous seizure activity on the EEG.", "contents": "Effects of high-dose cyanate upon cerebral energy metabolism of the rat. The effect of sodium cyanate (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg body weight i.p. daily for 10 days) upon cerebral metabolism and the EEG of Wistar rats was studied. This treatment resulted in a dose-related carbamylation of hemoglobin and left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve. Animals receiving the highest dose of cyanate developed a significant systemic metabolic acidosis. In brain there was dose-dependent decrease in phosphocreatine, TCO2 and cytoplasmic NADH/NAD+ ratio, reflecting the calculated drop in intracellular pH. Glucose levels were elevated despite a normal calculated energy charge, which suggests a balanced slowing of the energy-producing and energy-utilizing systems. The higher doses of cyanate produced spontaneous seizure activity on the EEG."}
{"id": "PMID:1208632", "title": "Relationship of brain levels of norepinephrine and dopamine to avoidance behavior in rats after intraventricular administration of 6-hydoxydopamine.", "content": "Rats trained on a discriminated avoidance procedure showed long-term decrements in performance after intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Biochemical assay showed that DA levels were correlated with avoidance performance no matter when behavior was measured, but NE levels were most highly correlated with avoidance behavior at those times when suppression of responding appeared to be the major influence on responding. The data are discussed in terms of possible separate roles for NE and DA in avoidance behavior.", "contents": "Relationship of brain levels of norepinephrine and dopamine to avoidance behavior in rats after intraventricular administration of 6-hydoxydopamine. Rats trained on a discriminated avoidance procedure showed long-term decrements in performance after intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Biochemical assay showed that DA levels were correlated with avoidance performance no matter when behavior was measured, but NE levels were most highly correlated with avoidance behavior at those times when suppression of responding appeared to be the major influence on responding. The data are discussed in terms of possible separate roles for NE and DA in avoidance behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1208642", "title": "Effect of gastric emptying rate on the intestinal absorption of chloroquine in rats.", "content": "After oral administration, chloroquine caused a dose-related delay in gastric emptying and in its own absorption from the small intestine in rats. Acetyl-beta-methylcholine (0.75 mg/kg i.p.) did not influence the intraperitoneal LD50 value of chloroquine (102 mg/kg) significantly, but reduced oral LD50 from 1,080 to 280 mg/kg. Acetyl-beta-methylcholine increased both the gastric emptying rate and the propulsion motility of the small intestine. As a consequence, the intestinal mucosal surface that had come into contact with the drug was increased in size, resulting in more rapid absorption of chloroquine. Infusion of chloroquine at a rate of 1 mg/min/kg into a mesenteric vein was tolerated by anaesthetized rats for hours. Increasing the dose, however, led to shorter survival times and eventually to death. It is concluded that gastric emptying may play an important role in the rate of intestinal absorption and in the oral toxicity of drugs.", "contents": "Effect of gastric emptying rate on the intestinal absorption of chloroquine in rats. After oral administration, chloroquine caused a dose-related delay in gastric emptying and in its own absorption from the small intestine in rats. Acetyl-beta-methylcholine (0.75 mg/kg i.p.) did not influence the intraperitoneal LD50 value of chloroquine (102 mg/kg) significantly, but reduced oral LD50 from 1,080 to 280 mg/kg. Acetyl-beta-methylcholine increased both the gastric emptying rate and the propulsion motility of the small intestine. As a consequence, the intestinal mucosal surface that had come into contact with the drug was increased in size, resulting in more rapid absorption of chloroquine. Infusion of chloroquine at a rate of 1 mg/min/kg into a mesenteric vein was tolerated by anaesthetized rats for hours. Increasing the dose, however, led to shorter survival times and eventually to death. It is concluded that gastric emptying may play an important role in the rate of intestinal absorption and in the oral toxicity of drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1208636", "title": "Lack of protection by pyridoxine or hydrazine pretreatment against monosodium L-glutamate-induced seizures.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with hydrazine (100 mg/kg), a compound which raises brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAGA) 175 percent in 12 hr was not able to prevent the occurrence of seizures induced by monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). Pyridoxine (50 mg/kg) the cofactor essential in the conversion of glutamate to GABA, also failed to prevent convulsions induced by parenteral MSG administration. It is concluded that the mechanism of action of MSG-induced seizures is neither by decreasing brain GABA levels or interfering with the pyridoxine cofactor.", "contents": "Lack of protection by pyridoxine or hydrazine pretreatment against monosodium L-glutamate-induced seizures. Pretreatment of rats with hydrazine (100 mg/kg), a compound which raises brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAGA) 175 percent in 12 hr was not able to prevent the occurrence of seizures induced by monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). Pyridoxine (50 mg/kg) the cofactor essential in the conversion of glutamate to GABA, also failed to prevent convulsions induced by parenteral MSG administration. It is concluded that the mechanism of action of MSG-induced seizures is neither by decreasing brain GABA levels or interfering with the pyridoxine cofactor."}
{"id": "PMID:1208631", "title": "Modification of avoidance behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats by stimulation of central noradrenergic and dopaminergic receptors.", "content": "Rats showing reliable decrements in conditioned avoidance behavior after the intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxdopamine (6-HD) with pargyline pretreatment were given various dopaminergic and noradrenergic agonists. Intraventricular injections of DA or L-NE or intraperitoneal injections of apomorphine or L-DOPA reversed the avoidance decrements, often restoring performance to pre-6-HD-treatment levels. Furthermore, these agonists all produced behavior characteristic of activity in dopaminergic neurons. Clonidine, a noradrenergic agonist, also reversed avoidance decrements, but did not produce behavior characteristic of stimulation of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Pretreatment with spiroperidol, a dopaminergic receptor blocker, prevented the recovery induced by all agonists, although clonidine-induced recovery was affected least. The results are discussed in terms of possible separate roles for dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in the brain in avoidance behavior.", "contents": "Modification of avoidance behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats by stimulation of central noradrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. Rats showing reliable decrements in conditioned avoidance behavior after the intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxdopamine (6-HD) with pargyline pretreatment were given various dopaminergic and noradrenergic agonists. Intraventricular injections of DA or L-NE or intraperitoneal injections of apomorphine or L-DOPA reversed the avoidance decrements, often restoring performance to pre-6-HD-treatment levels. Furthermore, these agonists all produced behavior characteristic of activity in dopaminergic neurons. Clonidine, a noradrenergic agonist, also reversed avoidance decrements, but did not produce behavior characteristic of stimulation of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Pretreatment with spiroperidol, a dopaminergic receptor blocker, prevented the recovery induced by all agonists, although clonidine-induced recovery was affected least. The results are discussed in terms of possible separate roles for dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in the brain in avoidance behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1208643", "title": "Pharmacological effects of urotensins. I. Regional vascular effects of urotensins I and II in the rat.", "content": "The effects of urotensins I and II were studied on blood space and inulin space (with 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes and 14C inulin) in organs obtained from rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital. The findings were matched with the effects of urotensins on blood pressure and on perfusion pressure in the isolated perfused rat hind limb (skeletal muscle), intestine, kidney, and lung. Blood space was greatly increased by urotensin I (50 mU/100 g body wt iv) in skeletal muscle, intestine (ileum), ear, renal cortex, medulla and papilla and in adrenal gland, but was decreased in liver and spleen. Blood space changes in these organs run in parallel with the blood-pressure-lowering effect of I. After urotensin II, no significant changes were observed in the above organs, with the exception of the renal cortex where an increase in blood space occurred. Urotensin I caused an increase in inulin space in skeletal muscle, intestine, diaphragm and adrenal, but mobilized extracellular fluid from liver, lung, spleen and ear. In the kidney, urotensin I increased the tissue/plasma inulin ratio in renal cortex, medulla and papilla, indicating water reabsorption. It is concluded that the blood-pressure-lowering effect of urotensin I in the rat is due to a potent vasodilatatory action, mainly exerted in skeletal muscle, mesenteric region, skin and kidney.", "contents": "Pharmacological effects of urotensins. I. Regional vascular effects of urotensins I and II in the rat. The effects of urotensins I and II were studied on blood space and inulin space (with 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes and 14C inulin) in organs obtained from rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital. The findings were matched with the effects of urotensins on blood pressure and on perfusion pressure in the isolated perfused rat hind limb (skeletal muscle), intestine, kidney, and lung. Blood space was greatly increased by urotensin I (50 mU/100 g body wt iv) in skeletal muscle, intestine (ileum), ear, renal cortex, medulla and papilla and in adrenal gland, but was decreased in liver and spleen. Blood space changes in these organs run in parallel with the blood-pressure-lowering effect of I. After urotensin II, no significant changes were observed in the above organs, with the exception of the renal cortex where an increase in blood space occurred. Urotensin I caused an increase in inulin space in skeletal muscle, intestine, diaphragm and adrenal, but mobilized extracellular fluid from liver, lung, spleen and ear. In the kidney, urotensin I increased the tissue/plasma inulin ratio in renal cortex, medulla and papilla, indicating water reabsorption. It is concluded that the blood-pressure-lowering effect of urotensin I in the rat is due to a potent vasodilatatory action, mainly exerted in skeletal muscle, mesenteric region, skin and kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:1208638", "title": "Learned taste aversions induced by high doses of monosodium L-glutamate.", "content": "Learned taste aversions, as measured by increased time to complete 100 licks of a sweetened condensed milk solution, were demonstrated by laboratory rats 4 days after consumption of the milk solution paired with high oral doses of monosodium 1-glutamate (MSG). The hesitancy of the rats to consume milk on the test session cannot be simply attributed to direct action of the drug on motivation (e.g., hunger) or to drug debilitation. MSG has been reported to occasionally cause aversive effects in humans (Chinese restaurant syndrome), and the present experiments demonstrate that the effects of MSG are aversive to laboratory rats as well.", "contents": "Learned taste aversions induced by high doses of monosodium L-glutamate. Learned taste aversions, as measured by increased time to complete 100 licks of a sweetened condensed milk solution, were demonstrated by laboratory rats 4 days after consumption of the milk solution paired with high oral doses of monosodium 1-glutamate (MSG). The hesitancy of the rats to consume milk on the test session cannot be simply attributed to direct action of the drug on motivation (e.g., hunger) or to drug debilitation. MSG has been reported to occasionally cause aversive effects in humans (Chinese restaurant syndrome), and the present experiments demonstrate that the effects of MSG are aversive to laboratory rats as well."}
{"id": "PMID:1208644", "title": "Pharmacological effects of urotensins. II. Renal effects of urotensin I in the rat.", "content": "Urotensin I decreased urine flow, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in intact and hypophysectomized rats. The antidiuretic effect of urotensin I differed from the that caused by AVT in that (a) the urine conductivity was not usually increased by the former, and (b) the rates of excretion of Na and K were different. The use of hypophysectomized rats and of Na-thioglycollate-treated urotensin I preparations indicated that the antidiuretic effect of urotensin I was not due to the release of endogenous ADH, nor was it caused by presence of AVT in the urotensin I samples.", "contents": "Pharmacological effects of urotensins. II. Renal effects of urotensin I in the rat. Urotensin I decreased urine flow, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in intact and hypophysectomized rats. The antidiuretic effect of urotensin I differed from the that caused by AVT in that (a) the urine conductivity was not usually increased by the former, and (b) the rates of excretion of Na and K were different. The use of hypophysectomized rats and of Na-thioglycollate-treated urotensin I preparations indicated that the antidiuretic effect of urotensin I was not due to the release of endogenous ADH, nor was it caused by presence of AVT in the urotensin I samples."}
{"id": "PMID:1208645", "title": "Pharmacological effects of urotensins. III. Fate or Urotensin I in different vascular beds and in blood of the rat.", "content": "The rates of disappearance of urotensin I, a peptide with a prolonged vasodepressor action, was studied in perfused isolated organs of the rat and in rat blood in vitro. The rates ranged from 29.9+/-3.2% in the perfused hind limb to 55.1 +/- 7.2% in the lungs. Urotensin I activity disappeared slowly during incubation with rat blood, the \"half-life\" being about 4 min. The fast removal or urotensin I by the organs contrasts with its long duration of action.", "contents": "Pharmacological effects of urotensins. III. Fate or Urotensin I in different vascular beds and in blood of the rat. The rates of disappearance of urotensin I, a peptide with a prolonged vasodepressor action, was studied in perfused isolated organs of the rat and in rat blood in vitro. The rates ranged from 29.9+/-3.2% in the perfused hind limb to 55.1 +/- 7.2% in the lungs. Urotensin I activity disappeared slowly during incubation with rat blood, the \"half-life\" being about 4 min. The fast removal or urotensin I by the organs contrasts with its long duration of action."}
{"id": "PMID:1208639", "title": "Increased disrupting effects of haloperidol on a conditioned avoidance response after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment.", "content": "The influence of prior catecholamine depletion was studied on the behavioral depressant effects of haloperidol using a conditioned avoidance response. The butyrophenone disrupting effects on the avoidance behavior were significantly increased by 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment.", "contents": "Increased disrupting effects of haloperidol on a conditioned avoidance response after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. The influence of prior catecholamine depletion was studied on the behavioral depressant effects of haloperidol using a conditioned avoidance response. The butyrophenone disrupting effects on the avoidance behavior were significantly increased by 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1208640", "title": "Effects of prior drug experience on the establishment of taste aversions in rats.", "content": "Groups of food and water deprived rats were injected with either 2 mg/kg d-amphetamine, 9mg/kg dl-fenfluramine or isotonic saline immediately after the first presentation of a 25 percent solution of condensed milk for a 30 min period. When animals were tested for aversion to condensed milk 8 days later both drugs were found to cause a highly significant decrease in total amounts drunk; in contrast saline injected animals showed significant increases in the amount drunk. However, it was found that the development of a conditioned taste aversion could be markedly attenuated or abolished altogether by providing groups of animals with experience of both drugs prior to aversion establishment, and that the degree of attenuation of aversion was proportional to the amount of prior experience. Novelty of drug administered would seem to be a critical variable in the establishment of taste aversions. The results are discussed with reference to some of the paradoxical aspects of drug induced taste aversions.", "contents": "Effects of prior drug experience on the establishment of taste aversions in rats. Groups of food and water deprived rats were injected with either 2 mg/kg d-amphetamine, 9mg/kg dl-fenfluramine or isotonic saline immediately after the first presentation of a 25 percent solution of condensed milk for a 30 min period. When animals were tested for aversion to condensed milk 8 days later both drugs were found to cause a highly significant decrease in total amounts drunk; in contrast saline injected animals showed significant increases in the amount drunk. However, it was found that the development of a conditioned taste aversion could be markedly attenuated or abolished altogether by providing groups of animals with experience of both drugs prior to aversion establishment, and that the degree of attenuation of aversion was proportional to the amount of prior experience. Novelty of drug administered would seem to be a critical variable in the establishment of taste aversions. The results are discussed with reference to some of the paradoxical aspects of drug induced taste aversions."}
{"id": "PMID:1208637", "title": "Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of delta9-THC and psilocybin in rats.", "content": "Male albino rats were trained to respond differentially on the left or right lever in a 2-lever chamber on the basis of which drug had been given intra-peritoneally (IP) 30 min before experimentation. In 1 group 1.9 mg/kg of delta9-THC and control injections (vehicle) served as the discriminative stimuli associated with each lever and in another group the drug stimuli were 1.0 mg/kg of delta9-THC and 1.0 mg/kg of psilocybin. The results confirmed those of other experiments using different procedures; that delta9-THC can acquire discriminative control over responding. The fact that delta9-THC and psilocybin were also found to differentially control lever choice demonstrates that these 2 drugs probably produce discriminably different states in rats.", "contents": "Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of delta9-THC and psilocybin in rats. Male albino rats were trained to respond differentially on the left or right lever in a 2-lever chamber on the basis of which drug had been given intra-peritoneally (IP) 30 min before experimentation. In 1 group 1.9 mg/kg of delta9-THC and control injections (vehicle) served as the discriminative stimuli associated with each lever and in another group the drug stimuli were 1.0 mg/kg of delta9-THC and 1.0 mg/kg of psilocybin. The results confirmed those of other experiments using different procedures; that delta9-THC can acquire discriminative control over responding. The fact that delta9-THC and psilocybin were also found to differentially control lever choice demonstrates that these 2 drugs probably produce discriminably different states in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1208646", "title": "Pharmacological effects of urotensins. IV. Blood pressure-lowering effects of urotensin I in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The blood pressure lowering effect of urotensin I, a vasodilatory peptide obtained from urophyses of a bony fish species (Catostomus commersoni) was studied by tail plethysmography in conscious normotensive and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Urotensin I (10 mU/100 g body weight i.v.) lowered the blood pressure, depending on the preinjection level. The lowering of pressure amounted to 12.4 +/- 1.28% of the preinjection level in normotensive rats, 17.9 +/- 1.46% in hypertensive females and to 28.9 +/- 1.06% in hypertensive males. The differences between the normotensive and each group of hypertensive animals were statistically significant (p less than 0.05 to p less 0.001). The blood pressure-lowering effect of urotensin I was less pronounced in female hypertensive rats than in hypertensive males of the same age. No significant difference was found in the preinjection blood pressure level between the group of younger (169-176 days) and older (247-249 days) male hypertensive rats. However, the blood pressure in the younger rats was significantly more affected by urotensin I than that in the older rats (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Pharmacological effects of urotensins. IV. Blood pressure-lowering effects of urotensin I in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The blood pressure lowering effect of urotensin I, a vasodilatory peptide obtained from urophyses of a bony fish species (Catostomus commersoni) was studied by tail plethysmography in conscious normotensive and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Urotensin I (10 mU/100 g body weight i.v.) lowered the blood pressure, depending on the preinjection level. The lowering of pressure amounted to 12.4 +/- 1.28% of the preinjection level in normotensive rats, 17.9 +/- 1.46% in hypertensive females and to 28.9 +/- 1.06% in hypertensive males. The differences between the normotensive and each group of hypertensive animals were statistically significant (p less than 0.05 to p less 0.001). The blood pressure-lowering effect of urotensin I was less pronounced in female hypertensive rats than in hypertensive males of the same age. No significant difference was found in the preinjection blood pressure level between the group of younger (169-176 days) and older (247-249 days) male hypertensive rats. However, the blood pressure in the younger rats was significantly more affected by urotensin I than that in the older rats (p less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:1208647", "title": "Electrical and mechanical activity of the isolated canine stomach perfused with homologous, in vitro, oxygenated blood.", "content": "Electrical and mechanical activity was recorded from six totally isolated canine stomachs perfused with homologous blood oxygenated in vitro. Reactions to electrical vagal stimulation to cholinergic drugs and to pentagastrin were recorded. Electrical control activity, electrical response activity and mechanical response of isolated stomachs, observed in this in vitro system, were identical to those found in canine-isolated stomachs perfused with cross-circulated blood of living animals. It appears that when a living animal is included in the perfusion system of the isolated stomach, drugs used for gastric stimulation are rapidly metabolized and, due to this physiological clearance, repeated injections of stimulants can be given for several hours. Using the in vitro perfusion system, as in this experiment, injected drugs accumulate in the perfusion blood, as no clearance mechanism is available. Partial or total exchange of perfusion blood is therefore recommended. With these reservations, the in vitro system appears to be an easy method for the study of nonstimulated and stimulated electrical and mechanical activity of the totally isolated canine stomach.", "contents": "Electrical and mechanical activity of the isolated canine stomach perfused with homologous, in vitro, oxygenated blood. Electrical and mechanical activity was recorded from six totally isolated canine stomachs perfused with homologous blood oxygenated in vitro. Reactions to electrical vagal stimulation to cholinergic drugs and to pentagastrin were recorded. Electrical control activity, electrical response activity and mechanical response of isolated stomachs, observed in this in vitro system, were identical to those found in canine-isolated stomachs perfused with cross-circulated blood of living animals. It appears that when a living animal is included in the perfusion system of the isolated stomach, drugs used for gastric stimulation are rapidly metabolized and, due to this physiological clearance, repeated injections of stimulants can be given for several hours. Using the in vitro perfusion system, as in this experiment, injected drugs accumulate in the perfusion blood, as no clearance mechanism is available. Partial or total exchange of perfusion blood is therefore recommended. With these reservations, the in vitro system appears to be an easy method for the study of nonstimulated and stimulated electrical and mechanical activity of the totally isolated canine stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:1208648", "title": "Clofibrate pharmacokinetics: effect of elevation of plasma-free fatty acids.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of rho-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB), the active metabolite of clofibrate were determined following intravenous administration in the rat. Serum CPIB concentrations were measured using an new TLC-GLC method. The results agree favourably with pharmacokinetics in human subjects after oral administration of clofibrate. Both clofibrate and free fatty acids (FFA) are extensively bound to circulating plasma proteins. When plasma FFA were elevated to about 2,000 muEq/1, the CPIB elimination half-life decreased form 19.3 h in controls to 7.3 h. Thus, elevation of FFA appears to significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of a highly bound drug.", "contents": "Clofibrate pharmacokinetics: effect of elevation of plasma-free fatty acids. The pharmacokinetics of rho-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB), the active metabolite of clofibrate were determined following intravenous administration in the rat. Serum CPIB concentrations were measured using an new TLC-GLC method. The results agree favourably with pharmacokinetics in human subjects after oral administration of clofibrate. Both clofibrate and free fatty acids (FFA) are extensively bound to circulating plasma proteins. When plasma FFA were elevated to about 2,000 muEq/1, the CPIB elimination half-life decreased form 19.3 h in controls to 7.3 h. Thus, elevation of FFA appears to significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of a highly bound drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1208668", "title": "Acceleration and pacing of copulatory performance of male rats by repeated aversive brain stimulation.", "content": "Repetitive electric shocks applied to the dorsal midbrain (DM) paced the copulatory behavior of sexually experienced male rats. DM stimulation also accelerated the rate of copulation, the achievement of ejaculation and the resumption of copulation after ejaculation and increased the number of ejaculations in an hour test.", "contents": "Acceleration and pacing of copulatory performance of male rats by repeated aversive brain stimulation. Repetitive electric shocks applied to the dorsal midbrain (DM) paced the copulatory behavior of sexually experienced male rats. DM stimulation also accelerated the rate of copulation, the achievement of ejaculation and the resumption of copulation after ejaculation and increased the number of ejaculations in an hour test."}
{"id": "PMID:1208669", "title": "Influence of neonatal androgen on the display of territorial marking behavior in the gerbil.", "content": "The effect of the presence or absence of androgen during the neonatal period on territorial marking behavior in the Mongolian gerbil was studied. Scent marking frequency was 20-40 fold greater in males than in females. Gonadectomy depressed marking in males but not in females. Testosterone propionate (TP) therapy completely restored marking in male but increased marking in intact and ovariectomized females to only one fourth that in males. Genetic males castrated within 2 days postpartum did not mark more frequently than TP-treated females after TP treatment in adulthood. Genetic females given a single TP injection within 6 days postpartum marked at male levels after TP treatment in adulthood. Males castrated after Day 2 and females given TP after Day 6 displayed marking frequencies intermediate between normal male and female levels after TP treatment in adulthood. This study suggests that sexual dimorphism in territorial marking behavior is due to a sex difference in the competency to respond to androgen, and it appears that development of this competency occurs during the neonatal period and is regulated, at least in part, by androgen. The onset of this differentiation process occurs earlier in the male than in the female.", "contents": "Influence of neonatal androgen on the display of territorial marking behavior in the gerbil. The effect of the presence or absence of androgen during the neonatal period on territorial marking behavior in the Mongolian gerbil was studied. Scent marking frequency was 20-40 fold greater in males than in females. Gonadectomy depressed marking in males but not in females. Testosterone propionate (TP) therapy completely restored marking in male but increased marking in intact and ovariectomized females to only one fourth that in males. Genetic males castrated within 2 days postpartum did not mark more frequently than TP-treated females after TP treatment in adulthood. Genetic females given a single TP injection within 6 days postpartum marked at male levels after TP treatment in adulthood. Males castrated after Day 2 and females given TP after Day 6 displayed marking frequencies intermediate between normal male and female levels after TP treatment in adulthood. This study suggests that sexual dimorphism in territorial marking behavior is due to a sex difference in the competency to respond to androgen, and it appears that development of this competency occurs during the neonatal period and is regulated, at least in part, by androgen. The onset of this differentiation process occurs earlier in the male than in the female."}
{"id": "PMID:1208670", "title": "Extralimbic mediation of emotionality and social cohesiveness effects.", "content": "Long-Evans hooded rats were tested for emotionality and observed by pairs in an open field for 6 consecutive days. Postoperative observations indicated that both emotionality and social cohesiveness were dramatically altered by ventromedial and anterolateral hypothalamic lesions. Tegmental, interpeduncular and habenular lesions were shown to have no effect on these behaviors. Alterations in behavior observed following hypothalamic ablations were related to septal and amygdaloid effects, and the possibility of separate projection systems for emotionality and social cohesiveness was discussed.", "contents": "Extralimbic mediation of emotionality and social cohesiveness effects. Long-Evans hooded rats were tested for emotionality and observed by pairs in an open field for 6 consecutive days. Postoperative observations indicated that both emotionality and social cohesiveness were dramatically altered by ventromedial and anterolateral hypothalamic lesions. Tegmental, interpeduncular and habenular lesions were shown to have no effect on these behaviors. Alterations in behavior observed following hypothalamic ablations were related to septal and amygdaloid effects, and the possibility of separate projection systems for emotionality and social cohesiveness was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208671", "title": "Learning deficits produced by chronic and reversible lesions of the corpus striatum in rats.", "content": "In a first experiment it was found that the reversible disruption of the normal activity of the corpus striatum (CN) of rats by microinjections of potassium chloride produced a marked impairment on the acquisition of a one-trial passive avoidance task. Two additional experiments showed the same performance deficits on the acquisition as well as on the retention of the task when the CN was electrolytically lesioned. Since two different methods of disrupting the functional integrity of the striatum were used, it can be concluded that the results are not due to the pecularities of a single method. These results further support the hypothesis of critical involvement of the CN in the integration and storing of learned information.", "contents": "Learning deficits produced by chronic and reversible lesions of the corpus striatum in rats. In a first experiment it was found that the reversible disruption of the normal activity of the corpus striatum (CN) of rats by microinjections of potassium chloride produced a marked impairment on the acquisition of a one-trial passive avoidance task. Two additional experiments showed the same performance deficits on the acquisition as well as on the retention of the task when the CN was electrolytically lesioned. Since two different methods of disrupting the functional integrity of the striatum were used, it can be concluded that the results are not due to the pecularities of a single method. These results further support the hypothesis of critical involvement of the CN in the integration and storing of learned information."}
{"id": "PMID:1208672", "title": "Long-term deficits after somatosensory cortical lesions in rats.", "content": "Rats having either sham operations or one-stage bilateral lesions of the two somatosensory areas of the cortex were tested for acquisition of five tactile discriminations after postoperative recovery intervals of 14, 35, 180, 365 or 730 days. The group with lesions performed worse than its time-matched control group in every instance, and there was no evidence for recovery of function with the longer postoperative recovery periods. These results suggest that time per se is not a significant determinant of restitution after somatosensory cortical ablations.", "contents": "Long-term deficits after somatosensory cortical lesions in rats. Rats having either sham operations or one-stage bilateral lesions of the two somatosensory areas of the cortex were tested for acquisition of five tactile discriminations after postoperative recovery intervals of 14, 35, 180, 365 or 730 days. The group with lesions performed worse than its time-matched control group in every instance, and there was no evidence for recovery of function with the longer postoperative recovery periods. These results suggest that time per se is not a significant determinant of restitution after somatosensory cortical ablations."}
{"id": "PMID:1208673", "title": "Entrainment of the rat's activity rhythm by cyclic light following lateral geniculate nucleus lesions.", "content": "The rhythmic running-wheel activity of rats is entrained by sensory input via the visual system. The retinal projection transmitting visual information essential for entrainment of the activity rhythm is unknown. Lesions of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) disrupt two projections, the primary optic tract (POT) and the superior accessory optic tract (AOT-SF). It was found that activity remained entrained to a light cycle following LGN lesions. This indicates that the POT and the AOT-SF are not necessary for entrainment. The two remaining projections, the retinohypothalamic pathway and the inferior accessory optic tract (AOT-IF), are sufficient to maintain entrainment. In light of other investigations, it is suggested that the retinohypothalamic pathway is the key projection for synchrony of the activity rhythm with environmental illumination. It was also found that LGN lesions severely impaired the subjects' ability to learn a brightness discrimination.", "contents": "Entrainment of the rat's activity rhythm by cyclic light following lateral geniculate nucleus lesions. The rhythmic running-wheel activity of rats is entrained by sensory input via the visual system. The retinal projection transmitting visual information essential for entrainment of the activity rhythm is unknown. Lesions of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) disrupt two projections, the primary optic tract (POT) and the superior accessory optic tract (AOT-SF). It was found that activity remained entrained to a light cycle following LGN lesions. This indicates that the POT and the AOT-SF are not necessary for entrainment. The two remaining projections, the retinohypothalamic pathway and the inferior accessory optic tract (AOT-IF), are sufficient to maintain entrainment. In light of other investigations, it is suggested that the retinohypothalamic pathway is the key projection for synchrony of the activity rhythm with environmental illumination. It was also found that LGN lesions severely impaired the subjects' ability to learn a brightness discrimination."}
{"id": "PMID:1208674", "title": "Sensitivity of the rat gustatory system to the rate of stimulus onset.", "content": "Responses of the rat chorda tympani nerve were obtained to stimulation of the tongue with both linearly rising anodal current of varying intensity and rate of rise and NaCl presented at different concentrations and rates of flow. The amplitude of the transient portion of the integrated chorda tympani response was a power function of the rate of current rise. The duration of the transient response paralleled the rising phase of the current and the neural response fell to a tonic level proportional to current intensity when the rising current reached its plateau. Anodal currents of different final intensities but presented at the same rate of rise produced transient responses of the same amplitude. Responses of single chorda tympani fibers exhibited the same phasic and tonic components that were characteristic of the whole nerve. When NaCl was presented to the tongue at different rates of flow, the chorda tympani response reflected a sensitivity to stimulus onset rate paralleling that shown to linearly rising current.", "contents": "Sensitivity of the rat gustatory system to the rate of stimulus onset. Responses of the rat chorda tympani nerve were obtained to stimulation of the tongue with both linearly rising anodal current of varying intensity and rate of rise and NaCl presented at different concentrations and rates of flow. The amplitude of the transient portion of the integrated chorda tympani response was a power function of the rate of current rise. The duration of the transient response paralleled the rising phase of the current and the neural response fell to a tonic level proportional to current intensity when the rising current reached its plateau. Anodal currents of different final intensities but presented at the same rate of rise produced transient responses of the same amplitude. Responses of single chorda tympani fibers exhibited the same phasic and tonic components that were characteristic of the whole nerve. When NaCl was presented to the tongue at different rates of flow, the chorda tympani response reflected a sensitivity to stimulus onset rate paralleling that shown to linearly rising current."}
{"id": "PMID:1208675", "title": "Role of cortex in Pavlovian discrimination learning.", "content": "Two totally neodecorticate rabbits and two groups of normal rabbits were trained on a light-tone differentiation using a Pavlovian nictitating membrane response. The significance of the two stimuli involved in the differentiation was then reversed. Excellent initial differentiations were produced by both decorticates and normals, although there was some evidence of a small retardation of conditional response acquisition in the decorticates in this first stage of the experiment. Under reversal conditions the decorticates extinguished responding to the formerly positive conditional stimulus in fewer trials and produced more complete differentiation performances than normal animals. The decorticates, unlike the normal animals, failed to show a reduction in conditional response onset latencies during either differentiation or reversal training.", "contents": "Role of cortex in Pavlovian discrimination learning. Two totally neodecorticate rabbits and two groups of normal rabbits were trained on a light-tone differentiation using a Pavlovian nictitating membrane response. The significance of the two stimuli involved in the differentiation was then reversed. Excellent initial differentiations were produced by both decorticates and normals, although there was some evidence of a small retardation of conditional response acquisition in the decorticates in this first stage of the experiment. Under reversal conditions the decorticates extinguished responding to the formerly positive conditional stimulus in fewer trials and produced more complete differentiation performances than normal animals. The decorticates, unlike the normal animals, failed to show a reduction in conditional response onset latencies during either differentiation or reversal training."}
{"id": "PMID:1208676", "title": "Effects of lateral hypothalamic lesions on consummatory behavior in developing rats.", "content": "Bilateral lesions aimed at the lateral hypothalami of preweanling rats result in decreased weight gain and eventual death within 5 days after the operation. Ten-day-old rats with unilateral damage to the lateral hypothalamus show retarded growth, food and water intake regulatory deficits, and altered sensitivity to quinine adulteration of the water for up to 60 days of age. These results suggest that at least one neural mechanism that regulates food and water intake matures early in the postnatal life of the rat.", "contents": "Effects of lateral hypothalamic lesions on consummatory behavior in developing rats. Bilateral lesions aimed at the lateral hypothalami of preweanling rats result in decreased weight gain and eventual death within 5 days after the operation. Ten-day-old rats with unilateral damage to the lateral hypothalamus show retarded growth, food and water intake regulatory deficits, and altered sensitivity to quinine adulteration of the water for up to 60 days of age. These results suggest that at least one neural mechanism that regulates food and water intake matures early in the postnatal life of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:1208677", "title": "Analysis of feeding patterns in normal and vagotomized rabbits.", "content": "Spontaneous meal sizes, intermeal intervals, and 24 hr feeding rhythms were monitored in normal and 60 day recovered vagotomized rabbits fed solid laboratory chow. Mean sizes of meals and intermeal intervals, and the circadian distribution of food intake did not differ between the two groups, but vagotomy was associated with increased frequencies of both smaller and larger than average meals. Positive meal to postmeal interval correlations were evident in intact but not vagotomized animals, whereas vagotomized animals displayed a meal to premeal interval correlation in the light phase that was not present in normal rabbits.", "contents": "Analysis of feeding patterns in normal and vagotomized rabbits. Spontaneous meal sizes, intermeal intervals, and 24 hr feeding rhythms were monitored in normal and 60 day recovered vagotomized rabbits fed solid laboratory chow. Mean sizes of meals and intermeal intervals, and the circadian distribution of food intake did not differ between the two groups, but vagotomy was associated with increased frequencies of both smaller and larger than average meals. Positive meal to postmeal interval correlations were evident in intact but not vagotomized animals, whereas vagotomized animals displayed a meal to premeal interval correlation in the light phase that was not present in normal rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:1208678", "title": "Development of olfactory-guided behavior in the golden hamster.", "content": "Hamster pups were tested for an odor preference every day from 1-16 days of age with shavings from their home cage and with clean wood shavings. The hamster pups showed a clear preference for their home cage shavings by 8 days of age. They were then tested for preferences with other odor combinations. Tests for preference with other odor pairs indicate that this preference is due to a change in the hamsters rather than a change in the stimulus. In these tests the hamster pups did not demonstrate a preference for their home shavings over shavings in which a nonlactating female had lived. Further tests will have to be done to determine how specific the hamster pup's olfactory preferences are.", "contents": "Development of olfactory-guided behavior in the golden hamster. Hamster pups were tested for an odor preference every day from 1-16 days of age with shavings from their home cage and with clean wood shavings. The hamster pups showed a clear preference for their home cage shavings by 8 days of age. They were then tested for preferences with other odor combinations. Tests for preference with other odor pairs indicate that this preference is due to a change in the hamsters rather than a change in the stimulus. In these tests the hamster pups did not demonstrate a preference for their home shavings over shavings in which a nonlactating female had lived. Further tests will have to be done to determine how specific the hamster pup's olfactory preferences are."}
{"id": "PMID:1208679", "title": "Water intoxication death following hypothalamic lesions in the rat.", "content": "Rats received large, bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Water or saline intakes, urine outputs and body temperatures were observed for up to 24 hr after surgery. Fifty percent of the operated animals drank excessively and died within 4-6 hr when permitted access to water. Urine outputs were low and symptoms of water intoxication were evident. When allowed access to saline, outputs rose and the number of animals which survived increased as the saline concentration increased. Body temperatures approached 40 degrees C during drinking, but did not differ from operated animals which refused to drink. It was concluded that the deposition of metallic ions strongly stimulates a hypothalamic drinking system which results in overhydration and water intoxication death.", "contents": "Water intoxication death following hypothalamic lesions in the rat. Rats received large, bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Water or saline intakes, urine outputs and body temperatures were observed for up to 24 hr after surgery. Fifty percent of the operated animals drank excessively and died within 4-6 hr when permitted access to water. Urine outputs were low and symptoms of water intoxication were evident. When allowed access to saline, outputs rose and the number of animals which survived increased as the saline concentration increased. Body temperatures approached 40 degrees C during drinking, but did not differ from operated animals which refused to drink. It was concluded that the deposition of metallic ions strongly stimulates a hypothalamic drinking system which results in overhydration and water intoxication death."}
{"id": "PMID:1208680", "title": "Hippocampal conditioned responses in the absence of entorhinal input.", "content": "Hippocampal unit responses to conditioned stimuli were analyzed in intact rats and in rats deprived of the input from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus. Cells in normal rats responded more intensely to a conditioned stimulus when it was applied within 1 min from a previous one. The rats with lesions had smaller conditioned hippocampal responses and, in addition, there were no differences between responses to stimuli applied after short or long intertrial intervals. No effects on gross conditioned behavior were noticed.", "contents": "Hippocampal conditioned responses in the absence of entorhinal input. Hippocampal unit responses to conditioned stimuli were analyzed in intact rats and in rats deprived of the input from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus. Cells in normal rats responded more intensely to a conditioned stimulus when it was applied within 1 min from a previous one. The rats with lesions had smaller conditioned hippocampal responses and, in addition, there were no differences between responses to stimuli applied after short or long intertrial intervals. No effects on gross conditioned behavior were noticed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208703", "title": "[Changes of visual fields in intracranial tumors outside the cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "Based on neurosurgical material of 1,746 brain tumours, the changes of the visual field determined by isopteric perimetry are discussed with their significe with regard to tumours of corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, brain stem ganglia, IIIrd ventricle, region of the sella and adjacent areas as well as posterior fossa. The proportion of unilateral blindness with primary opticus atrophy and of skotomas is strinkingly high, so that in cases of loss of vision, not readily explicable by ophthalmology, as well as in unilateral defects of the visual field, intracranial processes must be thought of.", "contents": "[Changes of visual fields in intracranial tumors outside the cerebral hemispheres]. Based on neurosurgical material of 1,746 brain tumours, the changes of the visual field determined by isopteric perimetry are discussed with their significe with regard to tumours of corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, brain stem ganglia, IIIrd ventricle, region of the sella and adjacent areas as well as posterior fossa. The proportion of unilateral blindness with primary opticus atrophy and of skotomas is strinkingly high, so that in cases of loss of vision, not readily explicable by ophthalmology, as well as in unilateral defects of the visual field, intracranial processes must be thought of."}
{"id": "PMID:1208704", "title": "[Aphasia syndromes in brain tumors. Clinico-pathological correlations].", "content": "A clinica-psychological and pathoanatomical analysis of 40 observations with neoplasms of the brain in the left dominant hemisphere and 4 observations with neoplasms in the right subdominant hemisphere, has been carried out. In 36 cases, a desintegration in the language in a form of aphasia, has been established, while in 4 cases this was not present. In 22 observations the established neuro-psychological syndrome completely indicated and coincided with the localization of the neoplasm in the corresponding part or parts of the brain, in 10 it only partialy coincided, while in 4 cases it did not coincide with the localization of the neoplasm in the brain. The established neuro-psychological syndrome in observations with neoplasms in the right subdominant hemisphere possesses only a tentative topico-diagnostical significance. In conclusion the authors consider that the established syndromes of aphasia in patients with neoplasms of the brain may be of a considerable significance and help in substantiating a precise topical diagnosis.", "contents": "[Aphasia syndromes in brain tumors. Clinico-pathological correlations]. A clinica-psychological and pathoanatomical analysis of 40 observations with neoplasms of the brain in the left dominant hemisphere and 4 observations with neoplasms in the right subdominant hemisphere, has been carried out. In 36 cases, a desintegration in the language in a form of aphasia, has been established, while in 4 cases this was not present. In 22 observations the established neuro-psychological syndrome completely indicated and coincided with the localization of the neoplasm in the corresponding part or parts of the brain, in 10 it only partialy coincided, while in 4 cases it did not coincide with the localization of the neoplasm in the brain. The established neuro-psychological syndrome in observations with neoplasms in the right subdominant hemisphere possesses only a tentative topico-diagnostical significance. In conclusion the authors consider that the established syndromes of aphasia in patients with neoplasms of the brain may be of a considerable significance and help in substantiating a precise topical diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1208706", "title": "[Frequency pattern of alpha waves in the early stages of cerebrovascular circulation disorders].", "content": "In this study 201 EEG curves are interpreted belonging to patients suffering from incipient disturbances of the cerebral circulation. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to age (group I, 30-40 years; group II, 40-50 years; group III, 50 years and over). In group I there prevailed a rate of 11-12 alpha waves per sec., and a slower rate was hardly ever found; in group III the frequency pattern was quite different. This decreased frequency of the waves could be confirmed by statistics. We believe a direct link can be assumed to exist between a decrease in frequency and the beginning of disturbed cerebral circulation.", "contents": "[Frequency pattern of alpha waves in the early stages of cerebrovascular circulation disorders]. In this study 201 EEG curves are interpreted belonging to patients suffering from incipient disturbances of the cerebral circulation. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to age (group I, 30-40 years; group II, 40-50 years; group III, 50 years and over). In group I there prevailed a rate of 11-12 alpha waves per sec., and a slower rate was hardly ever found; in group III the frequency pattern was quite different. This decreased frequency of the waves could be confirmed by statistics. We believe a direct link can be assumed to exist between a decrease in frequency and the beginning of disturbed cerebral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1208705", "title": "[Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrome].", "content": "The observations made on a 27-year-old patient with ichthyosis, debility, psychoinfantilism, and Little's syndrome are reported. Clinically, the condition of the skin is similar to that associated with ichthyosis vulgaris. Histologically, however, the picture is largely that of ichthyosis congenita, the condition being even more pronounced than that of ichthyosis congenita mitis. This particular case may be placed within the class of transitional forms of hereditary ichthyoses, and it may thus be proved that the Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrome also has its 'formes de passage'. In the etiological determination of oligophrenias and infantile cerebral motor disorders it is always necessary to give attention to the probable presence of ichthyosiform conditions of the skin.", "contents": "[Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrome]. The observations made on a 27-year-old patient with ichthyosis, debility, psychoinfantilism, and Little's syndrome are reported. Clinically, the condition of the skin is similar to that associated with ichthyosis vulgaris. Histologically, however, the picture is largely that of ichthyosis congenita, the condition being even more pronounced than that of ichthyosis congenita mitis. This particular case may be placed within the class of transitional forms of hereditary ichthyoses, and it may thus be proved that the Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrome also has its 'formes de passage'. In the etiological determination of oligophrenias and infantile cerebral motor disorders it is always necessary to give attention to the probable presence of ichthyosiform conditions of the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:1208707", "title": "[Clinical experience with Leponex].", "content": "Until now the \"neuroleptic threshold\" (Haase) was considered to be the efficiency criterion of the antipsychotic effect of a neuroleptic substance and it was thought therefore that the extrapyramidal symptoms were a necessary although undesired side effect. The benodiazepine derivative Leponex developed by Sandox - Basel upsets this view because it has an excellent antipsychotic effect without creating definite extrapyramidal symptoms. It is noted for its quick soporfic effect after only a few minutes, for subdueing psychopathological productivity in a very impressive way, for acting rapidly on the \"plus\"-symptomatology typical of psychosis, as early as in the first days of treatment, and for its equally visible effect on the \"minus\"-symptoms, typical of psychosis, in the last third of an average period of treatment lasting 40 days. The clinic using Leponex (Dresden, Halle, Brandenburg-G\u00f6rden) belonged to the clinical application programme of the Sandox - Basel firm. The article gives a summary of essential results and particulars about the treatment. A detailed evaluation of the case sheets which are at present being statistically reviewed will be given in the next paper.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with Leponex]. Until now the \"neuroleptic threshold\" (Haase) was considered to be the efficiency criterion of the antipsychotic effect of a neuroleptic substance and it was thought therefore that the extrapyramidal symptoms were a necessary although undesired side effect. The benodiazepine derivative Leponex developed by Sandox - Basel upsets this view because it has an excellent antipsychotic effect without creating definite extrapyramidal symptoms. It is noted for its quick soporfic effect after only a few minutes, for subdueing psychopathological productivity in a very impressive way, for acting rapidly on the \"plus\"-symptomatology typical of psychosis, as early as in the first days of treatment, and for its equally visible effect on the \"minus\"-symptoms, typical of psychosis, in the last third of an average period of treatment lasting 40 days. The clinic using Leponex (Dresden, Halle, Brandenburg-G\u00f6rden) belonged to the clinical application programme of the Sandox - Basel firm. The article gives a summary of essential results and particulars about the treatment. A detailed evaluation of the case sheets which are at present being statistically reviewed will be given in the next paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1208757", "title": "The stimulus properties of morphine and ethanol.", "content": "The present investigation sought (a) to establish the efficacy of morphine and ethanol as discriminative stimuli when each is paired with the administration of saline and (b) to compare, in a qualitative sense, the stimulus properties of the two drugs. Additional experiments examined the effects of treatment with naloxone or l-propranolol upon morphine and ethanol-mediated discriminated responding. Finally, the stereospecificity of the stimuli produced by morphine was determined by a comparison, in morphine-trained rats, of levorphanol and dextrorphan. Discriminated responding developed rapidly in both the morphine and ethanol groups. In tests in which ethanol was administered to morphine-trained animals and vice versa, no similarity to stimulus properties was apparent. Antagonism of discriminated responding induced by morphine and ethanol was attempted using naloxone and l-propranolol. Naloxone blocked the actions of morphine but was without effect upon ethanol. No evidence of antagonism of either drug by propranolol was found. When a range of doses of levorphanol (0.1-3 mg/kg) and dextrorphan (3-100 mg/kg) was tested in morphine trained animals, only levorphanol was able to substitute for morphine. The present results suggest that the stimulus properties of morphine represent typical opiate effects.", "contents": "The stimulus properties of morphine and ethanol. The present investigation sought (a) to establish the efficacy of morphine and ethanol as discriminative stimuli when each is paired with the administration of saline and (b) to compare, in a qualitative sense, the stimulus properties of the two drugs. Additional experiments examined the effects of treatment with naloxone or l-propranolol upon morphine and ethanol-mediated discriminated responding. Finally, the stereospecificity of the stimuli produced by morphine was determined by a comparison, in morphine-trained rats, of levorphanol and dextrorphan. Discriminated responding developed rapidly in both the morphine and ethanol groups. In tests in which ethanol was administered to morphine-trained animals and vice versa, no similarity to stimulus properties was apparent. Antagonism of discriminated responding induced by morphine and ethanol was attempted using naloxone and l-propranolol. Naloxone blocked the actions of morphine but was without effect upon ethanol. No evidence of antagonism of either drug by propranolol was found. When a range of doses of levorphanol (0.1-3 mg/kg) and dextrorphan (3-100 mg/kg) was tested in morphine trained animals, only levorphanol was able to substitute for morphine. The present results suggest that the stimulus properties of morphine represent typical opiate effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1208758", "title": "A comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of R-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (R-DOM) and S-amphetamine in the rat.", "content": "The effects of 0.75 mg/kg of R-DOM and 1.0 mg/kg of S-amphetamine served as discriminative stimuli in the control of a two-lever discrimination response. Dose-response evaluation of the two agents indicated that in S-amphetamine-trained animals the drug effects produced by test doses of 0.5 to 2.2 mg/kg of S-amphetamine could be considered as a dose-dependent continuum of low to high stimulus intensity. In R-DOM trained subjects, low to moderate doses of R-DOM (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) produced dose-related discriminative responding, but the high dose of R-DOM (2.2 mg/kg) resulted in random responding. When animals trained to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg of S-amphetamine from saline were given 0.5 or 0.75 mg/kg of R-DOM, they tended to respond on the drug correct lever. However, higher doses of R-DOM (1.5 and 2.2 mg/kg) produced random responding. Similarly, animals trained to discriminate 0.75 mg/kg of R-DOM from saline exhibited correct responses following 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg of S-amphetamine, but not after 1.5 and 2.2 mg/kg. These data suggest that low doses of R-DOM produce discriminative stimuli that are qualitatively different from those of higher doses. Stimuli following low doses of R-DOM also appear similar in some respects to those following low doses of S-amphetamine.", "contents": "A comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of R-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (R-DOM) and S-amphetamine in the rat. The effects of 0.75 mg/kg of R-DOM and 1.0 mg/kg of S-amphetamine served as discriminative stimuli in the control of a two-lever discrimination response. Dose-response evaluation of the two agents indicated that in S-amphetamine-trained animals the drug effects produced by test doses of 0.5 to 2.2 mg/kg of S-amphetamine could be considered as a dose-dependent continuum of low to high stimulus intensity. In R-DOM trained subjects, low to moderate doses of R-DOM (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) produced dose-related discriminative responding, but the high dose of R-DOM (2.2 mg/kg) resulted in random responding. When animals trained to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg of S-amphetamine from saline were given 0.5 or 0.75 mg/kg of R-DOM, they tended to respond on the drug correct lever. However, higher doses of R-DOM (1.5 and 2.2 mg/kg) produced random responding. Similarly, animals trained to discriminate 0.75 mg/kg of R-DOM from saline exhibited correct responses following 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg of S-amphetamine, but not after 1.5 and 2.2 mg/kg. These data suggest that low doses of R-DOM produce discriminative stimuli that are qualitatively different from those of higher doses. Stimuli following low doses of R-DOM also appear similar in some respects to those following low doses of S-amphetamine."}
{"id": "PMID:1208759", "title": "Behavioral and neuropharmacological analysis of amphetamine and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine in rats.", "content": "A comparison of the behavioral pharmacology of DOM and amphetamine in rats indicated that lower doses (0.10-1.0 mg/kg) of the two agents had similar effects on schedule-controlled food-reinforced and shock-avoidance behavior. Similarities were also noted in their effects on horizontally directed motor activity when testing was preceeded by a period of acclimation. However, most doses of DOM tended to decrease unacclimated motor activity, while amphetamine increased this behavior. Neuropharmacological antagonism studies indicated that brain catecholamines (CA) and serotonin (5-HT) are involved in the behavioral effects of both DOM and amphetamine. Cinanserin, a 5-HT receptor blocker, attenuated the behavioral disruptive effects of both agents on food-reinforced responding. Cinanserin attenuated the effects of all doses of DOM and those of higher doses of amphetamine on shock avoidance. When given prior to lower doses of amphetamine, there was a greater behavioral stimulation than when amphetamine was given alone. Prior depletion of brain CA with alpha-methyltyrosine (alpha-MT) did not affect DOM induced disruption of food-reinforced responding, while alpha-MT attenuated the behavioral effects of all doses of DOM and amphetamine on shock avoidance. These data suggest that DOM and amphetamine share a similar component in their mechanism of action which depends on the availability of a releasable pool of brain CA.", "contents": "Behavioral and neuropharmacological analysis of amphetamine and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine in rats. A comparison of the behavioral pharmacology of DOM and amphetamine in rats indicated that lower doses (0.10-1.0 mg/kg) of the two agents had similar effects on schedule-controlled food-reinforced and shock-avoidance behavior. Similarities were also noted in their effects on horizontally directed motor activity when testing was preceeded by a period of acclimation. However, most doses of DOM tended to decrease unacclimated motor activity, while amphetamine increased this behavior. Neuropharmacological antagonism studies indicated that brain catecholamines (CA) and serotonin (5-HT) are involved in the behavioral effects of both DOM and amphetamine. Cinanserin, a 5-HT receptor blocker, attenuated the behavioral disruptive effects of both agents on food-reinforced responding. Cinanserin attenuated the effects of all doses of DOM and those of higher doses of amphetamine on shock avoidance. When given prior to lower doses of amphetamine, there was a greater behavioral stimulation than when amphetamine was given alone. Prior depletion of brain CA with alpha-methyltyrosine (alpha-MT) did not affect DOM induced disruption of food-reinforced responding, while alpha-MT attenuated the behavioral effects of all doses of DOM and amphetamine on shock avoidance. These data suggest that DOM and amphetamine share a similar component in their mechanism of action which depends on the availability of a releasable pool of brain CA."}
{"id": "PMID:1208760", "title": "Effects of diazepam and scopolamine on storage, retrieval and organizational processes in memory.", "content": "The effects of intramuscular injections of diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) and scopolamine (8 mug/kg) on memory processes and subjective moods were studied in 36 volunteers. Subjects (Ss) were tested in groups of four in a double blind procedure with treatments distributed according to a Latin square design. Lists of words were presented to Ss who were then tested with an immediate free recall test prior to drug administration. Following injection delayed free recall and recognition tests were given. Subsequently two sets of lists were presented separately and tested in the same fashion. Two of the lists in the last set were composed of words falling into distinct categories. Memory was additionally analyzed by testing immediate recall of digit sequences and employing a visual recognition test. Subjective moods were evaluated with a rating questionnaire. Both diazepam and scopolamine impaired memory functions although the action of the latter drug was more pronounced and prolonged. The deficit appeared to be in the storage process leaving retrieval processes unaffected. Scopolamine in addition interfered with organizational processes. Subjectively, scopolamine also produced a larger sedative effect than diazepam.", "contents": "Effects of diazepam and scopolamine on storage, retrieval and organizational processes in memory. The effects of intramuscular injections of diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) and scopolamine (8 mug/kg) on memory processes and subjective moods were studied in 36 volunteers. Subjects (Ss) were tested in groups of four in a double blind procedure with treatments distributed according to a Latin square design. Lists of words were presented to Ss who were then tested with an immediate free recall test prior to drug administration. Following injection delayed free recall and recognition tests were given. Subsequently two sets of lists were presented separately and tested in the same fashion. Two of the lists in the last set were composed of words falling into distinct categories. Memory was additionally analyzed by testing immediate recall of digit sequences and employing a visual recognition test. Subjective moods were evaluated with a rating questionnaire. Both diazepam and scopolamine impaired memory functions although the action of the latter drug was more pronounced and prolonged. The deficit appeared to be in the storage process leaving retrieval processes unaffected. Scopolamine in addition interfered with organizational processes. Subjectively, scopolamine also produced a larger sedative effect than diazepam."}
{"id": "PMID:1208761", "title": "The role of orosensory stimuli from ethanol and blood-alcohol levels in producing conditioned taste aversion in the rat.", "content": "A taste-aversion paradigm was used to demonstrate that aversive consequences accompany the rapid oral ingestion of 5% (v/v) ethanol solutions. The learned taste aversion resulted from five 10-min self-administrations of alcohol mixed with an originally preferred flavor at a dosage of 1.69 g alcohol/kg body weight/day. In contrast, when the consumption of the alcohol solution was distributed throughout the day, a conditioned aversion was not obtained. This outcome was observed even though the distributed drinking animals were exposed to more orosensory stimuli and ingested more g/kg than the 10-min animals. The observation that those animals that drank their daily fluid in 10 min demonstrated higher peak blood-alcohol levels than the distributed animals supports the conclusion that a centrally mediated aversive state of inebriation must be present to produce a conditioned aversion.", "contents": "The role of orosensory stimuli from ethanol and blood-alcohol levels in producing conditioned taste aversion in the rat. A taste-aversion paradigm was used to demonstrate that aversive consequences accompany the rapid oral ingestion of 5% (v/v) ethanol solutions. The learned taste aversion resulted from five 10-min self-administrations of alcohol mixed with an originally preferred flavor at a dosage of 1.69 g alcohol/kg body weight/day. In contrast, when the consumption of the alcohol solution was distributed throughout the day, a conditioned aversion was not obtained. This outcome was observed even though the distributed drinking animals were exposed to more orosensory stimuli and ingested more g/kg than the 10-min animals. The observation that those animals that drank their daily fluid in 10 min demonstrated higher peak blood-alcohol levels than the distributed animals supports the conclusion that a centrally mediated aversive state of inebriation must be present to produce a conditioned aversion."}
{"id": "PMID:1208762", "title": "Clinical studies with dopamine-receptor stimulants.", "content": "Oral administration of ET-495 was found to cause worsening of psychiatric status in 4 out of 7 schizophrenic patients, and to induce a paranoid state and a syndrome of auditory hallucinosis in 2 non-schizophrenics. These observations were compatible with the hypothesized role of dopamine in schizophrenia. However, these psychotogenic effects were far less dramatic than those noted in other studies with amphetamine, methylphenidate or L-Dopa. Possible explanations for this differing psychotogenic potency of receptor stimulators versus presynaptic agonists are presented. Intravenous ET-495 and apomorphine did not show psychotogenic effects.", "contents": "Clinical studies with dopamine-receptor stimulants. Oral administration of ET-495 was found to cause worsening of psychiatric status in 4 out of 7 schizophrenic patients, and to induce a paranoid state and a syndrome of auditory hallucinosis in 2 non-schizophrenics. These observations were compatible with the hypothesized role of dopamine in schizophrenia. However, these psychotogenic effects were far less dramatic than those noted in other studies with amphetamine, methylphenidate or L-Dopa. Possible explanations for this differing psychotogenic potency of receptor stimulators versus presynaptic agonists are presented. Intravenous ET-495 and apomorphine did not show psychotogenic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1208764", "title": "Dose-response effects of scopolamine on activity in an open field.", "content": "The frequency of the responses, i.e., squares entered (ambulation), rearing and grooming, were recorded over 30 min for saline, and 0.25, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg scopolamine treated groups. Scopolamine produced an inverted U dose-response curve for ambulation, an increase in rearing but no effect on grooming. All three responses decreased over time; scopolamine did not attenuate this rate of habituation. There did appear a dose-related time effect. It was concluded that scopolamine may have different effects on various responses recorded simultaneously over a range of doses. The results when compared to other experiments emphasized the importance of environmental factors in determining drug effects on behaviour.", "contents": "Dose-response effects of scopolamine on activity in an open field. The frequency of the responses, i.e., squares entered (ambulation), rearing and grooming, were recorded over 30 min for saline, and 0.25, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg scopolamine treated groups. Scopolamine produced an inverted U dose-response curve for ambulation, an increase in rearing but no effect on grooming. All three responses decreased over time; scopolamine did not attenuate this rate of habituation. There did appear a dose-related time effect. It was concluded that scopolamine may have different effects on various responses recorded simultaneously over a range of doses. The results when compared to other experiments emphasized the importance of environmental factors in determining drug effects on behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:1208763", "title": "Clinical laboratory test standards for a sample of schizophrenics.", "content": "The normal ranges for 15 clinical laboratory tests for a pooled sample of 325 schizophrenics, largely chronic and hospitalized, are presented. Laboratory data came from pretreatment blood samples of subjects who were all participants in clinical psychotropic drug trials conducted through the Early Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (ECDEU) Program of the National Institute of Mental Health. Both parametric means and ranges (mean +/- 2 standard deviations) and non-parametric medians and percentile ranges (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles) are reported. The results generally confirm the finding of increased variability in schizophrenic laboratory test data noted in the past. This, and implications of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical laboratory test standards for a sample of schizophrenics. The normal ranges for 15 clinical laboratory tests for a pooled sample of 325 schizophrenics, largely chronic and hospitalized, are presented. Laboratory data came from pretreatment blood samples of subjects who were all participants in clinical psychotropic drug trials conducted through the Early Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (ECDEU) Program of the National Institute of Mental Health. Both parametric means and ranges (mean +/- 2 standard deviations) and non-parametric medians and percentile ranges (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles) are reported. The results generally confirm the finding of increased variability in schizophrenic laboratory test data noted in the past. This, and implications of the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208766", "title": "Treatment of Sydenham's chorea with a combination of L-dopa and a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor.", "content": "Two male patients suffering from Sydenham's chorea were treated with a combination of L-Dopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. This treatment markedly reduced in one patient and totally suppressed in the other the abnormal involuntary movements present in this disease.", "contents": "Treatment of Sydenham's chorea with a combination of L-dopa and a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. Two male patients suffering from Sydenham's chorea were treated with a combination of L-Dopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. This treatment markedly reduced in one patient and totally suppressed in the other the abnormal involuntary movements present in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1208832", "title": "[Accessory hepatic arteries and their nomenclatoric problems in radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The numerous anatomical and radiological nomenclatures of hepatic arteries are compared and discussed. Our own material for the assessment of accessory hepatic arteries consisted of 220 anatomically prepared individuals and 74 angiograms. The individual branches in the normal case as well as all variations and their frequency are discussed. The present, often confusing nomenclature is critically reviewed and an attempt is made to establish a simple and clinically acceptable nomenclature. We propose to name the additional branches supplying the liver as 'arteria hepatica accessoria' with reference to the vessel from which they originate. Additional branches in the terminal branching (ramus accessorius) and vessels of the liver capsula should not be referred to as accessory hepatic arteries.", "contents": "[Accessory hepatic arteries and their nomenclatoric problems in radiology (author's transl)]. The numerous anatomical and radiological nomenclatures of hepatic arteries are compared and discussed. Our own material for the assessment of accessory hepatic arteries consisted of 220 anatomically prepared individuals and 74 angiograms. The individual branches in the normal case as well as all variations and their frequency are discussed. The present, often confusing nomenclature is critically reviewed and an attempt is made to establish a simple and clinically acceptable nomenclature. We propose to name the additional branches supplying the liver as 'arteria hepatica accessoria' with reference to the vessel from which they originate. Additional branches in the terminal branching (ramus accessorius) and vessels of the liver capsula should not be referred to as accessory hepatic arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:1208833", "title": "[Bone szintigram of osteopoikilosis familiaris (author's transl)].", "content": "Szintigraphic examination of two members of an Osteopoikilosis familiaris family demonstrates that the focus of the disease does not display any significant differences in metabolic behavior from that of other bone segments.", "contents": "[Bone szintigram of osteopoikilosis familiaris (author's transl)]. Szintigraphic examination of two members of an Osteopoikilosis familiaris family demonstrates that the focus of the disease does not display any significant differences in metabolic behavior from that of other bone segments."}
{"id": "PMID:1208834", "title": "[Renal cancer today - suspicion, diagnosis or therapy? (author's transl)].", "content": "The present-day situation of recording and diagnosis of malignant renal tumours was investigated on 50 patients recently seen by us. It was found that the complex radiological diagnosis (composed of excretion urography, isotope nephrography, renoscintigraphy, renovasography and additional investigations) is very well suited to show renal cancer in all stages taking into consideration localisation, extent and relations to surrounding tissue. As ever, the difficulty for a clarifying diagnosis still lies in seeing the patient as early as possible. This is due to the almost exclusively uncharacteristic symptoms which, additionally, very frequently coincide with symptoms of other diseases. The only chief symptom is clearly 'painless haematuria'. Relatively large renal tumours also escape palpation. The possibility of tracing haematurias during screening tests with 'Reagnost haemoglobin' tablets is discussed.", "contents": "[Renal cancer today - suspicion, diagnosis or therapy? (author's transl)]. The present-day situation of recording and diagnosis of malignant renal tumours was investigated on 50 patients recently seen by us. It was found that the complex radiological diagnosis (composed of excretion urography, isotope nephrography, renoscintigraphy, renovasography and additional investigations) is very well suited to show renal cancer in all stages taking into consideration localisation, extent and relations to surrounding tissue. As ever, the difficulty for a clarifying diagnosis still lies in seeing the patient as early as possible. This is due to the almost exclusively uncharacteristic symptoms which, additionally, very frequently coincide with symptoms of other diseases. The only chief symptom is clearly 'painless haematuria'. Relatively large renal tumours also escape palpation. The possibility of tracing haematurias during screening tests with 'Reagnost haemoglobin' tablets is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208835", "title": "Lesions of the trochlea tali. Osteochondral fractures and osteochondritis dissecans of the trochlea tali.", "content": "Osteochondral fracture of the trochlea tali, which can result in osteochondritis dissecans of this trochlea, is often not recognized as such and therefore not adequately treated. The nonrecognition is mainly due to the fact that the fracture can either remain asymptomatic or produce symptoms of inversion-distortion; to a lesser degree it is also due to the fact that the lesion is not identified in the radiograph. In view of these facts it would seem necessary in all cases of distorsion to make an X-ray examination of the ankle, ascertaining that the trochlea tali is adequately visualized. Unless the symptoms abate within a week, radiological examination should be repeated. The same applies to patients whose initial recovery is followed by a relapse of symptoms. Surgical treatment of choice for osteochondral fractures. The symptomatology and therapeutic results in 46 osteochondral fractures studied were in agreement with data from the literature. Therapeutic results can be improved by earlier diagnosis and more adequate treatment of the condition.", "contents": "Lesions of the trochlea tali. Osteochondral fractures and osteochondritis dissecans of the trochlea tali. Osteochondral fracture of the trochlea tali, which can result in osteochondritis dissecans of this trochlea, is often not recognized as such and therefore not adequately treated. The nonrecognition is mainly due to the fact that the fracture can either remain asymptomatic or produce symptoms of inversion-distortion; to a lesser degree it is also due to the fact that the lesion is not identified in the radiograph. In view of these facts it would seem necessary in all cases of distorsion to make an X-ray examination of the ankle, ascertaining that the trochlea tali is adequately visualized. Unless the symptoms abate within a week, radiological examination should be repeated. The same applies to patients whose initial recovery is followed by a relapse of symptoms. Surgical treatment of choice for osteochondral fractures. The symptomatology and therapeutic results in 46 osteochondral fractures studied were in agreement with data from the literature. Therapeutic results can be improved by earlier diagnosis and more adequate treatment of the condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1208836", "title": "Selective renal venography in the evaluation of a non-functioning hydronephrotic kidney.", "content": "A case is presented in which extreme hydronephrosis simulated absence of the right kidney. The hydronephrosis occurred as a result of surgical ligation of the right ureter 10 years previously. There was no visualization of the excretory system by intravenous urography or retrograde pyelography. Abdominal aortography did not show the renal artery. Selective renal venography revealed a patent venous bed with splaying and thinning of the intrarenal veins. The contribution of renal venography is discussed in clarifying cases in which the kidney and the renal artery were not visualized.", "contents": "Selective renal venography in the evaluation of a non-functioning hydronephrotic kidney. A case is presented in which extreme hydronephrosis simulated absence of the right kidney. The hydronephrosis occurred as a result of surgical ligation of the right ureter 10 years previously. There was no visualization of the excretory system by intravenous urography or retrograde pyelography. Abdominal aortography did not show the renal artery. Selective renal venography revealed a patent venous bed with splaying and thinning of the intrarenal veins. The contribution of renal venography is discussed in clarifying cases in which the kidney and the renal artery were not visualized."}
{"id": "PMID:1208837", "title": "Radiological features of pulmonary venous hypertension in pulmonary emphysema.", "content": "In pulmonary emphysema, the normal features of pulmonary venous hypertension are often disturbed due to destruction of pulmonary tissue. The abnormal features are described.", "contents": "Radiological features of pulmonary venous hypertension in pulmonary emphysema. In pulmonary emphysema, the normal features of pulmonary venous hypertension are often disturbed due to destruction of pulmonary tissue. The abnormal features are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1208838", "title": "Thermography in diagnosing deep venous thrombosis of the lower limb.", "content": "Phlebography and thermography of the lower limbs were performed on 58 patients suspected on the basis of clinical examination to have deep venous thrombosis of the lower limb. Both thermography and phlebography were consistently positive in 34 and negative in 17 cases. The skin temperature was lowered in four cases evidently because of an arterial spasm caused by deep venous thrombosis. No significant temperature elevation was established in three anamnestically and phlebographically older cases.", "contents": "Thermography in diagnosing deep venous thrombosis of the lower limb. Phlebography and thermography of the lower limbs were performed on 58 patients suspected on the basis of clinical examination to have deep venous thrombosis of the lower limb. Both thermography and phlebography were consistently positive in 34 and negative in 17 cases. The skin temperature was lowered in four cases evidently because of an arterial spasm caused by deep venous thrombosis. No significant temperature elevation was established in three anamnestically and phlebographically older cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1208839", "title": "Appendiceal abscess. A challenge in abdominal masses in children.", "content": "In children, more frequently than in adults, appendicitis is complicated by abscess formation. Facing an abdominal mass, especially if it is in the lower abdomen, the radiologist should consider tumor formation, teratoma, malformation or abscess. If there is air within the mass, the diagnosis of abscess is likely; if there is a stercolith, the diagnosis of perforated appendicitis has to be made.", "contents": "Appendiceal abscess. A challenge in abdominal masses in children. In children, more frequently than in adults, appendicitis is complicated by abscess formation. Facing an abdominal mass, especially if it is in the lower abdomen, the radiologist should consider tumor formation, teratoma, malformation or abscess. If there is air within the mass, the diagnosis of abscess is likely; if there is a stercolith, the diagnosis of perforated appendicitis has to be made."}
{"id": "PMID:1208840", "title": "Clear-cell carcinoma of the kidney. Treatment with a precise technique using cobalt-60.", "content": "The treatment of the postoperative tumor bed after removal of clear-cell carcinoma (hypernephroma) constitutes a challenge to radiation therapy. Precise planning will deliver adequate dosage to the kidney bed and para-aortic lymph nodes while avoiding excessive dosage to the spinal cord and contralateral kidney.", "contents": "Clear-cell carcinoma of the kidney. Treatment with a precise technique using cobalt-60. The treatment of the postoperative tumor bed after removal of clear-cell carcinoma (hypernephroma) constitutes a challenge to radiation therapy. Precise planning will deliver adequate dosage to the kidney bed and para-aortic lymph nodes while avoiding excessive dosage to the spinal cord and contralateral kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:1208841", "title": "Carcinoma of the vulva.", "content": "The results of treatment of carcinoma of the vulva in patients referred to the Rotterdamsch Radio-Therapeutisch Instituut in the years 1965-1969 are reported. Electron beam therapy seems not to be the method of choice; surgery is to be preferred. Radiation therapy requires high doses (greater than or equal to 6 krad) and is frequently followed by severe induration with recurrent ulcerations.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the vulva. The results of treatment of carcinoma of the vulva in patients referred to the Rotterdamsch Radio-Therapeutisch Instituut in the years 1965-1969 are reported. Electron beam therapy seems not to be the method of choice; surgery is to be preferred. Radiation therapy requires high doses (greater than or equal to 6 krad) and is frequently followed by severe induration with recurrent ulcerations."}
{"id": "PMID:1208842", "title": "Results of radioiodine (131/125I) therapy of hyperthyroidism.", "content": "One individually calculated dose of 131I was sufficient to control the hyperfunction in 75% of the patients with Graves' disease and 85% of the patients with autonomous adenoma. The cumulative myxedema risk 10 years after therapy was: 15% in the patients with Graves' disease and nearly zero in patients with autonomous adenoma. Early results of 125I therapy of Graves' disease are presented. Peculiar aspects of thyroid function after destructive therapy of Graves' disease are discussed.", "contents": "Results of radioiodine (131/125I) therapy of hyperthyroidism. One individually calculated dose of 131I was sufficient to control the hyperfunction in 75% of the patients with Graves' disease and 85% of the patients with autonomous adenoma. The cumulative myxedema risk 10 years after therapy was: 15% in the patients with Graves' disease and nearly zero in patients with autonomous adenoma. Early results of 125I therapy of Graves' disease are presented. Peculiar aspects of thyroid function after destructive therapy of Graves' disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208843", "title": "Simultaneous estimation of tubular and glomerular renal clearance with separate estimation of each side using a self-constructed whole-body measuring set.", "content": "A measuring device for simultaneous determination of glomerular and tubular clearance with separation of both sides is described. The patient lies on a table. Two detectors mounted on the ceiling count the residual radioactivity in the body except in the kidneys which are shielded by a lead block. Two other detectors count the renal radioactivity. The total renal clearance is calculated by the whole-body clearance curve and plasma activity. The fraction cleared by each side is calculated by the renal activity time curve. Radiopharmaceuticals were: 99Tcm-EDTA and 131I-hippuran. Values for normal patients are given.", "contents": "Simultaneous estimation of tubular and glomerular renal clearance with separate estimation of each side using a self-constructed whole-body measuring set. A measuring device for simultaneous determination of glomerular and tubular clearance with separation of both sides is described. The patient lies on a table. Two detectors mounted on the ceiling count the residual radioactivity in the body except in the kidneys which are shielded by a lead block. Two other detectors count the renal radioactivity. The total renal clearance is calculated by the whole-body clearance curve and plasma activity. The fraction cleared by each side is calculated by the renal activity time curve. Radiopharmaceuticals were: 99Tcm-EDTA and 131I-hippuran. Values for normal patients are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1208844", "title": "[Value of temperature profiles of injured legs (author's transl)].", "content": "In thermographic control studies of temperature profiles legs of 93 patients with a sprained ankle temperature phenomenon was observed, which super-imposes the hyperthermia due to inactivity. This complicates correct interpretation.", "contents": "[Value of temperature profiles of injured legs (author's transl)]. In thermographic control studies of temperature profiles legs of 93 patients with a sprained ankle temperature phenomenon was observed, which super-imposes the hyperthermia due to inactivity. This complicates correct interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:1208845", "title": "[Possibilities to evaluate hematogenous osteomyelitis of the extremities by thermography (author's transl)].", "content": "Single thermographic measurements and follow up studies in hematogenous osteomyelitis demonstrate that thermography can be used--under certain restrictions--as a supplementary diagnostic procedure to evaluate the activity of inflammatory bone disease.", "contents": "[Possibilities to evaluate hematogenous osteomyelitis of the extremities by thermography (author's transl)]. Single thermographic measurements and follow up studies in hematogenous osteomyelitis demonstrate that thermography can be used--under certain restrictions--as a supplementary diagnostic procedure to evaluate the activity of inflammatory bone disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1208846", "title": "[Angiographic differential diagnosis of hydronephrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of hydronephrosis is made by excretory urography with late films and retrograde pyelography. Renal arteriography in hydronephrosis permits exact evaluation of vascular supply and parenchymal thickness. In three cases selective arteriography was performed because of a non-functioning kidney or suspected space-occupying lesion. The combination of arteriogram and urogram--if necessary together with percutaneous puncture--allows to differentiate between hydronephrosis, avascular tumors, renal cysts, polycystic renal disease, renal abscess, subcapsular renal hematoma, fibrolipomatosis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, and tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Angiographic differential diagnosis of hydronephrosis (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of hydronephrosis is made by excretory urography with late films and retrograde pyelography. Renal arteriography in hydronephrosis permits exact evaluation of vascular supply and parenchymal thickness. In three cases selective arteriography was performed because of a non-functioning kidney or suspected space-occupying lesion. The combination of arteriogram and urogram--if necessary together with percutaneous puncture--allows to differentiate between hydronephrosis, avascular tumors, renal cysts, polycystic renal disease, renal abscess, subcapsular renal hematoma, fibrolipomatosis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, and tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1208847", "title": "Dynamic aspects of colonic Crohn's disease.", "content": "Changing patterns of the lesions in colonic Crohn's disease were studied in 86 patients who underwent multiple consequetive roentgen examinations. Local progression of lesions was seen in 56 out of 86 patients; rapid local advancement from mild to severe lesions was not uncommon. Temporary regression of lesions was only seen in 7%; definitive permanent healing on conservative treatment was not observed. Preoperative extension of lesions was seen in 29%, with ultimate involvement of the rectum in 7% and development of anal fistulae in 17%. Clinical implications of the findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Dynamic aspects of colonic Crohn's disease. Changing patterns of the lesions in colonic Crohn's disease were studied in 86 patients who underwent multiple consequetive roentgen examinations. Local progression of lesions was seen in 56 out of 86 patients; rapid local advancement from mild to severe lesions was not uncommon. Temporary regression of lesions was only seen in 7%; definitive permanent healing on conservative treatment was not observed. Preoperative extension of lesions was seen in 29%, with ultimate involvement of the rectum in 7% and development of anal fistulae in 17%. Clinical implications of the findings are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208848", "title": "The use of the 99mTc-pertechnetate neck/thigh ratio as a test of thyroid function.", "content": "A total of 100 patients were studied by standard thyroid function tests and the 99mTc-pertechnetate neck/thigh ratio was determined. This ratio or \"trapping index\" correlated closely with 131I uptake. The 99mTc test should be followed by scanning at 20 minutes to distinguish diffuse from localized thyroid disease. TSH stimulation and suppression studies can be done. It is recommended that this ratio be used in place of the standard 24-hour RAIU study, as it gives the same information at a saving in time, money, and radiation exposure.", "contents": "The use of the 99mTc-pertechnetate neck/thigh ratio as a test of thyroid function. A total of 100 patients were studied by standard thyroid function tests and the 99mTc-pertechnetate neck/thigh ratio was determined. This ratio or \"trapping index\" correlated closely with 131I uptake. The 99mTc test should be followed by scanning at 20 minutes to distinguish diffuse from localized thyroid disease. TSH stimulation and suppression studies can be done. It is recommended that this ratio be used in place of the standard 24-hour RAIU study, as it gives the same information at a saving in time, money, and radiation exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:1208849", "title": "Impaired ventilation in a patient with angiographically demonstrated pulmonary emboli.", "content": "Matched regional ventilation/perfusion studies (V/Q) have traditionally been associated with ventilatory diseases, while mismatched V/Q studies have been associated more often with vascular abnormalities. The authors describe a patient with multiple pulmonary emboli who demonstrated matched ventilation and perfusion studies five hours after the onset of symptoms.", "contents": "Impaired ventilation in a patient with angiographically demonstrated pulmonary emboli. Matched regional ventilation/perfusion studies (V/Q) have traditionally been associated with ventilatory diseases, while mismatched V/Q studies have been associated more often with vascular abnormalities. The authors describe a patient with multiple pulmonary emboli who demonstrated matched ventilation and perfusion studies five hours after the onset of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1208850", "title": "Choledochal cysts: roentgenographic techniques.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of choledochal cysts were reviewed. Only 7 cases were definitely diagnosed preoperatively: 3 by 131I rose bengal scanning, 2 by intravenous cholangiography, 1 by oral cholecystography, and 1 by 99mTc sulfur colloid scanning followed by angiography. The highest percentage of definitive positive examinations was found in the 131I rose bengal scan (3 of 4), but the study most helpful in suggesting the diagnosis in a general way was the upper gastrointestinal series. The more frequent use of 131I rose bengal scanning and ultrasound should increase diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Choledochal cysts: roentgenographic techniques. Twenty-four cases of choledochal cysts were reviewed. Only 7 cases were definitely diagnosed preoperatively: 3 by 131I rose bengal scanning, 2 by intravenous cholangiography, 1 by oral cholecystography, and 1 by 99mTc sulfur colloid scanning followed by angiography. The highest percentage of definitive positive examinations was found in the 131I rose bengal scan (3 of 4), but the study most helpful in suggesting the diagnosis in a general way was the upper gastrointestinal series. The more frequent use of 131I rose bengal scanning and ultrasound should increase diagnostic accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:1208851", "title": "Early neonatal pneumoperitoneum from progressive massive tension pneumomediastinum.", "content": "Three cases of early neonatal pneumoperitoneum as a result of progressive massive tension pneumomediastinum are described. The important roentgenographic features include massive pneumomediastinum located both above and behind the heart, absence of free peritoneal fluid, pneumothorax, and air in the stomach. Laparotomy should be avoided in this condition.", "contents": "Early neonatal pneumoperitoneum from progressive massive tension pneumomediastinum. Three cases of early neonatal pneumoperitoneum as a result of progressive massive tension pneumomediastinum are described. The important roentgenographic features include massive pneumomediastinum located both above and behind the heart, absence of free peritoneal fluid, pneumothorax, and air in the stomach. Laparotomy should be avoided in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1208852", "title": "B-scan ultrasound evaluation of the pancreas. Advantages and accuracy compared to other diagnostic techniques.", "content": "Over 200 patients were examined by B-scan ultrasound for suspected pancreatic disease; in 94 cases a final diagnosis was proved. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound, upper gastrointestinal examination, isotope pancreatography, and arteriography is compared. The diagnostic ultrasound features of the various pancreatic disease processes are described. Pancreatic sonography provides the most accurate and least expensive method for evaluating the pancreas with no known patient morbidity. The upper gastrointestinal series and radionuclide study are complementary to sonography. Ultrasound should be the initial examination for the evaluation of patients with suspected pancreatic disease or epigastric mass.", "contents": "B-scan ultrasound evaluation of the pancreas. Advantages and accuracy compared to other diagnostic techniques. Over 200 patients were examined by B-scan ultrasound for suspected pancreatic disease; in 94 cases a final diagnosis was proved. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound, upper gastrointestinal examination, isotope pancreatography, and arteriography is compared. The diagnostic ultrasound features of the various pancreatic disease processes are described. Pancreatic sonography provides the most accurate and least expensive method for evaluating the pancreas with no known patient morbidity. The upper gastrointestinal series and radionuclide study are complementary to sonography. Ultrasound should be the initial examination for the evaluation of patients with suspected pancreatic disease or epigastric mass."}
{"id": "PMID:1208853", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of pleural opacities.", "content": "Forty-one patients with substantial pleural opacities on chest films were examined by A-mode and B-mode ultrasound. Ultrasonic examination provides an accurate means of differentiating pleural fluid from other conditions which produce such opacities and is superior to the chest films as a means of localizing fluid. With the gain setting used in this series, fluid collections less than 1 cm thick were missed and were probably obscured by reverberation from the ribs. M-mode scanning provides a simple and accurate means of localizing the diaphragm in nearly all patients, almost completely eliminating difficulties caused by subdiaphragmatic placement of the thoracocentesis needle.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of pleural opacities. Forty-one patients with substantial pleural opacities on chest films were examined by A-mode and B-mode ultrasound. Ultrasonic examination provides an accurate means of differentiating pleural fluid from other conditions which produce such opacities and is superior to the chest films as a means of localizing fluid. With the gain setting used in this series, fluid collections less than 1 cm thick were missed and were probably obscured by reverberation from the ribs. M-mode scanning provides a simple and accurate means of localizing the diaphragm in nearly all patients, almost completely eliminating difficulties caused by subdiaphragmatic placement of the thoracocentesis needle."}
{"id": "PMID:1208854", "title": "Echographic evaluation of diaphragmatic motion in intra-abdominal diseases.", "content": "Movement of the diaphragm can be evaluated with diagnostic ultrasound using B- and M-mode techniques. Ultrasonic scanning is a highly sensitive method of demonstrating generalized or localized abnormalities of diaphragmatic motion and is superior to fluoroscopy in several respects. There is no exposure to ionizing radiations, and a permanent record of the excursion of the diaphragmatic surface is obtained. This method has the additional advantage of providing a two-dimensional display of the upper abdominal quadrant, which may reveal the nature of the underlying disease process.", "contents": "Echographic evaluation of diaphragmatic motion in intra-abdominal diseases. Movement of the diaphragm can be evaluated with diagnostic ultrasound using B- and M-mode techniques. Ultrasonic scanning is a highly sensitive method of demonstrating generalized or localized abnormalities of diaphragmatic motion and is superior to fluoroscopy in several respects. There is no exposure to ionizing radiations, and a permanent record of the excursion of the diaphragmatic surface is obtained. This method has the additional advantage of providing a two-dimensional display of the upper abdominal quadrant, which may reveal the nature of the underlying disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:1208855", "title": "The late consequences of successful cancer treatment given children and adolescents.", "content": "In managing malignant disease in children, one must keep in mind the unfavorable consequences that may be produced by chemotherapy and radiation therapy and which may require months or years to become manifest.", "contents": "The late consequences of successful cancer treatment given children and adolescents. In managing malignant disease in children, one must keep in mind the unfavorable consequences that may be produced by chemotherapy and radiation therapy and which may require months or years to become manifest."}
{"id": "PMID:1208856", "title": "Possible genetic consequences of irradiation of tumors in childhood.", "content": "Dysgenic and radiation-induced types of genetic risks are evaluated for the progeny of persons who received childhood tumor therapy. The dysgenic risks may be quite high for certain types of tumors. The genetic defects of greatest concern following paternal irradiation are likely to be those caused by dominant mutations and unbalanced translocations, whereas chromosomal trisomies may be most important following maternal irradiation. Ways of alleviating these risks are discussed.", "contents": "Possible genetic consequences of irradiation of tumors in childhood. Dysgenic and radiation-induced types of genetic risks are evaluated for the progeny of persons who received childhood tumor therapy. The dysgenic risks may be quite high for certain types of tumors. The genetic defects of greatest concern following paternal irradiation are likely to be those caused by dominant mutations and unbalanced translocations, whereas chromosomal trisomies may be most important following maternal irradiation. Ways of alleviating these risks are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208857", "title": "Non-oncogenic sequelae of cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "The delayed effects of anticancer drugs and late complications in 334 long-term survivors of childhood cancer were reviewed. Sequelae associated with chemotherapy were uncommon. Two men in the series exhibited disorders in reproductive function, possibly due to chlorambucil. A third male patient had cyclophosphamide-induced hematuria which persisted for two years after cessation of therapy. Other abnormalities were renal, hepatic, skeletal and cardiopulmonary, ascribed chiefly to radiotherapy, although the deleterious effect of drugs on irradiated organs cannot be excluded. The data indicate that the skillful and judicious application of chemotherapeutic agents produces a minimum of delayed consequences.", "contents": "Non-oncogenic sequelae of cancer chemotherapy. The delayed effects of anticancer drugs and late complications in 334 long-term survivors of childhood cancer were reviewed. Sequelae associated with chemotherapy were uncommon. Two men in the series exhibited disorders in reproductive function, possibly due to chlorambucil. A third male patient had cyclophosphamide-induced hematuria which persisted for two years after cessation of therapy. Other abnormalities were renal, hepatic, skeletal and cardiopulmonary, ascribed chiefly to radiotherapy, although the deleterious effect of drugs on irradiated organs cannot be excluded. The data indicate that the skillful and judicious application of chemotherapeutic agents produces a minimum of delayed consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:1208858", "title": "Uterine sarcoma.", "content": "Thirty-four cases of uterine sarcoma were studied with regard to their pathologic characteristics and response to treatment. Pathologic features did not always correlate with subsequent course. Combined therapy seems to enhance two-year survival in endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS), although some patients may have low-grade tumors and hence represent a more favorable group. Adjuvant irradiation may improve local control rates in some mixed mesodermal sarcomas (MMS), but does not add appreciably to survival. It is of doubtful benefit in the leiomyosarcoma (LMS) group. When irradiation is employed, preoperative therapy is preferred except in the highly malignant mixed mesodermal sarcomas where prompt surgery seems indicated first. Supplemental brachytherapy may also be employed.", "contents": "Uterine sarcoma. Thirty-four cases of uterine sarcoma were studied with regard to their pathologic characteristics and response to treatment. Pathologic features did not always correlate with subsequent course. Combined therapy seems to enhance two-year survival in endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS), although some patients may have low-grade tumors and hence represent a more favorable group. Adjuvant irradiation may improve local control rates in some mixed mesodermal sarcomas (MMS), but does not add appreciably to survival. It is of doubtful benefit in the leiomyosarcoma (LMS) group. When irradiation is employed, preoperative therapy is preferred except in the highly malignant mixed mesodermal sarcomas where prompt surgery seems indicated first. Supplemental brachytherapy may also be employed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208859", "title": "Exploitation of kinetic differences between normal and malignant cells.", "content": "Some of the differences in the proliferative kinetics of normal and malignant tissues may be used to increase radiation damage to tumor cells. Of these various possibilities, some are still at a theoretical stage (mainly because there are no means of obtaining the needed data) but others, notably those involving a combination of cycle-linked chemotherapeutic and/or radiosensitizing drugs with radiation, may be exploitable now with the expectation of clinical benefit.", "contents": "Exploitation of kinetic differences between normal and malignant cells. Some of the differences in the proliferative kinetics of normal and malignant tissues may be used to increase radiation damage to tumor cells. Of these various possibilities, some are still at a theoretical stage (mainly because there are no means of obtaining the needed data) but others, notably those involving a combination of cycle-linked chemotherapeutic and/or radiosensitizing drugs with radiation, may be exploitable now with the expectation of clinical benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:1208860", "title": "Cell cycle redistribution as a factor in multifraction irradiation.", "content": "In the redistribution of cells through the division cycle between dose fractions, the sensitizing effect is greatest when small doses per fraction are used. Since nonproliferating tissues limit the dose in radiotherapy and will not be sensitized by redistribution, the more the dose is fractionated and the lower the dose per fraction, the better. However, regenerative response in the tumor could limit its radiocurability if overall treatment time were protracted. This could be circumvented if two or more fractions were given daily, allowing time for redistribution; the probability of irradiating cycling cells in sensitive phases would then be increased.", "contents": "Cell cycle redistribution as a factor in multifraction irradiation. In the redistribution of cells through the division cycle between dose fractions, the sensitizing effect is greatest when small doses per fraction are used. Since nonproliferating tissues limit the dose in radiotherapy and will not be sensitized by redistribution, the more the dose is fractionated and the lower the dose per fraction, the better. However, regenerative response in the tumor could limit its radiocurability if overall treatment time were protracted. This could be circumvented if two or more fractions were given daily, allowing time for redistribution; the probability of irradiating cycling cells in sensitive phases would then be increased."}
{"id": "PMID:1208861", "title": "Radiotherapy and chemotherapy: some parallels and differences.", "content": "The effects of exposure to ionizing radiations and to various chemotherapeutic agents on the survival of mammalian cells are compared. The relative importance of the cells' sensitivity, age response, proliferative state, and degree of oxygenation and the contributions of kinetic and repair phenomena are examined. Cell killing by high-LET radiations is influenced least by cellular or kinetic factors; thus tumors should show a relatively homogeneous response to this modality, while time-dose relationships should be of least importance. The effectiveness of antimetabolite therapy depends critically on the choice of the correct agents and on tailoring drug administration to the kinetics of both normal and malignant tissue.", "contents": "Radiotherapy and chemotherapy: some parallels and differences. The effects of exposure to ionizing radiations and to various chemotherapeutic agents on the survival of mammalian cells are compared. The relative importance of the cells' sensitivity, age response, proliferative state, and degree of oxygenation and the contributions of kinetic and repair phenomena are examined. Cell killing by high-LET radiations is influenced least by cellular or kinetic factors; thus tumors should show a relatively homogeneous response to this modality, while time-dose relationships should be of least importance. The effectiveness of antimetabolite therapy depends critically on the choice of the correct agents and on tailoring drug administration to the kinetics of both normal and malignant tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1208862", "title": "Cell population kinetics in radiation therapy: relationship of cellular surviving fraction to RBE and OER.", "content": "A two-component multitarget model of cellular radiation lethality was used to predict the effects of changing LET and oxygenation. It was assumed that with high-LET radiations there is a greater probability of direct and irreparable events and that hypoxia reduces the number of chemically-mediated indirect and reversible events. Cellular surviving fractions, relative biological effectiveness, and oxygen enhancement ratios were computed on this basis and compared with published experimental data. The model and program were then used to generate isoeffect curves for photons and neutrons, oxygenated and anoxic states, and various specific tissues and tumors.", "contents": "Cell population kinetics in radiation therapy: relationship of cellular surviving fraction to RBE and OER. A two-component multitarget model of cellular radiation lethality was used to predict the effects of changing LET and oxygenation. It was assumed that with high-LET radiations there is a greater probability of direct and irreparable events and that hypoxia reduces the number of chemically-mediated indirect and reversible events. Cellular surviving fractions, relative biological effectiveness, and oxygen enhancement ratios were computed on this basis and compared with published experimental data. The model and program were then used to generate isoeffect curves for photons and neutrons, oxygenated and anoxic states, and various specific tissues and tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:1208863", "title": "Cell kinetics, models, and cancer treatment--some principles for the radiation oncologist.", "content": "The radiation oncologist must attempt to apply the developments in the laboratory to the clinical situation in a manner that will result in a therapeutic gain. The possible influences of radiation fractionation and protraction, cell renewal and recruitment of normal or tumor tissues, differences in acute and late radiation effects and possible chemotherapy-radiation interactions are all factors that can affect the ultimate result. In order to develop a therapeutic gain, the effect on the tumor must be greater than on the normal tissues.", "contents": "Cell kinetics, models, and cancer treatment--some principles for the radiation oncologist. The radiation oncologist must attempt to apply the developments in the laboratory to the clinical situation in a manner that will result in a therapeutic gain. The possible influences of radiation fractionation and protraction, cell renewal and recruitment of normal or tumor tissues, differences in acute and late radiation effects and possible chemotherapy-radiation interactions are all factors that can affect the ultimate result. In order to develop a therapeutic gain, the effect on the tumor must be greater than on the normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1208864", "title": "The prevention of Ehrlich ascites tumor using intraperitoneal colloidal 198Au. Dose vs. size of inoculum.", "content": "Previous work has shown that radioactive colloids can cure Ehrlich ascites tumor. In this experiment, the dose of colloidal 198Au needed has been correlated with the number of tumor cells inoculated. On Day 1, varying numbers of Ehrlich cells (10(2), 10(3), 10(4), 10(5), 10(6)) were injected intraperitoneally into 310 BALB/c male mice. Two hours later, varying doses (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 muCi) of 198Au were injected intraperitoneally. Controls were injected with normal saline. Generally, the lower cell inoculums and higher doses of 198Au yielded better survival rates.", "contents": "The prevention of Ehrlich ascites tumor using intraperitoneal colloidal 198Au. Dose vs. size of inoculum. Previous work has shown that radioactive colloids can cure Ehrlich ascites tumor. In this experiment, the dose of colloidal 198Au needed has been correlated with the number of tumor cells inoculated. On Day 1, varying numbers of Ehrlich cells (10(2), 10(3), 10(4), 10(5), 10(6)) were injected intraperitoneally into 310 BALB/c male mice. Two hours later, varying doses (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 muCi) of 198Au were injected intraperitoneally. Controls were injected with normal saline. Generally, the lower cell inoculums and higher doses of 198Au yielded better survival rates."}
{"id": "PMID:1208865", "title": "Instant selective arterial occlusion with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate.", "content": "Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (IBC) delivered selectively in small doses produced immediate occlusion of the injected arteries in dogs without significant undesired sequelae. In one patient, pelvic hemorrhage was promptly stopped by a similar technique. In another patient, who was on chronic renal dialysis and judged too ill for nephrectomy, IBC occluded both renal arteries and terminated a life-threatening renal protein loss.", "contents": "Instant selective arterial occlusion with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate. Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (IBC) delivered selectively in small doses produced immediate occlusion of the injected arteries in dogs without significant undesired sequelae. In one patient, pelvic hemorrhage was promptly stopped by a similar technique. In another patient, who was on chronic renal dialysis and judged too ill for nephrectomy, IBC occluded both renal arteries and terminated a life-threatening renal protein loss."}
{"id": "PMID:1208866", "title": "Multiple gastric ulcers: a radiographic sign of benignity?", "content": "Twenty-nine cases of multiple synchronous gastric ulcers are reviewed. Twenty-three were benign and 6 were malignant. Seven illustrative cases are presented. Multiplicity of gastric ulcers is not a reliable sign of benignity and may complicate rather than clarify diagnostic evaluation.", "contents": "Multiple gastric ulcers: a radiographic sign of benignity? Twenty-nine cases of multiple synchronous gastric ulcers are reviewed. Twenty-three were benign and 6 were malignant. Seven illustrative cases are presented. Multiplicity of gastric ulcers is not a reliable sign of benignity and may complicate rather than clarify diagnostic evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1208867", "title": "Controversy, alternatives, and decisions in complying with the legal doctrine of informed consent.", "content": "The complexities involved in conforming with the legal doctrine of informed consent at present are seemingly limitless. This communication is designed to acquaint the physician attempting to comply with this legal doctrine with an experience gained during the last four years. The major points are aimed at the most frequently asked questions and decisions involved in its implementation. An alternative approach to the question of how and whom to inform is provided, which may make the task easier for those seeking to inform their patients.", "contents": "Controversy, alternatives, and decisions in complying with the legal doctrine of informed consent. The complexities involved in conforming with the legal doctrine of informed consent at present are seemingly limitless. This communication is designed to acquaint the physician attempting to comply with this legal doctrine with an experience gained during the last four years. The major points are aimed at the most frequently asked questions and decisions involved in its implementation. An alternative approach to the question of how and whom to inform is provided, which may make the task easier for those seeking to inform their patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1208868", "title": "Peliosis hepatitis.", "content": "The angiographic findings in a patient with peliosis hepatitis are described. Histologically, multiple blood-filled cystic spaces are seen, often communicating with the hepatic sinusoids. There is evidence that steroid therapy may be a causative factor. The differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Peliosis hepatitis. The angiographic findings in a patient with peliosis hepatitis are described. Histologically, multiple blood-filled cystic spaces are seen, often communicating with the hepatic sinusoids. There is evidence that steroid therapy may be a causative factor. The differential diagnosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208869", "title": "Radiographic evaluation of patients with schistosomiasis.", "content": "Plain films of the abdomen in advanced states of schistosomiasis reveal massive splenomegaly without evidence of splenic calcification. The liver may be enlarged in the early stages but ultimately decreases and becomes small. Ascites is evident in far advanced disease. Chest films are negative in the early stages, but in advanced disease, dilated pulmonary arteries, right ventricular enlargement, and dilatation of the azygous vein may be recognized. Granulomata are seen as multiple small rounded densities scattered throughout both lung fields. The routine barium swallow will reveal unsuspected esophageal varices. Nine patients were studied preoperatively by panhepatic angiography and 14 post-operatively following splenorenal shunt. Thrombosis of the shunt and hepatic encephalopathy were common postoperative complications.", "contents": "Radiographic evaluation of patients with schistosomiasis. Plain films of the abdomen in advanced states of schistosomiasis reveal massive splenomegaly without evidence of splenic calcification. The liver may be enlarged in the early stages but ultimately decreases and becomes small. Ascites is evident in far advanced disease. Chest films are negative in the early stages, but in advanced disease, dilated pulmonary arteries, right ventricular enlargement, and dilatation of the azygous vein may be recognized. Granulomata are seen as multiple small rounded densities scattered throughout both lung fields. The routine barium swallow will reveal unsuspected esophageal varices. Nine patients were studied preoperatively by panhepatic angiography and 14 post-operatively following splenorenal shunt. Thrombosis of the shunt and hepatic encephalopathy were common postoperative complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1208870", "title": "Roentgenographic manifestations of methadone-induced pulmonary edema.", "content": "Twenty cases of methadone-induced pulmonary edema confirmed by clinical, laboratory and roentgenographic findings were extensively reviewed and the roentgenographic manifestations defined in terms of patterns, distribution, and duration of the process. Drug tolerance is a major factor in determining the severity of toxicity. Roentgenographic clearing in 48 hours or less, clinical improvement and pathogen-free sputum aspirates serve to differentiate edema from pneumonia.", "contents": "Roentgenographic manifestations of methadone-induced pulmonary edema. Twenty cases of methadone-induced pulmonary edema confirmed by clinical, laboratory and roentgenographic findings were extensively reviewed and the roentgenographic manifestations defined in terms of patterns, distribution, and duration of the process. Drug tolerance is a major factor in determining the severity of toxicity. Roentgenographic clearing in 48 hours or less, clinical improvement and pathogen-free sputum aspirates serve to differentiate edema from pneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:1208871", "title": "Coronary vascular patterns during occlusion arteriography.", "content": "The arteriograms from 18 studies in which the catheter accidentally occluded the right coronary artery were analyzed and compared with successful studies in 25 patients with normal coronary arteries and 20 patients with coronary artery stenosis. The occlusion arteriograms showed distinct early filling of the anterior cardiac veins and occasionally retrograde filling of the left circumflex artery. Although there were no serious complications due to occlusion arteriography in our patients, the potential for producing ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest must be borne in mind. Angiographers should be aware of these filling patterns in order to recognize them as artifacts of the technique and not as manifestations of disease.", "contents": "Coronary vascular patterns during occlusion arteriography. The arteriograms from 18 studies in which the catheter accidentally occluded the right coronary artery were analyzed and compared with successful studies in 25 patients with normal coronary arteries and 20 patients with coronary artery stenosis. The occlusion arteriograms showed distinct early filling of the anterior cardiac veins and occasionally retrograde filling of the left circumflex artery. Although there were no serious complications due to occlusion arteriography in our patients, the potential for producing ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest must be borne in mind. Angiographers should be aware of these filling patterns in order to recognize them as artifacts of the technique and not as manifestations of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1208872", "title": "Lymphangiographic findings in histoplasmosis.", "content": "The lymphangiographic findings of histoplasmosis in an 11-year-old girl are presented and correlated with the histopathology of a mediastinal lymph node. Nonconfluent lymphadenographic defects with discrete margins measuring 2-4 mm in diameter were seen, corresponding to the microscopic demonstration of nodal granulomas of the same size. This is quite different from the lymphadenographic pattern usually present in lymphoma but might be seen in certain stages of other granulomatosis diseases.", "contents": "Lymphangiographic findings in histoplasmosis. The lymphangiographic findings of histoplasmosis in an 11-year-old girl are presented and correlated with the histopathology of a mediastinal lymph node. Nonconfluent lymphadenographic defects with discrete margins measuring 2-4 mm in diameter were seen, corresponding to the microscopic demonstration of nodal granulomas of the same size. This is quite different from the lymphadenographic pattern usually present in lymphoma but might be seen in certain stages of other granulomatosis diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1208873", "title": "Early-onset gouty arthritis.", "content": "Five cases of early-onset gouty arthritis are presented, with roentgenographic abnormalities evident in the first two decades of life. Three patients suffered from \"primary\" gout; classification of the other two patients was difficlut because of associated mental retardation, hypothyroidism and psoriasis. Radiographic alterations included soft-tissue masses and calcification, with typical erosive abnormalities and predilection for the hands and feet. The sacroiliac joints were abnormal in two patients.", "contents": "Early-onset gouty arthritis. Five cases of early-onset gouty arthritis are presented, with roentgenographic abnormalities evident in the first two decades of life. Three patients suffered from \"primary\" gout; classification of the other two patients was difficlut because of associated mental retardation, hypothyroidism and psoriasis. Radiographic alterations included soft-tissue masses and calcification, with typical erosive abnormalities and predilection for the hands and feet. The sacroiliac joints were abnormal in two patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1208874", "title": "A positron-emission transaxial tomograph for nuclear imaging (PETT).", "content": "An apparatus was developed for obtaining emission transaxial images of sections of organs containing positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. The detection system is a hexagonal array of 24 NaI(T1) detectors connected to coincidence circuits to achieve the \"electronic\" collimation of annihilation photons. The image is formed by a computer-applied algorithm which provides quantitative reconstruction of the distribution of activity. Computer simulations, phantom and animal studies show that this approach is capable of providing images of better contrast and resolution than are obtained with scintillation cameras. Advantages of positron vs. single photon reconstruction tomography are discussed.", "contents": "A positron-emission transaxial tomograph for nuclear imaging (PETT). An apparatus was developed for obtaining emission transaxial images of sections of organs containing positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. The detection system is a hexagonal array of 24 NaI(T1) detectors connected to coincidence circuits to achieve the \"electronic\" collimation of annihilation photons. The image is formed by a computer-applied algorithm which provides quantitative reconstruction of the distribution of activity. Computer simulations, phantom and animal studies show that this approach is capable of providing images of better contrast and resolution than are obtained with scintillation cameras. Advantages of positron vs. single photon reconstruction tomography are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208879", "title": "Effects of indomethacin and prostaglandin F2alpha on parturition in the hamster.", "content": "In the hamster administration of indomethacin twice a day on days 14 to 16 of pregnancy delayed the onset of parturition; a delay of 5 and 8 hours was observed following treatments of 300 or 600 mug/injection of indomethacin, respectively. Injection of PGF2alpha to the indomethacin treated hamsters on day 15 of pregnancy, on the other hand, advanced the onset of parturition. Treatments of indomethacin and/or PGF2alpha did not affect the duration of parturition.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin and prostaglandin F2alpha on parturition in the hamster. In the hamster administration of indomethacin twice a day on days 14 to 16 of pregnancy delayed the onset of parturition; a delay of 5 and 8 hours was observed following treatments of 300 or 600 mug/injection of indomethacin, respectively. Injection of PGF2alpha to the indomethacin treated hamsters on day 15 of pregnancy, on the other hand, advanced the onset of parturition. Treatments of indomethacin and/or PGF2alpha did not affect the duration of parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:1208880", "title": "Induction of term labor with intravenous prostaglandin F2alpha (a comparison of two dosage schedules).", "content": "The efficacy of intravenous Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) infusion for induction of labor in two different dosage schedules was studied in 90 women between 36 and 43 weeks of gestation. The rate of PGF2alpha infusion was increased at four-hour intervals in 36 women in the low dosage group and every hour in 54 women in the high dosage group, never exceeding an infusion rate of 20 mug/min. in either group. Labor was successfully induced in approximately 90% of the patients in each group. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean induction-delivery interval between the two groups at the 5 percent level. Intravenous PGF2alpha was found to be effective and safe for both mother and infant in the dosage schedules used in this study for induction of labor.", "contents": "Induction of term labor with intravenous prostaglandin F2alpha (a comparison of two dosage schedules). The efficacy of intravenous Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) infusion for induction of labor in two different dosage schedules was studied in 90 women between 36 and 43 weeks of gestation. The rate of PGF2alpha infusion was increased at four-hour intervals in 36 women in the low dosage group and every hour in 54 women in the high dosage group, never exceeding an infusion rate of 20 mug/min. in either group. Labor was successfully induced in approximately 90% of the patients in each group. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean induction-delivery interval between the two groups at the 5 percent level. Intravenous PGF2alpha was found to be effective and safe for both mother and infant in the dosage schedules used in this study for induction of labor."}
{"id": "PMID:1208881", "title": "Serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha in the induction of abortion.", "content": "Abortion was successfully induced in 62 of 68 patients in the 9th to the 26th week of pregnancy be serial intramuscular administration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (15-ME-PGF2alpha). In 6 patients who failed to abort after 24 hours of prostaglandin administration, a concomitant infusion of oxytocin was initiated; 5 of these patients aborted within 12 hours of the combined therapy. A single patient failed to abort, even with the combined therapy, and underwent surgical evacuation. The mean abortion time in the 67 successful inductions was 14.56 hours. Parous patients aborted somewhat fasteter, mean 13.98 hours, as compared to nulliparous patients, mean 15.02 hours, but this difference was not statistically significant. In this study initial intramuscular injection of 100 mug 15-ME-PGF2alpha was followed in 1 hour by 250 mug and then 250 mug every 2 hours with concomitant oxytocin therapy initiated after 24 hours. The results with this dose schedule were compared to the results obtained in a previous study with a higher dose schedule, an initial dose of 100 mug 15-ME-PGF2alpha, followed in 1 hour by 250 mug then 500 mug every 2 hours. There was significant difference in the mean abortion time and the incidence of side effects between the 2 dose schedules. The mean abortion time for patients with gestational ages 16 weeks and less was the same with both dose schedules, however patients with gestational ages of 17 weeks and higher aborted somewhat faster with the higher dose schedule. It might therefore be advisable for patients with gestations of 17 weeks and higher to be treated with the higher dose schedule. In earlier gestations patients could be started on the  lower schedule, and if abortion had not occurred within 15 hours the dose of 15-ME-PGF2alpha could then be increased to 500 mug every 2 hours.", "contents": "Serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha in the induction of abortion. Abortion was successfully induced in 62 of 68 patients in the 9th to the 26th week of pregnancy be serial intramuscular administration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (15-ME-PGF2alpha). In 6 patients who failed to abort after 24 hours of prostaglandin administration, a concomitant infusion of oxytocin was initiated; 5 of these patients aborted within 12 hours of the combined therapy. A single patient failed to abort, even with the combined therapy, and underwent surgical evacuation. The mean abortion time in the 67 successful inductions was 14.56 hours. Parous patients aborted somewhat fasteter, mean 13.98 hours, as compared to nulliparous patients, mean 15.02 hours, but this difference was not statistically significant. In this study initial intramuscular injection of 100 mug 15-ME-PGF2alpha was followed in 1 hour by 250 mug and then 250 mug every 2 hours with concomitant oxytocin therapy initiated after 24 hours. The results with this dose schedule were compared to the results obtained in a previous study with a higher dose schedule, an initial dose of 100 mug 15-ME-PGF2alpha, followed in 1 hour by 250 mug then 500 mug every 2 hours. There was significant difference in the mean abortion time and the incidence of side effects between the 2 dose schedules. The mean abortion time for patients with gestational ages 16 weeks and less was the same with both dose schedules, however patients with gestational ages of 17 weeks and higher aborted somewhat faster with the higher dose schedule. It might therefore be advisable for patients with gestations of 17 weeks and higher to be treated with the higher dose schedule. In earlier gestations patients could be started on the  lower schedule, and if abortion had not occurred within 15 hours the dose of 15-ME-PGF2alpha could then be increased to 500 mug every 2 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:1208882", "title": "Induction of midtrimester abortion by serial intravaginal administration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (THAM) suppositories.", "content": "Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in 13 of 22 patients by serial intravaginal administration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (THAM) suppositories. Nine patients, 4 nulliparas and 5 multiparas, failed to abort after 24 hours of prostaglandin administration and a concomitant infusion of oxytocin was initiated. Seven of the nine patients aborted within 7 hours of the combined therapy and one patient on methadone maintainence aborted after 17.5 hours of combined therapy, 41.5 hours after the first dose of prostaglandin. A single patient failed to abort, despite the concomitant prostaglandin-oxytocin administration and underwent surgical evacuation. The mean abortion time for the 21 successful abortions was 22.56 hours. Nulliparous patients aborted somewhat faster, mean 21.79 hours, than multiparous patients, mean 23.80 hours, but this difference was not statistically significant. In this study, one patient aborted in less than 12 hours, and 62% of the successful cases aborted within 24 hours. The plasma levels of 15-ME-PGF2alpha were analyzed by radioimmunoassay in 10 patients. Plasma prostaglandin levels rose significantly 30 minutes after the insertion of the first suppository, but there was a wide variation in levels from patient to patient. It was observed that the 2 patients with the highest levels had the fastest abortion times and episodes of gastro-intestinal side effects appeared related to a rise in prostaglandin levels. Sixty-four percent of the patients in this study had no gastro-intestinal side effect related to prostaglandin administration.", "contents": "Induction of midtrimester abortion by serial intravaginal administration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (THAM) suppositories. Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in 13 of 22 patients by serial intravaginal administration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (THAM) suppositories. Nine patients, 4 nulliparas and 5 multiparas, failed to abort after 24 hours of prostaglandin administration and a concomitant infusion of oxytocin was initiated. Seven of the nine patients aborted within 7 hours of the combined therapy and one patient on methadone maintainence aborted after 17.5 hours of combined therapy, 41.5 hours after the first dose of prostaglandin. A single patient failed to abort, despite the concomitant prostaglandin-oxytocin administration and underwent surgical evacuation. The mean abortion time for the 21 successful abortions was 22.56 hours. Nulliparous patients aborted somewhat faster, mean 21.79 hours, than multiparous patients, mean 23.80 hours, but this difference was not statistically significant. In this study, one patient aborted in less than 12 hours, and 62% of the successful cases aborted within 24 hours. The plasma levels of 15-ME-PGF2alpha were analyzed by radioimmunoassay in 10 patients. Plasma prostaglandin levels rose significantly 30 minutes after the insertion of the first suppository, but there was a wide variation in levels from patient to patient. It was observed that the 2 patients with the highest levels had the fastest abortion times and episodes of gastro-intestinal side effects appeared related to a rise in prostaglandin levels. Sixty-four percent of the patients in this study had no gastro-intestinal side effect related to prostaglandin administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1208883", "title": "Prostaglandin levels in endometrial jet wash specimens in patients with dysmenorrhea before and after indomethacin therapy.", "content": "A patient with functional primary dysmenorrhea of over two years duration was subjected to the endometrial jet wash technique during the period of active menstrual flow. Prostaglandin F analysis of the jet washings revealed significantly elevated levels during menstruation over normal control levels. Following indomethacin therapy, jet wash prostaglandin F levels were dramatically reduced and the patient became asymptomatic. A cause and effect relationsship between prostaglandin F and dysmenorrhea is suggested by these studied.", "contents": "Prostaglandin levels in endometrial jet wash specimens in patients with dysmenorrhea before and after indomethacin therapy. A patient with functional primary dysmenorrhea of over two years duration was subjected to the endometrial jet wash technique during the period of active menstrual flow. Prostaglandin F analysis of the jet washings revealed significantly elevated levels during menstruation over normal control levels. Following indomethacin therapy, jet wash prostaglandin F levels were dramatically reduced and the patient became asymptomatic. A cause and effect relationsship between prostaglandin F and dysmenorrhea is suggested by these studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1208884", "title": "Prostaglandin F levels in endometrial jet wash specimens during the normal human menstrual cycle.", "content": "The Gravlee endometrial jet wash technique has been used to collect uterine fluid in normal human volunteers for Prostaglandin F analysis throughout the human menstrual cycle. Uterine washings so obtained demonstrated a cyclicity in prostaglandin F content with low concentrations found during the proliferative phase and a 3-4 fold rise occurring during the secretory phase. Menstrual fluid prostaglandin F content collected with the jet wash technique gave the highest total concentrations.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F levels in endometrial jet wash specimens during the normal human menstrual cycle. The Gravlee endometrial jet wash technique has been used to collect uterine fluid in normal human volunteers for Prostaglandin F analysis throughout the human menstrual cycle. Uterine washings so obtained demonstrated a cyclicity in prostaglandin F content with low concentrations found during the proliferative phase and a 3-4 fold rise occurring during the secretory phase. Menstrual fluid prostaglandin F content collected with the jet wash technique gave the highest total concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1208885", "title": "Anti-implantation effect of prostaglandins in the rat.", "content": "PGF2alpha and PGE2 have been instilled in small amounts (5mug) into the uterine horns of pregnant rats at different intervals following mating. Unilateral as well as bilateral injections have been used. Three parameters have been taken into consideration at laparotomy performed on the 13th day of pregnancy: a) the number of implantation sites; b) the number of viable fetuses; and c) the number of corpora lutea present on the ovarian surface. Both PGs proved able to inhibit implantation, to affect the development of embryos and to exert some luteolytic activity when given between D-1 and D-6 of pregnancy.", "contents": "Anti-implantation effect of prostaglandins in the rat. PGF2alpha and PGE2 have been instilled in small amounts (5mug) into the uterine horns of pregnant rats at different intervals following mating. Unilateral as well as bilateral injections have been used. Three parameters have been taken into consideration at laparotomy performed on the 13th day of pregnancy: a) the number of implantation sites; b) the number of viable fetuses; and c) the number of corpora lutea present on the ovarian surface. Both PGs proved able to inhibit implantation, to affect the development of embryos and to exert some luteolytic activity when given between D-1 and D-6 of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1208886", "title": "Stimulation and inhibition of biosynthesis of prostaglandins in human skin by some hydroxyethylated rutosides.", "content": "The effect of some hydroxyethylated rutosides on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins was studied in the microsomal fraction of human skin homogenates. Microsomes were incubated with mono-0-hydroxyethyl-7-rutoside (mono-7-HR), di-0-hydroxyethyl-7',4-rutoside (di-HR), tri-0-hydroxyethyl-7,3',4'-rutoside (tri-7,3',4'-HR), tetra-0-hydroxyethyl-5,7,3',4'-rutoside (tetra-HR) and a mixture of hydroxyethylated compounds (HR). Prostaglandins were determined by bioassay after organic solvent extraction and silicic acid chromatography of the incubates. Mono-7-HR, di-HR and HR stimulated the biosynthesis. In contrast, tri-7,3',4'-HR and tetra-HR inhibited the formation of prostaglandins. Previously effects have been reported on inflammatory reactions and aggregation of thrombocytes by these compounds. Some of these effects may be explained by changes in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Stimulation and inhibition of biosynthesis of prostaglandins in human skin by some hydroxyethylated rutosides. The effect of some hydroxyethylated rutosides on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins was studied in the microsomal fraction of human skin homogenates. Microsomes were incubated with mono-0-hydroxyethyl-7-rutoside (mono-7-HR), di-0-hydroxyethyl-7',4-rutoside (di-HR), tri-0-hydroxyethyl-7,3',4'-rutoside (tri-7,3',4'-HR), tetra-0-hydroxyethyl-5,7,3',4'-rutoside (tetra-HR) and a mixture of hydroxyethylated compounds (HR). Prostaglandins were determined by bioassay after organic solvent extraction and silicic acid chromatography of the incubates. Mono-7-HR, di-HR and HR stimulated the biosynthesis. In contrast, tri-7,3',4'-HR and tetra-HR inhibited the formation of prostaglandins. Previously effects have been reported on inflammatory reactions and aggregation of thrombocytes by these compounds. Some of these effects may be explained by changes in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:1208887", "title": "Changes in prostaglandin concentration in blood subjected to repetitive freezing and thawing.", "content": "Successive freezing and thawing of whole blood results in a consistently higher yield of various prostaglandin (PG) compounds. Evaluations were made with radioimmunological assay. The increase in PG concentrations seems to be more associated with cell fragmentation and not with the dissociation of albumin-PG complex. Our data suggest that there may be some dissociation of non-albumin-PG complexes. Artifactually high PG concentrations due to in vitro PG synthetase activity appears minimal at least with respect to indomethacin blocking of this enzyme. There are, in general, only slight differences in PG concentrations in samples with and without indomethacin.", "contents": "Changes in prostaglandin concentration in blood subjected to repetitive freezing and thawing. Successive freezing and thawing of whole blood results in a consistently higher yield of various prostaglandin (PG) compounds. Evaluations were made with radioimmunological assay. The increase in PG concentrations seems to be more associated with cell fragmentation and not with the dissociation of albumin-PG complex. Our data suggest that there may be some dissociation of non-albumin-PG complexes. Artifactually high PG concentrations due to in vitro PG synthetase activity appears minimal at least with respect to indomethacin blocking of this enzyme. There are, in general, only slight differences in PG concentrations in samples with and without indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:1208888", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins of the E-series on pulmonary and systemic circulations of newborn goats during normoxia and hypoxia.", "content": "Effects of exogenous prostaglandins of the E-series on pulmonary and systemic circulations of newborn goats were investigated during normoxia and hypoxia. Pulmonary arterial infusion of prostaglandins E1 and E2 decreased pulmonary vascular resistance 20% and 14%, respectively, without systemic effects. Prostaglandin E1 abolished the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia. Prostaglandin E2 was less effective in counteracting this hypoxic response. The increased pulmonary vascular resistance and augmented response to hypoxia following indomethacin administration was reversed by prostaglandin E1. Infusion of prostaglandin E1 directly into the pulmonary circulation may be of benefit to the distressed newborn with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins of the E-series on pulmonary and systemic circulations of newborn goats during normoxia and hypoxia. Effects of exogenous prostaglandins of the E-series on pulmonary and systemic circulations of newborn goats were investigated during normoxia and hypoxia. Pulmonary arterial infusion of prostaglandins E1 and E2 decreased pulmonary vascular resistance 20% and 14%, respectively, without systemic effects. Prostaglandin E1 abolished the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia. Prostaglandin E2 was less effective in counteracting this hypoxic response. The increased pulmonary vascular resistance and augmented response to hypoxia following indomethacin administration was reversed by prostaglandin E1. Infusion of prostaglandin E1 directly into the pulmonary circulation may be of benefit to the distressed newborn with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:1208889", "title": "[Concepts and advantages of short tests in psychopathology].", "content": "The term 'short test' (Kurztest) can signify a number of diverse concepts. An attempt was made to arrange these concepts systematically. This may have practical significance, as short tests in psychopathology assume growing importance and the terminology for purposes of communication will become more differentiated and precise. Short tests need not be of lower quality than normal procedures. On the contrary, particularly in the area of psychopathology, short tests can have a higher validity and reliability.", "contents": "[Concepts and advantages of short tests in psychopathology]. The term 'short test' (Kurztest) can signify a number of diverse concepts. An attempt was made to arrange these concepts systematically. This may have practical significance, as short tests in psychopathology assume growing importance and the terminology for purposes of communication will become more differentiated and precise. Short tests need not be of lower quality than normal procedures. On the contrary, particularly in the area of psychopathology, short tests can have a higher validity and reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:1208890", "title": "[Group experiment to investigate judgement-convergence and the assessment of reality in schizophrenics presented with visual stimuli].", "content": "Eight acute schizophrenics were examined individually and in groups as to their congruence of judgement and as to their accuracy in estimations in response to various visual stimuli; they were compared in these respects with neurotics. The analysis of variance of the power of judgement showed: (a) there was no difference in the two groups of patients beyond what could be expected by chance alone, and (b) the congruence of judgement was the same in both groups. The analysis of variance of the accuracy in estimations showed that with increasing numbers of stimuli in the visual field the schizophrenics became less and less precise in their estimates. It was demonstrated under what conditions social-psychological findings can be applied to schizophrenic psychoses.", "contents": "[Group experiment to investigate judgement-convergence and the assessment of reality in schizophrenics presented with visual stimuli]. Eight acute schizophrenics were examined individually and in groups as to their congruence of judgement and as to their accuracy in estimations in response to various visual stimuli; they were compared in these respects with neurotics. The analysis of variance of the power of judgement showed: (a) there was no difference in the two groups of patients beyond what could be expected by chance alone, and (b) the congruence of judgement was the same in both groups. The analysis of variance of the accuracy in estimations showed that with increasing numbers of stimuli in the visual field the schizophrenics became less and less precise in their estimates. It was demonstrated under what conditions social-psychological findings can be applied to schizophrenic psychoses."}
{"id": "PMID:1208891", "title": "[Delirium metabolicum and rigid involutional depression in older age].", "content": "A melancholic-schizophrenic mixed psychosis is described in a 64-year-old man. It was diagnosed as a 'rigid (or catatonic) involutional depression' (Medow, 1922), showing besides hypochondriacal, nihilistic and micromanic delusions, a transient delusional syndrome of 'Delirium metabolicum' (Mendel, 1902), with zo-anthropy. An attempt was made to avoid the differential diagnostic classification of that clinical picture into involutional melancholia (296.0) and paranoid psychosis of involutional age (197.1) which, as in so many psychoses of the older age groups, is quite inadequate. Thus the psychopathological phenomena of the psychosis, which after all are the only reliable data, were attributed on the one hand to the senile deterioration and slight but demonstrable arteriosclerosis of the brain, and on the other hand, to the conspicuous premorbid characteristics which correspond to an anankastic psychopathy with a depressive-inadequate basic mood. It was considered as likely that the Delirium metabolicum represented an exogenous (organic) psychotic syndrome, and that the precipitation of the psychosis as well as its development into an enfeebled endstate was due to an organic brain lesion, while the catatoniformpsychomotor phenomena and the melancholic stupor were crystalisations of traits in the premorbid personality.", "contents": "[Delirium metabolicum and rigid involutional depression in older age]. A melancholic-schizophrenic mixed psychosis is described in a 64-year-old man. It was diagnosed as a 'rigid (or catatonic) involutional depression' (Medow, 1922), showing besides hypochondriacal, nihilistic and micromanic delusions, a transient delusional syndrome of 'Delirium metabolicum' (Mendel, 1902), with zo-anthropy. An attempt was made to avoid the differential diagnostic classification of that clinical picture into involutional melancholia (296.0) and paranoid psychosis of involutional age (197.1) which, as in so many psychoses of the older age groups, is quite inadequate. Thus the psychopathological phenomena of the psychosis, which after all are the only reliable data, were attributed on the one hand to the senile deterioration and slight but demonstrable arteriosclerosis of the brain, and on the other hand, to the conspicuous premorbid characteristics which correspond to an anankastic psychopathy with a depressive-inadequate basic mood. It was considered as likely that the Delirium metabolicum represented an exogenous (organic) psychotic syndrome, and that the precipitation of the psychosis as well as its development into an enfeebled endstate was due to an organic brain lesion, while the catatoniformpsychomotor phenomena and the melancholic stupor were crystalisations of traits in the premorbid personality."}
{"id": "PMID:1208892", "title": "[Aggresive acts of psychiatric inpatients as reported by nursing staff. A retrospective study].", "content": "Method. Questionnaire method with reconstruction of the serious incidents by interview and documents. Results. 253 members of staff remembered 626 aggressive acts which happened to them in the course of a year. Slight acts were caused more often by women than by men, and were directed more frequently against the junior than the senior staff - contrasting in both points with the serious acts. One in every four qualified nurses over the age of 50 shows today a verifiable physical defect resulting from an aggressive act by a patient at one time or another. The clinical-psychological and therapeutic background and consequences of aggressive incidences are briefly presented.", "contents": "[Aggresive acts of psychiatric inpatients as reported by nursing staff. A retrospective study]. Method. Questionnaire method with reconstruction of the serious incidents by interview and documents. Results. 253 members of staff remembered 626 aggressive acts which happened to them in the course of a year. Slight acts were caused more often by women than by men, and were directed more frequently against the junior than the senior staff - contrasting in both points with the serious acts. One in every four qualified nurses over the age of 50 shows today a verifiable physical defect resulting from an aggressive act by a patient at one time or another. The clinical-psychological and therapeutic background and consequences of aggressive incidences are briefly presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1208893", "title": "[Methylphenidate addiction--Reversal of effect on withdrawal].", "content": "A case history of a prolonged ritalin addiction (18 years) is given, describing the symptoms and the diagnostic categorisation. Because of the remarkable, somewhat atypical withdrawal symptoms, it is suggested to conceive these withdrawal symptoms as an expression of a 'reversal of effect on withdrawal' in the sense of a continuing, independent manifestation of counter regulatory, protective and specific mechanisms.", "contents": "[Methylphenidate addiction--Reversal of effect on withdrawal]. A case history of a prolonged ritalin addiction (18 years) is given, describing the symptoms and the diagnostic categorisation. Because of the remarkable, somewhat atypical withdrawal symptoms, it is suggested to conceive these withdrawal symptoms as an expression of a 'reversal of effect on withdrawal' in the sense of a continuing, independent manifestation of counter regulatory, protective and specific mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1208894", "title": "[Long-term EEG investigations at the withdrawal of young polytoxicomanic addicts].", "content": "Serial EEG examinations (an average of three recordings in 14 weeks) are reported from adolescent inpatients (19 in number) who had been weaned of multiple drug abuse of an average duration of 2 years. At first examination seven had a normal EEG, 11 had a moderately abnormal EEG, and one had a markedly abnormal one. At final examination 13 had a normal EEG, five had a moderately abnormal EEG and three had definitely abnormal EEG's. The majority of the patients showed a decrease (significant at the 5% level), others an increase in EEG abnormalities. The relationship between the EEG changes in the course of the series on the one hand and the previous drug abuses is discussed.", "contents": "[Long-term EEG investigations at the withdrawal of young polytoxicomanic addicts]. Serial EEG examinations (an average of three recordings in 14 weeks) are reported from adolescent inpatients (19 in number) who had been weaned of multiple drug abuse of an average duration of 2 years. At first examination seven had a normal EEG, 11 had a moderately abnormal EEG, and one had a markedly abnormal one. At final examination 13 had a normal EEG, five had a moderately abnormal EEG and three had definitely abnormal EEG's. The majority of the patients showed a decrease (significant at the 5% level), others an increase in EEG abnormalities. The relationship between the EEG changes in the course of the series on the one hand and the previous drug abuses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208895", "title": "[Distribution of hepatitis B antigen in Cordoba, Argentina].", "content": "This article presents the results obtained in the search for the hepatitis B antigen by the counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique in sera of more than 50.000 persons from C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina. Groups of voluntary blood donors, general population, 20 years old army recruits, patients, with acute hepatitis and patients admitted to a hospital due to other diseases were included in this study. In the apparenly healthy population the positivity of the test ranged between 0.33 to 0.53 percent; the highest rate was found among the recruits. In the group of patients with acute hepatitis, 38.53% of the sera were positive. No statistically significant differences were observed in the monthly distribution of the hepatitis B antigen during the period of study. These results are compared with those found by other workers in different countries. This study shows the importance of the early detection of the hepatitis B antigen in blood donors, to reduce the incidence of hepatitis transmitted by transfusions. The importance of establishing centers for the standardization and control of reagents, as well as for the training of laboratory personnel is emphasized.", "contents": "[Distribution of hepatitis B antigen in Cordoba, Argentina]. This article presents the results obtained in the search for the hepatitis B antigen by the counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique in sera of more than 50.000 persons from C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina. Groups of voluntary blood donors, general population, 20 years old army recruits, patients, with acute hepatitis and patients admitted to a hospital due to other diseases were included in this study. In the apparenly healthy population the positivity of the test ranged between 0.33 to 0.53 percent; the highest rate was found among the recruits. In the group of patients with acute hepatitis, 38.53% of the sera were positive. No statistically significant differences were observed in the monthly distribution of the hepatitis B antigen during the period of study. These results are compared with those found by other workers in different countries. This study shows the importance of the early detection of the hepatitis B antigen in blood donors, to reduce the incidence of hepatitis transmitted by transfusions. The importance of establishing centers for the standardization and control of reagents, as well as for the training of laboratory personnel is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1208896", "title": "[Nocardia isolated from the respiratory tract].", "content": "Twelve strains of Nocardia isolated from sputa, bronchial washings and pleural fluids, were studied. The classification was based on the following characteristics: a) acid-fastness; 2) ability to disolve crystals of tyrosine and xantine; 3) hydrolysis of casein; 4) growth in dilute gelatin medium (0.4%) and 5) galactose acidification. Direct cultivation of the clinical material in Czapek liquid culture medium without carbon source and containing a paraffin rod (pariffin-bait technic), as well as the routin T.B. sputum digestion and concentration with NaOH solution followed by its cultivation in Loewenstein's medium, were employed for the isolation of Nocardia. The sensitivity of the strains to tuberculostatic drugs was investigated using the Canetti's method, as was the ability to growth in Sabouraud and lactrimel culture media supplemented with 100 mug/ml of rifamycin. Finally the pathogenicity test was carried out by intraperitoneal and intramuscular inoculation in guinea-pigs. All the strains were classified as Nocardia asteroides. Seven starins were isolated from patiens with lung conditions of no nocardial etiology. The diagnosis of nocardiosis of the lung was demonstrated in the remaining five patiens by microscopical observation of Nocardia in clinical specimens, by the repeated cultures obtained from these materials and, finally, by the fact that an improvement of the clinical symptomatology was obtained by sulfa administration.", "contents": "[Nocardia isolated from the respiratory tract]. Twelve strains of Nocardia isolated from sputa, bronchial washings and pleural fluids, were studied. The classification was based on the following characteristics: a) acid-fastness; 2) ability to disolve crystals of tyrosine and xantine; 3) hydrolysis of casein; 4) growth in dilute gelatin medium (0.4%) and 5) galactose acidification. Direct cultivation of the clinical material in Czapek liquid culture medium without carbon source and containing a paraffin rod (pariffin-bait technic), as well as the routin T.B. sputum digestion and concentration with NaOH solution followed by its cultivation in Loewenstein's medium, were employed for the isolation of Nocardia. The sensitivity of the strains to tuberculostatic drugs was investigated using the Canetti's method, as was the ability to growth in Sabouraud and lactrimel culture media supplemented with 100 mug/ml of rifamycin. Finally the pathogenicity test was carried out by intraperitoneal and intramuscular inoculation in guinea-pigs. All the strains were classified as Nocardia asteroides. Seven starins were isolated from patiens with lung conditions of no nocardial etiology. The diagnosis of nocardiosis of the lung was demonstrated in the remaining five patiens by microscopical observation of Nocardia in clinical specimens, by the repeated cultures obtained from these materials and, finally, by the fact that an improvement of the clinical symptomatology was obtained by sulfa administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1208897", "title": "[Serologic survey on human leptospirosis in Argentina].", "content": "This paper presents the results obtained with the sera of persons having direct or indirect contact with ethiological agents of leptospirosis. Exposure could have ocurred during the performance of their duties, by contact with contaminated habitats and/or animals. One thousand thirty eight sera from persons living in different regions of Argentina were received at the laboratory and studied by the microscopic agglutination tecnique. Of these, 164 were positive (15.7%) to serveral serotypes. One hundred thirty eight sera of the 857 males studied (16.1%) were positive, and 16 out of 173 female sera (15%) were positive. Males between 31 and 40 years of age had the highest proportion of positives (21.7%); however, among females the group between 21 and 30 years of age had the highest rate (14.2%). Most of the sera reacted to L. brastislava (15%), followed by L. icterohaemorrhagiae (17.7%) and L. butembo (14%), with nine other serotypes at lower rates.", "contents": "[Serologic survey on human leptospirosis in Argentina]. This paper presents the results obtained with the sera of persons having direct or indirect contact with ethiological agents of leptospirosis. Exposure could have ocurred during the performance of their duties, by contact with contaminated habitats and/or animals. One thousand thirty eight sera from persons living in different regions of Argentina were received at the laboratory and studied by the microscopic agglutination tecnique. Of these, 164 were positive (15.7%) to serveral serotypes. One hundred thirty eight sera of the 857 males studied (16.1%) were positive, and 16 out of 173 female sera (15%) were positive. Males between 31 and 40 years of age had the highest proportion of positives (21.7%); however, among females the group between 21 and 30 years of age had the highest rate (14.2%). Most of the sera reacted to L. brastislava (15%), followed by L. icterohaemorrhagiae (17.7%) and L. butembo (14%), with nine other serotypes at lower rates."}
{"id": "PMID:1208899", "title": "[Experimental Junin virus infection in the mouse: rototype of the disease].", "content": "As previously postulated, the pathological changes which develop in 1-4 day old mice after intracerebral inoculation of 1-1000 DL50 of Jun\u00edn virus prototype strain (XJ), was designated as experimental hemorrhagic fever of the mouse EHFm. In this paper, virus distribution, hematological alterations, interferon and circulating antibody responses are described. A mortality of 93.45% occurred between 9 and 20 days post-infection (p.i.), with 81.6% of death occurring between 11 and 18 days p.i. This last period can be considered to be the critical period of the disease. The study of virus distribution shows that the brain, where the virus was inoculated, was the only place where virus could be detected 48 hs, p.i. Four days p.i., the titer in the brain increased remarkably and virus was detected in the blood. Virus, within the same values, could be isolated up to the 10th. day. Invasion of liver and spleen occurred on the 10th. and 15th. days p.i., respectively (Fig. 1). The onset of clinical symptoms coincided with widespread disemination of the virus. CF antibodies were found only 15 days p.i., with a titer of 1/64. Neutralizing antibodies remained below detection levels during the whole experiment (Fig. 1). Surviving mice (6.3%) had high circulating antibody titers 40 days p.i. This result would indicate that the morobidity of EHFm is aproximately 100% (Table 1). Poor interferon response was registered in all the organs examined, indicating a low intereron producing ability for Junin virus6. Total leukocytes and lymphocyte counts showed a slight tendecy to drop, although the values were within normal range during the first ten days (Table 2, Fig 1). On day 14 p.i., a statistically significant decrease (p less than 0.001) was found. This leuko-lymphopaenia continued until death of the animals. It is expected that the data presente here would contribute to a better understanding of the Junin virus infection in the newborn mouse, the experimental animal used.", "contents": "[Experimental Junin virus infection in the mouse: rototype of the disease]. As previously postulated, the pathological changes which develop in 1-4 day old mice after intracerebral inoculation of 1-1000 DL50 of Jun\u00edn virus prototype strain (XJ), was designated as experimental hemorrhagic fever of the mouse EHFm. In this paper, virus distribution, hematological alterations, interferon and circulating antibody responses are described. A mortality of 93.45% occurred between 9 and 20 days post-infection (p.i.), with 81.6% of death occurring between 11 and 18 days p.i. This last period can be considered to be the critical period of the disease. The study of virus distribution shows that the brain, where the virus was inoculated, was the only place where virus could be detected 48 hs, p.i. Four days p.i., the titer in the brain increased remarkably and virus was detected in the blood. Virus, within the same values, could be isolated up to the 10th. day. Invasion of liver and spleen occurred on the 10th. and 15th. days p.i., respectively (Fig. 1). The onset of clinical symptoms coincided with widespread disemination of the virus. CF antibodies were found only 15 days p.i., with a titer of 1/64. Neutralizing antibodies remained below detection levels during the whole experiment (Fig. 1). Surviving mice (6.3%) had high circulating antibody titers 40 days p.i. This result would indicate that the morobidity of EHFm is aproximately 100% (Table 1). Poor interferon response was registered in all the organs examined, indicating a low intereron producing ability for Junin virus6. Total leukocytes and lymphocyte counts showed a slight tendecy to drop, although the values were within normal range during the first ten days (Table 2, Fig 1). On day 14 p.i., a statistically significant decrease (p less than 0.001) was found. This leuko-lymphopaenia continued until death of the animals. It is expected that the data presente here would contribute to a better understanding of the Junin virus infection in the newborn mouse, the experimental animal used."}
{"id": "PMID:1208903", "title": "[Action of thyroid hormones on the calorigenic effect of adrenaline].", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken in order to appraise the interaction between thyroxine and epinephrine in dogs exposed to acute cold. In normal, then successively thyroidectomized, adrenal demedullated and thyroxine restored dogs, epinephrine was infused in basal condition and during acute cold exposure. In thyroidectomized dogs epinephrine lost its calorigenic effects. So it did in thyroidectomized and adrenal demedullated dogs. Conversely, when dogs were restored in thyroxine, epinephrine recovered its calorigenic effect. Evidence for thyroxine-catecholamine interaction can be seen in basal condition as during acute cold. Nevertheless, this interaction is more obvious during shivering thermogenesis.", "contents": "[Action of thyroid hormones on the calorigenic effect of adrenaline]. The present investigation was undertaken in order to appraise the interaction between thyroxine and epinephrine in dogs exposed to acute cold. In normal, then successively thyroidectomized, adrenal demedullated and thyroxine restored dogs, epinephrine was infused in basal condition and during acute cold exposure. In thyroidectomized dogs epinephrine lost its calorigenic effects. So it did in thyroidectomized and adrenal demedullated dogs. Conversely, when dogs were restored in thyroxine, epinephrine recovered its calorigenic effect. Evidence for thyroxine-catecholamine interaction can be seen in basal condition as during acute cold. Nevertheless, this interaction is more obvious during shivering thermogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1208904", "title": "[Biochemical study of cultured hepatocytes obtained from normal adult rats].", "content": "A method has been developed for the preparation of hepatocytes that contained 98.6% of that cell type with a yield of 50%. No change was detected in the DNA content per nucleus but losses were noted in RNA and proteins in freshly isolated hepatocytes. The hepatocytes have been kept alive for long periods in suspension or static cultures without any mitoses being observed. However DNA content doubled over a period of two weeks. This level was maintained during the third week. Tritiated thymidine incorportation similarly increased for a period of two weeks and then remained constant. RNA content went down rapidly to one fourth of the original level and remained unchanged thereafter. The protein content did not vary significantly. Incorporation of labelled leucine into proteins has also been measured at various periods of time following isolation of the cells. Even after 62 days in suspension culture, the hepatocytes continued to incorporate leucine into proteins. The incorporation of leucine proceeded through the normal pathway since the presence of t-RNA-bond-leucine was observed. The results reported here suggest that the hepatocytes are arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "[Biochemical study of cultured hepatocytes obtained from normal adult rats]. A method has been developed for the preparation of hepatocytes that contained 98.6% of that cell type with a yield of 50%. No change was detected in the DNA content per nucleus but losses were noted in RNA and proteins in freshly isolated hepatocytes. The hepatocytes have been kept alive for long periods in suspension or static cultures without any mitoses being observed. However DNA content doubled over a period of two weeks. This level was maintained during the third week. Tritiated thymidine incorportation similarly increased for a period of two weeks and then remained constant. RNA content went down rapidly to one fourth of the original level and remained unchanged thereafter. The protein content did not vary significantly. Incorporation of labelled leucine into proteins has also been measured at various periods of time following isolation of the cells. Even after 62 days in suspension culture, the hepatocytes continued to incorporate leucine into proteins. The incorporation of leucine proceeded through the normal pathway since the presence of t-RNA-bond-leucine was observed. The results reported here suggest that the hepatocytes are arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:1208900", "title": "[Correlation between intradermal reaction and immunoelectrophoresis in human hydatidosis].", "content": "The results obtained by the immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) aand Casoni intradermal (IDR) tests in a group of 50 hydatidosis patients in which the presence of cysts was later confirmed at surgery, are analyzed. The sensitivity of the IEP test was 74%; the IDR test was positive in 54% of these patients and there was no correlation between the results of the two tests in 24% of the cases. The low sensitivity observed for the IDR test, its known nonspecificity and its poor correlation with IEP test results do not enable us to recommend its use for the diagnosis of hydatid disease or for the selection of cases in which an immunodiagnostic confirmation is feasible. This recommendation would be possible if appropriate antigens regarding specificity and reactivity were available, and could be employed with standardized methods to read and evaluate cutaneous reactivity.", "contents": "[Correlation between intradermal reaction and immunoelectrophoresis in human hydatidosis]. The results obtained by the immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) aand Casoni intradermal (IDR) tests in a group of 50 hydatidosis patients in which the presence of cysts was later confirmed at surgery, are analyzed. The sensitivity of the IEP test was 74%; the IDR test was positive in 54% of these patients and there was no correlation between the results of the two tests in 24% of the cases. The low sensitivity observed for the IDR test, its known nonspecificity and its poor correlation with IEP test results do not enable us to recommend its use for the diagnosis of hydatid disease or for the selection of cases in which an immunodiagnostic confirmation is feasible. This recommendation would be possible if appropriate antigens regarding specificity and reactivity were available, and could be employed with standardized methods to read and evaluate cutaneous reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1208905", "title": "[The effect of pretreatment with enzyme inducers on the acute toxicity of DDT (1, 1-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane) in rats].", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of various hepatic enzyme inducers on the acute toxicity of the organohalogenated insecticide DDT. Adult female rats were pretreated with sodium phenobarbital (50 mg/kg/day during 5 days), 3-methylocholanthrene (20 mg/kg/day during 3 days), and norethandrolone (20 mg/kg/day during 14 days), and were then given 150 mk/kg of DDT per os. Phenobarbital was shown to lower the toxicity of DDT, norethandrolone had the opposite effect, and 3-methylcholanthrene was without any significant effect. After a phenobarbital pretreatment, the cerebral concentration of DDT was lowered, possibly as a result of an increased biotransformation of DDT to DDD in the liver. On the other hand, norethandrolone did not appear to modify the hepatic conversion of DDT to DDD, nor the cerebral concentration of DDT. Further studies are needed to explain the potentiating effect of norethandrolone on the acute toxicity of DDT.", "contents": "[The effect of pretreatment with enzyme inducers on the acute toxicity of DDT (1, 1-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane) in rats]. A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of various hepatic enzyme inducers on the acute toxicity of the organohalogenated insecticide DDT. Adult female rats were pretreated with sodium phenobarbital (50 mg/kg/day during 5 days), 3-methylocholanthrene (20 mg/kg/day during 3 days), and norethandrolone (20 mg/kg/day during 14 days), and were then given 150 mk/kg of DDT per os. Phenobarbital was shown to lower the toxicity of DDT, norethandrolone had the opposite effect, and 3-methylcholanthrene was without any significant effect. After a phenobarbital pretreatment, the cerebral concentration of DDT was lowered, possibly as a result of an increased biotransformation of DDT to DDD in the liver. On the other hand, norethandrolone did not appear to modify the hepatic conversion of DDT to DDD, nor the cerebral concentration of DDT. Further studies are needed to explain the potentiating effect of norethandrolone on the acute toxicity of DDT."}
{"id": "PMID:1208901", "title": "[Fishing seawater microbiology of the Mar de Plata].", "content": "This work deals with different groups of microorganisms in the polluted water of the fishery section of Mar del Plata harbour and in the way followed by the fisher's boats. Bacteriological determinations were: total count, MPN of coliforms, proteolitic and anaerobic bacteria. These groups were selected because of their activity in fish spoilage and/or infection. The microbial groups were studied as follows: direct plate count for total number, most probable number (MPN) for coliforms and fecal type strains according with Mc Crady tables; proteolitic and anaerobic bacteria were cualitatively tested, cuantitative determinations are given in two tables. Obtained results show a heavy water pollution that rapidly decreases towards the harbour entrance.", "contents": "[Fishing seawater microbiology of the Mar de Plata]. This work deals with different groups of microorganisms in the polluted water of the fishery section of Mar del Plata harbour and in the way followed by the fisher's boats. Bacteriological determinations were: total count, MPN of coliforms, proteolitic and anaerobic bacteria. These groups were selected because of their activity in fish spoilage and/or infection. The microbial groups were studied as follows: direct plate count for total number, most probable number (MPN) for coliforms and fecal type strains according with Mc Crady tables; proteolitic and anaerobic bacteria were cualitatively tested, cuantitative determinations are given in two tables. Obtained results show a heavy water pollution that rapidly decreases towards the harbour entrance."}
{"id": "PMID:1208906", "title": "RNA profile of blood cells from LSD-affected persons.", "content": "This work shows the existence of differences in RNA profiles as obtained from blood cells of two LSD-affected persons. These had received slightly different concentrations of LSD yet their RNA profiles between them, and those of control patients, are remarkably different, especially regarding the 4S peaks. Further work is now being done in our laboratory in order to understand the meaning of these important differences.", "contents": "RNA profile of blood cells from LSD-affected persons. This work shows the existence of differences in RNA profiles as obtained from blood cells of two LSD-affected persons. These had received slightly different concentrations of LSD yet their RNA profiles between them, and those of control patients, are remarkably different, especially regarding the 4S peaks. Further work is now being done in our laboratory in order to understand the meaning of these important differences."}
{"id": "PMID:1208907", "title": "Fine structure of chick embryonic parathyroid glands cultured on media with different concentrations of calcium.", "content": "An electron microscopical study of parathyroid glands from 13-day old chick embryos cultured for 2 days on media with different concentrations of calcium was conducted. The same as in non-cultured embryonic glands, the cells in all cultures contained a moderate amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a large Golgi complex with many cisternae, vacuoles, vesicles, coated vesicles and small prosecretory granules. In addition, large secretory granules, which are very rare in the non-cultured controls appeared frequently in the cultures and were especially numerous in the glands cultured on high-calcium medium. The fact that the amount of secretory granules varied according to the concentration of calcium in the medium is interpreted as indicating that the rate of parathyroid hormone secretion in the embryo is already responsive to variations in the concentration of calcium. To the extent that in vitro results may be accepted as representative of what happens in vivo these results support the idea that the embryonic gland may be controlled by variations in the calcemia as the adult gland does.", "contents": "Fine structure of chick embryonic parathyroid glands cultured on media with different concentrations of calcium. An electron microscopical study of parathyroid glands from 13-day old chick embryos cultured for 2 days on media with different concentrations of calcium was conducted. The same as in non-cultured embryonic glands, the cells in all cultures contained a moderate amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a large Golgi complex with many cisternae, vacuoles, vesicles, coated vesicles and small prosecretory granules. In addition, large secretory granules, which are very rare in the non-cultured controls appeared frequently in the cultures and were especially numerous in the glands cultured on high-calcium medium. The fact that the amount of secretory granules varied according to the concentration of calcium in the medium is interpreted as indicating that the rate of parathyroid hormone secretion in the embryo is already responsive to variations in the concentration of calcium. To the extent that in vitro results may be accepted as representative of what happens in vivo these results support the idea that the embryonic gland may be controlled by variations in the calcemia as the adult gland does."}
{"id": "PMID:1208902", "title": "[Effect of rotting corn straw on the development of bacteria of the Azotobacter group].", "content": "The effects of the addition of ground maize straw, nitrogen compounds, ground lucern and water to soils incubated at 30 degrees C in Erlenmeyer flasks, on Azotobacter chroococcum growth have been studied. The results showed that the highest number of Azotobacter in soils treated with different percentage of ground maize straw without addition of nitrogen compounds and with water at 100% field capacity appeared as soon as the 5th day, reaching a maximun on the 20th day when the following numbers of bacteria were observed: control, 1,5 times 20(6); straw 1% 30 times 10(6),  2%, 33 times 10(6) and 4%, 77 times 10(6) per gram of air dried soil. This enables us to assume that the anaerobic decomposition of straw (cellulose and hemicellulose principally) in nature leads to the indirect utilization of its energy for a high asymbiotic microbiogical soil fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.", "contents": "[Effect of rotting corn straw on the development of bacteria of the Azotobacter group]. The effects of the addition of ground maize straw, nitrogen compounds, ground lucern and water to soils incubated at 30 degrees C in Erlenmeyer flasks, on Azotobacter chroococcum growth have been studied. The results showed that the highest number of Azotobacter in soils treated with different percentage of ground maize straw without addition of nitrogen compounds and with water at 100% field capacity appeared as soon as the 5th day, reaching a maximun on the 20th day when the following numbers of bacteria were observed: control, 1,5 times 20(6); straw 1% 30 times 10(6),  2%, 33 times 10(6) and 4%, 77 times 10(6) per gram of air dried soil. This enables us to assume that the anaerobic decomposition of straw (cellulose and hemicellulose principally) in nature leads to the indirect utilization of its energy for a high asymbiotic microbiogical soil fixation of atmospheric nitrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1208970", "title": "Cardiac metabolism and electromechanics of human heart.", "content": "The effects of substrates on the metabolic inhibitor-induced changes in the action potential and contraction of papillary muscles obtained from patients undergoing corrective open-heart surgery were studied. Anoxia produced a marked shortening of the action potential duration and a decrease in the resting potential, rate of rise of action potential, effective refractory period, and contractility. In anoxic muscle, although glucose completely restored the action potential duration, effective refractory period, and resting potential to control levels, it was unable to completely restore the contractility to the control level. Substrate depletion and metabolic inhibitors (iodoacetate, dinitrophenol) produced effects similar to that of anoxia, but at a faster rate. Glucose restored the action potential and, to a lesser extent, contractility to the control level in dinitrophenol-treated muscle but was ineffective in so doing the iodoacetate-treated muscle. Pyruvate, however, was effective in restoring the action potential and contracility in iodoacetate-treated muscle. Pretreatment of the muscle with glucose and, particularly, with glucose plus insulin prevented the combined effects of anoxia and lack of glucose on the action potential and contractility for a prolonged period. These results suggest that intravenous infusion of glucose and insulin before and during surgery might prevent or reduced the effect of anoxia on the electrical and mechanical activity of the heart during open-heart surgery.", "contents": "Cardiac metabolism and electromechanics of human heart. The effects of substrates on the metabolic inhibitor-induced changes in the action potential and contraction of papillary muscles obtained from patients undergoing corrective open-heart surgery were studied. Anoxia produced a marked shortening of the action potential duration and a decrease in the resting potential, rate of rise of action potential, effective refractory period, and contractility. In anoxic muscle, although glucose completely restored the action potential duration, effective refractory period, and resting potential to control levels, it was unable to completely restore the contractility to the control level. Substrate depletion and metabolic inhibitors (iodoacetate, dinitrophenol) produced effects similar to that of anoxia, but at a faster rate. Glucose restored the action potential and, to a lesser extent, contractility to the control level in dinitrophenol-treated muscle but was ineffective in so doing the iodoacetate-treated muscle. Pyruvate, however, was effective in restoring the action potential and contracility in iodoacetate-treated muscle. Pretreatment of the muscle with glucose and, particularly, with glucose plus insulin prevented the combined effects of anoxia and lack of glucose on the action potential and contractility for a prolonged period. These results suggest that intravenous infusion of glucose and insulin before and during surgery might prevent or reduced the effect of anoxia on the electrical and mechanical activity of the heart during open-heart surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1208971", "title": "Metabolic indicators of myocardial ischemia in man.", "content": "Myocardial metabolism had been studied in 54 patients with continuous sampling of arterial (A) and coronary sinus (CS) blood during 8- to 10-min periods of control in sinus rhythm, rapid atrial pacing and recovery. The results showed that 17 subjects were normal or had insignificant coronary artery disease (CAD; nonischemic group = NI); 37 patients had significant CAD (ischemic group = 1) and developed clinical, hemodynamic, and electrocardographic evidence of myocardial ischemia during pacing, characterized by angina, elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and depressed ST segments. During pacing-induced ischemia the following metabolic abnormalities were detected: (1) myocardial anaerobiosis indicated by lactate % uptake ((A-CS)/AS X 100) of -17.2 +/- 5.0% (mean +/- SE); (2) myocardial loss of K+ suggested by an A-CS difference of -0.25 +/- 0.08 mEq/liter (N=18); (3) small but significant loss of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) of -1.0 +/- 1.4% (N=18); and (4) elevation of CS blood creatine phosphokinase activity (N=5). These metabolic abnormalities were temporally related to the other manifestations of myocardial ischemia and were not seen in the NI; Lactate production and Pi loss occurred in 75 and 55% of the IG, respectively, suggesting that accelerated anaerobic glycolysis was the best indicator of myocardial ischemia in man. K+ loss was an unreliable index in this experimental situation, since tachycardia alone caused significant K+ egress from the heart. Lactate production and K+ loss were reduced by nitroglycerin, which abolished angina and improved hemodynamics and electrocardiographic manifestations. That these metabolic abnormalities were not observed in all 1 patients may have been related to methodology, the random distribution of CAD, and the fact that the chemical composition of the CS blood reflects the metabolic balance of both well oxygenated and ischemic areas of the myocardium.", "contents": "Metabolic indicators of myocardial ischemia in man. Myocardial metabolism had been studied in 54 patients with continuous sampling of arterial (A) and coronary sinus (CS) blood during 8- to 10-min periods of control in sinus rhythm, rapid atrial pacing and recovery. The results showed that 17 subjects were normal or had insignificant coronary artery disease (CAD; nonischemic group = NI); 37 patients had significant CAD (ischemic group = 1) and developed clinical, hemodynamic, and electrocardographic evidence of myocardial ischemia during pacing, characterized by angina, elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and depressed ST segments. During pacing-induced ischemia the following metabolic abnormalities were detected: (1) myocardial anaerobiosis indicated by lactate % uptake ((A-CS)/AS X 100) of -17.2 +/- 5.0% (mean +/- SE); (2) myocardial loss of K+ suggested by an A-CS difference of -0.25 +/- 0.08 mEq/liter (N=18); (3) small but significant loss of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) of -1.0 +/- 1.4% (N=18); and (4) elevation of CS blood creatine phosphokinase activity (N=5). These metabolic abnormalities were temporally related to the other manifestations of myocardial ischemia and were not seen in the NI; Lactate production and Pi loss occurred in 75 and 55% of the IG, respectively, suggesting that accelerated anaerobic glycolysis was the best indicator of myocardial ischemia in man. K+ loss was an unreliable index in this experimental situation, since tachycardia alone caused significant K+ egress from the heart. Lactate production and K+ loss were reduced by nitroglycerin, which abolished angina and improved hemodynamics and electrocardiographic manifestations. That these metabolic abnormalities were not observed in all 1 patients may have been related to methodology, the random distribution of CAD, and the fact that the chemical composition of the CS blood reflects the metabolic balance of both well oxygenated and ischemic areas of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:1208972", "title": "Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to pacing in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms.", "content": "Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to pacing from either the coronary sinus or right atrium were evaluated in 41 patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms. A group of patients (group II) with angina, lactate production, or significant ST segment depression had a significantly higher mean pulmonary capillary pressure on peak pacing or angina than did a group of patients considered to have a normal pacing response (group I). In 6 of 9 group II patients, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure either rose abnormally with pacing or was greater than 14 mm Hg immediately after pacing and resembled that of a group of patients with coronary artery disease; Patients with a prolapsing mitral valve (group III) also had a significantly higher pulmonary capillary pressure on peak pacing as compared to those of group I, although abnormal left ventricular pressure responses occurred in only 2 of 9 of these patients. The stroke index was significantly lower in group III on peak pacing while group II was no different from group I. Lactate production occurred in 6 of 9 group II patients. However, only 1 of 6 patients with a prolapsing mitral valve who were studied for lactate production was found to produce lactate, suggesting a different mechanism for their pain.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to pacing in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms. Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to pacing from either the coronary sinus or right atrium were evaluated in 41 patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms. A group of patients (group II) with angina, lactate production, or significant ST segment depression had a significantly higher mean pulmonary capillary pressure on peak pacing or angina than did a group of patients considered to have a normal pacing response (group I). In 6 of 9 group II patients, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure either rose abnormally with pacing or was greater than 14 mm Hg immediately after pacing and resembled that of a group of patients with coronary artery disease; Patients with a prolapsing mitral valve (group III) also had a significantly higher pulmonary capillary pressure on peak pacing as compared to those of group I, although abnormal left ventricular pressure responses occurred in only 2 of 9 of these patients. The stroke index was significantly lower in group III on peak pacing while group II was no different from group I. Lactate production occurred in 6 of 9 group II patients. However, only 1 of 6 patients with a prolapsing mitral valve who were studied for lactate production was found to produce lactate, suggesting a different mechanism for their pain."}
{"id": "PMID:1208973", "title": "Lipid droplets in the heart interstitium: concentration and distribution.", "content": "A morphological study of the sudanophilic lipids in dog and human hearts was carried out. The hearts of 5 mongrel dogs and 20 auricular appendices of human patients were utilized. The dog hearts were fixed in situ by perfusion with 2% glutaraldehyde, and the human tissue was fixed by immersion. For the ultrastructural study, some blocks of every portion of the specimen were postfixed in osmium and embedded in Epon. The topographical and quantitative study was done on frozen 20-mu sections of tissue stained with Sudan IV in propylene glycol and counterstained with hematein (Geigy). The results indicate that a significant quantity of visible triglycerides is extracellular and located in the interstitial spaces of the heart. The dimensions of these lipid droplets vary from 0.5 mu to more than 20 mu. The highest concentration was found in the epicardial region of the left ventricle, but a significant amount was found in the endocardium and in the middle portion of the myocardium. These observations indicate that a sizable portion of the heart interstitium is occupied by free droplets of triglycerides. This substrate pool is probably mobile and readily available as a source of energy.", "contents": "Lipid droplets in the heart interstitium: concentration and distribution. A morphological study of the sudanophilic lipids in dog and human hearts was carried out. The hearts of 5 mongrel dogs and 20 auricular appendices of human patients were utilized. The dog hearts were fixed in situ by perfusion with 2% glutaraldehyde, and the human tissue was fixed by immersion. For the ultrastructural study, some blocks of every portion of the specimen were postfixed in osmium and embedded in Epon. The topographical and quantitative study was done on frozen 20-mu sections of tissue stained with Sudan IV in propylene glycol and counterstained with hematein (Geigy). The results indicate that a significant quantity of visible triglycerides is extracellular and located in the interstitial spaces of the heart. The dimensions of these lipid droplets vary from 0.5 mu to more than 20 mu. The highest concentration was found in the epicardial region of the left ventricle, but a significant amount was found in the endocardium and in the middle portion of the myocardium. These observations indicate that a sizable portion of the heart interstitium is occupied by free droplets of triglycerides. This substrate pool is probably mobile and readily available as a source of energy."}
{"id": "PMID:1208974", "title": "Comparison of changes in myocardial balances of lactate, glucose potassium, and inorganic phosphate during pacing-induced angina.", "content": "During an atrial pacing test, a correlative study in myocardial lactate, glucose, potassium, and inorganic phosphate balances was done in 34 patients with clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease. Electrocardiogram was continuously monitored while left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was measured before and immediately after pacing. Coronary angiograms performed after the pacing test revealed atherosclerotic narrowings in all patients. During pacing, 16 patients developed anginal pain, and their LVEDP increased significantly. The other 18 patients had no angina and no significant change in LVEDP. In these 18 patients, there were no significant changes throughout the pacing study in myocardial balances of lactate, glucose, potassium, and inorganic phosphate. In contrast, the 16 patients with induced angina during pacing showed a significant myocardial production of lactate and a loss of potassium. Myocardial inorganic phosphate loss was not statistically significant. There was no significant change in myocardial glucose extraction during angina, although a slight increase was observed during the 1st min afer pacingmthere was no correlation between the arterial concentration and the myocardial extraction of these substances. N stoichiometric relationship was found between glucose and lactate or between potassium and inorganic phospahte balance; Myocardial extraction and production of lactate correlated best with inorganic phosphate uptake and loss. In the preset study, lactate was a more reliable metabolic indicator of myocardial ischemia than potassium and inorganic phosphate, although these last two substances may be helpful in acheiving a greater accuracy for biochemical diagnosis of ischemia. Myocardial glucose balance was of no value as a metabolic indicator of ischemia in this pacing study.", "contents": "Comparison of changes in myocardial balances of lactate, glucose potassium, and inorganic phosphate during pacing-induced angina. During an atrial pacing test, a correlative study in myocardial lactate, glucose, potassium, and inorganic phosphate balances was done in 34 patients with clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease. Electrocardiogram was continuously monitored while left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was measured before and immediately after pacing. Coronary angiograms performed after the pacing test revealed atherosclerotic narrowings in all patients. During pacing, 16 patients developed anginal pain, and their LVEDP increased significantly. The other 18 patients had no angina and no significant change in LVEDP. In these 18 patients, there were no significant changes throughout the pacing study in myocardial balances of lactate, glucose, potassium, and inorganic phosphate. In contrast, the 16 patients with induced angina during pacing showed a significant myocardial production of lactate and a loss of potassium. Myocardial inorganic phosphate loss was not statistically significant. There was no significant change in myocardial glucose extraction during angina, although a slight increase was observed during the 1st min afer pacingmthere was no correlation between the arterial concentration and the myocardial extraction of these substances. N stoichiometric relationship was found between glucose and lactate or between potassium and inorganic phospahte balance; Myocardial extraction and production of lactate correlated best with inorganic phosphate uptake and loss. In the preset study, lactate was a more reliable metabolic indicator of myocardial ischemia than potassium and inorganic phosphate, although these last two substances may be helpful in acheiving a greater accuracy for biochemical diagnosis of ischemia. Myocardial glucose balance was of no value as a metabolic indicator of ischemia in this pacing study."}
{"id": "PMID:1208975", "title": "Myocardial cell electrolytes and water during acute ischemia.", "content": "This study was intended to define the early early electrolyte and water abnormalities of ischemic myocardium in the intact anesthetized dog. We have defined the appropriate circumstances for using 52Cr-ethyelendiamineletraacetate as an extracellular marker during ischemia and have discerned no change in this space at a time when tissue water increments were observed, by 15 min of ischemia. Calculated on the basis of cell dry weight, the cell sodium increment exceeded potassium loss in this early period of ischemia. This is consistent with the view that interference with energy metabolism reduces the pumping of sodium from the cell. The enhanced entry of sodium is associated with a gain of water, initiating events that effect irreversibility.", "contents": "Myocardial cell electrolytes and water during acute ischemia. This study was intended to define the early early electrolyte and water abnormalities of ischemic myocardium in the intact anesthetized dog. We have defined the appropriate circumstances for using 52Cr-ethyelendiamineletraacetate as an extracellular marker during ischemia and have discerned no change in this space at a time when tissue water increments were observed, by 15 min of ischemia. Calculated on the basis of cell dry weight, the cell sodium increment exceeded potassium loss in this early period of ischemia. This is consistent with the view that interference with energy metabolism reduces the pumping of sodium from the cell. The enhanced entry of sodium is associated with a gain of water, initiating events that effect irreversibility."}
{"id": "PMID:1208976", "title": "Regional myocardial metabolism during subtotal and total coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "Regional myocardial metabolism was examined by means of coronary venous sampling in dogs having acute nonsimultaneous occlusions of the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (CIRC) coronary arteries. Regional coronary venous metabolic sampling was not found to separate ischemic from nonischemic myocardium in LAD occlusion and did so imperfectly in isolated CIRC occlusion. Myocardial metabolic consequences of subtotal and total coronary artery occlusion were compared in dogs during LAD and CIRC occlusion and in human subjects with subtotal and total anterior coronary artery occlusion. In spite of ECG evidence of greater myocardial ischemia during total coronary artery occlusion in the dog, transmyocardial metabolic changes were more consistent during subtotal occlusion. Human subjects stressed during cardiac catheterization exhibited a similar apparent paradox. This suggests variable coronary venous washout from ischemic myocardium during total coronary artery occlusion and, in humans, may also reflect the presence of scar tissue. Caution is advised when interpreting myocardial metabolic information in the presence of total coronary artery occlusion, since underestimation of the extent of myocardial ischemia is more likely than with an occlusion of lesser degree.", "contents": "Regional myocardial metabolism during subtotal and total coronary artery occlusion. Regional myocardial metabolism was examined by means of coronary venous sampling in dogs having acute nonsimultaneous occlusions of the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (CIRC) coronary arteries. Regional coronary venous metabolic sampling was not found to separate ischemic from nonischemic myocardium in LAD occlusion and did so imperfectly in isolated CIRC occlusion. Myocardial metabolic consequences of subtotal and total coronary artery occlusion were compared in dogs during LAD and CIRC occlusion and in human subjects with subtotal and total anterior coronary artery occlusion. In spite of ECG evidence of greater myocardial ischemia during total coronary artery occlusion in the dog, transmyocardial metabolic changes were more consistent during subtotal occlusion. Human subjects stressed during cardiac catheterization exhibited a similar apparent paradox. This suggests variable coronary venous washout from ischemic myocardium during total coronary artery occlusion and, in humans, may also reflect the presence of scar tissue. Caution is advised when interpreting myocardial metabolic information in the presence of total coronary artery occlusion, since underestimation of the extent of myocardial ischemia is more likely than with an occlusion of lesser degree."}
{"id": "PMID:1208977", "title": "Effects of prolonged coronary hypotension on myocardial substrate utilization.", "content": "Myocardial substrate utilization was investigated following experimental coronary hypotension in isolated in vitro perfused dog hearts. Control observations were made at the beginning and at the end of the experiments with afterload of 100 mm Hg. Between the two controls, the afterload was lowered to 50 mm Hg and kept at that level for 4 hours. The observations during the hypotensive period were compared to the two controls. Lactate uptake and the percentage contribution of the lactate to myocardial CO2 production were diminished during the hypotensive period. Myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) uptake and oxidation did not change significantly. Glucose uptake and myocardial respiratory quotient (RQ) were decreased. Thus, prolonged coronary hypotension caused a relative preference of FFA oxidation and diminished lactate and glucose uptake by the myocardium. It is of interest to note that these changes in substrate utilization were quite different from those observed during experimentally produced hemorrhagic hypotension or endotoxic shock.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged coronary hypotension on myocardial substrate utilization. Myocardial substrate utilization was investigated following experimental coronary hypotension in isolated in vitro perfused dog hearts. Control observations were made at the beginning and at the end of the experiments with afterload of 100 mm Hg. Between the two controls, the afterload was lowered to 50 mm Hg and kept at that level for 4 hours. The observations during the hypotensive period were compared to the two controls. Lactate uptake and the percentage contribution of the lactate to myocardial CO2 production were diminished during the hypotensive period. Myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) uptake and oxidation did not change significantly. Glucose uptake and myocardial respiratory quotient (RQ) were decreased. Thus, prolonged coronary hypotension caused a relative preference of FFA oxidation and diminished lactate and glucose uptake by the myocardium. It is of interest to note that these changes in substrate utilization were quite different from those observed during experimentally produced hemorrhagic hypotension or endotoxic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:1208978", "title": "Distribution of glycogen and lipids in the ischemic canine left ventricle: biochemical and light and electron microscopic correlates.", "content": "Transmural gradients in the contents of glycogen triglycerides, and phospholipids were studied in the dog left ventricle with and without 4 hours of left circumflex artery ligation. In control dogs (patent circumflex), an increasing outer to inner glycogen gradient was observed. After 4 hours of ischemia, subepicardial glycogen content was similar to control values, but midventricular and subendocardial stores were nearly depleted, thus indicating a reversal of the control gradient. These changes were seen biochemically as well as by light and electron microscopic techniques. In the present studies, conclusive evidence for a transmural gradient in tissue triglyceride content was not obtained in either control or ligated dogs. However, an approximate three-fold increase in midventricular and subendocardial triglycerides was observed in ischemic hearts. Regional contents of total tissue phospholipids appeared to be similar across the left ventricular wall in both normal and ischemic left ventricles.", "contents": "Distribution of glycogen and lipids in the ischemic canine left ventricle: biochemical and light and electron microscopic correlates. Transmural gradients in the contents of glycogen triglycerides, and phospholipids were studied in the dog left ventricle with and without 4 hours of left circumflex artery ligation. In control dogs (patent circumflex), an increasing outer to inner glycogen gradient was observed. After 4 hours of ischemia, subepicardial glycogen content was similar to control values, but midventricular and subendocardial stores were nearly depleted, thus indicating a reversal of the control gradient. These changes were seen biochemically as well as by light and electron microscopic techniques. In the present studies, conclusive evidence for a transmural gradient in tissue triglyceride content was not obtained in either control or ligated dogs. However, an approximate three-fold increase in midventricular and subendocardial triglycerides was observed in ischemic hearts. Regional contents of total tissue phospholipids appeared to be similar across the left ventricular wall in both normal and ischemic left ventricles."}
{"id": "PMID:1208979", "title": "Effects of coronary artery ligation and release and perfusion with glucose on cardiac energy metabolism in dogs.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen, and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) were assayed in myocardial tissues obtained from beating dog hearts subjected to the following procedures: Group 1. Ligation of anterior descending coronary artery(AD) for 60 min. Group 2. Perfusion of the AD with 20 mM glucose in Ringer's solution containing 1 mU regular insluin/ml, for 60 min. Group 3. Ligation of the AD for 60 min, followed by release of the ligature with re-establishment of blood flow for 30 min. Group 4. Perfusion of the AD with 20 mM glucose in Ringer's solution containing 1 mU/ml regular insulin for 60 min, followed by re-establishment of blood flow for 30 min. Samples from normal myocardium (N zone) and from the area supplied by the AD (I zone) were simultaneously obtained and the level of metabolites compared. In all four groups, ATP was significantly lower in I than N zone. However, ATP values were lower in N zone in group 1 as compared with the other groups (p less than 0.05) and higher in I zone in group 3 versus groups 1 and 2 (p less than 0.05). Glycogen was lower in I than N zones to a similar degree in all the groups. However, it was higher in the I zone in group 3 than in group 1 (p less than 0.05). Pi was significantly higher in I zone versus N zone only in group 1 (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that, the the beating dog heart, ATP and glycogen preservation in a myocardial segment rendered ischemic for 1 hour is best achieved by re-establishing circulation. Glucose infusion into the ischemic segment did not contribute significantly to the ATP stores in that segment but may have exerted a protective effect on the nonischemic zones, possibly by providing a high glucose level in the circulating blood. This protection was equally well achieved by release of the ligature with or without prior glucose infusion. The increase in Pi in the ischemic zone in the dogs with coronary ligation only is probably related to accumulation of the ion under ischemic and hypoxic conditions.", "contents": "Effects of coronary artery ligation and release and perfusion with glucose on cardiac energy metabolism in dogs. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen, and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) were assayed in myocardial tissues obtained from beating dog hearts subjected to the following procedures: Group 1. Ligation of anterior descending coronary artery(AD) for 60 min. Group 2. Perfusion of the AD with 20 mM glucose in Ringer's solution containing 1 mU regular insluin/ml, for 60 min. Group 3. Ligation of the AD for 60 min, followed by release of the ligature with re-establishment of blood flow for 30 min. Group 4. Perfusion of the AD with 20 mM glucose in Ringer's solution containing 1 mU/ml regular insulin for 60 min, followed by re-establishment of blood flow for 30 min. Samples from normal myocardium (N zone) and from the area supplied by the AD (I zone) were simultaneously obtained and the level of metabolites compared. In all four groups, ATP was significantly lower in I than N zone. However, ATP values were lower in N zone in group 1 as compared with the other groups (p less than 0.05) and higher in I zone in group 3 versus groups 1 and 2 (p less than 0.05). Glycogen was lower in I than N zones to a similar degree in all the groups. However, it was higher in the I zone in group 3 than in group 1 (p less than 0.05). Pi was significantly higher in I zone versus N zone only in group 1 (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that, the the beating dog heart, ATP and glycogen preservation in a myocardial segment rendered ischemic for 1 hour is best achieved by re-establishing circulation. Glucose infusion into the ischemic segment did not contribute significantly to the ATP stores in that segment but may have exerted a protective effect on the nonischemic zones, possibly by providing a high glucose level in the circulating blood. This protection was equally well achieved by release of the ligature with or without prior glucose infusion. The increase in Pi in the ischemic zone in the dogs with coronary ligation only is probably related to accumulation of the ion under ischemic and hypoxic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1208980", "title": "Ischemic damage and metabolism during elective cardiac arrest.", "content": "Isolated perfused working rat hearts were subjected to elective cardiac arrest for 20 or 30 min. Various methods of arrest were studied, either singly or in combination and with or without coronary perfusion. The functional recovery of the heart following the termination of arrest was found to be related to the concentration of ATP and creatine phosphate in the myocardium at the end of the period of arrest. In turn, these concentrations were dependent upon the method used to induce arrest. Normothermic ischemic arrest led to a marked reduction in high energy phosphates and a poor functional recovery. In contrast, coronary perfusion with hypothermic solutions or solutions containing high concentrations of potassium, induced arrest without depleting ATP or creatine phosphate. These procedures conferred considerable protection on the myocardium and thus permitted good recoveries. The energy status and recovery associated with ischemic arrest could be improved by combining the ischemia with hypothermia or potassium arrest. The latter, while increasing recovery significantly, still failed to afford complete protection to the myocardium. Potassium chloride gave greater protection than potassium citrate. When topical hypothermia was combined with ischemia, a time and temperature relationship was demonstrated but effective protection could only be obtained with severe topical hypothermia over a relatively short time period. The results stress the importance of maintaining high energy phosphates during arrest, and this requires the provision of a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrient, which may perhaps be best achieved by ensuring continuous and adequate coronary perfusion.", "contents": "Ischemic damage and metabolism during elective cardiac arrest. Isolated perfused working rat hearts were subjected to elective cardiac arrest for 20 or 30 min. Various methods of arrest were studied, either singly or in combination and with or without coronary perfusion. The functional recovery of the heart following the termination of arrest was found to be related to the concentration of ATP and creatine phosphate in the myocardium at the end of the period of arrest. In turn, these concentrations were dependent upon the method used to induce arrest. Normothermic ischemic arrest led to a marked reduction in high energy phosphates and a poor functional recovery. In contrast, coronary perfusion with hypothermic solutions or solutions containing high concentrations of potassium, induced arrest without depleting ATP or creatine phosphate. These procedures conferred considerable protection on the myocardium and thus permitted good recoveries. The energy status and recovery associated with ischemic arrest could be improved by combining the ischemia with hypothermia or potassium arrest. The latter, while increasing recovery significantly, still failed to afford complete protection to the myocardium. Potassium chloride gave greater protection than potassium citrate. When topical hypothermia was combined with ischemia, a time and temperature relationship was demonstrated but effective protection could only be obtained with severe topical hypothermia over a relatively short time period. The results stress the importance of maintaining high energy phosphates during arrest, and this requires the provision of a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrient, which may perhaps be best achieved by ensuring continuous and adequate coronary perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1208981", "title": "Effect of combination of stresses on myocardial metabolism.", "content": "The effect of hypoxia, exercise, and thermal stress on myocardial metabolism have been widely investigated, but little attention has been paid to studying the effects of a combination of these stress. The influence of hypoxia as modified by physical exertion (swimming) and cold stress was therefore studied. The parameters investigated included myocardial glycogen and noradrenaline, serum free fatty acid, adrenal ascorbic acid, and adrenal weight. It was observed that maximal stress was produced when hypoxia was combined with physical exertion. No suppression of cold-induced lipolysis by hypoxia was observed, in contrast to previously reported observations. Maximal depletion of cardiac blycogen and cardiac noradrenaline was noted in hypoxic exercise. Adrenal overactivity was not found to be related to any particular stress but was seen to be proportional to the severity of the stress applied.", "contents": "Effect of combination of stresses on myocardial metabolism. The effect of hypoxia, exercise, and thermal stress on myocardial metabolism have been widely investigated, but little attention has been paid to studying the effects of a combination of these stress. The influence of hypoxia as modified by physical exertion (swimming) and cold stress was therefore studied. The parameters investigated included myocardial glycogen and noradrenaline, serum free fatty acid, adrenal ascorbic acid, and adrenal weight. It was observed that maximal stress was produced when hypoxia was combined with physical exertion. No suppression of cold-induced lipolysis by hypoxia was observed, in contrast to previously reported observations. Maximal depletion of cardiac blycogen and cardiac noradrenaline was noted in hypoxic exercise. Adrenal overactivity was not found to be related to any particular stress but was seen to be proportional to the severity of the stress applied."}
{"id": "PMID:1208982", "title": "Effect of substrate on enzyme release after coronary artery ligation in isolated rat heart.", "content": "In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that the development of myocardial infarction in the isolated perfused working rat hearts could be influenced by the nature of the substrate reaching the infarction zone. We measured cardiac output and rates of release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after coronary artery ligation in hearts perfused with different substrates: glucose; palmitate, oleate, linoleate bound to albumin; palmitate-albumin plus glucose and/or insulin. Cardiac ouptut after ligation was lowest with palmitate and highest with glucose. LDH release was 5-10 times greater with FFA than with glucose, but was significantly reduced by the addition of glucose or insulin to the palmitate-albumin solution. Our results argue for an important role for substrate effects on the metabolic outocme of experimental myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effect of substrate on enzyme release after coronary artery ligation in isolated rat heart. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that the development of myocardial infarction in the isolated perfused working rat hearts could be influenced by the nature of the substrate reaching the infarction zone. We measured cardiac output and rates of release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after coronary artery ligation in hearts perfused with different substrates: glucose; palmitate, oleate, linoleate bound to albumin; palmitate-albumin plus glucose and/or insulin. Cardiac ouptut after ligation was lowest with palmitate and highest with glucose. LDH release was 5-10 times greater with FFA than with glucose, but was significantly reduced by the addition of glucose or insulin to the palmitate-albumin solution. Our results argue for an important role for substrate effects on the metabolic outocme of experimental myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1208983", "title": "Regional myocardial metabolism following acute coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "Regional measurements of the consequences of coronary artery occlusions indicate myocardial derangements in both the coronary occluded and nonoccluded myocardium. The proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was acutely occluded in 34 closed-chest anesthetized dogs through inflation of an intracoronary balloon. Temporary seperation of venous compartments was achieved by means of a balloon catheter placed within the great cardiac vein, and simultaneous blood sampling from both occluded and nonoccluded segments was carried out. Acute coronary occlusion resulted in early cardiac dysfunction which persisted during the subsequent 3 hours of LAD occlusion. Oxygen extraction increased 6-8% in both occluded and nonoccluded zones. Lactate extraction in the nonoccluded segment decreased significantly from 34.4 to 23.7% (P less than 0.05). In the occluded zone, lactate extraction dropped from 35.0 to 7.8% (P less than 0.05). Of the 34 dogs studied, 17 exhibited lactate production in the occluded segment, while 7 dogs also had lactate production in the nonoccluded region. Significant postocclusion myocardial potassium efflux was noted in both zones.", "contents": "Regional myocardial metabolism following acute coronary artery occlusion. Regional measurements of the consequences of coronary artery occlusions indicate myocardial derangements in both the coronary occluded and nonoccluded myocardium. The proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was acutely occluded in 34 closed-chest anesthetized dogs through inflation of an intracoronary balloon. Temporary seperation of venous compartments was achieved by means of a balloon catheter placed within the great cardiac vein, and simultaneous blood sampling from both occluded and nonoccluded segments was carried out. Acute coronary occlusion resulted in early cardiac dysfunction which persisted during the subsequent 3 hours of LAD occlusion. Oxygen extraction increased 6-8% in both occluded and nonoccluded zones. Lactate extraction in the nonoccluded segment decreased significantly from 34.4 to 23.7% (P less than 0.05). In the occluded zone, lactate extraction dropped from 35.0 to 7.8% (P less than 0.05). Of the 34 dogs studied, 17 exhibited lactate production in the occluded segment, while 7 dogs also had lactate production in the nonoccluded region. Significant postocclusion myocardial potassium efflux was noted in both zones."}
{"id": "PMID:1208984", "title": "Assessment of myocardial free fatty acid metabolism in humans during heparin infusion.", "content": "Free fatty acids (FFA) have been shown to be a major myocardial substrates during the postabsorptive state in humans. In order to document the utilization of these substrates by the heart while heparin was infused, the following study was designed. During heparin infusion, total and individual FFA were measured in arterial and coronary sinus plasma during the postabsorptive state in 13 patients with coronary artery disease and in 4 patients with no evidence of cardiac disease. Oleic-1-14C acid bound to albumin was infused at a constant rate for at least 7 min into the left coronary artery. Left coronary blood flow was determined in all patients. It was assumed the oleic-1-14C acid behaves like endogenous FFA. Arterial FFA concentration was high (mean and SEM: 1 +/- 0.21 mumoles/ml) and varied by less than 10% during the course of the study in 14 of the 17 patients. Oleic acid constituted 44% of all arterial FFA. The relative concentrations of the various individual FFA were similar in arterial and coronary sinus plasma. The average FFA extraction was 19.9 +/- 2.1%. In contrast, the oleic-1-14C acid extraction was relatively more steady during the infusion, and the mean extraction of this tracer was 36.0 +/- 2.1%. Myocardial uptake for the entire group was 52.3 +/- 6.3 mumoles/min. Although a definite plateau for 14CO2 release from oleic-1-14C acid oxidation was not obtained, at least 31.8 +/- 4.3% of the removed FFA was oxidized, representing 49.3 +/- 6.4% of myocardial oxygen consumption. The failure of oleic-1-14C acid oxidation to reach a steady state was not due to delay in the myocardial CO2 pool, since 14CO2 release from infused NaH 14CO3 and lactate-1-14C in 11 other subjects revealed that in equilibrium was obtained within 5 min. These findings indicate that the generation of 14CO2 from oleic-1-14C acid oxidation is relatively slow, and the uptake of labeled FFA is partly matched by release of unlabeled FFA, suggesting that the human heart has important lipid pools.", "contents": "Assessment of myocardial free fatty acid metabolism in humans during heparin infusion. Free fatty acids (FFA) have been shown to be a major myocardial substrates during the postabsorptive state in humans. In order to document the utilization of these substrates by the heart while heparin was infused, the following study was designed. During heparin infusion, total and individual FFA were measured in arterial and coronary sinus plasma during the postabsorptive state in 13 patients with coronary artery disease and in 4 patients with no evidence of cardiac disease. Oleic-1-14C acid bound to albumin was infused at a constant rate for at least 7 min into the left coronary artery. Left coronary blood flow was determined in all patients. It was assumed the oleic-1-14C acid behaves like endogenous FFA. Arterial FFA concentration was high (mean and SEM: 1 +/- 0.21 mumoles/ml) and varied by less than 10% during the course of the study in 14 of the 17 patients. Oleic acid constituted 44% of all arterial FFA. The relative concentrations of the various individual FFA were similar in arterial and coronary sinus plasma. The average FFA extraction was 19.9 +/- 2.1%. In contrast, the oleic-1-14C acid extraction was relatively more steady during the infusion, and the mean extraction of this tracer was 36.0 +/- 2.1%. Myocardial uptake for the entire group was 52.3 +/- 6.3 mumoles/min. Although a definite plateau for 14CO2 release from oleic-1-14C acid oxidation was not obtained, at least 31.8 +/- 4.3% of the removed FFA was oxidized, representing 49.3 +/- 6.4% of myocardial oxygen consumption. The failure of oleic-1-14C acid oxidation to reach a steady state was not due to delay in the myocardial CO2 pool, since 14CO2 release from infused NaH 14CO3 and lactate-1-14C in 11 other subjects revealed that in equilibrium was obtained within 5 min. These findings indicate that the generation of 14CO2 from oleic-1-14C acid oxidation is relatively slow, and the uptake of labeled FFA is partly matched by release of unlabeled FFA, suggesting that the human heart has important lipid pools."}
{"id": "PMID:1208985", "title": "Myocardial enzyme release from ischemic isolated perfused working rat heart.", "content": "Isolated working rat hearts were made ischemic for 5, 10, and 30 minutes respectively. After the ischemic period, all hearts were perfused in a retrograde nonworking way for 30 minutes. During the 5 first minutes of ischemia, there was a marked fall of cardiac output and coronary flow. A significant release of GOT was seen and this was more marked after longer periods of ischemia. Addition of adrenaline to the perfusate increased the enzyme release. Pacing at 400/minute, high preload, high afterload, acidosis, or alkalosis did not alter enzyme release. Glycogen, ATP and CrP levels were depressed at the end of the ischemic period, but were seen to be rising again during the retrograde perfusion. This study indicates that myocardial tissue may release enzymes without being irreversibly damaged.", "contents": "Myocardial enzyme release from ischemic isolated perfused working rat heart. Isolated working rat hearts were made ischemic for 5, 10, and 30 minutes respectively. After the ischemic period, all hearts were perfused in a retrograde nonworking way for 30 minutes. During the 5 first minutes of ischemia, there was a marked fall of cardiac output and coronary flow. A significant release of GOT was seen and this was more marked after longer periods of ischemia. Addition of adrenaline to the perfusate increased the enzyme release. Pacing at 400/minute, high preload, high afterload, acidosis, or alkalosis did not alter enzyme release. Glycogen, ATP and CrP levels were depressed at the end of the ischemic period, but were seen to be rising again during the retrograde perfusion. This study indicates that myocardial tissue may release enzymes without being irreversibly damaged."}
{"id": "PMID:1208986", "title": "Effect of a thrombolytic agent (urokinase) on necrosis after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Using a two-compartment model with continuous input function, the rate and extent of myocardial damage were calculated from plasma enzyme levels measured in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Results were compared for four different enzymes. As regards the course of necrosis, two different hypotheses were tested and it was shown that the necrotic process has to be considered as a mulitplicative process rather than as a sudden disintigration of cells due to anoxia. Comparison of results obtained in a group of 5 patients treated with urokianse and in an untreated control group of 10 patients showed that the necrotic phase as defined by the enzyme release from the infarcted area was significantly shortened.", "contents": "Effect of a thrombolytic agent (urokinase) on necrosis after acute myocardial infarction. Using a two-compartment model with continuous input function, the rate and extent of myocardial damage were calculated from plasma enzyme levels measured in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Results were compared for four different enzymes. As regards the course of necrosis, two different hypotheses were tested and it was shown that the necrotic process has to be considered as a mulitplicative process rather than as a sudden disintigration of cells due to anoxia. Comparison of results obtained in a group of 5 patients treated with urokianse and in an untreated control group of 10 patients showed that the necrotic phase as defined by the enzyme release from the infarcted area was significantly shortened."}
{"id": "PMID:1208987", "title": "An improved animal model for studying the effect of drugs on myocardial metabolism during ischemia.", "content": "An improved dog model to study the effect of drugs on myocardial metabolism during ischemia is described. A reproducible degree of ischemia could be obtained by partial occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LAD), using an inflatable cuff with a micrometer. The possibility of inducing the stenosis twice in the same animal has the advantage that the animal can be used as its own control. The reproducibility of the degree of ischemia was demonstrated by the nonsignificant differences in local venous lactate, inorganic phosphate, and glucose concentrations after the first and second stenosis. The mean pressure difference over the stenosis was used to express the degree of coronary artery narrowing. In this model, one does not have to rely on the collateral circulation in collecting local venous blood. Moreover, it is very likely that this blood is obtained from the most pronounced ischemic area, which was localized with radioactive microspheres. At this degree of stenosis, left ventricular function was not affected too much, as was demonstrated by the slight changes in dP/dt max, and systolic and diastolic aortic pressure after induction of the stenosis. The usefulness of our model to evaluate the activity of drugs is demonstrated by the effect of fentanyl, a potent morphine-like analgesic, on the poststenotic local venous lactate and inorganic phosphate concentrations.", "contents": "An improved animal model for studying the effect of drugs on myocardial metabolism during ischemia. An improved dog model to study the effect of drugs on myocardial metabolism during ischemia is described. A reproducible degree of ischemia could be obtained by partial occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LAD), using an inflatable cuff with a micrometer. The possibility of inducing the stenosis twice in the same animal has the advantage that the animal can be used as its own control. The reproducibility of the degree of ischemia was demonstrated by the nonsignificant differences in local venous lactate, inorganic phosphate, and glucose concentrations after the first and second stenosis. The mean pressure difference over the stenosis was used to express the degree of coronary artery narrowing. In this model, one does not have to rely on the collateral circulation in collecting local venous blood. Moreover, it is very likely that this blood is obtained from the most pronounced ischemic area, which was localized with radioactive microspheres. At this degree of stenosis, left ventricular function was not affected too much, as was demonstrated by the slight changes in dP/dt max, and systolic and diastolic aortic pressure after induction of the stenosis. The usefulness of our model to evaluate the activity of drugs is demonstrated by the effect of fentanyl, a potent morphine-like analgesic, on the poststenotic local venous lactate and inorganic phosphate concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1208988", "title": "Role of adenine nucleotide translocase in metabolic change caused by ischemia.", "content": "Inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase by elevated levels of long chain acyl-CoA esters has been shown to occur during the onset of ischemia in experiments conducted on dogs. Other findings indicate that, as a consequence of translocase inhibition, the production of mitochondrial creatine phosphate was abolished and, in this manner, respiration was slowed to state 4 or an ischemic-like condition. A variety of biochemical, hemodynamic, and ultrastructural evidence further suggest that this inhibition of adenine nucleotide transport in and out of the heart mitochondria may be the initial and key disturbance which \"triggers\" the more drastic metabolic changes known to occur as the degree of ischemia becomes more severe. The mitochondrial \"damage\" caused by long chain acyl-CoA ester inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase appears to be reversible by carnitine.", "contents": "Role of adenine nucleotide translocase in metabolic change caused by ischemia. Inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase by elevated levels of long chain acyl-CoA esters has been shown to occur during the onset of ischemia in experiments conducted on dogs. Other findings indicate that, as a consequence of translocase inhibition, the production of mitochondrial creatine phosphate was abolished and, in this manner, respiration was slowed to state 4 or an ischemic-like condition. A variety of biochemical, hemodynamic, and ultrastructural evidence further suggest that this inhibition of adenine nucleotide transport in and out of the heart mitochondria may be the initial and key disturbance which \"triggers\" the more drastic metabolic changes known to occur as the degree of ischemia becomes more severe. The mitochondrial \"damage\" caused by long chain acyl-CoA ester inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase appears to be reversible by carnitine."}
{"id": "PMID:1208989", "title": "Lipid composition of cardiac lymph.", "content": "Cardiac lymph was obtained from fasting dogs by cannulating the efferent collecting trunks and the interventricular (subepicardial) trunk. The total lipid content of the lymph was 450 mg/100 ml and consisted of 16-20% cholesterol, 30-33% triglycerides, 41% phospholipids, 2% free fatty acids, and 7-8% fatty acids esterified with cholesterol. The lipid composition of the lymph obtained from the two collecting sites was identical. We can demonstrate that the loss of total fatty acids by the myocardium due to the drainage of the interstitial fluid into the lymph represents only 2-8% of the fatty acids used. With the exception of triglycerides, the concentration of all the lipids was higher in the arterial plasma than in the lymph. The concentration of triglycerides in the lymph suggests that triglycerides are contributed from endogenous sources.", "contents": "Lipid composition of cardiac lymph. Cardiac lymph was obtained from fasting dogs by cannulating the efferent collecting trunks and the interventricular (subepicardial) trunk. The total lipid content of the lymph was 450 mg/100 ml and consisted of 16-20% cholesterol, 30-33% triglycerides, 41% phospholipids, 2% free fatty acids, and 7-8% fatty acids esterified with cholesterol. The lipid composition of the lymph obtained from the two collecting sites was identical. We can demonstrate that the loss of total fatty acids by the myocardium due to the drainage of the interstitial fluid into the lymph represents only 2-8% of the fatty acids used. With the exception of triglycerides, the concentration of all the lipids was higher in the arterial plasma than in the lymph. The concentration of triglycerides in the lymph suggests that triglycerides are contributed from endogenous sources."}
{"id": "PMID:1208990", "title": "Hypoxia-induced prostaglandin release from rabbit heart.", "content": "Rabbit hearts were perfused at a pressure of 60 cm H2O with 37 degrees C Tyrode solution aerated with 5% CO2 in O2. The effluent from the heart was collected in four consecutive 10-min periods. The samples were analyzed for prostaglandins of the E series (PGE), using thin layer chromatography for identification and assay on the superfused rat stomach strip for quantitative estimation. Three different series of experiments were performed, the hearts in each series during the second effluent collection period being perfused under conditions of either hypoxia (Tyrode solution aerated with 5% O2 and 5% CO2 in N2), absence of glucose in the Tyrode solution, or hypotension/low perfusion flow (perfusion pressure lowered to 30cm H2O). In the series where glucose was omitted or hypotension/low perfusion flow was induced during the second effluent collection period, the outflow of PGE decreased exponentially throughout the four periods. In the series where hypoxia was maintained during the second effluent collection period, a marked increase in the outflow of PGE was noted after the end of hypoxia. Prostaglandins of the E series are powerful vasodilators, and the PG released may, by inducing coronary vasodilation, counteract the hypoxia. However, it has been shown that, in human plasma, conversion of arachidonic acid to PGE is parallelled by platelet aggregation. Therefore, if PG synthesis is also stimulated by hypoxia in man, myocardial ischemia must be considered as a possible mechanism for platelet aggregation and subsequent coronary thrombosis.", "contents": "Hypoxia-induced prostaglandin release from rabbit heart. Rabbit hearts were perfused at a pressure of 60 cm H2O with 37 degrees C Tyrode solution aerated with 5% CO2 in O2. The effluent from the heart was collected in four consecutive 10-min periods. The samples were analyzed for prostaglandins of the E series (PGE), using thin layer chromatography for identification and assay on the superfused rat stomach strip for quantitative estimation. Three different series of experiments were performed, the hearts in each series during the second effluent collection period being perfused under conditions of either hypoxia (Tyrode solution aerated with 5% O2 and 5% CO2 in N2), absence of glucose in the Tyrode solution, or hypotension/low perfusion flow (perfusion pressure lowered to 30cm H2O). In the series where glucose was omitted or hypotension/low perfusion flow was induced during the second effluent collection period, the outflow of PGE decreased exponentially throughout the four periods. In the series where hypoxia was maintained during the second effluent collection period, a marked increase in the outflow of PGE was noted after the end of hypoxia. Prostaglandins of the E series are powerful vasodilators, and the PG released may, by inducing coronary vasodilation, counteract the hypoxia. However, it has been shown that, in human plasma, conversion of arachidonic acid to PGE is parallelled by platelet aggregation. Therefore, if PG synthesis is also stimulated by hypoxia in man, myocardial ischemia must be considered as a possible mechanism for platelet aggregation and subsequent coronary thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1208991", "title": "Influence of the adrenal medulla on cardiac rhythm disturbances following acute coronary artery occlusions.", "content": "The present study was designed to examine the relationship between epinephrine secreted from the adrenal medulla and acute occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in alpha-chloralone-anesthetized cats. Occlusion of the LAD artery produced  arrhythmia in all of the animals, with 39% developing ventricular fibrillation (VF). Epinephrine content in the adrenal venous blood increased 5-fold immediately after occlusion and was associated with the development of arrhythmia and VF. The adrenal venous epinephrine levels increased 8-fold after occlusion in the animals that developed VF while, in those that did not develop VF, the epinephrine levels increased only 1.5-fold. Bilateral ligation of the adrenal veins 1 hour prior to occlusion of the LAD artery did not alter the pattern of development of arrhythmia but prevented the occurrence of VF. Pretreatment of animals with either practolol or sotalol 15 min prior to LAD artery occlusion also did not affect the occurrence of arrhythmia but prevented the incidence of VF. The data indicate that acute occlusion of the LAD coronary artery produces a sharp rise in epinephrine from the adrenal medulla and that epinephrine is a major factor in producing VF but does not seem to be involved to any great extent in the production of less ominous ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Influence of the adrenal medulla on cardiac rhythm disturbances following acute coronary artery occlusions. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between epinephrine secreted from the adrenal medulla and acute occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in alpha-chloralone-anesthetized cats. Occlusion of the LAD artery produced  arrhythmia in all of the animals, with 39% developing ventricular fibrillation (VF). Epinephrine content in the adrenal venous blood increased 5-fold immediately after occlusion and was associated with the development of arrhythmia and VF. The adrenal venous epinephrine levels increased 8-fold after occlusion in the animals that developed VF while, in those that did not develop VF, the epinephrine levels increased only 1.5-fold. Bilateral ligation of the adrenal veins 1 hour prior to occlusion of the LAD artery did not alter the pattern of development of arrhythmia but prevented the occurrence of VF. Pretreatment of animals with either practolol or sotalol 15 min prior to LAD artery occlusion also did not affect the occurrence of arrhythmia but prevented the incidence of VF. The data indicate that acute occlusion of the LAD coronary artery produces a sharp rise in epinephrine from the adrenal medulla and that epinephrine is a major factor in producing VF but does not seem to be involved to any great extent in the production of less ominous ventricular arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:1208992", "title": "Effect of deep hypothermia, limited cardiopulmonary bypass, and total arrest on growing puppies.", "content": "The advantages of a bloodless field and total cardiac relaxation have popularized the technique of deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest for the correction of complex congenital cardiac defects in infancy. There is, however, a significant potential for cerebral and pulmonary complications. Presently, the most common technique is that of using a combination of surface cooling and cardiopulmonary bypass cooling and rewarming. Normal neurological development has been claimed with the present technique of hypothermia at 20 degrees C and total circulatory arrest for periods up to an hour; however, there are reports of seizure activity in the early postoperative period. There is also a disturbing incidence of respiratory insufficiency and, occasionally, hemorrhagic pulmonary edema. This study, using growing puppies and subjecting them to deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest for varying periods of time, disclosed that animals subjected to 60 min of circulatory arrest recovered neurologically; however, there were histological changes of anoxia in the brain. Animals subjected to 30 min of total circulatory arrest were normal neurologically and there was no histological evidence of anoxic damage to brain tissue. Puppies that were continuously on cardiopulmonary bypass had no significant pulmonary changes caused by increasing the inspired oxygen tension in the ventilator; however, striking changes were noted when limited cardiopulmonary bypass was employed for core cooling and total circulatory arrest combined with pulmonary ventilation with 100% oxygen. We conclude from this experimental study that the use of surface cooling and core cooling with subsequent total circulatory arrest at 20 degrees C is a safe procedure, providing the period of time of cardiac arrest is kept around 30 min. We also conclude that the alveolar oxygen tension should be maintained at the lowest level possible during the interval of circulatory arrest to avoid the apparent rapid onset of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency.", "contents": "Effect of deep hypothermia, limited cardiopulmonary bypass, and total arrest on growing puppies. The advantages of a bloodless field and total cardiac relaxation have popularized the technique of deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest for the correction of complex congenital cardiac defects in infancy. There is, however, a significant potential for cerebral and pulmonary complications. Presently, the most common technique is that of using a combination of surface cooling and cardiopulmonary bypass cooling and rewarming. Normal neurological development has been claimed with the present technique of hypothermia at 20 degrees C and total circulatory arrest for periods up to an hour; however, there are reports of seizure activity in the early postoperative period. There is also a disturbing incidence of respiratory insufficiency and, occasionally, hemorrhagic pulmonary edema. This study, using growing puppies and subjecting them to deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest for varying periods of time, disclosed that animals subjected to 60 min of circulatory arrest recovered neurologically; however, there were histological changes of anoxia in the brain. Animals subjected to 30 min of total circulatory arrest were normal neurologically and there was no histological evidence of anoxic damage to brain tissue. Puppies that were continuously on cardiopulmonary bypass had no significant pulmonary changes caused by increasing the inspired oxygen tension in the ventilator; however, striking changes were noted when limited cardiopulmonary bypass was employed for core cooling and total circulatory arrest combined with pulmonary ventilation with 100% oxygen. We conclude from this experimental study that the use of surface cooling and core cooling with subsequent total circulatory arrest at 20 degrees C is a safe procedure, providing the period of time of cardiac arrest is kept around 30 min. We also conclude that the alveolar oxygen tension should be maintained at the lowest level possible during the interval of circulatory arrest to avoid the apparent rapid onset of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1208993", "title": "Consequences of reperfusion following acute coronary occlusion.", "content": "The sequential effects of reperfusion following acute intracoronary balloon occlusion were investigated in closed-chest anesthetized dogs by simultaneous measurement of hemodynamics and regional metabolism and histopathologic study. Simultaneous regional determinations of myocardial metabolic function were carried out in coronary-occluded and nonoccluded segments of the left ventricle. A 3-hour occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) resulted in significant decrease in cardiac function. Intitial reperfusion was marked by major washout of metabolites and development of frequently serious arrhythmias. Reperfusion following 3 hours of LAD occlusion led to futher deterioration in hemodynamics and metabolism: 30% of the dogs developed shock. Lactate extraction decreased further in the nonoccluded region and reached production levels in the occluded zone. Potassium loss increased in both zones. Oxygen extraction remained unchanged. Pathophysiologic examination of tissue specimens from the reperfused zone revealed microthrombi, patchy necrosis, fragmentation of myofibrils, vascular congestions, and hemorrhages.", "contents": "Consequences of reperfusion following acute coronary occlusion. The sequential effects of reperfusion following acute intracoronary balloon occlusion were investigated in closed-chest anesthetized dogs by simultaneous measurement of hemodynamics and regional metabolism and histopathologic study. Simultaneous regional determinations of myocardial metabolic function were carried out in coronary-occluded and nonoccluded segments of the left ventricle. A 3-hour occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) resulted in significant decrease in cardiac function. Intitial reperfusion was marked by major washout of metabolites and development of frequently serious arrhythmias. Reperfusion following 3 hours of LAD occlusion led to futher deterioration in hemodynamics and metabolism: 30% of the dogs developed shock. Lactate extraction decreased further in the nonoccluded region and reached production levels in the occluded zone. Potassium loss increased in both zones. Oxygen extraction remained unchanged. Pathophysiologic examination of tissue specimens from the reperfused zone revealed microthrombi, patchy necrosis, fragmentation of myofibrils, vascular congestions, and hemorrhages."}
{"id": "PMID:1208994", "title": "Demonstration of the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon in the dog heart after temporary ischemia.", "content": "The effect of 40- or 90-min periods of temporary myocarardial ischemia on the distribution of coronary flow and capillary structure were assessed in groups of mongrel dogs. Thioflavin S. a fluorescent dye which stains vascular endothelium when injected intravenously, was used to demonstrate the distribution of microvascular perfusion at 10 sec, 5 min, or 20 min following release of a 40-or 90min circumflex coronary artery occlusion. Hearts which demonstrated perfusion defects were sampled for electron microscopy. Following 40 min of occlusion, thioflavin S was distributed uniformly throughout the myocardium. In contrast, following 90-min periods of coronary occlusion, perfusion defects always were present in the subendocardial half of the posterolateral left ventricular wall. Several morphological features in these areas of no reflow were observed by electron microscopy, including decreased endothelial pinocytotic vesicles, endothelial gaps and bleb formation, capillaries packed with erythrocytes, occasional intraluminal thrombi, and extravascular erythrocytes and fibrin. Myocardial cells showing severe injury always were seen within but also extended beyond the areas of poor perfusion. These results demonstrate that areas of no reflow occur following 90-min periods of ischemic injury in the dog, but that primary myocardial cell injury occurs during the ischemic period and not as a function of the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon.", "contents": "Demonstration of the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon in the dog heart after temporary ischemia. The effect of 40- or 90-min periods of temporary myocarardial ischemia on the distribution of coronary flow and capillary structure were assessed in groups of mongrel dogs. Thioflavin S. a fluorescent dye which stains vascular endothelium when injected intravenously, was used to demonstrate the distribution of microvascular perfusion at 10 sec, 5 min, or 20 min following release of a 40-or 90min circumflex coronary artery occlusion. Hearts which demonstrated perfusion defects were sampled for electron microscopy. Following 40 min of occlusion, thioflavin S was distributed uniformly throughout the myocardium. In contrast, following 90-min periods of coronary occlusion, perfusion defects always were present in the subendocardial half of the posterolateral left ventricular wall. Several morphological features in these areas of no reflow were observed by electron microscopy, including decreased endothelial pinocytotic vesicles, endothelial gaps and bleb formation, capillaries packed with erythrocytes, occasional intraluminal thrombi, and extravascular erythrocytes and fibrin. Myocardial cells showing severe injury always were seen within but also extended beyond the areas of poor perfusion. These results demonstrate that areas of no reflow occur following 90-min periods of ischemic injury in the dog, but that primary myocardial cell injury occurs during the ischemic period and not as a function of the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1208995", "title": "Regional differences in fatty acid oxidation by the adult rabbit myocardium.", "content": "Differences in coronary perfusion and tissue oxygenation between the epicardium and endocardium have been shown. Thus, intrinsic capacity for substrate oxidation may also exhibit regional variation. Accordingly, homogenates of left ventricular papillary muscle (\"endocardium\") and left ventricular free wall trimmed of endocardium (\"epicardium\") were compared for their capacity to oxidize palmitic acid-1-14C (PA) and octanoic acid-1-14C (OcA). Homogenates from one to three rabbits were combined for each study; 18 studies were performed using PA, and 10 using OcA. The protein content of endo- and epicardial homogenates was the same (Biuret method). At ambient PA concentrations of 0.2 mM, oxidation of PA by \"endocardium\" was 64 +/- 6.3% that of the \"epicardium\" (p less than 0.001). At ambient concentrations of 1.0 mM, oxidation of OcA by \"endocardium\" was not different from that of \"epicardium\" (118 +/- 10.5%; p greater than 0.1). Thus, the oxidative capacity for long chain FFA by the endo- and epicardial homogenates are at variance. Differences in carnitine-mediated transmitochondrial transport of long chain fatty acids may be the explanation. Such regional metabolic differences could play a role in regional alterations in myocardial function under adverse hemodynamic and metabolic circumstances.", "contents": "Regional differences in fatty acid oxidation by the adult rabbit myocardium. Differences in coronary perfusion and tissue oxygenation between the epicardium and endocardium have been shown. Thus, intrinsic capacity for substrate oxidation may also exhibit regional variation. Accordingly, homogenates of left ventricular papillary muscle (\"endocardium\") and left ventricular free wall trimmed of endocardium (\"epicardium\") were compared for their capacity to oxidize palmitic acid-1-14C (PA) and octanoic acid-1-14C (OcA). Homogenates from one to three rabbits were combined for each study; 18 studies were performed using PA, and 10 using OcA. The protein content of endo- and epicardial homogenates was the same (Biuret method). At ambient PA concentrations of 0.2 mM, oxidation of PA by \"endocardium\" was 64 +/- 6.3% that of the \"epicardium\" (p less than 0.001). At ambient concentrations of 1.0 mM, oxidation of OcA by \"endocardium\" was not different from that of \"epicardium\" (118 +/- 10.5%; p greater than 0.1). Thus, the oxidative capacity for long chain FFA by the endo- and epicardial homogenates are at variance. Differences in carnitine-mediated transmitochondrial transport of long chain fatty acids may be the explanation. Such regional metabolic differences could play a role in regional alterations in myocardial function under adverse hemodynamic and metabolic circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:1208996", "title": "Changes in sichemic coronary vasodilation produced by blood, plasma, and saline infusions.", "content": "Reactive hyperemia was diminished when blood of varying oxygen content was infused into the vascular bed distal to an occluded coronary artery. The degree of response appeared to be related to the oxygen content of the infused sample. However, plasma and saline infusions also caused a reduction in reactive hypermia. It is therefore possible to conclude that the prevention of the fall in intravascular pressure plays an important role in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone in the dog heart.", "contents": "Changes in sichemic coronary vasodilation produced by blood, plasma, and saline infusions. Reactive hyperemia was diminished when blood of varying oxygen content was infused into the vascular bed distal to an occluded coronary artery. The degree of response appeared to be related to the oxygen content of the infused sample. However, plasma and saline infusions also caused a reduction in reactive hypermia. It is therefore possible to conclude that the prevention of the fall in intravascular pressure plays an important role in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone in the dog heart."}
{"id": "PMID:1208997", "title": "Time-dependent changes of collateral coronary reactivity in the dog.", "content": "Vascular reactivity of the developing coronary collaterals has been investigated by studying local flow responses elicited by adrenergic and hypoxic stimuli in the ischemic foci of the canine heart. Tissue blood flow was measured by means of the heat clearance technique. The myocardial area explored was rendered ischemic by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery 2-90 days prior to the experiment. This area is supplied exclusively by collateral channels. Adrenergic sensitivity was tested by i.v. administration or noradrenaline and isoproterenol (1 mug/kh), as well as by supramaximal electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglion. Metabolic sensitivity of the vessels was tested by brief periods of general hypoxia. During the first 3 weeks of the myocardial infarction, the collateral vascular response induced by each form of the adrenergic activation was considerably different from that observed in the normal coronary bed: instead of the conventional beta-type dilation, noradrenaline and stellate stimulation induced constriction in the ischemic zone whereas isoproterenol, having only pure beta-stimulating effects proved to be ineffective. Following the 3rd postoperative week, a gradually increasing sensitivity to beta-dilator influences appeared on the collateral vessels. However, this transformation of the adrenergic effect was not accompanied by a similar restoration of the local vascular propensity for metabolic (hypoxic) dilation. The results suggest that time courses of the changes of the adrenergic and metabolic vascular reactivity in the collateral network, although probably interrelated, do not parallel each other.", "contents": "Time-dependent changes of collateral coronary reactivity in the dog. Vascular reactivity of the developing coronary collaterals has been investigated by studying local flow responses elicited by adrenergic and hypoxic stimuli in the ischemic foci of the canine heart. Tissue blood flow was measured by means of the heat clearance technique. The myocardial area explored was rendered ischemic by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery 2-90 days prior to the experiment. This area is supplied exclusively by collateral channels. Adrenergic sensitivity was tested by i.v. administration or noradrenaline and isoproterenol (1 mug/kh), as well as by supramaximal electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglion. Metabolic sensitivity of the vessels was tested by brief periods of general hypoxia. During the first 3 weeks of the myocardial infarction, the collateral vascular response induced by each form of the adrenergic activation was considerably different from that observed in the normal coronary bed: instead of the conventional beta-type dilation, noradrenaline and stellate stimulation induced constriction in the ischemic zone whereas isoproterenol, having only pure beta-stimulating effects proved to be ineffective. Following the 3rd postoperative week, a gradually increasing sensitivity to beta-dilator influences appeared on the collateral vessels. However, this transformation of the adrenergic effect was not accompanied by a similar restoration of the local vascular propensity for metabolic (hypoxic) dilation. The results suggest that time courses of the changes of the adrenergic and metabolic vascular reactivity in the collateral network, although probably interrelated, do not parallel each other."}
{"id": "PMID:1208998", "title": "Hemodynamics and metabolic determinants of distribution of myocardial flow.", "content": "A computer simulation of the left coronary outflow response to branch occlusion was carried out, using physiological data derived from canine left coronary artery generated on an IBM 360/44 in order to provide multidimensional analysis of the problem of the distribution of flow within the myocardium. During coronary occlusion in this computer model, distal impedance varied little during the occlusion of one or the other arterial brance. This observation was taken as a boundary condition in the simulation exercise. Some of the important factors in the intramyocardial distribution of flow are discussed.", "contents": "Hemodynamics and metabolic determinants of distribution of myocardial flow. A computer simulation of the left coronary outflow response to branch occlusion was carried out, using physiological data derived from canine left coronary artery generated on an IBM 360/44 in order to provide multidimensional analysis of the problem of the distribution of flow within the myocardium. During coronary occlusion in this computer model, distal impedance varied little during the occlusion of one or the other arterial brance. This observation was taken as a boundary condition in the simulation exercise. Some of the important factors in the intramyocardial distribution of flow are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1208999", "title": "Studies of regional myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary atherosclerosis, using xenon-133 and a multiple crystal scintillation camera.", "content": "Regional myocardial perfusion was measured in 164 patients at coronary arteriography. Washout of xenon-133 from multiple areas of the heart was monitored with a multiple crystal scintoooillation camera after tracer injection int the left or right coronary artery. Rate constants of radioisotope clearance were computed by monoexponential analysis of the initial portion of each washout curve. Regional myocardial blood flow rates in ml/100 g.min were calculated by the Kety formula. The pattern of local myocardial perfusion rates was compared to the coronary arteriogram obtained during the same study. In patients with normal coronary arteriograms, the average mean myocardial perfusion rate in the left ventricle (LV) significantly exceeded that of the right ventricle and the right atrial area. Mild heterogeneity of local myocardial flow rates in the LV was observed. In patients with essential hypertension, aortic stenosis, and aortic insufficiency, the average LV perfusion rates were similar to those of subjects with normal coronary arteriograms, pressures, and ventriculograms. The mean LV perfusion rates were significantly reduced in patients without coronary disease who had cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure.", "contents": "Studies of regional myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary atherosclerosis, using xenon-133 and a multiple crystal scintillation camera. Regional myocardial perfusion was measured in 164 patients at coronary arteriography. Washout of xenon-133 from multiple areas of the heart was monitored with a multiple crystal scintoooillation camera after tracer injection int the left or right coronary artery. Rate constants of radioisotope clearance were computed by monoexponential analysis of the initial portion of each washout curve. Regional myocardial blood flow rates in ml/100 g.min were calculated by the Kety formula. The pattern of local myocardial perfusion rates was compared to the coronary arteriogram obtained during the same study. In patients with normal coronary arteriograms, the average mean myocardial perfusion rate in the left ventricle (LV) significantly exceeded that of the right ventricle and the right atrial area. Mild heterogeneity of local myocardial flow rates in the LV was observed. In patients with essential hypertension, aortic stenosis, and aortic insufficiency, the average LV perfusion rates were similar to those of subjects with normal coronary arteriograms, pressures, and ventriculograms. The mean LV perfusion rates were significantly reduced in patients without coronary disease who had cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1209000", "title": "Local myocardial blood-flow measured by the use of a needle-type Pt-H2 electrode.", "content": "In order to measure local myocardial blood flow respectively, a needle-type recessed Pt electrode sealed in a thin injection needle was constructed. By means of this electrode, the myocardial blood flow in the inner and outer portions of the anterior wall of the exposed left ventricle of anesthesized dogs was studied. Under conditions, the blood flow in the inner portion (112.4 ml/100 ml/min) exceeded that in the outer portion (98.7 ml/100 ml/min). But the blood flow distribution expressed in terms of the blood flow ratio in both portions was readily varied by several pharmacological treatments, starvation, or prolongation of the experiment. Combining these observations with the results obtained in the decrease of the O2 current in the coronary occlusion test, the following possibilities seemed probable: 1) The myocardial blood flow under normal conditions was so distributed that the inner layer could be supplied with an increased blood flow and more oxygen. 2) Such a balance between the local blood flow and O2 demand can often be disturbed under various conditions, as was seen in the case of isoproterinol infusion in the present study.", "contents": "Local myocardial blood-flow measured by the use of a needle-type Pt-H2 electrode. In order to measure local myocardial blood flow respectively, a needle-type recessed Pt electrode sealed in a thin injection needle was constructed. By means of this electrode, the myocardial blood flow in the inner and outer portions of the anterior wall of the exposed left ventricle of anesthesized dogs was studied. Under conditions, the blood flow in the inner portion (112.4 ml/100 ml/min) exceeded that in the outer portion (98.7 ml/100 ml/min). But the blood flow distribution expressed in terms of the blood flow ratio in both portions was readily varied by several pharmacological treatments, starvation, or prolongation of the experiment. Combining these observations with the results obtained in the decrease of the O2 current in the coronary occlusion test, the following possibilities seemed probable: 1) The myocardial blood flow under normal conditions was so distributed that the inner layer could be supplied with an increased blood flow and more oxygen. 2) Such a balance between the local blood flow and O2 demand can often be disturbed under various conditions, as was seen in the case of isoproterinol infusion in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:1209001", "title": "Mass spectrometry for the measurement of intramyocardial gas tensions: methodology and application to the study of myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The methodology for use of the mass spectrometer for the measurement of intramyocardial gas tensions in the canine preparation is described. Baseling studies were carried out initially in 36 animals, and control levels for myocardial oxygen tension and myocardial carbon dioxide tension were 19 mm Hg (S.D. 6 mm Hg) and 43 mm Hg (S.D. 10 mm Hg), respectively. Myocardial oxygen tension was not altered significantly by varying the arterial oxygen tension between 65 and 300 mm Hg. However, myocardial carbon dioxide tension increased linearly with increased arterial carbon dioxide tension. In 15 dogs placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass, a perfusion pressure 40-60 mm lower than the control mean arterial pressure resulted in myocardial ischemia with a decrease in myocardial oxygen tension and an increase in myocardial carbon dioxide tension. A subsequent increase in perfusion pressure to control levels resulted in resolution of ischemia and return of myocardial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions to their control level. In another series of open-chest dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass, a proximal constriction applied to the left coronary circumflex artery resulted in a marked decrease in myocardial oxygen tensions and a marked increase in myocardial carbon dioxide tensions in the region supplied by the constricted vessel. In yet another series of open-chest dogs, it was found that incremental decreases in coronary flow established by constriction of the circumflex artery resulted in an exponential increase in both myocardial  carbon dioxide tensions and ST-segment elevation as determined by a 25-gauge multi-contact plunge electrode placed in the posterior left ventricular wall. It appears that mass spectrometry techniques for evaluating myocardial ischemia have several advantages over myocardial biopsy techniques for assay of ATP and lactate, and also over the technique of coronary sinus lactate determination.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry for the measurement of intramyocardial gas tensions: methodology and application to the study of myocardial ischemia. The methodology for use of the mass spectrometer for the measurement of intramyocardial gas tensions in the canine preparation is described. Baseling studies were carried out initially in 36 animals, and control levels for myocardial oxygen tension and myocardial carbon dioxide tension were 19 mm Hg (S.D. 6 mm Hg) and 43 mm Hg (S.D. 10 mm Hg), respectively. Myocardial oxygen tension was not altered significantly by varying the arterial oxygen tension between 65 and 300 mm Hg. However, myocardial carbon dioxide tension increased linearly with increased arterial carbon dioxide tension. In 15 dogs placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass, a perfusion pressure 40-60 mm lower than the control mean arterial pressure resulted in myocardial ischemia with a decrease in myocardial oxygen tension and an increase in myocardial carbon dioxide tension. A subsequent increase in perfusion pressure to control levels resulted in resolution of ischemia and return of myocardial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions to their control level. In another series of open-chest dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass, a proximal constriction applied to the left coronary circumflex artery resulted in a marked decrease in myocardial oxygen tensions and a marked increase in myocardial carbon dioxide tensions in the region supplied by the constricted vessel. In yet another series of open-chest dogs, it was found that incremental decreases in coronary flow established by constriction of the circumflex artery resulted in an exponential increase in both myocardial  carbon dioxide tensions and ST-segment elevation as determined by a 25-gauge multi-contact plunge electrode placed in the posterior left ventricular wall. It appears that mass spectrometry techniques for evaluating myocardial ischemia have several advantages over myocardial biopsy techniques for assay of ATP and lactate, and also over the technique of coronary sinus lactate determination."}
{"id": "PMID:1209002", "title": "Effect of conditioning on myocardial metabolism after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of prior physical training on metabolic changes after isoproternol-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. The evaluation was done in terms of serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), serum lactic dehydrogenase  (LDH), serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), cardiac glycogen, and cardiac noradrenaline. Male albino rats weighed 100-150 g were selected for the study. Physical training (conditioning) consisted in making the animals swim in a tank of water for 60 min daily on 6 days a week, for 8 weeks. Myocardial infarction was produced by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol, 85 mg/kg body weight, on 2 consecutive days. There was significantly less elevation of SGOT, LDH and CPK in the conditioned group after myocardial infarction; the rise in SGPT was not significantly different in the two groups. A smaller rise of serum enzymes revealed less myocardial damage in the conditioned group; the rise in FFA was also less in the conditioned group, a more favorable situation for an ischemic myocardium. No significant difference was observed in cardiac glycogen and cardiac noradrenaline after isoproterenol-induced cardiac necrosis. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of conditioning on myocardial metabolism after myocardial infarction. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of prior physical training on metabolic changes after isoproternol-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. The evaluation was done in terms of serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), serum lactic dehydrogenase  (LDH), serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), cardiac glycogen, and cardiac noradrenaline. Male albino rats weighed 100-150 g were selected for the study. Physical training (conditioning) consisted in making the animals swim in a tank of water for 60 min daily on 6 days a week, for 8 weeks. Myocardial infarction was produced by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol, 85 mg/kg body weight, on 2 consecutive days. There was significantly less elevation of SGOT, LDH and CPK in the conditioned group after myocardial infarction; the rise in SGPT was not significantly different in the two groups. A smaller rise of serum enzymes revealed less myocardial damage in the conditioned group; the rise in FFA was also less in the conditioned group, a more favorable situation for an ischemic myocardium. No significant difference was observed in cardiac glycogen and cardiac noradrenaline after isoproterenol-induced cardiac necrosis. The significance of these observations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209004", "title": "Inhibition of extracellular and purified 5'-nucleotidase from rat heart.", "content": "5'-Nucleotidase in perfused rat hearts, accessible to extracellular substrate [14C]-AMP contained in the perfusate, was compared to a partially purified 5'-nucleotidase from the same organ. Both activities were inhibited by ATP and, more effectively, by the ADP analog adenosine-alpha, beta-methylene diphosphate (APCP). The isolated enzyme showed a competitive inhibitor constant of 5.4 x 10(-8) M for APCP (Km of AMP = 1.4 x 10(-5) M). Although both activities were effectively inhibited by APCP, insufficient knowledge about the selectivity of this agent as a nucleotidase inhibitor does not permit a conclusion on whether or not the extracellular activity is identical to the partially purified enzyme.", "contents": "Inhibition of extracellular and purified 5'-nucleotidase from rat heart. 5'-Nucleotidase in perfused rat hearts, accessible to extracellular substrate [14C]-AMP contained in the perfusate, was compared to a partially purified 5'-nucleotidase from the same organ. Both activities were inhibited by ATP and, more effectively, by the ADP analog adenosine-alpha, beta-methylene diphosphate (APCP). The isolated enzyme showed a competitive inhibitor constant of 5.4 x 10(-8) M for APCP (Km of AMP = 1.4 x 10(-5) M). Although both activities were effectively inhibited by APCP, insufficient knowledge about the selectivity of this agent as a nucleotidase inhibitor does not permit a conclusion on whether or not the extracellular activity is identical to the partially purified enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1209005", "title": "Comparative in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of tricyclic antidepressants on myocardial contractility.", "content": "The effects of the similarily structured antidepressant drugs imipramine and dimetacrine and their demethylated derivatives on myocardial performance were studied in vitro on 42 right ventricular papillary muscles of cats. The hemodynamic effects of intravenous administration of 22 mg of free base imipramine and dimetacrine were investigated in 12 patients with coronary disease. The results of the in vitro studies show that imipramine greater than dimetacrine greater than desmethyl compounds have a marked dose-dependent negative inotropic effect on all parameters of myocardial contractility, i.e., afterloaded isotonic contractions (delta L), dL/dtmax, dL/dtmin,dT/dt. The hemodynamic investigations indicate that imipramine greater than dimetacrine induces a significant increase in end-diastolic left ventricular pressure. Both drugs increase mean arterial blood pressure, correlated to a peripheral vasoconstriction and corresponding to an increase on the plasma level of catecholamines. It is concluded that both effects of these antidepressant drugs (reduction of myocardial performance and an increase in the plasma level of catecholamines) must be considered a risk in patients predisposed to myocardial failure.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of tricyclic antidepressants on myocardial contractility. The effects of the similarily structured antidepressant drugs imipramine and dimetacrine and their demethylated derivatives on myocardial performance were studied in vitro on 42 right ventricular papillary muscles of cats. The hemodynamic effects of intravenous administration of 22 mg of free base imipramine and dimetacrine were investigated in 12 patients with coronary disease. The results of the in vitro studies show that imipramine greater than dimetacrine greater than desmethyl compounds have a marked dose-dependent negative inotropic effect on all parameters of myocardial contractility, i.e., afterloaded isotonic contractions (delta L), dL/dtmax, dL/dtmin,dT/dt. The hemodynamic investigations indicate that imipramine greater than dimetacrine induces a significant increase in end-diastolic left ventricular pressure. Both drugs increase mean arterial blood pressure, correlated to a peripheral vasoconstriction and corresponding to an increase on the plasma level of catecholamines. It is concluded that both effects of these antidepressant drugs (reduction of myocardial performance and an increase in the plasma level of catecholamines) must be considered a risk in patients predisposed to myocardial failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1209006", "title": "Contractile apparatus in aortic endothelium of hypertensive rat.", "content": "One week after hypertension was produced in male Wistar rats (150 g body weight) by a complete aortic ligature placed between renal arteries, electron microscopic studies showed a striking increase of cytoplasmic microfilaments in the endothelial cells of the aortic segment above coarctation (mean blood pressure 160 mm Hg). These microfilaments measured 40-70 A in diameter and were located particularly close to the endothelial clefts. In \"en face\" preparation of aortic endothelial cells treated with antiactin autoantibodies (AAA) followed by antihuman IgG, the cells above the ligature of hypertensive animals were intensely fluorescent compared with those of the aortic portion below the ligature or that of controls. The fluorescence was abolished after incubating the AAA-containing sera with thrombosthenin-A, suggesting the presence of actin. There was also an increase transport of horseradish peroxidase and ferritin through the endothelial cell layer. While endothelial cells so modified may play a role in permeability regulation, they may also be related to such mechanisms as electronic coupling and synchronized contraction of aortic cells during hypertension.", "contents": "Contractile apparatus in aortic endothelium of hypertensive rat. One week after hypertension was produced in male Wistar rats (150 g body weight) by a complete aortic ligature placed between renal arteries, electron microscopic studies showed a striking increase of cytoplasmic microfilaments in the endothelial cells of the aortic segment above coarctation (mean blood pressure 160 mm Hg). These microfilaments measured 40-70 A in diameter and were located particularly close to the endothelial clefts. In \"en face\" preparation of aortic endothelial cells treated with antiactin autoantibodies (AAA) followed by antihuman IgG, the cells above the ligature of hypertensive animals were intensely fluorescent compared with those of the aortic portion below the ligature or that of controls. The fluorescence was abolished after incubating the AAA-containing sera with thrombosthenin-A, suggesting the presence of actin. There was also an increase transport of horseradish peroxidase and ferritin through the endothelial cell layer. While endothelial cells so modified may play a role in permeability regulation, they may also be related to such mechanisms as electronic coupling and synchronized contraction of aortic cells during hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1209007", "title": "Light and electron microscopic study of cellular proliferation in carcinoid heart disease.", "content": "An ultrastructural and histochemical study of the subendocardial lesion in carcinoid heart disease showed six different cell types within a myxoid matrix. The matrix, composed of a mucopolysaccharidic ground substance, collagen, and reticluin fibers, contained stem cells, four types of fusiform cells (fibrocytes, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells), and intermediary cell type. Our observations suggest that the humoral mediators of the carcinoid syndrome may induce the differentiation of a subendocardial stem cell into contractile elements.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic study of cellular proliferation in carcinoid heart disease. An ultrastructural and histochemical study of the subendocardial lesion in carcinoid heart disease showed six different cell types within a myxoid matrix. The matrix, composed of a mucopolysaccharidic ground substance, collagen, and reticluin fibers, contained stem cells, four types of fusiform cells (fibrocytes, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells), and intermediary cell type. Our observations suggest that the humoral mediators of the carcinoid syndrome may induce the differentiation of a subendocardial stem cell into contractile elements."}
{"id": "PMID:1209008", "title": "Age-dependent changes of heart valves and heart size.", "content": "The mode and extent of the regressions of heart valves, valvular rings, and tendon chords, as well as the size of atria and ventricles in 316 hearts of different age groups (macroscopically normal at autopsy), were studied. With increasing age, the valves showed marked thickening and loss of elasticity. Deposition of lipoids and calcification occur to a variable extent in the valvular tissue and rings; Valve size shows a change of minor degree, but tendon chords and papillary muscles shorten in old age. The diameters of the atria, mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, and aortic rings increase continuously up to the 9th decade of life. The width and length of the ventricles show minor alterations in size. In old age, heart weight increases.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes of heart valves and heart size. The mode and extent of the regressions of heart valves, valvular rings, and tendon chords, as well as the size of atria and ventricles in 316 hearts of different age groups (macroscopically normal at autopsy), were studied. With increasing age, the valves showed marked thickening and loss of elasticity. Deposition of lipoids and calcification occur to a variable extent in the valvular tissue and rings; Valve size shows a change of minor degree, but tendon chords and papillary muscles shorten in old age. The diameters of the atria, mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, and aortic rings increase continuously up to the 9th decade of life. The width and length of the ventricles show minor alterations in size. In old age, heart weight increases."}
{"id": "PMID:1209009", "title": "Method for the production of severe ventricular dysrhythmias in small laboratory animals.", "content": "In earlier reports from this laboratory, it was shown that 3 weeks' pretreatment with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) pellet implantation and saline as drinking fluid caused a nearly 20,000-fold potentiation of the acute cardiotoxicity of isoproterenol. In such animals, the beta-receptor stimulant consistently elicited severe ventricular dysrhythmias, usually leading to ventricular fibrillation (VF) and death. In the present study, a similar enhancement of isoproterenol arrhythmogenic activity after DCA-saline pretreatment was demonstrated also in the guinea pig and albino mouse. It was found, further, that isoproterenol consistently caused an alteration of the total myocardial electrolyte content in DCA-saline-treated rats, consisting of a decrease of magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) levels and elevation of sodium (Na). In control rats, on the other hand, isoproterenol did not alter the myocardial Mg content and increased K. The emertence of cardiac irregularities and VF could be inhibited by pretreatment with antiarrhythmic drugs. On a molar basis, these agents decreased the incidence of VF in the following descending order: dl-propranolol (100), practolol (39), d-propranolol (34), sotalol (20), quinidine (8), and lidocaine (5). In the presence of any of the listed drugs, except for lidocaine, isoproterenol did not lower Mg levels and had variable effects on those of Na and K. Pretreatment with Mg gluconate was likewise effective in preventing isoproterenol-induced dysrhythmias and death. These findings demonstrate that: a) sensitization of the myocardium by DCA-saline treatment is not species-specific for the rat; b) this phenomenon can be a useful method for the screening of antiarrhythmic drugs; and c) isoproterenol-induced dysrhythmias may be associated with myocardial electrolyte alterations involving especially Mg depletion.", "contents": "Method for the production of severe ventricular dysrhythmias in small laboratory animals. In earlier reports from this laboratory, it was shown that 3 weeks' pretreatment with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) pellet implantation and saline as drinking fluid caused a nearly 20,000-fold potentiation of the acute cardiotoxicity of isoproterenol. In such animals, the beta-receptor stimulant consistently elicited severe ventricular dysrhythmias, usually leading to ventricular fibrillation (VF) and death. In the present study, a similar enhancement of isoproterenol arrhythmogenic activity after DCA-saline pretreatment was demonstrated also in the guinea pig and albino mouse. It was found, further, that isoproterenol consistently caused an alteration of the total myocardial electrolyte content in DCA-saline-treated rats, consisting of a decrease of magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) levels and elevation of sodium (Na). In control rats, on the other hand, isoproterenol did not alter the myocardial Mg content and increased K. The emertence of cardiac irregularities and VF could be inhibited by pretreatment with antiarrhythmic drugs. On a molar basis, these agents decreased the incidence of VF in the following descending order: dl-propranolol (100), practolol (39), d-propranolol (34), sotalol (20), quinidine (8), and lidocaine (5). In the presence of any of the listed drugs, except for lidocaine, isoproterenol did not lower Mg levels and had variable effects on those of Na and K. Pretreatment with Mg gluconate was likewise effective in preventing isoproterenol-induced dysrhythmias and death. These findings demonstrate that: a) sensitization of the myocardium by DCA-saline treatment is not species-specific for the rat; b) this phenomenon can be a useful method for the screening of antiarrhythmic drugs; and c) isoproterenol-induced dysrhythmias may be associated with myocardial electrolyte alterations involving especially Mg depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:1209010", "title": "Lesions of the conduction system in the cat with cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Degeneration and fibrosis of the atrioventricular nodal tissue and left bundle branch, associated with cartilage of bone in the central fibrous body and fibrosis of the interventricular septal crest, were observed in 63 cats with cardiomyopathy. The cardiac lesions consisted of endocardial and myocardial fibrosis or organized endomyocarditis. Electrocardiographic, radiographic, angiocardiography, and hemodynamic changes were also observed in the cats.", "contents": "Lesions of the conduction system in the cat with cardiomyopathy. Degeneration and fibrosis of the atrioventricular nodal tissue and left bundle branch, associated with cartilage of bone in the central fibrous body and fibrosis of the interventricular septal crest, were observed in 63 cats with cardiomyopathy. The cardiac lesions consisted of endocardial and myocardial fibrosis or organized endomyocarditis. Electrocardiographic, radiographic, angiocardiography, and hemodynamic changes were also observed in the cats."}
{"id": "PMID:1209011", "title": "Protective effect of coexistent thiamine deficiency upon the experimental cardiomyopathy associated with acute magnesium deficiency in the Syrian golden hamster.", "content": "Repeated efforts to induce beriberi heart disease by experimental thiamine deficiency (B1d) have failed in many species. To test the hypothesis that magnesium deficiency (Mgd) might be the cofactor necessary for heart failure, 10-week-old Syrian golden hamsters were divided into four groups-control (C), B1d, Mgd, and combined MgB1d-and were fed the diets ad libitum for 3 weeks. On day 21, animals were studied under intraperitoneal pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg/kg). Electrocardiograms were taken and right and left ventricular pressures were measured by transthoracic needle puncture. Cardiac output was measured by the direct Fick method. The complete study was performed in 9 C, 13 B1d, 9 Mgd, and 14 MgB1d animals. B1d was proven by low red blood cell transketolate high B1 pyrophosphate effect, and was accompanied by tachycardia and hypercalcemia. B1 did not differ from C in any other parameter. Mgd was characterized by hypomagnesemia, hypercalcemia, prolongation of the PR interval, widening of the QRS interval, low O2 consumption, low cardiac output, and increased heart weight to body weight ratio (HW/BW) as compared to control. No differences were observed in right and left ventricular pressures or peak /dt. MgB1d was characterized by hypomagnesium, hypercalcemia, low red blood cell transkeotlase, and high B1 pyrophosphate effect. MgB1d minimized the deleterious effects of Mgd: animals were more active and the mortality was low, the PR interval remained normal, the QRS interval widened significantly less, cardiac output remained normal, and HW/BW increased significantly less. Although, once again, beriberi heart disease was not produced, B1d appeared to exert a protective effect upon the Mg-deficient myocardium.", "contents": "Protective effect of coexistent thiamine deficiency upon the experimental cardiomyopathy associated with acute magnesium deficiency in the Syrian golden hamster. Repeated efforts to induce beriberi heart disease by experimental thiamine deficiency (B1d) have failed in many species. To test the hypothesis that magnesium deficiency (Mgd) might be the cofactor necessary for heart failure, 10-week-old Syrian golden hamsters were divided into four groups-control (C), B1d, Mgd, and combined MgB1d-and were fed the diets ad libitum for 3 weeks. On day 21, animals were studied under intraperitoneal pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg/kg). Electrocardiograms were taken and right and left ventricular pressures were measured by transthoracic needle puncture. Cardiac output was measured by the direct Fick method. The complete study was performed in 9 C, 13 B1d, 9 Mgd, and 14 MgB1d animals. B1d was proven by low red blood cell transketolate high B1 pyrophosphate effect, and was accompanied by tachycardia and hypercalcemia. B1 did not differ from C in any other parameter. Mgd was characterized by hypomagnesemia, hypercalcemia, prolongation of the PR interval, widening of the QRS interval, low O2 consumption, low cardiac output, and increased heart weight to body weight ratio (HW/BW) as compared to control. No differences were observed in right and left ventricular pressures or peak /dt. MgB1d was characterized by hypomagnesium, hypercalcemia, low red blood cell transkeotlase, and high B1 pyrophosphate effect. MgB1d minimized the deleterious effects of Mgd: animals were more active and the mortality was low, the PR interval remained normal, the QRS interval widened significantly less, cardiac output remained normal, and HW/BW increased significantly less. Although, once again, beriberi heart disease was not produced, B1d appeared to exert a protective effect upon the Mg-deficient myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:1209012", "title": "Iron supplementation in suckling rats: its effect on the heart.", "content": "The present study attempted to determine the significance of the \"anemia\" which normally occurs in infants. We compared various parameters in suckling rats whose hemoglobin concentration had been artificially raised by gastric tube feeding of iron with those of control animals. The 20-day-old experimental animals showed significant increases in the weights of the liver (10%) aan spleen (40%). They had also developed a statistically significant 8% increase in heart weight, accompanied by a smaller myocardial fiber size and, thus, higher fiber density. The association in these young animals of higher than normal hemoglobin levels with smaller hearts and myocardial fibers suggests that the normally developing \"anemia\" of infancy may well serve an important physiological function: to stimulate myocardial growth.", "contents": "Iron supplementation in suckling rats: its effect on the heart. The present study attempted to determine the significance of the \"anemia\" which normally occurs in infants. We compared various parameters in suckling rats whose hemoglobin concentration had been artificially raised by gastric tube feeding of iron with those of control animals. The 20-day-old experimental animals showed significant increases in the weights of the liver (10%) aan spleen (40%). They had also developed a statistically significant 8% increase in heart weight, accompanied by a smaller myocardial fiber size and, thus, higher fiber density. The association in these young animals of higher than normal hemoglobin levels with smaller hearts and myocardial fibers suggests that the normally developing \"anemia\" of infancy may well serve an important physiological function: to stimulate myocardial growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1209013", "title": "Effect of thyroparathyroidectomy and of a low calcium diet on the cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster.", "content": "Experimental Ca deficiency in the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster was found to be effective in reducing the incidence and the severity of the heart lesions that develop at 30 days of age. The skeletal muscle changes that develop at a much earlier period were influenced in their course but not in their frequency. It was further observed that 20-day-old animals benefit better from a low Ca intake at a time when the degenerative changes do not prevail in the myocardium. Removal of the parathyroids in normally fed myopathic hamsters had no effect on the serum calcium and phosphate levels or on the course of the disease. The serum creatine phosphokinase was found to be higher in Ca-deficient myopathic hamsters. The possible role of calcium concerning the maintenance of the integrity of the muscle cells is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of thyroparathyroidectomy and of a low calcium diet on the cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster. Experimental Ca deficiency in the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster was found to be effective in reducing the incidence and the severity of the heart lesions that develop at 30 days of age. The skeletal muscle changes that develop at a much earlier period were influenced in their course but not in their frequency. It was further observed that 20-day-old animals benefit better from a low Ca intake at a time when the degenerative changes do not prevail in the myocardium. Removal of the parathyroids in normally fed myopathic hamsters had no effect on the serum calcium and phosphate levels or on the course of the disease. The serum creatine phosphokinase was found to be higher in Ca-deficient myopathic hamsters. The possible role of calcium concerning the maintenance of the integrity of the muscle cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209014", "title": "Vesicular myocardial change: an ultrastructural study of double membrane-bound vesicles in the human heart.", "content": "Vesicular myocardial change is a specific and common finding in the diseased hearts of humans and experimental animals. The small to large vesicles are generally bound by a double membrane. They are formed within myocardial cells and then possibly extruded into the extracellular space where they disintegrate or are phagocytosed by mononuclear cells. On the basis of our studies, most vesicles appear to be of mitochonrial origin. In humans, vesicular myocardial change appears to be most extreme in primary cardiomyopathy. It may also be present, but in lesser degree, in the apparently normal hearts of human adults. Vesicular myocardial change probably represents a specific mechanism by which myocardial cells eliminate damage mitochondria or other undesirable elements that build within them as a result of disease, aging, and perhaps normal physiological activity.", "contents": "Vesicular myocardial change: an ultrastructural study of double membrane-bound vesicles in the human heart. Vesicular myocardial change is a specific and common finding in the diseased hearts of humans and experimental animals. The small to large vesicles are generally bound by a double membrane. They are formed within myocardial cells and then possibly extruded into the extracellular space where they disintegrate or are phagocytosed by mononuclear cells. On the basis of our studies, most vesicles appear to be of mitochonrial origin. In humans, vesicular myocardial change appears to be most extreme in primary cardiomyopathy. It may also be present, but in lesser degree, in the apparently normal hearts of human adults. Vesicular myocardial change probably represents a specific mechanism by which myocardial cells eliminate damage mitochondria or other undesirable elements that build within them as a result of disease, aging, and perhaps normal physiological activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1209015", "title": "Time course of mechanical activity in mammalian cardiac muscle: dependence on species, loading, and displacement.", "content": "We have found that animal species is of great importance when mechanics of contraction are analyzed in mammalian cardiac muscle. Mechanics of contraction have been studied comparatively in the isolated papillary muscles of the rat, cat, and rabbit under control conditions and following alterations of loading and inotropic interventions. The time course of the shortening ability measured in terms of the velocity of shortening at constant contractile element length and load following quick releases to preload peaked at 20, 30, and 70% of time to peak force (TPF) in the rat, cat, and rabbit, respectively, and declined more slowly in the rabbit. The shortening ability peaked progressively later in contraction at increasing loads in the cat, but not in the rabbit. Shortening ability measured after releases to zero load or after imposing \"load clamps\" of variable magnitude and duration reached the maximum much later in the rabbit than in the cat. The contractile response to changes of the contraction mode from isometric to isotonic was different in cat and rabbit. Upon increase in the stimulation rate from 6 to 60/min, force increased to a greater extent in the rabbit than in the cat, while TPF did not decrease in the rabbit as seen in the cat. Caffeine (10mM) increased developed force more in the rabbit than in the cat, while even 1 mM caffeine decreased force in the rat. The onset of the shortening ability was greatly delayed by caffeine in the cat and rat but not in the rabbit. Afterloaded force-peak velocity relations were curvilinear in the cat and rat; these relations approached linearity in the rabbit in the control state, and in both cat and rabbit in the presence of caffeine. The differences in the mechanics of contraction, in the contractile response to alterations in loading, and to caffeine in the ventricular muscle of the rat, cat, and rabbit are viewed as indicators of differences in excitation-contraction coupling of ventricular cardiac muscle from these different mammalian species.", "contents": "Time course of mechanical activity in mammalian cardiac muscle: dependence on species, loading, and displacement. We have found that animal species is of great importance when mechanics of contraction are analyzed in mammalian cardiac muscle. Mechanics of contraction have been studied comparatively in the isolated papillary muscles of the rat, cat, and rabbit under control conditions and following alterations of loading and inotropic interventions. The time course of the shortening ability measured in terms of the velocity of shortening at constant contractile element length and load following quick releases to preload peaked at 20, 30, and 70% of time to peak force (TPF) in the rat, cat, and rabbit, respectively, and declined more slowly in the rabbit. The shortening ability peaked progressively later in contraction at increasing loads in the cat, but not in the rabbit. Shortening ability measured after releases to zero load or after imposing \"load clamps\" of variable magnitude and duration reached the maximum much later in the rabbit than in the cat. The contractile response to changes of the contraction mode from isometric to isotonic was different in cat and rabbit. Upon increase in the stimulation rate from 6 to 60/min, force increased to a greater extent in the rabbit than in the cat, while TPF did not decrease in the rabbit as seen in the cat. Caffeine (10mM) increased developed force more in the rabbit than in the cat, while even 1 mM caffeine decreased force in the rat. The onset of the shortening ability was greatly delayed by caffeine in the cat and rat but not in the rabbit. Afterloaded force-peak velocity relations were curvilinear in the cat and rat; these relations approached linearity in the rabbit in the control state, and in both cat and rabbit in the presence of caffeine. The differences in the mechanics of contraction, in the contractile response to alterations in loading, and to caffeine in the ventricular muscle of the rat, cat, and rabbit are viewed as indicators of differences in excitation-contraction coupling of ventricular cardiac muscle from these different mammalian species."}
{"id": "PMID:1209055", "title": "[Familial form of cutaneous epitheliomatosis with complex neurological characteristics similar to hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration. Apropos of 4 cases including one case with anatomo-clinical description].", "content": "The authors report an observation in which four siblings were affected by both multiple cutaneous epitheliomatosis and complex but relatively stereotyped neurological disorders. Clinically, the main syndrome was cerebello-spinal ataxia with involvement of the anterior horns of the spinal cord with less marked pyramidal and extra-pyramidal features. Neuropathological examination of one of the cases revealed lesions of essentially cerebello-spinal degeneration suggestive of Menzel's disease. The possible connection between the neural and cutaneous lesions is discussed. All the various etiological categories possible have been ruled out; not one being entirely satisfactory, except for the very broad category of genetic neuro-dermatoses.", "contents": "[Familial form of cutaneous epitheliomatosis with complex neurological characteristics similar to hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration. Apropos of 4 cases including one case with anatomo-clinical description]. The authors report an observation in which four siblings were affected by both multiple cutaneous epitheliomatosis and complex but relatively stereotyped neurological disorders. Clinically, the main syndrome was cerebello-spinal ataxia with involvement of the anterior horns of the spinal cord with less marked pyramidal and extra-pyramidal features. Neuropathological examination of one of the cases revealed lesions of essentially cerebello-spinal degeneration suggestive of Menzel's disease. The possible connection between the neural and cutaneous lesions is discussed. All the various etiological categories possible have been ruled out; not one being entirely satisfactory, except for the very broad category of genetic neuro-dermatoses."}
{"id": "PMID:1209056", "title": "[Leukodystrophy with adrenal insufficiency (adreno-leukodystrophy). A study of 3 familial cases with the ultrastructure of one biopsied case].", "content": "Three male siblings in a gypsy family presented with congenital Addison's disease. The youngest showed neurological signs at the age of ten and deteriorated rapidly. The eldest had convulsive symptoms and the third an irregular E.E.G. Investigation of the youngest by means of cerebral biopsy revealed rarefaction of myelin with perivascular sudanophil deposits. An ultrastructural study showed frequent liposfuscin deposits in the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the peripheral nerve there were signs of re-myelinization associated with hypertrophy of Schwann cells. These various aspects have led to these cases of demyelinization associated with adrenal deficiency being classified among the leukodystrophies while some authors have interpreted these lesions as characteristic of Schilder's disease. The fact that in thirty or so cases published, almost half of which are familial, only boys are affected supports the theory of an enzymopathy at the root of both leukodystrophy and adrenal atrophy.", "contents": "[Leukodystrophy with adrenal insufficiency (adreno-leukodystrophy). A study of 3 familial cases with the ultrastructure of one biopsied case]. Three male siblings in a gypsy family presented with congenital Addison's disease. The youngest showed neurological signs at the age of ten and deteriorated rapidly. The eldest had convulsive symptoms and the third an irregular E.E.G. Investigation of the youngest by means of cerebral biopsy revealed rarefaction of myelin with perivascular sudanophil deposits. An ultrastructural study showed frequent liposfuscin deposits in the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the peripheral nerve there were signs of re-myelinization associated with hypertrophy of Schwann cells. These various aspects have led to these cases of demyelinization associated with adrenal deficiency being classified among the leukodystrophies while some authors have interpreted these lesions as characteristic of Schilder's disease. The fact that in thirty or so cases published, almost half of which are familial, only boys are affected supports the theory of an enzymopathy at the root of both leukodystrophy and adrenal atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:1209057", "title": "[Cutaneous elastopathy and vascular anomalies associated with neurological disorders. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "The two cases described exhibited elastopathy associated with arterial stenosis (case 1) or aneurysms (case 2). The first was clearly a case of elastic pseudo-xanthoma with characteristic cutaneous lesions associated with retinal angioid streaks and severe arterial lesions, notably stenosis of the vertebral arteries (especially the left) causing disorders in the mechanism of balance. There were, in addition, mild diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and abnormal cutaneous pigmentation. The second patient, an African, had been hospitalised for an optochiasmatic syndrome which further investigation, notably by arteriography, indicated was caused by compression of the visual pathways due to  massive bilateral carotid aneurysms. The patient had molluscoid pseudo-tumours of the axillae and she reported that her father was in the same condition. Although in the first case, cutaneous biopsy enabled diagnosis of systematized elastorrhexis to be confirmed, histological investigation in the second case revealed mainly hyaline sclerosis of the deep dermal layer. The diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos disease, suggested for this second patient, could not be confirmed. These two cases emphasize the possibility of various neurological disorders occurring in the course of dystrophy of the connectivo elastic tissue.", "contents": "[Cutaneous elastopathy and vascular anomalies associated with neurological disorders. Apropos of 2 cases]. The two cases described exhibited elastopathy associated with arterial stenosis (case 1) or aneurysms (case 2). The first was clearly a case of elastic pseudo-xanthoma with characteristic cutaneous lesions associated with retinal angioid streaks and severe arterial lesions, notably stenosis of the vertebral arteries (especially the left) causing disorders in the mechanism of balance. There were, in addition, mild diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and abnormal cutaneous pigmentation. The second patient, an African, had been hospitalised for an optochiasmatic syndrome which further investigation, notably by arteriography, indicated was caused by compression of the visual pathways due to  massive bilateral carotid aneurysms. The patient had molluscoid pseudo-tumours of the axillae and she reported that her father was in the same condition. Although in the first case, cutaneous biopsy enabled diagnosis of systematized elastorrhexis to be confirmed, histological investigation in the second case revealed mainly hyaline sclerosis of the deep dermal layer. The diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos disease, suggested for this second patient, could not be confirmed. These two cases emphasize the possibility of various neurological disorders occurring in the course of dystrophy of the connectivo elastic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1209088", "title": "[The Cis AB complex of the ABO system].", "content": "Members of six unrelated families from Japan, France, Belgium and Poland were studied in parallel. Major immunological features characteristic of the phenotype produced by the Cis AB complex are the following: 1) The red cell A reactivity is close to normal, is beyond the values of agglutination scores by Helix and by anti-A from B; likewise, with percent agglutination measurements, A reactive appears hiher than that of A2B cells; one sample only is slightly detected by anti-A from Dolichos. 2) The B reactivity, on the contrary, is lower than that of normal AB cells. A single sample is detected by anti-B from A1. All samples are well detected by anti-B from AW, Aend, Ax, Am but none is detected by anti-B from ABx, Cis AB, or by an auto-anti-B. Under standard conditions, percent aggutination is around 80, very close to that of normal AB cells, thus differentiating Cis AB from AB3 (some of which only reach this figure), and from ABx which are very far from this value. 3) An abnormally high reactivity to anti-H antibody is observed, higher than that of normal A2B, similar to that of A2 red cells. 4) Among secretors, A substance is found to be normal or in excess, H substance is in excess, while B substance is only detected by Cis AB red cells inhibition. 5)An anti-B antibody was identified in the samples studied; however, we recently received from Germany a Cis AB samples, the serum of which did not contain anti-B antibody. By these main characteristics, the studied samples seem to be identical; however, agglutination kinetics and thermodynamic methods show that they differ by their reaction with a same anti-B antibody in standard conditions. The reactive structures of the various samples are indeed different from one family to another. The main point is that identical values were observed in all samples within a same family. Thus, the various Cis AB can be considered as different families mutants.", "contents": "[The Cis AB complex of the ABO system]. Members of six unrelated families from Japan, France, Belgium and Poland were studied in parallel. Major immunological features characteristic of the phenotype produced by the Cis AB complex are the following: 1) The red cell A reactivity is close to normal, is beyond the values of agglutination scores by Helix and by anti-A from B; likewise, with percent agglutination measurements, A reactive appears hiher than that of A2B cells; one sample only is slightly detected by anti-A from Dolichos. 2) The B reactivity, on the contrary, is lower than that of normal AB cells. A single sample is detected by anti-B from A1. All samples are well detected by anti-B from AW, Aend, Ax, Am but none is detected by anti-B from ABx, Cis AB, or by an auto-anti-B. Under standard conditions, percent aggutination is around 80, very close to that of normal AB cells, thus differentiating Cis AB from AB3 (some of which only reach this figure), and from ABx which are very far from this value. 3) An abnormally high reactivity to anti-H antibody is observed, higher than that of normal A2B, similar to that of A2 red cells. 4) Among secretors, A substance is found to be normal or in excess, H substance is in excess, while B substance is only detected by Cis AB red cells inhibition. 5)An anti-B antibody was identified in the samples studied; however, we recently received from Germany a Cis AB samples, the serum of which did not contain anti-B antibody. By these main characteristics, the studied samples seem to be identical; however, agglutination kinetics and thermodynamic methods show that they differ by their reaction with a same anti-B antibody in standard conditions. The reactive structures of the various samples are indeed different from one family to another. The main point is that identical values were observed in all samples within a same family. Thus, the various Cis AB can be considered as different families mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:1209089", "title": "[Cold agglutinin with anti-B specificity in an A1B subject].", "content": "A high titre cold autoagglutinin with anti-B specificity was found in the serum of an A1B group individual. It was associated with a low titre anti-I. This anti-B agglutinated most cells having a B antigen (normal B, A1B, A2B, from adult and cord bloods, B3), but failed to agglutinate Bx Cis-AB and Bh cells. Nevertheless, all these cells absorbed the anti-B SER  at low temperatures. Fixation elution tests were also positive on the patient's cells and three consecutive absorptions on these cells completely removed the anti-B activity. The Coombs test was positive with anti-complement anti-globulin when the cells were sensitized by the serum at 4 degrees C. It was negative when the cells were sensitized at 37 degrees C. The patient did not show any sign of haemolysis. The anti-B was a IgM Kappa. Its reaction with normal B cells had an enthalpy change of - 36-000 cal./mole, i.e. very different from O ANd A individuals, but similar to that of the erythrocytic I antigen - anti-i antibody reaction. Quantitative measurements showed the erythrocyte B antigen similar to that of control A1B cells.", "contents": "[Cold agglutinin with anti-B specificity in an A1B subject]. A high titre cold autoagglutinin with anti-B specificity was found in the serum of an A1B group individual. It was associated with a low titre anti-I. This anti-B agglutinated most cells having a B antigen (normal B, A1B, A2B, from adult and cord bloods, B3), but failed to agglutinate Bx Cis-AB and Bh cells. Nevertheless, all these cells absorbed the anti-B SER  at low temperatures. Fixation elution tests were also positive on the patient's cells and three consecutive absorptions on these cells completely removed the anti-B activity. The Coombs test was positive with anti-complement anti-globulin when the cells were sensitized by the serum at 4 degrees C. It was negative when the cells were sensitized at 37 degrees C. The patient did not show any sign of haemolysis. The anti-B was a IgM Kappa. Its reaction with normal B cells had an enthalpy change of - 36-000 cal./mole, i.e. very different from O ANd A individuals, but similar to that of the erythrocytic I antigen - anti-i antibody reaction. Quantitative measurements showed the erythrocyte B antigen similar to that of control A1B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1209154", "title": "[The coxopathies of Paget's disease. Radio-clinical and anatomopathological study].", "content": "A systematic study was carried out on 105 patients with Paget's disease (60 men and 45 women, average age 62 years) involving the acetabulum and/or the femoral head in the juxta-articular zone. In two-thirds of the patients only the pelvis (in particular the acetabulum) was affected, in a quarter both the pelvis and the femoral head were affected, and in one case in ten only the femoral head. 1. 18 coincidental coxopathies should first be excluded (12 coxarthrosis, 2 coxitis, etx.). The occurrence of 17 percent of coxopathies not caused by Paget's disease is normal in older patients (Vignon and Jacquet; Sebban, Lequesne et al.). 2. In 105 cases, there were only 50 coxopathies really due to Paget's disease, of which almost half remained painless. 3. This proportion did not vary with age. On the other hand, coxopathy was more frequent in patients with bipolar, pelvifemoral Paget's disease and above all in Paget's disease with acetabular protrusio. 4. The radiographic appearance is slightly different from that of coxarthrosis; the reduction in joint space is more often internal or supero-internal (50 percent of cases); osteophytosis is usually moderate (22 percent of cases), or absent (48 percent). The geodes are rarely visible : 6 percent of cases. 5. The acquired bone deformations in patients with Paget's disease are classical. In 105 cases, the authors noted 14 acetabular protrusions, all with coxopathies, and 10 coxa vara, 5 of which had coxapathies. Anatomo-pathological studies did not reveal anything in particular about the bone : superimposition of the Paget's disease lesions and of the lesions usually found in cases of coxopathy due to overload, with a dense pressure cone. With reference to cartilage, the lesions of Paget's coxopathies presented several specific characteristics compared with those of common arthrosis : (1) the presence of particularly numerous cupshaped defects on the remaining cartilage; (2) a very basophilic, intra- and extra-cytoplasmic substance impregnated the chondroplasts of the bottom layer, nine times out of twenty-six, an anomaly not observed in cases of arthrosis; (3) pseudo-angiomatous vascular outgrowths from the bone, flush with the articular surface of the acetabulum are a source of bleeding during surgery.", "contents": "[The coxopathies of Paget's disease. Radio-clinical and anatomopathological study]. A systematic study was carried out on 105 patients with Paget's disease (60 men and 45 women, average age 62 years) involving the acetabulum and/or the femoral head in the juxta-articular zone. In two-thirds of the patients only the pelvis (in particular the acetabulum) was affected, in a quarter both the pelvis and the femoral head were affected, and in one case in ten only the femoral head. 1. 18 coincidental coxopathies should first be excluded (12 coxarthrosis, 2 coxitis, etx.). The occurrence of 17 percent of coxopathies not caused by Paget's disease is normal in older patients (Vignon and Jacquet; Sebban, Lequesne et al.). 2. In 105 cases, there were only 50 coxopathies really due to Paget's disease, of which almost half remained painless. 3. This proportion did not vary with age. On the other hand, coxopathy was more frequent in patients with bipolar, pelvifemoral Paget's disease and above all in Paget's disease with acetabular protrusio. 4. The radiographic appearance is slightly different from that of coxarthrosis; the reduction in joint space is more often internal or supero-internal (50 percent of cases); osteophytosis is usually moderate (22 percent of cases), or absent (48 percent). The geodes are rarely visible : 6 percent of cases. 5. The acquired bone deformations in patients with Paget's disease are classical. In 105 cases, the authors noted 14 acetabular protrusions, all with coxopathies, and 10 coxa vara, 5 of which had coxapathies. Anatomo-pathological studies did not reveal anything in particular about the bone : superimposition of the Paget's disease lesions and of the lesions usually found in cases of coxopathy due to overload, with a dense pressure cone. With reference to cartilage, the lesions of Paget's coxopathies presented several specific characteristics compared with those of common arthrosis : (1) the presence of particularly numerous cupshaped defects on the remaining cartilage; (2) a very basophilic, intra- and extra-cytoplasmic substance impregnated the chondroplasts of the bottom layer, nine times out of twenty-six, an anomaly not observed in cases of arthrosis; (3) pseudo-angiomatous vascular outgrowths from the bone, flush with the articular surface of the acetabulum are a source of bleeding during surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1209155", "title": "[Diffuse articular chondrocalcinosis and Paget's disease].", "content": "At the time of a personal observation of Paget's disease associated with a diffuse articular chondrocalcinosis (ACC) in a 75-year-old man suffering from diabetes and hyperuricaemia, the authors re-examined 61 patients suffering from Paget's disease to look for this association which had been previously mentioned by Radi et al. with the unusual frequency of 42 percent of cases. In 52 percent of their patients, who had undergone complete radiological examination of the skeleton, the authors found only one case of ACC, or 1.9 percent. Taking into account the respective frequencies of Paget's disease and of diffuse ACC in the general population aged more than 40 years, the results of this careful study led the authors to conclude that an association of ACC and Paget's disease is due to chance.", "contents": "[Diffuse articular chondrocalcinosis and Paget's disease]. At the time of a personal observation of Paget's disease associated with a diffuse articular chondrocalcinosis (ACC) in a 75-year-old man suffering from diabetes and hyperuricaemia, the authors re-examined 61 patients suffering from Paget's disease to look for this association which had been previously mentioned by Radi et al. with the unusual frequency of 42 percent of cases. In 52 percent of their patients, who had undergone complete radiological examination of the skeleton, the authors found only one case of ACC, or 1.9 percent. Taking into account the respective frequencies of Paget's disease and of diffuse ACC in the general population aged more than 40 years, the results of this careful study led the authors to conclude that an association of ACC and Paget's disease is due to chance."}
{"id": "PMID:1209156", "title": "Total body potassium measurements in 230 patients. A study of potassium depletion.", "content": "Three groups of patients with suspected potassium depletion were studied. Twenty-nine obese patients were observed before and up to 1 year after an intestinal shunt operation. During the first week after operation they lost almost 3 grams of potassium per day. The percentage potassium loss was much larger than the percentage weight loss. A significant decrease of serum potassium was also noted during the first week after operation. In contrast to the total body potassium, however, the serum potassium remained within normal limits in all patients except two. Fourteen patients subjected to a cardiac operation also showed a significant decrease of total body potassium concentration 1 week after operation. The serum potassium remained within normal limits. In 187 patients with suspected potassium depletion the total body potassium had been measured, and the results were examined retrospectively. In 38 of these patients the measured total body potassium was outside a 94% confidence interval for an individually predicted value, even though 26 of these 38 patients were taking oral potassium chloride tablets. In 23 of these 38 patients two or three risk factors - hypoalbumin-emia, treatment with diuretics, and treatment with digitalis - were present simultaneously, and in 10 patients one factor was present. Only 8 of the 38 patients had a low serum potassium value. It may therefore be concluded that the total body potassium measurement, when compared with an individually predicted value, seems to be more sensitive in estimation of potassium depletion than the commonly used serum potassium method.", "contents": "Total body potassium measurements in 230 patients. A study of potassium depletion. Three groups of patients with suspected potassium depletion were studied. Twenty-nine obese patients were observed before and up to 1 year after an intestinal shunt operation. During the first week after operation they lost almost 3 grams of potassium per day. The percentage potassium loss was much larger than the percentage weight loss. A significant decrease of serum potassium was also noted during the first week after operation. In contrast to the total body potassium, however, the serum potassium remained within normal limits in all patients except two. Fourteen patients subjected to a cardiac operation also showed a significant decrease of total body potassium concentration 1 week after operation. The serum potassium remained within normal limits. In 187 patients with suspected potassium depletion the total body potassium had been measured, and the results were examined retrospectively. In 38 of these patients the measured total body potassium was outside a 94% confidence interval for an individually predicted value, even though 26 of these 38 patients were taking oral potassium chloride tablets. In 23 of these 38 patients two or three risk factors - hypoalbumin-emia, treatment with diuretics, and treatment with digitalis - were present simultaneously, and in 10 patients one factor was present. Only 8 of the 38 patients had a low serum potassium value. It may therefore be concluded that the total body potassium measurement, when compared with an individually predicted value, seems to be more sensitive in estimation of potassium depletion than the commonly used serum potassium method."}
{"id": "PMID:1209157", "title": "Mechanisms in acute oliguric renal failure induced by tetracycline infusion.", "content": "Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), 30-70 mg/kg infused intravenously in dogs in the course of a few minutes, reduced clearance of inulin (Cin) and p-aminohippuric acid (CPAH) on an average to less than 5% of control. In spite of increased intrarenal pressure (approximately 50 mm Hg), electromagnetically recorded renal blood flow was preserved, indicating that the reduction of Cin and CPAH resulted from tubular obstruction, not renal vasoconstriction. The metabolic rate of the cortex and outer medulla fell to 69% of control after TC, as measured by the heat accumulation rate. Further reduction to basal metabolic level (30% of control) was reversibly produced by elevating ureteral pressure, suggesting that the high metabolic rate was caused by continued active reabsorption of sodium chloride at about half the control rate. Thus Cin greatly underestimated glomerular filtration rate in the TC-damaged kidney. From these results and the observation of TC-containing casts in the medullary tubules, we conclude that TC caused tubular obstruction and that leakage of inulin and PAH from the tubules occurred mainly distally to the major sodium-reabsorbing tubular segments.", "contents": "Mechanisms in acute oliguric renal failure induced by tetracycline infusion. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), 30-70 mg/kg infused intravenously in dogs in the course of a few minutes, reduced clearance of inulin (Cin) and p-aminohippuric acid (CPAH) on an average to less than 5% of control. In spite of increased intrarenal pressure (approximately 50 mm Hg), electromagnetically recorded renal blood flow was preserved, indicating that the reduction of Cin and CPAH resulted from tubular obstruction, not renal vasoconstriction. The metabolic rate of the cortex and outer medulla fell to 69% of control after TC, as measured by the heat accumulation rate. Further reduction to basal metabolic level (30% of control) was reversibly produced by elevating ureteral pressure, suggesting that the high metabolic rate was caused by continued active reabsorption of sodium chloride at about half the control rate. Thus Cin greatly underestimated glomerular filtration rate in the TC-damaged kidney. From these results and the observation of TC-containing casts in the medullary tubules, we conclude that TC caused tubular obstruction and that leakage of inulin and PAH from the tubules occurred mainly distally to the major sodium-reabsorbing tubular segments."}
{"id": "PMID:1209158", "title": "Wash-out of intraparenchymally injected Xenon-133 as a parameter of liver blood flow in the dog.", "content": "The method of intraparenchymal injection of xenon-133 for measurement of blood flow was evaluated for use in the liver. Repeated injections in the same liver gave rise to a great range of flow values, pointing to a heterogeneous liver perfusion. The use of single measurements for determination of liver blood flow with this method is not acceptable. Comparison between different livers is only possible when several injections are made and the results are given a statistical characterization. Flow values obtained generally did not correlate well with values determined by other methods. The method therefore seems suitable only for comparative and qualitative studies.", "contents": "Wash-out of intraparenchymally injected Xenon-133 as a parameter of liver blood flow in the dog. The method of intraparenchymal injection of xenon-133 for measurement of blood flow was evaluated for use in the liver. Repeated injections in the same liver gave rise to a great range of flow values, pointing to a heterogeneous liver perfusion. The use of single measurements for determination of liver blood flow with this method is not acceptable. Comparison between different livers is only possible when several injections are made and the results are given a statistical characterization. Flow values obtained generally did not correlate well with values determined by other methods. The method therefore seems suitable only for comparative and qualitative studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1209159", "title": "Compensation for geometric changes during monitoring of 133Xe washout from subcutaneous adipose tissue.", "content": "A method is described for automatic compensation of changes in geometry during monitoring of 133Xe-washout curves from subcutaneous depots. A 99mTc source is placed on the skin over the 133Xe depot, and both isotopes are counted simultaneously. Variations in the 99mTc activity (corrected for radioactive decay) reflects changes in counting geometry and efficiency and are used for correction of the 133Xe elimination curve. The method permits accurate elimination curves to be obtained from subjects exercising on a bicycle ergometer or running a treadmill.", "contents": "Compensation for geometric changes during monitoring of 133Xe washout from subcutaneous adipose tissue. A method is described for automatic compensation of changes in geometry during monitoring of 133Xe-washout curves from subcutaneous depots. A 99mTc source is placed on the skin over the 133Xe depot, and both isotopes are counted simultaneously. Variations in the 99mTc activity (corrected for radioactive decay) reflects changes in counting geometry and efficiency and are used for correction of the 133Xe elimination curve. The method permits accurate elimination curves to be obtained from subjects exercising on a bicycle ergometer or running a treadmill."}
{"id": "PMID:1209160", "title": "The influence of fatty acids on serum thyroxine determination by competitive protein-binding radioassay.", "content": "Thyroxine concentration, determined by competitive protein-binding radioassay (T4(D)), increased in serum stored at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The increase correlated well with the increase in nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). In vitro addition of NEFA to serum and in vivo increase in NEFA induced by post-prandial heparin injection resulted in a proportional increase in T4(D) values. Protein-bound iodine and thyroxine concentration, as determined by radioimmunoassay, were not influenced by storage and changes in NEFA concentration. NEFA interfere with T4(D), leading to elevated results.", "contents": "The influence of fatty acids on serum thyroxine determination by competitive protein-binding radioassay. Thyroxine concentration, determined by competitive protein-binding radioassay (T4(D)), increased in serum stored at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The increase correlated well with the increase in nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). In vitro addition of NEFA to serum and in vivo increase in NEFA induced by post-prandial heparin injection resulted in a proportional increase in T4(D) values. Protein-bound iodine and thyroxine concentration, as determined by radioimmunoassay, were not influenced by storage and changes in NEFA concentration. NEFA interfere with T4(D), leading to elevated results."}
{"id": "PMID:1209161", "title": "Evaluation of an in vitro assay of lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer rate in plasma.", "content": "Crucial and previously criticized points in a slightly modified version of the Stokke-Norum assay of fractional lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer (LACT) rate in plasma were studied. LCAT activity in the albumin added to the assay medium and negative influence of remaining organic solvent were important sources of error that it was necessary to eliminate. The assumption of equilibration of labeled cholesterol among lipoproteins in vitro was supported experimentally. Addition of isolated chylomicrons had no influence on initial LACT rate. Incubation time was decreased to 20 minutes to obtain a better estimate of initial LCAT rate in normals. Using gas-liquid chromatography to determine unesterified cholesterol concentration, the precision of measurement of molar LCAT rate was 5.2 per cent (coefficient of variation). Molar LCAT rate in healthy males 20-60 years of age was 56-130 mumol-1(-1)-h-1 (mean +/- 2 S.D.) and compared well with reports from other laboratories and in vivo measurements. At present this methodology is considered to be suitable for studies of LCAT and cholesterol turnover in different metabolic situations and clinical materials.", "contents": "Evaluation of an in vitro assay of lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer rate in plasma. Crucial and previously criticized points in a slightly modified version of the Stokke-Norum assay of fractional lecithin:cholesterol acyl transfer (LACT) rate in plasma were studied. LCAT activity in the albumin added to the assay medium and negative influence of remaining organic solvent were important sources of error that it was necessary to eliminate. The assumption of equilibration of labeled cholesterol among lipoproteins in vitro was supported experimentally. Addition of isolated chylomicrons had no influence on initial LACT rate. Incubation time was decreased to 20 minutes to obtain a better estimate of initial LCAT rate in normals. Using gas-liquid chromatography to determine unesterified cholesterol concentration, the precision of measurement of molar LCAT rate was 5.2 per cent (coefficient of variation). Molar LCAT rate in healthy males 20-60 years of age was 56-130 mumol-1(-1)-h-1 (mean +/- 2 S.D.) and compared well with reports from other laboratories and in vivo measurements. At present this methodology is considered to be suitable for studies of LCAT and cholesterol turnover in different metabolic situations and clinical materials."}
{"id": "PMID:1209162", "title": "Effect of long-term administration of ethanol to the rat: lipids, collagen and other proteins, and Mallory bodies in the liver.", "content": "Rats drank ethanol, on the average 1.20 g/100 g body weight, for various periods up to nearly 300 days. Experimental variables included a high-fat, low-protein diet, administration of additional ethanol by stomach tube, and CCl4 injections instead of ethanol. Growth was retarded by all the variables, especially by the high-fat, low-protein diet. The specific histological finding in the ethanol groups was the presence of Mallory bodies. Significant increase in total liver lipids was caused by ethanol, and rapid fat accumulation, inflammatory changes, and even fibrosis and cirrhosis by the high-fat, low-protein diet and the CCl4 injections. Ethanol raised the concentrations of collagen and soluble protein in the liver; the collagen content was increased also by the high-fat, low-protein diet and the CCl4 injections. The incorporation of proline to collagen was stimulated in incubated liver slices from both ethanol-treated and high-fat, low-protein-fed rats. These treatments also increased the concentration of free proline in the liver, thus augmenting the protein synthesis in fibroblasts.", "contents": "Effect of long-term administration of ethanol to the rat: lipids, collagen and other proteins, and Mallory bodies in the liver. Rats drank ethanol, on the average 1.20 g/100 g body weight, for various periods up to nearly 300 days. Experimental variables included a high-fat, low-protein diet, administration of additional ethanol by stomach tube, and CCl4 injections instead of ethanol. Growth was retarded by all the variables, especially by the high-fat, low-protein diet. The specific histological finding in the ethanol groups was the presence of Mallory bodies. Significant increase in total liver lipids was caused by ethanol, and rapid fat accumulation, inflammatory changes, and even fibrosis and cirrhosis by the high-fat, low-protein diet and the CCl4 injections. Ethanol raised the concentrations of collagen and soluble protein in the liver; the collagen content was increased also by the high-fat, low-protein diet and the CCl4 injections. The incorporation of proline to collagen was stimulated in incubated liver slices from both ethanol-treated and high-fat, low-protein-fed rats. These treatments also increased the concentration of free proline in the liver, thus augmenting the protein synthesis in fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:1209163", "title": "Diameter of the afferent arteriole in the dog kidney estimated by the microsphere method.", "content": "Microspheres with diameters of from 10 to 30 mum were injected into the renal arteries of three anesthetized dogs. The six kidneys were studied by light microscopy. The diameters of the spheres trapped in the afferent arterioles and of all spheres recovered in the kidneys were recorded. On the basis of the distribution of diameters in these two populations of spheres, the average diameter of the afferent arteriole and the distribution of the afferent arteriolar diameters were estimated. The average diameter of the afferent arterioles was 16.3 mum (S.D. 2.2 mum), without any difference between three cortical layers of equal thickness. The mean diameter of spheres trapped in the interlobular arteries was 25.7 mum (S.D. 2.6). It is suggested that the pressure drop along some interlobular arteries may be of physiological importance, affecting the autoregulation of blood flow in the renal cortex.", "contents": "Diameter of the afferent arteriole in the dog kidney estimated by the microsphere method. Microspheres with diameters of from 10 to 30 mum were injected into the renal arteries of three anesthetized dogs. The six kidneys were studied by light microscopy. The diameters of the spheres trapped in the afferent arterioles and of all spheres recovered in the kidneys were recorded. On the basis of the distribution of diameters in these two populations of spheres, the average diameter of the afferent arteriole and the distribution of the afferent arteriolar diameters were estimated. The average diameter of the afferent arterioles was 16.3 mum (S.D. 2.2 mum), without any difference between three cortical layers of equal thickness. The mean diameter of spheres trapped in the interlobular arteries was 25.7 mum (S.D. 2.6). It is suggested that the pressure drop along some interlobular arteries may be of physiological importance, affecting the autoregulation of blood flow in the renal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1209164", "title": "Relationship between urine flow, glomerular filtration, and urine solute concentrations during prolonged heavy exercise.", "content": "Serum and urine electrolytes, creatinine, and urea were determined in 21 well-trained men, aged 21-56 years, in connection with a 70-km cross-country ski race, lasting 4.39-6.52 h, leading to slight dehydration. Although the race urine flow was low, averaging 0.41 (0.1-0.9) ml/min, the average urine concentrations of urea, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl and P were markedly lower than during the preceding night, while the concentrations of K and creatinine were higher, the total of measured solutes being 621 nmol/l, compared with 911 nmol/l during the preceding night. Decreasing urine flow and endogenous creatinine clearance were accompanied by a falling urine solute concentration, particularly when the race creatinine clearance decreased to below 70 ml/min, mainly due to a fall in the urea, Na, and Cl concentrations. Thus, a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate was accompanied by a progressive decline in the urine concentrating ability.", "contents": "Relationship between urine flow, glomerular filtration, and urine solute concentrations during prolonged heavy exercise. Serum and urine electrolytes, creatinine, and urea were determined in 21 well-trained men, aged 21-56 years, in connection with a 70-km cross-country ski race, lasting 4.39-6.52 h, leading to slight dehydration. Although the race urine flow was low, averaging 0.41 (0.1-0.9) ml/min, the average urine concentrations of urea, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl and P were markedly lower than during the preceding night, while the concentrations of K and creatinine were higher, the total of measured solutes being 621 nmol/l, compared with 911 nmol/l during the preceding night. Decreasing urine flow and endogenous creatinine clearance were accompanied by a falling urine solute concentration, particularly when the race creatinine clearance decreased to below 70 ml/min, mainly due to a fall in the urea, Na, and Cl concentrations. Thus, a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate was accompanied by a progressive decline in the urine concentrating ability."}
{"id": "PMID:1209165", "title": "The venomotor response to static muscular exercise.", "content": "The venous blood pressure response to static muscular exercise was studied in seven young normal subjects by the occluded-limb technique. A slight pressure increase was obtained during the first seconds of the contraction period. Then the pressure response subsided, and the control level was reached after 1/2-1 1/2 min despite sustained contraction. The response was of the same type as that elicited by a voluntary deep breath, but usually of lesser magnitude. It seems to differ from the response to dynamic muscular exercise, suggesting that a continuous stiffening of the capacitance vessels, to maintain a high venous response, is not needed to the same extent during static muscular exercise. In previous studies a similar pressure increase has been obtained during short-lasting static muscular exercise. The present study shows that this pressure increase is confined to the initial part of the contraction period. Observations made after administration of phenoxybenzamine and atropine indicate that the venomotor response is mediated through sympathetic adrenergic nerves.", "contents": "The venomotor response to static muscular exercise. The venous blood pressure response to static muscular exercise was studied in seven young normal subjects by the occluded-limb technique. A slight pressure increase was obtained during the first seconds of the contraction period. Then the pressure response subsided, and the control level was reached after 1/2-1 1/2 min despite sustained contraction. The response was of the same type as that elicited by a voluntary deep breath, but usually of lesser magnitude. It seems to differ from the response to dynamic muscular exercise, suggesting that a continuous stiffening of the capacitance vessels, to maintain a high venous response, is not needed to the same extent during static muscular exercise. In previous studies a similar pressure increase has been obtained during short-lasting static muscular exercise. The present study shows that this pressure increase is confined to the initial part of the contraction period. Observations made after administration of phenoxybenzamine and atropine indicate that the venomotor response is mediated through sympathetic adrenergic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:1209166", "title": "Comparison between arm and leg exercise in women and men.", "content": "Arm and leg work was performed on bicycle ergometers in sitting position by fourteen women and sixteen men. Heart rate, minute volume of ventilation (VE), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured. Arm exercise was performed until (muscular) exhaustion, leg exercise up to a heart rate of circa 170 beats/min. At comparable work loads arm exercise evoked higher VO2, VE, and heart rate than leg exercise irrespective of sex. At comparable VO2, the heart rate and VE were higher during arm work in both sexes, VE more so among the men. With the same limbs working, the mechanical efficiency was equal in both sexes. The regression coefficients of heart rate on load or VO2 was higher for the women irrespective of work type. A close correlation was obtained between working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats/min (W170) during leg and arm exercise and between W170 of leg exercise and W150, similarly calculated during arm work. Thus W170 of leg exercise could be calculated from either a maximal or submaximal arm work.", "contents": "Comparison between arm and leg exercise in women and men. Arm and leg work was performed on bicycle ergometers in sitting position by fourteen women and sixteen men. Heart rate, minute volume of ventilation (VE), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured. Arm exercise was performed until (muscular) exhaustion, leg exercise up to a heart rate of circa 170 beats/min. At comparable work loads arm exercise evoked higher VO2, VE, and heart rate than leg exercise irrespective of sex. At comparable VO2, the heart rate and VE were higher during arm work in both sexes, VE more so among the men. With the same limbs working, the mechanical efficiency was equal in both sexes. The regression coefficients of heart rate on load or VO2 was higher for the women irrespective of work type. A close correlation was obtained between working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats/min (W170) during leg and arm exercise and between W170 of leg exercise and W150, similarly calculated during arm work. Thus W170 of leg exercise could be calculated from either a maximal or submaximal arm work."}
{"id": "PMID:1209167", "title": "A comparative study of meningoencephalitis epidemics caused by echovirus type 7 and coxsackievirus type B5. Clinical and virological observations during two epidemics in northern Sweden.", "content": "Two epidemics of meningoencephalitis caused by echovirus type 7 and coxsackievirus type B 5 in the summer and autumn of 1973 in Ume\u00e5 in Northern Sweden were compared. Most patients with echovirus 7 meningoencephalitis were neck stiff and 50% had a polymorphonuclear pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The illness was usually mild. It appears to be the first time that an epidemic caused by this virus is described from Scandinavia. On the other hand most patients with coxsackievirus B 5 meningoencephalitis showed a more profound involvement of the central nervous system, with abnormal electroencephalograms in 70% and a long convalescence period. The number of cells in CSF was normal in 70% of these patients.", "contents": "A comparative study of meningoencephalitis epidemics caused by echovirus type 7 and coxsackievirus type B5. Clinical and virological observations during two epidemics in northern Sweden. Two epidemics of meningoencephalitis caused by echovirus type 7 and coxsackievirus type B 5 in the summer and autumn of 1973 in Ume\u00e5 in Northern Sweden were compared. Most patients with echovirus 7 meningoencephalitis were neck stiff and 50% had a polymorphonuclear pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The illness was usually mild. It appears to be the first time that an epidemic caused by this virus is described from Scandinavia. On the other hand most patients with coxsackievirus B 5 meningoencephalitis showed a more profound involvement of the central nervous system, with abnormal electroencephalograms in 70% and a long convalescence period. The number of cells in CSF was normal in 70% of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1209168", "title": "Echovirus type 4 infections in Scotland, 1971-72.", "content": "An outbreak of infection due to echovirus 4 in Scotland involving 194 cases during 1971-72 is described. Clinical and epidemiological information was obtained and analysed for 181 patients, of whom 149 (82%) developed aseptic meningitis. The majority of cases were older children (39%) and young adults (40%), although the highest attack rate was in infants (10.5 per 100,000 population). An unusual feature of the outbreak was its biphasic nature with cases occurring largely in the same geographic areas in successive years.", "contents": "Echovirus type 4 infections in Scotland, 1971-72. An outbreak of infection due to echovirus 4 in Scotland involving 194 cases during 1971-72 is described. Clinical and epidemiological information was obtained and analysed for 181 patients, of whom 149 (82%) developed aseptic meningitis. The majority of cases were older children (39%) and young adults (40%), although the highest attack rate was in infants (10.5 per 100,000 population). An unusual feature of the outbreak was its biphasic nature with cases occurring largely in the same geographic areas in successive years."}
{"id": "PMID:1209169", "title": "Effects of viral and Mycoplasma infections on the ultrastructure of human skeletal muscle.", "content": "The ultrastructure of skeletal muscle from 10 patients confined to bed for about one week with different viral or mycoplasma infections has been studied in the acute phase of the disease and 1 1/2 and 4 months later. Focal deviations from normal ultrastructure were found in the first muscle biopsy. The changes were less pronounced after 1 1/2 months and absent after 4 months. In 5 healthy controls, confined to bed for one week, normal ultrastructure was found on corresponding occasions.", "contents": "Effects of viral and Mycoplasma infections on the ultrastructure of human skeletal muscle. The ultrastructure of skeletal muscle from 10 patients confined to bed for about one week with different viral or mycoplasma infections has been studied in the acute phase of the disease and 1 1/2 and 4 months later. Focal deviations from normal ultrastructure were found in the first muscle biopsy. The changes were less pronounced after 1 1/2 months and absent after 4 months. In 5 healthy controls, confined to bed for one week, normal ultrastructure was found on corresponding occasions."}
{"id": "PMID:1209170", "title": "Acute glomerulonephritis complicating Australia antigen-negative viral hepatitis.", "content": "A case of acute glomerulonephritis complicating Australia antigen-negative hepatitis in a 17-year-old man is described. The literature relating the onset of glomerulonephritis to virus infection is general, and to that of hepatitis in particular, is reviewed.", "contents": "Acute glomerulonephritis complicating Australia antigen-negative viral hepatitis. A case of acute glomerulonephritis complicating Australia antigen-negative hepatitis in a 17-year-old man is described. The literature relating the onset of glomerulonephritis to virus infection is general, and to that of hepatitis in particular, is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209172", "title": "Vasectomy for voluntary male sterilisation.", "content": "Vasectomy was performed in 90 men in Department of Surgery II of the University Central Hospital of Helsinki during the period January 1st, 1972 to December 31st, 1973. Operation was performed on an ambulatory basis under local anesthesia. After resection and ligation of vas deferens the cut ends were placed in different fascial planes in order to avoid recanalisation. The patients were mainly in the age group 31-40 years. Seven patients had postoperative complications, scrotal hematoma being the most common. Recanalisation was found in one patient, in whom a new operation was performed. The author stresses the importance of a correct vasectomy method, histological verification of the divided vasa and most of all the postoperative sperm analysis. Two negative sperm analyses with an interval of at least 1 month must be recorded before sterility can be confirmed.", "contents": "Vasectomy for voluntary male sterilisation. Vasectomy was performed in 90 men in Department of Surgery II of the University Central Hospital of Helsinki during the period January 1st, 1972 to December 31st, 1973. Operation was performed on an ambulatory basis under local anesthesia. After resection and ligation of vas deferens the cut ends were placed in different fascial planes in order to avoid recanalisation. The patients were mainly in the age group 31-40 years. Seven patients had postoperative complications, scrotal hematoma being the most common. Recanalisation was found in one patient, in whom a new operation was performed. The author stresses the importance of a correct vasectomy method, histological verification of the divided vasa and most of all the postoperative sperm analysis. Two negative sperm analyses with an interval of at least 1 month must be recorded before sterility can be confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209173", "title": "Creatine phosphokinase in prostatic tissue.", "content": "A histochemical study of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the rat ventral prostate revealed that the epithelial cells had a high cytoplasmic activity which was retained or even increased when the cells were atrophic as a consequence of castration. Both the fibromuscular stroma, which is prominent in the ventral prostate of castrated rats, and the secretion had a high level of activity. In human benign prostatic tissue where CPK was present in the epithelium, secretion and stroma, pronounced differences in activity could sometimes be observed between the epithelium of adjacent acini and also between cells in the same acinus. There was no obvious correlation between CPK activity and degree of epithelial hyperplasia. The activity in carcinomatous prostatic epithelial cells varied considerably between specimen from different patients but was uniform within a given specimen in contrast to the variation of epithelial CPK activity within non-carcinomatous tissue. Thus, a difference in the pattern of CPK activity was observed between malignant and non-malignant epithelial cells.", "contents": "Creatine phosphokinase in prostatic tissue. A histochemical study of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the rat ventral prostate revealed that the epithelial cells had a high cytoplasmic activity which was retained or even increased when the cells were atrophic as a consequence of castration. Both the fibromuscular stroma, which is prominent in the ventral prostate of castrated rats, and the secretion had a high level of activity. In human benign prostatic tissue where CPK was present in the epithelium, secretion and stroma, pronounced differences in activity could sometimes be observed between the epithelium of adjacent acini and also between cells in the same acinus. There was no obvious correlation between CPK activity and degree of epithelial hyperplasia. The activity in carcinomatous prostatic epithelial cells varied considerably between specimen from different patients but was uniform within a given specimen in contrast to the variation of epithelial CPK activity within non-carcinomatous tissue. Thus, a difference in the pattern of CPK activity was observed between malignant and non-malignant epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1209174", "title": "The lobes of the human prostate.", "content": "A dissection technique for the huamn prostate has been developed on about one hundred male autopsies, which makes it possible to delimit two dorsal, two lateral and two median lobes, each with separate ducts. It was found that both the dorsal lobesand the lateral lobes join dorsally to the ejaculatory ducts. The median lobes are situated below the medial parts of the seminal vesicles, and are closely apposed both ventrally and dorsally of the ejaculatory ducts. The ability to delimit the prostatic lobes in man may offer new opportunities to study the relation of prostatic diseases to different lobes as well as the hormonal dependency of the separate lobes.", "contents": "The lobes of the human prostate. A dissection technique for the huamn prostate has been developed on about one hundred male autopsies, which makes it possible to delimit two dorsal, two lateral and two median lobes, each with separate ducts. It was found that both the dorsal lobesand the lateral lobes join dorsally to the ejaculatory ducts. The median lobes are situated below the medial parts of the seminal vesicles, and are closely apposed both ventrally and dorsally of the ejaculatory ducts. The ability to delimit the prostatic lobes in man may offer new opportunities to study the relation of prostatic diseases to different lobes as well as the hormonal dependency of the separate lobes."}
{"id": "PMID:1209175", "title": "Magnesium and zinc in seminal fluid of healthy males and patients with non-acute prostatitis with and without gonorrhoea.", "content": "The concentrations of magnesium and zinc in the seminal fluid of 41 patients with symptoms of non-acute prostatitis and of 11 healthy age-matched males were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Possible sources of error in the determination of these metals in seminal fluid are discussed. The mean concentration of magnesium in the patients was 56.6 mug/ml (range 19-190) and in the controls 64.5 mug/ml (range 36-165). The corresponding figures for zinc were 79.2 mug/ml (range 13-283) and 67.5 mug/mg (range 34-116). Both in the patients and in the controls there was a significant correlation between the concentration of magnesium and that of zinc. No significant difference was found between the patients and the controls regarding the concentration of magnesium or zinc. From none of the patients could gonococci be cultured. However, in 6 of them, immunofluorescent studies revealed gonococci. The concentration of zinc (48.3 mug/ml) in seminal fluid from these 6 patients was significantly lower than in the remaining 35. Neither in the patients, nor in the controls, was any correlation found between the concentration of magnesium or zinc and that of fructose in seminal fluid. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of these metals and the antibacterial activity (determined as the inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus albus) of the seminal fluid from the patients. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of zinc and an increase in the number of white blood cells in expressed prostatic fluid. No correlation was found between magnesium or zinc and the number of spermatozoa or the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa. The findings in the present study suggest that the secretion of magnesium and zinc is decreased in prostatitis. Because of the wide range of variation of magnesium and zinc in seminal fluid of healthy males, determination of these metals is of limited value in the diagnoses of prostatitis in a given case.", "contents": "Magnesium and zinc in seminal fluid of healthy males and patients with non-acute prostatitis with and without gonorrhoea. The concentrations of magnesium and zinc in the seminal fluid of 41 patients with symptoms of non-acute prostatitis and of 11 healthy age-matched males were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Possible sources of error in the determination of these metals in seminal fluid are discussed. The mean concentration of magnesium in the patients was 56.6 mug/ml (range 19-190) and in the controls 64.5 mug/ml (range 36-165). The corresponding figures for zinc were 79.2 mug/ml (range 13-283) and 67.5 mug/mg (range 34-116). Both in the patients and in the controls there was a significant correlation between the concentration of magnesium and that of zinc. No significant difference was found between the patients and the controls regarding the concentration of magnesium or zinc. From none of the patients could gonococci be cultured. However, in 6 of them, immunofluorescent studies revealed gonococci. The concentration of zinc (48.3 mug/ml) in seminal fluid from these 6 patients was significantly lower than in the remaining 35. Neither in the patients, nor in the controls, was any correlation found between the concentration of magnesium or zinc and that of fructose in seminal fluid. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of these metals and the antibacterial activity (determined as the inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus albus) of the seminal fluid from the patients. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of zinc and an increase in the number of white blood cells in expressed prostatic fluid. No correlation was found between magnesium or zinc and the number of spermatozoa or the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa. The findings in the present study suggest that the secretion of magnesium and zinc is decreased in prostatitis. Because of the wide range of variation of magnesium and zinc in seminal fluid of healthy males, determination of these metals is of limited value in the diagnoses of prostatitis in a given case."}
{"id": "PMID:1209176", "title": "The prognostic value of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity in biopsy specimens from patients with reactivated prostatic cancer.", "content": "The quotient between the activities of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in biopsy specimens of malignant prostatic tissue varied among 11 patients with reactivated, estrogen-resistant prostatic carcinoma. No correlation was found between the quotient and the therapeutic response to estramustine phosphate. In biopsy specimens obtained after 2 months' treatment, the quotient was lower in those patients who responded to the treatment. Thus, the quotient before treatment is of no prognostic use but diminution of the quotient found after treatment for 2 months is a sign of good clinical effect of the therapy.", "contents": "The prognostic value of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity in biopsy specimens from patients with reactivated prostatic cancer. The quotient between the activities of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in biopsy specimens of malignant prostatic tissue varied among 11 patients with reactivated, estrogen-resistant prostatic carcinoma. No correlation was found between the quotient and the therapeutic response to estramustine phosphate. In biopsy specimens obtained after 2 months' treatment, the quotient was lower in those patients who responded to the treatment. Thus, the quotient before treatment is of no prognostic use but diminution of the quotient found after treatment for 2 months is a sign of good clinical effect of the therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1209178", "title": "Surgical treatment of ureterocele. A follow-up study of 56 operated cases in 52 adult patients.", "content": "A material covering 25 years and comprising 52 patients with 56 surgically treated ureteroceles was followed up over periods varying from 3 to 27 years, the average being 12 years. The initial symptoms and treatment are described. Most of the patients were treated with transurethral diathermy incision of the ureteroceles. 10 patients had died before the follow-up and one could not be located. 73% of the remaining 41 patients had no complaints at follow-up and 71% of the patients treated with transurethral incision were symptomatically cured. Vesico-ureteric reflux was demonstrated in 9 patients, of whom 3 had pyelonephritic changes in the kidneys. The groups of patients treated with resection or excision of the ureteroceles were too small to allow significant conclusions.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of ureterocele. A follow-up study of 56 operated cases in 52 adult patients. A material covering 25 years and comprising 52 patients with 56 surgically treated ureteroceles was followed up over periods varying from 3 to 27 years, the average being 12 years. The initial symptoms and treatment are described. Most of the patients were treated with transurethral diathermy incision of the ureteroceles. 10 patients had died before the follow-up and one could not be located. 73% of the remaining 41 patients had no complaints at follow-up and 71% of the patients treated with transurethral incision were symptomatically cured. Vesico-ureteric reflux was demonstrated in 9 patients, of whom 3 had pyelonephritic changes in the kidneys. The groups of patients treated with resection or excision of the ureteroceles were too small to allow significant conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:1209177", "title": "Urinary protein patterns in patients with uroepithelial tumours. Effect of surgery and radiotherapy.", "content": "Albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins A, G and M were determined in both serum and urine from 84 patients with uroepithelial tumours. There were 76 patients with bladder tumours, of which 19 had previously received radiotherapy and 51 were untreated, whereas the remaining 6 had required a urinary diversion with nephrostomy or cutaneous ureterostomy because of ureteric tumour obstruction. Eight patients with tumours situated in the renal pelvis or ureter were examined, seven of these eight patients could be examined both before and after surgical treatment. The changes in urinary protein patterns were compared with the results of various types of treatment of uroepithelial tumours. A significant reduction in urinary proteins was seen after successful treatment, or when the urinary flow was diverted so that it had no tumour contact.", "contents": "Urinary protein patterns in patients with uroepithelial tumours. Effect of surgery and radiotherapy. Albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins A, G and M were determined in both serum and urine from 84 patients with uroepithelial tumours. There were 76 patients with bladder tumours, of which 19 had previously received radiotherapy and 51 were untreated, whereas the remaining 6 had required a urinary diversion with nephrostomy or cutaneous ureterostomy because of ureteric tumour obstruction. Eight patients with tumours situated in the renal pelvis or ureter were examined, seven of these eight patients could be examined both before and after surgical treatment. The changes in urinary protein patterns were compared with the results of various types of treatment of uroepithelial tumours. A significant reduction in urinary proteins was seen after successful treatment, or when the urinary flow was diverted so that it had no tumour contact."}
{"id": "PMID:1209179", "title": "Recording of intraureteric pressures in women with a new technique.", "content": "This paper describes a new technique for recording intraureteric pressures (ureterometry) and its application in the examination of ureteric peristalsis in 20 women. A multichannel catheter, connected to pressure transducers permits recording of the intraureteric pressure simultaneously at three levels, 5-7, 15-17, 25-27 cm from the ureteric orifice. The mean amplitudes of the peristaltic waves at these 3 levels were about 14, 19 and 26 cm H2O, respectively. The peristaltic travel rate averaged 33 mm per second in the lower and 40 mm per second in the upper part of the ureter. This technique was also used to study the ureteral function in women undergoing Wertheim hysterectomy. Moreover it was used to investigate the influence of different drugs and anaesthesias on ureteral motility. Simultaneous ureterometry and ureteropyelography gave the opportunity to correlate the morphology of the ureter to the intraureteric pressure. From consideration of space the results of these investigations are presented elsewhere (Ulmsten, 1974a).", "contents": "Recording of intraureteric pressures in women with a new technique. This paper describes a new technique for recording intraureteric pressures (ureterometry) and its application in the examination of ureteric peristalsis in 20 women. A multichannel catheter, connected to pressure transducers permits recording of the intraureteric pressure simultaneously at three levels, 5-7, 15-17, 25-27 cm from the ureteric orifice. The mean amplitudes of the peristaltic waves at these 3 levels were about 14, 19 and 26 cm H2O, respectively. The peristaltic travel rate averaged 33 mm per second in the lower and 40 mm per second in the upper part of the ureter. This technique was also used to study the ureteral function in women undergoing Wertheim hysterectomy. Moreover it was used to investigate the influence of different drugs and anaesthesias on ureteral motility. Simultaneous ureterometry and ureteropyelography gave the opportunity to correlate the morphology of the ureter to the intraureteric pressure. From consideration of space the results of these investigations are presented elsewhere (Ulmsten, 1974a)."}
{"id": "PMID:1209180", "title": "Effects of spinal anaesthesia, lidocaine, and morphine, on the motility of the human ureter in vivo.", "content": "A new, sensitive technique for recording intraureteral pressure was used to investigate the effects of spinal anaesthesia, lidocaine, and morphine on ureteral peristalsis in 21 female patients. Spinal anaesthesia, comprising the segments up to ThX-Th III, did not affect ureteral motility, nor did morphine given intravenously in a 15 mg dose. Four to 8 ml 4% lidocaine injected into the renal pelvis, after an initial, brief period of stimulation, markedly reduced ureteral peristalsis. Normal ureteral activity returned within 15-30 min. It is concluded that the activity in extraneous autonomous nerves is of minor importance for ureteral peristalsis, and that morphine, in doses used clinically, does not affect ureteral motility.", "contents": "Effects of spinal anaesthesia, lidocaine, and morphine, on the motility of the human ureter in vivo. A new, sensitive technique for recording intraureteral pressure was used to investigate the effects of spinal anaesthesia, lidocaine, and morphine on ureteral peristalsis in 21 female patients. Spinal anaesthesia, comprising the segments up to ThX-Th III, did not affect ureteral motility, nor did morphine given intravenously in a 15 mg dose. Four to 8 ml 4% lidocaine injected into the renal pelvis, after an initial, brief period of stimulation, markedly reduced ureteral peristalsis. Normal ureteral activity returned within 15-30 min. It is concluded that the activity in extraneous autonomous nerves is of minor importance for ureteral peristalsis, and that morphine, in doses used clinically, does not affect ureteral motility."}
{"id": "PMID:1209181", "title": "The urinary excretion and serum concentration of calcium, magnesium, sodium and phosphate in male patients with recurring renal stone formation.", "content": "Only about 20% of renal stone cases have an unquestionable cause such as hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis etc. explaining their stone formation. About 20-40% are believed to result from idiopathic hypercalciuria. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the renal excretion of calcium, magnesium, sodium and phosphate in 47 consecutive men with recurring renal stone formation without a demonstrable underlining metabolic disease and, for comparison, 43 normal men. The results are related to previous hypotheses on renal stone formation. No difference in urinary calcium (either concentration or excretion) per day is found between the two groups. Consequently the concept of idiopathic hypercalciuria is questioned. The Mg/Ca ratio in urine is found lower in the stone patients than in the controls, suggesting that the Mg/Ca ratio might be of importance in stone formation.", "contents": "The urinary excretion and serum concentration of calcium, magnesium, sodium and phosphate in male patients with recurring renal stone formation. Only about 20% of renal stone cases have an unquestionable cause such as hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis etc. explaining their stone formation. About 20-40% are believed to result from idiopathic hypercalciuria. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the renal excretion of calcium, magnesium, sodium and phosphate in 47 consecutive men with recurring renal stone formation without a demonstrable underlining metabolic disease and, for comparison, 43 normal men. The results are related to previous hypotheses on renal stone formation. No difference in urinary calcium (either concentration or excretion) per day is found between the two groups. Consequently the concept of idiopathic hypercalciuria is questioned. The Mg/Ca ratio in urine is found lower in the stone patients than in the controls, suggesting that the Mg/Ca ratio might be of importance in stone formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1209182", "title": "Incidence, morbidity and complications of renal and ureteral calculi in a well defined geographical area.", "content": "In a well defined geographical area with only one hospital, the incidence of upper urinary tract stone was found to be 180 per 100 000 inhabitants, a figure not substantially higher than that reported more than 30 years ago. The male/female ratio was 3.6:1. The mean frequency of recurrence was 40% and the mean frequency of infection 12%. Hyperparathyroidism was found in 1.4% of all cases. Thirty-five per cent of the patients required hospital treatment and 19% needed operation. Renal pelvic stone was more common in the female (22%) than in the male (8.5%) patients. Spontaneous passage of stone occurred in 87.5% of the men and in 81.5% of the women. No seasonal variation in the onset of acute pain was demonstrable.", "contents": "Incidence, morbidity and complications of renal and ureteral calculi in a well defined geographical area. In a well defined geographical area with only one hospital, the incidence of upper urinary tract stone was found to be 180 per 100 000 inhabitants, a figure not substantially higher than that reported more than 30 years ago. The male/female ratio was 3.6:1. The mean frequency of recurrence was 40% and the mean frequency of infection 12%. Hyperparathyroidism was found in 1.4% of all cases. Thirty-five per cent of the patients required hospital treatment and 19% needed operation. Renal pelvic stone was more common in the female (22%) than in the male (8.5%) patients. Spontaneous passage of stone occurred in 87.5% of the men and in 81.5% of the women. No seasonal variation in the onset of acute pain was demonstrable."}
{"id": "PMID:1209183", "title": "Renal function in experimental chronic hydronephrosis. I. Backflow studies with dextran.", "content": "By ligation of the ureter, causing partial ureteral stenosis, unilateral hydronephrosis was induced in 10 dogs. Renal function studies including creatine clearance and osmolality determination were performed both before and after the ureteral ligation. The renal function analysis after induction of hydronephrosis included pyelovenous and pyelolymphatic reflux studies, with deposition of dextran in the renal pelvis at different intrapelvic pressures. Analysis with respect to sodium, potassium, chloride and dextran in the thoracic duct lymph, peripheral blood and urine from the intact kidney were performed. The results show a reduction of the renal function in hydronephrosis, little transport of dextran via the lymph and blood, and no significant increase in the lymphatic transport of the studied ions on elevation of the intrapelvic pressure.", "contents": "Renal function in experimental chronic hydronephrosis. I. Backflow studies with dextran. By ligation of the ureter, causing partial ureteral stenosis, unilateral hydronephrosis was induced in 10 dogs. Renal function studies including creatine clearance and osmolality determination were performed both before and after the ureteral ligation. The renal function analysis after induction of hydronephrosis included pyelovenous and pyelolymphatic reflux studies, with deposition of dextran in the renal pelvis at different intrapelvic pressures. Analysis with respect to sodium, potassium, chloride and dextran in the thoracic duct lymph, peripheral blood and urine from the intact kidney were performed. The results show a reduction of the renal function in hydronephrosis, little transport of dextran via the lymph and blood, and no significant increase in the lymphatic transport of the studied ions on elevation of the intrapelvic pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1209184", "title": "Renal function in experimental chronic hydronephrosis. II. Backflow studies with radionuclides.", "content": "Studies of backflow in experimental unilateral chronic hydronephrosis in dogs with a known residual renal function and renal pelvic volume were performed with radioactively labelled substances with molecular weights of ca. 600, 5 200 and 68 000 placed in the hydronephrotic renal pelvis. Three different pressure levels in the renal pelvis were used. Isotope concentrations were determined in the thoracic duct lymph, 0lood and urine from the contralateral kidney. The greater part of the test substances appeared to pass to the blood circulation, while a smaller part was found in the lymphatic ducts. The largest molecule, however, was only able to leave the renal pelvis to any appreciable extent at the highest pressure. In kidneys with a low grade of hydronephrosis and well preserved function, a relatively large amount of test substance left the renal pelvis (ca. 10-15%). In more advanced grades of hydronephrosis with greater impairment of renal function, the backflow was considerably less.", "contents": "Renal function in experimental chronic hydronephrosis. II. Backflow studies with radionuclides. Studies of backflow in experimental unilateral chronic hydronephrosis in dogs with a known residual renal function and renal pelvic volume were performed with radioactively labelled substances with molecular weights of ca. 600, 5 200 and 68 000 placed in the hydronephrotic renal pelvis. Three different pressure levels in the renal pelvis were used. Isotope concentrations were determined in the thoracic duct lymph, 0lood and urine from the contralateral kidney. The greater part of the test substances appeared to pass to the blood circulation, while a smaller part was found in the lymphatic ducts. The largest molecule, however, was only able to leave the renal pelvis to any appreciable extent at the highest pressure. In kidneys with a low grade of hydronephrosis and well preserved function, a relatively large amount of test substance left the renal pelvis (ca. 10-15%). In more advanced grades of hydronephrosis with greater impairment of renal function, the backflow was considerably less."}
{"id": "PMID:1209185", "title": "The relationship between hepatitis B antigen, e-antigen, and liver-pathology in patients treated with dialysis.", "content": "The relationship between hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag), e-antigen and liver pathology was studied in 27 patients who had died after regular dialysis treatment. The examination of the liver histology was done without knowledge of the history of the patient. Seventeen of the patients were HB Ag positive at death and had been carriers of the antigen for between 1 and 57 months. Two had chronic aggressive hepatitis and 10 chronic persistent hepatitis, but 5 had no histological signs of chronic hepatitis. e-antigen could be found in blood samples from all these patients. The cause of kidney disease, duration of dialysis and time of carriership of HB Ag showed the same variation among the patients without as among the patients with signs of chronic hepatitis. Two patients who had been HB Ag positive but were negative at death had no signs of chronic hepatitis. HB Ag positive samples available from one of these patients were also positive for e-antigen. Eight patients who were constantly negative for HB Ag were also negative for e-antigen. One of them had autopsy findings of a chronic persistent hepatitis. There were thus very moderate or even no histological signs of chronic hepatitis among these patients in spite of prolonged carriership of HB Ag. A very close correlation between HB Ag and e-antigen was also found.", "contents": "The relationship between hepatitis B antigen, e-antigen, and liver-pathology in patients treated with dialysis. The relationship between hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag), e-antigen and liver pathology was studied in 27 patients who had died after regular dialysis treatment. The examination of the liver histology was done without knowledge of the history of the patient. Seventeen of the patients were HB Ag positive at death and had been carriers of the antigen for between 1 and 57 months. Two had chronic aggressive hepatitis and 10 chronic persistent hepatitis, but 5 had no histological signs of chronic hepatitis. e-antigen could be found in blood samples from all these patients. The cause of kidney disease, duration of dialysis and time of carriership of HB Ag showed the same variation among the patients without as among the patients with signs of chronic hepatitis. Two patients who had been HB Ag positive but were negative at death had no signs of chronic hepatitis. HB Ag positive samples available from one of these patients were also positive for e-antigen. Eight patients who were constantly negative for HB Ag were also negative for e-antigen. One of them had autopsy findings of a chronic persistent hepatitis. There were thus very moderate or even no histological signs of chronic hepatitis among these patients in spite of prolonged carriership of HB Ag. A very close correlation between HB Ag and e-antigen was also found."}
{"id": "PMID:1209187", "title": "Bladder papilloma in a child. Case report.", "content": "A case of bladder papilloma in a 12-year-old boy is presented. He had had painless, intermittent hematuria. An excretory urogram revealed a filling defect in the bladder. A walnut-sized, pedunculated papilloma was removed by transvesical extirpation. Histological examination showed a papillary bladder tumour, grade 1 (Bergkvist et al., 1965). Our patient also had a Cushing syndrome and later a bilateral adrenalectomy was done. The coexistence of two such rare conditions may not be purely coincidental. Control cystoscopies have shown no sign of tumoral recurrence.", "contents": "Bladder papilloma in a child. Case report. A case of bladder papilloma in a 12-year-old boy is presented. He had had painless, intermittent hematuria. An excretory urogram revealed a filling defect in the bladder. A walnut-sized, pedunculated papilloma was removed by transvesical extirpation. Histological examination showed a papillary bladder tumour, grade 1 (Bergkvist et al., 1965). Our patient also had a Cushing syndrome and later a bilateral adrenalectomy was done. The coexistence of two such rare conditions may not be purely coincidental. Control cystoscopies have shown no sign of tumoral recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:1209188", "title": "Traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula treated by ligation and preservation of the kidney.", "content": "A case with traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula is presented. The diagnosis was established by selective renal angiography. The fistula was treated by ligation and division of the feeding artery. Postoperative angiography revealed complete closure of the fistula. The aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of renal arteriovenous fistula are discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula treated by ligation and preservation of the kidney. A case with traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula is presented. The diagnosis was established by selective renal angiography. The fistula was treated by ligation and division of the feeding artery. Postoperative angiography revealed complete closure of the fistula. The aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of renal arteriovenous fistula are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209189", "title": "Arterial hypertension due to a renin-producing renal carcinoma.", "content": "The case history of a patient with arterial hypertension and increased plasma renin activity is reported. The causative pathology was found to be a renal carcinoma. After nephrectomy both blood pressure and plasma renin activity returned to normal.", "contents": "Arterial hypertension due to a renin-producing renal carcinoma. The case history of a patient with arterial hypertension and increased plasma renin activity is reported. The causative pathology was found to be a renal carcinoma. After nephrectomy both blood pressure and plasma renin activity returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1209196", "title": "Pulmonary gas exchange in asymptomatic smokers and nonsmokers.", "content": "Pulmonary gas exchange has been studied in 14 healthy smokers and 16 healthy nonsmokers (mean age: 36 years) breathing hypoxic, normoxic and hyperoxic gas mixtures, in a sitting position, at rest and on exercise. Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference is increased in smokers in hypoxia, at rest and on exercise, and the pulmonary diffusing capacity for oxygen is decreased. In normoxia the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference is increased on exercise. There is no difference between the two groups in hyperoxia. For the whole group there exists a negative relationship between (A-a)DO2 in normoxia and the diffusion indices measured on exercise. Arterio-alveolar carbon dioxide tension difference and the ratio physiological dead space/tidal volume are almost identical in both groups in any condition. A diffusion defect seems to be the more constant alteration of gas exchange in asymptomatic smokers.", "contents": "Pulmonary gas exchange in asymptomatic smokers and nonsmokers. Pulmonary gas exchange has been studied in 14 healthy smokers and 16 healthy nonsmokers (mean age: 36 years) breathing hypoxic, normoxic and hyperoxic gas mixtures, in a sitting position, at rest and on exercise. Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference is increased in smokers in hypoxia, at rest and on exercise, and the pulmonary diffusing capacity for oxygen is decreased. In normoxia the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference is increased on exercise. There is no difference between the two groups in hyperoxia. For the whole group there exists a negative relationship between (A-a)DO2 in normoxia and the diffusion indices measured on exercise. Arterio-alveolar carbon dioxide tension difference and the ratio physiological dead space/tidal volume are almost identical in both groups in any condition. A diffusion defect seems to be the more constant alteration of gas exchange in asymptomatic smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:1209197", "title": "Course and outcome of pregnancy in women with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Medical registrations of births in Norway during 1967 and 1968 were utilized in a study of the course and outcome of pregnancy in 542 women with pulmonary tuberculosis. A comparison with 112,530 pregnancies in women reporting no disease was made. Tuberculous women were found to have an excess of pregnancy complications, miscarriage, and labour difficulties. Their live births, however, were comparable with respect to gestation period, birth weight, morbid conditions and mortality to those of women reporting no disease.", "contents": "Course and outcome of pregnancy in women with pulmonary tuberculosis. Medical registrations of births in Norway during 1967 and 1968 were utilized in a study of the course and outcome of pregnancy in 542 women with pulmonary tuberculosis. A comparison with 112,530 pregnancies in women reporting no disease was made. Tuberculous women were found to have an excess of pregnancy complications, miscarriage, and labour difficulties. Their live births, however, were comparable with respect to gestation period, birth weight, morbid conditions and mortality to those of women reporting no disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1209198", "title": "Uptake of 67Ga in malignant lesions of the lung and lymphatic tissue.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients were given 67Ga intravenously before thoracotomy because of suspected lung cancer. Specimens of relevant tissue were removed and counted in a well-counter. The uptake of 67Ga in bronchogenic epidermoid and anaplastic tumours was greater than the uptake in normal lung tissue, while the uptake in adenocarcinomas seemed to be equal to that in normal tissue. Two out of seven benign lesions showed greater uptake than normal tissue. Thus 67Ga seems to be of limited value in the differentiation of malignant from benign lesions of the lung. The uptake in lymphatic tissue showed a great variation which did not indicate whether metastases were present or not. For this reason 67Ga seems to be of no use for demonstration of metastases in regional lymph nodes from cancer of the lung.", "contents": "Uptake of 67Ga in malignant lesions of the lung and lymphatic tissue. Thirty-nine patients were given 67Ga intravenously before thoracotomy because of suspected lung cancer. Specimens of relevant tissue were removed and counted in a well-counter. The uptake of 67Ga in bronchogenic epidermoid and anaplastic tumours was greater than the uptake in normal lung tissue, while the uptake in adenocarcinomas seemed to be equal to that in normal tissue. Two out of seven benign lesions showed greater uptake than normal tissue. Thus 67Ga seems to be of limited value in the differentiation of malignant from benign lesions of the lung. The uptake in lymphatic tissue showed a great variation which did not indicate whether metastases were present or not. For this reason 67Ga seems to be of no use for demonstration of metastases in regional lymph nodes from cancer of the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:1209199", "title": "Arterial to end-tidal CO2 difference in respiratory disease.", "content": "The difference in CO2 tension between arterial blood and end-tidal alveolar gas (a-end-tidal)DCO2 was found to correlate fairly well with the VD/VT ratio in 13 healthy subjects and 50 patients with pulmonary diseases (r = 0.74), and to discriminate between healthy subjects and patient groups at least as effectively as did the VD/VT ratio. An increase in breathing frequency from 8 to 32/min, without simultaneous change in alveolar ventilation, was associated with a mean increase in (a-end-tidal) DCO2 of several mmHg in both the healthy subjects and the patient groups. It is concluded that measurement of (a-end-tidal)DCO2 seems to be a clinically useful alternative to measurement of VD/VT ratio for evaluation of the wasted ventilation component, provided that the effect of the breathing frequency on (a-end-tidal) DCO2 is taken into account.", "contents": "Arterial to end-tidal CO2 difference in respiratory disease. The difference in CO2 tension between arterial blood and end-tidal alveolar gas (a-end-tidal)DCO2 was found to correlate fairly well with the VD/VT ratio in 13 healthy subjects and 50 patients with pulmonary diseases (r = 0.74), and to discriminate between healthy subjects and patient groups at least as effectively as did the VD/VT ratio. An increase in breathing frequency from 8 to 32/min, without simultaneous change in alveolar ventilation, was associated with a mean increase in (a-end-tidal) DCO2 of several mmHg in both the healthy subjects and the patient groups. It is concluded that measurement of (a-end-tidal)DCO2 seems to be a clinically useful alternative to measurement of VD/VT ratio for evaluation of the wasted ventilation component, provided that the effect of the breathing frequency on (a-end-tidal) DCO2 is taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:1209200", "title": "Monosymptomatic exudative pleurisy in persons exposed to asbestos dust.", "content": "Among 25 persons with monosymptomatic exudative pleurisy of unknown etiology there were 11 men who had been exposed to asbestos. Ten of them were investigated during an observation period of 4 to 8 years. The exudate was more or less sanguinolent, had a prolonged course and recurred on the same or opposite side in the majority of cases. Large numbers of eosinophilic cells were present in seven exudates. Clinical symptoms were very discrete. After the disappearance of the exudate, persisting pleural thickening was present in nine patients. Decortication was performed in four of these patients and signs of non-specific chronic pleurisy was found. Asbestos bodies were found in one case and suspected in another. No other etiological signs were observed in any of the 11 men during the period of observation. At the end of the period of observation, radiological signs of mild basal pulmonary fibrosis were found in one patient and signs suggestive of this were present in a further three patients. Six of the men were troubled by dyspnoea. Three of these had reduced physical working capacity owing to respiratory factors. It is concluded that asbestos should be suspected as the causative factor in monosymptomatic exudative pleurisy if other etiological factors can be excluded.", "contents": "Monosymptomatic exudative pleurisy in persons exposed to asbestos dust. Among 25 persons with monosymptomatic exudative pleurisy of unknown etiology there were 11 men who had been exposed to asbestos. Ten of them were investigated during an observation period of 4 to 8 years. The exudate was more or less sanguinolent, had a prolonged course and recurred on the same or opposite side in the majority of cases. Large numbers of eosinophilic cells were present in seven exudates. Clinical symptoms were very discrete. After the disappearance of the exudate, persisting pleural thickening was present in nine patients. Decortication was performed in four of these patients and signs of non-specific chronic pleurisy was found. Asbestos bodies were found in one case and suspected in another. No other etiological signs were observed in any of the 11 men during the period of observation. At the end of the period of observation, radiological signs of mild basal pulmonary fibrosis were found in one patient and signs suggestive of this were present in a further three patients. Six of the men were troubled by dyspnoea. Three of these had reduced physical working capacity owing to respiratory factors. It is concluded that asbestos should be suspected as the causative factor in monosymptomatic exudative pleurisy if other etiological factors can be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:1209201", "title": "Simple electrocardiographic features of importance for prognosis in severe chronic bronchial obstruction.", "content": "228 patients between 40-69 years old, with chronic bronchila obstruction (FEV1 1.51/s or less) mainly due to chronic bronchitis were investigated by means of E.C.G. examinations. All patients had been referred to hospital for treatment or examination. Prognosis regarding survival after 4 years was calculated for various values of QRS axis, PII amplitude, and ischaemic changes in E.C.G. Survival was very poor in the groups of patients with an E.C.G. showing a QRS axis +90 degrees to +180 degrees and a PII amplitude of 0.20 mV or more. Only 37% and 42% of the patients with these respective changes were alive after 4 years. There was a 65% survival among patients with only ischaemic changes in E.C.G. This last result was based on few patients and probably influenced by selection. It was not significantly different from the 75% survival after 4 years among patients with normal E.C.G. Age and severity of bronchial obstruction had a small additional influence on survival in patients with abnormal E.C.G. Survival was nearly the same for all age groups and for all degrees of obstruction in patients with normal E.C.G. Patients with abnormalities in R/S in precordial leads V1 or V6 usually had abnormal extremity leads also. The patients who had changes in precordial leads as well as standard leads had a very low survival after 4 years. Patients with changes only in standard leads had a significantly better survival than patients with changes in precordial leads as well, but a significantly lower survival after 4 years than patients with normal E.C.G. It is suggested that an E.C.G. with a QRS axis +90 degrees to +180 degrees and/or a PII amplitude 0.20 mV or more in patients with bronchial obstruction indicates the presence of cor pulmonale even when precordial leads are normal. Survival in the first 4 to 6 years in patients with severe chronic bronchial obstruction is mainly related to the presence or absence of electrocardiographic signs of cor pulmonale rather than to the degree of obstruction.", "contents": "Simple electrocardiographic features of importance for prognosis in severe chronic bronchial obstruction. 228 patients between 40-69 years old, with chronic bronchila obstruction (FEV1 1.51/s or less) mainly due to chronic bronchitis were investigated by means of E.C.G. examinations. All patients had been referred to hospital for treatment or examination. Prognosis regarding survival after 4 years was calculated for various values of QRS axis, PII amplitude, and ischaemic changes in E.C.G. Survival was very poor in the groups of patients with an E.C.G. showing a QRS axis +90 degrees to +180 degrees and a PII amplitude of 0.20 mV or more. Only 37% and 42% of the patients with these respective changes were alive after 4 years. There was a 65% survival among patients with only ischaemic changes in E.C.G. This last result was based on few patients and probably influenced by selection. It was not significantly different from the 75% survival after 4 years among patients with normal E.C.G. Age and severity of bronchial obstruction had a small additional influence on survival in patients with abnormal E.C.G. Survival was nearly the same for all age groups and for all degrees of obstruction in patients with normal E.C.G. Patients with abnormalities in R/S in precordial leads V1 or V6 usually had abnormal extremity leads also. The patients who had changes in precordial leads as well as standard leads had a very low survival after 4 years. Patients with changes only in standard leads had a significantly better survival than patients with changes in precordial leads as well, but a significantly lower survival after 4 years than patients with normal E.C.G. It is suggested that an E.C.G. with a QRS axis +90 degrees to +180 degrees and/or a PII amplitude 0.20 mV or more in patients with bronchial obstruction indicates the presence of cor pulmonale even when precordial leads are normal. Survival in the first 4 to 6 years in patients with severe chronic bronchial obstruction is mainly related to the presence or absence of electrocardiographic signs of cor pulmonale rather than to the degree of obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:1209202", "title": "Ruptured aneurysm of the superficial femoral artery.", "content": "Femoral arterial aneurysms are rare, but their existence must be considered in cases of acute ischaemia of the leg or the occurrence of a pulsating swelling in the groin. Surgical intervention is mandatory, and venous autografts should be preferred to synthetic grafts. With adequate therapy, the prognosis is favourable, but the coexistence of multiple aneurysms should always be borne in mind. A successfully treated case of ruptured femoral aneurysm, combined with abdominal aortic aneurysm, is reported.", "contents": "Ruptured aneurysm of the superficial femoral artery. Femoral arterial aneurysms are rare, but their existence must be considered in cases of acute ischaemia of the leg or the occurrence of a pulsating swelling in the groin. Surgical intervention is mandatory, and venous autografts should be preferred to synthetic grafts. With adequate therapy, the prognosis is favourable, but the coexistence of multiple aneurysms should always be borne in mind. A successfully treated case of ruptured femoral aneurysm, combined with abdominal aortic aneurysm, is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1209203", "title": "The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Echocardiographic findings.", "content": "The echograms obtained following Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve replacement are described-first, on an experimental model and later, in vivo. The echogram obtained consisted essentially of four main horizontal waves. Their origin is clarified. In artificially created peri-prosthesis leaks, a normal trace was obtained, while in trans-prosthesis leaks, a reduction in amplitude of motion occurred and the valve remained open in diastole (aortic valve). In vivo, a normal trace was obtained in peri-prosthesis leaks. Trans-prosthesis leaks with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve have not hitherto been described, but the potential of echoscanning in detecting disc dysfunction is put forward.", "contents": "The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Echocardiographic findings. The echograms obtained following Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve replacement are described-first, on an experimental model and later, in vivo. The echogram obtained consisted essentially of four main horizontal waves. Their origin is clarified. In artificially created peri-prosthesis leaks, a normal trace was obtained, while in trans-prosthesis leaks, a reduction in amplitude of motion occurred and the valve remained open in diastole (aortic valve). In vivo, a normal trace was obtained in peri-prosthesis leaks. Trans-prosthesis leaks with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve have not hitherto been described, but the potential of echoscanning in detecting disc dysfunction is put forward."}
{"id": "PMID:1209204", "title": "Surgical correction of aortic valve stenosis with persistent ductus arterious and servere pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "This is a report of a case in which the unusual association of severe aortic valve stenosis with persistent ductus arteriosus complicated by severe pulmonary hypertension, was diagnosed and correction of the anatomical lesions carried out in one stage. Re-investigation after one year showed that the duct was closed, the pulmonary artery pressure was lower than before the operation and the gradient across the aortic valve reduced. A modern approach to treatment based on full cardiac assessment is stressed. Problems arising during the operation are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical correction of aortic valve stenosis with persistent ductus arterious and servere pulmonary hypertension. This is a report of a case in which the unusual association of severe aortic valve stenosis with persistent ductus arteriosus complicated by severe pulmonary hypertension, was diagnosed and correction of the anatomical lesions carried out in one stage. Re-investigation after one year showed that the duct was closed, the pulmonary artery pressure was lower than before the operation and the gradient across the aortic valve reduced. A modern approach to treatment based on full cardiac assessment is stressed. Problems arising during the operation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209205", "title": "In vitro test of heart muscle viability.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to establish viability criteria for hearts perfused with a non-biological synthetic perfusate in a Langendorff type preparation. During hypothermic perfusion, the only discriminant between eight undamaged and four hypoxically damaged hearts was resistance to perfusion flow. At near normothermic conditions, the damaged hearts exhibited a decreased respiratory rate. It was also suggested that adrenalin stress of the isolated heart might be useful instead of orthotopic transplantation, as a final test of viability.", "contents": "In vitro test of heart muscle viability. The purpose of the present study was to establish viability criteria for hearts perfused with a non-biological synthetic perfusate in a Langendorff type preparation. During hypothermic perfusion, the only discriminant between eight undamaged and four hypoxically damaged hearts was resistance to perfusion flow. At near normothermic conditions, the damaged hearts exhibited a decreased respiratory rate. It was also suggested that adrenalin stress of the isolated heart might be useful instead of orthotopic transplantation, as a final test of viability."}
{"id": "PMID:1209206", "title": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of glucagon and isoprenaline in the early postoperative period in cardiac surgery.", "content": "In order to study the haemodynamic effects of isoprenaline and glucagon in the immediate postoperative period, 16 patients who had single or multiple valve replacement or coronary artery bypass grafts were investigated. Measurements of cardiac index, stroke index, heart rate, arterial and right atrial mean pressures were made either before, during, or after the administration of both drugs. With the doses used, the inotropic effects of both drugs are similar, while the chronotropic action is statistically higher during isoprenaline infusion than after glucagon administration. This fact explains the greater increase in cardiac index after isoprenaline administration. Mean arterial pressure shows no significant changes after either drug, while right atrial mean pressure decreases significantly. Peripheral vascular resistance remained mostly constant. The activity of glucagon injected as a single bolus seems to be maximal 10 to 15 minutes after the injection and dissipates about 30 minutes later. The ideal dose of isoprenaline is between 0.8 and 2 mug/min. Within this range, the inotropic effect is maximal and the chronotropic and bathmotropic effects are limited. Above 2 mug/min, cardiac index and stroke index decrease, and arrhythmias become more frequent.", "contents": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of glucagon and isoprenaline in the early postoperative period in cardiac surgery. In order to study the haemodynamic effects of isoprenaline and glucagon in the immediate postoperative period, 16 patients who had single or multiple valve replacement or coronary artery bypass grafts were investigated. Measurements of cardiac index, stroke index, heart rate, arterial and right atrial mean pressures were made either before, during, or after the administration of both drugs. With the doses used, the inotropic effects of both drugs are similar, while the chronotropic action is statistically higher during isoprenaline infusion than after glucagon administration. This fact explains the greater increase in cardiac index after isoprenaline administration. Mean arterial pressure shows no significant changes after either drug, while right atrial mean pressure decreases significantly. Peripheral vascular resistance remained mostly constant. The activity of glucagon injected as a single bolus seems to be maximal 10 to 15 minutes after the injection and dissipates about 30 minutes later. The ideal dose of isoprenaline is between 0.8 and 2 mug/min. Within this range, the inotropic effect is maximal and the chronotropic and bathmotropic effects are limited. Above 2 mug/min, cardiac index and stroke index decrease, and arrhythmias become more frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:1209207", "title": "Effect of physical exercise on internal carotid artery blood flow after arterial reconstruction.", "content": "The effect of physical exercise on internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow in conscious man was studied with the aid of electromagnetic flowmetry. A flow probe was implanted on the ICA in 25 patients after reconstruction of the artery. ICA mean blood flow and brachial artery mean blood pressure were continuously monitored in supine (25 patients) and sitting (24 patients) position at rest, during 5-6 minutes exercise on a bicycle ergometer and at rest after exercise. Arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) was studied in 6/25 work tests in supine and 7/24 in sitting position. Cardiac output was measured at rest and during exercise in 10/25 patients in supine and 8/24 patients in sitting position. In the supine group, ICA flow increased significantly within 1 minute and reached a maximal flow 15% above control flow within 2 minutes after the onset of exercise. The ICA flow then gradually declined, but remained almost significantly elevated, 7.5% above control, on termination of exercise. At rest, after exercise, the ICA flow decreased almost significantly to a level of 5% below the control flow within 5 minutes. There was a significant PaCO2 increase of 2.6 mmHg during exercise and a highly significant increase (72%) in cardiac output during exercise. The ICA flow at rest, before exercise, was about 15% lower in the sitting group than in the supine group. It increased in average 11.5% with 2 minutes of exercise and then gradually diminished. At rest, after exercise, ICA flow decreased further to a level of 8% below control flow within 5 minutes. PaCO2 increased significantly in average 1.6 mmHg during exercise. Cardiac output increased highly significantly (85%) during exercise. The ICA flow changes obtained during exercise in the present study indicate the presence of a regulatory mechanism counteracting the increasing perfusion pressure, but it is unable to compensate the decreased perfusion pressure when the body position was altered from supine to sitting. The cerebral vascular bed in the present patient material seems to operate above and below the lower limit of its pressure range for an adequate autoregulation.", "contents": "Effect of physical exercise on internal carotid artery blood flow after arterial reconstruction. The effect of physical exercise on internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow in conscious man was studied with the aid of electromagnetic flowmetry. A flow probe was implanted on the ICA in 25 patients after reconstruction of the artery. ICA mean blood flow and brachial artery mean blood pressure were continuously monitored in supine (25 patients) and sitting (24 patients) position at rest, during 5-6 minutes exercise on a bicycle ergometer and at rest after exercise. Arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) was studied in 6/25 work tests in supine and 7/24 in sitting position. Cardiac output was measured at rest and during exercise in 10/25 patients in supine and 8/24 patients in sitting position. In the supine group, ICA flow increased significantly within 1 minute and reached a maximal flow 15% above control flow within 2 minutes after the onset of exercise. The ICA flow then gradually declined, but remained almost significantly elevated, 7.5% above control, on termination of exercise. At rest, after exercise, the ICA flow decreased almost significantly to a level of 5% below the control flow within 5 minutes. There was a significant PaCO2 increase of 2.6 mmHg during exercise and a highly significant increase (72%) in cardiac output during exercise. The ICA flow at rest, before exercise, was about 15% lower in the sitting group than in the supine group. It increased in average 11.5% with 2 minutes of exercise and then gradually diminished. At rest, after exercise, ICA flow decreased further to a level of 8% below control flow within 5 minutes. PaCO2 increased significantly in average 1.6 mmHg during exercise. Cardiac output increased highly significantly (85%) during exercise. The ICA flow changes obtained during exercise in the present study indicate the presence of a regulatory mechanism counteracting the increasing perfusion pressure, but it is unable to compensate the decreased perfusion pressure when the body position was altered from supine to sitting. The cerebral vascular bed in the present patient material seems to operate above and below the lower limit of its pressure range for an adequate autoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1209208", "title": "Right duct lymph during and after open-heart surgery.", "content": "The right lymphatic duct (RLD) was cannulated in 26 patients operated upon with open-heart surgery. The thoracic duct was cannulated in 4 additional patients and both the thoracic and the right lymphatic ducts were cannulated in 2 further patients. The RLD was also cannulated in a control group consisting of 5 thoractomy-operated patients. Lymph was collected continuously and its flow and content of albumin, electrolytes and the enzymes, GOT, GPT, CPK and LDH were analysed. A significant amount of cardiac lymph was present in about 60% of the cannulations. After cardiopulmonary bypass, lymph enzyme concentrations often rose rapidly to very high levels. The significance of the enzyme concentration-patterns and some characteristics of the flow pattern are discussed.", "contents": "Right duct lymph during and after open-heart surgery. The right lymphatic duct (RLD) was cannulated in 26 patients operated upon with open-heart surgery. The thoracic duct was cannulated in 4 additional patients and both the thoracic and the right lymphatic ducts were cannulated in 2 further patients. The RLD was also cannulated in a control group consisting of 5 thoractomy-operated patients. Lymph was collected continuously and its flow and content of albumin, electrolytes and the enzymes, GOT, GPT, CPK and LDH were analysed. A significant amount of cardiac lymph was present in about 60% of the cannulations. After cardiopulmonary bypass, lymph enzyme concentrations often rose rapidly to very high levels. The significance of the enzyme concentration-patterns and some characteristics of the flow pattern are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209209", "title": "Ergot-induced vasospasm of the lower extremities treated with epidural anaesthesia.", "content": "No reliable treatment to reverse severe ergot-induced vasopasm is available. A case of ergotamine-induced vasospasm of the lower extremities is presented. A combined treatment of vasodilators, infusion of low molecular dextran and high epidural anaesthesia apparently prevented extremity gangrene from occurring.", "contents": "Ergot-induced vasospasm of the lower extremities treated with epidural anaesthesia. No reliable treatment to reverse severe ergot-induced vasopasm is available. A case of ergotamine-induced vasospasm of the lower extremities is presented. A combined treatment of vasodilators, infusion of low molecular dextran and high epidural anaesthesia apparently prevented extremity gangrene from occurring."}
{"id": "PMID:1209210", "title": "Pulmonary diffusion-circulation interrelationships two to seven years after pneumonectomy.", "content": "Ventilatory function, pulmonary diffusion capacity and right heart catheterization were studied in eight patients 2-7 years after pneumonectomy. The operation had been carried out for bronchial carcinoma. Dependence of pulmonary diffusion capacity on pulmonary perfusion rather than on ventilatory changes was characteristic of the elderly patients in the late post-pneumonectomy state. When decreased pulmonary perfusion, produced by cardiac disease or increased pulmonary vascular resistance, severely affects the pulmonary diffusion capacity, a careful assessment of the cardiac state is very important in the pre-operative evaluation of operability. In the absence of coexisting diseases, the cardiopulmonary state of long-term survivors usually remains good.", "contents": "Pulmonary diffusion-circulation interrelationships two to seven years after pneumonectomy. Ventilatory function, pulmonary diffusion capacity and right heart catheterization were studied in eight patients 2-7 years after pneumonectomy. The operation had been carried out for bronchial carcinoma. Dependence of pulmonary diffusion capacity on pulmonary perfusion rather than on ventilatory changes was characteristic of the elderly patients in the late post-pneumonectomy state. When decreased pulmonary perfusion, produced by cardiac disease or increased pulmonary vascular resistance, severely affects the pulmonary diffusion capacity, a careful assessment of the cardiac state is very important in the pre-operative evaluation of operability. In the absence of coexisting diseases, the cardiopulmonary state of long-term survivors usually remains good."}
{"id": "PMID:1209211", "title": "Pulmonary artery pressure measurements in surgical patients.", "content": "In 23 patients, Swan-Ganz catheters for the measurement of the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were introduced on the day before elective vascular surgery. The following parameters were measured: pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure (PAED), central venous pressure (CVP), arterial blood pressure (BP), pulse, plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and blood volume. Pre-operatively, resting pressures and pressures during exercise and fluid infusion were measured. Continuous pressure measurements were made during induction of anaesthesia and operation and during the first 24 postoperative hours. The pre-operative PAP was an important parameter among those contra-indicating operation, particularly so in 5 patients, in 3 of whom the ultimate decision was made as a direct consequence of PAP. In one case, a sudden marked increase in PAP preceded all other signs of severe deterioration in the patient's condition by some 7 hours. In the period of apnoea immediately prior to and during endotracheal intubation, PAP and CVP rises were as marked as during the pre-operative exercise test. This exercise was strenuous, and the exercise PAP is thought to give perhaps the most reliable expression of the cardiac reserve. Finally, PAP was found to be a substantially more sensitive parameter of blood loss and adequacy of replacement than CVP.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery pressure measurements in surgical patients. In 23 patients, Swan-Ganz catheters for the measurement of the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were introduced on the day before elective vascular surgery. The following parameters were measured: pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure (PAED), central venous pressure (CVP), arterial blood pressure (BP), pulse, plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and blood volume. Pre-operatively, resting pressures and pressures during exercise and fluid infusion were measured. Continuous pressure measurements were made during induction of anaesthesia and operation and during the first 24 postoperative hours. The pre-operative PAP was an important parameter among those contra-indicating operation, particularly so in 5 patients, in 3 of whom the ultimate decision was made as a direct consequence of PAP. In one case, a sudden marked increase in PAP preceded all other signs of severe deterioration in the patient's condition by some 7 hours. In the period of apnoea immediately prior to and during endotracheal intubation, PAP and CVP rises were as marked as during the pre-operative exercise test. This exercise was strenuous, and the exercise PAP is thought to give perhaps the most reliable expression of the cardiac reserve. Finally, PAP was found to be a substantially more sensitive parameter of blood loss and adequacy of replacement than CVP."}
{"id": "PMID:1209212", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm. An interhospital study of 171 surgically treated patients.", "content": "A retrospective interhospital study of 171 surgically treated patients with atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm is presented (Orebro and G\u00f6teborg). Elective resection of the aneurysm was performed in 94 of the patients and emergency resection because of rupture or suspected rupture of the aneurysm in 77 cases. The mortality within the first postoperative month was 16% in the electively operated patients and 49% in the emergency operated patients. During the last 3 years, the mortality rate among electively operated patients was considerably lower (10%). The five-year survival rate was more than 50% in the electively operated patients. The main difference in long-term survival rate between emergency and electively operated patients was dependent on the primary mortality. The cause of late death was usually not related to the operation of the aneurysm, but to other manifestations of generalized atherosclerotic disease. The results seem to justify the conclusion that atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm should be resected irrespective of size and symptoms, unless the patient has symptoms of severe arterial hypertension and/or generalized atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm. An interhospital study of 171 surgically treated patients. A retrospective interhospital study of 171 surgically treated patients with atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm is presented (Orebro and G\u00f6teborg). Elective resection of the aneurysm was performed in 94 of the patients and emergency resection because of rupture or suspected rupture of the aneurysm in 77 cases. The mortality within the first postoperative month was 16% in the electively operated patients and 49% in the emergency operated patients. During the last 3 years, the mortality rate among electively operated patients was considerably lower (10%). The five-year survival rate was more than 50% in the electively operated patients. The main difference in long-term survival rate between emergency and electively operated patients was dependent on the primary mortality. The cause of late death was usually not related to the operation of the aneurysm, but to other manifestations of generalized atherosclerotic disease. The results seem to justify the conclusion that atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm should be resected irrespective of size and symptoms, unless the patient has symptoms of severe arterial hypertension and/or generalized atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1209213", "title": "Scintigraphic examination of aneurysms of abdominal aorta and iliac arteries.", "content": "The use of a radionuclide (99Tcm-pertechnetate) for the diagnosis of aortic and iliac aneurysms is described. The method is rapid, harmless for the patient and is performed without puncture of arteries. The extent of the aneurysm and the perfusion of the kidneys can be visualized. The method is well suited for differential diagnosis and for postoperative control. Some illustrative cases are described.", "contents": "Scintigraphic examination of aneurysms of abdominal aorta and iliac arteries. The use of a radionuclide (99Tcm-pertechnetate) for the diagnosis of aortic and iliac aneurysms is described. The method is rapid, harmless for the patient and is performed without puncture of arteries. The extent of the aneurysm and the perfusion of the kidneys can be visualized. The method is well suited for differential diagnosis and for postoperative control. Some illustrative cases are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1209214", "title": "Spontaneous pneumothorax.", "content": "Patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, who were treated in this department during the period 1950-59, were reviewed in 1963. Since the treatment of this group of patients has changed radically towards a greater surgical activity in the form of suction drainage and thoracotomy, the patients from the next decade, comprising 229 episodes in 202 patients, have now been reviewed to evaluate the results of this attitude. The conclusion from the earlier review, that recidivating pneumothorax should be operated upon, is further supported, and in quite a few patients (9%) thoracotomy had to be performed to control the first attack. Pleural rubbing, as an additional procedure to resection of bullae, seems as safe as partial pleurectomy in prevention of relapse. There were few serious operative complications. A rather protracted suction drainage has been practised in this series. One consequence of the experiences from the present review is that this time has been shortened.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumothorax. Patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, who were treated in this department during the period 1950-59, were reviewed in 1963. Since the treatment of this group of patients has changed radically towards a greater surgical activity in the form of suction drainage and thoracotomy, the patients from the next decade, comprising 229 episodes in 202 patients, have now been reviewed to evaluate the results of this attitude. The conclusion from the earlier review, that recidivating pneumothorax should be operated upon, is further supported, and in quite a few patients (9%) thoracotomy had to be performed to control the first attack. Pleural rubbing, as an additional procedure to resection of bullae, seems as safe as partial pleurectomy in prevention of relapse. There were few serious operative complications. A rather protracted suction drainage has been practised in this series. One consequence of the experiences from the present review is that this time has been shortened."}
{"id": "PMID:1209215", "title": "Use of omental pedicle for treatment of bronchial fistula after lower lobectomy. Report of two cases.", "content": "Postoperative bronchopleural fistula in two patients was successfully closed by omental pedicle flap. The primary operation in both cases was left lower lobectomy for bronchiectasis. The technique of the operation is described and the cases are reported.", "contents": "Use of omental pedicle for treatment of bronchial fistula after lower lobectomy. Report of two cases. Postoperative bronchopleural fistula in two patients was successfully closed by omental pedicle flap. The primary operation in both cases was left lower lobectomy for bronchiectasis. The technique of the operation is described and the cases are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1209216", "title": "A case of congenital bifid sternum.", "content": "A case of bifid sternum is reported, which illustrates that it is sometimes not possible to repair the sternal defect either by approximation of the sternal bars or by a large autogenous cartilage graft from the ninth, tenth and eleventh ribs. In such cases, the only alternative is to take a graft from the mother.", "contents": "A case of congenital bifid sternum. A case of bifid sternum is reported, which illustrates that it is sometimes not possible to repair the sternal defect either by approximation of the sternal bars or by a large autogenous cartilage graft from the ninth, tenth and eleventh ribs. In such cases, the only alternative is to take a graft from the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:1209217", "title": "[Normal erythropoiesis].", "content": "The organism has at least three different mechanisms for the modulation of oxygen supply to tissues: 1) respiratory-circulatory, 2) modification of oxygen dissociation of hemoglobin, 3) modification of oxygen transport capacity by increasing the volume of circulating red cells. The erythroid, granulocytic and thrombocytic cell lines originate from a common pluripotent stem cell. In the course of differentiation the erythroid precursor cell acquires the capability of responding to the humoral regulator of total red blood cell volume, erythropoietin. Furthermore, the ability develops to take up tightly bound iron from transferrin, to synthesize large amounts of hemin and to express the few structural genes for hemoglobin polypeptides preferentially. The effects of these phenomena are discussed in the framework of the erythron.", "contents": "[Normal erythropoiesis]. The organism has at least three different mechanisms for the modulation of oxygen supply to tissues: 1) respiratory-circulatory, 2) modification of oxygen dissociation of hemoglobin, 3) modification of oxygen transport capacity by increasing the volume of circulating red cells. The erythroid, granulocytic and thrombocytic cell lines originate from a common pluripotent stem cell. In the course of differentiation the erythroid precursor cell acquires the capability of responding to the humoral regulator of total red blood cell volume, erythropoietin. Furthermore, the ability develops to take up tightly bound iron from transferrin, to synthesize large amounts of hemin and to express the few structural genes for hemoglobin polypeptides preferentially. The effects of these phenomena are discussed in the framework of the erythron."}
{"id": "PMID:1209218", "title": "[Dyserythropoiesis and dyserythropoietic anemias].", "content": "The expression \"congenital dyserythropoietic anemia\" (CDA) has been used to characterize the kinetic and morphological aberrations in the proliferation and maturation compartment of erythropoiesis, occurring in a group of hereditary anemias of unknown pathogenesis. The main symptoms of these disorders are moderate or mild anemia, increased hemoglobin turnover, ineffectiveness of erythropoiesis, striking morphological aberrations of the erythroblasts and tendency to secondary hemochromatosis. To date, three types have emerged from this group that may be hereditary nosological entities. They are distinguished not only on a morphological basis, but also by different modes of inheritance and immunological properties of the red cell membrane. A number of additional cases or families have been described which could not be attributed to one of these three types. Comparative investigations of morphological, biochemical and immunological details in CDA on the one hand, and other forms of ineffective erythropoiesis (e.g. thalassemia, refractory anemia) on the other demonstrate the lack of specificity of many of the single changes observed in CDA. These changes may well be secondary phenomenon of intramedullary cell destruction brought about by different underlying pathogenetic mechanisms.", "contents": "[Dyserythropoiesis and dyserythropoietic anemias]. The expression \"congenital dyserythropoietic anemia\" (CDA) has been used to characterize the kinetic and morphological aberrations in the proliferation and maturation compartment of erythropoiesis, occurring in a group of hereditary anemias of unknown pathogenesis. The main symptoms of these disorders are moderate or mild anemia, increased hemoglobin turnover, ineffectiveness of erythropoiesis, striking morphological aberrations of the erythroblasts and tendency to secondary hemochromatosis. To date, three types have emerged from this group that may be hereditary nosological entities. They are distinguished not only on a morphological basis, but also by different modes of inheritance and immunological properties of the red cell membrane. A number of additional cases or families have been described which could not be attributed to one of these three types. Comparative investigations of morphological, biochemical and immunological details in CDA on the one hand, and other forms of ineffective erythropoiesis (e.g. thalassemia, refractory anemia) on the other demonstrate the lack of specificity of many of the single changes observed in CDA. These changes may well be secondary phenomenon of intramedullary cell destruction brought about by different underlying pathogenetic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1209219", "title": "[Red cell deformability, importance of its measurement in clinical medicine].", "content": "A new device for evaluation of red cell deformability is described. A population of red cells dispersed as a monolayer are subjected to a well defined fluid shear stress in a concentric cylinder viscometer. Red cell deformation is a function of rotational speed and red cell elongation is measured in a continuous manner using a diffraction method. Preliminary results in clinical medicine are presented.", "contents": "[Red cell deformability, importance of its measurement in clinical medicine]. A new device for evaluation of red cell deformability is described. A population of red cells dispersed as a monolayer are subjected to a well defined fluid shear stress in a concentric cylinder viscometer. Red cell deformation is a function of rotational speed and red cell elongation is measured in a continuous manner using a diffraction method. Preliminary results in clinical medicine are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1209220", "title": "[The fate of hemoglobin in the plasma].", "content": "The following aspects of intravascular hemolysis are briefly reviewed: pathogenesis; binding of hemoglobin to haptoglobin, hemopexin or serum albumin; hemoglobin oxidation, dissociation and renal excretion. The dissociation constant of hemoglobin tetramer into dimers was determined by gel filtration at 37 degrees C, using normal plasma for elution. This constant (5.1 x 10(-6) mol/l was used for calculation of renal clearance of hemoglobin. The rate of hemoglobin autooxidation was measured in normal plasma applying varying partial oxygen pressures. The results confirm that the formation of methemoglobin is enhanced under hypoxic conditions.", "contents": "[The fate of hemoglobin in the plasma]. The following aspects of intravascular hemolysis are briefly reviewed: pathogenesis; binding of hemoglobin to haptoglobin, hemopexin or serum albumin; hemoglobin oxidation, dissociation and renal excretion. The dissociation constant of hemoglobin tetramer into dimers was determined by gel filtration at 37 degrees C, using normal plasma for elution. This constant (5.1 x 10(-6) mol/l was used for calculation of renal clearance of hemoglobin. The rate of hemoglobin autooxidation was measured in normal plasma applying varying partial oxygen pressures. The results confirm that the formation of methemoglobin is enhanced under hypoxic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1209221", "title": "[Adaptive metabolic disorders in erythrocytes during shock].", "content": "In patients with shock the metabolic activity of the red blood cells was studied following separation according to cell-age by density layer centrifugation using Stractan II-Urografin solutions. Metabolic acidosis in patients with cardiogenic shock (n = 8) and with postoperative shock (n = 7) induced a pronounced fall in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels and in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in contrast to a raised lactate-pyruvate ratio. 2,3-DPG values were higher than normal in patients with hypoglycemic shock (n = 12), whereas further measured substrate levels were markedly decreased. The levels of these compounds of the red blood cells revealed a significant difference in the hemolysates derived from cells separated according to cell-age. The shock syndrome was also observed in patients suffering from severe congestive heart failure (n = 10) who received dopamine (300 mug/min) for its known action in improving hemodynamics and renal function. Following drug administration for 150 min a clinical improvement was associated with a change of extent and pattern of the red blood cell metabolic disorder.", "contents": "[Adaptive metabolic disorders in erythrocytes during shock]. In patients with shock the metabolic activity of the red blood cells was studied following separation according to cell-age by density layer centrifugation using Stractan II-Urografin solutions. Metabolic acidosis in patients with cardiogenic shock (n = 8) and with postoperative shock (n = 7) induced a pronounced fall in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels and in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in contrast to a raised lactate-pyruvate ratio. 2,3-DPG values were higher than normal in patients with hypoglycemic shock (n = 12), whereas further measured substrate levels were markedly decreased. The levels of these compounds of the red blood cells revealed a significant difference in the hemolysates derived from cells separated according to cell-age. The shock syndrome was also observed in patients suffering from severe congestive heart failure (n = 10) who received dopamine (300 mug/min) for its known action in improving hemodynamics and renal function. Following drug administration for 150 min a clinical improvement was associated with a change of extent and pattern of the red blood cell metabolic disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:1209222", "title": "[Dyserythropoietic anemia, type I: ineffective erythropoiesis due to disorders in the DNA-nucleoprotein complex].", "content": "The relative DNA, RNA histone and hemoglobin contents and 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro were determined sequentially in individual erythroblasts of type I dyserythropoietic anemia. The histone/DNA ratio was increased due to a rise in histone extinction, indicating a pathological DNA-nucleoprotein complex. In addition, the erythroblasts displayed an increase in DNA content exceeding tetraploid values, a loss of DNA-synthesis activity at immature stages with low hemoglobin content, and a reduction of RNA. These variations were assumed to be caused by the preceding and primary impairment of the DNA-nucleoprotein complex.", "contents": "[Dyserythropoietic anemia, type I: ineffective erythropoiesis due to disorders in the DNA-nucleoprotein complex]. The relative DNA, RNA histone and hemoglobin contents and 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro were determined sequentially in individual erythroblasts of type I dyserythropoietic anemia. The histone/DNA ratio was increased due to a rise in histone extinction, indicating a pathological DNA-nucleoprotein complex. In addition, the erythroblasts displayed an increase in DNA content exceeding tetraploid values, a loss of DNA-synthesis activity at immature stages with low hemoglobin content, and a reduction of RNA. These variations were assumed to be caused by the preceding and primary impairment of the DNA-nucleoprotein complex."}
{"id": "PMID:1209223", "title": "Pathogenesis of the anemia in african trypanosomiasis: characterization and purification of a hemolytic factor.", "content": "Acute anemia is a major feature of african trypanosomiasis. It has been shown to be of hemolytic nature. Hemolytic substances were found in serum from infected animals as well as in supernatant of trypanosome suspensions. A hemolytic pronase-sensitive factor of about 10000 M.W. has been purified from such supernatants.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of the anemia in african trypanosomiasis: characterization and purification of a hemolytic factor. Acute anemia is a major feature of african trypanosomiasis. It has been shown to be of hemolytic nature. Hemolytic substances were found in serum from infected animals as well as in supernatant of trypanosome suspensions. A hemolytic pronase-sensitive factor of about 10000 M.W. has been purified from such supernatants."}
{"id": "PMID:1209224", "title": "[Familial autoimmune hemolytic animia (AIHA) with negative Coombs test, lymphocytopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia].", "content": "A family with several cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and dysgammaglobulinemia is described. Two sibling had documented antierythrocyte antibodies, but a third had repeatedly negative Coombs tests. Diminished immunoglobulin-producing cells and a hypogammaglobulinemia were found, but no functional defect of humoral or cell-mediated immunity could be detected.", "contents": "[Familial autoimmune hemolytic animia (AIHA) with negative Coombs test, lymphocytopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia]. A family with several cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and dysgammaglobulinemia is described. Two sibling had documented antierythrocyte antibodies, but a third had repeatedly negative Coombs tests. Diminished immunoglobulin-producing cells and a hypogammaglobulinemia were found, but no functional defect of humoral or cell-mediated immunity could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:1209225", "title": "[Improvement in the granulocyte harvest from normal donors by means of a combination of \"continuous flow\" centrifugation and filter leukapheresis].", "content": "In 27 healthy donors a total of 30 leukaphreses were performed with the Aminco cellseparator. Pretreatment by steroids, anticoagulation by heparin and addition of fluid gelatin to the input line was performed in all runs. The combination of continuous flow centrifugation and filtration leukapheresis in 9 of the 30 runs resulted in highly significant increase in the yield of neutrophil granulocytes to a mean of 59.6x10(9) as compared with a mean of 30.8x10(9) obtained the conventional continuous-flow centrifugation alone. This significance is valid for the total yield of granulocytes as well as for the yield per hour of run or per liter of blood processed. No adverse reaction occurred.", "contents": "[Improvement in the granulocyte harvest from normal donors by means of a combination of \"continuous flow\" centrifugation and filter leukapheresis]. In 27 healthy donors a total of 30 leukaphreses were performed with the Aminco cellseparator. Pretreatment by steroids, anticoagulation by heparin and addition of fluid gelatin to the input line was performed in all runs. The combination of continuous flow centrifugation and filtration leukapheresis in 9 of the 30 runs resulted in highly significant increase in the yield of neutrophil granulocytes to a mean of 59.6x10(9) as compared with a mean of 30.8x10(9) obtained the conventional continuous-flow centrifugation alone. This significance is valid for the total yield of granulocytes as well as for the yield per hour of run or per liter of blood processed. No adverse reaction occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:1209227", "title": "[Changes in the blood picture in liver diseases].", "content": "The occurrence of hematologic changes has been studied in 256 patients with various liver diseases. Macrocytosis on smears and by MCV was found in 50% of acute and in over 70% of chronic liver diseases. MCV increased from 98 +/- 8 mu3 (acute hepatitis) up to 108 +/- 12 mu3 in alcoholic cirrhosis. Anemia, which occurred rarely in hepatitis but in 67% of cirrhosis, was always macrocytic, not correlating with reticulocyte counts. Target cells were found in 20% of acute hepatitis and 41% of cirrhosis. In patients with chronic liver disease target cells were associated with macrocytosis and increased bilirubin. Thrombocytopenia was found in 11% of acute, in 53% of chronic inflammatory and in over 60% of cirrhotic liver disease.", "contents": "[Changes in the blood picture in liver diseases]. The occurrence of hematologic changes has been studied in 256 patients with various liver diseases. Macrocytosis on smears and by MCV was found in 50% of acute and in over 70% of chronic liver diseases. MCV increased from 98 +/- 8 mu3 (acute hepatitis) up to 108 +/- 12 mu3 in alcoholic cirrhosis. Anemia, which occurred rarely in hepatitis but in 67% of cirrhosis, was always macrocytic, not correlating with reticulocyte counts. Target cells were found in 20% of acute hepatitis and 41% of cirrhosis. In patients with chronic liver disease target cells were associated with macrocytosis and increased bilirubin. Thrombocytopenia was found in 11% of acute, in 53% of chronic inflammatory and in over 60% of cirrhotic liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1209226", "title": "[Relationship between the O2-affinity of the blood and erythropoiesis during the early months of life].", "content": "In 107 infants aged 3 hours to 9 months, hemoglobin concentration, 2,3-DPG concentration and GOT activity in red cells, and reticulocyte count were determined in order to evaluate whether the previously observed decrease in red cell 2,3-DPG [1] during the first 30-40 days of life related to red cell ageing. A significant positive correlation of 2,3-DPG vs. GOT, an indicator of red cell age, is found. The decrease in 2,3-DPG over a period of 25-30 days is finally followed by a sharp rise in reticulocyte count, suggesting that an alteration in blood oxygen affinity might trigger the onset of erythropoiesis in normal infants in this age group.", "contents": "[Relationship between the O2-affinity of the blood and erythropoiesis during the early months of life]. In 107 infants aged 3 hours to 9 months, hemoglobin concentration, 2,3-DPG concentration and GOT activity in red cells, and reticulocyte count were determined in order to evaluate whether the previously observed decrease in red cell 2,3-DPG [1] during the first 30-40 days of life related to red cell ageing. A significant positive correlation of 2,3-DPG vs. GOT, an indicator of red cell age, is found. The decrease in 2,3-DPG over a period of 25-30 days is finally followed by a sharp rise in reticulocyte count, suggesting that an alteration in blood oxygen affinity might trigger the onset of erythropoiesis in normal infants in this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:1209228", "title": "[Hemolysis and hemolysis mechanisms in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) of type I. II., III].", "content": "On the basis of clinical symptoms, bone marrow morphology, electronmicroscopy and serological tests congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) was diagnosed in 3 families and identified as CDA type I, II, III respectively. Aside from intramedullary hemolysis, members of all three families showed peripheral hemolysis, in some cases severe, which was mediated through splenic (in all types) and additional intravascular destruction in types I and II. The underlying cause of the peripheral hemolysis appears to be reduced deformability of erythrocytes, as documented by reduced filterability. The latter appears to be caused, at least in type II, by an increase in viscosity of the cytoplasm which in turn is probably related to increased susceptibility to oxidative injury leading to inclusion body formation. Splenectomy in one patient with CDA II led to a definite reduction of hemolysis and cessation of hemolytic crises.", "contents": "[Hemolysis and hemolysis mechanisms in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) of type I. II., III]. On the basis of clinical symptoms, bone marrow morphology, electronmicroscopy and serological tests congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) was diagnosed in 3 families and identified as CDA type I, II, III respectively. Aside from intramedullary hemolysis, members of all three families showed peripheral hemolysis, in some cases severe, which was mediated through splenic (in all types) and additional intravascular destruction in types I and II. The underlying cause of the peripheral hemolysis appears to be reduced deformability of erythrocytes, as documented by reduced filterability. The latter appears to be caused, at least in type II, by an increase in viscosity of the cytoplasm which in turn is probably related to increased susceptibility to oxidative injury leading to inclusion body formation. Splenectomy in one patient with CDA II led to a definite reduction of hemolysis and cessation of hemolytic crises."}
{"id": "PMID:1209229", "title": "[Erythrocyte concentrate instead of whole blood: perspectives for blood banks and clinical therapy].", "content": "In 1974 some 117 000 units of blood were collected by the German Red Cross Blood Center in Ulm. Some 65 000 units were distributed to hospitals, mainly as whole blood. The surplus blood units (44%) were used for the preparation of plasma products. On 1 October 1974 glass bottles were replaced by plastic blood bags. The same date was chosen for the introduction of buffycoatfree red cell concentrates. It proved possible to replace whole blood almost entirely (92% of all blood units) by red cell concentrates within a few days after the deadline. The factors which prompted the clinicians to follow this new policy are described, and the clinical and economic implications are discussed.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte concentrate instead of whole blood: perspectives for blood banks and clinical therapy]. In 1974 some 117 000 units of blood were collected by the German Red Cross Blood Center in Ulm. Some 65 000 units were distributed to hospitals, mainly as whole blood. The surplus blood units (44%) were used for the preparation of plasma products. On 1 October 1974 glass bottles were replaced by plastic blood bags. The same date was chosen for the introduction of buffycoatfree red cell concentrates. It proved possible to replace whole blood almost entirely (92% of all blood units) by red cell concentrates within a few days after the deadline. The factors which prompted the clinicians to follow this new policy are described, and the clinical and economic implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209230", "title": "[Lienal and intravascular corpuscular hemolysis in erythropoietic protoporphyria].", "content": "A report is presented on two brothers with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) with massively and moderately elevated RBC-protoporphyrin content respectively. Both exhibited splenic and one also intravascular hemolysis. The mechanism of hemolysis was investigated on the basis of filterability, plasma trapping and osmotic resistance of in vivo RBCs and of incubated, UV-light exposed RBCs. Photodynamic damage to EPP-RBC, leading to increased RBC rigidity, increased splenic trapping and intravascular hemolysis, appears to play a crucial role in the causation of hemolysis in vivo as well as in vitro.", "contents": "[Lienal and intravascular corpuscular hemolysis in erythropoietic protoporphyria]. A report is presented on two brothers with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) with massively and moderately elevated RBC-protoporphyrin content respectively. Both exhibited splenic and one also intravascular hemolysis. The mechanism of hemolysis was investigated on the basis of filterability, plasma trapping and osmotic resistance of in vivo RBCs and of incubated, UV-light exposed RBCs. Photodynamic damage to EPP-RBC, leading to increased RBC rigidity, increased splenic trapping and intravascular hemolysis, appears to play a crucial role in the causation of hemolysis in vivo as well as in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1209231", "title": "[Biochemical modifications of the erythrocyte membrane in various red cell disorders].", "content": "Glycopeptides were extracted by papain digestion from erythrocyte \"ghosts\" of subjects suffering from hematological disorders involving shortened red cell survival time. Chemical characterization demonstrated significant alterations.", "contents": "[Biochemical modifications of the erythrocyte membrane in various red cell disorders]. Glycopeptides were extracted by papain digestion from erythrocyte \"ghosts\" of subjects suffering from hematological disorders involving shortened red cell survival time. Chemical characterization demonstrated significant alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:1209232", "title": "[Non-HL-A specific autoantibody against granulocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes in a patient with agranulocytosis due to pyrazolone].", "content": "An antibody of hitherto unknown specificity has been found in the serum of a patient who suffered three episodes of agranulocytosis after ingestion of aminopyrine derivatives. In vitro, the antibody reacts not only with homologous and autologous granulocytes and thrombocytes. It belongs to the IgM class and absorption of the serum with earlier leukocytes or platelets eliminates the activity against all three cell types. An HL-A specificity (LA or Four locus) can be ruled out, since all tests are positive with cells of individuals differing from the patient in all four HL-A specificities. Addition of the patient's serum results in marked reduction of thymidine uptake in the mixed leukocyte culture as well as during stimulation of lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin or PPD; however, almost no effect is observed on stimulation with small amounts of Pokeweed mitogen. The rosette formation of lymphocytes with sheep erythrocytes or sensitized human erythrocytes is not influenced by this serum. This pattern is comparable to what is known for alpha-methyl-dopa-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia insofar as the antibody does not require the presence of the offending drug for its action.", "contents": "[Non-HL-A specific autoantibody against granulocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes in a patient with agranulocytosis due to pyrazolone]. An antibody of hitherto unknown specificity has been found in the serum of a patient who suffered three episodes of agranulocytosis after ingestion of aminopyrine derivatives. In vitro, the antibody reacts not only with homologous and autologous granulocytes and thrombocytes. It belongs to the IgM class and absorption of the serum with earlier leukocytes or platelets eliminates the activity against all three cell types. An HL-A specificity (LA or Four locus) can be ruled out, since all tests are positive with cells of individuals differing from the patient in all four HL-A specificities. Addition of the patient's serum results in marked reduction of thymidine uptake in the mixed leukocyte culture as well as during stimulation of lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin or PPD; however, almost no effect is observed on stimulation with small amounts of Pokeweed mitogen. The rosette formation of lymphocytes with sheep erythrocytes or sensitized human erythrocytes is not influenced by this serum. This pattern is comparable to what is known for alpha-methyl-dopa-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia insofar as the antibody does not require the presence of the offending drug for its action."}
{"id": "PMID:1209233", "title": "[Characterization of megakaryocyte colonies in vitro].", "content": "Agar cultures of mouse bone marrow cells can be stimulated by medium conditioned by activated mouse lymphoid cells to produce pure or mixed colonies containing up to 80 megakaryocytes. These have been characterized on the basis of their morphology, polyploid mitoses and DNA content and high cytoplasmic content of acetylcholinesterase.", "contents": "[Characterization of megakaryocyte colonies in vitro]. Agar cultures of mouse bone marrow cells can be stimulated by medium conditioned by activated mouse lymphoid cells to produce pure or mixed colonies containing up to 80 megakaryocytes. These have been characterized on the basis of their morphology, polyploid mitoses and DNA content and high cytoplasmic content of acetylcholinesterase."}
{"id": "PMID:1209271", "title": "An introduction to the use of diagnostic ultrasound.", "content": "This article is meant to serve as a simple introduction to diagnostic ultrasound, explaining the nature of sonar and the basic equipment for its production and use. A scans, B scans, time-position scans, and Doppler-shift techniques are described, with some examples of the clinical applications of each. Some recent innovations such as scan conversion to improve gray scaling and electrocardiographically triggered cardiac sector scans are mentioned. The limitations of the technique are indicated, with measures that can be adopted to reduce them. The safety of the procedure is emphasized, with its freedom from the known biological effects of ionizing radiation.", "contents": "An introduction to the use of diagnostic ultrasound. This article is meant to serve as a simple introduction to diagnostic ultrasound, explaining the nature of sonar and the basic equipment for its production and use. A scans, B scans, time-position scans, and Doppler-shift techniques are described, with some examples of the clinical applications of each. Some recent innovations such as scan conversion to improve gray scaling and electrocardiographically triggered cardiac sector scans are mentioned. The limitations of the technique are indicated, with measures that can be adopted to reduce them. The safety of the procedure is emphasized, with its freedom from the known biological effects of ionizing radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1209272", "title": "Ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid.", "content": "Ultrasound provides a safe noninvasive means of imaging the thyroid gland. It affords a reliable method of distinguishing cystic masses from other types of hypofunctioning thyroid nodules that might require surgical exploration. Due to the reported small frequency of false positive ultrasonic diagnoses (i.e., solid or complex masses being misdiagnosed as cysts), all cystic masses should be confirmed by aspiration. With gray-scale two-dimensional imaging, high-frequency transducers, and careful attention to technique, a reduction in the number of incorrect diagnoses can be expected.", "contents": "Ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid. Ultrasound provides a safe noninvasive means of imaging the thyroid gland. It affords a reliable method of distinguishing cystic masses from other types of hypofunctioning thyroid nodules that might require surgical exploration. Due to the reported small frequency of false positive ultrasonic diagnoses (i.e., solid or complex masses being misdiagnosed as cysts), all cystic masses should be confirmed by aspiration. With gray-scale two-dimensional imaging, high-frequency transducers, and careful attention to technique, a reduction in the number of incorrect diagnoses can be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:1209273", "title": "Nuclear medicine and ultrasound; correlation in diagnosis of disease of liver and biliary tract.", "content": "Even though the radiocolloid scan is nonspecific it will be approximately 70%-80% accurate in predicting the presence or absence of liver disease and somewhat less accurate than that in making statements as to the specific type of disease. This compares well with other modalities. The ability of nuclear medicine techniques to provide a correct diagnosis is improved when additional isotopic techniques such as hepatic blood flow studies and 131I-rose bengal and 67Ga scanning are performed. Ultrasound scanning is also non specific. To date, the major application of ultrasound in the study of the liver has been in deciphering puzzling contour abnormalities seen on nuclear medicine scans and in demonstrating fluid-filled abnormalities. Its usefulness in diffuse and solid focal lesions has been less dramatic. More recently, however, the development of gray scale has necessitated a reevaluation of the technique. Gray scale demonstrates a large number of intrahepatic interfaces that were previously invisible, and it has already been shown to demonstrate focal disorders such as metastasis more easily than the nongray-scale method. It can also demonstrate dilated biliary radicals, the gallbladder, and gallstones. In addition, while routinely studying the liver one can evaluate diaphragmatic motion and various retroperitoneal structures such as the pancreas, lymph nodes, and abdominal vascular structures.", "contents": "Nuclear medicine and ultrasound; correlation in diagnosis of disease of liver and biliary tract. Even though the radiocolloid scan is nonspecific it will be approximately 70%-80% accurate in predicting the presence or absence of liver disease and somewhat less accurate than that in making statements as to the specific type of disease. This compares well with other modalities. The ability of nuclear medicine techniques to provide a correct diagnosis is improved when additional isotopic techniques such as hepatic blood flow studies and 131I-rose bengal and 67Ga scanning are performed. Ultrasound scanning is also non specific. To date, the major application of ultrasound in the study of the liver has been in deciphering puzzling contour abnormalities seen on nuclear medicine scans and in demonstrating fluid-filled abnormalities. Its usefulness in diffuse and solid focal lesions has been less dramatic. More recently, however, the development of gray scale has necessitated a reevaluation of the technique. Gray scale demonstrates a large number of intrahepatic interfaces that were previously invisible, and it has already been shown to demonstrate focal disorders such as metastasis more easily than the nongray-scale method. It can also demonstrate dilated biliary radicals, the gallbladder, and gallstones. In addition, while routinely studying the liver one can evaluate diaphragmatic motion and various retroperitoneal structures such as the pancreas, lymph nodes, and abdominal vascular structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1209288", "title": "[Diagnosis of drowing as based on chloride, urea and creatinine values].", "content": "Chlorides, urea and creatinine values in the blood of the right and left heart were studied in 38 drowned bodies and 32 subjects with another cause of death. Pronounced differences between the right and left heart of the drowned bodies were found in chlorides and urea, less in creatinine. The probability of the diagnosis of drowning rises with the increasing difference between the right and left heart; in chlorides from the difference of 13 mg%, in urea 6 mg% and in creatinine 0,45 mg%. Contradictory results may, however, be obtained. Therefore the above mentioned laboratory test should be considered auxiliary only.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of drowing as based on chloride, urea and creatinine values]. Chlorides, urea and creatinine values in the blood of the right and left heart were studied in 38 drowned bodies and 32 subjects with another cause of death. Pronounced differences between the right and left heart of the drowned bodies were found in chlorides and urea, less in creatinine. The probability of the diagnosis of drowning rises with the increasing difference between the right and left heart; in chlorides from the difference of 13 mg%, in urea 6 mg% and in creatinine 0,45 mg%. Contradictory results may, however, be obtained. Therefore the above mentioned laboratory test should be considered auxiliary only."}
{"id": "PMID:1209289", "title": "[Responsibility of technicians in departments of pathology and forensic medicine].", "content": "Several cases have been presented to demonstrate that the technicians' work in Departments of Pathology and Forensic Medicine is rather pretentious and responsible. Technicians must always bear in mind that any neglection may have severe consequences, social as well as medical and legal. Therefore technicians are expected to do their work meticulously, being aware of their responsibility. They should not obscure their errors. In only such cases the technician will adequately meet the requirements of our health care.", "contents": "[Responsibility of technicians in departments of pathology and forensic medicine]. Several cases have been presented to demonstrate that the technicians' work in Departments of Pathology and Forensic Medicine is rather pretentious and responsible. Technicians must always bear in mind that any neglection may have severe consequences, social as well as medical and legal. Therefore technicians are expected to do their work meticulously, being aware of their responsibility. They should not obscure their errors. In only such cases the technician will adequately meet the requirements of our health care."}
{"id": "PMID:1209290", "title": "[Examination of vomits].", "content": "On the basis of examination of 10-day-old vomit, the author determined blood group, kind of food, probable time of meal and showed the presence of the drug bromisoval. The blood group of the offender found later on was identical with the blood group detected in the vomit.", "contents": "[Examination of vomits]. On the basis of examination of 10-day-old vomit, the author determined blood group, kind of food, probable time of meal and showed the presence of the drug bromisoval. The blood group of the offender found later on was identical with the blood group detected in the vomit."}
{"id": "PMID:1209388", "title": "Effect on coronary flow of atrial contraction.", "content": "The transient decrease in coronary conductance and flow that is seen when the atria contract has been studied in 6 anaesthetized, open-chest dogs in heart block, paced via epicardial pacemaker leads. Left circumflex and anterior descending coronary flows were recorded via Doppler ultrasonic flow probes; aortic and left ventricular pressures and electrocardiogram were recorded simultaneously. The transient conductance and flow decrease in diastole were found from linear regression to be consistent with the left ventricular pressure rise caused by atrial contraction, in the case of the anterior descending coronary artery, which also showed no decrease in peak systolic conductance or flow when atria and ventricles contracted simultaneously. Circumflex conductance and flow were decreased by an atrial contraction to an extent greater than could be accounted for by the rise in left ventricular diastolic pressure. Peak circumflex flow and conductance were also decreased in systole, by 12 per cent, when atrial and ventricular contractions were exactly synchronous so that the atria could not discharge into the ventricles. The systolic effect and the excessive diastolic effect are ascribed to compression of atrial branches of the circumflex artery. This artrial compression mechanism accounted for 37-75 per cent of the effect of an atrial contraction on conductance in diastole. Values from 5 dogs of systolic and diastolic conductance changes due to atrial compression were linearly related. Calculation of atrial flow by applying this percentage to the transient flow decrease indicated that 17 per cent of circumflex diastolic flow was atrial, and that this percentage stayed constant throughout diastole.", "contents": "Effect on coronary flow of atrial contraction. The transient decrease in coronary conductance and flow that is seen when the atria contract has been studied in 6 anaesthetized, open-chest dogs in heart block, paced via epicardial pacemaker leads. Left circumflex and anterior descending coronary flows were recorded via Doppler ultrasonic flow probes; aortic and left ventricular pressures and electrocardiogram were recorded simultaneously. The transient conductance and flow decrease in diastole were found from linear regression to be consistent with the left ventricular pressure rise caused by atrial contraction, in the case of the anterior descending coronary artery, which also showed no decrease in peak systolic conductance or flow when atria and ventricles contracted simultaneously. Circumflex conductance and flow were decreased by an atrial contraction to an extent greater than could be accounted for by the rise in left ventricular diastolic pressure. Peak circumflex flow and conductance were also decreased in systole, by 12 per cent, when atrial and ventricular contractions were exactly synchronous so that the atria could not discharge into the ventricles. The systolic effect and the excessive diastolic effect are ascribed to compression of atrial branches of the circumflex artery. This artrial compression mechanism accounted for 37-75 per cent of the effect of an atrial contraction on conductance in diastole. Values from 5 dogs of systolic and diastolic conductance changes due to atrial compression were linearly related. Calculation of atrial flow by applying this percentage to the transient flow decrease indicated that 17 per cent of circumflex diastolic flow was atrial, and that this percentage stayed constant throughout diastole."}
{"id": "PMID:1209389", "title": "Histochemically demonstrable changes in amylase activity in submaxillary salivary glands of puberal male mice following castration.", "content": "The sexual dimorphism in mouse submaxillary glands is well documented. The main difference is seen in the granular convoluted tubules (G.C.T.) which in the adult male are large and in the adult female are small and fewer. Previous studies have shown that amylase is localized histochemically to these G.C.T.'s; that following castration there is a histological reduction in size and number of the G.C.T.'s and a roughly 50 per cent decrease in amylase activity demonstrable biochemically. In the present study 74 male mice aged 60 days were divided in six groups. The animals were fasted overnight. Under general anaesthesia, the submaxillary glands on the left side were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen for subsequent histochemistry. The animals were then castrated and returned to their cages. At periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks later, the other submaxillary gland was removed under the same conditions, and the animals were then killed. Fresh frozen cryostat sections of both glands were subjected to the starch substrate film technique for the histochemical demonstration of amylase. Adjacent sections were stained with HE. The 2-week animals showed a slight but define reduction in size and number of G.C.T.'s and a parallel reduction in amylase activity. This was more pronounced by 4 and 6 weeks. In the 4-week animals, however, the changes were not consistent, being more pronounced in some animals than in others. This same phenomenon was observed in the 6-, 8- and 10-week animals, in some of whom there was considerable G.C.T. atrophy in the submaxillaries and in others very much less. In many of the 12-week animals there was very little evidence of G.C.T. atrophy. These findings confirmed other studies which suggested that there may be some regeneration of G.C.T's, possibly as a result of influence of other endocrine glands such as thyroid, adrenal and pituitary.", "contents": "Histochemically demonstrable changes in amylase activity in submaxillary salivary glands of puberal male mice following castration. The sexual dimorphism in mouse submaxillary glands is well documented. The main difference is seen in the granular convoluted tubules (G.C.T.) which in the adult male are large and in the adult female are small and fewer. Previous studies have shown that amylase is localized histochemically to these G.C.T.'s; that following castration there is a histological reduction in size and number of the G.C.T.'s and a roughly 50 per cent decrease in amylase activity demonstrable biochemically. In the present study 74 male mice aged 60 days were divided in six groups. The animals were fasted overnight. Under general anaesthesia, the submaxillary glands on the left side were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen for subsequent histochemistry. The animals were then castrated and returned to their cages. At periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks later, the other submaxillary gland was removed under the same conditions, and the animals were then killed. Fresh frozen cryostat sections of both glands were subjected to the starch substrate film technique for the histochemical demonstration of amylase. Adjacent sections were stained with HE. The 2-week animals showed a slight but define reduction in size and number of G.C.T.'s and a parallel reduction in amylase activity. This was more pronounced by 4 and 6 weeks. In the 4-week animals, however, the changes were not consistent, being more pronounced in some animals than in others. This same phenomenon was observed in the 6-, 8- and 10-week animals, in some of whom there was considerable G.C.T. atrophy in the submaxillaries and in others very much less. In many of the 12-week animals there was very little evidence of G.C.T. atrophy. These findings confirmed other studies which suggested that there may be some regeneration of G.C.T's, possibly as a result of influence of other endocrine glands such as thyroid, adrenal and pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:1209390", "title": "Stature and secular trend among Southern African Negroes and San (Bushmen).", "content": "Despite a wide belief that little information is available on the dimensions of Southern African peoples, data for adult mean stature are presented for no fewer than 123 samples of S.A. Negro (93) and Khoisanoid (30) peoples. Many are published here for the first time. These have made possible a search for signs of the secular trend towards increased adult stature. Two main techniques are the study of longitudinal data (where time-spaced studies on the same population are available) and of age-ranked, cross-sectional data (where the lack of declining stature with age connotes the absence of a secular trens). Most Southern African populations for which data are available show either the absence of the secular trend (previously recognized) or a frankly reversed secular trend (a new concept), in which adults show a decline in mean stature compared with earlier generations. Similar absence or reversal of the secular trend characterizes peoples in Malawi, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Senegal, Upper Volta and Ivory Coast, as well as some Asian and South American samples. In the main, developed areas show the secular trend, while less developed areas show an absence or reversal of the trend. To this generalization, the San are a striking exception. All the evidence, first adduced in 1962, points to the usual secular trend as occurring in the San, despite their lowly, undeveloped economic status. Although the data are imperfect, it is possible too, that Xhosa and Mo\u00e7ambique Maravi show evidence of a positive secular trend. \"The adult form of mankind is the outcome of growth enhanced, dwarfed, warped, or mutilated by the adventures of life. I am not decrying heredity. But I do insist that new knowledge gained for anthropology through the study of growth brings hope and confidence where formerly was only the grim figure of destiny.\" (T. Wingate Todd, 1935).", "contents": "Stature and secular trend among Southern African Negroes and San (Bushmen). Despite a wide belief that little information is available on the dimensions of Southern African peoples, data for adult mean stature are presented for no fewer than 123 samples of S.A. Negro (93) and Khoisanoid (30) peoples. Many are published here for the first time. These have made possible a search for signs of the secular trend towards increased adult stature. Two main techniques are the study of longitudinal data (where time-spaced studies on the same population are available) and of age-ranked, cross-sectional data (where the lack of declining stature with age connotes the absence of a secular trens). Most Southern African populations for which data are available show either the absence of the secular trend (previously recognized) or a frankly reversed secular trend (a new concept), in which adults show a decline in mean stature compared with earlier generations. Similar absence or reversal of the secular trend characterizes peoples in Malawi, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Senegal, Upper Volta and Ivory Coast, as well as some Asian and South American samples. In the main, developed areas show the secular trend, while less developed areas show an absence or reversal of the trend. To this generalization, the San are a striking exception. All the evidence, first adduced in 1962, points to the usual secular trend as occurring in the San, despite their lowly, undeveloped economic status. Although the data are imperfect, it is possible too, that Xhosa and Mo\u00e7ambique Maravi show evidence of a positive secular trend. \"The adult form of mankind is the outcome of growth enhanced, dwarfed, warped, or mutilated by the adventures of life. I am not decrying heredity. But I do insist that new knowledge gained for anthropology through the study of growth brings hope and confidence where formerly was only the grim figure of destiny.\" (T. Wingate Todd, 1935)."}
{"id": "PMID:1209391", "title": "Characteristics of an ovine herpesvirus associated with pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte) in sheep.", "content": "The isolation of an ovine herpesvirus from a cell culture of an adenomatous sheep lung is reported, confirming previous observations of a possible association of a herpesvirus with this tumour. Some growth properties and morphological characteristics of the virus are described, as well as serological data supporting a possible relationship between tumour and virus. Attempts to produce jaagsiekte by intratracheal injection of virus into lambs were unsuccessful, suggesting that a second factor may be involved inthe oncogenic process possibly similar to that proposed for the well-known EBV-Burkitt's lymphoma system.", "contents": "Characteristics of an ovine herpesvirus associated with pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte) in sheep. The isolation of an ovine herpesvirus from a cell culture of an adenomatous sheep lung is reported, confirming previous observations of a possible association of a herpesvirus with this tumour. Some growth properties and morphological characteristics of the virus are described, as well as serological data supporting a possible relationship between tumour and virus. Attempts to produce jaagsiekte by intratracheal injection of virus into lambs were unsuccessful, suggesting that a second factor may be involved inthe oncogenic process possibly similar to that proposed for the well-known EBV-Burkitt's lymphoma system."}
{"id": "PMID:1209392", "title": "Cranial neural crest extirpation and cyclopian development.", "content": "Extirpation of cranial neural crest cells in presomite to 5 somite chick embryos produces monsters which in all essential respects are identical to human cyclopias. The primary lesion involves damage to the forebrain and consequently the inhibition of the nasal placode and nasal organ development as well as the destruction of the anterior neural crest cells, with the resultant absence of the nasal and interobital septa and of the facial dermal skeleton.", "contents": "Cranial neural crest extirpation and cyclopian development. Extirpation of cranial neural crest cells in presomite to 5 somite chick embryos produces monsters which in all essential respects are identical to human cyclopias. The primary lesion involves damage to the forebrain and consequently the inhibition of the nasal placode and nasal organ development as well as the destruction of the anterior neural crest cells, with the resultant absence of the nasal and interobital septa and of the facial dermal skeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:1209393", "title": "Ascorbate status of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica and its effect on porphyrin metabolism.", "content": "The ascorbate status and the effect of loading doses of ascorbic acid (1,5 g per day by mouth for 7 days) on the porphyric process were studied in 7 black men with porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica. It was found that the ascorbate stores were depleted in these patients as judged by serum and leucocyte ascorbate levels. Temporary repletion of the ascorbate stores was effected by the loading doses of ascorbic acid: Serum iron concentrations increased in 6 patients; urinary iron excretion showed small peaks a few days after ascorbic acid therapy commenced; haemoglobin concentration was not affected; excessive amounts of oxalate were excreted in the urine; neither total urinary porphyrin excretion nor the composition of the urinary porphyrins was affected in a way which could be related to ascorbate therapy. Further evidence that ascorbate depletion is not important in the induction of porphyria was found when the ascorbate status of siderotic rats, rendered porphyric by hexachlorobenzene-feeding, was examined. Stores of ascorbate and the oxidative catabolism of ascorbate were not different in the prophyric rats as compared with normal litter mates.", "contents": "Ascorbate status of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica and its effect on porphyrin metabolism. The ascorbate status and the effect of loading doses of ascorbic acid (1,5 g per day by mouth for 7 days) on the porphyric process were studied in 7 black men with porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica. It was found that the ascorbate stores were depleted in these patients as judged by serum and leucocyte ascorbate levels. Temporary repletion of the ascorbate stores was effected by the loading doses of ascorbic acid: Serum iron concentrations increased in 6 patients; urinary iron excretion showed small peaks a few days after ascorbic acid therapy commenced; haemoglobin concentration was not affected; excessive amounts of oxalate were excreted in the urine; neither total urinary porphyrin excretion nor the composition of the urinary porphyrins was affected in a way which could be related to ascorbate therapy. Further evidence that ascorbate depletion is not important in the induction of porphyria was found when the ascorbate status of siderotic rats, rendered porphyric by hexachlorobenzene-feeding, was examined. Stores of ascorbate and the oxidative catabolism of ascorbate were not different in the prophyric rats as compared with normal litter mates."}
{"id": "PMID:1209428", "title": "Gastro-intestinal fibre-endoscopic polypectomy.", "content": "Gastroscopic and colonoscopic polypectomy by means of a diathermy snare has been carried out on 23 patients, without any significant morbidity. The techniques and potential complications are discussed, and it is concluded that endoscopic polypectomy is a safe and rapid procedure in experienced hands, if close attention is given to detail and if the necessary precautions are taken.", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal fibre-endoscopic polypectomy. Gastroscopic and colonoscopic polypectomy by means of a diathermy snare has been carried out on 23 patients, without any significant morbidity. The techniques and potential complications are discussed, and it is concluded that endoscopic polypectomy is a safe and rapid procedure in experienced hands, if close attention is given to detail and if the necessary precautions are taken."}
{"id": "PMID:1209429", "title": "An investigation of clozapine in the treatment of acute and chronic schizophrenia and gross behaviour disorders.", "content": "Fifty-two mental hospital cases of acute and chronic schizophrenia and gross behaviour disorders were investigated and observed for 6-12 months during treatment with clozapine. Three-quarters of the acute cases recovered with full occupation capacity. Two-thirds of the chronic cases improved markedly. Antisocial behaviour was controlled in 12 out of the 13 behaviour-disordered group. The improvement in initiative and social capacity was striking and appeared to be due to improved awareness of the environment and the acquisition and handling of useful knowledge. The response to clozapine appears to be specific and relapses occurred when maintenance medication was stopped. It is of value in treating temper states in epilepsy and has the advantage of not causing extrapyramidal symptoms and side-effects are slight after the first week. Maximum improvement may not be reached before 8 weeks. Thereafter the maintenance dose can be small and fluctuations in the illness do not seem to occur. The dosage, side-effects and precautions are discussed. A rating system to display the effect of clozapine on individual parameters as well as on the over-all state was devised for this study.", "contents": "An investigation of clozapine in the treatment of acute and chronic schizophrenia and gross behaviour disorders. Fifty-two mental hospital cases of acute and chronic schizophrenia and gross behaviour disorders were investigated and observed for 6-12 months during treatment with clozapine. Three-quarters of the acute cases recovered with full occupation capacity. Two-thirds of the chronic cases improved markedly. Antisocial behaviour was controlled in 12 out of the 13 behaviour-disordered group. The improvement in initiative and social capacity was striking and appeared to be due to improved awareness of the environment and the acquisition and handling of useful knowledge. The response to clozapine appears to be specific and relapses occurred when maintenance medication was stopped. It is of value in treating temper states in epilepsy and has the advantage of not causing extrapyramidal symptoms and side-effects are slight after the first week. Maximum improvement may not be reached before 8 weeks. Thereafter the maintenance dose can be small and fluctuations in the illness do not seem to occur. The dosage, side-effects and precautions are discussed. A rating system to display the effect of clozapine on individual parameters as well as on the over-all state was devised for this study."}
{"id": "PMID:1209430", "title": "The geriatric scene in Pietermaritzburg.", "content": "Pietermaritzburg has 14 old-age homes which accommodate 656 residents, a general provincial hospital which caters largely for elderly patients, and various charitable organisations which are concerned with the needs of elderly people. However, the staff of the general hospital is constantly faced with the problem of patients who cannot be discharged from hospital because of the unsuitability of the conditions in their homes. This problem has prompted a study of existing facilities for the aged in Pietermaritzburg. It is concluded that more facilities are needed for the care of frail elderly people.", "contents": "The geriatric scene in Pietermaritzburg. Pietermaritzburg has 14 old-age homes which accommodate 656 residents, a general provincial hospital which caters largely for elderly patients, and various charitable organisations which are concerned with the needs of elderly people. However, the staff of the general hospital is constantly faced with the problem of patients who cannot be discharged from hospital because of the unsuitability of the conditions in their homes. This problem has prompted a study of existing facilities for the aged in Pietermaritzburg. It is concluded that more facilities are needed for the care of frail elderly people."}
{"id": "PMID:1209431", "title": "A career study of medical graduates of the University of the Witwatersrand, 1925--1972.", "content": "A career study of the medical graduates of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, between 1925 and 1969 has been conducted by postal survey. A return of 44,8% of the questionnaires and a lack of bias judged by criteria of geographic region, year of graduation and sex ratios, suggest that the sample is representative of the graduate population. Detailed analyses of active engagement in practice, geographic localities, fields of practice, specialist: general practitioner ratios, specialist rankings and academic appointments are presented and discussed. Career studies may be a valuable method of evaluating medical education.", "contents": "A career study of medical graduates of the University of the Witwatersrand, 1925--1972. A career study of the medical graduates of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, between 1925 and 1969 has been conducted by postal survey. A return of 44,8% of the questionnaires and a lack of bias judged by criteria of geographic region, year of graduation and sex ratios, suggest that the sample is representative of the graduate population. Detailed analyses of active engagement in practice, geographic localities, fields of practice, specialist: general practitioner ratios, specialist rankings and academic appointments are presented and discussed. Career studies may be a valuable method of evaluating medical education."}
{"id": "PMID:1209434", "title": "The copper T intra-uterine device.", "content": "The Copper T intra-uterine device was evaluated in 500 Black women in Soweto township, Johannesburg. There were undesirable events in 263 of these subjects, 151 of whom were lost to follow-up.", "contents": "The copper T intra-uterine device. The Copper T intra-uterine device was evaluated in 500 Black women in Soweto township, Johannesburg. There were undesirable events in 263 of these subjects, 151 of whom were lost to follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:1209435", "title": "Suppression of lactation with high doses of pyridoxine.", "content": "Administration of high doses of vitamins B6, B1 and B12 successfully inhibited lactation without any untoward side-effects or discomfort in 96% of patients who had not yet established lactation, compared with 76,5% of control patients who received placebo.", "contents": "Suppression of lactation with high doses of pyridoxine. Administration of high doses of vitamins B6, B1 and B12 successfully inhibited lactation without any untoward side-effects or discomfort in 96% of patients who had not yet established lactation, compared with 76,5% of control patients who received placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:1209437", "title": "Massive deposition of mineral oil after prolonged ingestion.", "content": "A patient in whom prolonged mineral oil (liquid paraffin) ingestion caused the deposition of this material in the small intestine, abdominal lymph nodes, the liver, spleen and lungs, is described. The results of chemical and histochemical identification of the isolated material are presented. A description of the gross and microscopic pathology is followed by a brief consideration of some aspects of the subject of mineral oil ingestion. Prolonged unrestricted ingestion of mineral oil is dangerous and may cause structural and functional abnormalities which lead to severe malnutrition and death.", "contents": "Massive deposition of mineral oil after prolonged ingestion. A patient in whom prolonged mineral oil (liquid paraffin) ingestion caused the deposition of this material in the small intestine, abdominal lymph nodes, the liver, spleen and lungs, is described. The results of chemical and histochemical identification of the isolated material are presented. A description of the gross and microscopic pathology is followed by a brief consideration of some aspects of the subject of mineral oil ingestion. Prolonged unrestricted ingestion of mineral oil is dangerous and may cause structural and functional abnormalities which lead to severe malnutrition and death."}
{"id": "PMID:1209438", "title": "Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. A case report.", "content": "A patient with multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is reported, and the clinical and pathological features of the condition are discussed.", "contents": "Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. A case report. A patient with multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is reported, and the clinical and pathological features of the condition are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209439", "title": "The prevalence of long-term illness among the elderly in a general practice.", "content": "A retrospective study was performed to assess the prevalence of long-term illness in all patients aged 65 years and over in the practice of one family physician. Of 191 patients (10,6% of the practice population), 87% suffered from at least one illness and the mean prevalence rates were 2 129 diagnoses per 1 000 males and 1 955 for females. Fifty-eight per cent of the women and 14% of the men were widowed. The prevalence rates of 16 diagnostic categories are presented and compared with their prevalence among the general population. The findings are discussed with reference to the need for functional assessment and for prevention or relief of disability, so as to enable the individual to remain reasonably independent. The implications are discussed in relation to the need for the family physician to undertake increased responsibility for the comprehensive medical care of the elderly.", "contents": "The prevalence of long-term illness among the elderly in a general practice. A retrospective study was performed to assess the prevalence of long-term illness in all patients aged 65 years and over in the practice of one family physician. Of 191 patients (10,6% of the practice population), 87% suffered from at least one illness and the mean prevalence rates were 2 129 diagnoses per 1 000 males and 1 955 for females. Fifty-eight per cent of the women and 14% of the men were widowed. The prevalence rates of 16 diagnostic categories are presented and compared with their prevalence among the general population. The findings are discussed with reference to the need for functional assessment and for prevention or relief of disability, so as to enable the individual to remain reasonably independent. The implications are discussed in relation to the need for the family physician to undertake increased responsibility for the comprehensive medical care of the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:1209441", "title": "Malnutrition in South Africa: some thoughts on the problem.", "content": "With special reference to pellagra and kwahiorkor, malnutirtion in South Africa is discussed in relation to the depth in which it is necessary to study malnutrition before action programmes are instituted; the time lag between research and adequate programmes for action; the importance of taking cultural factors into account in health education and in other applications of research; the importance of dealing with nutritional problems holistically and the limits of the researcher's responsibility. Suggestions regarding the responsibilities of various groups that should be involved in eradicating malnutrition are made.", "contents": "Malnutrition in South Africa: some thoughts on the problem. With special reference to pellagra and kwahiorkor, malnutirtion in South Africa is discussed in relation to the depth in which it is necessary to study malnutrition before action programmes are instituted; the time lag between research and adequate programmes for action; the importance of taking cultural factors into account in health education and in other applications of research; the importance of dealing with nutritional problems holistically and the limits of the researcher's responsibility. Suggestions regarding the responsibilities of various groups that should be involved in eradicating malnutrition are made."}
{"id": "PMID:1209443", "title": "\"There is many a slip twixt the lip and the cell\".", "content": "My title is, of course, a parody of a well-known aphorism \"There is many a slip twixt the cup and the lip\". It opens up consideration of the many processes through which food has to pass after entering the mouth and before the contained nutrients satisfactorily nourish the individual cells of which the body is composed. It implies that the consumption of an adequate and nutritious diet does not necessarily ensure good health. The aim of this paper is to show that whereas we know very well what quantity of nutrients need to be consumed for health, we still know comparatively little about what happens to the foods after they have been consumed and started on the way to their metabolism by the cells of the body. Some conditioning factors are well-known temproary or permanent disturbances of normal metabolism and excretion. Less is known about the role of psychological and allergic factors.", "contents": "\"There is many a slip twixt the lip and the cell\". My title is, of course, a parody of a well-known aphorism \"There is many a slip twixt the cup and the lip\". It opens up consideration of the many processes through which food has to pass after entering the mouth and before the contained nutrients satisfactorily nourish the individual cells of which the body is composed. It implies that the consumption of an adequate and nutritious diet does not necessarily ensure good health. The aim of this paper is to show that whereas we know very well what quantity of nutrients need to be consumed for health, we still know comparatively little about what happens to the foods after they have been consumed and started on the way to their metabolism by the cells of the body. Some conditioning factors are well-known temproary or permanent disturbances of normal metabolism and excretion. Less is known about the role of psychological and allergic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1209444", "title": "Ascorbic acid and blood lipid and uric acid levels of students.", "content": "Serum lipid and uric acid levels were investigated in two groups of healthy young students. Each member of the control group was given 1 g of citric acid, and each member of the experimental group 4 g of L-ascorbic aicd daily for 4 months. Blood samples were drawn every month and leucocyte ascorbic acid, serum ascorbic acid, cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and uric acid were determined. The ascorbic acid did not cause dramatic changes in lipid parameters, and no evidence could be found that ascorbic acid raises serum uric acid levels.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and blood lipid and uric acid levels of students. Serum lipid and uric acid levels were investigated in two groups of healthy young students. Each member of the control group was given 1 g of citric acid, and each member of the experimental group 4 g of L-ascorbic aicd daily for 4 months. Blood samples were drawn every month and leucocyte ascorbic acid, serum ascorbic acid, cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and uric acid were determined. The ascorbic acid did not cause dramatic changes in lipid parameters, and no evidence could be found that ascorbic acid raises serum uric acid levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1209445", "title": "Vitamin metabolism and requirements: some aspects reviewed.", "content": "Current knowledge concerning the metabolism and requirements of thiamine, riboflavine, vitamin B6, vitamin A, and vitamin C in the human is reviewed. The requirements of these nutrients appear to be the results of their excretory losses in the urine and faeces and through metabolic degradations. Although influenced by numerous factors, the catabolism appears in general to be the result of actions by degradative pathways unrelated to the biochemical or physiological functions of the vitamins. As a consequence, these excretory and catabolic losses cause continuous obligatory requirements for the vitamins that must be provided by dietary means.", "contents": "Vitamin metabolism and requirements: some aspects reviewed. Current knowledge concerning the metabolism and requirements of thiamine, riboflavine, vitamin B6, vitamin A, and vitamin C in the human is reviewed. The requirements of these nutrients appear to be the results of their excretory losses in the urine and faeces and through metabolic degradations. Although influenced by numerous factors, the catabolism appears in general to be the result of actions by degradative pathways unrelated to the biochemical or physiological functions of the vitamins. As a consequence, these excretory and catabolic losses cause continuous obligatory requirements for the vitamins that must be provided by dietary means."}
{"id": "PMID:1209448", "title": "Prevention of hazardous pollution in hospital operating theatres with the use of mechanical systems.", "content": "This article describes, with the aid of sketches, the mechanical systems which could economically be designed for hospital operating theatres in an endeavour to eliminate the effects of hazardous pollution which exists in the majority of operating theatres. This article describes two seperate systems to combat the two major sources of pollution in operating theatres - contaminated air which reaches the operative wound of the patient, and the hazardous anaesthetic gases which are released into the atmosphere of operating theatres and associated areas such as recovery rooms.", "contents": "Prevention of hazardous pollution in hospital operating theatres with the use of mechanical systems. This article describes, with the aid of sketches, the mechanical systems which could economically be designed for hospital operating theatres in an endeavour to eliminate the effects of hazardous pollution which exists in the majority of operating theatres. This article describes two seperate systems to combat the two major sources of pollution in operating theatres - contaminated air which reaches the operative wound of the patient, and the hazardous anaesthetic gases which are released into the atmosphere of operating theatres and associated areas such as recovery rooms."}
{"id": "PMID:1209467", "title": "Acute cholecystitis in children.", "content": "Data from retrospective review of 16 patients treated for acute cholecystitis indicate that the cause of this disease is different in children than in adults. The incidence of acute acalculous cholecystitis is higher in children. Congenital abnormalities of the gallbladder or bile ducts were not found in our patients. Cultures of the bile failed to establish a relationship with preceding infection, although infection seems to be an important etiologic factor. Diagnosis should be based on clinical signs and cholecystography. Early cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice. In patients with jaundice, operative choledochography is recommended.", "contents": "Acute cholecystitis in children. Data from retrospective review of 16 patients treated for acute cholecystitis indicate that the cause of this disease is different in children than in adults. The incidence of acute acalculous cholecystitis is higher in children. Congenital abnormalities of the gallbladder or bile ducts were not found in our patients. Cultures of the bile failed to establish a relationship with preceding infection, although infection seems to be an important etiologic factor. Diagnosis should be based on clinical signs and cholecystography. Early cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice. In patients with jaundice, operative choledochography is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1209468", "title": "Changes in serum phosphate levels associated with intestinal infarction and necrosis.", "content": "Masive intestinal necrosis due to any cause is associated with a chemical complex that may be helpful in the early diagnosis of these conditions. This consists of elevated serum phosphate level, metabolic acidosis with significant  base deficit, elevated white blood count, and elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit values. This chemical complex associated with clinical signs and symptoms, may indicate the need for laparotomy. In this way, the time period between vascular occlusion and operation could be shortened and possible lead to more gratifying results than the present day extremely high morbidity and mortality rates which are associated with massive intestinal necrosis.", "contents": "Changes in serum phosphate levels associated with intestinal infarction and necrosis. Masive intestinal necrosis due to any cause is associated with a chemical complex that may be helpful in the early diagnosis of these conditions. This consists of elevated serum phosphate level, metabolic acidosis with significant  base deficit, elevated white blood count, and elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit values. This chemical complex associated with clinical signs and symptoms, may indicate the need for laparotomy. In this way, the time period between vascular occlusion and operation could be shortened and possible lead to more gratifying results than the present day extremely high morbidity and mortality rates which are associated with massive intestinal necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1209469", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma of the breast by modified radical mastectomy.", "content": "To evaluate the results of treatment of Stage I and Stage II-T1 and T2, NO and N1-carcinoma of the breast by modified radical mastectomy with preservation of the pectoralis major muscle, the survival rates of all such patients treated by the senior author from 1965 through 1968 were compared with the survival rates of a simultaneous group of patients with similar stage disease treated by conventional radical mastectomy by the same surgeon. There were a total of 134 patients, of whom 51 had modified radical mastectomy and 83 conventional radical mastectomy. The five year survival rate for those treated by standard radical mastectomy was 81 per cent, and for those treated by modified radical mastectomy, it was 84 per cent. In patients with histologically negative axillary lymph nodes, the rates were 86 per cent following both radical mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy. Four per cent of the surviving patients after modified radical mastectomy and 7 per cent of the five year survivors after radical mastectomy had evidence of metastases at five years. Locally recurrent disease was noted in 5 per cent of those who had modified radical mastectomy and 7 per cent of those who underwent standard radical mastectomy. This analysis demonstrates that there is no significant difference in the survival and recurrence rates after conventional radical mastectomy and ,odified radical mastectomy of the Patey type. There is a high incidence of recurrence-free survival after both of these operations. Since modified radical mastectomy is less traumatic, involving less damage to muscular tissues, and is followed by significantly decreased deformity, it is advised as the treatment of choice for patients with carcinoma of the breast having no or minimal evidence of axillary node involvement. More extensive tumors adherent to the pectoral fascia or associated with multiple or large palpable axillary nodes should still be treated by conventional radical mastectomy.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma of the breast by modified radical mastectomy. To evaluate the results of treatment of Stage I and Stage II-T1 and T2, NO and N1-carcinoma of the breast by modified radical mastectomy with preservation of the pectoralis major muscle, the survival rates of all such patients treated by the senior author from 1965 through 1968 were compared with the survival rates of a simultaneous group of patients with similar stage disease treated by conventional radical mastectomy by the same surgeon. There were a total of 134 patients, of whom 51 had modified radical mastectomy and 83 conventional radical mastectomy. The five year survival rate for those treated by standard radical mastectomy was 81 per cent, and for those treated by modified radical mastectomy, it was 84 per cent. In patients with histologically negative axillary lymph nodes, the rates were 86 per cent following both radical mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy. Four per cent of the surviving patients after modified radical mastectomy and 7 per cent of the five year survivors after radical mastectomy had evidence of metastases at five years. Locally recurrent disease was noted in 5 per cent of those who had modified radical mastectomy and 7 per cent of those who underwent standard radical mastectomy. This analysis demonstrates that there is no significant difference in the survival and recurrence rates after conventional radical mastectomy and ,odified radical mastectomy of the Patey type. There is a high incidence of recurrence-free survival after both of these operations. Since modified radical mastectomy is less traumatic, involving less damage to muscular tissues, and is followed by significantly decreased deformity, it is advised as the treatment of choice for patients with carcinoma of the breast having no or minimal evidence of axillary node involvement. More extensive tumors adherent to the pectoral fascia or associated with multiple or large palpable axillary nodes should still be treated by conventional radical mastectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1209470", "title": "The influence of resection of the small intestine on gastrin levels.", "content": "In 16 dogs, serum gastrin levels were determined after resection of the distal and proximal half of the small intestine. The response to feeding was significantly increased after intestinal resection. Higher postresectional levels were reached after resection of the proximal half of the intestine. This may be evidence that the proximal half of the small intestine, in addition to the liver and kidney, plays an important role in the inactivation of endogenous gastrin.", "contents": "The influence of resection of the small intestine on gastrin levels. In 16 dogs, serum gastrin levels were determined after resection of the distal and proximal half of the small intestine. The response to feeding was significantly increased after intestinal resection. Higher postresectional levels were reached after resection of the proximal half of the intestine. This may be evidence that the proximal half of the small intestine, in addition to the liver and kidney, plays an important role in the inactivation of endogenous gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:1209471", "title": "Diverticular disease of the right colon.", "content": "Diverticular disease of the right colon is uncommon. Most frequently, rightsided diverticula occur in the cecum, and usually, they are solitary. Generally, the diverticular are true diverticular containing all coats of the intestine, and usually the younger age group is affected. Right-sided diverticulitis mimics appendicitis. The diverticulum and adjacent reaction may be mistaken for carcinoma. Surgical excision is indicated to prevent recurrent symptoms as well as confusion at later barium studies.", "contents": "Diverticular disease of the right colon. Diverticular disease of the right colon is uncommon. Most frequently, rightsided diverticula occur in the cecum, and usually, they are solitary. Generally, the diverticular are true diverticular containing all coats of the intestine, and usually the younger age group is affected. Right-sided diverticulitis mimics appendicitis. The diverticulum and adjacent reaction may be mistaken for carcinoma. Surgical excision is indicated to prevent recurrent symptoms as well as confusion at later barium studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1209472", "title": "Use of the colon as a conduit for urinary diversion.", "content": "The use of a colonic conduit for  urinary diversion has a definite place as a salvage procedure after an unsuccessful ileal conduit, ureterosigmoidostomy, rectal bladder substitutes, or vesicobaginorectal fistulas. Under these conditions, correction by means of a colonic conduit has been accomplished in eight patients. A colonic conduit is a safe surgical procedure due to its low mortality and complication rates. It also alleviates some of the pitfalls of the ileal conduit, such as free reflux of urine and stomal stenoses.", "contents": "Use of the colon as a conduit for urinary diversion. The use of a colonic conduit for  urinary diversion has a definite place as a salvage procedure after an unsuccessful ileal conduit, ureterosigmoidostomy, rectal bladder substitutes, or vesicobaginorectal fistulas. Under these conditions, correction by means of a colonic conduit has been accomplished in eight patients. A colonic conduit is a safe surgical procedure due to its low mortality and complication rates. It also alleviates some of the pitfalls of the ileal conduit, such as free reflux of urine and stomal stenoses."}
{"id": "PMID:1209473", "title": "Translumbar aortography updated.", "content": "Although translumbar aortography is the oldest form of aortography, we belive it to be the procedure of choice in studying patients with aortoiliac and more distal peripheral vascular occlusive disease. It may be performed rapidly and easily and carried a low serious complication rate. The aorta should be punctured below the renal detail even in the feet, and some life threatening complications that have been reported when the aorta was punctured above the renal arteries may be avoided.", "contents": "Translumbar aortography updated. Although translumbar aortography is the oldest form of aortography, we belive it to be the procedure of choice in studying patients with aortoiliac and more distal peripheral vascular occlusive disease. It may be performed rapidly and easily and carried a low serious complication rate. The aorta should be punctured below the renal detail even in the feet, and some life threatening complications that have been reported when the aorta was punctured above the renal arteries may be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:1209474", "title": "The importance of candida as an infectious agent.", "content": "During the two and a half year period from January 1971 through Jyly 1973, 23 patients had cultures positive for candida from intra-abdominal isolates. Most of these patients had intestinal or biliary fistulas or abscesses and were seriously ill. Major  contributing factors to the development of candidal infections included the extensive use of multiple antibiotics, multiple operations, advanced age, and debility. Thirty additional patients had cultures positive for candida from skin and subcutaneous isolates. Candida appeared to contribute to the poor healing of wounds in some of these patients, particularly those with peripheral vascular ischemic lesions and decubitus ulcers. Antibiotics and concurrent diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, renal failure, and cardiovascular disease, were common factors relating to the development and growth of candida in these patients. There is often considerable difficulty in determing whether or not candida is only a contaminant or is an infectious agent contributing to the illness of the patient. This must be determined in each individual instance. In spite of the fact that candida appeared to be a significant infectious agent in many of these patients, specific antifungal therapy was used sparsely. It is suggested that appropriate antifungal drugs be used in patients with significant disease and that there should be greater awareness of the factors leading to the development of these extremely serious candidal infections.", "contents": "The importance of candida as an infectious agent. During the two and a half year period from January 1971 through Jyly 1973, 23 patients had cultures positive for candida from intra-abdominal isolates. Most of these patients had intestinal or biliary fistulas or abscesses and were seriously ill. Major  contributing factors to the development of candidal infections included the extensive use of multiple antibiotics, multiple operations, advanced age, and debility. Thirty additional patients had cultures positive for candida from skin and subcutaneous isolates. Candida appeared to contribute to the poor healing of wounds in some of these patients, particularly those with peripheral vascular ischemic lesions and decubitus ulcers. Antibiotics and concurrent diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, renal failure, and cardiovascular disease, were common factors relating to the development and growth of candida in these patients. There is often considerable difficulty in determing whether or not candida is only a contaminant or is an infectious agent contributing to the illness of the patient. This must be determined in each individual instance. In spite of the fact that candida appeared to be a significant infectious agent in many of these patients, specific antifungal therapy was used sparsely. It is suggested that appropriate antifungal drugs be used in patients with significant disease and that there should be greater awareness of the factors leading to the development of these extremely serious candidal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:1209475", "title": "Separate inguinal incisions in the treatment of carcinoma of the vulva.", "content": "A modified surgical technique, using separate incisions for vulvectomy and for each groin, resulted in a low morbidity rate, with no increase in tumor recurrence and no reduction in length of survival time in comparison with previously reported methods of treatment of invasive squamous carcinoma of the vulva. The clinical staging adopted by the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics accurately predicted survival time for patients in this series as in others. However, in instances in which the histologic status of the nodes differs from the clinical assessment, postsurgical staging with primary importance attached to the histologic evaluation more accurately predicts prognosis.", "contents": "Separate inguinal incisions in the treatment of carcinoma of the vulva. A modified surgical technique, using separate incisions for vulvectomy and for each groin, resulted in a low morbidity rate, with no increase in tumor recurrence and no reduction in length of survival time in comparison with previously reported methods of treatment of invasive squamous carcinoma of the vulva. The clinical staging adopted by the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics accurately predicted survival time for patients in this series as in others. However, in instances in which the histologic status of the nodes differs from the clinical assessment, postsurgical staging with primary importance attached to the histologic evaluation more accurately predicts prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1209478", "title": "Data favoring biopsy of the breast under local anesthesia.", "content": "Experience with 184 consecutive biopsies of the breast for 147 benign lesions and 37 carcinomas over an 18 month period has been reviewed. Local anesthesia was used in 78 per cent of the patients, and it was the method of choice whenever the preoperative diagnosis was benign. General anesthesia was used when the lesion was thought likely to be malignant. Anesthesia within these guidelines was used in 88 per cent of patients with correct preoperative diagnoses. Exceptions were made primarily, but not exclusively, because of patient preference. The preoperative diagnoses were correct in 168 patients, unstated in five, and incorrect in 11. Six women erroneously were thought to have carcinoma, and five others unexpectedly had malignant disease. Although biopsy remains mandatory, the preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast can currently be made with sufficient accuracy to justify restricting recommendation for general anesthesia to those patients thought likely to have carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "Data favoring biopsy of the breast under local anesthesia. Experience with 184 consecutive biopsies of the breast for 147 benign lesions and 37 carcinomas over an 18 month period has been reviewed. Local anesthesia was used in 78 per cent of the patients, and it was the method of choice whenever the preoperative diagnosis was benign. General anesthesia was used when the lesion was thought likely to be malignant. Anesthesia within these guidelines was used in 88 per cent of patients with correct preoperative diagnoses. Exceptions were made primarily, but not exclusively, because of patient preference. The preoperative diagnoses were correct in 168 patients, unstated in five, and incorrect in 11. Six women erroneously were thought to have carcinoma, and five others unexpectedly had malignant disease. Although biopsy remains mandatory, the preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast can currently be made with sufficient accuracy to justify restricting recommendation for general anesthesia to those patients thought likely to have carcinoma of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:1209479", "title": "The use of the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage in identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve.", "content": "The inferior thyroid artery, traditionally used as a guide in identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve, is not wholly reliable because of two factors which affect the constancy of the relation between nerve and artery. One is the variability of the anatomic pattern of tbe inferior thyroid artery, and the other is the occasional incidence of a nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve. In a study of 500 recurrent laryngeal nerves, the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage was more reliable than the inferior thyroid artery in identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The anatomic relation between the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage was constant in all patients, except those in whom there was displacement of the nerve resulting from lesions of the thyroid or the parathyroid glands. Operations upon the neck require understanding of the anatomic characteristics of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and of possible involvement of the nerve with the pathologic process involvement of the nerve with the pathologic process as well as fastidious operative technique.", "contents": "The use of the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage in identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The inferior thyroid artery, traditionally used as a guide in identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve, is not wholly reliable because of two factors which affect the constancy of the relation between nerve and artery. One is the variability of the anatomic pattern of tbe inferior thyroid artery, and the other is the occasional incidence of a nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve. In a study of 500 recurrent laryngeal nerves, the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage was more reliable than the inferior thyroid artery in identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The anatomic relation between the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage was constant in all patients, except those in whom there was displacement of the nerve resulting from lesions of the thyroid or the parathyroid glands. Operations upon the neck require understanding of the anatomic characteristics of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and of possible involvement of the nerve with the pathologic process involvement of the nerve with the pathologic process as well as fastidious operative technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1209480", "title": "Renal hypertension.", "content": "Continuing interest in the mechanism of hypertension have produced considerable new information on the underlying pathophysiologic processes involved. Elucidation of the role of renal malperfusion, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, and renal medullary antihypertensive substances continues to clarify our understanding of renal hypertension. Current evidence suggests that angiotensin can produce hypertension by a direct effect on peripheral blood vessels in malignant hypertension and in renin-secreting renal tumors and by an intrarenal mechanism influencing intrarenal distribution of blood flow, and, thereby, sodium resorption in chronic renovascular hypertension. The current diagnostic techniques used to determine the presence of renal atery stenosis and its functional significance are reviewed. Arteriographic evidence of renal artery collaterals and a positive differential venous renin ratio are the two parameters whose usefulness and practicality have been best documented in recent years. The results of surgical procedures reported in the world literature show a 50 per cent rate with a further 30 per cent improvement rate in terms of control of hypertension. When functional significance of stenosis is demonstrated before surgical procedures, cure rates of the order of 80 per cent can be achieved. Recent developments of technique of operating room upon less extensive lesions of the renal artery branch extend the possibilities of surgical benefit which should also be considered in the presence of renal failure of renovascular origin.", "contents": "Renal hypertension. Continuing interest in the mechanism of hypertension have produced considerable new information on the underlying pathophysiologic processes involved. Elucidation of the role of renal malperfusion, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, and renal medullary antihypertensive substances continues to clarify our understanding of renal hypertension. Current evidence suggests that angiotensin can produce hypertension by a direct effect on peripheral blood vessels in malignant hypertension and in renin-secreting renal tumors and by an intrarenal mechanism influencing intrarenal distribution of blood flow, and, thereby, sodium resorption in chronic renovascular hypertension. The current diagnostic techniques used to determine the presence of renal atery stenosis and its functional significance are reviewed. Arteriographic evidence of renal artery collaterals and a positive differential venous renin ratio are the two parameters whose usefulness and practicality have been best documented in recent years. The results of surgical procedures reported in the world literature show a 50 per cent rate with a further 30 per cent improvement rate in terms of control of hypertension. When functional significance of stenosis is demonstrated before surgical procedures, cure rates of the order of 80 per cent can be achieved. Recent developments of technique of operating room upon less extensive lesions of the renal artery branch extend the possibilities of surgical benefit which should also be considered in the presence of renal failure of renovascular origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1209541", "title": "Determination of human fibrinopeptide A by radioimmunoassay in purified systems and in the blood.", "content": "The formation of fibrin clots or circulating soluble fibrin is accompanied by the appearance of fibrinopeptides. Measurement of the fibrinopeptide concentration in plasma can provide important information on the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. This rate varies under different physiologic and pathologic conditions. Fibrinopeptide A is a better molecular marker of the conversion than fibrinopeptide B since it is the first peptide to be cleaved by thrombin. A radioimmunoassay technique has been developed for the quantitative determination of human fibrinopeptide A. The procedure detects human fibrinopeptide A at a concentration of approximately 0.05 ng/ml. The variation of fibrinopeptide A content in normal persons may reflect its rapid formation and catabolism. A significantly increased concentration of this peptide was found in a patient during defibrination therapy with a purified enzyme from the venom of Agkistrodon rhodostoma and in patients suffering from retinal vascular occlusions.", "contents": "Determination of human fibrinopeptide A by radioimmunoassay in purified systems and in the blood. The formation of fibrin clots or circulating soluble fibrin is accompanied by the appearance of fibrinopeptides. Measurement of the fibrinopeptide concentration in plasma can provide important information on the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. This rate varies under different physiologic and pathologic conditions. Fibrinopeptide A is a better molecular marker of the conversion than fibrinopeptide B since it is the first peptide to be cleaved by thrombin. A radioimmunoassay technique has been developed for the quantitative determination of human fibrinopeptide A. The procedure detects human fibrinopeptide A at a concentration of approximately 0.05 ng/ml. The variation of fibrinopeptide A content in normal persons may reflect its rapid formation and catabolism. A significantly increased concentration of this peptide was found in a patient during defibrination therapy with a purified enzyme from the venom of Agkistrodon rhodostoma and in patients suffering from retinal vascular occlusions."}
{"id": "PMID:1209542", "title": "Maternal serum FDP and circulating fetal red cells throughout pregnancy. A longitudinal study.", "content": "The presence of fetal red cells in the maternal circulation and the serum FDP content of 73 women was followed serially throughout a normal pregnancy. There was a signigicant increase in the mean serum FDP levels in late pregnancy, which was due to episodic elevations occurring in approximately 65% of women. These transient elevations appeared to increase in frequency and severity as pregnancy progressed. There was also an increase in the number of occasions fetal red cells were detected in the maternal circulation in the later months of pregnancy, but his phenomenon did not appear to be associated in any way to the serum FDP elevations. It is concluded that the episodic rises in serum FDP occurring in normal pregnancy are not related to episodes of occult disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to placental haemorrhage as was previously hypothesized. Their etiology and clinical significance remain unknown.", "contents": "Maternal serum FDP and circulating fetal red cells throughout pregnancy. A longitudinal study. The presence of fetal red cells in the maternal circulation and the serum FDP content of 73 women was followed serially throughout a normal pregnancy. There was a signigicant increase in the mean serum FDP levels in late pregnancy, which was due to episodic elevations occurring in approximately 65% of women. These transient elevations appeared to increase in frequency and severity as pregnancy progressed. There was also an increase in the number of occasions fetal red cells were detected in the maternal circulation in the later months of pregnancy, but his phenomenon did not appear to be associated in any way to the serum FDP elevations. It is concluded that the episodic rises in serum FDP occurring in normal pregnancy are not related to episodes of occult disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to placental haemorrhage as was previously hypothesized. Their etiology and clinical significance remain unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:1209543", "title": "Calculation of predictive odds for possible carriers of heamophilia.", "content": "Betting odds for possible carriers of haemophilia have been calculated using data derived from normal and known carrier populations. For each possible carrier the concentration of factor VIII-related antigen and factor VIII biological activity was measured and used to determine the probability of the individual being a carrier. The calculations indicated that, of the 32 possible carriers, 11 were likely to be normal (odds of more than 5:1) while 11 were likely to be haemophilia carriers (again odds of more than 5:1).", "contents": "Calculation of predictive odds for possible carriers of heamophilia. Betting odds for possible carriers of haemophilia have been calculated using data derived from normal and known carrier populations. For each possible carrier the concentration of factor VIII-related antigen and factor VIII biological activity was measured and used to determine the probability of the individual being a carrier. The calculations indicated that, of the 32 possible carriers, 11 were likely to be normal (odds of more than 5:1) while 11 were likely to be haemophilia carriers (again odds of more than 5:1)."}
{"id": "PMID:1209544", "title": "Adverse effect of heparin in thrombin-antithrombin III interaction.", "content": "Thrombin, while reacting in the presence of hepatin, impairs the inhibitory capacity of antithrombin III so that subsequent inhibition of thrombin or factor Xa is decreased or abolished. This adverse effect of hepatin has been observed directly with at least 1.5 Iowa units of thrombin per each unit of purified human antithrombin III participating in the reaction. The inhibitory capacity was then totally destroyed and some residual thrombin remained in the active form. With a lower enzyme/inhibitor ratio inactivation of thrombin in the presence of hepatin was fast and complete, however, a significant decrease of inhibitory capacity below that found in reaction without heparin, has been established by measuring the residual antithrombin III activity. In defibrinated human plasma at least 2 units of thrombin per each antithrombin III unit were required to demonstrate directly the adverse effect of heparin but a fast depletion of inhibitory capacity has been also observed after repeated additions of small thrombin portions into plasma heparinized in vitro or in vivo. Portions of enzyme initially added disappeared with great velocity; subsequent portions, however, accumulated building up a high thrombin level not seen in the absence of heparin. The accumulation of residual enzyme was more extensive in plasma containing about 1 heparin unit per ml than anticoagulant at lower concentrations and was particularly noticeable in antithrombin III deficient plasma. These results may have some bearings on the approach to heparin therapy in the event when thrombin continuously generates or when a marked deficiency of antithrombin III exists.", "contents": "Adverse effect of heparin in thrombin-antithrombin III interaction. Thrombin, while reacting in the presence of hepatin, impairs the inhibitory capacity of antithrombin III so that subsequent inhibition of thrombin or factor Xa is decreased or abolished. This adverse effect of hepatin has been observed directly with at least 1.5 Iowa units of thrombin per each unit of purified human antithrombin III participating in the reaction. The inhibitory capacity was then totally destroyed and some residual thrombin remained in the active form. With a lower enzyme/inhibitor ratio inactivation of thrombin in the presence of hepatin was fast and complete, however, a significant decrease of inhibitory capacity below that found in reaction without heparin, has been established by measuring the residual antithrombin III activity. In defibrinated human plasma at least 2 units of thrombin per each antithrombin III unit were required to demonstrate directly the adverse effect of heparin but a fast depletion of inhibitory capacity has been also observed after repeated additions of small thrombin portions into plasma heparinized in vitro or in vivo. Portions of enzyme initially added disappeared with great velocity; subsequent portions, however, accumulated building up a high thrombin level not seen in the absence of heparin. The accumulation of residual enzyme was more extensive in plasma containing about 1 heparin unit per ml than anticoagulant at lower concentrations and was particularly noticeable in antithrombin III deficient plasma. These results may have some bearings on the approach to heparin therapy in the event when thrombin continuously generates or when a marked deficiency of antithrombin III exists."}
{"id": "PMID:1209545", "title": "Potato inhibitors of intrinsic prothrombin activators.", "content": "The potato protease inhibitors inhibit intrinsic prothrombin activators and trypsin activation of prothrombin. The inhibitors 5a and 5b are responsible for the intrinsic prothrombin activator inhibition. This inhibition is progressive. No inhibition by these inhibitors of tissue thromboplastin activation of prothrombin or thrombin activity was observed.", "contents": "Potato inhibitors of intrinsic prothrombin activators. The potato protease inhibitors inhibit intrinsic prothrombin activators and trypsin activation of prothrombin. The inhibitors 5a and 5b are responsible for the intrinsic prothrombin activator inhibition. This inhibition is progressive. No inhibition by these inhibitors of tissue thromboplastin activation of prothrombin or thrombin activity was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209547", "title": "Study of aggregate formation in region of separated blood flow.", "content": "The formation of platelet aggregates which embolize to the peripheral circulation has previously been noted as a significant deleterious effect resulting from both intra- and extracorporeal artificial circulatory devices. Utilizing the stagnation point flow experiment, which permits visualization during flow of aggregate formation on first contact of blood with an artificial surface, the formation of freely floating aggregates has been observed in separated flow regions. Embolization from the separated flow has also been noted. Comparison of observed growth rates with a hydrodynamic model suggests that sufficient activation has occurred within the separated region so that platelets stick on virtually every collision. Some criteria are also suggested which correlate with the flow conditions affecting aggregate formation. At high flow rates, where freely floating aggregates do not form, significant surface thrombi are found.", "contents": "Study of aggregate formation in region of separated blood flow. The formation of platelet aggregates which embolize to the peripheral circulation has previously been noted as a significant deleterious effect resulting from both intra- and extracorporeal artificial circulatory devices. Utilizing the stagnation point flow experiment, which permits visualization during flow of aggregate formation on first contact of blood with an artificial surface, the formation of freely floating aggregates has been observed in separated flow regions. Embolization from the separated flow has also been noted. Comparison of observed growth rates with a hydrodynamic model suggests that sufficient activation has occurred within the separated region so that platelets stick on virtually every collision. Some criteria are also suggested which correlate with the flow conditions affecting aggregate formation. At high flow rates, where freely floating aggregates do not form, significant surface thrombi are found."}
{"id": "PMID:1209580", "title": "Hemophilia A and hemophilia B in a family of French bulldogs.", "content": "A congenital coagulation defect was suspected in 10 male French bulldogs, independently referred to the Small Animal Clinic of the Utrecht State University by private pet owners from all over the country. The cases are described in this report. Coagulation studies, performed in 8 of these dogs, revealed a factor VIII (anti-hemophilic globulin) deficiency in 5, and a factor IX (Christmas factor) deficiency in 3 propositi. A pedigree analysis revealed that all of the 10 propositi were lineal descendants, in the female line, of one and the same female ancestor. An inquiry by letter among the owners of 210 male descendants, in the female line, of this common ancestor revealed hemorrhagic episodes in at least another 10 male offspirng. The presence of a large number of carriers can be expected among the French bulldog population in the Netherlands, since the officially registered female offspring in the female line of the ancestor bitch, comprised over 170 dogs as of January, 1971. The possible mechanisms responsible for the simultaneous occurrence of hemophilia A and B in one canine family are discussed.", "contents": "Hemophilia A and hemophilia B in a family of French bulldogs. A congenital coagulation defect was suspected in 10 male French bulldogs, independently referred to the Small Animal Clinic of the Utrecht State University by private pet owners from all over the country. The cases are described in this report. Coagulation studies, performed in 8 of these dogs, revealed a factor VIII (anti-hemophilic globulin) deficiency in 5, and a factor IX (Christmas factor) deficiency in 3 propositi. A pedigree analysis revealed that all of the 10 propositi were lineal descendants, in the female line, of one and the same female ancestor. An inquiry by letter among the owners of 210 male descendants, in the female line, of this common ancestor revealed hemorrhagic episodes in at least another 10 male offspirng. The presence of a large number of carriers can be expected among the French bulldog population in the Netherlands, since the officially registered female offspring in the female line of the ancestor bitch, comprised over 170 dogs as of January, 1971. The possible mechanisms responsible for the simultaneous occurrence of hemophilia A and B in one canine family are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209585", "title": "An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase localization in cells of Phaseolus vulgaris phloem by the use of the azo dye method.", "content": "The localization of acid phosphatase was studied in the sieve elements and companion cells in the phloem tissue of the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. The various organelles in the two kinds of cell showed fine granules of the azo dye as the final reaction product. The aggregated smooth endoplasmic reticulum displayed the dye particularly consistently. The dye was also present in the plasmodesmata and in the contents of the sieve plate pores. The reaction product was conspicuous in the cell walls and tended to be concentrated in the middle lamella and in the nacreous wall layer of the differentiating sieve elements.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase localization in cells of Phaseolus vulgaris phloem by the use of the azo dye method. The localization of acid phosphatase was studied in the sieve elements and companion cells in the phloem tissue of the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. The various organelles in the two kinds of cell showed fine granules of the azo dye as the final reaction product. The aggregated smooth endoplasmic reticulum displayed the dye particularly consistently. The dye was also present in the plasmodesmata and in the contents of the sieve plate pores. The reaction product was conspicuous in the cell walls and tended to be concentrated in the middle lamella and in the nacreous wall layer of the differentiating sieve elements."}
{"id": "PMID:1209586", "title": "A radioautographic study of collagen synthesis by earthworm epidermis.", "content": "Secreation by the epidermis of two oligochaetes (Eisenia and Enchytraeus) was investigated radioautographically following administration of 3H-proline, 3H-tryptophan or Na2(35)SO4. Regionally epidermal columnar cells of Enchytraeus synthesize the overlying, probably collagenous, cuticle. Eisenia epidermis does not recordably synthesize the cuticle until after wounding (first eight segments removed). By two days postoperative the epidermal columnar cells of Eisenia synthesize the collagenous cuticle and, later in regeneration, the epidermis may simultaneously synthesize the different collagen of the underlying basement lamella. The epidermis of Enchytraeus, but not of Eisenia, synthesizes some sulfated material associated with the cuticle surface.", "contents": "A radioautographic study of collagen synthesis by earthworm epidermis. Secreation by the epidermis of two oligochaetes (Eisenia and Enchytraeus) was investigated radioautographically following administration of 3H-proline, 3H-tryptophan or Na2(35)SO4. Regionally epidermal columnar cells of Enchytraeus synthesize the overlying, probably collagenous, cuticle. Eisenia epidermis does not recordably synthesize the cuticle until after wounding (first eight segments removed). By two days postoperative the epidermal columnar cells of Eisenia synthesize the collagenous cuticle and, later in regeneration, the epidermis may simultaneously synthesize the different collagen of the underlying basement lamella. The epidermis of Enchytraeus, but not of Eisenia, synthesizes some sulfated material associated with the cuticle surface."}
{"id": "PMID:1209587", "title": "[Variations in the structure of the abdominal cuticle of Tenebrio molitor L].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the adult abdominal cuticle of Tenebrio is described and special attention is given to the intersegmental zone in which the cuticle presents several architectural types, i.e. helicoidal, preferred and 'plywood' cuticle (Neville's terminology). This architectural polymorphism of the adult cuticle contrasts with the uniformity of larval and pupal cuticle architecture, which is entirely helicoidal.", "contents": "[Variations in the structure of the abdominal cuticle of Tenebrio molitor L]. The ultrastructure of the adult abdominal cuticle of Tenebrio is described and special attention is given to the intersegmental zone in which the cuticle presents several architectural types, i.e. helicoidal, preferred and 'plywood' cuticle (Neville's terminology). This architectural polymorphism of the adult cuticle contrasts with the uniformity of larval and pupal cuticle architecture, which is entirely helicoidal."}
{"id": "PMID:1209588", "title": "A freeze-fracture study of adult Calliphora salivary glands.", "content": "A freeze-fracture study of adult Calliphora salivary glands has revealed a high density (approx. 4500/mu2) of intramembraneous particles (80-110 A) in both the apical and basal membranes. Most of the particles were associated with the A face. The density of the stalked surface particles which coat the cytoplasmic surface of the apical membrane. The possible significance of these particles in ion transport is discussed.", "contents": "A freeze-fracture study of adult Calliphora salivary glands. A freeze-fracture study of adult Calliphora salivary glands has revealed a high density (approx. 4500/mu2) of intramembraneous particles (80-110 A) in both the apical and basal membranes. Most of the particles were associated with the A face. The density of the stalked surface particles which coat the cytoplasmic surface of the apical membrane. The possible significance of these particles in ion transport is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209589", "title": "A light and electron microscope study of intra-epithelial putative mechanoreceptors in squid suckers.", "content": "Putative mechanoreceptor neurons in the cuticularized epithelium of the suckers of the squid Lolliguncula brevis, were investigated using light and electron microscope techniques. These neurons were found to have a multipolar shape, thick unbranched axon, glial cell ensheathment, and accessory nerve fiber innervation. The need for electrophysiological and/or behavioral studies on these putative mechanoreceptors is emphasized.", "contents": "A light and electron microscope study of intra-epithelial putative mechanoreceptors in squid suckers. Putative mechanoreceptor neurons in the cuticularized epithelium of the suckers of the squid Lolliguncula brevis, were investigated using light and electron microscope techniques. These neurons were found to have a multipolar shape, thick unbranched axon, glial cell ensheathment, and accessory nerve fiber innervation. The need for electrophysiological and/or behavioral studies on these putative mechanoreceptors is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1209590", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of development and light-dark adaptation of the eye of Coccinella septempunctata L., with particular reference to ciliary structures.", "content": "On dark-adaptation of the 11-day adult eye, the rhabdomers move towards the cuticle. Each c-c-r array (of tandem centrioles and ciliary root) maintains its position relative to the rhabdomere, and the length of the root is apparently unchanged. The close association of the array with the rhabdomere is not established until after the first day of adult life. The array is already present at the time of pupation. The distal centriole subsequently becomes the basal body of a transitory ciliary bud, whole formation apparently precedes the onset of rhabdomere differentiation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of development and light-dark adaptation of the eye of Coccinella septempunctata L., with particular reference to ciliary structures. On dark-adaptation of the 11-day adult eye, the rhabdomers move towards the cuticle. Each c-c-r array (of tandem centrioles and ciliary root) maintains its position relative to the rhabdomere, and the length of the root is apparently unchanged. The close association of the array with the rhabdomere is not established until after the first day of adult life. The array is already present at the time of pupation. The distal centriole subsequently becomes the basal body of a transitory ciliary bud, whole formation apparently precedes the onset of rhabdomere differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1209591", "title": "The fine structure of epidermal glands of regenerating and mature globiferous pedicellariae of a sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus).", "content": "After a globiferous pedicellaria is lost from a sea urchin, a new appendage of the same kind is usually regenerated in the weeks that follow. During the latter part of regeneration, head glands and stalk glands, both of epidermal origin, develop from undifferentiated cells. Head gland cells begin morphological differentiation in the epidermis and then delaminate into the underlying dermis. In the formation of the stalk gland, by contrast, undifferentiated cells delaminate from the epidermis and then begin morphological differentiation in the dermis. During late regeneration, cells in the head and stalk glands are characterized by extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum distended with intracisternal material; moreover, the Golgi complex is closely associated with some of the large cytoplasmic vacuoles. The accumulating secretions of the two glands differ both in fine structure and in site of storage. Head gland secretions are stored intracellularly in the cytoplasmic vacuoles, while stalk gland secretions leave the gland cells in an apocrine fashion and are stored in an extracellular lumen. After regeneration, the mature cells of the head glands and stalk glands contain relatively little distended endoplasmic reticulum, although a Golgi complex is still present. Presumably, mature gland cells, in comparison to regenerating gland cells, produce relatively little secretion; instead, the glandular products elaborated during regeneration are probably stored in the mature glands with little augmentation or turnover.", "contents": "The fine structure of epidermal glands of regenerating and mature globiferous pedicellariae of a sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus). After a globiferous pedicellaria is lost from a sea urchin, a new appendage of the same kind is usually regenerated in the weeks that follow. During the latter part of regeneration, head glands and stalk glands, both of epidermal origin, develop from undifferentiated cells. Head gland cells begin morphological differentiation in the epidermis and then delaminate into the underlying dermis. In the formation of the stalk gland, by contrast, undifferentiated cells delaminate from the epidermis and then begin morphological differentiation in the dermis. During late regeneration, cells in the head and stalk glands are characterized by extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum distended with intracisternal material; moreover, the Golgi complex is closely associated with some of the large cytoplasmic vacuoles. The accumulating secretions of the two glands differ both in fine structure and in site of storage. Head gland secretions are stored intracellularly in the cytoplasmic vacuoles, while stalk gland secretions leave the gland cells in an apocrine fashion and are stored in an extracellular lumen. After regeneration, the mature cells of the head glands and stalk glands contain relatively little distended endoplasmic reticulum, although a Golgi complex is still present. Presumably, mature gland cells, in comparison to regenerating gland cells, produce relatively little secretion; instead, the glandular products elaborated during regeneration are probably stored in the mature glands with little augmentation or turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:1209592", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the electric tissue of Narcine brasiliensis.", "content": "The anatomy of electroplaques of Narcine brasiliensis has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. The ventral faces of the plaques are innervated with an abundance of branching nerves in close contact with the underlying (postsynaptic) membrane. Large numbers of troughs and evaginations of the postsynaptic membrane serve to increase its surface area. Fibroblasts are closely associated with the dorsal faces which appear covered with a matrix of fibrous material. Well-washed dorsal surfaces of single electroplaques are free of this matrix. The dorsal surface area is considerably increased by tubules extending into, and projections out of, the surface.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the electric tissue of Narcine brasiliensis. The anatomy of electroplaques of Narcine brasiliensis has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. The ventral faces of the plaques are innervated with an abundance of branching nerves in close contact with the underlying (postsynaptic) membrane. Large numbers of troughs and evaginations of the postsynaptic membrane serve to increase its surface area. Fibroblasts are closely associated with the dorsal faces which appear covered with a matrix of fibrous material. Well-washed dorsal surfaces of single electroplaques are free of this matrix. The dorsal surface area is considerably increased by tubules extending into, and projections out of, the surface."}
{"id": "PMID:1209603", "title": "Effects of change in frequency of stimulation on myocardial depression produced by thiamylal and halothane.", "content": "The effects of change in the frequency of stimulation on the myocardial contractility depressed by thiamylal and halothane were studied in isolated dog heart muscle. An increase in the frequency of stimulation from 0.1 to 0.6 cps resulted in a progressive in increase in net-shortening (delta1) and maximum velocity of shortening at 0.4 g preload (V'max), namely a positive staircase. The myocardium previously depressed to a similar degree by thiamylal or halothane still showed a positive staircase. This result indicates that the mechanism to produce the myocardial depression by thiamylal or halothane is not a complete inhibition of Ca++ influx across the cell membrane. The time to reach a steady state of contraction following an increase in the frequency of stimulation was longer in the presence than in the absence of these anesthetics. The degree of recovery from the myocardial depression by increasing the frequency of stimulation was much higher in the presence of thiamylal than in the presence of halothane. This fact suggests that the mechanism to produce the myocardial depression may be different in there two anesthetics.", "contents": "Effects of change in frequency of stimulation on myocardial depression produced by thiamylal and halothane. The effects of change in the frequency of stimulation on the myocardial contractility depressed by thiamylal and halothane were studied in isolated dog heart muscle. An increase in the frequency of stimulation from 0.1 to 0.6 cps resulted in a progressive in increase in net-shortening (delta1) and maximum velocity of shortening at 0.4 g preload (V'max), namely a positive staircase. The myocardium previously depressed to a similar degree by thiamylal or halothane still showed a positive staircase. This result indicates that the mechanism to produce the myocardial depression by thiamylal or halothane is not a complete inhibition of Ca++ influx across the cell membrane. The time to reach a steady state of contraction following an increase in the frequency of stimulation was longer in the presence than in the absence of these anesthetics. The degree of recovery from the myocardial depression by increasing the frequency of stimulation was much higher in the presence of thiamylal than in the presence of halothane. This fact suggests that the mechanism to produce the myocardial depression may be different in there two anesthetics."}
{"id": "PMID:1209604", "title": "Leukocyte adenyl cyclase activity in human bronchial asthma.", "content": "Changes in adenyl cyclase activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes were investigated in patients with bronchial asthma. Estimation of the leukocyte adenyl cyclase activity was carried out following in vitro stimulation by sodium fluoride (NaF) or metaproternol. The NaF-stimulated adenyl cyclase activity was significantly lower during asthmatic attacks. An oral administration of metaproterenol to patients during an attack was found to enhance the activity back to the control levels. Off-attack asthmatic patients showed a normal value which was again elevated considerably when they were administered metaproterenol. In contrast, measurements of adenyl cyclase activity using metaproterenol stimulation showed little change in patients in spite of asthmatic attacks or metaproterenol regimen. The lowering of the NaF-stimulated leukocyte adenyl cyclase activity was inversely proportional to the degree of lymphopenia during attacks and positively correlated with an increasing percentage of neutrophils.", "contents": "Leukocyte adenyl cyclase activity in human bronchial asthma. Changes in adenyl cyclase activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes were investigated in patients with bronchial asthma. Estimation of the leukocyte adenyl cyclase activity was carried out following in vitro stimulation by sodium fluoride (NaF) or metaproternol. The NaF-stimulated adenyl cyclase activity was significantly lower during asthmatic attacks. An oral administration of metaproterenol to patients during an attack was found to enhance the activity back to the control levels. Off-attack asthmatic patients showed a normal value which was again elevated considerably when they were administered metaproterenol. In contrast, measurements of adenyl cyclase activity using metaproterenol stimulation showed little change in patients in spite of asthmatic attacks or metaproterenol regimen. The lowering of the NaF-stimulated leukocyte adenyl cyclase activity was inversely proportional to the degree of lymphopenia during attacks and positively correlated with an increasing percentage of neutrophils."}
{"id": "PMID:1209605", "title": "Effects of isolation on mice in relation to age and sex.", "content": "Isolated-housing conditions (a single mouse in cage) have been reported to induce various changes in physiological and behavioral characters of mice comparing with collective-housing conditions. However, the effect of age and sex has not been studied in detail. In this report, the young (8 or 11 weeks old) and the mature (29 weeks old for male and 32 weeks for female) of both sexes were comparatively studied on the response to isolation. The duration of isolation was 12-13 weeks. Significant differences were seen in body weight, weights of fur and interscapular adipose tissue, and weight of adrenals in male, and the difference in weight of adrenals was more outstanding in the young than in the mature. In female, only weight of ovaries differed significantly between the isolation and the collective groups, and the difference prevailed in the young than in the mature. The heavy body weight with fat deposition and small adrenals in the isolated male is not consistent with the results on the isolated male rat (Hatch et al. 1965). Small ovary in the isolated female is a similar finding to reports on mice (Weltman et al. 1962) and on rats (Hatch et al. 1965).", "contents": "Effects of isolation on mice in relation to age and sex. Isolated-housing conditions (a single mouse in cage) have been reported to induce various changes in physiological and behavioral characters of mice comparing with collective-housing conditions. However, the effect of age and sex has not been studied in detail. In this report, the young (8 or 11 weeks old) and the mature (29 weeks old for male and 32 weeks for female) of both sexes were comparatively studied on the response to isolation. The duration of isolation was 12-13 weeks. Significant differences were seen in body weight, weights of fur and interscapular adipose tissue, and weight of adrenals in male, and the difference in weight of adrenals was more outstanding in the young than in the mature. In female, only weight of ovaries differed significantly between the isolation and the collective groups, and the difference prevailed in the young than in the mature. The heavy body weight with fat deposition and small adrenals in the isolated male is not consistent with the results on the isolated male rat (Hatch et al. 1965). Small ovary in the isolated female is a similar finding to reports on mice (Weltman et al. 1962) and on rats (Hatch et al. 1965)."}
{"id": "PMID:1209606", "title": "Studies on the experimental phenylketonuria in rats.", "content": "Wister albino pregnant rats were fed on pellets containing 3.5% L-phenylalanine (Phe) from 10 days before the expected date of birth. The diet was then switched to 7% Phe pellets at the third week after birth. Baby rats were reared with breast milk, and weaned at the end of the 4th week after birth; thereafter, they were reared with a normal diet for one week at the 5th week, and then were given 7% Phe diet from the 6th week. These rats, which were reared with a diet of high Phe, showed a similar metabolic pattern to that of human phenylketonuria (PKU) in the following aspects: definite suppression of the liver Phe hydroxylase activity, excretion of a large amount of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and phenyllactic acid (PLA) into urine, and an elvated level of blood Phe content. But, they had an excessive amount of blood tyrosine (Tyr), and concurrently excreted massive homogentisic acid (HGA) in urine just as in human tyrosinemia alkaptonuria. The absence of urinary o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (o-HPAA) was also a distinct difference from human PKU. In some rats, mild inhibition of the liver Phe hydroxylase activity was observed. In other rats, there was no excretion of PPA into urine as in human hyperphenylalaninemia. Further, the regulatory mechanism of Phe catabolism of experimental PKU was discussed by analysing the enzyme activity of the liver Phe hydroxylase, phenylalanine-pyruvate (Phe-Pyr) transaminase and tyrosine alpha-ketoglutarate (Tyr-alpha-Kg) transaminase at different developmental stages of the rats.", "contents": "Studies on the experimental phenylketonuria in rats. Wister albino pregnant rats were fed on pellets containing 3.5% L-phenylalanine (Phe) from 10 days before the expected date of birth. The diet was then switched to 7% Phe pellets at the third week after birth. Baby rats were reared with breast milk, and weaned at the end of the 4th week after birth; thereafter, they were reared with a normal diet for one week at the 5th week, and then were given 7% Phe diet from the 6th week. These rats, which were reared with a diet of high Phe, showed a similar metabolic pattern to that of human phenylketonuria (PKU) in the following aspects: definite suppression of the liver Phe hydroxylase activity, excretion of a large amount of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and phenyllactic acid (PLA) into urine, and an elvated level of blood Phe content. But, they had an excessive amount of blood tyrosine (Tyr), and concurrently excreted massive homogentisic acid (HGA) in urine just as in human tyrosinemia alkaptonuria. The absence of urinary o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (o-HPAA) was also a distinct difference from human PKU. In some rats, mild inhibition of the liver Phe hydroxylase activity was observed. In other rats, there was no excretion of PPA into urine as in human hyperphenylalaninemia. Further, the regulatory mechanism of Phe catabolism of experimental PKU was discussed by analysing the enzyme activity of the liver Phe hydroxylase, phenylalanine-pyruvate (Phe-Pyr) transaminase and tyrosine alpha-ketoglutarate (Tyr-alpha-Kg) transaminase at different developmental stages of the rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1209607", "title": "Electrophoretic, immunologic and kinetic characterization of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase in the Basenji dog with pyruvate kinase deficiency.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility and the immunologic specificity of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) of the homozygous Basenji dog with PK deficiency were identical to those of normal M2-type PK isozyme seen in the white cell but not to those of the erythrocyte PK isozyme. Kinetic properties and stability were also consistent with the M2-type PK isozyme. Defective PK in the homozygous red cell was due to the absence of the erythrocyte PK isozyme and the compensatory presence of M2-type PK isozyme, as seen in the severe classical type PK deficiency in man.", "contents": "Electrophoretic, immunologic and kinetic characterization of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase in the Basenji dog with pyruvate kinase deficiency. The electrophoretic mobility and the immunologic specificity of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) of the homozygous Basenji dog with PK deficiency were identical to those of normal M2-type PK isozyme seen in the white cell but not to those of the erythrocyte PK isozyme. Kinetic properties and stability were also consistent with the M2-type PK isozyme. Defective PK in the homozygous red cell was due to the absence of the erythrocyte PK isozyme and the compensatory presence of M2-type PK isozyme, as seen in the severe classical type PK deficiency in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1209608", "title": "Exertional hemoglobinuria.", "content": "A 16 years old boy had a typical exertional hemoglobinuria after walking with his new leather shoes on. The attacks of hemoglobinuria were associated with the appearance of an unstable hemoglobin in red cells. A slightly decreased fragility curve by 24 hr incubated red cells, the increase of autohemolysis and the appearance of heat labile hemoglobin were observed after exertion. These findings support that exertional hemoglobinuria may be regarded as a transitory erythropathia.", "contents": "Exertional hemoglobinuria. A 16 years old boy had a typical exertional hemoglobinuria after walking with his new leather shoes on. The attacks of hemoglobinuria were associated with the appearance of an unstable hemoglobin in red cells. A slightly decreased fragility curve by 24 hr incubated red cells, the increase of autohemolysis and the appearance of heat labile hemoglobin were observed after exertion. These findings support that exertional hemoglobinuria may be regarded as a transitory erythropathia."}
{"id": "PMID:1209609", "title": "Three GM1-gangliosidoses and a variant of beta-galactosidase deficiency.", "content": "The clinical, pathological, chemical and enzymatic differences between three types of GM1-gangliosidosis and a variant of beta-galactosidase deficiency were described.", "contents": "Three GM1-gangliosidoses and a variant of beta-galactosidase deficiency. The clinical, pathological, chemical and enzymatic differences between three types of GM1-gangliosidosis and a variant of beta-galactosidase deficiency were described."}
{"id": "PMID:1209610", "title": "Effect of morphine on PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "The effect of morphine on lymphocyte blastoid transformation induced by PHA was studied in vitro by observing the uptake of 3H-thymidine into nucleic acid of the lymphocytes. Morphine at the estimated clinical blood concentrations did not inhibit lymphocyte blastoid transformation.", "contents": "Effect of morphine on PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte transformation. The effect of morphine on lymphocyte blastoid transformation induced by PHA was studied in vitro by observing the uptake of 3H-thymidine into nucleic acid of the lymphocytes. Morphine at the estimated clinical blood concentrations did not inhibit lymphocyte blastoid transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:1209611", "title": "Inhibitory substance (substance I) in rat liver of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and its effect on the rat blood pressure.", "content": "In a series of experiments undertaken to investigate the naturally occurring inhibitors of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, we extracted some active substance from rat liver. This substance was named \"substance I\" because of its inhibitory effect on the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Substance I had some hypotensive effect on the rat blood pressure.", "contents": "Inhibitory substance (substance I) in rat liver of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and its effect on the rat blood pressure. In a series of experiments undertaken to investigate the naturally occurring inhibitors of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, we extracted some active substance from rat liver. This substance was named \"substance I\" because of its inhibitory effect on the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Substance I had some hypotensive effect on the rat blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1209612", "title": "Analysis of diastolic pressure-volume relation of the canine left ventricle: half-inflation pressure as an index of left ventricular compliance.", "content": "A sensitive index was proposed for the determination of left ventricular compliance. In the isolated potassium-arrested canine left ventricle, the pressure-volume (P-V) relationship was expressed as deltaV=a-be-cP throughout the range of filling pressure from 0 to 40 cmH2O, where deltaV and P were the actual volume change and intraventricular pressure, and a, b and c were constants. Then, half-inflation pressure (h) was calculated from h=[ln(2b/a)]/c. Left ventricular weight (LVW), intraventricular volume (LVV), ventricular external radius (ro) and internal radius (ri) were obtained from the measurements on the left ventricle, fixed at a filling pressure of 10 cmH2O. Then, LVVp=h, ro and ri at h were calculated. In the normal canine hearts, h was well correlated to LVW/LVVp=h and [(ro-ri)/ri]p=h. On the other hand, h/LVW/LVVp=h and h/[(ro-ri)/ri]p=h were constant and independent of LVW within a range of 40 to 150 g. These ratios rose markedly in the state of rigor mortis. From these results, it was concluded that h/LVW/LVVp=h and h/[(ro-ri)/ri]p=h depended on the left ventricular wall stiffness. And h was influenced by changes in LVW/LVVp=h and [(ro-ri)/ri]p=h in the absence of changes in intrinsic muscle stiffness.", "contents": "Analysis of diastolic pressure-volume relation of the canine left ventricle: half-inflation pressure as an index of left ventricular compliance. A sensitive index was proposed for the determination of left ventricular compliance. In the isolated potassium-arrested canine left ventricle, the pressure-volume (P-V) relationship was expressed as deltaV=a-be-cP throughout the range of filling pressure from 0 to 40 cmH2O, where deltaV and P were the actual volume change and intraventricular pressure, and a, b and c were constants. Then, half-inflation pressure (h) was calculated from h=[ln(2b/a)]/c. Left ventricular weight (LVW), intraventricular volume (LVV), ventricular external radius (ro) and internal radius (ri) were obtained from the measurements on the left ventricle, fixed at a filling pressure of 10 cmH2O. Then, LVVp=h, ro and ri at h were calculated. In the normal canine hearts, h was well correlated to LVW/LVVp=h and [(ro-ri)/ri]p=h. On the other hand, h/LVW/LVVp=h and h/[(ro-ri)/ri]p=h were constant and independent of LVW within a range of 40 to 150 g. These ratios rose markedly in the state of rigor mortis. From these results, it was concluded that h/LVW/LVVp=h and h/[(ro-ri)/ri]p=h depended on the left ventricular wall stiffness. And h was influenced by changes in LVW/LVVp=h and [(ro-ri)/ri]p=h in the absence of changes in intrinsic muscle stiffness."}
{"id": "PMID:1209613", "title": "Acoustical studies on respiratory sounds in asthmatic patients.", "content": "Changes in the breathing sounds such as stridor and dry and wet rales in asthmatic patients were studied. The breathing sounds were recorded with the small transistor warp type microphone inserted through the nasal orifice into the trachea, main bronchi and segmental bronchi, and were analyzed with sound analyzer. The results were as follows: The whistling rales were caused by the resonance of the bronchial wall, when the vibrating frequency was coincident with its specific frequency. Snoring rales were explained as the sound caused by the air flow passing promptly through contracted bronchi with little secretion. Resonance of either bronchial wall or highly viscous sputum was considered to be responsible for the sonorous rales. Sibilant rales were audible when bronchi promptly repeated dilation and contraction. Stridor was picked up at the upper part of the air tract, from the main bronchus to the trachea, and noise was the main component on the sonogram, presumably caused by the air turbulence due to the narrowing and deformity of bronchial tube or to the sputum adhering to the inner surface of the air tract.", "contents": "Acoustical studies on respiratory sounds in asthmatic patients. Changes in the breathing sounds such as stridor and dry and wet rales in asthmatic patients were studied. The breathing sounds were recorded with the small transistor warp type microphone inserted through the nasal orifice into the trachea, main bronchi and segmental bronchi, and were analyzed with sound analyzer. The results were as follows: The whistling rales were caused by the resonance of the bronchial wall, when the vibrating frequency was coincident with its specific frequency. Snoring rales were explained as the sound caused by the air flow passing promptly through contracted bronchi with little secretion. Resonance of either bronchial wall or highly viscous sputum was considered to be responsible for the sonorous rales. Sibilant rales were audible when bronchi promptly repeated dilation and contraction. Stridor was picked up at the upper part of the air tract, from the main bronchus to the trachea, and noise was the main component on the sonogram, presumably caused by the air turbulence due to the narrowing and deformity of bronchial tube or to the sputum adhering to the inner surface of the air tract."}
{"id": "PMID:1209614", "title": "Metabolism of short chain fatty acid in rat liver in biliary obstruction.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the hepatic insufficiency in obstructive jaundice, hepatic metabolic rate of n-butyric acid, ketogenesis and CO2 formation from butyric acid were investigated using liver slices obtained from rats subjected to choledochal ligation or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection. The hepatic metabolic rate of n-butyric acid was reduced with the prolongation of biliary obstruction, and the reduction was presumed to be caused for the most part by the reduced ketogenesis and in part by the impairment of the citric acid cycle (TCA-cycle). In 3approximately4 weeks after biliary obstruction, the metabolic rate reduced to a level comparable to liver necrosis produced by CCl4. This reduction of the metabolic rate of n-butyric acid is postulated as one of the pathogenic factors for fatal liver insufficiency in many cases of obstructive jaundice. While the reduction is mild and mobile in the early stage of jaundice, it may be of significance for preventing fatal liver insufficiency to relieve the obstruction as early as possible.", "contents": "Metabolism of short chain fatty acid in rat liver in biliary obstruction. In an attempt to clarify the hepatic insufficiency in obstructive jaundice, hepatic metabolic rate of n-butyric acid, ketogenesis and CO2 formation from butyric acid were investigated using liver slices obtained from rats subjected to choledochal ligation or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection. The hepatic metabolic rate of n-butyric acid was reduced with the prolongation of biliary obstruction, and the reduction was presumed to be caused for the most part by the reduced ketogenesis and in part by the impairment of the citric acid cycle (TCA-cycle). In 3approximately4 weeks after biliary obstruction, the metabolic rate reduced to a level comparable to liver necrosis produced by CCl4. This reduction of the metabolic rate of n-butyric acid is postulated as one of the pathogenic factors for fatal liver insufficiency in many cases of obstructive jaundice. While the reduction is mild and mobile in the early stage of jaundice, it may be of significance for preventing fatal liver insufficiency to relieve the obstruction as early as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1209615", "title": "Cat scratch disease.", "content": "Cat scratch disease developed on a 40-year-old wife was reported. Umbilicated papules closely resembling those in herpetic skin infection development on the areas which had been scratched by a cat a week ago. Obtained findings in the present case led us to a speculation that this disease was caused by herpes virus.  72 cases of this disease have been reported in Japan, and they were reviewed in the present paper.", "contents": "Cat scratch disease. Cat scratch disease developed on a 40-year-old wife was reported. Umbilicated papules closely resembling those in herpetic skin infection development on the areas which had been scratched by a cat a week ago. Obtained findings in the present case led us to a speculation that this disease was caused by herpes virus.  72 cases of this disease have been reported in Japan, and they were reviewed in the present paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1209616", "title": "Studies on the fibercolonoscopy: with special reference to the latest procedures.", "content": "The Machida type fibercolonoscope, or FCS, devised by us is an anterior direct vision type of fiberscope. The most important feature of this new fiberscope consists of a tip of 5 cm size which is capable of being directed by flection up to 120 degrees in any direction and the tip up to 30 cm possessing a fishing-rod-like flexibility and elasticity by means of a special spiral spring. This angle-regulating mechanism makes it possible to insert this instrument along the course of the intestine under direct visual control. The fishing-rod-like construction where the maximal flexibility is greatest at the tip makes it considerably easier to pass sites of marked flexure in the colon. At examination the insertion of the instrument is guided by direct observation and by roentgenoscopy. The results in 200 cases in 1970 and thereafter, when operative techniques No. I, II and III devised previously by us were used, showed that successful insertion into the cecum was possible in 139 out of 173 cases (80%) except 27 cases of pathological stenosis due to cancer and other reasons. Thus fibercolonoscopy now enables the direct observation of the colon beyond the reach of the signoidoscope, providing a useful diagnostic procedure. Furthermore, a medium-long fibercolonoscope or FCS-M has been produced by us for examination of the lower portion of the large intestine. This is used in the inverted position without roentgenoscopic guidance as in conventional sigmoidoscopy. When this method, fibersigmoidoscopy, was used in 120 cases, it was possible to examine up to the transverse colon in 19 cases, the splenic flexure in 22 cases and the descending colon in 39 cases without the use of special techniques I, II and III. Thus in the majority of cases it is possible to carry out the examination of the left colon in this manner. The usefulness of fibersigmoidoscopy in the practical clinic is, therefore, rather larger than that of fibercolonoscopy.", "contents": "Studies on the fibercolonoscopy: with special reference to the latest procedures. The Machida type fibercolonoscope, or FCS, devised by us is an anterior direct vision type of fiberscope. The most important feature of this new fiberscope consists of a tip of 5 cm size which is capable of being directed by flection up to 120 degrees in any direction and the tip up to 30 cm possessing a fishing-rod-like flexibility and elasticity by means of a special spiral spring. This angle-regulating mechanism makes it possible to insert this instrument along the course of the intestine under direct visual control. The fishing-rod-like construction where the maximal flexibility is greatest at the tip makes it considerably easier to pass sites of marked flexure in the colon. At examination the insertion of the instrument is guided by direct observation and by roentgenoscopy. The results in 200 cases in 1970 and thereafter, when operative techniques No. I, II and III devised previously by us were used, showed that successful insertion into the cecum was possible in 139 out of 173 cases (80%) except 27 cases of pathological stenosis due to cancer and other reasons. Thus fibercolonoscopy now enables the direct observation of the colon beyond the reach of the signoidoscope, providing a useful diagnostic procedure. Furthermore, a medium-long fibercolonoscope or FCS-M has been produced by us for examination of the lower portion of the large intestine. This is used in the inverted position without roentgenoscopic guidance as in conventional sigmoidoscopy. When this method, fibersigmoidoscopy, was used in 120 cases, it was possible to examine up to the transverse colon in 19 cases, the splenic flexure in 22 cases and the descending colon in 39 cases without the use of special techniques I, II and III. Thus in the majority of cases it is possible to carry out the examination of the left colon in this manner. The usefulness of fibersigmoidoscopy in the practical clinic is, therefore, rather larger than that of fibercolonoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:1209617", "title": "Desquamation of renal epithelial cells as a route of mercury excretion in man: a preliminary study.", "content": "Urine of mercury-exposed workers in a chlorine manufacturing factory and of staffs of our laboratory was separated in the supernatant solution and the precipitate by a centrifugation of 105,000 Xg for 60 min. The ratio of the amount of inorganic mercury in the precipitate to that in the supernatant solution ranged from 0.23 to 4.84, and was dependent upon the level of urinary mercury. The role of the desquamation of tubular cells is suggested as a possible route of urinary excretion of mercury.", "contents": "Desquamation of renal epithelial cells as a route of mercury excretion in man: a preliminary study. Urine of mercury-exposed workers in a chlorine manufacturing factory and of staffs of our laboratory was separated in the supernatant solution and the precipitate by a centrifugation of 105,000 Xg for 60 min. The ratio of the amount of inorganic mercury in the precipitate to that in the supernatant solution ranged from 0.23 to 4.84, and was dependent upon the level of urinary mercury. The role of the desquamation of tubular cells is suggested as a possible route of urinary excretion of mercury."}
{"id": "PMID:1209618", "title": "Neuromuscular blocking properties of some antibiotics in man.", "content": "Neuromuscular blocking properties of ribostamycin (1 gm), dibecacin (100 mg) and tobramycin (60 mg) were studied in a man during anesthesia and surgery by observing the effects of these antibiotics on muscle twitch tension. These drugs alone did not show any neuromuscular blocking action in those therapeutic doses. However, during the recovery phase of d-tubocurarine block the intravenous administration of 1 gm of ribostamycin caused a fairly rapid decrease in twitch tension. Tobramycin 60 mg did not show any remarkable effect, but dibecacin 100 mg produced a slight potentiating effect on the action of d-tubocurarine. The enhancement of the action of d-tubocurarine was antagonized promptly by edrophonium and more slowly by calcium.", "contents": "Neuromuscular blocking properties of some antibiotics in man. Neuromuscular blocking properties of ribostamycin (1 gm), dibecacin (100 mg) and tobramycin (60 mg) were studied in a man during anesthesia and surgery by observing the effects of these antibiotics on muscle twitch tension. These drugs alone did not show any neuromuscular blocking action in those therapeutic doses. However, during the recovery phase of d-tubocurarine block the intravenous administration of 1 gm of ribostamycin caused a fairly rapid decrease in twitch tension. Tobramycin 60 mg did not show any remarkable effect, but dibecacin 100 mg produced a slight potentiating effect on the action of d-tubocurarine. The enhancement of the action of d-tubocurarine was antagonized promptly by edrophonium and more slowly by calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:1209645", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of aerosol propellants. I. Cardiac depression in the dog.", "content": "The inhalation of fluorocarbons caused a depression of myocardial contractility, aortic hypotension, a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The minimal concentrations that elicited these changes are as follows: 1% trichlorofluoromethane (FC11); 2.5% dichlorotetrafluoroethane (FC114); and 10% dichlorodifluoromethane (FC12). Inhalation of 20% octafluorocyclobutane (FC318) and difluoroethane (FC152a) did not influence these hemodynamic parameters. As in previous comparisons, the most widely used aerosol propellants are potentially cardiotoxic in the anesthetized dog.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of aerosol propellants. I. Cardiac depression in the dog. The inhalation of fluorocarbons caused a depression of myocardial contractility, aortic hypotension, a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The minimal concentrations that elicited these changes are as follows: 1% trichlorofluoromethane (FC11); 2.5% dichlorotetrafluoroethane (FC114); and 10% dichlorodifluoromethane (FC12). Inhalation of 20% octafluorocyclobutane (FC318) and difluoroethane (FC152a) did not influence these hemodynamic parameters. As in previous comparisons, the most widely used aerosol propellants are potentially cardiotoxic in the anesthetized dog."}
{"id": "PMID:1209646", "title": "The effect of massive transplacental iron loading.", "content": "Intravenous injection of three doses of 50 mg Fe/kg (total dose 150 mg Fe/kg) as iron dextran into rabbits late in pregnancy (days 26, 28, and 30 of gestation) reduced the weight gain of the dams and increased fetal mortality. Three doses of 20 mg Fe/kg also increased fetal mortality, while three doses of 5 mg Fe/kg were without effect. Liver and kidney iron concentrations of the dams and offspring were markedly increased at the time of parturition by treatment with a total dose of 150 mg Fe/kg. At 6 weeks after birth the liver and kidney iron concentrations of offspring from treated dams were comparable to those from control dams. The liver and kidney iron concentrations of the treated dams were significantly reduced from the levels found immediately post-partum. In the rat, four i.v. doses of 200 mg Fe/kg as iron dextran on days 17, 18, 19, and 20 of gestation (total dose 800 mg Fe/kg) produced tremors, reduced body weight gain, and reduced food consumption in the dams. The growth and survival of the offspring were adversely influenced by these effects on the dam. The liver iron concentration in offspring of rats treated with 800 and 400 mg Fe/kg was increased at parturition, but had returned to normal at 4 weeks of age. No iron-induced pathology was evident in the offspring of either rabbits or rats after 14 and 18 weeks, respectively.", "contents": "The effect of massive transplacental iron loading. Intravenous injection of three doses of 50 mg Fe/kg (total dose 150 mg Fe/kg) as iron dextran into rabbits late in pregnancy (days 26, 28, and 30 of gestation) reduced the weight gain of the dams and increased fetal mortality. Three doses of 20 mg Fe/kg also increased fetal mortality, while three doses of 5 mg Fe/kg were without effect. Liver and kidney iron concentrations of the dams and offspring were markedly increased at the time of parturition by treatment with a total dose of 150 mg Fe/kg. At 6 weeks after birth the liver and kidney iron concentrations of offspring from treated dams were comparable to those from control dams. The liver and kidney iron concentrations of the treated dams were significantly reduced from the levels found immediately post-partum. In the rat, four i.v. doses of 200 mg Fe/kg as iron dextran on days 17, 18, 19, and 20 of gestation (total dose 800 mg Fe/kg) produced tremors, reduced body weight gain, and reduced food consumption in the dams. The growth and survival of the offspring were adversely influenced by these effects on the dam. The liver iron concentration in offspring of rats treated with 800 and 400 mg Fe/kg was increased at parturition, but had returned to normal at 4 weeks of age. No iron-induced pathology was evident in the offspring of either rabbits or rats after 14 and 18 weeks, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1209647", "title": "Lead and active calcium transfer through the intestinal wall in rats.", "content": "5-week-old female albino rats were given daily doses of lead as acetate ranging from 2 mug to 20 mg by gastric intubation for 1 week. The animals were sacrificed on the 8th day of the experiment. Calcium-45 and (in some experiments) strontium-85 were used as markers to assess their active transfer through the duodenal wall by the everted gut sac method of Wilson and Wiseman. The active transport ratios of both calcium and strontium, as well as their retention in the intestinal wall were unaffected by the lead treatment of the animals. As the total calcium transport was found earlier to be diminished by lead treatment it is concluded that lead influences the passive transport, possibly by fixation to the intestinal wall.", "contents": "Lead and active calcium transfer through the intestinal wall in rats. 5-week-old female albino rats were given daily doses of lead as acetate ranging from 2 mug to 20 mg by gastric intubation for 1 week. The animals were sacrificed on the 8th day of the experiment. Calcium-45 and (in some experiments) strontium-85 were used as markers to assess their active transfer through the duodenal wall by the everted gut sac method of Wilson and Wiseman. The active transport ratios of both calcium and strontium, as well as their retention in the intestinal wall were unaffected by the lead treatment of the animals. As the total calcium transport was found earlier to be diminished by lead treatment it is concluded that lead influences the passive transport, possibly by fixation to the intestinal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1209648", "title": "Reversible inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in human cells by lead chloride.", "content": "An acute intoxication by lead chloride (conc. 2.5 - 10(-4)M) produces a temporary reduction of macromolecular syntheses in HeLa cells growing asynchronously. The reduction is similar for DNA, RNA and proteins and differs only in the intensity. After a one-day intoxication, if the cells are put back in a fresh medium, the syntheses return to normal within 10 h. The histochemical sulphide-silver method shows that lead is present in the cells during the inhibition.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in human cells by lead chloride. An acute intoxication by lead chloride (conc. 2.5 - 10(-4)M) produces a temporary reduction of macromolecular syntheses in HeLa cells growing asynchronously. The reduction is similar for DNA, RNA and proteins and differs only in the intensity. After a one-day intoxication, if the cells are put back in a fresh medium, the syntheses return to normal within 10 h. The histochemical sulphide-silver method shows that lead is present in the cells during the inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:1209649", "title": "Effect of intratracheal injection of mica dust on the lymph nodes of guinea pigs.", "content": "Histopathological changes in the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes were studied up to 365 days in guinea pigs following intratracheal injection of a suspension of mica dust. In general, the cytotoxic effect provoked by dust was not pronounced as the majority of the swollen dust-laden macrophages retained their normal structure at the termination of the experiment and fibrotic lesions were limited to the formation of thick reticulin fibers. The poor fibrogenic response of mica dust has been attributed to its low cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Effect of intratracheal injection of mica dust on the lymph nodes of guinea pigs. Histopathological changes in the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes were studied up to 365 days in guinea pigs following intratracheal injection of a suspension of mica dust. In general, the cytotoxic effect provoked by dust was not pronounced as the majority of the swollen dust-laden macrophages retained their normal structure at the termination of the experiment and fibrotic lesions were limited to the formation of thick reticulin fibers. The poor fibrogenic response of mica dust has been attributed to its low cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:1209650", "title": "A study of the embryotoxicity of the food colour Ponceau 4 R in rats.", "content": "An embryotoxicity study on Ponceau 4 R was carried out in SPF Wistar rats. The substance was given by gavage from day 1 to 20 of the gestation period in doses of 0, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg bw per day, dissolved in distilled water. The foetuses were removed on day 21. No effect due to the treatment with the dye was observed with regard to the number of corpora luteae (CL), of implantations, of foetuses dead or alive with regard to gross malformations, to skeletal and internal malformations or to the weight of the foetuses.", "contents": "A study of the embryotoxicity of the food colour Ponceau 4 R in rats. An embryotoxicity study on Ponceau 4 R was carried out in SPF Wistar rats. The substance was given by gavage from day 1 to 20 of the gestation period in doses of 0, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg bw per day, dissolved in distilled water. The foetuses were removed on day 21. No effect due to the treatment with the dye was observed with regard to the number of corpora luteae (CL), of implantations, of foetuses dead or alive with regard to gross malformations, to skeletal and internal malformations or to the weight of the foetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:1209651", "title": "Comparative percutaneous absorption of pyrithiones.", "content": "The percutaneous absorption of 3H or 35S labelled pyridine-2-thione-N-oxide (PT) through the skin of rat, rabbit and guinea pigs in vivo is reported. The sodium (Na) zinc (Zn) and zirconium (Zr) derivatives of PT were studied and the effects of duration of contact and concentration of the NaPT and ZnPT in test solutions were examined. Shampoo test solutions containing the isotopically labelled PT were applied to the skin of the animals. The skins were then rinsed, the treated areas of skin protected and excreta were monitored for the isotope for 2 days after treatment. Penetration was calculated from the amounts of isotope in the excreta. Further groups of animals were treated with test solutions applied under occlusive patches for 6 h before rinsing the skin. The turnover of Na and ZnPT in the three species after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection was measured. All three species rapidly excreted the injected isotope principally via the urine. The comparative penetration of the three PT samples was Na greater than Zr greater than Zn from all treatments. The comparative permeability of the animals' skins to these PTs was rabbit greater than rat greater than guinea pig. NaPT penetration was found to be dependent upon duration of contact and concentration in the test solution whereas the penetration of ZnPT was found to be proportional to concentration but independent of duration of contact of the test solution. Extrapolation of these findings to the use of shampoos containing up to 1% (w/v) ZnPT by man indicated an adequate margin of safety for use of this type of product.", "contents": "Comparative percutaneous absorption of pyrithiones. The percutaneous absorption of 3H or 35S labelled pyridine-2-thione-N-oxide (PT) through the skin of rat, rabbit and guinea pigs in vivo is reported. The sodium (Na) zinc (Zn) and zirconium (Zr) derivatives of PT were studied and the effects of duration of contact and concentration of the NaPT and ZnPT in test solutions were examined. Shampoo test solutions containing the isotopically labelled PT were applied to the skin of the animals. The skins were then rinsed, the treated areas of skin protected and excreta were monitored for the isotope for 2 days after treatment. Penetration was calculated from the amounts of isotope in the excreta. Further groups of animals were treated with test solutions applied under occlusive patches for 6 h before rinsing the skin. The turnover of Na and ZnPT in the three species after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection was measured. All three species rapidly excreted the injected isotope principally via the urine. The comparative penetration of the three PT samples was Na greater than Zr greater than Zn from all treatments. The comparative permeability of the animals' skins to these PTs was rabbit greater than rat greater than guinea pig. NaPT penetration was found to be dependent upon duration of contact and concentration in the test solution whereas the penetration of ZnPT was found to be proportional to concentration but independent of duration of contact of the test solution. Extrapolation of these findings to the use of shampoos containing up to 1% (w/v) ZnPT by man indicated an adequate margin of safety for use of this type of product."}
{"id": "PMID:1209652", "title": "Removal of manganese by chelating agents from brain and liver of manganese treated rats: as in vitro and an in vivo study.", "content": "Some chelating agents were examined for their ability to remove manganese from brain and liver (in vivo) and their sub-cellular fractions (in vitro), of rats pretreated with manganese sulphate. Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (CDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) were extremely effective in vivo while CDTA and p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) were efficient in vitro.", "contents": "Removal of manganese by chelating agents from brain and liver of manganese treated rats: as in vitro and an in vivo study. Some chelating agents were examined for their ability to remove manganese from brain and liver (in vivo) and their sub-cellular fractions (in vitro), of rats pretreated with manganese sulphate. Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (CDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) were extremely effective in vivo while CDTA and p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) were efficient in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1209653", "title": "The erythrocyte transport and transfer of methylmercury to the tissues of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "Methylmercury (MeHg) was found to be taken up rapidly and almost completely by trout red blood cells (RBC) both in vitro and in vivo. The binding of MeHg within the RBC was freely reversible both in vitro, as shown by the efflux of MeHg from RBCs suspended in protein solutions, and in vivo following intracardial (i.c.) injection of RBC-bound MeHg. Hemoglobin (Hb) appeared to be the main MeHg transport protein in trout blood since it bound 90% of whole blood Hg following an intragastric dose of Me203HgCl. MeHg, injected i.c. as MeHgS-cysteine, was found to be present in blood bound almost completely to hemoglobin 10 days post-injection. This suggests an ability of hemoglobin to compete for and bind MeHg bound to other sulfhydryl (-SH) compounds. The number of reactive -SH groups per molecule of trout Hb was determined to be 4 by amperometric titration with MeHgCl. The concentration of Hb reactive -SH groups in the trout RBC was calculated to be at least 20 mM. This accounts for the high affinity of the RBC for MeHg.", "contents": "The erythrocyte transport and transfer of methylmercury to the tissues of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Methylmercury (MeHg) was found to be taken up rapidly and almost completely by trout red blood cells (RBC) both in vitro and in vivo. The binding of MeHg within the RBC was freely reversible both in vitro, as shown by the efflux of MeHg from RBCs suspended in protein solutions, and in vivo following intracardial (i.c.) injection of RBC-bound MeHg. Hemoglobin (Hb) appeared to be the main MeHg transport protein in trout blood since it bound 90% of whole blood Hg following an intragastric dose of Me203HgCl. MeHg, injected i.c. as MeHgS-cysteine, was found to be present in blood bound almost completely to hemoglobin 10 days post-injection. This suggests an ability of hemoglobin to compete for and bind MeHg bound to other sulfhydryl (-SH) compounds. The number of reactive -SH groups per molecule of trout Hb was determined to be 4 by amperometric titration with MeHgCl. The concentration of Hb reactive -SH groups in the trout RBC was calculated to be at least 20 mM. This accounts for the high affinity of the RBC for MeHg."}
{"id": "PMID:1209660", "title": "Freeze-drying from tertiary butanol in the preparation of endocardium for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope appearances and shrinkage of blocks of canine endocardium prepared by freeze-drying directly, by freeze-drying after replacing tissue water with tertiary butanol (2-methyl propan-2-ol) and by critical point drying were compared. All three methods demonstrated endothelial cells which showed nuclear prominences, microvilli and intercellular boundaries. The microvilli varied in size and number from dog to dog but were generally less well defined in specimens freeze-dried from water. Shrinkage due to t-butanol dehydration was significantly less than that which occurred in ethanol in the critical point drying method. Overall the reduction in surface area was significantly less in specimens freeze-dried directly at -65 C (6.8%) than in those dried from t-butanol at -20 C (15.4%) and those prepared bly critical point drying (22.1%). However the amount of shrinkage observed in t-butanol treated tissue was not significantly different from that which was critical point dried. It was not possible to distinguish between comparable samples prepared by these two methods on the basis of their scanning electron microscopic appearances. Thus the relative simplicity and convenience of the t-butanol method, together with its saving of time, its use of standard freeze-drying equipment and the avoidance of ice-crystal artefact justify its consideration as an alternative method of preparing wet biological tissue for scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Freeze-drying from tertiary butanol in the preparation of endocardium for scanning electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscope appearances and shrinkage of blocks of canine endocardium prepared by freeze-drying directly, by freeze-drying after replacing tissue water with tertiary butanol (2-methyl propan-2-ol) and by critical point drying were compared. All three methods demonstrated endothelial cells which showed nuclear prominences, microvilli and intercellular boundaries. The microvilli varied in size and number from dog to dog but were generally less well defined in specimens freeze-dried from water. Shrinkage due to t-butanol dehydration was significantly less than that which occurred in ethanol in the critical point drying method. Overall the reduction in surface area was significantly less in specimens freeze-dried directly at -65 C (6.8%) than in those dried from t-butanol at -20 C (15.4%) and those prepared bly critical point drying (22.1%). However the amount of shrinkage observed in t-butanol treated tissue was not significantly different from that which was critical point dried. It was not possible to distinguish between comparable samples prepared by these two methods on the basis of their scanning electron microscopic appearances. Thus the relative simplicity and convenience of the t-butanol method, together with its saving of time, its use of standard freeze-drying equipment and the avoidance of ice-crystal artefact justify its consideration as an alternative method of preparing wet biological tissue for scanning electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:1209661", "title": "Extraction of [14C] vitamin A from rat liver and kidney during processing for transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "The retention of radioisotope-labeled vitamin A during processing for electron microscopy was investigated using the livers and kidneys of vitamin A deficient rats. [15-14C]Retinol (3muCi/animal) was administered by esophageal intubation to male rats which had been maintained on a vitamin A deficient diet for five or six weeks postweaning. Glutaraldehyde- or osmium-fixed tissue was processed by three methods: a) routine (a graded series of ethanols, propylene oxide and epoxy), b) rapid (75% and 95% ethanol with three changes of epoxy), or c) water-soluble embedding (70% and 80% hydroxypropyl methacrylate). Water-soluble embedding retained the highest percentage of label in the tissue (liver: 96.31%; kidney: 98.68%). Inclusion of osmium tetroxide in the processing sequence and minimal exposure of tissue to lipid solvents were necessary for good retention of labeled vitamin A in tissues.", "contents": "Extraction of [14C] vitamin A from rat liver and kidney during processing for transmission electron microscopy. The retention of radioisotope-labeled vitamin A during processing for electron microscopy was investigated using the livers and kidneys of vitamin A deficient rats. [15-14C]Retinol (3muCi/animal) was administered by esophageal intubation to male rats which had been maintained on a vitamin A deficient diet for five or six weeks postweaning. Glutaraldehyde- or osmium-fixed tissue was processed by three methods: a) routine (a graded series of ethanols, propylene oxide and epoxy), b) rapid (75% and 95% ethanol with three changes of epoxy), or c) water-soluble embedding (70% and 80% hydroxypropyl methacrylate). Water-soluble embedding retained the highest percentage of label in the tissue (liver: 96.31%; kidney: 98.68%). Inclusion of osmium tetroxide in the processing sequence and minimal exposure of tissue to lipid solvents were necessary for good retention of labeled vitamin A in tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1209662", "title": "A simple vacuum cassette for microradiography.", "content": "Microradiography has been found to be a useful research tool for the investigation of bone formation, resorption and mineralization. Since relatively thin (60-125 mum) embedded hard tissue sections are used for this procedure, great care must be taken to ensure that the specimen is placed firmly and flatly without buckling against the photographic emulsion during the period of x-ray exposure in order to avoid distortion in the final microradiograph. The construction and use of a simple and inexpensive vacuum cassette for this purpose is described. With the use of a portable vacuum reservoir, specimen mounting can be done in a darkroom some distance from the x-ray source, often permitting the use of already existing x-ray facilities in other laboratories.", "contents": "A simple vacuum cassette for microradiography. Microradiography has been found to be a useful research tool for the investigation of bone formation, resorption and mineralization. Since relatively thin (60-125 mum) embedded hard tissue sections are used for this procedure, great care must be taken to ensure that the specimen is placed firmly and flatly without buckling against the photographic emulsion during the period of x-ray exposure in order to avoid distortion in the final microradiograph. The construction and use of a simple and inexpensive vacuum cassette for this purpose is described. With the use of a portable vacuum reservoir, specimen mounting can be done in a darkroom some distance from the x-ray source, often permitting the use of already existing x-ray facilities in other laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:1209665", "title": "[The importance of afterloading technics for radiation protection].", "content": "The importance of afterloading techniques for the improvement in radiological protection is shown. Simplifications of the constructional and operational provisions of radiation protection resulting therefrom are discussed. In this connection, the possibility is accentuated of completely giving up under certain conditions the measurement of the individual exposure doses to personnel working in the irradiation room, using long-term and short-term dosimeters.", "contents": "[The importance of afterloading technics for radiation protection]. The importance of afterloading techniques for the improvement in radiological protection is shown. Simplifications of the constructional and operational provisions of radiation protection resulting therefrom are discussed. In this connection, the possibility is accentuated of completely giving up under certain conditions the measurement of the individual exposure doses to personnel working in the irradiation room, using long-term and short-term dosimeters."}
{"id": "PMID:1209666", "title": "[Possibilities of dose distribution in the afterloading technic].", "content": "Remote (controlled) afterloading installations, offer the possibility to improve the dose distributions of the different applicators, since this apparatus permits the employment of artificial radionuclides with a high specific activity and with low energy of gamma rays. It is therefore possible to incorporate effective shielding into the applicators. The possible individual fitting of the dose distribution, however, demands considerable clinical effort, as the extension of the tumor in question has to be ascertained with sufficient accuracy. Otherwise, underdosage to tumor cells may happen within the shielded area. Most afterloading techniques are using stiff applicators and geometrical fixation within patients; configuration and position of the radiation sources in the patient therefore remain unchanged during the whole irradiation. Thus, it becomes possible to adapt additional external irradiation more exactly than before to the intracavitary dose distribution.", "contents": "[Possibilities of dose distribution in the afterloading technic]. Remote (controlled) afterloading installations, offer the possibility to improve the dose distributions of the different applicators, since this apparatus permits the employment of artificial radionuclides with a high specific activity and with low energy of gamma rays. It is therefore possible to incorporate effective shielding into the applicators. The possible individual fitting of the dose distribution, however, demands considerable clinical effort, as the extension of the tumor in question has to be ascertained with sufficient accuracy. Otherwise, underdosage to tumor cells may happen within the shielded area. Most afterloading techniques are using stiff applicators and geometrical fixation within patients; configuration and position of the radiation sources in the patient therefore remain unchanged during the whole irradiation. Thus, it becomes possible to adapt additional external irradiation more exactly than before to the intracavitary dose distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:1209667", "title": "[Criteria for an optimal isotope in gynecologic radiotherapy].", "content": "With regard to the evident disadvantages of radium, nowadays an artificial radiation source always should be considered, since it may be much more favorable for any intracavity application. The most usual ones are Cs-137, Co-60 and Ir-192. Each of these isotopes has its advantages and disadvantages; therefore the choice of the isotope must take into account the criteria and requirements for each intracavitary radiation technique.", "contents": "[Criteria for an optimal isotope in gynecologic radiotherapy]. With regard to the evident disadvantages of radium, nowadays an artificial radiation source always should be considered, since it may be much more favorable for any intracavity application. The most usual ones are Cs-137, Co-60 and Ir-192. Each of these isotopes has its advantages and disadvantages; therefore the choice of the isotope must take into account the criteria and requirements for each intracavitary radiation technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1209668", "title": "[Radiobiological considerations in the selection of the dose rate of intracavitary radiotherapy].", "content": "The differences in the biological effects of either fractionated high dose-rate irradiation or protracted low dose-rate irradiation is discussed with regard to their relevance for intracavitary radiotherapy. There is no biological advantage in using fractionated high dose-rate irradiation instead of protracted low dose-rate irradiation. However, with adequate fractionation schedules, fractionated high dose-rate intracavitary radiotherapy may be as good as radium therapy.", "contents": "[Radiobiological considerations in the selection of the dose rate of intracavitary radiotherapy]. The differences in the biological effects of either fractionated high dose-rate irradiation or protracted low dose-rate irradiation is discussed with regard to their relevance for intracavitary radiotherapy. There is no biological advantage in using fractionated high dose-rate irradiation instead of protracted low dose-rate irradiation. However, with adequate fractionation schedules, fractionated high dose-rate intracavitary radiotherapy may be as good as radium therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1209669", "title": "[Technics and radiophysics of Buchler's afterloading device].", "content": "Informations are given upon a newly developed afterloading apparatus. It works by means of a point-shaped Iridium-192 source which is oscillating within the applicator during irradiation. The motion of the source is regulated by exchangeable cams. A great variation of isodose curves can be obtained in this way. The safety devices of the installation yield optimal radiological protection. The compact construction system of the basic equipment allows flexible use within existing therapy rooms.", "contents": "[Technics and radiophysics of Buchler's afterloading device]. Informations are given upon a newly developed afterloading apparatus. It works by means of a point-shaped Iridium-192 source which is oscillating within the applicator during irradiation. The motion of the source is regulated by exchangeable cams. A great variation of isodose curves can be obtained in this way. The safety devices of the installation yield optimal radiological protection. The compact construction system of the basic equipment allows flexible use within existing therapy rooms."}
{"id": "PMID:1209670", "title": "[Results of radiotherapy with cobalt 60 beads compared to surgery in 725 uterine neoplasms].", "content": "From 1958 to 1970, in 435 cases (60%) out of 725 carcinomas of the uterus sole radiation therapy by cobalt-60 beads was performed; in 288 cases (39.7%) surgery was done (combined with tele-cobalt-irradiation in almost all cases, 5000 to 6000 rd TD). Two cases (0.3%) received no treatment. The unfavorable selection of the irradiated women (average age 64,6 years) as against the surgically treated ones (average age 50.9 years) did allow a complete intracavitary irradiation only in 60.6% of the cases; in 39.4%, the dose had to be reduced considerably. The five-year survival amounted to: 64.4% after sole irradiation, 93.2% after operation/postirradiation in stage I; 46.9% after sole irradiation, 75.0% after operation/postirradiation in stage II; 30.8% after sole irradiation in stage III. No survivors existed in stage IV. Mortality from treatment with sole irradiation amounted to 1.8% (8/435). Radiation fistulas were observed after sole irradiation in 0.4% (1/435), after operation/postirradiation in 0.7% (2/288). As long as there is no satisfactory afterloading technique for intracavitary irradiation of the carcinoma of the uterus, an application of cobalt-60 beads seems to offer the following advantages as compared to an implant of radium filters: Shorter duration of the application, better adaptability to the cavitary lumen, diminished risk of perforation. No perforation was observed.", "contents": "[Results of radiotherapy with cobalt 60 beads compared to surgery in 725 uterine neoplasms]. From 1958 to 1970, in 435 cases (60%) out of 725 carcinomas of the uterus sole radiation therapy by cobalt-60 beads was performed; in 288 cases (39.7%) surgery was done (combined with tele-cobalt-irradiation in almost all cases, 5000 to 6000 rd TD). Two cases (0.3%) received no treatment. The unfavorable selection of the irradiated women (average age 64,6 years) as against the surgically treated ones (average age 50.9 years) did allow a complete intracavitary irradiation only in 60.6% of the cases; in 39.4%, the dose had to be reduced considerably. The five-year survival amounted to: 64.4% after sole irradiation, 93.2% after operation/postirradiation in stage I; 46.9% after sole irradiation, 75.0% after operation/postirradiation in stage II; 30.8% after sole irradiation in stage III. No survivors existed in stage IV. Mortality from treatment with sole irradiation amounted to 1.8% (8/435). Radiation fistulas were observed after sole irradiation in 0.4% (1/435), after operation/postirradiation in 0.7% (2/288). As long as there is no satisfactory afterloading technique for intracavitary irradiation of the carcinoma of the uterus, an application of cobalt-60 beads seems to offer the following advantages as compared to an implant of radium filters: Shorter duration of the application, better adaptability to the cavitary lumen, diminished risk of perforation. No perforation was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209671", "title": "[Comparison of the results of radio gold therapy, cobalt 60 teletherapy and chemotherapy in 330 ovarian neoplasms].", "content": "From 1960 to 1972, 276 out of 330 cases of ovarian cancer were treated by different techniques of postoperative radiation therapy; 54 advanced cases underwent prospective chemotherapy. Radiogold intraabdominally administered (190 to 300 mCi), telecobalt (5000 rd) or the combination of radiogold and telecobalt was chosen for postoperative radiation therapy. Cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), prednisolone, and gestagenes (Prothil) were given as a long-term chemotherapy. The most successful technique of radiation therapy is confronted with long-term chemotherapy after three years (five years) of survival: Stage I a, b, c: Radiogold = 91.7% (66.7%), chemotherapy (only I c) = 100%. Stage II a, b: Radiogold + telecobalt = 47% (35%), chemotherapy = 85%. Stage III: Radiogold + telecobalt = 25% (0%), chemotherapy = 52%. Stage IV: Radiotherapy = 0%, chemotherapy = 25%. The absolute five-year survival without chemotherapy amounted to 23%. The mortality curve under chemotherapy shows a four-year survival rate of 88%, if tumor cells had been detected microscopically (ascites, omentum), but of only 30% after macroscopical verification of the tumor. Therefore, the maximally possible partial resection of the tumor is recommended in inoperable stages before the beginning of chemotherapy. \"Prophylactic\" long-term chemotherapy following macroscopically complete surgical treatment is recommended, whenever microscopical spread of tumor cells appears to be possible. In inoperable stages, chemotherapy ought to be applied prior to radiation therapy. In stages I a, b, c, and II a, postoperative irradiation with radiogold (100 mCi) and in stage II b additionally radiation teletherapy of the pelvis (6000 rd) is recommended.", "contents": "[Comparison of the results of radio gold therapy, cobalt 60 teletherapy and chemotherapy in 330 ovarian neoplasms]. From 1960 to 1972, 276 out of 330 cases of ovarian cancer were treated by different techniques of postoperative radiation therapy; 54 advanced cases underwent prospective chemotherapy. Radiogold intraabdominally administered (190 to 300 mCi), telecobalt (5000 rd) or the combination of radiogold and telecobalt was chosen for postoperative radiation therapy. Cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), prednisolone, and gestagenes (Prothil) were given as a long-term chemotherapy. The most successful technique of radiation therapy is confronted with long-term chemotherapy after three years (five years) of survival: Stage I a, b, c: Radiogold = 91.7% (66.7%), chemotherapy (only I c) = 100%. Stage II a, b: Radiogold + telecobalt = 47% (35%), chemotherapy = 85%. Stage III: Radiogold + telecobalt = 25% (0%), chemotherapy = 52%. Stage IV: Radiotherapy = 0%, chemotherapy = 25%. The absolute five-year survival without chemotherapy amounted to 23%. The mortality curve under chemotherapy shows a four-year survival rate of 88%, if tumor cells had been detected microscopically (ascites, omentum), but of only 30% after macroscopical verification of the tumor. Therefore, the maximally possible partial resection of the tumor is recommended in inoperable stages before the beginning of chemotherapy. \"Prophylactic\" long-term chemotherapy following macroscopically complete surgical treatment is recommended, whenever microscopical spread of tumor cells appears to be possible. In inoperable stages, chemotherapy ought to be applied prior to radiation therapy. In stages I a, b, c, and II a, postoperative irradiation with radiogold (100 mCi) and in stage II b additionally radiation teletherapy of the pelvis (6000 rd) is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1209672", "title": "[Experiences and results in the radiotherapy of 1013 patients with uterine cervix neoplasms].", "content": "The cases of 1013 patients with carcinoma of the cervix are reviewed, who underwent primary radiation treatment in the time from 1951 through 1968. This patient-population is analyzed. The radiation method is described. Out of 1013 women, 496 (49%) survived without recurrences for five years: 80.8% had Stage I disease; 69.7%, Stage II; 38.8%, Stage III; 7.7%, Stage IV. The five-year survival amounted to 53.0%, the relative effectiveness to 61.5 per cent. Complications, side-effects and secondary diseases are reported, as well as the observations of recurrences found by us.", "contents": "[Experiences and results in the radiotherapy of 1013 patients with uterine cervix neoplasms]. The cases of 1013 patients with carcinoma of the cervix are reviewed, who underwent primary radiation treatment in the time from 1951 through 1968. This patient-population is analyzed. The radiation method is described. Out of 1013 women, 496 (49%) survived without recurrences for five years: 80.8% had Stage I disease; 69.7%, Stage II; 38.8%, Stage III; 7.7%, Stage IV. The five-year survival amounted to 53.0%, the relative effectiveness to 61.5 per cent. Complications, side-effects and secondary diseases are reported, as well as the observations of recurrences found by us."}
{"id": "PMID:1209674", "title": "[A polarization effect-free graphite double extrapolation chamber for the absolute dosimtery of high energy electrons].", "content": "Theoretical principles, constructional features and operation of an improved extrapolation-chamber intended for absolute ionization dosimetry of high-energy electrons are described. The construction allows a precise variation of the cylindrical measuring volume by varying thickness and diameter (exactly from 0 to 30 or 3 to 30 mm resp.), whereat measurements can be taken either using cylindrical graphitic walls or \"no walls\". The improvements consist in a combination of the following characteristics: high electric and mechanical stability; avoidance of disturbances due to electrostatic charges; elimination of the polarity error; practically homogeneous graphitic construction without foreign materials; graphite as a preferential reference material; measurements by chemical dosimetry following within the same apparatus. Results of measurements are reported concerning the verification of the complete or partial equilibrium of electrons, the deviations from the ideal cavity conditions of Bragg and Gray, and the comparison with ferrous sulfate dosimetry. Absolute measurements of the ion dose being accurate to about 0.5% can be obtained with the chamber. Thus, the chamber seems qualified to be used as a primary standard.", "contents": "[A polarization effect-free graphite double extrapolation chamber for the absolute dosimtery of high energy electrons]. Theoretical principles, constructional features and operation of an improved extrapolation-chamber intended for absolute ionization dosimetry of high-energy electrons are described. The construction allows a precise variation of the cylindrical measuring volume by varying thickness and diameter (exactly from 0 to 30 or 3 to 30 mm resp.), whereat measurements can be taken either using cylindrical graphitic walls or \"no walls\". The improvements consist in a combination of the following characteristics: high electric and mechanical stability; avoidance of disturbances due to electrostatic charges; elimination of the polarity error; practically homogeneous graphitic construction without foreign materials; graphite as a preferential reference material; measurements by chemical dosimetry following within the same apparatus. Results of measurements are reported concerning the verification of the complete or partial equilibrium of electrons, the deviations from the ideal cavity conditions of Bragg and Gray, and the comparison with ferrous sulfate dosimetry. Absolute measurements of the ion dose being accurate to about 0.5% can be obtained with the chamber. Thus, the chamber seems qualified to be used as a primary standard."}
{"id": "PMID:1209675", "title": "[Radiation exposure during examination with a therapy simulator. 2. Radiation load on the examiner during radiography (measurements on the Alderson-Man phantom)].", "content": "In judging the risk incurred by persons professionally exposed to radiation, there is at present a more distinct tendency towards consideration of somatic effects - as e.g. somatic \"crossing over\", accidents of development, induction of cancer; thus more attention is paid to individual risk. For assessment of this radiation risk, the organ doses in question must be known; they can be estimated by means of the ascertained tissue-air-ratios, if the field of stray radiation from the X-ray equipment is known. To obtain data for statements with regard to the radiation load on the examiner during radioscopies with a therapy simulator, it was necessary to determine the stray radiation field of the X-ray apparatus. Therefore, using an Alderson-Man-phantom, the angular distribution of the local dose rate were measured at a tube voltage of 84 kV. The skin irradiation fields had dimensions of 25 cm2, 100 cm2, and 400 cm2 at the distances 50 cm, 100 cm, 150 cm, and 200 cm of the ionization chamber from the central ray. The measurements were performed on levels of 90 cm, 130 cm, and 160 cm above the floor. Some additional measurements aimed at a more exact investigation of the dependency of scattered radiation upon the tube voltage, the area of the radiation field, the distance from the central ray, and the height above the floor. The attenuation capacity of a light radioprotective apron (0.25 mm lead equivalence) was also determined. It turned out that, at a tube voltage of 84 kV, the apron still was passed by about 3.6% of the hitting stray radiation. The present measurements yield important indications of the best possible locations of the examiner during radioscopy. A practical example is given showing how to assess the radiation load on single organs; the results show that the examiner is exposed to a gonadal load of about 2 mR and to a load of about 17 mR on the crystalline lenses, while engaged in preparative roentgenologic measures for intrauterine transfusions.", "contents": "[Radiation exposure during examination with a therapy simulator. 2. Radiation load on the examiner during radiography (measurements on the Alderson-Man phantom)]. In judging the risk incurred by persons professionally exposed to radiation, there is at present a more distinct tendency towards consideration of somatic effects - as e.g. somatic \"crossing over\", accidents of development, induction of cancer; thus more attention is paid to individual risk. For assessment of this radiation risk, the organ doses in question must be known; they can be estimated by means of the ascertained tissue-air-ratios, if the field of stray radiation from the X-ray equipment is known. To obtain data for statements with regard to the radiation load on the examiner during radioscopies with a therapy simulator, it was necessary to determine the stray radiation field of the X-ray apparatus. Therefore, using an Alderson-Man-phantom, the angular distribution of the local dose rate were measured at a tube voltage of 84 kV. The skin irradiation fields had dimensions of 25 cm2, 100 cm2, and 400 cm2 at the distances 50 cm, 100 cm, 150 cm, and 200 cm of the ionization chamber from the central ray. The measurements were performed on levels of 90 cm, 130 cm, and 160 cm above the floor. Some additional measurements aimed at a more exact investigation of the dependency of scattered radiation upon the tube voltage, the area of the radiation field, the distance from the central ray, and the height above the floor. The attenuation capacity of a light radioprotective apron (0.25 mm lead equivalence) was also determined. It turned out that, at a tube voltage of 84 kV, the apron still was passed by about 3.6% of the hitting stray radiation. The present measurements yield important indications of the best possible locations of the examiner during radioscopy. A practical example is given showing how to assess the radiation load on single organs; the results show that the examiner is exposed to a gonadal load of about 2 mR and to a load of about 17 mR on the crystalline lenses, while engaged in preparative roentgenologic measures for intrauterine transfusions."}
{"id": "PMID:1209676", "title": "The hematological effects of irradiation on the Indian desert gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon).", "content": "Male adult gerbils were irradiated with a whole-body dose of 600 R with gamma-rays. The animals were studied for their hematological response on days, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 28 post irradiation. No significant change was noted in erythrocyte number after irradiation. There was a slight fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit values in the early post-irradiation periods. A transient leukocytosis was observed on day 1 after irradiation followed by a sharp fall on day 2 which continued up to day 3. A recovery in leukocyte value was noted after a week of irradiation. Abnormal leukocytes were noted in the peripheral blood on day 2 after irradiation. The results show that the gerbil is radioresistent and is comparable to the rabbit at this dose-level.", "contents": "The hematological effects of irradiation on the Indian desert gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon). Male adult gerbils were irradiated with a whole-body dose of 600 R with gamma-rays. The animals were studied for their hematological response on days, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 28 post irradiation. No significant change was noted in erythrocyte number after irradiation. There was a slight fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit values in the early post-irradiation periods. A transient leukocytosis was observed on day 1 after irradiation followed by a sharp fall on day 2 which continued up to day 3. A recovery in leukocyte value was noted after a week of irradiation. Abnormal leukocytes were noted in the peripheral blood on day 2 after irradiation. The results show that the gerbil is radioresistent and is comparable to the rabbit at this dose-level."}
{"id": "PMID:1209677", "title": "[Variations in kidney location and consequences for the radiotherapy of kidney neoplasms in the optimization of irradiation planning].", "content": "Related to the discussion of optimal radiotherapy planning for the treatment of intrathoracal and intraabdominal tumors being located near the diaphragm, the question arises all over again, if the tumor or the former tumor-bed really are completely encompassed by treatment fields if the patient's topography has changed during a series of irradiations. Using a therapy simulator, the variations of the situs of kidneys are investigated in 20 patients. Changes of the location, which ought to be considered for radiotherapy treatment planning, are observed while changing from dorsal to abdominal position or due to exspiration and inspiration. Hence, consequences result concerning the precision of irradiation planning especially with regard to the sound kidney to be spared. Altogether, a better adjustment to individual features of the topographical correlations is realized. The accurate encompassment of the target volume and the careful sparing of the sound kidney resulting therefrom are justifying that much time must be spent on irradiation planning.", "contents": "[Variations in kidney location and consequences for the radiotherapy of kidney neoplasms in the optimization of irradiation planning]. Related to the discussion of optimal radiotherapy planning for the treatment of intrathoracal and intraabdominal tumors being located near the diaphragm, the question arises all over again, if the tumor or the former tumor-bed really are completely encompassed by treatment fields if the patient's topography has changed during a series of irradiations. Using a therapy simulator, the variations of the situs of kidneys are investigated in 20 patients. Changes of the location, which ought to be considered for radiotherapy treatment planning, are observed while changing from dorsal to abdominal position or due to exspiration and inspiration. Hence, consequences result concerning the precision of irradiation planning especially with regard to the sound kidney to be spared. Altogether, a better adjustment to individual features of the topographical correlations is realized. The accurate encompassment of the target volume and the careful sparing of the sound kidney resulting therefrom are justifying that much time must be spent on irradiation planning."}
{"id": "PMID:1209678", "title": "[Pulmonary perfusion, ventilation, and gas exchange during modified cobalt-60 teletherapy of operated on breast carcinomas].", "content": "Post ablationem mammae, 22 patients were exposed to a modified telecobalt-irradiation because of mammary carcinoma. (Tangential pendulum irradiation of the thoracic wall with deflection of the central beam off the pendulum axis, parasternal irradiation with pendulum fields, irradiation of the supraclavicular and axillar area with deflection of the central beam to lateral and cranial directions.) During radiation therapy and up to six months after its termination, periodical pulmonary function tests were accomplished, consisting in a radiogram of the thorax, in spirometric check-up and blood gas analysis, and in an examination of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation using radionuclide techniques. In one patient with metastases to the ribs, the spirographic and nulear-medical ventilatory results changed for the worse in the course of time, whereas the other 21 patients did not show any significantly abnormal alterations at follow-up examinations.", "contents": "[Pulmonary perfusion, ventilation, and gas exchange during modified cobalt-60 teletherapy of operated on breast carcinomas]. Post ablationem mammae, 22 patients were exposed to a modified telecobalt-irradiation because of mammary carcinoma. (Tangential pendulum irradiation of the thoracic wall with deflection of the central beam off the pendulum axis, parasternal irradiation with pendulum fields, irradiation of the supraclavicular and axillar area with deflection of the central beam to lateral and cranial directions.) During radiation therapy and up to six months after its termination, periodical pulmonary function tests were accomplished, consisting in a radiogram of the thorax, in spirometric check-up and blood gas analysis, and in an examination of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation using radionuclide techniques. In one patient with metastases to the ribs, the spirographic and nulear-medical ventilatory results changed for the worse in the course of time, whereas the other 21 patients did not show any significantly abnormal alterations at follow-up examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1209679", "title": "[A way to spatial irradiation planning. II. Vectorial demonstration of spatial dose distribution within a single-ray beam and 1st consequences for the practice].", "content": "Spatial irradiation planning among other things demands spatial consideration of the dose distribution within the single useful ray beam. From this point of view, the vectorial dose quantities introduced in part I of this paper are reviewed, their correlations are examined as well as their dependences on different influencing quantities e.g. on the rotational position of the wedge filter with the central ray as an axis of rotation. The vectorial description of dose distribution used in this paper, additionally offers information on the total effect upon the inclination of isodose surfaces or curves respectively, caused either simultaneously by different influences (simultaneous effect) or in temporal succession by separate influences (succession effect). The correlations observed can be verified diagrammatically or dosimetrically using simple practical examples. Thus, it is possible for instance to obtain a continuous defined variation of the isodose inclination by varying the weights of the partial doses with successive irradiation with or without a wedge filter.", "contents": "[A way to spatial irradiation planning. II. Vectorial demonstration of spatial dose distribution within a single-ray beam and 1st consequences for the practice]. Spatial irradiation planning among other things demands spatial consideration of the dose distribution within the single useful ray beam. From this point of view, the vectorial dose quantities introduced in part I of this paper are reviewed, their correlations are examined as well as their dependences on different influencing quantities e.g. on the rotational position of the wedge filter with the central ray as an axis of rotation. The vectorial description of dose distribution used in this paper, additionally offers information on the total effect upon the inclination of isodose surfaces or curves respectively, caused either simultaneously by different influences (simultaneous effect) or in temporal succession by separate influences (succession effect). The correlations observed can be verified diagrammatically or dosimetrically using simple practical examples. Thus, it is possible for instance to obtain a continuous defined variation of the isodose inclination by varying the weights of the partial doses with successive irradiation with or without a wedge filter."}
{"id": "PMID:1209680", "title": "An assay of biological dosimetry from the changed number of lymphocytes and hypersegmented neutrophiles evaluated by means of statistical decision method.", "content": "The paper presented deals with the statistical utilization of changes in lymphocyte and hypersegmented neutrophiles counts in peripheral blood after irradiation for the biological detection of ionizing radiation. Both followed-up parameters are in a good correlation during simultaneous evaluation of their changes, and they fail during evaluation in various time intervals after irradiation. The changes of two hematological parameters after irradiation, lymphopenia and hypersegmentation of cellular nuclei of granulocytes were therefore utilized. The changes under examination were elaborated in the computer and avaluated by method of regression classification and by discriminatory analysis. This analytical way enables a new conception during the evaluation of individual hematological post-irradiation changes. This study is being continued in several lines. On the one hand, further statistical methods of making the results more precise will be used, on the other hand, other laboratory animals will be tested as well. Last but not least, the best statistical method will be used in an attempt to detect biologically the changes after the therapeutical irradiation in man.", "contents": "An assay of biological dosimetry from the changed number of lymphocytes and hypersegmented neutrophiles evaluated by means of statistical decision method. The paper presented deals with the statistical utilization of changes in lymphocyte and hypersegmented neutrophiles counts in peripheral blood after irradiation for the biological detection of ionizing radiation. Both followed-up parameters are in a good correlation during simultaneous evaluation of their changes, and they fail during evaluation in various time intervals after irradiation. The changes of two hematological parameters after irradiation, lymphopenia and hypersegmentation of cellular nuclei of granulocytes were therefore utilized. The changes under examination were elaborated in the computer and avaluated by method of regression classification and by discriminatory analysis. This analytical way enables a new conception during the evaluation of individual hematological post-irradiation changes. This study is being continued in several lines. On the one hand, further statistical methods of making the results more precise will be used, on the other hand, other laboratory animals will be tested as well. Last but not least, the best statistical method will be used in an attempt to detect biologically the changes after the therapeutical irradiation in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1209681", "title": "Effect of postradiation bleeding on proliferative activity of cells in small intestine crypts of rats.", "content": "The effect of postradiation bleeding on the dynamics of duodenal crypts' cells proliferation in rats was studied. The animals, females, three months old, weighing 170 or 180 g, were exposed to radiation of 800 R (115 R/min) and immediately after irradiation were bled by cardiac puncture to 50% of total blood volume. Proliferative activity of duodenal epithelium cells was monitored for a period of five days after irradiation. For control purposes normal, irradiated and only bled animals were used. The results demonstrated that although there are no significant differences in proliferative activity of duodenal epithelium cells in irradiated and bled animals and only irradiated animals, the postradiation reparative processes in irradiated and bled animals is considerably more stable. It is considered that bleeding itself by its hypoxic activity reduced the sensitivity of epithelium to the dose of radiation used. On the other hand, bleeding removed the damaging agents which appear after total body irradiation.", "contents": "Effect of postradiation bleeding on proliferative activity of cells in small intestine crypts of rats. The effect of postradiation bleeding on the dynamics of duodenal crypts' cells proliferation in rats was studied. The animals, females, three months old, weighing 170 or 180 g, were exposed to radiation of 800 R (115 R/min) and immediately after irradiation were bled by cardiac puncture to 50% of total blood volume. Proliferative activity of duodenal epithelium cells was monitored for a period of five days after irradiation. For control purposes normal, irradiated and only bled animals were used. The results demonstrated that although there are no significant differences in proliferative activity of duodenal epithelium cells in irradiated and bled animals and only irradiated animals, the postradiation reparative processes in irradiated and bled animals is considerably more stable. It is considered that bleeding itself by its hypoxic activity reduced the sensitivity of epithelium to the dose of radiation used. On the other hand, bleeding removed the damaging agents which appear after total body irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1209682", "title": "Distribution and behaviour of isoselenouronium salts in the body. IV. 2-Aminoselenoazoline.", "content": "The time dependence of the distribution of 2-aminoselenoazoline-75Se in the organism of rats and mice was followed. By comparison of the results obtained with the previous study of radioprotective properties of this compound, its efficiency was shown to be dependent on the actual concentration in tissues.", "contents": "Distribution and behaviour of isoselenouronium salts in the body. IV. 2-Aminoselenoazoline. The time dependence of the distribution of 2-aminoselenoazoline-75Se in the organism of rats and mice was followed. By comparison of the results obtained with the previous study of radioprotective properties of this compound, its efficiency was shown to be dependent on the actual concentration in tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1209683", "title": "Effect of radiophosphorus on chromosomes in swiss albino mice during postnatal development.", "content": "Swiss albino mice of one to five weeks of age were injected with P-32 at the dose of 1 muCi/g body weight and were autopsied when they were six weeks old. Karyological examination was carried out on bone-marrow cells. The chromosome aberrations observed were terminal and interstitial deletions, dicentrics, metacentrics, and rings. The frequency of aneuploid cells observed was 1.4%.", "contents": "Effect of radiophosphorus on chromosomes in swiss albino mice during postnatal development. Swiss albino mice of one to five weeks of age were injected with P-32 at the dose of 1 muCi/g body weight and were autopsied when they were six weeks old. Karyological examination was carried out on bone-marrow cells. The chromosome aberrations observed were terminal and interstitial deletions, dicentrics, metacentrics, and rings. The frequency of aneuploid cells observed was 1.4%."}
{"id": "PMID:1209684", "title": "[Changes in protein metabolism following irradiation. 1. Activity of protease, protease pattern, protein and free amino acids in cytoplams and cell organelles of the rat spleem following 600 R whole-body X-ray irradiation].", "content": "The protease activity of cytoplasm and cell organelles of the rat spleen against spleen protein and hemoglobin as a substrate increases during an initial reaction phase of the organism on the first day after 600 R whole body X-irradiation. The alkaline proteases in the cytoplasm and the acid proteases in the cell organelles increase, whereas the protease activity against externally added hemoglobin as substrate decreases below the initial values. The protein, the protease activity and the free amino acids of the cytoplasm and the cell organelles decrease during the disease phase on day 3 and 4 after irradiation. The protein loss of the spleen is therefore not explained by an increased protease activity. Acid proteases appear in the cytoplasm which derive probably from the cell organelles. The protease activity and the free amino acids are increased in the cytoplasm and the cell organelles during the regeneration phase of the organism between day 15 and 18 after irradiation.", "contents": "[Changes in protein metabolism following irradiation. 1. Activity of protease, protease pattern, protein and free amino acids in cytoplams and cell organelles of the rat spleem following 600 R whole-body X-ray irradiation]. The protease activity of cytoplasm and cell organelles of the rat spleen against spleen protein and hemoglobin as a substrate increases during an initial reaction phase of the organism on the first day after 600 R whole body X-irradiation. The alkaline proteases in the cytoplasm and the acid proteases in the cell organelles increase, whereas the protease activity against externally added hemoglobin as substrate decreases below the initial values. The protein, the protease activity and the free amino acids of the cytoplasm and the cell organelles decrease during the disease phase on day 3 and 4 after irradiation. The protein loss of the spleen is therefore not explained by an increased protease activity. Acid proteases appear in the cytoplasm which derive probably from the cell organelles. The protease activity and the free amino acids are increased in the cytoplasm and the cell organelles during the regeneration phase of the organism between day 15 and 18 after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1209685", "title": "Carcinogenic effect of radiation on the mouse embryo; physical aspects of radiation dosimetry.", "content": "The doses received by the embryos from abdominal irradiation of the females at the time of pregnancy may adversely affect the offspring. The dose to the embryo will depend on the depth of the embryo from the surface, the distance of the embryo from the central axis of the beam and on the photon energy. A knowledge of the dose as well as the percentage depth dose in this region will be necessary for the meaningful correlation between the radiation dose and the neoplasm formation due to prenatal irradiation. This paper presents the results of our experimental investigation of the percentage depth doses in a mouse phantom. The results of theoretical computation of percentage depth doses to off-axis points are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effect of radiation on the mouse embryo; physical aspects of radiation dosimetry. The doses received by the embryos from abdominal irradiation of the females at the time of pregnancy may adversely affect the offspring. The dose to the embryo will depend on the depth of the embryo from the surface, the distance of the embryo from the central axis of the beam and on the photon energy. A knowledge of the dose as well as the percentage depth dose in this region will be necessary for the meaningful correlation between the radiation dose and the neoplasm formation due to prenatal irradiation. This paper presents the results of our experimental investigation of the percentage depth doses in a mouse phantom. The results of theoretical computation of percentage depth doses to off-axis points are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values."}
{"id": "PMID:1209686", "title": "Differential inhibition of androst-4-en-3,17-dione aromatization by carbon monoxide in the presence of estr-4-en-3,17-dione.", "content": "The aromatization of androst-4-en-3,17-dione or 17beta hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (testosterone) is not inhibited by carbon monoxide under normal incubation conditions, whereas the aromatization of corresponding 19-nor steroids (estr-4-en-3,17-dione and 17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) is readily inhibited under the same conditions. A possible explanation was found when it was shown that androst-4-en-3,17-dione and testosterone could displace bound carbon monoxide from human placental microsomal cytochrome P-450. The 19-nor steroids did not displace carbon monoxide, even at very high concentrations. These C-18 compounds appeared to facilitate complex formation and reversed the effects of the C-19 steroids. A mutual antagonism was observed with regard to effects on the formation of the ce titrated. These observations suggested that the aromatization of androst-4-en-3,17-dione should be inhibited by carbon monoxide if sufficient concentrations of the 19-nor steroids were present in reaction flasks. This hypotheses was tested and positive results were obtained, providing strong evidence for the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in normal estrogen biosynthesis.", "contents": "Differential inhibition of androst-4-en-3,17-dione aromatization by carbon monoxide in the presence of estr-4-en-3,17-dione. The aromatization of androst-4-en-3,17-dione or 17beta hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (testosterone) is not inhibited by carbon monoxide under normal incubation conditions, whereas the aromatization of corresponding 19-nor steroids (estr-4-en-3,17-dione and 17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) is readily inhibited under the same conditions. A possible explanation was found when it was shown that androst-4-en-3,17-dione and testosterone could displace bound carbon monoxide from human placental microsomal cytochrome P-450. The 19-nor steroids did not displace carbon monoxide, even at very high concentrations. These C-18 compounds appeared to facilitate complex formation and reversed the effects of the C-19 steroids. A mutual antagonism was observed with regard to effects on the formation of the ce titrated. These observations suggested that the aromatization of androst-4-en-3,17-dione should be inhibited by carbon monoxide if sufficient concentrations of the 19-nor steroids were present in reaction flasks. This hypotheses was tested and positive results were obtained, providing strong evidence for the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in normal estrogen biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1209687", "title": "Progesterone mediated increase in monoamine stores and the regulation of enzymes of biosynthesis and metabolism in the adrenal gland during late pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "The influence of repeated injections of progesterone to pregnant rats upon monoamine storage and regulation of enzymes phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) was studied. All the pregnant females received progesterone (4 mg/100 g body weight) on 19, 20 and 21 days post-coitum but one group was killed at 21 days of pregnancy and the other one at 0 h parturition. Adrenal epinephrine demonstrated highly significant increase in progesterone treated rats. At the same time norepinephrine content declined significantly from the control value. The activity of enzyme PNMT also showed marked increase in the adrenals of progesterone treated females. Activity of enzyme MAO showed a slight decline after progesterone treatment to pregnant rats. Enzyme COMT in progesterone treateed animals showed decline at 0 h parturition but at 21 days post-coitum it was significantly higher from non-injected females. All the increases and decreases in monoamines and the three enzymes were significant when the results were expressed per adrenal gland or per gram of adrenal. The results suggest that exogenous progesterone administration during late pregnancy increases epinephrine stores by declining monoamine metabolism by MAO and COMT and increasing their synthesis by PNMT which is responsible for N-methylation of norepinephrine to epinephrine.", "contents": "Progesterone mediated increase in monoamine stores and the regulation of enzymes of biosynthesis and metabolism in the adrenal gland during late pregnancy in the rat. The influence of repeated injections of progesterone to pregnant rats upon monoamine storage and regulation of enzymes phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) was studied. All the pregnant females received progesterone (4 mg/100 g body weight) on 19, 20 and 21 days post-coitum but one group was killed at 21 days of pregnancy and the other one at 0 h parturition. Adrenal epinephrine demonstrated highly significant increase in progesterone treated rats. At the same time norepinephrine content declined significantly from the control value. The activity of enzyme PNMT also showed marked increase in the adrenals of progesterone treated females. Activity of enzyme MAO showed a slight decline after progesterone treatment to pregnant rats. Enzyme COMT in progesterone treateed animals showed decline at 0 h parturition but at 21 days post-coitum it was significantly higher from non-injected females. All the increases and decreases in monoamines and the three enzymes were significant when the results were expressed per adrenal gland or per gram of adrenal. The results suggest that exogenous progesterone administration during late pregnancy increases epinephrine stores by declining monoamine metabolism by MAO and COMT and increasing their synthesis by PNMT which is responsible for N-methylation of norepinephrine to epinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:1209688", "title": "The development and application of a radioimmunoassay for 18-hydroxy-corticosterone.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for 18-hydroxy-corticosterone (18-OH-B) and applied to the measurement of this steroid in peripheral plasma. High specific activity label (3H-18-OH-B) was prepared using the incubation of 3H-corticosterone with duck adrenal mitochondria. Antisera were produced by immunisation with 18-OH-B gamma-lactone 3-oxime conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antibodies examined showed 100% cross-reactivity with 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone gamma-lactone (18-OH-DOC gamma-lactone), but minimal cross-reactivity with other steroids. Paper chromatography was used to separate 18-OH-DOC gamma-lactone from 18-OH-B gamma-lactone. The interassay precision was 7.6% and the intra-assay precision 11.0%. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by showing a linear relationship between amounts of 18-OH-B added and amounts of 18-OH-B gamma-lactone measured (y = 0.854 X +15.1, r = 0.9. p less than 0.001). The mean plasma level in normal subjects on an ad libitum sodium intake was 225 +/- 92.7 (SD) pg/ml (n = 17) when standing, and 99 +/- 38.3 (SD) pg/ml (n = 6) after lying down for 30 minutes.", "contents": "The development and application of a radioimmunoassay for 18-hydroxy-corticosterone. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for 18-hydroxy-corticosterone (18-OH-B) and applied to the measurement of this steroid in peripheral plasma. High specific activity label (3H-18-OH-B) was prepared using the incubation of 3H-corticosterone with duck adrenal mitochondria. Antisera were produced by immunisation with 18-OH-B gamma-lactone 3-oxime conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antibodies examined showed 100% cross-reactivity with 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone gamma-lactone (18-OH-DOC gamma-lactone), but minimal cross-reactivity with other steroids. Paper chromatography was used to separate 18-OH-DOC gamma-lactone from 18-OH-B gamma-lactone. The interassay precision was 7.6% and the intra-assay precision 11.0%. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by showing a linear relationship between amounts of 18-OH-B added and amounts of 18-OH-B gamma-lactone measured (y = 0.854 X +15.1, r = 0.9. p less than 0.001). The mean plasma level in normal subjects on an ad libitum sodium intake was 225 +/- 92.7 (SD) pg/ml (n = 17) when standing, and 99 +/- 38.3 (SD) pg/ml (n = 6) after lying down for 30 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:1209689", "title": "Marine sterols. VI(1). Sterols of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis.", "content": "The sterols of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis Jay, was found to contain over 20 components. The major components were delta5-sterols, and lesser amount of ring-saturated sterols were also present. Biogenetically unusual C26 sterols (24-norcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol and 24-norcholest-22-en-3beta-ol) and 24(28)-cis-24-propylidenecholest-5-en-3beta-ol (29-methylisofucosterol), 22-trans-27-nor-(24S)-24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol (occelasterol), and a new sterol, 22-trans-27-nor-(24S)-24-methylcholest-22-en-3beta-ol (patinosterol), were isolated and their structures were confirmed. Occurrence of 22-trans-(24S)-24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol (24-epibrassicasterol) was confirmed. 22-cis-Cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol was not found.", "contents": "Marine sterols. VI(1). Sterols of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. The sterols of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis Jay, was found to contain over 20 components. The major components were delta5-sterols, and lesser amount of ring-saturated sterols were also present. Biogenetically unusual C26 sterols (24-norcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol and 24-norcholest-22-en-3beta-ol) and 24(28)-cis-24-propylidenecholest-5-en-3beta-ol (29-methylisofucosterol), 22-trans-27-nor-(24S)-24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol (occelasterol), and a new sterol, 22-trans-27-nor-(24S)-24-methylcholest-22-en-3beta-ol (patinosterol), were isolated and their structures were confirmed. Occurrence of 22-trans-(24S)-24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol (24-epibrassicasterol) was confirmed. 22-cis-Cholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol was not found."}
{"id": "PMID:1209690", "title": "A specific, non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay for human plasma cortisol.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay technique has been developed for the measurement of cortisol in a single methylene chloride extract of human plasma without chromatography. The antiserum, obtained by immunizing rabbits with cortisol-3-carboxymethyl-oxime conjugated to bovine serum albumin, had a high affinity (KA = 1.8 X 10(9) 1/mole) and capacity (2.3 X 10(-6) moles/L undiluted serum) for cortisol. The minimum detectable amount determined at the lower 95% confidence limit of the buffer control tubes was 8.3 +/- 4.7 pg/tube and a log dose - logit response standard curve was linear between 20 pg and 20 ng/tube. The antiserum was highly specific for cortisol with only corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol and 21-deoxycortisol showing significant cross-reaction (12.4, 6.6, 3.8 and 3.7%, respectively). The cross-reaction for the other tested naturally occurring and synthetic steroids did not exceed 1%. Regression analysis of cortisol concentration estimates obtained on 20 samples before and after Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography gave a coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.995 and a regression coefficient (b) of 1.04. Recovery of cortisol added to plasma samples was quantitative. The intra-assay error was 8.5% and the inter-assay error averaged 5.7%. The method is simple requiring a single solvent extraction of plasma, therefore permitting large numbers of samples to be handled efficiently by a single technician.", "contents": "A specific, non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay for human plasma cortisol. A radioimmunoassay technique has been developed for the measurement of cortisol in a single methylene chloride extract of human plasma without chromatography. The antiserum, obtained by immunizing rabbits with cortisol-3-carboxymethyl-oxime conjugated to bovine serum albumin, had a high affinity (KA = 1.8 X 10(9) 1/mole) and capacity (2.3 X 10(-6) moles/L undiluted serum) for cortisol. The minimum detectable amount determined at the lower 95% confidence limit of the buffer control tubes was 8.3 +/- 4.7 pg/tube and a log dose - logit response standard curve was linear between 20 pg and 20 ng/tube. The antiserum was highly specific for cortisol with only corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol and 21-deoxycortisol showing significant cross-reaction (12.4, 6.6, 3.8 and 3.7%, respectively). The cross-reaction for the other tested naturally occurring and synthetic steroids did not exceed 1%. Regression analysis of cortisol concentration estimates obtained on 20 samples before and after Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography gave a coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.995 and a regression coefficient (b) of 1.04. Recovery of cortisol added to plasma samples was quantitative. The intra-assay error was 8.5% and the inter-assay error averaged 5.7%. The method is simple requiring a single solvent extraction of plasma, therefore permitting large numbers of samples to be handled efficiently by a single technician."}
{"id": "PMID:1209691", "title": "A rapid method for the estimation of estriol in plasma during pregnancy.", "content": "A rapid, reliable fluorimetric method for the determination of estriol (E3) in plasma is described. The method is eminently suitable for use in hospital laboratories and provides results within 5 hours of the reception of samples. It has several features not found in other methods. As little as 0.2 ml of plasma is required, all additions and aliquoting procedures are semi-automated an no special technical skill is necessary. A technician can carry out 20 determinations per day. Average recoveries of 70% are routinely achieved, and the accuracy (2.4%) and the precision (4.0%) of the method are remarkably good for an assay of this type. A spectrofluorometer of high sensitivity, counting equipment and a high temperature oven are the essential major pieces of equipment.", "contents": "A rapid method for the estimation of estriol in plasma during pregnancy. A rapid, reliable fluorimetric method for the determination of estriol (E3) in plasma is described. The method is eminently suitable for use in hospital laboratories and provides results within 5 hours of the reception of samples. It has several features not found in other methods. As little as 0.2 ml of plasma is required, all additions and aliquoting procedures are semi-automated an no special technical skill is necessary. A technician can carry out 20 determinations per day. Average recoveries of 70% are routinely achieved, and the accuracy (2.4%) and the precision (4.0%) of the method are remarkably good for an assay of this type. A spectrofluorometer of high sensitivity, counting equipment and a high temperature oven are the essential major pieces of equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:1209693", "title": "Lessons from the Chinese experience: China's planned birth program and its transferability.", "content": "This article describes the most salient developments in the planned birth program of the People's Republic of China during the 1970s and discusses the potential for transfer of some features to other countries. Many Chinese activities are of interest because they are designed for a country with scarce resources for development and a low-income population. Some particular program features worth noting are: the encouragement of local initiative and experimentation: specific methods for the diffusion of innovation; and total integration of the health system with other development-political, administrative, economic, and social-at the grass-roots level.", "contents": "Lessons from the Chinese experience: China's planned birth program and its transferability. This article describes the most salient developments in the planned birth program of the People's Republic of China during the 1970s and discusses the potential for transfer of some features to other countries. Many Chinese activities are of interest because they are designed for a country with scarce resources for development and a low-income population. Some particular program features worth noting are: the encouragement of local initiative and experimentation: specific methods for the diffusion of innovation; and total integration of the health system with other development-political, administrative, economic, and social-at the grass-roots level."}
{"id": "PMID:1209694", "title": "Type and time of insemination within the menstrual cycle and the human sex ratio at birth.", "content": "Data that strongly suggest that the timing of insemination affects the human sex ratio at birth are presented. Two studies conducted by the author, including a total of 1,318 pregnancies, in which timing of insemination was related to the shift in basal body temperature are discussed, and previous literature is reviewed. The differential effect of type of insemination-natural versus artificial-is noted. The further question why timing and type of insemination affects the human sex ratio is also explored.", "contents": "Type and time of insemination within the menstrual cycle and the human sex ratio at birth. Data that strongly suggest that the timing of insemination affects the human sex ratio at birth are presented. Two studies conducted by the author, including a total of 1,318 pregnancies, in which timing of insemination was related to the shift in basal body temperature are discussed, and previous literature is reviewed. The differential effect of type of insemination-natural versus artificial-is noted. The further question why timing and type of insemination affects the human sex ratio is also explored."}
{"id": "PMID:1209696", "title": "Differentials in fertility, family planning practice, and family size values in South Korea, 1965-1971.", "content": "Data from five Korean national KAP surveys of currently married women, conducted between 1965 and 1971, are analyzed to determine whether differentials have emerged or are emerging between urban and rural women in three factors of crucial importance for population growth: fertility, family planning practice, and family size values. Graphics are used throughout to analyze urban-rural differentials and trends in these factors over time. In addition, two statistical tests, the sign and binomial, are applied to the differentials to provide a tabular summary of results. Part I provides background information on population growth, urbanization, the achievements of the national family planning program, and economic development in Korea since the 1950's. Part II describes both urban-rural differentials in fertility, as measured by mean parity, for married women aged 30-39 between 1966 and 1971; and urban-rural differentials in the proportions of women aged 25-39 currently practicing family planning between 1965 and 1971. Part III analyzes urban-rural differences in ideal family size and ideal number of sons, controlling for number of living children and number of living sons. Part IV attempts to evaluate the impact of the national family planning program on the fertility, family planning practice, and family size values of the rural population by examining the findings on urban-rural differentials in the context of social and economic development, viewing the program as one of a multitude of variables that can affect these factors.", "contents": "Differentials in fertility, family planning practice, and family size values in South Korea, 1965-1971. Data from five Korean national KAP surveys of currently married women, conducted between 1965 and 1971, are analyzed to determine whether differentials have emerged or are emerging between urban and rural women in three factors of crucial importance for population growth: fertility, family planning practice, and family size values. Graphics are used throughout to analyze urban-rural differentials and trends in these factors over time. In addition, two statistical tests, the sign and binomial, are applied to the differentials to provide a tabular summary of results. Part I provides background information on population growth, urbanization, the achievements of the national family planning program, and economic development in Korea since the 1950's. Part II describes both urban-rural differentials in fertility, as measured by mean parity, for married women aged 30-39 between 1966 and 1971; and urban-rural differentials in the proportions of women aged 25-39 currently practicing family planning between 1965 and 1971. Part III analyzes urban-rural differences in ideal family size and ideal number of sons, controlling for number of living children and number of living sons. Part IV attempts to evaluate the impact of the national family planning program on the fertility, family planning practice, and family size values of the rural population by examining the findings on urban-rural differentials in the context of social and economic development, viewing the program as one of a multitude of variables that can affect these factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1209695", "title": "Attitudes toward family planning, marriage, and family size among unmarried women in Korea.", "content": "Data from the 1973 National Fertility and Family Planning Survey show that young unmarried women aged 18-27 desire small families and support family planning. These women express a lower son preference than did young currently married women surveved in 1973 and earlier. A majority of the respondents approve of the \"stop at two\" slogen of the family planning association, and they want to obtain more information about contraception before marrying. Unfortunately, survey results show that present sources of contraceptive information, including the schools, have not proved adequate.", "contents": "Attitudes toward family planning, marriage, and family size among unmarried women in Korea. Data from the 1973 National Fertility and Family Planning Survey show that young unmarried women aged 18-27 desire small families and support family planning. These women express a lower son preference than did young currently married women surveved in 1973 and earlier. A majority of the respondents approve of the \"stop at two\" slogen of the family planning association, and they want to obtain more information about contraception before marrying. Unfortunately, survey results show that present sources of contraceptive information, including the schools, have not proved adequate."}
{"id": "PMID:1209697", "title": "Fertility and family planning in Thailand: results from two rounds of a national study.", "content": "The Longitudinal Study of Social, Economic, and Demographic Change was undertaken during the late 1960s to provide detailed national information on behavior and attitudes related to fertility and family planning in Thailand. Results from the second round of the study indicate that the practice of family planning increased substantially in both rural and urban areas during the three-year interval between the two rounds. During this period, marital fertility registered a decline in the urban areas. This was a result of a small rise in fertility among Bangkok-Thonburi women combined with a sharp decline in fertility among provincial urban women. Because the National Family Planning Program was officially begun at the time of the first round, its role in the increase in contraceptive use is examined. Although the study shows that the desired number of children is substantially below the actual number of children Thai womenhave by the end of their reproductive years, the desired number of children is still well above the number usually considered ideal in developed countries. Nonetheless, changes in reproductive behavior appear to reflect the impact of modernization on Thai society. In urban areas, marital fertility is only moderately high and a substantial proportion of couples practice family planning. Of particular importance over the remainder of the decade will be the reproductive behavior of rural women, who constitute an extremely high proportion of the Thai female population.", "contents": "Fertility and family planning in Thailand: results from two rounds of a national study. The Longitudinal Study of Social, Economic, and Demographic Change was undertaken during the late 1960s to provide detailed national information on behavior and attitudes related to fertility and family planning in Thailand. Results from the second round of the study indicate that the practice of family planning increased substantially in both rural and urban areas during the three-year interval between the two rounds. During this period, marital fertility registered a decline in the urban areas. This was a result of a small rise in fertility among Bangkok-Thonburi women combined with a sharp decline in fertility among provincial urban women. Because the National Family Planning Program was officially begun at the time of the first round, its role in the increase in contraceptive use is examined. Although the study shows that the desired number of children is substantially below the actual number of children Thai womenhave by the end of their reproductive years, the desired number of children is still well above the number usually considered ideal in developed countries. Nonetheless, changes in reproductive behavior appear to reflect the impact of modernization on Thai society. In urban areas, marital fertility is only moderately high and a substantial proportion of couples practice family planning. Of particular importance over the remainder of the decade will be the reproductive behavior of rural women, who constitute an extremely high proportion of the Thai female population."}
{"id": "PMID:1209722", "title": "The immune response of mice repeatedly injected with allogeneic tumor cells.", "content": "The development and kinetics of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC), antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (C'DC), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were studied in an allogeneic model. Using microcytotoxic assays of 51Cr release from labeled EL-4 tumor cells, C'DC, ADCC, and CMC were measured at 14 intervals during the 77-day course of the experiment. The results obtained demonstrate the oscillating nature of the immune response. The rise and fall of activity was almost synchronous for the three functions studied. A generalized trend of increasing antibody-dependent functions and a simultaneous dampening of CMC was noted.", "contents": "The immune response of mice repeatedly injected with allogeneic tumor cells. The development and kinetics of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC), antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (C'DC), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were studied in an allogeneic model. Using microcytotoxic assays of 51Cr release from labeled EL-4 tumor cells, C'DC, ADCC, and CMC were measured at 14 intervals during the 77-day course of the experiment. The results obtained demonstrate the oscillating nature of the immune response. The rise and fall of activity was almost synchronous for the three functions studied. A generalized trend of increasing antibody-dependent functions and a simultaneous dampening of CMC was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1209723", "title": "The numerical development of lymphoid cells during human embryogenesis.", "content": "We have studied the cellular growth rates in the fetal thymus, spleen, and bone marrow of 12 human fetuses ranging in gestational age from 7 to 20 weeks. In all instances growth rates were linear when plotted logarithmically. However, the spleen had a biphasic growth curve. These data are useful in predicting the cellular yields which can be obtained from human fetal lymphoid organs which are to be used for transplantation in immune deficiency diseases and other clinical conditions.", "contents": "The numerical development of lymphoid cells during human embryogenesis. We have studied the cellular growth rates in the fetal thymus, spleen, and bone marrow of 12 human fetuses ranging in gestational age from 7 to 20 weeks. In all instances growth rates were linear when plotted logarithmically. However, the spleen had a biphasic growth curve. These data are useful in predicting the cellular yields which can be obtained from human fetal lymphoid organs which are to be used for transplantation in immune deficiency diseases and other clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1209725", "title": "Effectiveness of prostaglandin E1 and procarbazine hydrochloride in prolonging the survival of vascularized cardiac hamster-to-rat xenograft.", "content": "The immunosuppressive effects of prostaglandin E1 and procarbazine hydrochloride were compared in a vascularized organ xenograft model. Hamster-to-rat cardiac grafts were used. Both procarbazine hydrochloride and prostaglandin E1 prolonged survival of the xenograft. Prostaglandin E1 had the additional feature of coincident suppression of hemagglutination titer to hamster red cells. Prostaglandin E1 was somewhat less effective than procarbazine hydrochloride.", "contents": "Effectiveness of prostaglandin E1 and procarbazine hydrochloride in prolonging the survival of vascularized cardiac hamster-to-rat xenograft. The immunosuppressive effects of prostaglandin E1 and procarbazine hydrochloride were compared in a vascularized organ xenograft model. Hamster-to-rat cardiac grafts were used. Both procarbazine hydrochloride and prostaglandin E1 prolonged survival of the xenograft. Prostaglandin E1 had the additional feature of coincident suppression of hemagglutination titer to hamster red cells. Prostaglandin E1 was somewhat less effective than procarbazine hydrochloride."}
{"id": "PMID:1209726", "title": "Thymus transplantation in patients with thymic hypoplasia and abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis.", "content": "Fetal thymus transplantation was performed in three patients with thymic hypoplasia with abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis, one patient with ataxia telangiectasia, and one patient with immunodeficiency with eczema and thrombocytopenia. All patients received transfer factor before transplantation of a fetal thymus i.p. Reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity occurred in three of five patients. Two of the three patients with reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity also had evidence of improved antibody-mediated immunity. Reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity was characterized as occurring rapidly and being of varying duration, and was unassociated with HL-A chimerism. Successful reconstitution of immunity in these patients may have been related to several factors, including the use of fetal thymus less than 6 hr after abortion, i.p. transplantation, and a synergistic effect of transfer factor.", "contents": "Thymus transplantation in patients with thymic hypoplasia and abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis. Fetal thymus transplantation was performed in three patients with thymic hypoplasia with abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis, one patient with ataxia telangiectasia, and one patient with immunodeficiency with eczema and thrombocytopenia. All patients received transfer factor before transplantation of a fetal thymus i.p. Reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity occurred in three of five patients. Two of the three patients with reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity also had evidence of improved antibody-mediated immunity. Reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity was characterized as occurring rapidly and being of varying duration, and was unassociated with HL-A chimerism. Successful reconstitution of immunity in these patients may have been related to several factors, including the use of fetal thymus less than 6 hr after abortion, i.p. transplantation, and a synergistic effect of transfer factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1209727", "title": "Constancy of cross reactivity patterns during the anti-HL-A response.", "content": "Three immunizations yielding cross reacting anti-HL-A antibodies were followed for 1 year or more. The specificities of the antisera obtained at different times were determined from their reactivity against a selected cell panel. Each antiserum was titrated against cells presenting different degrees of cross reaction. An extensive absorption study of each antiserum, diluted to one cytotoxic unit, was also performed. The data obtained suggest that the cross reactivity pattern in each response is rather rigidly established from the beginning and that it has little chance to vary even after secondary stimulation from the same donor.", "contents": "Constancy of cross reactivity patterns during the anti-HL-A response. Three immunizations yielding cross reacting anti-HL-A antibodies were followed for 1 year or more. The specificities of the antisera obtained at different times were determined from their reactivity against a selected cell panel. Each antiserum was titrated against cells presenting different degrees of cross reaction. An extensive absorption study of each antiserum, diluted to one cytotoxic unit, was also performed. The data obtained suggest that the cross reactivity pattern in each response is rather rigidly established from the beginning and that it has little chance to vary even after secondary stimulation from the same donor."}
{"id": "PMID:1209736", "title": "[Study of the ultrastructural and functional expression of the hepatocyte genome under conditions of prolonged depression of protein biosynthesis by cycloheximide. III].", "content": "Dynamics of changes in mtRNA synthesis and mitochondria ultrastructure is strictly dependent on the level of inhibition of biosynthesis of cytoplasm proteins and \"soluble\" proteins of mitochondria by cycloheximide in hepatocytes: 1-6 hrs later a progressive weakening of protein synthesis is accompanied by a drop in mtRNA synthesis and essential destruction of mitochondria; from 12 to 24 hrs a partial restoration of protein biosynthesis induces the processes of the above-mentioned indexes normalization.", "contents": "[Study of the ultrastructural and functional expression of the hepatocyte genome under conditions of prolonged depression of protein biosynthesis by cycloheximide. III]. Dynamics of changes in mtRNA synthesis and mitochondria ultrastructure is strictly dependent on the level of inhibition of biosynthesis of cytoplasm proteins and \"soluble\" proteins of mitochondria by cycloheximide in hepatocytes: 1-6 hrs later a progressive weakening of protein synthesis is accompanied by a drop in mtRNA synthesis and essential destruction of mitochondria; from 12 to 24 hrs a partial restoration of protein biosynthesis induces the processes of the above-mentioned indexes normalization."}
{"id": "PMID:1209738", "title": "[Study of the inhibition of mitotic activity in the rat liver].", "content": "When affecting the rat liver cells by the alkylating agent dipin or X-ray irradiation in combination with genome induction by phenobarbital, a considerable decrease was observed in the mitotic activity of hepatocytes after hepatoectomy. The decrease in the mitotic activity is preserved for 90 days between introduction of mutagene and phenobarbital. When increasing the time interval to 150 days the inhibition in the mitotic activity is not observed.", "contents": "[Study of the inhibition of mitotic activity in the rat liver]. When affecting the rat liver cells by the alkylating agent dipin or X-ray irradiation in combination with genome induction by phenobarbital, a considerable decrease was observed in the mitotic activity of hepatocytes after hepatoectomy. The decrease in the mitotic activity is preserved for 90 days between introduction of mutagene and phenobarbital. When increasing the time interval to 150 days the inhibition in the mitotic activity is not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209740", "title": "[Substrate basis of the adhesion of the adenohypophyseal and diencephalic cell layers and cell anlagen in chick embryos].", "content": "At the 16-18th stages of development of the chicken embryos adhesion of cell layers of the adenohypophysis and diencephalon anlages is provided with a submicroscopically regulated complex of neutral and acid polysaccharides, bivalent kations and probably proteins. The mechanisms of cells contact in each of the layers with this complex are different.", "contents": "[Substrate basis of the adhesion of the adenohypophyseal and diencephalic cell layers and cell anlagen in chick embryos]. At the 16-18th stages of development of the chicken embryos adhesion of cell layers of the adenohypophysis and diencephalon anlages is provided with a submicroscopically regulated complex of neutral and acid polysaccharides, bivalent kations and probably proteins. The mechanisms of cells contact in each of the layers with this complex are different."}
{"id": "PMID:1209741", "title": "[Radiological study of the topography and morphology of pulmonary cancer].", "content": "This study proposes a radiological, topographical and morphological classification of primary carcinoma of the lung based on a large radiographic case-series of the National Cancer Institute of Milan checked anatomopathologically. The aim is to standardise the X-ray findings and so make for easier understanding and more rewarding cooperation among those engaged on the diagnosis and treatment of this tumor. The classification of lung cancer into central and peripheral only is felt, in the light of present knowledge, to be inadequate. It is therefore suggested that central lung cancers be divided into purely endobronchial, endoperibronchial and exobronchial, taking into account both the repercussions on ventilation and extracentral spread. For peripheral lung carcinomas more detailed morphological and topographical features are considered in order to pinpoint the tumor and its hilomediastinal spread, especially in the case of paracentral tumors. A brief reference is made to the more relevant radiodiagnostic procedures.", "contents": "[Radiological study of the topography and morphology of pulmonary cancer]. This study proposes a radiological, topographical and morphological classification of primary carcinoma of the lung based on a large radiographic case-series of the National Cancer Institute of Milan checked anatomopathologically. The aim is to standardise the X-ray findings and so make for easier understanding and more rewarding cooperation among those engaged on the diagnosis and treatment of this tumor. The classification of lung cancer into central and peripheral only is felt, in the light of present knowledge, to be inadequate. It is therefore suggested that central lung cancers be divided into purely endobronchial, endoperibronchial and exobronchial, taking into account both the repercussions on ventilation and extracentral spread. For peripheral lung carcinomas more detailed morphological and topographical features are considered in order to pinpoint the tumor and its hilomediastinal spread, especially in the case of paracentral tumors. A brief reference is made to the more relevant radiodiagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1209742", "title": "[Topical ampicilin and local infectious complications in oncological surgery].", "content": "420 consecutive patients having clean surgical operations were studied: 210 of them, selected at random, received 0.5-1 g of ampicillin into the wound before closure, the remainder being controls. Patients were examined for wound infection during the first postoperative week, in line with the opinion that topical antibiotic treatment can afford significant protection against wound infection caused by peroperative contamination. Wound infection has been defined as a local inflammation (redness and hyperthermia), usually with fever and/or discharge of pus. In some doubtful cases, a longer observation period was necessary to obtain a correct interpretation. Four out of 210 clean wounds (1.9%) became infected in the patients receiving ampicillin compared with 12 out of 210 (5.7%) in the control group. The difference could have arisen by chance less that one in a hundred times (p less than 0.01). It is our opinion therefore that after clean operations, the higher the risk of local infection, the more effective the topical use of antibiotics.", "contents": "[Topical ampicilin and local infectious complications in oncological surgery]. 420 consecutive patients having clean surgical operations were studied: 210 of them, selected at random, received 0.5-1 g of ampicillin into the wound before closure, the remainder being controls. Patients were examined for wound infection during the first postoperative week, in line with the opinion that topical antibiotic treatment can afford significant protection against wound infection caused by peroperative contamination. Wound infection has been defined as a local inflammation (redness and hyperthermia), usually with fever and/or discharge of pus. In some doubtful cases, a longer observation period was necessary to obtain a correct interpretation. Four out of 210 clean wounds (1.9%) became infected in the patients receiving ampicillin compared with 12 out of 210 (5.7%) in the control group. The difference could have arisen by chance less that one in a hundred times (p less than 0.01). It is our opinion therefore that after clean operations, the higher the risk of local infection, the more effective the topical use of antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:1209744", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in women less than 40 years of age].", "content": "Endometrial adenocarcinoma in women under the age of forty presents a different course according to its histology. Adenocarcinomas of the endometrium may be classified into 4 main types: type 1, homologous or endometrioid; type 2, fallopian-like; type 3, cervical-like; type 4, unclassifiable. The majority of homologous adenocarcinomas have a relatively benign course, whereas the other types are definitely malignant. There is no room for doubt between adenocarcinoma and atypical endometrial hyperplasia in women under forty unless the histological pattern is of the homologous or endometrioid type, because the other patterns are definitely malignant.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in women less than 40 years of age]. Endometrial adenocarcinoma in women under the age of forty presents a different course according to its histology. Adenocarcinomas of the endometrium may be classified into 4 main types: type 1, homologous or endometrioid; type 2, fallopian-like; type 3, cervical-like; type 4, unclassifiable. The majority of homologous adenocarcinomas have a relatively benign course, whereas the other types are definitely malignant. There is no room for doubt between adenocarcinoma and atypical endometrial hyperplasia in women under forty unless the histological pattern is of the homologous or endometrioid type, because the other patterns are definitely malignant."}
{"id": "PMID:1209745", "title": "[A case of pseudosarcoma of the esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "Pseudosarcoma of the esophagus previously has been described and documented in only 13 patients. Our case, after a successful total esophagectomy with esophagogastroplasty, is physically well without any symptoms of recurrence to date (18 months postoperative).", "contents": "[A case of pseudosarcoma of the esophagus (author's transl)]. Pseudosarcoma of the esophagus previously has been described and documented in only 13 patients. Our case, after a successful total esophagectomy with esophagogastroplasty, is physically well without any symptoms of recurrence to date (18 months postoperative)."}
{"id": "PMID:1209746", "title": "[Reliability and value of diagnostic lymphography in carcinoma of the sigmoid, rectum and anus (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1963 to 1973, 253 patients with cancer of the sigmoid, rectum and anus underwent diagnostic lymphography at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. In 218 patients lymphography was performed as part of the intial diagnostic work-up, while in 35 it was done during the follow up period, after surgery. The accuracy of radio-histological correlation was 95%. This confirms the reliability of diagnostic lymphography and its clinical usefulness. In view of these results, this diagnostic tool is essential in the initial evaluation in patients with carcinoma of the anus, because lymphography was superior (28%) to the clinical inspection (6%) in the evaluation of the inguino-iliac lymph nodes. Lymphography is also useful in rectal cancer since it permits, in case of nodal metastases, selection of a group of patients in whom the therapeutic program should be revised. The exam is useless in cancer of the sigmoid. In the small group of patients who had lymphography in the follow up period, this technique was the only to show, in symptomatic patients, the presence of pelvic and/or para-aortic nodal metastases. Lymphography is also useful in these patients for the evaluation of the results of the radio/chemotherapy on involved nodes.", "contents": "[Reliability and value of diagnostic lymphography in carcinoma of the sigmoid, rectum and anus (author's transl)]. From 1963 to 1973, 253 patients with cancer of the sigmoid, rectum and anus underwent diagnostic lymphography at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. In 218 patients lymphography was performed as part of the intial diagnostic work-up, while in 35 it was done during the follow up period, after surgery. The accuracy of radio-histological correlation was 95%. This confirms the reliability of diagnostic lymphography and its clinical usefulness. In view of these results, this diagnostic tool is essential in the initial evaluation in patients with carcinoma of the anus, because lymphography was superior (28%) to the clinical inspection (6%) in the evaluation of the inguino-iliac lymph nodes. Lymphography is also useful in rectal cancer since it permits, in case of nodal metastases, selection of a group of patients in whom the therapeutic program should be revised. The exam is useless in cancer of the sigmoid. In the small group of patients who had lymphography in the follow up period, this technique was the only to show, in symptomatic patients, the presence of pelvic and/or para-aortic nodal metastases. Lymphography is also useful in these patients for the evaluation of the results of the radio/chemotherapy on involved nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1209748", "title": "[A case of thyroid metastasis from hypernephroma (author's transl)].", "content": "The literature on the subject is reviewed and a case of isolated thyroid metastasis from hypernephroma is presented. Although isolated metastases are very rare, the possibility of long survival justifies aggressive surgery.", "contents": "[A case of thyroid metastasis from hypernephroma (author's transl)]. The literature on the subject is reviewed and a case of isolated thyroid metastasis from hypernephroma is presented. Although isolated metastases are very rare, the possibility of long survival justifies aggressive surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1209754", "title": "[Content of N-acetyl-alpha-l-aspartyl-l-glutamate in bird brain in ontogenesis and under hyperoxia].", "content": "Distribution of N-acetyl-alpha-l-glutaminic peptide (NAAG) and N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid (NAAA) in brain of different age chickens was studied in norm and under hyperoxia. The content of NAAG in the chicken brain during the first four weeks of life is more than 6 times as high and that of NAAA-4.3 times as high as their level in newborns. After the effect of a high pressure of oxygen (3.25 atm. on birds for 60 min) the content of NAAG lowers considerably in the brain of 14-, 21- and 30-day chickens, that of NAAA in them increases.", "contents": "[Content of N-acetyl-alpha-l-aspartyl-l-glutamate in bird brain in ontogenesis and under hyperoxia]. Distribution of N-acetyl-alpha-l-glutaminic peptide (NAAG) and N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid (NAAA) in brain of different age chickens was studied in norm and under hyperoxia. The content of NAAG in the chicken brain during the first four weeks of life is more than 6 times as high and that of NAAA-4.3 times as high as their level in newborns. After the effect of a high pressure of oxygen (3.25 atm. on birds for 60 min) the content of NAAG lowers considerably in the brain of 14-, 21- and 30-day chickens, that of NAAA in them increases."}
{"id": "PMID:1209755", "title": "[Effect of heavy mechanical trauma on content of lactic and pyruvic acids in rat brain].", "content": "The content of lactic and pyruvic acids in the brain was studied as affected by heavy mechanical trauma. It was established that under the trauma effect the content of lactic acid in the brain tissue increases and phase changes are observed in the content of pyruvic acid and in the value of the lactate pyruvate ratio. Lactic acid accumulates most intensively in the cerebellum, cortex and subcortical areas of the brain, and less intensively--in medulla oblongata and spinal cord.", "contents": "[Effect of heavy mechanical trauma on content of lactic and pyruvic acids in rat brain]. The content of lactic and pyruvic acids in the brain was studied as affected by heavy mechanical trauma. It was established that under the trauma effect the content of lactic acid in the brain tissue increases and phase changes are observed in the content of pyruvic acid and in the value of the lactate pyruvate ratio. Lactic acid accumulates most intensively in the cerebellum, cortex and subcortical areas of the brain, and less intensively--in medulla oblongata and spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1209756", "title": "[Effect of yeast mannans on aldolase of rat blood serum].", "content": "The activity of aldolase in rat blood serum was studied in experiments in vitro and in vivo as affected by extracellular mannan of Rhodotorula rubra. It was established that in vitro the polysaccharide has an inhibitory effect in the enzyme and in vivo, vice versa, activates it. The maximal activation is observed against a background of the V increase and Km decrease. By the preparative electrophoresis in 7.5% polyakrylamide gel seven isoenzymes of aldolase are obtained. After introduction of the polysaccharide the activity in the individual isoforms of the enzyme increases.", "contents": "[Effect of yeast mannans on aldolase of rat blood serum]. The activity of aldolase in rat blood serum was studied in experiments in vitro and in vivo as affected by extracellular mannan of Rhodotorula rubra. It was established that in vitro the polysaccharide has an inhibitory effect in the enzyme and in vivo, vice versa, activates it. The maximal activation is observed against a background of the V increase and Km decrease. By the preparative electrophoresis in 7.5% polyakrylamide gel seven isoenzymes of aldolase are obtained. After introduction of the polysaccharide the activity in the individual isoforms of the enzyme increases."}
{"id": "PMID:1209757", "title": "[Antiprotease activity of the inhibitor from dog submandibular salivary glands].", "content": "The influence of trielin, an inhibitor from dog submandibular salivary glands, was studied as applied to the activity of elastase, trypsin and chemotrypsin determined by their degrading action on protein and synthetic substrates. The inhibition constants were calculated for the enzymes. The inhibitory effect of trielin was especially developed on the trypsin when using N-alpha-benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide as a substrate. On the basis of inhibition constants the affinity of different substrates to elastase trypsin and chemotrypsin was shown.", "contents": "[Antiprotease activity of the inhibitor from dog submandibular salivary glands]. The influence of trielin, an inhibitor from dog submandibular salivary glands, was studied as applied to the activity of elastase, trypsin and chemotrypsin determined by their degrading action on protein and synthetic substrates. The inhibition constants were calculated for the enzymes. The inhibitory effect of trielin was especially developed on the trypsin when using N-alpha-benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide as a substrate. On the basis of inhibition constants the affinity of different substrates to elastase trypsin and chemotrypsin was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1209758", "title": "[Effect of immunoglobulin G in the blood serum from cancer patients on glycolysis].", "content": "The activity of reconstructed glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase reactions was studied as affected by immunoglobulin G of blood serum from patients with cancer and protein positively reacting in sedimentation test for cancer which is one of its subfractions. Addition of the protein under study to the sample is shown to inhibit the glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase reaction but activates the lactate dehydrogenase one. On the basis of the data obtained a conclusion is made that the effect of immunoglobulins G in the glycolytic systems is connected with the reactions of hydrogen transfer.", "contents": "[Effect of immunoglobulin G in the blood serum from cancer patients on glycolysis]. The activity of reconstructed glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase reactions was studied as affected by immunoglobulin G of blood serum from patients with cancer and protein positively reacting in sedimentation test for cancer which is one of its subfractions. Addition of the protein under study to the sample is shown to inhibit the glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase reaction but activates the lactate dehydrogenase one. On the basis of the data obtained a conclusion is made that the effect of immunoglobulins G in the glycolytic systems is connected with the reactions of hydrogen transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:1209759", "title": "[Solubilization of sarcolemma acetylcholinesterase with Triton X-100 and KCl].", "content": "It is shown that simultaneous treatment with sarcolemma with triton X-100 (0.1-1.0%) and KCl (0.6-1.2 M) solubilizes about 60% of acetyl cholinesterase, however its specific activity in the intact sarcolemma and in the obtained fractions is the same. A considerable part of lipids (about 90% of phospholipids and 50% of cholesterol) may be removed by treating sarcolemma with 0.1% triton X-100; it may be fixed in the membrane by hydrophoric bonds. Other phospholipids and cholesterol are bound with sarcolemma proteins more strongly and, probably, form the protein-lipid complexes. In the composition of phospholipids strongly bound with sarcolemma proteins a relative content of sphingomyelin increases and that of lysolecithin decreases.", "contents": "[Solubilization of sarcolemma acetylcholinesterase with Triton X-100 and KCl]. It is shown that simultaneous treatment with sarcolemma with triton X-100 (0.1-1.0%) and KCl (0.6-1.2 M) solubilizes about 60% of acetyl cholinesterase, however its specific activity in the intact sarcolemma and in the obtained fractions is the same. A considerable part of lipids (about 90% of phospholipids and 50% of cholesterol) may be removed by treating sarcolemma with 0.1% triton X-100; it may be fixed in the membrane by hydrophoric bonds. Other phospholipids and cholesterol are bound with sarcolemma proteins more strongly and, probably, form the protein-lipid complexes. In the composition of phospholipids strongly bound with sarcolemma proteins a relative content of sphingomyelin increases and that of lysolecithin decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:1209761", "title": "[Effect of ischemia on content of acid-soluble nucleotides in rat liver].", "content": "A drop in the acid-soluble nucleotide concentrations was studied in the rat liver following different periods of ishemia as well as the resynthesis of these compounds 2 and 24 h after re-establishment of blood circulation. After 5 min ishemia sharp drop was found in the amount of nucleoside triphosphates, UDP-glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid. After 30 to 60 min ischemia the available quantities of acid-soluble nucleotides remained unchanged, then a tendency to a subsequent slight reduction in their amount was observed. All acid-soluble nucleotides the quantity of which dropped noticeably during ischemia were resynthesized to a great extent 2 hours after re-establishment of blood circulation in 30- and 60-min ischemic livers; the synthesizing ability of the 120-min ischemic liver cells was considerably weaker than that of 30 and 60-min ischemic cells, particularly in the later periods after cessation of ischemia.", "contents": "[Effect of ischemia on content of acid-soluble nucleotides in rat liver]. A drop in the acid-soluble nucleotide concentrations was studied in the rat liver following different periods of ishemia as well as the resynthesis of these compounds 2 and 24 h after re-establishment of blood circulation. After 5 min ishemia sharp drop was found in the amount of nucleoside triphosphates, UDP-glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid. After 30 to 60 min ischemia the available quantities of acid-soluble nucleotides remained unchanged, then a tendency to a subsequent slight reduction in their amount was observed. All acid-soluble nucleotides the quantity of which dropped noticeably during ischemia were resynthesized to a great extent 2 hours after re-establishment of blood circulation in 30- and 60-min ischemic livers; the synthesizing ability of the 120-min ischemic liver cells was considerably weaker than that of 30 and 60-min ischemic cells, particularly in the later periods after cessation of ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1209762", "title": "[Study of peptide composition in serum albumin in patients with thyroid gland dysfunction].", "content": "Trypsin hydrolyzates of blood serum albumin of healthy people and patients with diffuse thyrotoxicosis and hypothyreosis were studied by the cellulose thin-layer electrochromatography. All the patients were found to have changes in the peptide composition of albumin trypsin hydrolyzate which resulted in disappearance of some peptides as well as in the appearance of new ones. Simultaneously conducted measurements of dispersion of optical rotation detected some changes in spectropolarimetric characteristics which provide the evidence for disperalization of its molecule. The found changes in albumin are determined by the disorder of normal protein biosynthesis and possible metabolic damage of protein.", "contents": "[Study of peptide composition in serum albumin in patients with thyroid gland dysfunction]. Trypsin hydrolyzates of blood serum albumin of healthy people and patients with diffuse thyrotoxicosis and hypothyreosis were studied by the cellulose thin-layer electrochromatography. All the patients were found to have changes in the peptide composition of albumin trypsin hydrolyzate which resulted in disappearance of some peptides as well as in the appearance of new ones. Simultaneously conducted measurements of dispersion of optical rotation detected some changes in spectropolarimetric characteristics which provide the evidence for disperalization of its molecule. The found changes in albumin are determined by the disorder of normal protein biosynthesis and possible metabolic damage of protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1209760", "title": "[Content of pentoses in erythrocytes of patients with Erb's myopathy].", "content": "It is established that in erythrocytes of patients with Erb's myopathy the total content of carbohydrates is considerably decreased and the content of pentoses is increased. After administration of ATP and cocarboxylase for 28-32 days in patients with inconsiderable atrophies the content of pentoses of the adenylic system increases and in the group with the developed atrophies the level of phosphorylated pentoses increases. The data obtained make it possible to consider metabolism of glucose in erythrocytes with Erb's myopathy transfers to the embryonic level.", "contents": "[Content of pentoses in erythrocytes of patients with Erb's myopathy]. It is established that in erythrocytes of patients with Erb's myopathy the total content of carbohydrates is considerably decreased and the content of pentoses is increased. After administration of ATP and cocarboxylase for 28-32 days in patients with inconsiderable atrophies the content of pentoses of the adenylic system increases and in the group with the developed atrophies the level of phosphorylated pentoses increases. The data obtained make it possible to consider metabolism of glucose in erythrocytes with Erb's myopathy transfers to the embryonic level."}
{"id": "PMID:1209764", "title": "[Methylation of rat liver tRNA under different experimental conditions].", "content": "The primary biochemical and conformational changes in tRNA of the albino rat liver were studied under conditions of X-ray irradiation and under the effect of prozerine and nicotinic acid. Under the effect of these factors the rate of the liver tRNA methylation increases by 45, 103 and 112%, respectively. The melting point of the tRNA control preparations is 61 degrees C, under the the effect of irradiation--57 degrees C, under the prozerine and nicotinic acid effect--52 degrees C. Hyperchromia of the tRNA control and experimental preparations is equal to 28, 30 and 34%, respectively. No changes were found in sedimentation coefficient of the tRNA control and experimental preparations.", "contents": "[Methylation of rat liver tRNA under different experimental conditions]. The primary biochemical and conformational changes in tRNA of the albino rat liver were studied under conditions of X-ray irradiation and under the effect of prozerine and nicotinic acid. Under the effect of these factors the rate of the liver tRNA methylation increases by 45, 103 and 112%, respectively. The melting point of the tRNA control preparations is 61 degrees C, under the the effect of irradiation--57 degrees C, under the prozerine and nicotinic acid effect--52 degrees C. Hyperchromia of the tRNA control and experimental preparations is equal to 28, 30 and 34%, respectively. No changes were found in sedimentation coefficient of the tRNA control and experimental preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:1209765", "title": "[Content of total and esterified cholesterol in liver tissue and blood with chronic protein-choline deficiency].", "content": "Serum and liver total cholesterol and cholesterol esters were studied in rats of different stages of pathological process induced by a prolonged protein and choline deficiency. Depending upon the time of its application the protein-choline deficiency produced in rats a moderate fatty infiltration, a developed lipohepatosis, fibrosis and nodular liver cirrhosis. Application of the diet resulted in an increase in total cholesterol starting from the first days of developing fatty degeneration of the liver. This increase in total liver cholesterol is at the expense of the increase in cholesterol esters, accumulation of which appeared to be maximum at the stage of the cirrhosis development. In choline-deficient rats the concentration of serum total cholesterol proves to be similar to that in control animal receiving the basic diet, and the content of serum cholesterol esters is considserably decreased. The addition of choline to the cirrhosis-producing diet prevented the development of fatty infiltration, but could not avert disorders in cholesterol metabolism which resulted in an increase in serum total cholesterol with the free cholesterol fraction and a decrease in the cholesterol esters fraction with some accumulation of cholesterol esters in rats liver.", "contents": "[Content of total and esterified cholesterol in liver tissue and blood with chronic protein-choline deficiency]. Serum and liver total cholesterol and cholesterol esters were studied in rats of different stages of pathological process induced by a prolonged protein and choline deficiency. Depending upon the time of its application the protein-choline deficiency produced in rats a moderate fatty infiltration, a developed lipohepatosis, fibrosis and nodular liver cirrhosis. Application of the diet resulted in an increase in total cholesterol starting from the first days of developing fatty degeneration of the liver. This increase in total liver cholesterol is at the expense of the increase in cholesterol esters, accumulation of which appeared to be maximum at the stage of the cirrhosis development. In choline-deficient rats the concentration of serum total cholesterol proves to be similar to that in control animal receiving the basic diet, and the content of serum cholesterol esters is considserably decreased. The addition of choline to the cirrhosis-producing diet prevented the development of fatty infiltration, but could not avert disorders in cholesterol metabolism which resulted in an increase in serum total cholesterol with the free cholesterol fraction and a decrease in the cholesterol esters fraction with some accumulation of cholesterol esters in rats liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1209763", "title": "[Some peculiarities of skin metabolism with vitamin A deficit].", "content": "The paper deals with studying the effect of vitamin A deficit in the rat organism on the incorporation of the C14-labelled asparaginic acid serine-3-C14 and glycine-2-C14 into different fractions of skin proteins, with determining the content of glycine cycle components (glycine, glycolic acid and glycolic aldehyde), activity of phosphatases and succinate dehydrogenase in the skin as well as the quantity of mucopolysaccharides and seromucoids in the skin and blood serum. It is established that with vitamin A deficit the intensity of the incorporation of labelled asparaginic acid and serine into the skin total proteins decreases and the incorporation of glycine-2-C14 into the total proteins and the fraction of soluble non-collagen proteins of skin increases. The intensity of the incorporation of the labelled asparaginic acid into the skin soluble collagen falls by 40% but almost twice as high into the soluble non-collagen proteins. A 47% decrease of glycine, 22% fall of glycolic acid and almost two-fold increase of glycolic aldehyde are observed in the skin of the animals with A-avitaminosis. Skin extracts manifest a higher activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases, but a lower activity of succinate dehydrogenase in comparison with control.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of skin metabolism with vitamin A deficit]. The paper deals with studying the effect of vitamin A deficit in the rat organism on the incorporation of the C14-labelled asparaginic acid serine-3-C14 and glycine-2-C14 into different fractions of skin proteins, with determining the content of glycine cycle components (glycine, glycolic acid and glycolic aldehyde), activity of phosphatases and succinate dehydrogenase in the skin as well as the quantity of mucopolysaccharides and seromucoids in the skin and blood serum. It is established that with vitamin A deficit the intensity of the incorporation of labelled asparaginic acid and serine into the skin total proteins decreases and the incorporation of glycine-2-C14 into the total proteins and the fraction of soluble non-collagen proteins of skin increases. The intensity of the incorporation of the labelled asparaginic acid into the skin soluble collagen falls by 40% but almost twice as high into the soluble non-collagen proteins. A 47% decrease of glycine, 22% fall of glycolic acid and almost two-fold increase of glycolic aldehyde are observed in the skin of the animals with A-avitaminosis. Skin extracts manifest a higher activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases, but a lower activity of succinate dehydrogenase in comparison with control."}
{"id": "PMID:1209767", "title": "[Content of free and bound phenols in hair follicles of sheep skin].", "content": "The content of phenols combined with sulphuric and glucoronic acids as well as the influence of vitamin A, sulphur and insulin hormone on the quantity of phenol were studied in the hair follicles of sheep skin. The presence of free and bound phenols in the hair follicles was established. An addition of vitamin A in a dose of 3500 i. u. per head a day to the ration of sheep causes an increase in the content of conjugated phenols, especially of phenolsulphates. A still more noticeable increase in the number of conjugated phenols may be observed under influence of vitamin A, insulin and sodium sulphate.", "contents": "[Content of free and bound phenols in hair follicles of sheep skin]. The content of phenols combined with sulphuric and glucoronic acids as well as the influence of vitamin A, sulphur and insulin hormone on the quantity of phenol were studied in the hair follicles of sheep skin. The presence of free and bound phenols in the hair follicles was established. An addition of vitamin A in a dose of 3500 i. u. per head a day to the ration of sheep causes an increase in the content of conjugated phenols, especially of phenolsulphates. A still more noticeable increase in the number of conjugated phenols may be observed under influence of vitamin A, insulin and sodium sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:1209769", "title": "[Antigenic composition of prealbumin fraction of bull brain water-soluble proteins].", "content": "The antigenic composition was studied in the fraction of prealbumins obtained by preparative electrophoresis in the agar hel of proteins salted out from the aqueous extract of bull cerebral hemispheres with amminiom sulphate within saturation limits of 60-100% (fraction 0.6-1). The chickens antisera immunized with the fraction of bull brain prealbumins were used in the experiment. One organospecific and species-nonspecific antigen called the antigen D is found by the method of immunoelectrophoresis in the components of the prealbumin fraction by means of the antisera obtained. This antigen is detected in water-soluble proteins of the bull great cerebral hemispheres and optic nerve. The antigen immunologically identical to that of the bull is contained in the aqueous extract of the rabbit and rat brain and is not found in the chicken brain.", "contents": "[Antigenic composition of prealbumin fraction of bull brain water-soluble proteins]. The antigenic composition was studied in the fraction of prealbumins obtained by preparative electrophoresis in the agar hel of proteins salted out from the aqueous extract of bull cerebral hemispheres with amminiom sulphate within saturation limits of 60-100% (fraction 0.6-1). The chickens antisera immunized with the fraction of bull brain prealbumins were used in the experiment. One organospecific and species-nonspecific antigen called the antigen D is found by the method of immunoelectrophoresis in the components of the prealbumin fraction by means of the antisera obtained. This antigen is detected in water-soluble proteins of the bull great cerebral hemispheres and optic nerve. The antigen immunologically identical to that of the bull is contained in the aqueous extract of the rabbit and rat brain and is not found in the chicken brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1209770", "title": "[Effect on growing conditions on protein content and amino acid composition of acinetobacter calcoaticus].", "content": "The protein content and amino acid composition of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were studied as dependent on the stages of development and different hydrocarbon sources. The protein content was always the greatest at the logarithmic stage and decreased approaching the stationary stage. When cultivating on different hyrocarbon sources only an insignificant differedce in the content of protein was observed. A relative amino acid composition of Ac. calcoaceticus remained practically constant during the growth up to the stationary stage. When using different sources of hydrocarbon no changes were found in the relative composition of amino acids as well as in the total content of protein.", "contents": "[Effect on growing conditions on protein content and amino acid composition of acinetobacter calcoaticus]. The protein content and amino acid composition of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were studied as dependent on the stages of development and different hydrocarbon sources. The protein content was always the greatest at the logarithmic stage and decreased approaching the stationary stage. When cultivating on different hyrocarbon sources only an insignificant differedce in the content of protein was observed. A relative amino acid composition of Ac. calcoaceticus remained practically constant during the growth up to the stationary stage. When using different sources of hydrocarbon no changes were found in the relative composition of amino acids as well as in the total content of protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1209766", "title": "[Sterols of horse erythrocytes].", "content": "Sterols of the whole erythrocytes, hemoglobin, membranes and their protein fractions were studied. Erythrocytes and their components were established to contain, besides cholesterol, other substances of the sterol nature. Cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol and other substances of the cholesterol series are practically completely linked with the lipoproteid fractions of the erythrocyte membrane whereas all sterols found in the native erythrocytes in negligible amounts are bound with hemoglobin.", "contents": "[Sterols of horse erythrocytes]. Sterols of the whole erythrocytes, hemoglobin, membranes and their protein fractions were studied. Erythrocytes and their components were established to contain, besides cholesterol, other substances of the sterol nature. Cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol and other substances of the cholesterol series are practically completely linked with the lipoproteid fractions of the erythrocyte membrane whereas all sterols found in the native erythrocytes in negligible amounts are bound with hemoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:1209771", "title": "[The effect of surface-active drug on properties of trypsin monolayers].", "content": "When the monolayers of trypsin are compressed on the surface of the medicinal substances solution they remain mixed even when high pressure is applied. The experiments on reversibility also indicate that certain medicinal substances remain in the monolayers. An increase in the surface pressure causes partial (dimedrol, barbamyl) or complete (analgin, amidopyrin) displacement of medicinal substances out of the trypsin monolayer. This proves that there is no strong interaction between them. Unlike proteins, the monolayer of acetyl alcohol is less penetrable and indicates the absence of interaction with dimedrol where the mature of the monolayer is of great importance.", "contents": "[The effect of surface-active drug on properties of trypsin monolayers]. When the monolayers of trypsin are compressed on the surface of the medicinal substances solution they remain mixed even when high pressure is applied. The experiments on reversibility also indicate that certain medicinal substances remain in the monolayers. An increase in the surface pressure causes partial (dimedrol, barbamyl) or complete (analgin, amidopyrin) displacement of medicinal substances out of the trypsin monolayer. This proves that there is no strong interaction between them. Unlike proteins, the monolayer of acetyl alcohol is less penetrable and indicates the absence of interaction with dimedrol where the mature of the monolayer is of great importance."}
{"id": "PMID:1209773", "title": "[Denaturation stabilization of alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae].", "content": "Denaturation of alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae was studied under the effect of heating urea and some other denaturating agents. Inhibition in the enzyme denaturation, deviation from the first order equation and, consequently, establishment of the false equilibrium in the system are shown. The values are calculated for the reaction rate constants of alpha-amylase denaturation under the effect to heat (40 degrees C) and urea. A method is developed for isolating native amylase stabilized by heating at 40 degrees C during the period of inactivation slowing down and preservation to the 50-70% activity in the system. It is shown that in the presence of calcium ions the stability of the isolated native enzyme is 13.0 +/- 2.5% hihger on the average to heating up to 40 degrees C, 28.4 %/- 7.2% higher - to the effect of 5.5 M urea and 18.4 +/- 3.6% higher - to 18% alcohol.", "contents": "[Denaturation stabilization of alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae]. Denaturation of alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae was studied under the effect of heating urea and some other denaturating agents. Inhibition in the enzyme denaturation, deviation from the first order equation and, consequently, establishment of the false equilibrium in the system are shown. The values are calculated for the reaction rate constants of alpha-amylase denaturation under the effect to heat (40 degrees C) and urea. A method is developed for isolating native amylase stabilized by heating at 40 degrees C during the period of inactivation slowing down and preservation to the 50-70% activity in the system. It is shown that in the presence of calcium ions the stability of the isolated native enzyme is 13.0 +/- 2.5% hihger on the average to heating up to 40 degrees C, 28.4 %/- 7.2% higher - to the effect of 5.5 M urea and 18.4 +/- 3.6% higher - to 18% alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:1209772", "title": "[Transformation of glucose-1-phosphate by hemolysates of sheep erythrocytes].", "content": "Transformation of glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) by hemolyzates of sheep erythrocytes was studied depending on its concentration, dilution of erythrocytes, manganese ions and time of incubation. MgC12 in a concentration of 5-25 mM is shown to produce a two-fold intensification of G-1-P transformation and formation of fructose. A further increase in MgC12 concentration results in a gradual and at last, complete inhibition of the phosphoglucomutase reaction. A two-fold rise in the content of erythrocyte hemolyzate protein increases respectively the utilization of G-1-P. Transformation is 4 mM and time of incubation 60 min. The sum of sugars in the process of incubation does not change essentially, that evidences for inconsiderable transformation of G-1-P up to lactic acid. An increase in the pentoses content is observed with low concentrations of the substrate only.", "contents": "[Transformation of glucose-1-phosphate by hemolysates of sheep erythrocytes]. Transformation of glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) by hemolyzates of sheep erythrocytes was studied depending on its concentration, dilution of erythrocytes, manganese ions and time of incubation. MgC12 in a concentration of 5-25 mM is shown to produce a two-fold intensification of G-1-P transformation and formation of fructose. A further increase in MgC12 concentration results in a gradual and at last, complete inhibition of the phosphoglucomutase reaction. A two-fold rise in the content of erythrocyte hemolyzate protein increases respectively the utilization of G-1-P. Transformation is 4 mM and time of incubation 60 min. The sum of sugars in the process of incubation does not change essentially, that evidences for inconsiderable transformation of G-1-P up to lactic acid. An increase in the pentoses content is observed with low concentrations of the substrate only."}
{"id": "PMID:1209774", "title": "[Enzymatic transformation of O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethylphosphonate--a cholinesterase--blocking agent in rat tissue homogenates].", "content": "The study of enzymic transformations of O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethylphosphate in homogenates in the liver, kidney, brain and in blood serum of rats revealed the hydrolysis of aryl-phosphate bound only. Certain data are obtained illustrating identity of the enzyme under study to paraoxonase. The results of the experiments showed that IP-optical isomers of O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylphosphonate are likely to exist, the hepatic and renal enzymes possessing the pronounced stereospecificity and destroying preferably the dextrorotatory isomer.", "contents": "[Enzymatic transformation of O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethylphosphonate--a cholinesterase--blocking agent in rat tissue homogenates]. The study of enzymic transformations of O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethylphosphate in homogenates in the liver, kidney, brain and in blood serum of rats revealed the hydrolysis of aryl-phosphate bound only. Certain data are obtained illustrating identity of the enzyme under study to paraoxonase. The results of the experiments showed that IP-optical isomers of O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylphosphonate are likely to exist, the hepatic and renal enzymes possessing the pronounced stereospecificity and destroying preferably the dextrorotatory isomer."}
{"id": "PMID:1209775", "title": "[Changes in the functional state of rat liver and kidney mitochondria under the effect of electromagnetic fields].", "content": "Oxidative phosphorylation and optical density of the rat liver and kidney mitochondria were studied under the effect of UHF and SHF electromagnetic fields of different power and duration of the action. It is established that a single action of these fields induces changes in the functional state of the mitochondria. The action by the UHF and SHF fields of 30W for 10 min increases the activity of respiration and phosphorylation in the liver and kidney mitochondria. The actions of the SHF electric field of 50 and 50W and UHF fields of 80W induce the splitting of oxidation phosphoryation, in the mitochondria. In this case there arise a considerable swelling of the mitochondria, which is evidenced by a decrease in their optic density.", "contents": "[Changes in the functional state of rat liver and kidney mitochondria under the effect of electromagnetic fields]. Oxidative phosphorylation and optical density of the rat liver and kidney mitochondria were studied under the effect of UHF and SHF electromagnetic fields of different power and duration of the action. It is established that a single action of these fields induces changes in the functional state of the mitochondria. The action by the UHF and SHF fields of 30W for 10 min increases the activity of respiration and phosphorylation in the liver and kidney mitochondria. The actions of the SHF electric field of 50 and 50W and UHF fields of 80W induce the splitting of oxidation phosphoryation, in the mitochondria. In this case there arise a considerable swelling of the mitochondria, which is evidenced by a decrease in their optic density."}
{"id": "PMID:1209776", "title": "[Content of glycoproteins in rat blood in experimental hypothyreosis].", "content": "The data are presented of parallel studies of the effect of different \"thyreostatic\" remedies as applied to concentration of certain glycoproteid components of blood in rats. Dynamics and correlation of disturbances were studied between the changes in the content of the glycidogram fractions and blood carbohydrate-containing glycoproteids. An essential change in glycoproteid blood metablolism is established. It is characterized by a significant decrease in the concentration of albumin alpha2- and gamma-globulin factors of the glycidogram and creuloplasmin as well as by a simultaneous rise in the level of alpha1- and beta-globulin fractions, hexosamine, haptoglobin, transferrine and L-fucose in the animals under experiment. The value of changes in the blood serum glycoproteid tests under study is determined as dependent on the type of the \"thyreostatic\" remedy, dose and duration time of the thyreostatic preparation administration. The maximal tine was established for an increase in the content of certain glycoproteids during the experiment and in different periods after it. An attempt is also made to explain the reasons affecting the disturbances of glycoproteid metabolism in blood with hypothyreosis in rats.", "contents": "[Content of glycoproteins in rat blood in experimental hypothyreosis]. The data are presented of parallel studies of the effect of different \"thyreostatic\" remedies as applied to concentration of certain glycoproteid components of blood in rats. Dynamics and correlation of disturbances were studied between the changes in the content of the glycidogram fractions and blood carbohydrate-containing glycoproteids. An essential change in glycoproteid blood metablolism is established. It is characterized by a significant decrease in the concentration of albumin alpha2- and gamma-globulin factors of the glycidogram and creuloplasmin as well as by a simultaneous rise in the level of alpha1- and beta-globulin fractions, hexosamine, haptoglobin, transferrine and L-fucose in the animals under experiment. The value of changes in the blood serum glycoproteid tests under study is determined as dependent on the type of the \"thyreostatic\" remedy, dose and duration time of the thyreostatic preparation administration. The maximal tine was established for an increase in the content of certain glycoproteids during the experiment and in different periods after it. An attempt is also made to explain the reasons affecting the disturbances of glycoproteid metabolism in blood with hypothyreosis in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1209777", "title": "[Ontogenic properties of ketone body metabolism in pig tissues].", "content": "When incubating the liver slices of pig fetuses in the Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer without substrates and with addition of butyrate and acetate a considerably lesser amount of ketone bodies is formed than with incubation of the liver slices of adult pigs. Therefore, a higher level of the ketone bodies in blood and tissues of the fetuses as compared to adult pigs is not due to ketogenesis in their liver, but is a result of their entering from the mother or formation in the placenta. When incubated in the above-mentioned medium the fetus skeletal muscle slices utilize exogenous acetoacetate in a significantly more quantity than the muscle slices of the adult animals. The liver and skeletal muscle slices of the fetuses reduce endogenous and exogenous acetoacetate into beta-hydroxybutyrate more intensively as compared to slices of the same tissues of the adult animals.", "contents": "[Ontogenic properties of ketone body metabolism in pig tissues]. When incubating the liver slices of pig fetuses in the Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer without substrates and with addition of butyrate and acetate a considerably lesser amount of ketone bodies is formed than with incubation of the liver slices of adult pigs. Therefore, a higher level of the ketone bodies in blood and tissues of the fetuses as compared to adult pigs is not due to ketogenesis in their liver, but is a result of their entering from the mother or formation in the placenta. When incubated in the above-mentioned medium the fetus skeletal muscle slices utilize exogenous acetoacetate in a significantly more quantity than the muscle slices of the adult animals. The liver and skeletal muscle slices of the fetuses reduce endogenous and exogenous acetoacetate into beta-hydroxybutyrate more intensively as compared to slices of the same tissues of the adult animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1209784", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes during the first few seconds after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter.", "content": "Electrocardiograms were registered with a special technique during attempts at cardioversion in 22 patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter. The registrations permitted analysis of the electrocardiogram 0.1-0.5 s after the electrical discharge. Mean values indicate that there is no compensatory pause after the d.c. shock. After 29 of the 42 synchronized d.c. shocks the first QRS complex was aberrant.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes during the first few seconds after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Electrocardiograms were registered with a special technique during attempts at cardioversion in 22 patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter. The registrations permitted analysis of the electrocardiogram 0.1-0.5 s after the electrical discharge. Mean values indicate that there is no compensatory pause after the d.c. shock. After 29 of the 42 synchronized d.c. shocks the first QRS complex was aberrant."}
{"id": "PMID:1209778", "title": "[Biochemiluminescence of tissue lipids under hormonal cancerogenesis].", "content": "The chemiluminescence of ovarian tumours tissue lipids was studied at various stages of hormonal cancerogenesis. With the growth of the ovarian tumour the biochimiluminescence intensity decreases and becomes minimal in the period of granulous cell formations. The inverse relationship is observed when studying biochimiluminescence of common liver lipids in tumour-bearing animals, which is explained by migration of bioantioxidants from the liver to the tumour. The changes in the biochimiluminescence intensity at various stages of hormonal cancerogenesis is connected with the processes of tumour cells proliferation.", "contents": "[Biochemiluminescence of tissue lipids under hormonal cancerogenesis]. The chemiluminescence of ovarian tumours tissue lipids was studied at various stages of hormonal cancerogenesis. With the growth of the ovarian tumour the biochimiluminescence intensity decreases and becomes minimal in the period of granulous cell formations. The inverse relationship is observed when studying biochimiluminescence of common liver lipids in tumour-bearing animals, which is explained by migration of bioantioxidants from the liver to the tumour. The changes in the biochimiluminescence intensity at various stages of hormonal cancerogenesis is connected with the processes of tumour cells proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:1209779", "title": "[Galascorbine structure, studied by nuclear magnetic resonance].", "content": "The chemical structure of a galascorbine molecule was studied by the nuclear magnetic resonance NMR technique. On the basis of the obtained NMR spectra a conclusion was drawn than galascorbine is ester ascorbic acid and tannin hydroxycarbon acids. This finding was confirmed by the results of independent studies in the products of interaction between ascorbic and gallic acids.", "contents": "[Galascorbine structure, studied by nuclear magnetic resonance]. The chemical structure of a galascorbine molecule was studied by the nuclear magnetic resonance NMR technique. On the basis of the obtained NMR spectra a conclusion was drawn than galascorbine is ester ascorbic acid and tannin hydroxycarbon acids. This finding was confirmed by the results of independent studies in the products of interaction between ascorbic and gallic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1209780", "title": "[Content of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in rat liver at various levels of vitamin E saturation of the body].", "content": "Ubiquinone and ubichromenol content was studied at different levels of organism supply with vitamin E. The content of these substances in the albino rat liver with vitamin E-deficiency is shown to decrease by 16 and 23%, respectively. The intravenous administration of alpha-tocopherol to the vitamin E-deficiency rats causes a gradual 45% increase in the ubiquinone content 4h after which remains at the same level for 8 h; the ubichromenol content 2 h latter is 1.7 times as high and then it lowers gradually up to the level in the avitaminous animals.", "contents": "[Content of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in rat liver at various levels of vitamin E saturation of the body]. Ubiquinone and ubichromenol content was studied at different levels of organism supply with vitamin E. The content of these substances in the albino rat liver with vitamin E-deficiency is shown to decrease by 16 and 23%, respectively. The intravenous administration of alpha-tocopherol to the vitamin E-deficiency rats causes a gradual 45% increase in the ubiquinone content 4h after which remains at the same level for 8 h; the ubichromenol content 2 h latter is 1.7 times as high and then it lowers gradually up to the level in the avitaminous animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1209785", "title": "Effects and interactions of oxygen and prostaglandins on the tone of the isolated human umbilical artery.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were found to be equipotent contractors of the isolated human umbilical artery (HUA) in the concentration range 0.2-40 mug/ml. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) relaxed HUA at 0.1-3.0 mug/ml, whereas at 10-50 mug/ml contraction occurred. PGE2 was significantly more potent at a PO2 of 102 mmHg than at 27, 48 and above 400 mmHg. An increase in PO2 per se (27- greater than 400 mmHg) resulted occasionally in minor increases in the tone of the HUA. Such effects of oxygen had a lag period of 10-15 min. It is suggested that an increased formation of prostaglandins in the umbilical artery at birth is a more likely cause of the closure of the vessel than an increase in PO2.", "contents": "Effects and interactions of oxygen and prostaglandins on the tone of the isolated human umbilical artery. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were found to be equipotent contractors of the isolated human umbilical artery (HUA) in the concentration range 0.2-40 mug/ml. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) relaxed HUA at 0.1-3.0 mug/ml, whereas at 10-50 mug/ml contraction occurred. PGE2 was significantly more potent at a PO2 of 102 mmHg than at 27, 48 and above 400 mmHg. An increase in PO2 per se (27- greater than 400 mmHg) resulted occasionally in minor increases in the tone of the HUA. Such effects of oxygen had a lag period of 10-15 min. It is suggested that an increased formation of prostaglandins in the umbilical artery at birth is a more likely cause of the closure of the vessel than an increase in PO2."}
{"id": "PMID:1209781", "title": "[Generation and transport systems of restored equivalents in rabbit brain tissue under experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "Distrubances are found in the shuttle transport systems of extramitochonidral hydrogen in the brain of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis, the catalytical function of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrohenase being preserved. A decrease in the activity of cytoplasmatic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was observed parallel with an increase in the content of glycerophosphate. Deviations from the norm in the malate-aspartate shunt are pronounced in a considerable activation of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, inhibition of aspartate amino transpherase, accumulation of oxaloacetate and exhaustion of the malate stock. Beta-Oxybutyrate dehydrogenase activates sharply, the content of acetoacetate increases. The total activity of hexoxokinase in cytoplasm and mitochondria remains practically unchanged.", "contents": "[Generation and transport systems of restored equivalents in rabbit brain tissue under experimental atherosclerosis]. Distrubances are found in the shuttle transport systems of extramitochonidral hydrogen in the brain of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis, the catalytical function of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrohenase being preserved. A decrease in the activity of cytoplasmatic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was observed parallel with an increase in the content of glycerophosphate. Deviations from the norm in the malate-aspartate shunt are pronounced in a considerable activation of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, inhibition of aspartate amino transpherase, accumulation of oxaloacetate and exhaustion of the malate stock. Beta-Oxybutyrate dehydrogenase activates sharply, the content of acetoacetate increases. The total activity of hexoxokinase in cytoplasm and mitochondria remains practically unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:1209782", "title": "[Effect of ATP and glutaminic acid on carbohydrate-energy and nitrogen metabolism in the rat brain and liver under the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field].", "content": "Oxidative phosphorylation, content of lactate, creatine phosphate, ammonia and glutamine were studied as affected by ATP and glutaminic acid in the brain and liver of rat subjected to the action of the pulsed electromagnetic field of 7 kHz frequency (72 kA/m, 15 seances). ATP (1 mg per 100 g of weight) was found to have a normalizing effect on the processes of nitrogen metabolism in the rat brain, ATP increasing the intenstiy of the oxidative phosphorylation in the tissues of intact rats, has no analogous influence on the irradiated animals. With administration of glutaminic acid (5 mg per 100 g of weight) the processes of oxidative phosphorylation and nitrogen metabolism, disturbed under the effect of the pulsed electromagnetic field are normalized.", "contents": "[Effect of ATP and glutaminic acid on carbohydrate-energy and nitrogen metabolism in the rat brain and liver under the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field]. Oxidative phosphorylation, content of lactate, creatine phosphate, ammonia and glutamine were studied as affected by ATP and glutaminic acid in the brain and liver of rat subjected to the action of the pulsed electromagnetic field of 7 kHz frequency (72 kA/m, 15 seances). ATP (1 mg per 100 g of weight) was found to have a normalizing effect on the processes of nitrogen metabolism in the rat brain, ATP increasing the intenstiy of the oxidative phosphorylation in the tissues of intact rats, has no analogous influence on the irradiated animals. With administration of glutaminic acid (5 mg per 100 g of weight) the processes of oxidative phosphorylation and nitrogen metabolism, disturbed under the effect of the pulsed electromagnetic field are normalized."}
{"id": "PMID:1209783", "title": "[Immobilization of trypsin on polyurethane matrix].", "content": "A method is developed to bind trypsin with the polyurethane matrix. At the first stage the reaction between trypsin and toluylendiisocyanate (TD1) was performed. At the second stage polyisocyanate obtained on the base of TDI-trypsin was sewn with polyoxypropylene glycol with a molecular weight of 1500. 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol served as an accelerator of the reaction. The polymer obtained is fine-porous and high-elastic. The chemical interaction of trypsin with the polymer is confirmed by the method of IR-spectroscopy and a decrease in the amount of free isocyanate groups. It is shown that the enzymic activity of trypsin chemically bound with the polymer is preserved at a room temperature for several months. When the polymeric net is formed from macrodiisocyanate in the presence of trypsin under conditions when the chemical interaction between the polymer and enzyme activity is also preserved, its value in this case being dependent on the relative content of the enzyme in the polymer -- it is higher in the case when the relative content of the enzyme is less, that may indicate the role of the polymer as a heterogenic cocatalyst or activator. The value of the proteolytic activity of the polymer with the chemically added trypsin is practically constant with its washing off in the column for 24h with 0,05 M veronal buffer whereas under these conditions the polymer with \"free\" trypsin loses completely the enzymic activity.", "contents": "[Immobilization of trypsin on polyurethane matrix]. A method is developed to bind trypsin with the polyurethane matrix. At the first stage the reaction between trypsin and toluylendiisocyanate (TD1) was performed. At the second stage polyisocyanate obtained on the base of TDI-trypsin was sewn with polyoxypropylene glycol with a molecular weight of 1500. 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol served as an accelerator of the reaction. The polymer obtained is fine-porous and high-elastic. The chemical interaction of trypsin with the polymer is confirmed by the method of IR-spectroscopy and a decrease in the amount of free isocyanate groups. It is shown that the enzymic activity of trypsin chemically bound with the polymer is preserved at a room temperature for several months. When the polymeric net is formed from macrodiisocyanate in the presence of trypsin under conditions when the chemical interaction between the polymer and enzyme activity is also preserved, its value in this case being dependent on the relative content of the enzyme in the polymer -- it is higher in the case when the relative content of the enzyme is less, that may indicate the role of the polymer as a heterogenic cocatalyst or activator. The value of the proteolytic activity of the polymer with the chemically added trypsin is practically constant with its washing off in the column for 24h with 0,05 M veronal buffer whereas under these conditions the polymer with \"free\" trypsin loses completely the enzymic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1209787", "title": "Studies on cerebrovascular stroke. I. Epidemiology of first-time strokes in persons under 70 years of age.", "content": "The present investigation was carried out to study the incidence of new cerebrovascular strokes (cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarction and cerebral embolism) in people under the age of 70. SUCH INFORMATION HAS HITHERTO BEEN LACKING. The material comprises all cases from Uppsala county occurring between 1967 and 1971. The incidence was found to be 36/100,000 inhabitants. Of the total number of strokes, 25% were recurrences. During the period of study the incidence showed a moderate but significant decrease. It is assumed that this decrease is due to an extended and improved treatment of hypertension. It was observed that there were 6 females below 40 years of age. All had been on oral contraceptives at the time of the stroke. There was a high incidence of diabetes and symptoms of cardiovascular impairment (hypertension, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), cardiosclerotic disease) in the series. A high incidence of myocardial infarction was found among the parents of the cases of cerebral haemorrhage. A high incidence of strokes was found among the parents of those having cerebral infarctions.", "contents": "Studies on cerebrovascular stroke. I. Epidemiology of first-time strokes in persons under 70 years of age. The present investigation was carried out to study the incidence of new cerebrovascular strokes (cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarction and cerebral embolism) in people under the age of 70. SUCH INFORMATION HAS HITHERTO BEEN LACKING. The material comprises all cases from Uppsala county occurring between 1967 and 1971. The incidence was found to be 36/100,000 inhabitants. Of the total number of strokes, 25% were recurrences. During the period of study the incidence showed a moderate but significant decrease. It is assumed that this decrease is due to an extended and improved treatment of hypertension. It was observed that there were 6 females below 40 years of age. All had been on oral contraceptives at the time of the stroke. There was a high incidence of diabetes and symptoms of cardiovascular impairment (hypertension, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), cardiosclerotic disease) in the series. A high incidence of myocardial infarction was found among the parents of the cases of cerebral haemorrhage. A high incidence of strokes was found among the parents of those having cerebral infarctions."}
{"id": "PMID:1209788", "title": "Stroke before fifty. Experiences from a five-year study.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients below the age of 50, with an acute first-time cerebrovascular lesion have been studied. Some form of predisposing factor was present in nearly all cases. There was a remarkably high incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease among the parents of the stroke victims. Only 50% of the patients with hypertension known prior to the stroke had received adequate treatment. There were six females on oral contraceptives. The immediate mortality, i.e. within one month, was 35% essentially caused by a very high initial mortality among patients with cerebral haemorrhage. The patients were checked after 30 months. At this time, 16 patients were still alive and 11 able to perform some sort of work. Among the survivors there was a high incidence of diabetes and impaired glucose metabolism, to judge from intravenous glucose tolerance tests. The chances of survival and vocational rehabilitation seem to be fairly good, compared with higher age groups, thus urgently calling upon the resources of the community for active therapeutic measures and training. Individuals with hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance, with heredity for vascular disease and diabetes seem to be especially at risk for early stroke. Health surveys should be directed to tracing these subjects early.", "contents": "Stroke before fifty. Experiences from a five-year study. Thirty-seven patients below the age of 50, with an acute first-time cerebrovascular lesion have been studied. Some form of predisposing factor was present in nearly all cases. There was a remarkably high incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease among the parents of the stroke victims. Only 50% of the patients with hypertension known prior to the stroke had received adequate treatment. There were six females on oral contraceptives. The immediate mortality, i.e. within one month, was 35% essentially caused by a very high initial mortality among patients with cerebral haemorrhage. The patients were checked after 30 months. At this time, 16 patients were still alive and 11 able to perform some sort of work. Among the survivors there was a high incidence of diabetes and impaired glucose metabolism, to judge from intravenous glucose tolerance tests. The chances of survival and vocational rehabilitation seem to be fairly good, compared with higher age groups, thus urgently calling upon the resources of the community for active therapeutic measures and training. Individuals with hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance, with heredity for vascular disease and diabetes seem to be especially at risk for early stroke. Health surveys should be directed to tracing these subjects early."}
{"id": "PMID:1209789", "title": "The influence of calcium on the electrical and mechanical activity of the guinea pig ureter.", "content": "Low calcium concentration in the external medium depolarises the membrane of smooth muscle cells of the ureter and their excitability diminishes. The Ca++ dependent oscillations of the action potential disappears, while the plateau component is more resistent. Analogous reactions are observed by the addition of Ca++ antagonists such as Lantanum or Verapramil. A high Calcium concentration produces a slight hyperpolarisation, which stabilises the membrane and enhances the spike component while decreasing the plateau component of the action potential. It is possible that several drugs act indirectly on the ureter by changing the relationship between the calcium concentration of the external versus the internal medium.", "contents": "The influence of calcium on the electrical and mechanical activity of the guinea pig ureter. Low calcium concentration in the external medium depolarises the membrane of smooth muscle cells of the ureter and their excitability diminishes. The Ca++ dependent oscillations of the action potential disappears, while the plateau component is more resistent. Analogous reactions are observed by the addition of Ca++ antagonists such as Lantanum or Verapramil. A high Calcium concentration produces a slight hyperpolarisation, which stabilises the membrane and enhances the spike component while decreasing the plateau component of the action potential. It is possible that several drugs act indirectly on the ureter by changing the relationship between the calcium concentration of the external versus the internal medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1209790", "title": "The influence of potassium on the electrical and mechanical activity of the guinea pig ureter.", "content": "Increase of the external K+ concentration depolarises the ureteral muscle membrane and induces, after a transient period of increased spontaneous activity, a tonic contraction. Tetraethylammonium, in concentrations normally required for ganglion blocking activity, does not influence the ureteral activity, but in higher doses it prolonges the duration of the action potential several times and increases the intraluminal pressure. Ouabain has only an inhibitory effect on the guinea pig ureter.", "contents": "The influence of potassium on the electrical and mechanical activity of the guinea pig ureter. Increase of the external K+ concentration depolarises the ureteral muscle membrane and induces, after a transient period of increased spontaneous activity, a tonic contraction. Tetraethylammonium, in concentrations normally required for ganglion blocking activity, does not influence the ureteral activity, but in higher doses it prolonges the duration of the action potential several times and increases the intraluminal pressure. Ouabain has only an inhibitory effect on the guinea pig ureter."}
{"id": "PMID:1209791", "title": "The influence of sodium on the electrical and mechanical activity of the ureter.", "content": "In Sodium-deficient solutions both the electrical and mechanical activity of the ureter are reduced. The plateau component of the action potential in the smooth muscle cell of the guinea pig ureter is more affected than the oscillations. Tetrodotoxin, which blocks the action potential in nerves, does not influence activity or conduction in the ureter. This is an important argument for the myogenic conduction of activity in this tissue.", "contents": "The influence of sodium on the electrical and mechanical activity of the ureter. In Sodium-deficient solutions both the electrical and mechanical activity of the ureter are reduced. The plateau component of the action potential in the smooth muscle cell of the guinea pig ureter is more affected than the oscillations. Tetrodotoxin, which blocks the action potential in nerves, does not influence activity or conduction in the ureter. This is an important argument for the myogenic conduction of activity in this tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1209792", "title": "Concentration of antibiotics in renal interstitial fluid: an experimental model.", "content": "In a new canine experimental model the time concentration relationship of cephalothin in serum, urine, soft tissue interstitial fluid (STIF) and renal interstitial fluid (RIF) were compared simultaneously. Antibiotic concentration in RIF was less than urinary levels but exceeded the serum concentration. Urinary antibiotic concentration does not necessarily reflect concentration in the renal interstitium. This model helps to understand the basic pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in the renal interstitium where pyelonephritis occurs.", "contents": "Concentration of antibiotics in renal interstitial fluid: an experimental model. In a new canine experimental model the time concentration relationship of cephalothin in serum, urine, soft tissue interstitial fluid (STIF) and renal interstitial fluid (RIF) were compared simultaneously. Antibiotic concentration in RIF was less than urinary levels but exceeded the serum concentration. Urinary antibiotic concentration does not necessarily reflect concentration in the renal interstitium. This model helps to understand the basic pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in the renal interstitium where pyelonephritis occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:1209793", "title": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy. I. Following unilateral nephrectomy. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "The compensatory renal hypertrophy and hyperfunction following unilateral nephrectomy have been studied in dogs over a two-year period. It was found that a sharp increase in function and volume of kidney tissue takes place during the first two weeks. CCr and volume of kidney tissue continue to increase reaching average values after two years of 88% and 92% respectively of those for two kidneys. CPAH and TmPAH remain almost stable at 65% and 57% respectively after an initial increase during the first two weeks. All values are expressed in percent of the function of two normal kidneys before unilateral nephrectomy. The filtration seems to be increasingly efficient and the functional integrity of the nephrons is preserved, although a glomerular predominance is encountered two years following unilateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy. I. Following unilateral nephrectomy. An experimental study in dogs. The compensatory renal hypertrophy and hyperfunction following unilateral nephrectomy have been studied in dogs over a two-year period. It was found that a sharp increase in function and volume of kidney tissue takes place during the first two weeks. CCr and volume of kidney tissue continue to increase reaching average values after two years of 88% and 92% respectively of those for two kidneys. CPAH and TmPAH remain almost stable at 65% and 57% respectively after an initial increase during the first two weeks. All values are expressed in percent of the function of two normal kidneys before unilateral nephrectomy. The filtration seems to be increasingly efficient and the functional integrity of the nephrons is preserved, although a glomerular predominance is encountered two years following unilateral nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1209794", "title": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy. II. During contralateral hydronephrosis. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy and hyperfunction during contralateral chronic hydronephrosis was investigated. It was found that graded impairment of the function in hydronephrotic kidneys causes proportional compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction in the contralateral normal kidney. The functional pattern both \"per kidney\" and \"per nephron\" was the same in the kidneys investigated here and in kidneys where contralateral nephrectomy had been performed, but whereas a decreased ability to concentrate the urine maximally and to reabsorb sodium was encountered in the latter, this could not be detected in this study. On the other hand, a decreased COSM in the diseased kidney did not stimulate a corresponding increase in the contralateral kidney as did unilateral nephrectomy. Adaptive and growth dependent changes in compensatory renal hypertrophy are discussed.", "contents": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy. II. During contralateral hydronephrosis. An experimental study in dogs. Compensatory renal hypertrophy and hyperfunction during contralateral chronic hydronephrosis was investigated. It was found that graded impairment of the function in hydronephrotic kidneys causes proportional compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction in the contralateral normal kidney. The functional pattern both \"per kidney\" and \"per nephron\" was the same in the kidneys investigated here and in kidneys where contralateral nephrectomy had been performed, but whereas a decreased ability to concentrate the urine maximally and to reabsorb sodium was encountered in the latter, this could not be detected in this study. On the other hand, a decreased COSM in the diseased kidney did not stimulate a corresponding increase in the contralateral kidney as did unilateral nephrectomy. Adaptive and growth dependent changes in compensatory renal hypertrophy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209795", "title": "The reabsorption of creatinine from the rabbit bladder.", "content": "Using a radioisotope technique the reabsorption of creatinine from normal, inflamed and chronically obstructed bladders of rabbits was investigated. The reabsorption of creatinine from normal bladders was minimal. Chronic obstruction lead to a rise of the reabsorption rate. The most marked reabsorption however was found with the inflamed bladders. This difference of creatinine reabsorption is statistically significant and it was detectable in the 14C-creatinine content of the blood, 14C-creatinine content of the renal pelvis urine and in the activity loss in the bladder urine. The vesical reabsorption of creatinine corresponds in principle with the urea reabsorption which was investigated earlier by the same method. The extent of reabsorption is however different and urea is reabsorbed to a substantially greater extent.", "contents": "The reabsorption of creatinine from the rabbit bladder. Using a radioisotope technique the reabsorption of creatinine from normal, inflamed and chronically obstructed bladders of rabbits was investigated. The reabsorption of creatinine from normal bladders was minimal. Chronic obstruction lead to a rise of the reabsorption rate. The most marked reabsorption however was found with the inflamed bladders. This difference of creatinine reabsorption is statistically significant and it was detectable in the 14C-creatinine content of the blood, 14C-creatinine content of the renal pelvis urine and in the activity loss in the bladder urine. The vesical reabsorption of creatinine corresponds in principle with the urea reabsorption which was investigated earlier by the same method. The extent of reabsorption is however different and urea is reabsorbed to a substantially greater extent."}
{"id": "PMID:1209796", "title": "[Indications for cutaneous ureterostomy. Experience with 117 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "74 cases of cutaneous ureterostomy and 22 cases of in situ fistula of the ureter are reviewed. Cutaneous ureterostomy was mostly carried out as a palliative procedure in cases of far advanced bladder or gynecological cancers. 13 patients had complications that required surgical intervention (7 ureteral stricture, 6 cases of pyonephroses caused by stone formation). The in situ fistula mostly served as temporary urinary diversion before definitive reconstructive surgery of the urinary tract was feasible. All patients had chronic urinary tract infection. We consider ureterostomy in situ and cutaneous ureterostomy as safe, rewarding procedures for this type of patients.", "contents": "[Indications for cutaneous ureterostomy. Experience with 117 cases (author's transl)]. 74 cases of cutaneous ureterostomy and 22 cases of in situ fistula of the ureter are reviewed. Cutaneous ureterostomy was mostly carried out as a palliative procedure in cases of far advanced bladder or gynecological cancers. 13 patients had complications that required surgical intervention (7 ureteral stricture, 6 cases of pyonephroses caused by stone formation). The in situ fistula mostly served as temporary urinary diversion before definitive reconstructive surgery of the urinary tract was feasible. All patients had chronic urinary tract infection. We consider ureterostomy in situ and cutaneous ureterostomy as safe, rewarding procedures for this type of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1209797", "title": "[Comments on problems of uretero-ileo-cystoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Referring to six cases of our own we comment on indication and operative procedures with uretero-ileo-cystoplasty. Postoperative complications as stone-formation, urinary infection, stenosis of anastomosis etc. are discussed. In spite of vesico-renal reflux with every case longterm-results seem rather sufficient in four of our cases.", "contents": "[Comments on problems of uretero-ileo-cystoplasty (author's transl)]. Referring to six cases of our own we comment on indication and operative procedures with uretero-ileo-cystoplasty. Postoperative complications as stone-formation, urinary infection, stenosis of anastomosis etc. are discussed. In spite of vesico-renal reflux with every case longterm-results seem rather sufficient in four of our cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1209798", "title": "[Antireflux procedures in advanced pyelonephritic kidneys. A modification of the gr\u00e9goir-operation (author's transl)].", "content": "Kidneys in which pyelonephritic scars can already be observed radiologically are very sensitive to the dilatation, almost regularly following antireflux procedures: deterioration of renal function and progressing scarring may follow. - For these difficult cases a modification of the Gr\u00e9goir Operation is proposed: 1 or 2 cm above the entrance of the ureter into the bladder wall the ureter is incised and a splint of small size introduced up to the renal pelvis. This splint is meant to remain as long as an uninhibited flow of urine through the operation site (the submucosal channel) can be consistently registered by image amplifier. - The described procedure has been executed in 12 cases without serious complications. In no case a postoperative dilatation of the upper urinary tract had to be registered. Further and longtime results will be reported.", "contents": "[Antireflux procedures in advanced pyelonephritic kidneys. A modification of the gr\u00e9goir-operation (author's transl)]. Kidneys in which pyelonephritic scars can already be observed radiologically are very sensitive to the dilatation, almost regularly following antireflux procedures: deterioration of renal function and progressing scarring may follow. - For these difficult cases a modification of the Gr\u00e9goir Operation is proposed: 1 or 2 cm above the entrance of the ureter into the bladder wall the ureter is incised and a splint of small size introduced up to the renal pelvis. This splint is meant to remain as long as an uninhibited flow of urine through the operation site (the submucosal channel) can be consistently registered by image amplifier. - The described procedure has been executed in 12 cases without serious complications. In no case a postoperative dilatation of the upper urinary tract had to be registered. Further and longtime results will be reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1209799", "title": "[The position of the renal pelvic axis in the infant (author's transl)].", "content": "The position of the longitudinal axis of the renal pelvic system is of special significance in the diagnosis of renal pelvic reduplications, horseshoe kidneys and space occupying processes of the kidney. The present study of 143 normal infant urograms shows that the angle between the axis of the renal pelvis and the axis of the vertebra is dependent on age. While in the newborn a negative angle is a common finding, during adolescence the axis approaches the position we usually find in the adult.", "contents": "[The position of the renal pelvic axis in the infant (author's transl)]. The position of the longitudinal axis of the renal pelvic system is of special significance in the diagnosis of renal pelvic reduplications, horseshoe kidneys and space occupying processes of the kidney. The present study of 143 normal infant urograms shows that the angle between the axis of the renal pelvis and the axis of the vertebra is dependent on age. While in the newborn a negative angle is a common finding, during adolescence the axis approaches the position we usually find in the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:1209800", "title": "[The new iglesias resectoscope (author's transl)].", "content": "The new Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation has been described. Advantages of this instrument include: no interruption of the TUR, better endoscopic vision, decreased and equally strong intravesical pressure, shorter operating time, less bleeding, easier teaching and performing of transurethral resections.", "contents": "[The new iglesias resectoscope (author's transl)]. The new Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation has been described. Advantages of this instrument include: no interruption of the TUR, better endoscopic vision, decreased and equally strong intravesical pressure, shorter operating time, less bleeding, easier teaching and performing of transurethral resections."}
{"id": "PMID:1209801", "title": "[The transurethral electroresection with continuous waterflow through a new resectoscope (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on the experiences of more than 100 resections of the adenoma of the prostata gland with a new resectoscope is made known. This offers the advantages of the continuous waterflow by maintaining physiological bladder pressure. The possibility of permanent resection leads to 1. a considerably shortened operation time and 2. abolition of the TUR syndrom 3. The requirement of electroresection is facilitated.", "contents": "[The transurethral electroresection with continuous waterflow through a new resectoscope (author's transl)]. We report on the experiences of more than 100 resections of the adenoma of the prostata gland with a new resectoscope is made known. This offers the advantages of the continuous waterflow by maintaining physiological bladder pressure. The possibility of permanent resection leads to 1. a considerably shortened operation time and 2. abolition of the TUR syndrom 3. The requirement of electroresection is facilitated."}
{"id": "PMID:1209802", "title": "[The retropenitoneal fibrosis (septennial observation of a female patient) (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported on a septennial observation of a 43 year old woman, who was admitted to the hospital in 1968 with at first unclear symptoms and who developed an azotemia within a few days. The infusion pyelogram showed a hydronephrosis with enlargement of the upper part of the ureter; the lower part of the ureter was normal. After displacement of the ureters out of the fibrotic clasping into a duplicate of the peritoneum, the urine flow has normalized. After 7 years the patient is now healthy and able to work. The cause of the urinary stasis was histologically cleared as retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "contents": "[The retropenitoneal fibrosis (septennial observation of a female patient) (author's transl)]. It is reported on a septennial observation of a 43 year old woman, who was admitted to the hospital in 1968 with at first unclear symptoms and who developed an azotemia within a few days. The infusion pyelogram showed a hydronephrosis with enlargement of the upper part of the ureter; the lower part of the ureter was normal. After displacement of the ureters out of the fibrotic clasping into a duplicate of the peritoneum, the urine flow has normalized. After 7 years the patient is now healthy and able to work. The cause of the urinary stasis was histologically cleared as retroperitoneal fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1209803", "title": "[Mucouria in urachal adenoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Recurrent macrohematuria and massive mucous flow from the urethra have been observed in a 81-year-old woman. Cystoscopy reveals a tumor of about pea-size in the apex of the bladder, which is histologically classified as an urachal adenoma. Clinical aspects and pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "[Mucouria in urachal adenoma (author's transl)]. Recurrent macrohematuria and massive mucous flow from the urethra have been observed in a 81-year-old woman. Cystoscopy reveals a tumor of about pea-size in the apex of the bladder, which is histologically classified as an urachal adenoma. Clinical aspects and pathogenesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209804", "title": "[Presentation of the distal border-line in TUR resection of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described by which TUR of the prostate safely can be performed without endangering the external sphincter. A fold proximal to the external sphincter can be induced by digital pressure in the rectum determinating the distal borderline of the resection.", "contents": "[Presentation of the distal border-line in TUR resection of the prostate (author's transl)]. A method is described by which TUR of the prostate safely can be performed without endangering the external sphincter. A fold proximal to the external sphincter can be induced by digital pressure in the rectum determinating the distal borderline of the resection."}
{"id": "PMID:1209805", "title": "[Immune histological representation of uromucoid in the kidney of man and rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Uromucoid of the rat shows cross reactions with antihumanuromucoid serum. Localisation of this protein in the kidney of rat in comparison to the kidney of man was carried through by immune histological technique with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated antihumanuromucoid globuline. Results show that in rat and man synthesis site of Uromucoid are the distale tubules.", "contents": "[Immune histological representation of uromucoid in the kidney of man and rat (author's transl)]. Uromucoid of the rat shows cross reactions with antihumanuromucoid serum. Localisation of this protein in the kidney of rat in comparison to the kidney of man was carried through by immune histological technique with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated antihumanuromucoid globuline. Results show that in rat and man synthesis site of Uromucoid are the distale tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:1209806", "title": "[Permanent stop of renal circulation by embolisation with microspheres. Preliminary report (author's transl)].", "content": "The risk of tumor cell dislodgement during operative removal of carcinoma of the kidney is reduced by preoperative occlusion of the renal arteries. After the intraarterial injection of 250 mu microspheres a complete blockage of the intrarenal circulation was found in all three experimental animals for at least 2 hrs. In the other two dogs the blockage remained unchanged over 24 hrs. Subsequent experiments shall demonstrate that the simple embolisation technique using microspheres is more stable than other methods.", "contents": "[Permanent stop of renal circulation by embolisation with microspheres. Preliminary report (author's transl)]. The risk of tumor cell dislodgement during operative removal of carcinoma of the kidney is reduced by preoperative occlusion of the renal arteries. After the intraarterial injection of 250 mu microspheres a complete blockage of the intrarenal circulation was found in all three experimental animals for at least 2 hrs. In the other two dogs the blockage remained unchanged over 24 hrs. Subsequent experiments shall demonstrate that the simple embolisation technique using microspheres is more stable than other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1209807", "title": "[The bladder neck stenosis following prostatectomy. The various types and their treatment].", "content": "Twenty patients with contracture of the vesical neck following prostatectomy and with Marion's disease were successfully treated with Y-V plastic operation and posterior wedge excision. One patient had to remain in cystotomy catheterization because it was not possible at operation to detach the wall of the bladder from the os pubis. Five of eight patients were treated successfully by transurethral resection. The remaining three patients developed a recurrent contracture and underwent Y-V plastic operation. A stenosis at the site of anastomosis following radical retropubic prostatectomy may sometimes be managed by a Y-V operation using a simple retropubic approach. This was the procedure in one case. However, when the stenosis lies too deep in relation to the os pubis, one can always gain access via a pubectomy. Chiefly, contracture of the vesical cervix postprostatectomy is discussed, as well as the degree of obstruction, the characteristic symptoms, and the risks associated with wrong diagnosis. A new theory on the etiology is briefly described.", "contents": "[The bladder neck stenosis following prostatectomy. The various types and their treatment]. Twenty patients with contracture of the vesical neck following prostatectomy and with Marion's disease were successfully treated with Y-V plastic operation and posterior wedge excision. One patient had to remain in cystotomy catheterization because it was not possible at operation to detach the wall of the bladder from the os pubis. Five of eight patients were treated successfully by transurethral resection. The remaining three patients developed a recurrent contracture and underwent Y-V plastic operation. A stenosis at the site of anastomosis following radical retropubic prostatectomy may sometimes be managed by a Y-V operation using a simple retropubic approach. This was the procedure in one case. However, when the stenosis lies too deep in relation to the os pubis, one can always gain access via a pubectomy. Chiefly, contracture of the vesical cervix postprostatectomy is discussed, as well as the degree of obstruction, the characteristic symptoms, and the risks associated with wrong diagnosis. A new theory on the etiology is briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:1209808", "title": "[Urinary tract manifestations of ruptured infrarenal aortic aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "18 patients were admitted from 1969 to 1973 to the Surgical and Urological University Clinic in Mainz with ruptured infrarenal aortic aneurysms. Three patients died immediately following the operation and three during surgery from internal hemorrhage. Eight patients died later following prolonged shock. Four patients survived surgery. The classical symptoms of shock, abdominal pain and pulsating tumor was only present in three patients. The diagnosis was only made in seven patients at admission, from the clinical findings. Urological symptoms were also prominent such as unilateral flank pain, colic, dysuria, anuria and tenderness over the kidney. There is no typical clinical picture of ruptured aortic aneurysm. Acute urological symptomatology in cases of acute abdomen with unclear etiology and in connection with shock could indicate a ruptured aortic aneurysm. There is absolute indication for immediate operative intervention. The aneurysm is removed and replaced by a vascular prosthesis. Early diagnosis is important since prolonged shock and anuria will result in a poor postoperative prognosis. Abdominal exploration is therefore also indicated when a ruptured aortic aneurysm is only suspected.", "contents": "[Urinary tract manifestations of ruptured infrarenal aortic aneurysms (author's transl)]. 18 patients were admitted from 1969 to 1973 to the Surgical and Urological University Clinic in Mainz with ruptured infrarenal aortic aneurysms. Three patients died immediately following the operation and three during surgery from internal hemorrhage. Eight patients died later following prolonged shock. Four patients survived surgery. The classical symptoms of shock, abdominal pain and pulsating tumor was only present in three patients. The diagnosis was only made in seven patients at admission, from the clinical findings. Urological symptoms were also prominent such as unilateral flank pain, colic, dysuria, anuria and tenderness over the kidney. There is no typical clinical picture of ruptured aortic aneurysm. Acute urological symptomatology in cases of acute abdomen with unclear etiology and in connection with shock could indicate a ruptured aortic aneurysm. There is absolute indication for immediate operative intervention. The aneurysm is removed and replaced by a vascular prosthesis. Early diagnosis is important since prolonged shock and anuria will result in a poor postoperative prognosis. Abdominal exploration is therefore also indicated when a ruptured aortic aneurysm is only suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:1209809", "title": "[Spermatological and histological findings in patients with varicocele (author's transl)].", "content": "In 31 patients with unilateral idiopathic varicocele it was sought to correlate spermiogram and morphology of testis, particularly germinative epithelium, interstitial connective tissue and blood vessels. In both testes of all of 12 patients with pathological sperm striking morphological changes were found, from depletion of germinative cells to Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and including fibrosis of the interstitial tissue, reduction and occasionally diffuse or nodular hyperplasia of the Leydig cells as well as typical vascular changes. Due to alterations to the vascular walls the germinative epithelium had degenerated, this accounting for sub- and infertility, In the prophylaxis of fertility disturbances, the findings indicate that the same aspects apply to both varicocele and undecended testis.", "contents": "[Spermatological and histological findings in patients with varicocele (author's transl)]. In 31 patients with unilateral idiopathic varicocele it was sought to correlate spermiogram and morphology of testis, particularly germinative epithelium, interstitial connective tissue and blood vessels. In both testes of all of 12 patients with pathological sperm striking morphological changes were found, from depletion of germinative cells to Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and including fibrosis of the interstitial tissue, reduction and occasionally diffuse or nodular hyperplasia of the Leydig cells as well as typical vascular changes. Due to alterations to the vascular walls the germinative epithelium had degenerated, this accounting for sub- and infertility, In the prophylaxis of fertility disturbances, the findings indicate that the same aspects apply to both varicocele and undecended testis."}
{"id": "PMID:1209810", "title": "[Hemolysis in not the cause of the TUR-syndrome. The use of non-hemolytic solutions does not prevent its occurrence (author's transl)].", "content": "The TUR-syndrome has an acute and a delayed toxic modality. It occurs during the resection of large prostatic glands with long operative times and by perforation of the prostatic capsule. The TUR-syndrome is not caused by hemolysis by but disturbances of the serum electrolytes.", "contents": "[Hemolysis in not the cause of the TUR-syndrome. The use of non-hemolytic solutions does not prevent its occurrence (author's transl)]. The TUR-syndrome has an acute and a delayed toxic modality. It occurs during the resection of large prostatic glands with long operative times and by perforation of the prostatic capsule. The TUR-syndrome is not caused by hemolysis by but disturbances of the serum electrolytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1209811", "title": "[Pararenal pseudocyst. A rare sequela following blunt abdominal trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of an organ preserving operative case, the patho-physiological postulation of the origin and the diagnostic difficulty of this rare clinical picture are discussed. Out of the only 30 cases known in the world literature, 26 nephrectomies had to be made. Decisive for the formation are the grave concomitant injuries which mask the local symptomatology of the ureter tear. The duration of the interval trauma - therapy influences decisively the chances of organ preservation (from many weeks to 37 years is unknown).", "contents": "[Pararenal pseudocyst. A rare sequela following blunt abdominal trauma (author's transl)]. On the basis of an organ preserving operative case, the patho-physiological postulation of the origin and the diagnostic difficulty of this rare clinical picture are discussed. Out of the only 30 cases known in the world literature, 26 nephrectomies had to be made. Decisive for the formation are the grave concomitant injuries which mask the local symptomatology of the ureter tear. The duration of the interval trauma - therapy influences decisively the chances of organ preservation (from many weeks to 37 years is unknown)."}
{"id": "PMID:1209812", "title": "[Macrohematuria as initial symptom in two cases of renal hamartoma. Case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients with bleeding renal hamartoma are presented. The diagnosis of angiolipoleiomyoma and hemangioma was made by angiography. The literature is reviewed and the differential diagnoses are discussed. The difficulties concerning differential diagnoses from neoplastic disease is emphasized.", "contents": "[Macrohematuria as initial symptom in two cases of renal hamartoma. Case report (author's transl)]. Two patients with bleeding renal hamartoma are presented. The diagnosis of angiolipoleiomyoma and hemangioma was made by angiography. The literature is reviewed and the differential diagnoses are discussed. The difficulties concerning differential diagnoses from neoplastic disease is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1209813", "title": "Dynamic visual field testing using the Amsler grid patterns.", "content": "An economical and time-sparing technique of dynamic visual field testing employing the Amsler grid patterns and the Berens test targets has been developed. This method accurately detected field loss in all 38 patients and all 63 eyes with neurologic defects tested. In a group of 212 glaucomatous eyes, field defects were determined with 97% specificity.", "contents": "Dynamic visual field testing using the Amsler grid patterns. An economical and time-sparing technique of dynamic visual field testing employing the Amsler grid patterns and the Berens test targets has been developed. This method accurately detected field loss in all 38 patients and all 63 eyes with neurologic defects tested. In a group of 212 glaucomatous eyes, field defects were determined with 97% specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:1209815", "title": "The human fovea after sungazing.", "content": "Three patients who had malignant melanomas of the uvea and normal foveas agreed to look at the sun for one hour before enucleation of the eyes. Two of the patients sungazed with an undilated pupil, and 24 hours later, recovered their preexposure visual acuity with no detectable scotoma. One of the patients looked at the sun with a partially dilated pupil, and 24 hours later her visual acuity dropped from 20/20 to 20/25. After sungazing, all three eyes exhibited a prolonged recovery time from the photostress test. Fluorescein angiography in two patients showed that there was leakage of dye in the fovea. Fluorescein angiography done two days earlier had revealed no abnormalities. The foveas of all patients were studied by light and electron microscopy. Two patients showed sloughing of necrotic RPE into the subretinal space at the fovea. Degenerative changes and loss of melanin granules were obsered in the RPE in the fovea of the third patient. This study shows that in spite of the minimal subjective visual impairment, leakage of fluorescein from the choroidal vasculature and histologic changes in the fovea could be demonstrated after exposure to the sunlight.", "contents": "The human fovea after sungazing. Three patients who had malignant melanomas of the uvea and normal foveas agreed to look at the sun for one hour before enucleation of the eyes. Two of the patients sungazed with an undilated pupil, and 24 hours later, recovered their preexposure visual acuity with no detectable scotoma. One of the patients looked at the sun with a partially dilated pupil, and 24 hours later her visual acuity dropped from 20/20 to 20/25. After sungazing, all three eyes exhibited a prolonged recovery time from the photostress test. Fluorescein angiography in two patients showed that there was leakage of dye in the fovea. Fluorescein angiography done two days earlier had revealed no abnormalities. The foveas of all patients were studied by light and electron microscopy. Two patients showed sloughing of necrotic RPE into the subretinal space at the fovea. Degenerative changes and loss of melanin granules were obsered in the RPE in the fovea of the third patient. This study shows that in spite of the minimal subjective visual impairment, leakage of fluorescein from the choroidal vasculature and histologic changes in the fovea could be demonstrated after exposure to the sunlight."}
{"id": "PMID:1209823", "title": "The punctum plug: evaluation of a new treatment for the dry eye.", "content": "The problem of a chronic dry eye was approached with the idea of conserving the basal state of tears by inserting a plug to block the lacrimal outflow. The involved anatomy, punctum plug design, method of insertion, and postinsertion instructions were discussed. The results of three patient groups were given and failures discussed. Success in the test group fell between 50% to 75%. Successful insertion and acceptance of the punctum plug should probably exceed 75% in clinical practice.", "contents": "The punctum plug: evaluation of a new treatment for the dry eye. The problem of a chronic dry eye was approached with the idea of conserving the basal state of tears by inserting a plug to block the lacrimal outflow. The involved anatomy, punctum plug design, method of insertion, and postinsertion instructions were discussed. The results of three patient groups were given and failures discussed. Success in the test group fell between 50% to 75%. Successful insertion and acceptance of the punctum plug should probably exceed 75% in clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1209822", "title": "Genetic counseling of families with Best macular dystrophy.", "content": "We have examined 233 members of eight families with BMD. Of these, 169 were also examined with EOG. Sibships wherer greater than or equal to 80% of members were examined clinically and with EOG totaled 39. The results established both the validity and reliability of EOG testing in detecting people genetically affected with BMD. Hyperopia is established as an important manifestation of the disease. The visual prognosis of BMD is described.", "contents": "Genetic counseling of families with Best macular dystrophy. We have examined 233 members of eight families with BMD. Of these, 169 were also examined with EOG. Sibships wherer greater than or equal to 80% of members were examined clinically and with EOG totaled 39. The results established both the validity and reliability of EOG testing in detecting people genetically affected with BMD. Hyperopia is established as an important manifestation of the disease. The visual prognosis of BMD is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1209824", "title": "Ophthalmic injuries: handbook of initial evaluation and management.", "content": "Initial management of ophthalmic injury in the combat zone of guerrilla warfare has been discussed primarily from the vantage points of paramedical personnel and the physician nonophthalmologist. Details of surgical management have been greatly abbreviated and many areas not discussed at all, since they lie beyond the scope of this report. Continuing improvement and innovations in this report. Continuing improvement and innovations in this sphere require constant familiarity with current ophthalamic literature. Most, if not all, of the methods of examination and treatment described in this paper are as applicable to civilian trauma as to wartime injuries. The improved salvage rate of traumatized eyes and the conspicuous absence of sympathetic ophthalmia among US battle casualties since World War II are encouraging. If similar methods are used to evaluate, treat, and evacuate civilians inflicted with traumatic eye disease, the results should be similar.", "contents": "Ophthalmic injuries: handbook of initial evaluation and management. Initial management of ophthalmic injury in the combat zone of guerrilla warfare has been discussed primarily from the vantage points of paramedical personnel and the physician nonophthalmologist. Details of surgical management have been greatly abbreviated and many areas not discussed at all, since they lie beyond the scope of this report. Continuing improvement and innovations in this report. Continuing improvement and innovations in this sphere require constant familiarity with current ophthalamic literature. Most, if not all, of the methods of examination and treatment described in this paper are as applicable to civilian trauma as to wartime injuries. The improved salvage rate of traumatized eyes and the conspicuous absence of sympathetic ophthalmia among US battle casualties since World War II are encouraging. If similar methods are used to evaluate, treat, and evacuate civilians inflicted with traumatic eye disease, the results should be similar."}
{"id": "PMID:1209826", "title": "Traumatic \"pseudoprolapse\" of orbital tissues into the maxillary antrum: a diagnostic pitfall.", "content": "Orbital trauma may result in what we term \"pseudoprolapse\" of orbital tissues: a subperiosteal, submucosal, or intramucosal hemorrhage which creates a balloon-like elevation of periosteum or maxillary sinus mucosa or both associated with a nondisplaced fracture or in some cases no fracture of the orbital floor. This occasionally causes an erroneous radiographic diagnosis indicating a blowout fracture with prolapse of orbital tissues, resulting in unnecessary surgery.", "contents": "Traumatic \"pseudoprolapse\" of orbital tissues into the maxillary antrum: a diagnostic pitfall. Orbital trauma may result in what we term \"pseudoprolapse\" of orbital tissues: a subperiosteal, submucosal, or intramucosal hemorrhage which creates a balloon-like elevation of periosteum or maxillary sinus mucosa or both associated with a nondisplaced fracture or in some cases no fracture of the orbital floor. This occasionally causes an erroneous radiographic diagnosis indicating a blowout fracture with prolapse of orbital tissues, resulting in unnecessary surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1209828", "title": "Treatment of comminuted fractures of the anterior sinus wall.", "content": "A method of treatment of comminuted fractures of the anterior sinus wall is described utilizing a Foley catheter to splint the fragments and drain the sinus.", "contents": "Treatment of comminuted fractures of the anterior sinus wall. A method of treatment of comminuted fractures of the anterior sinus wall is described utilizing a Foley catheter to splint the fragments and drain the sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:1209829", "title": "A modified pharyngeal flap operation.", "content": "A modification of the standard, superiorly based, pharyngeal flap operation is presented. The results of this procedure are given for 27 patients and they appear to be superior to those reported by the author for the standard operation.", "contents": "A modified pharyngeal flap operation. A modification of the standard, superiorly based, pharyngeal flap operation is presented. The results of this procedure are given for 27 patients and they appear to be superior to those reported by the author for the standard operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1209830", "title": "Chemexfoliation as an adjunct to facial rejuvenation.", "content": "Rhytidectomy and chemexfoliation are complementary procedures. The combination of rhytidectomy and chemexfoliation as a one-stage procedure is advocated for the rejuvenation of the aging face. The advantages of the combined technique are stressed. Recognition of the facial T-zone for application of a stronger solution and occlusive mask is noted. Careful selection of patients and technical details of the procedure are outlined.", "contents": "Chemexfoliation as an adjunct to facial rejuvenation. Rhytidectomy and chemexfoliation are complementary procedures. The combination of rhytidectomy and chemexfoliation as a one-stage procedure is advocated for the rejuvenation of the aging face. The advantages of the combined technique are stressed. Recognition of the facial T-zone for application of a stronger solution and occlusive mask is noted. Careful selection of patients and technical details of the procedure are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1209832", "title": "The two-stage concept of rhytidectomy.", "content": "Over a two-year period, 258 rhytidectomy procedures were performed. Fifty-six patients (21.7%) required a secondary procedure. A thorough survey of these patients is in progress and will be reported at a later date. An early analysis shows that the secondary office surgery is neither time-consuming, difficult, nor disabling. It appears to be a relatively simple, painless, and effective method to minimize three causes of patient dissatisfaction with face-lifting surgery.", "contents": "The two-stage concept of rhytidectomy. Over a two-year period, 258 rhytidectomy procedures were performed. Fifty-six patients (21.7%) required a secondary procedure. A thorough survey of these patients is in progress and will be reported at a later date. An early analysis shows that the secondary office surgery is neither time-consuming, difficult, nor disabling. It appears to be a relatively simple, painless, and effective method to minimize three causes of patient dissatisfaction with face-lifting surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1209833", "title": "Formaldehyde-formed autogenous fascia graft tympanoplasty.", "content": "The formaldehyde-formed autogenous fascia graft represents another step toward more reliable functional restoration of the diseased tympanic membrane. It combines the advantages of the availability and high nonperforation rate of autogenous fascia with the more normal anatomic restoration experienced with homograft tympanic membrane grafts. Its primary indication is in total membrane perforations with intact malleus although the concept can be employed in conjunction with various types of ossicular reconstruction.", "contents": "Formaldehyde-formed autogenous fascia graft tympanoplasty. The formaldehyde-formed autogenous fascia graft represents another step toward more reliable functional restoration of the diseased tympanic membrane. It combines the advantages of the availability and high nonperforation rate of autogenous fascia with the more normal anatomic restoration experienced with homograft tympanic membrane grafts. Its primary indication is in total membrane perforations with intact malleus although the concept can be employed in conjunction with various types of ossicular reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:1209836", "title": "Surgical correction of saddle nose deformity.", "content": "Persons with saddle nose deformity can benefit from any of various surgical procedures for correction of the defect, and from various materials -- organic or inorganic -- used for filler material. Usually, other nasal defects co-exist and must be corrected at the time of surgery performed for the main deformity. Techniques and guidelines for surgical treatment have been presented. The use of polyamide mesh as filler material in 70 patients has given outstanding good results, which are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Surgical correction of saddle nose deformity. Persons with saddle nose deformity can benefit from any of various surgical procedures for correction of the defect, and from various materials -- organic or inorganic -- used for filler material. Usually, other nasal defects co-exist and must be corrected at the time of surgery performed for the main deformity. Techniques and guidelines for surgical treatment have been presented. The use of polyamide mesh as filler material in 70 patients has given outstanding good results, which are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1209866", "title": "[Effect of vagotomy with conservative stomach resection on the level of blood gastrin].", "content": "The concentration of gastrin in blood prior to and after vagotomy, associated with economic gastric resection, was determined radioimmunologically in patients with duodenal ulcerous disease. In patients with ulcerous disease of the duodenum insulin hypoglycemia resulted in an increased gastrin concentration in blood. Vagotomy associated with economic gastric resection has led to disappearance of this effect and to a decrease in the gastrin concentration in blood. There was stated the role of extragastric sources in the production of gastrin and the inhibitory effect of the vagus on the release of gastrin from these sources. Following vagotomy, associated with economic gastric resection, only gastrin produced by extragastric sources is circulating in blood. Vagotomy with economic gastric resection affecting both phases of gastric secretion is a high effective and pathogenetically grounded method of therapy for ulcerous disease of the duodenum.", "contents": "[Effect of vagotomy with conservative stomach resection on the level of blood gastrin]. The concentration of gastrin in blood prior to and after vagotomy, associated with economic gastric resection, was determined radioimmunologically in patients with duodenal ulcerous disease. In patients with ulcerous disease of the duodenum insulin hypoglycemia resulted in an increased gastrin concentration in blood. Vagotomy associated with economic gastric resection has led to disappearance of this effect and to a decrease in the gastrin concentration in blood. There was stated the role of extragastric sources in the production of gastrin and the inhibitory effect of the vagus on the release of gastrin from these sources. Following vagotomy, associated with economic gastric resection, only gastrin produced by extragastric sources is circulating in blood. Vagotomy with economic gastric resection affecting both phases of gastric secretion is a high effective and pathogenetically grounded method of therapy for ulcerous disease of the duodenum."}
{"id": "PMID:1209867", "title": "[Homoplasty of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii].", "content": "The authors have used homotendons preserved by freezing for replacement of tendinous defects of various localization and of a considerable extent. The results of repair by means of homoplasty of inveterate tendon injuries of the humeral long bicipital head are reported. The technic of surgical therapy is described. The elaborated method was employed in 18 patients. The study of late results from 6 months to 2 years has evidenced that these were good in two thirds of patients under examination.", "contents": "[Homoplasty of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii]. The authors have used homotendons preserved by freezing for replacement of tendinous defects of various localization and of a considerable extent. The results of repair by means of homoplasty of inveterate tendon injuries of the humeral long bicipital head are reported. The technic of surgical therapy is described. The elaborated method was employed in 18 patients. The study of late results from 6 months to 2 years has evidenced that these were good in two thirds of patients under examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1209868", "title": "[New principle  of production of obturating apparatus in gaping defects of the esophagus and pharynx].", "content": "The authors suggest a new principle of producing functionally active obturating devices providing for a natural feeding of patients and preventing irritation and skin maceration around the defect due to prevention of the sputum and mucus effect. The use of different prostheses in 9 patients speaks in favour of their high efficacy.", "contents": "[New principle  of production of obturating apparatus in gaping defects of the esophagus and pharynx]. The authors suggest a new principle of producing functionally active obturating devices providing for a natural feeding of patients and preventing irritation and skin maceration around the defect due to prevention of the sputum and mucus effect. The use of different prostheses in 9 patients speaks in favour of their high efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:1209869", "title": "[Anesthesia in surgical treatment of occlusive diseases of arteries of the lower limbs].", "content": "The kinetic study of a regional blood flow in the lower extremities (sphigmorphaphy, rheography) indicates its enhancement against the background of peridural blockade, employed by the authors in 480 of the total number of 1013 various operative interventinuous or prolonged peridural blockade, stabilized automatically or manually, is of a higher quality and may be recommended for a wide clinical application in these patients.", "contents": "[Anesthesia in surgical treatment of occlusive diseases of arteries of the lower limbs]. The kinetic study of a regional blood flow in the lower extremities (sphigmorphaphy, rheography) indicates its enhancement against the background of peridural blockade, employed by the authors in 480 of the total number of 1013 various operative interventinuous or prolonged peridural blockade, stabilized automatically or manually, is of a higher quality and may be recommended for a wide clinical application in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1209870", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of mask and intratracheal anesthesia with fluothane and nitrous oxide].", "content": "Under examination were 119 patients with mitral stenosis, stage III, in whom mask and endotracheal narcosis with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 volume per cent of fluothane in combination with 50% nitrogen monoxide was accomplished. As a result of studies, it was found that with the same concentrations of anesthetics in the inhaled mixture the depth of anesthesia according to EEG findings was greater in endotracheal than in mask anesthesia. Mask anesthesia was associated with more pronounced pathophysiological shifts than endotracheal one. In endotracheal narcosis with an artificial ventilation of the lung the fluothane concentration of 0.5 and 1.0 volume per cent in a combination with 50% nitrogen monoxide proved to be optimum.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of mask and intratracheal anesthesia with fluothane and nitrous oxide]. Under examination were 119 patients with mitral stenosis, stage III, in whom mask and endotracheal narcosis with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 volume per cent of fluothane in combination with 50% nitrogen monoxide was accomplished. As a result of studies, it was found that with the same concentrations of anesthetics in the inhaled mixture the depth of anesthesia according to EEG findings was greater in endotracheal than in mask anesthesia. Mask anesthesia was associated with more pronounced pathophysiological shifts than endotracheal one. In endotracheal narcosis with an artificial ventilation of the lung the fluothane concentration of 0.5 and 1.0 volume per cent in a combination with 50% nitrogen monoxide proved to be optimum."}
{"id": "PMID:1209871", "title": "[Effect of different types of anesthesia on hemodynamics and certain indicators of metabolism in obesity].", "content": "The authors have studied the response of the cardiovascular system and kinetics of some indices of fat and carbohydrate metabolism during the operation under different kinds of anesthesia in 175 patients with obesity. A comparative estimation of local anesthesia and narcosis with ether, fluothane, ntirogen monoxide during operative procedures in obese patients is given. It is believed that in patients with obesity for short-time operative procedures it is rational to use fluothane-nitrogen monoxide-oxygen anesthesia.", "contents": "[Effect of different types of anesthesia on hemodynamics and certain indicators of metabolism in obesity]. The authors have studied the response of the cardiovascular system and kinetics of some indices of fat and carbohydrate metabolism during the operation under different kinds of anesthesia in 175 patients with obesity. A comparative estimation of local anesthesia and narcosis with ether, fluothane, ntirogen monoxide during operative procedures in obese patients is given. It is believed that in patients with obesity for short-time operative procedures it is rational to use fluothane-nitrogen monoxide-oxygen anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1209872", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation of the degree of intoxication in peritonitis by studying the migration activity of leukocytes].", "content": "In 40 patients with diffuse peritonitis of various origin the author has studied the migration activity of leucocytes in flat five-canal capillaries. There was found a distinct dependence between the level of intoxication and indices of leucocytes migration activity, namely the higher the level of intoxication and the less favourable is the course of peritonitis, the lower the indices of leucocytes migration. A rise in the migration activity of leucocytes coincides with clinical manifestations of the improvement. Studies were conducted prior to surgery and every two days till patient's discharge or death. The data obtained allowed a suggestion that the kinetics of indices of leucocytes migration activity can serve as a criterion for estimating the course of peritonitis and efficacy of the therapy employed. Application of the suggested test offers new opportunities for a comparative study of various methods of treatment for peritonitis.", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation of the degree of intoxication in peritonitis by studying the migration activity of leukocytes]. In 40 patients with diffuse peritonitis of various origin the author has studied the migration activity of leucocytes in flat five-canal capillaries. There was found a distinct dependence between the level of intoxication and indices of leucocytes migration activity, namely the higher the level of intoxication and the less favourable is the course of peritonitis, the lower the indices of leucocytes migration. A rise in the migration activity of leucocytes coincides with clinical manifestations of the improvement. Studies were conducted prior to surgery and every two days till patient's discharge or death. The data obtained allowed a suggestion that the kinetics of indices of leucocytes migration activity can serve as a criterion for estimating the course of peritonitis and efficacy of the therapy employed. Application of the suggested test offers new opportunities for a comparative study of various methods of treatment for peritonitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1209877", "title": "[Endoscopy in the diagnosis of diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum].", "content": "The results of endoscopic studies in 948 patients with various diseases of the upper digestive tract are reported. It is the author's opinion that esophago-gastrointestinal endoscopy is the most informative method of diagnosing diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum.", "contents": "[Endoscopy in the diagnosis of diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum]. The results of endoscopic studies in 948 patients with various diseases of the upper digestive tract are reported. It is the author's opinion that esophago-gastrointestinal endoscopy is the most informative method of diagnosing diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum."}
{"id": "PMID:1209879", "title": "[Motor function of the duodenum in patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis].", "content": "Calculous cholecystitis in patients is associated with considerable disturbances of the duodenal peristalsis, a hyper- and akinetic type of disorders in the motoricity being observed. Due to the results obtained in all patients with calculous cholecystitis an examination of the duodenal peristalsis should be recommended during the period of diagnostic studies.", "contents": "[Motor function of the duodenum in patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis]. Calculous cholecystitis in patients is associated with considerable disturbances of the duodenal peristalsis, a hyper- and akinetic type of disorders in the motoricity being observed. Due to the results obtained in all patients with calculous cholecystitis an examination of the duodenal peristalsis should be recommended during the period of diagnostic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1209880", "title": "[Kidney function after extensive resection of the intestine].", "content": "Experimentally on 52 dogs and clinically in 46 patients it was found that extensive enterectomy of the distal small intestine, in particular, would induce alterations in the renal function and grave disorders in kalium metabolism. In treatment of patients subjected to extensive enterectomy, it is recommended to use the therapeutic complex contributing not only to rehabilitation of the digestive function but also to normalization of the renal activity and blood water-electrolyte content, special attention being attached to a correction of kalium metabolism.", "contents": "[Kidney function after extensive resection of the intestine]. Experimentally on 52 dogs and clinically in 46 patients it was found that extensive enterectomy of the distal small intestine, in particular, would induce alterations in the renal function and grave disorders in kalium metabolism. In treatment of patients subjected to extensive enterectomy, it is recommended to use the therapeutic complex contributing not only to rehabilitation of the digestive function but also to normalization of the renal activity and blood water-electrolyte content, special attention being attached to a correction of kalium metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1209883", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of a round infiltrative tubercular focus and pulmonary tuberculoma].", "content": "Clinco-roentgenological findings were studied in 110 patients with ovoid tuberculous infiltrations of the lung, and these were compared with analogous observations of 409 pulmonary tuberculomas. Tuberculous infiltration is frequently of an ovoid shape, its greater diameter being directed along the pulmonary pattern, while a portion of its greater diameter being directed along the pulmonary pattern, while a portion of its contour is distinct and spheroid and directed distally. The reliable criterion of a developed tuberculoma is the symptom of flattening and its distinct peripheral contour, which is not infrequently also flattened.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of a round infiltrative tubercular focus and pulmonary tuberculoma]. Clinco-roentgenological findings were studied in 110 patients with ovoid tuberculous infiltrations of the lung, and these were compared with analogous observations of 409 pulmonary tuberculomas. Tuberculous infiltration is frequently of an ovoid shape, its greater diameter being directed along the pulmonary pattern, while a portion of its greater diameter being directed along the pulmonary pattern, while a portion of its contour is distinct and spheroid and directed distally. The reliable criterion of a developed tuberculoma is the symptom of flattening and its distinct peripheral contour, which is not infrequently also flattened."}
{"id": "PMID:1209884", "title": "[Bronchospirometric and rheographic characteristics of external respiration and hemodynamics of the lesser circulation in purulent lung diseases].", "content": "Using bronchospirometry and rheography the external respiration and hemodynamics of the minor circulatory circuit were studied in 164 patients with suppurative processes in the lung. Ventilatory-respiratory indices were found to be reduced in the affected and \"healthy\" lung. A correlative dependence between the gravity of respiratory disorders and the state of the minor circulation hemodynamics was proved statistically.", "contents": "[Bronchospirometric and rheographic characteristics of external respiration and hemodynamics of the lesser circulation in purulent lung diseases]. Using bronchospirometry and rheography the external respiration and hemodynamics of the minor circulatory circuit were studied in 164 patients with suppurative processes in the lung. Ventilatory-respiratory indices were found to be reduced in the affected and \"healthy\" lung. A correlative dependence between the gravity of respiratory disorders and the state of the minor circulation hemodynamics was proved statistically."}
{"id": "PMID:1209886", "title": "[Use of color thermography for diagnosis of thyroid diseases]primenie tsvetno\u012d termografii dlia diagnostiki zabolveani\u012d shchitovidno\u012d zhelezy.", "content": "121 patients with different affections of the thyroid were examined by the method of color thermography. In patients with signs of hyperthyroidism or inflammation of the thyroid a local skin hyperthermia of the anterior jugular surface was observed. In the presence of euthyroid or hypothyroid struma skin temperature changes are either entirely absent, or there is a moderately pronounced local hypothermia. Cancer of the thyroid, as a rule, causes a more pronounced local skin hypothermia on the anterior jugular aspect.", "contents": "[Use of color thermography for diagnosis of thyroid diseases]primenie tsvetno\u012d termografii dlia diagnostiki zabolveani\u012d shchitovidno\u012d zhelezy. 121 patients with different affections of the thyroid were examined by the method of color thermography. In patients with signs of hyperthyroidism or inflammation of the thyroid a local skin hyperthermia of the anterior jugular surface was observed. In the presence of euthyroid or hypothyroid struma skin temperature changes are either entirely absent, or there is a moderately pronounced local hypothermia. Cancer of the thyroid, as a rule, causes a more pronounced local skin hypothermia on the anterior jugular aspect."}
{"id": "PMID:1209891", "title": "[Mechanism of contusion injuries of the lungs in gunshot wounds of the upper part of the abdomen].", "content": "The authors have studied experimentally changes in the lung in gunshot injuries of the upper abdomen. A temporary pulsating cavity, that is formed at the moment of injury, renders a damaging effect on the pulmonary tissue, thus contributing to the development of postcontusion pneumonia.", "contents": "[Mechanism of contusion injuries of the lungs in gunshot wounds of the upper part of the abdomen]. The authors have studied experimentally changes in the lung in gunshot injuries of the upper abdomen. A temporary pulsating cavity, that is formed at the moment of injury, renders a damaging effect on the pulmonary tissue, thus contributing to the development of postcontusion pneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:1209893", "title": "Intrahepatic cholestasis in a dog: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "The paper describes a case of jaundice in a three-year-old bassett hound. The illness was accompanied by hyperbilirubinaemia and raised serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, indicating the presence of both biliary obstruction and hepatocellular damage. Examination of liver biopsies on two occasions showed intrahepatic cholestasis and mild inflammatory change. The dog was treated with corticosteroid. The jaundice regressed after three months, hepatic functions returned to normal and the dog recovered. The cause of the jaundice was not determined.", "contents": "Intrahepatic cholestasis in a dog: a clinicopathological study. The paper describes a case of jaundice in a three-year-old bassett hound. The illness was accompanied by hyperbilirubinaemia and raised serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, indicating the presence of both biliary obstruction and hepatocellular damage. Examination of liver biopsies on two occasions showed intrahepatic cholestasis and mild inflammatory change. The dog was treated with corticosteroid. The jaundice regressed after three months, hepatic functions returned to normal and the dog recovered. The cause of the jaundice was not determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1209993", "title": "[Study of the activity of erythrocyte cholinesterase in healthy and dipterex-poisoned sheep and cattle].", "content": "Determined were spectrophotometrically the normal values of the erythrocyte cholinesterase of a total 272 sheep and 120 cattle under normal conditions. In sheep the average value of the enzyme activity was within the range of 82 +/- 2.44, and in cattle it was 146 +/- 6.13 units. Experiments with 55 sheep, given dipterex orally at rates of 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg liveweight each revealed that the activity of the enzyme was below the lower normal value limit. The markedly expressed inhibition of the erythrocyte cholinesterase was invariably accompanied with the clinical manifestation of organic phosphorus intoxication. In some of the treated sheep there lacked clinical symptoms of poisoning, although the activity of the erythrocyte cholinesterase showed values ranging under the lower normal limit. It is believed that the inhibition of the enzyme activity may well be referred to as the preclinical symptom of poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds, which, however, is not indicative of the severity of the disease in all cases. As there is no correlation between the clinical manifestation of the intoxication and the inhibition of the enzyme activity animals suspicious of organic phosphorus intoxication are to be studied in terms of the inhibition of their erythrocyte cholinesterase activity.", "contents": "[Study of the activity of erythrocyte cholinesterase in healthy and dipterex-poisoned sheep and cattle]. Determined were spectrophotometrically the normal values of the erythrocyte cholinesterase of a total 272 sheep and 120 cattle under normal conditions. In sheep the average value of the enzyme activity was within the range of 82 +/- 2.44, and in cattle it was 146 +/- 6.13 units. Experiments with 55 sheep, given dipterex orally at rates of 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg liveweight each revealed that the activity of the enzyme was below the lower normal value limit. The markedly expressed inhibition of the erythrocyte cholinesterase was invariably accompanied with the clinical manifestation of organic phosphorus intoxication. In some of the treated sheep there lacked clinical symptoms of poisoning, although the activity of the erythrocyte cholinesterase showed values ranging under the lower normal limit. It is believed that the inhibition of the enzyme activity may well be referred to as the preclinical symptom of poisoning with organic phosphorus compounds, which, however, is not indicative of the severity of the disease in all cases. As there is no correlation between the clinical manifestation of the intoxication and the inhibition of the enzyme activity animals suspicious of organic phosphorus intoxication are to be studied in terms of the inhibition of their erythrocyte cholinesterase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1209994", "title": "[Comparative testing of methods for the control of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on guinea pigs].", "content": "It was found that the so-called direct methods for the control of vaccines give better idea about the immunogenic properties of the F. M. D. vaccines. The direct method for the determination of the value for guinea pigs is to be preferred to the method determining the protection index C, and is convenient, fast and readily applicable in terms of economy and preciseness. Discussed is the problem of employing the method in the research and production activities under laboratory conditions.", "contents": "[Comparative testing of methods for the control of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on guinea pigs]. It was found that the so-called direct methods for the control of vaccines give better idea about the immunogenic properties of the F. M. D. vaccines. The direct method for the determination of the value for guinea pigs is to be preferred to the method determining the protection index C, and is convenient, fast and readily applicable in terms of economy and preciseness. Discussed is the problem of employing the method in the research and production activities under laboratory conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1209995", "title": "[Recuperative processes in experimental Heterakis infections in chickens].", "content": "Studied were the recuperation processes in birds with Heterakis infection induced with the administration of 300 infective Heterakis eggs per bird, followed by phenotiazin worming at various intervals. It was found that the reconvalescence period sets in sooner and more effectively with the earlier removal of helminths, but not later than the 35th day after infection. The erythrocyte and leukocyte counts were found to come back to normal soonest, while the weight gain, the amount of hemoglobin, the percentage of pseudoeosinophiles and the gamma-globulins were normalized less quickly, and the total protein and the percent of lymphocytes were not normalized at all. Following Heterakis infection there set in changes in the organism which remain even when worming is carried out as early as the first days after the infection. Thirty-five days after the infection with Heterakis such changes were close to those which could not be involved in the reminiscence processes. On the sixtieth day of the infection process recuperation was impossible, and worming did not result in the removal of the helminths in connection with development of chronic typhlitis. It is suggested to undertake worming at intervals not longer than thirty days.", "contents": "[Recuperative processes in experimental Heterakis infections in chickens]. Studied were the recuperation processes in birds with Heterakis infection induced with the administration of 300 infective Heterakis eggs per bird, followed by phenotiazin worming at various intervals. It was found that the reconvalescence period sets in sooner and more effectively with the earlier removal of helminths, but not later than the 35th day after infection. The erythrocyte and leukocyte counts were found to come back to normal soonest, while the weight gain, the amount of hemoglobin, the percentage of pseudoeosinophiles and the gamma-globulins were normalized less quickly, and the total protein and the percent of lymphocytes were not normalized at all. Following Heterakis infection there set in changes in the organism which remain even when worming is carried out as early as the first days after the infection. Thirty-five days after the infection with Heterakis such changes were close to those which could not be involved in the reminiscence processes. On the sixtieth day of the infection process recuperation was impossible, and worming did not result in the removal of the helminths in connection with development of chronic typhlitis. It is suggested to undertake worming at intervals not longer than thirty days."}
{"id": "PMID:1209996", "title": "[Study of the outcome of pregnancy in sheep with positive serologic reactions to toxoplasmosis according to the complement fixation test].", "content": "Studied were five flocks of 240 sheep each. It was found that prior to impregnation the positive complement-fixation test (c. f. test) reagents varied from 16 to 61 per cent with titers ranging from 1:50 to 1:10. Abortions, however, were established only in two of the flocks consisting of young sheep, aged 3 and 4 years, at the first or second lambing. The abortions took place in the fourth month of pregnancy. In one of these flocks having 43 per cent positive reagents there were 40 per cent returns, and 28 of the ewes miscarried, 12 of them being positive for toxoplasmosis. In the second flock there were 61 per cent positive reagents, and 9 of the ewes miscarried, 5 of them being positive for toxoplasmosis. In the remaining three flocks consisting of 5-year-old sheep there were no abortions. The ewes that miscarried and were positive for toxoplasmosis showed a rise in their serum titers: from 1:40 on the 15th day after the abortion to 1:80 on the 30th day. It is believed that in these sheep the abortions are not due to toxoplasmosis, and in sheep flocks with a high percent of positive toxoplasmosis reagnets there may not be abortions.", "contents": "[Study of the outcome of pregnancy in sheep with positive serologic reactions to toxoplasmosis according to the complement fixation test]. Studied were five flocks of 240 sheep each. It was found that prior to impregnation the positive complement-fixation test (c. f. test) reagents varied from 16 to 61 per cent with titers ranging from 1:50 to 1:10. Abortions, however, were established only in two of the flocks consisting of young sheep, aged 3 and 4 years, at the first or second lambing. The abortions took place in the fourth month of pregnancy. In one of these flocks having 43 per cent positive reagents there were 40 per cent returns, and 28 of the ewes miscarried, 12 of them being positive for toxoplasmosis. In the second flock there were 61 per cent positive reagents, and 9 of the ewes miscarried, 5 of them being positive for toxoplasmosis. In the remaining three flocks consisting of 5-year-old sheep there were no abortions. The ewes that miscarried and were positive for toxoplasmosis showed a rise in their serum titers: from 1:40 on the 15th day after the abortion to 1:80 on the 30th day. It is believed that in these sheep the abortions are not due to toxoplasmosis, and in sheep flocks with a high percent of positive toxoplasmosis reagnets there may not be abortions."}
{"id": "PMID:1209997", "title": "[Effect of intramuscular and oral use of antianemic iron preparations in suckling pigs].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on the effect of the application of a ferrodextran preparation (A-100),  muscularly, and the oral administration of urzoferruvit and taferon-tablets to pigs. The result was read by the changes in the body weight, the hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and reticulocytes. It was established that the muscular application of A-100 at the rate of 0.1 Fe3+/kg prevents ferrodeficiency anaemia and affects favourably the growth of pigs. The oral application of the other two preparations at 0.4 Fe3+ and 1.28 Fe2+ (bis in die) does not prevent anaemia in all treated pigs, and they are inferior to the ferrodextran preparation in terms of utilization and effect on the growth of the animals.", "contents": "[Effect of intramuscular and oral use of antianemic iron preparations in suckling pigs]. Comparative studies were carried out on the effect of the application of a ferrodextran preparation (A-100),  muscularly, and the oral administration of urzoferruvit and taferon-tablets to pigs. The result was read by the changes in the body weight, the hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and reticulocytes. It was established that the muscular application of A-100 at the rate of 0.1 Fe3+/kg prevents ferrodeficiency anaemia and affects favourably the growth of pigs. The oral application of the other two preparations at 0.4 Fe3+ and 1.28 Fe2+ (bis in die) does not prevent anaemia in all treated pigs, and they are inferior to the ferrodextran preparation in terms of utilization and effect on the growth of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1209998", "title": "[Chloride levels in the estral secretion and the fertility of cows].", "content": "Studied was the chloride content of the estral secretion of cows at their insemination. It was found that chlorides vary from 351 to 1130 mg% on an average. In 90 per cent of the cows the chloride content varied within the 701-1200 mg% range. There is certain correlation between the chloride content and the conception rate of cows. The latter had highest values in cases where chlorides ranged from 701 to 800 mg%.", "contents": "[Chloride levels in the estral secretion and the fertility of cows]. Studied was the chloride content of the estral secretion of cows at their insemination. It was found that chlorides vary from 351 to 1130 mg% on an average. In 90 per cent of the cows the chloride content varied within the 701-1200 mg% range. There is certain correlation between the chloride content and the conception rate of cows. The latter had highest values in cases where chlorides ranged from 701 to 800 mg%."}
{"id": "PMID:1209999", "title": "[Effectiveness of potassium iodide in ovarian cysts in cows].", "content": "A trial was carried out with the treatment of a total of 64 cows having ovarial cysts. Thirty-one of the animals were given potassium iodate in the course of seven days at rates of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9g with the concentrates, and thirty-three were offered potassium iodate at the same rates in the form of a 1 per cent solution. The medical treatment was performed along with the study of the blood serum for total protein and protein fractions, and the examination of the thyroid activity by means of the factor F after the Modestov-Arsenyev's method. The following conclusions were made: 1. The administration of potassium iodate with the concentrates for 7 days at the rates mentioned above produces a good therapeutic effect, is fully absorbed (as found in the cysts content), and total conception amounts to 86.6 per cent. 2. The albumin level in the serum rises by 1.9 per cent in cows given potassium iodate with the concentrates, and by 1.7 per cent in cows given potassium iodate as a 1 per cent solution. 3. Factor F shows decrease by 28 per cent in animals treated via the concentrated fodder, and by 38.6 per cent in cows offered potassium iodate as 1 per cent solution.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of potassium iodide in ovarian cysts in cows]. A trial was carried out with the treatment of a total of 64 cows having ovarial cysts. Thirty-one of the animals were given potassium iodate in the course of seven days at rates of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9g with the concentrates, and thirty-three were offered potassium iodate at the same rates in the form of a 1 per cent solution. The medical treatment was performed along with the study of the blood serum for total protein and protein fractions, and the examination of the thyroid activity by means of the factor F after the Modestov-Arsenyev's method. The following conclusions were made: 1. The administration of potassium iodate with the concentrates for 7 days at the rates mentioned above produces a good therapeutic effect, is fully absorbed (as found in the cysts content), and total conception amounts to 86.6 per cent. 2. The albumin level in the serum rises by 1.9 per cent in cows given potassium iodate with the concentrates, and by 1.7 per cent in cows given potassium iodate as a 1 per cent solution. 3. Factor F shows decrease by 28 per cent in animals treated via the concentrated fodder, and by 38.6 per cent in cows offered potassium iodate as 1 per cent solution."}
{"id": "PMID:1210000", "title": "[Changes in the liver mitochondria due to gamma-ray irradiation of hen embryos and chickens].", "content": "Studied were the changes in the activity of the mitochondria-specific enzyme malatedehydrogenase (MDH) and the ATP content in the liver of chick embryos and chickens irradiated with 1000 rad. The total activity of MDH as well as the content of ATP dropped and the 'free' activity of MDH rose, but such was not the case of 20-day-old embryos. These changes were most pronounced in 12-day-old embryos. This showed that the changes in the mitochondria depend on the stage of embryonic development.", "contents": "[Changes in the liver mitochondria due to gamma-ray irradiation of hen embryos and chickens]. Studied were the changes in the activity of the mitochondria-specific enzyme malatedehydrogenase (MDH) and the ATP content in the liver of chick embryos and chickens irradiated with 1000 rad. The total activity of MDH as well as the content of ATP dropped and the 'free' activity of MDH rose, but such was not the case of 20-day-old embryos. These changes were most pronounced in 12-day-old embryos. This showed that the changes in the mitochondria depend on the stage of embryonic development."}
{"id": "PMID:1210001", "title": "[Possibilities of differentiation of the specific positive reactions for pullorum disease].", "content": "Studied were sera obtained from three groups of birds experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum. Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella heidelberg, resp., using the whole serum agglutination reaction, the slow test-tube reaction (at 37 degrees and 50 degrees C), and the agar gel precipitation reaction as modified by Aoki as well as the spot-test of Williams. It was found that with the use of a typhus antigen it is not possible to differentiate the positive coagglutination reactions between Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and the Salmonella bacteria of the B and D serologic groups. Differentiation of the coagglutination reactions between Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and the bacteria of B serologic Salmonella group was effected through exhaustion of the sera with Salmonella-gallinarum pullorum after Castellani, followed by the study with an O-test antigen of Salmonella heidelberg.", "contents": "[Possibilities of differentiation of the specific positive reactions for pullorum disease]. Studied were sera obtained from three groups of birds experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum. Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella heidelberg, resp., using the whole serum agglutination reaction, the slow test-tube reaction (at 37 degrees and 50 degrees C), and the agar gel precipitation reaction as modified by Aoki as well as the spot-test of Williams. It was found that with the use of a typhus antigen it is not possible to differentiate the positive coagglutination reactions between Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and the Salmonella bacteria of the B and D serologic groups. Differentiation of the coagglutination reactions between Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and the bacteria of B serologic Salmonella group was effected through exhaustion of the sera with Salmonella-gallinarum pullorum after Castellani, followed by the study with an O-test antigen of Salmonella heidelberg."}
{"id": "PMID:1210002", "title": "[Comparative study of various antigens of D. filaria by disc electrophoresis].", "content": "Somatic and functional antigens of Dictyocaulus filaria were comparatively studied by means of disk electrophoresis. Established were the protein fractions of the different antigens. The preliminary fractionation of the antigens on Sephadex G-200 made it possible (at a second concentration and separation through disk electrophoresis) to obtain fewer, but richer and better distinguishable fractions each one of which could be used alone as a specific antigen. The complement-fixation test, the indirect hemagglutination, and the latex agglutination reaction revealed that most specific and sensitive proved the antigen obtained after Stewart (II fraction), this method being more sensitive and specific, as compared with others. The c. f. test performed with this antigen gave consistently better results showing higher titers as against other antigens.", "contents": "[Comparative study of various antigens of D. filaria by disc electrophoresis]. Somatic and functional antigens of Dictyocaulus filaria were comparatively studied by means of disk electrophoresis. Established were the protein fractions of the different antigens. The preliminary fractionation of the antigens on Sephadex G-200 made it possible (at a second concentration and separation through disk electrophoresis) to obtain fewer, but richer and better distinguishable fractions each one of which could be used alone as a specific antigen. The complement-fixation test, the indirect hemagglutination, and the latex agglutination reaction revealed that most specific and sensitive proved the antigen obtained after Stewart (II fraction), this method being more sensitive and specific, as compared with others. The c. f. test performed with this antigen gave consistently better results showing higher titers as against other antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:1210003", "title": "[Fructose and the fructolysis index in bull semen].", "content": "The fructose content and the fructolysis index were studied in the semen of bulls. It was established that the value of the index depends upon the age. Highest values were found with the semen of 2-year-old bulls (3.23 +/- 0.13), and lowest were the values in bulls aged from 5 to years (2.49 +/- 0.12). It was also found that in September-October the fructolysis index is higher than the values in March-May. No differences were observed with the content of fructose.", "contents": "[Fructose and the fructolysis index in bull semen]. The fructose content and the fructolysis index were studied in the semen of bulls. It was established that the value of the index depends upon the age. Highest values were found with the semen of 2-year-old bulls (3.23 +/- 0.13), and lowest were the values in bulls aged from 5 to years (2.49 +/- 0.12). It was also found that in September-October the fructolysis index is higher than the values in March-May. No differences were observed with the content of fructose."}
{"id": "PMID:1210004", "title": "[Study of Dermanyssus gallinae as a carrier of Pasteurella multocida].", "content": "Microbiologic studies and biologic experiments revealed that Pasteurella multocida persists in the body of Dermanyssus gallinae mites after these engorge with blood from infected birds. Depending on the temperature of the environment the carrier status was shown to last from 42 to 64 days. It is reported that the red mite acts as a vector and does not transmit Pasteurellae directly. However, the parasite is potentially hazardous in maintaining and passing on the infection through other indirect routes. Carrier status has been established in naturally infected Dermanyssus gallinae mites.", "contents": "[Study of Dermanyssus gallinae as a carrier of Pasteurella multocida]. Microbiologic studies and biologic experiments revealed that Pasteurella multocida persists in the body of Dermanyssus gallinae mites after these engorge with blood from infected birds. Depending on the temperature of the environment the carrier status was shown to last from 42 to 64 days. It is reported that the red mite acts as a vector and does not transmit Pasteurellae directly. However, the parasite is potentially hazardous in maintaining and passing on the infection through other indirect routes. Carrier status has been established in naturally infected Dermanyssus gallinae mites."}
{"id": "PMID:1210005", "title": "[Role of ticks of the species Argas persicus Oken, 1818, in the epizootology of pullorum disease in birds].", "content": "Studies was the role played by ticks of the Argas persicus species in the epizootiology of pullorum disease in birds. Use was made of microbiologic, radiometric, and autoradiographic methods to follow up the period of carrying Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum, the localization and routes of elimination of the causative agent as well as the possibility of transmitting the infection by ticks. The pathogen was found to persist in the alimentary tract for a long time (at least 8 months--as long as the observation period lasted) without altering its pathogenicity, being excreted through the feces. No Salmonella-carriers were found among ticks in pullorum infection foci, and this points to the fact that their part as disease-transmission factors is limited. Regardless of what has already been established, however, the long term of harbouring pathogenic Salmonellae by ticks necessitates the organization of sanitation measures including such which aim to destroy the ticks on infected poultry farms.", "contents": "[Role of ticks of the species Argas persicus Oken, 1818, in the epizootology of pullorum disease in birds]. Studies was the role played by ticks of the Argas persicus species in the epizootiology of pullorum disease in birds. Use was made of microbiologic, radiometric, and autoradiographic methods to follow up the period of carrying Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum, the localization and routes of elimination of the causative agent as well as the possibility of transmitting the infection by ticks. The pathogen was found to persist in the alimentary tract for a long time (at least 8 months--as long as the observation period lasted) without altering its pathogenicity, being excreted through the feces. No Salmonella-carriers were found among ticks in pullorum infection foci, and this points to the fact that their part as disease-transmission factors is limited. Regardless of what has already been established, however, the long term of harbouring pathogenic Salmonellae by ticks necessitates the organization of sanitation measures including such which aim to destroy the ticks on infected poultry farms."}
{"id": "PMID:1210006", "title": "[Trends in Ixodides fauna along the Black Sea in the south].", "content": "A total of 55726 Ixodes ticks were collected from farm and wild animals on the territory of Bourgas district in the 1958-1964 period and were specifically differentiated. At a later study in the region of the town of Michourin other 26722 ticks were collected from sheep. A total of 15 species were determined. It was found that Ixodes ricinus in the East Balkan Mountain to the north of the town of Nessebur develops after a three-year pattern in pure populations of larvae, nymphs, and imagoes, the peak periods being autumn and spring. The tick-induced paralyses in sheep and goats in this region were due to I. ricinus. A year-round occurrence was established of ticks of the H. plumbeum, I. ricinus, H. punctata, and R. bursa species parasitising in animals. The Ixodes fauna in the Michourin region, where the pastures in 1971 were grazed only by sheep, shows the following trends: H. punctata and R. turanicus ticks, which are preferably parasitising in sheep, increase their relative share. R. bursa, D. marginatus and I. ricinus, which, besides sheep, have also other hosts among farm animals, have lowered their relative share, however, still remain at a comparatively high level. No further decrease is expected in this respect. The H. plumbeum species occurs less frequently, and its level may drop further or remain as it is now. H. inermis has strongly decreased in numbers. It is expected, however, to persist at the present level. B calcaratus has not been found in sheep in the Michourin region. Maybe sporadic cases in single sheep would not be an exception provided it parasitises in wild animals (does).", "contents": "[Trends in Ixodides fauna along the Black Sea in the south]. A total of 55726 Ixodes ticks were collected from farm and wild animals on the territory of Bourgas district in the 1958-1964 period and were specifically differentiated. At a later study in the region of the town of Michourin other 26722 ticks were collected from sheep. A total of 15 species were determined. It was found that Ixodes ricinus in the East Balkan Mountain to the north of the town of Nessebur develops after a three-year pattern in pure populations of larvae, nymphs, and imagoes, the peak periods being autumn and spring. The tick-induced paralyses in sheep and goats in this region were due to I. ricinus. A year-round occurrence was established of ticks of the H. plumbeum, I. ricinus, H. punctata, and R. bursa species parasitising in animals. The Ixodes fauna in the Michourin region, where the pastures in 1971 were grazed only by sheep, shows the following trends: H. punctata and R. turanicus ticks, which are preferably parasitising in sheep, increase their relative share. R. bursa, D. marginatus and I. ricinus, which, besides sheep, have also other hosts among farm animals, have lowered their relative share, however, still remain at a comparatively high level. No further decrease is expected in this respect. The H. plumbeum species occurs less frequently, and its level may drop further or remain as it is now. H. inermis has strongly decreased in numbers. It is expected, however, to persist at the present level. B calcaratus has not been found in sheep in the Michourin region. Maybe sporadic cases in single sheep would not be an exception provided it parasitises in wild animals (does)."}
{"id": "PMID:1210007", "title": "[Biochemical and serological study of mycoplasma isolated from milk in cases of mastitis].", "content": "Studied were biochemically and serologically a total of 10 Mycoplasma cultures isolated from milk of mastitis-affected cows (clinical and subclinical forms). The organisms were differentiated as belonging to Mycoplasmataceae (M. alkalescens species), and Acholeplasmataceae (A. laidlowii species). Demonstrated was also the presence of mixed cultures including M. alkalescens and A. laidlawii. The organisms specified as A. laidlowii showed atypical properties so far as some biochemical indices were concerned.", "contents": "[Biochemical and serological study of mycoplasma isolated from milk in cases of mastitis]. Studied were biochemically and serologically a total of 10 Mycoplasma cultures isolated from milk of mastitis-affected cows (clinical and subclinical forms). The organisms were differentiated as belonging to Mycoplasmataceae (M. alkalescens species), and Acholeplasmataceae (A. laidlowii species). Demonstrated was also the presence of mixed cultures including M. alkalescens and A. laidlawii. The organisms specified as A. laidlowii showed atypical properties so far as some biochemical indices were concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:1210008", "title": "[Influence of the biological activity of substances on the puerperal period and fertility of cows].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to shorten the service period and increase the conception rate in 304 cows under productional conditions with the use of drugs, hormonal means, and preparations producing unspecific effects on the reticulo-endothelial system, immediately after giving birth. It was found that: the parenteral treatment of cows one to three hours following calving with 200,000 IU vitestrol and 15-20 IU hypophysin, on the one hand, and (after the removal of the placenta) the infusion into the uterus of 1-2 g chloramphenicol, 15 g ac. citricum of Na citricum and 0.2 g pilocarpinum hydrochloricum, emulsified in 20-30 cu. cm oil emulsion of vitamins A, D3 and E, and the injection by the fifth day after calving of 30-40 cu. cm of tissue emulsion prepared after Filatov with the use of bovine liver or swine embryos, on the other, decreased the \"independences\" period with 7.01 days, the service period -- with 27.50 days, and the index of insemination -- with 0.60. At the same time the conception rate resulting from the first insemination rose by 25.20 per cent as compared to the untreated animals. The prophylactic veterinary treatment of cows thus contributed in decreasing the cases of retentio secundinarum after calving by 6.2 per cent, and the cases of acute endometritis -- by 12.9 per cent. Treatment of cows after calving, using hormonal, chemiotherapeutic, and biogenic stimulators, contributes, along with other means to raise the annual number of calves per 100 cows up to ten.", "contents": "[Influence of the biological activity of substances on the puerperal period and fertility of cows]. Experiments were carried out to shorten the service period and increase the conception rate in 304 cows under productional conditions with the use of drugs, hormonal means, and preparations producing unspecific effects on the reticulo-endothelial system, immediately after giving birth. It was found that: the parenteral treatment of cows one to three hours following calving with 200,000 IU vitestrol and 15-20 IU hypophysin, on the one hand, and (after the removal of the placenta) the infusion into the uterus of 1-2 g chloramphenicol, 15 g ac. citricum of Na citricum and 0.2 g pilocarpinum hydrochloricum, emulsified in 20-30 cu. cm oil emulsion of vitamins A, D3 and E, and the injection by the fifth day after calving of 30-40 cu. cm of tissue emulsion prepared after Filatov with the use of bovine liver or swine embryos, on the other, decreased the \"independences\" period with 7.01 days, the service period -- with 27.50 days, and the index of insemination -- with 0.60. At the same time the conception rate resulting from the first insemination rose by 25.20 per cent as compared to the untreated animals. The prophylactic veterinary treatment of cows thus contributed in decreasing the cases of retentio secundinarum after calving by 6.2 per cent, and the cases of acute endometritis -- by 12.9 per cent. Treatment of cows after calving, using hormonal, chemiotherapeutic, and biogenic stimulators, contributes, along with other means to raise the annual number of calves per 100 cows up to ten."}
{"id": "PMID:1210009", "title": "[Dynamics and causes of mortality in poultry in the Pleven district].", "content": "Studied were the various factors causing death and the dynamics of death in two broiler flocks, two parental flocks for broilers, and one flock of market egg layers. Death rate among broilers ranged between 2.17 and 2.98 per cent. It was highest during the first week after which it sharply dropped up to the end of the fattening period. In some flocks it again rose in the 4th to 6th of 8th week owing to the onset avitaminosis E, coccidiosis or Marek's disease. Noninfectious and deficiency diseases were prevailing in broilers. In the layers death rate varied within wide limits, ranging from 15 up to 23.75 per cent. It was highest during the first month and then sharply dropped. However, after the third month it again rose, reaching its maximum by the 6-7th month in connection with the outbreak of Marek's disease. In layers the infectious diseases were slightly prevailing, causing 51 to 57.39 per cent of the total number of deaths. Most widespread of the infectious diseases was Marek's disease, causing nearly 50 per cent of the deaths.", "contents": "[Dynamics and causes of mortality in poultry in the Pleven district]. Studied were the various factors causing death and the dynamics of death in two broiler flocks, two parental flocks for broilers, and one flock of market egg layers. Death rate among broilers ranged between 2.17 and 2.98 per cent. It was highest during the first week after which it sharply dropped up to the end of the fattening period. In some flocks it again rose in the 4th to 6th of 8th week owing to the onset avitaminosis E, coccidiosis or Marek's disease. Noninfectious and deficiency diseases were prevailing in broilers. In the layers death rate varied within wide limits, ranging from 15 up to 23.75 per cent. It was highest during the first month and then sharply dropped. However, after the third month it again rose, reaching its maximum by the 6-7th month in connection with the outbreak of Marek's disease. In layers the infectious diseases were slightly prevailing, causing 51 to 57.39 per cent of the total number of deaths. Most widespread of the infectious diseases was Marek's disease, causing nearly 50 per cent of the deaths."}
{"id": "PMID:1210010", "title": "[Thiobarbiturate and peroxide numbers as an index of the state of frozen ocean mackerel].", "content": "Studied were the changes taking place in the fats of frozen mackerel according to its quality. The organoleptic evaluation performed by a standard method served as a basis of comparison. It was found that the fats of standard frozen ocean mackerel show a thiobarbiturate number after Kopecky (E/n X 10) ranging up to 10, and a peroxide number of up to 0.20% J2, resp. the index after Lea (ml 0.01n Na2S2O3 per gram of fat) being up to 1.60. The fats are extracted in a way that is based on Bligh and Dyer's method.", "contents": "[Thiobarbiturate and peroxide numbers as an index of the state of frozen ocean mackerel]. Studied were the changes taking place in the fats of frozen mackerel according to its quality. The organoleptic evaluation performed by a standard method served as a basis of comparison. It was found that the fats of standard frozen ocean mackerel show a thiobarbiturate number after Kopecky (E/n X 10) ranging up to 10, and a peroxide number of up to 0.20% J2, resp. the index after Lea (ml 0.01n Na2S2O3 per gram of fat) being up to 1.60. The fats are extracted in a way that is based on Bligh and Dyer's method."}
{"id": "PMID:1210011", "title": "[Interbreed and interspecies variation in the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in cows and buffaloes].", "content": "Studied were for subclinical mastitis 3252 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed, 1409 cows of the Bulgarian Simmenthal breed, 1082 cows of the Bulgarian Red cattle, 341 cows of the Iskar cattle, 1086 cows of the Black and White breed, and 418 buffalo-cows. Established were mathematically dependable variations with regard to the individual sensitivity to subclinical mastitis of the main cattle breeds reared in this country. Highest was the percent of subclinical mastitis in the cows of the Bulgarian Simmenthal breed - 28.22. Bulgarian Brown cows and the cows of the Bulgarian Red breed were equally affected with subclinical mastitis - 25.24 and 25.23 per cent, respectively. In the Iskar and Black and White cattle the values were 12.60 and 12.70 per cent, respectively, i.e., the per cent of subclinical mastitis was more than twice lower as compared with the first three breeds. Buffalo-cows showed high absolute and relative resistance both with regard to subclinical and to clinical mastitis.", "contents": "[Interbreed and interspecies variation in the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in cows and buffaloes]. Studied were for subclinical mastitis 3252 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed, 1409 cows of the Bulgarian Simmenthal breed, 1082 cows of the Bulgarian Red cattle, 341 cows of the Iskar cattle, 1086 cows of the Black and White breed, and 418 buffalo-cows. Established were mathematically dependable variations with regard to the individual sensitivity to subclinical mastitis of the main cattle breeds reared in this country. Highest was the percent of subclinical mastitis in the cows of the Bulgarian Simmenthal breed - 28.22. Bulgarian Brown cows and the cows of the Bulgarian Red breed were equally affected with subclinical mastitis - 25.24 and 25.23 per cent, respectively. In the Iskar and Black and White cattle the values were 12.60 and 12.70 per cent, respectively, i.e., the per cent of subclinical mastitis was more than twice lower as compared with the first three breeds. Buffalo-cows showed high absolute and relative resistance both with regard to subclinical and to clinical mastitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1210012", "title": "[Study of immunity in coccidiosis in chickens experimentally infected with Marek's disease].", "content": "The immunity was studied against coccidiosis in birds that had preliminary been infected with Marek's disease. Results showed that birds infected with Marek's disease are unable to build up stable immunity against an oocyst infection of Eimeria tenella. The rate of mortality due to Marek's disease in birds infected with the virus of Marek's disease and additionally infected with oocysts of E. tenella was higher as compared with that in birds that were infected only with the virus of Marek's disease.", "contents": "[Study of immunity in coccidiosis in chickens experimentally infected with Marek's disease]. The immunity was studied against coccidiosis in birds that had preliminary been infected with Marek's disease. Results showed that birds infected with Marek's disease are unable to build up stable immunity against an oocyst infection of Eimeria tenella. The rate of mortality due to Marek's disease in birds infected with the virus of Marek's disease and additionally infected with oocysts of E. tenella was higher as compared with that in birds that were infected only with the virus of Marek's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1210013", "title": "[Level of estrogens in the blood of swine during pregnancy].", "content": "Studied were six sows crosses of the White Bulgarian and the Landrace breed during pregnancy for the presence of estrogenic hormones in the blood. The blood was sampled on the 15th, 24th, 34th, 54th, 69th, 89th, 110th, 113th day and on the day following farrowing. It was found that up to the 54th day the level of hormones remains low, not surpassing 2.6 +/- 0.24 ng estron and 2.6 +/- 0.22 ng estradiol per 100 cu. cm plasma. After the 69th day the hormone level rises, and on the day prior to farrowing it reaches up to 286.6 +/- 33.48 ng estron and 8.9 +/- 0.69 ng estradiol in 100 cu. cm plasma. The blood level of hormones was found to drop abruptly reaching almost the same levels that were established at the beginning of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Level of estrogens in the blood of swine during pregnancy]. Studied were six sows crosses of the White Bulgarian and the Landrace breed during pregnancy for the presence of estrogenic hormones in the blood. The blood was sampled on the 15th, 24th, 34th, 54th, 69th, 89th, 110th, 113th day and on the day following farrowing. It was found that up to the 54th day the level of hormones remains low, not surpassing 2.6 +/- 0.24 ng estron and 2.6 +/- 0.22 ng estradiol per 100 cu. cm plasma. After the 69th day the hormone level rises, and on the day prior to farrowing it reaches up to 286.6 +/- 33.48 ng estron and 8.9 +/- 0.69 ng estradiol in 100 cu. cm plasma. The blood level of hormones was found to drop abruptly reaching almost the same levels that were established at the beginning of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1210014", "title": "[Characteristics of bull semen].", "content": "Studied were comparatively some morphologic, biochemical, and biological methods employed to characterize the biologic value of bull's semen. Particular attention was paid to the objective methods of evaluation. Reflected is the experience gained in this country as well as the author's personal experience in characterizing the ejaculates and storing 24-72 H semen at 0-4 degrees C and continuous storing at ultralow temperatures. Given are also the theoretic achievements on the problem, and a stress is laid on the applicability of the methods for evaluating the semen in the artificial insemination practice with cows.", "contents": "[Characteristics of bull semen]. Studied were comparatively some morphologic, biochemical, and biological methods employed to characterize the biologic value of bull's semen. Particular attention was paid to the objective methods of evaluation. Reflected is the experience gained in this country as well as the author's personal experience in characterizing the ejaculates and storing 24-72 H semen at 0-4 degrees C and continuous storing at ultralow temperatures. Given are also the theoretic achievements on the problem, and a stress is laid on the applicability of the methods for evaluating the semen in the artificial insemination practice with cows."}
{"id": "PMID:1210103", "title": "[Arginine esterase, kalnikreine and antitryptic activities in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in dogs].", "content": "In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in dogs within seven days after immunization with encephalytogenic emulsion and in an acute period of the disease arginine-esterase and kallikreine activities were increased by 68% and 218%, respectively; antitryptic activity was simultaneously decreased in blood serum. If the symptoms of the disease were less distinct and also in animals, which were treated with Freund's stimulator, alterations in activity of the enzymes studied were found to be negligible.", "contents": "[Arginine esterase, kalnikreine and antitryptic activities in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in dogs]. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in dogs within seven days after immunization with encephalytogenic emulsion and in an acute period of the disease arginine-esterase and kallikreine activities were increased by 68% and 218%, respectively; antitryptic activity was simultaneously decreased in blood serum. If the symptoms of the disease were less distinct and also in animals, which were treated with Freund's stimulator, alterations in activity of the enzymes studied were found to be negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:1210104", "title": "[On the effect of immune and normal sera on catalase].", "content": "Effect of specific immune and normal sera on catalase was studied. The sera activated the enzyme, partially protected catalase against UV-irradiation and heating and also against the effect of inhibitors. Antibodies against catalase were observed in the fraction of 7 S gamma-globulins of immune serum. In studies of heat denaturation of catalase the stabilizing effect of immune serum was more distinct than the influence of normal serum and its protein fractions. In presence of serum protein fractions there was a correlation between the enthalpy of heat denaturation of catalase and decrease in specificity of the protein, in respect to the enxyme, associated with it in a complex. Alterations in enthropy compensated completely the decrease in enthalpy.", "contents": "[On the effect of immune and normal sera on catalase]. Effect of specific immune and normal sera on catalase was studied. The sera activated the enzyme, partially protected catalase against UV-irradiation and heating and also against the effect of inhibitors. Antibodies against catalase were observed in the fraction of 7 S gamma-globulins of immune serum. In studies of heat denaturation of catalase the stabilizing effect of immune serum was more distinct than the influence of normal serum and its protein fractions. In presence of serum protein fractions there was a correlation between the enthalpy of heat denaturation of catalase and decrease in specificity of the protein, in respect to the enxyme, associated with it in a complex. Alterations in enthropy compensated completely the decrease in enthalpy."}
{"id": "PMID:1210102", "title": "[Glycoproteins in rat blood serum and tissues and thiamine saturation of the body].", "content": "In blood serum and tissues of rats with alimentary and antimetabolic thiamin deficiencies content of glycoproteins was determined. The alimentary B1-avitaminosis caused a decrease in content of ceruloplasmin, hexosamines and sialic acids in blood serum and also of hexosamines in liver tissue and aorta. In dificiency of thiamin, caused by a single administration of hydroxythiamin, content of hexosamines and sialic acids were decreased in liver, pancreas and heart; in blood serum content of ceruloplasmin was decreased but that of glycoproteins was increased. Thiamin increased content of glycoproteins and sialic acids in blood serum and the content of sialic acids in liver tissue, but it decreased content of hexosamines in liver and pancreas. Content of the metabolites studied in animals, maintained on avitaminous diet, was normalized by means of repeated administration of thiamin during four weeks.", "contents": "[Glycoproteins in rat blood serum and tissues and thiamine saturation of the body]. In blood serum and tissues of rats with alimentary and antimetabolic thiamin deficiencies content of glycoproteins was determined. The alimentary B1-avitaminosis caused a decrease in content of ceruloplasmin, hexosamines and sialic acids in blood serum and also of hexosamines in liver tissue and aorta. In dificiency of thiamin, caused by a single administration of hydroxythiamin, content of hexosamines and sialic acids were decreased in liver, pancreas and heart; in blood serum content of ceruloplasmin was decreased but that of glycoproteins was increased. Thiamin increased content of glycoproteins and sialic acids in blood serum and the content of sialic acids in liver tissue, but it decreased content of hexosamines in liver and pancreas. Content of the metabolites studied in animals, maintained on avitaminous diet, was normalized by means of repeated administration of thiamin during four weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:1210105", "title": "[Alterations in the isozyme spectrum and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in development of Ehrlich ascites tumor].", "content": "By means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis lactate dehydrogenase belonging only to the M-type was observed in mice liver tissue, muscles, ascite cells and ascites fluid in the course of development of Ehrlich ascites tumor. In the tissues studied and in the tumor the LDH type was not altered in the course of development of the tumor. At the same time the LDH activity was slightly decreased in muscles; in the terminal period it was increased in liver tissue; in ascitic cells or fluid it was increased in the course of development of the tumor. In blood serum the M-fraction was the main type of LDH. The M4 isozyme accounted for about 80% of the total LDH activity. The remainding 20% were distributed approximately equally between the other four isozymes. As the disease proceeded redistribution of isozymes occurred in the direction of the M-type. About 70% of the H-type LDH was found in heart; isozymes H4 and H3M accounted for about 35% each of the total LDH-activity. Direct relation was not observed between the alteration in the enzymatic activity and the LDH isozyme spectrum in tumor and tissues of animals with developing Ehrlich ascites tumor.", "contents": "[Alterations in the isozyme spectrum and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in development of Ehrlich ascites tumor]. By means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis lactate dehydrogenase belonging only to the M-type was observed in mice liver tissue, muscles, ascite cells and ascites fluid in the course of development of Ehrlich ascites tumor. In the tissues studied and in the tumor the LDH type was not altered in the course of development of the tumor. At the same time the LDH activity was slightly decreased in muscles; in the terminal period it was increased in liver tissue; in ascitic cells or fluid it was increased in the course of development of the tumor. In blood serum the M-fraction was the main type of LDH. The M4 isozyme accounted for about 80% of the total LDH activity. The remainding 20% were distributed approximately equally between the other four isozymes. As the disease proceeded redistribution of isozymes occurred in the direction of the M-type. About 70% of the H-type LDH was found in heart; isozymes H4 and H3M accounted for about 35% each of the total LDH-activity. Direct relation was not observed between the alteration in the enzymatic activity and the LDH isozyme spectrum in tumor and tissues of animals with developing Ehrlich ascites tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1210106", "title": "[Metabolism of collagen in infectious nonspecific (rheumatoid) polyarthritis].", "content": "Distinct impairments in collagen metabolism were observed in infectious (rheumatoid) polyarthritis. The impairements were manifested as increased excretion of hydroxyproline with urine and increased content of protein bound hydroxyproline in blood plasma and synovial fluid; the impairements increased with an increased in severity and abundance of pathological process in connective tissue. After successful treatment of patients (surgical operation, combined with complex antirheumatic treatment) content of the collagen metabolites was decreased in biological fluids; this decrease was not observed if the inflammatory process in the connective tissue was present.", "contents": "[Metabolism of collagen in infectious nonspecific (rheumatoid) polyarthritis]. Distinct impairments in collagen metabolism were observed in infectious (rheumatoid) polyarthritis. The impairements were manifested as increased excretion of hydroxyproline with urine and increased content of protein bound hydroxyproline in blood plasma and synovial fluid; the impairements increased with an increased in severity and abundance of pathological process in connective tissue. After successful treatment of patients (surgical operation, combined with complex antirheumatic treatment) content of the collagen metabolites was decreased in biological fluids; this decrease was not observed if the inflammatory process in the connective tissue was present."}
{"id": "PMID:1210108", "title": "[Effect of ethanol on stability of cell membranes in experiments using isolated liver].", "content": "Effect of ethanol on functional activity of isolated perfused rat liver was studied (rate of O2 utilization, absorption of bromosulpholeine from perfusate, bile formation); total activity and activity in supernatant of nine marker enzymes were also determined (malate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase, arylsulphatases A and B, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, acetylesterase, glucoso-6-phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase). Activity of the enzymes was simultaneously studied in perfusate. Ethanol (0.5%) caused distinct impairement in functional activity of isolated liver; rate of bile formation and absorption of bromosulpholeine from perfusate were primarily altered. Degree of impairements in functional activity of liver tissue correlated with the concentration of ethanol in perfusate. In analysis of correlation between the total activity of the enzymes in liver tissue and their activity in supernatants and perfusate it was shown that the concentration (1%) of ethanol used did not produce damaye effect on plasma membranes and membranes of subcellular structures of hepatocytes, but, within certain limits, it displayed a stabilizing effect.", "contents": "[Effect of ethanol on stability of cell membranes in experiments using isolated liver]. Effect of ethanol on functional activity of isolated perfused rat liver was studied (rate of O2 utilization, absorption of bromosulpholeine from perfusate, bile formation); total activity and activity in supernatant of nine marker enzymes were also determined (malate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase, arylsulphatases A and B, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, acetylesterase, glucoso-6-phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase). Activity of the enzymes was simultaneously studied in perfusate. Ethanol (0.5%) caused distinct impairement in functional activity of isolated liver; rate of bile formation and absorption of bromosulpholeine from perfusate were primarily altered. Degree of impairements in functional activity of liver tissue correlated with the concentration of ethanol in perfusate. In analysis of correlation between the total activity of the enzymes in liver tissue and their activity in supernatants and perfusate it was shown that the concentration (1%) of ethanol used did not produce damaye effect on plasma membranes and membranes of subcellular structures of hepatocytes, but, within certain limits, it displayed a stabilizing effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1210113", "title": "[The state of the neural apparatus of cutaneous hemangiomas in children of different ages].", "content": "The work was undertaken to study the innervation of 120 skin hemangiomas in children aged from 1 month to 14 years. The data obtained have made it possible to conclude that shifts occurring in hemangioma are manifested by alterations in its nervous apparatus. The growth of hemangioma is accompanied with its hyperneuria, a delay in the tumor growth, its involution - by nerve destruction up to the state of hypo- and aneuria.", "contents": "[The state of the neural apparatus of cutaneous hemangiomas in children of different ages]. The work was undertaken to study the innervation of 120 skin hemangiomas in children aged from 1 month to 14 years. The data obtained have made it possible to conclude that shifts occurring in hemangioma are manifested by alterations in its nervous apparatus. The growth of hemangioma is accompanied with its hyperneuria, a delay in the tumor growth, its involution - by nerve destruction up to the state of hypo- and aneuria."}
{"id": "PMID:1210114", "title": "[Determination of tumor infiltration of the bronchial wall in lung cancer].", "content": "In the article, a new method of diagnosing the extent of the tumor spread in the bronchial wall without involvement of the mucosa (a peripbronchial form of the growth) is described. The method consists of two components - angiography of bronchial arteries with subsequent injection of a staining material in the corresponding bronchial artery and bronchoscopy, by means of which staining of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tree is observed. In case of tumor infiltration of the bronchial wall staining was absent completely or partially. A clinical trial of the method indicated its high efficacy.", "contents": "[Determination of tumor infiltration of the bronchial wall in lung cancer]. In the article, a new method of diagnosing the extent of the tumor spread in the bronchial wall without involvement of the mucosa (a peripbronchial form of the growth) is described. The method consists of two components - angiography of bronchial arteries with subsequent injection of a staining material in the corresponding bronchial artery and bronchoscopy, by means of which staining of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tree is observed. In case of tumor infiltration of the bronchial wall staining was absent completely or partially. A clinical trial of the method indicated its high efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:1210111", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of 2 methods for the determination of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in tissues in avitaminosis B 1 induced by various methods].", "content": "A method for determination of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in mitochondria and tissue homogenates was developed. The method was based on a spectrophotometric monitoring of p-nitroaniline acetylation under conditions required to ensure correct stoichiometric course of the reaction. In rat tissues absolute amounts of the enzyme activity, determined by the method, were found to be several-fold lower as compared with the values determined by the conventional ferricyanide method. Within 24 hrs after a single administration of hydroxythiamin into rats (400 mg per 1 kg of body weight) the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was decreased 1.5-fold in heart (as estimated by the reaction of p-nitroaniline acetylation) and did not alter in liver tissue. While if the determinations were carried out by the method of terricyanide reduction the enzyme activity was decreas 7- and 2-fold, respectively, in heart and liver tissue. The data obtained suggest that hydroxythiamin impaired reactions of electron transport in tissues; on the other hand, the data obtained showed that the method for determination of the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, based on the acetylation reaction, was more specific than the conventional method which involved measuring of ferricyanide reduction.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of 2 methods for the determination of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in tissues in avitaminosis B 1 induced by various methods]. A method for determination of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in mitochondria and tissue homogenates was developed. The method was based on a spectrophotometric monitoring of p-nitroaniline acetylation under conditions required to ensure correct stoichiometric course of the reaction. In rat tissues absolute amounts of the enzyme activity, determined by the method, were found to be several-fold lower as compared with the values determined by the conventional ferricyanide method. Within 24 hrs after a single administration of hydroxythiamin into rats (400 mg per 1 kg of body weight) the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was decreased 1.5-fold in heart (as estimated by the reaction of p-nitroaniline acetylation) and did not alter in liver tissue. While if the determinations were carried out by the method of terricyanide reduction the enzyme activity was decreas 7- and 2-fold, respectively, in heart and liver tissue. The data obtained suggest that hydroxythiamin impaired reactions of electron transport in tissues; on the other hand, the data obtained showed that the method for determination of the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, based on the acetylation reaction, was more specific than the conventional method which involved measuring of ferricyanide reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:1210112", "title": "[Pyruvate kinase from kidney medulla of rabbits in insulin deficiency].", "content": "A decrease in activity of pyruvate kinase by 43% in kidney medulla was observed in rabbits, which lasted for 10-16 days. In kidney medulla of rabbits with alloxan diabetes the pyruvate kinase activity was increased by 39% as compared with control animals.", "contents": "[Pyruvate kinase from kidney medulla of rabbits in insulin deficiency]. A decrease in activity of pyruvate kinase by 43% in kidney medulla was observed in rabbits, which lasted for 10-16 days. In kidney medulla of rabbits with alloxan diabetes the pyruvate kinase activity was increased by 39% as compared with control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1210109", "title": "[Simultaneous estimation of catecholamines and serotonin after purification on ion exchange resin].", "content": "A general fluorimetric method was developed for determination of noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in a single sample. Purification of samples was carried out on columns of Dowex 50X4 and 10 in sodium form. As judget by an internal standard the yield of noradrenaline and adrenaline was about 90% and of dopamin -- about 75%. Serotonin was determined by means of a condensation reaction with ninhydrin. A more stable fluorescence of serotonin samples was provided by an increase in warming-up time up to 55 min. Treatment of control probes with iodine solution permitted to eliminate an unspecific fluoresence of the tissues studied. The yield of serotonin was about 75% as estimated by an internal standard.", "contents": "[Simultaneous estimation of catecholamines and serotonin after purification on ion exchange resin]. A general fluorimetric method was developed for determination of noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in a single sample. Purification of samples was carried out on columns of Dowex 50X4 and 10 in sodium form. As judget by an internal standard the yield of noradrenaline and adrenaline was about 90% and of dopamin -- about 75%. Serotonin was determined by means of a condensation reaction with ninhydrin. A more stable fluorescence of serotonin samples was provided by an increase in warming-up time up to 55 min. Treatment of control probes with iodine solution permitted to eliminate an unspecific fluoresence of the tissues studied. The yield of serotonin was about 75% as estimated by an internal standard."}
{"id": "PMID:1210116", "title": "[Use of immunologic tests in periodic preventive examinations of workers involved in benzidine production].", "content": "In 95 workers engaged in benzidine production the results of the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response to the injection of tissue embryonal antigen were studied, 76 of them were additionally examined for application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Studies on the state of the immune response of the workers' organism were conducted in association with clinical and cytoscopic findings. The immunological tests applied during prophylactic examinations revealed, according to objective signs, a group of persons with immunological defects. And just in this group pretumor conditions and occupational vesical tumors were detected. The results of the authors' observations made it possible to recommend an application of the tests reflecting the state of cell immunity, to determine immunological defects in such workers as adjuvant methods for periodic prophylactic examinations.", "contents": "[Use of immunologic tests in periodic preventive examinations of workers involved in benzidine production]. In 95 workers engaged in benzidine production the results of the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response to the injection of tissue embryonal antigen were studied, 76 of them were additionally examined for application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Studies on the state of the immune response of the workers' organism were conducted in association with clinical and cytoscopic findings. The immunological tests applied during prophylactic examinations revealed, according to objective signs, a group of persons with immunological defects. And just in this group pretumor conditions and occupational vesical tumors were detected. The results of the authors' observations made it possible to recommend an application of the tests reflecting the state of cell immunity, to determine immunological defects in such workers as adjuvant methods for periodic prophylactic examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1210110", "title": "[The method of simultaneous fractionation of main fractions of lysophospholipids and their diacyl derivatives].", "content": "Lysopholipids together with their diacyl derivatives were fractionated by means of thin-layer chromatography. High sensitivity and separation capacity of the method was due to the use of superthin layers of absorbent, obtained by prfcipitation and also owing to the use of horizontal flow chromatography in a special system of solvents.", "contents": "[The method of simultaneous fractionation of main fractions of lysophospholipids and their diacyl derivatives]. Lysopholipids together with their diacyl derivatives were fractionated by means of thin-layer chromatography. High sensitivity and separation capacity of the method was due to the use of superthin layers of absorbent, obtained by prfcipitation and also owing to the use of horizontal flow chromatography in a special system of solvents."}
{"id": "PMID:1210117", "title": "[Elaboration of a long-term program of international cooperation in the area of oncologic research].", "content": "In the USSR the coworkers of the Oncological Research Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the Institute of Control Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences are actively participating in elaboration of a long-term program for international cooperation in the field of oncological research and its information provision, based on a systemic approach to it. A list of most perspective trends in the field of oncological researches is made. An original system of selective propagation of the information among the participants of the program was worked out. Some methodological approaches to the working out and realization of the long-term program are formulated.", "contents": "[Elaboration of a long-term program of international cooperation in the area of oncologic research]. In the USSR the coworkers of the Oncological Research Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the Institute of Control Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences are actively participating in elaboration of a long-term program for international cooperation in the field of oncological research and its information provision, based on a systemic approach to it. A list of most perspective trends in the field of oncological researches is made. An original system of selective propagation of the information among the participants of the program was worked out. Some methodological approaches to the working out and realization of the long-term program are formulated."}
{"id": "PMID:1210118", "title": "[Correction of endocrine-metabolic disorders in oncologic patients. The effect of biguanides (phenformin and adebita), miskleron and diphenin].", "content": "The study was conducted on 40 patients previously operated upon radically for cancer of the mammary gland, uterine body, lung and colon. All patients were explored and treated during 2-14 months. As evidenced by the data obtained, biguanides proved to be mostly effective with regard to normalization of an excessive weight in oncological patients and an impared tolerance to glucose, whereas myscleron-in cases of hyperlipemia with marked hypercholesterinemia, diphenin - in a concomitant excessive production of corticosteroids. Moreover, the pharmacological drugs concerned were shown to influence also the production of gonadotropic, steroid and thyroid hormones.", "contents": "[Correction of endocrine-metabolic disorders in oncologic patients. The effect of biguanides (phenformin and adebita), miskleron and diphenin]. The study was conducted on 40 patients previously operated upon radically for cancer of the mammary gland, uterine body, lung and colon. All patients were explored and treated during 2-14 months. As evidenced by the data obtained, biguanides proved to be mostly effective with regard to normalization of an excessive weight in oncological patients and an impared tolerance to glucose, whereas myscleron-in cases of hyperlipemia with marked hypercholesterinemia, diphenin - in a concomitant excessive production of corticosteroids. Moreover, the pharmacological drugs concerned were shown to influence also the production of gonadotropic, steroid and thyroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:1210119", "title": "[The kinetics of accumulation and elimination of the antitumor preparation tomizine-35 S].", "content": "On rats with sarcoma M-1 the peculiarities of accumulation and elimination of the folic acid antagonist-pyrimido (4,5-b), (1,4) thiazinon-35S, called \"thomizine\", have been studied. In travenous injection of thomizine-35S with the activity of 5 muc per animal the highest initial concentration of radioactivity was observed 5-15 minutes after the injection. While decreasing, the radioactivity absorption coefficients in organs were distributed as follows: the kidneys, pancreas, organs of the endocrinous system, lymph nodes, the stomach, liver, small intestine, brain. Thomizine-35S accumulation in rat organs proceeded not only on account of its intake with blood but also due to penetration and subsequent deposition in structural tissue elements. Lessening of radioactivity in the organism of rats was dependent exponentially. Elimination of the drug was realized mainly via the kidneys. 89 per cent of the absorbed radioactivity was eliminated from the organism with a period of semielimination of 1 hour, 11 per cent - with a period of semielimination of 36 hours.", "contents": "[The kinetics of accumulation and elimination of the antitumor preparation tomizine-35 S]. On rats with sarcoma M-1 the peculiarities of accumulation and elimination of the folic acid antagonist-pyrimido (4,5-b), (1,4) thiazinon-35S, called \"thomizine\", have been studied. In travenous injection of thomizine-35S with the activity of 5 muc per animal the highest initial concentration of radioactivity was observed 5-15 minutes after the injection. While decreasing, the radioactivity absorption coefficients in organs were distributed as follows: the kidneys, pancreas, organs of the endocrinous system, lymph nodes, the stomach, liver, small intestine, brain. Thomizine-35S accumulation in rat organs proceeded not only on account of its intake with blood but also due to penetration and subsequent deposition in structural tissue elements. Lessening of radioactivity in the organism of rats was dependent exponentially. Elimination of the drug was realized mainly via the kidneys. 89 per cent of the absorbed radioactivity was eliminated from the organism with a period of semielimination of 1 hour, 11 per cent - with a period of semielimination of 36 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:1210121", "title": "[Determination of the effectiveness of antiblastic chemotherapy by morphologic signs of tumor cell damage].", "content": "All known morphological signs of cell dystrophy are systematized. Each cell was described according to multiple morphological signs (100 cells in each specimen); 20 000 tumor cells in carcinomatous exudates of patients with different localizations of malignant tumor were studied during the course of treatment, and 9 100 cells of experimental Brown-Pearce tumors were subjected to various effects. There were revealed more informative signs for judging the efficacy of treatment in patients. Based on more informative signs, which proved to be nucleoli signs, the indices for nucleoli were elaborated to determine the degree of tumor cells injury and to estimate the efficacy of treatment of patients by means of alkylating antiblastic substances. A semiautomatic set \"Cytoclassificator\" was employed for the study.", "contents": "[Determination of the effectiveness of antiblastic chemotherapy by morphologic signs of tumor cell damage]. All known morphological signs of cell dystrophy are systematized. Each cell was described according to multiple morphological signs (100 cells in each specimen); 20 000 tumor cells in carcinomatous exudates of patients with different localizations of malignant tumor were studied during the course of treatment, and 9 100 cells of experimental Brown-Pearce tumors were subjected to various effects. There were revealed more informative signs for judging the efficacy of treatment in patients. Based on more informative signs, which proved to be nucleoli signs, the indices for nucleoli were elaborated to determine the degree of tumor cells injury and to estimate the efficacy of treatment of patients by means of alkylating antiblastic substances. A semiautomatic set \"Cytoclassificator\" was employed for the study."}
{"id": "PMID:1210122", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the cellular elements of mouse rhabdomyosarcoma].", "content": "The ultrastructure of different types of cell elements of rhabdomyosarcoma clones induced by 20-methylcholanthrene in mice CC57W is described. Along with general signs of a decreased differentiation typical for blastic cells of different histogenesis (rough endoplasmic reticulum, an abundance of free ribosomes, etc) some types of cell elements of myoblasts are characterized by specific features such as the character of anastomoses, fibrillary structures, etc. Morover, as a pathognomonic sign for tumorous myoblasts at the ultrastructural level could be only the presence of myofibrils with periodic aggragations like Z-bands in their cytoplasm. Since within one clone population both cells with and without myofibrils were encountered, the absence of the latter should not be considered to be a criterion for denying the myogenic nature of such cell elements.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the cellular elements of mouse rhabdomyosarcoma]. The ultrastructure of different types of cell elements of rhabdomyosarcoma clones induced by 20-methylcholanthrene in mice CC57W is described. Along with general signs of a decreased differentiation typical for blastic cells of different histogenesis (rough endoplasmic reticulum, an abundance of free ribosomes, etc) some types of cell elements of myoblasts are characterized by specific features such as the character of anastomoses, fibrillary structures, etc. Morover, as a pathognomonic sign for tumorous myoblasts at the ultrastructural level could be only the presence of myofibrils with periodic aggragations like Z-bands in their cytoplasm. Since within one clone population both cells with and without myofibrils were encountered, the absence of the latter should not be considered to be a criterion for denying the myogenic nature of such cell elements."}
{"id": "PMID:1210123", "title": "[The carcinogenic action of 1,3-diiminoisoindolin (phthalogen)].", "content": "In experiments on mice CC57 and rats (the Rappolovo nursery) the effect of continuous phthalogen injections (from 325 to 467 days) was studied. 36 rats and 99 mice survived the terms of appearance of the first tumors. Average total doses of the drug in subcutaneous injections in the experiments on rats -321-630 mg, while in the experiments on mice - 3,5-5,21 mg, in cutaneous applications - 31 mg per mouse. In the experiments with subcutaneous phthalogen injections tumors arose in 65%, including  leucoses - in 54%. These figures exceed nearly twice the corresponding control values. Pulmonary tumors (adenocarcinoma and sarcoma in four cases) were observed at the site of the drug injection. In the experiments on rats sarcomas were found in 9 cases at the site of the injection of the substance. In one rat renal adenocarcinoma developed. The data obtained indicate a weak carcinogenic action of phthalogen.", "contents": "[The carcinogenic action of 1,3-diiminoisoindolin (phthalogen)]. In experiments on mice CC57 and rats (the Rappolovo nursery) the effect of continuous phthalogen injections (from 325 to 467 days) was studied. 36 rats and 99 mice survived the terms of appearance of the first tumors. Average total doses of the drug in subcutaneous injections in the experiments on rats -321-630 mg, while in the experiments on mice - 3,5-5,21 mg, in cutaneous applications - 31 mg per mouse. In the experiments with subcutaneous phthalogen injections tumors arose in 65%, including  leucoses - in 54%. These figures exceed nearly twice the corresponding control values. Pulmonary tumors (adenocarcinoma and sarcoma in four cases) were observed at the site of the drug injection. In the experiments on rats sarcomas were found in 9 cases at the site of the injection of the substance. In one rat renal adenocarcinoma developed. The data obtained indicate a weak carcinogenic action of phthalogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1210126", "title": "[Functional-morphocytochemical changes in the liver in cancer of organs in the pancreatoduodenal zone].", "content": "In 76 patients with cancer of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal zone the functional state of the liver and its morphocytochemical structure were studied during the operation and postoperatively. A considerable impairment of functional tests of the liver, its enzymic activity, mineral metabolism and the microelements content was revealed. Simultaneously with functional-enzymic disturbances in the liver also morphocytochemical changes were found to be pronounced.", "contents": "[Functional-morphocytochemical changes in the liver in cancer of organs in the pancreatoduodenal zone]. In 76 patients with cancer of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal zone the functional state of the liver and its morphocytochemical structure were studied during the operation and postoperatively. A considerable impairment of functional tests of the liver, its enzymic activity, mineral metabolism and the microelements content was revealed. Simultaneously with functional-enzymic disturbances in the liver also morphocytochemical changes were found to be pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:1210127", "title": "[The relationship between several biological properties of tumors and their metabolism].", "content": "Cytochemically, in smears-impressions of gastric and pulmonary tissue the authors studied alpha-glycerophosphate (a GPDH), succinate (SDH) and dihydroorthate (DDG) dehydrogenases that gives one an idea on the activity of energetic processes and initial stages of nucleic acid synthesis. It seems that a quantitative cytochemical analysis of the enzymic profile of tumor will allow some suggestions as to a capacity of tumors to metastasize and a degree of resistance to the therapy employed.", "contents": "[The relationship between several biological properties of tumors and their metabolism]. Cytochemically, in smears-impressions of gastric and pulmonary tissue the authors studied alpha-glycerophosphate (a GPDH), succinate (SDH) and dihydroorthate (DDG) dehydrogenases that gives one an idea on the activity of energetic processes and initial stages of nucleic acid synthesis. It seems that a quantitative cytochemical analysis of the enzymic profile of tumor will allow some suggestions as to a capacity of tumors to metastasize and a degree of resistance to the therapy employed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210128", "title": "[The effect of 11-deoxycortiocosterone acetate on the antitumor activity of prospidin].", "content": "Male rats with sarcoma 45 being intact with respect to the adrenal gland and thyroid were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy or thyroidectomy. The experiments have indicated that 11-desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) injected intramuscularly in the dosage of 30-45 and 80-90 mg/Kg daily during 6-8 days (terms of observation-14-16 days since the moment of tumor transplantation) lessens the antiblastic effect of prospidine (injected intraperitoneally in the same dosage and regimen), especially in an impaired mineral metabolism, caused by adrenalectomy. The growth of sarcoma 45 was found to be retarded in bilateral adrenalectomy or thyroidectomy in rats. Epinephrectomized animals showed the entire absence of this effect in DOCA injection. In thyroidectomized and adrenalectomized animals the antiblastic effect of prospidine was more pronounced than in intact (with respect to the thyroid and adrenal gland) rats.", "contents": "[The effect of 11-deoxycortiocosterone acetate on the antitumor activity of prospidin]. Male rats with sarcoma 45 being intact with respect to the adrenal gland and thyroid were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy or thyroidectomy. The experiments have indicated that 11-desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) injected intramuscularly in the dosage of 30-45 and 80-90 mg/Kg daily during 6-8 days (terms of observation-14-16 days since the moment of tumor transplantation) lessens the antiblastic effect of prospidine (injected intraperitoneally in the same dosage and regimen), especially in an impaired mineral metabolism, caused by adrenalectomy. The growth of sarcoma 45 was found to be retarded in bilateral adrenalectomy or thyroidectomy in rats. Epinephrectomized animals showed the entire absence of this effect in DOCA injection. In thyroidectomized and adrenalectomized animals the antiblastic effect of prospidine was more pronounced than in intact (with respect to the thyroid and adrenal gland) rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1210129", "title": "[Induction of stomach tumors in rats by N-methyl-N-nitroso-N1-nitroguanidine].", "content": "N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine was administered as drinking water to Wistar strain and non-inbred male rats in the dosage of 100 mKg/ml for 7 months, Adenocarcinomas of the stomach were produced in about 70% of rats. The first tumors in the glandular stomach were noticed in 10-12.5 months. Studies of the kinetics of morphological changes indicated that MNNG induced a damage to the mucous membrane, subsequent regenerative hyperplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia with cellular and structural atypism, atrophy, pylorization of the mucosa and development of gastric adenocarcinomas.", "contents": "[Induction of stomach tumors in rats by N-methyl-N-nitroso-N1-nitroguanidine]. N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine was administered as drinking water to Wistar strain and non-inbred male rats in the dosage of 100 mKg/ml for 7 months, Adenocarcinomas of the stomach were produced in about 70% of rats. The first tumors in the glandular stomach were noticed in 10-12.5 months. Studies of the kinetics of morphological changes indicated that MNNG induced a damage to the mucous membrane, subsequent regenerative hyperplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia with cellular and structural atypism, atrophy, pylorization of the mucosa and development of gastric adenocarcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:1210141", "title": "[Rehabilitative and supportive therapy for oncologic patients].", "content": "The results of treatment in 674 oncological patients in a special department of accessory therapy have been studied. The patients admitted were previously subjected to various kinds of radical surgery. The analysis has evidenced that due to a careful dynamic exploration of patients and pathogenetic therapy with a protective regimen and labor therapy, the results of surgical treatment in patients with cancer of the stomach, lung and mammary gland were found to be considerably improved. This is especially evident from observations over patients with lung cancer. Among 168 patients followed up since 1965 up to date 126 patients (75%) show no signs of tumor recurrence. Thus, there can be no doubts as to the rationality of further elaboration of rehabilitation measures in oncological patients.", "contents": "[Rehabilitative and supportive therapy for oncologic patients]. The results of treatment in 674 oncological patients in a special department of accessory therapy have been studied. The patients admitted were previously subjected to various kinds of radical surgery. The analysis has evidenced that due to a careful dynamic exploration of patients and pathogenetic therapy with a protective regimen and labor therapy, the results of surgical treatment in patients with cancer of the stomach, lung and mammary gland were found to be considerably improved. This is especially evident from observations over patients with lung cancer. Among 168 patients followed up since 1965 up to date 126 patients (75%) show no signs of tumor recurrence. Thus, there can be no doubts as to the rationality of further elaboration of rehabilitation measures in oncological patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1210142", "title": "[Breast cancer in children].", "content": "Cancer of the mammary gland in children is an extremely rare affection. According to the data of the N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology among 6500 patients with breast cancer, treated clinically, cancer of the mammary gland in children was revealed only in three cases (0.046%). The clinical course and prognosis of mammary cancer in children is more favourable than in adults. A possibility of development of regional and distant metastases in mammary cancer in childhood warrants the need to perform adequate both local-regional (radical Holstead mastectomy) and general procedures (chemotherapy).", "contents": "[Breast cancer in children]. Cancer of the mammary gland in children is an extremely rare affection. According to the data of the N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology among 6500 patients with breast cancer, treated clinically, cancer of the mammary gland in children was revealed only in three cases (0.046%). The clinical course and prognosis of mammary cancer in children is more favourable than in adults. A possibility of development of regional and distant metastases in mammary cancer in childhood warrants the need to perform adequate both local-regional (radical Holstead mastectomy) and general procedures (chemotherapy)."}
{"id": "PMID:1210144", "title": "[An autoradiographic study of adenocarcinoma of the stomach].", "content": "Sixteen cases of human stomach adenocarcinoma were studied, using the in vitro incubation in H3-thymidine medium. The portion of cells synthesizing DNA (the label index) has been correlated with histological and clinico-anatomical characteristics. An average value of the label index for human stomach adenocarcinomas was 29.9% (14.1%--39.1%). Some dependence between the label index and level of structural-cellular atypism of tumor tissue and tumor size has been shown.", "contents": "[An autoradiographic study of adenocarcinoma of the stomach]. Sixteen cases of human stomach adenocarcinoma were studied, using the in vitro incubation in H3-thymidine medium. The portion of cells synthesizing DNA (the label index) has been correlated with histological and clinico-anatomical characteristics. An average value of the label index for human stomach adenocarcinomas was 29.9% (14.1%--39.1%). Some dependence between the label index and level of structural-cellular atypism of tumor tissue and tumor size has been shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1210145", "title": "[The blood and urine concentration of 5-fluorouracil in patients with pancreatic neoplasms].", "content": "The kinetics of 5-fluoruracil concentration in blood and urine in 18 patients with cancer of the pancreas was determined in a regional and systemic method of its administration. The concentration of 5-fluoruracil in blood was found to be, as a rule, lower and the time of detection shorted after i/a (regional) administration as compared with i/i (systemic) one. Accordingly, less amount of the substance involved is excreted with the urine in regional chemotherapy. This allows an application of large single and sessional doses in insignificant general toxic effects and also gaining much better therapeutic effect.", "contents": "[The blood and urine concentration of 5-fluorouracil in patients with pancreatic neoplasms]. The kinetics of 5-fluoruracil concentration in blood and urine in 18 patients with cancer of the pancreas was determined in a regional and systemic method of its administration. The concentration of 5-fluoruracil in blood was found to be, as a rule, lower and the time of detection shorted after i/a (regional) administration as compared with i/i (systemic) one. Accordingly, less amount of the substance involved is excreted with the urine in regional chemotherapy. This allows an application of large single and sessional doses in insignificant general toxic effects and also gaining much better therapeutic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1210146", "title": "[Humoral antitumor cytotoxins in patients with melanoma of the skin].", "content": "The level of humoral antitumor cytotoxins in sera of malignant melanoma patients has been studied by means of a cytotoxic test in vitro. The authors have shown a cytotoxic effect of sera of most patients on autochthonous tumor cells of melanoma. Hela cells were used as a control cell line. There was no cytotoxic effect of sera (of both melanoma patients and healthy donors) on Hela cells. The patients' sera cross-reacted in allogenic combinations of melanoma target cells and sera. Humoral cytotoxins against melanoma tumor cells have also been found tin sera of healthy donors.", "contents": "[Humoral antitumor cytotoxins in patients with melanoma of the skin]. The level of humoral antitumor cytotoxins in sera of malignant melanoma patients has been studied by means of a cytotoxic test in vitro. The authors have shown a cytotoxic effect of sera of most patients on autochthonous tumor cells of melanoma. Hela cells were used as a control cell line. There was no cytotoxic effect of sera (of both melanoma patients and healthy donors) on Hela cells. The patients' sera cross-reacted in allogenic combinations of melanoma target cells and sera. Humoral cytotoxins against melanoma tumor cells have also been found tin sera of healthy donors."}
{"id": "PMID:1210147", "title": "[Universal approaches to the control of tissue radiosensitivity during radiation therapy of malignant tumors].", "content": "Approaches to the problem of the control over tissue radiosusceptibility, united by the common purpose--a need for selective increase of the intact tissues tolerance to overcome tumor hypoxia, are discussed. Such universal approaches include an application of radiation characterized by high linear wastes of radiation energy, methods of increased oxygenation of tumors, the use of electron sink compounds, and irradiation under conditions of hypoxia--hypoxiradiotherapy. The experiments conducted by the author and his collaborators with local irradiation of a number of transplantable mice tumors under general hypoxia, produced by inhalation of oxygen poor gaseous mixtures (5% O2+95% N2), have shown not only a selective protection of normal tissues, but also greater regression of tumors. The mechanism of the observed phenomenon is being suggested, and some prospects of hypoxiradiotherapy in the oncological clinic are discussed.", "contents": "[Universal approaches to the control of tissue radiosensitivity during radiation therapy of malignant tumors]. Approaches to the problem of the control over tissue radiosusceptibility, united by the common purpose--a need for selective increase of the intact tissues tolerance to overcome tumor hypoxia, are discussed. Such universal approaches include an application of radiation characterized by high linear wastes of radiation energy, methods of increased oxygenation of tumors, the use of electron sink compounds, and irradiation under conditions of hypoxia--hypoxiradiotherapy. The experiments conducted by the author and his collaborators with local irradiation of a number of transplantable mice tumors under general hypoxia, produced by inhalation of oxygen poor gaseous mixtures (5% O2+95% N2), have shown not only a selective protection of normal tissues, but also greater regression of tumors. The mechanism of the observed phenomenon is being suggested, and some prospects of hypoxiradiotherapy in the oncological clinic are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210149", "title": "[Response of flowering plant seedlings to the action of N-nitroso-N-methylurea].", "content": "The influence of N-nitroso-N-methylurea on seedlings of two species of plants--Cucurbita pepo L., Helianthus annuus L.--was investigated. NMU was added in agar-agar, on which seedlings were growing. 0.02% concentration of NMU was used. In addition to the delay in growth and appearance of necrotic regions, also local overgrowth of cotyledons of C. pepo and overgrowth of hypocotyl and the base of cotyledons of H. annuus were observed. A histological analysis has shown that these swellings arise due to two processes: pathological hypertrophy and proliferation.", "contents": "[Response of flowering plant seedlings to the action of N-nitroso-N-methylurea]. The influence of N-nitroso-N-methylurea on seedlings of two species of plants--Cucurbita pepo L., Helianthus annuus L.--was investigated. NMU was added in agar-agar, on which seedlings were growing. 0.02% concentration of NMU was used. In addition to the delay in growth and appearance of necrotic regions, also local overgrowth of cotyledons of C. pepo and overgrowth of hypocotyl and the base of cotyledons of H. annuus were observed. A histological analysis has shown that these swellings arise due to two processes: pathological hypertrophy and proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210150", "title": "[Differences in the mechanisms of low-temperature and high-temperature processes in the formation of 3,4-benzopyrene during wood pyrolysis].", "content": "In 4 series of experiments a dependence between 3,4-benzpyrene (BP) output and the temperature of fir sawdust pyrolysis under isothermic conditions has been investigated. The experimental series differed in the duration of wood pulp particles stay in the reaction zone (tau). Also EPR spectra of pyrolysis products have been recorded. The experimental series did not differ in an output of ether extract from pyrolysis products, while BP output temperature curves in their shape were found to be largely dependent on tau: with an increased tau these curves definitely showed the maximum in the range of 300-350 degrees C and the BP output raised in the range of this maximum and also at the temperature of 600 degrees C. In the temperature range over 350 degrees C the character of dependence of the EPR signal value on temperature would correlate well with the temperature-dependent BP output, in the range of lower temperatures the EPR signal was not detected. The data obtained are considered as an evidence of two processes of BP formation in wood pyrolysis-a high-temperature process (temperature over 500 degrees C) and low-temperature one (300-350 degrees C). The high-temperature process seems to have the free-radical mechanism of BP formation, whereas in low temperatures it is evidently the result of a ion type reaction.", "contents": "[Differences in the mechanisms of low-temperature and high-temperature processes in the formation of 3,4-benzopyrene during wood pyrolysis]. In 4 series of experiments a dependence between 3,4-benzpyrene (BP) output and the temperature of fir sawdust pyrolysis under isothermic conditions has been investigated. The experimental series differed in the duration of wood pulp particles stay in the reaction zone (tau). Also EPR spectra of pyrolysis products have been recorded. The experimental series did not differ in an output of ether extract from pyrolysis products, while BP output temperature curves in their shape were found to be largely dependent on tau: with an increased tau these curves definitely showed the maximum in the range of 300-350 degrees C and the BP output raised in the range of this maximum and also at the temperature of 600 degrees C. In the temperature range over 350 degrees C the character of dependence of the EPR signal value on temperature would correlate well with the temperature-dependent BP output, in the range of lower temperatures the EPR signal was not detected. The data obtained are considered as an evidence of two processes of BP formation in wood pyrolysis-a high-temperature process (temperature over 500 degrees C) and low-temperature one (300-350 degrees C). The high-temperature process seems to have the free-radical mechanism of BP formation, whereas in low temperatures it is evidently the result of a ion type reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1210151", "title": "[The carcinogenic activity of small concentrations of nitrosodimethylamine when inhaled].", "content": "In experiments on Balb/c mice and Wistar rats the authors have studied the carcinogenic activity of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in daily inhalations of the drug in concentrations of 0.005 mg/m3 and 0.2 mg/m3 during 17 months for mice and 25 months for rats. In the concentration of 0.2 mg/m3 tumors would arise considerably earlier and in larger amounts than in control animals, as well as in animals inhaling NDMA in the concentration of 0.005 mg/m3 and not differing in this respect from control animals.", "contents": "[The carcinogenic activity of small concentrations of nitrosodimethylamine when inhaled]. In experiments on Balb/c mice and Wistar rats the authors have studied the carcinogenic activity of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in daily inhalations of the drug in concentrations of 0.005 mg/m3 and 0.2 mg/m3 during 17 months for mice and 25 months for rats. In the concentration of 0.2 mg/m3 tumors would arise considerably earlier and in larger amounts than in control animals, as well as in animals inhaling NDMA in the concentration of 0.005 mg/m3 and not differing in this respect from control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1210153", "title": "[The effect of local non-specific sensitization with 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene on chemical carcinogenesis].", "content": "The induction of benzpyrene skin carcinogenesis was suppressed by repeated administrations of DNCB in C57Bl mice. DNCB was found to protect the development of the immunodepression induced by benzpyrene. The most appreciable effect was observed when DNCB applications were started two months before the benzpyrene administration. An insignificant inhibition or therapeutic effect was noted during later stages of the benzpyrene carcinogenesis.", "contents": "[The effect of local non-specific sensitization with 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene on chemical carcinogenesis]. The induction of benzpyrene skin carcinogenesis was suppressed by repeated administrations of DNCB in C57Bl mice. DNCB was found to protect the development of the immunodepression induced by benzpyrene. The most appreciable effect was observed when DNCB applications were started two months before the benzpyrene administration. An insignificant inhibition or therapeutic effect was noted during later stages of the benzpyrene carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1210156", "title": "[The effect of radiation therapy on the course of the tumor process in patients with laryngeal cancer].", "content": "The authors have studied the effect of radiotherapy on immune responsiveness in 36 patients with laryngeal cancer. The kinetics of variations in the skin cover bacterial picture, as well as some indices of nonspecific (anti-infective) humoral immunity (the titre of agglutinines, general bactericidity of blood sera against the proper staphylococci of the skin and the content of staphylococcic antitoxin) were followed up depending on dosage of irradiation. It was found that radiation therapy with the total focal dosage of 2000 rad in 72% of cases contributed to activation of protective forces of the organism; in larger doses (2001-8000 rad) of irradiation the indices of nonspecific immunity in every patient were found to be reduced.", "contents": "[The effect of radiation therapy on the course of the tumor process in patients with laryngeal cancer]. The authors have studied the effect of radiotherapy on immune responsiveness in 36 patients with laryngeal cancer. The kinetics of variations in the skin cover bacterial picture, as well as some indices of nonspecific (anti-infective) humoral immunity (the titre of agglutinines, general bactericidity of blood sera against the proper staphylococci of the skin and the content of staphylococcic antitoxin) were followed up depending on dosage of irradiation. It was found that radiation therapy with the total focal dosage of 2000 rad in 72% of cases contributed to activation of protective forces of the organism; in larger doses (2001-8000 rad) of irradiation the indices of nonspecific immunity in every patient were found to be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1210157", "title": "[The secretory function of the stomach in pre-tumorous conditions and tumors].", "content": "The effect of 3-methylcholanthrene, pretumor and tumor changes in the stomach on its secretory function was studied on 38 rats. Gastric secretion was not found to change due to the presence of the carcinogen in the stomach or due to developing pre-tumor changes in it. However, the developing tumor would produce considerable shifts in gastric secretion towards achylia. Such a reduction in the secretion results from a diminished functional area of the stomach and, presumably, from toxemia phenomena.", "contents": "[The secretory function of the stomach in pre-tumorous conditions and tumors]. The effect of 3-methylcholanthrene, pretumor and tumor changes in the stomach on its secretory function was studied on 38 rats. Gastric secretion was not found to change due to the presence of the carcinogen in the stomach or due to developing pre-tumor changes in it. However, the developing tumor would produce considerable shifts in gastric secretion towards achylia. Such a reduction in the secretion results from a diminished functional area of the stomach and, presumably, from toxemia phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:1210159", "title": "[The frequency of tumor cell detection in the abdominal cavity during combined treatment of rectal cancer].", "content": "In 53 patients with rectal cancer, subjected to an intensive preoperative gamma therapy, and 14 patients, treated only surgically, washings from the abdominal cavity obtained intraoperatively were studied cytologically. Cancer cells were detected in every second patient of both groups. The frequency of their detection was conditioned by cancer localization in the rectum and a degree of its intraparietal spread. The data obtained indicate the efficacy of intensive preoperative irradiation that causes a radiation damage of tumor cells disseminated intraabdominally during the operative intervention.", "contents": "[The frequency of tumor cell detection in the abdominal cavity during combined treatment of rectal cancer]. In 53 patients with rectal cancer, subjected to an intensive preoperative gamma therapy, and 14 patients, treated only surgically, washings from the abdominal cavity obtained intraoperatively were studied cytologically. Cancer cells were detected in every second patient of both groups. The frequency of their detection was conditioned by cancer localization in the rectum and a degree of its intraparietal spread. The data obtained indicate the efficacy of intensive preoperative irradiation that causes a radiation damage of tumor cells disseminated intraabdominally during the operative intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:1210160", "title": "[An electron-autoradiographic study of capillaries in malignant tumors].", "content": "Using electron microscopy the ultra structure of endothelial cells in malignant tumors (myogenic sarcomas), removed in 6 patients, was investigated. It was found that endothelial cells of blood capillaries in malignant neoplasms show some peculiar features in the basal layer structure and in formation of a multitude of orifices of various diameter in the capillary wall. Electron radiographic investigations of endothelial cells of a transplantable sarcoma strain in the experiment have evidenced a greater number of ribosomes in the cytoplasm and enhancement of the DNA synthesis in nuclei. These findings are indicative of increased proliferative properties of these cells.", "contents": "[An electron-autoradiographic study of capillaries in malignant tumors]. Using electron microscopy the ultra structure of endothelial cells in malignant tumors (myogenic sarcomas), removed in 6 patients, was investigated. It was found that endothelial cells of blood capillaries in malignant neoplasms show some peculiar features in the basal layer structure and in formation of a multitude of orifices of various diameter in the capillary wall. Electron radiographic investigations of endothelial cells of a transplantable sarcoma strain in the experiment have evidenced a greater number of ribosomes in the cytoplasm and enhancement of the DNA synthesis in nuclei. These findings are indicative of increased proliferative properties of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1210161", "title": "[Characteristics of poly(A) rich RNA in human lymphocytes under normal conditions and in chronic lympholeukemia].", "content": "The presence of poly(A) containing RNA bound specifically to millipore filters, adsorbed on poly(U) cellulose and resistant to the pancreatic RNAs effect has been demonstrated in total RNA of human lymphocytes. These fractions show a DNA-like nucleotid content, a rapid turnover and they are characterized by sedimentation constants within the range of 9.5--15 S. On the average, 24.6 per cent of the applied initial radioactivity of total RNA is absorbed on membrane filters of normal lymphocytes, whereas from 13.3 to 23.3 per cent- in the poly(U) cellulose column. The study of lymphocytes total RNA in patients with chronic lympholeucosis has indicated a great heterogeneity in the content of poly(A) sequences rich RNA fractions.", "contents": "[Characteristics of poly(A) rich RNA in human lymphocytes under normal conditions and in chronic lympholeukemia]. The presence of poly(A) containing RNA bound specifically to millipore filters, adsorbed on poly(U) cellulose and resistant to the pancreatic RNAs effect has been demonstrated in total RNA of human lymphocytes. These fractions show a DNA-like nucleotid content, a rapid turnover and they are characterized by sedimentation constants within the range of 9.5--15 S. On the average, 24.6 per cent of the applied initial radioactivity of total RNA is absorbed on membrane filters of normal lymphocytes, whereas from 13.3 to 23.3 per cent- in the poly(U) cellulose column. The study of lymphocytes total RNA in patients with chronic lympholeucosis has indicated a great heterogeneity in the content of poly(A) sequences rich RNA fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:1210162", "title": "[A comparative study of primary human cell cultures of diffuse goiter and cancer of the thyroid gland].", "content": "Cells obtained from non-malignified tissues (diffuse struma) in 83 of 100 cases formed a continuous layer consisting of monomorphous epithelioid cells possessing a high adhesive capacity. Cells obtained from thyroid adenocarcinoma (in 5 of 7 cases) showed lowered adhesiveness and did not form a monolayer. The culture consisted of polymorphous cells. Gigantic multinuclear cells and these with spheroid colorless inclusions in nuclei were encountered. In tripsinization of the tumor tissue obtained from patients, subjected to x-ray therapy, no growth of cell cultures was detected. Electron microscopic studies of nonradiated tumor tissue revealed light and dark cells, while these were light and degenerating in the irradiated tissue.", "contents": "[A comparative study of primary human cell cultures of diffuse goiter and cancer of the thyroid gland]. Cells obtained from non-malignified tissues (diffuse struma) in 83 of 100 cases formed a continuous layer consisting of monomorphous epithelioid cells possessing a high adhesive capacity. Cells obtained from thyroid adenocarcinoma (in 5 of 7 cases) showed lowered adhesiveness and did not form a monolayer. The culture consisted of polymorphous cells. Gigantic multinuclear cells and these with spheroid colorless inclusions in nuclei were encountered. In tripsinization of the tumor tissue obtained from patients, subjected to x-ray therapy, no growth of cell cultures was detected. Electron microscopic studies of nonradiated tumor tissue revealed light and dark cells, while these were light and degenerating in the irradiated tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1210164", "title": "[Cranio-cerebral hypothermia and neuro-vegetative blockade in the systematic treatment of injuries to the skull and brain].", "content": "A method of neurovegetative blockade with and without cranio-cerebral cooling has been worked out to deal with patients with traumas of the cranium and brain of varying severity. Indications for application of the neurovegetative blockade and cranio-cerebral cooling, their intensity and duration have been defined. The application of these methods within the framework of a complex purposeful treatment of severe cerebrocranial traumas made it possible to substantially reduce the lethality among the patients and this pustified recommending it for wide clinical use.", "contents": "[Cranio-cerebral hypothermia and neuro-vegetative blockade in the systematic treatment of injuries to the skull and brain]. A method of neurovegetative blockade with and without cranio-cerebral cooling has been worked out to deal with patients with traumas of the cranium and brain of varying severity. Indications for application of the neurovegetative blockade and cranio-cerebral cooling, their intensity and duration have been defined. The application of these methods within the framework of a complex purposeful treatment of severe cerebrocranial traumas made it possible to substantially reduce the lethality among the patients and this pustified recommending it for wide clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:1210166", "title": "[The functional state of the kidneys in severe cranio-cerebral injury].", "content": "The functional state of the kidneys in dynamics was investigated in 147 patients with severe cerebro-cranial injuries. Dynamic changes of the blood protein metabolites in patients with normal glomerular filtration and depressed one were contrasted. The declined glomerular filtration was found to be of a passing nature, being accompanied by an increased content of nitrous products in the blood. The relation of azotemia with both renal and extrarenal factors is stressed. A relationship between the glomerular filtration and an upset hemodynamics and dehydration, as well as the absence of its dependance on isolated respiratory distressed, changes in the level of plasmatic electrolytes and also on the nature of the brain lesion and the age of patients were established.", "contents": "[The functional state of the kidneys in severe cranio-cerebral injury]. The functional state of the kidneys in dynamics was investigated in 147 patients with severe cerebro-cranial injuries. Dynamic changes of the blood protein metabolites in patients with normal glomerular filtration and depressed one were contrasted. The declined glomerular filtration was found to be of a passing nature, being accompanied by an increased content of nitrous products in the blood. The relation of azotemia with both renal and extrarenal factors is stressed. A relationship between the glomerular filtration and an upset hemodynamics and dehydration, as well as the absence of its dependance on isolated respiratory distressed, changes in the level of plasmatic electrolytes and also on the nature of the brain lesion and the age of patients were established."}
{"id": "PMID:1210167", "title": "[Vestibular disorders in contusions of the temporal lobe of the brain].", "content": "An analysis of the caloric test results in 30 victims of a severe contusion-crush of the temporal lobe of the brain showed that to this type of pathology the common significant changes in the vestibular-oculomotor reflex which, more often than not, found their expression in the prevalence of an experimental nystagmus in the direction toward the affected hemisphere. The victims, in whom contusions of the temporal lobe were attended by lesions of the brain stem of the primary or dislocation genesis, demonstrated the presence of vestibular areflexia or dissociaton of the quick nystagmus phase. Against the background of a continual tonic component there would become evident gross functional disruptions of the oculomotor elements which in a number of cases proved unrecognizable with an ordinary clinical observation.", "contents": "[Vestibular disorders in contusions of the temporal lobe of the brain]. An analysis of the caloric test results in 30 victims of a severe contusion-crush of the temporal lobe of the brain showed that to this type of pathology the common significant changes in the vestibular-oculomotor reflex which, more often than not, found their expression in the prevalence of an experimental nystagmus in the direction toward the affected hemisphere. The victims, in whom contusions of the temporal lobe were attended by lesions of the brain stem of the primary or dislocation genesis, demonstrated the presence of vestibular areflexia or dissociaton of the quick nystagmus phase. Against the background of a continual tonic component there would become evident gross functional disruptions of the oculomotor elements which in a number of cases proved unrecognizable with an ordinary clinical observation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210169", "title": "[The pathogenesis of increased intracranial pressure as a sequels of closed cranio-cerebral injury].", "content": "The results of investigations (roentgenological, isotopic, CSL-dynamics) made in 377 patients are reported. It has been ascertained that at the root of pathogenesis of intracranial pressure disturbances consequent upon cerebro-cranial traumas lie pathological changes in the ependyma and meninges, which lead to derangements of the hemo- and CSF-dynamics. At least four mechanisms particpate in their pathogenesis, viz 1) reduced resorptive capacity of the meninges; 2) partical occlusion on the routes of the CSF outflow; 3) dilatation of intracranial and diploic veins; 4) increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of increased intracranial pressure as a sequels of closed cranio-cerebral injury]. The results of investigations (roentgenological, isotopic, CSL-dynamics) made in 377 patients are reported. It has been ascertained that at the root of pathogenesis of intracranial pressure disturbances consequent upon cerebro-cranial traumas lie pathological changes in the ependyma and meninges, which lead to derangements of the hemo- and CSF-dynamics. At least four mechanisms particpate in their pathogenesis, viz 1) reduced resorptive capacity of the meninges; 2) partical occlusion on the routes of the CSF outflow; 3) dilatation of intracranial and diploic veins; 4) increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:1210165", "title": "[The phasic nature of the clinical course of traumatic intracranial hematomas].", "content": "A complex analysis of 315 cases of verified traumatic intracranial hematomas helped single out clinical phases marking their evolution, viz. compensations, sub-compensation, moderate decompensation, gross decompensation and terminal ones. A relation between the frequency of and sequence in the development of clinical phases of the brain compression by the hematoma and severity of the primary lesion of the brain at the moment of an injury was established. A direct connection between the results of the surgical treatment of intracranial hematomas and the clinical phase in which the patient underwent the operation was ascertained. A proposition is advanced as to an active diagnosing of intracranial hematomas by which is meant elimination of topical and nosological doubts and performance of an effective operation pre-emptive to the onset of a gross clinical decompensation of the injury.", "contents": "[The phasic nature of the clinical course of traumatic intracranial hematomas]. A complex analysis of 315 cases of verified traumatic intracranial hematomas helped single out clinical phases marking their evolution, viz. compensations, sub-compensation, moderate decompensation, gross decompensation and terminal ones. A relation between the frequency of and sequence in the development of clinical phases of the brain compression by the hematoma and severity of the primary lesion of the brain at the moment of an injury was established. A direct connection between the results of the surgical treatment of intracranial hematomas and the clinical phase in which the patient underwent the operation was ascertained. A proposition is advanced as to an active diagnosing of intracranial hematomas by which is meant elimination of topical and nosological doubts and performance of an effective operation pre-emptive to the onset of a gross clinical decompensation of the injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1210171", "title": "[The value of direct blood transfusion in brain tumor surgery].", "content": "An analysis of 93 direct transfusions of the blood to 53 patients operated upon in connection with brain tumours is offered. The effectiveness of direct hemotransfusions both during surgery in cases of an acute hemorrhage and an abrupt fall of the arterial pressure and in the post-operative period, due to untoward changes in the biochemical blood indices and post-operative anemia, is demonstrated. Direct hemotransfusions produce a high therapeutic effect in cases of the blood-clotting system disorders and also in suppurative-inflammatory processes during the post-operative period. The practice of direct hemotransfusions made it possible to more effectively control the described disorders and to improve the outcomes of surgical treatment in dealing with brain tumours.", "contents": "[The value of direct blood transfusion in brain tumor surgery]. An analysis of 93 direct transfusions of the blood to 53 patients operated upon in connection with brain tumours is offered. The effectiveness of direct hemotransfusions both during surgery in cases of an acute hemorrhage and an abrupt fall of the arterial pressure and in the post-operative period, due to untoward changes in the biochemical blood indices and post-operative anemia, is demonstrated. Direct hemotransfusions produce a high therapeutic effect in cases of the blood-clotting system disorders and also in suppurative-inflammatory processes during the post-operative period. The practice of direct hemotransfusions made it possible to more effectively control the described disorders and to improve the outcomes of surgical treatment in dealing with brain tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1210168", "title": "[A combined method of removing hourglass shaped neurogenic mediastinal-intravertebral tumors].", "content": "In cases of a pre-operatively diagnosed mediastinal tumour, but with no symptoms of its penetrating the vertebral canal via the intervertebral foramen, and with the surgeon suddenly discovering during anterio-lateral or lateral transpleural thoracotomy the tumor's spur going deep into the intervertebral foramen then it is a modification of the operation involving an effective removal of the mediastinal-intravertebral newgrowth, as described in this report, is most appropriate. This operation is performed in a single-stage fashion both on the level of the thoracic cavity and on that of the vertebral canal by undertaking a through examination of the intervertebral foramen from both sides. The authors believe this modification of the operative intervention to present advantages over the classical Guleke procedure, even in cases with an exactly established diagnosis of neurinoma, when one of its major node lies in the posterior mediastinum and the second--in the vertebral canal. Three cases in which this modification of the operation was applied with success are reported.", "contents": "[A combined method of removing hourglass shaped neurogenic mediastinal-intravertebral tumors]. In cases of a pre-operatively diagnosed mediastinal tumour, but with no symptoms of its penetrating the vertebral canal via the intervertebral foramen, and with the surgeon suddenly discovering during anterio-lateral or lateral transpleural thoracotomy the tumor's spur going deep into the intervertebral foramen then it is a modification of the operation involving an effective removal of the mediastinal-intravertebral newgrowth, as described in this report, is most appropriate. This operation is performed in a single-stage fashion both on the level of the thoracic cavity and on that of the vertebral canal by undertaking a through examination of the intervertebral foramen from both sides. The authors believe this modification of the operative intervention to present advantages over the classical Guleke procedure, even in cases with an exactly established diagnosis of neurinoma, when one of its major node lies in the posterior mediastinum and the second--in the vertebral canal. Three cases in which this modification of the operation was applied with success are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1210172", "title": "[Blood catalase activity in brain tumors during the postoperative period].", "content": "Proceeding from the current ideas on the significance of the catalase in the oxidative phosphorylation, oxygenation and desoxygenation of hemoglobin the activity of the above enzyme was studied in the blood of 60 patients with brain tumours. It was found that prior to a surgical intervention the catalase activity at the rate per 1 g of hemoglobin (the catalase index-CI) varied within the same range in patients with brain tumours of a different histological structure (meningiomas, adenomas of the pituitary, gliomas, metastases of cancer). The catalase index of the patients' blood does not differ from that in healthy individuals. In the post-operative period the catalase index rises right from the first days, paralleling the development of a general reaction to the damage. There exists a correlation between a fall in the level of hemoglobin and a rise of the catalase index, which apparently, has a compensatory significance. An investigation of the catalase in the clinical picture of the stress-syndrome may be of use for prognostic purposes.", "contents": "[Blood catalase activity in brain tumors during the postoperative period]. Proceeding from the current ideas on the significance of the catalase in the oxidative phosphorylation, oxygenation and desoxygenation of hemoglobin the activity of the above enzyme was studied in the blood of 60 patients with brain tumours. It was found that prior to a surgical intervention the catalase activity at the rate per 1 g of hemoglobin (the catalase index-CI) varied within the same range in patients with brain tumours of a different histological structure (meningiomas, adenomas of the pituitary, gliomas, metastases of cancer). The catalase index of the patients' blood does not differ from that in healthy individuals. In the post-operative period the catalase index rises right from the first days, paralleling the development of a general reaction to the damage. There exists a correlation between a fall in the level of hemoglobin and a rise of the catalase index, which apparently, has a compensatory significance. An investigation of the catalase in the clinical picture of the stress-syndrome may be of use for prognostic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:1210170", "title": "[The diagnostic value of pneumotomoencephalography in patholigic processes in the region of the sella turcica].", "content": "The pneumotomoencephalographic procedure applied by the authors in pathological processes in the region of sella turcica is indicated in cases when during pneumocisternography the air fails to fully fill the chiasmal cisternae and it is impossible to obtain a clearcut idea about the presence and the size of the tumour. In such instances an additional introduction of 8--10 ml of air into the ventricular system permits it with a changed position of the patient's head to distinctly see on the tomogram the condition of the anterio-inferior portion of the III ventricle, which is the first to suffer from the compression or newgrowth proliferation in the region of sella turcica and in this way to obtain the primary roentgenological signs in the form of its filing defects. Pneumotomoencephalography was helpful in examining 74 patients with tumours in the region of sella turcica and suffering from sequelae of inflammatory affections. In all of these cases pneumotomoencephalography furnished better diagnostic results than did pneumocisternography. In the case of large-sized tumours compressing the CSF passages this procedure helps to readily establish the lower level of their occlusion.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of pneumotomoencephalography in patholigic processes in the region of the sella turcica]. The pneumotomoencephalographic procedure applied by the authors in pathological processes in the region of sella turcica is indicated in cases when during pneumocisternography the air fails to fully fill the chiasmal cisternae and it is impossible to obtain a clearcut idea about the presence and the size of the tumour. In such instances an additional introduction of 8--10 ml of air into the ventricular system permits it with a changed position of the patient's head to distinctly see on the tomogram the condition of the anterio-inferior portion of the III ventricle, which is the first to suffer from the compression or newgrowth proliferation in the region of sella turcica and in this way to obtain the primary roentgenological signs in the form of its filing defects. Pneumotomoencephalography was helpful in examining 74 patients with tumours in the region of sella turcica and suffering from sequelae of inflammatory affections. In all of these cases pneumotomoencephalography furnished better diagnostic results than did pneumocisternography. In the case of large-sized tumours compressing the CSF passages this procedure helps to readily establish the lower level of their occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1210176", "title": "[Some lipid metabolic indises in schoolchildren whose nutrition utilizes new products of increased biological value].", "content": "Issues concerned with a more rational nutrition of schoolchildren working under an elevated mental stress are discussed. The fat and acid composition of the rations was corrected by inclusion of new fatty, dairy and sour milk products enriched with vegetable oil. Some characteristics of the lipids metabolism in the blood serum of practically healthy children of different age categories were studied. In children of senior school age lipids metabolism was analyzed in dynamics against the background of a successive application of food rations differing in the fat and acid composition. A different dependance of these characteristics on nutritional factors was ascertained.", "contents": "[Some lipid metabolic indises in schoolchildren whose nutrition utilizes new products of increased biological value]. Issues concerned with a more rational nutrition of schoolchildren working under an elevated mental stress are discussed. The fat and acid composition of the rations was corrected by inclusion of new fatty, dairy and sour milk products enriched with vegetable oil. Some characteristics of the lipids metabolism in the blood serum of practically healthy children of different age categories were studied. In children of senior school age lipids metabolism was analyzed in dynamics against the background of a successive application of food rations differing in the fat and acid composition. A different dependance of these characteristics on nutritional factors was ascertained."}
{"id": "PMID:1210175", "title": "[Vitamin C allowance of sailors against a background of qualitatively varied nutrition].", "content": "The authors considered the problem on the issue relative to the requirements of sailors in vitamin C during tropical and arctic sailings. The objects of investigations were routine seagoing-dietary and a trial ration elaborated in conformity with the standard requirements in energy and in basic nutrients. Subject to determination were the vitamin C level in the blood and urine and the resistence of the capillaries. It has been found that within the framework of the trial ration the requirement of sailors for vitamin C comprises 100 mg in the Tropics and 150 mg in the Arctics per man/day.", "contents": "[Vitamin C allowance of sailors against a background of qualitatively varied nutrition]. The authors considered the problem on the issue relative to the requirements of sailors in vitamin C during tropical and arctic sailings. The objects of investigations were routine seagoing-dietary and a trial ration elaborated in conformity with the standard requirements in energy and in basic nutrients. Subject to determination were the vitamin C level in the blood and urine and the resistence of the capillaries. It has been found that within the framework of the trial ration the requirement of sailors for vitamin C comprises 100 mg in the Tropics and 150 mg in the Arctics per man/day."}
{"id": "PMID:1210179", "title": "[Metabolism of riboflavin and its nucleotides in rat liver subcellular fractions in alloxan diabetes].", "content": "In alloxan-induced diabetes the content of riboflavin and FMN goes up in all of the subcellular fractions and that of FAD in the nuclear liver fraction alone. While administration of insulin to control animals reduces the riboflavin and FMN level in all of the subcellular fractions of the liver, in the diabetic animals such a decline is observed in the nuclei alone. Insulin brings down the FAD level in the nuclear liver fraction of both the control and test animals. An additional introduction of riboflavin depresses and that of FMN - raises the FAD content in diabetic animals as compared to controls.", "contents": "[Metabolism of riboflavin and its nucleotides in rat liver subcellular fractions in alloxan diabetes]. In alloxan-induced diabetes the content of riboflavin and FMN goes up in all of the subcellular fractions and that of FAD in the nuclear liver fraction alone. While administration of insulin to control animals reduces the riboflavin and FMN level in all of the subcellular fractions of the liver, in the diabetic animals such a decline is observed in the nuclei alone. Insulin brings down the FAD level in the nuclear liver fraction of both the control and test animals. An additional introduction of riboflavin depresses and that of FMN - raises the FAD content in diabetic animals as compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1210178", "title": "[Vitamin A and carotin content in the blood of children with lambliasis-induced cholecystitis].", "content": "The blood vitamin A and carotene content in normal children and the ones suffering from Lambia-induced cholecystitis was studied. In the sick children examinations were made in dynamics before and after administration of antilambliasis drugs and vitamin A ingested in an oil solution. In patients with Lamblia-induced cholecystitis the vitamin A and carotene content was found to be down by comparison with controls, this pointing to a deranged vitamin A and carotene metabolism in the organism of such patients. Upon instituting pathogenetic therapy and keeping the prescrived diet the vitamin A and carotene concentration in all these patients approached the normality.", "contents": "[Vitamin A and carotin content in the blood of children with lambliasis-induced cholecystitis]. The blood vitamin A and carotene content in normal children and the ones suffering from Lambia-induced cholecystitis was studied. In the sick children examinations were made in dynamics before and after administration of antilambliasis drugs and vitamin A ingested in an oil solution. In patients with Lamblia-induced cholecystitis the vitamin A and carotene content was found to be down by comparison with controls, this pointing to a deranged vitamin A and carotene metabolism in the organism of such patients. Upon instituting pathogenetic therapy and keeping the prescrived diet the vitamin A and carotene concentration in all these patients approached the normality."}
{"id": "PMID:1210182", "title": "[Nutritional characteristics and the prevalence of obesity among individual groups of the population in the Ukrainian SSR].", "content": "The prevalence of adiposity and nutritional status among the working population of seven regions in the Ukrainian SSR (teachers, workers engaged in the chemical, metallurgical, textile, wood-working industries and in agriculture) were studied. Only 44 per cent of males and 25 per cent of females were found to be of normal weight. Some surplus weight had 21 per cent of men and 26 per cent of women, 9 per cent of men and 21 per cent of women suffered from adiposity of the 1st degree and 2 per cent of males and 15 per cent of females had adiposity of the II degree. The nutrition of the obese was more rich in calories at the expense of bread-stuffs, potato, pure carbohydrates and some products of animal origin (fats). Overweight and obesity were observed more often among teachers of both sex and also among female-workers of cotton factories and smelters. The proportion of the patients with cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders was higher among the obese. These data witness the need for differentiation of nutritional standards depending upon the energy spent by the representatives of individual occupational groups of the population.", "contents": "[Nutritional characteristics and the prevalence of obesity among individual groups of the population in the Ukrainian SSR]. The prevalence of adiposity and nutritional status among the working population of seven regions in the Ukrainian SSR (teachers, workers engaged in the chemical, metallurgical, textile, wood-working industries and in agriculture) were studied. Only 44 per cent of males and 25 per cent of females were found to be of normal weight. Some surplus weight had 21 per cent of men and 26 per cent of women, 9 per cent of men and 21 per cent of women suffered from adiposity of the 1st degree and 2 per cent of males and 15 per cent of females had adiposity of the II degree. The nutrition of the obese was more rich in calories at the expense of bread-stuffs, potato, pure carbohydrates and some products of animal origin (fats). Overweight and obesity were observed more often among teachers of both sex and also among female-workers of cotton factories and smelters. The proportion of the patients with cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders was higher among the obese. These data witness the need for differentiation of nutritional standards depending upon the energy spent by the representatives of individual occupational groups of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:1210180", "title": "[Dynamics of the intake and utilization of orally administered 1,2-propanediol in glycogen synthesis in the rat liver].", "content": "The possibility of an isocaloric substitution of 1,2-propandiol for carbohydrates in the food ration of rats was investigated. The inclusion of propandiol as a synthetic source of food energy in the alimentation in an amount comprising 20 per cent of the overall calorific value of carbohydrates does not affect adversely the growth intensity, nor does it produce any materials upsets in the metabolism of test animals. With its oral introduction in a dose of 1 g per 100 g of weight 1,2-propandiol is quickly absorbed, its level reaching the maximum in the blood and liver after a lapse of 1 hour with complete metabolization in the organism over a period of 12 hours. In fasting rats 1,2-propandiol is utilized as a precurser in the synthesis of glycogen and when introduced by the intraperitoneal route it does not influence the rate of the liver glycogen synthesis from glucose. Daily oral introduction of 2 g of 1,2-propandiol per 100 g of body weight for a space of three and seven days, superimposed upon a carbohydrate-rich diet, brings about a fall of the liver reserve glycogen level.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the intake and utilization of orally administered 1,2-propanediol in glycogen synthesis in the rat liver]. The possibility of an isocaloric substitution of 1,2-propandiol for carbohydrates in the food ration of rats was investigated. The inclusion of propandiol as a synthetic source of food energy in the alimentation in an amount comprising 20 per cent of the overall calorific value of carbohydrates does not affect adversely the growth intensity, nor does it produce any materials upsets in the metabolism of test animals. With its oral introduction in a dose of 1 g per 100 g of weight 1,2-propandiol is quickly absorbed, its level reaching the maximum in the blood and liver after a lapse of 1 hour with complete metabolization in the organism over a period of 12 hours. In fasting rats 1,2-propandiol is utilized as a precurser in the synthesis of glycogen and when introduced by the intraperitoneal route it does not influence the rate of the liver glycogen synthesis from glucose. Daily oral introduction of 2 g of 1,2-propandiol per 100 g of body weight for a space of three and seven days, superimposed upon a carbohydrate-rich diet, brings about a fall of the liver reserve glycogen level."}
{"id": "PMID:1210184", "title": "[Characteristics of the nitrous substances in the meat of sharks and rays as a protein food raw material].", "content": "The nitrous composition of meat in 19 species of oceanic sharks and 2 species of rays were analyzed. The meat of these fish species was found to be characterized by a comparatively low protein content, whose amino acids composition proved relatively poor of essential amino acids. The meat of sharks and rays is distinguished by a high level of extractives, whose bulk includes urea and trimethylaminoxide.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the nitrous substances in the meat of sharks and rays as a protein food raw material]. The nitrous composition of meat in 19 species of oceanic sharks and 2 species of rays were analyzed. The meat of these fish species was found to be characterized by a comparatively low protein content, whose amino acids composition proved relatively poor of essential amino acids. The meat of sharks and rays is distinguished by a high level of extractives, whose bulk includes urea and trimethylaminoxide."}
{"id": "PMID:1210181", "title": "[Role of hormonal and seasonal factors in the effect of vitamin E on cholinesterase activity in the nervous system].", "content": "Tests were set up on 73 Citellus fulvus to study the influence exerted by different doses of vitamin E (4 and 8 mg) introduced per os on the activity of the total cholinesterase in various divisions of the central nervous system and also the part played by the hormonal and seasonal factors in this effect. Each test series lasted 30 days (in spring, summer and autumn). The cholinesterase activity was determined after Vensen and Segonzak (1968). The results of the experiments revealed some characteristic trends in the change of the cholinesterase activity occurring under the effect of vitamin E that depended upon a number of factors, such as: the dose of tocopherol, the sex of the animal, time of the year, the brain division under study and the seasonal dynamics of the initial activity. It is shown that in the brain sectors where a material difference existed in the cholinesterase activity between the control males and females it vanished under the effect of tocopherol. On the other hand, in the brain sectors where no such difference existed, it appeared under the effect of tocopherol. The regular character of changes in the cholinesterase activity of the brain and spinal cord produced by different doses of vitamin E suggest the possibility of the brain cholinesterase activity disorders to a play a part in the development of neuro-muscular pathology in cases of the E vitamin deficiency.", "contents": "[Role of hormonal and seasonal factors in the effect of vitamin E on cholinesterase activity in the nervous system]. Tests were set up on 73 Citellus fulvus to study the influence exerted by different doses of vitamin E (4 and 8 mg) introduced per os on the activity of the total cholinesterase in various divisions of the central nervous system and also the part played by the hormonal and seasonal factors in this effect. Each test series lasted 30 days (in spring, summer and autumn). The cholinesterase activity was determined after Vensen and Segonzak (1968). The results of the experiments revealed some characteristic trends in the change of the cholinesterase activity occurring under the effect of vitamin E that depended upon a number of factors, such as: the dose of tocopherol, the sex of the animal, time of the year, the brain division under study and the seasonal dynamics of the initial activity. It is shown that in the brain sectors where a material difference existed in the cholinesterase activity between the control males and females it vanished under the effect of tocopherol. On the other hand, in the brain sectors where no such difference existed, it appeared under the effect of tocopherol. The regular character of changes in the cholinesterase activity of the brain and spinal cord produced by different doses of vitamin E suggest the possibility of the brain cholinesterase activity disorders to a play a part in the development of neuro-muscular pathology in cases of the E vitamin deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1210185", "title": "[Some natural immunity indices in mice against a background of varied fat and carbohydrate correlations in the diet].", "content": "In mice of the SWR, C3HA, CBA/j and non-inbred lines kept on diets with different combinations of carbohydrates and fats some characteristics of the natural immunity (phagocytic activity of leucocytes, bactericidal and lysozyme activity of the blood serum) were studied. It is shown that the proportions of the fatty and carbohydrate components in the diet is of a definite significance for the defensive forces of the organism.", "contents": "[Some natural immunity indices in mice against a background of varied fat and carbohydrate correlations in the diet]. In mice of the SWR, C3HA, CBA/j and non-inbred lines kept on diets with different combinations of carbohydrates and fats some characteristics of the natural immunity (phagocytic activity of leucocytes, bactericidal and lysozyme activity of the blood serum) were studied. It is shown that the proportions of the fatty and carbohydrate components in the diet is of a definite significance for the defensive forces of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1210183", "title": "[Effect of total fasting on testicular lipid fractions in rats].", "content": "Rats weighing 290 g each were fasting for 12 days with no changes occurring in the weight of the testicles, total lipids, phospholipids, di- and triglycerides content therein. The cholesterol ethers level increased by 53 per cent and in the composition of di- and triglycerides and the cholesterol ethers the relative content of high-molecular polyunsaturated fatty acids was going up, while the fatty acids composition of the phospholipids remained the same.", "contents": "[Effect of total fasting on testicular lipid fractions in rats]. Rats weighing 290 g each were fasting for 12 days with no changes occurring in the weight of the testicles, total lipids, phospholipids, di- and triglycerides content therein. The cholesterol ethers level increased by 53 per cent and in the composition of di- and triglycerides and the cholesterol ethers the relative content of high-molecular polyunsaturated fatty acids was going up, while the fatty acids composition of the phospholipids remained the same."}
{"id": "PMID:1210190", "title": "[Study of the tryptophan-hydroxyproline coefficient of the meat of animals of different species].", "content": "The ratio of triptophan/oxyproline in the longest spinal muscle of different animal species was studied. The examined characteristic feature of meat of different animal species and sex is not identical. A substantial influence on the variation of this feature exercises the content in the meat of the connective tissue proteins.", "contents": "[Study of the tryptophan-hydroxyproline coefficient of the meat of animals of different species]. The ratio of triptophan/oxyproline in the longest spinal muscle of different animal species was studied. The examined characteristic feature of meat of different animal species and sex is not identical. A substantial influence on the variation of this feature exercises the content in the meat of the connective tissue proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1210186", "title": "[Redistribution and toxic action of DDT deposited in the body].", "content": "In tests on Wistar male-rats the toxic action and redistribution of the DDT repository in the fatty tissue were investigated. For this purpose a DDT depot was built up by introducing DDT in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg for a period of 6 months, following which the rats were made to fast for 20 days, this securing the egress of DDT from the depot. Furthermore, some of the rats, once the depot had been built up, were for 1 month put on a ration containing 5 per cent of protein and then subjected to fasting for 20 days, this having been done in order to study the toxic effect of DDT against the background of a diet with a low protein content. It was found that the amount of DDT retained in the organs and tissues (omentum, liver, brain) investigated in the test rats did not exceed 10 per cent of the quantity that had been introduced at the time of building up the depot. At the time of fasting there was noted migration of DDT from the fat depot, it being the same both in the test and control animals. But DDT coming from the DDT repository entered the liver and brain only in the test animals, provoking changes in the activity of a number of enzymes in these organs. A low protein diet somewhat intensified these changes.", "contents": "[Redistribution and toxic action of DDT deposited in the body]. In tests on Wistar male-rats the toxic action and redistribution of the DDT repository in the fatty tissue were investigated. For this purpose a DDT depot was built up by introducing DDT in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg for a period of 6 months, following which the rats were made to fast for 20 days, this securing the egress of DDT from the depot. Furthermore, some of the rats, once the depot had been built up, were for 1 month put on a ration containing 5 per cent of protein and then subjected to fasting for 20 days, this having been done in order to study the toxic effect of DDT against the background of a diet with a low protein content. It was found that the amount of DDT retained in the organs and tissues (omentum, liver, brain) investigated in the test rats did not exceed 10 per cent of the quantity that had been introduced at the time of building up the depot. At the time of fasting there was noted migration of DDT from the fat depot, it being the same both in the test and control animals. But DDT coming from the DDT repository entered the liver and brain only in the test animals, provoking changes in the activity of a number of enzymes in these organs. A low protein diet somewhat intensified these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1210187", "title": "[Effectiveness of taking prophylactic nutritional measures at Soviet stations in Antarctica].", "content": "A protracted consumption of little-mineralized water, as well as deficiency of calcium salts in the food result in a change of a number of indicators on the level of the water and salt and mineral metabolism in the organism of polar explorers, this manifesting itself in a reduced content of calcium salts in the blood and urine, in a change of the bleeding and blood coagulation time, of diuresis and water intake, acid-base equilibrium and of specific weight of the urine. All these changes occur also against the background of an insufficient supply of a complex set of vitamins into the organism, this being due to the fact that the foodstuffs are delivered to the station but once a year, stored for a long time and then subjected to sulinary treatment. An additional active vitaminzation with increased doses of vitamins and mineralization of the food right from the first days of sojourn at the station made it possible to eliminate all the undesirable consequences and to narrow the range of the acclimatization shifts in the body of polar explorers exposed to extremely unfavourable conditions prevailing in the Antarctic.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of taking prophylactic nutritional measures at Soviet stations in Antarctica]. A protracted consumption of little-mineralized water, as well as deficiency of calcium salts in the food result in a change of a number of indicators on the level of the water and salt and mineral metabolism in the organism of polar explorers, this manifesting itself in a reduced content of calcium salts in the blood and urine, in a change of the bleeding and blood coagulation time, of diuresis and water intake, acid-base equilibrium and of specific weight of the urine. All these changes occur also against the background of an insufficient supply of a complex set of vitamins into the organism, this being due to the fact that the foodstuffs are delivered to the station but once a year, stored for a long time and then subjected to sulinary treatment. An additional active vitaminzation with increased doses of vitamins and mineralization of the food right from the first days of sojourn at the station made it possible to eliminate all the undesirable consequences and to narrow the range of the acclimatization shifts in the body of polar explorers exposed to extremely unfavourable conditions prevailing in the Antarctic."}
{"id": "PMID:1210189", "title": "[Seasonal changes in the makeup of cod oil].", "content": "The vitamin A activity and the quantitative correlation of individual fatty acids in the liver oil of Barenz Sca cod were investigated. Seasonal changes of its composition and nutritional value were educed. The vitamin A activity varies according to seasons by more than twice each way and the content of dominant acids undergoes material changes. The greatest nutritional value has been found to display the medicinal cod liver oil of the fish caught during the autumn and winter months and the least - of that caught in spring and summer.", "contents": "[Seasonal changes in the makeup of cod oil]. The vitamin A activity and the quantitative correlation of individual fatty acids in the liver oil of Barenz Sca cod were investigated. Seasonal changes of its composition and nutritional value were educed. The vitamin A activity varies according to seasons by more than twice each way and the content of dominant acids undergoes material changes. The greatest nutritional value has been found to display the medicinal cod liver oil of the fish caught during the autumn and winter months and the least - of that caught in spring and summer."}
{"id": "PMID:1210195", "title": "[Retinylpalmitate-hydrolase activity of the intestine in experimental lambliasis].", "content": "The retinylpalmitate-hydrolase activity in the small intestine of healthy and lambliae infected rats was determined. Infection of rats with Giardia lambliae is shown to result in a fall of the retinylpalmiate-hydrase activity, which is restored, in part, on application of a specific therapy (0.1 g/kg of chinacrine) and then practically does not differ from that in healthy animals, when the specific therapy is employed in conjunction with an elevated dose of the vitamin \"A\" (2000 m. u. of retinyl-palmitate per day).", "contents": "[Retinylpalmitate-hydrolase activity of the intestine in experimental lambliasis]. The retinylpalmitate-hydrolase activity in the small intestine of healthy and lambliae infected rats was determined. Infection of rats with Giardia lambliae is shown to result in a fall of the retinylpalmiate-hydrase activity, which is restored, in part, on application of a specific therapy (0.1 g/kg of chinacrine) and then practically does not differ from that in healthy animals, when the specific therapy is employed in conjunction with an elevated dose of the vitamin \"A\" (2000 m. u. of retinyl-palmitate per day)."}
{"id": "PMID:1210194", "title": "[The activity of glutathione-reductase and FAD-effect as indicators of the riboflavin level in experiments and in patients with phenylketonuria].", "content": "Subjects of discussion in the paper are various methods of determining the riboflavin allowances and the results achieved by the application of two of them that concern determining the activity of the glutathione-reductase and the FAD-effect in the study of an experimental B2-deficiency in rats and the riboflavin allowances in children suffering from phenylketonuria. Exclusion of vitamin B2 from the ration of rats resulted in that in 8 weeks they developed B2-deficiency ascertained with the help of the above cited enzymatic tests. In a certain percentage of children with phenylketonuria after discontinued administration of group \"B\" vitamins (D1 diet) there could be observed an intensification of the FAD-effect and, accordingly, a reduced glutathione-reductase activity. Resumed taking of the vitamins (D2 diet) normalized the riboflavin allowance values in at least, one week's time.", "contents": "[The activity of glutathione-reductase and FAD-effect as indicators of the riboflavin level in experiments and in patients with phenylketonuria]. Subjects of discussion in the paper are various methods of determining the riboflavin allowances and the results achieved by the application of two of them that concern determining the activity of the glutathione-reductase and the FAD-effect in the study of an experimental B2-deficiency in rats and the riboflavin allowances in children suffering from phenylketonuria. Exclusion of vitamin B2 from the ration of rats resulted in that in 8 weeks they developed B2-deficiency ascertained with the help of the above cited enzymatic tests. In a certain percentage of children with phenylketonuria after discontinued administration of group \"B\" vitamins (D1 diet) there could be observed an intensification of the FAD-effect and, accordingly, a reduced glutathione-reductase activity. Resumed taking of the vitamins (D2 diet) normalized the riboflavin allowance values in at least, one week's time."}
{"id": "PMID:1210196", "title": "[The effect of vitamins A and E on the amino acid composition of proteins in different segments of the brain in aged animals].", "content": "The amino acids protein composition was studied in different segments of the brain in young (1.5 month old) and old (23-months) rats. The research covered also a short-lived action of vitamins A and E on the amino acids protein composition in the brain of 23-months old rats. The levels of the glutamic, aspartic acids, lysine, serine, of the sum of valine+methionine was found to be down, whereas the content of other amino acids proved invariable. After vitamins A and E loads the glutamic and aspartic acids in the brain segments under investigation was found to be up. In individual segments the content of lysine, thyrosine, valine+methionine experienced a certain normalization.", "contents": "[The effect of vitamins A and E on the amino acid composition of proteins in different segments of the brain in aged animals]. The amino acids protein composition was studied in different segments of the brain in young (1.5 month old) and old (23-months) rats. The research covered also a short-lived action of vitamins A and E on the amino acids protein composition in the brain of 23-months old rats. The levels of the glutamic, aspartic acids, lysine, serine, of the sum of valine+methionine was found to be down, whereas the content of other amino acids proved invariable. After vitamins A and E loads the glutamic and aspartic acids in the brain segments under investigation was found to be up. In individual segments the content of lysine, thyrosine, valine+methionine experienced a certain normalization."}
{"id": "PMID:1210199", "title": "[Free amino acids in human blood serum during endogenous alimentation].", "content": "It has been ascertained that the blood serum of individuals fasting for 20 days demonstrates a sharply pronounced derangement in the proportions of amino acids, i. e. a manifestation of an endogenous amino acids imbalance. The most steep is the rise in the content of isoleucine, leucine and valine. These data may be used in considering issues concrened with an upset metabolism of amino acids under conditions of endogenous alimentation.", "contents": "[Free amino acids in human blood serum during endogenous alimentation]. It has been ascertained that the blood serum of individuals fasting for 20 days demonstrates a sharply pronounced derangement in the proportions of amino acids, i. e. a manifestation of an endogenous amino acids imbalance. The most steep is the rise in the content of isoleucine, leucine and valine. These data may be used in considering issues concrened with an upset metabolism of amino acids under conditions of endogenous alimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210200", "title": "[Clearance of endogenous creatinine and urea in pregnant women with late toxemia kept on a diet containing different amounts of protein].", "content": "Clearance of endogenous creatinine and urea was studied in 107 pregnant women at 7-9th months of gestation suffering from late toxemia and kept on a diet with different protein content. Investigations showed that introduction of protein with meals at a rate of 1 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg and 2 g/kg of the body weight does not act adversely on the functional state of the kidneys.", "contents": "[Clearance of endogenous creatinine and urea in pregnant women with late toxemia kept on a diet containing different amounts of protein]. Clearance of endogenous creatinine and urea was studied in 107 pregnant women at 7-9th months of gestation suffering from late toxemia and kept on a diet with different protein content. Investigations showed that introduction of protein with meals at a rate of 1 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg and 2 g/kg of the body weight does not act adversely on the functional state of the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:1210201", "title": "[Influence of riboflavin on xanthuria leveloping as a result of protein and choline deficiency].", "content": "In growing male-rats intensively excreting xanthuric acid under the effect of rations deficient in protein and choline the passage of riboflavin with urine was determined. A series of tests with deficient choline in conjunction with a well-marked protein shortage revealed an intensive passage of riboflavin. On the other hand, a series of tests with deficient choline against the background of a moderate protein shortage failed to show any difference in the passage of riboflavin by test and control anomals. A single administration of 200 gamma of riboflavin to rats helped bring down elevated concentrations of xanthuric acid in the urine.", "contents": "[Influence of riboflavin on xanthuria leveloping as a result of protein and choline deficiency]. In growing male-rats intensively excreting xanthuric acid under the effect of rations deficient in protein and choline the passage of riboflavin with urine was determined. A series of tests with deficient choline in conjunction with a well-marked protein shortage revealed an intensive passage of riboflavin. On the other hand, a series of tests with deficient choline against the background of a moderate protein shortage failed to show any difference in the passage of riboflavin by test and control anomals. A single administration of 200 gamma of riboflavin to rats helped bring down elevated concentrations of xanthuric acid in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:1210202", "title": "[The effect of excess amounts of qualitatively differing fats on liver lipogenesis].", "content": "Tests conducted with rats receiving for 30 days isocaloric with control rations containing an elevated amount of animal or vegetable fats (lard, sunflower oil) demonstrated that the influence of the said fat-rich rations on the lipogenesis in the liver presents certain peculiarities that find their expression in a different intensity with which the components of the carbohydrate, fat and interstitial metabolism behave in reactions of the lipids synthesis. Both rations tend to slightly bring down the rate of the endogenous fatty acids formation but contribute to a more intensive synthesis of glycerides and fatty acids cholesterol ethers. The vegetable oils, where are prevalent polysaturated fatty acids, provoke an accelerated utilization of carbohydrates in the synthesis of the glycerin structure of glycerides and phospholipids, as well as of the palimitic acid metabolites and the C-2 fragments in the liver cholesterol synthesis.", "contents": "[The effect of excess amounts of qualitatively differing fats on liver lipogenesis]. Tests conducted with rats receiving for 30 days isocaloric with control rations containing an elevated amount of animal or vegetable fats (lard, sunflower oil) demonstrated that the influence of the said fat-rich rations on the lipogenesis in the liver presents certain peculiarities that find their expression in a different intensity with which the components of the carbohydrate, fat and interstitial metabolism behave in reactions of the lipids synthesis. Both rations tend to slightly bring down the rate of the endogenous fatty acids formation but contribute to a more intensive synthesis of glycerides and fatty acids cholesterol ethers. The vegetable oils, where are prevalent polysaturated fatty acids, provoke an accelerated utilization of carbohydrates in the synthesis of the glycerin structure of glycerides and phospholipids, as well as of the palimitic acid metabolites and the C-2 fragments in the liver cholesterol synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1210206", "title": "[Oxidative conversion of vitamin \"A\" in rats with different allowances of it].", "content": "The effects of vitamin \"A\" insufficiency and of its toxic doses on the activity of alcoholdehydrogenase oxidizing retinol and ethanol and on that of aldehydoxidase, oxidizing retinal in the liver, kidneys and small intestine of rats were studied. It is shown that in case of \"A\"-vitamin insufficiency are on the rise processes of oxidative transformation of retinol and retinal associated with an increased activity of alcoholdehydrogenase and aldehoxidase. Against the background of toxic doses of vitamin \"A\" THe activity of alcoholdehydrogenase in the organs under investigation is inhibited and that of aldhydoidase in the small intestine rises.", "contents": "[Oxidative conversion of vitamin \"A\" in rats with different allowances of it]. The effects of vitamin \"A\" insufficiency and of its toxic doses on the activity of alcoholdehydrogenase oxidizing retinol and ethanol and on that of aldehydoxidase, oxidizing retinal in the liver, kidneys and small intestine of rats were studied. It is shown that in case of \"A\"-vitamin insufficiency are on the rise processes of oxidative transformation of retinol and retinal associated with an increased activity of alcoholdehydrogenase and aldehoxidase. Against the background of toxic doses of vitamin \"A\" THe activity of alcoholdehydrogenase in the organs under investigation is inhibited and that of aldhydoidase in the small intestine rises."}
{"id": "PMID:1210207", "title": "[Experimental study of the action of some physical and chemical factors on the survival and propagation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in food products].", "content": "The paper presents data on the ability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to survive and multiply under different conditions that may be encountered during storage and culinary treatment of food products. Investigations were effected in a nutrient medium and in alimentary products in which the survival terms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. IV. Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sea mud and sea fish in Hawaii. - secure an almost complete suppression of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus viability. Af greatest epidemiological danger is secondary contamination of food products with Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the action of some physical and chemical factors on the survival and propagation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in food products]. The paper presents data on the ability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to survive and multiply under different conditions that may be encountered during storage and culinary treatment of food products. Investigations were effected in a nutrient medium and in alimentary products in which the survival terms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. IV. Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sea mud and sea fish in Hawaii. - secure an almost complete suppression of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus viability. Af greatest epidemiological danger is secondary contamination of food products with Vibrio parahaemolyticus."}
{"id": "PMID:1210203", "title": "[Lipid metabolism in the far North aborigens residing in the Krasnoyarsk territory].", "content": "A study of the fat metabolism in the Extreme North aborigens, whose ration is made up chiefly of proteins and fats, demonstrated a decline of the most studied metabolic indices, as compared to those in inhabitants of the temperate geographical belt. Results of a fat load test speak in favour of the organism of the Transpolar aborigens adapting itself to the specific composition of the food ration in the course of ontogenetic development.", "contents": "[Lipid metabolism in the far North aborigens residing in the Krasnoyarsk territory]. A study of the fat metabolism in the Extreme North aborigens, whose ration is made up chiefly of proteins and fats, demonstrated a decline of the most studied metabolic indices, as compared to those in inhabitants of the temperate geographical belt. Results of a fat load test speak in favour of the organism of the Transpolar aborigens adapting itself to the specific composition of the food ration in the course of ontogenetic development."}
{"id": "PMID:1210209", "title": "[Hygienic study of a proteolytic preparation obtained from Actinomyces].", "content": "An enzymatic preparation rimoprotelin, obtained from Actinomyces rumosus was studied. The results of a microbiological control analysis showed the preparation to contain admixtures of oxytetracycline in an amoun of 950 Un/g. In a 9-months long test with albino rats the enzymatic preparation produced substantial interferences in the composition to the intestinal microflora and increased the incidence of bacterial cultures resistent to oxytetracycline. Morphological changes in the organs and tissues of the test animals, which were, apparently, conditioned by the presence of the antibiotic admixture in the preparation were revealed. This point to the need of a thorough purification of this enzymatic preparation from the oxytetracycline admixture and makes its use as a food additive in its original form imposssible.", "contents": "[Hygienic study of a proteolytic preparation obtained from Actinomyces]. An enzymatic preparation rimoprotelin, obtained from Actinomyces rumosus was studied. The results of a microbiological control analysis showed the preparation to contain admixtures of oxytetracycline in an amoun of 950 Un/g. In a 9-months long test with albino rats the enzymatic preparation produced substantial interferences in the composition to the intestinal microflora and increased the incidence of bacterial cultures resistent to oxytetracycline. Morphological changes in the organs and tissues of the test animals, which were, apparently, conditioned by the presence of the antibiotic admixture in the preparation were revealed. This point to the need of a thorough purification of this enzymatic preparation from the oxytetracycline admixture and makes its use as a food additive in its original form imposssible."}
{"id": "PMID:1210212", "title": "[The effect of parenteral administration of amino acids and their mixtures the secretory activity of the stomach].", "content": "Experiments on dogs with gastric fistula after Basov and Pavlov pouch demonstrated that introduction into the blood by the drip method of solutions of L-amino acids and their mixtures tends to induce gastric secretion. This effect is produced by nonessential acids somewhat more intensively than by essential ones. A complete mixture of amino acids yields the least secretory effect. Among individual amino acids under study, taken in isomolar quantities, the most intensive gastric secretion induce glycin, alanine and proline. The least active in this respect proved to be lysine.", "contents": "[The effect of parenteral administration of amino acids and their mixtures the secretory activity of the stomach]. Experiments on dogs with gastric fistula after Basov and Pavlov pouch demonstrated that introduction into the blood by the drip method of solutions of L-amino acids and their mixtures tends to induce gastric secretion. This effect is produced by nonessential acids somewhat more intensively than by essential ones. A complete mixture of amino acids yields the least secretory effect. Among individual amino acids under study, taken in isomolar quantities, the most intensive gastric secretion induce glycin, alanine and proline. The least active in this respect proved to be lysine."}
{"id": "PMID:1210213", "title": "[Biological value of dietary fats containing trans-isomers of non-saturated fatty acids].", "content": "Biological significance of transisomers of non-saturated fatty acids contained in glycerides was studied in experiments with growing albino rats. For 12-13 weeks the animals recieved food rations that included by calorific value 30 per cent of hydrogenated fats comprising different amounts of fatty acids transisomers. The available data showed the biological value of the hydrogenated fats to be determined chiefly by the presence therein of active linolic acid, without being correlated with the content of the fatty acids transisomers in them.", "contents": "[Biological value of dietary fats containing trans-isomers of non-saturated fatty acids]. Biological significance of transisomers of non-saturated fatty acids contained in glycerides was studied in experiments with growing albino rats. For 12-13 weeks the animals recieved food rations that included by calorific value 30 per cent of hydrogenated fats comprising different amounts of fatty acids transisomers. The available data showed the biological value of the hydrogenated fats to be determined chiefly by the presence therein of active linolic acid, without being correlated with the content of the fatty acids transisomers in them."}
{"id": "PMID:1210210", "title": "[Isolation of halphilic vibrios in marine fishes and fish products].", "content": "Examinations of 882 samples of newly caught, frozen, salted, sun-dried and smoked marine fish and of 50 samples of canned fish and preserves were conducted to study the contamination with halophil vibrios of the marine fish and fish products. The newly caught fish was found to be contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus on the average in 28.6 per cent of the cases and with Vibrio alginolyitcus, on the average in 52.2 per cent of the instances. The Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination of the marine fish during its processing and storage varied from 3.3 up to 21.7 per cent. The contamination of the fish was noted to be greatest in summer months. These microorganisms were not isolated in canned fish and preserves. In the course of research a total of 845 strains of halophil microorganisms were isolated, 240 of which were found to be similar to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The properties of the cultures isolated were studied.", "contents": "[Isolation of halphilic vibrios in marine fishes and fish products]. Examinations of 882 samples of newly caught, frozen, salted, sun-dried and smoked marine fish and of 50 samples of canned fish and preserves were conducted to study the contamination with halophil vibrios of the marine fish and fish products. The newly caught fish was found to be contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus on the average in 28.6 per cent of the cases and with Vibrio alginolyitcus, on the average in 52.2 per cent of the instances. The Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination of the marine fish during its processing and storage varied from 3.3 up to 21.7 per cent. The contamination of the fish was noted to be greatest in summer months. These microorganisms were not isolated in canned fish and preserves. In the course of research a total of 845 strains of halophil microorganisms were isolated, 240 of which were found to be similar to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The properties of the cultures isolated were studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1210215", "title": "[Differentiated diet therapy in chronic intestinal diseases with predominance of the dyskinetic constipations syndrome].", "content": "On the ground of clinical observations, studies on the motor-evacuatory functions of the gastro-intestinal tract and its regulation values in dynamics a differentiated dietotherapy and a special complex of exercise therapy have been devised for patients with chronic colites and enterites marked by predominance of constipation. Among basic principles of this dietotherapy were: the content of all nutrients corresponding to physiological standards with the amount of protein increased up to 135 g, creating conditions conducive to sparing of the stomach, pancreas, liver and biligenic organs through exclusion of strong stimulators of the digestive and bile secretion glands, of substrates irritating the liver, regulation of the motor-evacuatory function of the gastro-intestinal tract by a graded increase in the amount of cellular membranes, progressively rising parallel with weakening of the symptoms pointing to irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract organs. The complex set of physical exercises included: those of general tonic and improving the prelum abdominale muscles tonicity, mechanically stimulating the motor function of the stomach and the intestines, periodically changing the intra-abdominal pressure, both upwards and downward.", "contents": "[Differentiated diet therapy in chronic intestinal diseases with predominance of the dyskinetic constipations syndrome]. On the ground of clinical observations, studies on the motor-evacuatory functions of the gastro-intestinal tract and its regulation values in dynamics a differentiated dietotherapy and a special complex of exercise therapy have been devised for patients with chronic colites and enterites marked by predominance of constipation. Among basic principles of this dietotherapy were: the content of all nutrients corresponding to physiological standards with the amount of protein increased up to 135 g, creating conditions conducive to sparing of the stomach, pancreas, liver and biligenic organs through exclusion of strong stimulators of the digestive and bile secretion glands, of substrates irritating the liver, regulation of the motor-evacuatory function of the gastro-intestinal tract by a graded increase in the amount of cellular membranes, progressively rising parallel with weakening of the symptoms pointing to irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract organs. The complex set of physical exercises included: those of general tonic and improving the prelum abdominale muscles tonicity, mechanically stimulating the motor function of the stomach and the intestines, periodically changing the intra-abdominal pressure, both upwards and downward."}
{"id": "PMID:1210217", "title": "[Nutritional pattern of the \"Komsomolskaya Pravda\" Arctic expedition].", "content": "Data on the chemical composition, nutritional value and caloricity of food ration used by the \"Komsomolskaya Pravda\" expedition during ski marches in the Arctics are reported. The rations consisted chiefly of dehydrated products and weighed 800-1000 g. The daily caloricity of the rations amounted to 3400 and 4400 great calories.", "contents": "[Nutritional pattern of the \"Komsomolskaya Pravda\" Arctic expedition]. Data on the chemical composition, nutritional value and caloricity of food ration used by the \"Komsomolskaya Pravda\" expedition during ski marches in the Arctics are reported. The rations consisted chiefly of dehydrated products and weighed 800-1000 g. The daily caloricity of the rations amounted to 3400 and 4400 great calories."}
{"id": "PMID:1210225", "title": "Effects of shifts in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity during hypoxia.", "content": "To investigate the possibility that the influence of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity on tissue oxygenation may be reversed in severe hypoxia, 16 anesthetized rabbits with chronically-implanted tissue oxygen electrodes were ventilated with 12% oxygen and subjected to 100 ml exchange transfusions with high, low, or normal affinity rabbit blood. Despite the widely divergent in vivo P50 values produced, significant differences in tissue oxygen levels were not observed among the three groups following exchange transfusions. During subsequent normoxia, more complete recovery of tissue oxygen was apparent in the low affinity group. This study emphasizes the need for further definition of the influence of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity on the functions of individual organs.", "contents": "Effects of shifts in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity during hypoxia. To investigate the possibility that the influence of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity on tissue oxygenation may be reversed in severe hypoxia, 16 anesthetized rabbits with chronically-implanted tissue oxygen electrodes were ventilated with 12% oxygen and subjected to 100 ml exchange transfusions with high, low, or normal affinity rabbit blood. Despite the widely divergent in vivo P50 values produced, significant differences in tissue oxygen levels were not observed among the three groups following exchange transfusions. During subsequent normoxia, more complete recovery of tissue oxygen was apparent in the low affinity group. This study emphasizes the need for further definition of the influence of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity on the functions of individual organs."}
{"id": "PMID:1210226", "title": "Cross-reactivity of monospecific anti-HL-A antisera.", "content": "32 'monospecific' anti-HL-A alloantisera were absorbed in separate tests with platelets from a maximum of 56 different persons and examined for residual cytotoxicity against target lymphocytes from one or two unrelated persons having the homologous (or test) antigen. Of the 799 combinations in which platelts had the test antigen, 715 (90%) were specifically inhibited; of the 720 combinations in which platelets had the cross-reactive antigen(s) (but not the test antigen), 417 (58%) were specifically cross-inhibited; and of the 1,839 combinations in which platelets had neither the homologous nor a discernable cross-reactive antigen, 133 (7%) were cross-inhibited 'nonspecifically'. Earlier findings of cross-reactivity were confirmed, and results suggested that HL-A1, HL-A10 and W30 on platelets may cross-inhibit anti-HL-A2 antibodies; HL-A7 and W21 may cross-inhibit anti-HL-A5 and anti-W5 antibodies; W16 may cross-inhibit anti-HL-A5 antibodies; and W22 may cross-inhibit anti-HL-A13 antibodies.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity of monospecific anti-HL-A antisera. 32 'monospecific' anti-HL-A alloantisera were absorbed in separate tests with platelets from a maximum of 56 different persons and examined for residual cytotoxicity against target lymphocytes from one or two unrelated persons having the homologous (or test) antigen. Of the 799 combinations in which platelts had the test antigen, 715 (90%) were specifically inhibited; of the 720 combinations in which platelets had the cross-reactive antigen(s) (but not the test antigen), 417 (58%) were specifically cross-inhibited; and of the 1,839 combinations in which platelets had neither the homologous nor a discernable cross-reactive antigen, 133 (7%) were cross-inhibited 'nonspecifically'. Earlier findings of cross-reactivity were confirmed, and results suggested that HL-A1, HL-A10 and W30 on platelets may cross-inhibit anti-HL-A2 antibodies; HL-A7 and W21 may cross-inhibit anti-HL-A5 and anti-W5 antibodies; W16 may cross-inhibit anti-HL-A5 antibodies; and W22 may cross-inhibit anti-HL-A13 antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:1210218", "title": "[Amino acid composition of meat proteins in the Arctic reindeer].", "content": "Investigations have shown the proteins of the arctic venison to be of a high biological standard, since they contain all the essential amino acids. All the amino acids, except for tryptophan, were assayed with an automatic analyser, model HD-1200E, by following the generally accepted procedure afer an acid hydrolysis. Tryptophan was assayed after alkaline hydrolysis. A total of 17 amino acids were determined in the raw and cooked meat. The content of essential amino acids is as great as 50.7 per cent of the protein weight. Heat treatment does not have any essential effect on the content of amino acids. As regards their amino acids composition the proteins of the arctic vension stands close to that of the beef and horse-flesh proteins.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of meat proteins in the Arctic reindeer]. Investigations have shown the proteins of the arctic venison to be of a high biological standard, since they contain all the essential amino acids. All the amino acids, except for tryptophan, were assayed with an automatic analyser, model HD-1200E, by following the generally accepted procedure afer an acid hydrolysis. Tryptophan was assayed after alkaline hydrolysis. A total of 17 amino acids were determined in the raw and cooked meat. The content of essential amino acids is as great as 50.7 per cent of the protein weight. Heat treatment does not have any essential effect on the content of amino acids. As regards their amino acids composition the proteins of the arctic vension stands close to that of the beef and horse-flesh proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1210227", "title": "Differences in the immunogenicity of the HL-A antigens.", "content": "Comparing the expected and observed HL-A antibody forming in condition of fetomaternal immunization in 184 pregnant women, some differences in the immunogenic strength of HL-A antigens were investigated. The HL-A antigens were graded in three groups in accordance with their coefficient of immunogenicity as follows: in first group, with a coefficient more than 50 are HL-A2, HL-A7, HL-A5, W22, HL-A13, W27 and W10; in second group, with a coefficient from 25 to 50 are HL-A1, W24, HL-A11, W5, W14 and HL-A12; and in the third group, with a coefficient less than 25 are HL-A3, W25 and HL-A8. The data about the other HL-A antigens are not significant.", "contents": "Differences in the immunogenicity of the HL-A antigens. Comparing the expected and observed HL-A antibody forming in condition of fetomaternal immunization in 184 pregnant women, some differences in the immunogenic strength of HL-A antigens were investigated. The HL-A antigens were graded in three groups in accordance with their coefficient of immunogenicity as follows: in first group, with a coefficient more than 50 are HL-A2, HL-A7, HL-A5, W22, HL-A13, W27 and W10; in second group, with a coefficient from 25 to 50 are HL-A1, W24, HL-A11, W5, W14 and HL-A12; and in the third group, with a coefficient less than 25 are HL-A3, W25 and HL-A8. The data about the other HL-A antigens are not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1210216", "title": "[Computer planning of average per capita requirements of the population in nutrients and energy].", "content": "The expediency, feasibility and effectiveness of employing computors for multivariant calculations of an average per capita requirement of the population in basic nutrients and energy are substantiated. The prodcedures involved in preparation of the initial information are described and the fundamental parts of the program elaborated in \"fortran\" language and tentatively tested with an \"EC-1020\" type computor are discussed. The devised program may be adopted as a standard one.", "contents": "[Computer planning of average per capita requirements of the population in nutrients and energy]. The expediency, feasibility and effectiveness of employing computors for multivariant calculations of an average per capita requirement of the population in basic nutrients and energy are substantiated. The prodcedures involved in preparation of the initial information are described and the fundamental parts of the program elaborated in \"fortran\" language and tentatively tested with an \"EC-1020\" type computor are discussed. The devised program may be adopted as a standard one."}
{"id": "PMID:1210228", "title": "Cell electrophoretic, membrane sialic acid and quantitative hemagglutination studies on some MN variants.", "content": "The group of conditions exhibiting diminished MN antigenicity, increased saline agglutinability, decreased electrophoretic mobility and reduced membrane content of sialic acid includes enzyme-treated cells, the hereditary MNSs variants Mk and Mg, En(a-) and the acquired condition of persistent mixed-field polyagglutinability. Here we report our studies on the above serological, chemical and biophysical properties of Mg, Mk and EnaEn? CELLS AND ON TWO ADDITIONAL HEREDItary variants, Miltenberger III and V, (Mi-III and Mi-V). The latter clearly fits into this group of conditions. On the other hand, Mi-III shows its kinship to the broad group of abnormalities of membrane glycophorin but it deviates from normal in the opposite direction. That is we find evidence of decreased saline agglutinability, increased electrophoretic mobility and of increased sialic acid content. Moreover, in the rare MsMi-III Mk phenotype, the opposing effects evident in the heterozygotes tend to balance out their serologic and physicochemical expressions in the double heterozygote.", "contents": "Cell electrophoretic, membrane sialic acid and quantitative hemagglutination studies on some MN variants. The group of conditions exhibiting diminished MN antigenicity, increased saline agglutinability, decreased electrophoretic mobility and reduced membrane content of sialic acid includes enzyme-treated cells, the hereditary MNSs variants Mk and Mg, En(a-) and the acquired condition of persistent mixed-field polyagglutinability. Here we report our studies on the above serological, chemical and biophysical properties of Mg, Mk and EnaEn? CELLS AND ON TWO ADDITIONAL HEREDItary variants, Miltenberger III and V, (Mi-III and Mi-V). The latter clearly fits into this group of conditions. On the other hand, Mi-III shows its kinship to the broad group of abnormalities of membrane glycophorin but it deviates from normal in the opposite direction. That is we find evidence of decreased saline agglutinability, increased electrophoretic mobility and of increased sialic acid content. Moreover, in the rare MsMi-III Mk phenotype, the opposing effects evident in the heterozygotes tend to balance out their serologic and physicochemical expressions in the double heterozygote."}
{"id": "PMID:1210229", "title": "Confirmation of K11 and K17 as alleles in the Kell blood group system.", "content": "Tests of three new unrelated K:-11 people and their relatives confirm that K11 is allelic to K17 (Wka) and belongs to the Kell system.", "contents": "Confirmation of K11 and K17 as alleles in the Kell blood group system. Tests of three new unrelated K:-11 people and their relatives confirm that K11 is allelic to K17 (Wka) and belongs to the Kell system."}
{"id": "PMID:1210230", "title": "A1 weak B phenotypes found in two generations of a Romanian family: A1Bx versus cis AB complex.", "content": "Three 'A1 weak B' blood groups found in two generations of a Romanian family were studied with quantitative and thermodynamic assays in order to determine if they derive from 'A1Bx' or from 'cis AB' genotypes, what cannot be achieved by the genetics.", "contents": "A1 weak B phenotypes found in two generations of a Romanian family: A1Bx versus cis AB complex. Three 'A1 weak B' blood groups found in two generations of a Romanian family were studied with quantitative and thermodynamic assays in order to determine if they derive from 'A1Bx' or from 'cis AB' genotypes, what cannot be achieved by the genetics."}
{"id": "PMID:1210231", "title": "Detection of immune anti-A and anti-B allo-antibodies with groupamatic system.", "content": "An inhibition technique using soluble AB group substances for screening of 'immune' anti-A and anti-B allo-antibodies has been set up on Groupamatic. This screening is performed on all blood units of group O, A and B to be transfused. The ratio of potentially dangerous donors in case of non-isogroup transfusion is 2.86% of the total number of screened donors. This detection is performed simultaneously with other immunohaematological and serological tests: ABO and Rh grouping, screening of irregular allo-antibodies, screening of syphilis.", "contents": "Detection of immune anti-A and anti-B allo-antibodies with groupamatic system. An inhibition technique using soluble AB group substances for screening of 'immune' anti-A and anti-B allo-antibodies has been set up on Groupamatic. This screening is performed on all blood units of group O, A and B to be transfused. The ratio of potentially dangerous donors in case of non-isogroup transfusion is 2.86% of the total number of screened donors. This detection is performed simultaneously with other immunohaematological and serological tests: ABO and Rh grouping, screening of irregular allo-antibodies, screening of syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:1210224", "title": "[Activity of intestinal disaccharidases in human aging].", "content": "In 59 persons of advanced (60-74 years) and in 17 others of senile (75-89 years) age the activity of disaccharides in the small intestine was studied. In the past history of all the examinees no affections of the gastro-intestinal tract were recorded. As controls 26 healthy subjects aged 20-26 were examined. It was noted that the activity of maltase in the duodenal mucosa declined in advanced age and of maltase, lactase and saccharase - in senility. In jejunal mucosa the activity of maltase and lactase proved less active in persons of senile age. The reduced activity of intestinal disaccharides is attended by atrophy of the jejunal mucosa.", "contents": "[Activity of intestinal disaccharidases in human aging]. In 59 persons of advanced (60-74 years) and in 17 others of senile (75-89 years) age the activity of disaccharides in the small intestine was studied. In the past history of all the examinees no affections of the gastro-intestinal tract were recorded. As controls 26 healthy subjects aged 20-26 were examined. It was noted that the activity of maltase in the duodenal mucosa declined in advanced age and of maltase, lactase and saccharase - in senility. In jejunal mucosa the activity of maltase and lactase proved less active in persons of senile age. The reduced activity of intestinal disaccharides is attended by atrophy of the jejunal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:1210315", "title": "[Immunogenic activity of the influenza virus dependent on ne uraminidase (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunity of mice to challenge with influenza virus was studied after immunization with killed influenza vaccine. The results showed the resistance of the animals developing early after one and two intranasal vaccinations to depend not only upon the hemagglutinating properties of the vaccine but also upon its neuraminidase activity. When mice were immunized with a vaccine the neuraminidase of which was blocked with specific antibody or inactivated by heating and formalin, the protective effect against challenge with influenza virus decreased 2-3-fold as compared to that of the vaccine possessing active neuraminidase.", "contents": "[Immunogenic activity of the influenza virus dependent on ne uraminidase (author's transl)]. The immunity of mice to challenge with influenza virus was studied after immunization with killed influenza vaccine. The results showed the resistance of the animals developing early after one and two intranasal vaccinations to depend not only upon the hemagglutinating properties of the vaccine but also upon its neuraminidase activity. When mice were immunized with a vaccine the neuraminidase of which was blocked with specific antibody or inactivated by heating and formalin, the protective effect against challenge with influenza virus decreased 2-3-fold as compared to that of the vaccine possessing active neuraminidase."}
{"id": "PMID:1210316", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of chicken fibroblasts infected with the Tyuleniy virus (author's transl)].", "content": "Uninfected and Tyuleniy virus-infected chick fibroblast cells were examined. Intracytoplasmic type A particles and immature type C particles of oncornavirus were found in uninfected cells. At 48 and 72 hours after inoculation of the cells with Tyuleniy virus a large number of mature C particles and virions of Tyuleniy virus were found in the cell cytoplasm. Possible relationships between A and C particles are discussed and a stimulating effect of Tyuleniy virus on mass maturation of C particles and their release from the cell is suggested.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of chicken fibroblasts infected with the Tyuleniy virus (author's transl)]. Uninfected and Tyuleniy virus-infected chick fibroblast cells were examined. Intracytoplasmic type A particles and immature type C particles of oncornavirus were found in uninfected cells. At 48 and 72 hours after inoculation of the cells with Tyuleniy virus a large number of mature C particles and virions of Tyuleniy virus were found in the cell cytoplasm. Possible relationships between A and C particles are discussed and a stimulating effect of Tyuleniy virus on mass maturation of C particles and their release from the cell is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1210317", "title": "[Virus-specific syntheses in cells infected with the virions from standard and \"defective\" populations of the influenza virus (author's transl)].", "content": "The structure of influenza virus virions from the standard and \"Magnus\" populations as well as intracellular syntheses induced by them were studied. Virions of influenza virus were shown to be heterogeneous with respect to the set of fragments in them. This heterogeneity was more marked in virions of the \"Magnus\" population and consisted in a relatively greater deficiency of large fragments. A marked induction of light RNA fractions in the cell by defective influenza virus was demonstrated. Synthesis of protein and the polypeptide composition of virions were found to be similiar in standard and \"Magnus\" viruses.", "contents": "[Virus-specific syntheses in cells infected with the virions from standard and \"defective\" populations of the influenza virus (author's transl)]. The structure of influenza virus virions from the standard and \"Magnus\" populations as well as intracellular syntheses induced by them were studied. Virions of influenza virus were shown to be heterogeneous with respect to the set of fragments in them. This heterogeneity was more marked in virions of the \"Magnus\" population and consisted in a relatively greater deficiency of large fragments. A marked induction of light RNA fractions in the cell by defective influenza virus was demonstrated. Synthesis of protein and the polypeptide composition of virions were found to be similiar in standard and \"Magnus\" viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:1210318", "title": "[Heterogeneity of an influenza virus population in the manifestation of biological functions (author's transl)].", "content": "In a population of influenza virus, virions have different degree of the functional capacities to produce infectious virus, to induce neuraminidase production and to interfere with infectious virus. Fractions of virus were found which had a poor capacity for production of infectious progeny and a relatively high induction of neuraminidase synthesis as well as induction of heterogenous light fractions of RNA in cells. In the population of defective virus a fraction of particles possessing marked interfering activity in the absence of infectivity was found.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of an influenza virus population in the manifestation of biological functions (author's transl)]. In a population of influenza virus, virions have different degree of the functional capacities to produce infectious virus, to induce neuraminidase production and to interfere with infectious virus. Fractions of virus were found which had a poor capacity for production of infectious progeny and a relatively high induction of neuraminidase synthesis as well as induction of heterogenous light fractions of RNA in cells. In the population of defective virus a fraction of particles possessing marked interfering activity in the absence of infectivity was found."}
{"id": "PMID:1210319", "title": "[Experimental study of an antirabies vaccine from sheep brain tissue inactivated by UV rays (author's transl)].", "content": "The optimal regimen of sheep brain rabies vaccine inactivation with UV rays has been developed. The immunogenic activity of 22 experimental lots of UV-inactivated rabies vaccine was found to be considerably higher than that of commercial Fermi vaccine. The antigenic activity of the inactivated vaccine in animals was also high.", "contents": "[Experimental study of an antirabies vaccine from sheep brain tissue inactivated by UV rays (author's transl)]. The optimal regimen of sheep brain rabies vaccine inactivation with UV rays has been developed. The immunogenic activity of 22 experimental lots of UV-inactivated rabies vaccine was found to be considerably higher than that of commercial Fermi vaccine. The antigenic activity of the inactivated vaccine in animals was also high."}
{"id": "PMID:1210320", "title": "[The inhibiting action of superhigh-frequency millimeter waves on adenovirus (author's transl)].", "content": "Virological and biochemical analysis was employed for comparative studies of the content of protein in continuous cultures of human embryo kidney cells (RH line) infected with adenovirus type 1, intact and irradiated with electromagnetic waves of UHF in the range of 5 divided by 8 mm at the density of power current of the order of 4 mW. When the cells were inoculated with intact virus, a cytopatic effect, a decrease in the content of protein by 4 hours postinfection and further decrease up to 72 hrs were observed. After infection with irradiated adenovirus the development of the infectious process and associated changes in the protein content were observed only by 24 hours and then up to 72 hours there was a delay in the development of virus infection as compared with controls. The experimental data indicate different response of RH cells to infection with irradiated and intact adenovirus, namely, that UHF of the millimeter range (lambda=6.50 mm) exert a specific effect on the infectious activity of adenovirus as manifested by changes in cell metabolism after infection with irradiated virus.", "contents": "[The inhibiting action of superhigh-frequency millimeter waves on adenovirus (author's transl)]. Virological and biochemical analysis was employed for comparative studies of the content of protein in continuous cultures of human embryo kidney cells (RH line) infected with adenovirus type 1, intact and irradiated with electromagnetic waves of UHF in the range of 5 divided by 8 mm at the density of power current of the order of 4 mW. When the cells were inoculated with intact virus, a cytopatic effect, a decrease in the content of protein by 4 hours postinfection and further decrease up to 72 hrs were observed. After infection with irradiated adenovirus the development of the infectious process and associated changes in the protein content were observed only by 24 hours and then up to 72 hours there was a delay in the development of virus infection as compared with controls. The experimental data indicate different response of RH cells to infection with irradiated and intact adenovirus, namely, that UHF of the millimeter range (lambda=6.50 mm) exert a specific effect on the infectious activity of adenovirus as manifested by changes in cell metabolism after infection with irradiated virus."}
{"id": "PMID:1210329", "title": "Phencyclidine--states of acute intoxication and fatalities.", "content": "Phencyclidine is now one of the most frequently used main ingredients of \"street drug\" preparations. Its effects are highly dose dependent and three varieties of acute intoxication have been seen clinically associated with different dosages and routes of administration. Most persons using phencyclidine smoke it sprinkled on parsley in low doses. The presence of horizontal and vertical nystagmus associated with hypertension in a patient who is agitated or comatose are diagnostic of a phencyclidine intoxicated state. Sensory isolation and intravenous administration of diazepam in the event of seizure activity have proved effective in the treatment of acute intoxicated states. Phencyclidine has pronounced behavioral toxicity and several deaths due to this agent have now been documented. It is unknown whether seizure activity or respiratory depression is the primary cause of death in pharmacological overdoses.", "contents": "Phencyclidine--states of acute intoxication and fatalities. Phencyclidine is now one of the most frequently used main ingredients of \"street drug\" preparations. Its effects are highly dose dependent and three varieties of acute intoxication have been seen clinically associated with different dosages and routes of administration. Most persons using phencyclidine smoke it sprinkled on parsley in low doses. The presence of horizontal and vertical nystagmus associated with hypertension in a patient who is agitated or comatose are diagnostic of a phencyclidine intoxicated state. Sensory isolation and intravenous administration of diazepam in the event of seizure activity have proved effective in the treatment of acute intoxicated states. Phencyclidine has pronounced behavioral toxicity and several deaths due to this agent have now been documented. It is unknown whether seizure activity or respiratory depression is the primary cause of death in pharmacological overdoses."}
{"id": "PMID:1210330", "title": "Xeromammography in the early detection of breast cancer. Community hospital experience and approach.", "content": "Community hospitals can do much in the general effort toward earlier detection of breast cancer. Using xeromammography in the department of general radiology of one community hospital, 21 cases of occult carcinoma were detected in 2,392 patients in a two year period. Patients were both symptomatic and asymptomatic. This percentage is comparable to results in previously published series of similar patient populations, and can be expected to be slightly higher than screening populations of totally asymptomatic patients. In 24 percent of cases of occult carcinoma there was axillary node involvement, compared with 42 percent axillary node involvement in cases of nonoccult carcinoma. Early detection efforts are currently centered on improving thoroughness in physical examinations, stressing breast self-examination and identifying patients in high-risk categories. These, together with proper periodic use of mammograms, will yield the highest rate of early carcinoma detection until more sensitive biologic markers are developed.", "contents": "Xeromammography in the early detection of breast cancer. Community hospital experience and approach. Community hospitals can do much in the general effort toward earlier detection of breast cancer. Using xeromammography in the department of general radiology of one community hospital, 21 cases of occult carcinoma were detected in 2,392 patients in a two year period. Patients were both symptomatic and asymptomatic. This percentage is comparable to results in previously published series of similar patient populations, and can be expected to be slightly higher than screening populations of totally asymptomatic patients. In 24 percent of cases of occult carcinoma there was axillary node involvement, compared with 42 percent axillary node involvement in cases of nonoccult carcinoma. Early detection efforts are currently centered on improving thoroughness in physical examinations, stressing breast self-examination and identifying patients in high-risk categories. These, together with proper periodic use of mammograms, will yield the highest rate of early carcinoma detection until more sensitive biologic markers are developed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210331", "title": "Principles of drug therapy in patients with renal disease.", "content": "Patients with reduced renal function commonly require drug therapy for various associated conditions. Most drugs are fully or partially excreted by the kidney; therefore, drug dosage regimens often need to be adjusted in order to provide safe yet effective treatment for patients with renal disease. In addition, certain therapeutic agents have potential nephrotoxicity and pharmacologic actions that may jeopardize already compromised renal function. Understanding of drug pharmacology, the therapeutic dose and the speed of drug elimination in a given patient will lead to correct assessment of the drug regimen.", "contents": "Principles of drug therapy in patients with renal disease. Patients with reduced renal function commonly require drug therapy for various associated conditions. Most drugs are fully or partially excreted by the kidney; therefore, drug dosage regimens often need to be adjusted in order to provide safe yet effective treatment for patients with renal disease. In addition, certain therapeutic agents have potential nephrotoxicity and pharmacologic actions that may jeopardize already compromised renal function. Understanding of drug pharmacology, the therapeutic dose and the speed of drug elimination in a given patient will lead to correct assessment of the drug regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:1210337", "title": "Guidelines for the interview and examinations of alleged rape victims.", "content": "A conjoint effort of the Committee on Evolving Trends in Society Affecting Life, and the Advisory Panels of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, and Psychiatry of the Scientific Board of the California Medical Association.", "contents": "Guidelines for the interview and examinations of alleged rape victims. A conjoint effort of the Committee on Evolving Trends in Society Affecting Life, and the Advisory Panels of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, and Psychiatry of the Scientific Board of the California Medical Association."}
{"id": "PMID:1210341", "title": "Positive inotropic action of insulin on piglet heart.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate changes in cardiac performance during hypoglycemia produced by the administration of insulin in the newborn piglet. With heart rate, aortic pressure, and aortic flow held constant, the treated group demonstrated a pronounced positive inotropic response manifested by an increase of dP/dt max to 138% of control values. Central nervous system function and beta adrenergic activity were excluded from the preparation by ligation of the brachiocephalic vessels and administration of practolol. For reasons discussed, it is unlikely that the findings can be ascribed to glucagon contamination. Therefore, the increase in contractility presumably resulted from a direct effect of insulin upon the myocardium. Clinical and laboratory data suggest that the resistance of the neonate to hypoxia is modified by glycogen stores. Insulin is known to increase glycogen synthesis, and this effect might be expected to augment myocardial resistance to hypoxia. Under the conditions of these experiments, however, pretreatment with insulin had no demonstrable influence on the rate of deterioration of cardiac function during hypoxia. The mechanism of cardiac stimulation by insulin is unknown but may involve calcium fluxes.", "contents": "Positive inotropic action of insulin on piglet heart. This study was designed to investigate changes in cardiac performance during hypoglycemia produced by the administration of insulin in the newborn piglet. With heart rate, aortic pressure, and aortic flow held constant, the treated group demonstrated a pronounced positive inotropic response manifested by an increase of dP/dt max to 138% of control values. Central nervous system function and beta adrenergic activity were excluded from the preparation by ligation of the brachiocephalic vessels and administration of practolol. For reasons discussed, it is unlikely that the findings can be ascribed to glucagon contamination. Therefore, the increase in contractility presumably resulted from a direct effect of insulin upon the myocardium. Clinical and laboratory data suggest that the resistance of the neonate to hypoxia is modified by glycogen stores. Insulin is known to increase glycogen synthesis, and this effect might be expected to augment myocardial resistance to hypoxia. Under the conditions of these experiments, however, pretreatment with insulin had no demonstrable influence on the rate of deterioration of cardiac function during hypoxia. The mechanism of cardiac stimulation by insulin is unknown but may involve calcium fluxes."}
{"id": "PMID:1210342", "title": "Pregnancy and the syndrome of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc; an epidemiological study.", "content": "In a study of the epidemiology of acute herniated lumbar intervertebral discs in the New Haven, Connecticut, area, it was found that the female cases had had more pregnancies resulting in live births than women of similar age without known herniated discs. However, cases had not had more pregnancies resulting in miscarriages than other women of their age. Among women who underwent surgery for their herniated discs, the association between number of live births and herniated discs was found for women with herniations at the L5 level but not for women with herniations at the L3 level.", "contents": "Pregnancy and the syndrome of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc; an epidemiological study. In a study of the epidemiology of acute herniated lumbar intervertebral discs in the New Haven, Connecticut, area, it was found that the female cases had had more pregnancies resulting in live births than women of similar age without known herniated discs. However, cases had not had more pregnancies resulting in miscarriages than other women of their age. Among women who underwent surgery for their herniated discs, the association between number of live births and herniated discs was found for women with herniations at the L5 level but not for women with herniations at the L3 level."}
{"id": "PMID:1210350", "title": "[Effect of terrazol on the ultrastructure of Mucor mucedo].", "content": "Terrazol, a systemic fungicide showing high specifity to oomycetes, inhibits the apical growth of hyphae and promotes at lower concentrations the thickening of the cell wall in Mucor mucedo. As revealed by ultrastructural analysis, particularly the fine structure of some membrane systems is influenced. In the first place the inner membrane of the mitochondria is attacked leading to a complete lysis of mitochondria. However, the sensitivities within a given population are different. The plasmalemma enlarges, forms several invaginations, partly redraws from the cell wall, but remains intact. Only after an extensive treatment with relatively high concentrations of terrazol the nuclear envelope shows vesicles between the double membranes. The mechanism of action of terrazol is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of terrazol on the ultrastructure of Mucor mucedo]. Terrazol, a systemic fungicide showing high specifity to oomycetes, inhibits the apical growth of hyphae and promotes at lower concentrations the thickening of the cell wall in Mucor mucedo. As revealed by ultrastructural analysis, particularly the fine structure of some membrane systems is influenced. In the first place the inner membrane of the mitochondria is attacked leading to a complete lysis of mitochondria. However, the sensitivities within a given population are different. The plasmalemma enlarges, forms several invaginations, partly redraws from the cell wall, but remains intact. Only after an extensive treatment with relatively high concentrations of terrazol the nuclear envelope shows vesicles between the double membranes. The mechanism of action of terrazol is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210353", "title": "[Protein crystals and tubuli bundles in yeast cells. II. Isolation, biochemical and electron microscopical characterization].", "content": "A purified fraction of crystals stabilized with Cd2+ is prepared from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis protoplasts by means of differential centrifugation. As proved by negative staining the crystals are hexagonal with well preserved surface which in its turn also reveals a hexagonal fine structure. Crystals are digestible by pronase (1 mg/m) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The molecular weight of protein subunits is 38000+/-300D. Amino acid composition of the crude crystal protein is similar to that of microtubular protein (MTP) from brain and sperm, except that lysin content is much higher. The crystal protein exhibits more differences, however, after purification by preparative gel electrophoresis. The level of glycine, alamine, and valine is increased, whereas that of glutamic acid is decreased.", "contents": "[Protein crystals and tubuli bundles in yeast cells. II. Isolation, biochemical and electron microscopical characterization]. A purified fraction of crystals stabilized with Cd2+ is prepared from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis protoplasts by means of differential centrifugation. As proved by negative staining the crystals are hexagonal with well preserved surface which in its turn also reveals a hexagonal fine structure. Crystals are digestible by pronase (1 mg/m) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The molecular weight of protein subunits is 38000+/-300D. Amino acid composition of the crude crystal protein is similar to that of microtubular protein (MTP) from brain and sperm, except that lysin content is much higher. The crystal protein exhibits more differences, however, after purification by preparative gel electrophoresis. The level of glycine, alamine, and valine is increased, whereas that of glutamic acid is decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:1210355", "title": "Iron bacteria of the genus Siderocapsa in mineral waters.", "content": "The occurrence of iron bacteria in mineral waters has been under study. It could be shown that Siderocapsa caronata Redlinger 1931 and S. treubii Molisch 1909 are synonymous, as well as S. eusphaera Skuja 1948 and S. major Molisch 1909, and S. botryoides Berger 1949 and S. monoica 1922. Two new species, S. hexagonata and S. quadrata, have been described. A simplified key for determining the species of the genus Sideracapsa is presented.", "contents": "Iron bacteria of the genus Siderocapsa in mineral waters. The occurrence of iron bacteria in mineral waters has been under study. It could be shown that Siderocapsa caronata Redlinger 1931 and S. treubii Molisch 1909 are synonymous, as well as S. eusphaera Skuja 1948 and S. major Molisch 1909, and S. botryoides Berger 1949 and S. monoica 1922. Two new species, S. hexagonata and S. quadrata, have been described. A simplified key for determining the species of the genus Sideracapsa is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1210405", "title": "[Investigations of chronic bronchitis and bronchial obstruction in miners].", "content": "655 ore miners were investigated for detection of a chronic bronchitis, of difficulty in breathing and bronchial obstruction. Dependent on age and period of occupational life there was observed an increase in frequency of abnormal findings. Smoking cigarettes must be considered as a important cause of development of these diseases. On the other hand the importance of occupational influences recedes on conditions that the labour hygiene norms are observed.", "contents": "[Investigations of chronic bronchitis and bronchial obstruction in miners]. 655 ore miners were investigated for detection of a chronic bronchitis, of difficulty in breathing and bronchial obstruction. Dependent on age and period of occupational life there was observed an increase in frequency of abnormal findings. Smoking cigarettes must be considered as a important cause of development of these diseases. On the other hand the importance of occupational influences recedes on conditions that the labour hygiene norms are observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210406", "title": "[Bronchial obstruction and bronchial hyperreactivity as a cause of difficulty in breathing that depends on burden and weather].", "content": "356 male patients (non-suffering from the lungs, recidivity-bronchitis or chronic bronchitis) were interrogated about the presence of difficulty in breathing that depends on burden and weather, and these patients were investigated for detection of a bronchial obstruction and a bronchial hyperreactivity. With the increased degree of a manifest bronchial obstruction a high-significant increase in frequency of load-dyspnea was demonstrated. On the other hand a significant increase of difficulty in breathing that depends on weather can be obtained only in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity. To estimate more differentiated the difficulty in breathing about which the patients pointed out, an investigation by means of the acetylcholine test is necessary.", "contents": "[Bronchial obstruction and bronchial hyperreactivity as a cause of difficulty in breathing that depends on burden and weather]. 356 male patients (non-suffering from the lungs, recidivity-bronchitis or chronic bronchitis) were interrogated about the presence of difficulty in breathing that depends on burden and weather, and these patients were investigated for detection of a bronchial obstruction and a bronchial hyperreactivity. With the increased degree of a manifest bronchial obstruction a high-significant increase in frequency of load-dyspnea was demonstrated. On the other hand a significant increase of difficulty in breathing that depends on weather can be obtained only in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity. To estimate more differentiated the difficulty in breathing about which the patients pointed out, an investigation by means of the acetylcholine test is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1210407", "title": "[Thoracic radiography after combined resections of the bronchi and pulmonary artery with autoplastic vascular sealing. (experimental investigations)].", "content": "Changes of the X-ray picture after combined resection of the bronchus and the pulmonary artery in the animal experiment are involved by reason of topographic-anatomical alterations of the intra-thoracic conditions caused by the resection of two lobes of the lung (bilobectomy). Mediastinal hernias and distortions are most common among the alterations. In the animal experiments the circular resection of the bronchus with end-to-end anastomosis does not lead to any stenosis in the area of the anastomosis, neither are found bronchitis deformans and bronchiectasis. After plastic sealing of the arterial defect with a venous Autograft, a good function of the artery can be revealed by angiography. Deformities and stenosis cannot be found in the area of the Autograft if the postoperative course was uncomplicated.", "contents": "[Thoracic radiography after combined resections of the bronchi and pulmonary artery with autoplastic vascular sealing. (experimental investigations)]. Changes of the X-ray picture after combined resection of the bronchus and the pulmonary artery in the animal experiment are involved by reason of topographic-anatomical alterations of the intra-thoracic conditions caused by the resection of two lobes of the lung (bilobectomy). Mediastinal hernias and distortions are most common among the alterations. In the animal experiments the circular resection of the bronchus with end-to-end anastomosis does not lead to any stenosis in the area of the anastomosis, neither are found bronchitis deformans and bronchiectasis. After plastic sealing of the arterial defect with a venous Autograft, a good function of the artery can be revealed by angiography. Deformities and stenosis cannot be found in the area of the Autograft if the postoperative course was uncomplicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1210408", "title": "[Respiratory diseases due to noxious agents in agriculture workers].", "content": "Better working and living conditions resulted by scientific technical revolution in agriculture. Nevertheless specialization of agricultural labor created a higher risk against inhalative hazards among few professions. Among biological hazards that are for instant zoonoses and ornithosis, Q-fever, tularemia and tuberculosis. A series of allergenic dusts is of vegetable origin. Among chemical hazards pesticides, fertilizers and disinfectants and other hazards are discussed. Among physical hazards in building and in repair shops for agricultural machines single risk is possible by silicosis and asbestosis but dominating are unspecific dusts.", "contents": "[Respiratory diseases due to noxious agents in agriculture workers]. Better working and living conditions resulted by scientific technical revolution in agriculture. Nevertheless specialization of agricultural labor created a higher risk against inhalative hazards among few professions. Among biological hazards that are for instant zoonoses and ornithosis, Q-fever, tularemia and tuberculosis. A series of allergenic dusts is of vegetable origin. Among chemical hazards pesticides, fertilizers and disinfectants and other hazards are discussed. Among physical hazards in building and in repair shops for agricultural machines single risk is possible by silicosis and asbestosis but dominating are unspecific dusts."}
{"id": "PMID:1210409", "title": "[Laryngotracheoscopic findings before and after closure of a sewed-up tracheostoma in children with special regards to functional results. IIIrd communication (author's transl)].", "content": "13 children of all age groups, suffering from a respiratory insufficiency, and treated with a sewed-up-tracheostoma, were examined by tracheoscopies in regular intervals. The patients were followed up for at least two years and six months. 46 bronchoscopies were performed. Very quick epithelization of the transplantate with two typical forms of the transplantate could be found: development of a pad, and a prolaps of the transplantate. The development of a pad could be considered as the more favourable form with regard to the pulmonary function. The bronchological and roentgenological follow-up-examinations revealed good functional results in all cases except one.", "contents": "[Laryngotracheoscopic findings before and after closure of a sewed-up tracheostoma in children with special regards to functional results. IIIrd communication (author's transl)]. 13 children of all age groups, suffering from a respiratory insufficiency, and treated with a sewed-up-tracheostoma, were examined by tracheoscopies in regular intervals. The patients were followed up for at least two years and six months. 46 bronchoscopies were performed. Very quick epithelization of the transplantate with two typical forms of the transplantate could be found: development of a pad, and a prolaps of the transplantate. The development of a pad could be considered as the more favourable form with regard to the pulmonary function. The bronchological and roentgenological follow-up-examinations revealed good functional results in all cases except one."}
{"id": "PMID:1210410", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lung associated with active tuberculosis.", "content": "A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis (L. G.) of the lung is presented. The disease had a short course and caused a massive infiltration of the lung with cardiopulmonary decompensation. In addition to LG patient had tuberculosis. The pathogenetic relationship between LG and tuberculosis is shortly discussed.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lung associated with active tuberculosis. A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis (L. G.) of the lung is presented. The disease had a short course and caused a massive infiltration of the lung with cardiopulmonary decompensation. In addition to LG patient had tuberculosis. The pathogenetic relationship between LG and tuberculosis is shortly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210411", "title": "[Causes of outpatient dropouts in the dispensary care of a chest clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation was made to point out, why 397 of total 2773 patients with 5524 consultations failed the fixed next consultation. 29 patients had died meanwhile. A special invitation was necessary in 368 (= 13%) of 2744 patients. The further behaviour of these patients after suitable advice and the importance of the diagnosis of their diseases in this connection were investigated. Failing of the patients can be diminished by systematical instructions.", "contents": "[Causes of outpatient dropouts in the dispensary care of a chest clinic (author's transl)]. An investigation was made to point out, why 397 of total 2773 patients with 5524 consultations failed the fixed next consultation. 29 patients had died meanwhile. A special invitation was necessary in 368 (= 13%) of 2744 patients. The further behaviour of these patients after suitable advice and the importance of the diagnosis of their diseases in this connection were investigated. Failing of the patients can be diminished by systematical instructions."}
{"id": "PMID:1210412", "title": "[Proposals for inhalation therapy with ultrasonic nebulizers (author's transl)].", "content": "With aerosols active substances (drugs) can be transported for treatment. Their effect depends on the choice of apparata, the drugs used, and the procedure of inhalation. The use of electronic nebulizers is effective because a sufficient volume of liquid substances can be nebulized by this way. Bronchospasmolytics, secretolytics, antiphlogistics, and antibiotics may be used. The right connexion of the patient, who should inhale in a closed system is important for an effective treatment. The patient is exposed to some hazards by contamination with inhaled bacteria, by hyperventilation, bronchospasm and by allergic reactions.", "contents": "[Proposals for inhalation therapy with ultrasonic nebulizers (author's transl)]. With aerosols active substances (drugs) can be transported for treatment. Their effect depends on the choice of apparata, the drugs used, and the procedure of inhalation. The use of electronic nebulizers is effective because a sufficient volume of liquid substances can be nebulized by this way. Bronchospasmolytics, secretolytics, antiphlogistics, and antibiotics may be used. The right connexion of the patient, who should inhale in a closed system is important for an effective treatment. The patient is exposed to some hazards by contamination with inhaled bacteria, by hyperventilation, bronchospasm and by allergic reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1210414", "title": "[Proteins from hydrocarbon fermentation].", "content": "The research work for the culture of yeasts on hydrocarbon substrates has started in 1959 at the research laboratory of Lavera in France, under Champagnat as leader. Its result is the construction and exploitation of 2 industrial plants in France and England, and a new big one is being built in Italy. The paper describes the various hydrocarbon substrates in use or proposed, and the two BP processes. It gives the main characteristics of the yeasts produced. It emphasizes the methods used for the evaluation of the yeasts both toxicologically and nutritionally by independent organizations of international level. A number of tables are given upon the nutritional performances of the yeasts on farm animals. Authorizations of use have been obtained from the hygiene authorities of the main European countries. The use for human consumption is now being considered.", "contents": "[Proteins from hydrocarbon fermentation]. The research work for the culture of yeasts on hydrocarbon substrates has started in 1959 at the research laboratory of Lavera in France, under Champagnat as leader. Its result is the construction and exploitation of 2 industrial plants in France and England, and a new big one is being built in Italy. The paper describes the various hydrocarbon substrates in use or proposed, and the two BP processes. It gives the main characteristics of the yeasts produced. It emphasizes the methods used for the evaluation of the yeasts both toxicologically and nutritionally by independent organizations of international level. A number of tables are given upon the nutritional performances of the yeasts on farm animals. Authorizations of use have been obtained from the hygiene authorities of the main European countries. The use for human consumption is now being considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1210415", "title": "[The microbial flora in the digestive tract of the monogastric and its effect on the nutritional metabolism of the host].", "content": "The purpose of the present article is to give a survey of present knowledge of the ecological relationships between the various bacterial populations composing the microflora of the digestive tract of the host animal. Analysis of the relationships can be made with the aid of recent techniques: utilization of axenic animals (germ-free) and of gnotoxenic animals inoculated with known bacterial populations; perfecting of bacteriological techniques for the quantitative differential analysis of the various bacterial populations in the digestive tract, especially in the case of strictly anaerobic species. Some characteristics of the equilibrium between the various bacterial populations in the different segments of the gastro-intestinal tract have been described as well as some of the mechanisms which regulate this equilibrium. These mechanisms either imply interactions between bacteria or the action of the host animal and the environment on the microflora. Lastly, various examples concerning the action of the microflora in the digestive tract on the nutritional physiology of the host animal are given; action on the anatomy of the digestive tract and on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins.", "contents": "[The microbial flora in the digestive tract of the monogastric and its effect on the nutritional metabolism of the host]. The purpose of the present article is to give a survey of present knowledge of the ecological relationships between the various bacterial populations composing the microflora of the digestive tract of the host animal. Analysis of the relationships can be made with the aid of recent techniques: utilization of axenic animals (germ-free) and of gnotoxenic animals inoculated with known bacterial populations; perfecting of bacteriological techniques for the quantitative differential analysis of the various bacterial populations in the digestive tract, especially in the case of strictly anaerobic species. Some characteristics of the equilibrium between the various bacterial populations in the different segments of the gastro-intestinal tract have been described as well as some of the mechanisms which regulate this equilibrium. These mechanisms either imply interactions between bacteria or the action of the host animal and the environment on the microflora. Lastly, various examples concerning the action of the microflora in the digestive tract on the nutritional physiology of the host animal are given; action on the anatomy of the digestive tract and on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins."}
{"id": "PMID:1210416", "title": "[The triglycerides with medium chains].", "content": "Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) (fatty acids with 6-12 C) are absorbed more quickly than long chain triglycerides. Medium chain fatty acids are not incorporated into hepatic triglycerides, but oxidized. If MCT are given alone, they stimulate ketogenesis. Nevertheless MCT are of great interest in the diet of numerous affections of the digestive tract. When long chain triglycerides are not tolerated, MCT can replace them with efficiency.", "contents": "[The triglycerides with medium chains]. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) (fatty acids with 6-12 C) are absorbed more quickly than long chain triglycerides. Medium chain fatty acids are not incorporated into hepatic triglycerides, but oxidized. If MCT are given alone, they stimulate ketogenesis. Nevertheless MCT are of great interest in the diet of numerous affections of the digestive tract. When long chain triglycerides are not tolerated, MCT can replace them with efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1210452", "title": "[Screening and early diagnosis of disorders of the arterial blood supply].", "content": "After a short reference to the significance of the screening examinations and early diagnosis for the secondary prevention in disease of the heart and the circulatory system the authors give a survey on the methods of screening examinations and the early diagnosis bening at disposal nowadays in organic disturbances of the arterial bloods supply. Anamnestic, clinical and paraclinical methods are cited, in which cases the paraclinical methods are subdivided into haemostasiological, haemodynamic and biochemical examinations.", "contents": "[Screening and early diagnosis of disorders of the arterial blood supply]. After a short reference to the significance of the screening examinations and early diagnosis for the secondary prevention in disease of the heart and the circulatory system the authors give a survey on the methods of screening examinations and the early diagnosis bening at disposal nowadays in organic disturbances of the arterial bloods supply. Anamnestic, clinical and paraclinical methods are cited, in which cases the paraclinical methods are subdivided into haemostasiological, haemodynamic and biochemical examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1210453", "title": "[Multiple serial examinations by means of rapid tests in Brandenburg 1974].", "content": "In 1974 5,129 inhabitants of Brandenburg took part in a multiphaseal screening which with the help of a combination from anamnestic, clinical and biochemical parameters simultaneously with the mass miniature radiography led to the detection of disturbances of heart and circulatory system, diseases of the kidneys and urinary passage, liver diseases, diabetes and anaemias. The approach as well as the results of these methods which are suitable as action as well as basic examination (internal medicine, general medicine, occupational medicine) are described.", "contents": "[Multiple serial examinations by means of rapid tests in Brandenburg 1974]. In 1974 5,129 inhabitants of Brandenburg took part in a multiphaseal screening which with the help of a combination from anamnestic, clinical and biochemical parameters simultaneously with the mass miniature radiography led to the detection of disturbances of heart and circulatory system, diseases of the kidneys and urinary passage, liver diseases, diabetes and anaemias. The approach as well as the results of these methods which are suitable as action as well as basic examination (internal medicine, general medicine, occupational medicine) are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1210454", "title": "[Mechanocardiography as a screening method in chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "On 121 patients with ischaemic heart disease mechanocardiographic examinations were carried out on conditions of rest and partly under conditions of ergometric load and were compared with a group of healthy persons. It was shown that in the patients with ischaemic heart disease there appeared a significant shortening of the ejection time (LVETk), prolongation of the frequency-corrected preejection time (PEPk) as well as of the isovolometric contraction time (ICT and ICTk), an enlargement of the quotient (see article) and reduction of (see article) in rest. Under load the differences between healthy persons and patients with ischaemic heart disease became more clearly with regard to the quotients (see article) as well as (see article) and proved as favourable for the judgment of the cardiomechanics. With the help of the above mentioned mechanocardiographic parameters in connection with the usual diagnostic methods according to our opinion patients with ischaemic heart disease may be diagnosed for the greatest part.", "contents": "[Mechanocardiography as a screening method in chronic ischemic heart disease]. On 121 patients with ischaemic heart disease mechanocardiographic examinations were carried out on conditions of rest and partly under conditions of ergometric load and were compared with a group of healthy persons. It was shown that in the patients with ischaemic heart disease there appeared a significant shortening of the ejection time (LVETk), prolongation of the frequency-corrected preejection time (PEPk) as well as of the isovolometric contraction time (ICT and ICTk), an enlargement of the quotient (see article) and reduction of (see article) in rest. Under load the differences between healthy persons and patients with ischaemic heart disease became more clearly with regard to the quotients (see article) as well as (see article) and proved as favourable for the judgment of the cardiomechanics. With the help of the above mentioned mechanocardiographic parameters in connection with the usual diagnostic methods according to our opinion patients with ischaemic heart disease may be diagnosed for the greatest part."}
{"id": "PMID:1210456", "title": "[Anamnesis as a screening method for cardiovascular diseases].", "content": "In general the anamnesis meets all requirements which are put to a screening method; however, special problems arise when the anamnesis is made by means of a questionnaire. The team which gives the report had projected a questionnaire for 8 cardiovascular groups of diagnosis (ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, functional, inflammatory and pulmonary heart disease, disturbances of the peripheral arterial blood supply, cerebrovascular insufficiency and venous diseases). This questionnaire was reduced and qualified and tested on test persons of a Berlin enterprise. A final judgment concerning the use of the anamnesis as screening method cannot be given at present. However, it limns oneself already that it is possible with its help to establish many endangered persons and patients and to subject them to the primary and secondary prevention.", "contents": "[Anamnesis as a screening method for cardiovascular diseases]. In general the anamnesis meets all requirements which are put to a screening method; however, special problems arise when the anamnesis is made by means of a questionnaire. The team which gives the report had projected a questionnaire for 8 cardiovascular groups of diagnosis (ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, functional, inflammatory and pulmonary heart disease, disturbances of the peripheral arterial blood supply, cerebrovascular insufficiency and venous diseases). This questionnaire was reduced and qualified and tested on test persons of a Berlin enterprise. A final judgment concerning the use of the anamnesis as screening method cannot be given at present. However, it limns oneself already that it is possible with its help to establish many endangered persons and patients and to subject them to the primary and secondary prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:1210455", "title": "[Comparison of various screening methods for the diagnosis of chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The screening phase of a multifactorial intervention study which is carried out under the direction of the WHO and the aim of which is the influence on mild forms of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and slightly disturbed glucose tolerance was supplemented by an electrocardiogram after work under the conditions of screening. The questionnaire contained in the investigation program for the statistical establishment of a typical angina pectoris after work according to Rose and the modified electrocardiographic test after work were tested concerning their evidence in the early recognition of a coronary sclerosis. As reference test served the Watt-step-test recommended by a group of experts of the WHO. An extensive correlation between screening after work and Watt-step-test was found. Questionnaire according to Rose and gradual load, however, had a smaller correspondence. The result of other investigations was that the distribution of the factors of risk does not give any clear reference to the existence of a latent coronary insufficiency.", "contents": "[Comparison of various screening methods for the diagnosis of chronic ischemic heart disease]. The screening phase of a multifactorial intervention study which is carried out under the direction of the WHO and the aim of which is the influence on mild forms of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and slightly disturbed glucose tolerance was supplemented by an electrocardiogram after work under the conditions of screening. The questionnaire contained in the investigation program for the statistical establishment of a typical angina pectoris after work according to Rose and the modified electrocardiographic test after work were tested concerning their evidence in the early recognition of a coronary sclerosis. As reference test served the Watt-step-test recommended by a group of experts of the WHO. An extensive correlation between screening after work and Watt-step-test was found. Questionnaire according to Rose and gradual load, however, had a smaller correspondence. The result of other investigations was that the distribution of the factors of risk does not give any clear reference to the existence of a latent coronary insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1210457", "title": "[Hyperthyreosis and calcium metabolism].", "content": "The author adopts a definite attitude to problems of the influence of the activated thyroid gland on the calcium metabolism and on the parathyroidal adaptivity. Own clinical findings plead for indirect thyro-parathyroidal correlations. On certain conditions hyperthroidism induces a hypercalcuria leading to functional hyperparathyroidism. The possible clinical sequelae are discussed, taking especially into consideration the simultaneous hyperparathyroidism. The hyperthyroid hypercalcaemia may be a concomitant phenomenon, but may also indicate a coincident and adenomatous hyperparathyroidism. This recognition contains important diagnostic and therapeutic consequences, which are demonstrated in detail.", "contents": "[Hyperthyreosis and calcium metabolism]. The author adopts a definite attitude to problems of the influence of the activated thyroid gland on the calcium metabolism and on the parathyroidal adaptivity. Own clinical findings plead for indirect thyro-parathyroidal correlations. On certain conditions hyperthroidism induces a hypercalcuria leading to functional hyperparathyroidism. The possible clinical sequelae are discussed, taking especially into consideration the simultaneous hyperparathyroidism. The hyperthyroid hypercalcaemia may be a concomitant phenomenon, but may also indicate a coincident and adenomatous hyperparathyroidism. This recognition contains important diagnostic and therapeutic consequences, which are demonstrated in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1210458", "title": "[The significance of histological findings for the final clinical evaluation in acute viral hepatitis].", "content": "Clinical and morphological findings of 406 patients who fell ill from a virus hepatitis were established according to the data and statistically evaluated to find relations between clinical, serochemical and histological criteria. The results were tested statistically. Clinical and paraclinical findings at the end of the hospital treatment give no evidence concerning the histological degree of cure of the acute virus hepatitis. In normalised clinical and serochemical findings we could morphologically prove an acute hepatitis still in 27.4%. Anamnestic data and severity of the clinical course have no relation to the histological diagnosis at the end of the hospital treatment with clinical and serochemical recovery. Therefore, at the end of the hospital treatment we recommend the liver biopsy as final examination. The most favourable date of the liver biopsy would, however, be between the 6th and 12th week after discharge.", "contents": "[The significance of histological findings for the final clinical evaluation in acute viral hepatitis]. Clinical and morphological findings of 406 patients who fell ill from a virus hepatitis were established according to the data and statistically evaluated to find relations between clinical, serochemical and histological criteria. The results were tested statistically. Clinical and paraclinical findings at the end of the hospital treatment give no evidence concerning the histological degree of cure of the acute virus hepatitis. In normalised clinical and serochemical findings we could morphologically prove an acute hepatitis still in 27.4%. Anamnestic data and severity of the clinical course have no relation to the histological diagnosis at the end of the hospital treatment with clinical and serochemical recovery. Therefore, at the end of the hospital treatment we recommend the liver biopsy as final examination. The most favourable date of the liver biopsy would, however, be between the 6th and 12th week after discharge."}
{"id": "PMID:1210459", "title": "[The spontaneous mediastinal and skin emphysema].", "content": "A report is given on four patients with spontaneous mediastinal and skin emphysema. In three cases younger patients from 14 to 21 years were concerned, in the fourth case a 63-year-old patient was concerned. Two of the younger patients revealed a long lasting malnutrition. As favouring or triggering factor, respectively, for the pathogenesis of the mediastinal emphysema in accordance with Macklin an increase of the intrathoracic pressure by retching, pressing or vomiting is regarded. Apart from this a vasoconstriction of the alveolar vessels (due to decrease of the plasma volume) and nutritional disease might be of importance. In all patients the mediastinal and skin emphysema receded under symptomatic therapeutic measures within some days.", "contents": "[The spontaneous mediastinal and skin emphysema]. A report is given on four patients with spontaneous mediastinal and skin emphysema. In three cases younger patients from 14 to 21 years were concerned, in the fourth case a 63-year-old patient was concerned. Two of the younger patients revealed a long lasting malnutrition. As favouring or triggering factor, respectively, for the pathogenesis of the mediastinal emphysema in accordance with Macklin an increase of the intrathoracic pressure by retching, pressing or vomiting is regarded. Apart from this a vasoconstriction of the alveolar vessels (due to decrease of the plasma volume) and nutritional disease might be of importance. In all patients the mediastinal and skin emphysema receded under symptomatic therapeutic measures within some days."}
{"id": "PMID:1210460", "title": "[A further case of Wissler's allergic subsepticemia in an adult].", "content": "A further case of subsepsis allergica Wissler in a 35-year-old woman is reported. The problems of the differential diagnosis of this rare disease are discussed. In the present case the disease could successfully be controlled using imuran in combination with corticosteroids.", "contents": "[A further case of Wissler's allergic subsepticemia in an adult]. A further case of subsepsis allergica Wissler in a 35-year-old woman is reported. The problems of the differential diagnosis of this rare disease are discussed. In the present case the disease could successfully be controlled using imuran in combination with corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:1210461", "title": "[Demonstration of a non-invasive measurement of the heart minute volume].", "content": "With the help of a rapidly indicating oxygen gas analyser and the additional use of the rerespiration of a gas mixture, containing nitrogen and carbon dioxide, we succeed in analysing the partial oxygen pressure in the mixed venous blood and thus establishing non-operatively the minute output of the heart according to Fick's principle.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a non-invasive measurement of the heart minute volume]. With the help of a rapidly indicating oxygen gas analyser and the additional use of the rerespiration of a gas mixture, containing nitrogen and carbon dioxide, we succeed in analysing the partial oxygen pressure in the mixed venous blood and thus establishing non-operatively the minute output of the heart according to Fick's principle."}
{"id": "PMID:1210462", "title": "[Assessment of the functional capacity in arterial occlusive disease of the extremities].", "content": "In this paper are explained the principles essential for the judgement of the functional capacity in the arterial obturative disease of the extremities. On the basis of tables and figures the diagnostic and prognostic significance of quantitative measurements of blood supply by means of differentiated methods of occlusion plethysmography of the veins in disturbances of the peripheral arterial blood supply are demonstrated. In these cases the importance of the inclusion of all clinico-angiological findings, especially of the functional capacity of the heart and of the therapy of hypertension in the general judgment is emphasized.", "contents": "[Assessment of the functional capacity in arterial occlusive disease of the extremities]. In this paper are explained the principles essential for the judgement of the functional capacity in the arterial obturative disease of the extremities. On the basis of tables and figures the diagnostic and prognostic significance of quantitative measurements of blood supply by means of differentiated methods of occlusion plethysmography of the veins in disturbances of the peripheral arterial blood supply are demonstrated. In these cases the importance of the inclusion of all clinico-angiological findings, especially of the functional capacity of the heart and of the therapy of hypertension in the general judgment is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1210463", "title": "[Angiological criteria of the functional capacity in arterial occlusive diseases of extremities after vascular surgery].", "content": "In order to avoid wrong estimations of the functional capacity of extremities with successfully reconstructed vessels in angioorganopathies, the use of reliable angiological measuring sizes in a broad spectrum is needed. Oscillography and longitudinal rheography as well as determinations of the arterial blood pressure deliver such qualitatively reliable parameters. For the judgment of the postreconstructive functional capacity one must not renounce the occlusion plethysmography of the veins which delivers quantitative measuring sizes. Other disturbances of the organs by the vascular basic disease present and concomitant diseases of middle and older age independent on the basic disease must always be taken into consideration in the general judgment.", "contents": "[Angiological criteria of the functional capacity in arterial occlusive diseases of extremities after vascular surgery]. In order to avoid wrong estimations of the functional capacity of extremities with successfully reconstructed vessels in angioorganopathies, the use of reliable angiological measuring sizes in a broad spectrum is needed. Oscillography and longitudinal rheography as well as determinations of the arterial blood pressure deliver such qualitatively reliable parameters. For the judgment of the postreconstructive functional capacity one must not renounce the occlusion plethysmography of the veins which delivers quantitative measuring sizes. Other disturbances of the organs by the vascular basic disease present and concomitant diseases of middle and older age independent on the basic disease must always be taken into consideration in the general judgment."}
{"id": "PMID:1210464", "title": "[Assessment of the functional capacity in the patients with venous diseases].", "content": "Acute diseases of the veins, in most cases thromboses, cause inability to work in almost all cases; in profound phlebothromboses hospital treatment is indicated. In the chronic venous insufficiency the functional capacity can be decreased especially bey pains, inclination to swelling and changes of the skin (congestive dermatoses, ulcera). Eventual basic diseases and concomitant diseases render the judgment difficult. Experienced treatment under active collaboration of the patient may improve the functional capacity in most cases. The daily load of the patient by profession and so on, and the often changing course of chronic diseases of the veins must be taken into consideration in the estimation. On the basis of a stage-plan proposed by Kornotzki and coworders the evidence of selected phlebological methods (anamnesis, state, tourniquet-tests, measurement of the venous pressure, functional phlebography) is discussed. It is particularly referred to plethysmographic functional tests of the veins.", "contents": "[Assessment of the functional capacity in the patients with venous diseases]. Acute diseases of the veins, in most cases thromboses, cause inability to work in almost all cases; in profound phlebothromboses hospital treatment is indicated. In the chronic venous insufficiency the functional capacity can be decreased especially bey pains, inclination to swelling and changes of the skin (congestive dermatoses, ulcera). Eventual basic diseases and concomitant diseases render the judgment difficult. Experienced treatment under active collaboration of the patient may improve the functional capacity in most cases. The daily load of the patient by profession and so on, and the often changing course of chronic diseases of the veins must be taken into consideration in the estimation. On the basis of a stage-plan proposed by Kornotzki and coworders the evidence of selected phlebological methods (anamnesis, state, tourniquet-tests, measurement of the venous pressure, functional phlebography) is discussed. It is particularly referred to plethysmographic functional tests of the veins."}
{"id": "PMID:1210465", "title": "[Rapid test for quantitative proof of emphysema].", "content": "For the purpose of an aimed diagnostics near to practice of unspecific chronic pulmonary diseases a measuring place was developed, by means of which with simple performance of the experiments and short examination-time the determination of vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, maximal breathing capacity, the measurement of the O2-tension of the arterialised ear blood and the determination of the residual volume are possible. The determination of the residual volume is performed according to the classical O2-N2-gasmixture method using the spirotest device in connection with a bag-box system and the PO2-micro-measuring chamber. On 63 patients the residual volume was determined in this measuring place and compared with the rapid He-re-breathing method. The correlation analysis between the RVbody%TK- and the RVO2% TK-values with a correlation coefficient r = 0,887 ascertains the reliability of the demonstrated method. The results of a epidemiological study on 422 test persons on account of the close correlation between RVHe % TK and RVO2% TK with r = 0.62 prove the usability for examinations of the population.", "contents": "[Rapid test for quantitative proof of emphysema]. For the purpose of an aimed diagnostics near to practice of unspecific chronic pulmonary diseases a measuring place was developed, by means of which with simple performance of the experiments and short examination-time the determination of vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, maximal breathing capacity, the measurement of the O2-tension of the arterialised ear blood and the determination of the residual volume are possible. The determination of the residual volume is performed according to the classical O2-N2-gasmixture method using the spirotest device in connection with a bag-box system and the PO2-micro-measuring chamber. On 63 patients the residual volume was determined in this measuring place and compared with the rapid He-re-breathing method. The correlation analysis between the RVbody%TK- and the RVO2% TK-values with a correlation coefficient r = 0,887 ascertains the reliability of the demonstrated method. The results of a epidemiological study on 422 test persons on account of the close correlation between RVHe % TK and RVO2% TK with r = 0.62 prove the usability for examinations of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:1210466", "title": "[Studies on the limitation of the body functional capacity by the pulmonary function in chronic bronchitic patients in the work process].", "content": "It is reported on first experiences (18 patients) with investigation of the breathing mechanism during ergometry for the quantification of the respiratory dyspnoea on exertion. The oesophagus-pressure-method is recommended as suitable method. The stopping of the load on account of dyspnoea in the number of patients which above all consisted of obstructive bronchitics was carried out at values for the total breathing capacity (Wtot) of 5 kpm/min and more.", "contents": "[Studies on the limitation of the body functional capacity by the pulmonary function in chronic bronchitic patients in the work process]. It is reported on first experiences (18 patients) with investigation of the breathing mechanism during ergometry for the quantification of the respiratory dyspnoea on exertion. The oesophagus-pressure-method is recommended as suitable method. The stopping of the load on account of dyspnoea in the number of patients which above all consisted of obstructive bronchitics was carried out at values for the total breathing capacity (Wtot) of 5 kpm/min and more."}
{"id": "PMID:1210467", "title": "[Heridity of progressive chronic polyarthritis - study of the course].", "content": "In an analytic epidemiological study 30 relations of patients with progressive chronic polyarthritis with positive rheumatoid factor and 127 relations with negative rheumatoid factor were after-examined concerning their clinical and serological behaviour 6 years after the primary recognition with the aim of an evidence concerning the hypothesis of an hereditary causal factor in progressive chronic polyarthritis. It was revealed that only in 14 of 30 persons with positive primary rheumatoid factor the rheumatoid factor could further be proved, on the other hand 14 relations who had at first a negative rheumatoid factor now, however, reacted with a positive rheumatoid factor. It could be confirmed, that the seropositive forms of the progressive chronic polyarthritis have a stronger hereditary trend to the formation of the rheumatoid factor than the seronegativeones and that after the 50th year of life there exists a significant persistence of the seropositivity. In the group of relations who were seropositive 6 years ago developed a definitive and probable progressive chronic polyarthritis each as well as a further probable progressive chronic polyarthritis in the group of relations who became seropositive only in the period of observation. On account of the changing seropositivity and the only rare appearance of a progressive chronic polyarthritis on the basis of this investigation of hypothesis of the rheumatoid factor as first (premorbid) symptom of a progressive chronic polyarthritis is to be refused.", "contents": "[Heridity of progressive chronic polyarthritis - study of the course]. In an analytic epidemiological study 30 relations of patients with progressive chronic polyarthritis with positive rheumatoid factor and 127 relations with negative rheumatoid factor were after-examined concerning their clinical and serological behaviour 6 years after the primary recognition with the aim of an evidence concerning the hypothesis of an hereditary causal factor in progressive chronic polyarthritis. It was revealed that only in 14 of 30 persons with positive primary rheumatoid factor the rheumatoid factor could further be proved, on the other hand 14 relations who had at first a negative rheumatoid factor now, however, reacted with a positive rheumatoid factor. It could be confirmed, that the seropositive forms of the progressive chronic polyarthritis have a stronger hereditary trend to the formation of the rheumatoid factor than the seronegativeones and that after the 50th year of life there exists a significant persistence of the seropositivity. In the group of relations who were seropositive 6 years ago developed a definitive and probable progressive chronic polyarthritis each as well as a further probable progressive chronic polyarthritis in the group of relations who became seropositive only in the period of observation. On account of the changing seropositivity and the only rare appearance of a progressive chronic polyarthritis on the basis of this investigation of hypothesis of the rheumatoid factor as first (premorbid) symptom of a progressive chronic polyarthritis is to be refused."}
{"id": "PMID:1210468", "title": "[Practical experiences in the intra-articular treatment of chronic rheumatic diseases].", "content": "Local instillations of various medicaments with the aim of a so-called chemical synovectomy are compared with the experiment of a possible causal therapy by operative synovectomy. Under this aspect corticosteroids are used still relatively frequently also for the intraarticular treatment. They diminish transiently the inflammation of the pannus, but they do not remove it. On the basis of its good local compatibility in relapsing effusions of the large articulations, mostly of the knee-joints, which appeared in the course of a chronic progressive rheumatoid arthritis of Bechterew's disease, cyclophosphamide was applied intraarticularly and was compared with the results after injections of prednisolone. Apart from the clinical findings cytological and biochemical examinations of the synovial membrane, which more exactly than clinical parameters allow an objective estimation of the local inflammatory activity, were used for the judgement of the success. With the help of intraarticular treatment of cyclophosphamide within a complex chemotherapy an improvement of the findings and a stabilisation of the process can be achieved. Local applications of prednisolone often lead to a rapid, however, in most cases not remaining reduction of the activity at the joint. In uninfluencable high local activity of the process, objectified by examinations of the synovial membrane, an early synovectomy is indicated for the prevention of the formation of irreversible chondropathies.", "contents": "[Practical experiences in the intra-articular treatment of chronic rheumatic diseases]. Local instillations of various medicaments with the aim of a so-called chemical synovectomy are compared with the experiment of a possible causal therapy by operative synovectomy. Under this aspect corticosteroids are used still relatively frequently also for the intraarticular treatment. They diminish transiently the inflammation of the pannus, but they do not remove it. On the basis of its good local compatibility in relapsing effusions of the large articulations, mostly of the knee-joints, which appeared in the course of a chronic progressive rheumatoid arthritis of Bechterew's disease, cyclophosphamide was applied intraarticularly and was compared with the results after injections of prednisolone. Apart from the clinical findings cytological and biochemical examinations of the synovial membrane, which more exactly than clinical parameters allow an objective estimation of the local inflammatory activity, were used for the judgement of the success. With the help of intraarticular treatment of cyclophosphamide within a complex chemotherapy an improvement of the findings and a stabilisation of the process can be achieved. Local applications of prednisolone often lead to a rapid, however, in most cases not remaining reduction of the activity at the joint. In uninfluencable high local activity of the process, objectified by examinations of the synovial membrane, an early synovectomy is indicated for the prevention of the formation of irreversible chondropathies."}
{"id": "PMID:1210469", "title": "[Late fate of patients with pernicious anemia].", "content": "In a retrospective study is reported on 271 cases of pernicious anaemia which were observed for 30 years. 2 groups of patients could be significantly differed. In the first group the disease appears familiarly and/or is combined with a diabetes mellitus or a disease of the thyroid gland. Its manifestation is 7 years earlier than in the 2nd group, in individual cases without genetic relation. In this a heterologous etiology of the pernicious anaemia is to be seen. On principle in therapy was treated only parenterally and relatively small quantities of vitamin B12 were given. In these cases the results were good. Recidivations appeared only quite infrequently. The life expectancy obtained is altogether high, but it is, however, somewhat under the average of a healthy population of the same age. Despite careful control and early operation the gastric carcinoma more frequently appeared as cause of death than in the average population of the same age, whereas all other tumours were more rarely found.", "contents": "[Late fate of patients with pernicious anemia]. In a retrospective study is reported on 271 cases of pernicious anaemia which were observed for 30 years. 2 groups of patients could be significantly differed. In the first group the disease appears familiarly and/or is combined with a diabetes mellitus or a disease of the thyroid gland. Its manifestation is 7 years earlier than in the 2nd group, in individual cases without genetic relation. In this a heterologous etiology of the pernicious anaemia is to be seen. On principle in therapy was treated only parenterally and relatively small quantities of vitamin B12 were given. In these cases the results were good. Recidivations appeared only quite infrequently. The life expectancy obtained is altogether high, but it is, however, somewhat under the average of a healthy population of the same age. Despite careful control and early operation the gastric carcinoma more frequently appeared as cause of death than in the average population of the same age, whereas all other tumours were more rarely found."}
{"id": "PMID:1210470", "title": "[Changes in the munber of 60-year old and older internal patients during a period of 10 years].", "content": "In 273 persons, of them 76 with ischaemic heart disease, 46 with non-coronary heart diseases (vitia, hypertension, chronic cor pulmonale, cardiomyopathy) and a control group of 115 healthy persons, during and after submaximal load under bicycle ergometry the ECG after work was recorded, in which case indication and contraindications of the WHO were taken into consideration. Especially investigated were the degree and the morphology of the ST-T-changes in differential-diagnostic respect in ischaemic heart disease and functional disturbances of the repolarisation. Apart from this the disturbances of rhythm and conduction system were analysed, which appeared under stress. The highest diagnostic evidence was under a load of 400-600 kmp/min and a pulse rate of 130-150/mim.", "contents": "[Changes in the munber of 60-year old and older internal patients during a period of 10 years]. In 273 persons, of them 76 with ischaemic heart disease, 46 with non-coronary heart diseases (vitia, hypertension, chronic cor pulmonale, cardiomyopathy) and a control group of 115 healthy persons, during and after submaximal load under bicycle ergometry the ECG after work was recorded, in which case indication and contraindications of the WHO were taken into consideration. Especially investigated were the degree and the morphology of the ST-T-changes in differential-diagnostic respect in ischaemic heart disease and functional disturbances of the repolarisation. Apart from this the disturbances of rhythm and conduction system were analysed, which appeared under stress. The highest diagnostic evidence was under a load of 400-600 kmp/min and a pulse rate of 130-150/mim."}
{"id": "PMID:1210471", "title": "[Experiences of 15 years in the screening of ischaemic heart diseases and arterial hypertension].", "content": "A survey concerning 15 years' experiences with the screening of the ischaemic heart disease and the arterial hypertension in selected male age groups in Prague is given. Here the authors entered an international study, in which the possibilities of the primary prevention of the ischaemic heart disease and its complications were investigated by means of clofibrate. As a preliminary result a reduction of serum cholesterol, which was increased over 279 mg/100 ml, by 13% and in values between 279 and 260 mg/100 ml by 8.8% could be established. With the help of screenings not only the incidence and the prevalence of the examined disease in the population, respectively, were established, but at the same time factors of risk were found, the elimination of which may shift the beginning of the disease or fully prevent its development.", "contents": "[Experiences of 15 years in the screening of ischaemic heart diseases and arterial hypertension]. A survey concerning 15 years' experiences with the screening of the ischaemic heart disease and the arterial hypertension in selected male age groups in Prague is given. Here the authors entered an international study, in which the possibilities of the primary prevention of the ischaemic heart disease and its complications were investigated by means of clofibrate. As a preliminary result a reduction of serum cholesterol, which was increased over 279 mg/100 ml, by 13% and in values between 279 and 260 mg/100 ml by 8.8% could be established. With the help of screenings not only the incidence and the prevalence of the examined disease in the population, respectively, were established, but at the same time factors of risk were found, the elimination of which may shift the beginning of the disease or fully prevent its development."}
{"id": "PMID:1210473", "title": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of Sheehan's syndrome and its special forms].", "content": "Sometimes the Sheehan-syndrome appears in form of a partial insufficiency and sometimes also with atypical symptomatology. From this result diagnostic and therapeutic consequences, the peculiarities of which are exhibited. The acute form of the course is dangerous. It makes necessary the use of a specific emergency treatment, whereby the result of the highly threatening condition depends on its consequent application. When a competent therapy is carried out the life expectancy of female patients suffering from the Sheehan-syndrome is no more to be regarded as reduced.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of Sheehan's syndrome and its special forms]. Sometimes the Sheehan-syndrome appears in form of a partial insufficiency and sometimes also with atypical symptomatology. From this result diagnostic and therapeutic consequences, the peculiarities of which are exhibited. The acute form of the course is dangerous. It makes necessary the use of a specific emergency treatment, whereby the result of the highly threatening condition depends on its consequent application. When a competent therapy is carried out the life expectancy of female patients suffering from the Sheehan-syndrome is no more to be regarded as reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1210474", "title": "[Treatment of hypertension with propranolol in combination with other antihypertensive agents].", "content": "In two separated treatment groups of 18 and 30 hypertensive patients of the clinical degrees of severity II and III after insufficient propranolol monotherapy a combined propranolol/hydralazine or propranolol/hydrochlorothiazide treatment, respectively, was performed during several months. Under the combination therapy on average a clear increase of the effect of the beta-receptor blocker on the systolic as well as on the diastolic blood pressure is achieved. There were no essential side-effects. In accordance with modern opinions in the therapy of hypertension the combination of propranolol with a peripheral vasodilator and/or a salidiuretic should find a wide area of use, above all in hypertensive patients who are diastolically more difficult to be stabilised. The production of an adequate combination preparation is to be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Treatment of hypertension with propranolol in combination with other antihypertensive agents]. In two separated treatment groups of 18 and 30 hypertensive patients of the clinical degrees of severity II and III after insufficient propranolol monotherapy a combined propranolol/hydralazine or propranolol/hydrochlorothiazide treatment, respectively, was performed during several months. Under the combination therapy on average a clear increase of the effect of the beta-receptor blocker on the systolic as well as on the diastolic blood pressure is achieved. There were no essential side-effects. In accordance with modern opinions in the therapy of hypertension the combination of propranolol with a peripheral vasodilator and/or a salidiuretic should find a wide area of use, above all in hypertensive patients who are diastolically more difficult to be stabilised. The production of an adequate combination preparation is to be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:1210475", "title": "[Misplaced implantation of a pacemaker electrode in a coronary vein].", "content": "The wrong implantation of pacemaker electrodes into a coronary vein is in most cases accidentally diagnosed when thoracic X-ray pictures are made in two planes. It is to be excluded not with certainly in the sagittal ray-path of the thoracic X-ray picture and in the ECG of the extremities. The diagnostic criteria for the recognition of a false position are the end of the electrode which is in the frontal ray-path directed dorsally to the spine and a right bundle branch block in the ECG existing since implantation. Pacemaker-synchronous contractions of the diaphragm as well as an increased already at the time of implantation stimulus threshold may be references. Description of an own observation with an up to now long-term stimulation through a coronary vein without complications lasting 15 months, in which a correction of the position is not regarded as necessary due to the regular function of the pacemaker.", "contents": "[Misplaced implantation of a pacemaker electrode in a coronary vein]. The wrong implantation of pacemaker electrodes into a coronary vein is in most cases accidentally diagnosed when thoracic X-ray pictures are made in two planes. It is to be excluded not with certainly in the sagittal ray-path of the thoracic X-ray picture and in the ECG of the extremities. The diagnostic criteria for the recognition of a false position are the end of the electrode which is in the frontal ray-path directed dorsally to the spine and a right bundle branch block in the ECG existing since implantation. Pacemaker-synchronous contractions of the diaphragm as well as an increased already at the time of implantation stimulus threshold may be references. Description of an own observation with an up to now long-term stimulation through a coronary vein without complications lasting 15 months, in which a correction of the position is not regarded as necessary due to the regular function of the pacemaker."}
{"id": "PMID:1210476", "title": "[Simple prescription for double-contrast presentation of the stomach].", "content": "The prescription of a barium sulfate suspension suitable for the purposes of the double contrast radiograph of the stomach is reported. All chemical substances necessary for this may be got in every pharmacy. The method of the radiological examination inaugurated by Shirakabe is described with a slight methodical change. It is suited for all kinds of diagnoses (hiatal hernias, diverticula, ulcera, benign and malignant tumours, changes of the relief of mucosal foulds and so on) does not serve only for the early recognition of gastric cancer.", "contents": "[Simple prescription for double-contrast presentation of the stomach]. The prescription of a barium sulfate suspension suitable for the purposes of the double contrast radiograph of the stomach is reported. All chemical substances necessary for this may be got in every pharmacy. The method of the radiological examination inaugurated by Shirakabe is described with a slight methodical change. It is suited for all kinds of diagnoses (hiatal hernias, diverticula, ulcera, benign and malignant tumours, changes of the relief of mucosal foulds and so on) does not serve only for the early recognition of gastric cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1210477", "title": "[Some considerations on forceps delivery with excenter handle (author's transl)].", "content": "The introduction of electronic monitoring techniques in delivery increasingly has lead to the use of vaginal surgery in delivery. Vacuum and forceps extraction, in our view, do not compete with each other. Years ago forceps extraction was decisively improved by introducing the axial traction forceps. However, we believe that this technique has not been given due attention and is not applied widely enough. In vacuum extraction and in forceps deliveries without axial traction considerable part of the force is exerted in the direction of the symphysis. When using the excentric handle forceps, it is necessary in addition to the traction and pressure components to include the lever action. This is a so-called couple of forces. The additional torque involved in the use of an axial traction forceps shifts the fetal head during extraction in the direction of the hollow of the sacrum. The force needed for this shift and the progression of the head is many times less than that required for conventional forceps extraction. This is due to the absence of the component directed at the symphysis which impedes delivery. The axial traction forceps may also be used in case of the infant's abnormal positioning of the head. In case of a transverse position of the fetal head, a special fastener on the forceps makes it possible to use an excentric handle on the traction hook of the Kielland forceps and thus render possible rotation of the fetal head from the transverse position. The extentric handle in forceps extraction is optimal in order to overcome increased mechanical resistance to delivery. Adjustment of the handles to all types of forceps being used today is possible. From the results mentioned it is clear that the use of the axial traction forceps constitutes a valuable contribution toward declining perinatal mortality rates.", "contents": "[Some considerations on forceps delivery with excenter handle (author's transl)]. The introduction of electronic monitoring techniques in delivery increasingly has lead to the use of vaginal surgery in delivery. Vacuum and forceps extraction, in our view, do not compete with each other. Years ago forceps extraction was decisively improved by introducing the axial traction forceps. However, we believe that this technique has not been given due attention and is not applied widely enough. In vacuum extraction and in forceps deliveries without axial traction considerable part of the force is exerted in the direction of the symphysis. When using the excentric handle forceps, it is necessary in addition to the traction and pressure components to include the lever action. This is a so-called couple of forces. The additional torque involved in the use of an axial traction forceps shifts the fetal head during extraction in the direction of the hollow of the sacrum. The force needed for this shift and the progression of the head is many times less than that required for conventional forceps extraction. This is due to the absence of the component directed at the symphysis which impedes delivery. The axial traction forceps may also be used in case of the infant's abnormal positioning of the head. In case of a transverse position of the fetal head, a special fastener on the forceps makes it possible to use an excentric handle on the traction hook of the Kielland forceps and thus render possible rotation of the fetal head from the transverse position. The extentric handle in forceps extraction is optimal in order to overcome increased mechanical resistance to delivery. Adjustment of the handles to all types of forceps being used today is possible. From the results mentioned it is clear that the use of the axial traction forceps constitutes a valuable contribution toward declining perinatal mortality rates."}
{"id": "PMID:1210478", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic investigations of the transfer of antibiotics into amniotic fluid. Part III: Oxacillin (author's transl)].", "content": "After intravenous administration of 2 g of Oxacillin to 12 gravidae at the end of their pregnancy short-interval tests were made of the Oxacillin levels in the mothers' serum and -- intra-amnionic catheter in position -- in the amniotic fluid. The following pharmaco-kinetic data were determined: fictitious initial Oxacillin level (79 mcg/ml), elimination constant (1,044 h-1), half-value of elimination (39,88 min), fictitious distribution volume (25,31), distribution coefficient (0,3617 ml/g), total clearance (26,431 l/h) and invasion constant (0,0084 h-1). All given data were statistically confirmed. For the para-placental passage of Oxacillin a permeability factor (chi) of 0,0084 was found. This factor indicates how easy Oxacillin passes trough the fetal membrane into the amniotic fluid. Ampicillin diffuses about 43 times and Cephalotin diffuses about 2,4 times better trough fetal membrane -- permeability factor 0,357 or 0,02 --, probably because of its weaker link to serum albumin. Under our conditions the amnionic levels reached 12 mcg/ml on the average. With 8-12 g Oxacillin daily bactericidal levels in the amniotic fluid are reached.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic investigations of the transfer of antibiotics into amniotic fluid. Part III: Oxacillin (author's transl)]. After intravenous administration of 2 g of Oxacillin to 12 gravidae at the end of their pregnancy short-interval tests were made of the Oxacillin levels in the mothers' serum and -- intra-amnionic catheter in position -- in the amniotic fluid. The following pharmaco-kinetic data were determined: fictitious initial Oxacillin level (79 mcg/ml), elimination constant (1,044 h-1), half-value of elimination (39,88 min), fictitious distribution volume (25,31), distribution coefficient (0,3617 ml/g), total clearance (26,431 l/h) and invasion constant (0,0084 h-1). All given data were statistically confirmed. For the para-placental passage of Oxacillin a permeability factor (chi) of 0,0084 was found. This factor indicates how easy Oxacillin passes trough the fetal membrane into the amniotic fluid. Ampicillin diffuses about 43 times and Cephalotin diffuses about 2,4 times better trough fetal membrane -- permeability factor 0,357 or 0,02 --, probably because of its weaker link to serum albumin. Under our conditions the amnionic levels reached 12 mcg/ml on the average. With 8-12 g Oxacillin daily bactericidal levels in the amniotic fluid are reached."}
{"id": "PMID:1210479", "title": "The application of spectrophotometry in the investigation of amniotic fluid by amnioscopy. part I. development of the technique.", "content": "A method for the incorporation of spectrophotometry to amnioscopy for the colourmetric estimation of amniotic fluid is presented. The spectrum of light reflected from the object under examination was measured using narrow-band interference filters, and a siliceous PIN light diode as the detector. A graphical representation of the spectrum was obtained using an automatic recorder. The preliminary measurements were performed using papers of various colours, clear amniotic fluid and green fluid as well as two patients in late pregnancy who required amnioscopic investigation. Measurements have shown that the apparatus can reliably distinguish different colours from each other and the authors consider that the apparatus may be used in connection with amnioscopy in order to estimate the colour of the amniotic fluid. The possible future use and development of such a technique is discussed.", "contents": "The application of spectrophotometry in the investigation of amniotic fluid by amnioscopy. part I. development of the technique. A method for the incorporation of spectrophotometry to amnioscopy for the colourmetric estimation of amniotic fluid is presented. The spectrum of light reflected from the object under examination was measured using narrow-band interference filters, and a siliceous PIN light diode as the detector. A graphical representation of the spectrum was obtained using an automatic recorder. The preliminary measurements were performed using papers of various colours, clear amniotic fluid and green fluid as well as two patients in late pregnancy who required amnioscopic investigation. Measurements have shown that the apparatus can reliably distinguish different colours from each other and the authors consider that the apparatus may be used in connection with amnioscopy in order to estimate the colour of the amniotic fluid. The possible future use and development of such a technique is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210480", "title": "The application of spectrophotometry in the investigation of amniotic fluid by amnioscopy. part II. A clinical study.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method is presented for use during amnioscopy for the estimation of the colour of amniotic fluid. The application of five different filters was tested; and a ratio of the results obtained using filters with mean wave-lengths of 621 nm and 589 nm was found to be the most reliable parameter for the detection of green coloured amniotic fluid. Preliminary results are so promising that further examinations and a development of the method are indicated. Various improvements to the method are also discussed.", "contents": "The application of spectrophotometry in the investigation of amniotic fluid by amnioscopy. part II. A clinical study. A spectrophotometric method is presented for use during amnioscopy for the estimation of the colour of amniotic fluid. The application of five different filters was tested; and a ratio of the results obtained using filters with mean wave-lengths of 621 nm and 589 nm was found to be the most reliable parameter for the detection of green coloured amniotic fluid. Preliminary results are so promising that further examinations and a development of the method are indicated. Various improvements to the method are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210481", "title": "[Experiencing fetal movements. A psychologic investigation of 386 pregnant and recently delivered women (author's transl)].", "content": "During the first half of pregnancy fetal movement can be quite well assessed with the ultrasound technique. In the second half, however, one depends largely on the subjective comments of the women. Which are the factors influencing the experience of fetal movements? 386 pregnant women and those after delivery were sent a questionnaire including psychologic data. First fetal movements were clearly observed by about one third, weakly by about two thirds of patients. The intensity of this experience depended on the level of intelligence and the personality factor neuroticism. About three quarters of the women judged the first fetal movements to be very important, one quarter of only medium or minor importance. How significant these signs of pregnancy were for them, depended inter alia on their age, personality dimension extra-or introversion, the experience of gynecologic happenings, their attitude towards pregnancy, relations to their partner, attitude towards sexuality and their role as women. The results showed that registering and experiencing fetal movements depended too much on external social factors and on the personality of the women to be of use in assessing the fetus during the second half of pregnancy. They were tested for significance with the X2-method.", "contents": "[Experiencing fetal movements. A psychologic investigation of 386 pregnant and recently delivered women (author's transl)]. During the first half of pregnancy fetal movement can be quite well assessed with the ultrasound technique. In the second half, however, one depends largely on the subjective comments of the women. Which are the factors influencing the experience of fetal movements? 386 pregnant women and those after delivery were sent a questionnaire including psychologic data. First fetal movements were clearly observed by about one third, weakly by about two thirds of patients. The intensity of this experience depended on the level of intelligence and the personality factor neuroticism. About three quarters of the women judged the first fetal movements to be very important, one quarter of only medium or minor importance. How significant these signs of pregnancy were for them, depended inter alia on their age, personality dimension extra-or introversion, the experience of gynecologic happenings, their attitude towards pregnancy, relations to their partner, attitude towards sexuality and their role as women. The results showed that registering and experiencing fetal movements depended too much on external social factors and on the personality of the women to be of use in assessing the fetus during the second half of pregnancy. They were tested for significance with the X2-method."}
{"id": "PMID:1210482", "title": "[Obstetric diagnosis and patterns of behavior in labor (author's transl)].", "content": "Obstetricians, so far mainly interested in mechanics, have lately understood that innervation and interplay of the propelling and retaining structures also depend on the affects and impulses acting during delivery. There is normal and pathologic obstetric behavior. The obstetric situations demanding action from the obstetrician are not rarely correlated or due to pathologic behavior at birth. This disturbed or disturbance-producing behavior at birth, however, is by no means always directly related to anxiety, in the sense of the generally accepted anxiety-tension-pain syndrome. Disturbed behavior at birth may also be related to many other affects which often, but not always, are secondary to anxiety or designed to defend against it: retentive, annoyed, perfectionistic, poor in contact, worried, inactive or confused behavior at birth. In practice knowledge of such affect-constellations aids the preventive efforts of the obstetrician. Theoretically the origin of this subgroup of functional disturbances of birth is interesting. Interpersonal psychiatry after Harry Stack Sulivan sees in the non-organic psychic disturbances and symptoms an interpersonal process and not any more characteristics of an isolated individual. Since the functional disturbances of obstetric physiology are in part related to, in part due to, affect-constellations and behavior, they confirm this concept of interpersonal psychiatry. Medicine likes to study physiologic processes as if they represented a closed system within the limits of an isolated organism. In fact, the course of many physiologic processes is determined by simultaneously active affects i.e. the concrete interpersonal situation. This view, increasingly accepted for the physiology of libido and functional sexual disturbances, also applies to part of the functional disturbances of birth.", "contents": "[Obstetric diagnosis and patterns of behavior in labor (author's transl)]. Obstetricians, so far mainly interested in mechanics, have lately understood that innervation and interplay of the propelling and retaining structures also depend on the affects and impulses acting during delivery. There is normal and pathologic obstetric behavior. The obstetric situations demanding action from the obstetrician are not rarely correlated or due to pathologic behavior at birth. This disturbed or disturbance-producing behavior at birth, however, is by no means always directly related to anxiety, in the sense of the generally accepted anxiety-tension-pain syndrome. Disturbed behavior at birth may also be related to many other affects which often, but not always, are secondary to anxiety or designed to defend against it: retentive, annoyed, perfectionistic, poor in contact, worried, inactive or confused behavior at birth. In practice knowledge of such affect-constellations aids the preventive efforts of the obstetrician. Theoretically the origin of this subgroup of functional disturbances of birth is interesting. Interpersonal psychiatry after Harry Stack Sulivan sees in the non-organic psychic disturbances and symptoms an interpersonal process and not any more characteristics of an isolated individual. Since the functional disturbances of obstetric physiology are in part related to, in part due to, affect-constellations and behavior, they confirm this concept of interpersonal psychiatry. Medicine likes to study physiologic processes as if they represented a closed system within the limits of an isolated organism. In fact, the course of many physiologic processes is determined by simultaneously active affects i.e. the concrete interpersonal situation. This view, increasingly accepted for the physiology of libido and functional sexual disturbances, also applies to part of the functional disturbances of birth."}
{"id": "PMID:1210483", "title": "[Perinatal psychohygienics -- importance and chance of a primary preventive medicine by the gynaecologist (author's transl)].", "content": "Qualitative or quantitative deficiency of maternal \"primary love\" in the critical period of the first years of life very often leads in later years of life to severe psychosomatic disorders or psychopathologic states as depression, suicide, addiction, criminality, social disorders and psychosis. A Preventive Care Passport with a date program for the pregnant woman and young mother and a standardized program for the gynaecologist is proposed in connection with all necessary perinatal preventive methods and integration of psychohygienic investigation and treatment. Perinatal psychohygienics could be practiced by questionnaires to find out maternal pathogenic conflicts, by social workers in order to avoid unnecessary maternal work in the first years of her child's life and group discussions after a 16-mm-film or an information paper about the normal psychic development of a child. Further tasks are granting the presence of the father at childbirth \"rooming-in\" with \"self-demand\", early adoption within the first eight weeks of life, group discussions of parents about conflicts with their children, hospitalization of infants -- only in cases of vital indication -- together with their mother and psychological preparing for medical manipulations and social benefits for the young mother or parents. The recommendations of the WHO for the application of psychohygienics could be integrated in this program.", "contents": "[Perinatal psychohygienics -- importance and chance of a primary preventive medicine by the gynaecologist (author's transl)]. Qualitative or quantitative deficiency of maternal \"primary love\" in the critical period of the first years of life very often leads in later years of life to severe psychosomatic disorders or psychopathologic states as depression, suicide, addiction, criminality, social disorders and psychosis. A Preventive Care Passport with a date program for the pregnant woman and young mother and a standardized program for the gynaecologist is proposed in connection with all necessary perinatal preventive methods and integration of psychohygienic investigation and treatment. Perinatal psychohygienics could be practiced by questionnaires to find out maternal pathogenic conflicts, by social workers in order to avoid unnecessary maternal work in the first years of her child's life and group discussions after a 16-mm-film or an information paper about the normal psychic development of a child. Further tasks are granting the presence of the father at childbirth \"rooming-in\" with \"self-demand\", early adoption within the first eight weeks of life, group discussions of parents about conflicts with their children, hospitalization of infants -- only in cases of vital indication -- together with their mother and psychological preparing for medical manipulations and social benefits for the young mother or parents. The recommendations of the WHO for the application of psychohygienics could be integrated in this program."}
{"id": "PMID:1210484", "title": "[Perinatal deaths associated with paracervical anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Two infants' death associated with paracervical anesthesia are reported. In both cases a severe fetal bradycardia which developed 5 and 10 minutes, respectively, after paracervical injection of 10 ml of 0.5% Bupivacain, was the reason for Caesarean section. The clinical signs of the infants were similar: low Apgar score, primary apnea, grey colour, flaccidity, no reactions; after a few hours, however, general muscular hypertonus, and repeated attacks of tonic seizures. Accidental injection of Bupivacain into the fetus cannot be excluded in both cases. -- The fetal risks through paracervical anesthesia are being reviewed.", "contents": "[Perinatal deaths associated with paracervical anesthesia (author's transl)]. Two infants' death associated with paracervical anesthesia are reported. In both cases a severe fetal bradycardia which developed 5 and 10 minutes, respectively, after paracervical injection of 10 ml of 0.5% Bupivacain, was the reason for Caesarean section. The clinical signs of the infants were similar: low Apgar score, primary apnea, grey colour, flaccidity, no reactions; after a few hours, however, general muscular hypertonus, and repeated attacks of tonic seizures. Accidental injection of Bupivacain into the fetus cannot be excluded in both cases. -- The fetal risks through paracervical anesthesia are being reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210496", "title": "[Studies on the treatment of male infertility with kallikrein].", "content": "70 subfertile patients were given oral (600 K.U./daily) or parenteral (3 X 40 K.U./weekly) Kallikrein-treatment for seven weeks. Statistical evaluation of the findings yielded positive changes (level of significance alpha less than 1%) in cases of reduced spermatozoa count, motility, and morphology. In respect to clinical diagnosis the most satisfactory effects were achieved in cases of the vegetative congestion syndrome, which includes functional disturbances of the epididymis, the testicular outlet of spermatozoa, and the last phase of spermatid maturation. In cases of testis parenchyma disorders a true effect was not noted. Probably Kallikrein influences the function of epididymis and SERTOLIcells, which can be concluded by the results of the spermatological examinations in the course of the treatment. Because of the short duration of treatment, it is impossible to decide, wether the proliferation of the germinal epithelium is increased as well. A negative effect was observed in cases of chronic inflammations of the genital tract, the inflammatory process being activated by Kallikrein, which was not unexpected.", "contents": "[Studies on the treatment of male infertility with kallikrein]. 70 subfertile patients were given oral (600 K.U./daily) or parenteral (3 X 40 K.U./weekly) Kallikrein-treatment for seven weeks. Statistical evaluation of the findings yielded positive changes (level of significance alpha less than 1%) in cases of reduced spermatozoa count, motility, and morphology. In respect to clinical diagnosis the most satisfactory effects were achieved in cases of the vegetative congestion syndrome, which includes functional disturbances of the epididymis, the testicular outlet of spermatozoa, and the last phase of spermatid maturation. In cases of testis parenchyma disorders a true effect was not noted. Probably Kallikrein influences the function of epididymis and SERTOLIcells, which can be concluded by the results of the spermatological examinations in the course of the treatment. Because of the short duration of treatment, it is impossible to decide, wether the proliferation of the germinal epithelium is increased as well. A negative effect was observed in cases of chronic inflammations of the genital tract, the inflammatory process being activated by Kallikrein, which was not unexpected."}
{"id": "PMID:1210497", "title": "[Diffuse normolipemic plane xanthomatosis].", "content": "The case of a diffuse plane normolipaemic xanthomatosis in a 74-year-old woman is reported which has developed since about 5 years. There was no sign of any disease of the reticulhistiocytic system. With regard to the prognosis the arterial hypertension is of particular interest.", "contents": "[Diffuse normolipemic plane xanthomatosis]. The case of a diffuse plane normolipaemic xanthomatosis in a 74-year-old woman is reported which has developed since about 5 years. There was no sign of any disease of the reticulhistiocytic system. With regard to the prognosis the arterial hypertension is of particular interest."}
{"id": "PMID:1210499", "title": "[The influence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate on the temperature relationships of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes].", "content": "The relationship between temperature and the behaviour of aspartate aminotransferase was investigated in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The addition in vitro of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate caused an increase in the activity and altered the thermal behaviour of aspartate aminotransferase. In choosing the temperature for the determination of enzymic activity, the concentration of the coenzyme must therefore also be considered.", "contents": "[The influence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate on the temperature relationships of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes]. The relationship between temperature and the behaviour of aspartate aminotransferase was investigated in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The addition in vitro of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate caused an increase in the activity and altered the thermal behaviour of aspartate aminotransferase. In choosing the temperature for the determination of enzymic activity, the concentration of the coenzyme must therefore also be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1210498", "title": "[Simultaneous column chromatography for the automatic determination of hormones (author's transl)].", "content": "The automatic determination of hormone levels in serum by column chromatograhoic methods using a 25 channel peristaltic pump, allows the simultaneous chromatography of 25 samples. The different volumes which are necessary for the successive elution steps are set by the tubing size of the pump and by a preset switch clock. The eluates from the 25 columns are collected simultaneously in fractionated volumes which are also determined in the same electronic clock device. The assays so far adapted to this principle are reviewed: Serum thyroxine (competitive protein binding assay), T3-uptake test (dextran gel filtration), triiodothyronine (radioimmunoassay) and cortisol (competitive protein binding assay or radioimmunoassay). The main advantages of this procedure are increased frequency, improved specificity and standardization at lower costs for these methods. The principle of simultaneous column chromatography appears to be most suited for assays, which require various extraction steps prior to the determination of the hormone, since it allows extraction, specific protein binding and bound/free separation on only one column.", "contents": "[Simultaneous column chromatography for the automatic determination of hormones (author's transl)]. The automatic determination of hormone levels in serum by column chromatograhoic methods using a 25 channel peristaltic pump, allows the simultaneous chromatography of 25 samples. The different volumes which are necessary for the successive elution steps are set by the tubing size of the pump and by a preset switch clock. The eluates from the 25 columns are collected simultaneously in fractionated volumes which are also determined in the same electronic clock device. The assays so far adapted to this principle are reviewed: Serum thyroxine (competitive protein binding assay), T3-uptake test (dextran gel filtration), triiodothyronine (radioimmunoassay) and cortisol (competitive protein binding assay or radioimmunoassay). The main advantages of this procedure are increased frequency, improved specificity and standardization at lower costs for these methods. The principle of simultaneous column chromatography appears to be most suited for assays, which require various extraction steps prior to the determination of the hormone, since it allows extraction, specific protein binding and bound/free separation on only one column."}
{"id": "PMID:1210500", "title": "[Free fatty acids and hydrocarbons in cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "Initial experiments on the constant appearance of unesterified fatty acids and hydrocarbons in cereborspinal fluid are presented. With the present method of analysis, these two groups of substances can always be detected in cerebrospinal fluid. The constitution of the unesterified fatty acids as well as the hydrocarbons was determined using gaschromatography linked to mass spectrometry. There is no evidence that the unesterified fatty acids are derived from the blood, or that they are breakdown products of other lipid classes of the cerebrospinal fluid. The origin and significance of the hydrocarbons are not yet known, and remain the subject of further investigations.", "contents": "[Free fatty acids and hydrocarbons in cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)]. Initial experiments on the constant appearance of unesterified fatty acids and hydrocarbons in cereborspinal fluid are presented. With the present method of analysis, these two groups of substances can always be detected in cerebrospinal fluid. The constitution of the unesterified fatty acids as well as the hydrocarbons was determined using gaschromatography linked to mass spectrometry. There is no evidence that the unesterified fatty acids are derived from the blood, or that they are breakdown products of other lipid classes of the cerebrospinal fluid. The origin and significance of the hydrocarbons are not yet known, and remain the subject of further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1210501", "title": "[Enzyme kinetic glucose determination by the glucose dehydrogenase method. Enzyme kinetic substrate determination using competitive inhibitors, II (author's transl)].", "content": "The sensitivity of enzyme kinetic substrate determinations can be improved with the aid of competitive inhibitors. As an example, the determination of glucose dehydrogenase in the presence of potassium thiocyanate is described. The method has the advantage of rapid operation with satisfactory precision.", "contents": "[Enzyme kinetic glucose determination by the glucose dehydrogenase method. Enzyme kinetic substrate determination using competitive inhibitors, II (author's transl)]. The sensitivity of enzyme kinetic substrate determinations can be improved with the aid of competitive inhibitors. As an example, the determination of glucose dehydrogenase in the presence of potassium thiocyanate is described. The method has the advantage of rapid operation with satisfactory precision."}
{"id": "PMID:1210502", "title": "[Concentrations of amino acids in the blood of different vessels of patients with cirrhosis of the liver during and after the introduction of a porto-caval anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with liver cirrhosis the concentrations of amino acids were measured by ion exchange chromatography in the serum of blood samples taken from various vessels during and after the performance of a porto-caval anastomosis. Statistical evaluation was carried out with a nonparametric test. In three female and eight male patients, amino acids were determined intra operationem in blood samples of the following vessels (n = number of blood samples): arm vein (n = 8), arteria femoralis (n =2), vena cava (n = 7), vena portae (n = p) and aorta abdominalis (n = 5). With exception of ornithine (aorta abdominalis versus vena cava), no statistically significant differences in the concentrations of amino acids were observed in the various blood vessels. One to three years after the introduction of the porto-caval shunt, amino acid concentrations were measured in blood from the arm vein and arteria femoralis in four female and five male patients. The concentrations of glutamic acid, phenylalanine and lysine were significantly higher in blood from the arm vein than in blood of the arteria femoralis. The concentrations of valine, leucine and isoleucine were markedly lower in patients with liver cirrhosis than in normal persons. On the basis of the present findings and of the results obtained with normal subjects, it may be concluded that porto-caval anastomosis does not exert a noticeable effect on the metabolism of amino acids in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Concentrations of amino acids in the blood of different vessels of patients with cirrhosis of the liver during and after the introduction of a porto-caval anastomosis (author's transl)]. In patients with liver cirrhosis the concentrations of amino acids were measured by ion exchange chromatography in the serum of blood samples taken from various vessels during and after the performance of a porto-caval anastomosis. Statistical evaluation was carried out with a nonparametric test. In three female and eight male patients, amino acids were determined intra operationem in blood samples of the following vessels (n = number of blood samples): arm vein (n = 8), arteria femoralis (n =2), vena cava (n = 7), vena portae (n = p) and aorta abdominalis (n = 5). With exception of ornithine (aorta abdominalis versus vena cava), no statistically significant differences in the concentrations of amino acids were observed in the various blood vessels. One to three years after the introduction of the porto-caval shunt, amino acid concentrations were measured in blood from the arm vein and arteria femoralis in four female and five male patients. The concentrations of glutamic acid, phenylalanine and lysine were significantly higher in blood from the arm vein than in blood of the arteria femoralis. The concentrations of valine, leucine and isoleucine were markedly lower in patients with liver cirrhosis than in normal persons. On the basis of the present findings and of the results obtained with normal subjects, it may be concluded that porto-caval anastomosis does not exert a noticeable effect on the metabolism of amino acids in patients with liver cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1210503", "title": "[Determination of fluoride in bone samples from human iliac crest with an ion-specific electrode (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple potentiometric method for the determination of fluoirde ion in human bones is described. The bone samples were taken from a definite position in the iliac crest. The samples are prepared for analysis by ashing at 550 degrees C, dissolving in HNO3 (4 mol/1) and adjusting the pH with NaOH (4 mol/1)  and Total Ion Strength Adjustment Buffer, Absolute values are derived from a calibration curve based on aqueous NaF-buffer solutions. The calibration curve is linear in the range 5.2-10(-3)-1.0-10(-5) mol/1F-. The minimum limit of measurement is 5.2 X 10(-6) mol/1F-. The method has an accuracy of 96.1 % or 92.3% with a series precision based on the Pearson variability coefficient of 1.68%. The normal mass fraction of fluoride in human bones was found to be between 69 and 1740 - 10(-6) F-/ash.", "contents": "[Determination of fluoride in bone samples from human iliac crest with an ion-specific electrode (author's transl)]. A simple potentiometric method for the determination of fluoirde ion in human bones is described. The bone samples were taken from a definite position in the iliac crest. The samples are prepared for analysis by ashing at 550 degrees C, dissolving in HNO3 (4 mol/1) and adjusting the pH with NaOH (4 mol/1)  and Total Ion Strength Adjustment Buffer, Absolute values are derived from a calibration curve based on aqueous NaF-buffer solutions. The calibration curve is linear in the range 5.2-10(-3)-1.0-10(-5) mol/1F-. The minimum limit of measurement is 5.2 X 10(-6) mol/1F-. The method has an accuracy of 96.1 % or 92.3% with a series precision based on the Pearson variability coefficient of 1.68%. The normal mass fraction of fluoride in human bones was found to be between 69 and 1740 - 10(-6) F-/ash."}
{"id": "PMID:1210504", "title": "[The determination of chloride in plasma and serum (mercury(II)-thiocyanate method) with the Greiner Electronic Selective Analyzer GSA II (author's transl)].", "content": "1. A mercury(II)-thiocyanate method for the determination of chloride in plasma and serum was adapted for the Greiner Electronic Selective Analyzer GSA II. A sample blank value and a partial reagent blank value were determined by omitting thiocyanate from the control system. 2. The course of the reaction was investigated. For a reaction time of 350-500 s, the response was linear between 30 and 130 mmol/l. Between 90 and 110 mmol/l, the deviation between the actual and the theoretical value is less than 1%. 3. The calibration must be checked and, if necessary, restandardized; this is probably due to variable contamination of the reagents with chloride ions. 4. Haemolysis, lipaemia and bilirubin do not interfere. Protein has no effect on the course of the reaction. 5. At concentrations around 100 mmol/l, the in series precision, expressed as the variation coefficient (%), is 0.3-0.6% for aqueous solutions, 0.4-0.8% for liquid control sera, and 0.8-1.5% for lyophilized control sera. 6. No carry over was detectable from samples containing 150 to those containing 10 mmol/l.", "contents": "[The determination of chloride in plasma and serum (mercury(II)-thiocyanate method) with the Greiner Electronic Selective Analyzer GSA II (author's transl)]. 1. A mercury(II)-thiocyanate method for the determination of chloride in plasma and serum was adapted for the Greiner Electronic Selective Analyzer GSA II. A sample blank value and a partial reagent blank value were determined by omitting thiocyanate from the control system. 2. The course of the reaction was investigated. For a reaction time of 350-500 s, the response was linear between 30 and 130 mmol/l. Between 90 and 110 mmol/l, the deviation between the actual and the theoretical value is less than 1%. 3. The calibration must be checked and, if necessary, restandardized; this is probably due to variable contamination of the reagents with chloride ions. 4. Haemolysis, lipaemia and bilirubin do not interfere. Protein has no effect on the course of the reaction. 5. At concentrations around 100 mmol/l, the in series precision, expressed as the variation coefficient (%), is 0.3-0.6% for aqueous solutions, 0.4-0.8% for liquid control sera, and 0.8-1.5% for lyophilized control sera. 6. No carry over was detectable from samples containing 150 to those containing 10 mmol/l."}
{"id": "PMID:1210505", "title": "Thin layer chromatographic screening test for urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol; results from cases of secreting neuroblastoma.", "content": "A thin layer chromatographic screening test is reported for the determination of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol. The concentration in any sample is estimated by visual comparison with a range of 10 standards of different concentrations. The urines of five children with positively diagnosed hormonally active neuroblastoma showed values of 19.0-32.4 mg 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol/g creatinine, whereas control urines contained only 0.4-1.7 mg/g creatinine.", "contents": "Thin layer chromatographic screening test for urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol; results from cases of secreting neuroblastoma. A thin layer chromatographic screening test is reported for the determination of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol. The concentration in any sample is estimated by visual comparison with a range of 10 standards of different concentrations. The urines of five children with positively diagnosed hormonally active neuroblastoma showed values of 19.0-32.4 mg 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol/g creatinine, whereas control urines contained only 0.4-1.7 mg/g creatinine."}
{"id": "PMID:1210506", "title": "[Errors, resulting from storage, in the determination of 11 parameters in heparinized whole blood and plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven parameters in heparinzed whole blood and plasma samples were investigated for storage-dependent changes. Samples were stored at +25 degrees C, and analyses were performed with the SMA 12/60 at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after sampling. In whole blood, the following parameters increased significantly during storage: potassium calcium, phosphate, total protein. The following decreased: chloride, CO2, uric acid and bilirubin. In plasma samples, analogous effects were observed for: calcium, CO2, total protein, uric acid and bilirubin.", "contents": "[Errors, resulting from storage, in the determination of 11 parameters in heparinized whole blood and plasma (author's transl)]. Eleven parameters in heparinzed whole blood and plasma samples were investigated for storage-dependent changes. Samples were stored at +25 degrees C, and analyses were performed with the SMA 12/60 at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after sampling. In whole blood, the following parameters increased significantly during storage: potassium calcium, phosphate, total protein. The following decreased: chloride, CO2, uric acid and bilirubin. In plasma samples, analogous effects were observed for: calcium, CO2, total protein, uric acid and bilirubin."}
{"id": "PMID:1210507", "title": "Desmosterol accumulation in rats with experimental myotonia.", "content": "Desmosterol is found in various organs of rats that show signs of myotonia in their skeletal muscle as a result of treatment with 20.25-diazacholesterol. The amount of desmosterol depends on the time of treatment, and is different in different organs and different kinds of muscle. The increase in desmosterol is much lower and the rats do not show any signs of myotonia when fed a cholesterol rich diet in addition to treatment with 20.25-diazacholesterol. Treatment with triparanol also causes desmosterol accumulation but in these rats myotonia is rarely observed. Our results suggest that in the experimental animals myotonia becomes manifest when every second cholesterol molecule of the muscle cell membrane is replaced by desmosterol. This is easily achieved in animals fed with 20.25-diazacholesterol but rarely occurs with triparanol.", "contents": "Desmosterol accumulation in rats with experimental myotonia. Desmosterol is found in various organs of rats that show signs of myotonia in their skeletal muscle as a result of treatment with 20.25-diazacholesterol. The amount of desmosterol depends on the time of treatment, and is different in different organs and different kinds of muscle. The increase in desmosterol is much lower and the rats do not show any signs of myotonia when fed a cholesterol rich diet in addition to treatment with 20.25-diazacholesterol. Treatment with triparanol also causes desmosterol accumulation but in these rats myotonia is rarely observed. Our results suggest that in the experimental animals myotonia becomes manifest when every second cholesterol molecule of the muscle cell membrane is replaced by desmosterol. This is easily achieved in animals fed with 20.25-diazacholesterol but rarely occurs with triparanol."}
{"id": "PMID:1210509", "title": "[Geometric changes of the left ventricle during the isovolumic contraction in healthy people and patients with coronary disease].", "content": "Biplane cineventriculograms of 5 normal and 12 patients with coronary artery disease were analysed in order to determine the dimensional changes of the left ventricle during the isovolumic phase of contraction. In postero-arterior projection the ventricular diameters in both groups decreased by an average of 3-6%, the wall thickness increased by 5-10%, In lateral projection there were no significant changes of geometry. The changes in regional diameters showed significantly greater maximal differences in diseased than in normal ventricles. Using ventriculographic data of enddiastole instead of aortic valve opening for determination of ejection phase parameters resulted in an overestimation of the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening by an average of 10-20%, of the stroke volume of 5-15% and of the ejection fraction of 5%. These results indicate that ejection phase indices can only be determined exactly from cineventriculograms when aortic valve opening and closure is considered.", "contents": "[Geometric changes of the left ventricle during the isovolumic contraction in healthy people and patients with coronary disease]. Biplane cineventriculograms of 5 normal and 12 patients with coronary artery disease were analysed in order to determine the dimensional changes of the left ventricle during the isovolumic phase of contraction. In postero-arterior projection the ventricular diameters in both groups decreased by an average of 3-6%, the wall thickness increased by 5-10%, In lateral projection there were no significant changes of geometry. The changes in regional diameters showed significantly greater maximal differences in diseased than in normal ventricles. Using ventriculographic data of enddiastole instead of aortic valve opening for determination of ejection phase parameters resulted in an overestimation of the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening by an average of 10-20%, of the stroke volume of 5-15% and of the ejection fraction of 5%. These results indicate that ejection phase indices can only be determined exactly from cineventriculograms when aortic valve opening and closure is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1210510", "title": "[Sinus node automaticity and sinoatrial conduction].", "content": "In 64 patients so-called sino-atrial conduction time (SACT) was calculated by means of the extrastimulus technique. The normal value of this parameter was 82 plus or minus 18.7 ms (20 patients). Plotting SACT versus heart rate in all patients no correlation could be found. However, in 4 patients with spontaneous variations of the sinus cycle length a short SACT was calculated after long spontaneous intervals and vice verse. These results may indicate that SACT ist frequency-dependent. However, it is not clear whether the behaviour of the postextra-systolic pauses in these patients is due to changes of SACT or due to spontaneous variations of sinus node automaticity. The measurement of the first spontaneous interval (A3-A4) after the postextrasystolic pause revealed a prolongation of 30 ms (mean value) in comparison to the basic cycle length (A1-A1) after resetting the sinus node. If the stimulus was elicited late in diastole without premature depolarisation of the pacemaker cells, no significant difference between A3-A4 and A1-A1 intervals could be found. These results indicate that sinus node automaticity may be influenced by the premature stimulus. Therefore, the calculation of SACT is burdened by unresolved methodological problems.", "contents": "[Sinus node automaticity and sinoatrial conduction]. In 64 patients so-called sino-atrial conduction time (SACT) was calculated by means of the extrastimulus technique. The normal value of this parameter was 82 plus or minus 18.7 ms (20 patients). Plotting SACT versus heart rate in all patients no correlation could be found. However, in 4 patients with spontaneous variations of the sinus cycle length a short SACT was calculated after long spontaneous intervals and vice verse. These results may indicate that SACT ist frequency-dependent. However, it is not clear whether the behaviour of the postextra-systolic pauses in these patients is due to changes of SACT or due to spontaneous variations of sinus node automaticity. The measurement of the first spontaneous interval (A3-A4) after the postextrasystolic pause revealed a prolongation of 30 ms (mean value) in comparison to the basic cycle length (A1-A1) after resetting the sinus node. If the stimulus was elicited late in diastole without premature depolarisation of the pacemaker cells, no significant difference between A3-A4 and A1-A1 intervals could be found. These results indicate that sinus node automaticity may be influenced by the premature stimulus. Therefore, the calculation of SACT is burdened by unresolved methodological problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1210511", "title": "[Atrial re-entry tachycardia].", "content": "By means of coupled atrial stimulation short bouts of atrial tachycardia could be elicited in a 61-year-old patient. As an explanation for this unusual response to stimulation a reentry phenomenon within the atria is postulated.", "contents": "[Atrial re-entry tachycardia]. By means of coupled atrial stimulation short bouts of atrial tachycardia could be elicited in a 61-year-old patient. As an explanation for this unusual response to stimulation a reentry phenomenon within the atria is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:1210512", "title": "[The bundle of his electrogram in ebstein-s anomaly of the tricuspid valve].", "content": "His-bundle electrograms were recorded in four patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. In two of the patients His potentials could only be demonstrated in the atrialized portion of the right ventricle while in the other two patients they were recorded in the right ventricle proper. The demonstration of His-potentials only in the atrialized portion of the right ventricle suggests that the origin of the free portion of the septal tricuspid valve leaflet is significantly displaced downward into the right ventricular cavity. The prolonged atrioventricular conduction time in two patients is due to conduction delay proximal to the bundle of His.", "contents": "[The bundle of his electrogram in ebstein-s anomaly of the tricuspid valve]. His-bundle electrograms were recorded in four patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. In two of the patients His potentials could only be demonstrated in the atrialized portion of the right ventricle while in the other two patients they were recorded in the right ventricle proper. The demonstration of His-potentials only in the atrialized portion of the right ventricle suggests that the origin of the free portion of the septal tricuspid valve leaflet is significantly displaced downward into the right ventricular cavity. The prolonged atrioventricular conduction time in two patients is due to conduction delay proximal to the bundle of His."}
{"id": "PMID:1210513", "title": "[Functional studies in rest and during exertion in children and adolescents with ventricular septal defects and pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "7 children from 7-15 years of age, who had a large VSD with pulmonary arterial hypertension, were investigated on a bicycle ergometer during stepwise increasing load. In 5 cases a pulmonary artery banding had been performed earlier in spite of distinctly increased pulmonary vascular resistance. In two cases with Eisenmenger-syndrome no operative measures had been attempted. The measurements, which were carried out at rest and during two submaximal loads, comprised beside determination of oxygen uptake and heart frequency also the arteriovenous oxygen difference as well as mean arterial pressure in the pulmonary and the systemic circuit so that flow and resistance could be calculated for both circuits. During exercise a linear increase of flow in the pulmonary circuit was achieved in all cases, accompanied by a distinct rise of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure. The pulmonary vascular resistance stayed, however, generally constant. Systemic vascular resistance, on the contrary, decreased to about one third of the resting values so that the ratio of pulmonary arterial to systemic vascular resistance increased considerably. The result was a progressive increase of the right to left shunt during exercise, and in 3 cases with predominant left to right shunt at rest in spite of the band, a reversed shunt resulted, partially due to the effectiveness of the band, but substantially brought about by the undiminished high pulmonary vascular resistance. The results show that ergometric investigations in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension may contribute to clarify the indication for surgery, but they also confirm that generally a final operation is not possible in children whose banding-operation has been performed at the age of more than 2 years.", "contents": "[Functional studies in rest and during exertion in children and adolescents with ventricular septal defects and pulmonary hypertension]. 7 children from 7-15 years of age, who had a large VSD with pulmonary arterial hypertension, were investigated on a bicycle ergometer during stepwise increasing load. In 5 cases a pulmonary artery banding had been performed earlier in spite of distinctly increased pulmonary vascular resistance. In two cases with Eisenmenger-syndrome no operative measures had been attempted. The measurements, which were carried out at rest and during two submaximal loads, comprised beside determination of oxygen uptake and heart frequency also the arteriovenous oxygen difference as well as mean arterial pressure in the pulmonary and the systemic circuit so that flow and resistance could be calculated for both circuits. During exercise a linear increase of flow in the pulmonary circuit was achieved in all cases, accompanied by a distinct rise of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure. The pulmonary vascular resistance stayed, however, generally constant. Systemic vascular resistance, on the contrary, decreased to about one third of the resting values so that the ratio of pulmonary arterial to systemic vascular resistance increased considerably. The result was a progressive increase of the right to left shunt during exercise, and in 3 cases with predominant left to right shunt at rest in spite of the band, a reversed shunt resulted, partially due to the effectiveness of the band, but substantially brought about by the undiminished high pulmonary vascular resistance. The results show that ergometric investigations in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension may contribute to clarify the indication for surgery, but they also confirm that generally a final operation is not possible in children whose banding-operation has been performed at the age of more than 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1210514", "title": "[The vessel-mechanics of the common carotid artery in arterial hypertension].", "content": "The pressure-diameter relationship of the intact common carotid artery was studied in each of 36 normotensive and hypertensive patients of the same age. The diameter and its changes by pulse pressure were measured using an ultrasound echo-ranging device. The arterial blood pressure simultaneously was determined by the auscultatory method...", "contents": "[The vessel-mechanics of the common carotid artery in arterial hypertension]. The pressure-diameter relationship of the intact common carotid artery was studied in each of 36 normotensive and hypertensive patients of the same age. The diameter and its changes by pulse pressure were measured using an ultrasound echo-ranging device. The arterial blood pressure simultaneously was determined by the auscultatory method..."}
{"id": "PMID:1210515", "title": "Circulatory effects of vagal inflation reflex in man.", "content": "In five patients studied during cardiopulmonary bypass, lung inflation had no effect on heart rate or on total peripheral resistance. Changes of heart rate could be induced my manipulation of the right or left atrium.", "contents": "Circulatory effects of vagal inflation reflex in man. In five patients studied during cardiopulmonary bypass, lung inflation had no effect on heart rate or on total peripheral resistance. Changes of heart rate could be induced my manipulation of the right or left atrium."}
{"id": "PMID:1210516", "title": "[Methods for the postmortem determination of the size of distribution areas of individual coronary arteries].", "content": "A method is described which permits the exact delimination of coronary supplying areas and the quantitation of the amount of myocardium supplied by a single coronary artery. The size of error of the method is discussed.", "contents": "[Methods for the postmortem determination of the size of distribution areas of individual coronary arteries]. A method is described which permits the exact delimination of coronary supplying areas and the quantitation of the amount of myocardium supplied by a single coronary artery. The size of error of the method is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210517", "title": "[The number of nuclei and the thickness of the media and intima of the coronary arteries of normal hearts in the second and third decades of life and in hearts with coronary sclerosis and hypertension].", "content": "The number of nuclei in the cells of smooth muscle of the media, and the thickness of the media and intima of coronary arteries were investigated by histometric measurements with regard to their behaviour in different stages of life In normal hearts and in hearts altered by disease. Seven normal hearts in the second decade of life, 7 normal hearts in the third decade, 5 hearts with coronary sclerosis (average age 33 years) and 5 hearts with hypertension (average age 47 years) had been examined. After fixing the coronary arteries under a pressure of 110-130 nm Hg and postmortem coronary angiography, the anterior descending and circumflex rami of the left coronary artery and the right coronary artery were cut into blocks of tissue 1 cm long from which frozen sections were made after embedding in gelatine and HE staining. The number of cell nuclei and the thickness of the media and intima were determined micrometrically along 8 radii of each cross-section. From the quantitative findings for the 3 arterial branches in the individual case, a mean value was obtained for each parameter, and from these, a mean value for each group. In normal hearts and in coronary scelrosis, the number of cell nuclei decreases steadily towards the periphery of the cross-sections. In hypertension, in which the highest numbers of cell nuclei are found, hyperplasia of the cell nuclei right into the periphery is marked. The mean number of nuclei/100 mu thickness of media remains the same in all cross-sections of normal and pathological hearts alike. The average number of nuclei in the first 4 cross-sections of the three arterial branches increases from the second to the third decade, through the casses with coronary sclerosis to the cases with hypertension in the proportions 5.6 : 6.7  : 10.7 : 11.7. The difference between the third decade and coronary sclerosis decreases from the first 4 cross-sections to half, while between the coronary sclerosis and hypertension it increases. Hypertrophy and atrophy of the muscle fibres are not taken into account in these measurements. The thickness of the media in the groups behaves like the number of nuclei: in hypertension with the highest values, there is no significant decrease as far as the 8th cross-section, while in the coronary sclerosis and third decade groups the values come closer together after the 6th cross-section. The difference in the middle and peripheral vascular sections are more distinct than in the proximal sections for coronary sclerosis and hypertension. The thickness of the media increases from the second decade to the hypertensive group in the first 4 cross-sections from 70 mu through 106 mu and 131 mu up to 167 mu. The thickness of the intima increases distinctly more rapidly in comparison to the media from 52 mu through 95 mu, 203 mu to 279 mu in hypertension. The media of the coronary arteries in coronary sclerosis and to a greater extent in hypertension, undergo an increase in functional material through hypertrophy and hyperplasia.", "contents": "[The number of nuclei and the thickness of the media and intima of the coronary arteries of normal hearts in the second and third decades of life and in hearts with coronary sclerosis and hypertension]. The number of nuclei in the cells of smooth muscle of the media, and the thickness of the media and intima of coronary arteries were investigated by histometric measurements with regard to their behaviour in different stages of life In normal hearts and in hearts altered by disease. Seven normal hearts in the second decade of life, 7 normal hearts in the third decade, 5 hearts with coronary sclerosis (average age 33 years) and 5 hearts with hypertension (average age 47 years) had been examined. After fixing the coronary arteries under a pressure of 110-130 nm Hg and postmortem coronary angiography, the anterior descending and circumflex rami of the left coronary artery and the right coronary artery were cut into blocks of tissue 1 cm long from which frozen sections were made after embedding in gelatine and HE staining. The number of cell nuclei and the thickness of the media and intima were determined micrometrically along 8 radii of each cross-section. From the quantitative findings for the 3 arterial branches in the individual case, a mean value was obtained for each parameter, and from these, a mean value for each group. In normal hearts and in coronary scelrosis, the number of cell nuclei decreases steadily towards the periphery of the cross-sections. In hypertension, in which the highest numbers of cell nuclei are found, hyperplasia of the cell nuclei right into the periphery is marked. The mean number of nuclei/100 mu thickness of media remains the same in all cross-sections of normal and pathological hearts alike. The average number of nuclei in the first 4 cross-sections of the three arterial branches increases from the second to the third decade, through the casses with coronary sclerosis to the cases with hypertension in the proportions 5.6 : 6.7  : 10.7 : 11.7. The difference between the third decade and coronary sclerosis decreases from the first 4 cross-sections to half, while between the coronary sclerosis and hypertension it increases. Hypertrophy and atrophy of the muscle fibres are not taken into account in these measurements. The thickness of the media in the groups behaves like the number of nuclei: in hypertension with the highest values, there is no significant decrease as far as the 8th cross-section, while in the coronary sclerosis and third decade groups the values come closer together after the 6th cross-section. The difference in the middle and peripheral vascular sections are more distinct than in the proximal sections for coronary sclerosis and hypertension. The thickness of the media increases from the second decade to the hypertensive group in the first 4 cross-sections from 70 mu through 106 mu and 131 mu up to 167 mu. The thickness of the intima increases distinctly more rapidly in comparison to the media from 52 mu through 95 mu, 203 mu to 279 mu in hypertension. The media of the coronary arteries in coronary sclerosis and to a greater extent in hypertension, undergo an increase in functional material through hypertrophy and hyperplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210518", "title": "E1A calculating unit for the determination of the peak measured contraction velocity of the contractile elements.", "content": "An analog calculating unit is described, which is able to differentiate the left ventricular pressure and divide dP/dt by P, where P is the absolute pressure value. The parameter dP/dt/P is called the peak measured velocity (Vpm) with the dimension s(-1). The unit has an appropriate accuracy for division, three ranges and easy to handle calibration steps. The time constants for the various ranges are 40, 8 and 4 ms.", "contents": "E1A calculating unit for the determination of the peak measured contraction velocity of the contractile elements. An analog calculating unit is described, which is able to differentiate the left ventricular pressure and divide dP/dt by P, where P is the absolute pressure value. The parameter dP/dt/P is called the peak measured velocity (Vpm) with the dimension s(-1). The unit has an appropriate accuracy for division, three ranges and easy to handle calibration steps. The time constants for the various ranges are 40, 8 and 4 ms."}
{"id": "PMID:1210519", "title": "[Coronary disease. I. A correlative study on hemodynamics and contactility in 110 patients].", "content": "Hemodynamics measures and indices of myocardial contractility were determined in 110 patients with coronary heart disease. In comparison to a normal group (n=20) right heart pressures (right ventricle, arteria pulmonalis) were increased in coronary heart disease by 48-71%. Systolic aortic pressure was increased by 20-22%. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure was consideraibly increased by 130%, dependent on the severity degree of coronary artery disease. Cardiac output and cardiac index were decreased at comparable heart rate by 20-33%, dependent on an effective decrease of stroke volume. Isovolumic indices of myocardial contractility (dp/dtmax, t-dp/dtmax, dpmax/IP) WERE REDUCED IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE PARALLEl to the severity degree of coronary artery stenosis. All the hemodynamic chances were most pronounced in a group with left ventricular aneurysm. The results demonstrate that myocardial performance in coronary heart disease is characterized by decreases of pump function and contractility in correlation with the severity degree of coronary artery stenosis.", "contents": "[Coronary disease. I. A correlative study on hemodynamics and contactility in 110 patients]. Hemodynamics measures and indices of myocardial contractility were determined in 110 patients with coronary heart disease. In comparison to a normal group (n=20) right heart pressures (right ventricle, arteria pulmonalis) were increased in coronary heart disease by 48-71%. Systolic aortic pressure was increased by 20-22%. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure was consideraibly increased by 130%, dependent on the severity degree of coronary artery disease. Cardiac output and cardiac index were decreased at comparable heart rate by 20-33%, dependent on an effective decrease of stroke volume. Isovolumic indices of myocardial contractility (dp/dtmax, t-dp/dtmax, dpmax/IP) WERE REDUCED IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE PARALLEl to the severity degree of coronary artery stenosis. All the hemodynamic chances were most pronounced in a group with left ventricular aneurysm. The results demonstrate that myocardial performance in coronary heart disease is characterized by decreases of pump function and contractility in correlation with the severity degree of coronary artery stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1210520", "title": "[Coronary disease. II. Analysis of diastolic pressure-volume correlations and left ventricular elasticity in 110 patients].", "content": "Left ventricular pressure-volume relationships as well as diastolic compliance were determined in 110 patients with coronary heart disease during routine right and left heart catheterization, coronary angiography and ventriculography. 1. Enddiastolic and endystolic volume of the left ventricle were increased in severe coronary heart disease dependent on the degree of coronary stenosis; left ventricular ejection fraction was consecutively reduced. 2. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, diastolic pressure difference and diastolic rate of pressure rise were increased in corrleation with coronary artery stenosis. In contrast, last diastolic volume inflow into the left ventricle was nearly the same in all groups. Left ventricular stiffness, expressed as dP/dV, was significantly increased dependent on the severity degree of coronary artery disease. 3. Diastolic pressure-volume relationships revealed greater steepness in coronary artery disease, significantly dependent, on the corresponding severity degree. 4. Hemodynamic measures (stroke volume, cardiac index, ejection fraction) were decreased parallel to the increased left ventricular wall stiffness. The results demonstrated decreased left ventricular compliance in coronary heart disease. There was a striking correlation between the severity degree of coronary heart disease and the decrease of left ventricular compliance. Validity and limitations of the techniques of estimating left ventricular compliance from diastolic pressures and volumes as well as the effects of a decrease of left ventricular compliance on cardiac mechanics are discussed.", "contents": "[Coronary disease. II. Analysis of diastolic pressure-volume correlations and left ventricular elasticity in 110 patients]. Left ventricular pressure-volume relationships as well as diastolic compliance were determined in 110 patients with coronary heart disease during routine right and left heart catheterization, coronary angiography and ventriculography. 1. Enddiastolic and endystolic volume of the left ventricle were increased in severe coronary heart disease dependent on the degree of coronary stenosis; left ventricular ejection fraction was consecutively reduced. 2. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, diastolic pressure difference and diastolic rate of pressure rise were increased in corrleation with coronary artery stenosis. In contrast, last diastolic volume inflow into the left ventricle was nearly the same in all groups. Left ventricular stiffness, expressed as dP/dV, was significantly increased dependent on the severity degree of coronary artery disease. 3. Diastolic pressure-volume relationships revealed greater steepness in coronary artery disease, significantly dependent, on the corresponding severity degree. 4. Hemodynamic measures (stroke volume, cardiac index, ejection fraction) were decreased parallel to the increased left ventricular wall stiffness. The results demonstrated decreased left ventricular compliance in coronary heart disease. There was a striking correlation between the severity degree of coronary heart disease and the decrease of left ventricular compliance. Validity and limitations of the techniques of estimating left ventricular compliance from diastolic pressures and volumes as well as the effects of a decrease of left ventricular compliance on cardiac mechanics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210521", "title": "[Postmortal coronarography by means of a roentgen double contrast method].", "content": "In the conventional postmortem coronary angiogram and vessels are illustrated by a \"compact\" filling with contrast medium. In the case of the double contrast technique, a thin film of contrast medium is brought about the inner surface of the arteries. Gas injected under controlled pressures into the vessels acts as a further control against the surrounding media. The method is suitable for a more precise illustration of the subepicardial and large intramural coronary arteries. Of particular advantage is the high transparency of the x-ray pictures and the possibility to make the coronary ostia visible. The evaluation of x-ray pictures produced at different controlled pressures permits conclusions about pressure-volume relations of defined vessel sections, which then can be analysed histologically.", "contents": "[Postmortal coronarography by means of a roentgen double contrast method]. In the conventional postmortem coronary angiogram and vessels are illustrated by a \"compact\" filling with contrast medium. In the case of the double contrast technique, a thin film of contrast medium is brought about the inner surface of the arteries. Gas injected under controlled pressures into the vessels acts as a further control against the surrounding media. The method is suitable for a more precise illustration of the subepicardial and large intramural coronary arteries. Of particular advantage is the high transparency of the x-ray pictures and the possibility to make the coronary ostia visible. The evaluation of x-ray pictures produced at different controlled pressures permits conclusions about pressure-volume relations of defined vessel sections, which then can be analysed histologically."}
{"id": "PMID:1210522", "title": "[Vectorcardiographic study on the right hypertrophy diagnosis in complete right bundle branch block].", "content": "Vectorocardiograms were led and interpreted by means of quantitative and qualititive criteria in 100 children with a complete block of the right bundle-branch occurring after correcting surgery of tetralogy of Fallot or isolated defect or the ventricular septum. The results are discussed after demonstrating the pathophysiological patterns of excitation associated with right ventricular hypertrophy and complete block of the right bundle-branch. After a survey of the literature a precise summary of the results is given in order to distinguish clearly by differential diagnosis necessary for postoperative observation of the vitiae cordis mentioned above, between complete block of the right bundle-branch and right ventricular hypertrophy. 4 vetorcardiograms were selected out of the total number of loops for demonstration of the defined criteria for right ventricular hypertrophy associated with complete block of the right bundle-branch.", "contents": "[Vectorcardiographic study on the right hypertrophy diagnosis in complete right bundle branch block]. Vectorocardiograms were led and interpreted by means of quantitative and qualititive criteria in 100 children with a complete block of the right bundle-branch occurring after correcting surgery of tetralogy of Fallot or isolated defect or the ventricular septum. The results are discussed after demonstrating the pathophysiological patterns of excitation associated with right ventricular hypertrophy and complete block of the right bundle-branch. After a survey of the literature a precise summary of the results is given in order to distinguish clearly by differential diagnosis necessary for postoperative observation of the vitiae cordis mentioned above, between complete block of the right bundle-branch and right ventricular hypertrophy. 4 vetorcardiograms were selected out of the total number of loops for demonstration of the defined criteria for right ventricular hypertrophy associated with complete block of the right bundle-branch."}
{"id": "PMID:1210523", "title": "[Catheterization of the artery originating from the left ventricle by means of flow-directed catheter. A new technic].", "content": "The described heart catheterization technique with the Swan-Ganz-flow-directed catheter allows the catheterization of the aorta or, in transposition of the great arteries, the pulmonary artery, from the left ventricle via a venous entrance form the saphenous vein if an interatrial connection exists (patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect). With the help of a stiff steel guide wire rail it is possible in the apex of the left ventricle to bend the catheter sharply toward the outflow tract. This technique was used on 51 children. Every catheterization attempt was successful . It is possible by avoiding the retrograde arterial catheter technique carry out to the complete examination of the left heart and the great artery via a venous entrance.", "contents": "[Catheterization of the artery originating from the left ventricle by means of flow-directed catheter. A new technic]. The described heart catheterization technique with the Swan-Ganz-flow-directed catheter allows the catheterization of the aorta or, in transposition of the great arteries, the pulmonary artery, from the left ventricle via a venous entrance form the saphenous vein if an interatrial connection exists (patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect). With the help of a stiff steel guide wire rail it is possible in the apex of the left ventricle to bend the catheter sharply toward the outflow tract. This technique was used on 51 children. Every catheterization attempt was successful . It is possible by avoiding the retrograde arterial catheter technique carry out to the complete examination of the left heart and the great artery via a venous entrance."}
{"id": "PMID:1210524", "title": "[Changes in the ECG caused by electrolyte changes in primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "The development of cardiac arrhythmias in a case of primary hyperparathyreoidism is described. The arrythmias (sino-auricular block and ventricular ectopic beats) were observed preoperatively in the presence of a raised serum calcium. Postoperatively with a fall of serum calcium to subnormal values the arrhythmias ceased while serum magnesium was very low. The electrophysiological basis of these findings is discussed and the importance of serum calcium- and magnesium estimation in cases of unexplained arrhythmias is stressed.", "contents": "[Changes in the ECG caused by electrolyte changes in primary hyperparathyroidism]. The development of cardiac arrhythmias in a case of primary hyperparathyreoidism is described. The arrythmias (sino-auricular block and ventricular ectopic beats) were observed preoperatively in the presence of a raised serum calcium. Postoperatively with a fall of serum calcium to subnormal values the arrhythmias ceased while serum magnesium was very low. The electrophysiological basis of these findings is discussed and the importance of serum calcium- and magnesium estimation in cases of unexplained arrhythmias is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210525", "title": "Heart volume determination with phase synchronization in normal subjects and postinfarct patients.", "content": "The authors investigated the influence of the systole-and-dyastole cycle upon the cardiac volume measured radiologically with ECG phase synchronization in prone subjects. Measurements were made in 30 healthy subjects and 27 patients with a history of myocardial infarction, all of them ambulatory. As expected, the mean cardiac volume relative to body surface was greater in postinfarct patients than in normal subjects to a high degree of statistical significance. Conversely, the differences between end-systolic and end-diastolic cardiac volumes fell short of statistical significance both in healthy subjects and in postinfarct patients. Accordingly, radiological measurements of cardiac volume without phase synchronization seem justified in the functional evaluation of postinfarct patients.", "contents": "Heart volume determination with phase synchronization in normal subjects and postinfarct patients. The authors investigated the influence of the systole-and-dyastole cycle upon the cardiac volume measured radiologically with ECG phase synchronization in prone subjects. Measurements were made in 30 healthy subjects and 27 patients with a history of myocardial infarction, all of them ambulatory. As expected, the mean cardiac volume relative to body surface was greater in postinfarct patients than in normal subjects to a high degree of statistical significance. Conversely, the differences between end-systolic and end-diastolic cardiac volumes fell short of statistical significance both in healthy subjects and in postinfarct patients. Accordingly, radiological measurements of cardiac volume without phase synchronization seem justified in the functional evaluation of postinfarct patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1210526", "title": "Baropacing of the carotid sinus nerve for treatment of \"Intractable\" hypertension.", "content": "The authors applied with success the electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve in the case of a hypertension of long duration which was refractory to antihypertensive drugs. For the stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve a Medtronic \"Barostat\" device was implanted. Since the implantation- or rather since its usage- the blood pressure of the patient decreased to a great extent, and her complaints disappeared. According to the haemodynamical investigations on the effect of the stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve, besides the diminution of the blood pressure there could be observed a decrease of the cardiac index, the total peripheral vascular resistance and the velocity of the blood circulation.", "contents": "Baropacing of the carotid sinus nerve for treatment of \"Intractable\" hypertension. The authors applied with success the electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve in the case of a hypertension of long duration which was refractory to antihypertensive drugs. For the stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve a Medtronic \"Barostat\" device was implanted. Since the implantation- or rather since its usage- the blood pressure of the patient decreased to a great extent, and her complaints disappeared. According to the haemodynamical investigations on the effect of the stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve, besides the diminution of the blood pressure there could be observed a decrease of the cardiac index, the total peripheral vascular resistance and the velocity of the blood circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210527", "title": "E1The question of stress cardiac insufficiency in hypertension.", "content": "In a group  of 91 patients with hypertensive vascular disease without any clinical symptoms and signs of cardiac insufficiency following pressures were measured at rest and during supine bicycle ergometer exercise: right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCP). Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution at rest and during exercise. In 47 patients out of these 91 PCP was found to be normal and did not exceed 20 mm Hg during exercise, the remaining 44 patients developed pathologically raised PCP during exercise. The average cardiac output was normal at rest und during exercise. Those pathological PCP during exercise, which could be demonstrated in nearly 50% of all investigated hypertensive patients, reflect an elevation of left ventricular filling pressure, the reasons of which are briefly discussed.", "contents": "E1The question of stress cardiac insufficiency in hypertension. In a group  of 91 patients with hypertensive vascular disease without any clinical symptoms and signs of cardiac insufficiency following pressures were measured at rest and during supine bicycle ergometer exercise: right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCP). Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution at rest and during exercise. In 47 patients out of these 91 PCP was found to be normal and did not exceed 20 mm Hg during exercise, the remaining 44 patients developed pathologically raised PCP during exercise. The average cardiac output was normal at rest und during exercise. Those pathological PCP during exercise, which could be demonstrated in nearly 50% of all investigated hypertensive patients, reflect an elevation of left ventricular filling pressure, the reasons of which are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210528", "title": "The location of Taenia pisiformis, Taenia ovis and Taenia hydatigena in the gut of the dog and its effect on net environmental contamination with ova.", "content": "Autopsy of dogs 56 days after infection with either T. pisiformis, T. ovis or T. hydatigena showed that these worms could be found attached at any point along the length of the small intestine, but were most commonly in the anterior half. The mean relaxed lengths of T. pisiformis, T. ovis and T. hydatigena were 107 cm, 156 cm and 177 cm respectively. Attached gravid proglottides contained a mean of 41 000 eggs each in T. pisiformis, 31 000 eggs in T. hydatigena and 95000 eggs in T. ovis, whereas proglottides free in the gut contained means of only 1370, 500 and 1400 eggs respectively; therefore, the majority of eggs were released into the gut before segments passed out into the faeces. It was shown that eggs of all 3 species of worms hatched and activated in the small intestine of the dog, especially in the anterior half. Eggs of T. pisiformis which had been passaged through the intestine of the dog and stored in the faeces for 5 days were poorly infective for  rabbits compared with eggs only stored in faeces. It was concluded, therefore, that during taeniid infections of dogs the point of apolysis in the gut plays a significant role in determining environmental contamination with eggs. Puppies which had been fed 10000 T. ovis eggs daily for 6 weeks prior to infection with T. ovis cysticerci showed no difference in susceptibility to the infection when compared with untreated puppies.", "contents": "The location of Taenia pisiformis, Taenia ovis and Taenia hydatigena in the gut of the dog and its effect on net environmental contamination with ova. Autopsy of dogs 56 days after infection with either T. pisiformis, T. ovis or T. hydatigena showed that these worms could be found attached at any point along the length of the small intestine, but were most commonly in the anterior half. The mean relaxed lengths of T. pisiformis, T. ovis and T. hydatigena were 107 cm, 156 cm and 177 cm respectively. Attached gravid proglottides contained a mean of 41 000 eggs each in T. pisiformis, 31 000 eggs in T. hydatigena and 95000 eggs in T. ovis, whereas proglottides free in the gut contained means of only 1370, 500 and 1400 eggs respectively; therefore, the majority of eggs were released into the gut before segments passed out into the faeces. It was shown that eggs of all 3 species of worms hatched and activated in the small intestine of the dog, especially in the anterior half. Eggs of T. pisiformis which had been passaged through the intestine of the dog and stored in the faeces for 5 days were poorly infective for  rabbits compared with eggs only stored in faeces. It was concluded, therefore, that during taeniid infections of dogs the point of apolysis in the gut plays a significant role in determining environmental contamination with eggs. Puppies which had been fed 10000 T. ovis eggs daily for 6 weeks prior to infection with T. ovis cysticerci showed no difference in susceptibility to the infection when compared with untreated puppies."}
{"id": "PMID:1210529", "title": "Gas content of swim bladder of Wallago attu and oxygen consumption in Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Trematoda).", "content": "The swim bladder gas of Wallago attu contains O2 (22-58 mm Hg) and the presence or absence of Isoparorchis hypselobagri does not influence the O2 content of the swim bladder. Glucose increases the O2 consumption of I. hypselobagri by 50%. With the passage of in vitro culture time, the rate of O2 consumption gradually decreases to the extent of 64% on the 40th day. The optimal temperature for O2 consumption is 30 degrees C beyond which the rise in temperature is detrimental to the fish trematode as manifested by the decrease in their O2 consumption.", "contents": "Gas content of swim bladder of Wallago attu and oxygen consumption in Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Trematoda). The swim bladder gas of Wallago attu contains O2 (22-58 mm Hg) and the presence or absence of Isoparorchis hypselobagri does not influence the O2 content of the swim bladder. Glucose increases the O2 consumption of I. hypselobagri by 50%. With the passage of in vitro culture time, the rate of O2 consumption gradually decreases to the extent of 64% on the 40th day. The optimal temperature for O2 consumption is 30 degrees C beyond which the rise in temperature is detrimental to the fish trematode as manifested by the decrease in their O2 consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:1210530", "title": "[Electron microscope study of spermatogenesis in two cestodes acanthobothrium filicolle benedenii Loennberg, 1889 and Onchobothrium uncinatum (Rud., 1819) (Tetraphyllidea, Onchobothriidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The spermatogenesis, spermatozoon differentiation and fine structure of Acanthobothrium filicolle benedenii Loennberg, 1889 and Onchobothrium uncinatum (Rud., 1819) were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Spermatogenesis in both species is of the rosette type. During sperm differentiation, the five following stages have been distinguished: (1) formation of arching membranes and differentiation zone; (2) nuclear elongation; (3) formation of two flagella with a median cytoplasmic process; (4) flagellar rotation; (5) fusion of two flagella with the median cytoplasmic process induced by the migration of nucleus into the latter. The mature spermatozoa of both species are threadlike structures about 250 mum long. They consist of two axonemes of the platyhelminth type (9+1 pattern), elongated nucleus and cortical microtubules embedded in a cytoplasmic matrix containing numerus beta-glycogen particles. The body which appears on cross-sections as crest, lateral with respect to the axoneme, is present in both species. Such a body is reported for the first time in Cestode spermatozoa. There is no mitochondrion in the two Onchobothriidae sperms studied.", "contents": "[Electron microscope study of spermatogenesis in two cestodes acanthobothrium filicolle benedenii Loennberg, 1889 and Onchobothrium uncinatum (Rud., 1819) (Tetraphyllidea, Onchobothriidae) (author's transl)]. The spermatogenesis, spermatozoon differentiation and fine structure of Acanthobothrium filicolle benedenii Loennberg, 1889 and Onchobothrium uncinatum (Rud., 1819) were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Spermatogenesis in both species is of the rosette type. During sperm differentiation, the five following stages have been distinguished: (1) formation of arching membranes and differentiation zone; (2) nuclear elongation; (3) formation of two flagella with a median cytoplasmic process; (4) flagellar rotation; (5) fusion of two flagella with the median cytoplasmic process induced by the migration of nucleus into the latter. The mature spermatozoa of both species are threadlike structures about 250 mum long. They consist of two axonemes of the platyhelminth type (9+1 pattern), elongated nucleus and cortical microtubules embedded in a cytoplasmic matrix containing numerus beta-glycogen particles. The body which appears on cross-sections as crest, lateral with respect to the axoneme, is present in both species. Such a body is reported for the first time in Cestode spermatozoa. There is no mitochondrion in the two Onchobothriidae sperms studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1210531", "title": "[Cultivation of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina pall. (Diptera, Hypodermatidae) and its biological prerequisites (author's transl)].", "content": "The warble-fly Oestromyia leporina was cultivated for four generations in the laboratory. In the present paper the technic of laboratory mating and the modus of experimental infection of the host are described. The fertility of females is tested by experiments and by dissections. It is shown how the diapause of the puparia can be shortened and how it can be omitted. The successful infection of several species of small mammals demonstrates that O. leporina can be colonized not only on the natural host but also on some common laboratory animals like mice and rats.", "contents": "[Cultivation of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina pall. (Diptera, Hypodermatidae) and its biological prerequisites (author's transl)]. The warble-fly Oestromyia leporina was cultivated for four generations in the laboratory. In the present paper the technic of laboratory mating and the modus of experimental infection of the host are described. The fertility of females is tested by experiments and by dissections. It is shown how the diapause of the puparia can be shortened and how it can be omitted. The successful infection of several species of small mammals demonstrates that O. leporina can be colonized not only on the natural host but also on some common laboratory animals like mice and rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1210661", "title": "[Differential sensitivity of the kinesthetic and visual sensory system during complex motor activity in man].", "content": "Sportsmen of different specialities were examined by the A. V. Zavyalov method (1962) for differential sensitivity of their kinesthetic and visual analysers. It has been shown that the characteristics of differential sensitivity of the analysers are dissimilar in representatives of different kinds of sport. For example, pentathlon and basketball sportsmen exhibit in their kinesthetic analyser the greatest number of minimum increases of sensation, namely 30.2 and 21.4 respectively, while those not engaged in any sport, 15.0. The characteristics of intersensory optico-kinesthetic relationships has been established. Closest correlation has been recorded among pentathlon sportmen, volley-ballers and fencers. The dynamics of differential sensitivity of analysers is differently manifested, depending on the subjects' age.", "contents": "[Differential sensitivity of the kinesthetic and visual sensory system during complex motor activity in man]. Sportsmen of different specialities were examined by the A. V. Zavyalov method (1962) for differential sensitivity of their kinesthetic and visual analysers. It has been shown that the characteristics of differential sensitivity of the analysers are dissimilar in representatives of different kinds of sport. For example, pentathlon and basketball sportsmen exhibit in their kinesthetic analyser the greatest number of minimum increases of sensation, namely 30.2 and 21.4 respectively, while those not engaged in any sport, 15.0. The characteristics of intersensory optico-kinesthetic relationships has been established. Closest correlation has been recorded among pentathlon sportmen, volley-ballers and fencers. The dynamics of differential sensitivity of analysers is differently manifested, depending on the subjects' age."}
{"id": "PMID:1210662", "title": "[Mechanisms of recognizing geometric figures and their elements--angles in fish (Cyprinus carpio)].", "content": "A study was made of the mechanisms of discrimination of geometrical figures and their angles by fish and of the influence of repeated presentation of stimuli on recognition time. The experiment was made by the conditioning method with the use of two variants of food-procuring technique: simultaneous and successive choice of stimuli. It was shown that discrimination of geomentrical figures is achieved at the fist stage by the mechanism of selection, and after long training, by the mechanism of camparison with a chosen standard. The selection mechanism is also used for recognition of angles by their size. Certain combinations of angles differentiated not by size, but by orientation of their sides, are recognized by the mechanism of comparison with a standard.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of recognizing geometric figures and their elements--angles in fish (Cyprinus carpio)]. A study was made of the mechanisms of discrimination of geometrical figures and their angles by fish and of the influence of repeated presentation of stimuli on recognition time. The experiment was made by the conditioning method with the use of two variants of food-procuring technique: simultaneous and successive choice of stimuli. It was shown that discrimination of geomentrical figures is achieved at the fist stage by the mechanism of selection, and after long training, by the mechanism of camparison with a chosen standard. The selection mechanism is also used for recognition of angles by their size. Certain combinations of angles differentiated not by size, but by orientation of their sides, are recognized by the mechanism of comparison with a standard."}
{"id": "PMID:1210663", "title": "[Sensory characteristics of the cortical input to the hippocampus: the entorhinal cortex].", "content": "Sensory reactions of neurones in the medial entorhinal area were investigated in unanaesthetized rabbits. 54% of the units were multimodal. Different stimuli evoked various response patterns with complex on-off components. Differential coding of pure tones was observed in many cells, which were also sensitive to other sensory modalities. Complete habituation of responses was virtually absent; only partial reduction of the late components was observed in some cases. In 71% of units reactions were stable or incremental (gradual development and increase). It may be concluded that from the entorhinal cortex the hippocampus receives highly differentiated signals of \"associative\" type, which do not habituate and are of a stable or incremental nature.", "contents": "[Sensory characteristics of the cortical input to the hippocampus: the entorhinal cortex]. Sensory reactions of neurones in the medial entorhinal area were investigated in unanaesthetized rabbits. 54% of the units were multimodal. Different stimuli evoked various response patterns with complex on-off components. Differential coding of pure tones was observed in many cells, which were also sensitive to other sensory modalities. Complete habituation of responses was virtually absent; only partial reduction of the late components was observed in some cases. In 71% of units reactions were stable or incremental (gradual development and increase). It may be concluded that from the entorhinal cortex the hippocampus receives highly differentiated signals of \"associative\" type, which do not habituate and are of a stable or incremental nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1210664", "title": "[Manifestation of integrative activity in the neuronally isolated cortex].", "content": "By the slow bioelectrical activity parameter, with vector representation of experimental data, an attempt was made to reveal elements of integrative activity in the neuronally isolated cortex at early stages after its isolation from subcortical formations. Animals with an intact cerebral cortex were used as controls. It has been found that in spite of isolation of the cerebral cortex from synaptic influences of the subcortical structures, it possesses even at early stages after isolation (10--17th day) its own mechanisms of integrative activity, providing for the organization of background and evoked activity which are gradually normalized by the 30th to 40th day, without however reaching the level of activity of the intact cerebral cortex.", "contents": "[Manifestation of integrative activity in the neuronally isolated cortex]. By the slow bioelectrical activity parameter, with vector representation of experimental data, an attempt was made to reveal elements of integrative activity in the neuronally isolated cortex at early stages after its isolation from subcortical formations. Animals with an intact cerebral cortex were used as controls. It has been found that in spite of isolation of the cerebral cortex from synaptic influences of the subcortical structures, it possesses even at early stages after isolation (10--17th day) its own mechanisms of integrative activity, providing for the organization of background and evoked activity which are gradually normalized by the 30th to 40th day, without however reaching the level of activity of the intact cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1210665", "title": "[Electrographic registration of metabolic changes in the cerebral cortex evoked by sensory stimuli].", "content": "In chronic experiments on rabbits, sensory stimuli from platinum electrodes, located on pia mater in different parts of the cerebral cortex, may produce negative changes of the electrode potential or bioelectrochemical potential (BEChP) lasting from one to dozens of seconds with an amplitude from tenths of millivolts to several millivolts. Sometimes the amplitude of BEChP changes amounted to dozens of millivolts. When recorded from dura mater the changes were much smaller, and in the bone they could not be detected. The evoked BEChP changes appeared only against the background of high initial negative values of the electrode potential (2-3 mv and more) and when the electrodes were not polarized by the amplifier input. A low resistance at the amplifier input contributed to the appearance of evoked BEChP changes. The BEChP change is a complex phenomenon. On one hand, it involves a change of the electrode potential proper which proceeds from shifts in the redox systems (it is recorded both on platinum and golden electrodes) and from changes in the metabolites' content (to which platinum electrodes alone are selectively sensitive). On the other hand, the participation of polarographic processes is also probable. The BEChP changes differ by their latency and by their pattern from the shifts of the DC potential level; this possibly shows that the two kinds of nervous activity manifestaions are related to different aspects of brain tissue activity.", "contents": "[Electrographic registration of metabolic changes in the cerebral cortex evoked by sensory stimuli]. In chronic experiments on rabbits, sensory stimuli from platinum electrodes, located on pia mater in different parts of the cerebral cortex, may produce negative changes of the electrode potential or bioelectrochemical potential (BEChP) lasting from one to dozens of seconds with an amplitude from tenths of millivolts to several millivolts. Sometimes the amplitude of BEChP changes amounted to dozens of millivolts. When recorded from dura mater the changes were much smaller, and in the bone they could not be detected. The evoked BEChP changes appeared only against the background of high initial negative values of the electrode potential (2-3 mv and more) and when the electrodes were not polarized by the amplifier input. A low resistance at the amplifier input contributed to the appearance of evoked BEChP changes. The BEChP change is a complex phenomenon. On one hand, it involves a change of the electrode potential proper which proceeds from shifts in the redox systems (it is recorded both on platinum and golden electrodes) and from changes in the metabolites' content (to which platinum electrodes alone are selectively sensitive). On the other hand, the participation of polarographic processes is also probable. The BEChP changes differ by their latency and by their pattern from the shifts of the DC potential level; this possibly shows that the two kinds of nervous activity manifestaions are related to different aspects of brain tissue activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1210666", "title": "[Spatial perception of stimuli during unilateral exclusion of the temporal portion of the neocortex by cold].", "content": "Behavioral reaction of twelve cats were studied in conditions of inactivation by cold of the temporal area (AI, AII, Ep and partly I-T) of one hemisphere. A typical vestibular ataxy was observed: deflection of the cats when walking, circular movements in the direction of the inactivated temporal area. Orienting reactions both to acoustic and photic stimuli persisted, but their spatial localization was completely lost. In every case the animals exhibited a clear orienting reaction towards the inactivated hemisphere, regardless of the localization of the source of signal. Reactions ot pain and olfactory stimulations likewise proceded in one direction. such a one-sided perception of sounds in the case of inactivation by cold of the temporal neocortex of one hemispheres is apparently due to the functional elimination of contralateral auditory structures. Disturbance of adequate spatial perception of photic, pain and olfactory stimuli under similar conditions results from a sharp drop in the tone predominantly of the ipsilateral hemisphere.", "contents": "[Spatial perception of stimuli during unilateral exclusion of the temporal portion of the neocortex by cold]. Behavioral reaction of twelve cats were studied in conditions of inactivation by cold of the temporal area (AI, AII, Ep and partly I-T) of one hemisphere. A typical vestibular ataxy was observed: deflection of the cats when walking, circular movements in the direction of the inactivated temporal area. Orienting reactions both to acoustic and photic stimuli persisted, but their spatial localization was completely lost. In every case the animals exhibited a clear orienting reaction towards the inactivated hemisphere, regardless of the localization of the source of signal. Reactions ot pain and olfactory stimulations likewise proceded in one direction. such a one-sided perception of sounds in the case of inactivation by cold of the temporal neocortex of one hemispheres is apparently due to the functional elimination of contralateral auditory structures. Disturbance of adequate spatial perception of photic, pain and olfactory stimuli under similar conditions results from a sharp drop in the tone predominantly of the ipsilateral hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:1210667", "title": "[The influence of early experience on the development of cleaning responses in rabbits during ontogenesis].", "content": "A comparison was made of the number of spontaneous cleaning reactions (washing, scratching, licking and shaking) in young rabbits from the seventh to 42nd day of life in different conditions: in the home cage, when first placed in the experimental chamber, after several repeated (daily) stays in the chamber, and after handling. It has been found that when first placed in the chamber the rabbits perform there significantly fewer cleaning reactions than in the home cage; while those which have repeatedly been in the experimental situation, perform considerably more cleaning reactions in the chamber than the intact rabbits of the same age in the home cage. The handled rabbits when they first get into the chamber, also exhibit more reactions than in the cage. This activating influence of early experience goes on for two to three weeks and is followed by habituation, and the number of cleaning reactions in the cage and in the chamber becomes equal. The results are discussed in terms of novelty of the environment, sensitization and habituation.", "contents": "[The influence of early experience on the development of cleaning responses in rabbits during ontogenesis]. A comparison was made of the number of spontaneous cleaning reactions (washing, scratching, licking and shaking) in young rabbits from the seventh to 42nd day of life in different conditions: in the home cage, when first placed in the experimental chamber, after several repeated (daily) stays in the chamber, and after handling. It has been found that when first placed in the chamber the rabbits perform there significantly fewer cleaning reactions than in the home cage; while those which have repeatedly been in the experimental situation, perform considerably more cleaning reactions in the chamber than the intact rabbits of the same age in the home cage. The handled rabbits when they first get into the chamber, also exhibit more reactions than in the cage. This activating influence of early experience goes on for two to three weeks and is followed by habituation, and the number of cleaning reactions in the cage and in the chamber becomes equal. The results are discussed in terms of novelty of the environment, sensitization and habituation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210668", "title": "[The effect of motor training on evoked sensorimotor cortex potentials in rats during ontogenesis].", "content": "Investigation into the influence of motor training on the functional activity of the rat sensorimotor cortex in ontogenesis has shown that three to four-month training, starting at the age of four weeks, leads to a statistically significant enhancement of sensorimotor cortex activity both by latencies and recovery cycles durations. A similar six to seven-month locomotor training produces the same statistically significant results. The differences in the shifts of functional activity after motor training observed between two age groups are not statistically significant. The probability of changes in the average definitive electrophysiological parameters of functional activity after motor training observed between two age groups are not statistically significant. The probability of changes in the average definitive electrophysiological parameters of functional activity of the sensorimotor cortex is suggested in rats aged more than a month, as a result of individual experience.", "contents": "[The effect of motor training on evoked sensorimotor cortex potentials in rats during ontogenesis]. Investigation into the influence of motor training on the functional activity of the rat sensorimotor cortex in ontogenesis has shown that three to four-month training, starting at the age of four weeks, leads to a statistically significant enhancement of sensorimotor cortex activity both by latencies and recovery cycles durations. A similar six to seven-month locomotor training produces the same statistically significant results. The differences in the shifts of functional activity after motor training observed between two age groups are not statistically significant. The probability of changes in the average definitive electrophysiological parameters of functional activity after motor training observed between two age groups are not statistically significant. The probability of changes in the average definitive electrophysiological parameters of functional activity of the sensorimotor cortex is suggested in rats aged more than a month, as a result of individual experience."}
{"id": "PMID:1210669", "title": "[The effect of etimizol on the excitability and spontaneous super-slow activity of the structures of the rabbit brain].", "content": "Spontaneous superslow electrical brain activity and its changes were studied in acute experiments on curarized rabbits after administration of etimysol in doses of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 mg/kg. The effect of the drug persisted for three hours. Two oscillation phases were recorded in the medial group of mesencephalic reticular nuclei and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus: a short positive phase and a prolonged negative one. In other brain structures only negative waves were recorded. A significant functional rearrangement of correlative connections of brain structures took place in 90 minutes after the drug administration. The factor analysis showed that the most subtle connections were preserved in the neocortex and the dorsal hippocampus.", "contents": "[The effect of etimizol on the excitability and spontaneous super-slow activity of the structures of the rabbit brain]. Spontaneous superslow electrical brain activity and its changes were studied in acute experiments on curarized rabbits after administration of etimysol in doses of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 mg/kg. The effect of the drug persisted for three hours. Two oscillation phases were recorded in the medial group of mesencephalic reticular nuclei and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus: a short positive phase and a prolonged negative one. In other brain structures only negative waves were recorded. A significant functional rearrangement of correlative connections of brain structures took place in 90 minutes after the drug administration. The factor analysis showed that the most subtle connections were preserved in the neocortex and the dorsal hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:1210670", "title": "[The effect of M-cholinolytics on the lability of rabbit visual analyzer structures].", "content": "The influence of M-cholinolytics (amizyl, glipine, cyclozyl and 4-oxypiperidylbenzylate) in 0.01--10 mg/kg doses on EEG and photic driving in structures of the visual analyser was studied in experiments on twenty intact rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes in the optic chiasm, the optic tract, the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex. All M-cholinolitics in the doses studied produced synchronization of the EEG. Photic stimulation against the background of small doses of M-cholinolytics (0.01--0.5 mg/kg) did not lead to any disturbances of photic driving. With increased doses of cholinolitics up to 1--5 mg/kg only low frequencies (1--5 imp/sec) produced driving in the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex, while in the optic tract the driving remained at the initial level. Administration of drugs in a 10 mg/kg dose resulted in complete depression of the driving response in the lateral geniculate body and visual cortex, while in the optic tract the driving was retained.", "contents": "[The effect of M-cholinolytics on the lability of rabbit visual analyzer structures]. The influence of M-cholinolytics (amizyl, glipine, cyclozyl and 4-oxypiperidylbenzylate) in 0.01--10 mg/kg doses on EEG and photic driving in structures of the visual analyser was studied in experiments on twenty intact rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes in the optic chiasm, the optic tract, the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex. All M-cholinolitics in the doses studied produced synchronization of the EEG. Photic stimulation against the background of small doses of M-cholinolytics (0.01--0.5 mg/kg) did not lead to any disturbances of photic driving. With increased doses of cholinolitics up to 1--5 mg/kg only low frequencies (1--5 imp/sec) produced driving in the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex, while in the optic tract the driving remained at the initial level. Administration of drugs in a 10 mg/kg dose resulted in complete depression of the driving response in the lateral geniculate body and visual cortex, while in the optic tract the driving was retained."}
{"id": "PMID:1210676", "title": "[Excitability cycles of direct cortical responses during elaboration of conditioned defense reflexes in dogs].", "content": "Direct cortical responses (DCRs) to paired stimuli were studied in chronic experiments in dogs during elaboration of classical and instrumental defensive conditioned reflexes. The DCRs were recorded with 20 to 250 ms intervals between stimuli. Paired and single electrical stimulations of the middle suprasylvian gyrus given with a frequency of one per second were used as conditioned stimuli and were reinforced in a similar way. During electrical cutaneous stimulation of the dog's paw and to an even greater extent during isolated action of the conditioned stimulus the initial negativity of the testing DCR became shorter and the degree of its depression diminished. In the case of a following period of facilitation, its degree became greater. It was higher at a distance of 4 to 5 mm from the point of stimulation than at a distance of 2 to 3 mm. During isolated action of the conditioned stimulus, the degree of facilitation was higher than at the period of the possible action of the unconditioned stimulus. The greatest shorterning of the DCR excitability cycle was observed immediately before and during the conditioned lifting of the dog's paw. Excitability cycles of DCR, and possibly of other evoked potentials as well, are a more sensitive indicator of the function state of the cerebral cortex than responses to single stimuli. For this reason it appears promising to use them in studying conditioned reflexes.", "contents": "[Excitability cycles of direct cortical responses during elaboration of conditioned defense reflexes in dogs]. Direct cortical responses (DCRs) to paired stimuli were studied in chronic experiments in dogs during elaboration of classical and instrumental defensive conditioned reflexes. The DCRs were recorded with 20 to 250 ms intervals between stimuli. Paired and single electrical stimulations of the middle suprasylvian gyrus given with a frequency of one per second were used as conditioned stimuli and were reinforced in a similar way. During electrical cutaneous stimulation of the dog's paw and to an even greater extent during isolated action of the conditioned stimulus the initial negativity of the testing DCR became shorter and the degree of its depression diminished. In the case of a following period of facilitation, its degree became greater. It was higher at a distance of 4 to 5 mm from the point of stimulation than at a distance of 2 to 3 mm. During isolated action of the conditioned stimulus, the degree of facilitation was higher than at the period of the possible action of the unconditioned stimulus. The greatest shorterning of the DCR excitability cycle was observed immediately before and during the conditioned lifting of the dog's paw. Excitability cycles of DCR, and possibly of other evoked potentials as well, are a more sensitive indicator of the function state of the cerebral cortex than responses to single stimuli. For this reason it appears promising to use them in studying conditioned reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:1210677", "title": "[Direct current self stimulation in rats].", "content": "In experiments on 16 male albino rats a phenomenon of self-stimulation of the hypothalamic structures has been produced by a DC anode and cathode, with 20 to 100 microamperes intensity. DC self-stimulation consists in regular succession of approaching the pedal, staying on the pedal and leaving it, i. e. a succession of states of motivational drive, reinforcement and avoidance. In a number of cases the conditioned reflex of self-stimulation is not extinguished for two to three days after switching off the current.", "contents": "[Direct current self stimulation in rats]. In experiments on 16 male albino rats a phenomenon of self-stimulation of the hypothalamic structures has been produced by a DC anode and cathode, with 20 to 100 microamperes intensity. DC self-stimulation consists in regular succession of approaching the pedal, staying on the pedal and leaving it, i. e. a succession of states of motivational drive, reinforcement and avoidance. In a number of cases the conditioned reflex of self-stimulation is not extinguished for two to three days after switching off the current."}
{"id": "PMID:1210678", "title": "[The influence of recognition of a visual stimulus on evoked potentials of the projection and non-projection areas of the cerebral cortex].", "content": "Evoked potentials (EP) were recorded in the projection and non-projection areas of the cerebral cortex in juveniles in response to exposures of structured visual stimuli with subthreshold and supraliminal durations. The data obtained have shown that recognition of the presented stimulus is attended with intensification of the EP late complex. This effect is most pronouned in the central and frontal parts of the cortex. The Nv component with a 240 to 300 msec latency has a more regular connection with recognition as compared with other components.", "contents": "[The influence of recognition of a visual stimulus on evoked potentials of the projection and non-projection areas of the cerebral cortex]. Evoked potentials (EP) were recorded in the projection and non-projection areas of the cerebral cortex in juveniles in response to exposures of structured visual stimuli with subthreshold and supraliminal durations. The data obtained have shown that recognition of the presented stimulus is attended with intensification of the EP late complex. This effect is most pronouned in the central and frontal parts of the cortex. The Nv component with a 240 to 300 msec latency has a more regular connection with recognition as compared with other components."}
{"id": "PMID:1210679", "title": "[Trace reactions following combination of a sensory stimulus with polarization of the visual region of the cortex].", "content": "Spontaneous activity and responses to photic flashes and tones of 133 neurones were recorded in the visual cortex during polarization of the same area (1.5 to 10 muA, 5 to 30 min) and after it (one to 52 min). Responses of cells to two unimodal stimuli of different parameters were analysed, of which one was presented repeatedly during the polarization (\"positive\"), and the other one to three times (\"negative\"). Depending on the previous \"learning\", 47.4% of the units responded after the polarization to \"positive\" photic stimulus and 37,8%--to acoustic stimulus. The trace effects of the stimuli pairings are reproduced in polarization after-effect by the action of the sensory signal alone. The recorded differences in the nature and duration of the reproduction of trace processes formed to an adequate and inadequate stimuli, are due to the dissimilar action of polarizing currents on neurones of the cortex cross-section and to different effectivity of the visual and non-visual influences related to it.", "contents": "[Trace reactions following combination of a sensory stimulus with polarization of the visual region of the cortex]. Spontaneous activity and responses to photic flashes and tones of 133 neurones were recorded in the visual cortex during polarization of the same area (1.5 to 10 muA, 5 to 30 min) and after it (one to 52 min). Responses of cells to two unimodal stimuli of different parameters were analysed, of which one was presented repeatedly during the polarization (\"positive\"), and the other one to three times (\"negative\"). Depending on the previous \"learning\", 47.4% of the units responded after the polarization to \"positive\" photic stimulus and 37,8%--to acoustic stimulus. The trace effects of the stimuli pairings are reproduced in polarization after-effect by the action of the sensory signal alone. The recorded differences in the nature and duration of the reproduction of trace processes formed to an adequate and inadequate stimuli, are due to the dissimilar action of polarizing currents on neurones of the cortex cross-section and to different effectivity of the visual and non-visual influences related to it."}
{"id": "PMID:1210680", "title": "[Conidioned reflex and polarization salivation].", "content": "The paper outlines some characteristics of salivation arising under the action of DC anode on the parietal areas of the dog's head. It is suggested that peculiarities and characteristics of salivation induced by a DC anode coincide with those described with regard to conditioned salivation.", "contents": "[Conidioned reflex and polarization salivation]. The paper outlines some characteristics of salivation arising under the action of DC anode on the parietal areas of the dog's head. It is suggested that peculiarities and characteristics of salivation induced by a DC anode coincide with those described with regard to conditioned salivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210682", "title": "[The effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition on formation, fixation and reproduction of temporary connections].", "content": "An administration of 100 to 300 mg/kg doses of iprazid to rats and mice leads in 24 hours to a considerably higher serotonin and noradrenaline content in the brain. Defensive conditioning against this background proceeds in the same way as in control animals but the retention of elaborated reflexes is sharply disturbed. A similar effect is produced by 5-oxytryptophane. An iprazid administration after conditioning does not disturb the retention and subsequent achievement of the reflex. Inclusion of S35-methionine in the total proteins of the mice brain does not change under the influence of iprazid. A conclusion has been drawn that inhibition of monoaminoxidase by iprazid does not prevent the formation and reproduction of temporary connections, but deeply disturbs their fixation. It is suggested that the revealed disturbances of fixation of temporary connections are due to the accumulation of serotonin in the brain, which suppresses the protein synthesis in the synaptosomes or that of specific proteins.", "contents": "[The effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition on formation, fixation and reproduction of temporary connections]. An administration of 100 to 300 mg/kg doses of iprazid to rats and mice leads in 24 hours to a considerably higher serotonin and noradrenaline content in the brain. Defensive conditioning against this background proceeds in the same way as in control animals but the retention of elaborated reflexes is sharply disturbed. A similar effect is produced by 5-oxytryptophane. An iprazid administration after conditioning does not disturb the retention and subsequent achievement of the reflex. Inclusion of S35-methionine in the total proteins of the mice brain does not change under the influence of iprazid. A conclusion has been drawn that inhibition of monoaminoxidase by iprazid does not prevent the formation and reproduction of temporary connections, but deeply disturbs their fixation. It is suggested that the revealed disturbances of fixation of temporary connections are due to the accumulation of serotonin in the brain, which suppresses the protein synthesis in the synaptosomes or that of specific proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1210683", "title": "[The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide on memory in mice].", "content": "In experiments on mice of the BALB/c strain a study was made of the influence of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the retention and reproduction of a conditioned passive avoidance reaction (CPAR). A 0.5-3.0 mg/kg of LSD Injected intraperitoneally 10 min. before the learning procedure, worsened the CPAR retention, while a 0.2 mg/kg of LSD Improved it. The drug (0.2 mg/kg) facilitated the retrieval of the reaction, which did not manifest itself in 24 and 48 hours after learning. This effect depended on the strength of the unconditioned stimulus presented during learning as well as on the time intervals between the moments of learning and testing. Facilitated CPAR retrieval was observed only during the action of the drug and disappeared in 24 hours after its administration. The possible physiological mechanisms of LSD influence on memory processes are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide on memory in mice]. In experiments on mice of the BALB/c strain a study was made of the influence of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the retention and reproduction of a conditioned passive avoidance reaction (CPAR). A 0.5-3.0 mg/kg of LSD Injected intraperitoneally 10 min. before the learning procedure, worsened the CPAR retention, while a 0.2 mg/kg of LSD Improved it. The drug (0.2 mg/kg) facilitated the retrieval of the reaction, which did not manifest itself in 24 and 48 hours after learning. This effect depended on the strength of the unconditioned stimulus presented during learning as well as on the time intervals between the moments of learning and testing. Facilitated CPAR retrieval was observed only during the action of the drug and disappeared in 24 hours after its administration. The possible physiological mechanisms of LSD influence on memory processes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210681", "title": "[The relationship between the formation of trace reactions and the functional state of rats of different genetic lines].", "content": "The level of excitability of the nervous system was enhanced in rats of the Krushinsky--Molodkina (K--M) and Wistar (W) lines by means of dynamic and static physical loads and injections of different doses of al-amphetamine. It was shown that a higher level of excitability of the central nervous system produced in both lines of rats improved memory  and increased the rate of formation of a conditioned active aboidance reflex (CAAR). A greater physical load or dose of the stimulant drug in the K-M line of rats resulted in a decrease of all parameters characterizing CAAR, while in the other line they rose in progression. The data obtained are believed to be related to a different genetically conditioned initial level of excitability in the indicated lines of rats--a higher one in the K--M line animals as compared with the W line rats, which determines a different norm of the nervous system responsiveness in the indicated groups of animals.", "contents": "[The relationship between the formation of trace reactions and the functional state of rats of different genetic lines]. The level of excitability of the nervous system was enhanced in rats of the Krushinsky--Molodkina (K--M) and Wistar (W) lines by means of dynamic and static physical loads and injections of different doses of al-amphetamine. It was shown that a higher level of excitability of the central nervous system produced in both lines of rats improved memory  and increased the rate of formation of a conditioned active aboidance reflex (CAAR). A greater physical load or dose of the stimulant drug in the K-M line of rats resulted in a decrease of all parameters characterizing CAAR, while in the other line they rose in progression. The data obtained are believed to be related to a different genetically conditioned initial level of excitability in the indicated lines of rats--a higher one in the K--M line animals as compared with the W line rats, which determines a different norm of the nervous system responsiveness in the indicated groups of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1210685", "title": "[Adaptive changes in the evoked electrical activity of the rat brain while training it in a controlled experiment].", "content": "A programmed change of a certain phase of cortical EP to a photic flash was reinforced in an unrestrained chronically operated animal (a rat) in the course of an operant controlled experiment. A painful subcutaneous stimulation or stimulation of the emotionally positive zone of the lateral hypothalamus was used as a reinforcing agent. It has been shown that painful stimulation is a more effective reinforcing agent than brain stimulation. Synchronous recordings pointed to a distinct correlation of activity in some structures (field CA1 of the hippocampus) with that of the visual cortex, while in others the EP form characteristically changed at different stages of learning (thalamic reticular nucleus), and in still others, there were no EP changes (midbrain reticular formation) at any stage of learning.", "contents": "[Adaptive changes in the evoked electrical activity of the rat brain while training it in a controlled experiment]. A programmed change of a certain phase of cortical EP to a photic flash was reinforced in an unrestrained chronically operated animal (a rat) in the course of an operant controlled experiment. A painful subcutaneous stimulation or stimulation of the emotionally positive zone of the lateral hypothalamus was used as a reinforcing agent. It has been shown that painful stimulation is a more effective reinforcing agent than brain stimulation. Synchronous recordings pointed to a distinct correlation of activity in some structures (field CA1 of the hippocampus) with that of the visual cortex, while in others the EP form characteristically changed at different stages of learning (thalamic reticular nucleus), and in still others, there were no EP changes (midbrain reticular formation) at any stage of learning."}
{"id": "PMID:1210686", "title": "[The latent period of a conditioned motor reaction in dogs and cats].", "content": "A study was made of the temporal characteristics of motor reactions in cats and dogs to an instantaneous change in the shape of a photic signal. The latency value is an individual characteristic of the animal; it undergoes only slight fluctuations on different experimental days. No influence has been found of the intersignal interval magnitude (8--70 sec) on the duration of latencies. Longer experiment (about 300 signals in three hours) leads to longer latencies and their greater variability.", "contents": "[The latent period of a conditioned motor reaction in dogs and cats]. A study was made of the temporal characteristics of motor reactions in cats and dogs to an instantaneous change in the shape of a photic signal. The latency value is an individual characteristic of the animal; it undergoes only slight fluctuations on different experimental days. No influence has been found of the intersignal interval magnitude (8--70 sec) on the duration of latencies. Longer experiment (about 300 signals in three hours) leads to longer latencies and their greater variability."}
{"id": "PMID:1210684", "title": "[The effect of dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions on short-term memory in cats].", "content": "The influence of lesion of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus on short-term memory was studied by the method of delayed conditioned reactions. It has been shown that after lesion of the dorsal hippocampus the delay considerably increases and that subsequent lesion of the ventral hippocampus completely eliminates delayed reactions. A conclusion has been drawn that the dorsal hippocampus has an inhibitory influence and the ventral hippocampus a facilitating effect on short-term memory. However the existence of a modulating effect does not imply that the hippocampus is a specific substrate of memory. A considerable part in the mechanism of memory is also played by other brain structures, which are activated together with the hippocampus. Particular importance is attached to activation of the bentromedial and lateral hypothalamus and the cortical associative areas.", "contents": "[The effect of dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesions on short-term memory in cats]. The influence of lesion of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus on short-term memory was studied by the method of delayed conditioned reactions. It has been shown that after lesion of the dorsal hippocampus the delay considerably increases and that subsequent lesion of the ventral hippocampus completely eliminates delayed reactions. A conclusion has been drawn that the dorsal hippocampus has an inhibitory influence and the ventral hippocampus a facilitating effect on short-term memory. However the existence of a modulating effect does not imply that the hippocampus is a specific substrate of memory. A considerable part in the mechanism of memory is also played by other brain structures, which are activated together with the hippocampus. Particular importance is attached to activation of the bentromedial and lateral hypothalamus and the cortical associative areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1210689", "title": "[Linguistic features of the structure of verbal expression in emotional stress].", "content": "Comparative analysis was carried out of the linguistic characteristics of oral speech, recorded in 68 subjects in a state of anxiety (students in examination situation; surgical patients in preoperative interview; air force operators undergoing responsible professional-proficiency tests) and of speech disturbances in patients with damages in the parts of the brain which play a significant role in the control of stress and emotional behaviour. The results obtained allow to conclude, that speech disturbances of normal subjects in a state of anxiety are caused by physiological factors and thus can be used as objective indices of the speaker's emotional state, since they are similar to those of the patients with damages in the region of the temporal lobe, intimately connected with limbic structures.", "contents": "[Linguistic features of the structure of verbal expression in emotional stress]. Comparative analysis was carried out of the linguistic characteristics of oral speech, recorded in 68 subjects in a state of anxiety (students in examination situation; surgical patients in preoperative interview; air force operators undergoing responsible professional-proficiency tests) and of speech disturbances in patients with damages in the parts of the brain which play a significant role in the control of stress and emotional behaviour. The results obtained allow to conclude, that speech disturbances of normal subjects in a state of anxiety are caused by physiological factors and thus can be used as objective indices of the speaker's emotional state, since they are similar to those of the patients with damages in the region of the temporal lobe, intimately connected with limbic structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1210691", "title": "[Shape recognition and image orientation in young children].", "content": "A comparison was made of recognition of images in the direct and inverse \"top-bottom\" orientation. A child two and a half years old was to find the test image on the response card or to give a verbal reply. The verbal responses have shown that the child identifies well both the shape and orientation of the images. In experiments with the response card, the presentation of images in inverse orientation did not result in any mistakes in recognizing the shape nor did it prolong the latency of the reaction, and no correlation was found between the orientation of the presented and the response figures. A child trained to find images of both similar shape and orientation is incapable of indicating properly the orientation of an image presented for a limited time period. These facts are interpreted in terms of the hypothesis of multichannel transfer of information about the pattern in the visual system.", "contents": "[Shape recognition and image orientation in young children]. A comparison was made of recognition of images in the direct and inverse \"top-bottom\" orientation. A child two and a half years old was to find the test image on the response card or to give a verbal reply. The verbal responses have shown that the child identifies well both the shape and orientation of the images. In experiments with the response card, the presentation of images in inverse orientation did not result in any mistakes in recognizing the shape nor did it prolong the latency of the reaction, and no correlation was found between the orientation of the presented and the response figures. A child trained to find images of both similar shape and orientation is incapable of indicating properly the orientation of an image presented for a limited time period. These facts are interpreted in terms of the hypothesis of multichannel transfer of information about the pattern in the visual system."}
{"id": "PMID:1210687", "title": "[The vegetative component of a conditioned reflex].", "content": "Defensive and alimentary conditioned reflexes were studied on normal cats and cats with neural isolation of the neocortex. The cardiac component of the conditioned reflexes is elaborated in decorticated animals at a similar rate and is as steady as in normal cats. Motor conditioned reactions in decorticated cats are difficult to elaborate. Both in normal and decorticated cats unconditioned pain stimulation evokes tachycardia, while a conditioned signal, paired with this unconditioned stimulus, produces bradicardia. Ban assumption has been made that the primary conditioned reaction consists in the appearance of a certain emotional state which changes the cardiac rhythm in a typical way.", "contents": "[The vegetative component of a conditioned reflex]. Defensive and alimentary conditioned reflexes were studied on normal cats and cats with neural isolation of the neocortex. The cardiac component of the conditioned reflexes is elaborated in decorticated animals at a similar rate and is as steady as in normal cats. Motor conditioned reactions in decorticated cats are difficult to elaborate. Both in normal and decorticated cats unconditioned pain stimulation evokes tachycardia, while a conditioned signal, paired with this unconditioned stimulus, produces bradicardia. Ban assumption has been made that the primary conditioned reaction consists in the appearance of a certain emotional state which changes the cardiac rhythm in a typical way."}
{"id": "PMID:1210688", "title": "[The effect of electric stimulation of several zones of the brain on verbal memory in humans].", "content": "Investigations of patients with implanted in intracerebral electrodes have shown that within some subcortical structures there exist neuronal-glial populations in which the dynamics of their functional state, according to the results of local recording of slow processes (oxygen tension, local blood flow, impedance), clearly correlates with the correct performance of the tests on operative memory. Electrical stimulation of some of the zones significantly changes the volume of operative memory and influences the general state and higher psychic functions in the patients. The result of electrical stimulation of the brain is determined by the role of different zones in the mnestic act and by the stage at which the stimulation is performed. The role of the cerebral zones is discussed in which the change of the functional state correlated with errors in tests reproduction, the detectors of errors in securing human memory.", "contents": "[The effect of electric stimulation of several zones of the brain on verbal memory in humans]. Investigations of patients with implanted in intracerebral electrodes have shown that within some subcortical structures there exist neuronal-glial populations in which the dynamics of their functional state, according to the results of local recording of slow processes (oxygen tension, local blood flow, impedance), clearly correlates with the correct performance of the tests on operative memory. Electrical stimulation of some of the zones significantly changes the volume of operative memory and influences the general state and higher psychic functions in the patients. The result of electrical stimulation of the brain is determined by the role of different zones in the mnestic act and by the stage at which the stimulation is performed. The role of the cerebral zones is discussed in which the change of the functional state correlated with errors in tests reproduction, the detectors of errors in securing human memory."}
{"id": "PMID:1210693", "title": "[Direct cortical responses to electric stimulation with different frequencies in chronic experiments on dogs].", "content": "Direct cortical responses (DCR) to a series of electrical stimuli with a frequency of I to 50 per second with 10 to 20 pulses in each series were studied in chronic experiments on dogs. The nature of cortical responses differed, depending on stimulation parameters. As the stimulation frequency increased, the amplitude and number of late DCR components decreased, and with further increase of frequency, the early components decreased as well. The following types of responses were revealed: recruiting, intermittent and decremental. As the stimulation frequency increased all the three types of responses could be obtained in one and the same cortical point. Recruiting was not typical of high-amplitude and multi-component DCR with a long phase of depression of initial negativity and slightly pronounced short-term subsequent facilitation, while the intermittent type of response appeared at lower frequencies than in other dogs (5 to 10 per sec). A decremental type of response was observed in all the dogs at a stimulation frequency higher than 30 per sec. The duration of the series of after-discharges to a burst of electrical pulses depended on the pattern of the DCR to a single stimulus and on the intensity and frequency of stimulation. With similar parameters of stimulation, the greater the amplitude and the longer the duration of the slow negative DCR wave, the longer the period of after-discharges following a series of stimuli.", "contents": "[Direct cortical responses to electric stimulation with different frequencies in chronic experiments on dogs]. Direct cortical responses (DCR) to a series of electrical stimuli with a frequency of I to 50 per second with 10 to 20 pulses in each series were studied in chronic experiments on dogs. The nature of cortical responses differed, depending on stimulation parameters. As the stimulation frequency increased, the amplitude and number of late DCR components decreased, and with further increase of frequency, the early components decreased as well. The following types of responses were revealed: recruiting, intermittent and decremental. As the stimulation frequency increased all the three types of responses could be obtained in one and the same cortical point. Recruiting was not typical of high-amplitude and multi-component DCR with a long phase of depression of initial negativity and slightly pronounced short-term subsequent facilitation, while the intermittent type of response appeared at lower frequencies than in other dogs (5 to 10 per sec). A decremental type of response was observed in all the dogs at a stimulation frequency higher than 30 per sec. The duration of the series of after-discharges to a burst of electrical pulses depended on the pattern of the DCR to a single stimulus and on the intensity and frequency of stimulation. With similar parameters of stimulation, the greater the amplitude and the longer the duration of the slow negative DCR wave, the longer the period of after-discharges following a series of stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:1210690", "title": "[A study of the complex of vegetative-somatic components during elaboration of the generalized meaning of words].", "content": "Characteristics of interrelations in the complex of vegetative-somatic components (cardio-vascular, respiratory and motor) in conditioning to verbal signals denoting action were studied in children aged from one year nine months up to two years six months. The formation of a signal significance of verbal stimuli is accompanied by a progressive rise in the level of synchronous interrelations between vegetative components.", "contents": "[A study of the complex of vegetative-somatic components during elaboration of the generalized meaning of words]. Characteristics of interrelations in the complex of vegetative-somatic components (cardio-vascular, respiratory and motor) in conditioning to verbal signals denoting action were studied in children aged from one year nine months up to two years six months. The formation of a signal significance of verbal stimuli is accompanied by a progressive rise in the level of synchronous interrelations between vegetative components."}
{"id": "PMID:1210694", "title": "[Instrumental and classical reflexes with water reinforcement].", "content": "Thirsty dogs were learned to regulate the supply of water by flexing the paw. The movement was effective only during an acoustic stimulation, either immediately at its beginning, or 10 to 20 sec. after its isolated action. The acoustic signal produced both flexion of the paw (instrumental reflex) and rhythmic swallowing movements which preceded the moment when water was fed into the mouth (classical conditioned reflex). The effect of prolongation of the isolated acoustic stimulation was manifested with extinction of the classical conditioned reflex and activation of the instrumental one.", "contents": "[Instrumental and classical reflexes with water reinforcement]. Thirsty dogs were learned to regulate the supply of water by flexing the paw. The movement was effective only during an acoustic stimulation, either immediately at its beginning, or 10 to 20 sec. after its isolated action. The acoustic signal produced both flexion of the paw (instrumental reflex) and rhythmic swallowing movements which preceded the moment when water was fed into the mouth (classical conditioned reflex). The effect of prolongation of the isolated acoustic stimulation was manifested with extinction of the classical conditioned reflex and activation of the instrumental one."}
{"id": "PMID:1210692", "title": "[Behavioral, electrophysiologic and vegetative correlates of self stimulation in dogs].", "content": "Summary electrical activity of different brain structures (chiefly the hippocampal theta-rhythm) and cardiac and respiratory rhythms were recorded during self-stimulation (SS) in dogs. Emotional-motivational excitation in dogs, preceding SS, is attended with a moderate increase in theta-activity in the hippocampus. The SS period is characterized by desynchronization of the electrical activity, the appearance of high-frequency rhythmics and diminished theta-rhythm. After withdrawal of the pedal, hypersynchronization of the theta-rhythm sets in in most of the structures studied. SS is accompanied by considerable shifts of the cardiac and respiratory rhythms. The dynamics of behavioral, electrophysiological and vegetative shifts during SS in dogs points to a successive involvment of the brain mechanisms of search, positive reinforcement and emotional-negative interruption of the pedal pressing series. Complex interaction of the three mechanisms underlies the external phenomenology of the SS instrumental conditioned reflex.", "contents": "[Behavioral, electrophysiologic and vegetative correlates of self stimulation in dogs]. Summary electrical activity of different brain structures (chiefly the hippocampal theta-rhythm) and cardiac and respiratory rhythms were recorded during self-stimulation (SS) in dogs. Emotional-motivational excitation in dogs, preceding SS, is attended with a moderate increase in theta-activity in the hippocampus. The SS period is characterized by desynchronization of the electrical activity, the appearance of high-frequency rhythmics and diminished theta-rhythm. After withdrawal of the pedal, hypersynchronization of the theta-rhythm sets in in most of the structures studied. SS is accompanied by considerable shifts of the cardiac and respiratory rhythms. The dynamics of behavioral, electrophysiological and vegetative shifts during SS in dogs points to a successive involvment of the brain mechanisms of search, positive reinforcement and emotional-negative interruption of the pedal pressing series. Complex interaction of the three mechanisms underlies the external phenomenology of the SS instrumental conditioned reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:1210695", "title": "[Motor alimentary conditioned reflexes and delayed reactions in dogs following destruction of the caudate nucleus].", "content": "The characteristics of formation and achievement of motor conditioned reactions were studied in seventeen dogs before and after the lesion of head or body of the caudate nucleus. It has been shown that the degree of higher nervous activity disturbances depends on the localization of injuries in the nucleus, and on the complexity of the tests used. The caudate nucleus exerts a modulating effect on the parameters of motor conditioned reflexes and takes a direct part in the structure of delayed reflexes. Lesion of the caudate nucleus body is attended with more serious disturbances of higher nervous activity than lesion of its head.", "contents": "[Motor alimentary conditioned reflexes and delayed reactions in dogs following destruction of the caudate nucleus]. The characteristics of formation and achievement of motor conditioned reactions were studied in seventeen dogs before and after the lesion of head or body of the caudate nucleus. It has been shown that the degree of higher nervous activity disturbances depends on the localization of injuries in the nucleus, and on the complexity of the tests used. The caudate nucleus exerts a modulating effect on the parameters of motor conditioned reflexes and takes a direct part in the structure of delayed reflexes. Lesion of the caudate nucleus body is attended with more serious disturbances of higher nervous activity than lesion of its head."}
{"id": "PMID:1210697", "title": "[Conditioned reflex activity and several vegetative reactions in dogs during the recovery period following repeated reanimation].", "content": "Conditioned activity and vegetative reactions were studied in dogs which repeatedly underwent clinical death from electrical trauma and were reanimated by donor artificial blood circulation. (The first clinical death was provoked 15 to 18 months prior to the repeated death and was caused by drowning and blood loss). On the first few days after reanimation the functions of the higher parts of the CNS and the vegetative nervous system were considerably disturbed. This was manifested in diminished effector reactions to conditioned stimuli, in narcotic and ultraparadoxal phases in conditioned activity, in tachycardia and a higher respiratory rate. The disturbances gradually diminished and by the 5th to 13th day following reanimation completely disappeared. The nature and depth of the disturbances correlated with the basic properties of the animals' type of higher nervous activity. The conditioned reactions were restored despite the retained pronounced dystrophic and destructive changes in the cerebral cortex. This is significant proof of important compensatory capacity for conditioned activity in dogs.", "contents": "[Conditioned reflex activity and several vegetative reactions in dogs during the recovery period following repeated reanimation]. Conditioned activity and vegetative reactions were studied in dogs which repeatedly underwent clinical death from electrical trauma and were reanimated by donor artificial blood circulation. (The first clinical death was provoked 15 to 18 months prior to the repeated death and was caused by drowning and blood loss). On the first few days after reanimation the functions of the higher parts of the CNS and the vegetative nervous system were considerably disturbed. This was manifested in diminished effector reactions to conditioned stimuli, in narcotic and ultraparadoxal phases in conditioned activity, in tachycardia and a higher respiratory rate. The disturbances gradually diminished and by the 5th to 13th day following reanimation completely disappeared. The nature and depth of the disturbances correlated with the basic properties of the animals' type of higher nervous activity. The conditioned reactions were restored despite the retained pronounced dystrophic and destructive changes in the cerebral cortex. This is significant proof of important compensatory capacity for conditioned activity in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1210696", "title": "[An EEG-study of participation by the head of the dog caudate nucleus in alimentary conditioned reflex activity].", "content": "It was shown during alimentary conditioning in dogs that in the \"background\" electrocaudatogram there are rhythms typical of the act of eating, which become more clearly pronounced under the action of the conditioned stimulus. The EEG of the caudate nucleus head sharply changed during discordance reactions. It has been assumed that the caudate nucleus head forms a link in the functional system of the alimentary conditioned reflex at stages of afferent synthesis and functioning of the action acceptor.", "contents": "[An EEG-study of participation by the head of the dog caudate nucleus in alimentary conditioned reflex activity]. It was shown during alimentary conditioning in dogs that in the \"background\" electrocaudatogram there are rhythms typical of the act of eating, which become more clearly pronounced under the action of the conditioned stimulus. The EEG of the caudate nucleus head sharply changed during discordance reactions. It has been assumed that the caudate nucleus head forms a link in the functional system of the alimentary conditioned reflex at stages of afferent synthesis and functioning of the action acceptor."}
{"id": "PMID:1210698", "title": "[Complex alimentary motor conditioned reflex reactions in cats and dogs].", "content": "The ability of animals to perform a complex motor task representing a model of compensatory discrete tracing was investigated in dogs and cats. Elongation of a light spot on an oscilloscope screen into a vertical line served as a signal of motor reaction. The reaction consisted in several movements, each of which reduced the initial signal change by 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 or 1/5 of its value. Alimentary reinforcement was given only after a reduction of the signal to its initial level. Signals with a different number of steps of transition to their initial state were presented at random. It was found that learned animals were capable of a stable behaviour of a compensatory discrete tracing type. A hypothesis has been advanced about a probabilistic participation of visual control in the realization of tracing motor behaviour.", "contents": "[Complex alimentary motor conditioned reflex reactions in cats and dogs]. The ability of animals to perform a complex motor task representing a model of compensatory discrete tracing was investigated in dogs and cats. Elongation of a light spot on an oscilloscope screen into a vertical line served as a signal of motor reaction. The reaction consisted in several movements, each of which reduced the initial signal change by 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 or 1/5 of its value. Alimentary reinforcement was given only after a reduction of the signal to its initial level. Signals with a different number of steps of transition to their initial state were presented at random. It was found that learned animals were capable of a stable behaviour of a compensatory discrete tracing type. A hypothesis has been advanced about a probabilistic participation of visual control in the realization of tracing motor behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:1210699", "title": "[The disinhibitory influence of the activating system when artificially excited from different points in the brain].", "content": "EEG activation can be produced by electrical stimulation of some cortical points with the same threshold current strength as by the midbrain RF and thalamic CM stimulation. Near-threshold stimulation of all these points acting simultaneously with inhibitory conditioned signals does not disturb the effector inhibition but displays an EEG difference between negative signals: the fine differentiation sound evokes considerable EEG desynchronization, while the rough one does not change the background rhythms. The same stimulation combined with a positive signal which has been made ineffective by successive inhibition or extinction, reestablishes the intensive EEG activation in response to this signal and the effector conditioned reflex. Therefore a mode-rate additional stimulation of the activating points in the cortex, RF and CM has a disinhibitory influence. When initiated in the cortex this influence may be transmitted from the cortical point to other parts of the brain along transcortical and corticofugal connections.", "contents": "[The disinhibitory influence of the activating system when artificially excited from different points in the brain]. EEG activation can be produced by electrical stimulation of some cortical points with the same threshold current strength as by the midbrain RF and thalamic CM stimulation. Near-threshold stimulation of all these points acting simultaneously with inhibitory conditioned signals does not disturb the effector inhibition but displays an EEG difference between negative signals: the fine differentiation sound evokes considerable EEG desynchronization, while the rough one does not change the background rhythms. The same stimulation combined with a positive signal which has been made ineffective by successive inhibition or extinction, reestablishes the intensive EEG activation in response to this signal and the effector conditioned reflex. Therefore a mode-rate additional stimulation of the activating points in the cortex, RF and CM has a disinhibitory influence. When initiated in the cortex this influence may be transmitted from the cortical point to other parts of the brain along transcortical and corticofugal connections."}
{"id": "PMID:1210701", "title": "[Avoidance reactions to painful stimulation of another individual following destruction of the rat amygdala].", "content": "Experiments in male albino rats have shown that bilateral lesion of the amygdala does not prevent avoidance conditioning to pain stimulation of another rat, improvement of the reaction after a painful action of the experimental animal and its extinction after the discontinuation of pain stimulation of the partner. Amygdalectomy performed after elaboration of a conditioned avoidance reaction, improves or worsens it, depending on which of the two rivaling motivations (sensitivity to signals of the other animal or fear of an open field) relatively predominanted in the given animal before the operation. The facts obtained suggest that the amygdala may be classified as belonging to the system of brain structures, where the \"interrupting function\" of emotions is achieved directing the behaviour to meet the predominant need.", "contents": "[Avoidance reactions to painful stimulation of another individual following destruction of the rat amygdala]. Experiments in male albino rats have shown that bilateral lesion of the amygdala does not prevent avoidance conditioning to pain stimulation of another rat, improvement of the reaction after a painful action of the experimental animal and its extinction after the discontinuation of pain stimulation of the partner. Amygdalectomy performed after elaboration of a conditioned avoidance reaction, improves or worsens it, depending on which of the two rivaling motivations (sensitivity to signals of the other animal or fear of an open field) relatively predominanted in the given animal before the operation. The facts obtained suggest that the amygdala may be classified as belonging to the system of brain structures, where the \"interrupting function\" of emotions is achieved directing the behaviour to meet the predominant need."}
{"id": "PMID:1210702", "title": "[The effect of different activating influences on the self stimulation reaction].", "content": "A study was made of the influence on self-stimulation of non-painful sensory stimuli of different modalities, and of intra-brain stimulations of emotionally positive and neutral points with the wiew to elucidate the specificity of certain functional relations appearing during interaction between emotionally negative and positive conditions. The data obtained attest that the influence of various excitation sites on self-stimulation reactions depends not so much on the strength of the stimuli, as on the specific neurophysiological organization of emotionally negative zones in the brain. A reciprocal enhancement of excitation of self-stimulation zones points to a certain non-specificity of positively reinforced structures.", "contents": "[The effect of different activating influences on the self stimulation reaction]. A study was made of the influence on self-stimulation of non-painful sensory stimuli of different modalities, and of intra-brain stimulations of emotionally positive and neutral points with the wiew to elucidate the specificity of certain functional relations appearing during interaction between emotionally negative and positive conditions. The data obtained attest that the influence of various excitation sites on self-stimulation reactions depends not so much on the strength of the stimuli, as on the specific neurophysiological organization of emotionally negative zones in the brain. A reciprocal enhancement of excitation of self-stimulation zones points to a certain non-specificity of positively reinforced structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1210700", "title": "[Electroencephalographic characteristics in animals with different typologic characteristics of their higher nervous activity].", "content": "Manifestation of typological characteristics of higher nervous activity in EEG energo-(amplitude-) frequency parameters were studied in chronic experiments on cats in a state of rest. EEG Of the animals of a strong nervous system type were characterized by a comparatively steady prevalence of alpha-activity and a stable relationship between the summary energy parameters of the basic frequencies. The brain electrical activity of cats with a weak type of higher nervous activity was in some cases characterized by instability of the general pattern: the summary parameter of each rhythm often changed, while at different intervals of time any of them could be recorded as predominant; in other cases slow waves were steadily prominent, and the summary energy of alpha-activity was low.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic characteristics in animals with different typologic characteristics of their higher nervous activity]. Manifestation of typological characteristics of higher nervous activity in EEG energo-(amplitude-) frequency parameters were studied in chronic experiments on cats in a state of rest. EEG Of the animals of a strong nervous system type were characterized by a comparatively steady prevalence of alpha-activity and a stable relationship between the summary energy parameters of the basic frequencies. The brain electrical activity of cats with a weak type of higher nervous activity was in some cases characterized by instability of the general pattern: the summary parameter of each rhythm often changed, while at different intervals of time any of them could be recorded as predominant; in other cases slow waves were steadily prominent, and the summary energy of alpha-activity was low."}
{"id": "PMID:1210703", "title": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex in rats during learning and in disorders of higher nervous activity].", "content": "The results are outlined of a complex study of the ultrastructure of the rat cerebral cortex after learning and higher nervous activity disturbance. In the case of learning with preliminary stimulation with al-amphetamine or without it, the subcortical processes in the motor and auditory analysers of the cerebral cortex are characterized by sharp structural-functional activation of the apparatus of energy supply, of protein synthesis and of the synaptic zones. The length of the synaptic active zones increases, and extensive development of spine apparatuses is recorded in the postsynaptic area in the form of intricate membrane complexes. Quite the contrary, in cases of higher nervous activity disturbances, destruction of the organelles and desintegration of spine apparatuses is clearly pronounced. The question of the role of the latter in the memory processes is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex in rats during learning and in disorders of higher nervous activity]. The results are outlined of a complex study of the ultrastructure of the rat cerebral cortex after learning and higher nervous activity disturbance. In the case of learning with preliminary stimulation with al-amphetamine or without it, the subcortical processes in the motor and auditory analysers of the cerebral cortex are characterized by sharp structural-functional activation of the apparatus of energy supply, of protein synthesis and of the synaptic zones. The length of the synaptic active zones increases, and extensive development of spine apparatuses is recorded in the postsynaptic area in the form of intricate membrane complexes. Quite the contrary, in cases of higher nervous activity disturbances, destruction of the organelles and desintegration of spine apparatuses is clearly pronounced. The question of the role of the latter in the memory processes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210704", "title": "[Reactions of premature children suffering intracranial birth injury to color stimuli].", "content": "The dynamics of formation of integrated reactions to colour stimuli is substantially disturbed in babies of the first three months of life. Stable disturbances in the development of reactions by EEG and somato-vegetative components parameters, accompanied by changes of the neurological status in children with severe symptoms of intracranial delivery trauma, testify to a profound and stable disturbance of the CNS functions and to a change in cortico-subcortical relationships, possibly in connection with an organic lesion of the brain. In the case of a less severe trauma, the dinamics of the formation of reactions is normalized prior to the improvement of the clinical state and is a good prognostic phenomenon. In the light of published data, changes in the vegetative components of reactions in traumatized babies are regarded as resulting from compensatory reactions of the hypothalamic structures to hypoxia.", "contents": "[Reactions of premature children suffering intracranial birth injury to color stimuli]. The dynamics of formation of integrated reactions to colour stimuli is substantially disturbed in babies of the first three months of life. Stable disturbances in the development of reactions by EEG and somato-vegetative components parameters, accompanied by changes of the neurological status in children with severe symptoms of intracranial delivery trauma, testify to a profound and stable disturbance of the CNS functions and to a change in cortico-subcortical relationships, possibly in connection with an organic lesion of the brain. In the case of a less severe trauma, the dinamics of the formation of reactions is normalized prior to the improvement of the clinical state and is a good prognostic phenomenon. In the light of published data, changes in the vegetative components of reactions in traumatized babies are regarded as resulting from compensatory reactions of the hypothalamic structures to hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210705", "title": "[Correlation between electrical activity in symmetrical regions of the cerebral cortex and unilateral lesions].", "content": "Functional interrelations between cerebral hemispheres, and particularly, between their symmetrical areas, were studied during compensatory processes in patients with tumours localized in one of the hemispheres. Analysis of spontaneous electrical activity before the operation on the tumour revealed several types of interhemispheric relations. The existence of a sharply pronounced pathological activity in one hemisphere, testifying to inactivation of cortical cells, is, as a rule, accompanied by activation in the intact hemisphere, especially in the areas symmetrical with those injured. In cases of less pronounced pathology, with partial retention of activity of the cortical cells in the injured areas of the affected hemisphere, a lesser degree of activation is observed in the intact hemisphere. The data point to a development of substituting-compensatory processes in the areas of the intact hemisphere symmetrical with the injured ones and to the possibility of testing the processes electrophysiologically.", "contents": "[Correlation between electrical activity in symmetrical regions of the cerebral cortex and unilateral lesions]. Functional interrelations between cerebral hemispheres, and particularly, between their symmetrical areas, were studied during compensatory processes in patients with tumours localized in one of the hemispheres. Analysis of spontaneous electrical activity before the operation on the tumour revealed several types of interhemispheric relations. The existence of a sharply pronounced pathological activity in one hemisphere, testifying to inactivation of cortical cells, is, as a rule, accompanied by activation in the intact hemisphere, especially in the areas symmetrical with those injured. In cases of less pronounced pathology, with partial retention of activity of the cortical cells in the injured areas of the affected hemisphere, a lesser degree of activation is observed in the intact hemisphere. The data point to a development of substituting-compensatory processes in the areas of the intact hemisphere symmetrical with the injured ones and to the possibility of testing the processes electrophysiologically."}
{"id": "PMID:1210706", "title": "[An EEG study of different behavioral states of freely moving dolphins].", "content": "ECoG and EMG of neck and eye muscles of four free moving dolphins were recorded during sleep-wakefulness cycle through chronically implanted electrodes. Wakefulness is accompanied by desynchronized ECoG, and slow sleep by synchronized ECoG, including the sleep spindles and theta- and delta-waves. The standard EMG criteria do not allow the discrimination between fast sleep and wakefulness in dolphins. Behavioral observations alone do not inform about dolphin's sleep or wakefulness. The respiration of dolphins may be observed during bilateral ECoG synchronization in slow sleep without arousal. ECoG synchronization as well as desynchronization may be observed when the contralateral eye is open.", "contents": "[An EEG study of different behavioral states of freely moving dolphins]. ECoG and EMG of neck and eye muscles of four free moving dolphins were recorded during sleep-wakefulness cycle through chronically implanted electrodes. Wakefulness is accompanied by desynchronized ECoG, and slow sleep by synchronized ECoG, including the sleep spindles and theta- and delta-waves. The standard EMG criteria do not allow the discrimination between fast sleep and wakefulness in dolphins. Behavioral observations alone do not inform about dolphin's sleep or wakefulness. The respiration of dolphins may be observed during bilateral ECoG synchronization in slow sleep without arousal. ECoG synchronization as well as desynchronization may be observed when the contralateral eye is open."}
{"id": "PMID:1210707", "title": "[Electrical activity of the limbic structures of the dog brain during simultaneous stimulation of the cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus].", "content": "Simultaneous electrical stimulation of the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and the anterior-lateral part of the hypothalamus in the dog brought about EEG synchronization in the limbic system structures and increased correlation coefficients between them. The animal's behaviour exhibited positive emotionally reactions (licking, sniffing, wagging the tail), attended with slowing of the heart rate. The indicated changes directly depend on the degree of emotional stress (the changes are more pronounced in hungry than in sated animals). Simultaneous stimulation of the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and the anterior-lateral part of the hypothalamus apparently activates a system which reduces the level of emotional stress.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the limbic structures of the dog brain during simultaneous stimulation of the cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus]. Simultaneous electrical stimulation of the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and the anterior-lateral part of the hypothalamus in the dog brought about EEG synchronization in the limbic system structures and increased correlation coefficients between them. The animal's behaviour exhibited positive emotionally reactions (licking, sniffing, wagging the tail), attended with slowing of the heart rate. The indicated changes directly depend on the degree of emotional stress (the changes are more pronounced in hungry than in sated animals). Simultaneous stimulation of the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and the anterior-lateral part of the hypothalamus apparently activates a system which reduces the level of emotional stress."}
{"id": "PMID:1210708", "title": "[Sensory characteristics of the cortical input of the hippocampus, the dentate fascia].", "content": "Investigation of sensory reactions of the neurones of the dentate fascia was performed in unanaesthetized rabbits. Spontaneous activity usually consisted of long aperiodic high-frequency bursts with silent periods between them. Multimodal convergence was observed in 76% of records. Responses to sensory stimuli constituted three nearly equal groups: 1 -- tonic inhibitory reactions; 2--phasic (equal to stimulus duration) activatory responses; 3--simple \"specific\" responses of on-type, sometimes with secondary phasic components. In one microelectrode track, perpendicular to the double lamina of granular cells, all neurones usually responded in the same fashion.", "contents": "[Sensory characteristics of the cortical input of the hippocampus, the dentate fascia]. Investigation of sensory reactions of the neurones of the dentate fascia was performed in unanaesthetized rabbits. Spontaneous activity usually consisted of long aperiodic high-frequency bursts with silent periods between them. Multimodal convergence was observed in 76% of records. Responses to sensory stimuli constituted three nearly equal groups: 1 -- tonic inhibitory reactions; 2--phasic (equal to stimulus duration) activatory responses; 3--simple \"specific\" responses of on-type, sometimes with secondary phasic components. In one microelectrode track, perpendicular to the double lamina of granular cells, all neurones usually responded in the same fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:1210713", "title": "[Physiologic characteristics of systems of conditioned connections during urgent formation of a program of action].", "content": "Examination of preschool age children has shown that instantaneous formation of a system is possible only on the basis of integration of conditioned reflexes, which are differentiated by the nature or strength of reinforcement. Integration of previously elaborated conditioned reflexes is more successful if the initial systems of conditioned connections were in a state of conditioned tonic excitation of an optimal strength. Uniformly strong or uniformly weak stability of all reflexes in the system renders it inert, hence makes it a poor basis for instantaneous formation of a new system.", "contents": "[Physiologic characteristics of systems of conditioned connections during urgent formation of a program of action]. Examination of preschool age children has shown that instantaneous formation of a system is possible only on the basis of integration of conditioned reflexes, which are differentiated by the nature or strength of reinforcement. Integration of previously elaborated conditioned reflexes is more successful if the initial systems of conditioned connections were in a state of conditioned tonic excitation of an optimal strength. Uniformly strong or uniformly weak stability of all reflexes in the system renders it inert, hence makes it a poor basis for instantaneous formation of a new system."}
{"id": "PMID:1210714", "title": "[Neurophysiologic mechanisms of the formation of the signal significance of words in yound children].", "content": "It has been established by means of the auto- and cross-correlation EEG analysis of children in the second year of life that different functional systems of relationships of cortical structures are formed during the word perception depending on whether it is an indifferent or signal stimulus for the child. In response to indifferent words, synphasic oscillations of the biopotentials appear in the infero-parietal and temporal, as well as in the temporal and frontal zones of the dominant hemisphere, without enhancement of the periodic processes and without appearance of a common rhythm. Signal verbal stimuli produce enhanced highly synchronous, synphasic interconnections of the infero-parietal biopotentials not only with temporal, but more considerably so with the frontal activity of the left hemisphere. This is accompanied by increased periodicity of processes between them and the appearance of a predominant rhythm 4--5 osc/sec.", "contents": "[Neurophysiologic mechanisms of the formation of the signal significance of words in yound children]. It has been established by means of the auto- and cross-correlation EEG analysis of children in the second year of life that different functional systems of relationships of cortical structures are formed during the word perception depending on whether it is an indifferent or signal stimulus for the child. In response to indifferent words, synphasic oscillations of the biopotentials appear in the infero-parietal and temporal, as well as in the temporal and frontal zones of the dominant hemisphere, without enhancement of the periodic processes and without appearance of a common rhythm. Signal verbal stimuli produce enhanced highly synchronous, synphasic interconnections of the infero-parietal biopotentials not only with temporal, but more considerably so with the frontal activity of the left hemisphere. This is accompanied by increased periodicity of processes between them and the appearance of a predominant rhythm 4--5 osc/sec."}
{"id": "PMID:1210715", "title": "[Organization of the spatial-temporal relationships of cerebral electrical processes in children during exposure to verbel commands].", "content": "An EEG cross-correlation analysis has shown that in children aged four to five years higher sensory analysis of verbal commands and their meaning was reflected in the nature of synchronous interactions between oscillatory processes and their spatial-temporal patterns. At the moment of perception of the command \"listen\" highly synchronous synphasic relations were recorded between biopotentials in the associative infero-parietal cortex and projection temporal centres of the left hemisphere. Oscillations of the parietal areas preceded the rhythms of the occipital, motor and frontal lobes in the left hemisphere; slow oscillations with a 3 osc/sec frequency predominated, and the intensity of the periodic processes increased. The command \"look\" evoked a high degree of synchronous synphasic relations of biopotentials in the parietal-occipital cortical parts of both hemispheres; oscillations with 6 osc/sec frequency predominated; their intensity rose; synphasic relations of oscillations in parietal and motor and temporal centres grew more manifest, while the rhythmic activity in the parietal zones preceded the potentials in the frontal lobes of both hemispheres.", "contents": "[Organization of the spatial-temporal relationships of cerebral electrical processes in children during exposure to verbel commands]. An EEG cross-correlation analysis has shown that in children aged four to five years higher sensory analysis of verbal commands and their meaning was reflected in the nature of synchronous interactions between oscillatory processes and their spatial-temporal patterns. At the moment of perception of the command \"listen\" highly synchronous synphasic relations were recorded between biopotentials in the associative infero-parietal cortex and projection temporal centres of the left hemisphere. Oscillations of the parietal areas preceded the rhythms of the occipital, motor and frontal lobes in the left hemisphere; slow oscillations with a 3 osc/sec frequency predominated, and the intensity of the periodic processes increased. The command \"look\" evoked a high degree of synchronous synphasic relations of biopotentials in the parietal-occipital cortical parts of both hemispheres; oscillations with 6 osc/sec frequency predominated; their intensity rose; synphasic relations of oscillations in parietal and motor and temporal centres grew more manifest, while the rhythmic activity in the parietal zones preceded the potentials in the frontal lobes of both hemispheres."}
{"id": "PMID:1210716", "title": "[Reversal of signal significance of stimuli in the avoidance reflex].", "content": "The course of reversal learning in go -- no go avoidance reflex differentiation in both cats and dogs was analysed in terms of interrelations between drive and instrumental reflex activity. When signalling properties of the conditioned stimuli were reversed, marked changes in the drive state of experimental animals occurred. The increase of the fear drive influenced both the transfer of the instrumental response to the new positive conditioned stimulus and the extinction of the response to the previously positive stimulus. The quality of the conditioned stimuli and their reflexogenic strength exerted clear effects on the fear drive and on the course of reversal learning. Prefrontal lesions affected the drive state and the conditioned reflex activity of the animals during the reversal learning.", "contents": "[Reversal of signal significance of stimuli in the avoidance reflex]. The course of reversal learning in go -- no go avoidance reflex differentiation in both cats and dogs was analysed in terms of interrelations between drive and instrumental reflex activity. When signalling properties of the conditioned stimuli were reversed, marked changes in the drive state of experimental animals occurred. The increase of the fear drive influenced both the transfer of the instrumental response to the new positive conditioned stimulus and the extinction of the response to the previously positive stimulus. The quality of the conditioned stimuli and their reflexogenic strength exerted clear effects on the fear drive and on the course of reversal learning. Prefrontal lesions affected the drive state and the conditioned reflex activity of the animals during the reversal learning."}
{"id": "PMID:1210717", "title": "[The effect of electrostimulation of the caudate nucleus and somatosensory cortex on defensive instrumental reactions in dogs].", "content": "It has been shown that the effect of stimulation of the caudate nucleus head in the contralateral hemisphere differs at different stages of achievement of a defensive instrumental habit in dogs. Stimulation preceding the action of the conditioned signal or delivered simultaneously with the beginning of the latter did not change the criteria for the achievement of successive programs of the instrumental defensive reaction. Stimulation of the same areas in the last phase of the instrumental response, as a rule, lead to the cessation of instrumental movement. A conclusion has been drawn that in a defensive situation the inhibitory influence of the caudate nucleus on instrumental behaviour of intact dogs is not so sharply expressed as in experiments with alimentary reinforcement. In dogs with a preliminary ablation of the CI and CII cortical zones of the contralateral hemisphere, stimulation of the caudate nucleus head was attended with a sharp drop in every criterion of the instrumental defensive reactions.", "contents": "[The effect of electrostimulation of the caudate nucleus and somatosensory cortex on defensive instrumental reactions in dogs]. It has been shown that the effect of stimulation of the caudate nucleus head in the contralateral hemisphere differs at different stages of achievement of a defensive instrumental habit in dogs. Stimulation preceding the action of the conditioned signal or delivered simultaneously with the beginning of the latter did not change the criteria for the achievement of successive programs of the instrumental defensive reaction. Stimulation of the same areas in the last phase of the instrumental response, as a rule, lead to the cessation of instrumental movement. A conclusion has been drawn that in a defensive situation the inhibitory influence of the caudate nucleus on instrumental behaviour of intact dogs is not so sharply expressed as in experiments with alimentary reinforcement. In dogs with a preliminary ablation of the CI and CII cortical zones of the contralateral hemisphere, stimulation of the caudate nucleus head was attended with a sharp drop in every criterion of the instrumental defensive reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1210718", "title": "[Neurons of the rabbit midbrain reticular formation during a defensive conditioned reflex].", "content": "Analysis of unit activity of the midbrain reticular formation was carried out on alert rabbits during defensive conditioning. Most of the examined neurones exhibited phasic responses corresponding in time to the components of the evoked potential (EP) recorded in the cortical visual area in response to the \"indifferent\" stimulus, and to the conditioned stimulus and electric cutaneous reinforcement. The data obtained are considered from the standpoint of the Anokhin functional systems theory. A conclusion has been made regarding the participation of reticular units in providing all the basic mechanisms of the functional system of the behavioral act. Discharges of one and the same neurone may correspond to different components of the EPs to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. In different behavioral acts a neurone may apparently participate in different systemic mechanisms.", "contents": "[Neurons of the rabbit midbrain reticular formation during a defensive conditioned reflex]. Analysis of unit activity of the midbrain reticular formation was carried out on alert rabbits during defensive conditioning. Most of the examined neurones exhibited phasic responses corresponding in time to the components of the evoked potential (EP) recorded in the cortical visual area in response to the \"indifferent\" stimulus, and to the conditioned stimulus and electric cutaneous reinforcement. The data obtained are considered from the standpoint of the Anokhin functional systems theory. A conclusion has been made regarding the participation of reticular units in providing all the basic mechanisms of the functional system of the behavioral act. Discharges of one and the same neurone may correspond to different components of the EPs to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. In different behavioral acts a neurone may apparently participate in different systemic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1210719", "title": "[Disorder and recovery of somatic sensitivity in cats with destruction of the afferent pathways of the spinal cord].", "content": "Somatic sensitivity was studied in intact cats and in the process of functions recovery after section of the posterior columns of the spinal cord and spino-cervical tracts. The state of somatic sensitivity was estimated by the change in the thresholds of food-procuring conditioned reflexes to electrocutaneous stimulation of the anterior limb. After section of the posterior columns or the spino-cervical tracts at the level of the 2nd cervical segment, the threshold rose. It gradually decreased in parallel to the recovery of motor activity, without reaching the initial level. The section of both tracts (simultaneous or in two stages) resulted in an intensive rise of the threshold which decreased in the course of recovery of disturbed functions. Evidently only partial recovery of somatic sensitivity takes place in the process of compensation of functions following the lesion of specific afferent ways of the spinal cord, and motor activity may be achieved with a consdierable deficit of somatic sensitivity.", "contents": "[Disorder and recovery of somatic sensitivity in cats with destruction of the afferent pathways of the spinal cord]. Somatic sensitivity was studied in intact cats and in the process of functions recovery after section of the posterior columns of the spinal cord and spino-cervical tracts. The state of somatic sensitivity was estimated by the change in the thresholds of food-procuring conditioned reflexes to electrocutaneous stimulation of the anterior limb. After section of the posterior columns or the spino-cervical tracts at the level of the 2nd cervical segment, the threshold rose. It gradually decreased in parallel to the recovery of motor activity, without reaching the initial level. The section of both tracts (simultaneous or in two stages) resulted in an intensive rise of the threshold which decreased in the course of recovery of disturbed functions. Evidently only partial recovery of somatic sensitivity takes place in the process of compensation of functions following the lesion of specific afferent ways of the spinal cord, and motor activity may be achieved with a consdierable deficit of somatic sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1210720", "title": "[The effect of phenamine and caffeine on caudate inhibition of conditioned reflex avoidance reactions in cats].", "content": "In cats with a preliminarily learned conditioned avoidance reaction, stimulation of the caudate nucleus inhibited behavioral response by lengthening its latency and reducing the number of conditioned reactions. Intensity of the inhibitory effect did not substantially depend on the localization of electrodes in the head or body of the nucleus and weakened within a few experimental days. D,1-amphetamine (0.5 to 4 mg/kg) and caffeine (10 to 10 mg/kg) suppressed the caudate inhibition, but the action of the drugs was manifested in different ways. The influence of large doses of d,1-amphetamine was characterized by a serious disturbance of behaviour and caudate inhibition of conditioned responses.", "contents": "[The effect of phenamine and caffeine on caudate inhibition of conditioned reflex avoidance reactions in cats]. In cats with a preliminarily learned conditioned avoidance reaction, stimulation of the caudate nucleus inhibited behavioral response by lengthening its latency and reducing the number of conditioned reactions. Intensity of the inhibitory effect did not substantially depend on the localization of electrodes in the head or body of the nucleus and weakened within a few experimental days. D,1-amphetamine (0.5 to 4 mg/kg) and caffeine (10 to 10 mg/kg) suppressed the caudate inhibition, but the action of the drugs was manifested in different ways. The influence of large doses of d,1-amphetamine was characterized by a serious disturbance of behaviour and caudate inhibition of conditioned responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1210721", "title": "[Changes in the configuration of conditioned reactions of visual cortex neurons during changes in reinforcement parameters].", "content": "In order to study the influences of controlled changes of defensive integration on the activity of visual cortical units their responses to a conditioned light flash and electric cutaneous stimulation with a 600 msec interval between them were recorded in experiments on alert rabbits. It has been shown that in a third of the neurones the types of reaction to light flashes and electric stimuli coincide. The changes in parameters of the reinforcing shock led to a changed response of most cells to the conditioned photic stimulus and electric stimulation. The changes may have affected units which produce any activation phase, including cells with activity characteristic of detectory (\"simple\" and \"complex\") visual neurones. The data obtained suggest that the special function of the visual cortex is used in different ways in systemic mechanisms of conditioned and unconditioned defensive acts and that the integrated system of a behavioral act exerts control both on the use of the unit in a certain systemic process and on its receptive field.", "contents": "[Changes in the configuration of conditioned reactions of visual cortex neurons during changes in reinforcement parameters]. In order to study the influences of controlled changes of defensive integration on the activity of visual cortical units their responses to a conditioned light flash and electric cutaneous stimulation with a 600 msec interval between them were recorded in experiments on alert rabbits. It has been shown that in a third of the neurones the types of reaction to light flashes and electric stimuli coincide. The changes in parameters of the reinforcing shock led to a changed response of most cells to the conditioned photic stimulus and electric stimulation. The changes may have affected units which produce any activation phase, including cells with activity characteristic of detectory (\"simple\" and \"complex\") visual neurones. The data obtained suggest that the special function of the visual cortex is used in different ways in systemic mechanisms of conditioned and unconditioned defensive acts and that the integrated system of a behavioral act exerts control both on the use of the unit in a certain systemic process and on its receptive field."}
{"id": "PMID:1210723", "title": "[The intensity of RNA synthesis in rat hippocampus during learning].", "content": "Intensity of hippocampal RNA synthesis was studied in albino rats on days when elementary links of the chain motor conditioned reflex with food reinforcement were formed. A gradual increase in the nuclear RNA synthesis intensity was found in both learned and unlearned rats from the 1st towards the 5th day. This increase was, however, higher in the learned rats. A decrease was recorded in the difference in the intensity of the hippocampal nuclear RNA synthesis between the learned and unlearned rats from the 1st to the 5th day; this is possibly connected with the formation of certain mechanisms of memory consolidation, since the learned and unlearned rats differed in this property only.", "contents": "[The intensity of RNA synthesis in rat hippocampus during learning]. Intensity of hippocampal RNA synthesis was studied in albino rats on days when elementary links of the chain motor conditioned reflex with food reinforcement were formed. A gradual increase in the nuclear RNA synthesis intensity was found in both learned and unlearned rats from the 1st towards the 5th day. This increase was, however, higher in the learned rats. A decrease was recorded in the difference in the intensity of the hippocampal nuclear RNA synthesis between the learned and unlearned rats from the 1st to the 5th day; this is possibly connected with the formation of certain mechanisms of memory consolidation, since the learned and unlearned rats differed in this property only."}
{"id": "PMID:1210722", "title": "[Monoaminergic influences of the caudate nucleus on conditioned food-getting reactions in rats].", "content": "Influence of microinjections of monoamines and glutamic acid into the caudate nucleus head on conditioned food-procuring reaction was studied in experiments on rats. Dopamine, noradrenaline and glutamic acid prolong the latency of the reflex, while serotonin reduces it. However, all the drugs tested reduce the number of conditioned food-procuring movements. The effects of dopamine are achieved through neurone receptors of the caudate nucleus which are sensitive to haloperidol and chlorpromazine; effects of serotonin are mediated through the D-serotoninoreactive systems, and those of noradrenaline, through the alpha-adrenoreactive systems of the neostriatum neurones. The inhibitory effect of glutamic acid is not due to the action on the serotonino-, adreno-, or dopamine receptors of caudate units.", "contents": "[Monoaminergic influences of the caudate nucleus on conditioned food-getting reactions in rats]. Influence of microinjections of monoamines and glutamic acid into the caudate nucleus head on conditioned food-procuring reaction was studied in experiments on rats. Dopamine, noradrenaline and glutamic acid prolong the latency of the reflex, while serotonin reduces it. However, all the drugs tested reduce the number of conditioned food-procuring movements. The effects of dopamine are achieved through neurone receptors of the caudate nucleus which are sensitive to haloperidol and chlorpromazine; effects of serotonin are mediated through the D-serotoninoreactive systems, and those of noradrenaline, through the alpha-adrenoreactive systems of the neostriatum neurones. The inhibitory effect of glutamic acid is not due to the action on the serotonino-, adreno-, or dopamine receptors of caudate units."}
{"id": "PMID:1210725", "title": "[Analysis of probabilistic characteristics of brain biopotentials in healthy humans using electronic computer technology].", "content": "Results are given of determination by means of a Minsk-22 electronic computer of the probabilistic characteristics and correlation coefficients for some parameters of the background EEG (frontal-occipital records) in a group of healthy subjects. The parameters studied (the number and amplitude of alpha- and other waves) are subject to the normal law of distribution of random values. A probabilistic model of background EEG has been plotted. Correlations between the factors of the statistic model of background EEG have been studied. The results presented in the paper may prove useful in studying the EEG characteristics and the functional state of the brain.", "contents": "[Analysis of probabilistic characteristics of brain biopotentials in healthy humans using electronic computer technology]. Results are given of determination by means of a Minsk-22 electronic computer of the probabilistic characteristics and correlation coefficients for some parameters of the background EEG (frontal-occipital records) in a group of healthy subjects. The parameters studied (the number and amplitude of alpha- and other waves) are subject to the normal law of distribution of random values. A probabilistic model of background EEG has been plotted. Correlations between the factors of the statistic model of background EEG have been studied. The results presented in the paper may prove useful in studying the EEG characteristics and the functional state of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1210726", "title": "[Neurophysiologic and biochemical aspects of visual system development in the rabbit under conditions of photic deprivation].", "content": "Changes in the functional state of the visual cortex were studied by behavioral and electrophysiological cues and the chemism of its neurones at the cellular and subcellular levels in rabbits raised for one to two months in the dark. It has been shown that visual deprivation leads to retarded dynamics of elaboration and consolidation of the conditioned defensive reflex to light and to changes of opposite signs of the visual cortex surface EPs to specific and non-specific stimuli. Typical of the EPs to photic stimuli is a considerable decrease in amplitude and longer latency as compared with normal, and enhanced amplitude and shorter latency to acoustic stimuli. It has been cytochemically established that about half of the pyramidal neurones of the visual cortex layer V of the experimental animals display features of biochemical underdevelopment (of the size of the cytoplasmatic mass, the protein reserve). Under the same conditions activity depression was revealed in cytochromoxydase, Na, P-ATPhase and ACHE, expressed to a different degree in separate subcellular fractions of the visual cortex. The MAO activity selectively augments in the subfraction of cholinergic synaptosomes. It has been assumed that functional and biochemical changes in different groups of the visual cortex neurones due to deprivation are linked with both the properties of the synaptic structures in regard to perception of impulses of different modalities and the peculiarities of their chemism.", "contents": "[Neurophysiologic and biochemical aspects of visual system development in the rabbit under conditions of photic deprivation]. Changes in the functional state of the visual cortex were studied by behavioral and electrophysiological cues and the chemism of its neurones at the cellular and subcellular levels in rabbits raised for one to two months in the dark. It has been shown that visual deprivation leads to retarded dynamics of elaboration and consolidation of the conditioned defensive reflex to light and to changes of opposite signs of the visual cortex surface EPs to specific and non-specific stimuli. Typical of the EPs to photic stimuli is a considerable decrease in amplitude and longer latency as compared with normal, and enhanced amplitude and shorter latency to acoustic stimuli. It has been cytochemically established that about half of the pyramidal neurones of the visual cortex layer V of the experimental animals display features of biochemical underdevelopment (of the size of the cytoplasmatic mass, the protein reserve). Under the same conditions activity depression was revealed in cytochromoxydase, Na, P-ATPhase and ACHE, expressed to a different degree in separate subcellular fractions of the visual cortex. The MAO activity selectively augments in the subfraction of cholinergic synaptosomes. It has been assumed that functional and biochemical changes in different groups of the visual cortex neurones due to deprivation are linked with both the properties of the synaptic structures in regard to perception of impulses of different modalities and the peculiarities of their chemism."}
{"id": "PMID:1210727", "title": "[Bilateral mechanisms of interference resistance in the striate cortex].", "content": "It has been shown that in animals with an intact corpus callosum the influence of photic interference is mainfested above all in EP depression. The degree of EP depression is directly dependent on the strength of the interference and is in inverse relationship with the strength of the determined stimulus. Against the background of a weak interference an other effect is possible in some cases, i.e. facilitation of the EP. These facts are interpreted as a result of postresponse subnormality of neurones and as excitation summation respectively. Section of the corpus callosum results in a weakening of the depressing effect of the photic interference on the EP appearing in response to a determined stimulus, and in an enhanced facilitating influence of weak photic interferences. A stronger influence of binocular photic interference as compared with the monocular one was observed in intact and callosotomized animals. A conclusion has been reached that the split brain has a stronger interference resistance as compared with the intact one.", "contents": "[Bilateral mechanisms of interference resistance in the striate cortex]. It has been shown that in animals with an intact corpus callosum the influence of photic interference is mainfested above all in EP depression. The degree of EP depression is directly dependent on the strength of the interference and is in inverse relationship with the strength of the determined stimulus. Against the background of a weak interference an other effect is possible in some cases, i.e. facilitation of the EP. These facts are interpreted as a result of postresponse subnormality of neurones and as excitation summation respectively. Section of the corpus callosum results in a weakening of the depressing effect of the photic interference on the EP appearing in response to a determined stimulus, and in an enhanced facilitating influence of weak photic interferences. A stronger influence of binocular photic interference as compared with the monocular one was observed in intact and callosotomized animals. A conclusion has been reached that the split brain has a stronger interference resistance as compared with the intact one."}
{"id": "PMID:1210728", "title": "[Classification of cortical neurons according to the character of their background impulse activity].", "content": "The method of basic components and cluster analysis was used to classify 75 units in the visual cortex of alert rabbits, proceeding from the empiric form of distribution of interspike intervals (DII), the mean frequency of impulsation and the relative number of intervals up to 500 msec. They were classified into nine groups containing from two to twelve units. Besides the cues, used as a basis for classification, the groups of units also differed in the structure of burst activity, the correlation of adjacent intervals and the ratio between the short (up to 20 to 60 msec) and long intervals. The latter served to make suggestions on the genetic affinity of bimodal DII to those with a bend on the waning after the maximum, and on the nature of formation of high frequency bursts and intervals exceeding 20 to 60 msec.", "contents": "[Classification of cortical neurons according to the character of their background impulse activity]. The method of basic components and cluster analysis was used to classify 75 units in the visual cortex of alert rabbits, proceeding from the empiric form of distribution of interspike intervals (DII), the mean frequency of impulsation and the relative number of intervals up to 500 msec. They were classified into nine groups containing from two to twelve units. Besides the cues, used as a basis for classification, the groups of units also differed in the structure of burst activity, the correlation of adjacent intervals and the ratio between the short (up to 20 to 60 msec) and long intervals. The latter served to make suggestions on the genetic affinity of bimodal DII to those with a bend on the waning after the maximum, and on the nature of formation of high frequency bursts and intervals exceeding 20 to 60 msec."}
{"id": "PMID:1210724", "title": "[The effect of multiple systematic knee reflex elicitation on its development in young children].", "content": "The development of the knee jerk was studied electromyographically in children of two groups: (a) a control group, where children of different age (from one to twelve months) were examined each only once, and (b) an experimental group, in which the knee jerk was elicited in each child repeatedly (every other day) for several months, beginning with the age of one to two of from five to six months. There was no difference between the two groups in the latencies of the phasic component of the reflex. Significant differences were found in the development of the tonic component: its disappearance, occurring with the growth of the child, took place in the experimental group much earlier than in the control one. Thus, intensive afferent stimulation, linked with multiple systematic evoking of the knee jerk, leads to substantial acceleration of the reflex development.", "contents": "[The effect of multiple systematic knee reflex elicitation on its development in young children]. The development of the knee jerk was studied electromyographically in children of two groups: (a) a control group, where children of different age (from one to twelve months) were examined each only once, and (b) an experimental group, in which the knee jerk was elicited in each child repeatedly (every other day) for several months, beginning with the age of one to two of from five to six months. There was no difference between the two groups in the latencies of the phasic component of the reflex. Significant differences were found in the development of the tonic component: its disappearance, occurring with the growth of the child, took place in the experimental group much earlier than in the control one. Thus, intensive afferent stimulation, linked with multiple systematic evoking of the knee jerk, leads to substantial acceleration of the reflex development."}
{"id": "PMID:1210729", "title": "[An analysis of the interaction of the parietal and visual regions of the cortex with the posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus].", "content": "Cooling and ablation of the parietal associative (P) and primary visual projection (VI) areas in nembutalized cats revealed facilitating and inhibitory descending influences of the above areas on the postero-lateral nucleus (LP) of the ipsilateral thalamus where visual signals generate an early specific and a late unspecific components of heterogenous evoked responses. Unidirectional influences activating the early component and fully controlling the appearance and course of the late component are more manifest in P which is a part of the same associative brain system as LP; they are less manifest in VI which belongs to the projection system. At later cooling stages the centrifugal influences of P and VI are sometimes of opposite signs; this effect is connected with reciprocal relations between projection and association systems and processes or selfcontrol within the association system. The corticofugal effects also participate in the common activity of P and VI taking place to a certain degree at the level of the LP which activates these cortical structures.", "contents": "[An analysis of the interaction of the parietal and visual regions of the cortex with the posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus]. Cooling and ablation of the parietal associative (P) and primary visual projection (VI) areas in nembutalized cats revealed facilitating and inhibitory descending influences of the above areas on the postero-lateral nucleus (LP) of the ipsilateral thalamus where visual signals generate an early specific and a late unspecific components of heterogenous evoked responses. Unidirectional influences activating the early component and fully controlling the appearance and course of the late component are more manifest in P which is a part of the same associative brain system as LP; they are less manifest in VI which belongs to the projection system. At later cooling stages the centrifugal influences of P and VI are sometimes of opposite signs; this effect is connected with reciprocal relations between projection and association systems and processes or selfcontrol within the association system. The corticofugal effects also participate in the common activity of P and VI taking place to a certain degree at the level of the LP which activates these cortical structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1210730", "title": "[The effect of stimulation of the deep layers of somatosensory zones CI and CII on the activity of motor zone MI of the cat cortex].", "content": "The influence of electrical stimulation of deep layers of the somatosensory zones CI and CII on unit responses and intercortical evoked potentials (IEP) in the motor cortical zone MI in projection areas of the anterior contralateral limb was studied in cats anaesthetized with Nembutal and immobilized with diplacine. Latencies of the main IEP components and their different behaviour during repeated stimulation, experimental hypoxia and Nembutal administration suggested the presence of intercortical connections of an oligo- and polysynaptic nature. Only 22% of the MI zone units proved to be responsive to CI and CII stimulation; the latencies of the unit discharges varied from 4.3 to 35 msec. A relatively smaller effectiveness of short-latency inputs from CI and CII to MI was recorded as compared with long latency ones.", "contents": "[The effect of stimulation of the deep layers of somatosensory zones CI and CII on the activity of motor zone MI of the cat cortex]. The influence of electrical stimulation of deep layers of the somatosensory zones CI and CII on unit responses and intercortical evoked potentials (IEP) in the motor cortical zone MI in projection areas of the anterior contralateral limb was studied in cats anaesthetized with Nembutal and immobilized with diplacine. Latencies of the main IEP components and their different behaviour during repeated stimulation, experimental hypoxia and Nembutal administration suggested the presence of intercortical connections of an oligo- and polysynaptic nature. Only 22% of the MI zone units proved to be responsive to CI and CII stimulation; the latencies of the unit discharges varied from 4.3 to 35 msec. A relatively smaller effectiveness of short-latency inputs from CI and CII to MI was recorded as compared with long latency ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1210741", "title": "[Neurochemical mechanisms of the inhibitory influence of the hippocampus on the conditioned food-getting reaction in rats].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of microinjections of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and glutamic acid into the dorsal hippocampus on the food-procuring conditioned reaction of rats. All the examined drugs lengthen the latency of the conditioned alimentary reaction. However, the number of pushes of the door leading to the feeding through and the magnitude of the reflex are increased by catecholamines and glutamic acid, but reduced by serotonin. The dopamine effects are achieved through archicortex neurones receptors, sensitive to haloperidol, the noradrenaline effects, through alpha-adrenoreactive, and of serotonin, through M-serotoninsensitive structures of the hippocampal neuronal systems. The modulating influence of glutamic acid on the food-procuring conditioned reaction is not connected with the active on dopamine-, adreno or serotonin neuronal receptors of the rat dorsal hippocampus.", "contents": "[Neurochemical mechanisms of the inhibitory influence of the hippocampus on the conditioned food-getting reaction in rats]. A study was made of the influence of microinjections of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and glutamic acid into the dorsal hippocampus on the food-procuring conditioned reaction of rats. All the examined drugs lengthen the latency of the conditioned alimentary reaction. However, the number of pushes of the door leading to the feeding through and the magnitude of the reflex are increased by catecholamines and glutamic acid, but reduced by serotonin. The dopamine effects are achieved through archicortex neurones receptors, sensitive to haloperidol, the noradrenaline effects, through alpha-adrenoreactive, and of serotonin, through M-serotoninsensitive structures of the hippocampal neuronal systems. The modulating influence of glutamic acid on the food-procuring conditioned reaction is not connected with the active on dopamine-, adreno or serotonin neuronal receptors of the rat dorsal hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:1210744", "title": "[Unidimensional tracking by school children].", "content": "Remote control of the movement of a toy automobile along a planned trajectory was determined in 40 schoolchildren (20 boys and 20 girls) of the 2nd form. The quality of tracing was evaluated by way of the mean square error. Problems of self-learning have been analysed both in the case of direct and reverse methods of control. It has been shown that self-learning consists in transition to the extrapolation nature of tracing. An attempt has been made to account for the differences in the precision of tracing between the groups of boys and girls proceeding from the evolution theory.", "contents": "[Unidimensional tracking by school children]. Remote control of the movement of a toy automobile along a planned trajectory was determined in 40 schoolchildren (20 boys and 20 girls) of the 2nd form. The quality of tracing was evaluated by way of the mean square error. Problems of self-learning have been analysed both in the case of direct and reverse methods of control. It has been shown that self-learning consists in transition to the extrapolation nature of tracing. An attempt has been made to account for the differences in the precision of tracing between the groups of boys and girls proceeding from the evolution theory."}
{"id": "PMID:1210742", "title": "[The mechanism of action of a reinforcing stimulus].", "content": "Experiments on alert non-immobilized rabbits revealed that electrical cutaneous stimulation of a limb, used as a reinforcing agent in elaboration of a conditioned reflex to photic flashes, weakened slow polyrhythmic oscillations of background EEG and late components of evoked potentials in the visual cortex to photic flashes. Against this background, the connection between slow potentials and spike activity in both the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas considerably diminished. During EEG activation, induced by the reinforcing stimulus, inhibitory pauses and post-inhibitory activation in the firing of the neocortical units weakened and protracted, ordered spike activity appeared. The data obtained are in agreement with the hypothesis that weakening of the recurrent inhibition system is one of the basic mechanisms in the action of the reinforcing stimulus in conditioning.", "contents": "[The mechanism of action of a reinforcing stimulus]. Experiments on alert non-immobilized rabbits revealed that electrical cutaneous stimulation of a limb, used as a reinforcing agent in elaboration of a conditioned reflex to photic flashes, weakened slow polyrhythmic oscillations of background EEG and late components of evoked potentials in the visual cortex to photic flashes. Against this background, the connection between slow potentials and spike activity in both the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas considerably diminished. During EEG activation, induced by the reinforcing stimulus, inhibitory pauses and post-inhibitory activation in the firing of the neocortical units weakened and protracted, ordered spike activity appeared. The data obtained are in agreement with the hypothesis that weakening of the recurrent inhibition system is one of the basic mechanisms in the action of the reinforcing stimulus in conditioning."}
{"id": "PMID:1210745", "title": "[The effect of neurotropic agents on evoked potentials of the association and projection regions of the cat neocortex].", "content": "Intensive non-specific inactivation of the cortex by means of its local cooling, in the cat anasthetized with nembutal, blocks in a similar way the early component of associative responses (ECAR) in the parietal area and the primary responses (PR) in the projection areas. In the case of local application of neurotropic drugs possessing specific and differentiated action on postsynaptic activity, the same ECAR changes require a somewhat higher concentration of the reagents as compared with the concentration that produces a similar PR transformation. The higher threshold of chemical sensitivity in ECAR than in the PR depends on the characteristics of the morpho-functional organization of the cortical formations. Dissimilar reactivity of the direct cortical response and of ECAR of the parietal area to the action of chemical drugs is related to the peculiarities of intracortical origin of these potentials which are due to the dissimilar nature of their generation in response to a direct and to a peripheral stimulation.", "contents": "[The effect of neurotropic agents on evoked potentials of the association and projection regions of the cat neocortex]. Intensive non-specific inactivation of the cortex by means of its local cooling, in the cat anasthetized with nembutal, blocks in a similar way the early component of associative responses (ECAR) in the parietal area and the primary responses (PR) in the projection areas. In the case of local application of neurotropic drugs possessing specific and differentiated action on postsynaptic activity, the same ECAR changes require a somewhat higher concentration of the reagents as compared with the concentration that produces a similar PR transformation. The higher threshold of chemical sensitivity in ECAR than in the PR depends on the characteristics of the morpho-functional organization of the cortical formations. Dissimilar reactivity of the direct cortical response and of ECAR of the parietal area to the action of chemical drugs is related to the peculiarities of intracortical origin of these potentials which are due to the dissimilar nature of their generation in response to a direct and to a peripheral stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210746", "title": "[The effect of disconnecting the hippocampus from the septum on the activity of septal neurons].", "content": "Extracellular recording of neuronal activity was performed in the medial and lateral septal nuclei (MS and LS) in unanaesthetized rabbits after coagulation of septo-hippocampal connections. The MS neuronal activity had many pathological features. The LS activity was normal in every respect. Spontaneous activity, reactivity to sensory stimuli and main characteristics of responses to sensory stimuli were preserved in LS (and in a part of MS neurones). Sensory effects were augmented in intensity and duration, the number of neurones in LS with theta-bursts increased twofold, theta-bursts were more regular, than in control animals. These effects may be explained by an increase of ascending RF influences, which is supported by the fact of outstanding similarity between sensory and reticular effects in septal neurones after hippocampal disconnection. The number of units with inhibition of activity in response to sensory stimuli decreased, habituation of responses was absent. That means that hippocampal influences are necessary for the organization of inhibitory phenomena in the septum, and, above all, for processes of gradual habituation.", "contents": "[The effect of disconnecting the hippocampus from the septum on the activity of septal neurons]. Extracellular recording of neuronal activity was performed in the medial and lateral septal nuclei (MS and LS) in unanaesthetized rabbits after coagulation of septo-hippocampal connections. The MS neuronal activity had many pathological features. The LS activity was normal in every respect. Spontaneous activity, reactivity to sensory stimuli and main characteristics of responses to sensory stimuli were preserved in LS (and in a part of MS neurones). Sensory effects were augmented in intensity and duration, the number of neurones in LS with theta-bursts increased twofold, theta-bursts were more regular, than in control animals. These effects may be explained by an increase of ascending RF influences, which is supported by the fact of outstanding similarity between sensory and reticular effects in septal neurones after hippocampal disconnection. The number of units with inhibition of activity in response to sensory stimuli decreased, habituation of responses was absent. That means that hippocampal influences are necessary for the organization of inhibitory phenomena in the septum, and, above all, for processes of gradual habituation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210743", "title": "[Conditioned reactions to time of hypothalamic neurons. The perifornical nucleus].", "content": "In 40% of the 52 neurones of the hypothalamic perifornical nucleus in alert rabbits conditioned trace reactions of the activational (52%) and inhibitory (48%) type were recorded in the course of elaboration of a conditioned motor reflex to time. The sign and pattern of the trace responses were determined by the nature of cell reactions to actual paired stimuli. After 50 to 70 pairings, the unit trace conditioned reaction to time persisted for a period of 10 to 15 successive omissions. Trace responses were observed most frequently in the 5th of 8th omissions. In some cases conditioned enhancement of cell activity coincided with the conditioned motor response to time. This fact together with the maximal development of a summery trace cellular response at the moment of formation of conditioned motor reactions attests the participation of neurones of the perifornical nucleus in maintaining conditioned motor activity.", "contents": "[Conditioned reactions to time of hypothalamic neurons. The perifornical nucleus]. In 40% of the 52 neurones of the hypothalamic perifornical nucleus in alert rabbits conditioned trace reactions of the activational (52%) and inhibitory (48%) type were recorded in the course of elaboration of a conditioned motor reflex to time. The sign and pattern of the trace responses were determined by the nature of cell reactions to actual paired stimuli. After 50 to 70 pairings, the unit trace conditioned reaction to time persisted for a period of 10 to 15 successive omissions. Trace responses were observed most frequently in the 5th of 8th omissions. In some cases conditioned enhancement of cell activity coincided with the conditioned motor response to time. This fact together with the maximal development of a summery trace cellular response at the moment of formation of conditioned motor reactions attests the participation of neurones of the perifornical nucleus in maintaining conditioned motor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1210747", "title": "[An analysis of interneuronal connections in the auditory cortex of awake cats].", "content": "A statistical analysis has been made of the interaction of the auditory cortex units in alert cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Three neurones with an amplitude ratio of 4:2:1 were singled out from the multineuronal activity. The dependence between the firing of two neurones was determined by the cross interval histograms. The relationships between 78 pairs of units were studied in 26 three units microsystems. About a third of the studied pairs functioned independently. The number of pairs with one-way and two-way connections was about equal (26 and 30 respectively). The neurones which generated spikes of high and medium amplitude, had the largest number of two-way connections. One-way connections were equally represented in all the three neurones, though with regard to direction they depended on the amplitude characteristics of the spikes. In neurones with large and medium spikes, output connections predominated, while in neurones with small spikes input connections predominated considerably. The connection could be of inhibitory, excitatory or mixed type. The inhibitory type of connections was the most frequent occurrence (57 out of 86). At prolonged recording (6 to 16 min) of spike activity, most of the functional connections persisted.", "contents": "[An analysis of interneuronal connections in the auditory cortex of awake cats]. A statistical analysis has been made of the interaction of the auditory cortex units in alert cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Three neurones with an amplitude ratio of 4:2:1 were singled out from the multineuronal activity. The dependence between the firing of two neurones was determined by the cross interval histograms. The relationships between 78 pairs of units were studied in 26 three units microsystems. About a third of the studied pairs functioned independently. The number of pairs with one-way and two-way connections was about equal (26 and 30 respectively). The neurones which generated spikes of high and medium amplitude, had the largest number of two-way connections. One-way connections were equally represented in all the three neurones, though with regard to direction they depended on the amplitude characteristics of the spikes. In neurones with large and medium spikes, output connections predominated, while in neurones with small spikes input connections predominated considerably. The connection could be of inhibitory, excitatory or mixed type. The inhibitory type of connections was the most frequent occurrence (57 out of 86). At prolonged recording (6 to 16 min) of spike activity, most of the functional connections persisted."}
{"id": "PMID:1210748", "title": "[An analysis of interhemispheric interrelationships in the visual cortex of cats based on the law of contrast perception of light].", "content": "The dependence of EP amplitude on the intensity of photic stimuli before and after section of the callosal body may be fully defined by the equation of the contrast law of light perception. Analysis of the nature of interhemispheric relationships by means of contrast law has shown that both reciprocal depressing and reciprocal facilitating interhemispheric relationships may exist in the primary visual cortical projection zone, and reciprocal facilitating interhemispheric influences in the secondary visual projection zone. Similarity of interhemispheric relationships has been recorded in the primary visual cortex in cats and in the secondary one, in rats, as well as in the socondary visual cortical zone in cats, and in the primary, in rats. Interhemispheric reciprocal influences in the whole range of stimuli intensities are distributed more uniformly in cats than in rats. Cats may perceive a wider range of intensity of photic stimuli than rats. In cats as in rats, the effectiveness of processing of the photic stimuli contrast is greater in the secondary visual cortical projection zone than in the primary one.", "contents": "[An analysis of interhemispheric interrelationships in the visual cortex of cats based on the law of contrast perception of light]. The dependence of EP amplitude on the intensity of photic stimuli before and after section of the callosal body may be fully defined by the equation of the contrast law of light perception. Analysis of the nature of interhemispheric relationships by means of contrast law has shown that both reciprocal depressing and reciprocal facilitating interhemispheric relationships may exist in the primary visual cortical projection zone, and reciprocal facilitating interhemispheric influences in the secondary visual projection zone. Similarity of interhemispheric relationships has been recorded in the primary visual cortex in cats and in the secondary one, in rats, as well as in the socondary visual cortical zone in cats, and in the primary, in rats. Interhemispheric reciprocal influences in the whole range of stimuli intensities are distributed more uniformly in cats than in rats. Cats may perceive a wider range of intensity of photic stimuli than rats. In cats as in rats, the effectiveness of processing of the photic stimuli contrast is greater in the secondary visual cortical projection zone than in the primary one."}
{"id": "PMID:1210749", "title": "[The character of the background spike activity of cortical neurons under the influence of psychotropic drugs].", "content": "A comparison was made on alert rabbits between the nature of spike activity of normal cortical neurones and of those after a two-week daily administration of neuroleptics, namely chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine and haloperidol in 1 and 5 mg/kg doses. The groups of neurones did not differ in the mean frequency of firing. However, the use of the main components method and of cluster analysis showed considerable differences between neuronal activity following the action of neuroleptics and that in control animals. The most common effect of neuroleptics consisted in a reduction of the number of low frequency neurones with burst discharges and small dispersion of distribution of interspike intervals. Trifluoperazine and especially haloperidol differed from chlorpromazine in that they brought about an appearance of cortical neurones for which the distribution of interspike intervals had an almost symmetrical form and a mode of 80--170 msec. After the action of haloperidol about a third of the neurones had a mode up to 10 msec. An assumption has been made that the major effect of trifluoperazine and haloperidol consists in an increase in the reverberative activity of the brain.", "contents": "[The character of the background spike activity of cortical neurons under the influence of psychotropic drugs]. A comparison was made on alert rabbits between the nature of spike activity of normal cortical neurones and of those after a two-week daily administration of neuroleptics, namely chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine and haloperidol in 1 and 5 mg/kg doses. The groups of neurones did not differ in the mean frequency of firing. However, the use of the main components method and of cluster analysis showed considerable differences between neuronal activity following the action of neuroleptics and that in control animals. The most common effect of neuroleptics consisted in a reduction of the number of low frequency neurones with burst discharges and small dispersion of distribution of interspike intervals. Trifluoperazine and especially haloperidol differed from chlorpromazine in that they brought about an appearance of cortical neurones for which the distribution of interspike intervals had an almost symmetrical form and a mode of 80--170 msec. After the action of haloperidol about a third of the neurones had a mode up to 10 msec. An assumption has been made that the major effect of trifluoperazine and haloperidol consists in an increase in the reverberative activity of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1210750", "title": "[The effect of electric stimulation of different regions of the cerebral cortex on the alimentary reaction in rabbits].", "content": "The influences of different parts of the neocortex on the rabbit alimentary behaviour produced by stimulation of the hypothalamic \"alimentary centre\" were studied in chronic experiments on rabbits with electrodes implanted in different formations of the limbic system and the midbrain. It has been found that electrical stimulation of the frontal and anterior parietal cortical areas raised the threshold of the evoked alimentary reaction. Inhibitory influences of the frontal areas proved to be stronger and more prolonged than those of the anterior parietal area. Electrical stimulation of the posterior parietal and occipital cortical areas decreased the threshold of the evoked alimentary reaction. Coagulation of the dorsal hippocampus eliminated the inhibitory influences of the neocortex, while coagulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation discontinued the facilitating influences of the neocortex on the alimentary reaction.", "contents": "[The effect of electric stimulation of different regions of the cerebral cortex on the alimentary reaction in rabbits]. The influences of different parts of the neocortex on the rabbit alimentary behaviour produced by stimulation of the hypothalamic \"alimentary centre\" were studied in chronic experiments on rabbits with electrodes implanted in different formations of the limbic system and the midbrain. It has been found that electrical stimulation of the frontal and anterior parietal cortical areas raised the threshold of the evoked alimentary reaction. Inhibitory influences of the frontal areas proved to be stronger and more prolonged than those of the anterior parietal area. Electrical stimulation of the posterior parietal and occipital cortical areas decreased the threshold of the evoked alimentary reaction. Coagulation of the dorsal hippocampus eliminated the inhibitory influences of the neocortex, while coagulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation discontinued the facilitating influences of the neocortex on the alimentary reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1210754", "title": "[Hemispheric interaction in man during perception of visual stimuli].", "content": "Averaged evoked potentials (AEP) to verbal (letters) and nonverbal (random shapes) stimuli exposed in the left and right visual fields were registered in healthy subjects with normal vision. Analysis of the later AEP latencies pointed to asymmetry in the temporal parameters of the interhemispheric interaction. The late AEP latency is shorter in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. The difference is more pronounced in responses to nonverbal stimuli. The earlier development of the evoked potential in the right hemisphere (or the later one in the left hemisphere) accounts for the interhemispheric difference in the temporal parameters of the late AEP components. Comparison of the latency of the component P300 to verbal and nonverbal stimuli presented in the ipsilateral or the contralateral visual fields reveals a transfer of the results of the cortical processing of visual information in the course of interhemispheric interaction.", "contents": "[Hemispheric interaction in man during perception of visual stimuli]. Averaged evoked potentials (AEP) to verbal (letters) and nonverbal (random shapes) stimuli exposed in the left and right visual fields were registered in healthy subjects with normal vision. Analysis of the later AEP latencies pointed to asymmetry in the temporal parameters of the interhemispheric interaction. The late AEP latency is shorter in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. The difference is more pronounced in responses to nonverbal stimuli. The earlier development of the evoked potential in the right hemisphere (or the later one in the left hemisphere) accounts for the interhemispheric difference in the temporal parameters of the late AEP components. Comparison of the latency of the component P300 to verbal and nonverbal stimuli presented in the ipsilateral or the contralateral visual fields reveals a transfer of the results of the cortical processing of visual information in the course of interhemispheric interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1210756", "title": "[Characteristics of cortical responses to electrostimulation of the internal geniculate body during formation of a defensive conditioned reflex].", "content": "During elaboration of a classical defensive conditioned reflex the dogs exhibited a dependence of the changes in amplitude and configuration of evoked potentials (EP) to electrical stimulation of the medial geniculate body (MGB), a conditioned stimulus, on the nature of effector manifestation of the conditioned reflex: the late components were the most depressed at multiple phasic reactions and not infrequently increased and became complicated at single and short motor reactions as well as at their incidental absence. The primary oscillations, while mostly remaining unchanged, were depressed in the case of conditioned reactions attended with a general motor restlessness. A difference has been revealed during conditioning in the EP changes to electrical stimulation of MGB and to an adequate peripheral stimulation. It has been assumed that EP changes during conditioned activity are determined by the relationship between the levels of tonic and phasic cortical activation.", "contents": "[Characteristics of cortical responses to electrostimulation of the internal geniculate body during formation of a defensive conditioned reflex]. During elaboration of a classical defensive conditioned reflex the dogs exhibited a dependence of the changes in amplitude and configuration of evoked potentials (EP) to electrical stimulation of the medial geniculate body (MGB), a conditioned stimulus, on the nature of effector manifestation of the conditioned reflex: the late components were the most depressed at multiple phasic reactions and not infrequently increased and became complicated at single and short motor reactions as well as at their incidental absence. The primary oscillations, while mostly remaining unchanged, were depressed in the case of conditioned reactions attended with a general motor restlessness. A difference has been revealed during conditioning in the EP changes to electrical stimulation of MGB and to an adequate peripheral stimulation. It has been assumed that EP changes during conditioned activity are determined by the relationship between the levels of tonic and phasic cortical activation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210755", "title": "[A study of the phases of audiovisual interaction].", "content": "A study was made of the dependence of errors in recognizing visual and discriminating acoustic stimuli and of the reaction time (RT), on the duration of intersignal intervals (ISI) (10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 1000 msec). With longer ISI a decrease in RT has been found, particularly pronounced in responses to the second stimuli of the pair. RT to the visual (acoustic) stimulus increases not only when an acoustic (photic) signal is present in the complex, but also in the case of its anticipation. The level of errors in recognizing visual and discriminating acoustic stimuli does not depend on ISI duration. The results so obtained are discussed as related to psychological refractory period and to interaction of sensorimotor channels of the human brain.", "contents": "[A study of the phases of audiovisual interaction]. A study was made of the dependence of errors in recognizing visual and discriminating acoustic stimuli and of the reaction time (RT), on the duration of intersignal intervals (ISI) (10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 1000 msec). With longer ISI a decrease in RT has been found, particularly pronounced in responses to the second stimuli of the pair. RT to the visual (acoustic) stimulus increases not only when an acoustic (photic) signal is present in the complex, but also in the case of its anticipation. The level of errors in recognizing visual and discriminating acoustic stimuli does not depend on ISI duration. The results so obtained are discussed as related to psychological refractory period and to interaction of sensorimotor channels of the human brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1210758", "title": "[Electrical potentials of the vagal and sympathetic pathways of the stomach during elaboration of conditioned reflexes].", "content": "In chronic experiments on dogs discharges were recorded in efferent fibers of the vagal and splanchnic nerves and gastric branches of the solar plexus in the form of slow low-voltage and rapid high-voltage potentials. Alimentary conditioning to a previously indifferent stimulus produced a clear efferent reaction expressed in an increased number of oscillations. The magnitude of efferent electrical responses in all the examined structures is dissimilar and depends on the nerve nature (sympathetic or parasympathetic). The greatest electric reactions occur in the vagal gastric pathways.", "contents": "[Electrical potentials of the vagal and sympathetic pathways of the stomach during elaboration of conditioned reflexes]. In chronic experiments on dogs discharges were recorded in efferent fibers of the vagal and splanchnic nerves and gastric branches of the solar plexus in the form of slow low-voltage and rapid high-voltage potentials. Alimentary conditioning to a previously indifferent stimulus produced a clear efferent reaction expressed in an increased number of oscillations. The magnitude of efferent electrical responses in all the examined structures is dissimilar and depends on the nerve nature (sympathetic or parasympathetic). The greatest electric reactions occur in the vagal gastric pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:1210757", "title": "[Electroencephalographic correlates of a pathologic inert motor reaction in dogs].", "content": "Changes in EEG were examined during setting in of a pathological inert motor reaction in dogs with parts of the tongue brought out and electrodes implanted in the motor cortical area and limbic structures. The reaction was formed when combining stimulation by a salt solution of the part of the tongue with electrical stimulation of the paw. The inert motor reaction is characterized by enhanced synchronization (theta-rhythm) in the hippocampus and increased amplitude of the beta-rhythm in the motor cortical areas. A frequency-amplitude analysis of the summary EEG has shown that the highest correlation was established at the beginning of elaboration of the inert motor reaction only between a small number of limbic structures (the hippocampus, the hypothalamus and the cingulate gyrus), then between all the examined structures of the brain; when the inert reaction became elaborated the number of structures with a high correlation coefficient diminished again and was reduced to the hippocampus, the hypothalamus and the cortical motor area.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic correlates of a pathologic inert motor reaction in dogs]. Changes in EEG were examined during setting in of a pathological inert motor reaction in dogs with parts of the tongue brought out and electrodes implanted in the motor cortical area and limbic structures. The reaction was formed when combining stimulation by a salt solution of the part of the tongue with electrical stimulation of the paw. The inert motor reaction is characterized by enhanced synchronization (theta-rhythm) in the hippocampus and increased amplitude of the beta-rhythm in the motor cortical areas. A frequency-amplitude analysis of the summary EEG has shown that the highest correlation was established at the beginning of elaboration of the inert motor reaction only between a small number of limbic structures (the hippocampus, the hypothalamus and the cingulate gyrus), then between all the examined structures of the brain; when the inert reaction became elaborated the number of structures with a high correlation coefficient diminished again and was reduced to the hippocampus, the hypothalamus and the cortical motor area."}
{"id": "PMID:1210760", "title": "[Conditioned alimentary motor reflexes in cats following destruction of the scorpula].", "content": "Bilateral ablation of the putamen results in temporary disappearance of natural as well as artificial conditioned motor reflexes in cats. Further training is necessary for their reestablishment. Restored conditioned reflexes appear with a long latency. After partial bilateral ablation of the putamen, animals that have been trained not only to press a pedal, but also to make a choice between a right or left feeding tray, lose the latter ability. After the reestablishment of conditioned reflexes, the animal makes a correct choice of side only in 68--70% of cases. After total bilateral ablation of the putamen the animals lose artificial conditioned reflexes. The results suggest that the putamen has a close relation to the mechanisms of learning and memory.", "contents": "[Conditioned alimentary motor reflexes in cats following destruction of the scorpula]. Bilateral ablation of the putamen results in temporary disappearance of natural as well as artificial conditioned motor reflexes in cats. Further training is necessary for their reestablishment. Restored conditioned reflexes appear with a long latency. After partial bilateral ablation of the putamen, animals that have been trained not only to press a pedal, but also to make a choice between a right or left feeding tray, lose the latter ability. After the reestablishment of conditioned reflexes, the animal makes a correct choice of side only in 68--70% of cases. After total bilateral ablation of the putamen the animals lose artificial conditioned reflexes. The results suggest that the putamen has a close relation to the mechanisms of learning and memory."}
{"id": "PMID:1210759", "title": "[The relationship between the dose of caffeine and the magnitude of conditioned reflex salivation in dogs].", "content": "Statistical estimates carried out on a comprehensive experimental material of the archives in the Laboratory of physiology of nervous system types at the Pavlov Institute of Physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, made it possible to plot average static characteristics of changes in the magnitude of positive conditioned reflexes in dogs, depending on the dose of caffeine. It appeared that conditioned reflexes decreased to some extent after a 0.01 g dose; within the range of 0.05 to 1 g doses, the magnitude of reflexes increased to the maximum; within the range of 0.1 to 0.5 g, their magnitude diminished from the maximum to the normal level, and, finally, a dose of 0.5 g or greater resulted in a drop of the magnitude of the reflexes below the normal level.", "contents": "[The relationship between the dose of caffeine and the magnitude of conditioned reflex salivation in dogs]. Statistical estimates carried out on a comprehensive experimental material of the archives in the Laboratory of physiology of nervous system types at the Pavlov Institute of Physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, made it possible to plot average static characteristics of changes in the magnitude of positive conditioned reflexes in dogs, depending on the dose of caffeine. It appeared that conditioned reflexes decreased to some extent after a 0.01 g dose; within the range of 0.05 to 1 g doses, the magnitude of reflexes increased to the maximum; within the range of 0.1 to 0.5 g, their magnitude diminished from the maximum to the normal level, and, finally, a dose of 0.5 g or greater resulted in a drop of the magnitude of the reflexes below the normal level."}
{"id": "PMID:1210762", "title": "[Models of learning based on the plastic properties of the \"placing reaction\" in cats].", "content": "A possibility of functional reorganization of initial sensorimotor connections of the forepaw has been shown on seven cats. The main initial relationships between the afferent tactile input and motor output for the ulnar joint of the cat forepaw are as follows: tactile stimulation of the dorsal surface of the paw produces a flexion in the ulnar joint (\"placing reaction\"), and that of the ventral surface, an extension of the paw in the ulnar joint (\"magnetic reflex\"); simultaneous tactile stimulation of the ventral surface of the paw blocks the \"placing reaction\" evoked by a touch of the dorsal side. Extinction was produced of the above unconditioned connections and elaboration of a new \"cross\" connection consisting in that tactile stimulation of the ventral side of the paw resulted in flexion in the ulnar joint.", "contents": "[Models of learning based on the plastic properties of the \"placing reaction\" in cats]. A possibility of functional reorganization of initial sensorimotor connections of the forepaw has been shown on seven cats. The main initial relationships between the afferent tactile input and motor output for the ulnar joint of the cat forepaw are as follows: tactile stimulation of the dorsal surface of the paw produces a flexion in the ulnar joint (\"placing reaction\"), and that of the ventral surface, an extension of the paw in the ulnar joint (\"magnetic reflex\"); simultaneous tactile stimulation of the ventral surface of the paw blocks the \"placing reaction\" evoked by a touch of the dorsal side. Extinction was produced of the above unconditioned connections and elaboration of a new \"cross\" connection consisting in that tactile stimulation of the ventral side of the paw resulted in flexion in the ulnar joint."}
{"id": "PMID:1210761", "title": "[The role of the temporal areas in conditioned reflex activity following section of the brachia of the inferior colliculi].", "content": "The role of the neocortex temporal areas in the closing function was studied in chronic experiments on cats in the norm and after section of the posterior colliculi brachia. The techniques of functional elimination of the temporal neocortex by cold and section of the posterior colliculi brachia were used. Functional elimination of the cortical temporal areas prevents formation of a stable conditioned reflex in the first twenty sessions with cooling. Conditioned reflexes elaborated after section of the posterior colliculi brachia are not manifested in the case of cooling of the temporal areas throughout the period of observation (18 sessions). At the same time the conditioned reflexes elaborated before the section, are restored quite rapidly (five to six sessions). Hence, the neocortex temporal areas are more important for setting up conditioned connections than for their preservation and the use of connections previously elaborated.", "contents": "[The role of the temporal areas in conditioned reflex activity following section of the brachia of the inferior colliculi]. The role of the neocortex temporal areas in the closing function was studied in chronic experiments on cats in the norm and after section of the posterior colliculi brachia. The techniques of functional elimination of the temporal neocortex by cold and section of the posterior colliculi brachia were used. Functional elimination of the cortical temporal areas prevents formation of a stable conditioned reflex in the first twenty sessions with cooling. Conditioned reflexes elaborated after section of the posterior colliculi brachia are not manifested in the case of cooling of the temporal areas throughout the period of observation (18 sessions). At the same time the conditioned reflexes elaborated before the section, are restored quite rapidly (five to six sessions). Hence, the neocortex temporal areas are more important for setting up conditioned connections than for their preservation and the use of connections previously elaborated."}
{"id": "PMID:1210764", "title": "[The role of biological needs in the genesis of self stimulation].", "content": "It has been found in fifteen rats with monopolar electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamus that after stimulation of the brain with bursts of electrical pulses of fixed duration, with definite combinations of stimulation parameters, the histograms of the duration of pedal pressing have a polymodal appearance. As the combinations of stimulation parameters change, the number, position and magnitude of the modes undergo a corresponding change. With unchanged parameters of stimulation the form of pressing duration histogram does not change significantly. A conclusion has been drawn that the modal duration of pressing in the course of self-stimulation is apparently an effector manifestation of central integration of reinforcing excitation. In a state of hunger and thirst as well as under weak nembutal anaesthesia, the previously monomodal histograms of the pressing durations produce additional modes which diminish and disappear after satiation and discontinuation of the nembutal effect. It is assumed that at least some modes of the histograms of the pressing duration of self-stimulation may reflect an activation of the systems of biological needs.", "contents": "[The role of biological needs in the genesis of self stimulation]. It has been found in fifteen rats with monopolar electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamus that after stimulation of the brain with bursts of electrical pulses of fixed duration, with definite combinations of stimulation parameters, the histograms of the duration of pedal pressing have a polymodal appearance. As the combinations of stimulation parameters change, the number, position and magnitude of the modes undergo a corresponding change. With unchanged parameters of stimulation the form of pressing duration histogram does not change significantly. A conclusion has been drawn that the modal duration of pressing in the course of self-stimulation is apparently an effector manifestation of central integration of reinforcing excitation. In a state of hunger and thirst as well as under weak nembutal anaesthesia, the previously monomodal histograms of the pressing durations produce additional modes which diminish and disappear after satiation and discontinuation of the nembutal effect. It is assumed that at least some modes of the histograms of the pressing duration of self-stimulation may reflect an activation of the systems of biological needs."}
{"id": "PMID:1210765", "title": "[Conditioned reflex reproduction of evoked potentials during reinforcement by electrostimulation of the hypothalamus].", "content": "Conditioned evoked potentials to stimulation of a limb, a light flash or a short tone were studied on rats in acute experiments with nembutal anaesthesia and in chronic experiments. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus was used as reinforcement. Following the pairings of conditioned and hypothalamic stimulation, the appearance of conditioned EP was recorded, as manifest in the period of the previously applied unconditioned signal after its omission. Their emergence was facilitated after high-frequency stimulation of the hypothalamus or administration of galantamine, an anticholinesteraze drug. Coagulation of the hypothalamus did not prevent any manifestation of conditioned evoked potentials.", "contents": "[Conditioned reflex reproduction of evoked potentials during reinforcement by electrostimulation of the hypothalamus]. Conditioned evoked potentials to stimulation of a limb, a light flash or a short tone were studied on rats in acute experiments with nembutal anaesthesia and in chronic experiments. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus was used as reinforcement. Following the pairings of conditioned and hypothalamic stimulation, the appearance of conditioned EP was recorded, as manifest in the period of the previously applied unconditioned signal after its omission. Their emergence was facilitated after high-frequency stimulation of the hypothalamus or administration of galantamine, an anticholinesteraze drug. Coagulation of the hypothalamus did not prevent any manifestation of conditioned evoked potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:1210763", "title": "[Dynamics of caudate nucleus involvement in the process of internal inhibition of the food-getting reflex].", "content": "Changes of slow spindle electrical activity (12 to 14 cps) and evoked potentials in the cat caudate nuclei and the motor cortex were studied at different stages of elaboration of differentiation inhibition of a conditioned food-procuring reflex to acoustic stimuli. It has been shown that participation of the caudate nuclei in the inhibitory process begins at the stage of enhancement of food-procuring activity (second stage) and is apparently due to the animal's strong alimentary motivational excitation. At the third stage the inhibitory influence of caudate nuclei on the animal's motor activity in general, and the activity of the motor cortex in particular, develops to the full.", "contents": "[Dynamics of caudate nucleus involvement in the process of internal inhibition of the food-getting reflex]. Changes of slow spindle electrical activity (12 to 14 cps) and evoked potentials in the cat caudate nuclei and the motor cortex were studied at different stages of elaboration of differentiation inhibition of a conditioned food-procuring reflex to acoustic stimuli. It has been shown that participation of the caudate nuclei in the inhibitory process begins at the stage of enhancement of food-procuring activity (second stage) and is apparently due to the animal's strong alimentary motivational excitation. At the third stage the inhibitory influence of caudate nuclei on the animal's motor activity in general, and the activity of the motor cortex in particular, develops to the full."}
{"id": "PMID:1210768", "title": "[The relationship between emotional tension and different circumstances surrounding examinations].", "content": "The intensity of neural-emotional stress was studied in students to be examined. It was determined by the P/T index and considerably varied under the influence of different factors. These comprised final and course examinations, suggested examinational situations, physical fitness, the students' progress, the first and subsequent examinations, the students' educational time record, sexual differences, stages of the examinational period and the nature of students' reply. The neuro-emotional stress and change in its intensity under the influence of the above factors apparently represent the student's adaptation to the examinational situation.", "contents": "[The relationship between emotional tension and different circumstances surrounding examinations]. The intensity of neural-emotional stress was studied in students to be examined. It was determined by the P/T index and considerably varied under the influence of different factors. These comprised final and course examinations, suggested examinational situations, physical fitness, the students' progress, the first and subsequent examinations, the students' educational time record, sexual differences, stages of the examinational period and the nature of students' reply. The neuro-emotional stress and change in its intensity under the influence of the above factors apparently represent the student's adaptation to the examinational situation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210772", "title": "[Electrophysiologic and behavioral changes in cats following section of the brachia of the inferior colliculi].", "content": "Evoked potentials to acoustic stimuli were recorded in the temporal cortical area, the medial geniculate body and the posterior lateral thalamic nucleus in acute experiments on anaesthetized cats. Section of the brachia of the inferior colliculi in an acute experiment resulted in the disappearance of potentials in the examined structures. A distinct correlation has been revealed between the recovery of evoked potentials in the cortico-thalamic auditory structures (in four to six weeks) and the possible elaboration of conditioned reactions within this time period after lesion of the inferior colliculi brachia. The involvement of the temporal area in the general brain activity appears to be one of the major conditions for the formation of new conditioned connections. Possible ways of restoration of afferent input to the temporal cortical area after lesion of the inferior colliculi brachia are discussed.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic and behavioral changes in cats following section of the brachia of the inferior colliculi]. Evoked potentials to acoustic stimuli were recorded in the temporal cortical area, the medial geniculate body and the posterior lateral thalamic nucleus in acute experiments on anaesthetized cats. Section of the brachia of the inferior colliculi in an acute experiment resulted in the disappearance of potentials in the examined structures. A distinct correlation has been revealed between the recovery of evoked potentials in the cortico-thalamic auditory structures (in four to six weeks) and the possible elaboration of conditioned reactions within this time period after lesion of the inferior colliculi brachia. The involvement of the temporal area in the general brain activity appears to be one of the major conditions for the formation of new conditioned connections. Possible ways of restoration of afferent input to the temporal cortical area after lesion of the inferior colliculi brachia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210774", "title": "[A neurophysiologic analysis of the solution of arithmetic problems by seven to eight-year-old schoolchildren].", "content": "The nature of correlation connections between various areas of the cerebral cortex in the process of solving arithmetic problems of different complexity was studied in children seven to eight years old. Particularly noticeable differences by this parameter became prominent between the following periods of solving easy and difficult problems: 1) presentation of the problems; 2) comparison of the solution with the control; 3) selfestimation of the result of the activity. An important part in each of the indicated periods was played by comparing the preceding and current excitations. When difficult problems were solved, this process ended in a discordance effect. The findings attest that the phenomenon of discordance in effecting purposeful activity produces activation of the brain as a whole and of its frontal areas in particular.", "contents": "[A neurophysiologic analysis of the solution of arithmetic problems by seven to eight-year-old schoolchildren]. The nature of correlation connections between various areas of the cerebral cortex in the process of solving arithmetic problems of different complexity was studied in children seven to eight years old. Particularly noticeable differences by this parameter became prominent between the following periods of solving easy and difficult problems: 1) presentation of the problems; 2) comparison of the solution with the control; 3) selfestimation of the result of the activity. An important part in each of the indicated periods was played by comparing the preceding and current excitations. When difficult problems were solved, this process ended in a discordance effect. The findings attest that the phenomenon of discordance in effecting purposeful activity produces activation of the brain as a whole and of its frontal areas in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:1210769", "title": "[The effect of removal of the frontal region of the brain on conditioned reflexes to time and available stimuli].", "content": "The experiments were made on six dogs by the motor alimentary technique. It has been shown that ablation of the frontal lobe (fields: F1; F2; F3; F4) does not eliminate previously elaborated conditioned reflexes to time, temporal differentiations and reversals. They were disturbed because of motor perseverance only during the first one to three months. A conditioned reflex to time and temporal differentiations are elaborated much slower in dogs with a preliminary lobectomy, as compared with intact animals. A conclusion is drawn that the frontal lobe is not directly involved in counting the time macrointervals.", "contents": "[The effect of removal of the frontal region of the brain on conditioned reflexes to time and available stimuli]. The experiments were made on six dogs by the motor alimentary technique. It has been shown that ablation of the frontal lobe (fields: F1; F2; F3; F4) does not eliminate previously elaborated conditioned reflexes to time, temporal differentiations and reversals. They were disturbed because of motor perseverance only during the first one to three months. A conditioned reflex to time and temporal differentiations are elaborated much slower in dogs with a preliminary lobectomy, as compared with intact animals. A conclusion is drawn that the frontal lobe is not directly involved in counting the time macrointervals."}
{"id": "PMID:1210771", "title": "[Intra-analyzer temporary connections in the visual system].", "content": "The possibility of setting up intraanalyser temporary connections integrating the activity of various elements within the central part of the visual analyser at a neuronal level was studied in acute experiments on unanaesthetized immobilized cats. In the given model of temporary connection the unit activity in the lateral geniculate bodies (LGB) was investigated. Electrical stimulation of the superior colliculi was used as a conditioned stimulus, and illumination of the receptive fields of the studied LGB neurones, as an unconditioned one. In the process of conditioning, 10 to 11% of learning elements were revealed in LGB. The possibility is discussed of integration of learning elements into a definite microsystem achieving the process of temporary connection closing in the visual analyser in the course of conditioning.", "contents": "[Intra-analyzer temporary connections in the visual system]. The possibility of setting up intraanalyser temporary connections integrating the activity of various elements within the central part of the visual analyser at a neuronal level was studied in acute experiments on unanaesthetized immobilized cats. In the given model of temporary connection the unit activity in the lateral geniculate bodies (LGB) was investigated. Electrical stimulation of the superior colliculi was used as a conditioned stimulus, and illumination of the receptive fields of the studied LGB neurones, as an unconditioned one. In the process of conditioning, 10 to 11% of learning elements were revealed in LGB. The possibility is discussed of integration of learning elements into a definite microsystem achieving the process of temporary connection closing in the visual analyser in the course of conditioning."}
{"id": "PMID:1210773", "title": "[A cross correlation analysis of the electrical activity of different regions of the cerebral cortex during visual pattern recognition in children].", "content": "Characteristics of spatial-temporal organization of brain biopotentials were examined in one to 2.5 year old children during recognition of visual images. Crosscorrelation EEG analysis of frontal, motor, inferior parietal, temporal and occipital cortical zones has shown that recognition of familiar visual objects is accompanied by an increase in spatial synchronization of biopotentials, especially in the inferior parietal zones of both hemispheres and occipital centres of the left hemisphere. There is a considerable increase in the number of highly synchronous synphasic oscillations at the 4--5 per sec frequency with an intensified periodicity of processes. Recognition of unfamiliar objects does not produce a similar effect. Temporal organization of biopotentials of the associative (frontal and inferior parietal) and projection visual areas in the course of recognition of images depends on the existence of a notion of the whole object in the child's memory.", "contents": "[A cross correlation analysis of the electrical activity of different regions of the cerebral cortex during visual pattern recognition in children]. Characteristics of spatial-temporal organization of brain biopotentials were examined in one to 2.5 year old children during recognition of visual images. Crosscorrelation EEG analysis of frontal, motor, inferior parietal, temporal and occipital cortical zones has shown that recognition of familiar visual objects is accompanied by an increase in spatial synchronization of biopotentials, especially in the inferior parietal zones of both hemispheres and occipital centres of the left hemisphere. There is a considerable increase in the number of highly synchronous synphasic oscillations at the 4--5 per sec frequency with an intensified periodicity of processes. Recognition of unfamiliar objects does not produce a similar effect. Temporal organization of biopotentials of the associative (frontal and inferior parietal) and projection visual areas in the course of recognition of images depends on the existence of a notion of the whole object in the child's memory."}
{"id": "PMID:1210770", "title": "[Electrical reactions in the cat brain during differentiation of photic stimuli].", "content": "Study of EEG responses to photic conditioned stimuli in cats has shown that the extent of brain activation depends not on the physical strength of the stimulus, but on its biological significance. The longest activation is recorded to a positive signal, even if it is the weakest flash of light. The intensity of EEG responses to negative stimuli is determined by the nearness of their physical parameters to those of the positive signal. Repeated presentation of a non-reinforced flash leads to a gradual extinction of EEG reactions. Brain activation in response to a reinforced positive signal persists unchanged even after a large number of its repetitions. The revealed properties of brain electrical reactions to stimuli of different significance accord with those previously recorded in response to acoustic stimuli. In both cases the data are in agreement with hypothesis of a central system of signal analysis, which performs the estimation of stimuli according to their biological quality.", "contents": "[Electrical reactions in the cat brain during differentiation of photic stimuli]. Study of EEG responses to photic conditioned stimuli in cats has shown that the extent of brain activation depends not on the physical strength of the stimulus, but on its biological significance. The longest activation is recorded to a positive signal, even if it is the weakest flash of light. The intensity of EEG responses to negative stimuli is determined by the nearness of their physical parameters to those of the positive signal. Repeated presentation of a non-reinforced flash leads to a gradual extinction of EEG reactions. Brain activation in response to a reinforced positive signal persists unchanged even after a large number of its repetitions. The revealed properties of brain electrical reactions to stimuli of different significance accord with those previously recorded in response to acoustic stimuli. In both cases the data are in agreement with hypothesis of a central system of signal analysis, which performs the estimation of stimuli according to their biological quality."}
{"id": "PMID:1210777", "title": "[The role of Schaffer's collaterals in the sensory responses of the neurons of hippocampal field CA1].", "content": "In experiments with extracellular recording from the field CA1 pyramidal neurons in unanaesthetized rabbits the functional role of the Schaffer's collaterals (Sc) was investigated. Simultaneous presentation of sensory stimuli and Sc stimulation uniformly resulted in increase in duration of the post-excitatory inhibitory phase. In experiments with electrolytic lesion of the CA3 in the hippocampal segment, where recording from the CA1 was performed, background neuronal activity was normal. Reactions to sensory stimuli were preserved and had typical of the CA1 differentiated characteristics. The number of neurons with inhibitory responses to sensory stimuli was reduced. Habituation of responses was almost absent. Gradual increase in reactions duration up to prolonged increase of the background activity level was observed with repeated presentations of the stimuli. It is suggested that the influences of the field CA3 (through Sc) are not necessary for organization of sensory reactions in the CA1, but somehow participate in their limitation and inhibition.", "contents": "[The role of Schaffer's collaterals in the sensory responses of the neurons of hippocampal field CA1]. In experiments with extracellular recording from the field CA1 pyramidal neurons in unanaesthetized rabbits the functional role of the Schaffer's collaterals (Sc) was investigated. Simultaneous presentation of sensory stimuli and Sc stimulation uniformly resulted in increase in duration of the post-excitatory inhibitory phase. In experiments with electrolytic lesion of the CA3 in the hippocampal segment, where recording from the CA1 was performed, background neuronal activity was normal. Reactions to sensory stimuli were preserved and had typical of the CA1 differentiated characteristics. The number of neurons with inhibitory responses to sensory stimuli was reduced. Habituation of responses was almost absent. Gradual increase in reactions duration up to prolonged increase of the background activity level was observed with repeated presentations of the stimuli. It is suggested that the influences of the field CA3 (through Sc) are not necessary for organization of sensory reactions in the CA1, but somehow participate in their limitation and inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:1210776", "title": "[The activity of hippocampal neurons during several types of behavior].", "content": "The activity of 87 hippocampal units and the EEG (field CAI) were studied in unrestrained rabbits during calm and active alertness and at different stages of sleep. Correlation has been established between the characteristics (mean frequency and the pattern) of unit firing, EEG and the animal's activity. For most of the neurones, fixed values of mean frequency and the discharge pattern corresponded to a definite functional state. With transition from sleep to alertness, 63.6% of the units became active, 29.1% were inhibited, and the rest of the units changed the firing pattern only. The cells which became activated during awakening, showed a reduced firing frequency during a more profound sleep and higher discharge frequency during the paradoxal phase of sleep, while the inhibitory cells revealed reverse dynamics of discharge frequency. In a state of alertness, the most pronounced shifts in firing activity were observed in 33.3% of the nerve cells at orienting investigating behaviour, in 27.1%, during attention reaction, in 22.9% at some kinds of movement, and in 16.7%, in the course of feeding and drinking. A conclusion has been drawn that the role of the hippocampus in achieving different behavioral reactions is probably to a great extent determined by its participation in setting up a level of the brain central tone, specific for each state.", "contents": "[The activity of hippocampal neurons during several types of behavior]. The activity of 87 hippocampal units and the EEG (field CAI) were studied in unrestrained rabbits during calm and active alertness and at different stages of sleep. Correlation has been established between the characteristics (mean frequency and the pattern) of unit firing, EEG and the animal's activity. For most of the neurones, fixed values of mean frequency and the discharge pattern corresponded to a definite functional state. With transition from sleep to alertness, 63.6% of the units became active, 29.1% were inhibited, and the rest of the units changed the firing pattern only. The cells which became activated during awakening, showed a reduced firing frequency during a more profound sleep and higher discharge frequency during the paradoxal phase of sleep, while the inhibitory cells revealed reverse dynamics of discharge frequency. In a state of alertness, the most pronounced shifts in firing activity were observed in 33.3% of the nerve cells at orienting investigating behaviour, in 27.1%, during attention reaction, in 22.9% at some kinds of movement, and in 16.7%, in the course of feeding and drinking. A conclusion has been drawn that the role of the hippocampus in achieving different behavioral reactions is probably to a great extent determined by its participation in setting up a level of the brain central tone, specific for each state."}
{"id": "PMID:1210775", "title": "[Temporal changes in conscious and unconscious trace phenomena in six to seven-year-old children].", "content": "Development in time of unconscious trace reactions as well as a change in the time of reproduction of verbal material in natural conditions was studied by the conditioned reflex to time method on 107 school children aged from six to seven years and on 35 subjects of the same age from a kindergarten. It has been found that in schoolchildren the transfer of trace reactions to long-term storage is completed faster, and their voluntary acts in the course of conscious reproduction of an interstimuli intervals are more adequate than in the kindergarten children of the same age. The trace phenomena formed in natural conditions and in the laboratory experiment develop in time in a similar way. The change in time of conscious trace phenomena is of a more complex nature than of the unconscious phenomena. The practical significance of the data obtained is noted.", "contents": "[Temporal changes in conscious and unconscious trace phenomena in six to seven-year-old children]. Development in time of unconscious trace reactions as well as a change in the time of reproduction of verbal material in natural conditions was studied by the conditioned reflex to time method on 107 school children aged from six to seven years and on 35 subjects of the same age from a kindergarten. It has been found that in schoolchildren the transfer of trace reactions to long-term storage is completed faster, and their voluntary acts in the course of conscious reproduction of an interstimuli intervals are more adequate than in the kindergarten children of the same age. The trace phenomena formed in natural conditions and in the laboratory experiment develop in time in a similar way. The change in time of conscious trace phenomena is of a more complex nature than of the unconscious phenomena. The practical significance of the data obtained is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1210787", "title": "[A rapid method for determination of oil in lecithins (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid method for routine determination of oil in commercial lecithins and similar phospholipid samples has been worked out. This based on the observation that under the described experimental conditions 1 g of phospholipids is completely adsorbed on 45 g silica gel which has previously been disactivated by the addition of 15% water. The lecithin sample is filtered in ethereal solution through a column filled with disactivated silica gel which is subsequently washed with a little ether. The combined ether eluates are evaporated to dryness invacuo and the residue weighed. This residue is the oil part of the sample and is constituted of mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids, sterols and their derivatives. The duration for one such determination is about 20 min.", "contents": "[A rapid method for determination of oil in lecithins (author's transl)]. A rapid method for routine determination of oil in commercial lecithins and similar phospholipid samples has been worked out. This based on the observation that under the described experimental conditions 1 g of phospholipids is completely adsorbed on 45 g silica gel which has previously been disactivated by the addition of 15% water. The lecithin sample is filtered in ethereal solution through a column filled with disactivated silica gel which is subsequently washed with a little ether. The combined ether eluates are evaporated to dryness invacuo and the residue weighed. This residue is the oil part of the sample and is constituted of mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids, sterols and their derivatives. The duration for one such determination is about 20 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1210788", "title": "[Polysaccharide additives in foods rich in proteins II. A simple, semi-quantitative technique of estimation (author's transl)].", "content": "Samples of foods rich in protein, after removal of lipids and of proteins by enzymatic hydrolysis, are partially demineralized and concentrated. In the concentrate polysaccharides are detected and semi-quantitively estimated by performing the precipitations in graduated tubes, which are especially suitable for this purpose, and the precipitates taken to comparable densities by centrifugation under standard conditions.", "contents": "[Polysaccharide additives in foods rich in proteins II. A simple, semi-quantitative technique of estimation (author's transl)]. Samples of foods rich in protein, after removal of lipids and of proteins by enzymatic hydrolysis, are partially demineralized and concentrated. In the concentrate polysaccharides are detected and semi-quantitively estimated by performing the precipitations in graduated tubes, which are especially suitable for this purpose, and the precipitates taken to comparable densities by centrifugation under standard conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1210778", "title": "[Participation of mesencephalic structures in vocal reactions].", "content": "Electrical stimulation and ablation of the midbrain structures in hens and one-day old chickens have revealed the structures (ICO, MLD, MLV, IPC and IMC) involved in the formation of vocal reactions. The paper outlines the functional characteristics of the structures and their dissimilarities which are determined by the type of their units. In the course of individual development of the hens, there is an increase of excitability and lability of the nervous processes in the examined structures.", "contents": "[Participation of mesencephalic structures in vocal reactions]. Electrical stimulation and ablation of the midbrain structures in hens and one-day old chickens have revealed the structures (ICO, MLD, MLV, IPC and IMC) involved in the formation of vocal reactions. The paper outlines the functional characteristics of the structures and their dissimilarities which are determined by the type of their units. In the course of individual development of the hens, there is an increase of excitability and lability of the nervous processes in the examined structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1210789", "title": "[Thiamine in irradiated foodstuffs. II. Combined effects of irradiation, storage and cooking on the thiamine content (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of 10 MeV electron radiation, of storage for several months and of heating on the thiamine content of wheat flour, crushed oats, ground pork, and dried whole egg were studied. A synergistic effect of these treatments on thiamine losses was observed. In irradiated samples thiamine content was more affected by storage and heating than in unirradiated ones.", "contents": "[Thiamine in irradiated foodstuffs. II. Combined effects of irradiation, storage and cooking on the thiamine content (author's transl)]. The effects of 10 MeV electron radiation, of storage for several months and of heating on the thiamine content of wheat flour, crushed oats, ground pork, and dried whole egg were studied. A synergistic effect of these treatments on thiamine losses was observed. In irradiated samples thiamine content was more affected by storage and heating than in unirradiated ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1210791", "title": "Nonenzymic browning XIII. Effect of an antioxidant on the discoloration of lipid-protein mixtures.", "content": "Higher concentrations of butylated hydroxyanisole inhibited the autoxidation of mixtures of unsaturated cod liver oil fatty acid esters with model proteins. The rate of discoloration was far less efficiently affected by the antioxidant because the antoixidant did not prevent the further transformation into brown pigments of colourless precursors, mainly carbonyl lipid oxidation products, already present in the lipid fraction before the addition of antioxidant. The antioxidant also did not influence the pigments already formed.", "contents": "Nonenzymic browning XIII. Effect of an antioxidant on the discoloration of lipid-protein mixtures. Higher concentrations of butylated hydroxyanisole inhibited the autoxidation of mixtures of unsaturated cod liver oil fatty acid esters with model proteins. The rate of discoloration was far less efficiently affected by the antioxidant because the antoixidant did not prevent the further transformation into brown pigments of colourless precursors, mainly carbonyl lipid oxidation products, already present in the lipid fraction before the addition of antioxidant. The antioxidant also did not influence the pigments already formed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210790", "title": "Nonenzymic browning. XII. Maillard reactions in green coffee beans on storage.", "content": "During storage of green coffee beans at increased temperature and at constant humidity reducing sugars present in original beans react with free amino acids with formation of colourless unstable products. Additional reducing sugars and free amino acids are produced by hydrolysis of polysaccharides and proteins, respectively. The second stage of storage is characterized by only slight changes in the content of free amino acids and sugars but by intensive  browning reactions. This latter stage was characterized by deterioration of sensory quality of coffee beverage, especially of its odour. Lysine combined in protein was involved in browning reactions via colourless intermediary products.", "contents": "Nonenzymic browning. XII. Maillard reactions in green coffee beans on storage. During storage of green coffee beans at increased temperature and at constant humidity reducing sugars present in original beans react with free amino acids with formation of colourless unstable products. Additional reducing sugars and free amino acids are produced by hydrolysis of polysaccharides and proteins, respectively. The second stage of storage is characterized by only slight changes in the content of free amino acids and sugars but by intensive  browning reactions. This latter stage was characterized by deterioration of sensory quality of coffee beverage, especially of its odour. Lysine combined in protein was involved in browning reactions via colourless intermediary products."}
{"id": "PMID:1210792", "title": "[Morphology of yttrium-90 treated experimental arthritis].", "content": "A rheumatoid arthritis was produced in rabbits according to the method described by Klinge. It was treated with a single dosage of 2 mCi Yttrium-90. After 3 weeks the animals treated with Yttrium showed less fibrosis of the synovial membrane than the controls. After 6 weeks the synovial membrane of the non-treated controls showed considerable fibrosis but the synovial villi of the treated animals were slender and largely unchanged.", "contents": "[Morphology of yttrium-90 treated experimental arthritis]. A rheumatoid arthritis was produced in rabbits according to the method described by Klinge. It was treated with a single dosage of 2 mCi Yttrium-90. After 3 weeks the animals treated with Yttrium showed less fibrosis of the synovial membrane than the controls. After 6 weeks the synovial membrane of the non-treated controls showed considerable fibrosis but the synovial villi of the treated animals were slender and largely unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:1210794", "title": "[Subchondral osteonecroses of large joints in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The frequency and preferred localisation of overt subchondral osteonecrosis in large joints have been studied in a roentgenological and clinical study. Among 619 patients (454 female, 165 male) a severe subchondral osteonecrosis was found 44 times on one or more (maximum 3) large joints of 30 patients. The hip and shoulder joints were most frequently attacked, while patients with an advanced stage or longer duration of the disease and those in the middle age groups showed this most often. Osteonecrosis did not necessarily correlate with the activity of the disease process and with the presence of a positive rheumatoid factor. Radiologically, osteolytic appearances are seen most often in the elbow and osteochondritis dissecans in the knee joint. In the hip and shoulder joint the appearances are those of reparative states with a distinct demarcation, more rarely a severe osteolysis also involving the adjacent skeletal parts, occasionally a diffuse irregular lytic osteoporosis and necrosis. The pathogenesis is discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Subchondral osteonecroses of large joints in rheumatoid arthritis]. The frequency and preferred localisation of overt subchondral osteonecrosis in large joints have been studied in a roentgenological and clinical study. Among 619 patients (454 female, 165 male) a severe subchondral osteonecrosis was found 44 times on one or more (maximum 3) large joints of 30 patients. The hip and shoulder joints were most frequently attacked, while patients with an advanced stage or longer duration of the disease and those in the middle age groups showed this most often. Osteonecrosis did not necessarily correlate with the activity of the disease process and with the presence of a positive rheumatoid factor. Radiologically, osteolytic appearances are seen most often in the elbow and osteochondritis dissecans in the knee joint. In the hip and shoulder joint the appearances are those of reparative states with a distinct demarcation, more rarely a severe osteolysis also involving the adjacent skeletal parts, occasionally a diffuse irregular lytic osteoporosis and necrosis. The pathogenesis is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1210793", "title": "[Uncharacteristic symptoms of the motor apparatus in gout].", "content": "Gout may present in such atypical forms as \"primary-chronic\", \"masked\", or \"asymptomatic gout at all stages affecting almost any joint. These uncharacteristic presentations were found in 22 out of 124 patients observed. The disease of 4 patients is described as casuistics. Important conclusions of practical use for early diagnosis and early treatment are drawn. Every arthropathy in a male where the diagnosis is not certain, must be suspected as being due to gout. The diagnosis can be assured by detecting urate deposits in the tissue. Determinations of the serum uric acid level can only be indicative since they are subject to a variety of influences. In early disease the x-ray appearances may be described as normal; in later disease as \"degenerative\" in the joints or in the vertebral column. In an acute relapse the colchicine-test is of high specifity, but its interpretation may be difficult in the primary chronic forms. The other clinical manifestations of the gout syndrome are of high value for the selection of patients in whom urate deposits in the tissue must be sought.", "contents": "[Uncharacteristic symptoms of the motor apparatus in gout]. Gout may present in such atypical forms as \"primary-chronic\", \"masked\", or \"asymptomatic gout at all stages affecting almost any joint. These uncharacteristic presentations were found in 22 out of 124 patients observed. The disease of 4 patients is described as casuistics. Important conclusions of practical use for early diagnosis and early treatment are drawn. Every arthropathy in a male where the diagnosis is not certain, must be suspected as being due to gout. The diagnosis can be assured by detecting urate deposits in the tissue. Determinations of the serum uric acid level can only be indicative since they are subject to a variety of influences. In early disease the x-ray appearances may be described as normal; in later disease as \"degenerative\" in the joints or in the vertebral column. In an acute relapse the colchicine-test is of high specifity, but its interpretation may be difficult in the primary chronic forms. The other clinical manifestations of the gout syndrome are of high value for the selection of patients in whom urate deposits in the tissue must be sought."}
{"id": "PMID:1210795", "title": "[Management of para-articular cysts in progressive chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "Peri-articular cysts complicating rheumatoid arthritis give rise to a difficult therapeutic problem. The origin of these cysts is discussed with particular reference to Baker's cyst. In principle, treatment is identical with that used in chronic joint effusions. The authors have noted satisfactory results with a steroid-synoviorthesis using triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog, Squibb, Volon, Heyden). Best results have been achieved by injecting triamcinolone into both the cyst and the corresponding joint. The total effect of intraarticular use of this drug is discussed.", "contents": "[Management of para-articular cysts in progressive chronic polyarthritis]. Peri-articular cysts complicating rheumatoid arthritis give rise to a difficult therapeutic problem. The origin of these cysts is discussed with particular reference to Baker's cyst. In principle, treatment is identical with that used in chronic joint effusions. The authors have noted satisfactory results with a steroid-synoviorthesis using triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog, Squibb, Volon, Heyden). Best results have been achieved by injecting triamcinolone into both the cyst and the corresponding joint. The total effect of intraarticular use of this drug is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1210810", "title": "The orientation of night-migrating passerines without the directional influence of the starry sky and/or the earth magnetic field.", "content": "During four seasons in 1972-73 a total of 598 orientation experiments -- including 157 displacements -- was carried out. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate the orientation under an overcast sky and/or when the earth magnetic field was screened by a strong artificial magnetic field. These experiments were compared with experiments carried out under the presumed maximum condition, i.e. under a starry sky and without magnetic disturbances. In general, little or no \"reduction\" of the sample mean vector, was observed under the \"deprived\" conditions. However, the concentration of the individual mean vectors and the activity were lowered. Clear compensation for a displacement was found in the absence of the stars and in a disturbed magnetic field. This means that directing cues from other sources than the stars and the earth magnetic field were involved. It is guessed that inertial orientation plays an important role. Reverse orientation -- including reverse compensation -- was found fairly frequently. It is supposed to be correlated with overcast, and perhaps in general stress conditions. In conclusion, simple one-direction orientation models are not thought to be sufficient to \"explain\" the observed orientations.", "contents": "The orientation of night-migrating passerines without the directional influence of the starry sky and/or the earth magnetic field. During four seasons in 1972-73 a total of 598 orientation experiments -- including 157 displacements -- was carried out. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate the orientation under an overcast sky and/or when the earth magnetic field was screened by a strong artificial magnetic field. These experiments were compared with experiments carried out under the presumed maximum condition, i.e. under a starry sky and without magnetic disturbances. In general, little or no \"reduction\" of the sample mean vector, was observed under the \"deprived\" conditions. However, the concentration of the individual mean vectors and the activity were lowered. Clear compensation for a displacement was found in the absence of the stars and in a disturbed magnetic field. This means that directing cues from other sources than the stars and the earth magnetic field were involved. It is guessed that inertial orientation plays an important role. Reverse orientation -- including reverse compensation -- was found fairly frequently. It is supposed to be correlated with overcast, and perhaps in general stress conditions. In conclusion, simple one-direction orientation models are not thought to be sufficient to \"explain\" the observed orientations."}
{"id": "PMID:1210811", "title": "[Basic analysis of the effective system of homing in spider Agelena labyrinthica (Cl.)].", "content": "1. The spider Agelena labyrinthica Cl. determined its home direction by integrating the information of each element of the outgoing path to the prey in continuous interaction with the incident light. 2. A vector hypothesis explaining how the direction and the length of the homing track was determined was verified: if the azimuth of the incident light was displaced by 90 degrees as soon as the spider had reached a certain point on the web, the vector of the theoretical course originating from this point was rotated by about 60 degrees. The end point of this rotated vector (\"fictitious retreat point\") was not only the goal for the homing course from this point, but also for the course originating from any other point of the web. 3. Spiders starting at the fictitious retreat point did not keep straight courses. Their movements were either at random or they were directed in slightly preferred directions caused by the phototactic influence of the previously performed outward course. 4. If the light had been displaced before the spider was lifted from the web, the lifting had no effect on the orientation performance. 5. The mean distance between the points of direction changes and the starting points varied linearly with the mean length of the outward course; therefore these distances were used as an indication for the distance orientation. 6. Contrary to all other formerly published hypotheses on the photomenotactic orientation of arthropods MITTELSTAEDTs' hypothesis about the homing of Agelena, which is similar to my vector hypothesis, is compatible with the data compiled by this investigation.", "contents": "[Basic analysis of the effective system of homing in spider Agelena labyrinthica (Cl.)]. 1. The spider Agelena labyrinthica Cl. determined its home direction by integrating the information of each element of the outgoing path to the prey in continuous interaction with the incident light. 2. A vector hypothesis explaining how the direction and the length of the homing track was determined was verified: if the azimuth of the incident light was displaced by 90 degrees as soon as the spider had reached a certain point on the web, the vector of the theoretical course originating from this point was rotated by about 60 degrees. The end point of this rotated vector (\"fictitious retreat point\") was not only the goal for the homing course from this point, but also for the course originating from any other point of the web. 3. Spiders starting at the fictitious retreat point did not keep straight courses. Their movements were either at random or they were directed in slightly preferred directions caused by the phototactic influence of the previously performed outward course. 4. If the light had been displaced before the spider was lifted from the web, the lifting had no effect on the orientation performance. 5. The mean distance between the points of direction changes and the starting points varied linearly with the mean length of the outward course; therefore these distances were used as an indication for the distance orientation. 6. Contrary to all other formerly published hypotheses on the photomenotactic orientation of arthropods MITTELSTAEDTs' hypothesis about the homing of Agelena, which is similar to my vector hypothesis, is compatible with the data compiled by this investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210812", "title": "Repetitions and pattern switches in songs of cardinals, Cardinalis cardinalis.", "content": "A correlation is established between repetitions of leading syllables in the songs of Cardinals and those which follow. The time intervals following repeated syllables relate first to acceleration at the beginning of a song but as the song progresses they relate more directly to the duration of the syllables. On the other hand the switch-intervals between different kinds of syllablles relate more to the duration of the following syllable, although acceleration at the beginning of the song may obscure the relationship.", "contents": "Repetitions and pattern switches in songs of cardinals, Cardinalis cardinalis. A correlation is established between repetitions of leading syllables in the songs of Cardinals and those which follow. The time intervals following repeated syllables relate first to acceleration at the beginning of a song but as the song progresses they relate more directly to the duration of the syllables. On the other hand the switch-intervals between different kinds of syllablles relate more to the duration of the following syllable, although acceleration at the beginning of the song may obscure the relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:1210813", "title": "[Orientation without external orientation clues in reptiles (Hemidactylus frenatus Gekkonidae)].", "content": "In a black-painted cylindric arena Geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) are able to find their hiding place without the aid of external orientation clues. This proprioceptive knowledge of the position is independent of the azimuth of the actual position of head and body, but it is influenced by a passive turning of the reptile. These findings lead to the assumption that the receptors of the labyrinth participate in the endogeneous (idiothetic) course control.", "contents": "[Orientation without external orientation clues in reptiles (Hemidactylus frenatus Gekkonidae)]. In a black-painted cylindric arena Geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) are able to find their hiding place without the aid of external orientation clues. This proprioceptive knowledge of the position is independent of the azimuth of the actual position of head and body, but it is influenced by a passive turning of the reptile. These findings lead to the assumption that the receptors of the labyrinth participate in the endogeneous (idiothetic) course control."}
{"id": "PMID:1210828", "title": "[The frequency of autopsies and bioptic examinations in Czechoslovakia from 1964 to 1973 (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of the routine necroptic and bioptic activities of the pathologists in CSSR shows the following basic facts: 1. The number of patients decreasing with the Public Health Service increases rapidly every year, only one half of these dead might be autopsied. The number of the autopsies increases far more slowely, so that the increase of unautopsied dead is to be expected in the next years. 2. The percentage of the autopsies from the total number of dead in CSSR permanently increases and it represents 32.4% in pathological autopsies and 36% together with the legal-medical autopsies. 3. The number of the bioptic examinations permanently increases. 4. The participation of the pathological institutes of the faculties in the routine necroptic and bioptic activity shows the decreasing tendency (26% ov all autopsies and 35% of all biopsies are performed by above mentioned institutes). This is caused by the foundation of the new pathological department directed by the Public Health Service.", "contents": "[The frequency of autopsies and bioptic examinations in Czechoslovakia from 1964 to 1973 (author's transl)]. The analysis of the routine necroptic and bioptic activities of the pathologists in CSSR shows the following basic facts: 1. The number of patients decreasing with the Public Health Service increases rapidly every year, only one half of these dead might be autopsied. The number of the autopsies increases far more slowely, so that the increase of unautopsied dead is to be expected in the next years. 2. The percentage of the autopsies from the total number of dead in CSSR permanently increases and it represents 32.4% in pathological autopsies and 36% together with the legal-medical autopsies. 3. The number of the bioptic examinations permanently increases. 4. The participation of the pathological institutes of the faculties in the routine necroptic and bioptic activity shows the decreasing tendency (26% ov all autopsies and 35% of all biopsies are performed by above mentioned institutes). This is caused by the foundation of the new pathological department directed by the Public Health Service."}
{"id": "PMID:1210829", "title": "[Contribution to the knowledge of fatty tissue--containing tumors of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on a case observation, the different types of fatty tissue-containing uterine tumors are discussed with regard to the literature. The different theories on the histogenesis of uterine lipomas are considered. Probably these lipomatous tumors arise from misplaced embryonic fat cells. With respect to the formal genesis, possible concordances with the uterine leiomyomas are pointed out.", "contents": "[Contribution to the knowledge of fatty tissue--containing tumors of the uterus (author's transl)]. Based on a case observation, the different types of fatty tissue-containing uterine tumors are discussed with regard to the literature. The different theories on the histogenesis of uterine lipomas are considered. Probably these lipomatous tumors arise from misplaced embryonic fat cells. With respect to the formal genesis, possible concordances with the uterine leiomyomas are pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:1210830", "title": "[Malignant hemangioendothelioma of adrenal gland and its histogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Histogenesis of malignant hemagioendothelioma with extreme rare localization in the adrenal gland and the endothelial origin of the tumor cells by using the Specific Red Cell Adherance Reaction for demonstrating blood group substances ist discussed by an own case.", "contents": "[Malignant hemangioendothelioma of adrenal gland and its histogenesis (author's transl)]. Histogenesis of malignant hemagioendothelioma with extreme rare localization in the adrenal gland and the endothelial origin of the tumor cells by using the Specific Red Cell Adherance Reaction for demonstrating blood group substances ist discussed by an own case."}
{"id": "PMID:1210831", "title": "[Tumouer frequency in autopsy cases. III. The carcinoma of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (IDC-Code Nrs. 140-209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.0, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22 155 autopsies (12 212 males, 9 943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards were registrated in the period from 1950 to 1966. Among them 1 168 carcinomas of the lung (5.3% of autopsies and 15.2% of all tumours) were observed. The cases are distributed among 1010 males (8.3% of males) and 158 females (1.6% of females). The frequency difference is distinct. Age and sex distribution, frequency and localization of metastases are presented.", "contents": "[Tumouer frequency in autopsy cases. III. The carcinoma of the lung (author's transl)]. The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (IDC-Code Nrs. 140-209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.0, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22 155 autopsies (12 212 males, 9 943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards were registrated in the period from 1950 to 1966. Among them 1 168 carcinomas of the lung (5.3% of autopsies and 15.2% of all tumours) were observed. The cases are distributed among 1010 males (8.3% of males) and 158 females (1.6% of females). The frequency difference is distinct. Age and sex distribution, frequency and localization of metastases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1210832", "title": "[Suffocation by pedunculated hypopharynx tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a 35 year old man suffocated in consequence of a begnign pedunculated hypopharynx tumor ist deseribed. The tumor was seen first under autopsy. Histologically, the tumor was a fibrolipoma.", "contents": "[Suffocation by pedunculated hypopharynx tumor (author's transl)]. A case of a 35 year old man suffocated in consequence of a begnign pedunculated hypopharynx tumor ist deseribed. The tumor was seen first under autopsy. Histologically, the tumor was a fibrolipoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1210833", "title": "[Case report: adenocarcinoma of the kidney developing metastzsizing to both lungs, with numerous microliths radiologically imitating Microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum (author's transl)].", "content": "A 28 years old man developed a radiological pattern like Microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum during the following five years after exstirpation of his right kidney due to an adenocarcinoma. Tests showed, in contrast to the x-ray pulmonary function, only a slight restriction of total lung capacity over a long time up to few months before he died. Autopsy showed a spread of miliary and submiliary metastases in the lower parts of both lungs. In all metastases psammomabodylike microliths were found microscopically, especially numerous and enlarged with both lungs. A second check of the slides of the primary tumour showed rare microliths too, not mentioned at that time. A microlith producing tumour of the kidney was first published with full details by Lubarsch in 1925. The radiological aspect of the lungs of the reported case reveals serious differential diagnostical problems to Microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum.", "contents": "[Case report: adenocarcinoma of the kidney developing metastzsizing to both lungs, with numerous microliths radiologically imitating Microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum (author's transl)]. A 28 years old man developed a radiological pattern like Microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum during the following five years after exstirpation of his right kidney due to an adenocarcinoma. Tests showed, in contrast to the x-ray pulmonary function, only a slight restriction of total lung capacity over a long time up to few months before he died. Autopsy showed a spread of miliary and submiliary metastases in the lower parts of both lungs. In all metastases psammomabodylike microliths were found microscopically, especially numerous and enlarged with both lungs. A second check of the slides of the primary tumour showed rare microliths too, not mentioned at that time. A microlith producing tumour of the kidney was first published with full details by Lubarsch in 1925. The radiological aspect of the lungs of the reported case reveals serious differential diagnostical problems to Microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum."}
{"id": "PMID:1210834", "title": "[Dense deposit nephropathy: a peculiar variant of glomerulonephritis or a distinct disease entity (author's transl)].", "content": "In four renal biopsies of two patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (GN), the so-called dense deposit nephropathy (NDD) was diagnosed by means of light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy. In routine paraffin sections the picture approached that of the membrano-proliferative GN. In semithin sections (toluidine blue, periodic acid-Ag-methenamine) and especially in the ultrastructure there appeared extensive confluent deposits of a very dense substance, infiltrating the lamina densa of glomerular capillaries, basal membranes of both Bowman's capsules and tubules, and arteriolar walls. In this localization, a non-diffuse \"psdudolinear\" deposition of beta1c was detected, whereas antisera to main Ig-fractions and fibrin(ogen) were not fixed. In a biopsy performed six years later, a concentration of dense depositis towards the mesangial area and a partial regeneration of basal membranes were observed. In a part of dense deposits there appeared vacuolization, primarily in tubular and arteriolar basal membranes. In glomeruli, focal IgM deposits were apparent at an advanced stage. NDD apparently is a sequel of a particular metabolic (immune?) process, afflicting solely the renal membranous system and distinctly dns known at present. The noncharacteristic clinical presentation resembles chronic. GN, is very protracted, lengthy, and relatively benigh, with a chance of functional and possible even morphological remission.", "contents": "[Dense deposit nephropathy: a peculiar variant of glomerulonephritis or a distinct disease entity (author's transl)]. In four renal biopsies of two patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (GN), the so-called dense deposit nephropathy (NDD) was diagnosed by means of light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy. In routine paraffin sections the picture approached that of the membrano-proliferative GN. In semithin sections (toluidine blue, periodic acid-Ag-methenamine) and especially in the ultrastructure there appeared extensive confluent deposits of a very dense substance, infiltrating the lamina densa of glomerular capillaries, basal membranes of both Bowman's capsules and tubules, and arteriolar walls. In this localization, a non-diffuse \"psdudolinear\" deposition of beta1c was detected, whereas antisera to main Ig-fractions and fibrin(ogen) were not fixed. In a biopsy performed six years later, a concentration of dense depositis towards the mesangial area and a partial regeneration of basal membranes were observed. In a part of dense deposits there appeared vacuolization, primarily in tubular and arteriolar basal membranes. In glomeruli, focal IgM deposits were apparent at an advanced stage. NDD apparently is a sequel of a particular metabolic (immune?) process, afflicting solely the renal membranous system and distinctly dns known at present. The noncharacteristic clinical presentation resembles chronic. GN, is very protracted, lengthy, and relatively benigh, with a chance of functional and possible even morphological remission."}
{"id": "PMID:1210835", "title": "[Chronic eosinophilic leukemia with eosinophilic granulomas of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "For the first time a report is given on a case of chronic eosinophilic leukemia with occurence of eosinophilic pulmonary granulomas. Even after enucleation of the granulomas eosinophilia remained in the peripheral blood and in the bone marrow, and over a period of 6 years lay at a value of above 50% of the granulocytes. The illness ended with sudden increase in the number of myeloblasts. The autopsy revealed destruction of the bone marrow by myeloblasts, immature and mature eosinophilic granulocytes as well as infiltration of the heart, liver, spleen and kidneys. On the basis of histological, cytological and histochemical examinations of the granulomas, the peripheral blood and the organs after dissection, particularly of the bone marrow, there was good reason to assume common pathogenesis of these changes; it was not however possible to completely exclude an allergically generated cause.", "contents": "[Chronic eosinophilic leukemia with eosinophilic granulomas of the lung (author's transl)]. For the first time a report is given on a case of chronic eosinophilic leukemia with occurence of eosinophilic pulmonary granulomas. Even after enucleation of the granulomas eosinophilia remained in the peripheral blood and in the bone marrow, and over a period of 6 years lay at a value of above 50% of the granulocytes. The illness ended with sudden increase in the number of myeloblasts. The autopsy revealed destruction of the bone marrow by myeloblasts, immature and mature eosinophilic granulocytes as well as infiltration of the heart, liver, spleen and kidneys. On the basis of histological, cytological and histochemical examinations of the granulomas, the peripheral blood and the organs after dissection, particularly of the bone marrow, there was good reason to assume common pathogenesis of these changes; it was not however possible to completely exclude an allergically generated cause."}
{"id": "PMID:1210836", "title": "[Histobiopsy of bone marrow (author's transl)].", "content": "The histobiopsy of the bone marrow is more and more included in clinicohaematological diagnostics. It has better diagnostic possibilities than the cytology of smears (aspiration biopsy). The specimen is taken from the iliac crest by puncture or the milling method. The sample can be considered representative of the whole bone marrow with regard to the normal quantity and quality. The pathologist ordinarily per forms the processing and assessment of the specimens in a desirably constructive cooperation with the clinical haematologist. The paper presents a condensed review of the histological technics and the recording of features in bone marrow sections, the indications for bone marrow histobiopsy, the results (2769 cases of literature and 496 own cases), and the clinical significance of human bone marrow histobiopsy.", "contents": "[Histobiopsy of bone marrow (author's transl)]. The histobiopsy of the bone marrow is more and more included in clinicohaematological diagnostics. It has better diagnostic possibilities than the cytology of smears (aspiration biopsy). The specimen is taken from the iliac crest by puncture or the milling method. The sample can be considered representative of the whole bone marrow with regard to the normal quantity and quality. The pathologist ordinarily per forms the processing and assessment of the specimens in a desirably constructive cooperation with the clinical haematologist. The paper presents a condensed review of the histological technics and the recording of features in bone marrow sections, the indications for bone marrow histobiopsy, the results (2769 cases of literature and 496 own cases), and the clinical significance of human bone marrow histobiopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1210837", "title": "[Neuroaxonal dystrophy with delayed onset and protracted course (author's transl)].", "content": "An unusual case of neuraxonal dystrophy in a 24-year-old man has been described. The condition started at the age of 10 years with motoric disturbances, later the patient developed spastic quadruparesis and deep dementia in last two years. The disease appears to be of genetic origin. The morphology is characterized by the generalized presence of spheroids in the central nervous system. Additional findings of status pigmentosus and dysmyelinisatus do not exclude the case from being labelled neuraxonal dystrophy.", "contents": "[Neuroaxonal dystrophy with delayed onset and protracted course (author's transl)]. An unusual case of neuraxonal dystrophy in a 24-year-old man has been described. The condition started at the age of 10 years with motoric disturbances, later the patient developed spastic quadruparesis and deep dementia in last two years. The disease appears to be of genetic origin. The morphology is characterized by the generalized presence of spheroids in the central nervous system. Additional findings of status pigmentosus and dysmyelinisatus do not exclude the case from being labelled neuraxonal dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:1210838", "title": "[Pathological findings in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh's disease) (author's transl)].", "content": "About 8-years old boy with a brief clinical history and postmortem findings of a subactue encephalomyelopathy (Leigh-Syndrom) is reported. Pathohistological features were found to be of microcyst formation, vascular proliferation, proliferation of astrocytes, fibrillary gliosis, partial destruction of the myelin sheaths, relative preservation of the cell bodies of neurons. The lesions were symmetrical and involved the tegmentum mesencephali, the lamine quadrigemina, the substantia nigra, the tegmentum pontis, the tegmentum of the medulla oblongata, the basal protion of nucl. lentiformis, the ansa lenticularis, the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the gray matter of the spinal cord. Moderate changes were in the cerebellum. There was no marked histological changes in the cerebral cortex and white matter of the cerebrum, the mammillary bodies, the nervi and tracti optici and the peripheral nerves.", "contents": "[Pathological findings in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh's disease) (author's transl)]. About 8-years old boy with a brief clinical history and postmortem findings of a subactue encephalomyelopathy (Leigh-Syndrom) is reported. Pathohistological features were found to be of microcyst formation, vascular proliferation, proliferation of astrocytes, fibrillary gliosis, partial destruction of the myelin sheaths, relative preservation of the cell bodies of neurons. The lesions were symmetrical and involved the tegmentum mesencephali, the lamine quadrigemina, the substantia nigra, the tegmentum pontis, the tegmentum of the medulla oblongata, the basal protion of nucl. lentiformis, the ansa lenticularis, the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the gray matter of the spinal cord. Moderate changes were in the cerebellum. There was no marked histological changes in the cerebral cortex and white matter of the cerebrum, the mammillary bodies, the nervi and tracti optici and the peripheral nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:1210839", "title": "[Tumour frequency in autopsy cases. IV. The malignant tumours of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (ICD-Code Nrs. 140-209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.0, 253.2, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22,155 autopsies (12,212 males, 9,943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards) were performed in the period from 1950 to 1966. Among them 186 malignant tumours of the kidney (177 carcinomas, 9 sarcomas) were observed. The cases are distributed among 126 males (1% of males) and 60 females (0.6% of females). The frequency difference is not distinct. Age and sex distribution, frequency and localization of metastases as well as the histologic classification are presented.", "contents": "[Tumour frequency in autopsy cases. IV. The malignant tumours of the kidney (author's transl)]. The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (ICD-Code Nrs. 140-209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.0, 253.2, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22,155 autopsies (12,212 males, 9,943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards) were performed in the period from 1950 to 1966. Among them 186 malignant tumours of the kidney (177 carcinomas, 9 sarcomas) were observed. The cases are distributed among 126 males (1% of males) and 60 females (0.6% of females). The frequency difference is not distinct. Age and sex distribution, frequency and localization of metastases as well as the histologic classification are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1210840", "title": "[Amyloidosis, expression and cause of presenile and senile mental and physical regression. A revision of the amyloid problem (author's transl)].", "content": "New historic, morphologic, localisatory, chemical, etiological and pathogenetical observations urge the revision of problems of the so-called amyloidosis and suggest a new logical terminology. Cerebral amyloidosis, which corresponds to the clinical picture of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease, is the local manifestation of a generalized systemic degeneration typified by amyloidotic deposits in aged persons. Chronic lingering tuberculosis, traumatic cerebral injury, genic aberrations, ionising radiations as well as a chronic \"slow\" virus infection (in cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease) proved to be inducers of cerebral amyloid deposits. Glenner and his associates succeeded in transforming Bence-Jones albumin into amyloid in vitro. The present writer observed the direct development of amyloid from vascular elastic fibers, from the ground substance of cartilage and osteoid tissue, and from fibrin. Regression of cerebral, cardiac and hepatic amyloid deposits occurs. Similarities between electron microscopic structures bring about difficulties in the morphologic definition of amyloid and cause tinctorial and ultramicroscopic resemblances between cellulose, amyloid and certain vira, although they represent chemically and biologically different materials.", "contents": "[Amyloidosis, expression and cause of presenile and senile mental and physical regression. A revision of the amyloid problem (author's transl)]. New historic, morphologic, localisatory, chemical, etiological and pathogenetical observations urge the revision of problems of the so-called amyloidosis and suggest a new logical terminology. Cerebral amyloidosis, which corresponds to the clinical picture of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease, is the local manifestation of a generalized systemic degeneration typified by amyloidotic deposits in aged persons. Chronic lingering tuberculosis, traumatic cerebral injury, genic aberrations, ionising radiations as well as a chronic \"slow\" virus infection (in cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease) proved to be inducers of cerebral amyloid deposits. Glenner and his associates succeeded in transforming Bence-Jones albumin into amyloid in vitro. The present writer observed the direct development of amyloid from vascular elastic fibers, from the ground substance of cartilage and osteoid tissue, and from fibrin. Regression of cerebral, cardiac and hepatic amyloid deposits occurs. Similarities between electron microscopic structures bring about difficulties in the morphologic definition of amyloid and cause tinctorial and ultramicroscopic resemblances between cellulose, amyloid and certain vira, although they represent chemically and biologically different materials."}
{"id": "PMID:1210841", "title": "[Histomorphological and spectroscopic studies on the skeleton following alloplastic joint substitution (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on our morphological and spectrometric findings with complete acetabuloplastics. The histomorphological investigation revealed the formation of a narrow cicatricial coat round the prothesis. The collagenous tissue borders on a zone of granulation tissue of varying width. Granular foreign matter can be found in cicatrical tissue especially in the extracellular space and in granulation tissue in macrophages. Only a few partigles turned out to be iron in the Prussian blue reaction. Spectral analysis proved the hip and thigh-bones to contain more than 0.001 p. c. of cobalt and chrome. Toxicological problems inherent in the use of the cobalt alloy \"Vitallium\" are discussed. The dangers of metal poisoning are dealt with in addition to those of the development of osteomyelitis and the formation of a sarcoma. At last we discuss our macroscopic findings concerning the fit of the prosthesis, the metal demonstration by electron micrsocopy, and the scanning electron microscopic investigation of the metal surfaces.", "contents": "[Histomorphological and spectroscopic studies on the skeleton following alloplastic joint substitution (author's transl)]. We report on our morphological and spectrometric findings with complete acetabuloplastics. The histomorphological investigation revealed the formation of a narrow cicatricial coat round the prothesis. The collagenous tissue borders on a zone of granulation tissue of varying width. Granular foreign matter can be found in cicatrical tissue especially in the extracellular space and in granulation tissue in macrophages. Only a few partigles turned out to be iron in the Prussian blue reaction. Spectral analysis proved the hip and thigh-bones to contain more than 0.001 p. c. of cobalt and chrome. Toxicological problems inherent in the use of the cobalt alloy \"Vitallium\" are discussed. The dangers of metal poisoning are dealt with in addition to those of the development of osteomyelitis and the formation of a sarcoma. At last we discuss our macroscopic findings concerning the fit of the prosthesis, the metal demonstration by electron micrsocopy, and the scanning electron microscopic investigation of the metal surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:1210842", "title": "[Structural deviations of the vagina epithelium from fetal up to prepubertal age (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of vaginal specimens from 327 autopsied female fetuses and girls up to the age of 13 years was studied. In one case the upper portion of the vagina was lined by an one-row mucus-free colomnar epithelium similar in appearance to that of the corpus endometrium.--In 21 girls, there were residual thelium.--An incomplete differentiation of the surface squamous epithelium was encountered in 7 girls.--Eight girls revealed dysontogenetic cysts in the deeper levels of the vaginal wall. When compared with similar lesions in adults, the typical columnar epithelium of the endocervical type, cysts with squamous lining, as well as adenocarcinoma were not encountered in the young age group examined. With the exception of cysts, the frequency of individual lesions in the vaginas of our series diminished with the increasing age towards puberty.", "contents": "[Structural deviations of the vagina epithelium from fetal up to prepubertal age (author's transl)]. A series of vaginal specimens from 327 autopsied female fetuses and girls up to the age of 13 years was studied. In one case the upper portion of the vagina was lined by an one-row mucus-free colomnar epithelium similar in appearance to that of the corpus endometrium.--In 21 girls, there were residual thelium.--An incomplete differentiation of the surface squamous epithelium was encountered in 7 girls.--Eight girls revealed dysontogenetic cysts in the deeper levels of the vaginal wall. When compared with similar lesions in adults, the typical columnar epithelium of the endocervical type, cysts with squamous lining, as well as adenocarcinoma were not encountered in the young age group examined. With the exception of cysts, the frequency of individual lesions in the vaginas of our series diminished with the increasing age towards puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:1210860", "title": "[Vaginal cytological studies on the new delayed-action estrogen-ethinylestradiol sulfonate].", "content": "The colpocytologic efficacy of a new estrogen - ethinylestradiolsulfonate - has been studied in postmenopausal and fertile women. According to the depot character of the compound, ranging between ethinylestradiol and quinestrol, it exhibits a high and prolonged proliferative effect on the atropich vaginal epithelia. The weekly application of 1 mg of the substance in a contraceptive regimen causes a high grade of maturation with considerable individual differences. A single dose of 1 mg ethinylestradiolsulfonate quickly influences conditions of estrogen difficiency in the vaginal epithelia.", "contents": "[Vaginal cytological studies on the new delayed-action estrogen-ethinylestradiol sulfonate]. The colpocytologic efficacy of a new estrogen - ethinylestradiolsulfonate - has been studied in postmenopausal and fertile women. According to the depot character of the compound, ranging between ethinylestradiol and quinestrol, it exhibits a high and prolonged proliferative effect on the atropich vaginal epithelia. The weekly application of 1 mg of the substance in a contraceptive regimen causes a high grade of maturation with considerable individual differences. A single dose of 1 mg ethinylestradiolsulfonate quickly influences conditions of estrogen difficiency in the vaginal epithelia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210861", "title": "[Development of ectopia. Colposcopic and colpotopographic studies].", "content": "On the basis of colposcopical observations a possible, though certainly rare, mode of development of ectopia is described. Proliferation of the glands of the upper part of the cervical canal up to the base of the squamous epithelium leads to exfoliation and desquamation of this and to extension of the columnar epithelium on the surface of the vaginal portio. The possible causes of this process are briefly presented.", "contents": "[Development of ectopia. Colposcopic and colpotopographic studies]. On the basis of colposcopical observations a possible, though certainly rare, mode of development of ectopia is described. Proliferation of the glands of the upper part of the cervical canal up to the base of the squamous epithelium leads to exfoliation and desquamation of this and to extension of the columnar epithelium on the surface of the vaginal portio. The possible causes of this process are briefly presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1210862", "title": "[Localization of a small androgen-active ovarian tumor by catheterization of the femoral vein and selective vein/blood withdrawal with determination of testosterone in plasma].", "content": "Prove of a little hormonactive adrenal Adenoma in the ovary by katheterisation of vena femoralis and selective determination of Plasma-Testosteron in various regions of abdominal veins. Localisation of the tumor by routine diagnostic measures, even by Laparoscopy, had been impossible.", "contents": "[Localization of a small androgen-active ovarian tumor by catheterization of the femoral vein and selective vein/blood withdrawal with determination of testosterone in plasma]. Prove of a little hormonactive adrenal Adenoma in the ovary by katheterisation of vena femoralis and selective determination of Plasma-Testosteron in various regions of abdominal veins. Localisation of the tumor by routine diagnostic measures, even by Laparoscopy, had been impossible."}
{"id": "PMID:1210863", "title": "[Bilateral tube carcinoma with unusual involvement of the endometrium].", "content": "Report on a case of bilateral, primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube with extensive implantation metastasis of the endommetrium. To judge by the morphological structure of the tumor in the fallopian tubes and in the endometrium, by the nature of the spreading in the mucosa of the uteruscorpus and by the morphology of the intramural fallopian tube sections, the neoplasm is, in differential diagnostic terms, demarcated by a corpus carcinoma of the uterus.", "contents": "[Bilateral tube carcinoma with unusual involvement of the endometrium]. Report on a case of bilateral, primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube with extensive implantation metastasis of the endommetrium. To judge by the morphological structure of the tumor in the fallopian tubes and in the endometrium, by the nature of the spreading in the mucosa of the uteruscorpus and by the morphology of the intramural fallopian tube sections, the neoplasm is, in differential diagnostic terms, demarcated by a corpus carcinoma of the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:1210864", "title": "[Unusual advantage of the hydropertubation].", "content": "Report of a case of hydropertubation after conception by a nulli-para, and deliverance of a healthy baby after full term pregnancy. The treatment was made by suspicion of closed fallopian tubes.", "contents": "[Unusual advantage of the hydropertubation]. Report of a case of hydropertubation after conception by a nulli-para, and deliverance of a healthy baby after full term pregnancy. The treatment was made by suspicion of closed fallopian tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:1210865", "title": "[Methods of localization of chorioamnionitis and their clinical value].", "content": "121 out of 390 placentas of mostly pathological deliveries and preganancies were cases of chorioamnionitis. Histological studies have been performed under topographical respects. Several localisations (dynamic phases) of ascending infection of the secundinae are being described and their clinical relevance is being assessed. 1)\"Nomal secundinae\" or \"physiological leucocytosis at ruptured chorionic membranes\": there are but a few cases (3 to 5%) of amniotic infection syndroms or morphological signs of an aspiration of infected amniotic fluid and fetal sepsis. 2) \"Isolated leucocytosis of the vessels of the umbilical cord and the chorionic plate\": it is mostly caused by a fetal hypoxia; relatively seldom it is the result of an infection (about 10%). 3) \"Partial phlegmon of the secundinae\" (phlegmon of the chorionic membrane with spreading to the periphery of the chorionic plate): about 30% amniotic infection syndrom or infected amniotic fluid (and fetal sepsis respectively. 4) \"Subtotal phlegmon of the secundinae\" (phlegmon of the chorionic membrane and the chorionic plate in part, spreading to the umbilical cord): about 50% amniotic infection syndrom or infected amniotic fluid (and fetal sepsis) respectively. 5) \"Total phlegmon of the secundinae\" : in the majority of cases (about 65%) signs of infection damage on mother and/or fetus are visible.", "contents": "[Methods of localization of chorioamnionitis and their clinical value]. 121 out of 390 placentas of mostly pathological deliveries and preganancies were cases of chorioamnionitis. Histological studies have been performed under topographical respects. Several localisations (dynamic phases) of ascending infection of the secundinae are being described and their clinical relevance is being assessed. 1)\"Nomal secundinae\" or \"physiological leucocytosis at ruptured chorionic membranes\": there are but a few cases (3 to 5%) of amniotic infection syndroms or morphological signs of an aspiration of infected amniotic fluid and fetal sepsis. 2) \"Isolated leucocytosis of the vessels of the umbilical cord and the chorionic plate\": it is mostly caused by a fetal hypoxia; relatively seldom it is the result of an infection (about 10%). 3) \"Partial phlegmon of the secundinae\" (phlegmon of the chorionic membrane with spreading to the periphery of the chorionic plate): about 30% amniotic infection syndrom or infected amniotic fluid (and fetal sepsis respectively. 4) \"Subtotal phlegmon of the secundinae\" (phlegmon of the chorionic membrane and the chorionic plate in part, spreading to the umbilical cord): about 50% amniotic infection syndrom or infected amniotic fluid (and fetal sepsis) respectively. 5) \"Total phlegmon of the secundinae\" : in the majority of cases (about 65%) signs of infection damage on mother and/or fetus are visible."}
{"id": "PMID:1210866", "title": "[X-ray determination of the coincidence of intrauterine pessary and pregnancy].", "content": "It is reported on 21 pregnancies during contraception with IUD, among them one tubal pregnancy, one pregnancy with normal outcome and one pregnancy with a partly perforated IUD. By means of an extra- and intraamnial opaque matter injection one can find out exactly the position of the IUD on the roentgenogram before artificial abortion is carried out. The IUD can be seen above the small pelvis as a result of the changed position and the growth of the uterus during pregnancy. Furthermore it is possible to notice a glide down of the IUD into the cervix uteri or a perforation of the IUD into the uterine wall respectively into the pelvic cavity.", "contents": "[X-ray determination of the coincidence of intrauterine pessary and pregnancy]. It is reported on 21 pregnancies during contraception with IUD, among them one tubal pregnancy, one pregnancy with normal outcome and one pregnancy with a partly perforated IUD. By means of an extra- and intraamnial opaque matter injection one can find out exactly the position of the IUD on the roentgenogram before artificial abortion is carried out. The IUD can be seen above the small pelvis as a result of the changed position and the growth of the uterus during pregnancy. Furthermore it is possible to notice a glide down of the IUD into the cervix uteri or a perforation of the IUD into the uterine wall respectively into the pelvic cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:1210867", "title": "[Report on a case of simultaneous extra- and intrauterine pregnancy with delivery of a healthy infant].", "content": "Report on the occurrence of a simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy. The extrauterine pregnancy was operated during its sixth week. At the time of the operation the intrauterine pregnancy was not recognized. The enlargement of the uterus was regarded as con sensual. Only during the check-up which took place four weeks after the patient's discharge from the hospital the intrauterine pregnancy was diagnosed. Three weeks before term a healthy infant was born by means of vacuum.", "contents": "[Report on a case of simultaneous extra- and intrauterine pregnancy with delivery of a healthy infant]. Report on the occurrence of a simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy. The extrauterine pregnancy was operated during its sixth week. At the time of the operation the intrauterine pregnancy was not recognized. The enlargement of the uterus was regarded as con sensual. Only during the check-up which took place four weeks after the patient's discharge from the hospital the intrauterine pregnancy was diagnosed. Three weeks before term a healthy infant was born by means of vacuum."}
{"id": "PMID:1210868", "title": "[Treatment of a small intestine-vaginal fistula by means of Paragalalith (tissue adhesive)].", "content": "The Paragalalith method, to dry off a fistula proved to be a complete success, when a complex vagina/small intestine fistula was removed from a 75 year old patient (woman). We had developed the method previously in our clinic and used it sucessfully to close 30 fistulas in the abdominal region.", "contents": "[Treatment of a small intestine-vaginal fistula by means of Paragalalith (tissue adhesive)]. The Paragalalith method, to dry off a fistula proved to be a complete success, when a complex vagina/small intestine fistula was removed from a 75 year old patient (woman). We had developed the method previously in our clinic and used it sucessfully to close 30 fistulas in the abdominal region."}
{"id": "PMID:1210869", "title": "[Validity of the modern fetal monitoring methods in the decision of emergency obstetric operations].", "content": "The validity of the modern methods of fetal monitoring to decide for the indication of urgent obstetric operations. The reliability of the modern supervision of the fetus is studied in cases of doubtful fetal heart action. Up to the present day we have no method for the exact estimation of the degree of a damage to the fetus. In such a precarious situation we should use all available methods for the diagnosis of the fetal condition, because the results of only one of the methods offer insufficient evidence. By means of the literature the alterations in the ECG of the dying fetus are interpreted in comparison to artefacts. In cases of doubtful fetal heart action we recommend in addition to the clinical findings to record the fetal ECG, to controll the actual fetal pH and attempt an investigation by ultrasonic.", "contents": "[Validity of the modern fetal monitoring methods in the decision of emergency obstetric operations]. The validity of the modern methods of fetal monitoring to decide for the indication of urgent obstetric operations. The reliability of the modern supervision of the fetus is studied in cases of doubtful fetal heart action. Up to the present day we have no method for the exact estimation of the degree of a damage to the fetus. In such a precarious situation we should use all available methods for the diagnosis of the fetal condition, because the results of only one of the methods offer insufficient evidence. By means of the literature the alterations in the ECG of the dying fetus are interpreted in comparison to artefacts. In cases of doubtful fetal heart action we recommend in addition to the clinical findings to record the fetal ECG, to controll the actual fetal pH and attempt an investigation by ultrasonic."}
{"id": "PMID:1210870", "title": "[Possibilities in modification of the risk to the child in multiple pregnancy and labor].", "content": "A comparison of twin deliveries from 1966 to 1971 (140 = 1,23%) and from 1972 to 1974 (65 = 1,07%) indicates a decrease of the uncorrected perinatal mortality from 10,35% to 6,15% caused by early diagnosis, gestation prolonging measures, diagnosis of placental insufficiency and management of delivery. Concerning the first twin the decrease of perinatal mortality was more evident from 7,86% to 1,54% compared with the second twin from 12,86% to 10,77%. Nevertheless the following statement can be made: up to 1971 perinatal mortality was mainly a problem of prematurely born infants; it is changed now to a problem of antenatal mortality of small for date infants. Prematurely birth and mortality of twins may be well influenced by: 1. Early diagnosis. 2. Widely used hospitalisation, beginning from 28 th week of gestation. 3. Widely used cervix-cerclage and uterotocolysis. 4. Intensive antenatal care. 5. Intranatal intensive care of both infants (cardiotocography, blood gas analysis). 6. Limitation of the interval to 5 to 10 minutes. 7. Widened caesarean section indication (breech presentation, small for date infants).", "contents": "[Possibilities in modification of the risk to the child in multiple pregnancy and labor]. A comparison of twin deliveries from 1966 to 1971 (140 = 1,23%) and from 1972 to 1974 (65 = 1,07%) indicates a decrease of the uncorrected perinatal mortality from 10,35% to 6,15% caused by early diagnosis, gestation prolonging measures, diagnosis of placental insufficiency and management of delivery. Concerning the first twin the decrease of perinatal mortality was more evident from 7,86% to 1,54% compared with the second twin from 12,86% to 10,77%. Nevertheless the following statement can be made: up to 1971 perinatal mortality was mainly a problem of prematurely born infants; it is changed now to a problem of antenatal mortality of small for date infants. Prematurely birth and mortality of twins may be well influenced by: 1. Early diagnosis. 2. Widely used hospitalisation, beginning from 28 th week of gestation. 3. Widely used cervix-cerclage and uterotocolysis. 4. Intensive antenatal care. 5. Intranatal intensive care of both infants (cardiotocography, blood gas analysis). 6. Limitation of the interval to 5 to 10 minutes. 7. Widened caesarean section indication (breech presentation, small for date infants)."}
{"id": "PMID:1210871", "title": "[Diabetes and pregnancy - a clinical and statistical analysis of 1800 pregnancies and deliveries in the years 1952 - 1971. 3. Birth weights percent values of newborn infants of diabetic mothers and further studies on the birth weight].", "content": "Newborn babies of diabetic mothers have a higher birth weight in comparison with newborns of nondiabetic mothers in the same gestational age (35. to 39. week). Body weight percentiles were estimated for new borns of diabetics (excluding stillborn babies), it was to be shown that birth weight lower than 2750 gm in the 38. to 39. gestational week (less than 10. percentile) characterizes \"small for gestational age babies\". Not any influence of maternal blood glucose values during the second part of pregnancy was to be seen. Severe toxaemias and vascular-renal complications (WHITE-class F) were statistically significant correlated with underweight in newborns. The lowest perinatal mortality was found in the weight class 3500 to 3999 gm.", "contents": "[Diabetes and pregnancy - a clinical and statistical analysis of 1800 pregnancies and deliveries in the years 1952 - 1971. 3. Birth weights percent values of newborn infants of diabetic mothers and further studies on the birth weight]. Newborn babies of diabetic mothers have a higher birth weight in comparison with newborns of nondiabetic mothers in the same gestational age (35. to 39. week). Body weight percentiles were estimated for new borns of diabetics (excluding stillborn babies), it was to be shown that birth weight lower than 2750 gm in the 38. to 39. gestational week (less than 10. percentile) characterizes \"small for gestational age babies\". Not any influence of maternal blood glucose values during the second part of pregnancy was to be seen. Severe toxaemias and vascular-renal complications (WHITE-class F) were statistically significant correlated with underweight in newborns. The lowest perinatal mortality was found in the weight class 3500 to 3999 gm."}
{"id": "PMID:1210872", "title": "[Causes of unwanted pregnancies and reasons for their interruption].", "content": "The paper report on of 207 interruptions, which were performed in our clinic from oct. 1st to oct. 31st 1974. The analysis of the interrupted cases resulted in  an average age of 26,3 years. 73,9 per cent of the women are married and 36,2 per cent were pregnant for the third time. The main causes for these not desired pregnancies lay in failure of Knaus' and Ogino's method of prevention (39,2 per cent). A great number of patients gives for the reason of interruption no wish for further children (35,3 per cent). At the end the causes of pregnancy and reasons of the interruption are discussed. The aim is to lower interruptions.", "contents": "[Causes of unwanted pregnancies and reasons for their interruption]. The paper report on of 207 interruptions, which were performed in our clinic from oct. 1st to oct. 31st 1974. The analysis of the interrupted cases resulted in  an average age of 26,3 years. 73,9 per cent of the women are married and 36,2 per cent were pregnant for the third time. The main causes for these not desired pregnancies lay in failure of Knaus' and Ogino's method of prevention (39,2 per cent). A great number of patients gives for the reason of interruption no wish for further children (35,3 per cent). At the end the causes of pregnancy and reasons of the interruption are discussed. The aim is to lower interruptions."}
{"id": "PMID:1210873", "title": "[Clomiphene--its use from stimulation test and for treatment of functional sterility].", "content": "There is reported on application of clomiphene (Clostilbegyt-EGYT Pharmaceutical Works, Budapest, Hungaria) in 17 patients for a clomiphene-stimulation-test and in 34 patients with functional sterility on 124 cycles. The dosage was between 50 to 150 mg p.d. for 5 to 7 days and was adapted individually. 12 patients responded to clomiphene-stimulation-test positively and in 4 ovarian hypoplasias and one Anorexia nervosa in acute phase, the clomiphene-stimulation-test was negatively. From the 34 patients with functional sterility 18 women were in 21 times gravid, 13 women could be delivered on term; in 8 cases it was an abortion. By reason of the findings after a clomiphene therapy a gravidity can be accepted, if the hyperthermic phase in the BBT existed for more than 25 days. For a repetition - treatment a dosage is recommended with 150 mg p.d. clomiphene for 7 days.", "contents": "[Clomiphene--its use from stimulation test and for treatment of functional sterility]. There is reported on application of clomiphene (Clostilbegyt-EGYT Pharmaceutical Works, Budapest, Hungaria) in 17 patients for a clomiphene-stimulation-test and in 34 patients with functional sterility on 124 cycles. The dosage was between 50 to 150 mg p.d. for 5 to 7 days and was adapted individually. 12 patients responded to clomiphene-stimulation-test positively and in 4 ovarian hypoplasias and one Anorexia nervosa in acute phase, the clomiphene-stimulation-test was negatively. From the 34 patients with functional sterility 18 women were in 21 times gravid, 13 women could be delivered on term; in 8 cases it was an abortion. By reason of the findings after a clomiphene therapy a gravidity can be accepted, if the hyperthermic phase in the BBT existed for more than 25 days. For a repetition - treatment a dosage is recommended with 150 mg p.d. clomiphene for 7 days."}
{"id": "PMID:1210874", "title": "[Behavior of alkaline phosphatase in serum during pregnancy. I. Normal pregnancy].", "content": "On 120 patients, during normal pregnancy, from the 17th to the 42nd week of pregnancy, 372 heat labile alkaline phosphatase estimations were carried out by means of the 4-nitrophenol method. In addition to that, after incubation of sera at 65 degrees C for 30 minutes, the activity of the heat stable placental isoenzyme was checked. With progressing pregnancy, the heat stable fraction rises significantly and the heat labile fraction of total alkaline phosphatase increases slightly. There is a correlation between the readings of the two fractions. In 169 cases, the total urinary oestrogen output correlates also with the heat stable alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "[Behavior of alkaline phosphatase in serum during pregnancy. I. Normal pregnancy]. On 120 patients, during normal pregnancy, from the 17th to the 42nd week of pregnancy, 372 heat labile alkaline phosphatase estimations were carried out by means of the 4-nitrophenol method. In addition to that, after incubation of sera at 65 degrees C for 30 minutes, the activity of the heat stable placental isoenzyme was checked. With progressing pregnancy, the heat stable fraction rises significantly and the heat labile fraction of total alkaline phosphatase increases slightly. There is a correlation between the readings of the two fractions. In 169 cases, the total urinary oestrogen output correlates also with the heat stable alkaline phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:1210875", "title": "[Cervical status and subjective symptoms in the normal pregnancy].", "content": "In 426 unselected pregnant women who came into the routine examination included in the maternity care and who were grouped according to the week of gestation the cervical status was examined and the subjective symptoms were observed. Attention was also paid to the correspondence between the occurrence of the subjective symptoms and the change in the cervical status. In total 984 examinations  were carried out. Before the 33rd week of gestation no open internal orifice of the cervix uteri were found. All parities in total the cervix had become shorter (less than or equal to 2 cm) in 7,0 per cent of the cases before the 33rd week of gestation. Subjective symptoms occurred in 19,1 per cent of the cases. Towards the end of the gestational period the changes in the cervical status and the subjective symptoms became more frequent. In all the groups of gestational week the cervical status became pathologic significantly more frequently in pregnancies with subjective symptoms than in pregnancies with no symptoms.", "contents": "[Cervical status and subjective symptoms in the normal pregnancy]. In 426 unselected pregnant women who came into the routine examination included in the maternity care and who were grouped according to the week of gestation the cervical status was examined and the subjective symptoms were observed. Attention was also paid to the correspondence between the occurrence of the subjective symptoms and the change in the cervical status. In total 984 examinations  were carried out. Before the 33rd week of gestation no open internal orifice of the cervix uteri were found. All parities in total the cervix had become shorter (less than or equal to 2 cm) in 7,0 per cent of the cases before the 33rd week of gestation. Subjective symptoms occurred in 19,1 per cent of the cases. Towards the end of the gestational period the changes in the cervical status and the subjective symptoms became more frequent. In all the groups of gestational week the cervical status became pathologic significantly more frequently in pregnancies with subjective symptoms than in pregnancies with no symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1210876", "title": "[Acute and long-term tocolysis by means of buphenin (Dilatol) in insulin dependent pregnant diabetics].", "content": "During two years 73 insulindependent pregnant diabetics (43,2% of the total material) were treated with Dilatol (Buphenin) and Isoptin. The requirement of insulin increased dependent on the dosage and on the application of the tocolytic drugs. Despite the considerable influence on blood sugar it is possible to maintain metabolic conditions at normoglycaemic levels during short- or longterm tocolysis, provided exact metabolic controls and adapted insulin treatment. The prophylactic administration of contractionreducing drugs is indicated in pregnant diabetics.", "contents": "[Acute and long-term tocolysis by means of buphenin (Dilatol) in insulin dependent pregnant diabetics]. During two years 73 insulindependent pregnant diabetics (43,2% of the total material) were treated with Dilatol (Buphenin) and Isoptin. The requirement of insulin increased dependent on the dosage and on the application of the tocolytic drugs. Despite the considerable influence on blood sugar it is possible to maintain metabolic conditions at normoglycaemic levels during short- or longterm tocolysis, provided exact metabolic controls and adapted insulin treatment. The prophylactic administration of contractionreducing drugs is indicated in pregnant diabetics."}
{"id": "PMID:1210877", "title": "[Influence of labor induced by prostaglandins on the metabolism and blood coagulation system of the mother and child during labor].", "content": "22 pregnancies at term were terminated by dilatation of the uterine cervix, low amniotomy, and by intravenous administration of PGF2alpha or PGE2. The average infusion time was 4 hours 10 minutes, and the average total dose of PGF2alpha amounted to 2,0 mg and of PGE2 0,2 mg. Parameters of acid-base changes, carbohydrate and energic state changes, gas metabolism, and changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in mother and in fetus were analyzed during labor and after birth. Labor activity and fetal cardiac action were monitored cardiotocographically. Checked against 50, and for the coagulation 12 uncomplicated spontaneous deliveries, we have found no disadvantageous changes in the parameters investigated.", "contents": "[Influence of labor induced by prostaglandins on the metabolism and blood coagulation system of the mother and child during labor]. 22 pregnancies at term were terminated by dilatation of the uterine cervix, low amniotomy, and by intravenous administration of PGF2alpha or PGE2. The average infusion time was 4 hours 10 minutes, and the average total dose of PGF2alpha amounted to 2,0 mg and of PGE2 0,2 mg. Parameters of acid-base changes, carbohydrate and energic state changes, gas metabolism, and changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in mother and in fetus were analyzed during labor and after birth. Labor activity and fetal cardiac action were monitored cardiotocographically. Checked against 50, and for the coagulation 12 uncomplicated spontaneous deliveries, we have found no disadvantageous changes in the parameters investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:1210878", "title": "[Studies on the colonization of female urogenital system by Mycoplasma].", "content": "In order to demonstrate a urogenital mycoplasmosis, restriction is made frequently also in women - to withdrawal of smear from the urethra. For recognizing whether this procedure is sufficient, 640 female patients of the fluor consulting hours were examined, and 2560 smears were withdrawn from the cervical canals, the surface of the portio, the laterovaginal walls, and from the urethra. The least frequency of mycoplasmas was stated in the urethra. Smears merely withdrawn from the urethra are, therefore, the least appropriate ones for fluor or for identification of a urogenital mycoplasmosis of the female genitals. According to the present results, it is recommended to carry out simultaneously smears from the surface of the portio, from the laterovaginal walls, as well as from the cervical canal and the urethra.", "contents": "[Studies on the colonization of female urogenital system by Mycoplasma]. In order to demonstrate a urogenital mycoplasmosis, restriction is made frequently also in women - to withdrawal of smear from the urethra. For recognizing whether this procedure is sufficient, 640 female patients of the fluor consulting hours were examined, and 2560 smears were withdrawn from the cervical canals, the surface of the portio, the laterovaginal walls, and from the urethra. The least frequency of mycoplasmas was stated in the urethra. Smears merely withdrawn from the urethra are, therefore, the least appropriate ones for fluor or for identification of a urogenital mycoplasmosis of the female genitals. According to the present results, it is recommended to carry out simultaneously smears from the surface of the portio, from the laterovaginal walls, as well as from the cervical canal and the urethra."}
{"id": "PMID:1210879", "title": "[Incidence of the Blastomyces and Trichomonad infections during the use of hormonal and intrauterine contraception].", "content": "The vaginal smear of 200 women treated with hormonal contraceptives (group A), of 45 women using an IUD (group B) and of 220 women representing an untreated control group (group C) was investigated on infection with vaginal yeasts and trichomonads. It was found, that infection with vaginal yeasts in women of group A was significantly higher (23,7%), than in women of group B (9,0%) and group C (9,5%). The occurance of trichomonads was also different between the groups. It was about 6,6% in group B and 6,8% in group C but only 2,1% in group A. From these results we concluded, that hormonal contraceptives on vaginal yeast infections act as a stimulating factor.", "contents": "[Incidence of the Blastomyces and Trichomonad infections during the use of hormonal and intrauterine contraception]. The vaginal smear of 200 women treated with hormonal contraceptives (group A), of 45 women using an IUD (group B) and of 220 women representing an untreated control group (group C) was investigated on infection with vaginal yeasts and trichomonads. It was found, that infection with vaginal yeasts in women of group A was significantly higher (23,7%), than in women of group B (9,0%) and group C (9,5%). The occurance of trichomonads was also different between the groups. It was about 6,6% in group B and 6,8% in group C but only 2,1% in group A. From these results we concluded, that hormonal contraceptives on vaginal yeast infections act as a stimulating factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1210880", "title": "[Total protein and immunoglobulin level in the saliva of pregnant women].", "content": "The content of total protein and immunoglobulin in the saliva of pregnant women has been determined quantitativly by the biuret-method and radial immunodiffusion. IgA has been ascertained in all samples of saliva, whereas was appears IgG in 78,55% and IgM only 52,50% of the samples. It was discussed the importance of salive-IgA during the pregnancy.", "contents": "[Total protein and immunoglobulin level in the saliva of pregnant women]. The content of total protein and immunoglobulin in the saliva of pregnant women has been determined quantitativly by the biuret-method and radial immunodiffusion. IgA has been ascertained in all samples of saliva, whereas was appears IgG in 78,55% and IgM only 52,50% of the samples. It was discussed the importance of salive-IgA during the pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1210881", "title": "[Histochemical studies of the myometrium in the prolonged pregnancy].", "content": "There are several reports on the weak contractile activity of uterus in the prolonged pregnancy. Some investigations showed that the weak contractile activity is associated with the low contents of RNA, proteins and glycogen in the myometrial cell. The material was obtained from caesarean sections in 27 patients with prolonged pregnancy and 30 patients with normal pregnancy. It was found a diminished contents of glycogen and lipids in the myometrial cell, and a decreased activity of phosphorylase and alkaline phosphatase but an increased activity of acid phosphatase. The lower content of energetic material and changes in the activity of the enzymes shows that the metabolism of the myometrial cell is impaired in prolonged pregnancy. One can suppose that the lowered level of estrogens is responsible for the described changes. The lower level of estrogens probably causes the decrease of 3'5' AMP in the myometrial cell with the impaired cell metabolism as a consequence. This may be one of the causes of a weak uterine contractile activity in the prolonged pregnancy.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies of the myometrium in the prolonged pregnancy]. There are several reports on the weak contractile activity of uterus in the prolonged pregnancy. Some investigations showed that the weak contractile activity is associated with the low contents of RNA, proteins and glycogen in the myometrial cell. The material was obtained from caesarean sections in 27 patients with prolonged pregnancy and 30 patients with normal pregnancy. It was found a diminished contents of glycogen and lipids in the myometrial cell, and a decreased activity of phosphorylase and alkaline phosphatase but an increased activity of acid phosphatase. The lower content of energetic material and changes in the activity of the enzymes shows that the metabolism of the myometrial cell is impaired in prolonged pregnancy. One can suppose that the lowered level of estrogens is responsible for the described changes. The lower level of estrogens probably causes the decrease of 3'5' AMP in the myometrial cell with the impaired cell metabolism as a consequence. This may be one of the causes of a weak uterine contractile activity in the prolonged pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1210882", "title": "[Fate of pregnancy with IUD in position].", "content": "68 pregnancies associate d with I.U.D. were studied. Neither maternal nor fetale complications occured, therefore in these cases the pregnancy can be beared.", "contents": "[Fate of pregnancy with IUD in position]. 68 pregnancies associate d with I.U.D. were studied. Neither maternal nor fetale complications occured, therefore in these cases the pregnancy can be beared."}
{"id": "PMID:1210883", "title": "[Acetylcholine contracture of the fast muscle fibers in the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis].", "content": "Fast fibers of m. longitudinalis linguae respond to Ach by a transient contracture with a half-decay period of 3-5 sec. The threshold concentration of Ach is approximately 10(-7) g/ml. Ach contracture is based on even depolarization of the whole muscle membrane. Threshold level of the MP for the onset of contracture lies between --50 and --40 mV. In the presence of Ach depolarization decreases twofold within 40-70 sec. Relaxation is not due to the decrease of depolarization. Contraction--Ach concentration curve has a small slope; it reaches maximum at a concentration 10(-4) g/ml, which corresponds to the MP ca. -10mV. Equilibrium Ach potential is significantly shifted to depolarization as compared to that in frog muscles, being equal to +1+/-1.8 mV.", "contents": "[Acetylcholine contracture of the fast muscle fibers in the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis]. Fast fibers of m. longitudinalis linguae respond to Ach by a transient contracture with a half-decay period of 3-5 sec. The threshold concentration of Ach is approximately 10(-7) g/ml. Ach contracture is based on even depolarization of the whole muscle membrane. Threshold level of the MP for the onset of contracture lies between --50 and --40 mV. In the presence of Ach depolarization decreases twofold within 40-70 sec. Relaxation is not due to the decrease of depolarization. Contraction--Ach concentration curve has a small slope; it reaches maximum at a concentration 10(-4) g/ml, which corresponds to the MP ca. -10mV. Equilibrium Ach potential is significantly shifted to depolarization as compared to that in frog muscles, being equal to +1+/-1.8 mV."}
{"id": "PMID:1210889", "title": "[Effect of antilysosomal sera on the phagocytosis of corpuscular antigens in a macrophage culture].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of the antilysosomal sera on various phases of phagocytosis Macrophages fluorochromized with acridine orange served as a model for the assessment of the effect of the antilysosomal sera on the phagocytosis: the fluorescent-microscopic method permitted to evaluate quantitatively the activity of the antilysosomal sera and to study the intracellular changes in the phagocytized antigen associated with its interaction with the lysosomes. The data obtained showed the antisera to the enzymes and the lysosome membranes to inhibit the phagocytosis both in the presence of a complement and without it. It was also demonstrated that the antilysosomal sera influenced the activity of the acid phosphatase and its distribution in the macrophages.", "contents": "[Effect of antilysosomal sera on the phagocytosis of corpuscular antigens in a macrophage culture]. A study was made of the effect of the antilysosomal sera on various phases of phagocytosis Macrophages fluorochromized with acridine orange served as a model for the assessment of the effect of the antilysosomal sera on the phagocytosis: the fluorescent-microscopic method permitted to evaluate quantitatively the activity of the antilysosomal sera and to study the intracellular changes in the phagocytized antigen associated with its interaction with the lysosomes. The data obtained showed the antisera to the enzymes and the lysosome membranes to inhibit the phagocytosis both in the presence of a complement and without it. It was also demonstrated that the antilysosomal sera influenced the activity of the acid phosphatase and its distribution in the macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:1210884", "title": "[Possibility of affecting the regulation of salt and water uptake in the critical periods of development in rats].", "content": "Peculiarities in water and salt (NaCl) appetite were studied in rats under various experimental influences during critical periods of development. When sexual maturation is going on, females consume more salt than males. These sex depending differences may be altered by experimental influences but only during critical periods of development, for instance by injection of androgens into neonatal females or by gonadectomy of males, by premature cessation of rearing, etc. The effects of those early interventions manifest themselves after the termination of sexual maturation.", "contents": "[Possibility of affecting the regulation of salt and water uptake in the critical periods of development in rats]. Peculiarities in water and salt (NaCl) appetite were studied in rats under various experimental influences during critical periods of development. When sexual maturation is going on, females consume more salt than males. These sex depending differences may be altered by experimental influences but only during critical periods of development, for instance by injection of androgens into neonatal females or by gonadectomy of males, by premature cessation of rearing, etc. The effects of those early interventions manifest themselves after the termination of sexual maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210893", "title": "[Morphology of the temperate plague phages 1701 and 1710 and their mutants].", "content": "A study was made of the morphology of plague moderate bacteriophages 1701, 1710 and their mutants 1701-1 and 1710-1. The phages proved to be morphologically identical, were referred to group 5, and were identical to the moderate plague H-phages; when confronted to the commonness of the serological properties and a number of other signs this indicated their affinity.", "contents": "[Morphology of the temperate plague phages 1701 and 1710 and their mutants]. A study was made of the morphology of plague moderate bacteriophages 1701, 1710 and their mutants 1701-1 and 1710-1. The phages proved to be morphologically identical, were referred to group 5, and were identical to the moderate plague H-phages; when confronted to the commonness of the serological properties and a number of other signs this indicated their affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:1210887", "title": "[Comparative physiological characteristics of the action of pentagastrin on gastric secretion in fish, frogs, turtles and chickens].", "content": "The same preparation of pentagastrin, which is highly effective in dogs (threshold dose 0.3 mug/kg), has been tested on fishes, frogs, tortoises and hens. In fishes (rays), the threshold dose was equal to 50 mug/kg; the drug only increased juice secretion, but did not decrease pH of the juice. In frogs, the effective dose was equal to 25, in tortoises -- to 50 mug/kg, the drug increasing the secretion of both the juice and HCl. The effect of the drug exhibits seasonal variations, being absent in winter period. In hens, the threshold dose is equal to 5 mug/kg; the drug increases both the volume of the juice and HCl production. In frogs and hens, similar to that in dogs (tortoises were not studied in this respect), pentagastrin also increases the production of proteases of gastric juice. It is suggested that in the animals studied pentagastrin is a specific stimulator of gastric secretion.", "contents": "[Comparative physiological characteristics of the action of pentagastrin on gastric secretion in fish, frogs, turtles and chickens]. The same preparation of pentagastrin, which is highly effective in dogs (threshold dose 0.3 mug/kg), has been tested on fishes, frogs, tortoises and hens. In fishes (rays), the threshold dose was equal to 50 mug/kg; the drug only increased juice secretion, but did not decrease pH of the juice. In frogs, the effective dose was equal to 25, in tortoises -- to 50 mug/kg, the drug increasing the secretion of both the juice and HCl. The effect of the drug exhibits seasonal variations, being absent in winter period. In hens, the threshold dose is equal to 5 mug/kg; the drug increases both the volume of the juice and HCl production. In frogs and hens, similar to that in dogs (tortoises were not studied in this respect), pentagastrin also increases the production of proteases of gastric juice. It is suggested that in the animals studied pentagastrin is a specific stimulator of gastric secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1210894", "title": "[Study of the epidemiology of Far Eastern scarlatina-like fever in the Maritime Territory. I. Contamination of vegetables, root crops and pickled foods with the pseudotuberculosis microbe (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) in foci of the scarlatina-like fever].", "content": "There was revealed high incidence of contamination with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis of vegetables, roots and pickled products (less frequently) in the vegetable store-houses of the majority of the far Eastern scarlatina-like fever foci in Primorie. Contamination of the mentioned food products increased by the spring-beginning of summer seasons; vegetables and roots which are often used raw--onion, carrots, cabbage--displayed the greastest contamination.", "contents": "[Study of the epidemiology of Far Eastern scarlatina-like fever in the Maritime Territory. I. Contamination of vegetables, root crops and pickled foods with the pseudotuberculosis microbe (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) in foci of the scarlatina-like fever]. There was revealed high incidence of contamination with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis of vegetables, roots and pickled products (less frequently) in the vegetable store-houses of the majority of the far Eastern scarlatina-like fever foci in Primorie. Contamination of the mentioned food products increased by the spring-beginning of summer seasons; vegetables and roots which are often used raw--onion, carrots, cabbage--displayed the greastest contamination."}
{"id": "PMID:1210885", "title": "[Isoosmotic type of regulation in the sturgeon, Acipenser g\u00fcldenstaedti, in the marine period of its life].", "content": "Concentration of osmotically active substances in the blood serum of the sturgeon A. guldenstaedti and sevruga A. stellatus from the central part of the Caspian Sea is practically equal to that in the sea water. In the blood serum of the sturgeon and the sevruga, concentration of Na is higher, whereas concentration of K and Mg is lower than in the sea water. Excretion of the urine with relatively low Mg concentration presumably indicated that being isoosmotic to the medium, the fishes studied in the Caspian Sea do not swallow the sea water. Electronmicroscopic studies indicate that with respect to poor development of membranous structures at the base of cells in the proximal tubuli, the kidney of the sturgeon and sevruga stands closer to freshwater than marine teleosts. These data show specific pattern of the osmotic and ionic regulation in the sturgeon, i.e. its isoosmotic type during migration to the Caspian Sea.", "contents": "[Isoosmotic type of regulation in the sturgeon, Acipenser g\u00fcldenstaedti, in the marine period of its life]. Concentration of osmotically active substances in the blood serum of the sturgeon A. guldenstaedti and sevruga A. stellatus from the central part of the Caspian Sea is practically equal to that in the sea water. In the blood serum of the sturgeon and the sevruga, concentration of Na is higher, whereas concentration of K and Mg is lower than in the sea water. Excretion of the urine with relatively low Mg concentration presumably indicated that being isoosmotic to the medium, the fishes studied in the Caspian Sea do not swallow the sea water. Electronmicroscopic studies indicate that with respect to poor development of membranous structures at the base of cells in the proximal tubuli, the kidney of the sturgeon and sevruga stands closer to freshwater than marine teleosts. These data show specific pattern of the osmotic and ionic regulation in the sturgeon, i.e. its isoosmotic type during migration to the Caspian Sea."}
{"id": "PMID:1210895", "title": "[Preliminary electron microscopic and x-ray study of the crystalline protein of diphtheria toxin].", "content": "The authors present the results of the electron microscopic and roentgenological study of the crystalline protein of diphtheria toxin. On the basis of direct measurements of the crystal image and diffraction pictures it was possible to calculate the interplane distances of the placement of molecules in the crystal. Examination in polarization microscope showed that the crystals were optically uniaxial with a direct extinction and a positive character of elongation. Molecular aggregates revealed in the protein molecules resembled the caudal part of the bacteriophage by structure.", "contents": "[Preliminary electron microscopic and x-ray study of the crystalline protein of diphtheria toxin]. The authors present the results of the electron microscopic and roentgenological study of the crystalline protein of diphtheria toxin. On the basis of direct measurements of the crystal image and diffraction pictures it was possible to calculate the interplane distances of the placement of molecules in the crystal. Examination in polarization microscope showed that the crystals were optically uniaxial with a direct extinction and a positive character of elongation. Molecular aggregates revealed in the protein molecules resembled the caudal part of the bacteriophage by structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1210886", "title": "[Adaptive evolution of osmoregulation in rodents with different ecologies].", "content": "Studies have been made on osmoregulation in aquatic rats (Arvicola terristris), cotton rats (Sigmodou hispidus) and Wistar albino rats under the conditions of usual salt-water regimen and 3-day water deficiency. In water-loving rodents, water deficiency results in significant changes in blood constants which charasterize osmotic homeostasis (sodium and urea concentration, the osmolarity). In albino rats, the state of dehydration is accompanied by a significant increase in antidiuretic activity of the blood serum and by an increase in osmotic concentrating index up to 7.4 +/- 0.2. In A. terestris and S. hispidus, despite of the increase in antidiuretic activity of the blood serum, no significant increase in U/Posm was found (2.7 +/- 0.2 and 4.8 +/-0.3 respectively). Low effectiveness of osmotic concentration in water-loving rodents is due to structural and functional rearrangement of the concentrating mechanism of the kidney, and, as a result, to the decrease in intrarenal gradients of sodium and urea. These peculiarities determine ecological specialization of osmoregulatory system.", "contents": "[Adaptive evolution of osmoregulation in rodents with different ecologies]. Studies have been made on osmoregulation in aquatic rats (Arvicola terristris), cotton rats (Sigmodou hispidus) and Wistar albino rats under the conditions of usual salt-water regimen and 3-day water deficiency. In water-loving rodents, water deficiency results in significant changes in blood constants which charasterize osmotic homeostasis (sodium and urea concentration, the osmolarity). In albino rats, the state of dehydration is accompanied by a significant increase in antidiuretic activity of the blood serum and by an increase in osmotic concentrating index up to 7.4 +/- 0.2. In A. terestris and S. hispidus, despite of the increase in antidiuretic activity of the blood serum, no significant increase in U/Posm was found (2.7 +/- 0.2 and 4.8 +/-0.3 respectively). Low effectiveness of osmotic concentration in water-loving rodents is due to structural and functional rearrangement of the concentrating mechanism of the kidney, and, as a result, to the decrease in intrarenal gradients of sodium and urea. These peculiarities determine ecological specialization of osmoregulatory system."}
{"id": "PMID:1210897", "title": "[Study of the process of interaction of the causative agent with the cells of the body and with a macrophage culture in experimental typhoid infection and carrier state].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 117 rabbits and cells of the macrophage cultures in vitro by the methods of clinico-laboratory, quantitative microbiological, immunological, electron microscopic and microcinematographic examination; a study was made of the interaction of the typhoid causative agent with the cells of the organism and the macrophage cultures and also of some aspects of the immune response during acute typhoid infection and carrier state. Infection was modelled by the enteral, subconjunctival and intrabonemarrow infection with 24-hour culture of the typhoid bacillus (strain Ty2 4446). Experiments demonstrated that structural reconstruction of both the causative agent and of the cells of the organism, of the culture macrophages and their organoids occurred in the course of the first hour after the infection. Homogenates of the lymphoid and myeloid tissues and also of the macrophages and polymorphonuclears possessed bactericidal activity against S. typhi. The degree of this activity largely depended on the pH of the medium. It was also shown that under conditions of the macrophage culture sodium aside inhibited the bactericidal activity of macrophages obtained from the intact and immune animals.", "contents": "[Study of the process of interaction of the causative agent with the cells of the body and with a macrophage culture in experimental typhoid infection and carrier state]. Experiments were conducted on 117 rabbits and cells of the macrophage cultures in vitro by the methods of clinico-laboratory, quantitative microbiological, immunological, electron microscopic and microcinematographic examination; a study was made of the interaction of the typhoid causative agent with the cells of the organism and the macrophage cultures and also of some aspects of the immune response during acute typhoid infection and carrier state. Infection was modelled by the enteral, subconjunctival and intrabonemarrow infection with 24-hour culture of the typhoid bacillus (strain Ty2 4446). Experiments demonstrated that structural reconstruction of both the causative agent and of the cells of the organism, of the culture macrophages and their organoids occurred in the course of the first hour after the infection. Homogenates of the lymphoid and myeloid tissues and also of the macrophages and polymorphonuclears possessed bactericidal activity against S. typhi. The degree of this activity largely depended on the pH of the medium. It was also shown that under conditions of the macrophage culture sodium aside inhibited the bactericidal activity of macrophages obtained from the intact and immune animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1210898", "title": "[Utilization of serological methods in the retrospective diagnosis of cholera and in detecting vibrion carriers].", "content": "Sensitivity and specificity of the three serological methods were studied comparatively: the vibriocidal test, the reaction of bacterial agglutination and of indirect hemagglutination, with the use of erythrocytes sensitized with the vibrio lyzate, cholera species O-antigen and cholerogen. Investigations were conducted with the blood sera of cholera patients, vibrio carriers and contacts. Vibriocidal test proved to be the most sensitive; its data correlated with the results of bacterial agglutination and indirect hemagglutination with erythrocytes, sensitized with the lysate of the vibrios and the cholera O-antigen. None of the used serological methods provided a 100% coincidence with the results of bacteriological analysis. The frequency of detection of anticholera antibodies decreased in the following order: cholera patients, vibrio carriers, contacts.", "contents": "[Utilization of serological methods in the retrospective diagnosis of cholera and in detecting vibrion carriers]. Sensitivity and specificity of the three serological methods were studied comparatively: the vibriocidal test, the reaction of bacterial agglutination and of indirect hemagglutination, with the use of erythrocytes sensitized with the vibrio lyzate, cholera species O-antigen and cholerogen. Investigations were conducted with the blood sera of cholera patients, vibrio carriers and contacts. Vibriocidal test proved to be the most sensitive; its data correlated with the results of bacterial agglutination and indirect hemagglutination with erythrocytes, sensitized with the lysate of the vibrios and the cholera O-antigen. None of the used serological methods provided a 100% coincidence with the results of bacteriological analysis. The frequency of detection of anticholera antibodies decreased in the following order: cholera patients, vibrio carriers, contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:1210899", "title": "[Some pathomorphological bases for the disorders of the tissue amino acid pool in Salmonella infection].", "content": "Possible causes of disturbances of the amino acid pool of the blood serum and the tissue, as well as the presence of an association between these shifts and the changes in the ultrastructure of the striated columnar epithelium of the small intestine were studied. Investigations were conducted in 138 patients suffereing from salmonellosis and in 120 albino rats experimentally-infected with S. typhimurium culture. Free amino acids of the blood serum and the tissue were determined by paper chromatography and on the automatic amino acid analyzer; ultrastructure of the small intestinal mucosa was studied by electron microscopy. The height of salmonella infection was attended by dysproportional changes in the amino acid pool of the tissue and the blood caused by disturbance of absorption and intracellular transformation of amino acids. Ultrastructural changes in the microvilli of the absorbing cells of the small intestine underlied absorption disturbances: at the height of salmonella infection some of the microvilli of the striated columnar small intestine proved to show poor contours; reduction of mitochondrial cristae was observed in almost all the mitochondria.", "contents": "[Some pathomorphological bases for the disorders of the tissue amino acid pool in Salmonella infection]. Possible causes of disturbances of the amino acid pool of the blood serum and the tissue, as well as the presence of an association between these shifts and the changes in the ultrastructure of the striated columnar epithelium of the small intestine were studied. Investigations were conducted in 138 patients suffereing from salmonellosis and in 120 albino rats experimentally-infected with S. typhimurium culture. Free amino acids of the blood serum and the tissue were determined by paper chromatography and on the automatic amino acid analyzer; ultrastructure of the small intestinal mucosa was studied by electron microscopy. The height of salmonella infection was attended by dysproportional changes in the amino acid pool of the tissue and the blood caused by disturbance of absorption and intracellular transformation of amino acids. Ultrastructural changes in the microvilli of the absorbing cells of the small intestine underlied absorption disturbances: at the height of salmonella infection some of the microvilli of the striated columnar small intestine proved to show poor contours; reduction of mitochondrial cristae was observed in almost all the mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1210900", "title": "[Morphological and histochemical characteristics of the reaction of the body to Cl. botulinum toxin administration. III. The cellular reaction of the diaphragmatic nerve nucleus to the administration of Cl. botulinum type B toxin].", "content": "On the appearance in the animals (guinea pigs) of paralysis of the limbs and myasthenia after the administration of Cl. botulinum, type B, toxin, there was seen a considerable vascular hyperemia of the spinal cord, and in the neurons of the phrenic nerve nucleus there developed dystrophic-necrotic processes coursing with a marked swelling, hyperchromasia and tigrolysis. As revealed histochemically, at this stage of the botulin intoxication the neurons of the phrenic nerve nucleus displayed metabolic changes expressed in the altered activity of succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and cholinesterase.", "contents": "[Morphological and histochemical characteristics of the reaction of the body to Cl. botulinum toxin administration. III. The cellular reaction of the diaphragmatic nerve nucleus to the administration of Cl. botulinum type B toxin]. On the appearance in the animals (guinea pigs) of paralysis of the limbs and myasthenia after the administration of Cl. botulinum, type B, toxin, there was seen a considerable vascular hyperemia of the spinal cord, and in the neurons of the phrenic nerve nucleus there developed dystrophic-necrotic processes coursing with a marked swelling, hyperchromasia and tigrolysis. As revealed histochemically, at this stage of the botulin intoxication the neurons of the phrenic nerve nucleus displayed metabolic changes expressed in the altered activity of succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and cholinesterase."}
{"id": "PMID:1210901", "title": "[Morphogenesis and some problems of the pathogenesis of experimental Pasteurella infection in white mice].", "content": "The authors present materials on the study of the principal stages of morphogenesis of experimental pasteurellosis infection in albino mice in subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intranasal infection. Particular attention was paid to the interrelations in the organism between the cells realizing the protective functions and the causative agent. It was established that the highly-virulent P. multocida strain was capable of intracellular reproduciton in the cells of the macrophage type. It was demonstrated that the protective course of infection was largely determined by its high rate of reproduction and its capacity to paralyze the protective function of leukocytes.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis and some problems of the pathogenesis of experimental Pasteurella infection in white mice]. The authors present materials on the study of the principal stages of morphogenesis of experimental pasteurellosis infection in albino mice in subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intranasal infection. Particular attention was paid to the interrelations in the organism between the cells realizing the protective functions and the causative agent. It was established that the highly-virulent P. multocida strain was capable of intracellular reproduciton in the cells of the macrophage type. It was demonstrated that the protective course of infection was largely determined by its high rate of reproduction and its capacity to paralyze the protective function of leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1210902", "title": "[A method of reproduction in mice of chronic sacculated staphylococciasis the deeply tissues].", "content": "The intranasal method of infeciton of mice proved to be of no avail in search of a model of prolonged staphylococciasis in animals. Intraorbital infection by Badenski's method - by high staphylococcus doses - produced a severe septico-pyemic process with a high percentage of animal death during the first days of the disease. Intraorbital administration to mice of the pathogenic staphylococci in a dose of 300,000-500,000 microbial cells led to formation (in 60 to 80% cases of the sacculated purulent foci with a preponderant localization of the abscesses in the area of the chest, their prolonged persistance and progressive development. The suggested modification of Badenski's method consisting in the use of a 200 times lower infective dose served as a convenient model for studying the pathogenesis of chronic staphylococcus infection and for testing the therapeutic antistaphylococcus preparations.", "contents": "[A method of reproduction in mice of chronic sacculated staphylococciasis the deeply tissues]. The intranasal method of infeciton of mice proved to be of no avail in search of a model of prolonged staphylococciasis in animals. Intraorbital infection by Badenski's method - by high staphylococcus doses - produced a severe septico-pyemic process with a high percentage of animal death during the first days of the disease. Intraorbital administration to mice of the pathogenic staphylococci in a dose of 300,000-500,000 microbial cells led to formation (in 60 to 80% cases of the sacculated purulent foci with a preponderant localization of the abscesses in the area of the chest, their prolonged persistance and progressive development. The suggested modification of Badenski's method consisting in the use of a 200 times lower infective dose served as a convenient model for studying the pathogenesis of chronic staphylococcus infection and for testing the therapeutic antistaphylococcus preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:1210907", "title": "[RNA biosynthesis in the microsomes of splenic cells during the inductive phase of the immunological response].", "content": "RNA labeled with 3H-uridine was extracted from the microsomes of the spleen of the intact and antigen-stimulated mice. A study was made of the composition of this RNA by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Apart from rRNA, there were revealed in the microsome composition up to 10 RNA components in the mol wt range of from 0.4-10(5) to 7-10(5) dalton and 2 componnents - between 7-10(5) and 1.7-10(6) dalton. Incorporation of 3H-uridine into the rRNA was the maximal 24 hours after the administration of the antigen, whereas the RNA with the mol wt between 0.4-10(5) dalton remaining practically unchanged for a period of three days after the immunization. 3H-uridine incorporation into these RNA was resistant to the action of low antibiotic (actinomycin D) doses. Immunization was not accompanied by the appearance of new, by molecular weight, RNA components.", "contents": "[RNA biosynthesis in the microsomes of splenic cells during the inductive phase of the immunological response]. RNA labeled with 3H-uridine was extracted from the microsomes of the spleen of the intact and antigen-stimulated mice. A study was made of the composition of this RNA by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Apart from rRNA, there were revealed in the microsome composition up to 10 RNA components in the mol wt range of from 0.4-10(5) to 7-10(5) dalton and 2 componnents - between 7-10(5) and 1.7-10(6) dalton. Incorporation of 3H-uridine into the rRNA was the maximal 24 hours after the administration of the antigen, whereas the RNA with the mol wt between 0.4-10(5) dalton remaining practically unchanged for a period of three days after the immunization. 3H-uridine incorporation into these RNA was resistant to the action of low antibiotic (actinomycin D) doses. Immunization was not accompanied by the appearance of new, by molecular weight, RNA components."}
{"id": "PMID:1210909", "title": "[Toxin B and A production by beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from scarlet fever patients].", "content": "This work was aimed at the study of the frequency of isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci from the patients suffering from scarlet fever, producing A and B toxins. Toxigenicity of the microbes was studied in the indirect agglutination test. In 68.4 per cent of cases there were isolate streptococci producing toxin A, and in 22.8 per cent--toxin B. The percentage of strongly toxigenic A-strains constituted 28.2, and of B-strains--0.6. The greatest incidence of the A and B toxigenic streptococci was observed during the autumn-winter period. Among the strains of the 4th--\"leading\" serological type there were the greatest number of the A-toxigenic variants, and among the streptococci belonging to the I serological type--of the B-toxigenic strains.", "contents": "[Toxin B and A production by beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from scarlet fever patients]. This work was aimed at the study of the frequency of isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci from the patients suffering from scarlet fever, producing A and B toxins. Toxigenicity of the microbes was studied in the indirect agglutination test. In 68.4 per cent of cases there were isolate streptococci producing toxin A, and in 22.8 per cent--toxin B. The percentage of strongly toxigenic A-strains constituted 28.2, and of B-strains--0.6. The greatest incidence of the A and B toxigenic streptococci was observed during the autumn-winter period. Among the strains of the 4th--\"leading\" serological type there were the greatest number of the A-toxigenic variants, and among the streptococci belonging to the I serological type--of the B-toxigenic strains."}
{"id": "PMID:1210910", "title": "[Epidemiological mechanism for the formation of drug-resistant bacterial populations].", "content": "The concept on the epidemiological mechanism of formation of drug-resistant bacterial populations was substantiated. Investigations showed the epidemiological mechanism of formation of the drug-resistant populations of staphylococci in the purulent-inflammatory foci to be represented in 81.4 per cent of the patients by superinfection with resistant microbes. The latter group of the patients could be divided into two subgroups: in one of the subgroups (34.9 per cent) a reduction of sensitivity in the initial staphylococci was seen in the presence of donor bacteria which later either remained in the focus or were eliminated. In this case it could be supposed that there occurred a preliminary infection with the resistant staphylococci or with the transducing bacteriophages.", "contents": "[Epidemiological mechanism for the formation of drug-resistant bacterial populations]. The concept on the epidemiological mechanism of formation of drug-resistant bacterial populations was substantiated. Investigations showed the epidemiological mechanism of formation of the drug-resistant populations of staphylococci in the purulent-inflammatory foci to be represented in 81.4 per cent of the patients by superinfection with resistant microbes. The latter group of the patients could be divided into two subgroups: in one of the subgroups (34.9 per cent) a reduction of sensitivity in the initial staphylococci was seen in the presence of donor bacteria which later either remained in the focus or were eliminated. In this case it could be supposed that there occurred a preliminary infection with the resistant staphylococci or with the transducing bacteriophages."}
{"id": "PMID:1210911", "title": "[Polymorphism of water-soluble and triton-X 100-extractable esterases and proteins from Leptospira].", "content": "Electrophoresis in gel from polyacrylamide was used to study the water-soluble intracellular esterases, triton-X 100-extracted and proteins of three saprophytic and three pathogenic strains of leptospirae belonging to different serological types. The results of investigation of a relative mobility of 27 fractions with an esterasic activity and the molecular weight of eight of them showed that their polymorphism was mainly consecuent of structural differences. In examination of proteins extracted from the cell residues with triton-X 100 there was also revealed an intertype polymorphism: by acrylamide electrophoresis with sodium dodecylsulphate they were divided into 3--10 fractions with a molecular weight of from 20000 to 200000. The results of these studies are discussed as a manifestation of biochemical individuality of leptospirae of individual serological types.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of water-soluble and triton-X 100-extractable esterases and proteins from Leptospira]. Electrophoresis in gel from polyacrylamide was used to study the water-soluble intracellular esterases, triton-X 100-extracted and proteins of three saprophytic and three pathogenic strains of leptospirae belonging to different serological types. The results of investigation of a relative mobility of 27 fractions with an esterasic activity and the molecular weight of eight of them showed that their polymorphism was mainly consecuent of structural differences. In examination of proteins extracted from the cell residues with triton-X 100 there was also revealed an intertype polymorphism: by acrylamide electrophoresis with sodium dodecylsulphate they were divided into 3--10 fractions with a molecular weight of from 20000 to 200000. The results of these studies are discussed as a manifestation of biochemical individuality of leptospirae of individual serological types."}
{"id": "PMID:1210912", "title": "[Role of neuraminidase from cholera vibrions in the pathogenesis of experimental cholera].", "content": "A study was made of a possible effect of neuraminidase of cholera vibrios on cholera pathogenesis. It was shown that in intraintestinal injection of cholera vibrios of the El Tor biotype to nursling rabbits neuraminidase could be revealed in their intestine 5 to 8 hours after the infection. Addition of neuraminidase to the weakly cholerogenic strain cholera vibrios intensified its cholerogenic action in infection of the animals. The antineuraminidase serum administered to the infected rabbits prevented clinical manifestations of experimental cholera, although it failed to always eliminate the cholerogenic syndrome (revealed during autopsy). At the same time neuraminidase did not influence the capacity of cholerogen to produce the cholerogenic syndrome. The authors consider that the action of the enzyme should occur at the early stages of the pathogenic process, and could be associated with creation of conditions for the attachement of cholera causative agent to the intestinal wall or for the action of their exotoxin.", "contents": "[Role of neuraminidase from cholera vibrions in the pathogenesis of experimental cholera]. A study was made of a possible effect of neuraminidase of cholera vibrios on cholera pathogenesis. It was shown that in intraintestinal injection of cholera vibrios of the El Tor biotype to nursling rabbits neuraminidase could be revealed in their intestine 5 to 8 hours after the infection. Addition of neuraminidase to the weakly cholerogenic strain cholera vibrios intensified its cholerogenic action in infection of the animals. The antineuraminidase serum administered to the infected rabbits prevented clinical manifestations of experimental cholera, although it failed to always eliminate the cholerogenic syndrome (revealed during autopsy). At the same time neuraminidase did not influence the capacity of cholerogen to produce the cholerogenic syndrome. The authors consider that the action of the enzyme should occur at the early stages of the pathogenic process, and could be associated with creation of conditions for the attachement of cholera causative agent to the intestinal wall or for the action of their exotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:1210913", "title": "[Molecular aspects of the interaction of albumin and tannined erythrocytes in the process of hemosensitization. II. The effect of temperature].", "content": "A study was made of a combined influence of the temperature of the medium and of sensitin concentration on the process of interaction of tannin-treated sheep erythrocytes and human serum albumin. On the basis of determination of the number of molecules bound by a single erythrocyte during hemosensitization,, depending on the mentioned conditions, it was revealed that the relative total albumin binding increased with the elevation of temperature. Elevation of temperature also led to the absolute and the relative increase in the stable and a reduction in the loose albumin binding by a single erythrocyte and the growth of sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination test. The role of chemical mechanisms in the erythrocyte albumin loading was demonstrated; this permitted to carry out erythrocyte albumin sensitization at a comparatively high temperature for the purpose of increasing the efficacy of passive hemagglutination test.", "contents": "[Molecular aspects of the interaction of albumin and tannined erythrocytes in the process of hemosensitization. II. The effect of temperature]. A study was made of a combined influence of the temperature of the medium and of sensitin concentration on the process of interaction of tannin-treated sheep erythrocytes and human serum albumin. On the basis of determination of the number of molecules bound by a single erythrocyte during hemosensitization,, depending on the mentioned conditions, it was revealed that the relative total albumin binding increased with the elevation of temperature. Elevation of temperature also led to the absolute and the relative increase in the stable and a reduction in the loose albumin binding by a single erythrocyte and the growth of sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination test. The role of chemical mechanisms in the erythrocyte albumin loading was demonstrated; this permitted to carry out erythrocyte albumin sensitization at a comparatively high temperature for the purpose of increasing the efficacy of passive hemagglutination test."}
{"id": "PMID:1210917", "title": "[Changes in the H-reflex of children with cerebral spastic hemiparesis].", "content": "A study of the H-reflexes in children with cerebral spastic hemipareses and in the control group of normal children depicted a decrease of the maximum amplitudes of H-reflexes and a drop in the relation Hmax:Mmax, a shortening of the latent period and a slower development of inhibition in sick children; in comparison with normals. Such changes are seen not only on the affected side in the patients, but on the unaffected (although expressed to a less degree). Such states do not permit to consider the nonaffected side as intact. The authors believe that the studied groups of patients are characterized by a disturbed process of intraspinal inhibition.", "contents": "[Changes in the H-reflex of children with cerebral spastic hemiparesis]. A study of the H-reflexes in children with cerebral spastic hemipareses and in the control group of normal children depicted a decrease of the maximum amplitudes of H-reflexes and a drop in the relation Hmax:Mmax, a shortening of the latent period and a slower development of inhibition in sick children; in comparison with normals. Such changes are seen not only on the affected side in the patients, but on the unaffected (although expressed to a less degree). Such states do not permit to consider the nonaffected side as intact. The authors believe that the studied groups of patients are characterized by a disturbed process of intraspinal inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:1210920", "title": "[A clinico-physiologic assessment of the state of the neuromuscular apparatus in children with ischemic lesions of the upper extremities].", "content": "A study of the potentials of action in the muscles of the brachium and carpus during voluntary movements and the assessment of the velocity of conduction along the motor filaments of the ulnar and median nerve in children with ischemic lesions of the upper extremities have shown that the pathological picture is characterized by a drop in the muscular electrogenesis and the velocity of excitational conduction. The authors come to the conclusion that there is a direct correlation between the decrease in the velocity of excitational conduction and a drop in the electrical muscle activity during voluntary movements.", "contents": "[A clinico-physiologic assessment of the state of the neuromuscular apparatus in children with ischemic lesions of the upper extremities]. A study of the potentials of action in the muscles of the brachium and carpus during voluntary movements and the assessment of the velocity of conduction along the motor filaments of the ulnar and median nerve in children with ischemic lesions of the upper extremities have shown that the pathological picture is characterized by a drop in the muscular electrogenesis and the velocity of excitational conduction. The authors come to the conclusion that there is a direct correlation between the decrease in the velocity of excitational conduction and a drop in the electrical muscle activity during voluntary movements."}
{"id": "PMID:1210921", "title": "[The activity of the rheumatic process in children with neurological forms of rheumatism].", "content": "The authors studied the biochemical indices characterizing the activity of the rheumatic process in 121 patients with neurological forms of rheumatism and in 28 patients with neurological forms of rheumatism and in 28 patients with rheumocarditis without expressed changes on behalf of the CNS (all the children were from 5 to 15 years). Besides, a control group of 15 normal children of the same age were studied as well. In all patients with neurological signs of rheumatism and rheumocarditis without expressed changes of the nervous system there was a distinct increase in the content of seromucoids, hexosamines, uromucoids during all periods of examination. The diphenylamine index and cyalic acid content in the blood plasma was changed to a less degree. A full correlation between the biochemical changes and neurological state was not found. However, even in moderately expressed neurological signs the patients are in need of an observation on behalf of the rheumatologist and preventive therapy.", "contents": "[The activity of the rheumatic process in children with neurological forms of rheumatism]. The authors studied the biochemical indices characterizing the activity of the rheumatic process in 121 patients with neurological forms of rheumatism and in 28 patients with neurological forms of rheumatism and in 28 patients with rheumocarditis without expressed changes on behalf of the CNS (all the children were from 5 to 15 years). Besides, a control group of 15 normal children of the same age were studied as well. In all patients with neurological signs of rheumatism and rheumocarditis without expressed changes of the nervous system there was a distinct increase in the content of seromucoids, hexosamines, uromucoids during all periods of examination. The diphenylamine index and cyalic acid content in the blood plasma was changed to a less degree. A full correlation between the biochemical changes and neurological state was not found. However, even in moderately expressed neurological signs the patients are in need of an observation on behalf of the rheumatologist and preventive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1210922", "title": "[Paroxysmal myoplegia].", "content": "The report deals with an observation of a 16 year old patient with paroxysmal myoplegia. On the background of a low K content in the blood plasma, a drop in the level of Co in the whole blood, an increase of the content of Na in the plasma and Cu in the blood, an increase in the adrenalin excretion with urine, a drop in the brain biorhythm seen in the EEG and cerebral-vascular tone in the REG, there were periodical attacks of tetraplegia with disturbed respiration. During one of such severe attacks the patient died from respirational and bulbar muscle paralysis.", "contents": "[Paroxysmal myoplegia]. The report deals with an observation of a 16 year old patient with paroxysmal myoplegia. On the background of a low K content in the blood plasma, a drop in the level of Co in the whole blood, an increase of the content of Na in the plasma and Cu in the blood, an increase in the adrenalin excretion with urine, a drop in the brain biorhythm seen in the EEG and cerebral-vascular tone in the REG, there were periodical attacks of tetraplegia with disturbed respiration. During one of such severe attacks the patient died from respirational and bulbar muscle paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1210923", "title": "[Features of cerebrovascular disorders in children with beta-thalassemia major].", "content": "In 42 patients with major beta-thalassemia the author studied the traits of cerebral vascular disorders with a correlation of clinical and REG data. In 5 cases the pathomorphology of different areas of the CNS was studied. In most of the cases there were transitory disorders of the brain circulation with transient neurological symptomatology. Acute strokes with stable focal disorders were encountered less frequently. Cerebral vascular disorders were more expressed in children from 6 to 12 years during hemolytical crises and in the terminal stage of the disease. REG data indicating changes of the cerebral hemodynamics testify to the compensatory vascular reaction which is necessary for the preservation of the functional capability of the brain in conditions of cerebral hypoxia.", "contents": "[Features of cerebrovascular disorders in children with beta-thalassemia major]. In 42 patients with major beta-thalassemia the author studied the traits of cerebral vascular disorders with a correlation of clinical and REG data. In 5 cases the pathomorphology of different areas of the CNS was studied. In most of the cases there were transitory disorders of the brain circulation with transient neurological symptomatology. Acute strokes with stable focal disorders were encountered less frequently. Cerebral vascular disorders were more expressed in children from 6 to 12 years during hemolytical crises and in the terminal stage of the disease. REG data indicating changes of the cerebral hemodynamics testify to the compensatory vascular reaction which is necessary for the preservation of the functional capability of the brain in conditions of cerebral hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210924", "title": "[Digestion and absorption of food substances by patients with the generalized form of myasthenia].", "content": "The results of coprological studies demonstrated that prior to thymectomia, in most of the patients with myasthenia there was a disturbed assimilation of lipids and carbohydrates, while as in 1/3 - a disturbed assimilation of proteins. These disorders were the reasons for a significant drop of weight in 60.9% of the patients. Following thymectomia with an improvement of the general state and a rehabilitation of transverse striped muscles there are, as a rule, positive dynamics in the assimilation of the above-mentioned food ingredients. Thus, the achieved results may indicate to a functional character of the changes in the digestive organs in myasthenia.", "contents": "[Digestion and absorption of food substances by patients with the generalized form of myasthenia]. The results of coprological studies demonstrated that prior to thymectomia, in most of the patients with myasthenia there was a disturbed assimilation of lipids and carbohydrates, while as in 1/3 - a disturbed assimilation of proteins. These disorders were the reasons for a significant drop of weight in 60.9% of the patients. Following thymectomia with an improvement of the general state and a rehabilitation of transverse striped muscles there are, as a rule, positive dynamics in the assimilation of the above-mentioned food ingredients. Thus, the achieved results may indicate to a functional character of the changes in the digestive organs in myasthenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210925", "title": "[The reflex on shortening (the Westphal phenomenon) in deforming muscular (torsion) dystrophy].", "content": "By the aid of an objective test the authors studied the reflex to a shortening (the Westphal phenomenon) which is a typical symptom of deforming muscular dystrophy, reflecting disorders of the muscular tone. It was demonstrated that prior to a development of a muscular spasm there were changes of the muscular activity due to an integration of excitation. It is being supposed that muscular spasms and dystonic hyperkinesis are generated on a spinal level. A disappearance of the Westphal phenomenon following operations on the basal ganglia, may indicate to the fact that the leading role in the genesis of this phenomenon belongs not only to the segmentary spinal apparatus, but to the supraspinal influence from the stem-subcortical brain structure.", "contents": "[The reflex on shortening (the Westphal phenomenon) in deforming muscular (torsion) dystrophy]. By the aid of an objective test the authors studied the reflex to a shortening (the Westphal phenomenon) which is a typical symptom of deforming muscular dystrophy, reflecting disorders of the muscular tone. It was demonstrated that prior to a development of a muscular spasm there were changes of the muscular activity due to an integration of excitation. It is being supposed that muscular spasms and dystonic hyperkinesis are generated on a spinal level. A disappearance of the Westphal phenomenon following operations on the basal ganglia, may indicate to the fact that the leading role in the genesis of this phenomenon belongs not only to the segmentary spinal apparatus, but to the supraspinal influence from the stem-subcortical brain structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1210926", "title": "[Interpersonal relations in a collective of mentally ill children].", "content": "By psychological and sociometrical methods the authors studied the selected objects for communication among the children of different diagnostic categories (schizophrenia, oligophrenia, epilepsy, organic brain lesions, etc.). The group under observation consisted of 218 children (boys aged 7-17 years). It has been demonstrated that interpersonal relations are mainly influenced by personal socio-psychological regularities, while the nozological entity of the patient influences these relations only indirectly, through the influence of such factors as age and level of the general development.", "contents": "[Interpersonal relations in a collective of mentally ill children]. By psychological and sociometrical methods the authors studied the selected objects for communication among the children of different diagnostic categories (schizophrenia, oligophrenia, epilepsy, organic brain lesions, etc.). The group under observation consisted of 218 children (boys aged 7-17 years). It has been demonstrated that interpersonal relations are mainly influenced by personal socio-psychological regularities, while the nozological entity of the patient influences these relations only indirectly, through the influence of such factors as age and level of the general development."}
{"id": "PMID:1210927", "title": "[Developmental features of the children of schizophrenic parents].", "content": "The author assessed the traits of the mental development of children from schizophrenic patients. A prevalence of schizoid types of personality was seen. The personality was also being analyzed from the point of view of age traits in asthenic, sthenic and mixed variants of the schizoid type. An analysis of a group of ill children (96) with a schizophrenic hereditary loading gave grounds to assume that the differences in the premorbid development of the children correlate with the differences of the initial stage and the type of development of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Developmental features of the children of schizophrenic parents]. The author assessed the traits of the mental development of children from schizophrenic patients. A prevalence of schizoid types of personality was seen. The personality was also being analyzed from the point of view of age traits in asthenic, sthenic and mixed variants of the schizoid type. An analysis of a group of ill children (96) with a schizophrenic hereditary loading gave grounds to assume that the differences in the premorbid development of the children correlate with the differences of the initial stage and the type of development of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210928", "title": "[Clinical features of schizophrenia in children and adolescents with dysplastic papillary patterns of the skin of the fingers and palms].", "content": "The authors conducted a dermatoglyphical study of 278 schizophrenic children and adolescents. The frequency of papillary pattern dysplasia of the hands was 23.7% in boys and 22.8% in girls. These data significantly exceed similar indices in normal children and adolescents (377 cases). A clinico-statistical analysis of 62 patients with dysplasia depicted (as a control, a group of 451 patients not differentiated for dysplasia were studied) an earlier onset of the schizophrenic process mainly with psychopath-like disorders and a continuous progressive development.", "contents": "[Clinical features of schizophrenia in children and adolescents with dysplastic papillary patterns of the skin of the fingers and palms]. The authors conducted a dermatoglyphical study of 278 schizophrenic children and adolescents. The frequency of papillary pattern dysplasia of the hands was 23.7% in boys and 22.8% in girls. These data significantly exceed similar indices in normal children and adolescents (377 cases). A clinico-statistical analysis of 62 patients with dysplasia depicted (as a control, a group of 451 patients not differentiated for dysplasia were studied) an earlier onset of the schizophrenic process mainly with psychopath-like disorders and a continuous progressive development."}
{"id": "PMID:1210929", "title": "[Features and dynamics of changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in children and adolescents ill with shift-like schizophrenia].", "content": "Singular and repeated EEG studies performed in children and adolescents with shift-like schizophrenia permitted to depict some special traits in the bioelectrical brain activity. In all age groups there was a definite tendency to a decrease in the amplitude of fluctuations and to a drop in the \"area\" occupied by the fluctuations of biopotentials in relation to normal age indices. There was also a relatively high per cent of rapid EEG activity, irregular reactive changes of the biopotentials and paraparoxysmal activity. The changes of corticat rhythmics were to a greater degree influenced by the features of the psychotic attacks rather than by their number and duration of the disease.", "contents": "[Features and dynamics of changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in children and adolescents ill with shift-like schizophrenia]. Singular and repeated EEG studies performed in children and adolescents with shift-like schizophrenia permitted to depict some special traits in the bioelectrical brain activity. In all age groups there was a definite tendency to a decrease in the amplitude of fluctuations and to a drop in the \"area\" occupied by the fluctuations of biopotentials in relation to normal age indices. There was also a relatively high per cent of rapid EEG activity, irregular reactive changes of the biopotentials and paraparoxysmal activity. The changes of corticat rhythmics were to a greater degree influenced by the features of the psychotic attacks rather than by their number and duration of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1210930", "title": "[Clinico-psychopathologic correlations of depressive and maniacal states in adolescents with schizophrenia and predominantly phasic affective disorders].", "content": "The author examined 64 adolescents with schizophrenia with a prevalence of phasic affective disorders in the clinical picture. In accordance with the degree of severity 4 groups of patients were distinguished. A comparison of these groups depicted some structural traits of the depressive and manic attacks and their dynamics which correlated with the progress of the process. The conclusion is being made that shift-like schizophrenia with a prevalence of affective disorders in adolescency is characterized by frequent bipolar phases, a tendency towards a continual course and a more rapid than in adults modification of the phenomenology of attacks with increasing personality changes.", "contents": "[Clinico-psychopathologic correlations of depressive and maniacal states in adolescents with schizophrenia and predominantly phasic affective disorders]. The author examined 64 adolescents with schizophrenia with a prevalence of phasic affective disorders in the clinical picture. In accordance with the degree of severity 4 groups of patients were distinguished. A comparison of these groups depicted some structural traits of the depressive and manic attacks and their dynamics which correlated with the progress of the process. The conclusion is being made that shift-like schizophrenia with a prevalence of affective disorders in adolescency is characterized by frequent bipolar phases, a tendency towards a continual course and a more rapid than in adults modification of the phenomenology of attacks with increasing personality changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1210931", "title": "[A schizophrenia-like variant of phenylketonuria].", "content": "In the clinical picture of 121 patients from 1 to 14 years among the group of 250 with phenylketonuria (48.4%), besides symptoms of mild mental retardation, there were also signs of autism, shallow emotional reactions and catatonic disturbances. This group was distinguished as a special schizophreno-like variant of phenylketonuria. A study of the age and therapeutical dynamics of the psychotic symptomatology has demonstrated that the schizophreno-like syndrome in phenylketonuria may be transient (63 cases) and more stable (58 cases) and does not depend upon the content of hyperphenilalaninemia, the genetical variant of the disorder and hereditary loading by schizophrenia. It is concluded that the schizophreno-like symptomatology in phenylketonuria develops due to a pleiotropic effect of the phenylketonuric gene.", "contents": "[A schizophrenia-like variant of phenylketonuria]. In the clinical picture of 121 patients from 1 to 14 years among the group of 250 with phenylketonuria (48.4%), besides symptoms of mild mental retardation, there were also signs of autism, shallow emotional reactions and catatonic disturbances. This group was distinguished as a special schizophreno-like variant of phenylketonuria. A study of the age and therapeutical dynamics of the psychotic symptomatology has demonstrated that the schizophreno-like syndrome in phenylketonuria may be transient (63 cases) and more stable (58 cases) and does not depend upon the content of hyperphenilalaninemia, the genetical variant of the disorder and hereditary loading by schizophrenia. It is concluded that the schizophreno-like symptomatology in phenylketonuria develops due to a pleiotropic effect of the phenylketonuric gene."}
{"id": "PMID:1210936", "title": "[An oscilllographic study of the speech of patients with cerebral circulatory disorders during the period of recovery from aphasia].", "content": "The articulation-phonographic (oscillographic) method of registration based on the transformation of acoustic fluctuations into an electrical signal was used for the determination of a character and degree of speech disturbances following brain strokes. Twenty normals and 18 patients with speech disturbances following brain strokes were studied in dynamics. The authors evaluated the duration of the latent period and the pronounciation rate of phonemes, words phrases. The following disturbances were marked in the motor speech defects: articulational, lengthening of the latent period, retardation of the speech rate; in the sensorial - lability of sound perception, failure of combinations. Thus, the aphatic disturbances, objectivized by the oscillographic method, reveal the pathology of various language levels (phonemes, words, phrases) and depend not only on the spasticity and apraxy of the vocal muscles, but on the time of the course of the cortical processes. The rehabilitation of the speech activity takes place simultaneously not on all the levels, while the most vulnerable appears to be the phonemic level.", "contents": "[An oscilllographic study of the speech of patients with cerebral circulatory disorders during the period of recovery from aphasia]. The articulation-phonographic (oscillographic) method of registration based on the transformation of acoustic fluctuations into an electrical signal was used for the determination of a character and degree of speech disturbances following brain strokes. Twenty normals and 18 patients with speech disturbances following brain strokes were studied in dynamics. The authors evaluated the duration of the latent period and the pronounciation rate of phonemes, words phrases. The following disturbances were marked in the motor speech defects: articulational, lengthening of the latent period, retardation of the speech rate; in the sensorial - lability of sound perception, failure of combinations. Thus, the aphatic disturbances, objectivized by the oscillographic method, reveal the pathology of various language levels (phonemes, words, phrases) and depend not only on the spasticity and apraxy of the vocal muscles, but on the time of the course of the cortical processes. The rehabilitation of the speech activity takes place simultaneously not on all the levels, while the most vulnerable appears to be the phonemic level."}
{"id": "PMID:1210937", "title": "[Use of electroroentgenography in air contrast studies of the brain].", "content": "Electroroentgenography was used for the first time in neurological practice in 70 patients. Indications for its use were brain tumors, intracranial hematomas, epileptical seizures and a necessity to define inflammatory, traumatical changes and brain tumors. These studies permitted to depict hydrocephaly, basal and convexital arachnoiditis, asymmetrical ascites, local dilatation of the third ventricule, a dislocation and deformation of the ventricules in tumors and intracranial hematomas, sequalae of closed brain injuries. It was also proved that the use of electroroentgenography is leasible and has advantages in the evaluation of the CSF system.", "contents": "[Use of electroroentgenography in air contrast studies of the brain]. Electroroentgenography was used for the first time in neurological practice in 70 patients. Indications for its use were brain tumors, intracranial hematomas, epileptical seizures and a necessity to define inflammatory, traumatical changes and brain tumors. These studies permitted to depict hydrocephaly, basal and convexital arachnoiditis, asymmetrical ascites, local dilatation of the third ventricule, a dislocation and deformation of the ventricules in tumors and intracranial hematomas, sequalae of closed brain injuries. It was also proved that the use of electroroentgenography is leasible and has advantages in the evaluation of the CSF system."}
{"id": "PMID:1210938", "title": "[Use of the Brdicka polarographic filtrate test for brain tumors].", "content": "The authors conducted a polygraphic study of the blood plasma proteins in 102 patients with brain tumors of a different histological structure. The data depicted a moderate statistically significant increase of the first and second catalytical waves in benign tumors and a significant (1.5 times more) increase in malignant and metastatical tumors in comparison to the data achieved in donors. This method can be used as a supplementary one for differential diagnostical purposes in the practice of neurooncology.", "contents": "[Use of the Brdicka polarographic filtrate test for brain tumors]. The authors conducted a polygraphic study of the blood plasma proteins in 102 patients with brain tumors of a different histological structure. The data depicted a moderate statistically significant increase of the first and second catalytical waves in benign tumors and a significant (1.5 times more) increase in malignant and metastatical tumors in comparison to the data achieved in donors. This method can be used as a supplementary one for differential diagnostical purposes in the practice of neurooncology."}
{"id": "PMID:1210939", "title": "[Coagulation properties of the blood and effectiveness of heparin therapy in patients with the cerebral form of hypertension and atherosclerosis].", "content": "By means of clinical and instrumental diagnosis the authors displayed a high effectiveness in the preventive treatment of patients with atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease by heparin in the period of remission. At the same time following treatment some patients especially with hypertensive disease revealed a marked activation of the hypercoagulative blood properties which exceeded the intial level. The authors discuss the possible mechanisms of this reaction.", "contents": "[Coagulation properties of the blood and effectiveness of heparin therapy in patients with the cerebral form of hypertension and atherosclerosis]. By means of clinical and instrumental diagnosis the authors displayed a high effectiveness in the preventive treatment of patients with atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease by heparin in the period of remission. At the same time following treatment some patients especially with hypertensive disease revealed a marked activation of the hypercoagulative blood properties which exceeded the intial level. The authors discuss the possible mechanisms of this reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1210940", "title": "[The adequacy of the rheoencephalographic method in clinical practice and research].", "content": "For purposes of defining the adequacy of using REG registrations in clinical practice, the authors conducted 4 series of studies on normals (16 cases), in patients of a neurosurgical ward (39 cases) and in experimental animals (12 dogs). The experimental and clinical studies displayed that the mechanical pulse fluctuation of the skin was not the determining factor in the genesis of a REG. The authors have come to the conclusion that the time of distribution of the pulse wave by itself can not serve as an indicator of an extra-or intracranial origination of REG waves inasmuch as it is different in different brain areas and depending upon its remoteness from the heart and the state of the vascular tone. Using the occlusional cuff the authors calculated the portion of the extracranial item in the total amount of the wave amplitude in the REG in norms (in average 14%). Thus, the achieved data confirmed the adequacy of the REG as a method of studying the pulse blood flux and cerebral vascular tone.", "contents": "[The adequacy of the rheoencephalographic method in clinical practice and research]. For purposes of defining the adequacy of using REG registrations in clinical practice, the authors conducted 4 series of studies on normals (16 cases), in patients of a neurosurgical ward (39 cases) and in experimental animals (12 dogs). The experimental and clinical studies displayed that the mechanical pulse fluctuation of the skin was not the determining factor in the genesis of a REG. The authors have come to the conclusion that the time of distribution of the pulse wave by itself can not serve as an indicator of an extra-or intracranial origination of REG waves inasmuch as it is different in different brain areas and depending upon its remoteness from the heart and the state of the vascular tone. Using the occlusional cuff the authors calculated the portion of the extracranial item in the total amount of the wave amplitude in the REG in norms (in average 14%). Thus, the achieved data confirmed the adequacy of the REG as a method of studying the pulse blood flux and cerebral vascular tone."}
{"id": "PMID:1210941", "title": "[The state of cerebral and peripheral hemodynamics in patients with visceral rheumatism].", "content": "In 75 patients with visceral rheumatism prior to and following antirheumatic treatment the authors studied the REG in a frontomastoidal and occipito-mastoidal leading as well as the REG of the brachial muscles. In one group of patients there were REG signs of a significantly increased tone of the cerebral vessels, especially of the arterioles and veins accompanied by a certain drop of brain repletion. In the other group there was a decrease of the pulse blood repletion of the hemispheres along with a significant drop of the arteriole and venous tone and difficulties in the blood back flow from the brain cavity. In most of the patients in the basin of internal carotid arteries there was a prevalence of arterial ischemia, while in the vertebrobasillar system -- venous hypoxia.", "contents": "[The state of cerebral and peripheral hemodynamics in patients with visceral rheumatism]. In 75 patients with visceral rheumatism prior to and following antirheumatic treatment the authors studied the REG in a frontomastoidal and occipito-mastoidal leading as well as the REG of the brachial muscles. In one group of patients there were REG signs of a significantly increased tone of the cerebral vessels, especially of the arterioles and veins accompanied by a certain drop of brain repletion. In the other group there was a decrease of the pulse blood repletion of the hemispheres along with a significant drop of the arteriole and venous tone and difficulties in the blood back flow from the brain cavity. In most of the patients in the basin of internal carotid arteries there was a prevalence of arterial ischemia, while in the vertebrobasillar system -- venous hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210942", "title": "[Heat pulsation as a method of functional loading during electroencephalography].", "content": "In most of the normals who were studied with the aid of thermal pulsation there was an expressed shift of bioelectrical brain activity towards a synchronization. In patients with generalized epileptical fits and with mesodiencephalic lesions under the influence of thermal pulsation there was a distinct expression an increase of pathological activity. This effect obviously exceeded the results of a use of photostimulation and hyperventilation. In patients with focal lesions of the hemospheres the effectivity of of the method appeared to less.", "contents": "[Heat pulsation as a method of functional loading during electroencephalography]. In most of the normals who were studied with the aid of thermal pulsation there was an expressed shift of bioelectrical brain activity towards a synchronization. In patients with generalized epileptical fits and with mesodiencephalic lesions under the influence of thermal pulsation there was a distinct expression an increase of pathological activity. This effect obviously exceeded the results of a use of photostimulation and hyperventilation. In patients with focal lesions of the hemospheres the effectivity of of the method appeared to less."}
{"id": "PMID:1210943", "title": "[The diagnostic value of electromyography in patients with demyelinating diseases of the nervous system].", "content": "The authors used EMG registrations of the reflex potentials in the orbicular ocular muscles appearing in an electrostimulation of the supraorbital nerve. The study included an analysis of the fluctuations of the latent period of the winking reflex in patients with different lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system. The authors were able to show a significant elongation of the latent period in patients with disseminated sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barre polyradiculoneuritis. In other signs of focal lesions of the brain stem and polyneuropathy the latent period of the winking reflex was near to the normal indices. The authors propose to use this method for the study of the process of demyelinization in the brain stem and for early diagnosis of disseminated sclerosis.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of electromyography in patients with demyelinating diseases of the nervous system]. The authors used EMG registrations of the reflex potentials in the orbicular ocular muscles appearing in an electrostimulation of the supraorbital nerve. The study included an analysis of the fluctuations of the latent period of the winking reflex in patients with different lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system. The authors were able to show a significant elongation of the latent period in patients with disseminated sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barre polyradiculoneuritis. In other signs of focal lesions of the brain stem and polyneuropathy the latent period of the winking reflex was near to the normal indices. The authors propose to use this method for the study of the process of demyelinization in the brain stem and for early diagnosis of disseminated sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1210944", "title": "[A clinico-electroencephalographic study of acute noxiron poisoning].", "content": "The study is concerned with results of a clinical and EEG examination of 28 patients with acute poisoning by noxiron. All these were seen in a Republican Centre for the Treatment of Acute Poisoning. Three groups of patients with certain clinical and EEG features were distinguished which permitted to assess more precisely the state of the patient. The authors discuss the possible mechanism of CNS lesions in such forms of intoxication.", "contents": "[A clinico-electroencephalographic study of acute noxiron poisoning]. The study is concerned with results of a clinical and EEG examination of 28 patients with acute poisoning by noxiron. All these were seen in a Republican Centre for the Treatment of Acute Poisoning. Three groups of patients with certain clinical and EEG features were distinguished which permitted to assess more precisely the state of the patient. The authors discuss the possible mechanism of CNS lesions in such forms of intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:1210945", "title": "[The role of neuromediators in changes in the character of respiration and in its correction following cranio-cerebral trauma].", "content": "Experimental studies on dogs and clinical examinations of patients with brain injuries permitted to state that the activity of the sympathicoadrenal system in the posttraumatic period is increased. The cholinergic processes in such conditions are inhibited, the concentration of blood serotonin is decreased. Depending upon the character of changed neurohumoral blood factors the parameters of external respiration (hypotachypnoe with respiratory acidosis) are also changed. In such condition hydrocortison fulfills the normalizing effect on the respiratory function only in a stimulation of the inhibited cholinergic system by cholinomimetics.", "contents": "[The role of neuromediators in changes in the character of respiration and in its correction following cranio-cerebral trauma]. Experimental studies on dogs and clinical examinations of patients with brain injuries permitted to state that the activity of the sympathicoadrenal system in the posttraumatic period is increased. The cholinergic processes in such conditions are inhibited, the concentration of blood serotonin is decreased. Depending upon the character of changed neurohumoral blood factors the parameters of external respiration (hypotachypnoe with respiratory acidosis) are also changed. In such condition hydrocortison fulfills the normalizing effect on the respiratory function only in a stimulation of the inhibited cholinergic system by cholinomimetics."}
{"id": "PMID:1210947", "title": "[Lateralization of mental functions at the subcortical level (according to material from stereotaxic surgery)].", "content": "In 26 patients with expressed signs of parkinsonism the authors studied the state of higher cortical functions prior to and following stereotaxic operations. The results of such studies point to a distinct connection between the changes of certain mental processes and the side of the operation. It was demonstrated that the subcortical structures of the left and right hemisphere participate in the mnestic function in different ways. The specificity and different directions of postoperative changes in the higher cortical functions may in the opinion of the authors speak in favour of a certain specificity in the contributed organization of mental processes on behalf of the subcortical structures.", "contents": "[Lateralization of mental functions at the subcortical level (according to material from stereotaxic surgery)]. In 26 patients with expressed signs of parkinsonism the authors studied the state of higher cortical functions prior to and following stereotaxic operations. The results of such studies point to a distinct connection between the changes of certain mental processes and the side of the operation. It was demonstrated that the subcortical structures of the left and right hemisphere participate in the mnestic function in different ways. The specificity and different directions of postoperative changes in the higher cortical functions may in the opinion of the authors speak in favour of a certain specificity in the contributed organization of mental processes on behalf of the subcortical structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1210948", "title": "[Memory disorders in epileptic children with temporal psychomotor seizures].", "content": "The authors demonstrate the results of experimental psychological examination of memory in 57 patients with epilepsy in psychomotor temporal seizures. It was possible to show that in such cases there was a total decline of short-time memory. In bilateral foci and a long-term development of the disease there was a formation of an amnestic syndrome. The most distinct changes were seen in a delayed reproduction. In an electrostimulation of the structures of the temporal lobe by means of implanted electrodes the experiments displayed an intactness of direct reproduction during a stimulation of the neocortex, a moderate decrease in a stimulation of the hypocampus and a grave -- when stimulating the amygdalar complex.", "contents": "[Memory disorders in epileptic children with temporal psychomotor seizures]. The authors demonstrate the results of experimental psychological examination of memory in 57 patients with epilepsy in psychomotor temporal seizures. It was possible to show that in such cases there was a total decline of short-time memory. In bilateral foci and a long-term development of the disease there was a formation of an amnestic syndrome. The most distinct changes were seen in a delayed reproduction. In an electrostimulation of the structures of the temporal lobe by means of implanted electrodes the experiments displayed an intactness of direct reproduction during a stimulation of the neocortex, a moderate decrease in a stimulation of the hypocampus and a grave -- when stimulating the amygdalar complex."}
{"id": "PMID:1210949", "title": "[Concept formation in children with schizophrenia (from Piaget test material)].", "content": "The authors studied reasons of a domineering perceptive generalizations in the Piaget test by children with schizophrenia. In teaching the children to distinguish and measure different properties of objects, the most typical appeared to be the following actions: a complete or partial refusal to accomplish them, a substitution of measurements by a perceptive comparison, difficulties in the narration of personal activity in well developed speech. Better results were attained in those who were emotionally positive. On these grounds the authors presumed an autistical genesis of these disturbances.", "contents": "[Concept formation in children with schizophrenia (from Piaget test material)]. The authors studied reasons of a domineering perceptive generalizations in the Piaget test by children with schizophrenia. In teaching the children to distinguish and measure different properties of objects, the most typical appeared to be the following actions: a complete or partial refusal to accomplish them, a substitution of measurements by a perceptive comparison, difficulties in the narration of personal activity in well developed speech. Better results were attained in those who were emotionally positive. On these grounds the authors presumed an autistical genesis of these disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:1210951", "title": "[Psychological diagnosis of sluggish schizophrenia (according to thematic apperception test findings)].", "content": "The paper deals with a pilot study of fine, slightly expressed disorders of mental activity in patients with sluggish schizophrenia. The results of themotical apperceptive tests used in these cases were thoroughly analyzed by the author. Three general types of plots, characteristic of such patients were distinguished. These features can be used in clinical practice as a supplementary diagnostical method in the evaluation of a sluggish form of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Psychological diagnosis of sluggish schizophrenia (according to thematic apperception test findings)]. The paper deals with a pilot study of fine, slightly expressed disorders of mental activity in patients with sluggish schizophrenia. The results of themotical apperceptive tests used in these cases were thoroughly analyzed by the author. Three general types of plots, characteristic of such patients were distinguished. These features can be used in clinical practice as a supplementary diagnostical method in the evaluation of a sluggish form of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210952", "title": "[Visual perception, reaction time and their alteration under the influence of alcohol in patients with remote sequelae of closed cranio-cerebral trauma].", "content": "In patients with remote sequalae of closed brain injuries the author examined the time of perception of letter stimula by the aid of a technique of reverse masking, the time of motor reactions to simple and letter stimula and changes of these temporary parameters under the influence of small doses of alcohol (60 ml 40 degrees alcohol). The time of perception and time of motor reactions to a simple stimula were practically identical to those in normals. The time of motor reactions to aletter stimula was higher than to a simple one and in patients significantly higher than in normals. Under the influence of alcohol the time of perception and motor reactions increase in conditions of letter distinguishing. These facts permit to consider that alcohol in such patients makes the processing of information in the CNS slower and most strongly influences the central cortical processes.", "contents": "[Visual perception, reaction time and their alteration under the influence of alcohol in patients with remote sequelae of closed cranio-cerebral trauma]. In patients with remote sequalae of closed brain injuries the author examined the time of perception of letter stimula by the aid of a technique of reverse masking, the time of motor reactions to simple and letter stimula and changes of these temporary parameters under the influence of small doses of alcohol (60 ml 40 degrees alcohol). The time of perception and time of motor reactions to a simple stimula were practically identical to those in normals. The time of motor reactions to aletter stimula was higher than to a simple one and in patients significantly higher than in normals. Under the influence of alcohol the time of perception and motor reactions increase in conditions of letter distinguishing. These facts permit to consider that alcohol in such patients makes the processing of information in the CNS slower and most strongly influences the central cortical processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1210953", "title": "[The clinical picture of epileptoid psychopathy in light of the views of P.B Gannushkin].", "content": "Continuing the main concepts developed by P. B. Gannushkin concerning epileptoid psychopathy as an independent form of personality anomaly the author considers some clinical traits and the dynamics of this form of psychopathy. Epileptoid psychopathy is evaluated in the light of an interaction of epileptoid traits in the personality with some external influences and diseases of an organic nature. The paper deals with different variants of psychogenic reactions in this contingent of patients, reactions to intoxication influences and special clinical traits of this form of psychopathy in combination with organic brain lesions and in particularly with arteriosclerosis. Besides, the author discusses some problems of interrelations of epileptoid psychopathy with schizophrenia and epilepsy.", "contents": "[The clinical picture of epileptoid psychopathy in light of the views of P.B Gannushkin]. Continuing the main concepts developed by P. B. Gannushkin concerning epileptoid psychopathy as an independent form of personality anomaly the author considers some clinical traits and the dynamics of this form of psychopathy. Epileptoid psychopathy is evaluated in the light of an interaction of epileptoid traits in the personality with some external influences and diseases of an organic nature. The paper deals with different variants of psychogenic reactions in this contingent of patients, reactions to intoxication influences and special clinical traits of this form of psychopathy in combination with organic brain lesions and in particularly with arteriosclerosis. Besides, the author discusses some problems of interrelations of epileptoid psychopathy with schizophrenia and epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1210954", "title": "[Comparative socio-demographic characteristics of schizophrenic patients committing socially dangerous acts].", "content": "The report is based on a statistical analysis of a reregistration of mental patients on the territory of a large city. The authors systematized and analyzed (with the aid of a computer) data concerning the age and sex structure and the special traits of a socio-working adaptation of schizophrenic patients who committed socially dangerous acts during the period of their illness. These data were correlated with similar ones in respect to all the registered schizophrenic patients. It was demonstrated that among the patients who committed dangerous acts in the past there was a prevalence of males (on the average 4.3 times more frequently), while in the general population of schizophrenic patients there is only a 23.8% increase among the males, as compared to females. Those who committed such acts had a lower educational census and worse indices of working capacity which have their specificity in different age groups for males and females. The indices of working capacity correlate (a feed back) with the frequency of dangerous acts. The authors are of the opinion that the obtained information may be used for a wide-range evaluation of the possible risk of dangerous acts committed by schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "[Comparative socio-demographic characteristics of schizophrenic patients committing socially dangerous acts]. The report is based on a statistical analysis of a reregistration of mental patients on the territory of a large city. The authors systematized and analyzed (with the aid of a computer) data concerning the age and sex structure and the special traits of a socio-working adaptation of schizophrenic patients who committed socially dangerous acts during the period of their illness. These data were correlated with similar ones in respect to all the registered schizophrenic patients. It was demonstrated that among the patients who committed dangerous acts in the past there was a prevalence of males (on the average 4.3 times more frequently), while in the general population of schizophrenic patients there is only a 23.8% increase among the males, as compared to females. Those who committed such acts had a lower educational census and worse indices of working capacity which have their specificity in different age groups for males and females. The indices of working capacity correlate (a feed back) with the frequency of dangerous acts. The authors are of the opinion that the obtained information may be used for a wide-range evaluation of the possible risk of dangerous acts committed by schizophrenic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1210955", "title": "[Results of an epidemiologic study of mental patients over 60 years of age in one of the districts of Moscow].", "content": "The convened investigation was related to a clinico-epidemiological study of mental disorders in individuals older than 60 who lived in the Kiev district of Moscow. The study was made of the entire population by a nonselective method with a fulfillment of a specially elaborated epidemiological chart. On the basis of an analysis of such charts and a personal interview of 1024 elderly patients and 215 elderly individuals not registered in the neuropsychiatric dispensary it was possible to receive some data concerning the prevalence rates, diagnostical, sex and age content of mental diseases in patients over 60, living in the given district.", "contents": "[Results of an epidemiologic study of mental patients over 60 years of age in one of the districts of Moscow]. The convened investigation was related to a clinico-epidemiological study of mental disorders in individuals older than 60 who lived in the Kiev district of Moscow. The study was made of the entire population by a nonselective method with a fulfillment of a specially elaborated epidemiological chart. On the basis of an analysis of such charts and a personal interview of 1024 elderly patients and 215 elderly individuals not registered in the neuropsychiatric dispensary it was possible to receive some data concerning the prevalence rates, diagnostical, sex and age content of mental diseases in patients over 60, living in the given district."}
{"id": "PMID:1210956", "title": "[Clinical patterns in the course of alcoholic psychosis].", "content": "A dynamical study of 266 patients with alcoholic psychoses during a long period, demonstrated that the traditional classification according to the syndromological principle is not adequate to the modern development of psychiatry. The achieved clinical data testify to the fact of an existence of 3 main types of alcoholic psychoses: episodic, remittent and protracted. An analysis of the clinical picture of alcoholic psychoses from the point of view of \"psychiatry development\" permits to claim that there is a unity of the pathogenetical mechanisms of all the psychotic conditions in a chronic alcoholic intoxication. The main pathogenetical factors conditioning the type of psychoses is the stage of alcoholism and the character of alcholic abuse.", "contents": "[Clinical patterns in the course of alcoholic psychosis]. A dynamical study of 266 patients with alcoholic psychoses during a long period, demonstrated that the traditional classification according to the syndromological principle is not adequate to the modern development of psychiatry. The achieved clinical data testify to the fact of an existence of 3 main types of alcoholic psychoses: episodic, remittent and protracted. An analysis of the clinical picture of alcoholic psychoses from the point of view of \"psychiatry development\" permits to claim that there is a unity of the pathogenetical mechanisms of all the psychotic conditions in a chronic alcoholic intoxication. The main pathogenetical factors conditioning the type of psychoses is the stage of alcoholism and the character of alcholic abuse."}
{"id": "PMID:1210957", "title": "[Electromyographic characteristics of movement disorders in tumors of the temporal lobe of the brain].", "content": "The author studied the basic regularities of EMG changes in 26 patients with tumors of the temporal lobe, in 30 normals and in patients with tumors in the frontal lobes. The studies depicted an inhibition of the muscular electrogenesis in the form of a drop of the amplitude of muscular potentials at rest, in respirative and synergical changes of the muscular tone, in tests on extension and voluntary muscular contraction. There was also a mildly changed structure of the EMG and crude disorders of the reciprocal relations in muscular antagonists. The author stresses that there was no significant asymmetry of EMG parameters. An inhibition of muscular electrogenesis was more expressed in patients with malignant tumors and in the remote stages of the hypertensive syndrome.", "contents": "[Electromyographic characteristics of movement disorders in tumors of the temporal lobe of the brain]. The author studied the basic regularities of EMG changes in 26 patients with tumors of the temporal lobe, in 30 normals and in patients with tumors in the frontal lobes. The studies depicted an inhibition of the muscular electrogenesis in the form of a drop of the amplitude of muscular potentials at rest, in respirative and synergical changes of the muscular tone, in tests on extension and voluntary muscular contraction. There was also a mildly changed structure of the EMG and crude disorders of the reciprocal relations in muscular antagonists. The author stresses that there was no significant asymmetry of EMG parameters. An inhibition of muscular electrogenesis was more expressed in patients with malignant tumors and in the remote stages of the hypertensive syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1210958", "title": "[Primary multiple sarcoma of the brain and spinal cord].", "content": "The authors present a rare case of primary multiple sarcoma of the brain and spinal cord. Histologically the tumor was differentiated with meningeal sarcoma and glioblastoma. The diagnosis of a sarcoma was based on the existence of densly located polymorphic cells with a large amount of ugly gigantic cells and a dissemination of them along the vessels, the presence of collagenic filaments not only in the walls of the vessels, but between the tumor cells. The morphological pictures of the tumor in the brain and spinal cord were identical.", "contents": "[Primary multiple sarcoma of the brain and spinal cord]. The authors present a rare case of primary multiple sarcoma of the brain and spinal cord. Histologically the tumor was differentiated with meningeal sarcoma and glioblastoma. The diagnosis of a sarcoma was based on the existence of densly located polymorphic cells with a large amount of ugly gigantic cells and a dissemination of them along the vessels, the presence of collagenic filaments not only in the walls of the vessels, but between the tumor cells. The morphological pictures of the tumor in the brain and spinal cord were identical."}
{"id": "PMID:1210959", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid studies in acoustic neurinoma].", "content": "The author examined 506 operated upon patients for unilateral neurinoma of the acustical nerve of a different size. The content of the protein in the CSF was in a direct correlation with the size of the tumor and degree of involvement into the pathological process of the vessels in the brain structures, adjacent to the tumor. A disturbance in the permeability of the CSF spaces was determined by the size of the tumor node.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid studies in acoustic neurinoma]. The author examined 506 operated upon patients for unilateral neurinoma of the acustical nerve of a different size. The content of the protein in the CSF was in a direct correlation with the size of the tumor and degree of involvement into the pathological process of the vessels in the brain structures, adjacent to the tumor. A disturbance in the permeability of the CSF spaces was determined by the size of the tumor node."}
{"id": "PMID:1210960", "title": "[The relationship between the development of the clinical picture of the disease and the rate of development of the intracranial focus (an experimental study)].", "content": "Experiments on 53 dogs with a slowly increasing limited brain cavity depicted some traits in the development of intracranial hypertension and in the clinical development of the disease with regard to the rate of intensification of the focus. The rate of an increasing focus exerts great influence on the correlation between the duration of the period of larvated (compensated) and manifest development of the pathological by volume process in the brain cavity. The author distinguishes 4 types in the development of the disease: chronic, subacute, acute and stroke-like conditioned by the degree of expressiveness in the compensatory mechanisms and factors leading to a breakdown of compensation.", "contents": "[The relationship between the development of the clinical picture of the disease and the rate of development of the intracranial focus (an experimental study)]. Experiments on 53 dogs with a slowly increasing limited brain cavity depicted some traits in the development of intracranial hypertension and in the clinical development of the disease with regard to the rate of intensification of the focus. The rate of an increasing focus exerts great influence on the correlation between the duration of the period of larvated (compensated) and manifest development of the pathological by volume process in the brain cavity. The author distinguishes 4 types in the development of the disease: chronic, subacute, acute and stroke-like conditioned by the degree of expressiveness in the compensatory mechanisms and factors leading to a breakdown of compensation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210961", "title": "[The dynamics of temporal lobe epilepsy manifestations and the social-occupational prognosis in children following surgical removal of the epileptic focus].", "content": "The authors conducted a follow-up study of 28 children with temporal epilepsy who had undergone an anterior temporal lobectomy performed at the age of 4-13 years. Besides, a discontinuation of convulsive seizures in almost all of the cases there was an improvement in the social adjustment: 25 of 28 children could go to school for the first time or renew their studies, whereas before the operation 7 children could not study, because of frequent seizures and behavioral disturbances. Following 2-10 years after the surgical operation II of the patients were still studying at school or in vocational schools and 12 of them were working. Not being able to study was I child of school age, and 4 patients older than 18 years were incapacitated. Surgical treatment of epilepsy in childhood was more effective than in adults.", "contents": "[The dynamics of temporal lobe epilepsy manifestations and the social-occupational prognosis in children following surgical removal of the epileptic focus]. The authors conducted a follow-up study of 28 children with temporal epilepsy who had undergone an anterior temporal lobectomy performed at the age of 4-13 years. Besides, a discontinuation of convulsive seizures in almost all of the cases there was an improvement in the social adjustment: 25 of 28 children could go to school for the first time or renew their studies, whereas before the operation 7 children could not study, because of frequent seizures and behavioral disturbances. Following 2-10 years after the surgical operation II of the patients were still studying at school or in vocational schools and 12 of them were working. Not being able to study was I child of school age, and 4 patients older than 18 years were incapacitated. Surgical treatment of epilepsy in childhood was more effective than in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:1210962", "title": "[The phenomenon of experimental motor retardation as one of the manifestations of the Parkinsonian syndrome].", "content": "A low frequency stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus in freely moving cats leads to an arrest of reactions with an increased muscular tone and tremor. This reaction may serve as an experimental model of one of the expressions of parkinsonism, inasmuch as its accomplishment depends upon the central dopaminergic mechanisms (confirmed on experiments with disulfiram and alpha-methyltyrosine). The similarity is also supplemented by the fact that the arrested reaction is weakened by antiparkinson drugs (d, 1-amphetamine, DOPA, artane) and is increased by neuroeptical preparation (aminazine, haloperidol, reserpine).", "contents": "[The phenomenon of experimental motor retardation as one of the manifestations of the Parkinsonian syndrome]. A low frequency stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus in freely moving cats leads to an arrest of reactions with an increased muscular tone and tremor. This reaction may serve as an experimental model of one of the expressions of parkinsonism, inasmuch as its accomplishment depends upon the central dopaminergic mechanisms (confirmed on experiments with disulfiram and alpha-methyltyrosine). The similarity is also supplemented by the fact that the arrested reaction is weakened by antiparkinson drugs (d, 1-amphetamine, DOPA, artane) and is increased by neuroeptical preparation (aminazine, haloperidol, reserpine)."}
{"id": "PMID:1210963", "title": "[Disruption and recovery of grammatical speech in patients with acoustic-mnestic aphasia].", "content": "The clinical picture of acustico-mnestical aphasia, besides defects of understanding, naming and reiteration is characterized by disorders of a grammatical shaping of statements as well. Such disorders as yet have not been specially studied. The conducted study explored disorders and rehabilitation of speech grammar in 10 patients with acustico-mnestical aphasia with the aid of a neuro-linguistical analysis of spontaneous speech in patients and some special tests. The study made it possible to eliminate general types of agrammatism in different forms of aphasia and disorders, specific of acustico-mnestical aphasia. The suggested methods appeared to be adequate for a rehabilitation of speech grammar in this group of patients. Besides rehabilitative training may be used as a supplementary method for studying the character and structure of agrammatism in acustico-mnestical aphasia. The achieved results may be used for the diagnostics and rehabilitation of speech in this form of aphasia.", "contents": "[Disruption and recovery of grammatical speech in patients with acoustic-mnestic aphasia]. The clinical picture of acustico-mnestical aphasia, besides defects of understanding, naming and reiteration is characterized by disorders of a grammatical shaping of statements as well. Such disorders as yet have not been specially studied. The conducted study explored disorders and rehabilitation of speech grammar in 10 patients with acustico-mnestical aphasia with the aid of a neuro-linguistical analysis of spontaneous speech in patients and some special tests. The study made it possible to eliminate general types of agrammatism in different forms of aphasia and disorders, specific of acustico-mnestical aphasia. The suggested methods appeared to be adequate for a rehabilitation of speech grammar in this group of patients. Besides rehabilitative training may be used as a supplementary method for studying the character and structure of agrammatism in acustico-mnestical aphasia. The achieved results may be used for the diagnostics and rehabilitation of speech in this form of aphasia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210964", "title": "[Dispensary treatment of the rural population with diseases of the nervous system].", "content": "The presentation is concerned with the results of a dispensary study (screening) of 517 patients among the rural population with disorders of the nervous system during 1971-1972. The author discusses the effectivity of such observations, their qualitative and quantitative indices.", "contents": "[Dispensary treatment of the rural population with diseases of the nervous system]. The presentation is concerned with the results of a dispensary study (screening) of 517 patients among the rural population with disorders of the nervous system during 1971-1972. The author discusses the effectivity of such observations, their qualitative and quantitative indices."}
{"id": "PMID:1210965", "title": "[Several features of facial expression and its perception in schizophrenic patients and the problem of emotional reference].", "content": "The author discusses some general problems of emotions and expression. It is admitted, in particular, that a consideration of expression as a paralanguage may lead (similar to correlation of language and thinking) to a conception of mutually conditioned emotions and expression. It is assumed that a differentiated concept of emotional structure including besides emotional reactions and states, emotional relations may afford a better understanding of expressional pathology. The emotional relations as an expressional phenomena is specially stressed. In preliminary experiments based on scaled evaluation of mimics it was possible to distinguish by experts the mimics of normals and schizophrenic patients. The latter had a significant increase in the maximally positive and negative marks.", "contents": "[Several features of facial expression and its perception in schizophrenic patients and the problem of emotional reference]. The author discusses some general problems of emotions and expression. It is admitted, in particular, that a consideration of expression as a paralanguage may lead (similar to correlation of language and thinking) to a conception of mutually conditioned emotions and expression. It is assumed that a differentiated concept of emotional structure including besides emotional reactions and states, emotional relations may afford a better understanding of expressional pathology. The emotional relations as an expressional phenomena is specially stressed. In preliminary experiments based on scaled evaluation of mimics it was possible to distinguish by experts the mimics of normals and schizophrenic patients. The latter had a significant increase in the maximally positive and negative marks."}
{"id": "PMID:1210966", "title": "[The relationship between cerebral electroactivity in schizophrenic patients and age and genetic factors].", "content": "In different age groups of schizophrenic children and adolescents there is a tendency towards a drop in the amplitude of fluctuation of brain biopotentials and to a decrease in the square of modul according to the data of EEG automatic integration. In the younger age groups (3-9 years) these differences were significant. The same tendency was marked in the parients of schizophrenic children. In epileptic patients and their parents according to this sign there was an opposite direction of EEG changes.", "contents": "[The relationship between cerebral electroactivity in schizophrenic patients and age and genetic factors]. In different age groups of schizophrenic children and adolescents there is a tendency towards a drop in the amplitude of fluctuation of brain biopotentials and to a decrease in the square of modul according to the data of EEG automatic integration. In the younger age groups (3-9 years) these differences were significant. The same tendency was marked in the parients of schizophrenic children. In epileptic patients and their parents according to this sign there was an opposite direction of EEG changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1210967", "title": "[Comparative clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of affective psychoses and periodic schizophrenia].", "content": "The author presents the results of an epidemiological study of 274 patients with manic-depressive psychosis and 433 patients with periodic schizophrenia. The study concerns the comparison of syndromal conditions in these diseases and criteria of prognosis. It is stressed that a bipolar development is an unfavorable prognostical sign in both disorders. The prognosis is especially poor if manic states appear at the earlier stages of the disorder. The probability of a more severe development of manic-depressive psychosis and periodic schizophrenia is higher in males than in females.", "contents": "[Comparative clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of affective psychoses and periodic schizophrenia]. The author presents the results of an epidemiological study of 274 patients with manic-depressive psychosis and 433 patients with periodic schizophrenia. The study concerns the comparison of syndromal conditions in these diseases and criteria of prognosis. It is stressed that a bipolar development is an unfavorable prognostical sign in both disorders. The prognosis is especially poor if manic states appear at the earlier stages of the disorder. The probability of a more severe development of manic-depressive psychosis and periodic schizophrenia is higher in males than in females."}
{"id": "PMID:1210968", "title": "[Agonal remission in the terminal stages of schizophrenia].", "content": "The study is concerned with 3 cases of agonal remissions in schizophrenic patients following a long-term stable terminal state against the background of severe somatic disorders. During these states the behaviour, speech and emotional reactions of the patients became normalized. However, there was an insufficient insight to the psychoses. The authors mark a special psychopathological disorder named as a schizophrenic ecmnestical shift. The patients allocated the age of their closest relatives and some - times the current year approximately to the time of the onset of the disease. In this relation the authors discuss the problems of the possibility and borderlines of a reverse development of severe deterioration states, the correlation between the functional and organic conditions in schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Agonal remission in the terminal stages of schizophrenia]. The study is concerned with 3 cases of agonal remissions in schizophrenic patients following a long-term stable terminal state against the background of severe somatic disorders. During these states the behaviour, speech and emotional reactions of the patients became normalized. However, there was an insufficient insight to the psychoses. The authors mark a special psychopathological disorder named as a schizophrenic ecmnestical shift. The patients allocated the age of their closest relatives and some - times the current year approximately to the time of the onset of the disease. In this relation the authors discuss the problems of the possibility and borderlines of a reverse development of severe deterioration states, the correlation between the functional and organic conditions in schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210969", "title": "[Psychopathologic manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "The authors studied 200 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. In most of the patients (117 cases) they exhibited neurasthenic symptoms and somato-psychic adynamia. In 3 cases there was a hallucinatory syndrome and in 2 - a hallucinatory-paranoid psychosis. The pathomorphological findings depicted organic brain lesions (vasculitis). A supplementary factor promoting mental disturbances in some cases could be an overdosage of corticosteroids and kidney lesions.", "contents": "[Psychopathologic manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus]. The authors studied 200 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. In most of the patients (117 cases) they exhibited neurasthenic symptoms and somato-psychic adynamia. In 3 cases there was a hallucinatory syndrome and in 2 - a hallucinatory-paranoid psychosis. The pathomorphological findings depicted organic brain lesions (vasculitis). A supplementary factor promoting mental disturbances in some cases could be an overdosage of corticosteroids and kidney lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1210970", "title": "[A clinico-physiological study and work capacity evaluation of patients in the late stages of vibration disease].", "content": "The authors studied the bioelectroactivity, brain hemodynamics and the state of the nervous-muscular system in 97 patients in the remote period of the vibrational disease. It was established that despite the absence of a contact with vibration most of the patients demonstrated slight general brain changes of an electroactivity in the form of irritation, a disturbance of cerebral hemodynamics. This was expressed in a decrease of blood repletion, an intrahemispheric asymmetry of the blood flux. An analysis of the EMG dopicted a decrease in the general electroactivity and a distrubance in the structure of the EMG. In patients who had a short contact with vibration the above mentioned changes were minimal. The clinico-physiological studies permitted to elaborate the basic principles for the commission of experts in regard to working capacity.", "contents": "[A clinico-physiological study and work capacity evaluation of patients in the late stages of vibration disease]. The authors studied the bioelectroactivity, brain hemodynamics and the state of the nervous-muscular system in 97 patients in the remote period of the vibrational disease. It was established that despite the absence of a contact with vibration most of the patients demonstrated slight general brain changes of an electroactivity in the form of irritation, a disturbance of cerebral hemodynamics. This was expressed in a decrease of blood repletion, an intrahemispheric asymmetry of the blood flux. An analysis of the EMG dopicted a decrease in the general electroactivity and a distrubance in the structure of the EMG. In patients who had a short contact with vibration the above mentioned changes were minimal. The clinico-physiological studies permitted to elaborate the basic principles for the commission of experts in regard to working capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1210973", "title": "[Experience in organizing a system of stepwise reabilitation for the mentally ill].", "content": "The paper deals with the organization of a system of rehabilitative treatment of mental patients in conditions of a large and industrially developed region. It is stressed that in order to organize a wide range of readaptation measures it is necessary to have material security, an expedient distribution of hospital beds, a high standard system of a continuity between the in-patient and out-patient (including day hospitals and occupational shops) services. In this light it is very important to know the general principals of treatment by social methods and a correct succession of therapeutical measures and a gradual readaptation, adequate to the mental condition of the patient. The effectiveness of the mentioned measures is confirmed by figures.", "contents": "[Experience in organizing a system of stepwise reabilitation for the mentally ill]. The paper deals with the organization of a system of rehabilitative treatment of mental patients in conditions of a large and industrially developed region. It is stressed that in order to organize a wide range of readaptation measures it is necessary to have material security, an expedient distribution of hospital beds, a high standard system of a continuity between the in-patient and out-patient (including day hospitals and occupational shops) services. In this light it is very important to know the general principals of treatment by social methods and a correct succession of therapeutical measures and a gradual readaptation, adequate to the mental condition of the patient. The effectiveness of the mentioned measures is confirmed by figures."}
{"id": "PMID:1210976", "title": "[Metabolic manifestations of the compensatory process in the brains of cats following spinal cord injuries].", "content": "The author studied the brains of 7 cats following the 30th and 90th days after lateral hemisections of the spinal cord on the superior cervical (2-3 segment) level and the brains of 7 control intact cats. The quantitative (cytointerpherometric) and morphological studies depicted an accumulation of dense substances (proteins) in the cytoplasma in the nuclei of the efferent neurons of the 5th layer of the motor cortex, in the nucleus rubri, Deyters nucleus and in the gigantic cells of the reticular nuclei on the intact side accompanied by an increase in the cells and an increase in the amount of satellites. More vivid and initial changes were seen in the cortex. The results are considered as structural and metabolic signs of a compensatory process conditioning the restitution of motor functions.", "contents": "[Metabolic manifestations of the compensatory process in the brains of cats following spinal cord injuries]. The author studied the brains of 7 cats following the 30th and 90th days after lateral hemisections of the spinal cord on the superior cervical (2-3 segment) level and the brains of 7 control intact cats. The quantitative (cytointerpherometric) and morphological studies depicted an accumulation of dense substances (proteins) in the cytoplasma in the nuclei of the efferent neurons of the 5th layer of the motor cortex, in the nucleus rubri, Deyters nucleus and in the gigantic cells of the reticular nuclei on the intact side accompanied by an increase in the cells and an increase in the amount of satellites. More vivid and initial changes were seen in the cortex. The results are considered as structural and metabolic signs of a compensatory process conditioning the restitution of motor functions."}
{"id": "PMID:1210977", "title": "[The effect of brain hydrolysate on central nervous system structure].", "content": "The authors studied the action of \"cerebrolysin\" on the maturation and differentiation of cell elements in the brain cortex and hypophysis. Cerebrolysin was administered in doses from 0.005-0.025 ml daily during 4 days (beginning from the 4th, 7th or 10th day of postnatal life of the animals). Histological and electron microscopical studied demonstrated that in experimental groups of animals compared to control ones (intact) there is an earlier differentiation of the nervous cell structures and an accelerated formation of the cytoarchitechtonic fields in the brain cortex. The hypophysis has an earlier accumulation and increase of the amount of granular secretion.", "contents": "[The effect of brain hydrolysate on central nervous system structure]. The authors studied the action of \"cerebrolysin\" on the maturation and differentiation of cell elements in the brain cortex and hypophysis. Cerebrolysin was administered in doses from 0.005-0.025 ml daily during 4 days (beginning from the 4th, 7th or 10th day of postnatal life of the animals). Histological and electron microscopical studied demonstrated that in experimental groups of animals compared to control ones (intact) there is an earlier differentiation of the nervous cell structures and an accelerated formation of the cytoarchitechtonic fields in the brain cortex. The hypophysis has an earlier accumulation and increase of the amount of granular secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1210979", "title": "[The morphology of pial and cortical vessels in senile dementia].", "content": "The presentation deals with the data of a morphological study on the brain vessels in senile dementia (19 cases) which are compared to the corresponding data of mentally healthy individuals of different ages. It was displayed that in the arterial vessels along with collagenous and elastic fibres there were pseudoelastic structures subjected during the involutional process to hyperplasy. The author found that the inner elastic membrane did not undergo pathological changes either in the involutional process, or in the cerebral congophyl angiopathy, which was characteristic of senile dementia. It was established that primary hyalinosis (artheriosclerosis), characteristic of the vessel involution of some organs was not observed as an independent process in the brain. A constant combination of hyalinosis and amiloidosis in the same vessels allowed the author to suppose that the two processes were of the same genesis in senile dementia.", "contents": "[The morphology of pial and cortical vessels in senile dementia]. The presentation deals with the data of a morphological study on the brain vessels in senile dementia (19 cases) which are compared to the corresponding data of mentally healthy individuals of different ages. It was displayed that in the arterial vessels along with collagenous and elastic fibres there were pseudoelastic structures subjected during the involutional process to hyperplasy. The author found that the inner elastic membrane did not undergo pathological changes either in the involutional process, or in the cerebral congophyl angiopathy, which was characteristic of senile dementia. It was established that primary hyalinosis (artheriosclerosis), characteristic of the vessel involution of some organs was not observed as an independent process in the brain. A constant combination of hyalinosis and amiloidosis in the same vessels allowed the author to suppose that the two processes were of the same genesis in senile dementia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210980", "title": "[Ultrastructural features of brain cells from the embryos of schizophrenic women].", "content": "With the use of the electron microscope the authors studied the embryonic brain tissue obtained during medical abortion of 6 female schizophrenic patients. Ultrastructural peculiarities of the cell elements in the embryonic brain in theses cases were estimated in comparison with those found in the embryonic brain of 14 mentally healthy women. There is a description of damages of membranes, mitochondrias and accumulation of granular material in the cytoplasma.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural features of brain cells from the embryos of schizophrenic women]. With the use of the electron microscope the authors studied the embryonic brain tissue obtained during medical abortion of 6 female schizophrenic patients. Ultrastructural peculiarities of the cell elements in the embryonic brain in theses cases were estimated in comparison with those found in the embryonic brain of 14 mentally healthy women. There is a description of damages of membranes, mitochondrias and accumulation of granular material in the cytoplasma."}
{"id": "PMID:1210981", "title": "[Morphology of the endocrine system in schizophrenia according to early autopsy findings (the hypophyseal-thyroid system)].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the results of a study on the morpho-functional state of the thyroid gland and hypophysis. The research material was obtained during the period of 20 min.--5 hours post mortem. Irrespective of the type of the course of schizophrenia it was characterized by signs of deterioration in the functional activity of the thyroid gland. However, it was established that the morphological picture can also be changed under the influence of acutely developing diseases, previous to death. In these cases the morphological picture corresponds to the sufficiently expressed activation of the glands (according to the type of stress-reactions). The author comes to the conclusion of certain functional traits in the morphological changes found in the thyroid gland and hypophysis in schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Morphology of the endocrine system in schizophrenia according to early autopsy findings (the hypophyseal-thyroid system)]. The paper is concerned with the results of a study on the morpho-functional state of the thyroid gland and hypophysis. The research material was obtained during the period of 20 min.--5 hours post mortem. Irrespective of the type of the course of schizophrenia it was characterized by signs of deterioration in the functional activity of the thyroid gland. However, it was established that the morphological picture can also be changed under the influence of acutely developing diseases, previous to death. In these cases the morphological picture corresponds to the sufficiently expressed activation of the glands (according to the type of stress-reactions). The author comes to the conclusion of certain functional traits in the morphological changes found in the thyroid gland and hypophysis in schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1210982", "title": "[Clinico-anatomic observations of the Sheehan syndrome with mental disorders].", "content": "The author conducted a clinico-anatomical observation of Sheehan's syndrome with characteristic somatic manifestations and patho-anatomical changes in the endocrine glands. The psychic disturbances were expressed in the form of a hallucinatory-paranoid psychosis. The histological study displayed the following significant and extensive changes in the cortex of the hemispheres: a contraction of the nervous cells, including an outcome into lipoid sclerosis and gangliose-cellular vacuums and parenchymatous necrosis.", "contents": "[Clinico-anatomic observations of the Sheehan syndrome with mental disorders]. The author conducted a clinico-anatomical observation of Sheehan's syndrome with characteristic somatic manifestations and patho-anatomical changes in the endocrine glands. The psychic disturbances were expressed in the form of a hallucinatory-paranoid psychosis. The histological study displayed the following significant and extensive changes in the cortex of the hemispheres: a contraction of the nervous cells, including an outcome into lipoid sclerosis and gangliose-cellular vacuums and parenchymatous necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1210983", "title": "[A histochemical study of brain tissue in experimental convulsive seizures (componetns of acetylcholine metabolism)].", "content": "The author studied substances related to acetylcholine metabolism (acetylcholinesterase, non-specific acetylcholinesterase, SH, SS-groups, histidine, Ca) using histochemical methods. There was an increase in the intensity of reactions on SH-groups and Ca, and a rise in the staining degree on SS-groups and acetylcholinesterase in the subconvulsive phase of the stroke. These shifts were more significant in the brain stem. A generalization of convulsive strokes intensifies the given changes and causes an increase of the intensity of the reactions on histidine after the end of the stroke (after 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours). A normalization of the studied reactions happens at different times in the different brain areas and does not end completely even 72 hours following discontinuance of the convulsions. The author comes to the conclusion that the acetylcholine metabolism is inhibited during the covulsive stroke.", "contents": "[A histochemical study of brain tissue in experimental convulsive seizures (componetns of acetylcholine metabolism)]. The author studied substances related to acetylcholine metabolism (acetylcholinesterase, non-specific acetylcholinesterase, SH, SS-groups, histidine, Ca) using histochemical methods. There was an increase in the intensity of reactions on SH-groups and Ca, and a rise in the staining degree on SS-groups and acetylcholinesterase in the subconvulsive phase of the stroke. These shifts were more significant in the brain stem. A generalization of convulsive strokes intensifies the given changes and causes an increase of the intensity of the reactions on histidine after the end of the stroke (after 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours). A normalization of the studied reactions happens at different times in the different brain areas and does not end completely even 72 hours following discontinuance of the convulsions. The author comes to the conclusion that the acetylcholine metabolism is inhibited during the covulsive stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:1210984", "title": "[The effect of several psychotropic substances on brain structure].", "content": "The authors have shown similarities of structural changes in the neuron and interneuronal relations found in the brains of rats under indopan and LSD stimulation of the CNS with certain differences in the localization of the changes in the functionally different brain systems. A high sensitivity of the sensory-motor cortex and the subcortical formations of the brain, rich in dopamine and serotonin, to indopan has been marked. LSD central effects were conditioned by the influence of the drug not only on the synapsis, but on the cell body components of the different brain systems, especially in the visual. The observed changes were allocated to categories of functional disturbances.", "contents": "[The effect of several psychotropic substances on brain structure]. The authors have shown similarities of structural changes in the neuron and interneuronal relations found in the brains of rats under indopan and LSD stimulation of the CNS with certain differences in the localization of the changes in the functionally different brain systems. A high sensitivity of the sensory-motor cortex and the subcortical formations of the brain, rich in dopamine and serotonin, to indopan has been marked. LSD central effects were conditioned by the influence of the drug not only on the synapsis, but on the cell body components of the different brain systems, especially in the visual. The observed changes were allocated to categories of functional disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:1210985", "title": "[Ultrastructure of neurons from the motor region of the cerebral cortex following exposure to lysergamide (LSD) and haloperidol].", "content": "The authors describe certain ultrastructural changes in neurons of the cortical motor zone in rats after the administration of haloperidol and LSD in combination with haloperidol. The study took place 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the administration of the drugs. LSD caused certain neuron changes --a lucid swelling. An increase in the number of large neurons with a hyperchronic staining of the cytoplasm and an increased intensively stained nuclei was characteristic of haloperidol action. A significant increase of the surface of granular endoplasmatic reticulum and ribosomes was observed in the large hyperchromic neurons. The action of haloperidol on the development of LSD intoxication is regarded as a protective one.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of neurons from the motor region of the cerebral cortex following exposure to lysergamide (LSD) and haloperidol]. The authors describe certain ultrastructural changes in neurons of the cortical motor zone in rats after the administration of haloperidol and LSD in combination with haloperidol. The study took place 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the administration of the drugs. LSD caused certain neuron changes --a lucid swelling. An increase in the number of large neurons with a hyperchronic staining of the cytoplasm and an increased intensively stained nuclei was characteristic of haloperidol action. A significant increase of the surface of granular endoplasmatic reticulum and ribosomes was observed in the large hyperchromic neurons. The action of haloperidol on the development of LSD intoxication is regarded as a protective one."}
{"id": "PMID:1210986", "title": "[The effect of mellerin on the lysosomal membranes of rat brain and liver].", "content": "Following one hour after the administration of melleril intramuscularly in dozes from 30 mg/kg of weight (when its concentration in the liver and brain attained the mazimal figures) there was a labilization of the membranes by liver and brain lysis in experimental animals. The membrane damage was evaluated by the increased activity of the marker enzyme -- acidic phosphotase in an suprasedimentive liquid, as well as by the activation of the enzymes in the fraction by lysis, eliminated from the tissue of the brain and liver. The achieved data may reflect the interaction of the introduced preparation with the membrane by lysis, subcellular particles which participate in freeing the organism from an excessively introduced preparation.", "contents": "[The effect of mellerin on the lysosomal membranes of rat brain and liver]. Following one hour after the administration of melleril intramuscularly in dozes from 30 mg/kg of weight (when its concentration in the liver and brain attained the mazimal figures) there was a labilization of the membranes by liver and brain lysis in experimental animals. The membrane damage was evaluated by the increased activity of the marker enzyme -- acidic phosphotase in an suprasedimentive liquid, as well as by the activation of the enzymes in the fraction by lysis, eliminated from the tissue of the brain and liver. The achieved data may reflect the interaction of the introduced preparation with the membrane by lysis, subcellular particles which participate in freeing the organism from an excessively introduced preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210987", "title": "[Rapid treatment of nervous tissue for the purpose of electron microscopy].", "content": "The paper deals with the description of the method which permits to prepare during 3.5 hours the nervous tissue for an electrono-microscopic study. The accelarated processing is achieved due to the reduction of the main stages: prefixation, fixation, dehydration, eponic saturation and polymerization. The isotonic buffer was used for the removal of a possible deformation of cell appendexes (pressing) with the fixation in glutaraldehyde. The accelarated method of the nervous tissue processing neither gives afrtefacts, nor reveals essential differences in the tissue in comparison with the general method.", "contents": "[Rapid treatment of nervous tissue for the purpose of electron microscopy]. The paper deals with the description of the method which permits to prepare during 3.5 hours the nervous tissue for an electrono-microscopic study. The accelarated processing is achieved due to the reduction of the main stages: prefixation, fixation, dehydration, eponic saturation and polymerization. The isotonic buffer was used for the removal of a possible deformation of cell appendexes (pressing) with the fixation in glutaraldehyde. The accelarated method of the nervous tissue processing neither gives afrtefacts, nor reveals essential differences in the tissue in comparison with the general method."}
{"id": "PMID:1210988", "title": "[The dynamics of clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic parkinsonism].", "content": "The paper deals with data of a clinico-electrophysiological study of 126 patients with atherosclerotic parkinsonism in its development. Three variants of the atherosclerotic parkinsonism course are demonstrated: a slowly progressive development with short-termed remissions of the major symptoms in extrapyramidal deficiency (28 patients); a slowly progressive development without remissions (59 patients) a rapidly progressive development (38 patients). The rate of atherosclerotic parkinsonism progressiveness directly depends upon the expressiveness of the atherosclerotic processes in all the organs and tissues, but mainly on the degree of the damage of the brain vessels and the heart. The increase of chronic cerebrovascular deficiency in patients with atherosclerotic parkinsonism lead to stable disturbances of metabolic processes not only at the extrapyramidal system level of the brain, but in the other areas.", "contents": "[The dynamics of clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic parkinsonism]. The paper deals with data of a clinico-electrophysiological study of 126 patients with atherosclerotic parkinsonism in its development. Three variants of the atherosclerotic parkinsonism course are demonstrated: a slowly progressive development with short-termed remissions of the major symptoms in extrapyramidal deficiency (28 patients); a slowly progressive development without remissions (59 patients) a rapidly progressive development (38 patients). The rate of atherosclerotic parkinsonism progressiveness directly depends upon the expressiveness of the atherosclerotic processes in all the organs and tissues, but mainly on the degree of the damage of the brain vessels and the heart. The increase of chronic cerebrovascular deficiency in patients with atherosclerotic parkinsonism lead to stable disturbances of metabolic processes not only at the extrapyramidal system level of the brain, but in the other areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1210989", "title": "[The role of disorders of \"non-specific systems\" of the brain in the pathogenesis of the Parkinsonian syndrome].", "content": "The authors conducted a clinico-physiological analysis of the syndrome of parkinsonism in different functional states (intense vigilance, flaccid vigilance, various phases and stages of night sleep, a hypnotic state) using the method of a polygraphic registration and an experimental-psychological study. The functional state of so-called nonspecific brain systems in parkinsonism and their disturbances in the pathogenesis of the disease was studied. A complicated character of shifts in different chains of the non-specific systems with various clinical forms and at different stages of the diseases were demonstrated. The authors proposed a method of quantitative evaluation of these shifts. It was demonstrated that motor, emotional-vegetative, somnic and electroencephalographic manifestations in parkinsonism correlated with the character and degree of the pathological changes in the non-specific, mainly activating brain systems.", "contents": "[The role of disorders of \"non-specific systems\" of the brain in the pathogenesis of the Parkinsonian syndrome]. The authors conducted a clinico-physiological analysis of the syndrome of parkinsonism in different functional states (intense vigilance, flaccid vigilance, various phases and stages of night sleep, a hypnotic state) using the method of a polygraphic registration and an experimental-psychological study. The functional state of so-called nonspecific brain systems in parkinsonism and their disturbances in the pathogenesis of the disease was studied. A complicated character of shifts in different chains of the non-specific systems with various clinical forms and at different stages of the diseases were demonstrated. The authors proposed a method of quantitative evaluation of these shifts. It was demonstrated that motor, emotional-vegetative, somnic and electroencephalographic manifestations in parkinsonism correlated with the character and degree of the pathological changes in the non-specific, mainly activating brain systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1210990", "title": "[The clinical picture and pathogenesis of \"nocturnal\" cerebral strokes].", "content": "The authors studied 274 patients with ischemic and hemmorrhagical accidents which developed at night during sleep and awakening. A hypersensitivity of the carotid sinus was much more frequently seen in patients with ischemic accidents and was encountered not only in an extrasinus (massage), but in an intrasinus irritation (Walsalwa test) as well. The study also demonstrated significant cardio-inhibitive and vaso-depressive reactions, with an expressed asystolia and a drop in the arterial pressure. The authors express their opinion regarding the role of a developing bradycardia, asystolia, hypertension and a decrease in the postural tone in the genesis of ischemic accidents which may be due to a compression of the hypertensive carotid sinus. It is stressed that such accidents usually develop during parodoxal sleep. It is also assumed that there may be an embolization as a result of a compression of arteriosclerotically changed vessels in the area of the carotid sinus.", "contents": "[The clinical picture and pathogenesis of \"nocturnal\" cerebral strokes]. The authors studied 274 patients with ischemic and hemmorrhagical accidents which developed at night during sleep and awakening. A hypersensitivity of the carotid sinus was much more frequently seen in patients with ischemic accidents and was encountered not only in an extrasinus (massage), but in an intrasinus irritation (Walsalwa test) as well. The study also demonstrated significant cardio-inhibitive and vaso-depressive reactions, with an expressed asystolia and a drop in the arterial pressure. The authors express their opinion regarding the role of a developing bradycardia, asystolia, hypertension and a decrease in the postural tone in the genesis of ischemic accidents which may be due to a compression of the hypertensive carotid sinus. It is stressed that such accidents usually develop during parodoxal sleep. It is also assumed that there may be an embolization as a result of a compression of arteriosclerotically changed vessels in the area of the carotid sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:1210991", "title": "[Changes in the mitochondria of human cerebral cortex nerve cells as the result of strokes].", "content": "The paper demonstrates that mitochondrias of human brain cortex neurons take an active part in the vital processes of the cells, acutely react to brain circulation disturbances revealing various destructive and compensatory-restorative reactions. The observed forms of the mitochondrias damages are described. The compensatory-restorative reactions of the mitochondrias consisted in an increase of their number, size and the surface of the inner membranes. The authors make attempts to display correlations between the found changes of the mitochondrias and the clinical picture of the stroke.", "contents": "[Changes in the mitochondria of human cerebral cortex nerve cells as the result of strokes]. The paper demonstrates that mitochondrias of human brain cortex neurons take an active part in the vital processes of the cells, acutely react to brain circulation disturbances revealing various destructive and compensatory-restorative reactions. The observed forms of the mitochondrias damages are described. The compensatory-restorative reactions of the mitochondrias consisted in an increase of their number, size and the surface of the inner membranes. The authors make attempts to display correlations between the found changes of the mitochondrias and the clinical picture of the stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:1210992", "title": "[Clinical characteristics of circulatory disorders in the vertebro-basilar system].", "content": "Among 216 examined patients 96 demonstrated clinical symptoms which neither fitted into the classical alternating syndromes nor into the syndrome of Foit-Gilleman. It should be held in mind that the magistral vessels (vertebral arteries) and the minor vessels of the stem are involved in the pathogenesis of \"nondifferentiated\" \"multiple level\" syndromes. Their anatomo-physiological condition determines the final realization of the pathological process, its anatomical localization and extensiveness.", "contents": "[Clinical characteristics of circulatory disorders in the vertebro-basilar system]. Among 216 examined patients 96 demonstrated clinical symptoms which neither fitted into the classical alternating syndromes nor into the syndrome of Foit-Gilleman. It should be held in mind that the magistral vessels (vertebral arteries) and the minor vessels of the stem are involved in the pathogenesis of \"nondifferentiated\" \"multiple level\" syndromes. Their anatomo-physiological condition determines the final realization of the pathological process, its anatomical localization and extensiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:1210993", "title": "[Clinico-pathogenetic features of cerebral cysticercosis accompanied by mental disorders].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 32 cases of brain cysticerrcosis with mental disturbances the author proposes a classification of these disorders. The classification provides an assessment of the stages in the development of the disease, the localization of the morbid process, the type ot development and the symptomatology of the disease. The authors distinguish the following stages of the morbid process: the penetration of the parasite (lasting 3-4 months); an exotoxicosis (excretion into the brain products of metabolism, lasting for 5-10 years); an exotoxicosis (excretion into the brain products of desintegration of the dying parasite, ensues after 5-10 years); residual. The clinical types of development according to the author are the following: primary-hypertoxic rapidly leading to a lethal outcome; progressive-remittent; chronic-progressive. The highest lethality falls on the 1st decade of the diseases.", "contents": "[Clinico-pathogenetic features of cerebral cysticercosis accompanied by mental disorders]. On the basis of a study of 32 cases of brain cysticerrcosis with mental disturbances the author proposes a classification of these disorders. The classification provides an assessment of the stages in the development of the disease, the localization of the morbid process, the type ot development and the symptomatology of the disease. The authors distinguish the following stages of the morbid process: the penetration of the parasite (lasting 3-4 months); an exotoxicosis (excretion into the brain products of metabolism, lasting for 5-10 years); an exotoxicosis (excretion into the brain products of desintegration of the dying parasite, ensues after 5-10 years); residual. The clinical types of development according to the author are the following: primary-hypertoxic rapidly leading to a lethal outcome; progressive-remittent; chronic-progressive. The highest lethality falls on the 1st decade of the diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1210994", "title": "[Uptake of serum free fatty acids by lipids of the brown adipose tissue].", "content": "The flow rate of serum free fatty acids (FFA) into the lipids of brown adipose tissue (BAT) of newborn rabbits was determined by intravenous injection of [14C]-1-palmitate. For a normal 7 day old animal during acute cold exposure the flow rate is (1 hour in 20 degrees C ambient temperature) 0.209 mumol/minute, that is 3.6% of the serum FFA turnover. Prolonged cold exposure only induced an increase in FFA influx if the lipid depot had been depleted (48 hours starvation in 20 degrees C). Consequently, the BAT takes up serum FFA for heat production only after mobilisation of its lipid stores. It is supposed that the mechanism of the uptake of serum FFA by the BAT is connected with their esterification to triglycerides. The phospholipids of BAT which are not only membrane bound lipids are characterized by a high metabolism.", "contents": "[Uptake of serum free fatty acids by lipids of the brown adipose tissue]. The flow rate of serum free fatty acids (FFA) into the lipids of brown adipose tissue (BAT) of newborn rabbits was determined by intravenous injection of [14C]-1-palmitate. For a normal 7 day old animal during acute cold exposure the flow rate is (1 hour in 20 degrees C ambient temperature) 0.209 mumol/minute, that is 3.6% of the serum FFA turnover. Prolonged cold exposure only induced an increase in FFA influx if the lipid depot had been depleted (48 hours starvation in 20 degrees C). Consequently, the BAT takes up serum FFA for heat production only after mobilisation of its lipid stores. It is supposed that the mechanism of the uptake of serum FFA by the BAT is connected with their esterification to triglycerides. The phospholipids of BAT which are not only membrane bound lipids are characterized by a high metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1210995", "title": "The NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 reduction in liver microsomes of rats of different ages with and without phenobarbital pretreatment.", "content": "The activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in liver microsomes of 10- to 60-day-old rats was determined. Neither the half life time of cytochrome P-450 reduction nor the absolute amount of cytochrome P-450 reduced per time unit depend on age. Phenobarbital pretreatment enhances the reduction rate in all age groups. The addition of hexobarbital or ethylmorphine to microsomal suspension accelerates the reduction of cytochrome P-450 in some age groups only. Age differences corresponding to developmental changes in drug-metabolizing activities are not detectable. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase seems to be not responsible for the age dependence of drug metabolism.", "contents": "The NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 reduction in liver microsomes of rats of different ages with and without phenobarbital pretreatment. The activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in liver microsomes of 10- to 60-day-old rats was determined. Neither the half life time of cytochrome P-450 reduction nor the absolute amount of cytochrome P-450 reduced per time unit depend on age. Phenobarbital pretreatment enhances the reduction rate in all age groups. The addition of hexobarbital or ethylmorphine to microsomal suspension accelerates the reduction of cytochrome P-450 in some age groups only. Age differences corresponding to developmental changes in drug-metabolizing activities are not detectable. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase seems to be not responsible for the age dependence of drug metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1210996", "title": "[Plastic response changes in neurons from lateral geniculate body in rats submitted to conditional reflectory stimulation].", "content": "In alert curarized rats the influence of an electric stimulation of the tail skin on the flash-evoked activity of single units of the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate body (CGLd) was investigated. The light flashes were applied 400 msec prior to the electric shocks. 50% of the units showed a change of the response pattern to flash. In the majority of cases the response shifts consisted in a facilitation, which developed gradually and persisted in most of the units examined, even when the electrical stimulus was no longer given in combination with the light. The results are discussed taking into consideration the possibility of an altered emotional or motivational status of the animal, which could play a role in the development of plasticity at the unitary level.", "contents": "[Plastic response changes in neurons from lateral geniculate body in rats submitted to conditional reflectory stimulation]. In alert curarized rats the influence of an electric stimulation of the tail skin on the flash-evoked activity of single units of the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate body (CGLd) was investigated. The light flashes were applied 400 msec prior to the electric shocks. 50% of the units showed a change of the response pattern to flash. In the majority of cases the response shifts consisted in a facilitation, which developed gradually and persisted in most of the units examined, even when the electrical stimulus was no longer given in combination with the light. The results are discussed taking into consideration the possibility of an altered emotional or motivational status of the animal, which could play a role in the development of plasticity at the unitary level."}
{"id": "PMID:1210997", "title": "[Electromyographic studies of the musculus rectus nasalis in postnatal growing rabbits while turning the animal on the horizontal level].", "content": "In rabbits aged 1-15 days and in a comparative group of adult animals, the EMG of the musculus rectus nasalis was recorded during a turn after speed jumps from 0 degrees/sec to 30 degrees/sec, 60 degrees/sec and 144 degrees/sec, respectively, through a path of 360 degrees. From the first day of life, an electrical activity consistent with the rapid and slow phase of the nystagmus was found. The EMG potentials, the so-called bursts, underwent qualitative changes with age that can be taken to reflect increasing maturation both of centralnervous mechanisms of inhibition and a functional transformation of the eye-muscles. The number of bursts increased with age during the turn; the latency period from the onset of turning to the appearance of the bursts was reduced. The differences observed at the three turning speeds are discussed with regard to the age of the animals.", "contents": "[Electromyographic studies of the musculus rectus nasalis in postnatal growing rabbits while turning the animal on the horizontal level]. In rabbits aged 1-15 days and in a comparative group of adult animals, the EMG of the musculus rectus nasalis was recorded during a turn after speed jumps from 0 degrees/sec to 30 degrees/sec, 60 degrees/sec and 144 degrees/sec, respectively, through a path of 360 degrees. From the first day of life, an electrical activity consistent with the rapid and slow phase of the nystagmus was found. The EMG potentials, the so-called bursts, underwent qualitative changes with age that can be taken to reflect increasing maturation both of centralnervous mechanisms of inhibition and a functional transformation of the eye-muscles. The number of bursts increased with age during the turn; the latency period from the onset of turning to the appearance of the bursts was reduced. The differences observed at the three turning speeds are discussed with regard to the age of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1210998", "title": "[Quantitative description of the adaptation of vagal effects by means of an electromechanical coupling model].", "content": "A four compartments model describes the electrotropic and the inotropic vagal effect time courses during long time stimulation. The model realises electro-mechanical coupling. A differential equation for the coupling model is developed, solutions are given and a numerical treatment is described. The model shows the essential properties of effect adaptation: time delay and smaller extent of electrotropic effect adaptation.", "contents": "[Quantitative description of the adaptation of vagal effects by means of an electromechanical coupling model]. A four compartments model describes the electrotropic and the inotropic vagal effect time courses during long time stimulation. The model realises electro-mechanical coupling. A differential equation for the coupling model is developed, solutions are given and a numerical treatment is described. The model shows the essential properties of effect adaptation: time delay and smaller extent of electrotropic effect adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:1210999", "title": "[Structural and immunochemical studies of the immunoglobulins of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) II. Analysis of the subunits].", "content": "The 14 S immunoglobulin of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was split into subunits with 0,01 M dithioerythritol. These 5,7 S subunits have a molecular weight of 104 000 and a hexose and hexosamine content of 6.2%. It is likely that the subunits represent HL-half-molecules and not H2L2-monomeres. The values for the molecular of H- and L-chains were 77 000 and 24 000, respectively.", "contents": "[Structural and immunochemical studies of the immunoglobulins of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) II. Analysis of the subunits]. The 14 S immunoglobulin of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was split into subunits with 0,01 M dithioerythritol. These 5,7 S subunits have a molecular weight of 104 000 and a hexose and hexosamine content of 6.2%. It is likely that the subunits represent HL-half-molecules and not H2L2-monomeres. The values for the molecular of H- and L-chains were 77 000 and 24 000, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1211000", "title": "Immunologic reactivity to incompatible blood group substances of the ABO system in scleroderma.", "content": "The immunization with incompatible blood groups substances of the ABO system yielded distinct increases in the isohemagglutinin titers and their scores in 16 patients suffering from systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and in 16 controls. The difference between these two groups was not statistically significant, which suggests an intact humoral immunological reactivity of these antigens. However, investigations with further antigens would be necessary to judge the immunological factors supposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. The method may be recommended for testing the humoral immunological response in similar problems.", "contents": "Immunologic reactivity to incompatible blood group substances of the ABO system in scleroderma. The immunization with incompatible blood groups substances of the ABO system yielded distinct increases in the isohemagglutinin titers and their scores in 16 patients suffering from systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and in 16 controls. The difference between these two groups was not statistically significant, which suggests an intact humoral immunological reactivity of these antigens. However, investigations with further antigens would be necessary to judge the immunological factors supposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. The method may be recommended for testing the humoral immunological response in similar problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1211001", "title": "[Immunization experiments for producing antibody-like substances in caterpillars of Mamestra brassicae L. (Insecta, Lepid., Noct.)].", "content": "The agglutinins against human blood cells described in caterpillars of Mamestra brassicae L. were not demonstrable when feeding the animals with a semisynthetic food. After injection or oral intake of certain bacteria (E. coli or streptococci of group C) or even Pope's broth the \"antibody-like substances\" known from feeding with natural food are being formed, and they agglutinated all human blood cells. The individual animals showed differences regarding the strength of agglutinin formation. The immune reactions observed possibly indicate the existence of a primitive immune system in these species (arthropods).", "contents": "[Immunization experiments for producing antibody-like substances in caterpillars of Mamestra brassicae L. (Insecta, Lepid., Noct.)]. The agglutinins against human blood cells described in caterpillars of Mamestra brassicae L. were not demonstrable when feeding the animals with a semisynthetic food. After injection or oral intake of certain bacteria (E. coli or streptococci of group C) or even Pope's broth the \"antibody-like substances\" known from feeding with natural food are being formed, and they agglutinated all human blood cells. The individual animals showed differences regarding the strength of agglutinin formation. The immune reactions observed possibly indicate the existence of a primitive immune system in these species (arthropods)."}
{"id": "PMID:1211002", "title": "[Purification of Meerrettich-peroxidase by means of affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-agarose].", "content": "Crude preparations of horse-radish peroxidase were purified by means of affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-agarose. The peroxydase was bound to Concanavalin A, whereas the majority of other proteins of the preparation pass through the column. Subsequently the peroxidase was eluted by means of 1 M sucrose with high purity. The purified enzyme is convenient for the immunoenzyme technique.", "contents": "[Purification of Meerrettich-peroxidase by means of affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-agarose]. Crude preparations of horse-radish peroxidase were purified by means of affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-agarose. The peroxydase was bound to Concanavalin A, whereas the majority of other proteins of the preparation pass through the column. Subsequently the peroxidase was eluted by means of 1 M sucrose with high purity. The purified enzyme is convenient for the immunoenzyme technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1211003", "title": "Bacterial carotenoids, XLVI. C50-Carotenoids, 14. C50-Carotenoids from Arthrobacter glacialis.", "content": "From the psychrophilic bacterium Arthrobacter glacialis have been isolated three C50-carotenoids with molecular formulae C50H72O2: the bicyclic decaprenoxanthin (1a, 7% of total carotenoids), the aliphatic bisanhydrobacterioruberin (2a, 10%) and the monocyclic A.g. 470 (3a, 83%). Decaprenoxanthin (1) and bisanhydrobacterioruberin (2) were in all respects, including chiroptical properties, identical with known carotenoids. The constitution of the previously undescribed A.g. 470 (3a) followed from its spectral properties (electronic, 1H NMR including Eu-shift experiments and mass spectra) and derivatization to 3b and 3c. 3a suffered remarkable elimination to the tridecaene 4a (C47H64O) upon DMSO/KOMe/MeOH treatment. Judged by CD data A.g. 470 (3a) also in stereochemical respect 3a appears to be half decaprenoxanthin (1a)+half bisanhydrobacterioruberin (2a). The intensity ratios of the M-92/M-106 ions on electron impact of 3a,b,c and 4a,b are consistent with the general theory.", "contents": "Bacterial carotenoids, XLVI. C50-Carotenoids, 14. C50-Carotenoids from Arthrobacter glacialis. From the psychrophilic bacterium Arthrobacter glacialis have been isolated three C50-carotenoids with molecular formulae C50H72O2: the bicyclic decaprenoxanthin (1a, 7% of total carotenoids), the aliphatic bisanhydrobacterioruberin (2a, 10%) and the monocyclic A.g. 470 (3a, 83%). Decaprenoxanthin (1) and bisanhydrobacterioruberin (2) were in all respects, including chiroptical properties, identical with known carotenoids. The constitution of the previously undescribed A.g. 470 (3a) followed from its spectral properties (electronic, 1H NMR including Eu-shift experiments and mass spectra) and derivatization to 3b and 3c. 3a suffered remarkable elimination to the tridecaene 4a (C47H64O) upon DMSO/KOMe/MeOH treatment. Judged by CD data A.g. 470 (3a) also in stereochemical respect 3a appears to be half decaprenoxanthin (1a)+half bisanhydrobacterioruberin (2a). The intensity ratios of the M-92/M-106 ions on electron impact of 3a,b,c and 4a,b are consistent with the general theory."}
{"id": "PMID:1211027", "title": "An in vitro method for evaluating tissue acceptance of foreign materials.", "content": "A method for the evaluation of the quality of acceptance of foreign materials in biologic tissue is presented: an in vitro tissue culture technique. Explants form chicken embryo hearts are placed directly on the surface of various materials and the growth of the cultures is measured following 4 days of incubation. Growth zones are recorded and these areas interpreted as an index of the acceptance of the material by the host tissue. The surface expansion apparently reflects an affinity or mechanical connection between the materials and the tissue. This concept may be of clinical importance especially in vascular reconstructive surgery. Polyester is proved to be the most suitable material in these investigations.", "contents": "An in vitro method for evaluating tissue acceptance of foreign materials. A method for the evaluation of the quality of acceptance of foreign materials in biologic tissue is presented: an in vitro tissue culture technique. Explants form chicken embryo hearts are placed directly on the surface of various materials and the growth of the cultures is measured following 4 days of incubation. Growth zones are recorded and these areas interpreted as an index of the acceptance of the material by the host tissue. The surface expansion apparently reflects an affinity or mechanical connection between the materials and the tissue. This concept may be of clinical importance especially in vascular reconstructive surgery. Polyester is proved to be the most suitable material in these investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1211028", "title": "Fluorescein angiography of canine conjunctival auto- and allografts. Analysis by sequential, still photographic recording of the spreading of fluorescence over the graft surfaces following intravenously administered fluorescein.", "content": "Two autologous and 4 allogeneic conjunctival grafts have been transplanted to the corneal-scleral region in 6 dogs. The animals with the autografts and 2 of the allografts were untreated, while the animals with the other 2 allografts were treated with azathioprine and prednisolone. The grafts were followed with daily sequential, still photographic recording of the spreading of the fluorescence over the graft surfaces after fluorescein sodium had been given intravenously. A motordriven camera, with automatically timed exposures at very short intervals down to 1 sec, was used in combination with a fast recycling flash unit. The behaviour of the circulation seemed to be the same in auto- and in allografts during the first 8 days of healing. One day before showing signs of rejection at oridinary inspection, the two untreated allografts, on photographic analysis of the spreading of fluorescence, showed minute areas of non-fluorescence in an early stage of the procedure. The same type of local impairment of the circulation, manifested by slower uptake of dye in limited areas, was noted in the treated allografts, appearing 2-3 days before severe signs of rejection were noted at orinary inspection. These areas, however, gradually filled with dye during the further course of the test, to such a degree that the irregularities in the spreading of the fluorescence might easily have been overlooked in an oridinary fluorescein test. The disturbance of the circulation gradually increased during the course of the rejection and, at the stage when changes were observed at ordinary inspection, the circulation was severely impaired, as indicated by a complete non-appearance of fluorescence in certain areas, or in the whole graft. It is suggested that the modification of the classic fluorescein test described here, in detecting the early circulatory irregularities, indicates more precisely the start of the rejection process than do the criteria of allograft rejection used so far, and that it is, therefore, a sensitive means of evaluating the effects of various immunosuppressive procedures.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography of canine conjunctival auto- and allografts. Analysis by sequential, still photographic recording of the spreading of fluorescence over the graft surfaces following intravenously administered fluorescein. Two autologous and 4 allogeneic conjunctival grafts have been transplanted to the corneal-scleral region in 6 dogs. The animals with the autografts and 2 of the allografts were untreated, while the animals with the other 2 allografts were treated with azathioprine and prednisolone. The grafts were followed with daily sequential, still photographic recording of the spreading of the fluorescence over the graft surfaces after fluorescein sodium had been given intravenously. A motordriven camera, with automatically timed exposures at very short intervals down to 1 sec, was used in combination with a fast recycling flash unit. The behaviour of the circulation seemed to be the same in auto- and in allografts during the first 8 days of healing. One day before showing signs of rejection at oridinary inspection, the two untreated allografts, on photographic analysis of the spreading of fluorescence, showed minute areas of non-fluorescence in an early stage of the procedure. The same type of local impairment of the circulation, manifested by slower uptake of dye in limited areas, was noted in the treated allografts, appearing 2-3 days before severe signs of rejection were noted at orinary inspection. These areas, however, gradually filled with dye during the further course of the test, to such a degree that the irregularities in the spreading of the fluorescence might easily have been overlooked in an oridinary fluorescein test. The disturbance of the circulation gradually increased during the course of the rejection and, at the stage when changes were observed at ordinary inspection, the circulation was severely impaired, as indicated by a complete non-appearance of fluorescence in certain areas, or in the whole graft. It is suggested that the modification of the classic fluorescein test described here, in detecting the early circulatory irregularities, indicates more precisely the start of the rejection process than do the criteria of allograft rejection used so far, and that it is, therefore, a sensitive means of evaluating the effects of various immunosuppressive procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1211029", "title": "Risk factors in peripheral arterial disease. An out-patient pilot study at the Department of Surgery in Malm\u00f6.", "content": "In a pilot study in patients with verified peripheral arterial occlusion, smoking was compared with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and glucose intolerance, as a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. The material consists of 17 men, all new out-patients at the Department of Surgery in Malm\u00f6 during the first 6 months of 1973. Of these patients, 15 were smokers, all inhaled. Glucose intolerance was found in 4, hyperlipidemia in 3 and hypertension in 2 individuals. It is shown that smoking, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia and hypertension are more common in patients with peripheral arterial disease than in defined population groups. In patients with bilateral occlusion an increased number of risk factors was found. Smoking was the most common risk factor and in 10 patients it was the only known risk factor.", "contents": "Risk factors in peripheral arterial disease. An out-patient pilot study at the Department of Surgery in Malm\u00f6. In a pilot study in patients with verified peripheral arterial occlusion, smoking was compared with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and glucose intolerance, as a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. The material consists of 17 men, all new out-patients at the Department of Surgery in Malm\u00f6 during the first 6 months of 1973. Of these patients, 15 were smokers, all inhaled. Glucose intolerance was found in 4, hyperlipidemia in 3 and hypertension in 2 individuals. It is shown that smoking, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia and hypertension are more common in patients with peripheral arterial disease than in defined population groups. In patients with bilateral occlusion an increased number of risk factors was found. Smoking was the most common risk factor and in 10 patients it was the only known risk factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1211030", "title": "Aorto-ilicofemoral arterial reconstructive surgery. With special reference to profunda revascularization.", "content": "A series of 177 patients undergoing 190 reconstructions for aorto-ilicofemoral arterial occlusive disease are reported. Operative procedures were carried out on a total of 294 limbs. On 87 of these, profunda revascularization was performed. The indication for surgery was advanced ischemia in 50% of the profunda revascularization patients and in 20.5% of the patients with superficial femoral arteries open or reconstructed. Dacron bypass graft was used in 99 reconstructions and ilicofemoral or femorofemoral vein graft in 8 cases. Endarterectomy was carried out in 83 cases. The overall operative mortality rate was 5.3%, renal failure being the most common cause of death. The 5-year survival rate was 73.5%. The rate of primary thrombosis was 2.6%. The 5-year cumulative patency rate of all aorto-ilicofemoral reconstructions was 91.3%. In the profunda revascularization group the corresponding percentage was 82.1%. There was no difference in the patency rate between reconstructions using Dacron graft or endarterectomy. The symptomatic results were good also in the profunda revascularization group, 93% of patients having relieved symptoms as an initial result of surgery. There were seven major amputations in 6 patients during the follow-up time and 5 patients needed further femoropopliteal reconstruction. It can be said that in most cases profunda revascularization is sufficient for satisfactory clinical results.", "contents": "Aorto-ilicofemoral arterial reconstructive surgery. With special reference to profunda revascularization. A series of 177 patients undergoing 190 reconstructions for aorto-ilicofemoral arterial occlusive disease are reported. Operative procedures were carried out on a total of 294 limbs. On 87 of these, profunda revascularization was performed. The indication for surgery was advanced ischemia in 50% of the profunda revascularization patients and in 20.5% of the patients with superficial femoral arteries open or reconstructed. Dacron bypass graft was used in 99 reconstructions and ilicofemoral or femorofemoral vein graft in 8 cases. Endarterectomy was carried out in 83 cases. The overall operative mortality rate was 5.3%, renal failure being the most common cause of death. The 5-year survival rate was 73.5%. The rate of primary thrombosis was 2.6%. The 5-year cumulative patency rate of all aorto-ilicofemoral reconstructions was 91.3%. In the profunda revascularization group the corresponding percentage was 82.1%. There was no difference in the patency rate between reconstructions using Dacron graft or endarterectomy. The symptomatic results were good also in the profunda revascularization group, 93% of patients having relieved symptoms as an initial result of surgery. There were seven major amputations in 6 patients during the follow-up time and 5 patients needed further femoropopliteal reconstruction. It can be said that in most cases profunda revascularization is sufficient for satisfactory clinical results."}
{"id": "PMID:1211031", "title": "Reactive hyperaemia in the hind limbs of rabbits. IV. The effect of arterial stenosis.", "content": "The influence of arterial stenosis on reactive hyperaemia was measured by electromagnetic flowmetry in the hind limbs of rabbits. When basal blood flow was reduced by 50% by a stenosis, maximal flow and percentual repayment of reactive hyperaemia were reduced significantly. However, the recovery time remained unchanged. Thus, the post-ischaemic vasodilatation passed off in a normal time, but without as large a percentual repayment as seen in controls. Neither did the stenosis induce any prolongation of the time from release of occlusion until maximal flow occurred. The part of repayment obtained during the first minute after release from 5 min occlusion was significantly lower with arterial stenosis than in controls.", "contents": "Reactive hyperaemia in the hind limbs of rabbits. IV. The effect of arterial stenosis. The influence of arterial stenosis on reactive hyperaemia was measured by electromagnetic flowmetry in the hind limbs of rabbits. When basal blood flow was reduced by 50% by a stenosis, maximal flow and percentual repayment of reactive hyperaemia were reduced significantly. However, the recovery time remained unchanged. Thus, the post-ischaemic vasodilatation passed off in a normal time, but without as large a percentual repayment as seen in controls. Neither did the stenosis induce any prolongation of the time from release of occlusion until maximal flow occurred. The part of repayment obtained during the first minute after release from 5 min occlusion was significantly lower with arterial stenosis than in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1211032", "title": "Reconstructive arterial surgery in peripheral obliterative atherosclerosis.", "content": "A series of 547 patients (678 extremities) subjected to reconstructive arterial surgery is presented, with a minimum observation period of 2 years. The incidence of associated diseases at the time of operation was high (39%) and accounted for an impressive mortality when the patients were observed for a longer period of time. The main indication for all types of reconstructions was intermittent claudication and the results are in accord with those reported in other larger series. In 244 patients subjected to open thrombendarterectomy the postopertive mortality was 10/244, with 55% of the reconstructions being open after a mean observation period of 76 months. In 158 patients undergoing femoro-popliteal vein bypass procedures, the postoperative mortality was 2/158, with 55% open grafts after a mean observation period of 61 months.", "contents": "Reconstructive arterial surgery in peripheral obliterative atherosclerosis. A series of 547 patients (678 extremities) subjected to reconstructive arterial surgery is presented, with a minimum observation period of 2 years. The incidence of associated diseases at the time of operation was high (39%) and accounted for an impressive mortality when the patients were observed for a longer period of time. The main indication for all types of reconstructions was intermittent claudication and the results are in accord with those reported in other larger series. In 244 patients subjected to open thrombendarterectomy the postopertive mortality was 10/244, with 55% of the reconstructions being open after a mean observation period of 76 months. In 158 patients undergoing femoro-popliteal vein bypass procedures, the postoperative mortality was 2/158, with 55% open grafts after a mean observation period of 61 months."}
{"id": "PMID:1211033", "title": "Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia in the adult.", "content": "Five adult patients with the Bochdalek type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia are presented. Four of the hernias were on the left side and one on the right. One of the patients was asymptomatic, while 3 of them had gastrointestinal symptoms. In 2 of these 3 cases, the symptoms became worse when the patients were lying down. One patient complained mostly of dyspnoea, and also had a patent ductus arteriosus. The other anomaly, in addition to hernia, was diaphragmatic pulmonary sequestration. All the patients were operated on transthoracally. In one case, laparotomy was also performed. There was no strangulation in any of the cases. No operative or postoperative complications occurred. A complete roentgenologic examination including chest X-ray, barium meal, barium enema, and sometimes pneumoperitoneum may be needed in order to make an accurate diagnosis preoperatively. Because of the strangulation danger operation is recommended whenever the diagnosis is made.", "contents": "Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia in the adult. Five adult patients with the Bochdalek type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia are presented. Four of the hernias were on the left side and one on the right. One of the patients was asymptomatic, while 3 of them had gastrointestinal symptoms. In 2 of these 3 cases, the symptoms became worse when the patients were lying down. One patient complained mostly of dyspnoea, and also had a patent ductus arteriosus. The other anomaly, in addition to hernia, was diaphragmatic pulmonary sequestration. All the patients were operated on transthoracally. In one case, laparotomy was also performed. There was no strangulation in any of the cases. No operative or postoperative complications occurred. A complete roentgenologic examination including chest X-ray, barium meal, barium enema, and sometimes pneumoperitoneum may be needed in order to make an accurate diagnosis preoperatively. Because of the strangulation danger operation is recommended whenever the diagnosis is made."}
{"id": "PMID:1211034", "title": "Surgical treatment of hernia through the foramen of Morgagni.", "content": "A series of 25 surgically treated patients with the Morgagni type of diaphragmatic hernia is presented. Twenty-two of the patients were female and three were male. The hernia was on the right side in all of them. Five of the patients had symptoms which were predominantly gastrointestinal. The remainder of the patients were asymptomatic and were admitted to hospital because of an abnormal finding at chest X-ray. All but one were operated transthoracically. In one case an abdominal approach was used because cholecystectomy was performed simultaneously with the hernial repair. In 3 cases the hernail sac contained a portion of transverse colon and in 9 cases, omentum. In 12 there was an accumulation of adipose tissue in the hernial sac, and in 2 cases it was empty when operated. There were no serious complications and no mortalities.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hernia through the foramen of Morgagni. A series of 25 surgically treated patients with the Morgagni type of diaphragmatic hernia is presented. Twenty-two of the patients were female and three were male. The hernia was on the right side in all of them. Five of the patients had symptoms which were predominantly gastrointestinal. The remainder of the patients were asymptomatic and were admitted to hospital because of an abnormal finding at chest X-ray. All but one were operated transthoracically. In one case an abdominal approach was used because cholecystectomy was performed simultaneously with the hernial repair. In 3 cases the hernail sac contained a portion of transverse colon and in 9 cases, omentum. In 12 there was an accumulation of adipose tissue in the hernial sac, and in 2 cases it was empty when operated. There were no serious complications and no mortalities."}
{"id": "PMID:1211035", "title": "Relaparotomy. A ten-year series.", "content": "A review of the literature covering c. 158,000 laparotomies shows that acute relaparotomy has an incidence of 1.0% and a mortality rate of 43%. Over and above this, rupture of the abdominal wound, which illogically is often considered separately, occurs in 0.6% of all laparotomies and carries a mortality of 34% in the 179,000 laparotomies reviewed in this article. Our own series of 121 relaparotomies in 16,719 cases of laparotomy (an incidence of 0.72%, including burst abdomen) with a 28.1% mortality is discussed. Indications for relaparotomy have included haemorrhage (19%), ileus (25%), peritonitis (32%), wound rupture (22%), and other causes (2%).", "contents": "Relaparotomy. A ten-year series. A review of the literature covering c. 158,000 laparotomies shows that acute relaparotomy has an incidence of 1.0% and a mortality rate of 43%. Over and above this, rupture of the abdominal wound, which illogically is often considered separately, occurs in 0.6% of all laparotomies and carries a mortality of 34% in the 179,000 laparotomies reviewed in this article. Our own series of 121 relaparotomies in 16,719 cases of laparotomy (an incidence of 0.72%, including burst abdomen) with a 28.1% mortality is discussed. Indications for relaparotomy have included haemorrhage (19%), ileus (25%), peritonitis (32%), wound rupture (22%), and other causes (2%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1211036", "title": "Sphincterotomy treatment for biliary tract stones. A retrospective review.", "content": "A series of 106 patients with biliary tract stones is reported. The patients underwent supraduodenal choledochotomy, with an attempt to carry out conventional sanitation of the biliary tract, before a transduodenal sphincterotomy was done. Indication for sphincterotomy was mainly presence of wedged papillary stones or multiple common duct stones. Of the entire series, 52 attended for follow-up study after a period of at least 2 years postoperatively, and underwent intravenous cholangiography, 51 patients had papillary stones removed via the sphincterotomy. Stones were missed in 8 of 102 patients, but were passed spontaneously in 2 patients during the observation period. Postoperative mortality was high (10%)--4 patients developed a fatal pancreatitis. It is concluded that the procedure of sphincterotomy allows certain identification and removal of wedged papillary stones, but does not always allow that missed stones will be passed spontaneously. The possible significance of transpapillary drainage in the subsequent development of pancreatitis is considered.", "contents": "Sphincterotomy treatment for biliary tract stones. A retrospective review. A series of 106 patients with biliary tract stones is reported. The patients underwent supraduodenal choledochotomy, with an attempt to carry out conventional sanitation of the biliary tract, before a transduodenal sphincterotomy was done. Indication for sphincterotomy was mainly presence of wedged papillary stones or multiple common duct stones. Of the entire series, 52 attended for follow-up study after a period of at least 2 years postoperatively, and underwent intravenous cholangiography, 51 patients had papillary stones removed via the sphincterotomy. Stones were missed in 8 of 102 patients, but were passed spontaneously in 2 patients during the observation period. Postoperative mortality was high (10%)--4 patients developed a fatal pancreatitis. It is concluded that the procedure of sphincterotomy allows certain identification and removal of wedged papillary stones, but does not always allow that missed stones will be passed spontaneously. The possible significance of transpapillary drainage in the subsequent development of pancreatitis is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1211037", "title": "Pharmacological effects on gastric emptying following laparotomy in the rat.", "content": "Alteration of the gastrointestinal motility following abdominal surgery is a well substantiated clinical observation. Clinical reports concerning the effect of drugs theoretically suitable for normalizing inhibited gastric emptying during the postoperative period have been conflicting, however. The effect of chlorpromazine, neostigmine and metoclopramide upon retarded gastric emptying following laparotomy was studied in experiments on rats. Metoclopramide (Primperan) considerably improved the emptying ability of the stomach as early as 24 hours after laparotomy. After 72 hours this effect was further accentuated. No improvement of postoperatively retarded motility resulted from treatment with chlorpromazine or with neostigmine during the first 3 postoperative days.", "contents": "Pharmacological effects on gastric emptying following laparotomy in the rat. Alteration of the gastrointestinal motility following abdominal surgery is a well substantiated clinical observation. Clinical reports concerning the effect of drugs theoretically suitable for normalizing inhibited gastric emptying during the postoperative period have been conflicting, however. The effect of chlorpromazine, neostigmine and metoclopramide upon retarded gastric emptying following laparotomy was studied in experiments on rats. Metoclopramide (Primperan) considerably improved the emptying ability of the stomach as early as 24 hours after laparotomy. After 72 hours this effect was further accentuated. No improvement of postoperatively retarded motility resulted from treatment with chlorpromazine or with neostigmine during the first 3 postoperative days."}
{"id": "PMID:1211038", "title": "Clinical results 6 to 8 years after truncal vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer in 500 patients.", "content": "The clinical results of truncal vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer in 500 patients are evaluated by a personal 6-8 year follow up. Pyloroplasty was used unless pyloric stenosis made a gastrojejunostomy necessary. Forty-three patients had recurrence (39 were reoperated) and gastric ulcer was seen in five. The rate of dumping was 24% (severe in 3%) and rate of daily-monthly diarrhoea 40% (severe in 8%). Neither dumping nor diarrhoea was related to histamine-activated gastric acid secretion ten days after vagotomy and insulin-activated acid secretion 3 to 4 years later. Dumping was related to epigastric fullness and diarrhoea. Recurrence was related to histamine-activated secretion before and 10 days after vagotomy and to insulin-activated secretion 10 days and 3-4 days after vagotomy. Minor changes were seen in weight- and laboratory-measurements. Anemia was not related to prophylactic intake of iron. Satisfactory results (Visick I-III) were seen in 80% of the patients. The figure may be increased to 86%, including results of operations for recurrence, gastric ulcer and other diseases occurring after the original vagotomy and drainage; even then, the results seem less satisfactory than those after other operations for duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Clinical results 6 to 8 years after truncal vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer in 500 patients. The clinical results of truncal vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer in 500 patients are evaluated by a personal 6-8 year follow up. Pyloroplasty was used unless pyloric stenosis made a gastrojejunostomy necessary. Forty-three patients had recurrence (39 were reoperated) and gastric ulcer was seen in five. The rate of dumping was 24% (severe in 3%) and rate of daily-monthly diarrhoea 40% (severe in 8%). Neither dumping nor diarrhoea was related to histamine-activated gastric acid secretion ten days after vagotomy and insulin-activated acid secretion 3 to 4 years later. Dumping was related to epigastric fullness and diarrhoea. Recurrence was related to histamine-activated secretion before and 10 days after vagotomy and to insulin-activated secretion 10 days and 3-4 days after vagotomy. Minor changes were seen in weight- and laboratory-measurements. Anemia was not related to prophylactic intake of iron. Satisfactory results (Visick I-III) were seen in 80% of the patients. The figure may be increased to 86%, including results of operations for recurrence, gastric ulcer and other diseases occurring after the original vagotomy and drainage; even then, the results seem less satisfactory than those after other operations for duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:1211039", "title": "Massive haemorrhage from gastroduodenal ulcer. A series of 149 casees operated on.", "content": "A series of 149 patients operated on for massive haemorrhage from gastroduodenal ulcer is presented. The patients were divided into two groups, emergency (70 patients) and semi-emergency (79 patients). In the emergency group the cause of bleeding was GU in 67% and DU in 26%; in the semi-emergency group the corresponding figures were GU 30% and DU 63%. In DU vagotomy + antral resection or pyloroplasty were the usual procedures. GU patients usually underwent a classical resection. The operative mortality rate in the emergency group was 14% and in the semi-emergency group 2.5%. In the whole series the mortality rate was 8.0%. Bleeding recurred in 8 patients (5.4%) and of these eight, five died. The causes of death and the postoperative complications were analysed. In the treatment of massively bleeding duodenal ulcer vagotomy + antral resection is recommended in the case of \"good risk\" patients and vagotomy + pyloroplasty in the case of \"poor risk\" patients. For treatment of bleeding gastric ulcer, the procedure recommended with \"good risk\" patients is still antrectomy, but in cases where the ulcer is situated high up near the cardia and for \"poor risk\" patients, excision, vagotomy and pyloroplasty should be carried out.", "contents": "Massive haemorrhage from gastroduodenal ulcer. A series of 149 casees operated on. A series of 149 patients operated on for massive haemorrhage from gastroduodenal ulcer is presented. The patients were divided into two groups, emergency (70 patients) and semi-emergency (79 patients). In the emergency group the cause of bleeding was GU in 67% and DU in 26%; in the semi-emergency group the corresponding figures were GU 30% and DU 63%. In DU vagotomy + antral resection or pyloroplasty were the usual procedures. GU patients usually underwent a classical resection. The operative mortality rate in the emergency group was 14% and in the semi-emergency group 2.5%. In the whole series the mortality rate was 8.0%. Bleeding recurred in 8 patients (5.4%) and of these eight, five died. The causes of death and the postoperative complications were analysed. In the treatment of massively bleeding duodenal ulcer vagotomy + antral resection is recommended in the case of \"good risk\" patients and vagotomy + pyloroplasty in the case of \"poor risk\" patients. For treatment of bleeding gastric ulcer, the procedure recommended with \"good risk\" patients is still antrectomy, but in cases where the ulcer is situated high up near the cardia and for \"poor risk\" patients, excision, vagotomy and pyloroplasty should be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:1211040", "title": "Causes of death in patients with gastric ulcers.", "content": "Of 701 patients with gastric ulcers admitted to hospital within the period 1955-64, 180 died within a five-year period calculated from the time of admission. Causes of death were established at autopsy in 66%, and otherwise were derived from death certificates. The mortality in our series is grouped after the sex and age of the patients, and the causes of death are compared with the corresponding sex and age groups of the Copenhagen population. Mortality was significantly higher than expected in both men and women, particularly high in the first year after actual admission, but falling thereafter to about the same level as the expected mortality. Gastric ulcer itself was the most usual cause of death, but other disease was also significant. Thus mortality from suicide was significantly higher than expected in women. That there is a relationship between operation and suicide seems unlikely--all concerned had psychiatric histories. In men, pulmonary disease involved a significantly higher mortality than expected, and some connection between ulcer disease and pulmonary disease seems possible. If patients dying from cancer of the stomach within a two-year period are excluded, mortality from this disease was not significantly higher than expected. Thus the study gives no support to that theory that benign gastric ulcers are prone to malignant degeneration.", "contents": "Causes of death in patients with gastric ulcers. Of 701 patients with gastric ulcers admitted to hospital within the period 1955-64, 180 died within a five-year period calculated from the time of admission. Causes of death were established at autopsy in 66%, and otherwise were derived from death certificates. The mortality in our series is grouped after the sex and age of the patients, and the causes of death are compared with the corresponding sex and age groups of the Copenhagen population. Mortality was significantly higher than expected in both men and women, particularly high in the first year after actual admission, but falling thereafter to about the same level as the expected mortality. Gastric ulcer itself was the most usual cause of death, but other disease was also significant. Thus mortality from suicide was significantly higher than expected in women. That there is a relationship between operation and suicide seems unlikely--all concerned had psychiatric histories. In men, pulmonary disease involved a significantly higher mortality than expected, and some connection between ulcer disease and pulmonary disease seems possible. If patients dying from cancer of the stomach within a two-year period are excluded, mortality from this disease was not significantly higher than expected. Thus the study gives no support to that theory that benign gastric ulcers are prone to malignant degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:1211041", "title": "Posterior rectotomy for villous tumours of the rectum.", "content": "Posterior extrasphincteric rectotomy gives good access to the mid-rectum 8-15 cm from the anus. The method is suitable for the excision of villous and adenomatous tumours in this region as it permits radical extirpation and consequently little risk of recurrence. Its chief disadvantage is the risk of a fecal fistula. Among 10 operated patients a fistula was seen in 2; it healed spontaneously in the course of 4 weeks in one but did not heal in the other even after a sigmoidostomy. The latter patient has recurrence of the tumour and an insufficiently radical operation is presumably the reason why the fistula has not healed.", "contents": "Posterior rectotomy for villous tumours of the rectum. Posterior extrasphincteric rectotomy gives good access to the mid-rectum 8-15 cm from the anus. The method is suitable for the excision of villous and adenomatous tumours in this region as it permits radical extirpation and consequently little risk of recurrence. Its chief disadvantage is the risk of a fecal fistula. Among 10 operated patients a fistula was seen in 2; it healed spontaneously in the course of 4 weeks in one but did not heal in the other even after a sigmoidostomy. The latter patient has recurrence of the tumour and an insufficiently radical operation is presumably the reason why the fistula has not healed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211042", "title": "The \"Barrett syndrome\" (the columnar-lined lower oesophagus): an acquired condition secondary to reflux oesophagitis. A case report with discussion of pathogenesis.", "content": "A case of the \"Barrett syndrome\" in a patient with severe ulcerating reflux oesophagitis is reported. Evidence indicating that it is an acquired condition caused by reflux of bile-contaminated gastric juice is presented. The \"Barrett ulcer\" and the oesophagitis healed following a partial gastrectomy with a Roux-en Y gastrojejunostomy. The substitution of the squamous epithelium of the lower 15 cm of the oesophagus by columnar epithelium of cardia type is apparently irreversible.", "contents": "The \"Barrett syndrome\" (the columnar-lined lower oesophagus): an acquired condition secondary to reflux oesophagitis. A case report with discussion of pathogenesis. A case of the \"Barrett syndrome\" in a patient with severe ulcerating reflux oesophagitis is reported. Evidence indicating that it is an acquired condition caused by reflux of bile-contaminated gastric juice is presented. The \"Barrett ulcer\" and the oesophagitis healed following a partial gastrectomy with a Roux-en Y gastrojejunostomy. The substitution of the squamous epithelium of the lower 15 cm of the oesophagus by columnar epithelium of cardia type is apparently irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:1211043", "title": "Extragonadal endodermal sinus tumours. Report of a case.", "content": "A case is described of endodermal sinus tumour originating in the sacro-coccygeal region in a man 20 years of age. Of the hitherto presented cases of endodermal sinus tumour of a gonadal origin, 24 out of 42 patients have died. Of 21 patients in whom the disease was of an extragonadal origin, 18 have died. Thus, the prognosis seems to be less favourable in patients with extragonadal tumours. The best prognosis has been reported in boys with endodermal sinus tumours of a testicular origin operated before the age of 2 years.", "contents": "Extragonadal endodermal sinus tumours. Report of a case. A case is described of endodermal sinus tumour originating in the sacro-coccygeal region in a man 20 years of age. Of the hitherto presented cases of endodermal sinus tumour of a gonadal origin, 24 out of 42 patients have died. Of 21 patients in whom the disease was of an extragonadal origin, 18 have died. Thus, the prognosis seems to be less favourable in patients with extragonadal tumours. The best prognosis has been reported in boys with endodermal sinus tumours of a testicular origin operated before the age of 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1211053", "title": "[The contribution of pathological anatomy to the diagnosis and prognosis of different forms of tubal sterility].", "content": "The histological examination made by means of tubal section allows us to predict; in a large number of cases, the functional future of the tubes after plastic surgery. The results obtained through surgical treatment of the various internal tubal occlusions can be summarised thus: a persistance of permeability is very marked in the internal tubal occlusions and more especially, in the colonisations. But on the whole, uterine pregnancies, including those with abortion, and gestations whose development is unknown, are less frequent than those obtained after surgical treatment ofr external tubal occlusions. In fact, the percentage of pregnancies after external tubal occlusions is 22%, with 18% of the pregnancies going the full term; 15% in cases of internal tubal occlusion, with only 5 pregnancies, that is 7%.", "contents": "[The contribution of pathological anatomy to the diagnosis and prognosis of different forms of tubal sterility]. The histological examination made by means of tubal section allows us to predict; in a large number of cases, the functional future of the tubes after plastic surgery. The results obtained through surgical treatment of the various internal tubal occlusions can be summarised thus: a persistance of permeability is very marked in the internal tubal occlusions and more especially, in the colonisations. But on the whole, uterine pregnancies, including those with abortion, and gestations whose development is unknown, are less frequent than those obtained after surgical treatment ofr external tubal occlusions. In fact, the percentage of pregnancies after external tubal occlusions is 22%, with 18% of the pregnancies going the full term; 15% in cases of internal tubal occlusion, with only 5 pregnancies, that is 7%."}
{"id": "PMID:1211062", "title": "Studies of liver function and structure in patients with gallstones before and during treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "Twelve patients with gallstones were treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) for 3 to 22 months. Liver function and structure were studied before and during treatment. No signs of hepatotoxicity were observed. Activities of several enzymes, including transaminases, GLDH, and gamma-GT were frequently abnormal in this group of patients. But there was no statistical difference between treatment and pre-treatment levels. Serum bilirubin and protein electrophoresis remained normal throughout the study. The BSP retention test was not significantly altered by CDCA treatment. Light microscopic examination in 8 patients revealed no changes of liver structure during 3 to 19 months of CDCA administration except, however, for a decrease of fatty changes in 3 patients. The ultrastructure of liver cells was found to be normal in 5 patients, in whom electron microscopy was done as well.", "contents": "Studies of liver function and structure in patients with gallstones before and during treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid. Twelve patients with gallstones were treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) for 3 to 22 months. Liver function and structure were studied before and during treatment. No signs of hepatotoxicity were observed. Activities of several enzymes, including transaminases, GLDH, and gamma-GT were frequently abnormal in this group of patients. But there was no statistical difference between treatment and pre-treatment levels. Serum bilirubin and protein electrophoresis remained normal throughout the study. The BSP retention test was not significantly altered by CDCA treatment. Light microscopic examination in 8 patients revealed no changes of liver structure during 3 to 19 months of CDCA administration except, however, for a decrease of fatty changes in 3 patients. The ultrastructure of liver cells was found to be normal in 5 patients, in whom electron microscopy was done as well."}
{"id": "PMID:1211063", "title": "Ethanol metabolism in liver cirrhosis and chronic alcoholism.", "content": "Ethanol metabolism and its influence on serum lactate/pyruvate ratio was studied after intravenous infusion of ethanol in 17 patients: 4 controls, 5 alcoholics with cirrhosis, 4 non-alcoholic cirrhotics and 4 alcoholics without liver disease. All refrained from the use of alcohol and drugs 4 weeks prior to the experiment. After maximal ethanol blood levels were achieved at the end of the infusion, ethanol removal occurred at two different rates. This was probably due to the fact that different volumes of ethanol were distributed with time: a fast period (30 to 60 min) and a slow period (60 to 180 min). The rates of disappearence in the two periods were similar in all groups which suggests that liver cirrhosis, independent of clinical severity and/or chronic alcoholism with previous abstinence from alcohol, does not modify ethanol metabolic rates in the liver. The relation lactate/pyruvate doubled in all cases but it occurred within 30 minutes in the groups without liver disease and within 60 minutes in the cirrhotics. This could account for the decreased liability of cirrhotic patients to alcohol hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Ethanol metabolism in liver cirrhosis and chronic alcoholism. Ethanol metabolism and its influence on serum lactate/pyruvate ratio was studied after intravenous infusion of ethanol in 17 patients: 4 controls, 5 alcoholics with cirrhosis, 4 non-alcoholic cirrhotics and 4 alcoholics without liver disease. All refrained from the use of alcohol and drugs 4 weeks prior to the experiment. After maximal ethanol blood levels were achieved at the end of the infusion, ethanol removal occurred at two different rates. This was probably due to the fact that different volumes of ethanol were distributed with time: a fast period (30 to 60 min) and a slow period (60 to 180 min). The rates of disappearence in the two periods were similar in all groups which suggests that liver cirrhosis, independent of clinical severity and/or chronic alcoholism with previous abstinence from alcohol, does not modify ethanol metabolic rates in the liver. The relation lactate/pyruvate doubled in all cases but it occurred within 30 minutes in the groups without liver disease and within 60 minutes in the cirrhotics. This could account for the decreased liability of cirrhotic patients to alcohol hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1211064", "title": "Differential diagnosis between benign and malignant biliary tract obstruction: discriminative usefulness of some clinical and laboratory data.", "content": "The data of 26 patients with obstructive jaundice caused by biliary tract stones were compared to those of patients with malignant obstructive jaundice in order to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of some laboratory tests in the differential diagnosis between these two conditions. The Fisher's discriminant analysis was employed. The combined evaluation of serum albumin and haptoglobin appeared to have the most satisfactory discriminative effectiveness, yielding a 54% rate of correct diagnosis, with a safety margin of 95%.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis between benign and malignant biliary tract obstruction: discriminative usefulness of some clinical and laboratory data. The data of 26 patients with obstructive jaundice caused by biliary tract stones were compared to those of patients with malignant obstructive jaundice in order to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of some laboratory tests in the differential diagnosis between these two conditions. The Fisher's discriminant analysis was employed. The combined evaluation of serum albumin and haptoglobin appeared to have the most satisfactory discriminative effectiveness, yielding a 54% rate of correct diagnosis, with a safety margin of 95%."}
{"id": "PMID:1211065", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic function in man after cytotoxic treatment.", "content": "Using the secretin-pancreozymin test, the function of the exocrine pancreas was studied in patients with malignant disease before and after massive-dose therapy with cyclophosphamide and before and after combined cytotoxic treatment (as outlined by De Vita). The investigations further included an examination of the exocrine pancreatic function in subjects on maintenance therapy with clyclophosphamide of Myleran and a comparison with the exocrine pancreatic function in a group of controls. In the patients on massive-dose or continued therapy with cyclophosphamide the volume of the duodenal secretion and the bicarbonate, electrolyte and enzyme outputs in the duodenal secretion remained essentially unchanged. In contrast, cytotoxic combination treatment resulted in decreased activities of amylase and lipase, and in some cases of trypsin. After maintenance treatment with Myleran a reduction of the trypsin and amylase activities was detectable; chymotrypsin and lipase were found to be slighthly lowered.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic function in man after cytotoxic treatment. Using the secretin-pancreozymin test, the function of the exocrine pancreas was studied in patients with malignant disease before and after massive-dose therapy with cyclophosphamide and before and after combined cytotoxic treatment (as outlined by De Vita). The investigations further included an examination of the exocrine pancreatic function in subjects on maintenance therapy with clyclophosphamide of Myleran and a comparison with the exocrine pancreatic function in a group of controls. In the patients on massive-dose or continued therapy with cyclophosphamide the volume of the duodenal secretion and the bicarbonate, electrolyte and enzyme outputs in the duodenal secretion remained essentially unchanged. In contrast, cytotoxic combination treatment resulted in decreased activities of amylase and lipase, and in some cases of trypsin. After maintenance treatment with Myleran a reduction of the trypsin and amylase activities was detectable; chymotrypsin and lipase were found to be slighthly lowered."}
{"id": "PMID:1211066", "title": "The behaviour of different markers of the mucosal extracellular space in rat small intestine.", "content": "The mucosal extracellular space in rat small intestine is determined with inulin-14C, mannitol-14C and unlabeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose in control animals and after an intravenous secretin load. The mannitol and 2-deoxy-D-glucose spaces in control animals are significantly greater than the inulin space. After secretin the three investigated markers show different, in part adverse, alterations of the mucosal extracellular space. These different results may be due to the composition of the incubation medium and to a distinct effect of secretin on the distribution of the employed markers.", "contents": "The behaviour of different markers of the mucosal extracellular space in rat small intestine. The mucosal extracellular space in rat small intestine is determined with inulin-14C, mannitol-14C and unlabeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose in control animals and after an intravenous secretin load. The mannitol and 2-deoxy-D-glucose spaces in control animals are significantly greater than the inulin space. After secretin the three investigated markers show different, in part adverse, alterations of the mucosal extracellular space. These different results may be due to the composition of the incubation medium and to a distinct effect of secretin on the distribution of the employed markers."}
{"id": "PMID:1211067", "title": "13-norleucine motilin versus pentagastrin: contrasting and competitive effects on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity in the conscious dog.", "content": "In conscious fasted dogs, with chronically-implanted electrodes in stomach and small intestine, typical aborally-propagated interdigestive myoelectric complexes were induced by the infusion of 13-nor-leucine motilin (13-Nle-M); whereas when the normal interdigestive activity was abolished by the infusion of pentagastrin, the resulting 'postprandial' pattern of activity was not significantly modified by the administration of 13-Nle-M. Results from this study provide further evidence that Motilin as well as Gastrin may be involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility in dogs.", "contents": "13-norleucine motilin versus pentagastrin: contrasting and competitive effects on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity in the conscious dog. In conscious fasted dogs, with chronically-implanted electrodes in stomach and small intestine, typical aborally-propagated interdigestive myoelectric complexes were induced by the infusion of 13-nor-leucine motilin (13-Nle-M); whereas when the normal interdigestive activity was abolished by the infusion of pentagastrin, the resulting 'postprandial' pattern of activity was not significantly modified by the administration of 13-Nle-M. Results from this study provide further evidence that Motilin as well as Gastrin may be involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1211068", "title": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "This is a report on a 36-year-old male patient presenting with a rare combination of ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The disease of the biliary tract was suspected on the basis of the endoscopic retrograde representation of the common bile duct, and serologically differentiated from a chronic destructive, non-supperative cholangitis on the basis of a lack of antimitochondrial antibodies. Subsequently, a hepaticojejunostomy was carried out to normalize the bile flow.", "contents": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. This is a report on a 36-year-old male patient presenting with a rare combination of ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The disease of the biliary tract was suspected on the basis of the endoscopic retrograde representation of the common bile duct, and serologically differentiated from a chronic destructive, non-supperative cholangitis on the basis of a lack of antimitochondrial antibodies. Subsequently, a hepaticojejunostomy was carried out to normalize the bile flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1211073", "title": "Epidural anaesthesia as an alternative to caesarean section in the treatment of prolonged, exhaustive labour.", "content": "Epidural anaesthesia was given to nine parturients who were considered candidates for delivery by caesarena section due to prolonged exhaustive labour. Upon pain relief and oxytocin infucion guided by cardiotocography, vaginal delivery took place. Delivery was spontaneous in seven cases, two were instrumentally delivered. It is concluded that an efficient epidural block tends to restore uterine contractility by reducing the inhibitory influences exerted by adrenergic mechanisms and unfavourable changes in the acid-base balance.", "contents": "Epidural anaesthesia as an alternative to caesarean section in the treatment of prolonged, exhaustive labour. Epidural anaesthesia was given to nine parturients who were considered candidates for delivery by caesarena section due to prolonged exhaustive labour. Upon pain relief and oxytocin infucion guided by cardiotocography, vaginal delivery took place. Delivery was spontaneous in seven cases, two were instrumentally delivered. It is concluded that an efficient epidural block tends to restore uterine contractility by reducing the inhibitory influences exerted by adrenergic mechanisms and unfavourable changes in the acid-base balance."}
{"id": "PMID:1211074", "title": "A clinical trial of enflurane in children.", "content": "Enflurane was administered as the primary anaesthetic agent to 200 children between the ages of 7 months and 14 years who were undergoing elective surgery. Induction and recovery were rapid and generally uneventful. Changes observed in the cardiovascular system included an initial fall in blood pressure, which tended subsequently to correct itself, and supraventricular arrhythmias mainly of nodal rhythm type. End expiratory CO2-concentration as measured by a capnograph tended to be elevated during spontaneous ventilation . Changes in liver function as measured by enzymatic activity were seen in some cases but were without statistical significance. Satisfactory muscle relaxation was generally obtained without the use of muscle relaxants. However, in two cases, poor relaxation occurred even at a concentration of 4.5% enflurane, and in these cases, EEG changes of polyspike suppression type were observed. This phenomenon is discussed in a subsequent article. As a result of their findings, the authors conclude that in paediatric anaesthesia enflurane is best suited for use in anaesthetics of relatively short duration with spontaneous respiration.", "contents": "A clinical trial of enflurane in children. Enflurane was administered as the primary anaesthetic agent to 200 children between the ages of 7 months and 14 years who were undergoing elective surgery. Induction and recovery were rapid and generally uneventful. Changes observed in the cardiovascular system included an initial fall in blood pressure, which tended subsequently to correct itself, and supraventricular arrhythmias mainly of nodal rhythm type. End expiratory CO2-concentration as measured by a capnograph tended to be elevated during spontaneous ventilation . Changes in liver function as measured by enzymatic activity were seen in some cases but were without statistical significance. Satisfactory muscle relaxation was generally obtained without the use of muscle relaxants. However, in two cases, poor relaxation occurred even at a concentration of 4.5% enflurane, and in these cases, EEG changes of polyspike suppression type were observed. This phenomenon is discussed in a subsequent article. As a result of their findings, the authors conclude that in paediatric anaesthesia enflurane is best suited for use in anaesthetics of relatively short duration with spontaneous respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:1211075", "title": "Electroencephalographic activity in children under enflurane anesthesia.", "content": "EEG, end-tidal CO2, neck muscle EMG, eye movements, and ECG were recorded in 17 children undergoing enflurane anesthesia combined with N2O and O2. All subjects were classified in the lowest risk group and had normal pre-anesthetic EEG recordings. Eleven subjects were breathing spontaneously and six were under controlled ventilation. Thirteen subjects were hyperventilated for short periods. As previously reported for adults, various signs of increased central nervous excitability appeared. At the enflurane concentration of 4% all three cases with PaCO2 below 32 mmHg showed generalized high voltage epileptic activity of grand mal type followed by several minutes of postictal slowing. One of these subjects also showed motor manifestations of the electrographic seizure activity. At 3% enflurane, three out of eight subjects showed electrographic seizure activity of poly-spike-suppression type. One of these children also had motor manifestations during this type of seizure activity at a PaCO2 of 31 mmHg. The results indicate that electrographic seizure activity is common among children with moderate hypocapnia at enflurane concentrations of 3% or more.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic activity in children under enflurane anesthesia. EEG, end-tidal CO2, neck muscle EMG, eye movements, and ECG were recorded in 17 children undergoing enflurane anesthesia combined with N2O and O2. All subjects were classified in the lowest risk group and had normal pre-anesthetic EEG recordings. Eleven subjects were breathing spontaneously and six were under controlled ventilation. Thirteen subjects were hyperventilated for short periods. As previously reported for adults, various signs of increased central nervous excitability appeared. At the enflurane concentration of 4% all three cases with PaCO2 below 32 mmHg showed generalized high voltage epileptic activity of grand mal type followed by several minutes of postictal slowing. One of these subjects also showed motor manifestations of the electrographic seizure activity. At 3% enflurane, three out of eight subjects showed electrographic seizure activity of poly-spike-suppression type. One of these children also had motor manifestations during this type of seizure activity at a PaCO2 of 31 mmHg. The results indicate that electrographic seizure activity is common among children with moderate hypocapnia at enflurane concentrations of 3% or more."}
{"id": "PMID:1211076", "title": "Tissue PO2 measured in man by an implanted latex rubber tube.", "content": "A latex rubber tube easily permeable to O2 was implanted in a triceps muscle of six volunteers. Seven days later, PO2 in muscle tissue (PtO2) was measured repeatedly by filling the tube with saline. After a 2-minute equilibration, the saline was sampled in a glass capillary and its PO2 measured by polarographic technique. PaO2 and venous oxygen tension (PvO2) were measured simultaneously. Measurements were performed under four conditions: (1) air breathing, (2) breathing 100% O2, (3) breathing 14% O2, and (4) 50 Warm exercise. During (1) breathing air PaO2 was on an average 90 mmHg, PvO2 36 MMHg and PtO2 40 mmHg. During (2) PaO2 reached 570 mmHg in 2 min, PvO2 rose slightly and PtO2 increased to 80-90 mmHg in 30-40 min. During (3) PaO2 fell rapidly to 45 mmHg and PtO2 decreased from 40 to 30 mmHg in 8 min. During (4) PaO2 did not change, PvO2 decreased slightly and PtO2 fell to approximately 30 mmHg within 2-4 min. The interindividual scatter was of equal magnitude in tissue and blood. A PtO2 higher than PvO2 during oxygen breathing and less than PvO2 during hypoxia and physical exercise is explained by the existence of oxygen gradients in the extravascular space. The present technique proved to be simple despite a 1-week delay before measurements. There were no complications, and no discomfort was complained of. Thus, the latex rubber tube seems suitable for clinical use.", "contents": "Tissue PO2 measured in man by an implanted latex rubber tube. A latex rubber tube easily permeable to O2 was implanted in a triceps muscle of six volunteers. Seven days later, PO2 in muscle tissue (PtO2) was measured repeatedly by filling the tube with saline. After a 2-minute equilibration, the saline was sampled in a glass capillary and its PO2 measured by polarographic technique. PaO2 and venous oxygen tension (PvO2) were measured simultaneously. Measurements were performed under four conditions: (1) air breathing, (2) breathing 100% O2, (3) breathing 14% O2, and (4) 50 Warm exercise. During (1) breathing air PaO2 was on an average 90 mmHg, PvO2 36 MMHg and PtO2 40 mmHg. During (2) PaO2 reached 570 mmHg in 2 min, PvO2 rose slightly and PtO2 increased to 80-90 mmHg in 30-40 min. During (3) PaO2 fell rapidly to 45 mmHg and PtO2 decreased from 40 to 30 mmHg in 8 min. During (4) PaO2 did not change, PvO2 decreased slightly and PtO2 fell to approximately 30 mmHg within 2-4 min. The interindividual scatter was of equal magnitude in tissue and blood. A PtO2 higher than PvO2 during oxygen breathing and less than PvO2 during hypoxia and physical exercise is explained by the existence of oxygen gradients in the extravascular space. The present technique proved to be simple despite a 1-week delay before measurements. There were no complications, and no discomfort was complained of. Thus, the latex rubber tube seems suitable for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:1211077", "title": "An inhibitory effect of polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) on local anaesthesia.", "content": "In the present investigation it is shown that administration of polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) together with local anaesthetics decreased the duration of infiltration anaesthesia in guinea-pigs. Furthermore, it is shown that in infiltration anaesthesias the local anaesthetic effect was terminated within a few minutes by administration of PPP. In experiments with high- and low-molecular fractions of PPP, the \"anti-local anaesthetic\" effect of PPP was not due to the antiprostaglandin activity of PPP. There was no effect of PPP on the duration of the nerve-blocking activity of mepivacaine in rats. Neither did the administration of PPP influence the toxic effects of mepivacaine in rabbits.", "contents": "An inhibitory effect of polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) on local anaesthesia. In the present investigation it is shown that administration of polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) together with local anaesthetics decreased the duration of infiltration anaesthesia in guinea-pigs. Furthermore, it is shown that in infiltration anaesthesias the local anaesthetic effect was terminated within a few minutes by administration of PPP. In experiments with high- and low-molecular fractions of PPP, the \"anti-local anaesthetic\" effect of PPP was not due to the antiprostaglandin activity of PPP. There was no effect of PPP on the duration of the nerve-blocking activity of mepivacaine in rats. Neither did the administration of PPP influence the toxic effects of mepivacaine in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:1211078", "title": "[Vulnerability of early postnatal differention processes of the retina and the teratogenic effect of cyclophosphamide (Endoxan)].", "content": "During the postnatal period, cyclophosphamide produces in the retina of rats and mice rosettes containing malformed photoreceptor cells arranged in half-circle formations. The rosettes form only after injections given during the first 4 days post partum and only in the receptor layer which contains desmosomes. After this period, the retina becomes resistant to rosette formation. Cytological changes occur in the form of intense nuclear invaginations and membrane whorls, which may be regarded as compensatory processes.", "contents": "[Vulnerability of early postnatal differention processes of the retina and the teratogenic effect of cyclophosphamide (Endoxan)]. During the postnatal period, cyclophosphamide produces in the retina of rats and mice rosettes containing malformed photoreceptor cells arranged in half-circle formations. The rosettes form only after injections given during the first 4 days post partum and only in the receptor layer which contains desmosomes. After this period, the retina becomes resistant to rosette formation. Cytological changes occur in the form of intense nuclear invaginations and membrane whorls, which may be regarded as compensatory processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1211079", "title": "The superficial cells of the transitional epithelium in the expanded and unexpanded rat urinary bladder. Transmission and scanning electron-microscopic study.", "content": "The superficial epithelial layer in the urinary bladder of adult rats was examined, in various states, using the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. A good agreement was obtained between the results of the two methods. When the urinary bladder is unexpanded, the superficial cells show marked bulges into the bladder lumen and the contacts between cells (mainly desmosomes) are displaced deep into the epithelium. The luminal surface is bizarrely bent and large parts of the membrane intrude into the cytoplasm, where they give the appearance of discoid and fusiform vesicles. Between neighboring cells, deep interdigitations are observed. In the scanning electron microscope, the surface of the epithelium appears cauliflower-like and has deep grooves, gullys and folds. When the bladder is expanded, the surface becomes smoother and the contacts between cells move to the surface. The stretched cells are angular in form (5-, 6- or 7-sided) and show great variations in surface area (150-500 mum2). The luminal cell membrane consists of an alternation of asymmetrical areas (120 A thick and 0.2-0.4 mum in length) with normal sections which are 80 A thick. In the scanning electron microscope, these thick areas appear as 4-, 5- or 6-sided plaques with a maximal diameter of 0.4 mum. The borders of the plaques are formed of portions of cell membrane which have a normal thickness and extrude as microcristae into the lumen. This produces a honeycomb appearance on the cell surface.", "contents": "The superficial cells of the transitional epithelium in the expanded and unexpanded rat urinary bladder. Transmission and scanning electron-microscopic study. The superficial epithelial layer in the urinary bladder of adult rats was examined, in various states, using the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. A good agreement was obtained between the results of the two methods. When the urinary bladder is unexpanded, the superficial cells show marked bulges into the bladder lumen and the contacts between cells (mainly desmosomes) are displaced deep into the epithelium. The luminal surface is bizarrely bent and large parts of the membrane intrude into the cytoplasm, where they give the appearance of discoid and fusiform vesicles. Between neighboring cells, deep interdigitations are observed. In the scanning electron microscope, the surface of the epithelium appears cauliflower-like and has deep grooves, gullys and folds. When the bladder is expanded, the surface becomes smoother and the contacts between cells move to the surface. The stretched cells are angular in form (5-, 6- or 7-sided) and show great variations in surface area (150-500 mum2). The luminal cell membrane consists of an alternation of asymmetrical areas (120 A thick and 0.2-0.4 mum in length) with normal sections which are 80 A thick. In the scanning electron microscope, these thick areas appear as 4-, 5- or 6-sided plaques with a maximal diameter of 0.4 mum. The borders of the plaques are formed of portions of cell membrane which have a normal thickness and extrude as microcristae into the lumen. This produces a honeycomb appearance on the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:1211080", "title": "The connective tissue skeleton in the mammalian kidney and its innervation.", "content": "A special reticular basket-like system of connective tissue strips (called connective tissue skeleton - CTS) was found between the cortex and medulla in the kidney of various mammals. It enlarges the wall of the renal calyx (or pelvis) into the parenchyma. The main component of this system is collagen. A small amount of smooth muscle cells was found in one part of CTS srips situated around the papilla (the levator fornicis muscle). A dense monoaminergic and scanty cholinergic innervation was found in the whole system of the CTS. The functional importance of this system is discussed: (i) a tightly linked connection between the urine-discharging system and the kidney, (ii) 'milking' and similar effects in the papilla as well as perception of intrapelvic and intrarenal pressure, (iii) penetration of infection into the kidney and (iv) liberation of the monoaminergic transmitter.", "contents": "The connective tissue skeleton in the mammalian kidney and its innervation. A special reticular basket-like system of connective tissue strips (called connective tissue skeleton - CTS) was found between the cortex and medulla in the kidney of various mammals. It enlarges the wall of the renal calyx (or pelvis) into the parenchyma. The main component of this system is collagen. A small amount of smooth muscle cells was found in one part of CTS srips situated around the papilla (the levator fornicis muscle). A dense monoaminergic and scanty cholinergic innervation was found in the whole system of the CTS. The functional importance of this system is discussed: (i) a tightly linked connection between the urine-discharging system and the kidney, (ii) 'milking' and similar effects in the papilla as well as perception of intrapelvic and intrarenal pressure, (iii) penetration of infection into the kidney and (iv) liberation of the monoaminergic transmitter."}
{"id": "PMID:1211081", "title": "A study on the different types of spermatogonia in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "As a first step to understanding spermatogenesis in the buffalo bull the cytological details of different types of spermatogonia were determined in adult buffalo bulls. Morphological changes in the nuclear details were used as a basis for classifying the different types of spermatogonia. The type A spermatogonia had a spherical to ovoid nucleus with finely granulated chromatin, homogeneously dispersed in the nucleoplasm and having one to two nucleoli adhering to the nuclear membrane. The type A0 spermatogonia were characterized by nuclei containing moderately stained, finely granulated chromatin and a nucleolus attached to the nuclear envelope. The A1 type spermatogonia, on the other hand, have pale stained, finely granulated chromatin with the nucleolus adhering to the nuclear membrane. The nuclei of A2 type spermatogonia resembled those of type A1, but contained coarse granular chromatin dispersed in the pale nucleoplasm. The intermediate type of spermatogonia acquired a central position of the nucleolus, but the chromatin remained coarsely granulated and non-clumped. Three classes of type B (B1-B3) spermatogonia were determined on the degree of clumping of the chromatin and the central position of the nucleolus. The type B1 cells were characterized by nuclei containing a few flakes of lightly stained chromatin and a centrally located nucleolus. The type B2 cells showed comparatively more clumping of chromatin than type B1 spermatogonia, which was dispersed at random in the pale nucleoplasm and along the nuclear envelope. The type B3 spermatogonia demonstrated chromophilic chromatin dispersed in the slightly grey nucleoplasm and adhering along the nuclear membrane. Since there seems to be a succession of events following differentiation of type A1 spermatogonia till the last type B cell differentiates into resting primary spermatocytes, may intermediate stages between the presently described classes of type A (A0-A2) and type B (B1-B3) could also be located in sections of the seminiferous tubules.", "contents": "A study on the different types of spermatogonia in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). As a first step to understanding spermatogenesis in the buffalo bull the cytological details of different types of spermatogonia were determined in adult buffalo bulls. Morphological changes in the nuclear details were used as a basis for classifying the different types of spermatogonia. The type A spermatogonia had a spherical to ovoid nucleus with finely granulated chromatin, homogeneously dispersed in the nucleoplasm and having one to two nucleoli adhering to the nuclear membrane. The type A0 spermatogonia were characterized by nuclei containing moderately stained, finely granulated chromatin and a nucleolus attached to the nuclear envelope. The A1 type spermatogonia, on the other hand, have pale stained, finely granulated chromatin with the nucleolus adhering to the nuclear membrane. The nuclei of A2 type spermatogonia resembled those of type A1, but contained coarse granular chromatin dispersed in the pale nucleoplasm. The intermediate type of spermatogonia acquired a central position of the nucleolus, but the chromatin remained coarsely granulated and non-clumped. Three classes of type B (B1-B3) spermatogonia were determined on the degree of clumping of the chromatin and the central position of the nucleolus. The type B1 cells were characterized by nuclei containing a few flakes of lightly stained chromatin and a centrally located nucleolus. The type B2 cells showed comparatively more clumping of chromatin than type B1 spermatogonia, which was dispersed at random in the pale nucleoplasm and along the nuclear envelope. The type B3 spermatogonia demonstrated chromophilic chromatin dispersed in the slightly grey nucleoplasm and adhering along the nuclear membrane. Since there seems to be a succession of events following differentiation of type A1 spermatogonia till the last type B cell differentiates into resting primary spermatocytes, may intermediate stages between the presently described classes of type A (A0-A2) and type B (B1-B3) could also be located in sections of the seminiferous tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:1211082", "title": "Morphological aspect of the skin terminal corpuscles, previous corrosion with pancreatin.", "content": "The capsulated corpuscles of the skin have been studied by pancreatin corrosion methods. With this corrosion, Meissner's corpuscles disappear while those, whose fundamental structure is collagenous, remain intact. We have observed structural differences in these collagenous corpuscles, some being formed as a fine reticulum or with longitudinal or concentric sheaths. Within the corpuscle, there is a totally vascular compartment, the 'vascular hill', which is easily differentiated from the other laminar or reticular segment which is the 'nerve hill'. We conclude that the connective tissue arrangement and the vascular content of the corpuscles contribute to the regulation of the different degrees of sensations perceived by these corpuscles. The tendency that these corpuscles show to unite may be caused because the places, where they are grouped, are the points of greatest sensory perception.", "contents": "Morphological aspect of the skin terminal corpuscles, previous corrosion with pancreatin. The capsulated corpuscles of the skin have been studied by pancreatin corrosion methods. With this corrosion, Meissner's corpuscles disappear while those, whose fundamental structure is collagenous, remain intact. We have observed structural differences in these collagenous corpuscles, some being formed as a fine reticulum or with longitudinal or concentric sheaths. Within the corpuscle, there is a totally vascular compartment, the 'vascular hill', which is easily differentiated from the other laminar or reticular segment which is the 'nerve hill'. We conclude that the connective tissue arrangement and the vascular content of the corpuscles contribute to the regulation of the different degrees of sensations perceived by these corpuscles. The tendency that these corpuscles show to unite may be caused because the places, where they are grouped, are the points of greatest sensory perception."}
{"id": "PMID:1211083", "title": "Annulate lamellae in adenomas of human pituitary glands.", "content": "Twelve nontumorous adenohypophyses and 36 various pituitary adenomas, removed by surgery, have been investigated by electron microscopy in order to shed some light on annulate lamellae, primarily on their ultrastructural features, incidence, origin, fate and functional significance. No annulate lamellae were found in the nontumorous adenohypophyses and in 33 pituitary adenomas. They were, however, detected in two adenomas consisting of undifferentiated cells and one adenoma composed of sparsely granulated prolactin cells indicating that these unique membrane configurations cannot be regarded as an exceedingly rare finding and, furthermore, that they may be disclosed not only in undifferentiated but occasionally in highly differentiated cells. Annulate lamellae may arise from endoplasmic reticulum and/or nuclear envelope and consist of arrays of smooth walled double membrane sheets exhibiting regularly spaced interruptions as well as continuities with the endoplasmic reticulum. No relationship was established between annulate lamellae and adenohypophysial secretory activity. Our findings seem to be consistent with the view that annulate lamellae are present in those cells which have the tendency to proliferate.", "contents": "Annulate lamellae in adenomas of human pituitary glands. Twelve nontumorous adenohypophyses and 36 various pituitary adenomas, removed by surgery, have been investigated by electron microscopy in order to shed some light on annulate lamellae, primarily on their ultrastructural features, incidence, origin, fate and functional significance. No annulate lamellae were found in the nontumorous adenohypophyses and in 33 pituitary adenomas. They were, however, detected in two adenomas consisting of undifferentiated cells and one adenoma composed of sparsely granulated prolactin cells indicating that these unique membrane configurations cannot be regarded as an exceedingly rare finding and, furthermore, that they may be disclosed not only in undifferentiated but occasionally in highly differentiated cells. Annulate lamellae may arise from endoplasmic reticulum and/or nuclear envelope and consist of arrays of smooth walled double membrane sheets exhibiting regularly spaced interruptions as well as continuities with the endoplasmic reticulum. No relationship was established between annulate lamellae and adenohypophysial secretory activity. Our findings seem to be consistent with the view that annulate lamellae are present in those cells which have the tendency to proliferate."}
{"id": "PMID:1211084", "title": "Embryonic development of the coronal suture in man and rat.", "content": "Histological examination of skulls of 3- to 7-month-old human fetuses reveals in the fourth month of fetal life the development of a morphologically distinctive tissue in the area between the frontal and parietal bones. In this particular area, the pericranium tends to bulge outward while the dura mater shows the same in an inward direction. Consequently, a spindle-shaped blastema is enclosed. This spindle-like structure is only temporarily present; by about the sixth month of fetal life it has disappeared. Secondly, it was observed that prior to the development of this blastema mainly undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and only few fibroblasts are present in the area between the approaching ossification centres. In the full-grown blastema both types of cells are present in about equal numbers. However, once the blastema has been formed, fibroblasts predominate over mesenchymal cells. This tissue structure is also clearly distinguishable in the developing fetal rat skull. In this species, however, the spindle-shaped blastema appears at a later phase of fetal development, i.e. at about the 20th day. In both species, man and rat, the temporary presence of this blastema is not confined to the presumptive coronal suture only, but is demonstrable as well in other cranial sutures.", "contents": "Embryonic development of the coronal suture in man and rat. Histological examination of skulls of 3- to 7-month-old human fetuses reveals in the fourth month of fetal life the development of a morphologically distinctive tissue in the area between the frontal and parietal bones. In this particular area, the pericranium tends to bulge outward while the dura mater shows the same in an inward direction. Consequently, a spindle-shaped blastema is enclosed. This spindle-like structure is only temporarily present; by about the sixth month of fetal life it has disappeared. Secondly, it was observed that prior to the development of this blastema mainly undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and only few fibroblasts are present in the area between the approaching ossification centres. In the full-grown blastema both types of cells are present in about equal numbers. However, once the blastema has been formed, fibroblasts predominate over mesenchymal cells. This tissue structure is also clearly distinguishable in the developing fetal rat skull. In this species, however, the spindle-shaped blastema appears at a later phase of fetal development, i.e. at about the 20th day. In both species, man and rat, the temporary presence of this blastema is not confined to the presumptive coronal suture only, but is demonstrable as well in other cranial sutures."}
{"id": "PMID:1211085", "title": "[Occurrence of a special type of \"polypoid cushion\" and valve-like  formations in arteries].", "content": "Intraarterial structures, known as 'polypoid cushions' and 'valve-like' projections at arterial branching sites, were observed in serial sections of human cleft lip and nasal mucous membrane biopsies. A particular type of 'polypoid cushions', which additionally contains a small artery in its center, is distinguished. It is suggested that both the particular type of 'polypoid cushions' and these 'valve-like' projections originate from the invagination of the entire vessel wall at arterial branching sites according to the location of the dissection or damage. The differences between these 'valve-like' formations and genuine arterial valves are mentioned.", "contents": "[Occurrence of a special type of \"polypoid cushion\" and valve-like  formations in arteries]. Intraarterial structures, known as 'polypoid cushions' and 'valve-like' projections at arterial branching sites, were observed in serial sections of human cleft lip and nasal mucous membrane biopsies. A particular type of 'polypoid cushions', which additionally contains a small artery in its center, is distinguished. It is suggested that both the particular type of 'polypoid cushions' and these 'valve-like' projections originate from the invagination of the entire vessel wall at arterial branching sites according to the location of the dissection or damage. The differences between these 'valve-like' formations and genuine arterial valves are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1211086", "title": "Sustained fertility in a non-scrotal mammal, the Indian hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus Collaris), after CdCl2 administration.", "content": "The effects of a single subcutaneous injection of CdCl2 (0.04 mmol/kg body weight) were studied on the testes and caput epididymidis of a non-scrotal mammal, Hemiechinus auritus, and scrotal laboratory mouse. The histological structure of the testes and caput epididymidis of the hedgehog remains normal after 21 days of CdCl2 injection. Testes and sex accessory glands did not show any significant change in weight. The testes and sex accessory organs of mice under comparable condition showed weight loss and involution in tubule diameter. A temperature differential of 1 degree C was found to exist between the rectum and the cremaster sac of the hedgehog. This small temperature difference and the absence of a counter-current mechanism may be involved in conferring the CdCl2 resistance to the testes and epididymis of the hedgehog.", "contents": "Sustained fertility in a non-scrotal mammal, the Indian hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus Collaris), after CdCl2 administration. The effects of a single subcutaneous injection of CdCl2 (0.04 mmol/kg body weight) were studied on the testes and caput epididymidis of a non-scrotal mammal, Hemiechinus auritus, and scrotal laboratory mouse. The histological structure of the testes and caput epididymidis of the hedgehog remains normal after 21 days of CdCl2 injection. Testes and sex accessory glands did not show any significant change in weight. The testes and sex accessory organs of mice under comparable condition showed weight loss and involution in tubule diameter. A temperature differential of 1 degree C was found to exist between the rectum and the cremaster sac of the hedgehog. This small temperature difference and the absence of a counter-current mechanism may be involved in conferring the CdCl2 resistance to the testes and epididymis of the hedgehog."}
{"id": "PMID:1211087", "title": "Observations on the effects of 17-alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yno-(2,3-d) isoxazol-17-ol(Danazol) on the female reproductive tract and pituitary gonadotrophs of gerbil (Meriones hurrianae).", "content": "Danazol caused leukolysis in adult female gerbils. It brings about suppression of ovarian weight, presumably by inhibiting gonadotrophin secretion from the pituitary gland. Uterotrophic action of Danazol is confirmed in ovariectomized animals. Danazol counteracted the uterotrophic effect of an exogenous oestrogen. Vaginal smears of Danazol-treated animals retained a dioestrous leukocytic pattern indicating the absence of follicular activity. Decreased RNA synthesis in the uterus indicates the possibility that Danazol is anti-oestrogenic. Castration-like changes were noticed in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis after Danazol administration.", "contents": "Observations on the effects of 17-alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yno-(2,3-d) isoxazol-17-ol(Danazol) on the female reproductive tract and pituitary gonadotrophs of gerbil (Meriones hurrianae). Danazol caused leukolysis in adult female gerbils. It brings about suppression of ovarian weight, presumably by inhibiting gonadotrophin secretion from the pituitary gland. Uterotrophic action of Danazol is confirmed in ovariectomized animals. Danazol counteracted the uterotrophic effect of an exogenous oestrogen. Vaginal smears of Danazol-treated animals retained a dioestrous leukocytic pattern indicating the absence of follicular activity. Decreased RNA synthesis in the uterus indicates the possibility that Danazol is anti-oestrogenic. Castration-like changes were noticed in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis after Danazol administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1211088", "title": "Seasonal studies on the adrenal homologue of female Puntius sophore (Ham.).", "content": "In female P. sophore the adrenal homologue is located inside its head kidneys and comprises interrenal cells and chromaffin cells. The clumps of interrenal cells surround the postcardinal vein and its major branches; they also lie in the haemopoietic tissue. The chromaffin cells mostly lie in the endothelium of the post-cardinal vein, while a few of them also lie interspersed among the interrenal cells. The seasonal study of the adrenal homologue shows that the interrenal cells undergo changes in bulk and composition in different months, while the chromaffin cells do not show any significant variation.", "contents": "Seasonal studies on the adrenal homologue of female Puntius sophore (Ham.). In female P. sophore the adrenal homologue is located inside its head kidneys and comprises interrenal cells and chromaffin cells. The clumps of interrenal cells surround the postcardinal vein and its major branches; they also lie in the haemopoietic tissue. The chromaffin cells mostly lie in the endothelium of the post-cardinal vein, while a few of them also lie interspersed among the interrenal cells. The seasonal study of the adrenal homologue shows that the interrenal cells undergo changes in bulk and composition in different months, while the chromaffin cells do not show any significant variation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211089", "title": "Effect of carbon tetrachloride on the hepatic alkaline and acid phosphatases in a teleost fish, Heteropneustes fossils.", "content": "The effect of carbon tetrachloride on the liver of Heteropneustes fossilis was investigated in relation to the activity of phosphatases. 3 h after intraperitoneal injection, the liver showed binucleate cells, balloon cells and necrosis. The cell membrane of the hepatocytes around the biliary canaliculi is ruptured at a few places and the cellular exudates are accumulated in the canaliculi. The nucleus is enlarged and becomes pycnotic. Intense alkaline and acid phosphatase activity is observed along the cell membrane, around the nucleus and nucleolus. 5 h after injection, the liver cell membrane is ruptured and cirrhosis results. The cell volume is decreased and the contents of the cell are accumulated at a few places. The nucleus is fragmented. Strong phosphatase activity is seen throughout the cells, especially around the nucleus and cell membrane.", "contents": "Effect of carbon tetrachloride on the hepatic alkaline and acid phosphatases in a teleost fish, Heteropneustes fossils. The effect of carbon tetrachloride on the liver of Heteropneustes fossilis was investigated in relation to the activity of phosphatases. 3 h after intraperitoneal injection, the liver showed binucleate cells, balloon cells and necrosis. The cell membrane of the hepatocytes around the biliary canaliculi is ruptured at a few places and the cellular exudates are accumulated in the canaliculi. The nucleus is enlarged and becomes pycnotic. Intense alkaline and acid phosphatase activity is observed along the cell membrane, around the nucleus and nucleolus. 5 h after injection, the liver cell membrane is ruptured and cirrhosis results. The cell volume is decreased and the contents of the cell are accumulated at a few places. The nucleus is fragmented. Strong phosphatase activity is seen throughout the cells, especially around the nucleus and cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1211090", "title": "Functional morphology of the interrenal and chromaffin cells in the teleosts, Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton), Barbus stigma (Cuv. et Val.) and Channa gachua (Hamilton).", "content": "The interrenal cells in Rasbora daniconius, Barbus stigma and Channa gachua are mainly found around the postcardinal vein and its major branches in the haemopoietic head-kidney. The chromaffin cells which are identified by the positive chromaffin reaction are found in the walls of the postcardinal vein or dispersed among the interrenal cells. delta5-3beta-HSDH and G-6-PDH activity was observed in the interrenal cells of all three teleosts. The present work indicates that the interrenal cells are capable of steroid biosynthesis and the chromaffin cells contain biologically active catecholamines.", "contents": "Functional morphology of the interrenal and chromaffin cells in the teleosts, Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton), Barbus stigma (Cuv. et Val.) and Channa gachua (Hamilton). The interrenal cells in Rasbora daniconius, Barbus stigma and Channa gachua are mainly found around the postcardinal vein and its major branches in the haemopoietic head-kidney. The chromaffin cells which are identified by the positive chromaffin reaction are found in the walls of the postcardinal vein or dispersed among the interrenal cells. delta5-3beta-HSDH and G-6-PDH activity was observed in the interrenal cells of all three teleosts. The present work indicates that the interrenal cells are capable of steroid biosynthesis and the chromaffin cells contain biologically active catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:1211091", "title": "Hypothalamohypophysial vascular and neurosecretory link in the teleost Bagarius bagarius (Ham.).", "content": "A three-dimensional picture of the hypothalamohypophysial neurosecretory system of B. bargarius could be obtained by adopting in situ staining techniques. The paired NPO give rise to left and right neurosecretory tracts which, although they approximate as a common tract, maintain their individuality till entering the pars intermedia. The ventral hypothalamic and the hypophysial arteries take their origin from the internal carotid artery. The former contributes to the formation of the primary plexus of the median eminence and the latter enters the pituitary directly, giving rise to the neuroadreno-interface vasculature. The vasculature of the median eminence lies in close contact with the long common neurosecretory tract. Morphological evidence suggests that in B. bagarius there are three pathways of hypothalamic control of the hypophysis: (1) A direct neuroglandular pathway, where the neurosecretory axons come directly in contact with the adrenohypophysial cells. (2) An indirect neurovasculoglandular pathway, where the blood exposed to the NSM at the median eminence comes in contact with gland cells. (3) Another indirect neurovasculoglandular pathway, where the blood is exposed to NSM at the neurohypophysis prior coming in contact with the gland cells. Thus, B. bagarius has the 'median eminence equivalent' neuroadeno-interface vasculature typical of the teleosts and the median eminence comparable to the Elasmobranchs, Holocephali and primitive Actinopterygians. This shows that the pituitary portal system of teleosts is in general agreement with that of other fish groups, except that in some it is restricted to the neuroadreno-interface, whereas in others like B. bagarius it extends to the hypothalamus also. These may be termed anterior and posterior median eminence.", "contents": "Hypothalamohypophysial vascular and neurosecretory link in the teleost Bagarius bagarius (Ham.). A three-dimensional picture of the hypothalamohypophysial neurosecretory system of B. bargarius could be obtained by adopting in situ staining techniques. The paired NPO give rise to left and right neurosecretory tracts which, although they approximate as a common tract, maintain their individuality till entering the pars intermedia. The ventral hypothalamic and the hypophysial arteries take their origin from the internal carotid artery. The former contributes to the formation of the primary plexus of the median eminence and the latter enters the pituitary directly, giving rise to the neuroadreno-interface vasculature. The vasculature of the median eminence lies in close contact with the long common neurosecretory tract. Morphological evidence suggests that in B. bagarius there are three pathways of hypothalamic control of the hypophysis: (1) A direct neuroglandular pathway, where the neurosecretory axons come directly in contact with the adrenohypophysial cells. (2) An indirect neurovasculoglandular pathway, where the blood exposed to the NSM at the median eminence comes in contact with gland cells. (3) Another indirect neurovasculoglandular pathway, where the blood is exposed to NSM at the neurohypophysis prior coming in contact with the gland cells. Thus, B. bagarius has the 'median eminence equivalent' neuroadeno-interface vasculature typical of the teleosts and the median eminence comparable to the Elasmobranchs, Holocephali and primitive Actinopterygians. This shows that the pituitary portal system of teleosts is in general agreement with that of other fish groups, except that in some it is restricted to the neuroadreno-interface, whereas in others like B. bagarius it extends to the hypothalamus also. These may be termed anterior and posterior median eminence."}
{"id": "PMID:1211092", "title": "Anatomical and neurohistological observations on the heart of the spiny lizard, Uromastix hardwickii.", "content": "Anatomy, histology and innervation of the heart of spiny lizard, U. hardwickii have been described. The heart is typically reptilian and comprises four chambers: sinus venosus, two atria and a ventricle. The sinus venosus is a small, thin-walled chamber present on the dorsal side of right atrium. The sinuatrial opening is protected by a pair of valves. The auriculoventricular opening is also protected by a pair of muscular valves. The presence of a cardiac conducting system is reaffirmed. The conducting system comprises sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The sinuatrial node is present at the sinuatrial junction very close to the interauricular septum. The atrioventricular node is quite conspicuous and located at the caudal end of the interauricular septum. The atrioventricular bundle is absent. There is present an atrioventricular cushion which serves the purpose of atrioventricular bundle. The heart is richly innervated, as is evident by the presence of a large number of nerve fibres and ganglion cells at the different levels of the heart. Both the nodes and the atrioventricular cushion are supplied by the fine nerve fibres, but ganglion cells could not be found in any one of these components. The myogenic theory of conduction systems is supported.", "contents": "Anatomical and neurohistological observations on the heart of the spiny lizard, Uromastix hardwickii. Anatomy, histology and innervation of the heart of spiny lizard, U. hardwickii have been described. The heart is typically reptilian and comprises four chambers: sinus venosus, two atria and a ventricle. The sinus venosus is a small, thin-walled chamber present on the dorsal side of right atrium. The sinuatrial opening is protected by a pair of valves. The auriculoventricular opening is also protected by a pair of muscular valves. The presence of a cardiac conducting system is reaffirmed. The conducting system comprises sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The sinuatrial node is present at the sinuatrial junction very close to the interauricular septum. The atrioventricular node is quite conspicuous and located at the caudal end of the interauricular septum. The atrioventricular bundle is absent. There is present an atrioventricular cushion which serves the purpose of atrioventricular bundle. The heart is richly innervated, as is evident by the presence of a large number of nerve fibres and ganglion cells at the different levels of the heart. Both the nodes and the atrioventricular cushion are supplied by the fine nerve fibres, but ganglion cells could not be found in any one of these components. The myogenic theory of conduction systems is supported."}
{"id": "PMID:1211093", "title": "Changes induced by formalin in the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the spotted owlet, Athene brama temminck.", "content": "Histological changes induced in the HNS of the spotted owlet, Athene brama Temminck, by injection of 1 ml 5 or 10% formalin are described. No difference could be detected in the response of the HNS to 5 or 10% formalin administration. In the HNS of birds killed within 5 min of formalin administration, there was only partial depletion of NSM from the neurons, the tract and the NL; the quantity of NSM in the AME remained more or less unchanged. In animals killed 10-90 min after formalin injection, the depletion of NSM from the neurons, the tract and the NL was more complete. The neurons of the preoptic division of the SON exhibited the maximum response; these neurons were also moderately hypertrophied. The NL also was hypertrophied in some animals; the NSM in the AME registered only a partial loss. The interval between formalin administration and killing did not influence the degree of changes in the HNS. The depletion of NSM was no greater at 90 min following formalin injection than at 10 min. Since it is well established that formalin stress causes augmented secretion of ADH and that there is a close functional relationship existing between ADH and NSM, the depletion of NSM noticed in the HNS of the spotted owlet following formalin administration is interpreted as indicating augmented secretion of ADH. Hence it seems that the response of the HNS of birds to formalin stress are comparable to those of the HNS of mammals. The results thus provide histological evidence in favour of the concept that stressful stimuli cause increased secretion of ADH.", "contents": "Changes induced by formalin in the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the spotted owlet, Athene brama temminck. Histological changes induced in the HNS of the spotted owlet, Athene brama Temminck, by injection of 1 ml 5 or 10% formalin are described. No difference could be detected in the response of the HNS to 5 or 10% formalin administration. In the HNS of birds killed within 5 min of formalin administration, there was only partial depletion of NSM from the neurons, the tract and the NL; the quantity of NSM in the AME remained more or less unchanged. In animals killed 10-90 min after formalin injection, the depletion of NSM from the neurons, the tract and the NL was more complete. The neurons of the preoptic division of the SON exhibited the maximum response; these neurons were also moderately hypertrophied. The NL also was hypertrophied in some animals; the NSM in the AME registered only a partial loss. The interval between formalin administration and killing did not influence the degree of changes in the HNS. The depletion of NSM was no greater at 90 min following formalin injection than at 10 min. Since it is well established that formalin stress causes augmented secretion of ADH and that there is a close functional relationship existing between ADH and NSM, the depletion of NSM noticed in the HNS of the spotted owlet following formalin administration is interpreted as indicating augmented secretion of ADH. Hence it seems that the response of the HNS of birds to formalin stress are comparable to those of the HNS of mammals. The results thus provide histological evidence in favour of the concept that stressful stimuli cause increased secretion of ADH."}
{"id": "PMID:1211094", "title": "Histoenzymological demonstration of alkaline and acid phosphatases in the intestinal mucosa of several birds, viz Ploceus philippinus, Megalaima haemacephala and Halcyon smyrnensis.", "content": "Alkaline and acid phosphatases were histochemically localized in the ileum of three birds with diverse feeding habits. The birds chosen for study included the granivorous Ploceus philippinus, the frugivorous Megalaima haemacephala, and the mainly piscivorous Halcyon smyrnensis. It was found the the activity of these phosphatases tend to be greater in H. smyrnensis and M. haemacephala and comparatively less in P. philippinus, as demoted by variable enzymatic deposition. Simultaneously, their functional significance has been discussed, correlating enzymatic activities with the specific feeding habits of the birds.", "contents": "Histoenzymological demonstration of alkaline and acid phosphatases in the intestinal mucosa of several birds, viz Ploceus philippinus, Megalaima haemacephala and Halcyon smyrnensis. Alkaline and acid phosphatases were histochemically localized in the ileum of three birds with diverse feeding habits. The birds chosen for study included the granivorous Ploceus philippinus, the frugivorous Megalaima haemacephala, and the mainly piscivorous Halcyon smyrnensis. It was found the the activity of these phosphatases tend to be greater in H. smyrnensis and M. haemacephala and comparatively less in P. philippinus, as demoted by variable enzymatic deposition. Simultaneously, their functional significance has been discussed, correlating enzymatic activities with the specific feeding habits of the birds."}
{"id": "PMID:1211095", "title": "Structural changes in the granulosa lutein cells of pregnant cows between 60 and 245 days.", "content": "The structural changes in the granulosa lutein cells in the pregnant cows between 60 and 245 days, were observed. The polyhedral or pump cells has an acidophilic cytoplasm around the spherical nucleus. The glycogen granules increased in number up to 230 days of pregnancy. The lipid globules increased in size and amount during advanced pregnancy. The mitochondria showed a wide range of variations in shape and size. The matrix of many mitochondria contained dense inclusions which replaced the entire matrix in late pregnancy. The endoplasmic reticulum was chiefly of smooth type but a few stacks of the rough variety could be seen in the early days of pregnancy. Sometimes, whorls of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum enclosing mitochondria were seen. The Golgi complex was fully developed in the granulosa cells of all cases studied. The dense granules and lipid globules increased in size and number in the older corpora lutea. The cell surface showed numerous infolding of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Structural changes in the granulosa lutein cells of pregnant cows between 60 and 245 days. The structural changes in the granulosa lutein cells in the pregnant cows between 60 and 245 days, were observed. The polyhedral or pump cells has an acidophilic cytoplasm around the spherical nucleus. The glycogen granules increased in number up to 230 days of pregnancy. The lipid globules increased in size and amount during advanced pregnancy. The mitochondria showed a wide range of variations in shape and size. The matrix of many mitochondria contained dense inclusions which replaced the entire matrix in late pregnancy. The endoplasmic reticulum was chiefly of smooth type but a few stacks of the rough variety could be seen in the early days of pregnancy. Sometimes, whorls of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum enclosing mitochondria were seen. The Golgi complex was fully developed in the granulosa cells of all cases studied. The dense granules and lipid globules increased in size and number in the older corpora lutea. The cell surface showed numerous infolding of the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1211096", "title": "Postnatal study on the histology and histochemistry of ductuli efferentes testis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from birth to one and a half years.", "content": "The efferent ductules were situated between the cranial border of the testis and the head of epididymis. The ductules were highly convoluted and formed a conical mass embedded in the dense irregular connective tissue near region I of the head of epididymis. Simple columnar with a few cuboidal cells characterised the epithelium at 3-32 weeks, whereas in later stages of development it was mainly cuboidal with a few columnar cells. The basal cells were also observed lining the basement membrane in some of the tubules. The cells were devoid of cilia, smooth muscles surrounding the tubules were absent. PAS-reactive carbohydrates, glycogen, acid mucopolysaccharides, alkaline phosphatase were demonstrated on the efferent ductules at different stages of postnatal study.", "contents": "Postnatal study on the histology and histochemistry of ductuli efferentes testis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from birth to one and a half years. The efferent ductules were situated between the cranial border of the testis and the head of epididymis. The ductules were highly convoluted and formed a conical mass embedded in the dense irregular connective tissue near region I of the head of epididymis. Simple columnar with a few cuboidal cells characterised the epithelium at 3-32 weeks, whereas in later stages of development it was mainly cuboidal with a few columnar cells. The basal cells were also observed lining the basement membrane in some of the tubules. The cells were devoid of cilia, smooth muscles surrounding the tubules were absent. PAS-reactive carbohydrates, glycogen, acid mucopolysaccharides, alkaline phosphatase were demonstrated on the efferent ductules at different stages of postnatal study."}
{"id": "PMID:1211097", "title": "A note on the Mulder-Landsmeer phenomenon.", "content": "Mulder-Landsmeer phenomenon (inability to activiely straighten the interphalangeal joints fully when the metacarpophalangeal joint of a finger is passively held in maximal hyperextension) was confirmed in the normally hypermobile South Indian fingers. A powerful but limited de-extension of the proximal phalanx was noticied, in normagers, during completion of interphalangeal extension when the metacarpophalangeal joint was passively held in maximal hyperextension...", "contents": "A note on the Mulder-Landsmeer phenomenon. Mulder-Landsmeer phenomenon (inability to activiely straighten the interphalangeal joints fully when the metacarpophalangeal joint of a finger is passively held in maximal hyperextension) was confirmed in the normally hypermobile South Indian fingers. A powerful but limited de-extension of the proximal phalanx was noticied, in normagers, during completion of interphalangeal extension when the metacarpophalangeal joint was passively held in maximal hyperextension..."}
{"id": "PMID:1211098", "title": "Vascular anastomoses in twin placentae and their recognition.", "content": "166 placentae from multiple pregnancies (including three triplets and 17 monochorral) have been studied by injection corrosion technique, using cellulose acetate buterite in acetone, under continuous pressure within physiological limits. It has been shown that vascular anastomoses in twin placentae are usually multiple. The direct type is frequently found in monochorial twin placentae and is mostly arterial or venous in nature. The indirect type is observed more commonly in dichorial twin placentae and is mostly arteriovenous in nature. Both types are almost universally found in monochorial monoamniotic placentae. The presence of direct anastomotic channels has a highly significant association with the incidence of marginal vessels and an exaggeration of parameters of stress to an abnormal quantum--both singly and in combinations of three or more-, and is independent of the pattern of branching. In the ontogenetic time-sequence perspective, direct anastomoses, marginal vessels and parameters of stress in a twin placenta can be regarded as different phases of the sequelae of an altered vascular relationship caused by disturbances in the vicinity of the 12th week of gestation. It has been further shown that direct vascular anastomoses are a greater risk to the twins than indirect ones. The importance of early and timely recognition of such channels, by an examination of twin placentae for the presence of marginal vessels, is stressed.", "contents": "Vascular anastomoses in twin placentae and their recognition. 166 placentae from multiple pregnancies (including three triplets and 17 monochorral) have been studied by injection corrosion technique, using cellulose acetate buterite in acetone, under continuous pressure within physiological limits. It has been shown that vascular anastomoses in twin placentae are usually multiple. The direct type is frequently found in monochorial twin placentae and is mostly arterial or venous in nature. The indirect type is observed more commonly in dichorial twin placentae and is mostly arteriovenous in nature. Both types are almost universally found in monochorial monoamniotic placentae. The presence of direct anastomotic channels has a highly significant association with the incidence of marginal vessels and an exaggeration of parameters of stress to an abnormal quantum--both singly and in combinations of three or more-, and is independent of the pattern of branching. In the ontogenetic time-sequence perspective, direct anastomoses, marginal vessels and parameters of stress in a twin placenta can be regarded as different phases of the sequelae of an altered vascular relationship caused by disturbances in the vicinity of the 12th week of gestation. It has been further shown that direct vascular anastomoses are a greater risk to the twins than indirect ones. The importance of early and timely recognition of such channels, by an examination of twin placentae for the presence of marginal vessels, is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211099", "title": "Increased synthesis of nuclear RNA in regenerating rat liver after gamma-irradiation.", "content": "Nine hours after partial hepatectomy rats were whole-body, 60Co-gamma-irradiated with exposures of 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 R, respectively. RNA was prepared from isolated nuclei of rat liver 12 hours after partial hepatectomy. Animals were injected with 14C-orotic acid 20 minutes before killing. The isolated labelled nuclear RNA was fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The specific radioactivity of RNA was correlated with that of the specific radioactivity of nucleotide pool of the liver homogenates. RNA synthesis was found to increase after each dose applied as compared to the rate of RNA synthesis in 12 hours regenerating liver. The increment depended on the dose delivered: 10% at 50 R, 50% at 500 R and 30% at 2000 R. Nuclear RNA synthesis also increased in the liver of non-hepatectomized rats 3 hours after 500 R gamma-irradiation, but the increment was only 20-30% above the non-hepatectomized and unirradiated control.", "contents": "Increased synthesis of nuclear RNA in regenerating rat liver after gamma-irradiation. Nine hours after partial hepatectomy rats were whole-body, 60Co-gamma-irradiated with exposures of 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 R, respectively. RNA was prepared from isolated nuclei of rat liver 12 hours after partial hepatectomy. Animals were injected with 14C-orotic acid 20 minutes before killing. The isolated labelled nuclear RNA was fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The specific radioactivity of RNA was correlated with that of the specific radioactivity of nucleotide pool of the liver homogenates. RNA synthesis was found to increase after each dose applied as compared to the rate of RNA synthesis in 12 hours regenerating liver. The increment depended on the dose delivered: 10% at 50 R, 50% at 500 R and 30% at 2000 R. Nuclear RNA synthesis also increased in the liver of non-hepatectomized rats 3 hours after 500 R gamma-irradiation, but the increment was only 20-30% above the non-hepatectomized and unirradiated control."}
{"id": "PMID:1211100", "title": "Properties of skeletal muscle phosphorylase-protein complexes.", "content": "Frontal gel filtration studies on muscle extract and mixture of purified enzymes have verified the existence of a protein-complex between phosphorylase (alpha-1,4-glucan: orthophosphate glycosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.1.) and phosphorylase kinase. The complex has an apparent molecular weight of 750 000 daltons. The complex formation depends on the protein concentration and the presence of Ca2+. Removal of Ca2+ with EGTA results in the dissociation of the complex. A regulatory role may be attributed to Ca2+ since the concentration of free Ca2+ changes in skeletal muscle through the effect of hormonal or electrical stimulation. Strong association was also detected between phosphorylase kinase and phosphorylase phosphatase. The transient inhibition of phosphorylase phosphatase can be explained by this interaction.", "contents": "Properties of skeletal muscle phosphorylase-protein complexes. Frontal gel filtration studies on muscle extract and mixture of purified enzymes have verified the existence of a protein-complex between phosphorylase (alpha-1,4-glucan: orthophosphate glycosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.1.) and phosphorylase kinase. The complex has an apparent molecular weight of 750 000 daltons. The complex formation depends on the protein concentration and the presence of Ca2+. Removal of Ca2+ with EGTA results in the dissociation of the complex. A regulatory role may be attributed to Ca2+ since the concentration of free Ca2+ changes in skeletal muscle through the effect of hormonal or electrical stimulation. Strong association was also detected between phosphorylase kinase and phosphorylase phosphatase. The transient inhibition of phosphorylase phosphatase can be explained by this interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1211101", "title": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E2 on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA of thymus cells.", "content": "When rat thymic cells suspended in a simple salt-glucose-albumin medium were incubated with 10 mug/ml Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) an inhibition of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA was observed. PGE1 had a similar effect, while PGB2 and arachidonic acid proved to be ineffective. This inhibitory effect of PGE2 could be detected after a lag period of about 30 min but in the second hour of incubation the rate of incorporation of 3H-thymidine decreased to about 60 per cent of the control value. The extent of inhibition was found to be proportional to the log10 of the PGE2 concentration. Autoradiography showed that PGE2 had no influence on the number of DNA synthesizing cells. As an effect of PGE2 an early transient increase in the labeling of thymidine triphosphate was observed while the levels of labeled thymidine in the cells were not found to be significantly different in the presence of PGE2.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E2 on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA of thymus cells. When rat thymic cells suspended in a simple salt-glucose-albumin medium were incubated with 10 mug/ml Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) an inhibition of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA was observed. PGE1 had a similar effect, while PGB2 and arachidonic acid proved to be ineffective. This inhibitory effect of PGE2 could be detected after a lag period of about 30 min but in the second hour of incubation the rate of incorporation of 3H-thymidine decreased to about 60 per cent of the control value. The extent of inhibition was found to be proportional to the log10 of the PGE2 concentration. Autoradiography showed that PGE2 had no influence on the number of DNA synthesizing cells. As an effect of PGE2 an early transient increase in the labeling of thymidine triphosphate was observed while the levels of labeled thymidine in the cells were not found to be significantly different in the presence of PGE2."}
{"id": "PMID:1211102", "title": "Some structural features of rabbit muscle aldolase as derived from its limited proteolysis.", "content": "The peptides released during the limited tryptic proteolysis of rabbit muscle aldolase (Biszku et al., 1973) were located in the primary structure. The pattern of peptide liberation, peptide bond splitting and activity decrease in compatible with two structural models for the truncated tetrameric product, named aldolase-T. According to the more probable model aldolase-T has the structure A+A+B++B++. Subunits B++ are deprived of the segments comprising residues 1-27, 42-71 and 306-364 of the intact enzyme and are inactive. The fragment comprising residues 28-41 is non-covalently attached to these subunits. Subunits A+ are depleted only of peptides 1-27 and 324-332 and retain 70% activity. In these subunits the fragment comprising residue 333-364 remains non-covalently bound. The molecular weights of the truncated subunits, determined with polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate support the above conclusions. Aldolase-T can be reversibly denatured at pH 2 or in 4 M urea. The recovery of enzymatic activity after decreasing urea or acid concentration indicates the non-covalent rebinding of fragment 333-364. This fragment is named the \"T-peptide\" of trypsin-treated aldolase. It is suggested that segments 1-27 and 324-364 are not necessary for the renaturation process. Since aldolase-T is a tetramer it seems that large parts of the N- and C-terminal regions of the enzyme are not involved in the intersubunit interactions. The C-terminal region of aldolase, starting around residue 324, appears to be necessary to the structure of the active site. In contrast to this, the N-terminal region up to residue 27 and probably to residue 60, is not part of the active center.", "contents": "Some structural features of rabbit muscle aldolase as derived from its limited proteolysis. The peptides released during the limited tryptic proteolysis of rabbit muscle aldolase (Biszku et al., 1973) were located in the primary structure. The pattern of peptide liberation, peptide bond splitting and activity decrease in compatible with two structural models for the truncated tetrameric product, named aldolase-T. According to the more probable model aldolase-T has the structure A+A+B++B++. Subunits B++ are deprived of the segments comprising residues 1-27, 42-71 and 306-364 of the intact enzyme and are inactive. The fragment comprising residues 28-41 is non-covalently attached to these subunits. Subunits A+ are depleted only of peptides 1-27 and 324-332 and retain 70% activity. In these subunits the fragment comprising residue 333-364 remains non-covalently bound. The molecular weights of the truncated subunits, determined with polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate support the above conclusions. Aldolase-T can be reversibly denatured at pH 2 or in 4 M urea. The recovery of enzymatic activity after decreasing urea or acid concentration indicates the non-covalent rebinding of fragment 333-364. This fragment is named the \"T-peptide\" of trypsin-treated aldolase. It is suggested that segments 1-27 and 324-364 are not necessary for the renaturation process. Since aldolase-T is a tetramer it seems that large parts of the N- and C-terminal regions of the enzyme are not involved in the intersubunit interactions. The C-terminal region of aldolase, starting around residue 324, appears to be necessary to the structure of the active site. In contrast to this, the N-terminal region up to residue 27 and probably to residue 60, is not part of the active center."}
{"id": "PMID:1211103", "title": "Effect of detergents and sucrose derivatives on the modified protein determination of Lowry.", "content": "The effect on the protein determination method of Lowry, as modified by Hartreee, of widely used detergents (sodium deoxycholate, sodium laurylsulphate, Triton X-100 and Triton WR-1339) and of sugar derivatives often used for preparing concentration gradients (sucrose, dextran, Ficoll and Metrizamide) was examined. Each of the compounds studied gave rise to a coloured product in the test; however, the correlation between concentration and optical density was usually nonlinear. The majority of these substances - especially Ficoll, Metrizamide and dextran - interfere with the procedure even at low concentrations, thus their elimination from the sample before protein determination is inevitable.", "contents": "Effect of detergents and sucrose derivatives on the modified protein determination of Lowry. The effect on the protein determination method of Lowry, as modified by Hartreee, of widely used detergents (sodium deoxycholate, sodium laurylsulphate, Triton X-100 and Triton WR-1339) and of sugar derivatives often used for preparing concentration gradients (sucrose, dextran, Ficoll and Metrizamide) was examined. Each of the compounds studied gave rise to a coloured product in the test; however, the correlation between concentration and optical density was usually nonlinear. The majority of these substances - especially Ficoll, Metrizamide and dextran - interfere with the procedure even at low concentrations, thus their elimination from the sample before protein determination is inevitable."}
{"id": "PMID:1211104", "title": "Electron microscopic observations on the poly(A)-RNP component of the pre-mRNA containing nuclear complexes.", "content": "The nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles containing polyadenylic acid were prepared from rat liver nuclear extract by treatment with RNase I. The sedimentation coefficient of the particles was approximately 14 S. These particles represent a component of the pre-mRNA containing ribonucleoprotein complexes of the nucleus. The submicroscopic morphology of the particles was examined in preparations pretreated by platinum-palladium shadowing and by various negative staining methods as well as in ultrathin sections. The 14 S particles are globular structures, 120-140 A in diameter. The particles are characterized by a strong tendency to aggregation. The results are discussed with respect to mRNA transport.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations on the poly(A)-RNP component of the pre-mRNA containing nuclear complexes. The nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles containing polyadenylic acid were prepared from rat liver nuclear extract by treatment with RNase I. The sedimentation coefficient of the particles was approximately 14 S. These particles represent a component of the pre-mRNA containing ribonucleoprotein complexes of the nucleus. The submicroscopic morphology of the particles was examined in preparations pretreated by platinum-palladium shadowing and by various negative staining methods as well as in ultrathin sections. The 14 S particles are globular structures, 120-140 A in diameter. The particles are characterized by a strong tendency to aggregation. The results are discussed with respect to mRNA transport."}
{"id": "PMID:1211105", "title": "The effect of cold and fasting on the carnitine concentration in the brown adipose tissue of rats.", "content": "The ratio of aceytlcarnitine to carnitine was unchanged in the interscapular brown fatty tissue of rats which were kept at 5 degrees C. The quantity of total acid soluble carnitine relative to the fat-free dry weight was also unchanged. On the other hand a small decrease of the environmental temperature from 23 degrees C to 18 degree C and 20 degrees C resulted in a significant increase in the acetylcarnitine to carnitine ratio.", "contents": "The effect of cold and fasting on the carnitine concentration in the brown adipose tissue of rats. The ratio of aceytlcarnitine to carnitine was unchanged in the interscapular brown fatty tissue of rats which were kept at 5 degrees C. The quantity of total acid soluble carnitine relative to the fat-free dry weight was also unchanged. On the other hand a small decrease of the environmental temperature from 23 degrees C to 18 degree C and 20 degrees C resulted in a significant increase in the acetylcarnitine to carnitine ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:1211106", "title": "Sigmoidal substrate saturation curves in Michaelis-Menten mechanism as an artefact.", "content": "The conditions under which sigmoidal substrate saturation curves are to be expected in the simple Michaelis-Menten mechanism and the Michaelis-Menten mechanism combined with the concomitant partial inactivation of the enzyme have been determinee solved numerically for different sets of rate constants by computer simulation on the basis of the second order Runge-Kutta method. In order to simulate the real experimental conditions, the substrate saturation curves have also been derived from velocity values in the quasi-steady state, by using the non-linear least squares fitting method. In the framework of the Michaelis-Menten mechanism there is a sigmoidal relationship between initial velocity and substrate concentration only in the case of a Van Slyke mechanism, i.e. if k2 greater than k-1 and therefore K=k2/k1 is a \"kinetic constant\" if the velocity is determined in the quasi-steady state. If the enzyme is inactivated during the course of velocity measurement in the quasi-steady state, a sigmoidal or a degenerated hyperbolic saturation curve is obtained. A sigmoidal saturation curve can be obtained in the case of the Van Slyke mechanism, independent of the rate constant of the inactivation of the enzyme, or in the case of Michaelis-Menten or Briggs-Haldane mechanism, if k3 is sufficiently high. The inflexion point of such substrate saturation curves is determined by the rate constants, i.e. S0 less than or approximately k3/k1 and k-1/k1 and/or k2/k1. The higher the value of k3 the more pronounced is the sigmoidicity. The Michaelis constant can precisely be determined only if the velocities are measured in the very steady state at all substrate concentrations used. If the measurements are made in the quasi-steady state, the KM is always underestimated.", "contents": "Sigmoidal substrate saturation curves in Michaelis-Menten mechanism as an artefact. The conditions under which sigmoidal substrate saturation curves are to be expected in the simple Michaelis-Menten mechanism and the Michaelis-Menten mechanism combined with the concomitant partial inactivation of the enzyme have been determinee solved numerically for different sets of rate constants by computer simulation on the basis of the second order Runge-Kutta method. In order to simulate the real experimental conditions, the substrate saturation curves have also been derived from velocity values in the quasi-steady state, by using the non-linear least squares fitting method. In the framework of the Michaelis-Menten mechanism there is a sigmoidal relationship between initial velocity and substrate concentration only in the case of a Van Slyke mechanism, i.e. if k2 greater than k-1 and therefore K=k2/k1 is a \"kinetic constant\" if the velocity is determined in the quasi-steady state. If the enzyme is inactivated during the course of velocity measurement in the quasi-steady state, a sigmoidal or a degenerated hyperbolic saturation curve is obtained. A sigmoidal saturation curve can be obtained in the case of the Van Slyke mechanism, independent of the rate constant of the inactivation of the enzyme, or in the case of Michaelis-Menten or Briggs-Haldane mechanism, if k3 is sufficiently high. The inflexion point of such substrate saturation curves is determined by the rate constants, i.e. S0 less than or approximately k3/k1 and k-1/k1 and/or k2/k1. The higher the value of k3 the more pronounced is the sigmoidicity. The Michaelis constant can precisely be determined only if the velocities are measured in the very steady state at all substrate concentrations used. If the measurements are made in the quasi-steady state, the KM is always underestimated."}
{"id": "PMID:1211107", "title": "Osmosis without solute.", "content": "Van't Hoff's misconception of the kinetics of solutes in a solution was long ago displaced by the thesis about osmotic water migration caused by the difference in chemical potential on the two sides of the semipermeable membrane. Consequently the osmotic process was now investigated when normal water and heavy water were separated by the \"semipermeable\" membrane. Due to the difference between the chemical potentials a substantial osomotic pressure was measured on the side of the heavy water simultaneously with a significant migration of water on both sides.", "contents": "Osmosis without solute. Van't Hoff's misconception of the kinetics of solutes in a solution was long ago displaced by the thesis about osmotic water migration caused by the difference in chemical potential on the two sides of the semipermeable membrane. Consequently the osmotic process was now investigated when normal water and heavy water were separated by the \"semipermeable\" membrane. Due to the difference between the chemical potentials a substantial osomotic pressure was measured on the side of the heavy water simultaneously with a significant migration of water on both sides."}
{"id": "PMID:1211108", "title": "Dielectric dispersion measurements of dimeric and monomeric forms of phosphorylase b.", "content": "Rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase b was investigated by the dielectric dispersion method in different media. Comparison of calculated and measured relaxation times revealed the effective molecular diameters to be higher than published earlier. Using an estimated value of 4 A for the thickness of the hydration layer of the protein, a good agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured relaxation times. On the basis of these calculations and measurements the molecular dimensions of hydrate phosphorylase b were taken for 118 X 74 X 63 A. Dispersion measurements suggested that the volume of a subunit was smaller than the half volume of the dimeric form.", "contents": "Dielectric dispersion measurements of dimeric and monomeric forms of phosphorylase b. Rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase b was investigated by the dielectric dispersion method in different media. Comparison of calculated and measured relaxation times revealed the effective molecular diameters to be higher than published earlier. Using an estimated value of 4 A for the thickness of the hydration layer of the protein, a good agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured relaxation times. On the basis of these calculations and measurements the molecular dimensions of hydrate phosphorylase b were taken for 118 X 74 X 63 A. Dispersion measurements suggested that the volume of a subunit was smaller than the half volume of the dimeric form."}
{"id": "PMID:1211109", "title": "Acute lead encephalopathy in the guinea pig.", "content": "Acute lead encephalopathy was induced in adult guinea pigs with daily oral doses of lead carbonate. Cerebral capillaries were examined by electron microscopy, and the blood-brain barrier (B-BB) evaluated with Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase. Brain lead levels were also determined during the developing encephalopathy. There was no cerebral capillary alteration or demonstrable B-BB dysfunction. Brain lead concentrations increased over the 5-day period. The encephalopathy in the absence of any vascular alteration suggests that lead can produce a primary toxic effect at the neuronal level.", "contents": "Acute lead encephalopathy in the guinea pig. Acute lead encephalopathy was induced in adult guinea pigs with daily oral doses of lead carbonate. Cerebral capillaries were examined by electron microscopy, and the blood-brain barrier (B-BB) evaluated with Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase. Brain lead levels were also determined during the developing encephalopathy. There was no cerebral capillary alteration or demonstrable B-BB dysfunction. Brain lead concentrations increased over the 5-day period. The encephalopathy in the absence of any vascular alteration suggests that lead can produce a primary toxic effect at the neuronal level."}
{"id": "PMID:1211110", "title": "Niemann-Pick disease (Crocker's type C):  A histological study of the distribution and qualitative differences fo the storage process.", "content": "A histochemical study is reported of regional differences of the lipid storage in a case of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) type C. Besides tissues known to be affected (reticulo-endothelium, hepatocytes, nervous system), storage was demonstrated in adrenal cortical spongiocytes, sweat glands, renal glomerular and tubular cells, smooth muslce, excretory tubules of some salivary glands, ependyma and in choroid plexus. In most tissues were stored sphingomyelin, cholesterol and a small amount of a glycosphingolipid. In the endothelium of cerebral and spinal vessels the main stored lipid was a glycosphingolipid. The significance of these regional differences are discussed and their study is recommended as a useful counterpart to the biochemical investigation.", "contents": "Niemann-Pick disease (Crocker's type C):  A histological study of the distribution and qualitative differences fo the storage process. A histochemical study is reported of regional differences of the lipid storage in a case of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) type C. Besides tissues known to be affected (reticulo-endothelium, hepatocytes, nervous system), storage was demonstrated in adrenal cortical spongiocytes, sweat glands, renal glomerular and tubular cells, smooth muslce, excretory tubules of some salivary glands, ependyma and in choroid plexus. In most tissues were stored sphingomyelin, cholesterol and a small amount of a glycosphingolipid. In the endothelium of cerebral and spinal vessels the main stored lipid was a glycosphingolipid. The significance of these regional differences are discussed and their study is recommended as a useful counterpart to the biochemical investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211111", "title": "[Experimental study on the lymphatic and cerebrocervical drainage and changes therein caused by ultrasound (author's transl)].", "content": "After indian ink or ferritin are introduced into the cerebral hemispheres or subdural space these substances can be found in the deep cervical lymph nodes. The transport of these substances can be enhanced and accelerated by the treatment of deep cervical lymph nodes by ultrasound. Treatment of the paravertebral region with ultrasound after the introduction of ferritin or indian ink subdurally is followed by the appearance of these substances in the suprarenal gland, the testis, epididymis and the prostate gland where they are conveyed by the lymphatic pathways. Thirty minutes after the injection of ferritin into an afferent lymphatic channel of a deep cervical lymphatic node pretreated with ultrasound, ferritin can be found in the pia and arachnoid membranes of the cerebral hemispheres. Ultrasound treatment of the cervical lymph nodes not only seems to enhance the drainage of this substance from the brain but if the dose of ultrasound is high the direction of the lymphatic flow may be reversed.", "contents": "[Experimental study on the lymphatic and cerebrocervical drainage and changes therein caused by ultrasound (author's transl)]. After indian ink or ferritin are introduced into the cerebral hemispheres or subdural space these substances can be found in the deep cervical lymph nodes. The transport of these substances can be enhanced and accelerated by the treatment of deep cervical lymph nodes by ultrasound. Treatment of the paravertebral region with ultrasound after the introduction of ferritin or indian ink subdurally is followed by the appearance of these substances in the suprarenal gland, the testis, epididymis and the prostate gland where they are conveyed by the lymphatic pathways. Thirty minutes after the injection of ferritin into an afferent lymphatic channel of a deep cervical lymphatic node pretreated with ultrasound, ferritin can be found in the pia and arachnoid membranes of the cerebral hemispheres. Ultrasound treatment of the cervical lymph nodes not only seems to enhance the drainage of this substance from the brain but if the dose of ultrasound is high the direction of the lymphatic flow may be reversed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211121", "title": "Genu recurvatum: a late complication of tibial wire traction in fractures of the femur in children.", "content": "Seven cases of genu recurvatum following wire traction through the proximal end of the tibia in children treated for fractures of the femur are reported. A premature closure of the anterior part of the growth plate was most probably caused by too close a proximity of the wire to the tibial tuberosity. Where tibial wire traction is used in children it is advisable to insert the wire distal to the tuberosity.", "contents": "Genu recurvatum: a late complication of tibial wire traction in fractures of the femur in children. Seven cases of genu recurvatum following wire traction through the proximal end of the tibia in children treated for fractures of the femur are reported. A premature closure of the anterior part of the growth plate was most probably caused by too close a proximity of the wire to the tibial tuberosity. Where tibial wire traction is used in children it is advisable to insert the wire distal to the tuberosity."}
{"id": "PMID:1211122", "title": "Peroneal nerve palsy due to superior dislocation of the head of the fibula and shortening of the tibia (Monteggia-like fracture dislocation of the calf).", "content": "A case of peroneal nerve palsy due to superior dislocation of the proximal tibio-fibular joint is described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Peroneal nerve palsy due to superior dislocation of the head of the fibula and shortening of the tibia (Monteggia-like fracture dislocation of the calf). A case of peroneal nerve palsy due to superior dislocation of the proximal tibio-fibular joint is described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1211123", "title": "The arterial supply of the talus. A study on the relationship to experimental talar fractures.", "content": "After filling the arteries of the talus with contrast medium, fractures of the neck were produced to study the effect on these vessels. It was found that the ascending branches from the main arteries, arteria canalis tarsi and arteria sinus tarsi, were ruptured in all cases. The vessels in the fracture area were all sharply cut off. Without fracture displacement the surrounding arteries were remarkably intact, whereas with displacement these became affected by varying degrees of disruption. The vessels in the bone adjacent to the fracture remained intact.", "contents": "The arterial supply of the talus. A study on the relationship to experimental talar fractures. After filling the arteries of the talus with contrast medium, fractures of the neck were produced to study the effect on these vessels. It was found that the ascending branches from the main arteries, arteria canalis tarsi and arteria sinus tarsi, were ruptured in all cases. The vessels in the fracture area were all sharply cut off. Without fracture displacement the surrounding arteries were remarkably intact, whereas with displacement these became affected by varying degrees of disruption. The vessels in the bone adjacent to the fracture remained intact."}
{"id": "PMID:1211124", "title": "Primary liposarcoma of bone.", "content": "A case is presented of a rare primary liposarcoma of bone localized to the major trochanter of the left femur of a 52-year-old female. Despite combined treatment with curettage and irradiation with a total dose of 4,500 rad the neoplasm showed rapid invasive growth with destruction of the bone, spread to the iliac fossa and outgrowth through the operation wound. Approximately 5 months after admission the patient succumbed due to widespread metastases in the lungs, liver and left kidney. The histopathology, clinical course and treatment of this rare neoplasm of the bone are discussed.", "contents": "Primary liposarcoma of bone. A case is presented of a rare primary liposarcoma of bone localized to the major trochanter of the left femur of a 52-year-old female. Despite combined treatment with curettage and irradiation with a total dose of 4,500 rad the neoplasm showed rapid invasive growth with destruction of the bone, spread to the iliac fossa and outgrowth through the operation wound. Approximately 5 months after admission the patient succumbed due to widespread metastases in the lungs, liver and left kidney. The histopathology, clinical course and treatment of this rare neoplasm of the bone are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211126", "title": "A method for recording tendon strain in sheep during locomotion.", "content": "Strain change in the lateral digital extensor tendon of sheep was measured during locomotion by means of a small metal strain gauge transducer. The strain pattern was correlated with the activity of the muscle and the position of the limb. The main period of tendon strain occurred immediately following a phase of muscle activity as the foot was placed on the ground. A second period of tendon tension occurred as the foot was lifted from the ground. This was again usually associated with a muscular contraction. Daily recordings were taken from 14 animals for about 10 days after implantation of the transducer.", "contents": "A method for recording tendon strain in sheep during locomotion. Strain change in the lateral digital extensor tendon of sheep was measured during locomotion by means of a small metal strain gauge transducer. The strain pattern was correlated with the activity of the muscle and the position of the limb. The main period of tendon strain occurred immediately following a phase of muscle activity as the foot was placed on the ground. A second period of tendon tension occurred as the foot was lifted from the ground. This was again usually associated with a muscular contraction. Daily recordings were taken from 14 animals for about 10 days after implantation of the transducer."}
{"id": "PMID:1211127", "title": "Etiological factors in osteochondritis dissecans. An experimental study into the etiological factors in osteochondritis dissecans in the canine humeral head using overloading with and without somatotropin and thyrotropin hormone treatment and mechanical trauma.", "content": "The overloaded humeral heads of the six growing Labrador retrievers treated with somatotropin and thyrotropin hormone showed the most pronounced changes of the articular cartilage and subchondral home, resembling changes in the early stage of spontaneous osteochondritis dissecans. The overloading alone used in 16 dogs without hormone treatment produced no changes, except that two Labrador retrievers showed increased radiodensity subchondrally during the first 4-6 weeks of the observation period. The mechanical traumas of the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal bone regenerated and did not result in changes resembling those of spontaneous osteochondritis dissecans.", "contents": "Etiological factors in osteochondritis dissecans. An experimental study into the etiological factors in osteochondritis dissecans in the canine humeral head using overloading with and without somatotropin and thyrotropin hormone treatment and mechanical trauma. The overloaded humeral heads of the six growing Labrador retrievers treated with somatotropin and thyrotropin hormone showed the most pronounced changes of the articular cartilage and subchondral home, resembling changes in the early stage of spontaneous osteochondritis dissecans. The overloading alone used in 16 dogs without hormone treatment produced no changes, except that two Labrador retrievers showed increased radiodensity subchondrally during the first 4-6 weeks of the observation period. The mechanical traumas of the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal bone regenerated and did not result in changes resembling those of spontaneous osteochondritis dissecans."}
{"id": "PMID:1211128", "title": "Synovial chondromatosis.", "content": "A report is given of 22 patients suffering from synovial chondromatosis. Sixteen patients were operated on. The aetiology and diagnostic criteria are discussed with regard to the literature. The X-ray may be characteristic or may alternatively be normal. The symptoms and the physical signs are outlined. If an indication for treatment is found, removal of all free bodies and excision of the accessible part of the synovial membrane is advised.", "contents": "Synovial chondromatosis. A report is given of 22 patients suffering from synovial chondromatosis. Sixteen patients were operated on. The aetiology and diagnostic criteria are discussed with regard to the literature. The X-ray may be characteristic or may alternatively be normal. The symptoms and the physical signs are outlined. If an indication for treatment is found, removal of all free bodies and excision of the accessible part of the synovial membrane is advised."}
{"id": "PMID:1211129", "title": "Synovial chondromatosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint.", "content": "The authors present a case of synovial chondromatosis localized on the left hand of a woman and discuss the pathogenesis, history and treatment of the synovial chondromatosis. The patient has been free of complaints for the 2 years since the operation.", "contents": "Synovial chondromatosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint. The authors present a case of synovial chondromatosis localized on the left hand of a woman and discuss the pathogenesis, history and treatment of the synovial chondromatosis. The patient has been free of complaints for the 2 years since the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211130", "title": "Patella cubiti. Report of an operated case.", "content": "A case of incapacitating patella cubiti, probably of congenital origin, in a 45-year-old farm labourer is described. The fragment was extirpated, the pain disappeared and the patient returned to work.", "contents": "Patella cubiti. Report of an operated case. A case of incapacitating patella cubiti, probably of congenital origin, in a 45-year-old farm labourer is described. The fragment was extirpated, the pain disappeared and the patient returned to work."}
{"id": "PMID:1211131", "title": "Lung volumes in scoliosis before and after correction by the Harrington instrumentation method.", "content": "Studies of static lung volumes were performed before and after surgery in 92 scoliotic patients, aged 10 to 25 years. The majority of the patients had idiopathic dorsal curves. Vital capacity, total lung capacity, functional residual capacity and residual volume were measured at least 18 months after surgery. A significant increase was observed in all static volumes, averaging 10 per cent; the pre- and postoperative values were expressed in per cent of predicted normal values according to age and height. Correction of body height was taken into consideration in the prediction of normal values. Patients with the more advanced scoliosis had the greatest improvement in lung volumes. The patients were treated postoperatively with a Milwaukee brace for an average of 15 months. The use of this brace, which allows for chest expansions, might account for the improved lung function compared to previous series where plaster body jackets were used. Thus the correction of idiopathic scoliosis by the standard posterior fusion with Harrinton instrumentation together with our postoperative routine provides a lasting reduction of the spinal deformity, prevents progression  of respiratory impairment and, in fact, increases the lung volumes, vital capacity, total lung capacity and functional residual capacity by an average of 10 per cent.", "contents": "Lung volumes in scoliosis before and after correction by the Harrington instrumentation method. Studies of static lung volumes were performed before and after surgery in 92 scoliotic patients, aged 10 to 25 years. The majority of the patients had idiopathic dorsal curves. Vital capacity, total lung capacity, functional residual capacity and residual volume were measured at least 18 months after surgery. A significant increase was observed in all static volumes, averaging 10 per cent; the pre- and postoperative values were expressed in per cent of predicted normal values according to age and height. Correction of body height was taken into consideration in the prediction of normal values. Patients with the more advanced scoliosis had the greatest improvement in lung volumes. The patients were treated postoperatively with a Milwaukee brace for an average of 15 months. The use of this brace, which allows for chest expansions, might account for the improved lung function compared to previous series where plaster body jackets were used. Thus the correction of idiopathic scoliosis by the standard posterior fusion with Harrinton instrumentation together with our postoperative routine provides a lasting reduction of the spinal deformity, prevents progression  of respiratory impairment and, in fact, increases the lung volumes, vital capacity, total lung capacity and functional residual capacity by an average of 10 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:1211132", "title": "Three-dimensional observation of collagen framework of lumbar intervertebral discs.", "content": "Lumbar intervertebral discs obtained from rats, dogs and humans were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The nucleus pulposus was constructed of a loose network of fine fibrils and formed lamellated membranes in the peripheral areas. The annulus fibrosus was composed of concentric lamellae of fibrous bundles that ran uniformly in each lamella and crossed over to the bundles of adjoining lamellae. The lamellae were made of fine fibrils measuring 0.1-0.2 mu in diameter, corresponding to matured collagen fibrils. The cartilage plate consisted of a close meshwork of collagen fibrils which interconnected with the annular fibrils. From these results, it was concluded that the intervertebral disc was well developed for shock absorption at the light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. In specimens treated with chymotrypsin, the extra-fibrillar substances were easily digested in the nucleus, as well as in the annulus. The intervertebral disc may thus be easily affected by chemical agents.", "contents": "Three-dimensional observation of collagen framework of lumbar intervertebral discs. Lumbar intervertebral discs obtained from rats, dogs and humans were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The nucleus pulposus was constructed of a loose network of fine fibrils and formed lamellated membranes in the peripheral areas. The annulus fibrosus was composed of concentric lamellae of fibrous bundles that ran uniformly in each lamella and crossed over to the bundles of adjoining lamellae. The lamellae were made of fine fibrils measuring 0.1-0.2 mu in diameter, corresponding to matured collagen fibrils. The cartilage plate consisted of a close meshwork of collagen fibrils which interconnected with the annular fibrils. From these results, it was concluded that the intervertebral disc was well developed for shock absorption at the light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. In specimens treated with chymotrypsin, the extra-fibrillar substances were easily digested in the nucleus, as well as in the annulus. The intervertebral disc may thus be easily affected by chemical agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1211133", "title": "Viral antibody titers to rubella in coxa plana or Perthes' disease. Perthes diseases: is it the late osseous redidua of a minor prenatal rubella?", "content": "The present study seriously raises the question as to whether coxa plana is etiologically connected to the rubella virus. Some findings suggest a probable causal correlation between prenatal rubella and coxa plana. A regional vasculitis in association with biologically inferior bone probably constitutes the fundamental pathogenetic mechanism of this condition. However, this matter is still awaiting elucidation.", "contents": "Viral antibody titers to rubella in coxa plana or Perthes' disease. Perthes diseases: is it the late osseous redidua of a minor prenatal rubella? The present study seriously raises the question as to whether coxa plana is etiologically connected to the rubella virus. Some findings suggest a probable causal correlation between prenatal rubella and coxa plana. A regional vasculitis in association with biologically inferior bone probably constitutes the fundamental pathogenetic mechanism of this condition. However, this matter is still awaiting elucidation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211134", "title": "Peroperative effect of fenestration upon intraosseous pressure in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip.", "content": "In nine patients with osteoarthritis of the hip who suffered from pain at rest, intraosseous pressure was measured in both the femoral head and neck before and immediately after fenestration in the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter. A small but significant drop in intraosseous pressure in both the femoral neck and head was registered as a result of the fenestration procedure.", "contents": "Peroperative effect of fenestration upon intraosseous pressure in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. In nine patients with osteoarthritis of the hip who suffered from pain at rest, intraosseous pressure was measured in both the femoral head and neck before and immediately after fenestration in the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter. A small but significant drop in intraosseous pressure in both the femoral neck and head was registered as a result of the fenestration procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1211135", "title": "Chondrocyte mitosis in the articular cartilage of femoral heads with various diseases.", "content": "Autoradiographic studies using thymidine-3H reveal the mitosis of chondrocytes in degenerated joints, i.e. joints having secondary osteoarthritis or aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. The findings obtained provide additional support for the recent investigations regarding chondrocyte mitosis in primary osteoarthritic cartilage. Histologic and histochemical examinations suggest that a loss of glycosaminoglycans in the matrix is evidence for conversion of chondrocyte activity to mitosis which occurs, however, within the limit of \"the point of irreversibility\", analogous to the observations from the biochemical point of view. Biomechanical and nutritional factors are also discussed in relation to the results obtained from cartilages of the femoral heads in cases of femoral neck fracture and aseptic necrosis of the femoral head.", "contents": "Chondrocyte mitosis in the articular cartilage of femoral heads with various diseases. Autoradiographic studies using thymidine-3H reveal the mitosis of chondrocytes in degenerated joints, i.e. joints having secondary osteoarthritis or aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. The findings obtained provide additional support for the recent investigations regarding chondrocyte mitosis in primary osteoarthritic cartilage. Histologic and histochemical examinations suggest that a loss of glycosaminoglycans in the matrix is evidence for conversion of chondrocyte activity to mitosis which occurs, however, within the limit of \"the point of irreversibility\", analogous to the observations from the biochemical point of view. Biomechanical and nutritional factors are also discussed in relation to the results obtained from cartilages of the femoral heads in cases of femoral neck fracture and aseptic necrosis of the femoral head."}
{"id": "PMID:1211136", "title": "Acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Treatment in 8 cases.", "content": "The results are reported of the treatment of eight cases of acute (traumatic) slipped capital femoral epiphysis, reduced by forceful traction on the tubercle of the tibia, followed by drilling through with Kirschner wires. No necrosis of the epiphysis developed among the eight cases. In the light of these results, this therapy is recommended in cases of acute slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis. On the other hand, as far as the late complications are concerned, such as degenerative arthritis, the late results are probably no better than those obtained with other forms of treatment.", "contents": "Acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Treatment in 8 cases. The results are reported of the treatment of eight cases of acute (traumatic) slipped capital femoral epiphysis, reduced by forceful traction on the tubercle of the tibia, followed by drilling through with Kirschner wires. No necrosis of the epiphysis developed among the eight cases. In the light of these results, this therapy is recommended in cases of acute slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis. On the other hand, as far as the late complications are concerned, such as degenerative arthritis, the late results are probably no better than those obtained with other forms of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1211137", "title": "Factors influencing results of high tibial osteotomy in gonarthrosis.", "content": "Based on our results with high tibia osteotomy for gonarthrosis in 96 knees, the type of primary deformity was found to significantly influence the patient's subjective assessment of the results. Knees with valgus deformity secondary to changes in other joints are not suitable for correction by HTO. Knees with varus deformity exceeding 10 degrees and with roentgenological signs of reduction of the medial tibial condyle are seldom corrected by HTO and the results in these knees are poor. There is a clear correlation between patient's satisfaction with HTO done for gonarthrosis and the correction of femorotibial deformity.", "contents": "Factors influencing results of high tibial osteotomy in gonarthrosis. Based on our results with high tibia osteotomy for gonarthrosis in 96 knees, the type of primary deformity was found to significantly influence the patient's subjective assessment of the results. Knees with valgus deformity secondary to changes in other joints are not suitable for correction by HTO. Knees with varus deformity exceeding 10 degrees and with roentgenological signs of reduction of the medial tibial condyle are seldom corrected by HTO and the results in these knees are poor. There is a clear correlation between patient's satisfaction with HTO done for gonarthrosis and the correction of femorotibial deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:1211156", "title": "[Role of anaerobic bacteria in sinusitis].", "content": "The purpose of the present study is to determine the role of the anaerobic bacteria in the chronic paranasal sinusitis. We cultured both aerobically and anaerobically, 80 specimen of pus we obtained by antral puncture. Fourteen per cent of the specimen were sterile (11 cases); we found a pure aerobic growth in 51% (41 cases), a mixed aerobic-anaerobic growth in 25% (20 cases) and a pure anaerobic growth in 10% (8 cases). This means that anaerobic organismes were isolated in 35% (28 cases): in 22% (18 cases) the anaerobic bacteria can be considered as the only pathogenes. These results show the great importance of the anaerobic bacteria in chronic and subacute paranasal sinusitis. The anaerobes live as saprofytes on the entire body but they become pathogene in certain conditions such as a low oxidation-reduction potential and a reduced oxygen tension. These conditions are found in the chronically infected paranasal sinuses. Probably the anaerobes do not initiate a sinusitis (except in the sinusitis from dental origine) but the primary infection is superinfected by anaerobes; once they have found ideal growth conditions, it's very difficult to destroy them: despite of several antral washings, a surgical intervention is often the only way. The best antibiotics against anaerobic sinusitis are clindamycin and tetracycline in general administration, and lincomycin, thiamfenicol and tetracycline for local application.", "contents": "[Role of anaerobic bacteria in sinusitis]. The purpose of the present study is to determine the role of the anaerobic bacteria in the chronic paranasal sinusitis. We cultured both aerobically and anaerobically, 80 specimen of pus we obtained by antral puncture. Fourteen per cent of the specimen were sterile (11 cases); we found a pure aerobic growth in 51% (41 cases), a mixed aerobic-anaerobic growth in 25% (20 cases) and a pure anaerobic growth in 10% (8 cases). This means that anaerobic organismes were isolated in 35% (28 cases): in 22% (18 cases) the anaerobic bacteria can be considered as the only pathogenes. These results show the great importance of the anaerobic bacteria in chronic and subacute paranasal sinusitis. The anaerobes live as saprofytes on the entire body but they become pathogene in certain conditions such as a low oxidation-reduction potential and a reduced oxygen tension. These conditions are found in the chronically infected paranasal sinuses. Probably the anaerobes do not initiate a sinusitis (except in the sinusitis from dental origine) but the primary infection is superinfected by anaerobes; once they have found ideal growth conditions, it's very difficult to destroy them: despite of several antral washings, a surgical intervention is often the only way. The best antibiotics against anaerobic sinusitis are clindamycin and tetracycline in general administration, and lincomycin, thiamfenicol and tetracycline for local application."}
{"id": "PMID:1211157", "title": "[Clinical aspects of hypertrophic lesions of the sinusal mucosa].", "content": "Ninety-five cases mucous hypertrophy of the maxillary sinus spreading over several years are examined in this study. They are made conspicuous by radiotomografies. If an hypertrophy of a sinous mucous is often silent or is accompanied with a minor symptomatology (pharynx or ear troubles), in the other cases, it is accompanied with strong headaches. A simple exaeresis of the polype without instrumental operation in the ostium region leads to their disappearance. This rather surprising result allows us to wonder if an ostial dyspermeability is sufficient to explain the sinous headache mechanism.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of hypertrophic lesions of the sinusal mucosa]. Ninety-five cases mucous hypertrophy of the maxillary sinus spreading over several years are examined in this study. They are made conspicuous by radiotomografies. If an hypertrophy of a sinous mucous is often silent or is accompanied with a minor symptomatology (pharynx or ear troubles), in the other cases, it is accompanied with strong headaches. A simple exaeresis of the polype without instrumental operation in the ostium region leads to their disappearance. This rather surprising result allows us to wonder if an ostial dyspermeability is sufficient to explain the sinous headache mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1211159", "title": "Evaluation of a screening-procedure by hot-water caloric tests.", "content": "In order to introduce a screening-procedure for vestibular caloric testing, we tried to evaluate the hot and cold caloric tests separately. We made a review of a series of cases having been tested by the classical 4 tests (cold and hot bilateral). In supposing that we should have stopped the investigation when the hot calorics showed a side-difference of 20% or more for the slow-phase velocity at the culminationpoint, we verified how many cases would have been missed, presenting by global examination a significant difference either for the reflexivity or for the DP. This study showed us that an important number of cases would have been missed equally well by the hot calorics as by the cold ones. The comparison shows no difference between them. By narrowing the criteria we would allow a screening-technique either by the cold or by the hotwater test, but in this way more than 3/4 of the cases were indicated for complete examination.", "contents": "Evaluation of a screening-procedure by hot-water caloric tests. In order to introduce a screening-procedure for vestibular caloric testing, we tried to evaluate the hot and cold caloric tests separately. We made a review of a series of cases having been tested by the classical 4 tests (cold and hot bilateral). In supposing that we should have stopped the investigation when the hot calorics showed a side-difference of 20% or more for the slow-phase velocity at the culminationpoint, we verified how many cases would have been missed, presenting by global examination a significant difference either for the reflexivity or for the DP. This study showed us that an important number of cases would have been missed equally well by the hot calorics as by the cold ones. The comparison shows no difference between them. By narrowing the criteria we would allow a screening-technique either by the cold or by the hotwater test, but in this way more than 3/4 of the cases were indicated for complete examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1211161", "title": "[Vibro-tactile perception in the profoundly deaf child and its possible practical applications].", "content": "The authors use vibro-tactile masking during hearing aid fitting with profoundly deaf children. When VTM is affecting or not the hearing threshold, it gives the authors valuable information as to the nature of the remaining hearing. A new hearing aid is presented which may be useful for children with only vibro-tactile threshold.", "contents": "[Vibro-tactile perception in the profoundly deaf child and its possible practical applications]. The authors use vibro-tactile masking during hearing aid fitting with profoundly deaf children. When VTM is affecting or not the hearing threshold, it gives the authors valuable information as to the nature of the remaining hearing. A new hearing aid is presented which may be useful for children with only vibro-tactile threshold."}
{"id": "PMID:1211162", "title": "[Diagnosis of perceptive type hearing deficiency in children by determination of stapes reflex thresholds].", "content": "The article reports on the limits regarding the study of the stapes reflex thresholds as a diagnostic method with profoundly deaf young children. A number of 30 children and adolescents have been tested at high intensities and the findings indicate stapedian reflexes at 250 and 500 Hx (all the patients) 1000 Hz (the majority of patients) and 1500 Hz (some patients).", "contents": "[Diagnosis of perceptive type hearing deficiency in children by determination of stapes reflex thresholds]. The article reports on the limits regarding the study of the stapes reflex thresholds as a diagnostic method with profoundly deaf young children. A number of 30 children and adolescents have been tested at high intensities and the findings indicate stapedian reflexes at 250 and 500 Hx (all the patients) 1000 Hz (the majority of patients) and 1500 Hz (some patients)."}
{"id": "PMID:1211163", "title": "[Osteoplastic tracheopathy].", "content": "The authors related a case of high osteoplasic tracheopathy in a women, 79 years old. The semiology and the different etiopathogenic theories are reviewed. The affection is characterized by the presence in the tracheal sub-mucosa or sometimes the bronchial sub-mucosa of cartilagenous and often bony spaces, which cuases the stenosis of the respiratory lumen. In this related case, the lesions are situated at the level of a tracheal segment compressed by an important goitre. It seems to be caused by a local metaplasia induced by the compression.", "contents": "[Osteoplastic tracheopathy]. The authors related a case of high osteoplasic tracheopathy in a women, 79 years old. The semiology and the different etiopathogenic theories are reviewed. The affection is characterized by the presence in the tracheal sub-mucosa or sometimes the bronchial sub-mucosa of cartilagenous and often bony spaces, which cuases the stenosis of the respiratory lumen. In this related case, the lesions are situated at the level of a tracheal segment compressed by an important goitre. It seems to be caused by a local metaplasia induced by the compression."}
{"id": "PMID:1211165", "title": "[External laryngeal electromyographic technic in laryngologic and phoniatric clinical practice].", "content": "The author describes the external way of laryngeal electromyography, as the most easy one for current clinical use. Theoretical aspects of laryngeal muscles are recalled, and the general electromyographic data are applied to the particular case of voice muscles. Some common laryngeal and vocal diseases are enumerated, for which an electromyographic investigation is able to contribute to the diagnosis. Follows a review of clinical advantages of electromyography in laryngologic and phoniatric practice. Particularities of electromyographic investigation in patients with hyperkinetic dysphony are shown. Five demonstrative clinical cases are analysed.", "contents": "[External laryngeal electromyographic technic in laryngologic and phoniatric clinical practice]. The author describes the external way of laryngeal electromyography, as the most easy one for current clinical use. Theoretical aspects of laryngeal muscles are recalled, and the general electromyographic data are applied to the particular case of voice muscles. Some common laryngeal and vocal diseases are enumerated, for which an electromyographic investigation is able to contribute to the diagnosis. Follows a review of clinical advantages of electromyography in laryngologic and phoniatric practice. Particularities of electromyographic investigation in patients with hyperkinetic dysphony are shown. Five demonstrative clinical cases are analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211166", "title": "[Social assistance to the laryngectomized. Concerning a survey of 150 operated persons].", "content": "The authors communicate the result of an inquest on 150 laryngectomized patients, members of their hospital rehabilitation center. A statistical study was made on the correlation between the different factors which may influence the results. The inquest shows that information of the patient, his family and occupational environment is not effective enough. The influence of the laryngectomized patient, working fulltime in the rehabilitation center, is of a great importance related to the difficulties during the vocal revalidation process and the social reintegration of the laryngectomized patients.", "contents": "[Social assistance to the laryngectomized. Concerning a survey of 150 operated persons]. The authors communicate the result of an inquest on 150 laryngectomized patients, members of their hospital rehabilitation center. A statistical study was made on the correlation between the different factors which may influence the results. The inquest shows that information of the patient, his family and occupational environment is not effective enough. The influence of the laryngectomized patient, working fulltime in the rehabilitation center, is of a great importance related to the difficulties during the vocal revalidation process and the social reintegration of the laryngectomized patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1211168", "title": "[Clinical interpretation of microphonic potentials by electrocochleography].", "content": "The clinical electrocochleography essentially allows the registration of the global action potential of the acoustic nerve. The use of acoustic stimulations with alternating polarity eliminates the cochlear microphonics. In severe deafness, where no action potential can be registered, even not with maximal acoustic impulses, it can be interesting to register the microphonic potentials. This can be done by using acoustic stimulations with the same polarity. If some microphonic potentials can be registered by this technique, one can assume that the ciliated cells are -- at least partially -- unaffected and that the cause of the deafmess in neurogenic. This test thus allows a primary differentiation between sensory and neural deafness. Some clinical cases illustrate this phenomenon.", "contents": "[Clinical interpretation of microphonic potentials by electrocochleography]. The clinical electrocochleography essentially allows the registration of the global action potential of the acoustic nerve. The use of acoustic stimulations with alternating polarity eliminates the cochlear microphonics. In severe deafness, where no action potential can be registered, even not with maximal acoustic impulses, it can be interesting to register the microphonic potentials. This can be done by using acoustic stimulations with the same polarity. If some microphonic potentials can be registered by this technique, one can assume that the ciliated cells are -- at least partially -- unaffected and that the cause of the deafmess in neurogenic. This test thus allows a primary differentiation between sensory and neural deafness. Some clinical cases illustrate this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1211169", "title": "[A rare case of Gradenigo-Raeder syndrome].", "content": "The symptomatology of Raeder's and Gradenigo's syndrome is reviewed about a case of hypernephrom metastase on petrous bone.", "contents": "[A rare case of Gradenigo-Raeder syndrome]. The symptomatology of Raeder's and Gradenigo's syndrome is reviewed about a case of hypernephrom metastase on petrous bone."}
{"id": "PMID:1211185", "title": "Reactivity and participation of the vascular bed of a limb in the compensatory vasoconstriction during haemorrhage.", "content": "Haemorrhage was performed by free bleeding from the cannulated right femoral artery in a heated glass vessel in which pressure of 50-60 mm Hg was maintained. The left hind limb was auto-perfused by a roller pump with a constant flow. The haemorrhage was performed in a normal state of the animal, after intravenous infusion of phenoxybenzamine and after intraarterial injection of papaverine. Bilateral carotid occlusions were performed in a series of experiments before haemorrhage, in the course of haemorrhagic hypotension and after retransfusion of the drawn blood. The systemic arterial pressure and the perfusion pressure in the limb were controlled with electronic manometers. The changes in the vascular resistan-e in haemorrhage after papaverine show that considerable dilatatory influences do not reduce the reactivity of the vascular muscle and do not contribute to the non-maintenance of the resistance vessels constriction caused by the haemorrhage. The experiments with bilateral carotid occlusion permit the assumption that the passive/active tension ratio, which is changed after haemorrhage, is an important factor conducive to the non-maintenance of the post-haemorrhagic vasoconstriction. The extent of the post-haemorrhagic vasoconstriction caused by non-adrenergic constrictory agents in the blood is determined.", "contents": "Reactivity and participation of the vascular bed of a limb in the compensatory vasoconstriction during haemorrhage. Haemorrhage was performed by free bleeding from the cannulated right femoral artery in a heated glass vessel in which pressure of 50-60 mm Hg was maintained. The left hind limb was auto-perfused by a roller pump with a constant flow. The haemorrhage was performed in a normal state of the animal, after intravenous infusion of phenoxybenzamine and after intraarterial injection of papaverine. Bilateral carotid occlusions were performed in a series of experiments before haemorrhage, in the course of haemorrhagic hypotension and after retransfusion of the drawn blood. The systemic arterial pressure and the perfusion pressure in the limb were controlled with electronic manometers. The changes in the vascular resistan-e in haemorrhage after papaverine show that considerable dilatatory influences do not reduce the reactivity of the vascular muscle and do not contribute to the non-maintenance of the resistance vessels constriction caused by the haemorrhage. The experiments with bilateral carotid occlusion permit the assumption that the passive/active tension ratio, which is changed after haemorrhage, is an important factor conducive to the non-maintenance of the post-haemorrhagic vasoconstriction. The extent of the post-haemorrhagic vasoconstriction caused by non-adrenergic constrictory agents in the blood is determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1211186", "title": "Impulse activity of a single motor unit upon the rhythm of the summated muscle activity.", "content": "The impulses of single motor units (MUs) are recorded using the method of selective leading off with surface bipolar electrodes with small interpolar distance. Parallel recording is made of the summated EMG and of its apparatus-transformed form-the mean voltage curve of the EMG. The correct position of the electrodes with regard to the MU is controlled by means of a vector-electromyographic (VEMG) method. The statistical parameters of the impulse series of the individual MUs and of the groups of impulses in the summated EMG are determined, as well as the time interrelations between the impulses of the selected MUs and the groups of impulses in the mean voltage curve of the EMG. The delay in the appearance of the impulses from the selected MUs with regard to the beginning of the group of impulses, proved a statistically distributed value according to a bimodal type which becomes more pronounced upon rating to the intervals.", "contents": "Impulse activity of a single motor unit upon the rhythm of the summated muscle activity. The impulses of single motor units (MUs) are recorded using the method of selective leading off with surface bipolar electrodes with small interpolar distance. Parallel recording is made of the summated EMG and of its apparatus-transformed form-the mean voltage curve of the EMG. The correct position of the electrodes with regard to the MU is controlled by means of a vector-electromyographic (VEMG) method. The statistical parameters of the impulse series of the individual MUs and of the groups of impulses in the summated EMG are determined, as well as the time interrelations between the impulses of the selected MUs and the groups of impulses in the mean voltage curve of the EMG. The delay in the appearance of the impulses from the selected MUs with regard to the beginning of the group of impulses, proved a statistically distributed value according to a bimodal type which becomes more pronounced upon rating to the intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:1211187", "title": "Effect of synthetic oxytocin on the motor and bioelectrical activity of the stomach and small intestines (in vivo).", "content": "A study is made of the effect of synthetic oxytocin on the mechanograms and electromyograms of the stomach and small intestines of 11 wakeful and 7 chloralose-anaesthesized dogs. Oxytocin was administered intravenously in doses of 0.5 to 2.0 IU/kg for the anaesthesized dogs. The mechanograms were recorded by means of the balloon-kymographic method, the electromyograms-by silver macroelectrodes implanted in the muscle wall. In all animals oxytocin decreased the tone and abolished the peristaltic contractions and the spike-potentials in the stomach and in the intestines for 8 to 15 min. This effect of oxytocin is not eliminated by adreno-, cholino- and gangliolytics. Besides these changes, oxytocin administered in wakeful dogs reduces two or three times the frequency of the basic electric rhythm (BER) in the stomach from 10 s to 3 min and increases the propagation of BER in the small intestine from 10 s to 10 min. The effect of oxytocin on gastric and intestinal BER is eliminated by cholinolytics and gangliolytics and it is not manifested in the small pouch of Heindenhein. A direct myogenic mechanism of oxytocin effect on the activity of the gastro-intestinal smooth muscle is discussed, as well as the effect mediated by vagal nerves and cholinergic receptors.", "contents": "Effect of synthetic oxytocin on the motor and bioelectrical activity of the stomach and small intestines (in vivo). A study is made of the effect of synthetic oxytocin on the mechanograms and electromyograms of the stomach and small intestines of 11 wakeful and 7 chloralose-anaesthesized dogs. Oxytocin was administered intravenously in doses of 0.5 to 2.0 IU/kg for the anaesthesized dogs. The mechanograms were recorded by means of the balloon-kymographic method, the electromyograms-by silver macroelectrodes implanted in the muscle wall. In all animals oxytocin decreased the tone and abolished the peristaltic contractions and the spike-potentials in the stomach and in the intestines for 8 to 15 min. This effect of oxytocin is not eliminated by adreno-, cholino- and gangliolytics. Besides these changes, oxytocin administered in wakeful dogs reduces two or three times the frequency of the basic electric rhythm (BER) in the stomach from 10 s to 3 min and increases the propagation of BER in the small intestine from 10 s to 10 min. The effect of oxytocin on gastric and intestinal BER is eliminated by cholinolytics and gangliolytics and it is not manifested in the small pouch of Heindenhein. A direct myogenic mechanism of oxytocin effect on the activity of the gastro-intestinal smooth muscle is discussed, as well as the effect mediated by vagal nerves and cholinergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:1211188", "title": "Comparative studies on the effect of lithium and haloperidol on learning and memory.", "content": "A comparative study of the effect of lithium and haloperidol on the processes of learning and memory is carried out in experiments for training albino rats in a maze. Haloperidol introduced intraperitoneally 1 h before learning in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg deteriorates the learning and long-term memory, while a dose of 2 mg/kg makes these processes impossible. Introduced immediately after learning, haloperidol shows a tendency towards deterioration in the phase of memory consolidation. When administered 1 h before the long-term memory test, haloperidol inhibits reproduction. Lithium chloride administered in a single dose of 200 or 300 mg/kg before and after learning, has no pronounced effect. A tendency towards impairment of learning and memory is manifested only upon administration of doses of 200 mg/kg for 8 days in succession. The differences in the effects of lithium and haloperidol on learning and memory do not support the assumption that their similar effect on the cAMP system (inhibition of the adenylate cyclase in the brain) is essential for the mechanism of their effect on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the effect of lithium and haloperidol on learning and memory. A comparative study of the effect of lithium and haloperidol on the processes of learning and memory is carried out in experiments for training albino rats in a maze. Haloperidol introduced intraperitoneally 1 h before learning in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg deteriorates the learning and long-term memory, while a dose of 2 mg/kg makes these processes impossible. Introduced immediately after learning, haloperidol shows a tendency towards deterioration in the phase of memory consolidation. When administered 1 h before the long-term memory test, haloperidol inhibits reproduction. Lithium chloride administered in a single dose of 200 or 300 mg/kg before and after learning, has no pronounced effect. A tendency towards impairment of learning and memory is manifested only upon administration of doses of 200 mg/kg for 8 days in succession. The differences in the effects of lithium and haloperidol on learning and memory do not support the assumption that their similar effect on the cAMP system (inhibition of the adenylate cyclase in the brain) is essential for the mechanism of their effect on the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1211189", "title": "Digitonin resistance of liver mitochondria isolated from copper-deficient and copper-loaded rats.", "content": "Liver mitochondria of copper-deficient and copper-loaded rats are with changed composition, ultrastructure and functions. The aim of the present work is to study the digitonin resistance of these mitochondria as an indicator for the changes in the membranes. Copper deficiency and copper loading are achieved by eliminating resp. by adding copper to the diet for four to six weeks. The copper content of the mitochondria in the control group of animals is 0.55 X 10(-9)M/mg protein. 0.20 X 10(-9) M/mg protein in the copper-deficient rats and 1.8 X 10(-9) M in the copper-loaded rats. Digitonin resistance is measured by the degree of increase in the activity of a matrix enzyme, malatedehydrogenase, upon destruction of the various mitochondrial membranes and to a different degree by ascending digitonin concentrations. The digitonin effect on the membranes is maximal for concentrations of 0.8 to 1.0 mg digitonin/mg protein. The digitonin resistance of the inner membranes increases in the case of copper deficiency, while coppor loading has the opposite effect on the resistance of the outer membranes. Moreover, coppor loading results in an increase in the general activity of the mitochondrial malatedehydrogenase as compared with the control mitochondria.", "contents": "Digitonin resistance of liver mitochondria isolated from copper-deficient and copper-loaded rats. Liver mitochondria of copper-deficient and copper-loaded rats are with changed composition, ultrastructure and functions. The aim of the present work is to study the digitonin resistance of these mitochondria as an indicator for the changes in the membranes. Copper deficiency and copper loading are achieved by eliminating resp. by adding copper to the diet for four to six weeks. The copper content of the mitochondria in the control group of animals is 0.55 X 10(-9)M/mg protein. 0.20 X 10(-9) M/mg protein in the copper-deficient rats and 1.8 X 10(-9) M in the copper-loaded rats. Digitonin resistance is measured by the degree of increase in the activity of a matrix enzyme, malatedehydrogenase, upon destruction of the various mitochondrial membranes and to a different degree by ascending digitonin concentrations. The digitonin effect on the membranes is maximal for concentrations of 0.8 to 1.0 mg digitonin/mg protein. The digitonin resistance of the inner membranes increases in the case of copper deficiency, while coppor loading has the opposite effect on the resistance of the outer membranes. Moreover, coppor loading results in an increase in the general activity of the mitochondrial malatedehydrogenase as compared with the control mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1211190", "title": "Combined device for measurement of the duration of the cardiac cycle and stimulation synchronized with the cardiac cycle.", "content": "A simple device for measuring the momentary cardiac frequency (i.e. a value proportional t-r the length of the time interval between two cardiac contractions) is worked out using a capacitoo transducer consisting of two capacitors and an electron control circuit. The sequence of the charging, indication of the voltage and the discharge of the capacitors is effected by a relay circuit. A random signal characterizing the cardiac cycle can be used as input signal, such as: ECG, pulse signal, signal of the blood pressure transducer, etc. At a definite moment of the cardiac cycle the device produces a synchroimpulse. This makes it possible, by regulating the delay between the triggering and the stimulating impulses of an external stimulator, to realize a regime of synchronized stimulation, i.e., the stimulating impulses to coincide with a preliminarily given moment after the beginning of the cardiac cycle. The output of the device is connected with a standard recording device with sufficiently large input resistance. The transistor electronic circuit is connected to the supply or to an autonomous source. The dimensions of the device are 20 X 12 X 10 cm, its weight is about 2 kg.", "contents": "Combined device for measurement of the duration of the cardiac cycle and stimulation synchronized with the cardiac cycle. A simple device for measuring the momentary cardiac frequency (i.e. a value proportional t-r the length of the time interval between two cardiac contractions) is worked out using a capacitoo transducer consisting of two capacitors and an electron control circuit. The sequence of the charging, indication of the voltage and the discharge of the capacitors is effected by a relay circuit. A random signal characterizing the cardiac cycle can be used as input signal, such as: ECG, pulse signal, signal of the blood pressure transducer, etc. At a definite moment of the cardiac cycle the device produces a synchroimpulse. This makes it possible, by regulating the delay between the triggering and the stimulating impulses of an external stimulator, to realize a regime of synchronized stimulation, i.e., the stimulating impulses to coincide with a preliminarily given moment after the beginning of the cardiac cycle. The output of the device is connected with a standard recording device with sufficiently large input resistance. The transistor electronic circuit is connected to the supply or to an autonomous source. The dimensions of the device are 20 X 12 X 10 cm, its weight is about 2 kg."}
{"id": "PMID:1211196", "title": "Effect of elevated interstitial pressure on the renal cortical hemodynamics.", "content": "The influence of renal interstitial pressure on the resistance pattern within the superficial cortical vasculature has been investigated from determinations of 1) the glomerular blood flow eith a modified microsphere technique and 2) the intravascular hydrostatic pressures. Interstitial pressure was monitored via a 50 mum PVC-catheter placed into the subcapsular interstitial space. Two conditions were analyzed viz. a) elevation of uretheral pressure to 20 mm Hg and b) venous stasis to 10-15 mm Hg. Both conditions produced an increase in the interstitial pressure from 1-2 mm Hg to about 5 mm Hg as well as an increased hilar lymph flow and protein flow of about the same size. The vascular reactions were different, however. Uretheral stasis (but not the stasis of a single nephron) produced a decreased resistance in the afferent arteriolae with a concomitant increae in the pressures in the glomerular capillaries, and the peritobular capillary network. In contrast, venous stasis produced only small changes in the parameters studied but for the obvious rise in the peritubular capillary pressure. The results suggest that factors other than the interstitial pressure are governing the afferent vascular tone; the tubular wall tension might be one of these factors.", "contents": "Effect of elevated interstitial pressure on the renal cortical hemodynamics. The influence of renal interstitial pressure on the resistance pattern within the superficial cortical vasculature has been investigated from determinations of 1) the glomerular blood flow eith a modified microsphere technique and 2) the intravascular hydrostatic pressures. Interstitial pressure was monitored via a 50 mum PVC-catheter placed into the subcapsular interstitial space. Two conditions were analyzed viz. a) elevation of uretheral pressure to 20 mm Hg and b) venous stasis to 10-15 mm Hg. Both conditions produced an increase in the interstitial pressure from 1-2 mm Hg to about 5 mm Hg as well as an increased hilar lymph flow and protein flow of about the same size. The vascular reactions were different, however. Uretheral stasis (but not the stasis of a single nephron) produced a decreased resistance in the afferent arteriolae with a concomitant increae in the pressures in the glomerular capillaries, and the peritobular capillary network. In contrast, venous stasis produced only small changes in the parameters studied but for the obvious rise in the peritubular capillary pressure. The results suggest that factors other than the interstitial pressure are governing the afferent vascular tone; the tubular wall tension might be one of these factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1211197", "title": "Gastric acid secretion in a teleostean fish: a method for the continous collection of gastric effluence from a swimming fish and its response to histamine and pentagastrin.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion has been measured in the codfish (Gadus morhua) equipped with a catheter draining the stomach, by titrating the water swallowed by the fish. Unstimulated acid secretion was found to be very low; in most fishes not exceeding 8 mumol H+/kg h. Intramuscular injection of histamine evokes a dose-dependent secretion of gastric acid, with a maximum acid output of 300 mumul/kg h occurring with 10 mg/kg histamine dihydrochloride. No acid response was obtained with pentagastrin.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion in a teleostean fish: a method for the continous collection of gastric effluence from a swimming fish and its response to histamine and pentagastrin. Gastric acid secretion has been measured in the codfish (Gadus morhua) equipped with a catheter draining the stomach, by titrating the water swallowed by the fish. Unstimulated acid secretion was found to be very low; in most fishes not exceeding 8 mumol H+/kg h. Intramuscular injection of histamine evokes a dose-dependent secretion of gastric acid, with a maximum acid output of 300 mumul/kg h occurring with 10 mg/kg histamine dihydrochloride. No acid response was obtained with pentagastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:1211198", "title": "n the mechanism of inhibitory action of vibrations as studied in a molluscan catch muscle and in vertebrate vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "In previous studies longitudinal vibrations have been found to reduce active force development in smooth muscle, possibly due to a direct action on the contractile mechanism. In the present experiments the inhibitory effect of vibrations on isometric tension was studied in isolated preparations of the rat portal vein, the rabbit thoracic aorta and the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of the Mytilus edulis. The results demonstrate that vibrations of appropriate frequency and amplitude caused prompt inhibition of contractile tension and that complete recovery of active force normally occurred after cessation of vibration in vertebrate smooth muscle as well as during  the phasic contraction of ABRM. However, in the \"catch\" of the ABRM there was no regain in force following the vibration induced inhibition. The contractile proteins are considered to be a locked state during the catch situation. Thus, this contracted state seems to be released by vibrations. It is therefore concluded that vibrations do interfere with the interrelationship between the myofilaments. This conclusion supports the previously forwarded hypothesis that vibrations act by increasing the rate of detachment of actin-myosin crosslinks in vertebrate smooth muscle.", "contents": "n the mechanism of inhibitory action of vibrations as studied in a molluscan catch muscle and in vertebrate vascular smooth muscle. In previous studies longitudinal vibrations have been found to reduce active force development in smooth muscle, possibly due to a direct action on the contractile mechanism. In the present experiments the inhibitory effect of vibrations on isometric tension was studied in isolated preparations of the rat portal vein, the rabbit thoracic aorta and the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of the Mytilus edulis. The results demonstrate that vibrations of appropriate frequency and amplitude caused prompt inhibition of contractile tension and that complete recovery of active force normally occurred after cessation of vibration in vertebrate smooth muscle as well as during  the phasic contraction of ABRM. However, in the \"catch\" of the ABRM there was no regain in force following the vibration induced inhibition. The contractile proteins are considered to be a locked state during the catch situation. Thus, this contracted state seems to be released by vibrations. It is therefore concluded that vibrations do interfere with the interrelationship between the myofilaments. This conclusion supports the previously forwarded hypothesis that vibrations act by increasing the rate of detachment of actin-myosin crosslinks in vertebrate smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1211199", "title": "Rubrospinal control of static and dynamic fusimotor neurones.", "content": "Rubrospinal effects on about 60 extracellularyl recorded gamma-motoneurones were studied in anesthetized cats. All cells were antidromically identified from various muscle nerves. 23 cells were regarded as dynamic as they were activated from a mesencephalic region previously known to influence selectively muscle spindle dynamic sensitivity. The pattern of rubrospinal influence on static fusimotor neurones to different muscles closely followed that previously demonstrated for alpha-motoneurones with pr edominantly excitation of flexor neurones and excitation or inhibition in equal amounts of extensor cells. Dynamic fusimotor neurones were influenced in a strictly reciprocal manner with excitation of flexor cells and inhibition of extensor cells except for a few neurones which could not be reached from nucleur ruber. Evidence was also obtained indicating that the shortest path from nucleus ruber to static fusimotor neurones involves one interneurone.", "contents": "Rubrospinal control of static and dynamic fusimotor neurones. Rubrospinal effects on about 60 extracellularyl recorded gamma-motoneurones were studied in anesthetized cats. All cells were antidromically identified from various muscle nerves. 23 cells were regarded as dynamic as they were activated from a mesencephalic region previously known to influence selectively muscle spindle dynamic sensitivity. The pattern of rubrospinal influence on static fusimotor neurones to different muscles closely followed that previously demonstrated for alpha-motoneurones with pr edominantly excitation of flexor neurones and excitation or inhibition in equal amounts of extensor cells. Dynamic fusimotor neurones were influenced in a strictly reciprocal manner with excitation of flexor cells and inhibition of extensor cells except for a few neurones which could not be reached from nucleur ruber. Evidence was also obtained indicating that the shortest path from nucleus ruber to static fusimotor neurones involves one interneurone."}
{"id": "PMID:1211200", "title": "Acylation of carnitine and glycerophosphate in suspensions of rat liver mitochondria at varying levels of palmitate and coenzyme A.", "content": "Rates of acylation of carnitine and glycerophosphate in suspensions of isolated rat liver mitochondria were measured at varying levels of palmitate and coenzyme A in the presence  of ATP. Addition of glycerophosphate caused considerable reduction in carnitine acylation at low, but not at high palmitate levels. Glycerophosphate acylation was less reduced by added carnitine. These results can be explained by a lower Km(acyl-CoA) in glycerophosphate acylation than in carnitine acylation. High levels of free coenzyme A caused inhibition of carnitine acylation, while the inhibitory effect of glycerophosphate acylation was small. Competition between palmitate and acyl-CoA for binding sites on protein (e.g., albumine added to the mitochondrial suspensions) was indicated by stimulation of carnitine acylation by palmitate with palmityl-CoA added as substrate in the absence of ATP. Refeeding a carbohydrate-rich diet to previously fasted rats resulted in increased glycerophosphate acylation and decreased carnitine acylation in isolated liver mitochondria.", "contents": "Acylation of carnitine and glycerophosphate in suspensions of rat liver mitochondria at varying levels of palmitate and coenzyme A. Rates of acylation of carnitine and glycerophosphate in suspensions of isolated rat liver mitochondria were measured at varying levels of palmitate and coenzyme A in the presence  of ATP. Addition of glycerophosphate caused considerable reduction in carnitine acylation at low, but not at high palmitate levels. Glycerophosphate acylation was less reduced by added carnitine. These results can be explained by a lower Km(acyl-CoA) in glycerophosphate acylation than in carnitine acylation. High levels of free coenzyme A caused inhibition of carnitine acylation, while the inhibitory effect of glycerophosphate acylation was small. Competition between palmitate and acyl-CoA for binding sites on protein (e.g., albumine added to the mitochondrial suspensions) was indicated by stimulation of carnitine acylation by palmitate with palmityl-CoA added as substrate in the absence of ATP. Refeeding a carbohydrate-rich diet to previously fasted rats resulted in increased glycerophosphate acylation and decreased carnitine acylation in isolated liver mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1211201", "title": "Thermoregulation during static work with the legs.", "content": "Sustained static work with the legs, i.e., holding a weight of about 10% of maximal isometric strength for 25 min was compared to dynamic exercise on a bicycle ergometer causing the same rate of heat production. In the static work the subjective feeling of exertion was very high and the effort maximal. The pronounced increase in heart rate and blood pressure and a typical flush of the face and chest (flush areas) indicated a high sympathetic tonus. Plasma catecholamine levels were 1.3 times higher (significant at the Pless than or equal to 0.05 level) after static work than after dynamic work. Although the sustained static work was nearly maximal, the rate of increase in sweating and the change in core temperature during work were not different from the responses to dynamic work.", "contents": "Thermoregulation during static work with the legs. Sustained static work with the legs, i.e., holding a weight of about 10% of maximal isometric strength for 25 min was compared to dynamic exercise on a bicycle ergometer causing the same rate of heat production. In the static work the subjective feeling of exertion was very high and the effort maximal. The pronounced increase in heart rate and blood pressure and a typical flush of the face and chest (flush areas) indicated a high sympathetic tonus. Plasma catecholamine levels were 1.3 times higher (significant at the Pless than or equal to 0.05 level) after static work than after dynamic work. Although the sustained static work was nearly maximal, the rate of increase in sweating and the change in core temperature during work were not different from the responses to dynamic work."}
{"id": "PMID:1211202", "title": "Vascular resistance in peripheral blood vessels at normotension and at local orthostatic hypertension in healty humans.", "content": "The effect of changes in orthostatic pressure on vascular resistance in subcutaneous adipose tissue was examined in the forearm at normal tension and in the leg at local orthostatic hypertension in three normal subjects. Blood flow in subcutaneous tissue was measured by the local xenon-133 washout technique. Changes in orthostatic pressure were achieved by postural changes of the extremity. At levels above the heart where venous pressure is constant, there was autoregulation of blood flow over a wider arterial blood pressure range in leg than in forearm. When transmural pressure increased 25 mm Hg or more vascular resistance increased about 50 per cent in the dependent forearm and 300 per cent in the dependent leg. The effect of ischemia on vascular resistance was investigated in cutaneous tissue of hand and foot by means of the 131I-Antipyrine initial slope technique. Vascular resistance after maximum dilatation achieved after 20, 30, and 35 min of ischemia was less in vessels of the hand than in vessels of the foot. Thus, adaptive structural changes of vessels subjected to increased blood pressure are present in cutaneous and subcutaneous adipose tissues in normal subjects.", "contents": "Vascular resistance in peripheral blood vessels at normotension and at local orthostatic hypertension in healty humans. The effect of changes in orthostatic pressure on vascular resistance in subcutaneous adipose tissue was examined in the forearm at normal tension and in the leg at local orthostatic hypertension in three normal subjects. Blood flow in subcutaneous tissue was measured by the local xenon-133 washout technique. Changes in orthostatic pressure were achieved by postural changes of the extremity. At levels above the heart where venous pressure is constant, there was autoregulation of blood flow over a wider arterial blood pressure range in leg than in forearm. When transmural pressure increased 25 mm Hg or more vascular resistance increased about 50 per cent in the dependent forearm and 300 per cent in the dependent leg. The effect of ischemia on vascular resistance was investigated in cutaneous tissue of hand and foot by means of the 131I-Antipyrine initial slope technique. Vascular resistance after maximum dilatation achieved after 20, 30, and 35 min of ischemia was less in vessels of the hand than in vessels of the foot. Thus, adaptive structural changes of vessels subjected to increased blood pressure are present in cutaneous and subcutaneous adipose tissues in normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:1211203", "title": "Synthesis of brain-specific acidic proteins in rat and mouse cerebral slices.", "content": "Optimal conditions for incorporation of radioactive amiino acids into protein by slices of brain have been established. Protein synthesis continued for at least 4 h at 35 degrees. The highest incorporation of amino acids into protein was obtained with 20-50 mg wet weight per ml incubated at pH 7.1. After incubation of 500 mg of slices acidic proteins were separated by saltfractionation and electrophoresis on 14% polyacrylamide gel. The most acidic band was shown to contain S-100 protein. Indentification was solubility of the protein in 100% (NH4)2SO4, electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.9, precipitation with specific antibodies, and 2-dimensional electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The protein band was insoluble in 50% methanol and contained between 0.06 and 0.2% of the radioactivity present in the total soluble proteins; while other well separated acidic proteins contained about 10 times the radioactivity of S-100 protein.", "contents": "Synthesis of brain-specific acidic proteins in rat and mouse cerebral slices. Optimal conditions for incorporation of radioactive amiino acids into protein by slices of brain have been established. Protein synthesis continued for at least 4 h at 35 degrees. The highest incorporation of amino acids into protein was obtained with 20-50 mg wet weight per ml incubated at pH 7.1. After incubation of 500 mg of slices acidic proteins were separated by saltfractionation and electrophoresis on 14% polyacrylamide gel. The most acidic band was shown to contain S-100 protein. Indentification was solubility of the protein in 100% (NH4)2SO4, electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.9, precipitation with specific antibodies, and 2-dimensional electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The protein band was insoluble in 50% methanol and contained between 0.06 and 0.2% of the radioactivity present in the total soluble proteins; while other well separated acidic proteins contained about 10 times the radioactivity of S-100 protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1211212", "title": "Sudden death in rheumatoid arthritis with atlanto-axial dislocation.", "content": "A post mortem material of 11 consecutive cases of severe atlanto-axial dislocation (a.a.d.) with cord compression is reported. The total number of deaths from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during the period of 5 years was 104, and all were autopsied. Neurological symptoms correlated poorly to fatal a.a.d. Hemiplegia was found in three cases, one of which, however, was caused by thrombosis cerebri. Spastic signs were transiently recorded in two patients and dysphagia in a further two. Five patients had a history of recent vomiting. A.a.d. was the sole or main cause of death in 8 cases and contributory in 2. Sudden death occurred in 7 of the cases. Only 2 cases had obtained a correct diagnosis intra vitam. The CNS findings at autopsy consisted of cord compression (11/11 cases), cord malacia (2/11) and cerebral oedema (3/11). One case had polyarteritis and renal amyloidosis and one pulmonary carcinoma with metastatic spread. Signs of active inflammation in the axial joints were present in 4 cases. This study, based on systematic post mortem examinations, revealed an unexpectedly high and not previously reported incidence of fatal medulla compression in RA patients with a.a.d. (10%).", "contents": "Sudden death in rheumatoid arthritis with atlanto-axial dislocation. A post mortem material of 11 consecutive cases of severe atlanto-axial dislocation (a.a.d.) with cord compression is reported. The total number of deaths from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during the period of 5 years was 104, and all were autopsied. Neurological symptoms correlated poorly to fatal a.a.d. Hemiplegia was found in three cases, one of which, however, was caused by thrombosis cerebri. Spastic signs were transiently recorded in two patients and dysphagia in a further two. Five patients had a history of recent vomiting. A.a.d. was the sole or main cause of death in 8 cases and contributory in 2. Sudden death occurred in 7 of the cases. Only 2 cases had obtained a correct diagnosis intra vitam. The CNS findings at autopsy consisted of cord compression (11/11 cases), cord malacia (2/11) and cerebral oedema (3/11). One case had polyarteritis and renal amyloidosis and one pulmonary carcinoma with metastatic spread. Signs of active inflammation in the axial joints were present in 4 cases. This study, based on systematic post mortem examinations, revealed an unexpectedly high and not previously reported incidence of fatal medulla compression in RA patients with a.a.d. (10%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1211213", "title": "Skeletal status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The total body calcium - estimated from the bone mineral content in the distal part of the forearm, measured by means of photon absorptiometry - has been determined in 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. None of the patients were treated with steroids and all were relatively mobile. The results indicate that osteoporosis is uncommon in such patients.", "contents": "Skeletal status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The total body calcium - estimated from the bone mineral content in the distal part of the forearm, measured by means of photon absorptiometry - has been determined in 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. None of the patients were treated with steroids and all were relatively mobile. The results indicate that osteoporosis is uncommon in such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1211214", "title": "High pacemaker implantation rate following \"cardiogenic neurology\".", "content": "This paper gives data on symptomatic patients with bradycardia found not at random but as the result of greatly expanded facilities for recognition of arrhythmias. The incidence of patients with symptomatic bradycardia was very high. Most patients had intermittent arrhythmias and diagnosis was often only possible after long-term ECG screening. Symptoms were as severe, and relief of symptoms with treatment was as good, as in pacemaker-treated patients described by others. Our conclusion is that indications for arrhythmia screening should be increased, as the diagnosis and treatment are very worthwhile. We refer to the systematized active diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias in patients with cerebral symptoms as cardiogenic neurology.", "contents": "High pacemaker implantation rate following \"cardiogenic neurology\". This paper gives data on symptomatic patients with bradycardia found not at random but as the result of greatly expanded facilities for recognition of arrhythmias. The incidence of patients with symptomatic bradycardia was very high. Most patients had intermittent arrhythmias and diagnosis was often only possible after long-term ECG screening. Symptoms were as severe, and relief of symptoms with treatment was as good, as in pacemaker-treated patients described by others. Our conclusion is that indications for arrhythmia screening should be increased, as the diagnosis and treatment are very worthwhile. We refer to the systematized active diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias in patients with cerebral symptoms as cardiogenic neurology."}
{"id": "PMID:1211215", "title": "Routine exercise ECG three weeks after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In the third week after acute myocardial infarction, mean 18 days, exercise tests have been performed in 209 patients prior to discharge from the Coronary Care Unit. The exercise was done on a bicycle ergometer with electrically controlled braking, starting at the load 300 kpm/min (equal to 50 W), increasing with 300 kpm/min every 6th min, aiming at a maximal symptom-limited performance. ECG, in 3 extremity leads and 3 precordial leads, and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded, and blood pressure (BP) was measured every minute. The most common cause for discontinuing exercise was fatigue (in 58%). Anginal pain or dyspnoea was the cause in 23.8%. Only in 9.1% was the exercise interrupted by the investigator because of rhythm disturbances or pronounced ST-T changes. Maximal work varied from 1 min exercise at 300 kpm/min to 6 min at 900 kpm/min (150 W); 18% of all patients were able to work for 6 min at 600 kpm/min (100 W). HR increased on an average from 80 beats/min at rest to 129 beats/min at maximal work load. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased on an average from 126 to 170 mmHg. The maximal values reached during exercise were HR 170/min, and SBP 270 mmHg. The product HR X SPB increased a little more than two-fold on an average. ST-T changes indicating myocardial ischaemia during exercise were observed in 70%. During exercise ventricular ectopic beats occurred in 42%. All rhythm disturbances provoked by exercise disappeared spontaneously shortly after work. Persistent ECG changes, reinfarction or other serious complications were not observed in connection with the exercise test. It is concluded that an exercise test under controlled circumstances is safe in patients of all ages in the third week after myocardial infarction. It is an objective measure of physical work capacity and described the reaction to physical activity. It gives a basis for advising return to normal life and is of great psychological importance to the patient.", "contents": "Routine exercise ECG three weeks after acute myocardial infarction. In the third week after acute myocardial infarction, mean 18 days, exercise tests have been performed in 209 patients prior to discharge from the Coronary Care Unit. The exercise was done on a bicycle ergometer with electrically controlled braking, starting at the load 300 kpm/min (equal to 50 W), increasing with 300 kpm/min every 6th min, aiming at a maximal symptom-limited performance. ECG, in 3 extremity leads and 3 precordial leads, and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded, and blood pressure (BP) was measured every minute. The most common cause for discontinuing exercise was fatigue (in 58%). Anginal pain or dyspnoea was the cause in 23.8%. Only in 9.1% was the exercise interrupted by the investigator because of rhythm disturbances or pronounced ST-T changes. Maximal work varied from 1 min exercise at 300 kpm/min to 6 min at 900 kpm/min (150 W); 18% of all patients were able to work for 6 min at 600 kpm/min (100 W). HR increased on an average from 80 beats/min at rest to 129 beats/min at maximal work load. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased on an average from 126 to 170 mmHg. The maximal values reached during exercise were HR 170/min, and SBP 270 mmHg. The product HR X SPB increased a little more than two-fold on an average. ST-T changes indicating myocardial ischaemia during exercise were observed in 70%. During exercise ventricular ectopic beats occurred in 42%. All rhythm disturbances provoked by exercise disappeared spontaneously shortly after work. Persistent ECG changes, reinfarction or other serious complications were not observed in connection with the exercise test. It is concluded that an exercise test under controlled circumstances is safe in patients of all ages in the third week after myocardial infarction. It is an objective measure of physical work capacity and described the reaction to physical activity. It gives a basis for advising return to normal life and is of great psychological importance to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1211216", "title": "Diagnosis of ventricular septal defect in acute myocardial infarction without cardiac catheterization.", "content": "Five patients with acute myocardial infarction and a systolic murmur suggestive of ventricular septal rupture or mitral regurgitation have been examined by external vascular isotope dilution curves over the chest after i.v. injection of 125I-hippuran. In three patients these isotope dilution curves showed signs of left-to-right shunting of blood, and subsequent autopsy demonstrated the presence of ventricular septal defect. In two patients there was no sign of left-to-right shunting, and these patients recovered.", "contents": "Diagnosis of ventricular septal defect in acute myocardial infarction without cardiac catheterization. Five patients with acute myocardial infarction and a systolic murmur suggestive of ventricular septal rupture or mitral regurgitation have been examined by external vascular isotope dilution curves over the chest after i.v. injection of 125I-hippuran. In three patients these isotope dilution curves showed signs of left-to-right shunting of blood, and subsequent autopsy demonstrated the presence of ventricular septal defect. In two patients there was no sign of left-to-right shunting, and these patients recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:1211217", "title": "Verapamil in the treatment of atrial tachycardia with block.", "content": "Atrial tachycardia (A-T) with block is easily converted as a rule to sinus rhythm by DC shock, but the recurrence rate is high. So far drug treatment of this arrhythmia has been unsatisfactory. There is no drug of choice in the treatment of A-T with block. We report on the effect of verapamil on this arrhythmia in 14 patients. Ten of them reverted to sinus rhythm, but A-T with block later recurred in 4. The best effect was found in patients with no or only minimal heart enlargement and in patients with short duration of the arrhythmia. The effect of verapamil on A-T with block may support the concept of this arrhythmia being due to atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentry, as the main effect of verapamil is a prolongation of the effective refractory period of the A-V node.", "contents": "Verapamil in the treatment of atrial tachycardia with block. Atrial tachycardia (A-T) with block is easily converted as a rule to sinus rhythm by DC shock, but the recurrence rate is high. So far drug treatment of this arrhythmia has been unsatisfactory. There is no drug of choice in the treatment of A-T with block. We report on the effect of verapamil on this arrhythmia in 14 patients. Ten of them reverted to sinus rhythm, but A-T with block later recurred in 4. The best effect was found in patients with no or only minimal heart enlargement and in patients with short duration of the arrhythmia. The effect of verapamil on A-T with block may support the concept of this arrhythmia being due to atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentry, as the main effect of verapamil is a prolongation of the effective refractory period of the A-V node."}
{"id": "PMID:1211218", "title": "Uriglox and quantitative urine microscopy in diagnosis of urinary tract infection.", "content": "The aim of this study was to find an alternative to the sole use of abundant cultural findings as a basis for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). For this purpose, the results obtained from the bacteriological culture of daytime urine specimens from 154 students by the dip slide method were checked against the findings from the quantitative culture, microscopy and Uriglox testing of the first morning urines voided later at home. As a diagnostic criterion, the finding of 10(5) or more bacteria/ml urine in two successive cultures had an error of 19%. For the simultaneous occurrence in the morning urine of abundant bacteria (larger than or equal to 10(5)/ml) and a subnormal glucose concentration (as revealed by the Uriglox test), this error was 1.5%. Only the latter combination showed, therefore, the presence of UTI at the confidence level of larger than or equal to 95%, or was \"clinically significant\". The specificity indices for the Uriglox test and the quantitative culture were 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. Microscopy of the morning urine showed 10(3) or more bacteria/ml in all the subjects with infection but the number of leucocytes was normal in a fifth of them. The specificity indices for microscopic counts of 10(3) or more organisms/ml and 10 or more leucocytes/mm3 were 0.74 and 0.94, respectively. For higher counts, i.e. 10(5) or more bacteria/ml and 50 or more leucocytes/mm3, the specificity index of positive microscopy was 1.0. This specificity level was, however, attained at the expense of the sensitivity, which for 10(5) or more organisms/ml was 0.67 and for 50 or more leucocytes/mm3 0.53. It is concluded that abundant bacterial contamination of specimens often decisively complicates the diagnostic use of urine culture, and therefore the combined use of quantitative culture, microscopy and the Uriglox test is recommended as the principal tool for the diagnosis of UTI in ordinary hospital and ambulatory health services.", "contents": "Uriglox and quantitative urine microscopy in diagnosis of urinary tract infection. The aim of this study was to find an alternative to the sole use of abundant cultural findings as a basis for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). For this purpose, the results obtained from the bacteriological culture of daytime urine specimens from 154 students by the dip slide method were checked against the findings from the quantitative culture, microscopy and Uriglox testing of the first morning urines voided later at home. As a diagnostic criterion, the finding of 10(5) or more bacteria/ml urine in two successive cultures had an error of 19%. For the simultaneous occurrence in the morning urine of abundant bacteria (larger than or equal to 10(5)/ml) and a subnormal glucose concentration (as revealed by the Uriglox test), this error was 1.5%. Only the latter combination showed, therefore, the presence of UTI at the confidence level of larger than or equal to 95%, or was \"clinically significant\". The specificity indices for the Uriglox test and the quantitative culture were 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. Microscopy of the morning urine showed 10(3) or more bacteria/ml in all the subjects with infection but the number of leucocytes was normal in a fifth of them. The specificity indices for microscopic counts of 10(3) or more organisms/ml and 10 or more leucocytes/mm3 were 0.74 and 0.94, respectively. For higher counts, i.e. 10(5) or more bacteria/ml and 50 or more leucocytes/mm3, the specificity index of positive microscopy was 1.0. This specificity level was, however, attained at the expense of the sensitivity, which for 10(5) or more organisms/ml was 0.67 and for 50 or more leucocytes/mm3 0.53. It is concluded that abundant bacterial contamination of specimens often decisively complicates the diagnostic use of urine culture, and therefore the combined use of quantitative culture, microscopy and the Uriglox test is recommended as the principal tool for the diagnosis of UTI in ordinary hospital and ambulatory health services."}
{"id": "PMID:1211220", "title": "Diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis by myocardial biopsy.", "content": "A case of cardiac amyloidosis with severe heart failure is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by myocardial biopsy. The microscopical and ultrastructural changes in this biopsy are described in detail.", "contents": "Diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis by myocardial biopsy. A case of cardiac amyloidosis with severe heart failure is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by myocardial biopsy. The microscopical and ultrastructural changes in this biopsy are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1211219", "title": "Iron absorption in patients with chronic renal failure not requiring dialytic therapy.", "content": "Gastrointestinal iron absorption, by means of whole body counting, has been measured in 15 patients with chronic renal failure, not requiring dialysis. Whole body retention 14 days after oral administration of 10 muCi 59Fe together with a carrier dose of 10 mg Fe2+ was taken as expression of absorption. The percentage incorporation in the total erythrocyte mass of administered 59Fe (erythrocyte incorporation) and absorbed 59Fe (red cell utilization) was estimated as well. Iron absorption was 9.6+/-2.0 (S.D.)% (geometric mean) and erythrocyte incorporation 7.5+/-2.3 (S.D.)% (geometric mean) while red cell utilization averaged 80.3+/-4.8 (S.E.M.)% (arithmetic mean). None of these parameters were significantly different from those obtained in a normal control group (p greater than 0.5, p greater than 0.9 and p greater than 0.2, respectively). The correlation between iron absorption and erythrocyte incorporation was highly significant (r=1.00, p less than 0.001). Iron supplementation is often indicated in the investigated category of patients due to increased blood loss and insufficient iron intake and should be given orally in consideration of the normal gastrointestinal absorption.", "contents": "Iron absorption in patients with chronic renal failure not requiring dialytic therapy. Gastrointestinal iron absorption, by means of whole body counting, has been measured in 15 patients with chronic renal failure, not requiring dialysis. Whole body retention 14 days after oral administration of 10 muCi 59Fe together with a carrier dose of 10 mg Fe2+ was taken as expression of absorption. The percentage incorporation in the total erythrocyte mass of administered 59Fe (erythrocyte incorporation) and absorbed 59Fe (red cell utilization) was estimated as well. Iron absorption was 9.6+/-2.0 (S.D.)% (geometric mean) and erythrocyte incorporation 7.5+/-2.3 (S.D.)% (geometric mean) while red cell utilization averaged 80.3+/-4.8 (S.E.M.)% (arithmetic mean). None of these parameters were significantly different from those obtained in a normal control group (p greater than 0.5, p greater than 0.9 and p greater than 0.2, respectively). The correlation between iron absorption and erythrocyte incorporation was highly significant (r=1.00, p less than 0.001). Iron supplementation is often indicated in the investigated category of patients due to increased blood loss and insufficient iron intake and should be given orally in consideration of the normal gastrointestinal absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1211221", "title": "Studies on some biological properties of heteroploidal cell -- PZH-1 line derived from human embryo lung.", "content": "The morphological and karyological properties as well as susceptibility to virus strain of tissue culture derived from human embryo lung that underwent a transformation becoming a continuous line defined as PZH-1 were observed. The observations cover 120 passages divided into four phases: one before and three after transformation. Each of these phases was characterised by different biological strain properties. Loss of PZH-1 susceptibility to ECHO virus was the first change of biological properties preceding in time changes in growth rate, cell morphology and chromosome complement. The loss of susceptibility to ECHO virus may indicate cell transformation.", "contents": "Studies on some biological properties of heteroploidal cell -- PZH-1 line derived from human embryo lung. The morphological and karyological properties as well as susceptibility to virus strain of tissue culture derived from human embryo lung that underwent a transformation becoming a continuous line defined as PZH-1 were observed. The observations cover 120 passages divided into four phases: one before and three after transformation. Each of these phases was characterised by different biological strain properties. Loss of PZH-1 susceptibility to ECHO virus was the first change of biological properties preceding in time changes in growth rate, cell morphology and chromosome complement. The loss of susceptibility to ECHO virus may indicate cell transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211222", "title": "A simple device for spot counting in photomicrographs or electron micrographs.", "content": "A simple apparatus for spot counting in photomicrographs or electron micrographs is described, consisting of an illuminator on which the photographic print in placed and a counting pen. By making small holes in the photograph with the specially designed spring-loaded counting pen, the spot counted can be clearly located by the light from the illuminator falling through the hole, whereas a microswitch built into the counting pen makes an electronic counting system to move one digit.", "contents": "A simple device for spot counting in photomicrographs or electron micrographs. A simple apparatus for spot counting in photomicrographs or electron micrographs is described, consisting of an illuminator on which the photographic print in placed and a counting pen. By making small holes in the photograph with the specially designed spring-loaded counting pen, the spot counted can be clearly located by the light from the illuminator falling through the hole, whereas a microswitch built into the counting pen makes an electronic counting system to move one digit."}
{"id": "PMID:1211223", "title": "Biostatics of the tibial shaft.", "content": "In all, 56 tibiae from Lapps and 56 tibiae from Norwegians have been studied. These ethnic groups represent different weight bearing situations. Only measurements referring to the diaphysis are presented. The bones are studied in the AP and ML planes and at different transverse sections. The material is analyzed statistically. The distribution form is examined. Chiefly positive skewness occurs. Platykurtosis is found twice as often as leptokurtosis. A differentiated pattern of distribution seems to be the case regarding measurements in the lower extremities. This corresponds to the influence of variable hereditary and external factors. Divergencies from standard normal distribution is compared with differences between groups. In some cases differences are influenced by platykurtosis and skewness. Divergence from standard normal distribution could not be traced back to measuring errors, special features of the bone or special sex characteristics. The divergencies are not supposed to affect the results to any noteworthy extent. Female Lapps show small variances, female Norwegians great variances. In linear variables Lapps generally show smaller values than Norwegians, females smaller values than males. Regarding linear measurements, sex differences are a little more marked than differences between the two ethnic groups. The opposite is the case regarding the angular measurements and the indices. The sex differences in linear measurements are smaller in Lapps than in Norwegians. The opposite is the case regarding the length of the bone. In Lapps, angular measurements and indices show no significant sex differences. Regarding linear measurements, differences between the ethnic groups are mostly due to differences between the males. The opposite may be said about the indicnes. The variations of the tibia recorded and discussed in the present paper are the results of mechanical factors influencing the basic processes in functional bone remodelling. The periosteal ossification is particularly involved in the dimensions of the shaft, the epiphyseal cartilage in the length dimensions. Particularly important is the relation between the weight bearing line and the diaphysial axis of the bone, and the muscles activated by variation is this relation.", "contents": "Biostatics of the tibial shaft. In all, 56 tibiae from Lapps and 56 tibiae from Norwegians have been studied. These ethnic groups represent different weight bearing situations. Only measurements referring to the diaphysis are presented. The bones are studied in the AP and ML planes and at different transverse sections. The material is analyzed statistically. The distribution form is examined. Chiefly positive skewness occurs. Platykurtosis is found twice as often as leptokurtosis. A differentiated pattern of distribution seems to be the case regarding measurements in the lower extremities. This corresponds to the influence of variable hereditary and external factors. Divergencies from standard normal distribution is compared with differences between groups. In some cases differences are influenced by platykurtosis and skewness. Divergence from standard normal distribution could not be traced back to measuring errors, special features of the bone or special sex characteristics. The divergencies are not supposed to affect the results to any noteworthy extent. Female Lapps show small variances, female Norwegians great variances. In linear variables Lapps generally show smaller values than Norwegians, females smaller values than males. Regarding linear measurements, sex differences are a little more marked than differences between the two ethnic groups. The opposite is the case regarding the angular measurements and the indices. The sex differences in linear measurements are smaller in Lapps than in Norwegians. The opposite is the case regarding the length of the bone. In Lapps, angular measurements and indices show no significant sex differences. Regarding linear measurements, differences between the ethnic groups are mostly due to differences between the males. The opposite may be said about the indicnes. The variations of the tibia recorded and discussed in the present paper are the results of mechanical factors influencing the basic processes in functional bone remodelling. The periosteal ossification is particularly involved in the dimensions of the shaft, the epiphyseal cartilage in the length dimensions. Particularly important is the relation between the weight bearing line and the diaphysial axis of the bone, and the muscles activated by variation is this relation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211224", "title": "An electronmicroscopic study of the truncus ridges in chick embryos.", "content": "In 6 days' chick embryos, an electronmicroscopical study was made of the fusion of the endocardial ridges of the truncus arteriosus. It could be demonstrated that in this fusion process not only the endothelial cells are involved, but also cells of the condensed mesenchyme of the parietal ridge. The endothelial cells form protrusions which interdigitate and show endocytosis whereas the cells of the condensed mesenchyme produce long, blunt pseudopodia containing filaments and microtubules.", "contents": "An electronmicroscopic study of the truncus ridges in chick embryos. In 6 days' chick embryos, an electronmicroscopical study was made of the fusion of the endocardial ridges of the truncus arteriosus. It could be demonstrated that in this fusion process not only the endothelial cells are involved, but also cells of the condensed mesenchyme of the parietal ridge. The endothelial cells form protrusions which interdigitate and show endocytosis whereas the cells of the condensed mesenchyme produce long, blunt pseudopodia containing filaments and microtubules."}
{"id": "PMID:1211225", "title": "Intersex or sex reversal amongst plant parasitic nematodes.", "content": "The intersexuality amongst plant parasitic nematodes has been discussed to be an intermediate stage of sex reversal of male into female. We, hereby, suggest four possible reasons for the sex reversal, this being an intermediate stage - a so-called intersex phase: (1) gene mutation, (2) unusual numerical relationship between autosomes and sex chromosomes during fertilization, (3) effect of female sex hormone secreted by adult females alongwith the mating attractant, and (4) presence or absence of andrgenic hormone in males. The possible effect of female sex hormone on the synthesis of macromolecules which might play a role in sex reversal, is discussed in particular.", "contents": "Intersex or sex reversal amongst plant parasitic nematodes. The intersexuality amongst plant parasitic nematodes has been discussed to be an intermediate stage of sex reversal of male into female. We, hereby, suggest four possible reasons for the sex reversal, this being an intermediate stage - a so-called intersex phase: (1) gene mutation, (2) unusual numerical relationship between autosomes and sex chromosomes during fertilization, (3) effect of female sex hormone secreted by adult females alongwith the mating attractant, and (4) presence or absence of andrgenic hormone in males. The possible effect of female sex hormone on the synthesis of macromolecules which might play a role in sex reversal, is discussed in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:1211226", "title": "Functional significance of non-specific esterase and its involvement in the excretory mechanism of trematodes, cestodes and nematodes.", "content": "The distribution of non-specific esterase in the excretory canals of nematodes, cestodes and trematodes is described. In all the cases the excretory canals are intensely positive, except in Dioecocestus fevita where the reaction is mild. In most of the cases the reaction is observed in the form of small granules, distributed throughout the canal. The distribution of the enzyme has been correlated with the excretory functions of these parasites.", "contents": "Functional significance of non-specific esterase and its involvement in the excretory mechanism of trematodes, cestodes and nematodes. The distribution of non-specific esterase in the excretory canals of nematodes, cestodes and trematodes is described. In all the cases the excretory canals are intensely positive, except in Dioecocestus fevita where the reaction is mild. In most of the cases the reaction is observed in the form of small granules, distributed throughout the canal. The distribution of the enzyme has been correlated with the excretory functions of these parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:1211240", "title": "The process of conditioning: an evolving concept.", "content": "Various explanations of the process of conditioning and some models of the postulated connections between brain centers are discussed. Some results of research on conditioning processes at the neuronal level are reviewed. A hypothesis is put forth that conditioned behavior is a result of activation of neural patterns of associations between the sensory traces of stimuli; such neural patterns may be stored in polysensory neurons. Models based on this hypothesis are presented.", "contents": "The process of conditioning: an evolving concept. Various explanations of the process of conditioning and some models of the postulated connections between brain centers are discussed. Some results of research on conditioning processes at the neuronal level are reviewed. A hypothesis is put forth that conditioned behavior is a result of activation of neural patterns of associations between the sensory traces of stimuli; such neural patterns may be stored in polysensory neurons. Models based on this hypothesis are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1211241", "title": "Post-consummatory arousal of drive as a mechanism of incentive motivation.", "content": "A review of experimental papers on the problem of incentive motivation reveals little or no support for the hypothesis that conditioned food signals facilitate autochthonous instrumental responses (i.e., responses motivated by the same drive and rewarded by the same unconditioned stimulus). The existing data are explained most parsimoniously by assuming that reward, or its conditioned signal, inhibits the central drive process, and, that the termination of either primary (food US) or secondary (food CS) reward causes the rebound of drive which energizes instrumental behavior. This post-consummatory arousal of drive retains some specificity related to the reward and is assumed to represent a mechanism of the phenomena usually referred to as incentive motivation.", "contents": "Post-consummatory arousal of drive as a mechanism of incentive motivation. A review of experimental papers on the problem of incentive motivation reveals little or no support for the hypothesis that conditioned food signals facilitate autochthonous instrumental responses (i.e., responses motivated by the same drive and rewarded by the same unconditioned stimulus). The existing data are explained most parsimoniously by assuming that reward, or its conditioned signal, inhibits the central drive process, and, that the termination of either primary (food US) or secondary (food CS) reward causes the rebound of drive which energizes instrumental behavior. This post-consummatory arousal of drive retains some specificity related to the reward and is assumed to represent a mechanism of the phenomena usually referred to as incentive motivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211242", "title": "Drive-controlled reflexes: a theory.", "content": "Drive-controlled (higher) reflexes are divided in two ways: (i) according to the controlling drive into pain, fear and appetite reflexes; (ii) according to the manner of drive elimination into type A and type B reflexes. A type A reflex simply removes the evoking stimulus, whereas a type B reflex provides a drive-inhibiting stimulus. According to different functions performed in an organism, reflexes are grouped into several systems.", "contents": "Drive-controlled reflexes: a theory. Drive-controlled (higher) reflexes are divided in two ways: (i) according to the controlling drive into pain, fear and appetite reflexes; (ii) according to the manner of drive elimination into type A and type B reflexes. A type A reflex simply removes the evoking stimulus, whereas a type B reflex provides a drive-inhibiting stimulus. According to different functions performed in an organism, reflexes are grouped into several systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1211244", "title": "The biological significance of duetting and antiphonal song.", "content": "Duetting plays a very important part in the signal system between male and female in a large number of bird species, in particular species that inhabit tropical regions. These elaborate song patterns show many interesting features, of which only a few have been discussed here. Perhaps the most interesting result of our investigations of duetting is the light cast on the heretofore little appreciated precision and synthesizing power of avian aural perception, the great precision of response time and the equally great exactness of control of the vocal organs. The use of these vocal powers for individual recognition is in line with observations made over the past decade by B. Tschanz, C. G. Beer, myself and others. This work has shown that in many colonial nesting birds (for example auks, terns, gulls, gannets and penguins) brief calls of a half-second duration or less can have enough acoustic detail not only to serve as labels identifying the calling species but also to label the individual caller.", "contents": "The biological significance of duetting and antiphonal song. Duetting plays a very important part in the signal system between male and female in a large number of bird species, in particular species that inhabit tropical regions. These elaborate song patterns show many interesting features, of which only a few have been discussed here. Perhaps the most interesting result of our investigations of duetting is the light cast on the heretofore little appreciated precision and synthesizing power of avian aural perception, the great precision of response time and the equally great exactness of control of the vocal organs. The use of these vocal powers for individual recognition is in line with observations made over the past decade by B. Tschanz, C. G. Beer, myself and others. This work has shown that in many colonial nesting birds (for example auks, terns, gulls, gannets and penguins) brief calls of a half-second duration or less can have enough acoustic detail not only to serve as labels identifying the calling species but also to label the individual caller."}
{"id": "PMID:1211246", "title": "Prefrontal cortex and manipulatory go left-go right differentiation to acoustic directional cues in dogs.", "content": "In 20 dogs the manipulatory go left \u0096 go right differentiation to acoustic directional cues was elaborated. All dogs received total prefrontal, or dorsolateral (total or partial) or medial (total or partial) cortical ablations. All total ablations markedly affected performance of the task, whereas the partial removals produced moderate or no impairment. Thus, both the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex are involved in this type of differentiation.", "contents": "Prefrontal cortex and manipulatory go left-go right differentiation to acoustic directional cues in dogs. In 20 dogs the manipulatory go left \u0096 go right differentiation to acoustic directional cues was elaborated. All dogs received total prefrontal, or dorsolateral (total or partial) or medial (total or partial) cortical ablations. All total ablations markedly affected performance of the task, whereas the partial removals produced moderate or no impairment. Thus, both the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex are involved in this type of differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211247", "title": "Effects of partial prefrontal lesions in dogs on go-no go avoidance reflex differentiation and reversal learning.", "content": "The effects of prefrontal medial or lateral lesions on the retention of avoidance go \u0096 no go click-tone differentiation in dogs were studied. The acquisition of the differentiation was influenced by the quality of the stimuli since more errors were performed to the click CS(-) than to the tone CS(-). Neither medial nor lateral lesions exerted any effect on retention of the differentiation. Similarly, as during original differentiation training, the quality of the stimuli had an effect on reversal learning in normal dogs. Such an effect was markedly reduced in dogs with prefrontal lesions and more strongly in those Ss which received lateral lesions. The results were discussed relative to data obtained from cats trained under similar conditions. The dogs showed better responding on positive trials while performance in cats was better on negative trials. The stimulus quality effect was more pronounced in dogs during negative, and in cats during positive trials.", "contents": "Effects of partial prefrontal lesions in dogs on go-no go avoidance reflex differentiation and reversal learning. The effects of prefrontal medial or lateral lesions on the retention of avoidance go \u0096 no go click-tone differentiation in dogs were studied. The acquisition of the differentiation was influenced by the quality of the stimuli since more errors were performed to the click CS(-) than to the tone CS(-). Neither medial nor lateral lesions exerted any effect on retention of the differentiation. Similarly, as during original differentiation training, the quality of the stimuli had an effect on reversal learning in normal dogs. Such an effect was markedly reduced in dogs with prefrontal lesions and more strongly in those Ss which received lateral lesions. The results were discussed relative to data obtained from cats trained under similar conditions. The dogs showed better responding on positive trials while performance in cats was better on negative trials. The stimulus quality effect was more pronounced in dogs during negative, and in cats during positive trials."}
{"id": "PMID:1211249", "title": "Dissociative effects of selective lesions in the caudate nucleus of cats and rats.", "content": "Lesions in the neostriatal region connected to the prefrontal cortex severely impaired delayed alternation in both cats and rats, whereas no such effect was found after damage to other neostriatal regions. These results indicate that the processes mediating delayed alternation are well localized in the neostriatum of both cats and rats. Two possible models of neostriatal functioning are discussed, one of functional heterogeneity, the other of functional homogeneity.", "contents": "Dissociative effects of selective lesions in the caudate nucleus of cats and rats. Lesions in the neostriatal region connected to the prefrontal cortex severely impaired delayed alternation in both cats and rats, whereas no such effect was found after damage to other neostriatal regions. These results indicate that the processes mediating delayed alternation are well localized in the neostriatum of both cats and rats. Two possible models of neostriatal functioning are discussed, one of functional heterogeneity, the other of functional homogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:1211252", "title": "Cortical motor representation in view of recent experiments on cortico-spinal relations.", "content": "The results of recent experiments using either intracortical stimulation or stimulation of the surface of the motor cortex were reviewed from the point of view of \"muscle\" and \"movement\" cortical representation. It has been concluded that there is no satisfactory evidence for location of the pyramidal tract (PT) cells which project directly (monosynaptically) to motoneurones of one muscle in primates within small and separate cortical areas; such evidence is even weaker for PT cells which exert their effects via polysynaptic pathways in other species. The available evidence shows in contrast a very pronounced overlap of cortical areas of projection to different motor nuclei.", "contents": "Cortical motor representation in view of recent experiments on cortico-spinal relations. The results of recent experiments using either intracortical stimulation or stimulation of the surface of the motor cortex were reviewed from the point of view of \"muscle\" and \"movement\" cortical representation. It has been concluded that there is no satisfactory evidence for location of the pyramidal tract (PT) cells which project directly (monosynaptically) to motoneurones of one muscle in primates within small and separate cortical areas; such evidence is even weaker for PT cells which exert their effects via polysynaptic pathways in other species. The available evidence shows in contrast a very pronounced overlap of cortical areas of projection to different motor nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:1211254", "title": "Spreading depression resulting from cortical punctures.", "content": "In acute experiments on cats under deep Nembutal anesthesia punctures of the cortex caused a prolonged negative shift of its surface potential (up to 15 mv, 5.5 min), which was followed by a prolonged positive shift. During these shifts of the potential, both components of the direct response were depressed. The changes in potential and the depression of electric activity spread over the cortex at a mean rate of 65 micrometers/s. The phenomenon arised when the punctures are made with a pipet 20 micrometers and above in diameter. A puncture of the surface structures was critical; passage of the pipet through the middle and deep layers was ineffective. It is assumed that when cortical punctures are made the SD is caused by K(+) ions which leak out of the destroyed glial structures.", "contents": "Spreading depression resulting from cortical punctures. In acute experiments on cats under deep Nembutal anesthesia punctures of the cortex caused a prolonged negative shift of its surface potential (up to 15 mv, 5.5 min), which was followed by a prolonged positive shift. During these shifts of the potential, both components of the direct response were depressed. The changes in potential and the depression of electric activity spread over the cortex at a mean rate of 65 micrometers/s. The phenomenon arised when the punctures are made with a pipet 20 micrometers and above in diameter. A puncture of the surface structures was critical; passage of the pipet through the middle and deep layers was ineffective. It is assumed that when cortical punctures are made the SD is caused by K(+) ions which leak out of the destroyed glial structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1211255", "title": "Acquired and inherent trace processes in the neuronally isolated cortex.", "content": "Trace processes in the neuronally isolated cerebral cortex of one hemisphere were analysed. EEG and unit activity of the isolated cortex at different times after the operation were investigated. Temporal connections in the isolated cortex were elaborated. Neurons fixing the stimuli traces were revealed. These neurons (23 percent of reactive neurons) form a microsystem of learning neurons.", "contents": "Acquired and inherent trace processes in the neuronally isolated cortex. Trace processes in the neuronally isolated cerebral cortex of one hemisphere were analysed. EEG and unit activity of the isolated cortex at different times after the operation were investigated. Temporal connections in the isolated cortex were elaborated. Neurons fixing the stimuli traces were revealed. These neurons (23 percent of reactive neurons) form a microsystem of learning neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1211256", "title": "Consciousness from neurons.", "content": "Consciousness derives from a neural process that requires unceasing metabolic support, and probably involves only a select population of neocortical elements. The essential process must operate for roughly more than 100 ms for sensorial registration (Libet). It is highly unlikely that the essence of the process lies in its computational logic and hence it can never be produced by inanimate machines. Since the process is thus unique to neurons, and since the consciousness of the left hemisphere normally communicates with that of the right (and probably vice versa) via the forebrain cornmissures, at least some portion of the nerve impulse traffic across the commissures must possess a wholly mysterious property enabling its transcendent compilation into a unified conscious experience. Comprehending the nature of this property which couples ionic fluxions into mentality is the quintessential problem of science. The forebrain commissures may ultimately provide the clues for its solution.", "contents": "Consciousness from neurons. Consciousness derives from a neural process that requires unceasing metabolic support, and probably involves only a select population of neocortical elements. The essential process must operate for roughly more than 100 ms for sensorial registration (Libet). It is highly unlikely that the essence of the process lies in its computational logic and hence it can never be produced by inanimate machines. Since the process is thus unique to neurons, and since the consciousness of the left hemisphere normally communicates with that of the right (and probably vice versa) via the forebrain cornmissures, at least some portion of the nerve impulse traffic across the commissures must possess a wholly mysterious property enabling its transcendent compilation into a unified conscious experience. Comprehending the nature of this property which couples ionic fluxions into mentality is the quintessential problem of science. The forebrain commissures may ultimately provide the clues for its solution."}
{"id": "PMID:1211257", "title": "Electron microscopic morphometry of the zona glomerulosa cells of the Wistar rat.", "content": "Results of morphometric measurements were compared on the cells of the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal gland of the rat. The mean area covered by the cells, the nuclei, the mitochondria and the lipid droplets, as well as the surface density of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and of internal mitochondrial membrane indicated an inhomogeneity even in the ZG cells of the same animal, with considerable deviations in the ZG of different animals. The dark and light ZG cells were compared too. The results suggest hormonal-functional differences, both among the normal animals and among the cells of the same animals.", "contents": "Electron microscopic morphometry of the zona glomerulosa cells of the Wistar rat. Results of morphometric measurements were compared on the cells of the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal gland of the rat. The mean area covered by the cells, the nuclei, the mitochondria and the lipid droplets, as well as the surface density of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and of internal mitochondrial membrane indicated an inhomogeneity even in the ZG cells of the same animal, with considerable deviations in the ZG of different animals. The dark and light ZG cells were compared too. The results suggest hormonal-functional differences, both among the normal animals and among the cells of the same animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1211258", "title": "Blood supply of the rat hypothalamus. III. Anterior region of the hypothalamus (nucleus suprachiasmatis, nucleus hypothalamicus anterior, nucleus periventricularis).", "content": "The arterial and venous blood supply of the anterior hypothalamus was studied by means of double perfusion technique. The angiotopography and cytoarchitecture of the hypothalamus were compared on serial sections by accounting for the three-dimensional coordinates. A detailed description is given of the arteries and veins contributing to the blood supply of the suprachiasmatic, the anterior hypothalamic and the periventricular nuclei. The topography of the arterial and venous trunk on the base surface of the rat diencephalon is described, as well as that of the larger branches which enter from below and pass through the anterior hypothalamus.", "contents": "Blood supply of the rat hypothalamus. III. Anterior region of the hypothalamus (nucleus suprachiasmatis, nucleus hypothalamicus anterior, nucleus periventricularis). The arterial and venous blood supply of the anterior hypothalamus was studied by means of double perfusion technique. The angiotopography and cytoarchitecture of the hypothalamus were compared on serial sections by accounting for the three-dimensional coordinates. A detailed description is given of the arteries and veins contributing to the blood supply of the suprachiasmatic, the anterior hypothalamic and the periventricular nuclei. The topography of the arterial and venous trunk on the base surface of the rat diencephalon is described, as well as that of the larger branches which enter from below and pass through the anterior hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:1211259", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on the neurohypophysis. A histochemical study.", "content": "Ten micrograms of PG F2 alpha in distilled water were injected intraperitoneally into thirty non-pregnant female rats and their hypophysis was studied after aldehyde-fuchsin and performic acid-alcian blue staining. A definite depletion of posterior pituitary principle was observed in the hypophysis. The role of oxytocin in relation to the oxytocic effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on the neurohypophysis. A histochemical study. Ten micrograms of PG F2 alpha in distilled water were injected intraperitoneally into thirty non-pregnant female rats and their hypophysis was studied after aldehyde-fuchsin and performic acid-alcian blue staining. A definite depletion of posterior pituitary principle was observed in the hypophysis. The role of oxytocin in relation to the oxytocic effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211260", "title": "Connective tissue alterations following neonatal thymectomy. VI. Calcium histochemical, growth-dynamical and thermoanalytical investigations on bone tissue of thymectomized rats.", "content": "Thymectomy was performed in newborn rats and the changes occurring in the epiphyseal cartilage and bone were investigated by Ca histochemical and thermoanalytical methods, one, two and six weeks following operation. Formation of Ca complexes was slowed down in the epiphyseal cartilage and the rate of growth decreased. At the same time the inorganic substance content decreased considerably in the bone tissue of operated rats as compared to the controls.", "contents": "Connective tissue alterations following neonatal thymectomy. VI. Calcium histochemical, growth-dynamical and thermoanalytical investigations on bone tissue of thymectomized rats. Thymectomy was performed in newborn rats and the changes occurring in the epiphyseal cartilage and bone were investigated by Ca histochemical and thermoanalytical methods, one, two and six weeks following operation. Formation of Ca complexes was slowed down in the epiphyseal cartilage and the rate of growth decreased. At the same time the inorganic substance content decreased considerably in the bone tissue of operated rats as compared to the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1211261", "title": "Permeability of the post-ischemic rat aorta.", "content": "The time course of the vascular permeability disorder following upon acute hypoxia and the fate of plasma substances entering the vessel wall in consequence of increased permeability were studied on the rat abdominal aorta rendered hypoxic for one hour by double ligature and recirculated for periods ranging from one hour to 30 days. The distribution and quantity of mural plasma inhibition were determined histochemically by means of a colloidal iron tracer and Prussian blue reaction and by photometric analysis, respectively. Plasma imbibition reached its maximum after recirculation for 24 to 48 hours and fell to an almost normal level after 10 days. Administration of the colloidal iron tracer on the second day of recirculation, when the permeability disorder was at its peak, showed plasma imbibition in every layer of the vessel wall. At seven days it was restricted to the outer third of the media and the adventitia. The endothelium is acting as the main barrier to mural plasma imbibition and in the case of a permeability disorder only the elastic lamellae constitute a temporary mechanical obstacle to the ingression of plasma.", "contents": "Permeability of the post-ischemic rat aorta. The time course of the vascular permeability disorder following upon acute hypoxia and the fate of plasma substances entering the vessel wall in consequence of increased permeability were studied on the rat abdominal aorta rendered hypoxic for one hour by double ligature and recirculated for periods ranging from one hour to 30 days. The distribution and quantity of mural plasma inhibition were determined histochemically by means of a colloidal iron tracer and Prussian blue reaction and by photometric analysis, respectively. Plasma imbibition reached its maximum after recirculation for 24 to 48 hours and fell to an almost normal level after 10 days. Administration of the colloidal iron tracer on the second day of recirculation, when the permeability disorder was at its peak, showed plasma imbibition in every layer of the vessel wall. At seven days it was restricted to the outer third of the media and the adventitia. The endothelium is acting as the main barrier to mural plasma imbibition and in the case of a permeability disorder only the elastic lamellae constitute a temporary mechanical obstacle to the ingression of plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:1211262", "title": "Effect of triiodothyronine treatment, thyroparathyroidectomy and mercaptoiminazole treatment on enchondral bone growth. Changes in the histological structure of the growth organ.", "content": "Histological changes caused by triiodothyronine (T3) and mercaptoiminazole treatment as well as by thyroidectomy have been studied in the proximal growth organ of the tibia of growing rats. On triiodothyronine treatment morphometric examinations revealed an increased proliferation and resorption of cartilage associated with a transitory acceleration of linear bone growth. Administration of mercaptoiminazole and thyroidectomy inhibited cartilage proliferation and resorption resulting in a slowing down of bone growth.", "contents": "Effect of triiodothyronine treatment, thyroparathyroidectomy and mercaptoiminazole treatment on enchondral bone growth. Changes in the histological structure of the growth organ. Histological changes caused by triiodothyronine (T3) and mercaptoiminazole treatment as well as by thyroidectomy have been studied in the proximal growth organ of the tibia of growing rats. On triiodothyronine treatment morphometric examinations revealed an increased proliferation and resorption of cartilage associated with a transitory acceleration of linear bone growth. Administration of mercaptoiminazole and thyroidectomy inhibited cartilage proliferation and resorption resulting in a slowing down of bone growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1211297", "title": "Plasma elastase levels in the elderly.", "content": "Plasma elastase levels were estimated in 190 patients of both sexes above the age of 65 with the exception of one male subject with prostatic carcinoma who was 51 years of age. There was no significant rise of fall in the elastase levels in subjects above the age of 65, nor was there any difference between the sexes. Higher values compared with the rest of the population were obtained in those subjects with arterial disease and/or cardiac disease. Subjects with cerebrovascular disease had higher values than those with cardiovascular disease. Very low values were obtained in patients suffering from malignant disease, especially carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Plasma elastase levels in the elderly. Plasma elastase levels were estimated in 190 patients of both sexes above the age of 65 with the exception of one male subject with prostatic carcinoma who was 51 years of age. There was no significant rise of fall in the elastase levels in subjects above the age of 65, nor was there any difference between the sexes. Higher values compared with the rest of the population were obtained in those subjects with arterial disease and/or cardiac disease. Subjects with cerebrovascular disease had higher values than those with cardiovascular disease. Very low values were obtained in patients suffering from malignant disease, especially carcinoma of the prostate."}
{"id": "PMID:1211299", "title": "Bed blocking by elderly patients in general-hospital wards.", "content": "A point prevalence survey, using a questionnaire, was performed in three general hospitals to investigate the problem of elderly patients blocking acute-hospital beds. A total of 1010 occupied general beds were surveyed and all patients, over the age of 60 years, who had been in hospital more than four weeks, and who, in the opinion of medical and nursing staff, were no longer in need of the facilities of a general hospital, were investigated. Forty-eight patients (4.8 per cent of the total) were found to be genuinely in bed inappropriate to their needs. Rehabilitation, together with assessment of these patients, appeared disorganized and lacked consistency, and decisions regarding suitable 'disposal' appeared to be made without sufficient consultation and conformed to no detectable pattern. The main reason for the continuing bed occupancy of the patients was the length of the waiting lists for alternative residential accommodation and the main single medical factor preventing discharge home or to a hostel was the problem of mobility. By interviewing staff and patients and scrutinizing the questionnaires, it was found that 23 patients (48 per cent) were only suitable for transfer to a long-stay hospital. Of these, however, 15 (31 per cent) could be placed in specialized accommodation if some degree of nursing care, at present not available, was provided.", "contents": "Bed blocking by elderly patients in general-hospital wards. A point prevalence survey, using a questionnaire, was performed in three general hospitals to investigate the problem of elderly patients blocking acute-hospital beds. A total of 1010 occupied general beds were surveyed and all patients, over the age of 60 years, who had been in hospital more than four weeks, and who, in the opinion of medical and nursing staff, were no longer in need of the facilities of a general hospital, were investigated. Forty-eight patients (4.8 per cent of the total) were found to be genuinely in bed inappropriate to their needs. Rehabilitation, together with assessment of these patients, appeared disorganized and lacked consistency, and decisions regarding suitable 'disposal' appeared to be made without sufficient consultation and conformed to no detectable pattern. The main reason for the continuing bed occupancy of the patients was the length of the waiting lists for alternative residential accommodation and the main single medical factor preventing discharge home or to a hostel was the problem of mobility. By interviewing staff and patients and scrutinizing the questionnaires, it was found that 23 patients (48 per cent) were only suitable for transfer to a long-stay hospital. Of these, however, 15 (31 per cent) could be placed in specialized accommodation if some degree of nursing care, at present not available, was provided."}
{"id": "PMID:1211300", "title": "Reviews after one and five years in a longitudinal study of ageing persons.", "content": "A simple random sample of older people composed of 215 men and 272 women aged 62 years and over was examined in Edinburgh in 1968-9. After one year, 86 per cent of the men and 79 per cent of the women were re-examined; 7 per cent of the men and 4 per cent of the women had died and the remainder were not re-examined for various reasons, mainly refusal. After five years, 53 per cent of the men and 54 per cent of the women were re-examined; 36 per cent of the men and 22 per cent of the women had died and the remainder were not re-examined mainly because of various types of refusal. Causes of death resembled in frequency and sex differences those reported by the Registrar General. Methods used in tracing and improving cooperation of subjects are described.", "contents": "Reviews after one and five years in a longitudinal study of ageing persons. A simple random sample of older people composed of 215 men and 272 women aged 62 years and over was examined in Edinburgh in 1968-9. After one year, 86 per cent of the men and 79 per cent of the women were re-examined; 7 per cent of the men and 4 per cent of the women had died and the remainder were not re-examined for various reasons, mainly refusal. After five years, 53 per cent of the men and 54 per cent of the women were re-examined; 36 per cent of the men and 22 per cent of the women had died and the remainder were not re-examined mainly because of various types of refusal. Causes of death resembled in frequency and sex differences those reported by the Registrar General. Methods used in tracing and improving cooperation of subjects are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1211301", "title": "Control of warfarin therapy in the elderly.", "content": "Eighty patients over 65 years old with satisfactory coagulation control with Warfarin were selected and analysed to determine factors predictive of dose. Age followed by urea were the important predictors. Albumin, globulin, sex, weight and T3 uptake were not significant factors. It is concluded that care should be taken when Warfarin is given to older patients, particularly those with high blood-urea levels.", "contents": "Control of warfarin therapy in the elderly. Eighty patients over 65 years old with satisfactory coagulation control with Warfarin were selected and analysed to determine factors predictive of dose. Age followed by urea were the important predictors. Albumin, globulin, sex, weight and T3 uptake were not significant factors. It is concluded that care should be taken when Warfarin is given to older patients, particularly those with high blood-urea levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1211304", "title": "Causes for reduced dietary intake in a long-stay hospital.", "content": "The food and nutrient intake of 98 patients in a long-stay geriatric hospital was measured. Intakes of nicotinic acid and iron were reduced in patients requiring help with feeding because of physical disability. This was related to a reduced intake of meat and fish, bread and vegetables other than potatoes. A more generalized reduction in food and nutrient intakes was found in patients with severe mental impairment. Possible causes and remedies for these associations are discussed.", "contents": "Causes for reduced dietary intake in a long-stay hospital. The food and nutrient intake of 98 patients in a long-stay geriatric hospital was measured. Intakes of nicotinic acid and iron were reduced in patients requiring help with feeding because of physical disability. This was related to a reduced intake of meat and fish, bread and vegetables other than potatoes. A more generalized reduction in food and nutrient intakes was found in patients with severe mental impairment. Possible causes and remedies for these associations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211305", "title": "The identification of the medical and social needs of the elderly in the community: a pilot survey.", "content": "A pilot study, covering 237 old people over the age of 75 years, was carried out by two Health Visitors in a Group Practice. Medical and social needs were tabulated and the amount of health visiting time calculated for such a service in a Health Board area covering a total population of 330 000.", "contents": "The identification of the medical and social needs of the elderly in the community: a pilot survey. A pilot study, covering 237 old people over the age of 75 years, was carried out by two Health Visitors in a Group Practice. Medical and social needs were tabulated and the amount of health visiting time calculated for such a service in a Health Board area covering a total population of 330 000."}
{"id": "PMID:1211306", "title": "The mechanism whereby growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) inhibits food stimulated gastric acid secretion in the cat.", "content": "Growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) inhibits the gastric acid response to food in concious cats. We have confirmed that this tetradecapeptide blocks the food stimulated gastrin release. However, the inhibition of gastrin release is delayed relative to that of acid secretion, &howing that the inhibition of food stimulated acid secretion is by primary effect on the acid secretory mechanism. No evidence was found of potentiation of either the gastric acid output or serum concentration of gastric in response to food.", "contents": "The mechanism whereby growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) inhibits food stimulated gastric acid secretion in the cat. Growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) inhibits the gastric acid response to food in concious cats. We have confirmed that this tetradecapeptide blocks the food stimulated gastrin release. However, the inhibition of gastrin release is delayed relative to that of acid secretion, &howing that the inhibition of food stimulated acid secretion is by primary effect on the acid secretory mechanism. No evidence was found of potentiation of either the gastric acid output or serum concentration of gastric in response to food."}
{"id": "PMID:1211307", "title": "An anti-inflammatory substance in normal human plasma.", "content": "A substance of low molecular weight, below 1000 daltons, has been separated from normal human plasma by a stepwise process involving ultrafiltration followed by column chromatography. The spectrum of anti-inflammatory activity of the active fraction in a variety of animal models shows that it is most active in situations in which the emigration of circulating leucocytes plays the more prominent role. The fraction exerts a selective action on the release of chemotactic factors after the activation in vitro of the complement cascade by the alternate but not by the classical pathway. The existence of the plasma fraction raises several interesting queries. Is it part of the naturally occurring control mechanisms in inflammation? What is its relevance to human disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, and do conventional antirheumatic drugs interact with it? Does its lack of activity against chemical mediators of inflammation and their generating systems throw any light on the importance of these materials in inflammatory reactions?", "contents": "An anti-inflammatory substance in normal human plasma. A substance of low molecular weight, below 1000 daltons, has been separated from normal human plasma by a stepwise process involving ultrafiltration followed by column chromatography. The spectrum of anti-inflammatory activity of the active fraction in a variety of animal models shows that it is most active in situations in which the emigration of circulating leucocytes plays the more prominent role. The fraction exerts a selective action on the release of chemotactic factors after the activation in vitro of the complement cascade by the alternate but not by the classical pathway. The existence of the plasma fraction raises several interesting queries. Is it part of the naturally occurring control mechanisms in inflammation? What is its relevance to human disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, and do conventional antirheumatic drugs interact with it? Does its lack of activity against chemical mediators of inflammation and their generating systems throw any light on the importance of these materials in inflammatory reactions?"}
{"id": "PMID:1211308", "title": "Changes in cellular enzyme levels and the inhibition of selective release of lysosomal hydrolases from macrophages by indomethacin.", "content": "Indomethacin increases the cellular levels of several lysosomal enzymes in cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to the drug for periods of time ranging from one day to four weeks. This increase can be blocked by puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Pretreatment of macrophages with indomethacin inhibits the selective release of lysosomal enzymes induced by a C-mucopolysaccharide peptidoglycan complex purified from the cell walls of Group A streptococci.", "contents": "Changes in cellular enzyme levels and the inhibition of selective release of lysosomal hydrolases from macrophages by indomethacin. Indomethacin increases the cellular levels of several lysosomal enzymes in cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to the drug for periods of time ranging from one day to four weeks. This increase can be blocked by puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Pretreatment of macrophages with indomethacin inhibits the selective release of lysosomal enzymes induced by a C-mucopolysaccharide peptidoglycan complex purified from the cell walls of Group A streptococci."}
{"id": "PMID:1211309", "title": "Inhibiting effects of morphine, chloroquine, nonsteroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on electrically-induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum and the reversing effect of prostaglandins.", "content": "Twelve different non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), five steroidal antinflammatory drugs, morphine and chloroquine have been added at various concentrations to in vitro electrically-stimulated preparations of guinea-pig ileum. They all inhibit the electrically-induced contractions. Prostaglandins E as well as nicotine reverse this inhibition. These reversing effects are less evident on totally inhibiting drug concentrations than on partially inhibiting drug concentrations. It is suggested that this inhibiting effect could be due mostly to nervous as well as muscular membrane permeability changes induced by these drugs and not to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis which could be only proposed as partial explanation for NSAID effects. The reversing action of nicotine could be related to a release of acetylcholine while a sensitization of guinea-pig ileum smooth muscle to acetylcholine could explain the reversing properties of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Inhibiting effects of morphine, chloroquine, nonsteroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on electrically-induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum and the reversing effect of prostaglandins. Twelve different non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), five steroidal antinflammatory drugs, morphine and chloroquine have been added at various concentrations to in vitro electrically-stimulated preparations of guinea-pig ileum. They all inhibit the electrically-induced contractions. Prostaglandins E as well as nicotine reverse this inhibition. These reversing effects are less evident on totally inhibiting drug concentrations than on partially inhibiting drug concentrations. It is suggested that this inhibiting effect could be due mostly to nervous as well as muscular membrane permeability changes induced by these drugs and not to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis which could be only proposed as partial explanation for NSAID effects. The reversing action of nicotine could be related to a release of acetylcholine while a sensitization of guinea-pig ileum smooth muscle to acetylcholine could explain the reversing properties of prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:1211310", "title": "Enhancement of carrageenin foot oedema by 1,10 -phenanthroline and evidence for the bradykinin as endogenous mediator.", "content": "Carrageenin oedema in enhanced by the simultaneous injection in the rat paw of 1,10-phenanthroline, a kininase inhibitor. The analysis of the time-course of this enhancement showed that the maximal effect was observed about 3 hours after the injection. This enhancement was also present when the oedema-producing agent was cellulose sulphate, a kinin-releasing compound. On the contrary, oedema induced by eggwhite as well as by dextran, which are mainly mediated by histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, were unaffected by 1,10-phenanthroline. These results further support the role of kinins in the pathogenesis of carrageenin oedema.", "contents": "Enhancement of carrageenin foot oedema by 1,10 -phenanthroline and evidence for the bradykinin as endogenous mediator. Carrageenin oedema in enhanced by the simultaneous injection in the rat paw of 1,10-phenanthroline, a kininase inhibitor. The analysis of the time-course of this enhancement showed that the maximal effect was observed about 3 hours after the injection. This enhancement was also present when the oedema-producing agent was cellulose sulphate, a kinin-releasing compound. On the contrary, oedema induced by eggwhite as well as by dextran, which are mainly mediated by histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, were unaffected by 1,10-phenanthroline. These results further support the role of kinins in the pathogenesis of carrageenin oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:1211311", "title": "The response of the newborn rat to intraleural dextran: vascular and cellular aspects.", "content": "The development of hind paw oedema, in response to dextran injected in to the pleural cavity of rats, has been shown to differ with the age of rat studied. It was found that newborn rats were less responsive than adults, with respect to oedema formation induced by dextran. Attempts to suppress the dextran-indu.ced foot oedema using mepyramine and cyproheptadine, were successful only in rats from the adult age group. A semiquantitative analysis was made of the inflammatory cellular exudate produced by the intrapleural injection of dextran into rats of different ages. In contrast to the reaction of adult rats, it was found that accumulation of polymorphs in the pleura of newborn animals was delayed. The polymorph was the dominant cell type found in exudates induced either by intrapleural saline or dextran, in rats from the 6-hour age group. This contrasted strikingly with comparable exudates induced in adult rats, whose major cell type was the mononuclear cell (after saline), and the polymorph, followed by the mononuclear cell (after dextran). Fewer cells were observed in the reaction of 6-hour-old rats, compared with 7-day-old animals following intrapleural injection of the same volume of a 6-percent solution of dextran.", "contents": "The response of the newborn rat to intraleural dextran: vascular and cellular aspects. The development of hind paw oedema, in response to dextran injected in to the pleural cavity of rats, has been shown to differ with the age of rat studied. It was found that newborn rats were less responsive than adults, with respect to oedema formation induced by dextran. Attempts to suppress the dextran-indu.ced foot oedema using mepyramine and cyproheptadine, were successful only in rats from the adult age group. A semiquantitative analysis was made of the inflammatory cellular exudate produced by the intrapleural injection of dextran into rats of different ages. In contrast to the reaction of adult rats, it was found that accumulation of polymorphs in the pleura of newborn animals was delayed. The polymorph was the dominant cell type found in exudates induced either by intrapleural saline or dextran, in rats from the 6-hour age group. This contrasted strikingly with comparable exudates induced in adult rats, whose major cell type was the mononuclear cell (after saline), and the polymorph, followed by the mononuclear cell (after dextran). Fewer cells were observed in the reaction of 6-hour-old rats, compared with 7-day-old animals following intrapleural injection of the same volume of a 6-percent solution of dextran."}
{"id": "PMID:1211312", "title": "Effect of calcitonin on carrageenan foot oedema.", "content": "The effect of salmon calcitonin (SCT) on acute inflammation was tested in carrageenan induced foot oedema of the rat. A considerable inhibition of the oedema was obtained with 20 MRC U/kg of SCT. The injection of SCT is followed by decrease of calcemia. A hypothesis of possible inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and/or release, caused by decrease of calcemia, is advanced.", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin on carrageenan foot oedema. The effect of salmon calcitonin (SCT) on acute inflammation was tested in carrageenan induced foot oedema of the rat. A considerable inhibition of the oedema was obtained with 20 MRC U/kg of SCT. The injection of SCT is followed by decrease of calcemia. A hypothesis of possible inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and/or release, caused by decrease of calcemia, is advanced."}
{"id": "PMID:1211313", "title": "Some special respiratory effects of CO2 in pigeons.", "content": "Injections of CO2-gas have been made into an abdominal air-sac of pigeons. The resulting alterations of respiratory rate and of breathing efforts are dose-dependent and easily reproducible. The receptive zones for these effects do not seem to be located in the air-way system itself; they may be in the respiratory center. Some data provide further evidence for the assumption that the ventilation of the abdominal air-sacs is mainly one-directional, from outside to gas-exchange compartments. Panting increases the ventilation of the abdominal air-sacs.", "contents": "Some special respiratory effects of CO2 in pigeons. Injections of CO2-gas have been made into an abdominal air-sac of pigeons. The resulting alterations of respiratory rate and of breathing efforts are dose-dependent and easily reproducible. The receptive zones for these effects do not seem to be located in the air-way system itself; they may be in the respiratory center. Some data provide further evidence for the assumption that the ventilation of the abdominal air-sacs is mainly one-directional, from outside to gas-exchange compartments. Panting increases the ventilation of the abdominal air-sacs."}
{"id": "PMID:1211314", "title": "Effects of seven anthracycline antibiotics on electrocardiogram and mitochondrial function of rat hearts.", "content": "Daunomycin, adriamycin and 5 semisynthetic anthracycline antibiotics inhibited oxygen consumption or ATP production of rat heart mitochondria in vitro. The no-effect levels varied depending on the substrate used and ranged from 1 nmole per mg mitochondrial protein. Mitochondrial functions were also studied in hearts of rats treated with repeated i.p. injections of the 7 antibiotics. Decrease in oxygen consumption without change in ATP production was observed with adriamycin and NSC-149584. Daunomycin, NSC-164011, NSC-143496 NSC-143114 affected primarily ATP production. The most potent compounds were daunomycin and adriamycin which damaged mitochondrial function at cummulative doses of approximately 10 mg/kg. ECGs were monitored in groups of equally treated rats. Cardiotoxicity manifested itself by progressive widening of the QRS complex often followed by the development of a S-wave trough. The most toxic compounds also induced intraventricular block, bradycardia and heart failure. The development of the ECG changes showed a good correlation with the impairment of mitochondrial function.", "contents": "Effects of seven anthracycline antibiotics on electrocardiogram and mitochondrial function of rat hearts. Daunomycin, adriamycin and 5 semisynthetic anthracycline antibiotics inhibited oxygen consumption or ATP production of rat heart mitochondria in vitro. The no-effect levels varied depending on the substrate used and ranged from 1 nmole per mg mitochondrial protein. Mitochondrial functions were also studied in hearts of rats treated with repeated i.p. injections of the 7 antibiotics. Decrease in oxygen consumption without change in ATP production was observed with adriamycin and NSC-149584. Daunomycin, NSC-164011, NSC-143496 NSC-143114 affected primarily ATP production. The most potent compounds were daunomycin and adriamycin which damaged mitochondrial function at cummulative doses of approximately 10 mg/kg. ECGs were monitored in groups of equally treated rats. Cardiotoxicity manifested itself by progressive widening of the QRS complex often followed by the development of a S-wave trough. The most toxic compounds also induced intraventricular block, bradycardia and heart failure. The development of the ECG changes showed a good correlation with the impairment of mitochondrial function."}
{"id": "PMID:1211315", "title": "The systematic appraisal of cellular injury.", "content": "From a study of the ultrastructural effects of numerous injuries agents on cultured kidney and liver cells, a check-list has been drawn up which summarizes all of the changes observed in subcellular components. The checklist resembles a multiple-choice test. Its use would permit greater standardization among workers reporting ultrastructural alterations observed in injured cells. It would also increase the objectivity with which cell injury can be assessed by electron microscopy. The checklist is suitable for use in computer-based programs designed to characterize types of cellular injury and for seeking correlations in ultrastructural changes arising from different forms of treatment.", "contents": "The systematic appraisal of cellular injury. From a study of the ultrastructural effects of numerous injuries agents on cultured kidney and liver cells, a check-list has been drawn up which summarizes all of the changes observed in subcellular components. The checklist resembles a multiple-choice test. Its use would permit greater standardization among workers reporting ultrastructural alterations observed in injured cells. It would also increase the objectivity with which cell injury can be assessed by electron microscopy. The checklist is suitable for use in computer-based programs designed to characterize types of cellular injury and for seeking correlations in ultrastructural changes arising from different forms of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1211342", "title": "A new mass sensor for respirable dust measurement.", "content": "A new portable instrument measures mass concentration in the 100 mug/m3 range of airborne dust particles smaller than 10 mum. An electrostatic precipitator desposits particles as small as 0.01 mum onto a piezoelectric micro-balance sensor. The instrument utilizes digital readout and a built-in sensor cleaner.", "contents": "A new mass sensor for respirable dust measurement. A new portable instrument measures mass concentration in the 100 mug/m3 range of airborne dust particles smaller than 10 mum. An electrostatic precipitator desposits particles as small as 0.01 mum onto a piezoelectric micro-balance sensor. The instrument utilizes digital readout and a built-in sensor cleaner."}
{"id": "PMID:1211343", "title": "Elevated urinary phenol levels not related to benzene exposure.", "content": "Two common over-the-counter medications may elevate urinary phenol to levels exceeding 75 mg/liter (ppm). This study presents data indicating that it is invalid to correct urinary phenol levels to specific gravity of 1.024. Animal studies indicate that having elevated urinary phenol levels secondary to phenyl salicylate ingestion are not harmful.", "contents": "Elevated urinary phenol levels not related to benzene exposure. Two common over-the-counter medications may elevate urinary phenol to levels exceeding 75 mg/liter (ppm). This study presents data indicating that it is invalid to correct urinary phenol levels to specific gravity of 1.024. Animal studies indicate that having elevated urinary phenol levels secondary to phenyl salicylate ingestion are not harmful."}
{"id": "PMID:1211344", "title": "The rapid counting and sizing of fibers in a mixture using an IITRI-modified coulter counter.", "content": "Fibers can be counted and sized in the presence of other particle shapes using a modified Coulter Counter tube. With the modifications, only particles of a pre-selected projected area reach the sensor. Since particle volume is sensed, particles with volumes greater than the unit volume corresponding to the projected area are fibers.", "contents": "The rapid counting and sizing of fibers in a mixture using an IITRI-modified coulter counter. Fibers can be counted and sized in the presence of other particle shapes using a modified Coulter Counter tube. With the modifications, only particles of a pre-selected projected area reach the sensor. Since particle volume is sensed, particles with volumes greater than the unit volume corresponding to the projected area are fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:1211345", "title": "An extractive method for determination of benzene in blood by gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic procedure has been developed using toluene extraction for the analysis of benzene in hemolyzed blood. No sample incubation is required and only small quantities of blood (0.2 to 0.5 g) are needed. Levels as low as 0.5 mug benzene per gram of blood have been determined.", "contents": "An extractive method for determination of benzene in blood by gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic procedure has been developed using toluene extraction for the analysis of benzene in hemolyzed blood. No sample incubation is required and only small quantities of blood (0.2 to 0.5 g) are needed. Levels as low as 0.5 mug benzene per gram of blood have been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1211353", "title": "Community noise criteria.", "content": "In the fields of community noise abatement and municipal planning, there are new requirements to define an environment of varying noise level by a single number rating method that correlates well with the subjective response of human beings. Typical criteria, either in use of proposed, are LN numbers (noise levels exceeded N% of the time), Leq (the equivalent sound level in dB(A) ), LNP (the Noise Pollution Level), and Ldn (the day-night average sound level in dB(A) ). Instruments available include an environmental noise classifier, a statistical distribution analyzer/recorder combination, and a digital sampling system for field measurements for subsequent interrogation by a programmable calculator.", "contents": "Community noise criteria. In the fields of community noise abatement and municipal planning, there are new requirements to define an environment of varying noise level by a single number rating method that correlates well with the subjective response of human beings. Typical criteria, either in use of proposed, are LN numbers (noise levels exceeded N% of the time), Leq (the equivalent sound level in dB(A) ), LNP (the Noise Pollution Level), and Ldn (the day-night average sound level in dB(A) ). Instruments available include an environmental noise classifier, a statistical distribution analyzer/recorder combination, and a digital sampling system for field measurements for subsequent interrogation by a programmable calculator."}
{"id": "PMID:1211356", "title": "An aerosol generator of high stability.", "content": "This paper reports on the use of a syringe pump to provide a constant liquid flow to an atomizer to obtain an aerosol generator of high stability. This syringe-pump atomizer has also been used with a vaporizer-condenser to generate monodisperse DOP (di-octyl phthalate) aerosols in the 0.032 to 1 mum diameter range.", "contents": "An aerosol generator of high stability. This paper reports on the use of a syringe pump to provide a constant liquid flow to an atomizer to obtain an aerosol generator of high stability. This syringe-pump atomizer has also been used with a vaporizer-condenser to generate monodisperse DOP (di-octyl phthalate) aerosols in the 0.032 to 1 mum diameter range."}
{"id": "PMID:1211357", "title": "Calibration of mercury vapor monitors by permeation.", "content": "The permeation system described provides constant concentrations of mercury in air. They can be selected at will and introduced into one or more of the instruments to be calibrated. The concentration of mercury in the permeation stream is simultaneously reocrded by a reference ultraviolet photometer.", "contents": "Calibration of mercury vapor monitors by permeation. The permeation system described provides constant concentrations of mercury in air. They can be selected at will and introduced into one or more of the instruments to be calibrated. The concentration of mercury in the permeation stream is simultaneously reocrded by a reference ultraviolet photometer."}
{"id": "PMID:1211358", "title": "Control of cobalt exposures during wet process tungsten carbide grinding.", "content": "Pneumoconiosis has been reported in tungsten carbide manufacture; past studies have suggested that adverse cobalt exposures may occur from wet process tungsten carbide grinding. This study shows that wet process tungsten carbide grinding without local exhaust can cause adverse cobalt exposures. Controls are summarized.", "contents": "Control of cobalt exposures during wet process tungsten carbide grinding. Pneumoconiosis has been reported in tungsten carbide manufacture; past studies have suggested that adverse cobalt exposures may occur from wet process tungsten carbide grinding. This study shows that wet process tungsten carbide grinding without local exhaust can cause adverse cobalt exposures. Controls are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:1211359", "title": "Steady state respiratory responses to tasks used in Federal testing of self-contained breathing apparatus.", "content": "A portion of Title 30, Part II, CFR calls for a Man Test, which is a series of regimens performed with a breathing apparatus. The respiratory responses to the tasks in the Man Test were established on coal miners and students. Based on these responses, the minimal metabolic requirements were derived for the use of breathing apparatuses with a service life of 30 minutes or more.", "contents": "Steady state respiratory responses to tasks used in Federal testing of self-contained breathing apparatus. A portion of Title 30, Part II, CFR calls for a Man Test, which is a series of regimens performed with a breathing apparatus. The respiratory responses to the tasks in the Man Test were established on coal miners and students. Based on these responses, the minimal metabolic requirements were derived for the use of breathing apparatuses with a service life of 30 minutes or more."}
{"id": "PMID:1211360", "title": "A piezoelectric crystal dosimeter for monitoring mercury vapor in industrial atmospheres.", "content": "A personal dosimeter for mercury vapor in air based on the use of a piezoelectric sensor with a selective coating has been developed and evaluated. The sensor is a gravimetric device which indicates an integrated total exposure to mercury vapor.", "contents": "A piezoelectric crystal dosimeter for monitoring mercury vapor in industrial atmospheres. A personal dosimeter for mercury vapor in air based on the use of a piezoelectric sensor with a selective coating has been developed and evaluated. The sensor is a gravimetric device which indicates an integrated total exposure to mercury vapor."}
{"id": "PMID:1211361", "title": "Effects of fluorocarbons 11 and 12 on tracheobronchial particle deposition and clearance in donkeys.", "content": "Donkeys were exposed to trichlorofluoromethane (FC11), dichlorodifluoromethane (FC12) and an equivolume mixture of the two to determine their effects on tracheobronchial particle deposition and mucociliary clearance. There was no statistically significant evidence of changes beyond those variations observed in corresponding air control tests.", "contents": "Effects of fluorocarbons 11 and 12 on tracheobronchial particle deposition and clearance in donkeys. Donkeys were exposed to trichlorofluoromethane (FC11), dichlorodifluoromethane (FC12) and an equivolume mixture of the two to determine their effects on tracheobronchial particle deposition and mucociliary clearance. There was no statistically significant evidence of changes beyond those variations observed in corresponding air control tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1211362", "title": "A statistical analysis of asbestos fiber counting in the laboratory and industrial environment.", "content": "The reproducibility of standard fiber counts in the laboratory and four industrial plants is discussed in detail. Under field conditions the standard deviation of the results varied between 0.4-1.2 f/ml. Under ideal laboratory conditions the standard deviations of the counts were approximately 0.2 f/ml. It is concluded that the standard method is sufficiently precise for industrial measurements.", "contents": "A statistical analysis of asbestos fiber counting in the laboratory and industrial environment. The reproducibility of standard fiber counts in the laboratory and four industrial plants is discussed in detail. Under field conditions the standard deviation of the results varied between 0.4-1.2 f/ml. Under ideal laboratory conditions the standard deviations of the counts were approximately 0.2 f/ml. It is concluded that the standard method is sufficiently precise for industrial measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:1211367", "title": "Cortical cytoplasm and configurational changes of RGC-6 cells exposed to cytochalasin B.", "content": "RGC-6 cells, grown to confluency in monolayer cultures, are typically fusiform. In sections of these cells, fixed in situ and examined in the electron microscope, a discontinuous zone of cortical cytoplasm (5-4 nm wide), was found subjacent to the plasma membrane of the free surface. It was composed largely of 5-7 nm microfilaments distributed in an apparently irregular network and appeared to comprise a discrete zone separating the plasma membrane from the underlying endoplasm. Following incubation with cytodhalasin B (5 mug/ml), the configuration of the cells changed markedly. The perikaryal cytoplasm appeared to swell, while the cellular processes became attenuated and often terminated in flower-like tips. Although more discontinuous and somewhat less dense, the fine structure of the cortical cytoplasm appeared little affected by incubation with cytochalasin B for one hour. By 48 hours no zone of cortical cytoplasm was found. Subplasmalemmal microfilaments were no longer identifiable and endoplasmic organelles were found in direct contact with the plasma membrane of the free surface, which appeared to have collapsed onto the underlying endoplasm. The change in cell configuration resulting from exposure to cytochalasin B occurred at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C, suggesting a dependency on metabolic activity. It did not, however, appeared related directly to protein synthesis. Whereas incorporation of 3H-leucine was decreased to 46.9% and 62.9% of control values after one hour or two hours exposure to cytochalasin B, respectively, no change was found after 24 or 48 hours. It is suggested that the effect of cytochalasin B on cell form, which appeared not to be a direct effect on either protein synthesis or subplasmalemmal microfilaments, may represent a primary response of the cortical cytoplasmic matrix.", "contents": "Cortical cytoplasm and configurational changes of RGC-6 cells exposed to cytochalasin B. RGC-6 cells, grown to confluency in monolayer cultures, are typically fusiform. In sections of these cells, fixed in situ and examined in the electron microscope, a discontinuous zone of cortical cytoplasm (5-4 nm wide), was found subjacent to the plasma membrane of the free surface. It was composed largely of 5-7 nm microfilaments distributed in an apparently irregular network and appeared to comprise a discrete zone separating the plasma membrane from the underlying endoplasm. Following incubation with cytodhalasin B (5 mug/ml), the configuration of the cells changed markedly. The perikaryal cytoplasm appeared to swell, while the cellular processes became attenuated and often terminated in flower-like tips. Although more discontinuous and somewhat less dense, the fine structure of the cortical cytoplasm appeared little affected by incubation with cytochalasin B for one hour. By 48 hours no zone of cortical cytoplasm was found. Subplasmalemmal microfilaments were no longer identifiable and endoplasmic organelles were found in direct contact with the plasma membrane of the free surface, which appeared to have collapsed onto the underlying endoplasm. The change in cell configuration resulting from exposure to cytochalasin B occurred at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C, suggesting a dependency on metabolic activity. It did not, however, appeared related directly to protein synthesis. Whereas incorporation of 3H-leucine was decreased to 46.9% and 62.9% of control values after one hour or two hours exposure to cytochalasin B, respectively, no change was found after 24 or 48 hours. It is suggested that the effect of cytochalasin B on cell form, which appeared not to be a direct effect on either protein synthesis or subplasmalemmal microfilaments, may represent a primary response of the cortical cytoplasmic matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:1211368", "title": "A light and electron microscopic study on the embryonic development of the rat carotid body.", "content": "The embryonic development of the rat carotid body was studied with electron microscopy. In the 11 mm embryo a cell aggregation consisting of undifferentiated cells and unmyelinated nerve fibers appears on the anterior wall of the third branchial artery. Granule-containing cells appear in the 12 mm embryo and continue to increase in number as the cellular aggregation increases in size and becomes separated from the wall of the third branchial artery. Synapse formation and the appearance of fenestrated capillaries occur almost simultaneously at the 17 mm stage. There are two types of synapses, one with membrane densification and vesicles clustered inside the nerve endings, the other with dense material and vesicles inside the granule-containing cells. At the 20 mm stage the undifferentiated cells send enveloping cytoplasmic processes toward adjacent granule-containing cells and the carotid body anlage displays rudimentary lobules.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic study on the embryonic development of the rat carotid body. The embryonic development of the rat carotid body was studied with electron microscopy. In the 11 mm embryo a cell aggregation consisting of undifferentiated cells and unmyelinated nerve fibers appears on the anterior wall of the third branchial artery. Granule-containing cells appear in the 12 mm embryo and continue to increase in number as the cellular aggregation increases in size and becomes separated from the wall of the third branchial artery. Synapse formation and the appearance of fenestrated capillaries occur almost simultaneously at the 17 mm stage. There are two types of synapses, one with membrane densification and vesicles clustered inside the nerve endings, the other with dense material and vesicles inside the granule-containing cells. At the 20 mm stage the undifferentiated cells send enveloping cytoplasmic processes toward adjacent granule-containing cells and the carotid body anlage displays rudimentary lobules."}
{"id": "PMID:1211369", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of normal rat liver: the surface structure of its cells and tissue components.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allows the surface ultrastructure of intrahepatic cells and other tissue components of liver to be delineated. Excellent depth of focus of the SEM makes it possible to visualize surfaces of intact cells in their native configurations. This report details the surface characteristics and inter-relationships of hepatocytes and hepatic plates, sinusoidal endothelial cells and sinusoids, presumed Kupffer cells, vessels, bile ducts, connective tissue, and the capsule of rat liver. Hepatocytes present three structurally distinctive faces--the intercellular face containing flat surfaces and bile canaliculus, the sinusoidal face, and the connective tissue face which abuts portal tracts and hepatic veins. Sinusoidal endothelium is penetrated by large (1 to 3 mum) and small (0.1 mum) fenestrae, the latter occurring in clusters of up to 50. The width of bile canaliculi and distribution of large fenestrae vary proximodistally along hepatic plate or sinusoid. The cells of portal bile ductules contain microvilli located in linear rows and sparse cilia. Endothelium of hepatic artery and of portal vein is sparsely fenestrated.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of normal rat liver: the surface structure of its cells and tissue components. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allows the surface ultrastructure of intrahepatic cells and other tissue components of liver to be delineated. Excellent depth of focus of the SEM makes it possible to visualize surfaces of intact cells in their native configurations. This report details the surface characteristics and inter-relationships of hepatocytes and hepatic plates, sinusoidal endothelial cells and sinusoids, presumed Kupffer cells, vessels, bile ducts, connective tissue, and the capsule of rat liver. Hepatocytes present three structurally distinctive faces--the intercellular face containing flat surfaces and bile canaliculus, the sinusoidal face, and the connective tissue face which abuts portal tracts and hepatic veins. Sinusoidal endothelium is penetrated by large (1 to 3 mum) and small (0.1 mum) fenestrae, the latter occurring in clusters of up to 50. The width of bile canaliculi and distribution of large fenestrae vary proximodistally along hepatic plate or sinusoid. The cells of portal bile ductules contain microvilli located in linear rows and sparse cilia. Endothelium of hepatic artery and of portal vein is sparsely fenestrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1211371", "title": "Morphological diversity of oocytes released from the adult mouse ovary.", "content": "This study was designed to classify and differentiate the population of oocytes released from the mouse ovary by mechanical means. Liberated oocytes were classified on the basis of their number, size and by the nature of the attachment of follicle cells to these oocytes. Microscopical examination of oocytes mechanically released from the ovaries revealed three distinct morphological classifications of oocytes: (1) those completely devoid of follicle cells, (2) those encased in follicle cells and (3) those in the process of degeneration. Ooxytes ranged in size from approximatley 30mu to 119mu. Those oocytes surrounded by follicle cells could be further subdivided into two groups depending on whether the follicle cells could be mechanically removed from the oocyte. These data demonstrate that the adult ovary contains a variety of classes of oocytes which differ in size and in the extent to which the follicle cells are attached to the oocytes. It is suggested that the metabolic activities and meiotic potnetials of the various oocyte populations differ and as a result, care should be employed to insure a uniform population of oocytes when conducting further studies sith mechanically liberated oocytes.", "contents": "Morphological diversity of oocytes released from the adult mouse ovary. This study was designed to classify and differentiate the population of oocytes released from the mouse ovary by mechanical means. Liberated oocytes were classified on the basis of their number, size and by the nature of the attachment of follicle cells to these oocytes. Microscopical examination of oocytes mechanically released from the ovaries revealed three distinct morphological classifications of oocytes: (1) those completely devoid of follicle cells, (2) those encased in follicle cells and (3) those in the process of degeneration. Ooxytes ranged in size from approximatley 30mu to 119mu. Those oocytes surrounded by follicle cells could be further subdivided into two groups depending on whether the follicle cells could be mechanically removed from the oocyte. These data demonstrate that the adult ovary contains a variety of classes of oocytes which differ in size and in the extent to which the follicle cells are attached to the oocytes. It is suggested that the metabolic activities and meiotic potnetials of the various oocyte populations differ and as a result, care should be employed to insure a uniform population of oocytes when conducting further studies sith mechanically liberated oocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1211372", "title": "Organ culture of osteopetrotic (ia) rat bone: evidence that the defect is cellular.", "content": "Calvarial bone from osteopetrotic (ia) rats and normal littermates has been cultured in a chemically defined medium supplemented with homologous serum to test for the presence of inhibitors or the absence of promoters of bone resorption in mutant serum. In addition, the response of mutant and normal bone to parathyroid extract and hydrocortisone was tested in vitro. The results indicate that mutant and normal serum do not differ with respect to their ability to support bone resorption and that ia bone responds to hydrocortisone but not parathyroid extract in organ culture. These data indicate that the skeletal defect in ia rats is not humoral but cellular.", "contents": "Organ culture of osteopetrotic (ia) rat bone: evidence that the defect is cellular. Calvarial bone from osteopetrotic (ia) rats and normal littermates has been cultured in a chemically defined medium supplemented with homologous serum to test for the presence of inhibitors or the absence of promoters of bone resorption in mutant serum. In addition, the response of mutant and normal bone to parathyroid extract and hydrocortisone was tested in vitro. The results indicate that mutant and normal serum do not differ with respect to their ability to support bone resorption and that ia bone responds to hydrocortisone but not parathyroid extract in organ culture. These data indicate that the skeletal defect in ia rats is not humoral but cellular."}
{"id": "PMID:1211373", "title": "Junctions between sinusoidal endothelial cells in fetal rat liver.", "content": "During a freeze-fracture study of tight junctions in fetal rat liver (Montesano et al., '75) unusual patterns of intramembranous particles were observed in regions of contact between sinusoidal endothelial cells. These patterns were mainly represented by arrays of particles, often associated with linear elevations or crests in the membrane A-face; they may represent abortive forms of tight junctions.", "contents": "Junctions between sinusoidal endothelial cells in fetal rat liver. During a freeze-fracture study of tight junctions in fetal rat liver (Montesano et al., '75) unusual patterns of intramembranous particles were observed in regions of contact between sinusoidal endothelial cells. These patterns were mainly represented by arrays of particles, often associated with linear elevations or crests in the membrane A-face; they may represent abortive forms of tight junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:1211374", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for the uptake of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in the frog's gustatory cell.", "content": "The fungiform papillae of the frog were examined electron-microscopically after a single injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT). Thirty minutes after 5.6-DHT injection, numerous vesicles partially occupied with dark material were found in the cytoplasm of gustatory cell processes. Three days after the drug treatment, the majority of vesicles were completely filled with dark material so that their limiting membrane became obscure, while the terminal portions of gustatory cells showed no evidence for fine structural alteration indicative of drug retention. In addition, clear vacuoles, suggesting a degenerative change induced by the uptake of the neurotoxic agent, occurred in the cytoplasm of gustatory cell processes. It is suggested that the uptake of 5.6-DHT in gustatory cells may reflect the presence of an indoleamine, probably 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for the uptake of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in the frog's gustatory cell. The fungiform papillae of the frog were examined electron-microscopically after a single injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT). Thirty minutes after 5.6-DHT injection, numerous vesicles partially occupied with dark material were found in the cytoplasm of gustatory cell processes. Three days after the drug treatment, the majority of vesicles were completely filled with dark material so that their limiting membrane became obscure, while the terminal portions of gustatory cells showed no evidence for fine structural alteration indicative of drug retention. In addition, clear vacuoles, suggesting a degenerative change induced by the uptake of the neurotoxic agent, occurred in the cytoplasm of gustatory cell processes. It is suggested that the uptake of 5.6-DHT in gustatory cells may reflect the presence of an indoleamine, probably 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)."}
{"id": "PMID:1211375", "title": "Vinblastine-induced microtubular paracrystals in prolactin cells of anterior pituitary gland of lactating rats.", "content": "Vinblastine sulfate in physiological saline was injected directly into the pituitary glands of lactating rats. Injections were made through the ear canal using a syringe equipped with a 24-gauge needle. The animals were killed at 2, 4, or 6 hours after the injections. When the anterior pituitary glands were examined by electron microscopy, many microtubular paracrystalline deposits were seen in the prolactin and growth hormone cells. The usual cytoplasmic microtubules and microfilaments were not seen in the cytoplasm of these cells. Granular extrusion (exocytosis) was markedly depressed, and an accumulation of secretory granules was definitely observed in the prolactin cells after the administration of vinblastine.", "contents": "Vinblastine-induced microtubular paracrystals in prolactin cells of anterior pituitary gland of lactating rats. Vinblastine sulfate in physiological saline was injected directly into the pituitary glands of lactating rats. Injections were made through the ear canal using a syringe equipped with a 24-gauge needle. The animals were killed at 2, 4, or 6 hours after the injections. When the anterior pituitary glands were examined by electron microscopy, many microtubular paracrystalline deposits were seen in the prolactin and growth hormone cells. The usual cytoplasmic microtubules and microfilaments were not seen in the cytoplasm of these cells. Granular extrusion (exocytosis) was markedly depressed, and an accumulation of secretory granules was definitely observed in the prolactin cells after the administration of vinblastine."}
{"id": "PMID:1211376", "title": "The resurgence of heroin abuse in the District of Columbia.", "content": "Prospectively collected drug abuse trend surveillance data suggest that the rate of heroin use in Washington, D.C. is rising following a two year decline in the magnitude of this problem. Supportive data include increased potency of street level heroin, increased numbers of heroin-related deaths, increased detection of heroin positive urine specimens in the D.C. Superior Court arrestee population, increased demand for addiction treatment services and rising property crime rates. Increased prevalence of heroin use has not yet been associated with an increase in incidence, suggesting that former heroin users have begun to use once again following a period of abstinence. Analysis of heroin specimens seized across the United States suggests that cities formerly dependant upon European (white) heroin have now developed a new heroin distribution system which supplies Mexican (brown) heroin. This has offset the reduction in heroin use observed during 1972-1973 concomitant with the East Coast heroin shortage and widespread introduction of addiction treatment services.", "contents": "The resurgence of heroin abuse in the District of Columbia. Prospectively collected drug abuse trend surveillance data suggest that the rate of heroin use in Washington, D.C. is rising following a two year decline in the magnitude of this problem. Supportive data include increased potency of street level heroin, increased numbers of heroin-related deaths, increased detection of heroin positive urine specimens in the D.C. Superior Court arrestee population, increased demand for addiction treatment services and rising property crime rates. Increased prevalence of heroin use has not yet been associated with an increase in incidence, suggesting that former heroin users have begun to use once again following a period of abstinence. Analysis of heroin specimens seized across the United States suggests that cities formerly dependant upon European (white) heroin have now developed a new heroin distribution system which supplies Mexican (brown) heroin. This has offset the reduction in heroin use observed during 1972-1973 concomitant with the East Coast heroin shortage and widespread introduction of addiction treatment services."}
{"id": "PMID:1211377", "title": "Social sanctions and rituals as a basis for drug abuse prevention.", "content": "This paper will report on preliminary findings of an on-going study of \"controlled\" use of marihuana, psychedelics, and opiates which point to the possibility of minimizing the social costs of illicit drug use via social control. This study, sponsored by The Drug Abuse Council, Inc., a non-profit private foundation, shows that despite the lack of larger cultural support for controlled illicit drug use and other obstacles, users are able to develop and maintain moderate, long-term, nonabusive, i.e., controlled, drug-using patterns. We will show that these patterns are primarily supported by the development of social drug-using situations in which sanctions and rituals permit use while condemning abuse. In the discussion, we will compare the management of controlled use in our sample to the larger culture's handling of alcohol.", "contents": "Social sanctions and rituals as a basis for drug abuse prevention. This paper will report on preliminary findings of an on-going study of \"controlled\" use of marihuana, psychedelics, and opiates which point to the possibility of minimizing the social costs of illicit drug use via social control. This study, sponsored by The Drug Abuse Council, Inc., a non-profit private foundation, shows that despite the lack of larger cultural support for controlled illicit drug use and other obstacles, users are able to develop and maintain moderate, long-term, nonabusive, i.e., controlled, drug-using patterns. We will show that these patterns are primarily supported by the development of social drug-using situations in which sanctions and rituals permit use while condemning abuse. In the discussion, we will compare the management of controlled use in our sample to the larger culture's handling of alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:1211379", "title": "Psychiatric evaluation services to court referred drug users.", "content": "This paper reports on the description and outcome of one hundred youthful drug abusers referred from family court for psychiatric evaluation and treatment recommendation. The average referral, both male and female, was a 16-year-old white Catholic from a middle class background who was diagnosed as having a personality disorder. Significantly more males than females showed pathology in early childhood such as behavior problems in school and hyperactivity. Follow-up data collected up to 6 months after evaluation and treatment recommendation indicated that approximately half of the clients showed improvement in terms of work and/or school adjustment, social relations, and drug use.", "contents": "Psychiatric evaluation services to court referred drug users. This paper reports on the description and outcome of one hundred youthful drug abusers referred from family court for psychiatric evaluation and treatment recommendation. The average referral, both male and female, was a 16-year-old white Catholic from a middle class background who was diagnosed as having a personality disorder. Significantly more males than females showed pathology in early childhood such as behavior problems in school and hyperactivity. Follow-up data collected up to 6 months after evaluation and treatment recommendation indicated that approximately half of the clients showed improvement in terms of work and/or school adjustment, social relations, and drug use."}
{"id": "PMID:1211380", "title": "Simulations in drug training.", "content": "A simulation over a five-day period allowing clinicians to become patients and apply what they experience is presented as a vehicle from which important learning can take place to help clinicians function better within clinical work environments. The simulation gave clinical trainers and trainees in the drug field mutually shared experiences that were understood and applied to real work situations through discussions, lectures, and presentations. Clinicians had the opportunity to understand how therapeutic structures affect individuals through experiencing the structures as recipients of service.", "contents": "Simulations in drug training. A simulation over a five-day period allowing clinicians to become patients and apply what they experience is presented as a vehicle from which important learning can take place to help clinicians function better within clinical work environments. The simulation gave clinical trainers and trainees in the drug field mutually shared experiences that were understood and applied to real work situations through discussions, lectures, and presentations. Clinicians had the opportunity to understand how therapeutic structures affect individuals through experiencing the structures as recipients of service."}
{"id": "PMID:1211381", "title": "The impact of peer pressure on the verbally expressed drug attitudes of male college students.", "content": "Peer pressure was shown to have a powerful influence on the verbally expressed drug attitudes of the undergraduate male sample. Subjects exposed to a group which consistently espoused either conservative (anti-drug) or liberal (pro-drug) attitudes toward the personal use of drug were highly likely to conform to the groups' attitudinal norms (p less than 0.001). Effects of natural peer groups are discussed along with recommendations for primary prevention programming and further research.", "contents": "The impact of peer pressure on the verbally expressed drug attitudes of male college students. Peer pressure was shown to have a powerful influence on the verbally expressed drug attitudes of the undergraduate male sample. Subjects exposed to a group which consistently espoused either conservative (anti-drug) or liberal (pro-drug) attitudes toward the personal use of drug were highly likely to conform to the groups' attitudinal norms (p less than 0.001). Effects of natural peer groups are discussed along with recommendations for primary prevention programming and further research."}
{"id": "PMID:1211382", "title": "Problem drinkers among patients on methadone.", "content": "Among 212 former heroin users maintained on methadone, the authors identified 27% as problem drinkers. The problem drinkers were found remarkably similar to other patients on methadone in personal and treatment characteristics. They differed significantly from other patients in only three respects: the problem drinkers worked more frequently at manual labor, they had more evidence of liver disease, and they appeared more depressed. All subjects showed more depression than normal controls. This finding with evidence from other studies of depression among opioid users suggests that depression may serve as an important etiological factor in chronic opioid use.", "contents": "Problem drinkers among patients on methadone. Among 212 former heroin users maintained on methadone, the authors identified 27% as problem drinkers. The problem drinkers were found remarkably similar to other patients on methadone in personal and treatment characteristics. They differed significantly from other patients in only three respects: the problem drinkers worked more frequently at manual labor, they had more evidence of liver disease, and they appeared more depressed. All subjects showed more depression than normal controls. This finding with evidence from other studies of depression among opioid users suggests that depression may serve as an important etiological factor in chronic opioid use."}
{"id": "PMID:1211384", "title": "Plasma testosterone levels in healthy male marijuana smokers.", "content": "Plasma testosterone, FSH, and LH levels were obtained from 25 healthy consecutive heterosexual male mauijuana smoking university students. All values were within the range of normal and the means did not differ significantly from those of 13 normal controls. These data suggest that the casual marijuana smoker (at least one time weekly with an average of 5.1 joints per week) may have plasma testosterone levels which are normal for the time of day and the laboratory.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone levels in healthy male marijuana smokers. Plasma testosterone, FSH, and LH levels were obtained from 25 healthy consecutive heterosexual male mauijuana smoking university students. All values were within the range of normal and the means did not differ significantly from those of 13 normal controls. These data suggest that the casual marijuana smoker (at least one time weekly with an average of 5.1 joints per week) may have plasma testosterone levels which are normal for the time of day and the laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:1211385", "title": "Two autopsy cases of diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis with ectodermal changes. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome.", "content": "Two autopsy cases of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome were reported. The caused of hypoproteinemia, electrolyte imbalance and ectodermal changes were discussed with reference to previously reported cases. The mechanism of protein loss was probably due to outflow into the intestinal lumen of the mucous substance in the cystically dilated glands, directly and/or indirectly followed by loss of mucosal surface. Electrolyte imbalance probably developed from gastrointestinal loss as well as poor substitution. The ectodermal changes were probably not a subsequent part of the emaciation or hypoproteinemis, but an inherent part of this disease. Therapy, whether substitution or surgical procedure, should be selected in order to control the general condition of the patient.", "contents": "Two autopsy cases of diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis with ectodermal changes. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. Two autopsy cases of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome were reported. The caused of hypoproteinemia, electrolyte imbalance and ectodermal changes were discussed with reference to previously reported cases. The mechanism of protein loss was probably due to outflow into the intestinal lumen of the mucous substance in the cystically dilated glands, directly and/or indirectly followed by loss of mucosal surface. Electrolyte imbalance probably developed from gastrointestinal loss as well as poor substitution. The ectodermal changes were probably not a subsequent part of the emaciation or hypoproteinemis, but an inherent part of this disease. Therapy, whether substitution or surgical procedure, should be selected in order to control the general condition of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1211386", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the colon exclusive of the rectum.", "content": "Five cases of leiomyosarcoma of the colon are presented along with a review of the literature. In our cases the presenting symptoms and signs included abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, blood in stools and abdominal mass. Anemia was present in four cases. Roentgenologically, an intraluminal tumor with obstruction was found in two cases, paralytic ileum in one and two cases were reported as \"negative\". At surgery there were peritoneal implants in three cases, metastases to the liver in two cases and perforation of the tumor in one case. Only diagnostic or palliative surgery was performed in all cases. All patients died of tumor within 15 months. The clinicopathological findings are similar to those reported by others in patients with extensive disease.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the colon exclusive of the rectum. Five cases of leiomyosarcoma of the colon are presented along with a review of the literature. In our cases the presenting symptoms and signs included abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, blood in stools and abdominal mass. Anemia was present in four cases. Roentgenologically, an intraluminal tumor with obstruction was found in two cases, paralytic ileum in one and two cases were reported as \"negative\". At surgery there were peritoneal implants in three cases, metastases to the liver in two cases and perforation of the tumor in one case. Only diagnostic or palliative surgery was performed in all cases. All patients died of tumor within 15 months. The clinicopathological findings are similar to those reported by others in patients with extensive disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1211387", "title": "Gastrointestinal phytobezoars in Africans.", "content": "Fourteen gastrointestinal phytobezoars are presented. There have not been previous reports in Africans. Eleven were gastric and mimicked wither peptic ulceration or carcinoma of the stomach. The classical barium meal appearance of a mobile filing defect was present in the majority but a confident diagnois of carcinoma of the stomach was made in two cases in whom fiberoptic endoscopy established the correct diagnoisis. The bezoars were composed of vegatable material from either a tuber or rhizome. Three ileal bezoars presented with acute intestinal obstruction; two were probably the result of incompletely masticated maize porridge.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal phytobezoars in Africans. Fourteen gastrointestinal phytobezoars are presented. There have not been previous reports in Africans. Eleven were gastric and mimicked wither peptic ulceration or carcinoma of the stomach. The classical barium meal appearance of a mobile filing defect was present in the majority but a confident diagnois of carcinoma of the stomach was made in two cases in whom fiberoptic endoscopy established the correct diagnoisis. The bezoars were composed of vegatable material from either a tuber or rhizome. Three ileal bezoars presented with acute intestinal obstruction; two were probably the result of incompletely masticated maize porridge."}
{"id": "PMID:1211388", "title": "Enzymatic softening and endoscopic destruction of a phytobezoar in an unoperated stomach.", "content": "A phytobenzoar formed in an intact stomach due to the excessive intake of citrus fruit. This was successfully treated by the combined use on a multienzyme preparation to soften it followed by its endoscopic destruction.", "contents": "Enzymatic softening and endoscopic destruction of a phytobezoar in an unoperated stomach. A phytobenzoar formed in an intact stomach due to the excessive intake of citrus fruit. This was successfully treated by the combined use on a multienzyme preparation to soften it followed by its endoscopic destruction."}
{"id": "PMID:1211397", "title": "Potential economic effets of a brand standardization policy in a 1000-bed hospital.", "content": "The potential economic effects of a brand standardization policy on 50 multiple source, nonproprietary drugs in a 1000-bed hospital which uses a unit dose drug distribution system were studied. Inpatient drug usage cost and inpatient drug inventory cost for the year 1974 were compared under the existing nonformulary system and a simulated formulary system of brand standardization. Drug usage cost was defined as expenditures made by the study hospital for drugs which were administered. Drug inventory cost was defined as the dollar value of drug inventory being stored for use in the hospital. Potential saving in excess of $35,000 for drug usage cost and $9,000 for drug inventory cost could have been realized with a brand standardization policy on 50 nonprietary drugs. The differences in costs were significant at the 0.005 level. It is concluded that a brand standardization policy can be effective means of reducing drug usage cost and drug inventory cost in a large hospital.", "contents": "Potential economic effets of a brand standardization policy in a 1000-bed hospital. The potential economic effects of a brand standardization policy on 50 multiple source, nonproprietary drugs in a 1000-bed hospital which uses a unit dose drug distribution system were studied. Inpatient drug usage cost and inpatient drug inventory cost for the year 1974 were compared under the existing nonformulary system and a simulated formulary system of brand standardization. Drug usage cost was defined as expenditures made by the study hospital for drugs which were administered. Drug inventory cost was defined as the dollar value of drug inventory being stored for use in the hospital. Potential saving in excess of $35,000 for drug usage cost and $9,000 for drug inventory cost could have been realized with a brand standardization policy on 50 nonprietary drugs. The differences in costs were significant at the 0.005 level. It is concluded that a brand standardization policy can be effective means of reducing drug usage cost and drug inventory cost in a large hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:1211398", "title": "Recommended system for surveillance and reporting of problems with large-volume parenterals in hospitals.", "content": "Recommendations regarding the detection, confirmation and notification of problems associated with the use of large-volume parenterals at the hospital level are presented. The recommendations are given in a stepwise manner, and include graphic outlines of the evaluation and reporting processes for both product- and patient-signaled problems associated with large-volume parenterals. It is recommended that each hospital appoint a product control officer who would coordinate the hospital's reporting of large-volume parenteral problems.", "contents": "Recommended system for surveillance and reporting of problems with large-volume parenterals in hospitals. Recommendations regarding the detection, confirmation and notification of problems associated with the use of large-volume parenterals at the hospital level are presented. The recommendations are given in a stepwise manner, and include graphic outlines of the evaluation and reporting processes for both product- and patient-signaled problems associated with large-volume parenterals. It is recommended that each hospital appoint a product control officer who would coordinate the hospital's reporting of large-volume parenteral problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1211399", "title": "Disaster alert plan for a hospital pharmacy.", "content": "A disaster alert plan for the department of pharmacy of a large hospital is described. The plan is intended to effectively and efficiently alert and mobilize pharmacy personnel in the event that the hospital should re required to deal with mass casualties.", "contents": "Disaster alert plan for a hospital pharmacy. A disaster alert plan for the department of pharmacy of a large hospital is described. The plan is intended to effectively and efficiently alert and mobilize pharmacy personnel in the event that the hospital should re required to deal with mass casualties."}
{"id": "PMID:1211400", "title": "Antihypertensive therapy with hydralazine and propranolol: a case history.", "content": "Rapid control of arterial blood pressure through use of the interacting drugs hydralazine and propranolol is discussed. A case history illustrating the treatment is described, and various aspects of this therapy are discussed, including mechanisms of action and side effects.", "contents": "Antihypertensive therapy with hydralazine and propranolol: a case history. Rapid control of arterial blood pressure through use of the interacting drugs hydralazine and propranolol is discussed. A case history illustrating the treatment is described, and various aspects of this therapy are discussed, including mechanisms of action and side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1211401", "title": "Systematic approach to drug information requests.", "content": "A five-step systematic technique used for answering drug information requests is described. Step 1 is classification of the request. Step II involves determination of exactly what information is being requested and why, and ensuring that all pertinent background data are obtained. Step III is a systematic search of the literature, beginning with general references and progressing through secondary sources to primary articles. Step IV is formulation of the accumulated data into an appropriate writtern of verbal response. Step V involves reclassification of the request which may be necessary if there is a change in its scope.", "contents": "Systematic approach to drug information requests. A five-step systematic technique used for answering drug information requests is described. Step 1 is classification of the request. Step II involves determination of exactly what information is being requested and why, and ensuring that all pertinent background data are obtained. Step III is a systematic search of the literature, beginning with general references and progressing through secondary sources to primary articles. Step IV is formulation of the accumulated data into an appropriate writtern of verbal response. Step V involves reclassification of the request which may be necessary if there is a change in its scope."}
{"id": "PMID:1211403", "title": "Changes in serum total protein values occurring in clinical samples during shipment.", "content": "Total protein and protein electrophoresis determinations were performed on paired serum samples before and after shipment of the samples via parcel post. After shipment, one serum from each pair of samples was analyzed at the same laboratory that had performed the initial analysis; the other sample from the pair was analyzed after its receipt by a referral laboratory. The results indicate that, due to some factor or a combination of factors occurring during shipment, statistically significant apparent increases were observed in 86 per cent of the total protein values and in 66 per cent of the albumin values. Experimentally, both mechanical agitation and bacterial contamination are capable of causing slight elevations similar in pattern to those observed in the shipped samples. The significance of these findings relative to clinical interpretation and to analytical quality control programs is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in serum total protein values occurring in clinical samples during shipment. Total protein and protein electrophoresis determinations were performed on paired serum samples before and after shipment of the samples via parcel post. After shipment, one serum from each pair of samples was analyzed at the same laboratory that had performed the initial analysis; the other sample from the pair was analyzed after its receipt by a referral laboratory. The results indicate that, due to some factor or a combination of factors occurring during shipment, statistically significant apparent increases were observed in 86 per cent of the total protein values and in 66 per cent of the albumin values. Experimentally, both mechanical agitation and bacterial contamination are capable of causing slight elevations similar in pattern to those observed in the shipped samples. The significance of these findings relative to clinical interpretation and to analytical quality control programs is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211404", "title": "Parathyroid hormone responsiveness in hypoparathyroidism with hypomagnesemia.", "content": "The failure to respond normally to parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration has been reported in patients with severe hypomagnesemia. A patient with hypoparathyroidism and a markedly decreased serum concentration of magnesium (0.7 mEq/liter), but a normal red blood cell magnesium level, is described who increased serum calcium concentration and decreased per cent renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate when parathyroid extract was given. It is suggested that PTH responsiveness in hypomagnesemic patients may, at least in part, be dependent upon the adequacy of intracellular magnesium stores. This interpretation is supported by the normal cellular (red blood cell) magnesium concentrations observed in this patient and in comparable studies in which PTH responsiveness in the presence of hypomagnesemia was demonstrated. In addition, a failure of optimal renal conservation of magnesium was noted to occur in this patient since, despite hypomagnesemia, urinary magnesium excretion was greater than the 1 mEq/day loss that is seen when magnesium conservation is induced by means such as dietary restriction.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone responsiveness in hypoparathyroidism with hypomagnesemia. The failure to respond normally to parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration has been reported in patients with severe hypomagnesemia. A patient with hypoparathyroidism and a markedly decreased serum concentration of magnesium (0.7 mEq/liter), but a normal red blood cell magnesium level, is described who increased serum calcium concentration and decreased per cent renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate when parathyroid extract was given. It is suggested that PTH responsiveness in hypomagnesemic patients may, at least in part, be dependent upon the adequacy of intracellular magnesium stores. This interpretation is supported by the normal cellular (red blood cell) magnesium concentrations observed in this patient and in comparable studies in which PTH responsiveness in the presence of hypomagnesemia was demonstrated. In addition, a failure of optimal renal conservation of magnesium was noted to occur in this patient since, despite hypomagnesemia, urinary magnesium excretion was greater than the 1 mEq/day loss that is seen when magnesium conservation is induced by means such as dietary restriction."}
{"id": "PMID:1211406", "title": "Acute bacterial meningitis: an analysis of factors influencing prognosis.", "content": "Three-hundred and forty-nine cases of acute bacterial meningitis treated during a 25-year period (1949 through 1973) were reviewed to determine the prognostic significance of initial historical, physical and laboratory findings. A poor prognosis was associated with age greater than or equal to 40 years (p less than 0.01), presence of predisposing illness (p less than 0.01), associated illness (p less than 0.01), absence of nuchal ridity (p less than 0.05), and derangement of cerebral function (p less than 0.01). The effects of predisposing illness and moderate cerebral dysfunction were dependent upon age. In contrast, the effects of associated illness, mild or severe cerebral dysfunction, and absent nuchal rigidity were independent of age. Laboratory studies associated with a poor prognosis included an elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein (p less than 0.05), a positive CSF smear (p less than 0.05), or culture (p less than 0.01), or bacteremia (p less than 0.01). No prognostic significance could be attributed to race (p greater than 0.05), sex (p greater than 0.05), prior antibiotic therapy (p greater than 0.05), duration of illness before institution of adequate therapy (p greater than 0.05), CSF leukocyte count (p greater than 0.05), frequency of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in CSF (p greater than 0.05), CSF sugar less than or equal to 40 mg/100 ml (p greater than 0.05), or a CSF sugar-simultaneous blood sugar ratio less than or equal to 0.40 (p greater than 0.05).", "contents": "Acute bacterial meningitis: an analysis of factors influencing prognosis. Three-hundred and forty-nine cases of acute bacterial meningitis treated during a 25-year period (1949 through 1973) were reviewed to determine the prognostic significance of initial historical, physical and laboratory findings. A poor prognosis was associated with age greater than or equal to 40 years (p less than 0.01), presence of predisposing illness (p less than 0.01), associated illness (p less than 0.01), absence of nuchal ridity (p less than 0.05), and derangement of cerebral function (p less than 0.01). The effects of predisposing illness and moderate cerebral dysfunction were dependent upon age. In contrast, the effects of associated illness, mild or severe cerebral dysfunction, and absent nuchal rigidity were independent of age. Laboratory studies associated with a poor prognosis included an elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein (p less than 0.05), a positive CSF smear (p less than 0.05), or culture (p less than 0.01), or bacteremia (p less than 0.01). No prognostic significance could be attributed to race (p greater than 0.05), sex (p greater than 0.05), prior antibiotic therapy (p greater than 0.05), duration of illness before institution of adequate therapy (p greater than 0.05), CSF leukocyte count (p greater than 0.05), frequency of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in CSF (p greater than 0.05), CSF sugar less than or equal to 40 mg/100 ml (p greater than 0.05), or a CSF sugar-simultaneous blood sugar ratio less than or equal to 0.40 (p greater than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:1211407", "title": "Aplastic anemia in Isreal: evaluation of the etiological role of chloramphenicol on a community-wide basis.", "content": "A nationwide study of aplastic anemia in Israel revealed a mean yearly incidence of 7.1/1,000,000 in males and 8.7/1,000,000 in females. Twenty-five per cent of the cases reported had an apparent chloramphenicol etiology. Ten patients, five treated with chloramphenicol and five without it, developed acute leukemia. The median survival was 11 months in males and 28 in females. Survival was particularly inferior in chloramphenicol-related cases, suggesting that this group constitutes a specific entity.", "contents": "Aplastic anemia in Isreal: evaluation of the etiological role of chloramphenicol on a community-wide basis. A nationwide study of aplastic anemia in Israel revealed a mean yearly incidence of 7.1/1,000,000 in males and 8.7/1,000,000 in females. Twenty-five per cent of the cases reported had an apparent chloramphenicol etiology. Ten patients, five treated with chloramphenicol and five without it, developed acute leukemia. The median survival was 11 months in males and 28 in females. Survival was particularly inferior in chloramphenicol-related cases, suggesting that this group constitutes a specific entity."}
{"id": "PMID:1211405", "title": "Bone marrow 99m Tc sulfur colloid distribution and marrow cellularity.", "content": "The relationship between marrow distribution as imaged with 99mTc sulfur colloid and histologic estimate of bone marrow cellularity was examined in 101 patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to marrow cellularity: normocellular, hypercellular or hypocellular marrow. The marrow distribution of these patients was graded as extended, not extended or not visualized. A general association between marrow cellularity and marrow distribution was found. Seventy-seven per cent of patients with normocellular marrow had limitation of marrow within normal sites and a similar number of patients with reactive hypercellular marrow had marrow extension. On analysis of the patients that were exceptions to this generalization the following observations were made. In patients in whom the marrow is hypercellular and infiltrated with abnormal cells or tissue the marrow distribution may not be visualized with radiocolloid. Stimulation of hematopoiesis may result in marrow hypercellularity without marrow extension beyond the usual sites. Stimulation of one or more hematopoietic cell lines may result in marrow extension without marrow hypercellularity, suggesting an impairment of hematopoietic cell response. Peripheral marrow extension as observed with radiocolloid, therefore, is not simply a reflection of marrow hypercellularity but probably represents a response of the bone marrow stroma to situations in which one or more hematopoietic cell lines is stimulated.", "contents": "Bone marrow 99m Tc sulfur colloid distribution and marrow cellularity. The relationship between marrow distribution as imaged with 99mTc sulfur colloid and histologic estimate of bone marrow cellularity was examined in 101 patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to marrow cellularity: normocellular, hypercellular or hypocellular marrow. The marrow distribution of these patients was graded as extended, not extended or not visualized. A general association between marrow cellularity and marrow distribution was found. Seventy-seven per cent of patients with normocellular marrow had limitation of marrow within normal sites and a similar number of patients with reactive hypercellular marrow had marrow extension. On analysis of the patients that were exceptions to this generalization the following observations were made. In patients in whom the marrow is hypercellular and infiltrated with abnormal cells or tissue the marrow distribution may not be visualized with radiocolloid. Stimulation of hematopoiesis may result in marrow hypercellularity without marrow extension beyond the usual sites. Stimulation of one or more hematopoietic cell lines may result in marrow extension without marrow hypercellularity, suggesting an impairment of hematopoietic cell response. Peripheral marrow extension as observed with radiocolloid, therefore, is not simply a reflection of marrow hypercellularity but probably represents a response of the bone marrow stroma to situations in which one or more hematopoietic cell lines is stimulated."}
{"id": "PMID:1211413", "title": "The prediction of glaucoma from ocular biometric data. Part 1. An application of multiple regression analysis.", "content": "Two sets of multiple regression equations (prediction systems) were derived from the analysis of ocular biometric data obtained from glaucoma patients (16 open angle; 16 angle-closure) and 75 normal subjects. Discriminant scores were established for both sets of equations which minimised the number of false negatives. One set, the 'Glaucoma Equations' was applied to the data to segregate the glaucoma from the normal subjects. The other prediction system, the 'Classification Equations,' was then applied to the group defined as glaucomatous to discriminate between patients in the angle-closure and open angle categories. The performance of these equations, obtained by comparing the predicted and actual classifications for this sample, was such that between 9 and 12% of false positives and 0 and 3% false negatives were found on the 'Glaucoma Equations' and between 6 and 12% of false positives with no false negatives on the 'Classification Equations.'", "contents": "The prediction of glaucoma from ocular biometric data. Part 1. An application of multiple regression analysis. Two sets of multiple regression equations (prediction systems) were derived from the analysis of ocular biometric data obtained from glaucoma patients (16 open angle; 16 angle-closure) and 75 normal subjects. Discriminant scores were established for both sets of equations which minimised the number of false negatives. One set, the 'Glaucoma Equations' was applied to the data to segregate the glaucoma from the normal subjects. The other prediction system, the 'Classification Equations,' was then applied to the group defined as glaucomatous to discriminate between patients in the angle-closure and open angle categories. The performance of these equations, obtained by comparing the predicted and actual classifications for this sample, was such that between 9 and 12% of false positives and 0 and 3% false negatives were found on the 'Glaucoma Equations' and between 6 and 12% of false positives with no false negatives on the 'Classification Equations.'"}
{"id": "PMID:1211414", "title": "The prediction of glaucoma from ocular biometric data. Part 2. An evaluation.", "content": "A method of glaucoma prediction from ocular biometric data has been described previously. A study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of the existing multiple regression equations (prediction systems) on data obtained from an independent sample consisting of 22 angle-closure glaucoma, 29 open angle glaucoma and 44 normal subjects. This performance, found by comparing the predicted and actual classification for this sample, was such that between 2 and 7% false positives and 12 and 27% false negatives were found on the equations differentiating glaucoma from normal subjects; and between 14 and 27% false positives, with 10 to 14% false negatives on the equations classifying the glaucoma subjects as angle-closure or open angle. From these results the efficiency of glaucoma prediction from ocular biometric data would appear to be equal to that of the combined tonography and provocative tests, provocation with corticosteroids and visual field screening.", "contents": "The prediction of glaucoma from ocular biometric data. Part 2. An evaluation. A method of glaucoma prediction from ocular biometric data has been described previously. A study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of the existing multiple regression equations (prediction systems) on data obtained from an independent sample consisting of 22 angle-closure glaucoma, 29 open angle glaucoma and 44 normal subjects. This performance, found by comparing the predicted and actual classification for this sample, was such that between 2 and 7% false positives and 12 and 27% false negatives were found on the equations differentiating glaucoma from normal subjects; and between 14 and 27% false positives, with 10 to 14% false negatives on the equations classifying the glaucoma subjects as angle-closure or open angle. From these results the efficiency of glaucoma prediction from ocular biometric data would appear to be equal to that of the combined tonography and provocative tests, provocation with corticosteroids and visual field screening."}
{"id": "PMID:1211410", "title": "Citrobacter diversus at Grace Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.", "content": "Over a six-month period from December 1973 to June 1974, isolations of Citrobacter diversus were obtained from nine patients at Grace Hospital. Our initial experience was with a patient who developed pneumonitis and a massive fatal empyema due to this organism. Seven of the nine patients were 50 years of age. Three patients had an underlying malignancy. Four patients experienced significant clinical infections. Isolations in three patients were considered to be commensal, and two isolations were of indeterminate significance. Our Citrobacter diversus isolates, which can be confused with Escherichia coli, were uniformly resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin and sensitive to the cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and gentamicin. These results agree with previous reports. Citrobacter diversus appears to be capable of causing serious clinical disease. Patients most at risk are elderly compromised hosts and infections are usually hospital acquired.", "contents": "Citrobacter diversus at Grace Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. Over a six-month period from December 1973 to June 1974, isolations of Citrobacter diversus were obtained from nine patients at Grace Hospital. Our initial experience was with a patient who developed pneumonitis and a massive fatal empyema due to this organism. Seven of the nine patients were 50 years of age. Three patients had an underlying malignancy. Four patients experienced significant clinical infections. Isolations in three patients were considered to be commensal, and two isolations were of indeterminate significance. Our Citrobacter diversus isolates, which can be confused with Escherichia coli, were uniformly resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin and sensitive to the cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and gentamicin. These results agree with previous reports. Citrobacter diversus appears to be capable of causing serious clinical disease. Patients most at risk are elderly compromised hosts and infections are usually hospital acquired."}
{"id": "PMID:1211415", "title": "Relationship between changes in corneal configuration and thickness.", "content": "The experiment was conducted on a sample of 26 subjects including both males and females and a control group of five. Their mean age was a little over 24 years. Corneal thickness and configuration were measured before and after the subjects had been wearing rigid and flexible contact lenses for three hours; measurements were also taken on control subjects at two different sessions, before and after a three-hour period. The statistical analysis showed a low but significant correlation between corneal thickness and corneal shape.", "contents": "Relationship between changes in corneal configuration and thickness. The experiment was conducted on a sample of 26 subjects including both males and females and a control group of five. Their mean age was a little over 24 years. Corneal thickness and configuration were measured before and after the subjects had been wearing rigid and flexible contact lenses for three hours; measurements were also taken on control subjects at two different sessions, before and after a three-hour period. The statistical analysis showed a low but significant correlation between corneal thickness and corneal shape."}
{"id": "PMID:1211408", "title": "Effect of hemodialysis on red cell organic and inorganic phosphates.", "content": "Red cell 2,3 diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG), total nucleotide phosphate, inorganic phosphate, and plasma inorganic phosphate were measured at the onset and termination of 22 hemodialyses performed for chronic renal failure in 19 patients. Plasma inorganic phosphate decreased from a mean of 2.05 mM/liter +/- 0.14 to 1.26 mM/liter +/- 0.09 (p less than 0.005) while intracellular inorganic phosphate fell from 1.76 mM/liter +/- 0.12 RBC water to 1.21+/-mM/liter (p less than 0.005). Mean DPG was 6.37 mM/liter RBC +/- 0.23 at the start of the dialysis and 6.08 mM/liter +/- 0.24 at the termination (p=n.s.). Mean nucleotide concentration was 5.90 mM phosphorous content/liter RBC+/-0.26 at the start and 5.95 mM/liter 0.21 at the end (p=n.s.). Although there were significant decreases in intracellular and plasma inorganic phosphate concentrations immediately following dialysis, neither the DPG nor nucleotide phosphate concentrations were significantly altered by this short-term procedure. Red cell water inorganic phosphorous rapidly attained identical concentration with plasma water inorganic phosphorous.", "contents": "Effect of hemodialysis on red cell organic and inorganic phosphates. Red cell 2,3 diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG), total nucleotide phosphate, inorganic phosphate, and plasma inorganic phosphate were measured at the onset and termination of 22 hemodialyses performed for chronic renal failure in 19 patients. Plasma inorganic phosphate decreased from a mean of 2.05 mM/liter +/- 0.14 to 1.26 mM/liter +/- 0.09 (p less than 0.005) while intracellular inorganic phosphate fell from 1.76 mM/liter +/- 0.12 RBC water to 1.21+/-mM/liter (p less than 0.005). Mean DPG was 6.37 mM/liter RBC +/- 0.23 at the start of the dialysis and 6.08 mM/liter +/- 0.24 at the termination (p=n.s.). Mean nucleotide concentration was 5.90 mM phosphorous content/liter RBC+/-0.26 at the start and 5.95 mM/liter 0.21 at the end (p=n.s.). Although there were significant decreases in intracellular and plasma inorganic phosphate concentrations immediately following dialysis, neither the DPG nor nucleotide phosphate concentrations were significantly altered by this short-term procedure. Red cell water inorganic phosphorous rapidly attained identical concentration with plasma water inorganic phosphorous."}
{"id": "PMID:1211409", "title": "Regulation of gonadotropin response in testicular feminization syndrome.", "content": "The effects of hormonal manipulation on gonadotropin, androgen, and estrogen concentrations in a patient with testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) were studied to clarify the feedback regulation of gonadotropins. Baseline serum LH concentrations were normal to high and FSH concentrations were normal despite markedly elevated plasma testosterone concentrations, implying the lack of a reciprocal control relationship, and fluoxymesterone administration failed to alter gonadotropin or androgenic steroid levels. Clomiphene administration resulted in a rise in both LH and androgen levels, while moderate doses of exogenous estrogens effected a diminution in testosterone but did not significantly alter the levels of gonadotropins. Following gonadectomy, these same doses of estrogens produced a dramatic fall in the very high postoperative levels of gonadotropins. These results suggest that gonadotropin regulation is mediated by estrogens and not directly by androgens in TFS.", "contents": "Regulation of gonadotropin response in testicular feminization syndrome. The effects of hormonal manipulation on gonadotropin, androgen, and estrogen concentrations in a patient with testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) were studied to clarify the feedback regulation of gonadotropins. Baseline serum LH concentrations were normal to high and FSH concentrations were normal despite markedly elevated plasma testosterone concentrations, implying the lack of a reciprocal control relationship, and fluoxymesterone administration failed to alter gonadotropin or androgenic steroid levels. Clomiphene administration resulted in a rise in both LH and androgen levels, while moderate doses of exogenous estrogens effected a diminution in testosterone but did not significantly alter the levels of gonadotropins. Following gonadectomy, these same doses of estrogens produced a dramatic fall in the very high postoperative levels of gonadotropins. These results suggest that gonadotropin regulation is mediated by estrogens and not directly by androgens in TFS."}
{"id": "PMID:1211411", "title": "Bone and joint infection with Arizona hinshawii: report of a case and a review of the literature.", "content": "The Arizona group of gram-negative enteric microorganisms is closely related to the genus Salmonella. Arizona infection is common in avian and reptilian species. Whereas Arizona intestinal infection has been observed in humans, extraintestinal disease has infrequently been described. A case of a 23-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and sickle cell trait who acquired Arizona hinshawii osteomyelitis and septis arthritis is presented. The patient recovered after treatment with ampicillin and cephalosporins. Three previously described cases of bone and/or joint infection with Arizona are summarized. Because Arizona species frequently ferment lactose, it is possible that they are discarded from fecal isolates by bacteriology laboratories. It is conceivable that many intestinal and extraintestinal infections are either overlooked or mistakenly identified.", "contents": "Bone and joint infection with Arizona hinshawii: report of a case and a review of the literature. The Arizona group of gram-negative enteric microorganisms is closely related to the genus Salmonella. Arizona infection is common in avian and reptilian species. Whereas Arizona intestinal infection has been observed in humans, extraintestinal disease has infrequently been described. A case of a 23-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and sickle cell trait who acquired Arizona hinshawii osteomyelitis and septis arthritis is presented. The patient recovered after treatment with ampicillin and cephalosporins. Three previously described cases of bone and/or joint infection with Arizona are summarized. Because Arizona species frequently ferment lactose, it is possible that they are discarded from fecal isolates by bacteriology laboratories. It is conceivable that many intestinal and extraintestinal infections are either overlooked or mistakenly identified."}
{"id": "PMID:1211416", "title": "Binocular summation and peripheral visual response time.", "content": "Six males were administered a peripheral visual response time test to the onset of brief, small stimuli imaged in 10 degrees arc separation intervals across the dark adapted horizontal retinal meridian under binocular and both monocular viewing conditions. This was done in an attempt to verify the existence of peripheral binocular summation using a response time measure. The results indicated that from 50 degrees arc right to 50 degrees arc left of the line of sight binocular summation is a reasonable explanation for the significantly faster binocular data. The stimulus position by viewing eye interaction was also significant. A discussion of these and other analyses is presented along with a review of related literature.", "contents": "Binocular summation and peripheral visual response time. Six males were administered a peripheral visual response time test to the onset of brief, small stimuli imaged in 10 degrees arc separation intervals across the dark adapted horizontal retinal meridian under binocular and both monocular viewing conditions. This was done in an attempt to verify the existence of peripheral binocular summation using a response time measure. The results indicated that from 50 degrees arc right to 50 degrees arc left of the line of sight binocular summation is a reasonable explanation for the significantly faster binocular data. The stimulus position by viewing eye interaction was also significant. A discussion of these and other analyses is presented along with a review of related literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1211417", "title": "Changes in the contrast sensitivity function induced by contact lens wear.", "content": "Contrast sensitivity functions (i.e. minimum contrast required to resolve a sine wave grating as a function of spatial frequency) were determined for subjects when wearing normal spectacle corrections and when wearing either hard or soft contact lenses. Corections provides a more definitive evaluation of visual performance with contact lenses than do the conventional clinical procedures.", "contents": "Changes in the contrast sensitivity function induced by contact lens wear. Contrast sensitivity functions (i.e. minimum contrast required to resolve a sine wave grating as a function of spatial frequency) were determined for subjects when wearing normal spectacle corrections and when wearing either hard or soft contact lenses. Corections provides a more definitive evaluation of visual performance with contact lenses than do the conventional clinical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1211412", "title": "Overwhelming pneumococcal sepsis 25 years after splenectomy.", "content": "In a 47-year-old healthy male, the syndrome of overwhelming pneumococcal sepsis, associated with diffuse intravascular clotting, appeared 25 years after a post-traumatic splenectomy. Although no other disease was present, the course was fulminant and the outcome fatal. Splenectomy for any condition and in all ages, augments the risk to severe  pneumococcal infection.", "contents": "Overwhelming pneumococcal sepsis 25 years after splenectomy. In a 47-year-old healthy male, the syndrome of overwhelming pneumococcal sepsis, associated with diffuse intravascular clotting, appeared 25 years after a post-traumatic splenectomy. Although no other disease was present, the course was fulminant and the outcome fatal. Splenectomy for any condition and in all ages, augments the risk to severe  pneumococcal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1211418", "title": "Luminance changes of the fundus reflex.", "content": "A recording retinoscope was developed to measure the luminance of the fundus reflex during problem-solving tasks. 10 students were used as subjects. The luminance of the reflex was recorded while the subjects read 5 passages of graded reading material and performed an addition task. A reversal design was used to determine the effects of pupil changes and accommodation on changes in the luminance of the reflex. Relatively large changes in the luminance of the reflex were recorded. These were due to accommodation. The subjects' comprehension of the reading material did not appear to affect the luminance of the reflex in the manner predicted by previous studies. However, a change in task from simple reading material to an addition task appeared to increase the luminance of the reflex.", "contents": "Luminance changes of the fundus reflex. A recording retinoscope was developed to measure the luminance of the fundus reflex during problem-solving tasks. 10 students were used as subjects. The luminance of the reflex was recorded while the subjects read 5 passages of graded reading material and performed an addition task. A reversal design was used to determine the effects of pupil changes and accommodation on changes in the luminance of the reflex. Relatively large changes in the luminance of the reflex were recorded. These were due to accommodation. The subjects' comprehension of the reading material did not appear to affect the luminance of the reflex in the manner predicted by previous studies. However, a change in task from simple reading material to an addition task appeared to increase the luminance of the reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:1211419", "title": "Retinal and post-retinal components of visual illusions.", "content": "A technique is presented permitting control of input to each hemiretina and each hemisphere, of the various elements of a visual illusion. When the retinal effects and post-retinal effects are added, the result is greater than the total illusory effect. This is believed due to the mixing between hemispheres via the corpus callosum, and suggests a possible means of assessing the role of the corpus callosum.", "contents": "Retinal and post-retinal components of visual illusions. A technique is presented permitting control of input to each hemiretina and each hemisphere, of the various elements of a visual illusion. When the retinal effects and post-retinal effects are added, the result is greater than the total illusory effect. This is believed due to the mixing between hemispheres via the corpus callosum, and suggests a possible means of assessing the role of the corpus callosum."}
{"id": "PMID:1211421", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of perivascular cuffing cells in multiple sclerosis brain.", "content": "Perivascular cuffs in brains taken at autopsy from 6 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were examined by electron microscopy. Light and electron microscopy of brain revealed acute and chronic types of cuffs. The acute type of cuffs, consisting of many lymphocytes and lymphoid cells and a few lipid-laden macrophages, was usually seen in the nondemyelinated white matter or in the margin of the plaques, and infrequently within a plaque. The chronic type consisted mainly of macrophages, plasmacytoid cells, and plasma cells and was always seen within the plaques. In the parenchymal tissue of the white matter, macrophages participated in phagocytosis of myelin and axons, but no peeling or stripping of myelin sheath by inflammatory cells was observed. So-called paramyxovirus-like fuzzy filaments were observed in the nuclei of the mononuclear cells of perivascular cuffs obtained from 5 patients. The filaments were found predominantly in the acute rather than chronic type of cuffs. Specific antigens of measles and 6/94 viruses and intranuclear RNA corresponding to the filaments could not be demonstrated in the perivascular inflammatory cells by the immunofluorescence technique or acridine orange staining.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of perivascular cuffing cells in multiple sclerosis brain. Perivascular cuffs in brains taken at autopsy from 6 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were examined by electron microscopy. Light and electron microscopy of brain revealed acute and chronic types of cuffs. The acute type of cuffs, consisting of many lymphocytes and lymphoid cells and a few lipid-laden macrophages, was usually seen in the nondemyelinated white matter or in the margin of the plaques, and infrequently within a plaque. The chronic type consisted mainly of macrophages, plasmacytoid cells, and plasma cells and was always seen within the plaques. In the parenchymal tissue of the white matter, macrophages participated in phagocytosis of myelin and axons, but no peeling or stripping of myelin sheath by inflammatory cells was observed. So-called paramyxovirus-like fuzzy filaments were observed in the nuclei of the mononuclear cells of perivascular cuffs obtained from 5 patients. The filaments were found predominantly in the acute rather than chronic type of cuffs. Specific antigens of measles and 6/94 viruses and intranuclear RNA corresponding to the filaments could not be demonstrated in the perivascular inflammatory cells by the immunofluorescence technique or acridine orange staining."}
{"id": "PMID:1211422", "title": "Economy of effort in electron microscope morphometry.", "content": "Statistical techniques known as the analysis of variance make it possible for the electron microscopist to plan work in such a way as to get quantitative data with the greatest possible economy of effort. This paper explains how to decide how many measurements to make per micrograph, how many micrographs per tissue block, how many blocks per experimentally treated organ, and how many organs per experimental treatment group.", "contents": "Economy of effort in electron microscope morphometry. Statistical techniques known as the analysis of variance make it possible for the electron microscopist to plan work in such a way as to get quantitative data with the greatest possible economy of effort. This paper explains how to decide how many measurements to make per micrograph, how many micrographs per tissue block, how many blocks per experimentally treated organ, and how many organs per experimental treatment group."}
{"id": "PMID:1211423", "title": "Sclerosing alveolitis induced by cyclophosphamide. Ultrastructural observations on alveolar injury and repair.", "content": "Adult rats received, intraperitoneally, 20 mg/100 g body weight of cyclophosphamide and were killed 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days thereafter. Lung samples were studied by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed septal and intraalveolar hemorrhages at 2 days and hyaline membranes at 4 days. At 1 to 2 weeks the alveoli were reepithelialized; beyond these intervals there was septal thickening with increased septal cells and interstitial substance. Electron microscopy showed capillary endothelial blebs, membranous pneumocyte injury and sloughing, and severe septal edema at 1 to 2 days. At 4 days some granular pneumocytes appeared altered. At 1 week the alveoli were reepithelialized by prominent granular pneumocytes. Beyond these intervals there was septal thickening with abundant septal cells, debris, collagen, elastin and microfibrils. Some septal elements showed features consistent with \"contractile interstitial cells.\" There was also alveolar collapse indicated by \"trapped\" granular pneumocytes surrounded by septal cells and fibers. Occasional granular pneumocytes showed large intracytoplasmic cavities. Cyclophosphamide can induce severe injury involving all alveolar components. The partly denuded alveoli are reepithelialized by proliferating granular pneumocytes, thus confirming their importance in alveolar repair. The subsequent development of sclerosing alveolitis suggests that cyclophosphamide may offer a useful experimental model for the study of alveolar injury and repair. The role of the septal \"contractile interstitial cells\" in the development of septal fibrosis and the possibility that these lesions are reversible remain to be clarified.", "contents": "Sclerosing alveolitis induced by cyclophosphamide. Ultrastructural observations on alveolar injury and repair. Adult rats received, intraperitoneally, 20 mg/100 g body weight of cyclophosphamide and were killed 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days thereafter. Lung samples were studied by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed septal and intraalveolar hemorrhages at 2 days and hyaline membranes at 4 days. At 1 to 2 weeks the alveoli were reepithelialized; beyond these intervals there was septal thickening with increased septal cells and interstitial substance. Electron microscopy showed capillary endothelial blebs, membranous pneumocyte injury and sloughing, and severe septal edema at 1 to 2 days. At 4 days some granular pneumocytes appeared altered. At 1 week the alveoli were reepithelialized by prominent granular pneumocytes. Beyond these intervals there was septal thickening with abundant septal cells, debris, collagen, elastin and microfibrils. Some septal elements showed features consistent with \"contractile interstitial cells.\" There was also alveolar collapse indicated by \"trapped\" granular pneumocytes surrounded by septal cells and fibers. Occasional granular pneumocytes showed large intracytoplasmic cavities. Cyclophosphamide can induce severe injury involving all alveolar components. The partly denuded alveoli are reepithelialized by proliferating granular pneumocytes, thus confirming their importance in alveolar repair. The subsequent development of sclerosing alveolitis suggests that cyclophosphamide may offer a useful experimental model for the study of alveolar injury and repair. The role of the septal \"contractile interstitial cells\" in the development of septal fibrosis and the possibility that these lesions are reversible remain to be clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:1211424", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of human eosinophil granules. Comparison to neutrophils.", "content": "Human blood eosinophils obtained from untreated patients with large numbers of circulating eosinophils were purified and lysed. An eosinophil contains 2.65 times as much peroxidase, 2.44 times as much beta-glucuronidase, approximately two times as much acid beta-glycerophosphatase, and 1.2 times as much protein as a neutrophil. Lysate filtration allowed isolation of eosinophil granules by isopycnic ultracentrifugation in sucrose. The granules had a mean density of rho 1.24 g/ml, and contained peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid beta-glycerophosphatase. They totally lacked muramidase and alkaline phosphatase. Electron micrography confirmed the isolation.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of human eosinophil granules. Comparison to neutrophils. Human blood eosinophils obtained from untreated patients with large numbers of circulating eosinophils were purified and lysed. An eosinophil contains 2.65 times as much peroxidase, 2.44 times as much beta-glucuronidase, approximately two times as much acid beta-glycerophosphatase, and 1.2 times as much protein as a neutrophil. Lysate filtration allowed isolation of eosinophil granules by isopycnic ultracentrifugation in sucrose. The granules had a mean density of rho 1.24 g/ml, and contained peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid beta-glycerophosphatase. They totally lacked muramidase and alkaline phosphatase. Electron micrography confirmed the isolation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211425", "title": "Biochemical characterization of Australia antigen. Evidence for defective particles of hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Australia antigen exists in the sera of chronic carriers in several particulate forms, one of which may represent the virion of hepatitis B. This report describes the existence of subpopulations of these 43-nm particles, the Dane particles, on the basis of the staining properties of their internal cores and banding characteristics in cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradients. These data suggested that only a minor proportion of Dane particles contained an intact viral genome and represent the standard infectious virus of hepatitis B. The bulk of the Dane particles appeared to be deficient in viral nucleic acid and, as defective interfering particles, may specifically interfere with the growth of standard virus. Such defective interfering particles could thereby play a role in the persistence of HBV infection in man.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of Australia antigen. Evidence for defective particles of hepatitis B virus. Australia antigen exists in the sera of chronic carriers in several particulate forms, one of which may represent the virion of hepatitis B. This report describes the existence of subpopulations of these 43-nm particles, the Dane particles, on the basis of the staining properties of their internal cores and banding characteristics in cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradients. These data suggested that only a minor proportion of Dane particles contained an intact viral genome and represent the standard infectious virus of hepatitis B. The bulk of the Dane particles appeared to be deficient in viral nucleic acid and, as defective interfering particles, may specifically interfere with the growth of standard virus. Such defective interfering particles could thereby play a role in the persistence of HBV infection in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1211428", "title": "Mid-sagittal dimensions of cervical vertebral bodies.", "content": "A series of lateral radiographs of the cervical spinal column was evaluated in order to determine vertebral body dimensions. The sample included males (N=30) and females (N=31) 18 to 24 years old, comprising three stature percentile ranges (1-20; 40-60; 80-99) of the U.S. adult population. A two-dimensional analysis of vertebral body height (average distance between superior-inferior surgaces), depth (average distance between anteriorposterior surfaces), and area (average height X average depth) revealed minimal effects due to stature. In all subjects, average depth exceeded average height for vertebral bodies C3 through C7. Upon combining stature groups, both sexes revealed maximum average values for these dimensions at the seventh cervical vertebral body. Minimum average height occurred at C5 whereas minimum average depth was found at C3. Significant correlation (alpha greater than 0.05) was found for males between ponderal index and height and depth of the C7 vertebra. Male head weight correlated significantly with C3, C4, C5 and C6 vertebral body height and with C3, C5 and C6 vertebral body depth. For females, C7 height and C6 depth correlated significantly with ponderal index and head weight respectively. Probable biomechanical relationships of specific cervical vertebral bodies are noted", "contents": "Mid-sagittal dimensions of cervical vertebral bodies. A series of lateral radiographs of the cervical spinal column was evaluated in order to determine vertebral body dimensions. The sample included males (N=30) and females (N=31) 18 to 24 years old, comprising three stature percentile ranges (1-20; 40-60; 80-99) of the U.S. adult population. A two-dimensional analysis of vertebral body height (average distance between superior-inferior surgaces), depth (average distance between anteriorposterior surfaces), and area (average height X average depth) revealed minimal effects due to stature. In all subjects, average depth exceeded average height for vertebral bodies C3 through C7. Upon combining stature groups, both sexes revealed maximum average values for these dimensions at the seventh cervical vertebral body. Minimum average height occurred at C5 whereas minimum average depth was found at C3. Significant correlation (alpha greater than 0.05) was found for males between ponderal index and height and depth of the C7 vertebra. Male head weight correlated significantly with C3, C4, C5 and C6 vertebral body height and with C3, C5 and C6 vertebral body depth. For females, C7 height and C6 depth correlated significantly with ponderal index and head weight respectively. Probable biomechanical relationships of specific cervical vertebral bodies are noted"}
{"id": "PMID:1211429", "title": "Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal-phalangeal rankings and proportions.", "content": "As shown in 56 human embryos and fetuses between 15 and 104 mm in crown-rump length, \"adult\" metacarpal-phalangeal length rankings are attained by the seventh intrauterine week and near-adult bone-to-bone ratios or proportions by the theirteenth week. Micrometric measurements of optically-projected histological hand sections show relative elongation of the distals between the 15-29 mm and 30-44 mm crown-rump range, and relative reduction to radiogrammetrically-determined adult proportions by the 90-104 mm CRL.", "contents": "Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal-phalangeal rankings and proportions. As shown in 56 human embryos and fetuses between 15 and 104 mm in crown-rump length, \"adult\" metacarpal-phalangeal length rankings are attained by the seventh intrauterine week and near-adult bone-to-bone ratios or proportions by the theirteenth week. Micrometric measurements of optically-projected histological hand sections show relative elongation of the distals between the 15-29 mm and 30-44 mm crown-rump range, and relative reduction to radiogrammetrically-determined adult proportions by the 90-104 mm CRL."}
{"id": "PMID:1211430", "title": "Diarrheal diseases and growth retardation in preschool Guatemalan children.", "content": "The relationship between diarrheal diseases and growth increments in total body length and weight was investigated in 716 rural Ladino Gautemalan children. Data on diarrheal diseases were provided by the mothers through retrospective surveys carried out at 14-day intervals. Increments in length and weight, semestral from near birth at four years and yearly thence to seven, were related to days ill with diarrheal diseases during the same time interval. Because the data here reported were collected over a two year period, a child may have had information for more than one period. In total, 1,343 child periods were investigated. Days ill with diarrheal diseases were found to be significantly associated with reduced growth in length and weight. It was assumed that the average differences in growth by seven years of age between children in the present sample and children from well-to-do societies, are mainly a function of environmental differences and consequently, a measure of the extent of growth retardation. By expressing the growth retardation specifically associated with diarrheal diseases as a fraction of the above differences it was then estimated that around 10% of this growth retardation was associated with diarrheal diseases.", "contents": "Diarrheal diseases and growth retardation in preschool Guatemalan children. The relationship between diarrheal diseases and growth increments in total body length and weight was investigated in 716 rural Ladino Gautemalan children. Data on diarrheal diseases were provided by the mothers through retrospective surveys carried out at 14-day intervals. Increments in length and weight, semestral from near birth at four years and yearly thence to seven, were related to days ill with diarrheal diseases during the same time interval. Because the data here reported were collected over a two year period, a child may have had information for more than one period. In total, 1,343 child periods were investigated. Days ill with diarrheal diseases were found to be significantly associated with reduced growth in length and weight. It was assumed that the average differences in growth by seven years of age between children in the present sample and children from well-to-do societies, are mainly a function of environmental differences and consequently, a measure of the extent of growth retardation. By expressing the growth retardation specifically associated with diarrheal diseases as a fraction of the above differences it was then estimated that around 10% of this growth retardation was associated with diarrheal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1211431", "title": "The indentification and evaluation of measurement variability in the anthropometry of preschool children.", "content": "Measurement variability estimates for 18 different anthropometric dimensions were collected within the context of an ongoing longitudinal in vestigation of preschool Guatemalan children. Estimates of total measurement variance, intra-observer variance, and short-term intra-subject variance are presented for each variable. A simple procedure for the evaluation of measurement variance in cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations is described in which the total measurement variance is expressed as a percentage of the appropriate inter-subject variance. This statistic serves as an index of the relative reproducibility of anthropometric variables.", "contents": "The indentification and evaluation of measurement variability in the anthropometry of preschool children. Measurement variability estimates for 18 different anthropometric dimensions were collected within the context of an ongoing longitudinal in vestigation of preschool Guatemalan children. Estimates of total measurement variance, intra-observer variance, and short-term intra-subject variance are presented for each variable. A simple procedure for the evaluation of measurement variance in cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations is described in which the total measurement variance is expressed as a percentage of the appropriate inter-subject variance. This statistic serves as an index of the relative reproducibility of anthropometric variables."}
{"id": "PMID:1211432", "title": "Mandibular precedence in the prenatal development of four permanent teeth.", "content": "As shown in 62 pairs of dental opponents from 32 grossly normal human fetuses in the 75-378 mm crown-rump range, mandibular precedence is the rule for 11, 12, C and M1, a trend in agreement with mandibular precedence for deciduous teeth through dm1 and in the gingival emergence of the same permanent teeth during postnatal development.", "contents": "Mandibular precedence in the prenatal development of four permanent teeth. As shown in 62 pairs of dental opponents from 32 grossly normal human fetuses in the 75-378 mm crown-rump range, mandibular precedence is the rule for 11, 12, C and M1, a trend in agreement with mandibular precedence for deciduous teeth through dm1 and in the gingival emergence of the same permanent teeth during postnatal development."}
{"id": "PMID:1211433", "title": "Rethingking human pigmentation.", "content": "Though pigmentation has been of interest to anthropologists for a long time, its inheritance, and particularly the reasons for the incomplete correlation of skin, hair and eye, is poorly understood. It is suggested that this is largely due to lack of genetically plausible hypotheses. Taking into account racial and individual variation in pigment traits, and knowledge of pigmentation in other mammals, a minimum set of genetic factors for pigmentation in man is suggested. These include: (1) a set of polygenes affecting skin color only; (2) one locus for depigmentation of the eye, not affecting skin or hair, (3) one pleiotropic gene for reduction of pigment at all sites, and (4) one or more loci with multiple alleles producing blondness or rufosity of the hair in symmetrical patterns over the body.", "contents": "Rethingking human pigmentation. Though pigmentation has been of interest to anthropologists for a long time, its inheritance, and particularly the reasons for the incomplete correlation of skin, hair and eye, is poorly understood. It is suggested that this is largely due to lack of genetically plausible hypotheses. Taking into account racial and individual variation in pigment traits, and knowledge of pigmentation in other mammals, a minimum set of genetic factors for pigmentation in man is suggested. These include: (1) a set of polygenes affecting skin color only; (2) one locus for depigmentation of the eye, not affecting skin or hair, (3) one pleiotropic gene for reduction of pigment at all sites, and (4) one or more loci with multiple alleles producing blondness or rufosity of the hair in symmetrical patterns over the body."}
{"id": "PMID:1211434", "title": "Role of light in human skin color viariation.", "content": "The major source of color in human skin derives from the presence within the epidermis of specialized melanin-bearing organelles, the melanosomes. Tanning of human skin on exposure to ultraviolet light results from increased amounts of melanin within the epidermis. Melanosomes synthesized by melanocytes are acquired by keratinocytes and transported within them to the epidermal surface. In some cases, the melanosomes are catobolized en route. New information indicates that the multicellular epidermal melanin unit (melanocyte and associated pool of keratinocytes) rather than the melanocyte alone is the focal point for the control of melanin metabolism within mammalian epidermis. Gross human skin color derives from the visual impact of the summed melanin pigmentation of the many epidermal melanin units. In theory, constitutive skin color in man designates the genetically-determined levels of melanin pigmentation developed in the absence of exposure to solar radiation or other environmental influences; facultative skin color or \"tan\" characterizes the increases in melanin pigmentation above the constitutive level induced by ultraviolet light. The details of genetic regulation of pigment metabolism within the epidermal melanin units are being clarified. In some mammals at least, the function of epidermal melanin units is significantly influenced by hormones which may be regulated by radiations received through the eyes. Based on an evolutionary history of the human family which exceeds ten million years, it is proposed that melanin pigmentation may have played a number of roles in human adaptions to changing biologic and physical environments.", "contents": "Role of light in human skin color viariation. The major source of color in human skin derives from the presence within the epidermis of specialized melanin-bearing organelles, the melanosomes. Tanning of human skin on exposure to ultraviolet light results from increased amounts of melanin within the epidermis. Melanosomes synthesized by melanocytes are acquired by keratinocytes and transported within them to the epidermal surface. In some cases, the melanosomes are catobolized en route. New information indicates that the multicellular epidermal melanin unit (melanocyte and associated pool of keratinocytes) rather than the melanocyte alone is the focal point for the control of melanin metabolism within mammalian epidermis. Gross human skin color derives from the visual impact of the summed melanin pigmentation of the many epidermal melanin units. In theory, constitutive skin color in man designates the genetically-determined levels of melanin pigmentation developed in the absence of exposure to solar radiation or other environmental influences; facultative skin color or \"tan\" characterizes the increases in melanin pigmentation above the constitutive level induced by ultraviolet light. The details of genetic regulation of pigment metabolism within the epidermal melanin units are being clarified. In some mammals at least, the function of epidermal melanin units is significantly influenced by hormones which may be regulated by radiations received through the eyes. Based on an evolutionary history of the human family which exceeds ten million years, it is proposed that melanin pigmentation may have played a number of roles in human adaptions to changing biologic and physical environments."}
{"id": "PMID:1211435", "title": "The evolutionary significance of vitamin D, skin pigment, and ultraviolet light.", "content": "Vitamin D is essential for normal growth, calcuim absorption, and skeletal development. Vitamin D deficiency can cause death, immobilization, or pelvic deformities which prevent normal childbirth. In the past these problems were extremely common in North America and Europe, and were only elminated by adding vitamin D to food. Prior to that, variations in available vitamin D affected health, survival and reproductive efficiency sufficiently to have evolutionary significance. Vitamin D is naturally present in few foods; most comes from the photo-conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin. The limiting factor in this conversion is the availability of ultraviolet light less than310 nm. Seasonal and geographic variations in natural ultraviolet radiation cause parallel variations in blood vitamin D levels, intestinal calcuim absorption, and clinical vitamin D deficiency. These physiological variations can be abolished by exposure to comparable artificial ultraviolet radiation, or by dietary vitamin D supplements. Ultraviolet radiation less than310 nm is absorbed by skin pigment, but is also increases skin pigmentation. This has led to the hypothesis that skin pigment regulates skin vitamin D production. Little direct evidence exists to test this reasonable hypothesis, but necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing it can be outlined. Until this hypothesis is experimentally tested, it is impossible to evaluate the corollary hypothesis: that racial variations in the efficiency of cutaneous vitamin D production restricted the evolution of dark-skinned peoples to tropical latitudes and thereby caused the geographic distribution of the races.", "contents": "The evolutionary significance of vitamin D, skin pigment, and ultraviolet light. Vitamin D is essential for normal growth, calcuim absorption, and skeletal development. Vitamin D deficiency can cause death, immobilization, or pelvic deformities which prevent normal childbirth. In the past these problems were extremely common in North America and Europe, and were only elminated by adding vitamin D to food. Prior to that, variations in available vitamin D affected health, survival and reproductive efficiency sufficiently to have evolutionary significance. Vitamin D is naturally present in few foods; most comes from the photo-conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin. The limiting factor in this conversion is the availability of ultraviolet light less than310 nm. Seasonal and geographic variations in natural ultraviolet radiation cause parallel variations in blood vitamin D levels, intestinal calcuim absorption, and clinical vitamin D deficiency. These physiological variations can be abolished by exposure to comparable artificial ultraviolet radiation, or by dietary vitamin D supplements. Ultraviolet radiation less than310 nm is absorbed by skin pigment, but is also increases skin pigmentation. This has led to the hypothesis that skin pigment regulates skin vitamin D production. Little direct evidence exists to test this reasonable hypothesis, but necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing it can be outlined. Until this hypothesis is experimentally tested, it is impossible to evaluate the corollary hypothesis: that racial variations in the efficiency of cutaneous vitamin D production restricted the evolution of dark-skinned peoples to tropical latitudes and thereby caused the geographic distribution of the races."}
{"id": "PMID:1211436", "title": "Retinal pigmentation, visual acuity and brightness levels.", "content": "This study investigates the hypothesis that the degree of retinal pigmentation in the human eye is adaptive as it relates to the maintenance of visual acuity in optically stressful environments, deserts and snowfields. Eighty-four subjects were examined, an estimation of their degree of retinal pigmentation made by ophthalmoscopic examination and their binocular visual acuity tested over ten levels of brightness. The general level of retinal pigmentation did not influence mean visual acuity within the levels of brightness used in this study. The hypothesis was, therefore, rejected, but with the proviso that this study should be extended to even higher levels of brightness than were obtained here. There was no difference in mean pupil size at various levels of illumination between individuals grouped by degree of retinal pigmentation.", "contents": "Retinal pigmentation, visual acuity and brightness levels. This study investigates the hypothesis that the degree of retinal pigmentation in the human eye is adaptive as it relates to the maintenance of visual acuity in optically stressful environments, deserts and snowfields. Eighty-four subjects were examined, an estimation of their degree of retinal pigmentation made by ophthalmoscopic examination and their binocular visual acuity tested over ten levels of brightness. The general level of retinal pigmentation did not influence mean visual acuity within the levels of brightness used in this study. The hypothesis was, therefore, rejected, but with the proviso that this study should be extended to even higher levels of brightness than were obtained here. There was no difference in mean pupil size at various levels of illumination between individuals grouped by degree of retinal pigmentation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211437", "title": "Iris pigmentation and photopic visual acuity: a preliminary study.", "content": "Visual acuity under varying conditions of light stress was tested in four human populations. It was found that the density of iris pigmentation had no significant effect on visual acuity under conditions of bright light. While some acclimatization to local light levels was observed, significant population differences in visual acuity were obtained. A hypothesis is advanced at to the adaptive value of varying densities of pigmentation of the iris based on the known heat absorption properties of melanin granules.", "contents": "Iris pigmentation and photopic visual acuity: a preliminary study. Visual acuity under varying conditions of light stress was tested in four human populations. It was found that the density of iris pigmentation had no significant effect on visual acuity under conditions of bright light. While some acclimatization to local light levels was observed, significant population differences in visual acuity were obtained. A hypothesis is advanced at to the adaptive value of varying densities of pigmentation of the iris based on the known heat absorption properties of melanin granules."}
{"id": "PMID:1211438", "title": "A quantitative and morphological study of the pigmentary system of the chimpanzee with the light and electron microscope.", "content": "The epidermal melanocyte system of the chimpaneze was studied by the combined skin-splitting DOPA, and electron microscopic techniques. It is very similar to man. There are DOPA-positive epidermal melanocytes in all body regions regradless of the degree of macroscopic skin pigmentation or hirsutism. Furthermore, as in man, but in contrast to rodents, chimpanzee skin contains a very high level of melanocytes in the epidermis; approximately 3,320+/-350 per square millimeter skin. Chimpanzee melanosomes are long, wide, and fully melanized. In keratinocytes, these organelles are individually dispersed in all body regions, regardless of the degree of skin color, as is true for other mammalian species with large melanosomes.", "contents": "A quantitative and morphological study of the pigmentary system of the chimpanzee with the light and electron microscope. The epidermal melanocyte system of the chimpaneze was studied by the combined skin-splitting DOPA, and electron microscopic techniques. It is very similar to man. There are DOPA-positive epidermal melanocytes in all body regions regradless of the degree of macroscopic skin pigmentation or hirsutism. Furthermore, as in man, but in contrast to rodents, chimpanzee skin contains a very high level of melanocytes in the epidermis; approximately 3,320+/-350 per square millimeter skin. Chimpanzee melanosomes are long, wide, and fully melanized. In keratinocytes, these organelles are individually dispersed in all body regions, regardless of the degree of skin color, as is true for other mammalian species with large melanosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1211446", "title": "Capillary and cell wall permeability to potassium in isolated dog hearts.", "content": "From venous tracer-dilution curves recorded after 36 pulse injections of 42KCl and 131I-labeled albumin into the coronary artery inflow of 15 isolated canine heart preparations, we calculated maximal fractional extractions (Emax) and capillary permeability-surface area products (PScap) for 42K+ over a range of plasma flows (FP) from 0.3 to 1.7 ml min-1 g-u. At low FP (less than 1.0), Emax was 0.60 +/- 0.0l (mean +/- SD) and PScap was 0.72 +/- 0.20 ml min-1 g-1; at high FP (greater than 1.0), Emax decreased to 0.49 +/- 0.05 and PScap increased to 1.06 +/- 0.18. Continuous recording (gamma detector) of residual myocardial 42K+ in seven hearts showed that the mean fractional escape rate of tracer between 30 and 60 min after injection was 0.011-0.023 min-1; higher rates were observed at high FP, when the residue of 42K+ decreased to less than 10% of the injected dose by 60 min. Using PScap measured at high FP and considering the virtual intracellular volume of distribution for K+ to be 20 ml/g, we calculated the permeability-surface area product for sarcolemma (PScw) as 0.54-0.73 ml min-1 g-1, or about 50% of PScap. Considering sarcolemmal surface area (Scw) as 4,200 cm2/g and capillary surface area (Scap) as 500 cm2/g, cell permeability is low, with Pcw:Pcap being less than 0.08.", "contents": "Capillary and cell wall permeability to potassium in isolated dog hearts. From venous tracer-dilution curves recorded after 36 pulse injections of 42KCl and 131I-labeled albumin into the coronary artery inflow of 15 isolated canine heart preparations, we calculated maximal fractional extractions (Emax) and capillary permeability-surface area products (PScap) for 42K+ over a range of plasma flows (FP) from 0.3 to 1.7 ml min-1 g-u. At low FP (less than 1.0), Emax was 0.60 +/- 0.0l (mean +/- SD) and PScap was 0.72 +/- 0.20 ml min-1 g-1; at high FP (greater than 1.0), Emax decreased to 0.49 +/- 0.05 and PScap increased to 1.06 +/- 0.18. Continuous recording (gamma detector) of residual myocardial 42K+ in seven hearts showed that the mean fractional escape rate of tracer between 30 and 60 min after injection was 0.011-0.023 min-1; higher rates were observed at high FP, when the residue of 42K+ decreased to less than 10% of the injected dose by 60 min. Using PScap measured at high FP and considering the virtual intracellular volume of distribution for K+ to be 20 ml/g, we calculated the permeability-surface area product for sarcolemma (PScw) as 0.54-0.73 ml min-1 g-1, or about 50% of PScap. Considering sarcolemmal surface area (Scw) as 4,200 cm2/g and capillary surface area (Scap) as 500 cm2/g, cell permeability is low, with Pcw:Pcap being less than 0.08."}
{"id": "PMID:1211447", "title": "Satiety and hunger induced by small and large duodenal loads of isotonic glucose.", "content": "Hepatic-portal infusions of small or large flucose loads in the rabbit had little or no stimulating effect on postinfusion food intake. However, marked differential changes in appetite were observed when small and large glucose loads were infused into the duodenum. The satiating effect of small glucose loads contrasted sharply with an unusually high increase in food intake triggered by the infusions of larger amounts of glucose into the duodenum. The results are interpreted in terms of a possible involvement of the enteroinsular mechanism in the regulation of food intake. This mechanism is bypassed and its influence on food intake eliminated when glucose is infused directly into the portal circulation. The positive relationship between large amounts of alimentary carbohydrates and overeating is seen as a factor that may actively promote the development of obesity and diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Satiety and hunger induced by small and large duodenal loads of isotonic glucose. Hepatic-portal infusions of small or large flucose loads in the rabbit had little or no stimulating effect on postinfusion food intake. However, marked differential changes in appetite were observed when small and large glucose loads were infused into the duodenum. The satiating effect of small glucose loads contrasted sharply with an unusually high increase in food intake triggered by the infusions of larger amounts of glucose into the duodenum. The results are interpreted in terms of a possible involvement of the enteroinsular mechanism in the regulation of food intake. This mechanism is bypassed and its influence on food intake eliminated when glucose is infused directly into the portal circulation. The positive relationship between large amounts of alimentary carbohydrates and overeating is seen as a factor that may actively promote the development of obesity and diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:1211448", "title": "Subepithelial capillary blood flow estimated from blood-to-lumen flux of barbital in ileum of rats.", "content": "The outflux of barbital from the blood into the small intestine perfused with an isosmotic buffer of pH 9.5 in anesthetized rats was measured to determine the subepithelial capillary blood flow in the gut. It was shown that barbital clearance is blood flow limited when total blood flow to the small intestine varied between 0.3 and 1.3 ml/min per g wet gut. The barbital clearance amounted to an average of 50.3% of the total blood flow. The total mucosal blood flow determined by the use of the distribution of microspheres in the layers of gut wall was 62.76% of the total blood flow. It is concluded that, because of anatomical reasons, a subepithelial blood flow available for the transport process is somewhat less than the measured total mucosal blood flow.", "contents": "Subepithelial capillary blood flow estimated from blood-to-lumen flux of barbital in ileum of rats. The outflux of barbital from the blood into the small intestine perfused with an isosmotic buffer of pH 9.5 in anesthetized rats was measured to determine the subepithelial capillary blood flow in the gut. It was shown that barbital clearance is blood flow limited when total blood flow to the small intestine varied between 0.3 and 1.3 ml/min per g wet gut. The barbital clearance amounted to an average of 50.3% of the total blood flow. The total mucosal blood flow determined by the use of the distribution of microspheres in the layers of gut wall was 62.76% of the total blood flow. It is concluded that, because of anatomical reasons, a subepithelial blood flow available for the transport process is somewhat less than the measured total mucosal blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1211449", "title": "Dispersed rat parotid acinar cells. III. Characterization of cholinergic receptors.", "content": "The in vitro characterization of cholinergic receptors in dispersed rat parotid acinar cells was accomplished through investigations of the net transmembrane fluxes of K in response to exposure of the cells to selected cholinergic agonists and antagonists. Interaction of acetylcholine bromide (ACh) and carbamylcholine (carbachol) with the cholinergic receptors resulted in rapid net efflux of K from the cells. This cellular response was demonstrable in concentrations of carbachol as low as 10(-8) M. With gradual increase in the concentrations of the agonist an increase in the K efflux was observed up to 10(-5) M. At higher concentrations of this cholinergic agonist no further increases in the net K efflux were observed. The response of the cells to cholinergic agonists was inhibited by atropine but not by the adrenergic antagonists phentolamine or propranolol, suggesting cholinergic agonist-antagonist interactions at the receptor site. The dispersed rat parotid acinar cells appear to have functionally intact cholinergic receptors and could be used as valuable experimental tools for the study of receptor physiology and pharmacology as well as of other aspects of secretory function at the cellular level.", "contents": "Dispersed rat parotid acinar cells. III. Characterization of cholinergic receptors. The in vitro characterization of cholinergic receptors in dispersed rat parotid acinar cells was accomplished through investigations of the net transmembrane fluxes of K in response to exposure of the cells to selected cholinergic agonists and antagonists. Interaction of acetylcholine bromide (ACh) and carbamylcholine (carbachol) with the cholinergic receptors resulted in rapid net efflux of K from the cells. This cellular response was demonstrable in concentrations of carbachol as low as 10(-8) M. With gradual increase in the concentrations of the agonist an increase in the K efflux was observed up to 10(-5) M. At higher concentrations of this cholinergic agonist no further increases in the net K efflux were observed. The response of the cells to cholinergic agonists was inhibited by atropine but not by the adrenergic antagonists phentolamine or propranolol, suggesting cholinergic agonist-antagonist interactions at the receptor site. The dispersed rat parotid acinar cells appear to have functionally intact cholinergic receptors and could be used as valuable experimental tools for the study of receptor physiology and pharmacology as well as of other aspects of secretory function at the cellular level."}
{"id": "PMID:1211450", "title": "Uric acid excretion by the rat kidney.", "content": "The renal excretion of uric acid was studied in nondiuretic (ND) male Wistar rats and in the same animals subsequently made diuretic (D) by the infusion of hypertonic saline. Clearances of endogenous urate and of inulin, determined chemically, were compared with the simultaneous clearance of 14C infused as [6(-14)C]urate or [2(-14)C]urate. In rats infused with [6(-14)C]urate the isotope/inulin clearance ratios were 0.29 +/- 0.09 (ND) and 0.31 +/- 0.11 (D) ml/min; the simultaneous urate (chemical)/inulin ratios were 0.21 +/- 0.07 (ND) and 0.24 +/- 0.08 (D) ml/min. In rats infused with [2(-14)C]urate the isotope/inulin clearance ratios were 1.02 +/- 0.5 (ND) and 1.13 +/- 0.9 ml/min (D); the simultaneous urate (chemical)/inulin clearance ratios were much lower-0.19 +/- 0.09 (ND) and 0.32 +/- 0.19 (D) ml/min. Thin-layer chromatography of urine after [6(-14)C]urate inl uric acid. In contrast, a similar analysis of urinary radioactivity after [2(-14)C]urate infusion revealed that more than 70% of the 14C was excreted as allantoin and not as uric acid.", "contents": "Uric acid excretion by the rat kidney. The renal excretion of uric acid was studied in nondiuretic (ND) male Wistar rats and in the same animals subsequently made diuretic (D) by the infusion of hypertonic saline. Clearances of endogenous urate and of inulin, determined chemically, were compared with the simultaneous clearance of 14C infused as [6(-14)C]urate or [2(-14)C]urate. In rats infused with [6(-14)C]urate the isotope/inulin clearance ratios were 0.29 +/- 0.09 (ND) and 0.31 +/- 0.11 (D) ml/min; the simultaneous urate (chemical)/inulin ratios were 0.21 +/- 0.07 (ND) and 0.24 +/- 0.08 (D) ml/min. In rats infused with [2(-14)C]urate the isotope/inulin clearance ratios were 1.02 +/- 0.5 (ND) and 1.13 +/- 0.9 ml/min (D); the simultaneous urate (chemical)/inulin clearance ratios were much lower-0.19 +/- 0.09 (ND) and 0.32 +/- 0.19 (D) ml/min. Thin-layer chromatography of urine after [6(-14)C]urate inl uric acid. In contrast, a similar analysis of urinary radioactivity after [2(-14)C]urate infusion revealed that more than 70% of the 14C was excreted as allantoin and not as uric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1211451", "title": "Bile acid kinetics and bile secretion in the pony.", "content": "Bile acid pool size and synthesis rate were determined by both isotope-dilution and washout methods in ponies with chronic external biliary fistulas. Bile acid pool size (10.9 mumol/kg) and synthesis rate (11.2 mumol/day per kg) estimated by the isotope-dilution method did not differ significantly from pool size (9.4 mumol/kg) and synthesis rate (9.5 mumol/day per kg) estimated by washout method. Bile acid-dependent and -independent fractions of bile flow, determined by a method that circumvents any inevitable correlation of flow to bile acid secretion due to common factors in both parameters, did not differ from those values obtained by linear regression of bile flow versus bile acid secretion. The choleretic effect of infused chenodeoxycholic acid was higher than that of both endogenous bile acid and infused taurocholic acid.", "contents": "Bile acid kinetics and bile secretion in the pony. Bile acid pool size and synthesis rate were determined by both isotope-dilution and washout methods in ponies with chronic external biliary fistulas. Bile acid pool size (10.9 mumol/kg) and synthesis rate (11.2 mumol/day per kg) estimated by the isotope-dilution method did not differ significantly from pool size (9.4 mumol/kg) and synthesis rate (9.5 mumol/day per kg) estimated by washout method. Bile acid-dependent and -independent fractions of bile flow, determined by a method that circumvents any inevitable correlation of flow to bile acid secretion due to common factors in both parameters, did not differ from those values obtained by linear regression of bile flow versus bile acid secretion. The choleretic effect of infused chenodeoxycholic acid was higher than that of both endogenous bile acid and infused taurocholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1211452", "title": "Recirculation and reutilization of micellar bile lecithin.", "content": "Bile lecithins, solubilized in micellar bile salt and radiolabeled in the 1-acyl fatty acid, phosphorus, and choline positions, were infused in the small bowel of fasted rats. Absorption of each label was virtually complete after 24 h. However, these lecithins were extensively hydrolyzed in the bowel lumen as well as after absorption, and neither the fatty acid nor phosphorus was significantly retained in the enterohepatic circulation or reutilized for biliary lecithin synthesis. In contrast, while choline was also dissociated from absorbed lecithin, choline was instead retained in the liver, reincorporated into newly synthesized hepatic lecithin, and sercreted in biliary lecithin in 10-fold greater amounts than either the fatty acid or phosphorus. However, the extent of choline incorporation into bile lecithin was limited and was not further increased when free choline was directly injected into the portal vein. The data therefore suggest that although only choline of absorbed lecithin is retained in the enterohepatic circulation and preserved for new biliary lecithin synthesis, exogenous choline utilization is regulated by the size of the available hepatic pool.", "contents": "Recirculation and reutilization of micellar bile lecithin. Bile lecithins, solubilized in micellar bile salt and radiolabeled in the 1-acyl fatty acid, phosphorus, and choline positions, were infused in the small bowel of fasted rats. Absorption of each label was virtually complete after 24 h. However, these lecithins were extensively hydrolyzed in the bowel lumen as well as after absorption, and neither the fatty acid nor phosphorus was significantly retained in the enterohepatic circulation or reutilized for biliary lecithin synthesis. In contrast, while choline was also dissociated from absorbed lecithin, choline was instead retained in the liver, reincorporated into newly synthesized hepatic lecithin, and sercreted in biliary lecithin in 10-fold greater amounts than either the fatty acid or phosphorus. However, the extent of choline incorporation into bile lecithin was limited and was not further increased when free choline was directly injected into the portal vein. The data therefore suggest that although only choline of absorbed lecithin is retained in the enterohepatic circulation and preserved for new biliary lecithin synthesis, exogenous choline utilization is regulated by the size of the available hepatic pool."}
{"id": "PMID:1211453", "title": "Reevaluation of the needle method for measuring interstitial fluid pressure.", "content": "Inserting a needle into subcutaneous spaces should allow a subatmospheric pressure to be measured if interstitial fluid pressure is truly negative as measured by the capsule and wick techniques. Previous needle measurements of interstitial fluid pressure have produced a positive value, but in most instances fluid has been injected into the tissues prior to recording of pressure. Therefore, we measured subcutaneous needle pressure in anesthetized dogs without fluid injection into the tissues. Approximately 30 min are required for an equilibrium pressure after insertion of the needle. The mean 30-min pressure was 4.6 +/- 0.5 (SE) mmHg (n equals 41). With observable edema, interstitial fluid pressures as measured with the needle were always positive. However, the needle method for continuous recording of pressure lacks rapid sensitivity to changes in tissue fluid pressures. In order to develop a needle method that would follow changes in interstitial fluid pressure, 0.5-1 mul of saline was injected into or withdrawn from the tissue. With this method, pressure plateaued in 10-20 min. This plateau pressure increased with tissue hydration and decreased with dehydration.", "contents": "Reevaluation of the needle method for measuring interstitial fluid pressure. Inserting a needle into subcutaneous spaces should allow a subatmospheric pressure to be measured if interstitial fluid pressure is truly negative as measured by the capsule and wick techniques. Previous needle measurements of interstitial fluid pressure have produced a positive value, but in most instances fluid has been injected into the tissues prior to recording of pressure. Therefore, we measured subcutaneous needle pressure in anesthetized dogs without fluid injection into the tissues. Approximately 30 min are required for an equilibrium pressure after insertion of the needle. The mean 30-min pressure was 4.6 +/- 0.5 (SE) mmHg (n equals 41). With observable edema, interstitial fluid pressures as measured with the needle were always positive. However, the needle method for continuous recording of pressure lacks rapid sensitivity to changes in tissue fluid pressures. In order to develop a needle method that would follow changes in interstitial fluid pressure, 0.5-1 mul of saline was injected into or withdrawn from the tissue. With this method, pressure plateaued in 10-20 min. This plateau pressure increased with tissue hydration and decreased with dehydration."}
{"id": "PMID:1211454", "title": "Phase lock of electrical slow waves and spike bursts in cat duodenum.", "content": "The phase relationship between slow waves and spike bursts was studied in vitro in the cat duodenum. Electrodes were arranged radially about the duodenum. Records were read for T1, the time between the slow-wave \"valley\" and the first spike, and T2, the time between successive valleys. The distributions of the ratio T1/T2 showed very small differences, not uniquely attributable to radial electrode position. The distribution of T1/T2 indicated that spike bursts began 58.8% of the way through a slow-wave cycle, measured from the valley. Also, electrodes were arranged longitudinally and records were read to determine deltaSW, the slow-wave delay time between adjacent electrode positions, and deltaS, the spike burst delay time between adjacent electrode positions. The correlation of deltaS and deltaSW suggested a linear relation, and a regression resulted in a good linear description. These results are consistent with an assumed phase lock of spike bursts to slow waves.", "contents": "Phase lock of electrical slow waves and spike bursts in cat duodenum. The phase relationship between slow waves and spike bursts was studied in vitro in the cat duodenum. Electrodes were arranged radially about the duodenum. Records were read for T1, the time between the slow-wave \"valley\" and the first spike, and T2, the time between successive valleys. The distributions of the ratio T1/T2 showed very small differences, not uniquely attributable to radial electrode position. The distribution of T1/T2 indicated that spike bursts began 58.8% of the way through a slow-wave cycle, measured from the valley. Also, electrodes were arranged longitudinally and records were read to determine deltaSW, the slow-wave delay time between adjacent electrode positions, and deltaS, the spike burst delay time between adjacent electrode positions. The correlation of deltaS and deltaSW suggested a linear relation, and a regression resulted in a good linear description. These results are consistent with an assumed phase lock of spike bursts to slow waves."}
{"id": "PMID:1211455", "title": "Properties of canine tissue thromboplastins from brain, lung, arteries, and veins.", "content": "Properties of the protein moieties of canine tissue thromboplastins (TTP's) from brain (BTTP), lung (LTTP), arteries (ATTP), AND VEINS (VTTP) were determined. The maximum specific activity of each protein moiety after its relipidation was obtained when the phospholipid-delipidated TTP ratio was 0.32 and was 1,395 U/mg BTTP, 1,130 U/mg LTTP, 630 U/mg VTTP, and 435 U/mg ATTP. The amino acid contents of the protein moieties of LTTP, ATTP, and VTTP were closely similar, but that of BTTP was significantly different. The Ouchterlony analysis showed that BTTP did not react at all with the antibody against VTTP, but that three other TTP's did and showed the reaction of complete identity. Then, the reactivity of 125-I-labeled TTP's with the anti-VTTP antibody was studied. The results showed that 0.79 +/- 0.01 (SD) % of [125I]BTTP, 10.24 +/- 0.5 (SD) % of [125I]LTTP, 19.4 +/- 0.2 (SD) % of [125I]VTTP, and 5.88 +/- 0.4 (SD) % of [125I]ATTP added were bound to the antibody in 2 h. Next, the molecular weight of each was determined by Sephadex G-200 filtration, which averaged 80,000 +/- 4,000 (SD) ([125I]BTTP), 113,000 +/- 5,000 (SD) ([125I]LTTP), 62,000 +/- 3,000 (SD) ([125I]ATTP), and 47,000 +/- 2,000 (SD) ([125I]VTTP). Finally, the plasma behavior of each was studied in four dogs. The plasma half-life averaged 8.1 +/- 0.24 (SD) h ([125I]BTTP), 14.6 +/- 0.5 (SD) h ([125I]LTTP), 7.38 +/- 0.48 (SD) h ([1252]ATTP), and 24.3 +/- 0.9 (SD) h ([125I]VTTP). These results indicate that the protein moieties of canine TTP's from brain, lung, arteries, and veins are closely similar in some aspects but dissimilar in others and are definitely not identical.", "contents": "Properties of canine tissue thromboplastins from brain, lung, arteries, and veins. Properties of the protein moieties of canine tissue thromboplastins (TTP's) from brain (BTTP), lung (LTTP), arteries (ATTP), AND VEINS (VTTP) were determined. The maximum specific activity of each protein moiety after its relipidation was obtained when the phospholipid-delipidated TTP ratio was 0.32 and was 1,395 U/mg BTTP, 1,130 U/mg LTTP, 630 U/mg VTTP, and 435 U/mg ATTP. The amino acid contents of the protein moieties of LTTP, ATTP, and VTTP were closely similar, but that of BTTP was significantly different. The Ouchterlony analysis showed that BTTP did not react at all with the antibody against VTTP, but that three other TTP's did and showed the reaction of complete identity. Then, the reactivity of 125-I-labeled TTP's with the anti-VTTP antibody was studied. The results showed that 0.79 +/- 0.01 (SD) % of [125I]BTTP, 10.24 +/- 0.5 (SD) % of [125I]LTTP, 19.4 +/- 0.2 (SD) % of [125I]VTTP, and 5.88 +/- 0.4 (SD) % of [125I]ATTP added were bound to the antibody in 2 h. Next, the molecular weight of each was determined by Sephadex G-200 filtration, which averaged 80,000 +/- 4,000 (SD) ([125I]BTTP), 113,000 +/- 5,000 (SD) ([125I]LTTP), 62,000 +/- 3,000 (SD) ([125I]ATTP), and 47,000 +/- 2,000 (SD) ([125I]VTTP). Finally, the plasma behavior of each was studied in four dogs. The plasma half-life averaged 8.1 +/- 0.24 (SD) h ([125I]BTTP), 14.6 +/- 0.5 (SD) h ([125I]LTTP), 7.38 +/- 0.48 (SD) h ([1252]ATTP), and 24.3 +/- 0.9 (SD) h ([125I]VTTP). These results indicate that the protein moieties of canine TTP's from brain, lung, arteries, and veins are closely similar in some aspects but dissimilar in others and are definitely not identical."}
{"id": "PMID:1211456", "title": "Effect of renal decapsulation on renal function.", "content": "Marked increases in renal volume commonly occur in acute tubular necrosis and acute transplant rejection. Based on studies in the dog, we have previously suggested that the renal swelling observed in states of acute renal injury may be due principally to an increase in compliance of the kidney. The present study was undertaken in an effort to assess whether compliance-mediated increases in renal volume might affect renal function. In 15 dogs we compared the function of a decapsulated kidney (DK) to that of the contralateral intact kidney (IK); in 12 dogs we compared the function of a partially decapsulated kidney (PDK) to that of the contralateral IK. We compared the function of DK or PDK to IK, first under control conditions (ureteral pressure (UP) equals 0 mmHg), then at increased intrarenal pressure (UP equals 30 mmHg for both kidneys plus iv saline loading), and then during a recovery period (UP of both kidneys restored to 0 mmHg). The rationale is that probably DK is more compliant than IK; thus at increased intrarenal pressure DK volume should increase more than IK volume. Under control conditions DK and IK function were normal and equal; however, during increased intrarenal pressure, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was about 20% less and Na and H20 excretion were about 30% less in DK than in IK. When intrarenal pressure was restored toward control by lowering UP to 0 mmHg, DK and IK function were once again equal. Similar but less marked changes occurred in the experiments comparing PDK and IK function. The impairment of renal function in DK vs. IK at increased intrarenal pressure was not explained by renal blood flow distribution, backdiffusion of glomerular filtrate, or by surface losses of fluid from DK. We suggest that impairment of renal function in DK vs. IK during increased intrarenal pressure is in some way related to the greater expansion of DK (21.0 +/- 0.02%) vs. IK (9.7 +/- 0.03%) at increased intrarenal pressure.", "contents": "Effect of renal decapsulation on renal function. Marked increases in renal volume commonly occur in acute tubular necrosis and acute transplant rejection. Based on studies in the dog, we have previously suggested that the renal swelling observed in states of acute renal injury may be due principally to an increase in compliance of the kidney. The present study was undertaken in an effort to assess whether compliance-mediated increases in renal volume might affect renal function. In 15 dogs we compared the function of a decapsulated kidney (DK) to that of the contralateral intact kidney (IK); in 12 dogs we compared the function of a partially decapsulated kidney (PDK) to that of the contralateral IK. We compared the function of DK or PDK to IK, first under control conditions (ureteral pressure (UP) equals 0 mmHg), then at increased intrarenal pressure (UP equals 30 mmHg for both kidneys plus iv saline loading), and then during a recovery period (UP of both kidneys restored to 0 mmHg). The rationale is that probably DK is more compliant than IK; thus at increased intrarenal pressure DK volume should increase more than IK volume. Under control conditions DK and IK function were normal and equal; however, during increased intrarenal pressure, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was about 20% less and Na and H20 excretion were about 30% less in DK than in IK. When intrarenal pressure was restored toward control by lowering UP to 0 mmHg, DK and IK function were once again equal. Similar but less marked changes occurred in the experiments comparing PDK and IK function. The impairment of renal function in DK vs. IK at increased intrarenal pressure was not explained by renal blood flow distribution, backdiffusion of glomerular filtrate, or by surface losses of fluid from DK. We suggest that impairment of renal function in DK vs. IK during increased intrarenal pressure is in some way related to the greater expansion of DK (21.0 +/- 0.02%) vs. IK (9.7 +/- 0.03%) at increased intrarenal pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1211457", "title": "Effect of [Sar1, Ala8]angiotensin II on renal vascular resistance.", "content": "Partial occlusion of the renal artery (RAO) was induced in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital or morphine chloralose-urethan. The effect of [Sar1, Ala8]angiotensin II (P-113) was compared before and during RAO on blood flow and vascular resistance of the contralateral kidney. An increase in renin secretion rate was obtained in the ischemic kidney, which was accompanied by an increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) in the contralateral kidney and a rise in systemic blood pressure. P-113 given intra-arterially to the contralateral kidney consistently increased renal blood flow and decreased RVR during RAO, but did not alter RVR significantly before RAO. The elevation in renin secretion rate decreased between 30 and 122 min after the initiation of RAO in the pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs but not in the chloralose-urethan-anesthetized dogs. These experiments indicate that during RAO release of renin causes, through formation of angiotensin, an increase in RVR in the contralateral kidney and intra-arterial administration of P-113 restores the vascular resistance to a near-normal level.", "contents": "Effect of [Sar1, Ala8]angiotensin II on renal vascular resistance. Partial occlusion of the renal artery (RAO) was induced in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital or morphine chloralose-urethan. The effect of [Sar1, Ala8]angiotensin II (P-113) was compared before and during RAO on blood flow and vascular resistance of the contralateral kidney. An increase in renin secretion rate was obtained in the ischemic kidney, which was accompanied by an increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) in the contralateral kidney and a rise in systemic blood pressure. P-113 given intra-arterially to the contralateral kidney consistently increased renal blood flow and decreased RVR during RAO, but did not alter RVR significantly before RAO. The elevation in renin secretion rate decreased between 30 and 122 min after the initiation of RAO in the pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs but not in the chloralose-urethan-anesthetized dogs. These experiments indicate that during RAO release of renin causes, through formation of angiotensin, an increase in RVR in the contralateral kidney and intra-arterial administration of P-113 restores the vascular resistance to a near-normal level."}
{"id": "PMID:1211458", "title": "Isotonic relaxation in cardiac muscle.", "content": "The force-velocity-length determinants of isotonic relaxation were studied in 12 cat papillary muscles. Isotonic relaxation velocity (VL) was found to be a function of total load (preload + afterload), with peak VL increasing to a maximum at loads approximately .3 to .4 Po(L') (Po(L') defined as maximum isometric force developed during a twitch at the experimental length) and falling with increasing loads. Initial muscle length (ML) had no effect on the peak VL with constant load. Increasing the initial length at which isotonic relaxation occurred (LL) decreased peak VL but did not alter the unique length-velocity trajectory at constant load. This unique length-velocity trajectory occurred, despite a wide variation in time during the contraction when peak VL was measured. Increasing Ca++ from 2.5 to 7.5 mM increased peak VL (1.73 +/- .16 to 2.32 +/- .20 ML/s) and shifted the entire length-velocity trajectory toward higher velocities of lengthening. The addition of 10 mM caffeine increased peak VL also (1.67 +/- .18 to 2.54 +/- .20 ML/s) and had a similar effect on the length-velocity trajectory during lengthening as Ca++. Both increased Ca++ and caffeine (10 mM) augmented the maximum VL measured on addition of load.", "contents": "Isotonic relaxation in cardiac muscle. The force-velocity-length determinants of isotonic relaxation were studied in 12 cat papillary muscles. Isotonic relaxation velocity (VL) was found to be a function of total load (preload + afterload), with peak VL increasing to a maximum at loads approximately .3 to .4 Po(L') (Po(L') defined as maximum isometric force developed during a twitch at the experimental length) and falling with increasing loads. Initial muscle length (ML) had no effect on the peak VL with constant load. Increasing the initial length at which isotonic relaxation occurred (LL) decreased peak VL but did not alter the unique length-velocity trajectory at constant load. This unique length-velocity trajectory occurred, despite a wide variation in time during the contraction when peak VL was measured. Increasing Ca++ from 2.5 to 7.5 mM increased peak VL (1.73 +/- .16 to 2.32 +/- .20 ML/s) and shifted the entire length-velocity trajectory toward higher velocities of lengthening. The addition of 10 mM caffeine increased peak VL also (1.67 +/- .18 to 2.54 +/- .20 ML/s) and had a similar effect on the length-velocity trajectory during lengthening as Ca++. Both increased Ca++ and caffeine (10 mM) augmented the maximum VL measured on addition of load."}
{"id": "PMID:1211459", "title": "Sex differences in reflex tachycardia induced by hypotensive drugs in unanesthetized rats.", "content": "Possible sex differences in autonomic regulation of the heart were studied by injecting standard hypotensive doses of histamine or bradykinin to induce reflex tachycardia in awake rats. Although depressor responses to both drugs were unaltered, the tachycardia was greatly reduced by beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol and abolished almost completely after combined blockade with propranolol and atropine. These findings indicate that the tachycardia was mostly due to increased sympathetic stimulation wiht a minor contribution from parasympathetic withdrawal. With large doses of bradykinin, direct myocardial stimulation also seemed likely, since some residual tachycardia remained even after combined blockade. Reflex tachycardia was generally more pronounced in male than in female rats. Because males had lower base-line heart rates and more tachycardia that was resistant to beta-adrenergic blockade than females, autonomic regulation was concluded to be predominantly parasympathetic in males and sympathetic in females. Whereas the exact cause of these variations in chronotropic regulation is unknown, it was considered possible that differences in sex hormones may have affected sensitivity of some component of the reflex arc.", "contents": "Sex differences in reflex tachycardia induced by hypotensive drugs in unanesthetized rats. Possible sex differences in autonomic regulation of the heart were studied by injecting standard hypotensive doses of histamine or bradykinin to induce reflex tachycardia in awake rats. Although depressor responses to both drugs were unaltered, the tachycardia was greatly reduced by beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol and abolished almost completely after combined blockade with propranolol and atropine. These findings indicate that the tachycardia was mostly due to increased sympathetic stimulation wiht a minor contribution from parasympathetic withdrawal. With large doses of bradykinin, direct myocardial stimulation also seemed likely, since some residual tachycardia remained even after combined blockade. Reflex tachycardia was generally more pronounced in male than in female rats. Because males had lower base-line heart rates and more tachycardia that was resistant to beta-adrenergic blockade than females, autonomic regulation was concluded to be predominantly parasympathetic in males and sympathetic in females. Whereas the exact cause of these variations in chronotropic regulation is unknown, it was considered possible that differences in sex hormones may have affected sensitivity of some component of the reflex arc."}
{"id": "PMID:1211460", "title": "Effects of elevated magnesium on discharge of myenteric neurons of cat small bowel.", "content": "Electrical discharge of single units in myenteric ganglia of cat intestine was recorded extracellularly, and the effects on the electrical discharge of elevating the concentration of Mg++ in the Tyrode solution from 0.2 to 10.2 mM were determined. The ongoing discharge of 83% of the burst-type units was blocked by elevation of Mg++. The remainder of the burst-type units and all of the single-spike units tested continued to discharge in elevated Mg++. Frequency distribution histograms of interburst intervals of burst units that were unaffected by elevated Mg++ showed low variance of interburst interval, and multimodes on the histograms were multiples of the first mode. The variance of interburst intervals of burst-type neurons that were blocked by elevated Mg++ was greater than variance of the burst-type neurons that were unaffected by increased Mg++. If it is assumed that the action of elevated Mg++ is blockade of synaptic transmission, then the results indicated that the ongoing discharge of the neurons that were blocked by elevated Mg++ was dependent on synaptic input to the cell. The burst-type units that were unaffected by elevated Mg++ may be endogenous oscillators that do not receive synaptic input. The burst-type units that were blocked by elevated Mg++ may be driven by synaptic input from the burst-type oscillators.", "contents": "Effects of elevated magnesium on discharge of myenteric neurons of cat small bowel. Electrical discharge of single units in myenteric ganglia of cat intestine was recorded extracellularly, and the effects on the electrical discharge of elevating the concentration of Mg++ in the Tyrode solution from 0.2 to 10.2 mM were determined. The ongoing discharge of 83% of the burst-type units was blocked by elevation of Mg++. The remainder of the burst-type units and all of the single-spike units tested continued to discharge in elevated Mg++. Frequency distribution histograms of interburst intervals of burst units that were unaffected by elevated Mg++ showed low variance of interburst interval, and multimodes on the histograms were multiples of the first mode. The variance of interburst intervals of burst-type neurons that were blocked by elevated Mg++ was greater than variance of the burst-type neurons that were unaffected by increased Mg++. If it is assumed that the action of elevated Mg++ is blockade of synaptic transmission, then the results indicated that the ongoing discharge of the neurons that were blocked by elevated Mg++ was dependent on synaptic input to the cell. The burst-type units that were unaffected by elevated Mg++ may be endogenous oscillators that do not receive synaptic input. The burst-type units that were blocked by elevated Mg++ may be driven by synaptic input from the burst-type oscillators."}
{"id": "PMID:1211461", "title": "Metabolic effects of calcitonin in the newborn.", "content": "Calcitonin was injected in newborn rats and newborn lambs to study the metabolic effects of the hormone. Subcutaneous injection of salmon calcitonin (140 MRC U/kg) induced a clearing effect on plasma from suckling newborn rats that was naturally lactescent. A lower dose given by the same route (14 MRC U/kg) strongly decreased plasma triglyceride and amino acid levels in suckling newborn rats. This was mainly the result of gastric emptying inhibition. The gastrointestinal action of calcitonin in suckling newborn rats was substantiated by the absorption of [14C]triolein and 14C-labeled amino acids. Hormonal changes that were associated were a decrease in plasma insulin level and an increase in plasma growth hormone concentration. Intravenous calcitonin at a physiological dose (0.03 MRC U/kg) injected into newborn lambs inhibited increases in total plasma lipids, amino acids, and blood-glucose levels at the time of the first suckling period without changing serum calcium levels. One of the physiological roles of calcitonin in the newborn may be the regulation of nutrient absorption from milk rich in lipids.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of calcitonin in the newborn. Calcitonin was injected in newborn rats and newborn lambs to study the metabolic effects of the hormone. Subcutaneous injection of salmon calcitonin (140 MRC U/kg) induced a clearing effect on plasma from suckling newborn rats that was naturally lactescent. A lower dose given by the same route (14 MRC U/kg) strongly decreased plasma triglyceride and amino acid levels in suckling newborn rats. This was mainly the result of gastric emptying inhibition. The gastrointestinal action of calcitonin in suckling newborn rats was substantiated by the absorption of [14C]triolein and 14C-labeled amino acids. Hormonal changes that were associated were a decrease in plasma insulin level and an increase in plasma growth hormone concentration. Intravenous calcitonin at a physiological dose (0.03 MRC U/kg) injected into newborn lambs inhibited increases in total plasma lipids, amino acids, and blood-glucose levels at the time of the first suckling period without changing serum calcium levels. One of the physiological roles of calcitonin in the newborn may be the regulation of nutrient absorption from milk rich in lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1211462", "title": "Thermoregulation in the rabbit following intracranial injection of norepinephrine.", "content": "The release of norepinephrine (NE) from nerve terminals in the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic area (AH/POA) of the rabbit may serve to raise body temperature. To further examine the putative neurotransmitter role of NE, bilateral microinjections of 5 or 10 mug NE were made into or near the AH/POA of 44 conscious rabbits exposed to an ambient temperature of 15 degrees C. Microinjections into the AH/POS did not cause fever; they either had no influence on thermoregulation or rapidly induced ear vasocilation and increased ear temperature accompanied by slight falls in rectal temperature. The latter averaged 0.32 degrees C (range: 0.16-0.45 degrees C) in 18 rabbits in which the effects were prominent. In contrast, the injection of 100 or 250 mug NE into the lateral cerebral ventricles of conscious rabbits in the 15 degrees C environment caused mean fevers of 0.62 +/- 0.0, and 1.04 +/- 0.14 degrees C (+/- SE, n equals 6), respectively, within 70 min. The febrile response to intraventricular injection of NE may be due to an action of the drug at a site other than the AH/POA. Alternatively, the response may depend critically on the particular distribution of NE that results from its diffusion from the third ventricle into the AH/POA.", "contents": "Thermoregulation in the rabbit following intracranial injection of norepinephrine. The release of norepinephrine (NE) from nerve terminals in the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic area (AH/POA) of the rabbit may serve to raise body temperature. To further examine the putative neurotransmitter role of NE, bilateral microinjections of 5 or 10 mug NE were made into or near the AH/POA of 44 conscious rabbits exposed to an ambient temperature of 15 degrees C. Microinjections into the AH/POS did not cause fever; they either had no influence on thermoregulation or rapidly induced ear vasocilation and increased ear temperature accompanied by slight falls in rectal temperature. The latter averaged 0.32 degrees C (range: 0.16-0.45 degrees C) in 18 rabbits in which the effects were prominent. In contrast, the injection of 100 or 250 mug NE into the lateral cerebral ventricles of conscious rabbits in the 15 degrees C environment caused mean fevers of 0.62 +/- 0.0, and 1.04 +/- 0.14 degrees C (+/- SE, n equals 6), respectively, within 70 min. The febrile response to intraventricular injection of NE may be due to an action of the drug at a site other than the AH/POA. Alternatively, the response may depend critically on the particular distribution of NE that results from its diffusion from the third ventricle into the AH/POA."}
{"id": "PMID:1211463", "title": "Effects of theophylline on Na and alanine transport across isolated rabbit ileum.", "content": "Addition of theophylline to isolated rabbit ileal mucosa resulted in a persistent increase in short-circuit current (SCC) and a persistent decrease in DC conductance. Under short-circuit condition, net Na flux (JNanet) was reversed by theophylline from absorption to secretion (-0.6 mueq/h cm2) and was due to a decrease in unidirectional mucosal- (M) toserosal (S) flux (JNams). Addition of L-alanine to theophylline-treated m-ucosa increased SCC, JNanet, and JNams. Theophylline reduced JAlanet by 25%. Na flux ratios, determined in the presence of theophylline at +26 and -11 mV (mucosal reference), differed from flux ratios expected for a diffusional process by less than 8%. In contrast, Na flux ratios, determined in the absence of theophylline and presence of glucose at +26 and O mV, differed from diffusional ratios by 35%. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that theophylline inhibits active Na absorption, but the data do not conclusively demonstrate the diffusional nature of unidirectional Na fluxes in the presence of theophylline.", "contents": "Effects of theophylline on Na and alanine transport across isolated rabbit ileum. Addition of theophylline to isolated rabbit ileal mucosa resulted in a persistent increase in short-circuit current (SCC) and a persistent decrease in DC conductance. Under short-circuit condition, net Na flux (JNanet) was reversed by theophylline from absorption to secretion (-0.6 mueq/h cm2) and was due to a decrease in unidirectional mucosal- (M) toserosal (S) flux (JNams). Addition of L-alanine to theophylline-treated m-ucosa increased SCC, JNanet, and JNams. Theophylline reduced JAlanet by 25%. Na flux ratios, determined in the presence of theophylline at +26 and -11 mV (mucosal reference), differed from flux ratios expected for a diffusional process by less than 8%. In contrast, Na flux ratios, determined in the absence of theophylline and presence of glucose at +26 and O mV, differed from diffusional ratios by 35%. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that theophylline inhibits active Na absorption, but the data do not conclusively demonstrate the diffusional nature of unidirectional Na fluxes in the presence of theophylline."}
{"id": "PMID:1211464", "title": "Intestinal CaBP: a new quantitive index of vitamin D deficiency in the rat.", "content": "Rats raised from weaning on regiments adequate in calcium and phosphorus but deficient in vitamin D will have no detectable intestinal calcium-binding proteins (CaBP), whether or not they show other signs of vitamin D deficiency, such as hypocalcemia. When hypocalcemic, vitamin D-deficient animals were treated with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, a vitamin D metabolite, they showed a dose-dependent increase in plasma calcium and CaBP; both responses can be described by a single linear relationship, which appears to apply whether the metabolite is 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or dihydrotachysterol. Since vitamin D status is only one determinant of plasma calcium, whereas CaBP (or its expression) appears to depend on vitamin D quantitatively, CaBP may be used as an index of vitamin D status, provided calcium intake is controlled.", "contents": "Intestinal CaBP: a new quantitive index of vitamin D deficiency in the rat. Rats raised from weaning on regiments adequate in calcium and phosphorus but deficient in vitamin D will have no detectable intestinal calcium-binding proteins (CaBP), whether or not they show other signs of vitamin D deficiency, such as hypocalcemia. When hypocalcemic, vitamin D-deficient animals were treated with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, a vitamin D metabolite, they showed a dose-dependent increase in plasma calcium and CaBP; both responses can be described by a single linear relationship, which appears to apply whether the metabolite is 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or dihydrotachysterol. Since vitamin D status is only one determinant of plasma calcium, whereas CaBP (or its expression) appears to depend on vitamin D quantitatively, CaBP may be used as an index of vitamin D status, provided calcium intake is controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:1211465", "title": "Tubular organization and vascular-tubular relations in the dog kidney.", "content": "Tubular organization and vascular-tubular relations were studied by double injection in canine kidneys. Blood vessels were injected via the artery after perfusion fixation. Tubules were injected by micropipettes inserted into the urinary spaces of selected glomeruli in cleared slices. One hundred proximal convoluted tubules, 16 Henle loops, and 5 distal convoluted tubules were defined. Only subcapsular proximal convolutions were perfused by efferent vessels arising from the same glomerulus (43 of 55). In midcortex, proximal convolutions were generally perfused over less than half their length by the parent efferent (21 of 31). Here tubules entirely perfused by the parent efferent were rare (2 of 31). No inner cortical proximal convolutions were perfused by the efferent from the same glomerulus (0 of 14). Henle's loops were found to be perfused by the efferents of many glomeruli regardless of the cortical position of the parent glomerulus. Distal convolutions shared the perfusion of proximal convolutions of the same glomerulus. Thus, each nephron is apparently functionally dependent on efferent blood from glomeruli of many other nephrons. New synoptic diagrams of canine renal organization are presented.", "contents": "Tubular organization and vascular-tubular relations in the dog kidney. Tubular organization and vascular-tubular relations were studied by double injection in canine kidneys. Blood vessels were injected via the artery after perfusion fixation. Tubules were injected by micropipettes inserted into the urinary spaces of selected glomeruli in cleared slices. One hundred proximal convoluted tubules, 16 Henle loops, and 5 distal convoluted tubules were defined. Only subcapsular proximal convolutions were perfused by efferent vessels arising from the same glomerulus (43 of 55). In midcortex, proximal convolutions were generally perfused over less than half their length by the parent efferent (21 of 31). Here tubules entirely perfused by the parent efferent were rare (2 of 31). No inner cortical proximal convolutions were perfused by the efferent from the same glomerulus (0 of 14). Henle's loops were found to be perfused by the efferents of many glomeruli regardless of the cortical position of the parent glomerulus. Distal convolutions shared the perfusion of proximal convolutions of the same glomerulus. Thus, each nephron is apparently functionally dependent on efferent blood from glomeruli of many other nephrons. New synoptic diagrams of canine renal organization are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1211466", "title": "Effect of primary bile acids on bile lipid secretion from perfused dog liver.", "content": "An isolated canine liver perfusion technique featuring a second dog as the pump oxygenator was used to compare biliary lipid secretion during randomized, steady-state perfusions at two different rates of cholyl taurine or chenodeoxycholyl taurine infusions. The hepatic extraction of the trihydroxy-conjugated bile acid was considerably greater than that of the dihydroxy conjugate, possibly explained by ultrafiltration experiments which indicated that cholyl taurine was less protein bound than chenodeoxycholyl taurine. Both bile acids induced phospholipid and cholesterol secretion that was linearly proportional to bile acid secretion. However, each mole of secreted chenodeoxycholyl taurine induced a greater relative secretion of phospholipid and cholesterol than did that of cholyl taurine. Thus in the canine liver, the two primary bile acids are extracted at different rates and induce biliary secretion of different relative lipid composition.", "contents": "Effect of primary bile acids on bile lipid secretion from perfused dog liver. An isolated canine liver perfusion technique featuring a second dog as the pump oxygenator was used to compare biliary lipid secretion during randomized, steady-state perfusions at two different rates of cholyl taurine or chenodeoxycholyl taurine infusions. The hepatic extraction of the trihydroxy-conjugated bile acid was considerably greater than that of the dihydroxy conjugate, possibly explained by ultrafiltration experiments which indicated that cholyl taurine was less protein bound than chenodeoxycholyl taurine. Both bile acids induced phospholipid and cholesterol secretion that was linearly proportional to bile acid secretion. However, each mole of secreted chenodeoxycholyl taurine induced a greater relative secretion of phospholipid and cholesterol than did that of cholyl taurine. Thus in the canine liver, the two primary bile acids are extracted at different rates and induce biliary secretion of different relative lipid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:1211467", "title": "ADP, thrombin, and Bothrops atrox thrombinlike enzyme in platelet-dependent fibrin retraction.", "content": "Clots formed upon the addition of thrombin to human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) retracted readily but the clotting enzyme from Bothrops atrox venom did not cause retraction in PRP unless ADP, collagen, epinephrine, or low concentrations of thrombin (0.1 U) were added. The latter type of retraction was inhibited by apyrase and creatine phosphate kinase in the presence of creatine phosphate, but that induced with higher concentration of thrombin (2 U) was not. In a system composed of washed human platelets and purified fibrinogen, Bothrops marajoensis (BM) thrombinlike enzyme (highly purified preparations of viper venom) did not cause clot retraction. Addition of ADP to the platelet-fibrinogen mixture prior to BM enzyme resulted in stimulation of clot retraction that could be dissociated from the release of platelet constituents. Addition of low concentrations of thrombin (0.1 U/ml) caused retraction associated with a considerable release of adenine nucleotides that was inhibited by potato apyrase. Electron micrographs showed platelet-fibrin aggregates in all types of retracted clots. Nonretracted clots formed in the presence of potato apyrase contained discoidal platelets that were not in close association with fibrin. It has been postulated that platelet-dependent fibrin clot retraction induced by collagen, epinephrine, and low concentration of thrombin is mediated by ADP. High concentrations of thormbin may possibly promote clot retraction independently of ADP.", "contents": "ADP, thrombin, and Bothrops atrox thrombinlike enzyme in platelet-dependent fibrin retraction. Clots formed upon the addition of thrombin to human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) retracted readily but the clotting enzyme from Bothrops atrox venom did not cause retraction in PRP unless ADP, collagen, epinephrine, or low concentrations of thrombin (0.1 U) were added. The latter type of retraction was inhibited by apyrase and creatine phosphate kinase in the presence of creatine phosphate, but that induced with higher concentration of thrombin (2 U) was not. In a system composed of washed human platelets and purified fibrinogen, Bothrops marajoensis (BM) thrombinlike enzyme (highly purified preparations of viper venom) did not cause clot retraction. Addition of ADP to the platelet-fibrinogen mixture prior to BM enzyme resulted in stimulation of clot retraction that could be dissociated from the release of platelet constituents. Addition of low concentrations of thrombin (0.1 U/ml) caused retraction associated with a considerable release of adenine nucleotides that was inhibited by potato apyrase. Electron micrographs showed platelet-fibrin aggregates in all types of retracted clots. Nonretracted clots formed in the presence of potato apyrase contained discoidal platelets that were not in close association with fibrin. It has been postulated that platelet-dependent fibrin clot retraction induced by collagen, epinephrine, and low concentration of thrombin is mediated by ADP. High concentrations of thormbin may possibly promote clot retraction independently of ADP."}
{"id": "PMID:1211468", "title": "Pressure-flow and volume-flow relationships of the systemic circulation of the dog.", "content": "Mean systemic pressure-flow (Ps-Q) and volume-flow (V-Q) relationships of the systemic vascular bed were determined in two groups of dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (group I) and with methoxyflurane (group II). All blood returning to the heart (Q) was removed from the right atrial appendage and passed through a Starling resistor, a pump, a flowmeter , and then returned directly into the pulmonary artery. Ps was estimated from plateau values of right atrial pressure obtained during stop-flow procedures. Both the Ps-Q and V-Q relationships were nonlinear. This nonlinearity may be attributed to a redistribution of blood flow between systemic vascular compartments of unequal time constants. With group II, the Ps-Q and V-Q curves were shifted markedly to the right along the Ps and V axes, respectively. Evidence is presented which suggests that this shift was due to an effective back pressure other than right atrial pressure produced by a hepatic waterfall. The beta-adrenergic antagonist practolol increased the effective back pressure and augmented the shift in the Ps-Q and V-Q curves.", "contents": "Pressure-flow and volume-flow relationships of the systemic circulation of the dog. Mean systemic pressure-flow (Ps-Q) and volume-flow (V-Q) relationships of the systemic vascular bed were determined in two groups of dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (group I) and with methoxyflurane (group II). All blood returning to the heart (Q) was removed from the right atrial appendage and passed through a Starling resistor, a pump, a flowmeter , and then returned directly into the pulmonary artery. Ps was estimated from plateau values of right atrial pressure obtained during stop-flow procedures. Both the Ps-Q and V-Q relationships were nonlinear. This nonlinearity may be attributed to a redistribution of blood flow between systemic vascular compartments of unequal time constants. With group II, the Ps-Q and V-Q curves were shifted markedly to the right along the Ps and V axes, respectively. Evidence is presented which suggests that this shift was due to an effective back pressure other than right atrial pressure produced by a hepatic waterfall. The beta-adrenergic antagonist practolol increased the effective back pressure and augmented the shift in the Ps-Q and V-Q curves."}
{"id": "PMID:1211469", "title": "Neural mechanisms of sneeze.", "content": "Sneezes were induced in anestized cats by repetitive stimulation of the ethmoidal nerve. Activity of bulbar respiratory neurons during sneezing was recorded extracellularly through tungsten microelectrodes. Most expiratory neurons could be locked onto the stimulus pulses so that they responded either throughout inspiration as well as expiration or so that they began responding at some time during inspiration. As inspiration approached termination, multiple spiking occurred, finally to result in high-frequency bursts which just preceded active expiration. A fraction of expiratory neurons were activated only in bursts. Latent expiratory neurons were recruited in sneezing. Inspiratory neurons near nucleus ambiguus and most of those near fasciculus solitarius displayed similar response patterns consisting of silent periods followed by delayed smooth activations. Temporal characteristics of the silent periods, \"inhibitory gaps,\" suggested that they resulted from inhibition whose source was the expiratory neurons which were driven throughout inspriation. Some inspiratory neurons in the area of fasciculus solitarius failed to exhibit inhibitory gaps.", "contents": "Neural mechanisms of sneeze. Sneezes were induced in anestized cats by repetitive stimulation of the ethmoidal nerve. Activity of bulbar respiratory neurons during sneezing was recorded extracellularly through tungsten microelectrodes. Most expiratory neurons could be locked onto the stimulus pulses so that they responded either throughout inspiration as well as expiration or so that they began responding at some time during inspiration. As inspiration approached termination, multiple spiking occurred, finally to result in high-frequency bursts which just preceded active expiration. A fraction of expiratory neurons were activated only in bursts. Latent expiratory neurons were recruited in sneezing. Inspiratory neurons near nucleus ambiguus and most of those near fasciculus solitarius displayed similar response patterns consisting of silent periods followed by delayed smooth activations. Temporal characteristics of the silent periods, \"inhibitory gaps,\" suggested that they resulted from inhibition whose source was the expiratory neurons which were driven throughout inspriation. Some inspiratory neurons in the area of fasciculus solitarius failed to exhibit inhibitory gaps."}
{"id": "PMID:1211470", "title": "Aortic nerve-activated cardioinhibitory neurons and interneurons.", "content": "Unit activity evoked by electrical stimulation of the aortic and vagus nerves was recorded in the dorsal motor nucleus and nucleus solitarius of unanesthetized rabbits. Cardioinhibitory cells which showed antidromic activation to stimulation of the vagus nerve and synaptic activation to stimulation of the aortic nerve were localized in lateral dorsal motor nucleus 0.5-0.8 mm anterior of the obex. Additionally, units were found that appeared to be interneurons in the medullary pathway subserving baroreceptor reflex effects on cardioinhibitory neurons. These cells were activated by aortic, and usually vagus, nerve stimulation, appeared to be polysynaptically activated, and were located in medial nucleus solitarius rostral to the obex. Neurons reflecting a cardiac rhythm but not activated by aortic nerve stimulation were also observed.", "contents": "Aortic nerve-activated cardioinhibitory neurons and interneurons. Unit activity evoked by electrical stimulation of the aortic and vagus nerves was recorded in the dorsal motor nucleus and nucleus solitarius of unanesthetized rabbits. Cardioinhibitory cells which showed antidromic activation to stimulation of the vagus nerve and synaptic activation to stimulation of the aortic nerve were localized in lateral dorsal motor nucleus 0.5-0.8 mm anterior of the obex. Additionally, units were found that appeared to be interneurons in the medullary pathway subserving baroreceptor reflex effects on cardioinhibitory neurons. These cells were activated by aortic, and usually vagus, nerve stimulation, appeared to be polysynaptically activated, and were located in medial nucleus solitarius rostral to the obex. Neurons reflecting a cardiac rhythm but not activated by aortic nerve stimulation were also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211471", "title": "Active transport of iron to mucosal surface of rat jejunum.", "content": "Estimations of steady-state fluxes of divalent Fe across rat intestinal segments in vitro provide evidence for two active transport mechanisms. Segments of the distal small intestine transport the mineral against electrochemical potential gradients from the serosal to the mucosal surface. Active transport in the reverse direction was confirmed with segments of proximal duodenum. The distal mechanism is dependent on cellular metabolism and is markedly decreased by metabolic inhibitors or in the absence of a metabolizable hexose. Cycloheximide, which inhibits protein biosynthesis, also blocks the active transport. Perfusion of jejunal and duodenal intestinal loops in situ in anesthetized rats provides evidence that endogenous Fe can be transferred to the lumen by a process otherthan shedding of mucosal cells. It is suggested that such transfer may occur via the active transport mechanism.", "contents": "Active transport of iron to mucosal surface of rat jejunum. Estimations of steady-state fluxes of divalent Fe across rat intestinal segments in vitro provide evidence for two active transport mechanisms. Segments of the distal small intestine transport the mineral against electrochemical potential gradients from the serosal to the mucosal surface. Active transport in the reverse direction was confirmed with segments of proximal duodenum. The distal mechanism is dependent on cellular metabolism and is markedly decreased by metabolic inhibitors or in the absence of a metabolizable hexose. Cycloheximide, which inhibits protein biosynthesis, also blocks the active transport. Perfusion of jejunal and duodenal intestinal loops in situ in anesthetized rats provides evidence that endogenous Fe can be transferred to the lumen by a process otherthan shedding of mucosal cells. It is suggested that such transfer may occur via the active transport mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1211472", "title": "Relationship of mammary blood flow to parturition in the ewe.", "content": "Mammary blood flow was measured in conscious, unanesthetized ewes with electromagnetic flow probes prior to spontaneous labor (four animals) or during the induction of premature labor (four animals) by administration of dexamethasone, 1 mg/24 h, to the fetus. In all animals an increase in mammary blood flow was noted prior to delivery. Dexamethasone administered to one mother in the same dose did not induce labor or produce an increase in mammary blood flow. These results suggest that the fetal adrenal gland influences maternal mammary blood flow prior to delivery.", "contents": "Relationship of mammary blood flow to parturition in the ewe. Mammary blood flow was measured in conscious, unanesthetized ewes with electromagnetic flow probes prior to spontaneous labor (four animals) or during the induction of premature labor (four animals) by administration of dexamethasone, 1 mg/24 h, to the fetus. In all animals an increase in mammary blood flow was noted prior to delivery. Dexamethasone administered to one mother in the same dose did not induce labor or produce an increase in mammary blood flow. These results suggest that the fetal adrenal gland influences maternal mammary blood flow prior to delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:1211473", "title": "Arterial wall mechanics and composition and the effects of smooth muscle activation.", "content": "A comparison of passive mechanics and the effects of smooth muscle (SM) activation has been made in canine carotid and iliac arteries. Measurements of external diameter and axial force were made on isolated cylindrical segments in response to internal pressure variations. Data were obtained during maximal norepinephrine (NE) and potassium (K) activation, and following metabolic inhibition of SM. These data were used to determine wall tangential stress-strain relations. The maximum increase in wall stress after K and after NE was greater for the iliacs and occurred at smaller values of wall strain. Passive stress-strain curves for the iliacs were likewise shifted to smaller strains, suggesting an important role of passive wall elements in setting the length of contractile elements. Diameter responses to K at low values of pressure were the same for iliacs and carotids, but were better maintained at higher pressure levels for the iliacs. Similar findings were found for iliac responses to NE and K. The results suggest that at low values of wall stress, active diameter responses are not strongly dependent on the maximum isometric stress development. However, higher pressure-diameter responses are also determined by the force-generating capacity of SM.", "contents": "Arterial wall mechanics and composition and the effects of smooth muscle activation. A comparison of passive mechanics and the effects of smooth muscle (SM) activation has been made in canine carotid and iliac arteries. Measurements of external diameter and axial force were made on isolated cylindrical segments in response to internal pressure variations. Data were obtained during maximal norepinephrine (NE) and potassium (K) activation, and following metabolic inhibition of SM. These data were used to determine wall tangential stress-strain relations. The maximum increase in wall stress after K and after NE was greater for the iliacs and occurred at smaller values of wall strain. Passive stress-strain curves for the iliacs were likewise shifted to smaller strains, suggesting an important role of passive wall elements in setting the length of contractile elements. Diameter responses to K at low values of pressure were the same for iliacs and carotids, but were better maintained at higher pressure levels for the iliacs. Similar findings were found for iliac responses to NE and K. The results suggest that at low values of wall stress, active diameter responses are not strongly dependent on the maximum isometric stress development. However, higher pressure-diameter responses are also determined by the force-generating capacity of SM."}
{"id": "PMID:1211474", "title": "Role of luminal hydrostatic pressure in proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in the rat.", "content": "The effect of small changes in intraluminal hydrostatic pressure (P) on the tubular radius (r) and the net fluid reabsorption per unit of surface area of the tubular wall (Js) has been studied in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. The split-drop method was used to simultaneously determine Js and r. Two standardized split-drop techniques A and B allow selective change in P. P was 31.6 +/- 1.3 mmHg in technique A and 15.5 +/- 1.5 in technique B. The pressure difference significantly affected the tubular radius; r was 21.9 +/- 0.4 and 18.6 +/- 0.5 mum in the split drop A and B, respectively. In contrast, net transepithelial fluid reabsorption Js was unchanged. Js amounted to 2.72 +/- 0.20, and 2.78 +/- 0.33 10(-5) cm3 cm-2 s-1 in split drop A and B. The absence of variations in Js could result from two opposite effects of pressure. P might enhance Js by increased ultrafiltration. However, the rise in r might decrease the density of the intraepithelial transport paths per unit area of tubular wall and therefore might decrease Js.", "contents": "Role of luminal hydrostatic pressure in proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in the rat. The effect of small changes in intraluminal hydrostatic pressure (P) on the tubular radius (r) and the net fluid reabsorption per unit of surface area of the tubular wall (Js) has been studied in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. The split-drop method was used to simultaneously determine Js and r. Two standardized split-drop techniques A and B allow selective change in P. P was 31.6 +/- 1.3 mmHg in technique A and 15.5 +/- 1.5 in technique B. The pressure difference significantly affected the tubular radius; r was 21.9 +/- 0.4 and 18.6 +/- 0.5 mum in the split drop A and B, respectively. In contrast, net transepithelial fluid reabsorption Js was unchanged. Js amounted to 2.72 +/- 0.20, and 2.78 +/- 0.33 10(-5) cm3 cm-2 s-1 in split drop A and B. The absence of variations in Js could result from two opposite effects of pressure. P might enhance Js by increased ultrafiltration. However, the rise in r might decrease the density of the intraepithelial transport paths per unit area of tubular wall and therefore might decrease Js."}
{"id": "PMID:1211475", "title": "Localization of renal tubular uric acid transport defect in gouty chickens.", "content": "Chickens genetically selected for high incidence of articular gout and hyperuricemia were used to determine the site of defective uric acid (UA) transport in gout. The Sperber technique was used to compare the tubular secretion of preformed UA with the tubular secretion of UA formed within the tubular cells in gouty and nongouty chickens of the same strain. In gouty chickens, the tubular excretion ratio of preformed [14C]UA was 36% of the value obtained in nongouty chickens of the same strain, whereas the tubular excretion ratios of [14C]UA formed within the tubular cells from [14C]guanine were equal in the two types of chickens. This suggests that a UA transport is located at the peritubular membrane and that this mechanism is defective in gouty chickens. In addition, the transport of p-aminohippurate (PAH) was normal in gouty chickens, which suggests that the transport mechanism for UA is distinct from that for PAH.", "contents": "Localization of renal tubular uric acid transport defect in gouty chickens. Chickens genetically selected for high incidence of articular gout and hyperuricemia were used to determine the site of defective uric acid (UA) transport in gout. The Sperber technique was used to compare the tubular secretion of preformed UA with the tubular secretion of UA formed within the tubular cells in gouty and nongouty chickens of the same strain. In gouty chickens, the tubular excretion ratio of preformed [14C]UA was 36% of the value obtained in nongouty chickens of the same strain, whereas the tubular excretion ratios of [14C]UA formed within the tubular cells from [14C]guanine were equal in the two types of chickens. This suggests that a UA transport is located at the peritubular membrane and that this mechanism is defective in gouty chickens. In addition, the transport of p-aminohippurate (PAH) was normal in gouty chickens, which suggests that the transport mechanism for UA is distinct from that for PAH."}
{"id": "PMID:1211476", "title": "Prostaglandin control of renal circulation in the unanesthetized dog and baboon.", "content": "Effects of indomethacin and meclofenamate, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, were evaluated in the regulation of renal blood flow in conscious and anesthetized dogs and in tranquilized baboons, instrumented with arterial pressure catheters and renal blood flow probes. Indomethacin, 10 mg/kg, did not alter renal blood flow or resistance significantly in the conscious dog. In the anesthetized dog, however, indomethacin caused a reduction in renal blood flow (25 +/- 3% of control) and an elevation of renal vascular resistance (45 +/- 8% of control). Meclofenamate, 4 mg/kg, reduced renal flow (12 +/- 2%) and increased renal vascular resistance 15 +/- 4% in conscious dogs. In conscious dogs and tranquilized primates, indomethacin and meclofenamate reduced the reactive hyperemia in the renal bed after 15 s occlusion from a control of 36 +/- 5 ml to 6 +/- 2 ml, and after 45 s occlusion from a control of 98 +/- 9 ml to 17 +/- 5 ml. Methoxamine (10-50 mug/kg per min) and angiotensin II (0.03-0.12 mug/kg per min), infused in graded doses, induced significantly greater renal vasoconstriction in conscious dogs in the presence of indomethacin. Thus, in the conscious animal, prostaglandins appear to play only a minor role in the control of the renal circulation at rest, but are of greater importance in mediating the renal responses to reactive hyperemia and to vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Prostaglandin control of renal circulation in the unanesthetized dog and baboon. Effects of indomethacin and meclofenamate, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, were evaluated in the regulation of renal blood flow in conscious and anesthetized dogs and in tranquilized baboons, instrumented with arterial pressure catheters and renal blood flow probes. Indomethacin, 10 mg/kg, did not alter renal blood flow or resistance significantly in the conscious dog. In the anesthetized dog, however, indomethacin caused a reduction in renal blood flow (25 +/- 3% of control) and an elevation of renal vascular resistance (45 +/- 8% of control). Meclofenamate, 4 mg/kg, reduced renal flow (12 +/- 2%) and increased renal vascular resistance 15 +/- 4% in conscious dogs. In conscious dogs and tranquilized primates, indomethacin and meclofenamate reduced the reactive hyperemia in the renal bed after 15 s occlusion from a control of 36 +/- 5 ml to 6 +/- 2 ml, and after 45 s occlusion from a control of 98 +/- 9 ml to 17 +/- 5 ml. Methoxamine (10-50 mug/kg per min) and angiotensin II (0.03-0.12 mug/kg per min), infused in graded doses, induced significantly greater renal vasoconstriction in conscious dogs in the presence of indomethacin. Thus, in the conscious animal, prostaglandins appear to play only a minor role in the control of the renal circulation at rest, but are of greater importance in mediating the renal responses to reactive hyperemia and to vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:1211477", "title": "Metabolic and hemodynamic consequences of mannitol following myocardial anoxia.", "content": "The mechanism of action of hyperosmolal mannitol was evaluated by hemodynamic and metabolic studies in 79 isovolumic nonrecirculating paced perfused rat hearts during sequential 15-min periods of aerobic, anoxic, and reoxygenated perfusion. Hyperosmolality induced by addition of mannitol significantly decreased myocardial water content (wet/dry wt ratio). It improved recovery of hemodynamic function during reoxygenation. With isomolal perfusion (290 mosmol/kg) left ventricular systolic peak pressure (LVSP) decreased 32% (127 +/- 5 to 86 +/- 6 mmHg) and maximum dP/dt fell 50% (3,513 +/- 328 to 1,758 +/- 172 mmHg/s) during the postanoxic recovery period. With hyperosmolal perfusion (350 mosmol/kg), LVSP decreased 23% (132 +/- 5 to 102 +/- 7 mmHg) and dP/dt fell 21% (3,817 +/- 215 to 2,998 +/- 234 mmHg/s) (P less than .01). Hyperosmolal perfusion did not affect postanoxic total coronary flow, lactate and glucose metabolism, tissue glycogen, creatine phsophate, or adenine nucleotide concentrations. Coronary perfusion with hypersmolal solution aided recovery, enhanced postanoxic myocardial performance, and minimized tissue swelling. The most tenable explanation for the locus of action of hyperosmolal mannitol during anoxia under our experimental conditions is its direct effect on myocardial water content.", "contents": "Metabolic and hemodynamic consequences of mannitol following myocardial anoxia. The mechanism of action of hyperosmolal mannitol was evaluated by hemodynamic and metabolic studies in 79 isovolumic nonrecirculating paced perfused rat hearts during sequential 15-min periods of aerobic, anoxic, and reoxygenated perfusion. Hyperosmolality induced by addition of mannitol significantly decreased myocardial water content (wet/dry wt ratio). It improved recovery of hemodynamic function during reoxygenation. With isomolal perfusion (290 mosmol/kg) left ventricular systolic peak pressure (LVSP) decreased 32% (127 +/- 5 to 86 +/- 6 mmHg) and maximum dP/dt fell 50% (3,513 +/- 328 to 1,758 +/- 172 mmHg/s) during the postanoxic recovery period. With hyperosmolal perfusion (350 mosmol/kg), LVSP decreased 23% (132 +/- 5 to 102 +/- 7 mmHg) and dP/dt fell 21% (3,817 +/- 215 to 2,998 +/- 234 mmHg/s) (P less than .01). Hyperosmolal perfusion did not affect postanoxic total coronary flow, lactate and glucose metabolism, tissue glycogen, creatine phsophate, or adenine nucleotide concentrations. Coronary perfusion with hypersmolal solution aided recovery, enhanced postanoxic myocardial performance, and minimized tissue swelling. The most tenable explanation for the locus of action of hyperosmolal mannitol during anoxia under our experimental conditions is its direct effect on myocardial water content."}
{"id": "PMID:1211478", "title": "Effects of mannitol on cardiac ultrastructure and microcirculation following anoxia.", "content": "Electron microscopic and microcirculatory effects of hyperosmolal mannitol were evaluated in the isolated perfused isovolumic rat heart. Specimens for ultrastructural examination were obtained in 26 experiemnts after 15 min of sequential aerobic, anoxic, and reoxygenated perfusion using an isosmolal perfusate of Krebs-Ringer-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (KRB) (osmolality equals 290 mosmol/kg) vs. a hyperosmolal solution of KRB + mannitol (equals 350 mosmol/kg). No significant changes were noted during aerobic perfusion. Anoxic hearts perfused with isosmolal KRB demonstrated the most severe ultrastructural alterations including: mitochondrial swelling with disruption of cristae, myofibrillar fusion and contraction bands, and subsarcolemmal edema and vacuolization. These subcellular changes were not only partially reversed by oxygenated isosmolal perfusion but were significantly reversed during both the anoxic and reoxygenation perfusion periods with mannitol added. Following silicone rubber injection of the microcirculation, only focal capillary endothelial cell swelling was noted, and no difference in arteriolar or capillary filling was observed with either perfusate. Thus, mannitol significantly reversed the postanoxic ultrastructural changes consistently observed in the absence of increased osmolality. No gross effect on vascular patency could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Effects of mannitol on cardiac ultrastructure and microcirculation following anoxia. Electron microscopic and microcirculatory effects of hyperosmolal mannitol were evaluated in the isolated perfused isovolumic rat heart. Specimens for ultrastructural examination were obtained in 26 experiemnts after 15 min of sequential aerobic, anoxic, and reoxygenated perfusion using an isosmolal perfusate of Krebs-Ringer-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (KRB) (osmolality equals 290 mosmol/kg) vs. a hyperosmolal solution of KRB + mannitol (equals 350 mosmol/kg). No significant changes were noted during aerobic perfusion. Anoxic hearts perfused with isosmolal KRB demonstrated the most severe ultrastructural alterations including: mitochondrial swelling with disruption of cristae, myofibrillar fusion and contraction bands, and subsarcolemmal edema and vacuolization. These subcellular changes were not only partially reversed by oxygenated isosmolal perfusion but were significantly reversed during both the anoxic and reoxygenation perfusion periods with mannitol added. Following silicone rubber injection of the microcirculation, only focal capillary endothelial cell swelling was noted, and no difference in arteriolar or capillary filling was observed with either perfusate. Thus, mannitol significantly reversed the postanoxic ultrastructural changes consistently observed in the absence of increased osmolality. No gross effect on vascular patency could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1211479", "title": "Physiological temperature response and embryonic mortality in stressed swine.", "content": "Physiological responses and some aspects of reproductive function were examined in mated female pigs subjected to a short-term heat stress during two intervals of early gestation. Trial 1 control and treated animals experienced temperatures of 24.0 and 40.2 degrees C, respectively, from days 2 through 13 of pregnancy. Trial 2 control and treated pigs were exposed to 23.3 and 40.4 degrees C, respectively, from days 14 through 25 of pregnancy. Both high thermal exposures caused significant increases (P less than 0.05) in rectal temperature. At body temperatures of 41.1 degrees C or above, animals became more active and behavioral patterns erratic. Stressed pigs in both trials exhibited adaptation to the short-term high thermal environment as treatment days progressed. Embryonic mortality in the stressed animals in trial 1 was greater than in controls, with the animals in the former group retaining a normal size litter or losing the entire litter by day of slaughter. A significant proportion (P less than 0.01) of litters from stressed animals contained degenerating fetuses at day 42 of gestation, suggesting a continuous or delayed effect of thermal stress on embryo survival.", "contents": "Physiological temperature response and embryonic mortality in stressed swine. Physiological responses and some aspects of reproductive function were examined in mated female pigs subjected to a short-term heat stress during two intervals of early gestation. Trial 1 control and treated animals experienced temperatures of 24.0 and 40.2 degrees C, respectively, from days 2 through 13 of pregnancy. Trial 2 control and treated pigs were exposed to 23.3 and 40.4 degrees C, respectively, from days 14 through 25 of pregnancy. Both high thermal exposures caused significant increases (P less than 0.05) in rectal temperature. At body temperatures of 41.1 degrees C or above, animals became more active and behavioral patterns erratic. Stressed pigs in both trials exhibited adaptation to the short-term high thermal environment as treatment days progressed. Embryonic mortality in the stressed animals in trial 1 was greater than in controls, with the animals in the former group retaining a normal size litter or losing the entire litter by day of slaughter. A significant proportion (P less than 0.01) of litters from stressed animals contained degenerating fetuses at day 42 of gestation, suggesting a continuous or delayed effect of thermal stress on embryo survival."}
{"id": "PMID:1211480", "title": "Influence of altered O2 tension on substrate metabolism in perfused rat lung.", "content": "Effects of hypoxia (1.5 h) on glucose and palmitate metabolism were investigated in perfused lungs from normal rats and rats exposed for 24 h to hypobaric conditions (simulated altitude of 24,000 ft). Hypoxic lungs were ventilated with 5% O2-5% CO2 and control lungs with 21% O2-5% CO2. Blood gases and pH remained stable during the 1.5-h perfusion period. Exposure of normal rat lungs to 1.5 h of in vitro hypoxia (blood Po2=34 mmHg) significantly increased lactate production and mean arterial pulmonary pressure, but did not alter glucose uptake, pyruvate levels, and oxidation of either [U-14C]glucose or [1-14C]palmitate to CO2. Incorporation of labeled glucose and palmitate into lung lipids was also unaltered. In contrast to normal lungs, prior exposure to hypoxia for 24 h and subsequent perfusion under hypoxic conditions significantly stimulated glucose uptake (74% increase), markedly increased glucose incorporation into lung lipids, and increased oxidation of glucose to CO2. Lactate/pyruvate ratios also showed a significant 38% increase. Lung glycogen was unchanged following 24 h hypoxia. These data indicate that adaptive changes occur in metabolic processes within the lung during acute changes in O2 tension.", "contents": "Influence of altered O2 tension on substrate metabolism in perfused rat lung. Effects of hypoxia (1.5 h) on glucose and palmitate metabolism were investigated in perfused lungs from normal rats and rats exposed for 24 h to hypobaric conditions (simulated altitude of 24,000 ft). Hypoxic lungs were ventilated with 5% O2-5% CO2 and control lungs with 21% O2-5% CO2. Blood gases and pH remained stable during the 1.5-h perfusion period. Exposure of normal rat lungs to 1.5 h of in vitro hypoxia (blood Po2=34 mmHg) significantly increased lactate production and mean arterial pulmonary pressure, but did not alter glucose uptake, pyruvate levels, and oxidation of either [U-14C]glucose or [1-14C]palmitate to CO2. Incorporation of labeled glucose and palmitate into lung lipids was also unaltered. In contrast to normal lungs, prior exposure to hypoxia for 24 h and subsequent perfusion under hypoxic conditions significantly stimulated glucose uptake (74% increase), markedly increased glucose incorporation into lung lipids, and increased oxidation of glucose to CO2. Lactate/pyruvate ratios also showed a significant 38% increase. Lung glycogen was unchanged following 24 h hypoxia. These data indicate that adaptive changes occur in metabolic processes within the lung during acute changes in O2 tension."}
{"id": "PMID:1211481", "title": "Mechanism of diuretic response associated with atrial tachycardia.", "content": "Left atrial pacing was performed in three groups of anesthetized dogs. In the first group of eight intact dogs a mean increase in atrial rate (AR) from 140 +/- 7 to 244 +/- 6 was associated with a decrease in urinary osmolality (U osmol) from 631 +/- 72 to 264 +/- 43 mosmol/kg (P less than .001), and free-water clearance (CH20) increased from -.325 +/- .06 to +.355 +/- .15 ml/min (P less than .001). At the same time left atrial pressure (LAP) increased from 6 +/- 1 to 15 +/- 1 mmHg (P less than .001). A second group of studies was performed in six hypophysectomized, steroid-replaced animals receiving 40-50 muU/kg per min of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In these animals AR was increased from 148 +/- 17 to 250 +/- 17 but diuresis did not occur. In these studies Uosmol was 690 +/- 55 before and 704 +/- 49 mosmol/kg after atrial pacing and CH20 also did not change. Left atrial pressure increased from 10 +/- 2 to 19 +/- 2 mmHg during atrial pacing. A third group of studies was performed in five animals with bilateral cervical vagotomy. In these animals AR was increased from 159 +/- 6 to 258 +/- 17 and LAP increased from 7 +/- 1 to 16 +/- 2 mmHg. Osmolality increased from 808 +/- 72 to 1,049 +/- 65 musmol/kg (P less than .005) and CH20 was unchanged. These results, therefore, indicate that atrial tachycardia primarily increases renal water excretion by suppressing ADH release. This reflex is dependent on the integrity of cervical vagal pathways.", "contents": "Mechanism of diuretic response associated with atrial tachycardia. Left atrial pacing was performed in three groups of anesthetized dogs. In the first group of eight intact dogs a mean increase in atrial rate (AR) from 140 +/- 7 to 244 +/- 6 was associated with a decrease in urinary osmolality (U osmol) from 631 +/- 72 to 264 +/- 43 mosmol/kg (P less than .001), and free-water clearance (CH20) increased from -.325 +/- .06 to +.355 +/- .15 ml/min (P less than .001). At the same time left atrial pressure (LAP) increased from 6 +/- 1 to 15 +/- 1 mmHg (P less than .001). A second group of studies was performed in six hypophysectomized, steroid-replaced animals receiving 40-50 muU/kg per min of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In these animals AR was increased from 148 +/- 17 to 250 +/- 17 but diuresis did not occur. In these studies Uosmol was 690 +/- 55 before and 704 +/- 49 mosmol/kg after atrial pacing and CH20 also did not change. Left atrial pressure increased from 10 +/- 2 to 19 +/- 2 mmHg during atrial pacing. A third group of studies was performed in five animals with bilateral cervical vagotomy. In these animals AR was increased from 159 +/- 6 to 258 +/- 17 and LAP increased from 7 +/- 1 to 16 +/- 2 mmHg. Osmolality increased from 808 +/- 72 to 1,049 +/- 65 musmol/kg (P less than .005) and CH20 was unchanged. These results, therefore, indicate that atrial tachycardia primarily increases renal water excretion by suppressing ADH release. This reflex is dependent on the integrity of cervical vagal pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:1211482", "title": "Negative inotropic influence of hyperosmotic solutions on cardiac muscle.", "content": "In cardiac muscle, moderate degrees of hyperosmolality of the type encountered physiologically or clinically (i.e., less than 200 mosM above control) characteristically exert a positive inotropic effect, which presumably is mediated by increased Ca2+ availability for binding to troponin. In contrast, skeletal muscle displays significant contractile depression on exposure to hyperosmotic solutions, even at mild degrees of hypertonicity. To determine whether a similar potential for hyperosmolarity-induced depression also exists in cardiac muscle, right ventricular papillary muscles from cats were exposed to hypertonic solutions of mannitol or sucrose under circumstances in which positive inotropic effects were precluded by prior exposure to a bathing solution of 4.0 mM Ca2+ and paired electrical stimulation to maximize intracellular Ca2+ before addition of the hyperosmotic substances. In contrast to their usual positive inotropic effects, hypertonic solutions under these conditions caused cardiac depression at all osmolarities tested. Developed tension and its maximal rate of development (dT/dt) decreased by 18% at 50 mosM above control, by 30% at 100 mosM, by 36% at 150 mosM, and by 42% at 200 mosM (P less than 0.01 for all). Time to peak tension and resting tension were not changed significantly. When the muscles were returned to control solutions, tension development also returned toward normal. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that, within the range tested, all degrees of hyperosmolarity exert a significant negative inotropic influence on cardiac muscle, as is true in skeletal muscle; manifestation of this effect of increased tonicity normally would be obscured at low degrees of hyperosmolality, however, by an overriding positive influence that is absent in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Negative inotropic influence of hyperosmotic solutions on cardiac muscle. In cardiac muscle, moderate degrees of hyperosmolality of the type encountered physiologically or clinically (i.e., less than 200 mosM above control) characteristically exert a positive inotropic effect, which presumably is mediated by increased Ca2+ availability for binding to troponin. In contrast, skeletal muscle displays significant contractile depression on exposure to hyperosmotic solutions, even at mild degrees of hypertonicity. To determine whether a similar potential for hyperosmolarity-induced depression also exists in cardiac muscle, right ventricular papillary muscles from cats were exposed to hypertonic solutions of mannitol or sucrose under circumstances in which positive inotropic effects were precluded by prior exposure to a bathing solution of 4.0 mM Ca2+ and paired electrical stimulation to maximize intracellular Ca2+ before addition of the hyperosmotic substances. In contrast to their usual positive inotropic effects, hypertonic solutions under these conditions caused cardiac depression at all osmolarities tested. Developed tension and its maximal rate of development (dT/dt) decreased by 18% at 50 mosM above control, by 30% at 100 mosM, by 36% at 150 mosM, and by 42% at 200 mosM (P less than 0.01 for all). Time to peak tension and resting tension were not changed significantly. When the muscles were returned to control solutions, tension development also returned toward normal. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that, within the range tested, all degrees of hyperosmolarity exert a significant negative inotropic influence on cardiac muscle, as is true in skeletal muscle; manifestation of this effect of increased tonicity normally would be obscured at low degrees of hyperosmolality, however, by an overriding positive influence that is absent in skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1211483", "title": "Mesenteric baroreceptors.", "content": "Occlusion of the mesenteric vessels in the cat and injection of catecholamines produced significant changes in skin and muscle blood flows. These were abolished by cutting the mesenteric nerves. The occurrence of systemic pressure and peripheral resistance changes in cross-perfused mesenteric preparations indicates that hemodynamic factors alone, such as might result from occlusion of a large vascular region, were not initiating the reflex. This also excludes extramesenteric receptors within the heart and large vessels from the reflex. Since both intravascular pressure and catecholamines have been shown to modify Pacinian receptor discharge in vivo, the evidence suggests that the mesenteric Pacinian corpuscle is the baroreceptor probably initiating the vasomotor reflexes in skin and muscle. The net effect of mesenteric receptor activity appears to be an inhibition of vasomotor neurons supplying skin and muscle.", "contents": "Mesenteric baroreceptors. Occlusion of the mesenteric vessels in the cat and injection of catecholamines produced significant changes in skin and muscle blood flows. These were abolished by cutting the mesenteric nerves. The occurrence of systemic pressure and peripheral resistance changes in cross-perfused mesenteric preparations indicates that hemodynamic factors alone, such as might result from occlusion of a large vascular region, were not initiating the reflex. This also excludes extramesenteric receptors within the heart and large vessels from the reflex. Since both intravascular pressure and catecholamines have been shown to modify Pacinian receptor discharge in vivo, the evidence suggests that the mesenteric Pacinian corpuscle is the baroreceptor probably initiating the vasomotor reflexes in skin and muscle. The net effect of mesenteric receptor activity appears to be an inhibition of vasomotor neurons supplying skin and muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1211484", "title": "Responses to cold in the midbrain sonar center of hibernating and tropical bats.", "content": "The central gray matter of the bat midbrain, when electrically stimulated, causes the animal to produce a string of species-specific biosonar cries. Changes in this response with progressive cooling were studied in tropical homeothermic bats and in temperate hibernating bats. The species of hibernators chosen often move between hibernacula in the winter, flying and echolocating at low body temperatures (Tb). It was found that the midbrain \"sonar center\" exhibits a differential response to cooling that depends on the thermal propensities of the animal and its natural environment. Tropical bats followed a Q10 similar to that reported for other nonhibernating mammals and ceased responding at Tb 14-15 degrees C. Temperate zone-hibernating bat brains showed a relative insensitivity to temperature change and still responded at Tb 4-5 degrees C. Individual sonar cries within a string showed that duration was correlated with temperature but amplitude was unaffected. The study provides data for the functional separation of some parameters of biosonar and gives further evidence for differential nervous function in eurythermal versus stenothermal animals.", "contents": "Responses to cold in the midbrain sonar center of hibernating and tropical bats. The central gray matter of the bat midbrain, when electrically stimulated, causes the animal to produce a string of species-specific biosonar cries. Changes in this response with progressive cooling were studied in tropical homeothermic bats and in temperate hibernating bats. The species of hibernators chosen often move between hibernacula in the winter, flying and echolocating at low body temperatures (Tb). It was found that the midbrain \"sonar center\" exhibits a differential response to cooling that depends on the thermal propensities of the animal and its natural environment. Tropical bats followed a Q10 similar to that reported for other nonhibernating mammals and ceased responding at Tb 14-15 degrees C. Temperate zone-hibernating bat brains showed a relative insensitivity to temperature change and still responded at Tb 4-5 degrees C. Individual sonar cries within a string showed that duration was correlated with temperature but amplitude was unaffected. The study provides data for the functional separation of some parameters of biosonar and gives further evidence for differential nervous function in eurythermal versus stenothermal animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1211485", "title": "Nutritional effects on heart acetylcholinesterase and butyrocholinesterase activity.", "content": "Male rat pups were undernourished in energy and protein by assigning them at birth to lactating dams receiving a low-protein diet (12% casein) to decrease the maternal milk supply. A normal diet (25% casein) was fed to the dams of control pups. On day 21 the pups were killed and hearts were removed and examined from both groups. Hearts from the undernourished animals weighed less and contained less DNA, RNA, and protein. The chemical indices of cell number (DNA) and cell size (wt/DNA) were reduced in the hearts from undernourished animals. Assays of the cardiac tissue for the activity of acetylcholinesterase and butyrocholinesterase indicated that undernutrition altered the activities of both enzymes, but in opposite directions. Protein-energy undernutrition resulted in an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and a decrease in butyrocholinesterase activity. The specific activities of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase were unchanged. The total activity of both cholinesterase and butyrocholinesterase was reduced in the hearts of the undernourished animals. The data indicate that nutritional status can alter the activity of cardiac enzymes which have been associated with controlling the rate and rhythmic contractions of the heart.", "contents": "Nutritional effects on heart acetylcholinesterase and butyrocholinesterase activity. Male rat pups were undernourished in energy and protein by assigning them at birth to lactating dams receiving a low-protein diet (12% casein) to decrease the maternal milk supply. A normal diet (25% casein) was fed to the dams of control pups. On day 21 the pups were killed and hearts were removed and examined from both groups. Hearts from the undernourished animals weighed less and contained less DNA, RNA, and protein. The chemical indices of cell number (DNA) and cell size (wt/DNA) were reduced in the hearts from undernourished animals. Assays of the cardiac tissue for the activity of acetylcholinesterase and butyrocholinesterase indicated that undernutrition altered the activities of both enzymes, but in opposite directions. Protein-energy undernutrition resulted in an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and a decrease in butyrocholinesterase activity. The specific activities of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase were unchanged. The total activity of both cholinesterase and butyrocholinesterase was reduced in the hearts of the undernourished animals. The data indicate that nutritional status can alter the activity of cardiac enzymes which have been associated with controlling the rate and rhythmic contractions of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:1211486", "title": "Osmotically induced changes in electrical resistance of distal tubules of rat kidney.", "content": "Changes in peritubular oncotic pressure do not alter the electrical resistance of distal convoluted tubules. Transverse specific electrical resistance decreases along the distal convoluted tubule in nondiuretic rats. This drop in resistance can be at least in part accounted for by the relative increae in osmolality of late distal fluid. Osmotic gradients influence the magnitude of intercellular rather than transcellular conductance. Hyposmolality of tubular fluid leads to reduced shunting, whereas increased tubular osmolality has the opposite effect. The osmotic effect forms part of an intraepithelial positive feedback loop for sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment of the renal nephron.", "contents": "Osmotically induced changes in electrical resistance of distal tubules of rat kidney. Changes in peritubular oncotic pressure do not alter the electrical resistance of distal convoluted tubules. Transverse specific electrical resistance decreases along the distal convoluted tubule in nondiuretic rats. This drop in resistance can be at least in part accounted for by the relative increae in osmolality of late distal fluid. Osmotic gradients influence the magnitude of intercellular rather than transcellular conductance. Hyposmolality of tubular fluid leads to reduced shunting, whereas increased tubular osmolality has the opposite effect. The osmotic effect forms part of an intraepithelial positive feedback loop for sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment of the renal nephron."}
{"id": "PMID:1211487", "title": "Evoked release of [14C]norepinephrine from the rat hypothalamus during feeding.", "content": "The pattern of catecholamine release was studied at sites adjacent to the lateral ventricle or in the anterior, dorsomedial or ventromedial hypothalamus of the rat as it was feeding. Endogenous stores of norepinephrine (NE) were first labeled by the microinjection of [14C]NE into these circumscribed sites. Subsequently, [14C]NE release was examined by repeated perfusions of an artificial cerebrospinal fluid through a push-pull cannula at the rate of 23 mul/min for 5-10 min every 30 min. After successive control perfusates were collected, food or water was given to the animal. During an interval of feeding, a significant efflux of [14C]NE and its metabolites occurred reliably from midline structures of the hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus. Although the feeding-related output of [14C]NE detected within the anterior hypothalamus was lower, [14C]NE was also released from this region when the rat pressed a lever to obtain food pellets. These results support the view that endogenous catecholamines underlie, at least partially, diencephalic mechanisms controlling food intake, including sensory, motor, or motivational components.", "contents": "Evoked release of [14C]norepinephrine from the rat hypothalamus during feeding. The pattern of catecholamine release was studied at sites adjacent to the lateral ventricle or in the anterior, dorsomedial or ventromedial hypothalamus of the rat as it was feeding. Endogenous stores of norepinephrine (NE) were first labeled by the microinjection of [14C]NE into these circumscribed sites. Subsequently, [14C]NE release was examined by repeated perfusions of an artificial cerebrospinal fluid through a push-pull cannula at the rate of 23 mul/min for 5-10 min every 30 min. After successive control perfusates were collected, food or water was given to the animal. During an interval of feeding, a significant efflux of [14C]NE and its metabolites occurred reliably from midline structures of the hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus. Although the feeding-related output of [14C]NE detected within the anterior hypothalamus was lower, [14C]NE was also released from this region when the rat pressed a lever to obtain food pellets. These results support the view that endogenous catecholamines underlie, at least partially, diencephalic mechanisms controlling food intake, including sensory, motor, or motivational components."}
{"id": "PMID:1211488", "title": "Distal site of action of parathyroid hormone on phosphate reabsorption.", "content": "The sites of inhibited phosphate transport following administration of bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) to thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs were investigated. Phosphate reabsorption by the proximal and distal nephron was studied using recollection micropuncture, stop-flow methodology, and electron-probe microanalysis. Following bPTH, delivery of phosphate from the proximal tubule increased from 26 to 37% of the filtered load, P less than .01. Fractional phosphate excretion increased from 2.3 +/- 1.5 to 21.4 +/- 2.3%, P less than .001. The increased delivery of phosphate at the point of micropuncture in the proximal tubule accounted for approximately half of the phosphaturia. In six TPTX dogs, which were saline loaded, similiar increases in phosphate delivery from the proximal tubule from 27 +/- 1 to 36 +/- 2% of the filtered load resulted in a strikingly smaller phosphaturia, 5.1 +/- 1 to 9.8 +/- 2.4%, NS. In stop-flow experiments, phosphate concentratin ratios were slightly increased in the proximal nephron and markedly increased in the distal nephron following bPTH. It is concluded that parathyroid hormone markedly decreases phosphate transport in the distal nephron.", "contents": "Distal site of action of parathyroid hormone on phosphate reabsorption. The sites of inhibited phosphate transport following administration of bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) to thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs were investigated. Phosphate reabsorption by the proximal and distal nephron was studied using recollection micropuncture, stop-flow methodology, and electron-probe microanalysis. Following bPTH, delivery of phosphate from the proximal tubule increased from 26 to 37% of the filtered load, P less than .01. Fractional phosphate excretion increased from 2.3 +/- 1.5 to 21.4 +/- 2.3%, P less than .001. The increased delivery of phosphate at the point of micropuncture in the proximal tubule accounted for approximately half of the phosphaturia. In six TPTX dogs, which were saline loaded, similiar increases in phosphate delivery from the proximal tubule from 27 +/- 1 to 36 +/- 2% of the filtered load resulted in a strikingly smaller phosphaturia, 5.1 +/- 1 to 9.8 +/- 2.4%, NS. In stop-flow experiments, phosphate concentratin ratios were slightly increased in the proximal nephron and markedly increased in the distal nephron following bPTH. It is concluded that parathyroid hormone markedly decreases phosphate transport in the distal nephron."}
{"id": "PMID:1211489", "title": "Acute suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis by glucose in the intact animal.", "content": "Within 2 h after glucose administration to fasting rats the incorporation of radioactive lactate into blood glucose and liver  glycogen is decreased. Using tryptophan, which facilitates the study of gluconeogenesis prior to the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase step by increasing the level of certain hepatic metabolites, we have found that in animals fasted for 24 h glucose markedly decreased hepatic malate and aspartate concentrations without a corresponding fall in that of pyruvate, suggesting a decrease in pyruvate carboxylase activity. An inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, 4-pentenoic acid, similarly decreased the accumulation of these intermediates, and octanoic acid significantly lessened the fall in malate and aspartate with glucose. The changes in tissue metabolite levels were consistent with inhibition of the liver pyruvate carboxylase reaction by glucose treatment, and with abolition of this inhibition by octanoate administration. Alanine and glutamate levels in the liver of tryptophan-treated animals were decreased 90 and 32%, respectively, by glucose. Thus, glucose administration in the whole animal acutely decreases gluconeogenesis by apparently inhibiting the pyruvate carboxylase step and decreasing alanine levels in the liver.", "contents": "Acute suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis by glucose in the intact animal. Within 2 h after glucose administration to fasting rats the incorporation of radioactive lactate into blood glucose and liver  glycogen is decreased. Using tryptophan, which facilitates the study of gluconeogenesis prior to the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase step by increasing the level of certain hepatic metabolites, we have found that in animals fasted for 24 h glucose markedly decreased hepatic malate and aspartate concentrations without a corresponding fall in that of pyruvate, suggesting a decrease in pyruvate carboxylase activity. An inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, 4-pentenoic acid, similarly decreased the accumulation of these intermediates, and octanoic acid significantly lessened the fall in malate and aspartate with glucose. The changes in tissue metabolite levels were consistent with inhibition of the liver pyruvate carboxylase reaction by glucose treatment, and with abolition of this inhibition by octanoate administration. Alanine and glutamate levels in the liver of tryptophan-treated animals were decreased 90 and 32%, respectively, by glucose. Thus, glucose administration in the whole animal acutely decreases gluconeogenesis by apparently inhibiting the pyruvate carboxylase step and decreasing alanine levels in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1211490", "title": "Impermeability of rabbit erythrocytes to prostaglandins.", "content": "Washed rabbit erythrocytes were suspended in Tris-electrolyte buffer containing [3H]prostaglandin (PG) E1, F1alpha, F2alpha, or A1 and one 14C-labeled compound such as sucrose. After up to 24 h of incubation, aliquots of centrifuged, packed cells and supernatant were oxidized and the 3H and 14C samples were counted. The mean sucrose space of the packed cell was 7.4%. After 1 min the E1, F1alpha, and F2alpha spaces were 16, 15.4, and 10.0%, respectively, and showed no increase even after 24 h of incubation at either 23 or 5 degrees C. At 23 degrees C the initial (0.5 min) PGA1 and thiourea spaces were 94 and 75%, respectively, whence the PGA1, but not the thiourea, space declined, reaching 30% at 4 h. The large initial uptake of PGA1 was eliminated at 5 degrees C, while it was accentuated at pH 6.8 or at a PGA1, concentration of 10(-3) M. 14C-Labeled arachidonic, octanoic, and other non-PG fatty acids gave apparent distribution spaces of 140-300%. These results show that PG's can partition  into rabbit erythrocyte membranes, but the intracellular volume of the erythrocytes is not freely accessible to these autacoids. The implications of the finding that some cell membranes are impermeable to prostaglandins are discussed.", "contents": "Impermeability of rabbit erythrocytes to prostaglandins. Washed rabbit erythrocytes were suspended in Tris-electrolyte buffer containing [3H]prostaglandin (PG) E1, F1alpha, F2alpha, or A1 and one 14C-labeled compound such as sucrose. After up to 24 h of incubation, aliquots of centrifuged, packed cells and supernatant were oxidized and the 3H and 14C samples were counted. The mean sucrose space of the packed cell was 7.4%. After 1 min the E1, F1alpha, and F2alpha spaces were 16, 15.4, and 10.0%, respectively, and showed no increase even after 24 h of incubation at either 23 or 5 degrees C. At 23 degrees C the initial (0.5 min) PGA1 and thiourea spaces were 94 and 75%, respectively, whence the PGA1, but not the thiourea, space declined, reaching 30% at 4 h. The large initial uptake of PGA1 was eliminated at 5 degrees C, while it was accentuated at pH 6.8 or at a PGA1, concentration of 10(-3) M. 14C-Labeled arachidonic, octanoic, and other non-PG fatty acids gave apparent distribution spaces of 140-300%. These results show that PG's can partition  into rabbit erythrocyte membranes, but the intracellular volume of the erythrocytes is not freely accessible to these autacoids. The implications of the finding that some cell membranes are impermeable to prostaglandins are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211491", "title": "Effect of calcium on magnesium absorption.", "content": "The effect of calcium on magnesium absorption was studied in the rat ileum in vivo. The increase in the luminal concentration of calcium led to a progressive decrease in magnesium absorption, which was accompanied by a parallel decrease in net sodium absorption. This calcium effect was also observed when sodium chloride was replaced by urea. However, a consistent correlation was observed between the magnitude of net magnesium absorption and the rates of net water absorption of all calcium concentrations. These findings suggest that calcium decreases magnesium absorption by a nonspecific reduction in membrane permeability to solutes that induce net water flow and are consistent with the concept that magnesium is transported by solvent \"drag\". The increase in the luminal concentration of calcium resulted in an increase in tissue accumulation of magnesium. This increase in tissue accumulation of magnesium was associated with a decrease in net sodium absorption and in the negativity of the transmural PD. These findings suggest an additional mechanism of magnesium transport operating independently of net water flow.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on magnesium absorption. The effect of calcium on magnesium absorption was studied in the rat ileum in vivo. The increase in the luminal concentration of calcium led to a progressive decrease in magnesium absorption, which was accompanied by a parallel decrease in net sodium absorption. This calcium effect was also observed when sodium chloride was replaced by urea. However, a consistent correlation was observed between the magnitude of net magnesium absorption and the rates of net water absorption of all calcium concentrations. These findings suggest that calcium decreases magnesium absorption by a nonspecific reduction in membrane permeability to solutes that induce net water flow and are consistent with the concept that magnesium is transported by solvent \"drag\". The increase in the luminal concentration of calcium resulted in an increase in tissue accumulation of magnesium. This increase in tissue accumulation of magnesium was associated with a decrease in net sodium absorption and in the negativity of the transmural PD. These findings suggest an additional mechanism of magnesium transport operating independently of net water flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1211492", "title": "Absence of estimated glomerular pressure autoregulation during interrupted distal delivery.", "content": "Micropuncture studies in dogs have suggested that a distal tubule-to-afferent arteriole feedback system may participate in the autoregulation mechanism at the single-nephron level. To evaluate the effect of interrupted distal delivery on glomerular capillary pressure (GP) and its autoregulation, the proximal tubule was blocked with oil and maximal stop-flow pressure was measured with a micropressure servo-null system. The GP was estimated from the sum of stop-flow pressure and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (membrane oncometer). In 18 dogs given a mild mannitol load, average +/- SD control arterial pressure was 118 +/- 16 mmHg, proximal tubule pressure was 24 +/- 5 mmHg, and estimated GP averaged 70 +/- 10 mmHg. There was a highly significant relationship between estimated GP and arterial blood pressure. Similar results were obtained in hydropenic dogs. In response to decreases in renal arterial pressure in individual dogs, stop-flow pressure and estimated GP failed to exhibit autoregulation although autoregulation of renal blood flow, GFR, and proximal tubule pressure was observed over an arterial pressure range of 150-95 mmHg. These results indicate that interruption of normal distal delivery by proximal tubule blockage interferes with the ability of the nephron to autoregulate glomerular pressure. They provide further evidence in support of the concept that a distal tubular feedback mechanism participates, at least in part, in the autoregulatory control of glomerular pressure.", "contents": "Absence of estimated glomerular pressure autoregulation during interrupted distal delivery. Micropuncture studies in dogs have suggested that a distal tubule-to-afferent arteriole feedback system may participate in the autoregulation mechanism at the single-nephron level. To evaluate the effect of interrupted distal delivery on glomerular capillary pressure (GP) and its autoregulation, the proximal tubule was blocked with oil and maximal stop-flow pressure was measured with a micropressure servo-null system. The GP was estimated from the sum of stop-flow pressure and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (membrane oncometer). In 18 dogs given a mild mannitol load, average +/- SD control arterial pressure was 118 +/- 16 mmHg, proximal tubule pressure was 24 +/- 5 mmHg, and estimated GP averaged 70 +/- 10 mmHg. There was a highly significant relationship between estimated GP and arterial blood pressure. Similar results were obtained in hydropenic dogs. In response to decreases in renal arterial pressure in individual dogs, stop-flow pressure and estimated GP failed to exhibit autoregulation although autoregulation of renal blood flow, GFR, and proximal tubule pressure was observed over an arterial pressure range of 150-95 mmHg. These results indicate that interruption of normal distal delivery by proximal tubule blockage interferes with the ability of the nephron to autoregulate glomerular pressure. They provide further evidence in support of the concept that a distal tubular feedback mechanism participates, at least in part, in the autoregulatory control of glomerular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1211493", "title": "Stimulation of intestinal smooth muscle by atropine, procaine, and tetrodotoxin.", "content": "In order to determine whether or not atropine, procaine, and tetrodotoxin (TTX) can stimulate intestinal smooth muscle directly, we examined the effects of these drugs on the mechanical and electrical activities of several types of cat intestinal smooth muscle preparations. The preparations consisted of isolated rings of 1) intact intestinal wall, 2) intact longitudinal and circular muscle, 3) ganglion-free circular muscle, and 4) ganglion-free circular muscle devoid of its dense layer and plexus muscularis profundus. Atropine and procaine (greater than 10(-4) M) stimulated all four types of preparation. On the other hand, TTX (up to 5 X 10(-6) M) stimulated only preparations 1 and 2. It is concluded that whereas atropine and procaine can directly stimulate intestinal smooth muscle, the excitatory effect of TTX is neurally mediated.", "contents": "Stimulation of intestinal smooth muscle by atropine, procaine, and tetrodotoxin. In order to determine whether or not atropine, procaine, and tetrodotoxin (TTX) can stimulate intestinal smooth muscle directly, we examined the effects of these drugs on the mechanical and electrical activities of several types of cat intestinal smooth muscle preparations. The preparations consisted of isolated rings of 1) intact intestinal wall, 2) intact longitudinal and circular muscle, 3) ganglion-free circular muscle, and 4) ganglion-free circular muscle devoid of its dense layer and plexus muscularis profundus. Atropine and procaine (greater than 10(-4) M) stimulated all four types of preparation. On the other hand, TTX (up to 5 X 10(-6) M) stimulated only preparations 1 and 2. It is concluded that whereas atropine and procaine can directly stimulate intestinal smooth muscle, the excitatory effect of TTX is neurally mediated."}
{"id": "PMID:1211494", "title": "Skeletal buffering of acute metabolic acidosis.", "content": "Decreases in the sodium content of bone were measured to evaluate the role of this tissue in the buffering of acute metabolic acidosis. The bones of rats and dogs were labeled with radiosodium prior to the infusion of HCl, and changes in the radioactivity were used to indicate the loss of bone sodium. Significant reductions in the skeletal sodium occurred within the first 5 h of acidosis, and these losses can only be partially attributed to the hyponatremia accompanying the acid infusion. Decreases were greatest in the smaller bones of the rat; and, in the dog, the losses from flat bones exceeded those of the long bones. Only the rapidly exchangeable sodium of bone was involved in the changes due to acidosis. Soft tissue buffering may be more important initially; during 1.5-h experiments, the skeletal losses were small and could be ascribed almost entirely to the decrease in the amount of sodium contained in bone water. However, at the end of 5.0 h, the quantity of sodium released from the skeleton is sufficient to account for much of the tissue buffering.", "contents": "Skeletal buffering of acute metabolic acidosis. Decreases in the sodium content of bone were measured to evaluate the role of this tissue in the buffering of acute metabolic acidosis. The bones of rats and dogs were labeled with radiosodium prior to the infusion of HCl, and changes in the radioactivity were used to indicate the loss of bone sodium. Significant reductions in the skeletal sodium occurred within the first 5 h of acidosis, and these losses can only be partially attributed to the hyponatremia accompanying the acid infusion. Decreases were greatest in the smaller bones of the rat; and, in the dog, the losses from flat bones exceeded those of the long bones. Only the rapidly exchangeable sodium of bone was involved in the changes due to acidosis. Soft tissue buffering may be more important initially; during 1.5-h experiments, the skeletal losses were small and could be ascribed almost entirely to the decrease in the amount of sodium contained in bone water. However, at the end of 5.0 h, the quantity of sodium released from the skeleton is sufficient to account for much of the tissue buffering."}
{"id": "PMID:1211495", "title": "Release of adenosine by hypoxic canine lung tissue and its possible role in pulmonary circulation.", "content": "Adenosine is a possible mediator of myocardial and skeletal muscle blood flow regulation. Whether adenosine plays a similar role in modulating the pulmonary pressor response to acute alveolar hypoxia is not known. Adenosine levels (nmol/g tissue) in lung in six dogs ventilated with 95% N2, and 5% CO2 for a period of 3 min increased nearly 10-fold. Inosine and hypoxanthine, adenosine enzymatic degradation products, sustained a 10- and 7-fold increase, respectively. These degradative products are mainly formed in the capillary endothelial cells that contain the degradative enzyme nucleoside phosphorylase as demonstrated by histochemical techniques. To determine the effect of ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine on the pulmonary circulation, the in situ left lower lobe of 10 dogs was perfused at either free flow or constant flow via its pulmonary artery. ATP and ADP increased lobar vascular resistance; AMP and adenosine decreased the resistance. During hypoxic ventilation, adenosine infusions (100 nmol/ml blood) entirely abolished the increase in vascular resistance that was due solely to hypoxia. Dipyridamole produced similar responses. These data indicate that adenosine is a pulmonary vasodilator and that it may modulate the pulmonary pressor response to acute alveolar hypoxia. The findings suggest that the use of adenosine or dipyridamole may be beneficial in patients with pathologic elevations of the pulmonary vascular resistance which are a result of an exaggerated pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia, as seen in high-altitude pulmonary edema or that following cerebral injury.", "contents": "Release of adenosine by hypoxic canine lung tissue and its possible role in pulmonary circulation. Adenosine is a possible mediator of myocardial and skeletal muscle blood flow regulation. Whether adenosine plays a similar role in modulating the pulmonary pressor response to acute alveolar hypoxia is not known. Adenosine levels (nmol/g tissue) in lung in six dogs ventilated with 95% N2, and 5% CO2 for a period of 3 min increased nearly 10-fold. Inosine and hypoxanthine, adenosine enzymatic degradation products, sustained a 10- and 7-fold increase, respectively. These degradative products are mainly formed in the capillary endothelial cells that contain the degradative enzyme nucleoside phosphorylase as demonstrated by histochemical techniques. To determine the effect of ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine on the pulmonary circulation, the in situ left lower lobe of 10 dogs was perfused at either free flow or constant flow via its pulmonary artery. ATP and ADP increased lobar vascular resistance; AMP and adenosine decreased the resistance. During hypoxic ventilation, adenosine infusions (100 nmol/ml blood) entirely abolished the increase in vascular resistance that was due solely to hypoxia. Dipyridamole produced similar responses. These data indicate that adenosine is a pulmonary vasodilator and that it may modulate the pulmonary pressor response to acute alveolar hypoxia. The findings suggest that the use of adenosine or dipyridamole may be beneficial in patients with pathologic elevations of the pulmonary vascular resistance which are a result of an exaggerated pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia, as seen in high-altitude pulmonary edema or that following cerebral injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1211496", "title": "In vitro measurement of margin of safety of neuromuscular transmission.", "content": "The margin of safety of neuromuscular transmission was measured in isolated guinea pig lumbrical muscles. Twitch height of an indirectly stimulated muscle was reduced stepwise by suitable concentrations of tubocurarine for comparison with the associated occlusion of receptors by the drug. Receptor occlusion was estimated from the effect of tubocurarine on carbachol depolarization measured extracellularly by the moving-fluid electrode technique. Roughly 75-80% of the receptor pool had to be blocked before the twitch height began to fall, and 90-95% had to be blocked before the twitch response was completely abolished. These results agree well with those found previously in vivo. Thus, the present results add further support to the earlier measurements. In particular, artifacts that might have been present because of the complex pharmacokinetic situation in vivo have been ruled out.", "contents": "In vitro measurement of margin of safety of neuromuscular transmission. The margin of safety of neuromuscular transmission was measured in isolated guinea pig lumbrical muscles. Twitch height of an indirectly stimulated muscle was reduced stepwise by suitable concentrations of tubocurarine for comparison with the associated occlusion of receptors by the drug. Receptor occlusion was estimated from the effect of tubocurarine on carbachol depolarization measured extracellularly by the moving-fluid electrode technique. Roughly 75-80% of the receptor pool had to be blocked before the twitch height began to fall, and 90-95% had to be blocked before the twitch response was completely abolished. These results agree well with those found previously in vivo. Thus, the present results add further support to the earlier measurements. In particular, artifacts that might have been present because of the complex pharmacokinetic situation in vivo have been ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:1211497", "title": "Pentobarbital and contraction of vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "This study, with isolated rat aortic strips and portal veins, was undertaken to : 1) study the effects, if any, of pentobarbital Na (PTB) (5 x 10(-5) to 2 X 10(-3) M) on reactivity to epinephrine, serotonin, and KCl; 2) determine whether  certain concentrations of PTB induce direct actions on aortic strips and portal veins; and 3) gain some insight into how these effects are brought about. The results indicate that PTB can: a) inhibit development of spontaneous mechanical activity in these vessels in anesthetic concentrations; b) dose-dependently attenuate contractions induced by epinephrine, serotonin, and KC1; c) cause a noncompetitive type displacement of the dose response curves of these vasoactive agents; d) attenuate Ca2+- induced contractions of potassium-depolarized aortic strips and portal veins concomitant with a dose-dependent displacement of these dose-response curves to the right; and e) rapidly relax drug as well as Ca2+ -induced contractions of aortas and portal veins. In addition, the data indicate that rat portal venous smooth muscle is more sensitive to the inhibitory actions of PTB than rat aortic smooth muscle. Overall, these data suggest that concentrations of PTB used to induce surgical anesthesia can exert profound depressant effects on at least two different types of vascular smooth muscle that may be related to actions on movement and/or translocation of Ca2+.", "contents": "Pentobarbital and contraction of vascular smooth muscle. This study, with isolated rat aortic strips and portal veins, was undertaken to : 1) study the effects, if any, of pentobarbital Na (PTB) (5 x 10(-5) to 2 X 10(-3) M) on reactivity to epinephrine, serotonin, and KCl; 2) determine whether  certain concentrations of PTB induce direct actions on aortic strips and portal veins; and 3) gain some insight into how these effects are brought about. The results indicate that PTB can: a) inhibit development of spontaneous mechanical activity in these vessels in anesthetic concentrations; b) dose-dependently attenuate contractions induced by epinephrine, serotonin, and KC1; c) cause a noncompetitive type displacement of the dose response curves of these vasoactive agents; d) attenuate Ca2+- induced contractions of potassium-depolarized aortic strips and portal veins concomitant with a dose-dependent displacement of these dose-response curves to the right; and e) rapidly relax drug as well as Ca2+ -induced contractions of aortas and portal veins. In addition, the data indicate that rat portal venous smooth muscle is more sensitive to the inhibitory actions of PTB than rat aortic smooth muscle. Overall, these data suggest that concentrations of PTB used to induce surgical anesthesia can exert profound depressant effects on at least two different types of vascular smooth muscle that may be related to actions on movement and/or translocation of Ca2+."}
{"id": "PMID:1211498", "title": "Characteristics of urate influx in the rat nephron.", "content": "Permeability  of the tubular epithelium to urate presented on the peritubular side was studied in anesthetized rats during mannitol diuresis by capillary microinjections of [14C]urate and [3H]inulin, [14C]PAH and [3H]inulin, or [14C]urate and [3H]PAH. Recovery of isotopes was determined in urine collected serially from the injected and contralateral kidney. Appearance and peak excretion of urate in the experimental but not in the contralateral kidney preceded inulin and coincided with PAH, indicating proximal permeability to urate. Recovery of urate was higher from the injected than from the contralateral kidney. Urate precession and recovery did not change after addition of PAH (1.5-6.4 mm) to [14C]urate-[3H]inulin solutions, whereas they decreased significantly in the experimental kidney after pyrazinoate (1.6-3.2 mM) addition. On the other hand, no effect of urate on [14C]PAH-[3H]inulin injections was detectable. These findings are suggestive of a carrier-mediated transtubular influx of urate in rat proximal tubule. Absence of competition with PAH may suggest differences in the secretory mechanisms for organic acids.", "contents": "Characteristics of urate influx in the rat nephron. Permeability  of the tubular epithelium to urate presented on the peritubular side was studied in anesthetized rats during mannitol diuresis by capillary microinjections of [14C]urate and [3H]inulin, [14C]PAH and [3H]inulin, or [14C]urate and [3H]PAH. Recovery of isotopes was determined in urine collected serially from the injected and contralateral kidney. Appearance and peak excretion of urate in the experimental but not in the contralateral kidney preceded inulin and coincided with PAH, indicating proximal permeability to urate. Recovery of urate was higher from the injected than from the contralateral kidney. Urate precession and recovery did not change after addition of PAH (1.5-6.4 mm) to [14C]urate-[3H]inulin solutions, whereas they decreased significantly in the experimental kidney after pyrazinoate (1.6-3.2 mM) addition. On the other hand, no effect of urate on [14C]PAH-[3H]inulin injections was detectable. These findings are suggestive of a carrier-mediated transtubular influx of urate in rat proximal tubule. Absence of competition with PAH may suggest differences in the secretory mechanisms for organic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1211499", "title": "Glucose turnover values in the dog obtained with various species of labeled glucose.", "content": "Recent studies proposed that [2T]glucose is preferable to [14C]-glucose as a tracer for the measurement of glucose turnover. However, higher values for glucose turnover were obtained using [2T]glucose than with [14C]glucose. The present study explores the merit of another species of tritiated glucose, [3T]glucose. Utilizing isotope-dilution principles, comparison is made of glucose turnover values determined by use of [2T]glucose, [3T]glucose, and [6-14C]glucose. Glucose turnover using [2T]glucose was 1.51 +/- 0.07 times greater than that using [6-14C]glucose, after correction for recycling of 14C. However, glucose turnover values obtained with [3T]glucose were similar to those obtained with [6-14C]glucose. There were no temporal or quantitative differences in appearance of tritium (T) in plasma water after injection of [2T]- and [3T]glucose. A methylprednisolone regimen in the normal dog increased glucose turnover as determined by all three tracers, but the increase observed using [2T]glusoce was significantly greater than that using that two other tracers. Thiement for [6-14C]glucose for measurement of glucose turnover in the dog.", "contents": "Glucose turnover values in the dog obtained with various species of labeled glucose. Recent studies proposed that [2T]glucose is preferable to [14C]-glucose as a tracer for the measurement of glucose turnover. However, higher values for glucose turnover were obtained using [2T]glucose than with [14C]glucose. The present study explores the merit of another species of tritiated glucose, [3T]glucose. Utilizing isotope-dilution principles, comparison is made of glucose turnover values determined by use of [2T]glucose, [3T]glucose, and [6-14C]glucose. Glucose turnover using [2T]glucose was 1.51 +/- 0.07 times greater than that using [6-14C]glucose, after correction for recycling of 14C. However, glucose turnover values obtained with [3T]glucose were similar to those obtained with [6-14C]glucose. There were no temporal or quantitative differences in appearance of tritium (T) in plasma water after injection of [2T]- and [3T]glucose. A methylprednisolone regimen in the normal dog increased glucose turnover as determined by all three tracers, but the increase observed using [2T]glusoce was significantly greater than that using that two other tracers. Thiement for [6-14C]glucose for measurement of glucose turnover in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:1211500", "title": "Rattlesnake venom shock in the rat: development of a method.", "content": "A model in Wistar rats (n = 30, 279-345 g) was developed to study circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, and lethal effects of an intravenous infusion (30 min; 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 mg/kg) of rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) venom. Venom produced perfusion failure with lactacidemia, hemoconcentration, hypoproteinemia, and death. The severity of poisoning was proportional to the quantity of venom given and to the elevation in lactic acid and hematocrit. Hemorrhages in the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and intestine were observed at necropsy. In a separate test, rats (n = 12, 311-355 g) received an infusion of 1.5 mg/kg of venom or physiological salt solution. Blood volume was measured 30 min after the end of infusion in both groups with radioiodinated (125I) human serum albumin (RIHSA) and 51Cr-labeled rat red cells. Venom produced a significant reduction in total blood volume index (35%, P less than 0.001), plasma volume index (46%, P less than 0.001), and red cell mass indec (22% P less than 0.005). The slope of the RIHSA-disappearance curve of animals that received venom was more than twice that of the control group. We conclude that perfusion failure following rattlesnake envenomation is associated with hypovolemia due to increases in vascular permeabiltiy and hemorrhage.", "contents": "Rattlesnake venom shock in the rat: development of a method. A model in Wistar rats (n = 30, 279-345 g) was developed to study circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, and lethal effects of an intravenous infusion (30 min; 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 mg/kg) of rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) venom. Venom produced perfusion failure with lactacidemia, hemoconcentration, hypoproteinemia, and death. The severity of poisoning was proportional to the quantity of venom given and to the elevation in lactic acid and hematocrit. Hemorrhages in the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and intestine were observed at necropsy. In a separate test, rats (n = 12, 311-355 g) received an infusion of 1.5 mg/kg of venom or physiological salt solution. Blood volume was measured 30 min after the end of infusion in both groups with radioiodinated (125I) human serum albumin (RIHSA) and 51Cr-labeled rat red cells. Venom produced a significant reduction in total blood volume index (35%, P less than 0.001), plasma volume index (46%, P less than 0.001), and red cell mass indec (22% P less than 0.005). The slope of the RIHSA-disappearance curve of animals that received venom was more than twice that of the control group. We conclude that perfusion failure following rattlesnake envenomation is associated with hypovolemia due to increases in vascular permeabiltiy and hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:1211501", "title": "Chymodenin, a duodenal peptide: specific stimulation of chymotrypsinogen secretion.", "content": "Chymodenin, a basic porcine duodenal peptide, was administered to anesthetized rabbits intravenously or added to the medium bathing the isolated pancreas. In the 10(-8)M range, chymodenin rapidly increased chymotrypsinogen (ChTg) secretion, did not increase lipase secretion, and modestly enhanced protein secretion (which could be attributed primarily to augmented ChTg secretion). The increased ChTg output was too rapid to be the result of increased rates of protein synthesis and could not be attributed to the exocytosis os zymogen granule contents because of the enzyme-;pecific nature of the response. In contrast to shymodenin, cholinergic stimulation in vitro produced a relatively lipase-rich, chymotrypsinogen-poor secretion. Lipase and ChTg outputs, which varied relatively independently under unstimulated conditions, covaried in the presence of chymodenin. The existence of a duodenal peptide that produces an enzyme-specific response supports the hypothesis that the secretion of digestive enzymes during digestion is a highly regulated process in which the enzyme content of pancreatic secretion varies with differences in the composition of intestinal substrates.", "contents": "Chymodenin, a duodenal peptide: specific stimulation of chymotrypsinogen secretion. Chymodenin, a basic porcine duodenal peptide, was administered to anesthetized rabbits intravenously or added to the medium bathing the isolated pancreas. In the 10(-8)M range, chymodenin rapidly increased chymotrypsinogen (ChTg) secretion, did not increase lipase secretion, and modestly enhanced protein secretion (which could be attributed primarily to augmented ChTg secretion). The increased ChTg output was too rapid to be the result of increased rates of protein synthesis and could not be attributed to the exocytosis os zymogen granule contents because of the enzyme-;pecific nature of the response. In contrast to shymodenin, cholinergic stimulation in vitro produced a relatively lipase-rich, chymotrypsinogen-poor secretion. Lipase and ChTg outputs, which varied relatively independently under unstimulated conditions, covaried in the presence of chymodenin. The existence of a duodenal peptide that produces an enzyme-specific response supports the hypothesis that the secretion of digestive enzymes during digestion is a highly regulated process in which the enzyme content of pancreatic secretion varies with differences in the composition of intestinal substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1211502", "title": "Embryonic and placental development during prolonged inanition in the pig.", "content": "Pregnancy is maintained in a high percentage (79%) of pigs subjected to inanition for periods up to 37 days, but few (25%) remain pregnant when inanition continues beyond 41 days. All remain pregnant during prolonged inanition (45 days) when exogenous progesterone and estradiol benzoate are given daily. Embryo survival rates in animals on inanition remain high (88%) and similar to those (89%) found in pigs given a full diet. Nitrogen content of embryos increases at a decreasing rate after 41 and 45 days inanition; placental nitrogen is markedly reduced at those times. By 45 days of inanition, nitrogen contents of embryos and placentas are less (P  less than 0.01) than found in dams receiving a full diet. During prolonged inanition, exogenous progesterone (80 mg/100 kg) and estradiol benzoate (500 mug/100 kg) maintain embryonic and placental development at levels similar to those found in animals on a full diet. Maternal stores of protein and energy are made available for embryonic and placental developement in the presence of adequate levels of progesterone and estrogen, in spite of severe body weight loss during prolonged inanition of the dam.", "contents": "Embryonic and placental development during prolonged inanition in the pig. Pregnancy is maintained in a high percentage (79%) of pigs subjected to inanition for periods up to 37 days, but few (25%) remain pregnant when inanition continues beyond 41 days. All remain pregnant during prolonged inanition (45 days) when exogenous progesterone and estradiol benzoate are given daily. Embryo survival rates in animals on inanition remain high (88%) and similar to those (89%) found in pigs given a full diet. Nitrogen content of embryos increases at a decreasing rate after 41 and 45 days inanition; placental nitrogen is markedly reduced at those times. By 45 days of inanition, nitrogen contents of embryos and placentas are less (P  less than 0.01) than found in dams receiving a full diet. During prolonged inanition, exogenous progesterone (80 mg/100 kg) and estradiol benzoate (500 mug/100 kg) maintain embryonic and placental development at levels similar to those found in animals on a full diet. Maternal stores of protein and energy are made available for embryonic and placental developement in the presence of adequate levels of progesterone and estrogen, in spite of severe body weight loss during prolonged inanition of the dam."}
{"id": "PMID:1211503", "title": "Micropuncture study of renal magnesium transport in magnesium-loaded rats.", "content": "Mg transport in the deep loop of Henle was studied in 15 young rats (50-60 g) after acute systemic Mg loading (UFMg (ultrafilterable Mg) 4.77 meq/liter). Intratubular Mg was measured with a recently  described fluorometric microtechnique. The mean values of the TF/P inulin and TF/UF Mg ratios were 3.32 +/- 0.13 and 4.25 +/- 0.17, respectively. The proportion of filtered Mg recovered in this part of the nephron was therefore 131.2 +/- 5.0%, indicating that an appreciable amount of Mg entered the lumen prior to the sites of puncture. A significant correlation between the TF/P inulin and TF/UF Mg ratios suggests that water reabsorption also contributes to the high concentration of Mg in the loop of  Henle during systemic Mg loading. In another series of young rats (90-160 g), similarly loaded with MgCl2 (UFMg 5.81 meq/liter), Mg and inulin were measured in superficial proximal (PT) and distal tubules (DT). Punctures were paired at two sites of the same PT and DT. The Mg concentration increased progressively along the PT in such a way that 90.5% of the filtered load still remained in the late proximal loops. If superficial and deep proximal tubules behave in a similar manner, it may be concluded that the site of entry of Mg is located between the late accessible part of the PT and the bend of the loop of Henle. Only 58.0 +/- 3.0% of the filtered Mg was delivered to the DT, indicating that Mg is extensively reabsorbed in the ascending limb, despite systemic loading. The proportion of filtered Mg did not vary along the DT, indicating no net reabsorption.", "contents": "Micropuncture study of renal magnesium transport in magnesium-loaded rats. Mg transport in the deep loop of Henle was studied in 15 young rats (50-60 g) after acute systemic Mg loading (UFMg (ultrafilterable Mg) 4.77 meq/liter). Intratubular Mg was measured with a recently  described fluorometric microtechnique. The mean values of the TF/P inulin and TF/UF Mg ratios were 3.32 +/- 0.13 and 4.25 +/- 0.17, respectively. The proportion of filtered Mg recovered in this part of the nephron was therefore 131.2 +/- 5.0%, indicating that an appreciable amount of Mg entered the lumen prior to the sites of puncture. A significant correlation between the TF/P inulin and TF/UF Mg ratios suggests that water reabsorption also contributes to the high concentration of Mg in the loop of  Henle during systemic Mg loading. In another series of young rats (90-160 g), similarly loaded with MgCl2 (UFMg 5.81 meq/liter), Mg and inulin were measured in superficial proximal (PT) and distal tubules (DT). Punctures were paired at two sites of the same PT and DT. The Mg concentration increased progressively along the PT in such a way that 90.5% of the filtered load still remained in the late proximal loops. If superficial and deep proximal tubules behave in a similar manner, it may be concluded that the site of entry of Mg is located between the late accessible part of the PT and the bend of the loop of Henle. Only 58.0 +/- 3.0% of the filtered Mg was delivered to the DT, indicating that Mg is extensively reabsorbed in the ascending limb, despite systemic loading. The proportion of filtered Mg did not vary along the DT, indicating no net reabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1211504", "title": "Restriction of hepatic gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis from threonine when at low concentrations.", "content": "Experiments were carried out with the isolated perfused liver of the overnight-starved rat to study the control of the conversion of the essential amino acid threonine to glucose and urea from the point of view of its conservation when in short supply. The relationships between the concentration of added L-threonine and the rate of glucose and urea production showed that both pathways have considerable capacity and were saturated at a high (15 mM) concentration of threonine. However, these concentration-rate relationships were sigmoidal, so that at low concentrations the rates of conversion were disproportionately low. Thus at physiologic levels of threonine, no measurable stimulation of glucose or urea output was observed. Hepatic uptake of threonine was similarly disproportionately reduced at near-physiologic levels. Glucagon stimulated glucose and urea outputs in parallel fashion and stimulated the uptake and inward membrane transport of threonine at both saturating and low concentrations. This and the changes in intracellular and extracellular concentrations of threonine indicate the transport is rate limiting for both pathways. If this is so, the apparent restrictive property probably resides at the plasma membrane. Since the liver is the end point of threonine metabolism, this property would effectively limit the utilization of threonine when in short supply.", "contents": "Restriction of hepatic gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis from threonine when at low concentrations. Experiments were carried out with the isolated perfused liver of the overnight-starved rat to study the control of the conversion of the essential amino acid threonine to glucose and urea from the point of view of its conservation when in short supply. The relationships between the concentration of added L-threonine and the rate of glucose and urea production showed that both pathways have considerable capacity and were saturated at a high (15 mM) concentration of threonine. However, these concentration-rate relationships were sigmoidal, so that at low concentrations the rates of conversion were disproportionately low. Thus at physiologic levels of threonine, no measurable stimulation of glucose or urea output was observed. Hepatic uptake of threonine was similarly disproportionately reduced at near-physiologic levels. Glucagon stimulated glucose and urea outputs in parallel fashion and stimulated the uptake and inward membrane transport of threonine at both saturating and low concentrations. This and the changes in intracellular and extracellular concentrations of threonine indicate the transport is rate limiting for both pathways. If this is so, the apparent restrictive property probably resides at the plasma membrane. Since the liver is the end point of threonine metabolism, this property would effectively limit the utilization of threonine when in short supply."}
{"id": "PMID:1211507", "title": "Tracheal agenesis.", "content": "Tracheal agenesis is a rare anomaly that produces neonatal respiratory distress and has been uniformly lethal to date. In this malformation the entire trachea is usually absent, air reaching the bronchi through a communication with the esophagus, and the lungs are normally formed. The diagnosis should be suspected in any infant in whom improved ventilation is obtained despite difficult intubation and abnormal tracheal tube placement. Coexistent cardiac, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary anomalies are common. The growth of the tracheoesophageal septum and the elongation of the dividing foregut are crucial phases in the morphogenesis of this malformation.", "contents": "Tracheal agenesis. Tracheal agenesis is a rare anomaly that produces neonatal respiratory distress and has been uniformly lethal to date. In this malformation the entire trachea is usually absent, air reaching the bronchi through a communication with the esophagus, and the lungs are normally formed. The diagnosis should be suspected in any infant in whom improved ventilation is obtained despite difficult intubation and abnormal tracheal tube placement. Coexistent cardiac, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary anomalies are common. The growth of the tracheoesophageal septum and the elongation of the dividing foregut are crucial phases in the morphogenesis of this malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211508", "title": "Renal hemangiomas. An  analysis of 13 cases diagnosed by angiography.", "content": "The angiographic findings in 13 patients with renal hemangiomas (one pararenal) are presented. The material suggests, contrary to earlier reports, a predominance for the female sex and the right kidney. Nine of the patients had macroscopic hematuria, of which five had renal colic. Obstruction was found at urography in seven cases. Renal angiography is the definitive diagnostic procedure and should be performed in all cases of unexplained macroscopic hematuria. Diagnosis may eventually be improved by pharmacoangiography or by hemodynamic studies using a dye dilution technique, as small arteriovenous shunts may remain undetected at angiography. Cardiac decompensation was not noted in our material, even though arteriovenous shunting within the hemangioma was seen in eight cases, suggesting that the shunt flow in renal hemangiomas usually does not reach levels high enough to impair the general circulation. Hypertension was present in only one patient, attributed to chronic pyelonephritis. Hematuria disappeared in all nine patients operated upon.", "contents": "Renal hemangiomas. An  analysis of 13 cases diagnosed by angiography. The angiographic findings in 13 patients with renal hemangiomas (one pararenal) are presented. The material suggests, contrary to earlier reports, a predominance for the female sex and the right kidney. Nine of the patients had macroscopic hematuria, of which five had renal colic. Obstruction was found at urography in seven cases. Renal angiography is the definitive diagnostic procedure and should be performed in all cases of unexplained macroscopic hematuria. Diagnosis may eventually be improved by pharmacoangiography or by hemodynamic studies using a dye dilution technique, as small arteriovenous shunts may remain undetected at angiography. Cardiac decompensation was not noted in our material, even though arteriovenous shunting within the hemangioma was seen in eight cases, suggesting that the shunt flow in renal hemangiomas usually does not reach levels high enough to impair the general circulation. Hypertension was present in only one patient, attributed to chronic pyelonephritis. Hematuria disappeared in all nine patients operated upon."}
{"id": "PMID:1211509", "title": "Medullary rays. Visualization during excretory urography.", "content": "The medullary rays are well-defined anatomic structures consisting of bundles of renal tubules which form in the renal cortex and continue through the renal medulla as the medullary striations. These structures are occasionally visualized during excretory urography in abnormal physiologic states characterized by tubular stasis and hyperconcentration of contrast material. Under these conditions, fine striations are visualized which correspond in position and orientation to these structures. The work of others has shown that in tubular stasis, contrast material is hyperconcentrated in the tubules. On microradiography in normal and obstructed kidneys, the highest concentrations of contrast material are seen in the lumen of collecting ducts. Lastly, retrograde injection of contrast material into the medullary rays produces a roentgen image similar to our illustrated cases.", "contents": "Medullary rays. Visualization during excretory urography. The medullary rays are well-defined anatomic structures consisting of bundles of renal tubules which form in the renal cortex and continue through the renal medulla as the medullary striations. These structures are occasionally visualized during excretory urography in abnormal physiologic states characterized by tubular stasis and hyperconcentration of contrast material. Under these conditions, fine striations are visualized which correspond in position and orientation to these structures. The work of others has shown that in tubular stasis, contrast material is hyperconcentrated in the tubules. On microradiography in normal and obstructed kidneys, the highest concentrations of contrast material are seen in the lumen of collecting ducts. Lastly, retrograde injection of contrast material into the medullary rays produces a roentgen image similar to our illustrated cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1211510", "title": "The natural history of the upper renal tracts in adults following ureteroileal diversion (Bricker procedure).", "content": "The natural history of the upper tracts (170 renal units) of 87 patients undergoing total cystectomy and ileal loop diversion has been followed roentgenologically for up to seven years. The complications inherent in the procedure are illustrated and the appearances of new upper tract tumors demonstrated. Of 126 renal units which was obstruction of the anastomosis, seen in 29 units. The need for regular contrast material examination of the surgically modified upper tracts is emphasized.", "contents": "The natural history of the upper renal tracts in adults following ureteroileal diversion (Bricker procedure). The natural history of the upper tracts (170 renal units) of 87 patients undergoing total cystectomy and ileal loop diversion has been followed roentgenologically for up to seven years. The complications inherent in the procedure are illustrated and the appearances of new upper tract tumors demonstrated. Of 126 renal units which was obstruction of the anastomosis, seen in 29 units. The need for regular contrast material examination of the surgically modified upper tracts is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1211511", "title": "The bleeding marginal ulcer. Catheterization diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Superior mesenteric arteriography can often demonstrate actively bleeding marginal ulcers. Five cases diagnosed by angiography are reported. Pitressin infusions of the superior mesenteric artery stopped bleeding permanently in two cases, transiently in two cases, and was not attempted in one case. Pitressin infusions of the superior mesenteric artery should be attempted before surgery is performed for bleeding marginal ulcers.", "contents": "The bleeding marginal ulcer. Catheterization diagnosis and therapy. Superior mesenteric arteriography can often demonstrate actively bleeding marginal ulcers. Five cases diagnosed by angiography are reported. Pitressin infusions of the superior mesenteric artery stopped bleeding permanently in two cases, transiently in two cases, and was not attempted in one case. Pitressin infusions of the superior mesenteric artery should be attempted before surgery is performed for bleeding marginal ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:1211512", "title": "Intracranial hemangiopericytomas. Angiography, pathology and differential diagnosis.", "content": "Intracranial hemangiopericytomas are tumors which angiographically and histologically can mimic other vascular intracranial masses. The term angioblastic meningioma has been applied to this tumor and to other vascular tumors. However, hemangiopericytomas have a unique biological behavior and prognosis as they tend to recur or metastasize and are insensitive to radiation. Hence, the importance of their specific recognition is emphasized. This is a report of the roentgenologic and pathologic fidings in five cases of histologically verified intracranial hemangiopericytomas. The angiographic findings common to these tumors include a myriad of tiny irregular feeding vessels springing from a main trunk, an intense fluffy type of stain, lack of early veins, and prolonged tumor circulation time. The major arterial supply is from the internal carotid or vertebral circulation rather than from external (meningeal) vessels. Differentiation from other vascular tumors particularly supratentorial hemangioblastoma, glioblastoma multiforme, as well as from vascular meningothelial meningioma is important from both the angiographic and histologic aspects.", "contents": "Intracranial hemangiopericytomas. Angiography, pathology and differential diagnosis. Intracranial hemangiopericytomas are tumors which angiographically and histologically can mimic other vascular intracranial masses. The term angioblastic meningioma has been applied to this tumor and to other vascular tumors. However, hemangiopericytomas have a unique biological behavior and prognosis as they tend to recur or metastasize and are insensitive to radiation. Hence, the importance of their specific recognition is emphasized. This is a report of the roentgenologic and pathologic fidings in five cases of histologically verified intracranial hemangiopericytomas. The angiographic findings common to these tumors include a myriad of tiny irregular feeding vessels springing from a main trunk, an intense fluffy type of stain, lack of early veins, and prolonged tumor circulation time. The major arterial supply is from the internal carotid or vertebral circulation rather than from external (meningeal) vessels. Differentiation from other vascular tumors particularly supratentorial hemangioblastoma, glioblastoma multiforme, as well as from vascular meningothelial meningioma is important from both the angiographic and histologic aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:1211513", "title": "Displacement of pontine arteries by fungating pontine astrocytomas.", "content": "Pontine astrocytomas may fungate, encircling the basilar artery and pontomesencephalic vein and intruding between these structures and the clivus. The tumor thus may prevent anterior displacement of these vascular structures against the clivus or produce paradoxical posterior displacement. However, the pontine arteries are usually swept forward by the tumor nodules to lie anterior to the basilar artery. These arteries are also stretched as they encircle the enlarged pons, losing their normal undulations. An increased posterior extent of the vessels may be seen, presumed due to hypertrophy or displacement or both. These findings seem highly specific for the diagnosis of fungating pontine astrocytoma.", "contents": "Displacement of pontine arteries by fungating pontine astrocytomas. Pontine astrocytomas may fungate, encircling the basilar artery and pontomesencephalic vein and intruding between these structures and the clivus. The tumor thus may prevent anterior displacement of these vascular structures against the clivus or produce paradoxical posterior displacement. However, the pontine arteries are usually swept forward by the tumor nodules to lie anterior to the basilar artery. These arteries are also stretched as they encircle the enlarged pons, losing their normal undulations. An increased posterior extent of the vessels may be seen, presumed due to hypertrophy or displacement or both. These findings seem highly specific for the diagnosis of fungating pontine astrocytoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1211515", "title": "Orifice-view roentgenography for evaluation of the aortic valve.", "content": "Plain orifice-view roentgenograms permit measurement of the area circumscribed by calcium in patients with heavily calcified aortic valves. The measurements relate well to the actual size of the orifice. Therefore, this roentgenographic technique serves in a practical fashion as a non-invasive method for the assessment of the severity of the aortic stenosis in such patients. During the injection of contrast material, orifice-view roentgenograms serve as a useful adjunct to standard aortography. Such views permit assessment of the valvular leaflets, size of the aortic ring, and the degree of stenosis.", "contents": "Orifice-view roentgenography for evaluation of the aortic valve. Plain orifice-view roentgenograms permit measurement of the area circumscribed by calcium in patients with heavily calcified aortic valves. The measurements relate well to the actual size of the orifice. Therefore, this roentgenographic technique serves in a practical fashion as a non-invasive method for the assessment of the severity of the aortic stenosis in such patients. During the injection of contrast material, orifice-view roentgenograms serve as a useful adjunct to standard aortography. Such views permit assessment of the valvular leaflets, size of the aortic ring, and the degree of stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1211516", "title": "Orifice-view roentgenography of the mitral valve.", "content": "The mitral valve can be visualized as if looking directly into the valvular orifice by obtaining roentgenograms directed obliquely through the heart at a 25 degree superior elevation, with the patient rotated 60 degrees in the right anterior oblique direction. This view was based upon trigonometrical calculations of the spatial orientation of the annulus of prosthetic mitral valves in 25 patients. Calculations based upon measurement in these patients indicate that the area of the orifice of the mitral valve can be shown with less than ten percent error due to distortion of the projected image in 80 percent of patients. During the injection of contrast material into the left ventricle, orifice-view roentgenorgram serve as a useful adjunct to satndard ventriculograms. Such views permit assessment of the size of the mitral annulus and the degree of stenosis. Plain orifice-view roentgenograms of heavily calcified mitral valves permit measurement of the area circumscribed by calcium in such patients. The measurements indicate an upper limit of the possible size of the functional orifice. Therefore, this roentgenographic technique serves in a practical fashion as a non-invasive method for the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis in such individuals.", "contents": "Orifice-view roentgenography of the mitral valve. The mitral valve can be visualized as if looking directly into the valvular orifice by obtaining roentgenograms directed obliquely through the heart at a 25 degree superior elevation, with the patient rotated 60 degrees in the right anterior oblique direction. This view was based upon trigonometrical calculations of the spatial orientation of the annulus of prosthetic mitral valves in 25 patients. Calculations based upon measurement in these patients indicate that the area of the orifice of the mitral valve can be shown with less than ten percent error due to distortion of the projected image in 80 percent of patients. During the injection of contrast material into the left ventricle, orifice-view roentgenorgram serve as a useful adjunct to satndard ventriculograms. Such views permit assessment of the size of the mitral annulus and the degree of stenosis. Plain orifice-view roentgenograms of heavily calcified mitral valves permit measurement of the area circumscribed by calcium in such patients. The measurements indicate an upper limit of the possible size of the functional orifice. Therefore, this roentgenographic technique serves in a practical fashion as a non-invasive method for the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis in such individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:1211517", "title": "The reconstructed esophagus.", "content": "Reconstruction of the esophagus has been used for more than half a century. Benign as well as malignant diseases are treated in this manner. Viscera used for reconstruction are: colon, jejunum, and stomach. The different modalities of surgical intervention have been briefly summarized. Complications have been enumerated with the major ones stressed in more detail. The exact nature of surgical procedure should be known before attempting to evaluate roentgenologically a reconstructed esophagus. Preoperative roentgen evaluations, including barium study and angiography, are indicated for better postoperative results. Postoperative roentgen studies are needed to detect most of the postoperative complications.", "contents": "The reconstructed esophagus. Reconstruction of the esophagus has been used for more than half a century. Benign as well as malignant diseases are treated in this manner. Viscera used for reconstruction are: colon, jejunum, and stomach. The different modalities of surgical intervention have been briefly summarized. Complications have been enumerated with the major ones stressed in more detail. The exact nature of surgical procedure should be known before attempting to evaluate roentgenologically a reconstructed esophagus. Preoperative roentgen evaluations, including barium study and angiography, are indicated for better postoperative results. Postoperative roentgen studies are needed to detect most of the postoperative complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1211518", "title": "The roentgenologic investigation of congenital subglottic stenosis.", "content": "Congenital subglottic stenosis, which is life-threatening to the infant, can be diagnosed by the correlation of the clinical and the roentgenologic findings. The main clinical sign is the persistence of stridor from birth. The indicative roentgenologic finding is a symmetrical narrowing of the subglottic segment which is constant in form and length during the various phases of the respiratory cycle. Two cases are presented, one confirmed by postmortem examination and the other by endoscopy. The etiology of this condition and the differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "The roentgenologic investigation of congenital subglottic stenosis. Congenital subglottic stenosis, which is life-threatening to the infant, can be diagnosed by the correlation of the clinical and the roentgenologic findings. The main clinical sign is the persistence of stridor from birth. The indicative roentgenologic finding is a symmetrical narrowing of the subglottic segment which is constant in form and length during the various phases of the respiratory cycle. Two cases are presented, one confirmed by postmortem examination and the other by endoscopy. The etiology of this condition and the differential diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211519", "title": "The various forms of pulmonary varices. Report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Ture pulmonary varices are congenital local dilatations of a pulmonary vein or veins, with normal or collateral transpulmonary drainage into the left atrium. Pulmonary varices do not cause pulmonary venous hypertension, but existing varices can further become dilated by pulmonary venous hypertension due to mitral valve disease. Embryologically, pulmonary varices may represent residual primitive splanchnic venous components incorporated into the pulmonary venous system, or atresia of an individual pulmonary vein which occurred at a time that enable adoption of unobstructed transpulmonary collateral drainage into the left atrium. True pulmonary varices do not produce symptoms, do not change in diameter over the years, and, usually, do not require treatment.", "contents": "The various forms of pulmonary varices. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Ture pulmonary varices are congenital local dilatations of a pulmonary vein or veins, with normal or collateral transpulmonary drainage into the left atrium. Pulmonary varices do not cause pulmonary venous hypertension, but existing varices can further become dilated by pulmonary venous hypertension due to mitral valve disease. Embryologically, pulmonary varices may represent residual primitive splanchnic venous components incorporated into the pulmonary venous system, or atresia of an individual pulmonary vein which occurred at a time that enable adoption of unobstructed transpulmonary collateral drainage into the left atrium. True pulmonary varices do not produce symptoms, do not change in diameter over the years, and, usually, do not require treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1211520", "title": "Evaluation of a method for quantifying the angiographic severity of major pulmonary embolism.", "content": "A method has been evaluated for the quantification of the angiographic severity of pulmonary embolism. There was close agreement between observers especially in the more severely affected cases. The method has been shown to be sensitive enough to demonstrate highly significant differences between treatment regimens and to assist in the selection of treatment at the outset.", "contents": "Evaluation of a method for quantifying the angiographic severity of major pulmonary embolism. A method has been evaluated for the quantification of the angiographic severity of pulmonary embolism. There was close agreement between observers especially in the more severely affected cases. The method has been shown to be sensitive enough to demonstrate highly significant differences between treatment regimens and to assist in the selection of treatment at the outset."}
{"id": "PMID:1211521", "title": "Pathways of extrapelvic spread of disease: Anatomic-radiologic correlation.", "content": "Extrapelvic spread of disease, particularly from gastrointestinal tract perforations which may be clinically occult, may first present in the buttock, hip, thigh, and even lower leg, and the extraperitoneal space of the abdomen itself. Clinical manifestations at these remote sites may be very misleading. Anatomic and roentgenologic observations establish the preferential pathways of extrapelvic spread. These are related to the insertions and fascial investments of the iliopsoas, pyriformis, and obturator internus muscles and the ensheathed penetrations of the superior gluteal arteries. Superiorly, extension from the pelvic tissues seeks out the posterior pararenal compartment of the extraperitoneal region of the abdomen. Roentgenologic signs may first identify the presence, extent, and localization of the primary process.", "contents": "Pathways of extrapelvic spread of disease: Anatomic-radiologic correlation. Extrapelvic spread of disease, particularly from gastrointestinal tract perforations which may be clinically occult, may first present in the buttock, hip, thigh, and even lower leg, and the extraperitoneal space of the abdomen itself. Clinical manifestations at these remote sites may be very misleading. Anatomic and roentgenologic observations establish the preferential pathways of extrapelvic spread. These are related to the insertions and fascial investments of the iliopsoas, pyriformis, and obturator internus muscles and the ensheathed penetrations of the superior gluteal arteries. Superiorly, extension from the pelvic tissues seeks out the posterior pararenal compartment of the extraperitoneal region of the abdomen. Roentgenologic signs may first identify the presence, extent, and localization of the primary process."}
{"id": "PMID:1211522", "title": "Improved roentgenologic diagnosis of osteomalacia by microradioscopy of hand bones.", "content": "Microradioscopic study of metacarpals in 24 osteomalacic and 34 osteoporotic patients revealed excessive intracortical resorption (striations) in approximately 60 percent of patients suffering from osteomalacia, but in none of the osteoporotics. Phalangeal periosteal resorption was found less frequently in osteomalacia than metacarpal striations, and was absent in osteoporotics. On the other hand, quantitative evaluation of cortical thickness, percent cortical area, bone mineral mass, and density did not show any clear differences between the two study groups. It is concluded that the differential diagnosis between osteomalacia and osteoporosis may be considerably improved by microradioscopy of hand bones.", "contents": "Improved roentgenologic diagnosis of osteomalacia by microradioscopy of hand bones. Microradioscopic study of metacarpals in 24 osteomalacic and 34 osteoporotic patients revealed excessive intracortical resorption (striations) in approximately 60 percent of patients suffering from osteomalacia, but in none of the osteoporotics. Phalangeal periosteal resorption was found less frequently in osteomalacia than metacarpal striations, and was absent in osteoporotics. On the other hand, quantitative evaluation of cortical thickness, percent cortical area, bone mineral mass, and density did not show any clear differences between the two study groups. It is concluded that the differential diagnosis between osteomalacia and osteoporosis may be considerably improved by microradioscopy of hand bones."}
{"id": "PMID:1211523", "title": "The association of cleidocranial dysostosis with hearing loss.", "content": "Three new cases of cleidocranial dysostosis with hearing loss are reported in this paper. The significant points concerning this association are: (1) the hearing deficit is predominantly a middle ear conduction problem secondary to structural abnormalities of the ossicles; (2) there is sometimes a small bone conduction deficit indicating either a cochlear or an eighth nerve problem; (3) the middle ear hearing loss was corrected surgically in one reported case; (4) there is dense sclerosis of the temporal bone which makes a middle ear operation technically difficult; and (5) hearing loss with cleidocranial dysostosis may be more common than the number of cases in the literature suggests.", "contents": "The association of cleidocranial dysostosis with hearing loss. Three new cases of cleidocranial dysostosis with hearing loss are reported in this paper. The significant points concerning this association are: (1) the hearing deficit is predominantly a middle ear conduction problem secondary to structural abnormalities of the ossicles; (2) there is sometimes a small bone conduction deficit indicating either a cochlear or an eighth nerve problem; (3) the middle ear hearing loss was corrected surgically in one reported case; (4) there is dense sclerosis of the temporal bone which makes a middle ear operation technically difficult; and (5) hearing loss with cleidocranial dysostosis may be more common than the number of cases in the literature suggests."}
{"id": "PMID:1211524", "title": "Gastrointestinal manifestations of the muscular dystrophies.", "content": "Five patients with acute megacolon with varied types of progressive muscular dystrophy are presented. Dysfunction of smooth muscle among patients with muscular dystrophy is reviewed. The extra gastrointestinal roentgen features are summarized. Recognition of the diffuse smooth muscular involvement among patients with muscular dystrophy is stressed for proper diagnosis and patient management.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal manifestations of the muscular dystrophies. Five patients with acute megacolon with varied types of progressive muscular dystrophy are presented. Dysfunction of smooth muscle among patients with muscular dystrophy is reviewed. The extra gastrointestinal roentgen features are summarized. Recognition of the diffuse smooth muscular involvement among patients with muscular dystrophy is stressed for proper diagnosis and patient management."}
{"id": "PMID:1211525", "title": "Transient post-vagotomy dysphagia: A distinct clinical and roentgenographic entity.", "content": "Dysphagia is a relatively infrequent complication of vagotomy in the postoperative period. The most common form is a transient post-vagotomy dysphagia which requires not treatment other than the temporary exclusion of solid food. Accurate diagnosis is possible on the basis of clinical history and typical roentgenographic findings. The onset of dysphagia characteristically occurs with the first ingestion of solid foods on the seventh to fourteenth postoperative days. A barium swallow examination reveals persistent tapered narrowing of the therminal three to four centrimeters of the esophagus. Most cases are relieved in two to six weeks without clinical or roentgenographic residua. Five cases of transient postvagotomy dysphagia are presented.", "contents": "Transient post-vagotomy dysphagia: A distinct clinical and roentgenographic entity. Dysphagia is a relatively infrequent complication of vagotomy in the postoperative period. The most common form is a transient post-vagotomy dysphagia which requires not treatment other than the temporary exclusion of solid food. Accurate diagnosis is possible on the basis of clinical history and typical roentgenographic findings. The onset of dysphagia characteristically occurs with the first ingestion of solid foods on the seventh to fourteenth postoperative days. A barium swallow examination reveals persistent tapered narrowing of the therminal three to four centrimeters of the esophagus. Most cases are relieved in two to six weeks without clinical or roentgenographic residua. Five cases of transient postvagotomy dysphagia are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1211526", "title": "Localization with the EMI scanner.", "content": "Accurate localization of lesions seen on computerized tomographic scans obtained with the EMI unit is often difficult due to a paucity of reliable landmarks and to varying head angulation. A simple and accurate system of transposing the location of any particular lesion to a roentgenogram obtained with the scanner tube is described.", "contents": "Localization with the EMI scanner. Accurate localization of lesions seen on computerized tomographic scans obtained with the EMI unit is often difficult due to a paucity of reliable landmarks and to varying head angulation. A simple and accurate system of transposing the location of any particular lesion to a roentgenogram obtained with the scanner tube is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1211527", "title": "Spontaneous resolution of pancreatic pseudocysts: implications for timing of operative intervention.", "content": "Approximately half the clinical diagnoses of pancreatic pseudocysts will be erroneous if made during the acute phase of coexisting pancreatitis. Since self-limiting peripancreatic edema may clinically simulate pseudocyst, previous natural history information is subject to question. Occasional spontaneous resolution of a pseudocyst has been confirmed in five patients using serial ultrasound studies. It appears that although most pseudocysts maintain dimensional stability, a few may exhibit relatively rapid changes in volume. The pathophysiologic and surgical implications of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous resolution of pancreatic pseudocysts: implications for timing of operative intervention. Approximately half the clinical diagnoses of pancreatic pseudocysts will be erroneous if made during the acute phase of coexisting pancreatitis. Since self-limiting peripancreatic edema may clinically simulate pseudocyst, previous natural history information is subject to question. Occasional spontaneous resolution of a pseudocyst has been confirmed in five patients using serial ultrasound studies. It appears that although most pseudocysts maintain dimensional stability, a few may exhibit relatively rapid changes in volume. The pathophysiologic and surgical implications of these observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211528", "title": "Interpretative problems in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "1. Of forty-one patients with biliary tract problems studied by endoscopic retrograde choledochopancreatography, interpretation of ductograms or endoscopic observations in ten could not be accomplished with ease for one or several reasons. 2. Although incomplete filling of the bile ducts usually signifies organic obstruction, this occasionally is not true. The specific origin and histologic character of the lesion causing bile duct obstruction are not delineated by retrograde endoscopic cholangiography. 3. Other occasional limitations of endoscopic cholangiography include difficulties in demonstrating minute stones, in recognizing confusing anatomic variations, and in defining the status of recurrent strictures. 4. Inflammatory changes in the duodenal papilla can simulate carcinoma, or vice versa, on the basis of observation by the endoscopist. The capability of achieving a pancreatogram does not rule out the presence of carcinoma at the ampulla producing jaundice. Current technics for biopsy of the papilla or ampulla are in some instances inadequate, making results of such procedures unreliable. 5. Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography frequently permits acquisition of vital information for the surgeon and occasionally provides unexpected information of significance, interpretative difficulties in some instances always necessitate the correlation of findings with other available clinical information.", "contents": "Interpretative problems in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. 1. Of forty-one patients with biliary tract problems studied by endoscopic retrograde choledochopancreatography, interpretation of ductograms or endoscopic observations in ten could not be accomplished with ease for one or several reasons. 2. Although incomplete filling of the bile ducts usually signifies organic obstruction, this occasionally is not true. The specific origin and histologic character of the lesion causing bile duct obstruction are not delineated by retrograde endoscopic cholangiography. 3. Other occasional limitations of endoscopic cholangiography include difficulties in demonstrating minute stones, in recognizing confusing anatomic variations, and in defining the status of recurrent strictures. 4. Inflammatory changes in the duodenal papilla can simulate carcinoma, or vice versa, on the basis of observation by the endoscopist. The capability of achieving a pancreatogram does not rule out the presence of carcinoma at the ampulla producing jaundice. Current technics for biopsy of the papilla or ampulla are in some instances inadequate, making results of such procedures unreliable. 5. Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography frequently permits acquisition of vital information for the surgeon and occasionally provides unexpected information of significance, interpretative difficulties in some instances always necessitate the correlation of findings with other available clinical information."}
{"id": "PMID:1211529", "title": "Progress in biliary stricture repair.", "content": "Between 1967 and 1970 inclusive, 119 patients underwent 158 operations for the relief of benign bile duct stricture. During this time hepaticojejunostomy was favored for biliary reconstruction, since eighty procedures were of this type. Thirty-eight were end to end repairs and the remainder were a variety of other types. Of the cases evaluated, 58 per cent of the hepaticojejunostomies and 61 per cent of the end to end repairs produced satisfactory results. This experience is an improvement over a previously reported earlier series from this institution. Only three patientd died postoperatively, a significant reduction over an earlier mortality. Further experience with the use of the modified Y tube has been gained in forty-two cases, and it suggests that the benefits might be statistically significant in hepaticojejunostomy if the number of cases were increased. We have begun to evaluate the transhepatic circle tube which can be replaced, when obstructed, on an outpatient basis, thus allowing longer use of stents. Analysis of obstructive biliary sludge in five stents suggests that the sludge is a polymer of bile pigment that is insoluble in both aqueous and organic solutions and therfore not preventable or dissolvable by the administration of chenodeoxycholic acid.", "contents": "Progress in biliary stricture repair. Between 1967 and 1970 inclusive, 119 patients underwent 158 operations for the relief of benign bile duct stricture. During this time hepaticojejunostomy was favored for biliary reconstruction, since eighty procedures were of this type. Thirty-eight were end to end repairs and the remainder were a variety of other types. Of the cases evaluated, 58 per cent of the hepaticojejunostomies and 61 per cent of the end to end repairs produced satisfactory results. This experience is an improvement over a previously reported earlier series from this institution. Only three patientd died postoperatively, a significant reduction over an earlier mortality. Further experience with the use of the modified Y tube has been gained in forty-two cases, and it suggests that the benefits might be statistically significant in hepaticojejunostomy if the number of cases were increased. We have begun to evaluate the transhepatic circle tube which can be replaced, when obstructed, on an outpatient basis, thus allowing longer use of stents. Analysis of obstructive biliary sludge in five stents suggests that the sludge is a polymer of bile pigment that is insoluble in both aqueous and organic solutions and therfore not preventable or dissolvable by the administration of chenodeoxycholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1211530", "title": "Endoscopic pancreatography: its value in preoperative and postoperative assessment of pancreatic disease.", "content": "Examples of the use of endoscopic pancreatography in the preoperative evaluation and postoperative follow-up study of patients with pancreatic disease are presented and discussed. Six cases selected from a total experience of forty-eight patients have been summarized. The direct role of pancreatography in the management of these cases is cited. There is a small but definite risk to the procedure. With increased use of endoscopic pancreatography, it is hoped that earlier diagnoses of a variety of pancreatic diseases will be obtained which will permit more accurate medical and surgical therapy.", "contents": "Endoscopic pancreatography: its value in preoperative and postoperative assessment of pancreatic disease. Examples of the use of endoscopic pancreatography in the preoperative evaluation and postoperative follow-up study of patients with pancreatic disease are presented and discussed. Six cases selected from a total experience of forty-eight patients have been summarized. The direct role of pancreatography in the management of these cases is cited. There is a small but definite risk to the procedure. With increased use of endoscopic pancreatography, it is hoped that earlier diagnoses of a variety of pancreatic diseases will be obtained which will permit more accurate medical and surgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1211531", "title": "Pancreatic abscess.", "content": "Successful management of pancreatic abscess necessitates early diagnosis and prompt external surgical drainage. The infection is predominantly gram-negative and polymicrobic. Roentgenographic contrast studies are of particular diagnostic value. Prompt recognition and external drainage are associated most frequently with recovery. Multiple system organ failure is the typical pattern of death and should alert one to the possibility of occult sepsis, secondary to pancreatic abscess.", "contents": "Pancreatic abscess. Successful management of pancreatic abscess necessitates early diagnosis and prompt external surgical drainage. The infection is predominantly gram-negative and polymicrobic. Roentgenographic contrast studies are of particular diagnostic value. Prompt recognition and external drainage are associated most frequently with recovery. Multiple system organ failure is the typical pattern of death and should alert one to the possibility of occult sepsis, secondary to pancreatic abscess."}
{"id": "PMID:1211532", "title": "Aberrations in Hollander test response after incomplete vagotomy. Compensating effect of antral resection in the dog.", "content": "Acid secretory and serum gastrin responses to 2-deoxy-D-glucose and insulin were compared in gastric fistula dogs before and after partial vagotomy and pyloroplasty or partial vagotomy and antrectomy. The acid response and serum gastrin curve were basically unaltered by partial vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Based on the data presented, the acid response to insulin hypoglycemia appears to be more dependent on the vagal release of antral gastrin than on direct vagal stimulation of the parietal cell. However, acid response to insulin was profoundly suppressed to only 4 per cent of control levels after partial vagotomy and antrectomy. Although acid response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose was also profoundly depressed to 33 per cent of control levels after partial vagotomy and antrectomy, it was seven times greater than that seen with insulin. Serum gastrin response was abolished after antrectomy to either insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Finally, the question to which we originally addressed ourselves appears to have been answered and, in terms of response to vagal stimulation, antrectomy appears to compensate for incomplete vagal denervation and may lead to aberrations and misinterpretations, raising serious questions as to the validity of the Hollander test in patients who have undergone distal gastric resection.", "contents": "Aberrations in Hollander test response after incomplete vagotomy. Compensating effect of antral resection in the dog. Acid secretory and serum gastrin responses to 2-deoxy-D-glucose and insulin were compared in gastric fistula dogs before and after partial vagotomy and pyloroplasty or partial vagotomy and antrectomy. The acid response and serum gastrin curve were basically unaltered by partial vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Based on the data presented, the acid response to insulin hypoglycemia appears to be more dependent on the vagal release of antral gastrin than on direct vagal stimulation of the parietal cell. However, acid response to insulin was profoundly suppressed to only 4 per cent of control levels after partial vagotomy and antrectomy. Although acid response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose was also profoundly depressed to 33 per cent of control levels after partial vagotomy and antrectomy, it was seven times greater than that seen with insulin. Serum gastrin response was abolished after antrectomy to either insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Finally, the question to which we originally addressed ourselves appears to have been answered and, in terms of response to vagal stimulation, antrectomy appears to compensate for incomplete vagal denervation and may lead to aberrations and misinterpretations, raising serious questions as to the validity of the Hollander test in patients who have undergone distal gastric resection."}
{"id": "PMID:1211533", "title": "Calcium infusion test before and after total gastrectomy in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "1. In a preopertive group of patients suspected of having the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome the serum gastrin and gastric acid response to calcium infusion may be highly diagnostic. 2. In a group of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients following total gastrectomy, the gastrin response to calcium infusion correlates well with presence or absence of tumor.", "contents": "Calcium infusion test before and after total gastrectomy in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. 1. In a preopertive group of patients suspected of having the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome the serum gastrin and gastric acid response to calcium infusion may be highly diagnostic. 2. In a group of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients following total gastrectomy, the gastrin response to calcium infusion correlates well with presence or absence of tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1211534", "title": "Depletion of antral gastrin after food in rats.", "content": "The results of these studies indicate that in fasting rats, there is an abrupt and prolonged rise in circulating gastrin after feeding. This increase in serum gastrin is accompanied by an early (five minutes) diminution in antral gastrin which is followed by slightly higher and more variable antral gastrin values. These findings suggest that feeding triggers the release of gastrin with early depletion of antral gastrin and that, subsequently, gastrin syhthesis and release interact cyclically to maintain antral and serum concentrations of gastrin. Antral, fundic, and duodenal gastrin values in rats are similar to those reported in dogs and cats. The jejunum of the rat contains little, if any, gastrin.", "contents": "Depletion of antral gastrin after food in rats. The results of these studies indicate that in fasting rats, there is an abrupt and prolonged rise in circulating gastrin after feeding. This increase in serum gastrin is accompanied by an early (five minutes) diminution in antral gastrin which is followed by slightly higher and more variable antral gastrin values. These findings suggest that feeding triggers the release of gastrin with early depletion of antral gastrin and that, subsequently, gastrin syhthesis and release interact cyclically to maintain antral and serum concentrations of gastrin. Antral, fundic, and duodenal gastrin values in rats are similar to those reported in dogs and cats. The jejunum of the rat contains little, if any, gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:1211535", "title": "Surgical treatment of late postgastrectomy syndromes.", "content": "An analysis of the experience at the University of California Hospital, San Francisco, with the diagnosis and treatment of fifty-nine postgastrectomy syndromes shows that stomal obstruction (sixteen patients), the most common syndrome, was best treated by total reconstruction rather than stomal revision. Disappointment with the results of other procedures for the dumping syndrome (50 per cent improvement) has convinced us of the need to adopt the use of reversed jejunal interposition for surgical treatment of this condition. Because a precise etiologic diagnosis of bilious vomiting is often elusive, the preferred procedure is isoperistaltic jejunal interposition, since it eliminates the afferent loop and prevents bile from entering the stomach. All five patients with malabsorption were improved by conversion from BII to BI. Four of five patients with diarrhea were improved by various procedures (not including a reversed segment of intestine in the midjejunum). Three patients with reflux alkaline gastritis were improved by Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy or isoperistaltic jejunal interposition. Either is effective. Thus, in our experience if an unquestionable diagnosis of stomal obstruction, malabsorption, or reflux alkaline gastritis can be established, there is ample justification for an optimistic outlook regarding surgical therapy.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of late postgastrectomy syndromes. An analysis of the experience at the University of California Hospital, San Francisco, with the diagnosis and treatment of fifty-nine postgastrectomy syndromes shows that stomal obstruction (sixteen patients), the most common syndrome, was best treated by total reconstruction rather than stomal revision. Disappointment with the results of other procedures for the dumping syndrome (50 per cent improvement) has convinced us of the need to adopt the use of reversed jejunal interposition for surgical treatment of this condition. Because a precise etiologic diagnosis of bilious vomiting is often elusive, the preferred procedure is isoperistaltic jejunal interposition, since it eliminates the afferent loop and prevents bile from entering the stomach. All five patients with malabsorption were improved by conversion from BII to BI. Four of five patients with diarrhea were improved by various procedures (not including a reversed segment of intestine in the midjejunum). Three patients with reflux alkaline gastritis were improved by Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy or isoperistaltic jejunal interposition. Either is effective. Thus, in our experience if an unquestionable diagnosis of stomal obstruction, malabsorption, or reflux alkaline gastritis can be established, there is ample justification for an optimistic outlook regarding surgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1211536", "title": "Long-term randomized prospective comparison of Finney and Heineke-Mikulicz pylorplasty in patients having vagotomy for peptic ulceration.", "content": "Two hundred patients undergoing vagotomy for duodenal ulceration over a period of forty-three months were randomly given Heineke-Mikulicz or Finney pyloroplasty. One died of a myocardial infarction twenty-four fhours after operation, six-teen died within seven years from conditions unrelated to surgery, nine were lost to follow-up study, and 174 were followed up an average of 5.2 years. These patients were evaluated for signs and symptoms of recurrent ulceration or complications of their operation. A majority underwent postoperative secretoay and gastric emptying studies. The proved rate of ulcer recurrence was higher in patients with Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty (4 per cent versus 2 per cent); however, over-all recurrence (proved, probable, and possible) was 13 per cent in each category. The dumping syndrome, seen in 14.4 per cent with Heineke-Mikulicz and 10.7 per cent with Finney pyloroplasty, was the most common complication...", "contents": "Long-term randomized prospective comparison of Finney and Heineke-Mikulicz pylorplasty in patients having vagotomy for peptic ulceration. Two hundred patients undergoing vagotomy for duodenal ulceration over a period of forty-three months were randomly given Heineke-Mikulicz or Finney pyloroplasty. One died of a myocardial infarction twenty-four fhours after operation, six-teen died within seven years from conditions unrelated to surgery, nine were lost to follow-up study, and 174 were followed up an average of 5.2 years. These patients were evaluated for signs and symptoms of recurrent ulceration or complications of their operation. A majority underwent postoperative secretoay and gastric emptying studies. The proved rate of ulcer recurrence was higher in patients with Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty (4 per cent versus 2 per cent); however, over-all recurrence (proved, probable, and possible) was 13 per cent in each category. The dumping syndrome, seen in 14.4 per cent with Heineke-Mikulicz and 10.7 per cent with Finney pyloroplasty, was the most common complication..."}
{"id": "PMID:1211584", "title": "Lumbar epidural analgesia--the pursuit of perfection. With special reference to midwife participation.", "content": "Lumbar epidural block for the relief of pain in labour has been reported as having a variable frequency of success. Analysis of a personal series of 1544 epidurals carried out with the close co-operation of midwives shows that, with attention to details of management, satisfactory analgesia can be assured in well over 90% of all labours. Total failure should be a rare event and the causes of more than half the partial failures can be traced to errors of management.", "contents": "Lumbar epidural analgesia--the pursuit of perfection. With special reference to midwife participation. Lumbar epidural block for the relief of pain in labour has been reported as having a variable frequency of success. Analysis of a personal series of 1544 epidurals carried out with the close co-operation of midwives shows that, with attention to details of management, satisfactory analgesia can be assured in well over 90% of all labours. Total failure should be a rare event and the causes of more than half the partial failures can be traced to errors of management."}
{"id": "PMID:1211585", "title": "Posture and epidural block in pregnant women at term. Effects on arterial blood pressure and limb blood flow.", "content": "Upper and lower limb blood flow was measured in 4 fullterm pregnant women in the left lateral and supine positions before and after epidural block. Radial artery mean blood pressure was recorded in 6 full term pregnant women under the same conditions. Before epidural block there was a much greater reduction in lower limb blood flow (39-1%) than in upper limb blood flow (13-5%) when women moved from the lateral to the supine position; this was probably the result of aortic compression. Mean radial artery pressure increased slightly by 4-6% due to maternal overcompensation in the upper part of the body. After epidural block, patients in the lateral position had a mean rise in lower limb blood flow of 25% and a reduction in upper limb blood flow of 37-2%. The mean arterial pressure remained unchanged. In the supine position there was no further reduction of upper limb blood flow; this was accompanied on average by a 9% fall in mean radial arterial pressure indicating decompensation in the mother. The leg blood flow fell less, 26-9% than before epidural block. In the supine position, a greater flow to the legs, associated with a decreased mean arterial pressure, would be expected to lead to a diminution in placental perfusion, which is the probable mechanism for foetal decompensation. Therefore the supine position should be avoided with an epidural block. In other patients it would be wise not to rely upon maternal compensatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Posture and epidural block in pregnant women at term. Effects on arterial blood pressure and limb blood flow. Upper and lower limb blood flow was measured in 4 fullterm pregnant women in the left lateral and supine positions before and after epidural block. Radial artery mean blood pressure was recorded in 6 full term pregnant women under the same conditions. Before epidural block there was a much greater reduction in lower limb blood flow (39-1%) than in upper limb blood flow (13-5%) when women moved from the lateral to the supine position; this was probably the result of aortic compression. Mean radial artery pressure increased slightly by 4-6% due to maternal overcompensation in the upper part of the body. After epidural block, patients in the lateral position had a mean rise in lower limb blood flow of 25% and a reduction in upper limb blood flow of 37-2%. The mean arterial pressure remained unchanged. In the supine position there was no further reduction of upper limb blood flow; this was accompanied on average by a 9% fall in mean radial arterial pressure indicating decompensation in the mother. The leg blood flow fell less, 26-9% than before epidural block. In the supine position, a greater flow to the legs, associated with a decreased mean arterial pressure, would be expected to lead to a diminution in placental perfusion, which is the probable mechanism for foetal decompensation. Therefore the supine position should be avoided with an epidural block. In other patients it would be wise not to rely upon maternal compensatory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1211586", "title": "Intravenous anaesthesia by infusion. A technique using alphaxolone/alphadolone (althesin).", "content": "Two hundred and seventy-three patients were anaesthetised using aphaxolone/alphadolone as a sole anaesthetic agent, administered in either a 10% solution or in increments of neat drug. Analgesics were given where necessary. This technique was instituted to provide a method of anaesthesia that avoided pollution of the atmosphere, with its possible harmful effects. As experience was gained, better results were obtained. Overall, 86% of the anaesthetics administered were without problems, 12% presented some difficulty, usually minor movement of the patient, and in 2% this technique was abandoned.", "contents": "Intravenous anaesthesia by infusion. A technique using alphaxolone/alphadolone (althesin). Two hundred and seventy-three patients were anaesthetised using aphaxolone/alphadolone as a sole anaesthetic agent, administered in either a 10% solution or in increments of neat drug. Analgesics were given where necessary. This technique was instituted to provide a method of anaesthesia that avoided pollution of the atmosphere, with its possible harmful effects. As experience was gained, better results were obtained. Overall, 86% of the anaesthetics administered were without problems, 12% presented some difficulty, usually minor movement of the patient, and in 2% this technique was abandoned."}
{"id": "PMID:1211587", "title": "Topical analgesia before tracheal intubation.", "content": "The major toxic effects of local analgesic drugs are regarded as due to over-dosage. A technique of topical analgesia for tracheal intubation using lignocaine is described based on spraying the pyriform fossae to effect a superior laryngeal nerve block combined with topical analgesia of larynx and trachea which avoids excessive exposure of the lowere airway to the local analgesic. The results show lower levels of venous blood lignocaine with slower absorption of the agent than when similar doses are applied to the trachea. This method is accordingly recommended.", "contents": "Topical analgesia before tracheal intubation. The major toxic effects of local analgesic drugs are regarded as due to over-dosage. A technique of topical analgesia for tracheal intubation using lignocaine is described based on spraying the pyriform fossae to effect a superior laryngeal nerve block combined with topical analgesia of larynx and trachea which avoids excessive exposure of the lowere airway to the local analgesic. The results show lower levels of venous blood lignocaine with slower absorption of the agent than when similar doses are applied to the trachea. This method is accordingly recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1211588", "title": "Pupillary constriction and ptosis following caudal epidural analgesia.", "content": "This study reports pupillary changes occurring in seventeen of twenty pregnant women at term who received caudal analgesia for the relief of pain in the first and second stages of labour. It is suggested that 10 ml or more of analgesic solution, injected into the sacral epidural space, reaches high enough (probably to T1) to cause meiosis and/or ptosis.", "contents": "Pupillary constriction and ptosis following caudal epidural analgesia. This study reports pupillary changes occurring in seventeen of twenty pregnant women at term who received caudal analgesia for the relief of pain in the first and second stages of labour. It is suggested that 10 ml or more of analgesic solution, injected into the sacral epidural space, reaches high enough (probably to T1) to cause meiosis and/or ptosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1211589", "title": "Horner's syndrome as a complication of lumbar epidural block.", "content": "Two cases of Horner's syndrome complicating lumbar epidural block in pregnant women in labour are described. The aetiology of the complication is discussed and it is suggested that epidural injections should not be made while the patient is in the lithotomy position.", "contents": "Horner's syndrome as a complication of lumbar epidural block. Two cases of Horner's syndrome complicating lumbar epidural block in pregnant women in labour are described. The aetiology of the complication is discussed and it is suggested that epidural injections should not be made while the patient is in the lithotomy position."}
{"id": "PMID:1211590", "title": "Paraplegia following epidural analgesia.", "content": "A case of neurological damage associated with lumbar epidural block is presented. Muscle paralysis and sensory loss were found in the immediate postoperative period and there was partial recovery of muscle power. The possible mechanisms of nerve damage are discussed.", "contents": "Paraplegia following epidural analgesia. A case of neurological damage associated with lumbar epidural block is presented. Muscle paralysis and sensory loss were found in the immediate postoperative period and there was partial recovery of muscle power. The possible mechanisms of nerve damage are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211591", "title": "Blood patch for spinal headache. A recurrence and a complication.", "content": "The management of a patient is described who has a blood patch for spinal headache, but who had a recurrence of symptoms 1 day later which was successfully treated by a second patch. A second case is described in which there was a second dural puncture immediately prior to the blood patch and, immediately following the blood patch, the patient complained of severe debilitating 'paralysing' pain in both legs. This pain was of short duration and the blood patch was successful. Some further observations on the use of a blood patch are recorded.", "contents": "Blood patch for spinal headache. A recurrence and a complication. The management of a patient is described who has a blood patch for spinal headache, but who had a recurrence of symptoms 1 day later which was successfully treated by a second patch. A second case is described in which there was a second dural puncture immediately prior to the blood patch and, immediately following the blood patch, the patient complained of severe debilitating 'paralysing' pain in both legs. This pain was of short duration and the blood patch was successful. Some further observations on the use of a blood patch are recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:1211592", "title": "Labelled adhesive tape for the identification of syringe contents.", "content": "Labelled adhesive tape for the identification of syringe contents with suitable dispensers which can be obtained in the United Kingdom is described. The equipment can be obtained from the 3M Company at the following address: 3M United Kingdom Ltd., Converted Products, Wigmore Street, London W1A 1ET.", "contents": "Labelled adhesive tape for the identification of syringe contents. Labelled adhesive tape for the identification of syringe contents with suitable dispensers which can be obtained in the United Kingdom is described. The equipment can be obtained from the 3M Company at the following address: 3M United Kingdom Ltd., Converted Products, Wigmore Street, London W1A 1ET."}
{"id": "PMID:1211593", "title": "A syringe for extradural analgesia.", "content": "A specially designed 20 ml syringe for eliciting the loss of resistance test is described together with a suitably adapted Tuohy needle. This syringe and needle are primarily intended for use by those gaining experience in extradural analgesia (and such experience is readily transferred to any syringe) but it is considered that the consummate ease of operation will be appreciated by others.", "contents": "A syringe for extradural analgesia. A specially designed 20 ml syringe for eliciting the loss of resistance test is described together with a suitably adapted Tuohy needle. This syringe and needle are primarily intended for use by those gaining experience in extradural analgesia (and such experience is readily transferred to any syringe) but it is considered that the consummate ease of operation will be appreciated by others."}
{"id": "PMID:1211594", "title": "Immediate care of burns.", "content": "The assessment, first aid treatment and immediate care of severely burned patients in the Accident and Emergency Department have been reviewed and the factors which influence the decision to transfer a case to a specialist Burns Unit have been discussed.", "contents": "Immediate care of burns. The assessment, first aid treatment and immediate care of severely burned patients in the Accident and Emergency Department have been reviewed and the factors which influence the decision to transfer a case to a specialist Burns Unit have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211595", "title": "Intravenous regional analgesia using bupivacaine.", "content": "Intravenous regional analgesia using bupivacaine (Marcain) was employed as the anaesthetic technique in a series of 50 cases undergoing a variety of surgical procedures on the upper limb. A short pilot study was undertaken to determine the optimal dosage and concentration of bupivacaine. This was found to be 1-5 mg/kg in 0-2% concentration and proved suitable for all patients regardless of age or physical condition. The use of bupivacaine produced highly successful results in 98% of cases. Onset of analgesia was very rapid (3-5 minutes) and profound muscular relaxation occurred in approximately half of the cases. The degree of muscle relaxation was, however, always adequate for the successful reduction of fractures. Only one patient exhibited an adverse reaction to the dose of bupivacaine used and this was limited to a brief period of slight drowsiness. The results of this series suggest that bupivacaine may provide advantages over previously used local analgesic agents for intravenous regional analgesia and that it may be the agent of choice for this useful technique.", "contents": "Intravenous regional analgesia using bupivacaine. Intravenous regional analgesia using bupivacaine (Marcain) was employed as the anaesthetic technique in a series of 50 cases undergoing a variety of surgical procedures on the upper limb. A short pilot study was undertaken to determine the optimal dosage and concentration of bupivacaine. This was found to be 1-5 mg/kg in 0-2% concentration and proved suitable for all patients regardless of age or physical condition. The use of bupivacaine produced highly successful results in 98% of cases. Onset of analgesia was very rapid (3-5 minutes) and profound muscular relaxation occurred in approximately half of the cases. The degree of muscle relaxation was, however, always adequate for the successful reduction of fractures. Only one patient exhibited an adverse reaction to the dose of bupivacaine used and this was limited to a brief period of slight drowsiness. The results of this series suggest that bupivacaine may provide advantages over previously used local analgesic agents for intravenous regional analgesia and that it may be the agent of choice for this useful technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1211602", "title": "[The course of the catecholamine excretion during combination anaesthesia with halothane and thalamonal (author's transl)].", "content": "On 10 patients who had to undergo a ca. 4 hour operation of the lower abdominal region, the pattern of catecholamine excretion before, during and after operation was traced. 1. A decrease of systolic blood pressure on average of 80 mm Hg, in correlation to the concentration of Halothane and Thalamonal, was recorded. 2. The excretion of adrenaline and noradrenalin was significantly lower during anaesthesia as compared with the initial value, suggesting a depression of sympathoadrenal system. 3. The postoperative amount of adrenaline and especially noradrenaline increased markedly, when anaesthesia worn off, postoperative shivering started, and surgical wounds caused pain. 4. The excretion of urine during operation was slightly reduced, the renal output showed normal amounts, when calculated up to 24 hours. The results show, that the combined use of halothane an thalamonal because of its depressant effects on the sympathoadrenal system is capable of reducing the liberation of catecholamines during anaesthesia.", "contents": "[The course of the catecholamine excretion during combination anaesthesia with halothane and thalamonal (author's transl)]. On 10 patients who had to undergo a ca. 4 hour operation of the lower abdominal region, the pattern of catecholamine excretion before, during and after operation was traced. 1. A decrease of systolic blood pressure on average of 80 mm Hg, in correlation to the concentration of Halothane and Thalamonal, was recorded. 2. The excretion of adrenaline and noradrenalin was significantly lower during anaesthesia as compared with the initial value, suggesting a depression of sympathoadrenal system. 3. The postoperative amount of adrenaline and especially noradrenaline increased markedly, when anaesthesia worn off, postoperative shivering started, and surgical wounds caused pain. 4. The excretion of urine during operation was slightly reduced, the renal output showed normal amounts, when calculated up to 24 hours. The results show, that the combined use of halothane an thalamonal because of its depressant effects on the sympathoadrenal system is capable of reducing the liberation of catecholamines during anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1211603", "title": "[Sodium and water balance and renal function in volume expanded dogs under neuroleptanalgesia (author's transl)].", "content": "In 8 volume expanded dogs with an equilibrium between input and renal output of sodium and water neuroleptanalgesia of 6 hours duration with a total of 9 mg/kg of droperidol and 0.35 mg/kg of fentanyl was performed. Under anaesthesia GFR was increased by about 10% (p less than 0,02) compared with the conscious state, whilst renal sodium and water excretion was reduced by about 50%. From this we conclude that active tubular transport of sodium is augmented under neuroleptanalgesia. Due to decreased excretion, retention of sodium and water increased during anaesthesia changes of functional ECFV tending into the same direction. Plasma volume and intravascular protein did not change under neuroleptanalgesia compared with the conscious state. Urine osmolality and negative free water clearance (TcH2O) increased by about 60% under droperidol and fentanyl. In volume expanded dogs under neuroleptanalgesia intravenous application of 0.5-1.0 mg of atropine resulted in a temporary water diuresis.", "contents": "[Sodium and water balance and renal function in volume expanded dogs under neuroleptanalgesia (author's transl)]. In 8 volume expanded dogs with an equilibrium between input and renal output of sodium and water neuroleptanalgesia of 6 hours duration with a total of 9 mg/kg of droperidol and 0.35 mg/kg of fentanyl was performed. Under anaesthesia GFR was increased by about 10% (p less than 0,02) compared with the conscious state, whilst renal sodium and water excretion was reduced by about 50%. From this we conclude that active tubular transport of sodium is augmented under neuroleptanalgesia. Due to decreased excretion, retention of sodium and water increased during anaesthesia changes of functional ECFV tending into the same direction. Plasma volume and intravascular protein did not change under neuroleptanalgesia compared with the conscious state. Urine osmolality and negative free water clearance (TcH2O) increased by about 60% under droperidol and fentanyl. In volume expanded dogs under neuroleptanalgesia intravenous application of 0.5-1.0 mg of atropine resulted in a temporary water diuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:1211604", "title": "[The effects of combining halothane and neuroleptanalgesia on the preganglionic sympathetic activity, the respiratory centre and the circulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of Halothane, Fentanyl and droperidol in combination on the circulatory system, the preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity and the respiratory centre were examined in 21 experiments carried out on cats which were relaxed and artificially ventilated with nitrous oxide in oxygen. The results showed that even the minimal dosage of 0.5 vol-% Halothane combined with 0.0042 mg/kg Fentanyl and 0.15 mg/kg droperiodol led to a significant decrease of blood pressure and a depression of the sympathetic and phrenic nerve activity both in rest and in stress during asphyxia. A dosage of 1 vol-% Halothane produced a significant increase in the above mentioned effects when at rest, while the doubled dosage of Fentanyl and droperidol combined with the original Halothane dosage of 0.5 vol-% produced no marked increase in its effects. A comparison of these results with those of previous experiments using only the inhalation of Halothane shows that an anaesthesia consisting of 0.5 vol-% Halothane combined with Fentanyl and droperidol has virtually equal effects on the decrease of blood pressure and on the depression of central sympathetic nerve activity as the inhalation of 1 vol-% Halothane alone. Using a combination of 1 vol-% Halothane, Fentanyl and droperidol the effects induced by 2 vol-% Halothane are reached.", "contents": "[The effects of combining halothane and neuroleptanalgesia on the preganglionic sympathetic activity, the respiratory centre and the circulation (author's transl)]. The effects of Halothane, Fentanyl and droperidol in combination on the circulatory system, the preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity and the respiratory centre were examined in 21 experiments carried out on cats which were relaxed and artificially ventilated with nitrous oxide in oxygen. The results showed that even the minimal dosage of 0.5 vol-% Halothane combined with 0.0042 mg/kg Fentanyl and 0.15 mg/kg droperiodol led to a significant decrease of blood pressure and a depression of the sympathetic and phrenic nerve activity both in rest and in stress during asphyxia. A dosage of 1 vol-% Halothane produced a significant increase in the above mentioned effects when at rest, while the doubled dosage of Fentanyl and droperidol combined with the original Halothane dosage of 0.5 vol-% produced no marked increase in its effects. A comparison of these results with those of previous experiments using only the inhalation of Halothane shows that an anaesthesia consisting of 0.5 vol-% Halothane combined with Fentanyl and droperidol has virtually equal effects on the decrease of blood pressure and on the depression of central sympathetic nerve activity as the inhalation of 1 vol-% Halothane alone. Using a combination of 1 vol-% Halothane, Fentanyl and droperidol the effects induced by 2 vol-% Halothane are reached."}
{"id": "PMID:1211606", "title": "[Characterization of clinical dextrans by gel chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A gel chromatographic method for the determination of the molecular weight distribution of dextrans on Spheron is described. The linear calibration function is valid for the molecular weight range from 10(3) to 10(6). For 8 commercially available dextran solutions distribution curves are given.", "contents": "[Characterization of clinical dextrans by gel chromatography (author's transl)]. A gel chromatographic method for the determination of the molecular weight distribution of dextrans on Spheron is described. The linear calibration function is valid for the molecular weight range from 10(3) to 10(6). For 8 commercially available dextran solutions distribution curves are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1211605", "title": "[The effects of neuroleptanalgesia on the sympathetic activity and the circulation in animals (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of i.v. injected Fentanyl and droperidol used either singly or in combination were observed in 50 experiments carried out on cats which had been relaxed and artificially respirated. The preganglionic discharges of the cervical sympathetic nerve and action potentials of the phrenic nerve, the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate were recorded. The experiments showed that with the dosage of 0.0042-0.0083 mg/kg Fentanyl no significant change in the recorded functions took place. The dosage of 0.0166 mg/kg Fentanyl led to an activation of the central sympathetic activity and to a inhibition of the respiratory centre which persisted for as long as 60 min after the injections. Other than as above, a dosage of 0.15-0.6 mg/kg droperidol led to a decrease of the blood pressure and a depression of the sympathetic nerve activity, while the activity of the phrenic nerve remained unchanged. The effect on the blood pressure was mainly influenced by the central nervous system as the inhibition of the pressor effect of noradrenaline was only minimally. The dosage of 0.0083 mg/kg Fentanyl combined with 0.3 mg/kg dropendol as administered for neuroleptanalgesia led to a decrease in blood pressure and a depression of the central sympathetic and phrenic nerve activity both in rest and in stress during asphyxia. The effects were minimal and accorded virtually to the effects produced by 0.5 vol-% Halothane during the first 25 min of inhalation, which had been registered in previous experiments. Contrary to the effects of Halothane, neuroleptanalgesia produced no decrease in the heart rate, no depression on the pressor effects of noradrenaline and no accumulation of irregularities in cardiac rhythm after administration of noradrenaline.", "contents": "[The effects of neuroleptanalgesia on the sympathetic activity and the circulation in animals (author's transl)]. The effects of i.v. injected Fentanyl and droperidol used either singly or in combination were observed in 50 experiments carried out on cats which had been relaxed and artificially respirated. The preganglionic discharges of the cervical sympathetic nerve and action potentials of the phrenic nerve, the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate were recorded. The experiments showed that with the dosage of 0.0042-0.0083 mg/kg Fentanyl no significant change in the recorded functions took place. The dosage of 0.0166 mg/kg Fentanyl led to an activation of the central sympathetic activity and to a inhibition of the respiratory centre which persisted for as long as 60 min after the injections. Other than as above, a dosage of 0.15-0.6 mg/kg droperidol led to a decrease of the blood pressure and a depression of the sympathetic nerve activity, while the activity of the phrenic nerve remained unchanged. The effect on the blood pressure was mainly influenced by the central nervous system as the inhibition of the pressor effect of noradrenaline was only minimally. The dosage of 0.0083 mg/kg Fentanyl combined with 0.3 mg/kg dropendol as administered for neuroleptanalgesia led to a decrease in blood pressure and a depression of the central sympathetic and phrenic nerve activity both in rest and in stress during asphyxia. The effects were minimal and accorded virtually to the effects produced by 0.5 vol-% Halothane during the first 25 min of inhalation, which had been registered in previous experiments. Contrary to the effects of Halothane, neuroleptanalgesia produced no decrease in the heart rate, no depression on the pressor effects of noradrenaline and no accumulation of irregularities in cardiac rhythm after administration of noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:1211609", "title": "Accurate volume ventilation of neonates with maintenance of humidification.", "content": "A method is presented for producing adequate humidification and accurate volume ventilation of neonates. This was effected by pressurizing the humidifier and fresh gas flow up to the T-piece. By using a ventilator which acted as a timed occluder of the T-piece, the system functioned as an accurate flow generator. Its precision of ventilation was confirmed with a neonatal test lung.", "contents": "Accurate volume ventilation of neonates with maintenance of humidification. A method is presented for producing adequate humidification and accurate volume ventilation of neonates. This was effected by pressurizing the humidifier and fresh gas flow up to the T-piece. By using a ventilator which acted as a timed occluder of the T-piece, the system functioned as an accurate flow generator. Its precision of ventilation was confirmed with a neonatal test lung."}
{"id": "PMID:1211610", "title": "Difficulties with positioning Robertshaw double lumen tubes.", "content": "Difficulties in positioning Robertshaw tubes have been reviewed in a retrospective and a prospective series. Pre-operative cheat X-rays did not help in predicting difficulties. The performance of the Robertshaw tube was carefully recorded for each malposition in the prospective series, and the relationship of the malplaced tube to the tracheobronchial tree was reconstructed. This exercise allowed a more precise definition of the dangers of malpositions and formulation of procedure to minimize their incidence.", "contents": "Difficulties with positioning Robertshaw double lumen tubes. Difficulties in positioning Robertshaw tubes have been reviewed in a retrospective and a prospective series. Pre-operative cheat X-rays did not help in predicting difficulties. The performance of the Robertshaw tube was carefully recorded for each malposition in the prospective series, and the relationship of the malplaced tube to the tracheobronchial tree was reconstructed. This exercise allowed a more precise definition of the dangers of malpositions and formulation of procedure to minimize their incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:1211611", "title": "Objectives for undergraduate education in resuscitation and anaesthesia for children.", "content": "A statement of objectives for teaching undergraduates in the fields of resuscitation and anaesthesia for children is presented. The value of such objectives and the requirements for undergraduate teaching by anaesthetists in Australia and New Zealand are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Objectives for undergraduate education in resuscitation and anaesthesia for children. A statement of objectives for teaching undergraduates in the fields of resuscitation and anaesthesia for children is presented. The value of such objectives and the requirements for undergraduate teaching by anaesthetists in Australia and New Zealand are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211612", "title": "Cardiac pacemaker induced ventricular fibrillation during surgical diathermy.", "content": "Two demand pacemakers were observed to repeatedly fibrillate the heart during clinical surgery employing diathermy. Marked hypotension associated with a rapid, irregular venticular action was observed in another patient who had a fixed rate pacemaker implanted. Pacemakers were tested with function generators over a range of frequencies and some increased their rate to between 200-600 impulse/min. Animal experiments confirmed that, contrary to manufacturers advice, surgical diathermy produces myocardial fibrillation in the presence of some pacemakers. Mechanisms of these effects and their clinical significance are discussed.", "contents": "Cardiac pacemaker induced ventricular fibrillation during surgical diathermy. Two demand pacemakers were observed to repeatedly fibrillate the heart during clinical surgery employing diathermy. Marked hypotension associated with a rapid, irregular venticular action was observed in another patient who had a fixed rate pacemaker implanted. Pacemakers were tested with function generators over a range of frequencies and some increased their rate to between 200-600 impulse/min. Animal experiments confirmed that, contrary to manufacturers advice, surgical diathermy produces myocardial fibrillation in the presence of some pacemakers. Mechanisms of these effects and their clinical significance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211613", "title": "Anaesthesia and clinical pharmacology: related disciplines.", "content": "The disciplines of anaesthesia and clinical pharmacology are related in as much as both have a mutual interest in the safe and conservative use of drugs in man. Anaesthetists have effectively been practising rational therapeutics for many years and they have much to offer academic departments of clinical pharmacology in terms of teaching and research programmes. Similarly, the clinical pharmacologist can usefully contribute to anaesthetic training and research programmes in relation to aspects such as education, precise analytical methods, data-handling and clinical trial techniques. The inter-relationship of the two disciplines can be of mutual advantage and has the potential to provide a stronger basis for sound therapeutic practice.", "contents": "Anaesthesia and clinical pharmacology: related disciplines. The disciplines of anaesthesia and clinical pharmacology are related in as much as both have a mutual interest in the safe and conservative use of drugs in man. Anaesthetists have effectively been practising rational therapeutics for many years and they have much to offer academic departments of clinical pharmacology in terms of teaching and research programmes. Similarly, the clinical pharmacologist can usefully contribute to anaesthetic training and research programmes in relation to aspects such as education, precise analytical methods, data-handling and clinical trial techniques. The inter-relationship of the two disciplines can be of mutual advantage and has the potential to provide a stronger basis for sound therapeutic practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1211614", "title": "Diazepam prophylaxis for lignocaine induced convulsions.", "content": "The effectiveness of intraperitoneal phenobarbitone (4 mg/kg), pentobarbitone (6 mg/kg) and diazepam (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg) in preventing lignocaine-induced seizures was studied in rats. Although the barbiturates exerted a marked depressant action on wakefulness and gait of the rats, they were still associated with a very high incidence of convulsions and deaths following 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal lignocaine hydrochloride. Diazepam, however, even in doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) which did not produce marked sedation was able to completely prevent convulsions. Mortality was not completely prevented as one animal in each of the groups receiving these doses died without convulsing. Diazepam in the dose of 7.5 mg/kg completely prevented the seizures as well as the mortality but exerted a more profound effect on wakefulness and gait of the animals. The effectiveness of diazepam pretreatment in preventing lignocaine-induced seizures in rats is confirmed.", "contents": "Diazepam prophylaxis for lignocaine induced convulsions. The effectiveness of intraperitoneal phenobarbitone (4 mg/kg), pentobarbitone (6 mg/kg) and diazepam (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg) in preventing lignocaine-induced seizures was studied in rats. Although the barbiturates exerted a marked depressant action on wakefulness and gait of the rats, they were still associated with a very high incidence of convulsions and deaths following 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal lignocaine hydrochloride. Diazepam, however, even in doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) which did not produce marked sedation was able to completely prevent convulsions. Mortality was not completely prevented as one animal in each of the groups receiving these doses died without convulsing. Diazepam in the dose of 7.5 mg/kg completely prevented the seizures as well as the mortality but exerted a more profound effect on wakefulness and gait of the animals. The effectiveness of diazepam pretreatment in preventing lignocaine-induced seizures in rats is confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211615", "title": "Enflurane (ethrane)-a preliminary study in children.", "content": "A clinical trial of enflurane with paediatric patients is reported and confirms that it is a satisfactory inhalational anaesthetic agent without serious adverse effects.", "contents": "Enflurane (ethrane)-a preliminary study in children. A clinical trial of enflurane with paediatric patients is reported and confirms that it is a satisfactory inhalational anaesthetic agent without serious adverse effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1211616", "title": "A practical apparatus for measuring average exposure of operating theatre personnel to halothane.", "content": "A procedure for the measurement of halothane in the breathing zone of operating theatre personnel is described. This is achieved by sampling air through a U-tube containing silica gel. Concentrations found in operating theatres ranged from less than 0.1 to 8 ppm. The method can be used to evaluate exposure over a full working day.", "contents": "A practical apparatus for measuring average exposure of operating theatre personnel to halothane. A procedure for the measurement of halothane in the breathing zone of operating theatre personnel is described. This is achieved by sampling air through a U-tube containing silica gel. Concentrations found in operating theatres ranged from less than 0.1 to 8 ppm. The method can be used to evaluate exposure over a full working day."}
{"id": "PMID:1211645", "title": "Appositional growth rate in the spongiosa of unloaded long bones of the dog.", "content": "In agreement with the results of previous investigations on the dynamics of diaphyseal osteonic bone in inert skeletal segments, it has been observed that the linear appositional growth rate on the trabecular bone of metaphyses and epiphyses does not significantly change in unloaded bones, in comparison with normally loaded ones. Only during the initial period of unloading, a moderate decrement of the aforesaid parameter seems to take place. These findings are briefly discussed in connection with the role presumably played by mechanical stresses on the processes of bone reconstruction.", "contents": "Appositional growth rate in the spongiosa of unloaded long bones of the dog. In agreement with the results of previous investigations on the dynamics of diaphyseal osteonic bone in inert skeletal segments, it has been observed that the linear appositional growth rate on the trabecular bone of metaphyses and epiphyses does not significantly change in unloaded bones, in comparison with normally loaded ones. Only during the initial period of unloading, a moderate decrement of the aforesaid parameter seems to take place. These findings are briefly discussed in connection with the role presumably played by mechanical stresses on the processes of bone reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:1211646", "title": "Histological studies on certain autonomic ganglia in the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "In the buffalo the sympathetic ganglionic neurons were multipolar and contained finely granular or vesicular Nissl material and eccentric nuclei with more than one nucleolus. They measured (mean values) 23.62 X 14.30 mum in the cranial cervical ganglion, 22.51 X 13.58 mum in the vertebral ganglion, 25.25 X 15.75 mum in the cervicothoracic ganglion and 22.84 X 14.27 mum in the fourth thoracic ganglion. Their density values were 256 neurons/mm2 in the cranial cervical ganglion, 250 neurons/mm2 in the vertebral ganglion, 248 neurons/mm2 in the cervicothoracic ganglion and 252 neurons/mm2 in the fourth thoracic ganglion.", "contents": "Histological studies on certain autonomic ganglia in the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). In the buffalo the sympathetic ganglionic neurons were multipolar and contained finely granular or vesicular Nissl material and eccentric nuclei with more than one nucleolus. They measured (mean values) 23.62 X 14.30 mum in the cranial cervical ganglion, 22.51 X 13.58 mum in the vertebral ganglion, 25.25 X 15.75 mum in the cervicothoracic ganglion and 22.84 X 14.27 mum in the fourth thoracic ganglion. Their density values were 256 neurons/mm2 in the cranial cervical ganglion, 250 neurons/mm2 in the vertebral ganglion, 248 neurons/mm2 in the cervicothoracic ganglion and 252 neurons/mm2 in the fourth thoracic ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:1211647", "title": "[The fine structure of the lymphatics in the rumen wall of the goat].", "content": "Ruminal lymphvessels from the goat were investigated with light- and electronmicroscope after blockade of the lymphdrainage and vascular perfusion by means of yellow fix solution. The lymphvessels of the ruminal wall do not originate directly from below the epithelium but from the deeper layers of the Propria mucosae. As far as ruminal papillae are concerned, lymphatic vessels are only to be found at their base. All lymphvessels consist of a basement membrane and an endothelium. Only the ones which are situated in the Subserosa or in the musculature of the wall are provided with lymphatic valves.", "contents": "[The fine structure of the lymphatics in the rumen wall of the goat]. Ruminal lymphvessels from the goat were investigated with light- and electronmicroscope after blockade of the lymphdrainage and vascular perfusion by means of yellow fix solution. The lymphvessels of the ruminal wall do not originate directly from below the epithelium but from the deeper layers of the Propria mucosae. As far as ruminal papillae are concerned, lymphatic vessels are only to be found at their base. All lymphvessels consist of a basement membrane and an endothelium. Only the ones which are situated in the Subserosa or in the musculature of the wall are provided with lymphatic valves."}
{"id": "PMID:1211649", "title": "Ectopical kidney tissue in the left auricle of a rat.", "content": "A case of a 3 months old rat with ectopic renal tissue within the heart was described. The renal tissue consisted of well developed parts of the kidney cortex like glomerula and tubuli contorti. All parts of the kidney medulla such as excretory tubules and kidney pelvis were missing. It is believed that the ectopic kidney tissue developed from scattering of metanephric tissue. A physiological function of the intracardial renal tissue can be excluded.", "contents": "Ectopical kidney tissue in the left auricle of a rat. A case of a 3 months old rat with ectopic renal tissue within the heart was described. The renal tissue consisted of well developed parts of the kidney cortex like glomerula and tubuli contorti. All parts of the kidney medulla such as excretory tubules and kidney pelvis were missing. It is believed that the ectopic kidney tissue developed from scattering of metanephric tissue. A physiological function of the intracardial renal tissue can be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:1211653", "title": "Lumbrical muscles and contracted toes.", "content": "Dissection of fifty feet revealed a lack of correlation between absence of lumbrical muscles and the presence of contracted toe. This is at variance with assertions commonly encountered in textbooks of anatomy. Contracted toes were found in association with well developed lumbricals. Absence of lumbricals was not found to be associated with toe anomalies. These findings leave in doubt the function of lumbrical muscles of the foot.", "contents": "Lumbrical muscles and contracted toes. Dissection of fifty feet revealed a lack of correlation between absence of lumbrical muscles and the presence of contracted toe. This is at variance with assertions commonly encountered in textbooks of anatomy. Contracted toes were found in association with well developed lumbricals. Absence of lumbricals was not found to be associated with toe anomalies. These findings leave in doubt the function of lumbrical muscles of the foot."}
{"id": "PMID:1211654", "title": "Evolution of mesenchymal cells in fetal rat lung.", "content": "The evolution of connective tissue cells in the developing fetal rat lung is studied under the electron microscope from the 15th until the 21st day of gestation and is compared to the evolution of epithelial cells. Three successive types of stem cells (\"mesocytoblasts\") are present during the first stages of lung development studied (15 to 18 days of gestation). These stem cells appear to be able to differentiate into fibroblasts or into smooth muscle cells, according to their localization along the broncho-alveolar tubule. Myoblasts are situated near the bronchial epithelium, whereas fibroblasts occur under the alveolar epithelium. Epithelo-mesenchymal interactions are assumed to play a role in this differentiation process. Synthesis of both, collagen and elastic fibers and of cytoplasmic filaments by fibroblasts as well as by myoblasts reveal the multiple potentialities of the mesenchymal stem cell and suggest a common origin. The early fibroblast in characterized by long cytoplasmic processes which contain numerous cytofilaments, and by the presence of collagen fibers in the vicinity of the cell. Later on, (20 days of gestation) the mature fibroblast of the lung mesenchyme shows areas of RER, glycogen and lipidic vacuoles in its cytoplasm. Cytofilaments are numerous within very long cytoplasmic processes and elastic and collagen fibers are very frequent beside the cytoplasmic membrane. The earliest fibroblast differentiation occurs under the epithelium of primitive respiratory bronchioles, which indicate the limit between the bronchial and the alveolar territories. Later on, differentiating fibroblasts are found throughout the whole alveolar walls. Connective tissue cells other than mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts or myoblasts are observed during lung development. Vacuolar cells, similar to Hofbauer cells, transiently appear on the 16th day of gestation. On the 20th and the 21st day macrophage-like cells are present in the septal space of the alveolar wall. The absence of intermediate stages of differentiation and parallel evolution of blood cells suggest that those connective tissue cells are differentiated elsewhere and have then migrated from blood into lung mesenchyme. No cell death has been observed in the developing lung.", "contents": "Evolution of mesenchymal cells in fetal rat lung. The evolution of connective tissue cells in the developing fetal rat lung is studied under the electron microscope from the 15th until the 21st day of gestation and is compared to the evolution of epithelial cells. Three successive types of stem cells (\"mesocytoblasts\") are present during the first stages of lung development studied (15 to 18 days of gestation). These stem cells appear to be able to differentiate into fibroblasts or into smooth muscle cells, according to their localization along the broncho-alveolar tubule. Myoblasts are situated near the bronchial epithelium, whereas fibroblasts occur under the alveolar epithelium. Epithelo-mesenchymal interactions are assumed to play a role in this differentiation process. Synthesis of both, collagen and elastic fibers and of cytoplasmic filaments by fibroblasts as well as by myoblasts reveal the multiple potentialities of the mesenchymal stem cell and suggest a common origin. The early fibroblast in characterized by long cytoplasmic processes which contain numerous cytofilaments, and by the presence of collagen fibers in the vicinity of the cell. Later on, (20 days of gestation) the mature fibroblast of the lung mesenchyme shows areas of RER, glycogen and lipidic vacuoles in its cytoplasm. Cytofilaments are numerous within very long cytoplasmic processes and elastic and collagen fibers are very frequent beside the cytoplasmic membrane. The earliest fibroblast differentiation occurs under the epithelium of primitive respiratory bronchioles, which indicate the limit between the bronchial and the alveolar territories. Later on, differentiating fibroblasts are found throughout the whole alveolar walls. Connective tissue cells other than mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts or myoblasts are observed during lung development. Vacuolar cells, similar to Hofbauer cells, transiently appear on the 16th day of gestation. On the 20th and the 21st day macrophage-like cells are present in the septal space of the alveolar wall. The absence of intermediate stages of differentiation and parallel evolution of blood cells suggest that those connective tissue cells are differentiated elsewhere and have then migrated from blood into lung mesenchyme. No cell death has been observed in the developing lung."}
{"id": "PMID:1211655", "title": "Neural crest and early fore limb development in amphibia.", "content": "Anterior trunk neural folds were exchanged between neurula stages 15 to 16 (Harrison) of several Triturus species and Ambystoma mexicanum. Donor neural crest cells migrated ventrad before and during initial bud formation. They lined the early lumb epidermis and became incorporated into the young blastema. Donor melanophores and non-melanophores contributed substantially to host limb buds.", "contents": "Neural crest and early fore limb development in amphibia. Anterior trunk neural folds were exchanged between neurula stages 15 to 16 (Harrison) of several Triturus species and Ambystoma mexicanum. Donor neural crest cells migrated ventrad before and during initial bud formation. They lined the early lumb epidermis and became incorporated into the young blastema. Donor melanophores and non-melanophores contributed substantially to host limb buds."}
{"id": "PMID:1211656", "title": "The distribution of intercellular junctions in the developing myotomes of the clawed toad.", "content": "The distribution of intercellular junctions between premyotomal and myotomal cells of Xenopus embryos has been described. Intermediate junctions, gap junctions, and small desmosomes are found between unsegmented mesoderm cells. In the region of myotome formation gap junctions appear to be absent, although close appositions of cell membranes are found. Both gap and intermediate junctions are numerous between cells of the segmented myotomes; they occur within the myotomes close to the myosepts and at interdigitations between the myotomes across the myosepts. Gap junctions between the myotomes are found in embryos that have hatched and can swim. The observed distribution of gap junctions is correlated with physiological data on electrical coupling. Electrical connections via gap junctions may produce contraction of the axial musculature remote from motor innervation.", "contents": "The distribution of intercellular junctions in the developing myotomes of the clawed toad. The distribution of intercellular junctions between premyotomal and myotomal cells of Xenopus embryos has been described. Intermediate junctions, gap junctions, and small desmosomes are found between unsegmented mesoderm cells. In the region of myotome formation gap junctions appear to be absent, although close appositions of cell membranes are found. Both gap and intermediate junctions are numerous between cells of the segmented myotomes; they occur within the myotomes close to the myosepts and at interdigitations between the myotomes across the myosepts. Gap junctions between the myotomes are found in embryos that have hatched and can swim. The observed distribution of gap junctions is correlated with physiological data on electrical coupling. Electrical connections via gap junctions may produce contraction of the axial musculature remote from motor innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211657", "title": "Use of polarized light for quantitative determination of the adjustment of the tangential fibres in articular cartilage.", "content": "According to recent research the course of the tangential fibres is gaining increasing importance for the analysis of the first signs of pathological alterations in the articular cartilage. In a model-test, parallel-running synthetic double-refracting filaments, rotated between polarisator and analysator at right angles to each other effect an extinction curve which has two maxima at 45 degrees and the minimum at 0 degrees. Crossing filaments at different angles effects curves which are specific for the different angles in such a manner that with increasing angles to 45 degrees the curves approximate to a horizontal line. On the other hand the course of the different curves make it possible to determine corresponding angles. Then the same method is used to estimate the mean crossing-angles of tangential fibres in histological sections of articular cartilage with masked collagen fibres. The method is suitable for a quantitative calculation of the crossing-angles between 0 degrees and 45 degrees, which cannot be defined by the split-line method of Hultkrantz. In contrast to the conditions of the scanning electron microscope, the integrating nature of the polarized light is advantageous because it permits analysis of a more extensive visual field. From comparisons with the test model, a considerable variety of crossing angles of tangential fibres in the cartilage can be shown to exist.", "contents": "Use of polarized light for quantitative determination of the adjustment of the tangential fibres in articular cartilage. According to recent research the course of the tangential fibres is gaining increasing importance for the analysis of the first signs of pathological alterations in the articular cartilage. In a model-test, parallel-running synthetic double-refracting filaments, rotated between polarisator and analysator at right angles to each other effect an extinction curve which has two maxima at 45 degrees and the minimum at 0 degrees. Crossing filaments at different angles effects curves which are specific for the different angles in such a manner that with increasing angles to 45 degrees the curves approximate to a horizontal line. On the other hand the course of the different curves make it possible to determine corresponding angles. Then the same method is used to estimate the mean crossing-angles of tangential fibres in histological sections of articular cartilage with masked collagen fibres. The method is suitable for a quantitative calculation of the crossing-angles between 0 degrees and 45 degrees, which cannot be defined by the split-line method of Hultkrantz. In contrast to the conditions of the scanning electron microscope, the integrating nature of the polarized light is advantageous because it permits analysis of a more extensive visual field. From comparisons with the test model, a considerable variety of crossing angles of tangential fibres in the cartilage can be shown to exist."}
{"id": "PMID:1211658", "title": "The structural organization of the kidney of the desert rodent Psammomys obesus.", "content": "The architecture of the desert rodent Psammomys obesus has been studied by means of standard histologic procedures and by single nephron injections. As other rodent kidneys (rat, mouse), the Psammomys kidney consists of two types of nephrons, 66% short looped and 34% long looped nephrons. The cortex is composed of 4 to 5 layers of glomeruli, which lie closely put together, the glomeruli often touch each other. The superficial and the midcortical glomeruli give rise to short looped neophrons, the juxtamedullary to long looped nephrons. In the strongly developed medulla the inner stripe shows the most striking pattern. It consists of two distinct compartments, that of the giant vascular bundles and that of the interbundle regions. The giant vascular bundles consist of about 8 to 14% arterial vasa recta and 39 to 47% venous vasa recta; furthermore they include the thin descending limbs of the short loops of Henle which amount to 44 to 51% of the bundle structures. The tubules of the interbundle regions surround the bundles in a regular pattern. The inner zone is almost completely surrounded by the renal pelvis; the long broad papilla protrudes into the ureter. The thin descending limbs of short looped nephrons traverse the inner stripe inside the giant vascular bundles. Leaving the bundles they turn back within the inner stripe; their ascending limbs lie in the interbundle region. Both limbs of the long loops of Henle run in the interbundle region, together with the ascending limbs of the short loops and the collecting ducts. The long loops penetrate deeply the inner zone. Many bends are found near the tip of the papilla. The renal pelvis has a very specialized form. It penetrates the inner stripe with many complexely shaped extensions, which surround the giant vascular bundles. Large parts of the bundles with their thin walled structures are thus separated from the pelvic urine only by a single layer of cuboidal epithelium. The possible functional importance of the described specializations of the Psammomys kidney (giant vascular bundles, large inner zone, special shape of the renal pelvis) for the urine concentrating and urea recyclng mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "The structural organization of the kidney of the desert rodent Psammomys obesus. The architecture of the desert rodent Psammomys obesus has been studied by means of standard histologic procedures and by single nephron injections. As other rodent kidneys (rat, mouse), the Psammomys kidney consists of two types of nephrons, 66% short looped and 34% long looped nephrons. The cortex is composed of 4 to 5 layers of glomeruli, which lie closely put together, the glomeruli often touch each other. The superficial and the midcortical glomeruli give rise to short looped neophrons, the juxtamedullary to long looped nephrons. In the strongly developed medulla the inner stripe shows the most striking pattern. It consists of two distinct compartments, that of the giant vascular bundles and that of the interbundle regions. The giant vascular bundles consist of about 8 to 14% arterial vasa recta and 39 to 47% venous vasa recta; furthermore they include the thin descending limbs of the short loops of Henle which amount to 44 to 51% of the bundle structures. The tubules of the interbundle regions surround the bundles in a regular pattern. The inner zone is almost completely surrounded by the renal pelvis; the long broad papilla protrudes into the ureter. The thin descending limbs of short looped nephrons traverse the inner stripe inside the giant vascular bundles. Leaving the bundles they turn back within the inner stripe; their ascending limbs lie in the interbundle region. Both limbs of the long loops of Henle run in the interbundle region, together with the ascending limbs of the short loops and the collecting ducts. The long loops penetrate deeply the inner zone. Many bends are found near the tip of the papilla. The renal pelvis has a very specialized form. It penetrates the inner stripe with many complexely shaped extensions, which surround the giant vascular bundles. Large parts of the bundles with their thin walled structures are thus separated from the pelvic urine only by a single layer of cuboidal epithelium. The possible functional importance of the described specializations of the Psammomys kidney (giant vascular bundles, large inner zone, special shape of the renal pelvis) for the urine concentrating and urea recyclng mechanisms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211659", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase in the bovine endometrium and trophoblast during the early phase of implantation.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase in the endometrial and chorionic epithelium from the 22nd to 24th day post insemination was investigated according to the method of Hugon and Borgers (1966a, b). In the precontact phase the reaction products of this enzyme were found light microscopically in the caruncular and intercaruncular area in the apical part of the uterine surface epithelium. Although a definite, continuing reaction line between the maternal and fetal epithelium was present in the apposition phase, there was no activity of this phospho-monoesterase ascertainable following consolidated adhesion. Independent of implantation, lead salt precipitate was observed in the apical cytoplasma in the upper third of the uterine epithelial glands. Electron microscopic investigations in the precontact phase demonstrated the localisation of the reaction products of this hydrolase as electron dense grains on the outer plasma lamella of the uterine microvilli. During apposition this reaction appeared on the microvilli of the dark uterine epithelium and the cell membrane of the trophoblast cells. In addition to the existence of alkaline phosphatase on the microvilli of the uterine glandular cells, reaction products were discernable in the kinocilia between the inner lamellar of their plasma membranes and the tubules ring, as well as between the latter and the central tubule pair. There is a possibility that this hydrolase plays a role in the transport of metabolites for the purpose of histiogenic uterine milk production.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase in the bovine endometrium and trophoblast during the early phase of implantation. Alkaline phosphatase in the endometrial and chorionic epithelium from the 22nd to 24th day post insemination was investigated according to the method of Hugon and Borgers (1966a, b). In the precontact phase the reaction products of this enzyme were found light microscopically in the caruncular and intercaruncular area in the apical part of the uterine surface epithelium. Although a definite, continuing reaction line between the maternal and fetal epithelium was present in the apposition phase, there was no activity of this phospho-monoesterase ascertainable following consolidated adhesion. Independent of implantation, lead salt precipitate was observed in the apical cytoplasma in the upper third of the uterine epithelial glands. Electron microscopic investigations in the precontact phase demonstrated the localisation of the reaction products of this hydrolase as electron dense grains on the outer plasma lamella of the uterine microvilli. During apposition this reaction appeared on the microvilli of the dark uterine epithelium and the cell membrane of the trophoblast cells. In addition to the existence of alkaline phosphatase on the microvilli of the uterine glandular cells, reaction products were discernable in the kinocilia between the inner lamellar of their plasma membranes and the tubules ring, as well as between the latter and the central tubule pair. There is a possibility that this hydrolase plays a role in the transport of metabolites for the purpose of histiogenic uterine milk production."}
{"id": "PMID:1211660", "title": "Cytochemical establishment of acid phosphatase in the bovine endometrium and trophoblast during implantation.", "content": "Acid phosphatase in the endometrial surface epithelium is seen in connection with autophagy and autolysis. In the precontact and initial apposition stage, enzyme-positive Golgi vesicles, lysosomes and secretion granules all indicate autophage performance of the dark uterine epithelial cells in the sense of a histiogene embryotrophe development. At the time of progressing apposition this is joined by cell degradation with the aim of histiolytical uterine milk production. Following the completed implantation in the adhesion phase no activity with autophagy and autolysis-correlated acid phosphatase can be established. In trophoblast giant cells the localisation of acid phosphatase speaks for secretional processes. The incidence of this enzyme in the adhesion stage in \"ordinary\" trophoblast cells leads to the supposition of autophage processes which must be investigated in more detail. The endometrial gland epithelium shows the same acid phosphatase-dependent autophage indications in the upper third of the glands as shown in the surface epithelium prior to apposition. However, the acid phosphatase activity and the secretion deduced therefrom, thus the histiogene embryotrophe development, is conserved during the whole early gravidity of the cow, independent of the implantation process.", "contents": "Cytochemical establishment of acid phosphatase in the bovine endometrium and trophoblast during implantation. Acid phosphatase in the endometrial surface epithelium is seen in connection with autophagy and autolysis. In the precontact and initial apposition stage, enzyme-positive Golgi vesicles, lysosomes and secretion granules all indicate autophage performance of the dark uterine epithelial cells in the sense of a histiogene embryotrophe development. At the time of progressing apposition this is joined by cell degradation with the aim of histiolytical uterine milk production. Following the completed implantation in the adhesion phase no activity with autophagy and autolysis-correlated acid phosphatase can be established. In trophoblast giant cells the localisation of acid phosphatase speaks for secretional processes. The incidence of this enzyme in the adhesion stage in \"ordinary\" trophoblast cells leads to the supposition of autophage processes which must be investigated in more detail. The endometrial gland epithelium shows the same acid phosphatase-dependent autophage indications in the upper third of the glands as shown in the surface epithelium prior to apposition. However, the acid phosphatase activity and the secretion deduced therefrom, thus the histiogene embryotrophe development, is conserved during the whole early gravidity of the cow, independent of the implantation process."}
{"id": "PMID:1211661", "title": "Morphology of the epididymis of the cock (Gallus domesticus) and its effect upon the steroid sex hormone synthesis. I. Ontogenesis, morphology and distribution of the epididymis.", "content": "The epididymis of the cock is divided into a main part and an appendix epididymidis. The main part of the epididymis is firmly connected to the testis. The sperm transporting tubes open into the ductus epididymidis along its entire length. The rete testis, as the most proximal part of the epididymis, develops from mesenchym cells. The rete testis connects the tubuli seminiferi with the ductuli efferentes proximales which develop from the Bowman's capsules of the mesonephros. The ductuli efferentes distales develop from the proximal tubules, conducting segments (loops of Henle), and the distal tubules of the mesonephros. The short ductuli conjugentes which open into the ductus epididymidis, originate from the connecting segments of the mesonephros. In the sexually mature cock the rete testis, the ductuli efferentes proximales, and the ductus epididymidis all show an enlargement in the lumen. In the ductuli efferentes proximales and in the ductus epididymidis one can observe a formation of globuli and cell protrusion which lead to a loss of the surface structure of the epithelial cells. The appendix epididymidis and the capsula fibrosa of the adrenal gland are joined by connective tissue. The appendix epididymidis consists of the blindly ending ductus aberrans (the crainal continuation of the ductus epididymidis) and the ductuli aberrantes which open into the ductus aberrans. The blind ends of the ductuli aberrantes end in the capsula fibrosa of the adrenal gland.", "contents": "Morphology of the epididymis of the cock (Gallus domesticus) and its effect upon the steroid sex hormone synthesis. I. Ontogenesis, morphology and distribution of the epididymis. The epididymis of the cock is divided into a main part and an appendix epididymidis. The main part of the epididymis is firmly connected to the testis. The sperm transporting tubes open into the ductus epididymidis along its entire length. The rete testis, as the most proximal part of the epididymis, develops from mesenchym cells. The rete testis connects the tubuli seminiferi with the ductuli efferentes proximales which develop from the Bowman's capsules of the mesonephros. The ductuli efferentes distales develop from the proximal tubules, conducting segments (loops of Henle), and the distal tubules of the mesonephros. The short ductuli conjugentes which open into the ductus epididymidis, originate from the connecting segments of the mesonephros. In the sexually mature cock the rete testis, the ductuli efferentes proximales, and the ductus epididymidis all show an enlargement in the lumen. In the ductuli efferentes proximales and in the ductus epididymidis one can observe a formation of globuli and cell protrusion which lead to a loss of the surface structure of the epithelial cells. The appendix epididymidis and the capsula fibrosa of the adrenal gland are joined by connective tissue. The appendix epididymidis consists of the blindly ending ductus aberrans (the crainal continuation of the ductus epididymidis) and the ductuli aberrantes which open into the ductus aberrans. The blind ends of the ductuli aberrantes end in the capsula fibrosa of the adrenal gland."}
{"id": "PMID:1211662", "title": "Morphology of the epididymis of the cock (Gallus domesticus) and its effect upon the steroid sex hormone synthesis. II. Steroid sex hormone synthesis in the tubuli epididymidis and the transformation of the ductuli aberrantes into hormone producing noduli epididymidis in the capsule of the adrenal gland of the capon.", "content": "Distinct histochemical and ultrastructural signs of a steroid hormone synthesis are found in the sexually mature cock, particularly in the ductuli efferentes proximales of the main part of the epididymis and in the blind ends of the ductuli aberrantes of the appendix epididymidis. These signs are more distinct in the appendix epididymidis of the capon since the blind ends of the ductuli aberrantes transform into steroid sex hormone producing noduli epididymidis after they sprout out intensively and branch inside or beneath the adrenal capsule. The signs of virility were lost immediately after castration. They become more distinct again due to the hormonal activity of the noduli. Due to the morphologic agreement the noduli epididymidis of the capon are homologous to the noduli epoophori of the hen.", "contents": "Morphology of the epididymis of the cock (Gallus domesticus) and its effect upon the steroid sex hormone synthesis. II. Steroid sex hormone synthesis in the tubuli epididymidis and the transformation of the ductuli aberrantes into hormone producing noduli epididymidis in the capsule of the adrenal gland of the capon. Distinct histochemical and ultrastructural signs of a steroid hormone synthesis are found in the sexually mature cock, particularly in the ductuli efferentes proximales of the main part of the epididymis and in the blind ends of the ductuli aberrantes of the appendix epididymidis. These signs are more distinct in the appendix epididymidis of the capon since the blind ends of the ductuli aberrantes transform into steroid sex hormone producing noduli epididymidis after they sprout out intensively and branch inside or beneath the adrenal capsule. The signs of virility were lost immediately after castration. They become more distinct again due to the hormonal activity of the noduli. Due to the morphologic agreement the noduli epididymidis of the capon are homologous to the noduli epoophori of the hen."}
{"id": "PMID:1211663", "title": "Absorption of the impact energy in the palmar soft tissues.", "content": "In 30 anatomical specimens of the forearm the dynamic fracture of radius has been performed with a special hammer. In these specimens the pure kinetic energy of the fracture of the radius and the absorption of the impact energy in the palmar soft tissues has been determined.", "contents": "Absorption of the impact energy in the palmar soft tissues. In 30 anatomical specimens of the forearm the dynamic fracture of radius has been performed with a special hammer. In these specimens the pure kinetic energy of the fracture of the radius and the absorption of the impact energy in the palmar soft tissues has been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1211664", "title": "Association between alphas1-, beta- and kappa-casein loci in two Italian cattle breeds.", "content": "The genetic polymorphism alphas1-, beta- and kappa-caseins was examined by gel electrophoresis in two Italian breeds, Valdostana and Piedmont. The results obtained from acid and basic migration show that the gene frequencies of the two breeds are very similar. Non independent assortment of genotypes among these milk protein loci was also studied. Results of analyses carried out on loci pairs showed that the genetic complex alphas1-CnB - beta-CnA2 was the most common in both breeds. In addition, the measure of linkage disequilibrium or gametic association (denoted delta) showed a close association between alphas1-Cn and beta-Cn, and between beta-Cn and kappa-Cn. No significant association was found between alphas1-Cn and kappa-Cn. This is in line with the model proposed by Grosclaude et al. (1973).", "contents": "Association between alphas1-, beta- and kappa-casein loci in two Italian cattle breeds. The genetic polymorphism alphas1-, beta- and kappa-caseins was examined by gel electrophoresis in two Italian breeds, Valdostana and Piedmont. The results obtained from acid and basic migration show that the gene frequencies of the two breeds are very similar. Non independent assortment of genotypes among these milk protein loci was also studied. Results of analyses carried out on loci pairs showed that the genetic complex alphas1-CnB - beta-CnA2 was the most common in both breeds. In addition, the measure of linkage disequilibrium or gametic association (denoted delta) showed a close association between alphas1-Cn and beta-Cn, and between beta-Cn and kappa-Cn. No significant association was found between alphas1-Cn and kappa-Cn. This is in line with the model proposed by Grosclaude et al. (1973)."}
{"id": "PMID:1211665", "title": "A genetic role of isozyme types in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in the young chicken.", "content": "A genetic role of isozyme types in plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity within dam families in the young chicken was investigated in a White Plymouth Rock strain kept in our laboratory since 1961. Plasma samples were obtained at 32 and 56 days of age and subjected to horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two methods of analysis. A higher level of plasma AP activity of the fast (F) type relative to that of slow (S) type was re-confirmed. The F types of full-sib chicks had distinctly higher AP activity than the S types. Also within isozyme types, family differences were significant in the F type but not in the S type. The correlation of AP activities between 32 and 56 days of age was significant in the F type but not in the S type, which could be attributed to the effect of aging. The genetic control of plasma AP activity in young chickens were discussed under a hypothesis of two independent genetic systems, i.e. major genic and polygenic.", "contents": "A genetic role of isozyme types in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in the young chicken. A genetic role of isozyme types in plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity within dam families in the young chicken was investigated in a White Plymouth Rock strain kept in our laboratory since 1961. Plasma samples were obtained at 32 and 56 days of age and subjected to horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two methods of analysis. A higher level of plasma AP activity of the fast (F) type relative to that of slow (S) type was re-confirmed. The F types of full-sib chicks had distinctly higher AP activity than the S types. Also within isozyme types, family differences were significant in the F type but not in the S type. The correlation of AP activities between 32 and 56 days of age was significant in the F type but not in the S type, which could be attributed to the effect of aging. The genetic control of plasma AP activity in young chickens were discussed under a hypothesis of two independent genetic systems, i.e. major genic and polygenic."}
{"id": "PMID:1211666", "title": "Further studies on the genetic control of chicken plasma alkaline phosphatase isozyme.", "content": "The effects of neuraminidase treatment on the electrophoretic pattern of alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes and AP activity were investigated in chicken plasma. AP comprised three isozymes. The zymogram of an individual chicken plasma had two bands, either the faster (F) or the slower (S) moving band by isozyme types and the B band irrespective of isozyme types. Mobility of the S band and AP activity in chicken plasma were not affected by neuraminidase treatment. The treatment has a reduced migration rate of the F band equal to that of the S band and the B band of both types closer to the origin. The genetic control of these bands is discussed.", "contents": "Further studies on the genetic control of chicken plasma alkaline phosphatase isozyme. The effects of neuraminidase treatment on the electrophoretic pattern of alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes and AP activity were investigated in chicken plasma. AP comprised three isozymes. The zymogram of an individual chicken plasma had two bands, either the faster (F) or the slower (S) moving band by isozyme types and the B band irrespective of isozyme types. Mobility of the S band and AP activity in chicken plasma were not affected by neuraminidase treatment. The treatment has a reduced migration rate of the F band equal to that of the S band and the B band of both types closer to the origin. The genetic control of these bands is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211667", "title": "Esterase polymorphism in the Adriatic sardine (Sardina pilchardus Walb.). 1. Electrophoretic and biochemical properties of the serum and tissue esterases.", "content": "At least four zones of esterase activity designated I, II, III and IV were found after electrophoretic separation of sera and soluble extracts of sardine tissues on starch gel. Each zone consisted of one or more bands that were distinguishable from other zones by electrophoretic mobility, substrate specificity and sensitivity to various inhibitors. Polymorphism was noted in zones I, II and III, while zone IV consisted of a single band. A genetic interpretation of the polymorphism was given for zone I esterases in the tissue, which appears to be controlled by four codominant alleles. The zones designated I, II and IV in the sera and II, III and IV in the liver were characterized as carboxylesterases, zone II in the sera was the only one with cholinesterase activity, while zone I in the liver tissue was unclassifiable.", "contents": "Esterase polymorphism in the Adriatic sardine (Sardina pilchardus Walb.). 1. Electrophoretic and biochemical properties of the serum and tissue esterases. At least four zones of esterase activity designated I, II, III and IV were found after electrophoretic separation of sera and soluble extracts of sardine tissues on starch gel. Each zone consisted of one or more bands that were distinguishable from other zones by electrophoretic mobility, substrate specificity and sensitivity to various inhibitors. Polymorphism was noted in zones I, II and III, while zone IV consisted of a single band. A genetic interpretation of the polymorphism was given for zone I esterases in the tissue, which appears to be controlled by four codominant alleles. The zones designated I, II and IV in the sera and II, III and IV in the liver were characterized as carboxylesterases, zone II in the sera was the only one with cholinesterase activity, while zone I in the liver tissue was unclassifiable."}
{"id": "PMID:1211668", "title": "The use of carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), instead of rabbit as antibody donor in immunological research on fishes.", "content": "Antisera produced by carp were tested in the differentiation between two cyprinid fishes, bream and roach, and between the lipovitellins of two grey mullets, Mugil cephalus and Liza ramada. These antisera were more specific in the recognition of different fish species than those produced by rabbits. An antiserum against carp lipovitellin was produced with male carp as antibody donor.", "contents": "The use of carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), instead of rabbit as antibody donor in immunological research on fishes. Antisera produced by carp were tested in the differentiation between two cyprinid fishes, bream and roach, and between the lipovitellins of two grey mullets, Mugil cephalus and Liza ramada. These antisera were more specific in the recognition of different fish species than those produced by rabbits. An antiserum against carp lipovitellin was produced with male carp as antibody donor."}
{"id": "PMID:1211669", "title": "Retina-specific LDH isozyme in blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis (Mitchell), and alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson).", "content": "The retina of 390 Alosa aestivalis and 410 Alosa pseudoharengus have been examined by means of starch-gel electrophoresis. The retina-specific E4 isozyme has been found to occur in all the fish examined. This study demonstrates for the first time that the E4 isozyme occurs in A. aestivalis. Because the E4 isozyme is not polymorphic and has an identical mobility in A. pseudoharengus and in A. aestivalis it is neither suitable for use as a species identification characteristic nor a population marker.", "contents": "Retina-specific LDH isozyme in blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis (Mitchell), and alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson). The retina of 390 Alosa aestivalis and 410 Alosa pseudoharengus have been examined by means of starch-gel electrophoresis. The retina-specific E4 isozyme has been found to occur in all the fish examined. This study demonstrates for the first time that the E4 isozyme occurs in A. aestivalis. Because the E4 isozyme is not polymorphic and has an identical mobility in A. pseudoharengus and in A. aestivalis it is neither suitable for use as a species identification characteristic nor a population marker."}
{"id": "PMID:1211672", "title": "[The concept of renal dysplasia. Apropos of 67 cases].", "content": "The aim of this study, based upon 130 nephrectomies in children, was to emphasise the importance of congenital lesions in comparison with inflammatory lesions. In the context of congenital abnormalities, the abundance of our material made it possible for us to review our anatomical findings in the context of clinical and radiological data. This had led us to propose an anatomical classification of renal dysplasias. Although overlap cases exist, this classification into four separate entities according to the nature and extent of the histological and topographical lesions is satisfactory by virtue of its clarity. It is an agreement with the most recent publications of authors interested in the vast problem of renal malformations.", "contents": "[The concept of renal dysplasia. Apropos of 67 cases]. The aim of this study, based upon 130 nephrectomies in children, was to emphasise the importance of congenital lesions in comparison with inflammatory lesions. In the context of congenital abnormalities, the abundance of our material made it possible for us to review our anatomical findings in the context of clinical and radiological data. This had led us to propose an anatomical classification of renal dysplasias. Although overlap cases exist, this classification into four separate entities according to the nature and extent of the histological and topographical lesions is satisfactory by virtue of its clarity. It is an agreement with the most recent publications of authors interested in the vast problem of renal malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:1211673", "title": "[Histology and prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanomas. Study of 50 cases].", "content": "50 cases of malignant melanoma of the skin followed up for more than 5 years are analysed according to histological criteria established at the Sydney conference. Two groups of 25 patients, one in which the course was favourable and the other in which it was not, are compared. Positive conclusions in terms of the prognosis may be drawn.", "contents": "[Histology and prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanomas. Study of 50 cases]. 50 cases of malignant melanoma of the skin followed up for more than 5 years are analysed according to histological criteria established at the Sydney conference. Two groups of 25 patients, one in which the course was favourable and the other in which it was not, are compared. Positive conclusions in terms of the prognosis may be drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:1211674", "title": "[Prognostic factors in idiopathic myeloid splenomegaly].", "content": "The study of the evolution of 168 cases of idiopathic myeloid splenomegaly allowed to point out the prognostic value of the clinical, hematologic, isotopic and radiological parameters. The correlation of these data with the histological type of the osteomedullary lesions at the time of the diagnosis, allows to confirm the long survival of the hyperplastic formes (type I), and the more reserved prognosis in advanced myelofibroses (type II and type III together) without it being possible to bring out a significant difference between the average presumption of survival of type II and type III considered each separately. Indeed, average survival is of 82 months for type I, and 60 months for type II and type III together. The regrouping of these two types seems to be justified and allows to individualize two anatomoclinical forms. One is characterized by hyperplastic marrow with reticulinic fibrosis, usually associated with enlarged spleen and sometimes even with polyglobulia but without radiological bone lesions. The other form is characterized by a marrow of middle importance or frankly hypoplastic, fibrous, with or without osteosclerosis, and shows moderate or marked radiological changes (respectively 16,9 p. 100 of the cases, and, as a rule, pancytopenia.", "contents": "[Prognostic factors in idiopathic myeloid splenomegaly]. The study of the evolution of 168 cases of idiopathic myeloid splenomegaly allowed to point out the prognostic value of the clinical, hematologic, isotopic and radiological parameters. The correlation of these data with the histological type of the osteomedullary lesions at the time of the diagnosis, allows to confirm the long survival of the hyperplastic formes (type I), and the more reserved prognosis in advanced myelofibroses (type II and type III together) without it being possible to bring out a significant difference between the average presumption of survival of type II and type III considered each separately. Indeed, average survival is of 82 months for type I, and 60 months for type II and type III together. The regrouping of these two types seems to be justified and allows to individualize two anatomoclinical forms. One is characterized by hyperplastic marrow with reticulinic fibrosis, usually associated with enlarged spleen and sometimes even with polyglobulia but without radiological bone lesions. The other form is characterized by a marrow of middle importance or frankly hypoplastic, fibrous, with or without osteosclerosis, and shows moderate or marked radiological changes (respectively 16,9 p. 100 of the cases, and, as a rule, pancytopenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1211677", "title": "[Influence of parenterally injected trehalose in mammals having trehalase activity at different sites].", "content": "When trehalose is injected via parenteral pathway into animals lacking kidney trehalase (rat), more than 75 per cent of this disaccharide is eliminated in urine. When the injected animals possess an active kidney trehalase (guinea-pig, rabbit), there is only a low urinary trehalose excretion. Moreover, in rabbit, a marked hyperglycaemia is observed which is due to the rapid hydrolysis of trehalose by kidney trehalase.", "contents": "[Influence of parenterally injected trehalose in mammals having trehalase activity at different sites]. When trehalose is injected via parenteral pathway into animals lacking kidney trehalase (rat), more than 75 per cent of this disaccharide is eliminated in urine. When the injected animals possess an active kidney trehalase (guinea-pig, rabbit), there is only a low urinary trehalose excretion. Moreover, in rabbit, a marked hyperglycaemia is observed which is due to the rapid hydrolysis of trehalose by kidney trehalase."}
{"id": "PMID:1211678", "title": "[Automated determination of serum BSP. Improvement of dialysis by sodium salicylate].", "content": "Because of the great difficulty of BSP dialysis in automatized determinations in serum the authors investigated the effect of sodium salicylate. They proved its good performance with aqueous and proteic solutions of BSP. About 70 mul of patient sera is used to perform the analysis with Technicon Autoanalyser. Comparison of data from about 220 serum evaluated by their proposed method and manual technique are studied.", "contents": "[Automated determination of serum BSP. Improvement of dialysis by sodium salicylate]. Because of the great difficulty of BSP dialysis in automatized determinations in serum the authors investigated the effect of sodium salicylate. They proved its good performance with aqueous and proteic solutions of BSP. About 70 mul of patient sera is used to perform the analysis with Technicon Autoanalyser. Comparison of data from about 220 serum evaluated by their proposed method and manual technique are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1211675", "title": "[An unusual case of talco-asbestosis].", "content": "The authors present an unusual case of asbestosis. The latter had very diffuse macrophagic and giant cell granulomatous lesions. The morphological findings and the history enabled one to relate the appearance observed to the conjoined handling of asbestos and talc. A primary adenocarcinoma developed on these lesions.", "contents": "[An unusual case of talco-asbestosis]. The authors present an unusual case of asbestosis. The latter had very diffuse macrophagic and giant cell granulomatous lesions. The morphological findings and the history enabled one to relate the appearance observed to the conjoined handling of asbestos and talc. A primary adenocarcinoma developed on these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1211679", "title": "[Quality control of analyses and automation].", "content": "Multichannel analysers are becoming more and more usual in biochemistry laboratories. Then, a very severe quality control program is requisite. In Toulouse a three years experiment was carried out on a computer connected twenty four channels Autochemist and an unconnected Technicon SMA 12/60. The traditional quality control from control lyophilized serums is still necessary and useful, mainly at the level of a region. The remaining valuable methods are automatic calibration and statistical controls on frequently tested samples from human polled serum and on results from patients, these being provided through various procedures.", "contents": "[Quality control of analyses and automation]. Multichannel analysers are becoming more and more usual in biochemistry laboratories. Then, a very severe quality control program is requisite. In Toulouse a three years experiment was carried out on a computer connected twenty four channels Autochemist and an unconnected Technicon SMA 12/60. The traditional quality control from control lyophilized serums is still necessary and useful, mainly at the level of a region. The remaining valuable methods are automatic calibration and statistical controls on frequently tested samples from human polled serum and on results from patients, these being provided through various procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1211676", "title": "[Peculiar aspects of viral type particles (\"viroplasms\") in hepatocytes in hepatitis with Australia antigen].", "content": "Electron microscope studies of liver biopsies in 32 cases of hepatitis with Australia antigen (aggressive chronic hepatitis, polyarteritis, hepatitis on alcoholic cirrhosis and in kidney transplants) showed original intranuclear formations. They are different from the usual viral type particles connected with Australia antigen and appear to be formed of dense, granulofilamentous accumulations, scattered at random in the nucleus, sometimes in close proximity of nucleoles and nuclear bodies. Within these accumulations outlines of complete or partial rounded particles have been observed the morphology of which resembled that of the usual intranuclear particles. Comparison with former descriptions of the chronological aspects of viral replication allowed the author to refer to these formations by the term of \"viroplasms\". Thus, they are considered representative of an intermediate stage in the formation of the nuclear particles. This interpretation would add an argument to the notion of nuclear replication of the particles related to Australia antigen.", "contents": "[Peculiar aspects of viral type particles (\"viroplasms\") in hepatocytes in hepatitis with Australia antigen]. Electron microscope studies of liver biopsies in 32 cases of hepatitis with Australia antigen (aggressive chronic hepatitis, polyarteritis, hepatitis on alcoholic cirrhosis and in kidney transplants) showed original intranuclear formations. They are different from the usual viral type particles connected with Australia antigen and appear to be formed of dense, granulofilamentous accumulations, scattered at random in the nucleus, sometimes in close proximity of nucleoles and nuclear bodies. Within these accumulations outlines of complete or partial rounded particles have been observed the morphology of which resembled that of the usual intranuclear particles. Comparison with former descriptions of the chronological aspects of viral replication allowed the author to refer to these formations by the term of \"viroplasms\". Thus, they are considered representative of an intermediate stage in the formation of the nuclear particles. This interpretation would add an argument to the notion of nuclear replication of the particles related to Australia antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:1211688", "title": "[Allergy to animal hair. Cutaneous manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 25 cases of allergy to animal hair in childhood. 13 patients were polisensitized, and in the remaining 12 hair was the only allergen responsible for the clinical picture. The main clinical features are discussed and the high incidence of atopic cutaneous signs pointed out. In three patients these were the only clinical manifestation. Desensitization was successful, although this is, difficult to undertake without a substantial modification of the surrounding environment.", "contents": "[Allergy to animal hair. Cutaneous manifestations (author's transl)]. The authors report 25 cases of allergy to animal hair in childhood. 13 patients were polisensitized, and in the remaining 12 hair was the only allergen responsible for the clinical picture. The main clinical features are discussed and the high incidence of atopic cutaneous signs pointed out. In three patients these were the only clinical manifestation. Desensitization was successful, although this is, difficult to undertake without a substantial modification of the surrounding environment."}
{"id": "PMID:1211689", "title": "[Plasma levels of HGH, insulin and NEFA in diabetic children (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasmatic levels of HGH, insulin and NEFA are measured after oral glucose loading in 14 diabetic children and are compared with those obtained in 7 normal children. The average values of HGH are higher in the diabetics at 0', 30', 60', and 190', and on the contrary the release of HGH which is produced at 90' and 120' with a glucose load is increased in the normal controls. None of these differences are significant. The insulin and NEFA response observed in the normal cases is not observed in the diabetics where the obtained values do not show variation with the administration of glucose.", "contents": "[Plasma levels of HGH, insulin and NEFA in diabetic children (author's transl)]. Plasmatic levels of HGH, insulin and NEFA are measured after oral glucose loading in 14 diabetic children and are compared with those obtained in 7 normal children. The average values of HGH are higher in the diabetics at 0', 30', 60', and 190', and on the contrary the release of HGH which is produced at 90' and 120' with a glucose load is increased in the normal controls. None of these differences are significant. The insulin and NEFA response observed in the normal cases is not observed in the diabetics where the obtained values do not show variation with the administration of glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:1211692", "title": "[Tumors of cardiac ventricles (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and pathological findings are reported in 3 cases of cardiac tumors involving the ventricular septum and free walls. In 2 cases death occurred at ages 4 hours and 3 1/2 years and the pathological study revealed the presence of rhabdomyomas in the heart and tuberous sclerosis in the brain. The cardiac involvement was much more pronounced in the newborn infant than in the 3 1/2-year-old boy. The remaining patient, is a 6-month-old infant who is still alive. An angiocardiographic study performed at age 1 1/2-months revealed the presence of multple filling defects which were localized in the ventricular septum and in the left ventricular free wall. The angiocardiography was indicated on the basis of a previous clinical situation of severe heart failure which had been difficult to bring under control. A discussion is also presented dealing with the most characteristic clinical features of cardiac tumors in infants and children.", "contents": "[Tumors of cardiac ventricles (author's transl)]. Clinical and pathological findings are reported in 3 cases of cardiac tumors involving the ventricular septum and free walls. In 2 cases death occurred at ages 4 hours and 3 1/2 years and the pathological study revealed the presence of rhabdomyomas in the heart and tuberous sclerosis in the brain. The cardiac involvement was much more pronounced in the newborn infant than in the 3 1/2-year-old boy. The remaining patient, is a 6-month-old infant who is still alive. An angiocardiographic study performed at age 1 1/2-months revealed the presence of multple filling defects which were localized in the ventricular septum and in the left ventricular free wall. The angiocardiography was indicated on the basis of a previous clinical situation of severe heart failure which had been difficult to bring under control. A discussion is also presented dealing with the most characteristic clinical features of cardiac tumors in infants and children."}
{"id": "PMID:1211693", "title": "[Typhoid fever and Salmonella gastroenteritis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "A study on 25 hospitalized children with salmonellosis in the two forms of typhoid fever and gastroenteritis is reported. It confirms the higher incidence of gastroenteritic forms under the age of 3 years, and of typhoid fever in older children. We verify the limited value of the white cell count and the enlargement of the spleen. An appraisal of the serologic tests is made. The direct relationship between group D salmonella and typhoid fever form is pointed out. Finally we analyze the action of ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, due to the current appearance of resistances to antibiotics.", "contents": "[Typhoid fever and Salmonella gastroenteritis in children (author's transl)]. A study on 25 hospitalized children with salmonellosis in the two forms of typhoid fever and gastroenteritis is reported. It confirms the higher incidence of gastroenteritic forms under the age of 3 years, and of typhoid fever in older children. We verify the limited value of the white cell count and the enlargement of the spleen. An appraisal of the serologic tests is made. The direct relationship between group D salmonella and typhoid fever form is pointed out. Finally we analyze the action of ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, due to the current appearance of resistances to antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:1211698", "title": "[Malformed tumoral hemangioma of the mediastinum. Apropos of 10 cases].", "content": "The malformed tumoral hemangioma of the mediastinum is highly specific tumoral entity, which must be distinguished from other varieties of hemangioma -- tumors arising in young subjects above all, and frequently large tumors of the mediastinum, whose radiological discovery leads to the most disturbing suppositions. It is however a benign tumor, most frequently surgically curable. Il is not so rare as it is said to be, at least in the child: it can be evoked in certain cases and even characterized sometimes. It is always better to avoid operative surprises in this connection, in this surgery of the mediastinum.", "contents": "[Malformed tumoral hemangioma of the mediastinum. Apropos of 10 cases]. The malformed tumoral hemangioma of the mediastinum is highly specific tumoral entity, which must be distinguished from other varieties of hemangioma -- tumors arising in young subjects above all, and frequently large tumors of the mediastinum, whose radiological discovery leads to the most disturbing suppositions. It is however a benign tumor, most frequently surgically curable. Il is not so rare as it is said to be, at least in the child: it can be evoked in certain cases and even characterized sometimes. It is always better to avoid operative surprises in this connection, in this surgery of the mediastinum."}
{"id": "PMID:1211699", "title": "[Use of propranolol in permanent essential hypertension].", "content": "The anti-hypertensive effect of propranolol is studied in 35 essential permanent hypertensive patients. The decrease in blood pressure in higher in the presence (p is less than 0.01) than in the absence of diuretic therapy. The anti-hypertensive effect is higher in severe than in moderate hypertension. No side effect was observed except the decrease in heart rate (p is less than 0.001). Dihydralazine was added in 4 severe hypertensive patients and induced in 2 of them anginal attacks.", "contents": "[Use of propranolol in permanent essential hypertension]. The anti-hypertensive effect of propranolol is studied in 35 essential permanent hypertensive patients. The decrease in blood pressure in higher in the presence (p is less than 0.01) than in the absence of diuretic therapy. The anti-hypertensive effect is higher in severe than in moderate hypertension. No side effect was observed except the decrease in heart rate (p is less than 0.001). Dihydralazine was added in 4 severe hypertensive patients and induced in 2 of them anginal attacks."}
{"id": "PMID:1211690", "title": "[Umbilical artery catheterization. A simplified method to predict the catheter localization (author's transl)].", "content": "A simplified method is presented to predict localization of the distal tip of the umbilical arterial catheter in thoracic aorta. When the segment of the catheter introduced equals a third of the length of the baby in cms., a correct position between the vertebral bodies of T-6 and T-10 was obtained in more than 90% of the cases. With this technique need to correct the position of the catheter and to obtain repeated roentgenographic controls is avoided.", "contents": "[Umbilical artery catheterization. A simplified method to predict the catheter localization (author's transl)]. A simplified method is presented to predict localization of the distal tip of the umbilical arterial catheter in thoracic aorta. When the segment of the catheter introduced equals a third of the length of the baby in cms., a correct position between the vertebral bodies of T-6 and T-10 was obtained in more than 90% of the cases. With this technique need to correct the position of the catheter and to obtain repeated roentgenographic controls is avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:1211695", "title": "[Common variable immunodeficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "In a boy initially diagnosed as X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, the later clinical and analytical course and the application of new immunological techniques led to the new diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency. The patient shows panhypogammaglobulinemia, a scarce number of plasma cells with a normal number of precursors and circulating B lymphocytes with membrane bound immunoglobulins and C3 receptors. Delayed hypersensitivity is absent despite normal amount of circulating T lymphocytes which were able to transform when stimulated by PHA. The anergy seems primary and not related to the clinical malnutrition. The authors make a differential diagnosis between both illnesses as a tentative pathogenetic interpretation of B cell development arrest.", "contents": "[Common variable immunodeficiency (author's transl)]. In a boy initially diagnosed as X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, the later clinical and analytical course and the application of new immunological techniques led to the new diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency. The patient shows panhypogammaglobulinemia, a scarce number of plasma cells with a normal number of precursors and circulating B lymphocytes with membrane bound immunoglobulins and C3 receptors. Delayed hypersensitivity is absent despite normal amount of circulating T lymphocytes which were able to transform when stimulated by PHA. The anergy seems primary and not related to the clinical malnutrition. The authors make a differential diagnosis between both illnesses as a tentative pathogenetic interpretation of B cell development arrest."}
{"id": "PMID:1211694", "title": "[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: Characterisation of its clinical variations (author's transl)].", "content": "This study of 42 patients affected with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), in which two defined clinical forms are established: febrile and non-febrile. Patients with JRA with high temperatures for more than 3 weeks, are included in the febrile form when any other cause for the fever can be excluded. In this study, 18 patients had febrile JRA, and the main clinical features were the higher number of joints involved, the presence of rash and the higher incidence of increase in size of the liver and/or spleen. Laboratory studies in cases affected by febrile JRA are characterized by higher frequency of high white blood count (p less than 0.001) and low frequency of rheumatoid factors (0.025 less than p less than 0.05) and antinuclear antibodies (0.001 less than p less than 0.005). Another finding is the incidence of microvasculitis: 31% in a group of 38 patients with JRA. Although microvasculitis is more frequent in the form of JRA without fever. it is a statistically significant characteristic of both forms of JRA described.", "contents": "[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: Characterisation of its clinical variations (author's transl)]. This study of 42 patients affected with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), in which two defined clinical forms are established: febrile and non-febrile. Patients with JRA with high temperatures for more than 3 weeks, are included in the febrile form when any other cause for the fever can be excluded. In this study, 18 patients had febrile JRA, and the main clinical features were the higher number of joints involved, the presence of rash and the higher incidence of increase in size of the liver and/or spleen. Laboratory studies in cases affected by febrile JRA are characterized by higher frequency of high white blood count (p less than 0.001) and low frequency of rheumatoid factors (0.025 less than p less than 0.05) and antinuclear antibodies (0.001 less than p less than 0.005). Another finding is the incidence of microvasculitis: 31% in a group of 38 patients with JRA. Although microvasculitis is more frequent in the form of JRA without fever. it is a statistically significant characteristic of both forms of JRA described."}
{"id": "PMID:1211696", "title": "[Anal extrusion: a complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of rectal perforation eight months after the placement of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. There was no peritonitis, but an \"E. coli\" meningitis was found. The patient died two hours after surgical removal of the shunt. At autopsy, a perforation by the tip of the catheter was found in the anterior face of the rectosigmoid.", "contents": "[Anal extrusion: a complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of rectal perforation eight months after the placement of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. There was no peritonitis, but an \"E. coli\" meningitis was found. The patient died two hours after surgical removal of the shunt. At autopsy, a perforation by the tip of the catheter was found in the anterior face of the rectosigmoid."}
{"id": "PMID:1211701", "title": "[Echography in heart valve diseases].", "content": "The authors discuss the value of echorcardiography in cardiac valvular disease. Exploration of the mitral valve gives very precise data concerning diagnosis and evaluation of the degree of mitral stenosis. It may be of value in the diagnosis of certain complications such as intra-atrial thrombosis and gives reliable information in postoperative surveillance. In mitral insufficiency, echocardiography sometimes permits the recognition of certain mechanisms such as rupture of the cordae, ballooning of the lesser cusp and abnormal kinetics in obstructive cardiomyopathy. Exploration of the aortic valve is less informative. Aortic insufficiency gives scarcely any direct signs, whilst echocardiography is of value in aortic stenosis. Ultrasonic study also is useful in surveillance of the kinetics of valvular prostheses. The total absence of risk makes repeated studies possible, rendering echocardiography an essential element in the study of valvular disease.", "contents": "[Echography in heart valve diseases]. The authors discuss the value of echorcardiography in cardiac valvular disease. Exploration of the mitral valve gives very precise data concerning diagnosis and evaluation of the degree of mitral stenosis. It may be of value in the diagnosis of certain complications such as intra-atrial thrombosis and gives reliable information in postoperative surveillance. In mitral insufficiency, echocardiography sometimes permits the recognition of certain mechanisms such as rupture of the cordae, ballooning of the lesser cusp and abnormal kinetics in obstructive cardiomyopathy. Exploration of the aortic valve is less informative. Aortic insufficiency gives scarcely any direct signs, whilst echocardiography is of value in aortic stenosis. Ultrasonic study also is useful in surveillance of the kinetics of valvular prostheses. The total absence of risk makes repeated studies possible, rendering echocardiography an essential element in the study of valvular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1211691", "title": "[Modifications of phosphocalcic metabolism in patients treated with anticonvulsivants (author's transl)].", "content": "Differences in the seric values of Ca, P and alk. phosphatase before and after 12 to 18 months of anticonvulsant therapy in 45 patients are reported. They were significant for alk. phosphatase in patients under either barbiturates or barbiturates associated with hydantoin. For calcium they were significant in patients treated with barbiturate plus hydantoins and either one of these plus other drugs. It is assumed that supplementary vitamin D can be necessary in these group of patients.", "contents": "[Modifications of phosphocalcic metabolism in patients treated with anticonvulsivants (author's transl)]. Differences in the seric values of Ca, P and alk. phosphatase before and after 12 to 18 months of anticonvulsant therapy in 45 patients are reported. They were significant for alk. phosphatase in patients under either barbiturates or barbiturates associated with hydantoin. For calcium they were significant in patients treated with barbiturate plus hydantoins and either one of these plus other drugs. It is assumed that supplementary vitamin D can be necessary in these group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1211697", "title": "[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Cardiologic considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome is reported, associated with a type of congenital cardiopathy not described previously in this syndrome.", "contents": "[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Cardiologic considerations (author's transl)]. A new case of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome is reported, associated with a type of congenital cardiopathy not described previously in this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1211708", "title": "[Menopause: apropos of some psychological and psychiatric aspects].", "content": "Menopause, begining of woman's involutional period, may (or must) be systematically treated by estrogens, preventing most of immediate or later menopausel complications and limitating effects of aging. This use of estrogens (which causes many controversies and resistances) has also probably a positive neuropsychic effect. The author reminds classical psychopathological explanations supporting mental troubles of this period which are usually considered as reaction to a crisis, instead properly psychiatric diseases are included in involutional pathology. A short review of psychiatric litterature indicates that psychiatrists refuse any specificity to menopausal psychic troubles. He points out also \"the phobia of menopause\", the increasing fear of old age in a \"youth culture\", in spite of progress of woman emancipation, social liberation following biological liberation (birth control, decrease of child mortality, etc). The reports of Jaszmann and Van Keep and Kellerhars are summarized. They show the main role of sociological, economical and familial factors in appearance, intensity and duration of climacteric troubles and progressive degradation with aging of: personnal integration, intellectual and cultural integration, and human relation-ships, and mental sanity. These reports seem to indicate that menopause is only a critical period of the slow process of aging and decadence. But systematic estrogen treatment and improvement of femine social condition should change drasticelly these troubles and this decadence.", "contents": "[Menopause: apropos of some psychological and psychiatric aspects]. Menopause, begining of woman's involutional period, may (or must) be systematically treated by estrogens, preventing most of immediate or later menopausel complications and limitating effects of aging. This use of estrogens (which causes many controversies and resistances) has also probably a positive neuropsychic effect. The author reminds classical psychopathological explanations supporting mental troubles of this period which are usually considered as reaction to a crisis, instead properly psychiatric diseases are included in involutional pathology. A short review of psychiatric litterature indicates that psychiatrists refuse any specificity to menopausal psychic troubles. He points out also \"the phobia of menopause\", the increasing fear of old age in a \"youth culture\", in spite of progress of woman emancipation, social liberation following biological liberation (birth control, decrease of child mortality, etc). The reports of Jaszmann and Van Keep and Kellerhars are summarized. They show the main role of sociological, economical and familial factors in appearance, intensity and duration of climacteric troubles and progressive degradation with aging of: personnal integration, intellectual and cultural integration, and human relation-ships, and mental sanity. These reports seem to indicate that menopause is only a critical period of the slow process of aging and decadence. But systematic estrogen treatment and improvement of femine social condition should change drasticelly these troubles and this decadence."}
{"id": "PMID:1211709", "title": "[Severe psychomotor instability in child psychiatry. Hyperkinetic states or psychomotor incontinence].", "content": "The pedopsychiatric problem of severe psycho-motoric instabilities of hyperkinetic states, that we prefer to designate as psychomotoric incontinence, is at the origin of great amount of publications of inequal value. After having delimitated the concept of severe psycho-motoric instability (hyperkinetic syndrome or motoric incontinence) and a critical historic review of the problem, the author relates the various clinical aspects with twenty personal cases as example. The clinical and therapeutic experience of the author, the etiology, pathologic antecedents, neuro-psychological and electro-encephalographic data concerning this clinical condition, show that only ameliorations (in 40% of the cases), and not recoveries, are to be expeected.", "contents": "[Severe psychomotor instability in child psychiatry. Hyperkinetic states or psychomotor incontinence]. The pedopsychiatric problem of severe psycho-motoric instabilities of hyperkinetic states, that we prefer to designate as psychomotoric incontinence, is at the origin of great amount of publications of inequal value. After having delimitated the concept of severe psycho-motoric instability (hyperkinetic syndrome or motoric incontinence) and a critical historic review of the problem, the author relates the various clinical aspects with twenty personal cases as example. The clinical and therapeutic experience of the author, the etiology, pathologic antecedents, neuro-psychological and electro-encephalographic data concerning this clinical condition, show that only ameliorations (in 40% of the cases), and not recoveries, are to be expeected."}
{"id": "PMID:1211710", "title": "[Psychiatric disorders in immigrant French Moslems].", "content": "The authors base their report on the case histories of 50 psychiatric in-patients, all Moslem French immigrants. The common characteristics are: 1. the absence of mental illness before immigration and throughout the first years in France; 2. a stay of at least one year in France. Five tables illustrate these case histories. Once again the question of immigration and in particular that concerning Algerian Moslems who chose French nationality in 1962 has been taken up. Certain problems concerning the failure of integration of immigrants have been highlighted. A bibliography comprising 24 books or articles completes this work.", "contents": "[Psychiatric disorders in immigrant French Moslems]. The authors base their report on the case histories of 50 psychiatric in-patients, all Moslem French immigrants. The common characteristics are: 1. the absence of mental illness before immigration and throughout the first years in France; 2. a stay of at least one year in France. Five tables illustrate these case histories. Once again the question of immigration and in particular that concerning Algerian Moslems who chose French nationality in 1962 has been taken up. Certain problems concerning the failure of integration of immigrants have been highlighted. A bibliography comprising 24 books or articles completes this work."}
{"id": "PMID:1211713", "title": "[Children of alcoholics. Survey of 66 children of alcoholics in a child psychiatry service].", "content": "In a department of infantile psychiatry half of children have at least 1 alcoholic parent (66 over 136). We have compared 2 groups of children: one group of 66 children of alcoholics (65 alcoholic fathers 28 alcoholic mothers), and one group of children without alcoholic parent. In both group psychiatric illness is common: for children of alcoholics mental troubles needing psychiatric cares are found for 44 mothers and 20 fathers. Among children of non-alcoholic parents mental troubles are found for 19 mothers and 10 fathers. Alcoholic parents are more often divorced (21%) and only 40% are living together. Only 46.9% of children of alcoholics are bred by non-parental persons (28.5% for children of non-alcoholics). Some data (with statistical analysis) are given on children development and psychiatric symptoms. Half of 2 groups of children show mental deficiency. Among children of alcoholics character disorders and idiopathic epilepsy are more frequent. Among children of non-alcoholics cerebral damage and symptomatic epilepsy and possibly infantile psychosis are more frequent. This emphasizes evidence for many pathogenic factors and very bad milieu conditions. These offsprings of alcoholics are children at very high risk.", "contents": "[Children of alcoholics. Survey of 66 children of alcoholics in a child psychiatry service]. In a department of infantile psychiatry half of children have at least 1 alcoholic parent (66 over 136). We have compared 2 groups of children: one group of 66 children of alcoholics (65 alcoholic fathers 28 alcoholic mothers), and one group of children without alcoholic parent. In both group psychiatric illness is common: for children of alcoholics mental troubles needing psychiatric cares are found for 44 mothers and 20 fathers. Among children of non-alcoholic parents mental troubles are found for 19 mothers and 10 fathers. Alcoholic parents are more often divorced (21%) and only 40% are living together. Only 46.9% of children of alcoholics are bred by non-parental persons (28.5% for children of non-alcoholics). Some data (with statistical analysis) are given on children development and psychiatric symptoms. Half of 2 groups of children show mental deficiency. Among children of alcoholics character disorders and idiopathic epilepsy are more frequent. Among children of non-alcoholics cerebral damage and symptomatic epilepsy and possibly infantile psychosis are more frequent. This emphasizes evidence for many pathogenic factors and very bad milieu conditions. These offsprings of alcoholics are children at very high risk."}
{"id": "PMID:1211714", "title": "Dissociation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum membranes with lithium diiodosalicylate and isolation of glycoprotein.", "content": "M. gallisepticum membranes were treated with 0.3M lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS) and, on average, 43% of the original membrane proteins were extracted. The extract contained particles with a sedimentation coefficient of 13S and some aggregated proteins. This LIS extract was immunogenic, stimulating the production of haemagglutination-inhibiting, growth-inhibiting and precipitating antibodies in rabbits. It was devoid of haemagglutinating (HA) activity for chicken erythrocytes but did inhibit the HA activity of membranes of M. gallisepticum. This inhibitory activity was destroyed by periodate and trypsin, but not by heat. By sedimentation equilibrium in a caesium chloride gradient, the LIS extract was separated into a lipoprotein-like and a glycoprotein fraction. The lipoprotein-like fraction contained the majority of the proteins present in the original extract, had HA activity and blocked antibody which inhibits haemagglutination. These activities were apparently due to the protein moiety, since they were not removed by extraction with n-butanol. The lipoprotein-like fraction behaved similarly to the unfractionated LIS extract in immunodiffusion tests and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, producing one periodic acid-Schiff positive band in the latter. The glycoprotein fraction consisted of about 66% carbohydrate and 33% protein. The sugar components were identified as glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, glucuronic acid. The glycorprotein fraction did not possess HA but blocked the HA activity of M. gallisepticum membranes. In immunodiffusion it produced one faint precipitation band. The possible significance of glycoprotein in mycoplasma membranes has been discussed.", "contents": "Dissociation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum membranes with lithium diiodosalicylate and isolation of glycoprotein. M. gallisepticum membranes were treated with 0.3M lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS) and, on average, 43% of the original membrane proteins were extracted. The extract contained particles with a sedimentation coefficient of 13S and some aggregated proteins. This LIS extract was immunogenic, stimulating the production of haemagglutination-inhibiting, growth-inhibiting and precipitating antibodies in rabbits. It was devoid of haemagglutinating (HA) activity for chicken erythrocytes but did inhibit the HA activity of membranes of M. gallisepticum. This inhibitory activity was destroyed by periodate and trypsin, but not by heat. By sedimentation equilibrium in a caesium chloride gradient, the LIS extract was separated into a lipoprotein-like and a glycoprotein fraction. The lipoprotein-like fraction contained the majority of the proteins present in the original extract, had HA activity and blocked antibody which inhibits haemagglutination. These activities were apparently due to the protein moiety, since they were not removed by extraction with n-butanol. The lipoprotein-like fraction behaved similarly to the unfractionated LIS extract in immunodiffusion tests and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, producing one periodic acid-Schiff positive band in the latter. The glycoprotein fraction consisted of about 66% carbohydrate and 33% protein. The sugar components were identified as glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, glucuronic acid. The glycorprotein fraction did not possess HA but blocked the HA activity of M. gallisepticum membranes. In immunodiffusion it produced one faint precipitation band. The possible significance of glycoprotein in mycoplasma membranes has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211715", "title": "Comparative study on two methods for serotyping of Staphylococcus aureus: the Pillet method and the Oeding method. II.-Possible identity between Pillet's antigen 9 and Oeding's antigen h1.", "content": "Using two techniques (agglutination and immunoprecipitation), the authors have observed that: -Pillet's strain CK9 and Oeding's strains 670 and 17A are very similar; -antigen 9 is also present in the three strains; the same relation is found in wild strains. Using agglutination and immunoprecipitation, there is a cross reactivity between h1 factor serum, serum 9 and strains CK9, 670 and 17A. A precipitation line involving strain CK9 and serum CK9 is described in the Pillet system. Finally, there is a strong presumption that Oeding's h1 antigen and Pillet's antigen 9 are identical.", "contents": "Comparative study on two methods for serotyping of Staphylococcus aureus: the Pillet method and the Oeding method. II.-Possible identity between Pillet's antigen 9 and Oeding's antigen h1. Using two techniques (agglutination and immunoprecipitation), the authors have observed that: -Pillet's strain CK9 and Oeding's strains 670 and 17A are very similar; -antigen 9 is also present in the three strains; the same relation is found in wild strains. Using agglutination and immunoprecipitation, there is a cross reactivity between h1 factor serum, serum 9 and strains CK9, 670 and 17A. A precipitation line involving strain CK9 and serum CK9 is described in the Pillet system. Finally, there is a strong presumption that Oeding's h1 antigen and Pillet's antigen 9 are identical."}
{"id": "PMID:1211716", "title": "[Evolution of fecal microflora in a \"heteroxenic\" infant maintained in a plastic isolator and trial on decontamination by antibiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "This work deals with the bacteriological study of an immunodeficient infant, delivered by aseptic cesarean section, and subsequently maintained in a plastic isolator. After a short period of germfree maintenance, several strains of bacteria were fortuitously introduced into the isolator, and became established in the infants' gastrointestinal tract. The qualitative and quantitative evolution of the fecal flora of this \"heteroxenic\" infant was followed for 170 days. Decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract was accomplished with a mixture of antibiotics, and the conditions of maintenance of sterility under antibiotic treatment were studied.", "contents": "[Evolution of fecal microflora in a \"heteroxenic\" infant maintained in a plastic isolator and trial on decontamination by antibiotherapy (author's transl)]. This work deals with the bacteriological study of an immunodeficient infant, delivered by aseptic cesarean section, and subsequently maintained in a plastic isolator. After a short period of germfree maintenance, several strains of bacteria were fortuitously introduced into the isolator, and became established in the infants' gastrointestinal tract. The qualitative and quantitative evolution of the fecal flora of this \"heteroxenic\" infant was followed for 170 days. Decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract was accomplished with a mixture of antibiotics, and the conditions of maintenance of sterility under antibiotic treatment were studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1211717", "title": "[Evaluation of interferon induced by rabies vaccines (author's transl)].", "content": "Two rabies vaccines originated from baby mouse brain or from human explant cells tissue culture (calf foetal kidney) with a high protection index induce in mice and hamsters a good interferon titre. It seems that the action of this kind of vaccine is double: non specific at the beginning by inducing interferon and later specific (4-5 days) by producing antibodies.", "contents": "[Evaluation of interferon induced by rabies vaccines (author's transl)]. Two rabies vaccines originated from baby mouse brain or from human explant cells tissue culture (calf foetal kidney) with a high protection index induce in mice and hamsters a good interferon titre. It seems that the action of this kind of vaccine is double: non specific at the beginning by inducing interferon and later specific (4-5 days) by producing antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:1211718", "title": "Assay of nitrogenase activity in intact plant systems.", "content": "Nitrogenase activity was assayed in intact system of Cichorium intybus, a non-leguminous commercially cultivated crop, Dahlia pinnata and Helianthus annus, and Taraxacum officinale, a common weed plant. The assay was made in fabricated cylinders which could accomodate pot with plants. In such kind of assay along with rhizosphere microflora, the nitrogen fixed by phyllosphere nitrogen fixing microflora could also be accounted, which otherwise was difficult to be accounted for.", "contents": "Assay of nitrogenase activity in intact plant systems. Nitrogenase activity was assayed in intact system of Cichorium intybus, a non-leguminous commercially cultivated crop, Dahlia pinnata and Helianthus annus, and Taraxacum officinale, a common weed plant. The assay was made in fabricated cylinders which could accomodate pot with plants. In such kind of assay along with rhizosphere microflora, the nitrogen fixed by phyllosphere nitrogen fixing microflora could also be accounted, which otherwise was difficult to be accounted for."}
{"id": "PMID:1211719", "title": "[O and H antigens of \"Levinea malonatica\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A serological study of representative strains of Levinea malonatica allows to identify fourteen O factors and seven H factors. The structure of the somatic antigens is rather complicated: group factors (1, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14) and type factors (2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12) can be distinguished. Flagellar antigens are monophasic; reciprocal cross-reactions between H antigens of L. malonatica are rarely found. The determinations of O and H antigens are performed by the tube agglutination method. A preliminary scheme of serotypes (serovars) is proposed: thirty-nine strains of L. malonatica are distributed among fourteen different serotypes (serovars). A more extensive serotyping scheme would be useful in the future for epidemiological purposes.", "contents": "[O and H antigens of \"Levinea malonatica\" (author's transl)]. A serological study of representative strains of Levinea malonatica allows to identify fourteen O factors and seven H factors. The structure of the somatic antigens is rather complicated: group factors (1, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14) and type factors (2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12) can be distinguished. Flagellar antigens are monophasic; reciprocal cross-reactions between H antigens of L. malonatica are rarely found. The determinations of O and H antigens are performed by the tube agglutination method. A preliminary scheme of serotypes (serovars) is proposed: thirty-nine strains of L. malonatica are distributed among fourteen different serotypes (serovars). A more extensive serotyping scheme would be useful in the future for epidemiological purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:1211720", "title": "[A study of polysaccharides in fast growing \"Rhizobium\" (author's transl)].", "content": "This work is an attempt to use the composition of exopolysaccharides in the Rhizobium genus as a criterium of taxonomic importance. The organisms were first cultured in media and under conditions which led to the production of as many polysaccharides as possible. The medium chosen for proliferation conditions was Wright's medium; for conditions of non-proliferation conditions was Wright's medium; for conditions of non-proliferation, a minimal medium without nitrogen was used. The polysaccharides synthesised in Wright's medium consists in neutral sugars such as glucose, galactose, mannose and sometimes rhamnose and in uronic acid in various quantities. If no mannose is found in the polysaccharides when they are synthesised in non-proliferation conditions and if mannans are found in yeast broth, it may be thought, as suggested by Humphrey, that mannose would come from those mannans. The study of the composition of these polysaccharides enables us to sort out two groups of fast growing Rhizobium. The first one, relatively uniform, corresponds to the strains of R. leguminosarum, trifolii and phaseoli. In these strains, the polysaccharides are made of about 70% of neutral sugars and 20% of glucuronic acid.", "contents": "[A study of polysaccharides in fast growing \"Rhizobium\" (author's transl)]. This work is an attempt to use the composition of exopolysaccharides in the Rhizobium genus as a criterium of taxonomic importance. The organisms were first cultured in media and under conditions which led to the production of as many polysaccharides as possible. The medium chosen for proliferation conditions was Wright's medium; for conditions of non-proliferation conditions was Wright's medium; for conditions of non-proliferation, a minimal medium without nitrogen was used. The polysaccharides synthesised in Wright's medium consists in neutral sugars such as glucose, galactose, mannose and sometimes rhamnose and in uronic acid in various quantities. If no mannose is found in the polysaccharides when they are synthesised in non-proliferation conditions and if mannans are found in yeast broth, it may be thought, as suggested by Humphrey, that mannose would come from those mannans. The study of the composition of these polysaccharides enables us to sort out two groups of fast growing Rhizobium. The first one, relatively uniform, corresponds to the strains of R. leguminosarum, trifolii and phaseoli. In these strains, the polysaccharides are made of about 70% of neutral sugars and 20% of glucuronic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1211721", "title": "Sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic yeasts to 5-fluoropyrimidines. II.--Mechanisms of resistance to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (author's transl).", "content": "Incorporation of labelled 14C-pyrimidines and 5-fluoropyrimidines (5-FC and 5-FU) in four different phenotypes of wild strains of Candida isolated from man showed comparable results to those obtained by the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) test. Kinetics studies demonstrated significant rates of incorporation after 24 hours of culture in each case. It was also possible to infer the biochemical mechanisms of resistance to 5-FC, namely a defect in UMP pyrophosphorylase, cytosine deaminase and 5-FU permease in the ease of the following phenotypes: 5-FCR 5-FUR, 5-FCR 5-FUS and 5-FCS 5-FUR (R = resistant; S = sensitive). In this study, the permeation process was approached by a consumption assay which determined the rate of labelled substrates into the medium before and after 24 hours of culture. Thus, it was found that the consumption levels of the phenotype 5-FCS 5-FUS were very high, while those of the phenotype 5-FCR 5-FUR were minimal. The 5-FCS 5-FU5 phenotype had no detectable consumption of 5-FU. With regard to the 5-FC5 5-FUS phenotype, it seems that the non-incorporation of 5-FC into the RNAs after the consumption by the yeasts has a feed back effect on the permeation process.", "contents": "Sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic yeasts to 5-fluoropyrimidines. II.--Mechanisms of resistance to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (author's transl). Incorporation of labelled 14C-pyrimidines and 5-fluoropyrimidines (5-FC and 5-FU) in four different phenotypes of wild strains of Candida isolated from man showed comparable results to those obtained by the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) test. Kinetics studies demonstrated significant rates of incorporation after 24 hours of culture in each case. It was also possible to infer the biochemical mechanisms of resistance to 5-FC, namely a defect in UMP pyrophosphorylase, cytosine deaminase and 5-FU permease in the ease of the following phenotypes: 5-FCR 5-FUR, 5-FCR 5-FUS and 5-FCS 5-FUR (R = resistant; S = sensitive). In this study, the permeation process was approached by a consumption assay which determined the rate of labelled substrates into the medium before and after 24 hours of culture. Thus, it was found that the consumption levels of the phenotype 5-FCS 5-FUS were very high, while those of the phenotype 5-FCR 5-FUR were minimal. The 5-FCS 5-FU5 phenotype had no detectable consumption of 5-FU. With regard to the 5-FC5 5-FUS phenotype, it seems that the non-incorporation of 5-FC into the RNAs after the consumption by the yeasts has a feed back effect on the permeation process."}
{"id": "PMID:1211722", "title": "[The role of heavy metals and their derivatives in the selection of antibiotics resistant gram-negative rods (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied 116 Gram-negative strains, 27 of which were sensitive to antibiotics and 89 showed multiple resistance. The MIC of mercury chloride, mercuric nitrate and of an aqueous solution of mercuresceine were much higher in the case of the sensitive strains. The transfer of resistance to mercury, which has been achieved in 56% of cases, was always accompanied by transfer of resistance to the antibiotics. The MIC of phenylmercury borate, mercurothiolic acid and other heavy metals (such as: cobaltous nitrate, silver nitrate, cadmium nitrate, nickel nitrate, zinc nitrate, copper sulphate and sodium arsenate) are approximatively the same for all strains. The normal concentrations of mercury in nature are lower than the rate of microbial selection. But in areas of accumulation, particularly in biological chains or in hospitals, the mercury compounds could play a part in the selection of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "[The role of heavy metals and their derivatives in the selection of antibiotics resistant gram-negative rods (author's transl)]. The authors have studied 116 Gram-negative strains, 27 of which were sensitive to antibiotics and 89 showed multiple resistance. The MIC of mercury chloride, mercuric nitrate and of an aqueous solution of mercuresceine were much higher in the case of the sensitive strains. The transfer of resistance to mercury, which has been achieved in 56% of cases, was always accompanied by transfer of resistance to the antibiotics. The MIC of phenylmercury borate, mercurothiolic acid and other heavy metals (such as: cobaltous nitrate, silver nitrate, cadmium nitrate, nickel nitrate, zinc nitrate, copper sulphate and sodium arsenate) are approximatively the same for all strains. The normal concentrations of mercury in nature are lower than the rate of microbial selection. But in areas of accumulation, particularly in biological chains or in hospitals, the mercury compounds could play a part in the selection of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:1211723", "title": "[Supplement No XVIII to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)].", "content": "In that supplement are given the characters of new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1974 by WHO International Salmonella Center. Twenty-six belong to the sub-genus I, 20 to the sub-genus II and 8 to the sub-genus III. A new O antigen (67) and a new H antigen phase 1 (Z60) have been approved. Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described.", "contents": "[Supplement No XVIII to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)]. In that supplement are given the characters of new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1974 by WHO International Salmonella Center. Twenty-six belong to the sub-genus I, 20 to the sub-genus II and 8 to the sub-genus III. A new O antigen (67) and a new H antigen phase 1 (Z60) have been approved. Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1211730", "title": "[In vitro intestinal absorption of sugars in the rat. Changes in concentrations of adenine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate in mucosa].", "content": "The absorption of three sugars by the rat gut: glucose, fructose and galactose, was studied in vitro' with a jejunal everted loop technique. The concentrations of the sugars in the serosal medium and in the mucosa cells were measured at given times, as well as the concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP and inorganic P (Pi) in the mucosa cells. The time course of these concentrations was analyzed with the aid of polynomial regression, using the least squares method.", "contents": "[In vitro intestinal absorption of sugars in the rat. Changes in concentrations of adenine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate in mucosa]. The absorption of three sugars by the rat gut: glucose, fructose and galactose, was studied in vitro' with a jejunal everted loop technique. The concentrations of the sugars in the serosal medium and in the mucosa cells were measured at given times, as well as the concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP and inorganic P (Pi) in the mucosa cells. The time course of these concentrations was analyzed with the aid of polynomial regression, using the least squares method."}
{"id": "PMID:1211731", "title": "[Metabolism of paraffinic and naphthalenic hydrocarbons in higher animals. I. Retention of paraffins (normal, cyclo and branched) in rats].", "content": "Apparent retention of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Rat is studied. Animals weighing 150 g are put into metabolism cages and given a 15 mg dose of one of the paraffins studied in solution in the peanut oil of the ration. There is no urinary excretion, and fecal elimination is low (5-10%), as long as the carbon chain stays below 24 atoms. Real retention is measured on animals recieving a single dose of 15 mg in the same conditions. Branched paraffins give only very low residual amounts 15 days after ingestion, while n-paraffins and cyclo-paraffins remain unchanged in the carcass, as long as the number of carbon atoms is not greater than 20; the proportion of the latter paraffins is about 8% of the dose ingested (5 days as 21 days after intake). Beyond C 20, real retention decreases rapidly to zero.", "contents": "[Metabolism of paraffinic and naphthalenic hydrocarbons in higher animals. I. Retention of paraffins (normal, cyclo and branched) in rats]. Apparent retention of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Rat is studied. Animals weighing 150 g are put into metabolism cages and given a 15 mg dose of one of the paraffins studied in solution in the peanut oil of the ration. There is no urinary excretion, and fecal elimination is low (5-10%), as long as the carbon chain stays below 24 atoms. Real retention is measured on animals recieving a single dose of 15 mg in the same conditions. Branched paraffins give only very low residual amounts 15 days after ingestion, while n-paraffins and cyclo-paraffins remain unchanged in the carcass, as long as the number of carbon atoms is not greater than 20; the proportion of the latter paraffins is about 8% of the dose ingested (5 days as 21 days after intake). Beyond C 20, real retention decreases rapidly to zero."}
{"id": "PMID:1211732", "title": "[Metabolism of paraffinic and naphthalenic hydrocarbons in higher animals. II. Accumulation and mobilization in rats].", "content": "Accumulation of dodecylcyclohexane and eicosane is observed over a long period in rat fed a diet containing 0,1 p. 100 of these hydrocarbons. Carcass retention of the amounts ingested is of the order of 7 p. 100; preferential fixation occurs in adipose tissue. Almost linear accumulation is observed as long as carcass lipids continue to increase. If hydrocarbon administration is discontinued, mobilization is slow since only 2/3 of the amount stored disappears in 4 months. Finally, if the animals are fed an energy-restricted diet, mobilization of stored hydrocarbons, although more pronounced, occurs at a lower rate than stored lipid mobilization.", "contents": "[Metabolism of paraffinic and naphthalenic hydrocarbons in higher animals. II. Accumulation and mobilization in rats]. Accumulation of dodecylcyclohexane and eicosane is observed over a long period in rat fed a diet containing 0,1 p. 100 of these hydrocarbons. Carcass retention of the amounts ingested is of the order of 7 p. 100; preferential fixation occurs in adipose tissue. Almost linear accumulation is observed as long as carcass lipids continue to increase. If hydrocarbon administration is discontinued, mobilization is slow since only 2/3 of the amount stored disappears in 4 months. Finally, if the animals are fed an energy-restricted diet, mobilization of stored hydrocarbons, although more pronounced, occurs at a lower rate than stored lipid mobilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1211733", "title": "[Effect of cooking on content of nitrates, vitamin C, magnesium and iron in spinach].", "content": "Cooking is known to lower the mineral and vitaminic content of foodstuffs. Recently, contaminant became to be a problem in foods, and it was proposed to use blanching or boiling to diminish contaminant residues in foods, specially vegetables. An example of this attitude is given by the use of blanching to lower nitrates levels in spinach specially prepared for baby foods.", "contents": "[Effect of cooking on content of nitrates, vitamin C, magnesium and iron in spinach]. Cooking is known to lower the mineral and vitaminic content of foodstuffs. Recently, contaminant became to be a problem in foods, and it was proposed to use blanching or boiling to diminish contaminant residues in foods, specially vegetables. An example of this attitude is given by the use of blanching to lower nitrates levels in spinach specially prepared for baby foods."}
{"id": "PMID:1211734", "title": "[Quantitative variations in food intake of Ranatra linearis L. (aquatic heteropter, carnivore)].", "content": "Among causes of variation of ingestion in Ranatra linearis (Heteroptera) the following aspects have been studied:--different stages of development; --annual rhythm; --the state of repletion or fast.", "contents": "[Quantitative variations in food intake of Ranatra linearis L. (aquatic heteropter, carnivore)]. Among causes of variation of ingestion in Ranatra linearis (Heteroptera) the following aspects have been studied:--different stages of development; --annual rhythm; --the state of repletion or fast."}
{"id": "PMID:1211735", "title": "[Effect of nutritional quality of diet on chemical composition of organs and their interrelations in Bombyx mori L].", "content": "Changing the qualitative and quantitative level of diet may affect the physiology of the insects. However only the total growth of the larvae is generally pointed out. Biochemical changes in undernourished larvae have been rarely investigated. For this purpose Bombyx mori larvae reared upon Spring leaves are compared to larvae reared upon Autumn leaves (poor nutritional value because of their Chemical composition). In both cases the analyses were carried out from the fourth larval ecdysis to the beginning of spinning. Three measurements indicate the development of larvae growth:--the mean weight of the larvae;--the fresh and dry weight of fat body;--the hemolymph volume.", "contents": "[Effect of nutritional quality of diet on chemical composition of organs and their interrelations in Bombyx mori L]. Changing the qualitative and quantitative level of diet may affect the physiology of the insects. However only the total growth of the larvae is generally pointed out. Biochemical changes in undernourished larvae have been rarely investigated. For this purpose Bombyx mori larvae reared upon Spring leaves are compared to larvae reared upon Autumn leaves (poor nutritional value because of their Chemical composition). In both cases the analyses were carried out from the fourth larval ecdysis to the beginning of spinning. Three measurements indicate the development of larvae growth:--the mean weight of the larvae;--the fresh and dry weight of fat body;--the hemolymph volume."}
{"id": "PMID:1211736", "title": "[Vascular sarcomas of the ethmoid sinus (hemangioendothelioma)].", "content": "Vascular sarcomas (haemangio-endotheliomas) are tumours which are very rarely encountered in the facial mass. Only 10 cases have been found in the literature. Two cases are described: the first patient was operated on in 1968 for a localization in the left side of the ethmoid and presented 9 year later with a recurrence on the right side symmetrical with the first which remained apparently cured; a year later, there was a recurrence on the right then diffuse pulmonary metastases. The second case was that of a patient with an ethmoid localization cured by radiotherapy and surgery 20 years before, but presenting with a recurrence in the ganglia 10 years later and a parapharyngeal recurrence developing over the past 6 years. In connection with these two cases, the diagnostic difficulties involved in distinguishing these tumours from epitheliomas and sarcomas of the facial mass, which sometimes show considerable vascularization, from other vascular tumours, benign haemangioendotheliomas, glomus tumours and, in particular, haemangio-pericytomas, are described. The possibility of a long survival should be noted for some rare facial localizations: this is in contrast with the usually very rapid development of vascular sarcomas in other localizations.", "contents": "[Vascular sarcomas of the ethmoid sinus (hemangioendothelioma)]. Vascular sarcomas (haemangio-endotheliomas) are tumours which are very rarely encountered in the facial mass. Only 10 cases have been found in the literature. Two cases are described: the first patient was operated on in 1968 for a localization in the left side of the ethmoid and presented 9 year later with a recurrence on the right side symmetrical with the first which remained apparently cured; a year later, there was a recurrence on the right then diffuse pulmonary metastases. The second case was that of a patient with an ethmoid localization cured by radiotherapy and surgery 20 years before, but presenting with a recurrence in the ganglia 10 years later and a parapharyngeal recurrence developing over the past 6 years. In connection with these two cases, the diagnostic difficulties involved in distinguishing these tumours from epitheliomas and sarcomas of the facial mass, which sometimes show considerable vascularization, from other vascular tumours, benign haemangioendotheliomas, glomus tumours and, in particular, haemangio-pericytomas, are described. The possibility of a long survival should be noted for some rare facial localizations: this is in contrast with the usually very rapid development of vascular sarcomas in other localizations."}
{"id": "PMID:1211737", "title": "[New method of deafness classification].", "content": "Appreciating the difficulties in interpreting tonal audiograms using the classifications previously suggested, the authors, inspired by a paper by Wedenberg, have compared phonetic studies of phonemes and tonal audiograms. By this method they have obtained a simple audiometric pattern indicating both the degree of auditory loss and the rate of the curve. This is of value, from the point of view of classifying audiograms, for deciding on possible hearing-aids and for auditory education.", "contents": "[New method of deafness classification]. Appreciating the difficulties in interpreting tonal audiograms using the classifications previously suggested, the authors, inspired by a paper by Wedenberg, have compared phonetic studies of phonemes and tonal audiograms. By this method they have obtained a simple audiometric pattern indicating both the degree of auditory loss and the rate of the curve. This is of value, from the point of view of classifying audiograms, for deciding on possible hearing-aids and for auditory education."}
{"id": "PMID:1211738", "title": "[Auditory threshold for white noise].", "content": "The liminal auditory threshold for white noise and for coloured noise was determined from a statistical survey of a group of 21 young people with normal hearing. The normal auditory threshold for white noise with a spectrum covering the whole of the auditory field is between -- 0.57 dB +/- 8.78. The normal auditory threshold for bands of filtered white noise (coloured noise with a central frequency corresponding to the pure frequencies usually employed in tonal audiometry) describes a typical curve which, instead of being homothetic to the usual tonal curves, sinks to low frequencies and then rises. The peak of this curve is replaced by a broad plateau ranging from 750 to 6000 Hz and contained in the concavity of the liminal tonal curves. The ear is therefore less sensitive but, at limited acoustic pressure, white noise first impinges with the same discrimination upon the whole of the conversational zone of the auditory field. Discovery of the audiometric threshold for white noise constitutes a synthetic method of measuring acuteness of hearing which considerably reduces the amount of manipulation required.", "contents": "[Auditory threshold for white noise]. The liminal auditory threshold for white noise and for coloured noise was determined from a statistical survey of a group of 21 young people with normal hearing. The normal auditory threshold for white noise with a spectrum covering the whole of the auditory field is between -- 0.57 dB +/- 8.78. The normal auditory threshold for bands of filtered white noise (coloured noise with a central frequency corresponding to the pure frequencies usually employed in tonal audiometry) describes a typical curve which, instead of being homothetic to the usual tonal curves, sinks to low frequencies and then rises. The peak of this curve is replaced by a broad plateau ranging from 750 to 6000 Hz and contained in the concavity of the liminal tonal curves. The ear is therefore less sensitive but, at limited acoustic pressure, white noise first impinges with the same discrimination upon the whole of the conversational zone of the auditory field. Discovery of the audiometric threshold for white noise constitutes a synthetic method of measuring acuteness of hearing which considerably reduces the amount of manipulation required."}
{"id": "PMID:1211739", "title": "[Epithelioma of the tip of the tongue. Analysis of a series of 1200 cases].", "content": "The authors carried out a survey of information proved by 16 institutions on a series of 1200 cases of epithelioma of the tip of the tongue to present before a meeting of European practitioners of curietherapy. They examined indications for curietherapy using radium and iridium alone or in association with external treatment by telecobaltherapy and gives details of the results -- local cures, cures maintained over three and over five years, necroses -- corresponding to the degree of development of the primary tumour. They indicate the possibilites of curietherapy in lesions of varying size and discuss indications for thorough curettage. They draw attention to the fact that lesions at an advanced stage chiefly require external irradiation (Cobalt 60 and gamma photons) or combined irradiation and chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Epithelioma of the tip of the tongue. Analysis of a series of 1200 cases]. The authors carried out a survey of information proved by 16 institutions on a series of 1200 cases of epithelioma of the tip of the tongue to present before a meeting of European practitioners of curietherapy. They examined indications for curietherapy using radium and iridium alone or in association with external treatment by telecobaltherapy and gives details of the results -- local cures, cures maintained over three and over five years, necroses -- corresponding to the degree of development of the primary tumour. They indicate the possibilites of curietherapy in lesions of varying size and discuss indications for thorough curettage. They draw attention to the fact that lesions at an advanced stage chiefly require external irradiation (Cobalt 60 and gamma photons) or combined irradiation and chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1211745", "title": "[Parapharyngeal nerve tumors (10 recent cases)].", "content": "The authors describe ten cases of these rare tumours. They run through rapidly the histological and anatomical classifications. The cases consist of 8 schwannomas (one retropharyngeal schwannoma, two which had developed in the anterior sub-parotid space one of them a malignant schwannoma, the other two were two schwannomas of the sympathetic and three schwannomas of the X). A ganglioneuroma of the sympathetic and a paraganglioma of the X are also described. The authors draw attention to the clinical and anatomopathological distinction between the anterior and posterior sub-parotid spaces; to the need to treat tumours which develop there by surgery; to the different surgical techniques and methods of approach.", "contents": "[Parapharyngeal nerve tumors (10 recent cases)]. The authors describe ten cases of these rare tumours. They run through rapidly the histological and anatomical classifications. The cases consist of 8 schwannomas (one retropharyngeal schwannoma, two which had developed in the anterior sub-parotid space one of them a malignant schwannoma, the other two were two schwannomas of the sympathetic and three schwannomas of the X). A ganglioneuroma of the sympathetic and a paraganglioma of the X are also described. The authors draw attention to the clinical and anatomopathological distinction between the anterior and posterior sub-parotid spaces; to the need to treat tumours which develop there by surgery; to the different surgical techniques and methods of approach."}
{"id": "PMID:1211746", "title": "[Congenital malformation of the inner ear and repeated meningitis. Anatomo-clinical considerations illustrated by a case].", "content": "The atuhors analyze the case of a three-year-old child suffering from an abnormal condition of the left internal ear, revealed by copious discharge of cerebro-spinal fluid at the onset of 5 attacks of meningitis. A direct approach to the plate and the bony and aponeurotic contents of the oval fossa made it possible to seal this off and this was checked surgically eighteen months later. On this occasion a general survey was carried out into the usual circumstances in which such a discovery is made, pathological concepts and treatment for these accidents. It would appear that unusual permeability may be found either in the internal auditory meatus or in the cochlear aqueduct. Therapeutic procedure depends on circumstances. Blocking the oval fossa is not always effective and should be reserved for cases in which abnormalities impair function. Choice between blocking the internal auditory meatus and eradication of the cochlear aqueduct depends to some extent on the information supplied by tomography, but more on the pathogenetic conclusions reached.", "contents": "[Congenital malformation of the inner ear and repeated meningitis. Anatomo-clinical considerations illustrated by a case]. The atuhors analyze the case of a three-year-old child suffering from an abnormal condition of the left internal ear, revealed by copious discharge of cerebro-spinal fluid at the onset of 5 attacks of meningitis. A direct approach to the plate and the bony and aponeurotic contents of the oval fossa made it possible to seal this off and this was checked surgically eighteen months later. On this occasion a general survey was carried out into the usual circumstances in which such a discovery is made, pathological concepts and treatment for these accidents. It would appear that unusual permeability may be found either in the internal auditory meatus or in the cochlear aqueduct. Therapeutic procedure depends on circumstances. Blocking the oval fossa is not always effective and should be reserved for cases in which abnormalities impair function. Choice between blocking the internal auditory meatus and eradication of the cochlear aqueduct depends to some extent on the information supplied by tomography, but more on the pathogenetic conclusions reached."}
{"id": "PMID:1211747", "title": "[Primary tumors of the cervico-brachial plexus].", "content": "Together with a description of two cases, the authors analyze all the cases they have been able to find in the literature and review the question from the histogenic, the anatomo-pathological, the clinical and the therapeutic points of view.", "contents": "[Primary tumors of the cervico-brachial plexus]. Together with a description of two cases, the authors analyze all the cases they have been able to find in the literature and review the question from the histogenic, the anatomo-pathological, the clinical and the therapeutic points of view."}
{"id": "PMID:1211748", "title": "[Resection of the depressor muscle of the tip in esthetic rhinoplasties].", "content": "Musculus depressor septi nasi is a muscle of facial expression, supplied by the facial nerve, it is more or less visible according to the individual. Easily exposed, using the intersepto-columellar incision, it is dissected from the skin surrounding it, then resected and in cases where the muscle is clearly defined, he can be brought up immediately. We consider resection of the musculus depressor septi nasi to be invaluable in rhinoplasty: -- firstly, to keep the tip of the nose well positioned during; -- secondly, to prevent certain \"pseudo crow's-bill\" deformities; -- finally, to give an impression of length to certain short upper (white ?) lips.", "contents": "[Resection of the depressor muscle of the tip in esthetic rhinoplasties]. Musculus depressor septi nasi is a muscle of facial expression, supplied by the facial nerve, it is more or less visible according to the individual. Easily exposed, using the intersepto-columellar incision, it is dissected from the skin surrounding it, then resected and in cases where the muscle is clearly defined, he can be brought up immediately. We consider resection of the musculus depressor septi nasi to be invaluable in rhinoplasty: -- firstly, to keep the tip of the nose well positioned during; -- secondly, to prevent certain \"pseudo crow's-bill\" deformities; -- finally, to give an impression of length to certain short upper (white ?) lips."}
{"id": "PMID:1211754", "title": "[Meatomyosynangiosis (Ugo Fisch operation) in progressive perceptive deafness. Principles, results and indications].", "content": "Meatomyosynangiosis is the operation suggested by Ugo Fisch. It consists of positioning a flap of superficial temporal muscle in contact with the osteoperiosteal and vasculo-neural elements of the internal auditory meatus. In about one third of the cases this operation results in tonal and vocal improvement for patients suffering from progressive perceptive deafness. According to Ugo Fisch, these results are due to retrograde revascularisation of the internal ear starting from the implanted muscular flap. Our own surgical experience confirms these clinical findings. The greatest chance of securing such an improvement is with young patients under fifty and results from this operation in other cases of perceptive deafness are definitely less conclusive and more uncertain. The main indication then for this meatomyosynangiosis is, at present, for progressive perceptive deafness in young patients with no more than 50 Db at lower frequencies. Furthermore, the arteriolar anastomosis pictures we have obtained after this operation was carried out on animals would appear to confirm the physiopathogenetic explanation suggested by Ugo Fisch.", "contents": "[Meatomyosynangiosis (Ugo Fisch operation) in progressive perceptive deafness. Principles, results and indications]. Meatomyosynangiosis is the operation suggested by Ugo Fisch. It consists of positioning a flap of superficial temporal muscle in contact with the osteoperiosteal and vasculo-neural elements of the internal auditory meatus. In about one third of the cases this operation results in tonal and vocal improvement for patients suffering from progressive perceptive deafness. According to Ugo Fisch, these results are due to retrograde revascularisation of the internal ear starting from the implanted muscular flap. Our own surgical experience confirms these clinical findings. The greatest chance of securing such an improvement is with young patients under fifty and results from this operation in other cases of perceptive deafness are definitely less conclusive and more uncertain. The main indication then for this meatomyosynangiosis is, at present, for progressive perceptive deafness in young patients with no more than 50 Db at lower frequencies. Furthermore, the arteriolar anastomosis pictures we have obtained after this operation was carried out on animals would appear to confirm the physiopathogenetic explanation suggested by Ugo Fisch."}
{"id": "PMID:1211750", "title": "[Fronto-ethmoidal anterior encephalocele (case report)].", "content": "The author presents a case of Encephalocele fronto-ethmo\u00efdal in a 9 year old girl without hereditan or personal antecedent history. Surgery was performed the hernial sac was cut and the neck ligated; a piece of fascia of the temporal muscle was used as a graft. The patient was seen two years later with good result.", "contents": "[Fronto-ethmoidal anterior encephalocele (case report)]. The author presents a case of Encephalocele fronto-ethmo\u00efdal in a 9 year old girl without hereditan or personal antecedent history. Surgery was performed the hernial sac was cut and the neck ligated; a piece of fascia of the temporal muscle was used as a graft. The patient was seen two years later with good result."}
{"id": "PMID:1211755", "title": "[Functional investigation of the sense of smell and its role in the diagnosis of sense of smell disorders].", "content": "The authors deal in turn with: -- the anatomical classification of disorders of the sense of smell, -- the various clinical and instrumental methods used to investigate the sense of smell, -- a practical method of investigation enabling the topography and the nature of the lesion to be found when a patient presents with a disorders involving the sense of smell. Finally, a classification of the various disorders which may be observed is suggested based on the topography of the lesion in the olfactory system.", "contents": "[Functional investigation of the sense of smell and its role in the diagnosis of sense of smell disorders]. The authors deal in turn with: -- the anatomical classification of disorders of the sense of smell, -- the various clinical and instrumental methods used to investigate the sense of smell, -- a practical method of investigation enabling the topography and the nature of the lesion to be found when a patient presents with a disorders involving the sense of smell. Finally, a classification of the various disorders which may be observed is suggested based on the topography of the lesion in the olfactory system."}
{"id": "PMID:1211756", "title": "[Recurrent deforming juvenile nasosinusal polyposis and latent mucoviscidosis].", "content": "Three children from a family of eight,  had a cystic fibrosis diagnosed by Sweat test. Two of these had a nasal polyposis wigh widening of the nose, ethmoid and intercanthal distance. Every cases of this rare type of nasal polyposis in children observed since 1953 (Sweat test) and related in the litterature, had cystic fibrosis. It is concluded that cystic fibrosis may be the one only, cause of nasal polyposis with widening of the nose.", "contents": "[Recurrent deforming juvenile nasosinusal polyposis and latent mucoviscidosis]. Three children from a family of eight,  had a cystic fibrosis diagnosed by Sweat test. Two of these had a nasal polyposis wigh widening of the nose, ethmoid and intercanthal distance. Every cases of this rare type of nasal polyposis in children observed since 1953 (Sweat test) and related in the litterature, had cystic fibrosis. It is concluded that cystic fibrosis may be the one only, cause of nasal polyposis with widening of the nose."}
{"id": "PMID:1211749", "title": "[Contribution of data processing in otospongiosis. Part I. Statistics on otospongiosis].", "content": "The use of data processing in their otology clinic allowed the authors a better approach to otospongiosis and to its treatment, thus completing the knowledge of the otospongiotic disease according to their enzymatic concept. An important material has been gathered since 1959 to the present (June 1, 1974), based on more than 16 000 stapedectomies and nearly 100 000 otology out-patients. It has been studied both through a conventional method and an informatic one on the computer of their clinic. Statistical data, apparently valuable, could be drawn from this mass of information for each patient, starting from his first consultation and following him through his secondary consultations, operation, immediate postoperative follow-up and various postoperative check-ups performed. It also takes into account the general state of the patient and all the accidents which may happen during a remote postoperative period. First of all, the authors give the data for these statistics established according to the systematization of the parameters for otospongiosis they have previously published in 1973. In the first part, they gather statistical data obtained about the otospongiotic disease itself, some of which differ from the classical notions of frequency or importance. These statistical conclusions confirm some percentages stated by other authors (predominance of the woman and of the white race, severity of the disease in the young, etc.), but differ in relation to the number of deafs, the percentage of unilateral otospongiosis in comparison, to the bilateral ones, the importance of pure cochlear otospongiosis, the separate valuation of audiometric stages and that of anatomic types, the relation between age and anatomic type, finally the respective frequency of pre-and postoperative vertigos. In the second part, which will be presented later, the authors will study the postoperative functional results obtained within a period of 15 years by stapedectomy according to three techniques. But the particularity of this study will be the fact that functional results will not be considered only from the operative point of view, but from the whole of the factors acting upon the functional result, i.e.: operative mechanical factor, otospongiotic cochlear component, finally general state of the patient. We will thus have a better knowledge of this very peculiar disease of the otic capsule, hat is otospongiosis, characterized by its two phases: a first lytic phase provoked by an enzymatic factor, then a second rebuilding phase according to a pseudo haversian process. During the long progression of the disease, these two phases intermingle and juxtapose much more than they follow each other in the course of time.", "contents": "[Contribution of data processing in otospongiosis. Part I. Statistics on otospongiosis]. The use of data processing in their otology clinic allowed the authors a better approach to otospongiosis and to its treatment, thus completing the knowledge of the otospongiotic disease according to their enzymatic concept. An important material has been gathered since 1959 to the present (June 1, 1974), based on more than 16 000 stapedectomies and nearly 100 000 otology out-patients. It has been studied both through a conventional method and an informatic one on the computer of their clinic. Statistical data, apparently valuable, could be drawn from this mass of information for each patient, starting from his first consultation and following him through his secondary consultations, operation, immediate postoperative follow-up and various postoperative check-ups performed. It also takes into account the general state of the patient and all the accidents which may happen during a remote postoperative period. First of all, the authors give the data for these statistics established according to the systematization of the parameters for otospongiosis they have previously published in 1973. In the first part, they gather statistical data obtained about the otospongiotic disease itself, some of which differ from the classical notions of frequency or importance. These statistical conclusions confirm some percentages stated by other authors (predominance of the woman and of the white race, severity of the disease in the young, etc.), but differ in relation to the number of deafs, the percentage of unilateral otospongiosis in comparison, to the bilateral ones, the importance of pure cochlear otospongiosis, the separate valuation of audiometric stages and that of anatomic types, the relation between age and anatomic type, finally the respective frequency of pre-and postoperative vertigos. In the second part, which will be presented later, the authors will study the postoperative functional results obtained within a period of 15 years by stapedectomy according to three techniques. But the particularity of this study will be the fact that functional results will not be considered only from the operative point of view, but from the whole of the factors acting upon the functional result, i.e.: operative mechanical factor, otospongiotic cochlear component, finally general state of the patient. We will thus have a better knowledge of this very peculiar disease of the otic capsule, hat is otospongiosis, characterized by its two phases: a first lytic phase provoked by an enzymatic factor, then a second rebuilding phase according to a pseudo haversian process. During the long progression of the disease, these two phases intermingle and juxtapose much more than they follow each other in the course of time."}
{"id": "PMID:1211757", "title": "[Tissue effects of intra-arterial chemotherapy in pelvilingual cancers and their lymphatic metastases (Apropos of 47 cases)].", "content": "Forty-seven patients with pelvi-lingual (mostly T4) cancers treated bAE intra-arteri chemotherapy (I.A.C.) were studied histologiccaly to discover the effects of the chemotherapy. The results observed were classified according to a six degree histological scale ranging from total absence of tumoral regression to complete involution of the cancer. The product used, dosage, time lapse, clinical regression and histological formula were compared with the histological findings. The results were also compared with those obtained with other pelvilingual cancers treated by radiation and primary surgery and with cancers of the facial masse after I.A.C. In the event, 10 tumours remained unchanged after I.A.C., 30 showed more or less marked changes and 7 completely regressed. Furthermore, the metastatic ganglia underwent the same involution as the primary tumour. A survey of survival in relation to tumoral regression, showed that, after a sufficient time lapse, of the 17 patients with considerable tumoral modification, 11 were in a satisfactory condition after 4 or 5 years (65%). Pelvi-lingual cancers are therefore a good indication for I.A.C. which gives very encouraging results.", "contents": "[Tissue effects of intra-arterial chemotherapy in pelvilingual cancers and their lymphatic metastases (Apropos of 47 cases)]. Forty-seven patients with pelvi-lingual (mostly T4) cancers treated bAE intra-arteri chemotherapy (I.A.C.) were studied histologiccaly to discover the effects of the chemotherapy. The results observed were classified according to a six degree histological scale ranging from total absence of tumoral regression to complete involution of the cancer. The product used, dosage, time lapse, clinical regression and histological formula were compared with the histological findings. The results were also compared with those obtained with other pelvilingual cancers treated by radiation and primary surgery and with cancers of the facial masse after I.A.C. In the event, 10 tumours remained unchanged after I.A.C., 30 showed more or less marked changes and 7 completely regressed. Furthermore, the metastatic ganglia underwent the same involution as the primary tumour. A survey of survival in relation to tumoral regression, showed that, after a sufficient time lapse, of the 17 patients with considerable tumoral modification, 11 were in a satisfactory condition after 4 or 5 years (65%). Pelvi-lingual cancers are therefore a good indication for I.A.C. which gives very encouraging results."}
{"id": "PMID:1211758", "title": "[Homografts of the tympano-ossicular systems. Technic of removal and preservation].", "content": "The use of homografts appears to be a promising method of repairing the sequelae of chronic otitis. The authors describe their method of removing the temporal, dissecting the tympano-ossicular system and labelling and preserving the grafts. A homograft bank can be set up and this is a very necessary preliminary in the regular application of this type of surgery.", "contents": "[Homografts of the tympano-ossicular systems. Technic of removal and preservation]. The use of homografts appears to be a promising method of repairing the sequelae of chronic otitis. The authors describe their method of removing the temporal, dissecting the tympano-ossicular system and labelling and preserving the grafts. A homograft bank can be set up and this is a very necessary preliminary in the regular application of this type of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1211759", "title": "[Paradoxical case of intelligibility without hearing in the upper levels in a 17-year-old subject].", "content": "The authors describe the case of a young man of 17 with no otological history who presented with perfect comprehension of language in spite of a total absence of hearing above 1500 VD. Obstetrical trauma with anoxia is the only aetiology possible. This paradoxical case can only be explained as the result of some sort of spontaneous re-education.", "contents": "[Paradoxical case of intelligibility without hearing in the upper levels in a 17-year-old subject]. The authors describe the case of a young man of 17 with no otological history who presented with perfect comprehension of language in spite of a total absence of hearing above 1500 VD. Obstetrical trauma with anoxia is the only aetiology possible. This paradoxical case can only be explained as the result of some sort of spontaneous re-education."}
{"id": "PMID:1211765", "title": "[Predation of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller by Zonitoides nitidus M\u00fcller (Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata) (author's transl)].", "content": "Zonitoides nitidus is omnivorous with carnivorous tendancies: the presence of food coming from snails is required for growth of this predator. This snail is not selective for the choice of its preys. Zonitoides cannot be taken for an absolute predator for all growing periods of Lymnaea truncatula: eggs and large snails are not eaten. This species can be cannibal.", "contents": "[Predation of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller by Zonitoides nitidus M\u00fcller (Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata) (author's transl)]. Zonitoides nitidus is omnivorous with carnivorous tendancies: the presence of food coming from snails is required for growth of this predator. This snail is not selective for the choice of its preys. Zonitoides cannot be taken for an absolute predator for all growing periods of Lymnaea truncatula: eggs and large snails are not eaten. This species can be cannibal."}
{"id": "PMID:1211764", "title": "Parasitic Protozoa of the blood of rodents. V. Plasmodium vinckei brucechwatti subsp. nov. A malaria parasite of the thicket rat, Thamnomys rutilans, in Nigeria.", "content": "A description is given of the blood stages of a new subspecies of Plasmodium vinckei in the blood of naturally infected thicket rats (Thamnomys rutilans) from Nigeria and experimentally infected mice. Sporogony was obtained at 25 degrees C in Anopheles stephensi A. quadrimaculatus and A.l. atroparvus, but sporozoites in the salivary glands of the mosquitoes were never infective. The new parasite is differentiated from 7 other species of malaria parasites of African rodents principally on the morphology of the erythrocytic stages. It is designated as a subspecies of P. vinckei (P.v. brucechwatti subsp. nov.) because of the (i) zoogeography, (ii) morphology of sporogonic stages and (iii) forms isoenzymes of blood stages.", "contents": "Parasitic Protozoa of the blood of rodents. V. Plasmodium vinckei brucechwatti subsp. nov. A malaria parasite of the thicket rat, Thamnomys rutilans, in Nigeria. A description is given of the blood stages of a new subspecies of Plasmodium vinckei in the blood of naturally infected thicket rats (Thamnomys rutilans) from Nigeria and experimentally infected mice. Sporogony was obtained at 25 degrees C in Anopheles stephensi A. quadrimaculatus and A.l. atroparvus, but sporozoites in the salivary glands of the mosquitoes were never infective. The new parasite is differentiated from 7 other species of malaria parasites of African rodents principally on the morphology of the erythrocytic stages. It is designated as a subspecies of P. vinckei (P.v. brucechwatti subsp. nov.) because of the (i) zoogeography, (ii) morphology of sporogonic stages and (iii) forms isoenzymes of blood stages."}
{"id": "PMID:1211766", "title": "[Simultaneous presence of a Cestode cysticercoid (Cyclophyllidae, Hymenolepididae) and a Trematode metacercaria (Dicrocoeliidae) in Oxydesmus granulosus Palisot de Beauvoir (Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Polydesmidae) from Dahomey].", "content": "We report observations of cysticercoids of Hymenolepis gilloni (Hunkeler, 1972), a flatworm parasite of five species of Crocidura in Africa. The cysticercoids are found up against the outside of the gut of Myriapode, Oxydesmus granulosus, from Porto Novo (Dahomey). We also found the metacercaria of a Trematode which is probably a Dicrocoeliidae.", "contents": "[Simultaneous presence of a Cestode cysticercoid (Cyclophyllidae, Hymenolepididae) and a Trematode metacercaria (Dicrocoeliidae) in Oxydesmus granulosus Palisot de Beauvoir (Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Polydesmidae) from Dahomey]. We report observations of cysticercoids of Hymenolepis gilloni (Hunkeler, 1972), a flatworm parasite of five species of Crocidura in Africa. The cysticercoids are found up against the outside of the gut of Myriapode, Oxydesmus granulosus, from Porto Novo (Dahomey). We also found the metacercaria of a Trematode which is probably a Dicrocoeliidae."}
{"id": "PMID:1211769", "title": "Parasites of the relict fauna of Ceylon. V. New species of nematodes from uropeltid snakes.", "content": "Two new species of nematodes have been found in endemic snakes of the family Uropeltidae which is restricted to montane regions in India and Sri Lanka. A trichostrongylid, Oswaldocruzia gansi sp. nov., is described from the small intestine of Rhinophis drummondhayi from Watawala (1 075 m) and the Namunukula area (1 200-1 300 m), R. philippinus from Pallatenne (618 m), and Uropeltis melanogaster from Kandy (800 + m). It is distinguished from other species of the genus chiefly by the trifurcate nature of the distal end of its dorsal ray and the number of terminal processes of each spicule. A cosmocercid, Aplectana uropeltidarum sp. nov., is described from the rectum of the same hosts as well as of Uropeltis phillipsi from Gammaduwa (720 m), and Rhinophis blythi from Talawakele (1 016 m). It was also found in the rectum of Teretrurus sanguineus from the Nalumukku Estate, Mandjolai (1 524 m) in S. India. It differs from all other species of the genus, especially in the number and arrangement of the caudal papillae of the male.", "contents": "Parasites of the relict fauna of Ceylon. V. New species of nematodes from uropeltid snakes. Two new species of nematodes have been found in endemic snakes of the family Uropeltidae which is restricted to montane regions in India and Sri Lanka. A trichostrongylid, Oswaldocruzia gansi sp. nov., is described from the small intestine of Rhinophis drummondhayi from Watawala (1 075 m) and the Namunukula area (1 200-1 300 m), R. philippinus from Pallatenne (618 m), and Uropeltis melanogaster from Kandy (800 + m). It is distinguished from other species of the genus chiefly by the trifurcate nature of the distal end of its dorsal ray and the number of terminal processes of each spicule. A cosmocercid, Aplectana uropeltidarum sp. nov., is described from the rectum of the same hosts as well as of Uropeltis phillipsi from Gammaduwa (720 m), and Rhinophis blythi from Talawakele (1 016 m). It was also found in the rectum of Teretrurus sanguineus from the Nalumukku Estate, Mandjolai (1 524 m) in S. India. It differs from all other species of the genus, especially in the number and arrangement of the caudal papillae of the male."}
{"id": "PMID:1211771", "title": "[Microsporidia of the Simulium larvae: systematic, cytochemical, pathological and ecological data].", "content": "At present, 10 microsporidian species belonging to the genera Nosema, PLeistophora, Thelohania, Stempellia, Octosporea, Weiseria and Caudospora are known as parasites in Simuliids larvae. Acid mucosubstances fixing alcian blue and proteinic granules rich in -SH groups appear during sporogony in various species of Thelohania, Pleistophora, Stempellia. The microsporidan contracts intimate relations with larval host-cells of the type host-parasite complex and lengthens larval state as well for the size (a morphological aspect) as for the respiratory rate (a physiological aspect). This is a very good condition for the development of the parasite. The incidence of parasitism does not exceed 8%. It looks independant from various physical and chemical factros (stream velocity, temperature, oxygen concentration) but it rises with the perimaginal population-age because of the lengthening of larval life by the parasite.", "contents": "[Microsporidia of the Simulium larvae: systematic, cytochemical, pathological and ecological data]. At present, 10 microsporidian species belonging to the genera Nosema, PLeistophora, Thelohania, Stempellia, Octosporea, Weiseria and Caudospora are known as parasites in Simuliids larvae. Acid mucosubstances fixing alcian blue and proteinic granules rich in -SH groups appear during sporogony in various species of Thelohania, Pleistophora, Stempellia. The microsporidan contracts intimate relations with larval host-cells of the type host-parasite complex and lengthens larval state as well for the size (a morphological aspect) as for the respiratory rate (a physiological aspect). This is a very good condition for the development of the parasite. The incidence of parasitism does not exceed 8%. It looks independant from various physical and chemical factros (stream velocity, temperature, oxygen concentration) but it rises with the perimaginal population-age because of the lengthening of larval life by the parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:1211768", "title": "[Trichostrongyloidea nematodes, parasites of Microchiroptera].", "content": "1. a) List of Nematodes collected by Professor Aellen in european Microchiroptera. Additionnal morphological data to the study of Molinostrongylus alatus, M. panousei, M. skrjabini. Description of M. aelleni n. sp. b) Description of M. richardae n. sp., M. benexae n. sp. et M. bauchoti n. sp., parasites of malagasian Molossidae. c) Description of M. colleyi n. sp. and M. owyangi n. sp., parasites of Malaysian Vespertilioninae, and of Allintoschius dunni n. sp., discovered in Myotis mystacinus from Malaysia and Pipistrellus nanus from Africa. 2. Taking into account the characteristics of the synlophe, the 17 species of the genus Molinostrongylus may be divided into five groups, each one being reasonably well characteristic of the genus of their Chiropteran host. 3. The composition of the Trichostrongyloidea fauna of Chiroptera and its relationship with Trichostrongyloidea from other Mammals (Tupaiidae, Pholidotes, Primates, Sciurid\u00e9s) are analysed. Six groups are separated and divided into two well defined lines: 1) genus Strongylacantha, and 2) 12 genera stemming more or less directly from the Molineinae, 4. The three conical outgrowths at the tip of the female tail which differenciate presently the Anoplostrogylinae from the Molineinae appear to be an unreliable characteristic. The two subfamilies form a complex group which will be better understood if the evolution of the synlophe and that of the caudal bursa of the males are taken into account.", "contents": "[Trichostrongyloidea nematodes, parasites of Microchiroptera]. 1. a) List of Nematodes collected by Professor Aellen in european Microchiroptera. Additionnal morphological data to the study of Molinostrongylus alatus, M. panousei, M. skrjabini. Description of M. aelleni n. sp. b) Description of M. richardae n. sp., M. benexae n. sp. et M. bauchoti n. sp., parasites of malagasian Molossidae. c) Description of M. colleyi n. sp. and M. owyangi n. sp., parasites of Malaysian Vespertilioninae, and of Allintoschius dunni n. sp., discovered in Myotis mystacinus from Malaysia and Pipistrellus nanus from Africa. 2. Taking into account the characteristics of the synlophe, the 17 species of the genus Molinostrongylus may be divided into five groups, each one being reasonably well characteristic of the genus of their Chiropteran host. 3. The composition of the Trichostrongyloidea fauna of Chiroptera and its relationship with Trichostrongyloidea from other Mammals (Tupaiidae, Pholidotes, Primates, Sciurid\u00e9s) are analysed. Six groups are separated and divided into two well defined lines: 1) genus Strongylacantha, and 2) 12 genera stemming more or less directly from the Molineinae, 4. The three conical outgrowths at the tip of the female tail which differenciate presently the Anoplostrogylinae from the Molineinae appear to be an unreliable characteristic. The two subfamilies form a complex group which will be better understood if the evolution of the synlophe and that of the caudal bursa of the males are taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:1211774", "title": "[Mode of penetration and localization of the larvas of Morerastrongylus andersoni (Petter, 1972) (Metastrongyloidea, Nematoda) in the intermediate host].", "content": "The way of entry and the localization of the larvae of Morerastrongylus andersoni (Petter, 1972), parasite of African Gerbillidae Rodents, were studied in Limnaea stagnalis L. and Planorbarius corneus (L.). The entry occurs by ingestion: indeed, in the Molluscs killed immediatly after one-half to one hour contact with infested Rodents; droppings, the majority of the larvae are found in the digestive tract. After several hours, the larvae are located in the connective tissue and in the muscles and they are distributed everywhere in the Mollusc's body.", "contents": "[Mode of penetration and localization of the larvas of Morerastrongylus andersoni (Petter, 1972) (Metastrongyloidea, Nematoda) in the intermediate host]. The way of entry and the localization of the larvae of Morerastrongylus andersoni (Petter, 1972), parasite of African Gerbillidae Rodents, were studied in Limnaea stagnalis L. and Planorbarius corneus (L.). The entry occurs by ingestion: indeed, in the Molluscs killed immediatly after one-half to one hour contact with infested Rodents; droppings, the majority of the larvae are found in the digestive tract. After several hours, the larvae are located in the connective tissue and in the muscles and they are distributed everywhere in the Mollusc's body."}
{"id": "PMID:1211775", "title": "[Four new species of heligmosome nematodes, intestinal parasites of a Malyan Trichys lipura G\u00fcnther; comparison with the Congolese fauna of Atherurs].", "content": "Description of four new species of Heligmosome Nematodes parasites of the gut of Trichys lipura: --Heligmonella limbooliati n. sp. has a synlophe of Heligmonella-type and a bursa related to Cordicauda. --Cordicauda trichysi n. sp. is characterized by the relatively small dorsal lobe of the bursa, numerous cuticular ridges and the origin of the 8th rib at the distal third of the dorsal rib. --C. malayensis is closely related to C. trichysi (the female of the two species are morphologically identical but the two species can be separated by the larger dorsal lobe of the bursa and the longer spicula of C. malayensis). --C. magnabursa n. sp. is separated from the other species of the genus by the peculiar morphology of the bursa and the female's tail, dorsally bent. The fauna of Trichys is compared to that of Atherurss africanus, which is parasitized by 8 coparasites species: One Heligmonella and seven Paraheligmonina. From a phyletic as well as an ecological point of view (relative abundance and species location in the gut) the two fauna seem to have evolved in a parallel way, one in Africa, one in Asia, from a single Heligmonella type Nematode, after the host's partition.", "contents": "[Four new species of heligmosome nematodes, intestinal parasites of a Malyan Trichys lipura G\u00fcnther; comparison with the Congolese fauna of Atherurs]. Description of four new species of Heligmosome Nematodes parasites of the gut of Trichys lipura: --Heligmonella limbooliati n. sp. has a synlophe of Heligmonella-type and a bursa related to Cordicauda. --Cordicauda trichysi n. sp. is characterized by the relatively small dorsal lobe of the bursa, numerous cuticular ridges and the origin of the 8th rib at the distal third of the dorsal rib. --C. malayensis is closely related to C. trichysi (the female of the two species are morphologically identical but the two species can be separated by the larger dorsal lobe of the bursa and the longer spicula of C. malayensis). --C. magnabursa n. sp. is separated from the other species of the genus by the peculiar morphology of the bursa and the female's tail, dorsally bent. The fauna of Trichys is compared to that of Atherurss africanus, which is parasitized by 8 coparasites species: One Heligmonella and seven Paraheligmonina. From a phyletic as well as an ecological point of view (relative abundance and species location in the gut) the two fauna seem to have evolved in a parallel way, one in Africa, one in Asia, from a single Heligmonella type Nematode, after the host's partition."}
{"id": "PMID:1211776", "title": "[Presence of Phlebotomus bergeroti, Phlebotomus chabaudi, Phlebotomus chadlii and Sergentomyia christophersi in Morocco].", "content": "The authors indicate the presence at Morocco of the four following sandflies: Phlebotomus bergeroti Parrot, 1934, Phlebotomus chabaudi Croset, Abonnenc et Rioux, 1970, Phlebotomus chadlii Rioux, Juminer et Gibily, 1966 and Sergentomyia christophersi (Sinton, 1927). Among them, Phlebotomus bergeroti, an element of eremitic affinity, is found at the north of the Atlas under a sub-humide bioclimat.", "contents": "[Presence of Phlebotomus bergeroti, Phlebotomus chabaudi, Phlebotomus chadlii and Sergentomyia christophersi in Morocco]. The authors indicate the presence at Morocco of the four following sandflies: Phlebotomus bergeroti Parrot, 1934, Phlebotomus chabaudi Croset, Abonnenc et Rioux, 1970, Phlebotomus chadlii Rioux, Juminer et Gibily, 1966 and Sergentomyia christophersi (Sinton, 1927). Among them, Phlebotomus bergeroti, an element of eremitic affinity, is found at the north of the Atlas under a sub-humide bioclimat."}
{"id": "PMID:1211792", "title": "The clinical role of skeletal scanning.", "content": "Malignant disease very often spreads to the skeleton. This is particularly true for carcinomas of the breast, the lungs, the prostate, and the thyroid. Knowledge of the state of the skeleton in these disorders is therefore desirable since patient management will largely depend on the early detection of bony deposits. Primary bone disease often spreads to soft tissue (lungs), and the early detection of this may alter significantly the therapeutic approach to the primary lesion. Traditionally, X-ray skeletal surveys and serum enzyme measurements provide indices which can be used in the staging of these disorders. Complementary techniques such as mammography, xeroradiography, thermography, and radionuclide imaging have been used to provide further relevant information. A number of benign bone diseases need early assessment in order to institute the best form of treatment. It is of importance to assess the circulation in localized areas of bone and to predict the appearance of avascular necrosis, to understand the healing mechanisms involved in fractures, and to predict the outcome of bone grafting. In this paper the clinical role of bone scanning is reviewed, particular attention being given to the recent advances brought about by the introduction of the 99mTc compounds. It is important that the non-specialist should be aware of the great improvement in the results obtained and in the help they can give him in deciding on the best management of each patient as an individual.", "contents": "The clinical role of skeletal scanning. Malignant disease very often spreads to the skeleton. This is particularly true for carcinomas of the breast, the lungs, the prostate, and the thyroid. Knowledge of the state of the skeleton in these disorders is therefore desirable since patient management will largely depend on the early detection of bony deposits. Primary bone disease often spreads to soft tissue (lungs), and the early detection of this may alter significantly the therapeutic approach to the primary lesion. Traditionally, X-ray skeletal surveys and serum enzyme measurements provide indices which can be used in the staging of these disorders. Complementary techniques such as mammography, xeroradiography, thermography, and radionuclide imaging have been used to provide further relevant information. A number of benign bone diseases need early assessment in order to institute the best form of treatment. It is of importance to assess the circulation in localized areas of bone and to predict the appearance of avascular necrosis, to understand the healing mechanisms involved in fractures, and to predict the outcome of bone grafting. In this paper the clinical role of bone scanning is reviewed, particular attention being given to the recent advances brought about by the introduction of the 99mTc compounds. It is important that the non-specialist should be aware of the great improvement in the results obtained and in the help they can give him in deciding on the best management of each patient as an individual."}
{"id": "PMID:1211793", "title": "Incidence of inguinal hernia recurrence. Effect of time off work after repair.", "content": "A survey of 260 adult male patients who had undergone inguinal hernia repair was carried out to see how long they stayed off work after operation. There was no evidence that a prolonged convalescent period reduced the subsequent hernia recurrence rate. Evidence from the North American literature suggests that patients can resume their usual physical activity without ill effect much sooner after operation than is the current practice in the United Kingdom. General practitioners should be informed of the advice that has been given to their patients about the resumption of physical activities after operation.", "contents": "Incidence of inguinal hernia recurrence. Effect of time off work after repair. A survey of 260 adult male patients who had undergone inguinal hernia repair was carried out to see how long they stayed off work after operation. There was no evidence that a prolonged convalescent period reduced the subsequent hernia recurrence rate. Evidence from the North American literature suggests that patients can resume their usual physical activity without ill effect much sooner after operation than is the current practice in the United Kingdom. General practitioners should be informed of the advice that has been given to their patients about the resumption of physical activities after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211831", "title": "Villous papilloma of the colon and rectum. Part I. A clinical study of 213 patients.", "content": "Of the benign colonic epithelial neoplasms the villous papilloma, although rare, is reported to become malignant in 30--50%. This paper reports a retrospective study of 213 patients with a colorectal villous papilloma. The tumours were subdivided histologically according to Wheat and Ackerman (1958) into four different groups. 20% of the tumours contained either focal or invasive carcinoma. The histology of the tumour correlated significantly (p less than 0.01) with the size of the tumour with a more malignant grading of the larger tumours in general. Blood in the stool, diarrhoea, and mucoid discharge from the anus were the most frequent complaints. Malignant change of the tumour was found especially in older patients (eighth decade of life) and among women. Patients with a malignant villous papilloma complained significantly more of pain on defecation than patients with a benign tumour. Over 30% of the malignant tumours were already incurable at the time of discovery because of invasion of surrounding tissues and metastases.", "contents": "Villous papilloma of the colon and rectum. Part I. A clinical study of 213 patients. Of the benign colonic epithelial neoplasms the villous papilloma, although rare, is reported to become malignant in 30--50%. This paper reports a retrospective study of 213 patients with a colorectal villous papilloma. The tumours were subdivided histologically according to Wheat and Ackerman (1958) into four different groups. 20% of the tumours contained either focal or invasive carcinoma. The histology of the tumour correlated significantly (p less than 0.01) with the size of the tumour with a more malignant grading of the larger tumours in general. Blood in the stool, diarrhoea, and mucoid discharge from the anus were the most frequent complaints. Malignant change of the tumour was found especially in older patients (eighth decade of life) and among women. Patients with a malignant villous papilloma complained significantly more of pain on defecation than patients with a benign tumour. Over 30% of the malignant tumours were already incurable at the time of discovery because of invasion of surrounding tissues and metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:1211832", "title": "Villous papilloma of the colon and rectum. Part II. A follow-up study of 213 patients.", "content": "A follow-up study of 213 patients with colorectal villous papillomas was performed to assess different methods of treatment and the prognostic value of several factors. Recurrences appeared in 26%. Segmental resection of the intestine gave no recurrences. The choice of surgical method had little or no influence on the 5-year survival rate. The 5-year crude survival rate for the whole series was 61% with a relative survival of 80%. The larger tumours had the poorest 5-year survival rates. Tumours with invasive carcinoma in the villous papilloma had a crude 4-year survival of 16% whereas tumours which did not originally show invasive features had a 5-year crude survival rate of 68%. Of the whole series 48 patients (22%) eventually died from colorectal cancer. It is possible that the invasive character of the tumour had been missed originally so thorough microscopic examination of the whole tumour is essential.", "contents": "Villous papilloma of the colon and rectum. Part II. A follow-up study of 213 patients. A follow-up study of 213 patients with colorectal villous papillomas was performed to assess different methods of treatment and the prognostic value of several factors. Recurrences appeared in 26%. Segmental resection of the intestine gave no recurrences. The choice of surgical method had little or no influence on the 5-year survival rate. The 5-year crude survival rate for the whole series was 61% with a relative survival of 80%. The larger tumours had the poorest 5-year survival rates. Tumours with invasive carcinoma in the villous papilloma had a crude 4-year survival of 16% whereas tumours which did not originally show invasive features had a 5-year crude survival rate of 68%. Of the whole series 48 patients (22%) eventually died from colorectal cancer. It is possible that the invasive character of the tumour had been missed originally so thorough microscopic examination of the whole tumour is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:1211833", "title": "The fate of elderly patients treated in the surgical intensive care unit. A survey of 174 patients over 60 years old.", "content": "The fate of 174 patients over 60 years old treated in the surgical intensive care unit was investigated. During their stay in the hospital the mortality was 39% and 24% in the selected group when hopeless cases with malignancies, mesenteric thrombosis and severe brain lesions were excluded. The prognosis was not affected by the age or concomitant diseases. The importance of meticulous preoperative treatment and surgery is stressed. Modern intensive care in special units has changed the prognosis of aged patients greatly.", "contents": "The fate of elderly patients treated in the surgical intensive care unit. A survey of 174 patients over 60 years old. The fate of 174 patients over 60 years old treated in the surgical intensive care unit was investigated. During their stay in the hospital the mortality was 39% and 24% in the selected group when hopeless cases with malignancies, mesenteric thrombosis and severe brain lesions were excluded. The prognosis was not affected by the age or concomitant diseases. The importance of meticulous preoperative treatment and surgery is stressed. Modern intensive care in special units has changed the prognosis of aged patients greatly."}
{"id": "PMID:1211834", "title": "Treatment of cerebral embolism in heart surgery.", "content": "The results in the treatment of air embolism in open heart surgery are presented. Two cases of gaseous cerebral embolism are described. One of the patients had a period of unconsciousness of 54 hours, the other of 17 days. Therapy included administration of vasoactive drugs (xanthinol nicotinate 1500 mg 2 times daily as an intravenous drip) combined with superficial hypothermia (32 degrees C). In both cases complete recovery was achieved.", "contents": "Treatment of cerebral embolism in heart surgery. The results in the treatment of air embolism in open heart surgery are presented. Two cases of gaseous cerebral embolism are described. One of the patients had a period of unconsciousness of 54 hours, the other of 17 days. Therapy included administration of vasoactive drugs (xanthinol nicotinate 1500 mg 2 times daily as an intravenous drip) combined with superficial hypothermia (32 degrees C). In both cases complete recovery was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:1211835", "title": "Disturbances in the function of cardiac pacemaker caused by short wave and microwave diathermies and pulsed high frequency current.", "content": "The effect of short wave diathermy, pulsed high frequency current (Diapulse, Curapuls) and microwave diathermy on the function of an implantable cardiac pacemaker and its leads was examined by measuring the output (voltage) and rate of the pacemaker under various experimental conditions. It appeared that all these devices had a decreasing effect on the output and an increasing effect on the rate of the pacemaker. When therapeutic doses (power) were applied the greatest changes in output and rate were caused by microwave diathermy and the slightest by Curapuls. The clinical precautionary measures based on these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Disturbances in the function of cardiac pacemaker caused by short wave and microwave diathermies and pulsed high frequency current. The effect of short wave diathermy, pulsed high frequency current (Diapulse, Curapuls) and microwave diathermy on the function of an implantable cardiac pacemaker and its leads was examined by measuring the output (voltage) and rate of the pacemaker under various experimental conditions. It appeared that all these devices had a decreasing effect on the output and an increasing effect on the rate of the pacemaker. When therapeutic doses (power) were applied the greatest changes in output and rate were caused by microwave diathermy and the slightest by Curapuls. The clinical precautionary measures based on these observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211836", "title": "Effects of intra-aortic balloon pumping on experimental acute myocardial ischaemia.", "content": "In an experimental study on dogs, effects of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) on acute myocardial ischaemia without marked cardiac failure were analyzed. With the use of epicardial ST-segment recording IABP was shown to significantly reduce ischaemia when pumping was initiated 10 minutes after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Prior to coronary ligation the mean ST-segment height was 6.4 +/- 0.8 mV (mean +/- SE) and 10 minutes after the ligation it was 21.5 +/- 4.6 mV. During pumping ST-segment elevation increased to 6.9 +/- 0.7 mV. A dual-chambered intra-aortic balloon was used, and six dogs were treated with IABP. In the control dog no tendency to spontaneous ST-segment decrease was seen.", "contents": "Effects of intra-aortic balloon pumping on experimental acute myocardial ischaemia. In an experimental study on dogs, effects of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) on acute myocardial ischaemia without marked cardiac failure were analyzed. With the use of epicardial ST-segment recording IABP was shown to significantly reduce ischaemia when pumping was initiated 10 minutes after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Prior to coronary ligation the mean ST-segment height was 6.4 +/- 0.8 mV (mean +/- SE) and 10 minutes after the ligation it was 21.5 +/- 4.6 mV. During pumping ST-segment elevation increased to 6.9 +/- 0.7 mV. A dual-chambered intra-aortic balloon was used, and six dogs were treated with IABP. In the control dog no tendency to spontaneous ST-segment decrease was seen."}
{"id": "PMID:1211837", "title": "First trimester abortion by vacuum aspiration.", "content": "To compare the efficacy and complications of using the 8 mm diameter metal and flexible plastic cannulae for performing abortions of pregnancies of 7--10 menstrual weeks' gestation by vacuum aspiration, a comparative study was conducted. Both types of cannulae were randomly assigned to 300 subjects in a study design where the physician who performed the abortion was not the same person who evaluated the subject after the abortion or at the time of the follow-up visit. All abortions were performed under paracervical block anesthetic after mechanical dilatation of the cervix to 8.6 mm. The rates of specific complications, blood loss and the need for secondary procedures to complete the abortion were not significantly different for the two types of cannulae. The amount of tissue obtained with a routine curette check following the vacuum aspiration, and the incidence of cannula obstruction were similar for the two types of cannulae.", "contents": "First trimester abortion by vacuum aspiration. To compare the efficacy and complications of using the 8 mm diameter metal and flexible plastic cannulae for performing abortions of pregnancies of 7--10 menstrual weeks' gestation by vacuum aspiration, a comparative study was conducted. Both types of cannulae were randomly assigned to 300 subjects in a study design where the physician who performed the abortion was not the same person who evaluated the subject after the abortion or at the time of the follow-up visit. All abortions were performed under paracervical block anesthetic after mechanical dilatation of the cervix to 8.6 mm. The rates of specific complications, blood loss and the need for secondary procedures to complete the abortion were not significantly different for the two types of cannulae. The amount of tissue obtained with a routine curette check following the vacuum aspiration, and the incidence of cannula obstruction were similar for the two types of cannulae."}
{"id": "PMID:1211846", "title": "HL-A antigens in psoriasis with special reference to the clinical type, age of onset, exacerbations after respiratory infections and occurrence of arthritis.", "content": "HL-A typing was performed in a series of 125 patients with common psoriasis, 12 patients with flexural psoriasis, 16 patients with erythrodermic psoriasis and 16 patients with generalized pustular psoriasis, and compared with typing in a control population. The HL-A antigens 13 and 17 were significantly increased in patients with common psoriasis and erythrodermic psoriasis. HL-A 17 was also found in two of the 16 patients with generalized pustular psoriasis. Neither HL-A 13 nor 17 was increased in patients with flexural psoriasis. It is suggested that flexular psoriasis might be genetically distinct from common psoriasis. TY was increased in patients with common psoriasis. The increase of HL-A 13, 17 and TY was most marked in patients with onset of psoriasis before the age of 40 years. HL-A 13 was found in 38 per cent of the 40 patients with infection-related exacerbations of psoriasis, but only in 17 per cent (p = 0.012) of the remaining 129 patients. HL-A 27 was found in 58 per cent of the 26 patients with sacro-iliitis and in 27 per cent of the 41 patients with peripheral arthritis without sacro-iliitis, but only in eight per cent of the 102 non-arthritic patients (p less than 0.001) and p less than 0.01, respectively).", "contents": "HL-A antigens in psoriasis with special reference to the clinical type, age of onset, exacerbations after respiratory infections and occurrence of arthritis. HL-A typing was performed in a series of 125 patients with common psoriasis, 12 patients with flexural psoriasis, 16 patients with erythrodermic psoriasis and 16 patients with generalized pustular psoriasis, and compared with typing in a control population. The HL-A antigens 13 and 17 were significantly increased in patients with common psoriasis and erythrodermic psoriasis. HL-A 17 was also found in two of the 16 patients with generalized pustular psoriasis. Neither HL-A 13 nor 17 was increased in patients with flexural psoriasis. It is suggested that flexular psoriasis might be genetically distinct from common psoriasis. TY was increased in patients with common psoriasis. The increase of HL-A 13, 17 and TY was most marked in patients with onset of psoriasis before the age of 40 years. HL-A 13 was found in 38 per cent of the 40 patients with infection-related exacerbations of psoriasis, but only in 17 per cent (p = 0.012) of the remaining 129 patients. HL-A 27 was found in 58 per cent of the 26 patients with sacro-iliitis and in 27 per cent of the 41 patients with peripheral arthritis without sacro-iliitis, but only in eight per cent of the 102 non-arthritic patients (p less than 0.001) and p less than 0.01, respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:1211847", "title": "Regional renal blood flow in hypertensive patients.", "content": "Renal blood flow measurements in three regions of each kidney were carried out in eighteen hypertensive patients using the radioactive Xenon-133 washout technique in conjunction with renal angiography. It was found that the regional differences were generally small but differences existed in four patients significant in spite of normal angiographic findings. The reduction in blood flow in the two kidneys was generally of the same degree which implies a uniform response to the elevated blood pressure.", "contents": "Regional renal blood flow in hypertensive patients. Renal blood flow measurements in three regions of each kidney were carried out in eighteen hypertensive patients using the radioactive Xenon-133 washout technique in conjunction with renal angiography. It was found that the regional differences were generally small but differences existed in four patients significant in spite of normal angiographic findings. The reduction in blood flow in the two kidneys was generally of the same degree which implies a uniform response to the elevated blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1211848", "title": "Inactive pulmonary lesions: a potent risk factor of tuberculosis.", "content": "Case histories and previous chest X-ray films of 142 patients with bacteriologically confirmed active pulmonary tuberculosis from eastern Finland were re-examined. In 18% of the series the disease was a reactivation of previously diagnosed and treated tuberculosis. In 70% of the patients with first clinical attack of tuberculosis, previous RP-films revealed fibrotic lesions in the lungs. Only 23% of the whole series had no previous abnormality on chest X-ray examination or previous clinical tuberculosis. Fibrotic pulmonary lesions are therefore a significant risk factor in the epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis, which has been given too little attention.", "contents": "Inactive pulmonary lesions: a potent risk factor of tuberculosis. Case histories and previous chest X-ray films of 142 patients with bacteriologically confirmed active pulmonary tuberculosis from eastern Finland were re-examined. In 18% of the series the disease was a reactivation of previously diagnosed and treated tuberculosis. In 70% of the patients with first clinical attack of tuberculosis, previous RP-films revealed fibrotic lesions in the lungs. Only 23% of the whole series had no previous abnormality on chest X-ray examination or previous clinical tuberculosis. Fibrotic pulmonary lesions are therefore a significant risk factor in the epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis, which has been given too little attention."}
{"id": "PMID:1211849", "title": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia at autopsy in Finland.", "content": "154 patients in 16,523 consecutive autopsies had carcinoma of the oesophagus or gastric cardia. Thirty-three of these patients had had an oesophagogastric resection, 33 radiation therapy and 88 no effective therapy. In 47% of the cases given effective treatment (66 cases) no tumour tissue was detected at the autopsy. 20% of patients with no effective therapy had a localised tumour. Most of the localised tumours were in the lower third of the thoracic oesophagus. When an oesophageal or cardiac carcinoma without effective therapy was no longer localised, it was more than twice as likely that the tumour had already spread in combined ways. The localised stage and the local invasion of the tumour were to some extent dependent on the length of the tumour, but distant metastasizing was not dependent on it. 84% of the cases had direct or indirect complications caused by the tumour. The patients with oesophageal carcinoma had died twice as often of tumour complications than of metastases, whereas cardiac carcinomas led to death from metastases considerably more often than from tumour complications. The series included three cases of aorto-oesophageal fistula.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia at autopsy in Finland. 154 patients in 16,523 consecutive autopsies had carcinoma of the oesophagus or gastric cardia. Thirty-three of these patients had had an oesophagogastric resection, 33 radiation therapy and 88 no effective therapy. In 47% of the cases given effective treatment (66 cases) no tumour tissue was detected at the autopsy. 20% of patients with no effective therapy had a localised tumour. Most of the localised tumours were in the lower third of the thoracic oesophagus. When an oesophageal or cardiac carcinoma without effective therapy was no longer localised, it was more than twice as likely that the tumour had already spread in combined ways. The localised stage and the local invasion of the tumour were to some extent dependent on the length of the tumour, but distant metastasizing was not dependent on it. 84% of the cases had direct or indirect complications caused by the tumour. The patients with oesophageal carcinoma had died twice as often of tumour complications than of metastases, whereas cardiac carcinomas led to death from metastases considerably more often than from tumour complications. The series included three cases of aorto-oesophageal fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:1211850", "title": "Light microscopic characteristics of megathrombocytes in platelet spreading preparations.", "content": "In platelet spreading preparations some characteristics of unusually large \"megathrombocytes\" were examined with the light microscope. The appearance of the extremely large spreading forms was a sign for onset of brisk platelet reproduction in severe acute thrombocytopenic states.", "contents": "Light microscopic characteristics of megathrombocytes in platelet spreading preparations. In platelet spreading preparations some characteristics of unusually large \"megathrombocytes\" were examined with the light microscope. The appearance of the extremely large spreading forms was a sign for onset of brisk platelet reproduction in severe acute thrombocytopenic states."}
{"id": "PMID:1211851", "title": "The first five years of Annals of Clinical Research. Its international use with special reference to citation analysis.", "content": "The use of Annals of Clinical Research internationally was studied by citation analysis, its presence in the information retrieval systems and library collections and also by its distribution. According to the journal citation search from ASCA the 308 articles in Annals of Clinical Research published during 1969-73 were cited 297 times between October 1973 and October 1974. The impact factor, ie. the number of citations divided by the number of articles published during 1971-72 was 1,163. Annals of Clinical Research had been mostly cited in the United states, Great Britain, France, Sweden and West-Germany. Occasional citations came from all over the world. It is well included in the biomedical information retrieval systems. On basis of some union catalogues Annals of Clinical Research is in collections of big libraries covering their field widely. 878 subscriptions are distributed to all parts of the world.", "contents": "The first five years of Annals of Clinical Research. Its international use with special reference to citation analysis. The use of Annals of Clinical Research internationally was studied by citation analysis, its presence in the information retrieval systems and library collections and also by its distribution. According to the journal citation search from ASCA the 308 articles in Annals of Clinical Research published during 1969-73 were cited 297 times between October 1973 and October 1974. The impact factor, ie. the number of citations divided by the number of articles published during 1971-72 was 1,163. Annals of Clinical Research had been mostly cited in the United states, Great Britain, France, Sweden and West-Germany. Occasional citations came from all over the world. It is well included in the biomedical information retrieval systems. On basis of some union catalogues Annals of Clinical Research is in collections of big libraries covering their field widely. 878 subscriptions are distributed to all parts of the world."}
{"id": "PMID:1211852", "title": "Skin manifestations in human yersiniosis.", "content": "In 1969-1973, acute yersiniosis was diagnosed in 30 cases of erythema nodosum (EN), in 6 cases of EN and simultaneous erythema multiforme (EM), in one case of EN and erythema figuratum, in one case of EM, and in one case of drug eruption-like exanthema, respectively. During these years, 180 patients with EN due to other causes were seen. The most marked difference in the clinical course between yersiniosis and other cases was the duration of the eruption. EN nodules in yersinia EN faded away in 4 weeks in all but one case while the 4-week cure rate among the other patients with EN was only 37%. There were two types of EM lesions, namely cockade-like lesions and vesicopapules. They usually appeared some days before or together with EN nodules and they disappeared within 2 weeks without any scarring. Yersiniosis was caused by Y. enterocolitica serotype 3 in 19 cases. Y.ent. serotype 9 in 17 cases, and Y.pseudotuberculosis in 3 cases. Of the patients, 21 suffered from abdominal pains and/or diarrhoea prior to skin manifestations, but 11 had no pregastrointestinal symptoms resembling those of yersiniosis.", "contents": "Skin manifestations in human yersiniosis. In 1969-1973, acute yersiniosis was diagnosed in 30 cases of erythema nodosum (EN), in 6 cases of EN and simultaneous erythema multiforme (EM), in one case of EN and erythema figuratum, in one case of EM, and in one case of drug eruption-like exanthema, respectively. During these years, 180 patients with EN due to other causes were seen. The most marked difference in the clinical course between yersiniosis and other cases was the duration of the eruption. EN nodules in yersinia EN faded away in 4 weeks in all but one case while the 4-week cure rate among the other patients with EN was only 37%. There were two types of EM lesions, namely cockade-like lesions and vesicopapules. They usually appeared some days before or together with EN nodules and they disappeared within 2 weeks without any scarring. Yersiniosis was caused by Y. enterocolitica serotype 3 in 19 cases. Y.ent. serotype 9 in 17 cases, and Y.pseudotuberculosis in 3 cases. Of the patients, 21 suffered from abdominal pains and/or diarrhoea prior to skin manifestations, but 11 had no pregastrointestinal symptoms resembling those of yersiniosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1211853", "title": "Reduction of motion unsharpness in coronary angiography using rare-earth oxysulfide intensifying screens and green-sensitive X-ray film.", "content": "During cardiac cycle the coronary arteries move rapidly; the maximum velocity can exceed 400 mm/s. To eliminate the motion unsharpness, exposure times under ten milliseconds are necessary. Using new rare-earth oxysulfide intensifying screens and fast green sensitive X-ray film the exposure times can be reduced to as little as 2 milliseconds. Thus the motion unsharpness can be almost completely eliminated, producing enhanced resolution and better diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Reduction of motion unsharpness in coronary angiography using rare-earth oxysulfide intensifying screens and green-sensitive X-ray film. During cardiac cycle the coronary arteries move rapidly; the maximum velocity can exceed 400 mm/s. To eliminate the motion unsharpness, exposure times under ten milliseconds are necessary. Using new rare-earth oxysulfide intensifying screens and fast green sensitive X-ray film the exposure times can be reduced to as little as 2 milliseconds. Thus the motion unsharpness can be almost completely eliminated, producing enhanced resolution and better diagnostic accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:1211854", "title": "Coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in relation to occupational physical activity in male violent deaths.", "content": "The extent of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis was estimated by point-counting in 172 men aged 25 years or over dying violent deaths. They were classified into three grades of physical activity based on their occupations. The extent of coronary fatty streaks, raised lesions and calcifications tended to be smallest in \"active\" men while there was no difference between \"sedentary\" and \"moderately active\" mean in this respect. When the latter two groups were combined, a significant difference was found between this combined group and the group of active men in the extent of coronary raised lesions and calcification. On the other hand, no consistent or significant differences between sedentary, moderately active and active men were obtained in the stenosis score, which expressed the degree of obstruction in the coronary arterial tree, or in the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta.", "contents": "Coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in relation to occupational physical activity in male violent deaths. The extent of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis was estimated by point-counting in 172 men aged 25 years or over dying violent deaths. They were classified into three grades of physical activity based on their occupations. The extent of coronary fatty streaks, raised lesions and calcifications tended to be smallest in \"active\" men while there was no difference between \"sedentary\" and \"moderately active\" mean in this respect. When the latter two groups were combined, a significant difference was found between this combined group and the group of active men in the extent of coronary raised lesions and calcification. On the other hand, no consistent or significant differences between sedentary, moderately active and active men were obtained in the stenosis score, which expressed the degree of obstruction in the coronary arterial tree, or in the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:1211855", "title": "Coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in relation to body-build factors.", "content": "The relationship between body-build factors and the severity of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis was estimated in a series of 193 men, aged 25 years or over, who had died of violent causes. Overweight showed a significant correlation with the extent of coronary and aortic fatty streaks but not with the extent of coronary or aortic raised lesions or calcifications. The stenosis score, which expressed the degree of obstruction in the coronary arterial tree, showed a slight tendency to a positive correlation with the degree of obesity but the finding was not consistent. Nor correlation was found between the sturdiness factor of body-build and the severity of atherosclerosis. The muscularity factor showed  a significant correlation with the extent of coronary and aortic fatty streaks and an inverse correlation with aortic calcifcations.", "contents": "Coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in relation to body-build factors. The relationship between body-build factors and the severity of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis was estimated in a series of 193 men, aged 25 years or over, who had died of violent causes. Overweight showed a significant correlation with the extent of coronary and aortic fatty streaks but not with the extent of coronary or aortic raised lesions or calcifications. The stenosis score, which expressed the degree of obstruction in the coronary arterial tree, showed a slight tendency to a positive correlation with the degree of obesity but the finding was not consistent. Nor correlation was found between the sturdiness factor of body-build and the severity of atherosclerosis. The muscularity factor showed  a significant correlation with the extent of coronary and aortic fatty streaks and an inverse correlation with aortic calcifcations."}
{"id": "PMID:1211856", "title": "Coronary atherosclerosis in cases of coronary death as compared with that occurring in the populatiom. A study of a medico-legal autopsy series of coronary deaths and violent deaths.", "content": "The severity of coronary atherosclerosis at autopsy was studied in two series comprising 169 cases of coronary death and 231 people who died of violent causes. In the former the fatal attack lasted less than 24 hours from the onset of symptoms in 70% of cases. In only three men did the terminal attack last more than 24 hours, while in the remaining 28% of cases, although death was not witnessed these were also likely to have been sudden deaths. A recent infarct with or without an old myocardial infarct was found at autopsy in 47% of cases and an old infarct alone in 34%. In 19% of coronary deaths no recent or old infarct was detected. The surface areas of the atherosclerotic lesions were assessed in arterial specimens by pointcounting. The degree of stenosis was estimated visually. The mean extent of raised lesions and clacification and the median value of stenosis score, which expressed the degree of stensosi in the coronary arterial tree, were significantly higher in all age groups in persons who died of coronary heart disease than in those  who died violently. A marked overlapping between the individuals in the two series was, however, found in both for the exent of raised lesions and the severity of stenosis score. Raised lesions in coronary patients were calcified to about the same extent as those in persons ten years older in the series of violent deaths. Coronary atherosclerosis was most severe in coronary patients who had had symptomatic heart disease and had an old myocardial infarct and least severe in those in whome sudden death was the first manifestation of coronary heart disease from violent deaths as regards the extent of the raised lesions or prevalence of occlusion. The degree of coronary stenosis in coronary patients was closely related to the total extent of advanced coronary atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Coronary atherosclerosis in cases of coronary death as compared with that occurring in the populatiom. A study of a medico-legal autopsy series of coronary deaths and violent deaths. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis at autopsy was studied in two series comprising 169 cases of coronary death and 231 people who died of violent causes. In the former the fatal attack lasted less than 24 hours from the onset of symptoms in 70% of cases. In only three men did the terminal attack last more than 24 hours, while in the remaining 28% of cases, although death was not witnessed these were also likely to have been sudden deaths. A recent infarct with or without an old myocardial infarct was found at autopsy in 47% of cases and an old infarct alone in 34%. In 19% of coronary deaths no recent or old infarct was detected. The surface areas of the atherosclerotic lesions were assessed in arterial specimens by pointcounting. The degree of stenosis was estimated visually. The mean extent of raised lesions and clacification and the median value of stenosis score, which expressed the degree of stensosi in the coronary arterial tree, were significantly higher in all age groups in persons who died of coronary heart disease than in those  who died violently. A marked overlapping between the individuals in the two series was, however, found in both for the exent of raised lesions and the severity of stenosis score. Raised lesions in coronary patients were calcified to about the same extent as those in persons ten years older in the series of violent deaths. Coronary atherosclerosis was most severe in coronary patients who had had symptomatic heart disease and had an old myocardial infarct and least severe in those in whome sudden death was the first manifestation of coronary heart disease from violent deaths as regards the extent of the raised lesions or prevalence of occlusion. The degree of coronary stenosis in coronary patients was closely related to the total extent of advanced coronary atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1211857", "title": "Occurrence and regression of initial and terminal notching of the QRS complex in the electrocardiograms of patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The occurrence of initial and terminal notching in the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram was studied in a series of 158 male patients surviving acute myocardial infarction during hospital admission and at follow-up examinations 6-8 weeks, 5 and 12 months after the infarction. In 115 men with their first myocardial infarction signifiant initial notching was found in the acute stage in 30% and significant terminal notching in 32%. One year later these percentages were 14 and 9, respectively. In patients with reinfarction the prevalence of notching was even higher. Inital notches were most often associated with anterior and terminal notches with inferoposterio infarction.", "contents": "Occurrence and regression of initial and terminal notching of the QRS complex in the electrocardiograms of patients with acute myocardial infarction. The occurrence of initial and terminal notching in the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram was studied in a series of 158 male patients surviving acute myocardial infarction during hospital admission and at follow-up examinations 6-8 weeks, 5 and 12 months after the infarction. In 115 men with their first myocardial infarction signifiant initial notching was found in the acute stage in 30% and significant terminal notching in 32%. One year later these percentages were 14 and 9, respectively. In patients with reinfarction the prevalence of notching was even higher. Inital notches were most often associated with anterior and terminal notches with inferoposterio infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1211858", "title": "Serum levels and half-life of sotalol in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The elimination of sotalol was studied in 25 patients with chronic renal failure. All patients were given a single 160 mg dose of sotalol orally and their sotalol serum levels were determined after 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours. The elmination of sotalol was distinctly slower as the serum creatinine concentration rose. The half-lives, calculated graphically, were in lenear ratio to the serum creatinine values (r = 0,91; p less than 0.001). In accordance with the results, it is probable that sotalol accumulates in chronic renal insufficiency. Since beta-blockers may impair renal function, even in therapeutic concentrations, the dosage of sotalol, in particular, must be reduced in patient with kidney disease.", "contents": "Serum levels and half-life of sotalol in chronic renal failure. The elimination of sotalol was studied in 25 patients with chronic renal failure. All patients were given a single 160 mg dose of sotalol orally and their sotalol serum levels were determined after 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours. The elmination of sotalol was distinctly slower as the serum creatinine concentration rose. The half-lives, calculated graphically, were in lenear ratio to the serum creatinine values (r = 0,91; p less than 0.001). In accordance with the results, it is probable that sotalol accumulates in chronic renal insufficiency. Since beta-blockers may impair renal function, even in therapeutic concentrations, the dosage of sotalol, in particular, must be reduced in patient with kidney disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1211859", "title": "Studies of catecholamines in amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloidosis was induced in 21 mice by daily injections of casein solution for four weeks. Thioflavine T staining showed that the induction of amyloidosis took place in all mice. The catecholamine (CA) content was estimated in the spleen, proximal colon and kidney. In spleen the noradrenaline (NA) content per wet weight of tissue in casein-induced amyloidosis was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower than in the controls but this reduction was not apparent because of the huge increase in the weight of amyloid spleens. In the proximal colon and kidney the NA content did not differ from the control values. By fluorescence histochemistry the adrenergic fibres appeared to be well maintained in the spleen, duodenum and proximal colon in casein-induced amyloidosis. The CA content of rectal mucosal biopsies from five patients suffering from amyloidosis was compared with that from seven control persons. There was no significant difference in NA content. The present results suggest that in amyloid disease detectable alterations in the CA content or such morphological changes in adrenergic nerve fibres, which can be detected by fluorescence histochemistry take place only in the most advanced disease, if at all.", "contents": "Studies of catecholamines in amyloidosis. Amyloidosis was induced in 21 mice by daily injections of casein solution for four weeks. Thioflavine T staining showed that the induction of amyloidosis took place in all mice. The catecholamine (CA) content was estimated in the spleen, proximal colon and kidney. In spleen the noradrenaline (NA) content per wet weight of tissue in casein-induced amyloidosis was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower than in the controls but this reduction was not apparent because of the huge increase in the weight of amyloid spleens. In the proximal colon and kidney the NA content did not differ from the control values. By fluorescence histochemistry the adrenergic fibres appeared to be well maintained in the spleen, duodenum and proximal colon in casein-induced amyloidosis. The CA content of rectal mucosal biopsies from five patients suffering from amyloidosis was compared with that from seven control persons. There was no significant difference in NA content. The present results suggest that in amyloid disease detectable alterations in the CA content or such morphological changes in adrenergic nerve fibres, which can be detected by fluorescence histochemistry take place only in the most advanced disease, if at all."}
{"id": "PMID:1211860", "title": "[Venereal granuloma (donovaniasis) in France].", "content": "The study of six cases of MacLeod-Donovan chancre, 2 in Paris, 4 in Brest, in young men coming from the West Indies, showed after 15 days incubation, a balano-preputial lesion consisting of an oval-shaped granuloma, 1 to 4 cm diameter, raised, indurated, ulcerated, reddish-yellow, spontaneously painful, bleeding easily, accompanied in 50 p. 100 of cases by inguinal adenitis, due to secondary infection. Swabs, which should be repeated, showed Donovan bodies within numerous histiocytes. The inactivity of penicillin may be contrasted with the rapidly favourable effect of streptomycin, chloramphenicol or aureomycin.", "contents": "[Venereal granuloma (donovaniasis) in France]. The study of six cases of MacLeod-Donovan chancre, 2 in Paris, 4 in Brest, in young men coming from the West Indies, showed after 15 days incubation, a balano-preputial lesion consisting of an oval-shaped granuloma, 1 to 4 cm diameter, raised, indurated, ulcerated, reddish-yellow, spontaneously painful, bleeding easily, accompanied in 50 p. 100 of cases by inguinal adenitis, due to secondary infection. Swabs, which should be repeated, showed Donovan bodies within numerous histiocytes. The inactivity of penicillin may be contrasted with the rapidly favourable effect of streptomycin, chloramphenicol or aureomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:1211861", "title": "[The polarity concept in leprosy: polar types, polar system, polar concept, dichotomy].", "content": "The author presents his priority of the polar concept in leprosy, and briefly reviews what he calls the history of an idea. The polar concept was first presented in February-May 1938, and was to receive full recognition from the Havana's Committee on Nomeclature and published in the Annals of the 5th International Congress of Leprosy (April 1948). In recent years many points brought by immunopathology focused the humoral immunity at the level of the immuno-negative L pole, in clear-cut opposition to the cell-mediated immunity present in the immuno-positif T pole. Polar concept thus receiving a remarkable physio-pathological support to the views once expressed by the author.", "contents": "[The polarity concept in leprosy: polar types, polar system, polar concept, dichotomy]. The author presents his priority of the polar concept in leprosy, and briefly reviews what he calls the history of an idea. The polar concept was first presented in February-May 1938, and was to receive full recognition from the Havana's Committee on Nomeclature and published in the Annals of the 5th International Congress of Leprosy (April 1948). In recent years many points brought by immunopathology focused the humoral immunity at the level of the immuno-negative L pole, in clear-cut opposition to the cell-mediated immunity present in the immuno-positif T pole. Polar concept thus receiving a remarkable physio-pathological support to the views once expressed by the author."}
{"id": "PMID:1211862", "title": "[Gluteal fistulo-gummatous syndrome (malignant dysembryoma)].", "content": "The authors present the case of a 61 years old patient with fistulo-gummutous lesions with ulcer formation and pus formation in the right buttock, loss of weight and asthenia. The lesions appeared six months after a violent blow on the right buttock. General examination of the ano-rectal region, including sigmoidoscopy and fistulography, together with histo-pathological examination, revealed the existence of a perirectal muciparous carcinoma developing on embryonic glanduilform remains, situated in the right perinee-rectal region. The special interest of this case resides in its rareness and the unusual clinical appearance of gummatous fistula.", "contents": "[Gluteal fistulo-gummatous syndrome (malignant dysembryoma)]. The authors present the case of a 61 years old patient with fistulo-gummutous lesions with ulcer formation and pus formation in the right buttock, loss of weight and asthenia. The lesions appeared six months after a violent blow on the right buttock. General examination of the ano-rectal region, including sigmoidoscopy and fistulography, together with histo-pathological examination, revealed the existence of a perirectal muciparous carcinoma developing on embryonic glanduilform remains, situated in the right perinee-rectal region. The special interest of this case resides in its rareness and the unusual clinical appearance of gummatous fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:1211878", "title": "Recovery from allotype suppression in rabbits and release from this suppression in specific immune response.", "content": "The recovery of allotypic expression in allotype suppressed rabbits was followed up in specific antibodies and in bulk immunoglobulins. The primary antigenic stimulation with BSA and/or MS2 phage was given at 4 weeks of age. In the early recovery group, where the recovery from suppression began at 11-13 weeks of age, specific antibodies bearing the suppressed allotype were found to be synthesized by the primary stimulation or with successive allotype was scarely expressed in specific antibodies despite its recovered expression in bulk immunoglobulins. The X-ray irradiation followed by the immunization procedures promoted the recovery of the suppressed allotype expression in anti-BSA antibody and in bulk immunoglobulins but not in anti-MS2 phage antibody. The results are discussed in terms of regulatory mecahnisms of immune response in allotype suppressed animals.", "contents": "Recovery from allotype suppression in rabbits and release from this suppression in specific immune response. The recovery of allotypic expression in allotype suppressed rabbits was followed up in specific antibodies and in bulk immunoglobulins. The primary antigenic stimulation with BSA and/or MS2 phage was given at 4 weeks of age. In the early recovery group, where the recovery from suppression began at 11-13 weeks of age, specific antibodies bearing the suppressed allotype were found to be synthesized by the primary stimulation or with successive allotype was scarely expressed in specific antibodies despite its recovered expression in bulk immunoglobulins. The X-ray irradiation followed by the immunization procedures promoted the recovery of the suppressed allotype expression in anti-BSA antibody and in bulk immunoglobulins but not in anti-MS2 phage antibody. The results are discussed in terms of regulatory mecahnisms of immune response in allotype suppressed animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1211884", "title": "[Some characteristics of fucidin biosynthesis].", "content": "Some features of fusidin biosynthesis by 2 strains of Fusidium coccineum were studied proceeding from the peculiar properties of the antibiotic molecule structure. It was found that an increase in the levels of the carbon sources in the medium stimulated the biosynthesis of fusidin, while excessive concentrations of nitrogen especially in its inorganic and amino acidpeptide forms stimulated the organism growth and lowered the antibiotic activity levels. The concentration of nitrogen in the medium is considered as one of the possible control mechanisms in the processes of the fungus growth and biosynthesis of fusidin.", "contents": "[Some characteristics of fucidin biosynthesis]. Some features of fusidin biosynthesis by 2 strains of Fusidium coccineum were studied proceeding from the peculiar properties of the antibiotic molecule structure. It was found that an increase in the levels of the carbon sources in the medium stimulated the biosynthesis of fusidin, while excessive concentrations of nitrogen especially in its inorganic and amino acidpeptide forms stimulated the organism growth and lowered the antibiotic activity levels. The concentration of nitrogen in the medium is considered as one of the possible control mechanisms in the processes of the fungus growth and biosynthesis of fusidin."}
{"id": "PMID:1211879", "title": "Mechanism of immune stimulation and tolerance based on an hypothesis on the cell division mechanism directed by the cell membrane.", "content": "The binding of the antigen to membrane receptors is suggested to modify the structure of the membrane and consequently the activity of some of its enzymes and the flow of metabolites. The nature of the effects may be a function of the quantity of the interacting antigen.", "contents": "Mechanism of immune stimulation and tolerance based on an hypothesis on the cell division mechanism directed by the cell membrane. The binding of the antigen to membrane receptors is suggested to modify the structure of the membrane and consequently the activity of some of its enzymes and the flow of metabolites. The nature of the effects may be a function of the quantity of the interacting antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:1211885", "title": "[Study of the pharmacological properties and safety of a solution of levomycetin in hexamethylene tetramine for intravenous administration].", "content": "Pharmacological properties of 2 per cent levomycetin solution in 40 percent hexamethylentetramine solution, as a new pharmaceutical form of levomycetin for intravenous administration prepared at drug-stores were studied. The maximum tolerating doses of the drug for mice, rabbits, and dogs were 26-47 times higher than the therapeutic ones with respect to the content of levomycetin and hexamethylentetramine. No increase in the toxicity of levomycetin and hexamethylentetramine in the preparation was observed. The drug in the doses 16 times higher than the therapeutic ones by the content of levomycetin did not almost change the arterial pressure and the drug in the doses 3.7 times higher than the therapeutic ones did not affect the blood coagulation either in acute experiments, or on its prolong intravenous infusion. Repeated administrations of the drug to rats and rabbits for 15-18 days in doses 3.7-4.8 times higher than the therapeutic ones by the content of levomycetin were innocuous for the animals. Absorption, circulation in the blood, distribution in the tissues and excretion with the urine of levomycetin used in the above pharmaceutical form did not differ from circulation of the antibiotic on its intravenous and oral administration. The drug is recommended for use in medical practice.", "contents": "[Study of the pharmacological properties and safety of a solution of levomycetin in hexamethylene tetramine for intravenous administration]. Pharmacological properties of 2 per cent levomycetin solution in 40 percent hexamethylentetramine solution, as a new pharmaceutical form of levomycetin for intravenous administration prepared at drug-stores were studied. The maximum tolerating doses of the drug for mice, rabbits, and dogs were 26-47 times higher than the therapeutic ones with respect to the content of levomycetin and hexamethylentetramine. No increase in the toxicity of levomycetin and hexamethylentetramine in the preparation was observed. The drug in the doses 16 times higher than the therapeutic ones by the content of levomycetin did not almost change the arterial pressure and the drug in the doses 3.7 times higher than the therapeutic ones did not affect the blood coagulation either in acute experiments, or on its prolong intravenous infusion. Repeated administrations of the drug to rats and rabbits for 15-18 days in doses 3.7-4.8 times higher than the therapeutic ones by the content of levomycetin were innocuous for the animals. Absorption, circulation in the blood, distribution in the tissues and excretion with the urine of levomycetin used in the above pharmaceutical form did not differ from circulation of the antibiotic on its intravenous and oral administration. The drug is recommended for use in medical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1211880", "title": "[Isolation and partial study of an anti-hemoglobine precipitine in \"Biomphalaria glabrata\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A protein (PaHb) with a precipiting capacity with regard to normal and pathological human hemoglobin as well as horse and hen hemoglobin has been separated on immunoadsorbent from hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata. The joining of PaHb and hemoglobin takes place at the level of the polypeptidic chain. A reconnaissance of the spatial structure of the globin seems to exist. The absence of heme does not lead to a decrease in the intensity of the reaction. The coefficient of the sedimentation of PaHb is of 2.74 S and its molecular weight has been estimated at 47,000 per chromatography in thin layer. The divalent cation MgCl2 strengthens the intensity of the reaction, as for CaCl2 no change is observed, and in the presence of sodium citrate one observes a clear decrease in the reaction. The intensifying of the reaction when in presence of divalent cation MgCl2 could be the result of a stabilization or an activation of the natural structure of PaHb when in presence of Mg. PaHb shows no fonctional impairment after exposure at 65 degrees C during 45 min. The localization of PaHb in the total antigenic structure of the hemolymph is situated around the level of the 5th precipitine line. The functional role of the protein seems to carry the hemoprotein of the hemolymph.", "contents": "[Isolation and partial study of an anti-hemoglobine precipitine in \"Biomphalaria glabrata\" (author's transl)]. A protein (PaHb) with a precipiting capacity with regard to normal and pathological human hemoglobin as well as horse and hen hemoglobin has been separated on immunoadsorbent from hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata. The joining of PaHb and hemoglobin takes place at the level of the polypeptidic chain. A reconnaissance of the spatial structure of the globin seems to exist. The absence of heme does not lead to a decrease in the intensity of the reaction. The coefficient of the sedimentation of PaHb is of 2.74 S and its molecular weight has been estimated at 47,000 per chromatography in thin layer. The divalent cation MgCl2 strengthens the intensity of the reaction, as for CaCl2 no change is observed, and in the presence of sodium citrate one observes a clear decrease in the reaction. The intensifying of the reaction when in presence of divalent cation MgCl2 could be the result of a stabilization or an activation of the natural structure of PaHb when in presence of Mg. PaHb shows no fonctional impairment after exposure at 65 degrees C during 45 min. The localization of PaHb in the total antigenic structure of the hemolymph is situated around the level of the 5th precipitine line. The functional role of the protein seems to carry the hemoprotein of the hemolymph."}
{"id": "PMID:1211886", "title": "[Myeloinhibitory effect of the action of some antitumor antibiotics and its comparative assessment].", "content": "General toxic and myeloinhibitory effects of some antitumor antibiotics, such as rubomycin, olivomycin, bruneomycin and karminomycin administered intraperitoneally in a single LD50 to mice were studied. It was found that the general toxicity of bruneomycin and karminomycin was almost the same and 5 to 8 times higher than that of rubomycin and olivomycin. The use of the above antibiotics resulted in definite shifts in the blood systems of healthy mice. The most significant suppression of hemopoesis accompanied by a pronounced depression of the number of the myelocariocytes was observed after the use of olivomycin. The effect of karminomycin was characterized by suppression of erythro-, myelo- and lymphopoesis and depression of the number of the granulocytes and lymphocytes of the blood. Bruneomycin and rubomycin had a short-time myeloinhibitory effect. The erythroid cords of the bone marrow proved to be most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the antibiotics. However, inhibition of the erythropoesis accompanied by deep reticulocytopenia did not induce the respective depression of the erythrocyte number. The lymphoid cords was in the 2nd place by its sensitivity to the antibiotics and the myeloid and megocariocytal cords were in the 3rd and the 4th places respectively. Complete reduction of hemopoesis in the animals was observed by the 10th day of the drugs use.", "contents": "[Myeloinhibitory effect of the action of some antitumor antibiotics and its comparative assessment]. General toxic and myeloinhibitory effects of some antitumor antibiotics, such as rubomycin, olivomycin, bruneomycin and karminomycin administered intraperitoneally in a single LD50 to mice were studied. It was found that the general toxicity of bruneomycin and karminomycin was almost the same and 5 to 8 times higher than that of rubomycin and olivomycin. The use of the above antibiotics resulted in definite shifts in the blood systems of healthy mice. The most significant suppression of hemopoesis accompanied by a pronounced depression of the number of the myelocariocytes was observed after the use of olivomycin. The effect of karminomycin was characterized by suppression of erythro-, myelo- and lymphopoesis and depression of the number of the granulocytes and lymphocytes of the blood. Bruneomycin and rubomycin had a short-time myeloinhibitory effect. The erythroid cords of the bone marrow proved to be most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the antibiotics. However, inhibition of the erythropoesis accompanied by deep reticulocytopenia did not induce the respective depression of the erythrocyte number. The lymphoid cords was in the 2nd place by its sensitivity to the antibiotics and the myeloid and megocariocytal cords were in the 3rd and the 4th places respectively. Complete reduction of hemopoesis in the animals was observed by the 10th day of the drugs use."}
{"id": "PMID:1211881", "title": "Respective role of antibodies and immune macrophages during acquired immunity against toxoplasmosis in mice.", "content": "Immunity of animals correlated with the destructive ability of their macrophages. Intraperitoneal inoculation of T. gondii led to a very limited infection of macrophages from immune mice. This infection was next rapidly and completely inhibited. Conversely, macrophages from mice immunized with killed toxoplasma were massively invaded and evolved like control cells. Similar results were also obtained with macrophage cultures infected in vitro and followed over a period of 4 days. Even after several washes, immune macrophages still preserved their ability to inhibit intracellular replication of toxoplasma. However, this resistance was not homogenous: in the absence of antibodies, some macrophages supported a parasitic growth whereas some others remained intact. Results have also shown that the engulfment capability of immune macrophages was not modified. The primary role of resistant macrophages in the immune response did not however exclude a participation of humoral factors. Specific antibodies acted on extracellular toxoplasma either by lysing them in the presence of the accessory factor or by slowing their active penetration into the cells. Furthermore, they did not affect the phagocytic activity of macrophages. The in vitro protective role of peritoneal exudate from immune mice seemed similar to that afforded by sera anti-toxoplasma antibodies.", "contents": "Respective role of antibodies and immune macrophages during acquired immunity against toxoplasmosis in mice. Immunity of animals correlated with the destructive ability of their macrophages. Intraperitoneal inoculation of T. gondii led to a very limited infection of macrophages from immune mice. This infection was next rapidly and completely inhibited. Conversely, macrophages from mice immunized with killed toxoplasma were massively invaded and evolved like control cells. Similar results were also obtained with macrophage cultures infected in vitro and followed over a period of 4 days. Even after several washes, immune macrophages still preserved their ability to inhibit intracellular replication of toxoplasma. However, this resistance was not homogenous: in the absence of antibodies, some macrophages supported a parasitic growth whereas some others remained intact. Results have also shown that the engulfment capability of immune macrophages was not modified. The primary role of resistant macrophages in the immune response did not however exclude a participation of humoral factors. Specific antibodies acted on extracellular toxoplasma either by lysing them in the presence of the accessory factor or by slowing their active penetration into the cells. Furthermore, they did not affect the phagocytic activity of macrophages. The in vitro protective role of peritoneal exudate from immune mice seemed similar to that afforded by sera anti-toxoplasma antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:1211882", "title": "[Proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes induced in rats by ovalbumin feeding (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-seven Wistar rats were immunized by ingestion of ovalbumin in drinking water for two weeks. Specific response was assessed by the study of the responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to this antigen. A significant increase of thymidine incorporation was observed in forty-nine orally immunized rats. The reaction could be evidenced for six weeks after the end of antigen ingestion. The nature of the response is discussed.", "contents": "[Proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes induced in rats by ovalbumin feeding (author's transl)]. Seventy-seven Wistar rats were immunized by ingestion of ovalbumin in drinking water for two weeks. Specific response was assessed by the study of the responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to this antigen. A significant increase of thymidine incorporation was observed in forty-nine orally immunized rats. The reaction could be evidenced for six weeks after the end of antigen ingestion. The nature of the response is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211883", "title": "A study of the mode of lymphocyte recirculation in the dog.", "content": "Current view of lymphocyte recirculation holds that lymphocytes enter the nodes by migrating across the wall of their postcapillary venules, not by way of their subcapsular sinus. Having explained elsewhere our reasons to question the validity of the concept, we undertood to reinvestigate the problem. Lymphocytes were collected from the thoracic duct of dogs and labelled with3 H-cytidine. Each suspension of labelled cells was transfused to the dog having provided it. Analysis of radioautographs revealed that a significant amount of the labelled cells, which had migrated in the nodes, were present in their subcapsular sinus and the peripheral layer of their cortex. Among the nodes, the mesenteric nodes showed the greatest concentration of labelled cells. In addition, a substantial percentage of the injected lymphocytes, mostly small ones, were found in the lamina propria of intestinal villi and crypts. The findings indicate that, at least in the dog, a large fraction of the lymphocytes recirculate by entering the nodes via the afferent lymph, mostly that of the mesenteric nodes.", "contents": "A study of the mode of lymphocyte recirculation in the dog. Current view of lymphocyte recirculation holds that lymphocytes enter the nodes by migrating across the wall of their postcapillary venules, not by way of their subcapsular sinus. Having explained elsewhere our reasons to question the validity of the concept, we undertood to reinvestigate the problem. Lymphocytes were collected from the thoracic duct of dogs and labelled with3 H-cytidine. Each suspension of labelled cells was transfused to the dog having provided it. Analysis of radioautographs revealed that a significant amount of the labelled cells, which had migrated in the nodes, were present in their subcapsular sinus and the peripheral layer of their cortex. Among the nodes, the mesenteric nodes showed the greatest concentration of labelled cells. In addition, a substantial percentage of the injected lymphocytes, mostly small ones, were found in the lamina propria of intestinal villi and crypts. The findings indicate that, at least in the dog, a large fraction of the lymphocytes recirculate by entering the nodes via the afferent lymph, mostly that of the mesenteric nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1211888", "title": "[Study of the possibility of using penicillin and a specific globulin for treating the anthracic infectious process in an irradiated organism].", "content": "Comparative efficacy of the specific globulin and penicillin in the treatment of Siberia ulcer infection was studied on 160 guinea pigs and 400 albino mice irradiated with Co60 gama-rays in sublethal doses. It was found that penicillin preserved its efficiency, while the curative effect of the specific globulin significantly decreased in the irradiated animals.", "contents": "[Study of the possibility of using penicillin and a specific globulin for treating the anthracic infectious process in an irradiated organism]. Comparative efficacy of the specific globulin and penicillin in the treatment of Siberia ulcer infection was studied on 160 guinea pigs and 400 albino mice irradiated with Co60 gama-rays in sublethal doses. It was found that penicillin preserved its efficiency, while the curative effect of the specific globulin significantly decreased in the irradiated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1211890", "title": "[Use of an experimental design method for studying the effect of proteolytic enzymes on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics].", "content": "The effect of chemotripsin on the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin as dependent on the drug dose and the administration intervals was studied on rats using the method of the experiment design. With the use of the method it was found that intramuscular injections of chemotripsin to rats in doses of 3, 4.5, 6, 8 and 10 mg/kg, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 hours before intramuscular administration of ampicillin in doses of 10, 20, 35, 75 and 100 mg/kg caused a simple effect inducing an increase in the antibiotic levels in the blood and organs, when the enzyme and antibiotic were present simultaneously in the animal organism for an hour. The increase in the antibiotic levels in the rat organs due to simultaneous presence of chemotripsin and ampicillin the animal organism for 2 hours was less pronounced", "contents": "[Use of an experimental design method for studying the effect of proteolytic enzymes on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics]. The effect of chemotripsin on the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin as dependent on the drug dose and the administration intervals was studied on rats using the method of the experiment design. With the use of the method it was found that intramuscular injections of chemotripsin to rats in doses of 3, 4.5, 6, 8 and 10 mg/kg, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 hours before intramuscular administration of ampicillin in doses of 10, 20, 35, 75 and 100 mg/kg caused a simple effect inducing an increase in the antibiotic levels in the blood and organs, when the enzyme and antibiotic were present simultaneously in the animal organism for an hour. The increase in the antibiotic levels in the rat organs due to simultaneous presence of chemotripsin and ampicillin the animal organism for 2 hours was less pronounced"}
{"id": "PMID:1211891", "title": "[Importance of some modern methods of diagnosing allergic reactions to antibiotics].", "content": "For diagnosis of drug allergy and antibiotic allergy in particular it is necessary to use several cell reactions in combination in vitro and to estimate them in complex with clinical data. To obtain reliable results it is recommended to observe the conditions of choosing the time of the test, antibiotic optimal concentrations and pH 6.8.", "contents": "[Importance of some modern methods of diagnosing allergic reactions to antibiotics]. For diagnosis of drug allergy and antibiotic allergy in particular it is necessary to use several cell reactions in combination in vitro and to estimate them in complex with clinical data. To obtain reliable results it is recommended to observe the conditions of choosing the time of the test, antibiotic optimal concentrations and pH 6.8."}
{"id": "PMID:1211892", "title": "[Complications from antibiotic therapy].", "content": "Analysis of 302 side effects of antibiotic theraphy is presented. The side effects were studied comparatively as dependent on the antibiotic group. Dependence of the toxic and toxicoallergic reactions to the antibiotics on the antibiotic blood levels were noted. Previous sensitization resulted in more frequent and earlier side effects. The analysis and clinical observations showed that antibiotic therapy should take into account the results of the laboratory tests, i.e. examination of the kidney functional state, antibiotic levels in the blood and urine, tolerance of the drug by the patient.", "contents": "[Complications from antibiotic therapy]. Analysis of 302 side effects of antibiotic theraphy is presented. The side effects were studied comparatively as dependent on the antibiotic group. Dependence of the toxic and toxicoallergic reactions to the antibiotics on the antibiotic blood levels were noted. Previous sensitization resulted in more frequent and earlier side effects. The analysis and clinical observations showed that antibiotic therapy should take into account the results of the laboratory tests, i.e. examination of the kidney functional state, antibiotic levels in the blood and urine, tolerance of the drug by the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1211894", "title": "[Effect of imbrimycin on the body of animals].", "content": "Toxicity of imbrimycin administered orally and its local irritating effect was studied experimentally. Imbrimycin was diluted with flagosol for decreasing its local irritating effect on the mucosa of the eye conjunctiva and vagina of rabbits. Administration of imbrimycin suspension to albino rats in doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg for 14 days had no effect on the body weight, liver antitoxic function and pathomorphological indices. Oral administration of the drug to dogs in a dose of 10 mg/kg caused a decrease in the body weight, vomiting and diarrhea, had no effect on the dog blood picture and induced no pathomorphological changes in the inner organs. The local irritating effect of imbrimycin was found to be equal to that of azalomycin F. Flagosol significantly decreased the irritating effect of imbrimycin on the eye conjunctiva and the vagina mucosa.", "contents": "[Effect of imbrimycin on the body of animals]. Toxicity of imbrimycin administered orally and its local irritating effect was studied experimentally. Imbrimycin was diluted with flagosol for decreasing its local irritating effect on the mucosa of the eye conjunctiva and vagina of rabbits. Administration of imbrimycin suspension to albino rats in doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg for 14 days had no effect on the body weight, liver antitoxic function and pathomorphological indices. Oral administration of the drug to dogs in a dose of 10 mg/kg caused a decrease in the body weight, vomiting and diarrhea, had no effect on the dog blood picture and induced no pathomorphological changes in the inner organs. The local irritating effect of imbrimycin was found to be equal to that of azalomycin F. Flagosol significantly decreased the irritating effect of imbrimycin on the eye conjunctiva and the vagina mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:1211895", "title": "[Development of resistance in Fisher lymphadenosis cells to dipin and bruneomycin when these preparations are used separately and in combination].", "content": "It was shown that dipin and bruneomycin resistant tumor cells appeared in mice with transplanted lymphadenosis after 10 passages on single use of the drugs. When the drugs were used in combination, no lymphadenosis cells resistant either to bruneomycin, or to dipin and their combination were found. The combined use of the drugs prevented development of resistance to them in the lymphadenosis cells at least during 10 passages on mice. The data on the possible prevention of the resistance development in the mouse lymphadenosis cells by means of combined use of low doses of dipin and bruneomycin provided an assumption that it is expedient to test the combination in clinics.", "contents": "[Development of resistance in Fisher lymphadenosis cells to dipin and bruneomycin when these preparations are used separately and in combination]. It was shown that dipin and bruneomycin resistant tumor cells appeared in mice with transplanted lymphadenosis after 10 passages on single use of the drugs. When the drugs were used in combination, no lymphadenosis cells resistant either to bruneomycin, or to dipin and their combination were found. The combined use of the drugs prevented development of resistance to them in the lymphadenosis cells at least during 10 passages on mice. The data on the possible prevention of the resistance development in the mouse lymphadenosis cells by means of combined use of low doses of dipin and bruneomycin provided an assumption that it is expedient to test the combination in clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:1211896", "title": "[Experimental data on methicillin tolerance and penetration into the eye media].", "content": "Tolerance of methicillin by the eye tissues was studied on its administration subconjunctively, into the front chamber and vitreous body of 20 rabbits. The studies showed that subconjunctival administration of the antibiotic was well tolerated in a dose of 50 mg, and its administration into the front chamber and vitreous body was well tolerated in doses of 1.0-2.5 mg. Penetration of methicillin into the fluids of the front chamber and vitreous body on its instillation into the conjunctive sac in a form of 2.5 per cent solution, its subconjunctival and retrobulbar injection in a dose of 50 mg and intramuscular administration in a dose of 40 mg/kg was studied. Animals with aseptic inflammation of the eyes due to burns of the cornea with 1 N hydrochloric acid were taken into the experiments. The method of agar diffusion with Staph. aureus 209P as the test-microbe was used. The studies showed that the highest methicillin concentrations in the eye media were observed an hour after the antibiotic subconjunctival administration. In the vitreous body they were 16 times lower than those in the front chamber fluid. The retrobulbar injections had no advantages over the subconjunctival administration for the antibiotic maximum concentrations in the vitreous body. The concentration of methicillin in the front chamber fluid on its local administration was many times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration for staphylococci and may be considered as a therapeutic one.", "contents": "[Experimental data on methicillin tolerance and penetration into the eye media]. Tolerance of methicillin by the eye tissues was studied on its administration subconjunctively, into the front chamber and vitreous body of 20 rabbits. The studies showed that subconjunctival administration of the antibiotic was well tolerated in a dose of 50 mg, and its administration into the front chamber and vitreous body was well tolerated in doses of 1.0-2.5 mg. Penetration of methicillin into the fluids of the front chamber and vitreous body on its instillation into the conjunctive sac in a form of 2.5 per cent solution, its subconjunctival and retrobulbar injection in a dose of 50 mg and intramuscular administration in a dose of 40 mg/kg was studied. Animals with aseptic inflammation of the eyes due to burns of the cornea with 1 N hydrochloric acid were taken into the experiments. The method of agar diffusion with Staph. aureus 209P as the test-microbe was used. The studies showed that the highest methicillin concentrations in the eye media were observed an hour after the antibiotic subconjunctival administration. In the vitreous body they were 16 times lower than those in the front chamber fluid. The retrobulbar injections had no advantages over the subconjunctival administration for the antibiotic maximum concentrations in the vitreous body. The concentration of methicillin in the front chamber fluid on its local administration was many times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration for staphylococci and may be considered as a therapeutic one."}
{"id": "PMID:1211897", "title": "[Interrelationship of the serum lysozyme level to the leukocyte count in the blood].", "content": "The leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood and titers of the serum lysozyme under conditions of various experimental models were compared. Albino rats, mice, guinea pigs and rabbits exposed to the effect of various factors of a biological and chemical nature were used in the experiments. In addition, observations on humans immunized with bacterial and viral vaccines were analyzed. Development of 3 reaction types was shown to be possible. In the 1st type the dynamics of the lysosome activity and blood leucocyte counts changed in the same way (immunization with smallpox vaccine, listeria infection). Decreased counts of the leucocytes due to the use of cytostatic drugs were accompanied by a parallel decrease in the lysozyme activity. Such variant of the reaction was predominating. The 2nd type of the shifts characterized by an impaired synchronous pattern of the dynamics of the indices was not so frequent (the use of high doses of cytostatics). The 3rd type of the reactions with an exactly opposite character of the shifts in the leucocyte counts and lysozyme activity was observed only as an exclusion. It is concluded that the quantitative dynamics of the leucocytes is not enough by itself for creating an opinion on the nature of the changes in the serum lysozyme. The possible role of macrophages in the above processes is discussed.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of the serum lysozyme level to the leukocyte count in the blood]. The leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood and titers of the serum lysozyme under conditions of various experimental models were compared. Albino rats, mice, guinea pigs and rabbits exposed to the effect of various factors of a biological and chemical nature were used in the experiments. In addition, observations on humans immunized with bacterial and viral vaccines were analyzed. Development of 3 reaction types was shown to be possible. In the 1st type the dynamics of the lysosome activity and blood leucocyte counts changed in the same way (immunization with smallpox vaccine, listeria infection). Decreased counts of the leucocytes due to the use of cytostatic drugs were accompanied by a parallel decrease in the lysozyme activity. Such variant of the reaction was predominating. The 2nd type of the shifts characterized by an impaired synchronous pattern of the dynamics of the indices was not so frequent (the use of high doses of cytostatics). The 3rd type of the reactions with an exactly opposite character of the shifts in the leucocyte counts and lysozyme activity was observed only as an exclusion. It is concluded that the quantitative dynamics of the leucocytes is not enough by itself for creating an opinion on the nature of the changes in the serum lysozyme. The possible role of macrophages in the above processes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211899", "title": "[Clinical and experimental parallels in studying the effect of chymotrypsin on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics].", "content": "The effect of intramuscular chimotripsin on the levels of methicillin and tetracycline administered respectively intramuscularly and orally was studied in patients with chronic pneumonia and in experimental rats. It was found that the dose of chimotripsin providing higher methicillin blood levels was many times lower than the enzyme doses providing analogous indices for the blood serum and organs of the rats. When the patients were treated with tetracycline and chimotripsin, increased blood levels of the antibiotic were observed. Administration of chimotripsin to the rats had no effect on tetracycline pharmacokinetics in the animals.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental parallels in studying the effect of chymotrypsin on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics]. The effect of intramuscular chimotripsin on the levels of methicillin and tetracycline administered respectively intramuscularly and orally was studied in patients with chronic pneumonia and in experimental rats. It was found that the dose of chimotripsin providing higher methicillin blood levels was many times lower than the enzyme doses providing analogous indices for the blood serum and organs of the rats. When the patients were treated with tetracycline and chimotripsin, increased blood levels of the antibiotic were observed. Administration of chimotripsin to the rats had no effect on tetracycline pharmacokinetics in the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1211900", "title": "[Study of the carbohydrate content in the mycelia of an active strain producing oxytetracycline and in an inactive mutant].", "content": "The content of carbohydrates in the mycelium of the active strain and inactive mutant of the oxytetracycline-producing organism under conditions favourable (starch medium) and unfavourable (glucose medium) for the antibiotic biosynthesis was studied. The mycelium of both organisms was fractionated and carbohydrate distribution according to the mycelium fractions and carbohydrate content in every fraction were investigated. No significant differences were observed between the active strain and inactive mutant with respect to the characteristics studied. The carbon source in the medium had the dominating effect on the chemical composition of the mycelium. The mycelium of both strains grown on the starch medium contained much more carbohydrates than that grown on the glucose medium. The carbohydrates of the mycelium grown on the starch medium were mainly found in fraction III and must be represented by polysaccharides.", "contents": "[Study of the carbohydrate content in the mycelia of an active strain producing oxytetracycline and in an inactive mutant]. The content of carbohydrates in the mycelium of the active strain and inactive mutant of the oxytetracycline-producing organism under conditions favourable (starch medium) and unfavourable (glucose medium) for the antibiotic biosynthesis was studied. The mycelium of both organisms was fractionated and carbohydrate distribution according to the mycelium fractions and carbohydrate content in every fraction were investigated. No significant differences were observed between the active strain and inactive mutant with respect to the characteristics studied. The carbon source in the medium had the dominating effect on the chemical composition of the mycelium. The mycelium of both strains grown on the starch medium contained much more carbohydrates than that grown on the glucose medium. The carbohydrates of the mycelium grown on the starch medium were mainly found in fraction III and must be represented by polysaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:1211901", "title": "[Study of the structure of colonies of active and inactive Actinomyces parvullus variants using luminescence and scanning microscopy].", "content": "The colony structure of the active and inactive proactinomycete-like variants of Actinomyces parvullus producing actinomycin D was studied with luminescent and scanning microscopy. Clear differentiation of the colony profile was shown by the structure and functions of the mycelium layers. A zone of active synthesis and accumulation of the antibiotic was observed in the colonies of the active variant in the upper part of the substrate mycelium with reddish-yellow self luminescence in UV light and characteristic close hyphae \"cemented\" by the intracellular substance. Formations of the granule type were often noted on the hyphae of that layer. The layer of the aerial mycelium was loosely connected with the substrate mycelium and consisted of sporophores and spore chains partially broken into single spores. The colonies of the inactive proactinomycete-like variant had a slightly differentiated profile with a sponge-like structure, no zones of the antibiotic synthesis being found. The presence of the intracellular substance was observed in the upper part of the colony supersubstrate mycelium.", "contents": "[Study of the structure of colonies of active and inactive Actinomyces parvullus variants using luminescence and scanning microscopy]. The colony structure of the active and inactive proactinomycete-like variants of Actinomyces parvullus producing actinomycin D was studied with luminescent and scanning microscopy. Clear differentiation of the colony profile was shown by the structure and functions of the mycelium layers. A zone of active synthesis and accumulation of the antibiotic was observed in the colonies of the active variant in the upper part of the substrate mycelium with reddish-yellow self luminescence in UV light and characteristic close hyphae \"cemented\" by the intracellular substance. Formations of the granule type were often noted on the hyphae of that layer. The layer of the aerial mycelium was loosely connected with the substrate mycelium and consisted of sporophores and spore chains partially broken into single spores. The colonies of the inactive proactinomycete-like variant had a slightly differentiated profile with a sponge-like structure, no zones of the antibiotic synthesis being found. The presence of the intracellular substance was observed in the upper part of the colony supersubstrate mycelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1211902", "title": "[Variability in Penicillium janthinellum Biourge, a producer of the antibiotic janthinellin, under the action of nitrosomethylurea].", "content": "Variation of the janthinellin-producing organism P. janthinellum was induced by nitrozomethylurea (NMU). The following concentrations of NMU were tested: 0.5; 0.25, 0.125 per cent at the exposure time of 15 minutes, 1 and 10 hours. The conidia survival had back dependence on the concentration and exposure time. The morphological variation was evident from the presence of forms with changed colour of the colony surface mycelium, light green, brown, light yellow, yellow-pink and white conidia and forms differing in the rate of the mycelium development and sporulation. The reverse surface of the colonies of both cultures was light brown to brown because of pigmentation. The feature of pigmentation was stable and no apigmented froms were obtained under the effect of NMU. Formation of variants producing higher yields of janthinellin (400, 2000 units) as compared to the activity of the control variant was noted. Plus variants were detected among the morphologically unchanged cultures.", "contents": "[Variability in Penicillium janthinellum Biourge, a producer of the antibiotic janthinellin, under the action of nitrosomethylurea]. Variation of the janthinellin-producing organism P. janthinellum was induced by nitrozomethylurea (NMU). The following concentrations of NMU were tested: 0.5; 0.25, 0.125 per cent at the exposure time of 15 minutes, 1 and 10 hours. The conidia survival had back dependence on the concentration and exposure time. The morphological variation was evident from the presence of forms with changed colour of the colony surface mycelium, light green, brown, light yellow, yellow-pink and white conidia and forms differing in the rate of the mycelium development and sporulation. The reverse surface of the colonies of both cultures was light brown to brown because of pigmentation. The feature of pigmentation was stable and no apigmented froms were obtained under the effect of NMU. Formation of variants producing higher yields of janthinellin (400, 2000 units) as compared to the activity of the control variant was noted. Plus variants were detected among the morphologically unchanged cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:1211903", "title": "[Some characteristics of using polyalcohols as cryoprotectors in preserving Actinomyces noursei LIA-0471].", "content": "Freezing of Act. noursei cell suspensions at a rate of 0.5 degrees per minute in the presence of various substances showed that 5 per cent concentrations of glycerol, ethylen-, diethylen-, propylenglycol and polyethylenglycols had a cryoprotective effect. Polyethylenglycols with a molecular weight of 1500-20 000 had the highest protective effect on the actinomycetous cells from the damaging action of repeated freezing and thawing. The method of repeated freezing and thawing is recommended for studying the cryoprotective effect of various compounds.", "contents": "[Some characteristics of using polyalcohols as cryoprotectors in preserving Actinomyces noursei LIA-0471]. Freezing of Act. noursei cell suspensions at a rate of 0.5 degrees per minute in the presence of various substances showed that 5 per cent concentrations of glycerol, ethylen-, diethylen-, propylenglycol and polyethylenglycols had a cryoprotective effect. Polyethylenglycols with a molecular weight of 1500-20 000 had the highest protective effect on the actinomycetous cells from the damaging action of repeated freezing and thawing. The method of repeated freezing and thawing is recommended for studying the cryoprotective effect of various compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1211904", "title": "[Action of heliomycin on protein and mucleic acid synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus].", "content": "Heliomycin inhibited synthesis of RNA in Staph. aureua which was clearly shown in the study of the antibiotic effect on RNA synthesis in the lag phase of the culture development: heliomycin markedly lowered the maximum RNA level in the biomass observed in the culture at the beginning of the exponential growth. On further growth of the culture heliomycin induced a significant retardness of the process of the natural decrease in the RNA biomass level resulting in increased content of RNA in the cells growing in the presence of heliomycin as compared to the control culture. Retarded natural decrease in the RNA biomass level in the presence of heliomycin was observed also on the antibiotic addition just at the beginning of the exponential growth, during the period of maximum RNA accumulation in the cells. Heliomycin had no effect on synthesis and biomass levels of DNA. Heliomycin inhibited the protein synthesis and was close to chloramphenicol by the level of inhibition of the summation protein synthesis in the biomass. However, comparison of the effect of the above antibiotics on synthesis of beta-galactosidase, an individual enzyme protein showed that heliomycin was much less active as an inhibitor of protein synthesis in comparison to chloramphenicol.", "contents": "[Action of heliomycin on protein and mucleic acid synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus]. Heliomycin inhibited synthesis of RNA in Staph. aureua which was clearly shown in the study of the antibiotic effect on RNA synthesis in the lag phase of the culture development: heliomycin markedly lowered the maximum RNA level in the biomass observed in the culture at the beginning of the exponential growth. On further growth of the culture heliomycin induced a significant retardness of the process of the natural decrease in the RNA biomass level resulting in increased content of RNA in the cells growing in the presence of heliomycin as compared to the control culture. Retarded natural decrease in the RNA biomass level in the presence of heliomycin was observed also on the antibiotic addition just at the beginning of the exponential growth, during the period of maximum RNA accumulation in the cells. Heliomycin had no effect on synthesis and biomass levels of DNA. Heliomycin inhibited the protein synthesis and was close to chloramphenicol by the level of inhibition of the summation protein synthesis in the biomass. However, comparison of the effect of the above antibiotics on synthesis of beta-galactosidase, an individual enzyme protein showed that heliomycin was much less active as an inhibitor of protein synthesis in comparison to chloramphenicol."}
{"id": "PMID:1211907", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of S. typhi cultures that have reverted from L forms isolated from the blood of patients].", "content": "L-forms of bacteria were isolated in 18 out of 300 fever patients with diagnoses of typhoid-paratyphoid fever, grippe, virus respiration disease and others in the Diagnostic Department of an Infection Hospital during bacteriological tests of the blood. Among the cultures tested 13 were instable and reversed to the bacterial form. The type identification showed that only 9 revertants possessed properties characteristic of the typhoid fever microbes and belonged to S. typhi. Sensitivity of the typhoid fever revertants to levomycetin, sintomycin, streptomycin, pencillin and tetracycline was studied. The studies showed that the typhoid fever revertants from the L-forms isolated from the patients were sufficiently sensitive to levomycetin, sintomycin, penicillin and tetracycline. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of the above antibiotics ranged within 12.5--100 gamma/ml.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of S. typhi cultures that have reverted from L forms isolated from the blood of patients]. L-forms of bacteria were isolated in 18 out of 300 fever patients with diagnoses of typhoid-paratyphoid fever, grippe, virus respiration disease and others in the Diagnostic Department of an Infection Hospital during bacteriological tests of the blood. Among the cultures tested 13 were instable and reversed to the bacterial form. The type identification showed that only 9 revertants possessed properties characteristic of the typhoid fever microbes and belonged to S. typhi. Sensitivity of the typhoid fever revertants to levomycetin, sintomycin, streptomycin, pencillin and tetracycline was studied. The studies showed that the typhoid fever revertants from the L-forms isolated from the patients were sufficiently sensitive to levomycetin, sintomycin, penicillin and tetracycline. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of the above antibiotics ranged within 12.5--100 gamma/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1211908", "title": "[Lysozyme in the overall therapy of patients with burn trauma].", "content": "Examination of 108 patients showed that burn disease was accompanied by significant impairments in the host natural resistance. Inclusion of intramuscular administrations of crystalline lysozyme into the complex therapy of such patients during septicotoxemia provided an increase in the factors of humoral and cell immunity. In most of the cases the dynamics of the indices of the host immunological reactivity correlated with the character of the clinical signs of the burn disease. The positive effect of lysozyme was evident in the cases with severe complications such as pneumonia, bacteriemia and burns of the upper respiratory organs.", "contents": "[Lysozyme in the overall therapy of patients with burn trauma]. Examination of 108 patients showed that burn disease was accompanied by significant impairments in the host natural resistance. Inclusion of intramuscular administrations of crystalline lysozyme into the complex therapy of such patients during septicotoxemia provided an increase in the factors of humoral and cell immunity. In most of the cases the dynamics of the indices of the host immunological reactivity correlated with the character of the clinical signs of the burn disease. The positive effect of lysozyme was evident in the cases with severe complications such as pneumonia, bacteriemia and burns of the upper respiratory organs."}
{"id": "PMID:1211909", "title": "Bacampicillin: a new orally well-absorbed derivative of ampicillin.", "content": "Bacampicillin (proposed international nonproprietary name), 1'-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl 6-(d-alpha-aminophenylacetamido)penicillanate, is a new orally well-absorbed penicillin, highly active in vivo due to rapid transformation into ampicillin. The compound is stable in vitro at gastric pH and hydrolyzed slowly to ampicillin at neutral pH but very rapidly in the presence of biological fluids, e.g., tissue homogenates or serum. In vivo the transformation into ampicillin is so rapid that no unchanged compound could be detected in the blood after oral administration of bacampicillin to rats, dogs, and humans. On oral administration to mice, rats, and dogs, bacampicillin was found to be better absorbed than ampicillin, giving higher and earlier peak blood levels of ampicillin. The bioavailability of bacampicillin in rats and dogs was three to four times higher than that of an equimolar amount of ampicillin. On oral administration to rats, bacampicillin was found to give higher levels of ampicillin in organs such as the kidney, liver, and spleen than ampicillin itself. In \"tissue cages\" in rats, higher transudate levels of antibiotic were found after oral administration of bacampicillin than after ampicillin. On oral treatment of experimentally infected mice, bacampicillin was found to be more active than ampicillin.", "contents": "Bacampicillin: a new orally well-absorbed derivative of ampicillin. Bacampicillin (proposed international nonproprietary name), 1'-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl 6-(d-alpha-aminophenylacetamido)penicillanate, is a new orally well-absorbed penicillin, highly active in vivo due to rapid transformation into ampicillin. The compound is stable in vitro at gastric pH and hydrolyzed slowly to ampicillin at neutral pH but very rapidly in the presence of biological fluids, e.g., tissue homogenates or serum. In vivo the transformation into ampicillin is so rapid that no unchanged compound could be detected in the blood after oral administration of bacampicillin to rats, dogs, and humans. On oral administration to mice, rats, and dogs, bacampicillin was found to be better absorbed than ampicillin, giving higher and earlier peak blood levels of ampicillin. The bioavailability of bacampicillin in rats and dogs was three to four times higher than that of an equimolar amount of ampicillin. On oral administration to rats, bacampicillin was found to give higher levels of ampicillin in organs such as the kidney, liver, and spleen than ampicillin itself. In \"tissue cages\" in rats, higher transudate levels of antibiotic were found after oral administration of bacampicillin than after ampicillin. On oral treatment of experimentally infected mice, bacampicillin was found to be more active than ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:1211910", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of minocycline in renal failure.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of minocycline have been studied after single intravenous infusions and repeated oral doses to human subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment. There was no evidence of reduced drug clearance with reduced renal function after intravenous doses although there appeared to be an increase in the tissue distribution of antibiotic in the body in uremia. After identical multiple oral dosage regimens serum levels of antibiotic were comparable in normal and mildly uremic subjects. There was no evidence of renal toxicity in normal or uremic subjects with the repeated dosage regimen used.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of minocycline in renal failure. The pharmacokinetics of minocycline have been studied after single intravenous infusions and repeated oral doses to human subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment. There was no evidence of reduced drug clearance with reduced renal function after intravenous doses although there appeared to be an increase in the tissue distribution of antibiotic in the body in uremia. After identical multiple oral dosage regimens serum levels of antibiotic were comparable in normal and mildly uremic subjects. There was no evidence of renal toxicity in normal or uremic subjects with the repeated dosage regimen used."}
{"id": "PMID:1211911", "title": "Antimicrobial therapy of experimental enterococcal endocarditis.", "content": "The successful therapy of enterococcal endocarditis requires prolonged administration of synergistic antibiotic combinations. Controversy has arisen regarding optimal therapy (i) when the organism possesses high-level streptomycin resistance, and (ii) when the patient is allergic to penicillin. This study examines these questions in vitro and in a rabbit model of enterococcal endocarditis. The combination of penicillin with either streptomycin or gentamicin increased the rate of bacterial killing in vitro and in vivo when compared with penicillin alone (P < 0.05) when the test strain was relatively susceptible to streptomycin (minimal inhibitory concentration, 128 mug/ml). Only the combination of penicillin and gentamicin was consistently more effective than penicillin alone (P < 0.01) when the test strain was highly resistant to streptomycin (minimal inhibitory concentration > 150,000 mug/ml). The combination of vancomycin and streptomycin was more rapidly bactericidal than vancomycin alone in vitro and in the animal model against the streptomycin-susceptible strain (P < 0.01). The relative rate of in vitro bacterial killing by various antibiotics and combinations was predictive of the efficacy of these drugs in eradicating enterococci from cardiac vegetation in experimental endocarditis.", "contents": "Antimicrobial therapy of experimental enterococcal endocarditis. The successful therapy of enterococcal endocarditis requires prolonged administration of synergistic antibiotic combinations. Controversy has arisen regarding optimal therapy (i) when the organism possesses high-level streptomycin resistance, and (ii) when the patient is allergic to penicillin. This study examines these questions in vitro and in a rabbit model of enterococcal endocarditis. The combination of penicillin with either streptomycin or gentamicin increased the rate of bacterial killing in vitro and in vivo when compared with penicillin alone (P < 0.05) when the test strain was relatively susceptible to streptomycin (minimal inhibitory concentration, 128 mug/ml). Only the combination of penicillin and gentamicin was consistently more effective than penicillin alone (P < 0.01) when the test strain was highly resistant to streptomycin (minimal inhibitory concentration > 150,000 mug/ml). The combination of vancomycin and streptomycin was more rapidly bactericidal than vancomycin alone in vitro and in the animal model against the streptomycin-susceptible strain (P < 0.01). The relative rate of in vitro bacterial killing by various antibiotics and combinations was predictive of the efficacy of these drugs in eradicating enterococci from cardiac vegetation in experimental endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:1211912", "title": "Synergism of oxacillin and gentamicin against enterococci.", "content": "Strains of enterococci isolated from 34 patients were studied for susceptibility to oxacillin and gentamicin alone and in combination. The minimal bactericidal concentrations of oxacillin and gentamicin for these strains ranged from 16 to 250 mug/ml (median 32 mug/ml) for oxacillin and 12 to 48 mug/ml (median 24 mug/ml) for gentamicin. The minimal bactericidal concentration of oxacillin for 50% of strains in the presence of 12, 6, 3, and 1.5 mug of gentamicin per ml, respectively, was 2, 8, 16, and 32 mug/ml. The combination of oxacillin and gentamicin at clinically attainable serum levels was synergistically bactericidal against 27/34 (80%) of these strains using strict criteria. This report reconfirms the original observation that antibiotics which affect the synthesis of bacterial cell walls combine synergistically with aminoglycosides against enterococci. This is so even though enterococci are far more resistant to oxacillin than to penicillin or ampicillin. In addition, this report suggests that the combination of oxacillin and gentamicin administered in the usual dosages includes enterococci in its bactericidal spectrum.", "contents": "Synergism of oxacillin and gentamicin against enterococci. Strains of enterococci isolated from 34 patients were studied for susceptibility to oxacillin and gentamicin alone and in combination. The minimal bactericidal concentrations of oxacillin and gentamicin for these strains ranged from 16 to 250 mug/ml (median 32 mug/ml) for oxacillin and 12 to 48 mug/ml (median 24 mug/ml) for gentamicin. The minimal bactericidal concentration of oxacillin for 50% of strains in the presence of 12, 6, 3, and 1.5 mug of gentamicin per ml, respectively, was 2, 8, 16, and 32 mug/ml. The combination of oxacillin and gentamicin at clinically attainable serum levels was synergistically bactericidal against 27/34 (80%) of these strains using strict criteria. This report reconfirms the original observation that antibiotics which affect the synthesis of bacterial cell walls combine synergistically with aminoglycosides against enterococci. This is so even though enterococci are far more resistant to oxacillin than to penicillin or ampicillin. In addition, this report suggests that the combination of oxacillin and gentamicin administered in the usual dosages includes enterococci in its bactericidal spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:1211913", "title": "Effect of peritoneal dialysis on serum levels of tobramycin and clindamycin.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin and clindamycin were examined in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure. Peak serum levels of tobramycin in functionally anephric patients were less than expected, probably secondary to a larger volume of distribution. Peritoneal dialysis resulted in a significant clearance of tobramycin, with a resultant reduction in serum half-life. The present data suggest that, if bactericidal serum levels of tobramycin are to be maintained in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, a parenteral loading dose be administered, followed by either (i) an identical dose every third half-life or (ii) one-half the loading dose every half-life. However, optimal therapy is best achieved by monitoring serum levels to insure appropriate drug dosage. Peak serum levels of clindamycin in functionally anephric patients were approximately twofold greater than those expected in normals after an identical parenteral dose. It is, therefore, recommended that the administered dose of this agent in functionally anephric patients be one-half of that required to produce desired peak serum levels in patients without renal impairment. Peritoneal clearance of clindamycin during dialysis was shown to be essentially zero, indicating that dialysis does not affect clindamycin disposition.", "contents": "Effect of peritoneal dialysis on serum levels of tobramycin and clindamycin. The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin and clindamycin were examined in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure. Peak serum levels of tobramycin in functionally anephric patients were less than expected, probably secondary to a larger volume of distribution. Peritoneal dialysis resulted in a significant clearance of tobramycin, with a resultant reduction in serum half-life. The present data suggest that, if bactericidal serum levels of tobramycin are to be maintained in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, a parenteral loading dose be administered, followed by either (i) an identical dose every third half-life or (ii) one-half the loading dose every half-life. However, optimal therapy is best achieved by monitoring serum levels to insure appropriate drug dosage. Peak serum levels of clindamycin in functionally anephric patients were approximately twofold greater than those expected in normals after an identical parenteral dose. It is, therefore, recommended that the administered dose of this agent in functionally anephric patients be one-half of that required to produce desired peak serum levels in patients without renal impairment. Peritoneal clearance of clindamycin during dialysis was shown to be essentially zero, indicating that dialysis does not affect clindamycin disposition."}
{"id": "PMID:1211914", "title": "In vitro effects of amphotericin B on growth and ultrastructure of the amoeboflagellates Naegleria gruberi and Naegleria fowleri.", "content": "In vitro effects of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) on growth, viability, and ultrastructure of amoeboflagellates of the genus Naegleria were examined. The strains studied were the nonpathogenic Naegleria gruberi EG(B) and the Carter and TY strains of the pathogenic Naegleria fowleri. AmB was amoebicidal at all concentrations used (0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mug/ml) when the drug was added to cultures in lag phase, as determined by viability testing, but was mainly inhibitory when added to log-phase cultures. The drug produced ultrastructural modifications at all concentrations (0.05 to 1.0 mug/ml). These changes included distortion of nuclear shape, increase in cytoplasmic membranes (both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum), decrease in number of food vacuoles, absence of pseudopod formation, mitochondrial abnormalities, increase in autophagic vacuoles, and blebbing of the plasma membrane. These alterations of amoebic ultrastructure became more pronounced with increased time in AmB and with increase in AmB concentration in the growth medium.", "contents": "In vitro effects of amphotericin B on growth and ultrastructure of the amoeboflagellates Naegleria gruberi and Naegleria fowleri. In vitro effects of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) on growth, viability, and ultrastructure of amoeboflagellates of the genus Naegleria were examined. The strains studied were the nonpathogenic Naegleria gruberi EG(B) and the Carter and TY strains of the pathogenic Naegleria fowleri. AmB was amoebicidal at all concentrations used (0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mug/ml) when the drug was added to cultures in lag phase, as determined by viability testing, but was mainly inhibitory when added to log-phase cultures. The drug produced ultrastructural modifications at all concentrations (0.05 to 1.0 mug/ml). These changes included distortion of nuclear shape, increase in cytoplasmic membranes (both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum), decrease in number of food vacuoles, absence of pseudopod formation, mitochondrial abnormalities, increase in autophagic vacuoles, and blebbing of the plasma membrane. These alterations of amoebic ultrastructure became more pronounced with increased time in AmB and with increase in AmB concentration in the growth medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1211915", "title": "Detection of temperature-sensitive tetracycline resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A method is described for the detection of temperature-sensitive plasmids determining tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Temperature-sensitive plasmids were detected in phage group I strains but not in phage group III strains.", "contents": "Detection of temperature-sensitive tetracycline resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus. A method is described for the detection of temperature-sensitive plasmids determining tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Temperature-sensitive plasmids were detected in phage group I strains but not in phage group III strains."}
{"id": "PMID:1211916", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of selected bacteria to three diphosphonia heterocyclic compounds.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,4-diphosphonia-2,5-diphenylcyclohexadi-2,5-ene dichloride and two of its derivatives were screened for activity using the disk method. All derivatives exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive organisms tested, but little inhibition of gram-negative species was noted.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of selected bacteria to three diphosphonia heterocyclic compounds. The antibacterial activity of 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,4-diphosphonia-2,5-diphenylcyclohexadi-2,5-ene dichloride and two of its derivatives were screened for activity using the disk method. All derivatives exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive organisms tested, but little inhibition of gram-negative species was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1211917", "title": "Stability of frozen rat plasma containing different antibiotics.", "content": "The antibiotic activity was determined at different intervals of time on plasma samples, taken from rats treated with a certain number of commonly used antibiotics, and kept at -20 C up to 8 weeks. The results of the microbiological assays demonstrate that the stability of the antibiotics in the frozen plasma decreases in the following order: oxytetracycline > cephalexin, streptomycin, erythromycin > demeclocycline > ampicillin, amoxycillin > penicillin G, cephaloridine, rolitetracycline, and tetracycline.", "contents": "Stability of frozen rat plasma containing different antibiotics. The antibiotic activity was determined at different intervals of time on plasma samples, taken from rats treated with a certain number of commonly used antibiotics, and kept at -20 C up to 8 weeks. The results of the microbiological assays demonstrate that the stability of the antibiotics in the frozen plasma decreases in the following order: oxytetracycline > cephalexin, streptomycin, erythromycin > demeclocycline > ampicillin, amoxycillin > penicillin G, cephaloridine, rolitetracycline, and tetracycline."}
{"id": "PMID:1211918", "title": "Bactericidal activity of combinations of penicillin or clindamycin with gentamicin or streptomycin against species of viridans streptococci.", "content": "Checkerboard bactericidal studies were performed with two strains each of Streptococcus mitis, S. salivarius, and S. sanguis, and the results were analyzed by the use of isobolograms. Synergy between penicillin and streptomycin or gentamicin was demonstrated with four strains, representing two of S. salivarius, one of S. sanguis, and one of S. mitis; the remainder were either too susceptible or too resistant to be analyzed. Clindamycin with streptomycin or gentamicin acted synergistically with three strains, representing two of S. sanguis and one of S. salivarius; the remainder were either too susceptible or too resistant to be analyzed.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of combinations of penicillin or clindamycin with gentamicin or streptomycin against species of viridans streptococci. Checkerboard bactericidal studies were performed with two strains each of Streptococcus mitis, S. salivarius, and S. sanguis, and the results were analyzed by the use of isobolograms. Synergy between penicillin and streptomycin or gentamicin was demonstrated with four strains, representing two of S. salivarius, one of S. sanguis, and one of S. mitis; the remainder were either too susceptible or too resistant to be analyzed. Clindamycin with streptomycin or gentamicin acted synergistically with three strains, representing two of S. sanguis and one of S. salivarius; the remainder were either too susceptible or too resistant to be analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211919", "title": "Prevention of herpes keratoconjunctivitis in rabbits by silver sulfadiazine.", "content": "Silver sulfadiazine, at a concentration of 10 mug/ml when applied immediately after infection by Herpesvirus hominis, prevented the development of acute herpetic keratoconjunctivitis in rabbits. The efficacy was inversely related to the size of inoculum. Subclinical infections were observed in the drug-treated eyes.", "contents": "Prevention of herpes keratoconjunctivitis in rabbits by silver sulfadiazine. Silver sulfadiazine, at a concentration of 10 mug/ml when applied immediately after infection by Herpesvirus hominis, prevented the development of acute herpetic keratoconjunctivitis in rabbits. The efficacy was inversely related to the size of inoculum. Subclinical infections were observed in the drug-treated eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:1211920", "title": "In vitro activity and pharmacokinetics in patients of cefamandole, a new cephalsoporin antibiotic.", "content": "Cefamandole nafate, a new cephalosporin for parenteral use, was evaluated in vitro against 231 recent clinical isolates and in 12 patients. Cefamandole had activity equivalent to cefazolin against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Cefamandole was more active than cephalothin or cefazolin against Proteus mirabilis. Both cefamandole and cefazolin were as active as cephalothin against S. aureus, were slightly more active against K. pneumoniae, and were considerably more active against E. coli. All strains of indole-positive Proteus sp. were inhibited by 6.3 mug of cefamandole per ml but only 20% were inhibited by 25 mug of cefazolin or cephalothin per ml. Eighty-eight percent of Enterobacter sp. was inhibited by 25 mug of cefamandole per ml, but only 20 and 5% were inhibited by the same concentration of cefazolin and cephalothin, respectively. Peak levels of cefamandole ranged from 6.0 to 110 mug/ml in serum and levels ranged from 440 to 16,800 mug/ml in a 4- to 6-h collection of urine after a 500-mg or 1-g intramuscular dose (6.1 to 17.3 mg/kg) in patients with endogenous creatinine clearances of >/=31 ml/min. These levels were done after the first dose, at mid-therapy, and at the end of therapy. There was no evidence of accumulation with the 500-mg or 1-g dose given every 4 to 6 h. The percentage of the dose excreted in the urine within the first 4 to 6 h after administration of cefamandole was >/=43%. The half-life of cefamandole in serum was 49 to 126 min.", "contents": "In vitro activity and pharmacokinetics in patients of cefamandole, a new cephalsoporin antibiotic. Cefamandole nafate, a new cephalosporin for parenteral use, was evaluated in vitro against 231 recent clinical isolates and in 12 patients. Cefamandole had activity equivalent to cefazolin against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Cefamandole was more active than cephalothin or cefazolin against Proteus mirabilis. Both cefamandole and cefazolin were as active as cephalothin against S. aureus, were slightly more active against K. pneumoniae, and were considerably more active against E. coli. All strains of indole-positive Proteus sp. were inhibited by 6.3 mug of cefamandole per ml but only 20% were inhibited by 25 mug of cefazolin or cephalothin per ml. Eighty-eight percent of Enterobacter sp. was inhibited by 25 mug of cefamandole per ml, but only 20 and 5% were inhibited by the same concentration of cefazolin and cephalothin, respectively. Peak levels of cefamandole ranged from 6.0 to 110 mug/ml in serum and levels ranged from 440 to 16,800 mug/ml in a 4- to 6-h collection of urine after a 500-mg or 1-g intramuscular dose (6.1 to 17.3 mg/kg) in patients with endogenous creatinine clearances of >/=31 ml/min. These levels were done after the first dose, at mid-therapy, and at the end of therapy. There was no evidence of accumulation with the 500-mg or 1-g dose given every 4 to 6 h. The percentage of the dose excreted in the urine within the first 4 to 6 h after administration of cefamandole was >/=43%. The half-life of cefamandole in serum was 49 to 126 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1211921", "title": "Evaluation of a topical interferon inducer in experimental influenza infection in volunteers.", "content": "The prophylactic and/or therapeutic effect of a low-molecular-weight interferon inducer, CP-20,961, was tested in a double-blind placebo controlled study of experimental influenza A/England/42/72 (H(3)N(2)) infection in normal volunteers. Ten volunteers received CP-20,961 and 10 received placebo. Interferon was detected in nasal secretions of nine of the former and three of the latter group (P < 0.05). Seven in each group became ill, and severity of illness was not different. Also, quantitative virus shedding patterns and antibody response were not different between the two groups. The negative result may have been due to the relatively low quantities of interferon induced.", "contents": "Evaluation of a topical interferon inducer in experimental influenza infection in volunteers. The prophylactic and/or therapeutic effect of a low-molecular-weight interferon inducer, CP-20,961, was tested in a double-blind placebo controlled study of experimental influenza A/England/42/72 (H(3)N(2)) infection in normal volunteers. Ten volunteers received CP-20,961 and 10 received placebo. Interferon was detected in nasal secretions of nine of the former and three of the latter group (P < 0.05). Seven in each group became ill, and severity of illness was not different. Also, quantitative virus shedding patterns and antibody response were not different between the two groups. The negative result may have been due to the relatively low quantities of interferon induced."}
{"id": "PMID:1211922", "title": "Drug-resistant Leptomonas: cross-resistance in trypanocide-resistant clones.", "content": "A Leptomonas of insect origin was highly susceptible to several standard trypanocides and leishmanicides in vitro. Resistance was induced to some of these drugs; clones were isolated from each strain. Cross-resistance patterns of the clones were derived for diamidines, quinapyramine (Antrycide), acriflavin, phenanthridines, and other drugs active against trypanosomes and leishmanias. Clones tested included two each that were resistant to acriflavin, Antrycide, diminazene aceturate (Berenil), and pentamidine and one that was resistant to stilbamidine. Appreciable cross-resistance was evident for all clones. Differences were observed between clones from the same parent strain. Collateral susceptibility towards isometamidium and oxophenarsine was detected in most clone-derived populations. In clones passaged without drug to test for drug fastness, acriflavin and pentamidine clones lost resistance within 10 transfers, whereas Berenil and Antrycide clones retained considerable resistance after 20 to 30 subcultures without drug. Considerations of differences in life cycles suggest that the clone collection may be useful in screening for agents effective against leishmanias and stercorarian trypanosomes rather than against salivary trypanosomes.", "contents": "Drug-resistant Leptomonas: cross-resistance in trypanocide-resistant clones. A Leptomonas of insect origin was highly susceptible to several standard trypanocides and leishmanicides in vitro. Resistance was induced to some of these drugs; clones were isolated from each strain. Cross-resistance patterns of the clones were derived for diamidines, quinapyramine (Antrycide), acriflavin, phenanthridines, and other drugs active against trypanosomes and leishmanias. Clones tested included two each that were resistant to acriflavin, Antrycide, diminazene aceturate (Berenil), and pentamidine and one that was resistant to stilbamidine. Appreciable cross-resistance was evident for all clones. Differences were observed between clones from the same parent strain. Collateral susceptibility towards isometamidium and oxophenarsine was detected in most clone-derived populations. In clones passaged without drug to test for drug fastness, acriflavin and pentamidine clones lost resistance within 10 transfers, whereas Berenil and Antrycide clones retained considerable resistance after 20 to 30 subcultures without drug. Considerations of differences in life cycles suggest that the clone collection may be useful in screening for agents effective against leishmanias and stercorarian trypanosomes rather than against salivary trypanosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1211923", "title": "Inactivation of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 by butylate hydroxytoluene.", "content": "Several factors have been investigated which are of significance in the inactivation of PM2, a lipid-containing bacterial virus, by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Studies of the time dependence of inactivation during exposure to BHT showed that virus killing occurs rapidly, with the majority of the effect taking place in the first 5 min. The degree of inactivation is dependent upon the initial virus titer, the solvent from which BHT is added, and the presence of a variety of protective agents, including surfactants, bovine serum albumin, and bacterial cells. Sucrose gradient analysis of (32)P-labeled, BHT-treated virus was used to determine the degree to which the virion is disrupted by BHT. These experiments show that the (32)P-labeled molecules are converted into very slowly sedimentable material by BHT treatment, indicating complete destruction of the virus particle.", "contents": "Inactivation of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 by butylate hydroxytoluene. Several factors have been investigated which are of significance in the inactivation of PM2, a lipid-containing bacterial virus, by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Studies of the time dependence of inactivation during exposure to BHT showed that virus killing occurs rapidly, with the majority of the effect taking place in the first 5 min. The degree of inactivation is dependent upon the initial virus titer, the solvent from which BHT is added, and the presence of a variety of protective agents, including surfactants, bovine serum albumin, and bacterial cells. Sucrose gradient analysis of (32)P-labeled, BHT-treated virus was used to determine the degree to which the virion is disrupted by BHT. These experiments show that the (32)P-labeled molecules are converted into very slowly sedimentable material by BHT treatment, indicating complete destruction of the virus particle."}
{"id": "PMID:1211924", "title": "Production of bacteriocins in a liquid medium by Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "A sterile-filtered, liquid medium composed of one-half-strength APT broth and 4% (wt/vol) yeast extract was found to support the production of bacteriocins by Streptococcus mutans strains BHT and GS-5. Culture supernatants, adjusted to pH 7.0 and sterilized by filtration, contained bacteriocin-like activity, which could be demonstrated by spotting dilutions onto top agar lawns seeded with Streptococcus pyogenes as the sensitive indicator and by adding dilutions to log-phase indicator broth cultures. A quantitative assay was developed for BHT bacteriocin, based on its lethal effects. Bacteriocin production did not occur until after the log phase of growth had ceased and was not inducible by ultraviolet irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C. Non-bacteriocinogenic clones of strain BHT occurred spontaneously at high frequency, suggesting control by a plasmid, but this frequency was not increased by treatment with the plasmid-curing agents acridine orange and ethidium bromide.", "contents": "Production of bacteriocins in a liquid medium by Streptococcus mutans. A sterile-filtered, liquid medium composed of one-half-strength APT broth and 4% (wt/vol) yeast extract was found to support the production of bacteriocins by Streptococcus mutans strains BHT and GS-5. Culture supernatants, adjusted to pH 7.0 and sterilized by filtration, contained bacteriocin-like activity, which could be demonstrated by spotting dilutions onto top agar lawns seeded with Streptococcus pyogenes as the sensitive indicator and by adding dilutions to log-phase indicator broth cultures. A quantitative assay was developed for BHT bacteriocin, based on its lethal effects. Bacteriocin production did not occur until after the log phase of growth had ceased and was not inducible by ultraviolet irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C. Non-bacteriocinogenic clones of strain BHT occurred spontaneously at high frequency, suggesting control by a plasmid, but this frequency was not increased by treatment with the plasmid-curing agents acridine orange and ethidium bromide."}
{"id": "PMID:1211925", "title": "Relation between lipophilicity and pharmacological behavior of minocycline, doxycycline, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline in dogs.", "content": "Four tetracyclines were studied in dogs to determine the relation between their lipophilicity and various other pharmacological characteristics. Lipid solubility correlated inversely with the mean concentration of drug in arterial plasma and renal uptake and excretion, and directly with the biliary concentration gradient (level in bile/level of free drug in serum). Only the more lipophilic congeners minocycline and doxycycline passed the blood-brain and blood-ocular barriers in detectable concentrations. Mean levels of minocycline in the brain exceeded those of doxycycline by almost threefold; the difference was of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.05 to 0.1). Lipophilicity correlated inversely with the concentration of antibiotic in renal medulla but not in renal cortex or in the liver. When intestinal loops containing saline, milk, or 10% Gelusil were studied, the only combination exhibiting striking intraluminal accumulation was doxycycline in milk. These results indicate that lipophilicity correlates with many, but not all, of the transport characteristics of tetracycline antibiotics.", "contents": "Relation between lipophilicity and pharmacological behavior of minocycline, doxycycline, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline in dogs. Four tetracyclines were studied in dogs to determine the relation between their lipophilicity and various other pharmacological characteristics. Lipid solubility correlated inversely with the mean concentration of drug in arterial plasma and renal uptake and excretion, and directly with the biliary concentration gradient (level in bile/level of free drug in serum). Only the more lipophilic congeners minocycline and doxycycline passed the blood-brain and blood-ocular barriers in detectable concentrations. Mean levels of minocycline in the brain exceeded those of doxycycline by almost threefold; the difference was of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.05 to 0.1). Lipophilicity correlated inversely with the concentration of antibiotic in renal medulla but not in renal cortex or in the liver. When intestinal loops containing saline, milk, or 10% Gelusil were studied, the only combination exhibiting striking intraluminal accumulation was doxycycline in milk. These results indicate that lipophilicity correlates with many, but not all, of the transport characteristics of tetracycline antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:1211927", "title": "Comparison of the antibacterial activities of sisomicin and gentamicin against gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "Sisomicin was found to be more active on a weight basis than gentamicin against Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., and indole-positive Proteus. Gentamicin was more active than sisomicin against Escherichia coli, Serratia sp., Enterobacter sp., and Proteus mirabilis. Both antibiotics were very active against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.", "contents": "Comparison of the antibacterial activities of sisomicin and gentamicin against gram-negative bacteria. Sisomicin was found to be more active on a weight basis than gentamicin against Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., and indole-positive Proteus. Gentamicin was more active than sisomicin against Escherichia coli, Serratia sp., Enterobacter sp., and Proteus mirabilis. Both antibiotics were very active against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:1211926", "title": "Biosynthesis of puromycin in Streptomyces alboniger: regulation and properties of O-demethylpuromycin O-methyltransferase.", "content": "Mechanisms for regulation of puromycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces alboniger were studied by measuring the levels of S-adenosyl-l-methionine:O-demethylpuromycin O-methyltransferase. The enzyme was released in soluble form from mycelia by 3 to 5 min of sonication at 4 C. Maximal specific activities of 0.7 and 0.1 nmol/min per mg of protein were found in cells grown in corn steep liquor-corn starch and Hickey-Tresner media, respectively. In both media, the O-methyltransferase activity rose from low levels to a maximum during midlogarithmic growth and then declined or disappeared completely (in Hickey-Tresner medium) during stationary phase. Either glucose (1%) or ethidium bromide (5 muM) reduced O-methyltransferase formation to very low levels with no effect on overall growth. Complete glucose repression of antibiotic formation occurred on agar. Cells grown in the presence of ethidium bromide continued to produce low enzyme levels after regrowth in the absence of dye, but formed normal amounts of puromycin on Hickey-Tresner agar. The O-methyltransferase, either crude or purified, was rapidly inactivated at 37 C. Each substrate alone, or both together at lower concentrations, protected against this loss of activity. Puromycin inhibited the transferase. Regulation of O-methyltransferase synthesis in S. alboniger includes (i) induction early in growth that is susceptible to catabolite repression and differential inhibition by ethidium bromide, and (ii) protection of the enzyme from inactivation by increased intracellular levels of its substrates. The O-methyltransferase was purified 30- to 40-fold by a combination of protamine sulfate precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, adsorption and gradient salt elution from diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The enzyme was very unstable, even at low temperatures, upon purification beyond the salt fractionation step, but was stabilized by the addition of S-adenosyl-l-methionine during later stages of purification.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of puromycin in Streptomyces alboniger: regulation and properties of O-demethylpuromycin O-methyltransferase. Mechanisms for regulation of puromycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces alboniger were studied by measuring the levels of S-adenosyl-l-methionine:O-demethylpuromycin O-methyltransferase. The enzyme was released in soluble form from mycelia by 3 to 5 min of sonication at 4 C. Maximal specific activities of 0.7 and 0.1 nmol/min per mg of protein were found in cells grown in corn steep liquor-corn starch and Hickey-Tresner media, respectively. In both media, the O-methyltransferase activity rose from low levels to a maximum during midlogarithmic growth and then declined or disappeared completely (in Hickey-Tresner medium) during stationary phase. Either glucose (1%) or ethidium bromide (5 muM) reduced O-methyltransferase formation to very low levels with no effect on overall growth. Complete glucose repression of antibiotic formation occurred on agar. Cells grown in the presence of ethidium bromide continued to produce low enzyme levels after regrowth in the absence of dye, but formed normal amounts of puromycin on Hickey-Tresner agar. The O-methyltransferase, either crude or purified, was rapidly inactivated at 37 C. Each substrate alone, or both together at lower concentrations, protected against this loss of activity. Puromycin inhibited the transferase. Regulation of O-methyltransferase synthesis in S. alboniger includes (i) induction early in growth that is susceptible to catabolite repression and differential inhibition by ethidium bromide, and (ii) protection of the enzyme from inactivation by increased intracellular levels of its substrates. The O-methyltransferase was purified 30- to 40-fold by a combination of protamine sulfate precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, adsorption and gradient salt elution from diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The enzyme was very unstable, even at low temperatures, upon purification beyond the salt fractionation step, but was stabilized by the addition of S-adenosyl-l-methionine during later stages of purification."}
{"id": "PMID:1211928", "title": "The pineal gland and Rosenthal fibres.", "content": "115 pineal glands, collected from patients who died from various neurologic and visceral diseases, were studied. The Rosenthal fibres (RF) forming gliosis is consistently evident in the subependymal tissue around the gland, in the pineal recessus and in the intrapineal glial proliferation. In several instances the focal gliosis exhibited a central cystic degeneration. The RF-forming gliosis of the pineal gland appears independent of the basic diseases and of the process of atrophy and degeneration of the gland parenchyma. The embryonic development of the pineal gland could explain why the formation of RF may be considered a quasi-physiologic process of this region.", "contents": "The pineal gland and Rosenthal fibres. 115 pineal glands, collected from patients who died from various neurologic and visceral diseases, were studied. The Rosenthal fibres (RF) forming gliosis is consistently evident in the subependymal tissue around the gland, in the pineal recessus and in the intrapineal glial proliferation. In several instances the focal gliosis exhibited a central cystic degeneration. The RF-forming gliosis of the pineal gland appears independent of the basic diseases and of the process of atrophy and degeneration of the gland parenchyma. The embryonic development of the pineal gland could explain why the formation of RF may be considered a quasi-physiologic process of this region."}
{"id": "PMID:1211929", "title": "Temporal orientation in patients with brain disease.", "content": "A brief schedule of questions, based on empirically derived norms, disclosed significant inaccuracy in temporal orientation in 24% of a groups of nonaphasic patients with brain disease. Conventional neurological examination detected temporal disorientation in only 15%. Patients with bilateral lesions showed a higher frequency of temporal disorientation than did those with inilateral lesions. In a group of 15 aphasic patients, 5 (33%) showed evidence of temporal disorientation according to the test while only 3 (20%) were detected on clinical examination. It is suggested that a schedule of questions scored on the basis of empirically derived norms should be incorporated into the neurological examination to assess temporal orientation.", "contents": "Temporal orientation in patients with brain disease. A brief schedule of questions, based on empirically derived norms, disclosed significant inaccuracy in temporal orientation in 24% of a groups of nonaphasic patients with brain disease. Conventional neurological examination detected temporal disorientation in only 15%. Patients with bilateral lesions showed a higher frequency of temporal disorientation than did those with inilateral lesions. In a group of 15 aphasic patients, 5 (33%) showed evidence of temporal disorientation according to the test while only 3 (20%) were detected on clinical examination. It is suggested that a schedule of questions scored on the basis of empirically derived norms should be incorporated into the neurological examination to assess temporal orientation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211930", "title": "Effect of exogenous catecholamines in the amygdala of a 'rage' cat.", "content": "Minute amounts of epinephrine or norepinephrine alter the behavior of 'rage' cats (prepared by ventromedial hypothalamotomy) when these substances are focally instilled into both amygdalae via chronic brain cannulae capped with a silastic membrane. Hyperactive defense reactions are replaced by lethargy and placidity. Similar injections of epinephrine or norepinephrine into the amygdalae of normally placid cats who had not been subjected to ventromedial hypothalamotomy did not appreciably alter their behavior.", "contents": "Effect of exogenous catecholamines in the amygdala of a 'rage' cat. Minute amounts of epinephrine or norepinephrine alter the behavior of 'rage' cats (prepared by ventromedial hypothalamotomy) when these substances are focally instilled into both amygdalae via chronic brain cannulae capped with a silastic membrane. Hyperactive defense reactions are replaced by lethargy and placidity. Similar injections of epinephrine or norepinephrine into the amygdalae of normally placid cats who had not been subjected to ventromedial hypothalamotomy did not appreciably alter their behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:1211931", "title": "Ultrastructure of Rhizobium-induced infection threads in clover root hairs.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of Rhizobium-induced infection threads in clover root hairs show that the infection thread is initiated by an invagination process. Root hair wall growth is redirected at a localized point, resulting in the formation of an open pore. There is no direct penetration through the wall, and the bacteria remain extracellular within the root hair.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Rhizobium-induced infection threads in clover root hairs. Ultrastructural studies of Rhizobium-induced infection threads in clover root hairs show that the infection thread is initiated by an invagination process. Root hair wall growth is redirected at a localized point, resulting in the formation of an open pore. There is no direct penetration through the wall, and the bacteria remain extracellular within the root hair."}
{"id": "PMID:1211932", "title": "Evaluation of petroleum-degrading potential of bacteria from water and sediment.", "content": "Bacteria from water and sediment of an oil-polluted harbor were examined for ability to degrade petroleum. Water samples contained a greater variety of bacterial species capable of degrading petroleum than sediment. Cultures from both water and sediment contained Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp. Bacteria present in the water samples produced significantly greater degradation of 2-,3-,4-, and 5-ring cycloalkanes and mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentaaromatics compared with bacteria in sediment samples.", "contents": "Evaluation of petroleum-degrading potential of bacteria from water and sediment. Bacteria from water and sediment of an oil-polluted harbor were examined for ability to degrade petroleum. Water samples contained a greater variety of bacterial species capable of degrading petroleum than sediment. Cultures from both water and sediment contained Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp. Bacteria present in the water samples produced significantly greater degradation of 2-,3-,4-, and 5-ring cycloalkanes and mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentaaromatics compared with bacteria in sediment samples."}
{"id": "PMID:1211933", "title": "Repulsion of bacteria from marine surfaces.", "content": "Organic compounds are capable of repelling motile bacteria from marine surfaces. The most effective compounds were acrylamide and benzoic and tannic acids. These were active at concentrations that were not toxic to the bacteria. Repellents were incorporated in nontoxic paints and applied to metal panels. Treated panels immersed in seawater developed a bacterial film of only 10(6) bacteria per cm6 after 12 days compared with untreated panels, which had 5 times 10(12) bacteria per cm2 after the same period. Field studies confirmed the effectiveness of these repellents. The use of biological repellents provides a new approach to the control of marine fouling.", "contents": "Repulsion of bacteria from marine surfaces. Organic compounds are capable of repelling motile bacteria from marine surfaces. The most effective compounds were acrylamide and benzoic and tannic acids. These were active at concentrations that were not toxic to the bacteria. Repellents were incorporated in nontoxic paints and applied to metal panels. Treated panels immersed in seawater developed a bacterial film of only 10(6) bacteria per cm6 after 12 days compared with untreated panels, which had 5 times 10(12) bacteria per cm2 after the same period. Field studies confirmed the effectiveness of these repellents. The use of biological repellents provides a new approach to the control of marine fouling."}
{"id": "PMID:1211934", "title": "Fate of ochratoxin A in brewing.", "content": "The fate of ochratoxin A in brewing was investigated by adding (3H)ochratoxin A to the raw materials at 1- and 10-mug/g levels during mashing in a conventional microbrewing process. The results indicated that large portions (28 to 39%) of the added toxin were recovered in spent grains, with less recovery in the yeast (8 to 20%) and beer (14 to 18%). About 38 and 12% of the added toxin at levels of 1 and 10 mug/g, respectively, were degraded during brewing.", "contents": "Fate of ochratoxin A in brewing. The fate of ochratoxin A in brewing was investigated by adding (3H)ochratoxin A to the raw materials at 1- and 10-mug/g levels during mashing in a conventional microbrewing process. The results indicated that large portions (28 to 39%) of the added toxin were recovered in spent grains, with less recovery in the yeast (8 to 20%) and beer (14 to 18%). About 38 and 12% of the added toxin at levels of 1 and 10 mug/g, respectively, were degraded during brewing."}
{"id": "PMID:1211935", "title": "Separation of spores and parasporal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis in gradients of certain x-ray contrasting agents.", "content": "Spores and parasporal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis can be separated at moderate centrifugation speeds (10,000 to 12,000 rpm) in gradients of Renografin or sodium diatrizoate.", "contents": "Separation of spores and parasporal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis in gradients of certain x-ray contrasting agents. Spores and parasporal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis can be separated at moderate centrifugation speeds (10,000 to 12,000 rpm) in gradients of Renografin or sodium diatrizoate."}
{"id": "PMID:1211936", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of aspergillin by Aspergillus niger.", "content": "Two inhibitors of the biosynthesis of aspergillin, the black spore pigment of Aspergillus niger, have been investigated. 2,4-Dithiopyrimidine exerted its inhibitory effect by intracellularly chelating cupric ion required for normal pigmentation. Dimethylsulfoxide prevented the synthesis of certain phenolic precursors of the native pigment. Partial purification and characterization of pigments from mature cultures revealed the presence of at least three components: (i) a high-molecular-weight (approximately 20,000) native pigment fraction in untreated mold cultures, (ii) a lower-molecular-weight (approximately 5,000) melanin pigment found in both types of inhibited cultures, and (iii) a low-molecular-weight (368) green pigment found only in the 2,4-dithiopyrimidine-inhibited cultures and proposed to be a pentacyclic quinonoid derivative. A pathway for aspergillin biosynthesis is suggested based on these results.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of aspergillin by Aspergillus niger. Two inhibitors of the biosynthesis of aspergillin, the black spore pigment of Aspergillus niger, have been investigated. 2,4-Dithiopyrimidine exerted its inhibitory effect by intracellularly chelating cupric ion required for normal pigmentation. Dimethylsulfoxide prevented the synthesis of certain phenolic precursors of the native pigment. Partial purification and characterization of pigments from mature cultures revealed the presence of at least three components: (i) a high-molecular-weight (approximately 20,000) native pigment fraction in untreated mold cultures, (ii) a lower-molecular-weight (approximately 5,000) melanin pigment found in both types of inhibited cultures, and (iii) a low-molecular-weight (368) green pigment found only in the 2,4-dithiopyrimidine-inhibited cultures and proposed to be a pentacyclic quinonoid derivative. A pathway for aspergillin biosynthesis is suggested based on these results."}
{"id": "PMID:1211937", "title": "Screening test for assessment of ultimate biodegradability: linear alkylbenzene sulfonates.", "content": "A relatively simple shake-flask system for determining CO2 evolution was developed to assess the ultimate biodegradability by soil and sewage micro-organisms of chemicals which enter the environment. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) were used as model compounds to evaluate the method and were found to undergo substantial biodegradation in this dilute system. At the 30 mg/liter test concentration, higher-molecular-weight LAS compounds were biodegraded at a slower rate and to a lesser extent than lower-molecular-weight LAS, an effect which was eliminated or greatly reduced upon incremental addition of the LAS to the test medium during the first week of incubation. LA35S was used to demonstrate rapid LAS desulfonation, and 14CO2 evolution studies with (14C) benzene ring-labeled LAS indicated concomitant biodegradation of the entire LAS molecule as well as the LAS aromatic component. The test can be employed to examine numerous compounds at the same time and is readily adapted to studies of the effect of variation in temperature and oxygen concentration on biodegradation.", "contents": "Screening test for assessment of ultimate biodegradability: linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. A relatively simple shake-flask system for determining CO2 evolution was developed to assess the ultimate biodegradability by soil and sewage micro-organisms of chemicals which enter the environment. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) were used as model compounds to evaluate the method and were found to undergo substantial biodegradation in this dilute system. At the 30 mg/liter test concentration, higher-molecular-weight LAS compounds were biodegraded at a slower rate and to a lesser extent than lower-molecular-weight LAS, an effect which was eliminated or greatly reduced upon incremental addition of the LAS to the test medium during the first week of incubation. LA35S was used to demonstrate rapid LAS desulfonation, and 14CO2 evolution studies with (14C) benzene ring-labeled LAS indicated concomitant biodegradation of the entire LAS molecule as well as the LAS aromatic component. The test can be employed to examine numerous compounds at the same time and is readily adapted to studies of the effect of variation in temperature and oxygen concentration on biodegradation."}
{"id": "PMID:1211938", "title": "Incorporation of (2-14C)acetate into lipids of mink (Mustela vison) liver and intestine during in vitro and in vivo treatment with aflatoxin B1.", "content": "The in vitro and in vivo incorporation of (2-14C)acetate into lipids of mink (Mustela vison) liver and intestines was studied. In vitro, a dose of aflatoxin B1 as small as 7.5 mug/ml of medium reduced by 20% the amount of (2-14C)acetate incorporated into lipids of mink liver slices, whereas 180 mug caused 76% reduction in the synthesis of lipids from the radioactive precusor. Similar inhibition of lipid synthesis by aflatoxin also was observed with tissues from mink intestines and fatty liver. The degree of inhibition (19 to 84% for tissue from intestines and 19 to 64% for tissue from fatty livers) depended on the amount of aflatoxin B1 (7.5 TO 180 MUG) present in the medium. In vivo, a substantially increased amount of 14C-labeled lipids was found in the livers of mink injected with 600 mug of aflatoxin B1 per kg of body weight 20, 28, and 40 h earlier. However, no appreciable difference in incorporation of (2-14C)acetate into lipids was observed between toxin-treated and control animals when these animals were sacrificed and examined for 14C-labeled lipids at 4 and 10 h after toxin was administered.", "contents": "Incorporation of (2-14C)acetate into lipids of mink (Mustela vison) liver and intestine during in vitro and in vivo treatment with aflatoxin B1. The in vitro and in vivo incorporation of (2-14C)acetate into lipids of mink (Mustela vison) liver and intestines was studied. In vitro, a dose of aflatoxin B1 as small as 7.5 mug/ml of medium reduced by 20% the amount of (2-14C)acetate incorporated into lipids of mink liver slices, whereas 180 mug caused 76% reduction in the synthesis of lipids from the radioactive precusor. Similar inhibition of lipid synthesis by aflatoxin also was observed with tissues from mink intestines and fatty liver. The degree of inhibition (19 to 84% for tissue from intestines and 19 to 64% for tissue from fatty livers) depended on the amount of aflatoxin B1 (7.5 TO 180 MUG) present in the medium. In vivo, a substantially increased amount of 14C-labeled lipids was found in the livers of mink injected with 600 mug of aflatoxin B1 per kg of body weight 20, 28, and 40 h earlier. However, no appreciable difference in incorporation of (2-14C)acetate into lipids was observed between toxin-treated and control animals when these animals were sacrificed and examined for 14C-labeled lipids at 4 and 10 h after toxin was administered."}
{"id": "PMID:1211939", "title": "Chemical alteration of carotene biosynthesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus and mutants.", "content": "The effects of diphenylamine, dimethyl sulfoxide, streptomycin, AMO-1618, and beta-ionone on the carotene composition of a wild-type and three mutant strains of Phycomyces blakesleeanus have been examined. Diphenylamine increased the phytoene and phytofluene concentrations of all strains while reducing the levels of the color carotenes. Dimethyl sulfoxide reduced the concentration of both cyclic and acyclic carotenes, whereas AMO-1618 increased the levels of all carotenes in all the strains. The wild type and mutants responded differently to the presence of streptomycin and beta-ionone. The possible mode of action of the above agents on carotenoid biosynthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Chemical alteration of carotene biosynthesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus and mutants. The effects of diphenylamine, dimethyl sulfoxide, streptomycin, AMO-1618, and beta-ionone on the carotene composition of a wild-type and three mutant strains of Phycomyces blakesleeanus have been examined. Diphenylamine increased the phytoene and phytofluene concentrations of all strains while reducing the levels of the color carotenes. Dimethyl sulfoxide reduced the concentration of both cyclic and acyclic carotenes, whereas AMO-1618 increased the levels of all carotenes in all the strains. The wild type and mutants responded differently to the presence of streptomycin and beta-ionone. The possible mode of action of the above agents on carotenoid biosynthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211945", "title": "[From anal atresia to continent organ].", "content": "In deep anal occlusion complete continence can nearly always be obtained by means of a perineal or sacroperineal operation. On the other hand, the results after reconstruction in case of high recto-anal agenesis are still doubtful. Placing the neorectum inside the junction of the levator ani muscles by the sacro-abdomino-perineal approach has improved the continence function. Manometric studies have shown that the organ of continence has to learn its function first, which may take months or even years. In cases of congenital motor or sensory defects, or iatrogenic lesions, at least partial normalization can be brought about by specific reconstructive operations.", "contents": "[From anal atresia to continent organ]. In deep anal occlusion complete continence can nearly always be obtained by means of a perineal or sacroperineal operation. On the other hand, the results after reconstruction in case of high recto-anal agenesis are still doubtful. Placing the neorectum inside the junction of the levator ani muscles by the sacro-abdomino-perineal approach has improved the continence function. Manometric studies have shown that the organ of continence has to learn its function first, which may take months or even years. In cases of congenital motor or sensory defects, or iatrogenic lesions, at least partial normalization can be brought about by specific reconstructive operations."}
{"id": "PMID:1211946", "title": "Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in children.", "content": "Case reports of four children with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis without clear-cut etiology are discussed. Symptoms in children are frequently not specific and do not readily suggest cholecystopathy. The diagnosis of cholecystitis and/or cholelithiasis should be considered in cases of children with vague, recurrent abdominal complaints, pyrexia, nausea and vomiting. In children presenting these symptoms, an X-ray survey of the abdomen is indicated in view of the increased possibility of demonstrating gall stones. No cause of this phenomenon could be demonstrated in our material, since routine analysis of calculi was not performed.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in children. Case reports of four children with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis without clear-cut etiology are discussed. Symptoms in children are frequently not specific and do not readily suggest cholecystopathy. The diagnosis of cholecystitis and/or cholelithiasis should be considered in cases of children with vague, recurrent abdominal complaints, pyrexia, nausea and vomiting. In children presenting these symptoms, an X-ray survey of the abdomen is indicated in view of the increased possibility of demonstrating gall stones. No cause of this phenomenon could be demonstrated in our material, since routine analysis of calculi was not performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211947", "title": "Isolated regional perfusion in the treatment of malignant melanomas of the extremities.", "content": "The authors present a survey of changed views on the treatment of patients with malignant melanoma of the extremities. In addition to conventional therapy, regional perfusion is discussed. Over the period 1964-1970, 115 perfusions were performed in 75 patients. The perfusions were confined to patients with a tumor infiltrating beyond the stratum papillare. The 4-year survival of 30 patients with a primary tumor, without demonstrable metastases at the moment of perfusion, was found to be 77%. The percentage of local recurrences was significantly lower after perfusion than after conventional surgery.", "contents": "Isolated regional perfusion in the treatment of malignant melanomas of the extremities. The authors present a survey of changed views on the treatment of patients with malignant melanoma of the extremities. In addition to conventional therapy, regional perfusion is discussed. Over the period 1964-1970, 115 perfusions were performed in 75 patients. The perfusions were confined to patients with a tumor infiltrating beyond the stratum papillare. The 4-year survival of 30 patients with a primary tumor, without demonstrable metastases at the moment of perfusion, was found to be 77%. The percentage of local recurrences was significantly lower after perfusion than after conventional surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1211955", "title": "Duodenal bile acids in infancy.", "content": "Duodenal bile acids have been estimated in three age groups in infancy from birth to 7 months, and age-related changes have been shown. The lowest concentrations of duodenal bile acids occurred in the youngest infants, and increasing concentrations were found with increasing age. Taurine conjugated bile acids predominated in early infancy, while in older infants bile acids were mainly conjugated with glycine. The probable presence of taurolithocholic acid in the duodenal bil of 2 newborns before the establishment of a gastrointestinal microflora remains to be confirmed, but could result either from transplacental passage of secondary bile acids or from endogenous synthesis by the fetal liver.", "contents": "Duodenal bile acids in infancy. Duodenal bile acids have been estimated in three age groups in infancy from birth to 7 months, and age-related changes have been shown. The lowest concentrations of duodenal bile acids occurred in the youngest infants, and increasing concentrations were found with increasing age. Taurine conjugated bile acids predominated in early infancy, while in older infants bile acids were mainly conjugated with glycine. The probable presence of taurolithocholic acid in the duodenal bil of 2 newborns before the establishment of a gastrointestinal microflora remains to be confirmed, but could result either from transplacental passage of secondary bile acids or from endogenous synthesis by the fetal liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1211956", "title": "Specificity of ultrastructural changes of small intestinal epithelium in early childhood.", "content": "Electron microscopical features of the small intestinal mucosa in 30 consecutive biopsies from 14 newly diagnosed coeliac patients, and 16 patients with chronic intermittent diarrhoea due to different causes, were studied. An attempt to define specific changes in each condition was made. An abnormal brush border, increased number of free ribosomes, rich rough endoplasmic reticulum, poorly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, large Golgi complexes, and thickened basal lamina were the most frequent findings in the coeliac biopsies. These changes suggest abnormal cellular metabolism, but as they were also observed in children with a variety of clinical conditions, they could not be specifically related to coeliac disease. These observations suggest that in small children different causes leading to different degrees of abnormal small intestinal mucosa, as observed with the light microscope, produce nonspecific changes of the cellular ultrastructure, which cannot be related to the degree of abnormality observed at the light microscope level.", "contents": "Specificity of ultrastructural changes of small intestinal epithelium in early childhood. Electron microscopical features of the small intestinal mucosa in 30 consecutive biopsies from 14 newly diagnosed coeliac patients, and 16 patients with chronic intermittent diarrhoea due to different causes, were studied. An attempt to define specific changes in each condition was made. An abnormal brush border, increased number of free ribosomes, rich rough endoplasmic reticulum, poorly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, large Golgi complexes, and thickened basal lamina were the most frequent findings in the coeliac biopsies. These changes suggest abnormal cellular metabolism, but as they were also observed in children with a variety of clinical conditions, they could not be specifically related to coeliac disease. These observations suggest that in small children different causes leading to different degrees of abnormal small intestinal mucosa, as observed with the light microscope, produce nonspecific changes of the cellular ultrastructure, which cannot be related to the degree of abnormality observed at the light microscope level."}
{"id": "PMID:1211957", "title": "Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in hypopharyngeal aspirate of newborn infants.", "content": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was measured in the hypopharyngeal aspirate of 41 newborn infants. In 20 without respiratory distress the ratio within 24 hours from birth ranged from 1.5 to 5.8 with a mean value of 3.3. In 6 with 'transient tachypnoea of the newborn' the ratio ranged from 2.0 to 6.7 with a mean value of 3.2. In 15 infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) the ratio ranged from 0.9 to 2.1 with a mean value of 1.4. In 14 of these infants the ratio within 24 hours from birth was 1.7 or less. One infant with a higher ratio and severe RDS is described in detail. Serial hypopharyngeal aspirate L/S ratios were determined in the infants with RDS. There was a possible trend toward the earlier attainment of a ratio of 2.0 in infants who received continuous distending airway pressure compared with infants who did not.", "contents": "Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in hypopharyngeal aspirate of newborn infants. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was measured in the hypopharyngeal aspirate of 41 newborn infants. In 20 without respiratory distress the ratio within 24 hours from birth ranged from 1.5 to 5.8 with a mean value of 3.3. In 6 with 'transient tachypnoea of the newborn' the ratio ranged from 2.0 to 6.7 with a mean value of 3.2. In 15 infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) the ratio ranged from 0.9 to 2.1 with a mean value of 1.4. In 14 of these infants the ratio within 24 hours from birth was 1.7 or less. One infant with a higher ratio and severe RDS is described in detail. Serial hypopharyngeal aspirate L/S ratios were determined in the infants with RDS. There was a possible trend toward the earlier attainment of a ratio of 2.0 in infants who received continuous distending airway pressure compared with infants who did not."}
{"id": "PMID:1211958", "title": "Congential H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistula.", "content": "Five cases of congenital H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistula are presented. The clinical features common to all were choking and coughing precipitated by feeds, recurrent chest infections, and episodes of abdominal distension. The usefulness of repeated oesophagograms in diagnosing the condition is emphasized. Operation in all cases was by the cervical approach. The single postoperative death was related to pre-existent severe chest infection, and no postoperative complications were encountered in the other patients.", "contents": "Congential H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Five cases of congenital H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistula are presented. The clinical features common to all were choking and coughing precipitated by feeds, recurrent chest infections, and episodes of abdominal distension. The usefulness of repeated oesophagograms in diagnosing the condition is emphasized. Operation in all cases was by the cervical approach. The single postoperative death was related to pre-existent severe chest infection, and no postoperative complications were encountered in the other patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1211959", "title": "Comparison of an amino acid mixture and protein hydrolysates in treatment of infants with phenylketonuria.", "content": "This study compares three feeding regimens for infants with phenylketonuria diagnosed by neonatal screening. Group 1 (five children) received Minafen (Cow & Gate) until they weighed twice their birthweights; Aminogran (Allen & Hanbury) was then added to the feeds in increasing amounts and replaced Minafen at between 8 and 10 months of age. Group 2 (five children) received Aminogran from the neonatal period. Group 3 (five children) received Minafen until they weighed twice their birthweights; Cymogran (Allen & Hanbury) was then added in increasing amounts and replaced Minafen at between 8 and 10 months of age. In all three groups growth was normal and control of phenylalanine levels satisfactory. During the first few months of life the Aminogran regimen proved more complicated and caused more practical difficulties than the regimens starting with Minafen. Later in the first year, when mixed feeding was introduced, and particularly when the bottle was exchanged for the cup, Aminogran had advantages over Cymogran because of its low calorie content, small bulk, and less unpleasant taste. At this age feeding problems were fewer and easier to manage with Aminogran than with Cymogran. A method of using Aminogran in the management of such problems is described. For these reasons, the regimen fed group 1, in which Minafen is used initially and then replaced by Aminogran, is preferred to the other two.", "contents": "Comparison of an amino acid mixture and protein hydrolysates in treatment of infants with phenylketonuria. This study compares three feeding regimens for infants with phenylketonuria diagnosed by neonatal screening. Group 1 (five children) received Minafen (Cow & Gate) until they weighed twice their birthweights; Aminogran (Allen & Hanbury) was then added to the feeds in increasing amounts and replaced Minafen at between 8 and 10 months of age. Group 2 (five children) received Aminogran from the neonatal period. Group 3 (five children) received Minafen until they weighed twice their birthweights; Cymogran (Allen & Hanbury) was then added in increasing amounts and replaced Minafen at between 8 and 10 months of age. In all three groups growth was normal and control of phenylalanine levels satisfactory. During the first few months of life the Aminogran regimen proved more complicated and caused more practical difficulties than the regimens starting with Minafen. Later in the first year, when mixed feeding was introduced, and particularly when the bottle was exchanged for the cup, Aminogran had advantages over Cymogran because of its low calorie content, small bulk, and less unpleasant taste. At this age feeding problems were fewer and easier to manage with Aminogran than with Cymogran. A method of using Aminogran in the management of such problems is described. For these reasons, the regimen fed group 1, in which Minafen is used initially and then replaced by Aminogran, is preferred to the other two."}
{"id": "PMID:1211960", "title": "Sick sinus syndrome. Symptomatic cases in children.", "content": "In 20 children needing treatment for symptomatic sick sinus syndrome, the average age at presentation was 7.1 years and ranged from 9 months to 18 years. Symptoms were never precise but, in retrospect, 5 children had syncope, 7 had a rapid heart action, 6 had dyspnoea or tachypnoea, 2 had nonspecific chest pains, 2 had pale spells, and 1 had a sudden hemiplegia. Symptoms followed cardiac surgery in 15 cases and were related to unoperated congenital heart disease in 2 and to myocarditis in 2. The aetiology was unknown in 1 case. The type of cardiac surgery resulting in the development of the sick sinus syndrome was predominantly related to atrial suturing. Both tachy- and bradydysrhythmias were found, including wandering atrial pacemaker (9 cases), junctional rhythm (19 cases), supraventricular tachycardia (9 cases), atrial flutter (11 cases), and atrial fibrillation (2 cases). Both atrial (8 cases) and ventricular (7 cases) premature beats were seen. All patients were given trials of drug therapy but difficulties were encountered. Cardioversion was used for tachyarrhythmias in 11 cases without serious problems. Six children had permanent cardiac pacemakers inserted with good results. Recognition of the sick sinus syndrome in childhood is important and treatment must be regulated by the severity of symptoms.", "contents": "Sick sinus syndrome. Symptomatic cases in children. In 20 children needing treatment for symptomatic sick sinus syndrome, the average age at presentation was 7.1 years and ranged from 9 months to 18 years. Symptoms were never precise but, in retrospect, 5 children had syncope, 7 had a rapid heart action, 6 had dyspnoea or tachypnoea, 2 had nonspecific chest pains, 2 had pale spells, and 1 had a sudden hemiplegia. Symptoms followed cardiac surgery in 15 cases and were related to unoperated congenital heart disease in 2 and to myocarditis in 2. The aetiology was unknown in 1 case. The type of cardiac surgery resulting in the development of the sick sinus syndrome was predominantly related to atrial suturing. Both tachy- and bradydysrhythmias were found, including wandering atrial pacemaker (9 cases), junctional rhythm (19 cases), supraventricular tachycardia (9 cases), atrial flutter (11 cases), and atrial fibrillation (2 cases). Both atrial (8 cases) and ventricular (7 cases) premature beats were seen. All patients were given trials of drug therapy but difficulties were encountered. Cardioversion was used for tachyarrhythmias in 11 cases without serious problems. Six children had permanent cardiac pacemakers inserted with good results. Recognition of the sick sinus syndrome in childhood is important and treatment must be regulated by the severity of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1211961", "title": "Septicaemia from prolonged intravenous infusions.", "content": "Four cases of septicaemia in children were traced to contaminated intravenous infusions and volume control sets. In each case Pseudomonas cepacia was isolated from multiple blood cultures and from intravenous fluid within the volume control set. The first patient died of septicaemia after a long and complicated postoperative period. The other three patients received appropriate antibiotics after removal of the contaminated intravenous sets and they recovered within 2 weeks.", "contents": "Septicaemia from prolonged intravenous infusions. Four cases of septicaemia in children were traced to contaminated intravenous infusions and volume control sets. In each case Pseudomonas cepacia was isolated from multiple blood cultures and from intravenous fluid within the volume control set. The first patient died of septicaemia after a long and complicated postoperative period. The other three patients received appropriate antibiotics after removal of the contaminated intravenous sets and they recovered within 2 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:1211962", "title": "Vestibular dysfunction in familial dysautonomia. The Riley-Day syndrome.", "content": "We report the bilateral absence of response to tests of vestibular function in 5 patients with familial dysautonomia.", "contents": "Vestibular dysfunction in familial dysautonomia. The Riley-Day syndrome. We report the bilateral absence of response to tests of vestibular function in 5 patients with familial dysautonomia."}
{"id": "PMID:1211963", "title": "Secretion of prednisolone into breast milk.", "content": "The secretion of 3H in the breast milk of seven volunteers was studied over a period of about 48 hours after the oral administration of 5 mg of 3H-prednisolone. A range of 0.07 to 0.23% of the dose per litre was recovered.", "contents": "Secretion of prednisolone into breast milk. The secretion of 3H in the breast milk of seven volunteers was studied over a period of about 48 hours after the oral administration of 5 mg of 3H-prednisolone. A range of 0.07 to 0.23% of the dose per litre was recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:1211964", "title": "Watery diarrhoea and ganglioneuroma with secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide.", "content": "A young girl presenting with diarrhoea and stridor was found to have a thoracic ganglioneuroma. The tumour, which was partially resected, contained an abnormally high amount of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as measured by radioimmunoassay. This decreased after the operation. In addition, analysis of urine showed the presence of abnormal amounts of catecholamines and catechol metabolites. The findings suggest that the diarrhoea in the syndrome of ganglioneuroma and bowel dysfunction is due to an excess of VIP secreted by the tumour.", "contents": "Watery diarrhoea and ganglioneuroma with secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide. A young girl presenting with diarrhoea and stridor was found to have a thoracic ganglioneuroma. The tumour, which was partially resected, contained an abnormally high amount of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as measured by radioimmunoassay. This decreased after the operation. In addition, analysis of urine showed the presence of abnormal amounts of catecholamines and catechol metabolites. The findings suggest that the diarrhoea in the syndrome of ganglioneuroma and bowel dysfunction is due to an excess of VIP secreted by the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:1211965", "title": "Exchange transfusion in severe neonatal infection with sclerema.", "content": "Two critically ill newborn babies with severe infection associated with sclerema were successfully treated with appropriate antibiotics and repeated exchange transfusions.", "contents": "Exchange transfusion in severe neonatal infection with sclerema. Two critically ill newborn babies with severe infection associated with sclerema were successfully treated with appropriate antibiotics and repeated exchange transfusions."}
{"id": "PMID:1211972", "title": "Serum hemopexin in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis on dapsone (di(4-aminophenyl)sulphone).", "content": "Twenty patients with dermatitis herpetiformis treated with di(4-aminophenyl)-sulphone (Dapsone) were analyzed with respect to serum hemopexin concentration as well as some other haematological parameters. With one exception, there were normal concentrations of serum hemopexin when the haptoglobin and methaemoglobin concentrations were normal. Ten out of 11 patients with haptoglobin below 0.3 g/l, which is the lower limit of reference interval at this laboratory, had their hemopexin concentrations reduced to various extents. There was an inverse relationship between the concentration of serum hemopexin and blood methaemoglobin. There was no correlation between amount of Heinz bodies and the concentrations of blood methaemoglobin, serum haptoglobin or serum hemopexin. It is concluded that serum hemopexin measurement should be of value in the assessment of the severity of the haemolysis caused by the drug treatment in those cases who have a low serum haptoglobin concentration.", "contents": "Serum hemopexin in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis on dapsone (di(4-aminophenyl)sulphone). Twenty patients with dermatitis herpetiformis treated with di(4-aminophenyl)-sulphone (Dapsone) were analyzed with respect to serum hemopexin concentration as well as some other haematological parameters. With one exception, there were normal concentrations of serum hemopexin when the haptoglobin and methaemoglobin concentrations were normal. Ten out of 11 patients with haptoglobin below 0.3 g/l, which is the lower limit of reference interval at this laboratory, had their hemopexin concentrations reduced to various extents. There was an inverse relationship between the concentration of serum hemopexin and blood methaemoglobin. There was no correlation between amount of Heinz bodies and the concentrations of blood methaemoglobin, serum haptoglobin or serum hemopexin. It is concluded that serum hemopexin measurement should be of value in the assessment of the severity of the haemolysis caused by the drug treatment in those cases who have a low serum haptoglobin concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1211973", "title": "[\"Keratoacanthomas\" in mastomys natalensis (author's transl)].", "content": "54 Tumors of Mastomys natalensis (GRA Giessen), described in the literature as \"Keratoacanthomas\" were investigated by light and electron microscopy. They are induced by a virus of the Papova group. Their histogenesis and their course are very different from human keratoacanthoma. The results reveal problems related to experimental animal tumour models and the similarities of different malignancies in the nomenclatures of several disciplines.", "contents": "[\"Keratoacanthomas\" in mastomys natalensis (author's transl)]. 54 Tumors of Mastomys natalensis (GRA Giessen), described in the literature as \"Keratoacanthomas\" were investigated by light and electron microscopy. They are induced by a virus of the Papova group. Their histogenesis and their course are very different from human keratoacanthoma. The results reveal problems related to experimental animal tumour models and the similarities of different malignancies in the nomenclatures of several disciplines."}
{"id": "PMID:1211974", "title": "[Multiple skin plasmocytomas, increased serum IgA and lack of bone marrow lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Extramedullary plasmocytomas of the skin are rare, especially if a participation of the bone marrow is lacking. A 76-year-old patient developed multiple skin tumours within 2 months. In addition he showed an increase of serum immunoglobulin A. Histopathologically the tumours resembled reticulum cell sarcoma with few plasma cells, partly immature.", "contents": "[Multiple skin plasmocytomas, increased serum IgA and lack of bone marrow lesions (author's transl)]. Extramedullary plasmocytomas of the skin are rare, especially if a participation of the bone marrow is lacking. A 76-year-old patient developed multiple skin tumours within 2 months. In addition he showed an increase of serum immunoglobulin A. Histopathologically the tumours resembled reticulum cell sarcoma with few plasma cells, partly immature."}
{"id": "PMID:1211975", "title": "Predisposing factors on the surface of the skin in persons with pityriasis versicolor.", "content": "This is a report on biochemical and physiological examinations carried out on 20 test persons who in the last 2 years had contacted and completely recovered from pityriasis versicolor and on 25 control persons of corresponding age and sex. The tests on the skin surface of the patients with pityriasis versicolor show, when compared with the corresponding control group, the following significant results: 1. Significantly more amino acids could be extracted from the skin of the pityriasis versicolor patients than from the skin of the control persons. 2. A significantly shorter alkali neutralisation time was to be found in the pityriasis versicolor patients than in the control persons. 3. The degree of water spreading on the skin was found to be significantly reduced in the pityriasis versicolor patients when compared with the control persons. It is probable that these results point to important predisposing factors for pityriasis versicolor.", "contents": "Predisposing factors on the surface of the skin in persons with pityriasis versicolor. This is a report on biochemical and physiological examinations carried out on 20 test persons who in the last 2 years had contacted and completely recovered from pityriasis versicolor and on 25 control persons of corresponding age and sex. The tests on the skin surface of the patients with pityriasis versicolor show, when compared with the corresponding control group, the following significant results: 1. Significantly more amino acids could be extracted from the skin of the pityriasis versicolor patients than from the skin of the control persons. 2. A significantly shorter alkali neutralisation time was to be found in the pityriasis versicolor patients than in the control persons. 3. The degree of water spreading on the skin was found to be significantly reduced in the pityriasis versicolor patients when compared with the control persons. It is probable that these results point to important predisposing factors for pityriasis versicolor."}
{"id": "PMID:1211976", "title": "[Further investigational results with the dermatometer according to bingmer (author's transl)].", "content": "Further results of investigations using the dermatometer according to Bingmer for the determination of the actual moisture content of superficial skin layers are presented. The investigations are divided into in-vitro tests, tests on excised skin and tests on humans. Results indicate that the Bingmer apparatus used in these trials shows considerable specific sensitivity to changes in the moisture content of the media examined. Different results obtained by other workers might be due to the use of Bingmer apparatus with a different carrier frequency. The advantage of apparatus based on 9 Kc carrier frequency is stressed. As a whole, the use of the Bingmer apparatus may be considered a step forward in dermatological and cosmetic examination techniques.", "contents": "[Further investigational results with the dermatometer according to bingmer (author's transl)]. Further results of investigations using the dermatometer according to Bingmer for the determination of the actual moisture content of superficial skin layers are presented. The investigations are divided into in-vitro tests, tests on excised skin and tests on humans. Results indicate that the Bingmer apparatus used in these trials shows considerable specific sensitivity to changes in the moisture content of the media examined. Different results obtained by other workers might be due to the use of Bingmer apparatus with a different carrier frequency. The advantage of apparatus based on 9 Kc carrier frequency is stressed. As a whole, the use of the Bingmer apparatus may be considered a step forward in dermatological and cosmetic examination techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:1211977", "title": "[Influence of concomitant treatment with D-penicillamine and beta-aminopropionitrile on mechanical properties of rat connective tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study the influence of D-penicillamine (DPA) and beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) as well as of a combination of both substances (proportion by weight 1:1) on the collagen of skin, aorta, and femoral epiphysial cartilage, the mechanical properties of these fibrous organs were examined, after having performed tests on onset and dissipation of action, measured by the decrease of ultimate load of excised strips of skin using the two individual compounds. The action of 320 mg/kg of DPA sets in within 7 days reaching a maximum value after 14 days. After discontinuance of the substance the control values are reached within 15 days. BAPN shows its maximal effect on the 18th test day. After discontinuance of treatment the control value is not reached within 35 days. DPA and BAPN show organo-specific actions: DPA has a considerably stronger influence on the collagen of skin than on the collagen of the aorta; under the present test conditions it does, however, not affect the collagen of the distal femoral epiphysial cartilage. As compared to DPA, BAPN exerts a less pronounced influence on the collagen of the skin, similar influence on the collagen of the aorta, and a strong influence on the collagen of the distal femoral epiphysial cartilage. If both substances are administered together, the organospecific actions of DPA on the one hand and BAPN on the other hand are maintained. It is discussed whether the different chemical compositions of the collagen (Type I--IV) may be connected with the organospecific effects of the test substances.", "contents": "[Influence of concomitant treatment with D-penicillamine and beta-aminopropionitrile on mechanical properties of rat connective tissue (author's transl)]. In order to study the influence of D-penicillamine (DPA) and beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) as well as of a combination of both substances (proportion by weight 1:1) on the collagen of skin, aorta, and femoral epiphysial cartilage, the mechanical properties of these fibrous organs were examined, after having performed tests on onset and dissipation of action, measured by the decrease of ultimate load of excised strips of skin using the two individual compounds. The action of 320 mg/kg of DPA sets in within 7 days reaching a maximum value after 14 days. After discontinuance of the substance the control values are reached within 15 days. BAPN shows its maximal effect on the 18th test day. After discontinuance of treatment the control value is not reached within 35 days. DPA and BAPN show organo-specific actions: DPA has a considerably stronger influence on the collagen of skin than on the collagen of the aorta; under the present test conditions it does, however, not affect the collagen of the distal femoral epiphysial cartilage. As compared to DPA, BAPN exerts a less pronounced influence on the collagen of the skin, similar influence on the collagen of the aorta, and a strong influence on the collagen of the distal femoral epiphysial cartilage. If both substances are administered together, the organospecific actions of DPA on the one hand and BAPN on the other hand are maintained. It is discussed whether the different chemical compositions of the collagen (Type I--IV) may be connected with the organospecific effects of the test substances."}
{"id": "PMID:1211978", "title": "[A device for the measurement of the horny layer transparency. The stripping method].", "content": "A new measuring device for the determination of transparency of horny layer material stripped off the skin surface with adhesive tape is being described. This method enables a differentiated and reproducible objectification of light absorption of stripped horny layer material. The horny layer is being fixed on a glass plate and then conducted past a light source and a photo cell at constant speed, whereby the respective light-current-variation caused by the varying degrees of light permeability of the horny layer material is being synchroniously registered by a continuous-line-recording instrument thereby serving as a parameter for each respective strip sample. The systematic evaluation of the original curves takes into consideration amplitude, angle of climb and medium route and results in a horny layer sample-obtained successively from one and the same horny layer strip-series test area-impressioned by individual and regional horny layer conditions. This permits conclusions concerning not only the horny layer transparency but also the horny layer solidity and stripping capability. Thus, the procedure opens new horizons for experimental and clinical questions regarding horny layer diagnostics.", "contents": "[A device for the measurement of the horny layer transparency. The stripping method]. A new measuring device for the determination of transparency of horny layer material stripped off the skin surface with adhesive tape is being described. This method enables a differentiated and reproducible objectification of light absorption of stripped horny layer material. The horny layer is being fixed on a glass plate and then conducted past a light source and a photo cell at constant speed, whereby the respective light-current-variation caused by the varying degrees of light permeability of the horny layer material is being synchroniously registered by a continuous-line-recording instrument thereby serving as a parameter for each respective strip sample. The systematic evaluation of the original curves takes into consideration amplitude, angle of climb and medium route and results in a horny layer sample-obtained successively from one and the same horny layer strip-series test area-impressioned by individual and regional horny layer conditions. This permits conclusions concerning not only the horny layer transparency but also the horny layer solidity and stripping capability. Thus, the procedure opens new horizons for experimental and clinical questions regarding horny layer diagnostics."}
{"id": "PMID:1211986", "title": "Obstructive jaundice in patients with pancreatitis without associated biliary tract disease.", "content": "Jaundice occurring in patients with pancreatitis is usually due to hepatocellular injury or to associated biliary tract disease. Common duct obstruction is occasionally caused by pancreatic fibrosis, edema or pseudocyst in patients who have neither hepatocellular injury nor biliary tract disease. We have studied 7 patients with obstructive jaundice due to pancreatitis who demonstrated no other known cause for jaundice. The difficulty in making the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant disease in these patients, particularly when no pain is associated with obstructive jaundice, is discussed. In view of the fact that the terminal common duct traverses the pancreas, it is uncertain why obstructive jaundice associated with chronic pancreatitis does not occur more often unless the condition is sometimes transient and overlooked. Operative intervention is required in those patients in whom jaundice is persistent. Operation is intended to decompress the biliary tract and the pancreas. The approach used will be dictated by the operative findings in each patient.", "contents": "Obstructive jaundice in patients with pancreatitis without associated biliary tract disease. Jaundice occurring in patients with pancreatitis is usually due to hepatocellular injury or to associated biliary tract disease. Common duct obstruction is occasionally caused by pancreatic fibrosis, edema or pseudocyst in patients who have neither hepatocellular injury nor biliary tract disease. We have studied 7 patients with obstructive jaundice due to pancreatitis who demonstrated no other known cause for jaundice. The difficulty in making the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant disease in these patients, particularly when no pain is associated with obstructive jaundice, is discussed. In view of the fact that the terminal common duct traverses the pancreas, it is uncertain why obstructive jaundice associated with chronic pancreatitis does not occur more often unless the condition is sometimes transient and overlooked. Operative intervention is required in those patients in whom jaundice is persistent. Operation is intended to decompress the biliary tract and the pancreas. The approach used will be dictated by the operative findings in each patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1211987", "title": "Postoperative adrenal hemorrhage.", "content": "Twelve elderly patients without Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome or adrenal tumor who had spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage one to 33 days after operation are described. Seven of these patients had operations on the gastrointestinal tract, one on the biliary system, two on the genitourinary system and two on the central nervous system. Important factors relating to adrenal hemorrhage included: intra-abdominal sepsis in 5 patients, cancer in 4, pneumonia in 4, coagulation defects in 2, exogenous steroids in 2, and syphilis in one patient. Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage should be considered in patients whose condition deteriorates rapidly after operation and in whom no other explanation is plausible. Its detection and appropriate therapy can be lifesaving.", "contents": "Postoperative adrenal hemorrhage. Twelve elderly patients without Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome or adrenal tumor who had spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage one to 33 days after operation are described. Seven of these patients had operations on the gastrointestinal tract, one on the biliary system, two on the genitourinary system and two on the central nervous system. Important factors relating to adrenal hemorrhage included: intra-abdominal sepsis in 5 patients, cancer in 4, pneumonia in 4, coagulation defects in 2, exogenous steroids in 2, and syphilis in one patient. Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage should be considered in patients whose condition deteriorates rapidly after operation and in whom no other explanation is plausible. Its detection and appropriate therapy can be lifesaving."}
{"id": "PMID:1211988", "title": "An evaluation of the application procedure for surgical house officership.", "content": "The application procedure for surgical house officership was evaluated at 25 university affiliated surgical training programs. Major inadequacies were found with the present system. The prospective house officer often does not receive relevant, up-to-date or useful literature, and interviews and tours were frequently conducted in a haphazard manner. Recommendations are offered to improve the application process and criteria are provided, which should assure adequate levels of information and help the candidate arrive at an appropriate decision with regard to postgraduate training.", "contents": "An evaluation of the application procedure for surgical house officership. The application procedure for surgical house officership was evaluated at 25 university affiliated surgical training programs. Major inadequacies were found with the present system. The prospective house officer often does not receive relevant, up-to-date or useful literature, and interviews and tours were frequently conducted in a haphazard manner. Recommendations are offered to improve the application process and criteria are provided, which should assure adequate levels of information and help the candidate arrive at an appropriate decision with regard to postgraduate training."}
{"id": "PMID:1211989", "title": "Left-sided gallbladder:: calculous cholecystitis with situs inversus.", "content": "A 59-year-old woman with complete situs inversus, developed cholecystitis in a left-sided gallbladder. The diagnosis was made radiologically and a successful operation performed. A diseased gallbladder containing two calculi, together with the appendix, was removed. An operative cholangiogram revealed a normal, but transposed, biliary system. The literature on this subject is reviewed.", "contents": "Left-sided gallbladder:: calculous cholecystitis with situs inversus. A 59-year-old woman with complete situs inversus, developed cholecystitis in a left-sided gallbladder. The diagnosis was made radiologically and a successful operation performed. A diseased gallbladder containing two calculi, together with the appendix, was removed. An operative cholangiogram revealed a normal, but transposed, biliary system. The literature on this subject is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1211990", "title": "A small arterial substitute: expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene: patency versus porosity.", "content": "Eighty-nine grafts of expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with a diameter of 4 mm, were placed in the carotid and femoral arteries of dogs. The animals were sacrificed at varying intervals beginning three days after operation. Four animals remain alive with patent grafts 10 months post-operatively. Twenty-four of 89 grafts were occluded, an overall patency of 73%. Fibril length (pore size) of the graft material was varied from 4 to 110 microns. Average pore size ranged from 9 to 65 microns. Wall thickness varied from 0.3 to 0.75 mm. Density ranged from 0.24 to 0.35 g/ml. Tissue ingrowth, neointimization and patency rate as compared to pore size, wall-thickness and density of expanded PTFE were observed. Pore size is the primary determinant of tissue ingrowth, neointimization and patency. Of 51 grafts with an average pore size of 22 microns or less, there were 6 occlusions, an 88% patency rate. There were 38 grafts with an average pore size of 34 microns or greater. In these 38 grafts, 18 occlusions were observed, a 53% patency rate. Patent grafts demonstrated tissue ingrowth, capillary formation an a thin neointima. Using small pore grafts, patency rates of 90% can be anticipated in the dog. Expanded microporous PTFE with its ease of handling, strength and pliability may be the vascular prosthesis of choice in man.", "contents": "A small arterial substitute: expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene: patency versus porosity. Eighty-nine grafts of expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with a diameter of 4 mm, were placed in the carotid and femoral arteries of dogs. The animals were sacrificed at varying intervals beginning three days after operation. Four animals remain alive with patent grafts 10 months post-operatively. Twenty-four of 89 grafts were occluded, an overall patency of 73%. Fibril length (pore size) of the graft material was varied from 4 to 110 microns. Average pore size ranged from 9 to 65 microns. Wall thickness varied from 0.3 to 0.75 mm. Density ranged from 0.24 to 0.35 g/ml. Tissue ingrowth, neointimization and patency rate as compared to pore size, wall-thickness and density of expanded PTFE were observed. Pore size is the primary determinant of tissue ingrowth, neointimization and patency. Of 51 grafts with an average pore size of 22 microns or less, there were 6 occlusions, an 88% patency rate. There were 38 grafts with an average pore size of 34 microns or greater. In these 38 grafts, 18 occlusions were observed, a 53% patency rate. Patent grafts demonstrated tissue ingrowth, capillary formation an a thin neointima. Using small pore grafts, patency rates of 90% can be anticipated in the dog. Expanded microporous PTFE with its ease of handling, strength and pliability may be the vascular prosthesis of choice in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1211991", "title": "Prevention of infection in war chest injuries.", "content": "Infection is a major complication of military chest injuries. In a series of 142 wounded, infectious complications occurred in 7 (4.9%). Factors influencing the incidence of infection are evaluated. In this group of injuries, 81 patients were admitted soon after wounding. The intrathoracic damage was severe, due to penetration of metallic fragment. The hemothorax was treated by immediate intercostal drainage. Immediate thoracotomy was performed in 10 patients and late thoractomy in 15. One patient developed a lung abscess and 5 patients had infection following thoracotomy (7.4%). Another 61 wounded patients had been first managed in a forward hospital, including three with thoractomy for massive bleeding. Two, not in a forward hospital, had a bullet removed from the lung. Upon admission to this hospital, intercostal drains were inserted when needed and four patients underwent thoracotomy. Larger wounds were debrided in 24 patients. Late thoracotomy was perfromed in seven. Chronic empyema developed in one patient after pneumonectomy performed at the field hospital, resulting in a resuscitation or infection rate of less than 2%. Factors contributing to a low infection rate were: early drainage of hemothoraces and wide debridement of larger wounds with delayed closure and avoidance of thoracotomy as primary treatment. Resection of lung tissue was avoided. Thoraco-abdominal injuries were treated separately. The clotted hemothorax was immediately evacuated. Prolonged antibiotic therapy was usually indicated.", "contents": "Prevention of infection in war chest injuries. Infection is a major complication of military chest injuries. In a series of 142 wounded, infectious complications occurred in 7 (4.9%). Factors influencing the incidence of infection are evaluated. In this group of injuries, 81 patients were admitted soon after wounding. The intrathoracic damage was severe, due to penetration of metallic fragment. The hemothorax was treated by immediate intercostal drainage. Immediate thoracotomy was performed in 10 patients and late thoractomy in 15. One patient developed a lung abscess and 5 patients had infection following thoracotomy (7.4%). Another 61 wounded patients had been first managed in a forward hospital, including three with thoractomy for massive bleeding. Two, not in a forward hospital, had a bullet removed from the lung. Upon admission to this hospital, intercostal drains were inserted when needed and four patients underwent thoracotomy. Larger wounds were debrided in 24 patients. Late thoracotomy was perfromed in seven. Chronic empyema developed in one patient after pneumonectomy performed at the field hospital, resulting in a resuscitation or infection rate of less than 2%. Factors contributing to a low infection rate were: early drainage of hemothoraces and wide debridement of larger wounds with delayed closure and avoidance of thoracotomy as primary treatment. Resection of lung tissue was avoided. Thoraco-abdominal injuries were treated separately. The clotted hemothorax was immediately evacuated. Prolonged antibiotic therapy was usually indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1211992", "title": "Prolonged secretion of lithogenic bile after cholecystectomy.", "content": "Hepatic bile samples were obtained from 8 subjects 1 1/2 to 23 years after cholecystectomy for presumed cholesterol gallstones. The content of cholesterol, bile acids and lecithin was determined for each bile sample and compared to the values found in gallbladder bile in 15 control subjects undergoing cholecystectomy for pure and mixed cholesterol stones. Plot of the data on triangular coordinates and subsequent determination of lithogenic index showed that bile was supersaturated with cholesterol in both groups of patients. The cholesterol content of bile remained at supersaturated levels following cholecystectomy and showed no tendency to return toward normal levels with the passage of time.", "contents": "Prolonged secretion of lithogenic bile after cholecystectomy. Hepatic bile samples were obtained from 8 subjects 1 1/2 to 23 years after cholecystectomy for presumed cholesterol gallstones. The content of cholesterol, bile acids and lecithin was determined for each bile sample and compared to the values found in gallbladder bile in 15 control subjects undergoing cholecystectomy for pure and mixed cholesterol stones. Plot of the data on triangular coordinates and subsequent determination of lithogenic index showed that bile was supersaturated with cholesterol in both groups of patients. The cholesterol content of bile remained at supersaturated levels following cholecystectomy and showed no tendency to return toward normal levels with the passage of time."}
{"id": "PMID:1211993", "title": "Reversed gastric tube (RGT) esophagoplasty for failure of colon, jejunum and prosthetic interpositions.", "content": "Reversed gastric tube (RGT) esophagoplasty is preferred by the author as the primary procedure for esophageal replacement. Many patients undergoing RGT esophagoplasty, however, have previously had multiple operative procedures. A particularly challenging problem in esophageal reconstruction is the patient who has already had unsuccessful intestinal or prosthetic interposition operations in attempts to reconstruct the esophagus. In such patients, it has been possible to replace the esophagus by means of the RGT operation. Of 67 RGT esophagoplasties, 9  patients (13.4%) had previous interposition operations that had failed. Six had undergone colon interposition; 2 of these had strictured, 1 had partially sloughed leaving a cervical salivary fistula, and in 1 the proximal end was never patent. In each instance, bypass with RGT was performed without resecting the colon transplant. The colon had necrosed and was removed in 2 patients. Of the remaining 3 patients, in 1 a plastic esophageal prothesis had sloughed and two had free jejunal transplants, 1 of which had impaired vascularity and the other had fibrosed. The specific techniques used to reconstruct the esophagus by reversed gastric tube esophagoplasty, as they relate to this particular group of patients, are described.", "contents": "Reversed gastric tube (RGT) esophagoplasty for failure of colon, jejunum and prosthetic interpositions. Reversed gastric tube (RGT) esophagoplasty is preferred by the author as the primary procedure for esophageal replacement. Many patients undergoing RGT esophagoplasty, however, have previously had multiple operative procedures. A particularly challenging problem in esophageal reconstruction is the patient who has already had unsuccessful intestinal or prosthetic interposition operations in attempts to reconstruct the esophagus. In such patients, it has been possible to replace the esophagus by means of the RGT operation. Of 67 RGT esophagoplasties, 9  patients (13.4%) had previous interposition operations that had failed. Six had undergone colon interposition; 2 of these had strictured, 1 had partially sloughed leaving a cervical salivary fistula, and in 1 the proximal end was never patent. In each instance, bypass with RGT was performed without resecting the colon transplant. The colon had necrosed and was removed in 2 patients. Of the remaining 3 patients, in 1 a plastic esophageal prothesis had sloughed and two had free jejunal transplants, 1 of which had impaired vascularity and the other had fibrosed. The specific techniques used to reconstruct the esophagus by reversed gastric tube esophagoplasty, as they relate to this particular group of patients, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1211994", "title": "Femoral neuropathy and ischemic colitis associated with amyloidosis in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Renal failure is often the presenting problem with amyloidosis and it portends a generally poor prognosis. Two of 121 patients in a home dialysis program were found to have amyloidosis after they developed unusual complications, ischemic colitis and femoral neuropathy. Both ultimately died as a result of their disease. From the limited experience that is reported, it appears that renal transplantation offers a better alternative for long term therapy than hemodialysis.", "contents": "Femoral neuropathy and ischemic colitis associated with amyloidosis in hemodialysis patients. Renal failure is often the presenting problem with amyloidosis and it portends a generally poor prognosis. Two of 121 patients in a home dialysis program were found to have amyloidosis after they developed unusual complications, ischemic colitis and femoral neuropathy. Both ultimately died as a result of their disease. From the limited experience that is reported, it appears that renal transplantation offers a better alternative for long term therapy than hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1211995", "title": "Successful treatment of hepatic artery aneurysm with erosion into the common duct.", "content": "A patient with an hepatic artery aneurysm is presented with preoperative angiographs, and intra-operative photographs demonstrating erosion and fistulazation into the common duct. The aneurysm was ligated and excised, and the erosion of the common duct was treated successfully with a Roux-en-Y choledochoduodenstomy. This is the fourth case with erosion into the common duct to be treated successfully by surgery. The other three cases are discussed. A review of the literature reveals that hepatic artery aneurysms are rare, and successful treatment is based on several different techniques. Ligation of the hepatic artery, with or without excision of the aneurysm, is discussed as a method that may in fact be the safest treatment in a group of patients who because of their disease are already in a high risk category.", "contents": "Successful treatment of hepatic artery aneurysm with erosion into the common duct. A patient with an hepatic artery aneurysm is presented with preoperative angiographs, and intra-operative photographs demonstrating erosion and fistulazation into the common duct. The aneurysm was ligated and excised, and the erosion of the common duct was treated successfully with a Roux-en-Y choledochoduodenstomy. This is the fourth case with erosion into the common duct to be treated successfully by surgery. The other three cases are discussed. A review of the literature reveals that hepatic artery aneurysms are rare, and successful treatment is based on several different techniques. Ligation of the hepatic artery, with or without excision of the aneurysm, is discussed as a method that may in fact be the safest treatment in a group of patients who because of their disease are already in a high risk category."}
{"id": "PMID:1211996", "title": "Goiter and deaf mutism.", "content": "The occurrence of deaf-mutism and goiter unassocaited with creatinism or mental retardation in euthyroid patients is known as Pendred's Syndrome. It is considered due to a single mutant recessive gene responsible for both the goiter and deafness. The penetrance is high, the intenseness of expressivity may vary within the same family and only one generation is affected. The extremely atypical hyperplasia seen in such goiters has been considered malignant. In 1956 the author reported a family in which 4 of 6 sibilings demonstrated Pendred's Syndrome. Three of the 4 had undergone thyroidectomy, two were considered to have carcinoma. Nineteen years later the family is again reported. The fourth sibling has recently undergone thyroidectomy. This thyroid demonstrated the same atypical hyperplasia as seen in the elder two siblings. The 19 year followup of this family has shown no evidence of recurrence or metastases, indicating that the atypical hyperplasia is probably not malignant. Pendred's Syndrome is described and certain suggestions are made for the counseling of the parents and the treatment and counseling of those children so afflicted.", "contents": "Goiter and deaf mutism. The occurrence of deaf-mutism and goiter unassocaited with creatinism or mental retardation in euthyroid patients is known as Pendred's Syndrome. It is considered due to a single mutant recessive gene responsible for both the goiter and deafness. The penetrance is high, the intenseness of expressivity may vary within the same family and only one generation is affected. The extremely atypical hyperplasia seen in such goiters has been considered malignant. In 1956 the author reported a family in which 4 of 6 sibilings demonstrated Pendred's Syndrome. Three of the 4 had undergone thyroidectomy, two were considered to have carcinoma. Nineteen years later the family is again reported. The fourth sibling has recently undergone thyroidectomy. This thyroid demonstrated the same atypical hyperplasia as seen in the elder two siblings. The 19 year followup of this family has shown no evidence of recurrence or metastases, indicating that the atypical hyperplasia is probably not malignant. Pendred's Syndrome is described and certain suggestions are made for the counseling of the parents and the treatment and counseling of those children so afflicted."}
{"id": "PMID:1211997", "title": "Effect of nutrition, diet and suture material on long term wound healing.", "content": "Although it is known that malnutrition hinders early wound healing, it has not been determined whether this occurs because of formation of a poor scar or a slow rate of normal healing; the ultimate fate of the malnourished wound is unknown. Malnutrition was produced in rats by short gut syndrome. Elemental diet was compared to rat chow and silk was compared with polyglycolic acid suture. Nutritional deficiency was seen in short gut rats for two weeks postoperatively. Thereafter adaptation allowed partial recovery, but relative deficiency persisted. Morbidity and mortality of short gut rats doubled that of controls and all wound complications were limited to this group, occurring within the first two weeks. Malnourished animals surviving for 60 days had wound strength equal to the control rats as determined by gut anastomosis bursting strength, skin wound breaking strength and wound hydroxyproline content. Neither diet nor suture material altered ultimate wound strength. Improved nutrition allowed more animals and wound to survive, but ultimate healing survivors was indistinguishable from that of normal controls. Thus early weakness probably results from slow healing rather than formation of poor scar. Nutrition plays an important role in early strength and survival, but not in ultimate wound healing.", "contents": "Effect of nutrition, diet and suture material on long term wound healing. Although it is known that malnutrition hinders early wound healing, it has not been determined whether this occurs because of formation of a poor scar or a slow rate of normal healing; the ultimate fate of the malnourished wound is unknown. Malnutrition was produced in rats by short gut syndrome. Elemental diet was compared to rat chow and silk was compared with polyglycolic acid suture. Nutritional deficiency was seen in short gut rats for two weeks postoperatively. Thereafter adaptation allowed partial recovery, but relative deficiency persisted. Morbidity and mortality of short gut rats doubled that of controls and all wound complications were limited to this group, occurring within the first two weeks. Malnourished animals surviving for 60 days had wound strength equal to the control rats as determined by gut anastomosis bursting strength, skin wound breaking strength and wound hydroxyproline content. Neither diet nor suture material altered ultimate wound strength. Improved nutrition allowed more animals and wound to survive, but ultimate healing survivors was indistinguishable from that of normal controls. Thus early weakness probably results from slow healing rather than formation of poor scar. Nutrition plays an important role in early strength and survival, but not in ultimate wound healing."}
{"id": "PMID:1211998", "title": "Noninvasive cardiac evaluation (NICE) of intracardiac shunts using inhaled radioactive carbon dioxide.", "content": "A totally new, noninvasive technique is presented for the detection and analysis of left-to-right cardiac shunts. Five millicuries of oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide is administered by a single-breath inhalation technique. The resultant lung washout curve accurately reflects the presence or absence of a shunt. The quantitative studies are promising, but the method must be compared with standard techniques in a statistically significant series. This work is in progress.", "contents": "Noninvasive cardiac evaluation (NICE) of intracardiac shunts using inhaled radioactive carbon dioxide. A totally new, noninvasive technique is presented for the detection and analysis of left-to-right cardiac shunts. Five millicuries of oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide is administered by a single-breath inhalation technique. The resultant lung washout curve accurately reflects the presence or absence of a shunt. The quantitative studies are promising, but the method must be compared with standard techniques in a statistically significant series. This work is in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:1211999", "title": "The role of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in patients undergoing cardiac operations.", "content": "Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) was used to assist 60 patients undergoing cardiac operations for reasons of acute left ventricular  failure (18 patients) or electively for indications in high-risk coronary and valvular heart disease (42 patients). Nine of 18 patients achieved hemodynamic stability when treated for acute perioperative or postoperative cardiogenic shock. Four of these died from problems unassociated with postoperative left ventricular failure and 5 were long-term survivors, indicating a potential salvage of 50%. In 42 high-risk patients, IABC was used electively to control preinfarction angina before operation (21 patients) and prophylactically to prevent postoperative low-output failure in another 21 patients with severe coronary and valvular heart disease. Thirty-nine, or 93%, of these patients survived. There were no deaths in the preinfarction angina group, 1 death in the group with coronary disease and ejection fractions less than 30%, and 2 deaths in those with valvular heart disease and congestive failure. Seven patients developed thrombotic or ischemic complications, but no permanent damage resulted. IABC is an important form of assistance for any patient with preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative left ventricular failure and adds safety and hemodynamic stability for the high-risk patient with preinfarction angina or poor ventricular function.", "contents": "The role of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in patients undergoing cardiac operations. Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) was used to assist 60 patients undergoing cardiac operations for reasons of acute left ventricular  failure (18 patients) or electively for indications in high-risk coronary and valvular heart disease (42 patients). Nine of 18 patients achieved hemodynamic stability when treated for acute perioperative or postoperative cardiogenic shock. Four of these died from problems unassociated with postoperative left ventricular failure and 5 were long-term survivors, indicating a potential salvage of 50%. In 42 high-risk patients, IABC was used electively to control preinfarction angina before operation (21 patients) and prophylactically to prevent postoperative low-output failure in another 21 patients with severe coronary and valvular heart disease. Thirty-nine, or 93%, of these patients survived. There were no deaths in the preinfarction angina group, 1 death in the group with coronary disease and ejection fractions less than 30%, and 2 deaths in those with valvular heart disease and congestive failure. Seven patients developed thrombotic or ischemic complications, but no permanent damage resulted. IABC is an important form of assistance for any patient with preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative left ventricular failure and adds safety and hemodynamic stability for the high-risk patient with preinfarction angina or poor ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:1212000", "title": "The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion pressure on myocardial gas tensions in the presence of coronary stenosis.", "content": "Mass spectrometry was utilized to determine myocardial gas tensions in dogs subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass. Myocardial ischemia occurred in animals with normal coronary arteries when cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion pressure fell 40 to 60 mm Hg below the mean aortic pressure measured prior to bypass. Myocardial ischemia did not occur, or could be eliminated when present, if cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion pressure was maintained near prebypass mean aortic pressure. In animals with constricted circumflex coronary arteries, the adverse effect of low perfusion pressure on myocardial metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass was found to be more severe in areas of myocardium supplied by the stenotic coronary artery. It is concluded that maintenance of cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion pressure near the level of preoperative mean aortic pressure will help prevent myocardial ischemia during operation; particularly in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion pressure on myocardial gas tensions in the presence of coronary stenosis. Mass spectrometry was utilized to determine myocardial gas tensions in dogs subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass. Myocardial ischemia occurred in animals with normal coronary arteries when cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion pressure fell 40 to 60 mm Hg below the mean aortic pressure measured prior to bypass. Myocardial ischemia did not occur, or could be eliminated when present, if cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion pressure was maintained near prebypass mean aortic pressure. In animals with constricted circumflex coronary arteries, the adverse effect of low perfusion pressure on myocardial metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass was found to be more severe in areas of myocardium supplied by the stenotic coronary artery. It is concluded that maintenance of cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion pressure near the level of preoperative mean aortic pressure will help prevent myocardial ischemia during operation; particularly in patients with coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1212001", "title": "Is mediastinoscopy necessary in the evaluation of lung cancer?", "content": "The records of 96 consecutive patients who underwent mediastinoscopy and were ultimately shown to have bronchogenic carcinoma were reviewed. Indirect tests for mediastinal tumor metastases in these patients included bronchoscopy and chest roentgenograms in all 96, mediastinal laminagrams in 65, esophagograms in 27, carinal biopsy in 23, bronchograms in 5, pulmonary angiograms in 5, azygograms in 2, and aortograms in 2 patients. Of the 43 patients in this series in whom all indirect tests revealed no metastases, mediastinoscopy showed nodal involvement in 11 (28%), who were thus spared unnecessary thoracotomy. On the other hand, if negative mediastinoscopy had not cast doubt on the validity of indirect tests that seemed to show metastases, an operation might actuallly have been denied to 14 patients who were ultimately proved to have anatomically resectable disease.", "contents": "Is mediastinoscopy necessary in the evaluation of lung cancer? The records of 96 consecutive patients who underwent mediastinoscopy and were ultimately shown to have bronchogenic carcinoma were reviewed. Indirect tests for mediastinal tumor metastases in these patients included bronchoscopy and chest roentgenograms in all 96, mediastinal laminagrams in 65, esophagograms in 27, carinal biopsy in 23, bronchograms in 5, pulmonary angiograms in 5, azygograms in 2, and aortograms in 2 patients. Of the 43 patients in this series in whom all indirect tests revealed no metastases, mediastinoscopy showed nodal involvement in 11 (28%), who were thus spared unnecessary thoracotomy. On the other hand, if negative mediastinoscopy had not cast doubt on the validity of indirect tests that seemed to show metastases, an operation might actuallly have been denied to 14 patients who were ultimately proved to have anatomically resectable disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1212002", "title": "Coarctation of the abdominal aorta with multiple aneurysms. Operative correction.", "content": "An 11-year-old asymptomatic girl with hypertension was found to have coarctation of the abdominal aorta with four aneurysms in or adjacent to the hypoplastic segment of aorta. Operative treatment included insertion of a thoracoabdominal aortic bypass graft and resection of the aneurysms. The association of abdominal coarctation and aneurysm formation is reviewed and the rationale for therapy discussed.", "contents": "Coarctation of the abdominal aorta with multiple aneurysms. Operative correction. An 11-year-old asymptomatic girl with hypertension was found to have coarctation of the abdominal aorta with four aneurysms in or adjacent to the hypoplastic segment of aorta. Operative treatment included insertion of a thoracoabdominal aortic bypass graft and resection of the aneurysms. The association of abdominal coarctation and aneurysm formation is reviewed and the rationale for therapy discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212003", "title": "A method for revascularization of circumflex marginal coronary arteries.", "content": "The transverse sinus route for bypassing high marginal circumflex coronary arteries facilitates the operation and obviates potential kinking sites at the left atrial appendage and pericardial reflection over the pulmonary veins. The vein bypass emerges from the transverse sinus and closely parallels the marginal circumflex coronary vessels.", "contents": "A method for revascularization of circumflex marginal coronary arteries. The transverse sinus route for bypassing high marginal circumflex coronary arteries facilitates the operation and obviates potential kinking sites at the left atrial appendage and pericardial reflection over the pulmonary veins. The vein bypass emerges from the transverse sinus and closely parallels the marginal circumflex coronary vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1212004", "title": "Internal mammary--coronary artery anastomosis. \"No-touch\" technique.", "content": "A simple technique for internal mammary--coronary artery anastomosis that can be applied to all branches of the coronary circulation is described. The anastomosis can be constructed in 10 to 15 minutes. This technique eliminates pinching of the internal mammary artery by forceps.", "contents": "Internal mammary--coronary artery anastomosis. \"No-touch\" technique. A simple technique for internal mammary--coronary artery anastomosis that can be applied to all branches of the coronary circulation is described. The anastomosis can be constructed in 10 to 15 minutes. This technique eliminates pinching of the internal mammary artery by forceps."}
{"id": "PMID:1212005", "title": "Correction of truncus arteriosus after pulmonary artery banding.", "content": "Correction of truncus arteriosus can be performed in the older child with low mortality. However, many infants are severely symptomatic with increased pulmonary blood flow and require banding of the pulmonary artery at an age when correction has a high mortality. The pulmonary artery band can complicate the usual technique of the subsequent repair. An alternative approach following pulmonary artery banding is to interrupt the pulmonary artery--truncus continuity with a patch from within the truncus and then place the external valved conduit onto the pulmonary artery in an end-to-side manner.", "contents": "Correction of truncus arteriosus after pulmonary artery banding. Correction of truncus arteriosus can be performed in the older child with low mortality. However, many infants are severely symptomatic with increased pulmonary blood flow and require banding of the pulmonary artery at an age when correction has a high mortality. The pulmonary artery band can complicate the usual technique of the subsequent repair. An alternative approach following pulmonary artery banding is to interrupt the pulmonary artery--truncus continuity with a patch from within the truncus and then place the external valved conduit onto the pulmonary artery in an end-to-side manner."}
{"id": "PMID:1212010", "title": "Norepinephrine content of various rat organs after chronic administration of desmethylimipramine.", "content": "The effect of chronic oral administration of desmethylimipramine (DMI) on the norepinephrine (NE) content of various organs was examined in rats. The present results show that in contrast to its effect on the brain, where it lowered the NE concentration, chronically administered DMI either did not change (vas deferens) or tended to increase (heart and spleen) the NE concentrations in the examined peripheral organs. The effect of chronic DMI administration on the brain seems to be specific since this was the only studied organ in which a decreased NE concentration was observed.", "contents": "Norepinephrine content of various rat organs after chronic administration of desmethylimipramine. The effect of chronic oral administration of desmethylimipramine (DMI) on the norepinephrine (NE) content of various organs was examined in rats. The present results show that in contrast to its effect on the brain, where it lowered the NE concentration, chronically administered DMI either did not change (vas deferens) or tended to increase (heart and spleen) the NE concentrations in the examined peripheral organs. The effect of chronic DMI administration on the brain seems to be specific since this was the only studied organ in which a decreased NE concentration was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212011", "title": "Effect of cyanoketone on digitoxin-induced mortality and hepatic mixed function oxidases in rats.", "content": "Cyanoketone pretreatment protected female rats against digitoxin-induced mortality. Cyanoketone also acts as an inducer of hepatic mixed function oxidases, increasing cytochrome P-450 content and enhancing aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase activities. The protective effect of cyanoketone against digitoxin toxicity may be due to the enhanced conversion of the glycoside to more polar metabolites which are more readily excretable.", "contents": "Effect of cyanoketone on digitoxin-induced mortality and hepatic mixed function oxidases in rats. Cyanoketone pretreatment protected female rats against digitoxin-induced mortality. Cyanoketone also acts as an inducer of hepatic mixed function oxidases, increasing cytochrome P-450 content and enhancing aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase activities. The protective effect of cyanoketone against digitoxin toxicity may be due to the enhanced conversion of the glycoside to more polar metabolites which are more readily excretable."}
{"id": "PMID:1212012", "title": "Suppression of Cerebellar Evoked Potentials by a peripheral action  of diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Cerebellar evoked potentials were produced by muscle stretch, increased muscle tension and direct stimulation of axons originating  in muscle nerves. Diphenylhydantoin, 10 mg/kg, suppressed only the cerebellar potentials evoked by muscle stretch indicating a suppression of muscle spindle function leading to a reduced cerebellar input. With larger DPH doses (total 60 mg/kg) cerebellar evoked responses produced by any of the above forms of stimulation were depressed indicating an impairment in the CNS. The data indicate that peripheral suppression of muscle spindles contributes to the cerebellar deficits observed in intoxication with diphenylhydantoin.", "contents": "Suppression of Cerebellar Evoked Potentials by a peripheral action  of diphenylhydantoin. Cerebellar evoked potentials were produced by muscle stretch, increased muscle tension and direct stimulation of axons originating  in muscle nerves. Diphenylhydantoin, 10 mg/kg, suppressed only the cerebellar potentials evoked by muscle stretch indicating a suppression of muscle spindle function leading to a reduced cerebellar input. With larger DPH doses (total 60 mg/kg) cerebellar evoked responses produced by any of the above forms of stimulation were depressed indicating an impairment in the CNS. The data indicate that peripheral suppression of muscle spindles contributes to the cerebellar deficits observed in intoxication with diphenylhydantoin."}
{"id": "PMID:1212013", "title": "Antagonism of barbiturate by DNA pyrimidines and allied compounds.", "content": "The mortality caused by barbiturate poisoning in mice is reduced by the combined action of the DNA pyrimidines thymine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-HMC) and the structurally related vitamins, pyridoxal, nicotinamide and thiamine, given intraperitoneally. The acute hypnotic effect of sodium pentobarbital at moderate to high dosages is also antagonized by these compounds. All five compounds are required for activity. The structural similiarity between these antagonist components and the barbiturates had suggested that the former's reactions as cofactors or as the constituents of more complex molecules might be points of drug inhibition. It therefore appeared that this inhibition might be reversed by administration of these cellular constituents. The obligatory requirement for both thymine and 5-HMC as components of this antagonist raises the possibility that a metabolically reactive DNA species in brain may be one site of barbiturate action. At the dosages employed, this antagonist produces no behavioral or symptomatic response in non-narcotized animals and may thus provide a basis for treatment of barbiturate poisoning.", "contents": "Antagonism of barbiturate by DNA pyrimidines and allied compounds. The mortality caused by barbiturate poisoning in mice is reduced by the combined action of the DNA pyrimidines thymine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-HMC) and the structurally related vitamins, pyridoxal, nicotinamide and thiamine, given intraperitoneally. The acute hypnotic effect of sodium pentobarbital at moderate to high dosages is also antagonized by these compounds. All five compounds are required for activity. The structural similiarity between these antagonist components and the barbiturates had suggested that the former's reactions as cofactors or as the constituents of more complex molecules might be points of drug inhibition. It therefore appeared that this inhibition might be reversed by administration of these cellular constituents. The obligatory requirement for both thymine and 5-HMC as components of this antagonist raises the possibility that a metabolically reactive DNA species in brain may be one site of barbiturate action. At the dosages employed, this antagonist produces no behavioral or symptomatic response in non-narcotized animals and may thus provide a basis for treatment of barbiturate poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:1212014", "title": "Influence of halothane on calcium movements in isolated heart muscle and in isolated plasma membranes.", "content": "The influence of halothane on cellular calcium movements was studied in guinea-pig isolated atria and in isolated plasma membrane from guinea-pig myocardial muscle. In spontaneously beating atria halothane (1.6 X 10(-4) M) significantly reduced the rate of 45Ca-accumulation, but the total tissue calcium content and the exchangeable fractions remained unchanged. In isolated plasma membranes the rate of 45Ca- uptake was increased by halothane. Moreover, the binding capacity for calcium was increased as well upon exposure to halothane in concentrations that are sufficiently elevated to depress cardiac contractile force. This finding is interpreted in the sense of a reduced amount of ionized calcium that can be made available for excitation-contraction coupling, owing to the halothane- induced acceleration of calcium binding by plasma membranes. Kinetic experiments in isolated atria had already suggested that halothane probably acts at the level of the outward cell membrane. The changes in membraneous calcium migration may be causally related to the cardiodepressive influence of the anaesthetic agent.", "contents": "Influence of halothane on calcium movements in isolated heart muscle and in isolated plasma membranes. The influence of halothane on cellular calcium movements was studied in guinea-pig isolated atria and in isolated plasma membrane from guinea-pig myocardial muscle. In spontaneously beating atria halothane (1.6 X 10(-4) M) significantly reduced the rate of 45Ca-accumulation, but the total tissue calcium content and the exchangeable fractions remained unchanged. In isolated plasma membranes the rate of 45Ca- uptake was increased by halothane. Moreover, the binding capacity for calcium was increased as well upon exposure to halothane in concentrations that are sufficiently elevated to depress cardiac contractile force. This finding is interpreted in the sense of a reduced amount of ionized calcium that can be made available for excitation-contraction coupling, owing to the halothane- induced acceleration of calcium binding by plasma membranes. Kinetic experiments in isolated atria had already suggested that halothane probably acts at the level of the outward cell membrane. The changes in membraneous calcium migration may be causally related to the cardiodepressive influence of the anaesthetic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1212015", "title": "Effects of ethanol and its interaction with vasoactive agents in bovine vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The vascular effects of ethanol were evaluated using isolated arteries from bovine brain, eye, and kidney. Ethanol induced contraction in all vessels, but only at concentrations in excess of lethal blood levels in man. At a concentration approximating that found in the blood during intoxication (43 mM), ethanol had no effect on renal vascular responses to norepinephrine, serotonin, or histamine. The response of ocular vessels to norepinephrine and histamine was significantly diminished by 43 mM ethanol, suggesting a possible mechanism underlying the \"bloodshot\" eyes found in acute intoxication. Cerebral vascular responses to vasoactive agents were generally unaffected by 43 mM ethanol, indicating that regional differences in brain perfusion are probably not a cause of the behavioral changes found during intoxication.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol and its interaction with vasoactive agents in bovine vascular smooth muscle. The vascular effects of ethanol were evaluated using isolated arteries from bovine brain, eye, and kidney. Ethanol induced contraction in all vessels, but only at concentrations in excess of lethal blood levels in man. At a concentration approximating that found in the blood during intoxication (43 mM), ethanol had no effect on renal vascular responses to norepinephrine, serotonin, or histamine. The response of ocular vessels to norepinephrine and histamine was significantly diminished by 43 mM ethanol, suggesting a possible mechanism underlying the \"bloodshot\" eyes found in acute intoxication. Cerebral vascular responses to vasoactive agents were generally unaffected by 43 mM ethanol, indicating that regional differences in brain perfusion are probably not a cause of the behavioral changes found during intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:1212016", "title": "Synthesis and adrenergic neuron blocking properties of some alkylating analogues of bretylium.", "content": "A series of ortho-substituted N-alkyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-benzylamines have been prepared. These compounds are structurally similar to the adrenergic neuron blocking agent bretylium. They were tested for neuron blocking activity using both the innervated rabbit jejunum and the vas-deferens-hypogastric nerve preparation of the guinea pig. Three compounds possessed some adrenergic neuron blocking activity of a prolonged nature, the most potent being N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-(0-bromobenzyl)-ethylamine.", "contents": "Synthesis and adrenergic neuron blocking properties of some alkylating analogues of bretylium. A series of ortho-substituted N-alkyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-benzylamines have been prepared. These compounds are structurally similar to the adrenergic neuron blocking agent bretylium. They were tested for neuron blocking activity using both the innervated rabbit jejunum and the vas-deferens-hypogastric nerve preparation of the guinea pig. Three compounds possessed some adrenergic neuron blocking activity of a prolonged nature, the most potent being N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-(0-bromobenzyl)-ethylamine."}
{"id": "PMID:1212017", "title": "Effect of glucagon on myoelectrical and mechanical activity recorded from the isolated homologous perfused canine stomach.", "content": "Totally isolated whole canine stomachs, perfused ex vivo with homologous blood, were used for recording of myoelectrical and mechanical activity. Hormones were administered into the arterial system of the isolated stomach. Pentagastrin, methacholine and electrical stimulation induced premature control potentials with uncoupling of the normal, phase locked, pattern of electrical control activity and also stimulated mechanical activity. Electrical response activity was also present. When the three modes of stimulation were applied during the infusion of glucagon, a marked inhibitory effect was observed. This effect consisted of inhibition of mechanical activity and of electrical response activity. Glucagon also decreased, but did not suppress the changes in electrical control activity observed after electrical stimulation and after injection of pentagastrin or methacholine into the gastric artery of the isolated stomach. During infusion of glucagon, the mean gastric arterial perfusion pressure and gastric peripheral vascular resistance were reduced.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on myoelectrical and mechanical activity recorded from the isolated homologous perfused canine stomach. Totally isolated whole canine stomachs, perfused ex vivo with homologous blood, were used for recording of myoelectrical and mechanical activity. Hormones were administered into the arterial system of the isolated stomach. Pentagastrin, methacholine and electrical stimulation induced premature control potentials with uncoupling of the normal, phase locked, pattern of electrical control activity and also stimulated mechanical activity. Electrical response activity was also present. When the three modes of stimulation were applied during the infusion of glucagon, a marked inhibitory effect was observed. This effect consisted of inhibition of mechanical activity and of electrical response activity. Glucagon also decreased, but did not suppress the changes in electrical control activity observed after electrical stimulation and after injection of pentagastrin or methacholine into the gastric artery of the isolated stomach. During infusion of glucagon, the mean gastric arterial perfusion pressure and gastric peripheral vascular resistance were reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1212018", "title": "Direct renal hemodynamic effects of clonidine.", "content": "The renal hemodynamic and excretory effects of clonidine were tested in 2 groups of dogs. In one group, the drug was given directly into the renal artery at a rate of 1.2 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) in both kidneys, an increase in filtration fraction (F.F.), urine volume (U.V.), and free water clearance (CH2O) and had no effect upon the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), osmolar clearance (Cosm) and the excretion of sodium (UNa+V), chloride (UC1-V), potassium (UK+V), calcium (UCa++V) and phosphorous (UP04V). In the second group of animals it was given intravenously at a rate of 12.0 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of ERPF, UNa+V, UC1-V, and an increase in F.F., U.V. and CH2O and had no effect upon GFR, Cosm, UK+V, UCa++V and UPO4V. Systemically, it decreased heart rate (H.R.) and respiratory rate (R.R.) in both groups of animals; it increased blood pressure (BP) in Group I and had no effect on BP in Group II.", "contents": "Direct renal hemodynamic effects of clonidine. The renal hemodynamic and excretory effects of clonidine were tested in 2 groups of dogs. In one group, the drug was given directly into the renal artery at a rate of 1.2 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) in both kidneys, an increase in filtration fraction (F.F.), urine volume (U.V.), and free water clearance (CH2O) and had no effect upon the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), osmolar clearance (Cosm) and the excretion of sodium (UNa+V), chloride (UC1-V), potassium (UK+V), calcium (UCa++V) and phosphorous (UP04V). In the second group of animals it was given intravenously at a rate of 12.0 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of ERPF, UNa+V, UC1-V, and an increase in F.F., U.V. and CH2O and had no effect upon GFR, Cosm, UK+V, UCa++V and UPO4V. Systemically, it decreased heart rate (H.R.) and respiratory rate (R.R.) in both groups of animals; it increased blood pressure (BP) in Group I and had no effect on BP in Group II."}
{"id": "PMID:1212019", "title": "Effects of metiamide on distribution of 14C-histamine in aortic smooth muscle.", "content": "The effects of metiamide on 14C-histamine movements and on contractions induced by histamine were studied in rabbit aortic smooth muscle. Low temperature (0 degrees C) and pretreatment with aminoguanidine or chloroquine markedly reduced the uptake of 14C. Component analysis of 14C efflux curves indicated that this decrease occurred mainly within the slower of two washout components. Addition of metiamide (but not pyrilamine) to the bathing solution decreased 14C-histamine uptake, and exposure to metiamide during the washout of 14C-histamine decreased the rate of efflux. These effects of metiamide on 14C-histamine movements can be explained in terms of an altered ability of rabbit aortic smooth muscle to accumulate histamine at some cellular site or store.", "contents": "Effects of metiamide on distribution of 14C-histamine in aortic smooth muscle. The effects of metiamide on 14C-histamine movements and on contractions induced by histamine were studied in rabbit aortic smooth muscle. Low temperature (0 degrees C) and pretreatment with aminoguanidine or chloroquine markedly reduced the uptake of 14C. Component analysis of 14C efflux curves indicated that this decrease occurred mainly within the slower of two washout components. Addition of metiamide (but not pyrilamine) to the bathing solution decreased 14C-histamine uptake, and exposure to metiamide during the washout of 14C-histamine decreased the rate of efflux. These effects of metiamide on 14C-histamine movements can be explained in terms of an altered ability of rabbit aortic smooth muscle to accumulate histamine at some cellular site or store."}
{"id": "PMID:1212020", "title": "Influence of catecholaminergic agents on narcotic binding in brain.", "content": "The effects of various agents on the specific tissue binding of 3H-naloxone and 3H-naltrexone were examined. In addition to the narcotics, alpha-adrenergic blockers and dopamine antagonists also significantly inhibited the specific bindings of these opiates. The binding of naloxone or naltrexone was not significantly altered by beta-adrenergic blockers, agents which block the effects of acetylcholine, serotonin and histamine at the receptor level, and a number of other drugs. Kinetic analyses revealed that the alpha-adrenergic and dopamine antagonists competitively inhibited the binding of naloxone. The results of these studies provide additional evidence for an interaction between the narcotics and catecholaminergic agents.", "contents": "Influence of catecholaminergic agents on narcotic binding in brain. The effects of various agents on the specific tissue binding of 3H-naloxone and 3H-naltrexone were examined. In addition to the narcotics, alpha-adrenergic blockers and dopamine antagonists also significantly inhibited the specific bindings of these opiates. The binding of naloxone or naltrexone was not significantly altered by beta-adrenergic blockers, agents which block the effects of acetylcholine, serotonin and histamine at the receptor level, and a number of other drugs. Kinetic analyses revealed that the alpha-adrenergic and dopamine antagonists competitively inhibited the binding of naloxone. The results of these studies provide additional evidence for an interaction between the narcotics and catecholaminergic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1212021", "title": "The effects of drugs on accumulation and release of catecholamines in rat brain slices.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with reserpine decreased the uptake and release of labelled NE and DA in rat slices. MAO inhibition with nialamide partially antagonized the effects of reserpine, but nialamide itself decreased the release of labelled DA. Treatment of brain slices in vitro with phenoxybenzamine or desmethylimipramine inhibited uptake of catecholamines, and affected spontaneous and electrically-stimulated release in a manner consistent with the existence of an alpha-receptor-mediated feedback regulation of release at both NE and DA nerve terminals. The effect of phenoxybenzamine on stimulated release was observed to be dependent on stimulation rate.", "contents": "The effects of drugs on accumulation and release of catecholamines in rat brain slices. Pretreatment of rats with reserpine decreased the uptake and release of labelled NE and DA in rat slices. MAO inhibition with nialamide partially antagonized the effects of reserpine, but nialamide itself decreased the release of labelled DA. Treatment of brain slices in vitro with phenoxybenzamine or desmethylimipramine inhibited uptake of catecholamines, and affected spontaneous and electrically-stimulated release in a manner consistent with the existence of an alpha-receptor-mediated feedback regulation of release at both NE and DA nerve terminals. The effect of phenoxybenzamine on stimulated release was observed to be dependent on stimulation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1212022", "title": "Effect of amphetamine and apomorphine on brain monoamines and behaviour in the immature and young adult rat.", "content": "In the immature rat (12-day old), amphetamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused an initial increase in forward locomotion, followed 15 min later by intermittent stereotyped behaviour (SB). Fifty to 65 min after injection the animals entered a phase of sleep which lasted 1-3 hrs; after this period continuous SB emerged, lasting 2-3 hrs. Brain amphetamine levels (half-life = 150 min) were elevated throughout the sequence of behavioural effects. Peak amphetamine levels were lower in the immature rat than in the adult rat. In the immature animal amphetamine caused a decrease in brain dopamine (DA) 4 hrs after injection and a sustained decrease in noradrenaline (NA) which was evident at 90 min and persisted throughout the study; a significant increase in serotonin (5HT) was evident at 15 min but had returned to normal at 90 mins. In the young adult rat (5-6 wks old), amphetamine caused an increase in forward locomotion, followed in 10-15 min by continuous SB lasting 4-4.5 hrs. The half-life of brain amphetamine was 66 min. Amphetamine increased brain DA and NA within 15 min of injection. At 90 min 5HT was elevated, DA had returned to normal but NA was still increased; thereafter the concentration of NA declined to significantly lower levels than controls and 5HT returned to normal. In the immature rat, apomorphine (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused an initial increase in locomotion which was followed 10 min later by transient intermittent SB. Following this, the animals entered a phase of sleep which lasted about 40 min before intermittent SB reemerged; this persisted for 1-2 hrs. Apomorphine caused an increase in NA and a corresponding decrease in DA at 15 and 30 mins after injection after which the levels of these amines returned to normal; 5HT levels were unchanged. In the adult rat SB commenced immediately after injection of apomorphine and lasted 70 min. There were no changes in levels of brain monoamines. There was no clear correlation between behavioural observations and levels of brain monoamines after amphetamine or apomorphine.", "contents": "Effect of amphetamine and apomorphine on brain monoamines and behaviour in the immature and young adult rat. In the immature rat (12-day old), amphetamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused an initial increase in forward locomotion, followed 15 min later by intermittent stereotyped behaviour (SB). Fifty to 65 min after injection the animals entered a phase of sleep which lasted 1-3 hrs; after this period continuous SB emerged, lasting 2-3 hrs. Brain amphetamine levels (half-life = 150 min) were elevated throughout the sequence of behavioural effects. Peak amphetamine levels were lower in the immature rat than in the adult rat. In the immature animal amphetamine caused a decrease in brain dopamine (DA) 4 hrs after injection and a sustained decrease in noradrenaline (NA) which was evident at 90 min and persisted throughout the study; a significant increase in serotonin (5HT) was evident at 15 min but had returned to normal at 90 mins. In the young adult rat (5-6 wks old), amphetamine caused an increase in forward locomotion, followed in 10-15 min by continuous SB lasting 4-4.5 hrs. The half-life of brain amphetamine was 66 min. Amphetamine increased brain DA and NA within 15 min of injection. At 90 min 5HT was elevated, DA had returned to normal but NA was still increased; thereafter the concentration of NA declined to significantly lower levels than controls and 5HT returned to normal. In the immature rat, apomorphine (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused an initial increase in locomotion which was followed 10 min later by transient intermittent SB. Following this, the animals entered a phase of sleep which lasted about 40 min before intermittent SB reemerged; this persisted for 1-2 hrs. Apomorphine caused an increase in NA and a corresponding decrease in DA at 15 and 30 mins after injection after which the levels of these amines returned to normal; 5HT levels were unchanged. In the adult rat SB commenced immediately after injection of apomorphine and lasted 70 min. There were no changes in levels of brain monoamines. There was no clear correlation between behavioural observations and levels of brain monoamines after amphetamine or apomorphine."}
{"id": "PMID:1212023", "title": "The narcotic cue: evidence for the specificity of the stimulus properties of narcotic drugs.", "content": "Various non-narcotic drugs with intrinsic stimulus properties were found not to be generalized with fentanyl treatment in rats trained to discriminate fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg, s.c., t-30') from its solvent (s.c., t-30'). In contrast, five typical narcotic analgesics yielded dose-dependent generalization with fentanyl treatment. The results evidence the specific character of the narcotic cue in rats.", "contents": "The narcotic cue: evidence for the specificity of the stimulus properties of narcotic drugs. Various non-narcotic drugs with intrinsic stimulus properties were found not to be generalized with fentanyl treatment in rats trained to discriminate fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg, s.c., t-30') from its solvent (s.c., t-30'). In contrast, five typical narcotic analgesics yielded dose-dependent generalization with fentanyl treatment. The results evidence the specific character of the narcotic cue in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1212024", "title": "Influence of bile flow, theophylline and some organic anions on the biliary excretion of 3H-ouabain in rats.", "content": "The influence of some organic anions and theophylline on the biliary excretion of 3H-ouabain in bile-fistula rats (treated with 55 nmoles X kg(-1) 3H-ouabain i.p.) was investigated. Compared with controls (31.5 +/- 1.6 nmoles X kg(-1) per 3 hr) the excreted amounts of the glycoside within 3 hr were decreased to the following values: 22.3 +/- 0.9 nmoles X kg(-1) by taurocholic acid (0.7 nmoles X kg(-1) X hr(-1); 25.6 +/- 1.7 nmoles X kg(-1) by sulfobromophthalein (0.15 nmoles X kg(-1); 19.3 +/- 2.0 nmoles X kg(-1) by phenolphthalein (0.5 nmoles X kg(-1) and 20.9 +/- 2.1 nmoles X kg(-1) by probenecid (1.5 nmoles X kg(-1). Taurocholic acid and probenecid increased the bile flow by about 50 per cent compared to the controls as well as the biliary excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl-. Ethacrynic acid (0.2 nmoles X kg(-1) and the phospho-diesterase inhibitor theophylline (1.1 nmoles X kg(-1) had no influence on bile flow, electrolyte-and ouabain excretion. Therefore no relation between the biliary transport of ouabain and the bile flow could be observed. The interference of the hepatic transport of ouabain with organic anions is discussed in view of the current concept of a specific hepatic transport for steroid compounds.", "contents": "Influence of bile flow, theophylline and some organic anions on the biliary excretion of 3H-ouabain in rats. The influence of some organic anions and theophylline on the biliary excretion of 3H-ouabain in bile-fistula rats (treated with 55 nmoles X kg(-1) 3H-ouabain i.p.) was investigated. Compared with controls (31.5 +/- 1.6 nmoles X kg(-1) per 3 hr) the excreted amounts of the glycoside within 3 hr were decreased to the following values: 22.3 +/- 0.9 nmoles X kg(-1) by taurocholic acid (0.7 nmoles X kg(-1) X hr(-1); 25.6 +/- 1.7 nmoles X kg(-1) by sulfobromophthalein (0.15 nmoles X kg(-1); 19.3 +/- 2.0 nmoles X kg(-1) by phenolphthalein (0.5 nmoles X kg(-1) and 20.9 +/- 2.1 nmoles X kg(-1) by probenecid (1.5 nmoles X kg(-1). Taurocholic acid and probenecid increased the bile flow by about 50 per cent compared to the controls as well as the biliary excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl-. Ethacrynic acid (0.2 nmoles X kg(-1) and the phospho-diesterase inhibitor theophylline (1.1 nmoles X kg(-1) had no influence on bile flow, electrolyte-and ouabain excretion. Therefore no relation between the biliary transport of ouabain and the bile flow could be observed. The interference of the hepatic transport of ouabain with organic anions is discussed in view of the current concept of a specific hepatic transport for steroid compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:1212025", "title": "Alteration of drug pharmacodynamics by hyperlipidemia.", "content": "Circulating lipid levels, when elevated, can alter the pharmacodynamics of lipophilic drugs presumably by acting as an additional storage depot for such drugs. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and phenylephrine produced less effect on the blood pressure of atherosclerotic-hyperlipidemic rabbits than of control rabbits. This difference was apparently not due to alterations in vascular smooth muscle since aortic strips from the normal and severely atherosclerotic rabbit responded identically to the contractile effects of these drugs. Further, hyperlipidemic rats which had not yet become atherosclerotic were less responsive to the convulsant effects of fluorthyl, a highly lipophilic drug. In the presence of emulsified fat the contractile response of the rat ileum in vitro to PGE1 and acetylcholine was greatly reduced. The inhibition was reversed when fat was removed from the bathing solution. The response to PGE1, which is more lipid-soluble than acetylcholine, was more sensitive to inhibition by the presence of lipid. Finally, the pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered sulfamerazine, a lipophilic drug, appeared to be altered in the hyperlipidemic rabbit.", "contents": "Alteration of drug pharmacodynamics by hyperlipidemia. Circulating lipid levels, when elevated, can alter the pharmacodynamics of lipophilic drugs presumably by acting as an additional storage depot for such drugs. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and phenylephrine produced less effect on the blood pressure of atherosclerotic-hyperlipidemic rabbits than of control rabbits. This difference was apparently not due to alterations in vascular smooth muscle since aortic strips from the normal and severely atherosclerotic rabbit responded identically to the contractile effects of these drugs. Further, hyperlipidemic rats which had not yet become atherosclerotic were less responsive to the convulsant effects of fluorthyl, a highly lipophilic drug. In the presence of emulsified fat the contractile response of the rat ileum in vitro to PGE1 and acetylcholine was greatly reduced. The inhibition was reversed when fat was removed from the bathing solution. The response to PGE1, which is more lipid-soluble than acetylcholine, was more sensitive to inhibition by the presence of lipid. Finally, the pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered sulfamerazine, a lipophilic drug, appeared to be altered in the hyperlipidemic rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:1212026", "title": "Response of normal subjects to a single 2-milligram dose of glucagon administered intramuscularly.", "content": "Recently there has been increased interest in glucagon because in human radiographic and endoscopic studies it has been reported to relax the gallbladder, stomach, small bowel and colon. These results suggest it may be preferable as a diagnostic aid for these procedures. Therefore, we believed it important to assess the safety, and clinical laboratory responses after glucagon is given to normal subjects. Twenty normal subjects received 2 mg of glucagon and placebo intramuscularly at daily intervals, double-blind and crossover. After glucagon there was an increase in the WBC, bands, neutrophiles, fasting blood sugar, glucagon and insulin, and a decrease in the lymphocytes. There was no change in the pulse rate or blood pressure with minimal reports of side effects. These results tend to confirm other reports that glucagon is one of the stress hormones. Glucagon is remarkably safe and produces few, mild and transient side effects, not much greater than placebo.", "contents": "Response of normal subjects to a single 2-milligram dose of glucagon administered intramuscularly. Recently there has been increased interest in glucagon because in human radiographic and endoscopic studies it has been reported to relax the gallbladder, stomach, small bowel and colon. These results suggest it may be preferable as a diagnostic aid for these procedures. Therefore, we believed it important to assess the safety, and clinical laboratory responses after glucagon is given to normal subjects. Twenty normal subjects received 2 mg of glucagon and placebo intramuscularly at daily intervals, double-blind and crossover. After glucagon there was an increase in the WBC, bands, neutrophiles, fasting blood sugar, glucagon and insulin, and a decrease in the lymphocytes. There was no change in the pulse rate or blood pressure with minimal reports of side effects. These results tend to confirm other reports that glucagon is one of the stress hormones. Glucagon is remarkably safe and produces few, mild and transient side effects, not much greater than placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:1212027", "title": "[Effect of ingestion of derivatives of quinoxaline on the enzymatic detoxication activity of hepatic microsomes in the rat].", "content": "Female rats received quinoxaline, 2,3-dimethyl quinoxaline, 2,3-diphenyl quinoxaline and 2,3-dithiol quinoxaline by oral intubation for 4 days (500 mg/kg/day) and drug-metabolizing enzymes were investigated. A significant stimulation in liver microsomal enzymes occurred after 2,3-dimethyl quinoxaline and 2,3-diphenyl quinoxaline treatments; these changes were associated with increases in cytochrome P-450 level and in RNA and protein contents of the microsomal fraction. Quinoxaline had no effect on the metabolic rate of the studied substrates but increased the cytochrome P-450 and the RNA and protein levels; whereas, 2,3-dithiol quinoxaline inhibited the aminopyrine and N-methylaniline N-demethylations and decreased the cytochrome P-450 per mg microsomal protein.", "contents": "[Effect of ingestion of derivatives of quinoxaline on the enzymatic detoxication activity of hepatic microsomes in the rat]. Female rats received quinoxaline, 2,3-dimethyl quinoxaline, 2,3-diphenyl quinoxaline and 2,3-dithiol quinoxaline by oral intubation for 4 days (500 mg/kg/day) and drug-metabolizing enzymes were investigated. A significant stimulation in liver microsomal enzymes occurred after 2,3-dimethyl quinoxaline and 2,3-diphenyl quinoxaline treatments; these changes were associated with increases in cytochrome P-450 level and in RNA and protein contents of the microsomal fraction. Quinoxaline had no effect on the metabolic rate of the studied substrates but increased the cytochrome P-450 and the RNA and protein levels; whereas, 2,3-dithiol quinoxaline inhibited the aminopyrine and N-methylaniline N-demethylations and decreased the cytochrome P-450 per mg microsomal protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1212028", "title": "Pharmacological and electrophysiological characteristics of neurones in the paramedian reticular nucleus.", "content": "1. Neurones in the paramedian reticular nucleus of decerebrate, unanaesthetised cats have been identified by microelectrode recording combined with antidromic activation of their axons in the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle. Most paramedian reticular neurones were not influenced by somatic stimulation. 2. When applied by iontophoresis from multibarrelled micropipettes acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine excited all but a few paramedian reticular neurones while l-noradrenaline inhibited almost all the neurones investigated. The excitatory response to acetylcholine could be antagonised by gallamine. 3. The paramedian reticular nucleus appears to be a relatively homogeneous group of neurones, pharmacologically as well as anatomically.", "contents": "Pharmacological and electrophysiological characteristics of neurones in the paramedian reticular nucleus. 1. Neurones in the paramedian reticular nucleus of decerebrate, unanaesthetised cats have been identified by microelectrode recording combined with antidromic activation of their axons in the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle. Most paramedian reticular neurones were not influenced by somatic stimulation. 2. When applied by iontophoresis from multibarrelled micropipettes acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine excited all but a few paramedian reticular neurones while l-noradrenaline inhibited almost all the neurones investigated. The excitatory response to acetylcholine could be antagonised by gallamine. 3. The paramedian reticular nucleus appears to be a relatively homogeneous group of neurones, pharmacologically as well as anatomically."}
{"id": "PMID:1212029", "title": "Response of Renshaw cells to sinusoidal stretch of hindlimb extensor muscles.", "content": "1. Renshaw cells responding disynaptically to electrically induced group I volleys in the intact gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) nerve, were submitted to small-amplitude, high-frequency vibration applied longitudinally to the deefferented GS muscle in precollicular decerebrate cats. 2. Vibration of the GS muscle at 200/sec, 180 mu peak-to-peak amplitude for 80-100 msec produced a sudden increase in the discharge rate of Renshaw cells, which gradually decreased within 25-50 msec to reach a steady level higher than that recorded in the absence of vibration. 3. Excitation of Renshaw cells appeared at a threshold amplitude of vibration (at 200-250/sec) of 5-20 mu and increased to a maximum value for amplitudes of about 70-80 mu, i.e., when all the primary endings of the spindles from the GS muscle had been driven by the stimulus. Recruitment of the secondary endings of the muscle spindles, due to large amplitude muscle vibration, did not modify the response of the Renshaw cells to the mechanically induced group Ia volleys. 4. These findings were obtained with the GS muscle pulled at 8 mm of initial extension. A threshold response of Renshaw cells to vibration appeared at 4 mm of static stretch, while maximal responses occurred at 8 mm. No further increase and actually a slight decrease in the response appeared for initial extensions of the muscle of 10-12 mm. 5. For a given vibration amplitude, the response of the Renshaw cells increased with increasing frequencies of vibration to reach the maximum at frequencies of 150-250/sec. Bursts of Renshaw cell discharges synchronous to each stroke of vibrator occurred only for low frequencies of stimulation (less than 25/sec). 6. It is concluded that vibration of the GS muscle represents a very effective method in exciting the Renshaw cells and that this response depends upon selective stimulation of homonymous motoneurons monosynaptically excited by the orthodromic volleys originating from the primary endings of the corresponding muscle spindles.", "contents": "Response of Renshaw cells to sinusoidal stretch of hindlimb extensor muscles. 1. Renshaw cells responding disynaptically to electrically induced group I volleys in the intact gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) nerve, were submitted to small-amplitude, high-frequency vibration applied longitudinally to the deefferented GS muscle in precollicular decerebrate cats. 2. Vibration of the GS muscle at 200/sec, 180 mu peak-to-peak amplitude for 80-100 msec produced a sudden increase in the discharge rate of Renshaw cells, which gradually decreased within 25-50 msec to reach a steady level higher than that recorded in the absence of vibration. 3. Excitation of Renshaw cells appeared at a threshold amplitude of vibration (at 200-250/sec) of 5-20 mu and increased to a maximum value for amplitudes of about 70-80 mu, i.e., when all the primary endings of the spindles from the GS muscle had been driven by the stimulus. Recruitment of the secondary endings of the muscle spindles, due to large amplitude muscle vibration, did not modify the response of the Renshaw cells to the mechanically induced group Ia volleys. 4. These findings were obtained with the GS muscle pulled at 8 mm of initial extension. A threshold response of Renshaw cells to vibration appeared at 4 mm of static stretch, while maximal responses occurred at 8 mm. No further increase and actually a slight decrease in the response appeared for initial extensions of the muscle of 10-12 mm. 5. For a given vibration amplitude, the response of the Renshaw cells increased with increasing frequencies of vibration to reach the maximum at frequencies of 150-250/sec. Bursts of Renshaw cell discharges synchronous to each stroke of vibrator occurred only for low frequencies of stimulation (less than 25/sec). 6. It is concluded that vibration of the GS muscle represents a very effective method in exciting the Renshaw cells and that this response depends upon selective stimulation of homonymous motoneurons monosynaptically excited by the orthodromic volleys originating from the primary endings of the corresponding muscle spindles."}
{"id": "PMID:1212030", "title": "The relative sensitivity of Renshaw cells to orthodromic group Ia volleys caused by static stretch and vibrations of extensor muscles.", "content": "1. Activity of Renshaw cells monosynaptically excited by ventral root stimulation and disynaptically excited by electric stimulation of the group Ia afferents in the gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) nerve, was recorded in precollicular decerebrate cats. The response of these units to prolonged vibration applied longitudinally to the deefferented GS muscle was then compared with that elicited by static stretch of the homonymous muscle, for comparable frequencies of discharge of the group Ia afferents. 2. Small-amplitude vibration of the GS muscle at 200/sec for one second produced a sudden increase in the discharge rate of Renshaw cells, which gradually decreased within the first 100 msec of vibration to reach steady albeit lower level than that obtained during the first part of vibration. The response of the Renshaw cells during the first 100 msec of vibration (phasic response) and that elicited during the last 500 msec of vibration (tonic response) were evaluated for different frequencies of sinusoidal stretch. The mean increase in the firing frequency per imp./sec in the Ia afferents was also calculated using the total one-second period. 3. The response of Renshaw cells to muscle vibration increased with the frequency of vibration and, over the value of 10/sec, appeared to be linearly related to the frequency of the input, at least up to the frequency of 150/sec. Since vibration was of sufficient amplitude to produce driving of all the primary endings of muscle spindles, the responses were expressed as mean increases in the discharge rate of Renshaw cells per average impulse/sec in the Ia afferents. The discharge of the Renshaw cell increased on the average by 2.90 and 1.08 imp./sec per each imp./sec in the Ia afferents during the phasic and the tonic component of the response respectively, while the response calculated during the whole period of vibration corresponded on the average to 1.45 imp./sec per each imp./sec in the Ia afferents. 4. The Renshaw cells tested above responded also with increasing frequencies of discharge to increasing levels of static extension of the GS muscle. In particular the discharge frequency of Renshaw cells was on the average linearly related to muscle extension, at least for values ranging from 0 to 8 mm. The mean increase in discharge rate as a function of the static extension corresponded on the average to 0.89 imp./sec/mm. Since the discharge rate of the primary endings of muscle spindles recorded from the deefferented GS muscle increased by 2.62 imp./sec/mm, it appears that the mean increase in the discharge rate of Renshaw cells as a function of static extension corresponded to 0.34 imp./sec per each imp./sec in the Ia afferents.", "contents": "The relative sensitivity of Renshaw cells to orthodromic group Ia volleys caused by static stretch and vibrations of extensor muscles. 1. Activity of Renshaw cells monosynaptically excited by ventral root stimulation and disynaptically excited by electric stimulation of the group Ia afferents in the gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) nerve, was recorded in precollicular decerebrate cats. The response of these units to prolonged vibration applied longitudinally to the deefferented GS muscle was then compared with that elicited by static stretch of the homonymous muscle, for comparable frequencies of discharge of the group Ia afferents. 2. Small-amplitude vibration of the GS muscle at 200/sec for one second produced a sudden increase in the discharge rate of Renshaw cells, which gradually decreased within the first 100 msec of vibration to reach steady albeit lower level than that obtained during the first part of vibration. The response of the Renshaw cells during the first 100 msec of vibration (phasic response) and that elicited during the last 500 msec of vibration (tonic response) were evaluated for different frequencies of sinusoidal stretch. The mean increase in the firing frequency per imp./sec in the Ia afferents was also calculated using the total one-second period. 3. The response of Renshaw cells to muscle vibration increased with the frequency of vibration and, over the value of 10/sec, appeared to be linearly related to the frequency of the input, at least up to the frequency of 150/sec. Since vibration was of sufficient amplitude to produce driving of all the primary endings of muscle spindles, the responses were expressed as mean increases in the discharge rate of Renshaw cells per average impulse/sec in the Ia afferents. The discharge of the Renshaw cell increased on the average by 2.90 and 1.08 imp./sec per each imp./sec in the Ia afferents during the phasic and the tonic component of the response respectively, while the response calculated during the whole period of vibration corresponded on the average to 1.45 imp./sec per each imp./sec in the Ia afferents. 4. The Renshaw cells tested above responded also with increasing frequencies of discharge to increasing levels of static extension of the GS muscle. In particular the discharge frequency of Renshaw cells was on the average linearly related to muscle extension, at least for values ranging from 0 to 8 mm. The mean increase in discharge rate as a function of the static extension corresponded on the average to 0.89 imp./sec/mm. Since the discharge rate of the primary endings of muscle spindles recorded from the deefferented GS muscle increased by 2.62 imp./sec/mm, it appears that the mean increase in the discharge rate of Renshaw cells as a function of static extension corresponded to 0.34 imp./sec per each imp./sec in the Ia afferents."}
{"id": "PMID:1212031", "title": "The sensitivity of Renshaw cells to velocity of sinusoidal stretches of the triceps surae muscle.", "content": "1. The electrical activity of Renshaw cells monosynaptically excited by ventral root stimulation and disynaptically excited by electric stimulation of the group I afferents in the GS nerve has been recorded and their response to individual sinusoidal stretches of the deefferented GS muscle tested for different amplitudes and durations of the stimulus. 2. The experimental data indicate that the Rensahw cell responses are not only length dependent but also rate dependent. This finding indicates that the same Renshaw cells receive recurrent collaterals of both tonic and phasic motoneurons. 3. The observation that the discharge of Renshaw cells is particularly sensitive to the velocity of stretch suggests that the recurrent collaterals of large phasic motoneurons, which are recruited during high velocity stretches, exert a stronger excitatory action on Renshaw cells than do axon collaterals of the smaller tonic motoneurons, which are selectively stimulated during low velocity stretches.", "contents": "The sensitivity of Renshaw cells to velocity of sinusoidal stretches of the triceps surae muscle. 1. The electrical activity of Renshaw cells monosynaptically excited by ventral root stimulation and disynaptically excited by electric stimulation of the group I afferents in the GS nerve has been recorded and their response to individual sinusoidal stretches of the deefferented GS muscle tested for different amplitudes and durations of the stimulus. 2. The experimental data indicate that the Rensahw cell responses are not only length dependent but also rate dependent. This finding indicates that the same Renshaw cells receive recurrent collaterals of both tonic and phasic motoneurons. 3. The observation that the discharge of Renshaw cells is particularly sensitive to the velocity of stretch suggests that the recurrent collaterals of large phasic motoneurons, which are recruited during high velocity stretches, exert a stronger excitatory action on Renshaw cells than do axon collaterals of the smaller tonic motoneurons, which are selectively stimulated during low velocity stretches."}
{"id": "PMID:1212032", "title": "A simple technique for thermal stimulation of single semicircular canals.", "content": "Two simple thermodes for stimulating single semicircular canals have been designed in order to elicit eye nystagmus. The first, for warm stimulation, is based on the Joule effect: a silver needle is warmed up by means of a coiled nickrome wire. The temperature at the thermode tip is function of current intensity. The thermode for cold stimulation is a device in which a circulating freezing mixture cools a silver needle. The temperature at the thermode tip is proportional to the temperature of the freezing mixture.", "contents": "A simple technique for thermal stimulation of single semicircular canals. Two simple thermodes for stimulating single semicircular canals have been designed in order to elicit eye nystagmus. The first, for warm stimulation, is based on the Joule effect: a silver needle is warmed up by means of a coiled nickrome wire. The temperature at the thermode tip is function of current intensity. The thermode for cold stimulation is a device in which a circulating freezing mixture cools a silver needle. The temperature at the thermode tip is proportional to the temperature of the freezing mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:1212065", "title": "Clinical and hormonal aspects in breast cancer with special reference to malignant evolutive push.", "content": "It is tried to differentiate between various stages of malignant evolutive push and normal mammary tumors to establish an individual therapeutic procedure. Besides mammography and thermometry, investigations of urinary excretions of estrogenic and androgenic steriods are qualified for this purpose. Patients with malignant evolutive push showed an increased excretion of estrogens which reached its highest levels in patients suffering from inflammatory mammary carcinomas. The excretion of 17-ketosteroids shows a behaviour vice versa. Altogether mammary tumors with malignant evolutive push are characterized by a state of absolute and relative hyperestrogenity respectively. This phenomenon preferably depends on the clinical stage of the disease than on the age of the patients.", "contents": "Clinical and hormonal aspects in breast cancer with special reference to malignant evolutive push. It is tried to differentiate between various stages of malignant evolutive push and normal mammary tumors to establish an individual therapeutic procedure. Besides mammography and thermometry, investigations of urinary excretions of estrogenic and androgenic steriods are qualified for this purpose. Patients with malignant evolutive push showed an increased excretion of estrogens which reached its highest levels in patients suffering from inflammatory mammary carcinomas. The excretion of 17-ketosteroids shows a behaviour vice versa. Altogether mammary tumors with malignant evolutive push are characterized by a state of absolute and relative hyperestrogenity respectively. This phenomenon preferably depends on the clinical stage of the disease than on the age of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1212066", "title": "[Hormonal treatment of breast cancer from surgical point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "At present the best results in treating breast cancer of stage I and II appear to be achieved by surgery alone. As an alternative method preference should be given to the so-called classical radical mastectomy. Restriction or widening of operative management may be useful in some cases, but the indication is problematic. There is a high risk of applying appropriate procedures to inappropriate patients. In radical mastectomy the incidence of errors and complications comes within reasonable limits. On the contrary, in stage III additional treatment is well justified. At this stage, surgery alone gives poor results. The fate of stage III patients first of all depends on the presence or absence of metastases; therefore, preference should be given to systemic additional treatment, but on the basis of individualized tried measures. Polypragmasia and blind systemic treatment are to be avoided. The time schedule of such additional treatment are to be avoided. The time schedule of such additional treatment has to be established, by controlled clinical trials. From these considerations, the following requirements can be formulated: 1. improvement of the oncologic level 2. centralisation in oncologic treatment and diagnostics 3. enlargement of existing or creation of new facilities for bi-chemical and other testing, and for scientific investigation at the oneologic centers.", "contents": "[Hormonal treatment of breast cancer from surgical point of view (author's transl)]. At present the best results in treating breast cancer of stage I and II appear to be achieved by surgery alone. As an alternative method preference should be given to the so-called classical radical mastectomy. Restriction or widening of operative management may be useful in some cases, but the indication is problematic. There is a high risk of applying appropriate procedures to inappropriate patients. In radical mastectomy the incidence of errors and complications comes within reasonable limits. On the contrary, in stage III additional treatment is well justified. At this stage, surgery alone gives poor results. The fate of stage III patients first of all depends on the presence or absence of metastases; therefore, preference should be given to systemic additional treatment, but on the basis of individualized tried measures. Polypragmasia and blind systemic treatment are to be avoided. The time schedule of such additional treatment are to be avoided. The time schedule of such additional treatment has to be established, by controlled clinical trials. From these considerations, the following requirements can be formulated: 1. improvement of the oncologic level 2. centralisation in oncologic treatment and diagnostics 3. enlargement of existing or creation of new facilities for bi-chemical and other testing, and for scientific investigation at the oneologic centers."}
{"id": "PMID:1212067", "title": "[Investigation on radiosensitizing and tumor inhibiting actions of the antioxidant MTDQ (6,6'-methylen-bis/2,2,4-trimethyl-1-1,2-dihydroquinolin) (author's transl)].", "content": "Unlike the hitherto known antioxidants, MTDQ is not a radiation protective-but a radiation sensitizing agent. According to autoradiographic findings accumulation of 14C-labelled MTDQ occurs in tumor tissue. The compound was found to be suitable in the combined treatment (MTDQ and 300 R x-ray therapy). In these instances tumor weight of solid Ehrlich- and Yoshida-tumors will be reduced even by doses ineffective as monotherapy. The MTDQ pretreatment of NKLy ascites tumorbearing rats raised survival rat by 60 to 90 per cent (controls 20%) and inhibited growth of solid Yoshida-tumors. No side-effects have been observed. In contrast to other antineoplastic agents MTDQ does not induce granulocytopenia.", "contents": "[Investigation on radiosensitizing and tumor inhibiting actions of the antioxidant MTDQ (6,6'-methylen-bis/2,2,4-trimethyl-1-1,2-dihydroquinolin) (author's transl)]. Unlike the hitherto known antioxidants, MTDQ is not a radiation protective-but a radiation sensitizing agent. According to autoradiographic findings accumulation of 14C-labelled MTDQ occurs in tumor tissue. The compound was found to be suitable in the combined treatment (MTDQ and 300 R x-ray therapy). In these instances tumor weight of solid Ehrlich- and Yoshida-tumors will be reduced even by doses ineffective as monotherapy. The MTDQ pretreatment of NKLy ascites tumorbearing rats raised survival rat by 60 to 90 per cent (controls 20%) and inhibited growth of solid Yoshida-tumors. No side-effects have been observed. In contrast to other antineoplastic agents MTDQ does not induce granulocytopenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1212068", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of Ftorafur (author's transl)].", "content": "The new soviet antimetabolite Ftorafur (N1-2'-Furanidyl-5-Fluorouracil, FFU) has been clinically evaluated in 18 selected patients with various solid tumours. Several of them had been treated before with other drugs. FFU was given to 8 patients as a monotherapy whereas 10 patients received the drug in combination with other therapeutic measures. A total response rate of 9/18 was seen. Three out of 8 patients treated with FFU alone have responded objectively. Due to its low toxicity FFU became a clinically interesting drug which is suitable for long-lasting administration. Its therapeutic activity is similar to that of 5-Fluorouracil. FFU is especially effective in carcinomas of the breast and the gastro-intestinal tract. It can be applied locally or safely be combined with other drugs or with irradiation.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of Ftorafur (author's transl)]. The new soviet antimetabolite Ftorafur (N1-2'-Furanidyl-5-Fluorouracil, FFU) has been clinically evaluated in 18 selected patients with various solid tumours. Several of them had been treated before with other drugs. FFU was given to 8 patients as a monotherapy whereas 10 patients received the drug in combination with other therapeutic measures. A total response rate of 9/18 was seen. Three out of 8 patients treated with FFU alone have responded objectively. Due to its low toxicity FFU became a clinically interesting drug which is suitable for long-lasting administration. Its therapeutic activity is similar to that of 5-Fluorouracil. FFU is especially effective in carcinomas of the breast and the gastro-intestinal tract. It can be applied locally or safely be combined with other drugs or with irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212089", "title": "Menstrual cycle phases and personality variables as related to response to erotic stimuli.", "content": "The present research examined the relationship between menstrual cycle phases and response to erotic stimuli. Correlations between response to erotic stimuli and extraversion and neuroticism, as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory, were also investigated. Subjects were 60 university coeds who were shown explicitly erotic slides and asked to rate their sexual arousal while viewing these stimuli. Although significant effects were found for slides, no significant differences were noted amont women at different points in the menstrual cycle. Nonsignificant correlations were obtained between slide ratings and extraversion and neuroticism.", "contents": "Menstrual cycle phases and personality variables as related to response to erotic stimuli. The present research examined the relationship between menstrual cycle phases and response to erotic stimuli. Correlations between response to erotic stimuli and extraversion and neuroticism, as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory, were also investigated. Subjects were 60 university coeds who were shown explicitly erotic slides and asked to rate their sexual arousal while viewing these stimuli. Although significant effects were found for slides, no significant differences were noted amont women at different points in the menstrual cycle. Nonsignificant correlations were obtained between slide ratings and extraversion and neuroticism."}
{"id": "PMID:1212090", "title": "Age and perceived effects of erotica-pornography: a national sample study.", "content": "In the spring of 1970, a national sample survey of 2486 adults (aged 20-80) was studied to ascertain U.S. public attitudes toward and experience with erotic materials. Twelve items measured whether or not those interviewed believed that looking at or reading sexual materials had certain effects on themselves or others. Initial description of the results revealed a considerable diversity of opinion. This report provides a multistage typology of those item responses, beginning with characterization of items as positive, neutral, or negative in effect. Striking age gradients were observed at each stage in the typology formation. At first glance, these results are hardly surprising, yet introduction of controls for level of education, gender, and reported previous levels of actual exposure to erotica did not appreciably change the age-graded response pattern. The last stage in the typology contained four levels and showed an attribute solely desirable and/or neutral effects to erotica. Those who expressed neutral and mixed (strongly positive and negative) views were somewhat older. The next age norms about explicit sexual materials took on a perception of no effects or a position of uncertainty. Finally, those who believed that pornography has largely or solely undesirable effects on its consumers were oldest. The replicability of the pattern suggests a specific order in the underlying process of change in values (historical and/or intraindividual).", "contents": "Age and perceived effects of erotica-pornography: a national sample study. In the spring of 1970, a national sample survey of 2486 adults (aged 20-80) was studied to ascertain U.S. public attitudes toward and experience with erotic materials. Twelve items measured whether or not those interviewed believed that looking at or reading sexual materials had certain effects on themselves or others. Initial description of the results revealed a considerable diversity of opinion. This report provides a multistage typology of those item responses, beginning with characterization of items as positive, neutral, or negative in effect. Striking age gradients were observed at each stage in the typology formation. At first glance, these results are hardly surprising, yet introduction of controls for level of education, gender, and reported previous levels of actual exposure to erotica did not appreciably change the age-graded response pattern. The last stage in the typology contained four levels and showed an attribute solely desirable and/or neutral effects to erotica. Those who expressed neutral and mixed (strongly positive and negative) views were somewhat older. The next age norms about explicit sexual materials took on a perception of no effects or a position of uncertainty. Finally, those who believed that pornography has largely or solely undesirable effects on its consumers were oldest. The replicability of the pattern suggests a specific order in the underlying process of change in values (historical and/or intraindividual)."}
{"id": "PMID:1212091", "title": "Measurement of sexual arousal in male homosexuals: effects of instructions and stimulus modality.", "content": "Erections were measured in 20 male homosexual subjects under three instructional conditions and within three stimulus modalities. The three conditions were arousal (e.g., imagine yourself involved and get aroused), suppression (e.g., imagine yourself involved bu suppress erection responses), and rearousal (e.g., imagine yourself involved and get aroused). The three stimulus modalities studied were video tapes, slides or pictures, and audio tapes of homosexual cues. The results show that video tape generates the highest level of arousal, audio tape the lowest level of arousal, and slides an intermediate level. Both video tape and slides show substantial voluntary suppression effects. During suppression, video tape continues to elicit relatively high levels of arousal in contrast to slides and audio tapes, which are equally low.", "contents": "Measurement of sexual arousal in male homosexuals: effects of instructions and stimulus modality. Erections were measured in 20 male homosexual subjects under three instructional conditions and within three stimulus modalities. The three conditions were arousal (e.g., imagine yourself involved and get aroused), suppression (e.g., imagine yourself involved bu suppress erection responses), and rearousal (e.g., imagine yourself involved and get aroused). The three stimulus modalities studied were video tapes, slides or pictures, and audio tapes of homosexual cues. The results show that video tape generates the highest level of arousal, audio tape the lowest level of arousal, and slides an intermediate level. Both video tape and slides show substantial voluntary suppression effects. During suppression, video tape continues to elicit relatively high levels of arousal in contrast to slides and audio tapes, which are equally low."}
{"id": "PMID:1212092", "title": "Rehabilitation professionals and sexual counseling for spinal cord injured adults.", "content": "The Michigan Rehabilitation Association (M.R.A.) and the Program in Human Sexuality of the University of Minnesota collaborated to produce a 1-day seminar on sexual function in spinal cord injury. Evaluation of the participants and the seminar showed that the program was beneficial for most and harmful for few. Questionnaire responses indicated that few M.R.A. members are currently doing sexual counseling but many see an opportunity to do so. A relationship appeared between those who have received some form of training in sexual counseling and those who are doing counseling with clients. It is postulated that frank and sincere discussion of sexuality may improve rapport between client and counselor. However, before such an interaction can comfortably take place, the counselor may gain from an opportunity to examine his or her own attitudes toward human sexuality and gather more information about the sexuality of physically disabled adults.", "contents": "Rehabilitation professionals and sexual counseling for spinal cord injured adults. The Michigan Rehabilitation Association (M.R.A.) and the Program in Human Sexuality of the University of Minnesota collaborated to produce a 1-day seminar on sexual function in spinal cord injury. Evaluation of the participants and the seminar showed that the program was beneficial for most and harmful for few. Questionnaire responses indicated that few M.R.A. members are currently doing sexual counseling but many see an opportunity to do so. A relationship appeared between those who have received some form of training in sexual counseling and those who are doing counseling with clients. It is postulated that frank and sincere discussion of sexuality may improve rapport between client and counselor. However, before such an interaction can comfortably take place, the counselor may gain from an opportunity to examine his or her own attitudes toward human sexuality and gather more information about the sexuality of physically disabled adults."}
{"id": "PMID:1212093", "title": "A body image scale for evaluating transsexuals.", "content": "Body image has come to mean not only the way one perceives his body but also how one feels about these perceptions. It is an important part of one's total self-concept. As such, it can present a significant problem for many individuals. For individuals with gender identity problems, such as transsexuals, body image dissatisfaction and distortion are a fundamental aspect of their condition. It is possible to more fully understand this condition by appreciating the distinction between the reality of the transsexual's body and his preferred body image. The Body Image (BI-I) scale presented here representa an effort to quantify the transsexual's body attitude. It consists of 30 body features which the subject is asked to rate on a 5-point scale of satisfaction. This test, as part of a larger seven-test battery, was administered to 16 male and 16 female transsexuals. The data have been analyzed for comparisons between males and females, for the effects of endocrinological and surgical treatment on body attitude, and for the common denominators which characterize the transsexual's body attitude. This instrument is being used as an additional tool in evaluating the transsexual's request for sex-reassignment surgery and in following those individuals who have been accepted for treatment as they progress through the evaluation and treatment program.", "contents": "A body image scale for evaluating transsexuals. Body image has come to mean not only the way one perceives his body but also how one feels about these perceptions. It is an important part of one's total self-concept. As such, it can present a significant problem for many individuals. For individuals with gender identity problems, such as transsexuals, body image dissatisfaction and distortion are a fundamental aspect of their condition. It is possible to more fully understand this condition by appreciating the distinction between the reality of the transsexual's body and his preferred body image. The Body Image (BI-I) scale presented here representa an effort to quantify the transsexual's body attitude. It consists of 30 body features which the subject is asked to rate on a 5-point scale of satisfaction. This test, as part of a larger seven-test battery, was administered to 16 male and 16 female transsexuals. The data have been analyzed for comparisons between males and females, for the effects of endocrinological and surgical treatment on body attitude, and for the common denominators which characterize the transsexual's body attitude. This instrument is being used as an additional tool in evaluating the transsexual's request for sex-reassignment surgery and in following those individuals who have been accepted for treatment as they progress through the evaluation and treatment program."}
{"id": "PMID:1212094", "title": "Sella turcica in male-to-female transsexuals.", "content": "Roentgenological examination of the skull in 11 male-to-female transsexuals revealed considerable asymmetry (2.5-3 mm) of the sellar floor in three cases. There was no asymmetry exceeding 1.5 mm in 103 male controls. Asymmetry of the sella turcica suggests the presence of an intrasellar pituitary tumor. This finding in three patients with transsexualism is of interest in view of reports of endocrine disorders or hormonal secretion abnormalities in patients with atypical sexuality or gender identity problems.", "contents": "Sella turcica in male-to-female transsexuals. Roentgenological examination of the skull in 11 male-to-female transsexuals revealed considerable asymmetry (2.5-3 mm) of the sellar floor in three cases. There was no asymmetry exceeding 1.5 mm in 103 male controls. Asymmetry of the sella turcica suggests the presence of an intrasellar pituitary tumor. This finding in three patients with transsexualism is of interest in view of reports of endocrine disorders or hormonal secretion abnormalities in patients with atypical sexuality or gender identity problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1212096", "title": "Morphology, biochemical analysis and neuraminidase activity of rubella virus.", "content": "A simple and reproducible method for the production of purified rubella virus is described. Purified virus was subjected to morphological and chemical analysis. The virus particles were rather pleomorphic (60 nm diameter), sometimes with one or more peripheral protrusions. The viral surface, revealed by negative staining, was composed of spikes 6 nm long, featuring enlarged ends. In SDS-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 4 major and 4 minor polypeptide bands were revealed. Total lipids and phospholipids were analysed on the same preparation. The viral particles were composed of RNA: 0.030 mg, and lipids: 0.245 mg, of which 0.169 mg were phospholipids for each mg of viral protein. Biologically, the purified virus preparation showed high infectivity, a high hemagglutination titre and a weak neuraminidase activity under defined conditions.", "contents": "Morphology, biochemical analysis and neuraminidase activity of rubella virus. A simple and reproducible method for the production of purified rubella virus is described. Purified virus was subjected to morphological and chemical analysis. The virus particles were rather pleomorphic (60 nm diameter), sometimes with one or more peripheral protrusions. The viral surface, revealed by negative staining, was composed of spikes 6 nm long, featuring enlarged ends. In SDS-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 4 major and 4 minor polypeptide bands were revealed. Total lipids and phospholipids were analysed on the same preparation. The viral particles were composed of RNA: 0.030 mg, and lipids: 0.245 mg, of which 0.169 mg were phospholipids for each mg of viral protein. Biologically, the purified virus preparation showed high infectivity, a high hemagglutination titre and a weak neuraminidase activity under defined conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1212097", "title": "Estimation of hemagglutination-inhibition titers.", "content": "In the hemagglutination-inhibition test, simple relationships exist between units of hemagglutinating virus and hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers. Equations have worked out which allow estimating antibody titers for different virus doses, provided all other parameters are kept constant. They are applicable when the isofixation lines in log-log plots as obtained in box titrations either are positioned at angles of 45degree or deviate from this value. Using lower or higher doses of hemagglutinin in the test, the coefficient of variation of the estimated antibody titers was found to be approximately 4 per cent. This procedure is useful in a number of virus-cell-serum systems and allows comparisons of antibody titers obtained in different laboratories.", "contents": "Estimation of hemagglutination-inhibition titers. In the hemagglutination-inhibition test, simple relationships exist between units of hemagglutinating virus and hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers. Equations have worked out which allow estimating antibody titers for different virus doses, provided all other parameters are kept constant. They are applicable when the isofixation lines in log-log plots as obtained in box titrations either are positioned at angles of 45degree or deviate from this value. Using lower or higher doses of hemagglutinin in the test, the coefficient of variation of the estimated antibody titers was found to be approximately 4 per cent. This procedure is useful in a number of virus-cell-serum systems and allows comparisons of antibody titers obtained in different laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:1212098", "title": "Structural polypeptides of California encephalitis virus: BFS-283.", "content": "The polypepetides of California encephalitis virus (BFS-283) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Four polypeptides were detected in virions grown in both BHK-21 and LLC-MK2 cell cultures with molecular weights of 17,500. 30,000, 38,000, and 82,000 (VP-1, VP-2, VP-3, and VP-4, respectively). Viral proteins 2, 3, and 4 were glycoproteins and appeared to be associated with the envelope of the virus. Treatment of virions (rho=1.18 g/cm3) with then non-ionic detergent, NP-40, allowed detection of a RNA-rich fraction (rho=1.26/cm3) with contained the smallest polypeptides (VP-1).", "contents": "Structural polypeptides of California encephalitis virus: BFS-283. The polypepetides of California encephalitis virus (BFS-283) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Four polypeptides were detected in virions grown in both BHK-21 and LLC-MK2 cell cultures with molecular weights of 17,500. 30,000, 38,000, and 82,000 (VP-1, VP-2, VP-3, and VP-4, respectively). Viral proteins 2, 3, and 4 were glycoproteins and appeared to be associated with the envelope of the virus. Treatment of virions (rho=1.18 g/cm3) with then non-ionic detergent, NP-40, allowed detection of a RNA-rich fraction (rho=1.26/cm3) with contained the smallest polypeptides (VP-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:1212099", "title": "A mouse hepatotropic variant of influenza virus.", "content": "A hepatotropic variant of avian influenza virus A/Turkey/England 63 (Hav 1, Nav 3) was selected by serial passages in mouse liver. Adaptation to this organ was established after 13 in vivo passages and was found to improve during further passages as shown by increasing rates of replication in livers of ICR mice. The mutant virus finally selected was stable and differed from the original virus mainly in lethality upon intraperitoneal injection in mice, in its ability to grow to high titers in livers of susceptible animals and in plaque morphology in chick embryo fibroblasts. No differences were detected in hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization by standard mouse antisera. Pathogenicity for the liver was independent of the route of inoculation, included other laboratory animals sensitive to influenza virus and could be inhibited by amantadine. Fatal hepatitis in 50 per cent of susceptible mice by the intraperitoneal route required from 10 to 20 EID50-. Pathological changes consisted of severe necrosis of liver parenchyma accompanied by release of F antigen into the serum and were apparently due to virus replication in hepatic cells as evidenced by immunofluorescence. The main implications of this animal model for studies on experimental hepatitis and on myxovirus-host interactions in an organ not usually associated with influenza are discussed.", "contents": "A mouse hepatotropic variant of influenza virus. A hepatotropic variant of avian influenza virus A/Turkey/England 63 (Hav 1, Nav 3) was selected by serial passages in mouse liver. Adaptation to this organ was established after 13 in vivo passages and was found to improve during further passages as shown by increasing rates of replication in livers of ICR mice. The mutant virus finally selected was stable and differed from the original virus mainly in lethality upon intraperitoneal injection in mice, in its ability to grow to high titers in livers of susceptible animals and in plaque morphology in chick embryo fibroblasts. No differences were detected in hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization by standard mouse antisera. Pathogenicity for the liver was independent of the route of inoculation, included other laboratory animals sensitive to influenza virus and could be inhibited by amantadine. Fatal hepatitis in 50 per cent of susceptible mice by the intraperitoneal route required from 10 to 20 EID50-. Pathological changes consisted of severe necrosis of liver parenchyma accompanied by release of F antigen into the serum and were apparently due to virus replication in hepatic cells as evidenced by immunofluorescence. The main implications of this animal model for studies on experimental hepatitis and on myxovirus-host interactions in an organ not usually associated with influenza are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212100", "title": "Abortive rabies in rabbits and white rats infected intracerebrally.", "content": "Non-fatal rabies was successfully reproduced in rabbits infected intracerebrally with a highly pathogenic strain of street virus isolated from a man who had died of hydrophobia abter a dog bite and in white rats infected intracerebrally with the CVS strain of fixed virus. All the animals were pretreated with a sublethal intraperitoneal dose of live rabies virus. The surviving animals showed residual neurological symptoms (except one rat) in the form of paresis (both mild and marked) and high titres of virus-neutralizing antibody in the brain comparable to the level of serum antibody. Successful reproduction of abortive rabies in rabbits infected intracerebrally with the classical strain of street virus suggests that different forms of rabies infection may probably exist in nature.", "contents": "Abortive rabies in rabbits and white rats infected intracerebrally. Non-fatal rabies was successfully reproduced in rabbits infected intracerebrally with a highly pathogenic strain of street virus isolated from a man who had died of hydrophobia abter a dog bite and in white rats infected intracerebrally with the CVS strain of fixed virus. All the animals were pretreated with a sublethal intraperitoneal dose of live rabies virus. The surviving animals showed residual neurological symptoms (except one rat) in the form of paresis (both mild and marked) and high titres of virus-neutralizing antibody in the brain comparable to the level of serum antibody. Successful reproduction of abortive rabies in rabbits infected intracerebrally with the classical strain of street virus suggests that different forms of rabies infection may probably exist in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1212101", "title": "Relation of virus particle counts to the hemagglutinating activity of influenza virus suspensions measured by the HA pattern test and by use of the photometric HCU method.", "content": "The ratios of the number of virus (n.v.p.) to the hemagglutinating activity were determined for a series of influenza A and B strains using both the photometric HCU method and the HA pattern test. The logarithms of the ratios of n.v.p./hcu ranged from 7.06 to 7.54 and the logarithms of the ratios of n.v.p./HA from 6.87 to 7.56. While the n.v.p./HA ratios of different strains showed significant differences in a number of cases, such differences were not found for the n.v.p./HCU ratios with the only exception of the strain B/Hong Kong/8/73 differing uniformly from the other strains tested. Since the standard deviation of HCU values ranged from 0.006 to 0.039 log units and that of HA titers from 0.076 to 0.272 log units, it was concluded that the differences of n.v.p./HA ratios found were due to the range of variance of HA tests and did not reflect strain specific differences. The degree of purity of virus suspensions was found not to influence measurably the log n.v.p./HCU values.", "contents": "Relation of virus particle counts to the hemagglutinating activity of influenza virus suspensions measured by the HA pattern test and by use of the photometric HCU method. The ratios of the number of virus (n.v.p.) to the hemagglutinating activity were determined for a series of influenza A and B strains using both the photometric HCU method and the HA pattern test. The logarithms of the ratios of n.v.p./hcu ranged from 7.06 to 7.54 and the logarithms of the ratios of n.v.p./HA from 6.87 to 7.56. While the n.v.p./HA ratios of different strains showed significant differences in a number of cases, such differences were not found for the n.v.p./HCU ratios with the only exception of the strain B/Hong Kong/8/73 differing uniformly from the other strains tested. Since the standard deviation of HCU values ranged from 0.006 to 0.039 log units and that of HA titers from 0.076 to 0.272 log units, it was concluded that the differences of n.v.p./HA ratios found were due to the range of variance of HA tests and did not reflect strain specific differences. The degree of purity of virus suspensions was found not to influence measurably the log n.v.p./HCU values."}
{"id": "PMID:1212102", "title": "[Effect on hepatocytes of the nuclear fraction of a liver homogenate].", "content": "The work presents the results of investigating the DNA synthesis in hepatic cell nuclei of mice as well as changes in the ultrastructure of hepatocytes nuclei of the rat after injections of nucleic fraction of the liver homogenate. The obtained data clearly suggest that reparation of the amount of DNA in the nuclei of hepatocytes of mice after a decrease of its amount due to the action of nucleic fraction results in increasing the number of hepatocytes synthesizing DNA. The comparison of the obtained results with the evidence of cytophotometry has shown that increased DNA synthesis is observed at that very time when the amount of DNA in hepatocytes nuclei began to increase. The electron microscopic investigations have confirmed the supposition of partial destruction of DNA in hepatocytes nuclei under Effects of nucleic fraction of the liver homogenate. The electron microscopic study evidences that in hepatocytes nucleic DNA is found in two different forms corresponding to two forms of chromatin--diffuse and condensed. The latter is characterized by lability to nucleic factors and readily undergoes destruction under their effects.", "contents": "[Effect on hepatocytes of the nuclear fraction of a liver homogenate]. The work presents the results of investigating the DNA synthesis in hepatic cell nuclei of mice as well as changes in the ultrastructure of hepatocytes nuclei of the rat after injections of nucleic fraction of the liver homogenate. The obtained data clearly suggest that reparation of the amount of DNA in the nuclei of hepatocytes of mice after a decrease of its amount due to the action of nucleic fraction results in increasing the number of hepatocytes synthesizing DNA. The comparison of the obtained results with the evidence of cytophotometry has shown that increased DNA synthesis is observed at that very time when the amount of DNA in hepatocytes nuclei began to increase. The electron microscopic investigations have confirmed the supposition of partial destruction of DNA in hepatocytes nuclei under Effects of nucleic fraction of the liver homogenate. The electron microscopic study evidences that in hepatocytes nucleic DNA is found in two different forms corresponding to two forms of chromatin--diffuse and condensed. The latter is characterized by lability to nucleic factors and readily undergoes destruction under their effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1212103", "title": "[Analysis of the mitotic activity of the lymphoid cells of the thymus in relation to age].", "content": "The mitotic activity of lymphoid cells of the thymus was studied separately in the subcapsule zone of the cortical substance, cortical substance and medullary substance of newborn, 21-day, 3-, 4-month and 12-month-old mice. In addition to counting mitoses (MA%) histograms of the organ lobes were drawn with exact localization of mitoses of dividing cells. The greatest index of mitotically dividing cells was noted in the subcapsule zone of newborns and 21-day-old mice (5,2+/-0,9 and 4,7+/-0,5). After sex maturation the mitotic activity considerably decreased but in 3-, 4- and 12-month-old mice, the mitotic coefficient of lymphoid cells also retained rather high level (2,6+/-0,3 and 2,1+/-0,2) though processes of involution took place in their thymus.", "contents": "[Analysis of the mitotic activity of the lymphoid cells of the thymus in relation to age]. The mitotic activity of lymphoid cells of the thymus was studied separately in the subcapsule zone of the cortical substance, cortical substance and medullary substance of newborn, 21-day, 3-, 4-month and 12-month-old mice. In addition to counting mitoses (MA%) histograms of the organ lobes were drawn with exact localization of mitoses of dividing cells. The greatest index of mitotically dividing cells was noted in the subcapsule zone of newborns and 21-day-old mice (5,2+/-0,9 and 4,7+/-0,5). After sex maturation the mitotic activity considerably decreased but in 3-, 4- and 12-month-old mice, the mitotic coefficient of lymphoid cells also retained rather high level (2,6+/-0,3 and 2,1+/-0,2) though processes of involution took place in their thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:1212104", "title": "[Vascularization of tumors of the mammary glands].", "content": "The study of peculiarities of the blood supply of pre-tumour foci and cancer tumours of mammary glands of humans and mice of highly cancerous strains \"A\" and \"C3H\" by means of injectional, histological, histo- and enzymochemical and electron microscopical methods has shown that vascularization of corresponding zones alters with development of pre-cancerous growings in mammary glands. The most pronounced alterations are observed in the vessels of cancer tumours depending on the developmental stage, histological structure and differentiation degree. Changes in the character of \"angioplastic\" reaction, ultrastructural and histochemical reorganization of the vascular wall explain the peculiarities of microvascularization and metastazing of cancer.", "contents": "[Vascularization of tumors of the mammary glands]. The study of peculiarities of the blood supply of pre-tumour foci and cancer tumours of mammary glands of humans and mice of highly cancerous strains \"A\" and \"C3H\" by means of injectional, histological, histo- and enzymochemical and electron microscopical methods has shown that vascularization of corresponding zones alters with development of pre-cancerous growings in mammary glands. The most pronounced alterations are observed in the vessels of cancer tumours depending on the developmental stage, histological structure and differentiation degree. Changes in the character of \"angioplastic\" reaction, ultrastructural and histochemical reorganization of the vascular wall explain the peculiarities of microvascularization and metastazing of cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1212105", "title": "[Prolonged hypokinesia and its influence on the tissues and vessels of the extremities in experiments].", "content": "The work describes the results of complex investigation of the state of the supporting-motor apparatus of extremities of dogs subjected to six-month-long restriction of motor activity and the following reparation during a month. Intravital rentgenological, anatomical, histochemical and electron microscopic methods were used. It was shown that continuous hypokinesia resulted in substantial alterations of the vascular bed in the macro-micro-ultrastructural level, disturbance of metabolism, focal reconstruction of tissues of the extremities by the type of natural death of ultrastructural elements without a following reparation. A one-month term appeared to be insufficient for reparation of structural disorders. Special attention was given to reactions of the vascular system. Signs of blood transport via extracapillary pathways from the arterial bed into the venous bed were noted.", "contents": "[Prolonged hypokinesia and its influence on the tissues and vessels of the extremities in experiments]. The work describes the results of complex investigation of the state of the supporting-motor apparatus of extremities of dogs subjected to six-month-long restriction of motor activity and the following reparation during a month. Intravital rentgenological, anatomical, histochemical and electron microscopic methods were used. It was shown that continuous hypokinesia resulted in substantial alterations of the vascular bed in the macro-micro-ultrastructural level, disturbance of metabolism, focal reconstruction of tissues of the extremities by the type of natural death of ultrastructural elements without a following reparation. A one-month term appeared to be insufficient for reparation of structural disorders. Special attention was given to reactions of the vascular system. Signs of blood transport via extracapillary pathways from the arterial bed into the venous bed were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1212106", "title": "[Structure and function of the microcirculatory bed in the preserved heart].", "content": "The morphological analysis of the state of the heart during hypertermal perfusion with different conservants reveals clear dependence of the microcirculation and the activity of the heart upon the type of the conservant. Perfusion with a salt solution and hemodilution is accompanied by pronounced disorders in microcirculation and unsatisfactory parameters of the cardiac activity. Conservation with cryoprecipitated plasma is characterized by comparatively less microcirculatory disorders, but fails to give a reliable safety of the heart. When using medium 199, changes in microcirculation were found to be minimal and parameters of cardiac activity were satisfactory. In the complex of non-specific changes in microcirculatory vessels the maximum structural lability was revealed in blood capillaries and vessels of the postcapillary-venular link.", "contents": "[Structure and function of the microcirculatory bed in the preserved heart]. The morphological analysis of the state of the heart during hypertermal perfusion with different conservants reveals clear dependence of the microcirculation and the activity of the heart upon the type of the conservant. Perfusion with a salt solution and hemodilution is accompanied by pronounced disorders in microcirculation and unsatisfactory parameters of the cardiac activity. Conservation with cryoprecipitated plasma is characterized by comparatively less microcirculatory disorders, but fails to give a reliable safety of the heart. When using medium 199, changes in microcirculation were found to be minimal and parameters of cardiac activity were satisfactory. In the complex of non-specific changes in microcirculatory vessels the maximum structural lability was revealed in blood capillaries and vessels of the postcapillary-venular link."}
{"id": "PMID:1212107", "title": "[Viability of the kidney following autovenoplasty of its artery].", "content": "A segment of one of the renal arteries of the dog was substituted for a piece of the femoral vein of the same dog. Along the site of vascular anastomoses the kidney was excluded from general blood circulation. The results of the vessel plastics were not always favourable. Inspite of the independence of anastomoses in the course of operation, the lumen of the substituted piece of the renal artery underwent deformity in a number of experiments, the circulation of the kidney was disturbed, the parenchyma of the organ was injured, a part of renal bodies and tubules were atrophied, intraorganic vessels, especially glomeruli were reconstructed. The alterations were of focal character. In general the structure of the kidney was preserved. In most experiments the substitution of the renal artery for the own vein did not cause any disorders. The wall of the transplanted vein was soon reconstructed--artealized, the renal parenchyma kept normal structure. The success of vascular plastics and the full value of blood circulation was controlled by removing the twin organ. Animals with one kidney lived practically unlimited time without obvious disorders, the content of nitrogen in the blood was normal, no alterations were found in intraorganic vessels and the renal parenchyma.", "contents": "[Viability of the kidney following autovenoplasty of its artery]. A segment of one of the renal arteries of the dog was substituted for a piece of the femoral vein of the same dog. Along the site of vascular anastomoses the kidney was excluded from general blood circulation. The results of the vessel plastics were not always favourable. Inspite of the independence of anastomoses in the course of operation, the lumen of the substituted piece of the renal artery underwent deformity in a number of experiments, the circulation of the kidney was disturbed, the parenchyma of the organ was injured, a part of renal bodies and tubules were atrophied, intraorganic vessels, especially glomeruli were reconstructed. The alterations were of focal character. In general the structure of the kidney was preserved. In most experiments the substitution of the renal artery for the own vein did not cause any disorders. The wall of the transplanted vein was soon reconstructed--artealized, the renal parenchyma kept normal structure. The success of vascular plastics and the full value of blood circulation was controlled by removing the twin organ. Animals with one kidney lived practically unlimited time without obvious disorders, the content of nitrogen in the blood was normal, no alterations were found in intraorganic vessels and the renal parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:1212108", "title": "[Comparative microspectrophotometric study of the activity of oxidative enzymes in separate types of fibers of the skeletal muscle of rats in the normal state and in experimental ischemia].", "content": "Microspectrophotometrical investigation of the activity of oxidative enzymes (glutamatdehydrogenase, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, succinic acid dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase) in certain types of muscular fibres of m. soleus, gastronemius and quadriceps of rats during experimental stenosins of the abdominal part of the aorta has shown the existence of certain cyclic changes in the enzymic activity of different periods after graded constriction which may be associated with arising of adaptational reactions of metabolic systems in striated muscles in response to chronic hypoxia.", "contents": "[Comparative microspectrophotometric study of the activity of oxidative enzymes in separate types of fibers of the skeletal muscle of rats in the normal state and in experimental ischemia]. Microspectrophotometrical investigation of the activity of oxidative enzymes (glutamatdehydrogenase, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, succinic acid dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase) in certain types of muscular fibres of m. soleus, gastronemius and quadriceps of rats during experimental stenosins of the abdominal part of the aorta has shown the existence of certain cyclic changes in the enzymic activity of different periods after graded constriction which may be associated with arising of adaptational reactions of metabolic systems in striated muscles in response to chronic hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1212109", "title": "[Cellular composition of the deep cervical and apical axillary lymph nodes in mature and aged humans].", "content": "Quantitative investigation of the cellular composition of follicles, cortical plato and myelinated strands of the regional lymphatic nodes in man has shown the lymphocytes (small, medium-size and large) to be prevailing cellular elements in all structural components of the node. Among them there are many small lymphocytes. In myelinated strands there are more reticular, plasma, mast cells and macrophages than in the cortical plato of the lymphatic node. The follicles of the lymphatic nodes are more homogeneous structural components. They consist mainly of lymphocytes. The cellular composition of profound cervical and apical axillary lymphatic nodes is different in the quantitative contact of cellular elements. It also changes depending on age and symmetry.", "contents": "[Cellular composition of the deep cervical and apical axillary lymph nodes in mature and aged humans]. Quantitative investigation of the cellular composition of follicles, cortical plato and myelinated strands of the regional lymphatic nodes in man has shown the lymphocytes (small, medium-size and large) to be prevailing cellular elements in all structural components of the node. Among them there are many small lymphocytes. In myelinated strands there are more reticular, plasma, mast cells and macrophages than in the cortical plato of the lymphatic node. The follicles of the lymphatic nodes are more homogeneous structural components. They consist mainly of lymphocytes. The cellular composition of profound cervical and apical axillary lymphatic nodes is different in the quantitative contact of cellular elements. It also changes depending on age and symmetry."}
{"id": "PMID:1212110", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in human cells with chromosome and genetic mutations in prolonged cultivation in a stationary phase. Report 1. Study of cells in xeroderma pigmentosum].", "content": "Ontogenetic changes of normal diploid cells and cells with genetic mutations (LHC-484 from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum) have been studied under prolonged cultivation in a stationary phase. While investigating the dynamics of complex changes in certain cell properties and cell populations it was found that the cultivated human cells possess a particular pattern of ontogenetic changes for every culture and the dynamics of these changes depends upon the density of the cell population. Two cell subpopulations different in the degree of nucleus heterochromotinization have been discovered.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in human cells with chromosome and genetic mutations in prolonged cultivation in a stationary phase. Report 1. Study of cells in xeroderma pigmentosum]. Ontogenetic changes of normal diploid cells and cells with genetic mutations (LHC-484 from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum) have been studied under prolonged cultivation in a stationary phase. While investigating the dynamics of complex changes in certain cell properties and cell populations it was found that the cultivated human cells possess a particular pattern of ontogenetic changes for every culture and the dynamics of these changes depends upon the density of the cell population. Two cell subpopulations different in the degree of nucleus heterochromotinization have been discovered."}
{"id": "PMID:1212111", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the stria vascularis of the auricular labyrinth of the rabbit].", "content": "In the composition of the stria vascularis of the rabbit cochlea there are three types of cells: edging, medial and basal cells. The structure of these cells, their disposition and interrelationships within the stria vascularis are described. The nodes of the basal membrane whose ramification covers long mitichondria concentrating at the basement of edging cells are found in the structure of capillaries of the cochlea stria vascularis. It may be supposed that this powerful mitochondrial apparatus refers to the capillary system of the stria vascularis and represents a hypertrophic mitochondrial apparatus of pericytes. The capillaries of the stria vascularis are distributed mainly in longitudinal direction while the capillaries disposed transversely which are likely to be anastomoses were also found.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the stria vascularis of the auricular labyrinth of the rabbit]. In the composition of the stria vascularis of the rabbit cochlea there are three types of cells: edging, medial and basal cells. The structure of these cells, their disposition and interrelationships within the stria vascularis are described. The nodes of the basal membrane whose ramification covers long mitichondria concentrating at the basement of edging cells are found in the structure of capillaries of the cochlea stria vascularis. It may be supposed that this powerful mitochondrial apparatus refers to the capillary system of the stria vascularis and represents a hypertrophic mitochondrial apparatus of pericytes. The capillaries of the stria vascularis are distributed mainly in longitudinal direction while the capillaries disposed transversely which are likely to be anastomoses were also found."}
{"id": "PMID:1212113", "title": "Potentiation by cocaine of relaxations of the guinea-pig colon caused by noradrenaline and by stimulation of adrenergic nerves.", "content": "The distal colon of the guinea-pig is relaxed by noradrenaline, by isoprenaline and by the stimulation of fibres running with the colonic nerves or intramurally. The relaxations in response to stimulation of the colonic nerves have a guanethidine-sensitive (adrenergic) and a guanethidine-insensitive (non-adrenergic) component. Cocaine causes a three-fold sensitization of the muscle to noradrenaline but no sensitization to isoprenaline. Cocaine increases the duration, but does not affect the amplitude, of the relaxation observed when adrenergic nerves are stimulated, and affects neither duration nor amplitude of the non-adrenergic response. The adrenergic nerve terminals lie in Auerbach's plexus, not in the longitudinal muscle. It is concluded that the sensitization to noradrenaline and the increases in durations of responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation are due to inhibition of catecholamine uptake into adrenergic nerves by cocaine. It appears that, even where the neuromuscular separation is large as it is in the colon, the concentration of exogenous noradrenaline at the receptors can be decreased by neuronal uptake, and the uptake mechanism can modify responses to nerve stimulation in vitro.", "contents": "Potentiation by cocaine of relaxations of the guinea-pig colon caused by noradrenaline and by stimulation of adrenergic nerves. The distal colon of the guinea-pig is relaxed by noradrenaline, by isoprenaline and by the stimulation of fibres running with the colonic nerves or intramurally. The relaxations in response to stimulation of the colonic nerves have a guanethidine-sensitive (adrenergic) and a guanethidine-insensitive (non-adrenergic) component. Cocaine causes a three-fold sensitization of the muscle to noradrenaline but no sensitization to isoprenaline. Cocaine increases the duration, but does not affect the amplitude, of the relaxation observed when adrenergic nerves are stimulated, and affects neither duration nor amplitude of the non-adrenergic response. The adrenergic nerve terminals lie in Auerbach's plexus, not in the longitudinal muscle. It is concluded that the sensitization to noradrenaline and the increases in durations of responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation are due to inhibition of catecholamine uptake into adrenergic nerves by cocaine. It appears that, even where the neuromuscular separation is large as it is in the colon, the concentration of exogenous noradrenaline at the receptors can be decreased by neuronal uptake, and the uptake mechanism can modify responses to nerve stimulation in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1212136", "title": "Transfer functions for arterial oxygen saturation during +Gz stress.", "content": "Discrete, finite, Fourier transforms of input +Gz stress and output arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) were used to obtain transfer functions between G and Sao2 in 12 subjects. Ensemble averaging of transfer functions based on responses to variable G stress provided reasonable capability for predicting Sao2 responses to sustained 6-G stress. Prediction of responses to variable G stress from transfer functions based on responses to sustained G stress was unsuccessful, however. A synthetic transfer function with physiologic explicability and substantial predictive ability was obtained from an impulse response fabricated from simple mathematical functions.", "contents": "Transfer functions for arterial oxygen saturation during +Gz stress. Discrete, finite, Fourier transforms of input +Gz stress and output arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) were used to obtain transfer functions between G and Sao2 in 12 subjects. Ensemble averaging of transfer functions based on responses to variable G stress provided reasonable capability for predicting Sao2 responses to sustained 6-G stress. Prediction of responses to variable G stress from transfer functions based on responses to sustained G stress was unsuccessful, however. A synthetic transfer function with physiologic explicability and substantial predictive ability was obtained from an impulse response fabricated from simple mathematical functions."}
{"id": "PMID:1212137", "title": "Orthostatic responses in Caucasians and Bantu.", "content": "Nine Caucasian and 13 Bantu young men, all untrained and unacclimated to heat, were tilted head-up for 20 min before and after 4 h of exercise performed at a load of 35 W at room temperature of 23 degrees C and in heat (33.9 degrees C DB, 32.2 degrees C WB). In heat, all Bantu but only four Caucasians completed the 4 h of exposure. The change in systolic blood pressure from recumbency to orthostasis was negligible in the Bantu and adverse in the Caucasians, during pre-exercise tilting at 23 degrees C. Similar differences were found during tilting after exercise at 23 degrees C. Post-exercise orthostatic heart rate did not differ between the two groups despite higher exercise heart rats of the Bantu. Seven subjects in each group fainted during heart-orthostatism, and the difference in systolic blood pressure between recumbency and orthostasis in heat was substantially more adverse in the Caucasians. High relationships were found between exercise heart rate, orthostatic heart rate, and fainting episodes. The results suggested that Bantu make better orthostatic adjestments than Caucasians.", "contents": "Orthostatic responses in Caucasians and Bantu. Nine Caucasian and 13 Bantu young men, all untrained and unacclimated to heat, were tilted head-up for 20 min before and after 4 h of exercise performed at a load of 35 W at room temperature of 23 degrees C and in heat (33.9 degrees C DB, 32.2 degrees C WB). In heat, all Bantu but only four Caucasians completed the 4 h of exposure. The change in systolic blood pressure from recumbency to orthostasis was negligible in the Bantu and adverse in the Caucasians, during pre-exercise tilting at 23 degrees C. Similar differences were found during tilting after exercise at 23 degrees C. Post-exercise orthostatic heart rate did not differ between the two groups despite higher exercise heart rats of the Bantu. Seven subjects in each group fainted during heart-orthostatism, and the difference in systolic blood pressure between recumbency and orthostasis in heat was substantially more adverse in the Caucasians. High relationships were found between exercise heart rate, orthostatic heart rate, and fainting episodes. The results suggested that Bantu make better orthostatic adjestments than Caucasians."}
{"id": "PMID:1212138", "title": "Motion sickness questionnaire and field independence scores as predictors of success in naval aviation training.", "content": "The present report has shown that a motion sickness questionnaire can be used to predict susceptibility to motion sickness or flight training success, depending on the items scored. There is a discussion of the theory that motion sickness results from conflicting perceptual inputs. This theory is related to aircraft operating conditions. Scores on a personality test which appear to be related to similar perceptual phenomena are related to aviation success. One phenotype, field independence, seems to be promising in this regard. In addition to use of this finding in aviator selection, it is felt that studies of this trait, as it relates to an ability to reconcile conflict and to motion sickness insusceptibility, should be conducted.", "contents": "Motion sickness questionnaire and field independence scores as predictors of success in naval aviation training. The present report has shown that a motion sickness questionnaire can be used to predict susceptibility to motion sickness or flight training success, depending on the items scored. There is a discussion of the theory that motion sickness results from conflicting perceptual inputs. This theory is related to aircraft operating conditions. Scores on a personality test which appear to be related to similar perceptual phenomena are related to aviation success. One phenotype, field independence, seems to be promising in this regard. In addition to use of this finding in aviator selection, it is felt that studies of this trait, as it relates to an ability to reconcile conflict and to motion sickness insusceptibility, should be conducted."}
{"id": "PMID:1212139", "title": "Effect of isolated head heating and cooling on sweating in man.", "content": "A double climate chamber which permitted the independent regulation of temperature in each chamber was used to produce isolated head heating and cooling in three subjects. Deep body temperature was recorded from the tympanic membrane, oral cavity, esophagus, and rectum. Skin temperature was measured on nine body regions and a weighted mean skin temperature was calculated. Sweating rate was measured by resistance hygrometry from six regions. When head skin temperature was increased, deep body temperature measured at the tympanic membrane and oral cavity increased more than esophageal temperature, while rectal temperature remained essentially unchanged. Sweating rate increased when head skin temperature increased and again, somewhat later, as the tympanic membrane and oral temperatures began to rise. When head skin temperature was decreased, tympanic membrane and oral temperatures decreased and sweating again followed the changes in skin temperature as well as the changes in tympanic membrane and oral temperatures. Since it has been shown that head skin temperature is particularly important in determining thermal comfort and sweating rate when compared to other body regions, it is suggested that this particular sensitivity is in part due to a thermal counter-current exchange between venous blood draining the head and arterial blood ascending to intracranial thermoreceptors. Such an exchange would correspond to similar mechanisms present in other species.", "contents": "Effect of isolated head heating and cooling on sweating in man. A double climate chamber which permitted the independent regulation of temperature in each chamber was used to produce isolated head heating and cooling in three subjects. Deep body temperature was recorded from the tympanic membrane, oral cavity, esophagus, and rectum. Skin temperature was measured on nine body regions and a weighted mean skin temperature was calculated. Sweating rate was measured by resistance hygrometry from six regions. When head skin temperature was increased, deep body temperature measured at the tympanic membrane and oral cavity increased more than esophageal temperature, while rectal temperature remained essentially unchanged. Sweating rate increased when head skin temperature increased and again, somewhat later, as the tympanic membrane and oral temperatures began to rise. When head skin temperature was decreased, tympanic membrane and oral temperatures decreased and sweating again followed the changes in skin temperature as well as the changes in tympanic membrane and oral temperatures. Since it has been shown that head skin temperature is particularly important in determining thermal comfort and sweating rate when compared to other body regions, it is suggested that this particular sensitivity is in part due to a thermal counter-current exchange between venous blood draining the head and arterial blood ascending to intracranial thermoreceptors. Such an exchange would correspond to similar mechanisms present in other species."}
{"id": "PMID:1212140", "title": "Renal effects of continuous negative pressure breathing.", "content": "Continuous negative pressure breathing (CNPB) was utilized to simulate the thoracic vascular distension of zero G or Space, in 11 anesthetized rats. The animals underwent renal clearance and micropuncture renal nephron studies before, during, and after CNPB. Four rats were pretreated with a high salt diet and I-M desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) in excess. None of these rats diuresed with CNPB. In contrast, five of the seven remaining rats increased the fraction of the filtered sodium excreted (CNa/GFR, p less than 0.05) and their urinary flow rate (V, p less than 0.05). Potassium excretion increased (UK V, p less than 0.05). End proximal tubular fluid specimen's TF/P inulin ratios were unchanged. Whole kidney and single nephron glomerular filtration rates fell 10%. CNPB, a mechanism for atrial distension, appears to cause in the rat a decrease in distal tubular sodium and water reabsorption. Exogenous mineral-corticoid prevents the diuresis, saluresis, and kaluresis. In a separate group of five rats, the CNPB was prolonged or excessive (CNPB greater than 3.5 cm H2O negative pressure); in these, the diuresis ceased and/or antidiuresis occurred. This confirmed the adequacy of other nonatrial volume control mechanisms in regulating renal salt and water conservation in opposition to the studied atrial-renal (Henry-Gauer) reflex of thoracic vascular distension. It encourages us to suggest that the atrial distension reflex diuresis that occurs with shifts of blood to the thorax in assuming a weightless condition, if comparable to the thoracic vascular distension of this model, will not progressively impair the circulation or the mammal but will be minor and short-lived.", "contents": "Renal effects of continuous negative pressure breathing. Continuous negative pressure breathing (CNPB) was utilized to simulate the thoracic vascular distension of zero G or Space, in 11 anesthetized rats. The animals underwent renal clearance and micropuncture renal nephron studies before, during, and after CNPB. Four rats were pretreated with a high salt diet and I-M desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) in excess. None of these rats diuresed with CNPB. In contrast, five of the seven remaining rats increased the fraction of the filtered sodium excreted (CNa/GFR, p less than 0.05) and their urinary flow rate (V, p less than 0.05). Potassium excretion increased (UK V, p less than 0.05). End proximal tubular fluid specimen's TF/P inulin ratios were unchanged. Whole kidney and single nephron glomerular filtration rates fell 10%. CNPB, a mechanism for atrial distension, appears to cause in the rat a decrease in distal tubular sodium and water reabsorption. Exogenous mineral-corticoid prevents the diuresis, saluresis, and kaluresis. In a separate group of five rats, the CNPB was prolonged or excessive (CNPB greater than 3.5 cm H2O negative pressure); in these, the diuresis ceased and/or antidiuresis occurred. This confirmed the adequacy of other nonatrial volume control mechanisms in regulating renal salt and water conservation in opposition to the studied atrial-renal (Henry-Gauer) reflex of thoracic vascular distension. It encourages us to suggest that the atrial distension reflex diuresis that occurs with shifts of blood to the thorax in assuming a weightless condition, if comparable to the thoracic vascular distension of this model, will not progressively impair the circulation or the mammal but will be minor and short-lived."}
{"id": "PMID:1212141", "title": "Effects of mechanical vibration on rat plasma calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and xanthine oxidase.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats were vibrated for 4 min in one of 12 combinations of G levels (+/-2, +/-4, or +/-8 GX) and frequency ranges (12-61, 62-111, 112-161, or 162-211 HZ). The animals were restrained and conscious during vibration. Plasma calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate concentrations as well as xanthine oxidase activities were determined for each animal at various times before and after vibration. Vibration at specific G levels induced physiological changes in plasma calcium, magnesium, and xanthine oxidase levels. Plasma inorganic phosphate concentrations appeared to increase with an increase in the displacement of vibration. All of the effects observed occurred within 24 h of vibration treatment. An effect of the frequency of vibration was not observed with any of the parameters examined. Factors involved in performing the experiments also were able to induce certain physiological changes, viz., the level of plasma calcium and xanthine oxidase activity.", "contents": "Effects of mechanical vibration on rat plasma calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and xanthine oxidase. Sprague-Dawley rats were vibrated for 4 min in one of 12 combinations of G levels (+/-2, +/-4, or +/-8 GX) and frequency ranges (12-61, 62-111, 112-161, or 162-211 HZ). The animals were restrained and conscious during vibration. Plasma calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate concentrations as well as xanthine oxidase activities were determined for each animal at various times before and after vibration. Vibration at specific G levels induced physiological changes in plasma calcium, magnesium, and xanthine oxidase levels. Plasma inorganic phosphate concentrations appeared to increase with an increase in the displacement of vibration. All of the effects observed occurred within 24 h of vibration treatment. An effect of the frequency of vibration was not observed with any of the parameters examined. Factors involved in performing the experiments also were able to induce certain physiological changes, viz., the level of plasma calcium and xanthine oxidase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1212143", "title": "Heart biochemical responses in miniature swine subjected to +Gz acceleration.", "content": "Myocardial biochemical systems which are sensitive to hypoxic and ischemic insult were studied to determine the possible etiology of ventricular endocardial hemorrhage in miniature swine following +GZ stress. Unanesthetized animals were subjected to a single, 120-s +9 GZ acceleration. Approximately 1-2 h following +GZ exposure, the animals were anesthetized and the hearts removed for analyses. Acceleration exposure resulted in the loss of acid phosphatase enzyme activity from the membrane-bound lysosomal fraction with concomitant increased activity in the soluble fraction. This suggests that lysosomal membrane integrity had been disrupted. Mitochondrial preparations from +GZ-stressed hearts exhibited marked increases in active respiratory rate and rate of calcium transport while oxidative phosphorylation efficiency was unchanged. The results clearly indicate that +GZ acceleration is capable of altering myocardial biochemical systems. However, the results tend to suggest that these alterations in cellular processes may be mediated by influences other than hypoxia or ischemia.", "contents": "Heart biochemical responses in miniature swine subjected to +Gz acceleration. Myocardial biochemical systems which are sensitive to hypoxic and ischemic insult were studied to determine the possible etiology of ventricular endocardial hemorrhage in miniature swine following +GZ stress. Unanesthetized animals were subjected to a single, 120-s +9 GZ acceleration. Approximately 1-2 h following +GZ exposure, the animals were anesthetized and the hearts removed for analyses. Acceleration exposure resulted in the loss of acid phosphatase enzyme activity from the membrane-bound lysosomal fraction with concomitant increased activity in the soluble fraction. This suggests that lysosomal membrane integrity had been disrupted. Mitochondrial preparations from +GZ-stressed hearts exhibited marked increases in active respiratory rate and rate of calcium transport while oxidative phosphorylation efficiency was unchanged. The results clearly indicate that +GZ acceleration is capable of altering myocardial biochemical systems. However, the results tend to suggest that these alterations in cellular processes may be mediated by influences other than hypoxia or ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1212144", "title": "Anthropometric sizing program for oral-nasal oxygen masks based on 1967 U.S. Air Force survey data.", "content": "A new sizing program for oral-nasal masks, based on total facial length, has been developed through an analysis of the 1967 USAF anthropometric survey head and face data. A four-size series of three-dimensional face forms has been sculpted based on this sizing program as a design aid for sizing such masks. This report includes a discussion of the theoretical and practical aspects of the sizing analyses and procedures, and establishes design limits and procurement tariffs for the four sizes of masks. The MBU-12/P oxygen mask, an aoral-nasal pressure-demand type of mask, has been fabricated in accordance with this sizing system using the face forms as sizing guides. The results obtained during fit-tests using 66 USAF personnel as subjects are described. The authors concluded that the dimensional sizing of the oral-nasal oxygen mask facepieces is valid for USAF flight crews.", "contents": "Anthropometric sizing program for oral-nasal oxygen masks based on 1967 U.S. Air Force survey data. A new sizing program for oral-nasal masks, based on total facial length, has been developed through an analysis of the 1967 USAF anthropometric survey head and face data. A four-size series of three-dimensional face forms has been sculpted based on this sizing program as a design aid for sizing such masks. This report includes a discussion of the theoretical and practical aspects of the sizing analyses and procedures, and establishes design limits and procurement tariffs for the four sizes of masks. The MBU-12/P oxygen mask, an aoral-nasal pressure-demand type of mask, has been fabricated in accordance with this sizing system using the face forms as sizing guides. The results obtained during fit-tests using 66 USAF personnel as subjects are described. The authors concluded that the dimensional sizing of the oral-nasal oxygen mask facepieces is valid for USAF flight crews."}
{"id": "PMID:1212145", "title": "Laboratory assessment of the AN/PVS-5 night vision goggle.", "content": "Laboratory assessment of the AN/PVS-5 Night Vision Goggle was conducted. Visual fields, goggle infrared source, useable range, and detectability of targets with the goggle were measured. Illumination levels of -8.37 and -9.17 log lm/cm2 were adequate for 90% detection of 0.14 and 0.07 acuity targets, respectively. Calculations of distances at which various surface and airborne targets subtended comparable visual angles and tables of natural brightness conditions are presented to permit translation of laboratory values into field conditions. While further field evaluation is anticipated, the laboratory assessment indicates that the goggle can significantly facilitate aircrew night visual performance.", "contents": "Laboratory assessment of the AN/PVS-5 night vision goggle. Laboratory assessment of the AN/PVS-5 Night Vision Goggle was conducted. Visual fields, goggle infrared source, useable range, and detectability of targets with the goggle were measured. Illumination levels of -8.37 and -9.17 log lm/cm2 were adequate for 90% detection of 0.14 and 0.07 acuity targets, respectively. Calculations of distances at which various surface and airborne targets subtended comparable visual angles and tables of natural brightness conditions are presented to permit translation of laboratory values into field conditions. While further field evaluation is anticipated, the laboratory assessment indicates that the goggle can significantly facilitate aircrew night visual performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1212146", "title": "Cardiac injuries in aircraft occupants resulting from aircraft accidents.", "content": "The author reports that relatively frequent injuries to the thorax and to the heart are established in autopsies of aircraft fatalities. A review of 128 autopsy protocols of aircraft accident fatalities revealed 111 cases of severe contact injuries to the thorax and 98 cases of traumatic injuries to the pericardium and the heart. Accepting the fact that persons injured if traffic accidents display cardiac injuries in 25% of the cases, the number of traumatic heart lesions inflicted in persons in aircarft accidents is three times as high, a fact which may be attributed to the far higher speeds of the aircraft at the moment of impact with resultant forces of deceleration. Causes and mechanisms of the development of cardiac lesions as well as necessary recommendations for the improvement of the health protection of aircraft occupants are discussed.", "contents": "Cardiac injuries in aircraft occupants resulting from aircraft accidents. The author reports that relatively frequent injuries to the thorax and to the heart are established in autopsies of aircraft fatalities. A review of 128 autopsy protocols of aircraft accident fatalities revealed 111 cases of severe contact injuries to the thorax and 98 cases of traumatic injuries to the pericardium and the heart. Accepting the fact that persons injured if traffic accidents display cardiac injuries in 25% of the cases, the number of traumatic heart lesions inflicted in persons in aircarft accidents is three times as high, a fact which may be attributed to the far higher speeds of the aircraft at the moment of impact with resultant forces of deceleration. Causes and mechanisms of the development of cardiac lesions as well as necessary recommendations for the improvement of the health protection of aircraft occupants are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212147", "title": "Evaluation of possible microwave-induced lens changes in the United States Air Force.", "content": "An Air Force examination team performed ophthalmologic examinations on 817 subjects in a double blind fashion. The subjects included 477 workers in the microwave radiation field and 340 control subjects with no known history of occupational exposure to microwave radiation. The intent of the study was to determine if a significant difference existed between the two groups for the presence of three lenticular findings equated with early cataract formation. No significant difference was found. Thus, this study does not support the contention that microwave exposure in the military environment is causing human cataracts at levels permitted by U.S. Safety Standards.", "contents": "Evaluation of possible microwave-induced lens changes in the United States Air Force. An Air Force examination team performed ophthalmologic examinations on 817 subjects in a double blind fashion. The subjects included 477 workers in the microwave radiation field and 340 control subjects with no known history of occupational exposure to microwave radiation. The intent of the study was to determine if a significant difference existed between the two groups for the presence of three lenticular findings equated with early cataract formation. No significant difference was found. Thus, this study does not support the contention that microwave exposure in the military environment is causing human cataracts at levels permitted by U.S. Safety Standards."}
{"id": "PMID:1212148", "title": "Testitis (excessive anxiety about flying checks).", "content": "Excessive anxiety about flying checks--\"testitis\" or \"checkitis\"--is a relatively common cause of loss of licence by aircrew. This paper describes the syndromes seen in testitis and treatment which has resulted in alleviation of symptoms in nine out of 30 cases.", "contents": "Testitis (excessive anxiety about flying checks). Excessive anxiety about flying checks--\"testitis\" or \"checkitis\"--is a relatively common cause of loss of licence by aircrew. This paper describes the syndromes seen in testitis and treatment which has resulted in alleviation of symptoms in nine out of 30 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1212149", "title": "Heart rate monitoring of pilots during steep-gradient approaches.", "content": "As part of a large scale investigation into noise abatement landing approaches, one trial involved the flight evaluation of steep-gradient and two-segment approaches; these were 3 degress, 6 degrees, 7.5 degrees, and 9 degrees single-segment, and 7.5 degrees/3 degrees two-segment approaches. To augment the subjective opinions of the test pilots, their heart rates were monitored during all the experimental runs. The resulting heart rate values for the different approaches correlated reasonably well with the subjective ratings of the relative workload levels. There is some evidence that the pilot workload level for the 7.5 degrees/3 degrees approaches is of the same order as the level for the conventional 3 degrees gradient.", "contents": "Heart rate monitoring of pilots during steep-gradient approaches. As part of a large scale investigation into noise abatement landing approaches, one trial involved the flight evaluation of steep-gradient and two-segment approaches; these were 3 degress, 6 degrees, 7.5 degrees, and 9 degrees single-segment, and 7.5 degrees/3 degrees two-segment approaches. To augment the subjective opinions of the test pilots, their heart rates were monitored during all the experimental runs. The resulting heart rate values for the different approaches correlated reasonably well with the subjective ratings of the relative workload levels. There is some evidence that the pilot workload level for the 7.5 degrees/3 degrees approaches is of the same order as the level for the conventional 3 degrees gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:1212150", "title": "Electromagnetic field effects in nerve tissue.", "content": "In the present work, an attempt has been made to produce structural alterations in tissue from the nervous system of bullfrogs by means of a high-intensity electric field. The electric field used to expose the tissue was compased of a train of high-intensity, short-duration pulses. Theses pulses provide a high electric-field intensity in the tissue, yet a low enough absorbed-energy density to cause negligible thermal heating. Exposed and control tissue prepared for light microscope investigation was stained with thionin and hematoxylin and eosin stains. No gross histological alterations of the large motor neurons of the exposed tissue were found when compared with the control tissue.", "contents": "Electromagnetic field effects in nerve tissue. In the present work, an attempt has been made to produce structural alterations in tissue from the nervous system of bullfrogs by means of a high-intensity electric field. The electric field used to expose the tissue was compased of a train of high-intensity, short-duration pulses. Theses pulses provide a high electric-field intensity in the tissue, yet a low enough absorbed-energy density to cause negligible thermal heating. Exposed and control tissue prepared for light microscope investigation was stained with thionin and hematoxylin and eosin stains. No gross histological alterations of the large motor neurons of the exposed tissue were found when compared with the control tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1212162", "title": "Histological Studies in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "200 cases of Hodgkin's disease were found in a revision of the lymph node biopsies studied between 1940 and 1973 at the Institute of Pathology of the Buenos Aires Medical School. Using Rye's nomenclature, 37 (18%) were classified as lymphocytic predominance, 60 (30%) as nodular sclerosis, 81 (41%) as mixed cellularity and 22 (11%) as lymphocyte depletion type of Hodgkin's disease. Preservation of various lymph node structures was observed in 54% of the 200 cases and was more common in the less aggressive varieties of Hodgkin's disease such as lymphocyte predominance and nodular sclerosis. The differences were statistically significant (P less than 001) for the preservation of the medullary sinus and capsule of the lymph node. The presence of sarcoid-like granulomas was more frequent in the lymphocyte predominance type and foam cell areas with Touton giant cells were seen only in cases of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. Vein invasion was present only in mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depletion hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Histological Studies in Hodgkin's disease. 200 cases of Hodgkin's disease were found in a revision of the lymph node biopsies studied between 1940 and 1973 at the Institute of Pathology of the Buenos Aires Medical School. Using Rye's nomenclature, 37 (18%) were classified as lymphocytic predominance, 60 (30%) as nodular sclerosis, 81 (41%) as mixed cellularity and 22 (11%) as lymphocyte depletion type of Hodgkin's disease. Preservation of various lymph node structures was observed in 54% of the 200 cases and was more common in the less aggressive varieties of Hodgkin's disease such as lymphocyte predominance and nodular sclerosis. The differences were statistically significant (P less than 001) for the preservation of the medullary sinus and capsule of the lymph node. The presence of sarcoid-like granulomas was more frequent in the lymphocyte predominance type and foam cell areas with Touton giant cells were seen only in cases of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. Vein invasion was present only in mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depletion hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1212163", "title": "Hormonal activity of testes in aged rats with leydig cell hyperplasia: histochemical investigation of some hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.", "content": "The following enzymes were employed in order to investigate the hormonal activity of the testes in aged rats: 3-beta hydroxysteroid-DH, 11-beta-hydroxysteroid-DH, and 17-beta-hydroxysteroid-DH. Our investigations show that in the non-altered testis of the aged rat the same enzyme activities can be observed as in young and sexually mature animals. A proliferation of the Leydig cells (L.c.), occurring in the aging rat, brings about an increased activity of the above-mentioned steroid-DHs. An augmented production of testosterone is quite probable.", "contents": "Hormonal activity of testes in aged rats with leydig cell hyperplasia: histochemical investigation of some hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. The following enzymes were employed in order to investigate the hormonal activity of the testes in aged rats: 3-beta hydroxysteroid-DH, 11-beta-hydroxysteroid-DH, and 17-beta-hydroxysteroid-DH. Our investigations show that in the non-altered testis of the aged rat the same enzyme activities can be observed as in young and sexually mature animals. A proliferation of the Leydig cells (L.c.), occurring in the aging rat, brings about an increased activity of the above-mentioned steroid-DHs. An augmented production of testosterone is quite probable."}
{"id": "PMID:1212164", "title": "Detection of aerosols in the respiratory tract.", "content": "A fluorescence method for the detection of inhaled aerosols in the respiratory tract has been described. The most suitable fluorescence indicator for the histological examination was ethidium bromide.", "contents": "Detection of aerosols in the respiratory tract. A fluorescence method for the detection of inhaled aerosols in the respiratory tract has been described. The most suitable fluorescence indicator for the histological examination was ethidium bromide."}
{"id": "PMID:1212165", "title": "Spherical aggregates of coxsackie B4 virus particles in mouse pancreas.", "content": "A high titer culture of Coxsackie B4 virus was used to induce pancreatitis in newborn mice. In animals sacrificed 1 or 2 days after intraperitoneal inoculation, we observed cytonecrosis consistent with picornaviral infection as well as necrosis indicative of pancreatitis. In addition, we observed aggregates of particles which seem to be Coxsackie B4 virus particles, some arranged in the typical picornaviral crystalloid lattice formation and others arranged into spherical masses approximately 102 nm in diameter. Depending upon the depth and orientation of section through the spherical aggregates, the particles were arranged into two patterns which were readily distinguishable. When the plane of section was through the center of the sphere, 10 particles circularly arranged around a dense particle core were observed. When the sphere was cut tangentially, the particles were arranged in a zig-zag pattern so that there were two concentric layers of at least 6 particles per layer, with no central core. Both crystalloid and spherical aggregates were observed free within acinocyte cytoplasm, and within autophagic vacuoles, cytosegresomes, and fine granular bodies of acinocytes, and within phagocytic vacuoles of macrophages. We conclude that the spherical aggregates represent a distinct crystalloid form of Coxsackie B4 virus during its replicative cycle, which may eventually develop into the more typical picornaviral crystalloid lattice configuration and that the spherical aggregates are located in foci of viral synthesis. Marked pathogenicity of Coxsackie B4 virus in the newborn mouse pancreas should be considered a factor in the observations noted.", "contents": "Spherical aggregates of coxsackie B4 virus particles in mouse pancreas. A high titer culture of Coxsackie B4 virus was used to induce pancreatitis in newborn mice. In animals sacrificed 1 or 2 days after intraperitoneal inoculation, we observed cytonecrosis consistent with picornaviral infection as well as necrosis indicative of pancreatitis. In addition, we observed aggregates of particles which seem to be Coxsackie B4 virus particles, some arranged in the typical picornaviral crystalloid lattice formation and others arranged into spherical masses approximately 102 nm in diameter. Depending upon the depth and orientation of section through the spherical aggregates, the particles were arranged into two patterns which were readily distinguishable. When the plane of section was through the center of the sphere, 10 particles circularly arranged around a dense particle core were observed. When the sphere was cut tangentially, the particles were arranged in a zig-zag pattern so that there were two concentric layers of at least 6 particles per layer, with no central core. Both crystalloid and spherical aggregates were observed free within acinocyte cytoplasm, and within autophagic vacuoles, cytosegresomes, and fine granular bodies of acinocytes, and within phagocytic vacuoles of macrophages. We conclude that the spherical aggregates represent a distinct crystalloid form of Coxsackie B4 virus during its replicative cycle, which may eventually develop into the more typical picornaviral crystalloid lattice configuration and that the spherical aggregates are located in foci of viral synthesis. Marked pathogenicity of Coxsackie B4 virus in the newborn mouse pancreas should be considered a factor in the observations noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1212167", "title": "[Pathology in the U.S.A. A glut of pathologists, the role of the autopsy and the future of the \"clinical pathology\"].", "content": "This analysis deals with selected questions regarding the status of pathology in the United States. For a long time, the number of pathologists, both in practice and in training, had been deemed inadequate, but present trends indicate the existence of a considerable surplus of specialists in this discipline. The autopsy is still an important field of endeavor for the American pathologist even tbhough autopsy rates have drastically declined everywhere and the exact role of this procedure is being reevaluated. The concept of \"clinical pathology\" which seeks to encompass a whole conglomerate of heterogeneous disciplines and still dominates the practice of pathology in North America has come under attack; some observers plead for the total separation of laboratory medicine from pathology as well as for the systematic and intensive development of subspecialties within the field of pathology.", "contents": "[Pathology in the U.S.A. A glut of pathologists, the role of the autopsy and the future of the \"clinical pathology\"]. This analysis deals with selected questions regarding the status of pathology in the United States. For a long time, the number of pathologists, both in practice and in training, had been deemed inadequate, but present trends indicate the existence of a considerable surplus of specialists in this discipline. The autopsy is still an important field of endeavor for the American pathologist even tbhough autopsy rates have drastically declined everywhere and the exact role of this procedure is being reevaluated. The concept of \"clinical pathology\" which seeks to encompass a whole conglomerate of heterogeneous disciplines and still dominates the practice of pathology in North America has come under attack; some observers plead for the total separation of laboratory medicine from pathology as well as for the systematic and intensive development of subspecialties within the field of pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:1212189", "title": "[Vitiliginous depigmentation, liver and splenic lesions and struma due to occupational contact with paratertiary butylphenol--a new systemic occupational disease].", "content": "In workers occupied with the production of paratertiary butylphenol, a hepatosplenopathy and a goiter with disorder of the synthesis of thyroid hormone have been observed for the first time besides the well-known vitiliginous depigmentation. It is supposed that paratertiary butylphenol has a systemic effect and causes lesions of various organic systems.", "contents": "[Vitiliginous depigmentation, liver and splenic lesions and struma due to occupational contact with paratertiary butylphenol--a new systemic occupational disease]. In workers occupied with the production of paratertiary butylphenol, a hepatosplenopathy and a goiter with disorder of the synthesis of thyroid hormone have been observed for the first time besides the well-known vitiliginous depigmentation. It is supposed that paratertiary butylphenol has a systemic effect and causes lesions of various organic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1212190", "title": "[Fatal skin epithelioma in a stomatologist professionally exposed to x-rays].", "content": "An epithelioma of the volar face of the right index caused the death of a stomatologist whose skin had been exposed to X-rays for many decades when keeping dental films in place. The casuistics of the clinical picture are dealt with, and arguments are given for its recognition as an occupational disease. The evaluated X-rays dose (the accumulated dose was approx. 2,100 rem, i.e. relatively low) and modern knowledge on radio-medicine are commented with regard to dose-effect relationship.", "contents": "[Fatal skin epithelioma in a stomatologist professionally exposed to x-rays]. An epithelioma of the volar face of the right index caused the death of a stomatologist whose skin had been exposed to X-rays for many decades when keeping dental films in place. The casuistics of the clinical picture are dealt with, and arguments are given for its recognition as an occupational disease. The evaluated X-rays dose (the accumulated dose was approx. 2,100 rem, i.e. relatively low) and modern knowledge on radio-medicine are commented with regard to dose-effect relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:1212194", "title": "2,3-Oxidosqualene cyclase and cycloartenol-s-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase activities in vivo in the cotyledon and axis tissues of germinating pea seeds.", "content": "Axis tissues, root and shoot, of germinating pea seedlings actively synthesize sterol from [2-14C]mevalonate during the first 3 days of germination. In addition to the intermediates of sterol synthesis, cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol, these tissues also form the triterpene beta-amyrin. The cyclase catalysing the formation of cycloartenol from oxidosqualene is about four times as active as that for beta-amyrin synthesis. 2. Sterol synthesis in the cotyledon is negligible, but cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol, as well as beta-amyrin, are synthesized there. Oxidosqualene cyclase activity in this tissue is 2.6 times as active for beta-amyrin synthesis as for cycloartenol synthesis. 3. Comparison of the relative amounts of 14C in cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol in the axis tissues and cotyledons of 3-day-old seedlings point to relatively active cycloartenol-S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase systems in both axis tissues and a poorly active system in the cotyledon. 4. The role of beta-amyrin synthesis in the germinating pea seedling is discussed.", "contents": "2,3-Oxidosqualene cyclase and cycloartenol-s-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase activities in vivo in the cotyledon and axis tissues of germinating pea seeds. Axis tissues, root and shoot, of germinating pea seedlings actively synthesize sterol from [2-14C]mevalonate during the first 3 days of germination. In addition to the intermediates of sterol synthesis, cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol, these tissues also form the triterpene beta-amyrin. The cyclase catalysing the formation of cycloartenol from oxidosqualene is about four times as active as that for beta-amyrin synthesis. 2. Sterol synthesis in the cotyledon is negligible, but cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol, as well as beta-amyrin, are synthesized there. Oxidosqualene cyclase activity in this tissue is 2.6 times as active for beta-amyrin synthesis as for cycloartenol synthesis. 3. Comparison of the relative amounts of 14C in cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol in the axis tissues and cotyledons of 3-day-old seedlings point to relatively active cycloartenol-S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase systems in both axis tissues and a poorly active system in the cotyledon. 4. The role of beta-amyrin synthesis in the germinating pea seedling is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212195", "title": "The effect of ethionine on ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat liver.", "content": "1. By 1h after administration of ethionine to the female rat the appearance of newly synthesized 18SrRNA in the cytoplasm is completely inhibited. This is not caused by inhibition of RNA synthesis, for the synthesis of the large ribosomal precursor RNA (45S) and of tRNA continues. Cleavage of 45S RNA to 32S RNA also occurs, but there was no evidence for the accumulation of mature or immature rRNA in the nucleus. 2. The effect of ethionine on the maturation of rRNA was not mimicked by an inhibitor of protein synthesis (cycloheximide) or an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis [methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone)]. 3. Unlike the ethionine-induced inhibition of protein synthesis, this effect was not prevented by concurrent administration of inosine. A similar effect could be induced in HeLa cells by incubation for 1h in a medium lacking methionine. The ATP concentration in these cells was normal. From these two observations it was concluded that the effect of etionine on rRNA maturation is not caused by an ethionine-induced lack of ATP. It is suggested that ethionine, by lowering the hepatic concentration of S-adenosylmethionine, prevents methylation of the ribosomal precursor. The methylation is essential for the correct maturation of the molecule; without methylation complete degradation occurs.", "contents": "The effect of ethionine on ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat liver. 1. By 1h after administration of ethionine to the female rat the appearance of newly synthesized 18SrRNA in the cytoplasm is completely inhibited. This is not caused by inhibition of RNA synthesis, for the synthesis of the large ribosomal precursor RNA (45S) and of tRNA continues. Cleavage of 45S RNA to 32S RNA also occurs, but there was no evidence for the accumulation of mature or immature rRNA in the nucleus. 2. The effect of ethionine on the maturation of rRNA was not mimicked by an inhibitor of protein synthesis (cycloheximide) or an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis [methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone)]. 3. Unlike the ethionine-induced inhibition of protein synthesis, this effect was not prevented by concurrent administration of inosine. A similar effect could be induced in HeLa cells by incubation for 1h in a medium lacking methionine. The ATP concentration in these cells was normal. From these two observations it was concluded that the effect of etionine on rRNA maturation is not caused by an ethionine-induced lack of ATP. It is suggested that ethionine, by lowering the hepatic concentration of S-adenosylmethionine, prevents methylation of the ribosomal precursor. The methylation is essential for the correct maturation of the molecule; without methylation complete degradation occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:1212196", "title": "Differential subnuclear distribution of polyadenylate-rich ribonuclei acid during induction of egg-yolk protein synthesis in male Xenopus liver by oestradiol-17 beta.", "content": "A 4-8-fold increase in the rate of hepatic nuclear RNA synthesis occurred within 11 h after a single injection of oestradiol-17 beta to male Xenopus to induce egg-yolk protein synthesis. 2. By using a gentle procedure for fractionating nuclei into their major structurally different components [J. R. Tata& B. Baker (1974) Exp. Cell Res. 83. 111-124], it was found that the hormone-induced increase in the total amount of newly made RNA was associated with a 2-10-fold increase in the poly(A) content of nuclear RNA. 3. When the poly (A) content of nuclear RNA was determined by hybridization to poly[3H](U) or specific binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose, most of the increase (10-fold) in poly (A) content of newly synthesized RNA was associated with the euchromatin fractions, whereas the increase was less marked in the other subnuclear fractions. 4. Resolution of nuclear RNA into poly (A)-poor and poly(A)-rich RNA species by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose, followed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulphate or in the pressence of 99% formamide, revealed that the hormone caused a preferential enhancement of high-molecular-weight (25S-60S) poly (A)-rich HnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA,) much of which was associated with euchromatin and not with the nuclear sap. 5. Induction of vitellogenin in male frogs was in particular characterized by the appearance of a high-molecular-weight polyadenylated component exhibiting a peak at 35-36S, i.e. a molecular weight of approx. 2.05x10(6)+/-0.15x10(6). Although there is no evidence as yet that such a polyadenylated high-molecular-weight nuclear RNA species contains sequences corresponding to vitellogenin mRNA, it is possible that a high proportion of the most stable form of the putative nuclear precursor to vitellogenin mRNA induced by oestrogen in male Xenopus liver may be only marginally bigger than the cytoplasmic mRNA, and may at any one time be predominantly associated with the euchromatin fraction.", "contents": "Differential subnuclear distribution of polyadenylate-rich ribonuclei acid during induction of egg-yolk protein synthesis in male Xenopus liver by oestradiol-17 beta. A 4-8-fold increase in the rate of hepatic nuclear RNA synthesis occurred within 11 h after a single injection of oestradiol-17 beta to male Xenopus to induce egg-yolk protein synthesis. 2. By using a gentle procedure for fractionating nuclei into their major structurally different components [J. R. Tata& B. Baker (1974) Exp. Cell Res. 83. 111-124], it was found that the hormone-induced increase in the total amount of newly made RNA was associated with a 2-10-fold increase in the poly(A) content of nuclear RNA. 3. When the poly (A) content of nuclear RNA was determined by hybridization to poly[3H](U) or specific binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose, most of the increase (10-fold) in poly (A) content of newly synthesized RNA was associated with the euchromatin fractions, whereas the increase was less marked in the other subnuclear fractions. 4. Resolution of nuclear RNA into poly (A)-poor and poly(A)-rich RNA species by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose, followed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulphate or in the pressence of 99% formamide, revealed that the hormone caused a preferential enhancement of high-molecular-weight (25S-60S) poly (A)-rich HnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA,) much of which was associated with euchromatin and not with the nuclear sap. 5. Induction of vitellogenin in male frogs was in particular characterized by the appearance of a high-molecular-weight polyadenylated component exhibiting a peak at 35-36S, i.e. a molecular weight of approx. 2.05x10(6)+/-0.15x10(6). Although there is no evidence as yet that such a polyadenylated high-molecular-weight nuclear RNA species contains sequences corresponding to vitellogenin mRNA, it is possible that a high proportion of the most stable form of the putative nuclear precursor to vitellogenin mRNA induced by oestrogen in male Xenopus liver may be only marginally bigger than the cytoplasmic mRNA, and may at any one time be predominantly associated with the euchromatin fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1212197", "title": "Amino acid biosynthesis in mixed rumen cultures.", "content": "Mixed rumen micro-organisms, maintained in continuous culture readily incorporated labelled HCO3- and acetate into amino acids. Labelled propionate, in contrast, was utilized only for isoleucine biosynthesis, but failed to label other amino acids to any significant extent. Evidence was obtained showing that in these mixed, i.e. symbiotic, cultures foward tricarboxylic acid-cycle reactions only proceed to 2-oxoglutarate. 14C distribution in amino acids clearly shows that 2-oxoglutarate is not oxidized further by tricarboxylic acid-cycle enzymes. Instead, acetate is carboxylated to pyruvate which is then carboxylated to oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate equilibrates with fumarate and thereby carbon atoms 1 and 4 as well as carbon atoms 2 and 3 are randomized. Evidence was also obtained for the carboxylation of propionate to 2-oxobutyrate, isovalerate to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, phenylacetate and hydroxyphentlacetate to the corresponding phenyl- and hydroxyphenyl-pyruvic acids and succinate to 2-oxoglutarate. Of the amino acid precursors investigated, only 3-hydroxypyruvate, the precursor of serine, appeared to be synthesized via an oxidative step, i.e. 3-phosphoglyceric acid to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. Most 2-oxo precursors of amino acids in these organisms appear to be formed via reductive carboxylation of the precursor acid.", "contents": "Amino acid biosynthesis in mixed rumen cultures. Mixed rumen micro-organisms, maintained in continuous culture readily incorporated labelled HCO3- and acetate into amino acids. Labelled propionate, in contrast, was utilized only for isoleucine biosynthesis, but failed to label other amino acids to any significant extent. Evidence was obtained showing that in these mixed, i.e. symbiotic, cultures foward tricarboxylic acid-cycle reactions only proceed to 2-oxoglutarate. 14C distribution in amino acids clearly shows that 2-oxoglutarate is not oxidized further by tricarboxylic acid-cycle enzymes. Instead, acetate is carboxylated to pyruvate which is then carboxylated to oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate equilibrates with fumarate and thereby carbon atoms 1 and 4 as well as carbon atoms 2 and 3 are randomized. Evidence was also obtained for the carboxylation of propionate to 2-oxobutyrate, isovalerate to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, phenylacetate and hydroxyphentlacetate to the corresponding phenyl- and hydroxyphenyl-pyruvic acids and succinate to 2-oxoglutarate. Of the amino acid precursors investigated, only 3-hydroxypyruvate, the precursor of serine, appeared to be synthesized via an oxidative step, i.e. 3-phosphoglyceric acid to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. Most 2-oxo precursors of amino acids in these organisms appear to be formed via reductive carboxylation of the precursor acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1212198", "title": "Stimulation of hepatic mitochondrial calcium transport by elevated plasma insulin concentrations.", "content": "The effect of insulin (injected intraperitoneally) on the transport of Ca2+ by hepatic mitochondria from rats was investigated. 2. Elevated concentrations of plasma insulin within the physiological range (10-100muunits/ml) stimulate the initial rate of Ca2+ transport into mitochondria at 4 degrees C by about 75% and prolong by approx. tenfold the time for which the mitochondria retain the accumulated Ca2+. 3. The prolonged retention of Ca2+ is observed under the conditions where hypoglycaemia is significantly decreased by the simultaneous injection of glucose and insulin. 4. A good correlation is observed between the effects on Ca2+ transport and the decrease in blood glucose concentration when the amount of insulin injected was varied. 5. The effects of insulin on mitochondrial Ca2+ transport are apparent at about 30 min after the injection, and are inhibited by cycloheximide. 6. There is little change in mitochondrial energy transduction after the administration of insulin. 7. The results are briefly discussed in relation to the mechanisms of Ca2+ transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the role of mitochondria in modifying intracellular Ca2+ concentrations with reference to the mechanism(s) by which insulin affects cellular metabolism.", "contents": "Stimulation of hepatic mitochondrial calcium transport by elevated plasma insulin concentrations. The effect of insulin (injected intraperitoneally) on the transport of Ca2+ by hepatic mitochondria from rats was investigated. 2. Elevated concentrations of plasma insulin within the physiological range (10-100muunits/ml) stimulate the initial rate of Ca2+ transport into mitochondria at 4 degrees C by about 75% and prolong by approx. tenfold the time for which the mitochondria retain the accumulated Ca2+. 3. The prolonged retention of Ca2+ is observed under the conditions where hypoglycaemia is significantly decreased by the simultaneous injection of glucose and insulin. 4. A good correlation is observed between the effects on Ca2+ transport and the decrease in blood glucose concentration when the amount of insulin injected was varied. 5. The effects of insulin on mitochondrial Ca2+ transport are apparent at about 30 min after the injection, and are inhibited by cycloheximide. 6. There is little change in mitochondrial energy transduction after the administration of insulin. 7. The results are briefly discussed in relation to the mechanisms of Ca2+ transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the role of mitochondria in modifying intracellular Ca2+ concentrations with reference to the mechanism(s) by which insulin affects cellular metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1212199", "title": "Stimulation of protein synthesis in cultured heart muscle cells by glucose.", "content": "Glucose stimulated the rate of incorporation of [3H]leucine into HCLO4-insoluble fraction of cultured rat heart muscle cells under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In the aerobic system the incorporation proceeded at a constant rate during 3h of incubation with and without glucose whereas in the anaeorbic system the incorporation ceased after approx. 60 min and could be renewed only by the addition of glucose. No correlation was found to exist between the above effect of glucose on protein synthesis and glucose-dependent changes in the intracellular ATP concentration. The extent of the stimulation of protein synthesis was related to the concentration of glucose. The effect of glucose was suppressed by cycloheximide but was not affected by actinomycin D. Glucose had no effect on the rate of transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Mannose also stimulated [3H]leucine incorporation. Substances that did not produce lactate were ineffective. Iodoacetate inhibited the stimulatory effect of glucose, but pyruvate, which by itself had no apprecialbe stimulatory action, relieved the inhibition induced by iodoacetate. There was no concomitant change in the concentration of ATP when iodoacetate inhibition was reversed by pyruvate. L-Lactate or other intermediates of energy metabolism could not relieve the inhibitory effect of iodoacetate.", "contents": "Stimulation of protein synthesis in cultured heart muscle cells by glucose. Glucose stimulated the rate of incorporation of [3H]leucine into HCLO4-insoluble fraction of cultured rat heart muscle cells under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In the aerobic system the incorporation proceeded at a constant rate during 3h of incubation with and without glucose whereas in the anaeorbic system the incorporation ceased after approx. 60 min and could be renewed only by the addition of glucose. No correlation was found to exist between the above effect of glucose on protein synthesis and glucose-dependent changes in the intracellular ATP concentration. The extent of the stimulation of protein synthesis was related to the concentration of glucose. The effect of glucose was suppressed by cycloheximide but was not affected by actinomycin D. Glucose had no effect on the rate of transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Mannose also stimulated [3H]leucine incorporation. Substances that did not produce lactate were ineffective. Iodoacetate inhibited the stimulatory effect of glucose, but pyruvate, which by itself had no apprecialbe stimulatory action, relieved the inhibition induced by iodoacetate. There was no concomitant change in the concentration of ATP when iodoacetate inhibition was reversed by pyruvate. L-Lactate or other intermediates of energy metabolism could not relieve the inhibitory effect of iodoacetate."}
{"id": "PMID:1212200", "title": "Pectin synthesis during the wall regeneration of plasmolysed tobacco leaf cells.", "content": "1. Discs of tobacco leaf lamina were floated on media containing D-[U-14C]glucose. Glucose uptake was mainly through the cut edges, and diffusion through the veins and intracellular spaces was slow. 2. Radioactivity was detected in all polysaccharide fractions extracted from the discs, including those associated with the wall. 3. Plasmolysis in sorbitol or KCL decreased the incorporation of radioactive material into all fractions. 4. Incorporation of arabinose into pectins was increased or unaffected by plasmolysis, but the incorporations of other sugars were decreased. Removal of the lower epidermis did not affect this result. 5. Seperate mechanisms for arabinan and polygalacturonorhamman syntheses must exist, and these must differ in their responses to the physiochemical, structural and organizational changes that accompany plasmolysis.", "contents": "Pectin synthesis during the wall regeneration of plasmolysed tobacco leaf cells. 1. Discs of tobacco leaf lamina were floated on media containing D-[U-14C]glucose. Glucose uptake was mainly through the cut edges, and diffusion through the veins and intracellular spaces was slow. 2. Radioactivity was detected in all polysaccharide fractions extracted from the discs, including those associated with the wall. 3. Plasmolysis in sorbitol or KCL decreased the incorporation of radioactive material into all fractions. 4. Incorporation of arabinose into pectins was increased or unaffected by plasmolysis, but the incorporations of other sugars were decreased. Removal of the lower epidermis did not affect this result. 5. Seperate mechanisms for arabinan and polygalacturonorhamman syntheses must exist, and these must differ in their responses to the physiochemical, structural and organizational changes that accompany plasmolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1212201", "title": "Studies on the role of insulin in the regulation of glyceride synthesis in rat epididymal adipose tissue.", "content": "1. When rat isolated fat-cells were incubated with fructose and palmitate, insulin significantly stimulated glyceride synthesis as measured by either [14C]fructose incorporation into the glycerol moiety or of [3H]palmitate incorporation into the acyl moiety of tissue glycerides. Under certain conditions the effect of insulin on glyceride synthesis was greater than the effect of insulin on fructose uptake. 2. In the presence of palmitate, insulin slightly stimulated (a) [14C]pyruvate incorporation into glyceride glycerol of fat-cells and (b) 3H2O incorporation into glyceride glycerol of incubated fat-pads. 3. At low extracellular total concentrations of fatty acids (in the presence of albumin), insulin stimulated [14C]fructose, [14C]pyruvate and 3H2O incorporation into fat-cell fatty acids. Increasing the extracellular fatty acid concentration greatly inhibited fatty acid synthesis from these precursors and also greatly decreased the extent of apparent stimulation of fatty acid synthesis by insulin. 4. These results are discussed in relation to the suggestion [A.P. Halestrap & R.M. Denton (1974) Biochem. J. 142, 365-377] that the tissue may contain a specific acyl-binding protein which is subject to regulation. It is suggested that an insulin-sensitive enzyme component of the glyceride-synthesis process may play such a role.", "contents": "Studies on the role of insulin in the regulation of glyceride synthesis in rat epididymal adipose tissue. 1. When rat isolated fat-cells were incubated with fructose and palmitate, insulin significantly stimulated glyceride synthesis as measured by either [14C]fructose incorporation into the glycerol moiety or of [3H]palmitate incorporation into the acyl moiety of tissue glycerides. Under certain conditions the effect of insulin on glyceride synthesis was greater than the effect of insulin on fructose uptake. 2. In the presence of palmitate, insulin slightly stimulated (a) [14C]pyruvate incorporation into glyceride glycerol of fat-cells and (b) 3H2O incorporation into glyceride glycerol of incubated fat-pads. 3. At low extracellular total concentrations of fatty acids (in the presence of albumin), insulin stimulated [14C]fructose, [14C]pyruvate and 3H2O incorporation into fat-cell fatty acids. Increasing the extracellular fatty acid concentration greatly inhibited fatty acid synthesis from these precursors and also greatly decreased the extent of apparent stimulation of fatty acid synthesis by insulin. 4. These results are discussed in relation to the suggestion [A.P. Halestrap & R.M. Denton (1974) Biochem. J. 142, 365-377] that the tissue may contain a specific acyl-binding protein which is subject to regulation. It is suggested that an insulin-sensitive enzyme component of the glyceride-synthesis process may play such a role."}
{"id": "PMID:1212202", "title": "Synthesis of proline and hydroxyproline in human lung (WI-38) fibroblasts.", "content": "Human lung fibroblasts (WI-38) in late exponential phase of growth, in stationary phase after confluency was reached, and at high or low number of population doublings were used to investigate the synthesis of proline and hydroxyproline from glutamate or arginine. Glutamate was from two to five times as effective a precursor as arginine; glutamine did not seem to be involved in these metabolic pathways. Accumulation of protein-bound hydroxyproline in cell layers was observed only after confluency. Confluent cells synthesized more proline from glutamate than did cells in late exponential growth. Conversion of glutamate into intracellular free proline was conducted also to a greater extent in confluent cells at a high number of population doublings. Conversion of glutamate into proline or hydroxyproline in cell-layer protein was not affected significantly by the number of population doublings. Less total protein as well as less hydroxyproline accumulated with cells at a high number of population doublings.", "contents": "Synthesis of proline and hydroxyproline in human lung (WI-38) fibroblasts. Human lung fibroblasts (WI-38) in late exponential phase of growth, in stationary phase after confluency was reached, and at high or low number of population doublings were used to investigate the synthesis of proline and hydroxyproline from glutamate or arginine. Glutamate was from two to five times as effective a precursor as arginine; glutamine did not seem to be involved in these metabolic pathways. Accumulation of protein-bound hydroxyproline in cell layers was observed only after confluency. Confluent cells synthesized more proline from glutamate than did cells in late exponential growth. Conversion of glutamate into intracellular free proline was conducted also to a greater extent in confluent cells at a high number of population doublings. Conversion of glutamate into proline or hydroxyproline in cell-layer protein was not affected significantly by the number of population doublings. Less total protein as well as less hydroxyproline accumulated with cells at a high number of population doublings."}
{"id": "PMID:1212203", "title": "Regulation of rat liver tryptophan pyrrolase by its cofactor haem: Experiments with haematin and 5-aminolaevulinate and comparison with the substrate and hormonal mechanisms.", "content": "1. The administration of haematin or 5-aminolaevulinate to rat enhances the activity of liver tryptophan pyrrolase; both endogenous and newly formed apoenzymes become strongly haem-saturated. Haem activation does not stabilize tryptophan pyrrolase. 2. Actinomycin D, puromycin or cycloheximide prevent the activation of the enzyme by 5-aminolaevulinate but not that by haematin. The latter is inhibited by haem-destroying porphyrogens. 3. The combined injection of either haematin or 5-aminolaevulinate with cortisol does not produce an additive effect, whereas potentation is observed when tryptophan is jointly given with either the cofactor or the haem precursor. 4. Further experiments on the substrate (tryptophan) mechanism of pyrrolase regulation are reported, and a comparison between this and the cofactor and hormonal mechanisms is made. 5. It is suggested that the substrate mechanism may also involve increased haem synthesis. 6. The role of tryptophan pyrrolase in the utilization of liver haem, and as a possible model for the exacerbation by drugs of human hepatic porphyrias, is discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of rat liver tryptophan pyrrolase by its cofactor haem: Experiments with haematin and 5-aminolaevulinate and comparison with the substrate and hormonal mechanisms. 1. The administration of haematin or 5-aminolaevulinate to rat enhances the activity of liver tryptophan pyrrolase; both endogenous and newly formed apoenzymes become strongly haem-saturated. Haem activation does not stabilize tryptophan pyrrolase. 2. Actinomycin D, puromycin or cycloheximide prevent the activation of the enzyme by 5-aminolaevulinate but not that by haematin. The latter is inhibited by haem-destroying porphyrogens. 3. The combined injection of either haematin or 5-aminolaevulinate with cortisol does not produce an additive effect, whereas potentation is observed when tryptophan is jointly given with either the cofactor or the haem precursor. 4. Further experiments on the substrate (tryptophan) mechanism of pyrrolase regulation are reported, and a comparison between this and the cofactor and hormonal mechanisms is made. 5. It is suggested that the substrate mechanism may also involve increased haem synthesis. 6. The role of tryptophan pyrrolase in the utilization of liver haem, and as a possible model for the exacerbation by drugs of human hepatic porphyrias, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212204", "title": "Intermolecular transacylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by a Butyrivibrio sp.", "content": "1. Washed cells and supernatant from a culture of a Butyrivibrio sp. carry out the intermolecular transacylation reaction 2 phosphatidylethanolamine leads to N-acylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine+lysophosphatidylethanolamine. 2. Washed cells can catalyse the intramolecular transacylation of N-(acyl)glycerylphosphorylethanolamine to lysophosphatidylethanolamine; the culture supernatant is largely devoid of activity.", "contents": "Intermolecular transacylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by a Butyrivibrio sp. 1. Washed cells and supernatant from a culture of a Butyrivibrio sp. carry out the intermolecular transacylation reaction 2 phosphatidylethanolamine leads to N-acylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine+lysophosphatidylethanolamine. 2. Washed cells can catalyse the intramolecular transacylation of N-(acyl)glycerylphosphorylethanolamine to lysophosphatidylethanolamine; the culture supernatant is largely devoid of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1212205", "title": "The reversibility of active sulphate transport in membrane vesicles of Paracoccus denitrificans.", "content": "An uncoupler-sensitive active transport of sulphate into membrane vesicles prepared from the plasma membrane of Paracoccus denitrificans (previously Micrococcus denitrificans) can be driven by respiration or by a trans-membrane pH gradient (alkaline inside) generated by the addition either of KCL ( in the presence of nigericin) or of NH4CL. Valinomycin does not substitute for nigericin. Respiration-driven transport is observed in right-side-out vesicles but not in inside-out vesicles, whereas transport driven by the addition of KCL (in the presence of nigericin) or of NH4CL is observed in both types of membrane vesicle. The active transport of sulphate into these vesicles is shown to be carrier-mediated by its sensitivity to thiol-group reagents. It is proposed that the sulphate carrier in the plasma membrane of P. denitrificans operates by a mechanism of electroneutral proton symport, and is capable of actively transporting sulphate in either direction across the plasma membrane, but that in whole cells respiration-driven proton expulsion drives the accumulative uptake of sulphate.", "contents": "The reversibility of active sulphate transport in membrane vesicles of Paracoccus denitrificans. An uncoupler-sensitive active transport of sulphate into membrane vesicles prepared from the plasma membrane of Paracoccus denitrificans (previously Micrococcus denitrificans) can be driven by respiration or by a trans-membrane pH gradient (alkaline inside) generated by the addition either of KCL ( in the presence of nigericin) or of NH4CL. Valinomycin does not substitute for nigericin. Respiration-driven transport is observed in right-side-out vesicles but not in inside-out vesicles, whereas transport driven by the addition of KCL (in the presence of nigericin) or of NH4CL is observed in both types of membrane vesicle. The active transport of sulphate into these vesicles is shown to be carrier-mediated by its sensitivity to thiol-group reagents. It is proposed that the sulphate carrier in the plasma membrane of P. denitrificans operates by a mechanism of electroneutral proton symport, and is capable of actively transporting sulphate in either direction across the plasma membrane, but that in whole cells respiration-driven proton expulsion drives the accumulative uptake of sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:1212206", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity and: [125I]iododeoxyuridine incorporation in rat prostate.", "content": "The relationship between ornithine decarboxylase activity and [125I]iododexyuridine incorporation was studied in prostates from castrated rats (aged 5, 26 and 80 weeks) injected daily with testosterone for up to 10 days. The results suggest that ornithine decarboxylase activity is a parameter of secretory activity, rather than growth, in the ventral prostate. In the dorsolateral prostate, ornithine decarboxylase activity tends to parallel [125I]iododeoxyuridine incorporation.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity and: [125I]iododeoxyuridine incorporation in rat prostate. The relationship between ornithine decarboxylase activity and [125I]iododexyuridine incorporation was studied in prostates from castrated rats (aged 5, 26 and 80 weeks) injected daily with testosterone for up to 10 days. The results suggest that ornithine decarboxylase activity is a parameter of secretory activity, rather than growth, in the ventral prostate. In the dorsolateral prostate, ornithine decarboxylase activity tends to parallel [125I]iododeoxyuridine incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212207", "title": "An 18O double-labelling study of haemoglobin catabolism in the rat.", "content": "The degradation of haemoglobin to bilirubin in the rat was investigated by 18O labelling of the molecular oxygen consumed by the animal. The oxygen atoms incorporated into bilirubin were derived from two different oxygen molecules. Implications of this finding for the mechanism of haem catabolism in vivo are discussed; both verdohaem and a dioxygen-bridged compound appear to be excluded at intermediates.", "contents": "An 18O double-labelling study of haemoglobin catabolism in the rat. The degradation of haemoglobin to bilirubin in the rat was investigated by 18O labelling of the molecular oxygen consumed by the animal. The oxygen atoms incorporated into bilirubin were derived from two different oxygen molecules. Implications of this finding for the mechanism of haem catabolism in vivo are discussed; both verdohaem and a dioxygen-bridged compound appear to be excluded at intermediates."}
{"id": "PMID:1212208", "title": "The autotrophic growth of Micrococcus denitrificans on Methanol.", "content": "Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase is present at a high specific activity in extracts of methanol-grown Microccus denitrificans. Enzymic and physiological evidence indicates that, during growth on methanol, the ribulose bisphosphate cycle is the route of carbon assimilation.", "contents": "The autotrophic growth of Micrococcus denitrificans on Methanol. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase is present at a high specific activity in extracts of methanol-grown Microccus denitrificans. Enzymic and physiological evidence indicates that, during growth on methanol, the ribulose bisphosphate cycle is the route of carbon assimilation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212209", "title": "Ribosome function in livers of porphyric mice.", "content": "1. A porphyrinogenic drug, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, caused a decrease in the proportion of single (\"run off\") ribosomes, and an increase in the number of polyribosomes, in the livers of treated animals. 2. No change could be detected in the distribution of amino acid incorporation among hepatic polyribosomes.", "contents": "Ribosome function in livers of porphyric mice. 1. A porphyrinogenic drug, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, caused a decrease in the proportion of single (\"run off\") ribosomes, and an increase in the number of polyribosomes, in the livers of treated animals. 2. No change could be detected in the distribution of amino acid incorporation among hepatic polyribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1212210", "title": "A theoretical approach to the binding of amphipathic molecules to globular proteins.", "content": "1. A theory based on a multiple equilibrium model with stoicheiometric binding constants has been formulated. It is applicable to the interaction of amphipathic molecules with charged macromolecules. 2. The theory has been applied to the binding of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate to ribonuclease A, beta-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin. 3. Over the ranges of surfactant concentration where binding is non-co-operative and co-operative, the experimental data can be satisfactorily fitted with energy and co-operatively parameters which are of comparable magnitude for the three globular proteins. 4. The results imply that the energy of interaction of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate with the proteins is equivalent to the formation of approximately four CH2 hydrophobic bonds.", "contents": "A theoretical approach to the binding of amphipathic molecules to globular proteins. 1. A theory based on a multiple equilibrium model with stoicheiometric binding constants has been formulated. It is applicable to the interaction of amphipathic molecules with charged macromolecules. 2. The theory has been applied to the binding of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate to ribonuclease A, beta-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin. 3. Over the ranges of surfactant concentration where binding is non-co-operative and co-operative, the experimental data can be satisfactorily fitted with energy and co-operatively parameters which are of comparable magnitude for the three globular proteins. 4. The results imply that the energy of interaction of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate with the proteins is equivalent to the formation of approximately four CH2 hydrophobic bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:1212211", "title": "Some enzymes present in the walls of mesophyll cells of tobacco leaves.", "content": "Cell-wall enzymes were assayed by the difference between enzyme activities in the whole cell and the protoplast. Both peroxidase (85.2%) and acid phosphatase (21.9%) were located in the wall. However, malate dehydrogenase was found only in the protoplast. A study of the time-course of the release of peroxidase and malate dehydrogenase into the incubation medium from cells either treated with cellulase or untreated, also indicated that peroxidase and not malate dehydrogenase was located in the wall. Only two anodic isoenzymes of peroxidase were present in the cell wall. These were more negatively charged than those of horseradish peroxidase.", "contents": "Some enzymes present in the walls of mesophyll cells of tobacco leaves. Cell-wall enzymes were assayed by the difference between enzyme activities in the whole cell and the protoplast. Both peroxidase (85.2%) and acid phosphatase (21.9%) were located in the wall. However, malate dehydrogenase was found only in the protoplast. A study of the time-course of the release of peroxidase and malate dehydrogenase into the incubation medium from cells either treated with cellulase or untreated, also indicated that peroxidase and not malate dehydrogenase was located in the wall. Only two anodic isoenzymes of peroxidase were present in the cell wall. These were more negatively charged than those of horseradish peroxidase."}
{"id": "PMID:1212212", "title": "The purification and properties of a beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Trichomonas foetus.", "content": "A beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase was purified 800-fold from extracts of Trichomonas foetus by affinity chromatography on a column of N-(epsilon-aminohexanoyl)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine bound to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The enzyme has a dual specificity for the p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glycosides of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyl-galactosamine. The parent sugars are both competitive inhibitors. The enzyme has a mol. wt. approx. 150000 and a pH optimum of 6.2. It is suggested that the same active site catalyses both activities and that no part is played by the 4-hydroxyl group in substrate binding, but it is involved in determining the catalytic rate.", "contents": "The purification and properties of a beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Trichomonas foetus. A beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase was purified 800-fold from extracts of Trichomonas foetus by affinity chromatography on a column of N-(epsilon-aminohexanoyl)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine bound to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The enzyme has a dual specificity for the p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glycosides of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyl-galactosamine. The parent sugars are both competitive inhibitors. The enzyme has a mol. wt. approx. 150000 and a pH optimum of 6.2. It is suggested that the same active site catalyses both activities and that no part is played by the 4-hydroxyl group in substrate binding, but it is involved in determining the catalytic rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1212213", "title": "The mechanism of polyribosome disaggregation in brain tissue by phenylalanine.", "content": "The injection of neonatal mice with phenylalanine resulted in a rapid decrease in brain polyribosomes and a concomitant increase in monomeric ribosomes. Animals of 1-16 days of age were equally affected by phenylalanine, although the brain polyribosomes of 60-day-old mice were relatively resistant to the effects of phenylalanine. The population of free polyribosomes appeared to be more sensitive to phenylalanine treatment than bound polyribosomes, which were somewhat more resistant to disruption by high concentrations of the amino acid. The effects of phenylalanine were more pronounced with polyribosomes in the cerebral cortex than with those in the cerebellar tissue. The mechanism of polyribosome disruption was shown to be independent of hydrolysis mediated by ribonuclease. Virtually all of the monomeric ribosomes that resulted from phenylalanine treatment were shown to be inactive with regard to endogenous protein synthesis and were present in the cell cytoplasm as vacant couples. These ribosomes were readily dissociated by treatment with 0.5 M-KCl and subsequent ultracentrifugation. These results are discussed in the light of the possibility that high concentrations of phenylalanine disrupt brain protein synthesis by a molecular mechanism that is associated with initiation events.", "contents": "The mechanism of polyribosome disaggregation in brain tissue by phenylalanine. The injection of neonatal mice with phenylalanine resulted in a rapid decrease in brain polyribosomes and a concomitant increase in monomeric ribosomes. Animals of 1-16 days of age were equally affected by phenylalanine, although the brain polyribosomes of 60-day-old mice were relatively resistant to the effects of phenylalanine. The population of free polyribosomes appeared to be more sensitive to phenylalanine treatment than bound polyribosomes, which were somewhat more resistant to disruption by high concentrations of the amino acid. The effects of phenylalanine were more pronounced with polyribosomes in the cerebral cortex than with those in the cerebellar tissue. The mechanism of polyribosome disruption was shown to be independent of hydrolysis mediated by ribonuclease. Virtually all of the monomeric ribosomes that resulted from phenylalanine treatment were shown to be inactive with regard to endogenous protein synthesis and were present in the cell cytoplasm as vacant couples. These ribosomes were readily dissociated by treatment with 0.5 M-KCl and subsequent ultracentrifugation. These results are discussed in the light of the possibility that high concentrations of phenylalanine disrupt brain protein synthesis by a molecular mechanism that is associated with initiation events."}
{"id": "PMID:1212214", "title": "Purification of insect myosin and alpha-actinin.", "content": "A method is described for preparing insect myosin, tropomyosin and alpha-actinin. The amino acid compositions of the myosin and alpha-actinin are given, and some of the properties of the purified proteins are discussed.", "contents": "Purification of insect myosin and alpha-actinin. A method is described for preparing insect myosin, tropomyosin and alpha-actinin. The amino acid compositions of the myosin and alpha-actinin are given, and some of the properties of the purified proteins are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212215", "title": "A quenched-flow study of the reaction catalysed by creatine kinase.", "content": "The reaction catalysed by creatine kinase was studied in both directions by quenched-flow techniques to follow the initial product formation in the millisecond range. In both directions the amount of product formed increases linearly with time, and the turnover number corresponds to the steady-state value. Extrapolation to zero time indicates the absence of either a large transient phase or a large lag phase in both directions. This indicates that the actual chemical reaction is rate-limiting, and that all possible isomerizations before or after the chemical step must be much more rapid.", "contents": "A quenched-flow study of the reaction catalysed by creatine kinase. The reaction catalysed by creatine kinase was studied in both directions by quenched-flow techniques to follow the initial product formation in the millisecond range. In both directions the amount of product formed increases linearly with time, and the turnover number corresponds to the steady-state value. Extrapolation to zero time indicates the absence of either a large transient phase or a large lag phase in both directions. This indicates that the actual chemical reaction is rate-limiting, and that all possible isomerizations before or after the chemical step must be much more rapid."}
{"id": "PMID:1212216", "title": "The primary structure of troponin T and the interaction with tropomyosin.", "content": "1. Eight peptides were separated from the CNBr digest of troponin T from rabbit white skeletal muscle and characterized. 2. By study of the amino acid sequence of the methionine-containing peptides isolated after chymotryptic and tryptic digestion and of the N- and C-terminals of the CNBr peptides, six of the latter were shown to be arranged in the sequence CNB1-CNB2-CNB5-CNB6-CNB8-CNB7. The other two peptides, CNB1' and CNB3, have been shown to be partial digestion products. 3. The CNBr peptides CNB1' and CNB2 contained a common sequence and were the only peptides in CNBr digests of troponin T that formed a complex with tropomyosin as judged by viscometric and electrophoretic studies. 4. It is concluded that tropomyosin interacts with the N-terminal half of the troponin T molecule approximately in the region lying between residues 70 and 160. 5. Electrophoretic evidence indicates that tropomyosin and troponin C interact with troponin T. 6. None of the major CNBr peptides of troponin T isolated formed a complex with troponin C on electrophoresis at pH 8.6.", "contents": "The primary structure of troponin T and the interaction with tropomyosin. 1. Eight peptides were separated from the CNBr digest of troponin T from rabbit white skeletal muscle and characterized. 2. By study of the amino acid sequence of the methionine-containing peptides isolated after chymotryptic and tryptic digestion and of the N- and C-terminals of the CNBr peptides, six of the latter were shown to be arranged in the sequence CNB1-CNB2-CNB5-CNB6-CNB8-CNB7. The other two peptides, CNB1' and CNB3, have been shown to be partial digestion products. 3. The CNBr peptides CNB1' and CNB2 contained a common sequence and were the only peptides in CNBr digests of troponin T that formed a complex with tropomyosin as judged by viscometric and electrophoretic studies. 4. It is concluded that tropomyosin interacts with the N-terminal half of the troponin T molecule approximately in the region lying between residues 70 and 160. 5. Electrophoretic evidence indicates that tropomyosin and troponin C interact with troponin T. 6. None of the major CNBr peptides of troponin T isolated formed a complex with troponin C on electrophoresis at pH 8.6."}
{"id": "PMID:1212217", "title": "Oplophorus oxyluciferin and a model luciferin compound biologically active with Oplophorus luciferase.", "content": "The luciferin of the bioluminescent decapod shrimp, Oplophorus gracilorostris, was purified and studied with respect to u.v. spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, mass spectrum and luminescent cross-reaction with the enzyme luciferase of the bioluminescent ostracod, Cypridina hilgendorfii. On the basis of these results, an empirical formula C10H13N3O3 and an imidazo [1,2-a]pyrazin-3-one structure are proposed for luciferin. Of three model luciferin compounds, 3-hydroxy-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine is biologically active with both Oplophorus and Cypridina luciferase, indicating that a pyrazine structure is not essential for biological activity with Cypridina luciferase.", "contents": "Oplophorus oxyluciferin and a model luciferin compound biologically active with Oplophorus luciferase. The luciferin of the bioluminescent decapod shrimp, Oplophorus gracilorostris, was purified and studied with respect to u.v. spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, mass spectrum and luminescent cross-reaction with the enzyme luciferase of the bioluminescent ostracod, Cypridina hilgendorfii. On the basis of these results, an empirical formula C10H13N3O3 and an imidazo [1,2-a]pyrazin-3-one structure are proposed for luciferin. Of three model luciferin compounds, 3-hydroxy-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine is biologically active with both Oplophorus and Cypridina luciferase, indicating that a pyrazine structure is not essential for biological activity with Cypridina luciferase."}
{"id": "PMID:1212218", "title": "Phosphorylation of the light-chain components of myosin from cardiac and red skeletal muscles.", "content": "1. The light-chain components of myosin from cardiac muscle (19000 and 27000 daltons) and of rabbit soleus and crureus muscles (19000, 27000 and 29000 daltons) were characterized. 2. The 19000-dalton components in carciac- and red-skeletal-muscle myosins were spontaneously modified to a component of slightly higher net negative charge. 3. The 19000-dalton component in cardiac and red skeletal muscles and their modified forms were phosphorylated by myosin light-chain kinase. 4. Evidence was obtained for the presence of myosin light-chain kinase in cardiac and red skeletal muscles. 5. Myosin light-chain kinase catalysed the phosphorylation of the whole light-chain fraction from white and red skeletal muscle at similar rates. The light-chain fraction of cardiac-muscle myosin was phosphorylated at a significantly lower rate. 6. The light-chain components of cardiac-muscle myosin and their phosphorylated froms were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and their amino acid compositions determined.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of the light-chain components of myosin from cardiac and red skeletal muscles. 1. The light-chain components of myosin from cardiac muscle (19000 and 27000 daltons) and of rabbit soleus and crureus muscles (19000, 27000 and 29000 daltons) were characterized. 2. The 19000-dalton components in carciac- and red-skeletal-muscle myosins were spontaneously modified to a component of slightly higher net negative charge. 3. The 19000-dalton component in cardiac and red skeletal muscles and their modified forms were phosphorylated by myosin light-chain kinase. 4. Evidence was obtained for the presence of myosin light-chain kinase in cardiac and red skeletal muscles. 5. Myosin light-chain kinase catalysed the phosphorylation of the whole light-chain fraction from white and red skeletal muscle at similar rates. The light-chain fraction of cardiac-muscle myosin was phosphorylated at a significantly lower rate. 6. The light-chain components of cardiac-muscle myosin and their phosphorylated froms were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and their amino acid compositions determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1212219", "title": "The androgenic regulation of the activities of enzymes engaged in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in rat ventral prostate gland.", "content": "The restoration of mitosis and growth of the prostate gland of castrated animals by androgens provides a favourable experimental system for studying the hormonal regulation of enzymes engaged in DNA replication. 2. Many DNA polymerase activities were identified in the prostate gland, but only a 9S form with a particular preference for denatured DNA as template was conspicuously enhanced by androgenic stimulation. 3. Thymidine kinase also provided a sensitive indicator of the hormonal regulation of DNA replication, and on electrophoretic criteria, one discrete form of the enzyme appeared precisely with the onset of mitoris. 4. Evidence is presented to support the view that DNA ligase activity is intimately associated in the process of DNA replication in the prostate gland. 5. A spectrum of deoxyribonuclease activities is present in the prostate gland, but only one form (pI7.0) can safely be said to be implicated in the process of DNA replication. 6. Androgenic stimulation of the prostate gland leads to the appearance of a component capable of denaturing or unwinding prostate DNA. This component is seemingly distinct from RNA or DNA polymerase activities on the basis of several distince physicochemical characteristics. 7. The conspicuous feature of all the changes in enzyme activities evoked by androgens in the prostate gland is their acute tissue- and steroid-specificity. Such changes could not be mimicked in liver or spleen and the regulatory role of androgens could not be simulated by other classes of steroid hormones. Particularly on the basis of studies with the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate, it is concluded that the changes are initially mediated by the androgen-receptor system and the high-affinity binding of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in the prostate gland. 8. The results are discussed in the context of the mechanism of action of androgens.", "contents": "The androgenic regulation of the activities of enzymes engaged in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in rat ventral prostate gland. The restoration of mitosis and growth of the prostate gland of castrated animals by androgens provides a favourable experimental system for studying the hormonal regulation of enzymes engaged in DNA replication. 2. Many DNA polymerase activities were identified in the prostate gland, but only a 9S form with a particular preference for denatured DNA as template was conspicuously enhanced by androgenic stimulation. 3. Thymidine kinase also provided a sensitive indicator of the hormonal regulation of DNA replication, and on electrophoretic criteria, one discrete form of the enzyme appeared precisely with the onset of mitoris. 4. Evidence is presented to support the view that DNA ligase activity is intimately associated in the process of DNA replication in the prostate gland. 5. A spectrum of deoxyribonuclease activities is present in the prostate gland, but only one form (pI7.0) can safely be said to be implicated in the process of DNA replication. 6. Androgenic stimulation of the prostate gland leads to the appearance of a component capable of denaturing or unwinding prostate DNA. This component is seemingly distinct from RNA or DNA polymerase activities on the basis of several distince physicochemical characteristics. 7. The conspicuous feature of all the changes in enzyme activities evoked by androgens in the prostate gland is their acute tissue- and steroid-specificity. Such changes could not be mimicked in liver or spleen and the regulatory role of androgens could not be simulated by other classes of steroid hormones. Particularly on the basis of studies with the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate, it is concluded that the changes are initially mediated by the androgen-receptor system and the high-affinity binding of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in the prostate gland. 8. The results are discussed in the context of the mechanism of action of androgens."}
{"id": "PMID:1212220", "title": "Relationships between the exchange of calcium and phosphate in isolated fat-cells.", "content": "The uptake and the washout of 45Ca2+ and 32Pi is described in free fat-cells and whole epididymal fat-pads from fed rats. 2. In isolated fat-cells, the uptake of 45Ca2+ proceeds with an initial rapid phase of about 1 min duration, followed by a slower subsequent accumulation. In contrast with the rapid phase, the slow phase is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, warfarin, oligomycin and verapamil, shows saturation, and presumably represents transport across the plasma membrane. 3. The washout of 45Ca2+ from preloaded cells consists of a rapid (1 min) initial phase and a slow phase which is non-monoexponential, suggesting that the radioactive isotope is released from several cellular pools. 4. When Pi is omitted from the incubation medium, the slow phase of 45Ca uptake is almost abolished, and the washout of 45Ca from preloaded fat-cells is markedly accelerated. At elevated extracellular concentrations of Pi (2,4-6.2mM), the uptake of 45Ca is stimulated by 2-10-fold, and the release of the radioactive isotope from preloaded cells is inhibited. In whole epididymal fat-pads, variations in the extracellular concentration of Pi have no detectable effect on the uptake or the washout of 45Ca. 5. In isolated fat-cells, the accumulation of 32Pi is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol or the omission of glucose from the incubation medium. In a Ca2+-depleted buffer, the uptake of 32Pi is diminished, and hyperosmolarity, which stimulates 45Ca uptake, also accelerates the accumulation of 32Pi. 6. It is concluded that in free fat-cells, the uptake and release of Ca2+ and Pi take place by closely interrelated processes, which are dependent on mitochondrial energy production.", "contents": "Relationships between the exchange of calcium and phosphate in isolated fat-cells. The uptake and the washout of 45Ca2+ and 32Pi is described in free fat-cells and whole epididymal fat-pads from fed rats. 2. In isolated fat-cells, the uptake of 45Ca2+ proceeds with an initial rapid phase of about 1 min duration, followed by a slower subsequent accumulation. In contrast with the rapid phase, the slow phase is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, warfarin, oligomycin and verapamil, shows saturation, and presumably represents transport across the plasma membrane. 3. The washout of 45Ca2+ from preloaded cells consists of a rapid (1 min) initial phase and a slow phase which is non-monoexponential, suggesting that the radioactive isotope is released from several cellular pools. 4. When Pi is omitted from the incubation medium, the slow phase of 45Ca uptake is almost abolished, and the washout of 45Ca from preloaded fat-cells is markedly accelerated. At elevated extracellular concentrations of Pi (2,4-6.2mM), the uptake of 45Ca is stimulated by 2-10-fold, and the release of the radioactive isotope from preloaded cells is inhibited. In whole epididymal fat-pads, variations in the extracellular concentration of Pi have no detectable effect on the uptake or the washout of 45Ca. 5. In isolated fat-cells, the accumulation of 32Pi is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol or the omission of glucose from the incubation medium. In a Ca2+-depleted buffer, the uptake of 32Pi is diminished, and hyperosmolarity, which stimulates 45Ca uptake, also accelerates the accumulation of 32Pi. 6. It is concluded that in free fat-cells, the uptake and release of Ca2+ and Pi take place by closely interrelated processes, which are dependent on mitochondrial energy production."}
{"id": "PMID:1212221", "title": "Milk glucose as an index of the intracellular glucose concentration of rat mammary gland.", "content": "The aqueous glucose concentration of rat milk is about 0.29mM, apparently unmodified by prolonged storage in the gland. Infused 3-0-methylglucose reaches a milk concentration similar to its measured mammary intracellular concentration. Milk glucose may therefore reflect its intracellular concentration in the mammary secretory cell.", "contents": "Milk glucose as an index of the intracellular glucose concentration of rat mammary gland. The aqueous glucose concentration of rat milk is about 0.29mM, apparently unmodified by prolonged storage in the gland. Infused 3-0-methylglucose reaches a milk concentration similar to its measured mammary intracellular concentration. Milk glucose may therefore reflect its intracellular concentration in the mammary secretory cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1212222", "title": "Purification and characterization of guinea-pig intestinal brush borders.", "content": "The purification of guinea-pig intestinal brush borders by a rapid sucrose-gradient-centrifugation step is reported. A 29-fold increase in the maltase/DNA quotient indicates considerable purification of the brush borders from nuclei. The biological activity of the brush borders was well preserved, as demonstrated by a high recovery of human gastric-juice-mediated uptake of 57Co-labelled vitamin B-12; homogeneity and purity were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Both the morphological appearance and biological activity were unchanged after prolonged storage in glycerol.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of guinea-pig intestinal brush borders. The purification of guinea-pig intestinal brush borders by a rapid sucrose-gradient-centrifugation step is reported. A 29-fold increase in the maltase/DNA quotient indicates considerable purification of the brush borders from nuclei. The biological activity of the brush borders was well preserved, as demonstrated by a high recovery of human gastric-juice-mediated uptake of 57Co-labelled vitamin B-12; homogeneity and purity were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Both the morphological appearance and biological activity were unchanged after prolonged storage in glycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:1212223", "title": "Induced transcription-dependent synthesis of mitochondrial reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase in Drosophila.", "content": "Salivary glands of Drosophila hydei recovering from an anaerobic treatment show a significant increase in apparent Vmax of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase. This increase in Vmax is based on an increase in enzyme molecules resulting from synthesis de novo in the cytoplasm, as indicated by the inhibition by cycloheximide of both the increase in apparent Vmax and the increase in amino acid incorporation into enzyme fractions. The increase in enzyme activity is also inhibited by actinomycin D, which is in support of previous data indicating a casual relationship between transcription in puff 4-81B in the polytene chromosomes and an increase in apparent Vmax of the enzyme. Gel electrophoresis of mitochondrial protein extracts revealed three protein fractions with NADH dehydrogenase activity. All three fractions showed increased activity as well as increased amino acid labelling in glands recovering from anaerobiosis compared with control glands. The data suggest that the increase in mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activity in salivary glands recovering from an anaerobic treatment depends on increased gene transcription.", "contents": "Induced transcription-dependent synthesis of mitochondrial reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase in Drosophila. Salivary glands of Drosophila hydei recovering from an anaerobic treatment show a significant increase in apparent Vmax of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase. This increase in Vmax is based on an increase in enzyme molecules resulting from synthesis de novo in the cytoplasm, as indicated by the inhibition by cycloheximide of both the increase in apparent Vmax and the increase in amino acid incorporation into enzyme fractions. The increase in enzyme activity is also inhibited by actinomycin D, which is in support of previous data indicating a casual relationship between transcription in puff 4-81B in the polytene chromosomes and an increase in apparent Vmax of the enzyme. Gel electrophoresis of mitochondrial protein extracts revealed three protein fractions with NADH dehydrogenase activity. All three fractions showed increased activity as well as increased amino acid labelling in glands recovering from anaerobiosis compared with control glands. The data suggest that the increase in mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activity in salivary glands recovering from an anaerobic treatment depends on increased gene transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:1212224", "title": "The contents of adenine nucleotides, phosphagens and some glycolytic intermediates in resting muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates.", "content": "The lowest contents of ATP and the lowest ATP/AMP concentration ratios are observed in the molluscan muscles that have very low rates of energy expenditure during contraction. The highest contents of ATP are observed in the extremely aerobic insect flight muscle and the extremely anaerobic pectoral muscle of the pheasant and domestic fowl. In general, the lowest ATP/AMP concentration ratios are observed for muscle in which the variation in the rate of energy utilization is small (e.g. some molluscan muscles, heart muscle); the highest ratios are observed in muscles in which this variation is large (lobster abdominal muscle, pheasant pectoral muscle, some insect flight muscles). This finding is consistent with the proposed role of AMP and the adenylate kinase reaction in the regulation of glycolysis. However, in the flight muscle of the honey-bee the ATP/AMP ratio is very low, so that glycolysis may be regulated by factors other than the variation in AMP concentration. The variation in the contents of arginine phosphate in muscle from the invertebrates is much larger than the variation in creatine phosphate in muscle from the vertebrates. The contents of hexose monophosphates and pyruvate are, in general, higher in the muscles of vertebrates than in those of the invertebrates. The contents of phosphoenolpyruvate are similar in all the muscles investigated, except for the honey-bee in which it is about 4-10-fold higher. The mass-action ratios for the reactions catalysed by phosphoglucoisomerase and adenylate kinase are very similar to the equilibrium constants for these reactions. Further, the variation in the mass-action ratios between muscles is small. It is concluded that these enzymes catalyse reactions close to equilibrium. However, the mass-action ratios for the reactions catalysed by phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are much smaller than the equilibrium constants. The variation in the ratios between different muscles is large. It is concluded that these enzymes catalyse nonequilibrium reactions. Since the variation in the mass-action ratios for the reactions catalysed by the phosphagen kinases (i.e. creatine and arginine phosphokinases) is small, it is suggested that these reactions are close to equilibrium.", "contents": "The contents of adenine nucleotides, phosphagens and some glycolytic intermediates in resting muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates. The lowest contents of ATP and the lowest ATP/AMP concentration ratios are observed in the molluscan muscles that have very low rates of energy expenditure during contraction. The highest contents of ATP are observed in the extremely aerobic insect flight muscle and the extremely anaerobic pectoral muscle of the pheasant and domestic fowl. In general, the lowest ATP/AMP concentration ratios are observed for muscle in which the variation in the rate of energy utilization is small (e.g. some molluscan muscles, heart muscle); the highest ratios are observed in muscles in which this variation is large (lobster abdominal muscle, pheasant pectoral muscle, some insect flight muscles). This finding is consistent with the proposed role of AMP and the adenylate kinase reaction in the regulation of glycolysis. However, in the flight muscle of the honey-bee the ATP/AMP ratio is very low, so that glycolysis may be regulated by factors other than the variation in AMP concentration. The variation in the contents of arginine phosphate in muscle from the invertebrates is much larger than the variation in creatine phosphate in muscle from the vertebrates. The contents of hexose monophosphates and pyruvate are, in general, higher in the muscles of vertebrates than in those of the invertebrates. The contents of phosphoenolpyruvate are similar in all the muscles investigated, except for the honey-bee in which it is about 4-10-fold higher. The mass-action ratios for the reactions catalysed by phosphoglucoisomerase and adenylate kinase are very similar to the equilibrium constants for these reactions. Further, the variation in the mass-action ratios between muscles is small. It is concluded that these enzymes catalyse reactions close to equilibrium. However, the mass-action ratios for the reactions catalysed by phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are much smaller than the equilibrium constants. The variation in the ratios between different muscles is large. It is concluded that these enzymes catalyse nonequilibrium reactions. Since the variation in the mass-action ratios for the reactions catalysed by the phosphagen kinases (i.e. creatine and arginine phosphokinases) is small, it is suggested that these reactions are close to equilibrium."}
{"id": "PMID:1212225", "title": "The thermochemical characterization of sodium dithionite, flavin mononucleotide, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and methyl and benzyl viologens as low-potential reductants for biological systems.", "content": "The heat of reaction (deltaH) of Fe(CN)63-, Methyl Viologen, FMN and FAD with S2O42- in aqueous buffer solutions was measured calorimetrically. In addition deltaH values for reduction of Fe(CN)63-, FMN and FAD by reduced Methyl Viologen were determined. The resulting calorimetric data and corresponding E0 values were combined to yield thermodynamic data for these simple reducing agents in a form useful for applications to biological reactions. Thermodynamic data for the reduction of spinach ferredoxin are also presented.", "contents": "The thermochemical characterization of sodium dithionite, flavin mononucleotide, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and methyl and benzyl viologens as low-potential reductants for biological systems. The heat of reaction (deltaH) of Fe(CN)63-, Methyl Viologen, FMN and FAD with S2O42- in aqueous buffer solutions was measured calorimetrically. In addition deltaH values for reduction of Fe(CN)63-, FMN and FAD by reduced Methyl Viologen were determined. The resulting calorimetric data and corresponding E0 values were combined to yield thermodynamic data for these simple reducing agents in a form useful for applications to biological reactions. Thermodynamic data for the reduction of spinach ferredoxin are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1212226", "title": "Determination of the amount of small messenger ribonucleic acid-containing particles free in liver cytoplasm.", "content": "To assess the contribution made by mRNA-containing particles to the heterogeneity previously observed among rat liver 40S ribonucleoprotein particles, the amount of poly(A)-containing RNA in subribosomal particles was determined. RNA was labelled with orotate in vivo for 24h and then for 50min. Poly(A)-containing RNA was trapped on filters impregnated with poly(U). Very little poly(A)-containing RNA was found in conventionally prepared ribonucleoprotein particles after fractionation in sucrose. However, after preparation of ribonucleoprotein particles by sedimentation through 1 M-sucrose in the presence of 0.15M-KCl or by precipitation with Mg2+ as described by Leitin & Lerman [(1969) Biokhimiya 34, 839-849], amounts of poly(A)-containing RNA were similar to amounts of mRNA found by other workers in total ribonucleoprotein particles. Even in such preparations, less than 5% of the total rapidly labelled RNA in native subribosomal-particle fractions was mRNA. It seems that mRNA-containing particles make up only a very small part of the population of subribosomal particles in liver.", "contents": "Determination of the amount of small messenger ribonucleic acid-containing particles free in liver cytoplasm. To assess the contribution made by mRNA-containing particles to the heterogeneity previously observed among rat liver 40S ribonucleoprotein particles, the amount of poly(A)-containing RNA in subribosomal particles was determined. RNA was labelled with orotate in vivo for 24h and then for 50min. Poly(A)-containing RNA was trapped on filters impregnated with poly(U). Very little poly(A)-containing RNA was found in conventionally prepared ribonucleoprotein particles after fractionation in sucrose. However, after preparation of ribonucleoprotein particles by sedimentation through 1 M-sucrose in the presence of 0.15M-KCl or by precipitation with Mg2+ as described by Leitin & Lerman [(1969) Biokhimiya 34, 839-849], amounts of poly(A)-containing RNA were similar to amounts of mRNA found by other workers in total ribonucleoprotein particles. Even in such preparations, less than 5% of the total rapidly labelled RNA in native subribosomal-particle fractions was mRNA. It seems that mRNA-containing particles make up only a very small part of the population of subribosomal particles in liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1212227", "title": "The induction of enzyme activity in the endosperm of germinating castor-bean seeds.", "content": "Endosperm extracts were prepared at various times during germination from intact castor-bean seeds and from seeds from which the embryos had been removed. The sterilized seeds were incubated either on solid water agar or on agar containing 0.3 mM-gibberellic acid. 2. Isocitrate lyase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase had very low activities in the mature seeds, but increased 44-fold and 27-fold respectively during germination. In contrast, the extracts of mature seeds had considerable acid and alkaline lipase activity and this only increased two- to three-fold during the incubation period. 3. Incubation of the seeds with gibberellic acid accelerated the rate of appearance of isocitrate lyase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. It also increased the total activity attained. However, the application of hormone had, in comparison, little effect on the development of lipase activity. 4. The removal of the embryo had little influence on the development of enzyme activity in the endosperm tissue; only with isocitrate lyase was a decrease in activity observed in the absence of the embryo.", "contents": "The induction of enzyme activity in the endosperm of germinating castor-bean seeds. Endosperm extracts were prepared at various times during germination from intact castor-bean seeds and from seeds from which the embryos had been removed. The sterilized seeds were incubated either on solid water agar or on agar containing 0.3 mM-gibberellic acid. 2. Isocitrate lyase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase had very low activities in the mature seeds, but increased 44-fold and 27-fold respectively during germination. In contrast, the extracts of mature seeds had considerable acid and alkaline lipase activity and this only increased two- to three-fold during the incubation period. 3. Incubation of the seeds with gibberellic acid accelerated the rate of appearance of isocitrate lyase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. It also increased the total activity attained. However, the application of hormone had, in comparison, little effect on the development of lipase activity. 4. The removal of the embryo had little influence on the development of enzyme activity in the endosperm tissue; only with isocitrate lyase was a decrease in activity observed in the absence of the embryo."}
{"id": "PMID:1212228", "title": "Regulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis by polyamines. Reversal by spermine of inhibition by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) of ribonucleic acid synthesis and histone acetylation in rabbit heart.", "content": "The relationship between polyamines and RNA synthesis was studied by considering the action of spermine on histone acetylation in perfused heart. In addition, the effect of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), inhibitor of putrescine-activated S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity, on RNA and polyamine specific radioactivity and on acetylation of histone fractions was also investigated in perfused heart. Different concentrations of spermine and/or methylglyoxas bis(guanylhydrazone) were injected into the heart, 15 min after beginning the perfusion. The results demonstrate that spermine stimulates the specific radioactivity of RNA of subcellular fractions. Acetylation of the arginine-rich histone fractions, involved in the regulation of RNA transcription, is enhanced by spermine. The perfusion with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) causes a decrease in the specific radioactivity of polyamines and RNA, and in acetylation of histone fractions. However, spermine is able to reverse the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) inhibition when injected simultaneously. From these results we may assume a possible role for spermine in the regulation of RNA transcription.", "contents": "Regulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis by polyamines. Reversal by spermine of inhibition by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) of ribonucleic acid synthesis and histone acetylation in rabbit heart. The relationship between polyamines and RNA synthesis was studied by considering the action of spermine on histone acetylation in perfused heart. In addition, the effect of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), inhibitor of putrescine-activated S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity, on RNA and polyamine specific radioactivity and on acetylation of histone fractions was also investigated in perfused heart. Different concentrations of spermine and/or methylglyoxas bis(guanylhydrazone) were injected into the heart, 15 min after beginning the perfusion. The results demonstrate that spermine stimulates the specific radioactivity of RNA of subcellular fractions. Acetylation of the arginine-rich histone fractions, involved in the regulation of RNA transcription, is enhanced by spermine. The perfusion with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) causes a decrease in the specific radioactivity of polyamines and RNA, and in acetylation of histone fractions. However, spermine is able to reverse the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) inhibition when injected simultaneously. From these results we may assume a possible role for spermine in the regulation of RNA transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:1212229", "title": "Tissue distribution of retinol and its metabolites after administration of double-labelled retinol.", "content": "The tissue concentrations and distribution of radioactivity present in retinol and its metabolites were investigated in vitamin A-deficient rats 24h after injection of physiological doses (10mug) of [6, 7-14C2, 11,12-3H2] retinol. The highest concentration of radioactivity was observed in the adrenals, followed by kidney, spleen, liver, intestine and blood. The total radioactivity was greatest in urine, followed in descending order by liver, kidney, blood and intestine. The 14C/3H ratios of crude light-petroleum extracts in the liver, intestines, lungs, heart and faeces were similar to the ratio of the injected retinol dispersion. However, the 14C/3H ratios in the adrenals, kidney, spleen, blood, brain and urine were quite different from that of injected retinol. Alumina chromatography of the kidney and intestinal extracts demonstrated that retinol and retinyl palmitate are the principal forms of vitamin A present. However, alumina chromatography of the liver extract did not reveal the presence of retinol but yielded a major compound with a low 14C/3H ratio. That this compound was not retinol was shown by its inability to react with ethanolic HC1 to yield anhydroretinol. The distribution of radioactivity in ether-soluble, acidic and water-soluble fractions of urine indicated that most of the radioactivity was present in the acidic and water-soluble fractions. The 14C/3H ratios in ether-soluble and acidic fractions were higher than that of injected retinol, whereas in the water-soluble fraction the ratio was similar to the injected material.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of retinol and its metabolites after administration of double-labelled retinol. The tissue concentrations and distribution of radioactivity present in retinol and its metabolites were investigated in vitamin A-deficient rats 24h after injection of physiological doses (10mug) of [6, 7-14C2, 11,12-3H2] retinol. The highest concentration of radioactivity was observed in the adrenals, followed by kidney, spleen, liver, intestine and blood. The total radioactivity was greatest in urine, followed in descending order by liver, kidney, blood and intestine. The 14C/3H ratios of crude light-petroleum extracts in the liver, intestines, lungs, heart and faeces were similar to the ratio of the injected retinol dispersion. However, the 14C/3H ratios in the adrenals, kidney, spleen, blood, brain and urine were quite different from that of injected retinol. Alumina chromatography of the kidney and intestinal extracts demonstrated that retinol and retinyl palmitate are the principal forms of vitamin A present. However, alumina chromatography of the liver extract did not reveal the presence of retinol but yielded a major compound with a low 14C/3H ratio. That this compound was not retinol was shown by its inability to react with ethanolic HC1 to yield anhydroretinol. The distribution of radioactivity in ether-soluble, acidic and water-soluble fractions of urine indicated that most of the radioactivity was present in the acidic and water-soluble fractions. The 14C/3H ratios in ether-soluble and acidic fractions were higher than that of injected retinol, whereas in the water-soluble fraction the ratio was similar to the injected material."}
{"id": "PMID:1212269", "title": "The use of reference materials in the elemental analysis of biological samples.", "content": "Reference materials (RMs) are useful to compare the accuracy and precision of laboratories and techniques. The desirable properties of biological reference materials are listed, and the problems of production, homogenization and storage described. At present there are only 10 biological RMs available compared with 213 geological and 520 metallurgical RMs. There is a need for more biological RMs including special materials for microprobe analysis and for in vivo activation analysis. A study of 650 mean values for elements in RM Kale, analysed by many laboratories, leads to the following conclusions. 61% of the values lie within +/- 10% of the best mean, and 80% lie within +/- 20% of the best mean. Atomic absorption spectrometry gives results that are 5-30% high for seven elements, while instrumental neutron activation analysis gives low and imprecise results for K. Other techniques with poor interlaboratory precision include neutron activation for Mg, polarography for Zn and arc-spectrometry for many elements. More than half the values for elements in Kale were obtained by neutron activation, confirming the importance of this technique and the need for RMs. As a rough estimate, 6 X 10(9) elemental analyses of biological materials are carried out each year, mostly by medical, agricultural and food scientists. It seems likely that a substantial percentage of these are inaccurate, a situation that might be improved by quality control using standard RMs.", "contents": "The use of reference materials in the elemental analysis of biological samples. Reference materials (RMs) are useful to compare the accuracy and precision of laboratories and techniques. The desirable properties of biological reference materials are listed, and the problems of production, homogenization and storage described. At present there are only 10 biological RMs available compared with 213 geological and 520 metallurgical RMs. There is a need for more biological RMs including special materials for microprobe analysis and for in vivo activation analysis. A study of 650 mean values for elements in RM Kale, analysed by many laboratories, leads to the following conclusions. 61% of the values lie within +/- 10% of the best mean, and 80% lie within +/- 20% of the best mean. Atomic absorption spectrometry gives results that are 5-30% high for seven elements, while instrumental neutron activation analysis gives low and imprecise results for K. Other techniques with poor interlaboratory precision include neutron activation for Mg, polarography for Zn and arc-spectrometry for many elements. More than half the values for elements in Kale were obtained by neutron activation, confirming the importance of this technique and the need for RMs. As a rough estimate, 6 X 10(9) elemental analyses of biological materials are carried out each year, mostly by medical, agricultural and food scientists. It seems likely that a substantial percentage of these are inaccurate, a situation that might be improved by quality control using standard RMs."}
{"id": "PMID:1212270", "title": "Fusion power and the environment.", "content": "Fusion reactor design concepts are being pursued in the research and development programme of various countries and studies are being undertaken on the possible environmental impact of fusion power reactors. The paper reviews and summarizes the results of such environmental impact studies. Attention is restricted to deuterium-tritium fusion reactor concepts and a preliminary environmental impact assessment is presented. The possible inventory tritium and radioactive materials in the neutron-activated blanket structure of fusion power reactors is described and potential hazards posed by this radioactive materials inventory are discussed. Non-radiological implications and accident considerations are outlined. In conclusion, various areas still awaiting further investigation and research work are identified. The paper contains 8 tables and 50 references.", "contents": "Fusion power and the environment. Fusion reactor design concepts are being pursued in the research and development programme of various countries and studies are being undertaken on the possible environmental impact of fusion power reactors. The paper reviews and summarizes the results of such environmental impact studies. Attention is restricted to deuterium-tritium fusion reactor concepts and a preliminary environmental impact assessment is presented. The possible inventory tritium and radioactive materials in the neutron-activated blanket structure of fusion power reactors is described and potential hazards posed by this radioactive materials inventory are discussed. Non-radiological implications and accident considerations are outlined. In conclusion, various areas still awaiting further investigation and research work are identified. The paper contains 8 tables and 50 references."}
{"id": "PMID:1212271", "title": "[Extracorporeal circulation. Considerations on the methods adopted].", "content": "This paper described the various types of procedures used for cardiopulmonary bypass related to the operative procedures. The Authors emphasize emodiluition and hypothermia as local as general recommend a limited use of coronary perfusion.", "contents": "[Extracorporeal circulation. Considerations on the methods adopted]. This paper described the various types of procedures used for cardiopulmonary bypass related to the operative procedures. The Authors emphasize emodiluition and hypothermia as local as general recommend a limited use of coronary perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1212273", "title": "[Experimental observations on posttraumatic venous thrombosis].", "content": "Venous thrombosis had been experimentally induced in dogs by two different ways of trauma: contusion of whole venous wall and stripping of intimal layer. Both ways produced thrombosis in 33% of cases. The Authors describent histological findings of venous wall and thrombi with attention to genesis and evolution of these post-traumatic venous thrombosis.", "contents": "[Experimental observations on posttraumatic venous thrombosis]. Venous thrombosis had been experimentally induced in dogs by two different ways of trauma: contusion of whole venous wall and stripping of intimal layer. Both ways produced thrombosis in 33% of cases. The Authors describent histological findings of venous wall and thrombi with attention to genesis and evolution of these post-traumatic venous thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1212272", "title": "[Serial determinations of serum oxytocinase and ultrasonic biparietal cephalometry in normal and high-risk pregnancies].", "content": "The value of sonor biparietal cephalometry and serum oxytocinase that we have obtained with weekly simultaneous determinations in 14 females with normal pregnancy and in 5 with pathological pregnancy, from 24th to 39th week, show a statical positive relation. Serum oxitocinase determination against hormonal tests of the phetoplancental function (urinary oestriol, pregnandiol, serum HCS, ecc.) give advantages: it is the easyer, faster and less espandove determination. Therefore we think that it is helpful to determin togheter serial values of sonar biparietal cephalometry and serum oxytocinase to anticipate the endouterine fetal growth retardation.", "contents": "[Serial determinations of serum oxytocinase and ultrasonic biparietal cephalometry in normal and high-risk pregnancies]. The value of sonor biparietal cephalometry and serum oxytocinase that we have obtained with weekly simultaneous determinations in 14 females with normal pregnancy and in 5 with pathological pregnancy, from 24th to 39th week, show a statical positive relation. Serum oxitocinase determination against hormonal tests of the phetoplancental function (urinary oestriol, pregnandiol, serum HCS, ecc.) give advantages: it is the easyer, faster and less espandove determination. Therefore we think that it is helpful to determin togheter serial values of sonar biparietal cephalometry and serum oxytocinase to anticipate the endouterine fetal growth retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212274", "title": "[Structural and functional correlations in dysectasias of junctions at various sites].", "content": "On the basis of previous studies by means of urography, renography, cholangiocholecistography, possible analogies are sought after in the behaviour of several junctions such as upper and lower uretheral, cholecisto-choledocical, eosophago-cardial. Some significant patterns were found to be in common, or close relations, among the various syndromes.", "contents": "[Structural and functional correlations in dysectasias of junctions at various sites]. On the basis of previous studies by means of urography, renography, cholangiocholecistography, possible analogies are sought after in the behaviour of several junctions such as upper and lower uretheral, cholecisto-choledocical, eosophago-cardial. Some significant patterns were found to be in common, or close relations, among the various syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:1212275", "title": "[Transthoracic electrical impedance variations in the hemodynamic evaluation of patients after open heart surgery].", "content": "Adequate assessment of cardiac function in patients who have undergone open intracardiac operations requires determination of cardiac output. Electric impedance technique of determining cardiac output in intensive care unit is presented. Routine measurement of cardiac output in the immediate postoperative period has allowed important innovations in the care of the patients: a) preclinical diagnosis of low cardiac output and prophylactic treatment, b) artificial pacing at optimal rate, c) accurate assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment measures.", "contents": "[Transthoracic electrical impedance variations in the hemodynamic evaluation of patients after open heart surgery]. Adequate assessment of cardiac function in patients who have undergone open intracardiac operations requires determination of cardiac output. Electric impedance technique of determining cardiac output in intensive care unit is presented. Routine measurement of cardiac output in the immediate postoperative period has allowed important innovations in the care of the patients: a) preclinical diagnosis of low cardiac output and prophylactic treatment, b) artificial pacing at optimal rate, c) accurate assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment measures."}
{"id": "PMID:1212276", "title": "[Medicolegal aspects of chronic alcoholism. Considerations on the behavior of 285 chronic alcoholics].", "content": "The Authors examined 285 male sex chronic alcoholics hopitalised in the Psychiatric Clinic of Parma University from 1969 to 1974. Clinical diagnosis, family anamnesis, degree of learning, civil status, beginning of abuse of alcoholics were considered. The Authors then, made a research at the Criminal Court records-office to verify how many of these alcoholic patients had committed crimes, what kinds, how many, related particularly to single subject's personality.", "contents": "[Medicolegal aspects of chronic alcoholism. Considerations on the behavior of 285 chronic alcoholics]. The Authors examined 285 male sex chronic alcoholics hopitalised in the Psychiatric Clinic of Parma University from 1969 to 1974. Clinical diagnosis, family anamnesis, degree of learning, civil status, beginning of abuse of alcoholics were considered. The Authors then, made a research at the Criminal Court records-office to verify how many of these alcoholic patients had committed crimes, what kinds, how many, related particularly to single subject's personality."}
{"id": "PMID:1212277", "title": "[Genetic observations on hereditary spherocytosis in some family groups in a region of Mantova north of the Po and/in the province of Parma].", "content": "Hereditary spherocytosis is an haemolitic disease, generally characterized by anaemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly. With reference to data collected in the territory of Quistello, in the Province of Mantova and in the Hospital of the City of Parma, about 280 persons were examined, belonging to the families most affected by hereditary spherocytosis. The results support the hypothesis that the disease is due to an autosomic dominant gene with an almost complete penetrance (0.9). No significant decrease in fitness, measured as a function of fertility, was observed, nor was it possible, from the data examined, to evaluate any correlation between presence of the disease and cases of abortion or perinatal mortality. It is worthy of note that all the observed cases pertain to families that are distributed along the course of the Po River. A biochemical enquiry, based upon an evaluation of the differences in protein composition between the membranes of spherocytes and normal eritrocytes, by electrophoresis on gel of polyacrylamide, gave contrasting results.", "contents": "[Genetic observations on hereditary spherocytosis in some family groups in a region of Mantova north of the Po and/in the province of Parma]. Hereditary spherocytosis is an haemolitic disease, generally characterized by anaemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly. With reference to data collected in the territory of Quistello, in the Province of Mantova and in the Hospital of the City of Parma, about 280 persons were examined, belonging to the families most affected by hereditary spherocytosis. The results support the hypothesis that the disease is due to an autosomic dominant gene with an almost complete penetrance (0.9). No significant decrease in fitness, measured as a function of fertility, was observed, nor was it possible, from the data examined, to evaluate any correlation between presence of the disease and cases of abortion or perinatal mortality. It is worthy of note that all the observed cases pertain to families that are distributed along the course of the Po River. A biochemical enquiry, based upon an evaluation of the differences in protein composition between the membranes of spherocytes and normal eritrocytes, by electrophoresis on gel of polyacrylamide, gave contrasting results."}
{"id": "PMID:1212278", "title": "Reduction of serum lipids by means of etiroxate (Liponorm).", "content": "Ten out-patients with primary Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia and a further 10 with Types IIb, IV, and V were administered with DL-alpha-methyl-thyroxine ethyl ester (etiroxate) (20 mg twice daily) for an average of 308 days. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the drug on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels, tolerance and side-effects, particularly in coronary patients. The T4 values rose in all but one patient and fell again when the drug was discontinued. In Type IIa patients cholesterol fell by an average of 75.5 mg/100 ml (20.6%) as compared with the period before treatment and normal triglyceride levels dropped by 17 mg/100 ml (12.6%). In Type IIb, IV and V patients cholesterol levels decreased by 69.1 mg/100 ml (21%) during treatment. Serum triglycerides, which in some patients were extremely high before treatment were only slightly affected, falling by an average of 165.3 mg/100 ml (22.8%). For the whole group of patients the fall in cholesterol during treatment was highly significant in comparison with the period before and after therapy, whereas the changes in the triglycerides were not significant. Only one patient had an increase in the frequency of angina pectoris attacks; another showed temporary restlessness and slies, were not observed. Red and white cell counts, differential blood count, thrombocytes, the transaminases SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, urinalysis and erythrocyte sedimentation rate did not change during treatment. There was no lasting increase in pulse rate in any patient and no significant changes in systolic-diastolic blood pressure. ECG showed no rhythm disorders nor any other changes which were not present before treatment was initiated.", "contents": "Reduction of serum lipids by means of etiroxate (Liponorm). Ten out-patients with primary Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia and a further 10 with Types IIb, IV, and V were administered with DL-alpha-methyl-thyroxine ethyl ester (etiroxate) (20 mg twice daily) for an average of 308 days. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the drug on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels, tolerance and side-effects, particularly in coronary patients. The T4 values rose in all but one patient and fell again when the drug was discontinued. In Type IIa patients cholesterol fell by an average of 75.5 mg/100 ml (20.6%) as compared with the period before treatment and normal triglyceride levels dropped by 17 mg/100 ml (12.6%). In Type IIb, IV and V patients cholesterol levels decreased by 69.1 mg/100 ml (21%) during treatment. Serum triglycerides, which in some patients were extremely high before treatment were only slightly affected, falling by an average of 165.3 mg/100 ml (22.8%). For the whole group of patients the fall in cholesterol during treatment was highly significant in comparison with the period before and after therapy, whereas the changes in the triglycerides were not significant. Only one patient had an increase in the frequency of angina pectoris attacks; another showed temporary restlessness and slies, were not observed. Red and white cell counts, differential blood count, thrombocytes, the transaminases SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, urinalysis and erythrocyte sedimentation rate did not change during treatment. There was no lasting increase in pulse rate in any patient and no significant changes in systolic-diastolic blood pressure. ECG showed no rhythm disorders nor any other changes which were not present before treatment was initiated."}
{"id": "PMID:1212289", "title": "[Incidence of AgHB in non-professional donors].", "content": "The detection of Australia antigen (HBsAg) in blood donors and of the corresponding antibody, has become a routine practice in blood banks and transfusion services. They are the best possibilities currently available in the laboratory to exclude, as blood donors, the apparently healthy antigenemic individuals, whether carriers or if incubating a type B, viral hepatitis and the individuals with a past (probably subclinical) immunological experience to virus type B, as indicated by the presence of specific circulating antibodies. The fact that both hepatitis virus, A and B, may be transmitted by different routes and mechanisms, implies the risk of post-transfusion hepatitis, particularly when the infected person is asymptomatic or becomes a \"healthy carrier, and donates blood. It is important to emphasize that even the most sensitive techniques currently in use are unable to detect more than 50% of hepatitis B-infected persons. They must be considered, therefore and so far, screning procedures with clear limitations. The detection of antibodies against virus type A has only very recently been accomplished, but the availability of standardized antigen is limited to a few laboratories at the present time. Research on a diagnostic test for virus A, equivalent to that of Au antigen, has proven unsuccessful up to now. The Virus Laboratory of the Hospital del Nino I.M.A.N., using the Cep method, has detected 31 HBsAg positive sera out of 6,372 voluntary blood donors attending the hospital's blood bank in the last 4 years. The resulting frequency of 4.86/1,000 is probably below the figure that might be obtained by applying more sensitive methods, periodical sampling and additional tests such as those related to liver function.", "contents": "[Incidence of AgHB in non-professional donors]. The detection of Australia antigen (HBsAg) in blood donors and of the corresponding antibody, has become a routine practice in blood banks and transfusion services. They are the best possibilities currently available in the laboratory to exclude, as blood donors, the apparently healthy antigenemic individuals, whether carriers or if incubating a type B, viral hepatitis and the individuals with a past (probably subclinical) immunological experience to virus type B, as indicated by the presence of specific circulating antibodies. The fact that both hepatitis virus, A and B, may be transmitted by different routes and mechanisms, implies the risk of post-transfusion hepatitis, particularly when the infected person is asymptomatic or becomes a \"healthy carrier, and donates blood. It is important to emphasize that even the most sensitive techniques currently in use are unable to detect more than 50% of hepatitis B-infected persons. They must be considered, therefore and so far, screning procedures with clear limitations. The detection of antibodies against virus type A has only very recently been accomplished, but the availability of standardized antigen is limited to a few laboratories at the present time. Research on a diagnostic test for virus A, equivalent to that of Au antigen, has proven unsuccessful up to now. The Virus Laboratory of the Hospital del Nino I.M.A.N., using the Cep method, has detected 31 HBsAg positive sera out of 6,372 voluntary blood donors attending the hospital's blood bank in the last 4 years. The resulting frequency of 4.86/1,000 is probably below the figure that might be obtained by applying more sensitive methods, periodical sampling and additional tests such as those related to liver function."}
{"id": "PMID:1212290", "title": "[Bases for the development of teaching, research and maternal and infant care in the rural area. The Temascalcingo plan].", "content": "The Instituto de Ensenanza e Investigaciones Rurales (Institute for Rural Training and Research) has been established in Sol\u00eds, Municipality of Temascalcingo, State of Mexico. The institute is part of the Institucion Mexicana de Asistencia a la Ninez, IMAN (Mexican Institution for the Assistance of Childhood). The institute will study a system of healthy delivery in its (rural) zone of activity, based principally in programes with a strong content in the preventive and promotional aspects. For this purpose it will use in a preferential way, auxiliary and technical personnel which is being trained by the institute and that is original from the community where it will serve. At the professional level, the institute will mainly employ pediatricians, nurses and social workers that are completing their residency at the Hospital del Nino IMAN in Mexico City. These professional will obtain important supplementary training through their participation in the rural community health programes that the institute will develop.", "contents": "[Bases for the development of teaching, research and maternal and infant care in the rural area. The Temascalcingo plan]. The Instituto de Ensenanza e Investigaciones Rurales (Institute for Rural Training and Research) has been established in Sol\u00eds, Municipality of Temascalcingo, State of Mexico. The institute is part of the Institucion Mexicana de Asistencia a la Ninez, IMAN (Mexican Institution for the Assistance of Childhood). The institute will study a system of healthy delivery in its (rural) zone of activity, based principally in programes with a strong content in the preventive and promotional aspects. For this purpose it will use in a preferential way, auxiliary and technical personnel which is being trained by the institute and that is original from the community where it will serve. At the professional level, the institute will mainly employ pediatricians, nurses and social workers that are completing their residency at the Hospital del Nino IMAN in Mexico City. These professional will obtain important supplementary training through their participation in the rural community health programes that the institute will develop."}
{"id": "PMID:1212291", "title": "[Subcutaneous cysticercosis. 8 cases in children].", "content": "Observations in eight patients with subcutaneous or submucous cysticercosis studied at the \"Hospital del Nino, IMAN\", between November 1970 and June 1975 are reported; the age of the patients varied between 4 and 14 years; six of them were females and 2 were males. One of the patients was found to have C. cellulosae in the central nervous system as well. In the presence of subcutaneous and submucous nodules, cysticercosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis, and anatomic and histopathological documentation should be sought; in cases in which cysticercosis is verified, the patient should be carefully studied, to rule out the presence of C. cellulosae in other locations, mainly the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous cysticercosis. 8 cases in children]. Observations in eight patients with subcutaneous or submucous cysticercosis studied at the \"Hospital del Nino, IMAN\", between November 1970 and June 1975 are reported; the age of the patients varied between 4 and 14 years; six of them were females and 2 were males. One of the patients was found to have C. cellulosae in the central nervous system as well. In the presence of subcutaneous and submucous nodules, cysticercosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis, and anatomic and histopathological documentation should be sought; in cases in which cysticercosis is verified, the patient should be carefully studied, to rule out the presence of C. cellulosae in other locations, mainly the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1212292", "title": "[Pediatrics in Mexico. What it is and what is should be].", "content": "The present situation of the pediatrician in Mexico is described and the effects on medicine in the country are outlined. The evolution of pediatrics in the country in the past 35 years and what is expected in the future if the actual structure is not changed are discussed. What a real pediatrician should be is defined and solutions are offered to solve the problem.", "contents": "[Pediatrics in Mexico. What it is and what is should be]. The present situation of the pediatrician in Mexico is described and the effects on medicine in the country are outlined. The evolution of pediatrics in the country in the past 35 years and what is expected in the future if the actual structure is not changed are discussed. What a real pediatrician should be is defined and solutions are offered to solve the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:1212293", "title": "[Infectious hepatitis. I. Presence of HBs antigen].", "content": "A prospective study in 268 patients of different pediatric ages affected with icteric hepatitis is presented, with a longitudinal follow-up of one year minimum. Different types of clinical evolution are described and related to the presence of HBs antigen. In 34 of the 268 patients HBs antigen was positive; in 20 of 28 patients with acute and long evolution, positivity of the antigen was transitory with an average of 46 days; in the remaining 8 of 28 patients it extended from 6 months to less than 2 years. The presence of HBs antigen is a risk that may be correlated with the tendency to extend the prolonged.", "contents": "[Infectious hepatitis. I. Presence of HBs antigen]. A prospective study in 268 patients of different pediatric ages affected with icteric hepatitis is presented, with a longitudinal follow-up of one year minimum. Different types of clinical evolution are described and related to the presence of HBs antigen. In 34 of the 268 patients HBs antigen was positive; in 20 of 28 patients with acute and long evolution, positivity of the antigen was transitory with an average of 46 days; in the remaining 8 of 28 patients it extended from 6 months to less than 2 years. The presence of HBs antigen is a risk that may be correlated with the tendency to extend the prolonged."}
{"id": "PMID:1212294", "title": "[Vascular rings].", "content": "Anomalies in the development of aortic arches may cause the formation of a vascular ring around trachea and esophagus, responsible for compression symptoms. The most frequently found vascular rings are the double aortic arch, the right arch with left ligament and the retroesophageal right subclavian artery. The diagnosis is established by means of contrast esophagogram. Surgery is usually done through a left posterolateral thoracotomy to dissect widely the retroesophageal area, after liberating the obstruction by section of a secondary vessel. Three cases are reported to illustrate the most frequent types of vascular rings and their management.", "contents": "[Vascular rings]. Anomalies in the development of aortic arches may cause the formation of a vascular ring around trachea and esophagus, responsible for compression symptoms. The most frequently found vascular rings are the double aortic arch, the right arch with left ligament and the retroesophageal right subclavian artery. The diagnosis is established by means of contrast esophagogram. Surgery is usually done through a left posterolateral thoracotomy to dissect widely the retroesophageal area, after liberating the obstruction by section of a secondary vessel. Three cases are reported to illustrate the most frequent types of vascular rings and their management."}
{"id": "PMID:1212295", "title": "[Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux (hiatal hernia) in pediatric age].", "content": "Forty nine pediatric patients with gastroesophageal reflux were studied retrospectively; this is a 4 years experience of Hospital del Ni\u00f1o, IMAN. All of them were treated in the same manner, which included barium gastrointestinal series, esophagoscopy, gastric secretion test. Nissen's funduplication was performed in all of them, plus gastrostomy in those cases having esophageal stenosis. Preoperatively, eight out of every ten patients had stenosis. From the entire series, one patient died. All of them were relieved from their gastroesophageal reflux. By the ninth day following operation, one patient suffered a gastric perforation. The authors make special considerations concerning the high number of cases per year, as compared with other series. Nissen's funduplication proved very efficient to prevent gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux (hiatal hernia) in pediatric age]. Forty nine pediatric patients with gastroesophageal reflux were studied retrospectively; this is a 4 years experience of Hospital del Ni\u00f1o, IMAN. All of them were treated in the same manner, which included barium gastrointestinal series, esophagoscopy, gastric secretion test. Nissen's funduplication was performed in all of them, plus gastrostomy in those cases having esophageal stenosis. Preoperatively, eight out of every ten patients had stenosis. From the entire series, one patient died. All of them were relieved from their gastroesophageal reflux. By the ninth day following operation, one patient suffered a gastric perforation. The authors make special considerations concerning the high number of cases per year, as compared with other series. Nissen's funduplication proved very efficient to prevent gastroesophageal reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:1212296", "title": "[The child with learning problems].", "content": "Learning problems seem to have increased in the last decades in approximately 10% of the school population during the first school years. There are many causes but one of the most common are obstetric problems; also immaturity of the child because of this environment respresented in the lack of integration of his self and of his spatial concepts. Not every child who does not learn to read is dyslexic. To establish this diagnosis a complete examination that shows alterations in all areas of perception is necessary. These problems can be prevented with adequate management, starting with prenatal consultation and later on when children attend nursery school. Through games and pedagogic exercises, children will have a chance to integrate their perceptual functions and their speech, which is absolutely necessary for their learning to read and write.", "contents": "[The child with learning problems]. Learning problems seem to have increased in the last decades in approximately 10% of the school population during the first school years. There are many causes but one of the most common are obstetric problems; also immaturity of the child because of this environment respresented in the lack of integration of his self and of his spatial concepts. Not every child who does not learn to read is dyslexic. To establish this diagnosis a complete examination that shows alterations in all areas of perception is necessary. These problems can be prevented with adequate management, starting with prenatal consultation and later on when children attend nursery school. Through games and pedagogic exercises, children will have a chance to integrate their perceptual functions and their speech, which is absolutely necessary for their learning to read and write."}
{"id": "PMID:1212297", "title": "[Atopic neurodermatitis, basic concepts in pediatrics].", "content": "Atopic neurodermatitis (AND) is the first or second most frequent skin diseases in childhood. It represented 15% of all skin diseases seen at the Hospital del Nino, IMAN. The clinical and epidemiologic aspects of AND, the different hypothesis of its pathogenesis, management and treatment are discussed. The importance of emotional factors in AND have been over stressed, resulting in therapeutic abuses of psychyatric drugs and psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Atopic neurodermatitis, basic concepts in pediatrics]. Atopic neurodermatitis (AND) is the first or second most frequent skin diseases in childhood. It represented 15% of all skin diseases seen at the Hospital del Nino, IMAN. The clinical and epidemiologic aspects of AND, the different hypothesis of its pathogenesis, management and treatment are discussed. The importance of emotional factors in AND have been over stressed, resulting in therapeutic abuses of psychyatric drugs and psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1212298", "title": "[Adoerse effects by the administration of salicylates].", "content": "Two cases that illustrate one of the side-effects of salicylates are presented. Both cases manifested as non thrombocytopenic purpura. Indications and contraindications for the use of salicylates are described. Emphasis is made not to use them as analgesics or antipyretics in cases with congential or acquired defects in the coagulation mechanism. Other side-effects of salicylates are described.", "contents": "[Adoerse effects by the administration of salicylates]. Two cases that illustrate one of the side-effects of salicylates are presented. Both cases manifested as non thrombocytopenic purpura. Indications and contraindications for the use of salicylates are described. Emphasis is made not to use them as analgesics or antipyretics in cases with congential or acquired defects in the coagulation mechanism. Other side-effects of salicylates are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1212299", "title": "[Schooling of hospitalized children].", "content": "The patients in IMAN's Children Hospital are treated integrally. The Service of School Education is in charge of teaching the children according to their school level. At the same time, this service tries to give children an emotional balance, stimulating them through games and working together. Such activities are carried out with professional staff belonging to different fields in pedagogy.", "contents": "[Schooling of hospitalized children]. The patients in IMAN's Children Hospital are treated integrally. The Service of School Education is in charge of teaching the children according to their school level. At the same time, this service tries to give children an emotional balance, stimulating them through games and working together. Such activities are carried out with professional staff belonging to different fields in pedagogy."}
{"id": "PMID:1212349", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in an unselected elderly population: a four year follow up.", "content": "Sera obtained in 1969 from 956 unselected elderly persons in Busselton, Western Australia were tested for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by a \"double antibody\" microradioimmunoassay. Forty-four (4-5%) were positive for CEA (5 ng/ml or greater). Review of health records for the 4-year period subsequent to accession of sera showed that 6 (14%) of the 44 persons positive for CEA died of CEA associated cancers, 15 were heavy smokers, 2 had colonic diverticula and 1 a peptic ulcer. On the other hand, 18 (2%) of the 912 persons negative for CEA developed CEA associated cancers. Thus, a significantly greater proportion of cancers (P = 0-01) was found in the persons positive for CEA. Furthermore, when 21 persons who were positive for CEA in 1969, but clinically well 4 years later, were examined 2 had occult cancer of lung and colon respectively. However, the relatively low yield of diagnosis of cancer from our present population survey led to the conclusion that, if screening for cancer were to be solely dependent on testing for CEA, increased specificity and sensitivity of test systems should be awaited.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in an unselected elderly population: a four year follow up. Sera obtained in 1969 from 956 unselected elderly persons in Busselton, Western Australia were tested for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by a \"double antibody\" microradioimmunoassay. Forty-four (4-5%) were positive for CEA (5 ng/ml or greater). Review of health records for the 4-year period subsequent to accession of sera showed that 6 (14%) of the 44 persons positive for CEA died of CEA associated cancers, 15 were heavy smokers, 2 had colonic diverticula and 1 a peptic ulcer. On the other hand, 18 (2%) of the 912 persons negative for CEA developed CEA associated cancers. Thus, a significantly greater proportion of cancers (P = 0-01) was found in the persons positive for CEA. Furthermore, when 21 persons who were positive for CEA in 1969, but clinically well 4 years later, were examined 2 had occult cancer of lung and colon respectively. However, the relatively low yield of diagnosis of cancer from our present population survey led to the conclusion that, if screening for cancer were to be solely dependent on testing for CEA, increased specificity and sensitivity of test systems should be awaited."}
{"id": "PMID:1212350", "title": "Adriamycin/cyclophosphamide and adriamycin/melphalan in advanced L1210 leukaemia.", "content": "Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide are active agents in human and experimental tumours. Using the L1210 murine leukaemia, their effectiveness alone and in combination was studied. The combination is highly synergistic in this tumour, resulting in a greater than 50% survival rate when the agents used alone at optimal doses are not curative. DNA synthesis by tumour cells is substantially inhibited and the total ascitic population much reduced. In contrast, DNA synthesis in sensitive host tissues is less disturbed. There is no major difference in the pharmacology of the agents whether given alone or in combination. In very advanced disease the combination is no better than treatment with cyclophosphamide alone. The combination of adriamycin and melphalan in L1210 leukaemia also produces superior results to those obtained using either drug alone at its optimal dosage.", "contents": "Adriamycin/cyclophosphamide and adriamycin/melphalan in advanced L1210 leukaemia. Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide are active agents in human and experimental tumours. Using the L1210 murine leukaemia, their effectiveness alone and in combination was studied. The combination is highly synergistic in this tumour, resulting in a greater than 50% survival rate when the agents used alone at optimal doses are not curative. DNA synthesis by tumour cells is substantially inhibited and the total ascitic population much reduced. In contrast, DNA synthesis in sensitive host tissues is less disturbed. There is no major difference in the pharmacology of the agents whether given alone or in combination. In very advanced disease the combination is no better than treatment with cyclophosphamide alone. The combination of adriamycin and melphalan in L1210 leukaemia also produces superior results to those obtained using either drug alone at its optimal dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:1212351", "title": "Cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in the rat incisor.", "content": "Three of the 4 groups of 3 Wistar rats each were given 40 mg, 80 mg and 120 mg cyclophosphamide/kg respectively by single intraperitoneal injections. The fourth group was given 2 ml of normal saline as control. One animal from each group was killed after 1, 4 and 8 days. The incisor teeth of all experimental animals showed evidence of cytotoxic injury, which appeared to be more severe with increasing dosage, to the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the proliferating zone of the pulp close to the basal odontogenic epithelium, cessation of root growth and relative acellularity of the basal area of the pulp. Evidence of cytotoxicity to the odontogenic epithelium was seen only in the groups given 80 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg. Resolution of the cytotoxic injury and re-establishment of normal basal odontogenesis were seen in the 40 mg dose group by the eighth day but appeared to be slower with increasing dosage. It would seem that of the rapidly proliferating epithelial and mesenchymal odontogenic cells in the basal area of the rat incisor those in the mesenchyme may be most susceptible to the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide. The odontogenic epithelium may be resistant to the cytotoxicity of 40 mg cyclophosphamide/kg. The results may be of significance in the investigation of the mechanism of cytotoxicity of this cancer chemotherapeutic agent.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in the rat incisor. Three of the 4 groups of 3 Wistar rats each were given 40 mg, 80 mg and 120 mg cyclophosphamide/kg respectively by single intraperitoneal injections. The fourth group was given 2 ml of normal saline as control. One animal from each group was killed after 1, 4 and 8 days. The incisor teeth of all experimental animals showed evidence of cytotoxic injury, which appeared to be more severe with increasing dosage, to the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the proliferating zone of the pulp close to the basal odontogenic epithelium, cessation of root growth and relative acellularity of the basal area of the pulp. Evidence of cytotoxicity to the odontogenic epithelium was seen only in the groups given 80 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg. Resolution of the cytotoxic injury and re-establishment of normal basal odontogenesis were seen in the 40 mg dose group by the eighth day but appeared to be slower with increasing dosage. It would seem that of the rapidly proliferating epithelial and mesenchymal odontogenic cells in the basal area of the rat incisor those in the mesenchyme may be most susceptible to the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide. The odontogenic epithelium may be resistant to the cytotoxicity of 40 mg cyclophosphamide/kg. The results may be of significance in the investigation of the mechanism of cytotoxicity of this cancer chemotherapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1212352", "title": "The ultrastructure of N-dibutylnitrosamine induced pulmonary tumours (adenocarcinomata) in European hamsters.", "content": "N-dibutyl-nitrosamine induced pulmonary adenocarcinoma in European hamsters were studied electron microscopically. The tumours were composed of light and dark cells, which, due to their lamellar bodies, resembled alveolar epithelial cells Type II. As cells containing lamellar bodies also occasionally occurred with the epithelial lining of tumour associated peripheral bronchi, a possible bronchiolar origin of the neoplasms is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of N-dibutylnitrosamine induced pulmonary tumours (adenocarcinomata) in European hamsters. N-dibutyl-nitrosamine induced pulmonary adenocarcinoma in European hamsters were studied electron microscopically. The tumours were composed of light and dark cells, which, due to their lamellar bodies, resembled alveolar epithelial cells Type II. As cells containing lamellar bodies also occasionally occurred with the epithelial lining of tumour associated peripheral bronchi, a possible bronchiolar origin of the neoplasms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212409", "title": "Cancer and ageing in mice and men.", "content": "In an experiment involving 950 mice with a normal lifespan of 2-3 years, in laboratory conditions, regular benzpyrene application to the skin was started at 10, 25, 40 or 55 weeks of age. The incidence rate of malignant epithelial tumours among the survivors in each group increased steeply with time. This increase was associated directly with duration of exposure but, given duration, was independent of age at the start of exposure, as were the growth rates of already established tumours. In our experiment, although age per se was irrelevant, the cancer incidence rate increased approximately as a power of the duration of exposure to benzpyrene. This shows that the observed approximate power-law increase of most human adult cancer incidence rates with age could exist merely because age equals duration of exposure to background and spontaneous carcinogenic stimuli. Thus, no intrinsic effects of ageing (such as failing immunological surveillance or age related hormonal changes) whatever need to postulated to explain the vast increases in old age of the incidence rates of such human cancers. This result can greatly simplify speculation about mechanisms of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Cancer and ageing in mice and men. In an experiment involving 950 mice with a normal lifespan of 2-3 years, in laboratory conditions, regular benzpyrene application to the skin was started at 10, 25, 40 or 55 weeks of age. The incidence rate of malignant epithelial tumours among the survivors in each group increased steeply with time. This increase was associated directly with duration of exposure but, given duration, was independent of age at the start of exposure, as were the growth rates of already established tumours. In our experiment, although age per se was irrelevant, the cancer incidence rate increased approximately as a power of the duration of exposure to benzpyrene. This shows that the observed approximate power-law increase of most human adult cancer incidence rates with age could exist merely because age equals duration of exposure to background and spontaneous carcinogenic stimuli. Thus, no intrinsic effects of ageing (such as failing immunological surveillance or age related hormonal changes) whatever need to postulated to explain the vast increases in old age of the incidence rates of such human cancers. This result can greatly simplify speculation about mechanisms of carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1212410", "title": "Colorectal cancer and consumption of beef and fat.", "content": "Secular, socioeconomic and urban-rural gradients and geographical differences in beef and fat consumption within the United States of America are compared with corresponding data on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates. These results, together with the results of most previous epidemiological studies, appear to contradict the hypothesis that beef and fat consumption are involved in the aetiology of colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Colorectal cancer and consumption of beef and fat. Secular, socioeconomic and urban-rural gradients and geographical differences in beef and fat consumption within the United States of America are compared with corresponding data on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates. These results, together with the results of most previous epidemiological studies, appear to contradict the hypothesis that beef and fat consumption are involved in the aetiology of colorectal cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1212411", "title": "Humoral mediated macrophage response during tumour growth.", "content": "Reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic and circulating plasma opsonic activity was evaluated in rats transplanted with the Walker 256 carcinoma tumour in an attempt to evaluate the role of opsonic protein in governing the functional state of the macrophage system. Animals transplanted intramuscularly with 2 X 10(4) viable tumour cells manifested 2 peaks of RE stimulation at 6 and 14 days post-transplantation with a subsequent decline in the phagocytic activity over the 14-30 day period. Increased phagocytic activity as determined by colloid clearance was primarily a reflection of hepatic K\u00fcpffer cell hyperphagocytosis while the decline in phagocytic activity was related to a decrease in K\u00fcpffer cell function. The initial peak of RE stimulation was associated with an elevation in the blood opsonin level and no significant enlargement of the liver and spleen. In contrast, the second peak of RE stimulation at 14 days was associated with both an elevation in opsonin levels and an associated hepatic and splenic enlargement. The decline in phagocytic activity over the 14-30 day interval was associated with a progressive decline in the plasma opsonic activity, a return of the spleen to its normal size in relationship to the body weight, and a persistent hepatomegaly. These findings suggest that the alterations in macrophage function during tumour growth may be mediated in part by changes in the opsonic or phagocytosis promoting capacity of plasma. Since opsonic protein contributes to the discriminatory capacity of macrophages, it is suggested that changes in the blood opsonin level may condition the anti-tumour capacity of the macrophage system with respect to host defence aginst malignant disease.", "contents": "Humoral mediated macrophage response during tumour growth. Reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic and circulating plasma opsonic activity was evaluated in rats transplanted with the Walker 256 carcinoma tumour in an attempt to evaluate the role of opsonic protein in governing the functional state of the macrophage system. Animals transplanted intramuscularly with 2 X 10(4) viable tumour cells manifested 2 peaks of RE stimulation at 6 and 14 days post-transplantation with a subsequent decline in the phagocytic activity over the 14-30 day period. Increased phagocytic activity as determined by colloid clearance was primarily a reflection of hepatic K\u00fcpffer cell hyperphagocytosis while the decline in phagocytic activity was related to a decrease in K\u00fcpffer cell function. The initial peak of RE stimulation was associated with an elevation in the blood opsonin level and no significant enlargement of the liver and spleen. In contrast, the second peak of RE stimulation at 14 days was associated with both an elevation in opsonin levels and an associated hepatic and splenic enlargement. The decline in phagocytic activity over the 14-30 day interval was associated with a progressive decline in the plasma opsonic activity, a return of the spleen to its normal size in relationship to the body weight, and a persistent hepatomegaly. These findings suggest that the alterations in macrophage function during tumour growth may be mediated in part by changes in the opsonic or phagocytosis promoting capacity of plasma. Since opsonic protein contributes to the discriminatory capacity of macrophages, it is suggested that changes in the blood opsonin level may condition the anti-tumour capacity of the macrophage system with respect to host defence aginst malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1212412", "title": "Effect of treatment with the MER tubercle bacilli fraction on the survival of mice carrying mammary tumour isografts: injections of MER at the tumour site or at a distal location.", "content": "Strain BALB/c female mice bearing syngeneic implants of 2 mammary adenocarcinomata were treated with MER, x-irradiation or both. MER was administered either subcutaneously at a site contralateral to the neoplastic growth or both into such a site and directly at the tumour location. None of the treatments effected cures but many of the treated animals survived significantly longer than did the saline injected controls. There was no evidence that introduction of MER into, or directly adjacent to, a tumour is a generally more efficacious route of administration than application at only a distal site and there was, indeed, the strong contrary impression that distal treatment alone bestowed survival protection more often and to a greater extent. In no instance was there a shortening of survival time following administration of MER at a location away from the tumour implant.", "contents": "Effect of treatment with the MER tubercle bacilli fraction on the survival of mice carrying mammary tumour isografts: injections of MER at the tumour site or at a distal location. Strain BALB/c female mice bearing syngeneic implants of 2 mammary adenocarcinomata were treated with MER, x-irradiation or both. MER was administered either subcutaneously at a site contralateral to the neoplastic growth or both into such a site and directly at the tumour location. None of the treatments effected cures but many of the treated animals survived significantly longer than did the saline injected controls. There was no evidence that introduction of MER into, or directly adjacent to, a tumour is a generally more efficacious route of administration than application at only a distal site and there was, indeed, the strong contrary impression that distal treatment alone bestowed survival protection more often and to a greater extent. In no instance was there a shortening of survival time following administration of MER at a location away from the tumour implant."}
{"id": "PMID:1212413", "title": "Heparin, dextran 1000 and metastasis formation after I.V. tumour cell injection in dextran non-sensitive rats.", "content": "The present study of the effect of heparin and dextran 1000 on the metastasis formation after i.v. tumour cell injection in dextran non-sensitive rats using a syngeneic 20-methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma showed that heparin treatment decreased with formation of pulmonary metastases in animals both untreated and treated with dextran 1000. Treatment with dextran 1000 increased the formation of pulmonary metastases in animals both untreated and treated with heparin and the effect of dextran 1000 was thus not affected by heparin treatment. Heparin did not have any direct action on the tumour cells, which influenced metastasis formation. The data suggest that heparin acts as an anticoagulant with decreased microthrombus formation around lodged cells and that dextrax 1000 stimulates metastasis formation primarily by mechanisms other than intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Heparin, dextran 1000 and metastasis formation after I.V. tumour cell injection in dextran non-sensitive rats. The present study of the effect of heparin and dextran 1000 on the metastasis formation after i.v. tumour cell injection in dextran non-sensitive rats using a syngeneic 20-methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma showed that heparin treatment decreased with formation of pulmonary metastases in animals both untreated and treated with dextran 1000. Treatment with dextran 1000 increased the formation of pulmonary metastases in animals both untreated and treated with heparin and the effect of dextran 1000 was thus not affected by heparin treatment. Heparin did not have any direct action on the tumour cells, which influenced metastasis formation. The data suggest that heparin acts as an anticoagulant with decreased microthrombus formation around lodged cells and that dextrax 1000 stimulates metastasis formation primarily by mechanisms other than intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212414", "title": "Tissue culture studies of malignant effusions.", "content": "This study reports attempts to culture tumour cells from 51 malignant effusions using standard tissue culture techniques. Cultures proliferating for more than one month were derived from 42 effusions including 24/32 from breast cancer patients and 5/6 from colon carcinomata. The morphology of these cells and their culture characteristics were compared with that of cells derived from a benign effusion. A common cell type--believed to be of mesothelial origin--was found in all cultures. In addition, fibroblastic cells were common and smaller pleomorphic cells, possibly tumour cells, were found in many effusions. The mesothelial cells were often multinucleated and grew for long periods. Although the tumour cells grew in conjunction with the mesothelial cells, all attempts at separation have failed. These studies indicate that cells derived from malignant effusions may be largely of mesothelial origin although tumour cells may also be present. The use of short-term cultures of malignant effusions as the source of cells for use as target cells in cytotoxicity tests and in chemotherapy assays is disscussed.", "contents": "Tissue culture studies of malignant effusions. This study reports attempts to culture tumour cells from 51 malignant effusions using standard tissue culture techniques. Cultures proliferating for more than one month were derived from 42 effusions including 24/32 from breast cancer patients and 5/6 from colon carcinomata. The morphology of these cells and their culture characteristics were compared with that of cells derived from a benign effusion. A common cell type--believed to be of mesothelial origin--was found in all cultures. In addition, fibroblastic cells were common and smaller pleomorphic cells, possibly tumour cells, were found in many effusions. The mesothelial cells were often multinucleated and grew for long periods. Although the tumour cells grew in conjunction with the mesothelial cells, all attempts at separation have failed. These studies indicate that cells derived from malignant effusions may be largely of mesothelial origin although tumour cells may also be present. The use of short-term cultures of malignant effusions as the source of cells for use as target cells in cytotoxicity tests and in chemotherapy assays is disscussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212415", "title": "A test of several parametic statistical models for estimating success rate in the treatment of carcinoma cervix uteri.", "content": "The parametric statistical models discussed include all those which have previously been described in the literature (Boag, 1948-lognormal; Berkson and Gage, 1952-negative exponential; Haybittle, 1959-extrapolated actuarial) and the basic data used to test the models comprised some 3000 case histories of patients treated between 1945 and 1962. The histories were followed up during the period treated between 1945 and 1962. The histories were followed up during the period 1969-71 and thus provided adequate information to validate long-term survival fractions predicted using short-term follow-up data. The results with the log-normal model showed that for series of staged carcinoma cervix patients treated during a 5-year period, satisfactory estimates of long-term survival fractions could be predicted after a minimum waiting period of 3 years for stages I and II, and 2 years for stage III. The model should be used with a value assumed for the lognormal paramater S in the range S = 0.35 to S = 0.40. Although alternative models often gave adequate predictions, the lognormal proved to be the most consistent model. This model may therefore now be used with more confidence for prospective studies on carcinoma cervix series and can provide good estimates of long-term survival fractions several years earlier than would otherwise be possible.", "contents": "A test of several parametic statistical models for estimating success rate in the treatment of carcinoma cervix uteri. The parametric statistical models discussed include all those which have previously been described in the literature (Boag, 1948-lognormal; Berkson and Gage, 1952-negative exponential; Haybittle, 1959-extrapolated actuarial) and the basic data used to test the models comprised some 3000 case histories of patients treated between 1945 and 1962. The histories were followed up during the period treated between 1945 and 1962. The histories were followed up during the period 1969-71 and thus provided adequate information to validate long-term survival fractions predicted using short-term follow-up data. The results with the log-normal model showed that for series of staged carcinoma cervix patients treated during a 5-year period, satisfactory estimates of long-term survival fractions could be predicted after a minimum waiting period of 3 years for stages I and II, and 2 years for stage III. The model should be used with a value assumed for the lognormal paramater S in the range S = 0.35 to S = 0.40. Although alternative models often gave adequate predictions, the lognormal proved to be the most consistent model. This model may therefore now be used with more confidence for prospective studies on carcinoma cervix series and can provide good estimates of long-term survival fractions several years earlier than would otherwise be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1212416", "title": "The modification of the renal carcinogenicity of dimethylnitrosamine by actinomycin D and a protein deficient diet.", "content": "The effect of a single treatment with 30 mg dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and 6 mug actinomycin D (ACT), given at different time intervals (ACT application to DMN, 2 h before, simultaneously, 5, 9 or 48 h later), was tested in female Sprague-Dawley rats in relation to renal carcinogenesis; additionally, the animals were fed either a normal or a protein deficient diet. The ACT treatment did not significantly modify either the kidney tumour incidence or the survival time in the different groups fed a normal diet. Nevertheless, there are indications that additional ACT application may shorten the latency period for DMN induced renal neoplasms or, when administered 5 h later than DMN, a slightly decreased and delayed tumour induction can be assumed. In groups fed a protein deficient diet, a significantly higher percentage of kidney tumour bearing animals as well as a shortened latency period were found when compared with the DMN group on normal diet, but these differences were independent of the additional ACT treatment 9 h later than DMN and were due to the protein deprivation. Morphologically, the tumours were of epithelial and mesenchymal type with a clear preponderance of the former type. Biochemical and morphological aspects are discussed.", "contents": "The modification of the renal carcinogenicity of dimethylnitrosamine by actinomycin D and a protein deficient diet. The effect of a single treatment with 30 mg dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and 6 mug actinomycin D (ACT), given at different time intervals (ACT application to DMN, 2 h before, simultaneously, 5, 9 or 48 h later), was tested in female Sprague-Dawley rats in relation to renal carcinogenesis; additionally, the animals were fed either a normal or a protein deficient diet. The ACT treatment did not significantly modify either the kidney tumour incidence or the survival time in the different groups fed a normal diet. Nevertheless, there are indications that additional ACT application may shorten the latency period for DMN induced renal neoplasms or, when administered 5 h later than DMN, a slightly decreased and delayed tumour induction can be assumed. In groups fed a protein deficient diet, a significantly higher percentage of kidney tumour bearing animals as well as a shortened latency period were found when compared with the DMN group on normal diet, but these differences were independent of the additional ACT treatment 9 h later than DMN and were due to the protein deprivation. Morphologically, the tumours were of epithelial and mesenchymal type with a clear preponderance of the former type. Biochemical and morphological aspects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212417", "title": "Partial hepatectomy and toxicity of dimethyl-nitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride, in relation to the carcinogenic action of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "The yield of tumours in the liver of rats was increased when dimethylnitrosamine was given 1, 6 or 12 h after partial hepatectomy and still further increased if it was given after an interval of 24-72 h. The increase was greater after two-thirds than after one-third hepatectomy. An increase in the number of kidney tumours was also found. Microsomal DMN-demethylase activity was depressed after partial hepatectomy for up to 6 days in mice and rats. The LD50 of DMN on the other hand was decreased for 3 days, after which it returned to normal. The extent of liver necrosis produced by DMN was increased at 6 and 24 h after partial hepatectomy but was within the usual range at longer intervals. These results suggest that prolonged exposure of the tissues to DMN after partial hepatectomy played a significant role in the development of liver tumours as well as those in the kidney, in addition to the role of regeneration of the liver, and that the relative roles were still to be elucidated.", "contents": "Partial hepatectomy and toxicity of dimethyl-nitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride, in relation to the carcinogenic action of dimethylnitrosamine. The yield of tumours in the liver of rats was increased when dimethylnitrosamine was given 1, 6 or 12 h after partial hepatectomy and still further increased if it was given after an interval of 24-72 h. The increase was greater after two-thirds than after one-third hepatectomy. An increase in the number of kidney tumours was also found. Microsomal DMN-demethylase activity was depressed after partial hepatectomy for up to 6 days in mice and rats. The LD50 of DMN on the other hand was decreased for 3 days, after which it returned to normal. The extent of liver necrosis produced by DMN was increased at 6 and 24 h after partial hepatectomy but was within the usual range at longer intervals. These results suggest that prolonged exposure of the tissues to DMN after partial hepatectomy played a significant role in the development of liver tumours as well as those in the kidney, in addition to the role of regeneration of the liver, and that the relative roles were still to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:1212418", "title": "The effect of an hypoxic cell sensitizer on tumour growth delay and cell survival. Implications for cell survival in situ and in vitro.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the effects of the 2-nitroimidazole Ro-07-0582 on tumour growth delay after irradiation and tumour cell survival in vitro after irradiation in vivo. This compound has previously been shown to be a specific sensitizer of hypoxic cells. A dose of 1 mg/g body weight gave an enhancement ratio of 2-2 for both growth delay and cell survival in a system where high pressure oxygen has been shown to have no effect. However, while the hypoxic fraction in the tumour was estimated to be less then 10% from the growth delay curves, the survival curves gave a value in excess of 50%. This discrepancy probably reflects differences in the response of cells left in situ or removed and assayed in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of an hypoxic cell sensitizer on tumour growth delay and cell survival. Implications for cell survival in situ and in vitro. A comparison has been made of the effects of the 2-nitroimidazole Ro-07-0582 on tumour growth delay after irradiation and tumour cell survival in vitro after irradiation in vivo. This compound has previously been shown to be a specific sensitizer of hypoxic cells. A dose of 1 mg/g body weight gave an enhancement ratio of 2-2 for both growth delay and cell survival in a system where high pressure oxygen has been shown to have no effect. However, while the hypoxic fraction in the tumour was estimated to be less then 10% from the growth delay curves, the survival curves gave a value in excess of 50%. This discrepancy probably reflects differences in the response of cells left in situ or removed and assayed in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1212419", "title": "Urinary aetiocholanolone in patients with early breast cancer from South East Scotland and South Wales.", "content": "Urinary aetiocholanolone levels have been measured in 417 women aged between 20 and 70 years. The women were drawn from South East Scotland and South Wales and consisted of patients with either benign or malignant disease of the breast and control patients suffering from no detectable breast disorder. The pattern of aetiocholanolone excretion with respect to age and menopausal status has been defined in each group of patients. No significant differences in urinary levels have been detected between patients with breast disease, whether benign or malignant, and control patients. More detailed examination of the 201 women with early cancer of the breast has also shown that there is no consistent correlation between pre-operative aetiocholanolone levels and factors of prognostic significance detectable at the time of primary treatment-tumour size, grade, round cell infiltration, histological involvement of nodes by tumour and the clinical palpability of lymph nodes. It would seem, therefore, that the prognostic value of pre-operative aetiocholanolone measurements is somewhat limited in patients with early breast cancer. It is noted, however, that low levels of aetiocholanolone are associated with post-menopausal patients, a group in which the prognosis is generally poorer than that in pre-menopausal women.", "contents": "Urinary aetiocholanolone in patients with early breast cancer from South East Scotland and South Wales. Urinary aetiocholanolone levels have been measured in 417 women aged between 20 and 70 years. The women were drawn from South East Scotland and South Wales and consisted of patients with either benign or malignant disease of the breast and control patients suffering from no detectable breast disorder. The pattern of aetiocholanolone excretion with respect to age and menopausal status has been defined in each group of patients. No significant differences in urinary levels have been detected between patients with breast disease, whether benign or malignant, and control patients. More detailed examination of the 201 women with early cancer of the breast has also shown that there is no consistent correlation between pre-operative aetiocholanolone levels and factors of prognostic significance detectable at the time of primary treatment-tumour size, grade, round cell infiltration, histological involvement of nodes by tumour and the clinical palpability of lymph nodes. It would seem, therefore, that the prognostic value of pre-operative aetiocholanolone measurements is somewhat limited in patients with early breast cancer. It is noted, however, that low levels of aetiocholanolone are associated with post-menopausal patients, a group in which the prognosis is generally poorer than that in pre-menopausal women."}
{"id": "PMID:1212421", "title": "Effects on serum complement of normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy and of oral contraceptives.", "content": "The complement system was studied in normal gestation and puerperium, in pre-eclampsia and in women taking oral contraceptives. In 12 normal pregnancies, CH50 titres, C4, C3, C6 and C7 were increased throughout pregnancy; the serum concentration of C1 inhibitor was decreased in the last 2 quarters but greatly raised after delivery. Oral oestrogen-progestogen contraceptives also raised C3 but in contrast to pregnancy lowered CH50,   C6 and C7. The different effects of pregnancy and of oral contraceptives may be due to materno-foetal immune reactions. In 9 patients with pre-eclamplsia, complement levels showed a wider scatter and a significantly higher C3 level than in normal pregnancy. Conversion of C3 to C3i was found in 2 of these patients.", "contents": "Effects on serum complement of normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy and of oral contraceptives. The complement system was studied in normal gestation and puerperium, in pre-eclampsia and in women taking oral contraceptives. In 12 normal pregnancies, CH50 titres, C4, C3, C6 and C7 were increased throughout pregnancy; the serum concentration of C1 inhibitor was decreased in the last 2 quarters but greatly raised after delivery. Oral oestrogen-progestogen contraceptives also raised C3 but in contrast to pregnancy lowered CH50,   C6 and C7. The different effects of pregnancy and of oral contraceptives may be due to materno-foetal immune reactions. In 9 patients with pre-eclamplsia, complement levels showed a wider scatter and a significantly higher C3 level than in normal pregnancy. Conversion of C3 to C3i was found in 2 of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1212422", "title": "Starch dermatitis: evidence of immunogenicity of surgical glove powder in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Guinea-pigs immunized by nuchal inoculation of starch glove powder emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant showed increased thickening of the ear erythema and monoculear inflammation after local injection of 0.1 mg starch compared with similarly treated control animals inoculated with saline and Freund's complete adjuvant. The responses in the ear of the immunized animals were most pronounceed 3-4 weeks after immunization and 24-72 h after local challenge. It is suggested that the inflammatory response in the immunized guinea-pig has 2 components: reaction to a primary irritant in the glove powder and delayed hypersensitivity to an unidentified component of the glove powder.", "contents": "Starch dermatitis: evidence of immunogenicity of surgical glove powder in the guinea-pig. Guinea-pigs immunized by nuchal inoculation of starch glove powder emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant showed increased thickening of the ear erythema and monoculear inflammation after local injection of 0.1 mg starch compared with similarly treated control animals inoculated with saline and Freund's complete adjuvant. The responses in the ear of the immunized animals were most pronounceed 3-4 weeks after immunization and 24-72 h after local challenge. It is suggested that the inflammatory response in the immunized guinea-pig has 2 components: reaction to a primary irritant in the glove powder and delayed hypersensitivity to an unidentified component of the glove powder."}
{"id": "PMID:1212423", "title": "The effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone on vascular permeability responses in the skin of the rat.", "content": "The vascular permeability response induced in the rat by intracutaneous histamine or serotonin is noticeably influenced by previous adrenalectomy or treatment with corticosterone. Permeability responses were demonstrated by the local exudation of circulating Evans blue at sites of intracutaneous injection of the above permeability factors, the intensity of the responses being assessed by the diameter of the blue lesions as well as by the amount of exuded dye. In adrenalectomized rats maintained for 72-80 h on 0-9% solution of NaCl, the permeability response to histamine was enhanced about 10-fold, that to serotonin about 5-fold. When rats were given subcutaneous corticosterone, 1-0 mg/animal 1 h before testing, the responses to the same 2 permeability factors were decreased about 10-fold and 5-fold respectively. Corticosterone also decreased the enhanced responses in adrenalectomized rats to levels somewhat below those in mock adrenalectomized controls. The results support the proposal from other work that vascular exudation in experimental inflammation is regulated by an anti-inflammatory factor that accumulates in injured tissues and owes its effect to release of corticosteroids.", "contents": "The effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone on vascular permeability responses in the skin of the rat. The vascular permeability response induced in the rat by intracutaneous histamine or serotonin is noticeably influenced by previous adrenalectomy or treatment with corticosterone. Permeability responses were demonstrated by the local exudation of circulating Evans blue at sites of intracutaneous injection of the above permeability factors, the intensity of the responses being assessed by the diameter of the blue lesions as well as by the amount of exuded dye. In adrenalectomized rats maintained for 72-80 h on 0-9% solution of NaCl, the permeability response to histamine was enhanced about 10-fold, that to serotonin about 5-fold. When rats were given subcutaneous corticosterone, 1-0 mg/animal 1 h before testing, the responses to the same 2 permeability factors were decreased about 10-fold and 5-fold respectively. Corticosterone also decreased the enhanced responses in adrenalectomized rats to levels somewhat below those in mock adrenalectomized controls. The results support the proposal from other work that vascular exudation in experimental inflammation is regulated by an anti-inflammatory factor that accumulates in injured tissues and owes its effect to release of corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:1212424", "title": "A dog model of fulminant hepatic failure produced by paracetamol administration.", "content": "Oral administration of graded doses of paracetamol to dogs produced hepatic necrosis with some similarities to the clinical syndrome seen in man following a paracetamol overdose. Coma, with raised levels of arterial ammonia, was produced and the aspartate aminotransferase levels became markedly elevated in 2 animals who survived more than 24 h. However, the extent of the hepatic necrosis and the time of survival following paracetamol administration were too variable for this model to be of value for the testing of new methods of temporary liver support. When paracetamol was given by intraperitoneal injection many of the animals died of respiratory distress. Significant methaemoglobinaemia was detected, which was associated with a reduction in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen and was partly reversed by the administration of methylene blue.", "contents": "A dog model of fulminant hepatic failure produced by paracetamol administration. Oral administration of graded doses of paracetamol to dogs produced hepatic necrosis with some similarities to the clinical syndrome seen in man following a paracetamol overdose. Coma, with raised levels of arterial ammonia, was produced and the aspartate aminotransferase levels became markedly elevated in 2 animals who survived more than 24 h. However, the extent of the hepatic necrosis and the time of survival following paracetamol administration were too variable for this model to be of value for the testing of new methods of temporary liver support. When paracetamol was given by intraperitoneal injection many of the animals died of respiratory distress. Significant methaemoglobinaemia was detected, which was associated with a reduction in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen and was partly reversed by the administration of methylene blue."}
{"id": "PMID:1212425", "title": "The effect of coumarin on protein and PVP clearance from rat legs with various high protein oedemas.", "content": "Coumarin (a benzo-pyrone) has been shown to bring about the rapid removal of protein from normal or burnt tissues and from those with lymphoedema, with or without burning. This was particularly evident when the removal of protein was compared with that of a non-metabolizable control-PVP. The mode of action would seem to be by stimulation of proteolysis. The fragments of protein could then rapidly leave the tissues because of their small size, their high diffusion coefficients and a concentration gradient which was directed from the tissues to the blood. In this way excessive amounts of protein would be removed, thus releasing the oedema fluid. The removal of non-metabolizable PVP was reduced with normal and burnt legs, possibly of stimulated phagocytosis. In the presence of lymphoedema there was a more rapid removal of PVP with coumarin; this was possibly a consequence of the great reduction of intercapillary distances resulting from the removal of oedema fluid.", "contents": "The effect of coumarin on protein and PVP clearance from rat legs with various high protein oedemas. Coumarin (a benzo-pyrone) has been shown to bring about the rapid removal of protein from normal or burnt tissues and from those with lymphoedema, with or without burning. This was particularly evident when the removal of protein was compared with that of a non-metabolizable control-PVP. The mode of action would seem to be by stimulation of proteolysis. The fragments of protein could then rapidly leave the tissues because of their small size, their high diffusion coefficients and a concentration gradient which was directed from the tissues to the blood. In this way excessive amounts of protein would be removed, thus releasing the oedema fluid. The removal of non-metabolizable PVP was reduced with normal and burnt legs, possibly of stimulated phagocytosis. In the presence of lymphoedema there was a more rapid removal of PVP with coumarin; this was possibly a consequence of the great reduction of intercapillary distances resulting from the removal of oedema fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:1212426", "title": "A study of the action of the cationic proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes on the staphylococcal cell membrane.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of cationic proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes on the oxidation of NADH by staphylococcal membrane preparations is described. Both cyanide and haematin are shown to interfere with the inhibitory process, by different mechanisms. Other authors have shown that glucose repressed staphylococci are diverted to a fermentative mode of metabolism. These findings were confirmed by demonstrating that membrane preparations from staphylococci grown in the presence of glucose have diminished cytochrome and succinic dehydrogenase levels. From a comparison of the effect of the cationic proteins on NADH oxidation in membrane preparations from organisms grown normally and under conditions of glucose repression, and from knowledge of the different susceptibility to the cationic proteins of the two types of organisms, it is suggested that the cationic proteins exert their bactericidal action on staphylococci following an energy dependent binding to the membrane.", "contents": "A study of the action of the cationic proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes on the staphylococcal cell membrane. The inhibitory effect of cationic proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes on the oxidation of NADH by staphylococcal membrane preparations is described. Both cyanide and haematin are shown to interfere with the inhibitory process, by different mechanisms. Other authors have shown that glucose repressed staphylococci are diverted to a fermentative mode of metabolism. These findings were confirmed by demonstrating that membrane preparations from staphylococci grown in the presence of glucose have diminished cytochrome and succinic dehydrogenase levels. From a comparison of the effect of the cationic proteins on NADH oxidation in membrane preparations from organisms grown normally and under conditions of glucose repression, and from knowledge of the different susceptibility to the cationic proteins of the two types of organisms, it is suggested that the cationic proteins exert their bactericidal action on staphylococci following an energy dependent binding to the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1212427", "title": "The effect of beta aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) on experimental amyloidosis.", "content": "Experimental amyloidosis was induced in mice with repeated injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) reinforced with bacterial vaccine. BAPN administered in a mixture with CFA or on its own before the injection of CFA reduced the incidence of amyloidosis. The reduction in the incidence of amyloidosis following the administration of BAPN may be due to its inhibitory effect on the oxidative deamination of amino acids, which presumably inhibit cross-linking of amyloid fibrils or interfere with metabolic pathways which involve the formations of mucopolysaccharide formation. It is suggested that the defective formation of the mucopolysaccharide-amyloid protein complex inhibits amyloid deposition and induces the activity of beta glucuronidase observed in the present study. The reduced incidence of amyloidosis following BAPN adminsitration cannot be due to lysosomal enzyme degradation of the amyloid as the activity of cathepsin D and acid phosphatase is decreased during this process.", "contents": "The effect of beta aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) on experimental amyloidosis. Experimental amyloidosis was induced in mice with repeated injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) reinforced with bacterial vaccine. BAPN administered in a mixture with CFA or on its own before the injection of CFA reduced the incidence of amyloidosis. The reduction in the incidence of amyloidosis following the administration of BAPN may be due to its inhibitory effect on the oxidative deamination of amino acids, which presumably inhibit cross-linking of amyloid fibrils or interfere with metabolic pathways which involve the formations of mucopolysaccharide formation. It is suggested that the defective formation of the mucopolysaccharide-amyloid protein complex inhibits amyloid deposition and induces the activity of beta glucuronidase observed in the present study. The reduced incidence of amyloidosis following BAPN adminsitration cannot be due to lysosomal enzyme degradation of the amyloid as the activity of cathepsin D and acid phosphatase is decreased during this process."}
{"id": "PMID:1212428", "title": "Experimental diphtheritic neuropathy in the mouse: a study in cellular resistance.", "content": "Diphtheria toxin administered by direct intraneural injection procedures demyelination in the mouse sciatic nerve. A dose in the order of 2 million times greater on an equal weight of nerve basis to required to produce the lesion compared with the dose required in the chicken.", "contents": "Experimental diphtheritic neuropathy in the mouse: a study in cellular resistance. Diphtheria toxin administered by direct intraneural injection procedures demyelination in the mouse sciatic nerve. A dose in the order of 2 million times greater on an equal weight of nerve basis to required to produce the lesion compared with the dose required in the chicken."}
{"id": "PMID:1212429", "title": "Electron microscopic and cytochemical study of the vacuoles of regenerating renal tubular cells.", "content": "The structure and acid phosphatase activity of vacuoles observed in regenerating proximal renal tubules were examined ultrastructurally. The sequestration and degradation of organelles were followed in the vacuoles, which obtain the acid phosphatase presumably from the lysosomes, and the limiting membrane of which originates from the endoplasmic reticulum. The vacuoles are regarded as autophagic vacuoles. Their appearance is correlated with the commencing differentiation of the dedifferentiated regenerating cells, which have similar regenerative phenomena.", "contents": "Electron microscopic and cytochemical study of the vacuoles of regenerating renal tubular cells. The structure and acid phosphatase activity of vacuoles observed in regenerating proximal renal tubules were examined ultrastructurally. The sequestration and degradation of organelles were followed in the vacuoles, which obtain the acid phosphatase presumably from the lysosomes, and the limiting membrane of which originates from the endoplasmic reticulum. The vacuoles are regarded as autophagic vacuoles. Their appearance is correlated with the commencing differentiation of the dedifferentiated regenerating cells, which have similar regenerative phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:1212431", "title": "Chromosomal abnormalities and dyserythropoiesis in the preleukaemic phase of multiple myeloma.", "content": "Two patients with multiple myeloma and one patient with a plasma-cytoma are reported in whom acute leukaemia developed following long-term treatment with melphalan. Each patient had a complete remission of the plasma cell disorder during which time the bone marrow was moderately to severely hypoplastic. The end of the clinical remission was heralded by a dyserythropoietic anaemia which persisted several months before the emergence of the terminal acute leukaemia. Marked chromosomal abnormalities were observed in marrow cells during the dyserythropoietic phase.", "contents": "Chromosomal abnormalities and dyserythropoiesis in the preleukaemic phase of multiple myeloma. Two patients with multiple myeloma and one patient with a plasma-cytoma are reported in whom acute leukaemia developed following long-term treatment with melphalan. Each patient had a complete remission of the plasma cell disorder during which time the bone marrow was moderately to severely hypoplastic. The end of the clinical remission was heralded by a dyserythropoietic anaemia which persisted several months before the emergence of the terminal acute leukaemia. Marked chromosomal abnormalities were observed in marrow cells during the dyserythropoietic phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1212432", "title": "Elevated microviscosity in membranes of erythrocytes affected by hereditary spherocytosis.", "content": "Erythrocytes affected by hereditary spherocytosis (HS), obtained from several splenectomized patients, showed a varying degree of elevated osmotic fragility. In order to evaluate a possible role of the erythrocyte membrane lipids in HS, microviscosity of the membrane lipid core was measured by a fluorescence-polarization technique. Intact HS-affected red cells, as well as their ghost membranes and liposomes prepared from their lipid extract, all showed a distinctly higher micro-viscosity than the respective normal control. The increased microviscosity correlated with the severity of HS. The data support the proposition that the defect in HS-affected red cells is associated, at least in part, with alterations in the membrane lipids.", "contents": "Elevated microviscosity in membranes of erythrocytes affected by hereditary spherocytosis. Erythrocytes affected by hereditary spherocytosis (HS), obtained from several splenectomized patients, showed a varying degree of elevated osmotic fragility. In order to evaluate a possible role of the erythrocyte membrane lipids in HS, microviscosity of the membrane lipid core was measured by a fluorescence-polarization technique. Intact HS-affected red cells, as well as their ghost membranes and liposomes prepared from their lipid extract, all showed a distinctly higher micro-viscosity than the respective normal control. The increased microviscosity correlated with the severity of HS. The data support the proposition that the defect in HS-affected red cells is associated, at least in part, with alterations in the membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1212433", "title": "A computer program for the analysis of parallel-line bioassays of clotting factors.", "content": "An interactive computer program for the analysis of clotting factor assays is described. The program provides potency estimates against a standard, and will compare the observed and expected responses of a treated patient. Tests for validity of curve fitting are provided, with a number of optional transforms. If asked, the program will provide the user with a list of valid commands at any given step, and will identify certain errors in input.", "contents": "A computer program for the analysis of parallel-line bioassays of clotting factors. An interactive computer program for the analysis of clotting factor assays is described. The program provides potency estimates against a standard, and will compare the observed and expected responses of a treated patient. Tests for validity of curve fitting are provided, with a number of optional transforms. If asked, the program will provide the user with a list of valid commands at any given step, and will identify certain errors in input."}
{"id": "PMID:1212434", "title": "In vitro spontaneous thrombin generation in human factor-IX concentrates.", "content": "A series of in vitro studies designed to ascertain the potential in vivo thrombogenicity of human factor IX-containing concentrates is described. Using concentrates obtained from several different Centres the fibrinogen clotting time with some preparations was less than 6 h and/or the recalcification time of normal plasma was shortened. In some preparations, however, the plasma recalcification time was lengthened. Further studies revealed that all diluted factor-IX concentrates generated thrombin after recalcification, and that the rate of thrombin generation appeared to be characteristic of a particular preparation. This characteristic has been designated the TGt50, which is the incubation period in minutes, after recalcification, required to obtain a 50 s clotting time of a fibrinogen substrate. The TGt50 was found to correlate most strongly with recalcification time of celite exhausted plasma (P less than 0.001), but no correlation was observed between it and the immunological antithrombin III or factor-VIII antigen levels. Evidence is presented which suggests that the thrombin generation test and recalcification time of celite exhausted plasma may represent suitable in vitro quality control assays for factor-IX concentrates.", "contents": "In vitro spontaneous thrombin generation in human factor-IX concentrates. A series of in vitro studies designed to ascertain the potential in vivo thrombogenicity of human factor IX-containing concentrates is described. Using concentrates obtained from several different Centres the fibrinogen clotting time with some preparations was less than 6 h and/or the recalcification time of normal plasma was shortened. In some preparations, however, the plasma recalcification time was lengthened. Further studies revealed that all diluted factor-IX concentrates generated thrombin after recalcification, and that the rate of thrombin generation appeared to be characteristic of a particular preparation. This characteristic has been designated the TGt50, which is the incubation period in minutes, after recalcification, required to obtain a 50 s clotting time of a fibrinogen substrate. The TGt50 was found to correlate most strongly with recalcification time of celite exhausted plasma (P less than 0.001), but no correlation was observed between it and the immunological antithrombin III or factor-VIII antigen levels. Evidence is presented which suggests that the thrombin generation test and recalcification time of celite exhausted plasma may represent suitable in vitro quality control assays for factor-IX concentrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1212435", "title": "Distribution of fibrinogen, and platelet factors 4 and XIII in subcellular fractions of human platelets.", "content": "The distribution of fibrinogen, platelet factor 4 (heparin-neutralizing factor) and factor XIII amongst subcellular fractions of human platelets was determined. It was found that fibrinogen and platelet factor 4 peaked sharply in the region of the density gradient previously shown to be heavily enriched with alpha-granules. By contrast, factor XIII, fibrin-stabilizing factor, was found exclusively in the supernatant.", "contents": "Distribution of fibrinogen, and platelet factors 4 and XIII in subcellular fractions of human platelets. The distribution of fibrinogen, platelet factor 4 (heparin-neutralizing factor) and factor XIII amongst subcellular fractions of human platelets was determined. It was found that fibrinogen and platelet factor 4 peaked sharply in the region of the density gradient previously shown to be heavily enriched with alpha-granules. By contrast, factor XIII, fibrin-stabilizing factor, was found exclusively in the supernatant."}
{"id": "PMID:1212436", "title": "In vitro labelling of platelets: an experimental study on healthy asplenic subjects using two different incubation media.", "content": "Duplicate platelet survival studies, using autologous platelets labelled in vitro with radioactive sodium chromate, were performed on six young healthy asplenic men. In the first experiment plasma, and in the second a Ringer-citrate-dextrose (RCD) solution (Abrahamsen, 1968), was employed as incubation medium. The uptake of chromate by the platelets was about 2.5 times higher in the RCD compared to the plasma experiments. An identical pattern for the immediate behaviour of infused labelled platelets was observed in the duplicate studies, and the recovery of platelet-bound radioactivity remained stable at the 90% level during 2 h post-infusion. In these experiments the means for platelet mean life span (MLS) were identical, 7.2 +/- 0.5 and 7.2 +/- 0.4 days, respectively. These values slightly, but not significantly, exceeded the mean platelet MLS for a control group consisting of 10 young healthy males (6.9 +/- 0.4 days). The means for platelet production rate (P) at the duplicate studies made on the asplenic subjects were 19 +/- 2 X 10(10) and 21 +/- 2 X 10(10) platelets per day, respectively, and did not differ from the mean for P obtained in the control group (22 +/- 2 X 10(10).", "contents": "In vitro labelling of platelets: an experimental study on healthy asplenic subjects using two different incubation media. Duplicate platelet survival studies, using autologous platelets labelled in vitro with radioactive sodium chromate, were performed on six young healthy asplenic men. In the first experiment plasma, and in the second a Ringer-citrate-dextrose (RCD) solution (Abrahamsen, 1968), was employed as incubation medium. The uptake of chromate by the platelets was about 2.5 times higher in the RCD compared to the plasma experiments. An identical pattern for the immediate behaviour of infused labelled platelets was observed in the duplicate studies, and the recovery of platelet-bound radioactivity remained stable at the 90% level during 2 h post-infusion. In these experiments the means for platelet mean life span (MLS) were identical, 7.2 +/- 0.5 and 7.2 +/- 0.4 days, respectively. These values slightly, but not significantly, exceeded the mean platelet MLS for a control group consisting of 10 young healthy males (6.9 +/- 0.4 days). The means for platelet production rate (P) at the duplicate studies made on the asplenic subjects were 19 +/- 2 X 10(10) and 21 +/- 2 X 10(10) platelets per day, respectively, and did not differ from the mean for P obtained in the control group (22 +/- 2 X 10(10)."}
{"id": "PMID:1212437", "title": "Ferrokinetics and erythropoiesis in man: the measurement of effective erythropoiesis, ineffective erythropoiesis and red cell lifespan using 59Fe.", "content": "Existing ferrokinetic methods do not provide a direct and quantitative measurement of effective and ineffective red cell production. A new method is described for calculating the daily uptake of iron by maturing red cells and the mean red cell lifespan. Ineffective erythropoiesis and non-erythroid iron turnover are also measured. The method involves standard laboratory techniques but the analysis requires access to a computer. The preliminary results suggest that it will be a clinically useful tool for the investigation of erythroid disorders.", "contents": "Ferrokinetics and erythropoiesis in man: the measurement of effective erythropoiesis, ineffective erythropoiesis and red cell lifespan using 59Fe. Existing ferrokinetic methods do not provide a direct and quantitative measurement of effective and ineffective red cell production. A new method is described for calculating the daily uptake of iron by maturing red cells and the mean red cell lifespan. Ineffective erythropoiesis and non-erythroid iron turnover are also measured. The method involves standard laboratory techniques but the analysis requires access to a computer. The preliminary results suggest that it will be a clinically useful tool for the investigation of erythroid disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1212438", "title": "Hypocholesterolaemia and anaemia.", "content": "The present study has examined the relationship and significance of hypocholesterolaemia to anaemia and to the red cell. The level of plasma cholesterol is closely related to haematocrit levels both initially and throughout the course of the anaemias associated with hypocholesterolaemia. The association is maintained, regardless of the cause of the haematocrit change, i.e. transfusion or response to treatment. Hypocholesterolaemia does not affect the red cell, i.e. its survival, cholesterol concentration or osmotic fragility and occurs in a diverse group of anaemias. As such, it is not causally related to anaemia. The changes in plasma cholesterol are most likely related to its 'redistribution' or to plasma 'dilution', with contributory factors occurring. The presence of anaemia, even to a modest degree, would be important to consider when comparing cholesterol levels between groups of individuals.", "contents": "Hypocholesterolaemia and anaemia. The present study has examined the relationship and significance of hypocholesterolaemia to anaemia and to the red cell. The level of plasma cholesterol is closely related to haematocrit levels both initially and throughout the course of the anaemias associated with hypocholesterolaemia. The association is maintained, regardless of the cause of the haematocrit change, i.e. transfusion or response to treatment. Hypocholesterolaemia does not affect the red cell, i.e. its survival, cholesterol concentration or osmotic fragility and occurs in a diverse group of anaemias. As such, it is not causally related to anaemia. The changes in plasma cholesterol are most likely related to its 'redistribution' or to plasma 'dilution', with contributory factors occurring. The presence of anaemia, even to a modest degree, would be important to consider when comparing cholesterol levels between groups of individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:1212443", "title": "[Cytochromes b in submitochondrial particles from beef heart in the presence of redox succinate/fumarate buffer].", "content": "Aerobic red-ox titration of cytochromes b from submitochondrial particles (SMP) using red-ox succinate/fumarate couple revealed two components, one of them having E'0=80 mv; n=1 and alpha-band absorption maximum at 562 nm (b562); and the other-E'0=-25 mv; n=1 and the absorption maximum at 565 nm. Energisation of SMP, equilibrated with red-ox succinate/fumarate buffer, brought about a increase in absorption at the cytochromes b region (564-565 nm), which was reversed and prevented by an uncoupler. Energy-dependent reverse electrone transport from ascorbate+TMPD resulted in considerable higher reduction of cytochromes b with summary maximum at 563 nm with the same initial reduction level prior to energisation. The data obtained show that energy dependent  reduction of cytochromes b of SMP poised with succinate/fumarate red-ox buffer is presumably to the effect of energisation on the red-ox state of cytochrome b566. It is suggested that the transmembrane electric potential difference, generated upon the energisation of the particles, should result in re-distribution of the semi-quinone Q anion (-Q-) across membrane, thus altering the equilibrium redox-state of respiratory carriers, interacting with redox-couples -Q/Q and QH2/-Q- in the mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "[Cytochromes b in submitochondrial particles from beef heart in the presence of redox succinate/fumarate buffer]. Aerobic red-ox titration of cytochromes b from submitochondrial particles (SMP) using red-ox succinate/fumarate couple revealed two components, one of them having E'0=80 mv; n=1 and alpha-band absorption maximum at 562 nm (b562); and the other-E'0=-25 mv; n=1 and the absorption maximum at 565 nm. Energisation of SMP, equilibrated with red-ox succinate/fumarate buffer, brought about a increase in absorption at the cytochromes b region (564-565 nm), which was reversed and prevented by an uncoupler. Energy-dependent reverse electrone transport from ascorbate+TMPD resulted in considerable higher reduction of cytochromes b with summary maximum at 563 nm with the same initial reduction level prior to energisation. The data obtained show that energy dependent  reduction of cytochromes b of SMP poised with succinate/fumarate red-ox buffer is presumably to the effect of energisation on the red-ox state of cytochrome b566. It is suggested that the transmembrane electric potential difference, generated upon the energisation of the particles, should result in re-distribution of the semi-quinone Q anion (-Q-) across membrane, thus altering the equilibrium redox-state of respiratory carriers, interacting with redox-couples -Q/Q and QH2/-Q- in the mitochondrial membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1212445", "title": "[Kinetics of the in vivo synthesis of the polypeptide chain; the effect of translation inhibitors].", "content": "Effects of aurinetricarbonic acid and cycloheximide on kinetics of polypeptide chain synthesis and polyribosome protile in mouse liver cell in vivo are studied. Both compounds are found to decrease the absolute rate of protein synthesis and to increase the time of polypeptide synthesis. Cycloheximide changed the ratio of translating and non-translating ribosomes and different in size polyribosome types. Aurinetricarbonic acid exerts no effect on polyribosome profile. Effects of cycloheximide and aurinetricarbonic acid on kinetic parameters of translation and a mechanism of action of these compounds are studied.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the in vivo synthesis of the polypeptide chain; the effect of translation inhibitors]. Effects of aurinetricarbonic acid and cycloheximide on kinetics of polypeptide chain synthesis and polyribosome protile in mouse liver cell in vivo are studied. Both compounds are found to decrease the absolute rate of protein synthesis and to increase the time of polypeptide synthesis. Cycloheximide changed the ratio of translating and non-translating ribosomes and different in size polyribosome types. Aurinetricarbonic acid exerts no effect on polyribosome profile. Effects of cycloheximide and aurinetricarbonic acid on kinetic parameters of translation and a mechanism of action of these compounds are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1212446", "title": "[Age-related peculiarities of acetylation of rat liver nuclear histones].", "content": "The intensity of acetylation of different histone fraction is found to change in postnatal ontogenesis of albino rats. The intensity of acetylation of lisine-rich histone (F1) was maximal in 3-and 12-month old animals. The label incorporation into F3 (arginine-rich) histones considerably decreased in the time interval between 1st and 3d months while its incorporation increased into F2 histones furing all the period of postnatal development studied.", "contents": "[Age-related peculiarities of acetylation of rat liver nuclear histones]. The intensity of acetylation of different histone fraction is found to change in postnatal ontogenesis of albino rats. The intensity of acetylation of lisine-rich histone (F1) was maximal in 3-and 12-month old animals. The label incorporation into F3 (arginine-rich) histones considerably decreased in the time interval between 1st and 3d months while its incorporation increased into F2 histones furing all the period of postnatal development studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1212444", "title": "[Post-mortem decay of rat skeletal muscle polysomes].", "content": "Post-mortem changes of cytoplasmic RNP particles from rat skeletal muscles are studied using sucrose density gradient. The polysome destruction is found to beign within 1-2 hours after the animal death. However, a part of polysomes turned to be stable at least within 48-60 hours after the death. These polysomes incorporated 14C-leucine into acid insoluble fraction in cell-free system and were decomposited by RNase treatment (10 mkg/ml). The data suggest that within 24-48 hours of the after-death destruction the decay begins to free monoribosomes while there are still active polysomes in muscles.", "contents": "[Post-mortem decay of rat skeletal muscle polysomes]. Post-mortem changes of cytoplasmic RNP particles from rat skeletal muscles are studied using sucrose density gradient. The polysome destruction is found to beign within 1-2 hours after the animal death. However, a part of polysomes turned to be stable at least within 48-60 hours after the death. These polysomes incorporated 14C-leucine into acid insoluble fraction in cell-free system and were decomposited by RNase treatment (10 mkg/ml). The data suggest that within 24-48 hours of the after-death destruction the decay begins to free monoribosomes while there are still active polysomes in muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:1212448", "title": "[Physico-chemical properties of deoxyribonucleoprotamine from sturgeon sperm heads].", "content": "Deoxyribonucleoprotamine (DNPn) from sonicated nuclei of sturgeon sperm heads was studied by means of ring dichroism. A derivative analysis of DNA and DNPn melting curves in 1 mM Tris. HCl pH 8.0 revealed the fraction of protein-free DNA being about 30% and suggested the preferable binding of protamine molecules with AT-rich DNA regions. The latter is also confirmed by the data on ring dichroism of protein-poor soluble DNAPn fraction in 0,14 M NaCl. Ring dichroism of DNA and DNPn in 1 mM Tris coinsides at the wavelength of 310-240 nm at concentrations of 500-50 mkg/ml. Dilution of DNPn to 5 mkg-ml resulted in the decrease of the ellipticity at 275 nm and produced no effect at 260-210 nm. The effect observed is suggested to be due to a partial transition of DNA in DNPn into C-form under the dilution as a result of a higher molecule hydration and a destruction of some hydrogen bonds between guanidine residues of arginine and oxygen of phosphate groups, stabilyzing DNA in the B-form. Ring dichroism spectrum of protamine, calculated by the subtraction of DNA spectrum from DNPn spectrum at the region of 240-210 nm coinsides with that of free protamine and indicates the absence of an ordered structure in protamine molecules in DNPn.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical properties of deoxyribonucleoprotamine from sturgeon sperm heads]. Deoxyribonucleoprotamine (DNPn) from sonicated nuclei of sturgeon sperm heads was studied by means of ring dichroism. A derivative analysis of DNA and DNPn melting curves in 1 mM Tris. HCl pH 8.0 revealed the fraction of protein-free DNA being about 30% and suggested the preferable binding of protamine molecules with AT-rich DNA regions. The latter is also confirmed by the data on ring dichroism of protein-poor soluble DNAPn fraction in 0,14 M NaCl. Ring dichroism of DNA and DNPn in 1 mM Tris coinsides at the wavelength of 310-240 nm at concentrations of 500-50 mkg/ml. Dilution of DNPn to 5 mkg-ml resulted in the decrease of the ellipticity at 275 nm and produced no effect at 260-210 nm. The effect observed is suggested to be due to a partial transition of DNA in DNPn into C-form under the dilution as a result of a higher molecule hydration and a destruction of some hydrogen bonds between guanidine residues of arginine and oxygen of phosphate groups, stabilyzing DNA in the B-form. Ring dichroism spectrum of protamine, calculated by the subtraction of DNA spectrum from DNPn spectrum at the region of 240-210 nm coinsides with that of free protamine and indicates the absence of an ordered structure in protamine molecules in DNPn."}
{"id": "PMID:1212449", "title": "[Physico-chemical and kinetic properties of hexokinase isoenzymes from human normal and tumor tissues].", "content": "Individual hexokinase isoenzymes (isoHK) are isolated from normal and malignant human stomach mucosa. IsoHK from tumour tissue are found to have KM for glucose 10 times as low as isoHK from normal tissue. Molecular weights of individual isoHK from normal and tumour tissues are similar (at the range of 112,000-125,000). The treatment of protein preparation with 8M urea in the presence of 1% sodium docecyl sulphate resulted in the appearance of a single band with molecular weight of 58,000-60,000 for all the isoHK under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Intensive bands with molecular weight of 60,000 and 96,000 and a number of minor bands were observed under polyacrylamide gel disc elect-ophoresis in the absence of urea. 2-Mercaptoethanol did not affect the results of disc electrophoresis. It is concluded that the molecule of human hexokinase consists of two subunits with molecular weight of 60,000.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical and kinetic properties of hexokinase isoenzymes from human normal and tumor tissues]. Individual hexokinase isoenzymes (isoHK) are isolated from normal and malignant human stomach mucosa. IsoHK from tumour tissue are found to have KM for glucose 10 times as low as isoHK from normal tissue. Molecular weights of individual isoHK from normal and tumour tissues are similar (at the range of 112,000-125,000). The treatment of protein preparation with 8M urea in the presence of 1% sodium docecyl sulphate resulted in the appearance of a single band with molecular weight of 58,000-60,000 for all the isoHK under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Intensive bands with molecular weight of 60,000 and 96,000 and a number of minor bands were observed under polyacrylamide gel disc elect-ophoresis in the absence of urea. 2-Mercaptoethanol did not affect the results of disc electrophoresis. It is concluded that the molecule of human hexokinase consists of two subunits with molecular weight of 60,000."}
{"id": "PMID:1212447", "title": "[Different forms of pyruvate kinase from the rabbit adrenal cortex].", "content": "Pyruvatekinase (PK) isoenzymes were isolated by means of (NH4)2SO4 fractionation (20-45% and 50-70% of saturation) and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Two peaks of PK activity (I and II) were discovered under chromatography of 20-45%  saturation precipitate, and one peak (I-A)-under chromatography of 50-70% saturation precipitate. PK-II in its properties (two-peaks kinetics for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the resistance to effectors) is like L-type PK, which has lost its allosteric properties in the process of long-term isolation at low temperatures. PK-I and PK-I-A have S-form kinetics for PEP. They are inhibited by L-alanine and phenylalanine, and they probably are variants of the initial K(M2) type.", "contents": "[Different forms of pyruvate kinase from the rabbit adrenal cortex]. Pyruvatekinase (PK) isoenzymes were isolated by means of (NH4)2SO4 fractionation (20-45% and 50-70% of saturation) and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Two peaks of PK activity (I and II) were discovered under chromatography of 20-45%  saturation precipitate, and one peak (I-A)-under chromatography of 50-70% saturation precipitate. PK-II in its properties (two-peaks kinetics for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the resistance to effectors) is like L-type PK, which has lost its allosteric properties in the process of long-term isolation at low temperatures. PK-I and PK-I-A have S-form kinetics for PEP. They are inhibited by L-alanine and phenylalanine, and they probably are variants of the initial K(M2) type."}
{"id": "PMID:1212450", "title": "[Crystallin synthesis in the lens of newborn mice].", "content": "Lenses of newborn mice were incubated for different time in the Hanks solution containing 14C-amino acids mixture. Syntheses of gamma-crystallin and subunits of alpha-crystallin were shown to start at the first minute of the incybation. The incorporation rate of 14C-amino acids into gamma-crystallin was twice as high as that into alpha-crystallin within 5 minutes of the incubation. The assembly of alpha-crystallin tetramers took place after 5 minutes from the beginning of the incubation. Preincubation with actinomycin D for 3 and 6 hours resulted in the decrease of 14C-amino acids incorporation into gamma-crystallin only. These data suggest that the synthesis of gamma-crystallin takes place on both short-lived and long-lived mRNAs. Alpha-Crystallin subunits are supposed to synthesize only on long-lived mRNAs.", "contents": "[Crystallin synthesis in the lens of newborn mice]. Lenses of newborn mice were incubated for different time in the Hanks solution containing 14C-amino acids mixture. Syntheses of gamma-crystallin and subunits of alpha-crystallin were shown to start at the first minute of the incybation. The incorporation rate of 14C-amino acids into gamma-crystallin was twice as high as that into alpha-crystallin within 5 minutes of the incubation. The assembly of alpha-crystallin tetramers took place after 5 minutes from the beginning of the incubation. Preincubation with actinomycin D for 3 and 6 hours resulted in the decrease of 14C-amino acids incorporation into gamma-crystallin only. These data suggest that the synthesis of gamma-crystallin takes place on both short-lived and long-lived mRNAs. Alpha-Crystallin subunits are supposed to synthesize only on long-lived mRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:1212451", "title": "[Purification and properties of acid alpha-glucosidase (gamma-amylase) from the human liver].", "content": "Acid alpha-glucosidase from human liver was 720-fold purified by means of a specific sorption on Sephadex G-150 and a specific desorption from Sephadex by the competitive inhibitor, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The preparation obtained was homogenous in ultracentrifuge and polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme possessed both maltase and glucoamylase activities and splitted maltose, amylopectin and glycogen with Km values of 7mM, 7.7 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml respectively. Methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside competitively inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides (Ki=6.95 mM) and did not affect the maltose degradation. The sedimentation coefficient of the purified enzyme preparation was 5.4 S; in 5 M guanidine. HCl the coefficient decreased to 2.2 S, which testified to the fact that the enzyme molecule consisted of subunits.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of acid alpha-glucosidase (gamma-amylase) from the human liver]. Acid alpha-glucosidase from human liver was 720-fold purified by means of a specific sorption on Sephadex G-150 and a specific desorption from Sephadex by the competitive inhibitor, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The preparation obtained was homogenous in ultracentrifuge and polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme possessed both maltase and glucoamylase activities and splitted maltose, amylopectin and glycogen with Km values of 7mM, 7.7 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml respectively. Methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside competitively inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides (Ki=6.95 mM) and did not affect the maltose degradation. The sedimentation coefficient of the purified enzyme preparation was 5.4 S; in 5 M guanidine. HCl the coefficient decreased to 2.2 S, which testified to the fact that the enzyme molecule consisted of subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:1212453", "title": "[Isolation of cathepsins D by affinity chromatography].", "content": "The paper deals with the isolation of cathepsin D from rat liver, chicken liver and bovine spleen by affinity chromatography. The synthesis of the adsorbent was performed using the competitive inhibitor of cathepsins D and pepsin pepstatin and activated Sepharose. Application of a pepstatin-Sepharose column allows obtaining a highly active and purified enzyme in a short period of time.", "contents": "[Isolation of cathepsins D by affinity chromatography]. The paper deals with the isolation of cathepsin D from rat liver, chicken liver and bovine spleen by affinity chromatography. The synthesis of the adsorbent was performed using the competitive inhibitor of cathepsins D and pepsin pepstatin and activated Sepharose. Application of a pepstatin-Sepharose column allows obtaining a highly active and purified enzyme in a short period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:1212452", "title": "[Dynamics of the biosynthesis of native chlorophyll forms from initial stages to the completion of the greening process in etiolated leaves].", "content": "The succession of the formation of the native chlorophill forms and the development of the energy migration between them was studied by means of the comparison of three spectrum types: absorption, fluorescence and fluorescence excitation, and of their second derivatives. Quantitatively the chlorophyll accumulation in 9 native forms was followed by means of mathematical disintegration of the spectra using computer.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the biosynthesis of native chlorophyll forms from initial stages to the completion of the greening process in etiolated leaves]. The succession of the formation of the native chlorophill forms and the development of the energy migration between them was studied by means of the comparison of three spectrum types: absorption, fluorescence and fluorescence excitation, and of their second derivatives. Quantitatively the chlorophyll accumulation in 9 native forms was followed by means of mathematical disintegration of the spectra using computer."}
{"id": "PMID:1212454", "title": "[The fluorescence method of peroxide determination in isolated chloroplasts].", "content": "High-sensitive method of peroxide estimation in suspension of pea chloroplasts is worked out. It is based on a decrease of esculatin fluorescence due to its oxidation by peroxide with peroxidase.", "contents": "[The fluorescence method of peroxide determination in isolated chloroplasts]. High-sensitive method of peroxide estimation in suspension of pea chloroplasts is worked out. It is based on a decrease of esculatin fluorescence due to its oxidation by peroxide with peroxidase."}
{"id": "PMID:1212455", "title": "[Effect of alcohols on the rate of cholinesterase decarbamoylation].", "content": "Butanol-1 and butandiol-1,4 are shown to increase the decarbamoylation rate of N-methylcarbamoyl- and N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl-cholinesterase. It is mainly due to the formation of a ternary complex NEA which is decomposed in 2,5 times faster than corbamoyl-enzyme EA. This is an evidence for the presence of some allosteric center in cholinesterase which is capable of binding alcohols.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohols on the rate of cholinesterase decarbamoylation]. Butanol-1 and butandiol-1,4 are shown to increase the decarbamoylation rate of N-methylcarbamoyl- and N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl-cholinesterase. It is mainly due to the formation of a ternary complex NEA which is decomposed in 2,5 times faster than corbamoyl-enzyme EA. This is an evidence for the presence of some allosteric center in cholinesterase which is capable of binding alcohols."}
{"id": "PMID:1212456", "title": "[Effect of proteolysis inhibitors on the incorporation of labelled amino acids into proteins].", "content": "Role of peptide bond breaks in the incorporation of amino acids into proteins in a \"protein--amino acid\" system is investigated. For this purpose the incorporation of labelled amino acids into trypsin under the inhibition of its autolysis by a specific inhibitor from soybean and epsilon-amino-caproic acid is studied. The trypsin inhibitor from soybean is found to suppress considerably the incorporation of 14C-glycine, 14C-lysine and 14C-methionine into crystal trypsin and not to affect the incorporation of labelled amino acids into chomotrypsin, papain and carboxypeptidase. Epsilon-Aminocaproic acid inhibited 14C-glycine incorporation into crystal trypsin by 40% and did not change its incorporation level into serum albumin. The dependency of amino acid incorporation level into trypsin on the activity of autolysis in the \"protein--amino acid\" system is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Effect of proteolysis inhibitors on the incorporation of labelled amino acids into proteins]. Role of peptide bond breaks in the incorporation of amino acids into proteins in a \"protein--amino acid\" system is investigated. For this purpose the incorporation of labelled amino acids into trypsin under the inhibition of its autolysis by a specific inhibitor from soybean and epsilon-amino-caproic acid is studied. The trypsin inhibitor from soybean is found to suppress considerably the incorporation of 14C-glycine, 14C-lysine and 14C-methionine into crystal trypsin and not to affect the incorporation of labelled amino acids into chomotrypsin, papain and carboxypeptidase. Epsilon-Aminocaproic acid inhibited 14C-glycine incorporation into crystal trypsin by 40% and did not change its incorporation level into serum albumin. The dependency of amino acid incorporation level into trypsin on the activity of autolysis in the \"protein--amino acid\" system is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1212457", "title": "[Characteristics of transglucosilase from Aspergillus batatae].", "content": "Action of transglucosilase from Asp. batatae on different substrates is studied. The ratio of transglucosilase (upsilont) and hydrolase (upsilonh) activities on maltose under the action of transglucosilases from different origins is estimated. The degree of transglucosilating (upsilont/(upsilont+upsilon/)) increases with the increase of substrate molar concentration [S]. The ratio of transglucosilase and hydrolytic activities under the interaction of transglucosilase with half-products of starch metabolism is shown to depend on the concentration of glucose, the end product. The elimination of glucose from the incubation medium produces conditions for realization of hydrolytic pathway of the half-products conversion with transglucosilase. Schemes of the combined action of transglucosilase with alpha-amylase and glucoamylase under the starch conversion in enclosed and opened (continuous glucose elimination) systems are given.", "contents": "[Characteristics of transglucosilase from Aspergillus batatae]. Action of transglucosilase from Asp. batatae on different substrates is studied. The ratio of transglucosilase (upsilont) and hydrolase (upsilonh) activities on maltose under the action of transglucosilases from different origins is estimated. The degree of transglucosilating (upsilont/(upsilont+upsilon/)) increases with the increase of substrate molar concentration [S]. The ratio of transglucosilase and hydrolytic activities under the interaction of transglucosilase with half-products of starch metabolism is shown to depend on the concentration of glucose, the end product. The elimination of glucose from the incubation medium produces conditions for realization of hydrolytic pathway of the half-products conversion with transglucosilase. Schemes of the combined action of transglucosilase with alpha-amylase and glucoamylase under the starch conversion in enclosed and opened (continuous glucose elimination) systems are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1212458", "title": "Menaquinone function in the respiratory chain of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "content": "Menaquinone-9 which is destructed under long-wave UV-irradiation is isolated from Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes. NAD-H, malate and lactate oxidases are observed to be inhibited under irradiation, dehydrogenases of these substrates being almost intact. Photoinactivation of menaquinone results in the reduction of only one from two cytochromes b, presented in the membrane, thus testifying the location of menaquinone-9 between cytochromes b in the respiratory chain. Reconstruction of malate, NAD-H and lactate oxidases after irradiation took place when natural menaquinone (MQ-9) or menadione (MQ-0) were added. Detailed scheme of M. lysodeikticus respiratory chain is given.", "contents": "Menaquinone function in the respiratory chain of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Menaquinone-9 which is destructed under long-wave UV-irradiation is isolated from Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes. NAD-H, malate and lactate oxidases are observed to be inhibited under irradiation, dehydrogenases of these substrates being almost intact. Photoinactivation of menaquinone results in the reduction of only one from two cytochromes b, presented in the membrane, thus testifying the location of menaquinone-9 between cytochromes b in the respiratory chain. Reconstruction of malate, NAD-H and lactate oxidases after irradiation took place when natural menaquinone (MQ-9) or menadione (MQ-0) were added. Detailed scheme of M. lysodeikticus respiratory chain is given."}
{"id": "PMID:1212459", "title": "[Synthesis of thyroglobulin in the polyribosome cell-free system of the thyroid gland].", "content": "Protein synthesis (in particular, thyroglobulin) is studied in a cell-free system containing polyribosomes of thyroid gland. After the incubation with radioactive label, ribosomes were centrifugated, supernatant was dialyzed against 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.2 for a night, concentrated by ficol and centrifugated in 5-20% linear sucrose gradient. 14C-radioactivity of 19S fraction (thyroglobulin) was shown to comprise about 25% of total radioactivity. The rest radioactivity was found in 3--8S fractions. The distribution of the radioactivity as it was shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is as follows: 27S--11.0%; 19S--14.2%; 12S--5.8% and 4S--7.6% of total radioactivity in polyacrylamide gel. It is supposed that two successive processes take place in thyroid gland: a synthesis of thyroglobulin subunits and an exchange of new synthesized subunits with presynthesized ones.", "contents": "[Synthesis of thyroglobulin in the polyribosome cell-free system of the thyroid gland]. Protein synthesis (in particular, thyroglobulin) is studied in a cell-free system containing polyribosomes of thyroid gland. After the incubation with radioactive label, ribosomes were centrifugated, supernatant was dialyzed against 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.2 for a night, concentrated by ficol and centrifugated in 5-20% linear sucrose gradient. 14C-radioactivity of 19S fraction (thyroglobulin) was shown to comprise about 25% of total radioactivity. The rest radioactivity was found in 3--8S fractions. The distribution of the radioactivity as it was shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is as follows: 27S--11.0%; 19S--14.2%; 12S--5.8% and 4S--7.6% of total radioactivity in polyacrylamide gel. It is supposed that two successive processes take place in thyroid gland: a synthesis of thyroglobulin subunits and an exchange of new synthesized subunits with presynthesized ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1212460", "title": "[The relation of membrane proteins to primary oxidation of higher ri-alkanes by Pseudomonas denitrificans].", "content": "Protein composition of enriched with cell walls membrane preparations from two Ps. denitrificans mutants is comparatively studied. Mutants have a genetic blocking of first steps of higher n-alkanes oxidation. Differences in three protein components are found using disc electrophoresis in a system containing sodium dodecylsulphate. This is supposed to be an evidence of possible relation of changed mutant proteins to enzymatic alkanes oxidation.", "contents": "[The relation of membrane proteins to primary oxidation of higher ri-alkanes by Pseudomonas denitrificans]. Protein composition of enriched with cell walls membrane preparations from two Ps. denitrificans mutants is comparatively studied. Mutants have a genetic blocking of first steps of higher n-alkanes oxidation. Differences in three protein components are found using disc electrophoresis in a system containing sodium dodecylsulphate. This is supposed to be an evidence of possible relation of changed mutant proteins to enzymatic alkanes oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212462", "title": "[Lateral diffusion of the protein components of the respiratory assembly of Microsoccus lysodeikticus].", "content": "Preparations with a selectively decreased (by 85-90%) content of NADH dehydrogenase were isolated by means of heating treatment of M. lysodeikticus isolated membranes. The degree of the reduction of the NADH dehydrogenase nearest neighbour in the respiration chain of cytochrome b556 in heated membranes is similar to that in intact membranes. It is concluded that cytochrome b556 and (or) NADH dehydrogenase are capable to lateral migration in the membrane of M. lysodeikticus, resulting in the inter-chain electrone transport. A coefficient of their lateral diffusion is calculated (D equals 8-10(-10)-2-10(-9) CM2SEC-1 At 30 degrees C) on the basis of kinetics of cytochrome reduction by NADH dehydrogenase. The electron transport, due to a diffusion of respiration carriers from one assambly to another, proceeds 100 times as slow as the electrone transport in the respiratory chain. The data obtained allow to consider the aggregation of respiration enzymes as a dynamic formation.", "contents": "[Lateral diffusion of the protein components of the respiratory assembly of Microsoccus lysodeikticus]. Preparations with a selectively decreased (by 85-90%) content of NADH dehydrogenase were isolated by means of heating treatment of M. lysodeikticus isolated membranes. The degree of the reduction of the NADH dehydrogenase nearest neighbour in the respiration chain of cytochrome b556 in heated membranes is similar to that in intact membranes. It is concluded that cytochrome b556 and (or) NADH dehydrogenase are capable to lateral migration in the membrane of M. lysodeikticus, resulting in the inter-chain electrone transport. A coefficient of their lateral diffusion is calculated (D equals 8-10(-10)-2-10(-9) CM2SEC-1 At 30 degrees C) on the basis of kinetics of cytochrome reduction by NADH dehydrogenase. The electron transport, due to a diffusion of respiration carriers from one assambly to another, proceeds 100 times as slow as the electrone transport in the respiratory chain. The data obtained allow to consider the aggregation of respiration enzymes as a dynamic formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212461", "title": "[Effect of polyene antibiotics on plasma membranes of dog kidney].", "content": "Effects of amphotericine B and nistatine on plasmatic membranes of dog kidney are studied. Intravenous injection of antibiotics resulted in the change of the chemical composition of plasmatic membranes: the content of proteins, lipids and RNA. The composition of membrane proteins and the quantitative ratio of separate fatty acids in lipids of plasmatic membranes also changed in the presence of amphotericine B and nistatine. It is suggested on the basis of the data obtained that the mechanism of action of polyene antibiotics in dog kidney cells is connected with the damage of membrane structures.", "contents": "[Effect of polyene antibiotics on plasma membranes of dog kidney]. Effects of amphotericine B and nistatine on plasmatic membranes of dog kidney are studied. Intravenous injection of antibiotics resulted in the change of the chemical composition of plasmatic membranes: the content of proteins, lipids and RNA. The composition of membrane proteins and the quantitative ratio of separate fatty acids in lipids of plasmatic membranes also changed in the presence of amphotericine B and nistatine. It is suggested on the basis of the data obtained that the mechanism of action of polyene antibiotics in dog kidney cells is connected with the damage of membrane structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1212463", "title": "Study of the type of RNA, degraded by polynucleotide phosphorylase in polyribosomal fraction of rat liver.", "content": "The type of RNA is studied, which is degraded by polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) in the fraction of free ribosomes and ribosomes released from endoplasmic reticulum membranes with Triton X-100. Beta-32P labelled ADP, UDP, GDP and CDP are found among the degradation products of endogenous RNA of free and bound ribosomes in vitro in the presence of 32P-ortophosphate. An analysis of molar ratio of beta-32P-NDP isolated revealed that PNPase degrades RNA of GC type in both ribosome  fractions. The amount of PNPase-degraded RNA in bound ribosimes is 4-fold as high as that in free ribosomes under the same conditions. Analysis of stable 32P-RNA and rapidly labelled 32-P-dRNA, isolated from bound ribosomes after the incubation with and without inorganic phosphate, revealed that PNPase attacks the 28S fragment of RNA, which consists of about 370 nucleotides, and dRNA having a sedimentation coefficient less than 12S. The rate of dRNA degradation is considerably higher than that of rRNA. 5'-RNAase, hydrolysing synthetic homopolyribonucleotides to oligonucleotides with free 3'-OH terminal group, apparently participates, together with PNPase, in dRNA and rRNA degradation.", "contents": "Study of the type of RNA, degraded by polynucleotide phosphorylase in polyribosomal fraction of rat liver. The type of RNA is studied, which is degraded by polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) in the fraction of free ribosomes and ribosomes released from endoplasmic reticulum membranes with Triton X-100. Beta-32P labelled ADP, UDP, GDP and CDP are found among the degradation products of endogenous RNA of free and bound ribosomes in vitro in the presence of 32P-ortophosphate. An analysis of molar ratio of beta-32P-NDP isolated revealed that PNPase degrades RNA of GC type in both ribosome  fractions. The amount of PNPase-degraded RNA in bound ribosimes is 4-fold as high as that in free ribosomes under the same conditions. Analysis of stable 32P-RNA and rapidly labelled 32-P-dRNA, isolated from bound ribosomes after the incubation with and without inorganic phosphate, revealed that PNPase attacks the 28S fragment of RNA, which consists of about 370 nucleotides, and dRNA having a sedimentation coefficient less than 12S. The rate of dRNA degradation is considerably higher than that of rRNA. 5'-RNAase, hydrolysing synthetic homopolyribonucleotides to oligonucleotides with free 3'-OH terminal group, apparently participates, together with PNPase, in dRNA and rRNA degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212464", "title": "[Effect of growth hormone on protein phosphorylation in rat liver chromatin].", "content": "The regular injection of hormone results in a decrease of phosphate groups content in total and non-histone proteins of rat liver chromatin. The quanitity of organic phosphate in total liver histone was increased by 17 per cent. This result is due to the increase of the alkaline-labile phosphate content in lysine-rich histones (approximately by 25 per cent) and unsignificant decrease in arginine-rich histones (approximately by 5 per cent). The intensity of the 32P incorporation was increased under the effect of somatotropin in all fraction of basic proteins; this increase being especially for lisine-rich histone subfractions. The quantity of histone f1 subfractions was also increased. A possible importance of changes in the degree of chromatin protein phsophorylation for realization of growth hormone function on the transcription level is considered.", "contents": "[Effect of growth hormone on protein phosphorylation in rat liver chromatin]. The regular injection of hormone results in a decrease of phosphate groups content in total and non-histone proteins of rat liver chromatin. The quanitity of organic phosphate in total liver histone was increased by 17 per cent. This result is due to the increase of the alkaline-labile phosphate content in lysine-rich histones (approximately by 25 per cent) and unsignificant decrease in arginine-rich histones (approximately by 5 per cent). The intensity of the 32P incorporation was increased under the effect of somatotropin in all fraction of basic proteins; this increase being especially for lisine-rich histone subfractions. The quantity of histone f1 subfractions was also increased. A possible importance of changes in the degree of chromatin protein phsophorylation for realization of growth hormone function on the transcription level is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1212465", "title": "[Purification of creatine kinase from beef heart mitochondria].", "content": "53-fold purified creatine kinase is isolated from beef heart mitochondria by phosphate buffer extraction followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and KM-cellulose and preparative electrophoresis in phosphate buffer density gradient. The purified enzyme was homogenous under electrophoresis in agarose gel and moved to cathode. The enzyme did not enter into separating gel under disc electrophoresis in conditions for the separation of neutral anc acid proteins, while under conditions for separating alkaline proteins it produced five fractions. The stability of creatine kinase under storage considerably decreased after the purification.", "contents": "[Purification of creatine kinase from beef heart mitochondria]. 53-fold purified creatine kinase is isolated from beef heart mitochondria by phosphate buffer extraction followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and KM-cellulose and preparative electrophoresis in phosphate buffer density gradient. The purified enzyme was homogenous under electrophoresis in agarose gel and moved to cathode. The enzyme did not enter into separating gel under disc electrophoresis in conditions for the separation of neutral anc acid proteins, while under conditions for separating alkaline proteins it produced five fractions. The stability of creatine kinase under storage considerably decreased after the purification."}
{"id": "PMID:1212466", "title": "[The effect of sugar phosphates, phosphoenolpyruvate and adenylic acid on muscle, brain and heart creatine kinases].", "content": "The effect of adenylic acid, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate on creatine kinase isoenzymes (brain extract, muscle and heart extracts and purified muscle enzyme) was studied. These effectors, especially phosphoenolpyruvate, are shown to inhibit in different degree the reaction of ATP formation catalysed by creatine kinase from all tissues. The effectors do not inhibit the creatine phosphate synthesis in extracts, but depress purified creatine kinase. The interrelationship of the creatine kinase system and the key glycolytic enzymes (phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase) is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of sugar phosphates, phosphoenolpyruvate and adenylic acid on muscle, brain and heart creatine kinases]. The effect of adenylic acid, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate on creatine kinase isoenzymes (brain extract, muscle and heart extracts and purified muscle enzyme) was studied. These effectors, especially phosphoenolpyruvate, are shown to inhibit in different degree the reaction of ATP formation catalysed by creatine kinase from all tissues. The effectors do not inhibit the creatine phosphate synthesis in extracts, but depress purified creatine kinase. The interrelationship of the creatine kinase system and the key glycolytic enzymes (phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212467", "title": "[Isolation of chloroplasts and chloroplast DNA from pea leaves].", "content": "A method of isolating DNA from pea chloroplasts (ch-DNA) in CsCl density gradient is described. DNA preparations are free of 5-methylcytosine and have a melting temperature of 86.5 degrees. Denatured DNA molecules completely reassociate for 3 hours at 60 degrees C. It is concluded that the preparations obtained are pure ch-DNA.", "contents": "[Isolation of chloroplasts and chloroplast DNA from pea leaves]. A method of isolating DNA from pea chloroplasts (ch-DNA) in CsCl density gradient is described. DNA preparations are free of 5-methylcytosine and have a melting temperature of 86.5 degrees. Denatured DNA molecules completely reassociate for 3 hours at 60 degrees C. It is concluded that the preparations obtained are pure ch-DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1212476", "title": "Electrodermal responses, subject control and delay of aversive stimulation.", "content": "The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different delays between a shock releasing motor response and shock (UCS) on the anticipatory and unconditioned SCRs within the subject-control paradigm, assuming a smaller degree of control with increasing delay. Four groups of 12 subjects receiving the UCS with no delay, 0.5, 2 and 6 sec delay respectively, between motor response and shock, were run together with a control group not receiving the UCS. The latter group was included to control for the effect of the motor response on the SCR. All groups were given 20 trials with signals when to perform the motor response. The results were that no or very short delay of shock produced larger first-interval anticipatory responses than longer delays. For the UCR, it was found that the effect of shock on the UCR was an increasing function of the duration of the delay, when the effect of press on the UCR magnitude was taken into account.", "contents": "Electrodermal responses, subject control and delay of aversive stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different delays between a shock releasing motor response and shock (UCS) on the anticipatory and unconditioned SCRs within the subject-control paradigm, assuming a smaller degree of control with increasing delay. Four groups of 12 subjects receiving the UCS with no delay, 0.5, 2 and 6 sec delay respectively, between motor response and shock, were run together with a control group not receiving the UCS. The latter group was included to control for the effect of the motor response on the SCR. All groups were given 20 trials with signals when to perform the motor response. The results were that no or very short delay of shock produced larger first-interval anticipatory responses than longer delays. For the UCR, it was found that the effect of shock on the UCR was an increasing function of the duration of the delay, when the effect of press on the UCR magnitude was taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:1212477", "title": "Test of an orienting-reaction-recovery account of short-interval autonomic conditioning.", "content": "The electrodermal and plethysmographic components of the orienting reaction in 24 subjects were examined in a conditioning-analog arrangement (tones and lights patterned analogously to CS and UCS presentations in classical conditioning) in order to test the orienting-reaction-recovery (ORR) account according to which apparent short-interval autonomic conditioning (SIAC) can be completely accounted for by an ORR effect. The form of the test was to see whether ORR following change from a repeatedly presented forward ('CS-UCS') analog would exceed that to change from a backward ('UCS-CS') analog, as is the case in SIAC with CS-alone test trials following repeated CS-UCS versus UCS-CS pairings. The results did not support the ORR account, although they were shown to be consistent with the relevant experimental literature, when critically examined, and to provide internal evidence for the adequacy of the present test of this particular formulation of the ORR account of SIAC.", "contents": "Test of an orienting-reaction-recovery account of short-interval autonomic conditioning. The electrodermal and plethysmographic components of the orienting reaction in 24 subjects were examined in a conditioning-analog arrangement (tones and lights patterned analogously to CS and UCS presentations in classical conditioning) in order to test the orienting-reaction-recovery (ORR) account according to which apparent short-interval autonomic conditioning (SIAC) can be completely accounted for by an ORR effect. The form of the test was to see whether ORR following change from a repeatedly presented forward ('CS-UCS') analog would exceed that to change from a backward ('UCS-CS') analog, as is the case in SIAC with CS-alone test trials following repeated CS-UCS versus UCS-CS pairings. The results did not support the ORR account, although they were shown to be consistent with the relevant experimental literature, when critically examined, and to provide internal evidence for the adequacy of the present test of this particular formulation of the ORR account of SIAC."}
{"id": "PMID:1212478", "title": "The impact of two different reinforcers on conditioned operant heart-rate acceleration and deceleration.", "content": "The effects of two types of reinforcers on operant heart-rate acceleration and deceleration conditioning were examined over a number of sessions. The initial use of monetary reinforcement facilitated discriminative pre-trial to trial heart-rate acceleration during sessions utilizing both monetary reinforcement and visual feedback. The initial use of visual feedback did not produce such discriminative control, but the subsequent use of monetary reinforcement resulted in increases in pre-trial and trial heart rate over sessions. No effects due to type of reinforcement were noted for heart-rate deceleration. Increases and decreases in cardiovascular functioning were imposed upon a background of increased skin responding. The cardiovascular responses that developed over sessions appeared to be relatively independent of changes in skin response.", "contents": "The impact of two different reinforcers on conditioned operant heart-rate acceleration and deceleration. The effects of two types of reinforcers on operant heart-rate acceleration and deceleration conditioning were examined over a number of sessions. The initial use of monetary reinforcement facilitated discriminative pre-trial to trial heart-rate acceleration during sessions utilizing both monetary reinforcement and visual feedback. The initial use of visual feedback did not produce such discriminative control, but the subsequent use of monetary reinforcement resulted in increases in pre-trial and trial heart rate over sessions. No effects due to type of reinforcement were noted for heart-rate deceleration. Increases and decreases in cardiovascular functioning were imposed upon a background of increased skin responding. The cardiovascular responses that developed over sessions appeared to be relatively independent of changes in skin response."}
{"id": "PMID:1212482", "title": "EEG correlates of eye contact and interpersonal distance.", "content": "The EEG of 18 male subjects was monitored while the subject gazed at the eyes of a male experimenter located 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 ft from the subject. The experimenter either gazed directly at the subject or averted his eyes. EEG arousal was highest when the experimenter was at 2 ft and gazing into the subject's eyes. EEG arousal diminished as a function of distance, while arousal for direct gaze was always higher than for averted gaze, whatever the distance.", "contents": "EEG correlates of eye contact and interpersonal distance. The EEG of 18 male subjects was monitored while the subject gazed at the eyes of a male experimenter located 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 ft from the subject. The experimenter either gazed directly at the subject or averted his eyes. EEG arousal was highest when the experimenter was at 2 ft and gazing into the subject's eyes. EEG arousal diminished as a function of distance, while arousal for direct gaze was always higher than for averted gaze, whatever the distance."}
{"id": "PMID:1212483", "title": "Reaction-time variability, periodicities in reaction-time distributions, and the EEG gating-signal hypothesis.", "content": "Variability in a person's reaction time (RT) was investigated in relation to a model which hypothesized that the speed of information processing is a function of two factors, namely, the time characteristics of a cortical gating signal, and the recovery period of the events activated by the gating signals. A total of 280 RTs were obtained from each of six young adult subjects while electroencephalograms (EEGs) were simultaneously recorded. Half of the trials were performed under conditions which yielded short, low variability RTs while the other 140 trials were obtained under conditions which produced longer, highly variable RTs. Distributions of RTs from the two conditions were examined in relation to distributions of EEG half waves - which were assumed to define the period of the cortical gating signal - taken from the interval between stimulus and response. Findings were consistent with the model under investigation, namely: (1) the two different conditions produced periodicities or multiple peaks in the RT distributions; (2) the magnitude of the time intervals between consecutive peaks in the subjects' RT distributions was correlated with the duration of the most frequently occurring half waves in their EEGs; and (3) inter-subject differences in variability of the RT distributions were associated with differences in variability of the EEG distributions.", "contents": "Reaction-time variability, periodicities in reaction-time distributions, and the EEG gating-signal hypothesis. Variability in a person's reaction time (RT) was investigated in relation to a model which hypothesized that the speed of information processing is a function of two factors, namely, the time characteristics of a cortical gating signal, and the recovery period of the events activated by the gating signals. A total of 280 RTs were obtained from each of six young adult subjects while electroencephalograms (EEGs) were simultaneously recorded. Half of the trials were performed under conditions which yielded short, low variability RTs while the other 140 trials were obtained under conditions which produced longer, highly variable RTs. Distributions of RTs from the two conditions were examined in relation to distributions of EEG half waves - which were assumed to define the period of the cortical gating signal - taken from the interval between stimulus and response. Findings were consistent with the model under investigation, namely: (1) the two different conditions produced periodicities or multiple peaks in the RT distributions; (2) the magnitude of the time intervals between consecutive peaks in the subjects' RT distributions was correlated with the duration of the most frequently occurring half waves in their EEGs; and (3) inter-subject differences in variability of the RT distributions were associated with differences in variability of the EEG distributions."}
{"id": "PMID:1212484", "title": "Effects of warning-signal duration on the early and late components of the contingent negative variation.", "content": "Slow EEG potentials were recorded from three sites on the scalp (Fz, Cz and Pz) during a simple reaction time task in which the duration of the warning signal was either 0.5 or 2 sec. The duration of the foreperiod was held constant, and order of conditions was varied according to a latin square design. As predicted, the longer warning signal evoked increased amplitude of the early component of the contingent negative variation (CNV). These results confirm the interpretation of that wave as an orienting response. In contrast, the duration of the warning signal did not affect the second CNV component or reaction time latency. Additional dissociation between the two CNV components was evident in their distribution on the scalp. The early component was smallest at Pz, whereas the late component attained its lowest amplitude at Fz. Concurrently recorded palmar skin potentials exhibited different polarity and latency from the CNV.", "contents": "Effects of warning-signal duration on the early and late components of the contingent negative variation. Slow EEG potentials were recorded from three sites on the scalp (Fz, Cz and Pz) during a simple reaction time task in which the duration of the warning signal was either 0.5 or 2 sec. The duration of the foreperiod was held constant, and order of conditions was varied according to a latin square design. As predicted, the longer warning signal evoked increased amplitude of the early component of the contingent negative variation (CNV). These results confirm the interpretation of that wave as an orienting response. In contrast, the duration of the warning signal did not affect the second CNV component or reaction time latency. Additional dissociation between the two CNV components was evident in their distribution on the scalp. The early component was smallest at Pz, whereas the late component attained its lowest amplitude at Fz. Concurrently recorded palmar skin potentials exhibited different polarity and latency from the CNV."}
{"id": "PMID:1212485", "title": "Stimulus omission and recovery of the electrodermal and digital vasoconstrictive components of the orienting response.", "content": "Three experiments are reported which investigated Sokolov's (1968) hypothesis that, after a number of stimulus presentations, complete omission of a stimulus leads to increased responsiveness of the orienting response (OR). The skin conductance response (SCR) and finger pulse volume (FPV) response components of the OR were studied. In experiment 1 (N=60), the effect of number of pre-omission training trials on response recovery was investigated, while experiment 2 (N=120) investigated the effects of stimulus intensity (70 or 90 dB) and interstimulus interval (12 or 21 sec) on recovery to stimulus omission following a fixed number of training trials. In experiment 3 (N=40), an attempt was made to control for possible below-zero habituation effects by training each subject to a habituation criterion before stimulus omission. All experiments employed a 1000 Hz tone of 3 sec duration which was presented at a constant interstimulus interval. Although recovery of the SCR did occur under some conditions, the results were largely negative. Manipulation of the number of training trials, training stimulus intensity and interstimulus interval had little effect on response recovery. A consistent finding, however, was that subjects who displayed SCR recovery also displayed significantly more spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance during the pre-stimulus period and required significantly more training trials to reach the criterion of habituation than did subjects displaying no recovery. Moreover, the SCRs displayed by 'labile' subjects on omission trials were significantly larger than those displayed on either the last training trial or during a control interval just prior to stimulus omission.", "contents": "Stimulus omission and recovery of the electrodermal and digital vasoconstrictive components of the orienting response. Three experiments are reported which investigated Sokolov's (1968) hypothesis that, after a number of stimulus presentations, complete omission of a stimulus leads to increased responsiveness of the orienting response (OR). The skin conductance response (SCR) and finger pulse volume (FPV) response components of the OR were studied. In experiment 1 (N=60), the effect of number of pre-omission training trials on response recovery was investigated, while experiment 2 (N=120) investigated the effects of stimulus intensity (70 or 90 dB) and interstimulus interval (12 or 21 sec) on recovery to stimulus omission following a fixed number of training trials. In experiment 3 (N=40), an attempt was made to control for possible below-zero habituation effects by training each subject to a habituation criterion before stimulus omission. All experiments employed a 1000 Hz tone of 3 sec duration which was presented at a constant interstimulus interval. Although recovery of the SCR did occur under some conditions, the results were largely negative. Manipulation of the number of training trials, training stimulus intensity and interstimulus interval had little effect on response recovery. A consistent finding, however, was that subjects who displayed SCR recovery also displayed significantly more spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance during the pre-stimulus period and required significantly more training trials to reach the criterion of habituation than did subjects displaying no recovery. Moreover, the SCRs displayed by 'labile' subjects on omission trials were significantly larger than those displayed on either the last training trial or during a control interval just prior to stimulus omission."}
{"id": "PMID:1212486", "title": "Within mode quality and intensity changes of habituated stimuli.", "content": "Habituation of skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude was established by a number of presentations of a short burst of moderate intensity white noise. The 6th, 11th, or 21st stimulus event was either a pure tone of unchanged loudness or another noise pulse of greatly reduced loudness. Mean SCR magnitude to the reduced intensity noise pulses was consistently smaller than that to the tones, but the difference of each of these response from the habituation curve varied with the number of prior habituation trials. The qualitative changes in the stimulus produced a consistent increase in SCR magnitude; the greater the number of prior habituation trials, the larger the difference from the habituation curve. The reduced intensity noise stimulus reduced SCR magnitude below that of the habituation curve at the 6th trial, equalled the curve at the 11th trial, and yielded a greater response than the habituation curve at the 21st trial test position. The response to the tone was superior to that to the reduced intensity noise by a constant amount over the three habituation curve test points.", "contents": "Within mode quality and intensity changes of habituated stimuli. Habituation of skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude was established by a number of presentations of a short burst of moderate intensity white noise. The 6th, 11th, or 21st stimulus event was either a pure tone of unchanged loudness or another noise pulse of greatly reduced loudness. Mean SCR magnitude to the reduced intensity noise pulses was consistently smaller than that to the tones, but the difference of each of these response from the habituation curve varied with the number of prior habituation trials. The qualitative changes in the stimulus produced a consistent increase in SCR magnitude; the greater the number of prior habituation trials, the larger the difference from the habituation curve. The reduced intensity noise stimulus reduced SCR magnitude below that of the habituation curve at the 6th trial, equalled the curve at the 11th trial, and yielded a greater response than the habituation curve at the 21st trial test position. The response to the tone was superior to that to the reduced intensity noise by a constant amount over the three habituation curve test points."}
{"id": "PMID:1212487", "title": "Time of day effects on extroversion and salivation.", "content": "A circadian rhythm in the biological basis of extroversion-introversion (E-I) was hypothesized. Eighty subjects had their EPI E-I scores and lemon juice test (LJT) scores assessed at a.m. and at p.m. Results showed that : (a) there were high intra-test correlations for EPI E-I and LJT; (b) a significant correlation between EPI E-I and LJT was only found for a.m. and not for p.m.; and (c) there were large individual differences in LJT scores. It was concluded that a circadian rhythm of E-I could not be detected by these measures, and that applicability of the LJT to E-I depends upon the time of day of assessment and the measurement procedure employed.", "contents": "Time of day effects on extroversion and salivation. A circadian rhythm in the biological basis of extroversion-introversion (E-I) was hypothesized. Eighty subjects had their EPI E-I scores and lemon juice test (LJT) scores assessed at a.m. and at p.m. Results showed that : (a) there were high intra-test correlations for EPI E-I and LJT; (b) a significant correlation between EPI E-I and LJT was only found for a.m. and not for p.m.; and (c) there were large individual differences in LJT scores. It was concluded that a circadian rhythm of E-I could not be detected by these measures, and that applicability of the LJT to E-I depends upon the time of day of assessment and the measurement procedure employed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212488", "title": "Binocular convergence in man during total sleep deprivation.", "content": "It was proposed that binocular convergence (lateral phoria) for near and far vision would reflect the states of visual functioning and that there would be a progressive reduction in phoria during sleep deprivation. Six young male subjects underwent two conditions of sleep deprivation on separate occasions. One condition incorporated a high visual load and the other a low load. Exercise and sound were balanced. Lateral phoria for near and far vision was carefully measured, regularly, before, during and after sleep deprivation. It was found that a reduction in convergence (exophoria) for both near and far vision became increasingly apparent with progressive sleep deprivation, especially with near vision and under high visual load. The near vision measure, which included accommodation convergence, appeared to be more sensitive to sleep deprivation generally, whereas far vision tended to produce a greater differentiation between the conditions. The implications of these findings for REM sleep and oculomotor innervation are discussed.", "contents": "Binocular convergence in man during total sleep deprivation. It was proposed that binocular convergence (lateral phoria) for near and far vision would reflect the states of visual functioning and that there would be a progressive reduction in phoria during sleep deprivation. Six young male subjects underwent two conditions of sleep deprivation on separate occasions. One condition incorporated a high visual load and the other a low load. Exercise and sound were balanced. Lateral phoria for near and far vision was carefully measured, regularly, before, during and after sleep deprivation. It was found that a reduction in convergence (exophoria) for both near and far vision became increasingly apparent with progressive sleep deprivation, especially with near vision and under high visual load. The near vision measure, which included accommodation convergence, appeared to be more sensitive to sleep deprivation generally, whereas far vision tended to produce a greater differentiation between the conditions. The implications of these findings for REM sleep and oculomotor innervation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212489", "title": "Effect of a memory retrieval task on recall of verbal material obtained after awakening from sleep.", "content": "After 66 awakenings from sleep without spontaneous recall of verbal material in the report, the subjects were submitted to a memory retrieval task concerning this kind of material. In 39.3% of the awakenings we found either syntactic, semantic or generic material (the latter never appeared in spontaneous recall); differences are found between fast sleep and slow wave sleep concerning semantic and generic material. The results are discussed in relation to the problem of retrieval and of hypothetical coding and verbal material assessments.", "contents": "Effect of a memory retrieval task on recall of verbal material obtained after awakening from sleep. After 66 awakenings from sleep without spontaneous recall of verbal material in the report, the subjects were submitted to a memory retrieval task concerning this kind of material. In 39.3% of the awakenings we found either syntactic, semantic or generic material (the latter never appeared in spontaneous recall); differences are found between fast sleep and slow wave sleep concerning semantic and generic material. The results are discussed in relation to the problem of retrieval and of hypothetical coding and verbal material assessments."}
{"id": "PMID:1212490", "title": "Legislation to regulate medical devices.", "content": "The history of medical device regulation began with the need to rid the marketplace of bogus inventions which were either harmful in themselves or harmful because they delayed meaningful treatment of illness. Since World War II, sophistication in medical technology and development of electronic and other types of medical devices has created a new need for regulation of safety and performance of devices used to cure and mitigate disease in man. The 1938 amendments to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act gave FDA authority over labeling and advertising of devices, enforceable only after devices were marketed. In 1969 a study by an HEW commission documented the need for further legislation. The commission recommended three categories of medical devices: those requiring premarket clearance or scientific review, those for which standards could be established to protect the public, and those which are generally recognized as safe and for which nor standards would be necessary. In 1974 the Senate unanimously approved Senator Kennedy's \"Medical Device Amendments of 1973\" legislation which fulfills the recommendations of the HEW commission report. The House of Representatives failed to pass their version of the legislation in the 93rd Congress. Senator Kennedy re-introduced the bill in the 94th Congress and it passed the Senate in April 1975. Representative Rogers re-introduced an amended bill. The bill is expected to become law in 1975.", "contents": "Legislation to regulate medical devices. The history of medical device regulation began with the need to rid the marketplace of bogus inventions which were either harmful in themselves or harmful because they delayed meaningful treatment of illness. Since World War II, sophistication in medical technology and development of electronic and other types of medical devices has created a new need for regulation of safety and performance of devices used to cure and mitigate disease in man. The 1938 amendments to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act gave FDA authority over labeling and advertising of devices, enforceable only after devices were marketed. In 1969 a study by an HEW commission documented the need for further legislation. The commission recommended three categories of medical devices: those requiring premarket clearance or scientific review, those for which standards could be established to protect the public, and those which are generally recognized as safe and for which nor standards would be necessary. In 1974 the Senate unanimously approved Senator Kennedy's \"Medical Device Amendments of 1973\" legislation which fulfills the recommendations of the HEW commission report. The House of Representatives failed to pass their version of the legislation in the 93rd Congress. Senator Kennedy re-introduced the bill in the 94th Congress and it passed the Senate in April 1975. Representative Rogers re-introduced an amended bill. The bill is expected to become law in 1975."}
{"id": "PMID:1212493", "title": "Chemical composition and biophysical properties of porcine cardiovascular tissues.", "content": "Collagen from the cardiovascular system is extremely resistant to proteolytic digestion, in contrast with the proteoglycans of these connective tissues. In particular this is true for the heart valves, which contain the largest proportion of collagen. The tensile strength of aortic tissue incubated at 37 degrees C declines rapidly unless fixed with aldehydes. Stabilized glutaraldehyde gives rise to the most stable form of cross-link and renders the tissue structurally intact after more than 4 years of incubation at 37 degrees C in physiological solution. Formaldehyde, on the other hand, gives rise to transcient cross-links.", "contents": "Chemical composition and biophysical properties of porcine cardiovascular tissues. Collagen from the cardiovascular system is extremely resistant to proteolytic digestion, in contrast with the proteoglycans of these connective tissues. In particular this is true for the heart valves, which contain the largest proportion of collagen. The tensile strength of aortic tissue incubated at 37 degrees C declines rapidly unless fixed with aldehydes. Stabilized glutaraldehyde gives rise to the most stable form of cross-link and renders the tissue structurally intact after more than 4 years of incubation at 37 degrees C in physiological solution. Formaldehyde, on the other hand, gives rise to transcient cross-links."}
{"id": "PMID:1212494", "title": "Activated carbons for medical applications. In vitro microparticle characterization and solute adsorption.", "content": "Activated carbon is a high surface area adsorbent. Its ability to adsorb nitrogenous metabolic wastes and exogenous poisons from blood has been well documented. Polymeric coatings on activated carbon enhance its biotolerability and make it feasible for use in hemoperfusion devices. The only drawback seems to be the presence of microparticles on the carbon surface. These particles may become emboli during hemoperfusion. This paper describes a series of in vitro tests used to evaluate many commercially available granular and pelletized activated carbons. The tests were as follows: 1) creatinine adsorption capacity and kinetics, 2) initial cleanliness, 3) washability, 4) attrition resistance, and 5) carbon particle surface morphologymone grade of activated carbon has been chosen for hemoperfusion studies on the basis of the above evaluations; The nature of the microparticles and the approach used to remove them from this carbon is described.", "contents": "Activated carbons for medical applications. In vitro microparticle characterization and solute adsorption. Activated carbon is a high surface area adsorbent. Its ability to adsorb nitrogenous metabolic wastes and exogenous poisons from blood has been well documented. Polymeric coatings on activated carbon enhance its biotolerability and make it feasible for use in hemoperfusion devices. The only drawback seems to be the presence of microparticles on the carbon surface. These particles may become emboli during hemoperfusion. This paper describes a series of in vitro tests used to evaluate many commercially available granular and pelletized activated carbons. The tests were as follows: 1) creatinine adsorption capacity and kinetics, 2) initial cleanliness, 3) washability, 4) attrition resistance, and 5) carbon particle surface morphologymone grade of activated carbon has been chosen for hemoperfusion studies on the basis of the above evaluations; The nature of the microparticles and the approach used to remove them from this carbon is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1212495", "title": "Reactivity of blood with biomaterials in vitro: evaluation of some in vitro test systems for estimation of the blood compatibility of biomaterials.", "content": "Several different in vitro tests designed to estimate the degree of compatibility of blood with biomaterials have been examined to determine possible effects of donor or donor-material interaction. Statistical evaluation of data was performed, and adequate data were collected with each different test system to render such evaluation meaningful. Isolated examples of donor and donor-material interaction were detected, but these proved to be minor or insignificant in each case. Data are presented for each of the in vitro test systems examined to indicate the number of replicate determinations required for observed differences to be significant at the 5% level.", "contents": "Reactivity of blood with biomaterials in vitro: evaluation of some in vitro test systems for estimation of the blood compatibility of biomaterials. Several different in vitro tests designed to estimate the degree of compatibility of blood with biomaterials have been examined to determine possible effects of donor or donor-material interaction. Statistical evaluation of data was performed, and adequate data were collected with each different test system to render such evaluation meaningful. Isolated examples of donor and donor-material interaction were detected, but these proved to be minor or insignificant in each case. Data are presented for each of the in vitro test systems examined to indicate the number of replicate determinations required for observed differences to be significant at the 5% level."}
{"id": "PMID:1212496", "title": "Histologic reactions of the thymus, spleen, liver and lymph nodes to intravenous and subcutaneous BCG injections.", "content": "The tissue reactions of non-tumor-bearing F1 (DBA/2 X C57B16) mice to i.v. and s.c. injected BCG were studied in animals sacrificed at planned intervals following the injection. No appreciable changes were observed prior to day 6, when the thymic cortex and medulla began to show hyperplasia of epithelial cells; many of them had PAS positive cytoplasm and some of these cells were contiguous with the walls of small blood vessels and large cystic spaces containing PAS-positive secretions. The thymic cortical lymphocytes showed, on day 6, a pronounced pyroninophilia and increased mitotic activity without increase in thymic weight. These changes were considerably more striking in the i.v. than in the s.c. injected animals. On the same day a pronounced multifocal lymphocytic infiltration involving the red pulp and the parafollicular and periarteriolar zones of the spleen were observed. It was more pronounced in the i.v. than in the s.c. injected animals. The thymic changes were seen only in animals killed on day 6 and day 10, but were no longer observed on day 14. Beginning with day 14 a pronounced histiocytic granulomatous reaction was observed in the liver. On day 18, this granulomatous reaction was also seen in the spleen, lymph nodes, and lungs of i.v. injected animals. It persisted until day 45. In the s.c. injected animals histiocytic granulomas were seen only at the site of injection and in the regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Histologic reactions of the thymus, spleen, liver and lymph nodes to intravenous and subcutaneous BCG injections. The tissue reactions of non-tumor-bearing F1 (DBA/2 X C57B16) mice to i.v. and s.c. injected BCG were studied in animals sacrificed at planned intervals following the injection. No appreciable changes were observed prior to day 6, when the thymic cortex and medulla began to show hyperplasia of epithelial cells; many of them had PAS positive cytoplasm and some of these cells were contiguous with the walls of small blood vessels and large cystic spaces containing PAS-positive secretions. The thymic cortical lymphocytes showed, on day 6, a pronounced pyroninophilia and increased mitotic activity without increase in thymic weight. These changes were considerably more striking in the i.v. than in the s.c. injected animals. On the same day a pronounced multifocal lymphocytic infiltration involving the red pulp and the parafollicular and periarteriolar zones of the spleen were observed. It was more pronounced in the i.v. than in the s.c. injected animals. The thymic changes were seen only in animals killed on day 6 and day 10, but were no longer observed on day 14. Beginning with day 14 a pronounced histiocytic granulomatous reaction was observed in the liver. On day 18, this granulomatous reaction was also seen in the spleen, lymph nodes, and lungs of i.v. injected animals. It persisted until day 45. In the s.c. injected animals histiocytic granulomas were seen only at the site of injection and in the regional lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1212497", "title": "Left ventricular ejection time. multiple relation to physiological and biometrical data; prediction of reference standards.", "content": "The relationship between left ventricular ejection time, and physiological or biometrical data, is submitted to multivariate statistical analysis. Methodology is intended to attain three objectives: 1) to simulate a controlled-condition experiment in clinical research, by using the statistical method of multiple regression; 2) to get a wide inference of conclusions, by selecting a sample of two hundred subjects whose biological data cover a wide field; 3) to check the really prospective value of results, by applying the formula worked out in a group of a hundred subjects to another independent group of a hundred subjects. The prediction formula of ejection time takes into account: stroke volume, cardiac cycle duration, body height, sex, age, pulse pressure, blood capacity in oxygen, presence or absence of digitalis treatment or atrial fibrillation. The first aim of the formula is to better evaluate the normal relationship between considered variables. Secondarily it leads to a proposal for estimating mechanical performance of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Left ventricular ejection time. multiple relation to physiological and biometrical data; prediction of reference standards. The relationship between left ventricular ejection time, and physiological or biometrical data, is submitted to multivariate statistical analysis. Methodology is intended to attain three objectives: 1) to simulate a controlled-condition experiment in clinical research, by using the statistical method of multiple regression; 2) to get a wide inference of conclusions, by selecting a sample of two hundred subjects whose biological data cover a wide field; 3) to check the really prospective value of results, by applying the formula worked out in a group of a hundred subjects to another independent group of a hundred subjects. The prediction formula of ejection time takes into account: stroke volume, cardiac cycle duration, body height, sex, age, pulse pressure, blood capacity in oxygen, presence or absence of digitalis treatment or atrial fibrillation. The first aim of the formula is to better evaluate the normal relationship between considered variables. Secondarily it leads to a proposal for estimating mechanical performance of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:1212498", "title": "Studies of granulocyte kinetics in normal and granulocytopenic subjects.", "content": "Granulopoiesis was studied simultaneously by three methods in normal subjects and in subjects with neutropenia of various aetiologies: in vitro labelling of autologous and homologous granulocytes for the study of peripheral kinetics, in vivo labelling with DF32P (di-isopropyl-flourophosphate 32P) or 75Se-selenomethionine, and bone marrow autoradiography after in vitro labelling with 3H-thymidine for the study of bone marrow granulopoiesis. Three main mechanisms of neutropenia can be distinguished: a) peripheral hyperdestruction, corpuscular or extra-corpuscular, and false leukopenias (change in the distribution of peripheral granulocytes from the circulating to the marginal granulocyte pool; b) quantitative bone marrow insufficiency without qualitative abnormality; c) qualitative abnormality in bone marrow granulopoiesis with cell death in either the maturation stage or the proliferative stage. There is no exact correlation between clinical and kinetic classifications, but most cases of post-infection chronic neutropenias and idiopathic neutropenias fall into the first two categories, and most cases of benzol intoxication and bone marrow insufficiency due to X-irradiation fall into the last category. Some of these last patients developed an acute myeloblastic leukaemia in the two following years and can be considered as preleukaemic states.", "contents": "Studies of granulocyte kinetics in normal and granulocytopenic subjects. Granulopoiesis was studied simultaneously by three methods in normal subjects and in subjects with neutropenia of various aetiologies: in vitro labelling of autologous and homologous granulocytes for the study of peripheral kinetics, in vivo labelling with DF32P (di-isopropyl-flourophosphate 32P) or 75Se-selenomethionine, and bone marrow autoradiography after in vitro labelling with 3H-thymidine for the study of bone marrow granulopoiesis. Three main mechanisms of neutropenia can be distinguished: a) peripheral hyperdestruction, corpuscular or extra-corpuscular, and false leukopenias (change in the distribution of peripheral granulocytes from the circulating to the marginal granulocyte pool; b) quantitative bone marrow insufficiency without qualitative abnormality; c) qualitative abnormality in bone marrow granulopoiesis with cell death in either the maturation stage or the proliferative stage. There is no exact correlation between clinical and kinetic classifications, but most cases of post-infection chronic neutropenias and idiopathic neutropenias fall into the first two categories, and most cases of benzol intoxication and bone marrow insufficiency due to X-irradiation fall into the last category. Some of these last patients developed an acute myeloblastic leukaemia in the two following years and can be considered as preleukaemic states."}
{"id": "PMID:1212499", "title": "Kinetics of HBs antigen in man.", "content": "The metabolism of HBs Antigen had been studied in three human volunteers. One had chronic hepatitis and two were \"silent carriers\". The HBs Antigen had been isolated and purified from the plasma of each of the three subjects and, after iodination, reinjected to the same donor. The parameters of plasma kinetics of 131I HBsAg have been analyzed according to a two compartmental model on the basis of the radioactivity of TCA precipitate (TP) and immunoprecipitate (IP). The fast initial volume of distribution was approximately equal in the three subjects (46.6 ml/kg). The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of IP was the very same in two subjects but is four times higher in one of the silent carrier. The total renewal time (TRT) was about 3.3 days. Assuming that the HBs Antigen extraction was of the order of 65% the plasma HBs Antigen concentration per liter of plasma would be 12 and 53 mg/liter fot two silent carriers and 61 mg/liter for the patient with chronic hepatitis. The radioactive efflux from the model (calculated as IP.MCR multiplied by HBs Antigen concentration) was identical for the two silent carriers adn 50% higher in the patient with chronic hepatitis. This increase possibly reflects an increased synthesis of HBs Antigen in the patient with chronic hepatitis. The cumulative urinary radioactivity when added to the whole body counting demonstrated that radioactivity was excreted solely in the urine. The ratio of organ counting to precordium counting did not vary significantly with time in all subjects.", "contents": "Kinetics of HBs antigen in man. The metabolism of HBs Antigen had been studied in three human volunteers. One had chronic hepatitis and two were \"silent carriers\". The HBs Antigen had been isolated and purified from the plasma of each of the three subjects and, after iodination, reinjected to the same donor. The parameters of plasma kinetics of 131I HBsAg have been analyzed according to a two compartmental model on the basis of the radioactivity of TCA precipitate (TP) and immunoprecipitate (IP). The fast initial volume of distribution was approximately equal in the three subjects (46.6 ml/kg). The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of IP was the very same in two subjects but is four times higher in one of the silent carrier. The total renewal time (TRT) was about 3.3 days. Assuming that the HBs Antigen extraction was of the order of 65% the plasma HBs Antigen concentration per liter of plasma would be 12 and 53 mg/liter fot two silent carriers and 61 mg/liter for the patient with chronic hepatitis. The radioactive efflux from the model (calculated as IP.MCR multiplied by HBs Antigen concentration) was identical for the two silent carriers adn 50% higher in the patient with chronic hepatitis. This increase possibly reflects an increased synthesis of HBs Antigen in the patient with chronic hepatitis. The cumulative urinary radioactivity when added to the whole body counting demonstrated that radioactivity was excreted solely in the urine. The ratio of organ counting to precordium counting did not vary significantly with time in all subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:1212500", "title": "[Multidimensional analysis in clinical investigation. Application to the pathogenic classification of idiopathic hypercalciuria].", "content": "Multidimensional analytical techniques enable any number of variables to be studied simultaneously. These techniques have been described and a few examples of their application to biomedical research given. A classification of so called \"idiopathic hypercalciuria\" was made using this approach which demonstrated the existence of three possible mechanisms of pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Multidimensional analysis in clinical investigation. Application to the pathogenic classification of idiopathic hypercalciuria]. Multidimensional analytical techniques enable any number of variables to be studied simultaneously. These techniques have been described and a few examples of their application to biomedical research given. A classification of so called \"idiopathic hypercalciuria\" was made using this approach which demonstrated the existence of three possible mechanisms of pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1212501", "title": "[The effects of arginine and growth hormone on the nitrogen balance of rats].", "content": "Intramuscular administration effects of arginine aspartate (AA : 0,50 g a day for 4 days), arginine chlorhydrate (CA : 0.34 g a day for 4 days), potassium aspartate (AK : 0.22 g a day for 4 days) with equal arginine base and aspartate ion supply for all products, bovine growth hormone (STH : 2 U.I. a day for 4 days), and the association of these substances, are studied on 6 rats, during a 74 days nitrogen balance period. Arginine (endogenous STH secretion stimulation) produces a greater nitrogen retention with AA (+ 184%, p less than 0.01) than CA (+ 71% p less than 0.10). A.K. had no effect. With exogenous STH, effect is important (+ 248%, p less than 0.01) but does not significantly differ from AA. STH + A.A. and STH + C.A. associations (exogenous and endogenous STH) produce a very marked nitrogen retention (+ 282% and + 252%, p less than 0.01) which, however, does not significantly differ from STH when given alone.", "contents": "[The effects of arginine and growth hormone on the nitrogen balance of rats]. Intramuscular administration effects of arginine aspartate (AA : 0,50 g a day for 4 days), arginine chlorhydrate (CA : 0.34 g a day for 4 days), potassium aspartate (AK : 0.22 g a day for 4 days) with equal arginine base and aspartate ion supply for all products, bovine growth hormone (STH : 2 U.I. a day for 4 days), and the association of these substances, are studied on 6 rats, during a 74 days nitrogen balance period. Arginine (endogenous STH secretion stimulation) produces a greater nitrogen retention with AA (+ 184%, p less than 0.01) than CA (+ 71% p less than 0.10). A.K. had no effect. With exogenous STH, effect is important (+ 248%, p less than 0.01) but does not significantly differ from AA. STH + A.A. and STH + C.A. associations (exogenous and endogenous STH) produce a very marked nitrogen retention (+ 282% and + 252%, p less than 0.01) which, however, does not significantly differ from STH when given alone."}
{"id": "PMID:1212507", "title": "New studies of cranial growth.", "content": "Additional experimental data indicate that cranial base elongation is secondarily responsive to prior alterations of the neural mass, further supporting the functional matrix concept. Additional studies of epithelial growth and of muscle regeneration suggest that neurotrophic processes, regulating functional matrices, may play a significant role in both normal and abnormal cephalogenesis.", "contents": "New studies of cranial growth. Additional experimental data indicate that cranial base elongation is secondarily responsive to prior alterations of the neural mass, further supporting the functional matrix concept. Additional studies of epithelial growth and of muscle regeneration suggest that neurotrophic processes, regulating functional matrices, may play a significant role in both normal and abnormal cephalogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1212509", "title": "Difficulties and problems to be solved in the approach to craniofacial malformations.", "content": "Orbitocraniofacial surgery offers great possibilities to some grossly deformed patients. It is unlike any other aspect of plastic surgery, meriting the creation of a new full-time specialty. The development of a few regional clinical basic science teams located strategically throughout North America is suggested. The primary aim of the teams should be a broad interdisciplinary approach involving basic and clinical research focused on craniofacial anomalies. However, to bring all the necessary multidisciplinary groups into an interdisciplinary team requires central funding to make available the necessary commitment of time to organize a unified thrust of research effort.", "contents": "Difficulties and problems to be solved in the approach to craniofacial malformations. Orbitocraniofacial surgery offers great possibilities to some grossly deformed patients. It is unlike any other aspect of plastic surgery, meriting the creation of a new full-time specialty. The development of a few regional clinical basic science teams located strategically throughout North America is suggested. The primary aim of the teams should be a broad interdisciplinary approach involving basic and clinical research focused on craniofacial anomalies. However, to bring all the necessary multidisciplinary groups into an interdisciplinary team requires central funding to make available the necessary commitment of time to organize a unified thrust of research effort."}
{"id": "PMID:1212522", "title": "[Growth rate and natural history of breast cancer].", "content": "Available data on growth rate of human breast cancers and their kinetic of cell proliferation were reviewed. Breast cancers are among those human cancers with the longest doubling time and the lowest labelling index, however the spread of the individual values is especially large. Analysis of the data indicate that half of the metastases began to grow more than about two years before the time when the primary tumor reached a clinically detectable size. The prognostic influence of the delay between the time when the tumor reached a clinically detectable size and the treatment is discussed. A correlation is observed between the growth rate of the primary tumors and the mean survival of the deceased patients. This is probably due to correlation between the growth rates of the primary and of the metastases. The growth rate of the primary seems to have little influence, if any, on the probability of metastatic dissemination per tumor cell. This probability varies widely among various clinical types of breast tumors and is probably correlated with other parameters such as the presence of an inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "[Growth rate and natural history of breast cancer]. Available data on growth rate of human breast cancers and their kinetic of cell proliferation were reviewed. Breast cancers are among those human cancers with the longest doubling time and the lowest labelling index, however the spread of the individual values is especially large. Analysis of the data indicate that half of the metastases began to grow more than about two years before the time when the primary tumor reached a clinically detectable size. The prognostic influence of the delay between the time when the tumor reached a clinically detectable size and the treatment is discussed. A correlation is observed between the growth rate of the primary tumors and the mean survival of the deceased patients. This is probably due to correlation between the growth rates of the primary and of the metastases. The growth rate of the primary seems to have little influence, if any, on the probability of metastatic dissemination per tumor cell. This probability varies widely among various clinical types of breast tumors and is probably correlated with other parameters such as the presence of an inflammatory reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1212523", "title": "[Local and regional lymph node invasion in breast cancer].", "content": "The significance and the pronostic value of nodal involvement were studied in patients suffering from mammary carcinoma over the past fifteen years at the Institute Gustave-Roussy. An average of eighteen lymph nodes per patient were examined by routine methods. In 70% of the cases there was axillary involvement as well as in 42% of the cases classified as NO. Such involvement seems to proceed step by step from the lower lymph nodes to the upper ones and is significantly more frequent when the tumor is located externally or centraly (70%) than when the tumor is located in an internal quadrant (55%). Involvement of the interpectoral chain of Rotter was found in only 12% of these cases and practically never in an isolated manner. Internal mammary chain involvement, present 25% of the cases, did not seem to be connected to a median or lateral location of the tumor. The number of involved nodes has great prognostic significance, much more so than the presence of capsular rupture or sinus histiocytosis. The prognosis is much poorer if three or more nodes are involved: the seven year survival is about 85% when 0, 1 or 2 nodes are involved, and falls to 44% when three or more are involved.", "contents": "[Local and regional lymph node invasion in breast cancer]. The significance and the pronostic value of nodal involvement were studied in patients suffering from mammary carcinoma over the past fifteen years at the Institute Gustave-Roussy. An average of eighteen lymph nodes per patient were examined by routine methods. In 70% of the cases there was axillary involvement as well as in 42% of the cases classified as NO. Such involvement seems to proceed step by step from the lower lymph nodes to the upper ones and is significantly more frequent when the tumor is located externally or centraly (70%) than when the tumor is located in an internal quadrant (55%). Involvement of the interpectoral chain of Rotter was found in only 12% of these cases and practically never in an isolated manner. Internal mammary chain involvement, present 25% of the cases, did not seem to be connected to a median or lateral location of the tumor. The number of involved nodes has great prognostic significance, much more so than the presence of capsular rupture or sinus histiocytosis. The prognosis is much poorer if three or more nodes are involved: the seven year survival is about 85% when 0, 1 or 2 nodes are involved, and falls to 44% when three or more are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:1212524", "title": "[Current data on radiotherapy of breast cancer].", "content": "At the Symposium in Teheran two aspects of radiotherapy in mammary cancer came up for discussion: post-operative radiotherapy and the possibilities of conservative treatment, combining tumorectomy (\"lumpectomy\", \"tylectomy \") for stage 1 cases. The place of post-operative irradiation was discussed in relationship to the appearance of local recurrences, metastases and the survival rates available from published data (therapeutic trials and retrospective studies) and in relationship with a population of 206 cases treated at the Gustave Roussy Institute between 1963 and 1966. The possible relationship between post-operative irradiation and immunity were mentioned. With identical wide surgical excision the essential role of post-operative irradiation consists of diminishing in a significant fashion the level of local recurrences. With more restricted surgery of the simple mastectomy type one asks whether irradiation could not replace radical node dissections. It should be reserved for the bad N+ cases. A retrospective study of 44 cases coded T1 NO/N1 MO/PevO treated by tumorectomy and cobalt 60 was compared with 44 matching cases which differed only in their local treatment which consisted of wide surgical excision. The survival actuarial rate at 8 years is 88.6% for the more conservatively treated group compared with 73% for the radical group. In order to provide a quite impartial result a WHO therapeutic trial was begun in 1972.", "contents": "[Current data on radiotherapy of breast cancer]. At the Symposium in Teheran two aspects of radiotherapy in mammary cancer came up for discussion: post-operative radiotherapy and the possibilities of conservative treatment, combining tumorectomy (\"lumpectomy\", \"tylectomy \") for stage 1 cases. The place of post-operative irradiation was discussed in relationship to the appearance of local recurrences, metastases and the survival rates available from published data (therapeutic trials and retrospective studies) and in relationship with a population of 206 cases treated at the Gustave Roussy Institute between 1963 and 1966. The possible relationship between post-operative irradiation and immunity were mentioned. With identical wide surgical excision the essential role of post-operative irradiation consists of diminishing in a significant fashion the level of local recurrences. With more restricted surgery of the simple mastectomy type one asks whether irradiation could not replace radical node dissections. It should be reserved for the bad N+ cases. A retrospective study of 44 cases coded T1 NO/N1 MO/PevO treated by tumorectomy and cobalt 60 was compared with 44 matching cases which differed only in their local treatment which consisted of wide surgical excision. The survival actuarial rate at 8 years is 88.6% for the more conservatively treated group compared with 73% for the radical group. In order to provide a quite impartial result a WHO therapeutic trial was begun in 1972."}
{"id": "PMID:1212525", "title": "[Epidemiology of colorectal cancer].", "content": "Some of the more recent contributions of epidemiology to knowledge of the causation of colo-rectal are reviewed. Geographical differences and changes in migrants suggest the importance of enviornmental (especially dietary) factors. High dietary fat is believed to stimulate increased bile secretion and thus provide a substrate for bacterial conversion to carcinogens or co-carcinogens. The association of beef consumption to colorectal cancer may relate to the fat content of beef. There is so far little direct evidence to support the alternative dietary fibre deficiency hypothesis.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of colorectal cancer]. Some of the more recent contributions of epidemiology to knowledge of the causation of colo-rectal are reviewed. Geographical differences and changes in migrants suggest the importance of enviornmental (especially dietary) factors. High dietary fat is believed to stimulate increased bile secretion and thus provide a substrate for bacterial conversion to carcinogens or co-carcinogens. The association of beef consumption to colorectal cancer may relate to the fat content of beef. There is so far little direct evidence to support the alternative dietary fibre deficiency hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1212526", "title": "Kinetics and possible regulation of crypt cell populations under normal and stress conditions.", "content": "The proliferative organisation of the crypts of the small intestine is considered with special reference to the existence, location and numbers of stem cells. It is concluded that the crypt contains a minority population of cells at its base that are the true stem cells. These cells provide an input of cells for the larger proliferative compartment higher up the crypt. The presumptive stem cells may be pluripotent and produce Paneth, goblet and columnar cells. They are probably also the cells which are capable of regenerating the crypt after X-ray depopulation. Radiobiological experiments indicate that the number of cryptogenic cells is less than 80, while the results of several experiments on the kinetics of the cell populations indicate that the number of stem cells is about 20. The stem cells are located in the Paneth cell zone of the crypt, and are apparently passing through the cell cycle at about half the speed of the proliferative cells. It is these vital stem cells that will determine the response of the mucosa to therapeutic agents, probably play a role in carcinogenesis and play a dominant role in mechanisms controlling cell proliferation.", "contents": "Kinetics and possible regulation of crypt cell populations under normal and stress conditions. The proliferative organisation of the crypts of the small intestine is considered with special reference to the existence, location and numbers of stem cells. It is concluded that the crypt contains a minority population of cells at its base that are the true stem cells. These cells provide an input of cells for the larger proliferative compartment higher up the crypt. The presumptive stem cells may be pluripotent and produce Paneth, goblet and columnar cells. They are probably also the cells which are capable of regenerating the crypt after X-ray depopulation. Radiobiological experiments indicate that the number of cryptogenic cells is less than 80, while the results of several experiments on the kinetics of the cell populations indicate that the number of stem cells is about 20. The stem cells are located in the Paneth cell zone of the crypt, and are apparently passing through the cell cycle at about half the speed of the proliferative cells. It is these vital stem cells that will determine the response of the mucosa to therapeutic agents, probably play a role in carcinogenesis and play a dominant role in mechanisms controlling cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212527", "title": "[Immunologic research on human colonic cancer].", "content": "Immunological studies on human colonic tumors were oriented in two ways according to their methodology: immunochemistry or cellular immunology methods. Immunochemical studies allowed to characterized several tumor associated antigens although no one was proved as cancer specific. The most famous of these antigens is no doubt the carcinoembryonic antigen of the digestive system or shortly CEA. This is a perchlorosoluble glycoprotein which is associated to the apical pole of glandular cells. It is found in relatively large amounts in colonic carcinomas, mainly the well differentiated ones, and in traces in non cancerous colonic mucosa. By radioimmunoassay CEA level was found elevated above 2,5 ng/ml in most of the sera of patients bearing a digestive cancer but also in a fair number of patients having non-digestive cancer or an inflammatory disease involving or not the digestive system. Morever CEA increase is noted in only one third of incipient colonic carcinomas. CEA assay is thus not reliable for diagnostic of colon cancers, specially the localized ones. On the contrary, this assay seems to be of great value in the follow-up of patients operated for colonic carcinoma. Cellular immunology methods aim to characterize the reactivity of patients lymphocytes to antigens carried by their own tumor. Results obtained by microcytotoxicity are now questioned. Migration inhibition of peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphoblastic transformation give perhaps more reliable informations. The same is likely true for skin tests made in cancerous patients with extracts of their own tumor.", "contents": "[Immunologic research on human colonic cancer]. Immunological studies on human colonic tumors were oriented in two ways according to their methodology: immunochemistry or cellular immunology methods. Immunochemical studies allowed to characterized several tumor associated antigens although no one was proved as cancer specific. The most famous of these antigens is no doubt the carcinoembryonic antigen of the digestive system or shortly CEA. This is a perchlorosoluble glycoprotein which is associated to the apical pole of glandular cells. It is found in relatively large amounts in colonic carcinomas, mainly the well differentiated ones, and in traces in non cancerous colonic mucosa. By radioimmunoassay CEA level was found elevated above 2,5 ng/ml in most of the sera of patients bearing a digestive cancer but also in a fair number of patients having non-digestive cancer or an inflammatory disease involving or not the digestive system. Morever CEA increase is noted in only one third of incipient colonic carcinomas. CEA assay is thus not reliable for diagnostic of colon cancers, specially the localized ones. On the contrary, this assay seems to be of great value in the follow-up of patients operated for colonic carcinoma. Cellular immunology methods aim to characterize the reactivity of patients lymphocytes to antigens carried by their own tumor. Results obtained by microcytotoxicity are now questioned. Migration inhibition of peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphoblastic transformation give perhaps more reliable informations. The same is likely true for skin tests made in cancerous patients with extracts of their own tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1212528", "title": "[Clinical use of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determination].", "content": "The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker defined by specific heterologous antisera. Elevated levels of circulating CEA have been detected by radioimmunoassay in 20-90 per cent of cases of colorectal carcinomas depending on the degree of tumor spread. The fact that elevation of CEA level can also be observed in other types of carcinomas and in several non malignant conditions greatly limit the value of the CEA test for the early diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma. Thus, the CEA assay should not be used as a screening test for cancer. Repeated CEA measurements, however, appear to be of importance for the evaluation of tumor resection and the detection of tumor recurrence. The only localized tumors known to produce elevation of CEA above the levels observed in non malignant diseases are carcinomas of the large bowel and the pancreas. In carcinomas derived from other organs a marked increase of CEA level is always associated with the presence of distant metastasis. Therefore at the present time the clinical applications of the CEA radioimmunoassay should be limited to the differential diagnosis of patients with suspicion of primary colorectal or pancreatic carcinoma, to the detection of distant metastasis in other types of carcinomas and to the post operative follow up of patients who had elevated levels of CEA before surgery. Well-controlled studies are still needed to determine if therapeutic decisions based on CEA results can lead to improved survival.", "contents": "[Clinical use of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determination]. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker defined by specific heterologous antisera. Elevated levels of circulating CEA have been detected by radioimmunoassay in 20-90 per cent of cases of colorectal carcinomas depending on the degree of tumor spread. The fact that elevation of CEA level can also be observed in other types of carcinomas and in several non malignant conditions greatly limit the value of the CEA test for the early diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma. Thus, the CEA assay should not be used as a screening test for cancer. Repeated CEA measurements, however, appear to be of importance for the evaluation of tumor resection and the detection of tumor recurrence. The only localized tumors known to produce elevation of CEA above the levels observed in non malignant diseases are carcinomas of the large bowel and the pancreas. In carcinomas derived from other organs a marked increase of CEA level is always associated with the presence of distant metastasis. Therefore at the present time the clinical applications of the CEA radioimmunoassay should be limited to the differential diagnosis of patients with suspicion of primary colorectal or pancreatic carcinoma, to the detection of distant metastasis in other types of carcinomas and to the post operative follow up of patients who had elevated levels of CEA before surgery. Well-controlled studies are still needed to determine if therapeutic decisions based on CEA results can lead to improved survival."}
{"id": "PMID:1212534", "title": "Observations on the epizootiology of vampire bat rabies.", "content": "Vampire bat populations were opportunely sampled before, during, and at varying intervals after outbreaks of bovine rabies. The captured bats were examined for rabies neutralizing antibody and virus. In all, sera from 1,024 vampire bats were tested for antibody, and tissues from these bats plus 83 others were tested for virus. Neutralizing antibody only rarely appeared in vampire serum samples taken before bovine rabies outbreaks, and only low percentages of samples positive for rabies antibody were obtained from bats captured during bovine outbreaks. In contrast, varying percentages of positive samples (including some high percentages) were taken from bats captured at various intervals after bovine outbreaks. Only eleven rabies virus isolations were obtained in the course of this study. In each case the virus came from a bat captured just before or during a bovine outbreak. The authors suggest that rabies virus behaves in vampire populations the way diverse infectious agents typically behave in other hosts. That is, the virus infects many individuals; some die and others survive to demonstrate their exposure through the appearance of anitbody. The disease disappears from the bat population in time and does not return until a sufficient number of susceptible bats have re-entered the population.", "contents": "Observations on the epizootiology of vampire bat rabies. Vampire bat populations were opportunely sampled before, during, and at varying intervals after outbreaks of bovine rabies. The captured bats were examined for rabies neutralizing antibody and virus. In all, sera from 1,024 vampire bats were tested for antibody, and tissues from these bats plus 83 others were tested for virus. Neutralizing antibody only rarely appeared in vampire serum samples taken before bovine rabies outbreaks, and only low percentages of samples positive for rabies antibody were obtained from bats captured during bovine outbreaks. In contrast, varying percentages of positive samples (including some high percentages) were taken from bats captured at various intervals after bovine outbreaks. Only eleven rabies virus isolations were obtained in the course of this study. In each case the virus came from a bat captured just before or during a bovine outbreak. The authors suggest that rabies virus behaves in vampire populations the way diverse infectious agents typically behave in other hosts. That is, the virus infects many individuals; some die and others survive to demonstrate their exposure through the appearance of anitbody. The disease disappears from the bat population in time and does not return until a sufficient number of susceptible bats have re-entered the population."}
{"id": "PMID:1212535", "title": "Attitudes toward population control in Santiago, Chile.", "content": "This article explores Chilean attitudes toward the national population's size and rate of growth, as indicated by a special survey conducted for this purpose. The survey sample consisted of 1,410 men 20 to 54 years of age in urban Santiago, who were separated into six categories on the basis of their education and socioeconomic status. The subjects were interviewed by 36 students from the University of Chile who utilized a prepared questionnaire including both open-ended and multiple-choice questions. The results clearly indicate that men in the lower socioeconomic categories tended to know less about the population's size and growth than their better-off counterparts. Nevertheless, they more often felt that Chile had \"too many\" inhabitants, that recent population growth had been rapid, and that this rate of growth should be reduced.", "contents": "Attitudes toward population control in Santiago, Chile. This article explores Chilean attitudes toward the national population's size and rate of growth, as indicated by a special survey conducted for this purpose. The survey sample consisted of 1,410 men 20 to 54 years of age in urban Santiago, who were separated into six categories on the basis of their education and socioeconomic status. The subjects were interviewed by 36 students from the University of Chile who utilized a prepared questionnaire including both open-ended and multiple-choice questions. The results clearly indicate that men in the lower socioeconomic categories tended to know less about the population's size and growth than their better-off counterparts. Nevertheless, they more often felt that Chile had \"too many\" inhabitants, that recent population growth had been rapid, and that this rate of growth should be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1212536", "title": "Leptospira fort-bragg isolated from a rat in Barbados.", "content": "Leptospira fort-bragg was isolated from the kidney tissue of a rat (Rattus rattus) trapped on a plantation in St. Philip Parish, Barbados. This constitutes the first reported isolation of this Autumnalis group serotype outside of the United States and its first known isolation from an animal species. Serologic evidence is presented which indicates that this serotype may be the cause of leptospiral infections in Barbadian cattle.", "contents": "Leptospira fort-bragg isolated from a rat in Barbados. Leptospira fort-bragg was isolated from the kidney tissue of a rat (Rattus rattus) trapped on a plantation in St. Philip Parish, Barbados. This constitutes the first reported isolation of this Autumnalis group serotype outside of the United States and its first known isolation from an animal species. Serologic evidence is presented which indicates that this serotype may be the cause of leptospiral infections in Barbadian cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:1212537", "title": "Investigation of the prevalence and inheritance of bronchial asthma in San Antonio de los Ba\u00f1os, Cuba.", "content": "A survey of bronchial asthma prevalence and inheritance patterns was carried out in the municipality of San Antonio de los Ban\u00f5s, La Habana, Cuba, employing as a sample 3,295 of the area's inhabitants. These persons, selected by stratified, non-restricted sampling techniques, represented 11.02 per cent of the total population. The asthma prevalence found in this sample, which was considered representative of the local population, was 9.74 percent. No significant variations were noted in male and female prevalence rates. The occurrence of bronchial asthma is strongly influenced by inheritance. Our survey supported this view, and also showed that the age of asthma onset is influenced by whether or not the subject's family has a positive history of allergy or not. However, patients with a positive history on one side of their family had an age of onset that was not significantly different from patients with a positive history on both sides (p less than 0.35). Overall, the results tend to confirm that the inheritance of bronchial asthma is autosomal and does not conform to simple dominant or recessive inheritance patterns. Rather, asthma inheritance appears multifactorial, perhaps involving varying degrees of expression, indicating that more is involved than absence or deficiency of a single enzyme.", "contents": "Investigation of the prevalence and inheritance of bronchial asthma in San Antonio de los Ba\u00f1os, Cuba. A survey of bronchial asthma prevalence and inheritance patterns was carried out in the municipality of San Antonio de los Ban\u00f5s, La Habana, Cuba, employing as a sample 3,295 of the area's inhabitants. These persons, selected by stratified, non-restricted sampling techniques, represented 11.02 per cent of the total population. The asthma prevalence found in this sample, which was considered representative of the local population, was 9.74 percent. No significant variations were noted in male and female prevalence rates. The occurrence of bronchial asthma is strongly influenced by inheritance. Our survey supported this view, and also showed that the age of asthma onset is influenced by whether or not the subject's family has a positive history of allergy or not. However, patients with a positive history on one side of their family had an age of onset that was not significantly different from patients with a positive history on both sides (p less than 0.35). Overall, the results tend to confirm that the inheritance of bronchial asthma is autosomal and does not conform to simple dominant or recessive inheritance patterns. Rather, asthma inheritance appears multifactorial, perhaps involving varying degrees of expression, indicating that more is involved than absence or deficiency of a single enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1212538", "title": "Results of spraying with ultra-low-volume malathion at ground level in Panama City.", "content": "Several ultra-low-volume (ULV) sprayings of technical malathion (95 per cent) were carried out in Panama City. Their purpose was to find out how useful this ULV technique could be in helping to combat mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti. Two residential areas were selected as sites for the trials. One of these was San Francisco, a district near the shoreline of the Bay of Panama with many individual houses and a few tall buildings. The other was El Cangrejo, a district further inland containing numerous multi-story apartment buildings and several luxury hotels. Two trials were conducted in San Francisco, both involving a single application of insecticide. One of these tested the effect of street spraying on mosquitoes and larvae left inside and outside of one and two story dwellings, while the other involved similar testing of the effects on ten floors of a high-rise apartment building. There was only one trial in El Cangrejo, but this employed three applications of insecticide at two-day intervals. Like the second San Francisco trial, it tested the effect of the spray on mosquitoes and larvae left in a high-rise apartment building. All the mosquitoes used were obtained from the insectarium of the National Malaria Eradication Service. A. aegypti adults and larvae and Anopheles albimanus larvae were used in the first San Francisco trial. Thereafter, because available supplies of A. aegypti were exhausted, An. albimanus adults and larvae were used alone. The results of these trials were very satisfactory. All adult mosquitoes were killed in most cases, the only exceptions being mosquitoes exposed to a single application that was made under adverse conditions. Fairly high rates of larval mortality were also obtained. Overall, the results strongly indicate that thrice-weekly ground-level ULV spraying with malathion can serve as a highly effective mosquito control measure.", "contents": "Results of spraying with ultra-low-volume malathion at ground level in Panama City. Several ultra-low-volume (ULV) sprayings of technical malathion (95 per cent) were carried out in Panama City. Their purpose was to find out how useful this ULV technique could be in helping to combat mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti. Two residential areas were selected as sites for the trials. One of these was San Francisco, a district near the shoreline of the Bay of Panama with many individual houses and a few tall buildings. The other was El Cangrejo, a district further inland containing numerous multi-story apartment buildings and several luxury hotels. Two trials were conducted in San Francisco, both involving a single application of insecticide. One of these tested the effect of street spraying on mosquitoes and larvae left inside and outside of one and two story dwellings, while the other involved similar testing of the effects on ten floors of a high-rise apartment building. There was only one trial in El Cangrejo, but this employed three applications of insecticide at two-day intervals. Like the second San Francisco trial, it tested the effect of the spray on mosquitoes and larvae left in a high-rise apartment building. All the mosquitoes used were obtained from the insectarium of the National Malaria Eradication Service. A. aegypti adults and larvae and Anopheles albimanus larvae were used in the first San Francisco trial. Thereafter, because available supplies of A. aegypti were exhausted, An. albimanus adults and larvae were used alone. The results of these trials were very satisfactory. All adult mosquitoes were killed in most cases, the only exceptions being mosquitoes exposed to a single application that was made under adverse conditions. Fairly high rates of larval mortality were also obtained. Overall, the results strongly indicate that thrice-weekly ground-level ULV spraying with malathion can serve as a highly effective mosquito control measure."}
{"id": "PMID:1212539", "title": "Cancer of the reproductive organs in Costa Rica.", "content": "This article analyzes deaths and hospital discharges involving cancer of the reproductive organs in Costa Rica during the period 1956-1969. The focus in on breast, prostate, and uterine cancer, since these three types account for virtually all of the known cases. It is noted that while rates of breast and prostate cancer are very low in Costa Rica, very high rates of uterine cancer have been reported. There appears to be an opportunity for reducing these excessive rates, which have a particularly strong impact on those 45 and over, through special health programs. The analysis also shows a six-year decline in mortality and hospital discharge rates for cancer of the cervix uteri. This progressive decline in cervical cancer, together with a rise in breast cancer, runs parallel to a decline in fertility rates during the same period. The observed rates of prostate cancer was very low, but a progressive rise was noted among those 65 and over. Both this time trend and the observed geographic distribution of prostate cancer in Costa Rica are in conformity with general epidemiologic features of prostate cancer described by studies made in the United States.", "contents": "Cancer of the reproductive organs in Costa Rica. This article analyzes deaths and hospital discharges involving cancer of the reproductive organs in Costa Rica during the period 1956-1969. The focus in on breast, prostate, and uterine cancer, since these three types account for virtually all of the known cases. It is noted that while rates of breast and prostate cancer are very low in Costa Rica, very high rates of uterine cancer have been reported. There appears to be an opportunity for reducing these excessive rates, which have a particularly strong impact on those 45 and over, through special health programs. The analysis also shows a six-year decline in mortality and hospital discharge rates for cancer of the cervix uteri. This progressive decline in cervical cancer, together with a rise in breast cancer, runs parallel to a decline in fertility rates during the same period. The observed rates of prostate cancer was very low, but a progressive rise was noted among those 65 and over. Both this time trend and the observed geographic distribution of prostate cancer in Costa Rica are in conformity with general epidemiologic features of prostate cancer described by studies made in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:1212540", "title": "St. Louis encephalomyelitis in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.", "content": "This report, which describes an epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis in northwestern Mexico, was prompted by the apparent infrequency of previous Mexican outbreaks of this disease. The site of the epidemic was the Municipality of Hermosillo in the State of Sonora. This municipality, with a population of about 273,000, is situated in a hot flat area which is naturally dry but which is also well-irrigated. Here, over an eithy-week period, 51 persons became ill and were hospitalized with symptoms including fever, vomiting, stiff neck, lethargy, and increased cell/protein levels in their cerebrospinal fluid. Sera from 12 of these patients were tested for SLE antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and neutralization. The results of these tests were positive and showed a fairly high degree of correlation. In addition, paired serum samples showed a significant rise in SLE antibody titers. Over half of the cases occurred in the City of Hermosillo, the municipal seat; the remainder occurred in 13 outlying areas, most of them quite nearby. Virtually all of the city dwellers affected were residents of low-income districts. The rate of hospital cases was roughly 19 per 100,000 inhabitants, and the case-fatality rate among these cases was approximately 20 per cent. The ratio of male to female patients was 1.3 to 1; sixty-nine per cent of the patients were under 16 years of age.", "contents": "St. Louis encephalomyelitis in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. This report, which describes an epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis in northwestern Mexico, was prompted by the apparent infrequency of previous Mexican outbreaks of this disease. The site of the epidemic was the Municipality of Hermosillo in the State of Sonora. This municipality, with a population of about 273,000, is situated in a hot flat area which is naturally dry but which is also well-irrigated. Here, over an eithy-week period, 51 persons became ill and were hospitalized with symptoms including fever, vomiting, stiff neck, lethargy, and increased cell/protein levels in their cerebrospinal fluid. Sera from 12 of these patients were tested for SLE antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and neutralization. The results of these tests were positive and showed a fairly high degree of correlation. In addition, paired serum samples showed a significant rise in SLE antibody titers. Over half of the cases occurred in the City of Hermosillo, the municipal seat; the remainder occurred in 13 outlying areas, most of them quite nearby. Virtually all of the city dwellers affected were residents of low-income districts. The rate of hospital cases was roughly 19 per 100,000 inhabitants, and the case-fatality rate among these cases was approximately 20 per cent. The ratio of male to female patients was 1.3 to 1; sixty-nine per cent of the patients were under 16 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:1212541", "title": "Diabetes mellitus: a challenge for the countries of the region.", "content": "PAHO recently convened a meeting of experts on diabetes mellitus for purposes of underlining the importance of the disease as a health problem and developing recommendations to assist the countries of the Region in establishing control programs. Existing data on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in different countries are not comparable, since population samples are not always representative and diagnostic criteria vary. Ten different countries set the prevalence figure at anywhere from 1.2 to 6.9 per cent. Mortality from diabetes reveals only part of the problem, largely because of registration difficulties. The figures that are available, however, show that the situation is very serious in several Carribbean countries; that is, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica rank first, second, and third, respectively, among 22 countries in the Americas. The data now available on morbidity and mortality, expected population growth, and probably increases in the relative size of older population groups lead to the assumption that diabetes mellitus, together with its complications, will become an increasingly serious problem in the Region over the next 10 to 15 years. Programs for the control of diabetes mellitus should include educational campaigns for patients, the public, and health professionals; early detection of the disease in high-risk groups; registration and followup of cases and the organization of systems for providing comprehensive care. Promotion of basic, clinical, and epidemiologic research directed at local problems and seeking to acquire a better understanding of the nature of the disease and its complications is also highly recommended. Naturally, each country should adapt current methods of treatment to local socioeconomic and cultural circumstances, especially with regard to dietary therapy, prescribed insulin dosage, and use of the controversial oral hypoglycemic drugs. Despite the important contribution that research can make to a better understanding of diabetes mellitus, it is the health authorities, the patients, and the public who still have the major task of coping with this increasingly prevalent disease, which more and more is revealing the consequences of its chronic  nature and complications in our Region.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus: a challenge for the countries of the region. PAHO recently convened a meeting of experts on diabetes mellitus for purposes of underlining the importance of the disease as a health problem and developing recommendations to assist the countries of the Region in establishing control programs. Existing data on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in different countries are not comparable, since population samples are not always representative and diagnostic criteria vary. Ten different countries set the prevalence figure at anywhere from 1.2 to 6.9 per cent. Mortality from diabetes reveals only part of the problem, largely because of registration difficulties. The figures that are available, however, show that the situation is very serious in several Carribbean countries; that is, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica rank first, second, and third, respectively, among 22 countries in the Americas. The data now available on morbidity and mortality, expected population growth, and probably increases in the relative size of older population groups lead to the assumption that diabetes mellitus, together with its complications, will become an increasingly serious problem in the Region over the next 10 to 15 years. Programs for the control of diabetes mellitus should include educational campaigns for patients, the public, and health professionals; early detection of the disease in high-risk groups; registration and followup of cases and the organization of systems for providing comprehensive care. Promotion of basic, clinical, and epidemiologic research directed at local problems and seeking to acquire a better understanding of the nature of the disease and its complications is also highly recommended. Naturally, each country should adapt current methods of treatment to local socioeconomic and cultural circumstances, especially with regard to dietary therapy, prescribed insulin dosage, and use of the controversial oral hypoglycemic drugs. Despite the important contribution that research can make to a better understanding of diabetes mellitus, it is the health authorities, the patients, and the public who still have the major task of coping with this increasingly prevalent disease, which more and more is revealing the consequences of its chronic  nature and complications in our Region."}
{"id": "PMID:1212542", "title": "Cigarette smoking in Latin America--A survey of eight cities.", "content": "During the period 1962-1964, diseases related to cigarette smoking were responsible for 20 per cent of all deaths in men between the ages of 35 and 64 in 10 large Latin American cities, and in the years that followed various indicators pointed to the fact that cigarette smoking was reaching very high levels in several countries of the Region. In the light of these trends, an investigation was undertaken in eight cities selected for their geographic, ethnic, and demographic diversity--Bogot\u00e1, Caracas, Guatemala City, La Plata (Argentina), Lima, Mexico City, Santiago, and S\u00e3o PAulo. The aims of the study were: to obtain a reliable estimate of the prevalence of cigarette smoking in urban communities in Latin America, to establish a correlation between the habit and certain symptoms of cardiorespiratory and other disability, and to obtain an accurate assessment of public beliefs and attitudes with respect to cigarette smoking and its relation to health. One of the questionnaires used was similar to one employed in comparable investigations made in the United States in 1964, 1966, and 1970. Additional information on cardiorespiratory symptoms, non-specific mortality, absenteeism, and other subjects was collected on two other forms, one recommended by AHO and the other by the United States National Health Statistics Center.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking in Latin America--A survey of eight cities. During the period 1962-1964, diseases related to cigarette smoking were responsible for 20 per cent of all deaths in men between the ages of 35 and 64 in 10 large Latin American cities, and in the years that followed various indicators pointed to the fact that cigarette smoking was reaching very high levels in several countries of the Region. In the light of these trends, an investigation was undertaken in eight cities selected for their geographic, ethnic, and demographic diversity--Bogot\u00e1, Caracas, Guatemala City, La Plata (Argentina), Lima, Mexico City, Santiago, and S\u00e3o PAulo. The aims of the study were: to obtain a reliable estimate of the prevalence of cigarette smoking in urban communities in Latin America, to establish a correlation between the habit and certain symptoms of cardiorespiratory and other disability, and to obtain an accurate assessment of public beliefs and attitudes with respect to cigarette smoking and its relation to health. One of the questionnaires used was similar to one employed in comparable investigations made in the United States in 1964, 1966, and 1970. Additional information on cardiorespiratory symptoms, non-specific mortality, absenteeism, and other subjects was collected on two other forms, one recommended by AHO and the other by the United States National Health Statistics Center."}
{"id": "PMID:1212543", "title": "Formulation of goals for life expectancy at birth in Costa Rica (report of one experience).", "content": "Costa Rican authorities have finished a national adaptation of the goals of the Hemisphere's Ten-Year Health Plan for the Americas and have formulated a National Health Plan for 1974-1980. This work was coordinated by the Health Sector Planning Unit and was assisted by various multidisciplinary and multi-institutional working groups. The methodology set forth in this article was developed by a group responsible for formulating goals with regard to life expectancy--the last of five health-related subjects analyzed, and one regarded as dependent on the rest. In brief, this methodology was as follows: Birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy at birth in the other countries of the Region and in a developed country (Sweden) were compared with those prevailing now and in the past in Costa Rica. This served as a basis for projecting Costa Rica's future prospects if no changes were made, or if certain changes were made through implementation of new programs. This was followed by analysis of leading caused of death in the country--by age group and vulnerability of those dying, and by probably reductions in mortality that would result from achieving the goals established for other programs. On this basis, various alternative reductions in mortality for each age groups were considered. Using these alternative, abridged life tables were devised, and these in turn were used to draw up a table showing the life expectancy at birth that would result from realization of each alternative. This made it possible to derive life expectancy goals that were consistent with the goals for reducing mortality in each age group that were formulated during the sectoral planning process. It is hoped that this general procedure, illustrated here with data from the Costa Rican case, may prove useful to others engaged in health planning work.", "contents": "Formulation of goals for life expectancy at birth in Costa Rica (report of one experience). Costa Rican authorities have finished a national adaptation of the goals of the Hemisphere's Ten-Year Health Plan for the Americas and have formulated a National Health Plan for 1974-1980. This work was coordinated by the Health Sector Planning Unit and was assisted by various multidisciplinary and multi-institutional working groups. The methodology set forth in this article was developed by a group responsible for formulating goals with regard to life expectancy--the last of five health-related subjects analyzed, and one regarded as dependent on the rest. In brief, this methodology was as follows: Birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy at birth in the other countries of the Region and in a developed country (Sweden) were compared with those prevailing now and in the past in Costa Rica. This served as a basis for projecting Costa Rica's future prospects if no changes were made, or if certain changes were made through implementation of new programs. This was followed by analysis of leading caused of death in the country--by age group and vulnerability of those dying, and by probably reductions in mortality that would result from achieving the goals established for other programs. On this basis, various alternative reductions in mortality for each age groups were considered. Using these alternative, abridged life tables were devised, and these in turn were used to draw up a table showing the life expectancy at birth that would result from realization of each alternative. This made it possible to derive life expectancy goals that were consistent with the goals for reducing mortality in each age group that were formulated during the sectoral planning process. It is hoped that this general procedure, illustrated here with data from the Costa Rican case, may prove useful to others engaged in health planning work."}
{"id": "PMID:1212547", "title": "Pulmonary function in miners working in British collieries: epidemiological investigations by the National Coal Board.", "content": "Epidemiological investigations of ventilatory capacity in men working in British coal mines are reviewed. The results are related to radiological category of pneumoconiosis, respiratory symptoms, cigarette smoking and dust exposure. In summary it was found that dust exposure was associated with a fall in FEV1.0 but that there was no further fall assoicated with the presence of simple pneumoconiosis. Simple pneumoconiosis appeared to be evidence of the amount of previous dust exposure and suggested that this had been sufficient to cause a measurable fall in FEV1.0. The extent of the ventilatory impairment associated with simple pneumoconiosis was less than that due to age alone in most men. Cigarette smoking was found to be an important cause of ventilatory impairment.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in miners working in British collieries: epidemiological investigations by the National Coal Board. Epidemiological investigations of ventilatory capacity in men working in British coal mines are reviewed. The results are related to radiological category of pneumoconiosis, respiratory symptoms, cigarette smoking and dust exposure. In summary it was found that dust exposure was associated with a fall in FEV1.0 but that there was no further fall assoicated with the presence of simple pneumoconiosis. Simple pneumoconiosis appeared to be evidence of the amount of previous dust exposure and suggested that this had been sufficient to cause a measurable fall in FEV1.0. The extent of the ventilatory impairment associated with simple pneumoconiosis was less than that due to age alone in most men. Cigarette smoking was found to be an important cause of ventilatory impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:1212549", "title": "Pulmonary function profiles in Quebec asbestos workers.", "content": "Lung function profiles were defined in over 1,000 Quebec chrysotile asbestos workers using five standard tests of lung function, and were related to dust exposure and smoking. Close to half the men (44.3%) had a normal lung function profile and a further 26.5% some function changes but no definite profile. Amongst the remainder restrictive and obstructive function profiles occurred with equal frequency (12.8 and 12.2% respectively). Both were associated with radiologic asbestosis; both occurred infrequently in the absence of the smoking habit. These findings suggest an association between the smoking habit and the harmful effects of asbestos exposure on lung function, and by implication on the development of lung fibrosis. A similar association has been recognized in respect of bronchogenic carcinoma. This experience, in the primary mining and milling of pure chrysotile asbestos, may not be directly applicable to secondary industries concerned with the further processing of this fibre.", "contents": "Pulmonary function profiles in Quebec asbestos workers. Lung function profiles were defined in over 1,000 Quebec chrysotile asbestos workers using five standard tests of lung function, and were related to dust exposure and smoking. Close to half the men (44.3%) had a normal lung function profile and a further 26.5% some function changes but no definite profile. Amongst the remainder restrictive and obstructive function profiles occurred with equal frequency (12.8 and 12.2% respectively). Both were associated with radiologic asbestosis; both occurred infrequently in the absence of the smoking habit. These findings suggest an association between the smoking habit and the harmful effects of asbestos exposure on lung function, and by implication on the development of lung fibrosis. A similar association has been recognized in respect of bronchogenic carcinoma. This experience, in the primary mining and milling of pure chrysotile asbestos, may not be directly applicable to secondary industries concerned with the further processing of this fibre."}
{"id": "PMID:1212550", "title": "Impairment of pulmonary mixing in simple and complicated silicosis.", "content": "Two simple indices of pulmonary mixing (helium mixing time in a closed circuit, and mixing ventilation) were measured in 274 patients (mostly miners) with silicosis, aged 50 years or less (mean 42.4 years); the results were analysed in respect to silicosis category and type, presence of co-existent chronic bronchitis and ventilatory performance, and were compared to those of a group of normal subjects to assess statistical significance. The average results for the whole group were 5.81 min for mixing time (tmix) and 62.3 1 for mixing ventilation (Vmix), representing 1.8 times and 2.4 times the normal, respectively; the results were higher for patients with co-existent chronic bronchitis within each radiological category, except the last (\"C\" opacities), but the differences were significant only for patients with small opacities and with \"suspect pneumoconiosis\". Among patients with small rounded opacities the co-existence of healed tuberculosis (apical fibrous nodules) or of other X-ray changes did not influence the pulmonary mixing; no difference was found between the three types of small opacities. A slight tendency towards lower values in patients with early conglomeration (\"A\" opacities) allows the suggestion of conglomeration starting in \"slow\" lung spaces. The best results were those of patients with normal ventilatory function followed by those with a restrictive and then by those with an obstructive ventilatory impairment. The most severe mixing disturbance was found among patients with chronic bronchitis and obstructive defect with \"suspect pneumoconiosis\", who are not covered by occupational disablement compensation.", "contents": "Impairment of pulmonary mixing in simple and complicated silicosis. Two simple indices of pulmonary mixing (helium mixing time in a closed circuit, and mixing ventilation) were measured in 274 patients (mostly miners) with silicosis, aged 50 years or less (mean 42.4 years); the results were analysed in respect to silicosis category and type, presence of co-existent chronic bronchitis and ventilatory performance, and were compared to those of a group of normal subjects to assess statistical significance. The average results for the whole group were 5.81 min for mixing time (tmix) and 62.3 1 for mixing ventilation (Vmix), representing 1.8 times and 2.4 times the normal, respectively; the results were higher for patients with co-existent chronic bronchitis within each radiological category, except the last (\"C\" opacities), but the differences were significant only for patients with small opacities and with \"suspect pneumoconiosis\". Among patients with small rounded opacities the co-existence of healed tuberculosis (apical fibrous nodules) or of other X-ray changes did not influence the pulmonary mixing; no difference was found between the three types of small opacities. A slight tendency towards lower values in patients with early conglomeration (\"A\" opacities) allows the suggestion of conglomeration starting in \"slow\" lung spaces. The best results were those of patients with normal ventilatory function followed by those with a restrictive and then by those with an obstructive ventilatory impairment. The most severe mixing disturbance was found among patients with chronic bronchitis and obstructive defect with \"suspect pneumoconiosis\", who are not covered by occupational disablement compensation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212551", "title": "Physiological/pathological correlations in coal workers' pneumoconiosis.", "content": "There is remarkably little information about the direct relationship of physiological abnormality in coal workers' pneumoconiosis with structural changes in the lung and there are major difficulties in attempting such a correlation. The general population, including coal workers, has a regrettably high prevalence of pulmonary functional abnormalities attributable to chronic bronchitis or to emphysema occurring either separately or together. The pathological basis for the functional impairment in chronic bronchitis and possible functional sequelae to the anatomical changes of emphysema are not clearly understood, making it extremely difficult to identify separately the functional effects associated with coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Any study of coal workers' pneumoconiosis must take into account the background population. The published investigations relating the functional abnormalities and pathological changes in the lung in coal workers' pneumoconiosis are reviewed. The relationship of functional change to emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cor pulmonale and the specific lesions of coal workers' pneumoconiosis are dealt with. There is great need for further work in this field, both in the form of simple studies of pathological changes in miners' lungs as well as more complex attempts to correlate such pathological surveys with physiological abnormalities in life.", "contents": "Physiological/pathological correlations in coal workers' pneumoconiosis. There is remarkably little information about the direct relationship of physiological abnormality in coal workers' pneumoconiosis with structural changes in the lung and there are major difficulties in attempting such a correlation. The general population, including coal workers, has a regrettably high prevalence of pulmonary functional abnormalities attributable to chronic bronchitis or to emphysema occurring either separately or together. The pathological basis for the functional impairment in chronic bronchitis and possible functional sequelae to the anatomical changes of emphysema are not clearly understood, making it extremely difficult to identify separately the functional effects associated with coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Any study of coal workers' pneumoconiosis must take into account the background population. The published investigations relating the functional abnormalities and pathological changes in the lung in coal workers' pneumoconiosis are reviewed. The relationship of functional change to emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cor pulmonale and the specific lesions of coal workers' pneumoconiosis are dealt with. There is great need for further work in this field, both in the form of simple studies of pathological changes in miners' lungs as well as more complex attempts to correlate such pathological surveys with physiological abnormalities in life."}
{"id": "PMID:1212548", "title": "Chronic obstructive airway disease in pneumoconiosis in comparison to chronic obstructive airway disease in non-dust exposed workers.", "content": "Many types of dust, including cigarette smoke, cause an impairment of lung function. This lung function impairment does not affect working capacity provided the dust is not fibrogenetic. Quartz, normally present in coal mine dust in concentrations between 2 and 10% is claimed to be responsible for coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) by some writers. However the evidence is conflicting and firm conclusions cannot be drawn at present. From the clinical point of view CWP is characterized by an increased airway resistance. All correlations between airway resistance, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure and intrathoracic gas volumes (IGV) in patients having CWP and obstructive airway disease are similar to those in non-dust exposed patients with obstructive ariway disease. Patients with CWP, at equivalent values of airway resistance have smaller mean values of IGV. The relationship between arterial oxygen pressure and pulmonary arterial pressure is the same in patients with CWP and obstructive airway disease as in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease but without CWP. The effect of therapy in CWP with obstructive airway disease corresponds very well to that seen in patients without CWP.", "contents": "Chronic obstructive airway disease in pneumoconiosis in comparison to chronic obstructive airway disease in non-dust exposed workers. Many types of dust, including cigarette smoke, cause an impairment of lung function. This lung function impairment does not affect working capacity provided the dust is not fibrogenetic. Quartz, normally present in coal mine dust in concentrations between 2 and 10% is claimed to be responsible for coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) by some writers. However the evidence is conflicting and firm conclusions cannot be drawn at present. From the clinical point of view CWP is characterized by an increased airway resistance. All correlations between airway resistance, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure and intrathoracic gas volumes (IGV) in patients having CWP and obstructive airway disease are similar to those in non-dust exposed patients with obstructive ariway disease. Patients with CWP, at equivalent values of airway resistance have smaller mean values of IGV. The relationship between arterial oxygen pressure and pulmonary arterial pressure is the same in patients with CWP and obstructive airway disease as in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease but without CWP. The effect of therapy in CWP with obstructive airway disease corresponds very well to that seen in patients without CWP."}
{"id": "PMID:1212552", "title": "Pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis.", "content": "The lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO single-breath) and its two components, the capillary blood volume (Vc) and the diffusing capacity of the membrane (DMCO) were measured at rest in 43 miners and 141 control subjects, the values in whom enabled reference formulae to be established; in 30 control subjects and in the majority of the miners these indices were measured during exercise. The main results are as follows: the diffusion indices are on average slightly decreased in simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis; both DMCO and Vc contribute to the lowering of DLCO, at rest and during exercise; individually Vc is more often significantly altered than DMCO; on effort the percentage increase of DLCO is normal in coal miners; the data during exercise suggest that smoking habit contributes more to lowering DLCO than does pneumoconiosis itself; lastly the diffusion indices are lower in miners with \"pin-head\" than those with micronodular opacities: this tendency is more pronounced during exercise. These findings are discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis. The lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO single-breath) and its two components, the capillary blood volume (Vc) and the diffusing capacity of the membrane (DMCO) were measured at rest in 43 miners and 141 control subjects, the values in whom enabled reference formulae to be established; in 30 control subjects and in the majority of the miners these indices were measured during exercise. The main results are as follows: the diffusion indices are on average slightly decreased in simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis; both DMCO and Vc contribute to the lowering of DLCO, at rest and during exercise; individually Vc is more often significantly altered than DMCO; on effort the percentage increase of DLCO is normal in coal miners; the data during exercise suggest that smoking habit contributes more to lowering DLCO than does pneumoconiosis itself; lastly the diffusion indices are lower in miners with \"pin-head\" than those with micronodular opacities: this tendency is more pronounced during exercise. These findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212558", "title": "Central effects of clonidine 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride in fowls.", "content": "1 The effects of clonidine infused into the IIIrd cerebral ventricle, the hypothalamus or intravenously were studied on behaviour, electrocortical activity, body, comb and leg temperatures, respiration and carbon dioxide elimination in adult and young fowls (Gallus domesticus). 2 Behavioural and electrocortical slow wave sleep were induced by clonidine infused into IIIrd cerebral ventricle, the hypothalamus or intravenously. Suprisingly, sleep elicited by intravenous clonidine was much longer-lasting than that induced by an identical dose given intraventricularly. 3 Body temperature was lowered by clonidine given intraventricularly or infused into the hypothalamus. Depending on initial comb temperature and ambient temperature, comb temperature was elevated, unaffected or lowered as body temperature fell; temperature of the unfeathered legs also rose as body temperature declined after clonidine. 4 Following clonidine, but before any considerable decline of body temperature, tachypnoea and wing abduction developed; during recovery of body temperature, the wings were lowered and applied closely to the trunk and the feathers partly erected. 5 CO2 elimination fell more swiftly than body temperature following intrahypothalamic clonidine in young chicks; initial recovery developed sooner than that of body temperature, but eventual recovery was delayed compared to that for body temperature. The effects of clonidine were much more marked in young chicks studied at an ambient temperature below thermoneutrality as compared to thermoneutrality. 6 The soporific effects of clonidine were attenuated by intraventricular phentolamine; its hypothermic effects were prevented by phenoxybenzamine and prevented or attenuated by phentolamine. Intraventricular atropine, haloperidol, methysergide and propranolol were ineffective. 7 Larger doses of intraventricular phentolamine elicited shivering, tachypnoea and wing abduction; body temperature was elevated, to the extent even of lethal hyperthermia. Intraventricular atropine also elevated body temperature. 8 Clonidine infused intravenously, intraventricularly or into the hypothalamus, replaced the behavioural and electrocortical arousal evoked with dexamphetamine, by sleep associated with slow wave electrocortical activity.", "contents": "Central effects of clonidine 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride in fowls. 1 The effects of clonidine infused into the IIIrd cerebral ventricle, the hypothalamus or intravenously were studied on behaviour, electrocortical activity, body, comb and leg temperatures, respiration and carbon dioxide elimination in adult and young fowls (Gallus domesticus). 2 Behavioural and electrocortical slow wave sleep were induced by clonidine infused into IIIrd cerebral ventricle, the hypothalamus or intravenously. Suprisingly, sleep elicited by intravenous clonidine was much longer-lasting than that induced by an identical dose given intraventricularly. 3 Body temperature was lowered by clonidine given intraventricularly or infused into the hypothalamus. Depending on initial comb temperature and ambient temperature, comb temperature was elevated, unaffected or lowered as body temperature fell; temperature of the unfeathered legs also rose as body temperature declined after clonidine. 4 Following clonidine, but before any considerable decline of body temperature, tachypnoea and wing abduction developed; during recovery of body temperature, the wings were lowered and applied closely to the trunk and the feathers partly erected. 5 CO2 elimination fell more swiftly than body temperature following intrahypothalamic clonidine in young chicks; initial recovery developed sooner than that of body temperature, but eventual recovery was delayed compared to that for body temperature. The effects of clonidine were much more marked in young chicks studied at an ambient temperature below thermoneutrality as compared to thermoneutrality. 6 The soporific effects of clonidine were attenuated by intraventricular phentolamine; its hypothermic effects were prevented by phenoxybenzamine and prevented or attenuated by phentolamine. Intraventricular atropine, haloperidol, methysergide and propranolol were ineffective. 7 Larger doses of intraventricular phentolamine elicited shivering, tachypnoea and wing abduction; body temperature was elevated, to the extent even of lethal hyperthermia. Intraventricular atropine also elevated body temperature. 8 Clonidine infused intravenously, intraventricularly or into the hypothalamus, replaced the behavioural and electrocortical arousal evoked with dexamphetamine, by sleep associated with slow wave electrocortical activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1212554", "title": "Cardio-respiratory function in United States coal workers.", "content": "Over the past five years the cardio-respiratory function of selected groups of U.S. coal workers has been intensively studied. The subjects studied included approximately 10,000 working miners at mines selected as part of an epidemiological study of the prevalence and progression of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) as well as selected groups of non-working symptomatic miners. The occupation of coal mining per se is sometimes associated with a mild reduction in ventilatory capacity which is not closely related to radiographic category of simple CWP. Slight abnormalities in gas exchange and lung mechanics appear to be associated with the higher categories of simple CWP which do not appear to affect longevity. Subjects with complicated CWP (massive fibrosis) demonstrate moderate to severe degrees of obstruction, abnormalities of gas exchange and lung mechanics that generally relate to the extent of the massive fibrosis and result in premature disability and death.", "contents": "Cardio-respiratory function in United States coal workers. Over the past five years the cardio-respiratory function of selected groups of U.S. coal workers has been intensively studied. The subjects studied included approximately 10,000 working miners at mines selected as part of an epidemiological study of the prevalence and progression of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) as well as selected groups of non-working symptomatic miners. The occupation of coal mining per se is sometimes associated with a mild reduction in ventilatory capacity which is not closely related to radiographic category of simple CWP. Slight abnormalities in gas exchange and lung mechanics appear to be associated with the higher categories of simple CWP which do not appear to affect longevity. Subjects with complicated CWP (massive fibrosis) demonstrate moderate to severe degrees of obstruction, abnormalities of gas exchange and lung mechanics that generally relate to the extent of the massive fibrosis and result in premature disability and death."}
{"id": "PMID:1212559", "title": "Effects of dopamine on sinus rate and ventricular contractile force of the dog heart in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "1 Experiments were carried out on dog isolated papillary muscle and sinus node preparations perfused with arterial blood from a donor dog. The chronotropic and inotropic effects of dopamine were analysed by using reserpine, desmethylimipramine (DMI), cocaine and phenoxybenzamine, and the relative chronotropic and inotropic effects defined, the results being compared with those for noradrenaline (NA). 2 The effects of dopamine administered intra-arterially into the isolated preparations were reduced by pretreatment of animals with reserpine both in the papillary muscle and sinus node. The chronotropic effects, however, were affected less by pretreatment with reserpine than were the inotropic effects. 3 Desmethylimipramine (DMI) reduced the inotropic and chronotropic effects of dopamine, and enhanced the effects of NA and nerve stimulation; the chronotropic effects of the amines were less affected than the inotropic effects. 4 Cocaine enhanced considerably the inotropic and chronotropic effects of NA, and decreased the inotropic but not the chronotropic effect of dopamine. 5 Phenoxybenzamine enhanced the inotropic effects of dopamine, NA and nerve stimulation, but did not affect the chronotropic effects of the amines. 6 When dopamine (1 to 300 mug/kg) was administered intravenously to the donor dog, it increased preferentially the contractile force of the ventricular myocardium with a comparatively small change of the sinus rate in the isolated preparations as well as in the heart in vivo. NA (0.1 to 10 mug/kg) caused effects similar to those of dopamine. The maximal inotropic responses to these catecholamines were reached with lower doses than the chronotropic ones. 7 It is concluded that both the positive inotropic and the positive chronotropic responses to dopamine are mediated partially by a direct and partially by an indirect stimulant effect on beta-adrenoceptors in the dog heart. The present results suggest that the difference in activity of dopamine and NA between the ventricular myocardium and the sinus node may be ascribed to the unequal innervation with adrenergic nerve fibres of the atrium and the ventricle (Furnival, Linden & Snow, 1971). The sinus node which is densely innervated by adrenergic nerve fibres may inactivate noradrenaline and dopamine more effectively than the ventricular myocardium through the uptake into the nerve and thereby be less sensitive to the exogenous catecholamines.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine on sinus rate and ventricular contractile force of the dog heart in vitro and in vivo. 1 Experiments were carried out on dog isolated papillary muscle and sinus node preparations perfused with arterial blood from a donor dog. The chronotropic and inotropic effects of dopamine were analysed by using reserpine, desmethylimipramine (DMI), cocaine and phenoxybenzamine, and the relative chronotropic and inotropic effects defined, the results being compared with those for noradrenaline (NA). 2 The effects of dopamine administered intra-arterially into the isolated preparations were reduced by pretreatment of animals with reserpine both in the papillary muscle and sinus node. The chronotropic effects, however, were affected less by pretreatment with reserpine than were the inotropic effects. 3 Desmethylimipramine (DMI) reduced the inotropic and chronotropic effects of dopamine, and enhanced the effects of NA and nerve stimulation; the chronotropic effects of the amines were less affected than the inotropic effects. 4 Cocaine enhanced considerably the inotropic and chronotropic effects of NA, and decreased the inotropic but not the chronotropic effect of dopamine. 5 Phenoxybenzamine enhanced the inotropic effects of dopamine, NA and nerve stimulation, but did not affect the chronotropic effects of the amines. 6 When dopamine (1 to 300 mug/kg) was administered intravenously to the donor dog, it increased preferentially the contractile force of the ventricular myocardium with a comparatively small change of the sinus rate in the isolated preparations as well as in the heart in vivo. NA (0.1 to 10 mug/kg) caused effects similar to those of dopamine. The maximal inotropic responses to these catecholamines were reached with lower doses than the chronotropic ones. 7 It is concluded that both the positive inotropic and the positive chronotropic responses to dopamine are mediated partially by a direct and partially by an indirect stimulant effect on beta-adrenoceptors in the dog heart. The present results suggest that the difference in activity of dopamine and NA between the ventricular myocardium and the sinus node may be ascribed to the unequal innervation with adrenergic nerve fibres of the atrium and the ventricle (Furnival, Linden & Snow, 1971). The sinus node which is densely innervated by adrenergic nerve fibres may inactivate noradrenaline and dopamine more effectively than the ventricular myocardium through the uptake into the nerve and thereby be less sensitive to the exogenous catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:1212555", "title": "Respiratory and cardiac function tests in relation to occupational lung diseases.", "content": "Tests of lung function have a number of important roles in occupational medicine but the results need to be of high technical quality if they are to be useful. On this account, as well as careful supervision and scrutany of results, only appropriate tests should be applied. The choice will vary with circumstances; it is likely to be made from a limited number of procedures including those recommended in Respiratory function tests in pneumoconioses (I.L.O., 1966). Tests of maximal and near maximal exercise are seldom indicated. Care should be taken over the selection of reference values and of mathematical treatments for the results.", "contents": "Respiratory and cardiac function tests in relation to occupational lung diseases. Tests of lung function have a number of important roles in occupational medicine but the results need to be of high technical quality if they are to be useful. On this account, as well as careful supervision and scrutany of results, only appropriate tests should be applied. The choice will vary with circumstances; it is likely to be made from a limited number of procedures including those recommended in Respiratory function tests in pneumoconioses (I.L.O., 1966). Tests of maximal and near maximal exercise are seldom indicated. Care should be taken over the selection of reference values and of mathematical treatments for the results."}
{"id": "PMID:1212560", "title": "Some pharmacological properties of the cremaster muscle of the guinea-pig.", "content": "1 The tension developed in the guinea-pig cremaster was recorded during spontaneous activity and electrical stimulation. Spontaneous rhythmic contraction was observed in many preparations, particularly in the tip of the cremaster. These contractions were very slow, lasting about 20 s and occuring at about 2 min intervals, but different preparations varied greatly. Twitches produced by electrical stimulation were similar to those in other skeletal muscles, being reduced by (+)-tubocurarine and abolished by tetrodotoxin. 2 A slow contraction could be initiated by electrical stimulation using a pulse longer than 10 ms in spontaneously active preparations and in some quiescent preparations. Spontaneous and evoked slow contractions were not suppressed by tetrodotoxin, but were selectively abolished by verapamil. Histamine increased the basal tension and generated spontaneous contractions in quiescent preparations. Hypertonic solutions also had excitatory effects. 3 Contractions produced by acetylcholine and carbachol were blocked by atropine. Those produced by adrenaline and noradrenaline were stronger than those due to histamine, acetylcholine and carbachol and were abolished by an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent, phentolamine. In the preparations in which the slow contraction was not observed, histamine, acetylcholine or adrenaline had very little effect. 4 It is suggested that the cremaster muscle consists of striated muscle together with some smooth muscle having properties similar to that in the vas deferens.", "contents": "Some pharmacological properties of the cremaster muscle of the guinea-pig. 1 The tension developed in the guinea-pig cremaster was recorded during spontaneous activity and electrical stimulation. Spontaneous rhythmic contraction was observed in many preparations, particularly in the tip of the cremaster. These contractions were very slow, lasting about 20 s and occuring at about 2 min intervals, but different preparations varied greatly. Twitches produced by electrical stimulation were similar to those in other skeletal muscles, being reduced by (+)-tubocurarine and abolished by tetrodotoxin. 2 A slow contraction could be initiated by electrical stimulation using a pulse longer than 10 ms in spontaneously active preparations and in some quiescent preparations. Spontaneous and evoked slow contractions were not suppressed by tetrodotoxin, but were selectively abolished by verapamil. Histamine increased the basal tension and generated spontaneous contractions in quiescent preparations. Hypertonic solutions also had excitatory effects. 3 Contractions produced by acetylcholine and carbachol were blocked by atropine. Those produced by adrenaline and noradrenaline were stronger than those due to histamine, acetylcholine and carbachol and were abolished by an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent, phentolamine. In the preparations in which the slow contraction was not observed, histamine, acetylcholine or adrenaline had very little effect. 4 It is suggested that the cremaster muscle consists of striated muscle together with some smooth muscle having properties similar to that in the vas deferens."}
{"id": "PMID:1212556", "title": "[Respiratory parameters in pneumoconiotic miners in the north French coal district (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors examine the respiratory tests performed during a two years-period in 676 pneumoconiotic miners. Spirography was normal in 8% of the cases; a mixed ventilatory impairment, with an obstructive prevalence of variable extent, was present in 2/3 of the cases. Pharmacodynamic tests in 353 subjects showed a frequent non-specific bronchial sensitivity (34.2% of the whole group). Hypoxaemia (PaO2 below 75 mmHg) with normo- or hypocapnia was observed in 379 patients; hypercapnia was relatively uncommon (9.9%) and occurred mainly in bronchitic patients. The breath holding CO lung transfer test was very often disturbed, as the diffusing capacity (DLCO) was below the predicted value in about 80% of the population. Radiofunctional comparisons were carried out in an homogeneous group of 212 subjects. The data clearly demonstrate that functional abnormalities were not exclusively seen in extensive radiological forms. As far as it goes beyond a simple ventilatory study, the measurement of the breath holding lung transfer factor for CO has proved to be a valuable element in the functional statement of anthracosilicosis. The polymorphism of the pulmonary repercussions of dust exposure explains individual differences between the results of the main investigations, and this emphasizes the need for a series of diversified tests.", "contents": "[Respiratory parameters in pneumoconiotic miners in the north French coal district (author's transl)]. The authors examine the respiratory tests performed during a two years-period in 676 pneumoconiotic miners. Spirography was normal in 8% of the cases; a mixed ventilatory impairment, with an obstructive prevalence of variable extent, was present in 2/3 of the cases. Pharmacodynamic tests in 353 subjects showed a frequent non-specific bronchial sensitivity (34.2% of the whole group). Hypoxaemia (PaO2 below 75 mmHg) with normo- or hypocapnia was observed in 379 patients; hypercapnia was relatively uncommon (9.9%) and occurred mainly in bronchitic patients. The breath holding CO lung transfer test was very often disturbed, as the diffusing capacity (DLCO) was below the predicted value in about 80% of the population. Radiofunctional comparisons were carried out in an homogeneous group of 212 subjects. The data clearly demonstrate that functional abnormalities were not exclusively seen in extensive radiological forms. As far as it goes beyond a simple ventilatory study, the measurement of the breath holding lung transfer factor for CO has proved to be a valuable element in the functional statement of anthracosilicosis. The polymorphism of the pulmonary repercussions of dust exposure explains individual differences between the results of the main investigations, and this emphasizes the need for a series of diversified tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1212561", "title": "The development of antisera to prostaglandins B2 and F2alpha and their analysis using solid-phase and double antibody radioimmunoassay methods.", "content": "1 A method for the production of highly substituted prostaglandin-bovine serum albumin conjugates has been developed. 2 Antisera to prostaglandins B2 and F2alpha were raised in rabbits immunized with prostaglandin-bovine serum albumin conjugates. 3 The antisera were assessed for specificity and sensitivity by the double antibody radioimmunoassay method and after they were covalently linked to powdered cellulose to form a 'solid-phase' system. 4 Solid phase radioimmunoassays were developed using conventional shaking and in the presence of sucrose which obviates the need for continuous mixing of the incubates.", "contents": "The development of antisera to prostaglandins B2 and F2alpha and their analysis using solid-phase and double antibody radioimmunoassay methods. 1 A method for the production of highly substituted prostaglandin-bovine serum albumin conjugates has been developed. 2 Antisera to prostaglandins B2 and F2alpha were raised in rabbits immunized with prostaglandin-bovine serum albumin conjugates. 3 The antisera were assessed for specificity and sensitivity by the double antibody radioimmunoassay method and after they were covalently linked to powdered cellulose to form a 'solid-phase' system. 4 Solid phase radioimmunoassays were developed using conventional shaking and in the presence of sucrose which obviates the need for continuous mixing of the incubates."}
{"id": "PMID:1212553", "title": "Blood gases in simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis.", "content": "Pulmonary gas exchange was measured at rest and during exercise in 30 normal males (14 smokers) and 43 coal workers free of obstructive syndrome, at three levels of oxygenation: hypoxia, normoxia and hyperoxia. The main results are the following: a) in normoxia PaO2 and (A--a)DO2 are slightly abnormal in coal workers at rest and during exercise; b) in hyperoxia (A--a)DO2 and venous admixture are higher in the miners at rest but not during exercise; c) in hypoxia (A--a)DO2 and DLO2 are abnormal in miners as compared with the control subjects; during exercise there is however no difference between the miners and the smokers of the control subjects; d) there is a correlation between PaO2 and (A--a)DO2 during exercise in normoxia and the various diffusion indices; e) (a--A)DCO2 and VD/VT show relatively slight increases in the miners; f) there are several differences between the miners with pin-head images and those with micronodular ones; g) at rest, (a--A)DCO2 and VD/VT are influenced by the degree of oxygenation. These various findings are discussed.", "contents": "Blood gases in simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured at rest and during exercise in 30 normal males (14 smokers) and 43 coal workers free of obstructive syndrome, at three levels of oxygenation: hypoxia, normoxia and hyperoxia. The main results are the following: a) in normoxia PaO2 and (A--a)DO2 are slightly abnormal in coal workers at rest and during exercise; b) in hyperoxia (A--a)DO2 and venous admixture are higher in the miners at rest but not during exercise; c) in hypoxia (A--a)DO2 and DLO2 are abnormal in miners as compared with the control subjects; during exercise there is however no difference between the miners and the smokers of the control subjects; d) there is a correlation between PaO2 and (A--a)DO2 during exercise in normoxia and the various diffusion indices; e) (a--A)DCO2 and VD/VT show relatively slight increases in the miners; f) there are several differences between the miners with pin-head images and those with micronodular ones; g) at rest, (a--A)DCO2 and VD/VT are influenced by the degree of oxygenation. These various findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212557", "title": "Pulmonary function in sandblasters' silicosis.", "content": "Lung function was examined in 55 patients with sandblasters' silicosis. In this type of silicosis, patients with simple nodular disease had normal function. Restrictive and obstructive impairment was present in patients with large opacities, and was more marked in patients with radiographic evidence of contraction or cavitation. In the last group, striking average annual declines in ventilatory function occurred. Compared to patients with classical silicosis, these patients were younger and had intense, short exposures to free crystalline silica. The pattern of functional abnormalities suggested that restriction of lung volumes is a fundamental abnormality in this form of silicosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in sandblasters' silicosis. Lung function was examined in 55 patients with sandblasters' silicosis. In this type of silicosis, patients with simple nodular disease had normal function. Restrictive and obstructive impairment was present in patients with large opacities, and was more marked in patients with radiographic evidence of contraction or cavitation. In the last group, striking average annual declines in ventilatory function occurred. Compared to patients with classical silicosis, these patients were younger and had intense, short exposures to free crystalline silica. The pattern of functional abnormalities suggested that restriction of lung volumes is a fundamental abnormality in this form of silicosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1212562", "title": "Tolerance to sympathomimetic bronchodilators in guinea-pig isolated lungs following chronic administration in vivo.", "content": "1 Pretreatment of the guinea-pig subcataneously three times daily with either 5 mug/kg isoprenaline or adrenaline reduced the response of the isolated perfused histamine-constricted lung when challenged with either the same or a different sympathomimetic bronchodilator. The longer the animals were pretreated and the higher the dose of bronchodilator the greater was the degree of tolerance developed. 2 Tolerance was developed to aminophline in the same preparation when the guinea-pig had been pretreated with aminophyline or isoprenaline. Cross-tolerance also developed adrenaline when the guinea-pig had been pretreated with aminophyline. 3 Tolerance was still persistent in guinea-pigs one and two weeks after pretreatment three times daily with either isoprenaline of adrenaline (5 mu/kg s.c.) for seven days in the same preparation. Only after three weeks was the tolerance diminished. 4 These results suggest that asthmatic patients who use bronchodilators excessively may become refractory to the bronchodilator effect of these drugs. They also support the hypothesis that induced cross-resistance to endogenous sympathetic stimulation could lead to a deterioration of the asthmatic state in patients using the sympathomimetic bronchodilators and that this may explain the increase in asthma mortality rate. 5 A mechanism of tolerance to sympathomimetic bronchodilators is postulated.", "contents": "Tolerance to sympathomimetic bronchodilators in guinea-pig isolated lungs following chronic administration in vivo. 1 Pretreatment of the guinea-pig subcataneously three times daily with either 5 mug/kg isoprenaline or adrenaline reduced the response of the isolated perfused histamine-constricted lung when challenged with either the same or a different sympathomimetic bronchodilator. The longer the animals were pretreated and the higher the dose of bronchodilator the greater was the degree of tolerance developed. 2 Tolerance was developed to aminophline in the same preparation when the guinea-pig had been pretreated with aminophyline or isoprenaline. Cross-tolerance also developed adrenaline when the guinea-pig had been pretreated with aminophyline. 3 Tolerance was still persistent in guinea-pigs one and two weeks after pretreatment three times daily with either isoprenaline of adrenaline (5 mu/kg s.c.) for seven days in the same preparation. Only after three weeks was the tolerance diminished. 4 These results suggest that asthmatic patients who use bronchodilators excessively may become refractory to the bronchodilator effect of these drugs. They also support the hypothesis that induced cross-resistance to endogenous sympathetic stimulation could lead to a deterioration of the asthmatic state in patients using the sympathomimetic bronchodilators and that this may explain the increase in asthma mortality rate. 5 A mechanism of tolerance to sympathomimetic bronchodilators is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:1212563", "title": "Postnatal development of dopamine deamination in the striatum of the rat.", "content": "In the striata of litter-mate rats the development of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity towards dopamine in vitro followed a similar time course with age as the tissue concentrations of homovanillic acid and dihydroxphenylacetic acid, the two acid metabolites of dopamine formed by the action of MAO.", "contents": "Postnatal development of dopamine deamination in the striatum of the rat. In the striata of litter-mate rats the development of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity towards dopamine in vitro followed a similar time course with age as the tissue concentrations of homovanillic acid and dihydroxphenylacetic acid, the two acid metabolites of dopamine formed by the action of MAO."}
{"id": "PMID:1212564", "title": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor on vascular smooth muscle of dog cerebral arteries.", "content": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) had a relaxant effect on dog cerebral arteries which was blocked only by picrotoxin, a known antagonist of GABA receptors. Other agents, adrenoceptor and ganglion blocking agents, atropine, reserpine, tetrodotoxin and ouabain, had no effect on the inhibitory action suggesting the existence of GABA receptors in the vascular smooth muscle of dog cerebral arteries.", "contents": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor on vascular smooth muscle of dog cerebral arteries. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) had a relaxant effect on dog cerebral arteries which was blocked only by picrotoxin, a known antagonist of GABA receptors. Other agents, adrenoceptor and ganglion blocking agents, atropine, reserpine, tetrodotoxin and ouabain, had no effect on the inhibitory action suggesting the existence of GABA receptors in the vascular smooth muscle of dog cerebral arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:1212615", "title": "Alteration in escape responding in the cat. A lesion and degeneration and comparison following stimulation studies.", "content": "15 cats were trained to cross a hurdle in a shuttle box when stimulated through a single bipolar electrode chronically implanted in the subthalamic, mesencephalic and most rostral pontine tegmentum. A lesion was then made through one or both electrode poles. Upon recovery, three patterns of response emerged: (1) crossing with higher threshold or longer latencies; (2) no crossing, or (3) no change in crossing. The response pattern correlated with the anatomic findings. The nine animals that crossed before but not after the lesion, showed either lesions or heavy axonal and terminal degeneration in the H2 field.", "contents": "Alteration in escape responding in the cat. A lesion and degeneration and comparison following stimulation studies. 15 cats were trained to cross a hurdle in a shuttle box when stimulated through a single bipolar electrode chronically implanted in the subthalamic, mesencephalic and most rostral pontine tegmentum. A lesion was then made through one or both electrode poles. Upon recovery, three patterns of response emerged: (1) crossing with higher threshold or longer latencies; (2) no crossing, or (3) no change in crossing. The response pattern correlated with the anatomic findings. The nine animals that crossed before but not after the lesion, showed either lesions or heavy axonal and terminal degeneration in the H2 field."}
{"id": "PMID:1212616", "title": "Variation in form of the pyramidal tract and its relationship to digital dexterity.", "content": "A morphometric analysis of the pyramidal tract's relation to digital dexterity was performed on data from 69 mammals. The results show that the variation in digital dexterity among mammals corresponds most closely to the variation in place of termination of pyramidal tract fibers within the spinal cord, corresponds less closely to the variation in the size of the tract itself and its constituent fibers, and does not correspond reliably with any other feature yet reported. Since the termination of pyramidal tract fibers on or very near spinal motor neurons is a prerequisite even for the peculiar kind of dexterity seen in some non-primates (e.g., raccoon, kinkajou), this one feature alone seems to be a critical factor.", "contents": "Variation in form of the pyramidal tract and its relationship to digital dexterity. A morphometric analysis of the pyramidal tract's relation to digital dexterity was performed on data from 69 mammals. The results show that the variation in digital dexterity among mammals corresponds most closely to the variation in place of termination of pyramidal tract fibers within the spinal cord, corresponds less closely to the variation in the size of the tract itself and its constituent fibers, and does not correspond reliably with any other feature yet reported. Since the termination of pyramidal tract fibers on or very near spinal motor neurons is a prerequisite even for the peculiar kind of dexterity seen in some non-primates (e.g., raccoon, kinkajou), this one feature alone seems to be a critical factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1212631", "title": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. VII Attempts to modify hormone deposition.", "content": "Using a 125I-labeled parathyroid hormone with apparently full biological activity, a series of experiments was performed on rats to determine the effects of several physiological parameters on the deposition and metabolism of the hormone in the target tissues, liver, kidney and bone. Among the variables studied were: systemic phosphate levels, systemic calcium levels, calcitonin administration, pregnancy, and dosage (at low levels). Some small variations in deposition and tissue metabolism of the hormone were observed but the invariance of the pattern of deposition and the rapid automatic destruction by target tissues was most impressive.", "contents": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. VII Attempts to modify hormone deposition. Using a 125I-labeled parathyroid hormone with apparently full biological activity, a series of experiments was performed on rats to determine the effects of several physiological parameters on the deposition and metabolism of the hormone in the target tissues, liver, kidney and bone. Among the variables studied were: systemic phosphate levels, systemic calcium levels, calcitonin administration, pregnancy, and dosage (at low levels). Some small variations in deposition and tissue metabolism of the hormone were observed but the invariance of the pattern of deposition and the rapid automatic destruction by target tissues was most impressive."}
{"id": "PMID:1212632", "title": "Osteogenesis by chondrocytes from growth cartilage of rat rib.", "content": "Chondrocytes were isolated from growth and resting cartilage of rat rib and cultivated in vitro. The cultivated chondrocytes were placed in Millipore diffusion chambers, which were then implanted into the abdominal cavities of rats for several weeks and prepared for histological analysis. The results indicate that growth cartilage cells have a remarkable osteogenic potential, even after cultivation in vitro, whereas resting cartilage cells show no osteogenic activity. However, growth cartilage cells alone do not form new bone but require the participation of certain host cells to initiate osteogenic differentiation.", "contents": "Osteogenesis by chondrocytes from growth cartilage of rat rib. Chondrocytes were isolated from growth and resting cartilage of rat rib and cultivated in vitro. The cultivated chondrocytes were placed in Millipore diffusion chambers, which were then implanted into the abdominal cavities of rats for several weeks and prepared for histological analysis. The results indicate that growth cartilage cells have a remarkable osteogenic potential, even after cultivation in vitro, whereas resting cartilage cells show no osteogenic activity. However, growth cartilage cells alone do not form new bone but require the participation of certain host cells to initiate osteogenic differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212633", "title": "Effect of phospholipids on the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to hydroxapatite in vitro.", "content": "The conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) was studied in vitro in the presence or absence of phosphatidyl serine (PS) and other phospholipids. ACP transformation and HA crystal growth were monitored by electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction, and by measuring supernatant calcium and phosphate. PS, and other acidic phospholipids, had a significant stablizing effect on ACP. With performed ACP at ratios of only 1 lipid molecule per 30-50 Ca atoms, PS markedly delayed HA crystal formation. When PS was present during ACP precipitation, inhibition of conversion to HA was less pronounced, but crystal habit and aggregation were greatly altered resulting in stacks of thin, membrane-like sheets approximately 38-42 A thick. PS appeared to be most effective in blocking ACP to HA conversion when oriented primarily on the surface; it most affected subsequent crystal formation when distributed throughout the amorphous precursor. Phospholipids possessing anionic, and hence Ca-binding properties, were effective in stabilizing ACP; neutral zwitterion lipids, which have amphipathic properties but do not bind Ca, were not. In view of the presence of anionic lipids in matrix vesicles and their association with early mineral deposits, the current findings add further evidence that lipids may play a role in the control of normal mineralization in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of phospholipids on the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to hydroxapatite in vitro. The conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) was studied in vitro in the presence or absence of phosphatidyl serine (PS) and other phospholipids. ACP transformation and HA crystal growth were monitored by electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction, and by measuring supernatant calcium and phosphate. PS, and other acidic phospholipids, had a significant stablizing effect on ACP. With performed ACP at ratios of only 1 lipid molecule per 30-50 Ca atoms, PS markedly delayed HA crystal formation. When PS was present during ACP precipitation, inhibition of conversion to HA was less pronounced, but crystal habit and aggregation were greatly altered resulting in stacks of thin, membrane-like sheets approximately 38-42 A thick. PS appeared to be most effective in blocking ACP to HA conversion when oriented primarily on the surface; it most affected subsequent crystal formation when distributed throughout the amorphous precursor. Phospholipids possessing anionic, and hence Ca-binding properties, were effective in stabilizing ACP; neutral zwitterion lipids, which have amphipathic properties but do not bind Ca, were not. In view of the presence of anionic lipids in matrix vesicles and their association with early mineral deposits, the current findings add further evidence that lipids may play a role in the control of normal mineralization in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1212634", "title": "[Transfer of 45Ca during amelogenesis studied by autoradiography and electron microscopy].", "content": "45Ca transfer through the stratum intermedium and the secreting ameloblasts towards enamel has been studied by quantitative electron microscopical autoradiography in tooth-germs of newborn cats following intravenous injection of the isotope. Two transfer pathways were demonstrated. The relatively more important direct path passed through the stratum intermedium and ameloblast intercellular spaces and reached the enamel directly. The second pathway consisted in an intracellular transfer through the ameloblasts. 45Ca penetrated the cell through its basal pole. The mitochondria were the most highly labeled organelles at the different experimental time intervals studied. A maximum of radioactivity was respectively noticed at 30 min and 1 h in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. A total absence of silver grains was noted over the secretory ameloblastic bodies. At 6 h, the highest labeling was observed over enamel and especailly over the inner enamel along the enameldentin junction.", "contents": "[Transfer of 45Ca during amelogenesis studied by autoradiography and electron microscopy]. 45Ca transfer through the stratum intermedium and the secreting ameloblasts towards enamel has been studied by quantitative electron microscopical autoradiography in tooth-germs of newborn cats following intravenous injection of the isotope. Two transfer pathways were demonstrated. The relatively more important direct path passed through the stratum intermedium and ameloblast intercellular spaces and reached the enamel directly. The second pathway consisted in an intracellular transfer through the ameloblasts. 45Ca penetrated the cell through its basal pole. The mitochondria were the most highly labeled organelles at the different experimental time intervals studied. A maximum of radioactivity was respectively noticed at 30 min and 1 h in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. A total absence of silver grains was noted over the secretory ameloblastic bodies. At 6 h, the highest labeling was observed over enamel and especailly over the inner enamel along the enameldentin junction."}
{"id": "PMID:1212635", "title": "The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the electrical conductivity of human bone.", "content": "The electrical conductivity of intact bone, collagen and apatite mineral was determined in the region of moderately high fields. After exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation the conductivity of the specimens was redetermined. Following exposure marked decreases in electrical conductivity occurred in all specimens. The possible modes of interaction of UV radiation with bone are discussed. It is suggested that protonic conduction may be an important mode of charge transport in bone.", "contents": "The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the electrical conductivity of human bone. The electrical conductivity of intact bone, collagen and apatite mineral was determined in the region of moderately high fields. After exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation the conductivity of the specimens was redetermined. Following exposure marked decreases in electrical conductivity occurred in all specimens. The possible modes of interaction of UV radiation with bone are discussed. It is suggested that protonic conduction may be an important mode of charge transport in bone."}
{"id": "PMID:1212646", "title": "The National Large Bowel Cancer Project. Its goals and objectives.", "content": "The National Large Bowel Cancer Project, therefore, through the combined efforts of the Directorate, Working Cadre, and Subcommittees, has planned and activated a multidisciplinary approach to large bowel cancer aimed at reducing the incidence, mortality, and morbidity of this disease. Every effort is being made to improve interdisciplinary communications among biomedical scientists and clinical investigators involved in studies related to large bowel cancer. Early application of well-established biologic concepts of large bowel cancer to the study and management of patients with this disease, or to individuals at risk for the development of this form of cancer, hopefully will result in improved methods of controlling large bowel cancer.", "contents": "The National Large Bowel Cancer Project. Its goals and objectives. The National Large Bowel Cancer Project, therefore, through the combined efforts of the Directorate, Working Cadre, and Subcommittees, has planned and activated a multidisciplinary approach to large bowel cancer aimed at reducing the incidence, mortality, and morbidity of this disease. Every effort is being made to improve interdisciplinary communications among biomedical scientists and clinical investigators involved in studies related to large bowel cancer. Early application of well-established biologic concepts of large bowel cancer to the study and management of patients with this disease, or to individuals at risk for the development of this form of cancer, hopefully will result in improved methods of controlling large bowel cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1212647", "title": "The control of large bowel cancers. Present status and it challenges.", "content": "The incidence of carcinoma of the large bowel in the United States is higher than for any other site. In Japan it is about one quarter as frequent, and the cause of this discrepancy appears to be more environmental than genetic on the basis of migrant studies. The incidence of carcinoma in familial polyposis approaches 100% and in villous adenoma the incidence of carcinoma is 40-50%. The relation of adenomatous polyps to carcinoma is not so strong, yet there is a notable association between the occurrence of polyps and carcinoma in the same bowel. With modern surgical techniques, the risk of removing polypoid lesions of the colon transabdominally appears much lower than the average risk of leaving such lesions alone unless and until they give signs and symptoms of carcinoma. The greater use of the colonoscope should, however, greatly reduce the need for laparotomy.", "contents": "The control of large bowel cancers. Present status and it challenges. The incidence of carcinoma of the large bowel in the United States is higher than for any other site. In Japan it is about one quarter as frequent, and the cause of this discrepancy appears to be more environmental than genetic on the basis of migrant studies. The incidence of carcinoma in familial polyposis approaches 100% and in villous adenoma the incidence of carcinoma is 40-50%. The relation of adenomatous polyps to carcinoma is not so strong, yet there is a notable association between the occurrence of polyps and carcinoma in the same bowel. With modern surgical techniques, the risk of removing polypoid lesions of the colon transabdominally appears much lower than the average risk of leaving such lesions alone unless and until they give signs and symptoms of carcinoma. The greater use of the colonoscope should, however, greatly reduce the need for laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1212649", "title": "The gardner syndrome. A study in cell culture.", "content": "Tetraploidy was increased in skin fibroblast cultures derived from three probands with the Gardner syndrome and nine affected members of one family as compared to that occurring in cultures from five unaffected family members as well as from six relatives by marriage and 15 normals grown in the laboratory at the same time under the same conditions. Tetraploidy was present at the first subculture (2 weeks after the initial biopsy was cultured) and for each line studied the percentage of dividing cells showing tetraploidy remained constant. Increased occurrence of tetraploidy was not observed in skin fibroblast cultures from patients with the genetic disorders familial polyposis coli, familial osteomas, and familial fibromatosis (neurofibromatosis), each of which show one of the four abnormal tissue growths observed in the Gardner syndrome. The relationship of the observed tetraploidy to the increased risk of such patients to develop abnormal growths and cancer has not been established. The increased tetraploidy should be of value in identifying the presence of the gene for the Gardner syndrome in high risk families.", "contents": "The gardner syndrome. A study in cell culture. Tetraploidy was increased in skin fibroblast cultures derived from three probands with the Gardner syndrome and nine affected members of one family as compared to that occurring in cultures from five unaffected family members as well as from six relatives by marriage and 15 normals grown in the laboratory at the same time under the same conditions. Tetraploidy was present at the first subculture (2 weeks after the initial biopsy was cultured) and for each line studied the percentage of dividing cells showing tetraploidy remained constant. Increased occurrence of tetraploidy was not observed in skin fibroblast cultures from patients with the genetic disorders familial polyposis coli, familial osteomas, and familial fibromatosis (neurofibromatosis), each of which show one of the four abnormal tissue growths observed in the Gardner syndrome. The relationship of the observed tetraploidy to the increased risk of such patients to develop abnormal growths and cancer has not been established. The increased tetraploidy should be of value in identifying the presence of the gene for the Gardner syndrome in high risk families."}
{"id": "PMID:1212650", "title": "Arylsulfatse B in colorectal cancer.", "content": "Arylsulfatase B activity has been determined in 24-hour urine samples from 243 patients with colorectal cancer. Elevated activity of the enzyme was obsereved in 172 out of 243 (71%) patients. Employing Dukes' modified classification of colorectal cancer, urine arylsulfatase B activity was elevated in Dukes' A lesions-1/8 (12%), Dukes' B lesions-24/43 (55%). Dukes' C lesions-89/111 (80%), and Dukes' D lesions-66/81 (82%). Arylsulfatase B activity in urine, when elevated, may be used to follow response to therapy since in those patients with elevated urine arylsulfatase B values who subsequently responded to therapy, the enzyme values became or approached normal. Urine arylsulfatase B activity also correlated with plasma carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA) as a diagnostic indicator of colorectal cancer in 33/46 (71%) patients. In contrast to the urinary findings, arylsulfatase B activity in tumor tissue was elevated in only 24% (27/110) of the specimens of colorectal cancer. It was also found that in a group of 55 patients treated with 5-fluorouracil, all of the 13 patients that showed objective response to therapy had activities of arylsulfatase B in the tumor tissue within the normal range for large bowel mucosa. Nevertheless, 22 to 26 of the 43 patients that did not respond also presented values in the normal range. The roles of lysosomal enzymes in colorectal cancer are discussed.", "contents": "Arylsulfatse B in colorectal cancer. Arylsulfatase B activity has been determined in 24-hour urine samples from 243 patients with colorectal cancer. Elevated activity of the enzyme was obsereved in 172 out of 243 (71%) patients. Employing Dukes' modified classification of colorectal cancer, urine arylsulfatase B activity was elevated in Dukes' A lesions-1/8 (12%), Dukes' B lesions-24/43 (55%). Dukes' C lesions-89/111 (80%), and Dukes' D lesions-66/81 (82%). Arylsulfatase B activity in urine, when elevated, may be used to follow response to therapy since in those patients with elevated urine arylsulfatase B values who subsequently responded to therapy, the enzyme values became or approached normal. Urine arylsulfatase B activity also correlated with plasma carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA) as a diagnostic indicator of colorectal cancer in 33/46 (71%) patients. In contrast to the urinary findings, arylsulfatase B activity in tumor tissue was elevated in only 24% (27/110) of the specimens of colorectal cancer. It was also found that in a group of 55 patients treated with 5-fluorouracil, all of the 13 patients that showed objective response to therapy had activities of arylsulfatase B in the tumor tissue within the normal range for large bowel mucosa. Nevertheless, 22 to 26 of the 43 patients that did not respond also presented values in the normal range. The roles of lysosomal enzymes in colorectal cancer are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212651", "title": "Quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen-like activities in normal, human gastrointestinal secretions.", "content": "The secretion of carcinoembryonic antigen-like (CEA-like) material into the gastrointestinal tract of 28 fasting normal men was quantified by using intestinal perfusion techniques. CEA-like material was recovered from all levels of the gastrointestinal tract. The highest secretory rate was in the colon (mean +/- SE, 2.41 +/- 2.0 mug/minute per colon), followed by pancreatobiliary secretion and pancreatic secretion. The secretory rate from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was less than 20 ng/minute. After perchloric acid extraction, the CEA-like material from the colon had the same chromatographic and radioimmunologic properties as [125I] CEA. These data suggest that the CEA-like material is normally secreted into the gastrointestinal tract and particularly into the colon.", "contents": "Quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen-like activities in normal, human gastrointestinal secretions. The secretion of carcinoembryonic antigen-like (CEA-like) material into the gastrointestinal tract of 28 fasting normal men was quantified by using intestinal perfusion techniques. CEA-like material was recovered from all levels of the gastrointestinal tract. The highest secretory rate was in the colon (mean +/- SE, 2.41 +/- 2.0 mug/minute per colon), followed by pancreatobiliary secretion and pancreatic secretion. The secretory rate from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was less than 20 ng/minute. After perchloric acid extraction, the CEA-like material from the colon had the same chromatographic and radioimmunologic properties as [125I] CEA. These data suggest that the CEA-like material is normally secreted into the gastrointestinal tract and particularly into the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:1212652", "title": "Urinary polyamine levels in patients with gastrointestinal malignancy.", "content": "Polyamine levels (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) were determined in 24-hour urine samples by a high voltage electrophoresis technique. Eleven of 14 patients with widespread metastatic gastrointestinal cancer had two or more elevated polyamine values. Two patients with cancer confined to the colon and two with cancer spread within the pelvis had two or more elevated polyamine values. Three patients who had all known disease removed by surgery, two patients with gastric lymphoma, and one patient with a vilous adenoma of the colon had normal values. Individual values of spermidine and spermine appeared to be elevated more frequently than putrescine values in these patients.", "contents": "Urinary polyamine levels in patients with gastrointestinal malignancy. Polyamine levels (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) were determined in 24-hour urine samples by a high voltage electrophoresis technique. Eleven of 14 patients with widespread metastatic gastrointestinal cancer had two or more elevated polyamine values. Two patients with cancer confined to the colon and two with cancer spread within the pelvis had two or more elevated polyamine values. Three patients who had all known disease removed by surgery, two patients with gastric lymphoma, and one patient with a vilous adenoma of the colon had normal values. Individual values of spermidine and spermine appeared to be elevated more frequently than putrescine values in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1212654", "title": "Selective synthesis and accumulation of nuclear non-histone proteins during carcinogenesis of the colon induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "The complement of nuclear non-histone proteins in epithelial cells of the colon is progressively altered during the course of carcinogenesis induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine, until finally the nuclear proteins of tumor cells are easily distinguishable from those of the surrounding normal tissue. These changes in nuclear protein compostion reflect earlier differences in the rates of synthesis of individual protein species. Radioisotopic double-labeling experiments show that the synthesis of nuclear proteins of molecular weights 44,000 and 62,000 is selectively accelerated within 4 weeks after administration of the carcinogen, long before any morphological indications of malignancy appear.", "contents": "Selective synthesis and accumulation of nuclear non-histone proteins during carcinogenesis of the colon induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine. The complement of nuclear non-histone proteins in epithelial cells of the colon is progressively altered during the course of carcinogenesis induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine, until finally the nuclear proteins of tumor cells are easily distinguishable from those of the surrounding normal tissue. These changes in nuclear protein compostion reflect earlier differences in the rates of synthesis of individual protein species. Radioisotopic double-labeling experiments show that the synthesis of nuclear proteins of molecular weights 44,000 and 62,000 is selectively accelerated within 4 weeks after administration of the carcinogen, long before any morphological indications of malignancy appear."}
{"id": "PMID:1212655", "title": "In vivo repair of rat intestinal DNA damage by alkylating agents.", "content": "In an effort to evaluate the possible correlation of the transforming ability of the known colon carcinogens dimethylhydrazine, 3-2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl, and methylazoxymethanolacetate to damage and repair of DNA, a series of compounds known to react with DNA-nitrogen mustard, methylmethanesulfonate, and mitomycin C--were administered to rats that had been prelabeled with 3H-thymidine. The DNA of crypt and villus of the jejunum and crypt and surface cells of the large bowel were analyzed by ultracentrifugation on an alkaline sucrose gradient. All fractions suffered degradation to such an extent that essentially no undamaged DNA was detectable. This was followed by repair and an increase in size. However, in the surface cells of the colon of animals that had received a carcinogenic insult there was far less rapid repair. Since this is the site where tumors would ultimately arise these data are supportive of the hypothesis that there is a relationship between decreased repair and carcinogenicity. In view of the age related incidence of colon cancer, repair in older animals was evaluated and was found to be less than that seen in the young. Since multiple treatment with the carcinogen dimethylhydrazine is required and there is a long latent period, the effect of this treatment on repair potential was evaluated. Similar to what was seen in the older animals, these treated rats had greatly reduced capacity to repair DNA. All these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that decreased repair of DNA alterations is a concomitant of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "In vivo repair of rat intestinal DNA damage by alkylating agents. In an effort to evaluate the possible correlation of the transforming ability of the known colon carcinogens dimethylhydrazine, 3-2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl, and methylazoxymethanolacetate to damage and repair of DNA, a series of compounds known to react with DNA-nitrogen mustard, methylmethanesulfonate, and mitomycin C--were administered to rats that had been prelabeled with 3H-thymidine. The DNA of crypt and villus of the jejunum and crypt and surface cells of the large bowel were analyzed by ultracentrifugation on an alkaline sucrose gradient. All fractions suffered degradation to such an extent that essentially no undamaged DNA was detectable. This was followed by repair and an increase in size. However, in the surface cells of the colon of animals that had received a carcinogenic insult there was far less rapid repair. Since this is the site where tumors would ultimately arise these data are supportive of the hypothesis that there is a relationship between decreased repair and carcinogenicity. In view of the age related incidence of colon cancer, repair in older animals was evaluated and was found to be less than that seen in the young. Since multiple treatment with the carcinogen dimethylhydrazine is required and there is a long latent period, the effect of this treatment on repair potential was evaluated. Similar to what was seen in the older animals, these treated rats had greatly reduced capacity to repair DNA. All these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that decreased repair of DNA alterations is a concomitant of carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1212656", "title": "Gastrointestinal cancer. Its geographic distribution and correlation to breast cancer.", "content": "Maps of mortality rates in all U.S. counties for cancer of the stomach, colon, and rectum are presented. The maps show a strong geographic dependency indicating that environmental factors are important in the etiology of these cancers. Furthermore, the urban-rural differences which have been noted in the past are not as readily apparent in this study. Evaluation of all cancer sites demonstrates in general that the geographic dependency is highest for organs most exposed to the environment such as the organs along the alimentary canal and lowest for unexposed organs such as prostate, pancreas, and brain. By studying the correlation coefficients between mortality rates for cancer of different organ sites, they were grouped in subsets with high correlations for each pair in the same subset. Cancers of colon, rectum, and breast are shown to be very highly correlated in U.S. data as well as in international data.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal cancer. Its geographic distribution and correlation to breast cancer. Maps of mortality rates in all U.S. counties for cancer of the stomach, colon, and rectum are presented. The maps show a strong geographic dependency indicating that environmental factors are important in the etiology of these cancers. Furthermore, the urban-rural differences which have been noted in the past are not as readily apparent in this study. Evaluation of all cancer sites demonstrates in general that the geographic dependency is highest for organs most exposed to the environment such as the organs along the alimentary canal and lowest for unexposed organs such as prostate, pancreas, and brain. By studying the correlation coefficients between mortality rates for cancer of different organ sites, they were grouped in subsets with high correlations for each pair in the same subset. Cancers of colon, rectum, and breast are shown to be very highly correlated in U.S. data as well as in international data."}
{"id": "PMID:1212658", "title": "Investigations into the metabolism and mode of action of the colon carcinogen 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "Chromatographic methods have been developed which allow the separation and identification of azomethane (AM), azoxymethane (AOM), and methylazoxymethanol (MAM). These methods have been applied to the analysis of bile, urine, and the exhaled air of rats treated with the 14C--labeled colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to provide evidence that AM, AOM, and MAM are indeed metabolites of DMH. Investigations into the metabolism and mode of action of DMH and its derivatives by other workers are briefly summarized and reviewed.", "contents": "Investigations into the metabolism and mode of action of the colon carcinogen 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine. Chromatographic methods have been developed which allow the separation and identification of azomethane (AM), azoxymethane (AOM), and methylazoxymethanol (MAM). These methods have been applied to the analysis of bile, urine, and the exhaled air of rats treated with the 14C--labeled colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to provide evidence that AM, AOM, and MAM are indeed metabolites of DMH. Investigations into the metabolism and mode of action of DMH and its derivatives by other workers are briefly summarized and reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212659", "title": "Further clinical studies with intrahepatic arterial infusion with 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "A total of 419 patients with progressive liver disease, in nearly all cases metastatic from gastrointestinal primaries, were treated by intrahepatic arterial infusion with 5-FU. Three-fourths of these patients had had prior trials with intravenous 5-FU for 1 or 2 months to several years and had been switched to the infusion upon the development of progression. Catheters were placed percutaneously and the patients infused with 5-FU at a dose of 20 to 30 mg/kg/day X 4, then 15 mg/kg/day X 17, at which point the catheter was removed and the patient sent home on weekly i.v. doses at 15 mg/kg. Toxicity, morbidity, and mortality were minimal with the intrahepatic arterial infusion treatment and the rigid criteria of improvement were met by 55% of the study cases. The survival rate of those patients who responded to the treatment was greater than the survival rate of those who failed to respond.", "contents": "Further clinical studies with intrahepatic arterial infusion with 5-fluorouracil. A total of 419 patients with progressive liver disease, in nearly all cases metastatic from gastrointestinal primaries, were treated by intrahepatic arterial infusion with 5-FU. Three-fourths of these patients had had prior trials with intravenous 5-FU for 1 or 2 months to several years and had been switched to the infusion upon the development of progression. Catheters were placed percutaneously and the patients infused with 5-FU at a dose of 20 to 30 mg/kg/day X 4, then 15 mg/kg/day X 17, at which point the catheter was removed and the patient sent home on weekly i.v. doses at 15 mg/kg. Toxicity, morbidity, and mortality were minimal with the intrahepatic arterial infusion treatment and the rigid criteria of improvement were met by 55% of the study cases. The survival rate of those patients who responded to the treatment was greater than the survival rate of those who failed to respond."}
{"id": "PMID:1212660", "title": "Adjuvant immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy in colorectal cancer of the Dukes' C classification. Preliminary clinical results.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with Dukes' C classification of carcinoma of the large bowel were placed on adjuvant immuno- or chemoimmunotherapy with Bacillus calmette guerin (BCG) or combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus BCG following primary and definitive surgery, and were followed for up to 21 months. Of twenty-six patients receiving BCG alone by scarification, five have relapsed with 75% of freedom from disease estimated at 15.1 months compared with 10.1 months in a group of carefully selected historical controls who had surgery alone (p = 0.12). The survival of all patients receiving BCG alone has not reached the 75 percentile yet, and the difference from controls is currently estimated at the 18% level. The combination of 5-FU plus BCG (studied in 32 patients) may be superior to BCG alone at this time, in that it appears to more effectively protect against tumor recurrence (75 percentile not yet reached compared to control, (p = 0.08). The survival of patients on 5-FU plus BCG also appears to be improved (p = 0.09). No patients have expired compared to a 75 percentile survival of 16.6 months in the control. Serial determination of plasma CEA was crucial in the clinical follow-up of these patients. Frequent CEA detetminations have led to early detection of clinical relapse. In the elevation of CEA suggests tumor recurrence with a high degree of probability in patients with past history of cancer of the large bowel.", "contents": "Adjuvant immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy in colorectal cancer of the Dukes' C classification. Preliminary clinical results. Fifty-eight patients with Dukes' C classification of carcinoma of the large bowel were placed on adjuvant immuno- or chemoimmunotherapy with Bacillus calmette guerin (BCG) or combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus BCG following primary and definitive surgery, and were followed for up to 21 months. Of twenty-six patients receiving BCG alone by scarification, five have relapsed with 75% of freedom from disease estimated at 15.1 months compared with 10.1 months in a group of carefully selected historical controls who had surgery alone (p = 0.12). The survival of all patients receiving BCG alone has not reached the 75 percentile yet, and the difference from controls is currently estimated at the 18% level. The combination of 5-FU plus BCG (studied in 32 patients) may be superior to BCG alone at this time, in that it appears to more effectively protect against tumor recurrence (75 percentile not yet reached compared to control, (p = 0.08). The survival of patients on 5-FU plus BCG also appears to be improved (p = 0.09). No patients have expired compared to a 75 percentile survival of 16.6 months in the control. Serial determination of plasma CEA was crucial in the clinical follow-up of these patients. Frequent CEA detetminations have led to early detection of clinical relapse. In the elevation of CEA suggests tumor recurrence with a high degree of probability in patients with past history of cancer of the large bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:1212661", "title": "Growth kinetics of human large bowel cancer growing in immune-deprived mice and some chemotherapeutic observations.", "content": "Xenografts of human large bowel cancer have been grown in immune-deprived mice. Studies have been made of their intermitotic time and other proliferative characteristics, and their response to single doses of a number of chemotherapeutic agents has been measured. The indications from this study are that, although the growth rate of xenografts is much faster than that for tumors in man, this is likely to be due largely to a difference in rate of cell loss, and the intermitotic time and growth fraction may not have changed substantially. The spectrum of response to chemotherapeutic agents is in line with clinical experience and, although there are many uncertainties and problems still to be resolved, it is indicated that xenografts could provide a useful experimental system for the laboratory study of the chemotherapy of large bowel cancer.", "contents": "Growth kinetics of human large bowel cancer growing in immune-deprived mice and some chemotherapeutic observations. Xenografts of human large bowel cancer have been grown in immune-deprived mice. Studies have been made of their intermitotic time and other proliferative characteristics, and their response to single doses of a number of chemotherapeutic agents has been measured. The indications from this study are that, although the growth rate of xenografts is much faster than that for tumors in man, this is likely to be due largely to a difference in rate of cell loss, and the intermitotic time and growth fraction may not have changed substantially. The spectrum of response to chemotherapeutic agents is in line with clinical experience and, although there are many uncertainties and problems still to be resolved, it is indicated that xenografts could provide a useful experimental system for the laboratory study of the chemotherapy of large bowel cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1212662", "title": "A colon tumor model for anticancer agent evaluation.", "content": "Colon tumors of mice were induced with 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine, N-nitroso-N-methylurethane, methylnitrosourea, and 4-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Of 82 transplantation attempts, four were successful, and the four tumors have been maintained as distinct tumor lines by subcutaneous transplantation. The tumors graded from II, adenocarcinoma, to IV, undifferentiated carcinoma. Volume-doubling times varied over a three-fold range, and metastatic potential ranged from 5 to about 100%. The tumors responded to treatment with some of the same agents found to be active in man. These included cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and certain nitrosoureas. Preliminary evidence suggests that these tumor lines may be useful as experimental models.", "contents": "A colon tumor model for anticancer agent evaluation. Colon tumors of mice were induced with 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine, N-nitroso-N-methylurethane, methylnitrosourea, and 4-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Of 82 transplantation attempts, four were successful, and the four tumors have been maintained as distinct tumor lines by subcutaneous transplantation. The tumors graded from II, adenocarcinoma, to IV, undifferentiated carcinoma. Volume-doubling times varied over a three-fold range, and metastatic potential ranged from 5 to about 100%. The tumors responded to treatment with some of the same agents found to be active in man. These included cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and certain nitrosoureas. Preliminary evidence suggests that these tumor lines may be useful as experimental models."}
{"id": "PMID:1212663", "title": "Purification of tumor-specific antigens. An overview of the relevance to human colon carcinoma.", "content": "Methods which dissociate intramolecular noncovalent bonds have been used to prepare soluble derivatives of cell-surface antigens. Applications of these techniques to human colon carcinoma are underway. Continuous tissue-culture strains derived from primary lesions were developed and shown to be composed of malignant epithelial elements. Parallel data on the preparation and activity of soluble materials in a murine model methylcholanthrene system reveal that although cultured cells are a satisfactory source for antigen extraction, they are poor targets of the immune response. The development of methods to quantitate the biologic activity of colon-specific, soluble materials may provide indicator systems to define the antigenic determinants, to permit purification, and to serve as assays of the efficacy of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Purification of tumor-specific antigens. An overview of the relevance to human colon carcinoma. Methods which dissociate intramolecular noncovalent bonds have been used to prepare soluble derivatives of cell-surface antigens. Applications of these techniques to human colon carcinoma are underway. Continuous tissue-culture strains derived from primary lesions were developed and shown to be composed of malignant epithelial elements. Parallel data on the preparation and activity of soluble materials in a murine model methylcholanthrene system reveal that although cultured cells are a satisfactory source for antigen extraction, they are poor targets of the immune response. The development of methods to quantitate the biologic activity of colon-specific, soluble materials may provide indicator systems to define the antigenic determinants, to permit purification, and to serve as assays of the efficacy of immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1212664", "title": "The immunology of large bowel carcinoma in a rat model.", "content": "A rat large bowel carcinoma model has been established with close similarities to the immunological features of the corresponding human neoplasms as far as those are presently known: (1) common antigens with tissue-type specificity, (2) expression of immunogenic gut-specific embryonal antigens, (3) cell-mediated immunity present in tumor bearers, whose sera are capable of blocking the lymphocyte effect specifically, and (4) rapid disappearance of the serum blocking activity after tumor excision. It is suggested that this model is therefore particularly suitable for further detailed analysis of the potential function in vivo of tissue-type specific antigens. In addition, this model appears to be applicable to correlating alterations in immune status with tumor course after various modes of intervention such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy alone, or in combination with surgery.", "contents": "The immunology of large bowel carcinoma in a rat model. A rat large bowel carcinoma model has been established with close similarities to the immunological features of the corresponding human neoplasms as far as those are presently known: (1) common antigens with tissue-type specificity, (2) expression of immunogenic gut-specific embryonal antigens, (3) cell-mediated immunity present in tumor bearers, whose sera are capable of blocking the lymphocyte effect specifically, and (4) rapid disappearance of the serum blocking activity after tumor excision. It is suggested that this model is therefore particularly suitable for further detailed analysis of the potential function in vivo of tissue-type specific antigens. In addition, this model appears to be applicable to correlating alterations in immune status with tumor course after various modes of intervention such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy alone, or in combination with surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1212666", "title": "The synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose.", "content": "4,6-Di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide was condensed with benzyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside in the presence of silver carbonate to give crystalline benzyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-6-O-(4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-beta-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside in 32% yield. Removal of the protective O-acetyl and cyclic carbonate groups gave the crystalline benzyl alpha-glycoside of the disaccharide, which was catalytically hydrogenolyzed to yield the crystalline, title compound. Proof of the anomeric configuration of the interglycosidic linkage was obtained by comparison of the physical, spectral, and chromatographic properties of the disaccharide and its derivatives with those of the previously prepared alpha-D-linked analog.", "contents": "The synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose. 4,6-Di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide was condensed with benzyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside in the presence of silver carbonate to give crystalline benzyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-6-O-(4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-beta-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside in 32% yield. Removal of the protective O-acetyl and cyclic carbonate groups gave the crystalline benzyl alpha-glycoside of the disaccharide, which was catalytically hydrogenolyzed to yield the crystalline, title compound. Proof of the anomeric configuration of the interglycosidic linkage was obtained by comparison of the physical, spectral, and chromatographic properties of the disaccharide and its derivatives with those of the previously prepared alpha-D-linked analog."}
{"id": "PMID:1212667", "title": "Multiple Smith-degradations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and of asialo CEA.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and asialo CEA were subjected to multiple Smith-degradation (i.e., for each degradation, application in sequence of periodate oxidation, borohydride reduction, and mild hydrolysis with acid; borohydride-t was substituted for unlabelled borohydride). High yields of modified glycoproteins were obtained at each stage. After three complete degradations and a further periodate-borohydride-t treatment, the carbohydrate content of CEA and of asialo CEA had decreased from 45-50% to 11-12% (i.e., 90% removal of carbohydrate). Glycerol was always one of the products obtained after each degradation, but threitol and erythritol were not detected. The second degradation caused a substantial loss of 2-acetamide-2-deoxyglucose, which is consistent with the location of some of this monosaccharide towards the terminal (non-reducing) end of the oligosaccharides. The \"core\" region of the oligosaccharides is composed of galactose, mannose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose. After the fourth oxidation, 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose was 50-60% of the total content of residual carbohydrate. After the first degradation, there was a progressive loss in antigenic activity, but this was associated with a small amount of hydrolysis of the protein moiety of CEA.", "contents": "Multiple Smith-degradations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and of asialo CEA. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and asialo CEA were subjected to multiple Smith-degradation (i.e., for each degradation, application in sequence of periodate oxidation, borohydride reduction, and mild hydrolysis with acid; borohydride-t was substituted for unlabelled borohydride). High yields of modified glycoproteins were obtained at each stage. After three complete degradations and a further periodate-borohydride-t treatment, the carbohydrate content of CEA and of asialo CEA had decreased from 45-50% to 11-12% (i.e., 90% removal of carbohydrate). Glycerol was always one of the products obtained after each degradation, but threitol and erythritol were not detected. The second degradation caused a substantial loss of 2-acetamide-2-deoxyglucose, which is consistent with the location of some of this monosaccharide towards the terminal (non-reducing) end of the oligosaccharides. The \"core\" region of the oligosaccharides is composed of galactose, mannose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose. After the fourth oxidation, 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose was 50-60% of the total content of residual carbohydrate. After the first degradation, there was a progressive loss in antigenic activity, but this was associated with a small amount of hydrolysis of the protein moiety of CEA."}
{"id": "PMID:1212670", "title": "Synthesis of O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactopyranose, the trisaccharide repeating-unit of the o-specific polysaccharide from Salmonella anatum.", "content": "Glycosylation of 1,2:5,6-di-O-idopropylidene-alpha-D-galactofuranose with 2,3-di-O-acetyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl bromide, followed by removal of the protecting groups, gave O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose, which is the trisaccharide repeating-unit of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella anatum. The formation of the beta-D-mannopyranosyl linkage was achieved by a glucose-mannose conversion via stereoselective reduction of the corresponding oxo-disaccharide.", "contents": "Synthesis of O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactopyranose, the trisaccharide repeating-unit of the o-specific polysaccharide from Salmonella anatum. Glycosylation of 1,2:5,6-di-O-idopropylidene-alpha-D-galactofuranose with 2,3-di-O-acetyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl bromide, followed by removal of the protecting groups, gave O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose, which is the trisaccharide repeating-unit of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella anatum. The formation of the beta-D-mannopyranosyl linkage was achieved by a glucose-mannose conversion via stereoselective reduction of the corresponding oxo-disaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:1212671", "title": "Some benzylidene acetal derivatives of theophylline nucleosides.", "content": "The reaction of some hexopyranosyltheophylline nucleosides with benzaldehyde in the presence of zinc chloride gave the expected benzylidene acetals. Thus, 7-alpha-D-mannopyranosyltheophylline gave the 2',3':4',6'-diacetal as a mixture of diastereoisomers, one of which was isolated. The beta-D-galacto- and beta-D-gluco-pyranosyltheophyllines gave the 4',6'-acetals, which were characterised as 2',3'-diesters. Mild, acidic hydrolysis of 7-(4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-di-O-mesyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)theophylline gave 7-(2,3-di-O-mesyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)theophylline, and strongly basic hydrolysis gave 7-(2,3-anhydro-4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-allopyranosyl)theophylline. Ring-opening of this 2',3'-epoxide with iodide anion afforded mainly 7-(4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deozy-2-iodo-beta-D-altropyranosyl)theophylline, which was characterised as the 6'-acetate.", "contents": "Some benzylidene acetal derivatives of theophylline nucleosides. The reaction of some hexopyranosyltheophylline nucleosides with benzaldehyde in the presence of zinc chloride gave the expected benzylidene acetals. Thus, 7-alpha-D-mannopyranosyltheophylline gave the 2',3':4',6'-diacetal as a mixture of diastereoisomers, one of which was isolated. The beta-D-galacto- and beta-D-gluco-pyranosyltheophyllines gave the 4',6'-acetals, which were characterised as 2',3'-diesters. Mild, acidic hydrolysis of 7-(4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-di-O-mesyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)theophylline gave 7-(2,3-di-O-mesyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)theophylline, and strongly basic hydrolysis gave 7-(2,3-anhydro-4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-allopyranosyl)theophylline. Ring-opening of this 2',3'-epoxide with iodide anion afforded mainly 7-(4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deozy-2-iodo-beta-D-altropyranosyl)theophylline, which was characterised as the 6'-acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:1212675", "title": "Effect of ketamine on ventricular dynamics of unanesthetized baboons.", "content": "Ketamine hydrochloride is commonly employed to sedate or anesthetize laboratory primates but its cardiac actions have not been previously described in these animals. Four baboons, Papio cynocephalus, were chronically instrumented with electromagnetic flow detectors on the ascending aorta and common carotid artery. Cardiac output, peak aortic flow velocity and peak aortic flow acceleration are all depressed by Ketamine, 5 mg/kg i.m. Peak aortic flow acceleration and peak carotid flow acceleration were equally depressed. Thus, peak carotid flow acceleration is a useful indirect index of the left ventricular response to Ketamine in the baboon.", "contents": "Effect of ketamine on ventricular dynamics of unanesthetized baboons. Ketamine hydrochloride is commonly employed to sedate or anesthetize laboratory primates but its cardiac actions have not been previously described in these animals. Four baboons, Papio cynocephalus, were chronically instrumented with electromagnetic flow detectors on the ascending aorta and common carotid artery. Cardiac output, peak aortic flow velocity and peak aortic flow acceleration are all depressed by Ketamine, 5 mg/kg i.m. Peak aortic flow acceleration and peak carotid flow acceleration were equally depressed. Thus, peak carotid flow acceleration is a useful indirect index of the left ventricular response to Ketamine in the baboon."}
{"id": "PMID:1212701", "title": "[Lipids in the renal veins and disseminated intravascular coagulation].", "content": "Marked steatosis of glomeruli and of cortical arterioles is a peculiar and hitherto neglected change occuring in generalized Shwartzman's reaction as well as in the haemolytic-uremic syndrome. The fatty deposits originate during the transient hyperlipemia occurring in both the above entities. No comparable steatosis takes place in disseminated intravascular coagulation. In disseminated intravascular coagulation occurring in hyperlipemic rats, however, steatosis of glomeruli as well as of cortical  arterioles is present so that the picture resembles generalized Shwartzman's reaction. Such a comparison poses a lot of further pathogenetic problems.", "contents": "[Lipids in the renal veins and disseminated intravascular coagulation]. Marked steatosis of glomeruli and of cortical arterioles is a peculiar and hitherto neglected change occuring in generalized Shwartzman's reaction as well as in the haemolytic-uremic syndrome. The fatty deposits originate during the transient hyperlipemia occurring in both the above entities. No comparable steatosis takes place in disseminated intravascular coagulation. In disseminated intravascular coagulation occurring in hyperlipemic rats, however, steatosis of glomeruli as well as of cortical  arterioles is present so that the picture resembles generalized Shwartzman's reaction. Such a comparison poses a lot of further pathogenetic problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1212702", "title": "[Importance of moulds in the morphogenesis of pulmonary changes in chronic infantile granulomatosis].", "content": "A brief clinical and a rather detailed histological decription is given of three male siblings suffering from chronic granulomatosis. Two types of granulomas were indentified. One of them occurring extrapulmonally resembled the specific tuberculous granuloma with caseation, but tuberculous bacilli not demonstrated. The other type of granuloma was found in the lungs and was composed of a leucocytic core surrounded by an epithelioid cellular rim containing giant cells. In all the three cases such granulomas were shown to contain mould filaments of the aspergillus type.", "contents": "[Importance of moulds in the morphogenesis of pulmonary changes in chronic infantile granulomatosis]. A brief clinical and a rather detailed histological decription is given of three male siblings suffering from chronic granulomatosis. Two types of granulomas were indentified. One of them occurring extrapulmonally resembled the specific tuberculous granuloma with caseation, but tuberculous bacilli not demonstrated. The other type of granuloma was found in the lungs and was composed of a leucocytic core surrounded by an epithelioid cellular rim containing giant cells. In all the three cases such granulomas were shown to contain mould filaments of the aspergillus type."}
{"id": "PMID:1212703", "title": "[Bronchocentric pulmonary granulomatosis].", "content": "A case of bronchocentric pulmonary granulomatosis as observed in a male aged 49 appeared as morphologically identical with the series of cases described by Liebow. In the case presented here, however, the disease took a progressive course with a lethal outcome in spite of a long-term treatment with high doses of corticoids.", "contents": "[Bronchocentric pulmonary granulomatosis]. A case of bronchocentric pulmonary granulomatosis as observed in a male aged 49 appeared as morphologically identical with the series of cases described by Liebow. In the case presented here, however, the disease took a progressive course with a lethal outcome in spite of a long-term treatment with high doses of corticoids."}
{"id": "PMID:1212704", "title": "[Diagnostic significance of the evidence of C cells in the thyroid gland].", "content": "Presented here are the experiences with bringing the Grimelius method to bear on the routine evidence for C cells of the thyroid gland. Marked positive results of examination, with a great deal of well-depicted C cells, are found to be in direct connection with hypocalcimia within one year's period.", "contents": "[Diagnostic significance of the evidence of C cells in the thyroid gland]. Presented here are the experiences with bringing the Grimelius method to bear on the routine evidence for C cells of the thyroid gland. Marked positive results of examination, with a great deal of well-depicted C cells, are found to be in direct connection with hypocalcimia within one year's period."}
{"id": "PMID:1212705", "title": "[Radiation changes of the lungs following irradiation for carcinoma].", "content": "Moderately edematous lungs were ascertained in four cases of radiation pneumonitis causing death in connection with irradiating the carcinoma of the lungs by way of currently used orthovoltage actinotherapy. Histologically the most conspicuous were the findings of the hyaline alveolar membrane and the cellular atypia of endothel of the alveoles and the lymph-ducts.", "contents": "[Radiation changes of the lungs following irradiation for carcinoma]. Moderately edematous lungs were ascertained in four cases of radiation pneumonitis causing death in connection with irradiating the carcinoma of the lungs by way of currently used orthovoltage actinotherapy. Histologically the most conspicuous were the findings of the hyaline alveolar membrane and the cellular atypia of endothel of the alveoles and the lymph-ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:1212706", "title": "[Malignant ovarian struma in pseuomucinous cystadenoma].", "content": "In a female aged 64, a large pseudomucinous cystadenoma was found, containing a predominantly follicular carcinoma originating in an ovarian goiter in the subcapsular portion of the ovary. The tumour invaded the surroinding tissues assuming a scirrhotic character. At operation, no peritoneal metastases were recorded. No other teratogenic components were found within the tumour.", "contents": "[Malignant ovarian struma in pseuomucinous cystadenoma]. In a female aged 64, a large pseudomucinous cystadenoma was found, containing a predominantly follicular carcinoma originating in an ovarian goiter in the subcapsular portion of the ovary. The tumour invaded the surroinding tissues assuming a scirrhotic character. At operation, no peritoneal metastases were recorded. No other teratogenic components were found within the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:1212707", "title": "[Detection of components of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in hepatocytes].", "content": "In fifty cases of hepatic processes, concominant with serological positivity to the so-called \"Australian antigen\", positivity was demonstrated, by biopsy in 53 per cent of cases and by necropsy in 44 per cent of cases, by way of orceine dyeing according to Shikata, and the results were better when due to formaldehyde rather than glutaraldehyde fixation. An electronoptical correlate of HBSAg formed microtubular and filamentous structures only partly connected with the smooth endoplasmatic reticule. Intranuclear presence of HBcAg could not be unequivocally demonstrated but in one case there were found in the paranuclear area structures corresponding to Dane's corpuscle formation.", "contents": "[Detection of components of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in hepatocytes]. In fifty cases of hepatic processes, concominant with serological positivity to the so-called \"Australian antigen\", positivity was demonstrated, by biopsy in 53 per cent of cases and by necropsy in 44 per cent of cases, by way of orceine dyeing according to Shikata, and the results were better when due to formaldehyde rather than glutaraldehyde fixation. An electronoptical correlate of HBSAg formed microtubular and filamentous structures only partly connected with the smooth endoplasmatic reticule. Intranuclear presence of HBcAg could not be unequivocally demonstrated but in one case there were found in the paranuclear area structures corresponding to Dane's corpuscle formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1212708", "title": "[Analysis of motivation in attempted suicides of sniffing addicts].", "content": "The authors examined a group of 30 addicts, each of whom had attempted a suicide, once at least, irrespective of the mode of performance. They analysed the motivation and the causes leading the adolescent addicts to suicidal attempts. The suicidal attempts were shown to occur under acute intoxication in 83.3 per cent of cases. Most frequently, the mode of the suicidal attempt was drastic, as e.g. cutting the antebrachial and the wrist veins in 56.6 per cent of cases. In 43.3 per cent of cases there occurred mild encephalopathies. A history of delinquent behaviour was recorded in 63.3 per cent of cases. Eighty per cent of the addicts originated from defective families or had other adverse social conditions. In 80 per cent addiction of psychotropic substances of more than one year duration was noted. Addiction of more than one drug was recorded in 90 per cent of cases. Most probably, volatile psychotropic substances act as \"accelerators\" in this connection, deteriorating the personality alterations of encephalopathic and psychopathic origin already present, thus conditioning the motivation of suicidal attempts. This finding may be of significance in aiding the forensic psychology and the medicolegal expertise of realized suicides.", "contents": "[Analysis of motivation in attempted suicides of sniffing addicts]. The authors examined a group of 30 addicts, each of whom had attempted a suicide, once at least, irrespective of the mode of performance. They analysed the motivation and the causes leading the adolescent addicts to suicidal attempts. The suicidal attempts were shown to occur under acute intoxication in 83.3 per cent of cases. Most frequently, the mode of the suicidal attempt was drastic, as e.g. cutting the antebrachial and the wrist veins in 56.6 per cent of cases. In 43.3 per cent of cases there occurred mild encephalopathies. A history of delinquent behaviour was recorded in 63.3 per cent of cases. Eighty per cent of the addicts originated from defective families or had other adverse social conditions. In 80 per cent addiction of psychotropic substances of more than one year duration was noted. Addiction of more than one drug was recorded in 90 per cent of cases. Most probably, volatile psychotropic substances act as \"accelerators\" in this connection, deteriorating the personality alterations of encephalopathic and psychopathic origin already present, thus conditioning the motivation of suicidal attempts. This finding may be of significance in aiding the forensic psychology and the medicolegal expertise of realized suicides."}
{"id": "PMID:1212709", "title": "[Use of gas chromatography--mass spectrometry system in toxicology].", "content": "In the presented paper experiences with the practical usage of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry system are given. Cases of the identification of forbidden doping drugs and some significant groups of medicaments are described. The possibility of the identification of drug metabolites and interfering substances is pointed as well. Examples of chemical ionization usage are given from literature papers. This work points out the advantages of both methods for the identification of drugs in biological material. The priority and possibility of both procedures are evaluated critically.", "contents": "[Use of gas chromatography--mass spectrometry system in toxicology]. In the presented paper experiences with the practical usage of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry system are given. Cases of the identification of forbidden doping drugs and some significant groups of medicaments are described. The possibility of the identification of drug metabolites and interfering substances is pointed as well. Examples of chemical ionization usage are given from literature papers. This work points out the advantages of both methods for the identification of drugs in biological material. The priority and possibility of both procedures are evaluated critically."}
{"id": "PMID:1212797", "title": "The interaction of rheumatoid factor with hepatitis B surface antigen-antibody complexes.", "content": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay was developed in which the hepatitis B surface antigen was adsorbed to the surface of plastic beads. When the antigen-coated beads were incubated with human IgG antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen, immune complexes were formed on the solid phase surface. IgM rheumatoid factor was found to bind to the hepatitis B surface antigen-antibody complexes but not to the antigen or the IgG antibody alone. Since both hepatitis B surface antigen-antibody complexes and rheumatoid factor are commonly present in type B viral hepatitis, it is suggested that rheumatoid factor may play a role in the pathogenesis of this viral disease in man.", "contents": "The interaction of rheumatoid factor with hepatitis B surface antigen-antibody complexes. A solid phase radioimmunoassay was developed in which the hepatitis B surface antigen was adsorbed to the surface of plastic beads. When the antigen-coated beads were incubated with human IgG antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen, immune complexes were formed on the solid phase surface. IgM rheumatoid factor was found to bind to the hepatitis B surface antigen-antibody complexes but not to the antigen or the IgG antibody alone. Since both hepatitis B surface antigen-antibody complexes and rheumatoid factor are commonly present in type B viral hepatitis, it is suggested that rheumatoid factor may play a role in the pathogenesis of this viral disease in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1212798", "title": "In vitro transfer of tumour-specific immunity with human 'immune' RNA.", "content": "In vitro tumour-specific immunity against lung cancer was passively transferred in the leucocyte migration inhibition system with 'immune' RNA in man; 'non-immune' RNA, on the other hand, failed to transfer such immunity, indicating the specificity of 'immune' RNA.", "contents": "In vitro transfer of tumour-specific immunity with human 'immune' RNA. In vitro tumour-specific immunity against lung cancer was passively transferred in the leucocyte migration inhibition system with 'immune' RNA in man; 'non-immune' RNA, on the other hand, failed to transfer such immunity, indicating the specificity of 'immune' RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1212799", "title": "Populations of lymphocytes separated from human thymocytes.", "content": "Thymocytes from twenty-two human foetal and post-natal thymuses were separated according to their buoyant density. Thymocytes from eight were separated into multiple fractions by means of continuous gradients of bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH 5.1 and iso-osmolar with human cells, and thymocytes from fourteen were separated into two fractions of density less than and greater than 1.068 g/cm3. Fractions were tested for antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) to 125I-labelled human thyroglobulin, for response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and for rosette-forming cells (RFC) using sheep red blood cells. For subjects of all ages there was a pronounced enrichment of both ABL and thymocytes responsive to PHA amoung low or 1.064-1.065 g/cm3 density thymocytes. In older subjects there was a second enrichment of ABL among high or 1.072-1.073 g/cm3 density thymocytes. RFC were distributed over a wider range of densities, and although they did not form a discrete subpopulation they predominated among high density thymocytes.", "contents": "Populations of lymphocytes separated from human thymocytes. Thymocytes from twenty-two human foetal and post-natal thymuses were separated according to their buoyant density. Thymocytes from eight were separated into multiple fractions by means of continuous gradients of bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH 5.1 and iso-osmolar with human cells, and thymocytes from fourteen were separated into two fractions of density less than and greater than 1.068 g/cm3. Fractions were tested for antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) to 125I-labelled human thyroglobulin, for response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and for rosette-forming cells (RFC) using sheep red blood cells. For subjects of all ages there was a pronounced enrichment of both ABL and thymocytes responsive to PHA amoung low or 1.064-1.065 g/cm3 density thymocytes. In older subjects there was a second enrichment of ABL among high or 1.072-1.073 g/cm3 density thymocytes. RFC were distributed over a wider range of densities, and although they did not form a discrete subpopulation they predominated among high density thymocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1212800", "title": "Age involution in the normal human adult thymus.", "content": "Thymic biopsies taken under general anaesthetic prior to partial thyroidectomy for non-toxic nodular goitre were studied with histometric techniques: evidence is presented that the tissue studied is representative of the normal adult human thymus. The pattern of age involution of the normal adult thymus is described: there is a striking sex difference in the curves of involution, due to differences in behaviour of the cortex.", "contents": "Age involution in the normal human adult thymus. Thymic biopsies taken under general anaesthetic prior to partial thyroidectomy for non-toxic nodular goitre were studied with histometric techniques: evidence is presented that the tissue studied is representative of the normal adult human thymus. The pattern of age involution of the normal adult thymus is described: there is a striking sex difference in the curves of involution, due to differences in behaviour of the cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1212801", "title": "A quantitative evaluation of anticoagulants in experimental nephrotoxic nephritis.", "content": "The protective effects of anticoagulants in nephrotoxic nephritis in rabbits have been studied, using various doses of heparin and defibrination with ancrod. Massive doses of heparin (2000 units/kg/day) were required before significant reduction in glomerular fibrin deposition, extracepillary cell proliferation and urea retention occurred. Doses of 300 and 1000 units/kg/day were insufficient to modify fibrin deposition and cell proliferation. Defibrination with ancrod provided protection, judged by histological and functional criteria, comparable to 2000 units of heparin/kg/day; but fibrin could still be demonstrated in the glomeruli of animals treated with 2000 units of heparin/kg/day, contrasting with the virtual absence of fibrin in animals given ancrod.", "contents": "A quantitative evaluation of anticoagulants in experimental nephrotoxic nephritis. The protective effects of anticoagulants in nephrotoxic nephritis in rabbits have been studied, using various doses of heparin and defibrination with ancrod. Massive doses of heparin (2000 units/kg/day) were required before significant reduction in glomerular fibrin deposition, extracepillary cell proliferation and urea retention occurred. Doses of 300 and 1000 units/kg/day were insufficient to modify fibrin deposition and cell proliferation. Defibrination with ancrod provided protection, judged by histological and functional criteria, comparable to 2000 units of heparin/kg/day; but fibrin could still be demonstrated in the glomeruli of animals treated with 2000 units of heparin/kg/day, contrasting with the virtual absence of fibrin in animals given ancrod."}
{"id": "PMID:1212802", "title": "Cell damage and dye reduction in the quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test.", "content": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) is toxic to neutrophils; an effect which is greatly enhanced by endotoxin and latex particles. Cell damage, measured by the release of the cytoplasmic marker enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), was closely related to dye reduction. This suggests that, in this test, dye reduction occurs largely as a result of contact between intracellular reducing compounds and NBT following damage of the outer cell membrane. The expression of dye reduction as a function of LDH release should enhance the sensitivity of the quantitative NBT test by correcting for the observed intersubject variation in cell damage. The relationship between cell damage and dye reduction is a measure of the reducing capacity of the cell. This was normal in immature, bone marrow neutrophils, but diminished in neutrophils of patients with chronic granulomatous disease.", "contents": "Cell damage and dye reduction in the quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) is toxic to neutrophils; an effect which is greatly enhanced by endotoxin and latex particles. Cell damage, measured by the release of the cytoplasmic marker enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), was closely related to dye reduction. This suggests that, in this test, dye reduction occurs largely as a result of contact between intracellular reducing compounds and NBT following damage of the outer cell membrane. The expression of dye reduction as a function of LDH release should enhance the sensitivity of the quantitative NBT test by correcting for the observed intersubject variation in cell damage. The relationship between cell damage and dye reduction is a measure of the reducing capacity of the cell. This was normal in immature, bone marrow neutrophils, but diminished in neutrophils of patients with chronic granulomatous disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1212803", "title": "Contact sensitivity in alloxan-diabetic mice.", "content": "Alloxan-diabetic mice of Swiss, CBA and DBA/2 strains show a significant depression of contact sensitivity to oxazolone, as compared with normoglycaemic control animals, which is accompanied by the involution of the thymus and spleen. Insulin treatment partially restores the contact sensitivity in diabetic animals and also increases the weight of lymphatic organs. In contrast, the non-specific inflammatory response to oxazolone is not impaired in insulin-deficient mice. Further experiments have shown that neither sensitized lymphocytes of control animals given to diabetic mice, nor sensitized lymphocytes of diabetic mice injected into normoglycaemic recipients, were able to transfer passively any significant contact sensitivity. It is suggested that in alloxan-diabetic mice the function of T lymphocytes is affected.", "contents": "Contact sensitivity in alloxan-diabetic mice. Alloxan-diabetic mice of Swiss, CBA and DBA/2 strains show a significant depression of contact sensitivity to oxazolone, as compared with normoglycaemic control animals, which is accompanied by the involution of the thymus and spleen. Insulin treatment partially restores the contact sensitivity in diabetic animals and also increases the weight of lymphatic organs. In contrast, the non-specific inflammatory response to oxazolone is not impaired in insulin-deficient mice. Further experiments have shown that neither sensitized lymphocytes of control animals given to diabetic mice, nor sensitized lymphocytes of diabetic mice injected into normoglycaemic recipients, were able to transfer passively any significant contact sensitivity. It is suggested that in alloxan-diabetic mice the function of T lymphocytes is affected."}
{"id": "PMID:1212804", "title": "Circadian rhythms in cell migration in vitro, and its effect on antigen-induced migration inhibition.", "content": "White cell migration from capillary tubes has been studied using blood taken from man and rats over a 24-hr period. When the blood white cell count was lowest in both species, the migration areas were maximal. In man, this variation did not affect the migration index obtained in response to a specific antigen.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms in cell migration in vitro, and its effect on antigen-induced migration inhibition. White cell migration from capillary tubes has been studied using blood taken from man and rats over a 24-hr period. When the blood white cell count was lowest in both species, the migration areas were maximal. In man, this variation did not affect the migration index obtained in response to a specific antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:1212805", "title": "Modulation of the immune response to transplantation antigens. V. A comparison of the effects of antilymphocytic serum and enhancing alloantiserum on effector mechanisms of allograft rejection.", "content": "Administration of antilymphocytic serum (ALS) or alloantiserum at the time of graft both stimulate enhanced growth of a tumour allograft, but the effect of alloantiserum is weaker and more dependent on dose. Both antisera suppress (or delay) the development of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, and partly inhibit the development of activated, cytostatic macrophages. Apart from these central or afferent effects, ALS added to an in vitro culture of immune effector cells and EL4 target cells strongly inhibits cytotoxicity, while in this model, alloantiserum is less effective in this respect. The relevance of the effects observed in vitro to in vivo facilitation of allografts is discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of the immune response to transplantation antigens. V. A comparison of the effects of antilymphocytic serum and enhancing alloantiserum on effector mechanisms of allograft rejection. Administration of antilymphocytic serum (ALS) or alloantiserum at the time of graft both stimulate enhanced growth of a tumour allograft, but the effect of alloantiserum is weaker and more dependent on dose. Both antisera suppress (or delay) the development of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, and partly inhibit the development of activated, cytostatic macrophages. Apart from these central or afferent effects, ALS added to an in vitro culture of immune effector cells and EL4 target cells strongly inhibits cytotoxicity, while in this model, alloantiserum is less effective in this respect. The relevance of the effects observed in vitro to in vivo facilitation of allografts is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212806", "title": "K-cell cytotoxic activity in the spleen and lymph nodes of tumour-bearing mice.", "content": "The cytotoxic activity of spleen and lymph node cells from female CBA mice bearing a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma on target cells coated with anti-target cell antibody has been investigated. Spleen cells from tumour-bearing mice caused a significantly greater degree of target cell lysis than did spleen cells from control mice. This increase in cytotoxicity was most apparent when a ratio of ten lymphoid cells to one target cell was used. With control mice, the mean cytotoxic index was 13.54 +/- 1.05 (s.e.m.) as compared to 55.00 +/- 6.11 with tumour-bearing mice. An increase in the cytotoxic activity of lymph node cells was also noted. In control mice, the cytotoxic index, using a ratio of 100:1 was 8.55 +/- 2.27. In tumour-bearing mice, the mean cytotoxic activity of the draining lymph node was 21.66 +/- 4.96, and of the contralateral lymph node, 13.00 +/- 3.46.", "contents": "K-cell cytotoxic activity in the spleen and lymph nodes of tumour-bearing mice. The cytotoxic activity of spleen and lymph node cells from female CBA mice bearing a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma on target cells coated with anti-target cell antibody has been investigated. Spleen cells from tumour-bearing mice caused a significantly greater degree of target cell lysis than did spleen cells from control mice. This increase in cytotoxicity was most apparent when a ratio of ten lymphoid cells to one target cell was used. With control mice, the mean cytotoxic index was 13.54 +/- 1.05 (s.e.m.) as compared to 55.00 +/- 6.11 with tumour-bearing mice. An increase in the cytotoxic activity of lymph node cells was also noted. In control mice, the cytotoxic index, using a ratio of 100:1 was 8.55 +/- 2.27. In tumour-bearing mice, the mean cytotoxic activity of the draining lymph node was 21.66 +/- 4.96, and of the contralateral lymph node, 13.00 +/- 3.46."}
{"id": "PMID:1212807", "title": "Reduced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The peripheral blood mononuclear cells from twenty-three patients with SLE were studied. They showed a reduction in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This reduction was significantly related to disease activity. No correlations were found with other clinical features. Some of the possible explanations for this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Reduced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells from twenty-three patients with SLE were studied. They showed a reduction in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This reduction was significantly related to disease activity. No correlations were found with other clinical features. Some of the possible explanations for this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212808", "title": "Polymorphonuclear activation in leprosy. I. Spontaneous and endotoxin-stimulated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium: effects of serum and plasma on endotoxin-induced activation.", "content": "Spontaneous nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction was evaluated in neutrophils from patients with the different types and forms of leprosy, and compared with reduction obtained form cells from normal controls. Leucocytes from the same subjects were stimulated in vitro by endotoxin, and the rise in percentage of cells reducing NBT was determined. Patients of all groups, with the exception of those with reactional lepromatous leprosy (RLL) had an essentially normal proportion of reducing cells. Neutrophils were normally activated by endotoxin. This indicates that while Mycobacterium leprae does not by itself stimulate leucocytes from leprosy patients, there is no overall anergy of neutrophils in lepromatous or other forms of leprosy. In RLL the proportion of reducing cells was significantly raised. Stimulation with endotoxin was able further to enhance this proportion, but not above levels reached by stimulation of normal cells. Neutrophil activation could not be reproduced by mixing serum from highly activated RLL patients with normal leucocytes. An inhibitory effect of serum and plasma over in vitro endotoxin activation of neutrophils was found.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear activation in leprosy. I. Spontaneous and endotoxin-stimulated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium: effects of serum and plasma on endotoxin-induced activation. Spontaneous nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction was evaluated in neutrophils from patients with the different types and forms of leprosy, and compared with reduction obtained form cells from normal controls. Leucocytes from the same subjects were stimulated in vitro by endotoxin, and the rise in percentage of cells reducing NBT was determined. Patients of all groups, with the exception of those with reactional lepromatous leprosy (RLL) had an essentially normal proportion of reducing cells. Neutrophils were normally activated by endotoxin. This indicates that while Mycobacterium leprae does not by itself stimulate leucocytes from leprosy patients, there is no overall anergy of neutrophils in lepromatous or other forms of leprosy. In RLL the proportion of reducing cells was significantly raised. Stimulation with endotoxin was able further to enhance this proportion, but not above levels reached by stimulation of normal cells. Neutrophil activation could not be reproduced by mixing serum from highly activated RLL patients with normal leucocytes. An inhibitory effect of serum and plasma over in vitro endotoxin activation of neutrophils was found."}
{"id": "PMID:1212809", "title": "In vitro production of IgE by lymphocytes from a patient with hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E, eosinophilia and increased lymphocytes carrying surface IgE.", "content": "The peripheral blood lymphocytes of a patient with massive hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E were used for in vitro studies. The serum IgE ranged from 140,000-210,000 u/ml. Peripheral blood lymphocytes had approximately 7% of cells staining for surface IgE. When these cells were cultured in vitro, IgE was produced as measured by the double antibody radioimmunoassay technique. The total IgE produced ranged from 140 to 484 units per 24 hr in different cultures. IgE production was greatest in the first 24 hr of culture and declined progressively thereafter. Some cultures still had measurable IgE at 48 hr. If the lymphocytes staining for surface IgE were the cells producing the IgE, it was estimated that between 1-7 and 2-8 molecules per cell per second were produced. No definite effect of concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen or phytohaemagglutinin on in vitro IgE production could be demonstrated under the conditions of these experiments.", "contents": "In vitro production of IgE by lymphocytes from a patient with hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E, eosinophilia and increased lymphocytes carrying surface IgE. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of a patient with massive hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E were used for in vitro studies. The serum IgE ranged from 140,000-210,000 u/ml. Peripheral blood lymphocytes had approximately 7% of cells staining for surface IgE. When these cells were cultured in vitro, IgE was produced as measured by the double antibody radioimmunoassay technique. The total IgE produced ranged from 140 to 484 units per 24 hr in different cultures. IgE production was greatest in the first 24 hr of culture and declined progressively thereafter. Some cultures still had measurable IgE at 48 hr. If the lymphocytes staining for surface IgE were the cells producing the IgE, it was estimated that between 1-7 and 2-8 molecules per cell per second were produced. No definite effect of concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen or phytohaemagglutinin on in vitro IgE production could be demonstrated under the conditions of these experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1212810", "title": "Depression of immune competence by phenytoin and carbamazepine. Studies in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Depression of one or more parameters of cellular and/or humoral immune responses was found in 60% of general hospital patients treated with phenytoin and 47% of patients treated with carbamazepine. Phenytoin-treated patients failed to manifest delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) reactions to common antigens, and to make antibody to Salmonella typhi and tetanus toxoid. Serum levels of IgA and IgM, DNA synthesis in circulating leucocytes, and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis were also low. Depression of IgA, DHS reactivity and antibody responsiveness to S. typhi were shown to develop after the commencement of phenytoin therapy in a study of eleven patients. The presence of immunological defects was independent of the dosage of drug, its serum concentration, the duration of therapy and the sex of the subject. Studies in vitro provided evidence that immunosuppression was the result of a direct effect of phenytoin on the metabolism of lymphoid cells. Carbamazepine was shown to have a similar but less potent direct effect. Pharmacological concentrations of phenytoin caused a significant depression of DNA synthesis in PHA-stimulated and non-stimulated blood cell cultures in vitro. High concentrations in addition caused depression of cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. Phenytoin was not cytocidal at concentrations of up to 125 mug/ml. Depression of DNA synthesis by phenytoin was maximal when phenytoin was added within 4-8 hr of the addition of PHA. PHA-induced DNA synthesis was not significantly affected by pre-incubation with phenytoin. In vivo, the presence of immunological defects was not related to phenytoin-induced folic acid deficiency. High concentrations of carbamazepine, but not phenobarbitone or diazepam caused a significant depression of PHA-stimulated DNA synthesis in blood cell cultures. The data show that immunosuppression is a common side-effect of phenytoin therapy, and that lymphoma is rare. They suggest that in the presence of phenytoin-induced immunosuppression another factor, or factors are required to induce the formation of lymphoma.", "contents": "Depression of immune competence by phenytoin and carbamazepine. Studies in vivo and in vitro. Depression of one or more parameters of cellular and/or humoral immune responses was found in 60% of general hospital patients treated with phenytoin and 47% of patients treated with carbamazepine. Phenytoin-treated patients failed to manifest delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) reactions to common antigens, and to make antibody to Salmonella typhi and tetanus toxoid. Serum levels of IgA and IgM, DNA synthesis in circulating leucocytes, and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis were also low. Depression of IgA, DHS reactivity and antibody responsiveness to S. typhi were shown to develop after the commencement of phenytoin therapy in a study of eleven patients. The presence of immunological defects was independent of the dosage of drug, its serum concentration, the duration of therapy and the sex of the subject. Studies in vitro provided evidence that immunosuppression was the result of a direct effect of phenytoin on the metabolism of lymphoid cells. Carbamazepine was shown to have a similar but less potent direct effect. Pharmacological concentrations of phenytoin caused a significant depression of DNA synthesis in PHA-stimulated and non-stimulated blood cell cultures in vitro. High concentrations in addition caused depression of cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. Phenytoin was not cytocidal at concentrations of up to 125 mug/ml. Depression of DNA synthesis by phenytoin was maximal when phenytoin was added within 4-8 hr of the addition of PHA. PHA-induced DNA synthesis was not significantly affected by pre-incubation with phenytoin. In vivo, the presence of immunological defects was not related to phenytoin-induced folic acid deficiency. High concentrations of carbamazepine, but not phenobarbitone or diazepam caused a significant depression of PHA-stimulated DNA synthesis in blood cell cultures. The data show that immunosuppression is a common side-effect of phenytoin therapy, and that lymphoma is rare. They suggest that in the presence of phenytoin-induced immunosuppression another factor, or factors are required to induce the formation of lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1212811", "title": "The effects of defibrination with ancrod in experimental allergic glomerular injury.", "content": "Quantitative studies of the effects of defibrination (with ancrod) have been undertaken in two forms of allergic glomerular damage, nephrotoxic serum nephritis and acute serum sickness in rabbits. No differences in intrarenal fixation of nephrotoxic antibody, complement activation or host antibody response were detected between defibrinated and untreated rabbits with nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Defibrination prevented intraglomerular fibrin deposition in this disease; but some glomerular damage as shown by a rise in blood urea and endothelial proliferation still occurred in defibrinated animals. No differences in immune elimination of BSA, circulating immune complex formation or intrarenal localization of immune complexes were noted in defibrinated animals with acute serum sickness. No intraglomerular fibrin deposition was detected in treated or untreated animals in this disease model. It is concluded that the protective effects of ancrod are directly related to defibrination, and not to any other modification of allergic events.", "contents": "The effects of defibrination with ancrod in experimental allergic glomerular injury. Quantitative studies of the effects of defibrination (with ancrod) have been undertaken in two forms of allergic glomerular damage, nephrotoxic serum nephritis and acute serum sickness in rabbits. No differences in intrarenal fixation of nephrotoxic antibody, complement activation or host antibody response were detected between defibrinated and untreated rabbits with nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Defibrination prevented intraglomerular fibrin deposition in this disease; but some glomerular damage as shown by a rise in blood urea and endothelial proliferation still occurred in defibrinated animals. No differences in immune elimination of BSA, circulating immune complex formation or intrarenal localization of immune complexes were noted in defibrinated animals with acute serum sickness. No intraglomerular fibrin deposition was detected in treated or untreated animals in this disease model. It is concluded that the protective effects of ancrod are directly related to defibrination, and not to any other modification of allergic events."}
{"id": "PMID:1212812", "title": "Platelet aggregation by isolated and aggregated human IgG.", "content": "Isolated myeloma proteins of the four human IgG subclasses, aggregated by heat of bis-diazotized benzidine (BDB), induced aggregation of human platelets (Pl.A.) demonstrable by the sedimentation pattern test. With this sensitive technique, approximately 0-1 mug/ml of BDB-aggregated IgG1 and IgG3 could be detected whereas 200 to 1000 times higher concentrations of IgG2 and IgG4 were required for the Pl.A. reaction. The reaction pattern showed similarities with complement fixation tests.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation by isolated and aggregated human IgG. Isolated myeloma proteins of the four human IgG subclasses, aggregated by heat of bis-diazotized benzidine (BDB), induced aggregation of human platelets (Pl.A.) demonstrable by the sedimentation pattern test. With this sensitive technique, approximately 0-1 mug/ml of BDB-aggregated IgG1 and IgG3 could be detected whereas 200 to 1000 times higher concentrations of IgG2 and IgG4 were required for the Pl.A. reaction. The reaction pattern showed similarities with complement fixation tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1212813", "title": "Formalinized tumour cells in the leucocyte migration inhibition test.", "content": "Immunization studies indicate that formalinized tumour cells retain at least part of their gross membrane structure and antigenicity; they are relatively easy to prepare and store well over a period of months. We have used formalinized tumour cells as antigen in the leucocyte migration inhibition test. Leucocyte migration inhibition occurred in leucocytes from thirty-eight out of sixty-nine malignant melanoma patients and from fifty-five out of eight-one breast cancer patients when in contact with formalinized tumour cells of a histologically similar type. Melanoma patients' and breast cancer patients' leucocytes were infrequently inhibited on contact with cells from histologically dissimilar human tumours and from xenogeneic mouse melanomas. Other advantages of formalinized cells over antigens prepared by homogenizing tumour tissue include a greater degree of inhibition and the ability to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the ratio of leucocytes:tumour cells and the migration index.", "contents": "Formalinized tumour cells in the leucocyte migration inhibition test. Immunization studies indicate that formalinized tumour cells retain at least part of their gross membrane structure and antigenicity; they are relatively easy to prepare and store well over a period of months. We have used formalinized tumour cells as antigen in the leucocyte migration inhibition test. Leucocyte migration inhibition occurred in leucocytes from thirty-eight out of sixty-nine malignant melanoma patients and from fifty-five out of eight-one breast cancer patients when in contact with formalinized tumour cells of a histologically similar type. Melanoma patients' and breast cancer patients' leucocytes were infrequently inhibited on contact with cells from histologically dissimilar human tumours and from xenogeneic mouse melanomas. Other advantages of formalinized cells over antigens prepared by homogenizing tumour tissue include a greater degree of inhibition and the ability to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the ratio of leucocytes:tumour cells and the migration index."}
{"id": "PMID:1212814", "title": "An absolute requirement for serum macromolecules in phytohaemagglutinin-induced human lymphocyte DNA synthesis.", "content": "We have examined the effect of different variables such as tissue culture media, with or without various supplements, lymphocyte isolation techniques, lymphocyte contamination by autologous red blood cells and platelets, and lymphocyte numbers, on the requirement for serum during phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. At all mitogen doses tested, we have found that dialysable constituents of serum enrich the ability of all tissue culture media to support lymphocyte DNA synthesis; however, human lymphocytes display an absolute requirement for nondialysable macromolecular constituents of serum in order to synthesize DNA.", "contents": "An absolute requirement for serum macromolecules in phytohaemagglutinin-induced human lymphocyte DNA synthesis. We have examined the effect of different variables such as tissue culture media, with or without various supplements, lymphocyte isolation techniques, lymphocyte contamination by autologous red blood cells and platelets, and lymphocyte numbers, on the requirement for serum during phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. At all mitogen doses tested, we have found that dialysable constituents of serum enrich the ability of all tissue culture media to support lymphocyte DNA synthesis; however, human lymphocytes display an absolute requirement for nondialysable macromolecular constituents of serum in order to synthesize DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1212815", "title": "Circadian rhythmicity of human plasma cortisol and PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "In two experiments, lymphocytes from six healthy subjects were sampled every 4 hr, counted, and cultured with PHA. Plasma cortisol in the same blood samples was measured and showed an expected circadian variation in level. A circadian rhythm in lymphocyte transformability to PHA was found to coincide directly with the cortisol level but varied inversely with lymphocyte numbers. The relationship between cortisol and lymphocyte transformability could be fortuitous or might indicate a role for cortisol in controlling lymphocyte function in vivo.", "contents": "Circadian rhythmicity of human plasma cortisol and PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation. In two experiments, lymphocytes from six healthy subjects were sampled every 4 hr, counted, and cultured with PHA. Plasma cortisol in the same blood samples was measured and showed an expected circadian variation in level. A circadian rhythm in lymphocyte transformability to PHA was found to coincide directly with the cortisol level but varied inversely with lymphocyte numbers. The relationship between cortisol and lymphocyte transformability could be fortuitous or might indicate a role for cortisol in controlling lymphocyte function in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:1212816", "title": "HL-A3 and HL-A7 in pernicious anaemia and autoimmune atrophic gastritis.", "content": "Increased frequencies of HL-A7 and the HL-A3,7 haplotype have been demonstrated in pernicious anaemia. There was no significant increase in any HL-A specificity in autoimmune atrophic gastritis. In the whole series of patients with either pernicious anaemia or atrophic gastritis there was a significant increase in the frequency of HL-A3. No association has been found between any HL-A specificity and an increased incidence of either serum gastric parietal cell or intrinsic factor antibody compared with the overall incidence in pernicious anaemia, atrophic gastritis or in the whole series.", "contents": "HL-A3 and HL-A7 in pernicious anaemia and autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Increased frequencies of HL-A7 and the HL-A3,7 haplotype have been demonstrated in pernicious anaemia. There was no significant increase in any HL-A specificity in autoimmune atrophic gastritis. In the whole series of patients with either pernicious anaemia or atrophic gastritis there was a significant increase in the frequency of HL-A3. No association has been found between any HL-A specificity and an increased incidence of either serum gastric parietal cell or intrinsic factor antibody compared with the overall incidence in pernicious anaemia, atrophic gastritis or in the whole series."}
{"id": "PMID:1212817", "title": "Immunological studies in children with acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "Sera from 116 consecutive unselected cases of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in children were examined for hepatitis B antigen (HBAg), smooth-muscle autoantibodies (SMA), other autoantibodies and immunoglobulins, and skin tests were performed with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). HBAg was detected in twenty-one and SMA in ninety-eight out of 116 sera that had been obtained during the 1st or 2nd week from the onset of jaundice. Hepatitis B antigen was present in seventeen out of the eighteen SMA negative patients (94-4%) and in only four out of the ninety-eight SMA-positive patients (4-1%). The presence of SMA was not related to the sex and age of the patients or to the serum bilirubin and transaminase levels. SMA did not persist for more than 6 weeks from the onset of jaundice in most of the cases. In twenty-eight out of forty-one sera which were tested the IgM level was found to be elevated during the acute phase of illness and within normal limits during the recovery stage. A negative correlation between the presence of SMA and the elevated serum IgM level and the presence of HB Ag in the same patients was observed. The DNCB skin test was found to be positive in all fifty-two patients who did not have HBAg in their serum and in twenty out of the twenty-one patients who had circulating HbAg. From these findings there appears to be no gross impairment of cell-mediated immunity in acute viral hepatitis, and hepatitis A is associated with SMA production and an increase in serum IgM levels, when compared to hepatitis associated with HBAg.", "contents": "Immunological studies in children with acute viral hepatitis. Sera from 116 consecutive unselected cases of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in children were examined for hepatitis B antigen (HBAg), smooth-muscle autoantibodies (SMA), other autoantibodies and immunoglobulins, and skin tests were performed with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). HBAg was detected in twenty-one and SMA in ninety-eight out of 116 sera that had been obtained during the 1st or 2nd week from the onset of jaundice. Hepatitis B antigen was present in seventeen out of the eighteen SMA negative patients (94-4%) and in only four out of the ninety-eight SMA-positive patients (4-1%). The presence of SMA was not related to the sex and age of the patients or to the serum bilirubin and transaminase levels. SMA did not persist for more than 6 weeks from the onset of jaundice in most of the cases. In twenty-eight out of forty-one sera which were tested the IgM level was found to be elevated during the acute phase of illness and within normal limits during the recovery stage. A negative correlation between the presence of SMA and the elevated serum IgM level and the presence of HB Ag in the same patients was observed. The DNCB skin test was found to be positive in all fifty-two patients who did not have HBAg in their serum and in twenty out of the twenty-one patients who had circulating HbAg. From these findings there appears to be no gross impairment of cell-mediated immunity in acute viral hepatitis, and hepatitis A is associated with SMA production and an increase in serum IgM levels, when compared to hepatitis associated with HBAg."}
{"id": "PMID:1212818", "title": "Immunoglobulin patterns in humans over 95 years of age.", "content": "Immunoglobulin patterns were investigated in seventy-three volunteers older than 95 years. An idiopathic paraproteinaemia was found in 19% of the cases. A restriction of heterogeneity and an imbalance in the kappa/lambda ratio of the immunoglobulins was seen in a number of other sera. Determinations of immunoglobulin levels in sera of individuals without paraproteinaemia showed an increase in IgA and IgG. The quantitations of the IgG subclasses demonstrated that an increase in the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses is responsible for the elevated level of the IgG. The variation in the immunoglobulin levels increased significantly with age of IgM and for the three major IgG subclasses. No abnormalities were found in the urine or in the mixed saliva. These results indicate that selective changes in the extent of the antibody-immunoglobulin repertoire characterize the immunoglobulin pattern of ageing man.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin patterns in humans over 95 years of age. Immunoglobulin patterns were investigated in seventy-three volunteers older than 95 years. An idiopathic paraproteinaemia was found in 19% of the cases. A restriction of heterogeneity and an imbalance in the kappa/lambda ratio of the immunoglobulins was seen in a number of other sera. Determinations of immunoglobulin levels in sera of individuals without paraproteinaemia showed an increase in IgA and IgG. The quantitations of the IgG subclasses demonstrated that an increase in the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses is responsible for the elevated level of the IgG. The variation in the immunoglobulin levels increased significantly with age of IgM and for the three major IgG subclasses. No abnormalities were found in the urine or in the mixed saliva. These results indicate that selective changes in the extent of the antibody-immunoglobulin repertoire characterize the immunoglobulin pattern of ageing man."}
{"id": "PMID:1212819", "title": "The influence of preoperative drug treatment on the extent of hyperplasia of the thymus in primary thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Thymic biopsies taken from women at the beginning of the operation of subtotal thyroidectomy were studied by the point-counting histometric technique. In all patients with primary thyrotoxicosis, the thymus is hyperplastic. After pretreatment with antithyroid drugs, the pattern of thymic involution with age is similar to, but at higher levels, than that in control groups of patients with non-toxic goitre in whom there is no evidence of immunological abnormality. By contrast, after propranolol pretreatment very little age involution is seen. The differences in the appearance of the thymus in female primary thyrotoxixosis patients prepared for operation with different drug treatment regimes are probably related to the pharmacological actions of the drugs and may indicate an interaction between primary immunological and secondary endocrinological factors in the disease process.", "contents": "The influence of preoperative drug treatment on the extent of hyperplasia of the thymus in primary thyrotoxicosis. Thymic biopsies taken from women at the beginning of the operation of subtotal thyroidectomy were studied by the point-counting histometric technique. In all patients with primary thyrotoxicosis, the thymus is hyperplastic. After pretreatment with antithyroid drugs, the pattern of thymic involution with age is similar to, but at higher levels, than that in control groups of patients with non-toxic goitre in whom there is no evidence of immunological abnormality. By contrast, after propranolol pretreatment very little age involution is seen. The differences in the appearance of the thymus in female primary thyrotoxixosis patients prepared for operation with different drug treatment regimes are probably related to the pharmacological actions of the drugs and may indicate an interaction between primary immunological and secondary endocrinological factors in the disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:1212820", "title": "Studies on human IgD myeloma proteins. Carbohydrate composition of intact proteins and some proteolytic fragments.", "content": "Human IgD myeloma proteins are shown to have a high carbohydrate content (9-18%) and to exhibit the same heterogeneity in carbohydrate content and composition as myeloma protein of the other immunoglobulin classes. All IgD proteins studied contain N-acetylgalactosamine which is contained in a carbohydrate moiety attached within the \"hinge\" region of the heavy chain whilst the bulk of the carbohydrate is attached within the Fcdelta region of the molecule.", "contents": "Studies on human IgD myeloma proteins. Carbohydrate composition of intact proteins and some proteolytic fragments. Human IgD myeloma proteins are shown to have a high carbohydrate content (9-18%) and to exhibit the same heterogeneity in carbohydrate content and composition as myeloma protein of the other immunoglobulin classes. All IgD proteins studied contain N-acetylgalactosamine which is contained in a carbohydrate moiety attached within the \"hinge\" region of the heavy chain whilst the bulk of the carbohydrate is attached within the Fcdelta region of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:1212821", "title": "Dermal exudate macrophages. Induction in dermal chambers and response to lymphokines.", "content": "Chambers were implanted in the dorsum of guinea-pigs at the dermal-subcutaneous junction. Exudates were induced and harvested. Macrophages obtained were able to migrate in vitro. If procured from sensitized donors, macrophage migration was inhibited by the corresponding antigen. Dermal exudate macrophages are therefore subject to the effect of lymphokines. The chamber model may be useful for in vivo studies of cell to cell and cell-parasite interactions.", "contents": "Dermal exudate macrophages. Induction in dermal chambers and response to lymphokines. Chambers were implanted in the dorsum of guinea-pigs at the dermal-subcutaneous junction. Exudates were induced and harvested. Macrophages obtained were able to migrate in vitro. If procured from sensitized donors, macrophage migration was inhibited by the corresponding antigen. Dermal exudate macrophages are therefore subject to the effect of lymphokines. The chamber model may be useful for in vivo studies of cell to cell and cell-parasite interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1212824", "title": "Basic principles of nuclear organization.", "content": "The preceding discussion is summarized in Table 1. It is clear that the organization of the genetic material and the ability to transmit information to the cytoplasm involve a number of different components that must maintain specific chemical and physical relationships to one another. An alteration of any of these relationships could affect a variety of cellular processes, including development.", "contents": "Basic principles of nuclear organization. The preceding discussion is summarized in Table 1. It is clear that the organization of the genetic material and the ability to transmit information to the cytoplasm involve a number of different components that must maintain specific chemical and physical relationships to one another. An alteration of any of these relationships could affect a variety of cellular processes, including development."}
{"id": "PMID:1212869", "title": "Clinico-biochemical, immunological, and morphological assessment of myocardial inflammatory reactions in myocardial necroses.", "content": "In 328 patients with myocardial infarction, changes were followed occurring in the levels of haptoglobin (Hp) and chloride-soluble mucoprotein (CMP), heterogeneity of mucoprotein, and titres of anticardial antibodies. From the 2nd-3rd days after infarction, the levels of Hp, CMP, and 3rd and 4th mucoprotein fractions increased and remained elevated for 4 weeks; then the levels gradually sank, and normalized in the 7th-8th weeks after infarction. The anticardial antibody titres remained high from the 3rd to the 6th weeks. In 37 patients who died, the clinico-biochemical, immunobiological, and morphological findings were compared. It was found that assessments of the Hp and CMP levels as well as of mucoprotein heterogeneity make it possible to appraise the intensity of inflammatory reaction in myocardial necroses and thus facilitate the choice of differentiated antiinflammatory treatment of patients with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Clinico-biochemical, immunological, and morphological assessment of myocardial inflammatory reactions in myocardial necroses. In 328 patients with myocardial infarction, changes were followed occurring in the levels of haptoglobin (Hp) and chloride-soluble mucoprotein (CMP), heterogeneity of mucoprotein, and titres of anticardial antibodies. From the 2nd-3rd days after infarction, the levels of Hp, CMP, and 3rd and 4th mucoprotein fractions increased and remained elevated for 4 weeks; then the levels gradually sank, and normalized in the 7th-8th weeks after infarction. The anticardial antibody titres remained high from the 3rd to the 6th weeks. In 37 patients who died, the clinico-biochemical, immunobiological, and morphological findings were compared. It was found that assessments of the Hp and CMP levels as well as of mucoprotein heterogeneity make it possible to appraise the intensity of inflammatory reaction in myocardial necroses and thus facilitate the choice of differentiated antiinflammatory treatment of patients with myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1212868", "title": "Effects of physical training on central haemodynamics and working capacity in myocardial infarction.", "content": "Changes in central haemodynamics and physical working capacity were followed in 23 patients with myocardial infarction: in 12 of them, after six-month intense physical training, and in 11, after an equal control period without training. The haemodynamic indicators revealed after rehabilitation a significant decrease in the exercise heart rate in comparison with the unchanged value in the controls. The changes in the other haemodynamic values were not significant. The pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure, regarded as an indicator of the left ventricular filling pressure, sustained no significant change by the training. Some additional changes, such as decreases in the arterial and venous oxygen pressure both at rest and during exercise, were found in both groups of patients. The physical working capacity increased significantly after rehabilitation in comparison to the control group. It is emphasized that no adverse influence upon the central haemodynamics was revealed in patients with myocardial infarction after intense training according to WHO criteria.", "contents": "Effects of physical training on central haemodynamics and working capacity in myocardial infarction. Changes in central haemodynamics and physical working capacity were followed in 23 patients with myocardial infarction: in 12 of them, after six-month intense physical training, and in 11, after an equal control period without training. The haemodynamic indicators revealed after rehabilitation a significant decrease in the exercise heart rate in comparison with the unchanged value in the controls. The changes in the other haemodynamic values were not significant. The pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure, regarded as an indicator of the left ventricular filling pressure, sustained no significant change by the training. Some additional changes, such as decreases in the arterial and venous oxygen pressure both at rest and during exercise, were found in both groups of patients. The physical working capacity increased significantly after rehabilitation in comparison to the control group. It is emphasized that no adverse influence upon the central haemodynamics was revealed in patients with myocardial infarction after intense training according to WHO criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:1212870", "title": "The effect of atrial pacing on the mitral echocardiogram of mitral stenosis recorded simultaneously with haemodynamic data.", "content": "Simultaneous mitral echocardiograms and haemodynamic data were recorded in six cases of mitral stenosis during atrial pacing. Due to the prolongation of the P-R interval during atrial pacing, the diastolic closure rate E-F was measurable up to a heart rate of 80 per min. only. At a heart rate of 80 or less, both in sinus rhythm and during atrial pacing the diastolic closure rate remained essentially the same in each case. However, above 80/min E-F became too short and post-atrial systolic closure A-B only was available for measurement which was higher in each case than its corresponding E-F value. This contrasts with cases with sinus rhythm where the diastolic closure rate E-F measurable up to a heart rate of 110 per minute.", "contents": "The effect of atrial pacing on the mitral echocardiogram of mitral stenosis recorded simultaneously with haemodynamic data. Simultaneous mitral echocardiograms and haemodynamic data were recorded in six cases of mitral stenosis during atrial pacing. Due to the prolongation of the P-R interval during atrial pacing, the diastolic closure rate E-F was measurable up to a heart rate of 80 per min. only. At a heart rate of 80 or less, both in sinus rhythm and during atrial pacing the diastolic closure rate remained essentially the same in each case. However, above 80/min E-F became too short and post-atrial systolic closure A-B only was available for measurement which was higher in each case than its corresponding E-F value. This contrasts with cases with sinus rhythm where the diastolic closure rate E-F measurable up to a heart rate of 110 per minute."}
{"id": "PMID:1212871", "title": "An improved classification of ballistocardiographic changes.", "content": "On the basis of a critical analysis of the most frequently used classifications of ballistocardiographic changes, an improved classification is proposed, which simultaneously respects the degree of pathological changes appraised according to Brown; the configurations and amplitudes of waves and segments, as well as their dependences on time. The proposed classification essentially accepts the symbols used in the classifications used up to the present, thus obviating errors and mistakes which the new classification might involve. The improved classification facilitates a better differentiation of first-degree pathological changes into those caused by disturbances of cardiovascular dynamics and those due to extracardial factors.", "contents": "An improved classification of ballistocardiographic changes. On the basis of a critical analysis of the most frequently used classifications of ballistocardiographic changes, an improved classification is proposed, which simultaneously respects the degree of pathological changes appraised according to Brown; the configurations and amplitudes of waves and segments, as well as their dependences on time. The proposed classification essentially accepts the symbols used in the classifications used up to the present, thus obviating errors and mistakes which the new classification might involve. The improved classification facilitates a better differentiation of first-degree pathological changes into those caused by disturbances of cardiovascular dynamics and those due to extracardial factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1212872", "title": "Tip surface changes in endocardial stimulation electrode, visualised by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The authors have been probably the first investigators who applied scanning electron microscopy to studies of the changes occurring in the surface of the metalic tip of an endocardial stimulating electrode. They found a lowered conductivity for secondary electron emission, and describe the surface changes in a platiniridium-tipped electrode which had been used for almost four years, in comparison with an unused electrode.", "contents": "Tip surface changes in endocardial stimulation electrode, visualised by scanning electron microscopy. The authors have been probably the first investigators who applied scanning electron microscopy to studies of the changes occurring in the surface of the metalic tip of an endocardial stimulating electrode. They found a lowered conductivity for secondary electron emission, and describe the surface changes in a platiniridium-tipped electrode which had been used for almost four years, in comparison with an unused electrode."}
{"id": "PMID:1212873", "title": "Fractional composition and metabolism of proteins, and levels of polynucleotides, in canine heart in experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 108 dogs, experimental infarction of the left ventricular anterior wall was produced by ligation of the descending branch of left coronary artery, and the myocardium was tested for the total content, fractional composition, and metabolism of proteins as well as for the levels of nucleic acids. The most profound metabolic changes were found in the necrotic zone, where there occur an irreversible decrease in the content of soluble proteins, an accumulation of stromatic fractions, and an inhibition of fundamental reactions of nitrogen metabolism; during the period of organization of the infarct, the ribonucleic acid level steeply rises. In the intact left ventricular segment there occur changes analogous to those in the infarcted zone, but less intense; such changes combine with some alterations of rather compensatory nature, which, however, are characteristic of those myocardial segments in which the coronary circulation has not been disturbed.", "contents": "Fractional composition and metabolism of proteins, and levels of polynucleotides, in canine heart in experimental myocardial infarction. In 108 dogs, experimental infarction of the left ventricular anterior wall was produced by ligation of the descending branch of left coronary artery, and the myocardium was tested for the total content, fractional composition, and metabolism of proteins as well as for the levels of nucleic acids. The most profound metabolic changes were found in the necrotic zone, where there occur an irreversible decrease in the content of soluble proteins, an accumulation of stromatic fractions, and an inhibition of fundamental reactions of nitrogen metabolism; during the period of organization of the infarct, the ribonucleic acid level steeply rises. In the intact left ventricular segment there occur changes analogous to those in the infarcted zone, but less intense; such changes combine with some alterations of rather compensatory nature, which, however, are characteristic of those myocardial segments in which the coronary circulation has not been disturbed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212874", "title": "[Effect of angiotensin II on the pattern of plasma free fatty acids in 2 hypertension models in rabbits].", "content": "The effect of exogenous angiotensin II on the spectrum of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in blood plasma was studied by gas-chromatographic analysis in 10 normotonic rabbits, 12 rabbits with experimental hypertension induced by sinoaortic denervation, and in 14 rabbits with experimental renal hypertension. One minute after injection of angiotensin II, the following changes were found in the spectrum of NEFA: increase in the fraction of saturated, and decrease in the fraction of unsaturated NEFA;the intensity of these changes was higher in the animals with renal hypertension than in those with hypertension induced by sinoaortic denervation, and lowest in the normotonic rabbits. Thirty to sixty minutes after injection the above changes further gained in intensity in both models of hypertension, whereas in normotonic rabbits the changes rather receded. A growing dominance of palmitic acid, persistent elevation of stearic acid, decreases in the levels of monoenolic oleic and palmitoleic acids as well as of polyenolic fatty acids were observed.", "contents": "[Effect of angiotensin II on the pattern of plasma free fatty acids in 2 hypertension models in rabbits]. The effect of exogenous angiotensin II on the spectrum of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in blood plasma was studied by gas-chromatographic analysis in 10 normotonic rabbits, 12 rabbits with experimental hypertension induced by sinoaortic denervation, and in 14 rabbits with experimental renal hypertension. One minute after injection of angiotensin II, the following changes were found in the spectrum of NEFA: increase in the fraction of saturated, and decrease in the fraction of unsaturated NEFA;the intensity of these changes was higher in the animals with renal hypertension than in those with hypertension induced by sinoaortic denervation, and lowest in the normotonic rabbits. Thirty to sixty minutes after injection the above changes further gained in intensity in both models of hypertension, whereas in normotonic rabbits the changes rather receded. A growing dominance of palmitic acid, persistent elevation of stearic acid, decreases in the levels of monoenolic oleic and palmitoleic acids as well as of polyenolic fatty acids were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212875", "title": "Action of E and A prostaglandins on isolated aorta of rats with spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "The action of prostaglandins of the E and A groups on isolated aortic smooth muscle strips of rats with spontaneous hypertension (Okamoto-Aoki) (SHR) was investigated in order to follow up whether, and to what extent, an alteration of vascular reactivity exists in this model of hypertension, as well as to test the effect of vasodepressor prostaglandins on vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The experiments were carried out on aortic strips of 10 control normotensive rats, and of 10 SHR. The contractions of the isolated vessel strips were recorded by means of an induction coil displacement transducer on an ink-writing electron compensated registration device. The results of the study indicate that the isolated aortic strips of normotensive rats and of SHR respond by contraction to the action of vasodepressor prostaglandins, i.e. paradoxically. It was also established that the reactivity of the isolated aortic strip of SHR to vasodepressor prostaglandins is smaller in comparison to the reactivity of the aorta of control normotensive rats. An attempt is made to explain the paradoxical response of isolated aortic strips of normotensive rats, and of SHR. It is pointed out that contrary to studies on the action of angiotensin, in studies on the vasodepressor action of prostaglandins isolated aortic smooth muscle strips cannot be used as an indicator of vascular reactivity, and especially of resistance vessels reactivity, since their response to hypotensive prostaglandins is paradoxical in both normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Action of E and A prostaglandins on isolated aorta of rats with spontaneous hypertension. The action of prostaglandins of the E and A groups on isolated aortic smooth muscle strips of rats with spontaneous hypertension (Okamoto-Aoki) (SHR) was investigated in order to follow up whether, and to what extent, an alteration of vascular reactivity exists in this model of hypertension, as well as to test the effect of vasodepressor prostaglandins on vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The experiments were carried out on aortic strips of 10 control normotensive rats, and of 10 SHR. The contractions of the isolated vessel strips were recorded by means of an induction coil displacement transducer on an ink-writing electron compensated registration device. The results of the study indicate that the isolated aortic strips of normotensive rats and of SHR respond by contraction to the action of vasodepressor prostaglandins, i.e. paradoxically. It was also established that the reactivity of the isolated aortic strip of SHR to vasodepressor prostaglandins is smaller in comparison to the reactivity of the aorta of control normotensive rats. An attempt is made to explain the paradoxical response of isolated aortic strips of normotensive rats, and of SHR. It is pointed out that contrary to studies on the action of angiotensin, in studies on the vasodepressor action of prostaglandins isolated aortic smooth muscle strips cannot be used as an indicator of vascular reactivity, and especially of resistance vessels reactivity, since their response to hypotensive prostaglandins is paradoxical in both normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1212877", "title": "Errors in data derived from pulmonary artery blood gas values.", "content": "Blood gas values were obtained from Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheters in 25 patients with acute pulmonary failure, with the objective of evaluating the possibility of contamination with \"arterialized\" blood and examining the mechanism by which this might happen. Blood oxygen content increased significantly from the main to a segmental pulmonary artery, proportional to the withdrawal rate of the sample. At 3 ml/min, distal contents ranged from 100 to 116% of proximal values (p less than 0.01). At 23 ml/min the range was 100-140% of proximal values (p less than 0.001). Sampling of blood from a Swan-Ganz catheter in the usual position for \"wedge\" pressure measurement, but with a balloon deflated, may lead to large errors in calculation of cardiac output by the Fick method and in calculation of intrapulmonary shunt fraction.", "contents": "Errors in data derived from pulmonary artery blood gas values. Blood gas values were obtained from Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheters in 25 patients with acute pulmonary failure, with the objective of evaluating the possibility of contamination with \"arterialized\" blood and examining the mechanism by which this might happen. Blood oxygen content increased significantly from the main to a segmental pulmonary artery, proportional to the withdrawal rate of the sample. At 3 ml/min, distal contents ranged from 100 to 116% of proximal values (p less than 0.01). At 23 ml/min the range was 100-140% of proximal values (p less than 0.001). Sampling of blood from a Swan-Ganz catheter in the usual position for \"wedge\" pressure measurement, but with a balloon deflated, may lead to large errors in calculation of cardiac output by the Fick method and in calculation of intrapulmonary shunt fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1212878", "title": "Hemoglobinemia in heroin overdose patients.", "content": "Four heroin-overdosed patients presented with coma, elevated serum enzymes (creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and increased levels of plasma free hemoglobin. In two patients marked myoglobinuria was also detected. The plasma free hemoglobin returned to normal levels by the 3rd hospital day. Since coma may eventuate in compression of muscles, we suggest that the disruption of erythrocytes occurs as they traverse these ischemic areas.", "contents": "Hemoglobinemia in heroin overdose patients. Four heroin-overdosed patients presented with coma, elevated serum enzymes (creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and increased levels of plasma free hemoglobin. In two patients marked myoglobinuria was also detected. The plasma free hemoglobin returned to normal levels by the 3rd hospital day. Since coma may eventuate in compression of muscles, we suggest that the disruption of erythrocytes occurs as they traverse these ischemic areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1212879", "title": "Priorities in management of trauma victims.", "content": "Good results of the emergency management of trauma victims depend on recognition of serious injuries and rapid, effective treatment as well as anticipation and prevention of complications. The most spectacular injury is not always the most urgent and life-threatening. Based on priorities of management, care is recommended to improve mortality and morbidity statistics. Suggestions for effective treatment of rapidly lethal lesions and preparations for transporting seriously injured patients are also outlined.", "contents": "Priorities in management of trauma victims. Good results of the emergency management of trauma victims depend on recognition of serious injuries and rapid, effective treatment as well as anticipation and prevention of complications. The most spectacular injury is not always the most urgent and life-threatening. Based on priorities of management, care is recommended to improve mortality and morbidity statistics. Suggestions for effective treatment of rapidly lethal lesions and preparations for transporting seriously injured patients are also outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1212881", "title": "Dialyzer-augmented whole blood and plasma exchange for patients with hepatic or hepatorenal failure.", "content": "We have utilized new methods of dialyzer-augmented whole blood and plasma exchange tranfusion in the treatment of hepatic coma. The method employs the new fast flow Buselmeier shunt so that the exchange can be done from a peripheral radial artery shunt site rather than a shunt site in a more major vessel, such as the brachial artery. The method employs in-line dialysis of citrated (CPD) blood or plasma to normalize pH, electrolytes, and blood sugar while infusion heparinization decreases heparin requirements. The application of a single roller pump to the administration and withdrawal lines (placed in opposite directions) helps equalize inflow and outflow where whole blood exchange is done while identical opposing pumps accomplish the same with plasma exchange. The administration of albumin and metaraminol bitartate prevents hypotension due to fluid shifts or compartmental venous dilatation. A closed circuit which does not require disconnection throughout the 30- 60-minute whole blood exchange or the 2 1/2-hour plasma exchange decreases the risk of septic contamination to both medical staff and patients.", "contents": "Dialyzer-augmented whole blood and plasma exchange for patients with hepatic or hepatorenal failure. We have utilized new methods of dialyzer-augmented whole blood and plasma exchange tranfusion in the treatment of hepatic coma. The method employs the new fast flow Buselmeier shunt so that the exchange can be done from a peripheral radial artery shunt site rather than a shunt site in a more major vessel, such as the brachial artery. The method employs in-line dialysis of citrated (CPD) blood or plasma to normalize pH, electrolytes, and blood sugar while infusion heparinization decreases heparin requirements. The application of a single roller pump to the administration and withdrawal lines (placed in opposite directions) helps equalize inflow and outflow where whole blood exchange is done while identical opposing pumps accomplish the same with plasma exchange. The administration of albumin and metaraminol bitartate prevents hypotension due to fluid shifts or compartmental venous dilatation. A closed circuit which does not require disconnection throughout the 30- 60-minute whole blood exchange or the 2 1/2-hour plasma exchange decreases the risk of septic contamination to both medical staff and patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1212898", "title": "The cytogenetic structure of Tasmanian populations of Phaulacridium vittatum.", "content": "In 8 out of 20 Tasmanian populations of Phaulacridium vittatum from 0.3-11.0 percent of the males carried a single supernumerary chromosome. In such males the X and B univalents are both heteropycnotic at first prophase of male meiosis and associate with another in a non-homolgous manner in about two-thirds of the diplotene cells examined. In all 56 B-containing individuals studied, however, these associations lapse by first metaphase and the X and the B move at random with respect to one another at first anaphase. The supernumerary in this species is stable and only 5 of the 56 individuals with supernumeraries showed evidence of B-chromosome non-disjunction in the pre-meiotic mitoses. Since there was no other evidence for the loss or gain of supernumeraries in the male line it is clear that B-transmission is regular in the males of this species. There were significant differences between population with respect to mean cell chiasma frequency but there was no significant effect of the B-chromosome on this metric. Additionally a comparison of mean cell chiasma frequency in follicles with and without supernumeraries from a mosaic individual shows no significant difference.", "contents": "The cytogenetic structure of Tasmanian populations of Phaulacridium vittatum. In 8 out of 20 Tasmanian populations of Phaulacridium vittatum from 0.3-11.0 percent of the males carried a single supernumerary chromosome. In such males the X and B univalents are both heteropycnotic at first prophase of male meiosis and associate with another in a non-homolgous manner in about two-thirds of the diplotene cells examined. In all 56 B-containing individuals studied, however, these associations lapse by first metaphase and the X and the B move at random with respect to one another at first anaphase. The supernumerary in this species is stable and only 5 of the 56 individuals with supernumeraries showed evidence of B-chromosome non-disjunction in the pre-meiotic mitoses. Since there was no other evidence for the loss or gain of supernumeraries in the male line it is clear that B-transmission is regular in the males of this species. There were significant differences between population with respect to mean cell chiasma frequency but there was no significant effect of the B-chromosome on this metric. Additionally a comparison of mean cell chiasma frequency in follicles with and without supernumeraries from a mosaic individual shows no significant difference."}
{"id": "PMID:1212899", "title": "Chromosome distribution in neuroblast metaphase cells of Lucusta migratoria L.", "content": "Chromosome distribution has been investigated at metaphase and C-metaphase in neuroblast cells of Locusta migratoria embryos. There is no evidence for generalised somatic association of homologues or nucleolus organising chromosomes at either stage. Homologous chromosomes 9 are found closer together than expected in C-metaphase but this seems to be due to their tendency to lie in the centre of the C-metaphase squash.", "contents": "Chromosome distribution in neuroblast metaphase cells of Lucusta migratoria L. Chromosome distribution has been investigated at metaphase and C-metaphase in neuroblast cells of Locusta migratoria embryos. There is no evidence for generalised somatic association of homologues or nucleolus organising chromosomes at either stage. Homologous chromosomes 9 are found closer together than expected in C-metaphase but this seems to be due to their tendency to lie in the centre of the C-metaphase squash."}
{"id": "PMID:1212900", "title": "Chromosome markers in Mus musculus: differences in C-banding between the subspecies M.m. musculus and M.m. molossinus.", "content": "Quinacrine (Q-band) and centromeric heterochromatin (C-band) patterns of metaphase chromosomes of two subspecies of Mus musculus were compared. M.m. musculus (the laboratory mouse) and M.m. molossinus (a subspecies from Southeast Asia) had similar Q-band patterns along the length of the chromosomes, but differences were observed in the centromeric region of some chromosomes. The two subspecies had very different distributions of C-band material. Antibodies to 5-methyleytosine were bound to regions of the chromosome corresponding to the C-bands in each animal. These findings support the idea that satellite DNA, which is concentrated in the C-band region, changes more quickly than bulk DNA. The interfertility of these two subspecies permits the development of a musculus strain carrying normal marker chromosomes for genetic studies.", "contents": "Chromosome markers in Mus musculus: differences in C-banding between the subspecies M.m. musculus and M.m. molossinus. Quinacrine (Q-band) and centromeric heterochromatin (C-band) patterns of metaphase chromosomes of two subspecies of Mus musculus were compared. M.m. musculus (the laboratory mouse) and M.m. molossinus (a subspecies from Southeast Asia) had similar Q-band patterns along the length of the chromosomes, but differences were observed in the centromeric region of some chromosomes. The two subspecies had very different distributions of C-band material. Antibodies to 5-methyleytosine were bound to regions of the chromosome corresponding to the C-bands in each animal. These findings support the idea that satellite DNA, which is concentrated in the C-band region, changes more quickly than bulk DNA. The interfertility of these two subspecies permits the development of a musculus strain carrying normal marker chromosomes for genetic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1212901", "title": "Influence of temperature on the detectibility and chromosomal distribution of specific DNA sequences by in situ hybridisation.", "content": "Hybridising certain AT-rich satellite complementary RNAs (cRNAs) to their homologous chromosomal DNA sequences at different temperatures of incubation results in a different dispersion of autoradiographic label throughout the karyotypes. The temperature at which most label, or cRNA-DNA hybrid formation, exists corresponds to the optimal rate temperature for the hybridisation of these same satellite cRNA-DNA hybrids as determined by RNA excess filter hybridisation. It is likely that the in situ hybridisation results can therefore be explained by the fact that there is a similar temperature-dependence on the rate of hybrid formation for both in situ and RNA excess hybridisation. This should have important implications for the designing of in situ hybridisation experiments in general.", "contents": "Influence of temperature on the detectibility and chromosomal distribution of specific DNA sequences by in situ hybridisation. Hybridising certain AT-rich satellite complementary RNAs (cRNAs) to their homologous chromosomal DNA sequences at different temperatures of incubation results in a different dispersion of autoradiographic label throughout the karyotypes. The temperature at which most label, or cRNA-DNA hybrid formation, exists corresponds to the optimal rate temperature for the hybridisation of these same satellite cRNA-DNA hybrids as determined by RNA excess filter hybridisation. It is likely that the in situ hybridisation results can therefore be explained by the fact that there is a similar temperature-dependence on the rate of hybrid formation for both in situ and RNA excess hybridisation. This should have important implications for the designing of in situ hybridisation experiments in general."}
{"id": "PMID:1212902", "title": "Distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in the euchromatin and heterochromatin of the Indian muntjac.", "content": "The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was determined for the chromosomes (except Y2) of the Indian muntjac stained by the fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) or harlequin chromosome technique. The relative DNA content of each of the chromosomes was also measured by scanning cytophotometry. After growth in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for two DNA replication cycles. SCEs were distributed according to the Poisson formula in each of the chromosomes. The frequency of SCE in each of the chromosomes was directly proportional to DNA content. A more detailed analysis of SCEs was performed for the three morphologically distinguishable regions of the X-autosome composite chromosome. The SCE frequency in the euchromatic long arm and short arm were proportional to the amount of DNA. In contrast, the constitutive heterochromatin in the neck of this chromosome contained far fewer SCEs than expected on the basis of the amount of DNA in this region. A high frequency of SCE, however, was observed at the point junctions between the euchromatin and heterochromatin.", "contents": "Distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in the euchromatin and heterochromatin of the Indian muntjac. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was determined for the chromosomes (except Y2) of the Indian muntjac stained by the fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) or harlequin chromosome technique. The relative DNA content of each of the chromosomes was also measured by scanning cytophotometry. After growth in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for two DNA replication cycles. SCEs were distributed according to the Poisson formula in each of the chromosomes. The frequency of SCE in each of the chromosomes was directly proportional to DNA content. A more detailed analysis of SCEs was performed for the three morphologically distinguishable regions of the X-autosome composite chromosome. The SCE frequency in the euchromatic long arm and short arm were proportional to the amount of DNA. In contrast, the constitutive heterochromatin in the neck of this chromosome contained far fewer SCEs than expected on the basis of the amount of DNA in this region. A high frequency of SCE, however, was observed at the point junctions between the euchromatin and heterochromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:1212903", "title": "Visualization of gene transcription in spermatocytes of Drosophila hydei.", "content": "X chromosomal and/or autosomal transcriptional activity has been visualized by electron microscopy in primary spermatocyte nuclei of Drosophila hydei lacking a Y chromosome. The spreading technique applied uses a mixture of a hypotonic medium plus a detergent to disperse single germ cells. No effect of the detergent on the quality of the spread was detected using spread rRNA cistrons as a reference. The intervals between the transcripts are highly variable ranging from 0.1 mum to more than 3 mun. The RNP chains exhibit a more or less regular array of particles which reach a diameter of about 550 A. The estimation of transcript lengths leads to molecular weights between 107 daltons and 108 daltons. This is within the range of the huge transcripts of lampbrush loops, so far visualized only in amphibian oocytes.", "contents": "Visualization of gene transcription in spermatocytes of Drosophila hydei. X chromosomal and/or autosomal transcriptional activity has been visualized by electron microscopy in primary spermatocyte nuclei of Drosophila hydei lacking a Y chromosome. The spreading technique applied uses a mixture of a hypotonic medium plus a detergent to disperse single germ cells. No effect of the detergent on the quality of the spread was detected using spread rRNA cistrons as a reference. The intervals between the transcripts are highly variable ranging from 0.1 mum to more than 3 mun. The RNP chains exhibit a more or less regular array of particles which reach a diameter of about 550 A. The estimation of transcript lengths leads to molecular weights between 107 daltons and 108 daltons. This is within the range of the huge transcripts of lampbrush loops, so far visualized only in amphibian oocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1212904", "title": "Puffing patterns during the fourth larval instar in Chironomus pallidivittatus salivary glands.", "content": "The puffing pattern of polytene chromosomes in salivary glands from Chironomus pallidivittatus larvae and prepupae has been studied in glutaraldehyde-acetic acid fixed, lactic acid flattened preparations. Some observations were also made on F1 hybrid species C. pallidivittatus X C. tentans. Concerning the situation of puffing in Balbiani rings (BR), 2.783 chromosomes IV from 188 animals were scored. In standard 4th instar larvae, BR2 appears expanded, BR3 smaller but not collapsed and BRI either reduced of collapsed. During the first days following the red-head stage, which signals the beginning of the 4th instar, larvae show a large BR1; later it reduces and tends to collapse. At the end of the 4th instar, prepupae again may present an expanded BR1. On the contrary, the size of BR2 and BR3 remains unchanged from the red-head stage to the prepupa. A variable accumulation of droplets has been observed to occur in BR2 and BR1 from dated larvae and prepupae.--A characteristic pattern of puffing was found in prepupae, which consisted in the appearance of conspicuous puffs at regions I-6B, I-7B, I-7B, I-18C, III-9B and IV-4B. Puffs at I-2B, I-3B, I-9A,I-11C,II-4A, and IV-4B were observed during most of the 4th larval instar, as well as in late larvae and prepupae. Among all these puffs, those at I-7B, I-9A, I-17B, and IV-4B frequently showed variable amounts of droplets.", "contents": "Puffing patterns during the fourth larval instar in Chironomus pallidivittatus salivary glands. The puffing pattern of polytene chromosomes in salivary glands from Chironomus pallidivittatus larvae and prepupae has been studied in glutaraldehyde-acetic acid fixed, lactic acid flattened preparations. Some observations were also made on F1 hybrid species C. pallidivittatus X C. tentans. Concerning the situation of puffing in Balbiani rings (BR), 2.783 chromosomes IV from 188 animals were scored. In standard 4th instar larvae, BR2 appears expanded, BR3 smaller but not collapsed and BRI either reduced of collapsed. During the first days following the red-head stage, which signals the beginning of the 4th instar, larvae show a large BR1; later it reduces and tends to collapse. At the end of the 4th instar, prepupae again may present an expanded BR1. On the contrary, the size of BR2 and BR3 remains unchanged from the red-head stage to the prepupa. A variable accumulation of droplets has been observed to occur in BR2 and BR1 from dated larvae and prepupae.--A characteristic pattern of puffing was found in prepupae, which consisted in the appearance of conspicuous puffs at regions I-6B, I-7B, I-7B, I-18C, III-9B and IV-4B. Puffs at I-2B, I-3B, I-9A,I-11C,II-4A, and IV-4B were observed during most of the 4th larval instar, as well as in late larvae and prepupae. Among all these puffs, those at I-7B, I-9A, I-17B, and IV-4B frequently showed variable amounts of droplets."}
{"id": "PMID:1212963", "title": "[Social research as applied to health].", "content": "The concepts that have influenced relations between the social sciences and health down the years are broadly analyzed. Various approaches to integration of the social sciences with medicine are described, including social sciences as the study of culture, social medicine, and medicine as a social science. In conclusion, it is suggested that the search for an alternative to the functional approach to health problems should begin with a redefinition of the aims of medicine. Some attempts along these lines are reviewed.", "contents": "[Social research as applied to health]. The concepts that have influenced relations between the social sciences and health down the years are broadly analyzed. Various approaches to integration of the social sciences with medicine are described, including social sciences as the study of culture, social medicine, and medicine as a social science. In conclusion, it is suggested that the search for an alternative to the functional approach to health problems should begin with a redefinition of the aims of medicine. Some attempts along these lines are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212964", "title": "[Considerations on the nature and dynamics of medical practice].", "content": "Those criteria of analysis are rejected which attribute changes in medical practice to deviations from ethical orientation. Instead, objective criteria are proposed that take into account both the internal and external factors in medical practice. \"Medical knowledge\" - an organized body of general and abstract knowledge acquired through the study of disciplines whose subject matter represents only a small part of the real world and isolated from their application to the general and concrete object which is man - is one of the two elements that come to the fore as a criterion of analysis. The second is the user of medical practice - the healthy or sick person, who in each case represents a global reality different from the sum of generic abstractions that may have been formulated about him, thus constituting a particular being who is both the agent and the product of his personal and social history. Between the regular features of the biological level and the special features of the humanistic level there is a contradiction, since the professional has at his disposal more and more partial knowledge about the object of medical practice and fewer and fewer references about its totality. This leads him to transfer the object of his practice from the individual to the disease, to reduce the reality of the person to so many categories of abstractions, to transform the concrete patient into an \"abstract\" one, who may go from being a \"victim\" to a \"defendant\" once the \"atypical\" somatic characteristics derived from his personal and social adjustment become manifest.", "contents": "[Considerations on the nature and dynamics of medical practice]. Those criteria of analysis are rejected which attribute changes in medical practice to deviations from ethical orientation. Instead, objective criteria are proposed that take into account both the internal and external factors in medical practice. \"Medical knowledge\" - an organized body of general and abstract knowledge acquired through the study of disciplines whose subject matter represents only a small part of the real world and isolated from their application to the general and concrete object which is man - is one of the two elements that come to the fore as a criterion of analysis. The second is the user of medical practice - the healthy or sick person, who in each case represents a global reality different from the sum of generic abstractions that may have been formulated about him, thus constituting a particular being who is both the agent and the product of his personal and social history. Between the regular features of the biological level and the special features of the humanistic level there is a contradiction, since the professional has at his disposal more and more partial knowledge about the object of medical practice and fewer and fewer references about its totality. This leads him to transfer the object of his practice from the individual to the disease, to reduce the reality of the person to so many categories of abstractions, to transform the concrete patient into an \"abstract\" one, who may go from being a \"victim\" to a \"defendant\" once the \"atypical\" somatic characteristics derived from his personal and social adjustment become manifest."}
{"id": "PMID:1212965", "title": "[Program of research on models of delivery of health services. New methodology for the training of midwives health promoters and nursing auxiliares].", "content": "A Program of Research on Models for the Delivery of Health Services (PRIMOPS) is being conducted jointly by the Cauca Valley University and the Colombian Ministry of Public Health through the Municipal Health Department of Cali, Colombia. Designed for the maternal and child health area, the program is being carried out initially in a low-income district of Cali which has a population of 100,000. Health services are furnished under a regionalized system using a team consisting of a midwife, a health promoter, a nursing auxiliary, a nurse, and a physician. These workers provide care specifically related to mothers and children drawing on the resources of the home, the local health station, and the university hospital. Since the program involves the testing of a new methodology of health services delivery which includes the use of nonprofessional personnel, community-organized information systems have been set up and tried on an experimental basis, as have methods for health services evaluation and personnel training. PRIMOPS' experience with its methods for training nonprofessional program staff (nursing auxiliares, health promoters, and midwives) is reviewed, and the results achieved by a team of nurses applying the training model to nine nursing auxiliares, 54 health promotors, and 33 midwives are described.", "contents": "[Program of research on models of delivery of health services. New methodology for the training of midwives health promoters and nursing auxiliares]. A Program of Research on Models for the Delivery of Health Services (PRIMOPS) is being conducted jointly by the Cauca Valley University and the Colombian Ministry of Public Health through the Municipal Health Department of Cali, Colombia. Designed for the maternal and child health area, the program is being carried out initially in a low-income district of Cali which has a population of 100,000. Health services are furnished under a regionalized system using a team consisting of a midwife, a health promoter, a nursing auxiliary, a nurse, and a physician. These workers provide care specifically related to mothers and children drawing on the resources of the home, the local health station, and the university hospital. Since the program involves the testing of a new methodology of health services delivery which includes the use of nonprofessional personnel, community-organized information systems have been set up and tried on an experimental basis, as have methods for health services evaluation and personnel training. PRIMOPS' experience with its methods for training nonprofessional program staff (nursing auxiliares, health promoters, and midwives) is reviewed, and the results achieved by a team of nurses applying the training model to nine nursing auxiliares, 54 health promotors, and 33 midwives are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1212966", "title": "[Communication and teamwork in a modern hospital].", "content": "The problems facing a modern hospital, which mirror the crisis confronting medicine as a whole, are reviewed. In the search for solutions to these difficulties it is necessary to envisage the hospital in a larger context and examine the role it should play in society. And a comprehensive approach that takes into account all the different elements involved in the work of a hospital-administration, medical care, teaching, research-is fundamental. All teamwork presupposes certain dimensional factors such as organization, dynamics, and productivity. And each member of the health team must identify with the work of the group as a whole, providing for a degree of \"realization of individual potential\" which ultimately comes together with the primary goal-namely to work toward the health of the patient. The various forms of communication in the hospital, both between individual departments and between the members of each team that has a part to play, are also reviewed.", "contents": "[Communication and teamwork in a modern hospital]. The problems facing a modern hospital, which mirror the crisis confronting medicine as a whole, are reviewed. In the search for solutions to these difficulties it is necessary to envisage the hospital in a larger context and examine the role it should play in society. And a comprehensive approach that takes into account all the different elements involved in the work of a hospital-administration, medical care, teaching, research-is fundamental. All teamwork presupposes certain dimensional factors such as organization, dynamics, and productivity. And each member of the health team must identify with the work of the group as a whole, providing for a degree of \"realization of individual potential\" which ultimately comes together with the primary goal-namely to work toward the health of the patient. The various forms of communication in the hospital, both between individual departments and between the members of each team that has a part to play, are also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212981", "title": "The effect of iodide administration on hog thyroid gland and the composition of thyroglobulin and 27-S iodoprotein.", "content": "The effect of excess iodide on hog thyroid gland has been examined with regard to the change in the chemical composition of thyroglobulin and in the accumulation of 27-S iodoprotein by the in vivo treatment of hogs with iodide for various lengths of time. The iodine content of thyroglobulin was either unchanged by short term administration of excess iodide, or somewhat lowered. However, the iodine content as well as the total amount of thyroglobulin increased in the glands enlarged by prolonged treatment with iodide. The iodine highest reached 1.17% of the protein on an average. On the other hand, 27-S iodoprotein decreased and finally disappeared after the chronic treatment. Monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine increased in parallel with the increase in the iodine content (0.15 to 1.17%) caused by the iodide treatment, while thyroxine increased but reached a plateau at the level of three residues per mole of thyroglobulin, and no change was observed even in the proteins with the higher iodine content than 0.75%. Proteolytic activity measured by amino acid release from the thyroid protein was depressed by the chronic treatment. On the other hand, the amount of iodocompound released by the autoproteolysis, which may reflect hormone secretion, increased, possibly because of the marked increase in the iodine content of thyroglobulin.", "contents": "The effect of iodide administration on hog thyroid gland and the composition of thyroglobulin and 27-S iodoprotein. The effect of excess iodide on hog thyroid gland has been examined with regard to the change in the chemical composition of thyroglobulin and in the accumulation of 27-S iodoprotein by the in vivo treatment of hogs with iodide for various lengths of time. The iodine content of thyroglobulin was either unchanged by short term administration of excess iodide, or somewhat lowered. However, the iodine content as well as the total amount of thyroglobulin increased in the glands enlarged by prolonged treatment with iodide. The iodine highest reached 1.17% of the protein on an average. On the other hand, 27-S iodoprotein decreased and finally disappeared after the chronic treatment. Monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine increased in parallel with the increase in the iodine content (0.15 to 1.17%) caused by the iodide treatment, while thyroxine increased but reached a plateau at the level of three residues per mole of thyroglobulin, and no change was observed even in the proteins with the higher iodine content than 0.75%. Proteolytic activity measured by amino acid release from the thyroid protein was depressed by the chronic treatment. On the other hand, the amount of iodocompound released by the autoproteolysis, which may reflect hormone secretion, increased, possibly because of the marked increase in the iodine content of thyroglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:1212982", "title": "Dietary therapy and insulin secretory response to glucose in adult-onset non-obese diabetic subjects.", "content": "The effect of a 4-week diet regulation on non-obese, adul-onset diabetics was studied. The diet, which was prescribed for them, was composed of 60% carbohydrate, 15-20% protein and 20-25% fat. The total caloric intake was restricted to 30, 35 and 40 Cal/kg ideal body weight depending on their physical activity. In the group whose calculated diet showed over 10% reduction in total caloric intake and carbohydrate intake, fasting glucose was decreased and glucose tolerance was improved significantly after the 4-week dietary therapy. Insulin response to oral glucose loading was improved, particularly in the later stage of oral glucose tolerance test. As a result, insulin area, i. e. the total area under the insulin curve was increased to almost two times. The sensitivity to insulin did not show any significant changes after diet regulation. The present data indicate that the therapeutic effect of the diet restriction should be at least in part ascribed to the increased secretion of insulin. In the treatment of diabetics, a restricted diet is essential and beneficial from the point of view that it could improve the pancreatic beta-cell function.", "contents": "Dietary therapy and insulin secretory response to glucose in adult-onset non-obese diabetic subjects. The effect of a 4-week diet regulation on non-obese, adul-onset diabetics was studied. The diet, which was prescribed for them, was composed of 60% carbohydrate, 15-20% protein and 20-25% fat. The total caloric intake was restricted to 30, 35 and 40 Cal/kg ideal body weight depending on their physical activity. In the group whose calculated diet showed over 10% reduction in total caloric intake and carbohydrate intake, fasting glucose was decreased and glucose tolerance was improved significantly after the 4-week dietary therapy. Insulin response to oral glucose loading was improved, particularly in the later stage of oral glucose tolerance test. As a result, insulin area, i. e. the total area under the insulin curve was increased to almost two times. The sensitivity to insulin did not show any significant changes after diet regulation. The present data indicate that the therapeutic effect of the diet restriction should be at least in part ascribed to the increased secretion of insulin. In the treatment of diabetics, a restricted diet is essential and beneficial from the point of view that it could improve the pancreatic beta-cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:1212983", "title": "Sterility and delayed vaginal opening following electrolytic lesions placed neonatally in medial preoptic area in female rats.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions were placed in the preoptic area or in the middle and posterior hypothalamus of female rats within 48 hrs after birth. Vaginal opening was delayed significantly in rats having the medial preoptic area (mPOA) destructed as compared to sham-operated animals and those given lesions in the other parts of the hypothalamus. Only rats with the mPOA completely destructed developed the anovulatory syndrome. In these animals, unilateral ovariectomy was not followed by enlargement of its fellow. The present results are not in agreement with those of previous workers that electrolytic destructions of the diencephalon induced precocious puberty. The difference may be ascribable to difference in size and locus of lesions.", "contents": "Sterility and delayed vaginal opening following electrolytic lesions placed neonatally in medial preoptic area in female rats. Electrolytic lesions were placed in the preoptic area or in the middle and posterior hypothalamus of female rats within 48 hrs after birth. Vaginal opening was delayed significantly in rats having the medial preoptic area (mPOA) destructed as compared to sham-operated animals and those given lesions in the other parts of the hypothalamus. Only rats with the mPOA completely destructed developed the anovulatory syndrome. In these animals, unilateral ovariectomy was not followed by enlargement of its fellow. The present results are not in agreement with those of previous workers that electrolytic destructions of the diencephalon induced precocious puberty. The difference may be ascribable to difference in size and locus of lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1212984", "title": "Characterization of renin-like activity in human plasma protein IV-4 fraction.", "content": "Cohn's fraction IV-4 of human plasma protein generates by itself a substance with slight pressor activity when incubted without any additives. This renin-like activity was readily inactivated by alkaline treatment. Furthermore, the generated pressor substance, when purified, was found very similar to [Aspl]-[Ile5]-angiotensin-I in the following characteristics; 1) heat-stability, 2) dializability, 3) inactivation by trypsin, 4) Rf value and 5) electrophoretic mobility at various pHs, 6) marked enhancement in pressor and oxytocic activities after incubation with normal human plasma or rabbit's lung extract, and 7) cross reactivity with [AspI]-[Ile5]-angiotensin-I in radioimmunoassay. It is concluded that renin-like activity in the preparation of fraction IV-4 of human plasma protein must be renin or an extremely similar enzyme.", "contents": "Characterization of renin-like activity in human plasma protein IV-4 fraction. Cohn's fraction IV-4 of human plasma protein generates by itself a substance with slight pressor activity when incubted without any additives. This renin-like activity was readily inactivated by alkaline treatment. Furthermore, the generated pressor substance, when purified, was found very similar to [Aspl]-[Ile5]-angiotensin-I in the following characteristics; 1) heat-stability, 2) dializability, 3) inactivation by trypsin, 4) Rf value and 5) electrophoretic mobility at various pHs, 6) marked enhancement in pressor and oxytocic activities after incubation with normal human plasma or rabbit's lung extract, and 7) cross reactivity with [AspI]-[Ile5]-angiotensin-I in radioimmunoassay. It is concluded that renin-like activity in the preparation of fraction IV-4 of human plasma protein must be renin or an extremely similar enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1212985", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of virilizing activity of steroids by measuring morphological changes in uro-genital region of rats.", "content": "A new technique to measure the uro-genital parameters such as the lengths of urovaginal septum, corpora cavernosa and anogenital distance on the sagittal sections of the pelvic region of female fetus of rat under microscope equipped with a micrometer was developed. In the examination of 180 normal female fetuses on the 21st day of gestation, relationships were observed between the fetal body weight and the length of urovaginal septum as well as anogenital distance, but not on the length of corpora cavernosa. Following maternal subcutaneous administration of various doses of 17alpha-methyltestosterone between the 17th and 20th day of gestation, dose-dependent abridgment in urovaginal septum length and extensions in corpora cavernosa length and anogenital distance were observed in female fetus on the 21st day's examination. When these three parametars were calculated on the relative value to the fetal body weight, however, linear relationships against log-dose were observed in all parameters. Among these three parameters the abridgment in urovaginal septum was shown to be the most sensitive. A quantitative assay of virilizing activity of steroids in female fetuses was examined on rats treated subcutaneously with 17alpha-methyltestosterone and norethandrolone. Linear regressions against the log-doses of both steroids were demonstrated in urovaginal septum length, and parallelism was noted between both regression lines. The relative potency of norethandrolone to 17alpha-methyltestosterone calculated on urovaginal septum length was 0.354 with fiducial limits of 0.293-0.44l, and it was suggested that the virilizing activities of steroids can be evaluated quantitatively.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of virilizing activity of steroids by measuring morphological changes in uro-genital region of rats. A new technique to measure the uro-genital parameters such as the lengths of urovaginal septum, corpora cavernosa and anogenital distance on the sagittal sections of the pelvic region of female fetus of rat under microscope equipped with a micrometer was developed. In the examination of 180 normal female fetuses on the 21st day of gestation, relationships were observed between the fetal body weight and the length of urovaginal septum as well as anogenital distance, but not on the length of corpora cavernosa. Following maternal subcutaneous administration of various doses of 17alpha-methyltestosterone between the 17th and 20th day of gestation, dose-dependent abridgment in urovaginal septum length and extensions in corpora cavernosa length and anogenital distance were observed in female fetus on the 21st day's examination. When these three parametars were calculated on the relative value to the fetal body weight, however, linear relationships against log-dose were observed in all parameters. Among these three parameters the abridgment in urovaginal septum was shown to be the most sensitive. A quantitative assay of virilizing activity of steroids in female fetuses was examined on rats treated subcutaneously with 17alpha-methyltestosterone and norethandrolone. Linear regressions against the log-doses of both steroids were demonstrated in urovaginal septum length, and parallelism was noted between both regression lines. The relative potency of norethandrolone to 17alpha-methyltestosterone calculated on urovaginal septum length was 0.354 with fiducial limits of 0.293-0.44l, and it was suggested that the virilizing activities of steroids can be evaluated quantitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:1212986", "title": "Increase of structural glycoprotein during dilatation of human cervix in pregnancy at term.", "content": "From the human cervix uteri under various conditions, structural glycoprotein was isolated which had a remarkable resemblance in its amino acid composition to other connective-tissue glycoproteins found in mammalian tissue. It was corroborated that the amount of such a structural glycoprotein increased in pregnancy, whereas collagen content was higher in the nonpregnant control. These facts suggest that the lost collagen was replaced by those structural glycoproteins in pregnantc ervix uteri. The possible significance of those structural glycoproteins on cervical dilatation is discussed.", "contents": "Increase of structural glycoprotein during dilatation of human cervix in pregnancy at term. From the human cervix uteri under various conditions, structural glycoprotein was isolated which had a remarkable resemblance in its amino acid composition to other connective-tissue glycoproteins found in mammalian tissue. It was corroborated that the amount of such a structural glycoprotein increased in pregnancy, whereas collagen content was higher in the nonpregnant control. These facts suggest that the lost collagen was replaced by those structural glycoproteins in pregnantc ervix uteri. The possible significance of those structural glycoproteins on cervical dilatation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212987", "title": "Delayed equilibrium of pituitary triiodothyronine (T3) following an acute T3 administration.", "content": "To reconcile the knowledge on tissue T3 concentration with cellular metabolism regulatory mechanism of thyroid hormone secretion, the pattern of the change of tissue T3 concentration following an acute administration of T3 was studied in mice. Basal T3 concentration in serum, liver, brain and pituitary was 61, 173, 198 and 1630ng/100g, respectively. After 0.5 mug T3 dose, T3 concentration in serum and liver reached the maximum level 1 to 3 hrs following the administration and decreased exponetially thereafter, thus, maintaining almost constant tissue/plasma T3 ratio. In contrast, T3 increase in brain or pituitary was far delayed, not until 7 to 12 hrs following T3 injection, and then decreased parallel to that in serum. Furthermore, the magnitude of increase in pituitary T3 was limited when compared to that in liver. Thus, tissue/plasma T3 ratio in pituitary decreased markedly after the dose of T3. This finding suggests the possibility that there is blood-brain barrier or blood-tissue barrier for the transport of T3 in pituitary or brain, resulting in delayed equilibrium with that in serum. These results may also explain the delay of inhibition of TRH-induced TSH release after single dose of T3 as recently reported by Azizi et al. (1975).", "contents": "Delayed equilibrium of pituitary triiodothyronine (T3) following an acute T3 administration. To reconcile the knowledge on tissue T3 concentration with cellular metabolism regulatory mechanism of thyroid hormone secretion, the pattern of the change of tissue T3 concentration following an acute administration of T3 was studied in mice. Basal T3 concentration in serum, liver, brain and pituitary was 61, 173, 198 and 1630ng/100g, respectively. After 0.5 mug T3 dose, T3 concentration in serum and liver reached the maximum level 1 to 3 hrs following the administration and decreased exponetially thereafter, thus, maintaining almost constant tissue/plasma T3 ratio. In contrast, T3 increase in brain or pituitary was far delayed, not until 7 to 12 hrs following T3 injection, and then decreased parallel to that in serum. Furthermore, the magnitude of increase in pituitary T3 was limited when compared to that in liver. Thus, tissue/plasma T3 ratio in pituitary decreased markedly after the dose of T3. This finding suggests the possibility that there is blood-brain barrier or blood-tissue barrier for the transport of T3 in pituitary or brain, resulting in delayed equilibrium with that in serum. These results may also explain the delay of inhibition of TRH-induced TSH release after single dose of T3 as recently reported by Azizi et al. (1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:1212988", "title": "Mouse prolactin obtained by pituitary organ culture in a serum-free medium.", "content": "Mouse prolactin was purified by organ culture of pituitaries and electrophoresis of the medium. Mouse pituitaries were organ-cultured in 9-cm Petri dishes containing Waymouth's medium (MB 752/1) supplemented with penicillin (50 units/ml), streptomycin (100mug/ml), and bovine insulin (0.12 I.U./ml) for 8 days. Prolactin-rich culture medium was half-saturated with ammonium sulfate and centrifuged. The pellet was subjected to analytical disc electrophoresis (10% acrylamide). Gels were sectioned into 2-mm segments. Prolactin was eluted in 0.04M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), dialyzed and lyophylized. Two hundred and forty ml medium in which 360 pituitaries were cultured yielded 29.3 mg lyophylized mouse prolactin. Although the preparation contained 2 other bands on acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, a single precipitin line was seen in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, showing the identity of their antigenicity. From these results, two other proteins in the preparation were suggested to be deamidated prolactin.", "contents": "Mouse prolactin obtained by pituitary organ culture in a serum-free medium. Mouse prolactin was purified by organ culture of pituitaries and electrophoresis of the medium. Mouse pituitaries were organ-cultured in 9-cm Petri dishes containing Waymouth's medium (MB 752/1) supplemented with penicillin (50 units/ml), streptomycin (100mug/ml), and bovine insulin (0.12 I.U./ml) for 8 days. Prolactin-rich culture medium was half-saturated with ammonium sulfate and centrifuged. The pellet was subjected to analytical disc electrophoresis (10% acrylamide). Gels were sectioned into 2-mm segments. Prolactin was eluted in 0.04M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), dialyzed and lyophylized. Two hundred and forty ml medium in which 360 pituitaries were cultured yielded 29.3 mg lyophylized mouse prolactin. Although the preparation contained 2 other bands on acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, a single precipitin line was seen in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, showing the identity of their antigenicity. From these results, two other proteins in the preparation were suggested to be deamidated prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:1212989", "title": "[The thioacetamide-poisoned rat as an animal experimental model for endocrinological studies of estrogen metabolism in chronic liver injury)].", "content": "Liver microsomes of rats poisoned with thioacetamide show a significant reduction of cytochrome P-450. Consequently, oxidative reactions of drug metabolism and the estrogen 2-hydroxylase are diminished. Enhancement of microsomal transformation of estradiol to estrone and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone is observed after treatment of rats with thioacetamide, due to diminished metabolism of estradiol by the alternative oxidation at C-2. Estriol formation is reduced by thioacetamide pretreatment. These changes in estrogen breakdown closely correlate with those observed in humans suffering from cirrhosis of the liver. It is concluded that the thioacetamide poisoned rat should be an experimental model suitable for studying estrogen metabolism in liver injury.", "contents": "[The thioacetamide-poisoned rat as an animal experimental model for endocrinological studies of estrogen metabolism in chronic liver injury)]. Liver microsomes of rats poisoned with thioacetamide show a significant reduction of cytochrome P-450. Consequently, oxidative reactions of drug metabolism and the estrogen 2-hydroxylase are diminished. Enhancement of microsomal transformation of estradiol to estrone and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone is observed after treatment of rats with thioacetamide, due to diminished metabolism of estradiol by the alternative oxidation at C-2. Estriol formation is reduced by thioacetamide pretreatment. These changes in estrogen breakdown closely correlate with those observed in humans suffering from cirrhosis of the liver. It is concluded that the thioacetamide poisoned rat should be an experimental model suitable for studying estrogen metabolism in liver injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1212990", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system in the magnesium deficient rats.", "content": "A magnesium deficient diet caused transient but marked degenerative changes in the rat hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system which strongly resembled in many ultrastructural respects those induced by a prolonged administration of aldosterone as previously reported by us. The possible mechanism for this selective alteration in the neurosecretory neurons has been briefly discussed with regard to aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system in the magnesium deficient rats. A magnesium deficient diet caused transient but marked degenerative changes in the rat hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system which strongly resembled in many ultrastructural respects those induced by a prolonged administration of aldosterone as previously reported by us. The possible mechanism for this selective alteration in the neurosecretory neurons has been briefly discussed with regard to aldosterone secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1212991", "title": "Selective chemical changes of gonadotropic hormones by means of neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Experiments indicate that Neuraminidase from Vibrio Cholerae selectively cleaves sialic acid derivate from FSH, but leaves the LH sialic acid derivative. By performing a specific test for LH - the OAAD test - we found that the LH activity is not influenced by the presence of Neuraminidase. The FSH activity is destroyed by Neuraminidase but the enzyme itself influences the ovarian weight, resulting in a weight decrease observed 48 hours after injection. Before or after this \"critical time\" no decrease is observed.", "contents": "Selective chemical changes of gonadotropic hormones by means of neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae. Experiments indicate that Neuraminidase from Vibrio Cholerae selectively cleaves sialic acid derivate from FSH, but leaves the LH sialic acid derivative. By performing a specific test for LH - the OAAD test - we found that the LH activity is not influenced by the presence of Neuraminidase. The FSH activity is destroyed by Neuraminidase but the enzyme itself influences the ovarian weight, resulting in a weight decrease observed 48 hours after injection. Before or after this \"critical time\" no decrease is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1212992", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for aldosterone in plasma without chromatography.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay without chromatography is described for the determination of plasma aldosterone. The high sensitivity of the method renders possible the detection of about 1 pg aldosterone/ml. The high specificity of the antialdosterone sera (rabbit) may be due to the procedure used for the preparation of aldosterone-21-hemisuccinate and to the intensive purification of the aldosterone-albumin conjugate. The validity of the method was tested by determination of plasma aldosterone in normal subjects and in patients suffering from primary hyperaldosteronism or Addison's disease. In cases of urgent diagnosis, the incubation period was reduced from 16 hours to 1 hour. The elimination of the chromatographic step makes the method suitable for clinical routine work and automatization.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for aldosterone in plasma without chromatography. A radioimmunoassay without chromatography is described for the determination of plasma aldosterone. The high sensitivity of the method renders possible the detection of about 1 pg aldosterone/ml. The high specificity of the antialdosterone sera (rabbit) may be due to the procedure used for the preparation of aldosterone-21-hemisuccinate and to the intensive purification of the aldosterone-albumin conjugate. The validity of the method was tested by determination of plasma aldosterone in normal subjects and in patients suffering from primary hyperaldosteronism or Addison's disease. In cases of urgent diagnosis, the incubation period was reduced from 16 hours to 1 hour. The elimination of the chromatographic step makes the method suitable for clinical routine work and automatization."}
{"id": "PMID:1212993", "title": "[Deiodination in the kidney and thyroid function)].", "content": "In homogenate supernatants of kidneys of male rats the extent of deiodination of L-diiodotyrosine (L-DJT) and L-thyroxine (L-T4) was investigated in dependence on the thyroid function (hypo- and hyperthyroidized) and also in dependence on age. In rats hypothyroidized by loading with Methylthiouracil (MTU) or Methimazol (MMI) the deiodination for L-DJT and L-T4 was significantly reduced, in rats loaded with 40 mug T4 sc. for 10 days, the deiodination was significantly enhanced compared with untreated control animals. With advancing age (6 weeks, 3 or 12 month) the deiodination activity is highly significantly reduced. The results underline relations between thyroid gland function and deiodination activity in kidney.", "contents": "[Deiodination in the kidney and thyroid function)]. In homogenate supernatants of kidneys of male rats the extent of deiodination of L-diiodotyrosine (L-DJT) and L-thyroxine (L-T4) was investigated in dependence on the thyroid function (hypo- and hyperthyroidized) and also in dependence on age. In rats hypothyroidized by loading with Methylthiouracil (MTU) or Methimazol (MMI) the deiodination for L-DJT and L-T4 was significantly reduced, in rats loaded with 40 mug T4 sc. for 10 days, the deiodination was significantly enhanced compared with untreated control animals. With advancing age (6 weeks, 3 or 12 month) the deiodination activity is highly significantly reduced. The results underline relations between thyroid gland function and deiodination activity in kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:1212994", "title": "[The time course of radioiodine distribution in chicks after iodate treatment].", "content": "The radioiodine (131Jodine) excretion in chicken is increased after the treatment with iodate, the radioiodine uptake in the thyroid gland is decreased. The percentage of intra- and extrathyroidal radioiodine 24 hours after the injection is similar in all groups. It seems that these findings are due to isotopedilution effects.", "contents": "[The time course of radioiodine distribution in chicks after iodate treatment]. The radioiodine (131Jodine) excretion in chicken is increased after the treatment with iodate, the radioiodine uptake in the thyroid gland is decreased. The percentage of intra- and extrathyroidal radioiodine 24 hours after the injection is similar in all groups. It seems that these findings are due to isotopedilution effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1212995", "title": "Serum thyroxine estimation: clinical evaluation of a modified semiautomated method and its ability for differential diagnosis of thyroid diseases.", "content": "A modified semiautomated microchemical method for determining serum thyroxine has been described. It consists of the isolation of T4 on a column of cation exchange resin Dowex 50 W X 2 and of a fully automated determination of iodine in the ammoniacal eluate from the column after an acidic mineralization. The diagnostic value of the method has been evaluated on a small group of patients examined for suspected thyroid gland dysfunction, in comparison with a parallel determination of T4 by a CPBA method (Tetrasorb test kit). From the results it follows that the microchemical method gives the results something inferior in comparison with the CPBA technique. The differences of means between the basic  diagnostic groups of patients (euthyroids, hypothyroids, and hyperthyroids) in both methods were statistically significant. The extent to which these tests can discriminate was investigated at a 5% discrimination threshold. The discriminatory ability of both methods between hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism is nearly the same. The CPBA method discriminates euthyroids from the hypothyroids better, the results of both tests, however, do not differ too much. It seems to be confirmed that irrespective of the method used, the determination of serum T4 itself can detect neither hyperthyroidism nor hypothyroidism reliably. The possible causes are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Serum thyroxine estimation: clinical evaluation of a modified semiautomated method and its ability for differential diagnosis of thyroid diseases. A modified semiautomated microchemical method for determining serum thyroxine has been described. It consists of the isolation of T4 on a column of cation exchange resin Dowex 50 W X 2 and of a fully automated determination of iodine in the ammoniacal eluate from the column after an acidic mineralization. The diagnostic value of the method has been evaluated on a small group of patients examined for suspected thyroid gland dysfunction, in comparison with a parallel determination of T4 by a CPBA method (Tetrasorb test kit). From the results it follows that the microchemical method gives the results something inferior in comparison with the CPBA technique. The differences of means between the basic  diagnostic groups of patients (euthyroids, hypothyroids, and hyperthyroids) in both methods were statistically significant. The extent to which these tests can discriminate was investigated at a 5% discrimination threshold. The discriminatory ability of both methods between hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism is nearly the same. The CPBA method discriminates euthyroids from the hypothyroids better, the results of both tests, however, do not differ too much. It seems to be confirmed that irrespective of the method used, the determination of serum T4 itself can detect neither hyperthyroidism nor hypothyroidism reliably. The possible causes are discussed in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1212996", "title": "Obesity and thyroid function. 2. The effect of prolonged caloric restriction on Achilles tendon reflex values.", "content": "The results obtained are indicative of changes in thyroid function during prolonged caloric restriction. Achilles tendon reflex values were studied in obese individuals under reducing treatment. More pronounced weight loss during the first three months was associated with a shortening of Achilles tendon reflex values, or its values remained unchanged. From the sixth month on a growing percentage of obese patients in our group displayed prolongation of Achilles tendon reflex values coupled with a decrease in weight showed a statistically significant prolongation of Achilles tendon reflex values. Thyreoglobulin given at this stage normalised Achilles tendon values and reinduced weight decrease.", "contents": "Obesity and thyroid function. 2. The effect of prolonged caloric restriction on Achilles tendon reflex values. The results obtained are indicative of changes in thyroid function during prolonged caloric restriction. Achilles tendon reflex values were studied in obese individuals under reducing treatment. More pronounced weight loss during the first three months was associated with a shortening of Achilles tendon reflex values, or its values remained unchanged. From the sixth month on a growing percentage of obese patients in our group displayed prolongation of Achilles tendon reflex values coupled with a decrease in weight showed a statistically significant prolongation of Achilles tendon reflex values. Thyreoglobulin given at this stage normalised Achilles tendon values and reinduced weight decrease."}
{"id": "PMID:1212997", "title": "[Studies on lipid mobilization in obesity without glucose intolerance. 1st communication. Noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis].", "content": "1. In obese patients with normal glucose tolerance the norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in vivo was significantly higher as compared with a non-obese group. This was observed both during weight-related and constant norepinephrine infusion. 2. In the obese group a discordant release of free fatty acids and glycerol and a significantly lower quotient of FFA/Glycerol than in the controls was found. It is supposed that in obesity the re-esterification of FFA is increased.", "contents": "[Studies on lipid mobilization in obesity without glucose intolerance. 1st communication. Noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis]. 1. In obese patients with normal glucose tolerance the norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in vivo was significantly higher as compared with a non-obese group. This was observed both during weight-related and constant norepinephrine infusion. 2. In the obese group a discordant release of free fatty acids and glycerol and a significantly lower quotient of FFA/Glycerol than in the controls was found. It is supposed that in obesity the re-esterification of FFA is increased."}
{"id": "PMID:1212998", "title": "The effect of chronically administered cannabis extract on the female genital tract of mice and rats.", "content": "Daily administration of cannabis extract (mice: 1 mg/day, rats: 5 mg/day for a period of 64 days) results in a cessation of ovarian cyclic activity as judged by vaginal smear and the absence of corpora-lutea in the ovaries of treated rats and mice. Distinct effects are produced upon uterine tissue. Uterine glands were regressed and the stromal edema was conspicuous. Cannabis extract resulted in a decreased uterine RNA, glycogen, and sialic acid concentration. It also brings about a significant depletion in the level of adrenal ascorbic acid.", "contents": "The effect of chronically administered cannabis extract on the female genital tract of mice and rats. Daily administration of cannabis extract (mice: 1 mg/day, rats: 5 mg/day for a period of 64 days) results in a cessation of ovarian cyclic activity as judged by vaginal smear and the absence of corpora-lutea in the ovaries of treated rats and mice. Distinct effects are produced upon uterine tissue. Uterine glands were regressed and the stromal edema was conspicuous. Cannabis extract resulted in a decreased uterine RNA, glycogen, and sialic acid concentration. It also brings about a significant depletion in the level of adrenal ascorbic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1212999", "title": "On the evocability of a positive oestrogen feedback action on LH secretion in female and male rats.", "content": "Following a single injection of oestradiol benzoate (15 mug/100 g body weight) postpubertally castrated and oestrogen-primed female rats showed a distinct surge of LH secretion, while castrated and androgen-primed  females displayed a diminished and delayed surge of LH secretion. On the other hand, postpubertally castrated and oestrogen-primed male rats exhibited only a slight, but significant surge of LH secretion, whereas castrated and androgen-primed males did not display any surge of LH secretion following oestrogen injection. In view of these findings the evocability of a positive oestrogen feedback action on LH secretion is dependent on the sex hormone level during the critical hypothalamic differentiation phase and the functional (priming) phase as well.", "contents": "On the evocability of a positive oestrogen feedback action on LH secretion in female and male rats. Following a single injection of oestradiol benzoate (15 mug/100 g body weight) postpubertally castrated and oestrogen-primed female rats showed a distinct surge of LH secretion, while castrated and androgen-primed  females displayed a diminished and delayed surge of LH secretion. On the other hand, postpubertally castrated and oestrogen-primed male rats exhibited only a slight, but significant surge of LH secretion, whereas castrated and androgen-primed males did not display any surge of LH secretion following oestrogen injection. In view of these findings the evocability of a positive oestrogen feedback action on LH secretion is dependent on the sex hormone level during the critical hypothalamic differentiation phase and the functional (priming) phase as well."}
{"id": "PMID:1213000", "title": "[Malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in the serum of hyperthyroxinemic and hypothyroid rats].", "content": "In serum of hyperthyroxinemic and hypothyreotic rats the activities of MDH and LDH were investigated. In both groups the level of MDH was significantly elevated in comparison with control animals. The activity of LDH did not show any significant alterations.", "contents": "[Malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in the serum of hyperthyroxinemic and hypothyroid rats]. In serum of hyperthyroxinemic and hypothyreotic rats the activities of MDH and LDH were investigated. In both groups the level of MDH was significantly elevated in comparison with control animals. The activity of LDH did not show any significant alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:1213008", "title": "A drainage wind flow model.", "content": "A method of predetermining drainage wind velocities is derived in the form of an incremental velocity model. The model requires the topographical data and a general description of surface roughness. Using these fixed inputs with the model yields velocity factors. Velocity factors are determined as a function of height above the terrain and elapsed time since the occurrence of the maximum surface temperature. The velocity factors multiplied by a cooling factor give velocities. Time or space mean velocity may be found by summation techniques. By computing velocity factors for several points within an area of concern, one can determine drainage flow patterns and pollutant movements for any given night.", "contents": "A drainage wind flow model. A method of predetermining drainage wind velocities is derived in the form of an incremental velocity model. The model requires the topographical data and a general description of surface roughness. Using these fixed inputs with the model yields velocity factors. Velocity factors are determined as a function of height above the terrain and elapsed time since the occurrence of the maximum surface temperature. The velocity factors multiplied by a cooling factor give velocities. Time or space mean velocity may be found by summation techniques. By computing velocity factors for several points within an area of concern, one can determine drainage flow patterns and pollutant movements for any given night."}
{"id": "PMID:1213009", "title": "Formation of trihalomethanes by chlorination of surface water.", "content": "Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform, and dichloroiodomethane have been found in chlorinated drinking water. In addition to these five compounds, the other possible trihalomethanes (chlorodiiodomethane, bromochloroiodomethane, dibromoiodomethane, bromodiiodomethane, and iodoform) can also be formed by chlorination of surface water containing bromides and iodides. Mass spectra for each of these ten compounds were obtained.", "contents": "Formation of trihalomethanes by chlorination of surface water. Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform, and dichloroiodomethane have been found in chlorinated drinking water. In addition to these five compounds, the other possible trihalomethanes (chlorodiiodomethane, bromochloroiodomethane, dibromoiodomethane, bromodiiodomethane, and iodoform) can also be formed by chlorination of surface water containing bromides and iodides. Mass spectra for each of these ten compounds were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1213011", "title": "Respirable dust content of subway air.", "content": "During the non-heating months of June, July and August of 1974, the total and respirable dust content at an underground station of the Newark City Subway System was determined. Higher particulate levels than obtained for ambient Newark air were observed. Additionally, Federal Ambient Primary Air Quality Standards for suspended particulate matter was exceeded in two instances. Qualitative elemental analysis of the particulate matter collected is also reported.", "contents": "Respirable dust content of subway air. During the non-heating months of June, July and August of 1974, the total and respirable dust content at an underground station of the Newark City Subway System was determined. Higher particulate levels than obtained for ambient Newark air were observed. Additionally, Federal Ambient Primary Air Quality Standards for suspended particulate matter was exceeded in two instances. Qualitative elemental analysis of the particulate matter collected is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1213013", "title": "Ozone decay in irradiated smog chambers.", "content": "Studies conducted in smog chambers show that ozone disappears significantly faster under irradiation than in the dark. A computer simulation was made to determine the cause for this accelerated O3 decay. It was found that the phenomenon can be explained by a series of chemical reactions involving O3, O1D, H2O, OH, HO2, and ultraviolet light.", "contents": "Ozone decay in irradiated smog chambers. Studies conducted in smog chambers show that ozone disappears significantly faster under irradiation than in the dark. A computer simulation was made to determine the cause for this accelerated O3 decay. It was found that the phenomenon can be explained by a series of chemical reactions involving O3, O1D, H2O, OH, HO2, and ultraviolet light."}
{"id": "PMID:1213014", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of neuphytadiene as a measure of the terpenoid contribution to experimental tobacco smoke carcinogenesis.", "content": "A method for the determination of neophytadiene in the total particulate matter of cigarette smoke was developed and applied to test its relationship to isoprene deliveries. Neophytadiene is suggested as a preferred measure of the contribution of terpenoids to experimental tobacco smoke carcinogenicity. Typical deliveries of neophytadiene are presented.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of neuphytadiene as a measure of the terpenoid contribution to experimental tobacco smoke carcinogenesis. A method for the determination of neophytadiene in the total particulate matter of cigarette smoke was developed and applied to test its relationship to isoprene deliveries. Neophytadiene is suggested as a preferred measure of the contribution of terpenoids to experimental tobacco smoke carcinogenicity. Typical deliveries of neophytadiene are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1213015", "title": "Analysis of heavy metals and fluoride in vegetation by extraction with concentrated mineral acids.", "content": "A rapid potentiometric method for determining fluoride in vegetation is described. Recovery of flouride by extraction with concentrated mineral acids compares favourably with standard methods of analysis in terms of accuracy and precision. The procedure affords the additional advantage that several citations are also quantitatively extracted and may be determined directly in the acid digest by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "contents": "Analysis of heavy metals and fluoride in vegetation by extraction with concentrated mineral acids. A rapid potentiometric method for determining fluoride in vegetation is described. Recovery of flouride by extraction with concentrated mineral acids compares favourably with standard methods of analysis in terms of accuracy and precision. The procedure affords the additional advantage that several citations are also quantitatively extracted and may be determined directly in the acid digest by atomic absorption spectrophotometry."}
{"id": "PMID:1213023", "title": "Developmental patterns of FSH and LH in female rats deprived of light before puberty.", "content": "Plasma FSH and LH levels were examined in female rats reared in the dark at different ages from birth until sexual maturation to investigate whether, and to what extent, external factors such as light, influence gonadotropin levels during development. Control animals were raised in diurnal lighting consisting of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark. Light deprivation did not eliminate the characteristic peak of gonadotropins seen in early postnatal development but significantly increased levels of FSH and slightly decreased levels of LH (except for a transient rise at day 12). Constant darkness tended to lower whole body, ovarian and pituitary weights but to increase pineal weight. Whereas the time of eye-opening was the same in control and light-deprived animals, puberty (as judged by vaginal opening and first ovulation) was delayed in animals raised in the dark. The data suggest that environmental light has a mediating action on patterns of gonadotropin release, particularly on FSH, during prepuberal development.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of FSH and LH in female rats deprived of light before puberty. Plasma FSH and LH levels were examined in female rats reared in the dark at different ages from birth until sexual maturation to investigate whether, and to what extent, external factors such as light, influence gonadotropin levels during development. Control animals were raised in diurnal lighting consisting of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark. Light deprivation did not eliminate the characteristic peak of gonadotropins seen in early postnatal development but significantly increased levels of FSH and slightly decreased levels of LH (except for a transient rise at day 12). Constant darkness tended to lower whole body, ovarian and pituitary weights but to increase pineal weight. Whereas the time of eye-opening was the same in control and light-deprived animals, puberty (as judged by vaginal opening and first ovulation) was delayed in animals raised in the dark. The data suggest that environmental light has a mediating action on patterns of gonadotropin release, particularly on FSH, during prepuberal development."}
{"id": "PMID:1213024", "title": "Chronic toxicity of a synthetic tri-aryl phosphate oil to fish.", "content": "Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed to IMOL S-140, a synthetic high-temperature lubricating oil composed of tri-aryl phosphates and, although no sign of acute toxicity was evident, the fish slowly developed symptoms of chronic posioning. Thus, floating food pellets were refused, the activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum were greatly elevated, and internal fatty tissues became discoloured. Neither serum nor brain cholinesterase activities were inhibited.", "contents": "Chronic toxicity of a synthetic tri-aryl phosphate oil to fish. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed to IMOL S-140, a synthetic high-temperature lubricating oil composed of tri-aryl phosphates and, although no sign of acute toxicity was evident, the fish slowly developed symptoms of chronic posioning. Thus, floating food pellets were refused, the activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum were greatly elevated, and internal fatty tissues became discoloured. Neither serum nor brain cholinesterase activities were inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:1213026", "title": "Relative cadmium-binding capacity of metallothionein and other cytosolic fractions in various tissues of the rat.", "content": "The Cd-binding capacity of soluble proteins in 10 tissues of normal rats not excessively exposed to heavy metals was measured by saturation of freshly isolated cytosol with 109CdCl2 in vitro followed by Sephadex G-75 chromatography. The Cd-binding capacity of a 10,000 molecular weight Cd-binding peak (10,000 MW Cd-BP), which had a high affinity for Cd and was probably metallothionein, was the highest in kidney (78nmol Cd/g fresh tissue), followed by testis (63 nmol/g), liver (38 nmol/g) and then by brain (14 nmol/g). The amount of the Cd-BP in these tissues (assuming that it was metallothionein and bound 9 mol Cd/10,000g) was calculated to be 87, 70, 42 and 16 mg/kg fresh tissue in kidney, testis, liver and brain, respectively, or in the order of 10(-5) to 10(-6) mol/kg tissue. A significant amount of the 10,000 MW Cd-BP was also found in small intestine. It was present in rather small amounts in heart and lung, and possibly in spleen and skeletal muscle as well. In contrast, the protein was not detectable by this technique in plasma. The results suggest that metallothionein is a rather ubiquitous, intracellular protein in tissues of normal animals and may have other biological functions, besides its possible fortuitous role in heavy metal detoxification. A 30,000 molecular weight Cd-binding peak (30,000 MW Cd-BP) having a very high affinity Cd, apparently higher than that of the 10,000 MW Cd-BP, was found only in testes, among the 10 tissues examined. Its estimated Cd-binding capacity was 51 nmol Cd/g of testis, slightly less than that of metallothionein in testis. These findings support the hypothesis that the 30,000 MW Cd-BP is a plausible target of Cd in Cd-induced testicular injury, and suggest a basis for the peculiar sensitivity of the rat testis to Cd.", "contents": "Relative cadmium-binding capacity of metallothionein and other cytosolic fractions in various tissues of the rat. The Cd-binding capacity of soluble proteins in 10 tissues of normal rats not excessively exposed to heavy metals was measured by saturation of freshly isolated cytosol with 109CdCl2 in vitro followed by Sephadex G-75 chromatography. The Cd-binding capacity of a 10,000 molecular weight Cd-binding peak (10,000 MW Cd-BP), which had a high affinity for Cd and was probably metallothionein, was the highest in kidney (78nmol Cd/g fresh tissue), followed by testis (63 nmol/g), liver (38 nmol/g) and then by brain (14 nmol/g). The amount of the Cd-BP in these tissues (assuming that it was metallothionein and bound 9 mol Cd/10,000g) was calculated to be 87, 70, 42 and 16 mg/kg fresh tissue in kidney, testis, liver and brain, respectively, or in the order of 10(-5) to 10(-6) mol/kg tissue. A significant amount of the 10,000 MW Cd-BP was also found in small intestine. It was present in rather small amounts in heart and lung, and possibly in spleen and skeletal muscle as well. In contrast, the protein was not detectable by this technique in plasma. The results suggest that metallothionein is a rather ubiquitous, intracellular protein in tissues of normal animals and may have other biological functions, besides its possible fortuitous role in heavy metal detoxification. A 30,000 molecular weight Cd-binding peak (30,000 MW Cd-BP) having a very high affinity Cd, apparently higher than that of the 10,000 MW Cd-BP, was found only in testes, among the 10 tissues examined. Its estimated Cd-binding capacity was 51 nmol Cd/g of testis, slightly less than that of metallothionein in testis. These findings support the hypothesis that the 30,000 MW Cd-BP is a plausible target of Cd in Cd-induced testicular injury, and suggest a basis for the peculiar sensitivity of the rat testis to Cd."}
{"id": "PMID:1213027", "title": "Monosodium L-glutamate-induced convulsions: temporary alteration in blood-brain barrier permeability to plasma proteins.", "content": "Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG), a commonly used food additive, induces convulsive disorders in rats. A reversible change in the cerebrovascular permeability of plasma proteins occurs during convulsions induced by the intraperitoneal administration of 4.0 g/kg of MSG to the neonatal rat. During MSG-induced seizures, but not before or after, trypan blue dye enters into the brain tissues, whereas no dye penetration occurs in control rats receiving saline. The frequency of the incidence  of MSG-induced convulsions is inversely proportional to the age of the animal. It decreases with the age of the rat. By 42 days of age no substantial seizure activity of dye penetration into the brain tissue occurs in MSG-treated rats. Histological examination indicates that seizure activity is not correlated with characteristic periventricular-arcuate area lesions known to be induced in neonates by parenteral MSG administration. No hypothalamic damage was observed in MSG-treated rats older than 10 days of age.", "contents": "Monosodium L-glutamate-induced convulsions: temporary alteration in blood-brain barrier permeability to plasma proteins. Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG), a commonly used food additive, induces convulsive disorders in rats. A reversible change in the cerebrovascular permeability of plasma proteins occurs during convulsions induced by the intraperitoneal administration of 4.0 g/kg of MSG to the neonatal rat. During MSG-induced seizures, but not before or after, trypan blue dye enters into the brain tissues, whereas no dye penetration occurs in control rats receiving saline. The frequency of the incidence  of MSG-induced convulsions is inversely proportional to the age of the animal. It decreases with the age of the rat. By 42 days of age no substantial seizure activity of dye penetration into the brain tissue occurs in MSG-treated rats. Histological examination indicates that seizure activity is not correlated with characteristic periventricular-arcuate area lesions known to be induced in neonates by parenteral MSG administration. No hypothalamic damage was observed in MSG-treated rats older than 10 days of age."}
{"id": "PMID:1213028", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a hepatic metallothionein from mice.", "content": "Mice were given cadmium chloride orally for 18 weeks, after which they were given two subcutaneous injections of cadmium chloride. Cadmium-and zinc-containing proteins were obtained from livers by ultracentrifugation, Sephadex chromatography and isoelectric focusing. Metallothionein with apI of 4.2 at 8 degrees C was separated from other proteins (possibly including other forms of metallothionein) by the isoelectric procedure. The metallothionein with pI = 4.2 had a high E250, reflecting abundant Cd-SH bonds, in accord with amino acid analysis, which gave a cysteine content of 34.6 residues % and showed an absence of aromatic amino acids. These results indicated a very high purity of the form of metallothionein isolated after isoelectric focusing.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a hepatic metallothionein from mice. Mice were given cadmium chloride orally for 18 weeks, after which they were given two subcutaneous injections of cadmium chloride. Cadmium-and zinc-containing proteins were obtained from livers by ultracentrifugation, Sephadex chromatography and isoelectric focusing. Metallothionein with apI of 4.2 at 8 degrees C was separated from other proteins (possibly including other forms of metallothionein) by the isoelectric procedure. The metallothionein with pI = 4.2 had a high E250, reflecting abundant Cd-SH bonds, in accord with amino acid analysis, which gave a cysteine content of 34.6 residues % and showed an absence of aromatic amino acids. These results indicated a very high purity of the form of metallothionein isolated after isoelectric focusing."}
{"id": "PMID:1213029", "title": "Effect of DDT on the free amino acid pool of brain and kidney in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Free amino acid composition of brain and kidney of guinea-pig showed significant decrease after repeated exposure of skin to P-P1 DDT. Gamma amino butyric acid of the brain and proline, tyrosine and valine of kidney disappeared completely. The remaining amino acids showed a marked depletion.", "contents": "Effect of DDT on the free amino acid pool of brain and kidney in guinea-pigs. Free amino acid composition of brain and kidney of guinea-pig showed significant decrease after repeated exposure of skin to P-P1 DDT. Gamma amino butyric acid of the brain and proline, tyrosine and valine of kidney disappeared completely. The remaining amino acids showed a marked depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:1213030", "title": "Serum and organ creatine phosphokinase alterations in exercise.", "content": "Rats that swam for 3 h showed a 6-fold increase in serum creatine phosphokinase (SCPK) activity which declined to control values within 7 h after swimming. Of the excess SCPK, 77% was BB isoenzyme; the remainder was mainly MM with traces of MB. Kidney, liver, brain and lung contain mainly BB (50-80%) and only a trace of MB (0-7%). Heart CPK was composed of little BB (8%) and more MB (28%) and MM (64%). Skeletal muscle CPK was almost entirely MM. CPK activity is highest in skeletal muscle, intermediate in heart and brain and lowest in kidney, liver and lung. It is suggested that skeletal muscle and heart are not involved in CPK release in swimming, and kidney, liver and brain may be sites of release.", "contents": "Serum and organ creatine phosphokinase alterations in exercise. Rats that swam for 3 h showed a 6-fold increase in serum creatine phosphokinase (SCPK) activity which declined to control values within 7 h after swimming. Of the excess SCPK, 77% was BB isoenzyme; the remainder was mainly MM with traces of MB. Kidney, liver, brain and lung contain mainly BB (50-80%) and only a trace of MB (0-7%). Heart CPK was composed of little BB (8%) and more MB (28%) and MM (64%). Skeletal muscle CPK was almost entirely MM. CPK activity is highest in skeletal muscle, intermediate in heart and brain and lowest in kidney, liver and lung. It is suggested that skeletal muscle and heart are not involved in CPK release in swimming, and kidney, liver and brain may be sites of release."}
{"id": "PMID:1213031", "title": "Influence of low ambient temperature and dietary lipids on adipose tissue and plasma fatty acid composition of the Japanese quail.", "content": "Japanese quail were maintained on synthetic diets containing 15% corn oil, 15% tallow, and zero fat, and were later exposed at 3.5 degrees C for 21 days. A distinct influence of dietary fat composition upon the adipose tissue triglyceride fatty acid composition was detected, but no change in fatty acid composition was produced with cold exposure. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue from quail acclimatized to winter temperatures showed no trend towards a greater degree of unsaturation. There was no evidence of a gross selective mobilization of certain fatty acids from the depot lipids. Regional variation in the fatty acid composition of avian fats is discussed with respect to the level of food intake and body temperature.", "contents": "Influence of low ambient temperature and dietary lipids on adipose tissue and plasma fatty acid composition of the Japanese quail. Japanese quail were maintained on synthetic diets containing 15% corn oil, 15% tallow, and zero fat, and were later exposed at 3.5 degrees C for 21 days. A distinct influence of dietary fat composition upon the adipose tissue triglyceride fatty acid composition was detected, but no change in fatty acid composition was produced with cold exposure. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue from quail acclimatized to winter temperatures showed no trend towards a greater degree of unsaturation. There was no evidence of a gross selective mobilization of certain fatty acids from the depot lipids. Regional variation in the fatty acid composition of avian fats is discussed with respect to the level of food intake and body temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:1213032", "title": "Steroidogenesis in vitro in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) without and with methyl mercury treatment in vivo.", "content": "Tissue from a harp seal given methyl mercury at a concentration of 0.25 mg/kg in its diet for 61 days, was highly contaminated with mercury. Over 70% of the mercury in the seal's liver (64.0 p.p.m.) was in the inorganic form indicating a demethylating system in this organ. Most of the mercury in the liver, spleen and kidney of an untreated seal was also in the inorganic form. In contrast, over 75% of the mercury in the adrenals and gonads (14.2 and 13.0 p.p.m., respectively) of the treated seal was methyl mercury. Mercury was not detectable in the gonads and not analyzed in the adrenals of the untreated seal. Biosynthesized (in vitro) cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, and 11-ketotestosterone were isolated and identified from the adrenal incubations, and delta4-androstene-3,17-dione and testosterone were isolated and identified from ovarian incubations from both untreated and methyl mercury (in vivo) treated seals. The ovaries and adrenals from both seals appeared to be normal under the light microscope. The ovaries from both seals were in the same follicular phase, but in vitro incubations of tissue from these organs indicated that the methyl mercury and treatment caused a marked alteration of steroid biosynthesis in tissue from the treated seal. The altered pattern of steroid biosynthesis was also demonstrated by autoradiography, and it is suggested that this technique could be used as an indicator of incipient contamination by a pollutant.", "contents": "Steroidogenesis in vitro in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) without and with methyl mercury treatment in vivo. Tissue from a harp seal given methyl mercury at a concentration of 0.25 mg/kg in its diet for 61 days, was highly contaminated with mercury. Over 70% of the mercury in the seal's liver (64.0 p.p.m.) was in the inorganic form indicating a demethylating system in this organ. Most of the mercury in the liver, spleen and kidney of an untreated seal was also in the inorganic form. In contrast, over 75% of the mercury in the adrenals and gonads (14.2 and 13.0 p.p.m., respectively) of the treated seal was methyl mercury. Mercury was not detectable in the gonads and not analyzed in the adrenals of the untreated seal. Biosynthesized (in vitro) cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, and 11-ketotestosterone were isolated and identified from the adrenal incubations, and delta4-androstene-3,17-dione and testosterone were isolated and identified from ovarian incubations from both untreated and methyl mercury (in vivo) treated seals. The ovaries and adrenals from both seals appeared to be normal under the light microscope. The ovaries from both seals were in the same follicular phase, but in vitro incubations of tissue from these organs indicated that the methyl mercury and treatment caused a marked alteration of steroid biosynthesis in tissue from the treated seal. The altered pattern of steroid biosynthesis was also demonstrated by autoradiography, and it is suggested that this technique could be used as an indicator of incipient contamination by a pollutant."}
{"id": "PMID:1213033", "title": "Effects of dietary dieldrin on reproduction in the Swiss-Vancouver (SWV) mouse.", "content": "Reproduction was studied in SWV female mice that had raised one litter and then received either 0.2.5,5,10,15,20 or 25 parts/10(6) dietary dieldrin (n = 18 or 19 per group). Exposure began 4 weeks prior to the second mating and continued until day 28 postpartum (weaning). Fertile males were caged with the females during weeks 5-6 of exposure. Significantly mortality of the females occurred only at 20 and 25 parts/10(6) (89% and 56%, respectively) and all deaths occurred before parturition. Dieldrin did not affect behavioural oestrus. At 10 and 15 parts/10(6), 18% of the bred females did not become pregnant; all animals at lower doses and all survivors at higher doses were fertile. The gestation period was not affected. At 25 parts/10(6), the litter size was decreased by 17% over the control size (13.2 pups). The infertility and reduced fecundity resulted from a lesion(s) preceding implantation. Thus, in a separate experiment, 15 parts/10(6) increased the number of bred females that had no implantation sites 5 days post coitum while 25 parts/10(6) decreased the number of sites per pregnant female. As expected from the original dose-responses for infertility and decreased litter size, the converse effects did not occur. Pre-weaning mortality of all the pups occurred in 31%, 47%, 80% and 100% of the litters at 0,2.5,5, and larger than or equal to parts/10(6), respectively. Within the litters raised at 2.5 and 5 parts/10(6), the pup survival was not different from the controls (75%). Thus, in this strain, litter -oss is dieldrin's most important reproductive effect and it correlated with a dieldrin-induced maternal hepatomegaly. The birth weight of pups in litters that were lost was reduced by 3-13% and pre-death growth was reduced or absent. Pup-killing and pup-neglect were important proximate causes of mortality, but only at doses larger than or equal to 15 parts/10(6).", "contents": "Effects of dietary dieldrin on reproduction in the Swiss-Vancouver (SWV) mouse. Reproduction was studied in SWV female mice that had raised one litter and then received either 0.2.5,5,10,15,20 or 25 parts/10(6) dietary dieldrin (n = 18 or 19 per group). Exposure began 4 weeks prior to the second mating and continued until day 28 postpartum (weaning). Fertile males were caged with the females during weeks 5-6 of exposure. Significantly mortality of the females occurred only at 20 and 25 parts/10(6) (89% and 56%, respectively) and all deaths occurred before parturition. Dieldrin did not affect behavioural oestrus. At 10 and 15 parts/10(6), 18% of the bred females did not become pregnant; all animals at lower doses and all survivors at higher doses were fertile. The gestation period was not affected. At 25 parts/10(6), the litter size was decreased by 17% over the control size (13.2 pups). The infertility and reduced fecundity resulted from a lesion(s) preceding implantation. Thus, in a separate experiment, 15 parts/10(6) increased the number of bred females that had no implantation sites 5 days post coitum while 25 parts/10(6) decreased the number of sites per pregnant female. As expected from the original dose-responses for infertility and decreased litter size, the converse effects did not occur. Pre-weaning mortality of all the pups occurred in 31%, 47%, 80% and 100% of the litters at 0,2.5,5, and larger than or equal to parts/10(6), respectively. Within the litters raised at 2.5 and 5 parts/10(6), the pup survival was not different from the controls (75%). Thus, in this strain, litter -oss is dieldrin's most important reproductive effect and it correlated with a dieldrin-induced maternal hepatomegaly. The birth weight of pups in litters that were lost was reduced by 3-13% and pre-death growth was reduced or absent. Pup-killing and pup-neglect were important proximate causes of mortality, but only at doses larger than or equal to 15 parts/10(6)."}
{"id": "PMID:1213034", "title": "Environmental impact of mosquito pesticides: influence of temefos on the brain acetylcholinesterase of killifish.", "content": "Temefos and six of its metabolites were tested for their capacity to inhibit the in vitro activity of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of Fundulus heteroclitus. While temefos was not inhibitory at levels up to 10.7 mM in brain homogenate samples, its metabolites were active within the range of 2 X 10(-4)mM to 1.26 mM in causing a 50% reduction in the enzyme activity. Exposure of F. heteroclitus to temefos under laboratory conditions caused a reduction in AChE activity, which was proportional to the pesticide concentration and the exposure period. Visible symptoms of organophosphate poisoning were apparent only after the AChE inhibition reached 80%. F. heteroclitus and Cyprinidon variegatus exposed to 10 biweekly applications of temefos granules in the field showed no inhibition of brain AChE. However, exposure of F. heteroclitus to biweekly applications (four) of temefos emulsion caused a reduction in the enzyme (50%), but only in the pre-third application samples. A gradual increase in brain AChE occurred both in F. heteroclitus and C. variegatus as the season progressed from April to October.", "contents": "Environmental impact of mosquito pesticides: influence of temefos on the brain acetylcholinesterase of killifish. Temefos and six of its metabolites were tested for their capacity to inhibit the in vitro activity of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of Fundulus heteroclitus. While temefos was not inhibitory at levels up to 10.7 mM in brain homogenate samples, its metabolites were active within the range of 2 X 10(-4)mM to 1.26 mM in causing a 50% reduction in the enzyme activity. Exposure of F. heteroclitus to temefos under laboratory conditions caused a reduction in AChE activity, which was proportional to the pesticide concentration and the exposure period. Visible symptoms of organophosphate poisoning were apparent only after the AChE inhibition reached 80%. F. heteroclitus and Cyprinidon variegatus exposed to 10 biweekly applications of temefos granules in the field showed no inhibition of brain AChE. However, exposure of F. heteroclitus to biweekly applications (four) of temefos emulsion caused a reduction in the enzyme (50%), but only in the pre-third application samples. A gradual increase in brain AChE occurred both in F. heteroclitus and C. variegatus as the season progressed from April to October."}
{"id": "PMID:1213037", "title": "Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome associated with diabetes insipidus neurohormonalis.", "content": "The case of a girl with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome without polydactyly is described. Additional features were small stature, diabetes insipidus neurohormonalis and a renal disorder. The diabetes insipidus neurohormonalis was successfully treated with a new vasopressin analogue, DDAVP. The importance of renal studies in patients with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome is emphasized.", "contents": "Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome associated with diabetes insipidus neurohormonalis. The case of a girl with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome without polydactyly is described. Additional features were small stature, diabetes insipidus neurohormonalis and a renal disorder. The diabetes insipidus neurohormonalis was successfully treated with a new vasopressin analogue, DDAVP. The importance of renal studies in patients with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1213038", "title": "Thin-layer chromatography for diagnosis of secreting neuroblastoma.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic technique for separation and identification of urinary phenolic acids is described. The method is simple enough to be used in the clinical laboratory and from it, an easy biochemical diagnosis of secreting neuroblastoma. The technique is also of interest for research in catabolism of catecholamines. Results obtained in 125 patients, including 8 patients with neuroblastoma are reported.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatography for diagnosis of secreting neuroblastoma. A thin-layer chromatographic technique for separation and identification of urinary phenolic acids is described. The method is simple enough to be used in the clinical laboratory and from it, an easy biochemical diagnosis of secreting neuroblastoma. The technique is also of interest for research in catabolism of catecholamines. Results obtained in 125 patients, including 8 patients with neuroblastoma are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1213039", "title": "[Lipoid dermatoarthritis (multicentric reticulohistiocytosis) (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 10-year-old girl with an infrequently observed lipid dermatoarthritis is reported. This is a systemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by a nodular eruption of the skin, mucosa and synovia, resulting in destructive arthritis and disfigurement of the facies. Biopsy of a nodule, whether from skin or synovia, discloses a cellular infiltrate consisting of histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells with lipid inclusions. No effective treatment is known.", "contents": "[Lipoid dermatoarthritis (multicentric reticulohistiocytosis) (author's transl)]. The case of a 10-year-old girl with an infrequently observed lipid dermatoarthritis is reported. This is a systemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by a nodular eruption of the skin, mucosa and synovia, resulting in destructive arthritis and disfigurement of the facies. Biopsy of a nodule, whether from skin or synovia, discloses a cellular infiltrate consisting of histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells with lipid inclusions. No effective treatment is known."}
{"id": "PMID:1213040", "title": "Identification of volatile components in waste waters by combined head-space gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method for the identification of volatile components in effluent waters is described. The sample is heated in a closed vessel at 80 degrees C and the head-space vapour injected in a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. Mass spectra are recorded every 4 seconds and stored by a Data Acquisition System. The reconstructed spectra enable very easy identification of the peaks of the chromatogram. The important contribution of the computer system to the sensitivity of the technique is demonstrated.", "contents": "Identification of volatile components in waste waters by combined head-space gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A method for the identification of volatile components in effluent waters is described. The sample is heated in a closed vessel at 80 degrees C and the head-space vapour injected in a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. Mass spectra are recorded every 4 seconds and stored by a Data Acquisition System. The reconstructed spectra enable very easy identification of the peaks of the chromatogram. The important contribution of the computer system to the sensitivity of the technique is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1213041", "title": "[A micromethod for determination of nicotine and cotinine in blood and urine by gas chromatography. Results obtained from various smokers].", "content": "The determination of nicotine and cotinine in plasma and urines of smokers is carried out by gas-chromatography with an Ucon-Polar 50 HB 2000 alkalinized column and a specific N detector, using diphenylamine as internal standard. The technique for extraction and chromatographic analysis is developed. The limit values for a correct determination are : 0,2 ng for nicotine and 1 ng for cotinine. The results show that the transit of nicotine and cotinine into the blood is very fast. They confirm the rapidity of the urinary excretion of nicotine, the slowness of that of cotinine, and the relation between the eliminated amounts and the urinary flow.", "contents": "[A micromethod for determination of nicotine and cotinine in blood and urine by gas chromatography. Results obtained from various smokers]. The determination of nicotine and cotinine in plasma and urines of smokers is carried out by gas-chromatography with an Ucon-Polar 50 HB 2000 alkalinized column and a specific N detector, using diphenylamine as internal standard. The technique for extraction and chromatographic analysis is developed. The limit values for a correct determination are : 0,2 ng for nicotine and 1 ng for cotinine. The results show that the transit of nicotine and cotinine into the blood is very fast. They confirm the rapidity of the urinary excretion of nicotine, the slowness of that of cotinine, and the relation between the eliminated amounts and the urinary flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1213042", "title": "[Emergency toxicology: analytic protocol applicable to biolobic media in tentative autolysis].", "content": "Here is exposed a method to detect and identify, without delay and in biological media, toxic substances generally found when attempting autolysis. It implies: 1; coloured reactions performed directly or after having isolated the substances using organic solvants, 2; thin layer chromatographies of these extractums which are developed and revealed in very  precise conditions. Techniques for titration of some drugs are exposed. 253 cases of toxic coma have been studied, and the results of this inquiry analysed, more particularly cases induced by barbiturates.", "contents": "[Emergency toxicology: analytic protocol applicable to biolobic media in tentative autolysis]. Here is exposed a method to detect and identify, without delay and in biological media, toxic substances generally found when attempting autolysis. It implies: 1; coloured reactions performed directly or after having isolated the substances using organic solvants, 2; thin layer chromatographies of these extractums which are developed and revealed in very  precise conditions. Techniques for titration of some drugs are exposed. 253 cases of toxic coma have been studied, and the results of this inquiry analysed, more particularly cases induced by barbiturates."}
{"id": "PMID:1213048", "title": "The absence of an inhibitory effect of metyrapone (2-methyl-1,2-di (3-pyridyl) propan-1-one) on hepatic microsomal hydroxylation in scurvy.", "content": "Microsomes from livers of scorbutic guinea-pigs showed a reduced rate of acetanilide hydroxylation. The response of \"scorbutic\" liver microsomes to the inhibitor Metyrapone (2-methyl-1,2 di (3-pyridyl) propan-1-one) was different from that of liver microsomes from non-scorbutic guinea-pigs.", "contents": "The absence of an inhibitory effect of metyrapone (2-methyl-1,2-di (3-pyridyl) propan-1-one) on hepatic microsomal hydroxylation in scurvy. Microsomes from livers of scorbutic guinea-pigs showed a reduced rate of acetanilide hydroxylation. The response of \"scorbutic\" liver microsomes to the inhibitor Metyrapone (2-methyl-1,2 di (3-pyridyl) propan-1-one) was different from that of liver microsomes from non-scorbutic guinea-pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:1213049", "title": "Highly elevated content of free myo-inositol in the cerebrospinal fluid of neonates.", "content": "Free myo-inositol in cerebrospinal fluid was determined in 60 babies aged from newborn to 12 months. In the neonates, a high inositol concentration was found (18-81 mg/100 ml). With increasing age, the values gradually decreased. The finding is discussed in relation to the maturation processes in central nervous tissue.", "contents": "Highly elevated content of free myo-inositol in the cerebrospinal fluid of neonates. Free myo-inositol in cerebrospinal fluid was determined in 60 babies aged from newborn to 12 months. In the neonates, a high inositol concentration was found (18-81 mg/100 ml). With increasing age, the values gradually decreased. The finding is discussed in relation to the maturation processes in central nervous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1213050", "title": "The activity of Newcastle disease virus-envelope proteins after treatment with detergents.", "content": "Treatment of NDV with anionic detergents or lipid solvents destroys the activities of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. After disruption of the virus with non-ionic detergents, the activities of envelope proteins remain unchanged. It is suggested that the phosholipids are very important for the biological activity of NDV-envelope proteins.", "contents": "The activity of Newcastle disease virus-envelope proteins after treatment with detergents. Treatment of NDV with anionic detergents or lipid solvents destroys the activities of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. After disruption of the virus with non-ionic detergents, the activities of envelope proteins remain unchanged. It is suggested that the phosholipids are very important for the biological activity of NDV-envelope proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1213051", "title": "Is the basal activity of rat stomach histidine decarboxylase affected by antrectomy?", "content": "The serum gastrin concentration and the gastric histidine decarboxylase activity are high in freely fed, unoperated rats but low in antrectomized rats. Following food deprivation the serum gastrin level and the enzyme activity are reduced simultaneously in the unoperated rats. After fasting for 36-48 h - but not before - the enzyme activity drops to the same low levels as in antrectomized rats.", "contents": "Is the basal activity of rat stomach histidine decarboxylase affected by antrectomy? The serum gastrin concentration and the gastric histidine decarboxylase activity are high in freely fed, unoperated rats but low in antrectomized rats. Following food deprivation the serum gastrin level and the enzyme activity are reduced simultaneously in the unoperated rats. After fasting for 36-48 h - but not before - the enzyme activity drops to the same low levels as in antrectomized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1213052", "title": "Invertase in cell-free culture fluids of Streptococcus mutans strain SL-1.", "content": "Intervase from extracellular culture fluids of S. mutans strain SL-1 was shown to have the same characteristics as intracellular invertase from the same strain. The data indicate that intracellular invertase is released into the culture fluids primarily during the late log and stationary phases of growth.", "contents": "Invertase in cell-free culture fluids of Streptococcus mutans strain SL-1. Intervase from extracellular culture fluids of S. mutans strain SL-1 was shown to have the same characteristics as intracellular invertase from the same strain. The data indicate that intracellular invertase is released into the culture fluids primarily during the late log and stationary phases of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1213053", "title": "[Control activities and regulation by the glucocorticoids of three urea-cycle enzymes in rat foetal liver: argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of three urea-cycle enzymes, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase have been studied in the foetal and new-born liver of rats. The activity increases with regularity between 17.5 days of pregnancy and birth in control foetuses. The lack of corticosteroid from 18.5 days of pregnancy decreases the activity of argininosuccinate synthetase. After administration of cortisol (hydrocortisone), to these 18.5 day-old foetuses lacking of corticosteroids, both activities of argininosuccinate synthetase and arginase are enhanced.", "contents": "[Control activities and regulation by the glucocorticoids of three urea-cycle enzymes in rat foetal liver: argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase (author's transl)]. The activity of three urea-cycle enzymes, argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinase and arginase have been studied in the foetal and new-born liver of rats. The activity increases with regularity between 17.5 days of pregnancy and birth in control foetuses. The lack of corticosteroid from 18.5 days of pregnancy decreases the activity of argininosuccinate synthetase. After administration of cortisol (hydrocortisone), to these 18.5 day-old foetuses lacking of corticosteroids, both activities of argininosuccinate synthetase and arginase are enhanced."}
{"id": "PMID:1213054", "title": "Sorbitol dehydrogenase in Anas platyrhynchos and Zenaida auriculata auriculata during development.", "content": "Sorbitol dehydrogenase (E.C.N. 1.1.1.14) was studied in liver, kidney and gonads of Zenaida auriculata auriculata (golden pigeon) and of Anas platyrhynchos (creole domestic duck) from South American faunes. The specific activity of SDH increased from embryonic to adult stage and is higher in the Anas platyrhynchos tissues. The electrophoretic studies performed in liver and kidney of both species during development showed variations in the number and intensity of the bands in accordance with the age and the species.", "contents": "Sorbitol dehydrogenase in Anas platyrhynchos and Zenaida auriculata auriculata during development. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (E.C.N. 1.1.1.14) was studied in liver, kidney and gonads of Zenaida auriculata auriculata (golden pigeon) and of Anas platyrhynchos (creole domestic duck) from South American faunes. The specific activity of SDH increased from embryonic to adult stage and is higher in the Anas platyrhynchos tissues. The electrophoretic studies performed in liver and kidney of both species during development showed variations in the number and intensity of the bands in accordance with the age and the species."}
{"id": "PMID:1213056", "title": "Effects of magnetic field on inflammation.", "content": "The effects of a 50 Hz magnetic field on experimentally-induced inflammation in rats were studied. Carrageenan edema was inhibited significantly by exposure to magnetic field for 3 h. Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats was also suppressed by the magnetic field.", "contents": "Effects of magnetic field on inflammation. The effects of a 50 Hz magnetic field on experimentally-induced inflammation in rats were studied. Carrageenan edema was inhibited significantly by exposure to magnetic field for 3 h. Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats was also suppressed by the magnetic field."}
{"id": "PMID:1213058", "title": "Inhibitory effect of beta-hydroxyglutamic acid on a molluscan giant neurone.", "content": "We found a spontaneously firing neurone, inhibited by beta-hydroxy(erythro)-L-glutamic acid, identified in the subesophageal ganglia of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac), although this neurone is not sensitive to L-glutamic acid. We suggest that beta-hydroxy(erythro)-L-glutamic acid may be a putative inhibitory synaptic transmitter of the identified molluscan neurone.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of beta-hydroxyglutamic acid on a molluscan giant neurone. We found a spontaneously firing neurone, inhibited by beta-hydroxy(erythro)-L-glutamic acid, identified in the subesophageal ganglia of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac), although this neurone is not sensitive to L-glutamic acid. We suggest that beta-hydroxy(erythro)-L-glutamic acid may be a putative inhibitory synaptic transmitter of the identified molluscan neurone."}
{"id": "PMID:1213059", "title": "Study of micro-circulation in web of frog (Xenous laevis Daudin) by using Laser Doppler microscope.", "content": "The flow velocity profile in the venule of frog web was measured by using a laser Doppler microscope of a crossed-beam which permitted a measurement of flow velocity in a clearly defined small volume. The flow velocity profile in the venule seems to deviate slightly from the Newtonian parabola.", "contents": "Study of micro-circulation in web of frog (Xenous laevis Daudin) by using Laser Doppler microscope. The flow velocity profile in the venule of frog web was measured by using a laser Doppler microscope of a crossed-beam which permitted a measurement of flow velocity in a clearly defined small volume. The flow velocity profile in the venule seems to deviate slightly from the Newtonian parabola."}
{"id": "PMID:1213060", "title": "Noradrenaline synthesis in human fetal heart.", "content": "The capacity of noradrenaline synthesis was investigated in 6 isolated human fetal hearts (13-23 gestational week). The mean rate of transforming perfused labelled tyrosine to noradrenaline in atrial, ventricular, and mediastinal tissue was 0.175, 0.168, and 0.108 mug/g tissue/h, respectively.", "contents": "Noradrenaline synthesis in human fetal heart. The capacity of noradrenaline synthesis was investigated in 6 isolated human fetal hearts (13-23 gestational week). The mean rate of transforming perfused labelled tyrosine to noradrenaline in atrial, ventricular, and mediastinal tissue was 0.175, 0.168, and 0.108 mug/g tissue/h, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1213061", "title": "Nonsympathetic dilator innervation of cat cerebral arteries.", "content": "The results presented provide strong support for the presence of vasodilator innervation in the cat cerebral arteries. The dilator innervation is neither adrenergic nor cholinergic and does not originate in the superior cervical ganglia. The nature of the vasodilator transmitter is unidentified. Such innervation, however, may be involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, especially in view of the capability of some cat cerebral vessels to develop intrinsic muscle tone.", "contents": "Nonsympathetic dilator innervation of cat cerebral arteries. The results presented provide strong support for the presence of vasodilator innervation in the cat cerebral arteries. The dilator innervation is neither adrenergic nor cholinergic and does not originate in the superior cervical ganglia. The nature of the vasodilator transmitter is unidentified. Such innervation, however, may be involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, especially in view of the capability of some cat cerebral vessels to develop intrinsic muscle tone."}
{"id": "PMID:1213062", "title": "Altered arterial connective tissue in racing greyhound dogs.", "content": "Vascular collagen and elastin contents and the ratio of collagen/elastin (C/E) were studied in racing greyhound dogs, a breed which exhibits increased cardiac output. As compared to mongrel dogs, vascular C/E was lower, suggesting a greater distensibility of vessels as an adaptive response to hemodynamic stress.", "contents": "Altered arterial connective tissue in racing greyhound dogs. Vascular collagen and elastin contents and the ratio of collagen/elastin (C/E) were studied in racing greyhound dogs, a breed which exhibits increased cardiac output. As compared to mongrel dogs, vascular C/E was lower, suggesting a greater distensibility of vessels as an adaptive response to hemodynamic stress."}
{"id": "PMID:1213063", "title": "Critical comment on the \"trophic\" influence of the effector organ on the sympathetic nerves of the male sex accessories of the guinea-pig.", "content": "There is no absolute parallelism between organ noradrenaline content and organ weight in the male sex accessories during normal development or following regression after castration.", "contents": "Critical comment on the \"trophic\" influence of the effector organ on the sympathetic nerves of the male sex accessories of the guinea-pig. There is no absolute parallelism between organ noradrenaline content and organ weight in the male sex accessories during normal development or following regression after castration."}
{"id": "PMID:1213064", "title": "A comparative study on the effects of brain extracts and mesodermal membrane extracts on nerve cell differentiation.", "content": "Extracts prepared from the mesodermal tissue surrounding the brain stimulate the differentiation of morphologically undifferentiated neuroblasts, while the differentiation of more mature neuroblasts is influenced by brain extracts.", "contents": "A comparative study on the effects of brain extracts and mesodermal membrane extracts on nerve cell differentiation. Extracts prepared from the mesodermal tissue surrounding the brain stimulate the differentiation of morphologically undifferentiated neuroblasts, while the differentiation of more mature neuroblasts is influenced by brain extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:1213065", "title": "Muscular respiratory receptors in self-regulation of normal breathing in man.", "content": "In man, in the process of evolution the proprioceptive reflexes from the chest muscle during apnea become weak. Probably the impulses from the respiratory stretch receptors do not take part in self-regulation of eupnea.", "contents": "Muscular respiratory receptors in self-regulation of normal breathing in man. In man, in the process of evolution the proprioceptive reflexes from the chest muscle during apnea become weak. Probably the impulses from the respiratory stretch receptors do not take part in self-regulation of eupnea."}
{"id": "PMID:1213066", "title": "The influence of furosemide on the renal excretion of chloramphenicol and its metabolites.", "content": "Simultaneous administration of chloramphenicol and furosemide (10 mg i.v.) decreased urinary excretion of chloramphenicol but increased the excretion of its metabolites as aryl amines and total nitro compounds. These latter increases were directly related to Na excretion.", "contents": "The influence of furosemide on the renal excretion of chloramphenicol and its metabolites. Simultaneous administration of chloramphenicol and furosemide (10 mg i.v.) decreased urinary excretion of chloramphenicol but increased the excretion of its metabolites as aryl amines and total nitro compounds. These latter increases were directly related to Na excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1213067", "title": "Dependence on age of methamphetamine-produced changes in thermoregulation and metabolism.", "content": "In contrast to juvenile mice, old mice treated with methamphetamine are unable to adequately mobilize their carbohydrate reserves. They cannot increase their overall metabolism and become hypothermic, while juvenile mice react with increased calorigenesis and hyperthermia.", "contents": "Dependence on age of methamphetamine-produced changes in thermoregulation and metabolism. In contrast to juvenile mice, old mice treated with methamphetamine are unable to adequately mobilize their carbohydrate reserves. They cannot increase their overall metabolism and become hypothermic, while juvenile mice react with increased calorigenesis and hyperthermia."}
{"id": "PMID:1213068", "title": "In vitro demonstration of seasonal transition effect on acetylcholine liberation from Auerbach's plexus of non-hibernator.", "content": "Acetylcholine release from Auerbach's plexus of guinea-pig ileum, in vitro, both spontaneous and evoked by field-stimulation, responds to the seasonal transition from the spring to close to the beginning of summer. It did not change during the summer, however, tended to be higher than during the initial period (3 weeks after the beginning of spring).", "contents": "In vitro demonstration of seasonal transition effect on acetylcholine liberation from Auerbach's plexus of non-hibernator. Acetylcholine release from Auerbach's plexus of guinea-pig ileum, in vitro, both spontaneous and evoked by field-stimulation, responds to the seasonal transition from the spring to close to the beginning of summer. It did not change during the summer, however, tended to be higher than during the initial period (3 weeks after the beginning of spring)."}
{"id": "PMID:1213069", "title": "An evaluation of apomorphine action on doapminergic receptors.", "content": "The controversial literature reports leave open a question whether apomorphine (APO) and dopamine (DA) share a common receptor? After careful evlauation of the arguments, both for and against, about direct action of APO on DA receptor we propose that rigid molecules like APO hold trans-cisoid conformation and preferably interact with the pre-synaptic DA receptors while ADTN (2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrxonaphthalene) incorporates trans-transcoid conformation and primarily acts on post-synpatic DA receptors. Dopamine, by virtue of its molecular flexibility, can act on both the receptors.", "contents": "An evaluation of apomorphine action on doapminergic receptors. The controversial literature reports leave open a question whether apomorphine (APO) and dopamine (DA) share a common receptor? After careful evlauation of the arguments, both for and against, about direct action of APO on DA receptor we propose that rigid molecules like APO hold trans-cisoid conformation and preferably interact with the pre-synaptic DA receptors while ADTN (2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrxonaphthalene) incorporates trans-transcoid conformation and primarily acts on post-synpatic DA receptors. Dopamine, by virtue of its molecular flexibility, can act on both the receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:1213070", "title": "The uptake of 35S by hypothalamic and neurohypophysial proteins following intraventricular injection of L-cysteine-35S-hydrochloride in rats dehydrated and reserpinized.", "content": "In rats dehydrated for 48 h and injected intraventricularly with L-cysteine-35S-hydrochloride, the specific activity of TCA-precipitable material, both in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis, was found to diminish under reserpine treatment.", "contents": "The uptake of 35S by hypothalamic and neurohypophysial proteins following intraventricular injection of L-cysteine-35S-hydrochloride in rats dehydrated and reserpinized. In rats dehydrated for 48 h and injected intraventricularly with L-cysteine-35S-hydrochloride, the specific activity of TCA-precipitable material, both in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis, was found to diminish under reserpine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1213071", "title": "The site of triglyceride biosynthesis in milk.", "content": "THe triglyceride biosynthesis which occurs in freshly secreted goat skim milk can be localized predominantly to large (1-8 mum) pieces of membrane-bounded cytoplasm. These contain the usual cytoplasmic organelles (but no nucleus) plus one or more large lipid droplets.", "contents": "The site of triglyceride biosynthesis in milk. THe triglyceride biosynthesis which occurs in freshly secreted goat skim milk can be localized predominantly to large (1-8 mum) pieces of membrane-bounded cytoplasm. These contain the usual cytoplasmic organelles (but no nucleus) plus one or more large lipid droplets."}
{"id": "PMID:1213072", "title": "Dense core vesicles in cerebral cortex of the human fetus.", "content": "The present study clearly demonstrates that by the 15th week of gestation dense core vesicles appear within the human cerebral cortex. These vesicles can be identified within axon cylinders, axon growth cones, and axon synaptic terminals. The role of these vesicles is speculative, yet, their very presence at this early fetal stage seems to reflect an advanced state of synaptic vesicle development.", "contents": "Dense core vesicles in cerebral cortex of the human fetus. The present study clearly demonstrates that by the 15th week of gestation dense core vesicles appear within the human cerebral cortex. These vesicles can be identified within axon cylinders, axon growth cones, and axon synaptic terminals. The role of these vesicles is speculative, yet, their very presence at this early fetal stage seems to reflect an advanced state of synaptic vesicle development."}
{"id": "PMID:1213073", "title": "Primary neural induction as studied by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Normal primary neural induction has been studied by scanning electron microscopy and the results compared with those obtained by TEM. Mesoderm cells are usually in contact with several other cells, both mesodermal and endodermal in origin. By SEM the ectoderm layer has been shown to be in contact with the underlying mesoderm cells. Tufts of fibrous basement membrane are also present between the two cell types. TEM specimens also show an intermediate basement membrane.", "contents": "Primary neural induction as studied by scanning electron microscopy. Normal primary neural induction has been studied by scanning electron microscopy and the results compared with those obtained by TEM. Mesoderm cells are usually in contact with several other cells, both mesodermal and endodermal in origin. By SEM the ectoderm layer has been shown to be in contact with the underlying mesoderm cells. Tufts of fibrous basement membrane are also present between the two cell types. TEM specimens also show an intermediate basement membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1213074", "title": "An ultrastructural investigation of the effects of perinatal malnutrition on E-PTA-stained synaptic junctions.", "content": "The effect of protein-deficient diet on E-PTA stained synapses in rat cerebral cortex was studied by electron microscopy. No significant difference was observed in synaptic morphology between control and malnourished animals at 35 days postnatal.", "contents": "An ultrastructural investigation of the effects of perinatal malnutrition on E-PTA-stained synaptic junctions. The effect of protein-deficient diet on E-PTA stained synapses in rat cerebral cortex was studied by electron microscopy. No significant difference was observed in synaptic morphology between control and malnourished animals at 35 days postnatal."}
{"id": "PMID:1213075", "title": "Ultrastructure of cell-mediated immunity. I. Comparison between E and EA rosettes.", "content": "The ultrastructural comparison between E and EA rosettes showed that, in the former, the rosetting lymphocytes are mostly round in shape and their interaction with sheep erythrocytes only consists of limited areas of membrane contact, in the latter, rosetting lymphocytes are mostly in the shape of uropods and surrounding ox red cells show pseudopods protruding towards the lymphocyte and coming into contact with it.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cell-mediated immunity. I. Comparison between E and EA rosettes. The ultrastructural comparison between E and EA rosettes showed that, in the former, the rosetting lymphocytes are mostly round in shape and their interaction with sheep erythrocytes only consists of limited areas of membrane contact, in the latter, rosetting lymphocytes are mostly in the shape of uropods and surrounding ox red cells show pseudopods protruding towards the lymphocyte and coming into contact with it."}
{"id": "PMID:1213076", "title": "Manifestation of anaphylaxis to egg albumen in the lizard, Calotes versicolor.", "content": "Anaphylaxis was induced in the lizard, Calotes versicolor by egg albumen. The symptoms were similar to those found in other species. The maximum mortality occurred 14 days after sensitization and the reaction was specific. Splenectomy before sensitization abrogated the manifestations of anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Manifestation of anaphylaxis to egg albumen in the lizard, Calotes versicolor. Anaphylaxis was induced in the lizard, Calotes versicolor by egg albumen. The symptoms were similar to those found in other species. The maximum mortality occurred 14 days after sensitization and the reaction was specific. Splenectomy before sensitization abrogated the manifestations of anaphylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:1213077", "title": "[Effects of microdoses of testosterone and 5alpha-DHT on castrated lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacquin) epididymis cultivated in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrast to earlier results obtained with high doses of testerone and 5 alpha-DHT given for short periods (10 days), very low doses of testerone are more potent than 5 alpha-DHT in stimulating regressed epididymis cultivated for 23 days.", "contents": "[Effects of microdoses of testosterone and 5alpha-DHT on castrated lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacquin) epididymis cultivated in vitro (author's transl)]. In contrast to earlier results obtained with high doses of testerone and 5 alpha-DHT given for short periods (10 days), very low doses of testerone are more potent than 5 alpha-DHT in stimulating regressed epididymis cultivated for 23 days."}
{"id": "PMID:1213120", "title": "[Influence of phenamin on the reaction of cortical neurons evoked by stimulation of mesodiencephalic structures].", "content": "Experiments set upon 32 cats demonstrated that d, l-amphetamine (1-3 mg/kg, intravenously) augmented the number of responding units, modified the structure of the response and the intensity of the reaction from the sensorimotor (somatosensory) cortex neurones following stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Weakening of phasical and significant intensification of tonic reactions from the lateral hypothalamus was noted, this being attended by a rise of areactive neurones. A single stimulation of the antero-medial hypothalamus evoked inhibitory responses more often than it did in controls. Its rhythmical stimulation was less frequently accompanied by activation which stressed the inhibitory nature of the cortical response. It is suggested that the action of d, l-amphetamine on the cortex depends not only upon mobilization of brain stem reticular formation, but also on the greater reticulo-hypothalamic interaction, as well as on the direct excitation (stimulation) of the hypothalamic centres.", "contents": "[Influence of phenamin on the reaction of cortical neurons evoked by stimulation of mesodiencephalic structures]. Experiments set upon 32 cats demonstrated that d, l-amphetamine (1-3 mg/kg, intravenously) augmented the number of responding units, modified the structure of the response and the intensity of the reaction from the sensorimotor (somatosensory) cortex neurones following stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Weakening of phasical and significant intensification of tonic reactions from the lateral hypothalamus was noted, this being attended by a rise of areactive neurones. A single stimulation of the antero-medial hypothalamus evoked inhibitory responses more often than it did in controls. Its rhythmical stimulation was less frequently accompanied by activation which stressed the inhibitory nature of the cortical response. It is suggested that the action of d, l-amphetamine on the cortex depends not only upon mobilization of brain stem reticular formation, but also on the greater reticulo-hypothalamic interaction, as well as on the direct excitation (stimulation) of the hypothalamic centres."}
{"id": "PMID:1213121", "title": "[Pharmacology of phthorphenazine-depot].", "content": "The psychotropic activity, the content in the organs and tissues, the acute and chronic toxicity of phthorphenazine-depot - (phthorphenazine-decanoate)-2-triphthormethyl-10-/3/1-(beta-caprionyl-oxyethyl)-piperazinyl-4/-propy/phenothiazine - were studied as contrasted against phthorphenazine dehydrochloride. Phthorphenazine-depot has been found to display a prolonged action, a single injection being sufficient to depress conditioned avoidance reflexes for a period of 45-50 days. The antagonism of the drug to phenamine is manifest for 30 days after its administration. After 17 days from the instant of its introduction phthorphenamine is capable of prolonging the anesthetic action of sodium thiopental. Upon a single administration phthorphenazine-depot continues to be in evidence in the tissues of organs and in the blood over a period of 4-5 weeks. The drug is little toxic, this having been ascertained in the course of acute and chronic experiments.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of phthorphenazine-depot]. The psychotropic activity, the content in the organs and tissues, the acute and chronic toxicity of phthorphenazine-depot - (phthorphenazine-decanoate)-2-triphthormethyl-10-/3/1-(beta-caprionyl-oxyethyl)-piperazinyl-4/-propy/phenothiazine - were studied as contrasted against phthorphenazine dehydrochloride. Phthorphenazine-depot has been found to display a prolonged action, a single injection being sufficient to depress conditioned avoidance reflexes for a period of 45-50 days. The antagonism of the drug to phenamine is manifest for 30 days after its administration. After 17 days from the instant of its introduction phthorphenamine is capable of prolonging the anesthetic action of sodium thiopental. Upon a single administration phthorphenazine-depot continues to be in evidence in the tissues of organs and in the blood over a period of 4-5 weeks. The drug is little toxic, this having been ascertained in the course of acute and chronic experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1213123", "title": "[Comparison of anticholinesterase activity and the effectiveness of anticholinesterase substances].", "content": "In vitro tests set up to compare the anticholinesterase, cholinomimetic, cholinopotentiating and cholinolytic activity of 6 reversible cholinesterase inhibitors furnished grounds for an inference that all these agents produce an anticholinesterase effect which determines the qualitative specificity of their action. This specificity has been demonstrated in experiments on cats and rabbits. Some of the drugs (oxazyl) exert a practically elective effect on the H-cholinoreactive muscle systems, whereas others (eserin) act in a similar manner on the M-cholinoreactive systems of the intestines. The action of proserine and galanthamine os of a less selective nature.", "contents": "[Comparison of anticholinesterase activity and the effectiveness of anticholinesterase substances]. In vitro tests set up to compare the anticholinesterase, cholinomimetic, cholinopotentiating and cholinolytic activity of 6 reversible cholinesterase inhibitors furnished grounds for an inference that all these agents produce an anticholinesterase effect which determines the qualitative specificity of their action. This specificity has been demonstrated in experiments on cats and rabbits. Some of the drugs (oxazyl) exert a practically elective effect on the H-cholinoreactive muscle systems, whereas others (eserin) act in a similar manner on the M-cholinoreactive systems of the intestines. The action of proserine and galanthamine os of a less selective nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1213124", "title": "[Synthesis, release and distribution of acetylcholine in the brain of rats under cholinergic influences].", "content": "Tests staged on rats demonstrated that scopolamine and arecoline raise the content of acetylcholine in the cerebral tissue, the said effect continuing also with simultaneous administration of these substances. Possible mechanisms of the revealed phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "[Synthesis, release and distribution of acetylcholine in the brain of rats under cholinergic influences]. Tests staged on rats demonstrated that scopolamine and arecoline raise the content of acetylcholine in the cerebral tissue, the said effect continuing also with simultaneous administration of these substances. Possible mechanisms of the revealed phenomenon are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213125", "title": "[Mechanism of the action aminopyrine].", "content": "In acute experiments on unanesthetized cats with a single and paired stimulation the effect of aminopyrine (5-30 mg/kg, intravenously) on bioelectric reactions in the conduction system of afferent impulsation at the thalamo-cortical level was studied. Aminopyrine is shown to highten the amplitude of an evoked potential of the somato-sensory cortex and of the specific transmitting nucleus of the thalamus upon stimulation of the radial nerve and to significantly lengthen with paired stimulation the regeneration period of the neuronic systems excitability in the structures under review. Investigations into the states of the cortical neuronic systems proper showed aminopyrine capable of increasing the number of high-frequency oscillations and the amplitude of the interzonal response as well as to lengthen with paired stimulation the restoration period of the neuronic systems excitability.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the action aminopyrine]. In acute experiments on unanesthetized cats with a single and paired stimulation the effect of aminopyrine (5-30 mg/kg, intravenously) on bioelectric reactions in the conduction system of afferent impulsation at the thalamo-cortical level was studied. Aminopyrine is shown to highten the amplitude of an evoked potential of the somato-sensory cortex and of the specific transmitting nucleus of the thalamus upon stimulation of the radial nerve and to significantly lengthen with paired stimulation the regeneration period of the neuronic systems excitability in the structures under review. Investigations into the states of the cortical neuronic systems proper showed aminopyrine capable of increasing the number of high-frequency oscillations and the amplitude of the interzonal response as well as to lengthen with paired stimulation the restoration period of the neuronic systems excitability."}
{"id": "PMID:1213126", "title": "[Dopamine receptors of the smooth muscles].", "content": "It is shown that the interuption of sympathetic nerves in the smooth muscles of the deferent duct or ejejunum of rats achieved by a 4-day keeping of the duct in cold or by the reserpine treatment of the animals does not produce any essential effect on the dopamine action. The contraction of smooth muscles in the isolated deferent duct, mesenteric and renal vessels of rats is effectively eliminated by alpha-andrenolytics (dihydroergotoxin, phentolamine), while the inhibitory effects of dopamine (lowering of vasotonicity of the rats' jejunum tone) are suppressed with propranolol. Galoperidol and methylergometrin display in experiments with smooth muscle organs but a low degree of antagonism to dopamine. The activity of phentolamine as an antagonist of norepinephrine and dopamine in the deferent duct is identical.", "contents": "[Dopamine receptors of the smooth muscles]. It is shown that the interuption of sympathetic nerves in the smooth muscles of the deferent duct or ejejunum of rats achieved by a 4-day keeping of the duct in cold or by the reserpine treatment of the animals does not produce any essential effect on the dopamine action. The contraction of smooth muscles in the isolated deferent duct, mesenteric and renal vessels of rats is effectively eliminated by alpha-andrenolytics (dihydroergotoxin, phentolamine), while the inhibitory effects of dopamine (lowering of vasotonicity of the rats' jejunum tone) are suppressed with propranolol. Galoperidol and methylergometrin display in experiments with smooth muscle organs but a low degree of antagonism to dopamine. The activity of phentolamine as an antagonist of norepinephrine and dopamine in the deferent duct is identical."}
{"id": "PMID:1213127", "title": "[Influence of diazepam and triftazine on the blood supply and the activity of the heart].", "content": "In experiments with urethan and chloralose anesthetized cats it was found that diazepam (0.15 and 0.5 mg/kg) and trifazine (0.25 and 1 mg/kg), when administered intravenously, produce hypotension, depress the tonicity of the coronary and renal vessels. Under the effect of diazepam there develops bradycardia, the maximal acceleration of the blood flow in the aorta and the cardiac ejection decrease, the systol period gets longer, the coronary circulation rate and the oxygen uptake by the heart go down. Triftazine, on the contrary, augments the blood outflow from the coronary sinus and the oxygen uptake by the myocardium. In the course of 5-10 minutes following introduction thereof it produces tachycardia, intensifies the contractility of the myocardium and the cardiac ejection.", "contents": "[Influence of diazepam and triftazine on the blood supply and the activity of the heart]. In experiments with urethan and chloralose anesthetized cats it was found that diazepam (0.15 and 0.5 mg/kg) and trifazine (0.25 and 1 mg/kg), when administered intravenously, produce hypotension, depress the tonicity of the coronary and renal vessels. Under the effect of diazepam there develops bradycardia, the maximal acceleration of the blood flow in the aorta and the cardiac ejection decrease, the systol period gets longer, the coronary circulation rate and the oxygen uptake by the heart go down. Triftazine, on the contrary, augments the blood outflow from the coronary sinus and the oxygen uptake by the myocardium. In the course of 5-10 minutes following introduction thereof it produces tachycardia, intensifies the contractility of the myocardium and the cardiac ejection."}
{"id": "PMID:1213128", "title": "[Age-related peculiarities of the effect of angiotensin-2 on some hemodynamic indices].", "content": "Changes occurring in some aspects of the hemodynamics following intravenous administration of different doses of angiotensin-2 were studied in tests staged on adult and old rabbits of both sexes. The older animals are shown to be more sensitive to this drug, for in them low doses (0.01, 0.1 gamma/kg) produced a significant elevation of the arterial pressure. On introduction of such doses the older animals more often demonstrate an accretion of the cardiac output. Introduction of the same doses to adult rabbits is more frequently attended by a rise of the total peripheral resistance. Upon administration of large doses of angiotensin-2 (1, 5 gamma/kg) the adult and older rabbits present more often a rise of the total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "[Age-related peculiarities of the effect of angiotensin-2 on some hemodynamic indices]. Changes occurring in some aspects of the hemodynamics following intravenous administration of different doses of angiotensin-2 were studied in tests staged on adult and old rabbits of both sexes. The older animals are shown to be more sensitive to this drug, for in them low doses (0.01, 0.1 gamma/kg) produced a significant elevation of the arterial pressure. On introduction of such doses the older animals more often demonstrate an accretion of the cardiac output. Introduction of the same doses to adult rabbits is more frequently attended by a rise of the total peripheral resistance. Upon administration of large doses of angiotensin-2 (1, 5 gamma/kg) the adult and older rabbits present more often a rise of the total peripheral resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:1213129", "title": "[Mechanism of the diuretic effect of eufillin].", "content": "In acute experiments on rats the xanthine diuretic euphylline did not block the short-circuited current in the proximal tubule, nor did it lower the transtubular potential and the transepithelial resistance of the nephron wall. The diuretic speeded up significantly the passage of the tubular fluid along the proximal region of the nephron and Henle's loop. The dihydroergotoxin and inderal blocking of adrenoreceptors did not produce any influence on the renal effects of the xanthine agent. Reserpine totally blocked the diuretic and saluretic effects of euphylline, whereas other sympatholytics, such as alpha-methyl-dofa, anthabus and hemedin, did not modify the action of the diuretic.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the diuretic effect of eufillin]. In acute experiments on rats the xanthine diuretic euphylline did not block the short-circuited current in the proximal tubule, nor did it lower the transtubular potential and the transepithelial resistance of the nephron wall. The diuretic speeded up significantly the passage of the tubular fluid along the proximal region of the nephron and Henle's loop. The dihydroergotoxin and inderal blocking of adrenoreceptors did not produce any influence on the renal effects of the xanthine agent. Reserpine totally blocked the diuretic and saluretic effects of euphylline, whereas other sympatholytics, such as alpha-methyl-dofa, anthabus and hemedin, did not modify the action of the diuretic."}
{"id": "PMID:1213131", "title": "[Study of the dynamics of fibrinolysis in a thin layer under the influence of streptokinase].", "content": "Dynamics of fibrinolysis in a thin layer of a fibrin-agar plate containing streptokinase undergoing the action of the blood plasma enzymes taken from a healthy person was examined. A continuous recording of the area covering the lysis zone was made. The fibrinolysis process on the fibrin-ager plate is shown to proceed uniformly.", "contents": "[Study of the dynamics of fibrinolysis in a thin layer under the influence of streptokinase]. Dynamics of fibrinolysis in a thin layer of a fibrin-agar plate containing streptokinase undergoing the action of the blood plasma enzymes taken from a healthy person was examined. A continuous recording of the area covering the lysis zone was made. The fibrinolysis process on the fibrin-ager plate is shown to proceed uniformly."}
{"id": "PMID:1213130", "title": "[Experimental study of the anti-inflammatory action of pyridinolcarbamate].", "content": "When used in doses of 20-50 mg/kg on models of acute exudative and chronic propliferative inflammation in rats pyridinolcarbamate inhibited the development of an exudative reaction provoked by bradykinine and silver nitrate and did not influence the effects of histamine and dextran, nor the chronic proliferative inflammatory process. As concerns its antiexudative action pyridinolcarbamate is superior to butadion. The effect of the drug comes from its selective antibradykinine action.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the anti-inflammatory action of pyridinolcarbamate]. When used in doses of 20-50 mg/kg on models of acute exudative and chronic propliferative inflammation in rats pyridinolcarbamate inhibited the development of an exudative reaction provoked by bradykinine and silver nitrate and did not influence the effects of histamine and dextran, nor the chronic proliferative inflammatory process. As concerns its antiexudative action pyridinolcarbamate is superior to butadion. The effect of the drug comes from its selective antibradykinine action."}
{"id": "PMID:1213133", "title": "[Influence of sodium salicylate, acetylsalicylate, 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic and 2, 3-diacetoxybenzoic acids on the blood coagulation system and the elimination of heparin].", "content": "Tests conducted on rabbits demonstrated that with a long-term enteral introduction (in amounts of 200 mg/kg, twice a day for 10 days) of 2-3-diacetoxybenzoic acid, sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid these compounds depress the coagulation potential of the blood, 2-3-diacetoxybenzoic acid displaying also a hypocoagulation action even with its single administration in a dose of 400 mg/KJI. The said substances raise the level of the endogenous blood heparin and reinforce the anticoagulative action of heparin, 2-3-dioxybenzoic acid lowers somewhat the concentration and the anticlotting effect of heparin.", "contents": "[Influence of sodium salicylate, acetylsalicylate, 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic and 2, 3-diacetoxybenzoic acids on the blood coagulation system and the elimination of heparin]. Tests conducted on rabbits demonstrated that with a long-term enteral introduction (in amounts of 200 mg/kg, twice a day for 10 days) of 2-3-diacetoxybenzoic acid, sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid these compounds depress the coagulation potential of the blood, 2-3-diacetoxybenzoic acid displaying also a hypocoagulation action even with its single administration in a dose of 400 mg/KJI. The said substances raise the level of the endogenous blood heparin and reinforce the anticoagulative action of heparin, 2-3-dioxybenzoic acid lowers somewhat the concentration and the anticlotting effect of heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:1213134", "title": "[Influence of some antifeine derivatives on the acid-base properties and the electrolyte balance of the blood].", "content": "The effect of antifeine and of its alkyl derivatives-aethimizool, etherfil and the preparation 163-on the acid-base equilibrium (ABE) and the electrolytes balance of blood in rabbits was studied. Antifeine, aethimizol and ethefil were found to produce a mixed character of disturbances involving the metabolic and respiratory components of the ABE. The preparation 163 changed the respiratory component of the ABE alone. The blood electrolytes shifts in rabbits depended also on the features specific for the chemical structure of the substances.", "contents": "[Influence of some antifeine derivatives on the acid-base properties and the electrolyte balance of the blood]. The effect of antifeine and of its alkyl derivatives-aethimizool, etherfil and the preparation 163-on the acid-base equilibrium (ABE) and the electrolytes balance of blood in rabbits was studied. Antifeine, aethimizol and ethefil were found to produce a mixed character of disturbances involving the metabolic and respiratory components of the ABE. The preparation 163 changed the respiratory component of the ABE alone. The blood electrolytes shifts in rabbits depended also on the features specific for the chemical structure of the substances."}
{"id": "PMID:1213132", "title": "[Influence of low doses of a heparin-urea complex on the aggregation of thrombocytes and the fibrinolytic activity of blood in intravenous infusion and in in vitro experiments].", "content": "An addition in in vitro experiments of a heparin-urea (HU) complex to a thrombocyte rich plasma completely blocked the onset of the thrombocytes aggregation, induced by thrombin, and reduced the degree of aggregation caused by adenosine-diphosphate. An intravenous administration of a 0.01% HU complex solution to rats 5 minutes after injection also blocked the thrombocytes aggregation induced by thrombin. The effect of the HU complex on the thromocytes aggregation proceeded against the background of a significantly delayed blood clotting time and an activation of of a fermentative and non-fermentative fibrinolysis, emerging after introduction of the heparin-urea complex.", "contents": "[Influence of low doses of a heparin-urea complex on the aggregation of thrombocytes and the fibrinolytic activity of blood in intravenous infusion and in in vitro experiments]. An addition in in vitro experiments of a heparin-urea (HU) complex to a thrombocyte rich plasma completely blocked the onset of the thrombocytes aggregation, induced by thrombin, and reduced the degree of aggregation caused by adenosine-diphosphate. An intravenous administration of a 0.01% HU complex solution to rats 5 minutes after injection also blocked the thrombocytes aggregation induced by thrombin. The effect of the HU complex on the thromocytes aggregation proceeded against the background of a significantly delayed blood clotting time and an activation of of a fermentative and non-fermentative fibrinolysis, emerging after introduction of the heparin-urea complex."}
{"id": "PMID:1213135", "title": "[Use of gutimin for the treatment of experimental traumatic shock].", "content": "The guthymine medication of a severe shock in rats started 10-20 minutes after injury is shown to eliminate energy metabolism disorders in the brain, liver and kidneys. In the brain of the guthamyine treated rats even a somewhat reduced adenosinetriphosphate content was demonstrable. Administration of guthymine together with polyglucin to cats in a torpid phase of the shock did not effect treir survival, but shortened the life-span of the test animals as compared to controls (receiving polyglucin alone). With guthymine addid to polyglucin the lactate and pyruvate concentration in the blood remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Use of gutimin for the treatment of experimental traumatic shock]. The guthymine medication of a severe shock in rats started 10-20 minutes after injury is shown to eliminate energy metabolism disorders in the brain, liver and kidneys. In the brain of the guthamyine treated rats even a somewhat reduced adenosinetriphosphate content was demonstrable. Administration of guthymine together with polyglucin to cats in a torpid phase of the shock did not effect treir survival, but shortened the life-span of the test animals as compared to controls (receiving polyglucin alone). With guthymine addid to polyglucin the lactate and pyruvate concentration in the blood remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:1213137", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the cells of the peripheral blood in experimental lead poisoning].", "content": "In rabbits exposed to lead poisoning electron microscopy revealed the presence in reticulocytes and erythrocytes of differently sized vacuoles, an amassment of ferritin granules in the mitochondria along with autophaging vacuoles; leucocytes evidenced turgescence of the mitochondria, up to and including their destruction and emptiness; the blood platelets showed an abundant vacuolization with disordered distribution of the serotonin and glycogen granules. The above changes become most spectacular on the 7-21st day after poisoning and by the 50th day they are encountered but in isolated cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the cells of the peripheral blood in experimental lead poisoning]. In rabbits exposed to lead poisoning electron microscopy revealed the presence in reticulocytes and erythrocytes of differently sized vacuoles, an amassment of ferritin granules in the mitochondria along with autophaging vacuoles; leucocytes evidenced turgescence of the mitochondria, up to and including their destruction and emptiness; the blood platelets showed an abundant vacuolization with disordered distribution of the serotonin and glycogen granules. The above changes become most spectacular on the 7-21st day after poisoning and by the 50th day they are encountered but in isolated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1213138", "title": "[Pharmaco-toxocologic study of the anti-tuberculosis preparation prothionimide].", "content": "Investigations of prothionamide effected on different animal species showed the drug to be of low toxicity. In relatively big doses it produced adynamia, hypothermy and a fall of arterial pressure. When employed in doses much higher (by 10-20 times) than therapeutic ones for humans prothionamide, when used repeatedly, may exercise a hepatotoxic action.", "contents": "[Pharmaco-toxocologic study of the anti-tuberculosis preparation prothionimide]. Investigations of prothionamide effected on different animal species showed the drug to be of low toxicity. In relatively big doses it produced adynamia, hypothermy and a fall of arterial pressure. When employed in doses much higher (by 10-20 times) than therapeutic ones for humans prothionamide, when used repeatedly, may exercise a hepatotoxic action."}
{"id": "PMID:1213136", "title": "[Influence of sodium ribonucleate on the incorporation of labelled precursors into the RNA of the mitochondria of the organs of white rats].", "content": "Albino rats were given injections of sodium ribonucleate (5 mg/100 g) daily for 14 days. The intensity of P32-orthophosphate, C14-orotate, or H3-uridine incorporation in mitochondrial RNA of the liver, heart and spleen was studied. It was found that exogenous ribonucleate increases the incorporation of the labeled precursors in the total RNA, rRNA and tRNA, this increase being more pronounced in tRNA than in rRNA.", "contents": "[Influence of sodium ribonucleate on the incorporation of labelled precursors into the RNA of the mitochondria of the organs of white rats]. Albino rats were given injections of sodium ribonucleate (5 mg/100 g) daily for 14 days. The intensity of P32-orthophosphate, C14-orotate, or H3-uridine incorporation in mitochondrial RNA of the liver, heart and spleen was studied. It was found that exogenous ribonucleate increases the incorporation of the labeled precursors in the total RNA, rRNA and tRNA, this increase being more pronounced in tRNA than in rRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1213139", "title": "[Influence of chronic injections of aminazin on the oogenesis and development of the progeny of animals (white mice)].", "content": "When introduced repeatedly prior to the onset of pregnancy chlorpromazine in a dose of 16 mg/kg limits the progeny of albino mice. An important factor responsible for the reduction in the number of young mice in the litter is inhibition of oogenesis. A single injection of the same dose of chlorpromazine made at the end of gestation (18th day) against the background of its preliminary administration before the onset of pregnancy results in an interruption of the latter, or in a gravely disturbed post-natal development of some of the offsprings. The disturbances find their expression in a delayed growth and motor activity, incoordination of motions and are accompanied by changes in the tegument, diarrhea (form the moment of changing over to a mixed alimentation), in underdevelopment of the organs and of histological structures that are part of them.", "contents": "[Influence of chronic injections of aminazin on the oogenesis and development of the progeny of animals (white mice)]. When introduced repeatedly prior to the onset of pregnancy chlorpromazine in a dose of 16 mg/kg limits the progeny of albino mice. An important factor responsible for the reduction in the number of young mice in the litter is inhibition of oogenesis. A single injection of the same dose of chlorpromazine made at the end of gestation (18th day) against the background of its preliminary administration before the onset of pregnancy results in an interruption of the latter, or in a gravely disturbed post-natal development of some of the offsprings. The disturbances find their expression in a delayed growth and motor activity, incoordination of motions and are accompanied by changes in the tegument, diarrhea (form the moment of changing over to a mixed alimentation), in underdevelopment of the organs and of histological structures that are part of them."}
{"id": "PMID:1213140", "title": "[Influence of adrenal cortex hormones on the process of acetylation].", "content": "Tests conducted with intact and adrenalectomized albino rats demonstrated that cortisone and desoxycorticosterone acetate used in doses of 25 and 5 mg/kg, respectively when introduced simultaneously for 7 days tend to significantly intensify the acetylating capacity of the organism. There was no correlation between the intensification of the paraaminobenzoate acetylation and coenzyme \"A\" content in the tissues and also the pantothenic acid utilization.", "contents": "[Influence of adrenal cortex hormones on the process of acetylation]. Tests conducted with intact and adrenalectomized albino rats demonstrated that cortisone and desoxycorticosterone acetate used in doses of 25 and 5 mg/kg, respectively when introduced simultaneously for 7 days tend to significantly intensify the acetylating capacity of the organism. There was no correlation between the intensification of the paraaminobenzoate acetylation and coenzyme \"A\" content in the tissues and also the pantothenic acid utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1213141", "title": "[Influence of the long-term administration of barbiturates on the structural-functional characteristics of the uterine epithelium].", "content": "By using histological, histochemical and electron-microscopic methods it is shown that upon administration of phenobarbital, nembutal and sodium barbital to albino mice for a space of 5 and 25 days there occur changes in the metabolic and synthetic processes in the endometrium, which with a short-term action become manifest in inhibition and with their prolonged application--in activation of these processes. There are available data that bear proof to the appearance of signs pointing to destruction occurring in the uterine epithelium secondary to the introduction of the said agents.", "contents": "[Influence of the long-term administration of barbiturates on the structural-functional characteristics of the uterine epithelium]. By using histological, histochemical and electron-microscopic methods it is shown that upon administration of phenobarbital, nembutal and sodium barbital to albino mice for a space of 5 and 25 days there occur changes in the metabolic and synthetic processes in the endometrium, which with a short-term action become manifest in inhibition and with their prolonged application--in activation of these processes. There are available data that bear proof to the appearance of signs pointing to destruction occurring in the uterine epithelium secondary to the introduction of the said agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1213142", "title": "[Rosanol: electrophysiologic and biophysical study].", "content": "It has been established that rosanol, obtained from bulgarian rose oil, averts fatal disturbances of the cardiac rhythm induced by calcium dichloride and also prevents the onset of severe changes on the electrocardiogram provoked by a high-frequency electric stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation and by an intravenous administration of high doses of norepinepharine. In experiments on mitochondria the authors make an attempt to explain this antiarhythmic effect of rosanol by stabilization of the membranous potential.", "contents": "[Rosanol: electrophysiologic and biophysical study]. It has been established that rosanol, obtained from bulgarian rose oil, averts fatal disturbances of the cardiac rhythm induced by calcium dichloride and also prevents the onset of severe changes on the electrocardiogram provoked by a high-frequency electric stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation and by an intravenous administration of high doses of norepinepharine. In experiments on mitochondria the authors make an attempt to explain this antiarhythmic effect of rosanol by stabilization of the membranous potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1213143", "title": "[Influence of polychlorpinene on the cholate forming and conjugating functions of the liver].", "content": "Tests conducted with 69 rabbits ascertained a marked influence of acute and chronic poisoning with polychlorpinene on the synthesis and conjugation of bile acids with glycine and taurine. In cases of acute poisoning there was observed an inhibition of the bile acids synthesis, while in chronic poisoning there occurred an insignificant activation of the latter. In acute poisoning the conjugating function of the liver is grossly upset in regard to taurine and glycine and in chronic poisoning-to glycine.", "contents": "[Influence of polychlorpinene on the cholate forming and conjugating functions of the liver]. Tests conducted with 69 rabbits ascertained a marked influence of acute and chronic poisoning with polychlorpinene on the synthesis and conjugation of bile acids with glycine and taurine. In cases of acute poisoning there was observed an inhibition of the bile acids synthesis, while in chronic poisoning there occurred an insignificant activation of the latter. In acute poisoning the conjugating function of the liver is grossly upset in regard to taurine and glycine and in chronic poisoning-to glycine."}
{"id": "PMID:1213144", "title": "[Pharmacological properties of the alkaloid thalicmine].", "content": "In the course of tests conducted on anesthetized cats and dogs it was ascertained that starting with a dose of 0.5 mg/kg alkaloid talicmin depresses the tussal reflex and produces a hypotensive, spasmolytic and adrenolytic action.", "contents": "[Pharmacological properties of the alkaloid thalicmine]. In the course of tests conducted on anesthetized cats and dogs it was ascertained that starting with a dose of 0.5 mg/kg alkaloid talicmin depresses the tussal reflex and produces a hypotensive, spasmolytic and adrenolytic action."}
{"id": "PMID:1213145", "title": "[Study of the pharmacokinetics of phosphemide in rats with the use of physico-chemical methods].", "content": "A study on the passage of phosphemide with urine and distribution of the drug over the organs and tissues of intact (without fumour) rats and those with sarcoma-45 showed the bulk of unchanged drug to be excreted together with the urine during the first 3-4 hours following its intravenous and intraperitoneal administration. In rats with sarcoma-45 phosphamide is passed with urine in a somewhat greater amount than in the intact animals. With intravenous application the rate of the drug elimination in intact rats and in the ones with carcoma-45 is virtually the same, being somewhat lower with intraperitoneal injection of phosphemide.", "contents": "[Study of the pharmacokinetics of phosphemide in rats with the use of physico-chemical methods]. A study on the passage of phosphemide with urine and distribution of the drug over the organs and tissues of intact (without fumour) rats and those with sarcoma-45 showed the bulk of unchanged drug to be excreted together with the urine during the first 3-4 hours following its intravenous and intraperitoneal administration. In rats with sarcoma-45 phosphamide is passed with urine in a somewhat greater amount than in the intact animals. With intravenous application the rate of the drug elimination in intact rats and in the ones with carcoma-45 is virtually the same, being somewhat lower with intraperitoneal injection of phosphemide."}
{"id": "PMID:1213172", "title": "[The role of the caudate nucleus in the development of convulsive discharges].", "content": "A single or rhythmical (1-3/sec) stimulation of the caudate nucleus in unrestrained rats facilitated formation of slow negative waves and the spike-wave complexes in the EEG of the sensory-motor cortex and contralateral neostriatum, as well as development of behavioral disturbances due to subseisure doses of pentylentetrazol. During the low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus or after its cessation, when giving the convulsant drug, regular potentials of the spike-wave type or a general seizure may occur. The caudate nucleus is supposed to be able to participate in the petit mal seizure mechanisms because of its syndhronizing influences on the cortex.", "contents": "[The role of the caudate nucleus in the development of convulsive discharges]. A single or rhythmical (1-3/sec) stimulation of the caudate nucleus in unrestrained rats facilitated formation of slow negative waves and the spike-wave complexes in the EEG of the sensory-motor cortex and contralateral neostriatum, as well as development of behavioral disturbances due to subseisure doses of pentylentetrazol. During the low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus or after its cessation, when giving the convulsant drug, regular potentials of the spike-wave type or a general seizure may occur. The caudate nucleus is supposed to be able to participate in the petit mal seizure mechanisms because of its syndhronizing influences on the cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1213173", "title": "[The influence of sex hormones on the bioelectric activity of the cortex and hypothalamo-reticulo-limbic structures of the brain].", "content": "In rabbits and rats, sexual steroid hormones were shown to alter bioelectric activity mainly in the structures of the Nauta septo-hypothalamo-hippocampal circle and the amygdalar circle of the limbic system. The data obtained suggested participation of steroid hormones in the processes of self-regulation of the cerebral reticulo-hypothalamolimbic complex's functions by means of involving into the process of reverberations in the limbic system's circles.", "contents": "[The influence of sex hormones on the bioelectric activity of the cortex and hypothalamo-reticulo-limbic structures of the brain]. In rabbits and rats, sexual steroid hormones were shown to alter bioelectric activity mainly in the structures of the Nauta septo-hypothalamo-hippocampal circle and the amygdalar circle of the limbic system. The data obtained suggested participation of steroid hormones in the processes of self-regulation of the cerebral reticulo-hypothalamolimbic complex's functions by means of involving into the process of reverberations in the limbic system's circles."}
{"id": "PMID:1213174", "title": "[An electron microscopic study of the intermediolateral nucleus of the cat spinal cord].", "content": "The intermedio-lateral nucleus in the 1--2 lumbar segments of spinal cord was studied in adult cats. Many large presynaptic terminals contained both the filaments and the light synaptic vesicles which were in contact either with neuronal body or with initial portions of dendrites. There were no spines on the dendrites. The nucleus was shown to contain more fibrous astrocytes than other parts of the c. n. s. The data obtained are discussed with regard to the results of recent electrophysiological study of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.", "contents": "[An electron microscopic study of the intermediolateral nucleus of the cat spinal cord]. The intermedio-lateral nucleus in the 1--2 lumbar segments of spinal cord was studied in adult cats. Many large presynaptic terminals contained both the filaments and the light synaptic vesicles which were in contact either with neuronal body or with initial portions of dendrites. There were no spines on the dendrites. The nucleus was shown to contain more fibrous astrocytes than other parts of the c. n. s. The data obtained are discussed with regard to the results of recent electrophysiological study of sympathetic preganglionic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1213175", "title": "[The relationship between achievement of a simple movement and changes in the individual components of an evoked potential].", "content": "Various moments of preparation and performance of a simple voluntary movement were tested in man with the aid of somatosensory, auditory, and visual evoked responses. An obvious attenuation of somatosensory responses closely related to the movement but independent of the spontaneous EEG changes and unaffected by the ischaemic deafferentation of the active limb, was observed. The time course of the amplitude changes was different for separate components of the same evoked response. The evoked response to stimulation of the inactive limb and the auditory evoked response changed also, while the visual evoked response remained unchanged. The described changes cannot be explained by changes in the transmission via the specific pathways. The changes in the response early components are supposed to manifest facilitation or activation of the sensory-motor cortical neurons, and those of the late, generalized complex--a decrease in the ascending message from unspecific structures.", "contents": "[The relationship between achievement of a simple movement and changes in the individual components of an evoked potential]. Various moments of preparation and performance of a simple voluntary movement were tested in man with the aid of somatosensory, auditory, and visual evoked responses. An obvious attenuation of somatosensory responses closely related to the movement but independent of the spontaneous EEG changes and unaffected by the ischaemic deafferentation of the active limb, was observed. The time course of the amplitude changes was different for separate components of the same evoked response. The evoked response to stimulation of the inactive limb and the auditory evoked response changed also, while the visual evoked response remained unchanged. The described changes cannot be explained by changes in the transmission via the specific pathways. The changes in the response early components are supposed to manifest facilitation or activation of the sensory-motor cortical neurons, and those of the late, generalized complex--a decrease in the ascending message from unspecific structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1213176", "title": "[The relationship between pre-exertional biochemical changes metabolic features during muscular activity].", "content": "Metabolic changes during intense muscular activity and the work efficiency depend on the prestart biochemical changes. Excessiveness of these changes or, particularly, their absence decrease the work capacity. Character of the prestart reaction depends on the grade of adaptation of the organism to muscular activity; favourable, moderate prestart biochemical changes are characteristic o highly trained sportsmen. Disturbed ATP balance in the working muscles was found not to be always a limiting factor for the work capacity.", "contents": "[The relationship between pre-exertional biochemical changes metabolic features during muscular activity]. Metabolic changes during intense muscular activity and the work efficiency depend on the prestart biochemical changes. Excessiveness of these changes or, particularly, their absence decrease the work capacity. Character of the prestart reaction depends on the grade of adaptation of the organism to muscular activity; favourable, moderate prestart biochemical changes are characteristic o highly trained sportsmen. Disturbed ATP balance in the working muscles was found not to be always a limiting factor for the work capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1213177", "title": "[Convergence and interaction of visceral, somatic and visual excitations in individual neurons of the cat lateral geniculate bodies].", "content": "In anesthetized cats, electric stimulation of the vagal, splanchnic, pelvic, and ischiatic nerves and of the mesencephalic RF entailed both prolonged diffuse acceleration or inhibition of firing rate and phasic responses of single LGB neurons. Somatic stimuli were found to be the most effective. Visceral and somatic stimuli either facilitated or inhibited the activity of neurons caused by LGB photo-stimulation. The data obtained indicate that visceral and somatic stimulation tells on the optical information in the LGB neuronal apparatus.", "contents": "[Convergence and interaction of visceral, somatic and visual excitations in individual neurons of the cat lateral geniculate bodies]. In anesthetized cats, electric stimulation of the vagal, splanchnic, pelvic, and ischiatic nerves and of the mesencephalic RF entailed both prolonged diffuse acceleration or inhibition of firing rate and phasic responses of single LGB neurons. Somatic stimuli were found to be the most effective. Visceral and somatic stimuli either facilitated or inhibited the activity of neurons caused by LGB photo-stimulation. The data obtained indicate that visceral and somatic stimulation tells on the optical information in the LGB neuronal apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:1213178", "title": "[Frequency characteristics of central auditory neurons following a decrease in the number of periods of excitatory pure tones].", "content": "In anesthetized rats, frequency-threshold curves of the inferior colliculus neurons to signals with various number of cycles in a pure tone burst (n=1;10;f/1000X50), were estimated. A great majority of neurons were characterized by pronounced frequency selectivity even to signals containing one cycle. Response thresholds mainly depended on the tone frequency; the maximal threshold sensitivity was obtained at the same frequency when tested with 1 or 10/sec sine wave and 50 msec duration tone. Sharpness of the frequency-threshold curve depends both on duration of signal and discharge pattern of the neuron: when the signal duration decreases sharpening of the frequency-threshold is observed in neurons with initial response, while flattening of the frequency-threshold curve is observed in neurons with sustained response.", "contents": "[Frequency characteristics of central auditory neurons following a decrease in the number of periods of excitatory pure tones]. In anesthetized rats, frequency-threshold curves of the inferior colliculus neurons to signals with various number of cycles in a pure tone burst (n=1;10;f/1000X50), were estimated. A great majority of neurons were characterized by pronounced frequency selectivity even to signals containing one cycle. Response thresholds mainly depended on the tone frequency; the maximal threshold sensitivity was obtained at the same frequency when tested with 1 or 10/sec sine wave and 50 msec duration tone. Sharpness of the frequency-threshold curve depends both on duration of signal and discharge pattern of the neuron: when the signal duration decreases sharpening of the frequency-threshold is observed in neurons with initial response, while flattening of the frequency-threshold curve is observed in neurons with sustained response."}
{"id": "PMID:1213179", "title": "[The rhythmicity of physiologic changes in the functional state of the visual and skin temperature analyzers in man].", "content": "Considering significance of the light and the temperature factors for the rhythmic activity of the organism, the maximum of the day's functional activity of the thermoreceptor system was noted at 5 p.m. and the minimum--at 1 a.m. The functional activity of the visual receptor system is closely related to the day's changes in illumination. Seasonal changes of activity of the sensory systems under study are also obvious. The functional adjustment of each analyser and their coadjustment are emphasized as very significant.", "contents": "[The rhythmicity of physiologic changes in the functional state of the visual and skin temperature analyzers in man]. Considering significance of the light and the temperature factors for the rhythmic activity of the organism, the maximum of the day's functional activity of the thermoreceptor system was noted at 5 p.m. and the minimum--at 1 a.m. The functional activity of the visual receptor system is closely related to the day's changes in illumination. Seasonal changes of activity of the sensory systems under study are also obvious. The functional adjustment of each analyser and their coadjustment are emphasized as very significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1213181", "title": "[Correlation between changes in the efferent impulsation in the splenic nerve and reflex responses in the resistance and capacitance vessels of the spleen].", "content": "In acute experiments on cats, administration of hexonium (2 mg/kg) abolishes constrictory responses of the spleen resistance vessels in pressory sinocarotid reflex while the constrictory and dilatory responses of the capacitance vessels are preserved. Simultaneously, the high amplitude (over 15 mcV) sympathetic discharge is abolished in the spleen nerves which suggests its connection with the resistance vessels' responses, and the low-amplitude (up to 15 mcV) discharges are preserved. The reflex changes of these discharges' frequency are correlated in direction with the reflex responses of the capacitance vessels.", "contents": "[Correlation between changes in the efferent impulsation in the splenic nerve and reflex responses in the resistance and capacitance vessels of the spleen]. In acute experiments on cats, administration of hexonium (2 mg/kg) abolishes constrictory responses of the spleen resistance vessels in pressory sinocarotid reflex while the constrictory and dilatory responses of the capacitance vessels are preserved. Simultaneously, the high amplitude (over 15 mcV) sympathetic discharge is abolished in the spleen nerves which suggests its connection with the resistance vessels' responses, and the low-amplitude (up to 15 mcV) discharges are preserved. The reflex changes of these discharges' frequency are correlated in direction with the reflex responses of the capacitance vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1213182", "title": "[Human perception of one's own respiratory volume].", "content": "In young healthy subjects, the ability of correct estimation of own respiratory volume and of rather exact reproduction of its given value, was shown. However, on artificial increase in the resistance to breathing the subjects percept the respiratory volume as a greater than actual one and, having been told to decrease the respiratory volume, reduced it to a greater than necessary extent. An opposite phenomenon was noted on reducing the resistance to respiration. Moderate hypoxia and, particularly, hypercapnia evoked involuntary exaggeration of asked respiratory volume while hyperoxia evoked its reducing. The data obtained suggest that the main source of sensations associated with a respiratory act is the afferent projection from the proprioreceptors of respiratory muscles, which reflects the value of inspiratory effort. The perception of respiratory volume may be distorted by changes of projections from chemoreceptors participating in regulation of breathing.", "contents": "[Human perception of one's own respiratory volume]. In young healthy subjects, the ability of correct estimation of own respiratory volume and of rather exact reproduction of its given value, was shown. However, on artificial increase in the resistance to breathing the subjects percept the respiratory volume as a greater than actual one and, having been told to decrease the respiratory volume, reduced it to a greater than necessary extent. An opposite phenomenon was noted on reducing the resistance to respiration. Moderate hypoxia and, particularly, hypercapnia evoked involuntary exaggeration of asked respiratory volume while hyperoxia evoked its reducing. The data obtained suggest that the main source of sensations associated with a respiratory act is the afferent projection from the proprioreceptors of respiratory muscles, which reflects the value of inspiratory effort. The perception of respiratory volume may be distorted by changes of projections from chemoreceptors participating in regulation of breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:1213185", "title": "[Smooth muscle biopotentials and the contractile activity of the stomach].", "content": "In chronic experiments on dogs, every peristaltic wave of the stomach was syndhronous with a burst of spike potentials on its secondary electric wave. Its primary electric waves are a xyndhronizer of tis peristalsis. In normal physiological conditions, the amplitude of the stomach primary electric waves was shown to be relatively stable, while regarding its functional condition the amplitude of its peristaltic waves may change to a great extent: from 0 to 200 g.", "contents": "[Smooth muscle biopotentials and the contractile activity of the stomach]. In chronic experiments on dogs, every peristaltic wave of the stomach was syndhronous with a burst of spike potentials on its secondary electric wave. Its primary electric waves are a xyndhronizer of tis peristalsis. In normal physiological conditions, the amplitude of the stomach primary electric waves was shown to be relatively stable, while regarding its functional condition the amplitude of its peristaltic waves may change to a great extent: from 0 to 200 g."}
{"id": "PMID:1213188", "title": "[Prolactin levels in the blood of ruminants].", "content": "The contents of prolactin in the blood of male ruminants and dry-period, pregnant, and lactating female ruminants was studied by a radioimmunological method. The prolactin was found to take part not only in the lactation processes but in some other functions too. The utmost changes of the prolactin contents were observed during milking: the release of prolactin from the adenohypophysis is the unconditioned reflex action. The conditioning of the hormone release into the blood is also possible. Nociceptive stimulation or adrenalin administration reduce the level of the hormone. The hand milking is more adequate as compared with the machine one and results in the higher level of prolactin in the blood. The character of the prolactin contents changes in the blood makes it possible to recommend this parameter for a physiological estimation of milking apparata.", "contents": "[Prolactin levels in the blood of ruminants]. The contents of prolactin in the blood of male ruminants and dry-period, pregnant, and lactating female ruminants was studied by a radioimmunological method. The prolactin was found to take part not only in the lactation processes but in some other functions too. The utmost changes of the prolactin contents were observed during milking: the release of prolactin from the adenohypophysis is the unconditioned reflex action. The conditioning of the hormone release into the blood is also possible. Nociceptive stimulation or adrenalin administration reduce the level of the hormone. The hand milking is more adequate as compared with the machine one and results in the higher level of prolactin in the blood. The character of the prolactin contents changes in the blood makes it possible to recommend this parameter for a physiological estimation of milking apparata."}
{"id": "PMID:1213189", "title": "[Neocortical electrical activity of cats with premesencephalic brain stem section under chronic experimental conditions].", "content": "In 24 cats, premesencephalic section of the brain-stem affected the sleep-wakefulness cycle and caused desynchronization of the neocortical activity 3-4 days after total isolation of the mesencephalic RF. The data obtained corroborates the existence of a certain brain structure situated more rostrally than the mesencephalic RF which is able to cause by itself the neocortical activation.", "contents": "[Neocortical electrical activity of cats with premesencephalic brain stem section under chronic experimental conditions]. In 24 cats, premesencephalic section of the brain-stem affected the sleep-wakefulness cycle and caused desynchronization of the neocortical activity 3-4 days after total isolation of the mesencephalic RF. The data obtained corroborates the existence of a certain brain structure situated more rostrally than the mesencephalic RF which is able to cause by itself the neocortical activation."}
{"id": "PMID:1213190", "title": "[Interhemispheric relations of the cat visual cortex following unilateral polarization of the secondary visual area].", "content": "In 40 anesthetized cats, evoked potentials following light flashes during unilateral polarization of the secondary cortical visual area with DC anode (2-10 mcA) were studied in symmetrical centers of the 17th and 18th fields. Four phases of interhemisphere interrelationships between the 18th field's symmetrical centers were shown: 1 -- extracallosal phase of synergic depression; 2 -- callosal phase of dominant interrelationships; 3 -- callosal phase of synergic depression; 4 -- callosal-extracallosal phase of dominant interrelationships. In symmetrical centers of the 17th field, the only 1 extracallosal phase of synergic depression was observed during which the transcallosal modulation of nervous processes occurred. The data obtained are interpreted from the standpoint of the role of dominanta in interhemisphere interrelationships.", "contents": "[Interhemispheric relations of the cat visual cortex following unilateral polarization of the secondary visual area]. In 40 anesthetized cats, evoked potentials following light flashes during unilateral polarization of the secondary cortical visual area with DC anode (2-10 mcA) were studied in symmetrical centers of the 17th and 18th fields. Four phases of interhemisphere interrelationships between the 18th field's symmetrical centers were shown: 1 -- extracallosal phase of synergic depression; 2 -- callosal phase of dominant interrelationships; 3 -- callosal phase of synergic depression; 4 -- callosal-extracallosal phase of dominant interrelationships. In symmetrical centers of the 17th field, the only 1 extracallosal phase of synergic depression was observed during which the transcallosal modulation of nervous processes occurred. The data obtained are interpreted from the standpoint of the role of dominanta in interhemisphere interrelationships."}
{"id": "PMID:1213191", "title": "[A comparative study of the functional characteristics of thrombocytes at different stages of individual development].", "content": "A comparative study of ADP-induced aggregation was made in adult rabbits' intact and refractory platelets and in 7-day rabbits' platelets in vitro. Platelets of the young animals resembled refractory those of adults. The effect of ADP on platelets in vivo did not depend on the age of animals. Changes in platelet population composition of adult and 7-day rabbits during standard isolation procedure were compared. The platelets in PRP of young rabbits were damaged to a greater extent than those of adult animals. It is suggested that the refractory state of young animal platelets in PRP as obtained with the standard technique, could be attributed to their decreased resistance against mechanical forces.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the functional characteristics of thrombocytes at different stages of individual development]. A comparative study of ADP-induced aggregation was made in adult rabbits' intact and refractory platelets and in 7-day rabbits' platelets in vitro. Platelets of the young animals resembled refractory those of adults. The effect of ADP on platelets in vivo did not depend on the age of animals. Changes in platelet population composition of adult and 7-day rabbits during standard isolation procedure were compared. The platelets in PRP of young rabbits were damaged to a greater extent than those of adult animals. It is suggested that the refractory state of young animal platelets in PRP as obtained with the standard technique, could be attributed to their decreased resistance against mechanical forces."}
{"id": "PMID:1213192", "title": "[Changes in the oxygen tension and bioelectrical activity of the brains of animals subjected to acute hypoxia].", "content": "Simultaneous recording of oxygen tension (pO2) and bioelectrical activity led from different cerebral structures was made in rabbits and rats with implanted electrodes under conditions of acute hypoxia. Marked activation of the EEG as electrophysiological correlate of behavioural response was observed in rabbits only at the beginning of \"ascent\" and \"descent\". The EEG, respiration, and cardiac activity changes associated with the drop of PO2 in the brain tissue (activation of these parameters at the low \"altitude\" /2000-6000 m/ and their suppression at the maximal \"altitudes\" /8500 m/) were of approximately of the same character in both species.", "contents": "[Changes in the oxygen tension and bioelectrical activity of the brains of animals subjected to acute hypoxia]. Simultaneous recording of oxygen tension (pO2) and bioelectrical activity led from different cerebral structures was made in rabbits and rats with implanted electrodes under conditions of acute hypoxia. Marked activation of the EEG as electrophysiological correlate of behavioural response was observed in rabbits only at the beginning of \"ascent\" and \"descent\". The EEG, respiration, and cardiac activity changes associated with the drop of PO2 in the brain tissue (activation of these parameters at the low \"altitude\" /2000-6000 m/ and their suppression at the maximal \"altitudes\" /8500 m/) were of approximately of the same character in both species."}
{"id": "PMID:1213193", "title": "[A study of the intercapillary distribution of PO2 in the brain using microelectrodes].", "content": "A simple method was suggested which enabled to estimate the intercapillary PO2 under different conditions. The intercapillary distribution of the cortex tissue oxygen pressure in normal conditions and in hypoxia was studied in unanesthetized and immobilized cats with the aid of microelectrodes. The absolute values obtained varied from 1 to 95 mm Hg. Initially high PO2 underwent maximum changes in hypoxia whereas lower PO2 values did not change significantly.", "contents": "[A study of the intercapillary distribution of PO2 in the brain using microelectrodes]. A simple method was suggested which enabled to estimate the intercapillary PO2 under different conditions. The intercapillary distribution of the cortex tissue oxygen pressure in normal conditions and in hypoxia was studied in unanesthetized and immobilized cats with the aid of microelectrodes. The absolute values obtained varied from 1 to 95 mm Hg. Initially high PO2 underwent maximum changes in hypoxia whereas lower PO2 values did not change significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:1213194", "title": "[The existence of recurrent inhibition in the superior collicus of the rabbit].", "content": "The optic nerve stimulation entailed inhibition of the unit responses for 200-300 msec, suppression of testing unit responses and of evoked potentials. When the testing responses to repeated stimuli were suppressed, the subsequent inhibition was suppressed also, and the next response was suppressed a little or not at all. The observed inhibition is supposed to be of a recurrent character.", "contents": "[The existence of recurrent inhibition in the superior collicus of the rabbit]. The optic nerve stimulation entailed inhibition of the unit responses for 200-300 msec, suppression of testing unit responses and of evoked potentials. When the testing responses to repeated stimuli were suppressed, the subsequent inhibition was suppressed also, and the next response was suppressed a little or not at all. The observed inhibition is supposed to be of a recurrent character."}
{"id": "PMID:1213195", "title": "[Bioelectrical characteristics of the membrane of identified Coretus corneus mollusk neurons A and B upon activation and blocking of the electrogenic sodium pump].", "content": "Activation of the electrogenic sodium pump by means of increasing concentration of intracellular sodium ions in identified neurons A and B of the mollusc was followed by the hyperpolarization, decrease of the excitability, and depression of the neurons rhythmic activity. Apart from that, the amplitude and the maximal rates of rise of ascending (VB) and descending (VH) phases of action potential (AP) were almost unchanged. The depression of the electrogenic sodium pump activity due to 2,4-DNP and potassium-free medium, led to the depolarization, increase of excitability and frequency of the rhythmic activity, and decrease of AP, VB, and VH. The decrease and increase of the excitability may be explained by the changes of the critical level of depolarization. The decrease of AP, VB and VH may be accounted for by the changes of time parameters of activation and inactivation of sodium and potassium channels which are characteristic for the depolarization effect.", "contents": "[Bioelectrical characteristics of the membrane of identified Coretus corneus mollusk neurons A and B upon activation and blocking of the electrogenic sodium pump]. Activation of the electrogenic sodium pump by means of increasing concentration of intracellular sodium ions in identified neurons A and B of the mollusc was followed by the hyperpolarization, decrease of the excitability, and depression of the neurons rhythmic activity. Apart from that, the amplitude and the maximal rates of rise of ascending (VB) and descending (VH) phases of action potential (AP) were almost unchanged. The depression of the electrogenic sodium pump activity due to 2,4-DNP and potassium-free medium, led to the depolarization, increase of excitability and frequency of the rhythmic activity, and decrease of AP, VB, and VH. The decrease and increase of the excitability may be explained by the changes of the critical level of depolarization. The decrease of AP, VB and VH may be accounted for by the changes of time parameters of activation and inactivation of sodium and potassium channels which are characteristic for the depolarization effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1213196", "title": "[The vertical and rotatory components of ocular nystagmus induced by rotation in a horizontal plane].", "content": "During rotation of the rabbit around a vertical axis, movements of the eye were recorded on film. The rotation test involved positive angular accelaration (10 grade. sec(-2)), two-minute rotation with constant angular speed (166 grade. sec(-1)), and negative angular acceleration (10 grade. sec(-2)). Two variants of rotation were used: in one of them the rotation axis passed between labyrinths, in another - an excentricitet providing centrifugal force of 0.5 g was present. The successive processing of the film revealed simultaneous movements of the eye in three planes: horizontal, frontal, and sagittal. The movements in all the planes consisted of rhythmic (hystagmal proper) and tonic components. The movements in sagittal and frontal planes were comparable with those in horizontal planes. A tonic otolith reflex occurred additionally at the excentric rotation. The complex form of the nystagmus is regarded as a result of hydromechanical interaction between semicircular canals.", "contents": "[The vertical and rotatory components of ocular nystagmus induced by rotation in a horizontal plane]. During rotation of the rabbit around a vertical axis, movements of the eye were recorded on film. The rotation test involved positive angular accelaration (10 grade. sec(-2)), two-minute rotation with constant angular speed (166 grade. sec(-1)), and negative angular acceleration (10 grade. sec(-2)). Two variants of rotation were used: in one of them the rotation axis passed between labyrinths, in another - an excentricitet providing centrifugal force of 0.5 g was present. The successive processing of the film revealed simultaneous movements of the eye in three planes: horizontal, frontal, and sagittal. The movements in all the planes consisted of rhythmic (hystagmal proper) and tonic components. The movements in sagittal and frontal planes were comparable with those in horizontal planes. A tonic otolith reflex occurred additionally at the excentric rotation. The complex form of the nystagmus is regarded as a result of hydromechanical interaction between semicircular canals."}
{"id": "PMID:1213197", "title": "[Processing of a color signal by different types of ganglion cells in the frog retina].", "content": "On changing the stimulus color (max 436, 506, and 605 nm) just a few neurons only worked according to the opponent principle, a large group of slow-discharging on-off neurons altered the pattern of their discharge, and a considerable group of on-neurons was sensitive to the order of succession of colored stimuli. These latter cells generated response to a second stimulus with different time delays depending on the color of the first stimulus (the delay was registered starting from the end of response to the first stimulus). This is supposed to be one of the mechanisms of color identification, using not the spatial but the temporal comparison with another color.", "contents": "[Processing of a color signal by different types of ganglion cells in the frog retina]. On changing the stimulus color (max 436, 506, and 605 nm) just a few neurons only worked according to the opponent principle, a large group of slow-discharging on-off neurons altered the pattern of their discharge, and a considerable group of on-neurons was sensitive to the order of succession of colored stimuli. These latter cells generated response to a second stimulus with different time delays depending on the color of the first stimulus (the delay was registered starting from the end of response to the first stimulus). This is supposed to be one of the mechanisms of color identification, using not the spatial but the temporal comparison with another color."}
{"id": "PMID:1213198", "title": "[Afferent reactions in the gastric branches of the vagus nerve and the developing secretory process].", "content": "In dogs with small pouch, the afferent activity increased during feeding in all the branches of the n. vagus. With beginning of gastric acid secretion, the greatest changes were observed as related to low-amplitude potentials. With progressing of the secretion process, two peaks of the afferent activity were observed: at the 30-45 th and 90-105 th min of experiment.", "contents": "[Afferent reactions in the gastric branches of the vagus nerve and the developing secretory process]. In dogs with small pouch, the afferent activity increased during feeding in all the branches of the n. vagus. With beginning of gastric acid secretion, the greatest changes were observed as related to low-amplitude potentials. With progressing of the secretion process, two peaks of the afferent activity were observed: at the 30-45 th and 90-105 th min of experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:1213199", "title": "[Electrical activity of the vagus nerve with high external temperatures].", "content": "In dogs with electrodes implanted in fundal gastric branch and with the stomach fistula, the spontaneous bioelectric activity in the n. vagus increased when the periodical motoric action of the stomach occurred. The injection of morphin (0.07 mg/kg) increased the vagal efferent impulses and caused a marked contraction of the stomach. The influence of high external temperature (42 degrees C for an hour) upon the experimental animals decreased the efferent discharges in the n. vagus and suppressed the motor activity of the stomach.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the vagus nerve with high external temperatures]. In dogs with electrodes implanted in fundal gastric branch and with the stomach fistula, the spontaneous bioelectric activity in the n. vagus increased when the periodical motoric action of the stomach occurred. The injection of morphin (0.07 mg/kg) increased the vagal efferent impulses and caused a marked contraction of the stomach. The influence of high external temperature (42 degrees C for an hour) upon the experimental animals decreased the efferent discharges in the n. vagus and suppressed the motor activity of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:1213200", "title": "[The state of the vascular net and the hematoencephalic barrier in the cerebral cortex of rats during hypoxic training].", "content": "With the aid of vital contact microscopy of the brain cortex, a sharp increase up to 613.2% in the total length of capillaries for a space unit by the 60 th day of training was shown to occur in the pia and the cortex in the course the training for hypoxia. Also the excessive blood volume, enlargement and lengthening of the small arteries and veins as well as increase in the capillaries diameter by 25-30%, were noted. In the course of the training, the blood flow speed increases considerably in cortical vessels. Study of the cortical blood-brain barrier by means of supravital microfluorimetry showed that, in the course of the training, the acid stainer (fluorescin) permeability through the barrier does not decrease. The readjustment of the cortical vascular net during the training does not affect the blood-brain permeability.", "contents": "[The state of the vascular net and the hematoencephalic barrier in the cerebral cortex of rats during hypoxic training]. With the aid of vital contact microscopy of the brain cortex, a sharp increase up to 613.2% in the total length of capillaries for a space unit by the 60 th day of training was shown to occur in the pia and the cortex in the course the training for hypoxia. Also the excessive blood volume, enlargement and lengthening of the small arteries and veins as well as increase in the capillaries diameter by 25-30%, were noted. In the course of the training, the blood flow speed increases considerably in cortical vessels. Study of the cortical blood-brain barrier by means of supravital microfluorimetry showed that, in the course of the training, the acid stainer (fluorescin) permeability through the barrier does not decrease. The readjustment of the cortical vascular net during the training does not affect the blood-brain permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:1213201", "title": "[The mechanism of action of thyrocalcitonin on myocardial cells].", "content": "Thyrocalcitonin preserved its effect on the electric and contractile activity of the myocardial cells even under the influence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. Administration of the hormone during a considerable drop in amplitude and duration of the action potential due to DNP effect led to increase in the amplitude and to a still greater decrease in duration of the action potential. The contraction amplitude reduced by DNP was also augmented by the hormone administration.", "contents": "[The mechanism of action of thyrocalcitonin on myocardial cells]. Thyrocalcitonin preserved its effect on the electric and contractile activity of the myocardial cells even under the influence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. Administration of the hormone during a considerable drop in amplitude and duration of the action potential due to DNP effect led to increase in the amplitude and to a still greater decrease in duration of the action potential. The contraction amplitude reduced by DNP was also augmented by the hormone administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1213202", "title": "[The interaction of pressor and depressor mechanisms in the autoregulation of arterial pressure].", "content": "In normal conditions, the threshold depressor effects of the aortal nerve were shown to be stronger than its threshold pressor effects during stimulation of both the hypothalamic pressor points and the pressor areas of the bulbar vaso-motor center. Mono- and polymodal neurons as related to excitation of pressor areas of the posterior hypothalamus and the aortal deressor nerve were revealed in a number of structures of the medulla oblongata cardio-vascular center. The convergent neurons are supposed to determine the output of antagonistic pressor and depressor interrelationships at the level of the medulla oblongata neurons.", "contents": "[The interaction of pressor and depressor mechanisms in the autoregulation of arterial pressure]. In normal conditions, the threshold depressor effects of the aortal nerve were shown to be stronger than its threshold pressor effects during stimulation of both the hypothalamic pressor points and the pressor areas of the bulbar vaso-motor center. Mono- and polymodal neurons as related to excitation of pressor areas of the posterior hypothalamus and the aortal deressor nerve were revealed in a number of structures of the medulla oblongata cardio-vascular center. The convergent neurons are supposed to determine the output of antagonistic pressor and depressor interrelationships at the level of the medulla oblongata neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1213203", "title": "[The effect of acidic metabolic products on the capacitance and resistance vessels of the skeletal muscles and intestines].", "content": "Under conditions of the resistography of the skeletal muscle and intestinal vessels intraarterial injections of the acetic and lactic acid solutions in 75% cases evoked significant dilatation of the resistance vessels. Simultaneously enhancement of the venous outflou takes place, which is determined mainly by venous constriction and partly by the transfer of liquid from tissues into the blood. The rise of the venous outflow was lasted for 45 sec. and for 90 sec. in several experiments. This was not observed by the intraarterial injection of hypertonic solutions of NaCl Glucose, MgSO4 and others. The reactions of capacitance vessels was not dependent on the reactions of resistance vessels since the rise of the venous outflow took place also when only constriction of the resistance vessels (8 experiments) or when constrictor-dilatator reactions of the resistance vessels were observed.", "contents": "[The effect of acidic metabolic products on the capacitance and resistance vessels of the skeletal muscles and intestines]. Under conditions of the resistography of the skeletal muscle and intestinal vessels intraarterial injections of the acetic and lactic acid solutions in 75% cases evoked significant dilatation of the resistance vessels. Simultaneously enhancement of the venous outflou takes place, which is determined mainly by venous constriction and partly by the transfer of liquid from tissues into the blood. The rise of the venous outflow was lasted for 45 sec. and for 90 sec. in several experiments. This was not observed by the intraarterial injection of hypertonic solutions of NaCl Glucose, MgSO4 and others. The reactions of capacitance vessels was not dependent on the reactions of resistance vessels since the rise of the venous outflow took place also when only constriction of the resistance vessels (8 experiments) or when constrictor-dilatator reactions of the resistance vessels were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213204", "title": "[An analysis of the mechanisms of depression of the blood's anticoagulating system].", "content": "On depression of the anticoagulating system's function due to a prolonged keeping of animals on aterogenic diet, a decrease in the speed of clearance of thrombin-J131 was observed in the blood flow, the absorption of non-fermentative dissolvents of unstabilized fibrin (the heparin complex compounds) is sharply reduced in the liver and lungs tissues, and the fatty dystrophy of the liver cells followed by appearance of vacuoles in cytoplasm and decrease of the RNA and total protein contents in the cells, was observed.", "contents": "[An analysis of the mechanisms of depression of the blood's anticoagulating system]. On depression of the anticoagulating system's function due to a prolonged keeping of animals on aterogenic diet, a decrease in the speed of clearance of thrombin-J131 was observed in the blood flow, the absorption of non-fermentative dissolvents of unstabilized fibrin (the heparin complex compounds) is sharply reduced in the liver and lungs tissues, and the fatty dystrophy of the liver cells followed by appearance of vacuoles in cytoplasm and decrease of the RNA and total protein contents in the cells, was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213205", "title": "[Renin concentration in the blood of dogs with different variants of acute blood pressure alteration].", "content": "In acute experiments on dogs, a negative correlation between arterial pressure and the blood renin activity was shown during hemodynamic shifts following occlusion of the carotid arteries or v. cava anterior, as well as ephedrinum or nitrite of sodium administration. Stabilization of pressure in the renal arteries prevented alterations of the renin secretion. Renin participation in regulation of sodium-uresis during acute hemodynamic shifts is discussed.", "contents": "[Renin concentration in the blood of dogs with different variants of acute blood pressure alteration]. In acute experiments on dogs, a negative correlation between arterial pressure and the blood renin activity was shown during hemodynamic shifts following occlusion of the carotid arteries or v. cava anterior, as well as ephedrinum or nitrite of sodium administration. Stabilization of pressure in the renal arteries prevented alterations of the renin secretion. Renin participation in regulation of sodium-uresis during acute hemodynamic shifts is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213206", "title": "[Absorption of complex compounds of magnesium and amino acids in the small intestine].", "content": "In chronic experiments on 12 dogs, absorption of manganese complexes and amino acids proceeded more intensively than absorption of each of them separately. In acute experiments on 48 dogs, absorption of glycine and alanine complexes of manganese proceeded with an increase in oxygen utilization and in the rate of the intestinal motility.", "contents": "[Absorption of complex compounds of magnesium and amino acids in the small intestine]. In chronic experiments on 12 dogs, absorption of manganese complexes and amino acids proceeded more intensively than absorption of each of them separately. In acute experiments on 48 dogs, absorption of glycine and alanine complexes of manganese proceeded with an increase in oxygen utilization and in the rate of the intestinal motility."}
{"id": "PMID:1213207", "title": "[Secretion of pepsinogen, amylase and alkaline phosphatase by human sweat glands].", "content": "Human sweat contains pepsinogen, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase excretion of which depends on functional state of the digestive and sweat glands and on the topography of latter. Pepsinogen excreted with sweat has the gastric origin. Different food irritants activate amylase and alkaline phosphatase excretion with sweat. A high positive correlation exists between amylase and pepsinogen excretion by kidneys and sweat glands in healthy subjects.", "contents": "[Secretion of pepsinogen, amylase and alkaline phosphatase by human sweat glands]. Human sweat contains pepsinogen, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase excretion of which depends on functional state of the digestive and sweat glands and on the topography of latter. Pepsinogen excreted with sweat has the gastric origin. Different food irritants activate amylase and alkaline phosphatase excretion with sweat. A high positive correlation exists between amylase and pepsinogen excretion by kidneys and sweat glands in healthy subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:1213208", "title": "[The role of membrane phosphate groups in thrombocyte aggregation].", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase effect on platelets was studied. The dog platelet was found to have 1.3-10(7) phosphate groups available for hydrolytic action of alkaline phosphatase. Incubation of platelets during 1 hr in the medium containing alkaline phosphatase inhibits aggregation induced by ADP, adrenaline, collagen, thrombin, and Ca++. The mechanism of alkaline phosphatase action on platelet aggregation is discussed from two points of view: 1) interference in the energy supply and 2) the removal of ligands for calcium.", "contents": "[The role of membrane phosphate groups in thrombocyte aggregation]. Alkaline phosphatase effect on platelets was studied. The dog platelet was found to have 1.3-10(7) phosphate groups available for hydrolytic action of alkaline phosphatase. Incubation of platelets during 1 hr in the medium containing alkaline phosphatase inhibits aggregation induced by ADP, adrenaline, collagen, thrombin, and Ca++. The mechanism of alkaline phosphatase action on platelet aggregation is discussed from two points of view: 1) interference in the energy supply and 2) the removal of ligands for calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:1213213", "title": "Mass immigration and population dynamics in Israel.", "content": "Israel, in her 25 years of existence, received an unprecedented volume of immigration, which was the major source of her high population growth. This immigration was heavily concentrated in the first five years, 1948-1952; mass immigration of 711,000 supplemented an initial population of 630;000. Subsequently, since 1952, a very peculiar age-sex structure has developed: namely, instead of a pyramid, a wide rectangle for the younger age groups \"topped\" with a narrow pyramid for the older age groups. The peculiar age-sex dynamics is analyzed in relation to the volume of immigration with its uneven time distribution, the age selectivity of migrants and fertility-mortality patterns of migrants. It is concluded that the uneven time distribution of immigration and the higher fertility of migrants are jointly responsible for the development of Israel's peculiar age dynamics, and that the absence of either of these two factors alone would eliminate it. The peculiar dynamics has societal implications in the short and the long run, some of which are discussed.", "contents": "Mass immigration and population dynamics in Israel. Israel, in her 25 years of existence, received an unprecedented volume of immigration, which was the major source of her high population growth. This immigration was heavily concentrated in the first five years, 1948-1952; mass immigration of 711,000 supplemented an initial population of 630;000. Subsequently, since 1952, a very peculiar age-sex structure has developed: namely, instead of a pyramid, a wide rectangle for the younger age groups \"topped\" with a narrow pyramid for the older age groups. The peculiar age-sex dynamics is analyzed in relation to the volume of immigration with its uneven time distribution, the age selectivity of migrants and fertility-mortality patterns of migrants. It is concluded that the uneven time distribution of immigration and the higher fertility of migrants are jointly responsible for the development of Israel's peculiar age dynamics, and that the absence of either of these two factors alone would eliminate it. The peculiar dynamics has societal implications in the short and the long run, some of which are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213214", "title": "Some determinants of the migration of professional manpower.", "content": "Determinants of migration of professional manpower are investigated using data from a 1970 survey of immigrants to the United States. From a respondent's stated \"intent to stay\" in the United States and five other characteristics a six-dimensional contingency table is formed. We find a well-fitting log-linear model for this table. Thus, we establish the importance of selected determinants of migration and present a table of predicted rates of intent to stay in the United States.", "contents": "Some determinants of the migration of professional manpower. Determinants of migration of professional manpower are investigated using data from a 1970 survey of immigrants to the United States. From a respondent's stated \"intent to stay\" in the United States and five other characteristics a six-dimensional contingency table is formed. We find a well-fitting log-linear model for this table. Thus, we establish the importance of selected determinants of migration and present a table of predicted rates of intent to stay in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:1213215", "title": "Social security and fertility: an international perspective.", "content": "A number of population scholars have asserted that social security programs such as old-age programs lead to decreased fertility levels because parents need not rely on children for \"security\" in old age. There is, however, a paucity of empirical data on the above. This paper analyzes 67 countries and shows that social security programs have a measurable negative effect on subsequent levels of fertility. In fact, the social security programs appear to have as much of an independent impact on fertility as do the traditional correlates of fertility (infant mortality, education and per capita income).", "contents": "Social security and fertility: an international perspective. A number of population scholars have asserted that social security programs such as old-age programs lead to decreased fertility levels because parents need not rely on children for \"security\" in old age. There is, however, a paucity of empirical data on the above. This paper analyzes 67 countries and shows that social security programs have a measurable negative effect on subsequent levels of fertility. In fact, the social security programs appear to have as much of an independent impact on fertility as do the traditional correlates of fertility (infant mortality, education and per capita income)."}
{"id": "PMID:1213216", "title": "A method for the estimation of fecundability.", "content": "A new method for the estimation of the mean and variance of fecundability is described. The data input required for this procedure is the distribution of the interval from marriage to first birth, or from the resumption of the conception risk after contraction to the subsequent birth. The estimates of the mean and variance of fecundability are obtained by fitting a model to the observed interval distribution. To test the method, it is applied to data from five historical populations. The fecundability means in these populations ranged from 0.18 to 0.31 while the co-efficients of variation all had values near 0.56. A short method for the estimation of the mean of fecundability based on the same model, but not requiring a computer, is also presented.", "contents": "A method for the estimation of fecundability. A new method for the estimation of the mean and variance of fecundability is described. The data input required for this procedure is the distribution of the interval from marriage to first birth, or from the resumption of the conception risk after contraction to the subsequent birth. The estimates of the mean and variance of fecundability are obtained by fitting a model to the observed interval distribution. To test the method, it is applied to data from five historical populations. The fecundability means in these populations ranged from 0.18 to 0.31 while the co-efficients of variation all had values near 0.56. A short method for the estimation of the mean of fecundability based on the same model, but not requiring a computer, is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1213230", "title": "[W-shaped napkin rash in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The W-shaped napkin rash affects mainly the convex parts of the perianal region of infants, avoiding the fold and perianal cleft. The dermatitis is of traumatic origin due to the friction of paper napkins. It heals under antiseptic treatment on condition that the use of paper napkins and rubber pants, which cause occlusion is stopped temporarily.", "contents": "[W-shaped napkin rash in infants (author's transl)]. The W-shaped napkin rash affects mainly the convex parts of the perianal region of infants, avoiding the fold and perianal cleft. The dermatitis is of traumatic origin due to the friction of paper napkins. It heals under antiseptic treatment on condition that the use of paper napkins and rubber pants, which cause occlusion is stopped temporarily."}
{"id": "PMID:1213231", "title": "[Acroangiodermatitis and acral hyperstomia (author's transl)].", "content": "Acroangiodermatitis is a special form of the 'angiodermite' of Favre and Chaix in patients presenting with chronic venous insufficiency localized on the dorsal areas of the feet and toes. Different stages including exulceration may occur. 60% of our male and 38% of our female patients with postthrombotic syndrome showed signs of acroangiodermatitis. Developmental arteriovenous malformations in the feet (acral hyperstomia, Malan's syndrome; 1 patient) which may present similar clinical and histological pictures are rare and should be differentiated from acroangiodermatitis because their prognosis is more severe, necessitating amputation in some instances. The determination of shunt volume by means of radioactive-labelled macroalbumin or microspheres helps to differentiate these two conditions. Because both conditions may present similarities with Kaposi sarcoma, the term 'pseudo-Kaposi' was chosen by some authors. One factor of pathogenetic importance for the terminal vascular changes underlying both conditions is the insufficiency of the calf muscle pump resulting in an elevated capillary pressure (anatomical insufficiency in acroangiodermatitis, functional insufficiency in acral hyperstomia).", "contents": "[Acroangiodermatitis and acral hyperstomia (author's transl)]. Acroangiodermatitis is a special form of the 'angiodermite' of Favre and Chaix in patients presenting with chronic venous insufficiency localized on the dorsal areas of the feet and toes. Different stages including exulceration may occur. 60% of our male and 38% of our female patients with postthrombotic syndrome showed signs of acroangiodermatitis. Developmental arteriovenous malformations in the feet (acral hyperstomia, Malan's syndrome; 1 patient) which may present similar clinical and histological pictures are rare and should be differentiated from acroangiodermatitis because their prognosis is more severe, necessitating amputation in some instances. The determination of shunt volume by means of radioactive-labelled macroalbumin or microspheres helps to differentiate these two conditions. Because both conditions may present similarities with Kaposi sarcoma, the term 'pseudo-Kaposi' was chosen by some authors. One factor of pathogenetic importance for the terminal vascular changes underlying both conditions is the insufficiency of the calf muscle pump resulting in an elevated capillary pressure (anatomical insufficiency in acroangiodermatitis, functional insufficiency in acral hyperstomia)."}
{"id": "PMID:1213232", "title": "Skin porphyrin and photosensitivity in the porphyric rat.", "content": "Skin porphyrin assays and photobiological studies in normal and porphyric rats suggest that in the latter, skin photosensitivity to 400 nm radiation is associated with raised uroporphyrin and 7-carboxylic porphyrin in the skin.", "contents": "Skin porphyrin and photosensitivity in the porphyric rat. Skin porphyrin assays and photobiological studies in normal and porphyric rats suggest that in the latter, skin photosensitivity to 400 nm radiation is associated with raised uroporphyrin and 7-carboxylic porphyrin in the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:1213233", "title": "Ultrastructural response of epidermis to actinomycin D.", "content": "The response of the epidermis to the effects of actinomycin D was analyzed at ultrastructural level. Important cellular alterations were found at 40 h post infectionem. The degree of nucleolar segregation varied depending on the epidermal layer assayed. Analogies and departures between the present findings and previous investigations, on a similar model with X-ray irradiation, are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural response of epidermis to actinomycin D. The response of the epidermis to the effects of actinomycin D was analyzed at ultrastructural level. Important cellular alterations were found at 40 h post infectionem. The degree of nucleolar segregation varied depending on the epidermal layer assayed. Analogies and departures between the present findings and previous investigations, on a similar model with X-ray irradiation, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213234", "title": "Investigations for skin antibodies in malignant neoplasms.", "content": "A group of 451 patients with various malignant neoplasms was investigated for the presence of antibodies against the intercellular substance in epidermis and against the basement membrane in the skin, using the immunofluorescence method. None of the patients had bullous disease. Circulating basement membrane antibodies were found in a 63-year-old man with lung cancer. None of the patients had antibodies against the intercellular substance. No in vivo bound intercellular or basement membrane antibodies were found.", "contents": "Investigations for skin antibodies in malignant neoplasms. A group of 451 patients with various malignant neoplasms was investigated for the presence of antibodies against the intercellular substance in epidermis and against the basement membrane in the skin, using the immunofluorescence method. None of the patients had bullous disease. Circulating basement membrane antibodies were found in a 63-year-old man with lung cancer. None of the patients had antibodies against the intercellular substance. No in vivo bound intercellular or basement membrane antibodies were found."}
{"id": "PMID:1213239", "title": "[XY gonadal dysgenesis with female phenotype (author's transpl)].", "content": "In this paper, we are dealing with the study of a case of multiple somatic malformations, with external female genitals and 46 XY caryotype. The anatomical and histological study of the genital organs, allows us to verify the existence of internal genital organs; consisting essentially in tubes, bicornous uterus, a gonadal ligament in a normotopical position, Wolffian remains and the absence of a vagina. The external female genitals are completely normal. When we interpreted these findings, we paid special attention to the relation existing between the abnormal presence of the Wolffian remains, male genotype, and typical female genital structures. Taking account of the latest scientific advances concerning genital development, we considered the possibility of the existence of secretions of a \"masculinizing\" substance from the gonad, before its morphological differentiation, which was interrupted by an etiological undetermined noxa. When this evolution was arrested, together with the secretions of the masculinizing substance, the genital development continued normally for a female. The terminal teratogenic period for this malformation is situated from the 5th to the 6th week of gestation (human embryos from 11 to 14 mm., Streeter Horizon XVII).", "contents": "[XY gonadal dysgenesis with female phenotype (author's transpl)]. In this paper, we are dealing with the study of a case of multiple somatic malformations, with external female genitals and 46 XY caryotype. The anatomical and histological study of the genital organs, allows us to verify the existence of internal genital organs; consisting essentially in tubes, bicornous uterus, a gonadal ligament in a normotopical position, Wolffian remains and the absence of a vagina. The external female genitals are completely normal. When we interpreted these findings, we paid special attention to the relation existing between the abnormal presence of the Wolffian remains, male genotype, and typical female genital structures. Taking account of the latest scientific advances concerning genital development, we considered the possibility of the existence of secretions of a \"masculinizing\" substance from the gonad, before its morphological differentiation, which was interrupted by an etiological undetermined noxa. When this evolution was arrested, together with the secretions of the masculinizing substance, the genital development continued normally for a female. The terminal teratogenic period for this malformation is situated from the 5th to the 6th week of gestation (human embryos from 11 to 14 mm., Streeter Horizon XVII)."}
{"id": "PMID:1213241", "title": "[Variation of the sialic acid-protein ratio in the human cervical mucus (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial determinations of total protein and sialic acid concentrations were carried out in individual cervical mucus samples of normal women, throughout the menstrual cycle as well as under the influence of estrogen and progestagen steroids. Total protein was titrated by a modified micro-biuret method and sialic acid was determined using the \"Direct Ehrlich\" method. Both parameters diminished gradually during the follicular phase of the cycle with lowest values around the time of ovulation, and showed a strong increase during the luteal phase. Administration of ethinylestradiol yielded values significantly lower than those of normal ovulatory phase and under d-Nosgestrel treatment the values were significantly higher than in normal luteal phase. However the proportion of sialic acid as related to total protein showed an inverse behavior, i.e. increased under estrogenic and decreased under progestogenic influence. The cyclic and hormone-induced variations of this ratio were more specific than those of both separate components. Thus, estrogens produce an increase of the sialic acid containing fraction of cervical mucus proteins, while progestagens have an opposite effect. The role of these actions in reproductive physiology is discussed.", "contents": "[Variation of the sialic acid-protein ratio in the human cervical mucus (author's transl)]. Serial determinations of total protein and sialic acid concentrations were carried out in individual cervical mucus samples of normal women, throughout the menstrual cycle as well as under the influence of estrogen and progestagen steroids. Total protein was titrated by a modified micro-biuret method and sialic acid was determined using the \"Direct Ehrlich\" method. Both parameters diminished gradually during the follicular phase of the cycle with lowest values around the time of ovulation, and showed a strong increase during the luteal phase. Administration of ethinylestradiol yielded values significantly lower than those of normal ovulatory phase and under d-Nosgestrel treatment the values were significantly higher than in normal luteal phase. However the proportion of sialic acid as related to total protein showed an inverse behavior, i.e. increased under estrogenic and decreased under progestogenic influence. The cyclic and hormone-induced variations of this ratio were more specific than those of both separate components. Thus, estrogens produce an increase of the sialic acid containing fraction of cervical mucus proteins, while progestagens have an opposite effect. The role of these actions in reproductive physiology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213246", "title": "[(An algorithm for determining values of parameters of the Gompertz growth function)].", "content": "In the literature some attempts were made to analyse and to construct models for biological growth processes and to describe the quantitative aspects of a growth characteristic's changes in time using the Gompertz' function y=aexp(-exp(b--ct)). In this paper differential equations are derived having the Gompertz' function as solution. The goodness of fit after adjusting a chosen analytical expression to the courses of measured values is able to give hints at the reliability of that expression as a true model. This possibility of verification was hardly practiced in past because of lacking in proper numerical procedures for performing the nonlinear regression. An ALGOL program for iterative adjusting the parameters of the GOMPERTZ' function (with or without a constant term) to measured values is given in an appendix of the present paper. Starting values for the nonlinear parameters b and c will be evaluated by Internal Least Squares using one of the derived differential equations. For this algorithm an ALGOL program is given in the appendix too. The growth of human embryo serves as an example to demonstrate the numerical procedures and related programs for evaluating the starting values of the parameters and for their iterative improvement until reaching a minimum for the remainding variance between calculated and measured courses.", "contents": "[(An algorithm for determining values of parameters of the Gompertz growth function)]. In the literature some attempts were made to analyse and to construct models for biological growth processes and to describe the quantitative aspects of a growth characteristic's changes in time using the Gompertz' function y=aexp(-exp(b--ct)). In this paper differential equations are derived having the Gompertz' function as solution. The goodness of fit after adjusting a chosen analytical expression to the courses of measured values is able to give hints at the reliability of that expression as a true model. This possibility of verification was hardly practiced in past because of lacking in proper numerical procedures for performing the nonlinear regression. An ALGOL program for iterative adjusting the parameters of the GOMPERTZ' function (with or without a constant term) to measured values is given in an appendix of the present paper. Starting values for the nonlinear parameters b and c will be evaluated by Internal Least Squares using one of the derived differential equations. For this algorithm an ALGOL program is given in the appendix too. The growth of human embryo serves as an example to demonstrate the numerical procedures and related programs for evaluating the starting values of the parameters and for their iterative improvement until reaching a minimum for the remainding variance between calculated and measured courses."}
{"id": "PMID:1213247", "title": "Stability and oscillations in coupled systems.", "content": "In this paper are given criteria for stability and oscillations in coupled systems. The criteria are calculated by the determination of eigenvalues of a coupling matrix of an input-output relation which can be described by a set of differential equations of 1st order.", "contents": "Stability and oscillations in coupled systems. In this paper are given criteria for stability and oscillations in coupled systems. The criteria are calculated by the determination of eigenvalues of a coupling matrix of an input-output relation which can be described by a set of differential equations of 1st order."}
{"id": "PMID:1213248", "title": "Morphological, micromorphological and histochemical studies on the parotid salivary glands of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).", "content": "The morphology, blood and nerve supply of the parotid salivary glands of the one-humped camel were studied in detail. The intraglandular portion of the duct system was also examined. The histological and histochemical studies showed that the parotid salivary glands of the camel are of the tubuloacinar type and are serumocoid in nature. The secretory acini and tubules show themselves in 3 different forms according to the different phases of their secretory cycle. The duct system of the gland contains goblet cells between its lining epithelium. The intercalated ducts show ampullation followed by narrowing that help in mixing the secretion. Intraepithelial glands are found in the terminal part of the parotid duct.", "contents": "Morphological, micromorphological and histochemical studies on the parotid salivary glands of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). The morphology, blood and nerve supply of the parotid salivary glands of the one-humped camel were studied in detail. The intraglandular portion of the duct system was also examined. The histological and histochemical studies showed that the parotid salivary glands of the camel are of the tubuloacinar type and are serumocoid in nature. The secretory acini and tubules show themselves in 3 different forms according to the different phases of their secretory cycle. The duct system of the gland contains goblet cells between its lining epithelium. The intercalated ducts show ampullation followed by narrowing that help in mixing the secretion. Intraepithelial glands are found in the terminal part of the parotid duct."}
{"id": "PMID:1213249", "title": "[The subcutaneous vascular system (lower extremity): studies on micro-preparations].", "content": "At the level of fascial penetration the cutaneous arteries of the lower extremity are constantly accompanied by 1 or 2 communicating veins of varying diameter. Usually, they penetrate the fascia in rows via the muscular interstitium. There they give up branches to the fascial vascular network, to pre- and subfascial areolar tissue and possibly to the muscle origins on the fascia, or to the intermuscular septa. The texture of the fascia itself determines the structure of fascial openings for the cutaneous vessels. In the subcutaneous tissue the arteries are accompanied by 1 or 2 veins (Vv. comitantes). Numerous arterio-arterial and intervenous anastomoses form a subcutaneous network of vascular bundles. Two anastomosing venous systems can be distinguished in the subcutis: The small Vv. comitantes are fed primarily by the subcutaneous adipose lobes, and end in communicating veins or flow into the subcutaneous veins (epifascial veins). These large subcutaneous veins on the other hand are responsible for the actual outflow from the venous network of the cutis. They form the saphenous system or empty into larger communicating veins. Between the subcutaneous arterioles and accompanying venules there are numerous capillary webs. In addition direct capillaries and looped as well as meandering or knotted arterio-venous shunts are found. The subcutaneous vascular bundles are fixed by a connective tissue. There are often typical capillary meshes within arterial sheat, oriented like a rope-ladder. They undergo prenatal development. The subcutaneous (epifascial) veins are surrounded by areolar tissue on the cutaneous as well as on the fascial side. Fibers from the accompanying connective tissue criss-cross into the adventitia and thereby anchor the veins in a movable fashion. Typical vascular patches with plane capillary networks characterize the areolar tissue around the subcutaneous veins, which is differentiating at the 2nd half of the fetal period. Within are also capillary loops and convoluted arterio-venous shunts.", "contents": "[The subcutaneous vascular system (lower extremity): studies on micro-preparations]. At the level of fascial penetration the cutaneous arteries of the lower extremity are constantly accompanied by 1 or 2 communicating veins of varying diameter. Usually, they penetrate the fascia in rows via the muscular interstitium. There they give up branches to the fascial vascular network, to pre- and subfascial areolar tissue and possibly to the muscle origins on the fascia, or to the intermuscular septa. The texture of the fascia itself determines the structure of fascial openings for the cutaneous vessels. In the subcutaneous tissue the arteries are accompanied by 1 or 2 veins (Vv. comitantes). Numerous arterio-arterial and intervenous anastomoses form a subcutaneous network of vascular bundles. Two anastomosing venous systems can be distinguished in the subcutis: The small Vv. comitantes are fed primarily by the subcutaneous adipose lobes, and end in communicating veins or flow into the subcutaneous veins (epifascial veins). These large subcutaneous veins on the other hand are responsible for the actual outflow from the venous network of the cutis. They form the saphenous system or empty into larger communicating veins. Between the subcutaneous arterioles and accompanying venules there are numerous capillary webs. In addition direct capillaries and looped as well as meandering or knotted arterio-venous shunts are found. The subcutaneous vascular bundles are fixed by a connective tissue. There are often typical capillary meshes within arterial sheat, oriented like a rope-ladder. They undergo prenatal development. The subcutaneous (epifascial) veins are surrounded by areolar tissue on the cutaneous as well as on the fascial side. Fibers from the accompanying connective tissue criss-cross into the adventitia and thereby anchor the veins in a movable fashion. Typical vascular patches with plane capillary networks characterize the areolar tissue around the subcutaneous veins, which is differentiating at the 2nd half of the fetal period. Within are also capillary loops and convoluted arterio-venous shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:1213243", "title": "[Two hundred and sixty eigth medicinal plants used to fertility control in some countries of South America (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is made of the various anthropological, botanical and empirical medical papers from a number of the countries of the South-American continent, whose populations use medical plants for fertility control. Also included is a field research conducted among indigenous and rural populations of Paraguay. The scientific name, family and common name 268 plants are described. With each plant, the country and type of population (indigenous or rural) using same is stated, as well as their empiric properties attributed to same  and the name of the author. Comments are made upon the background related to the use of said plants at the level of the American indigenous, world folkloric and Paraguayan indigenous & folkloric medicine. Emphasis is given to the significance of these data on contraceptives, abortives, sterilization and fertilization agents of vegetal origin, due to their value for future research in the physiology and clinic  of reproduction.", "contents": "[Two hundred and sixty eigth medicinal plants used to fertility control in some countries of South America (author's transl)]. A review is made of the various anthropological, botanical and empirical medical papers from a number of the countries of the South-American continent, whose populations use medical plants for fertility control. Also included is a field research conducted among indigenous and rural populations of Paraguay. The scientific name, family and common name 268 plants are described. With each plant, the country and type of population (indigenous or rural) using same is stated, as well as their empiric properties attributed to same  and the name of the author. Comments are made upon the background related to the use of said plants at the level of the American indigenous, world folkloric and Paraguayan indigenous & folkloric medicine. Emphasis is given to the significance of these data on contraceptives, abortives, sterilization and fertilization agents of vegetal origin, due to their value for future research in the physiology and clinic  of reproduction."}
{"id": "PMID:1213250", "title": "Studies on the extent of gill surface in a fresh water cat-fish Bagarius bagarius (Ham.).", "content": "The total gill area of the fish ranges from 37,537 to 56,551 lamellae. The number of lamellae per mm of the gill filament and area of lamellae knowing the respiratory gill area, the gill area per g of body weight and per cm3 of body volume were calculated to correlate the variation in gill surface area per unit weight and volume of the fish. The fish can survive for quite long out of water as the lamallae are spaced wide apart and do not adhere together.", "contents": "Studies on the extent of gill surface in a fresh water cat-fish Bagarius bagarius (Ham.). The total gill area of the fish ranges from 37,537 to 56,551 lamellae. The number of lamellae per mm of the gill filament and area of lamellae knowing the respiratory gill area, the gill area per g of body weight and per cm3 of body volume were calculated to correlate the variation in gill surface area per unit weight and volume of the fish. The fish can survive for quite long out of water as the lamallae are spaced wide apart and do not adhere together."}
{"id": "PMID:1213251", "title": "[Demonstration of leucine aminopeptidase in the peritoneal epithelium of early post-larval stages of Anguilla anguilla L.)].", "content": "The coelom of elvers (Anguilla anguilla L.), eel0, is contenting glycoproteids, but these are not improvable in following stages of development. In peritoneal epithelium of eel0 activity of leucinamino-peptidase is present, but absent in the stage 2a. We can suppose that glycoproteids vanish by enzymatic catabolism and resorption within the peritoneal epithelium.", "contents": "[Demonstration of leucine aminopeptidase in the peritoneal epithelium of early post-larval stages of Anguilla anguilla L.)]. The coelom of elvers (Anguilla anguilla L.), eel0, is contenting glycoproteids, but these are not improvable in following stages of development. In peritoneal epithelium of eel0 activity of leucinamino-peptidase is present, but absent in the stage 2a. We can suppose that glycoproteids vanish by enzymatic catabolism and resorption within the peritoneal epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1213240", "title": "[Therapeutic activity of Physioquens in the treatment of certain gynecological conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "The new hormonal preparation Physioquens was administered during the study to 181 women during 1.634 cycles  and has proved to be very effective in the treatment of various gynaecological disturbances. A definitive reduction has been observed in premenstrual and pre and postmenopausal complaints, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, intermenstrual pain and endometriosis. Physiquens is also a perfect regulatory device of the cycle in the case of menorrhagia, metrorrhagia and irregular menstrual cycles connected with a hormonal insufficiency. The normophasic treatment with Physioquens is made up of the cyclical administration of a tablet of 0.050 mg ethinyloestradiol for the first 7 days, followed by a tablet of 1 mg lynestrenol and 0.050 mg ethinyloestradiol for the next 15 days. Because of its effectiveness and good tolerance both clinically and biologically Physioquens can be considered an important new step in the treatment of gynaecological problems.", "contents": "[Therapeutic activity of Physioquens in the treatment of certain gynecological conditions (author's transl)]. The new hormonal preparation Physioquens was administered during the study to 181 women during 1.634 cycles  and has proved to be very effective in the treatment of various gynaecological disturbances. A definitive reduction has been observed in premenstrual and pre and postmenopausal complaints, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, intermenstrual pain and endometriosis. Physiquens is also a perfect regulatory device of the cycle in the case of menorrhagia, metrorrhagia and irregular menstrual cycles connected with a hormonal insufficiency. The normophasic treatment with Physioquens is made up of the cyclical administration of a tablet of 0.050 mg ethinyloestradiol for the first 7 days, followed by a tablet of 1 mg lynestrenol and 0.050 mg ethinyloestradiol for the next 15 days. Because of its effectiveness and good tolerance both clinically and biologically Physioquens can be considered an important new step in the treatment of gynaecological problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1213244", "title": "Total water content in different areas of the human term placenta.", "content": "The authors study the total water content in two different areas (parabasal and subchorial), in 40 normal, full-term placentas. The water content is found to be different in these two areas. As an average, it is 0.90% higher in the parabasal area. This difference persists even after washing off the fetal placental blood by perfusi\u00f3n with saline. The difference in the total water content between both areas, which is added to other differences previously demonstrated, must be related to a different functional role of the placental areas.", "contents": "Total water content in different areas of the human term placenta. The authors study the total water content in two different areas (parabasal and subchorial), in 40 normal, full-term placentas. The water content is found to be different in these two areas. As an average, it is 0.90% higher in the parabasal area. This difference persists even after washing off the fetal placental blood by perfusi\u00f3n with saline. The difference in the total water content between both areas, which is added to other differences previously demonstrated, must be related to a different functional role of the placental areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1213252", "title": "[Morphologic studies on the effect of acrylnitrile in subchronic intoxication experiments in the white rat].", "content": "100 female and male white rats were treated with acrylnitrile using 4 various dosages. It was our practice to give orally acrylnitrile in physiological sodium chloride solution by probang, and the treatment was continued for 69 days from Monday to Friday in the week. After the treatment with acrylnitrile from the 70th day the animals were killed in intervals. Blood of orbital venous plexus was analysed by electrophoresis for determination of serum proteins, and organs were investigated histologically. It has been shown that of all organs the greatest alterations have been found in livers, kidneys and lungs. Taking by surprise our studies indicated that the application of 1/16 LD50 acrylnitrile dosage cause greater morphological damages in liver than those applications of higher concentrations in other groups.", "contents": "[Morphologic studies on the effect of acrylnitrile in subchronic intoxication experiments in the white rat]. 100 female and male white rats were treated with acrylnitrile using 4 various dosages. It was our practice to give orally acrylnitrile in physiological sodium chloride solution by probang, and the treatment was continued for 69 days from Monday to Friday in the week. After the treatment with acrylnitrile from the 70th day the animals were killed in intervals. Blood of orbital venous plexus was analysed by electrophoresis for determination of serum proteins, and organs were investigated histologically. It has been shown that of all organs the greatest alterations have been found in livers, kidneys and lungs. Taking by surprise our studies indicated that the application of 1/16 LD50 acrylnitrile dosage cause greater morphological damages in liver than those applications of higher concentrations in other groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1213242", "title": "Main results of recent Hungarian family planning studies.", "content": "The Hungarian Central Statistical Office has carried out five different sample surveys in the last fifteen years for investigating more closely questions of fertility, family planning and birth control. The study summarizes the main findings. Some of these surveys applied retrospective methods to investigate fertility, family planning and birth control bahaviour of females in the past. Surveys of another type tried to reveal in perspective manner, with longitudinal observation of the couples, changes which took place in family planning and birth control ideas and practice. The main purpose of recent population policy measures was to ensure simple reproduction of the population. As a result of the measures taken in 1974 to increase the number of births the birth-rate went up significantly. This increase (30% as compared to 1973) appeared primarily for the second birth which constitutes 62% of the increment in births in 1974, 31% is accounted for by an 11% increase in the first births. The number of third births rose by 13% and their relative share remained 10%. The number of fourthand further births did not increase and their relative share decreased by 1%. Fertility data of 1974 show that the birth-rate increase was not in line with the intended aim, i.e. it was not the number of third births that increased. The net reproduction coefficient showing long-range growth of the population calculated with birth-rate of 1974, has developed favourably, it was over unity for the first time since 1958 (it was about 1.05). The birth-rate increased in 1974 in every age-group of females. The largest increase (19%) occurred for females 25-34 years old. Though it was 16% also for females under 24. According to a sample survey investigating the number of intended children by married females under 35 it did not increase as compared to data of previous surveys of similiar character. The differences is that the proportion of those who wished to have two children increased, while of those who wished to have one or three and more children decreased. The study deals also with changes in the relative shares of intended children by females under 35 who are now to be married. In the concluding part of the study the femeles' attitude to birth control and changes in this field are discussed.", "contents": "Main results of recent Hungarian family planning studies. The Hungarian Central Statistical Office has carried out five different sample surveys in the last fifteen years for investigating more closely questions of fertility, family planning and birth control. The study summarizes the main findings. Some of these surveys applied retrospective methods to investigate fertility, family planning and birth control bahaviour of females in the past. Surveys of another type tried to reveal in perspective manner, with longitudinal observation of the couples, changes which took place in family planning and birth control ideas and practice. The main purpose of recent population policy measures was to ensure simple reproduction of the population. As a result of the measures taken in 1974 to increase the number of births the birth-rate went up significantly. This increase (30% as compared to 1973) appeared primarily for the second birth which constitutes 62% of the increment in births in 1974, 31% is accounted for by an 11% increase in the first births. The number of third births rose by 13% and their relative share remained 10%. The number of fourthand further births did not increase and their relative share decreased by 1%. Fertility data of 1974 show that the birth-rate increase was not in line with the intended aim, i.e. it was not the number of third births that increased. The net reproduction coefficient showing long-range growth of the population calculated with birth-rate of 1974, has developed favourably, it was over unity for the first time since 1958 (it was about 1.05). The birth-rate increased in 1974 in every age-group of females. The largest increase (19%) occurred for females 25-34 years old. Though it was 16% also for females under 24. According to a sample survey investigating the number of intended children by married females under 35 it did not increase as compared to data of previous surveys of similiar character. The differences is that the proportion of those who wished to have two children increased, while of those who wished to have one or three and more children decreased. The study deals also with changes in the relative shares of intended children by females under 35 who are now to be married. In the concluding part of the study the femeles' attitude to birth control and changes in this field are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213245", "title": "[Treatment of diminished sexual response associated with the use of oral contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "Loss of libido associated with the use of oral contraceptives has been studied in 113 women of reproductive age who had taken a combined pill for periods ranging from 1 to 3 years. The patients were divided in four groups. In the first group (I) of 24 women oral contraceptive treatment was discontinued and all women received in intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The second group (II) of 36 patients, the brand of oral contraceptive was changed. Women in group (III) had their oral contraceptive maintained receiving in addition a mixture of an androgen and an estrogen (methyltestosterone 4 mg and ethynilestradiol 0.002 mg) daily. To women of group (IV) the oral contraceptive was discontinued but the androgen-estrogen mixture was given. All women in this group received an IUCD. Evaluation of the psyco-sexual parameters included changes in libido, time to reach an orgasm, duration and intensity or orgasms. Frequency of intercourse and response to autostimulation was also investigated. Libido was restored in 94.2% of patients in group II, in 97.3% of group III and in 92.8% of group IV. In group I only 55.6% of patients had libido fully restored. In view of the prompt restoration of libido in all groups except in patients discontinuing oral contraceptive therapy, it is suggested that loss of libido in oral contraceptive users has an important physological component which can be overcome probably by psychotherapy. Short term treatment with a mixture of methyltestosterone and ethynilestradiol seems to be highly effective in restoring libido in all patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of diminished sexual response associated with the use of oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. Loss of libido associated with the use of oral contraceptives has been studied in 113 women of reproductive age who had taken a combined pill for periods ranging from 1 to 3 years. The patients were divided in four groups. In the first group (I) of 24 women oral contraceptive treatment was discontinued and all women received in intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The second group (II) of 36 patients, the brand of oral contraceptive was changed. Women in group (III) had their oral contraceptive maintained receiving in addition a mixture of an androgen and an estrogen (methyltestosterone 4 mg and ethynilestradiol 0.002 mg) daily. To women of group (IV) the oral contraceptive was discontinued but the androgen-estrogen mixture was given. All women in this group received an IUCD. Evaluation of the psyco-sexual parameters included changes in libido, time to reach an orgasm, duration and intensity or orgasms. Frequency of intercourse and response to autostimulation was also investigated. Libido was restored in 94.2% of patients in group II, in 97.3% of group III and in 92.8% of group IV. In group I only 55.6% of patients had libido fully restored. In view of the prompt restoration of libido in all groups except in patients discontinuing oral contraceptive therapy, it is suggested that loss of libido in oral contraceptive users has an important physological component which can be overcome probably by psychotherapy. Short term treatment with a mixture of methyltestosterone and ethynilestradiol seems to be highly effective in restoring libido in all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1213253", "title": "DNA synthesis and some morphometric changes in the liver during different regiments of nutrition.", "content": "Male albino rats were fed for 20 and 140 d on full value (standard pellet), or defective diet (60% of the quantity given to the previous groups). Besides, half of the animals were left to swim daily up to 70 min. Histoautoradiographic and morphometric results point to changes in nuclear classes, the percentage of marked mitoses, the DNA content of the nuclei and the number of binuclear hepatocytes. It is assumed that the physical loading serves as starting mechanism and stimulator to the proliferative activity of the cells; that the defective diet leads to a decrease of the cell nuclei; that the quantity of the enlarged nuclei varies according to the stage of DNA synthesis etc. In general, the data revealed, point to the trend of the regenerative processes occuring in the liver of rats on defective diet and physical strain.", "contents": "DNA synthesis and some morphometric changes in the liver during different regiments of nutrition. Male albino rats were fed for 20 and 140 d on full value (standard pellet), or defective diet (60% of the quantity given to the previous groups). Besides, half of the animals were left to swim daily up to 70 min. Histoautoradiographic and morphometric results point to changes in nuclear classes, the percentage of marked mitoses, the DNA content of the nuclei and the number of binuclear hepatocytes. It is assumed that the physical loading serves as starting mechanism and stimulator to the proliferative activity of the cells; that the defective diet leads to a decrease of the cell nuclei; that the quantity of the enlarged nuclei varies according to the stage of DNA synthesis etc. In general, the data revealed, point to the trend of the regenerative processes occuring in the liver of rats on defective diet and physical strain."}
{"id": "PMID:1213254", "title": "[The value od needle biopsy for the microscopic diagnosis of diseases of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The accuracy of needle biopsies with the disposable biopsy needle TRU-cut was compared to the results of the microscopic examinations of excisional biopsies obtained after the needle biopsy in 276 patients. The diagnostic accuracy in relationship to the diameter of the lesion is listed for 140 patients with carcinoma of the breast, for 72 patients with benign tumors of the breast and for 64 patients with well localized palpable fibrocystic disease. In our experience, the following pre-requistes are necessary to obtain a high diagnostic accuracy for the needle biopsy: 1. A well filled circumscribed, well palpable nodule of uniform consistency. 2. A superficial site close to the skin. 3. A diameter of more than 2 cm. 4. Some experience with the use of the instrument. Needle biopsies of the breast are indicated for skin metastases, recurrences in the scar, and for in-operably advanced tumor or patients who should not have general anaesthesia. Needle biopsy as the biopsy method for a primary plan of management is only relatively indicated in large carcinomas of the breast, or smaller tumors located close to the skin, or tumors which are well accessable in a small breast. The needle biopsy is not suited for the diagnosis of benign tumors of the breast, fibroadenomas, lipomas, or papillomas since complete excision of these lesions is the aim of management. In fibrocystic disease, needle biopsy is not indicated. This clinical or radiological localized finding may correlate to variable microscopic entities with different plans of management. The very small portion of the process shown in the needle biopsy is insufficient in fibrocystic disease. An absolute contra-indication to needle biopsy of the breast is the diagnosis of obscure disease on the breast.", "contents": "[The value od needle biopsy for the microscopic diagnosis of diseases of the breast (author's transl)]. The accuracy of needle biopsies with the disposable biopsy needle TRU-cut was compared to the results of the microscopic examinations of excisional biopsies obtained after the needle biopsy in 276 patients. The diagnostic accuracy in relationship to the diameter of the lesion is listed for 140 patients with carcinoma of the breast, for 72 patients with benign tumors of the breast and for 64 patients with well localized palpable fibrocystic disease. In our experience, the following pre-requistes are necessary to obtain a high diagnostic accuracy for the needle biopsy: 1. A well filled circumscribed, well palpable nodule of uniform consistency. 2. A superficial site close to the skin. 3. A diameter of more than 2 cm. 4. Some experience with the use of the instrument. Needle biopsies of the breast are indicated for skin metastases, recurrences in the scar, and for in-operably advanced tumor or patients who should not have general anaesthesia. Needle biopsy as the biopsy method for a primary plan of management is only relatively indicated in large carcinomas of the breast, or smaller tumors located close to the skin, or tumors which are well accessable in a small breast. The needle biopsy is not suited for the diagnosis of benign tumors of the breast, fibroadenomas, lipomas, or papillomas since complete excision of these lesions is the aim of management. In fibrocystic disease, needle biopsy is not indicated. This clinical or radiological localized finding may correlate to variable microscopic entities with different plans of management. The very small portion of the process shown in the needle biopsy is insufficient in fibrocystic disease. An absolute contra-indication to needle biopsy of the breast is the diagnosis of obscure disease on the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:1213255", "title": "[Surface scraping and curettage of the cervix - an alternative procedure to conization in patients with positive cytology (author's transl)].", "content": "421 patients with positive cytological cervical smears had fractioned surface scraping and curettage of the cervix. The clinical results equaled those of cone biopsy series: in 68,6% the histological diagnosis was exactly the same before and after treatment; in 17,5% there were minimal but clinically unimportant changes in histological assessment; in 10,6% the lesion had been completely removed by scraping and curettage. Thus 407 patients (96,7%) were treated in the same way as if the definitive histological diagnosis would have been known in advance. Only in 5 patients (1,25%) the first step was inadequate retrospectively and further treatment was necessary. Regarding the comparable clinical results the essentially poorer risks and costs favour the surface scraping and endocervical curettage against cone biopsy.", "contents": "[Surface scraping and curettage of the cervix - an alternative procedure to conization in patients with positive cytology (author's transl)]. 421 patients with positive cytological cervical smears had fractioned surface scraping and curettage of the cervix. The clinical results equaled those of cone biopsy series: in 68,6% the histological diagnosis was exactly the same before and after treatment; in 17,5% there were minimal but clinically unimportant changes in histological assessment; in 10,6% the lesion had been completely removed by scraping and curettage. Thus 407 patients (96,7%) were treated in the same way as if the definitive histological diagnosis would have been known in advance. Only in 5 patients (1,25%) the first step was inadequate retrospectively and further treatment was necessary. Regarding the comparable clinical results the essentially poorer risks and costs favour the surface scraping and endocervical curettage against cone biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1213256", "title": "[Uterine myoma in geriatric surgical cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The following is a report on 189 cases involving surgical treatment of uterine myoma in women who were at least 60 years old. The cases were collected from 18 gynecological departments in West-Berlin over a 10-year period (1960-1969).  66 of these patients (38,1%) have never been pregnant, 17 (9,8%) had only abortions, while 90 (52,1%) had given birth to one or more children. In only 89 women (47,0%) the pre-operative diagnosis had been uterine myoma. The number of correct diagnosis prior to surgery decreased with increasing age of the patients. 47 patients had been completely asymptomatic; an additional 20 had shown no gynecological symptoms. Total hysterectomy including removal of the tubes and ovaries, which we consider the preferential method of treatment, was done in 105 cases (55,5%). Other surgical procedures were performed in 84 instances (44,5%). 8 registered deaths equal a post-operative mortality rate of 4,2%. Analysis of our cases contradicts the hypothesis regarding postmenopausal involution of uterine myoma. Removal of the uterus for myoma should not be considered a typical geriatric gynecological operation. In many instances it could have been performed at an earlier date; in some cases it even could have been avoided if all diagnostic procedures presently available had been utilized.", "contents": "[Uterine myoma in geriatric surgical cases (author's transl)]. The following is a report on 189 cases involving surgical treatment of uterine myoma in women who were at least 60 years old. The cases were collected from 18 gynecological departments in West-Berlin over a 10-year period (1960-1969).  66 of these patients (38,1%) have never been pregnant, 17 (9,8%) had only abortions, while 90 (52,1%) had given birth to one or more children. In only 89 women (47,0%) the pre-operative diagnosis had been uterine myoma. The number of correct diagnosis prior to surgery decreased with increasing age of the patients. 47 patients had been completely asymptomatic; an additional 20 had shown no gynecological symptoms. Total hysterectomy including removal of the tubes and ovaries, which we consider the preferential method of treatment, was done in 105 cases (55,5%). Other surgical procedures were performed in 84 instances (44,5%). 8 registered deaths equal a post-operative mortality rate of 4,2%. Analysis of our cases contradicts the hypothesis regarding postmenopausal involution of uterine myoma. Removal of the uterus for myoma should not be considered a typical geriatric gynecological operation. In many instances it could have been performed at an earlier date; in some cases it even could have been avoided if all diagnostic procedures presently available had been utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:1213257", "title": "[The present practice of tubal ligation in West German university departments of obstetrics and gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a few years the attitudes of the general public and the majority of the physicians to tubal ligation have undergone radical change. The present indications, incidence and policies of tubal ligation in 21 west german University Departments were explored by questionnaire. A survey on the incidence of tubal ligation in large departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology was obtained prior to the enactment of new laws and regulations. The reported figures show a steep rise in the incidence of tubal ligation from 1970 to 1974. This fact is partially due to a very liberal interpretation of medical indications and partly due to the acceptance of tubal ligation as permanent contraception under certain individual and family conditions. The results of the enquiry are interpreted as the present practice of regulations which are legally still in the planning stage. In spite of the liberalization of the indications for tubal ligation, problems such as individual psychological difficulties associated with female sterilization cannot be minimized. Therefore the majority of the departments demand an intensive explanatory session and detailed informed consent for female sterilization.", "contents": "[The present practice of tubal ligation in West German university departments of obstetrics and gynaecology (author's transl)]. Within a few years the attitudes of the general public and the majority of the physicians to tubal ligation have undergone radical change. The present indications, incidence and policies of tubal ligation in 21 west german University Departments were explored by questionnaire. A survey on the incidence of tubal ligation in large departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology was obtained prior to the enactment of new laws and regulations. The reported figures show a steep rise in the incidence of tubal ligation from 1970 to 1974. This fact is partially due to a very liberal interpretation of medical indications and partly due to the acceptance of tubal ligation as permanent contraception under certain individual and family conditions. The results of the enquiry are interpreted as the present practice of regulations which are legally still in the planning stage. In spite of the liberalization of the indications for tubal ligation, problems such as individual psychological difficulties associated with female sterilization cannot be minimized. Therefore the majority of the departments demand an intensive explanatory session and detailed informed consent for female sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1213258", "title": "[The treatment of thrombosis in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of thrombophlebitis in pregnancy with streptokinase is reviewed. Four personal cases are reported. In 3 cases the streptokinase treatment of thrombosis was carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy. Two pregnancies ended in spontaneous term deliveries of well infants without malformations. In one case the pregnancy ended by a spontaneous abortion two weeks following the treatment of the thrombosis. It is suggested that the abortion was much more likely due to a severe state of shock with pulmonary embolism following laparotomy in early pregnancy. The authors are of the opinion that the thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase should also be carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy to prevent embolization of thrombotic material and to prevent a post-thrombotic syndrome. In each case, streptokinase treatment should be followed up with subcutaneous prophylactic treatment with Heparin until term to prevent recurrent thrombophlebitis in pregnancy. With the onset of labour Heparin medication should be interrupted and the thrombin time should be normal with the beginning of the second stage of labour or the Heparin effect should be neutralized by protamine chloride. At the earliest six hours postpartum, the subcutaneous Heparin prophylaxis can be resumed in order to prevent recurrent thrombo-embolism during the postpartum stay.", "contents": "[The treatment of thrombosis in pregnancy (author's transl)]. The treatment of thrombophlebitis in pregnancy with streptokinase is reviewed. Four personal cases are reported. In 3 cases the streptokinase treatment of thrombosis was carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy. Two pregnancies ended in spontaneous term deliveries of well infants without malformations. In one case the pregnancy ended by a spontaneous abortion two weeks following the treatment of the thrombosis. It is suggested that the abortion was much more likely due to a severe state of shock with pulmonary embolism following laparotomy in early pregnancy. The authors are of the opinion that the thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase should also be carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy to prevent embolization of thrombotic material and to prevent a post-thrombotic syndrome. In each case, streptokinase treatment should be followed up with subcutaneous prophylactic treatment with Heparin until term to prevent recurrent thrombophlebitis in pregnancy. With the onset of labour Heparin medication should be interrupted and the thrombin time should be normal with the beginning of the second stage of labour or the Heparin effect should be neutralized by protamine chloride. At the earliest six hours postpartum, the subcutaneous Heparin prophylaxis can be resumed in order to prevent recurrent thrombo-embolism during the postpartum stay."}
{"id": "PMID:1213259", "title": "[Experimental investigation of the effects of estriol on menopausal symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanical writing scales are micromotor method of investigation of psychomotor discoordination capable of producing objective records of menopausal symptoms. With this method, the therapeutic effect of estriol on the menopausal symptoms can be recorded. Changes in the micromotor symptoms such as reduction in the time of writing, a decrease in the unphysiologically high writing pressure and a decrease of in inhibition and relaxation symptoms show clearly that estriol enhances a co-ordination of the motor processes of writing. The positive effects of estriol on the psychomotor co-ordination are demonstrated in the improvement of the menopausal symptoms and the improvement of the vaginal cytology. Uterine bleeding is absent since estriol has a low endometriopic action.", "contents": "[Experimental investigation of the effects of estriol on menopausal symptoms (author's transl)]. The mechanical writing scales are micromotor method of investigation of psychomotor discoordination capable of producing objective records of menopausal symptoms. With this method, the therapeutic effect of estriol on the menopausal symptoms can be recorded. Changes in the micromotor symptoms such as reduction in the time of writing, a decrease in the unphysiologically high writing pressure and a decrease of in inhibition and relaxation symptoms show clearly that estriol enhances a co-ordination of the motor processes of writing. The positive effects of estriol on the psychomotor co-ordination are demonstrated in the improvement of the menopausal symptoms and the improvement of the vaginal cytology. Uterine bleeding is absent since estriol has a low endometriopic action."}
{"id": "PMID:1213260", "title": "[About the choice of extraction instrument for vaginal operative termination in vertex presentation (author's transl)].", "content": "The common separation of indications at the First University Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Vienna concerning the choice of extraction instrument in cases of operative termination of vaginal delivery out of vertex position is being demonstrated. When there is only a slight increase of resistance in the delivery mechanism, when the child is mature, when there is no attitude of deflexion, and where there is no real reason for a speedy termination of delivery, the vacuum extractor comes into use. In cases of child emergency, of considerable increase of delivery mechanism resistance, of immaturity and attitude of deflexion, an extraction by means of obstetrical forceps is performed. Out of 547 deliveries terminated by means of extraction the sub- and postpartal mortality amounted to 2,19%. The number of prematures (7,5%) in this material did not differ from the total delivery material of the clinic. After forceps extraction 5 out of 419 children (2,8%) died. After vacuum extraction one child out of 105 (0,95%) died. In 23 cases where obstetrical forceps had to be used after vacuum extraction 2 children died (8,7%). The morbidity of the children was measured by means of the Apgar Score and of the injury frequency. Here the two extraction methods showed no significant differencies. The combined application of both extraction instruments however, showed an increase of morbidity. Injuries of the mother were almost exclusively found after forceps extraction.", "contents": "[About the choice of extraction instrument for vaginal operative termination in vertex presentation (author's transl)]. The common separation of indications at the First University Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Vienna concerning the choice of extraction instrument in cases of operative termination of vaginal delivery out of vertex position is being demonstrated. When there is only a slight increase of resistance in the delivery mechanism, when the child is mature, when there is no attitude of deflexion, and where there is no real reason for a speedy termination of delivery, the vacuum extractor comes into use. In cases of child emergency, of considerable increase of delivery mechanism resistance, of immaturity and attitude of deflexion, an extraction by means of obstetrical forceps is performed. Out of 547 deliveries terminated by means of extraction the sub- and postpartal mortality amounted to 2,19%. The number of prematures (7,5%) in this material did not differ from the total delivery material of the clinic. After forceps extraction 5 out of 419 children (2,8%) died. After vacuum extraction one child out of 105 (0,95%) died. In 23 cases where obstetrical forceps had to be used after vacuum extraction 2 children died (8,7%). The morbidity of the children was measured by means of the Apgar Score and of the injury frequency. Here the two extraction methods showed no significant differencies. The combined application of both extraction instruments however, showed an increase of morbidity. Injuries of the mother were almost exclusively found after forceps extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1213261", "title": "[Female constitution and tolerance of pills (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study on 526 patients in a family-planning clinic the significance of physical constitution type and pill-tolerance was examined. If only one type of pill was administered statistically significant differences in the tolerance were not evident. When several types of pills were tried because of undesirable side-effects of a single pill a significantly higher tolerance of pills with a balanced hormone-composition could be demonstrated. The latter kind of pills was better tolerated by students than by salaried employees. This could be explained by an increased readiness for family-planning among undergraduate students. A correlation between physical constitution and pill tolerance could not be found in this statistical analysis and the widespread use of this criterion is questioned by the authors.", "contents": "[Female constitution and tolerance of pills (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study on 526 patients in a family-planning clinic the significance of physical constitution type and pill-tolerance was examined. If only one type of pill was administered statistically significant differences in the tolerance were not evident. When several types of pills were tried because of undesirable side-effects of a single pill a significantly higher tolerance of pills with a balanced hormone-composition could be demonstrated. The latter kind of pills was better tolerated by students than by salaried employees. This could be explained by an increased readiness for family-planning among undergraduate students. A correlation between physical constitution and pill tolerance could not be found in this statistical analysis and the widespread use of this criterion is questioned by the authors."}
{"id": "PMID:1213263", "title": "[Is there any pharmacological method available to control male fertility? (Author's transl)].", "content": "The article summarizes the current status of pharmacological control of male fertility in animals and in the human. Apart from the nonsteroidal therapy with antispermatogenic agents the steroidal therapy with sex hormones is discussed. This is completed by an outview towards future methods of an antienzymatic and an immunological male contraception. At present the method of choice for control of male fertility is still coitus condomatus or vasectomy.", "contents": "[Is there any pharmacological method available to control male fertility? (Author's transl)]. The article summarizes the current status of pharmacological control of male fertility in animals and in the human. Apart from the nonsteroidal therapy with antispermatogenic agents the steroidal therapy with sex hormones is discussed. This is completed by an outview towards future methods of an antienzymatic and an immunological male contraception. At present the method of choice for control of male fertility is still coitus condomatus or vasectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1213264", "title": "[Estimation of soluble fibrin monomer complexes for evaluation of hypercoagulability during pregnancy and delivery (author's transl)].", "content": "The quantitative estimation of soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) was applied to evaluate the state of hypercoagulability during pregnancy and delivery. Blood samples from 67 healthy primi and multiparae, 6 to 40 weeks pregnant, and from a group of 8 women in labour and after delivery of the placenta were examined. Fibrinogen and SFMC were precipitated from plasma by precipitation with beta-alanine. Gel filtration (4% agarose) of the redissolved precipitate resulted in a separation of SFMC and fibrinogen. This enabled a quantitative estimation of the SFMC concentration (with-in assay precision: coefficient of variation=8%). The % amount SFMC of the total fibrinogen content increased from 2.6 +/- 0.4 to 4.9 +/- 1.3% (mean and standard deviation) to week 40 of pregnancy. During delivery an additional statistically significant increase occurred. Chain analysis of SFMC showed a decreased amount of alpha-chain indicating plasmin activity. gamma-gamma-dimers as residuals of intermolecular covalent bonding were not observed. The quantitative estimation of SFMC during pregnancy and delivery demonstrates that a state of hypercoagulability during gestation can be evaluated by measuring the catabolic products of fibrinogen. This may lead to a differentiation from severe intravascular coagulation and to an early diagnosis of thromboembolic disease or consumption coagulopathy.", "contents": "[Estimation of soluble fibrin monomer complexes for evaluation of hypercoagulability during pregnancy and delivery (author's transl)]. The quantitative estimation of soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) was applied to evaluate the state of hypercoagulability during pregnancy and delivery. Blood samples from 67 healthy primi and multiparae, 6 to 40 weeks pregnant, and from a group of 8 women in labour and after delivery of the placenta were examined. Fibrinogen and SFMC were precipitated from plasma by precipitation with beta-alanine. Gel filtration (4% agarose) of the redissolved precipitate resulted in a separation of SFMC and fibrinogen. This enabled a quantitative estimation of the SFMC concentration (with-in assay precision: coefficient of variation=8%). The % amount SFMC of the total fibrinogen content increased from 2.6 +/- 0.4 to 4.9 +/- 1.3% (mean and standard deviation) to week 40 of pregnancy. During delivery an additional statistically significant increase occurred. Chain analysis of SFMC showed a decreased amount of alpha-chain indicating plasmin activity. gamma-gamma-dimers as residuals of intermolecular covalent bonding were not observed. The quantitative estimation of SFMC during pregnancy and delivery demonstrates that a state of hypercoagulability during gestation can be evaluated by measuring the catabolic products of fibrinogen. This may lead to a differentiation from severe intravascular coagulation and to an early diagnosis of thromboembolic disease or consumption coagulopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1213265", "title": "[Stripping of the membranes for induction of labour (author's transl)].", "content": "Stripping of the membranes for induction of labour is \"harmless to mother and infant in contra-distinction to the induction of labour by artifical rupture of the membranes. Our results show that stripping of the membranes has no influence on labour and delivery, on the rate of operative deliveries and on the duration of the third stage of labour. There is no appreciable increase in puerperal morbidity. The Apgar Score remains unchanged. The success rate of stripping of the membranes defined as delivery within 48 hours after stripping of the membranes is related to the state of ripening of the uterine cervix and to the ease with which the membranes can be stripped. These factors should be considered for the indication of stripping of the membranes. The success rate can then be increased. Our overall success rate of induction of labour by stripping of the membranes was 60.8%. The success rate of stripping of the membranes in multiparous women is slightly but not significantly better than in primparous women. The age of the patient has no influence on the success rate.", "contents": "[Stripping of the membranes for induction of labour (author's transl)]. Stripping of the membranes for induction of labour is \"harmless to mother and infant in contra-distinction to the induction of labour by artifical rupture of the membranes. Our results show that stripping of the membranes has no influence on labour and delivery, on the rate of operative deliveries and on the duration of the third stage of labour. There is no appreciable increase in puerperal morbidity. The Apgar Score remains unchanged. The success rate of stripping of the membranes defined as delivery within 48 hours after stripping of the membranes is related to the state of ripening of the uterine cervix and to the ease with which the membranes can be stripped. These factors should be considered for the indication of stripping of the membranes. The success rate can then be increased. Our overall success rate of induction of labour by stripping of the membranes was 60.8%. The success rate of stripping of the membranes in multiparous women is slightly but not significantly better than in primparous women. The age of the patient has no influence on the success rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1213266", "title": "[Effects of Methotrexat on the chromosomes of a human fetus in vivo (author's transl)].", "content": "A pregnant woman in the 17th week of gestation with Hodgkin's disease was treated with 50 mg Methotrexate i.v. on the 3 days preceeding therapeutic abortion. Cytogenetic studies on blood, brain, skin and lung of the fetus were performed. Slight structural aberrations such as gaps, chromatid breaks and accentric fragments were found in an average of 8,5% of the counted metaphases. The following drastic structural chromosome aberrations were found in 24,8% of all observed metaphases: 1) mitoses with stretched chromosomes, comparable with special segments (9,9%). 2) clumping of chromosomes in varying degrees (5,4%). 3) combinations of 1) and 2) (0,4%). 4) nuclear fragments (7,4%). 5) pulverized chromosomes (1,7%). Endoreduplications were found in 2%. The modal number was 46 with a rate of 50,1%, hypodiploids 46,3%, hyperdiploids and polyploids 3,6%. Karyotype: 46, XX.", "contents": "[Effects of Methotrexat on the chromosomes of a human fetus in vivo (author's transl)]. A pregnant woman in the 17th week of gestation with Hodgkin's disease was treated with 50 mg Methotrexate i.v. on the 3 days preceeding therapeutic abortion. Cytogenetic studies on blood, brain, skin and lung of the fetus were performed. Slight structural aberrations such as gaps, chromatid breaks and accentric fragments were found in an average of 8,5% of the counted metaphases. The following drastic structural chromosome aberrations were found in 24,8% of all observed metaphases: 1) mitoses with stretched chromosomes, comparable with special segments (9,9%). 2) clumping of chromosomes in varying degrees (5,4%). 3) combinations of 1) and 2) (0,4%). 4) nuclear fragments (7,4%). 5) pulverized chromosomes (1,7%). Endoreduplications were found in 2%. The modal number was 46 with a rate of 50,1%, hypodiploids 46,3%, hyperdiploids and polyploids 3,6%. Karyotype: 46, XX."}
{"id": "PMID:1213269", "title": "The role of attribution and self-perception in behavior change: implications for behavior therapy.", "content": "In this report extrapolations were made to behavior therapy from two related lines of social-psychological research: attribution and self-perception. A review of the relevant research literature on attribution suggested that (a) the perception and causal attribution of physiological arousal is an important determinant of emotional behavior and (b) self-attribution of behavior change increases the likelihood of maintenance of that change. A review of research concerned with Bem's self-perception theory indicated that inferences arising from self-observation of one's own overt behaviors may affect subsequent behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. These two lines of research converge in suggesting that an individual's perception of himself (in terms of overt behavior, situational circumstances, and physiological states) may have a marked influence on behavior change and the maintenance of that change. In the major body of this paper the implications of this research are discussed, particularly in terms of new procedures and specific modifications for existing procedures in behavior therapy. The major areas of behavior therapy discussed include: (a) behavioral assessment; (b) role playing (behavior rehearsal); (c) operant procedures; and (d) self-control strategies. Emphasis was placed upon treating the specific implications delineated as hypotheses requiring empirical investigation in the clinical arena. Strategies for such research were outlined.", "contents": "The role of attribution and self-perception in behavior change: implications for behavior therapy. In this report extrapolations were made to behavior therapy from two related lines of social-psychological research: attribution and self-perception. A review of the relevant research literature on attribution suggested that (a) the perception and causal attribution of physiological arousal is an important determinant of emotional behavior and (b) self-attribution of behavior change increases the likelihood of maintenance of that change. A review of research concerned with Bem's self-perception theory indicated that inferences arising from self-observation of one's own overt behaviors may affect subsequent behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. These two lines of research converge in suggesting that an individual's perception of himself (in terms of overt behavior, situational circumstances, and physiological states) may have a marked influence on behavior change and the maintenance of that change. In the major body of this paper the implications of this research are discussed, particularly in terms of new procedures and specific modifications for existing procedures in behavior therapy. The major areas of behavior therapy discussed include: (a) behavioral assessment; (b) role playing (behavior rehearsal); (c) operant procedures; and (d) self-control strategies. Emphasis was placed upon treating the specific implications delineated as hypotheses requiring empirical investigation in the clinical arena. Strategies for such research were outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1213270", "title": "A theoretical and empirical approach to the study of development.", "content": "Developmental psychology, in spite of its dynamic growth, has not, thus far, generated a general theory of human development. Present developmental theories are either cognitive or ontogenetic, or both. All are descriptive. Their powers of explanation are limited. None of them include emotional development. It is argued that a theory of development in order to claim generality must (a) include emotional development, and (b) offer means of explaining, rather than only describing, developmental transformations. A nonontogenetic theory of development, called theory of positive disintegration, appears to fulfill these conditions. It is built on Jacksonian principles of evolution of levels of functioning. The central concept of the theory is that of multilevelness of developmental phenomena. Development is seen to be a function of the level of behavioral organization. The theory defines five levels. Each level constitutes a distinct structure. The dynamic elements of the structure of each level are identified. Positive disintegration is the name for the process by which the structure of a higher level replaces the structure of a lower one. The theory explains different developmental patterns by introducing the concept of developmental potential (DP). Although DP is a purely logical notion, it is given observable dimensions designated as dimensions of mental functioning. There are five of these and they correspond to psychomotor, sensual, imaginational, intellectual, and emotional modes of functioning. The first half of the monograph is devoted to the conceptual structure of the theory. The second half to empirical tests of the theory. Three such tests were made on data generated from an atomistic analysis of autobiographies. The first test consisted of the comparison of developmental cross-sections obtained from different sources of data (subjects) with the overall pattern of five levels of development. The different cross-sections overlap with each other and with different segments of the total theoretical pattern. Superimposed on each other they reconstitute the total pattern. The second test consisted of a comparison between computed and clinically derived values for DP for each subject in the study. The third test was a comparison of DP values obtained from early and late parts of an autobiography. An empirical equation for DP was used in the second and the third test. Parameters represented in the equation appear sufficient to account for individual differences in patterns and levels of development.", "contents": "A theoretical and empirical approach to the study of development. Developmental psychology, in spite of its dynamic growth, has not, thus far, generated a general theory of human development. Present developmental theories are either cognitive or ontogenetic, or both. All are descriptive. Their powers of explanation are limited. None of them include emotional development. It is argued that a theory of development in order to claim generality must (a) include emotional development, and (b) offer means of explaining, rather than only describing, developmental transformations. A nonontogenetic theory of development, called theory of positive disintegration, appears to fulfill these conditions. It is built on Jacksonian principles of evolution of levels of functioning. The central concept of the theory is that of multilevelness of developmental phenomena. Development is seen to be a function of the level of behavioral organization. The theory defines five levels. Each level constitutes a distinct structure. The dynamic elements of the structure of each level are identified. Positive disintegration is the name for the process by which the structure of a higher level replaces the structure of a lower one. The theory explains different developmental patterns by introducing the concept of developmental potential (DP). Although DP is a purely logical notion, it is given observable dimensions designated as dimensions of mental functioning. There are five of these and they correspond to psychomotor, sensual, imaginational, intellectual, and emotional modes of functioning. The first half of the monograph is devoted to the conceptual structure of the theory. The second half to empirical tests of the theory. Three such tests were made on data generated from an atomistic analysis of autobiographies. The first test consisted of the comparison of developmental cross-sections obtained from different sources of data (subjects) with the overall pattern of five levels of development. The different cross-sections overlap with each other and with different segments of the total theoretical pattern. Superimposed on each other they reconstitute the total pattern. The second test consisted of a comparison between computed and clinically derived values for DP for each subject in the study. The third test was a comparison of DP values obtained from early and late parts of an autobiography. An empirical equation for DP was used in the second and the third test. Parameters represented in the equation appear sufficient to account for individual differences in patterns and levels of development."}
{"id": "PMID:1213271", "title": "Perceptions of aging parents in the context of disengagement theory.", "content": "Cumming and Henry's disengagement theory of aging was investigated by instructing 89 sons and daughters of parents in four aged groups to describe their parents in middle and old age. Various personality and social measures were used including bipolar adjective checklists, depression, optimism, and control scales. The results indicated that at least two factors, institutionalization and activity level, exert an effect on the perceived changes in aged parents. Two groups, one institutionalized and the other noninstitutionalized but without formal activities, were described as being disengaged: e.g., withdrawn socially, self-absorbed, as well as powerless, pessimistic, and depressed. The other two groups who were noninstitutionalized and involved in outer-world recreational and vocational activities were not seen as disengaged in any way in old age. The personality variable internal-external control of reinforcement may serve as an antecedent to withdrawal behaviors in the aged.", "contents": "Perceptions of aging parents in the context of disengagement theory. Cumming and Henry's disengagement theory of aging was investigated by instructing 89 sons and daughters of parents in four aged groups to describe their parents in middle and old age. Various personality and social measures were used including bipolar adjective checklists, depression, optimism, and control scales. The results indicated that at least two factors, institutionalization and activity level, exert an effect on the perceived changes in aged parents. Two groups, one institutionalized and the other noninstitutionalized but without formal activities, were described as being disengaged: e.g., withdrawn socially, self-absorbed, as well as powerless, pessimistic, and depressed. The other two groups who were noninstitutionalized and involved in outer-world recreational and vocational activities were not seen as disengaged in any way in old age. The personality variable internal-external control of reinforcement may serve as an antecedent to withdrawal behaviors in the aged."}
{"id": "PMID:1213272", "title": "Population differentiation under the charge state model.", "content": "The extent of divergence between partially isolated sub-populations for electrophoretically detectable alleles was formulated assuming the island model of migration and the charge state model of mutation. At equilibrium the ratio of the variance of charge between the means of k different islands to the average within-island variance of charge was shown to be approximately 4Nemk2/(k-1)2 where Ne is the effective size of each island population and m is the migration rate. This ratio was calculated from published data for eight polymorphic loci in six island populations of Drosophila willistoni. Under the assumption that all variants are selectively neutral, migration rates of greater than 10 adults per generation per island are required to explain the observed similarity of the allelic profiles in D. willistoni. Since the islands studied appear to be virtually completely isolated it was concluded either that the observed protein variants are adaptive and maintained in populations by some form of balancing selection or that the observed variants themselves are neutral but natural selection acts to restrict the appearance of more extreme variants in the charge carried.", "contents": "Population differentiation under the charge state model. The extent of divergence between partially isolated sub-populations for electrophoretically detectable alleles was formulated assuming the island model of migration and the charge state model of mutation. At equilibrium the ratio of the variance of charge between the means of k different islands to the average within-island variance of charge was shown to be approximately 4Nemk2/(k-1)2 where Ne is the effective size of each island population and m is the migration rate. This ratio was calculated from published data for eight polymorphic loci in six island populations of Drosophila willistoni. Under the assumption that all variants are selectively neutral, migration rates of greater than 10 adults per generation per island are required to explain the observed similarity of the allelic profiles in D. willistoni. Since the islands studied appear to be virtually completely isolated it was concluded either that the observed protein variants are adaptive and maintained in populations by some form of balancing selection or that the observed variants themselves are neutral but natural selection acts to restrict the appearance of more extreme variants in the charge carried."}
{"id": "PMID:1213273", "title": "Sex determination in bees. IV. Genetic control of juvenile hormone production in Melipona quadrifasciata (Apidae).", "content": "Cell number and volume of corpora allata was determined for 8 phases of development, the first prepupal stage to adults 30 days old, in the social Apidae Melipona quadrifasciata. In the second prepupal stage a strong correlation was found between cell number and body weight (r = 0.651), and cell number and corpora allata volume in prepupal stage (r = 0.535), which indicates that juvenile hormone has a definite role in caste determination in Melipona. The distribution of the volume of corpus allatum suggest a 3:1 segregation between bees with high volume of corpora allata against low and medium volume. This implies that genes kappa a and kappa b code for an enzyme that directly participates in juvenile hormone production. It was also concluded that the number of cells in the second prepupal stage is more important than the weight of the prepupa for caste determination. A scheme summarizing the genic control of sex and caste determination in Melipona bees in the prepupal phase is given.", "contents": "Sex determination in bees. IV. Genetic control of juvenile hormone production in Melipona quadrifasciata (Apidae). Cell number and volume of corpora allata was determined for 8 phases of development, the first prepupal stage to adults 30 days old, in the social Apidae Melipona quadrifasciata. In the second prepupal stage a strong correlation was found between cell number and body weight (r = 0.651), and cell number and corpora allata volume in prepupal stage (r = 0.535), which indicates that juvenile hormone has a definite role in caste determination in Melipona. The distribution of the volume of corpus allatum suggest a 3:1 segregation between bees with high volume of corpora allata against low and medium volume. This implies that genes kappa a and kappa b code for an enzyme that directly participates in juvenile hormone production. It was also concluded that the number of cells in the second prepupal stage is more important than the weight of the prepupa for caste determination. A scheme summarizing the genic control of sex and caste determination in Melipona bees in the prepupal phase is given."}
{"id": "PMID:1213274", "title": "Genetic change and rates of cladogenesis.", "content": "Models are introduced which predict ratios of mean levels of genetic divergence in species-rich versus species-poor phylads under two competing assumptions: (1) genetic differentiation is a function of time, unrelated to the number of cladogenetic events and (2) genetic differentiation is proportional to the number of speciation events in the group. The models are simple, general, and biologically real, but not precise. They lead to qualitatively distinct predictions about levels of genetic divergence depending upon the relationship between rates of speciation and amount of genetic change. When genetic distance between species is a function of time, mean genetic distances in speciose and depauperate phylads of equal evolutionary age are very similar. On the contrary, when genetic distance is a function of the number of speciations in the history of a phylad, the ratio of mean genetic distances separating species in speciose versus depauperate phylads is greater than one, and increases rapidly as the frequency of speciations in one group relative to the other increases. The models may be tested with data from natural populations to assess (1) possible correlations between rates of anagenesis and cladogenesis and (2) the amount of genetic differentiation accompanying the speciation process. The data collected in electrophoretic surveys and other kinds of studies can be used to test the predictions of the models. For this purpose genetic distances need to be measured in speciose and depauperate phylads of equal evolutionary age. The limited information presently available agrees better with the model predicting that genetic change is primarily a function of time, and is not correlated with rates of speciation. Further testing of the models is, however, required before firm conclusions can be drawn.", "contents": "Genetic change and rates of cladogenesis. Models are introduced which predict ratios of mean levels of genetic divergence in species-rich versus species-poor phylads under two competing assumptions: (1) genetic differentiation is a function of time, unrelated to the number of cladogenetic events and (2) genetic differentiation is proportional to the number of speciation events in the group. The models are simple, general, and biologically real, but not precise. They lead to qualitatively distinct predictions about levels of genetic divergence depending upon the relationship between rates of speciation and amount of genetic change. When genetic distance between species is a function of time, mean genetic distances in speciose and depauperate phylads of equal evolutionary age are very similar. On the contrary, when genetic distance is a function of the number of speciations in the history of a phylad, the ratio of mean genetic distances separating species in speciose versus depauperate phylads is greater than one, and increases rapidly as the frequency of speciations in one group relative to the other increases. The models may be tested with data from natural populations to assess (1) possible correlations between rates of anagenesis and cladogenesis and (2) the amount of genetic differentiation accompanying the speciation process. The data collected in electrophoretic surveys and other kinds of studies can be used to test the predictions of the models. For this purpose genetic distances need to be measured in speciose and depauperate phylads of equal evolutionary age. The limited information presently available agrees better with the model predicting that genetic change is primarily a function of time, and is not correlated with rates of speciation. Further testing of the models is, however, required before firm conclusions can be drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:1213275", "title": "Gene frequency distributions as a test of selective neutrality.", "content": "The analysis of differences between loci in the variance of gene frequency over populations within a species has been suggested as a method of detecting natural selection. It is shown that, in the absence of selection, the expected variation over loci depends strongly on the pattern of relationships between populations. The effect of structure within a species is always to increase the variation and therefore to reduce the power of the method.", "contents": "Gene frequency distributions as a test of selective neutrality. The analysis of differences between loci in the variance of gene frequency over populations within a species has been suggested as a method of detecting natural selection. It is shown that, in the absence of selection, the expected variation over loci depends strongly on the pattern of relationships between populations. The effect of structure within a species is always to increase the variation and therefore to reduce the power of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:1213276", "title": "Gene flow and selection in a two-locus system.", "content": "A model of gene flow and selection in two linked loci is analyzed. The problems considered are the effects of linkage on the clines in frequencies at the two loci and the role of gene flow in producing linkage disequilibrium between the loci. Also, the possible significance of linkage as a mechanism for permitting a population of \"track\" spatial changes in the environment is considered. The results are that when the recombination fraction between the loci is of the same order of magnitude as the selection coefficients or smaller, then linkage is important in determining the gene frequencies and a substantial amount of linkage disequilibrium is present in the cline. Depending on the spatial pattern of selection on the two loci, linkage can either decrease or increase a population's response to local selection.", "contents": "Gene flow and selection in a two-locus system. A model of gene flow and selection in two linked loci is analyzed. The problems considered are the effects of linkage on the clines in frequencies at the two loci and the role of gene flow in producing linkage disequilibrium between the loci. Also, the possible significance of linkage as a mechanism for permitting a population of \"track\" spatial changes in the environment is considered. The results are that when the recombination fraction between the loci is of the same order of magnitude as the selection coefficients or smaller, then linkage is important in determining the gene frequencies and a substantial amount of linkage disequilibrium is present in the cline. Depending on the spatial pattern of selection on the two loci, linkage can either decrease or increase a population's response to local selection."}
{"id": "PMID:1213286", "title": "[Phenotypic characteristics of temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage T4 in gene 19].", "content": "The order of three thermosensitive mutations in gene 19 is determined and compared with the character of defective structures observed in an electrone microscope study of the lysates obtained in non-permissive and semi-permissive conditions. The degree of defectiveness of core polymerization increases if the mutation is located near the beginning of the gene. In one the combinations among these mutants the interallelic complementation is found. The mechanism of complementation is discussed on the basis of the electrone microscopic pattern. The polymerization of core protein in vivo starts from the base plate.", "contents": "[Phenotypic characteristics of temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage T4 in gene 19]. The order of three thermosensitive mutations in gene 19 is determined and compared with the character of defective structures observed in an electrone microscope study of the lysates obtained in non-permissive and semi-permissive conditions. The degree of defectiveness of core polymerization increases if the mutation is located near the beginning of the gene. In one the combinations among these mutants the interallelic complementation is found. The mechanism of complementation is discussed on the basis of the electrone microscopic pattern. The polymerization of core protein in vivo starts from the base plate."}
{"id": "PMID:1213287", "title": "[Chromosome aberrations in premature infant lymphocytes].", "content": "A cytogenetic investigation of a group of prematurely born babies was carried out during the first months of their life (at ages of 0 days, 5-7 days, 2-4 weeks), as well as of a group of infants born in proper time and having a normal weight. As it was shown by the analysis of chromosome aberrations, frequencies of aberrant cells in babies at ages of 0 days, 5-7 days, 2-4 weeks and in those that have endured some bacterial or viral infection were 1,96% (0.22 aberrations per cell), 3,38% (0,037 aberrations per cell), 4,92% (0,053 aberrations per cell) and 6,73% respectively. The role of infection of drugs in the increase of the frequency of aberrant cells is also indicated by the investigation of babies born in proper time and having normal weight, that have endured an acute respiratory disease. In this group of children the frequency of aberrant cells was 5,3%. However, it is impossible to assess the role of each of these factors separately, since their effect on the organism of prematurely born babies is simultaneous from the very moment of birth.", "contents": "[Chromosome aberrations in premature infant lymphocytes]. A cytogenetic investigation of a group of prematurely born babies was carried out during the first months of their life (at ages of 0 days, 5-7 days, 2-4 weeks), as well as of a group of infants born in proper time and having a normal weight. As it was shown by the analysis of chromosome aberrations, frequencies of aberrant cells in babies at ages of 0 days, 5-7 days, 2-4 weeks and in those that have endured some bacterial or viral infection were 1,96% (0.22 aberrations per cell), 3,38% (0,037 aberrations per cell), 4,92% (0,053 aberrations per cell) and 6,73% respectively. The role of infection of drugs in the increase of the frequency of aberrant cells is also indicated by the investigation of babies born in proper time and having normal weight, that have endured an acute respiratory disease. In this group of children the frequency of aberrant cells was 5,3%. However, it is impossible to assess the role of each of these factors separately, since their effect on the organism of prematurely born babies is simultaneous from the very moment of birth."}
{"id": "PMID:1213288", "title": "[Cytogenetic analysis of the effect of cosmic flight factors on man].", "content": "The results of cytogenetic investigation of 14 crewmembers of \"Soyuz\" spacecrafts before and after 7 spaceflights are represented. No cytogenetic changes were noted at the investigated crewmembers on the first postflight day as compared to the preflight data. Possible causes of differences between the author's data and the data of foreign investigators on cytogenetic investigation of American crewmembers are discussed in the article.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic analysis of the effect of cosmic flight factors on man]. The results of cytogenetic investigation of 14 crewmembers of \"Soyuz\" spacecrafts before and after 7 spaceflights are represented. No cytogenetic changes were noted at the investigated crewmembers on the first postflight day as compared to the preflight data. Possible causes of differences between the author's data and the data of foreign investigators on cytogenetic investigation of American crewmembers are discussed in the article."}
{"id": "PMID:1213289", "title": "[Role of various factors in determination of mono- and dizygotic twinning in man].", "content": "The multifactorial correlative analysis of the effect of certain factors influencing the appearance of either DZ or MZ twins in 259 families with known twins in them was carried out. It is shown that the probability of MZ twins birth in a family increases with mother's height growing, relations between parents getting worse and also in families where mother does physical work, while a probability of DZ twins birth depends on mother using contraceptives, increases in families with better nutrition and with father's age growing.", "contents": "[Role of various factors in determination of mono- and dizygotic twinning in man]. The multifactorial correlative analysis of the effect of certain factors influencing the appearance of either DZ or MZ twins in 259 families with known twins in them was carried out. It is shown that the probability of MZ twins birth in a family increases with mother's height growing, relations between parents getting worse and also in families where mother does physical work, while a probability of DZ twins birth depends on mother using contraceptives, increases in families with better nutrition and with father's age growing."}
{"id": "PMID:1213290", "title": "[Classification of the ceruloplasmin locus in cattle].", "content": "The object of this study was the polymorphism of the ceruplasmin locus in different separate herds of cattle of the Pinzgan and the Red Polish breeds. The investigations carried out corroborated the hypothesis of the triallelic nature of this locus, which expands our knowledge and possibilities in this direction. The frequency of the alleles A, B and C in Red Polish cattle (n = 333) was 0,725; 0,026 and 0,249 respectively, being 0,920; 0,009 and 0,071 in the Pinzgan cattle (n = 369). An assumption is made about the greater value of proteins of a relatively high electrophoretic mobility as compared to those of a relatively low electrophoretic mobility.", "contents": "[Classification of the ceruloplasmin locus in cattle]. The object of this study was the polymorphism of the ceruplasmin locus in different separate herds of cattle of the Pinzgan and the Red Polish breeds. The investigations carried out corroborated the hypothesis of the triallelic nature of this locus, which expands our knowledge and possibilities in this direction. The frequency of the alleles A, B and C in Red Polish cattle (n = 333) was 0,725; 0,026 and 0,249 respectively, being 0,920; 0,009 and 0,071 in the Pinzgan cattle (n = 369). An assumption is made about the greater value of proteins of a relatively high electrophoretic mobility as compared to those of a relatively low electrophoretic mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:1213291", "title": "[Genetic control of lactate dehydrogenase gene A expression in sheep erythrocytes].", "content": "Polymorphism for the phenotypical expression of gene for LDH subunit A was demonstrated in sheep erythrocytes by means of starch gel electrophoresis. Three types of LDH were established differing in the relative activities of the second and third LDH isozymes. Familial analysis has shown that high level of LDH-2 and LDH-3 activities are determined by the autosomal gene Ldr-1a and low level of their activities is controlled by gene Ldr-1b. The frequencies of gene Ldr-1a in Altai thin-fleece, Romney Marsh and Linkoln breeds were 0,533; 0,509 and 0,425 respectively. Gene frequencies were also determined in crossbreeds. Possible mechanisms of the action of genes Ldr-1a and Ldr-1b in sheep erythrocytes are discussed.", "contents": "[Genetic control of lactate dehydrogenase gene A expression in sheep erythrocytes]. Polymorphism for the phenotypical expression of gene for LDH subunit A was demonstrated in sheep erythrocytes by means of starch gel electrophoresis. Three types of LDH were established differing in the relative activities of the second and third LDH isozymes. Familial analysis has shown that high level of LDH-2 and LDH-3 activities are determined by the autosomal gene Ldr-1a and low level of their activities is controlled by gene Ldr-1b. The frequencies of gene Ldr-1a in Altai thin-fleece, Romney Marsh and Linkoln breeds were 0,533; 0,509 and 0,425 respectively. Gene frequencies were also determined in crossbreeds. Possible mechanisms of the action of genes Ldr-1a and Ldr-1b in sheep erythrocytes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213292", "title": "[Cytogenetic effect of mitomycin C and cytosine arabinoside on mice of different genotypes].", "content": "Cytogenetic effect of mitomycin C (MC) and cytosine arabinoside (CA) on bone marrow cells of male mice of the strains 101/HY, C57BL/6Y C,3H/SnY and of the (C3HX101) F1 hybrids was studied. The frequencies of cells with chromosome aberrations after the treatment with MC at a 5 mg/kg dose were 54,4%; 41,8%; 40,4% and 26,8% in 101H, B6, C3H/Sn mice and in the F1 hybrids (C3HX101) respectively. The frequencies of cells with chromosome aberrations after the treatment with CA at a 500 mg/kg dose were 25,2%; 17,8%; 10,8% and the 101/H, B6, C3H/Sn mice and in the F1 hybrids (C3HX101) respectively. Both mutagens induced the greatest number of chromosome aberrations in the 101/H strain and the smallest number in the F1 hybrid (C3HX101). A positive correlation was established between the levels of induced and spontaneous chromosome lesions.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic effect of mitomycin C and cytosine arabinoside on mice of different genotypes]. Cytogenetic effect of mitomycin C (MC) and cytosine arabinoside (CA) on bone marrow cells of male mice of the strains 101/HY, C57BL/6Y C,3H/SnY and of the (C3HX101) F1 hybrids was studied. The frequencies of cells with chromosome aberrations after the treatment with MC at a 5 mg/kg dose were 54,4%; 41,8%; 40,4% and 26,8% in 101H, B6, C3H/Sn mice and in the F1 hybrids (C3HX101) respectively. The frequencies of cells with chromosome aberrations after the treatment with CA at a 500 mg/kg dose were 25,2%; 17,8%; 10,8% and the 101/H, B6, C3H/Sn mice and in the F1 hybrids (C3HX101) respectively. Both mutagens induced the greatest number of chromosome aberrations in the 101/H strain and the smallest number in the F1 hybrid (C3HX101). A positive correlation was established between the levels of induced and spontaneous chromosome lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1213293", "title": "[Association of telomeric regions of salivary gland chromosomes in Drosophila species of the virilis group].", "content": "The frequency of participating salivary gland chromosomes in telomeric associations and specific combinations of associated chromosomes were studied in the following species belonging to \"virilis\" group of Drosophila: D. virilis, D. texana, D. littoralis Sokolov and D. imeretensis Sokolov. In all species studied predominantly telomeres of two chromosomes form an association. In females of the species mentioned the X-chromosome takes part in association twice as frequent as in males. The total length of the chromosome and the presence of subterminal inversions may sometimes influence the frequency of participating the chromosome in associations. However, the data obtained enable to postulate that internal homology of telomeric regions plays the main role in the process. The equal frequency of participating in telomeric associations for definite chromosomes in species studied may resemble the phylogenetic relation of the species.", "contents": "[Association of telomeric regions of salivary gland chromosomes in Drosophila species of the virilis group]. The frequency of participating salivary gland chromosomes in telomeric associations and specific combinations of associated chromosomes were studied in the following species belonging to \"virilis\" group of Drosophila: D. virilis, D. texana, D. littoralis Sokolov and D. imeretensis Sokolov. In all species studied predominantly telomeres of two chromosomes form an association. In females of the species mentioned the X-chromosome takes part in association twice as frequent as in males. The total length of the chromosome and the presence of subterminal inversions may sometimes influence the frequency of participating the chromosome in associations. However, the data obtained enable to postulate that internal homology of telomeric regions plays the main role in the process. The equal frequency of participating in telomeric associations for definite chromosomes in species studied may resemble the phylogenetic relation of the species."}
{"id": "PMID:1213294", "title": "[Autonomy of association frequencies of telomeric regions in salivary gland chromosomes during interspecific hybridization].", "content": "The study of association frequency and combination of salivary gland chromosomes participating in telomeric associations in interspecific hybrids between related species of \"virilis\" group of Drosophila (D. virilis, D. texana and D. imeretensis Sokolov) enables to conclude that each homologous chromosome behaves as an individual unit in the process. Besides, it is shown that the frequency of association of an autonomous property of telomere, i. e. it is not changed in interspecific hybrids in comparison with parental species.", "contents": "[Autonomy of association frequencies of telomeric regions in salivary gland chromosomes during interspecific hybridization]. The study of association frequency and combination of salivary gland chromosomes participating in telomeric associations in interspecific hybrids between related species of \"virilis\" group of Drosophila (D. virilis, D. texana and D. imeretensis Sokolov) enables to conclude that each homologous chromosome behaves as an individual unit in the process. Besides, it is shown that the frequency of association of an autonomous property of telomere, i. e. it is not changed in interspecific hybrids in comparison with parental species."}
{"id": "PMID:1213295", "title": "[Role of cytosine photohydrates in the UV-induced mutagenesis of phage Sd].", "content": "Substitution of H2O for D2O does not affect the rate of UV-inactivation of the extracellular phage Sd, containing double-stranded DNA. However, the yield of plaque-mutants induced by UV-irradiation in D2O is significantly lower, that in H2O. This difference is mostly pronounced at doses greater than 100 erg/mm2. Since the substitution of H2O for D2O selectively decelerate photohydration of pyrimidines (only cytosines in DNA), one could conclude that the formation of cytosine photohydrates in DNA accounts for significant part of UV-induced mutations but it is not an essential reason for UV-inactivation of extracellular phage Sd.", "contents": "[Role of cytosine photohydrates in the UV-induced mutagenesis of phage Sd]. Substitution of H2O for D2O does not affect the rate of UV-inactivation of the extracellular phage Sd, containing double-stranded DNA. However, the yield of plaque-mutants induced by UV-irradiation in D2O is significantly lower, that in H2O. This difference is mostly pronounced at doses greater than 100 erg/mm2. Since the substitution of H2O for D2O selectively decelerate photohydration of pyrimidines (only cytosines in DNA), one could conclude that the formation of cytosine photohydrates in DNA accounts for significant part of UV-induced mutations but it is not an essential reason for UV-inactivation of extracellular phage Sd."}
{"id": "PMID:1213600", "title": "Hormonal steroids: effects on the vascular system.", "content": "An increase in the incidence of thromboembolic disorders has been associated with oral contraceptive use, though the causative mechanisms remain unclear. Our studies indicate that the contraceptive steroids, irrespective of the intermediary metabolic processes involved, cause changes in the surface charge characteristics of the blood vessel wall and blood cells in the following cases: (i) in experiments using dogs, the hormonal steroids result in a greater reduction in the pore surface charge of veins than in arteries; (ii) in rats, the current induced mesenteric occlusion times are significantly lowered following administration of combined contraceptives steroids; (iii) in humans, the electrophoretic mobilities of erythrocytes and platelets from women taking Ovral and Demulen are lower than in controls, and (iv) there is no significant alteration of plasma coagulation times of women who are on injectable progestin therapy. Demulen and Ovral appear to result in a slight decrease in activated partial thromboplastin times compared to controls.", "contents": "Hormonal steroids: effects on the vascular system. An increase in the incidence of thromboembolic disorders has been associated with oral contraceptive use, though the causative mechanisms remain unclear. Our studies indicate that the contraceptive steroids, irrespective of the intermediary metabolic processes involved, cause changes in the surface charge characteristics of the blood vessel wall and blood cells in the following cases: (i) in experiments using dogs, the hormonal steroids result in a greater reduction in the pore surface charge of veins than in arteries; (ii) in rats, the current induced mesenteric occlusion times are significantly lowered following administration of combined contraceptives steroids; (iii) in humans, the electrophoretic mobilities of erythrocytes and platelets from women taking Ovral and Demulen are lower than in controls, and (iv) there is no significant alteration of plasma coagulation times of women who are on injectable progestin therapy. Demulen and Ovral appear to result in a slight decrease in activated partial thromboplastin times compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1213601", "title": "Experimental production of aneuploidy in mouse oocytes.", "content": "The normal course of meiosis can be interrupted in cultured mouse oocytes by exposre to low temperature (23 degrees C). Re-transfer of the oocytes to a 37 degrees C environment will permit the meiotic process to resume and progress as usual to second metaphase. However, a significant number of oocytes treated in this manner prove to contain abnormal numbers of chromosomes.", "contents": "Experimental production of aneuploidy in mouse oocytes. The normal course of meiosis can be interrupted in cultured mouse oocytes by exposre to low temperature (23 degrees C). Re-transfer of the oocytes to a 37 degrees C environment will permit the meiotic process to resume and progress as usual to second metaphase. However, a significant number of oocytes treated in this manner prove to contain abnormal numbers of chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1213602", "title": "Serum unconjugated estriol in the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated estriol in the menstrual cycle with a sensitivity of about 5 pg/ml is described. 8 cycles were studied. In 2 cycles, single spikes of 22 and 30 pg/ml were obtained. In 3 cycles, concentrations of 4-5 pg/ml were found whereas in the other 3 studies, no estriol was detected. In general, peaks of estriol corresponded to peaks in estradiol plus estrone. Patients in 4-12 weeks of gestation were also studied. Concentrations as high as 262 pg/ml were found but in isolated instances, no estriol was detected. The results support the view that in contrast to the pregnant state, in the normal menstrual cycle, the bulk of the estriol produced is conjugated before release into the blood.", "contents": "Serum unconjugated estriol in the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. A radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated estriol in the menstrual cycle with a sensitivity of about 5 pg/ml is described. 8 cycles were studied. In 2 cycles, single spikes of 22 and 30 pg/ml were obtained. In 3 cycles, concentrations of 4-5 pg/ml were found whereas in the other 3 studies, no estriol was detected. In general, peaks of estriol corresponded to peaks in estradiol plus estrone. Patients in 4-12 weeks of gestation were also studied. Concentrations as high as 262 pg/ml were found but in isolated instances, no estriol was detected. The results support the view that in contrast to the pregnant state, in the normal menstrual cycle, the bulk of the estriol produced is conjugated before release into the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1213603", "title": "[Osteoid-osteoma of the hand skeleton].", "content": "According to the literature it seems that osteoid-osteoma is quite often seen in the skeleton of the hand. Three cases (os scaphoideum, os hamatum, metacarpus III) are described. The clinical diagnosis may be difficult. Priority is given to the symptomatology which may lead to the diagnosis in spite of difficulty in radiological evaluation.", "contents": "[Osteoid-osteoma of the hand skeleton]. According to the literature it seems that osteoid-osteoma is quite often seen in the skeleton of the hand. Three cases (os scaphoideum, os hamatum, metacarpus III) are described. The clinical diagnosis may be difficult. Priority is given to the symptomatology which may lead to the diagnosis in spite of difficulty in radiological evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1213604", "title": "[Contusion of the ulnar nerve with fibro-lipomatous hypertrophy. A case report].", "content": "The autor describes a case of compression syndrom of the ulnar nerve at the elbow after a blow-injury. At the operation the nerve presented a considerable fibro-lipomatous intraneural hypertrophy with extention over almost the whole length of the extremity. Furthermore, a similar case of the deep branch of the radial nerve is mentioned, presenting the same pathological condition. Till now, only cases affecting the median nerve, have been described in the world literature.", "contents": "[Contusion of the ulnar nerve with fibro-lipomatous hypertrophy. A case report]. The autor describes a case of compression syndrom of the ulnar nerve at the elbow after a blow-injury. At the operation the nerve presented a considerable fibro-lipomatous intraneural hypertrophy with extention over almost the whole length of the extremity. Furthermore, a similar case of the deep branch of the radial nerve is mentioned, presenting the same pathological condition. Till now, only cases affecting the median nerve, have been described in the world literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1213605", "title": "[Variations of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel].", "content": "In over 250 operative procedures in 135 cases the median nerve was subjected to a close study in the carpal tunnel. In 13 cases modifications of its regular branching were found. These variations have been described together with those reported in the literature. A double motor branch (6 cases) and a high division of the median nerve (4 cases) were the most common. In very few cases an accessory motor branch was found to leave the nerve proximal to the carpal tunnel.", "contents": "[Variations of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel]. In over 250 operative procedures in 135 cases the median nerve was subjected to a close study in the carpal tunnel. In 13 cases modifications of its regular branching were found. These variations have been described together with those reported in the literature. A double motor branch (6 cases) and a high division of the median nerve (4 cases) were the most common. In very few cases an accessory motor branch was found to leave the nerve proximal to the carpal tunnel."}
{"id": "PMID:1213606", "title": "[Clinical significance of the styloid bone].", "content": "This article deals with the clinical importance of the os styloideum carpi, and the differential diagnosis and therapy of painful styloid boss. Emphasis is laid on the importance of further studies, especially in pathomechanics.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of the styloid bone]. This article deals with the clinical importance of the os styloideum carpi, and the differential diagnosis and therapy of painful styloid boss. Emphasis is laid on the importance of further studies, especially in pathomechanics."}
{"id": "PMID:1213607", "title": "[Experience with the AO smallest-fragment set in fractures of the phalanges].", "content": "When treated conservatively, fractures of the proximal and middle phalanges require long immobilization with results usually being poor. Operative treatment with K-wires has also been found not to be entirely satisfactory. Therefore small screws and plates (AO) were developed for internal fixation and used in 31 phalangeal fractures. The technique and instruments used are described. Functional results appeared to be superior with this method reported here.", "contents": "[Experience with the AO smallest-fragment set in fractures of the phalanges]. When treated conservatively, fractures of the proximal and middle phalanges require long immobilization with results usually being poor. Operative treatment with K-wires has also been found not to be entirely satisfactory. Therefore small screws and plates (AO) were developed for internal fixation and used in 31 phalangeal fractures. The technique and instruments used are described. Functional results appeared to be superior with this method reported here."}
{"id": "PMID:1213608", "title": "Studies on thyroid therapy and thyroid function in depressive patients.", "content": "A number of cases of depressed patients have latent hypothyroidism, possibly due to hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction, and become refractory to antidepressant drugs. The dramatic effect or thyroid medication combined with tricyclic antidepressants is often observed in such persistently depressed patients. This effect seems to pertain to the catecholamine hypothesis of depression, but this requires further elucidation.", "contents": "Studies on thyroid therapy and thyroid function in depressive patients. A number of cases of depressed patients have latent hypothyroidism, possibly due to hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction, and become refractory to antidepressant drugs. The dramatic effect or thyroid medication combined with tricyclic antidepressants is often observed in such persistently depressed patients. This effect seems to pertain to the catecholamine hypothesis of depression, but this requires further elucidation."}
{"id": "PMID:1213609", "title": "Hippocampal seizure and secondary epileptogenesis in the \"kindled\" cat preparations.", "content": "The behavioral, electrographic and transference characteristics were investigated in hippocampal kindled cats. All animals developed generalized convulsions following daily hippocampal stimulation (mean 51.8 days). A distinct sequence of behavioral events was observed prior to the seizure and classified into six stages. Motor seizure manifestations appeared along with the emergence of an entirely independent after-discharge and interictal discharge in the bilateral globus pallidus (GP) and amygdala (AM). Secondary site convulsions were triggered with initial stimulation in the GP, contralateral dorsal hippocampus and in most AM sites. This finding suggests that after the primary site was kindled, these previously unstimulated secondary structures attained a response potency equal to that of the primary site. Furthermore, the \"all-or nothing\" response was confirmed both in the primary and secondary site convulsions.", "contents": "Hippocampal seizure and secondary epileptogenesis in the \"kindled\" cat preparations. The behavioral, electrographic and transference characteristics were investigated in hippocampal kindled cats. All animals developed generalized convulsions following daily hippocampal stimulation (mean 51.8 days). A distinct sequence of behavioral events was observed prior to the seizure and classified into six stages. Motor seizure manifestations appeared along with the emergence of an entirely independent after-discharge and interictal discharge in the bilateral globus pallidus (GP) and amygdala (AM). Secondary site convulsions were triggered with initial stimulation in the GP, contralateral dorsal hippocampus and in most AM sites. This finding suggests that after the primary site was kindled, these previously unstimulated secondary structures attained a response potency equal to that of the primary site. Furthermore, the \"all-or nothing\" response was confirmed both in the primary and secondary site convulsions."}
{"id": "PMID:1213610", "title": "Chronic meningoencephalomyelitis with spastic spinal paralysis: a case report.", "content": "A case of chronic meningoencephalomyelitis in a 48-year-old housewife is presented. The onset was characterized by spastic paralysis of the lower extremities. The course was progressive with repeated remissions and exacerbations, and the patient died approximately seven years after the onset of disease. Laboratory tests showed slightly increased cell count in the spinal fluid, accelerated sedimentation rate, positive CRP and RA, and increased ASLO and gamma globulin levels. Neuropathologic examination revealed such changes as perivascular cellular infiltration, glial nodules, poorly demarcated demyelination and recent necrosis in the spinal cord and basal ganglia. Only mild inflammatory findings were noted in the telencephalon and brain stem. The clinico-pathologic findings in this case supported a diagnosis of chronic meningoencephalomyelitis which could not be classified as any known type of encephalomyelitis.", "contents": "Chronic meningoencephalomyelitis with spastic spinal paralysis: a case report. A case of chronic meningoencephalomyelitis in a 48-year-old housewife is presented. The onset was characterized by spastic paralysis of the lower extremities. The course was progressive with repeated remissions and exacerbations, and the patient died approximately seven years after the onset of disease. Laboratory tests showed slightly increased cell count in the spinal fluid, accelerated sedimentation rate, positive CRP and RA, and increased ASLO and gamma globulin levels. Neuropathologic examination revealed such changes as perivascular cellular infiltration, glial nodules, poorly demarcated demyelination and recent necrosis in the spinal cord and basal ganglia. Only mild inflammatory findings were noted in the telencephalon and brain stem. The clinico-pathologic findings in this case supported a diagnosis of chronic meningoencephalomyelitis which could not be classified as any known type of encephalomyelitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1213611", "title": "Involvement of central nervous system in pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "A 24- year-old female with typical pseudoxanthoma elasticum of the skin, angioid streaks of the optic fundi and cardiovascular involvement developed neurasthenic symptoms, epilepsy, progressive mental deterioration and focal neurological deficits. Cerebral angiography revealed marked generalized arteriosclerotic change and occlusion of the left internal carotid artery. The literature of pseudoxanthoma elasticum is reviewed with special reference to central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. The possible role of the involvement of cerebral arteries in the genesis of CNS manifectations is discussed. And the importance of neurasthenic syndrome as an initial sign, which suggests that CNS involvement has already started in this disease, is stressed.", "contents": "Involvement of central nervous system in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. A 24- year-old female with typical pseudoxanthoma elasticum of the skin, angioid streaks of the optic fundi and cardiovascular involvement developed neurasthenic symptoms, epilepsy, progressive mental deterioration and focal neurological deficits. Cerebral angiography revealed marked generalized arteriosclerotic change and occlusion of the left internal carotid artery. The literature of pseudoxanthoma elasticum is reviewed with special reference to central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. The possible role of the involvement of cerebral arteries in the genesis of CNS manifectations is discussed. And the importance of neurasthenic syndrome as an initial sign, which suggests that CNS involvement has already started in this disease, is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213612", "title": "Frequency of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles in the basal ganglia and brain-stem in Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia and the aged.", "content": "The authors studied the frequency of neurofibrillary tangles in the basal ganglia and brain-stem of two cases with Alzheimer's disease (average 55 years of age), six cases with senile dementia (average 82 years) and ten cases with cerebral softening and arteriosclerosis in old age (average 79 years). The distribution pattern of ANC was almost the same in Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia, i.e. plenty of ANC were found in the nucl. dorsalis raphe, nucl. centralis superior, nucl. mamilloinfundibularis and nucl. basilaris, but in senile dementia ANC were much fewer in the thalamus and lenticular nuclei. In the aged with cerebral softening and arteriosclerosis, a negligible number of ANC in the brain-stem made a marked contrast to a large quantity of ANC in the cases with senile dementia. Hence, as far as ANC in the brain-stem is concerned, no continuum seems to exist between normal senility and senile dementia.", "contents": "Frequency of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles in the basal ganglia and brain-stem in Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia and the aged. The authors studied the frequency of neurofibrillary tangles in the basal ganglia and brain-stem of two cases with Alzheimer's disease (average 55 years of age), six cases with senile dementia (average 82 years) and ten cases with cerebral softening and arteriosclerosis in old age (average 79 years). The distribution pattern of ANC was almost the same in Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia, i.e. plenty of ANC were found in the nucl. dorsalis raphe, nucl. centralis superior, nucl. mamilloinfundibularis and nucl. basilaris, but in senile dementia ANC were much fewer in the thalamus and lenticular nuclei. In the aged with cerebral softening and arteriosclerosis, a negligible number of ANC in the brain-stem made a marked contrast to a large quantity of ANC in the cases with senile dementia. Hence, as far as ANC in the brain-stem is concerned, no continuum seems to exist between normal senility and senile dementia."}
{"id": "PMID:1213621", "title": "Post-mortem blood concentration of methanol in 17 cases of fatal poisoning from contraband vodka.", "content": "Recently in Tehran 57 persons were poisoned and admitted to hospitals after consumption of vodka. Seventeen of the 57 died and two others became blind. Analyses of the remaining vodka samples showed that they were contraband and were mixtures of methanol and water. Post-mortem samples of blood from 15 victims' hearts and two samples of viscera were analysed for methanol, the concentrations ranging from 23 to 268 mg per 100 ml blood and per 100 g viscera, respectively.", "contents": "Post-mortem blood concentration of methanol in 17 cases of fatal poisoning from contraband vodka. Recently in Tehran 57 persons were poisoned and admitted to hospitals after consumption of vodka. Seventeen of the 57 died and two others became blind. Analyses of the remaining vodka samples showed that they were contraband and were mixtures of methanol and water. Post-mortem samples of blood from 15 victims' hearts and two samples of viscera were analysed for methanol, the concentrations ranging from 23 to 268 mg per 100 ml blood and per 100 g viscera, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1213624", "title": "[Wounds caused by firearm projectiles : interpretation of the physical-physiological mechanism of the lesions].", "content": "An explanation is offered of the morphology of the entry wound caused by a firearm projectile, of the projectile path through the body, and of the exit wound. Special consideration is given to pressure and shock waves caused and their relation to the speed of the projectile (below, equal to or superior to Mach1). The action of both pressure and shock waves is very significant, more so than ts and derm and so causing their rupture.", "contents": "[Wounds caused by firearm projectiles : interpretation of the physical-physiological mechanism of the lesions]. An explanation is offered of the morphology of the entry wound caused by a firearm projectile, of the projectile path through the body, and of the exit wound. Special consideration is given to pressure and shock waves caused and their relation to the speed of the projectile (below, equal to or superior to Mach1). The action of both pressure and shock waves is very significant, more so than ts and derm and so causing their rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:1213625", "title": "ABO(H) group substances in human inner ear fluid.", "content": "Tests were carried out on 89 specimens of human inner ear fluid and the results compared with those of blood and salivary gland tests. It was found that ABO(H) group substances are present in the perilymph of secretors.", "contents": "ABO(H) group substances in human inner ear fluid. Tests were carried out on 89 specimens of human inner ear fluid and the results compared with those of blood and salivary gland tests. It was found that ABO(H) group substances are present in the perilymph of secretors."}
{"id": "PMID:1213632", "title": "[The prevention and treatment of laryngeal and tracheal stenoses in children].", "content": "During long-term intubation and tracheotomy in childhood there is risk of stenosis in 3 regions: 1. in the area of the cricoid (ring) cartilage, 2. in the area of the tracheostomy, 3. in the area of the inflated cuff of the tube. To prevent this it is recommended to take an endoscopic look at the mucous membranes when changing the intubation tube or the tracheal cannula; to use for long-term intubation the naso-tracheal approach, combined with a tube with the smallest possible diameter; to use the \"open-type tracheotomy\" with a mucous membrane-epidermis suture and without the removal of cartilage. Careful inflation of the cuff and rhythmical changing of the position of the cuff in the cervical segment of the trachea lower the risk of pressure-induced damage. If there is an infection or a metabolic disease the mucous membranes are extremely sensitive to pressure. Serious stenoses frequently make laryngical and tracheal plastic surgery in several sessions necessary. The curvature and stiffening of the ventral wall of the trachea can be achieved by implantation of arched cartilage from the cartilage bank.", "contents": "[The prevention and treatment of laryngeal and tracheal stenoses in children]. During long-term intubation and tracheotomy in childhood there is risk of stenosis in 3 regions: 1. in the area of the cricoid (ring) cartilage, 2. in the area of the tracheostomy, 3. in the area of the inflated cuff of the tube. To prevent this it is recommended to take an endoscopic look at the mucous membranes when changing the intubation tube or the tracheal cannula; to use for long-term intubation the naso-tracheal approach, combined with a tube with the smallest possible diameter; to use the \"open-type tracheotomy\" with a mucous membrane-epidermis suture and without the removal of cartilage. Careful inflation of the cuff and rhythmical changing of the position of the cuff in the cervical segment of the trachea lower the risk of pressure-induced damage. If there is an infection or a metabolic disease the mucous membranes are extremely sensitive to pressure. Serious stenoses frequently make laryngical and tracheal plastic surgery in several sessions necessary. The curvature and stiffening of the ventral wall of the trachea can be achieved by implantation of arched cartilage from the cartilage bank."}
{"id": "PMID:1213633", "title": "[Proceedings: The clinical effects of human growth hormone. Report on an international symposium of the German Kabi Corp. on February 15, 1975 in Munich].", "content": "Report of an International Symposion (Febr. 15, 1975, Munich). Human growth hormone (HGH) acts on proliferation of cartilage, the basal process of growth, by the way of somatomedine and changes in protein metabolism. Growth can be enhanced in hypopituitary dwardism and with higher dosage in other forms of failure to thrive. HGH also seems to have a beneficial effect in patients with muscular dystrophy as shown in a preliminary report but not in thrombocytopenia. First observations on patients with osteogenesis imperfecta and on patients with non healing fractures of the long bones (pseudarthroses) have shown significant improvement. Of importance are the reports on stopping severe gastric hemorrhage in patients with stress ulcera.", "contents": "[Proceedings: The clinical effects of human growth hormone. Report on an international symposium of the German Kabi Corp. on February 15, 1975 in Munich]. Report of an International Symposion (Febr. 15, 1975, Munich). Human growth hormone (HGH) acts on proliferation of cartilage, the basal process of growth, by the way of somatomedine and changes in protein metabolism. Growth can be enhanced in hypopituitary dwardism and with higher dosage in other forms of failure to thrive. HGH also seems to have a beneficial effect in patients with muscular dystrophy as shown in a preliminary report but not in thrombocytopenia. First observations on patients with osteogenesis imperfecta and on patients with non healing fractures of the long bones (pseudarthroses) have shown significant improvement. Of importance are the reports on stopping severe gastric hemorrhage in patients with stress ulcera."}
{"id": "PMID:1213626", "title": "Demonstration of placental aminopeptidase isozymes by disc electrophoresis and its application to the forensic pregnancy test from blood stains.", "content": "Serum and placental aminopeptidase isozymes were characterized by means of disc electrophoresis. Human pregnancy sera exhibited three bands with leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity. The fastest moving LAP band was also present in nonpregnancy and foetal sera. The other two cystine aminopeptidase bands (CAP1 and CAP2), characteristic of pregnancy, were demonstrated in lysosomal extracts and hence suggested to be derived from the lysosomes of the placenta. These two CAP bands of lysosomal origin appeared in sera of pregnant women at different times during the course of gestation; CAP1 band in the 3rd month and CAP2 band in the 6th month. The information obtained from serum samples was applied to the medicolegal diagnosis of pregnancy from blood stains. Excess haemoglobin in blood stain extracts could be eliminated by subjecting them to a P-cellulose column. The results and their implications were discussed. This technique proved to be of practical use in the examination of blood stains up to periods of about 2 weeks after stain formation.", "contents": "Demonstration of placental aminopeptidase isozymes by disc electrophoresis and its application to the forensic pregnancy test from blood stains. Serum and placental aminopeptidase isozymes were characterized by means of disc electrophoresis. Human pregnancy sera exhibited three bands with leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity. The fastest moving LAP band was also present in nonpregnancy and foetal sera. The other two cystine aminopeptidase bands (CAP1 and CAP2), characteristic of pregnancy, were demonstrated in lysosomal extracts and hence suggested to be derived from the lysosomes of the placenta. These two CAP bands of lysosomal origin appeared in sera of pregnant women at different times during the course of gestation; CAP1 band in the 3rd month and CAP2 band in the 6th month. The information obtained from serum samples was applied to the medicolegal diagnosis of pregnancy from blood stains. Excess haemoglobin in blood stain extracts could be eliminated by subjecting them to a P-cellulose column. The results and their implications were discussed. This technique proved to be of practical use in the examination of blood stains up to periods of about 2 weeks after stain formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1213628", "title": "Gm(1) factor in human inner ear fluid.", "content": "The authors carried out investigations on the possibility of determining the Gm(1) factor in endolymph taken from human cadavers, as compared with tests of the blood. No difficulties or anomalies were found in the determination of Gm(1) factor either in the endolymph or the blood taken from cadavers.", "contents": "Gm(1) factor in human inner ear fluid. The authors carried out investigations on the possibility of determining the Gm(1) factor in endolymph taken from human cadavers, as compared with tests of the blood. No difficulties or anomalies were found in the determination of Gm(1) factor either in the endolymph or the blood taken from cadavers."}
{"id": "PMID:1213629", "title": "Generalized fatal BaSO4 embolism from vaginal application of colonographic enema. A case report.", "content": "A 72-year-old woman died due to BaSO4 embolism from a ruptured vagina during colonography. The agony lasted for only 30 minutes. Post-mortem X-rays revealed opaque material in the region of the uterus and in the lungs. A tear, including a ruptured vein, filled with white material (BaSO4) was found in the vaginal wall. Barium was demonstrable in the microscopic sections of lungs, brain, liver and kidneys with rhodizonate staining. The case was classified as a therapeutic accident.", "contents": "Generalized fatal BaSO4 embolism from vaginal application of colonographic enema. A case report. A 72-year-old woman died due to BaSO4 embolism from a ruptured vagina during colonography. The agony lasted for only 30 minutes. Post-mortem X-rays revealed opaque material in the region of the uterus and in the lungs. A tear, including a ruptured vein, filled with white material (BaSO4) was found in the vaginal wall. Barium was demonstrable in the microscopic sections of lungs, brain, liver and kidneys with rhodizonate staining. The case was classified as a therapeutic accident."}
{"id": "PMID:1213630", "title": "Criminal poisoning with anaesthetic drugs: murder, manslaughter, or not guilty.", "content": "Criminal poisoning is uncommon and the use of anaesthetic and related drugs for this purpose is very rare. Seven cases, involving the use of morphine, chloroform, hyoscine, thiopental, and succinylcholine, are described. In three cases the accused was found guilty of murder, in two guilty of manslaughter, in two not guilty and in one the verdict is not known.", "contents": "Criminal poisoning with anaesthetic drugs: murder, manslaughter, or not guilty. Criminal poisoning is uncommon and the use of anaesthetic and related drugs for this purpose is very rare. Seven cases, involving the use of morphine, chloroform, hyoscine, thiopental, and succinylcholine, are described. In three cases the accused was found guilty of murder, in two guilty of manslaughter, in two not guilty and in one the verdict is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:1213640", "title": "[The value of motor tests in neuro-developmental diagnosis].", "content": "Recording and judgment of (psycho) motor behavior are important tools in developmental and neuropediatric diagnosis: During infancy and early childhood the developmental course of various motor functions has to be registered, and the alterations of spontaneous or provoked movements have to be assessed by neuropediatric evaluation. Present knowledge of underlying neurophysiological mechanisms is scarce; therefore, in the stage of collecting data, it is essential to gather information about motor phenomena by a valid and comprehensive assessment of motor skills and movement patterns together with the modifying and influencing variables. Motoscopic methods are useful in recording motor skills and movement patterns; however, they are influenced by subjective errors depending on the examiner's training and experience. Motometric tests yield information about the coordinative functions and gross motor skills (e.g. body coordination test; KTK) or about manual dexterity and fine motor functions (e.g. the \"insertion test\"; Gleiss). For an objective recording of motor performance and particularly for assessment of the course of movements in performing motor tasks motographic methods are necessary (e.g. diadochometry). Problems and possibilities of these (psycho) motor tests are discussed briefly. Development and application of motodiagnostic methods are still in an early stage so that conclusions about underlying neurophysiological mechanisms have to be drawn very carefully, e.g. in the diagnosis of so-called cerebral dysfunction.", "contents": "[The value of motor tests in neuro-developmental diagnosis]. Recording and judgment of (psycho) motor behavior are important tools in developmental and neuropediatric diagnosis: During infancy and early childhood the developmental course of various motor functions has to be registered, and the alterations of spontaneous or provoked movements have to be assessed by neuropediatric evaluation. Present knowledge of underlying neurophysiological mechanisms is scarce; therefore, in the stage of collecting data, it is essential to gather information about motor phenomena by a valid and comprehensive assessment of motor skills and movement patterns together with the modifying and influencing variables. Motoscopic methods are useful in recording motor skills and movement patterns; however, they are influenced by subjective errors depending on the examiner's training and experience. Motometric tests yield information about the coordinative functions and gross motor skills (e.g. body coordination test; KTK) or about manual dexterity and fine motor functions (e.g. the \"insertion test\"; Gleiss). For an objective recording of motor performance and particularly for assessment of the course of movements in performing motor tasks motographic methods are necessary (e.g. diadochometry). Problems and possibilities of these (psycho) motor tests are discussed briefly. Development and application of motodiagnostic methods are still in an early stage so that conclusions about underlying neurophysiological mechanisms have to be drawn very carefully, e.g. in the diagnosis of so-called cerebral dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:1213642", "title": "[Sleep disorders in blind children].", "content": "In 4 cases of blind children also suffering from a cerebral damage disturbances of the natural sleep were observed. Such disturbances of sleep could be characterized by a dissociation of the daily sleep volume into some epoches which lasted not more than 5-6 hours each. The EEG, submental EMG and heart rate as well as respiration were recorded continuously during the sleep periods. Eye movements, however, as they are not detectable by electric recording, were observed visually. In our 4 cases of blind children eye movements disappeared during sleep and sleep stages characterized by desynchronized EEG were found to be reduced. This suggests that there might be an injury of nervous mechanisms responsible for the paradoxical sleep stage.", "contents": "[Sleep disorders in blind children]. In 4 cases of blind children also suffering from a cerebral damage disturbances of the natural sleep were observed. Such disturbances of sleep could be characterized by a dissociation of the daily sleep volume into some epoches which lasted not more than 5-6 hours each. The EEG, submental EMG and heart rate as well as respiration were recorded continuously during the sleep periods. Eye movements, however, as they are not detectable by electric recording, were observed visually. In our 4 cases of blind children eye movements disappeared during sleep and sleep stages characterized by desynchronized EEG were found to be reduced. This suggests that there might be an injury of nervous mechanisms responsible for the paradoxical sleep stage."}
{"id": "PMID:1213643", "title": "[Studies on cerebrospinal fluid diffusion of trimethoprim in children].", "content": "Full quantitative fluorometric analysis of TMP in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in 91 infants and children (all anyhow designed for lumbar puncture for other reasons) 1/2 - 12 hours after i. v. injection of TMP in a single dose of 4 mg/kg (73 cases, tab. 1-2, fig. 1) or 12 mg/kg (18 cases, tab. 3, fig. 2). TMP in serum and cerebrospinal fluid showed regularly high plateaus for the whole time investigated, i.e. 12 hours after i. v. injection (fig. 1-2). The c.s.f./serum ratio for TMP (2-12 hours after injection) was 30-40%(fig. 1). After a dose of 12 mg/kg the ratio was even 50% and more (fig. 2). There were  - in our material - no differences of the ratio according to c.s.f. state (normal - tab. 1, or pathological-tab. 2), or age. Considerating published data on enteral resorption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and c.s.f. diffussion of SMZ together with our results, we can expect a very intensifying proportion TMP: SMZ near 1:10 in cerebrospinal fluid after intake of officinal TMP-SMZ (Co-trimoxazol). This might have diagnostic and therapeutic consequences.", "contents": "[Studies on cerebrospinal fluid diffusion of trimethoprim in children]. Full quantitative fluorometric analysis of TMP in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in 91 infants and children (all anyhow designed for lumbar puncture for other reasons) 1/2 - 12 hours after i. v. injection of TMP in a single dose of 4 mg/kg (73 cases, tab. 1-2, fig. 1) or 12 mg/kg (18 cases, tab. 3, fig. 2). TMP in serum and cerebrospinal fluid showed regularly high plateaus for the whole time investigated, i.e. 12 hours after i. v. injection (fig. 1-2). The c.s.f./serum ratio for TMP (2-12 hours after injection) was 30-40%(fig. 1). After a dose of 12 mg/kg the ratio was even 50% and more (fig. 2). There were  - in our material - no differences of the ratio according to c.s.f. state (normal - tab. 1, or pathological-tab. 2), or age. Considerating published data on enteral resorption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and c.s.f. diffussion of SMZ together with our results, we can expect a very intensifying proportion TMP: SMZ near 1:10 in cerebrospinal fluid after intake of officinal TMP-SMZ (Co-trimoxazol). This might have diagnostic and therapeutic consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:1213644", "title": "[The effect of Piracetam on adolescent brain function].", "content": "A report on investigations with Piracetam, recently introduced into therapy, is given. Piracetam is mainly characterized by cerebral metabolic effects, leading to an activation of cerebral functions as well as to brain protection. Experimental studies showed the highly selective activity of Piracetam on cerebral cortex, which is responsible for higher mental functions as consciousness, vigilance and memory. Therapeutic results in 48 adolescents with poor school results are reported. These patients were treated with Piracetam for a continuous period up to 14 months. The therapy lead to convincing improvements in terms of school results.", "contents": "[The effect of Piracetam on adolescent brain function]. A report on investigations with Piracetam, recently introduced into therapy, is given. Piracetam is mainly characterized by cerebral metabolic effects, leading to an activation of cerebral functions as well as to brain protection. Experimental studies showed the highly selective activity of Piracetam on cerebral cortex, which is responsible for higher mental functions as consciousness, vigilance and memory. Therapeutic results in 48 adolescents with poor school results are reported. These patients were treated with Piracetam for a continuous period up to 14 months. The therapy lead to convincing improvements in terms of school results."}
{"id": "PMID:1213648", "title": "Prolonged suppression of insulin release by insulin-induced hypoglycemia: demonstration by C-peptide assay.", "content": "Pancreatic beta cells secrete the proinsulin connecting peptide (C-peptide) and insulin on an equimolar basis. The C-peptide can thus be used as an indicator of endogenous insulin secretion in the presence of exogenously administered insulin. Using this approach, we have shown suppression of endogenous insulin release in healthy subjects during hypoglycemia induced by intravenous infusion of porcine insulin. Moreover, the suppression persists after the plasma glucose returns to fasting levels, suggesting that the recovery of beta cells from the effects of hypoglycemia is not immediate.", "contents": "Prolonged suppression of insulin release by insulin-induced hypoglycemia: demonstration by C-peptide assay. Pancreatic beta cells secrete the proinsulin connecting peptide (C-peptide) and insulin on an equimolar basis. The C-peptide can thus be used as an indicator of endogenous insulin secretion in the presence of exogenously administered insulin. Using this approach, we have shown suppression of endogenous insulin release in healthy subjects during hypoglycemia induced by intravenous infusion of porcine insulin. Moreover, the suppression persists after the plasma glucose returns to fasting levels, suggesting that the recovery of beta cells from the effects of hypoglycemia is not immediate."}
{"id": "PMID:1213649", "title": "Glucose, insulin, pancreatic glucagon and glucagon-like immunoreactive materials in the plasma of normal and diabetic children. Effect of the initial insulin treatment.", "content": "Pancreatic glucagon (PG) and other glucagon-like immunoreactive materials (GLI) were measured in the plasma of normal and of newly diagnosed untreated diabetic children, using an antiglucagon serum (AGS) highly specific for pancreatic glucagon (AGS 18) and an AGS which crossreacts with extracts of intestinal mucosa (AGS 10). Gut GLI was considered to be the difference between \"total\" GLI (AGS 10) and PG (AGS 18). Glucose and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were also measured. PG, total GLI and gut GLI were significantly elevated in children with severe insulin insufficiency and were reduced to normal by insulin treatment, even though a significant fasting hyperglycemia was still present. In three diabetic children who had high initial plasma IRI levels the three glucagon fractions were normal. We conclude that insulin insufficiency is characterized not only by high plasma levels of PG as previously reported, but also of gut GLI. These abnormalities can be corrected by the administration of insulin.", "contents": "Glucose, insulin, pancreatic glucagon and glucagon-like immunoreactive materials in the plasma of normal and diabetic children. Effect of the initial insulin treatment. Pancreatic glucagon (PG) and other glucagon-like immunoreactive materials (GLI) were measured in the plasma of normal and of newly diagnosed untreated diabetic children, using an antiglucagon serum (AGS) highly specific for pancreatic glucagon (AGS 18) and an AGS which crossreacts with extracts of intestinal mucosa (AGS 10). Gut GLI was considered to be the difference between \"total\" GLI (AGS 10) and PG (AGS 18). Glucose and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were also measured. PG, total GLI and gut GLI were significantly elevated in children with severe insulin insufficiency and were reduced to normal by insulin treatment, even though a significant fasting hyperglycemia was still present. In three diabetic children who had high initial plasma IRI levels the three glucagon fractions were normal. We conclude that insulin insufficiency is characterized not only by high plasma levels of PG as previously reported, but also of gut GLI. These abnormalities can be corrected by the administration of insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:1213650", "title": "Jejunal factor stimulating insulin release in the isolated perfused canine pancreas and jejunum.", "content": "In the present study using an isolated perfused preparation of canine jejunum and pancreas, an insulin-releasing factor was found in the venous effluent of the jejunum. Insulin secretion by the pancreas rose twofold after 10% glucose was infused in the lumen of the jejunum and remained at a high level even after the stimulus was discontinued. No modification of the exocrine pancreatic secretion occurred during the insulin release, and therefore it seems unlikely that gastrin, secretin or cholecystokinin-pancreozymin were released by the jejunal mucosa. In control experiments the values of hyperglycaemia observed previously and intraluminal hyperosmolarity were tested: at these levels, they did not affect insulin secretion. The nature of this intestinal insulin-releasing factor remains unknown however, but may be identifiable when intestinal hormones in blood can be assayed reliably.", "contents": "Jejunal factor stimulating insulin release in the isolated perfused canine pancreas and jejunum. In the present study using an isolated perfused preparation of canine jejunum and pancreas, an insulin-releasing factor was found in the venous effluent of the jejunum. Insulin secretion by the pancreas rose twofold after 10% glucose was infused in the lumen of the jejunum and remained at a high level even after the stimulus was discontinued. No modification of the exocrine pancreatic secretion occurred during the insulin release, and therefore it seems unlikely that gastrin, secretin or cholecystokinin-pancreozymin were released by the jejunal mucosa. In control experiments the values of hyperglycaemia observed previously and intraluminal hyperosmolarity were tested: at these levels, they did not affect insulin secretion. The nature of this intestinal insulin-releasing factor remains unknown however, but may be identifiable when intestinal hormones in blood can be assayed reliably."}
{"id": "PMID:1213651", "title": "Turnover of plasma free arachidonic and oleic acids in men and women.", "content": "The turnover of plasma free arachidonic and oleic acids was determined in healthy men and women. The plasma pool of arachidonic acid in the men was 75 per cent higher than in the women. The fractional turnover of arachidonate was 0.80 +/- 0.04 min(-1) in the women and 0.47 +/- 0.04 min(-1) in the men. The turnover rate of arachidonic acid was similar in both sexes; calculated per kg body weight it was significantly higher in the women. No sex differences were observed in the concentration or turnover of plasma free oleic acid when corrected for differences in body size. The composition of the free fatty acid fraction differed between the sexes, the female subjects having a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of oleic and eicosenoic acids. The results indicate that the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in man is influenced by gonadal steroid hormones.", "contents": "Turnover of plasma free arachidonic and oleic acids in men and women. The turnover of plasma free arachidonic and oleic acids was determined in healthy men and women. The plasma pool of arachidonic acid in the men was 75 per cent higher than in the women. The fractional turnover of arachidonate was 0.80 +/- 0.04 min(-1) in the women and 0.47 +/- 0.04 min(-1) in the men. The turnover rate of arachidonic acid was similar in both sexes; calculated per kg body weight it was significantly higher in the women. No sex differences were observed in the concentration or turnover of plasma free oleic acid when corrected for differences in body size. The composition of the free fatty acid fraction differed between the sexes, the female subjects having a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of oleic and eicosenoic acids. The results indicate that the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in man is influenced by gonadal steroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:1213652", "title": "Effect of fat cell size, restrictive diet and diabetes on lipoprotein lipase release by human adipose tissue.", "content": "The lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) eluted from human adipose tissue was measured after percutaneous biopsy in the fasting state. A positive and significant correlation was found between LPLA per 10(6) cells or per cell surface unit and cell volume in 27 normal and obese subjects in weight balance and on maintenance diet. Such a correlation was also found in 13 diabetic subjects before treatment. In 11 obese subjects subjected to a restricted diet, LPLA dropped dramatically without a significant change in cell size, blunting the cell size effect. In diabetic subjects the LPLA per cell was significantly lower than in nondiabetic people with similar adipose cell volume.", "contents": "Effect of fat cell size, restrictive diet and diabetes on lipoprotein lipase release by human adipose tissue. The lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) eluted from human adipose tissue was measured after percutaneous biopsy in the fasting state. A positive and significant correlation was found between LPLA per 10(6) cells or per cell surface unit and cell volume in 27 normal and obese subjects in weight balance and on maintenance diet. Such a correlation was also found in 13 diabetic subjects before treatment. In 11 obese subjects subjected to a restricted diet, LPLA dropped dramatically without a significant change in cell size, blunting the cell size effect. In diabetic subjects the LPLA per cell was significantly lower than in nondiabetic people with similar adipose cell volume."}
{"id": "PMID:1213653", "title": "Activity of some enzymes of energy metabolism in striated muscle of obese subjects with respect to body composition.", "content": "The effect of obesity on the activity of some enzymes of energy supplying metabolism was studied in male and female groups of different body weight, using tissue samples of m. quadriceps femoris obtained by a biopsy needle. Both obese males and females displayed a distinct tendency towards anaerobic metabolism (high lactate dehydrogenase activities). The assumption that cytoplasm has an increased capacity in the muscle of the obese for reduction syntheses is supported by the increased ratio of malate dehydrogenase to citrate synthase activities. Compared with controls, less activity of enzymes associated with fatty acid and glucose degradation (hexokinase, hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, citrate synthase) was observed in obese males. In obese females the latter enzyme activities did not differ from those in the controls; however, lactate dehydrogenase and triosophosphate dehydrogenase activities were significantly higher. Significant inverse correlations between hexokinase and hydroxyacyl- CoA dehydrogenase activities, on the one hand, and indicators of body composition and body weight, on the other, were found in males. The female group did not display analogous significant relations between the enzymatic organization and indicators of body composition.", "contents": "Activity of some enzymes of energy metabolism in striated muscle of obese subjects with respect to body composition. The effect of obesity on the activity of some enzymes of energy supplying metabolism was studied in male and female groups of different body weight, using tissue samples of m. quadriceps femoris obtained by a biopsy needle. Both obese males and females displayed a distinct tendency towards anaerobic metabolism (high lactate dehydrogenase activities). The assumption that cytoplasm has an increased capacity in the muscle of the obese for reduction syntheses is supported by the increased ratio of malate dehydrogenase to citrate synthase activities. Compared with controls, less activity of enzymes associated with fatty acid and glucose degradation (hexokinase, hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, citrate synthase) was observed in obese males. In obese females the latter enzyme activities did not differ from those in the controls; however, lactate dehydrogenase and triosophosphate dehydrogenase activities were significantly higher. Significant inverse correlations between hexokinase and hydroxyacyl- CoA dehydrogenase activities, on the one hand, and indicators of body composition and body weight, on the other, were found in males. The female group did not display analogous significant relations between the enzymatic organization and indicators of body composition."}
{"id": "PMID:1213654", "title": "The lipoprotein lipase activity of brown adipose tissue during early post-natal development of the normal and hypothyroid rat.", "content": "The heparin-releasable LP lipase activity of BAT (brown adipose tissue), and the TG (triglyceride) content of plasma were determined in normal and hypothyroid rats during early post-natal development. The TG content of plasma increased sharply after the onset of suckling and decreased during the weaning period in normal rats, while it stayed at a high level in hypothyroid rats. LP lipase activity was maximal during the perinatal period and decreased later, being practically undetectable in one month old control animals; in contrast, LP lipase activity was still present in cretin rats at this age. The effects of several forms of treatment were also tested in weaned rats: a high-fat diet was not able to maintain the high LP lipase activity of suckling rats, but the activity was high if the animals were bred at a cold temperature. Thyroxine injections had no effect. These results are discussed in terms of the possible factors regulating the LP lipase activity in BAT.", "contents": "The lipoprotein lipase activity of brown adipose tissue during early post-natal development of the normal and hypothyroid rat. The heparin-releasable LP lipase activity of BAT (brown adipose tissue), and the TG (triglyceride) content of plasma were determined in normal and hypothyroid rats during early post-natal development. The TG content of plasma increased sharply after the onset of suckling and decreased during the weaning period in normal rats, while it stayed at a high level in hypothyroid rats. LP lipase activity was maximal during the perinatal period and decreased later, being practically undetectable in one month old control animals; in contrast, LP lipase activity was still present in cretin rats at this age. The effects of several forms of treatment were also tested in weaned rats: a high-fat diet was not able to maintain the high LP lipase activity of suckling rats, but the activity was high if the animals were bred at a cold temperature. Thyroxine injections had no effect. These results are discussed in terms of the possible factors regulating the LP lipase activity in BAT."}
{"id": "PMID:1213655", "title": "Role of growth hormone in lipid mobilization stimulated by prolonged muscular exercise in the rat.", "content": "The effects of prolonged muscular exercise (swim in tepid water for 60 min) on blood glucose, plasma FFA and R-GH were studied in a group of normal rats and the effect on blood glucose and plasma FFA in a group of hypophysectomized rats. The data obtained showed that, whereas in normal rats plasma FFA rose after muscular exercise, plasma R-GH fell sharply. In Hypophysectomized rats, however, muscular exercise did not increase plasma FFA levels.", "contents": "Role of growth hormone in lipid mobilization stimulated by prolonged muscular exercise in the rat. The effects of prolonged muscular exercise (swim in tepid water for 60 min) on blood glucose, plasma FFA and R-GH were studied in a group of normal rats and the effect on blood glucose and plasma FFA in a group of hypophysectomized rats. The data obtained showed that, whereas in normal rats plasma FFA rose after muscular exercise, plasma R-GH fell sharply. In Hypophysectomized rats, however, muscular exercise did not increase plasma FFA levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1213656", "title": "On an attempt to treat primary and secondary osteoporosis with human growth hormone.", "content": "Three male patients with severe osteoporosis were treated with human growth hormone. One of them had a primary osteoporosis, the two others osteogenesis imperfecta. The duration of therapy was 8 to 15 months and average doses per day were 1.45 to 2.3 mg. While clinical and 47calcium kinetic data failed to prove marked influences of the treatment, histomorphometry of bone biopsies showed indisputable changes. There was an increase of periosteal new bone formation as well as of intracortical bone resorption, while at the same time the relative activity of osteoblasts on endosteal surfaces showed a significant increase.", "contents": "On an attempt to treat primary and secondary osteoporosis with human growth hormone. Three male patients with severe osteoporosis were treated with human growth hormone. One of them had a primary osteoporosis, the two others osteogenesis imperfecta. The duration of therapy was 8 to 15 months and average doses per day were 1.45 to 2.3 mg. While clinical and 47calcium kinetic data failed to prove marked influences of the treatment, histomorphometry of bone biopsies showed indisputable changes. There was an increase of periosteal new bone formation as well as of intracortical bone resorption, while at the same time the relative activity of osteoblasts on endosteal surfaces showed a significant increase."}
{"id": "PMID:1213657", "title": "Protein metabolism in hypo- and hyperstimulated rat thyroid glands. I. Protein synthesis of different thyroidal proteins.", "content": "The comparative study of the in vivo synthesis of thyroglobulin and proteins other than thyroglobulin was carried out in thyroid glands from animals submitted to different levels of TSH stimulation. The different levels of hormonal stimulation modify neither the rate of labeling after injection of the isotope, nor the level of the free labeled amino acid in the glands (percent of the total uptake), but they have a very significant effect on the level of incorporation of the isotope into total proteins. In hypostimulated thyroids the total protein synthesis is very much reduced, while in hyperstimulated glands it is significantly increased. In both hyper- and hypostimulated animals, the proportion of radioactivity bound to the particulate protein fraction is higher than in control rats. However, the solubilization by digitonine of these proteins is lower in hypostimulated and higher in hyperstimulated animals than in controls. Thyroglobulin synthesis is significantly modified qualitatively and quantitatively in both hypo- and hyperstimulated glands. Qualitative modifications are characterized by a changed ratio of 19 S/12 S molecules with respect to the controls. This is probably caused by a more important dissociation of 19S molecules, due to the lower level of halogenation in both hypo- and MTU treated glands. The quantitative modifications of thyroglobulin synthesis, expressed either in absolute values (DPM/mg of tissue), or relatively to the total proteins (percent of total newly formed proteins), are characterized by a very important inhibition of this synthesis in hypostimulated glands, and its stimulation in glands chronically submitted to the TSH action. The modifications of synthesis observed for the proteins other than thyroglobulin are less significant in both types of treated glands than are those observed for thyroglobulin. The level of hormonal stimulation has no effect on the distribution of these proteins between soluble and the particulate fraction, but seems to have a slight effect on the solubilization of the latter ones. Comparative evaluation of the TSH effect on the synthesis of different thyroidal proteins shows that it has a much more specific and significant action on thyroglobulin than on other proteins. The differential effect of TSH on the synthesis of thyroglobulin and proteins other than thyroglobulin suggests that different mechanisms may exist by which TSH regulates the synthesis of these two types of proteins.", "contents": "Protein metabolism in hypo- and hyperstimulated rat thyroid glands. I. Protein synthesis of different thyroidal proteins. The comparative study of the in vivo synthesis of thyroglobulin and proteins other than thyroglobulin was carried out in thyroid glands from animals submitted to different levels of TSH stimulation. The different levels of hormonal stimulation modify neither the rate of labeling after injection of the isotope, nor the level of the free labeled amino acid in the glands (percent of the total uptake), but they have a very significant effect on the level of incorporation of the isotope into total proteins. In hypostimulated thyroids the total protein synthesis is very much reduced, while in hyperstimulated glands it is significantly increased. In both hyper- and hypostimulated animals, the proportion of radioactivity bound to the particulate protein fraction is higher than in control rats. However, the solubilization by digitonine of these proteins is lower in hypostimulated and higher in hyperstimulated animals than in controls. Thyroglobulin synthesis is significantly modified qualitatively and quantitatively in both hypo- and hyperstimulated glands. Qualitative modifications are characterized by a changed ratio of 19 S/12 S molecules with respect to the controls. This is probably caused by a more important dissociation of 19S molecules, due to the lower level of halogenation in both hypo- and MTU treated glands. The quantitative modifications of thyroglobulin synthesis, expressed either in absolute values (DPM/mg of tissue), or relatively to the total proteins (percent of total newly formed proteins), are characterized by a very important inhibition of this synthesis in hypostimulated glands, and its stimulation in glands chronically submitted to the TSH action. The modifications of synthesis observed for the proteins other than thyroglobulin are less significant in both types of treated glands than are those observed for thyroglobulin. The level of hormonal stimulation has no effect on the distribution of these proteins between soluble and the particulate fraction, but seems to have a slight effect on the solubilization of the latter ones. Comparative evaluation of the TSH effect on the synthesis of different thyroidal proteins shows that it has a much more specific and significant action on thyroglobulin than on other proteins. The differential effect of TSH on the synthesis of thyroglobulin and proteins other than thyroglobulin suggests that different mechanisms may exist by which TSH regulates the synthesis of these two types of proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1213658", "title": "Extended somatostatin treatment of a patient with bleeding ulcer.", "content": "The results of a 67 hour cyclic somatostatin continuous infusion in a patient with a bleeding ulcer are reported. The subject was a 65 year old male with very heavy gastrointestinal bleeding on the 9th postoperative day following a high BI-resection. Endoscopy revealed the bleeding to be caused by two residual ulcers in the area of the anastomosis. Somatostatin treatment led to an immediate cessation of the bleeding after 1 hour. Gastric secretion as well as gastrin, insulin and growth hormone levels were significantly inhibited by somatostatin. Endoscopy at the end of the treatment period showed two ulcers in the process of healing. The raised blood glucose levels caused by somatostatin were easily controlled with max. 14 IU cristalline insulin daily. Except for dryness in the mouth, no adverse side effects were apparent. There was no evidence from laboratory investigations of hemostatic defects or bleeding tendency in the patient.", "contents": "Extended somatostatin treatment of a patient with bleeding ulcer. The results of a 67 hour cyclic somatostatin continuous infusion in a patient with a bleeding ulcer are reported. The subject was a 65 year old male with very heavy gastrointestinal bleeding on the 9th postoperative day following a high BI-resection. Endoscopy revealed the bleeding to be caused by two residual ulcers in the area of the anastomosis. Somatostatin treatment led to an immediate cessation of the bleeding after 1 hour. Gastric secretion as well as gastrin, insulin and growth hormone levels were significantly inhibited by somatostatin. Endoscopy at the end of the treatment period showed two ulcers in the process of healing. The raised blood glucose levels caused by somatostatin were easily controlled with max. 14 IU cristalline insulin daily. Except for dryness in the mouth, no adverse side effects were apparent. There was no evidence from laboratory investigations of hemostatic defects or bleeding tendency in the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1213659", "title": "Analogues of human calcitonin. II. Influence of modifications in amino acid positions 1, 8 and 22 on hypocalcemic activity in the rat.", "content": "The calcitonin analogues [Val8] -HCT and [Tyr22] -HCT, each with a single modification, and [Val8, Tyr22] -HCT and [Bmp1, Val8] -HCT, with two replaced amino acids were compared with synthetic human calcitonin (HCT) in respect of their hypocalcemic effects in the rat. The introduction of either valine in place of methionine in position 8 or of tyrosine for phenylalanine in position 22 of the HCT molecule yielded analogues 4 to 5 times as potent and nearly twice as long-acting as HCT. The doubly substituted peptide [Val8, Tyr22] -HCT displayed properties closely similar to those of [Val8] -HCT and [Tyr22] -HCT. The analgoue [Bmp1, Val8] -HCT, with a deaminated cysteine residue at the N-terminus, was about 6 times more potent than HCT and slightly longer-acting than [Val8] -HCT.", "contents": "Analogues of human calcitonin. II. Influence of modifications in amino acid positions 1, 8 and 22 on hypocalcemic activity in the rat. The calcitonin analogues [Val8] -HCT and [Tyr22] -HCT, each with a single modification, and [Val8, Tyr22] -HCT and [Bmp1, Val8] -HCT, with two replaced amino acids were compared with synthetic human calcitonin (HCT) in respect of their hypocalcemic effects in the rat. The introduction of either valine in place of methionine in position 8 or of tyrosine for phenylalanine in position 22 of the HCT molecule yielded analogues 4 to 5 times as potent and nearly twice as long-acting as HCT. The doubly substituted peptide [Val8, Tyr22] -HCT displayed properties closely similar to those of [Val8] -HCT and [Tyr22] -HCT. The analgoue [Bmp1, Val8] -HCT, with a deaminated cysteine residue at the N-terminus, was about 6 times more potent than HCT and slightly longer-acting than [Val8] -HCT."}
{"id": "PMID:1213667", "title": "[Stereochemistry and mechanism of the methanol oxidase from Candida boidinii (author's transl)].", "content": "Under nitrogen atmosphere, methanol oxidase isolated from Candida boidinii catalyzes no hydrogen exchange of ethanol. Reactions with (1R)[1-3H]ethanol or (1S)[1-3H]ethanol occur stereoselectively. The ratio of hydrogen abstraction in the oxidation of ethanol is about 7:1 in favor of the pro R hydrogen atom. The isotope effect kH/k3H is 2 - 2.5 for (1R)[1-3H]ethanol. The isotope effects on Km and V have been determined for four different deuterium-labelled ethanols. The Km for [2H3]methanol is nearly twice that for CH3OH. That is about the same ratio as for ethanol/methanol. For the oxidation of CH3OH and 2H3COH, the ratio of VH/V2H3 = 2.44, while the ratio for methanol/ethanol is only 1.3. It has been conformed that catalase from bovine liver eliminates only the pro R hydrogen atom from ethanol. The isotope effect for the catalase-catalyzed oxidation of (1R)[1-3H]ethanol is 2.1.", "contents": "[Stereochemistry and mechanism of the methanol oxidase from Candida boidinii (author's transl)]. Under nitrogen atmosphere, methanol oxidase isolated from Candida boidinii catalyzes no hydrogen exchange of ethanol. Reactions with (1R)[1-3H]ethanol or (1S)[1-3H]ethanol occur stereoselectively. The ratio of hydrogen abstraction in the oxidation of ethanol is about 7:1 in favor of the pro R hydrogen atom. The isotope effect kH/k3H is 2 - 2.5 for (1R)[1-3H]ethanol. The isotope effects on Km and V have been determined for four different deuterium-labelled ethanols. The Km for [2H3]methanol is nearly twice that for CH3OH. That is about the same ratio as for ethanol/methanol. For the oxidation of CH3OH and 2H3COH, the ratio of VH/V2H3 = 2.44, while the ratio for methanol/ethanol is only 1.3. It has been conformed that catalase from bovine liver eliminates only the pro R hydrogen atom from ethanol. The isotope effect for the catalase-catalyzed oxidation of (1R)[1-3H]ethanol is 2.1."}
{"id": "PMID:1213668", "title": "[Identification and biological activity of peptides containing a partially benzyloxycarbonylated L-arginine on their amino terminus (author's transl)].", "content": "Nomega-Z-L-Arg-L-Phe-L-Phe was shown to be the antibiotically active compound in a peptide mixture which was obtained by treating Z3-L-Arg-L-Phe-L-Phe with hydrogen bromide/trifluoroacetic acid or 4N HBr/glacial acetic acid, respectively. Identification of this compound was achieved by thin-layer chromatography, enzymatic digestion and autobiograms with fungi. The pure Nomega-Z-L-Arg-L-Phe-L-Phe was not the only compound with antibiotic qualities; generally it could be said that all peptides with the sequence Nomega-Z-L-Arg-X-L-Phe (X might be any amino acid) are antibiotically active. All of them are antagonized by L-aspartic acid and asparagine in the crossstrip test (on fungi). The antibiotical activity of all these peptides must be due to the Nomega-Z-L-Arg-residue provided that it is coupled to a dipeptide X-L-Phe, or to an aromatic system (e.g. L-Phe or benzyl amine).", "contents": "[Identification and biological activity of peptides containing a partially benzyloxycarbonylated L-arginine on their amino terminus (author's transl)]. Nomega-Z-L-Arg-L-Phe-L-Phe was shown to be the antibiotically active compound in a peptide mixture which was obtained by treating Z3-L-Arg-L-Phe-L-Phe with hydrogen bromide/trifluoroacetic acid or 4N HBr/glacial acetic acid, respectively. Identification of this compound was achieved by thin-layer chromatography, enzymatic digestion and autobiograms with fungi. The pure Nomega-Z-L-Arg-L-Phe-L-Phe was not the only compound with antibiotic qualities; generally it could be said that all peptides with the sequence Nomega-Z-L-Arg-X-L-Phe (X might be any amino acid) are antibiotically active. All of them are antagonized by L-aspartic acid and asparagine in the crossstrip test (on fungi). The antibiotical activity of all these peptides must be due to the Nomega-Z-L-Arg-residue provided that it is coupled to a dipeptide X-L-Phe, or to an aromatic system (e.g. L-Phe or benzyl amine)."}
{"id": "PMID:1213669", "title": "Studies on the chemistry of arterial wall, XVII. Metabolic characteristics of different types of chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate hybrids in arterial tissue.", "content": "1) Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate of bovine arterial tissue exist as copolymers with a varying degree of hybridization between chondroitin and dermatan sulfates. A fraction rich in dermatan sulfate hybridized with 20% chondroitin sulfate (termed DS-rich hybrid) and a fraction rich in chondroitin sulfate containing 17% DS as copolymer constituent (CS-rich hybrid) can be isolated by the subfractionation of the arterial tissue CS-DS preparation. 2) When arterial tissue segments were preincubated with [14C]glucosamine, 95% of the radioactivity incorporated into the glycosaminoglycans was found to be present in the galactosamine moiety of all of the CS-DS subfractions, whereas the relative proportion of 14C radioactivity incorporated into the galactosamine and uronic acid components was 51:49 following preincubation with [14C]glucose. In both experiments the specific radioactivity of the DS-rich hybrids was twice as high as that of the CS-rich hybrids. 3) Enzymatic degradation of the hybrid CS-DS subfractions by chondroitin AC and ABC lyases revealed that the specific radioactivity of the CS and DS disaccharide units released from the DS-rich hybrids was twice as high as those isolated from the CS-rich hybrids, but within each hybrid fraction the galactosamine moieties of the CS and DS units and their glucuronic and iduronic acid components exhibited equal specific radioactivities. 4) The results strongly support the assumption that distinct compartments exist for the formation of hybrid CS-DS proteoglycans with different proportions of CS and DS.", "contents": "Studies on the chemistry of arterial wall, XVII. Metabolic characteristics of different types of chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate hybrids in arterial tissue. 1) Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate of bovine arterial tissue exist as copolymers with a varying degree of hybridization between chondroitin and dermatan sulfates. A fraction rich in dermatan sulfate hybridized with 20% chondroitin sulfate (termed DS-rich hybrid) and a fraction rich in chondroitin sulfate containing 17% DS as copolymer constituent (CS-rich hybrid) can be isolated by the subfractionation of the arterial tissue CS-DS preparation. 2) When arterial tissue segments were preincubated with [14C]glucosamine, 95% of the radioactivity incorporated into the glycosaminoglycans was found to be present in the galactosamine moiety of all of the CS-DS subfractions, whereas the relative proportion of 14C radioactivity incorporated into the galactosamine and uronic acid components was 51:49 following preincubation with [14C]glucose. In both experiments the specific radioactivity of the DS-rich hybrids was twice as high as that of the CS-rich hybrids. 3) Enzymatic degradation of the hybrid CS-DS subfractions by chondroitin AC and ABC lyases revealed that the specific radioactivity of the CS and DS disaccharide units released from the DS-rich hybrids was twice as high as those isolated from the CS-rich hybrids, but within each hybrid fraction the galactosamine moieties of the CS and DS units and their glucuronic and iduronic acid components exhibited equal specific radioactivities. 4) The results strongly support the assumption that distinct compartments exist for the formation of hybrid CS-DS proteoglycans with different proportions of CS and DS."}
{"id": "PMID:1213670", "title": "Reduction of S-sulpho groups by tributylphosphine: an improved method for the recombination of insulin chains.", "content": "All 4 S-sulpho groups of the S-sulpho substituted insulin A-chain could be removed with 4 mol of tributylphosphine. Reduction of a 1:1 mixture of both S-sulpho insulin chains with tributylphosphine followed by air oxidation gave insulin which was isolated in pure form and high yield. Removal of excess reducing agent was not necessary, in contrast to the usual procedures employing thiols for the reduction step. This constitutes a rapid and simple method for the generation of insulin from its chains. A new method for the purification of S-sulpho-A-chain has been developed.", "contents": "Reduction of S-sulpho groups by tributylphosphine: an improved method for the recombination of insulin chains. All 4 S-sulpho groups of the S-sulpho substituted insulin A-chain could be removed with 4 mol of tributylphosphine. Reduction of a 1:1 mixture of both S-sulpho insulin chains with tributylphosphine followed by air oxidation gave insulin which was isolated in pure form and high yield. Removal of excess reducing agent was not necessary, in contrast to the usual procedures employing thiols for the reduction step. This constitutes a rapid and simple method for the generation of insulin from its chains. A new method for the purification of S-sulpho-A-chain has been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213671", "title": "[The role of the hypophysis and the hypophyseal hormone prolactin in maintenance of the sexual specificity of the metabolism of testosterone and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone in rat liver slices].", "content": "Hypophysectomy of rats 55 days after birth causes profound changes in the sexually differentiated liver metabolism of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, which were studied when the rats were 80 days old. 1. Metabolism of testosterone after hypophysectomy: The turnover of testosterone decreased significantly to the same level in both sexes. The effect was especially marked in the female, which normally has a high turnover of this compound. The sexual differences in the patterns of metabolites were also lost, owing to the following changes: In the male, the high level of metabolites of the 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane type falls to the low level found in the female controls. The low level of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in the female increases to the high level found in the male controls. The concentrations of testosterone increase and those of the metabolites of the 3-oxo- and 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane decrease to values that are significantly much higher or lower, respectively, than the normal values found in the control animals. 2. Metabolism of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone after hypophysectomy: In comparison with the controls, the turnover of this substrate is significantly decreased by the same factor in both sexes; thus the difference between the sexes persists. In the pattern of metabolites, the sexual differences are still apparent, but less marked. The levels of metabolites show two opposing changes: a significant increase in the concentration of 3beta-hydroxy metabolites, and a significant decrease in the concentration of 3alpha-hydroxy metabolites; although the activity of the microsomal 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase increases by a factor of 3 - 4 in both sexes after hypophysectomy[1]. This discrepancy indicates a compartmentalization of androgen metabolism in the liver cell, in which delta4-5alpha- and 3beta-hydrogenation occur on the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas 3alpha-hydrogenation occurs in the cytosol. 3. Action of prolactin on the metabolism of testosterone in hypophysectomized animals: Prolactin (125 mug twice daily from the 70th to the 79th day of life) causes a significant acceleration of the delta4-5alpha-hydrogenation, which is recognized as a significant increase in the concentrations of 5alpha-androstane metabolites; the 3beta-hydroxy compounds in both sexes reach the normal level of male control animals. The significant increase in the concentration of 3alpha-hydroxy compounds is accompanied by a partial reestablishment of the sexual differences. The sex differences in androgen turnover and metabolite pattern are subject to a hypophyseal regulation, which is separate from the gonadotropic partial function. The hydroxylation activity of the liver, measured as the production of C19O3-steroids, is not significantly affected by hypophysectomy or by treatment with prolactin.", "contents": "[The role of the hypophysis and the hypophyseal hormone prolactin in maintenance of the sexual specificity of the metabolism of testosterone and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone in rat liver slices]. Hypophysectomy of rats 55 days after birth causes profound changes in the sexually differentiated liver metabolism of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, which were studied when the rats were 80 days old. 1. Metabolism of testosterone after hypophysectomy: The turnover of testosterone decreased significantly to the same level in both sexes. The effect was especially marked in the female, which normally has a high turnover of this compound. The sexual differences in the patterns of metabolites were also lost, owing to the following changes: In the male, the high level of metabolites of the 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane type falls to the low level found in the female controls. The low level of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in the female increases to the high level found in the male controls. The concentrations of testosterone increase and those of the metabolites of the 3-oxo- and 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane decrease to values that are significantly much higher or lower, respectively, than the normal values found in the control animals. 2. Metabolism of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone after hypophysectomy: In comparison with the controls, the turnover of this substrate is significantly decreased by the same factor in both sexes; thus the difference between the sexes persists. In the pattern of metabolites, the sexual differences are still apparent, but less marked. The levels of metabolites show two opposing changes: a significant increase in the concentration of 3beta-hydroxy metabolites, and a significant decrease in the concentration of 3alpha-hydroxy metabolites; although the activity of the microsomal 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase increases by a factor of 3 - 4 in both sexes after hypophysectomy[1]. This discrepancy indicates a compartmentalization of androgen metabolism in the liver cell, in which delta4-5alpha- and 3beta-hydrogenation occur on the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas 3alpha-hydrogenation occurs in the cytosol. 3. Action of prolactin on the metabolism of testosterone in hypophysectomized animals: Prolactin (125 mug twice daily from the 70th to the 79th day of life) causes a significant acceleration of the delta4-5alpha-hydrogenation, which is recognized as a significant increase in the concentrations of 5alpha-androstane metabolites; the 3beta-hydroxy compounds in both sexes reach the normal level of male control animals. The significant increase in the concentration of 3alpha-hydroxy compounds is accompanied by a partial reestablishment of the sexual differences. The sex differences in androgen turnover and metabolite pattern are subject to a hypophyseal regulation, which is separate from the gonadotropic partial function. The hydroxylation activity of the liver, measured as the production of C19O3-steroids, is not significantly affected by hypophysectomy or by treatment with prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:1213672", "title": "[Problems associated with the labelling of RNA with radioactive precursors in vivo (author's transl)].", "content": "The radioactivity of RNA, DNA and proteins in the liver, muscles and cerebrum of 30-day-old rats after labelling with [3H]uridine, [14C]uridine, [3H]cytidine or [3H]orotic acid was measured. It was found that after administration of [3H]uridine, the proteins were 5 - 10 times more radioactive than the RNA. After administration of [14C]uridine, the proteins were 1 - 2 times more heavily labelled than the RNA. Hydrolysis of the proteins followed by chromatography of the amino acids revealed that the protein labelling was mostly due to [3H]glutamate. In the liver, [3H]orotic acid produced very specific labelling of the RNA. The radioactivity of the proteins is very slight. However, the specific labelling of the RNA in the muscles and cerebrum is not so pronounced with this precursor. [3H]Cytidine is an ideal precursor for RNA. The labelling of protein in all three organs examined is very slight, and furthermore, the specific activity of the RNA is 10 - 20 times higher than after labelling with uridine. We were also able to show that after labelling with radioactive uridine, the method of isolation of RNA by alkaline hydrolysis gives incorrect results, because [3H]amino acids interfere with the measurement of the specific activity of the RNA. The heavy labelling of proteins by [3H]-uridine must also be taken into account in histoautoradiography, because our experiments showed that in liver, the proteins in the cell nucleus are 3 times as radioactive as the nucleic acids. The particulate components of the cytoplasm are even 20 times more radioactive than the nucleic acids.", "contents": "[Problems associated with the labelling of RNA with radioactive precursors in vivo (author's transl)]. The radioactivity of RNA, DNA and proteins in the liver, muscles and cerebrum of 30-day-old rats after labelling with [3H]uridine, [14C]uridine, [3H]cytidine or [3H]orotic acid was measured. It was found that after administration of [3H]uridine, the proteins were 5 - 10 times more radioactive than the RNA. After administration of [14C]uridine, the proteins were 1 - 2 times more heavily labelled than the RNA. Hydrolysis of the proteins followed by chromatography of the amino acids revealed that the protein labelling was mostly due to [3H]glutamate. In the liver, [3H]orotic acid produced very specific labelling of the RNA. The radioactivity of the proteins is very slight. However, the specific labelling of the RNA in the muscles and cerebrum is not so pronounced with this precursor. [3H]Cytidine is an ideal precursor for RNA. The labelling of protein in all three organs examined is very slight, and furthermore, the specific activity of the RNA is 10 - 20 times higher than after labelling with uridine. We were also able to show that after labelling with radioactive uridine, the method of isolation of RNA by alkaline hydrolysis gives incorrect results, because [3H]amino acids interfere with the measurement of the specific activity of the RNA. The heavy labelling of proteins by [3H]-uridine must also be taken into account in histoautoradiography, because our experiments showed that in liver, the proteins in the cell nucleus are 3 times as radioactive as the nucleic acids. The particulate components of the cytoplasm are even 20 times more radioactive than the nucleic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1213673", "title": "[In vivo studies on the metabolism of pyrimidine nucleosides (author's transl)].", "content": "3H-labelled metabolites were determined in the perchloric acid-soluble fraction of blood plasma and liver of adult male Wistar rats, following the application of [5 - 3H]uridine. Ten minutes after the injection of uridine, only 20% of the total 3H activity of the plasma could be attributed to [3H]uridine. The remaining radioactivity was found chiefly in [3H]uracil (40%) and 3H2O (20%). In the liver, at 10 min, [3H]-uridine and [3H]uracil together accounted for less than 0.5% of the total radioactivity; about 70% of the radioactivity was due to [3H]beta-alanine, and 15% to 3H2O. 45 min after the injection, 70% of the radioactivity in the plasma was due to 3H2O, whereas uridine and uracil represented about 4% and 6%, respectively. At this time, about 55% of the radioactivity in the liver was due to [3H]beta-alanine, about 40% to 3H2O, and about 5% to unidentified metabolites; [3H]uridine and [3H]uracil were not observed. A comparison of the rate of catabolism of [5-3H]-uridine, [5-3H]cytidine and [6-3H]thymidine showed that cytidine is degraded in the organism 25 times more slowly than uridine or thymidine. The biological half lives for the total degradation of the [3H]nucleosides to 3H2O, based on the values in the plasma, were: uridine 1.1 h; thymidine 1.3 h; cytidine 25 h. Furthermore, the turnover time of exogenous uridine in the plasma was found to be 9 min, which gives a half life of 6 min for the metabolism of exogenous uridine to uracil.", "contents": "[In vivo studies on the metabolism of pyrimidine nucleosides (author's transl)]. 3H-labelled metabolites were determined in the perchloric acid-soluble fraction of blood plasma and liver of adult male Wistar rats, following the application of [5 - 3H]uridine. Ten minutes after the injection of uridine, only 20% of the total 3H activity of the plasma could be attributed to [3H]uridine. The remaining radioactivity was found chiefly in [3H]uracil (40%) and 3H2O (20%). In the liver, at 10 min, [3H]-uridine and [3H]uracil together accounted for less than 0.5% of the total radioactivity; about 70% of the radioactivity was due to [3H]beta-alanine, and 15% to 3H2O. 45 min after the injection, 70% of the radioactivity in the plasma was due to 3H2O, whereas uridine and uracil represented about 4% and 6%, respectively. At this time, about 55% of the radioactivity in the liver was due to [3H]beta-alanine, about 40% to 3H2O, and about 5% to unidentified metabolites; [3H]uridine and [3H]uracil were not observed. A comparison of the rate of catabolism of [5-3H]-uridine, [5-3H]cytidine and [6-3H]thymidine showed that cytidine is degraded in the organism 25 times more slowly than uridine or thymidine. The biological half lives for the total degradation of the [3H]nucleosides to 3H2O, based on the values in the plasma, were: uridine 1.1 h; thymidine 1.3 h; cytidine 25 h. Furthermore, the turnover time of exogenous uridine in the plasma was found to be 9 min, which gives a half life of 6 min for the metabolism of exogenous uridine to uracil."}
{"id": "PMID:1213674", "title": "Total synthesis of a structural gene for the human peptide hormone angiotensin II.", "content": "Seven oligonucleotide chains containing between 6 and 11 nucleotide units were synthesized. The segments were phosphorylated by T4 polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase and joined by T4 polynucleotide synthetase (ATP) to give the double-stranded DNA consisting of 33 base pairs. The DNA sequence was deduced from the known peptide sequence according to the genetic code.", "contents": "Total synthesis of a structural gene for the human peptide hormone angiotensin II. Seven oligonucleotide chains containing between 6 and 11 nucleotide units were synthesized. The segments were phosphorylated by T4 polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase and joined by T4 polynucleotide synthetase (ATP) to give the double-stranded DNA consisting of 33 base pairs. The DNA sequence was deduced from the known peptide sequence according to the genetic code."}
{"id": "PMID:1213675", "title": "Some new bifunctional reagents for the conjugation of a protein with an amino compound in water.", "content": "Five symmetrical bifunctional reagents (I-V) have been synthesized and tested for their usefulness for the conjugation of albumin with tryptophan, in aqueous solution. With I and II about 17, with IV and V about 8 tryptophan residues could be introduced in the native protein. The difference is discussed. Reagent III has a very low solubility in water but may be useful if organic solvents are permissible.", "contents": "Some new bifunctional reagents for the conjugation of a protein with an amino compound in water. Five symmetrical bifunctional reagents (I-V) have been synthesized and tested for their usefulness for the conjugation of albumin with tryptophan, in aqueous solution. With I and II about 17, with IV and V about 8 tryptophan residues could be introduced in the native protein. The difference is discussed. Reagent III has a very low solubility in water but may be useful if organic solvents are permissible."}
{"id": "PMID:1213676", "title": "[A new bifunctional reagent for the intramolecular crosslinking of insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "Reaction of bis-[2-(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]sulfone [SO2(Eoc-ONSu)2] with insulin in 1N NaHCO3/dimethylformamide forms NalphaA1,NepsilonA1,NepsilonB29-2,2'-sulfonylbis(ethoxycarbonyl)insulin [SO2(Eoc)2-insulin] in 20 - 35% yield. The product can be purified by partition chromatography. After cleavage of the disulfide bridges, reoxidation in very dilute solution reconstitutes about 60% of the original insulin activity. Cleavage of the crosslinking moiety can be achieved with 0.5N NaOH at 0 degrees C in only a few seconds, rendering a biologically fully active insulin.", "contents": "[A new bifunctional reagent for the intramolecular crosslinking of insulin (author's transl)]. Reaction of bis-[2-(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]sulfone [SO2(Eoc-ONSu)2] with insulin in 1N NaHCO3/dimethylformamide forms NalphaA1,NepsilonA1,NepsilonB29-2,2'-sulfonylbis(ethoxycarbonyl)insulin [SO2(Eoc)2-insulin] in 20 - 35% yield. The product can be purified by partition chromatography. After cleavage of the disulfide bridges, reoxidation in very dilute solution reconstitutes about 60% of the original insulin activity. Cleavage of the crosslinking moiety can be achieved with 0.5N NaOH at 0 degrees C in only a few seconds, rendering a biologically fully active insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:1213677", "title": "[(A1-D-alanine) insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from porcine insulin, A1-glycine was substituted by D-alanine and by L-alanine for comparison. Replacement of A1-glycine by L-alanine revealed the known decrease in the biological activity. [A1-D-Alanine]insulin, however, has the same blood sugar lowering activity as insulin and is slightly more active in its influence on the glucose uptake into the rat diaphragm. The specific binding to insulin receptors of rat liver is decreased as, compared to insulin, but increased as compared to the L-alanine analogue.", "contents": "[(A1-D-alanine) insulin (author's transl)]. Starting from porcine insulin, A1-glycine was substituted by D-alanine and by L-alanine for comparison. Replacement of A1-glycine by L-alanine revealed the known decrease in the biological activity. [A1-D-Alanine]insulin, however, has the same blood sugar lowering activity as insulin and is slightly more active in its influence on the glucose uptake into the rat diaphragm. The specific binding to insulin receptors of rat liver is decreased as, compared to insulin, but increased as compared to the L-alanine analogue."}
{"id": "PMID:1213678", "title": "[The amino acid sequence of the double-headed protein proteinase inhibitor from dog submandibular glands, I. Structural homology to the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary structure of the broad specificity proteinase inhibitor from dog submandibular glands was elucidated. The inhibitor consists of a single polypeptide chain of 117 amino acids which is folded into two domains (heads) connected by a peptide of three amino acid residues. Both domains I and II show a clear structural homology to each other as well as to the single-headed pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors (Kazal type). The trypsin reactive site (-Cys-Pro-Arg-Leu-His-Glx-Pro-Ile-Cys-) is located in domain I and the chymotrypsin reactive center (-Cys-Thr-Met-Asp-Tyr-Asx-Arg-Pro-Leu-Tyr-Cys-) in domain II, cf. the Figure. The inhibitor is thus double-headed with two independent reactive sites. Whereas head I is responsible for the inhibition of trypsin and plasmin, head II is responsible for the inhibition of chymotrypsin, subtilisin, elastase and probably also Aspergillus oryzae protease and pronase. Remarkably, the structural homology exists also to the single-headed acrosin-trypsin inhibitors from seminal plasma[12] and the Japanese quail inhibitor composed of three domains[13].", "contents": "[The amino acid sequence of the double-headed protein proteinase inhibitor from dog submandibular glands, I. Structural homology to the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors (author's transl)]. The primary structure of the broad specificity proteinase inhibitor from dog submandibular glands was elucidated. The inhibitor consists of a single polypeptide chain of 117 amino acids which is folded into two domains (heads) connected by a peptide of three amino acid residues. Both domains I and II show a clear structural homology to each other as well as to the single-headed pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors (Kazal type). The trypsin reactive site (-Cys-Pro-Arg-Leu-His-Glx-Pro-Ile-Cys-) is located in domain I and the chymotrypsin reactive center (-Cys-Thr-Met-Asp-Tyr-Asx-Arg-Pro-Leu-Tyr-Cys-) in domain II, cf. the Figure. The inhibitor is thus double-headed with two independent reactive sites. Whereas head I is responsible for the inhibition of trypsin and plasmin, head II is responsible for the inhibition of chymotrypsin, subtilisin, elastase and probably also Aspergillus oryzae protease and pronase. Remarkably, the structural homology exists also to the single-headed acrosin-trypsin inhibitors from seminal plasma[12] and the Japanese quail inhibitor composed of three domains[13]."}
{"id": "PMID:1213679", "title": "Immunological identity of human and porcine growth hormones. Application to determination of growth hormone in porcine serum.", "content": "In two radioimmunoassay systems with iodinated human growth hormone as tracer and anti-human growth hormone or anti-porcine growth hormone as binding site, the standard curves for human and for porcine growth hormone were parallel. In both systems the porcine growth hormone preparation had to be added in about the same excess as compared to the human hormone. It was concluded that the human and the porcine hormones behave in an identical way and that the values obtained in radioimmunoassay for human growth hormone represent the amount of immunologically active molecules in the porcine growth hormone preparation. As parallel standard curves were obtained with porcine serum, the concentration of growth hormone is porcine serum may be determined by radioimmunoassay for human growth hormone.", "contents": "Immunological identity of human and porcine growth hormones. Application to determination of growth hormone in porcine serum. In two radioimmunoassay systems with iodinated human growth hormone as tracer and anti-human growth hormone or anti-porcine growth hormone as binding site, the standard curves for human and for porcine growth hormone were parallel. In both systems the porcine growth hormone preparation had to be added in about the same excess as compared to the human hormone. It was concluded that the human and the porcine hormones behave in an identical way and that the values obtained in radioimmunoassay for human growth hormone represent the amount of immunologically active molecules in the porcine growth hormone preparation. As parallel standard curves were obtained with porcine serum, the concentration of growth hormone is porcine serum may be determined by radioimmunoassay for human growth hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:1213680", "title": "[A new mandelonitrile lyase from the cherrylaurel (Prunus laurocerasus) (author's transl)].", "content": "Mandelonitrile lyase has been isolated from the seeds of Prunus laurocerasus and characterized. The enzyme is a glycoprotein and contains FAD as prosthetic group. It has an absorption spectrum of the hydrophobic type. The molecular weight is 60000. The new mandelonitrile lyase catalyses both formation and cleavage of D-(+)-benzaldehyde cyanohydrin. Despite the existence of marked morphologic and biochemical differences between P. laurocerasus and P. amygdalus (var. sativa) (sweet almond) the enzymes isolated from the seeds of the two Prunoideae species are closely related, as judged from their immunological properties. However they exhibit specific differences in the isoelectric points and quantitative distribution of the three isoenzymes.", "contents": "[A new mandelonitrile lyase from the cherrylaurel (Prunus laurocerasus) (author's transl)]. Mandelonitrile lyase has been isolated from the seeds of Prunus laurocerasus and characterized. The enzyme is a glycoprotein and contains FAD as prosthetic group. It has an absorption spectrum of the hydrophobic type. The molecular weight is 60000. The new mandelonitrile lyase catalyses both formation and cleavage of D-(+)-benzaldehyde cyanohydrin. Despite the existence of marked morphologic and biochemical differences between P. laurocerasus and P. amygdalus (var. sativa) (sweet almond) the enzymes isolated from the seeds of the two Prunoideae species are closely related, as judged from their immunological properties. However they exhibit specific differences in the isoelectric points and quantitative distribution of the three isoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:1213681", "title": "[Identification of a methionine residue as the reactive site for chymotrypsin in the double-headed proteinase inhibitor from the canine submandibular gland (author's transl)].", "content": "The canine submandibular inhibitor is double-headed with two independent reactive sites. Whereas the trypsin-reactive center (-Ala-Cys-Pro-Arg26-Leu-His-) is located in domain I, the chymotrypsin-reactive site (-Met-Cys-Thr-Met78-Asp-Tyr-) is located in domain II. The presence of a methionine residue in this inhibition center is supported by the findings that nitration with tetranitromethane abolishes neither trypsin nor chymotrypsin inhibition, whereas after alkylation of the methione residues, only trypsin inhibition is retained. Remarkably, another inhibitor from microbial sources [10] which also contains a methionine residue in the presumed reactive site also inhibits subtilisin but not chymotrypsin (or trypsin).", "contents": "[Identification of a methionine residue as the reactive site for chymotrypsin in the double-headed proteinase inhibitor from the canine submandibular gland (author's transl)]. The canine submandibular inhibitor is double-headed with two independent reactive sites. Whereas the trypsin-reactive center (-Ala-Cys-Pro-Arg26-Leu-His-) is located in domain I, the chymotrypsin-reactive site (-Met-Cys-Thr-Met78-Asp-Tyr-) is located in domain II. The presence of a methionine residue in this inhibition center is supported by the findings that nitration with tetranitromethane abolishes neither trypsin nor chymotrypsin inhibition, whereas after alkylation of the methione residues, only trypsin inhibition is retained. Remarkably, another inhibitor from microbial sources [10] which also contains a methionine residue in the presumed reactive site also inhibits subtilisin but not chymotrypsin (or trypsin)."}
{"id": "PMID:1213682", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the double-headed proteinase inhibitor from canine submandibular glands, III. Sequencing studies.", "content": "Canine submandibular glands contain 3 polyvalent, double-headed proteinase inhibitors. The amino acid sequences of the two main inhibitors were determined. They differ only in the substitution of one Lys for a Glu residue. The inhibitor molecules are composed of two halves (domains), one antitryptic and one antichymotryptic. The two domains are covalently linked by 3 amino acid residues. The domains are structurally related to each other and to the sequenced monovalent secretory pancreatic trypsin inhibitors.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the double-headed proteinase inhibitor from canine submandibular glands, III. Sequencing studies. Canine submandibular glands contain 3 polyvalent, double-headed proteinase inhibitors. The amino acid sequences of the two main inhibitors were determined. They differ only in the substitution of one Lys for a Glu residue. The inhibitor molecules are composed of two halves (domains), one antitryptic and one antichymotryptic. The two domains are covalently linked by 3 amino acid residues. The domains are structurally related to each other and to the sequenced monovalent secretory pancreatic trypsin inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:1213683", "title": "Characterization of pig pancreatic kallikreins A and B.", "content": "Pig pancreatic kallikreins A and B are both composed of the same 229 amino acids, a figure resembling the number of amino acid residues found in other serine proteinases of pancreas. Both forms of the enzyme contain N-terminal isoleucine and alanine and C-terminal leucine/serine (about half a mol each per mol kallikrein) and proline. Values for the glucosamine content of the kallikreins obtained on the amino acid analyzer after hydrolysis with p-toluenesulfonic acid, a procedure also used for the determination of amide ammonia, agreed with those determined by a gas-chromatographic method. Neuraminidasetreated kallikrein B differs from the A form only in containing roughly double the amount (on the average a total of 11.5 vs. 5.6% by weight) of carbohydrate (glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and fucose) and possibly by a higher content (20 vs. 17 residues) of amide ammonia. From the composition, molecular weights of 26800 and 28600 are calculated for sialic-acid-free kallikreins A and B, respectively, and of 25300 for the protein part of kallikrein. The molar absorbance of both forms of the enzyme has been determined as (50.6 +/- 1.3) X 10(3)M-1 cm-1 at 280 nm. A comparison of kallikreins A and B with kallikreins d1 and d2 described by Zuber and Sache reveals as principal difference a much lower specific activity of the latter preparations with all reagents tested. Conceivably, the reported lower carbohydrate contents of kallikreins d1 and d2 and their separation into three instead of two major subunits are related to this finding.", "contents": "Characterization of pig pancreatic kallikreins A and B. Pig pancreatic kallikreins A and B are both composed of the same 229 amino acids, a figure resembling the number of amino acid residues found in other serine proteinases of pancreas. Both forms of the enzyme contain N-terminal isoleucine and alanine and C-terminal leucine/serine (about half a mol each per mol kallikrein) and proline. Values for the glucosamine content of the kallikreins obtained on the amino acid analyzer after hydrolysis with p-toluenesulfonic acid, a procedure also used for the determination of amide ammonia, agreed with those determined by a gas-chromatographic method. Neuraminidasetreated kallikrein B differs from the A form only in containing roughly double the amount (on the average a total of 11.5 vs. 5.6% by weight) of carbohydrate (glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and fucose) and possibly by a higher content (20 vs. 17 residues) of amide ammonia. From the composition, molecular weights of 26800 and 28600 are calculated for sialic-acid-free kallikreins A and B, respectively, and of 25300 for the protein part of kallikrein. The molar absorbance of both forms of the enzyme has been determined as (50.6 +/- 1.3) X 10(3)M-1 cm-1 at 280 nm. A comparison of kallikreins A and B with kallikreins d1 and d2 described by Zuber and Sache reveals as principal difference a much lower specific activity of the latter preparations with all reagents tested. Conceivably, the reported lower carbohydrate contents of kallikreins d1 and d2 and their separation into three instead of two major subunits are related to this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:1213684", "title": "The amino acid sequence of toxin V II 2, a cytotoxin homologue from banded Egyptian cobra (Naja haje annulifera) venom.", "content": "Toxin V II 2 comprises 60 amino acid residues and is cross-linked by four disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequence of this toxin was elucidated. The reduced and S-carboxymethylated toxin was digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin and the peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and chromatography or electrophoresis on paper. The Edman procedure, either through the use of the automatic sequenator or by manual manipulation, was employed to obtain the sequence of the intact toxin and the pure peptides. The chymotryptic digest provided the necessary overlapping peptides which allowed the alignment of tryptic peptides. The amino acid sequence of Naja haje annulifera toxin V II 2 shows a high degree of homology with cytotoxin V II 1 of the same venom.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of toxin V II 2, a cytotoxin homologue from banded Egyptian cobra (Naja haje annulifera) venom. Toxin V II 2 comprises 60 amino acid residues and is cross-linked by four disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequence of this toxin was elucidated. The reduced and S-carboxymethylated toxin was digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin and the peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and chromatography or electrophoresis on paper. The Edman procedure, either through the use of the automatic sequenator or by manual manipulation, was employed to obtain the sequence of the intact toxin and the pure peptides. The chymotryptic digest provided the necessary overlapping peptides which allowed the alignment of tryptic peptides. The amino acid sequence of Naja haje annulifera toxin V II 2 shows a high degree of homology with cytotoxin V II 1 of the same venom."}
{"id": "PMID:1213685", "title": "The purification and amino acid sequence of toxin CM-13b from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom.", "content": "Toxin CM-13b was purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. The toxin comprises 65 amino acid residues and is cross-linked by five disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequence of toxin CM-13b was elucidated. The reduced and S-carboxymethylated toxin was digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin and the peptides purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and chromatography or electrophoresis on paper. The amino acid sequences of the intact toxin and its constituent peptides were determined by the Edman-Begg procedure, either through the use of the automatic sequenator or by manual manipulation. The chymotryptic digest provided the necessary overlapping peptides for aligning the tryptic peptides. The primary structure of toxin CM-13b shows a high degree of homology with that of protein S4C11 from Naja melanoleuca venom[1], but their toxicities are very different.", "contents": "The purification and amino acid sequence of toxin CM-13b from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom. Toxin CM-13b was purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. The toxin comprises 65 amino acid residues and is cross-linked by five disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequence of toxin CM-13b was elucidated. The reduced and S-carboxymethylated toxin was digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin and the peptides purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and chromatography or electrophoresis on paper. The amino acid sequences of the intact toxin and its constituent peptides were determined by the Edman-Begg procedure, either through the use of the automatic sequenator or by manual manipulation. The chymotryptic digest provided the necessary overlapping peptides for aligning the tryptic peptides. The primary structure of toxin CM-13b shows a high degree of homology with that of protein S4C11 from Naja melanoleuca venom[1], but their toxicities are very different."}
{"id": "PMID:1213686", "title": "An acrosin inhibitor in ram spermatozoa that does not originate from the seminal plasma.", "content": "Ram seminal plasma, and ejaculated ram spermatozoa that have been washed with 0.25M sucrose, both contain acrosin inhibitor. The aim of this work was to determine whether the intracellular inhibitor originates from the seminal plasma. The amounts of inhibitor in ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa were measured and compared with the amounts present in the seminal plasma of normal and vasectomized rams. One ejaculated ram spermatozoon contained 2.1 amol (2.1 X 10(-18) mol) of inhibitor and one epididymal spermatozoon contained 3.3 amol of inhibitor. (All molarities are mean values based on pooled ram semen or on single ejaculates from three vasectomized rams.) Calculations from results in earlier publications indicated that one ejaculated ram spermatozoon contains about 3 amol of acrosin; thus the inhibitor: acrosin ratio in washed ram spermatozoa is approximately 1. One ml of ram semen contains, on average, 3 X 10(9) spermatozoa and not more than 0.8 ml of seminal plasma. This number of ejaculated spermatozoa would contain 6.3 nmol of inhibitor, while the same number of epididymal spermatozoa would contain 9.9 nmol of inhibitor. These values exceed the quantities of inhibitor present in 0.8 ml of normal seminal plasma (approximately 1.6 nmol) or in 0.8 ml of seminal plasma from vasectomized rams (approximately 2.3 nmol). We conclude that seminal plasma is not a major source of the acrosin inhibitor that can be recovered from washed ejaculated ram spermatozoa.", "contents": "An acrosin inhibitor in ram spermatozoa that does not originate from the seminal plasma. Ram seminal plasma, and ejaculated ram spermatozoa that have been washed with 0.25M sucrose, both contain acrosin inhibitor. The aim of this work was to determine whether the intracellular inhibitor originates from the seminal plasma. The amounts of inhibitor in ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa were measured and compared with the amounts present in the seminal plasma of normal and vasectomized rams. One ejaculated ram spermatozoon contained 2.1 amol (2.1 X 10(-18) mol) of inhibitor and one epididymal spermatozoon contained 3.3 amol of inhibitor. (All molarities are mean values based on pooled ram semen or on single ejaculates from three vasectomized rams.) Calculations from results in earlier publications indicated that one ejaculated ram spermatozoon contains about 3 amol of acrosin; thus the inhibitor: acrosin ratio in washed ram spermatozoa is approximately 1. One ml of ram semen contains, on average, 3 X 10(9) spermatozoa and not more than 0.8 ml of seminal plasma. This number of ejaculated spermatozoa would contain 6.3 nmol of inhibitor, while the same number of epididymal spermatozoa would contain 9.9 nmol of inhibitor. These values exceed the quantities of inhibitor present in 0.8 ml of normal seminal plasma (approximately 1.6 nmol) or in 0.8 ml of seminal plasma from vasectomized rams (approximately 2.3 nmol). We conclude that seminal plasma is not a major source of the acrosin inhibitor that can be recovered from washed ejaculated ram spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:1213687", "title": "Boar acrosin, I: modified isolation procedure, active-site titration and evidence for the presence of sialic acid.", "content": "Boar acrosin was isolated to electrophoretic homogeneity by modification of the method described by us previously.  Titration with p-nitrophenyl p-guanidinobenzoate revealed a molar activity of 8900 toward BzArgOEt and of 780 towards BzArgNHNp.  Treatment with neuraminidase led to an altered electrophoretic mobility, indicating that acrosin is sialogycoprotein", "contents": "Boar acrosin, I: modified isolation procedure, active-site titration and evidence for the presence of sialic acid. Boar acrosin was isolated to electrophoretic homogeneity by modification of the method described by us previously.  Titration with p-nitrophenyl p-guanidinobenzoate revealed a molar activity of 8900 toward BzArgOEt and of 780 towards BzArgNHNp.  Treatment with neuraminidase led to an altered electrophoretic mobility, indicating that acrosin is sialogycoprotein"}
{"id": "PMID:1213688", "title": "Cleavage specificity of boar acrosin on polypeptide substrates, ribonuclease and insulin B-chain.", "content": "The cleavage specificity of boar acrosin is, like that of trypsin, strictly limited to the arginyl and lysyl bonds, as demonstrated for the oxidized B-chain of insulin. In addition, in this polypeptide substrate as well as in reduced and carboxymethylated ribonuclease, these peptide bonds are hydrolyzed by acrosin and trypsin with nearly identical velocities.", "contents": "Cleavage specificity of boar acrosin on polypeptide substrates, ribonuclease and insulin B-chain. The cleavage specificity of boar acrosin is, like that of trypsin, strictly limited to the arginyl and lysyl bonds, as demonstrated for the oxidized B-chain of insulin. In addition, in this polypeptide substrate as well as in reduced and carboxymethylated ribonuclease, these peptide bonds are hydrolyzed by acrosin and trypsin with nearly identical velocities."}
{"id": "PMID:1213846", "title": "Disengagement theory revisited.", "content": "Cumming and Henry erected the basic frame for a socio-cultural theory of normal aging in their 1961 book, Growing Old. The basic postulates of this theory are reviewed, and the overall structure of the theory briefly examined. Critical data necessary either to accept or reject disengagement theory are not yet available, although useful information has been gathered since the theory first appeared. Part of the difficulty in amassing \"proof\" or \"disproof\" is inherent in the intricate and complex nature of the aging process itself. This orienting paper introduced a set of contributtions by other commentators on disengagement theory.", "contents": "Disengagement theory revisited. Cumming and Henry erected the basic frame for a socio-cultural theory of normal aging in their 1961 book, Growing Old. The basic postulates of this theory are reviewed, and the overall structure of the theory briefly examined. Critical data necessary either to accept or reject disengagement theory are not yet available, although useful information has been gathered since the theory first appeared. Part of the difficulty in amassing \"proof\" or \"disproof\" is inherent in the intricate and complex nature of the aging process itself. This orienting paper introduced a set of contributtions by other commentators on disengagement theory."}
{"id": "PMID:1213847", "title": "Engagement with an old theory.", "content": "The co-author of Disengagement Theory restates the central propositions, suggests new studies that might test its usefulness, and examines some of the controversy that has been generated over the years either by the theory itself or the context in which it was set forth. The four key propositions focus upon decreasing life space with advancing age, the individual's own anticipation and participation in this process, a change in style of interaction, and the momentum of the disengagement process once it has begun. Although some useful research has been done, the theory remains poorly operationalized and largely untested. A measure of life space variety is proposed, and attention also directed to neuro-physiological findings. Several misunderstandings and misapplications of Disengagement Theory are discussed, including the erroneous idea that disengaged people necessarily are either higher or lower in morale than others, and the unenlightening controversy over \"activity versus disengagement.\"", "contents": "Engagement with an old theory. The co-author of Disengagement Theory restates the central propositions, suggests new studies that might test its usefulness, and examines some of the controversy that has been generated over the years either by the theory itself or the context in which it was set forth. The four key propositions focus upon decreasing life space with advancing age, the individual's own anticipation and participation in this process, a change in style of interaction, and the momentum of the disengagement process once it has begun. Although some useful research has been done, the theory remains poorly operationalized and largely untested. A measure of life space variety is proposed, and attention also directed to neuro-physiological findings. Several misunderstandings and misapplications of Disengagement Theory are discussed, including the erroneous idea that disengaged people necessarily are either higher or lower in morale than others, and the unenlightening controversy over \"activity versus disengagement.\""}
{"id": "PMID:1213848", "title": "The meaning of engagement.", "content": "A distinction should be made between disengagement as a means of conceptualizing and as a means of explaining changes that take place with aging. The author is critical of those aspects of Disengagement Theory that emphasize inevitability, determinism, the separation of the individual from society, and the \"crucial phase\" model of development. An alternative viewpoint is sketched from the interactional analysis approach. Attention is given to the constant reinterpretation of self and situation, with consequent modification of actions. The facts of Disengagement Theory as seen from this perspective take on new meaning. Age-related changes are the outcome of the social circumstances within which they take place, along with the cultural values operating in that context.", "contents": "The meaning of engagement. A distinction should be made between disengagement as a means of conceptualizing and as a means of explaining changes that take place with aging. The author is critical of those aspects of Disengagement Theory that emphasize inevitability, determinism, the separation of the individual from society, and the \"crucial phase\" model of development. An alternative viewpoint is sketched from the interactional analysis approach. Attention is given to the constant reinterpretation of self and situation, with consequent modification of actions. The facts of Disengagement Theory as seen from this perspective take on new meaning. Age-related changes are the outcome of the social circumstances within which they take place, along with the cultural values operating in that context."}
{"id": "PMID:1213849", "title": "The orchestration of disengagement.", "content": "In the clamor of many institutional and special interest \"orchestras,\" it is possible to lose sight of their common object of concern-human welfare and dignity. In the sphere of scientific endeavor, this problem can show itself as a mistaken attempt to separate theory from technique and practice. Disclaimers that Disengagement Theory is \"only a theory,\" not a policy statement, are regarded here as inaccurate and naive when the effects of the theory are examined. Other areas of criticism pertain to activity-passivity dynamics, the appreciation of coping behavior in later life, and, in general, the inadequate representation within Disengagement Theory of the full spectrum of experience, behavior, and dynamics, both personal and social, in the lives of elderly people.", "contents": "The orchestration of disengagement. In the clamor of many institutional and special interest \"orchestras,\" it is possible to lose sight of their common object of concern-human welfare and dignity. In the sphere of scientific endeavor, this problem can show itself as a mistaken attempt to separate theory from technique and practice. Disclaimers that Disengagement Theory is \"only a theory,\" not a policy statement, are regarded here as inaccurate and naive when the effects of the theory are examined. Other areas of criticism pertain to activity-passivity dynamics, the appreciation of coping behavior in later life, and, in general, the inadequate representation within Disengagement Theory of the full spectrum of experience, behavior, and dynamics, both personal and social, in the lives of elderly people."}
{"id": "PMID:1213850", "title": "A disengaged look at Disengagement Theory.", "content": "This paper suggests that Disengagement Theory can be used as a theory of the middle-range, but not as a general theory about normal aging. This proposition is supported by an examination of key concepts, postulates and methods used to formulate the theory. By use of phenemological notions, we can see the concept of disengagement forces us to pay attention to the subjective meanings of aging people. It is necessary to disengage from the core statements of the theory and engage in a search for new methods to study the lived experiences of human beings in order to further our understandings of the processes of growing old.", "contents": "A disengaged look at Disengagement Theory. This paper suggests that Disengagement Theory can be used as a theory of the middle-range, but not as a general theory about normal aging. This proposition is supported by an examination of key concepts, postulates and methods used to formulate the theory. By use of phenemological notions, we can see the concept of disengagement forces us to pay attention to the subjective meanings of aging people. It is necessary to disengage from the core statements of the theory and engage in a search for new methods to study the lived experiences of human beings in order to further our understandings of the processes of growing old."}
{"id": "PMID:1213851", "title": "Provision of on-site services in retirement housing.", "content": "The present paper addresses the question of on-site supportive services in retirement housing facilities for the well-elderly. Six hundred residents were interviewed, 100 at each of six widely varied sites in California: retirement hotel, urban highrise apartments, life-care home, and three retirement villages. Data were also collected on 600 matched controls in age-integrated housing. Questions were asked pertaining to caring for health needs, desire for counseling services, and expected support in crises. Results showed for the most part a good match between personal needs and environmental provisions. However, at one site considerable insecurity was expressed with regard to medical provisions and support in crises, and a desire was expressed for counseling services. There was no evidence of an erosion of independence at the sites where services are provided.", "contents": "Provision of on-site services in retirement housing. The present paper addresses the question of on-site supportive services in retirement housing facilities for the well-elderly. Six hundred residents were interviewed, 100 at each of six widely varied sites in California: retirement hotel, urban highrise apartments, life-care home, and three retirement villages. Data were also collected on 600 matched controls in age-integrated housing. Questions were asked pertaining to caring for health needs, desire for counseling services, and expected support in crises. Results showed for the most part a good match between personal needs and environmental provisions. However, at one site considerable insecurity was expressed with regard to medical provisions and support in crises, and a desire was expressed for counseling services. There was no evidence of an erosion of independence at the sites where services are provided."}
{"id": "PMID:1213852", "title": "Cognitive abilities: use of family data as a control to assess sex and age differences in two ethnic groups.", "content": "Four cognitive factors were extracted from test data obtained on 997 families (3,268 individuals) in Hawaii. Factor loading profiles for the two largest ethnic groups (Caucasians and Japanese) are nearly identical, as are profiles for three different age groups. Age curves are presented for factor scores and for four specific cognitive tests. The younger respondents on the age curves are biological offspring of older respondents represented on the same curves, facilitating an unusual control for between-family variance. When the data were stratified by ethnicity, differential rates of cognitive development were indicated.", "contents": "Cognitive abilities: use of family data as a control to assess sex and age differences in two ethnic groups. Four cognitive factors were extracted from test data obtained on 997 families (3,268 individuals) in Hawaii. Factor loading profiles for the two largest ethnic groups (Caucasians and Japanese) are nearly identical, as are profiles for three different age groups. Age curves are presented for factor scores and for four specific cognitive tests. The younger respondents on the age curves are biological offspring of older respondents represented on the same curves, facilitating an unusual control for between-family variance. When the data were stratified by ethnicity, differential rates of cognitive development were indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1213853", "title": "Change and sameness in personality development: unwarranted conclusions.", "content": "A recent paper by Haan and Day reports personality characteristics displaying change and sameness during the course of a longitudinal study. The personality characteristics had been classified according to statistical criteria following which the personality qualities within each category were interpreted. Thus the usefulness of the interpretation depends upon the basis for classification of the personality characteristics. The present note calls attention to three fundamental statistical errors in the Haan and Day classification scheme, errors which influence dramatically and adversely the consequent interpretations.", "contents": "Change and sameness in personality development: unwarranted conclusions. A recent paper by Haan and Day reports personality characteristics displaying change and sameness during the course of a longitudinal study. The personality characteristics had been classified according to statistical criteria following which the personality qualities within each category were interpreted. Thus the usefulness of the interpretation depends upon the basis for classification of the personality characteristics. The present note calls attention to three fundamental statistical errors in the Haan and Day classification scheme, errors which influence dramatically and adversely the consequent interpretations."}
{"id": "PMID:1213854", "title": "A strategy of approaching the fit of a compartmental model applied to the behaviour of aspirins in humans.", "content": "A compartmental model has been set up with five parts. Formulation and testing of the model have been performed by simultaneous experiments involving measurement of blood levels of ASA and SA for four different preparations of aspirin investigated in four different patients. The hypotheses of the present study had been based upon a four-compartment model. However, such a model did not appear to be adequate and a new model with five compartments has been substituted for the former one. The five-compartment model has led to the formulation and testing of new physiological hypotheses; it has also provided the development of a fitting method using powerful convergence algorithms. A general analytical formulation has been set up which has made it possible to circumscribe the multiple roots of the characteristic polynomial when they have to be taken into consideration.", "contents": "A strategy of approaching the fit of a compartmental model applied to the behaviour of aspirins in humans. A compartmental model has been set up with five parts. Formulation and testing of the model have been performed by simultaneous experiments involving measurement of blood levels of ASA and SA for four different preparations of aspirin investigated in four different patients. The hypotheses of the present study had been based upon a four-compartment model. However, such a model did not appear to be adequate and a new model with five compartments has been substituted for the former one. The five-compartment model has led to the formulation and testing of new physiological hypotheses; it has also provided the development of a fitting method using powerful convergence algorithms. A general analytical formulation has been set up which has made it possible to circumscribe the multiple roots of the characteristic polynomial when they have to be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:1213855", "title": "Trend detection of pseudo-random variables using a exponentially mapped past statistical approach: an adjunct to computer assisted monitoring.", "content": "The early detection of deterioration in a patient depends on recognising trends: a capability poorly developed in monitor systems. Using exponentially mapped past (EMP) statistical variables, it has been proved that the difference between two EMP means is a function of only one variable, trend of input. Some of the signal variance appears on the difference signal, and so interpretation depends on a statistical approach based on knowledge of the normal variability of the monitored variable. The programs developed and built in a dedicated form utilise parallel hybrid computation of continuous data, but the principles are equally applicable to digital techniques with discrete data.", "contents": "Trend detection of pseudo-random variables using a exponentially mapped past statistical approach: an adjunct to computer assisted monitoring. The early detection of deterioration in a patient depends on recognising trends: a capability poorly developed in monitor systems. Using exponentially mapped past (EMP) statistical variables, it has been proved that the difference between two EMP means is a function of only one variable, trend of input. Some of the signal variance appears on the difference signal, and so interpretation depends on a statistical approach based on knowledge of the normal variability of the monitored variable. The programs developed and built in a dedicated form utilise parallel hybrid computation of continuous data, but the principles are equally applicable to digital techniques with discrete data."}
{"id": "PMID:1213856", "title": "Kinematics of spontaneous breathing: the ventilatory system as a non-linear oscillator.", "content": "The kinematics of spontaneous breathing at rest and during moderate exercise is described exactly by a non-linear differential equation, the parameters of which are determined by observation with a pneumotachograph. Analogue circuits are used for the determination of the coefficients and for the comparison by superimposition of the actual spirogram with its simulation. The ventilatory system, taken as a whole and without any assumption concerning its structure, works as a non-linear oscillator. If the classical distinction between a passive and an active ventilatory system is accepted, the concept of a linear equivalent of a non-linear oscillator is valid for the description of the properties of the passive system. It affords some of the advantages of linear mechanics and indicates the restrictions put upon the use of a linear hypothesis. The role of the different terms in determining the pattern of breathing is displayed and the correlation of scale factors with body size is shown. The physiological meaning of the components of muscle action is discussed.", "contents": "Kinematics of spontaneous breathing: the ventilatory system as a non-linear oscillator. The kinematics of spontaneous breathing at rest and during moderate exercise is described exactly by a non-linear differential equation, the parameters of which are determined by observation with a pneumotachograph. Analogue circuits are used for the determination of the coefficients and for the comparison by superimposition of the actual spirogram with its simulation. The ventilatory system, taken as a whole and without any assumption concerning its structure, works as a non-linear oscillator. If the classical distinction between a passive and an active ventilatory system is accepted, the concept of a linear equivalent of a non-linear oscillator is valid for the description of the properties of the passive system. It affords some of the advantages of linear mechanics and indicates the restrictions put upon the use of a linear hypothesis. The role of the different terms in determining the pattern of breathing is displayed and the correlation of scale factors with body size is shown. The physiological meaning of the components of muscle action is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213858", "title": "Mechanisms of memory in learning automata.", "content": "If neural activity is modelled within an automaton framework, neural processes may be conveniently described in terms of state trajectories. Mechanisms of memory are investigated in such a model and it is shown how short-term and long-term storage may be explained in terms of simple and interrelated feedback configurations.", "contents": "Mechanisms of memory in learning automata. If neural activity is modelled within an automaton framework, neural processes may be conveniently described in terms of state trajectories. Mechanisms of memory are investigated in such a model and it is shown how short-term and long-term storage may be explained in terms of simple and interrelated feedback configurations."}
{"id": "PMID:1213859", "title": "[Neurophysiologic application of a system for the study of simple and multiple time series analyses].", "content": "By means of the most used methods at present of time series analysis, the authors describe a modular package allowing a non-specialised user to process by himself experimental results. Probability sets may be calculated, drawn and statistically tested from direct or transformed data. The use of this package is made easier by means of an automation table which chooses the necessary parameters and memorises responses so as to avoid superfluous problems. The FORTRAN IV coded program is run on a PDP 10 under time-sharing for the analysis of the data concerning action potentials in neurophysiology.", "contents": "[Neurophysiologic application of a system for the study of simple and multiple time series analyses]. By means of the most used methods at present of time series analysis, the authors describe a modular package allowing a non-specialised user to process by himself experimental results. Probability sets may be calculated, drawn and statistically tested from direct or transformed data. The use of this package is made easier by means of an automation table which chooses the necessary parameters and memorises responses so as to avoid superfluous problems. The FORTRAN IV coded program is run on a PDP 10 under time-sharing for the analysis of the data concerning action potentials in neurophysiology."}
{"id": "PMID:1213860", "title": "A computer program for deriving the rate equations of enzyme catalysed reactions with unbranched mechanisms.", "content": "This paper describes a simple program for a desk-top computer which determines the relative concentrations of enzyme-containing intermediates appearing in an enzyme catalysed reaction where the intermediates lie in an unbranched sequence originating and terminating in one enzyme intermediate. This information, the distribution function, then gives the rate equation by the usual means (Wong and Hanes, 1962). The method is rapid and has the advantage that the distribution function may be presented in its complete form or in terms of its dependence on the concentration of the substrates and products. It is also possible to determine the effects of dead-end inhibition.", "contents": "A computer program for deriving the rate equations of enzyme catalysed reactions with unbranched mechanisms. This paper describes a simple program for a desk-top computer which determines the relative concentrations of enzyme-containing intermediates appearing in an enzyme catalysed reaction where the intermediates lie in an unbranched sequence originating and terminating in one enzyme intermediate. This information, the distribution function, then gives the rate equation by the usual means (Wong and Hanes, 1962). The method is rapid and has the advantage that the distribution function may be presented in its complete form or in terms of its dependence on the concentration of the substrates and products. It is also possible to determine the effects of dead-end inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:1213861", "title": "Hypothesis processing as a new tool to aid managers of mental health agencies in serving long-term regional interests.", "content": "Mental health planning is partly a political process, involving the articulation of the long-range interests of a regional community, formation of consensus among key people and the appropriate investment of authority, power and responsibility. Conflicts between the short-term self-interests of planners and the long-term general interest usually arise. This paper claims that it is feasible to increase the expected number of cases in which a region's longer-term interest is served without radical changes in existing planning processes or ideologies. The means for doing this are new kinds of information systems that serve planners as tools to increase their awareness about assumptions, hypotheses and problem representations. The conceptual and technological bases for developing such systems stem from progress in artificial intelligence in the direction of hypothesis-processing algorithms. The proposed application to mental health planning is described. Arguments are presented to show how the use of such tools would increase the likelihood that longer-term regional interest are served.", "contents": "Hypothesis processing as a new tool to aid managers of mental health agencies in serving long-term regional interests. Mental health planning is partly a political process, involving the articulation of the long-range interests of a regional community, formation of consensus among key people and the appropriate investment of authority, power and responsibility. Conflicts between the short-term self-interests of planners and the long-term general interest usually arise. This paper claims that it is feasible to increase the expected number of cases in which a region's longer-term interest is served without radical changes in existing planning processes or ideologies. The means for doing this are new kinds of information systems that serve planners as tools to increase their awareness about assumptions, hypotheses and problem representations. The conceptual and technological bases for developing such systems stem from progress in artificial intelligence in the direction of hypothesis-processing algorithms. The proposed application to mental health planning is described. Arguments are presented to show how the use of such tools would increase the likelihood that longer-term regional interest are served."}
{"id": "PMID:1213862", "title": "New aspects of the tolerance of retinol in humans.", "content": "A review is given of the evaluation of 517 cases of acute vitamin A intoxication and chronic hypervitaminosis A. Whereas acute vitamin A intoxication has lost numerical importance during the past 15 years, chronic hypervitaminosis-A, especially that caused by self-medication, has provoked world-wide discussion concerning the safety of retinol intake. Evaluation of the 132 cases of chronic hypervitaminosis-A showed that approximately one quarter cannot be considered as genuine cases, whereas the rest is divided almost equally between vitamin A prescription and self-medication. A significant positive correlation could be shown between the dose administered and the duration of treatment. Moreover, with comparable doses the symptoms of chronic hypervitaminosis-A appear significantly earlier (by a factor of 6) after emulsified or equivalent preparations than after oily emulsions because of their better absorbability. As soon as the liver vitamin A storage capacity is exhausted, hypervitaminosis-A symptoms appear and the liver vitamin A concentration is at least 10-fold the normal. The calculated vitamin A concentration in the liver of the individual cases of hypervitaminosis-A is highly correlated with the daily intake of vitamin A per kg of body-weight and its duration.", "contents": "New aspects of the tolerance of retinol in humans. A review is given of the evaluation of 517 cases of acute vitamin A intoxication and chronic hypervitaminosis A. Whereas acute vitamin A intoxication has lost numerical importance during the past 15 years, chronic hypervitaminosis-A, especially that caused by self-medication, has provoked world-wide discussion concerning the safety of retinol intake. Evaluation of the 132 cases of chronic hypervitaminosis-A showed that approximately one quarter cannot be considered as genuine cases, whereas the rest is divided almost equally between vitamin A prescription and self-medication. A significant positive correlation could be shown between the dose administered and the duration of treatment. Moreover, with comparable doses the symptoms of chronic hypervitaminosis-A appear significantly earlier (by a factor of 6) after emulsified or equivalent preparations than after oily emulsions because of their better absorbability. As soon as the liver vitamin A storage capacity is exhausted, hypervitaminosis-A symptoms appear and the liver vitamin A concentration is at least 10-fold the normal. The calculated vitamin A concentration in the liver of the individual cases of hypervitaminosis-A is highly correlated with the daily intake of vitamin A per kg of body-weight and its duration."}
{"id": "PMID:1213863", "title": "Incorporation of labelled retinol in bovine spermatazoa. II. Effect of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium on the incorporation, in vitro.", "content": "A study of the effect of different concentrations of the bulk cations, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, as additives, on the incorporation of 3H retinol in bovine spermatozoa, in vitro, is described. Five different levels of these cations were chosen and added separately. It was found that maximum incorporation of vitamin A was obtained by the addition of (mg/100 ml): Ca++ 34, Mg++18, K+432 and Na+164.5, to the incubating medium.", "contents": "Incorporation of labelled retinol in bovine spermatazoa. II. Effect of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium on the incorporation, in vitro. A study of the effect of different concentrations of the bulk cations, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, as additives, on the incorporation of 3H retinol in bovine spermatozoa, in vitro, is described. Five different levels of these cations were chosen and added separately. It was found that maximum incorporation of vitamin A was obtained by the addition of (mg/100 ml): Ca++ 34, Mg++18, K+432 and Na+164.5, to the incubating medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1213864", "title": "Influence of vitamin A on formation and excretion of end products of nitrogen catabolism in chicks.", "content": "The effect of vitamin A deprivation at different stages, and of dosing with different levels of the vitamin of some parameters of protein catabolism was examined in chicks. Plasma uric acid and plasma urea were increased in vitamin A deficiency. Dosing with vitamin A caused a decrease in the plasma uric acid concentration only in deficient chicks which received the higher dosing level (3000 mug retinol equivalent), whereas plasma urea concentration increased in all cases after dosing. Nitrogen retention and uric acid excretion were not changed in chicks in the first stages of vitamin A deficiency, but excretion of urea was increased in comparison to pair fed chicks. Liver xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and kidney arginase were both increased even in the first stages of vitamin A deficiency. The increase in XDH activity was shown to be partially due to the stress of overnight fat caused by pair feeding, whereas this factor had no part in the increase of the kidney orginase. Dosing with vitamin A had almost no effect on the plasma vitamin A of chicks fed a high dietary level of the vitamin (9000 mug/kg) while there was a clear response in control chicks (fed 900 mug/kg) or deficient ones.", "contents": "Influence of vitamin A on formation and excretion of end products of nitrogen catabolism in chicks. The effect of vitamin A deprivation at different stages, and of dosing with different levels of the vitamin of some parameters of protein catabolism was examined in chicks. Plasma uric acid and plasma urea were increased in vitamin A deficiency. Dosing with vitamin A caused a decrease in the plasma uric acid concentration only in deficient chicks which received the higher dosing level (3000 mug retinol equivalent), whereas plasma urea concentration increased in all cases after dosing. Nitrogen retention and uric acid excretion were not changed in chicks in the first stages of vitamin A deficiency, but excretion of urea was increased in comparison to pair fed chicks. Liver xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and kidney arginase were both increased even in the first stages of vitamin A deficiency. The increase in XDH activity was shown to be partially due to the stress of overnight fat caused by pair feeding, whereas this factor had no part in the increase of the kidney orginase. Dosing with vitamin A had almost no effect on the plasma vitamin A of chicks fed a high dietary level of the vitamin (9000 mug/kg) while there was a clear response in control chicks (fed 900 mug/kg) or deficient ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1213865", "title": "Coenzyme Q deficiency in mice following infection with Friend leukemia virus.", "content": "The specific activities of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q reductase were assayed on mitochondrial preparations of this enzyme from spleen, liver, blood and peritoneal macrophages of mice infected with Friend leukemia virus, and of control mice. Significant increases in the deficiency of coenzyme Q-enzyme activity were found in the spleen and blood of infected animals as the infection progressed. No significant deficiency was observed in the liver or the peritoneal macrophages. The development of the deficiency and splenomegaly during infection seemingly correlate with previous data which showed that administration of coenzyme Q resulted in a reversal of splenomegaly and a reduction in mortality. A limiting factor in the resistance of mice to Friend leukemia virus appears to be the availability of coenzyme Q.", "contents": "Coenzyme Q deficiency in mice following infection with Friend leukemia virus. The specific activities of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q reductase were assayed on mitochondrial preparations of this enzyme from spleen, liver, blood and peritoneal macrophages of mice infected with Friend leukemia virus, and of control mice. Significant increases in the deficiency of coenzyme Q-enzyme activity were found in the spleen and blood of infected animals as the infection progressed. No significant deficiency was observed in the liver or the peritoneal macrophages. The development of the deficiency and splenomegaly during infection seemingly correlate with previous data which showed that administration of coenzyme Q resulted in a reversal of splenomegaly and a reduction in mortality. A limiting factor in the resistance of mice to Friend leukemia virus appears to be the availability of coenzyme Q."}
{"id": "PMID:1213866", "title": "The effects of vitamin E deficiency on some enzymes of steroid hormone biosynthesis.", "content": "The effect of vitamin E deficiency on three enzyme systems involved in steroidogenesis was investigated. No change was found in vitro activity of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme in adrenal or testicular tissue, or of 11-beta-hydroxylase activity in adrenal tissue. Significantly less 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was found in ovarian tissue from female rats given a diet deficient in vitamin E for 141 days, and in testicular tissue and adrenal glands from male rats given the deficient diet for 280 days. Testicular tissue from male rats given the deficient diet for 91 days showed considerably less 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity than did tissue from control rats, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "The effects of vitamin E deficiency on some enzymes of steroid hormone biosynthesis. The effect of vitamin E deficiency on three enzyme systems involved in steroidogenesis was investigated. No change was found in vitro activity of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme in adrenal or testicular tissue, or of 11-beta-hydroxylase activity in adrenal tissue. Significantly less 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was found in ovarian tissue from female rats given a diet deficient in vitamin E for 141 days, and in testicular tissue and adrenal glands from male rats given the deficient diet for 280 days. Testicular tissue from male rats given the deficient diet for 91 days showed considerably less 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity than did tissue from control rats, but the difference was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1213867", "title": "Electrocortical activity characteristic of vitamin B6 deficiency in the rat.", "content": "Vitamin B6 deficiency is characterized by a variety of changes in the central nervous system. Weanling male white rats, fed different levels of pyridoxine for 60 days, showed consistent differences in both amplitude and frequency of their electrocortical activity. The more deficient animals displayed higher EEG voltages and a higher dominant frequency. These two effects were systematically related to pyridoxine intake and provided similar dose-response curves. The nutritional requirement for vitamin B6, as estimated from the EEG data, was in good agreement with that estimated from growth response data.", "contents": "Electrocortical activity characteristic of vitamin B6 deficiency in the rat. Vitamin B6 deficiency is characterized by a variety of changes in the central nervous system. Weanling male white rats, fed different levels of pyridoxine for 60 days, showed consistent differences in both amplitude and frequency of their electrocortical activity. The more deficient animals displayed higher EEG voltages and a higher dominant frequency. These two effects were systematically related to pyridoxine intake and provided similar dose-response curves. The nutritional requirement for vitamin B6, as estimated from the EEG data, was in good agreement with that estimated from growth response data."}
{"id": "PMID:1213868", "title": "[Activity studies of an iron-vitamin B6 preparation for euteral treatment of iron deficiency anemia].", "content": "In 17 respectively 15 children with iron deficiency anemia the effect of a combined orally applicated iron-vitamin B6 therapy and iron therapy only was studied. Pyridoxal phosphate, activities of pyridoxal kinase and red cell GOT, and excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid in urine were measured as indices of vitamin B6 nutriture before therapy was started, on the 3rd and 6th day with therapy and on the 1st and 4th day after therapy was stopped. Red cells, concentration of hemoglobin, reticulocytes and hematokrit were simultaneously counted, whereas serum iron had been measured once only before therapy. A group of 22 hematologically healthy children was studied as controls. After iron therapy a decrease of vitamin B6 nutriture occured as a consequence of an increased requirement for pyridoxal phosphate for heme synthesis. Additional vitamin B6 was followed by a normal vitamin B6 nutriture and a significantly accelerating effect on heme synthesis.", "contents": "[Activity studies of an iron-vitamin B6 preparation for euteral treatment of iron deficiency anemia]. In 17 respectively 15 children with iron deficiency anemia the effect of a combined orally applicated iron-vitamin B6 therapy and iron therapy only was studied. Pyridoxal phosphate, activities of pyridoxal kinase and red cell GOT, and excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid in urine were measured as indices of vitamin B6 nutriture before therapy was started, on the 3rd and 6th day with therapy and on the 1st and 4th day after therapy was stopped. Red cells, concentration of hemoglobin, reticulocytes and hematokrit were simultaneously counted, whereas serum iron had been measured once only before therapy. A group of 22 hematologically healthy children was studied as controls. After iron therapy a decrease of vitamin B6 nutriture occured as a consequence of an increased requirement for pyridoxal phosphate for heme synthesis. Additional vitamin B6 was followed by a normal vitamin B6 nutriture and a significantly accelerating effect on heme synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1213869", "title": "The amino acid composition of the oviduct of the folic acid-treated and the folate-deficienct, oestrogen-treated immature domestic fowl.", "content": "Two experiments are described in which the effect of folate deficiency on the amino aicd content of the oviduct of oestrogen-treated, folic acid-treated and folate-deficient, immature domestic fowl is investigated. Oviducts from non-oestrogen treated, folic acid-treated and folate deficient birds are also compared. A third experiment was carried out in which the effect of folate deficiency on the amino acid composition of the five oviduct sections was examined. An attempt has been made to explain the differences in oviduct amino acid composition in terms of amino acid metabolism and the degree of structural development of the oviduct. It is concluded that folate is most essential for the response of oviduct tissue to oestrogen stimulation in areas where a specialised secretory function is involved. No direct evidence was obtained to indicate that the function of folate in glycine-serine interconversion or methionine regeneration was significant in the inhibition of oestrogen-stimulated oviduct growth.", "contents": "The amino acid composition of the oviduct of the folic acid-treated and the folate-deficienct, oestrogen-treated immature domestic fowl. Two experiments are described in which the effect of folate deficiency on the amino aicd content of the oviduct of oestrogen-treated, folic acid-treated and folate-deficient, immature domestic fowl is investigated. Oviducts from non-oestrogen treated, folic acid-treated and folate deficient birds are also compared. A third experiment was carried out in which the effect of folate deficiency on the amino acid composition of the five oviduct sections was examined. An attempt has been made to explain the differences in oviduct amino acid composition in terms of amino acid metabolism and the degree of structural development of the oviduct. It is concluded that folate is most essential for the response of oviduct tissue to oestrogen stimulation in areas where a specialised secretory function is involved. No direct evidence was obtained to indicate that the function of folate in glycine-serine interconversion or methionine regeneration was significant in the inhibition of oestrogen-stimulated oviduct growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1213870", "title": "Influence of lead administration on L-ascorbic acid metabolism in rats: effect of L-ascorbic acid supplementation.", "content": "1. Lead toxicated rats became severely anaemic which could be recovered to a considerable extent by simultaneous supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to these rats. 2. The concentrations of L-ascorbic acid in the liver tissues and in the urine of the toxicated rats were increased significantly while that in the kidney tissues was markedly reduced and supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to the toxicated rats could not raise appreciably this reduced L-ascorbic acid level in the kidney tissues. 3. The kidney of rats maintained on lead supplemented basal diet were enlarged significantly; the normal histological pattern of the kidney tissues was severely disturbed under the experimental condition exhibited by cellular necrosis and membrane rupture. 4. In the liver tissues of lead toxicated rats, the rate of L-ascorbic acid synthesis was enhanced and this was brought to the basal level by supplementation of L-ascorbic acid. Synthesis of L-xylulose in the kidney tissues of rats was drastically reduced under lead toxicosis and administration of L-ascorbic acid to the toxicated animals could not protect this effect.", "contents": "Influence of lead administration on L-ascorbic acid metabolism in rats: effect of L-ascorbic acid supplementation. 1. Lead toxicated rats became severely anaemic which could be recovered to a considerable extent by simultaneous supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to these rats. 2. The concentrations of L-ascorbic acid in the liver tissues and in the urine of the toxicated rats were increased significantly while that in the kidney tissues was markedly reduced and supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to the toxicated rats could not raise appreciably this reduced L-ascorbic acid level in the kidney tissues. 3. The kidney of rats maintained on lead supplemented basal diet were enlarged significantly; the normal histological pattern of the kidney tissues was severely disturbed under the experimental condition exhibited by cellular necrosis and membrane rupture. 4. In the liver tissues of lead toxicated rats, the rate of L-ascorbic acid synthesis was enhanced and this was brought to the basal level by supplementation of L-ascorbic acid. Synthesis of L-xylulose in the kidney tissues of rats was drastically reduced under lead toxicosis and administration of L-ascorbic acid to the toxicated animals could not protect this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1213871", "title": "A nutritional survey in the elderly: blood and urine vitamin levels.", "content": "In this survey of vitamin levels in 93 acute geriatric admissions to hospital, none had a completely normal nutritional profile. Twenty-two patients had over 50% of test abnormal and for all patients the average % of abnormal tests was 29%. The most common abnormalities were albumin, leucocyte vitamin C, vitamin E, carotene and nicotinic acid where over 50% of patients had abnormal results. Transferrin and vitamin A levels were abnormal in over 30% of patients while there was little evidence for riboflavin or thiamine malnutrition. It is postulated that an inadequate dietary intake, due to disease or to physical and mental deterioration was the most likely cause of these multiple nutritional abnormalities.", "contents": "A nutritional survey in the elderly: blood and urine vitamin levels. In this survey of vitamin levels in 93 acute geriatric admissions to hospital, none had a completely normal nutritional profile. Twenty-two patients had over 50% of test abnormal and for all patients the average % of abnormal tests was 29%. The most common abnormalities were albumin, leucocyte vitamin C, vitamin E, carotene and nicotinic acid where over 50% of patients had abnormal results. Transferrin and vitamin A levels were abnormal in over 30% of patients while there was little evidence for riboflavin or thiamine malnutrition. It is postulated that an inadequate dietary intake, due to disease or to physical and mental deterioration was the most likely cause of these multiple nutritional abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:1213872", "title": "Blood serotonin in schizophrenic children. A preliminary study.", "content": "Blood serotonin levels were measured in schizophrenic children, all of whom showed manifestations of illness in the first 2 years of life, and controls. Serotonin levels were higher in patients (mean = 0.267 mug/ml) than in controls (mean = 0.218 mug/ml), although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Serotonin levels were significantly higher in patients with florid psychosis and those with lower IQs than in patients in remission or partial remission or higher IQs.", "contents": "Blood serotonin in schizophrenic children. A preliminary study. Blood serotonin levels were measured in schizophrenic children, all of whom showed manifestations of illness in the first 2 years of life, and controls. Serotonin levels were higher in patients (mean = 0.267 mug/ml) than in controls (mean = 0.218 mug/ml), although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Serotonin levels were significantly higher in patients with florid psychosis and those with lower IQs than in patients in remission or partial remission or higher IQs."}
{"id": "PMID:1213873", "title": "Purification and chemical studies on rat urinary kallikrein.", "content": "A highly purified kallikrein was obtained from rat urine by chromatography on DE-32 cellulose, affinity chromatography on Bio-gel P-200-Aprotinin and gel filtration over Sephadex G-100 coarse and superfine. A molecular weight of 32,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was estimated. The aminoacid composition and the esterase activity of the purified material were determined. Biological characterization of the purified kallikrein was tested by liberation of a kinin from rat plasma kininogen, by direct action on the isolated rat uterus and by the lowering of rat arterial pressure after intravenous injection of the enzyme. The preparation of insoluble derivative of Aprotinin is described herein. The polymer used as insoluble support (Bio-gel P-200) was before changed to its corresponding azide, which reacts with Aprotinin; the product maintained the binding property of the Aprotinin with urinary kallikrein.", "contents": "Purification and chemical studies on rat urinary kallikrein. A highly purified kallikrein was obtained from rat urine by chromatography on DE-32 cellulose, affinity chromatography on Bio-gel P-200-Aprotinin and gel filtration over Sephadex G-100 coarse and superfine. A molecular weight of 32,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was estimated. The aminoacid composition and the esterase activity of the purified material were determined. Biological characterization of the purified kallikrein was tested by liberation of a kinin from rat plasma kininogen, by direct action on the isolated rat uterus and by the lowering of rat arterial pressure after intravenous injection of the enzyme. The preparation of insoluble derivative of Aprotinin is described herein. The polymer used as insoluble support (Bio-gel P-200) was before changed to its corresponding azide, which reacts with Aprotinin; the product maintained the binding property of the Aprotinin with urinary kallikrein."}
{"id": "PMID:1213874", "title": "Urinary trypsin-inhibitor: extraction from pregnancy urine by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Affinity chromatography has led to the extraction of a trypsin inhibitor from urines of pregnant women, with a recovery of about 85%. The inhibitor obtained by this method is fairly pure, but heterogeneous, according to several criteria. The heterogeneity is not the result of the extraction procedure, but it seems to pre-exist in the urine itself.", "contents": "Urinary trypsin-inhibitor: extraction from pregnancy urine by affinity chromatography. Affinity chromatography has led to the extraction of a trypsin inhibitor from urines of pregnant women, with a recovery of about 85%. The inhibitor obtained by this method is fairly pure, but heterogeneous, according to several criteria. The heterogeneity is not the result of the extraction procedure, but it seems to pre-exist in the urine itself."}
{"id": "PMID:1213875", "title": "Subcellular localization of renin and kallikrein in rat kidney.", "content": "The subcellular localization of renin and kallikrein in rat kidney cortex homogenate was investigated using both differential and density gradient centrifugation techniques. Highest specific activity of renin was found in the heavy mitochondrial fraction. Mitochondrial localization of renin was further supported by the behaviour of succinic dehydrogenase. By differential centrifugation, highest specific activity of kallikrein was found in the light mitochondrial fraction, while by density gradient centrifugation kallikrein was almost completely recovered in the lysosomal fraction. Lysosomal localization of kallikrein is further supported by the behaviour of acid phosphatase. The different subcellular localizations of renin and kallikrein are confirmed and the suggestion that kallikrein is located in the lysosomes is advanced.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of renin and kallikrein in rat kidney. The subcellular localization of renin and kallikrein in rat kidney cortex homogenate was investigated using both differential and density gradient centrifugation techniques. Highest specific activity of renin was found in the heavy mitochondrial fraction. Mitochondrial localization of renin was further supported by the behaviour of succinic dehydrogenase. By differential centrifugation, highest specific activity of kallikrein was found in the light mitochondrial fraction, while by density gradient centrifugation kallikrein was almost completely recovered in the lysosomal fraction. Lysosomal localization of kallikrein is further supported by the behaviour of acid phosphatase. The different subcellular localizations of renin and kallikrein are confirmed and the suggestion that kallikrein is located in the lysosomes is advanced."}
{"id": "PMID:1213881", "title": "[Rare melanocytes and nevus-cell nevi].", "content": "This review considers the following melanocytic and nevocytic nevi: nevus spilus, cellular blue nevus, benign juvenile melanoma, mongolian spot and nevus of Ota. Clinical aspects, histopathology and prognosis are outlined, based on data from the recent literature.", "contents": "[Rare melanocytes and nevus-cell nevi]. This review considers the following melanocytic and nevocytic nevi: nevus spilus, cellular blue nevus, benign juvenile melanoma, mongolian spot and nevus of Ota. Clinical aspects, histopathology and prognosis are outlined, based on data from the recent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1213876", "title": "6-(14C)-orotate uptake and rna synthesis by liver from thyroidectomized rats treated with 3,5,3'-triiodo-1-thyronine (t3).", "content": "It has been shown that T3 administration to thyroidectomized rats induces a marked increase of the in vivo labelling of liver nuclear RNA by 6-[14C]-orotic acid and, although to a lesser extent, of the radioactivity of the acid-soluble fraction. Therefore, in evaluating the real increase in RNA synthesis induced by T3 administration it has been taken into account that the hormone stimulates the uptake of the labelled precursor by the liver and enhances the specific activity of the nucleoside and nucleotide pool. The greater penetration of orotate into the liver does not depend on the increased RNA synthesis since it is not prevented by the administration of actinomycin D which markedly inhibits the transcriptional process. These findings indicate that the increased uptake of orotate and the stimulation of RNA synthesis represent distinct effects of the thyroid hormone on its target tissue.", "contents": "6-(14C)-orotate uptake and rna synthesis by liver from thyroidectomized rats treated with 3,5,3'-triiodo-1-thyronine (t3). It has been shown that T3 administration to thyroidectomized rats induces a marked increase of the in vivo labelling of liver nuclear RNA by 6-[14C]-orotic acid and, although to a lesser extent, of the radioactivity of the acid-soluble fraction. Therefore, in evaluating the real increase in RNA synthesis induced by T3 administration it has been taken into account that the hormone stimulates the uptake of the labelled precursor by the liver and enhances the specific activity of the nucleoside and nucleotide pool. The greater penetration of orotate into the liver does not depend on the increased RNA synthesis since it is not prevented by the administration of actinomycin D which markedly inhibits the transcriptional process. These findings indicate that the increased uptake of orotate and the stimulation of RNA synthesis represent distinct effects of the thyroid hormone on its target tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1213882", "title": "[Is the lupus miliaris disseminatus of tuberculous origin?].", "content": "Lupus miliaris disseminatus is differentiated from tuberculosis and from the group of tuberculids on the basis of clinical observations, laboratory data and therapeutical results of the past 20 years. Histopathology, frequent recurrences and dissemination provide evidences for the allergic etiology of lupus miliaris disseminatus. Treatment with tetracyclines is effective.", "contents": "[Is the lupus miliaris disseminatus of tuberculous origin?]. Lupus miliaris disseminatus is differentiated from tuberculosis and from the group of tuberculids on the basis of clinical observations, laboratory data and therapeutical results of the past 20 years. Histopathology, frequent recurrences and dissemination provide evidences for the allergic etiology of lupus miliaris disseminatus. Treatment with tetracyclines is effective."}
{"id": "PMID:1213877", "title": "Studies on the photosensitizing properties of angelicin, an angular furocoumarin forming only monofunctional adducts with the pyrimidine bases of DNA.", "content": "The bioligical photosensitizing properties of furocoumarins are due to the formation of adducts with the pyrimidine bases of DNA under irradiation with long wavelength ultraviolet light. The greatest importance is attributed to the difunctional adducts, which form cross-linkings between the 2 strands of DNA. As angelicin, photoreacting with DNA, forms only monofunctional adducts, and therefore no cross-linkings, its photosensitizing properties have been studied in order to evaluate the ability of monofunctional adducts to produce biological effects. The results obtained studying the inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in Ehrlich ascite tumor cells after irradiation in the presence of angelicin and psoralen (for a comparison), and the inhibition of the ability of identically treated cells to transmit the tumor showed a remarkable ability of monofunctional adducts to produce biological effects.", "contents": "Studies on the photosensitizing properties of angelicin, an angular furocoumarin forming only monofunctional adducts with the pyrimidine bases of DNA. The bioligical photosensitizing properties of furocoumarins are due to the formation of adducts with the pyrimidine bases of DNA under irradiation with long wavelength ultraviolet light. The greatest importance is attributed to the difunctional adducts, which form cross-linkings between the 2 strands of DNA. As angelicin, photoreacting with DNA, forms only monofunctional adducts, and therefore no cross-linkings, its photosensitizing properties have been studied in order to evaluate the ability of monofunctional adducts to produce biological effects. The results obtained studying the inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in Ehrlich ascite tumor cells after irradiation in the presence of angelicin and psoralen (for a comparison), and the inhibition of the ability of identically treated cells to transmit the tumor showed a remarkable ability of monofunctional adducts to produce biological effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1213883", "title": "[Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia].", "content": "This paper reports a family with typical features of hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (h.e.d.). Although some members of the family showed phenotypical similarities to anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, there is no doubt about the classification of this disorder into hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia because of its manifest symptomatology (hypo- and dystrichosis deformity of nails, autosomal-dominant heredity, normal sweating). This suggests that the phenotypical similarities are obvious and important findings of h.e.d.", "contents": "[Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia]. This paper reports a family with typical features of hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (h.e.d.). Although some members of the family showed phenotypical similarities to anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, there is no doubt about the classification of this disorder into hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia because of its manifest symptomatology (hypo- and dystrichosis deformity of nails, autosomal-dominant heredity, normal sweating). This suggests that the phenotypical similarities are obvious and important findings of h.e.d."}
{"id": "PMID:1213878", "title": "Fromation and stoichiometry of a lysozyme-phospholipid-mitochondrial protein ternary complex.", "content": "Mitochondrial membranes reconstituted from lipid-depleted mitochondria and aqueous phospholipid dispersions still have the phospholipid negative charges available for ionic interaction with the basic protein, lysozyme. The stoichiometry of the binding is of about 6 nmoles of lysozyme per 100 nmoles of phospholipid in membranes reconstituted with Asolectin, and of 10 nmoles of phospholipid phosphorus in membranes reconstituted with cardiolipin. Unextracted submitochondrial particles ETP also bind lysozyme (about 3 nmoles per 100 nmoles of phospholipid). These observations indicate that the phospholipid anionic groups are not completely shielded by the mitochondrial proteins, which might occupy areas between the nonpolar groups of the lipid molecules.", "contents": "Fromation and stoichiometry of a lysozyme-phospholipid-mitochondrial protein ternary complex. Mitochondrial membranes reconstituted from lipid-depleted mitochondria and aqueous phospholipid dispersions still have the phospholipid negative charges available for ionic interaction with the basic protein, lysozyme. The stoichiometry of the binding is of about 6 nmoles of lysozyme per 100 nmoles of phospholipid in membranes reconstituted with Asolectin, and of 10 nmoles of phospholipid phosphorus in membranes reconstituted with cardiolipin. Unextracted submitochondrial particles ETP also bind lysozyme (about 3 nmoles per 100 nmoles of phospholipid). These observations indicate that the phospholipid anionic groups are not completely shielded by the mitochondrial proteins, which might occupy areas between the nonpolar groups of the lipid molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:1213884", "title": "[Chronic percutaneous salicylic acid poisoning].", "content": "The uncontrolled, long-term (18 months), widespread (almost 3/4 total body skin surface), application of a concentrated (10%) salicylic acid ointment in a 62 year old psoriatic female led to chronic percutaneous salicylism. Salicylic acid levels in the urine (200 mg %) and serum (223 mg %), the highest values ever recorded in this type of intoxication, contrasted with the discrete clinical picture. The acute and chronic percutaneous salicylism is discussed with a review of the literature. It is warned against the uncontrolled use of topicals containing salicylic acid.", "contents": "[Chronic percutaneous salicylic acid poisoning]. The uncontrolled, long-term (18 months), widespread (almost 3/4 total body skin surface), application of a concentrated (10%) salicylic acid ointment in a 62 year old psoriatic female led to chronic percutaneous salicylism. Salicylic acid levels in the urine (200 mg %) and serum (223 mg %), the highest values ever recorded in this type of intoxication, contrasted with the discrete clinical picture. The acute and chronic percutaneous salicylism is discussed with a review of the literature. It is warned against the uncontrolled use of topicals containing salicylic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1213885", "title": "[Dermatome excision of multiple basaliomas of the trunk skin].", "content": "Superficial basal cell carcinomas of the trunk may be removed by dermatome excision. The procedure following the usual excision of a split-skin graft with a thickness of 0,6 mm. Histological control of the tumor excision is possible when the split-skin graft, including the tumor, is rolled before sectioning. In this way the adequate tumor removal, both in depth and at the peripheral margin, can be judged.", "contents": "[Dermatome excision of multiple basaliomas of the trunk skin]. Superficial basal cell carcinomas of the trunk may be removed by dermatome excision. The procedure following the usual excision of a split-skin graft with a thickness of 0,6 mm. Histological control of the tumor excision is possible when the split-skin graft, including the tumor, is rolled before sectioning. In this way the adequate tumor removal, both in depth and at the peripheral margin, can be judged."}
{"id": "PMID:1213880", "title": "Nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase activity in different regions of rat brain during postnatal development.", "content": "RNA polymerase activities of whole nuclei, of isolated and purified nucleoli and of the nucleoplasmic fractions obtained from cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem of rat at different days of postnatal development have been determined. In the whole nuclei the fraction of RNA polymerase which is sensitive to alpha-amanitin, is strongly affected by salt concentration; at low ionic strength most of the activity is resistant to the drug while at high ionic strength the enzymatic activity shows a greater sensitivity to the drug. In isolated nucleoli RNA synthesis is not inhibited at all by alpha-amanitin. The biosynthesis of RNA, at low ionic strength, is inhibited by low doses of actinomycin D, whereas at high ionic strength it is remarkably inhibited only by higher doses of the drug. The sensitivity of the reaction to alpha-amanitin and actinomycin D provide good evidence that UTP or GTP incorporation into RNA in purified nuclei and nucleoli, is dependent on RNA polymerases acting on DNA template and is not dependent on homopolymer formation. These results show that in the whole brain nuclei at low ionic strength there is a preferential synthesis of rRNA, whereas at high ionic strength the synthesis of heterogenous RNA predominates. In isolated nucleoli the synthesis of RNA is restricted to rRNA.", "contents": "Nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase activity in different regions of rat brain during postnatal development. RNA polymerase activities of whole nuclei, of isolated and purified nucleoli and of the nucleoplasmic fractions obtained from cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem of rat at different days of postnatal development have been determined. In the whole nuclei the fraction of RNA polymerase which is sensitive to alpha-amanitin, is strongly affected by salt concentration; at low ionic strength most of the activity is resistant to the drug while at high ionic strength the enzymatic activity shows a greater sensitivity to the drug. In isolated nucleoli RNA synthesis is not inhibited at all by alpha-amanitin. The biosynthesis of RNA, at low ionic strength, is inhibited by low doses of actinomycin D, whereas at high ionic strength it is remarkably inhibited only by higher doses of the drug. The sensitivity of the reaction to alpha-amanitin and actinomycin D provide good evidence that UTP or GTP incorporation into RNA in purified nuclei and nucleoli, is dependent on RNA polymerases acting on DNA template and is not dependent on homopolymer formation. These results show that in the whole brain nuclei at low ionic strength there is a preferential synthesis of rRNA, whereas at high ionic strength the synthesis of heterogenous RNA predominates. In isolated nucleoli the synthesis of RNA is restricted to rRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1213879", "title": "Immunoglobulin secretion by mouse myeloma cells; involvement of an energy-requiring step.", "content": "The process of Immunoglobulin secretion has been extensively studied but the cellular mechanisms underlying assembly and transport of these molecules are still poorly understood. Evicence is presented in this paper for the presence, in the secretory pathway of mouse myeloma cells, of an energy requiring step, as indicated by the strong inhibition of Immunoglobulin secretion by a variety of respiratory chain inhibitors and of oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin secretion by mouse myeloma cells; involvement of an energy-requiring step. The process of Immunoglobulin secretion has been extensively studied but the cellular mechanisms underlying assembly and transport of these molecules are still poorly understood. Evicence is presented in this paper for the presence, in the secretory pathway of mouse myeloma cells, of an energy requiring step, as indicated by the strong inhibition of Immunoglobulin secretion by a variety of respiratory chain inhibitors and of oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers."}
{"id": "PMID:1213889", "title": "[The simultaneous occurrence of psoriasis, sarcoidosis and gout. Report of 3 cases].", "content": "The author reports three further cases of simultaneous occurence of psoriasis, sarcoidosis and gout, additionally to the hitherto known observations. The occurence of gout is questionable in this connection, relevant seems to be only the coincidence of psoriasis and gout. A probable causal connection is discussed. This could theorectically be due to a common genetic sphere, to similar pathophysiological principles or to an alternatively manifestation of each other.", "contents": "[The simultaneous occurrence of psoriasis, sarcoidosis and gout. Report of 3 cases]. The author reports three further cases of simultaneous occurence of psoriasis, sarcoidosis and gout, additionally to the hitherto known observations. The occurence of gout is questionable in this connection, relevant seems to be only the coincidence of psoriasis and gout. A probable causal connection is discussed. This could theorectically be due to a common genetic sphere, to similar pathophysiological principles or to an alternatively manifestation of each other."}
{"id": "PMID:1213890", "title": "[Penetration and side effects of local estrogen application in alopecia androgenetica].", "content": "In 30 male patients aged 17-37 with definite androgenetic (\"male pattern\") alopecia (AA, telogen hair rate greater than 20%) the total urinary estrogen level was estimated before and after topical treatment: In 18 patients estrogen in a alcoholic vehicle (0.05% dienestroldiacetate) was daily applied on the scalp skin; whereas 12 patients were treated with a corresponding preparation without estrogen and served as controls. Before treatment the average estrogen level of all patients with AA was 23.3 mum/24 hrs (individual data ranged from 9.4-45.6 mum/24 hrs) and was thus slightly elevated but still within the normal range. 3 and 6 months after treatment no significant differences of the urinary estrogen level were found between the controlled patients of the two groups and, similarly, no clinical side-effects of the estrogen application (gynecomasty etc.) were recorded. It seems, on the basis of this study, that a long-term topical treatment with estrogen does not involve considerable risks regarding side-effects on male adults, in contrast to children and youngsters. On the assumption that estrogen may be effective in AA, a local mechanism of action on the hair follicle is considered.", "contents": "[Penetration and side effects of local estrogen application in alopecia androgenetica]. In 30 male patients aged 17-37 with definite androgenetic (\"male pattern\") alopecia (AA, telogen hair rate greater than 20%) the total urinary estrogen level was estimated before and after topical treatment: In 18 patients estrogen in a alcoholic vehicle (0.05% dienestroldiacetate) was daily applied on the scalp skin; whereas 12 patients were treated with a corresponding preparation without estrogen and served as controls. Before treatment the average estrogen level of all patients with AA was 23.3 mum/24 hrs (individual data ranged from 9.4-45.6 mum/24 hrs) and was thus slightly elevated but still within the normal range. 3 and 6 months after treatment no significant differences of the urinary estrogen level were found between the controlled patients of the two groups and, similarly, no clinical side-effects of the estrogen application (gynecomasty etc.) were recorded. It seems, on the basis of this study, that a long-term topical treatment with estrogen does not involve considerable risks regarding side-effects on male adults, in contrast to children and youngsters. On the assumption that estrogen may be effective in AA, a local mechanism of action on the hair follicle is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1213893", "title": "[Anorectal symptom complex in zoster sacralis].", "content": "Disorder by hemorrhoids can occasionally be caused by sacral herpes zoster. Only exact local inspection in connection with the anamnestic statement of neuralgic pain as well as hurting sensations of the rectum leads to the proper diagnosis.", "contents": "[Anorectal symptom complex in zoster sacralis]. Disorder by hemorrhoids can occasionally be caused by sacral herpes zoster. Only exact local inspection in connection with the anamnestic statement of neuralgic pain as well as hurting sensations of the rectum leads to the proper diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1213941", "title": "[The development of the guinea pig gallbladder epithelial cells. I. Light microscopical and carbohydrate-histochemical investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of the guinea pig gallbladder epithelium was studied from the 19th day of intrauterine life to the 31st postnatal day by means of histological and histochemical staining reactions. At first, the epithelium is a columnar pseudostratified one. Its transformation into a simple columnar eptihelium is terminated by the 31st day of the intrauterine life. Then the epithelial cells become more columnar and their nuclei acquire a basal position. Somewhat later the epithelium invaginates the underlying mesenchyme. Up to the 57th day the epithelium contains much glycogen. Neutral and carboxylated mucosubstances are demonstrable after the 30th day. From the 48th day onwards sulphated mucosubstances can be visualized in some cells in the depth of the invaginations and from the 51st day in the epithelial cells of the gallbladder. \"Light\" mucoid cells appear first in the epithelium of day 58. After the 6th postnatal day the \"light\" cells are rarely seen in the invaginations. The development of the gallbladder epithelium is completed about the 10th postnatal day. The epithelial mucosubstances of the gallbladder of the adult animal could be classified as GC- mucins and S-mucinsA, 1.0 MgCl2.", "contents": "[The development of the guinea pig gallbladder epithelial cells. I. Light microscopical and carbohydrate-histochemical investigations (author's transl)]. The development of the guinea pig gallbladder epithelium was studied from the 19th day of intrauterine life to the 31st postnatal day by means of histological and histochemical staining reactions. At first, the epithelium is a columnar pseudostratified one. Its transformation into a simple columnar eptihelium is terminated by the 31st day of the intrauterine life. Then the epithelial cells become more columnar and their nuclei acquire a basal position. Somewhat later the epithelium invaginates the underlying mesenchyme. Up to the 57th day the epithelium contains much glycogen. Neutral and carboxylated mucosubstances are demonstrable after the 30th day. From the 48th day onwards sulphated mucosubstances can be visualized in some cells in the depth of the invaginations and from the 51st day in the epithelial cells of the gallbladder. \"Light\" mucoid cells appear first in the epithelium of day 58. After the 6th postnatal day the \"light\" cells are rarely seen in the invaginations. The development of the gallbladder epithelium is completed about the 10th postnatal day. The epithelial mucosubstances of the gallbladder of the adult animal could be classified as GC- mucins and S-mucinsA, 1.0 MgCl2."}
{"id": "PMID:1213942", "title": "Inhibition of the alkaline phosphatase of equine, bovine and rat neutrophilic leukocytes with levamisole at low concentrations.", "content": "In this light microscopic study, the inhibitory effect of levamisole on the alkaline phosphatase of equine, bovine and rat neutrophilic leukocytes was examined histochemically, using 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mM levamisole in the incubation mixture. Levamisole proved to be a potent inhibitor of neutrophilic alkaline phasphatase already at very low concentrations. Statistically significant differences in the rate of inhibition of the enzyme were found between the species examined. Some observations of the eosinophils were also made; equine eosinophils were found to be considerably resistant towards alkaline phosphatase inhibition with levamisole at the concentrations used.", "contents": "Inhibition of the alkaline phosphatase of equine, bovine and rat neutrophilic leukocytes with levamisole at low concentrations. In this light microscopic study, the inhibitory effect of levamisole on the alkaline phosphatase of equine, bovine and rat neutrophilic leukocytes was examined histochemically, using 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mM levamisole in the incubation mixture. Levamisole proved to be a potent inhibitor of neutrophilic alkaline phasphatase already at very low concentrations. Statistically significant differences in the rate of inhibition of the enzyme were found between the species examined. Some observations of the eosinophils were also made; equine eosinophils were found to be considerably resistant towards alkaline phosphatase inhibition with levamisole at the concentrations used."}
{"id": "PMID:1213943", "title": "Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the cerebellum and optic tectum of four freshwater teleosts.", "content": "A histochemical study has been carried out on the localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cerebellum and optic tectum of four species of freshwater teleosts. AChE distribution in the cerebellar cortex of teleosts shows differences among the species examined and, in the trout, also differences between different cerebellar areas. This uneven kind of enzyme distribution corresponds to a similar variety of AChE patterns noticed in other vertebrates, especially mammals. AChE distribution in the optic tectum shows a prevalent pattern characterized by precise laminar distribution of enzymatic activity which is alternatively strong, weak or absent in the different tectal layers. The results suggest that most of sensitive imput and many systems of stimuli propagation may be mediated by cholinergic mechanisms in the optic tectum of telecosts.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the cerebellum and optic tectum of four freshwater teleosts. A histochemical study has been carried out on the localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cerebellum and optic tectum of four species of freshwater teleosts. AChE distribution in the cerebellar cortex of teleosts shows differences among the species examined and, in the trout, also differences between different cerebellar areas. This uneven kind of enzyme distribution corresponds to a similar variety of AChE patterns noticed in other vertebrates, especially mammals. AChE distribution in the optic tectum shows a prevalent pattern characterized by precise laminar distribution of enzymatic activity which is alternatively strong, weak or absent in the different tectal layers. The results suggest that most of sensitive imput and many systems of stimuli propagation may be mediated by cholinergic mechanisms in the optic tectum of telecosts."}
{"id": "PMID:1213944", "title": "Studies about the specificity of the histochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase.", "content": "1. Tissues examined for the histochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase are best fixed by acetone. 2. Topographical identification of choline acetyltransferase by its reaction products is not only substrate-dependent because a slight staining also occurred in the absence of the substrates choline and acetyl-coenzyme in the incubation medium. 3. Histochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase was inhibited by sarin but not by DFP or eserine. 4. According to Burt and Silver's method cells and cell organelles, of which the enzymatic content is doubtful, where stained. 5. Chloroacetylcholine-perchlorate did not inhibit the histochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase. 6. The staining of acetylcholinesterase showed a different topographical distribution although both methods were inhibited by sarin.", "contents": "Studies about the specificity of the histochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase. 1. Tissues examined for the histochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase are best fixed by acetone. 2. Topographical identification of choline acetyltransferase by its reaction products is not only substrate-dependent because a slight staining also occurred in the absence of the substrates choline and acetyl-coenzyme in the incubation medium. 3. Histochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase was inhibited by sarin but not by DFP or eserine. 4. According to Burt and Silver's method cells and cell organelles, of which the enzymatic content is doubtful, where stained. 5. Chloroacetylcholine-perchlorate did not inhibit the histochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase. 6. The staining of acetylcholinesterase showed a different topographical distribution although both methods were inhibited by sarin."}
{"id": "PMID:1213945", "title": "Enzyme activity during the metabolism of glycogen. I. Demonstration of phosphorylases in the sensory cells of the tuberous organ of Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae). Histochemical and ultrastructural methods.", "content": "Phosphorylase activities were investigated by histochemical and ultrastructural procedures in the electroreceptive sensory cells of the tuberous organ of Gnathonemus petersii. Ater incubation in G1P, G1P activated by AMP (Takeuchi and Kuriaki medium) or in G1P activated by ATP+MgSO4 (Guha and Wegman medium) newly formed polysaccharides were analysed with the iodine and P.A.S. reactions under light microscopy and, under electron microscopy, with the periodic acid thiocarbohydrazide (TCH) silver proteinate (PATAg reaction, Thiery), The newly formed polysaccharides proved the presence of glycogen phosphorylase (2.4.1.1) activities and of their branching enzymes (2.4.1.18). When G1P was activated by ATP+MgSO4, they appeared as glycogen particles with the same constitution as native glycogen. After incubation in G1P and in G1P activated by AMP they appeared as glycogen and polyglucose filaments too. In the latter case they were high concentrated. The results show that the phosphorylases are principally present in this sensory cell in their inactive form.", "contents": "Enzyme activity during the metabolism of glycogen. I. Demonstration of phosphorylases in the sensory cells of the tuberous organ of Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae). Histochemical and ultrastructural methods. Phosphorylase activities were investigated by histochemical and ultrastructural procedures in the electroreceptive sensory cells of the tuberous organ of Gnathonemus petersii. Ater incubation in G1P, G1P activated by AMP (Takeuchi and Kuriaki medium) or in G1P activated by ATP+MgSO4 (Guha and Wegman medium) newly formed polysaccharides were analysed with the iodine and P.A.S. reactions under light microscopy and, under electron microscopy, with the periodic acid thiocarbohydrazide (TCH) silver proteinate (PATAg reaction, Thiery), The newly formed polysaccharides proved the presence of glycogen phosphorylase (2.4.1.1) activities and of their branching enzymes (2.4.1.18). When G1P was activated by ATP+MgSO4, they appeared as glycogen particles with the same constitution as native glycogen. After incubation in G1P and in G1P activated by AMP they appeared as glycogen and polyglucose filaments too. In the latter case they were high concentrated. The results show that the phosphorylases are principally present in this sensory cell in their inactive form."}
{"id": "PMID:1213946", "title": "Incorporation of Arginine-3H into chromatin of mouse eggs shortly after sperm penetration.", "content": "Mouse oocytes were fertilized in vitro in a complete cultivation medium enriched by L-arginine-5(3)H monohydrochloride. The oocytes were isolated four hours after insemination. The incorporation of this precursor, as detected by means of autoradiography, was significantly higher in swollen sperm heads and female chromosomes at anaphase/telophase of the second meiotic division than the incorporation into ooplasm.", "contents": "Incorporation of Arginine-3H into chromatin of mouse eggs shortly after sperm penetration. Mouse oocytes were fertilized in vitro in a complete cultivation medium enriched by L-arginine-5(3)H monohydrochloride. The oocytes were isolated four hours after insemination. The incorporation of this precursor, as detected by means of autoradiography, was significantly higher in swollen sperm heads and female chromosomes at anaphase/telophase of the second meiotic division than the incorporation into ooplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:1213947", "title": "Proliferative capability of parietal and zymogen cells.", "content": "Six to eight week old male mice of C3Hf/Bu strain were killed and studied at various times from 30 minutes to 30 days after tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) injection. Labelling of parietal and zymogen cells was observed in autoradiographic histological specimens. There were 590 +/- 22 gastric glands per circumference at the body of the stomach. Parietal cells were counted as 16-2 (14-0-18-4) per gland or 9600 per circumference. There were 11-4 (9-4-13-7) zymogen cells per gland or 6700 per circumference. Two labelled immature parietal cells per circumference were seen 30 minutes after 3H-TdR injection, equivalent to a ratio of 1:5000; more mature labelled parietal cells were seen at later times up to 30 days. There was evidence for proliferation during maturation and downward migration of cells toward the body and the lower part of the gastric gland. Our data support earlier evidence that immature parietal cells constantly supply mature parietal cells through migration from a proliferative zone. Whether the parietal cells are derived from the same stem cell compartment as surface epithelium cells is unclear at the present time. An average of 2-6 zymogen cells per circumference, or 1:2500, was found to be labelled. While most zymogen cells were not proliferating, cells entered the proliferating cycle at random. Based on the findings reported in this paper and the radiation responses of both parietal and zymogen cells, it is postulated that they form part of a slow renewal system.", "contents": "Proliferative capability of parietal and zymogen cells. Six to eight week old male mice of C3Hf/Bu strain were killed and studied at various times from 30 minutes to 30 days after tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) injection. Labelling of parietal and zymogen cells was observed in autoradiographic histological specimens. There were 590 +/- 22 gastric glands per circumference at the body of the stomach. Parietal cells were counted as 16-2 (14-0-18-4) per gland or 9600 per circumference. There were 11-4 (9-4-13-7) zymogen cells per gland or 6700 per circumference. Two labelled immature parietal cells per circumference were seen 30 minutes after 3H-TdR injection, equivalent to a ratio of 1:5000; more mature labelled parietal cells were seen at later times up to 30 days. There was evidence for proliferation during maturation and downward migration of cells toward the body and the lower part of the gastric gland. Our data support earlier evidence that immature parietal cells constantly supply mature parietal cells through migration from a proliferative zone. Whether the parietal cells are derived from the same stem cell compartment as surface epithelium cells is unclear at the present time. An average of 2-6 zymogen cells per circumference, or 1:2500, was found to be labelled. While most zymogen cells were not proliferating, cells entered the proliferating cycle at random. Based on the findings reported in this paper and the radiation responses of both parietal and zymogen cells, it is postulated that they form part of a slow renewal system."}
{"id": "PMID:1213948", "title": "Ultrastructural study of pericytes in the rat supraoptic nucleus.", "content": "Pericytes of the supraoptic nucleus of normal rats have been studied with the electron microscope. These cells are morphologically similar to those of pericytes in other parts of the nervous system. The pericytes and their cytoplasmic processes were surrounded by basal membrane. The nucleus contained large masses of heterochromatin. The cytoplasm, less dense than that of the endothelial cells, contained numerous free ribosomes, cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum, various dictyosomes of the Golgi complex, isolated microtubules, a few mitochondria, and, occasionally, a diplosome. The presence of numerous lysosomes in some pericytes suggested that the cells are phagocytic even in normal circumstances.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of pericytes in the rat supraoptic nucleus. Pericytes of the supraoptic nucleus of normal rats have been studied with the electron microscope. These cells are morphologically similar to those of pericytes in other parts of the nervous system. The pericytes and their cytoplasmic processes were surrounded by basal membrane. The nucleus contained large masses of heterochromatin. The cytoplasm, less dense than that of the endothelial cells, contained numerous free ribosomes, cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum, various dictyosomes of the Golgi complex, isolated microtubules, a few mitochondria, and, occasionally, a diplosome. The presence of numerous lysosomes in some pericytes suggested that the cells are phagocytic even in normal circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:1213950", "title": "The occurrence of lipid in the oxyntico-peptic cells of the proventriculus of the fasting domestic fowl.", "content": "A histological study has shown that considerable amounts of lipid accumulate in the oxyntico-peptic cells of the proventriculus of domestic fowls deprived of food. Lipid droplets were first seen in the cells 6 hours after commencing the fast and they reached a maximum in 24 hours; a decrease was detected histologically 2 hours after re-feeding and all lipid had disappeared 8 hours after access to food. Lipid was observed in fasted chickens aged from 1 to 27 weeks, in four different breeds, and in certain naturally occurring diseases. Small amounts of lipid were also seen in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys of chickens which had been fasted. The relationship of the lipid to the metabolism of the oxyntico-peptic cells and to certain disease states is discussed.", "contents": "The occurrence of lipid in the oxyntico-peptic cells of the proventriculus of the fasting domestic fowl. A histological study has shown that considerable amounts of lipid accumulate in the oxyntico-peptic cells of the proventriculus of domestic fowls deprived of food. Lipid droplets were first seen in the cells 6 hours after commencing the fast and they reached a maximum in 24 hours; a decrease was detected histologically 2 hours after re-feeding and all lipid had disappeared 8 hours after access to food. Lipid was observed in fasted chickens aged from 1 to 27 weeks, in four different breeds, and in certain naturally occurring diseases. Small amounts of lipid were also seen in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys of chickens which had been fasted. The relationship of the lipid to the metabolism of the oxyntico-peptic cells and to certain disease states is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1213949", "title": "Corticobulbar fibres in the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana) with notes on the Tasmanian brust-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and other marsupials.", "content": "Corticobulbar projections have been studied in the American opossum by both degeneration and autoradiographic methods and, for the most part, the results confirm our earlier observations (Martin & West, 1967; Martin, 1968). However, we have obtained evidence for certain connexions not previously described and have delineated the origin(s) of several connexions more precisely by paying particular attention to the degeneration present at thalamic levels in all cases and by the use of autoradiography. When our results are collated and correlated with new somatosensory cortical maps arrived at by microelectrode techniques (Pubols et al. 1975), it is obvious that corticolbulbar connexions in the North American opossum are remarkably similar to those in the monkey and differ mainly in quantity, relative origins and distribution and in the fact that some of them arise from spatially co-extensive motor-sensory areas (Lende, 1963a, b). In the light of our findings on the American opossum we have examined a large collection of brush-tailed possum material (as well as some from the potoroo and Tasmanian native cat) and have been able to extend our previous findings (Martin et al. 1971; Martin & Megirian, 1972) to a more precise evaluation of the origin of projections from the limb, face motor-sensory cortex. Differences between these representatives of the marsupial radiation, as well as features which are common to all, are described.", "contents": "Corticobulbar fibres in the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana) with notes on the Tasmanian brust-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and other marsupials. Corticobulbar projections have been studied in the American opossum by both degeneration and autoradiographic methods and, for the most part, the results confirm our earlier observations (Martin & West, 1967; Martin, 1968). However, we have obtained evidence for certain connexions not previously described and have delineated the origin(s) of several connexions more precisely by paying particular attention to the degeneration present at thalamic levels in all cases and by the use of autoradiography. When our results are collated and correlated with new somatosensory cortical maps arrived at by microelectrode techniques (Pubols et al. 1975), it is obvious that corticolbulbar connexions in the North American opossum are remarkably similar to those in the monkey and differ mainly in quantity, relative origins and distribution and in the fact that some of them arise from spatially co-extensive motor-sensory areas (Lende, 1963a, b). In the light of our findings on the American opossum we have examined a large collection of brush-tailed possum material (as well as some from the potoroo and Tasmanian native cat) and have been able to extend our previous findings (Martin et al. 1971; Martin & Megirian, 1972) to a more precise evaluation of the origin of projections from the limb, face motor-sensory cortex. Differences between these representatives of the marsupial radiation, as well as features which are common to all, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1213951", "title": "Structural-functional correlations in the kidneys and observations of colon and cloacal morphology in certain Australian birds.", "content": "1. Variations in renal microstructure between the zebra finch and Senegal dove were consistent with their relative renal concentrating abilities (urine/plasma ratios of 2-8 and 1-7, respectively). Compared with dove kidneys, those of the finch contained a higher fraction of mammalian-type nephrons (with Henle's loops), and a lower fraction of reptilian-type nephrons (without loops). 2. Singing honeyeaters concentrated their urine almost as well as zebra finches, although honeyeater kidneys were less specialized (fewer mammalian-type nephrons). Such findings emphasize the need to clarify other osmoregulatory parameters. 3. No significant microstructural differences were found in the kidneys of domesticated as compared with those of wild zebra finches. Hence, osmoregulatory differences between tame and wild birds must be related to physiological factors rather than morphological. 4. Thickness of the renal medulla seemed to be directly correlated with urine concentrating ability. However, certain inconsistencies obscure this relationship such that its resolution will require further research. 5. Histological features of the mucosae of the colon and cloaca are described. The galah and kookaburra displayed a mammalian (non-villous) pattern of mucosal organization. Zebra finches, singing honeyeaters, and particularly emus, possessed colonic and cloacal villi and hence an increased surface area per volume in this region of the gut. This raises the possibility that the colon and cloaca are involved in uring concentration and osmoregulatory activities in these species.", "contents": "Structural-functional correlations in the kidneys and observations of colon and cloacal morphology in certain Australian birds. 1. Variations in renal microstructure between the zebra finch and Senegal dove were consistent with their relative renal concentrating abilities (urine/plasma ratios of 2-8 and 1-7, respectively). Compared with dove kidneys, those of the finch contained a higher fraction of mammalian-type nephrons (with Henle's loops), and a lower fraction of reptilian-type nephrons (without loops). 2. Singing honeyeaters concentrated their urine almost as well as zebra finches, although honeyeater kidneys were less specialized (fewer mammalian-type nephrons). Such findings emphasize the need to clarify other osmoregulatory parameters. 3. No significant microstructural differences were found in the kidneys of domesticated as compared with those of wild zebra finches. Hence, osmoregulatory differences between tame and wild birds must be related to physiological factors rather than morphological. 4. Thickness of the renal medulla seemed to be directly correlated with urine concentrating ability. However, certain inconsistencies obscure this relationship such that its resolution will require further research. 5. Histological features of the mucosae of the colon and cloaca are described. The galah and kookaburra displayed a mammalian (non-villous) pattern of mucosal organization. Zebra finches, singing honeyeaters, and particularly emus, possessed colonic and cloacal villi and hence an increased surface area per volume in this region of the gut. This raises the possibility that the colon and cloaca are involved in uring concentration and osmoregulatory activities in these species."}
{"id": "PMID:1213952", "title": "Biometry of the human occipital bone.", "content": "A biometric study of the occipital bone was carried out on 125 dissecting room skulls; it brought out the following points: 1. The occipital squama, despite its dual histological origin, constitutes a stable anatomical structure because its dimensions remain in correlation if the size factor is maintained constant. 2. The parts around the foramen magnum also show 'organic correlations', but these are virtually unrelated to the squama. 3. The pars basilaris is biometrically independent of the squama; it could well be described with, and regarded as an extension of, the body of the sphenoid if it were morphologically separated from the rest of the occipital bone; there is thus good cause to describe in Man a spheno-occipital 'clivus'. 4. The study of the curvatures of the squama shows that fossil Man agrees with present day Man in that when the occipital is rounded, the parietal is not, and the skull is low and elongated. 5. Sexual differences are more easily described than measured. The shape of the occipital condyles has greater value for sex determination than that of the nuchal crests. 6. Attempts were made to estimate cranial capacity from isolated occipital bones, but one had to be content with a fairly large margin of error. Several types of formulae are nevertheless offered to human palaeontologists in the hope that they might satisfy their need to get a rough indication of cranial capacity from occipital material.", "contents": "Biometry of the human occipital bone. A biometric study of the occipital bone was carried out on 125 dissecting room skulls; it brought out the following points: 1. The occipital squama, despite its dual histological origin, constitutes a stable anatomical structure because its dimensions remain in correlation if the size factor is maintained constant. 2. The parts around the foramen magnum also show 'organic correlations', but these are virtually unrelated to the squama. 3. The pars basilaris is biometrically independent of the squama; it could well be described with, and regarded as an extension of, the body of the sphenoid if it were morphologically separated from the rest of the occipital bone; there is thus good cause to describe in Man a spheno-occipital 'clivus'. 4. The study of the curvatures of the squama shows that fossil Man agrees with present day Man in that when the occipital is rounded, the parietal is not, and the skull is low and elongated. 5. Sexual differences are more easily described than measured. The shape of the occipital condyles has greater value for sex determination than that of the nuchal crests. 6. Attempts were made to estimate cranial capacity from isolated occipital bones, but one had to be content with a fairly large margin of error. Several types of formulae are nevertheless offered to human palaeontologists in the hope that they might satisfy their need to get a rough indication of cranial capacity from occipital material."}
{"id": "PMID:1213953", "title": "Macrophages related to leptomeninges and ventral nerve roots. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "In immature rats active macrophages were frequently seen projecting into the subarachnoid space from the surface of the leptomeninges. They also occurred between the layers of the pia and within the nerve roots. They were most frequent during the first two weeks after birth, which is a period of rapid neural growth and myelination in ventral roots. In contrast, they were much fewer at later stages. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are described. It is suggested that these cells take part in tissue growth and remodelling by the removal of material which degenerates or becomes redundant during development. For example, they may ingest effete leptomeningeal cells or fragments of them. Those within the ventral roots may phagocytose abnormal Schwann cells, or the myelin of sheaths which have failed to develop normally. It is also suggested that macrophages may be involved in the excavation of the subarachnoid space. Another possible function in which they may be involved is the ingestion of material, possibly of a protein nature, from the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Macrophages related to leptomeninges and ventral nerve roots. An ultrastructural study. In immature rats active macrophages were frequently seen projecting into the subarachnoid space from the surface of the leptomeninges. They also occurred between the layers of the pia and within the nerve roots. They were most frequent during the first two weeks after birth, which is a period of rapid neural growth and myelination in ventral roots. In contrast, they were much fewer at later stages. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are described. It is suggested that these cells take part in tissue growth and remodelling by the removal of material which degenerates or becomes redundant during development. For example, they may ingest effete leptomeningeal cells or fragments of them. Those within the ventral roots may phagocytose abnormal Schwann cells, or the myelin of sheaths which have failed to develop normally. It is also suggested that macrophages may be involved in the excavation of the subarachnoid space. Another possible function in which they may be involved is the ingestion of material, possibly of a protein nature, from the cerebrospinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:1213954", "title": "Acceleration of neuromuscular re-innervation by triiodothyronine.", "content": "The right sciatic nerve was crushed in 84 rats, 42 of which were injected daily with triiodothyronine (T3; 1-0 mug/kg body weight, subcutaneously) while the others served as untreated controls. Rats in both groups were killed in groups of 6 at intervals of 5 days and the re-innervation of the tibialis anterior muscle was examined histologically using the bromoindigo-silver method. Neuromuscular re-innervation was first apparent 15 days post-operatively and was largely complete by the 35th day in the T3-treated group. In the untreated control animals only two thirds of the end-plates were innervated after 35 days. The argyrophilic remains of degenerated axons disappeared more quickly in rats treated with T3, and degenerative changes in the structure of the subneural apparatus were less severe in these animals than in the controls. It is suggested that consideration be given to the possibility of using exogenous T3 in the clinical management of human peripheral nerve injuries.", "contents": "Acceleration of neuromuscular re-innervation by triiodothyronine. The right sciatic nerve was crushed in 84 rats, 42 of which were injected daily with triiodothyronine (T3; 1-0 mug/kg body weight, subcutaneously) while the others served as untreated controls. Rats in both groups were killed in groups of 6 at intervals of 5 days and the re-innervation of the tibialis anterior muscle was examined histologically using the bromoindigo-silver method. Neuromuscular re-innervation was first apparent 15 days post-operatively and was largely complete by the 35th day in the T3-treated group. In the untreated control animals only two thirds of the end-plates were innervated after 35 days. The argyrophilic remains of degenerated axons disappeared more quickly in rats treated with T3, and degenerative changes in the structure of the subneural apparatus were less severe in these animals than in the controls. It is suggested that consideration be given to the possibility of using exogenous T3 in the clinical management of human peripheral nerve injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:1213955", "title": "The ultrastructure of the sheep placenta around the time of parturition.", "content": "Placental tissue, taken from seven sheep before, during and after delivery, was fixed and sectioned for study by transmission electron microscopy. Daily blood samples from the same sheep were taken from about 135 days p.c. and were analysed by radioimmunoassay for total unconjugated oestrogens. Sections of placentomal and interplacentomal areas were examined for ultrastructural variations that might be correlated with the endocrine changes observed over this period, and to determine whether placental separation preceded delivery of the fetus and whether separation occurred at the fetal-maternal junction or elsewhere. Ultrastructural correlates of the endocrine pattern were not detected. Placental separation occurred after delivery and involved disruption of the fetal tissue (trophoblast), while its microvillous attachment to the maternal symplasma remained intact.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the sheep placenta around the time of parturition. Placental tissue, taken from seven sheep before, during and after delivery, was fixed and sectioned for study by transmission electron microscopy. Daily blood samples from the same sheep were taken from about 135 days p.c. and were analysed by radioimmunoassay for total unconjugated oestrogens. Sections of placentomal and interplacentomal areas were examined for ultrastructural variations that might be correlated with the endocrine changes observed over this period, and to determine whether placental separation preceded delivery of the fetus and whether separation occurred at the fetal-maternal junction or elsewhere. Ultrastructural correlates of the endocrine pattern were not detected. Placental separation occurred after delivery and involved disruption of the fetal tissue (trophoblast), while its microvillous attachment to the maternal symplasma remained intact."}
{"id": "PMID:1213956", "title": "The growth of muscle following tenotomy.", "content": "The longitudinal growth of M. tibialis anterior was measured after tenotomy in young rabbits. After simple transection, while the tendon remained interrupted, the experimental muscle belly was shorter than the control; following tendon regeneration in about one month, muscle growth accelerated, the belly becoming almost or completely as long as normal by the adult stage. Gross displacement of the transected tendon combined with resection of the tendons of M. extensor digitorium longus prevented regeneration, and longitudinal muscle growth virtually ceased. Intermediate tendon displacement resulted in imperfect repair and diminution of muscle growth. Usually the length of the experimental muscle belly with the foot plantar-flexed was approximately proportional to its length when exerting its maximum developed tension and to the range of lengths through which it exerted tensions comparable with those of the control. However, the latter was disproportionately reduced when growth ceased after tendon displacement, probably because the muscle fibre fasciculi occupied a decreased proportion of the belly length. The relative length of fasciculi isolated by maceration and teasing of muscles following simple tendon transection was normal, as was their sarcomere length in plantar flexion. The maximum developed tension the muscle exerted tended to be slightly diminished when tendon repair was good, with greater diminution after poor repair. It was increased when the tendons of extensor digitorum longus were resected, probably because growth in the strength of tibialis anterior was stimulated by its isometric contractions against adhesions in attempting to dorsiflex the foot.", "contents": "The growth of muscle following tenotomy. The longitudinal growth of M. tibialis anterior was measured after tenotomy in young rabbits. After simple transection, while the tendon remained interrupted, the experimental muscle belly was shorter than the control; following tendon regeneration in about one month, muscle growth accelerated, the belly becoming almost or completely as long as normal by the adult stage. Gross displacement of the transected tendon combined with resection of the tendons of M. extensor digitorium longus prevented regeneration, and longitudinal muscle growth virtually ceased. Intermediate tendon displacement resulted in imperfect repair and diminution of muscle growth. Usually the length of the experimental muscle belly with the foot plantar-flexed was approximately proportional to its length when exerting its maximum developed tension and to the range of lengths through which it exerted tensions comparable with those of the control. However, the latter was disproportionately reduced when growth ceased after tendon displacement, probably because the muscle fibre fasciculi occupied a decreased proportion of the belly length. The relative length of fasciculi isolated by maceration and teasing of muscles following simple tendon transection was normal, as was their sarcomere length in plantar flexion. The maximum developed tension the muscle exerted tended to be slightly diminished when tendon repair was good, with greater diminution after poor repair. It was increased when the tendons of extensor digitorum longus were resected, probably because growth in the strength of tibialis anterior was stimulated by its isometric contractions against adhesions in attempting to dorsiflex the foot."}
{"id": "PMID:1213957", "title": "Scrotal allografts of fetal ovaries.", "content": "Fifty allografts of 17 day rat fetal ovaries were placed in the bottom of the scrotal wall of 25 normal and 25 castrated adult male rats. Of these, 5 did not take and 11 were destroyed by the allograft reaction. The remaining 34, which were reasonably tolerated, showed, whether the hosts were castrated or not, suppression of the cortical part of the ovary and stimulation of the medullary part, as evidenced by development of well-organized seminiferous tubules. This is presumably a reaction to the relatively cool environment of the scrotal wall.", "contents": "Scrotal allografts of fetal ovaries. Fifty allografts of 17 day rat fetal ovaries were placed in the bottom of the scrotal wall of 25 normal and 25 castrated adult male rats. Of these, 5 did not take and 11 were destroyed by the allograft reaction. The remaining 34, which were reasonably tolerated, showed, whether the hosts were castrated or not, suppression of the cortical part of the ovary and stimulation of the medullary part, as evidenced by development of well-organized seminiferous tubules. This is presumably a reaction to the relatively cool environment of the scrotal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1213958", "title": "Chest wall distortion and regional lung volume distribution in erect humans.", "content": "Using 133Xe measured the regional distribution of FRC and of boluses administered at FRC in seated subjects during relaxation, lateral compression of the lower rib cage, and contraction of the inspiratory muscles so that mouth pressure was 50 cmH2O subatmospheric. Lateral compression increased apex-to-base differences of volume and bolus distribution, suggesting an increase of the apex-to-base gradient of pleural surface pressure. Changes in rib cage shape were measured with magnetometers and were qualitatively similar to those associated with increases in apex-to-base difference of pleural surface pressure in animals. Inspiratory effort decreased apex-to-base difference in volume and induced a similar trend in bolus distribution. Though changes in the rib cage shape were directionally similar, they were much smaller than those associated with decreased pleural surface pressure gradients in animals, and the changes in regional volume we observed were more likely due to forces generated by diaphragmatic contraction. These results were compatible with the apex-to-base gradient of pleural pressure being strongly influenced by shape adaptation between lung and chest wall.", "contents": "Chest wall distortion and regional lung volume distribution in erect humans. Using 133Xe measured the regional distribution of FRC and of boluses administered at FRC in seated subjects during relaxation, lateral compression of the lower rib cage, and contraction of the inspiratory muscles so that mouth pressure was 50 cmH2O subatmospheric. Lateral compression increased apex-to-base differences of volume and bolus distribution, suggesting an increase of the apex-to-base gradient of pleural surface pressure. Changes in rib cage shape were measured with magnetometers and were qualitatively similar to those associated with increases in apex-to-base difference of pleural surface pressure in animals. Inspiratory effort decreased apex-to-base difference in volume and induced a similar trend in bolus distribution. Though changes in the rib cage shape were directionally similar, they were much smaller than those associated with decreased pleural surface pressure gradients in animals, and the changes in regional volume we observed were more likely due to forces generated by diaphragmatic contraction. These results were compatible with the apex-to-base gradient of pleural pressure being strongly influenced by shape adaptation between lung and chest wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1213959", "title": "Correlation of blood rheology with vascular resistance in critically ill patients.", "content": "Blood rheologic measurements together with peripheral resistance determinations in vivo were made in 27 critically ill patients. Eighteen of these patients (group I) suffered from violent trauma or operative injury and the other 9 (group II) were patients with generalized sepsis. As a result of fluid therapy all patients underwent hemodilution, resulting in a decrease in blood viscosity. This drop in blood viscosity was counteracted to some extent by an increased plasma viscosity due to elevated fibrinogen levels and a decreased red cell deformability associated with massive transfusions of stored blood. The correlation of vivo hemodynamics with blood rheological data made it possible to separate the relative roles of vascular dimensions and blood viscosity in affecting the total peripheral resistance. This approach permitted us to distinguish varying degrees of vasoconstriction in nonseptic patients in low flow states (group I) and varying degrees of vasodilation in septic patients (group II). This type of analysis serves to elucidate the pathophysiology of hemodynamic alterations in disease and provides a rational basis for devising an effective therapeutic program.", "contents": "Correlation of blood rheology with vascular resistance in critically ill patients. Blood rheologic measurements together with peripheral resistance determinations in vivo were made in 27 critically ill patients. Eighteen of these patients (group I) suffered from violent trauma or operative injury and the other 9 (group II) were patients with generalized sepsis. As a result of fluid therapy all patients underwent hemodilution, resulting in a decrease in blood viscosity. This drop in blood viscosity was counteracted to some extent by an increased plasma viscosity due to elevated fibrinogen levels and a decreased red cell deformability associated with massive transfusions of stored blood. The correlation of vivo hemodynamics with blood rheological data made it possible to separate the relative roles of vascular dimensions and blood viscosity in affecting the total peripheral resistance. This approach permitted us to distinguish varying degrees of vasoconstriction in nonseptic patients in low flow states (group I) and varying degrees of vasodilation in septic patients (group II). This type of analysis serves to elucidate the pathophysiology of hemodynamic alterations in disease and provides a rational basis for devising an effective therapeutic program."}
{"id": "PMID:1213960", "title": "Purified postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase in primary hyperlipoproteinemias.", "content": "Purified postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) of normolipidemic and primary hyperlipoproteinemic subjects was characterized by lipoprotein C polypeptide activation and specificity for triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL. Chromatography of normal  LPL on Sephadex G-100 resulted in two protein peaks, LPLC-1 (activated by C-I but not C-II) and LPLC-II (activated by C-II but not C-I). LPL from type I hyperlipoproteinemic subjects was not activated by C-I and C-II activation was reduced to 40% of control. Hydrolysis of chylomicron and VLDL triglycerides was severely impaired. Although chromatography of type I LPL resulted in two protein peaks, the protein peak corresponding to LPLC-I did not exhibit lipolytic activity and LPLC-II was reduced to 50% of control in protein and enzyme specific activity. Type III LPL was normal in respect to LPLC-I while LPLC-II averaged 40% of control. Hydrolysis of chylomicron and VLDL was reduced to 50% and 10% of control, respectively. An etiological implication for LPLC-I and/or LPLC-II in type I and III hyperlipoproteinemias is suggested.", "contents": "Purified postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase in primary hyperlipoproteinemias. Purified postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) of normolipidemic and primary hyperlipoproteinemic subjects was characterized by lipoprotein C polypeptide activation and specificity for triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL. Chromatography of normal  LPL on Sephadex G-100 resulted in two protein peaks, LPLC-1 (activated by C-I but not C-II) and LPLC-II (activated by C-II but not C-I). LPL from type I hyperlipoproteinemic subjects was not activated by C-I and C-II activation was reduced to 40% of control. Hydrolysis of chylomicron and VLDL triglycerides was severely impaired. Although chromatography of type I LPL resulted in two protein peaks, the protein peak corresponding to LPLC-I did not exhibit lipolytic activity and LPLC-II was reduced to 50% of control in protein and enzyme specific activity. Type III LPL was normal in respect to LPLC-I while LPLC-II averaged 40% of control. Hydrolysis of chylomicron and VLDL was reduced to 50% and 10% of control, respectively. An etiological implication for LPLC-I and/or LPLC-II in type I and III hyperlipoproteinemias is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1213961", "title": "Hematological alterations and response to acute hypobaric stress.", "content": "Exposure of rats to simulated altitude (15,000 ft) for 1 day and 3 and 9 wk produced progressive polycythemia, elevated 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels and raised P50 values; the latter two parameters decreased toward control values after 9 wk. Carbon monoxide (38-43% HbCO) exposure produced polycythemia after 3- and 9-wk exposure, no change in 2,3-DPG and a fall in P50 value. Ten days' treatment with sodium cyanate produced a large decrease in 2,3-DPG and P50. Survival during 90 min of acute hypobaria (0.3 atm) under Nembutal anesthesia was highest with NaOCN (75%), intermediate with 3- and 9-wk exposure to altitude and CO (56-58%) lower in 1-day altitude exposure (44%) and lowest in controls (5%). Heart and ventilation rate was monitored during this hypobaric test and response patterns established for each exposure/treatment. In states of extreme oxygen deprivation the results suggest, in order of importance, the survival value of 1) increased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, and 2) polycythemia.", "contents": "Hematological alterations and response to acute hypobaric stress. Exposure of rats to simulated altitude (15,000 ft) for 1 day and 3 and 9 wk produced progressive polycythemia, elevated 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels and raised P50 values; the latter two parameters decreased toward control values after 9 wk. Carbon monoxide (38-43% HbCO) exposure produced polycythemia after 3- and 9-wk exposure, no change in 2,3-DPG and a fall in P50 value. Ten days' treatment with sodium cyanate produced a large decrease in 2,3-DPG and P50. Survival during 90 min of acute hypobaria (0.3 atm) under Nembutal anesthesia was highest with NaOCN (75%), intermediate with 3- and 9-wk exposure to altitude and CO (56-58%) lower in 1-day altitude exposure (44%) and lowest in controls (5%). Heart and ventilation rate was monitored during this hypobaric test and response patterns established for each exposure/treatment. In states of extreme oxygen deprivation the results suggest, in order of importance, the survival value of 1) increased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, and 2) polycythemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1213962", "title": "A device to measure cutaneous temperature sensitivity in humans and subhuman species.", "content": "A device is described to maintain restricted areas of skin at any temperature between 5 and 45 degrees C. Changes in temperature of controlled intensity up to 10 degrees C at rates from 0.03 degrees C to 2 degrees C/s can be delivered in either the warm or cool directions. The stimulator, which is in contact with the skin, is sufficiently simple so that a number of them can be constructed, each with a different contact area up to 18.2 cm2. The current control apparatus that operates a Peltier device in the stimulator is a feedback control system that maintains a precisely controlled temperature at the stimulator-skin interface. Safety features make it suitable and safe for use in human psychophysical studies and subhuman behavioral measurements of temperature sensitivity. Electrostatic shielding makes it compatible with the electronic instruments used in electrophysiological studies of the temperature sense.", "contents": "A device to measure cutaneous temperature sensitivity in humans and subhuman species. A device is described to maintain restricted areas of skin at any temperature between 5 and 45 degrees C. Changes in temperature of controlled intensity up to 10 degrees C at rates from 0.03 degrees C to 2 degrees C/s can be delivered in either the warm or cool directions. The stimulator, which is in contact with the skin, is sufficiently simple so that a number of them can be constructed, each with a different contact area up to 18.2 cm2. The current control apparatus that operates a Peltier device in the stimulator is a feedback control system that maintains a precisely controlled temperature at the stimulator-skin interface. Safety features make it suitable and safe for use in human psychophysical studies and subhuman behavioral measurements of temperature sensitivity. Electrostatic shielding makes it compatible with the electronic instruments used in electrophysiological studies of the temperature sense."}
{"id": "PMID:1213963", "title": "Dipping cone to correct optical distortions at liquid surfaces.", "content": "A dipping cone attachment for use with a long-working-distance objective is described. The device eliminates degradation of the microscope image which occurs when microelectrodes are applied to single muscle fibers in vitro.", "contents": "Dipping cone to correct optical distortions at liquid surfaces. A dipping cone attachment for use with a long-working-distance objective is described. The device eliminates degradation of the microscope image which occurs when microelectrodes are applied to single muscle fibers in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1213964", "title": "Functional evaluation of the rat heart in situ.", "content": "We have developed methods for evaluating muscle function in the intact rat heart in situ using a contractility index (dP/dt)P-1, calculated from left ventricular pressure derivative-left ventricular pressure loop plots. Aortic flow measurements were also taken to further characterize in situ rat heart function. The preparation remained functionally stable and was within physiological blood gas and pH limits for at least 30 min following surgical procedures. The contractility index was not influenced by increased afterload, decreased preload or increased heart rate; however, appropriate changes were observed following isoproterenol and propranolol administration. Appropriate changes in aortic flow measurements were observed also with the above interventions. These studies demonstrate that the in situ rat heart is a stable physiological experimental preparation. It should be useful for evaluating heart function since a contractility index derived from pressure-velocity relationships and measurements necessary for pump function analysis can be obtained simultaneously.", "contents": "Functional evaluation of the rat heart in situ. We have developed methods for evaluating muscle function in the intact rat heart in situ using a contractility index (dP/dt)P-1, calculated from left ventricular pressure derivative-left ventricular pressure loop plots. Aortic flow measurements were also taken to further characterize in situ rat heart function. The preparation remained functionally stable and was within physiological blood gas and pH limits for at least 30 min following surgical procedures. The contractility index was not influenced by increased afterload, decreased preload or increased heart rate; however, appropriate changes were observed following isoproterenol and propranolol administration. Appropriate changes in aortic flow measurements were observed also with the above interventions. These studies demonstrate that the in situ rat heart is a stable physiological experimental preparation. It should be useful for evaluating heart function since a contractility index derived from pressure-velocity relationships and measurements necessary for pump function analysis can be obtained simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:1213965", "title": "Measurement of umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero.", "content": "We continuously measured umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero by placing an electromagnetic flow transducer around the common umbilical artery. Umbilical arteries originate from a short common segment as the terminal branches of the descending aorta. This segment was isolated by a retroperitoneal surgical approach and encircled with a specially constructed electromagnetic flow transducer. Catheters were also placed in fetal vessles to monitor pressure and derive flow values by the radionuclide-labeled microsphere technique. The fetus and ewe were allowed to recover for two days before studies were performed. Average umbilical blood flow obtained in 11 animals with the transducer was 199 ml/kg per min. In seven animals flow measurements obtained with the transducer were compared with those derived from microsphere injections. Paired measurements varied by an average of only 5.3%. This technique makes possible the accurate and instantaneous measurement of umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero over a prolonged period.", "contents": "Measurement of umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero. We continuously measured umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero by placing an electromagnetic flow transducer around the common umbilical artery. Umbilical arteries originate from a short common segment as the terminal branches of the descending aorta. This segment was isolated by a retroperitoneal surgical approach and encircled with a specially constructed electromagnetic flow transducer. Catheters were also placed in fetal vessles to monitor pressure and derive flow values by the radionuclide-labeled microsphere technique. The fetus and ewe were allowed to recover for two days before studies were performed. Average umbilical blood flow obtained in 11 animals with the transducer was 199 ml/kg per min. In seven animals flow measurements obtained with the transducer were compared with those derived from microsphere injections. Paired measurements varied by an average of only 5.3%. This technique makes possible the accurate and instantaneous measurement of umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs in utero over a prolonged period."}
{"id": "PMID:1213966", "title": "Effect of alveolar liquid on distribution of blood flow in dog lungs.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that a shift in blood flow away from edematous regions does not occur until the alveoli contain liquid. The present experiments were designed to examine the separate effect of air space liquid, air space plus interstitial liquid, and reduced lung volume on blood flow. We found that reduced lung volume was not associated with significant changes in blood flow and that no systematic change in blood flow occurred when alveoli were filled with isosmotic liquid (autologous plasma). However, when hyposmotic liquid (dilute plasma) was instilled so that both the air space and the alveolar wall interstitial space were filled, blood flow  was systematically reduced. This suggested that interstitial liquid was responsible raising vascular resistance in these experiments and that it might also be important in raising local vascular resistance in pulmonary edema. This latter hypothesis was tested in isolated perfused lobes where rapid freezing and quantitative histology showed that the number of open capillaries was significantly reduced in the liquid-filled alveoli (P less than 0.001). These observations suggest that interstitial pressure rises in pulmonary edema with the result that the transmural pressure of the alveolar vessels falls and vascular resistance is increased.", "contents": "Effect of alveolar liquid on distribution of blood flow in dog lungs. Previous studies have shown that a shift in blood flow away from edematous regions does not occur until the alveoli contain liquid. The present experiments were designed to examine the separate effect of air space liquid, air space plus interstitial liquid, and reduced lung volume on blood flow. We found that reduced lung volume was not associated with significant changes in blood flow and that no systematic change in blood flow occurred when alveoli were filled with isosmotic liquid (autologous plasma). However, when hyposmotic liquid (dilute plasma) was instilled so that both the air space and the alveolar wall interstitial space were filled, blood flow  was systematically reduced. This suggested that interstitial liquid was responsible raising vascular resistance in these experiments and that it might also be important in raising local vascular resistance in pulmonary edema. This latter hypothesis was tested in isolated perfused lobes where rapid freezing and quantitative histology showed that the number of open capillaries was significantly reduced in the liquid-filled alveoli (P less than 0.001). These observations suggest that interstitial pressure rises in pulmonary edema with the result that the transmural pressure of the alveolar vessels falls and vascular resistance is increased."}
{"id": "PMID:1213967", "title": "Effect of training on cardiovascular response to exercise in women.", "content": "Seventeen women (mean age 31 yr) participated in a training program divided into an initial 9-wk period and a subsequent 52-wk period, during which time 6 continued to exercise and the remainder detrained. Improvements in VO2max were significant (+34%) during the initial 9 wk and small (+5%) for the final 52 wk. Four women who stopped training showed a decrease in VO2max (-10%) during the last phase. During the initial 9 wk, central adaptation was important, with SV showing an increase of 28% at 80% VO2max. Peripheral adaptation (a-v O2 difference) was unchanged. Subjects who trained an additional 52 wk showed a slight drop in SV at submaximal work loads from the initial increase following the first 9 wk. When compared with the initial test the change at 9 wk in peripheral adaptation was a small and nonsignificant rise, followed by a significant increase at 61 wk. Women who are very unfit initially (predicted VO2max of 28 ml/kg-min), apparently adapt to the initial training with a central change followed by a much stronger peripheral adaptation during a longer training program.", "contents": "Effect of training on cardiovascular response to exercise in women. Seventeen women (mean age 31 yr) participated in a training program divided into an initial 9-wk period and a subsequent 52-wk period, during which time 6 continued to exercise and the remainder detrained. Improvements in VO2max were significant (+34%) during the initial 9 wk and small (+5%) for the final 52 wk. Four women who stopped training showed a decrease in VO2max (-10%) during the last phase. During the initial 9 wk, central adaptation was important, with SV showing an increase of 28% at 80% VO2max. Peripheral adaptation (a-v O2 difference) was unchanged. Subjects who trained an additional 52 wk showed a slight drop in SV at submaximal work loads from the initial increase following the first 9 wk. When compared with the initial test the change at 9 wk in peripheral adaptation was a small and nonsignificant rise, followed by a significant increase at 61 wk. Women who are very unfit initially (predicted VO2max of 28 ml/kg-min), apparently adapt to the initial training with a central change followed by a much stronger peripheral adaptation during a longer training program."}
{"id": "PMID:1213968", "title": "Effects of O2 on the ventilatory response to CO2 in preterm infants.", "content": "To measure the effects of O2 on the ventilatory response to CO2 in preterm infants, we studied eight babies (birth wt 1-2 kg; gestational age 32-36 wk) 10 times during the first 11 days of life. After breathing 21% O2 for 3 min, they were given 15%, 21%, 40%, or 100% O2 for 4 min and then 2% CO2 plus the various concentrations of O2 for 4 min each. The mean slopes of the CO2 response curves were 0.013, 0.027, 0.034, and 0.056 1/(min-kg-mmHg PACO2) with 15%, 21%, 40%, and 100% inspired O2, respectively. Thus, the more hypoxic the infant, the flatter was the response to CO2. These findings suggest that in preterm infants 1) the response to inhaled CO2 is the reverse of that seen in adult man where the higher the inspired O2 concentration, the flatter the response, and 2) the respiratory center is depressed during hypoxia.", "contents": "Effects of O2 on the ventilatory response to CO2 in preterm infants. To measure the effects of O2 on the ventilatory response to CO2 in preterm infants, we studied eight babies (birth wt 1-2 kg; gestational age 32-36 wk) 10 times during the first 11 days of life. After breathing 21% O2 for 3 min, they were given 15%, 21%, 40%, or 100% O2 for 4 min and then 2% CO2 plus the various concentrations of O2 for 4 min each. The mean slopes of the CO2 response curves were 0.013, 0.027, 0.034, and 0.056 1/(min-kg-mmHg PACO2) with 15%, 21%, 40%, and 100% inspired O2, respectively. Thus, the more hypoxic the infant, the flatter was the response to CO2. These findings suggest that in preterm infants 1) the response to inhaled CO2 is the reverse of that seen in adult man where the higher the inspired O2 concentration, the flatter the response, and 2) the respiratory center is depressed during hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1213969", "title": "Pulmonary capillary recruitment during airway hypoxia in the dog.", "content": "To study the effect of hypoxia on the pulmonary capillaries, windows were inserted in the chest wall of 9 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. A microscope with an image-superimposing device was used to make drawings of the perfused capillaries. Summed lengths of individual perfused capillaries in the drawing were determined with a map-measuring tool. Total capillary length was constant between PaO2 of 160 and 70 Torr. As PaO2 fell below 70 Torr, recruitment of previously unperfused capillaries occurred in every case; at PaO2 of 40 Torr, the total length of perfused capillaries was about 4 times greater than during normoxia. There was no correlation between the recruitment of capillaries and alterations in left atrial pressure, only a weak correlation with cardiac output changes, but a very strong correlation with increased pulmonary artery pressure. This implies that recruitment was probably caused by vasoconstriction within the lung.", "contents": "Pulmonary capillary recruitment during airway hypoxia in the dog. To study the effect of hypoxia on the pulmonary capillaries, windows were inserted in the chest wall of 9 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. A microscope with an image-superimposing device was used to make drawings of the perfused capillaries. Summed lengths of individual perfused capillaries in the drawing were determined with a map-measuring tool. Total capillary length was constant between PaO2 of 160 and 70 Torr. As PaO2 fell below 70 Torr, recruitment of previously unperfused capillaries occurred in every case; at PaO2 of 40 Torr, the total length of perfused capillaries was about 4 times greater than during normoxia. There was no correlation between the recruitment of capillaries and alterations in left atrial pressure, only a weak correlation with cardiac output changes, but a very strong correlation with increased pulmonary artery pressure. This implies that recruitment was probably caused by vasoconstriction within the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:1213970", "title": "Effect of gas density on dynamic pulmonary compliance.", "content": "We measured dynamic pulmonary compliance (Cdyn( in nine asymptomatic young men breathing gases of different density. When corrected for gas inertia, Cdyn was significantly lower during dense gas breathing (sulfur hexafluoride) than during air breathing. At higher breathing frequencies (60-90 breaths/min), Cdyn was greater on helium than on air. Static compliance was not different while breathing the three gas mixtures. These results may be explained by a density dependence of airways resistance in parallel lung units which contribute to frequency dependence of dynamic compliance. We conclude that most frequency-dependent behavior occurs among intraregional lung units subtended from airways between segmental bronchi and peripheral airways.", "contents": "Effect of gas density on dynamic pulmonary compliance. We measured dynamic pulmonary compliance (Cdyn( in nine asymptomatic young men breathing gases of different density. When corrected for gas inertia, Cdyn was significantly lower during dense gas breathing (sulfur hexafluoride) than during air breathing. At higher breathing frequencies (60-90 breaths/min), Cdyn was greater on helium than on air. Static compliance was not different while breathing the three gas mixtures. These results may be explained by a density dependence of airways resistance in parallel lung units which contribute to frequency dependence of dynamic compliance. We conclude that most frequency-dependent behavior occurs among intraregional lung units subtended from airways between segmental bronchi and peripheral airways."}
{"id": "PMID:1213971", "title": "Depression of ventilation hypoxia in man.", "content": "In five normal male subjects, ventilation, PaO2, and PaCO2 were measured during the rapid progressive isocapnic production of hypoxia (5 min) and during the equally rapid isocapnic reversal of hypoxia. At similar PaO2, PaCO2, and pH, ventilation was less at a time when alveolar PO2 was increasing than when alveolar PO2 was decreasing. We interpret these results as showing that human ventilation is depressed by mild-to-moderate hypoxia (40-60 Torr), that such depression is probably central, and that it is ordinarily masked by peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation. We are not able to distinguish whether the ventilatory depression is caused by decreased central chemoreceptor PCO2 due to an increase in cerebral flow, direct hypoxic depressing of the central respiratory mechanism, or both.", "contents": "Depression of ventilation hypoxia in man. In five normal male subjects, ventilation, PaO2, and PaCO2 were measured during the rapid progressive isocapnic production of hypoxia (5 min) and during the equally rapid isocapnic reversal of hypoxia. At similar PaO2, PaCO2, and pH, ventilation was less at a time when alveolar PO2 was increasing than when alveolar PO2 was decreasing. We interpret these results as showing that human ventilation is depressed by mild-to-moderate hypoxia (40-60 Torr), that such depression is probably central, and that it is ordinarily masked by peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation. We are not able to distinguish whether the ventilatory depression is caused by decreased central chemoreceptor PCO2 due to an increase in cerebral flow, direct hypoxic depressing of the central respiratory mechanism, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:1213972", "title": "Pulmonary response to antigen infusion in the sensitized guinea pig:  modification by atropine.", "content": "Alterations in pulmonary conductance, dynamic compliance, respiratory frequency, minute volume, mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio, and wet-to-dry weight ratio resulting from antigen infusion in sensitized guinea pigs was examined with and without atropine treatment. In untreated animals 3 min after antigen infusion there were significant decreases in dynamic compliance and pulmonary conductance with an increase in relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio while other parameters were not altered. In atropine-treated animals antigen infusion resulted in a decreased dynamic compliance and an increased relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio but no significant change in pulmonary conductance. This suggests that the alterations in large and central airway tone resulting from antigen infusion are mediated predominantly by secondary cholinergic mechanisms while peripheral airway effects are mainly noncholinergic.", "contents": "Pulmonary response to antigen infusion in the sensitized guinea pig:  modification by atropine. Alterations in pulmonary conductance, dynamic compliance, respiratory frequency, minute volume, mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio, and wet-to-dry weight ratio resulting from antigen infusion in sensitized guinea pigs was examined with and without atropine treatment. In untreated animals 3 min after antigen infusion there were significant decreases in dynamic compliance and pulmonary conductance with an increase in relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio while other parameters were not altered. In atropine-treated animals antigen infusion resulted in a decreased dynamic compliance and an increased relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio but no significant change in pulmonary conductance. This suggests that the alterations in large and central airway tone resulting from antigen infusion are mediated predominantly by secondary cholinergic mechanisms while peripheral airway effects are mainly noncholinergic."}
{"id": "PMID:1213973", "title": "Forearm skin and muscle vascular responses to prolonged leg exercise in man.", "content": "To determine the cutaneous and resting skeletal muscle vascular responses to prolonged exercise, total forearm blood flow (FBF-plethysmography) (5 men) and forearm muscle blood flow (MBF-[125I]antipyrine clearance) (4 men) were measured throughout 55-60 min of bicycle exercise (600-750 kpm/min). Heart rate (HR) and esophageal temperature (Tes) were also measured throughout exercise. FBF showed only small changes during the first 10 min followed by progressive increments during the 10-40 min interval and smaller rises thereafter. For the full 60 min of exercise, there was an average increase in FBF of 8.26 ml/100 ml-min. MBF showed an initial fall with the onset of exercise (on the average from 3.84 to 2.13 ml/100 ml-min) which was sustained or fell further as exercise continued, indicating that increments in FBF were confined to skin. Much of the increase in FBF occurred despite essentially constant Tes. Results suggest that the progressive decrements in central venous pressure, stroke volume, and arterial pressure previously seen during prolonged exercise are due in part to progressive increments in cutaneous blood flow and volume.", "contents": "Forearm skin and muscle vascular responses to prolonged leg exercise in man. To determine the cutaneous and resting skeletal muscle vascular responses to prolonged exercise, total forearm blood flow (FBF-plethysmography) (5 men) and forearm muscle blood flow (MBF-[125I]antipyrine clearance) (4 men) were measured throughout 55-60 min of bicycle exercise (600-750 kpm/min). Heart rate (HR) and esophageal temperature (Tes) were also measured throughout exercise. FBF showed only small changes during the first 10 min followed by progressive increments during the 10-40 min interval and smaller rises thereafter. For the full 60 min of exercise, there was an average increase in FBF of 8.26 ml/100 ml-min. MBF showed an initial fall with the onset of exercise (on the average from 3.84 to 2.13 ml/100 ml-min) which was sustained or fell further as exercise continued, indicating that increments in FBF were confined to skin. Much of the increase in FBF occurred despite essentially constant Tes. Results suggest that the progressive decrements in central venous pressure, stroke volume, and arterial pressure previously seen during prolonged exercise are due in part to progressive increments in cutaneous blood flow and volume."}
{"id": "PMID:1213974", "title": "Effect of exercise and thermal stress on plasma volume.", "content": "Six male subjects exercised for 50 min at 25% (light exercise) and 55% (moderate exercise) of their estimated aerobic capacities in environments of 42 degrees C db, 35 degrees C wb and 30 degrees C db, 24 degrees C wb, respectively. Alterations in the hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma protein concentrations, and in the activity of an injected aliquot of isotopically labeled albumin were each used to calculate the percentage change in plasma volume occurring during exercise and recovery. Changes in each measure were consistent with a reduction in plasma volume during exercise and a return to preexercise levels during recovery. There was no significant difference between the measures when exercising in the heat, but during the more severe exercise in the cooler environment disproportional changes in protein, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were observed. Disproportional changes were also seen during the recovery phase, when the hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration indicated a more rapid return of the plasma volume to preexercise levels than did either the plasma protein concentration or albumin activity. During moderate exercise and recovery there was a 1% decrease in red cell volume. It is concluded that exercise accelerates the rate of protein movement from extravascular compartments to the intravascular compartment, leading to elevated plasma protein levels during recovery which favor the return of water to the intravascular space. Hemoglobin concentration is considered to be the most reliable measure of plasma volume change during exercise.", "contents": "Effect of exercise and thermal stress on plasma volume. Six male subjects exercised for 50 min at 25% (light exercise) and 55% (moderate exercise) of their estimated aerobic capacities in environments of 42 degrees C db, 35 degrees C wb and 30 degrees C db, 24 degrees C wb, respectively. Alterations in the hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma protein concentrations, and in the activity of an injected aliquot of isotopically labeled albumin were each used to calculate the percentage change in plasma volume occurring during exercise and recovery. Changes in each measure were consistent with a reduction in plasma volume during exercise and a return to preexercise levels during recovery. There was no significant difference between the measures when exercising in the heat, but during the more severe exercise in the cooler environment disproportional changes in protein, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were observed. Disproportional changes were also seen during the recovery phase, when the hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration indicated a more rapid return of the plasma volume to preexercise levels than did either the plasma protein concentration or albumin activity. During moderate exercise and recovery there was a 1% decrease in red cell volume. It is concluded that exercise accelerates the rate of protein movement from extravascular compartments to the intravascular compartment, leading to elevated plasma protein levels during recovery which favor the return of water to the intravascular space. Hemoglobin concentration is considered to be the most reliable measure of plasma volume change during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:1213975", "title": "Elastic behavior of postmortem human lungs: effects of aging and mild emphysema.", "content": "The elastic behavior of postmortem human lungs has been studied in an effort to differentiate the effects of normal aging from those of mild emphysema. Static pressure-volume (P-V) curves were measured in 50 lungs obtained from men 15-85 yr of age, including 12 lungs with mild-to-moderate emphysema. The emphysema was quantitatively assessed by gross and microscopic methods. The P-V relationship in all lungs is accurately described by the empirically fitted equation, P = alpha1ea2v. This expression is useful because the two parameters separate the effects of elastic behavior (alpha1) from size (alpha2) on the P-V curve. There is a close negative correlation (R = -0.94) Between age and alpha1 in normal lungs but no significant age dependence of alpha2. Further decreases in alpha1 are found in most emphysematous lungs. Alpha1 is more than 2 SEE below the age-predicted mean in five of nine lungs with minimal emphysema (1-10% by point count) and more than 5 SEE below the mean in the three more severely affected lungs. There is a close correlation (R = +0.90) between alpha1 and the alveolar surface-to-volume ratio in both normal and emphysematous lungs.", "contents": "Elastic behavior of postmortem human lungs: effects of aging and mild emphysema. The elastic behavior of postmortem human lungs has been studied in an effort to differentiate the effects of normal aging from those of mild emphysema. Static pressure-volume (P-V) curves were measured in 50 lungs obtained from men 15-85 yr of age, including 12 lungs with mild-to-moderate emphysema. The emphysema was quantitatively assessed by gross and microscopic methods. The P-V relationship in all lungs is accurately described by the empirically fitted equation, P = alpha1ea2v. This expression is useful because the two parameters separate the effects of elastic behavior (alpha1) from size (alpha2) on the P-V curve. There is a close negative correlation (R = -0.94) Between age and alpha1 in normal lungs but no significant age dependence of alpha2. Further decreases in alpha1 are found in most emphysematous lungs. Alpha1 is more than 2 SEE below the age-predicted mean in five of nine lungs with minimal emphysema (1-10% by point count) and more than 5 SEE below the mean in the three more severely affected lungs. There is a close correlation (R = +0.90) between alpha1 and the alveolar surface-to-volume ratio in both normal and emphysematous lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:1213976", "title": "Tracheal mucous transport in experimental canine asthma.", "content": "Tracheal mucous velocity (TMV) was measured in experimental canine asthma. All 10 sensitive dogs exposed to an aerosol of Ascaris suum extract showed a decrease in TMV to about one-third of base-line values within 45 min whereas only half of them (reactors) responded with bronchospasm as measured by a significant reduction in specific respiratory system conductance (SGrs). Mean TMV remained decreased at the end of the 2-h observation period when mean SGrs had returned to base-line values in the reactors. Neither TMV nor SGrs changed in nonsensitive animals who inhaled ragweed antigen. Aerosols of acetylcholine and histamine increased TMV thereby excluding these mediators as responsible for the impairment of mucous transport in asthma. Nebulization of A. suum antigen together with a selective antagonist of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (srs-a) produced a marked increase of TMV in all dogs regardless of whether or not bronchospasm was elicited. This suggests that the observed decrease in TMV may be related to the release of SRS-A during the immunologic reaction.", "contents": "Tracheal mucous transport in experimental canine asthma. Tracheal mucous velocity (TMV) was measured in experimental canine asthma. All 10 sensitive dogs exposed to an aerosol of Ascaris suum extract showed a decrease in TMV to about one-third of base-line values within 45 min whereas only half of them (reactors) responded with bronchospasm as measured by a significant reduction in specific respiratory system conductance (SGrs). Mean TMV remained decreased at the end of the 2-h observation period when mean SGrs had returned to base-line values in the reactors. Neither TMV nor SGrs changed in nonsensitive animals who inhaled ragweed antigen. Aerosols of acetylcholine and histamine increased TMV thereby excluding these mediators as responsible for the impairment of mucous transport in asthma. Nebulization of A. suum antigen together with a selective antagonist of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (srs-a) produced a marked increase of TMV in all dogs regardless of whether or not bronchospasm was elicited. This suggests that the observed decrease in TMV may be related to the release of SRS-A during the immunologic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1213977", "title": "Cardiac limitation to maximal oxygen transport and changes in components after jogging across the US.", "content": "Observations were made before and 3-5 days after prolonged endurance jogging an average of 42 miles/day, 6 days/wk for 2.5 mo by a young male adult who voluntarily initiated a run across the United States. Both arterial PO2 and lactic acid increased. In each instance, the first limitation in circulatory delivery of oxygen was a plateau in stroke volume and cardiac output. Afterward, pulse deficit and systemic arterial pressure fell with exercise and heart rate accelerated. Although there was no change in oxygen transport (Q X CAO2), a reduction in stroke volume was exactly balanced by a rise in arterial oxygen content. Vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide, hematocrit, and red cell mass increased, while plasma volume diminished and heart size and total blood volume were unchanged.", "contents": "Cardiac limitation to maximal oxygen transport and changes in components after jogging across the US. Observations were made before and 3-5 days after prolonged endurance jogging an average of 42 miles/day, 6 days/wk for 2.5 mo by a young male adult who voluntarily initiated a run across the United States. Both arterial PO2 and lactic acid increased. In each instance, the first limitation in circulatory delivery of oxygen was a plateau in stroke volume and cardiac output. Afterward, pulse deficit and systemic arterial pressure fell with exercise and heart rate accelerated. Although there was no change in oxygen transport (Q X CAO2), a reduction in stroke volume was exactly balanced by a rise in arterial oxygen content. Vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide, hematocrit, and red cell mass increased, while plasma volume diminished and heart size and total blood volume were unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:1213978", "title": "Peripheral body temperature and thermogenic drinking in cold-treated rats.", "content": "Transfer of rats abruptly from air at 5 degrees C to air at 26 degrees C was accompanied by a significant increase in water intake (thermogenic drinking) during the first hour after transfer. A possibility existed that the increased water intake observed under these conditions was attributable to the rapid change in skin temperature. Thus, the objective of this study was  to determine the effect on thermogenic drinking of a slow, as opposed to an abrupt, change in ambient temperature. The results indicated that warming room air rates of either 0.5 or 1.0 centigrade deg/min had no effect on thermogenic drinking when compared with the water intake of rats removed abruptly from cold. Thermogenic drinking does not appear to be initiated by a specific pattern of changes in peripheral temperature relative to colonic temperature.", "contents": "Peripheral body temperature and thermogenic drinking in cold-treated rats. Transfer of rats abruptly from air at 5 degrees C to air at 26 degrees C was accompanied by a significant increase in water intake (thermogenic drinking) during the first hour after transfer. A possibility existed that the increased water intake observed under these conditions was attributable to the rapid change in skin temperature. Thus, the objective of this study was  to determine the effect on thermogenic drinking of a slow, as opposed to an abrupt, change in ambient temperature. The results indicated that warming room air rates of either 0.5 or 1.0 centigrade deg/min had no effect on thermogenic drinking when compared with the water intake of rats removed abruptly from cold. Thermogenic drinking does not appear to be initiated by a specific pattern of changes in peripheral temperature relative to colonic temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:1213979", "title": "Effect of ventilation on pulmonary blood volume of the fetal lamb.", "content": "Blood volume changes in the fetal lung following the onset of ventilation were studied by isotopic measurement of red blood cell and plasma volume in rapidly frozen lungs of ten near term fetal lambs. Total pulmonary blood volumes of fetal lambs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen (so that blood gas levels were little changed from fetal values), or with air, were compared with measurements in unventilated lambs. Regional correlations of blood volume and blood flow (measured with isotope-labeled microemboli) within the lungs were also examined. Total pulmonary blood volume averaged 5.6 ml/kg body weight in unventilated fetal lambs and was approximately 43% greated in fetal lambs after 5-20 min of air ventilation, but not significantly different in lambs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen. Thus it is ventilation with air, rather than the introduction of gas into the alveoli, which enlarges the fetal pulmonary vascular bed. Regional pulmonary blood volume and blood flow were correlated, though poorly, in air-ventilated lungs, but not in lungs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen; this suggests that a common factor may operate to increase both blood flow and blood volume in the fetal lung following the introduction of air.", "contents": "Effect of ventilation on pulmonary blood volume of the fetal lamb. Blood volume changes in the fetal lung following the onset of ventilation were studied by isotopic measurement of red blood cell and plasma volume in rapidly frozen lungs of ten near term fetal lambs. Total pulmonary blood volumes of fetal lambs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen (so that blood gas levels were little changed from fetal values), or with air, were compared with measurements in unventilated lambs. Regional correlations of blood volume and blood flow (measured with isotope-labeled microemboli) within the lungs were also examined. Total pulmonary blood volume averaged 5.6 ml/kg body weight in unventilated fetal lambs and was approximately 43% greated in fetal lambs after 5-20 min of air ventilation, but not significantly different in lambs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen. Thus it is ventilation with air, rather than the introduction of gas into the alveoli, which enlarges the fetal pulmonary vascular bed. Regional pulmonary blood volume and blood flow were correlated, though poorly, in air-ventilated lungs, but not in lungs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen; this suggests that a common factor may operate to increase both blood flow and blood volume in the fetal lung following the introduction of air."}
{"id": "PMID:1213980", "title": "Recruitment in networks of pulmonary capillaries.", "content": "To improve our understanding of the pressure-flow characteristics of pulmonary capillaries, we analyzed by means of computer stimulation a theoretical model composed of 50 interconnected nonlinear elements. Each element required a critical pressure across it before flow occurred and there was a subsequent linear pressure-flow region whose slope, or resistance, could be related to the transmural pressure of the element (\"distensibility\"). The critical pressures and resistances of each element of the network were randomly chosen from distributions. We found that recruitment (i.e., onset of flow) occurred over a large range of network upstream or \"arterial\" pressures, and that relatively high arterial pressures were required before all elements had no distensibility. Intermittent and reverse flow were commonly seen in some elements as the arterial pressure was raised in steps. These flow reversals were particularly common when the critical pressures and resistances of the elements were inversely related. The critical pressures required for such behavior in the capillary segments of the pulmonary microcirculation were calculated to be extremely small, of the order of 0.02 cmH2O. Pressures of this magnitude might result from sticking of red cells to capillary walls or to each other. The properties of such a network may explain the patchiness of flow in the pulmonary microcirculation and the large range of arterial pressures over which recruitment is observed to occur.", "contents": "Recruitment in networks of pulmonary capillaries. To improve our understanding of the pressure-flow characteristics of pulmonary capillaries, we analyzed by means of computer stimulation a theoretical model composed of 50 interconnected nonlinear elements. Each element required a critical pressure across it before flow occurred and there was a subsequent linear pressure-flow region whose slope, or resistance, could be related to the transmural pressure of the element (\"distensibility\"). The critical pressures and resistances of each element of the network were randomly chosen from distributions. We found that recruitment (i.e., onset of flow) occurred over a large range of network upstream or \"arterial\" pressures, and that relatively high arterial pressures were required before all elements had no distensibility. Intermittent and reverse flow were commonly seen in some elements as the arterial pressure was raised in steps. These flow reversals were particularly common when the critical pressures and resistances of the elements were inversely related. The critical pressures required for such behavior in the capillary segments of the pulmonary microcirculation were calculated to be extremely small, of the order of 0.02 cmH2O. Pressures of this magnitude might result from sticking of red cells to capillary walls or to each other. The properties of such a network may explain the patchiness of flow in the pulmonary microcirculation and the large range of arterial pressures over which recruitment is observed to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:1213981", "title": "Effect of acute lymphatic obstruction on fluid accumulation in the chest in dogs.", "content": "The effect of acute obstruction to lymphatic drainage on fluid accumulation in the lungs, pleura, and pericardium was assessed in the intact dog. Catheters were positioned in the venae cavase, right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), age on fluid accumulation in the lungs, pleura, and pericardium was assessed in the intact dog. Catheters were positioned in the venae cavae, right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), and aorta (Ao) of nine anesthetized, spontaneouly breathing dogs, and hydrostic and colloid osmotic pressures were continuously monitored. Lymphatic obstruction was achieved by raising systemic venous pressure to either 10 mmHg or 25 mmHg by a combination of fluid infusion and inflation of balloon catheters in the venae cavae for 2 h. The same constant net intravascular filtration pressure was maintained in both groups by appropriate use of saline or colloid-containing fluids. Pleural and pericardial fluids were measured postmortem and lung water content was determined by weighing before and after drying. Failure to detect greater fluid accumulation at the higher obstructing pressure (25 mmHg) than at the lower obstructing pressure (10 mmHg) suggests that over the range of obstructing pressures used there is no acute change in the magnitude of lymphatic drainage in the chest.", "contents": "Effect of acute lymphatic obstruction on fluid accumulation in the chest in dogs. The effect of acute obstruction to lymphatic drainage on fluid accumulation in the lungs, pleura, and pericardium was assessed in the intact dog. Catheters were positioned in the venae cavase, right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), age on fluid accumulation in the lungs, pleura, and pericardium was assessed in the intact dog. Catheters were positioned in the venae cavae, right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), and aorta (Ao) of nine anesthetized, spontaneouly breathing dogs, and hydrostic and colloid osmotic pressures were continuously monitored. Lymphatic obstruction was achieved by raising systemic venous pressure to either 10 mmHg or 25 mmHg by a combination of fluid infusion and inflation of balloon catheters in the venae cavae for 2 h. The same constant net intravascular filtration pressure was maintained in both groups by appropriate use of saline or colloid-containing fluids. Pleural and pericardial fluids were measured postmortem and lung water content was determined by weighing before and after drying. Failure to detect greater fluid accumulation at the higher obstructing pressure (25 mmHg) than at the lower obstructing pressure (10 mmHg) suggests that over the range of obstructing pressures used there is no acute change in the magnitude of lymphatic drainage in the chest."}
{"id": "PMID:1213982", "title": "Voluntary changes of thoracoabdominal shape and regional lung volumes in humans.", "content": "We measured regional lung volumes from apex to base in humans during changes in thoracoabdominal shape which we monitored with magnetometers. In erect subjects, voluntary changes of shape at FRC did not change regional volume distribution. In supine subjects, the effect of negative pressure applied to the abdomen and a similar thoracoabdominal configuration achieved by voluntary means were studied. The distribution of regional volumes in both situations was the same as that measured during relaxation at the same overall lung volumes. We concluded that neither voluntary changes in shape nor negative abdominal pressure influenced the human pleural pressure gradient. This result, which differed from findings in animals, was probably because the human chest was relatively stiff and behaved with one degree of freedom; all parts of the human rib cage changed dimensions proportionally while negative abdominal pressure distorted the rib cage of animals.", "contents": "Voluntary changes of thoracoabdominal shape and regional lung volumes in humans. We measured regional lung volumes from apex to base in humans during changes in thoracoabdominal shape which we monitored with magnetometers. In erect subjects, voluntary changes of shape at FRC did not change regional volume distribution. In supine subjects, the effect of negative pressure applied to the abdomen and a similar thoracoabdominal configuration achieved by voluntary means were studied. The distribution of regional volumes in both situations was the same as that measured during relaxation at the same overall lung volumes. We concluded that neither voluntary changes in shape nor negative abdominal pressure influenced the human pleural pressure gradient. This result, which differed from findings in animals, was probably because the human chest was relatively stiff and behaved with one degree of freedom; all parts of the human rib cage changed dimensions proportionally while negative abdominal pressure distorted the rib cage of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1213983", "title": "Oxidation of tryptophan in lysozyme by ozone in aqueous solution.", "content": "A tryptophan residue in hen's egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was modified by ozone in an aqueous solution. One of the six tryptophan residues in the enzyme was oxidized to N'-formylkynurenine with concomitant loss of the enzymatic activity. Physicochemical studies of this modified enzyme (OL-I) revealed that the ozonization of lysozyme in aqueous media resulted in little change of the gross molecular conformation. It was deduced that the modified tryptophan residue in OL-I was possibly located in position 62 (or 63) of the protein.", "contents": "Oxidation of tryptophan in lysozyme by ozone in aqueous solution. A tryptophan residue in hen's egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was modified by ozone in an aqueous solution. One of the six tryptophan residues in the enzyme was oxidized to N'-formylkynurenine with concomitant loss of the enzymatic activity. Physicochemical studies of this modified enzyme (OL-I) revealed that the ozonization of lysozyme in aqueous media resulted in little change of the gross molecular conformation. It was deduced that the modified tryptophan residue in OL-I was possibly located in position 62 (or 63) of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1213984", "title": "Substituent effects on substrate activation and Michaelis-Menten Kinetic parameters in the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of phenyl acetates.", "content": "The effects of substituents on the steady state and pre-steady state kinetics in alpha-chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1]-catalyzed hydrolysis were studied using substituted phenyl acetates. In the steady state hydrolysis, substrate activation, which had been observed and studied previously for p-nitrophenyl acetate, was also observed for p-bromo, p-chloro-, and m-methylphenyl acetates. Little activation was observed for p-acetyl-, m-nitro-, p-methyl-, and p-methoxyphenyl acetates. Addition of p-dichlorobenzene increased kcat for all substrates examined and greatly diminished the substrate activation for the activatable substrate(s) to activator binding site(s). The value of kcat decreased in accordance with increase of the sigma-value of substituents. On the other hand, kcat/Km (app) showed an opposite sigma- dependence, as was previously observed. In pre-steady state measurements, little burst was observed for more electron-donating substituents than m-nitro. The sigma dependence of kcat is apparently not consistent with the prediction derived from that of kcat/Km (app) on the basis of the usual two-step mechanism with a common acetyl-enzyme intermediate.", "contents": "Substituent effects on substrate activation and Michaelis-Menten Kinetic parameters in the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of phenyl acetates. The effects of substituents on the steady state and pre-steady state kinetics in alpha-chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1]-catalyzed hydrolysis were studied using substituted phenyl acetates. In the steady state hydrolysis, substrate activation, which had been observed and studied previously for p-nitrophenyl acetate, was also observed for p-bromo, p-chloro-, and m-methylphenyl acetates. Little activation was observed for p-acetyl-, m-nitro-, p-methyl-, and p-methoxyphenyl acetates. Addition of p-dichlorobenzene increased kcat for all substrates examined and greatly diminished the substrate activation for the activatable substrate(s) to activator binding site(s). The value of kcat decreased in accordance with increase of the sigma-value of substituents. On the other hand, kcat/Km (app) showed an opposite sigma- dependence, as was previously observed. In pre-steady state measurements, little burst was observed for more electron-donating substituents than m-nitro. The sigma dependence of kcat is apparently not consistent with the prediction derived from that of kcat/Km (app) on the basis of the usual two-step mechanism with a common acetyl-enzyme intermediate."}
{"id": "PMID:1213985", "title": "Characterization of two glycoasparagines isolated from the urine of patients with aspartylglycosylaminuria (AGU).", "content": "Two major glycoasparagines (2-acetamido-N-(4'-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glycosylamines) were isolated from the urine of patients with aspartylglycosylaminuria (AGU). They were composed of equimolar amounts of sialic acid, galactose, glucosamine, and aspartic acid. They were isomeric with respect to the position of sialic acid attachment, since they produced the same glycoasparagine on incubation with the neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. The structure of the resulting sialic acid-free glycoasparagine was determined as beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-Asn based on the following findings. It produced galactose on incubation  with beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyllactosamine and aspartic acid on incubation with 4-L-aspartylglycosylamine amindo hydrolase.", "contents": "Characterization of two glycoasparagines isolated from the urine of patients with aspartylglycosylaminuria (AGU). Two major glycoasparagines (2-acetamido-N-(4'-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glycosylamines) were isolated from the urine of patients with aspartylglycosylaminuria (AGU). They were composed of equimolar amounts of sialic acid, galactose, glucosamine, and aspartic acid. They were isomeric with respect to the position of sialic acid attachment, since they produced the same glycoasparagine on incubation with the neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. The structure of the resulting sialic acid-free glycoasparagine was determined as beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-Asn based on the following findings. It produced galactose on incubation  with beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyllactosamine and aspartic acid on incubation with 4-L-aspartylglycosylamine amindo hydrolase."}
{"id": "PMID:1213986", "title": "Synthesis and mass fragmentographic analysis of partially O-methylated 2-N-methylglucosamines.", "content": "A series of partially O-methylated N-methylglucosamines was synthesized by limited-time methylation of methyl-2-N-methylacetamido-2-deoxyglucopyranoside by Kuhn's procedure, followed by acid hydrolysis. These partially O-methylated N-methylglucosamines were separated satisfactorily by gas chromatography on a column of OV-17 on Gas-chrom Q as amino  alditol acetates and identified from their mass spectra. For specific analysis of the methylated aminosugar derivatives, a mass fragmentographic method was established. Methylated aminosugars can be successfully determined in amounts as low as about 1 ng by this method.", "contents": "Synthesis and mass fragmentographic analysis of partially O-methylated 2-N-methylglucosamines. A series of partially O-methylated N-methylglucosamines was synthesized by limited-time methylation of methyl-2-N-methylacetamido-2-deoxyglucopyranoside by Kuhn's procedure, followed by acid hydrolysis. These partially O-methylated N-methylglucosamines were separated satisfactorily by gas chromatography on a column of OV-17 on Gas-chrom Q as amino  alditol acetates and identified from their mass spectra. For specific analysis of the methylated aminosugar derivatives, a mass fragmentographic method was established. Methylated aminosugars can be successfully determined in amounts as low as about 1 ng by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:1213987", "title": "Fractionation of glycopeptides by affinity column chromatography on concanavalin A-sepharose.", "content": "Using [3H]-labeled oligosaccharides, we found that the presence of at least two alpha-mannosyl residues with free hydroxyl groups at C-3, 4, and 6 is required for oligosaccharides to be related by a concanavalin A-Sepharose column. This finding is also applicable to N-[14C]acetylated glycopeptides. Thus, the concanavalin A-Sepharose column might become a useful tool for structural studies of glycopeptides and oligosaccharides and for their fractionation. Glycopeptides prepared from the trypsinate of rat fibroblasts, which has been purified by paper electrophoresis, were further separated into two fractions by chromatography on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column.", "contents": "Fractionation of glycopeptides by affinity column chromatography on concanavalin A-sepharose. Using [3H]-labeled oligosaccharides, we found that the presence of at least two alpha-mannosyl residues with free hydroxyl groups at C-3, 4, and 6 is required for oligosaccharides to be related by a concanavalin A-Sepharose column. This finding is also applicable to N-[14C]acetylated glycopeptides. Thus, the concanavalin A-Sepharose column might become a useful tool for structural studies of glycopeptides and oligosaccharides and for their fractionation. Glycopeptides prepared from the trypsinate of rat fibroblasts, which has been purified by paper electrophoresis, were further separated into two fractions by chromatography on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column."}
{"id": "PMID:1213988", "title": "Lymphocyte-increasing action and hypocalcemic action of parotid gland extract.", "content": "It has previously been shown in our laboratory that the hypocalcemic substances purified from the thymus have a potent lymphocyte-increasing action in mice. Then, lymphocyte-increasing activity was examined with bovine parotid gland extracts, which showed a hypocalcemic activity as potent as that of the thymus extracts. The lymphocyte-increasing activity was assayed in the littermates of neonatal mice of Swiss-Webster strain; the materials used for this experiment were purified preparations and several fractions obtained from the parotid gland extracts in the course of purification. It was found that the potency of lymphocyte-increasing activity rose approximately in parallel with the rise in hypocalcemic activity with progress in purification. The final product, which was purified from the gland by isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.4, fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and preparative disc electrophoresis, gave a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its intravenous injection in rabbits, in a dose of 10 mug/kg, produced a significant lowering in serum calcium (percent decrease 10.24 +/- 1.06%) compared with control animals given an injection of physiological saline. Intraperitoneal injection of this purified product, in a dose of 0.5 mug/mouse, in the littermates of neonatal mice, also produced a significant increase (ratio of lymphocytes to polymorphs 2.47 +/- 0.07) in lymphocytes compared with control animals injected with physiological saline (L/P ratio 1.57 +/- 0.05). These facts suggest that this purified protein fraction inherently contains both activities, but the possibility cannot be ruled out of slight contamination by a substance having a high activity. On the other hand, a fraction having no activity for lowering serum calcium but which had activity for increasing the lymphocytes was obtained. This is the first paper to report the presence of lymphocyte-increasing substances in the bovine parotid gland and the purification of one of the substances from the gland.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-increasing action and hypocalcemic action of parotid gland extract. It has previously been shown in our laboratory that the hypocalcemic substances purified from the thymus have a potent lymphocyte-increasing action in mice. Then, lymphocyte-increasing activity was examined with bovine parotid gland extracts, which showed a hypocalcemic activity as potent as that of the thymus extracts. The lymphocyte-increasing activity was assayed in the littermates of neonatal mice of Swiss-Webster strain; the materials used for this experiment were purified preparations and several fractions obtained from the parotid gland extracts in the course of purification. It was found that the potency of lymphocyte-increasing activity rose approximately in parallel with the rise in hypocalcemic activity with progress in purification. The final product, which was purified from the gland by isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.4, fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and preparative disc electrophoresis, gave a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its intravenous injection in rabbits, in a dose of 10 mug/kg, produced a significant lowering in serum calcium (percent decrease 10.24 +/- 1.06%) compared with control animals given an injection of physiological saline. Intraperitoneal injection of this purified product, in a dose of 0.5 mug/mouse, in the littermates of neonatal mice, also produced a significant increase (ratio of lymphocytes to polymorphs 2.47 +/- 0.07) in lymphocytes compared with control animals injected with physiological saline (L/P ratio 1.57 +/- 0.05). These facts suggest that this purified protein fraction inherently contains both activities, but the possibility cannot be ruled out of slight contamination by a substance having a high activity. On the other hand, a fraction having no activity for lowering serum calcium but which had activity for increasing the lymphocytes was obtained. This is the first paper to report the presence of lymphocyte-increasing substances in the bovine parotid gland and the purification of one of the substances from the gland."}
{"id": "PMID:1213989", "title": "Heterogeneity of the minimum functional unit of hemocyanins from the spider (Argiope bruennichii), the scorpion (Heterometrus sp.), and the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus).", "content": "The heterogeneity of arthropod hemocyanins was studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunochemical techniques. The spider (Argiope bruennichii), the scorpion (Heterometrus sp.), and the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) were found to have 4, 5, and 5 minimum functional units of hemocyanin, respectively, the apparent molecular weights of which were 79,000, 81000, and 80,000, respectively, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the minimum functional unit of hemocyanins from the spider (Argiope bruennichii), the scorpion (Heterometrus sp.), and the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus). The heterogeneity of arthropod hemocyanins was studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunochemical techniques. The spider (Argiope bruennichii), the scorpion (Heterometrus sp.), and the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) were found to have 4, 5, and 5 minimum functional units of hemocyanin, respectively, the apparent molecular weights of which were 79,000, 81000, and 80,000, respectively, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:1213990", "title": "Inhibition of rat liver rhodanese by di-, tricarboxylic, and alpha-keto acids.", "content": "Rat liver rhodanese [EC 2.8.1.1] purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography yielded two active fractions (I & II). Their molecular weights were estimated to be 1.75 X 10(4) (I) and 1.26 X 10(4) (II) by the gel filtration method. Kinetic studies revealed that Fraction I rat liver rhodanese catalyzes thiocyanate formation from thiosulfate and cyanide by a double displacement mechanism. Carboxylic acids such as DL-isocitric, citric malic, pyruvic, and oxaloacetic acid were competitive inhibitors with respect to thiosulfate, whereas fumaric, succinic, and alpha-ketoglutaric acids were noncompetitive inhibitors with respect ot thiosulfate. Incubation of mitochondria with sulfate and alpha-ketoglutaric acid caused a significant decrease in rhodanese activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat liver rhodanese by di-, tricarboxylic, and alpha-keto acids. Rat liver rhodanese [EC 2.8.1.1] purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography yielded two active fractions (I & II). Their molecular weights were estimated to be 1.75 X 10(4) (I) and 1.26 X 10(4) (II) by the gel filtration method. Kinetic studies revealed that Fraction I rat liver rhodanese catalyzes thiocyanate formation from thiosulfate and cyanide by a double displacement mechanism. Carboxylic acids such as DL-isocitric, citric malic, pyruvic, and oxaloacetic acid were competitive inhibitors with respect to thiosulfate, whereas fumaric, succinic, and alpha-ketoglutaric acids were noncompetitive inhibitors with respect ot thiosulfate. Incubation of mitochondria with sulfate and alpha-ketoglutaric acid caused a significant decrease in rhodanese activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1213991", "title": "Purification, properties, and molecular features of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger.", "content": "4. FHD (flavin-hypoxanthine dinucleotide) has coenzymatic activity equal to that of FAD.", "contents": "Purification, properties, and molecular features of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. 4. FHD (flavin-hypoxanthine dinucleotide) has coenzymatic activity equal to that of FAD."}
{"id": "PMID:1213993", "title": "Effect of phosphates on the structure of the actin filament.", "content": "The fine structure of the purified actin filament was investigated by negative staining. The actin filament polymerized in Tris-HCl buffer and KCl showed a collapsed image different from that of a double stranded helix. Addition of ATP, ADP, or inorganic orthophosphate, however, converted it into a straight filament with typical double strands.", "contents": "Effect of phosphates on the structure of the actin filament. The fine structure of the purified actin filament was investigated by negative staining. The actin filament polymerized in Tris-HCl buffer and KCl showed a collapsed image different from that of a double stranded helix. Addition of ATP, ADP, or inorganic orthophosphate, however, converted it into a straight filament with typical double strands."}
{"id": "PMID:1213992", "title": "Gizzard Troponin.", "content": "Native tropomyosin from the gizzard was separated into troponin and tropomyosin. The mode of action of the troponin-tropomyosin system of gizzard was shown to be distinclty different from that of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Gizzard Troponin. Native tropomyosin from the gizzard was separated into troponin and tropomyosin. The mode of action of the troponin-tropomyosin system of gizzard was shown to be distinclty different from that of skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1213994", "title": "Exchange reactions catalyzed by methioninase from Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Highly purified methioninase from Pseudomonas putida, which catalyzes alpha, gamma-elimination reactions of homocysteine and its S-substituted derivatives as well as alpha, beta-elimination reactions of cysteine and its derivatives, was found to catalyze exchange reactions between the substituent at the gamma-carbon of homocysteine substrates and exogenously added alkanethiols, forming the corresponding S-alkylhomocysteines. It also catalyzed similar beta-exchange reactions between cysteine and alkanethiols. Thus, all the substrates for the methioninase-catalyzed elimination reactions also appear to be available for the exchange reactions.", "contents": "Exchange reactions catalyzed by methioninase from Pseudomonas putida. Highly purified methioninase from Pseudomonas putida, which catalyzes alpha, gamma-elimination reactions of homocysteine and its S-substituted derivatives as well as alpha, beta-elimination reactions of cysteine and its derivatives, was found to catalyze exchange reactions between the substituent at the gamma-carbon of homocysteine substrates and exogenously added alkanethiols, forming the corresponding S-alkylhomocysteines. It also catalyzed similar beta-exchange reactions between cysteine and alkanethiols. Thus, all the substrates for the methioninase-catalyzed elimination reactions also appear to be available for the exchange reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1213995", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a sulfated glycoprotein from rabbit uterus.", "content": "Crude glycoproteins were extracted with 0.15 M NaCl from the pooled endometrial scrapings of rabbit uteri after treatment with estrogen. The crude glycoproteins were fractionated with ammonium sulfate, followed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, treatment with CM-Sephadex C-25 and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Subsequently, purification of an acidic glycoprotein was carried out by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and then Sepharose 4B. The results of electrophoresis and enzymatic digestion, together with analytical data and the infrared spectrum indicated that the acidic glycoprotein was a sulfated glycoprotein.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a sulfated glycoprotein from rabbit uterus. Crude glycoproteins were extracted with 0.15 M NaCl from the pooled endometrial scrapings of rabbit uteri after treatment with estrogen. The crude glycoproteins were fractionated with ammonium sulfate, followed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, treatment with CM-Sephadex C-25 and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Subsequently, purification of an acidic glycoprotein was carried out by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and then Sepharose 4B. The results of electrophoresis and enzymatic digestion, together with analytical data and the infrared spectrum indicated that the acidic glycoprotein was a sulfated glycoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:1213996", "title": "Structural differences in fructans elaborated by streptococcus mutans and Strep. salivarius.", "content": "D-Fructans synthesized from sucrose by cell-free systems of strains of Streptococcus mutans and Strep. salivarius have been shown by methylation and enzymatic studies to have different glycosidic linkages. The cold water-insoluble D-fructans from Strep. mutans strain BHT and JC-1 have inulin-type structures consisting beta-(2 leads to 1)-D-fructofuranosidic linkages, with average repeating units of 8 and 27 sugar residues, respectively, whereas the water-soluble fructan from Strep. salivarius strain HHT has a levan-type branched structure consisting beta-(2 leads to 6)-D-fructofuranosidic linkages with an average repeating unit of 9 sugar residues. The solubility properties of these fructants are discussed on the basis of the structural differences.", "contents": "Structural differences in fructans elaborated by streptococcus mutans and Strep. salivarius. D-Fructans synthesized from sucrose by cell-free systems of strains of Streptococcus mutans and Strep. salivarius have been shown by methylation and enzymatic studies to have different glycosidic linkages. The cold water-insoluble D-fructans from Strep. mutans strain BHT and JC-1 have inulin-type structures consisting beta-(2 leads to 1)-D-fructofuranosidic linkages, with average repeating units of 8 and 27 sugar residues, respectively, whereas the water-soluble fructan from Strep. salivarius strain HHT has a levan-type branched structure consisting beta-(2 leads to 6)-D-fructofuranosidic linkages with an average repeating unit of 9 sugar residues. The solubility properties of these fructants are discussed on the basis of the structural differences."}
{"id": "PMID:1213997", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a ganglioside containing fucose from boar testis.", "content": "A ganglioside containing fucose (fucoganglioside) was obtained from boar testis and purified by silicic acid and DEAE-cellulose column chromatographies and preparative thin layer chromatography. The structure of this ganglioside, determined by chemical and enzymatic methods was: (see article). Its fatty acids were mainly long chain saturated ones (20 : 0, 22 : 0, 24 : 0). Its long chain bases consisted of 27% C(16:1) sphingosine and 68% C(18:1) sphingosine.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a ganglioside containing fucose from boar testis. A ganglioside containing fucose (fucoganglioside) was obtained from boar testis and purified by silicic acid and DEAE-cellulose column chromatographies and preparative thin layer chromatography. The structure of this ganglioside, determined by chemical and enzymatic methods was: (see article). Its fatty acids were mainly long chain saturated ones (20 : 0, 22 : 0, 24 : 0). Its long chain bases consisted of 27% C(16:1) sphingosine and 68% C(18:1) sphingosine."}
{"id": "PMID:1213998", "title": "Biosynthesis of liver catalase in rats treated with allylisopropylacetylcarbamide. I. Immunochemical assay of catalase in liver cell fractions.", "content": "Rats were injected twice intraperitoneally with 20 mg of allylisopropylacetylcarbamide (Sedormid) per 100 g of body weight at an interval of 12 hr. The level of catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] in various liver cell fractions was determined both enzymatically and immunochemically 12 hr after the second injection. 1. The decrease in catalase protein assayed by the immunochemical method directly confirmed the inhibition of biosynthesis of the enzyme by this porphyrinogenic drug. 2. The occurrence of a considerable amount of catalase protein with no enzymatic activity was demonstrated both in the peroxisomes and in the supernatant fraction. 3. The amount of catalase-synthesizing polysomes in hepatic cell was reduced in Sedormid-treated rats by the extent comparable to the decrease in the concentration of liver catalase.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of liver catalase in rats treated with allylisopropylacetylcarbamide. I. Immunochemical assay of catalase in liver cell fractions. Rats were injected twice intraperitoneally with 20 mg of allylisopropylacetylcarbamide (Sedormid) per 100 g of body weight at an interval of 12 hr. The level of catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] in various liver cell fractions was determined both enzymatically and immunochemically 12 hr after the second injection. 1. The decrease in catalase protein assayed by the immunochemical method directly confirmed the inhibition of biosynthesis of the enzyme by this porphyrinogenic drug. 2. The occurrence of a considerable amount of catalase protein with no enzymatic activity was demonstrated both in the peroxisomes and in the supernatant fraction. 3. The amount of catalase-synthesizing polysomes in hepatic cell was reduced in Sedormid-treated rats by the extent comparable to the decrease in the concentration of liver catalase."}
{"id": "PMID:1213999", "title": "Biosynthesis of liver catalase in rats treated with allylisopropylacetylcarbamide. II. Double-labeling of catalase with (14C)leucine and delta-(3H)aminolevulinic acid.", "content": "Double-labeling of liver catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] with [14-c]leucine and delta-[3H]aminolevulinic acid was carried out both in vivo and in vitro using rats treated with allylisopropylacetylcarbamide (Sedormid). These radioactive precursors were incorporated into catalase at a lower rate than in normal rats. In particular, the incorporation of 3H was remarkably inhibited. The results suggest that the administration of Sedormid can inhibit synthesis of the protein moiety of catalase, and possibly interfere with the binding of heme to the catalase protein.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of liver catalase in rats treated with allylisopropylacetylcarbamide. II. Double-labeling of catalase with (14C)leucine and delta-(3H)aminolevulinic acid. Double-labeling of liver catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] with [14-c]leucine and delta-[3H]aminolevulinic acid was carried out both in vivo and in vitro using rats treated with allylisopropylacetylcarbamide (Sedormid). These radioactive precursors were incorporated into catalase at a lower rate than in normal rats. In particular, the incorporation of 3H was remarkably inhibited. The results suggest that the administration of Sedormid can inhibit synthesis of the protein moiety of catalase, and possibly interfere with the binding of heme to the catalase protein."}
{"id": "PMID:1214000", "title": "Increasing content of poly A(+) mRNA of serum-stimulated cells in the absence of ribosome synthesis.", "content": "When 3T6 cells undergo a serum-induced transition from resting to growing state, the number of ribosomes and the amounts of mRNA increase as the cells prepare for DNA synthesis. We have examined the effect of preventing ribosome synthesis during this transition. When resting cells are stimulated to grow in the presence of 5-fluorouridine, mRNA accumulates normally during the first eight hours, though new ribosome formation is completely blocked by the drug. At later times, mRNA continues to accumulate, but at a reduced rate. The ratio of poly A(+) mRNA to rRNA increases from the value characteristic of resting 3T6 (1.8%) to that of growing 3T6 (2.7%) by five hours, and continues to increase to abnormally high values after this time. Although labelling of tRNA is not affected after brief exposure of cells to fluorouridine, the drug prevents the later accumulation of tRNA that ordinarily occurs following serum stimulation of resting cells. This failure of accumulation is not the result of increased lability of fluorinated tRNA, but is probably due to failure of the transcription rate of pre-tRNA to increase. It is possible that this effect might  be due to a regulatory system coupling tRNA content to ribosome content. In cultures stimulated with serum in the presence of fluorouridine the rate of protein synthesis increases with poly A(+) mRNA content during the first eight hours; it then fails to increase further, possibly because ribosomes become rate-limiting.", "contents": "Increasing content of poly A(+) mRNA of serum-stimulated cells in the absence of ribosome synthesis. When 3T6 cells undergo a serum-induced transition from resting to growing state, the number of ribosomes and the amounts of mRNA increase as the cells prepare for DNA synthesis. We have examined the effect of preventing ribosome synthesis during this transition. When resting cells are stimulated to grow in the presence of 5-fluorouridine, mRNA accumulates normally during the first eight hours, though new ribosome formation is completely blocked by the drug. At later times, mRNA continues to accumulate, but at a reduced rate. The ratio of poly A(+) mRNA to rRNA increases from the value characteristic of resting 3T6 (1.8%) to that of growing 3T6 (2.7%) by five hours, and continues to increase to abnormally high values after this time. Although labelling of tRNA is not affected after brief exposure of cells to fluorouridine, the drug prevents the later accumulation of tRNA that ordinarily occurs following serum stimulation of resting cells. This failure of accumulation is not the result of increased lability of fluorinated tRNA, but is probably due to failure of the transcription rate of pre-tRNA to increase. It is possible that this effect might  be due to a regulatory system coupling tRNA content to ribosome content. In cultures stimulated with serum in the presence of fluorouridine the rate of protein synthesis increases with poly A(+) mRNA content during the first eight hours; it then fails to increase further, possibly because ribosomes become rate-limiting."}
{"id": "PMID:1214001", "title": "The control of liver regeneration by parathyroid hormone and calcium.", "content": "Following partial hepatectomy in rats, there were two bursts of hepatocyte DNA-synthetic and mitotic activity which were produced by two subpopulations having different rates of (nearly synchronous) proliferative development. Only about 50% of the cells in both subpopulations could initiate DNA synthesis and enter mitosis when exposed to the hypocalcemic conditions in the parathyroprivic rat for 24 hours before partial hepatectomy. The proliferatively incompetent hepatocytes in these hypocalcemic rats could be induced to initiate their DNA synthetic and mitotic activity by an intraperitoneal injection of the calcium-mobilizing parathyroid hormone (50 USP units/100 g) as late as 12 hours after partial hepatectomy. Single intraperitoneal injections of calcium (0.25 mg/100 g) could also restore the proliferative competence of these hepatocytes, but only when injected at specific periods following partial hepatectomy. The injection of calcium 12 to 15 hours after partial hepatectomy induced hepatocytes in the first subpopulation to finish their development and enter mitosis, but did not affect the second, more slowly developing, subpopulation. Calcium had to be injected 25 hours after partial hepatectomy to stimulate proliferation in this second subpopulation. These data suggest that the hepatocytes which became proliferatively incompetent by prolonged exposure to a hypocalcemic environment are proliferatively activated by partial hepatectomy, but their proliferative development stops at a calcium-dependent stage near the end of the pre-replicative phase of development.", "contents": "The control of liver regeneration by parathyroid hormone and calcium. Following partial hepatectomy in rats, there were two bursts of hepatocyte DNA-synthetic and mitotic activity which were produced by two subpopulations having different rates of (nearly synchronous) proliferative development. Only about 50% of the cells in both subpopulations could initiate DNA synthesis and enter mitosis when exposed to the hypocalcemic conditions in the parathyroprivic rat for 24 hours before partial hepatectomy. The proliferatively incompetent hepatocytes in these hypocalcemic rats could be induced to initiate their DNA synthetic and mitotic activity by an intraperitoneal injection of the calcium-mobilizing parathyroid hormone (50 USP units/100 g) as late as 12 hours after partial hepatectomy. Single intraperitoneal injections of calcium (0.25 mg/100 g) could also restore the proliferative competence of these hepatocytes, but only when injected at specific periods following partial hepatectomy. The injection of calcium 12 to 15 hours after partial hepatectomy induced hepatocytes in the first subpopulation to finish their development and enter mitosis, but did not affect the second, more slowly developing, subpopulation. Calcium had to be injected 25 hours after partial hepatectomy to stimulate proliferation in this second subpopulation. These data suggest that the hepatocytes which became proliferatively incompetent by prolonged exposure to a hypocalcemic environment are proliferatively activated by partial hepatectomy, but their proliferative development stops at a calcium-dependent stage near the end of the pre-replicative phase of development."}
{"id": "PMID:1214002", "title": "Relationship between membrane potential and external potassium in human glioblastoma cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Cells from a human glioblastoma (TC 526) maintained in tissue culture for ten years had a mean membrane potential of 27 +/- 0.9 mV at an external potassium concentration [Ko] of 5.3 mM. When [Ko] was varied between 2.5 and 5.3 mM, membrane potential changes were close to those predicted by the Nernst equation. At higher [Ko], the Nernstian slope was approached only in the presence of 10(-5) M ouabain, which did not affect membrane potential at a [Ko] of 5.3 mM. An electrogenic sodium pump activated by high [Ko] could explain these findings; such a mechanism has been demonstrated in other tissues.", "contents": "Relationship between membrane potential and external potassium in human glioblastoma cells in tissue culture. Cells from a human glioblastoma (TC 526) maintained in tissue culture for ten years had a mean membrane potential of 27 +/- 0.9 mV at an external potassium concentration [Ko] of 5.3 mM. When [Ko] was varied between 2.5 and 5.3 mM, membrane potential changes were close to those predicted by the Nernst equation. At higher [Ko], the Nernstian slope was approached only in the presence of 10(-5) M ouabain, which did not affect membrane potential at a [Ko] of 5.3 mM. An electrogenic sodium pump activated by high [Ko] could explain these findings; such a mechanism has been demonstrated in other tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1214003", "title": "Arrest of 3T3 cells in G1 phase in suspension culture.", "content": "3T3 cells do not grow in Methocel suspension culture, while other permanent cell lines do. The viability of 3T3 cells in suspension remains unchanged for at least three days with respect to plating efficiency, vital staining and resumption of normal growth when transferred into monolayer culture. When monolayer 3T3 cells in G1 phase are suspended they remain in G1 phase. Cells already in S phase which are suspended complete ongoing DNA synthesis and mitosis and then are arrested in the G1 phase. Progress through the cell cycle is reinitiated after suspended cells attach to a surface. When monolayer cells in late G1 phase (just before entering S phase) are put in suspension cultures they do not initiate DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Arrest of 3T3 cells in G1 phase in suspension culture. 3T3 cells do not grow in Methocel suspension culture, while other permanent cell lines do. The viability of 3T3 cells in suspension remains unchanged for at least three days with respect to plating efficiency, vital staining and resumption of normal growth when transferred into monolayer culture. When monolayer 3T3 cells in G1 phase are suspended they remain in G1 phase. Cells already in S phase which are suspended complete ongoing DNA synthesis and mitosis and then are arrested in the G1 phase. Progress through the cell cycle is reinitiated after suspended cells attach to a surface. When monolayer cells in late G1 phase (just before entering S phase) are put in suspension cultures they do not initiate DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1214004", "title": "Polynucleotide aggregates enhance the transport of protein at the surface of cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "It was known that polycationic polymers enhance the entry of macromolecules into cells. We now show that polynucleotides may have similar effects, when used as large aggregates. Poly(1-vinylcytosine):polyinosinic acid, an inducer of interferon production in human cells, can cause at 40 mug/ml a 75-fold enhancement of albumin uptake by sarcoma cells in culture. Most of this activity (85%) is related to the presence of aggregates retained by 0.65 mu millipore membranes. The prior finding that enhancers of albumin transport have increasing effects with increasing molecular sizes may thus extend to complexes of supramolecular sizes.", "contents": "Polynucleotide aggregates enhance the transport of protein at the surface of cultured mammalian cells. It was known that polycationic polymers enhance the entry of macromolecules into cells. We now show that polynucleotides may have similar effects, when used as large aggregates. Poly(1-vinylcytosine):polyinosinic acid, an inducer of interferon production in human cells, can cause at 40 mug/ml a 75-fold enhancement of albumin uptake by sarcoma cells in culture. Most of this activity (85%) is related to the presence of aggregates retained by 0.65 mu millipore membranes. The prior finding that enhancers of albumin transport have increasing effects with increasing molecular sizes may thus extend to complexes of supramolecular sizes."}
{"id": "PMID:1214005", "title": "Growth of cultured cells from patients with Fanconi anemia.", "content": "Fibroblast cultures derived from skin biopsies of patients with Fanconi anemia had doubling times (mean of five lines: 30.3 +/- 0.2 hours) significantly longer than randomly selected normal controls (mean of nine lines: 22.9 +/- 0.4 hours). Control cultures grew more slowly in the enriched media RPMI 1640 and McCoy's 5A than in MEM; while a culture from a patient with Fanconi anemia grew more slowly only in McCoy's 5A. Differences in growth characteristics between Fanconi anemia and normal cell cultures may be useful in analyzing the metabolic error determined by the Fanconi anemia gene.", "contents": "Growth of cultured cells from patients with Fanconi anemia. Fibroblast cultures derived from skin biopsies of patients with Fanconi anemia had doubling times (mean of five lines: 30.3 +/- 0.2 hours) significantly longer than randomly selected normal controls (mean of nine lines: 22.9 +/- 0.4 hours). Control cultures grew more slowly in the enriched media RPMI 1640 and McCoy's 5A than in MEM; while a culture from a patient with Fanconi anemia grew more slowly only in McCoy's 5A. Differences in growth characteristics between Fanconi anemia and normal cell cultures may be useful in analyzing the metabolic error determined by the Fanconi anemia gene."}
{"id": "PMID:1214006", "title": "The interaction of chloride with the sulfate transport system of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The effect of Cl- on SO4(-2) efflux was studied in both Cl--containing and Cl--free ascites tumor cells loaded with 35SO4(-2) to test the hypothesis that Cl--SO4(-2) exchange is mediated by the same mechanism responsible for SO4(-2)-self exchange. The addition of Cl--free, 35SO4(-2) loaded cells to a SO4(-2)-free, Cl- medium results in: (1) SO4(-2) efflux that is dependent on the extracellular Cl- concentration (Km = 4.85 mM; ke = 0.048 min-1 at 50 mM Cl-) and (2) net Cl--uptake that exceeds SO4(-2) loss. Both SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate) and ANS (1-anilino-8-napthalene sulfonate) inhibit S04(-2) efflux but are without effect on Cl- uptake. The addition of Cl--containing, 35SO4(-2) loaded cells to a SO4(-2)-free, Cl- medium results in: (1) a slight gain in cellular Cl- and (2) ke for SO4(-2) efflux identical to that for Cl--free cells.", "contents": "The interaction of chloride with the sulfate transport system of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The effect of Cl- on SO4(-2) efflux was studied in both Cl--containing and Cl--free ascites tumor cells loaded with 35SO4(-2) to test the hypothesis that Cl--SO4(-2) exchange is mediated by the same mechanism responsible for SO4(-2)-self exchange. The addition of Cl--free, 35SO4(-2) loaded cells to a SO4(-2)-free, Cl- medium results in: (1) SO4(-2) efflux that is dependent on the extracellular Cl- concentration (Km = 4.85 mM; ke = 0.048 min-1 at 50 mM Cl-) and (2) net Cl--uptake that exceeds SO4(-2) loss. Both SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate) and ANS (1-anilino-8-napthalene sulfonate) inhibit S04(-2) efflux but are without effect on Cl- uptake. The addition of Cl--containing, 35SO4(-2) loaded cells to a SO4(-2)-free, Cl- medium results in: (1) a slight gain in cellular Cl- and (2) ke for SO4(-2) efflux identical to that for Cl--free cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1214007", "title": "Reversible release of chick embryo fibroblast cultures from density dependent inhibition of growth.", "content": "Initiation of proliferation in density-inhibited chick embryo fibroblast cultures induced by insulin or trypsin was partially reversed by replacing the medium with supernatants from parallel non-stimulated cultures. Growth stimulation by neuraminidase, pokeweed mitogen, bacterial lipopolysaccharides or purified tuberculin was less, or not at all, affected by this procedure. Medium change per se caused some proliferation in non-stimulated cultures. Increased rate of sugar uptake in insulin-stimulated cultures returned to the level of that in non-stimulated cultures within a few hours after medium change. This reversion took place apparently irrespective of the phase of the cell cycle. Replacing the medium with supernatant from non-stimulated cultures induced a rapid decline in subsequent thymidine incorporation during the first S-phase, and completely abolished the second peak of DNA synthesis. The fraction of cells irreversibly committed to mitosis increased when the time after stimulation increased. Less than three hours' incubation with insulin or trypsin was needed to initiate proliferation of a significant fraction of the cell population. It is concluded that reversion of the initiated cycle of a given cell is no more possible after the cell has entered the S-phase.", "contents": "Reversible release of chick embryo fibroblast cultures from density dependent inhibition of growth. Initiation of proliferation in density-inhibited chick embryo fibroblast cultures induced by insulin or trypsin was partially reversed by replacing the medium with supernatants from parallel non-stimulated cultures. Growth stimulation by neuraminidase, pokeweed mitogen, bacterial lipopolysaccharides or purified tuberculin was less, or not at all, affected by this procedure. Medium change per se caused some proliferation in non-stimulated cultures. Increased rate of sugar uptake in insulin-stimulated cultures returned to the level of that in non-stimulated cultures within a few hours after medium change. This reversion took place apparently irrespective of the phase of the cell cycle. Replacing the medium with supernatant from non-stimulated cultures induced a rapid decline in subsequent thymidine incorporation during the first S-phase, and completely abolished the second peak of DNA synthesis. The fraction of cells irreversibly committed to mitosis increased when the time after stimulation increased. Less than three hours' incubation with insulin or trypsin was needed to initiate proliferation of a significant fraction of the cell population. It is concluded that reversion of the initiated cycle of a given cell is no more possible after the cell has entered the S-phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1214008", "title": "Myonemal contraction of Spirostomum. III. The thermal dependence of contraction, relaxation and excitation-contraction coupling.", "content": "A microphotometric technique that displays rapid length changes of Spirostomum has been used to follow the variation with temperature of these kinetic parameters of myonemal contraction: contraction rate, relaxation rate and stimulus duration at threshold. In each case the exponential form of the relationship indicated that the gross rate constant might be equated with the limiting rate constant, k, of a driving chemical reaction, and from standard expressions of chemical kinetics the change in activation free energy appropriate to this reaction has been computed.", "contents": "Myonemal contraction of Spirostomum. III. The thermal dependence of contraction, relaxation and excitation-contraction coupling. A microphotometric technique that displays rapid length changes of Spirostomum has been used to follow the variation with temperature of these kinetic parameters of myonemal contraction: contraction rate, relaxation rate and stimulus duration at threshold. In each case the exponential form of the relationship indicated that the gross rate constant might be equated with the limiting rate constant, k, of a driving chemical reaction, and from standard expressions of chemical kinetics the change in activation free energy appropriate to this reaction has been computed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214009", "title": "A comparison of the in vitro activity of metronidazole, tinidazole, and nimorazole against Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli.", "content": "The in vitro activities of metronidazole, nimorazole, and tinidazole were compared against 69 strains of obligately anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli. Geometric mean MICs were 0-34, 1-05, and 0-28 mug/ml respectively. Thirty-six strains were also tested by the disk method. Correlation between MIC and diameter of the zones of inhibition was poor.", "contents": "A comparison of the in vitro activity of metronidazole, tinidazole, and nimorazole against Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli. The in vitro activities of metronidazole, nimorazole, and tinidazole were compared against 69 strains of obligately anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli. Geometric mean MICs were 0-34, 1-05, and 0-28 mug/ml respectively. Thirty-six strains were also tested by the disk method. Correlation between MIC and diameter of the zones of inhibition was poor."}
{"id": "PMID:1214010", "title": "Comparison of antibiotic discs from different sources.", "content": "Antibiotic discs from Oxoid, Mast, AB Biodisk, Difco, and Baltimore Biological Laboratories were compared, where discs of similar antibiotic content were available, in diffusion-sensitivity tests against organisms of known sensitivity. Discs from Oxoid and Mast gave zones 1-5 mm larger than discs from other manufacturers with penicillin 2 units, ampicillin 10 mug, cephalothin 30 mug, methicillin 10 mug, carbenicillin 100 mug, erythromycin 15 mug, chloramphenicol 50 mug, and trimethoprim 1-25 mug, while discs containing aminoglycoside antibiotics, lincomycin, fusidic acid, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, penicillin 10 units, and polymyxin B gave similar zone sizes whatever the source. Where tested, different batches of single discs from the same source did not vary significantly in antibiotic content as indicated by variation in zone size; but with some antibiotics Multodisks gave larger zones than single discs from the same source. The implications of these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of antibiotic discs from different sources. Antibiotic discs from Oxoid, Mast, AB Biodisk, Difco, and Baltimore Biological Laboratories were compared, where discs of similar antibiotic content were available, in diffusion-sensitivity tests against organisms of known sensitivity. Discs from Oxoid and Mast gave zones 1-5 mm larger than discs from other manufacturers with penicillin 2 units, ampicillin 10 mug, cephalothin 30 mug, methicillin 10 mug, carbenicillin 100 mug, erythromycin 15 mug, chloramphenicol 50 mug, and trimethoprim 1-25 mug, while discs containing aminoglycoside antibiotics, lincomycin, fusidic acid, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, penicillin 10 units, and polymyxin B gave similar zone sizes whatever the source. Where tested, different batches of single discs from the same source did not vary significantly in antibiotic content as indicated by variation in zone size; but with some antibiotics Multodisks gave larger zones than single discs from the same source. The implications of these differences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214011", "title": "An evaluation of two methods of bacteriocine typing of organisms of the genus Proteus.", "content": "An assessment of two simple methods of typing Proteus isolates using bacteriocines is described. The methods chosen were those of Cradock-Watson and Al-Jumaili. It has been shown that the use of liquid bacteriocine preparations is more satisfactory than methods involving proteocine production in solid media. For example, no non-typable isolates were encountered and a large number of strains were demonstrated. This method is therefore proposed for use in a routine diagnostic laboratory.", "contents": "An evaluation of two methods of bacteriocine typing of organisms of the genus Proteus. An assessment of two simple methods of typing Proteus isolates using bacteriocines is described. The methods chosen were those of Cradock-Watson and Al-Jumaili. It has been shown that the use of liquid bacteriocine preparations is more satisfactory than methods involving proteocine production in solid media. For example, no non-typable isolates were encountered and a large number of strains were demonstrated. This method is therefore proposed for use in a routine diagnostic laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:1214012", "title": "Anaerobic and aerobic skin bacteria before and after skin-disinfection with chlorhexidine: an experimental study in volunteers.", "content": "The amount, composition, and localization of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in the normal skin before and after disinfection were the subject of a volunteer study. The superficial bacterial flora were sampled by velvet pad imprints, and the deep flora were determined from whole skin biopsies. Only one anaerobic species, Propionebacterium acnes, was encountered even though other and more strict anaerobic bacteria could have been grown with the anaerobic technique employed. Staphylococcus albus dominated among the aerobic superficial bacteria, while diphtheroids, Micrococcus spp., and lactobacilli occurred sporadically. The deep aerobic bacteria were present in a significantly greater amount than the anaerobic. A two-step cleansing/disinfection procedure was evaluated in vivo in volunteers as well as in surgical patients, and aqueous cetrimide/chlorhexidine (Savlon) followed by chlorhexidine in alcohol (Hibitane) almost eradicated both the superficial and deep anaerobic and aerobic skin flora.", "contents": "Anaerobic and aerobic skin bacteria before and after skin-disinfection with chlorhexidine: an experimental study in volunteers. The amount, composition, and localization of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in the normal skin before and after disinfection were the subject of a volunteer study. The superficial bacterial flora were sampled by velvet pad imprints, and the deep flora were determined from whole skin biopsies. Only one anaerobic species, Propionebacterium acnes, was encountered even though other and more strict anaerobic bacteria could have been grown with the anaerobic technique employed. Staphylococcus albus dominated among the aerobic superficial bacteria, while diphtheroids, Micrococcus spp., and lactobacilli occurred sporadically. The deep aerobic bacteria were present in a significantly greater amount than the anaerobic. A two-step cleansing/disinfection procedure was evaluated in vivo in volunteers as well as in surgical patients, and aqueous cetrimide/chlorhexidine (Savlon) followed by chlorhexidine in alcohol (Hibitane) almost eradicated both the superficial and deep anaerobic and aerobic skin flora."}
{"id": "PMID:1214013", "title": "Septicaemia due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum.", "content": "The clinical and microbiological features of a case of septicaemia due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum are described. Isolation of the organism from blood cultures taken at the time of admission, immediate response to penicillin, presence of agglutinating antibodies in high titre in the patient's serum, and our failure to find evidence of infection with any other pathogen suggests a causative role.", "contents": "Septicaemia due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum. The clinical and microbiological features of a case of septicaemia due to Corynebacterium haemolyticum are described. Isolation of the organism from blood cultures taken at the time of admission, immediate response to penicillin, presence of agglutinating antibodies in high titre in the patient's serum, and our failure to find evidence of infection with any other pathogen suggests a causative role."}
{"id": "PMID:1214014", "title": "Platelet counts during normal pregnancy.", "content": "Eleven reports of platelet counts were found in the literature which reported a progressive increase, no change, or a progressive fall during pregnancy. The counts had been made using venous or capillary blood, with either simple dilution or red cell lysis prior to enumeration in a haemocytometer, with or without phase-contrast microscopy. It was therefore decided to examine whole blood platelet counts taken during normal pregnancy. Results from 405 venous blood samples, using an electronic platelet counter, confirmed the finding of a significant progressive fall in platelet counts during normal pregnancy, the lowest counts falling in some women outside the recognized normal range of values.", "contents": "Platelet counts during normal pregnancy. Eleven reports of platelet counts were found in the literature which reported a progressive increase, no change, or a progressive fall during pregnancy. The counts had been made using venous or capillary blood, with either simple dilution or red cell lysis prior to enumeration in a haemocytometer, with or without phase-contrast microscopy. It was therefore decided to examine whole blood platelet counts taken during normal pregnancy. Results from 405 venous blood samples, using an electronic platelet counter, confirmed the finding of a significant progressive fall in platelet counts during normal pregnancy, the lowest counts falling in some women outside the recognized normal range of values."}
{"id": "PMID:1214015", "title": "Platelet aggregability in relation to impaired consciousness after head injury.", "content": "ADP-induced platelet aggregation was studied for up to six weeks in 34 patients with head injuries. The patients were divided into three groups according to the degree of impaired consciousness assessed by a clinical coma scale, and change in platelet aggregation was related to the coma score. Platelet aggregation was markedly reduced in all eight patients dying within 24 hours of injury. All 17 patients who remained unconscious for four days or more showed decreased platelet aggregation up to nine days after admission, the most marked effect being on the second day. Platelet function in this group returned to normal within 16 days. Nine patients with only slightly impaired consciousness also showed subnormal platelet aggregation during the first few days with a return to normal by the fourth day. Platelet counts remained within normal limits in all groups. We suggest that during coma following head injury brainstem dysfunction induces neurohumoral changes in the blood which are responsible for a decrease in platelet function.", "contents": "Platelet aggregability in relation to impaired consciousness after head injury. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was studied for up to six weeks in 34 patients with head injuries. The patients were divided into three groups according to the degree of impaired consciousness assessed by a clinical coma scale, and change in platelet aggregation was related to the coma score. Platelet aggregation was markedly reduced in all eight patients dying within 24 hours of injury. All 17 patients who remained unconscious for four days or more showed decreased platelet aggregation up to nine days after admission, the most marked effect being on the second day. Platelet function in this group returned to normal within 16 days. Nine patients with only slightly impaired consciousness also showed subnormal platelet aggregation during the first few days with a return to normal by the fourth day. Platelet counts remained within normal limits in all groups. We suggest that during coma following head injury brainstem dysfunction induces neurohumoral changes in the blood which are responsible for a decrease in platelet function."}
{"id": "PMID:1214016", "title": "Serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products as a prognostic index in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A study of the prognostic value of serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in 137 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction showed a positive correlation between high FDP levels and poor prognosis. Both the frequency of complications and the mortality were related to increased levels of FDP, the highest of which were found between the fourth and eighth days after infarction.", "contents": "Serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products as a prognostic index in acute myocardial infarction. A study of the prognostic value of serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in 137 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction showed a positive correlation between high FDP levels and poor prognosis. Both the frequency of complications and the mortality were related to increased levels of FDP, the highest of which were found between the fourth and eighth days after infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1214017", "title": "Diagnostic significance and source of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid of children with a variety of neurological disorders.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-four cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 183 different children were analysed for total lactate dehydrogenase (LD) activity and LD isoenzyme distribution. The LD activities were elevated in the CSF of patients with meningitis, especially with bacterial infections, and with central nervous system (CNS) leukaemia. The CSF LD isoenzyme patterns of both groups generally reflected the number and distribution of lymphocytes and granulocytes in the CSF. Increases in CSF LD levels also occurred in patients with other neurological disorders, such as hydrocephalus, raised intracranial pressure, and epileptic seizures. However, no significant increases in CSF LD activity nor abnormality of the isoenzyme distribution were noted in children who had had a non-specific febrile convulsion.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance and source of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid of children with a variety of neurological disorders. Two hundred and thirty-four cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 183 different children were analysed for total lactate dehydrogenase (LD) activity and LD isoenzyme distribution. The LD activities were elevated in the CSF of patients with meningitis, especially with bacterial infections, and with central nervous system (CNS) leukaemia. The CSF LD isoenzyme patterns of both groups generally reflected the number and distribution of lymphocytes and granulocytes in the CSF. Increases in CSF LD levels also occurred in patients with other neurological disorders, such as hydrocephalus, raised intracranial pressure, and epileptic seizures. However, no significant increases in CSF LD activity nor abnormality of the isoenzyme distribution were noted in children who had had a non-specific febrile convulsion."}
{"id": "PMID:1214018", "title": "Lability of human creatine kinase isoenzymes at 37 degrees C: a complication of electrophoretic separation.", "content": "The activity of the brain specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase is shown to fall off rapidly at 37 degrees C, particularly in the presence of albumin. Dithiothreitol cannot reverse this lability. The implications of this  finding suggest that electrophoretic techniques which use incubation methods to detect the brain specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase may underestimate the true activity.", "contents": "Lability of human creatine kinase isoenzymes at 37 degrees C: a complication of electrophoretic separation. The activity of the brain specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase is shown to fall off rapidly at 37 degrees C, particularly in the presence of albumin. Dithiothreitol cannot reverse this lability. The implications of this  finding suggest that electrophoretic techniques which use incubation methods to detect the brain specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase may underestimate the true activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1214021", "title": "Trichoepithelioma and pigmented nevus. A combined malformation.", "content": "The occasional occurrences of combined hamartomas composed of nevus cell nevi and adnexal tumors are not chance happenings. Pigmented nevi are malformations consisting of nevus cells together with various connective tissue and epithelial components. The proliferation of these components results in the combined malformations, whose occurrence, we believe, is more supporting evidence for the idea that pigmented nevi may have other components besides nevus cells.", "contents": "Trichoepithelioma and pigmented nevus. A combined malformation. The occasional occurrences of combined hamartomas composed of nevus cell nevi and adnexal tumors are not chance happenings. Pigmented nevi are malformations consisting of nevus cells together with various connective tissue and epithelial components. The proliferation of these components results in the combined malformations, whose occurrence, we believe, is more supporting evidence for the idea that pigmented nevi may have other components besides nevus cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1214022", "title": "Cellular activity in the dermis surrounding the hair bulb in alopecia areata.", "content": "The metabolic activity of the cells in the connective tissue surrounding the hair bulb has been studied by radioautography in alopecia areata and in normal scalp, using in vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine, uridine, histidine, leucine and proline. In alopecia areata, the hair bulbs are blocked in the anagen IV stage and DNA, RNA and protein synthesis are restrained. Cells in the papilla, as well as the cellular infiltrate, display a very low rate of metabolic activity. During regrowth in alopecia areata, the activity of endothelial cells is increased in the papillary and peribulbar layers before DNA, RNA and protein synthesis are restored in the epithelial cells of the hair bulb. The dermal and epithelial labelling patterns eventually reach levels comparable to those observed in an induced anagen IV state of a normal scalp. It is concluded that the progression from anagen IV to a further stage represents a critical period in the growth of hair that would closely depend upon an adequate metabolic function of the connective tissue. It is impaired in alopecia areata.", "contents": "Cellular activity in the dermis surrounding the hair bulb in alopecia areata. The metabolic activity of the cells in the connective tissue surrounding the hair bulb has been studied by radioautography in alopecia areata and in normal scalp, using in vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine, uridine, histidine, leucine and proline. In alopecia areata, the hair bulbs are blocked in the anagen IV stage and DNA, RNA and protein synthesis are restrained. Cells in the papilla, as well as the cellular infiltrate, display a very low rate of metabolic activity. During regrowth in alopecia areata, the activity of endothelial cells is increased in the papillary and peribulbar layers before DNA, RNA and protein synthesis are restored in the epithelial cells of the hair bulb. The dermal and epithelial labelling patterns eventually reach levels comparable to those observed in an induced anagen IV state of a normal scalp. It is concluded that the progression from anagen IV to a further stage represents a critical period in the growth of hair that would closely depend upon an adequate metabolic function of the connective tissue. It is impaired in alopecia areata."}
{"id": "PMID:1214028", "title": "Dimensions of behavior problems among Oglala Sioux adolescents.", "content": "A factor analytic study of the Quay-Peterson (1967) Behavior Problem Checklist among American Indians indicated cross-cultural factor similarity for conduct problems. Personality problems and inadequacy-immaturity did not replicate across cultures. Results are discussed in the context of Sioux culture.", "contents": "Dimensions of behavior problems among Oglala Sioux adolescents. A factor analytic study of the Quay-Peterson (1967) Behavior Problem Checklist among American Indians indicated cross-cultural factor similarity for conduct problems. Personality problems and inadequacy-immaturity did not replicate across cultures. Results are discussed in the context of Sioux culture."}
{"id": "PMID:1214029", "title": "Facial attractiveness and personal-social development.", "content": "The relationship between physical attractiveness and personal-social development was examined. The entire third, fourth, and fifth grade school population (N=440) was administered a self-concept and peer acceptance measure. School pictures of these children were then rated into attractive and unattractive groups (N = 84). Three separate three-factor (sex X attractiveness X grade) analyses of variance indicated attractive children were more socially accepted than their unattractive peers and had higher self-concepts.", "contents": "Facial attractiveness and personal-social development. The relationship between physical attractiveness and personal-social development was examined. The entire third, fourth, and fifth grade school population (N=440) was administered a self-concept and peer acceptance measure. School pictures of these children were then rated into attractive and unattractive groups (N = 84). Three separate three-factor (sex X attractiveness X grade) analyses of variance indicated attractive children were more socially accepted than their unattractive peers and had higher self-concepts."}
{"id": "PMID:1214030", "title": "The reward value of peers. A variable influencing the efficacy of filmed modeling in modifying social isolation in preschoolers.", "content": "Sixteen socially isolate preschoolers were classified as peer- or non-peer-oriented on the basis of their responses to a test devised to measure the reward value of peers. Half of the subjects in each classification were assigned to a modeling treatment and viewed a film depicting appropriate social behavior in the nursery school; half served as controls and saw an animal film. Peer-oriented modeling film subjects increased significantly more in their peer social interactions at posttest and follow-up assessments than did the non-peer-oriented modeling group. In addition, both peer-oriented and non-peer-oriented modeling groups were significantly higher on peer interaction than the control groups. Alternative and supplemental procedures for increasing isolate preschoolers' social interaction are discussed.", "contents": "The reward value of peers. A variable influencing the efficacy of filmed modeling in modifying social isolation in preschoolers. Sixteen socially isolate preschoolers were classified as peer- or non-peer-oriented on the basis of their responses to a test devised to measure the reward value of peers. Half of the subjects in each classification were assigned to a modeling treatment and viewed a film depicting appropriate social behavior in the nursery school; half served as controls and saw an animal film. Peer-oriented modeling film subjects increased significantly more in their peer social interactions at posttest and follow-up assessments than did the non-peer-oriented modeling group. In addition, both peer-oriented and non-peer-oriented modeling groups were significantly higher on peer interaction than the control groups. Alternative and supplemental procedures for increasing isolate preschoolers' social interaction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214031", "title": "The effects of reward and punishment on reaction times and autonomic activity in hyperactive and normal children.", "content": "The performance of hyperactive and control children was compared on a delayed reaction time task under three reinforcement conditions: reward, punishment, and reward plus punishment. Hyperactives had slower and more variable reaction times, suggesting an attentional deficit. Although each of the three reinforcement conditons was successful in improving reaction times for both subject groups, reward led to a significant increase in impulsive responses in the hyperactive children. Autonomic data revealed that reward also increased arousal to a greater extent than punishment or reward plus punishment. Although resting skin conductance was not different in the two groups of subjects, hyperactives produced fewer specific autonomic responses to signal stimuli.", "contents": "The effects of reward and punishment on reaction times and autonomic activity in hyperactive and normal children. The performance of hyperactive and control children was compared on a delayed reaction time task under three reinforcement conditions: reward, punishment, and reward plus punishment. Hyperactives had slower and more variable reaction times, suggesting an attentional deficit. Although each of the three reinforcement conditons was successful in improving reaction times for both subject groups, reward led to a significant increase in impulsive responses in the hyperactive children. Autonomic data revealed that reward also increased arousal to a greater extent than punishment or reward plus punishment. Although resting skin conductance was not different in the two groups of subjects, hyperactives produced fewer specific autonomic responses to signal stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:1214032", "title": "Conners' Teacher Rating Scale for use in drug studies with children--an empirical study.", "content": "Their classroom teachers rated 291 schoolchildren, grades kindergarten through 6, on Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, developed for and used widely in drug studies in children. Scores were found to be significantly lower than those reported for a similar group of 92 New York children and considerably less than those of a group of 64 children receiving medication for deviant behavior. Boys generally had higher scores for acting-out-type behavior while girls scored higher on neuroticism. The factor structure in this sample showed some differences from that in Conners' original analysis but they are insufficient for any change in the widely accepted scoring system, except perhaps to add a fifth factor of sociability.", "contents": "Conners' Teacher Rating Scale for use in drug studies with children--an empirical study. Their classroom teachers rated 291 schoolchildren, grades kindergarten through 6, on Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, developed for and used widely in drug studies in children. Scores were found to be significantly lower than those reported for a similar group of 92 New York children and considerably less than those of a group of 64 children receiving medication for deviant behavior. Boys generally had higher scores for acting-out-type behavior while girls scored higher on neuroticism. The factor structure in this sample showed some differences from that in Conners' original analysis but they are insufficient for any change in the widely accepted scoring system, except perhaps to add a fifth factor of sociability."}
{"id": "PMID:1214033", "title": "A comparison of objective measures of activity and distractibility in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children.", "content": "In a 15-minute free-play and a 5-minute test session, 13 measures of activity, distractibility, and parental ratings of activity were obtained on three groups of children, consisting of 16 boys referred to a psychological services center for evaluation of possible hyperactivity, 16 referred to that same center for problems other than hyperactivity, and 20 obtained from the local community. Subjects were boys with average intelligence between the ages of 4 and 12 years. Results indicated that the multiple measures of activity and distractibility had significant but relatively low order correlations among themselves. These relationships varied as a function of the subject group. However, there was no sonsistent relationship between the measures of activity and distractibility. The pattern of relationships obtained suggested that both activity level and distractibility are not homogeneous, unidimensional constructs. Results also indicated that boys referred for hyperactivity displayed greater wrist activity in free play, tended to display greater ankle activity in free play, had significantly correlated wrist and ankle activity, and were rated by their parents as more active than other children. This pattern suggested a global restlessness in children referred for hyperactivity that distinguishes them from other children.", "contents": "A comparison of objective measures of activity and distractibility in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. In a 15-minute free-play and a 5-minute test session, 13 measures of activity, distractibility, and parental ratings of activity were obtained on three groups of children, consisting of 16 boys referred to a psychological services center for evaluation of possible hyperactivity, 16 referred to that same center for problems other than hyperactivity, and 20 obtained from the local community. Subjects were boys with average intelligence between the ages of 4 and 12 years. Results indicated that the multiple measures of activity and distractibility had significant but relatively low order correlations among themselves. These relationships varied as a function of the subject group. However, there was no sonsistent relationship between the measures of activity and distractibility. The pattern of relationships obtained suggested that both activity level and distractibility are not homogeneous, unidimensional constructs. Results also indicated that boys referred for hyperactivity displayed greater wrist activity in free play, tended to display greater ankle activity in free play, had significantly correlated wrist and ankle activity, and were rated by their parents as more active than other children. This pattern suggested a global restlessness in children referred for hyperactivity that distinguishes them from other children."}
{"id": "PMID:1214034", "title": "Adolescent verbal behavior. An investigation of noncontent styles as related to race and delinquency status.", "content": "This investigation assessed the relationship of race and delinquent status with the noncontent verbal behavior of adolescent males. A standardized videotape interview was used to ensure consistent stimulus presentation. Sixteen white and sixteen black delinquents were compared with equal numbers of nondelinquents on the noncontent verbal measures of total time (performance time), units (frequency), and latency. It was predicted that nondelinquents would be more verbal than delinquents and whites would be more verbal than blacks. No racial differences were found. Delinquents, however, were found to talk significantly less than nondelinquents and to have significantly longer verbal latencies. Discussion of these results centered on the verbal demand characteristics of certain settings, such as classrooms and court hearings.", "contents": "Adolescent verbal behavior. An investigation of noncontent styles as related to race and delinquency status. This investigation assessed the relationship of race and delinquent status with the noncontent verbal behavior of adolescent males. A standardized videotape interview was used to ensure consistent stimulus presentation. Sixteen white and sixteen black delinquents were compared with equal numbers of nondelinquents on the noncontent verbal measures of total time (performance time), units (frequency), and latency. It was predicted that nondelinquents would be more verbal than delinquents and whites would be more verbal than blacks. No racial differences were found. Delinquents, however, were found to talk significantly less than nondelinquents and to have significantly longer verbal latencies. Discussion of these results centered on the verbal demand characteristics of certain settings, such as classrooms and court hearings."}
{"id": "PMID:1214035", "title": "The comparison of antisocial and prosocial children on multicriterion measures at summer camp.", "content": "Eighty-four prosocial children and 14 children defined as antisocial according to various diagnostic measures utilized by the professional therapeutic community were compared as to incidences of prosocial, nonsocial, and antisocial behaviors exhibited at a summer camp. Additionally, the children and their group counselors completed various inventories posited to measure antisocial behavior. A time-sampling procedure used to secure behavioral measurements on the children each day, when possible, during 60-minute intervals for a 5-week period, revealed no significant differences on prosocial,nonsocial, and antisocial behavior. Self inventories provided data contradictory to the behavioral data. The results of the study are discussed in terms of the difficulties involved in operationalizing the concept of antisocial behavior and the possibility that the antisocial children may have been labeled.", "contents": "The comparison of antisocial and prosocial children on multicriterion measures at summer camp. Eighty-four prosocial children and 14 children defined as antisocial according to various diagnostic measures utilized by the professional therapeutic community were compared as to incidences of prosocial, nonsocial, and antisocial behaviors exhibited at a summer camp. Additionally, the children and their group counselors completed various inventories posited to measure antisocial behavior. A time-sampling procedure used to secure behavioral measurements on the children each day, when possible, during 60-minute intervals for a 5-week period, revealed no significant differences on prosocial,nonsocial, and antisocial behavior. Self inventories provided data contradictory to the behavioral data. The results of the study are discussed in terms of the difficulties involved in operationalizing the concept of antisocial behavior and the possibility that the antisocial children may have been labeled."}
{"id": "PMID:1214036", "title": "[Breast cytology. Its place in the diagnosis of tumors].", "content": "Our work consists in the review of the experience in our hospital over 9 months and 110 cases in which tumours of the breast were seen. In most of them a clinical study, a radiological study, a thermographic study and a cytological and histological study was carried out. This shows that an examination of the ctyology is a very useful addition to the work-up to be carried out before therapy is started. The difficulty in cytology of the breast lies in the obviously serious problems in interpretation of the appearances, and explains why there are 2.7% of false negatives and 0.9% of false positives. All the same we think that we can find out how to lessen the number of these failures in diagnosis by a better knowledge of the traps to be found in breast cytology. Far from being a substitute for pathological anatomy, cytology is an indispensable complement to the study of the pathology of the breast.", "contents": "[Breast cytology. Its place in the diagnosis of tumors]. Our work consists in the review of the experience in our hospital over 9 months and 110 cases in which tumours of the breast were seen. In most of them a clinical study, a radiological study, a thermographic study and a cytological and histological study was carried out. This shows that an examination of the ctyology is a very useful addition to the work-up to be carried out before therapy is started. The difficulty in cytology of the breast lies in the obviously serious problems in interpretation of the appearances, and explains why there are 2.7% of false negatives and 0.9% of false positives. All the same we think that we can find out how to lessen the number of these failures in diagnosis by a better knowledge of the traps to be found in breast cytology. Far from being a substitute for pathological anatomy, cytology is an indispensable complement to the study of the pathology of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:1214041", "title": "To die young, to die old management of terminal illness at age 20 and at age 85: case reports. Death and dying in an 85-year-old woman.", "content": "In conclusion, preparing for death is a developmental task. Whether faced with acute illness or old age, the inevitability of death comprises part of the mental life of all of us. As with all other developmental tasks, the quality of mastery depends on mastery of earlier developmental tasks and the related adaptive capacities of the ego. Mrs. F. had the good fortune of family support, concrete help in the household, and casework treatment that many of the aged do not have. However, past experiences, coupled with an ability to work out problems and to utilize available external resources, helped her to work through feelings about her own impending death.", "contents": "To die young, to die old management of terminal illness at age 20 and at age 85: case reports. Death and dying in an 85-year-old woman. In conclusion, preparing for death is a developmental task. Whether faced with acute illness or old age, the inevitability of death comprises part of the mental life of all of us. As with all other developmental tasks, the quality of mastery depends on mastery of earlier developmental tasks and the related adaptive capacities of the ego. Mrs. F. had the good fortune of family support, concrete help in the household, and casework treatment that many of the aged do not have. However, past experiences, coupled with an ability to work out problems and to utilize available external resources, helped her to work through feelings about her own impending death."}
{"id": "PMID:1214037", "title": "[The carotid piezogram in obstetrics].", "content": "The carotid piezogram is a very simple test. The graph illustrates the elasticity of the arteries and the peripheral resistance. It is the best way of evaluating the vascular state of the pregnant woman when vascul-renal syndromes occur in pregnancy. The authors have studied three elements in the graph and their modifications resulting from the different types of vasculo-renal syndromes. The piezogram is a valuable test for fetal prognosis: the degree of hypotrophy and the risk of fetal death. Furthermore the piezogram sometimes may be the only alarm signal before the other clinical or paraclinical features for prognosis occur. In any case the piezogram give the best information. Furthermore, it can uncover the rise in peripheral resistance which is the cause of certain fetal hypotrophies when nothing else would point to the vascular system being affected. Often an abnormal piezogram is found for the first time in pregnancy and the graph becomes normal in the months after delivery. Pregnancy may be considered as a \"test for vascular function\" when vascular functional troubles will show up for a short time, not to declare themselves again for perhaps another ten to twenty years. The piezogram therefore is very valuable as a long-term prognostic tool for the mother.", "contents": "[The carotid piezogram in obstetrics]. The carotid piezogram is a very simple test. The graph illustrates the elasticity of the arteries and the peripheral resistance. It is the best way of evaluating the vascular state of the pregnant woman when vascul-renal syndromes occur in pregnancy. The authors have studied three elements in the graph and their modifications resulting from the different types of vasculo-renal syndromes. The piezogram is a valuable test for fetal prognosis: the degree of hypotrophy and the risk of fetal death. Furthermore the piezogram sometimes may be the only alarm signal before the other clinical or paraclinical features for prognosis occur. In any case the piezogram give the best information. Furthermore, it can uncover the rise in peripheral resistance which is the cause of certain fetal hypotrophies when nothing else would point to the vascular system being affected. Often an abnormal piezogram is found for the first time in pregnancy and the graph becomes normal in the months after delivery. Pregnancy may be considered as a \"test for vascular function\" when vascular functional troubles will show up for a short time, not to declare themselves again for perhaps another ten to twenty years. The piezogram therefore is very valuable as a long-term prognostic tool for the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:1214038", "title": "[Determination of prolactin].", "content": "Prolactin is a pituitary stimulating hormone which is capable of inducing and maintaining lactation. The recent introduction of very sensitive methods of estimating the levels have led to its isolation and identification of its physico-chemical characteristics in the human and also to the physio-pathological study of its secretion. The authors demonstrate a human homologous radio-immune level estimating technique which uses a human anti-prolactin serum obtained from the rabbit human prolactin highly purified with iodine 125 using the lacto-peroxydase method. This radio-immune level estimation constitutes a feasible and satisfactory approach for the base level of prolactin. The spread of results which have been obtained, however, showed that one sole estimation is not sufficient. The authors draw attention to the need to carry out dynamic tests of stimulation or of braking in order to reveal possible abnormalities of prolactin secretion.", "contents": "[Determination of prolactin]. Prolactin is a pituitary stimulating hormone which is capable of inducing and maintaining lactation. The recent introduction of very sensitive methods of estimating the levels have led to its isolation and identification of its physico-chemical characteristics in the human and also to the physio-pathological study of its secretion. The authors demonstrate a human homologous radio-immune level estimating technique which uses a human anti-prolactin serum obtained from the rabbit human prolactin highly purified with iodine 125 using the lacto-peroxydase method. This radio-immune level estimation constitutes a feasible and satisfactory approach for the base level of prolactin. The spread of results which have been obtained, however, showed that one sole estimation is not sufficient. The authors draw attention to the need to carry out dynamic tests of stimulation or of braking in order to reveal possible abnormalities of prolactin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1214043", "title": "Some experiences in consulting to a community of retired soldiers.", "content": "This paper describes how a general psychiatrist entering a stable community of retired soldiers worked within the community's bounds and utilized its unique resources to augment its mental health services.", "contents": "Some experiences in consulting to a community of retired soldiers. This paper describes how a general psychiatrist entering a stable community of retired soldiers worked within the community's bounds and utilized its unique resources to augment its mental health services."}
{"id": "PMID:1214039", "title": "[Clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma in young girls. Apropos of a personal case].", "content": "A personal case which has been studied has given the authors the opportunity of analysing the characteristics of clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a young girl. Adhesions are most often discovered in cases of metrorrhagia or discharge about the time of puberty. Thence as a friable tumour on the anterior wall of the vagina. Usually diethylstilboestrol has been given during intrauterine life. Histologically clear cell carcinomata of the vagina are characterised by a glandular structure in which large cells with large nuclei and clear cytoplasm as well as small cells with \"tapestry-maker nail patterns\" are found together. Treatment is surgical: total colpohysterectomy with conservation of the ovaries, with lymphadenectomy and with conservation of a vaginal cavity. Prevention consists in screening those who have been exposed to the risk and treating lesions that have been found, but above all in care in using estrogens in pregnant women.", "contents": "[Clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma in young girls. Apropos of a personal case]. A personal case which has been studied has given the authors the opportunity of analysing the characteristics of clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a young girl. Adhesions are most often discovered in cases of metrorrhagia or discharge about the time of puberty. Thence as a friable tumour on the anterior wall of the vagina. Usually diethylstilboestrol has been given during intrauterine life. Histologically clear cell carcinomata of the vagina are characterised by a glandular structure in which large cells with large nuclei and clear cytoplasm as well as small cells with \"tapestry-maker nail patterns\" are found together. Treatment is surgical: total colpohysterectomy with conservation of the ovaries, with lymphadenectomy and with conservation of a vaginal cavity. Prevention consists in screening those who have been exposed to the risk and treating lesions that have been found, but above all in care in using estrogens in pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:1214040", "title": "[Role of varicocele in male sterility].", "content": "After they had analysed 50 cases of varicocoele the authors decided to put in writing some of their ideas. They conclude that varicocoele is often sub-clinical, localised to the right side, bilateral only in a number of cases. Although neither the sperm count nor the histology of the testes show specific pathological features, treatment of the condition brings worthwhile rewards. About 40% of patients father pregnancies.", "contents": "[Role of varicocele in male sterility]. After they had analysed 50 cases of varicocoele the authors decided to put in writing some of their ideas. They conclude that varicocoele is often sub-clinical, localised to the right side, bilateral only in a number of cases. Although neither the sperm count nor the histology of the testes show specific pathological features, treatment of the condition brings worthwhile rewards. About 40% of patients father pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:1214047", "title": "The telencephalon of the sea catfish Galeichthys felis.", "content": "The sea catfish is a relatively abundant teleost fish. Its placement on the phylogenetic scale remains in question, although its brain resembles grossly those of some of the other teleosts which also possess pedunculated olfactory bulbs. The forebrain of Galeichthys felis consists of two hemispheres which lack lateral ventricles. They are joined at the midline by a thin membrane ventromedially and by the hippocampal and anterior commissures. The telencephalic hemispheres are overlaid by a single, ventrolaterally attached membrane which is continuous rostrally with the roofs of the olfactory ventricles. Six basic nuclear regions are evident in the telencephalon of the sea catfish: a dorsomedial, a ventromedial, a ventral, a lateral, a dorsal and a central. Dorsomedially, the primordial hippocampal formation is divided into an anterior continuation, a primordial dentate gyrus, a primordial cornu ammonis and a primordial subiculum. Ventromedially, the precommissural septum consists of the medial septal nucleus (pars dorsalis and pars ventralis), the lateral septal nucleus and the nuclei of the hippocampal and anterior commissure. Ventrally, the medial and the lateral zones and the medial island constitute the tuberculum olfactorium. The primordial general pallium comprises the dorsal area. Laterally, the primordial piriform cortex and the prepiriform region overlie the relatively large primordial amygdaloid complex, which includes an anterior anygdaloid nucleus, a primordial corticomedial amygdaloid nucleus and a primordial basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. The hyperstriatum, the neostriatum, and paleostriatum augmentatum and the paleostriatum primitivum constitute the central region. Basic fiber systems in Galeichthys felis which are homologous to those of higher vertebrates include the medial and the lateral olfactory tracts, the fornix, the medial and the lateral forebrain bundles, the stria medullaris pathways and the stria terminalis. In spite of the lack of lateral telencephalic ventricles in this form, nuclear areas were defined which, on the basis of topography, cellular morphology and fiber pathways, were homologized with the six basic regions found in the forebrain of higher vertebrates. The basic pattern of the fiber pathways present in the sea catfish corresponds to that found in the other submammalian vertebrates.", "contents": "The telencephalon of the sea catfish Galeichthys felis. The sea catfish is a relatively abundant teleost fish. Its placement on the phylogenetic scale remains in question, although its brain resembles grossly those of some of the other teleosts which also possess pedunculated olfactory bulbs. The forebrain of Galeichthys felis consists of two hemispheres which lack lateral ventricles. They are joined at the midline by a thin membrane ventromedially and by the hippocampal and anterior commissures. The telencephalic hemispheres are overlaid by a single, ventrolaterally attached membrane which is continuous rostrally with the roofs of the olfactory ventricles. Six basic nuclear regions are evident in the telencephalon of the sea catfish: a dorsomedial, a ventromedial, a ventral, a lateral, a dorsal and a central. Dorsomedially, the primordial hippocampal formation is divided into an anterior continuation, a primordial dentate gyrus, a primordial cornu ammonis and a primordial subiculum. Ventromedially, the precommissural septum consists of the medial septal nucleus (pars dorsalis and pars ventralis), the lateral septal nucleus and the nuclei of the hippocampal and anterior commissure. Ventrally, the medial and the lateral zones and the medial island constitute the tuberculum olfactorium. The primordial general pallium comprises the dorsal area. Laterally, the primordial piriform cortex and the prepiriform region overlie the relatively large primordial amygdaloid complex, which includes an anterior anygdaloid nucleus, a primordial corticomedial amygdaloid nucleus and a primordial basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. The hyperstriatum, the neostriatum, and paleostriatum augmentatum and the paleostriatum primitivum constitute the central region. Basic fiber systems in Galeichthys felis which are homologous to those of higher vertebrates include the medial and the lateral olfactory tracts, the fornix, the medial and the lateral forebrain bundles, the stria medullaris pathways and the stria terminalis. In spite of the lack of lateral telencephalic ventricles in this form, nuclear areas were defined which, on the basis of topography, cellular morphology and fiber pathways, were homologized with the six basic regions found in the forebrain of higher vertebrates. The basic pattern of the fiber pathways present in the sea catfish corresponds to that found in the other submammalian vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:1214048", "title": "On the normal histochemistry of trace metals in the brain.", "content": "Timm's sulphide silver method is generally regarded as a sensitive histochemical method for transition metals, group 2b metals, and heavy metals. It has been used frequently both for investigating the localization of metals normally present in various tissues and, in animal experiments, for tracing the distribution of metals administered in toxic amounts. The present author has standardized the method to ensure a reproducible, strong, sulphide silver staining in the central nervous system of the rat, and made the following light microscopic findings, briefly summarized: 1) White matter is only very lightly stainable, some of this stain clearly being confined to glial perikarya and processes. 2) The staining of glia (in white and grey matter) is differentiated both according to region and type of cell. 3) The latter is also true for neuronal somata. 4) Within the neuropil there are sharp borders as well as diffuse gradients with respect ot staining density. Most of the stain is confined to granules about the size of synaptic boutons. The staining of neuropil in the cerebral cortex has received special emphasis: It is stronger than in most other regions and its exquisite laminar distribution faithfully reproduces known synaptic fields, suggesting a close association with certain fibre systems or types of synapses. This conclusion is supported by the previous electron microscopic finding of precipitate within the large hippocampal mossy fibre boutons, and by preliminary electron microscopic and experimental data for other laminae and fields within the hippocampus. The histochemical validity of the sulphide silver method has been extensively discussed elsewhere. It seems appropriate to conclude that the staining pattern described light microscopically gives a valid picture of the distribution of one or more, but not all, important transition metal fractions within the brain. The use of intravital chelation for manipulating the stainable metals are discussed. Several basal questions to be answered on the path towards an understanding of their functions are suggested. Thus a solid factual basis should be provided upon which to start a rational search for disturbances of their functions.", "contents": "On the normal histochemistry of trace metals in the brain. Timm's sulphide silver method is generally regarded as a sensitive histochemical method for transition metals, group 2b metals, and heavy metals. It has been used frequently both for investigating the localization of metals normally present in various tissues and, in animal experiments, for tracing the distribution of metals administered in toxic amounts. The present author has standardized the method to ensure a reproducible, strong, sulphide silver staining in the central nervous system of the rat, and made the following light microscopic findings, briefly summarized: 1) White matter is only very lightly stainable, some of this stain clearly being confined to glial perikarya and processes. 2) The staining of glia (in white and grey matter) is differentiated both according to region and type of cell. 3) The latter is also true for neuronal somata. 4) Within the neuropil there are sharp borders as well as diffuse gradients with respect ot staining density. Most of the stain is confined to granules about the size of synaptic boutons. The staining of neuropil in the cerebral cortex has received special emphasis: It is stronger than in most other regions and its exquisite laminar distribution faithfully reproduces known synaptic fields, suggesting a close association with certain fibre systems or types of synapses. This conclusion is supported by the previous electron microscopic finding of precipitate within the large hippocampal mossy fibre boutons, and by preliminary electron microscopic and experimental data for other laminae and fields within the hippocampus. The histochemical validity of the sulphide silver method has been extensively discussed elsewhere. It seems appropriate to conclude that the staining pattern described light microscopically gives a valid picture of the distribution of one or more, but not all, important transition metal fractions within the brain. The use of intravital chelation for manipulating the stainable metals are discussed. Several basal questions to be answered on the path towards an understanding of their functions are suggested. Thus a solid factual basis should be provided upon which to start a rational search for disturbances of their functions."}
{"id": "PMID:1214049", "title": "The spino - cerebellar tracts in rabbit.", "content": "In young mature rabbits the spinal cord was damaged within lateral funicles and adjacent parts of the dorsal and ventral funicles. After 5-8 days of survival, control examinations were performed to find the extension of the lesion of the spinal cord, as well as studies of the cerebellum by Nauta method to investigate the site of the changed nervous fibres. After injuring the spinal cord on the level of neuromer C3 the degeneration of nervous fibres was found on both side within the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum. In the anterior lobe the degeneration referred to lobules I up to the anterior part of lobule V; in the posterior lobe it referred to lobule VIIIa, and VIIIb of the vermal zone, as well as to the adjacent parts of the hemispheres. When the spinal cord was damaged on the level of neuromer Th7 the degeneration of nervous fibres was seen in the same regions of the cerebellum, but mainly on the side of the lesion. When the spinal cord was damaged on the level of neuromer L2 the fibres changed by degeneration were met within the same regions of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, but mostly on the side opposite the lesion. The changes were smaller in this region than in the two kinds of lesions discussed before. The results allow to assume that the ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts end in the same regions of the cortex of the vermal zone and the intermediate zone of the anterior and posterior cerebellar lobe. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract seems to end on the same side, while the ventral spino-cerebellar tract ends almost exclusively on the opposite side of the symmetry plane.", "contents": "The spino - cerebellar tracts in rabbit. In young mature rabbits the spinal cord was damaged within lateral funicles and adjacent parts of the dorsal and ventral funicles. After 5-8 days of survival, control examinations were performed to find the extension of the lesion of the spinal cord, as well as studies of the cerebellum by Nauta method to investigate the site of the changed nervous fibres. After injuring the spinal cord on the level of neuromer C3 the degeneration of nervous fibres was found on both side within the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum. In the anterior lobe the degeneration referred to lobules I up to the anterior part of lobule V; in the posterior lobe it referred to lobule VIIIa, and VIIIb of the vermal zone, as well as to the adjacent parts of the hemispheres. When the spinal cord was damaged on the level of neuromer Th7 the degeneration of nervous fibres was seen in the same regions of the cerebellum, but mainly on the side of the lesion. When the spinal cord was damaged on the level of neuromer L2 the fibres changed by degeneration were met within the same regions of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, but mostly on the side opposite the lesion. The changes were smaller in this region than in the two kinds of lesions discussed before. The results allow to assume that the ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts end in the same regions of the cortex of the vermal zone and the intermediate zone of the anterior and posterior cerebellar lobe. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract seems to end on the same side, while the ventral spino-cerebellar tract ends almost exclusively on the opposite side of the symmetry plane."}
{"id": "PMID:1214050", "title": "[Morphological and histological study of neocortex of bovides (Antilopinae, Cephalophinae) and Tragulidae with comments on evolutionary development].", "content": "1. Macroscopical and histological studies on the neocortex of the cerebrum of small Artiodactyla (Tragulidae, Cephalophinae, Antilopinae) lead to some informations on the level of evolution of these animals. 2. A big part of the macroscopical investigations (pattern of sulci, relations between bodyweight and brainweight on the one hand and surface of neocortex on the other hand) already had been realized by HAARMANN and OBOUSSIER (1972). Therefore in this paper only the results for the Tragulidae and Cephalophus sylvicultor are added. The first are relatively primitive, while the latter obviously is a higher developed animal. C. sylvicultor fits into the general scheme of the brain of the Cephalophinae. 3. The investigations are complemented by microscopical investigations (histology of the neocortex: number of nerve cells per volume unit, gray cell and cortex coefficient, thickness of the neocortex). The knowledge of the evolution level obtained by macroscopical methods is confirmed. The Tragulidae are clearly separated from the other Artiodactyla as primitive animals, whereas the Cephalophinae measured with the cortex coefficient are the most developed, most \"intelligent\" Bovidae so far analyzed in this paper. The Antilopinae reach only lower coefficients. This subfamily may be separated into three groups (Antilopini, Neotragini, Oreotragus). The differences between the Antilopinae and the Cephalophinae are not so striking as between these Bovidae and the Tragulidae.", "contents": "[Morphological and histological study of neocortex of bovides (Antilopinae, Cephalophinae) and Tragulidae with comments on evolutionary development]. 1. Macroscopical and histological studies on the neocortex of the cerebrum of small Artiodactyla (Tragulidae, Cephalophinae, Antilopinae) lead to some informations on the level of evolution of these animals. 2. A big part of the macroscopical investigations (pattern of sulci, relations between bodyweight and brainweight on the one hand and surface of neocortex on the other hand) already had been realized by HAARMANN and OBOUSSIER (1972). Therefore in this paper only the results for the Tragulidae and Cephalophus sylvicultor are added. The first are relatively primitive, while the latter obviously is a higher developed animal. C. sylvicultor fits into the general scheme of the brain of the Cephalophinae. 3. The investigations are complemented by microscopical investigations (histology of the neocortex: number of nerve cells per volume unit, gray cell and cortex coefficient, thickness of the neocortex). The knowledge of the evolution level obtained by macroscopical methods is confirmed. The Tragulidae are clearly separated from the other Artiodactyla as primitive animals, whereas the Cephalophinae measured with the cortex coefficient are the most developed, most \"intelligent\" Bovidae so far analyzed in this paper. The Antilopinae reach only lower coefficients. This subfamily may be separated into three groups (Antilopini, Neotragini, Oreotragus). The differences between the Antilopinae and the Cephalophinae are not so striking as between these Bovidae and the Tragulidae."}
{"id": "PMID:1214051", "title": "Golgi studies on the amygdaloid nuclei of the cat.", "content": "The amygdaloid complex was studied in the cat in Golgi-Kopsch stained section series. Golgi type I (or long axon) neurons are present in all the amygdaloid nuclei. They vary in the different nuclei in shape, arrangement and in size but all have axons that leave the amygdala to establish connections with other regions. They usually have one or more initial locally arborizing collaterals. Two types of interneurons with short axons (Golgi type II) can be distinguished especially in the basal, lateral, cortical nuclei and in the amygdaloid area. One type has an axon arborizing by repeated dichotomical ramifications or in a fountain-like manner, but it does not extend beyond the span of the dendritic tree. The other type has more the character of the neurogliform cells with extremely delicate, beaded processes, the axon and dendrites cannot be easily distinguished. A third type of interneurons was observed in the lateral and basal nuclei. This type of interneurons has a longer axon, which divides into two branches, one arborizes in the neighborhood of the cell body, the other passes on for a further distance to terminate in other nuclei of the complex. The classification of this cell type, hence, is a matter of argument. The intraamygdaloid course of fibers associated with the stria terminalis was studied. The terminal arborizations of the afferent component were observed in the cortical and basolateral nuclei, the afferent component of the stria originates from cells in the central, cortical and medial nuclei. A reciprocal connection between the preamygdaloid part of the piriform cortical areas and the ventrolateral part of the amygdala could be ascertained. Terminal arborizations of some of these cortical afferents were observed in the basolateral nuclei.", "contents": "Golgi studies on the amygdaloid nuclei of the cat. The amygdaloid complex was studied in the cat in Golgi-Kopsch stained section series. Golgi type I (or long axon) neurons are present in all the amygdaloid nuclei. They vary in the different nuclei in shape, arrangement and in size but all have axons that leave the amygdala to establish connections with other regions. They usually have one or more initial locally arborizing collaterals. Two types of interneurons with short axons (Golgi type II) can be distinguished especially in the basal, lateral, cortical nuclei and in the amygdaloid area. One type has an axon arborizing by repeated dichotomical ramifications or in a fountain-like manner, but it does not extend beyond the span of the dendritic tree. The other type has more the character of the neurogliform cells with extremely delicate, beaded processes, the axon and dendrites cannot be easily distinguished. A third type of interneurons was observed in the lateral and basal nuclei. This type of interneurons has a longer axon, which divides into two branches, one arborizes in the neighborhood of the cell body, the other passes on for a further distance to terminate in other nuclei of the complex. The classification of this cell type, hence, is a matter of argument. The intraamygdaloid course of fibers associated with the stria terminalis was studied. The terminal arborizations of the afferent component were observed in the cortical and basolateral nuclei, the afferent component of the stria originates from cells in the central, cortical and medial nuclei. A reciprocal connection between the preamygdaloid part of the piriform cortical areas and the ventrolateral part of the amygdala could be ascertained. Terminal arborizations of some of these cortical afferents were observed in the basolateral nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:1214052", "title": "[Postnatal development of Rattus norvegicus B. cortical neurons and the influence of trauma].", "content": "The differentiation of the pyramid neurons during ontogenesis and the effects of a trauma on the process of neuron differentiation and synaptogenesis were investigated in the rat cerebral cortex after Golgi-impregnation. 1. There are temporal differences in the differentiation of the processes of cortical neurons. Axons differentiate earlier than dendrites, apical dendrites earlier than basal ones. 2. Varicosities in the processes of cortical neurons during the early postnatal period are regarded as a feature of growth processes. 3. The appearance of the dendritic spines is an important process in the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of cortical neurons. 4. The different cortical layers show a different degree of differentiation during development. The deeper layers precede the upper layers in the process of differentiation. 5. Ingrowing afferents have an essential influence on the differentiation - especially on the differentiation of the dendritic postsynaptic structures. 6. The cortex of 6 month old rats shows no principle differences in comparison with 24 days old animals. It is concluded that the visible differentiation processes of cortical neurons are nearly finished 24 days post partum. 7. As an effect of the trauma a considerable loss of dendritic spines of layer III and V pyramid cells is found in addition to general degeneration features. 8. The following factors are thought to be responsible for the loss of spines: (i) transneuronal processes with spine degeneration and subsequent phagocytosis of the synaptosome. (ii) destruction of differentiation furthering afferents results in differentiation defects of the neuron with the failure of further postsynaptic differentiation (spines).", "contents": "[Postnatal development of Rattus norvegicus B. cortical neurons and the influence of trauma]. The differentiation of the pyramid neurons during ontogenesis and the effects of a trauma on the process of neuron differentiation and synaptogenesis were investigated in the rat cerebral cortex after Golgi-impregnation. 1. There are temporal differences in the differentiation of the processes of cortical neurons. Axons differentiate earlier than dendrites, apical dendrites earlier than basal ones. 2. Varicosities in the processes of cortical neurons during the early postnatal period are regarded as a feature of growth processes. 3. The appearance of the dendritic spines is an important process in the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of cortical neurons. 4. The different cortical layers show a different degree of differentiation during development. The deeper layers precede the upper layers in the process of differentiation. 5. Ingrowing afferents have an essential influence on the differentiation - especially on the differentiation of the dendritic postsynaptic structures. 6. The cortex of 6 month old rats shows no principle differences in comparison with 24 days old animals. It is concluded that the visible differentiation processes of cortical neurons are nearly finished 24 days post partum. 7. As an effect of the trauma a considerable loss of dendritic spines of layer III and V pyramid cells is found in addition to general degeneration features. 8. The following factors are thought to be responsible for the loss of spines: (i) transneuronal processes with spine degeneration and subsequent phagocytosis of the synaptosome. (ii) destruction of differentiation furthering afferents results in differentiation defects of the neuron with the failure of further postsynaptic differentiation (spines)."}
{"id": "PMID:1214053", "title": "A morphological study of the lateral olfactory areas of the telencephalon in the mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.", "content": "This study concerns the morphological description of the nuclear groups and fiber tracts in the olfactory areas in the lateral wall of the hemisphere of the gerbil. The sense of olfaction is assumed to play an important role in the gerbil's behavior (see Vol. 15, Sect. 4). The hippocampal formation, amygdala and corpus striatum are well-developed and differentiated structures in the gerbil. These areas receive either direct or indirect olfactory connections through such pathways as the medial and lateral olfactory tracts. Other fiber tracts such as the anterior commissure, fornix, stria terminalis and the lateral forebrain bundle, carrying somatic and/or visceral fibers, as well, distribute olfactory impulses to numerous areas of the gerbil's brain. The lateral forebrain bundle (perhaps the major correlative fiber tract for olfactory, visceral and somatic impulses) begins in the striatum and terminates in the ventral thalamus and midbrain tegmentum. From there fibers are sent to the spinal cord, thereby effecting voluntary motor responses.", "contents": "A morphological study of the lateral olfactory areas of the telencephalon in the mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. This study concerns the morphological description of the nuclear groups and fiber tracts in the olfactory areas in the lateral wall of the hemisphere of the gerbil. The sense of olfaction is assumed to play an important role in the gerbil's behavior (see Vol. 15, Sect. 4). The hippocampal formation, amygdala and corpus striatum are well-developed and differentiated structures in the gerbil. These areas receive either direct or indirect olfactory connections through such pathways as the medial and lateral olfactory tracts. Other fiber tracts such as the anterior commissure, fornix, stria terminalis and the lateral forebrain bundle, carrying somatic and/or visceral fibers, as well, distribute olfactory impulses to numerous areas of the gerbil's brain. The lateral forebrain bundle (perhaps the major correlative fiber tract for olfactory, visceral and somatic impulses) begins in the striatum and terminates in the ventral thalamus and midbrain tegmentum. From there fibers are sent to the spinal cord, thereby effecting voluntary motor responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1214054", "title": "[Capillary vessels connecting cells in rat brain].", "content": "A method for their demonstration and the morphological characteristics of a type of small cells found in adult rat brains are presented. In lightoptical levels these cells have a simple shape. With their usually unbranched processes these cells are bridging generally two, seldom three or more blood capillaries.", "contents": "[Capillary vessels connecting cells in rat brain]. A method for their demonstration and the morphological characteristics of a type of small cells found in adult rat brains are presented. In lightoptical levels these cells have a simple shape. With their usually unbranched processes these cells are bridging generally two, seldom three or more blood capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:1214055", "title": "The isocortex of the ox (Bos taurus). I. The sulci and gyri.", "content": "A simplified scheme of the functionally important gyri and the sulci delimiting these areas, in the ox, is presented. The criteria used are the cyto- and myelo-architecture of the different areas and their correlation with the available physiological information of the nearest ungulates. The preparation of the brain map and experimental studies to determine the thalamocortical connections and later electrophysiological studies are thus possible. The following conclusions have been drawn: 1. The coronoansate sulci are the equivalents of the central sulcus of man. 2. The cruciate sulcus delimits the motor cortex caudally. 3. The equivalent of the calcarine sulcus of man, is the caudal part of the intralimbic sulcus, the axial sulcus of the striate area. 4. The suprasylvian sulcus forms the equivalent of the parietooccipital fissure of man. 5. The equivalent gyri of the isocortical areas of man are defined and the mechanical processes involved in the deformation pattern of the sagittaly oriented gyri of the subprimate mammals resulting in the coronal gyral pattern of man, are described.", "contents": "The isocortex of the ox (Bos taurus). I. The sulci and gyri. A simplified scheme of the functionally important gyri and the sulci delimiting these areas, in the ox, is presented. The criteria used are the cyto- and myelo-architecture of the different areas and their correlation with the available physiological information of the nearest ungulates. The preparation of the brain map and experimental studies to determine the thalamocortical connections and later electrophysiological studies are thus possible. The following conclusions have been drawn: 1. The coronoansate sulci are the equivalents of the central sulcus of man. 2. The cruciate sulcus delimits the motor cortex caudally. 3. The equivalent of the calcarine sulcus of man, is the caudal part of the intralimbic sulcus, the axial sulcus of the striate area. 4. The suprasylvian sulcus forms the equivalent of the parietooccipital fissure of man. 5. The equivalent gyri of the isocortical areas of man are defined and the mechanical processes involved in the deformation pattern of the sagittaly oriented gyri of the subprimate mammals resulting in the coronal gyral pattern of man, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1214056", "title": "The isocortex of the ox (Bos taurus). II. The cortical types, serial sections and brain map.", "content": "1. The cerebral hemispheres of the bovine brain have been studied by making serial sections in the different planes and employing Nissl, myelin and silver (protargol) methods. 2. Ten different cortical (architectural) types have been determined. 3. The somatomotor (Ms I, Ms II), somatosensory (Sm I, Sm II), auditory and visual areas of the cerebral cortex have been delimited. 4. A brain map with a symbolic scheme, has been prepared, based on the cyto- and myeloarchitectural findings and comparative experimental work on the nearest ungulates, other subprimates and primates including man. 5. The importance of the general eulaminate cortex, and its abundance in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes of man, which distinguish the human from the other brains are indicated. 6. It is concluded that the preparation of a brain map for this species, is the first step towards future experimental, neurophysiological and related fields of work.", "contents": "The isocortex of the ox (Bos taurus). II. The cortical types, serial sections and brain map. 1. The cerebral hemispheres of the bovine brain have been studied by making serial sections in the different planes and employing Nissl, myelin and silver (protargol) methods. 2. Ten different cortical (architectural) types have been determined. 3. The somatomotor (Ms I, Ms II), somatosensory (Sm I, Sm II), auditory and visual areas of the cerebral cortex have been delimited. 4. A brain map with a symbolic scheme, has been prepared, based on the cyto- and myeloarchitectural findings and comparative experimental work on the nearest ungulates, other subprimates and primates including man. 5. The importance of the general eulaminate cortex, and its abundance in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes of man, which distinguish the human from the other brains are indicated. 6. It is concluded that the preparation of a brain map for this species, is the first step towards future experimental, neurophysiological and related fields of work."}
{"id": "PMID:1214057", "title": "[Morphometrical-statistical structure analysis of human striatum, pallidum and subthalamic nucleus].", "content": "1. A morphometric-statistical analysis was carried out of fifteen hemispheres of thirteen normal brains of human adults. 2. A comparison of the volumes and the cell densities studied in serial sections is only meaningful if the results are corrected for shrinkage, which varies interindividually to a great extent. 3. The mean of the fresh volume of the striatum of the male subjects (10.2 cm3) was 12% higher than that of the female subjects (9.0 cm3), the difference not being significant. The putamen was 13% bigger on the average than the caudate nucleus. The size of the two nuclei was strictly correlated (r = 0.81). 4. The relative volume of the striatum in percent of the hemisphere volume amounted to 1.87% in males and 1.97% in females, of the putamen 0.99% (male) and 1.05% (female), of the caudate nucleus 0.88% and 0.92%, respectively. 5. The mean of the numerical density of small striatal nerve cells (kl. Nz) -- corrected for shrinkage -- came to 1100 kl. Nz/mm3, without evidence of being dependent of sex or age. 6. The corrected numerical density of the large striatal nerve cells (gr. Nz) had a mean of 65 gr. Nz/mm3 with a wide range of 49 to 78 gr. Nz/mm3, without a significant influence of sex or age. 7. The relation of kl. Nz/gr. Nz was on an average of 171:1 with a range of 130:1 to 258:1. 8. The mean of the corrected numerical density of glial cells (Gz) was found to be 41000 Gz/mm3 with a range of 34500 to 49200. Neither a difference between sexes nor a dependency of age was found. 9. The glia index (Gz/Nz) showed a mean of 37:1 with a range of 3.2:1 to 4.7:1. 10. The total number of small striatal cells averaged 100 million for males and 105 Million for females; for the large striatal cells the means were 670 thousand (male) and 570 thousand (female). Differences due to sex failed to be significant. 11. The total number of glial cells decreases with age. The mean of 408 million for males exceeded the mean of 380 million for females by 7% but without significance. 12. The volumetric density of nerve cells of males (4.03 Vol.-%) and females (4.14 Vol.-%) differed very little. 13. The mean fresh volume of a single small nerve cell in the striatum was calculated to be about 3600 mum3, ranging from 2600 to 4600 mum3. 14. The striatal nerve cells reached a total volume of 423 mm3 in males and 374 mm3 in females. 15. The mean of the diameter of the nucleus of the small nerve cells was calculated to be 8.64 mum in males and 8.70 mum in females.", "contents": "[Morphometrical-statistical structure analysis of human striatum, pallidum and subthalamic nucleus]. 1. A morphometric-statistical analysis was carried out of fifteen hemispheres of thirteen normal brains of human adults. 2. A comparison of the volumes and the cell densities studied in serial sections is only meaningful if the results are corrected for shrinkage, which varies interindividually to a great extent. 3. The mean of the fresh volume of the striatum of the male subjects (10.2 cm3) was 12% higher than that of the female subjects (9.0 cm3), the difference not being significant. The putamen was 13% bigger on the average than the caudate nucleus. The size of the two nuclei was strictly correlated (r = 0.81). 4. The relative volume of the striatum in percent of the hemisphere volume amounted to 1.87% in males and 1.97% in females, of the putamen 0.99% (male) and 1.05% (female), of the caudate nucleus 0.88% and 0.92%, respectively. 5. The mean of the numerical density of small striatal nerve cells (kl. Nz) -- corrected for shrinkage -- came to 1100 kl. Nz/mm3, without evidence of being dependent of sex or age. 6. The corrected numerical density of the large striatal nerve cells (gr. Nz) had a mean of 65 gr. Nz/mm3 with a wide range of 49 to 78 gr. Nz/mm3, without a significant influence of sex or age. 7. The relation of kl. Nz/gr. Nz was on an average of 171:1 with a range of 130:1 to 258:1. 8. The mean of the corrected numerical density of glial cells (Gz) was found to be 41000 Gz/mm3 with a range of 34500 to 49200. Neither a difference between sexes nor a dependency of age was found. 9. The glia index (Gz/Nz) showed a mean of 37:1 with a range of 3.2:1 to 4.7:1. 10. The total number of small striatal cells averaged 100 million for males and 105 Million for females; for the large striatal cells the means were 670 thousand (male) and 570 thousand (female). Differences due to sex failed to be significant. 11. The total number of glial cells decreases with age. The mean of 408 million for males exceeded the mean of 380 million for females by 7% but without significance. 12. The volumetric density of nerve cells of males (4.03 Vol.-%) and females (4.14 Vol.-%) differed very little. 13. The mean fresh volume of a single small nerve cell in the striatum was calculated to be about 3600 mum3, ranging from 2600 to 4600 mum3. 14. The striatal nerve cells reached a total volume of 423 mm3 in males and 374 mm3 in females. 15. The mean of the diameter of the nucleus of the small nerve cells was calculated to be 8.64 mum in males and 8.70 mum in females."}
{"id": "PMID:1214058", "title": "[Afferents of vagus nerve to intercalary nucleus].", "content": "In 11 rabbits operations of intracranial transection of IXth and Xth cranial nerves and transections of vagal nerve on its several levels were performed. After survival 271-327 days karyometric investigations of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes contained in intercalary nuclei of both sides of medulla were performed. It was stated that after transection of the vagus nerve on the levels proximally to the arising of the recurrent laryngeal nerve the volume of cross-area of neurons and nuclei of astrocytes decreases on the operated side. The authors concluded that atrophic changes found in the intercalary nucleus may be probable of transsynaptic in character. It indicated, that intercalary nucleus receives afferents from the vagus nerve.", "contents": "[Afferents of vagus nerve to intercalary nucleus]. In 11 rabbits operations of intracranial transection of IXth and Xth cranial nerves and transections of vagal nerve on its several levels were performed. After survival 271-327 days karyometric investigations of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes contained in intercalary nuclei of both sides of medulla were performed. It was stated that after transection of the vagus nerve on the levels proximally to the arising of the recurrent laryngeal nerve the volume of cross-area of neurons and nuclei of astrocytes decreases on the operated side. The authors concluded that atrophic changes found in the intercalary nucleus may be probable of transsynaptic in character. It indicated, that intercalary nucleus receives afferents from the vagus nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:1214059", "title": "[Morphometrical-statistical structure analysis of human striatum, pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. II. Globus pallidus].", "content": "1. The pallidum of 13 hemispheres of 11 human brains of normal adults was studied by morphometric-statistical methods. 2. The values obtained on paraffin-embedded frontal serial sections were corrected individually for shrinkage in order to get comparable fresh values. 3. The mean fresh volume of the pallidum laterale of males (1220 mm3) was 13% higher than that of females (1065 mm3). The corresponding mean values of the pallidum mediale were 520 mm3 (male) and 430 mm3 (female), the difference being 17%. The difference between sexes failed to be significant. The lateral segment accounted for about 70% of the total volume of the pallidum. 4. The pallidum occupied 0,32% or ca. 1 over 300 of the volume of the hemisphere. 5. The numeric cell densities showed no significant age or sex differences. The mean value of the lateral pallidum was 437 nerve cells/mm3 and of the medial part 327 nerve cells/mm3, the difference being highly significant (p less than 0,001). 6. The pallidum laterale showed a numerical density of 66000 glial cells/mm3, the medial segment had 62000 glial cells/mm3, the difference just reaching the 5% -- level of significance. 7. On the average the ratio of glial cells to nerve cells was 158:1 in the lateral pallidum, and 159:1 in the medial part. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0,01). 8. The mean of the total number of nerve cells in the pallidum laterale amounted to 540000 for males and 465000 for females. The corresponding values of the medial part were 171000 (male) and 143000 (female). The total number of pallidal nerve cells is just about as high as the number of large striatal nerve cells (670000 (male) and 570000 (female). 9. In the pallidum laterale we calculated the total number of glial cells to be 82 million for males and 63 million for females. In the medial pallidum we found 32 million (male) and 26 million (female). 10. The total numbers of nerve and glial cells were well correlated in the lateral as well as in the medial segment (r = 0,636 and r = 0,734, respectively). 11. The volumetric nerve cell densities showed no significant differences between sexes. The values were 0,36 Vol.-% lateral and 0,31 Vol.-% medial. This difference failed to be significant. 12. The volumetric densities of the glial cell nuclei were equal in both segments, the value being 0,43 Vol.-%. They were strictly correlated (r = 0,830). 13. The mean volume of a nerve cell in the medial segment (9600 mum3) was 19% higher (p less than 0,05) than in the lateral segment (8100 mum). 14. The mean volume of a nucleus of a glial cell showed only insignificant differences, being lateral 65 mum3 and medial 70 mum3. 15. The various morphometric data indicated a closer correlation between striatum and pallidum laterale than between striatum and pallidum mediale. Within the striatum, the putamen showed a better correlation with the pallidum than the nucleus caudatus.", "contents": "[Morphometrical-statistical structure analysis of human striatum, pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. II. Globus pallidus]. 1. The pallidum of 13 hemispheres of 11 human brains of normal adults was studied by morphometric-statistical methods. 2. The values obtained on paraffin-embedded frontal serial sections were corrected individually for shrinkage in order to get comparable fresh values. 3. The mean fresh volume of the pallidum laterale of males (1220 mm3) was 13% higher than that of females (1065 mm3). The corresponding mean values of the pallidum mediale were 520 mm3 (male) and 430 mm3 (female), the difference being 17%. The difference between sexes failed to be significant. The lateral segment accounted for about 70% of the total volume of the pallidum. 4. The pallidum occupied 0,32% or ca. 1 over 300 of the volume of the hemisphere. 5. The numeric cell densities showed no significant age or sex differences. The mean value of the lateral pallidum was 437 nerve cells/mm3 and of the medial part 327 nerve cells/mm3, the difference being highly significant (p less than 0,001). 6. The pallidum laterale showed a numerical density of 66000 glial cells/mm3, the medial segment had 62000 glial cells/mm3, the difference just reaching the 5% -- level of significance. 7. On the average the ratio of glial cells to nerve cells was 158:1 in the lateral pallidum, and 159:1 in the medial part. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0,01). 8. The mean of the total number of nerve cells in the pallidum laterale amounted to 540000 for males and 465000 for females. The corresponding values of the medial part were 171000 (male) and 143000 (female). The total number of pallidal nerve cells is just about as high as the number of large striatal nerve cells (670000 (male) and 570000 (female). 9. In the pallidum laterale we calculated the total number of glial cells to be 82 million for males and 63 million for females. In the medial pallidum we found 32 million (male) and 26 million (female). 10. The total numbers of nerve and glial cells were well correlated in the lateral as well as in the medial segment (r = 0,636 and r = 0,734, respectively). 11. The volumetric nerve cell densities showed no significant differences between sexes. The values were 0,36 Vol.-% lateral and 0,31 Vol.-% medial. This difference failed to be significant. 12. The volumetric densities of the glial cell nuclei were equal in both segments, the value being 0,43 Vol.-%. They were strictly correlated (r = 0,830). 13. The mean volume of a nerve cell in the medial segment (9600 mum3) was 19% higher (p less than 0,05) than in the lateral segment (8100 mum). 14. The mean volume of a nucleus of a glial cell showed only insignificant differences, being lateral 65 mum3 and medial 70 mum3. 15. The various morphometric data indicated a closer correlation between striatum and pallidum laterale than between striatum and pallidum mediale. Within the striatum, the putamen showed a better correlation with the pallidum than the nucleus caudatus."}
{"id": "PMID:1214100", "title": "Combined approach for massive nasopharyngeal fibroma.", "content": "A combined approach by the transpalatal and transmaxillary routes has proved to be a better technique for total surgical extirpation of extensive nasopharyngeal fibroma, and it has been used already in seven cases without recurrence over a period of three years. The transmaxillary route includes removal of the middle one-third of the maxilla, i.e. the lateral, medial and posterior walls of the maxilla with the inferior turbinate bone.", "contents": "Combined approach for massive nasopharyngeal fibroma. A combined approach by the transpalatal and transmaxillary routes has proved to be a better technique for total surgical extirpation of extensive nasopharyngeal fibroma, and it has been used already in seven cases without recurrence over a period of three years. The transmaxillary route includes removal of the middle one-third of the maxilla, i.e. the lateral, medial and posterior walls of the maxilla with the inferior turbinate bone."}
{"id": "PMID:1214101", "title": "The effect of oestrogen on the nasal respiratory mucosa. An experimental histopathological and histochemical study.", "content": "An experimental histopathological and histochemical work carried out in thirty guinea-pigs of an average weight of 475 gm. receiving oestrogen in the form of ethynyl oestradiol in a dose of 10 microgram/animal/day and aiming at a study of the effects of oestrogen on the respiratory nasal mucosa. The histopathalogical lesions of the respiratory nasal mucosa were in the form of squamous metaplasia and spongiosis of the lining epithelium, with oedema of the underlying corium, glandular hyperplasia submucosal cellular infiltration, increased vascularity and some vascular changes in the form of endothelial proliferation with intimal thickening. Histochemical enzymatic alterations were in the form of increased succinic dehydrogenase activity in the epithelium as well as in the hyperplastic submucous glands, intensified reaction of the acid phosphatase in the cells of the corium, and the appearance of alkaline phosphatase activity in the apical parts of the cells lining the glands, indicating increased secretory activity. All the changes obtained in the histopathological and histochemical studies can be attributed to hormonal stimulation of the nasal mucosa.", "contents": "The effect of oestrogen on the nasal respiratory mucosa. An experimental histopathological and histochemical study. An experimental histopathological and histochemical work carried out in thirty guinea-pigs of an average weight of 475 gm. receiving oestrogen in the form of ethynyl oestradiol in a dose of 10 microgram/animal/day and aiming at a study of the effects of oestrogen on the respiratory nasal mucosa. The histopathalogical lesions of the respiratory nasal mucosa were in the form of squamous metaplasia and spongiosis of the lining epithelium, with oedema of the underlying corium, glandular hyperplasia submucosal cellular infiltration, increased vascularity and some vascular changes in the form of endothelial proliferation with intimal thickening. Histochemical enzymatic alterations were in the form of increased succinic dehydrogenase activity in the epithelium as well as in the hyperplastic submucous glands, intensified reaction of the acid phosphatase in the cells of the corium, and the appearance of alkaline phosphatase activity in the apical parts of the cells lining the glands, indicating increased secretory activity. All the changes obtained in the histopathological and histochemical studies can be attributed to hormonal stimulation of the nasal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:1214103", "title": "Aplasia of the first and second branchial arches.", "content": "This case report of an otocephalic monster gave the opportunity to study severe orofacial anomalies with a view to clarifying the present position in regard to the so-called first and second arch syndrome. Finding the causal mechanism of this syndrome will eventually lead to prevention and, it is hoped, eradication of this syndrome.", "contents": "Aplasia of the first and second branchial arches. This case report of an otocephalic monster gave the opportunity to study severe orofacial anomalies with a view to clarifying the present position in regard to the so-called first and second arch syndrome. Finding the causal mechanism of this syndrome will eventually lead to prevention and, it is hoped, eradication of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1214106", "title": "Physiological tympanostomy. A new technique of middle ear ventilation.", "content": "Physiological tympanostomy is advanced as a 'substitute' eustachian tube because it opens regularly only on swallowing, as does the 'natural' eustachian tube. The efficacy of the physiological tympanostomy operation was first proved in experimental animals (two dogs). Subsequently, six patients with eustachian insufficiency were successfully managed by this new surgical technique within period of one year, with no post-operative complications. The hearing improved and the middle ears remained air-filled. The method seems to have the following merits: permanent ventilation of the tympanum with preservation of an intact drum (from the functional point of view); no tympanophonia or autophonia; simple technique, short operative period (five minutes); no risk of postoperative complications; and no danger of ascending infection of the middle ear from the ear canal. The demerits appear to be: drainage not ensured; no facility to increase the middle ear pressure by the Valsalva manoeuvre or, Politzerization.", "contents": "Physiological tympanostomy. A new technique of middle ear ventilation. Physiological tympanostomy is advanced as a 'substitute' eustachian tube because it opens regularly only on swallowing, as does the 'natural' eustachian tube. The efficacy of the physiological tympanostomy operation was first proved in experimental animals (two dogs). Subsequently, six patients with eustachian insufficiency were successfully managed by this new surgical technique within period of one year, with no post-operative complications. The hearing improved and the middle ears remained air-filled. The method seems to have the following merits: permanent ventilation of the tympanum with preservation of an intact drum (from the functional point of view); no tympanophonia or autophonia; simple technique, short operative period (five minutes); no risk of postoperative complications; and no danger of ascending infection of the middle ear from the ear canal. The demerits appear to be: drainage not ensured; no facility to increase the middle ear pressure by the Valsalva manoeuvre or, Politzerization."}
{"id": "PMID:1214107", "title": "Bilateral transnasal cauterization of the vidian nerve in vasomotor rhinitis.", "content": "A brief report of twenty cases of bilateral cauterization of the Vidian Nerve Canals in intractable non-atopic chronic Vasomotor Rhinitis by a Trans-Nasal approach not previously described is given. The authors find this approach to be a much safer and simpler procedure than either the Trans-Septal or the Trans-Antral routes. The advantages of this approach to the Vidian Nerve Canal over the Trans-Septal and Trans-Antral routes are discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral transnasal cauterization of the vidian nerve in vasomotor rhinitis. A brief report of twenty cases of bilateral cauterization of the Vidian Nerve Canals in intractable non-atopic chronic Vasomotor Rhinitis by a Trans-Nasal approach not previously described is given. The authors find this approach to be a much safer and simpler procedure than either the Trans-Septal or the Trans-Antral routes. The advantages of this approach to the Vidian Nerve Canal over the Trans-Septal and Trans-Antral routes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214108", "title": "Computer simulation of flagellar movement. III. Models incorporating cross-bridge kinetics.", "content": "A computer simulation procedure is used to analyze the generation of propagated bending waves by flagellar models in which active sliding is generated by a cycle of cross-bridge activity. Two types of cross-bridge cycle have been examined in detail. In both cycles, cross-bridge attachment is followed immediately by a configurational change in the cross-bridge, which transfers energy to a stretched elastic element and generates a shearing force between the filaments. In the first model, which has cross-bridge behavior close to current ideas about cross-bridge  behavior in muscle, cross-bridge attachment is proportional to curvature of the flagellum and detachment is an exponential decay process. The configurational change is equivalent to an angular deviation of pi/5 radians. In the second type of  cross-bridge cycle, cross-bridge attachment occurs rapidly when a critical curvature is reached, and detachment occurs when a critical curvature in the opposite direction is reached. With this cycle, an unrealistically large angular deviation of the cross-bridges, equivalent to 3.0 radians, is required to obtain bending waves of normal amplitude. Both models generate bending wave patterns similar to those obtained in earlier work. However, the behavior of the second type of cross-bridge model more closely matches the actual behavior of flagella under experimental conditions: the chemical turnover rate per beat cycle remains constant as the viscosity is increased, and reduction in the number of active cross-bridges can cause a reduction in beat frequency, with little change in amplitude or wavelength.", "contents": "Computer simulation of flagellar movement. III. Models incorporating cross-bridge kinetics. A computer simulation procedure is used to analyze the generation of propagated bending waves by flagellar models in which active sliding is generated by a cycle of cross-bridge activity. Two types of cross-bridge cycle have been examined in detail. In both cycles, cross-bridge attachment is followed immediately by a configurational change in the cross-bridge, which transfers energy to a stretched elastic element and generates a shearing force between the filaments. In the first model, which has cross-bridge behavior close to current ideas about cross-bridge  behavior in muscle, cross-bridge attachment is proportional to curvature of the flagellum and detachment is an exponential decay process. The configurational change is equivalent to an angular deviation of pi/5 radians. In the second type of  cross-bridge cycle, cross-bridge attachment occurs rapidly when a critical curvature is reached, and detachment occurs when a critical curvature in the opposite direction is reached. With this cycle, an unrealistically large angular deviation of the cross-bridges, equivalent to 3.0 radians, is required to obtain bending waves of normal amplitude. Both models generate bending wave patterns similar to those obtained in earlier work. However, the behavior of the second type of cross-bridge model more closely matches the actual behavior of flagella under experimental conditions: the chemical turnover rate per beat cycle remains constant as the viscosity is increased, and reduction in the number of active cross-bridges can cause a reduction in beat frequency, with little change in amplitude or wavelength."}
{"id": "PMID:1214109", "title": "Cinemicrographic analysis of the movement of flagellated bacteria. I. The ratio of the propulsive velocity to the frequency of bodily rotation.", "content": "On the basis of the hydrodynamic model that the propulsion of flagellated bacteria in a fluid is a consequence of the propagation of helical waves along the length of flagella or flagellar bundles, it is predicted that propulsion must be accompanied by a rotation of bacterial body about the direction of translation (Chwang and Wu, 1971), and that propulsive velocity u is directly proportional to the frequency of bodily rotation fB, the  proportional constant being a complicated function of various parameters describing the sizes and shapes of body and flagella. In this study we have measured not only u but also fB by cinemicrography or sometimes by dual cinemicrography, using a mono- trichously flagellated Pseudomonas strain and a multitrichously flagellated Salmonella strain, and calculated the ratio u/fB. Though the values of u/fB thus determined for a number of bacteria of each strain scattered in a wide range, average values of u/fB were likely to be independent of u, in support of the theoretical prediction. Moreover, in Pseudomonas as well as in Salmonella, it was found that the experimental values of u/fB were in semiquantitative agreement with theoretical values expected from the hydrodynamic model for appropriate values of the geometrical parameters. Taking into account these results, it was concluded that the validity of this model has been supported experimentally.", "contents": "Cinemicrographic analysis of the movement of flagellated bacteria. I. The ratio of the propulsive velocity to the frequency of bodily rotation. On the basis of the hydrodynamic model that the propulsion of flagellated bacteria in a fluid is a consequence of the propagation of helical waves along the length of flagella or flagellar bundles, it is predicted that propulsion must be accompanied by a rotation of bacterial body about the direction of translation (Chwang and Wu, 1971), and that propulsive velocity u is directly proportional to the frequency of bodily rotation fB, the  proportional constant being a complicated function of various parameters describing the sizes and shapes of body and flagella. In this study we have measured not only u but also fB by cinemicrography or sometimes by dual cinemicrography, using a mono- trichously flagellated Pseudomonas strain and a multitrichously flagellated Salmonella strain, and calculated the ratio u/fB. Though the values of u/fB thus determined for a number of bacteria of each strain scattered in a wide range, average values of u/fB were likely to be independent of u, in support of the theoretical prediction. Moreover, in Pseudomonas as well as in Salmonella, it was found that the experimental values of u/fB were in semiquantitative agreement with theoretical values expected from the hydrodynamic model for appropriate values of the geometrical parameters. Taking into account these results, it was concluded that the validity of this model has been supported experimentally."}
{"id": "PMID:1214110", "title": "The relationship between erythropoietin-dependent cellular differentiation and colony-forming ability in prenatal haemopoietic tissues.", "content": "Levels of haem synthesis achieved by foetal liver erythroblasts responding to erythropoietin in vitro are similar in dissociated cell cultures and in cultures of organized tissues. Erythroid colony-forming cells reach maximum numbers on the sixteenth day of gestation. Their presence in foetal liver is associated with the period of most rapid production of erythrocytes, and with in vitro sensitivity to erythropoietin measured as enhanced haem synthesis. It is concluded that at least a proportion of erythroid colony-forming cells in the foetal liver are dependent on erythropoietin in situ and that these cells are separated from the earliest recognizable pro-erythroblast by 1-2 cell divisions. Populations of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells change independently of erythroid colony-forming cell numbers.", "contents": "The relationship between erythropoietin-dependent cellular differentiation and colony-forming ability in prenatal haemopoietic tissues. Levels of haem synthesis achieved by foetal liver erythroblasts responding to erythropoietin in vitro are similar in dissociated cell cultures and in cultures of organized tissues. Erythroid colony-forming cells reach maximum numbers on the sixteenth day of gestation. Their presence in foetal liver is associated with the period of most rapid production of erythrocytes, and with in vitro sensitivity to erythropoietin measured as enhanced haem synthesis. It is concluded that at least a proportion of erythroid colony-forming cells in the foetal liver are dependent on erythropoietin in situ and that these cells are separated from the earliest recognizable pro-erythroblast by 1-2 cell divisions. Populations of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells change independently of erythroid colony-forming cell numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:1214111", "title": "Cell proliferation in the developing wing-bud of normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos.", "content": "Previous measurements on mitotic division rate or cell cycle time have been made on samples from a few discrete limb regions or by continuous sampling, but only down a unidimensional limb axis, disregarding morphological discontinuities such as the presence or absence of cartilage. This study presents a new analysis on normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos, measuring mitotic rate and also cell density through the central proximo-distal axis and at the limb periphery, taking into account the development of cartilage regions. Differentiation of cartilage is correlated with a marked drop in mitotic rate, accounting for a proximo-distal gradient of mitosis in central counts which was not observed at the limb periphery. Talpid3 limbs at an early stage show a central mitotic gradient, but the reverse of that observed in normal limbs.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in the developing wing-bud of normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos. Previous measurements on mitotic division rate or cell cycle time have been made on samples from a few discrete limb regions or by continuous sampling, but only down a unidimensional limb axis, disregarding morphological discontinuities such as the presence or absence of cartilage. This study presents a new analysis on normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos, measuring mitotic rate and also cell density through the central proximo-distal axis and at the limb periphery, taking into account the development of cartilage regions. Differentiation of cartilage is correlated with a marked drop in mitotic rate, accounting for a proximo-distal gradient of mitosis in central counts which was not observed at the limb periphery. Talpid3 limbs at an early stage show a central mitotic gradient, but the reverse of that observed in normal limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:1214112", "title": "[Effects of vinblastine on the morphogenesis of the chick embryo limb. Histological aspects].", "content": "Vinblastine was injected into the amniotic cavity of 6-5-day-old chick embryos. Acropods were fixed 0, 2, 3-5, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h after treatment and 1 mum thick sections were prepared from the region of digit IV and interdigit III-IV. Cell counts were mainly performed in a distal zone (see Fig. 2) comprising the ectodermal apical ridge, the distal non-ridge ectoderm and the distal underlying mesoderm. In control non-treated embryos, the mitotic index does not vary significantly in either of the three tissues between 6-5 and 8 days except for a temporary increase at 7 days in the mesoderm. In treated embryos, the mitotic index increases rapidly in the non-ridge ectoderm and in the mesoderm to a maximum of 44 and 35% respectively, 18 h after injection, after which it decreases almost as rapidly to a level of about 15% 36 h after injection. In the apical ridge ectoderm, the increase of the mitotic index is much slower and reaches its maximum value of about 30% only 36 h after injection. This suggests that most of the cells participating in the AER do not arise within the ridge but are generated in more proximal zones of the ectoderm. Due to mitotic arrest, the number of mesodermal cells is thus decreased to approximately half the normal value within 36 h and the AER disappears earlier than normal. These alterations are the direct cause of the hypophalangy observed at the morphological level. A particular distribution pattern of arrested mitoses is revealed: in the digital as well as in the interdigital mesoderm, the majority of blocked metaphases is located in a dorsal and a ventral wing-shaped subectodermal 500 mum long area whose thickness is maximal at the level of the marginal sinus and gradually decreases in proximal direction. In the central-part of the mesoderm blocked mitoses are relatively rare. The present results are discussed in view of the recent literature on the morphogenetic processes of limb development.", "contents": "[Effects of vinblastine on the morphogenesis of the chick embryo limb. Histological aspects]. Vinblastine was injected into the amniotic cavity of 6-5-day-old chick embryos. Acropods were fixed 0, 2, 3-5, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h after treatment and 1 mum thick sections were prepared from the region of digit IV and interdigit III-IV. Cell counts were mainly performed in a distal zone (see Fig. 2) comprising the ectodermal apical ridge, the distal non-ridge ectoderm and the distal underlying mesoderm. In control non-treated embryos, the mitotic index does not vary significantly in either of the three tissues between 6-5 and 8 days except for a temporary increase at 7 days in the mesoderm. In treated embryos, the mitotic index increases rapidly in the non-ridge ectoderm and in the mesoderm to a maximum of 44 and 35% respectively, 18 h after injection, after which it decreases almost as rapidly to a level of about 15% 36 h after injection. In the apical ridge ectoderm, the increase of the mitotic index is much slower and reaches its maximum value of about 30% only 36 h after injection. This suggests that most of the cells participating in the AER do not arise within the ridge but are generated in more proximal zones of the ectoderm. Due to mitotic arrest, the number of mesodermal cells is thus decreased to approximately half the normal value within 36 h and the AER disappears earlier than normal. These alterations are the direct cause of the hypophalangy observed at the morphological level. A particular distribution pattern of arrested mitoses is revealed: in the digital as well as in the interdigital mesoderm, the majority of blocked metaphases is located in a dorsal and a ventral wing-shaped subectodermal 500 mum long area whose thickness is maximal at the level of the marginal sinus and gradually decreases in proximal direction. In the central-part of the mesoderm blocked mitoses are relatively rare. The present results are discussed in view of the recent literature on the morphogenetic processes of limb development."}
{"id": "PMID:1214113", "title": "Studies on the gastrulation of amphibian embryos: light and electron microscopic observation of a urodele Cynops pyrrhogaster.", "content": "The course of gastrulation in embryos of a urodele, Cynops pyrrhogaster, was studied with 1 mum Epon sections and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. During the initial period of gastrulation, the bottle cells and a groove are formed in the dorsal part. The outer ends of the bottle cells have many microvilli, an electron-dense layer and many small vesicles. Microtubules are present parallel to the long axis of the bottle cells, and a yolk-platelet-free region is observed at the inner end. Thereafter, the archenteric roof makes contact with the inner surface of the blastocoelic wall. Cells of the archenteric roof form lobopodia, filopodia and lamellipodia. These cells make many focal contact, having gaps of less tha 20 nm, with the blastocoelic wall. Invaginating mesodermal cells of the lateral and ventral parts also form pseudopodia, and are in contact with the blastocoelic wall. Some of these cells appear to flatten against the wall. These observations suggest that, after the bottle cells and the blastoporal groove are formed, the invaginating cells actively migrate along the inner surface of the blastocoelic wall, and that these locomotive forces have an important role in the morphogenetic movements during gastrulation.", "contents": "Studies on the gastrulation of amphibian embryos: light and electron microscopic observation of a urodele Cynops pyrrhogaster. The course of gastrulation in embryos of a urodele, Cynops pyrrhogaster, was studied with 1 mum Epon sections and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. During the initial period of gastrulation, the bottle cells and a groove are formed in the dorsal part. The outer ends of the bottle cells have many microvilli, an electron-dense layer and many small vesicles. Microtubules are present parallel to the long axis of the bottle cells, and a yolk-platelet-free region is observed at the inner end. Thereafter, the archenteric roof makes contact with the inner surface of the blastocoelic wall. Cells of the archenteric roof form lobopodia, filopodia and lamellipodia. These cells make many focal contact, having gaps of less tha 20 nm, with the blastocoelic wall. Invaginating mesodermal cells of the lateral and ventral parts also form pseudopodia, and are in contact with the blastocoelic wall. Some of these cells appear to flatten against the wall. These observations suggest that, after the bottle cells and the blastoporal groove are formed, the invaginating cells actively migrate along the inner surface of the blastocoelic wall, and that these locomotive forces have an important role in the morphogenetic movements during gastrulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214114", "title": "Mitotic activity of germ cells during normal development of Xenopus laevis tadpoles.", "content": "Data on the spatio-temporal pattern of germ cell proliferation in Xenopus laevis tadpoles were obtained, tracing the germ cells from the cloacal position forward. This spatial pattern in germ cell distribution and its change during normal development clearly coincided with histological observations of germ gland development. By application of regression lines to the analysis of this complex pattern, an interesting conclusion about the mitotic activity of germ cells was suggested. While the mitotic activity of germ cells before sexual differentiation shows a regional difference along the germ-cell-containing ridge (GCCR), the doubling time of sexually differentiated gonia seems to show a uniform value over the whole GCCR.", "contents": "Mitotic activity of germ cells during normal development of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Data on the spatio-temporal pattern of germ cell proliferation in Xenopus laevis tadpoles were obtained, tracing the germ cells from the cloacal position forward. This spatial pattern in germ cell distribution and its change during normal development clearly coincided with histological observations of germ gland development. By application of regression lines to the analysis of this complex pattern, an interesting conclusion about the mitotic activity of germ cells was suggested. While the mitotic activity of germ cells before sexual differentiation shows a regional difference along the germ-cell-containing ridge (GCCR), the doubling time of sexually differentiated gonia seems to show a uniform value over the whole GCCR."}
{"id": "PMID:1214115", "title": "Morphogenesis of intestinal villi. II. Mechanism of formation of previllous ridges.", "content": "Villi lining the avian intestine originate from longitudinal folds (previllous ridges) running the length of the embryonic intestine. The morphogenetic events that occur in the epithelium during initial ridge formation in the chick embryo duodenum were examined by light and electron microscopy. The epithelium, in cross-section, undergoes three stages prior to the formation of ridges; termed the circle (4 1/2-6 days), the ellipse (6-8 1/2 days), and the triangle (5 1/2-9 days).  At about 9 days of development three ridges form with three more forming one day later. The mechanisms responsible for folding of the epithelium were examined. Microdissection followed by organ culture demonstrated that constriction by the surrounding circular smooth muscle cannot account for folding of the epithelium. Mitotic pressure within the epithelium also cannot account for folding since there is no difference in the number of epithelial cells per cross-section between the ellipse and the triangle stages and the epithelial tube is not restricted from expanding. Active constrictions in groups of epithelial cells, mediated by bands of microfilaments, are thought to cause folding. Bundles of microfilaments are localized in the apical region of all epithelial cells at all stages studied and are localized in the basal region of those cells occupying the crests of the forming ridges. Cytochalasin B-treatment prevented ridge formation and disrupted the bundles of microfilaments.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of intestinal villi. II. Mechanism of formation of previllous ridges. Villi lining the avian intestine originate from longitudinal folds (previllous ridges) running the length of the embryonic intestine. The morphogenetic events that occur in the epithelium during initial ridge formation in the chick embryo duodenum were examined by light and electron microscopy. The epithelium, in cross-section, undergoes three stages prior to the formation of ridges; termed the circle (4 1/2-6 days), the ellipse (6-8 1/2 days), and the triangle (5 1/2-9 days).  At about 9 days of development three ridges form with three more forming one day later. The mechanisms responsible for folding of the epithelium were examined. Microdissection followed by organ culture demonstrated that constriction by the surrounding circular smooth muscle cannot account for folding of the epithelium. Mitotic pressure within the epithelium also cannot account for folding since there is no difference in the number of epithelial cells per cross-section between the ellipse and the triangle stages and the epithelial tube is not restricted from expanding. Active constrictions in groups of epithelial cells, mediated by bands of microfilaments, are thought to cause folding. Bundles of microfilaments are localized in the apical region of all epithelial cells at all stages studied and are localized in the basal region of those cells occupying the crests of the forming ridges. Cytochalasin B-treatment prevented ridge formation and disrupted the bundles of microfilaments."}
{"id": "PMID:1214116", "title": "Water flow dynamics in the respiratory tract of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of water velocity in the buccal chamber, and buccal and opercular hydrostatic pressure of carp have revealed surprisingly high water velocities. The high flow velocities mean that, at times, the kinetic energy of flow makes a substantial contribution to the total fluid energy. This suggests that there may be unequal distribution of hydrostatic pressures within the buccal chamber. Anatomical examinations showed that fluid channels in the buccal chamber and gill raker sieve are complex and can be expected to vary spatially and temporally throughout the respiratory cycle. It appears that there is a potential for error in many of the previous analyses of 'gill resistance and energetics of fish breathing based solely on hydrostatic pressure measurements and the simplifying assumption of steady-state conditions.", "contents": "Water flow dynamics in the respiratory tract of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Simultaneous measurements of water velocity in the buccal chamber, and buccal and opercular hydrostatic pressure of carp have revealed surprisingly high water velocities. The high flow velocities mean that, at times, the kinetic energy of flow makes a substantial contribution to the total fluid energy. This suggests that there may be unequal distribution of hydrostatic pressures within the buccal chamber. Anatomical examinations showed that fluid channels in the buccal chamber and gill raker sieve are complex and can be expected to vary spatially and temporally throughout the respiratory cycle. It appears that there is a potential for error in many of the previous analyses of 'gill resistance and energetics of fish breathing based solely on hydrostatic pressure measurements and the simplifying assumption of steady-state conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1214117", "title": "Reflex modulation of motoneurone activity in the cheliped of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus.", "content": "1. The reflex activity elicited by movement of the mero-carpopodite (M-C) joint in the cheliped of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus is investigated and the role of the different proprioceptors (chordotonal and myochordotonal organs) separately studied. 2. The reflex discharge involves mainly the tonic motoneurones of the extensor (E), the flexor (F) and the accessory flexor (AF) muscles. 3. M-C joint posture is also regulated by the cuticular stress detector (CSD2) afferents: they increase mainly the F discharge and secondarily the AF command. 4. The activity of the motor axons supplying the muscles of the meropodite can be also influenced by a variety of natural stimuli applied to other appendages. The effect usually produced is a general flexion reaction which is characterized by a reciprocity between E and F  involving both central and peripheral mechanisms. 5. The AF muscle is innervated by two antagonistic motoneurones, an excitatory neurone functionally linked in its discharge with one of the four excitors supplying F and an inhibitory motoneurone, common with E. The resulting competitive effect between these two neurones has been recorded intracellularly in AF muscle fibres. 6. The role of the myochordotonal organ (MCO) in the crayfish is discussed. In particular the modulation of the AF command in relation to the discharges of the motor nerves to the main muscle E and F  is studied.", "contents": "Reflex modulation of motoneurone activity in the cheliped of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. 1. The reflex activity elicited by movement of the mero-carpopodite (M-C) joint in the cheliped of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus is investigated and the role of the different proprioceptors (chordotonal and myochordotonal organs) separately studied. 2. The reflex discharge involves mainly the tonic motoneurones of the extensor (E), the flexor (F) and the accessory flexor (AF) muscles. 3. M-C joint posture is also regulated by the cuticular stress detector (CSD2) afferents: they increase mainly the F discharge and secondarily the AF command. 4. The activity of the motor axons supplying the muscles of the meropodite can be also influenced by a variety of natural stimuli applied to other appendages. The effect usually produced is a general flexion reaction which is characterized by a reciprocity between E and F  involving both central and peripheral mechanisms. 5. The AF muscle is innervated by two antagonistic motoneurones, an excitatory neurone functionally linked in its discharge with one of the four excitors supplying F and an inhibitory motoneurone, common with E. The resulting competitive effect between these two neurones has been recorded intracellularly in AF muscle fibres. 6. The role of the myochordotonal organ (MCO) in the crayfish is discussed. In particular the modulation of the AF command in relation to the discharges of the motor nerves to the main muscle E and F  is studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1214118", "title": "Sound localization by the bottlenose porpoise Tursiops truncatus.", "content": "1. Sound localization was measured behaviourally for the Atlantic bottlenose porpoise (Tursiops truncatus) using a wide range of pure tone pulses as well as clicks simulating the species echolocation click. 2. Measurements of the minimum audible angle (MAA) on the horizontal plane give localization discrimination thresholds of between 2 and 3 degrees for sounds from 20 to 90 kHz and thresholds from 2-8 to 4 degrees at 6, 10 and 100 kHz. With the azimuth of the animal changed relative to the speakers the MAAs were 1-3-1-5 degrees at an azimuth of 15 degrees and about 5 degrees for an azimuth of 30 degrees. 3. MAAs to clicks were 0-7-0-8 degrees. 4. The animal was able to do almost as well in determining the position of vertical sound sources as it could for horizontal localization. 5. The data indicate that at low frequencies the animal may have been localizing by using the region around the external auditory meatus as a detector, but at frequencies about 20 kHz it is likely that the animal was detecting sounds through the lateral sides of the lower jaw. 6. Above 20 kHz, it is likely that the animal was localizing using binaural intensity cues. 7. Our data support evidence that the lower jaw is an important channel for sound detection in Tursiops.", "contents": "Sound localization by the bottlenose porpoise Tursiops truncatus. 1. Sound localization was measured behaviourally for the Atlantic bottlenose porpoise (Tursiops truncatus) using a wide range of pure tone pulses as well as clicks simulating the species echolocation click. 2. Measurements of the minimum audible angle (MAA) on the horizontal plane give localization discrimination thresholds of between 2 and 3 degrees for sounds from 20 to 90 kHz and thresholds from 2-8 to 4 degrees at 6, 10 and 100 kHz. With the azimuth of the animal changed relative to the speakers the MAAs were 1-3-1-5 degrees at an azimuth of 15 degrees and about 5 degrees for an azimuth of 30 degrees. 3. MAAs to clicks were 0-7-0-8 degrees. 4. The animal was able to do almost as well in determining the position of vertical sound sources as it could for horizontal localization. 5. The data indicate that at low frequencies the animal may have been localizing by using the region around the external auditory meatus as a detector, but at frequencies about 20 kHz it is likely that the animal was detecting sounds through the lateral sides of the lower jaw. 6. Above 20 kHz, it is likely that the animal was localizing using binaural intensity cues. 7. Our data support evidence that the lower jaw is an important channel for sound detection in Tursiops."}
{"id": "PMID:1214119", "title": "The branchial chloride pump in the goldfish Carassius auratus: relationship between Cl-/HCO3- and Cl-/Cl-- exchanges and the effect of thiocyanate.", "content": "1. The effect of thiocyanate on chloride and sodium fluxes across the gill was studied in the goldfish Carassius auratus. At low external chloride concentrations, addition of SCN- to the bathing solution markedly inhibited chloride influx and efflux, the net flux being reversed, SCN- injection was without effect. SCN- had no effect on sodium fluxes when injected or added to the external medium. 2. The inhibition of chloride influx by SCN- was of a mixed type involving simultaneous modifications of the affinity constant of the carrier for Cl- and of the maximal Cl- influx. The affinity constant of the carrier for SCN- was 10 times lower than that for Cl-. 3. The gill of the goldfish was found to be practically impermeable to SCN-. 4. In the presence of external SCN-, the Cl-/HCO3- exchange was reversed: Cl- was lost against HCO3- which is absorbed. This suggests an obligatory exchange. 5. Exchange diffusion for chloride was also demonstrated. 6. A kinetic model is proposed to explain chloride and bicarbonate transport across the gill of Carassius auratus.", "contents": "The branchial chloride pump in the goldfish Carassius auratus: relationship between Cl-/HCO3- and Cl-/Cl-- exchanges and the effect of thiocyanate. 1. The effect of thiocyanate on chloride and sodium fluxes across the gill was studied in the goldfish Carassius auratus. At low external chloride concentrations, addition of SCN- to the bathing solution markedly inhibited chloride influx and efflux, the net flux being reversed, SCN- injection was without effect. SCN- had no effect on sodium fluxes when injected or added to the external medium. 2. The inhibition of chloride influx by SCN- was of a mixed type involving simultaneous modifications of the affinity constant of the carrier for Cl- and of the maximal Cl- influx. The affinity constant of the carrier for SCN- was 10 times lower than that for Cl-. 3. The gill of the goldfish was found to be practically impermeable to SCN-. 4. In the presence of external SCN-, the Cl-/HCO3- exchange was reversed: Cl- was lost against HCO3- which is absorbed. This suggests an obligatory exchange. 5. Exchange diffusion for chloride was also demonstrated. 6. A kinetic model is proposed to explain chloride and bicarbonate transport across the gill of Carassius auratus."}
{"id": "PMID:1214120", "title": "Allometry of post-flight cooling rates in moths: a comparison with vertebrate homeotherms.", "content": "1. The rates of post-flight cooling in 25 saturniid moths of 8 genera ranging in weight from 81 to 2650 mg were measured and compared with cooling rates in sphingids, birds and mammals. 2. The initial and terminal cooling rates of the saturniids did not differ significantly. 3. Large saturniids have relatively smaller thoraxes than small ones. 4. In saturniids the rate of post-flight cooling is inversely related both to thoracic volume and total weight. 5. Cooling rate is less dependent on thoracic volume in saturniids than in sphingids. 6. Weight-specific conductance calculated on the basis of total weight, shows that moths are not as well insulated as birds or mammals. However, when considered on the basis of thoracic weight, the weight-specific conductance of saturniids and sphingids closely approximates that predicted by the regression of weight-specific conductance on total body weight in birds and mammals. 7. Since the insulation of saturniids and sphingids is no more effective for animals of their size than is that of birds and mammals, their high body temperatures during activity appear to depend primarily on high levels of heat production.", "contents": "Allometry of post-flight cooling rates in moths: a comparison with vertebrate homeotherms. 1. The rates of post-flight cooling in 25 saturniid moths of 8 genera ranging in weight from 81 to 2650 mg were measured and compared with cooling rates in sphingids, birds and mammals. 2. The initial and terminal cooling rates of the saturniids did not differ significantly. 3. Large saturniids have relatively smaller thoraxes than small ones. 4. In saturniids the rate of post-flight cooling is inversely related both to thoracic volume and total weight. 5. Cooling rate is less dependent on thoracic volume in saturniids than in sphingids. 6. Weight-specific conductance calculated on the basis of total weight, shows that moths are not as well insulated as birds or mammals. However, when considered on the basis of thoracic weight, the weight-specific conductance of saturniids and sphingids closely approximates that predicted by the regression of weight-specific conductance on total body weight in birds and mammals. 7. Since the insulation of saturniids and sphingids is no more effective for animals of their size than is that of birds and mammals, their high body temperatures during activity appear to depend primarily on high levels of heat production."}
{"id": "PMID:1214121", "title": "Pursuit and prediction in the tracking of moving food by a teleost fish (Acanthaluteres spilomelanurus).", "content": "1. The path, eye and body movements of a teleost fish (the leatherjacket Acanthaluteres spilomelanurus) approaching and taking food were measured by cinematography. 2. Fixation of the food by movement of the eyes is an invariable feature of the approach. The eyes then remain aligned with the target while the body moves forward and round to bring the mouth to the food. 3. When pursuing pieces of food moving vertically at constant velocity through the water these fish normally trace out the pathway that can be calculated by assuming the fish aims constantly at the food. Predictive pathways that imply anticipation of the point of intersection with the food are not regularly seen. 4. Deviations from pursuit occur sporadically, usually in the direction of a predictive path, particularly when the fish approach falling food from below. 5. The geometry of the situation suggests that predictive paths may sometimes be generated if the alignment of eye and body during the pursuit of moving food can be delayed. In approaches from below this may be because forward movement of the fish would tend to stabilize the image of the falling food in the retina. 6. We suggest that a simple linked control system using both eye and body movements to fixate retinal images will on occasions generate predictive pathways without any need for the central nervous system to calculate them in advance.", "contents": "Pursuit and prediction in the tracking of moving food by a teleost fish (Acanthaluteres spilomelanurus). 1. The path, eye and body movements of a teleost fish (the leatherjacket Acanthaluteres spilomelanurus) approaching and taking food were measured by cinematography. 2. Fixation of the food by movement of the eyes is an invariable feature of the approach. The eyes then remain aligned with the target while the body moves forward and round to bring the mouth to the food. 3. When pursuing pieces of food moving vertically at constant velocity through the water these fish normally trace out the pathway that can be calculated by assuming the fish aims constantly at the food. Predictive pathways that imply anticipation of the point of intersection with the food are not regularly seen. 4. Deviations from pursuit occur sporadically, usually in the direction of a predictive path, particularly when the fish approach falling food from below. 5. The geometry of the situation suggests that predictive paths may sometimes be generated if the alignment of eye and body during the pursuit of moving food can be delayed. In approaches from below this may be because forward movement of the fish would tend to stabilize the image of the falling food in the retina. 6. We suggest that a simple linked control system using both eye and body movements to fixate retinal images will on occasions generate predictive pathways without any need for the central nervous system to calculate them in advance."}
{"id": "PMID:1214122", "title": "The colloid osmotic pressures of invertebrate body fluids.", "content": "Colloid osmotic pressures of the body fluids of twenty invertebrate species were measured directly. The results, which are generally lower than predicted values for the same species, pertain to several physiological questions: (1) they do not quantitatively explain the frequently observed hyperosmoticity of body fluids in species believed to be osmoconformers, indicating that the condition cannot be merely a consequence of a Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium; (2) the excess of hydrostatic over colloid osmotic pressure is very small. This result supports the hypothesis that the oxygen transport function of bloods with extracellular haemocyanins and haem proteins is limited by their colligative properties; (3) the pressure relationships and the absence of colloid osmotic activity in urine indicates that filtration contributes to urine formation in several species.", "contents": "The colloid osmotic pressures of invertebrate body fluids. Colloid osmotic pressures of the body fluids of twenty invertebrate species were measured directly. The results, which are generally lower than predicted values for the same species, pertain to several physiological questions: (1) they do not quantitatively explain the frequently observed hyperosmoticity of body fluids in species believed to be osmoconformers, indicating that the condition cannot be merely a consequence of a Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium; (2) the excess of hydrostatic over colloid osmotic pressure is very small. This result supports the hypothesis that the oxygen transport function of bloods with extracellular haemocyanins and haem proteins is limited by their colligative properties; (3) the pressure relationships and the absence of colloid osmotic activity in urine indicates that filtration contributes to urine formation in several species."}
{"id": "PMID:1214123", "title": "An automatic respirometer for determining oxygen uptake in crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet)) over periods of 3-4 days.", "content": "1. An automatic respirometer has been developed for continuous measurements over 3-4 days on 1-15 g crayfish. The sensor is a modified Mackereth oxygen electrode. Respiration is recorded on a millivolt potentiometric pen recorder during closed periods when the O2 concentration in the medium falls to a predetermined level. A solenoid-operated valve is then opened via a relay circuit energized by a reed switch mounted on the recorder. Medium flows through the respirometer until the O2 concentration is raised back to another predetermined level. Artificial media containing little or no nutrient salts are used to restrict the growth of microbes. 2. Respiration was determined chiefly on crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) with body wet weights of 7-0-12-5 g at 10-0 degrees C. In unrestrained but relatively quiescent animals, standard metabolism is described by the regression equation, ln O2 uptake = 3-3037 + 1-002 ln body wt. In restless crayfish active metabolism is described by the equation, ln O2 uptake = 4-4412 + 0-861 ln body wt.", "contents": "An automatic respirometer for determining oxygen uptake in crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet)) over periods of 3-4 days. 1. An automatic respirometer has been developed for continuous measurements over 3-4 days on 1-15 g crayfish. The sensor is a modified Mackereth oxygen electrode. Respiration is recorded on a millivolt potentiometric pen recorder during closed periods when the O2 concentration in the medium falls to a predetermined level. A solenoid-operated valve is then opened via a relay circuit energized by a reed switch mounted on the recorder. Medium flows through the respirometer until the O2 concentration is raised back to another predetermined level. Artificial media containing little or no nutrient salts are used to restrict the growth of microbes. 2. Respiration was determined chiefly on crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) with body wet weights of 7-0-12-5 g at 10-0 degrees C. In unrestrained but relatively quiescent animals, standard metabolism is described by the regression equation, ln O2 uptake = 3-3037 + 1-002 ln body wt. In restless crayfish active metabolism is described by the equation, ln O2 uptake = 4-4412 + 0-861 ln body wt."}
{"id": "PMID:1214124", "title": "Respiration in relation to ion uptake in the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet).", "content": "1. O2 uptake was determined for periods of 23-46 h in salt-depleted crayfish held in deionized water (DW) or Na-free media at 10 degrees C. These media were replaced by artificial lakewater media (ALW) containing 0-2-0-6 mM Na and O2 uptake was again determined for periods of 24-66 h. 2. During net ion uptake in ALW the metabolic rate was either elevated or depressed. Standard metabolism in ALW altered by amounts equivalent to 0-1 - 15-5% (mean 6-4 (15) +/- 4-4% S. D.) of the metabolic rate measured during salt-depletion. On three occasions the metabolic rate was elevated by 22-0 - 66-7%, but some of this increase may have been due to locomotor activity. 3. The calculated values for thermodynamic work involved in ion transport were 0-056 - 0-268 J/10 g. h at 10 degrees C, or 1-5 - 7-2% of the mean standard metabolic rate. Most of the observed changes in metabolic rate lie within the limits of experimental error (ca. +/- 7%). Hence the energetic cost of ion transport is too small for direct measurement in intact crayfish.", "contents": "Respiration in relation to ion uptake in the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet). 1. O2 uptake was determined for periods of 23-46 h in salt-depleted crayfish held in deionized water (DW) or Na-free media at 10 degrees C. These media were replaced by artificial lakewater media (ALW) containing 0-2-0-6 mM Na and O2 uptake was again determined for periods of 24-66 h. 2. During net ion uptake in ALW the metabolic rate was either elevated or depressed. Standard metabolism in ALW altered by amounts equivalent to 0-1 - 15-5% (mean 6-4 (15) +/- 4-4% S. D.) of the metabolic rate measured during salt-depletion. On three occasions the metabolic rate was elevated by 22-0 - 66-7%, but some of this increase may have been due to locomotor activity. 3. The calculated values for thermodynamic work involved in ion transport were 0-056 - 0-268 J/10 g. h at 10 degrees C, or 1-5 - 7-2% of the mean standard metabolic rate. Most of the observed changes in metabolic rate lie within the limits of experimental error (ca. +/- 7%). Hence the energetic cost of ion transport is too small for direct measurement in intact crayfish."}
{"id": "PMID:1214125", "title": "The significance of palpation by the maxillary palps of Locusta migratoria (L): an electrophysiological and behavioural study.", "content": "Palpation increases the amount of sensory input reaching the central nervous system compared with that obtained from sustained contact but that increase is not essential to allow discrimination. During a meal on favoured food, phagostimulatory input from the palps is not needed to drive feeding. When less favoured food is taken, phagostimulatory input from the palps may enhance feeding. Even with favoured food, the palps are important in registering inhibitory substances.", "contents": "The significance of palpation by the maxillary palps of Locusta migratoria (L): an electrophysiological and behavioural study. Palpation increases the amount of sensory input reaching the central nervous system compared with that obtained from sustained contact but that increase is not essential to allow discrimination. During a meal on favoured food, phagostimulatory input from the palps is not needed to drive feeding. When less favoured food is taken, phagostimulatory input from the palps may enhance feeding. Even with favoured food, the palps are important in registering inhibitory substances."}
{"id": "PMID:1214126", "title": "Co-ordinating interneurones of the locust which convey two patterns of motor commands: their connexions with flight motoneurones.", "content": "1. Some flight motoneurones receive two superimposed rhythms of depolarizing synaptic potentials when the locust is not flying; a slow rhythm which is invariably linked to the expiratory phase of ventilation, and a fast rhythm with a period of about 50 ms which is similar to the wingbeat period in flight. 2. By recording simultaneously from groups of motoneurones, the synaptic potentials which underly these rhythms have been revealed in 30 flight motoneurones in the three thoracic ganglia. The inputs occur in elevator motoneurones and some depressors but are of lower amplitude in the latter. The inputs have not been found in leg motoneurones. 3. The rhythmic depolarizations are usually subthreshold but sum with sensory inputs to evoke spikes in flight motoneurones at intervals equal to or multiples of the wingbeat period in flight. 4. Both rhythms originate in the metathoracic ganglion and are mediated by the same interneurones. They can be adequately explained by supposing that there are two symmetrical interneurones which each make widespread connexions with left and right flight motoneurones in the three ganglia. 5. The slow rhythm is coded in the overall burst of interneurone spikes during expiration and the fast rhythm in the interval between the spikes of a burst.", "contents": "Co-ordinating interneurones of the locust which convey two patterns of motor commands: their connexions with flight motoneurones. 1. Some flight motoneurones receive two superimposed rhythms of depolarizing synaptic potentials when the locust is not flying; a slow rhythm which is invariably linked to the expiratory phase of ventilation, and a fast rhythm with a period of about 50 ms which is similar to the wingbeat period in flight. 2. By recording simultaneously from groups of motoneurones, the synaptic potentials which underly these rhythms have been revealed in 30 flight motoneurones in the three thoracic ganglia. The inputs occur in elevator motoneurones and some depressors but are of lower amplitude in the latter. The inputs have not been found in leg motoneurones. 3. The rhythmic depolarizations are usually subthreshold but sum with sensory inputs to evoke spikes in flight motoneurones at intervals equal to or multiples of the wingbeat period in flight. 4. Both rhythms originate in the metathoracic ganglion and are mediated by the same interneurones. They can be adequately explained by supposing that there are two symmetrical interneurones which each make widespread connexions with left and right flight motoneurones in the three ganglia. 5. The slow rhythm is coded in the overall burst of interneurone spikes during expiration and the fast rhythm in the interval between the spikes of a burst."}
{"id": "PMID:1214127", "title": "Co-ordinating interneurones of the locust which convey two patterns of motor commands: their connexions with ventilatory motoneurones.", "content": "1. The interneurones which make widespread connexions with flight motoneurones also synapse upon ventilatory motoneurones so that in all 50 motoneurones receive synapses. They influence three aspects of ventilation; (a) the closing and opening movements of the thoracic spiracles, (b) some aspects of abdominal pumping movements and (c) the recruitment of some motoneurones controlling head pumping. 2. The two closer motoneurones of a particular thoracic spiracle receive the same excitatory synaptic inputs (EPSPs) during expiration. The EPSPs match those in appropriate flight motoneurones. 3. The closer motoneurones of each thoracic spiracle whose somata are in the pro-, meso- or metathoracic ganglia all receive the same excitatory synaptic inputs. These inputs are an adequate explanation of the pattern of spikes in the closer motoneurones. Both the slow ventilatory and fast rhythms of synaptic potentials are expressed as spikes; the slow as the overall expiratory burst of spikes and the fast as the groups of spikes within that burst. This establishes a ventilatory function for the interneurones. All thoracic closer motoneurones therefore receive the same excitatory commands which will tend to synchronize the movements of each spiracle. 4. Spiracular opener motoneurones are inhibited during expiration, their IPSPs matching the EPSPs in flight or closer motoneurones. Therefore the interneurones have reciprocal effects on the antagonistic motoneurones of the spiracles. 5. The interneurones synapse upon some motoneurones which control the pumping movements of the abdomen and which have their somata in the metathoracic or first unfused abdominal ganglion. Motoneurones in four separate ganglia therefore receive inputs from these interneurones. 6. The interneurones also synapse upon motoneurones which control an auxiliary form of ventilation, head pumping.", "contents": "Co-ordinating interneurones of the locust which convey two patterns of motor commands: their connexions with ventilatory motoneurones. 1. The interneurones which make widespread connexions with flight motoneurones also synapse upon ventilatory motoneurones so that in all 50 motoneurones receive synapses. They influence three aspects of ventilation; (a) the closing and opening movements of the thoracic spiracles, (b) some aspects of abdominal pumping movements and (c) the recruitment of some motoneurones controlling head pumping. 2. The two closer motoneurones of a particular thoracic spiracle receive the same excitatory synaptic inputs (EPSPs) during expiration. The EPSPs match those in appropriate flight motoneurones. 3. The closer motoneurones of each thoracic spiracle whose somata are in the pro-, meso- or metathoracic ganglia all receive the same excitatory synaptic inputs. These inputs are an adequate explanation of the pattern of spikes in the closer motoneurones. Both the slow ventilatory and fast rhythms of synaptic potentials are expressed as spikes; the slow as the overall expiratory burst of spikes and the fast as the groups of spikes within that burst. This establishes a ventilatory function for the interneurones. All thoracic closer motoneurones therefore receive the same excitatory commands which will tend to synchronize the movements of each spiracle. 4. Spiracular opener motoneurones are inhibited during expiration, their IPSPs matching the EPSPs in flight or closer motoneurones. Therefore the interneurones have reciprocal effects on the antagonistic motoneurones of the spiracles. 5. The interneurones synapse upon some motoneurones which control the pumping movements of the abdomen and which have their somata in the metathoracic or first unfused abdominal ganglion. Motoneurones in four separate ganglia therefore receive inputs from these interneurones. 6. The interneurones also synapse upon motoneurones which control an auxiliary form of ventilation, head pumping."}
{"id": "PMID:1214128", "title": "NaCl adaptation in Rana ridibunda and a comparison with the euryhaline toad Bufo viridis.", "content": "The physiological adaptation of the frog Rana ridibunda to saline environment was studied. It was found that blood was always hypertonic to the external solution, but at the highest salinity tolerated (i.e. 300 mOsM) the osmotic gradient across the skin was nearly abolished. Water uptake by the living frog remained unchanged, whereas sodium transport across the skin decreased markedly. Neurohypophyseal hormone increased water uptake and sodium transport to levels similar to those in tap water frogs. Water content of the tissues was not affected by saline adaptation, although it varied appreciably under acute conditions. Oxygen consumption increased in dehydrated frogs, but not in adapted ones. The results are discussed and compared to the euryhaline toad Bufo viridis; the importance of high urea levels for high salt adaptation is stressed.", "contents": "NaCl adaptation in Rana ridibunda and a comparison with the euryhaline toad Bufo viridis. The physiological adaptation of the frog Rana ridibunda to saline environment was studied. It was found that blood was always hypertonic to the external solution, but at the highest salinity tolerated (i.e. 300 mOsM) the osmotic gradient across the skin was nearly abolished. Water uptake by the living frog remained unchanged, whereas sodium transport across the skin decreased markedly. Neurohypophyseal hormone increased water uptake and sodium transport to levels similar to those in tap water frogs. Water content of the tissues was not affected by saline adaptation, although it varied appreciably under acute conditions. Oxygen consumption increased in dehydrated frogs, but not in adapted ones. The results are discussed and compared to the euryhaline toad Bufo viridis; the importance of high urea levels for high salt adaptation is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214129", "title": "An electrophysiological analysis of extra-axonal sodium and potassium concentrations in the central nervous system of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana L.).", "content": "Simultaneous intracellular and sucrose-gap recordings showed, in contrast to previous findings, that the electrical parameters of giant axons were similar to intact and desheathed connectives bathed with the 'extracellular Ringer' of Yamasaki & Narahashi. This implies that the extra-axonal sodium concentration, in situ, is likely to be lower than had been previously supposed. Axonal responses showed that, despite the high blood concentration of 24-2 mM-K+ measured by flame photometry, the effective concentration in the blood was 10-15 mM-K+ which corresponds to the measurements made with potassium-selective electrodes. The activity of the blood potassium ions caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of the action potentials following surgical desheathing or disruption of the blood-brain barrier with hypertonic urea. It is suggested that a regulatory mechanism exists in the central nervous system which counteracts the effects of the high blood potassium level.", "contents": "An electrophysiological analysis of extra-axonal sodium and potassium concentrations in the central nervous system of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana L.). Simultaneous intracellular and sucrose-gap recordings showed, in contrast to previous findings, that the electrical parameters of giant axons were similar to intact and desheathed connectives bathed with the 'extracellular Ringer' of Yamasaki & Narahashi. This implies that the extra-axonal sodium concentration, in situ, is likely to be lower than had been previously supposed. Axonal responses showed that, despite the high blood concentration of 24-2 mM-K+ measured by flame photometry, the effective concentration in the blood was 10-15 mM-K+ which corresponds to the measurements made with potassium-selective electrodes. The activity of the blood potassium ions caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of the action potentials following surgical desheathing or disruption of the blood-brain barrier with hypertonic urea. It is suggested that a regulatory mechanism exists in the central nervous system which counteracts the effects of the high blood potassium level."}
{"id": "PMID:1214148", "title": "[Current aspects of the myotonic syndromes].", "content": "On the basis of a clinical and physiological definition of the myotonic syndrome, the author define the scope of their research in two directions: a) the true myotonic syndromes, b) the related syndromes. Amongst the former, two entities are studied from the point of view of the recent discoveries in the field : Thomsen's disease, with some new anatomopathological and genetic considerations; Steinert's disease, concerning which there is much more new evidence in regard to clinical findings (ocular, endocrine, digestive, nervous and, in particular, cardiac symptoms) as well as biological and morphological tests. The genetic aspects are of great interest, for they lead to practical applications in genetic counselling (linkage). A brief therapeutic survey follows. Amongst the related syndromes, the best known is Eulenburg's congenital paramyotonia, the main characteristics of which are briefly described.", "contents": "[Current aspects of the myotonic syndromes]. On the basis of a clinical and physiological definition of the myotonic syndrome, the author define the scope of their research in two directions: a) the true myotonic syndromes, b) the related syndromes. Amongst the former, two entities are studied from the point of view of the recent discoveries in the field : Thomsen's disease, with some new anatomopathological and genetic considerations; Steinert's disease, concerning which there is much more new evidence in regard to clinical findings (ocular, endocrine, digestive, nervous and, in particular, cardiac symptoms) as well as biological and morphological tests. The genetic aspects are of great interest, for they lead to practical applications in genetic counselling (linkage). A brief therapeutic survey follows. Amongst the related syndromes, the best known is Eulenburg's congenital paramyotonia, the main characteristics of which are briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:1214149", "title": "[Clinical and genetic aspects of the early form of Steinert's dystrophia myotonica].", "content": "Observations relating to 18 cases of the neonatal form of myotonic dystrophy are described. These consisted of 9 cases of severe forms incompatible with survival, characterised by major respiratory disorders, hypotrophia and difficulty in swallowing, associated with a facial diplegia and pes equinus. The other 9 patients suffered from more moderate, not lethal forms. In addition to muscular troubles manifested by precocious hypotonia, the disease involved serious mental retardation. The absence of myotonia was constant in the very young infants. Anomalies in pregnancies resulting in the birth of children suffering from a neonatal form of myotonic dystrophy are analysed and their frequency is emphasized. From the genetic point of view, the elective transmission of myotonic dystrophy by the mothers was found in all the cases. The knowledge of neonatal forms must be taken into consideration for genetic counseling.", "contents": "[Clinical and genetic aspects of the early form of Steinert's dystrophia myotonica]. Observations relating to 18 cases of the neonatal form of myotonic dystrophy are described. These consisted of 9 cases of severe forms incompatible with survival, characterised by major respiratory disorders, hypotrophia and difficulty in swallowing, associated with a facial diplegia and pes equinus. The other 9 patients suffered from more moderate, not lethal forms. In addition to muscular troubles manifested by precocious hypotonia, the disease involved serious mental retardation. The absence of myotonia was constant in the very young infants. Anomalies in pregnancies resulting in the birth of children suffering from a neonatal form of myotonic dystrophy are analysed and their frequency is emphasized. From the genetic point of view, the elective transmission of myotonic dystrophy by the mothers was found in all the cases. The knowledge of neonatal forms must be taken into consideration for genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:1214150", "title": "[A multidisciplinary study of infantile Steinert's syndrome].", "content": "The authors studied from several points of view 10 patients suffering from a neo-natal form of Steinert's disease. They analyse the variety of the family histories, of dysembryoplastic symptoms, of neo-natal difficulties and the subsequent impairment of mental development. They could not find any correlation between this latter evolution and the severity of the neurological damage, judged by the mentioned symptoms. They conclude that the mental retardation is proportional to the low quality of the early socio-emotional environment and believe that this hypothesis is confirmed by the fact that maxillo-facial malformations are mocise speech and mimicry in their early childhood.", "contents": "[A multidisciplinary study of infantile Steinert's syndrome]. The authors studied from several points of view 10 patients suffering from a neo-natal form of Steinert's disease. They analyse the variety of the family histories, of dysembryoplastic symptoms, of neo-natal difficulties and the subsequent impairment of mental development. They could not find any correlation between this latter evolution and the severity of the neurological damage, judged by the mentioned symptoms. They conclude that the mental retardation is proportional to the low quality of the early socio-emotional environment and believe that this hypothesis is confirmed by the fact that maxillo-facial malformations are mocise speech and mimicry in their early childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:1214152", "title": "Cytochemistry of cultured fibroblasts in myotonic muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The cytoplasm of cultured skin fibroblasts derived from four unrelated and from three related patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy exhibits high amounts of metachromatic granular material and of alcianophilic material with Alcian blue containing 0.1 M MgCl2. Alcianophilia disappears when the staining solution contains 0.3 M MgCl2, i.e. is probably due only to carboxyl group of glycosaminoglycans.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of cultured fibroblasts in myotonic muscular dystrophy. The cytoplasm of cultured skin fibroblasts derived from four unrelated and from three related patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy exhibits high amounts of metachromatic granular material and of alcianophilic material with Alcian blue containing 0.1 M MgCl2. Alcianophilia disappears when the staining solution contains 0.3 M MgCl2, i.e. is probably due only to carboxyl group of glycosaminoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:1214157", "title": "[The cutaneous symptoms of tuberous sclerosis].", "content": "Tuberous sklerosis is an autosomal dominant disease with a pleiotropic pattern of its clinical picture. The skin symptoms because of their early appearance are of great importance for the diagnosis of this disease, though not for evaluation of its progression and prognosis. Among the cutaneous lesions \"white leaf-shaped macules\" are the most frequent and earliest symptoms. Of similar importance is the \"adenoma sebaceum\", whereas the other skin signs are less relevant.", "contents": "[The cutaneous symptoms of tuberous sclerosis]. Tuberous sklerosis is an autosomal dominant disease with a pleiotropic pattern of its clinical picture. The skin symptoms because of their early appearance are of great importance for the diagnosis of this disease, though not for evaluation of its progression and prognosis. Among the cutaneous lesions \"white leaf-shaped macules\" are the most frequent and earliest symptoms. Of similar importance is the \"adenoma sebaceum\", whereas the other skin signs are less relevant."}
{"id": "PMID:1214166", "title": "[Systematic registration of malformations].", "content": "This study concerns 727 cases of deformed children born in the Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes region in 1973. 61 maternity hospitals, out of 181 in the region, took part in the study. Data concerning sex, mortality, mother's age, age of gestation, gemellity, body weight and length, as well as frequency of genetic findings in the families are published. A classification of the types of malformation in relation to their frequencies is reported.", "contents": "[Systematic registration of malformations]. This study concerns 727 cases of deformed children born in the Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes region in 1973. 61 maternity hospitals, out of 181 in the region, took part in the study. Data concerning sex, mortality, mother's age, age of gestation, gemellity, body weight and length, as well as frequency of genetic findings in the families are published. A classification of the types of malformation in relation to their frequencies is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1214167", "title": "[Studies of the mitotic and meiotic chromosomes in infertile males].", "content": "The analysis of meiotic chromosomes in sterile males is all the more interesting as it is liable to disclose anomalies whilst the mitotic chromosomes are normal. We have described a pathological meiotic sequence observed in ten patients, very probably linked to their sterility. It would not appear an exaggeration to state that a combined study of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes tends to indicate that at least 15% of all cases of male sterility have chromosomal origin.", "contents": "[Studies of the mitotic and meiotic chromosomes in infertile males]. The analysis of meiotic chromosomes in sterile males is all the more interesting as it is liable to disclose anomalies whilst the mitotic chromosomes are normal. We have described a pathological meiotic sequence observed in ten patients, very probably linked to their sterility. It would not appear an exaggeration to state that a combined study of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes tends to indicate that at least 15% of all cases of male sterility have chromosomal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1214177", "title": "Breaking action of ascorbic acid on nucleic acids.", "content": "The lowering of the viscosity of DNA solution was caused by the action of AsA or EA and facilitated in the presence of CU2+. However, the action of AsA-3-P was very weak. By sucrose density gradient centrifugation, it was observed that single- and double-strand scissions of DNA were provoked by AsA or EA and enhanced with Cu2+, while only a single-strand scission was caused by AsA-3-P and Cu2+. Similar action of AsA or AsA-3-P was also observed for RNA. Thus, the result indicates that the enediol group of AsA takes an essential part in the breakage of nucleic acids, and Cu2+ enhances the action. It was shown that Apu was mainly decomposed by AsA, whereas Apy not, suggesting that some pyrimidine cluster may be one of the regions attacked by AsA. During the reaction with DNA, the reducing activity of AsA decreased first to some extent and then increased, whereas the reducing activity of AsA-3-P was much lower than that of AsA and decreased steadily. The priming activity of DNA for DNA polymerase was changed after treatment with AsA according to the condition. It was enhanced when DNA was treated under mild conditions but decreased with severer action.", "contents": "Breaking action of ascorbic acid on nucleic acids. The lowering of the viscosity of DNA solution was caused by the action of AsA or EA and facilitated in the presence of CU2+. However, the action of AsA-3-P was very weak. By sucrose density gradient centrifugation, it was observed that single- and double-strand scissions of DNA were provoked by AsA or EA and enhanced with Cu2+, while only a single-strand scission was caused by AsA-3-P and Cu2+. Similar action of AsA or AsA-3-P was also observed for RNA. Thus, the result indicates that the enediol group of AsA takes an essential part in the breakage of nucleic acids, and Cu2+ enhances the action. It was shown that Apu was mainly decomposed by AsA, whereas Apy not, suggesting that some pyrimidine cluster may be one of the regions attacked by AsA. During the reaction with DNA, the reducing activity of AsA decreased first to some extent and then increased, whereas the reducing activity of AsA-3-P was much lower than that of AsA and decreased steadily. The priming activity of DNA for DNA polymerase was changed after treatment with AsA according to the condition. It was enhanced when DNA was treated under mild conditions but decreased with severer action."}
{"id": "PMID:1214178", "title": "Demonstration of two different vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins in rat intestinal mucosa.", "content": "The characteristics and location of rat intestinal proteins with calcium binding properties were reexamined using both a 45Ca-equilibrated Sephadex G-100 column and the chelex 100 method in the assay of 45Ca binding activity. The rat intestinal mucosa was found to have three different proteins with calcium binding properties. Two of these proteins were found to be vitamin D-dependent and were examined in detail. The larger vitamin D-dependent protein, found predominantly in the jejunum and ileum, had a molecular weight of 27,000 and demonstrated low affinity for calcium; the detection of this protein by the chelex 100 assay was very difficult. The smaller vitamin D-dependent protein, which was associated mainly with duodenum and jejunum, had a molecular weight of 12,500, and demonstrated a high affinity for calcium.", "contents": "Demonstration of two different vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins in rat intestinal mucosa. The characteristics and location of rat intestinal proteins with calcium binding properties were reexamined using both a 45Ca-equilibrated Sephadex G-100 column and the chelex 100 method in the assay of 45Ca binding activity. The rat intestinal mucosa was found to have three different proteins with calcium binding properties. Two of these proteins were found to be vitamin D-dependent and were examined in detail. The larger vitamin D-dependent protein, found predominantly in the jejunum and ileum, had a molecular weight of 27,000 and demonstrated low affinity for calcium; the detection of this protein by the chelex 100 assay was very difficult. The smaller vitamin D-dependent protein, which was associated mainly with duodenum and jejunum, had a molecular weight of 12,500, and demonstrated a high affinity for calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:1214179", "title": "Mechanism of inactivation of bacteriophage deltaA containing single-stranded DNA by ascorbic acid.", "content": "The mechanism of inactivation of a single-stranded DNA phage, deltaA of Escherichia coli, by AsA was investigated as a part of the study on the mechanism of inactivation of viruses by AsA. Bubbling air or oxygen gas through the reaction mixture, and the addition of oxidizing agents or transition metals into the reaction mixture enhanced the inactivation of the phage by AsA. In contrast, nitrogen gas bubling, and the addition of reducing agents, chelating agents or radical scavengers prevented inactivation. The rate of inactivation was faster in the AsA solution preincubated for several minutes than in the freshly prepared AsA solution. DAsA, an oxidized form of AsA, demonstrated little effect on the activity of the phage. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide which were theoretically produced by the autoxidation of AsA had no effect on the phage. The results indicated that the free radical intermediates produced during the course of the autoxidation of AsA participated in the inactivation. The radicals attacked the DNA of the phage to introduce strand scissions in the DNA, which might be mainly responsible for the inactivation.", "contents": "Mechanism of inactivation of bacteriophage deltaA containing single-stranded DNA by ascorbic acid. The mechanism of inactivation of a single-stranded DNA phage, deltaA of Escherichia coli, by AsA was investigated as a part of the study on the mechanism of inactivation of viruses by AsA. Bubbling air or oxygen gas through the reaction mixture, and the addition of oxidizing agents or transition metals into the reaction mixture enhanced the inactivation of the phage by AsA. In contrast, nitrogen gas bubling, and the addition of reducing agents, chelating agents or radical scavengers prevented inactivation. The rate of inactivation was faster in the AsA solution preincubated for several minutes than in the freshly prepared AsA solution. DAsA, an oxidized form of AsA, demonstrated little effect on the activity of the phage. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide which were theoretically produced by the autoxidation of AsA had no effect on the phage. The results indicated that the free radical intermediates produced during the course of the autoxidation of AsA participated in the inactivation. The radicals attacked the DNA of the phage to introduce strand scissions in the DNA, which might be mainly responsible for the inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214180", "title": "Curative effects of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium metabolism and bone disease in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Synthetic 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH-D3) was given intravenously in a dose of 2.5-10 mug per day to three patients with chronic renal failure. As little as 10 mug of 1alpha-OH-D3 daily for a week improved intestinal calcium absorption to a normal level, raised serum calcium, and reduced serum alkaline phosphatase. Severe rickets which had not responded to large amounts (greater than 200 mg in total) of vitamin D2 was markedly cured with 2.5 mug of 1alpha-OH-D3 given daily for 3 weeks. These clinical data hold promise that is certainly useful in the improvement of intestinal malabsorption of calcium and bone diseases in renal failure.", "contents": "Curative effects of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium metabolism and bone disease in patients with chronic renal failure. Synthetic 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH-D3) was given intravenously in a dose of 2.5-10 mug per day to three patients with chronic renal failure. As little as 10 mug of 1alpha-OH-D3 daily for a week improved intestinal calcium absorption to a normal level, raised serum calcium, and reduced serum alkaline phosphatase. Severe rickets which had not responded to large amounts (greater than 200 mg in total) of vitamin D2 was markedly cured with 2.5 mug of 1alpha-OH-D3 given daily for 3 weeks. These clinical data hold promise that is certainly useful in the improvement of intestinal malabsorption of calcium and bone diseases in renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1214181", "title": "Effect of dietary protein on proteolytic activities in the pancreatic tissue and contents of the small intestine in rats.", "content": "The time-courses of proteolytic activities in pancreatic tissue and the contents of the small intestine (the intestinal contents) were determined in rats maintained on a diet containing 30% of various proteins after a switchover from a diet containing 12% casein. 1. The proteolytic activity of the pancreatic tissue quickly responded to change of dietary proteins--within 1 to 6 days--with respect to organ weight, nitrogen content and proteolytic activity, in rats receiving diets containing 30% casein, ovalbumin, lactalbumin, gluten, gelatin or zein. 2. However, the proteolytic activity in the intestinal contents did not necessarily coincide with the pancreatic digestive function; an approximately threefold increase of enzyme activity was demonstrated on the fifth day of feeding in rats receiving gluten. 3. The proteolytic activity in the intestinal contents returned to the initial level on the eighth day in the gluten-fed rats, but those rats maintained on a lysine-supplemented gluten diet exhibited no such elevation of proteolytic activity. 4. No significant difference in pancreatic composition was shown up to the eighth day between the group receiving gluten alone in diet and that receiving the same diet but supplemented with lysine, under the condition of equally restricted food intake. Intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin levels, however, were higher in the gluten-fed rats, suggesting that the depressed rate of enzyme inactivation in the small intestine might be the principal cause of the finding described under (2) above.", "contents": "Effect of dietary protein on proteolytic activities in the pancreatic tissue and contents of the small intestine in rats. The time-courses of proteolytic activities in pancreatic tissue and the contents of the small intestine (the intestinal contents) were determined in rats maintained on a diet containing 30% of various proteins after a switchover from a diet containing 12% casein. 1. The proteolytic activity of the pancreatic tissue quickly responded to change of dietary proteins--within 1 to 6 days--with respect to organ weight, nitrogen content and proteolytic activity, in rats receiving diets containing 30% casein, ovalbumin, lactalbumin, gluten, gelatin or zein. 2. However, the proteolytic activity in the intestinal contents did not necessarily coincide with the pancreatic digestive function; an approximately threefold increase of enzyme activity was demonstrated on the fifth day of feeding in rats receiving gluten. 3. The proteolytic activity in the intestinal contents returned to the initial level on the eighth day in the gluten-fed rats, but those rats maintained on a lysine-supplemented gluten diet exhibited no such elevation of proteolytic activity. 4. No significant difference in pancreatic composition was shown up to the eighth day between the group receiving gluten alone in diet and that receiving the same diet but supplemented with lysine, under the condition of equally restricted food intake. Intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin levels, however, were higher in the gluten-fed rats, suggesting that the depressed rate of enzyme inactivation in the small intestine might be the principal cause of the finding described under (2) above."}
{"id": "PMID:1214182", "title": "Effects of protein deficiency on the rate of radioactivity loss from body constituents in adult rats given 14C-amino acids.", "content": "The effect of protein deficiency on the rate of loss of radioactivity from body constituents was studied in adult rats administered 14C-Chlorella protein hydrolysate or 14C-lysine. Rats were kept on a protein-free diet for 3 weeks and then injected with labelled amino acids and fed on a protein-free diet for 3 more days to allow 14C deposition in tissues. Then they were given experimental diets (protein-free diet, 1% and 10% wheat gluten diets pair-fed with the protein-free diet, and 10% wheat gluten diet ad libitum) for 7 days and sacrificed. The rates of loss of radioactivity from tissue proteins became low in general with the extent of protein deficiency. This increased capacity of tissues to retain 14C-amino acids may result from higher efficiency of protein utilization in protein deficiency. The reutilization of free amino acids and the rate of catabolism of tissue proteins are discussed on the basis of the results. The half-life of muscle protein was too long to observe the effects of experimental diets given for 7 days on the rate of loss of radioactivity.", "contents": "Effects of protein deficiency on the rate of radioactivity loss from body constituents in adult rats given 14C-amino acids. The effect of protein deficiency on the rate of loss of radioactivity from body constituents was studied in adult rats administered 14C-Chlorella protein hydrolysate or 14C-lysine. Rats were kept on a protein-free diet for 3 weeks and then injected with labelled amino acids and fed on a protein-free diet for 3 more days to allow 14C deposition in tissues. Then they were given experimental diets (protein-free diet, 1% and 10% wheat gluten diets pair-fed with the protein-free diet, and 10% wheat gluten diet ad libitum) for 7 days and sacrificed. The rates of loss of radioactivity from tissue proteins became low in general with the extent of protein deficiency. This increased capacity of tissues to retain 14C-amino acids may result from higher efficiency of protein utilization in protein deficiency. The reutilization of free amino acids and the rate of catabolism of tissue proteins are discussed on the basis of the results. The half-life of muscle protein was too long to observe the effects of experimental diets given for 7 days on the rate of loss of radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1214187", "title": "Bone growth changes in pyridoxine-deficient rats.", "content": "Male and female rats were fed a commercial diet lacking pyridoxine. Using radiological and histological methods the growth of the long bones in the pyridoxine-deficient rats from 2 wk to 6 mth of age was compared with that in paired-fed and in paired-weight-gain control rats of the same age and sex given the same diet supplemented by daily injections of pyridoxine hydrochloride. Measurements of tibial bone length were significantly reduced in the deficient male rats but not females, possibly due to the reduced requirements for growth in the female. Thin epiphyseal plates were a feature of the limb radiographs in all the pyridoxine-deficient rats. Histologically the growing long-bone ends showed a diminished activity of endochondral ossification with thin epiphyseal cartilage and fewer shorter, broad and irregular bone trabeculae in the metaphyses of the deficient rats. These metaphyseal changes resemble those described in starvation.", "contents": "Bone growth changes in pyridoxine-deficient rats. Male and female rats were fed a commercial diet lacking pyridoxine. Using radiological and histological methods the growth of the long bones in the pyridoxine-deficient rats from 2 wk to 6 mth of age was compared with that in paired-fed and in paired-weight-gain control rats of the same age and sex given the same diet supplemented by daily injections of pyridoxine hydrochloride. Measurements of tibial bone length were significantly reduced in the deficient male rats but not females, possibly due to the reduced requirements for growth in the female. Thin epiphyseal plates were a feature of the limb radiographs in all the pyridoxine-deficient rats. Histologically the growing long-bone ends showed a diminished activity of endochondral ossification with thin epiphyseal cartilage and fewer shorter, broad and irregular bone trabeculae in the metaphyses of the deficient rats. These metaphyseal changes resemble those described in starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214188", "title": "Long-term organ culture of human skin: an ultrastructural and immunochemical study.", "content": "Human skin grown in tissue culture medium for periods of up to 18 wk undergoes characteristic morphological changes. After an initial period of degeneration, new foci of epidermal cells arise at the dermo-epidermal junction and by rapid proliferation these cells spread out to form a complete second epidermal layer beneath the degenerating original strata. Stratification occurs in this new epidermis with incomplete keratinisation. The individual keratinocytes show ultrastructural similarities with fetal cells. There is a loss of complexity of the cytoplasm typified by a marked reduction in the numbers of keratin filaments and a decrease in the numbers of desmosomal contact areas. In addition, the formation of cilia and accumulation of glycogen in the cell cytoplasm are characteristic. The cytoplasm of the basal cells contains numerous polyribosomes and there is evidence of synthetic activity as illustrated by the proliferation of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Fluorescent and EM immunocytochemical staining with an anti-fetal antiserum demonstrates the development of fetal substances on the surface of cells during the regeneration stage occurring in the cultured skins. The significance of these observations concerning transplantability of cultured tissues is discussed.", "contents": "Long-term organ culture of human skin: an ultrastructural and immunochemical study. Human skin grown in tissue culture medium for periods of up to 18 wk undergoes characteristic morphological changes. After an initial period of degeneration, new foci of epidermal cells arise at the dermo-epidermal junction and by rapid proliferation these cells spread out to form a complete second epidermal layer beneath the degenerating original strata. Stratification occurs in this new epidermis with incomplete keratinisation. The individual keratinocytes show ultrastructural similarities with fetal cells. There is a loss of complexity of the cytoplasm typified by a marked reduction in the numbers of keratin filaments and a decrease in the numbers of desmosomal contact areas. In addition, the formation of cilia and accumulation of glycogen in the cell cytoplasm are characteristic. The cytoplasm of the basal cells contains numerous polyribosomes and there is evidence of synthetic activity as illustrated by the proliferation of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Fluorescent and EM immunocytochemical staining with an anti-fetal antiserum demonstrates the development of fetal substances on the surface of cells during the regeneration stage occurring in the cultured skins. The significance of these observations concerning transplantability of cultured tissues is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214189", "title": "Histopathological changes in the liver following a paracetamol overdose: correlation with clinical and biochemical parameters.", "content": "The histological appearances of the liver damage occurring after a paracetamol overdose are described in liver biopsies from 104 patients, of whom 38 developed fulminant hepatic failure. Confluent centrilobular necrosis of varying extent was followed by rapid disappearance of necrotic cells, leaving areas of reticulin collapse and a usually mild inflammatory reaction. The histological recovery in even the most severe cases was remarkable, and only one of the 17 survivors whose initial biopsy showed the pattern of interlobular bridging necrosis had appreciable residual fibrosis in a follow-up biopsy taken after 1 yr. A quantitative estimate was made of the amount of surviving liver parenchyma using a morphometric technique and the hepatocyte volume fraction (HVF) in biopsies performed within 10 days of the overdose correlated well with the clinical course and both the maximal prolongation of the prothrombin time and the peak plasma bilirubin concentration in the first 10 days. An HVF value (normal 85 +/- 5 per cent.) of less than 40 per cent. in a biopsy taken within 10 days of the overdose was found only in patients who died. However, HVF measurements on biopsies from three survivors taken later than 10 days after the overdose shows that survival is possible below this critical level.", "contents": "Histopathological changes in the liver following a paracetamol overdose: correlation with clinical and biochemical parameters. The histological appearances of the liver damage occurring after a paracetamol overdose are described in liver biopsies from 104 patients, of whom 38 developed fulminant hepatic failure. Confluent centrilobular necrosis of varying extent was followed by rapid disappearance of necrotic cells, leaving areas of reticulin collapse and a usually mild inflammatory reaction. The histological recovery in even the most severe cases was remarkable, and only one of the 17 survivors whose initial biopsy showed the pattern of interlobular bridging necrosis had appreciable residual fibrosis in a follow-up biopsy taken after 1 yr. A quantitative estimate was made of the amount of surviving liver parenchyma using a morphometric technique and the hepatocyte volume fraction (HVF) in biopsies performed within 10 days of the overdose correlated well with the clinical course and both the maximal prolongation of the prothrombin time and the peak plasma bilirubin concentration in the first 10 days. An HVF value (normal 85 +/- 5 per cent.) of less than 40 per cent. in a biopsy taken within 10 days of the overdose was found only in patients who died. However, HVF measurements on biopsies from three survivors taken later than 10 days after the overdose shows that survival is possible below this critical level."}
{"id": "PMID:1214190", "title": "Effects on the liver in the rat of ingestion of Indigofera spicata, a legume containing an inhibitor of arginine metabolism.", "content": "The non-protein amino acid indospicine, which occurs in the free state in high concentration in the tropical pasture legume Indigofera spicata, causes toxic liver lesions in ruminants. Indospicine is a specific antagonist of arginine and an inhibitor of protein synthesis. The liver lesion was studied in rats at four dose levels by feeding diets containing 96, 48, 24 and 15 per cent. of the seed. The too higher levels caused death of most animals in 2-6 wk. Females were more susceptible than males. The rats fed the 24 per cent. seed diet developed a nodular cirrhosis by 6 wk and survived up to 18 wk. The rats fed the 15 per cent. seed diet developed cirrhosis at 16 wk and survived up to 28 wk. Prior to the onset of cirrhosis the liver showed a characteristic lesion consisting of hepatomegaly, periportal fatty change, portal cellularity due to proliferation of ovoid and cuboidal duct cells, gross enlargement of the hepatocyte cytoplasm nuclei and nucleoli in spite of brisk mitotic activity, and focal centrilobular necrosis. The lesion was interpreted as a restricted hepatic response to a growth stimulus, possibly the mobilisation of tissue amino acids. Improvement occurred in the rats fed the two lower dosage levels after nodular cirrhosis developed, producing a new parenchyma. An attempt is made to relate the lesions to the biochemical derangement induced by a specific amino acid antagonist.", "contents": "Effects on the liver in the rat of ingestion of Indigofera spicata, a legume containing an inhibitor of arginine metabolism. The non-protein amino acid indospicine, which occurs in the free state in high concentration in the tropical pasture legume Indigofera spicata, causes toxic liver lesions in ruminants. Indospicine is a specific antagonist of arginine and an inhibitor of protein synthesis. The liver lesion was studied in rats at four dose levels by feeding diets containing 96, 48, 24 and 15 per cent. of the seed. The too higher levels caused death of most animals in 2-6 wk. Females were more susceptible than males. The rats fed the 24 per cent. seed diet developed a nodular cirrhosis by 6 wk and survived up to 18 wk. The rats fed the 15 per cent. seed diet developed cirrhosis at 16 wk and survived up to 28 wk. Prior to the onset of cirrhosis the liver showed a characteristic lesion consisting of hepatomegaly, periportal fatty change, portal cellularity due to proliferation of ovoid and cuboidal duct cells, gross enlargement of the hepatocyte cytoplasm nuclei and nucleoli in spite of brisk mitotic activity, and focal centrilobular necrosis. The lesion was interpreted as a restricted hepatic response to a growth stimulus, possibly the mobilisation of tissue amino acids. Improvement occurred in the rats fed the two lower dosage levels after nodular cirrhosis developed, producing a new parenchyma. An attempt is made to relate the lesions to the biochemical derangement induced by a specific amino acid antagonist."}
{"id": "PMID:1214191", "title": "Nature of muscular change in osteomalacia: light- and electron-microscope observations.", "content": "Thirteen muscle biopsy specimens (mainly the gluteus maximus) from 12 patients with laboratory confirmation of osteomalacia and proximal muscle weakness in 10 were examined by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed mild diffuse non-specific atrophy of the muscle fibres in 10 cases, severe generalised atrophy in one and patchy group atrophy in one. There was no myopathic change in specimens from cases with either a nutritional aetiology, or a mixed aetiology. The former, mostly women gave a history of severe chronic malnutrition often accompanied by repeated pregnancies and prolonged lactation; those with a mixed aetiology gave, in addition, evidence of a metabolic or endocrine disorder such as hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, uraemia, or treatment with anti-epileptic drugs or were of uncertain origin. Electron-microscope examination of muscle from the nutritional group showed atrophic changes in the fibres, such as loss of myofibrils, prominence of mitochondria and glycogen, loosening and folding of the basement-membrane but good preservation of the remaining myofibrils. In contrast muscle from cases of mixed aetiology showed, in addition to the atrophic features, clear degenerative changes in the myofibrils and the mitochondria, accumulation of amorphous material at the site of myofibrillar loss and of lipofuscin in muscle fibres, vascular endothelium and satellite cells. The earliest degenerative change was in the \"I\" band, involving actin filaments and \"Z\" line. The triads were generally preserved but the sarcoplasmic reticulum appeared affected in a patient with tetany and severe mitochondrial degeneration. In a patient with thyrotoxicosis, proliferation of central nuclei, \"Z\" line streaming and formation of \"T\" tubular aggregates were seen. In one patient with hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia, severe myofibrillar degeneration and mitochondria showing osmiophilic deposits, possibly of calcium phosphate, were encountered. It is concluded: (1) that all osteomalacic muscle weakness is not myopathic but a non-specific atrophy occurring probably on the basis of disuse and malnutrition, and (2) patients with an added metabolic or endocrinological disorder show in addition to the atrophy, degenerative changes in the muscle fibre and its sub-cellular components consistent with myopathy, and these patients should be clearly distinguished from those with a background of malnutrition only.", "contents": "Nature of muscular change in osteomalacia: light- and electron-microscope observations. Thirteen muscle biopsy specimens (mainly the gluteus maximus) from 12 patients with laboratory confirmation of osteomalacia and proximal muscle weakness in 10 were examined by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed mild diffuse non-specific atrophy of the muscle fibres in 10 cases, severe generalised atrophy in one and patchy group atrophy in one. There was no myopathic change in specimens from cases with either a nutritional aetiology, or a mixed aetiology. The former, mostly women gave a history of severe chronic malnutrition often accompanied by repeated pregnancies and prolonged lactation; those with a mixed aetiology gave, in addition, evidence of a metabolic or endocrine disorder such as hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, uraemia, or treatment with anti-epileptic drugs or were of uncertain origin. Electron-microscope examination of muscle from the nutritional group showed atrophic changes in the fibres, such as loss of myofibrils, prominence of mitochondria and glycogen, loosening and folding of the basement-membrane but good preservation of the remaining myofibrils. In contrast muscle from cases of mixed aetiology showed, in addition to the atrophic features, clear degenerative changes in the myofibrils and the mitochondria, accumulation of amorphous material at the site of myofibrillar loss and of lipofuscin in muscle fibres, vascular endothelium and satellite cells. The earliest degenerative change was in the \"I\" band, involving actin filaments and \"Z\" line. The triads were generally preserved but the sarcoplasmic reticulum appeared affected in a patient with tetany and severe mitochondrial degeneration. In a patient with thyrotoxicosis, proliferation of central nuclei, \"Z\" line streaming and formation of \"T\" tubular aggregates were seen. In one patient with hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia, severe myofibrillar degeneration and mitochondria showing osmiophilic deposits, possibly of calcium phosphate, were encountered. It is concluded: (1) that all osteomalacic muscle weakness is not myopathic but a non-specific atrophy occurring probably on the basis of disuse and malnutrition, and (2) patients with an added metabolic or endocrinological disorder show in addition to the atrophy, degenerative changes in the muscle fibre and its sub-cellular components consistent with myopathy, and these patients should be clearly distinguished from those with a background of malnutrition only."}
{"id": "PMID:1214192", "title": "The relative roles of platelets and macrophages in clearing particles from the blood; the value of carbon clearance as a measure of reticuloendothelial phagocytosis.", "content": "The correlation between detailed kinetic studies and ultrastructural localisation of particles during carbon clearance in normal animals illustrates that single order kinetics are not always obtained and phagocytosis is not always the major clearing process. During the early stages of clearance adherence of particles to platelets and to macrophage surfaces without immediate phagocytosis, as well as aggregation of particles within the blood are important controlling factors in the usual light absorbance techniques used to measure rates of clearance. The importance of the various processes involved varies depending upon the dose of carbon used and the time for which clearance is followed. The ultrastructural studies suggest an early constant rate of phagocytosis by Kupffer cells despite wide changes in dose of particles. At doses of 1 or 2 mg/100 g body weight of colloidal carbon the ultrastructural evidence shows that phagocytosis is the major early clearing process while at doses of 8 mg/100 g body weight and above the other processes are more important in the early clearance. Most clearance studies in the literature do not provide sufficient information to be certain that phagocytosis is the major process involved and such information can only be provided by detailed kinetic studies correlated with ultrastructural localisation of the particles. Many previous studies have used doses of colloidal carbon which invoke a major degree of the clearance processes other than phagocytosis and such studies are often based on a limited number of samples taken over a period when phagocytosis is not the only rate-controlling factor. Particle clearance studies should at least provide information concerning the possible role of platelets before the rates are considered to be measures of phagocytic function.", "contents": "The relative roles of platelets and macrophages in clearing particles from the blood; the value of carbon clearance as a measure of reticuloendothelial phagocytosis. The correlation between detailed kinetic studies and ultrastructural localisation of particles during carbon clearance in normal animals illustrates that single order kinetics are not always obtained and phagocytosis is not always the major clearing process. During the early stages of clearance adherence of particles to platelets and to macrophage surfaces without immediate phagocytosis, as well as aggregation of particles within the blood are important controlling factors in the usual light absorbance techniques used to measure rates of clearance. The importance of the various processes involved varies depending upon the dose of carbon used and the time for which clearance is followed. The ultrastructural studies suggest an early constant rate of phagocytosis by Kupffer cells despite wide changes in dose of particles. At doses of 1 or 2 mg/100 g body weight of colloidal carbon the ultrastructural evidence shows that phagocytosis is the major early clearing process while at doses of 8 mg/100 g body weight and above the other processes are more important in the early clearance. Most clearance studies in the literature do not provide sufficient information to be certain that phagocytosis is the major process involved and such information can only be provided by detailed kinetic studies correlated with ultrastructural localisation of the particles. Many previous studies have used doses of colloidal carbon which invoke a major degree of the clearance processes other than phagocytosis and such studies are often based on a limited number of samples taken over a period when phagocytosis is not the only rate-controlling factor. Particle clearance studies should at least provide information concerning the possible role of platelets before the rates are considered to be measures of phagocytic function."}
{"id": "PMID:1214193", "title": "Calcification in human breast carcinomas: ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Calcification in human breast carcinomas has been studied ultrastructurally. Multiple deposits of needle-shaped crystals intimately associated with electrondense material were observed among tumour cells. Similar deposits were present in intracytoplasmic lumina and the adjacent stroma. Cytoplasmic calcification was seen in membrane-bound vesicles and as partially membrane-bound clusters of crystals. It is suggested that the calcification is the result of an active secretory process rather than calcified necrotic or degenerate tumour cells. The possible mechanisms of calcification are discussed. Both electron diffraction and electron probe analysis show that the crystaline material is hydroxyapatite.", "contents": "Calcification in human breast carcinomas: ultrastructural observations. Calcification in human breast carcinomas has been studied ultrastructurally. Multiple deposits of needle-shaped crystals intimately associated with electrondense material were observed among tumour cells. Similar deposits were present in intracytoplasmic lumina and the adjacent stroma. Cytoplasmic calcification was seen in membrane-bound vesicles and as partially membrane-bound clusters of crystals. It is suggested that the calcification is the result of an active secretory process rather than calcified necrotic or degenerate tumour cells. The possible mechanisms of calcification are discussed. Both electron diffraction and electron probe analysis show that the crystaline material is hydroxyapatite."}
{"id": "PMID:1214194", "title": "The elasticity of the internal lamina.", "content": "The elasticity has been investigated post mortem of the external iliac artery from 48 cases, matched normotensives and hypertensives, males and females, from the 3rd to the 8th decades. The lamina is shown to be truly elastic in that it resists stretch, for there is no increase in the length of the lamina, measured histometrically, in arterial cross-sections when segments of the artery are distended by pressures equivalent to the lifetime systolic blood pressure, or indeed much higher pressures even to the point of rupture. In this process gaps in the lamina, the representation on histological slides of fenestrae, become wider than in the undistended state. With advancing age there is a very slight increase in the length of the lamina but this is not accompanied by any increase in the number of gaps except in the case of male normotensives over the age of 60 yr. Between the 3rd and 8th decades gaps do not increase in size in the laminae of arteries from normotensives. The gaps do show an increase in size in hypertensives but only those above the age of 60 yr.", "contents": "The elasticity of the internal lamina. The elasticity has been investigated post mortem of the external iliac artery from 48 cases, matched normotensives and hypertensives, males and females, from the 3rd to the 8th decades. The lamina is shown to be truly elastic in that it resists stretch, for there is no increase in the length of the lamina, measured histometrically, in arterial cross-sections when segments of the artery are distended by pressures equivalent to the lifetime systolic blood pressure, or indeed much higher pressures even to the point of rupture. In this process gaps in the lamina, the representation on histological slides of fenestrae, become wider than in the undistended state. With advancing age there is a very slight increase in the length of the lamina but this is not accompanied by any increase in the number of gaps except in the case of male normotensives over the age of 60 yr. Between the 3rd and 8th decades gaps do not increase in size in the laminae of arteries from normotensives. The gaps do show an increase in size in hypertensives but only those above the age of 60 yr."}
{"id": "PMID:1214198", "title": "Heart rate in fetuses and neonates in normal conditions and with mild depression.", "content": "The continuous recording of fetal and neonatal heart rate gives reliable information on the condition of the fetus and neonate. In the present study the results obtained in vigorous and mildly depressed newborns, by the continuous recording of fetal heart rate during labor and of neonatal heart rate during 90 minutes after birth, are presented. Twenty three pregnant women were studied during labor, as well as their newborns. They fulfilled the following conditions: --Mothers without known complications and good prenatal care. --Term pregnancies with single fetuses in vertex presentation with birthweight normal for age. --All labors started, progressed and delivered spontanously withoug signs of fetal distress. No drugs were given to the mother during labor or to the neonate. The umbilical cord was clamped immediately after birth. Seventeen neonates were vigorous at 1 and 5 minutes (Apgar score 7 or higher). Six neonates were slightly depressed at the first minute but all of them recovered at 5 minutes. Both groups are studied separately. Figure 1 shows the average values of BFHR and NHR corresponding to 17 vigorous newborns (Apgar scores 7-10 at the first and fifth minutes of life). No major variations were found in the average values of BFHR in the time period studied. No statistically significant differences were found in the BFHR of the same fetus at 60, 30 and 8 minutes before delivery (Fig. 2). A decrease in BFHR occurred during the 6 minutes preceding birth (fig. 1). After birth the average values of NHR were higher than the fetal ones (Fig. 1). This post-natal increase in heart rate (32 beats/min) is statistically significant when BFHR values 30 minutes before delivery are compared with NHR values recorded 10 minutes after birth (Fig. 3). After this initial increase, NHR starts a gradual fall, lasting about 50 minutes and then becomes stable at a level similar to that of fetal heart rate (Fig. 1). Figure 1 shows that puncture of the heel causes an increase in NHR. The difference between NHR before and after the puncture is significant (Fig. 6). The heart rate of 6 newborns which were slightly depressed at the first minute of life (Apgar score 4-6) but vigorous at the fifth minute, are not significantly different from those of the vigorous group of 17 neonates (Fig.7). The cases chosen for this study have been carefully selected with the aim of establishing the \"normal\" pattern of fetal and neonatal heart rate. We concluded that in normal term labors BFHR remains stable from 90 until 10 minutes before delivery; there is a tendency to fall during the last 6 minutes preceeding birth. Immediately after birth, neonatal heart rate rises significantly, then falls gradually and becomes stabilized 50 minutes after delivery, at levels similar to those of BFHR.", "contents": "Heart rate in fetuses and neonates in normal conditions and with mild depression. The continuous recording of fetal and neonatal heart rate gives reliable information on the condition of the fetus and neonate. In the present study the results obtained in vigorous and mildly depressed newborns, by the continuous recording of fetal heart rate during labor and of neonatal heart rate during 90 minutes after birth, are presented. Twenty three pregnant women were studied during labor, as well as their newborns. They fulfilled the following conditions: --Mothers without known complications and good prenatal care. --Term pregnancies with single fetuses in vertex presentation with birthweight normal for age. --All labors started, progressed and delivered spontanously withoug signs of fetal distress. No drugs were given to the mother during labor or to the neonate. The umbilical cord was clamped immediately after birth. Seventeen neonates were vigorous at 1 and 5 minutes (Apgar score 7 or higher). Six neonates were slightly depressed at the first minute but all of them recovered at 5 minutes. Both groups are studied separately. Figure 1 shows the average values of BFHR and NHR corresponding to 17 vigorous newborns (Apgar scores 7-10 at the first and fifth minutes of life). No major variations were found in the average values of BFHR in the time period studied. No statistically significant differences were found in the BFHR of the same fetus at 60, 30 and 8 minutes before delivery (Fig. 2). A decrease in BFHR occurred during the 6 minutes preceding birth (fig. 1). After birth the average values of NHR were higher than the fetal ones (Fig. 1). This post-natal increase in heart rate (32 beats/min) is statistically significant when BFHR values 30 minutes before delivery are compared with NHR values recorded 10 minutes after birth (Fig. 3). After this initial increase, NHR starts a gradual fall, lasting about 50 minutes and then becomes stable at a level similar to that of fetal heart rate (Fig. 1). Figure 1 shows that puncture of the heel causes an increase in NHR. The difference between NHR before and after the puncture is significant (Fig. 6). The heart rate of 6 newborns which were slightly depressed at the first minute of life (Apgar score 4-6) but vigorous at the fifth minute, are not significantly different from those of the vigorous group of 17 neonates (Fig.7). The cases chosen for this study have been carefully selected with the aim of establishing the \"normal\" pattern of fetal and neonatal heart rate. We concluded that in normal term labors BFHR remains stable from 90 until 10 minutes before delivery; there is a tendency to fall during the last 6 minutes preceeding birth. Immediately after birth, neonatal heart rate rises significantly, then falls gradually and becomes stabilized 50 minutes after delivery, at levels similar to those of BFHR."}
{"id": "PMID:1214199", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid studies in an intensive care nursery.", "content": "Prospective and retrospective data were collected from 394 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations performed in premature and full term infants in a neonatal intensive care unit from October, 1969, to April, 1973.Premature infants had an average of 6 WBCs/mn and 180 mg/100 ml protein in their CSF in the first week, and 3 WBCs/mm and 117 mg/100 ml protein in the fourth week of life. Full term infants had an average of 5 WBCs/mm and 117 mg/100 ml protein in the CSF during their first week, and 5 WVCs/mm and 74 mg/100ml protein in their fourth week of life. Thus, increasing age at the time of lumbar puncture was associated with decreased cell number and lower protein in the CSF. Infants with bacterial meningitis, intracranical hemorrhage and those born of diabetic mothers had the highest values of CSF protein and WBCs. The highest number of RBCs in the CSF was seen in infants with intracranial hemorrhage and infants born of diabetic mothers.  Fifteen (4%) of the 394 CSFs examined yielded a virus or bacteria: 5 E. coli, 6 group B beta hemolytic streptococci, and 1 each a pneumococcus, cytomegalo-virus, Coxsackie, and ECHO virus. The CSF findings in the population of infants afflicted with the variety of illnesses studied are not strikingly different from published \"normals\". Thus, some degree of patient heterogeneity must have been present in previous series.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid studies in an intensive care nursery. Prospective and retrospective data were collected from 394 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations performed in premature and full term infants in a neonatal intensive care unit from October, 1969, to April, 1973.Premature infants had an average of 6 WBCs/mn and 180 mg/100 ml protein in their CSF in the first week, and 3 WBCs/mm and 117 mg/100 ml protein in the fourth week of life. Full term infants had an average of 5 WBCs/mm and 117 mg/100 ml protein in the CSF during their first week, and 5 WVCs/mm and 74 mg/100ml protein in their fourth week of life. Thus, increasing age at the time of lumbar puncture was associated with decreased cell number and lower protein in the CSF. Infants with bacterial meningitis, intracranical hemorrhage and those born of diabetic mothers had the highest values of CSF protein and WBCs. The highest number of RBCs in the CSF was seen in infants with intracranial hemorrhage and infants born of diabetic mothers.  Fifteen (4%) of the 394 CSFs examined yielded a virus or bacteria: 5 E. coli, 6 group B beta hemolytic streptococci, and 1 each a pneumococcus, cytomegalo-virus, Coxsackie, and ECHO virus. The CSF findings in the population of infants afflicted with the variety of illnesses studied are not strikingly different from published \"normals\". Thus, some degree of patient heterogeneity must have been present in previous series."}
{"id": "PMID:1214212", "title": "Self-presentation: managing the impression of consistency when reality interferes with self-enhancement.", "content": "The manner in which an individual's self-perceptions affect related self-presentations was investigated. One hundred and twenty subjects believed that they would participate in a group task where their individual performance would either be known to the group or be completely anonymous. On the basis of bogus feedback from prior tests, subjects expected to perform either extremely well or very poorly on the group task; control groups received no such feedback. Before the task began, group members exchanged personal information that allowed them to vary their self-presentations. Factor analysis revealed two self-presentational factors: competence and interpersonal relations. A Performance Expectations X Anonymity interaction was obtained on self-presentational claims to personal competence. Under public performance conditions (where future public events could invalidate an unrealistically positive self-presentation), self-presentations were consistent with subjects' expectations of actual performance. However, under anonymous conditions, self-presentations were quite favorable and unaffected by expectations of actual performance. The results support an incentive model and fail to support a consistency model. Subjects seemed to desire as self-enhancing and approval gaining a public image as possible but conceded to the demands of public reality when necessary.", "contents": "Self-presentation: managing the impression of consistency when reality interferes with self-enhancement. The manner in which an individual's self-perceptions affect related self-presentations was investigated. One hundred and twenty subjects believed that they would participate in a group task where their individual performance would either be known to the group or be completely anonymous. On the basis of bogus feedback from prior tests, subjects expected to perform either extremely well or very poorly on the group task; control groups received no such feedback. Before the task began, group members exchanged personal information that allowed them to vary their self-presentations. Factor analysis revealed two self-presentational factors: competence and interpersonal relations. A Performance Expectations X Anonymity interaction was obtained on self-presentational claims to personal competence. Under public performance conditions (where future public events could invalidate an unrealistically positive self-presentation), self-presentations were consistent with subjects' expectations of actual performance. However, under anonymous conditions, self-presentations were quite favorable and unaffected by expectations of actual performance. The results support an incentive model and fail to support a consistency model. Subjects seemed to desire as self-enhancing and approval gaining a public image as possible but conceded to the demands of public reality when necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1214213", "title": "Effects of cue prominence and palatability on the drinking behavior of obese and normal humans.", "content": "This study examines the effects of cue salience and palatability (water temperature) on the water drinking of obese and normal subjects. Obese subjects drink more than do normal subjects when the water cue is prominent but do not do so when this cue is remote. Palatability does not differentially affect the drinking behavior of obese and normal subjects. These results support the extension to nonfood stimuli of the hypothesis of the hyperreactivity of the obese to prominent cues.", "contents": "Effects of cue prominence and palatability on the drinking behavior of obese and normal humans. This study examines the effects of cue salience and palatability (water temperature) on the water drinking of obese and normal subjects. Obese subjects drink more than do normal subjects when the water cue is prominent but do not do so when this cue is remote. Palatability does not differentially affect the drinking behavior of obese and normal subjects. These results support the extension to nonfood stimuli of the hypothesis of the hyperreactivity of the obese to prominent cues."}
{"id": "PMID:1214214", "title": "Encoding and decoding nonverbal cues of emotion.", "content": "Subjects (\"senders\") encoded six emotions twice, first via facial expressions and second via tone of voice. These expressions were recorded and presented for decoding to the senders and an additional group of judges. Results were as follows: (a) the ability to encode and the ability to decode both visual and auditory cues were significantly related; (b) the relationship between encoding and decoding cues of the same emotion appeared low or negative; (c) the ability to decode visual cues was significantly related to the ability to decode auditory cues, but the correlations among encoding (and decoding) scores on different emotions were low; (d) females were slightly better encoders, and significantly better decoders, than males; (e) acquaintance between sender and judge improved decoding scores among males but not among females; (f) auditory decoding scores were higher than visual decoding scores, particularly among males; (g) auditory decoding scores were relatively high if sender and judge were of the same sex, while visual decoding scores were relatively high if sender and judge were of opposite sexes; (h) decoding scores varied according to channel of communication and type of emotion transmitted.", "contents": "Encoding and decoding nonverbal cues of emotion. Subjects (\"senders\") encoded six emotions twice, first via facial expressions and second via tone of voice. These expressions were recorded and presented for decoding to the senders and an additional group of judges. Results were as follows: (a) the ability to encode and the ability to decode both visual and auditory cues were significantly related; (b) the relationship between encoding and decoding cues of the same emotion appeared low or negative; (c) the ability to decode visual cues was significantly related to the ability to decode auditory cues, but the correlations among encoding (and decoding) scores on different emotions were low; (d) females were slightly better encoders, and significantly better decoders, than males; (e) acquaintance between sender and judge improved decoding scores among males but not among females; (f) auditory decoding scores were higher than visual decoding scores, particularly among males; (g) auditory decoding scores were relatively high if sender and judge were of the same sex, while visual decoding scores were relatively high if sender and judge were of opposite sexes; (h) decoding scores varied according to channel of communication and type of emotion transmitted."}
{"id": "PMID:1214215", "title": "Rate of participation and expertise as factors influencing leader choice.", "content": "Seventy-two female subjects were placed in four-person problem-solving groups. A confederate in each group was identified as either expert or inexpert, made expert or inexpert contributions, and either talked a lot or relatively little. The problem was made high or low in ambiguity. It was hypothesized that, as previous studies have shown, a high rate of participation would influence choice of the confederate as leader in the inexpert condition but that talkativeness would not be influential in the expert condition. The results supported the hypothesis. The characteristics of the confederate were somewhat less influential when the problem was low in ambiguity. The results were discussed in terms of what talkativeness may signify to other group members. When talkativeness is not resisted by the group it is tentative evidence that the talker is perceived as an appropriate, qualified, and legitimate leader.", "contents": "Rate of participation and expertise as factors influencing leader choice. Seventy-two female subjects were placed in four-person problem-solving groups. A confederate in each group was identified as either expert or inexpert, made expert or inexpert contributions, and either talked a lot or relatively little. The problem was made high or low in ambiguity. It was hypothesized that, as previous studies have shown, a high rate of participation would influence choice of the confederate as leader in the inexpert condition but that talkativeness would not be influential in the expert condition. The results supported the hypothesis. The characteristics of the confederate were somewhat less influential when the problem was low in ambiguity. The results were discussed in terms of what talkativeness may signify to other group members. When talkativeness is not resisted by the group it is tentative evidence that the talker is perceived as an appropriate, qualified, and legitimate leader."}
{"id": "PMID:1214216", "title": "Sociocultural context of individual creativity: a transhistorical time-series analysis.", "content": "Hypotheses were stated which specify individual creativity as a function of developmental and productive period variables. It was then argued that these hypotheses could be better tested by examining generational fluctuations in creativity. Information from cultural and political archival sources was thus aggregated to form time series spanning 127 generations of European history. Data quality checks, control variables, data transformations, time-lagged comparisons, and trend analyses were used to improve the validity of the causal inferences. While the results varied according to the type of creativity (discursive or presentational) and the degree of achieved eminence, creative development was found to be affected by the following: (a) role model availability, (b) political fragmentation, (c) imperial instability, and (d) political instability.", "contents": "Sociocultural context of individual creativity: a transhistorical time-series analysis. Hypotheses were stated which specify individual creativity as a function of developmental and productive period variables. It was then argued that these hypotheses could be better tested by examining generational fluctuations in creativity. Information from cultural and political archival sources was thus aggregated to form time series spanning 127 generations of European history. Data quality checks, control variables, data transformations, time-lagged comparisons, and trend analyses were used to improve the validity of the causal inferences. While the results varied according to the type of creativity (discursive or presentational) and the degree of achieved eminence, creative development was found to be affected by the following: (a) role model availability, (b) political fragmentation, (c) imperial instability, and (d) political instability."}
{"id": "PMID:1214217", "title": "Empathy and altruism.", "content": "The psychophysiological responses of 60 subjects were measured as they observed a performer play a roulette game. Half of the subjects were led to believe that they were similar to the performer in personality and values, and half were led to believe that they were dissimilar. Half of the subjects in each condition believed that the performer won money and experienced pain as he played the game, and half believed that he performed a cognitive and motor skill task. Subjects who observed a performer who ostensibly experienced pleasure and pain exhibited greater psychophysiological reactions than subjects who did not. Subjects who believed they were similar to the performer tended to react more strongly than subjects who believed they were different from him. Similar subjects also reported identifying most with the performer and feeling the worst while he waited to receive shocks. It was concluded that the similar subjects empathized most with the performer who appeared to experience pleasure and pain. When required to make a choice between helping themselves at a cost to the performer or helping the performer at a cost to themselves, the subjects who reacted most empathically behaved most altruistically. The results were interpreted as casting some light on century-old questions about the human capacity for altruism.", "contents": "Empathy and altruism. The psychophysiological responses of 60 subjects were measured as they observed a performer play a roulette game. Half of the subjects were led to believe that they were similar to the performer in personality and values, and half were led to believe that they were dissimilar. Half of the subjects in each condition believed that the performer won money and experienced pain as he played the game, and half believed that he performed a cognitive and motor skill task. Subjects who observed a performer who ostensibly experienced pleasure and pain exhibited greater psychophysiological reactions than subjects who did not. Subjects who believed they were similar to the performer tended to react more strongly than subjects who believed they were different from him. Similar subjects also reported identifying most with the performer and feeling the worst while he waited to receive shocks. It was concluded that the similar subjects empathized most with the performer who appeared to experience pleasure and pain. When required to make a choice between helping themselves at a cost to the performer or helping the performer at a cost to themselves, the subjects who reacted most empathically behaved most altruistically. The results were interpreted as casting some light on century-old questions about the human capacity for altruism."}
{"id": "PMID:1214218", "title": "Differentiation of affective and denotative meaning systems and their influence in personality ratings.", "content": "The present study presents an empirical example of the dichotomy of affective and denotative meaning systems and their influence on individual differences in personality ratings. The three-mode factor analytic technique with a newly developed transformation methodology for the scale mode was applied to data collected by Hogenraad from 50 French-speaking Belgians, rating 40 personality concepts against 40 semantic differential scales. Results indicated that three affective dimensions (evaluation, potency, and activity) proved to be dominant in the indigenous factor structure of personality impressions and that three dimensions in the \"other\" space, orthogonal to affect, are clearly interpretable denotative semantic features of personalities. Three idealized individual differences on interactions of these two meaning systems with four concept factors were highlighted by the final rotated inner core matrix. The present methodology along with the semantic differential technique and three-mode factor analysis can be applied to various types of subjects and/or concept domains for better understanding of intra- and intercultural differences.", "contents": "Differentiation of affective and denotative meaning systems and their influence in personality ratings. The present study presents an empirical example of the dichotomy of affective and denotative meaning systems and their influence on individual differences in personality ratings. The three-mode factor analytic technique with a newly developed transformation methodology for the scale mode was applied to data collected by Hogenraad from 50 French-speaking Belgians, rating 40 personality concepts against 40 semantic differential scales. Results indicated that three affective dimensions (evaluation, potency, and activity) proved to be dominant in the indigenous factor structure of personality impressions and that three dimensions in the \"other\" space, orthogonal to affect, are clearly interpretable denotative semantic features of personalities. Three idealized individual differences on interactions of these two meaning systems with four concept factors were highlighted by the final rotated inner core matrix. The present methodology along with the semantic differential technique and three-mode factor analysis can be applied to various types of subjects and/or concept domains for better understanding of intra- and intercultural differences."}
{"id": "PMID:1214219", "title": "Effects of angiotensin II on fluid transport, transmural potential difference and blood flow by rat jejunum in vivo.", "content": "A method has been described for the measurement of fluid transport by rat jejunum in vivo over two consecutive 30 min periods. 2. Subpressor infusion rates of angiotensin (0-59 ng/kg per minute) stimulate fluid transport, while high (pressor) infusion rates (590 ng/kg per minute) inhibit fluid absorption. 3. Both the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of angiotensin on fluid transport are not accompanied by any change in the transmural p.d., total blood flow to the jejunum or distribution of blood flow within the wall of the jejunum. 4. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of angiotensin on fluid transport and its role in sodium and water homoeostasis.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin II on fluid transport, transmural potential difference and blood flow by rat jejunum in vivo. A method has been described for the measurement of fluid transport by rat jejunum in vivo over two consecutive 30 min periods. 2. Subpressor infusion rates of angiotensin (0-59 ng/kg per minute) stimulate fluid transport, while high (pressor) infusion rates (590 ng/kg per minute) inhibit fluid absorption. 3. Both the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of angiotensin on fluid transport are not accompanied by any change in the transmural p.d., total blood flow to the jejunum or distribution of blood flow within the wall of the jejunum. 4. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of angiotensin on fluid transport and its role in sodium and water homoeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1214220", "title": "Vibration-induced discharge patterns of single motor units in the masseter muscle in man.", "content": "Single motor unit potentials were recorded with small bipolar wires from intact masseter muscles in the adult man and a detailed parametric analysis of the effects of muscle vibration on motor unit discharges was carried out. 2. When the vibration amplitude was kept constant, each unit started firing at a definite threshold of vibration frequency. With higher frequencies the rate of firing rapidly reached a maximum. Units recruited at higher frequencies presented a lower maximum rate of firing. 3. When the vibration frequency was kept constant, each masseter unit discharged at a definite threshold of vibration amplitude. With higher amplitudes the unit quickly reached a maximum rate of discharge. Units with a higher frequency threshold tended to also present a higher amplitude threshold. Motor unit \"excitability\" curves could be plotted using the combined threshold conditions for frequency and amplitude of applied vibrations. 4. With a given parametric set of vibration, the units only started firing at a given delay after the onset of vibration. The delay was quite different for different units and it increased considerably, sometimes by several seconds, when the vibration amplitude was made smaller. 5. In all the experimental conditions tested, and even when the unit discharge did not start until several seconds after vibration onset, the unit potential presented a close and highly consistent temporal relation to the vibration cycles. The slow recruitment process is thought to involve a polysynaptic excitatory mechanism which progressively depolarizes the masseter motoneurones close to their threshold, the actual firing being triggered by monosynaptic excitatory post-synaptic potentials from I(a) afferents, hence the small latency jitter recorded. This special pattern of tonic vibration reflex in jaw-closing muscles in man may result from the lack of reciprocal inhibition from the jaw-opening muscles.", "contents": "Vibration-induced discharge patterns of single motor units in the masseter muscle in man. Single motor unit potentials were recorded with small bipolar wires from intact masseter muscles in the adult man and a detailed parametric analysis of the effects of muscle vibration on motor unit discharges was carried out. 2. When the vibration amplitude was kept constant, each unit started firing at a definite threshold of vibration frequency. With higher frequencies the rate of firing rapidly reached a maximum. Units recruited at higher frequencies presented a lower maximum rate of firing. 3. When the vibration frequency was kept constant, each masseter unit discharged at a definite threshold of vibration amplitude. With higher amplitudes the unit quickly reached a maximum rate of discharge. Units with a higher frequency threshold tended to also present a higher amplitude threshold. Motor unit \"excitability\" curves could be plotted using the combined threshold conditions for frequency and amplitude of applied vibrations. 4. With a given parametric set of vibration, the units only started firing at a given delay after the onset of vibration. The delay was quite different for different units and it increased considerably, sometimes by several seconds, when the vibration amplitude was made smaller. 5. In all the experimental conditions tested, and even when the unit discharge did not start until several seconds after vibration onset, the unit potential presented a close and highly consistent temporal relation to the vibration cycles. The slow recruitment process is thought to involve a polysynaptic excitatory mechanism which progressively depolarizes the masseter motoneurones close to their threshold, the actual firing being triggered by monosynaptic excitatory post-synaptic potentials from I(a) afferents, hence the small latency jitter recorded. This special pattern of tonic vibration reflex in jaw-closing muscles in man may result from the lack of reciprocal inhibition from the jaw-opening muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:1214221", "title": "Changes in statistical release parameters during prolonged stimulation of preganglionic nerve terminals.", "content": "1. An analysis has been made of the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the preganglionic nerve terminals of the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig during prolonged repetitive stimulation (10 Hz), using the amplitude of the excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) as a measure of the amount of ACh released. 2. The decline in the mean amount of ACh released by each impulse over 20 min of continuous stimulation was accompanied by a small decrease in the mean miniature (min.) e.p.s.p. amplitude (less than 20%), both in the presence and absence of supplementary choline (3 x 10(-5) M). During stimulation in the presence of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) (2 x 10(-5) M), the fall in min.e.p.s.p. amplitude was significantly larger. 3. Amplitude-frequency histograms of e.p.s.p.s evoked at different times after the beginning of stimulation were usually well predicted by binomial statistics, using the min.e.p.s.p.s released during each sample period as a measure of the quantal unit. In the other cases, histograms could be predicted using Poisson's Law. 4. A decline in quantal content, m, occurred in all experiments. In the presence of synthesis, with or without added choline, this was always associated with a decrease in the binomial parameter, n, and, in many cases, with a decrease in the binomial parameter, p. During stimulation in the presence of HC-3, a larger fall in p was observed in all experiments. 5. The results suggest that depletion of the ACh stored in the terminal decreases both the size and number of quanta available for release, and that the decrease in the amount of ACh in each quantum reduces the probability of its release.", "contents": "Changes in statistical release parameters during prolonged stimulation of preganglionic nerve terminals. 1. An analysis has been made of the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the preganglionic nerve terminals of the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig during prolonged repetitive stimulation (10 Hz), using the amplitude of the excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) as a measure of the amount of ACh released. 2. The decline in the mean amount of ACh released by each impulse over 20 min of continuous stimulation was accompanied by a small decrease in the mean miniature (min.) e.p.s.p. amplitude (less than 20%), both in the presence and absence of supplementary choline (3 x 10(-5) M). During stimulation in the presence of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) (2 x 10(-5) M), the fall in min.e.p.s.p. amplitude was significantly larger. 3. Amplitude-frequency histograms of e.p.s.p.s evoked at different times after the beginning of stimulation were usually well predicted by binomial statistics, using the min.e.p.s.p.s released during each sample period as a measure of the quantal unit. In the other cases, histograms could be predicted using Poisson's Law. 4. A decline in quantal content, m, occurred in all experiments. In the presence of synthesis, with or without added choline, this was always associated with a decrease in the binomial parameter, n, and, in many cases, with a decrease in the binomial parameter, p. During stimulation in the presence of HC-3, a larger fall in p was observed in all experiments. 5. The results suggest that depletion of the ACh stored in the terminal decreases both the size and number of quanta available for release, and that the decrease in the amount of ACh in each quantum reduces the probability of its release."}
{"id": "PMID:1214222", "title": "The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on serum gastrin, gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow responses to meat extract stimulation in anaesthetized cats.", "content": "Chloralose anaesthetized cats were prepared with fundic and antral pouches. Fundic mucosal blood flow was measured by the amidopyrine technique and serum gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay. 2. Meat extract suspension in the pyloric antrum produced a highly significant sixfold increase in arterial serum gastrin concentration (P less than 0-001). 3. The mean ratio of the fundic mucosal blood flow to acid secretory responses (deltaMBF/deltaH+ ratio) of 0-142 +/- 0-026 (25) ml./muequiv H+, is very similar to the values previously published for exogenous gastrin stimulation. 4. Splanchnic nerve stimulation, during responses to meat extract stimulation, produced significant reductions in gastric acid secretion (P less than 0-025), fundic mucosal blood flow (P less than 0-02), Arterial serum gastrin concentration (P less than 0-01) And gastrin delivered to the mucosa (P less than 0-001). 5. In the 30 min period following the end of splanchnic nerve stimulation only arterial serum gastrin concentration remained significantly reduced.", "contents": "The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on serum gastrin, gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow responses to meat extract stimulation in anaesthetized cats. Chloralose anaesthetized cats were prepared with fundic and antral pouches. Fundic mucosal blood flow was measured by the amidopyrine technique and serum gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay. 2. Meat extract suspension in the pyloric antrum produced a highly significant sixfold increase in arterial serum gastrin concentration (P less than 0-001). 3. The mean ratio of the fundic mucosal blood flow to acid secretory responses (deltaMBF/deltaH+ ratio) of 0-142 +/- 0-026 (25) ml./muequiv H+, is very similar to the values previously published for exogenous gastrin stimulation. 4. Splanchnic nerve stimulation, during responses to meat extract stimulation, produced significant reductions in gastric acid secretion (P less than 0-025), fundic mucosal blood flow (P less than 0-02), Arterial serum gastrin concentration (P less than 0-01) And gastrin delivered to the mucosa (P less than 0-001). 5. In the 30 min period following the end of splanchnic nerve stimulation only arterial serum gastrin concentration remained significantly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1214223", "title": "The slow wave in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach.", "content": "The slow wave in the circular muscle of guinea-pig stomach was investigated with the double sucrose-gap method. 2. The amplitude of the slow wave was reduced by depolarization, and it was increased by a small hyperpolarization (5-10 mV). With hyperpolarization greater than 15 mV the amplitude decreased, and the slow wave became reduced, and less dependent on polarization. This residual was not abolished by strong hyperpolarizing current pulses. 3. The frequency of the slow waves was not much affected by membrane polarization. The change was only 15-20% by depolarization or hyperpolarization of 12mV. 4. Rythmic inward currents could be recorded under voltage-clamp conditions. The frequency of the inward currents was the same as that of the slow wave. The intensity of inward current was little affected by membrane polarization. 5. Lowering the temperature reduced the frequency of the slow wave. The rates of rise and fall of the component which remained during strong hyperpolarization were similarly decreased by lowering the temperature. The Q10 of the frequency was about 2-7. 6. It is suggested that the slow wave consists of two different components. One is generated by a potential independent process, and triggers the second component which is potential dependent. The first component may be controlled by some metabolic process.", "contents": "The slow wave in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach. The slow wave in the circular muscle of guinea-pig stomach was investigated with the double sucrose-gap method. 2. The amplitude of the slow wave was reduced by depolarization, and it was increased by a small hyperpolarization (5-10 mV). With hyperpolarization greater than 15 mV the amplitude decreased, and the slow wave became reduced, and less dependent on polarization. This residual was not abolished by strong hyperpolarizing current pulses. 3. The frequency of the slow waves was not much affected by membrane polarization. The change was only 15-20% by depolarization or hyperpolarization of 12mV. 4. Rythmic inward currents could be recorded under voltage-clamp conditions. The frequency of the inward currents was the same as that of the slow wave. The intensity of inward current was little affected by membrane polarization. 5. Lowering the temperature reduced the frequency of the slow wave. The rates of rise and fall of the component which remained during strong hyperpolarization were similarly decreased by lowering the temperature. The Q10 of the frequency was about 2-7. 6. It is suggested that the slow wave consists of two different components. One is generated by a potential independent process, and triggers the second component which is potential dependent. The first component may be controlled by some metabolic process."}
{"id": "PMID:1214224", "title": "Some central mechanisms of thirst in the dog.", "content": "Measurements of water intake were made on a population of trained conscious dogs of both sexes prepared with chronic third ventricle cannulae. 2. Injection of 100 ng angiotensin II into the third ventricle lead to a prompt stimulation of drinking, the mean water intake over a 5 min period being 503 +/- 89 ml. (n=6) compared with controls. This dipsogenic effect of angiotensin II was abolished by prior central administration of 10 mug saralasin acetate or 100 ng atropine. 3. Injection of 1 mug carbachol into the third ventricle produced a small, variable increase in drinking. 4. Injection of 0-2 ml. 5% NaCl into the third ventricle stimulated drinking, a response that was not affected by prior administration of 10 mug saralasin acetate or 100 ng atropine. 5. Following a 24 hr period of water deprivation there was an increase in plasma osmolality and plasma-renin activity. The drinking following this period of water deprivation was not affected by prior control administration of either 10 mug saralasin acetate or 100 ng atropine. 6. In two acute dogs, intracarotid infusion of 125I angiotensin II was not followed by significant appearance of radioactivity in the third ventricle or cisterna magna c.s.f. 7. The relevance of these results to the control of water intake is discussed.", "contents": "Some central mechanisms of thirst in the dog. Measurements of water intake were made on a population of trained conscious dogs of both sexes prepared with chronic third ventricle cannulae. 2. Injection of 100 ng angiotensin II into the third ventricle lead to a prompt stimulation of drinking, the mean water intake over a 5 min period being 503 +/- 89 ml. (n=6) compared with controls. This dipsogenic effect of angiotensin II was abolished by prior central administration of 10 mug saralasin acetate or 100 ng atropine. 3. Injection of 1 mug carbachol into the third ventricle produced a small, variable increase in drinking. 4. Injection of 0-2 ml. 5% NaCl into the third ventricle stimulated drinking, a response that was not affected by prior administration of 10 mug saralasin acetate or 100 ng atropine. 5. Following a 24 hr period of water deprivation there was an increase in plasma osmolality and plasma-renin activity. The drinking following this period of water deprivation was not affected by prior control administration of either 10 mug saralasin acetate or 100 ng atropine. 6. In two acute dogs, intracarotid infusion of 125I angiotensin II was not followed by significant appearance of radioactivity in the third ventricle or cisterna magna c.s.f. 7. The relevance of these results to the control of water intake is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214225", "title": "Milk secretion in the rabbit: changes during lactation and the mechanism of ion transport.", "content": "Changes in the yield and composition of milk and in the permeability of the mammary epithelium to labelled disaccharides and ions have been studied during lactation in rabbits of the Dutch breed. 2. Milk yield increased to reach a peak on day 20 of lactation and then declined, but by 30-32 days the yield was still relatively high. Milk [protein] and [fat] increased in late lactation; [Na] and [Cl] decreased from early to established lactation (11-14 days) and then increased, whereas milk [K] and [lactose] showed an inverse pattern to that displayed by[Na] and [Cl]. 3. At all stages of lactation [Na] and [Cl] were both inversely related to milk [lactose] while [K] showed a positive correlation. 4. Labelled lactose and sucrose were found to cross the mammary epithelium at all stages but in increased amounts during late lactation. Sucrose entry from blood into milk was positively correlated with milk [Na], and inversely correlated with [K] and [lactose]. 5. The entry of (24)Na and (36)Cl into milk from blood paralleled the changes in milk [Na] and [Cl]. 6. Intracellular ionic composition determined in vitro was similar for [Na] and [K] in both established (11-14 days) and late (25-28 days) lactation, but [Cl] was higher in late lactation. 7. Intracellular potentials recorded in vivo were -31 mV (mean) and -36 mV in established and late lactation respectively. Transepithelial p.d. was close to zero at both stages. 8. It is suggested that ions and lactose and other small molecules can cross the mammary epithelium by a paracellular, as well as by a transcellular route, throughout lactation and that the paracellular pathway is increased in late lactation. 9. The site of the proposed paracellular pathway and the implications of such a pathway's presence on ion transport are discussed, and a scheme is suggested to account for the ionic composition of milk in this species.", "contents": "Milk secretion in the rabbit: changes during lactation and the mechanism of ion transport. Changes in the yield and composition of milk and in the permeability of the mammary epithelium to labelled disaccharides and ions have been studied during lactation in rabbits of the Dutch breed. 2. Milk yield increased to reach a peak on day 20 of lactation and then declined, but by 30-32 days the yield was still relatively high. Milk [protein] and [fat] increased in late lactation; [Na] and [Cl] decreased from early to established lactation (11-14 days) and then increased, whereas milk [K] and [lactose] showed an inverse pattern to that displayed by[Na] and [Cl]. 3. At all stages of lactation [Na] and [Cl] were both inversely related to milk [lactose] while [K] showed a positive correlation. 4. Labelled lactose and sucrose were found to cross the mammary epithelium at all stages but in increased amounts during late lactation. Sucrose entry from blood into milk was positively correlated with milk [Na], and inversely correlated with [K] and [lactose]. 5. The entry of (24)Na and (36)Cl into milk from blood paralleled the changes in milk [Na] and [Cl]. 6. Intracellular ionic composition determined in vitro was similar for [Na] and [K] in both established (11-14 days) and late (25-28 days) lactation, but [Cl] was higher in late lactation. 7. Intracellular potentials recorded in vivo were -31 mV (mean) and -36 mV in established and late lactation respectively. Transepithelial p.d. was close to zero at both stages. 8. It is suggested that ions and lactose and other small molecules can cross the mammary epithelium by a paracellular, as well as by a transcellular route, throughout lactation and that the paracellular pathway is increased in late lactation. 9. The site of the proposed paracellular pathway and the implications of such a pathway's presence on ion transport are discussed, and a scheme is suggested to account for the ionic composition of milk in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:1214226", "title": "The effects of prolactin and oxytocin on milk secretion and on the permeability of the mammary epithelium in the rabbit.", "content": "The effects of prolactin or oxytocin on milk secretion and the permeability of the mammary epithelium have been investigated in rabbits. 2. Milk yield was increased by prolactin treatment in late (25-28 days) but not in established (11-14 days) lactation. 3. Prolactin treatment increased milk [lactose] and [K] and decreased [Na] and [Cl] in late lactation, and thus reversed the normal changes in late lactation, but had no significant effect in established lactation. 4. [14C]sucrose movements from blood to milk were significantly decreased to levels characteristic of established lactation, following prolactin treatment in late lactation. No significant effect was evident with treatment in established lactation. Na and Cl movements showed similar trends. 5. It is suggested that prolactin in some way affects paracellular movements of ions and small molecules like lactose across the mammary epithelium, and that this mechanism is responsible for the changes in the composition of the aqueous phase of milk. 6. Immediately following a single dose of 100 m-u. oxytocin no significant effects on milk composition were evident but after 1 u. milk [Na] and [cl] were significantly increased. 7. Twenty-four hr after 1 u. oxytocin, milk [Na] and [cl] were decreased while [K], [lactose], [fat] and [protein] were increased. 8. During an I.V. infusion of oxytocin milk [Na] and [Cl] increased while [K] and [lactose] decreased. The passage of [(14)C]sucrose, 24Na and (36)Cl from blood to milk also increased. 9. These effects of oxytocin are discussed in relation to the permeability of the mammary epithelium and the pathways for ion movements, and to other studies on milk composition in the rabbit involving the administration of oxytocin to aid in the evacuation of milk.", "contents": "The effects of prolactin and oxytocin on milk secretion and on the permeability of the mammary epithelium in the rabbit. The effects of prolactin or oxytocin on milk secretion and the permeability of the mammary epithelium have been investigated in rabbits. 2. Milk yield was increased by prolactin treatment in late (25-28 days) but not in established (11-14 days) lactation. 3. Prolactin treatment increased milk [lactose] and [K] and decreased [Na] and [Cl] in late lactation, and thus reversed the normal changes in late lactation, but had no significant effect in established lactation. 4. [14C]sucrose movements from blood to milk were significantly decreased to levels characteristic of established lactation, following prolactin treatment in late lactation. No significant effect was evident with treatment in established lactation. Na and Cl movements showed similar trends. 5. It is suggested that prolactin in some way affects paracellular movements of ions and small molecules like lactose across the mammary epithelium, and that this mechanism is responsible for the changes in the composition of the aqueous phase of milk. 6. Immediately following a single dose of 100 m-u. oxytocin no significant effects on milk composition were evident but after 1 u. milk [Na] and [cl] were significantly increased. 7. Twenty-four hr after 1 u. oxytocin, milk [Na] and [cl] were decreased while [K], [lactose], [fat] and [protein] were increased. 8. During an I.V. infusion of oxytocin milk [Na] and [Cl] increased while [K] and [lactose] decreased. The passage of [(14)C]sucrose, 24Na and (36)Cl from blood to milk also increased. 9. These effects of oxytocin are discussed in relation to the permeability of the mammary epithelium and the pathways for ion movements, and to other studies on milk composition in the rabbit involving the administration of oxytocin to aid in the evacuation of milk."}
{"id": "PMID:1214227", "title": "A dissociation between fever and prostaglandin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "1. Sustained fever has been induced in conscious rabbits by I.V. injection and infusion of endogenous pyrogen. 2. Cerebrospinal fluid (e.s.f.) was sampled from the cisterna magna at hourly intervals. The concentration of prostaglandin increased in parallel with rectal temperature. The prostaglandin was identified as one of the E series. 3. When sodium salicylate (1-5 m-mole followed by a continuous infusion of 9 mumole/min) was started 1 hr before endogenous pyrogen, the febrile response to the pyrogen was not significantly diminished but no rise of prostaglandin concentration was detected in c.s.f. 4. This dissociation between fever and prostaglandin concentration means that changes in cisternal prostaglandin concentration cannot be accepted as evidence that prostaglandin mediates the febrile response.", "contents": "A dissociation between fever and prostaglandin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. 1. Sustained fever has been induced in conscious rabbits by I.V. injection and infusion of endogenous pyrogen. 2. Cerebrospinal fluid (e.s.f.) was sampled from the cisterna magna at hourly intervals. The concentration of prostaglandin increased in parallel with rectal temperature. The prostaglandin was identified as one of the E series. 3. When sodium salicylate (1-5 m-mole followed by a continuous infusion of 9 mumole/min) was started 1 hr before endogenous pyrogen, the febrile response to the pyrogen was not significantly diminished but no rise of prostaglandin concentration was detected in c.s.f. 4. This dissociation between fever and prostaglandin concentration means that changes in cisternal prostaglandin concentration cannot be accepted as evidence that prostaglandin mediates the febrile response."}
{"id": "PMID:1214228", "title": "Catecholamine release from bovine adrenal medulla in response to maintained depolarization.", "content": "Prolonged exposure of venous-perfused bovine adrenal glands to high K in the presence of external Ca produces a transient increase in catecholamine output that reaches a maximum after about 1 min and then declines with a half-time of about 1-2 min. 2. The time course of the transient secretory response to high K does not depend appreciably on the total catecholamine output which indicates that depletion of releasable catecholamine is unlikely to be responsible for the transient nature of the response. 3. Application of 3-6 mM-Ba stimulates secretion from a gland after many minutes exposure to high K, when catecholamine output has declined close to resting levels. This provides further evidence that depletion does not play a major role in the transient response and shows that maintained depolarization does not inhibit the secretory mechanism. 4. Exposure to high K solutions in which Ca has been replaced isomotically by Mg does not evoke any catecholamine output. Subsequent application of Ca always elicits some secretion although the size of this response to added Ca declines rapidly during exposure to Ca-free, high K solutions. The failure of the secretory response in these experiments is more rapid, and earlier in onset than the declining phase of the normal secretory response evoked in the presence of calcium. 5. Pre-treatment with Ca-free solutions of intermediate K content reduces the response to subsequent simultaneous application of high K and Ca. There is a roughly sigmoidal relation between the reduction in response and the logarithm of the K concentration used for pre-treatment. 6. Thin slices of bovine adrenal medulla show qualitatively similar responses on exposure to high K. Examination of the flourescent signal from slices dyed with the potential-sensitive dye DiS-C(3)-(5) suggests that maintained exposure to high K produces a stable depolarization. 7. The most likely explanation for these results is that K-depolarization first activates and subsequently inactivates a potential-sensitive Ca permeability channel. This inactivation is time and possibly potential dependent. 8. The effect of high K on calcium movements in medullary slices was examined. Exposure to 72 mM-K increases (45)Ca uptake, the increase being greatest during the first 10 min. The efflux of Ca is also increased on exposure to high K in the presence of Ca. The net Ca uptake in 72 mM-K is smaller than the tracer uptake of Ca. These findings indicate that K depolarization stimulates a Ca-Ca exchange process. They are also consistent with, but do not offer strong positive support for, the idea that K-depolarization first activates and subsequently inactivates Ca entry. 9. It is suggested that Ca inactivation might play a role in the modulation of neurosecretion and neurotransmitter release by changes in membrane potential.", "contents": "Catecholamine release from bovine adrenal medulla in response to maintained depolarization. Prolonged exposure of venous-perfused bovine adrenal glands to high K in the presence of external Ca produces a transient increase in catecholamine output that reaches a maximum after about 1 min and then declines with a half-time of about 1-2 min. 2. The time course of the transient secretory response to high K does not depend appreciably on the total catecholamine output which indicates that depletion of releasable catecholamine is unlikely to be responsible for the transient nature of the response. 3. Application of 3-6 mM-Ba stimulates secretion from a gland after many minutes exposure to high K, when catecholamine output has declined close to resting levels. This provides further evidence that depletion does not play a major role in the transient response and shows that maintained depolarization does not inhibit the secretory mechanism. 4. Exposure to high K solutions in which Ca has been replaced isomotically by Mg does not evoke any catecholamine output. Subsequent application of Ca always elicits some secretion although the size of this response to added Ca declines rapidly during exposure to Ca-free, high K solutions. The failure of the secretory response in these experiments is more rapid, and earlier in onset than the declining phase of the normal secretory response evoked in the presence of calcium. 5. Pre-treatment with Ca-free solutions of intermediate K content reduces the response to subsequent simultaneous application of high K and Ca. There is a roughly sigmoidal relation between the reduction in response and the logarithm of the K concentration used for pre-treatment. 6. Thin slices of bovine adrenal medulla show qualitatively similar responses on exposure to high K. Examination of the flourescent signal from slices dyed with the potential-sensitive dye DiS-C(3)-(5) suggests that maintained exposure to high K produces a stable depolarization. 7. The most likely explanation for these results is that K-depolarization first activates and subsequently inactivates a potential-sensitive Ca permeability channel. This inactivation is time and possibly potential dependent. 8. The effect of high K on calcium movements in medullary slices was examined. Exposure to 72 mM-K increases (45)Ca uptake, the increase being greatest during the first 10 min. The efflux of Ca is also increased on exposure to high K in the presence of Ca. The net Ca uptake in 72 mM-K is smaller than the tracer uptake of Ca. These findings indicate that K depolarization stimulates a Ca-Ca exchange process. They are also consistent with, but do not offer strong positive support for, the idea that K-depolarization first activates and subsequently inactivates Ca entry. 9. It is suggested that Ca inactivation might play a role in the modulation of neurosecretion and neurotransmitter release by changes in membrane potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1214234", "title": "[The radiologic aspects after highly selective vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study is to report the early radiologic modifications observed among 72 patients operated for duodenal ulcer. Each patient has been subjected to a double control, the first eight days and the second eight weeks after the operation. The first transit permits to judge the efficacity and quality of the highly selective vagotomy and shows the permanent and transistory modifications of the cardia, the stomac, the duodenum and the small bowel; the second permits to study the condition of the ulcer.", "contents": "[The radiologic aspects after highly selective vagotomy (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study is to report the early radiologic modifications observed among 72 patients operated for duodenal ulcer. Each patient has been subjected to a double control, the first eight days and the second eight weeks after the operation. The first transit permits to judge the efficacity and quality of the highly selective vagotomy and shows the permanent and transistory modifications of the cardia, the stomac, the duodenum and the small bowel; the second permits to study the condition of the ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:1214235", "title": "[Small intestinal occlusion by primary neoplastic stenosis. Concerning 10 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present 10 cases of primary cancer of the small intestine which had led to occlusive disorders. After eliminating occlusion due to strangulation and confirming the simple mechanical nature of the obstacle on confrontation of the clinical signs (Koenig's syndrome) and data from the plain X-rays of the unprepared abdomen, they carried out contrast radiography using barium, which enabled them in 6 cases to suspect the malignant nature of the stenosis.", "contents": "[Small intestinal occlusion by primary neoplastic stenosis. Concerning 10 patients (author's transl)]. The authors present 10 cases of primary cancer of the small intestine which had led to occlusive disorders. After eliminating occlusion due to strangulation and confirming the simple mechanical nature of the obstacle on confrontation of the clinical signs (Koenig's syndrome) and data from the plain X-rays of the unprepared abdomen, they carried out contrast radiography using barium, which enabled them in 6 cases to suspect the malignant nature of the stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1214236", "title": "[Radiological aspects of the lower esophagus rings of adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors propose an easy radiological classification of the various lower esophageal rings. They distinguish between the ring which are linked with a disorders at the gastroesophageal junction such as Schatzki's mucous rings and the peptic rings and those which are not such a congenital and muscular rings. The first category is the most frequent.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of the lower esophagus rings of adults (author's transl)]. The authors propose an easy radiological classification of the various lower esophageal rings. They distinguish between the ring which are linked with a disorders at the gastroesophageal junction such as Schatzki's mucous rings and the peptic rings and those which are not such a congenital and muscular rings. The first category is the most frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:1214237", "title": "[Intravenous duodenography: a routine investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present their experience of intravenous duodenography using tiemonium methyl sulphate which they described in 1963. This simple, regular and safe techniques enables one to obtain at the end of the investigations, a duodenography by first intention, by means of the intravenous injection of tiemonium. Parietal lesions, extrinsic compression of small or large dimension, within the duodenal outline are easily demonstrated. Gastroduodenal investigation must of course be comprised of pictures during collapse, semi-collapse and repletion of the entire duodenal outline; once out of every two times, one has to recourse to intravenous duodenography which has become a routine investigation.", "contents": "[Intravenous duodenography: a routine investigation (author's transl)]. The authors present their experience of intravenous duodenography using tiemonium methyl sulphate which they described in 1963. This simple, regular and safe techniques enables one to obtain at the end of the investigations, a duodenography by first intention, by means of the intravenous injection of tiemonium. Parietal lesions, extrinsic compression of small or large dimension, within the duodenal outline are easily demonstrated. Gastroduodenal investigation must of course be comprised of pictures during collapse, semi-collapse and repletion of the entire duodenal outline; once out of every two times, one has to recourse to intravenous duodenography which has become a routine investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214238", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of pyelocaliceal tumors. Accent placed on the value of arteriography, especially after the angiotensin test (author's transl)].", "content": "From a study of 22 cases of excretory pathway tumors, which had undergone simple selective arteriography, complemented in certain cases by an angiotensin test, the authors were able to draw the following conclusions: -In those forms which show a pyelocaliceal lacuna on intravenous pyelography, arteriography does not help in making a diagnosis; in particular it does not help in distinguishing malignant forms from benign forms. It is therefore of no practical value and is not indicated in such cases. -In those forms showing caliceal amputation or a non functioning kidney on intravenous pyleography, arteriography nearly always enables the diagnosis of a tumor and confirms considerable parenchymal invasion. Its practical value is evident and it seems that it is always indicated in such cases. -Interpretation of the documents must always be thorough, looking for minor signs, while being aware of possible causes of error.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of pyelocaliceal tumors. Accent placed on the value of arteriography, especially after the angiotensin test (author's transl)]. From a study of 22 cases of excretory pathway tumors, which had undergone simple selective arteriography, complemented in certain cases by an angiotensin test, the authors were able to draw the following conclusions: -In those forms which show a pyelocaliceal lacuna on intravenous pyelography, arteriography does not help in making a diagnosis; in particular it does not help in distinguishing malignant forms from benign forms. It is therefore of no practical value and is not indicated in such cases. -In those forms showing caliceal amputation or a non functioning kidney on intravenous pyleography, arteriography nearly always enables the diagnosis of a tumor and confirms considerable parenchymal invasion. Its practical value is evident and it seems that it is always indicated in such cases. -Interpretation of the documents must always be thorough, looking for minor signs, while being aware of possible causes of error."}
{"id": "PMID:1214239", "title": "[Critical analysis of angiography in renal traumatology (author's transl)].", "content": "From this analysis of a series of 39 cases of trauma submitted to angiography, it can once again be said that surgical indications and tactics are essentially determined by vascular involvment. Renal arteriography is therefore alone capable of answering two primordial questions: \"Must surgery be undertaken and when operating, what surgical tactics to adopt\". It must be preceded by full arteriography which enables one to evaluate associated lesions (spleen 15%), at the same time as it orientates selective arteriography. The I.V.P. is a correct means of approach but is only significant in 60% of cases. Abstention from radiological investigation as a primary requisite is unpardonable and can leave irreversible sequels. (10% of cases).", "contents": "[Critical analysis of angiography in renal traumatology (author's transl)]. From this analysis of a series of 39 cases of trauma submitted to angiography, it can once again be said that surgical indications and tactics are essentially determined by vascular involvment. Renal arteriography is therefore alone capable of answering two primordial questions: \"Must surgery be undertaken and when operating, what surgical tactics to adopt\". It must be preceded by full arteriography which enables one to evaluate associated lesions (spleen 15%), at the same time as it orientates selective arteriography. The I.V.P. is a correct means of approach but is only significant in 60% of cases. Abstention from radiological investigation as a primary requisite is unpardonable and can leave irreversible sequels. (10% of cases)."}
{"id": "PMID:1214240", "title": "[Study of the growth of a mammary cancer and of one of its pulmonary metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "A kinetic difference between a mammary cancer and one of its pulmonary metastases progressing simultaneously, has been quantified. The time in which the primary tumor doubled was 72 hours whereas that of the pulmonary metastasis was 20 days. This difference is probably related to variations in the local conditions of tumor proliferation. It is found in certain series where primary tumors and pulmonary metastase shad been seperately studied.", "contents": "[Study of the growth of a mammary cancer and of one of its pulmonary metastases (author's transl)]. A kinetic difference between a mammary cancer and one of its pulmonary metastases progressing simultaneously, has been quantified. The time in which the primary tumor doubled was 72 hours whereas that of the pulmonary metastasis was 20 days. This difference is probably related to variations in the local conditions of tumor proliferation. It is found in certain series where primary tumors and pulmonary metastase shad been seperately studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1214241", "title": "[Dynamic telethermography and strategy in cancerology (author's transl)].", "content": "Infrared thermography supplies new elements in the systematic screening for cancer of the breast, in the early diagnosis of other localizations (malignant cutaneous melanomas, uterine cervix, osseous sarcomas), in the check-up of extension of these cancers (in particular distant metastases) and especially in the study of their behaviour (rapid growing cancer) and in their prognosis. It can also be of great help in the treatment of numerous cancers in the choice of tactical objectives (thermovisual definition of targets), in the choice of a strategic plan (chronology of therapeutic combinations) and especially for better post-therapeutic follow-up.", "contents": "[Dynamic telethermography and strategy in cancerology (author's transl)]. Infrared thermography supplies new elements in the systematic screening for cancer of the breast, in the early diagnosis of other localizations (malignant cutaneous melanomas, uterine cervix, osseous sarcomas), in the check-up of extension of these cancers (in particular distant metastases) and especially in the study of their behaviour (rapid growing cancer) and in their prognosis. It can also be of great help in the treatment of numerous cancers in the choice of tactical objectives (thermovisual definition of targets), in the choice of a strategic plan (chronology of therapeutic combinations) and especially for better post-therapeutic follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:1214242", "title": "[Novel contribution of dynamic telethermography in the diagnosis of dysplasia and cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "At the present time when maximum information, obtained without practising an incision, on anomalies of the cervix take on the greater importance, thermivision provides novel data. Hot dysplasia was revealed to be true early cancer, cold dystrophy was near to hot subclinical cancer and \"screened\" in a way and picked up by routine thermovisual investigations. An elevated thermogenesis, even of a colposcopically benign lesion should maintain clinical alertness. Disagreement between the results of colposcopy, thermovision and cervico-uterine cytology, instead of leading to the rejection of these methods, must on the contrary make one look for the reasons for these divergences. D.T.T. in introducing new data, undoubtedly provides an element of uterine cervical physiology. Faced with an evident early cancer, study of the thermal emission enables one to precisely show the degree of local extension of this cancer and sometines its multifocal nature. It is an event, an approach to the physiology of malignancy. Furthermore it is remarkable to note the cooling after ionizing irradiation, rapid and complete cooling. D.T.T. is therefore called upon to take its place which is even greater as new non-mutilating therapeutic methods such as cryosurgery for example develop.", "contents": "[Novel contribution of dynamic telethermography in the diagnosis of dysplasia and cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. At the present time when maximum information, obtained without practising an incision, on anomalies of the cervix take on the greater importance, thermivision provides novel data. Hot dysplasia was revealed to be true early cancer, cold dystrophy was near to hot subclinical cancer and \"screened\" in a way and picked up by routine thermovisual investigations. An elevated thermogenesis, even of a colposcopically benign lesion should maintain clinical alertness. Disagreement between the results of colposcopy, thermovision and cervico-uterine cytology, instead of leading to the rejection of these methods, must on the contrary make one look for the reasons for these divergences. D.T.T. in introducing new data, undoubtedly provides an element of uterine cervical physiology. Faced with an evident early cancer, study of the thermal emission enables one to precisely show the degree of local extension of this cancer and sometines its multifocal nature. It is an event, an approach to the physiology of malignancy. Furthermore it is remarkable to note the cooling after ionizing irradiation, rapid and complete cooling. D.T.T. is therefore called upon to take its place which is even greater as new non-mutilating therapeutic methods such as cryosurgery for example develop."}
{"id": "PMID:1214243", "title": "[Contribution of xerography in the discovery of radiolucent billiary calculi (author's transl)].", "content": "Used in 100 patients, in whom the gall bladder was badly opacified, and apparently contained no stones, xeroradiography led to the appearance of images of radiolucent calculi on 8 occasions. Furthermore, it enabled a differential diagnosis between lacunae due to lithiasis and gaseous pseudo-lacunae. The weak system transfer density however prevented it being considered other than as a complementary method. Undoubtedly, however it announces the wider possibilities for electronic radiography, of which the images are comparable with a greatly reduced irradiation.", "contents": "[Contribution of xerography in the discovery of radiolucent billiary calculi (author's transl)]. Used in 100 patients, in whom the gall bladder was badly opacified, and apparently contained no stones, xeroradiography led to the appearance of images of radiolucent calculi on 8 occasions. Furthermore, it enabled a differential diagnosis between lacunae due to lithiasis and gaseous pseudo-lacunae. The weak system transfer density however prevented it being considered other than as a complementary method. Undoubtedly, however it announces the wider possibilities for electronic radiography, of which the images are comparable with a greatly reduced irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214244", "title": "[Estimate of coronary blood flow by simple fixation measurement of 86Rb on the cardiac muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The method for measuring coronary blood flow, which is described here, is based on the estimate, by external detection, of the quantity of 86Rb fastened on the cardiac muscle about ten minutes after the injection. The discussion which follows after this report, shows that the use of such a late time for the measurements does not contradict the fondamental hypothesis but allows to work in perfect technical conditions. The results obtained,widely superposable to those which have been published until to-day, prove a posteriori the availability of the method.", "contents": "[Estimate of coronary blood flow by simple fixation measurement of 86Rb on the cardiac muscle (author's transl)]. The method for measuring coronary blood flow, which is described here, is based on the estimate, by external detection, of the quantity of 86Rb fastened on the cardiac muscle about ten minutes after the injection. The discussion which follows after this report, shows that the use of such a late time for the measurements does not contradict the fondamental hypothesis but allows to work in perfect technical conditions. The results obtained,widely superposable to those which have been published until to-day, prove a posteriori the availability of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:1214245", "title": "[Double venoma (varicosity) of the neck in an 8 year old child (author's transl)].", "content": "Venous ectasia in the neck, can for esthetic reasons, justify radical surgical treatment. But as it is a benign condition, the decision to operate also depends on the topography of the ectasia. The authors present the case of a double jugular localization, internal and external, explored by the techniques of direct and retrograde phlebography.", "contents": "[Double venoma (varicosity) of the neck in an 8 year old child (author's transl)]. Venous ectasia in the neck, can for esthetic reasons, justify radical surgical treatment. But as it is a benign condition, the decision to operate also depends on the topography of the ectasia. The authors present the case of a double jugular localization, internal and external, explored by the techniques of direct and retrograde phlebography."}
{"id": "PMID:1214252", "title": "Florida's experience with an intrauterine device for the nulliparous patients.", "content": "During a two-year study (1971-1973), 1,179 nulliparous patients used a small double-coil intrauterine device for a total of 9,750 woman months of exposure. The continuation rate achieved was 70%, and a low number of pregnancies were reported. Expulsions totaled 11%, a highly acceptable rate among nulliparous patients. Of three nulliparous devices evaluated, the small coil was selected as the device of first choice in Florida's public health clinics although other devices are available. Study of nulliparous IUD patients was only a small part of the overall study of devices. Experience with 65,693 insertions of Saf-T-Coil and Lippes Loop showed a low number of pregnancies with no reported serious effects such as fatalities, ectopic pregnancies or septic abortions. The current threat posed to wide-scale use of proven intrauterine devices by inappropriate reporting and poor understanding of current investigations of IUD safety could produce unfortunate side effects, including a large surge of unwanted pregnancies across the country.", "contents": "Florida's experience with an intrauterine device for the nulliparous patients. During a two-year study (1971-1973), 1,179 nulliparous patients used a small double-coil intrauterine device for a total of 9,750 woman months of exposure. The continuation rate achieved was 70%, and a low number of pregnancies were reported. Expulsions totaled 11%, a highly acceptable rate among nulliparous patients. Of three nulliparous devices evaluated, the small coil was selected as the device of first choice in Florida's public health clinics although other devices are available. Study of nulliparous IUD patients was only a small part of the overall study of devices. Experience with 65,693 insertions of Saf-T-Coil and Lippes Loop showed a low number of pregnancies with no reported serious effects such as fatalities, ectopic pregnancies or septic abortions. The current threat posed to wide-scale use of proven intrauterine devices by inappropriate reporting and poor understanding of current investigations of IUD safety could produce unfortunate side effects, including a large surge of unwanted pregnancies across the country."}
{"id": "PMID:1214254", "title": "Profile of a new low dose combination estrogen and progestogen oral contraceptive: a review of nine clinical studies.", "content": "A new low dose oral contraceptive containing norgestrel 0.3 mg + ethinyl estradiol 0.030 mg was studied by nine investigators in 1287 women during 11,085 treatment cycles, representing 852 woman-years of usage. The preparation was administered on a cyclic basis -- i.e., tablets were taken for 21 days and then omitted for the last seven days of each cycle. Only one woman conceived, giving a use-effectiveness of 0.12/100 woman-years of treatment. Menstrual irregularities were increased slightly from the pretreatment experience, common side effects usually associated with hormonal therapy were minimal, and the product was highly acceptable to most of the women studied. No drug toxicity was demonstrated, and no malignancy of breasts or pelvic organs, no cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, or renal disease, and no pulmonary emboli or cerebrovascular disease was reported. The incidence of dropout for medical reasons was 8.9%.", "contents": "Profile of a new low dose combination estrogen and progestogen oral contraceptive: a review of nine clinical studies. A new low dose oral contraceptive containing norgestrel 0.3 mg + ethinyl estradiol 0.030 mg was studied by nine investigators in 1287 women during 11,085 treatment cycles, representing 852 woman-years of usage. The preparation was administered on a cyclic basis -- i.e., tablets were taken for 21 days and then omitted for the last seven days of each cycle. Only one woman conceived, giving a use-effectiveness of 0.12/100 woman-years of treatment. Menstrual irregularities were increased slightly from the pretreatment experience, common side effects usually associated with hormonal therapy were minimal, and the product was highly acceptable to most of the women studied. No drug toxicity was demonstrated, and no malignancy of breasts or pelvic organs, no cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, or renal disease, and no pulmonary emboli or cerebrovascular disease was reported. The incidence of dropout for medical reasons was 8.9%."}
{"id": "PMID:1214255", "title": "The termination of human pregnancy with prostaglandin analogs.", "content": "The investigational use of prostaglandins to establish a safe, alternative method for the termination of pregnancy has shown significant development in the United States. The introduction of second generation compounds was initiated by chemically attaching a methyl group in the 15 carbon position of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. These compounds prevented enzymatic degradation by the enzyme prostaglandin 15 dehydrogenase. (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester administered by intramuscular injection has been used successfully to therapeutically terminate pregnancy in 208 women of gestational age six through 20 weeks. Side effects, not major and considered acceptable by the investigator, were vomiting, diarrhea and temperature elevations associated with shaking and chills. (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (THAM), administered by intramuscular injection, has been used to terminate pregnancy in 283 women. Efficacy rates under optimal dosage regimens have reached 100% with a complete abortion rate of 96%. Gastrointestinal side effects of vomiting and diarrhea occurred, but temperature elevations with associated shaking and chills were infrequent. The mean time from initial therapy to abortion with both compounds has remained under 16 hours. A route of drug therapy for therapeutic termination of human pregnancy has been explored and developed which avoids invasion of the uterus.", "contents": "The termination of human pregnancy with prostaglandin analogs. The investigational use of prostaglandins to establish a safe, alternative method for the termination of pregnancy has shown significant development in the United States. The introduction of second generation compounds was initiated by chemically attaching a methyl group in the 15 carbon position of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. These compounds prevented enzymatic degradation by the enzyme prostaglandin 15 dehydrogenase. (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester administered by intramuscular injection has been used successfully to therapeutically terminate pregnancy in 208 women of gestational age six through 20 weeks. Side effects, not major and considered acceptable by the investigator, were vomiting, diarrhea and temperature elevations associated with shaking and chills. (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (THAM), administered by intramuscular injection, has been used to terminate pregnancy in 283 women. Efficacy rates under optimal dosage regimens have reached 100% with a complete abortion rate of 96%. Gastrointestinal side effects of vomiting and diarrhea occurred, but temperature elevations with associated shaking and chills were infrequent. The mean time from initial therapy to abortion with both compounds has remained under 16 hours. A route of drug therapy for therapeutic termination of human pregnancy has been explored and developed which avoids invasion of the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:1214267", "title": "A new ethical approach to abortion and its implications for the euthanasia dispute.", "content": "Mr Gardner, a practising gynaecologist who is necessarily involved with abortion, suggests a view of the fetus which is between the positions commonly held: the fetus is a mass of cells, the fetus is a person from the moment of conception. He considers that from the moment of conception there is established a maternal-fetal unity. In that state the previable fetus is not an individual but is on the way to that status. The writer goes on to differentiate between the moral positions of the advocates of abortion and of euthanasia. Already legal safeguards for those antipathetic to abortion have been eroded in practice and so likewise would those be if the Euthanasia Bill were to become law.", "contents": "A new ethical approach to abortion and its implications for the euthanasia dispute. Mr Gardner, a practising gynaecologist who is necessarily involved with abortion, suggests a view of the fetus which is between the positions commonly held: the fetus is a mass of cells, the fetus is a person from the moment of conception. He considers that from the moment of conception there is established a maternal-fetal unity. In that state the previable fetus is not an individual but is on the way to that status. The writer goes on to differentiate between the moral positions of the advocates of abortion and of euthanasia. Already legal safeguards for those antipathetic to abortion have been eroded in practice and so likewise would those be if the Euthanasia Bill were to become law."}
{"id": "PMID:1214268", "title": "Self-medication with mood changing drugs.", "content": "The aim of this article is to examine some of the consequences of the recent advances in neurobiology in terms of the ability of drugs to manipulate the mind. Most laymen are totally ignorant of the general mechanism underlying the brain-mind relationship and therefore of the action of mind-altering drugs. Professor Grahame-Smith considers that one of the intrinsic evils of man's neurobiological make up is that a prime motive of the brain seems to be to bring comfort, security and pleasure for itself. Therefore it is not surprising that drugs - notably the barbiturates and more recently the benzodiazepines (tranquilizers) - have been prescribed to give to the brain that peace of mind that it seeks. However, it can be argued that such drugs cannot replace anxiety with peace of mind or unhappiness or depression with happiness. The action of such drugs upon the molecules of the brain is negative - a placebo effect.", "contents": "Self-medication with mood changing drugs. The aim of this article is to examine some of the consequences of the recent advances in neurobiology in terms of the ability of drugs to manipulate the mind. Most laymen are totally ignorant of the general mechanism underlying the brain-mind relationship and therefore of the action of mind-altering drugs. Professor Grahame-Smith considers that one of the intrinsic evils of man's neurobiological make up is that a prime motive of the brain seems to be to bring comfort, security and pleasure for itself. Therefore it is not surprising that drugs - notably the barbiturates and more recently the benzodiazepines (tranquilizers) - have been prescribed to give to the brain that peace of mind that it seeks. However, it can be argued that such drugs cannot replace anxiety with peace of mind or unhappiness or depression with happiness. The action of such drugs upon the molecules of the brain is negative - a placebo effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1214273", "title": "Ionic dependence of sodium currents in squid axons analyzed in terms of specific ion \"channel\" interactions.", "content": "Inward sodium currents were measured from voltage-clamped giant axons externally perfused with artificial seawater (ASW) solutions containing various concentrations of sodium and potassium ions. The data was analyzed under the assumption that under a constant membrane potential sodium conductance is determined by a specific ion-channel site (SIS) reaction. The sodium current density values were expressed in terms of SIS-reaction rates which were compared, by means of minimization techniques, with those computed for various saturation reaction mechanisms. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) The dependence of peak inward sodium current on external sodium and potassium concentrations can be described in terms of saturation reactions. 2) The experimental data fit well the kinetics of a positive cooperative homotropic reaction, involving at least two allosteric active sites. One of these sites may be catalytic while the other, either catalytic or regulatory. 3) The inhibitory effect of external potassium on inward sodium current, can be described by a reversible competitive or noncompetitive inhibition mechanism. The values of the dissociation constant of the inhibitor-site \"complex\" (Ki) were found to be close to the external potassium concentration under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Ionic dependence of sodium currents in squid axons analyzed in terms of specific ion \"channel\" interactions. Inward sodium currents were measured from voltage-clamped giant axons externally perfused with artificial seawater (ASW) solutions containing various concentrations of sodium and potassium ions. The data was analyzed under the assumption that under a constant membrane potential sodium conductance is determined by a specific ion-channel site (SIS) reaction. The sodium current density values were expressed in terms of SIS-reaction rates which were compared, by means of minimization techniques, with those computed for various saturation reaction mechanisms. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) The dependence of peak inward sodium current on external sodium and potassium concentrations can be described in terms of saturation reactions. 2) The experimental data fit well the kinetics of a positive cooperative homotropic reaction, involving at least two allosteric active sites. One of these sites may be catalytic while the other, either catalytic or regulatory. 3) The inhibitory effect of external potassium on inward sodium current, can be described by a reversible competitive or noncompetitive inhibition mechanism. The values of the dissociation constant of the inhibitor-site \"complex\" (Ki) were found to be close to the external potassium concentration under physiological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1214274", "title": "Uptake of sorbitol by chick embryo heart cells at various stages of development.", "content": "Sorbitol enters chick embryo heart cells from five days of development on. The rate of sorbitol entry becomes slower as development proceeds and the data suggest this is principally due to an increase in the apparent Km of transport, the Vmax remaining relatively constant. The uptake of sorbitol displays saturation kinetics and is believed on this ground to be carrier-mediated. Sorbitol does not appear to be actively transported since it is not concentrated against a gradient and its uptake is not inhibited by iodoacetate or 2, 4-dinitrophenol. Sorbitol does not appear to be taken up via the glucose transport system since uptake is not stimulated by insulin or inhibited by glucose or phloretin.", "contents": "Uptake of sorbitol by chick embryo heart cells at various stages of development. Sorbitol enters chick embryo heart cells from five days of development on. The rate of sorbitol entry becomes slower as development proceeds and the data suggest this is principally due to an increase in the apparent Km of transport, the Vmax remaining relatively constant. The uptake of sorbitol displays saturation kinetics and is believed on this ground to be carrier-mediated. Sorbitol does not appear to be actively transported since it is not concentrated against a gradient and its uptake is not inhibited by iodoacetate or 2, 4-dinitrophenol. Sorbitol does not appear to be taken up via the glucose transport system since uptake is not stimulated by insulin or inhibited by glucose or phloretin."}
{"id": "PMID:1214275", "title": "Transmembrane electrophoresis of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate through egg lecithin liposome membranes.", "content": "Valinomycin has been shown to increase the amount of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) bound to egg lecithin liposomes and also to increase the maximum fluorescence value, as derived from double reciprocal plots. The assay conditions were such that addition of valinomycin would not produce a transmembrane potential. The formation of a valinomycin potassium ANS complex in the micelle membrane is proposed. This could account for the increase in the maximum fluorescence value and, by acting as an ANS transporter, could also account for the increase in ANS bound. Tributylamine was also shown to increase the binding and maximum fluorescence of ANS. In assay conditions where the addition of valinomycin would produce a transmembrane potential negative inside, the tributylamine-induced fluorescence was reversed. The fluorescense decrease is interpreted as transmembrane electrophoresis of ANS in response to a transmembrane potential.", "contents": "Transmembrane electrophoresis of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate through egg lecithin liposome membranes. Valinomycin has been shown to increase the amount of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) bound to egg lecithin liposomes and also to increase the maximum fluorescence value, as derived from double reciprocal plots. The assay conditions were such that addition of valinomycin would not produce a transmembrane potential. The formation of a valinomycin potassium ANS complex in the micelle membrane is proposed. This could account for the increase in the maximum fluorescence value and, by acting as an ANS transporter, could also account for the increase in ANS bound. Tributylamine was also shown to increase the binding and maximum fluorescence of ANS. In assay conditions where the addition of valinomycin would produce a transmembrane potential negative inside, the tributylamine-induced fluorescence was reversed. The fluorescense decrease is interpreted as transmembrane electrophoresis of ANS in response to a transmembrane potential."}
{"id": "PMID:1214276", "title": "Patch voltage clamp of squid axon membrane.", "content": "A small area (patch) of the external surface of a squid axon can be \"isolated\" electrically from the surrounding bath by means of a pair of concentric glass pipettes. The seawater-filled inner pipette makes contact with the axon and constitutes the external access to the patch. The outer pipette is used to direct flowing sucrose solution over the area surrounding the patch of membrane underlying the inner pipette. Typically, sucrose isolated patches remain in good condition (spike amplitude greater than 90 mV) for periods of approximately one half hour. Patches of axon membrane which had previously been exposed to sucrose solution were often excitable. Membrane survival of sucrose treatment apparently arises from an outflow of ions from the axon and perhaps satellite cells into the interstitial cell space surrounding the exolemma. Estimate of the total access resistance (electrode plus series resistance) to the patch is about 100 komega (7 omega cm2). Patch capacitance ranges from 10-100 pF, which suggests areas of 10(-4) to 10(-5) cm2 and resting patch resistances of 10-100 Momega. Shunt resistance through the interstitial space exposed to sucrose solution, which isolates the patch, is typically 1-2 Momega. These parameters indicate that good potential control and response times can be achieved on a patch. Furthermore, spatial uniformity is demonstrated by measurement of an exoplasmic isopotential during voltage clamp of an axon patch. The method may be useful for other preparations in which limited membrane area is available or in special instances such as in the measurement of membrane conduction noise.", "contents": "Patch voltage clamp of squid axon membrane. A small area (patch) of the external surface of a squid axon can be \"isolated\" electrically from the surrounding bath by means of a pair of concentric glass pipettes. The seawater-filled inner pipette makes contact with the axon and constitutes the external access to the patch. The outer pipette is used to direct flowing sucrose solution over the area surrounding the patch of membrane underlying the inner pipette. Typically, sucrose isolated patches remain in good condition (spike amplitude greater than 90 mV) for periods of approximately one half hour. Patches of axon membrane which had previously been exposed to sucrose solution were often excitable. Membrane survival of sucrose treatment apparently arises from an outflow of ions from the axon and perhaps satellite cells into the interstitial cell space surrounding the exolemma. Estimate of the total access resistance (electrode plus series resistance) to the patch is about 100 komega (7 omega cm2). Patch capacitance ranges from 10-100 pF, which suggests areas of 10(-4) to 10(-5) cm2 and resting patch resistances of 10-100 Momega. Shunt resistance through the interstitial space exposed to sucrose solution, which isolates the patch, is typically 1-2 Momega. These parameters indicate that good potential control and response times can be achieved on a patch. Furthermore, spatial uniformity is demonstrated by measurement of an exoplasmic isopotential during voltage clamp of an axon patch. The method may be useful for other preparations in which limited membrane area is available or in special instances such as in the measurement of membrane conduction noise."}
{"id": "PMID:1214277", "title": "Noise measurements in squid axon membrane.", "content": "A small area (10(-4) to 10(-5) cm2 patch) of the external surface of a squid (Loligo pealei) axon was \"isolated\" electrically by means of a pair of concentric glass pipettes and sucrose solution to achieve a low extraneous noise measurement of spontaneous fluctuations in membrane potential and current. The measured \"small-signal\" impedance function of the isolated patch in seawater was constant at low frequencies and declined monotonically at frequencies beyond 100Hz. It is shown that the power-density spectrum (PDS) of voltage noise, which generally reflects the current-noise spectrum filtered by the membrane impedance function, is equivalent to the power spectrum of current-noise up to frequencies where the impedance decline is significant (Fishman, 1973a, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70:876). This result is in contrast to an impedance resonance measured under uniform constant-current (internal axial wire) conditions, for which the voltage-noise PDS reflects the impedance resonance. The overdamped resonance in the patch technique is a consequence of the relatively low resistance (1 Momega) pathways through the sucrose solution in the interstitial Schwann cell space which surround and shunt the high resistance (10-100 Momega) membrane patch. Current-noise measurements during patch voltage clamp extend observation of patch ion-conductance fluctuations to 1 kHz. Various tests are presented to demonstrate the temporal and spatial adequacey of patch potential control during current-noise measurements.", "contents": "Noise measurements in squid axon membrane. A small area (10(-4) to 10(-5) cm2 patch) of the external surface of a squid (Loligo pealei) axon was \"isolated\" electrically by means of a pair of concentric glass pipettes and sucrose solution to achieve a low extraneous noise measurement of spontaneous fluctuations in membrane potential and current. The measured \"small-signal\" impedance function of the isolated patch in seawater was constant at low frequencies and declined monotonically at frequencies beyond 100Hz. It is shown that the power-density spectrum (PDS) of voltage noise, which generally reflects the current-noise spectrum filtered by the membrane impedance function, is equivalent to the power spectrum of current-noise up to frequencies where the impedance decline is significant (Fishman, 1973a, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70:876). This result is in contrast to an impedance resonance measured under uniform constant-current (internal axial wire) conditions, for which the voltage-noise PDS reflects the impedance resonance. The overdamped resonance in the patch technique is a consequence of the relatively low resistance (1 Momega) pathways through the sucrose solution in the interstitial Schwann cell space which surround and shunt the high resistance (10-100 Momega) membrane patch. Current-noise measurements during patch voltage clamp extend observation of patch ion-conductance fluctuations to 1 kHz. Various tests are presented to demonstrate the temporal and spatial adequacey of patch potential control during current-noise measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:1214278", "title": "Potassium-ion conduction noise in squid axon membrane.", "content": "Spectral analysis (1-1000 Hz) of spontaneous fluctuations of potential and current in small areas of squid (Loligo pealei) axon shows two forms of noise: f-1 noise occurs in both excitable and inexcitable axons with an intensity which depends upon the driving force for potassium ions. The other noise has a spectral form corresponding to a relaxation process, i.e. its asymptotic behavior at low frequencies is constant, and at high frequencies it declines with a slope of -2. This latter noise occurs only in excitable axons and was identified in spectra by (1) its disappearance after reduction of K+ current by internal perfusion with solutions containing tetraethylammonium (TEA+), Cs+ or reduced [Ki+] and (2) its insensitivity to block of Na+ conduction and active transport. The transition frequency of relaxation spectra are also voltage and temperature dependent and relate to the kinetics of K+-conduction in the Hodgkin-Huxley formulation. These data strongly suggest that the relaxation noise component arises from the kinetic properties of K+ channels. The f-1 noise is attributed to restricted diffusion in conducting K+ channels and/or leakage pathways. In addition, an induced K+ conduction noise associated with the binding of TEA+ and triethyldecylammonium ion to membrane sites is described. Measurement of the induced noise may provide an alternative means of characterizing the kinetics of interaction of these molecules with the membrane and also suggests that these and other pharmacological agents may not be useful in identifying noise components related to the sodium conduction mechanism which, in these experiments, appears to be much lower in intensity than either the normal K conduction or induced noise components.", "contents": "Potassium-ion conduction noise in squid axon membrane. Spectral analysis (1-1000 Hz) of spontaneous fluctuations of potential and current in small areas of squid (Loligo pealei) axon shows two forms of noise: f-1 noise occurs in both excitable and inexcitable axons with an intensity which depends upon the driving force for potassium ions. The other noise has a spectral form corresponding to a relaxation process, i.e. its asymptotic behavior at low frequencies is constant, and at high frequencies it declines with a slope of -2. This latter noise occurs only in excitable axons and was identified in spectra by (1) its disappearance after reduction of K+ current by internal perfusion with solutions containing tetraethylammonium (TEA+), Cs+ or reduced [Ki+] and (2) its insensitivity to block of Na+ conduction and active transport. The transition frequency of relaxation spectra are also voltage and temperature dependent and relate to the kinetics of K+-conduction in the Hodgkin-Huxley formulation. These data strongly suggest that the relaxation noise component arises from the kinetic properties of K+ channels. The f-1 noise is attributed to restricted diffusion in conducting K+ channels and/or leakage pathways. In addition, an induced K+ conduction noise associated with the binding of TEA+ and triethyldecylammonium ion to membrane sites is described. Measurement of the induced noise may provide an alternative means of characterizing the kinetics of interaction of these molecules with the membrane and also suggests that these and other pharmacological agents may not be useful in identifying noise components related to the sodium conduction mechanism which, in these experiments, appears to be much lower in intensity than either the normal K conduction or induced noise components."}
{"id": "PMID:1214279", "title": "Effects of proteolytic enzymes on ionic conductances of squid axon membranes.", "content": "The effects of proteolytic enzymes on ionic conductances of squid axon membranes have been studied by means of the voltage clamp technique. When perfused internally alpha-chymotrypsin (1 mg/ml) increased and prolonged the depolarizing after-potential. Sodium inactivation was partially inhibited causing a prolonged sodium current, and peak sodium and steady-state potassium currents were suppressed. The time for sodium current to reach its peak was not affected. Leakage conductance increased later. On the other hand, carboxypeptidases A and B, both at 1mg/ml, suppressed the sodium and potassium conductance increases with little or no change in sodium inactivation. The mechanism that controls sodium inactivation appears to be associated with the structure of membrane proteins which is modified by alpha-chymotrypsin but not by carboxypeptidases and is located in a position accessible to alpha-chymotrypsin only from inside the membrane.", "contents": "Effects of proteolytic enzymes on ionic conductances of squid axon membranes. The effects of proteolytic enzymes on ionic conductances of squid axon membranes have been studied by means of the voltage clamp technique. When perfused internally alpha-chymotrypsin (1 mg/ml) increased and prolonged the depolarizing after-potential. Sodium inactivation was partially inhibited causing a prolonged sodium current, and peak sodium and steady-state potassium currents were suppressed. The time for sodium current to reach its peak was not affected. Leakage conductance increased later. On the other hand, carboxypeptidases A and B, both at 1mg/ml, suppressed the sodium and potassium conductance increases with little or no change in sodium inactivation. The mechanism that controls sodium inactivation appears to be associated with the structure of membrane proteins which is modified by alpha-chymotrypsin but not by carboxypeptidases and is located in a position accessible to alpha-chymotrypsin only from inside the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1214280", "title": "The electrical potential profile of gallbladder epithelium.", "content": "In this study the relative ionic permeabilities of the cell membranes of Necturus gallbladder epithelium have been determined by means of simultaneous measurement of transmural and transmucosal membrane potential differences (PD) and by ionic substitution experiments with sodium, potassium and chloride ions. It is shown that the mucosal membrane is permeable to sodium and to potassium ions. The baso-lateral membrane PD is only sensitive to potassium ions. In both membranes chloride conductance is negligible or absent. The ratio of the resistances of the mucosal and baso-lateral membranes, RM/RS, increases upon reducing the sodium concentration in the mucosal solution. The same ratio decreases when sodium is replaced by potassium which implies a greater potassium than sodium conductance in the mucosal membrane. The relative permeability of the shunt for potassium, sodium and chloride ions is: PK/PNa/PCl=1.81:1.00:0.32. From the results obtained in this study a value for the PK/PNa ratio of the mucosal membrane could be evaluated. This ratio is 2.7. From the same data the magnitude of the electromotive forces generated across the cell membranes could be calculated. The EMF's are -15mV across the mucosal membrane and -81mV across the baso-lateral one. Due to the presence of the low resistance shunt the transmucosal membrane PD is -53.2mV (cell inside negative) and the transmural PD is +2.6mV (serosal side positive). The change in potential profile brought about by the low resistance shunt favors passive entry of Na ions into the cell across the mucosal membrane. Calculations show that this passive Na influx is maximally 64% of the net Na flux estimated from fluid transport measurements. The C-1 conductive of the baso-lateral membrane is too small to allow electrogenic coupling of C1 with Na transport across this membrane. Experiments with rabbit gallbladder epithelium indicate that the membrane properties in this tissue are qualitatively similar to those of Necturus gallbladder epithelium.", "contents": "The electrical potential profile of gallbladder epithelium. In this study the relative ionic permeabilities of the cell membranes of Necturus gallbladder epithelium have been determined by means of simultaneous measurement of transmural and transmucosal membrane potential differences (PD) and by ionic substitution experiments with sodium, potassium and chloride ions. It is shown that the mucosal membrane is permeable to sodium and to potassium ions. The baso-lateral membrane PD is only sensitive to potassium ions. In both membranes chloride conductance is negligible or absent. The ratio of the resistances of the mucosal and baso-lateral membranes, RM/RS, increases upon reducing the sodium concentration in the mucosal solution. The same ratio decreases when sodium is replaced by potassium which implies a greater potassium than sodium conductance in the mucosal membrane. The relative permeability of the shunt for potassium, sodium and chloride ions is: PK/PNa/PCl=1.81:1.00:0.32. From the results obtained in this study a value for the PK/PNa ratio of the mucosal membrane could be evaluated. This ratio is 2.7. From the same data the magnitude of the electromotive forces generated across the cell membranes could be calculated. The EMF's are -15mV across the mucosal membrane and -81mV across the baso-lateral one. Due to the presence of the low resistance shunt the transmucosal membrane PD is -53.2mV (cell inside negative) and the transmural PD is +2.6mV (serosal side positive). The change in potential profile brought about by the low resistance shunt favors passive entry of Na ions into the cell across the mucosal membrane. Calculations show that this passive Na influx is maximally 64% of the net Na flux estimated from fluid transport measurements. The C-1 conductive of the baso-lateral membrane is too small to allow electrogenic coupling of C1 with Na transport across this membrane. Experiments with rabbit gallbladder epithelium indicate that the membrane properties in this tissue are qualitatively similar to those of Necturus gallbladder epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1214281", "title": "Anion permeation in the proximal tubule of Necturus kidney: the shunt pathway.", "content": "The effect of foreign anions on transepithelial potential difference and transepithelial input conductance was studied in the isolated perfused Necturus kidney. Two microelectrodes (recording and current-injecting) were inserted into the lumen of single proximal tubules and the peritubular perfusate was shifted reversibly for 30-60 sec from a physiologic Ringer's solution to a test solution in which chloride was replaced isosmotically by a foreign anion. The permeability sequence, obtained by potential measurements, was: lactate less than glutamate less than gluconate less than pyruvate less than benzene sulfonate less than or equal to acetate less than or equal to F less than propionate less than BrO3 less than formate less than ClO3 less than Cl than ClO4 less than I less than or equal to Br less than NO3 less than SCN. Transepithelial conductance decreased when the tissue was perfused with anions less permeable than chloride but the conductance sequence was different from the permeability sequence. Such discrepancies were more pronounced during perfusion with hyperpolarizing anions; ClO4 and I- (both more permeable than chloride) produced an important decrease in transepithelial conductance, followed by incomplete reversibility when the perfusion was shifted again to chloride Ringer's. The results are best explained by the presence of weak positive fixed charges, governing anion permeation, at the shunt pathway of the proximal tubule. An analysis of the data allows tentative estimates of shape and size of the sites.", "contents": "Anion permeation in the proximal tubule of Necturus kidney: the shunt pathway. The effect of foreign anions on transepithelial potential difference and transepithelial input conductance was studied in the isolated perfused Necturus kidney. Two microelectrodes (recording and current-injecting) were inserted into the lumen of single proximal tubules and the peritubular perfusate was shifted reversibly for 30-60 sec from a physiologic Ringer's solution to a test solution in which chloride was replaced isosmotically by a foreign anion. The permeability sequence, obtained by potential measurements, was: lactate less than glutamate less than gluconate less than pyruvate less than benzene sulfonate less than or equal to acetate less than or equal to F less than propionate less than BrO3 less than formate less than ClO3 less than Cl than ClO4 less than I less than or equal to Br less than NO3 less than SCN. Transepithelial conductance decreased when the tissue was perfused with anions less permeable than chloride but the conductance sequence was different from the permeability sequence. Such discrepancies were more pronounced during perfusion with hyperpolarizing anions; ClO4 and I- (both more permeable than chloride) produced an important decrease in transepithelial conductance, followed by incomplete reversibility when the perfusion was shifted again to chloride Ringer's. The results are best explained by the presence of weak positive fixed charges, governing anion permeation, at the shunt pathway of the proximal tubule. An analysis of the data allows tentative estimates of shape and size of the sites."}
{"id": "PMID:1214283", "title": "Electrical properties of the cellular transepithelial pathway in Necturus gallbladder. I. Circuit analysis and steady-state effects of mucosal solution ionic substitutions.", "content": "Microelectrode techniques were employed to measure the electrical resistance of the cell membranes and the shunt pathway, and the equivalent electromotive forces (EMF's) at both cell borders in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. The cell is, on the average, 57 mV negative to the mucosal solution and 59 mV negative to the serosal solution. The transepithelial potential (Vms) ranges from 0.5 to 5 mV, serosal solution positive. Assuming that the shunt EMF (Vs) is zero with standard Ringer's bathing oth sides of the tissue, both cell membrane EMF's are oriented with the negative pole toward the cell interior and are 39.9 +/- 3.6 mV (apical, Va), and 69.4 +/- 1.8 mV (basal-lateral, Vb)...", "contents": "Electrical properties of the cellular transepithelial pathway in Necturus gallbladder. I. Circuit analysis and steady-state effects of mucosal solution ionic substitutions. Microelectrode techniques were employed to measure the electrical resistance of the cell membranes and the shunt pathway, and the equivalent electromotive forces (EMF's) at both cell borders in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. The cell is, on the average, 57 mV negative to the mucosal solution and 59 mV negative to the serosal solution. The transepithelial potential (Vms) ranges from 0.5 to 5 mV, serosal solution positive. Assuming that the shunt EMF (Vs) is zero with standard Ringer's bathing oth sides of the tissue, both cell membrane EMF's are oriented with the negative pole toward the cell interior and are 39.9 +/- 3.6 mV (apical, Va), and 69.4 +/- 1.8 mV (basal-lateral, Vb)..."}
{"id": "PMID:1214284", "title": "Electrical properties of the cellular transepithelial pathway in Necturus gallbladder. II. Ionic permeability of the apical cell membrane.", "content": "Microelectrode techniques were employed to study the ionic permeability of the apical cell membrane of Necturus gallbladder epithelium. Results obtained from continuous records in single cells, and from several cellular impalements shortly after a change in solution, were similar and indicate that both the apical membrane equivalent electromotive force (Va) and electrical resistance (Ra) strongly depend on external [K]. Cl substitutions produced smaller effects, while the effects of Na substitutions with N-methyl-D-glucamine on both Va and Ra were minimal. These results indicate that the permeability sequence of the apical membrane is PKgreater thanPClgreater than PNa. From the calculated absolute value of PNa it is possible to estimate the diffusional Na flux from the mucosal solution into the cells (from the cell potential and an assumed intracellular Na concentration). The calculated flux is roughly three orders of magnitude smaller than the measured net transepithelial flux in this tissue and in gallbladders of other species. Thus, only a minimal portion of Na entry can be attributed to independent diffusion. From estimations of the electrochemical potential gradient across the apical membrane, Cl transport at that site must be active. At the serosal cell membrane, Na transport takes place against both chemical and electrical potentials, while a significant portion of the Cl flux can be passive, if this membrane has a significant Cl conductance. The changes in shunt electromotive force and in transepithelial potential after mucosal substitutions were very similar, indicating that transepithelial bi-ionic potentials yield appropriate results on the properties of shunt pathway.", "contents": "Electrical properties of the cellular transepithelial pathway in Necturus gallbladder. II. Ionic permeability of the apical cell membrane. Microelectrode techniques were employed to study the ionic permeability of the apical cell membrane of Necturus gallbladder epithelium. Results obtained from continuous records in single cells, and from several cellular impalements shortly after a change in solution, were similar and indicate that both the apical membrane equivalent electromotive force (Va) and electrical resistance (Ra) strongly depend on external [K]. Cl substitutions produced smaller effects, while the effects of Na substitutions with N-methyl-D-glucamine on both Va and Ra were minimal. These results indicate that the permeability sequence of the apical membrane is PKgreater thanPClgreater than PNa. From the calculated absolute value of PNa it is possible to estimate the diffusional Na flux from the mucosal solution into the cells (from the cell potential and an assumed intracellular Na concentration). The calculated flux is roughly three orders of magnitude smaller than the measured net transepithelial flux in this tissue and in gallbladders of other species. Thus, only a minimal portion of Na entry can be attributed to independent diffusion. From estimations of the electrochemical potential gradient across the apical membrane, Cl transport at that site must be active. At the serosal cell membrane, Na transport takes place against both chemical and electrical potentials, while a significant portion of the Cl flux can be passive, if this membrane has a significant Cl conductance. The changes in shunt electromotive force and in transepithelial potential after mucosal substitutions were very similar, indicating that transepithelial bi-ionic potentials yield appropriate results on the properties of shunt pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:1214285", "title": "The nature of the voltage-dependent conductance of the hemocyanin channel.", "content": "The electrical responses of individual hemocyanain channels in oxidized cholesterol membranes demonstrate that the voltage-dependent conductance of many-chanel membranes arises from two different mechanisms. These are the voltage-dependent redistribution of channels among several discrete single-channel conductance states themselves. The relaxation time for the discrete conductance changes is of the order of seconds nd the relaxation time of the continuous conductance changes is of the order 10(-4) seconds. As salt concentration in the bathing medium is increased, the single-channel conductance first increases lineary and then saturates. The characteristics of the saturation curves suggest that the  continuous conductance changes occur at the edges of the channel and that the mean time an ion spends in the channel is 4 nanoseconds...", "contents": "The nature of the voltage-dependent conductance of the hemocyanin channel. The electrical responses of individual hemocyanain channels in oxidized cholesterol membranes demonstrate that the voltage-dependent conductance of many-chanel membranes arises from two different mechanisms. These are the voltage-dependent redistribution of channels among several discrete single-channel conductance states themselves. The relaxation time for the discrete conductance changes is of the order of seconds nd the relaxation time of the continuous conductance changes is of the order 10(-4) seconds. As salt concentration in the bathing medium is increased, the single-channel conductance first increases lineary and then saturates. The characteristics of the saturation curves suggest that the  continuous conductance changes occur at the edges of the channel and that the mean time an ion spends in the channel is 4 nanoseconds..."}
{"id": "PMID:1214286", "title": "[Cytodiagnosis of central nervous systems tumors: comparative study of cytological (CSF) and histological results (author's transl)].", "content": "From a group of 52 tumours of the CNS it was possible to make a study of 35 (10 primary and 25 metastatic) to see if the nature of the neoplasm could be established from an examination of the cells of the CSF, comparing the results with those obtained by histological examination of the tumour tissues. There are very few dependable criteria to be found in the cells sedimented from the CSF (secretory activity; degree of differentiation) so, generally, only a determination as to whether the tumour is primary or metastatic, and if epithelial or mesodermal, can be made. Organ specificity can be identified only as regards the metastatic hypernephromas and thyroid carcinomas.", "contents": "[Cytodiagnosis of central nervous systems tumors: comparative study of cytological (CSF) and histological results (author's transl)]. From a group of 52 tumours of the CNS it was possible to make a study of 35 (10 primary and 25 metastatic) to see if the nature of the neoplasm could be established from an examination of the cells of the CSF, comparing the results with those obtained by histological examination of the tumour tissues. There are very few dependable criteria to be found in the cells sedimented from the CSF (secretory activity; degree of differentiation) so, generally, only a determination as to whether the tumour is primary or metastatic, and if epithelial or mesodermal, can be made. Organ specificity can be identified only as regards the metastatic hypernephromas and thyroid carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:1214288", "title": "Carbamylcholine and acetylcholine-sensitive, cation-selective ionophore as part of the purified acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "Black lipid membranes were formed with oxidized cholesterol in the presence of either the acetylcholine receptor, purified from the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo californica or its tryptic digest. In both cases, conductance of cations increased and was dependent on the concentration of the receptor protein. Conductance of Ca++ was dependent on the concentration, but addition of carbamylcholine gave no reproducible of consistent effects. Only in the case of the tryptic digest of the acetylcholine receptor did carbamylcholine and acetylcholine consistently induce monovalent cation selective conductance (PNa,K: PCl=4.4). The induced monovalent cationic conductance due to carbamylcholine (10 muM) varied from 10- to over 100-fold. Curare (10muM) prevented the action of carbamylcholine. Na-dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the acetylcholine receptor, before and after tryptic digestion, indicated that this mild enzyme treatment hydrolyzed the receptor molecule subunits. Nevertheless, the receptor molecule retained its full binding of [acetyl(-3)H]acetylcholine; and analytical gel electrophoresis indicated that it remained intact possibly through hydrogen, hydrophobic and disulfice bonding.", "contents": "Carbamylcholine and acetylcholine-sensitive, cation-selective ionophore as part of the purified acetylcholine receptor. Black lipid membranes were formed with oxidized cholesterol in the presence of either the acetylcholine receptor, purified from the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo californica or its tryptic digest. In both cases, conductance of cations increased and was dependent on the concentration of the receptor protein. Conductance of Ca++ was dependent on the concentration, but addition of carbamylcholine gave no reproducible of consistent effects. Only in the case of the tryptic digest of the acetylcholine receptor did carbamylcholine and acetylcholine consistently induce monovalent cation selective conductance (PNa,K: PCl=4.4). The induced monovalent cationic conductance due to carbamylcholine (10 muM) varied from 10- to over 100-fold. Curare (10muM) prevented the action of carbamylcholine. Na-dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the acetylcholine receptor, before and after tryptic digestion, indicated that this mild enzyme treatment hydrolyzed the receptor molecule subunits. Nevertheless, the receptor molecule retained its full binding of [acetyl(-3)H]acetylcholine; and analytical gel electrophoresis indicated that it remained intact possibly through hydrogen, hydrophobic and disulfice bonding."}
{"id": "PMID:1214289", "title": "Effect of ionic polarizability on electrodiffusion in lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "Ion-carrier complexes and organic ions of similar size and shape have mobilities in lipid bilayer membranes which span several orders of magnitude. In this communication, an examination is made of the hypothesis that the basis for this unusually wide range of ionic mobilities is the potential energy barrier arising from image forces which selectively act on ions according to their polarizability. Using Poisson's equation to evaluate the electrostatic interaction between an ion and its surroundings, the potential energy barrier to ion transport due to image effects is computed, with the result that the potential energy barrier height depends strongly on ionic polarizability. Theoretical membrane potential energy profile calculations are used in conjunction with Nernst-Planck electrodiffusion equation to analyze the available mobility data for several ion-carrier complexes and lipid-soluble ions in lipid bilayer membranes. The variation among the mobilities of different ions is shown to be in agreement with theoretical predictions based on ionic polarizability and size. Furthermore, the important influence exerted by image forces on ion transport in lipid bilayer membranes compared to the frictional effect of membrane viscosity is established by contrasting available data on the activation energy of ionic conductivity with that for membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Effect of ionic polarizability on electrodiffusion in lipid bilayer membranes. Ion-carrier complexes and organic ions of similar size and shape have mobilities in lipid bilayer membranes which span several orders of magnitude. In this communication, an examination is made of the hypothesis that the basis for this unusually wide range of ionic mobilities is the potential energy barrier arising from image forces which selectively act on ions according to their polarizability. Using Poisson's equation to evaluate the electrostatic interaction between an ion and its surroundings, the potential energy barrier to ion transport due to image effects is computed, with the result that the potential energy barrier height depends strongly on ionic polarizability. Theoretical membrane potential energy profile calculations are used in conjunction with Nernst-Planck electrodiffusion equation to analyze the available mobility data for several ion-carrier complexes and lipid-soluble ions in lipid bilayer membranes. The variation among the mobilities of different ions is shown to be in agreement with theoretical predictions based on ionic polarizability and size. Furthermore, the important influence exerted by image forces on ion transport in lipid bilayer membranes compared to the frictional effect of membrane viscosity is established by contrasting available data on the activation energy of ionic conductivity with that for membrane fluidity."}
{"id": "PMID:1214290", "title": "Respiratory disease mortality in an institutionalised mentally retarded population.", "content": "Mortality from respiratory diseases has been described in a large institution for the mentally retarded, from 1958 to 1973. Pneumonia continued to account for a large proportion of deaths (around forty per cent), when underlying causes of death were analysed. Age-specific death rates from pneumonia (underlying or contributory cause of death) showed little or no decline for ages five to sixty and over. Autopsy reports on 237 persons revealed high frequencies of bronchopneumonia, pulmonary congestion, pleurisy and aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration and its sequelae (aspiration pneumonia, lipid pneumonia) appears to be a major problem in this population, upon which prevention programmes could concentrate. Some risk factors associated with aspiration were also identified.", "contents": "Respiratory disease mortality in an institutionalised mentally retarded population. Mortality from respiratory diseases has been described in a large institution for the mentally retarded, from 1958 to 1973. Pneumonia continued to account for a large proportion of deaths (around forty per cent), when underlying causes of death were analysed. Age-specific death rates from pneumonia (underlying or contributory cause of death) showed little or no decline for ages five to sixty and over. Autopsy reports on 237 persons revealed high frequencies of bronchopneumonia, pulmonary congestion, pleurisy and aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration and its sequelae (aspiration pneumonia, lipid pneumonia) appears to be a major problem in this population, upon which prevention programmes could concentrate. Some risk factors associated with aspiration were also identified."}
{"id": "PMID:1214291", "title": "A profoundly mentally handicapped woman with a ring chromosome 22.", "content": "A small thirty-eight-year-old profoundly retarded woman is decribed who has a ring chromosome identified by banding techniques. Details are given of her behaviour, anthropometry, dermatoglyphics, karyotype and biochemistry with extensive investigations of her blood proteins and enzymes. Other described cases of ring 21 and 22 are reviewed. There is so much variability among the ring 22 chromosomes that it is not considered justifiable to speak of a ring 22 syndrome.", "contents": "A profoundly mentally handicapped woman with a ring chromosome 22. A small thirty-eight-year-old profoundly retarded woman is decribed who has a ring chromosome identified by banding techniques. Details are given of her behaviour, anthropometry, dermatoglyphics, karyotype and biochemistry with extensive investigations of her blood proteins and enzymes. Other described cases of ring 21 and 22 are reviewed. There is so much variability among the ring 22 chromosomes that it is not considered justifiable to speak of a ring 22 syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1214292", "title": "Dermatoglyphics in Prader-Willi syndrome.", "content": "The finger-, palm-and sole-prints of thirteen patients with Prader-Willi syndrome have been analysed. Some information has also been obtained from another case. The topological classification has been used for describing palms and soles. Frequencies of finger pattern types, data on finger ridge-count and maximal atd angles are included. Relevant published data has also been considered in making assessments. It is concluded from the evidence available that the dermatoglyphics of patients with the syndrome differ little, if at all, from those of the normal population. Pattern intensity on hands, and particularly feet, is low. Dermatoglyphics, therefore, are not a useful criterion in the diagnosis of the syndrome.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics in Prader-Willi syndrome. The finger-, palm-and sole-prints of thirteen patients with Prader-Willi syndrome have been analysed. Some information has also been obtained from another case. The topological classification has been used for describing palms and soles. Frequencies of finger pattern types, data on finger ridge-count and maximal atd angles are included. Relevant published data has also been considered in making assessments. It is concluded from the evidence available that the dermatoglyphics of patients with the syndrome differ little, if at all, from those of the normal population. Pattern intensity on hands, and particularly feet, is low. Dermatoglyphics, therefore, are not a useful criterion in the diagnosis of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1214293", "title": "Asymmetrical, reciprocal translocation (45,XX,tdic(9;17) (p21;p12).", "content": "A nine-month-old girl with dysmorphic features, congenital heart disease and chromosomal mosaicism is reported. Approximately one-half of the cells (lymphocytes and fibroblasts) showed a normal karyotype 46, XX, the other half a dicentric translocation chromosome. Using the G-band technique, the dicentric chromosome was identified as a 9/17 translocation chromosome. Both centromeres of the translocation chromosome could be stained to the same degree, using the C-band technique. The centromere region of chromosome No. 9 was in addition demonstrated, by using the Giemsa 11 technique.", "contents": "Asymmetrical, reciprocal translocation (45,XX,tdic(9;17) (p21;p12). A nine-month-old girl with dysmorphic features, congenital heart disease and chromosomal mosaicism is reported. Approximately one-half of the cells (lymphocytes and fibroblasts) showed a normal karyotype 46, XX, the other half a dicentric translocation chromosome. Using the G-band technique, the dicentric chromosome was identified as a 9/17 translocation chromosome. Both centromeres of the translocation chromosome could be stained to the same degree, using the C-band technique. The centromere region of chromosome No. 9 was in addition demonstrated, by using the Giemsa 11 technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1214306", "title": "The evolution of fraction i protein during the origin of a new species of Nicotiana.", "content": "The polypeptide composition of Fraction I protein from Nicotiana digluta, a synthetic species which arose by chromosome doubling following the interspecific hybridization of N. glutinosa and N. tabacum, has been examined by isoelectric focusing. The composition of the protein from N. digluta, which was identical to the protein from the infertile F1 hybrid N. glutinosa x N. tabacum, showed 3 polypeptides in the large subunit and 4 polypeptides in the small subunit. The large subunit polypeptides were identical to those from N. glutinosa, the maternal parent in the original hybridization, whereas the small subunit polypeptides were a composite of the small subunit polypeptides from both N. glutinosa and N. tabacum. This analysis demonstrates how the polypeptide composition of Fraction I protein evolves during the origin of new species of Nicotiana.", "contents": "The evolution of fraction i protein during the origin of a new species of Nicotiana. The polypeptide composition of Fraction I protein from Nicotiana digluta, a synthetic species which arose by chromosome doubling following the interspecific hybridization of N. glutinosa and N. tabacum, has been examined by isoelectric focusing. The composition of the protein from N. digluta, which was identical to the protein from the infertile F1 hybrid N. glutinosa x N. tabacum, showed 3 polypeptides in the large subunit and 4 polypeptides in the small subunit. The large subunit polypeptides were identical to those from N. glutinosa, the maternal parent in the original hybridization, whereas the small subunit polypeptides were a composite of the small subunit polypeptides from both N. glutinosa and N. tabacum. This analysis demonstrates how the polypeptide composition of Fraction I protein evolves during the origin of new species of Nicotiana."}
{"id": "PMID:1214308", "title": "Intestinal parasites in University of Dacca students.", "content": "Nine hundred and thirty three students of Dacca University were examined: mean haemoglobin levels were 80.5 per cent for men and 70.0 per cent for women. Five hundred and thirty three (57.3%) of the students had single or multiple intestinal parasitic infections, of which Ascaris lumbricoides (366), Entamoeba histolytica (113) and Trichuris trichiura (99) were the commonest. It is suggested that chronic nutritional deficiencies are compounded by these parasites, leading to low weights, and low haemoglobins.", "contents": "Intestinal parasites in University of Dacca students. Nine hundred and thirty three students of Dacca University were examined: mean haemoglobin levels were 80.5 per cent for men and 70.0 per cent for women. Five hundred and thirty three (57.3%) of the students had single or multiple intestinal parasitic infections, of which Ascaris lumbricoides (366), Entamoeba histolytica (113) and Trichuris trichiura (99) were the commonest. It is suggested that chronic nutritional deficiencies are compounded by these parasites, leading to low weights, and low haemoglobins."}
{"id": "PMID:1214309", "title": "Duodenal ulcer in rural Haiti I. Clinical features. II. Gastric secretory studies.", "content": "I. In a study of 100 duodenal ulcer patients in rural Haiti, pyloric obstruction was present initially in nine per cent, but later developed in an additional 20 per cent. This high incidence of obstruction is similar to that observed in other tropicla populations in Africa and India. II. Standardized tests for basal and stimulated acid secretion in a small group of duodenal ulcer patients in rural Haiti were not elevated. The implication of the study is that either the test must be modified for different populations or the role of acid secretion in the pathogenesis of the disease questioned.", "contents": "Duodenal ulcer in rural Haiti I. Clinical features. II. Gastric secretory studies. I. In a study of 100 duodenal ulcer patients in rural Haiti, pyloric obstruction was present initially in nine per cent, but later developed in an additional 20 per cent. This high incidence of obstruction is similar to that observed in other tropicla populations in Africa and India. II. Standardized tests for basal and stimulated acid secretion in a small group of duodenal ulcer patients in rural Haiti were not elevated. The implication of the study is that either the test must be modified for different populations or the role of acid secretion in the pathogenesis of the disease questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1214310", "title": "Echinococcosis in Egypt: IV. Serology on patients with chest problems.", "content": "Patients complaining of chest disorders were clinically and serologically examined for evidence of echinococcal infection. Serologically, the patients were screened by the indirect haemagglutination test and reactors were confirmed by the bentonite flocculation and/or latex-agglutination tests. Of 755 patients 6.2 percent had echinococcal antibodies in their sera. Of 393 patients given a chest radiography one patient (0.25%) had distinct pulmonary hydatid cysts. The bentonite flocculation technique picked more of the positives (91.5%) than did the latex-agglutination (14.9%) technique. Females were more exposed to echinococcal infection (8.4%) than males (2.3%). Among positives, 71-75 per cent were below thirty years old. Prevalence of infection was higher among individuals having direct contact with dogs (4.6%) than among individuals with no direct contact with dogs (3.2%). Evidently cross-reactions between the echinococcal antigen and antibodies of some bacterial and parasitic infections including schistosomiasis interfere with the haemagglutination test results.", "contents": "Echinococcosis in Egypt: IV. Serology on patients with chest problems. Patients complaining of chest disorders were clinically and serologically examined for evidence of echinococcal infection. Serologically, the patients were screened by the indirect haemagglutination test and reactors were confirmed by the bentonite flocculation and/or latex-agglutination tests. Of 755 patients 6.2 percent had echinococcal antibodies in their sera. Of 393 patients given a chest radiography one patient (0.25%) had distinct pulmonary hydatid cysts. The bentonite flocculation technique picked more of the positives (91.5%) than did the latex-agglutination (14.9%) technique. Females were more exposed to echinococcal infection (8.4%) than males (2.3%). Among positives, 71-75 per cent were below thirty years old. Prevalence of infection was higher among individuals having direct contact with dogs (4.6%) than among individuals with no direct contact with dogs (3.2%). Evidently cross-reactions between the echinococcal antigen and antibodies of some bacterial and parasitic infections including schistosomiasis interfere with the haemagglutination test results."}
{"id": "PMID:1214307", "title": "Pattern of bladder cancer in the Sudan and its relation to schistosomiasis: a study of 255 vesical carcinomas.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty five vesical carcinomas in Sudanese patients are analysed as regards frequency, age, sex, local geographical distribution, morphological features and association with urinary schistosomiasis. The findings are compared with those from other series. It is concluded that the pattern of bladder cancer in the Sudan in general conforms to that reported from regions endemic for schistosomiasis and differs significantly from that seen in non-schistosomal regions. The limitations in the study are noted.", "contents": "Pattern of bladder cancer in the Sudan and its relation to schistosomiasis: a study of 255 vesical carcinomas. Two hundred and fifty five vesical carcinomas in Sudanese patients are analysed as regards frequency, age, sex, local geographical distribution, morphological features and association with urinary schistosomiasis. The findings are compared with those from other series. It is concluded that the pattern of bladder cancer in the Sudan in general conforms to that reported from regions endemic for schistosomiasis and differs significantly from that seen in non-schistosomal regions. The limitations in the study are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:1214311", "title": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis (malignant histiocytosis) in Zambia.", "content": "Fifteen cases of histiocytic medulary reticulosis are reported from Zambia, Africa. The importance of liver biopsy in the diagnosis is stressed. Forty cases have now been described from East and Central Africa suggesting a much higher incidence than in other parts of the world. It is thought that this may be due to prolonged stimulation of the reticuloendothelisl system.", "contents": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis (malignant histiocytosis) in Zambia. Fifteen cases of histiocytic medulary reticulosis are reported from Zambia, Africa. The importance of liver biopsy in the diagnosis is stressed. Forty cases have now been described from East and Central Africa suggesting a much higher incidence than in other parts of the world. It is thought that this may be due to prolonged stimulation of the reticuloendothelisl system."}
{"id": "PMID:1214322", "title": "Hepatic circulation in acute hemorrhage with reference to renal circulation.", "content": "Studies were made on the hemodynamics in the liver and kidney during hemorrhage and retransfusion, using 20 dogs with or without hepatic periarterial nerve plexus, anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The results were as follows. In 14 dogs in which the hepatic periarterial nerve plexus was left intact (Group A), the averages of the hepatic arterial flow (HAF), portal venous pressure (PVP), portal venous flow (PVF), and flow in the right renal artery (RAF) decreased significantly to 38, 64, 35, and 25%, respectively of the control levels when the abdominal aortic pressure (ABP) fell to 40 mm Hg (36% of the control level) during hemorrhage. At the same time the portal venous resistance (PVR) and the right renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased greatly and the hepatic arterial resistance  (HAR) either increased or decreased in different dogs. During retransfusion the ABP and vascular resistance returned to nearly the control levels, the PVF increased beyond the control level. In 6 dogs in which the nerve plexus was resected (Group B), the decreases in the HAF and RAF during hemorrhage were not significantly different from those in Group A. These results may suggest the following. The decrease in the HAF during hemorrhage seems to be mostly a passive change resulting from decrease in the systemic blood pressure. Neurogenic regulation may be a little. Further, the existence of the humoral regulation and autoregulation in the HAF were suggested in some cases. While, the responsibilities to hemorrhage and retransfusion appear to be different among the examined three vessels, i.e. the hepatic artery, portal vein, and renal artery. No definite interrelation was seen between the hepatic and renal circulations.", "contents": "Hepatic circulation in acute hemorrhage with reference to renal circulation. Studies were made on the hemodynamics in the liver and kidney during hemorrhage and retransfusion, using 20 dogs with or without hepatic periarterial nerve plexus, anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The results were as follows. In 14 dogs in which the hepatic periarterial nerve plexus was left intact (Group A), the averages of the hepatic arterial flow (HAF), portal venous pressure (PVP), portal venous flow (PVF), and flow in the right renal artery (RAF) decreased significantly to 38, 64, 35, and 25%, respectively of the control levels when the abdominal aortic pressure (ABP) fell to 40 mm Hg (36% of the control level) during hemorrhage. At the same time the portal venous resistance (PVR) and the right renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased greatly and the hepatic arterial resistance  (HAR) either increased or decreased in different dogs. During retransfusion the ABP and vascular resistance returned to nearly the control levels, the PVF increased beyond the control level. In 6 dogs in which the nerve plexus was resected (Group B), the decreases in the HAF and RAF during hemorrhage were not significantly different from those in Group A. These results may suggest the following. The decrease in the HAF during hemorrhage seems to be mostly a passive change resulting from decrease in the systemic blood pressure. Neurogenic regulation may be a little. Further, the existence of the humoral regulation and autoregulation in the HAF were suggested in some cases. While, the responsibilities to hemorrhage and retransfusion appear to be different among the examined three vessels, i.e. the hepatic artery, portal vein, and renal artery. No definite interrelation was seen between the hepatic and renal circulations."}
{"id": "PMID:1214323", "title": "Effect of pulmonary circulation on coronary flow and ventricular performance of isolated heart.", "content": "Left ventricular performance and coronary flow in isolated dog hearts were observed for to discuss whether lungs have any nonrespiratory function. The results of our experiments showed the fact that pulmonary circulation seemed to have some metabolic functions to prevent the increase in coronary flow and the decline in ventricular performance. And it was also suggested that isolated lungs removed a factor responsible for coronary vasodilation and the decline of ventricular performance. But it could not be fully negrected that the pulmonary circulation added a factor which prevents the increase in coronary flow.", "contents": "Effect of pulmonary circulation on coronary flow and ventricular performance of isolated heart. Left ventricular performance and coronary flow in isolated dog hearts were observed for to discuss whether lungs have any nonrespiratory function. The results of our experiments showed the fact that pulmonary circulation seemed to have some metabolic functions to prevent the increase in coronary flow and the decline in ventricular performance. And it was also suggested that isolated lungs removed a factor responsible for coronary vasodilation and the decline of ventricular performance. But it could not be fully negrected that the pulmonary circulation added a factor which prevents the increase in coronary flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1214324", "title": "Cardiopulmonary dysfunctions caused by intravenous collagen-induced release of ADP and ATP from platelets.", "content": "Bovine tendon collagen suspension (4.5 mg/kg) was injected rapidly into the femoral vein of 14 normal (untreated) and 8 busulfan treated rats. Trasient effects included decreased platelet counts and arterial PO2, increased central venous pressure, apnea, bradycardia and variable A-V block. These findings were most prominent within 1 minute after injection and subsided or disappeared by 10 minutes. During this period, ADP and ATP in platelet-free plasma from carotid arterial blood were measured in a liquid scientillation counter using the firefly luciferase assay. In normal (untreated) rats, collagen injection was followed by increases in plasma ADP and ATP, a rise in plasma hemoglobin and minimal changes of fibrinogen and hematcrit. Pathological observations indicated the platelet emboli in pulmonary vessels. In contrast, rats made thrombocytopenic by intraperitoneally infected busulfan prior to collagen injection had minimal or no change in platelet count, plasma ADP, ATP, hemoglobin, fibrinogen, or cardiopulmonary functions following collagen injection. These findings suggest that collagen injection causes release of ADP and ATP from platelets; released ADP induces platelets to form aggregates which lodge in the coronary and pulmonary microcirculations and elsewhere, resulting in thrombocytopenia and the cardiopulmonary dysfunction, in the presence of shear, of red cells with vessel surfaces altered by platelet aggregates.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary dysfunctions caused by intravenous collagen-induced release of ADP and ATP from platelets. Bovine tendon collagen suspension (4.5 mg/kg) was injected rapidly into the femoral vein of 14 normal (untreated) and 8 busulfan treated rats. Trasient effects included decreased platelet counts and arterial PO2, increased central venous pressure, apnea, bradycardia and variable A-V block. These findings were most prominent within 1 minute after injection and subsided or disappeared by 10 minutes. During this period, ADP and ATP in platelet-free plasma from carotid arterial blood were measured in a liquid scientillation counter using the firefly luciferase assay. In normal (untreated) rats, collagen injection was followed by increases in plasma ADP and ATP, a rise in plasma hemoglobin and minimal changes of fibrinogen and hematcrit. Pathological observations indicated the platelet emboli in pulmonary vessels. In contrast, rats made thrombocytopenic by intraperitoneally infected busulfan prior to collagen injection had minimal or no change in platelet count, plasma ADP, ATP, hemoglobin, fibrinogen, or cardiopulmonary functions following collagen injection. These findings suggest that collagen injection causes release of ADP and ATP from platelets; released ADP induces platelets to form aggregates which lodge in the coronary and pulmonary microcirculations and elsewhere, resulting in thrombocytopenia and the cardiopulmonary dysfunction, in the presence of shear, of red cells with vessel surfaces altered by platelet aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:1214325", "title": "A case of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage from the entire left lung associated with complete heart block.", "content": "A 22-year-old female patient presenting complete atrioventricular block and giant P waves in electrocardiogram had anomalous pulmonary venous drainage from the entire left lung. There was normal drainage from the right lung and no associated atrial septal defect or other intracardiac abnormalities. After a permanent pacemaker was implanted, she manifested signs and symptoms of heart failure. Although the anomalous pulmonary vein was anastomosed to the left atrium, intractable heart failure continued. She died six months later after surgical intervention. Postmortem examination revealed diffuse interstitial fibrosis throughout the myocardium.", "contents": "A case of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage from the entire left lung associated with complete heart block. A 22-year-old female patient presenting complete atrioventricular block and giant P waves in electrocardiogram had anomalous pulmonary venous drainage from the entire left lung. There was normal drainage from the right lung and no associated atrial septal defect or other intracardiac abnormalities. After a permanent pacemaker was implanted, she manifested signs and symptoms of heart failure. Although the anomalous pulmonary vein was anastomosed to the left atrium, intractable heart failure continued. She died six months later after surgical intervention. Postmortem examination revealed diffuse interstitial fibrosis throughout the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:1214326", "title": "Complications of valvular surgery--5 cases report with special reference to the conduction system--.", "content": "Five interesting autopsy cases of post-valvular replacement death are reported and discussed with special reference to disturbances of the conduction system. The most important acute changes are hemorrhages; the significance of a venous hemorrhage is emphasized. Chronic changes are collagenization of conduction system. One case of mycotic valvulitis, probably due to aspergillus, and one case of dissecting aneurysm probably related to previous valve replacement surgery are included.", "contents": "Complications of valvular surgery--5 cases report with special reference to the conduction system--. Five interesting autopsy cases of post-valvular replacement death are reported and discussed with special reference to disturbances of the conduction system. The most important acute changes are hemorrhages; the significance of a venous hemorrhage is emphasized. Chronic changes are collagenization of conduction system. One case of mycotic valvulitis, probably due to aspergillus, and one case of dissecting aneurysm probably related to previous valve replacement surgery are included."}
{"id": "PMID:1214327", "title": "Serotypes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from clinical and environmental sources in Togo (West Africa).", "content": "Serological analysis of O and K antigens was performed on 343 strains of Vibro parahaemolyticus isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Togo. Only two strains were not typable by the available O antisera. K untypable strains were found in 4.8% of isolates from gastroenteritis patients, in 11% from healthy carriers, and in 47% and 46% of isolates, respectively, from water and fish samples. Thirteen serotypes identified in Togo are not considered in the Japanese antigenic scheme. The suitability of the Japanese typing scheme for geographic areas outside of Japan is discussed and its extension is suggested.", "contents": "Serotypes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from clinical and environmental sources in Togo (West Africa). Serological analysis of O and K antigens was performed on 343 strains of Vibro parahaemolyticus isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Togo. Only two strains were not typable by the available O antisera. K untypable strains were found in 4.8% of isolates from gastroenteritis patients, in 11% from healthy carriers, and in 47% and 46% of isolates, respectively, from water and fish samples. Thirteen serotypes identified in Togo are not considered in the Japanese antigenic scheme. The suitability of the Japanese typing scheme for geographic areas outside of Japan is discussed and its extension is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1214394", "title": "[The advance and regression of the cataract operation].", "content": "In modern cataract surgery the introduction of akinesia, the corneal incision, the intracapsular extraction with forceps or cryo-stick, the zonulolysis and measures against complications and the optic correction of unilateral cataract with contact lenses can be seen as definite advances. Critically seen, the use of the operating microscope for senile cataract is not necessary, as the binocular loupe is fully sufficient. In the same way the selective use of zonulolysis - but not after the age of 55 - and of the cryo-stick - only on a stretched lans capsule is advised. Also the artificial pupillary lens is not recommended because of the excellent functional results of the contact lens. The same argument applies to emulsification of the crystalline lens. Also, from our experience, the routine use of antibiotics is not necessary. As well as the actual operation methods, including premedication, the methods used to avoid complications are finally and thoroughly discussed.", "contents": "[The advance and regression of the cataract operation]. In modern cataract surgery the introduction of akinesia, the corneal incision, the intracapsular extraction with forceps or cryo-stick, the zonulolysis and measures against complications and the optic correction of unilateral cataract with contact lenses can be seen as definite advances. Critically seen, the use of the operating microscope for senile cataract is not necessary, as the binocular loupe is fully sufficient. In the same way the selective use of zonulolysis - but not after the age of 55 - and of the cryo-stick - only on a stretched lans capsule is advised. Also the artificial pupillary lens is not recommended because of the excellent functional results of the contact lens. The same argument applies to emulsification of the crystalline lens. Also, from our experience, the routine use of antibiotics is not necessary. As well as the actual operation methods, including premedication, the methods used to avoid complications are finally and thoroughly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214395", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment in dislocated lenses. II. Intracapsular lens extraction in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "40 subluxated and dislocated lenses were extracted intracapsularly between 1970 and 1974. In 6 cases there was a displacement into the vitreous; in 4 an acute secondary angle-closure glaucoma was present (3 times due to dislocation of the lens into the anterior chamber). Surgical extraction with a corneal incision was undertaken under general anaesthesia after attachment of a flieringa ring to the globe. In 16 eyes a transpupillary vitrectomy was necessary. The morphological and functional results were satisfactory: decrease in visual acuity due to surgical intervention did not occur, and in 32 eyes vision was considerably improved.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment in dislocated lenses. II. Intracapsular lens extraction in adults (author's transl)]. 40 subluxated and dislocated lenses were extracted intracapsularly between 1970 and 1974. In 6 cases there was a displacement into the vitreous; in 4 an acute secondary angle-closure glaucoma was present (3 times due to dislocation of the lens into the anterior chamber). Surgical extraction with a corneal incision was undertaken under general anaesthesia after attachment of a flieringa ring to the globe. In 16 eyes a transpupillary vitrectomy was necessary. The morphological and functional results were satisfactory: decrease in visual acuity due to surgical intervention did not occur, and in 32 eyes vision was considerably improved."}
{"id": "PMID:1214396", "title": "[Results of A-scan ultrasonic scanning of the orbit (author's transl)].", "content": "119 patients who were believed to suffer from orbital tumors were investigated by A-scan ultrasonic studies. 67 turned out to have significant signs of an orbital tumor, 52 were found to be unsuspicious. In all of the 32 surgical procedures, which were additionally performed, the ultrasonic diagnosis could always be verified. Moreover 13 ultrasonic studies led to certain pathological specifications of the tumor and 10 of them could be proved true by histology later on. This paper discuss the advantage of the A-scan ultrasound investigations of the orbit. The efficiency concerning an ultrasonic specification of the tumorous tissue is to be emphasized.", "contents": "[Results of A-scan ultrasonic scanning of the orbit (author's transl)]. 119 patients who were believed to suffer from orbital tumors were investigated by A-scan ultrasonic studies. 67 turned out to have significant signs of an orbital tumor, 52 were found to be unsuspicious. In all of the 32 surgical procedures, which were additionally performed, the ultrasonic diagnosis could always be verified. Moreover 13 ultrasonic studies led to certain pathological specifications of the tumor and 10 of them could be proved true by histology later on. This paper discuss the advantage of the A-scan ultrasound investigations of the orbit. The efficiency concerning an ultrasonic specification of the tumorous tissue is to be emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1214397", "title": "[Initialphase of dark adaptation, sensibility to dazzling and diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the early stages of development the diabetic retinopathy often causes disturbances of initial-phase of the dark adaptation even if other functional defects are not evident. In a group of eyes with normal vision of 153 diabetics (296 eyes), only 55% of the cases reached results, which correspond to the norm of nyktometry.", "contents": "[Initialphase of dark adaptation, sensibility to dazzling and diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)]. In the early stages of development the diabetic retinopathy often causes disturbances of initial-phase of the dark adaptation even if other functional defects are not evident. In a group of eyes with normal vision of 153 diabetics (296 eyes), only 55% of the cases reached results, which correspond to the norm of nyktometry."}
{"id": "PMID:1214398", "title": "[Lid basaliomas with malignant courses (author's transl)].", "content": "3 cases of lid basalioma with malignant course are described - in the first case with destruction of the eye-lids, in the second destruction of the orbit and nearby sinuses, and in the third with infiltration of the brain. Hence the necessity of early active treatment is shown. The diagnosis of the tumor and the degree of infiltration into healthy tissue must be made histologically - this is as important as the life-long follow-up of tumor patients.", "contents": "[Lid basaliomas with malignant courses (author's transl)]. 3 cases of lid basalioma with malignant course are described - in the first case with destruction of the eye-lids, in the second destruction of the orbit and nearby sinuses, and in the third with infiltration of the brain. Hence the necessity of early active treatment is shown. The diagnosis of the tumor and the degree of infiltration into healthy tissue must be made histologically - this is as important as the life-long follow-up of tumor patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1214399", "title": "[Classification of nonparetic vertical strabismus related to vertical rectus surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Results following vertical rectus muscle recession and classification of vertical strabismus due to the field of action of the vertical recti. 100 cases of vertical squint underwent surgery of the vertical recti (recession of the superior rectus muscle in 92 cases). One third achieved binocular functions partly based upon microtropia. It may be of special interest that 5 of 19 patients with \"dissociated\" alternating deviations could be cured by bilateral recession of the superior rectus. The authors try to give their own modification of the difficult classification of the different clinical types of vertical squint, since the results following the treatment of the various types were quite different.", "contents": "[Classification of nonparetic vertical strabismus related to vertical rectus surgery (author's transl)]. Results following vertical rectus muscle recession and classification of vertical strabismus due to the field of action of the vertical recti. 100 cases of vertical squint underwent surgery of the vertical recti (recession of the superior rectus muscle in 92 cases). One third achieved binocular functions partly based upon microtropia. It may be of special interest that 5 of 19 patients with \"dissociated\" alternating deviations could be cured by bilateral recession of the superior rectus. The authors try to give their own modification of the difficult classification of the different clinical types of vertical squint, since the results following the treatment of the various types were quite different."}
{"id": "PMID:1214401", "title": "[Balloon cell nevi of the conjunctiva (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and histological features of three cases of conjunctival balloon cell nevi are described. This peculiar form of nevus is very rare in the conjunctiva. The findings are compared with the descriptions in the literature of dermal balloon cell nevi. They demonstrate, that the conjunctival and dermal tumours are of idential histological structure. The proliferations of the conjunctival epithelium often found in conjunctival nevi do not modify the balloon cell nevi. These can not be diagnosed clinically. The problems of the pathogenesis of the balloon cell nevi are discussed.", "contents": "[Balloon cell nevi of the conjunctiva (author's transl)]. The clinical and histological features of three cases of conjunctival balloon cell nevi are described. This peculiar form of nevus is very rare in the conjunctiva. The findings are compared with the descriptions in the literature of dermal balloon cell nevi. They demonstrate, that the conjunctival and dermal tumours are of idential histological structure. The proliferations of the conjunctival epithelium often found in conjunctival nevi do not modify the balloon cell nevi. These can not be diagnosed clinically. The problems of the pathogenesis of the balloon cell nevi are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214402", "title": "[Electromyographic examinations in exo-deviations (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of EMG-examinations in various forms of exo-deviation as classified by Burian, the authors conclude, that these show also various innervation disturbances, and that also histological differences can be proved. The practical sense of these observations would be in narrowing the indications for exotropia operations.", "contents": "[Electromyographic examinations in exo-deviations (author's transl)]. On the basis of EMG-examinations in various forms of exo-deviation as classified by Burian, the authors conclude, that these show also various innervation disturbances, and that also histological differences can be proved. The practical sense of these observations would be in narrowing the indications for exotropia operations."}
{"id": "PMID:1214403", "title": "[The status of vitrectomy at present (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides vitreous suction, vitrectomy gains an increasing method in vitreous surgery. Regarding the access to the vitreous cavity, the open sky vitrectomy and the vitrectomy via pars plana have been introduced. The principles of the various instruments for simultaneous cutting and suction of the vitreous body are discussed. From the published results some conclusions can be made concerning the actual indications of vitrectomy. Finally the prospects and limitations of the operation are ventilated as far as it can be done in the present state of development.", "contents": "[The status of vitrectomy at present (author's transl)]. Besides vitreous suction, vitrectomy gains an increasing method in vitreous surgery. Regarding the access to the vitreous cavity, the open sky vitrectomy and the vitrectomy via pars plana have been introduced. The principles of the various instruments for simultaneous cutting and suction of the vitreous body are discussed. From the published results some conclusions can be made concerning the actual indications of vitrectomy. Finally the prospects and limitations of the operation are ventilated as far as it can be done in the present state of development."}
{"id": "PMID:1214404", "title": "[Lidswelling in a case of Melkersson-Rosenthal-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a case with extreme swelling of the upper- and lowerlids, which recurred repeatedly for thirteen years, with unsettled etiology and which did not respond to every conservative therapy. Surgical excision and biopsy showed histological changes similar Melkersson-Rosenthal-syndrome. But it must have been an abortive form, as other symptoms, were missing.", "contents": "[Lidswelling in a case of Melkersson-Rosenthal-syndrome (author's transl)]. Report on a case with extreme swelling of the upper- and lowerlids, which recurred repeatedly for thirteen years, with unsettled etiology and which did not respond to every conservative therapy. Surgical excision and biopsy showed histological changes similar Melkersson-Rosenthal-syndrome. But it must have been an abortive form, as other symptoms, were missing."}
{"id": "PMID:1214405", "title": "[Postchoroidal retinoschisis].", "content": "In the past literature only 8 cases of postchoroidal retinoschisis have been described. Their characteristic finding is a cystic protrusion of the inner retinal layers within an area of post-choroiditic scarring. The lesion is unilateral, and usually located in the temporal or upper fundus periphery; no retinal defects are present, the vitreous is intact, and there is no tendency toward progression. The etiology appears to be different according to age: in patients under age 40, alterations of the glia may contribute to the cyst formation, in older patients, however, the combined damage of the choroidal and retinal vascular bed seem to lead to a retinoschisis.", "contents": "[Postchoroidal retinoschisis]. In the past literature only 8 cases of postchoroidal retinoschisis have been described. Their characteristic finding is a cystic protrusion of the inner retinal layers within an area of post-choroiditic scarring. The lesion is unilateral, and usually located in the temporal or upper fundus periphery; no retinal defects are present, the vitreous is intact, and there is no tendency toward progression. The etiology appears to be different according to age: in patients under age 40, alterations of the glia may contribute to the cyst formation, in older patients, however, the combined damage of the choroidal and retinal vascular bed seem to lead to a retinoschisis."}
{"id": "PMID:1214406", "title": "[A simplified procedure in the treatment of the hypotony-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on a hypotony-syndrome which developed after cyclodialysis in an aphakic eye. Closure of the split was performed with intra-scleral diathermy-coagulation and episcleral buckling using lyophilisated dura mater material.", "contents": "[A simplified procedure in the treatment of the hypotony-syndrome (author's transl)]. A report on a hypotony-syndrome which developed after cyclodialysis in an aphakic eye. Closure of the split was performed with intra-scleral diathermy-coagulation and episcleral buckling using lyophilisated dura mater material."}
{"id": "PMID:1214407", "title": "[Mesopic vision with spectacles and contact lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of the mesopic vision of spectacle and contact lense wearers is given. The 182 subjects were divided into three groups according to their photopic V.A. with spectacles. The V.A.s achieved with spectacles and the V.A.s with contact lenses are compared. In the mesopic vision range the subjects' responses to the various tests differed between the individual groups. These differences are discussed with the aid of graphical diagrams.", "contents": "[Mesopic vision with spectacles and contact lenses (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the mesopic vision of spectacle and contact lense wearers is given. The 182 subjects were divided into three groups according to their photopic V.A. with spectacles. The V.A.s achieved with spectacles and the V.A.s with contact lenses are compared. In the mesopic vision range the subjects' responses to the various tests differed between the individual groups. These differences are discussed with the aid of graphical diagrams."}
{"id": "PMID:1214409", "title": "[A new microscopic rig (author's transl)].", "content": "A new microscope rig is proposed. It allows the microsurgeon a considerable freedom of movement and effortless change of positions whereby the focus of the microscope on the operating field is constantly maintained.", "contents": "[A new microscopic rig (author's transl)]. A new microscope rig is proposed. It allows the microsurgeon a considerable freedom of movement and effortless change of positions whereby the focus of the microscope on the operating field is constantly maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:1214410", "title": "[A new type of eye speculum (author's transl)].", "content": "A new type of eye speculum is described. It has the following advantages: it does not hamper the surgeon in his work, it has no projecting parts on which sutures may get caught, and it enables spreading of the eyelids to be controlled.", "contents": "[A new type of eye speculum (author's transl)]. A new type of eye speculum is described. It has the following advantages: it does not hamper the surgeon in his work, it has no projecting parts on which sutures may get caught, and it enables spreading of the eyelids to be controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:1214411", "title": "[The new polaroid positive/negative film type 105 for ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of the new Polaroid positive/negative film type 105. This film produces within 30 seconds a brilliant positive and a negative for high quality prints. The new camera-back 405 for the use of 8.5 x 10.5 cm Polaroid packfilms fits to any 4 x 5 inch cameras with international back.", "contents": "[The new polaroid positive/negative film type 105 for ophthalmology (author's transl)]. Description of the new Polaroid positive/negative film type 105. This film produces within 30 seconds a brilliant positive and a negative for high quality prints. The new camera-back 405 for the use of 8.5 x 10.5 cm Polaroid packfilms fits to any 4 x 5 inch cameras with international back."}
{"id": "PMID:1214413", "title": "[Macular pucker after retinal detachment surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on 6 cases of macular pucker after retinal detachment surgery. Two of these 6 patients were found only by a check up of 145 detachment patients one year after surgery. In accordance with the literature presumbly causative factors were present in 5 of the cases: vitreous hemorrhage (4), reoperations (3) vitreous loss (1). A 6Th case with very unusual centrally located retinal breaks was operated on with a silicone explant and was seen with a macular pucker 6 months later.", "contents": "[Macular pucker after retinal detachment surgery (author's transl)]. A report is given on 6 cases of macular pucker after retinal detachment surgery. Two of these 6 patients were found only by a check up of 145 detachment patients one year after surgery. In accordance with the literature presumbly causative factors were present in 5 of the cases: vitreous hemorrhage (4), reoperations (3) vitreous loss (1). A 6Th case with very unusual centrally located retinal breaks was operated on with a silicone explant and was seen with a macular pucker 6 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:1214414", "title": "[A communication on the treatment of the hypotony syndrome after trabeculotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on 3 cases of the hypotony syndrome following trabeculotomy in young patients. 2 of these patients had glaucoma chronicum, the third had a clinical picture resembling pigment glaucoma. All 3 patients had before the operation a wide anterior chamber angle. Thy hypotony syndrome was treated conservately with atropine in the first two cases. Under this treatment a temporary increase in intraocular pressure was noted, by which the hypotony syndrome disappeared. In this state gonioscopy showed a cyclodialysis gap. In the third patient the cyclodialysis gap and an obvious leakage cushion occurred together with the hypotony syndrom. Because of this finding an operation against the hypotony syndrom was performed, by which however, the intraocular pressure could not be sufficiently increased and the hypotony syndrome up till now could not be removed.", "contents": "[A communication on the treatment of the hypotony syndrome after trabeculotomy (author's transl)]. The authors report on 3 cases of the hypotony syndrome following trabeculotomy in young patients. 2 of these patients had glaucoma chronicum, the third had a clinical picture resembling pigment glaucoma. All 3 patients had before the operation a wide anterior chamber angle. Thy hypotony syndrome was treated conservately with atropine in the first two cases. Under this treatment a temporary increase in intraocular pressure was noted, by which the hypotony syndrome disappeared. In this state gonioscopy showed a cyclodialysis gap. In the third patient the cyclodialysis gap and an obvious leakage cushion occurred together with the hypotony syndrom. Because of this finding an operation against the hypotony syndrom was performed, by which however, the intraocular pressure could not be sufficiently increased and the hypotony syndrome up till now could not be removed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214415", "title": "[Histological examination on disks obtained by goniotrephining with scleral flap (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological examination with serial sections of 26 disks obtained by goniotrephining with scleral flap showed in three cases only lamellas and Descemet's membrane. Twenty-three disks contained trabecular meshwork, fourteen of these Schlemm's canal. In three disks excision reaches as far as the ciliary muscle. In three of the twenty-six eyes the intra-ocular pressure was not regulated after the operation. It seems that in goniotrephining with scleral flap the opening of Schlemm's canal has no important influence on the postoperative regulation of the final intra-ocular pressure.", "contents": "[Histological examination on disks obtained by goniotrephining with scleral flap (author's transl)]. Histological examination with serial sections of 26 disks obtained by goniotrephining with scleral flap showed in three cases only lamellas and Descemet's membrane. Twenty-three disks contained trabecular meshwork, fourteen of these Schlemm's canal. In three disks excision reaches as far as the ciliary muscle. In three of the twenty-six eyes the intra-ocular pressure was not regulated after the operation. It seems that in goniotrephining with scleral flap the opening of Schlemm's canal has no important influence on the postoperative regulation of the final intra-ocular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1214416", "title": "[Biotoxic effects of aqueous humour-a unifying pathogenetic theory, based on certain hypothetic biotoxic factors in aqueus (author's transl)].", "content": "A hypothesis is proposed attributing a number of biotoxic effects to aqueous humor (ABC equals Aqueous Biotoxic Complex). Under normal anatomical and physiological conditions aqueous humour is contained in the anterior and posterior chamber reservoir and the ABC effects remain silent because the boundaries of the aqueous humour reservoir are resistant to these biotoxic factors. These factors are biochemically undefined but fall in the category of collagenolysins and anti-vascular enzymes (Prostaglandins?). Outside the normal reservoir these biotoxic effects result in a specific pathology such as corneal edema, subconjunctival edema, lens fiber edema, macular edema, papilledema and chorioidal edema.", "contents": "[Biotoxic effects of aqueous humour-a unifying pathogenetic theory, based on certain hypothetic biotoxic factors in aqueus (author's transl)]. A hypothesis is proposed attributing a number of biotoxic effects to aqueous humor (ABC equals Aqueous Biotoxic Complex). Under normal anatomical and physiological conditions aqueous humour is contained in the anterior and posterior chamber reservoir and the ABC effects remain silent because the boundaries of the aqueous humour reservoir are resistant to these biotoxic factors. These factors are biochemically undefined but fall in the category of collagenolysins and anti-vascular enzymes (Prostaglandins?). Outside the normal reservoir these biotoxic effects result in a specific pathology such as corneal edema, subconjunctival edema, lens fiber edema, macular edema, papilledema and chorioidal edema."}
{"id": "PMID:1214417", "title": "[Legal questions in ophthalmology after head injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short review of the literature the reduction of earning capacity on the common labour market in cases of decrease of fusion, convergence and accommodation caused by head injuries is discussed and percentual values are proposed. Hereby not only the single reduction of one of these functions but also combined occurrence is allowed for and values for the total reduction of earning capacity are considered.", "contents": "[Legal questions in ophthalmology after head injuries (author's transl)]. After a short review of the literature the reduction of earning capacity on the common labour market in cases of decrease of fusion, convergence and accommodation caused by head injuries is discussed and percentual values are proposed. Hereby not only the single reduction of one of these functions but also combined occurrence is allowed for and values for the total reduction of earning capacity are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1214418", "title": "[Anterior-cleavage-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on local and general changes in dysgenesis mesodermalis iridis et corneae Rieger on the basis of own observations and literature survey. This genetically caused inhibitory deformation is outlined with regard to the differential diagnosis of other anomalies in the angle part of iris. The conservative and surgical therapeutic experiences of other authors are contrasted with our own.", "contents": "[Anterior-cleavage-syndrome (author's transl)]. The authors report on local and general changes in dysgenesis mesodermalis iridis et corneae Rieger on the basis of own observations and literature survey. This genetically caused inhibitory deformation is outlined with regard to the differential diagnosis of other anomalies in the angle part of iris. The conservative and surgical therapeutic experiences of other authors are contrasted with our own."}
{"id": "PMID:1214419", "title": "[On malignant melanoma of the cornea and its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of an amelanotic malignant malanoma of the cornea without previous changes in the cornea and without any connection with the limbus. Treatment was by simple removal after cauterisation of the nutrient vessels coming from the conjunctiva. Histologically, alongside naevoid cell structures were seen epithelioid to anaplastic cells a striking wealth of plasma cells, which were in places so numerous as the melanoma cells and diffusely or like streets infiltrated them.", "contents": "[On malignant melanoma of the cornea and its treatment (author's transl)]. A report is given of an amelanotic malignant malanoma of the cornea without previous changes in the cornea and without any connection with the limbus. Treatment was by simple removal after cauterisation of the nutrient vessels coming from the conjunctiva. Histologically, alongside naevoid cell structures were seen epithelioid to anaplastic cells a striking wealth of plasma cells, which were in places so numerous as the melanoma cells and diffusely or like streets infiltrated them."}
{"id": "PMID:1214420", "title": "[Examination of stereoscopic vision with the phase-difference haloscope (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on the possibilities for examination of the stereoscopic vision at 2 or 4 meters by the phase-difference-haploscope. Besides a gross-qualitative test, methods of estmating realdepth acuity are described. There is a great variability of test-conditions for special scientific problems. During the routine examintion of disturbed binocular vision it is possible to test the stereo acuity, even if there is squint or aniseiconia.", "contents": "[Examination of stereoscopic vision with the phase-difference haloscope (author's transl)]. The authors report on the possibilities for examination of the stereoscopic vision at 2 or 4 meters by the phase-difference-haploscope. Besides a gross-qualitative test, methods of estmating realdepth acuity are described. There is a great variability of test-conditions for special scientific problems. During the routine examintion of disturbed binocular vision it is possible to test the stereo acuity, even if there is squint or aniseiconia."}
{"id": "PMID:1214421", "title": "[Clinical experiences with radionuclide dacryocystography (author's transl)].", "content": "In 105 patients, the clinical experience with radionuclide dacryocystography is reported, a scintiphotographic demonstration of the efferent lacrimal ducts. After application of 50 muCi of 99m Tc pertechnetate in 10 mul of normal saline into the conjunctival sac, the flow of the radionuclide through the efferent tear ducts is observed. This method is a valuable complement for the diagnosis and localization of dacryostenoses. A differentiation between a relative and an absolute stenosis is not possible with this investigational method alone. The kinetic of the tear flow can be investigated by means of so-called time-activity curves. Our studies show that the flow dynamics depend on the volume of the amount of fluid applied. We believe that statements on the flow dynamics under physiological conditions cannot be made as is indicated by other authors with a volume of 10 microliters. Under application of 50 muCi of pertechnetate, the exposure of radionuclide dacryocystography amounts to 15-25 mR for the lens and is far below the exposure by scull radiography.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with radionuclide dacryocystography (author's transl)]. In 105 patients, the clinical experience with radionuclide dacryocystography is reported, a scintiphotographic demonstration of the efferent lacrimal ducts. After application of 50 muCi of 99m Tc pertechnetate in 10 mul of normal saline into the conjunctival sac, the flow of the radionuclide through the efferent tear ducts is observed. This method is a valuable complement for the diagnosis and localization of dacryostenoses. A differentiation between a relative and an absolute stenosis is not possible with this investigational method alone. The kinetic of the tear flow can be investigated by means of so-called time-activity curves. Our studies show that the flow dynamics depend on the volume of the amount of fluid applied. We believe that statements on the flow dynamics under physiological conditions cannot be made as is indicated by other authors with a volume of 10 microliters. Under application of 50 muCi of pertechnetate, the exposure of radionuclide dacryocystography amounts to 15-25 mR for the lens and is far below the exposure by scull radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1214422", "title": "[The effect of Actihaemyl on epithelial regeneration (author's transl)].", "content": "After well-defined chemical and mechanical removal of the corneal epithelium of 40 rabbit eyes 20 eyes were treated with Actihaemyl-Augengel 4 times daily. The epithelial regeneration was compared with the untreated contralateral eye. Under Actihaemyl treatment the healing rate was not accelerated. The well-known healing effect of Actihaemyl on different corneal diseases does not seem to come from improving the epithelial regeneration but is probably the result of a general improvement of corneal metabolism.", "contents": "[The effect of Actihaemyl on epithelial regeneration (author's transl)]. After well-defined chemical and mechanical removal of the corneal epithelium of 40 rabbit eyes 20 eyes were treated with Actihaemyl-Augengel 4 times daily. The epithelial regeneration was compared with the untreated contralateral eye. Under Actihaemyl treatment the healing rate was not accelerated. The well-known healing effect of Actihaemyl on different corneal diseases does not seem to come from improving the epithelial regeneration but is probably the result of a general improvement of corneal metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1214423", "title": "[Clinical use of ultrasonic distance measurements for close-to-wall foreign bodies in the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "The X-ray localization of intraocular foreign bodies is based on an average-sized schematic eye. Whether or not a foreign body only reached or penetrated the rear wall of the bulbus often cannot be decided safely - even if X-ray checks included other than straight forward gaze directions. By means of ultrasound it is possible. 1. to measure exactly the real dimensions of the patients eye and to alter the X-ray localization scheme (W. Comberg's scheme) correspondingly. This improves the accuracy of the X-ray localization technique. 2. To localize the foreign body directly and exactly by presentation of its echo. Simultaneous presentation of the bulbus rear wall echo permits determination of the foreign body position. - A case record is given.", "contents": "[Clinical use of ultrasonic distance measurements for close-to-wall foreign bodies in the eye (author's transl)]. The X-ray localization of intraocular foreign bodies is based on an average-sized schematic eye. Whether or not a foreign body only reached or penetrated the rear wall of the bulbus often cannot be decided safely - even if X-ray checks included other than straight forward gaze directions. By means of ultrasound it is possible. 1. to measure exactly the real dimensions of the patients eye and to alter the X-ray localization scheme (W. Comberg's scheme) correspondingly. This improves the accuracy of the X-ray localization technique. 2. To localize the foreign body directly and exactly by presentation of its echo. Simultaneous presentation of the bulbus rear wall echo permits determination of the foreign body position. - A case record is given."}
{"id": "PMID:1214424", "title": "[Chiasma lesions in sport accidents (author's transl)].", "content": "With reference to a chiasma contusion, proved at autopsy, sustained by a football player after a temporal impression fracture due to contact of a knee with his skull, the pathological mechanism causing chiasma injuries in blunt head injuries is explained. Finally, from our own experience we report on 2 water-sports accidents sustained by young men (a jump from the trampoline, and a fall during water-skiing) where chiasma-lesions were diagnosed from typical field defects.", "contents": "[Chiasma lesions in sport accidents (author's transl)]. With reference to a chiasma contusion, proved at autopsy, sustained by a football player after a temporal impression fracture due to contact of a knee with his skull, the pathological mechanism causing chiasma injuries in blunt head injuries is explained. Finally, from our own experience we report on 2 water-sports accidents sustained by young men (a jump from the trampoline, and a fall during water-skiing) where chiasma-lesions were diagnosed from typical field defects."}
{"id": "PMID:1214425", "title": "[Changes of the fundus by pheochromocytoma during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland which produced a severe pfropfgestosis is described. The course of disease over more than 1 1/2 years after successful operation is shown by a detailed photographic documentation. The case is discussed in relation with the literatur of ocular changes by pheochromocytoma and by gestosis as well as the clinical findings in the combination of pheochromocytoma and gestosis and a short description of the clinical signs of pheochromocytoma.", "contents": "[Changes of the fundus by pheochromocytoma during pregnancy (author's transl)]. A patient with pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland which produced a severe pfropfgestosis is described. The course of disease over more than 1 1/2 years after successful operation is shown by a detailed photographic documentation. The case is discussed in relation with the literatur of ocular changes by pheochromocytoma and by gestosis as well as the clinical findings in the combination of pheochromocytoma and gestosis and a short description of the clinical signs of pheochromocytoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1214426", "title": "[Mycotic obstruction of lacrimal sac (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of a case with a mycotic process of the lacrimal sac, the course of which covers a period of 20 years until final cure. Symptoms, diagnosis and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Mycotic obstruction of lacrimal sac (author's transl)]. A report is given of a case with a mycotic process of the lacrimal sac, the course of which covers a period of 20 years until final cure. Symptoms, diagnosis and therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214427", "title": "[Converging squint in severe hypermetropia (author's transl)].", "content": "The valuation of 541 cases of convergent squint occuring together with a hypermetropia of more than +5 dpt showed that, the stronger the hypermetropia was, the higher was the proportion of primary microstrabismus to full-accommodative strabismus convergens. In patients who had hypermetropia of more than +8 D, the proportion of primary microstrabismus was 46%. Here the squint was always one-sided, so a high proportion of amblyopia could be expected. In 10% of the cases there was a spontaneous change from convergent to divergent squint - the angle reduction was up to 23 degrees, and could occur at any age. Factors, which seem to favour the appearence of a consecutive divergence, are: high hypermetropia of more than +8 D, increased ACA-ratio, onesided exclusion and vertical divergence. The measuring of the ACA ratio should be done at all orthoptic examinations.", "contents": "[Converging squint in severe hypermetropia (author's transl)]. The valuation of 541 cases of convergent squint occuring together with a hypermetropia of more than +5 dpt showed that, the stronger the hypermetropia was, the higher was the proportion of primary microstrabismus to full-accommodative strabismus convergens. In patients who had hypermetropia of more than +8 D, the proportion of primary microstrabismus was 46%. Here the squint was always one-sided, so a high proportion of amblyopia could be expected. In 10% of the cases there was a spontaneous change from convergent to divergent squint - the angle reduction was up to 23 degrees, and could occur at any age. Factors, which seem to favour the appearence of a consecutive divergence, are: high hypermetropia of more than +8 D, increased ACA-ratio, onesided exclusion and vertical divergence. The measuring of the ACA ratio should be done at all orthoptic examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1214428", "title": "[Experiences with the automatic refractor \"Dioptron\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The consistency of values obtained by the automatic refractor \"Dioptron\" was evaluated by testing one subject repeatedly. The consistency was found so be significantly better than that given by subjective refraction. In about 20% of 140 eyes visual acuity found by the \"Dioptron\" - refraction was lower than that found by subjective refraction. Thus the results of the \"Dioptron\" should be controlled by a subjective refraction. The apparatus was also used in 15 children 5 to 12 years of age without problems.", "contents": "[Experiences with the automatic refractor \"Dioptron\" (author's transl)]. The consistency of values obtained by the automatic refractor \"Dioptron\" was evaluated by testing one subject repeatedly. The consistency was found so be significantly better than that given by subjective refraction. In about 20% of 140 eyes visual acuity found by the \"Dioptron\" - refraction was lower than that found by subjective refraction. Thus the results of the \"Dioptron\" should be controlled by a subjective refraction. The apparatus was also used in 15 children 5 to 12 years of age without problems."}
{"id": "PMID:1214429", "title": "[Ocular symptoms in Rubinstein-Taybi-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of 2 cases of Rubinstein-Taybi-syndrome. Description of the well known symptoms: Mental and somatic retardation, broad thumbs and toes, highly arched palate, retarded bone age, fine hair on limbs. Besides that there were eye abnormalities: Antimongoloid slant, strabismus, ametropia, monolateral ptosis, papillatrophia, latent nystagmus. Discussion of the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Ocular symptoms in Rubinstein-Taybi-syndrome (author's transl)]. Report of 2 cases of Rubinstein-Taybi-syndrome. Description of the well known symptoms: Mental and somatic retardation, broad thumbs and toes, highly arched palate, retarded bone age, fine hair on limbs. Besides that there were eye abnormalities: Antimongoloid slant, strabismus, ametropia, monolateral ptosis, papillatrophia, latent nystagmus. Discussion of the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1214430", "title": "[Cure of scleromalacia perforans manifesting in the course of rheumatoid arthritis with d-penicillamine and fascia lata-autograft (author's transl)].", "content": "A new treatment of a case of scleromalacia perforans, complicating rheumatoid arthritis is reported. To save the eye fascia lata was transplanted, preoperatively prednisolone and d-penicillamine was started, and this therapy was continued for one year thereafter. The effect was favorable, as pains vanished, and the grafted fascia remained whole. Cure of scleritis of the other eye hitherto unresponsive to local treatment was attained. Advantages of the combination of both immunosuppressive and surgical therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "[Cure of scleromalacia perforans manifesting in the course of rheumatoid arthritis with d-penicillamine and fascia lata-autograft (author's transl)]. A new treatment of a case of scleromalacia perforans, complicating rheumatoid arthritis is reported. To save the eye fascia lata was transplanted, preoperatively prednisolone and d-penicillamine was started, and this therapy was continued for one year thereafter. The effect was favorable, as pains vanished, and the grafted fascia remained whole. Cure of scleritis of the other eye hitherto unresponsive to local treatment was attained. Advantages of the combination of both immunosuppressive and surgical therapy is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1214431", "title": "[The acute phase of leber's optic nerve atrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Optic atrophy and typical visual field defect were found in two brothers some months following a rapid decrease in visual acuity. The optic disc was hyperemic and edematous, furthermore microangiopathy, hemorrhages, and papilloedema were present in the ocular fundus of the third brother some days after an acute loss of central vision. In the present study the pathogenic and differential diagnostic significance of the acute phase of Leber's optic neuropathy is discussed. Considering the fundus changes in the acute phase and the course of the disease, the authors tend to reject the idea of a hereditary systemic disease of the nervous system. The hereditary factors should be searched neither in the nerve tissue nor in the ectodermal system.", "contents": "[The acute phase of leber's optic nerve atrophy (author's transl)]. Optic atrophy and typical visual field defect were found in two brothers some months following a rapid decrease in visual acuity. The optic disc was hyperemic and edematous, furthermore microangiopathy, hemorrhages, and papilloedema were present in the ocular fundus of the third brother some days after an acute loss of central vision. In the present study the pathogenic and differential diagnostic significance of the acute phase of Leber's optic neuropathy is discussed. Considering the fundus changes in the acute phase and the course of the disease, the authors tend to reject the idea of a hereditary systemic disease of the nervous system. The hereditary factors should be searched neither in the nerve tissue nor in the ectodermal system."}
{"id": "PMID:1214432", "title": "[Aicardi-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The main features of Aicardi's syndrome are infantile spasms, defects of the corpus callosum, chorioretinopathy, mental subnormality, characteristic EEG changes, vertebral anomalies, microphthalmos and colobomata. The disease affects only the female sex. 2 cases are described from our own experience.", "contents": "[Aicardi-syndrome (author's transl)]. The main features of Aicardi's syndrome are infantile spasms, defects of the corpus callosum, chorioretinopathy, mental subnormality, characteristic EEG changes, vertebral anomalies, microphthalmos and colobomata. The disease affects only the female sex. 2 cases are described from our own experience."}
{"id": "PMID:1214433", "title": "[Innovations by ophthalmo-surgical instruments (author's transl)].", "content": "A demonstration is given of a cornea and sclera forceps for macro- and microsurgery, a sharp spatula for cyclodialysis, a modified blunt cone-shaped Bowman's probe, and a combined speculum forceps for perforating injuries.", "contents": "[Innovations by ophthalmo-surgical instruments (author's transl)]. A demonstration is given of a cornea and sclera forceps for macro- and microsurgery, a sharp spatula for cyclodialysis, a modified blunt cone-shaped Bowman's probe, and a combined speculum forceps for perforating injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:1214451", "title": "[Experimental studies on proteolysis of hyaline membranes in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The incubation of lung tissue from premature infants with pulmonary hyaline membranes in fibrinolysis activating or fibrinolytically active solutions gave the following results. With streptokinase it was not possible to dissolve hyaline membranes (verification of the physiological lack of plasminogen in premature infants). The mean content of membranes after 24 hours showed to be 18.14 +/- 12.43% which almost corresponded to the control value of 20.24 +/- 10.54% after incubation in NaCl-solution. In comparison, solutions of plasmin, plasmin-activator or activator prepared from proactivator-plasminogen through activation with streptokinase led to a clear reduction in the membrane content, i.e. 11.00 +/- 6.50, 13.89 +/- 9.72, and 13.63 +/- 8.94%, respectively. A decrease in membranes equally strong to that after plasmin appeared after incubation for only 12 hours in trypsin (11.09 +/- 8.62%). Plasmin, plasmin-activator, and activator, but not streptokinase alone, caused also a considerable nonspecific proteolysis of the lung parenchyma which was equal to the trypsin effect, for example, with an only half as long incubation time. Since the lungs of premature infants contain the tissue activator of fibrinolysis we discuss the suggestion of Ambrus et al. (1974) to administer an injection of plasminogen to premature infants immediately after birth so that a spontaneous fibrinolysis can be favoured for developing hyaline membranes.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on proteolysis of hyaline membranes in vitro (author's transl)]. The incubation of lung tissue from premature infants with pulmonary hyaline membranes in fibrinolysis activating or fibrinolytically active solutions gave the following results. With streptokinase it was not possible to dissolve hyaline membranes (verification of the physiological lack of plasminogen in premature infants). The mean content of membranes after 24 hours showed to be 18.14 +/- 12.43% which almost corresponded to the control value of 20.24 +/- 10.54% after incubation in NaCl-solution. In comparison, solutions of plasmin, plasmin-activator or activator prepared from proactivator-plasminogen through activation with streptokinase led to a clear reduction in the membrane content, i.e. 11.00 +/- 6.50, 13.89 +/- 9.72, and 13.63 +/- 8.94%, respectively. A decrease in membranes equally strong to that after plasmin appeared after incubation for only 12 hours in trypsin (11.09 +/- 8.62%). Plasmin, plasmin-activator, and activator, but not streptokinase alone, caused also a considerable nonspecific proteolysis of the lung parenchyma which was equal to the trypsin effect, for example, with an only half as long incubation time. Since the lungs of premature infants contain the tissue activator of fibrinolysis we discuss the suggestion of Ambrus et al. (1974) to administer an injection of plasminogen to premature infants immediately after birth so that a spontaneous fibrinolysis can be favoured for developing hyaline membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:1214452", "title": "Prostaglandins in cerebrospinal fluid of patients during various infectious diseases.", "content": "Concentrations of prostaglandins of the E and F series were estimated by radioimmunoassay in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 30 febrile patients (infants and adults) and of 19 afebrile, adult patients. In CSF of all feverish patients with meningitis, pneumonia, or pyelonephritis, concentrations of prostaglandins of the E series were about twice higher than those of the afebrile subjects. In contrast, concentrations of prostaglandins of the F series remained largely unchanged during fever. In accord with the results of animal experiments prostaglandins of the E series seem to act as mediators of fever during infectious diseases also in man.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in cerebrospinal fluid of patients during various infectious diseases. Concentrations of prostaglandins of the E and F series were estimated by radioimmunoassay in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 30 febrile patients (infants and adults) and of 19 afebrile, adult patients. In CSF of all feverish patients with meningitis, pneumonia, or pyelonephritis, concentrations of prostaglandins of the E series were about twice higher than those of the afebrile subjects. In contrast, concentrations of prostaglandins of the F series remained largely unchanged during fever. In accord with the results of animal experiments prostaglandins of the E series seem to act as mediators of fever during infectious diseases also in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1214453", "title": "Increased serum urate in galactosemia patients after a galactose load: a possible role of nucleotide deficiency in galactosemic liver injury.", "content": "Five galactosemic and 5 normal children received an oral load of galactose under standardized conditions. The maximal blood galactose level after 1.5 hours was 12.6 +/- 2.0 (S.D.) mmol/l in individuals with a deficiency of uridylyl transferase (EC2.7.7.12) as compared to 5.8 +/- 1.2 (S.D.) mmol/l in the controls. The concentration of serum urate in galactosemics increased to 155% of the fasting level (P less than 0.005); no rise was detectable in the controls. The elimination of urate with the urine was augmented by the same amount in both groups. Our studies provide evidence for an increased catabolism of hepatic nucleotides. This may lead to a deficiency of nucleotides which is proposed as a cause of galactosemic liver injury.", "contents": "Increased serum urate in galactosemia patients after a galactose load: a possible role of nucleotide deficiency in galactosemic liver injury. Five galactosemic and 5 normal children received an oral load of galactose under standardized conditions. The maximal blood galactose level after 1.5 hours was 12.6 +/- 2.0 (S.D.) mmol/l in individuals with a deficiency of uridylyl transferase (EC2.7.7.12) as compared to 5.8 +/- 1.2 (S.D.) mmol/l in the controls. The concentration of serum urate in galactosemics increased to 155% of the fasting level (P less than 0.005); no rise was detectable in the controls. The elimination of urate with the urine was augmented by the same amount in both groups. Our studies provide evidence for an increased catabolism of hepatic nucleotides. This may lead to a deficiency of nucleotides which is proposed as a cause of galactosemic liver injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1214483", "title": "[Oxygen metabolism in the body during substitution of nitrogen by helium in the air].", "content": "The total gas exchange, body temperature, content of free oxygen in the quadriceps muscle and its changes upon oxygen inhalation of a known dosage (oxygen test) were measured in the Wistar rats during their one-hour exposure to a helium-oxygen atmosphere (21%) at 25 degrees C. In this atmosphere the animals displayed a 1.8 degrees decline in the body temperature, a 20.5% increase in the gas exchange and a 26% decrease of oxygen in the muscular tissue as compared with the respective parameters in the air. After the experiment during the first 20 min exposure to the normal atmosphere oxygen tests were 10-15% lower than before the experiment. These findings give evidence for an increase of oxygen exchange in the muscles of animals exposed to the helium-oxygen atmosphere at a temperature below the comfortable level.", "contents": "[Oxygen metabolism in the body during substitution of nitrogen by helium in the air]. The total gas exchange, body temperature, content of free oxygen in the quadriceps muscle and its changes upon oxygen inhalation of a known dosage (oxygen test) were measured in the Wistar rats during their one-hour exposure to a helium-oxygen atmosphere (21%) at 25 degrees C. In this atmosphere the animals displayed a 1.8 degrees decline in the body temperature, a 20.5% increase in the gas exchange and a 26% decrease of oxygen in the muscular tissue as compared with the respective parameters in the air. After the experiment during the first 20 min exposure to the normal atmosphere oxygen tests were 10-15% lower than before the experiment. These findings give evidence for an increase of oxygen exchange in the muscles of animals exposed to the helium-oxygen atmosphere at a temperature below the comfortable level."}
{"id": "PMID:1214484", "title": "[Dynamics of biochemical indices of dog blood serum at high altitudes and on return to low altitude].", "content": "The transfer of male dogs from lowlands to an altitude of 3370 m was accompanied by hypoproteinemia and reduction of albumins and beta-globulins, stable increase of activity of alanine aminotransferase, decrease of activity of alkaline phosphatase and content of phosphate. This can be interpreted as a manifestation of adaptive changes of metabolic processes to altitude hypoxia. The return of dogs to lowlands was accompanied by the normalization of the changes during the first 20 days.", "contents": "[Dynamics of biochemical indices of dog blood serum at high altitudes and on return to low altitude]. The transfer of male dogs from lowlands to an altitude of 3370 m was accompanied by hypoproteinemia and reduction of albumins and beta-globulins, stable increase of activity of alanine aminotransferase, decrease of activity of alkaline phosphatase and content of phosphate. This can be interpreted as a manifestation of adaptive changes of metabolic processes to altitude hypoxia. The return of dogs to lowlands was accompanied by the normalization of the changes during the first 20 days."}
{"id": "PMID:1214485", "title": "[Effect of a constant magnetic field on the antidiuretic activity of blood plasma and hypothalamic extracts].", "content": "During an exposure of animals to a constant magnetic field of 1000 and 4500 ersted changes in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system were noted. The changes were dependent on the field intensity and the length of the exposure.", "contents": "[Effect of a constant magnetic field on the antidiuretic activity of blood plasma and hypothalamic extracts]. During an exposure of animals to a constant magnetic field of 1000 and 4500 ersted changes in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system were noted. The changes were dependent on the field intensity and the length of the exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:1214486", "title": "[Radiobiological characteristics of chilled seedlings as an object for inflight experiments].", "content": "It is recommended to use for experimentation cooled plant seedlings in the stage of delayed growth. Cooled seedlings have a high sensitivity to the environmental effects and can be used in long-term (up to 1-2 months) experiments. The influence of suboptimal temperatures on the radiosensitivity of seedlings, the development of radiation injury and maintenance of the radiobiological effect is described.", "contents": "[Radiobiological characteristics of chilled seedlings as an object for inflight experiments]. It is recommended to use for experimentation cooled plant seedlings in the stage of delayed growth. Cooled seedlings have a high sensitivity to the environmental effects and can be used in long-term (up to 1-2 months) experiments. The influence of suboptimal temperatures on the radiosensitivity of seedlings, the development of radiation injury and maintenance of the radiobiological effect is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1214487", "title": "[Method of mathematical description of the dynamics of cell population density].", "content": "The paper presents a method of building a mathematical model of the time dynamics of the cell population density and mitotic index which allows the prediction of the population growth as related to the cultivation conditions. The process of mammalian cell division has been shown to delay noticeably with a decrease of the cultivation temperature from 36 to 30 degrees C and an increase of the initial population density. The curve of the population density has a typical sigmoidal pattern.", "contents": "[Method of mathematical description of the dynamics of cell population density]. The paper presents a method of building a mathematical model of the time dynamics of the cell population density and mitotic index which allows the prediction of the population growth as related to the cultivation conditions. The process of mammalian cell division has been shown to delay noticeably with a decrease of the cultivation temperature from 36 to 30 degrees C and an increase of the initial population density. The curve of the population density has a typical sigmoidal pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:1214488", "title": "[Reorganization of human temperature periodicity following life rhythm inversion in isolation].", "content": "The diurnal dynamics of body temperature of four male test subjects was studied before and after inversion of their sleep-wakefulness cycle in the anechoic chamber. One test subject showed rearrangement of the temperature rhythm in accordance with the new cycle which was completed by the 11th day of confined life. The other test subjects displayed only a partial adaptation of body temperature to the new sleep-wakefulness cycle during the 34 experiment.", "contents": "[Reorganization of human temperature periodicity following life rhythm inversion in isolation]. The diurnal dynamics of body temperature of four male test subjects was studied before and after inversion of their sleep-wakefulness cycle in the anechoic chamber. One test subject showed rearrangement of the temperature rhythm in accordance with the new cycle which was completed by the 11th day of confined life. The other test subjects displayed only a partial adaptation of body temperature to the new sleep-wakefulness cycle during the 34 experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:1214489", "title": "[Tolerance of +Gz accelerations in chronic compensated cardiac muscle disease].", "content": "The functional potentialities of the cardiovascular system were investigated during an exposure of people with compensated chronic diseases of the cardiac muscle to acceleration (+Gz). The test subjects were exposed to acceleration of 3 and 5 g for 30 sec with an interval of 5 min. The parameters of hemodynamics, ECG and visual perception were recorded. The systolic blood volume, cardiac output and specific peripheral resistance were derived from the Bremser-Ranke formula. Seventy one subjects with heart diseases and 23 healthy subjects were examined. The subjects with myocardiodystrophy and myocarditic cardiosclerosis (12+/-16) showed a reduced tolerance to accelerations. During an exposure the subjects with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis showed a higher pressure in vessels of ear conch than the healthy subjects. The myocardiodystrophic subjects frequently (20%) exhibited an inversion of electrocardiographic T2. The subjects with heart diseases (27-33%) showed extrasystolic disturbances. The results may be used in medical expertise of pilots.", "contents": "[Tolerance of +Gz accelerations in chronic compensated cardiac muscle disease]. The functional potentialities of the cardiovascular system were investigated during an exposure of people with compensated chronic diseases of the cardiac muscle to acceleration (+Gz). The test subjects were exposed to acceleration of 3 and 5 g for 30 sec with an interval of 5 min. The parameters of hemodynamics, ECG and visual perception were recorded. The systolic blood volume, cardiac output and specific peripheral resistance were derived from the Bremser-Ranke formula. Seventy one subjects with heart diseases and 23 healthy subjects were examined. The subjects with myocardiodystrophy and myocarditic cardiosclerosis (12+/-16) showed a reduced tolerance to accelerations. During an exposure the subjects with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis showed a higher pressure in vessels of ear conch than the healthy subjects. The myocardiodystrophic subjects frequently (20%) exhibited an inversion of electrocardiographic T2. The subjects with heart diseases (27-33%) showed extrasystolic disturbances. The results may be used in medical expertise of pilots."}
{"id": "PMID:1214490", "title": "[Relation of the autonomic components of the orientation reaction in pilots to the nature of incoming information].", "content": "The influence of the pattern of the information (certainty and significance) which reaches the pilot on the physiological parameters of his orientation reaction (skin-galvanic reflex, heart rate, electromyography) was examined. Two experimental series -- on the simulation stand and in real flight -- were carried out. The obtained data show that the pattern of the orientation reaction is related to the information certainty and significance. The responses of physiological parameters to significant elements of the situation are shown to be phasic.", "contents": "[Relation of the autonomic components of the orientation reaction in pilots to the nature of incoming information]. The influence of the pattern of the information (certainty and significance) which reaches the pilot on the physiological parameters of his orientation reaction (skin-galvanic reflex, heart rate, electromyography) was examined. Two experimental series -- on the simulation stand and in real flight -- were carried out. The obtained data show that the pattern of the orientation reaction is related to the information certainty and significance. The responses of physiological parameters to significant elements of the situation are shown to be phasic."}
{"id": "PMID:1214491", "title": "[Effect of cystamine on the performance of human operators].", "content": "The performance of the man-operator was evaluated by means of an electronic recorder of tracking processes during administration of cystamine at a dose of 1.2 g. Capacity for work varied during 24 hours: it decreased by 25% at 12.00--14.00 (i.e. on the 2nd--4th working hour). Cystamine did not influence the pattern of reference variations of capacity for work and slightly increased the decline of the quality of the operator's work. An analysis of changes in the scattering of tracking errors showed that the adverse effect of cystamine on work capacity strongly influenced the mode of operation with the control system in which the scattering of tracking errors increased 3-fold.", "contents": "[Effect of cystamine on the performance of human operators]. The performance of the man-operator was evaluated by means of an electronic recorder of tracking processes during administration of cystamine at a dose of 1.2 g. Capacity for work varied during 24 hours: it decreased by 25% at 12.00--14.00 (i.e. on the 2nd--4th working hour). Cystamine did not influence the pattern of reference variations of capacity for work and slightly increased the decline of the quality of the operator's work. An analysis of changes in the scattering of tracking errors showed that the adverse effect of cystamine on work capacity strongly influenced the mode of operation with the control system in which the scattering of tracking errors increased 3-fold."}
{"id": "PMID:1214492", "title": "[Color perception following intensive photic stimulation].", "content": "After a monocular effect of a short-term intensive light stimulation (of 80 mksec in duration with illuminance of 1600 cdl. sec) which followed complete dark adaptation, test subjects showed disorders in color perception. They included lowered decrease in the acuity of color discrimination measured in the AN-59 anomaloscope and significant distortion of the subjective evaluation of different color stimuli. The spectrum of an experimental intensive light effect was varied; it was thus shown that disorders in the color perception were associated with a nonuniform decrease of the sensitivity of color perceiving systems of the optic analyzer. The pattern and duration of these disturbances depended on the spectral composition and intensity of the light stimulus.", "contents": "[Color perception following intensive photic stimulation]. After a monocular effect of a short-term intensive light stimulation (of 80 mksec in duration with illuminance of 1600 cdl. sec) which followed complete dark adaptation, test subjects showed disorders in color perception. They included lowered decrease in the acuity of color discrimination measured in the AN-59 anomaloscope and significant distortion of the subjective evaluation of different color stimuli. The spectrum of an experimental intensive light effect was varied; it was thus shown that disorders in the color perception were associated with a nonuniform decrease of the sensitivity of color perceiving systems of the optic analyzer. The pattern and duration of these disturbances depended on the spectral composition and intensity of the light stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:1214493", "title": "[Effectiveness of pharmacological preparations in physical exertion].", "content": "The effect of some drugs used as stimulants of physical performance was measured. The effectiveness was assessed in animals (mice) by means of the Kiplinger swimming procedure and in humans with the aid of the PWC170 test and physiological parameters (respiration rate, pulse rate, oxygen consumption, oxyhemogram, blood flow rate, rate of oxygen consumption by skin -- Epstein constant). Ephedrine, strychnine, indocete and eleuterococcus were used as stimulants. In animal and human experiments the best results were obtained from the use of an ephedrine-strychnine mixture; the dose for mice -- 0,03 and 0.01 mg/kg, for men -- 0.3 and 0.0015 mg/kg twice a day per os for 10-15 days.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of pharmacological preparations in physical exertion]. The effect of some drugs used as stimulants of physical performance was measured. The effectiveness was assessed in animals (mice) by means of the Kiplinger swimming procedure and in humans with the aid of the PWC170 test and physiological parameters (respiration rate, pulse rate, oxygen consumption, oxyhemogram, blood flow rate, rate of oxygen consumption by skin -- Epstein constant). Ephedrine, strychnine, indocete and eleuterococcus were used as stimulants. In animal and human experiments the best results were obtained from the use of an ephedrine-strychnine mixture; the dose for mice -- 0,03 and 0.01 mg/kg, for men -- 0.3 and 0.0015 mg/kg twice a day per os for 10-15 days."}
{"id": "PMID:1214494", "title": "[Gas metabolism in hypercapnia with different oxygen content].", "content": "Upon a slow development of the hypercapnic state aggravated by a lowered oxygen content in the breathing air the oxygen supply of the human body decreases noticeably. This occurs at rest as well. An increase in the oxygen content in the breathing air to 20-22% alleviates the adverse hypercapnic effect and, consequently, improves gas exchange parameters.", "contents": "[Gas metabolism in hypercapnia with different oxygen content]. Upon a slow development of the hypercapnic state aggravated by a lowered oxygen content in the breathing air the oxygen supply of the human body decreases noticeably. This occurs at rest as well. An increase in the oxygen content in the breathing air to 20-22% alleviates the adverse hypercapnic effect and, consequently, improves gas exchange parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:1214495", "title": "[Changes in human evoked potentials during altitude decompression].", "content": "In order to evaluate the functional state of the optic analyzer during altitude decompression, the method of recording evoked potential to the light stimulus was used. Changes in the latent periods and energies of evoked potential waves were noted during different decompression regimes. It has been, therefore, concluded that the functional state of the optic analyzer alter before bends; during bends it changes more significantly; the response to a short-term effect of painless decompression and to painful symptoms of the disease is different.", "contents": "[Changes in human evoked potentials during altitude decompression]. In order to evaluate the functional state of the optic analyzer during altitude decompression, the method of recording evoked potential to the light stimulus was used. Changes in the latent periods and energies of evoked potential waves were noted during different decompression regimes. It has been, therefore, concluded that the functional state of the optic analyzer alter before bends; during bends it changes more significantly; the response to a short-term effect of painless decompression and to painful symptoms of the disease is different."}
{"id": "PMID:1214496", "title": "[Increasing human heat tolerance by means of muscle training].", "content": "The experiments carried out on 129 athletes (gymnasts, weight-lifters and boxers) and 153 non-athletes have shown that sports training increases substantially the general and specific physical performance and elevates 2-2.5-fold the human resistance to thermal effects. The relationship between the signs of physical fitness of sportsmen and the values of their thermal resistance has been established. The procedure and scale of evaluating the thermal resistance of man have been developed.", "contents": "[Increasing human heat tolerance by means of muscle training]. The experiments carried out on 129 athletes (gymnasts, weight-lifters and boxers) and 153 non-athletes have shown that sports training increases substantially the general and specific physical performance and elevates 2-2.5-fold the human resistance to thermal effects. The relationship between the signs of physical fitness of sportsmen and the values of their thermal resistance has been established. The procedure and scale of evaluating the thermal resistance of man have been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214497", "title": "[Change in hemoglobin mass during prolonged hypokinesia].", "content": "The total hemoglobin mass was measured by the carbon monoxide method in 33 male test subjects, 21 of whom were exposed to 30-day bed rest and 6 of whom were exposed to 100-day bed rest. The hypokinetic test subjects showed a decrease in hemoglobin mass by 11-24%. During readaptation the test subjects who had a noticeable reduction of hemoglobin displayed a 2.7-fold increase of the reticulocyte count. It is suggested that the gravity decrease during bed rest and antiorthostatic hypokinesia results in a reduced rate of hemoglobin synthesis in bone marrow.", "contents": "[Change in hemoglobin mass during prolonged hypokinesia]. The total hemoglobin mass was measured by the carbon monoxide method in 33 male test subjects, 21 of whom were exposed to 30-day bed rest and 6 of whom were exposed to 100-day bed rest. The hypokinetic test subjects showed a decrease in hemoglobin mass by 11-24%. During readaptation the test subjects who had a noticeable reduction of hemoglobin displayed a 2.7-fold increase of the reticulocyte count. It is suggested that the gravity decrease during bed rest and antiorthostatic hypokinesia results in a reduced rate of hemoglobin synthesis in bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:1214504", "title": "Protein content of liver lymph in patients with portal hypertension secondary to hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "Protein content of liver lymph was measured in 14 patients with portal hypertension secondary to advanced hepatic cirrhosis. An abnormally low concentration was found in each patient, averaging 52% of plasma levels. This finding reflects a decreased sinusoidal permeability to protein, the possible effect of \"capillarization of the sinusoid\" and may bear on development of portal congestion.", "contents": "Protein content of liver lymph in patients with portal hypertension secondary to hepatic cirrhosis. Protein content of liver lymph was measured in 14 patients with portal hypertension secondary to advanced hepatic cirrhosis. An abnormally low concentration was found in each patient, averaging 52% of plasma levels. This finding reflects a decreased sinusoidal permeability to protein, the possible effect of \"capillarization of the sinusoid\" and may bear on development of portal congestion."}
{"id": "PMID:1214505", "title": "High concentration of bilirubin in post-nodal lymph associated with red blood cell catabolism in lymph nodes of the sheep.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of post-nodal lymph of the sheep has shown that the distinct yellow colour of this fluid pool is due to the presence of relatively large amounts of bilirubin. In efferent lymph from thepopliteal, prefemoral, prescapular, renal and intestinal lymph nodes total bilirubin concentrations were 3-8 times higher than the corresponding concentrations in blood plasma. In contrast the total bilirubin concentrations in afferent lymph from the lower leg and kidney were less than the corresponding concentrations in blood plasma. Histological examination of several popliteal and mesenteric lymph nodes revealed the presence of free iron and bilirubin in the cytoplasm of cells located near the lymphatic sinuses of the node. In addition, the concentration of bilirubin in efferent lymph from the popliteal node was observed to increase following an induced rise in the number of red blood cells reaching the node by way of the afferent lymphatic duct. These latter observations suggest that the bilirubin in post-nodal lymph is associated with the catabolism of extravascular red cells by reticulo-endothelial cells within the lymph nodes.", "contents": "High concentration of bilirubin in post-nodal lymph associated with red blood cell catabolism in lymph nodes of the sheep. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of post-nodal lymph of the sheep has shown that the distinct yellow colour of this fluid pool is due to the presence of relatively large amounts of bilirubin. In efferent lymph from thepopliteal, prefemoral, prescapular, renal and intestinal lymph nodes total bilirubin concentrations were 3-8 times higher than the corresponding concentrations in blood plasma. In contrast the total bilirubin concentrations in afferent lymph from the lower leg and kidney were less than the corresponding concentrations in blood plasma. Histological examination of several popliteal and mesenteric lymph nodes revealed the presence of free iron and bilirubin in the cytoplasm of cells located near the lymphatic sinuses of the node. In addition, the concentration of bilirubin in efferent lymph from the popliteal node was observed to increase following an induced rise in the number of red blood cells reaching the node by way of the afferent lymphatic duct. These latter observations suggest that the bilirubin in post-nodal lymph is associated with the catabolism of extravascular red cells by reticulo-endothelial cells within the lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1214500", "title": "[Method of complex assessment of an operator's performance on trainers].", "content": "A method of an integral evaluation of the performance of man-operator based on a unified system of specific and integral criteria of the quality and strain of the work is presented. Experimental results of an application of this method for studying the effect of velocity indicators on the human performance during manual control are given.", "contents": "[Method of complex assessment of an operator's performance on trainers]. A method of an integral evaluation of the performance of man-operator based on a unified system of specific and integral criteria of the quality and strain of the work is presented. Experimental results of an application of this method for studying the effect of velocity indicators on the human performance during manual control are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1214506", "title": "Failure of intestinal lymphatic block to prevent experimental hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Intestinal lymphatic blockade was produced in dogs by ligating the individual lymphatics and then obturating them with an acrylic solution. Despite meticulous technique a complete and lasting lymphatic block could not be produced. Extensive collateral channels developed via the omental, the colonic, the renal and the retroperitoneal lymphatics. Some of the vessels recanalized. Absorptions studied using C-14 octanoic and H-3 oleic acid suggested that although the lymphatic blockade was partially successful in lowering the content of oleic and octanoic acid in the lymph, direct lymphovenous transport compensated for the lymphatics' obstruction. The cholesterol values of the lymph blocked dogs were not lower than those of the controls. Intestinal lymphatic obstructions does not appear to be a practical approach to the prevention or treatment of hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "Failure of intestinal lymphatic block to prevent experimental hypercholesterolemia. Intestinal lymphatic blockade was produced in dogs by ligating the individual lymphatics and then obturating them with an acrylic solution. Despite meticulous technique a complete and lasting lymphatic block could not be produced. Extensive collateral channels developed via the omental, the colonic, the renal and the retroperitoneal lymphatics. Some of the vessels recanalized. Absorptions studied using C-14 octanoic and H-3 oleic acid suggested that although the lymphatic blockade was partially successful in lowering the content of oleic and octanoic acid in the lymph, direct lymphovenous transport compensated for the lymphatics' obstruction. The cholesterol values of the lymph blocked dogs were not lower than those of the controls. Intestinal lymphatic obstructions does not appear to be a practical approach to the prevention or treatment of hypercholesterolemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1214507", "title": "The effect of anaesthesia and surgery on lymph flow, protein and leucocyte concentration in lymph of the sheep.", "content": "Anaesthesia and the trauma of surgery, associated with the cannulation of lymphatic ducts in various regions of the body of the sheep, had a profound effect on lymph flow, protein concentration and leucocyte concentration of lymph. In general lymph flow was depressed and the protein concentration elevated in lymph collected at the time of cannulation, or within the first 24 hours of recovery from surgery. The changes in protein concentration in lymph draining the peripheral regions of the body appeared to be due to surgical interference in the region of drainage. The greatest changes in lymph flow were observed in lymph draining peripheral regions (skin, tendon, muscular areas) while lymph draining soft tissues in central regions (kidney, liver) was less affected by the anaesthesia and surgical stress. A neutrophilia was observed in venous blood collected under anaesthesia while the overall numbers of lymphocytes in three sources of efferent lymph were depressed. It is suggested that corticosteroid hormones may play a role in the changes in leucocyte migration observed during anaesthesia and surgical stress. Changes observed in the cellular content of afferent lymph appeared to be due to a low grade inflammation associated with surgical interference in the region of lymphatic drainage.", "contents": "The effect of anaesthesia and surgery on lymph flow, protein and leucocyte concentration in lymph of the sheep. Anaesthesia and the trauma of surgery, associated with the cannulation of lymphatic ducts in various regions of the body of the sheep, had a profound effect on lymph flow, protein concentration and leucocyte concentration of lymph. In general lymph flow was depressed and the protein concentration elevated in lymph collected at the time of cannulation, or within the first 24 hours of recovery from surgery. The changes in protein concentration in lymph draining the peripheral regions of the body appeared to be due to surgical interference in the region of drainage. The greatest changes in lymph flow were observed in lymph draining peripheral regions (skin, tendon, muscular areas) while lymph draining soft tissues in central regions (kidney, liver) was less affected by the anaesthesia and surgical stress. A neutrophilia was observed in venous blood collected under anaesthesia while the overall numbers of lymphocytes in three sources of efferent lymph were depressed. It is suggested that corticosteroid hormones may play a role in the changes in leucocyte migration observed during anaesthesia and surgical stress. Changes observed in the cellular content of afferent lymph appeared to be due to a low grade inflammation associated with surgical interference in the region of lymphatic drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:1214508", "title": "Studies on the immunochemical composition of human thoracic duct lymph of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyositis.", "content": "Analysis of immunoglobulins, autoantibodies and third component of complement was carried out on the thoracic duct lymph of 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 2 patients with polymyositis. It was found that the distribution of these immunoproteins between lymph and serum reflected the distribution of total protein and did not appear to be dependent on molecular size. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the macromolecule IgM as compared to the other immunoglobulins. IgD was an exception with an unanticipated and unexplained lower concentration in lymph and higher serum to lymph ratio when compared to the other immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Studies on the immunochemical composition of human thoracic duct lymph of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyositis. Analysis of immunoglobulins, autoantibodies and third component of complement was carried out on the thoracic duct lymph of 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 2 patients with polymyositis. It was found that the distribution of these immunoproteins between lymph and serum reflected the distribution of total protein and did not appear to be dependent on molecular size. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the macromolecule IgM as compared to the other immunoglobulins. IgD was an exception with an unanticipated and unexplained lower concentration in lymph and higher serum to lymph ratio when compared to the other immunoglobulins."}
{"id": "PMID:1214509", "title": "Selective staining of fibrous connective tissue capsules and lymphatics: an evaluation of \"interstitial\" fluids.", "content": "Ringer's solution containing ferrocyanide ion was infused into the arterial system of lumbs. Some of these ions filtered across the blood capillary wall into the adjacent extracapillary fluids, from which diffusion caused these ions to enter the wall of the enclosing epimysial capsule. Ringer's solution containing ferric ion was then injected into the parenchyma (not intravascularly). In muscles, the intensely blue ferric ferrocyanide (Prussian blue) precipitate appeared on the walls of the fibrous connective tissue capsules that enclosed each small cluster of muscle cells, and in the lymphatics of the extracapsular clefts. No Prussian blue appeared inside the capsules. These results indicate that \"interstitial\" fluids are divided into two discrete pools: (a) an intracapsular pool of capillary ultrafiltrates, and (b) an extracapsular pool in the trabecular clefts. Certain implications concerning the mixing of the tissue fluids,  the estimate of capillary filtration rates and some of the functional differences between intravascular and intramuscular injections are discussed.", "contents": "Selective staining of fibrous connective tissue capsules and lymphatics: an evaluation of \"interstitial\" fluids. Ringer's solution containing ferrocyanide ion was infused into the arterial system of lumbs. Some of these ions filtered across the blood capillary wall into the adjacent extracapillary fluids, from which diffusion caused these ions to enter the wall of the enclosing epimysial capsule. Ringer's solution containing ferric ion was then injected into the parenchyma (not intravascularly). In muscles, the intensely blue ferric ferrocyanide (Prussian blue) precipitate appeared on the walls of the fibrous connective tissue capsules that enclosed each small cluster of muscle cells, and in the lymphatics of the extracapsular clefts. No Prussian blue appeared inside the capsules. These results indicate that \"interstitial\" fluids are divided into two discrete pools: (a) an intracapsular pool of capillary ultrafiltrates, and (b) an extracapsular pool in the trabecular clefts. Certain implications concerning the mixing of the tissue fluids,  the estimate of capillary filtration rates and some of the functional differences between intravascular and intramuscular injections are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214510", "title": "Impeded interstitial fluid movement: a factor in pancreatic oedema.", "content": "Pancreatic oedema was induced by physiological saline infused into the superior pancreatico-duodenal artery of 34, chloralose anaesthetized dogs. Both lymph flow from cannulated pancreatico-duodenal lymphatics and intralymphatic pressure in the non-transected ones increased significantly. The increase in pressure may be due to the regional lymph nodes obstructing increased lymph flow. The development of gross pancreatic oedema preceded the peak values of pancreatico-duodenal lymph flow and pressure. This suggested impeded fluid movement along tissue interstices and from tissue interstices into the pancreatic lymphatics. The progression of the oedema ran roughly parallel with the increase in fluid pressure measured by a perforated capsule implanted two weeks earlier into pancreatic tissues supplied by the artery. The results suggest that both the rise in lymph flow and pressure during the development of oedema in lobular organs like the pancreas are rather the consequences and not the causes of oedema.", "contents": "Impeded interstitial fluid movement: a factor in pancreatic oedema. Pancreatic oedema was induced by physiological saline infused into the superior pancreatico-duodenal artery of 34, chloralose anaesthetized dogs. Both lymph flow from cannulated pancreatico-duodenal lymphatics and intralymphatic pressure in the non-transected ones increased significantly. The increase in pressure may be due to the regional lymph nodes obstructing increased lymph flow. The development of gross pancreatic oedema preceded the peak values of pancreatico-duodenal lymph flow and pressure. This suggested impeded fluid movement along tissue interstices and from tissue interstices into the pancreatic lymphatics. The progression of the oedema ran roughly parallel with the increase in fluid pressure measured by a perforated capsule implanted two weeks earlier into pancreatic tissues supplied by the artery. The results suggest that both the rise in lymph flow and pressure during the development of oedema in lobular organs like the pancreas are rather the consequences and not the causes of oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:1214512", "title": "Sex differences in the fate of N-methyl-14C-pethidine in rats.", "content": "N-Methyl-14C-labeled pethidine was administered intravenously to male and female rats at a dose of 1.25 mg per kg body weight. The amount of 14CO2 (originating from the N-methyl group) in the expired air of female rats was approximately a half of that expired by males. The amounts of radioactive metabolites (probably mainly deesterified products) in the excretions was higher in females. Pethidine levels in liver reach their maximum later, but attain substantially higher levels in females. The shapes of the curves relating pethidine levels to time are identical for blood and brain, but the brain levels are approximately ten times higher. Their course approximates a simple exponential curve in females, but a curve composed of two exponentials in males. Using the COMANSL computer programme and the data for blood levels, a three-compartment model has been established consisting of a central compartment 1, into which the drug was administered, a rapidly exchanging (\"shallow\") compartment 2, which is in equilibrium with 1, and a slowly exchanging (\"deep\") compartment 3, from which it is eliminated. Rate constants computed for the entry into and the exit from 1 were similar (0.23 and 0.22) in males; they could not be determined in females (possibly since they were too high). The passage from 1 to 3 was faster in males (0.07) than in females (0.04), the elimination from 3 was substantially faster in males (1.97) than in females (0.33). Faster demethylation in males is attributed to higher demethylation activity of male liver, known from in vitro experiments and faster rate of alternative pathways in females to higher substrate concentration in the liver. Attention is drawn to the considerable sex differences in the distribution of the drug.", "contents": "Sex differences in the fate of N-methyl-14C-pethidine in rats. N-Methyl-14C-labeled pethidine was administered intravenously to male and female rats at a dose of 1.25 mg per kg body weight. The amount of 14CO2 (originating from the N-methyl group) in the expired air of female rats was approximately a half of that expired by males. The amounts of radioactive metabolites (probably mainly deesterified products) in the excretions was higher in females. Pethidine levels in liver reach their maximum later, but attain substantially higher levels in females. The shapes of the curves relating pethidine levels to time are identical for blood and brain, but the brain levels are approximately ten times higher. Their course approximates a simple exponential curve in females, but a curve composed of two exponentials in males. Using the COMANSL computer programme and the data for blood levels, a three-compartment model has been established consisting of a central compartment 1, into which the drug was administered, a rapidly exchanging (\"shallow\") compartment 2, which is in equilibrium with 1, and a slowly exchanging (\"deep\") compartment 3, from which it is eliminated. Rate constants computed for the entry into and the exit from 1 were similar (0.23 and 0.22) in males; they could not be determined in females (possibly since they were too high). The passage from 1 to 3 was faster in males (0.07) than in females (0.04), the elimination from 3 was substantially faster in males (1.97) than in females (0.33). Faster demethylation in males is attributed to higher demethylation activity of male liver, known from in vitro experiments and faster rate of alternative pathways in females to higher substrate concentration in the liver. Attention is drawn to the considerable sex differences in the distribution of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1214515", "title": "Influence of combined administration of ethyl alcohol with caffeine and hydroxyzine on cardiac minute volume and stroke volume in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of combined administration of ethyl alcohol with caffeine and hydroxyzine on cardiac volume and vascular resistance was studied. Combined administration of these compounds diminished cardiac stroke volume and minute output and increased general vascular resistance. Simultaneous administration of ethanol with caffeine and hydroxyzine exerts an unfavorable effect on haemodynamics of circulatory system.", "contents": "Influence of combined administration of ethyl alcohol with caffeine and hydroxyzine on cardiac minute volume and stroke volume in rabbits. The effect of combined administration of ethyl alcohol with caffeine and hydroxyzine on cardiac volume and vascular resistance was studied. Combined administration of these compounds diminished cardiac stroke volume and minute output and increased general vascular resistance. Simultaneous administration of ethanol with caffeine and hydroxyzine exerts an unfavorable effect on haemodynamics of circulatory system."}
{"id": "PMID:1214513", "title": "The influence of glucagon on the blood supply of the heart and kidneys in rabbits.", "content": "In experiments with rabbits, glucagon prolonged the half-period of absorption of sodium iodide 125J in the left ventricular myocardium. Regitine prevented acceleration of the heart rate and impairment of capillary flow after glucagon. In healthy rabbits hippurate 125J clearance was unaffected by glucagon. After injury of the heart muscle by injection of silver nitrate solution into the left ventricular wall and depression of blood pressure, glucagon partly normalized renal clearance of hippurate 125J.", "contents": "The influence of glucagon on the blood supply of the heart and kidneys in rabbits. In experiments with rabbits, glucagon prolonged the half-period of absorption of sodium iodide 125J in the left ventricular myocardium. Regitine prevented acceleration of the heart rate and impairment of capillary flow after glucagon. In healthy rabbits hippurate 125J clearance was unaffected by glucagon. After injury of the heart muscle by injection of silver nitrate solution into the left ventricular wall and depression of blood pressure, glucagon partly normalized renal clearance of hippurate 125J."}
{"id": "PMID:1214518", "title": "Influence of various drugs on excretion and distribution of chromium-51 in acute poisoning in rats.", "content": "Excretion of chromium-51 was studied in rats poisoned by intramuscular injection of chromium chloride. CaNa2EDTA, BAL, Thioctacid, D-penicillamine and diphenylcarbazide used as detoxicants failed to increase excretion of chromium in the urine or stools.", "contents": "Influence of various drugs on excretion and distribution of chromium-51 in acute poisoning in rats. Excretion of chromium-51 was studied in rats poisoned by intramuscular injection of chromium chloride. CaNa2EDTA, BAL, Thioctacid, D-penicillamine and diphenylcarbazide used as detoxicants failed to increase excretion of chromium in the urine or stools."}
{"id": "PMID:1214519", "title": "Application of the isotope technique in pharmacodynamic analysis of penetration of drugs into parasites.", "content": "Penetration of piperazine adipate into Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum L. was studied by scintigraphy andautoradiography. The results indicate that anthelminthic drugs, including piperazine, penetrate into the parasite mainly through the mouth or other natural orifices, and only slightly through the cuticle, and that the amount of piperazine that penetrates depende on its concentration in the solution.", "contents": "Application of the isotope technique in pharmacodynamic analysis of penetration of drugs into parasites. Penetration of piperazine adipate into Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum L. was studied by scintigraphy andautoradiography. The results indicate that anthelminthic drugs, including piperazine, penetrate into the parasite mainly through the mouth or other natural orifices, and only slightly through the cuticle, and that the amount of piperazine that penetrates depende on its concentration in the solution."}
{"id": "PMID:1214516", "title": "14CH3-N-pethidine  biotransformation in the rat and rabbit isolated perfused liver during the pathological process.", "content": "The demonstration of decreased hydrolysis and demethylation of pethidine in the liver subcellular fractions in the course of acute radiation sickness was not verified under the conditions of perfusion of the isolated liver. An attempt was made to interpret the discrepancy in the findings by a change in the intensity of uptake of pethidine and its metabolites in liver tissue after irradiation.", "contents": "14CH3-N-pethidine  biotransformation in the rat and rabbit isolated perfused liver during the pathological process. The demonstration of decreased hydrolysis and demethylation of pethidine in the liver subcellular fractions in the course of acute radiation sickness was not verified under the conditions of perfusion of the isolated liver. An attempt was made to interpret the discrepancy in the findings by a change in the intensity of uptake of pethidine and its metabolites in liver tissue after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214520", "title": "Regulatory role of prostaglandins in the vascular system.", "content": "It is reported that noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction initiates generation of prostaglandins of the E series by vasculas walls. These endogenous prostaglandins attenuate the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline. Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis (indomethacin, mefenamic acid) abolish acute tolerance to noradrenaline infusions and counteract hypotension which is induced in cats by injection of endotoxin or by injection of rat blood.", "contents": "Regulatory role of prostaglandins in the vascular system. It is reported that noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction initiates generation of prostaglandins of the E series by vasculas walls. These endogenous prostaglandins attenuate the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline. Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis (indomethacin, mefenamic acid) abolish acute tolerance to noradrenaline infusions and counteract hypotension which is induced in cats by injection of endotoxin or by injection of rat blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1214517", "title": "Absorption, distribution in tissues and routes of excretion of preparation IF-ROM-196 administered to rats orally.", "content": "The metabolic fate of a new coronary vasodilating derivative of ethylenediamine (ROM--196) labeled with 14C has been studied in Wistar rats. Dynamics of absorption of the preparation, its distribution in tissues and excretion in urine, feces and bile and expiratory air were investigated. The preparation is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and readily penetrates to the tissues. It is excreted mainly in the stools and urine.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution in tissues and routes of excretion of preparation IF-ROM-196 administered to rats orally. The metabolic fate of a new coronary vasodilating derivative of ethylenediamine (ROM--196) labeled with 14C has been studied in Wistar rats. Dynamics of absorption of the preparation, its distribution in tissues and excretion in urine, feces and bile and expiratory air were investigated. The preparation is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and readily penetrates to the tissues. It is excreted mainly in the stools and urine."}
{"id": "PMID:1214521", "title": "On the mechanism of tachyphylaxis to histamine in guinea pig seminal vesicle.", "content": "Repeated administration of high concentrations (10 muglml and above) of histamine produce tachyphylaxis in the seminal vesicle of guinea pig. Acetylcholine partially restores the response to histamine after development of constant tachyphylactic response. No tachyphylaxis occurred (in few experiments) in which the preparation is atropinized. Prior eserinization potentiates the response to histamine. After development of tachyphylaxis to histamine, increasing doses of histamine fail to produce log dose increase in the response. The results suggest that tachyphylaxis to histamine involves, desensitization of the receptors and further, a decrease in the release of acetylcholine may also contribute to the development of tachyphylaxis.", "contents": "On the mechanism of tachyphylaxis to histamine in guinea pig seminal vesicle. Repeated administration of high concentrations (10 muglml and above) of histamine produce tachyphylaxis in the seminal vesicle of guinea pig. Acetylcholine partially restores the response to histamine after development of constant tachyphylactic response. No tachyphylaxis occurred (in few experiments) in which the preparation is atropinized. Prior eserinization potentiates the response to histamine. After development of tachyphylaxis to histamine, increasing doses of histamine fail to produce log dose increase in the response. The results suggest that tachyphylaxis to histamine involves, desensitization of the receptors and further, a decrease in the release of acetylcholine may also contribute to the development of tachyphylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:1214523", "title": "Delayed type allergy in patients with ulcerative colitis. III. Allergic reactions evoked in colonic mucosa by autologous leukocytes and their extracts.", "content": "In 36 patients with ulcerative colitis hypersensitivity reactions induced in the colonic mucosa by autologous leukocytes and their extracts were studied. In 77% of cases reactions developed at the site of leukocyte injection and in 69% of cases at the site of leukocyte extra injection. The time of reaction appearance and the character of histological changes suggest that the reactions were of the cell-mediated type. The results of the investigations indicate that cell-mediated reactions may be an important pathogenic factor in ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Delayed type allergy in patients with ulcerative colitis. III. Allergic reactions evoked in colonic mucosa by autologous leukocytes and their extracts. In 36 patients with ulcerative colitis hypersensitivity reactions induced in the colonic mucosa by autologous leukocytes and their extracts were studied. In 77% of cases reactions developed at the site of leukocyte injection and in 69% of cases at the site of leukocyte extra injection. The time of reaction appearance and the character of histological changes suggest that the reactions were of the cell-mediated type. The results of the investigations indicate that cell-mediated reactions may be an important pathogenic factor in ulcerative colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1214524", "title": "Advances in the knowledge on placental thyrotrophin.", "content": "The author discusses the problems of hormonal functions of normal placenta with particular reference to thyrotrophin of chorionic origin. The chemical structure and physiological activity of chorionic thyrotrophin are described and clinical syndromes caused by thyrotrophin secretion by pathologically changed placenta are discussed.", "contents": "Advances in the knowledge on placental thyrotrophin. The author discusses the problems of hormonal functions of normal placenta with particular reference to thyrotrophin of chorionic origin. The chemical structure and physiological activity of chorionic thyrotrophin are described and clinical syndromes caused by thyrotrophin secretion by pathologically changed placenta are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214539", "title": "Immunogenicity of inactivated influenza vaccine, purified by adsorption chromatography on porous glas.", "content": "A chromatographic process has been developed for a mass purification and concentration of influenza virus. The final virus suspension, purified some 400 times, is characterized by its antigenic properties and protein content. The virus was killed by UV-light and the resulting vaccine tried on 345 people. The immunity level is 8 times higher than the control. In mice which were infected after immunization with a homologous and heterologous influenza virus strains a high protection index was found (10(6) EID50 for homologous and 10(4) EID50 for heterologous strains).", "contents": "Immunogenicity of inactivated influenza vaccine, purified by adsorption chromatography on porous glas. A chromatographic process has been developed for a mass purification and concentration of influenza virus. The final virus suspension, purified some 400 times, is characterized by its antigenic properties and protein content. The virus was killed by UV-light and the resulting vaccine tried on 345 people. The immunity level is 8 times higher than the control. In mice which were infected after immunization with a homologous and heterologous influenza virus strains a high protection index was found (10(6) EID50 for homologous and 10(4) EID50 for heterologous strains)."}
{"id": "PMID:1214540", "title": "Water contents of various regions of the feline nervous system.", "content": "A systematic analysis of the regional water content of the feline nervous system was made. In general, areas rich in grey matter contained about 10-15% more water than white matter areas. Percentage water values were lowest for cranial and peripheral nerves and highest for cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, olfactory bulb and other grey matter regions. Values for cerebral cortex varied from about 81.5% for suprasplenic gyrus to over 84% for frontal gyrus. It is suggested that the effective concentrations of dissolved substances in various regions of the nervous system might be influenced greatly by these differences in water content.", "contents": "Water contents of various regions of the feline nervous system. A systematic analysis of the regional water content of the feline nervous system was made. In general, areas rich in grey matter contained about 10-15% more water than white matter areas. Percentage water values were lowest for cranial and peripheral nerves and highest for cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, olfactory bulb and other grey matter regions. Values for cerebral cortex varied from about 81.5% for suprasplenic gyrus to over 84% for frontal gyrus. It is suggested that the effective concentrations of dissolved substances in various regions of the nervous system might be influenced greatly by these differences in water content."}
{"id": "PMID:1214541", "title": "Plasma tryptophan transport in normal and depressed subjects.", "content": "Depressed patients have a delayed clearance of i.v. injected labelled 1-tryptophan. A high affinity binding for the amino acid and a derangement of transport or distribution to tissues in the depressed are suggested as possible mechanisms.", "contents": "Plasma tryptophan transport in normal and depressed subjects. Depressed patients have a delayed clearance of i.v. injected labelled 1-tryptophan. A high affinity binding for the amino acid and a derangement of transport or distribution to tissues in the depressed are suggested as possible mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1214542", "title": "The metabolism of azidomorphine in the rat.", "content": "The metabolism of [7,8-3H]azidomorphine and the in vivo stability of the azidogroup in azidomorphine and 14-hydroxyazidomorphine was studied. Asidomorphine conjugates with glucuronic acid, and is N-demethylated by rat liver microsomes. Detection by means of infrared spectroscopy proved that the azidroup in azidomorphine and 14-hydroxyazidomorphine strongly resists biotransformation in the rat.", "contents": "The metabolism of azidomorphine in the rat. The metabolism of [7,8-3H]azidomorphine and the in vivo stability of the azidogroup in azidomorphine and 14-hydroxyazidomorphine was studied. Asidomorphine conjugates with glucuronic acid, and is N-demethylated by rat liver microsomes. Detection by means of infrared spectroscopy proved that the azidroup in azidomorphine and 14-hydroxyazidomorphine strongly resists biotransformation in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:1214546", "title": "[Bile and stress ulcer in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of bile on the ulcer formation under \"restraint stress\" condition was studied in rats with direct choledocho-gastrostomia resp. bile duct ligation. After 9 hrs. of immobilisation in plaster cuffs the animals with unrestricted bile flow via the choledochosstress gastrostomia showed as many ulcers as the sham-operated controls. There was no difference in the ulcer localisation, the region of the bile duct anastomosis was without any ulcer. After bile duct ligation the ulcer frequency was reduced to the half. These results are explained by a massive bile reflux under stress condition, of which the pathogenetic role in stress ulcer formation is discussed.", "contents": "[Bile and stress ulcer in the rat (author's transl)]. The influence of bile on the ulcer formation under \"restraint stress\" condition was studied in rats with direct choledocho-gastrostomia resp. bile duct ligation. After 9 hrs. of immobilisation in plaster cuffs the animals with unrestricted bile flow via the choledochosstress gastrostomia showed as many ulcers as the sham-operated controls. There was no difference in the ulcer localisation, the region of the bile duct anastomosis was without any ulcer. After bile duct ligation the ulcer frequency was reduced to the half. These results are explained by a massive bile reflux under stress condition, of which the pathogenetic role in stress ulcer formation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214547", "title": "[Indications for reconstructing injured veins in associated arterial lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have organized therapeutic measures in simultaneous bullet injuries to the arteries and the veins of the extremities on the basis of experience attained in 26 cases. 1. Simultaneous reconstruction of an injured artery and its satellite vein must be aimed at in all instances; 2. even the smallest injuries to the arterial intima favour acute arterial thrombosis, if the satellite vein has been tied up simultaneously; 3. acute arterial occlusion is not caused by the isolated ligature of the vein but by the deep, extended venous thrombosis building up on it; 4. where a main vein is ligated, anticoagulant therapy must be initiated immediately to prevent deep venous thrombosis; 5. simultaneous reconstruction of both the arterial and the venous flow systems must be maintained by postoperative anticoagulant therapy. The paper goes into details of thrombectomy, the technical details of vein reconstruction, the question of whether the establishment of a temporary arteriovenous anastomosis is indispensable,, and injuries to veins associated with fractures and dislocations.", "contents": "[Indications for reconstructing injured veins in associated arterial lesions (author's transl)]. The authors have organized therapeutic measures in simultaneous bullet injuries to the arteries and the veins of the extremities on the basis of experience attained in 26 cases. 1. Simultaneous reconstruction of an injured artery and its satellite vein must be aimed at in all instances; 2. even the smallest injuries to the arterial intima favour acute arterial thrombosis, if the satellite vein has been tied up simultaneously; 3. acute arterial occlusion is not caused by the isolated ligature of the vein but by the deep, extended venous thrombosis building up on it; 4. where a main vein is ligated, anticoagulant therapy must be initiated immediately to prevent deep venous thrombosis; 5. simultaneous reconstruction of both the arterial and the venous flow systems must be maintained by postoperative anticoagulant therapy. The paper goes into details of thrombectomy, the technical details of vein reconstruction, the question of whether the establishment of a temporary arteriovenous anastomosis is indispensable,, and injuries to veins associated with fractures and dislocations."}
{"id": "PMID:1214548", "title": "[Functional and metabolic changes of the mucosa during the occlusion of the small bowel of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study we investigated the function of the obstructed small bowel of the rat, the behaviour of the mucosal enzymes, the metabolic changes of the small bowel wall and the morphology of the mucosa. We found a decrease of passive transport of 3H-Antipyrine which was equal after 24 and 48 hrs. The active transport of 14C-Glucose was found to be progressively inhibited after occlusion. The metabolic enzymes SDH, G-6-PDH, and GOT remained unchanged, LDH was increased after 48 hrs, which can be explained by enzyme induction. The lactate-pyruvate ratio in the tissue of the obstructed bowel was 3 times as high as in the controls. The brush-border enzymes maltase and especially the alkaline phosphatase are decreased with progressive obstruction, which probably is caused by diffusion into the lumen. By electron-microscopy there are no changes in the brush-border membrane but a swelling of mitochondria which is caused by hypoxia.", "contents": "[Functional and metabolic changes of the mucosa during the occlusion of the small bowel of the rat (author's transl)]. In this study we investigated the function of the obstructed small bowel of the rat, the behaviour of the mucosal enzymes, the metabolic changes of the small bowel wall and the morphology of the mucosa. We found a decrease of passive transport of 3H-Antipyrine which was equal after 24 and 48 hrs. The active transport of 14C-Glucose was found to be progressively inhibited after occlusion. The metabolic enzymes SDH, G-6-PDH, and GOT remained unchanged, LDH was increased after 48 hrs, which can be explained by enzyme induction. The lactate-pyruvate ratio in the tissue of the obstructed bowel was 3 times as high as in the controls. The brush-border enzymes maltase and especially the alkaline phosphatase are decreased with progressive obstruction, which probably is caused by diffusion into the lumen. By electron-microscopy there are no changes in the brush-border membrane but a swelling of mitochondria which is caused by hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1214571", "title": "[Some methods of assessing the work of automatic analytical systems under clinical biochemical laboratory conditions].", "content": "The use of automatic facilities at clinical biochemical laboratories involves a change in the technological pattern of the analysis. In the course of the analysis the samples pass through the same automatic devices. A transfer of a volume of the substance from a preceding sample into a vessel containing the next one gives rise to systematic errors. A procedure for measuring a volume of the substance at different stages of the analysis is proposed. Experimental data derived from an investigation of the transfer of a volume at the stages of proportioning the biological liquid and reagents when handling various types of foreign-made automatic devices are presented.", "contents": "[Some methods of assessing the work of automatic analytical systems under clinical biochemical laboratory conditions]. The use of automatic facilities at clinical biochemical laboratories involves a change in the technological pattern of the analysis. In the course of the analysis the samples pass through the same automatic devices. A transfer of a volume of the substance from a preceding sample into a vessel containing the next one gives rise to systematic errors. A procedure for measuring a volume of the substance at different stages of the analysis is proposed. Experimental data derived from an investigation of the transfer of a volume at the stages of proportioning the biological liquid and reagents when handling various types of foreign-made automatic devices are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1214573", "title": "[Device for measuring the acoustic impedance of the middle ear].", "content": "There exists a direct proportional relation between the acoustic impedance of the tympanic membrane and static pressure in the external acoustic duct. This relation forms the basis of the UM-01 device which enables the acoustic impedance to be determined and allows it to judge from its magnitude on the condition of the sound-conducting sector of the auditory analyser. The device is simple to handle and does not require any balancing of the measuring portion in the circuit.", "contents": "[Device for measuring the acoustic impedance of the middle ear]. There exists a direct proportional relation between the acoustic impedance of the tympanic membrane and static pressure in the external acoustic duct. This relation forms the basis of the UM-01 device which enables the acoustic impedance to be determined and allows it to judge from its magnitude on the condition of the sound-conducting sector of the auditory analyser. The device is simple to handle and does not require any balancing of the measuring portion in the circuit."}
{"id": "PMID:1214576", "title": "[Pressing problems in the organization of mass prophylactic examinations utilizing an automated system for examining the population].", "content": "Mass prophylactic examinations are of great importance for purposeful implementation of health measures and come as the first stage of treatment on the dispensary level. At the same time, medical examination absorb huge funds and tie up many staff workers with their efforts proving insufficiently effective. The rates of putting into practice an all-round dispensary treatment may be accelerated only by a wide application of automated systems and complexes. To achieve a proper functioning and an effective practical utilization of automated systems it is proposed that an All-Union scientific-coordination centre should be set up, whose task will be to methodologically work out forms and methods for the operation of prophylactic departments provided with automated complexes, as well as the ways of their further improvement.", "contents": "[Pressing problems in the organization of mass prophylactic examinations utilizing an automated system for examining the population]. Mass prophylactic examinations are of great importance for purposeful implementation of health measures and come as the first stage of treatment on the dispensary level. At the same time, medical examination absorb huge funds and tie up many staff workers with their efforts proving insufficiently effective. The rates of putting into practice an all-round dispensary treatment may be accelerated only by a wide application of automated systems and complexes. To achieve a proper functioning and an effective practical utilization of automated systems it is proposed that an All-Union scientific-coordination centre should be set up, whose task will be to methodologically work out forms and methods for the operation of prophylactic departments provided with automated complexes, as well as the ways of their further improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:1214579", "title": "[Mass prophylactic examinations of the population and scientific and technical progress].", "content": "To ensure an early recognition and subsequent active dynamic observation and treatment of patients a further improvement of the forms and methods of prophylactic medical examinations of the population is necessary. One of the forms of organizing such examinations is construction and application in the medical practice of automated systems for mass examination of the population, in which efficient diagnostic methods are used.", "contents": "[Mass prophylactic examinations of the population and scientific and technical progress]. To ensure an early recognition and subsequent active dynamic observation and treatment of patients a further improvement of the forms and methods of prophylactic medical examinations of the population is necessary. One of the forms of organizing such examinations is construction and application in the medical practice of automated systems for mass examination of the population, in which efficient diagnostic methods are used."}
{"id": "PMID:1214578", "title": "[Pneumatic medical splints made of polymeric materials for immobilizing the extremities].", "content": "For rendering temporary medical aid in various kinds of traumas pneumatic medical splints are of an ever wider use. These are inflated double-layer air-tight filmy chamber-like sheathes forming a slip-cover around injured limbs of the victims, or around their cervical vertebrae. A review of the existing foreign and Soviet-made specimens of the splints has shown that, as regards their functional purpose and film material employed, they form several types, including uni- or multisectional, shaped, split and solid, reinforced and non-reinforced, etc. The pneumatic splints have a number of advantages, the one of them being the fact that can be quickly used for rendering help or self-help in the field.", "contents": "[Pneumatic medical splints made of polymeric materials for immobilizing the extremities]. For rendering temporary medical aid in various kinds of traumas pneumatic medical splints are of an ever wider use. These are inflated double-layer air-tight filmy chamber-like sheathes forming a slip-cover around injured limbs of the victims, or around their cervical vertebrae. A review of the existing foreign and Soviet-made specimens of the splints has shown that, as regards their functional purpose and film material employed, they form several types, including uni- or multisectional, shaped, split and solid, reinforced and non-reinforced, etc. The pneumatic splints have a number of advantages, the one of them being the fact that can be quickly used for rendering help or self-help in the field."}
{"id": "PMID:1214581", "title": "[Experience in utilizing ultrasonic compound scanning in obstetrics].", "content": "A promising method of ultrasonic diagnostics is compound or multiple scanning. Its application in obstetrics makes it possible to more distinctly define the contours of the structures studied. Results subsequent to an examination of 750 pregnant women showed that by using this method it becomes possible to determine the position of the fetus, biparietal diameter of its head, the size of the placenta, abnormalities in the development of the fetus, etc. The advantages of compound scanning are particularly spectacular in estimating the growth of the fetal head during early periods of gestation.", "contents": "[Experience in utilizing ultrasonic compound scanning in obstetrics]. A promising method of ultrasonic diagnostics is compound or multiple scanning. Its application in obstetrics makes it possible to more distinctly define the contours of the structures studied. Results subsequent to an examination of 750 pregnant women showed that by using this method it becomes possible to determine the position of the fetus, biparietal diameter of its head, the size of the placenta, abnormalities in the development of the fetus, etc. The advantages of compound scanning are particularly spectacular in estimating the growth of the fetal head during early periods of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214580", "title": "[Device for the experimental local application of cold to organs and vessels of the abdominal cavity].", "content": "A study of the action produced by local freezing on the esophageal and gastric mucosa under conditions of acute hyperemia, on the veins and arteries of various diameter - for preventive stasis of the blood flow along them and on the nerve: carrying sheaths of major arteries made it possible to construct a cryosurgical instrument of a simple design and easy to handle. The working end of this instrument that acts on the organ undergoing operation is cooled down to -185 degrees. The instrument ensures a sufficiently effective utilization of the coolant and its low consumption during surgery.", "contents": "[Device for the experimental local application of cold to organs and vessels of the abdominal cavity]. A study of the action produced by local freezing on the esophageal and gastric mucosa under conditions of acute hyperemia, on the veins and arteries of various diameter - for preventive stasis of the blood flow along them and on the nerve: carrying sheaths of major arteries made it possible to construct a cryosurgical instrument of a simple design and easy to handle. The working end of this instrument that acts on the organ undergoing operation is cooled down to -185 degrees. The instrument ensures a sufficiently effective utilization of the coolant and its low consumption during surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1214603", "title": "[Regulation of 1-dehydrogenation and 20 beta-reduction of ketosteroids by microorganisms].", "content": "Regulation of two microbiological processes--1-dehydrogenation and 20 beta-reduction of ketosteroids--was studied using several exogeneous quinones which (a) stimulated 1-dehydrogenation and (b) inhibited the accompanying reaction, the reduction of 20-ketogroup of the steroid molecule. The least active compounds were benzoquinones. The best regulators are 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, and 7-methoxy-1,2-naphthoquinone. Possible mechanism of the action of naphthoquinones on Mycobacterium globiforme is discussed.", "contents": "[Regulation of 1-dehydrogenation and 20 beta-reduction of ketosteroids by microorganisms]. Regulation of two microbiological processes--1-dehydrogenation and 20 beta-reduction of ketosteroids--was studied using several exogeneous quinones which (a) stimulated 1-dehydrogenation and (b) inhibited the accompanying reaction, the reduction of 20-ketogroup of the steroid molecule. The least active compounds were benzoquinones. The best regulators are 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, and 7-methoxy-1,2-naphthoquinone. Possible mechanism of the action of naphthoquinones on Mycobacterium globiforme is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214604", "title": "[Variety of effects of vitamins on yeast cells in aerobic conditions].", "content": "The effect of thiamine and biotin on the processes of cell division, assimilation of glucose, and accumulation of the biomass and nitrogen in the cells was studied with the Candida yeast. The action of the vitamins depended on the source of nitrogen. In some strains,  asparagine can substitute for biotin. Biotin has different effect on the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid in Candida pulcherrima, C. guilliermondii. C. tropicalis K3-10. High concentrations of arginine were found in C. guilliermondii var. membranaefaciens in the presence of biotin. The vitamins did not favour the assimilation of nitrate nitrogen in species which were not adapted to this source of nitrogen.", "contents": "[Variety of effects of vitamins on yeast cells in aerobic conditions]. The effect of thiamine and biotin on the processes of cell division, assimilation of glucose, and accumulation of the biomass and nitrogen in the cells was studied with the Candida yeast. The action of the vitamins depended on the source of nitrogen. In some strains,  asparagine can substitute for biotin. Biotin has different effect on the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid in Candida pulcherrima, C. guilliermondii. C. tropicalis K3-10. High concentrations of arginine were found in C. guilliermondii var. membranaefaciens in the presence of biotin. The vitamins did not favour the assimilation of nitrate nitrogen in species which were not adapted to this source of nitrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1214605", "title": "[Determination of optical activity of the growth medium as a method for detection of extraterrestrial life].", "content": "Determination of optical activity of the cultural medium can be used for detection of extraterrestrial life. The composition of the growth medium depends on the duration of the experiment. Automatic biological stations are sent to planets for a short time, and the best components of the growth medium are D-glucose and D-maltose; optical activity of the cultural broth disappears upon assimilation of these compounds. Tartaric acid is less suitable since the duration of the experiment increases several times and desert soils do not always contain microorganisms assimilating tartaric acid.", "contents": "[Determination of optical activity of the growth medium as a method for detection of extraterrestrial life]. Determination of optical activity of the cultural medium can be used for detection of extraterrestrial life. The composition of the growth medium depends on the duration of the experiment. Automatic biological stations are sent to planets for a short time, and the best components of the growth medium are D-glucose and D-maltose; optical activity of the cultural broth disappears upon assimilation of these compounds. Tartaric acid is less suitable since the duration of the experiment increases several times and desert soils do not always contain microorganisms assimilating tartaric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1214606", "title": "[Effect of the composition of the medium and magnesium and calcium ions on the germination of spores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris].", "content": "The germination of the spores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris formed on a complex medium is stimulated by suspending them in solutions containing Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. The stimulation is not the result of the initiation of the spores in the presence of the ions since the experiments were carried out at a temperature of 20 degrees C at which the initiation did not virtually take place. The ions of Na+ and K+ have almost no effect on the germination of the spores. The fraction of the resting spores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris depends on the composition of the growth medium, especially on its amino acid composition. The addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions to a minimal synthetic growth medium stimulates the growth of the cultures and decreases the dormancy of the spores. The spores formed on the synthetic medium are less thermostable than the spores formed on the complex medium. Thermostability of the spores increases upon the addition of Mg2+ to the synthetic medium. Spore suspensions obtained on the synthetic medium with Mg2+ or Ca2+ are initiated more completely than spore suspensions obtained on the complex medium.", "contents": "[Effect of the composition of the medium and magnesium and calcium ions on the germination of spores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris]. The germination of the spores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris formed on a complex medium is stimulated by suspending them in solutions containing Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. The stimulation is not the result of the initiation of the spores in the presence of the ions since the experiments were carried out at a temperature of 20 degrees C at which the initiation did not virtually take place. The ions of Na+ and K+ have almost no effect on the germination of the spores. The fraction of the resting spores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris depends on the composition of the growth medium, especially on its amino acid composition. The addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions to a minimal synthetic growth medium stimulates the growth of the cultures and decreases the dormancy of the spores. The spores formed on the synthetic medium are less thermostable than the spores formed on the complex medium. Thermostability of the spores increases upon the addition of Mg2+ to the synthetic medium. Spore suspensions obtained on the synthetic medium with Mg2+ or Ca2+ are initiated more completely than spore suspensions obtained on the complex medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1214607", "title": "[Changes in the composition of intracellular lipids and hydrocarbons in Candida tropicalis in the absence of growth].", "content": "The fatty acid composition of lipids and the composition of hydrocarbons were studied in Candida tropicalis cultivated on a medium with propionic acid and incubated in the conditions of starvation and on a medium containing glucose-1-6-14C but no nitrogen. Intracellular fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms were found to be easily metabolized by yeast cells. The content and composition of intracellular hydrocarbons were very labile and underwent intensive transformation caused by changes in the metabolism of the yeast cell.", "contents": "[Changes in the composition of intracellular lipids and hydrocarbons in Candida tropicalis in the absence of growth]. The fatty acid composition of lipids and the composition of hydrocarbons were studied in Candida tropicalis cultivated on a medium with propionic acid and incubated in the conditions of starvation and on a medium containing glucose-1-6-14C but no nitrogen. Intracellular fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms were found to be easily metabolized by yeast cells. The content and composition of intracellular hydrocarbons were very labile and underwent intensive transformation caused by changes in the metabolism of the yeast cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1214608", "title": "[Yeast growth on solid natural oil].", "content": "Two strains of the yeast Candida lipolytica with a specific response to n-alkanes could grow on a medium with paraffins only in the case of contact of the cells with the particles of hydrocarbons. A mixture of paraffins with a solidification point of 35 degrees C contained 41.6% of n-alkanes with the carbon chain from C8 to C36. Assimilation of n-alkanes was studied along with the yeast growth in the course of fermentation. Penetration of the hydrocarbons into the yeast cells and the specificity of the substrates for both yeast strains are discussed.", "contents": "[Yeast growth on solid natural oil]. Two strains of the yeast Candida lipolytica with a specific response to n-alkanes could grow on a medium with paraffins only in the case of contact of the cells with the particles of hydrocarbons. A mixture of paraffins with a solidification point of 35 degrees C contained 41.6% of n-alkanes with the carbon chain from C8 to C36. Assimilation of n-alkanes was studied along with the yeast growth in the course of fermentation. Penetration of the hydrocarbons into the yeast cells and the specificity of the substrates for both yeast strains are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214609", "title": "[Spectrophotometric characteristics of the coccoid forms of actinomycetes].", "content": "IR spectra of thw whole cells of the coccoid forms (Mycococcus and Micrococcus) isolated from lithophilous lichen were compared with IR spectra of the collection cultures of Micrococcus and Arthrobacter. Generic spectral characteristics of Mycococcus and Micrococcus are presented. Spectral heterogeneity within the genus Arthrobacter complicates the diagnosis. The cultures of the Mycococcus genus were divided into three groups according to their spectral characteristics. Spectral scans of the studied coccoid forms differ from the scans of the mycelial actinomycetes, and their intensities within the range of 900-1200 cm-1 (lipids) decrease in the series Mycococcus, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus.", "contents": "[Spectrophotometric characteristics of the coccoid forms of actinomycetes]. IR spectra of thw whole cells of the coccoid forms (Mycococcus and Micrococcus) isolated from lithophilous lichen were compared with IR spectra of the collection cultures of Micrococcus and Arthrobacter. Generic spectral characteristics of Mycococcus and Micrococcus are presented. Spectral heterogeneity within the genus Arthrobacter complicates the diagnosis. The cultures of the Mycococcus genus were divided into three groups according to their spectral characteristics. Spectral scans of the studied coccoid forms differ from the scans of the mycelial actinomycetes, and their intensities within the range of 900-1200 cm-1 (lipids) decrease in the series Mycococcus, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus."}
{"id": "PMID:1214610", "title": "[Specific phages used for differentiation of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis].", "content": "The sensitivity to specific phages and morphological, physiological, and antigenic properties were compared among several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from insects inhabiting various geographical zones. All 43 cultures assigned to Bac. thuringiensis var. sotto and 198 among 170 cultures classed as Bac. thuringiensis var. dendrolimus were found to belong to Bac. thuringiensis var. dendrolimus. None of these cultures was resistant to its specific phage. The same was true of 22 studied cultures of Bac. thuringiensis var. galleriae. Only two among studied 45 cultures of Bac. thuringiensis var. thuringiensis were resistant to phages specific for this variety. Therefore, the abundance of variants resistant to specific phages in natural conditions differs among the varieties of Bac. thuringiensis. In most cases, cultures of the same variety of Bac. thuringiensis isolated from various insects inhabiting different geographical zones are identical by their sensitivity to specific phages and by other important characteristics.", "contents": "[Specific phages used for differentiation of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis]. The sensitivity to specific phages and morphological, physiological, and antigenic properties were compared among several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from insects inhabiting various geographical zones. All 43 cultures assigned to Bac. thuringiensis var. sotto and 198 among 170 cultures classed as Bac. thuringiensis var. dendrolimus were found to belong to Bac. thuringiensis var. dendrolimus. None of these cultures was resistant to its specific phage. The same was true of 22 studied cultures of Bac. thuringiensis var. galleriae. Only two among studied 45 cultures of Bac. thuringiensis var. thuringiensis were resistant to phages specific for this variety. Therefore, the abundance of variants resistant to specific phages in natural conditions differs among the varieties of Bac. thuringiensis. In most cases, cultures of the same variety of Bac. thuringiensis isolated from various insects inhabiting different geographical zones are identical by their sensitivity to specific phages and by other important characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:1214611", "title": "[Respiration and dehydrogenase activity of pigmentless variants of Staphylococcus aureus].", "content": "Respiration and dehydrogenase activity were studied in four pigmentless mutants of Staphylococcus aureus 209-P. The rate of oxygen uptake from the incubation medium was higher in the mutants than in the parent strain. The rate of respiration and the activity of dehydrogenase in the pigmentless mutants were found to depend on the permeability of the cell membrane for substrates of respiration; carotenoids are presumed to be involved in this permeability.", "contents": "[Respiration and dehydrogenase activity of pigmentless variants of Staphylococcus aureus]. Respiration and dehydrogenase activity were studied in four pigmentless mutants of Staphylococcus aureus 209-P. The rate of oxygen uptake from the incubation medium was higher in the mutants than in the parent strain. The rate of respiration and the activity of dehydrogenase in the pigmentless mutants were found to depend on the permeability of the cell membrane for substrates of respiration; carotenoids are presumed to be involved in this permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:1214612", "title": "[Effect of inoculation on nitrogen fixation by chick pea, on its crop and protein content].", "content": "Active strains of Rh. cicer were found to increase the crop of chick pea by 25--36%, the content of protein by 2--6%, and the content of total nitrogen in the roots by 1.7--2%. Symbiotic fixation of nitrogen determined by a technique of \"inoculation\" varies within 40--60% depending on the activity of the strain. No correlation has been established between the effectiveness of the strains of nodule bacteria and the activity of their enzymes--dehydrogenases.", "contents": "[Effect of inoculation on nitrogen fixation by chick pea, on its crop and protein content]. Active strains of Rh. cicer were found to increase the crop of chick pea by 25--36%, the content of protein by 2--6%, and the content of total nitrogen in the roots by 1.7--2%. Symbiotic fixation of nitrogen determined by a technique of \"inoculation\" varies within 40--60% depending on the activity of the strain. No correlation has been established between the effectiveness of the strains of nodule bacteria and the activity of their enzymes--dehydrogenases."}
{"id": "PMID:1214614", "title": "[Effect of IAA on the content of RNA in the cells and isolated nuclei of Aspergillus oryzae].", "content": "The content of RNA in mycelium and isolated nuclei of Aspergillus oryzae 3-9-15 was studied after its growth during two days on the modified Capek medium containing 0.01 and 10 mg% of IAA. A direct correlation has been established between the extracellular concentration of IAA and its content in the mycelium and isolated nuclei of the fungus. The stimulating effect of the extracellular IAA on the content of RNA in the isolated nuclei was optimal after one hour of incubation in the Capek medium containing 0.01 or 10 mg% of IAA.", "contents": "[Effect of IAA on the content of RNA in the cells and isolated nuclei of Aspergillus oryzae]. The content of RNA in mycelium and isolated nuclei of Aspergillus oryzae 3-9-15 was studied after its growth during two days on the modified Capek medium containing 0.01 and 10 mg% of IAA. A direct correlation has been established between the extracellular concentration of IAA and its content in the mycelium and isolated nuclei of the fungus. The stimulating effect of the extracellular IAA on the content of RNA in the isolated nuclei was optimal after one hour of incubation in the Capek medium containing 0.01 or 10 mg% of IAA."}
{"id": "PMID:1214616", "title": "[Assimilation of alpha-ketoglutaric acid by Azotobacter chroococcum].", "content": "Labelled alpha-ketoglutaric acid was used to study the inability (complete or partial) of some strains of Azobacter chroococcum to grow on this substrate. This inability is interpreted by the absence, or a lower rate, of induced synthesis of the transport system specific of alpha-ketoglutaric acid.", "contents": "[Assimilation of alpha-ketoglutaric acid by Azotobacter chroococcum]. Labelled alpha-ketoglutaric acid was used to study the inability (complete or partial) of some strains of Azobacter chroococcum to grow on this substrate. This inability is interpreted by the absence, or a lower rate, of induced synthesis of the transport system specific of alpha-ketoglutaric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1214615", "title": "[Microorganism in the hyphae of mycorrhiza-forming fungus].", "content": "A microorganism with the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane was found when the endotrophic mycorrhiza of pea was studied by electron microscopy. The wall of the microorganism was in a close contact with the cytoplasm of the fungus. No changes were found in the ultrastructure of the fungus and microorganism caused by their interaction.", "contents": "[Microorganism in the hyphae of mycorrhiza-forming fungus]. A microorganism with the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane was found when the endotrophic mycorrhiza of pea was studied by electron microscopy. The wall of the microorganism was in a close contact with the cytoplasm of the fungus. No changes were found in the ultrastructure of the fungus and microorganism caused by their interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1214617", "title": "[Respiration of oligonitrophilic bacteria].", "content": "The respiration rate of 25 studied oligonitrophilous strains belonging to various genera and species of bacteria varied within wide limits depending on their taxonomy, conditions of cultivation, substrates, and other factors. No strict correlation was established between the respiration rate and the activity of nitrogen fixation. One of the typical properties of oligonitrophilous bacteria is a high rate of endogeneous respiration --50% and more of the respiration rate during assimilation of exogeneous substrates. The level of oxidative metabolism of oligonitrophilous bacteria was found to be higher on media containing bound nitrogen than on media without nitrogen.", "contents": "[Respiration of oligonitrophilic bacteria]. The respiration rate of 25 studied oligonitrophilous strains belonging to various genera and species of bacteria varied within wide limits depending on their taxonomy, conditions of cultivation, substrates, and other factors. No strict correlation was established between the respiration rate and the activity of nitrogen fixation. One of the typical properties of oligonitrophilous bacteria is a high rate of endogeneous respiration --50% and more of the respiration rate during assimilation of exogeneous substrates. The level of oxidative metabolism of oligonitrophilous bacteria was found to be higher on media containing bound nitrogen than on media without nitrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1214618", "title": "[Facultative methylotroph belonging to the genus Arthrobacter].", "content": "A bacterial strain has been isolated and identified, on the basis of its morphological and physiologo-biochemical properties, as Arthrobacter globiformis. The bacterium is a facultative methylotroph and grows not only on media with various organic compounds but also in the presence of methylated amines as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Other C1-substrates were not utilized.", "contents": "[Facultative methylotroph belonging to the genus Arthrobacter]. A bacterial strain has been isolated and identified, on the basis of its morphological and physiologo-biochemical properties, as Arthrobacter globiformis. The bacterium is a facultative methylotroph and grows not only on media with various organic compounds but also in the presence of methylated amines as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Other C1-substrates were not utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:1214619", "title": "[Directed biosynthesis of proteolytic enzymes in Actinomyces thermovulgaris].", "content": "The biosynthesis of proteolytic enzymes in the thermophilic culture of Actinomyces thermovulgaris, strain T-54, was directed by changing the composition of the medium and the temperature of cultivation. A temperature of 40 degrees C is optimal for the growth and production of neutral and alkaline proteases. The maximum activity of acid proteases was found during the growth on a complex medium at 30 degrees C. An increase of temperature to 50 degrees C during the cultivation of the microorganism on a chemically defined medium resulted in its secondary growth and a sharp rise in the activity of alkaline and neutral proteases.", "contents": "[Directed biosynthesis of proteolytic enzymes in Actinomyces thermovulgaris]. The biosynthesis of proteolytic enzymes in the thermophilic culture of Actinomyces thermovulgaris, strain T-54, was directed by changing the composition of the medium and the temperature of cultivation. A temperature of 40 degrees C is optimal for the growth and production of neutral and alkaline proteases. The maximum activity of acid proteases was found during the growth on a complex medium at 30 degrees C. An increase of temperature to 50 degrees C during the cultivation of the microorganism on a chemically defined medium resulted in its secondary growth and a sharp rise in the activity of alkaline and neutral proteases."}
{"id": "PMID:1214681", "title": "The effect of fetal and placental weight at birth on weight during early childhood.", "content": "A study of children whose birth weights or placental weights were above the 90th or below the 10th percentile for gestational age indicated that bigness at birth tends to be an innate quality, as the majority of those who were large at birth remained oversized. The small at birth are not all destined to remain diminutive, as the children in this category attained a normal distribution curve for weight during the first year of life. Thus smallness at birth may represent intrauterine nutritional deprivation and be overcome with normal access to calories. The influence of the placenta on infant size is temporary and is modified by extrauterine nutrition. Thus, although there was a direct relationship between birth weight and placental weight, the distribution of weight of children with either large or small placentas was not significantly different from the expected normal distribution at one year of age.", "contents": "The effect of fetal and placental weight at birth on weight during early childhood. A study of children whose birth weights or placental weights were above the 90th or below the 10th percentile for gestational age indicated that bigness at birth tends to be an innate quality, as the majority of those who were large at birth remained oversized. The small at birth are not all destined to remain diminutive, as the children in this category attained a normal distribution curve for weight during the first year of life. Thus smallness at birth may represent intrauterine nutritional deprivation and be overcome with normal access to calories. The influence of the placenta on infant size is temporary and is modified by extrauterine nutrition. Thus, although there was a direct relationship between birth weight and placental weight, the distribution of weight of children with either large or small placentas was not significantly different from the expected normal distribution at one year of age."}
{"id": "PMID:1214682", "title": "Educational and psychological factors in the management of diabetes in childhood.", "content": "Thirty-seven diabetic children and their parents were studied with respect to their level of understanding of the nature and management of diabetes as well as their attitude towards, and acceptance of the disease. These were then compared with the adequacy of their management, as evidenced by the frequency of hospital readmissions. In those families in which the child's disease was poorly managed, the parents were found to know significantly less about diabetes than those parents whose children were well managed. Similarly, those families in which the child's management was poor, were found to have a high level of family maladjustment, while the parents had a poor attitude towards and were unable to accept their child and his disease. It was also found taht diabetic children as a whole have a high level of social maladjustment but do not feel they are greatly \"different\" from their fellows.", "contents": "Educational and psychological factors in the management of diabetes in childhood. Thirty-seven diabetic children and their parents were studied with respect to their level of understanding of the nature and management of diabetes as well as their attitude towards, and acceptance of the disease. These were then compared with the adequacy of their management, as evidenced by the frequency of hospital readmissions. In those families in which the child's disease was poorly managed, the parents were found to know significantly less about diabetes than those parents whose children were well managed. Similarly, those families in which the child's management was poor, were found to have a high level of family maladjustment, while the parents had a poor attitude towards and were unable to accept their child and his disease. It was also found taht diabetic children as a whole have a high level of social maladjustment but do not feel they are greatly \"different\" from their fellows."}
{"id": "PMID:1214683", "title": "Smoking and pregnancy.", "content": "Smoking is associated with decreased fertility in both males and females, an increased abortion rate, lowered birth weight, an increased still birth rate and probably an increased neonatal death rate. There is also a reduced incidence of maternal hypertension (although the babies are at even greater risk), an increased incidence of ante-partum haemorrhage, impaired brain development and possible teratogenic effects. These effects can be reversed if the mother gives up smoking in pregnancy.", "contents": "Smoking and pregnancy. Smoking is associated with decreased fertility in both males and females, an increased abortion rate, lowered birth weight, an increased still birth rate and probably an increased neonatal death rate. There is also a reduced incidence of maternal hypertension (although the babies are at even greater risk), an increased incidence of ante-partum haemorrhage, impaired brain development and possible teratogenic effects. These effects can be reversed if the mother gives up smoking in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1214689", "title": "The influence of seat belt wearing on the incidence of severe head injury.", "content": "A retrospective follow-up of patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of head injury in two sample years, before and after the introduction of legislation requiring the use of seat belts, has been undertaken. This shows a marked reduction in the incidence of severe head injury following the introduction of this legislation.", "contents": "The influence of seat belt wearing on the incidence of severe head injury. A retrospective follow-up of patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of head injury in two sample years, before and after the introduction of legislation requiring the use of seat belts, has been undertaken. This shows a marked reduction in the incidence of severe head injury following the introduction of this legislation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214690", "title": "Mite populations in sydney household bedding with particular reference to nursery sheepskins.", "content": "Samples of dust were collected from three articles of household bedding in twenty-two Sydney homes during a six-week period beginning in mid December, 1973. Mites, sometimes in large numbers, were found in all homes. The mean number of mites recovered from nursery sheepskins (all woollen) was thirteen times as high as the mean number from other forms of adult or infant bedding sampled. The high mean number in sheepskins is the result of massively high populations in seven of the eighteen skins sampled. Hospital sheepskins were almost almost uniformly mite free. Far fewer mites were collected from cot mattresses which were either vinyl topped or covered with a plastic coverslip than were collected from a cot mattress with a cotton top alone.", "contents": "Mite populations in sydney household bedding with particular reference to nursery sheepskins. Samples of dust were collected from three articles of household bedding in twenty-two Sydney homes during a six-week period beginning in mid December, 1973. Mites, sometimes in large numbers, were found in all homes. The mean number of mites recovered from nursery sheepskins (all woollen) was thirteen times as high as the mean number from other forms of adult or infant bedding sampled. The high mean number in sheepskins is the result of massively high populations in seven of the eighteen skins sampled. Hospital sheepskins were almost almost uniformly mite free. Far fewer mites were collected from cot mattresses which were either vinyl topped or covered with a plastic coverslip than were collected from a cot mattress with a cotton top alone."}
{"id": "PMID:1214695", "title": "[Hypoparathyroidismus following L-asparaginase and vaccinia virus infection. Effect of hypocalcemia on phagocytosis and the function of lymphocytes].", "content": "Rabbits, treated with injections of 4000 IU of L-Asparaginase, develop the clinical and chemical signs of hypoparathyroidism. A simultaneous vaccination with vaccinia virus (strain \"Elstree\") markedly increase the tetanic symptoms (\"conditioned deficiency\"). L-Asparaginase may influence the cellular immunity by hypocalcemia. Two mechanisms are discussed: 1. the suppression of the phagocytosis, recognizable by the absence of signs for vaccinal allergy by deficiency of macrophages in the intradermal test with inactivated small-pox vaccine. 2. the inhibition of the PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation caused by deficiency of  calcium ions.", "contents": "[Hypoparathyroidismus following L-asparaginase and vaccinia virus infection. Effect of hypocalcemia on phagocytosis and the function of lymphocytes]. Rabbits, treated with injections of 4000 IU of L-Asparaginase, develop the clinical and chemical signs of hypoparathyroidism. A simultaneous vaccination with vaccinia virus (strain \"Elstree\") markedly increase the tetanic symptoms (\"conditioned deficiency\"). L-Asparaginase may influence the cellular immunity by hypocalcemia. Two mechanisms are discussed: 1. the suppression of the phagocytosis, recognizable by the absence of signs for vaccinal allergy by deficiency of macrophages in the intradermal test with inactivated small-pox vaccine. 2. the inhibition of the PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation caused by deficiency of  calcium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:1214696", "title": "[Isolation of influenza virus \"A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2)\" from liquor cerebrospinalis of patients with CNS involvement (author's transl)].", "content": "Liquor cerebrospinalis of eight patients with central  nervous symptoms were tested for influenza virus during the influenza virus epidemic 1971/72. In three of these cases influenza virus (A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) was isolated from spinal fluid in the embryonated hen egg. These patients showed after influenza like prodromi meningo-encephalitis, encephalitis or paranoid psychosis. Possible pathomechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "[Isolation of influenza virus \"A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2)\" from liquor cerebrospinalis of patients with CNS involvement (author's transl)]. Liquor cerebrospinalis of eight patients with central  nervous symptoms were tested for influenza virus during the influenza virus epidemic 1971/72. In three of these cases influenza virus (A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) was isolated from spinal fluid in the embryonated hen egg. These patients showed after influenza like prodromi meningo-encephalitis, encephalitis or paranoid psychosis. Possible pathomechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214697", "title": "[Evaluation of helminth carrier rates among foreign workers (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluated helminth carrier rate among foreign workers give rise to many problems under socio-economic, hygienic and occupational aspects. The evaluation of helminth infestation is connected with considerable uncertainty. Based on the author's examinations these problems are critically investigated from the point of view of both, the employer and the employee. It is shown in tables that in the Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology of W\u00fcrzburg during 1973/1974 497/702 respectively faecal examinations were performed among German and foreign employees and workers. No difference was noted in the overall positive rates in both groups. But there were distinct differences in the species of helminths noted: Among the foreign workers mainly Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis were noted while among Germans Taenia saginata prevailed. Noteworthy is the fact, that workers from Turkey and Yugoslavia have occasionally three and more species of helminths and pathogenic protozoa in a single specimen. Since the helminth species found are not transmitted from man to man and since usually the circumstances do not permit a transmission via food, such carriers of helminth don't represent a direct danger for man or the contamination of foofdstuff. For hygienic reasons however helminth carriers may not be acceptable in certain occupations. In case of clinical symptoms the treatment of such patients is required for medical reasons. In spite of frequent absence of clinical signs the consequent liberation of the carriers from their intestinal worms and the sanitation of their personal environment should not be neglected.", "contents": "[Evaluation of helminth carrier rates among foreign workers (author's transl)]. The evaluated helminth carrier rate among foreign workers give rise to many problems under socio-economic, hygienic and occupational aspects. The evaluation of helminth infestation is connected with considerable uncertainty. Based on the author's examinations these problems are critically investigated from the point of view of both, the employer and the employee. It is shown in tables that in the Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology of W\u00fcrzburg during 1973/1974 497/702 respectively faecal examinations were performed among German and foreign employees and workers. No difference was noted in the overall positive rates in both groups. But there were distinct differences in the species of helminths noted: Among the foreign workers mainly Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis were noted while among Germans Taenia saginata prevailed. Noteworthy is the fact, that workers from Turkey and Yugoslavia have occasionally three and more species of helminths and pathogenic protozoa in a single specimen. Since the helminth species found are not transmitted from man to man and since usually the circumstances do not permit a transmission via food, such carriers of helminth don't represent a direct danger for man or the contamination of foofdstuff. For hygienic reasons however helminth carriers may not be acceptable in certain occupations. In case of clinical symptoms the treatment of such patients is required for medical reasons. In spite of frequent absence of clinical signs the consequent liberation of the carriers from their intestinal worms and the sanitation of their personal environment should not be neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:1214706", "title": "Clinical and serologic effects of Alice strain live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) virus vaccine in an adult population.", "content": "Alice strain live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) virus was evaluated in prison volunteers. By random double blind allocation, 94 volunteers received Alice strain vaccine (AS) intranasally and 97 received placebo. The vaccine was well tolerated, and there was no serious morbidity. The number, type, duration, and severity of symptoms was not significantly different between the vaccine and placebo groups. Seventy-five per cent of vaccines with initial HAI titers less than or equal to 1:8 had 4 fold or greater titer responses on day 30. Placebo recipients experienced no titer changes. The GMT among vaccinees increased from 23.5 prior to vaccination 59.7 30 days later. Surveillance activities failed to document influenza A (H3N2) infection in the volunteer population during a 6 month follow-up period. Additional studies on the protective effects of the vaccine are required before efficacy can be determined.", "contents": "Clinical and serologic effects of Alice strain live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) virus vaccine in an adult population. Alice strain live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) virus was evaluated in prison volunteers. By random double blind allocation, 94 volunteers received Alice strain vaccine (AS) intranasally and 97 received placebo. The vaccine was well tolerated, and there was no serious morbidity. The number, type, duration, and severity of symptoms was not significantly different between the vaccine and placebo groups. Seventy-five per cent of vaccines with initial HAI titers less than or equal to 1:8 had 4 fold or greater titer responses on day 30. Placebo recipients experienced no titer changes. The GMT among vaccinees increased from 23.5 prior to vaccination 59.7 30 days later. Surveillance activities failed to document influenza A (H3N2) infection in the volunteer population during a 6 month follow-up period. Additional studies on the protective effects of the vaccine are required before efficacy can be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1214707", "title": "Permanent canine kidney (MDCK) cells for isolation and plaque assay of influenza B viruses.", "content": "A wide range of influenza B virus strains with various passage histories uniformly formed well-defined clear plaques with high efficiency in cultures of an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK). PFU titers of the viruses assayed in MDCK exceeded the titers assayed in ovo. With recently isolated strains such as B/Hong Kong/5/72 and Gifu/2/73, the PFU/EID50 ratios were as high as 100 to 400. MDCK cells have been successfully employed for primary isolation of influenza B viruses from throat washings of patients by direct plaquing.", "contents": "Permanent canine kidney (MDCK) cells for isolation and plaque assay of influenza B viruses. A wide range of influenza B virus strains with various passage histories uniformly formed well-defined clear plaques with high efficiency in cultures of an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK). PFU titers of the viruses assayed in MDCK exceeded the titers assayed in ovo. With recently isolated strains such as B/Hong Kong/5/72 and Gifu/2/73, the PFU/EID50 ratios were as high as 100 to 400. MDCK cells have been successfully employed for primary isolation of influenza B viruses from throat washings of patients by direct plaquing."}
{"id": "PMID:1214709", "title": "Plaque assay and primary isolation of influenza A viruses in an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK) in the presence of trypsin.", "content": "A wide variety of influenza A viruses, comprising human, equine, porcine, and avian strains, grew productively in an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK) under an overlay medium containing trypsin, and formed well-defined plaques regardless of their prior passage history. Plaquing efficiency was comparable to the efficiency of infection in fertile eggs via allantoic route. MDCK cells have also been successfully employed for the primary isolation of influenza A virus from throat washings of patients. Parallel titration of several clinical specimens showed that the inoculation into MDCK cells followed by incubation in the presence of trypsin was an isolation procedure as sensitive as the amniotic inoculation into fertile eggs.", "contents": "Plaque assay and primary isolation of influenza A viruses in an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK) in the presence of trypsin. A wide variety of influenza A viruses, comprising human, equine, porcine, and avian strains, grew productively in an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK) under an overlay medium containing trypsin, and formed well-defined plaques regardless of their prior passage history. Plaquing efficiency was comparable to the efficiency of infection in fertile eggs via allantoic route. MDCK cells have also been successfully employed for the primary isolation of influenza A virus from throat washings of patients. Parallel titration of several clinical specimens showed that the inoculation into MDCK cells followed by incubation in the presence of trypsin was an isolation procedure as sensitive as the amniotic inoculation into fertile eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:1214708", "title": "Relationship between measles virus-specific antibody activities and oligoclonal IgG in the central nervous system of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The association between oligoclonal IgG and measles virus antibodies present in cerebrospinal fluid samples or extracts of brain materials from 9 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis was studied after electrophoretic separation. In all samples there was a good correlation between presence of bands of IgG and occurrence of specific antibody activities. The dominating band of oligoclonal IgG appeared in all cases to represent antibodies against the nucleocapsid antigen. Bands of oligoclonal IgG with a certain antibody activity displayed a tendency to occupy a preferential position in the electropherogram. Antibodies against the hemolysin and the nucleocapsids had a relatively more cathodic position than antibodies against the hemagglutinin. A clear correlation between bands of oligoclonal IgG and measles virus-specific antibody activity was not found in tests with materials from 4 patients with multiple sclerosis and 1 patient with myelopathy of unknown cause. However, a heterogeneous distribution of different antibody activities in separated material suggested that some electrophoretically restricted IgG proteins might carry these activities.", "contents": "Relationship between measles virus-specific antibody activities and oligoclonal IgG in the central nervous system of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis. The association between oligoclonal IgG and measles virus antibodies present in cerebrospinal fluid samples or extracts of brain materials from 9 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis was studied after electrophoretic separation. In all samples there was a good correlation between presence of bands of IgG and occurrence of specific antibody activities. The dominating band of oligoclonal IgG appeared in all cases to represent antibodies against the nucleocapsid antigen. Bands of oligoclonal IgG with a certain antibody activity displayed a tendency to occupy a preferential position in the electropherogram. Antibodies against the hemolysin and the nucleocapsids had a relatively more cathodic position than antibodies against the hemagglutinin. A clear correlation between bands of oligoclonal IgG and measles virus-specific antibody activity was not found in tests with materials from 4 patients with multiple sclerosis and 1 patient with myelopathy of unknown cause. However, a heterogeneous distribution of different antibody activities in separated material suggested that some electrophoretically restricted IgG proteins might carry these activities."}
{"id": "PMID:1214770", "title": "Measurement of partial pressure of gases in liquids by mass spectrometry.", "content": "The experimental setup of mass spectrometric determination of gas contents in liquids has been modified for continuous and discontinuous measurement of partial pressure of gases in liquids. The inlet system consists of a stainless steel capillary with slits covered by a silicone rubber membrane. Several gases can be measured simultaneously under static conditions and in flowing liquids. The measurement and calibration procedure is described. Results of the analysis of the test criteria, reproducibility, detection limit, response time, and depletion are presented. The difficulties in discontinuous measurement of oxygen in blood are explained by the complex permeation-diffusion process at the membrane and the form of the dissociation curve. With regard to solubility, physically dissolved gases can be determined without problems down to tensions of about 0.01 mm Hg. Continuous measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure in liquids, including blood, is possible with the described system.", "contents": "Measurement of partial pressure of gases in liquids by mass spectrometry. The experimental setup of mass spectrometric determination of gas contents in liquids has been modified for continuous and discontinuous measurement of partial pressure of gases in liquids. The inlet system consists of a stainless steel capillary with slits covered by a silicone rubber membrane. Several gases can be measured simultaneously under static conditions and in flowing liquids. The measurement and calibration procedure is described. Results of the analysis of the test criteria, reproducibility, detection limit, response time, and depletion are presented. The difficulties in discontinuous measurement of oxygen in blood are explained by the complex permeation-diffusion process at the membrane and the form of the dissociation curve. With regard to solubility, physically dissolved gases can be determined without problems down to tensions of about 0.01 mm Hg. Continuous measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure in liquids, including blood, is possible with the described system."}
{"id": "PMID:1214771", "title": "Water-vapor-independent inlet system for a respiratory mass spectrometer: application to experiments with a human centrifuge.", "content": "When using a two-stage inlet system in mass spectrometric analysis of permanent gases, changes of water-vapor partial pressure from inspiration to expiration considerably impede the measurements. With this type of gas inlet system, use of a mass spectrometer for measurements on a human centrifuge is rather limited. Introduction of a water-vapor - independent three-stage inlet system permits quantitative analysis of gas mixtures even if the water vapor pressure varies quickly with time. The expiratory oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure curves should exemplify that even under extreme acceleration conditions the three-stage system permits simultaneous and continuous mass spectrometric analysis of respiratory gases, with satisfactory response time and a simple experimental arrangement. The method described thus opens up new experimental possibilities for the investigation or respiratory gas exchange phenomena under acceleration conditions.", "contents": "Water-vapor-independent inlet system for a respiratory mass spectrometer: application to experiments with a human centrifuge. When using a two-stage inlet system in mass spectrometric analysis of permanent gases, changes of water-vapor partial pressure from inspiration to expiration considerably impede the measurements. With this type of gas inlet system, use of a mass spectrometer for measurements on a human centrifuge is rather limited. Introduction of a water-vapor - independent three-stage inlet system permits quantitative analysis of gas mixtures even if the water vapor pressure varies quickly with time. The expiratory oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure curves should exemplify that even under extreme acceleration conditions the three-stage system permits simultaneous and continuous mass spectrometric analysis of respiratory gases, with satisfactory response time and a simple experimental arrangement. The method described thus opens up new experimental possibilities for the investigation or respiratory gas exchange phenomena under acceleration conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1214772", "title": "Mechanical aspect of the heart sound emission.", "content": "The present paper deals with a physical study of the relation between the phonocardiogram and left ventricular pressure (LVP) fluctuations. Fourier analysis comparison of the two signals-simultaneously recorded either on pathologic human hearts or during experiments on dogs-does not point out an obvious relation between the phonocardiogram and a linear combination of the first pressure derivatives.-A mechanical model of the heart enabling the description of the sound emission mechanism provides a qualitative relation between the phonocardiogram and LVP fluctuations: the acceleration of the thoracic area is equal to the product of LVP by a time function depending on the mechanical properties of the muscle. - A theoretical thoracic acceleration obtained by transformation of the experimental LVP is compared with the experimental phonocardiogram through linear filtering analysis. The theoretical signal is in good agreement with the experimental one.", "contents": "Mechanical aspect of the heart sound emission. The present paper deals with a physical study of the relation between the phonocardiogram and left ventricular pressure (LVP) fluctuations. Fourier analysis comparison of the two signals-simultaneously recorded either on pathologic human hearts or during experiments on dogs-does not point out an obvious relation between the phonocardiogram and a linear combination of the first pressure derivatives.-A mechanical model of the heart enabling the description of the sound emission mechanism provides a qualitative relation between the phonocardiogram and LVP fluctuations: the acceleration of the thoracic area is equal to the product of LVP by a time function depending on the mechanical properties of the muscle. - A theoretical thoracic acceleration obtained by transformation of the experimental LVP is compared with the experimental phonocardiogram through linear filtering analysis. The theoretical signal is in good agreement with the experimental one."}
{"id": "PMID:1214773", "title": "Technological progress in pacemaker design: hermetic sealing.", "content": "Clinical statistics covering the life of pacemakers powered by mercury batteries show that an average life of 3 years has not yet been obtained. Strangely, the life does not seem to depend on the current consumed by the pacemaker, whether of the demand or asynchronous type. A study of the behavior of 229 mercury batteries discharged in a dry atmosphere showed that 92% of the batteries were still functioning after 54-57 months. It is deduced that pacemaker life is shortened by the infiltration of moisture into the batteries when molded in an epoxy. - A technology for the hermetic encapsulation of a pacemaker is described. This technology is applied to both mercury and lithium batteries. The results obtained with 5835 instruments over periods of up to 36 months.", "contents": "Technological progress in pacemaker design: hermetic sealing. Clinical statistics covering the life of pacemakers powered by mercury batteries show that an average life of 3 years has not yet been obtained. Strangely, the life does not seem to depend on the current consumed by the pacemaker, whether of the demand or asynchronous type. A study of the behavior of 229 mercury batteries discharged in a dry atmosphere showed that 92% of the batteries were still functioning after 54-57 months. It is deduced that pacemaker life is shortened by the infiltration of moisture into the batteries when molded in an epoxy. - A technology for the hermetic encapsulation of a pacemaker is described. This technology is applied to both mercury and lithium batteries. The results obtained with 5835 instruments over periods of up to 36 months."}
{"id": "PMID:1214776", "title": "Intragenic recombination at the white locus of Drosophila hydei.", "content": "A fine-structure analysis of the white locus in Drosophila hydei was carried out by means of allele recombination. Four mutants, derived from wild type, mapped at three subloci. These are possibly homologous to the main subloci 2, 3, and 4 of D. melanogaster. Three secondary mutants, derived from the primary wiv allele, were located in the proximal part of the gene. One of them appeared as a homoallele of the original wiv, whereas the remaining two are better explained either as double mutants or as mutants which facilitate irregular exchange. Intragenic recombination at the white locus seems to be more frequent in D. hydei than in D. melanogaster. The comparatively high incidence is probably a general characteristic, common to intragenic and intergenic recombination in D. hydei.", "contents": "Intragenic recombination at the white locus of Drosophila hydei. A fine-structure analysis of the white locus in Drosophila hydei was carried out by means of allele recombination. Four mutants, derived from wild type, mapped at three subloci. These are possibly homologous to the main subloci 2, 3, and 4 of D. melanogaster. Three secondary mutants, derived from the primary wiv allele, were located in the proximal part of the gene. One of them appeared as a homoallele of the original wiv, whereas the remaining two are better explained either as double mutants or as mutants which facilitate irregular exchange. Intragenic recombination at the white locus seems to be more frequent in D. hydei than in D. melanogaster. The comparatively high incidence is probably a general characteristic, common to intragenic and intergenic recombination in D. hydei."}
{"id": "PMID:1214777", "title": "The starting point and direction of rolling-circle replicative intermediates of coliphage lambda DNA.", "content": "Intermediates of lambda DNA replication in the second half of the latent period after phage lambda infection were isolated and investigated in the electron microscope by denaturation mapping. The isolated replicative forms (RF) are predominantly single branched circular DNA. The starting points of replication in these lariat molecules located at the same region as the first round lambda DNA replication. About 60% of the RF replicate from left to right and the other 40% replicate in the reverse direction. The free ends of the tails are located at many sites on the lambda genome. Replicating circles with a linear DNA tail longer than one unit length of lambda genome represent about 30% of the replicating molecules. These long linear tails (concatemers) produced by the rolling-circle (Gilbert and Dressler, 1968; Eisen et al., 1968; Skalka et al., 1972; Takahashi, 1974) are one of the best candidates for a precursor DNA of progeny phage.", "contents": "The starting point and direction of rolling-circle replicative intermediates of coliphage lambda DNA. Intermediates of lambda DNA replication in the second half of the latent period after phage lambda infection were isolated and investigated in the electron microscope by denaturation mapping. The isolated replicative forms (RF) are predominantly single branched circular DNA. The starting points of replication in these lariat molecules located at the same region as the first round lambda DNA replication. About 60% of the RF replicate from left to right and the other 40% replicate in the reverse direction. The free ends of the tails are located at many sites on the lambda genome. Replicating circles with a linear DNA tail longer than one unit length of lambda genome represent about 30% of the replicating molecules. These long linear tails (concatemers) produced by the rolling-circle (Gilbert and Dressler, 1968; Eisen et al., 1968; Skalka et al., 1972; Takahashi, 1974) are one of the best candidates for a precursor DNA of progeny phage."}
{"id": "PMID:1214778", "title": "Genetic map of the beginning of the rIIB cistron of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "In this report the herefore uncharacterized mutants at the beginning of the rIIB cistron of bacteriophage T4 have been connected to the main part of the map and have been shown not to be in any way unusual. The temperature sensitive mutant HD263 appears to be the earliest mutant in the cistron.", "contents": "Genetic map of the beginning of the rIIB cistron of bacteriophage T4. In this report the herefore uncharacterized mutants at the beginning of the rIIB cistron of bacteriophage T4 have been connected to the main part of the map and have been shown not to be in any way unusual. The temperature sensitive mutant HD263 appears to be the earliest mutant in the cistron."}
{"id": "PMID:1214779", "title": "Nucleic acid metabolism in yeast. I. Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis by high concentrations of exogenous deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate in 5'-dTMP low requiring strains.", "content": "The three haploid yeast strains T2tmpl1-3, T2tmp1-1, and T6tmp1-51 auxotrophic for 5'-dTMP differ in their requirement for thymidylate: 72, 16, and 3 mug 5'-dTMP/ml will restore optimal growth, respectively. Thymidylate low requirement in strain T2tmp1-1 and T6tmp1-51 is termed tlrA and tlrC, respectively. When the growth medium is made 5 x 10(-4) M for 5'-dTMP only strain T6tmp1-51 is severely inhibited in RNA and DNA synthesis. This inhibition is reversible after removal of excessive 5'-dTMP. The inhibitory characteristic is in marked contrast to \"thymineless death\" due to the lack of 5'-dTMP in strain T6tmp1-51 where only DNA synthesis stops while RNA synthesis continues. The inhibitory effect of 5 x 10(-4) M 5'-dTMP is not due to the 5'-dTMP auxotrophy but to the thymidylate low requiring character (tlrC) in strain T6tmp1-51. The arrest of RNA and DNA synthesis by high concentrations of exogenous 5'-dTMP suggests a regulatory role of either the mono- or triphosphate on nucleoside or nucleotide biosynthesis in yeast.", "contents": "Nucleic acid metabolism in yeast. I. Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis by high concentrations of exogenous deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate in 5'-dTMP low requiring strains. The three haploid yeast strains T2tmpl1-3, T2tmp1-1, and T6tmp1-51 auxotrophic for 5'-dTMP differ in their requirement for thymidylate: 72, 16, and 3 mug 5'-dTMP/ml will restore optimal growth, respectively. Thymidylate low requirement in strain T2tmp1-1 and T6tmp1-51 is termed tlrA and tlrC, respectively. When the growth medium is made 5 x 10(-4) M for 5'-dTMP only strain T6tmp1-51 is severely inhibited in RNA and DNA synthesis. This inhibition is reversible after removal of excessive 5'-dTMP. The inhibitory characteristic is in marked contrast to \"thymineless death\" due to the lack of 5'-dTMP in strain T6tmp1-51 where only DNA synthesis stops while RNA synthesis continues. The inhibitory effect of 5 x 10(-4) M 5'-dTMP is not due to the 5'-dTMP auxotrophy but to the thymidylate low requiring character (tlrC) in strain T6tmp1-51. The arrest of RNA and DNA synthesis by high concentrations of exogenous 5'-dTMP suggests a regulatory role of either the mono- or triphosphate on nucleoside or nucleotide biosynthesis in yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:1214780", "title": "Three mRNA populations differing in turnover and processing in mouse liver.", "content": "Using kinetics of approach to steady state labeling, we have found that liver poly(A)+ mRNAs fall into three populations, differing in stability and probably in processing, as reflected in their dissimilar delays in reaching polyribosomes and turnover times. There are mRNA-1 (delay 10 min, half-life 1 hr); mRNA-2(delay 3 hr, half-life 2 hr); and mRNA-3 (delay 40 min, half-life 2.6 hr). The first two species function on free polyribosomes while the third one is operating on bound polyribosomes. The populations listed contribute 10,20 and 70%, respectively, to the total steady state labeled poly (A)+ mRNAs.", "contents": "Three mRNA populations differing in turnover and processing in mouse liver. Using kinetics of approach to steady state labeling, we have found that liver poly(A)+ mRNAs fall into three populations, differing in stability and probably in processing, as reflected in their dissimilar delays in reaching polyribosomes and turnover times. There are mRNA-1 (delay 10 min, half-life 1 hr); mRNA-2(delay 3 hr, half-life 2 hr); and mRNA-3 (delay 40 min, half-life 2.6 hr). The first two species function on free polyribosomes while the third one is operating on bound polyribosomes. The populations listed contribute 10,20 and 70%, respectively, to the total steady state labeled poly (A)+ mRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:1214781", "title": "Modified 5'-termini in small nuclear RNAs of mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "Nuclei of MPC 11 mouse myeloma cells contain several species of small RNAs related to those found in other mammalian cells. These include U1 RNA, about 190 nucleotides in length and U2 RNA, about 170 nucleotides long. The 5'-termini of 32P-labelled U1 and U2 RNAs have been investigated by a fingerprinting technique involving digestion with T2-ribonuclease. The RNAs were found to have modified 5'-terminal structures of the form m3G(5')ppp (5')AmpUmpAp for U1 RNA and m3G(5')ppp(5')AmpUmpCmpCp for U2 RNA, where m3G is N2, N27-trimethyl guanosine and Am and Um are 2'-O-methyl nucleosides. These 5'-terminal sequences are the same as those proposed for rat hepatoma U1 and U2 RNAs (Ro-Choi et al., Fed. Proc. 33, 1548, 1974) but with triphosphate rather than diphosphate links.", "contents": "Modified 5'-termini in small nuclear RNAs of mouse myeloma cells. Nuclei of MPC 11 mouse myeloma cells contain several species of small RNAs related to those found in other mammalian cells. These include U1 RNA, about 190 nucleotides in length and U2 RNA, about 170 nucleotides long. The 5'-termini of 32P-labelled U1 and U2 RNAs have been investigated by a fingerprinting technique involving digestion with T2-ribonuclease. The RNAs were found to have modified 5'-terminal structures of the form m3G(5')ppp (5')AmpUmpAp for U1 RNA and m3G(5')ppp(5')AmpUmpCmpCp for U2 RNA, where m3G is N2, N27-trimethyl guanosine and Am and Um are 2'-O-methyl nucleosides. These 5'-terminal sequences are the same as those proposed for rat hepatoma U1 and U2 RNAs (Ro-Choi et al., Fed. Proc. 33, 1548, 1974) but with triphosphate rather than diphosphate links."}
{"id": "PMID:1214782", "title": "The kinetics of complex formation of tryptophan containing proteins with pyridinium salts.", "content": "Upon preincubation with urea, various 3- or 4-substituted N-methylpyridinium salts form charge-transfer complexes with tryptophan containing proteins such as, L-chymotrypsin and lysozyme. The complexes were studied by using the difference spectrophotometric technique. The fluorescence examination showed that tryptophyl residues in protein molecules are engaged in the complex formation process. The complex formation reactions proceed at a considerable rate. The stopped-flow method was used to determine the pseudo first order rate constants. A linear dependence of the pseudo first order rate constants with the donor concentration was found. The second order rate constants were obtained by dividing the mean value of the pseudo first order rate constants by the initial donor concentration for each run. The linear dependence of second order rate constants with the electron affinity of the acceptors can serve as a criterion for the formation of charge-transfer complexes.", "contents": "The kinetics of complex formation of tryptophan containing proteins with pyridinium salts. Upon preincubation with urea, various 3- or 4-substituted N-methylpyridinium salts form charge-transfer complexes with tryptophan containing proteins such as, L-chymotrypsin and lysozyme. The complexes were studied by using the difference spectrophotometric technique. The fluorescence examination showed that tryptophyl residues in protein molecules are engaged in the complex formation process. The complex formation reactions proceed at a considerable rate. The stopped-flow method was used to determine the pseudo first order rate constants. A linear dependence of the pseudo first order rate constants with the donor concentration was found. The second order rate constants were obtained by dividing the mean value of the pseudo first order rate constants by the initial donor concentration for each run. The linear dependence of second order rate constants with the electron affinity of the acceptors can serve as a criterion for the formation of charge-transfer complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:1214783", "title": "Structure of rough, smooth, stripped and reconstituted rough membranes derived from rat liver as visualized by the freeze fracture technique.", "content": "The structure of purified fractions of rough, smooth, stripped rough and reconstituted rough membranes have been investigated by the freeze etching technique. Preparations of rough and reconstituted rough membranes, active in protein synthesis, show vesicles whose outer surface is covered with ribosome-like particles. The inner surface of these vesicles contains also numerous particles of the same size. The particles located on the outer surface are largely absent in the stripped rough membrane preparations which, however, retain the particles located on the inner face. Particles were not seen either on the outer nor on the inner face of the smooth membranes. The possibility is considered that the particles located on the inner face are specific to the rough membranes and might play a role in the specific binding of ribosomes to the membranes.", "contents": "Structure of rough, smooth, stripped and reconstituted rough membranes derived from rat liver as visualized by the freeze fracture technique. The structure of purified fractions of rough, smooth, stripped rough and reconstituted rough membranes have been investigated by the freeze etching technique. Preparations of rough and reconstituted rough membranes, active in protein synthesis, show vesicles whose outer surface is covered with ribosome-like particles. The inner surface of these vesicles contains also numerous particles of the same size. The particles located on the outer surface are largely absent in the stripped rough membrane preparations which, however, retain the particles located on the inner face. Particles were not seen either on the outer nor on the inner face of the smooth membranes. The possibility is considered that the particles located on the inner face are specific to the rough membranes and might play a role in the specific binding of ribosomes to the membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:1214784", "title": "The molecular weights of yeast ribosomal precursor RNAs.", "content": "The molecular weights of the predominant rRNA precursors as well as those of 26-S and 17-S mature rRNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of formamide. Mature 26-S + 5.8-S rRNA was found to have a molecular weight of 1.24 X 10(6) while their immediate precursor, 29-S RNA, had a molecular weight of 1.52 X 10(6). Values of 0.70 X 10(6) and 0.82 X 10(6) were obtained  for the molecular weights of mature 17-S rRNA and its 18-S precursor. Finally the 37-S precursor, common to both 29-S and 18-S RNA, was found to have a molecular weight of 2.80 X 10(6). Each precursor rRNA, therefore, contains extra sequences not found at the next stage of maturation.", "contents": "The molecular weights of yeast ribosomal precursor RNAs. The molecular weights of the predominant rRNA precursors as well as those of 26-S and 17-S mature rRNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of formamide. Mature 26-S + 5.8-S rRNA was found to have a molecular weight of 1.24 X 10(6) while their immediate precursor, 29-S RNA, had a molecular weight of 1.52 X 10(6). Values of 0.70 X 10(6) and 0.82 X 10(6) were obtained  for the molecular weights of mature 17-S rRNA and its 18-S precursor. Finally the 37-S precursor, common to both 29-S and 18-S RNA, was found to have a molecular weight of 2.80 X 10(6). Each precursor rRNA, therefore, contains extra sequences not found at the next stage of maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214785", "title": "A simple method for the purification of reticulocyte globin messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "A relatively simple and inexpensive method has been developed for the preparation of highly purified rabbit reticulocyte globin mRNA. After phenol extraction, polysomal RNA was chromatographed on Sigmacell type 38 cellulose and Sepharose 4B. The resulting mRNA preparation has a purity in excess of 90%. No selective loss of either alpha or beta globin mRNA is observed.", "contents": "A simple method for the purification of reticulocyte globin messenger ribonucleic acid. A relatively simple and inexpensive method has been developed for the preparation of highly purified rabbit reticulocyte globin mRNA. After phenol extraction, polysomal RNA was chromatographed on Sigmacell type 38 cellulose and Sepharose 4B. The resulting mRNA preparation has a purity in excess of 90%. No selective loss of either alpha or beta globin mRNA is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214790", "title": "[The types of virus-specific structures in cells of human origin producing oncornaviruses].", "content": "In the cell cytoplasm of human tissue cultures Detroit-6 and AO which produce B type oncorna-virus, two types of virus-specific structures were revealed. Structures of type I were aggregated fibrils of 3 and 6 nm diametre. Structures of type II were nucleoids of A-particles of 70-80 nm diametre. They were rather well separated from cell components by centrifugation sucrose density gradient and repeated centrifugation in the sucrose concentration gradient. Fibrils were found in the density regions of the equilibrium gradient of 1.26 and 1.19 g/cm3, whereas A-particles were detected in the sones of the density of 1.29 and 1.23-124 g/cm3. Their sedimentation coefficients in the sucrose concentration gradients were about 150S and 250S, respectively. From both structure types similar RNA classes were extracted sedimenting in 60S, 45S and 35S regions (sucrose concentration gradient). In addition, 20S RNA was found within the 150S structures. Both structures sa. However, hydridization degree of RNA isolated from both structures with DNA synthesized enzymatically on extracellular various (DNA I) and A-particles (DNA II) was different. With DNA-I, 50-80% of RNA isolated from the type I structures and less than 20% of RNA extracted from the type II structures were hybridized. At the same time, strictly opposite situation (50-80% of RNA II and 20% of RNA I) was observed for DNA-II. These data show lack of genetic connection between these types of cytoplasmic structures and possible role of type I structures in reproduction of oncorna-virus type B.", "contents": "[The types of virus-specific structures in cells of human origin producing oncornaviruses]. In the cell cytoplasm of human tissue cultures Detroit-6 and AO which produce B type oncorna-virus, two types of virus-specific structures were revealed. Structures of type I were aggregated fibrils of 3 and 6 nm diametre. Structures of type II were nucleoids of A-particles of 70-80 nm diametre. They were rather well separated from cell components by centrifugation sucrose density gradient and repeated centrifugation in the sucrose concentration gradient. Fibrils were found in the density regions of the equilibrium gradient of 1.26 and 1.19 g/cm3, whereas A-particles were detected in the sones of the density of 1.29 and 1.23-124 g/cm3. Their sedimentation coefficients in the sucrose concentration gradients were about 150S and 250S, respectively. From both structure types similar RNA classes were extracted sedimenting in 60S, 45S and 35S regions (sucrose concentration gradient). In addition, 20S RNA was found within the 150S structures. Both structures sa. However, hydridization degree of RNA isolated from both structures with DNA synthesized enzymatically on extracellular various (DNA I) and A-particles (DNA II) was different. With DNA-I, 50-80% of RNA isolated from the type I structures and less than 20% of RNA extracted from the type II structures were hybridized. At the same time, strictly opposite situation (50-80% of RNA II and 20% of RNA I) was observed for DNA-II. These data show lack of genetic connection between these types of cytoplasmic structures and possible role of type I structures in reproduction of oncorna-virus type B."}
{"id": "PMID:1214794", "title": "[Calculation of DNA molecule packing in crystals by the method of atom-atom potentials I. B-form of DNA].", "content": "The van-der-Waals interaction of DNA molecules in the B-form has been studied by the method of atom-atom potentials. This study was carried out to clarify to what degree does this interaction determinate packing of DNA molecules in a crystal lattice. Interaction energy of two parallel molecules has been calculated as a function of 4 parameters (interaxial distance, axial shift, screw rotation of molecules). Energy as a function of these parameters is shown to have two minima, one of them exactly corresponding to mutual arrangement of DNA molecules in the lattice determined from X-ray data.", "contents": "[Calculation of DNA molecule packing in crystals by the method of atom-atom potentials I. B-form of DNA]. The van-der-Waals interaction of DNA molecules in the B-form has been studied by the method of atom-atom potentials. This study was carried out to clarify to what degree does this interaction determinate packing of DNA molecules in a crystal lattice. Interaction energy of two parallel molecules has been calculated as a function of 4 parameters (interaxial distance, axial shift, screw rotation of molecules). Energy as a function of these parameters is shown to have two minima, one of them exactly corresponding to mutual arrangement of DNA molecules in the lattice determined from X-ray data."}
{"id": "PMID:1214796", "title": "[Kinetic behavior of slowly equilibrating association-dissociation enzyme systems].", "content": "The shape of the plots of product accumulation versus time (t) has been analysed for slowly equilibrating association-dissociation enzyme systems of the types 2p in equilibrium P (P is enzyme oligomer which is able to dissociate reversibly forming two identical halves p) and M in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium... (M is monomer which has two association sites overlapping with active sites). It is assumed that the rate of equilibration between oligomeric forms is comparable with the rate of over-all enzymatic reaction and that substrate-oligomer complexes are in rapid equilibrium with free components. It has been shown that characteristic feature of kinetic behavior of slowly equilibrating association-dissociation enzyme systems is that the value of tau depends on enzyme concentration (tau is the intercept on t-axis for linear asymptota of the curve of product concentration versus time at t leads to infinity).", "contents": "[Kinetic behavior of slowly equilibrating association-dissociation enzyme systems]. The shape of the plots of product accumulation versus time (t) has been analysed for slowly equilibrating association-dissociation enzyme systems of the types 2p in equilibrium P (P is enzyme oligomer which is able to dissociate reversibly forming two identical halves p) and M in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium... (M is monomer which has two association sites overlapping with active sites). It is assumed that the rate of equilibration between oligomeric forms is comparable with the rate of over-all enzymatic reaction and that substrate-oligomer complexes are in rapid equilibrium with free components. It has been shown that characteristic feature of kinetic behavior of slowly equilibrating association-dissociation enzyme systems is that the value of tau depends on enzyme concentration (tau is the intercept on t-axis for linear asymptota of the curve of product concentration versus time at t leads to infinity)."}
{"id": "PMID:1214797", "title": "[Effect of DEAE-dextran upon the interaction of polynucleotides in poly (l+c) double complex].", "content": "It has been shown that the formation of poly(I+C) double complex is accompanied by appearance of the 244 nm CD band which is absent from the spectrum of the initial components. The amplitude of this CD band is maximum upon equimolar ratio of components. When one mixes the complementary polynucleotides bound to DEAE-dextran (D-d) double comples is not formed. CD spectrum of poly (I+C) double complex is changed considerably upon addition of D-d: CD increases when P/N ratio is 10:1, decreases at P/N 1:1 and comes back to the initial spectrum at P/N 1:5. Thermal dissociation of poly(I+C) when the anionic component was in surplus was similar to poly(I+C) alone (Tm equals 67 degrees) when the polydextran was in excess; the thermal dissociation was lower (Tm equals 43 degrees) than that of poly (I+C). It is discussed the possible mechanism of the D-d and poly (I+C) interaction.", "contents": "[Effect of DEAE-dextran upon the interaction of polynucleotides in poly (l+c) double complex]. It has been shown that the formation of poly(I+C) double complex is accompanied by appearance of the 244 nm CD band which is absent from the spectrum of the initial components. The amplitude of this CD band is maximum upon equimolar ratio of components. When one mixes the complementary polynucleotides bound to DEAE-dextran (D-d) double comples is not formed. CD spectrum of poly (I+C) double complex is changed considerably upon addition of D-d: CD increases when P/N ratio is 10:1, decreases at P/N 1:1 and comes back to the initial spectrum at P/N 1:5. Thermal dissociation of poly(I+C) when the anionic component was in surplus was similar to poly(I+C) alone (Tm equals 67 degrees) when the polydextran was in excess; the thermal dissociation was lower (Tm equals 43 degrees) than that of poly (I+C). It is discussed the possible mechanism of the D-d and poly (I+C) interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1214798", "title": "[Secondary structure of DNA from T4 and T6 phages].", "content": "The secondary structure of NaDNA from E. coli T4 and T6 phages has been studied by the X-ray diffraction method. Molecules of these DNAs as well as T2 phage DNA molecules contain hydroxymethylcytosine glucosylated at different position instead of cytosine. At high relative humidity these DNAs are shown to exist in B-conformaion. As humidity decreases the transformation into T=conformation takes place in the T4 phage DNA whereas in the T6 phage DNA changes of secondary structure similar to B-T transformation occur which do not result however in the appearance of all the characteristics of the T-conformation.", "contents": "[Secondary structure of DNA from T4 and T6 phages]. The secondary structure of NaDNA from E. coli T4 and T6 phages has been studied by the X-ray diffraction method. Molecules of these DNAs as well as T2 phage DNA molecules contain hydroxymethylcytosine glucosylated at different position instead of cytosine. At high relative humidity these DNAs are shown to exist in B-conformaion. As humidity decreases the transformation into T=conformation takes place in the T4 phage DNA whereas in the T6 phage DNA changes of secondary structure similar to B-T transformation occur which do not result however in the appearance of all the characteristics of the T-conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214799", "title": "[Fluorescence of myosin and its subunits in concentrated salt solutions].", "content": "The parameters of fluorescence spectra of myosin and its subunits in Tris-HCl-buffer (pH 7.2) were studied. Analysis of the experimental results of myosin fluorescence quenching with I-ions and the quantum yield of the fluorescence at the excitation wavelength 296 nm shows that the greater part of the tryptophan residues (21 out of 28) is located in the hydrophylic environment. Concentrated solutions of NaCl and KCl do not affect myosin fluorescence, while LiCl, which changes the quaternary structure of the protein, brings about a change in the parameters of the myosin fluorescence spectra. This may be linked with structural changes accompanying the dissociation of the ligh subunits of myosin in the presence of LiCl.", "contents": "[Fluorescence of myosin and its subunits in concentrated salt solutions]. The parameters of fluorescence spectra of myosin and its subunits in Tris-HCl-buffer (pH 7.2) were studied. Analysis of the experimental results of myosin fluorescence quenching with I-ions and the quantum yield of the fluorescence at the excitation wavelength 296 nm shows that the greater part of the tryptophan residues (21 out of 28) is located in the hydrophylic environment. Concentrated solutions of NaCl and KCl do not affect myosin fluorescence, while LiCl, which changes the quaternary structure of the protein, brings about a change in the parameters of the myosin fluorescence spectra. This may be linked with structural changes accompanying the dissociation of the ligh subunits of myosin in the presence of LiCl."}
{"id": "PMID:1214795", "title": "[Migration of electron excitation energy in mixed associates of chlorophyll and its derivatives].", "content": "The intracomplex migration is investigated of electron excitation energy between molecules which are a part of a mixed associate. Weakly fluorescent and nonfluorescent associates of chlorophyll and its analogues as well as of bacteriochlorophyll and neoxanthine have been used as donors and acceptors. The migration of excitation energy with variation of quantum yield of donor emission from 5-10(-3) to less than or equal to 10(-4) and also with very weak overlapping of luminescence and absorption spectra for the pair D leads to A is experimentally discovered by luminescence excitation spectra of mixed pigment aggregates. A specific disturbing action of Pd and Cu ions on chlorophyll a luminescence with formation of mixed complexes of chlorophyll with Pd-pheophytin a and Cu-pheophytin b is observed. The presence of Pd and Cu ions in the structure of the mixed complexes gives rise to a considerable reduction of chlorophyll apparently due to increasing intersystem crossing probability in the chlorophyll molecule. The probability of intracomplex energy migration in systems under investigation amounts to approximately 10(12) sec-1 according to the obtained estimations. The probable mechanism of energy migration in mixed associates is discussed. The obtained results may be used for elucidation of a possible role of the mixed aggregates and effective intracomplex migration of excitation energy in photosynthetic apparatus of green plants.", "contents": "[Migration of electron excitation energy in mixed associates of chlorophyll and its derivatives]. The intracomplex migration is investigated of electron excitation energy between molecules which are a part of a mixed associate. Weakly fluorescent and nonfluorescent associates of chlorophyll and its analogues as well as of bacteriochlorophyll and neoxanthine have been used as donors and acceptors. The migration of excitation energy with variation of quantum yield of donor emission from 5-10(-3) to less than or equal to 10(-4) and also with very weak overlapping of luminescence and absorption spectra for the pair D leads to A is experimentally discovered by luminescence excitation spectra of mixed pigment aggregates. A specific disturbing action of Pd and Cu ions on chlorophyll a luminescence with formation of mixed complexes of chlorophyll with Pd-pheophytin a and Cu-pheophytin b is observed. The presence of Pd and Cu ions in the structure of the mixed complexes gives rise to a considerable reduction of chlorophyll apparently due to increasing intersystem crossing probability in the chlorophyll molecule. The probability of intracomplex energy migration in systems under investigation amounts to approximately 10(12) sec-1 according to the obtained estimations. The probable mechanism of energy migration in mixed associates is discussed. The obtained results may be used for elucidation of a possible role of the mixed aggregates and effective intracomplex migration of excitation energy in photosynthetic apparatus of green plants."}
{"id": "PMID:1214803", "title": "[Theoretical study of the hypochromic effect in polynucleotides].", "content": "The first UV-absorption band hypochromicity of poly(dA)-poly(dT), poly(dG)-poly(dC), poly(dA), poly(dT), poly(dG), poly(dC), is calculated with the help of the perturbation theory. The wave functions of the bases are computed by Pariser--Parr--Pople's method taking into account all the singly excited configurations. The results obtained show a good correlation between the theoretical and experimental values of hypochromicity. A considerable influence of the vaccum electron transitions on the hypochromicity of polynucleotides is revealed. The origin of the hypochromic effect in the double-stranded polynucleotides is investigated. It is shown that intrastrand interactions between the bases make the main contribution to hypochromicity (60-76%), while the contribution of the Watson-Crick pairs is small (2-12%). The essential part of hypochromicity (22-28%) is due to the interstrand interactions between the bases which are not coupled by hydrogen bonds. The discussion of the experimental data shows that the present theoretical investigation could serve as a basis for correct treatment of experimental results.", "contents": "[Theoretical study of the hypochromic effect in polynucleotides]. The first UV-absorption band hypochromicity of poly(dA)-poly(dT), poly(dG)-poly(dC), poly(dA), poly(dT), poly(dG), poly(dC), is calculated with the help of the perturbation theory. The wave functions of the bases are computed by Pariser--Parr--Pople's method taking into account all the singly excited configurations. The results obtained show a good correlation between the theoretical and experimental values of hypochromicity. A considerable influence of the vaccum electron transitions on the hypochromicity of polynucleotides is revealed. The origin of the hypochromic effect in the double-stranded polynucleotides is investigated. It is shown that intrastrand interactions between the bases make the main contribution to hypochromicity (60-76%), while the contribution of the Watson-Crick pairs is small (2-12%). The essential part of hypochromicity (22-28%) is due to the interstrand interactions between the bases which are not coupled by hydrogen bonds. The discussion of the experimental data shows that the present theoretical investigation could serve as a basis for correct treatment of experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:1214802", "title": "[Some properties of 1 P+f bacteriophage for Bacillus brevis var. G.-B and its nucleic acid].", "content": "The 1 P+f phage, a virulent mutant of the moderate P+ phage for Bac. brevis var. G.-B., consists of a hexagonal head (90x90 nm) and a long non-contractile tail (340 nm). This phage is characterized by a relatively long latent period (90-110 min) and a low yield (40-50 particles per cell). The 1P+f phage is quite stable at pH values from 1 to 11, insensitive to osmotic shock, treatment with chloroform and acridine orange. The sensitivity of the phage to thermal treatment and UV-radiation has been studied. The nucleic acid of the P+f phage is double-stranded DNA of AT-type (GC equals 34.5 mole %) which contains 5-methylcytosine (0.18 mole %) and N6-methyladenine (0.32 mole%). The level of methylation of cytosine and adenine residues in DNA of the 1 P+f phage does not depend on the host studied (Bac. brevis, P- and S variants). The specificity of methylation of cytosine residues in the S and P- cells appears to be the same. DNA of the 1 P+f phage strongly differs from DNA of the host in nucleotide composition (GC equals 45.7 mole %). Nevertheless, phage DNA is very similar to DNA from Bac. subtilis in the character of pyrimidine distribution (the amount of different pyrimidine isopliths). This may testify to a somewhat common character of the nucleotide sequence organization in DNA of the phage and its host.", "contents": "[Some properties of 1 P+f bacteriophage for Bacillus brevis var. G.-B and its nucleic acid]. The 1 P+f phage, a virulent mutant of the moderate P+ phage for Bac. brevis var. G.-B., consists of a hexagonal head (90x90 nm) and a long non-contractile tail (340 nm). This phage is characterized by a relatively long latent period (90-110 min) and a low yield (40-50 particles per cell). The 1P+f phage is quite stable at pH values from 1 to 11, insensitive to osmotic shock, treatment with chloroform and acridine orange. The sensitivity of the phage to thermal treatment and UV-radiation has been studied. The nucleic acid of the P+f phage is double-stranded DNA of AT-type (GC equals 34.5 mole %) which contains 5-methylcytosine (0.18 mole %) and N6-methyladenine (0.32 mole%). The level of methylation of cytosine and adenine residues in DNA of the 1 P+f phage does not depend on the host studied (Bac. brevis, P- and S variants). The specificity of methylation of cytosine residues in the S and P- cells appears to be the same. DNA of the 1 P+f phage strongly differs from DNA of the host in nucleotide composition (GC equals 45.7 mole %). Nevertheless, phage DNA is very similar to DNA from Bac. subtilis in the character of pyrimidine distribution (the amount of different pyrimidine isopliths). This may testify to a somewhat common character of the nucleotide sequence organization in DNA of the phage and its host."}
{"id": "PMID:1214804", "title": "[A code governing specific binding of regulatory proteins to DNA and structure of stereospecific sites of regulatory proteins].", "content": "A model is proposed for the structure of stereospecific sites in regulatory proteins. On its basis a possible code is suggested that governs the binding of regulatory proteins at specific control sites on DNA. Stereospecific sites of regulatory proteins are assumed to contain pairs of antiparallel polypeptide chain segments which form a right-hand twisted antiparallel beta-sheet, with single-stranded regions at the ends of the beta-structure. The model predicts that binding reaction between a regulatory protein and double-helical DNA is a cooperative phenomenon and is accompanied by significant structural alteration at the stereospecific site of the protein. Half of hydrogen bonds normally existing in beta-structure are broken upon complex formation with DNA and a new set of hydrogen bonds is formed between polypeptide amide groups and DNA base pairs. In a stereospecific site, one chain (t-chain) is attached through hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl oxygens of pyramides and N3 adenines lying in one DNA strand, while the second polypeptide chain (g chain) is hydrogen bonded to the 2-amino groups of guanine residues lying in the opposite DNA strand. The amide groups serve as specific reaction sites being hydrogen bond acceptors in g-chain and hydrogen bond donors in t-chain. The single-stranded portions of t- and g-chains lying in neighbouring subunits of regulatory protein interact with each other forming deformed beta-sheets. The recognition of regulatory sequences by proteins is based on the structural complementarity between stereospecific sites of regulatory proteins and base pairs sequences at the control sites. An essential feature of these sequences is the asymmetrical distribution of guanine residues between the two DNA strands. The code predicts that there are six fundamental amino acid residues (serine, threonine, asparagine, histidine, glutamine and cysteine) whose sequence in stereospecific site determines the base pair sequence to which a given regulatory protein would bind preferentially. The code states a correspondence between four amino acid residues at the stereospecific site of regulatory protein with the two residues being in t- and g-segments, respectively, and AT(GC) base pair at the control site. It is thus possible to determine which amino acid residues in the repressor and which base pairs in the operator DNA are involved in specific interactions with each other, as exemplified by lac repressor binding to lac operator.", "contents": "[A code governing specific binding of regulatory proteins to DNA and structure of stereospecific sites of regulatory proteins]. A model is proposed for the structure of stereospecific sites in regulatory proteins. On its basis a possible code is suggested that governs the binding of regulatory proteins at specific control sites on DNA. Stereospecific sites of regulatory proteins are assumed to contain pairs of antiparallel polypeptide chain segments which form a right-hand twisted antiparallel beta-sheet, with single-stranded regions at the ends of the beta-structure. The model predicts that binding reaction between a regulatory protein and double-helical DNA is a cooperative phenomenon and is accompanied by significant structural alteration at the stereospecific site of the protein. Half of hydrogen bonds normally existing in beta-structure are broken upon complex formation with DNA and a new set of hydrogen bonds is formed between polypeptide amide groups and DNA base pairs. In a stereospecific site, one chain (t-chain) is attached through hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl oxygens of pyramides and N3 adenines lying in one DNA strand, while the second polypeptide chain (g chain) is hydrogen bonded to the 2-amino groups of guanine residues lying in the opposite DNA strand. The amide groups serve as specific reaction sites being hydrogen bond acceptors in g-chain and hydrogen bond donors in t-chain. The single-stranded portions of t- and g-chains lying in neighbouring subunits of regulatory protein interact with each other forming deformed beta-sheets. The recognition of regulatory sequences by proteins is based on the structural complementarity between stereospecific sites of regulatory proteins and base pairs sequences at the control sites. An essential feature of these sequences is the asymmetrical distribution of guanine residues between the two DNA strands. The code predicts that there are six fundamental amino acid residues (serine, threonine, asparagine, histidine, glutamine and cysteine) whose sequence in stereospecific site determines the base pair sequence to which a given regulatory protein would bind preferentially. The code states a correspondence between four amino acid residues at the stereospecific site of regulatory protein with the two residues being in t- and g-segments, respectively, and AT(GC) base pair at the control site. It is thus possible to determine which amino acid residues in the repressor and which base pairs in the operator DNA are involved in specific interactions with each other, as exemplified by lac repressor binding to lac operator."}
{"id": "PMID:1214801", "title": "[Application of x-ray analysis for the study of the orientation in DNP films].", "content": "A planar texture in dried film samples of DNP was found by X-ray study. Axes of DNA macromolecules are located in the film plane and the 77 A reflection is directed along this axis. Periodic structures corresponding to 55 and 34 A are packed parallel to the film plane. The results obtained do not contradict with a supercoil DNP model, however they all allow other possible packing models of DNP molecules, in particular, histone layers alternating with DNA layers in oriented films.", "contents": "[Application of x-ray analysis for the study of the orientation in DNP films]. A planar texture in dried film samples of DNP was found by X-ray study. Axes of DNA macromolecules are located in the film plane and the 77 A reflection is directed along this axis. Periodic structures corresponding to 55 and 34 A are packed parallel to the film plane. The results obtained do not contradict with a supercoil DNP model, however they all allow other possible packing models of DNP molecules, in particular, histone layers alternating with DNA layers in oriented films."}
{"id": "PMID:1214800", "title": "[A compact form of DNA in solution. III. Influence of the ion composition of the solution on the compactization process of double-stranded DNA in the presence of peg].", "content": "The data showing the features of the DNA compactization process in PEG-containing solutions of chlorides of different alkaline metals (LiCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl) and an ammonium salt (CH3-(CH2)17-N-(CH3)3Br) are presented. The data indicate that the formation of a compact form of the double-stranded DNA in PEG-containing water-salt solutions depends not only on the PEG concentration and ionic strength but on tha cation nature as well. The compactization occurs most easily in the presence of Na+-ions. This indicates a specific character of interaction between Na+-ions and DNA phosphate groups which may be due to an optimum structural fit between the hydrated Na+-ions and orientation of the phosphate groups in the DNA molecule. The nature of forces involved in the processes of the intramolecular compactization and intermolecular aggregation of double-stranded DNA molecules in water-salt solution is discussed. The difference between the effect of Na+ and that of K+-ions on the compactization process at the ionic strengths close to physiological values makes it possible to suggest that the changes of the tertiary structure of double-stranded DNA which accompany its function in vivo may take place under conditions of a decreased water activity at the expense of relatively slight changes in ion composition of the water surrounding DNA.", "contents": "[A compact form of DNA in solution. III. Influence of the ion composition of the solution on the compactization process of double-stranded DNA in the presence of peg]. The data showing the features of the DNA compactization process in PEG-containing solutions of chlorides of different alkaline metals (LiCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl) and an ammonium salt (CH3-(CH2)17-N-(CH3)3Br) are presented. The data indicate that the formation of a compact form of the double-stranded DNA in PEG-containing water-salt solutions depends not only on the PEG concentration and ionic strength but on tha cation nature as well. The compactization occurs most easily in the presence of Na+-ions. This indicates a specific character of interaction between Na+-ions and DNA phosphate groups which may be due to an optimum structural fit between the hydrated Na+-ions and orientation of the phosphate groups in the DNA molecule. The nature of forces involved in the processes of the intramolecular compactization and intermolecular aggregation of double-stranded DNA molecules in water-salt solution is discussed. The difference between the effect of Na+ and that of K+-ions on the compactization process at the ionic strengths close to physiological values makes it possible to suggest that the changes of the tertiary structure of double-stranded DNA which accompany its function in vivo may take place under conditions of a decreased water activity at the expense of relatively slight changes in ion composition of the water surrounding DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1214806", "title": "[Interaction of chromatin non-histone proteins with homologous and heterologous DNA].", "content": "The interaction of different preparations of chromatin non-histone proteins (NHP) isolated from rat liver and thymus with homologous and heterologous DNA was studied by a membrane filter technique. All the NHP preparations studied form complexes with DNA in 0.02 tris-HCl (pH 7.5)--3 mM MgCl2. Denatured DNA binds NHP more effectively than native NDA. The largest part of NHP which interacts with DNA is bound to the latter non-specifically. A small part of NHP interacts specifically with homologous native DNA in 5 M urea. Specific binding of NHP to denaturate DNA is shown both in the presence of urea and in its absence. The data obtained are discussed in the light of a possible role of NHP in the specific regulation of transcription process.", "contents": "[Interaction of chromatin non-histone proteins with homologous and heterologous DNA]. The interaction of different preparations of chromatin non-histone proteins (NHP) isolated from rat liver and thymus with homologous and heterologous DNA was studied by a membrane filter technique. All the NHP preparations studied form complexes with DNA in 0.02 tris-HCl (pH 7.5)--3 mM MgCl2. Denatured DNA binds NHP more effectively than native NDA. The largest part of NHP which interacts with DNA is bound to the latter non-specifically. A small part of NHP interacts specifically with homologous native DNA in 5 M urea. Specific binding of NHP to denaturate DNA is shown both in the presence of urea and in its absence. The data obtained are discussed in the light of a possible role of NHP in the specific regulation of transcription process."}
{"id": "PMID:1214807", "title": "[Studies on DNA bound to histones in chromatin].", "content": "Regions of DNA protected by histones against the action of DNAse 1 in the chromatin were isolated. Such DNA fragments (\"subhistones\" DNA) have 80% double helix structure, their nucleotide composition is close to that of total DNA, and their sedimentation constant is within the range of 2-2.7S for completely denatured molecules. Kinetics of renaturation of \"subhistone\" DNA was studied: within a wide range of Cot values, renaturation curves of total and \"subhistone\" DNA are almost identical. According to the data on hybridization with nuclear d-RNA, \"subhistone\" DNA is transcribed in the cell. The data obtained witness for uniform character of distribution of histones along the DNA chain in the chromatin. DNA sites which are active in RNA synthesis seem to be bound to histones as well as the non-active ones. No significant difference was found in the hybridization of \"subhistone\" DNA from rat liver and thymus with ibver nuclear RNA.", "contents": "[Studies on DNA bound to histones in chromatin]. Regions of DNA protected by histones against the action of DNAse 1 in the chromatin were isolated. Such DNA fragments (\"subhistones\" DNA) have 80% double helix structure, their nucleotide composition is close to that of total DNA, and their sedimentation constant is within the range of 2-2.7S for completely denatured molecules. Kinetics of renaturation of \"subhistone\" DNA was studied: within a wide range of Cot values, renaturation curves of total and \"subhistone\" DNA are almost identical. According to the data on hybridization with nuclear d-RNA, \"subhistone\" DNA is transcribed in the cell. The data obtained witness for uniform character of distribution of histones along the DNA chain in the chromatin. DNA sites which are active in RNA synthesis seem to be bound to histones as well as the non-active ones. No significant difference was found in the hybridization of \"subhistone\" DNA from rat liver and thymus with ibver nuclear RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1214805", "title": "[The secondary structure of nucleotidyl-(5' bound to N)-amino acids containing different heterocyclic bases and amino acids].", "content": "Nucleotidyl-(5' leads to N)-amino acids containing different heterocycle bases: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, cytosine, uracyl, and aromatic amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, have been investigated by proton magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. For all the compounds studied folded conformation have been shown stabilized by hydrophobic interaction in aqueous solution. The comparison of the results of the studied nucleotidyl-(5' leads to N)-amino acids unable us to build four secondary structure types in these very compounds. Phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives of purine nucleotides can be regarded as the first type, tryptophan derivatives of purine nucleotides as the second type, phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives of pyrimidine nucleotides as the third type and tryptophan derivatives of pyrimidine nucleotides as the fourth type. For each group of these compounds conformational models have been built. In all these compounds the anti-conformation has been proved to exist.", "contents": "[The secondary structure of nucleotidyl-(5' bound to N)-amino acids containing different heterocyclic bases and amino acids]. Nucleotidyl-(5' leads to N)-amino acids containing different heterocycle bases: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, cytosine, uracyl, and aromatic amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, have been investigated by proton magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. For all the compounds studied folded conformation have been shown stabilized by hydrophobic interaction in aqueous solution. The comparison of the results of the studied nucleotidyl-(5' leads to N)-amino acids unable us to build four secondary structure types in these very compounds. Phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives of purine nucleotides can be regarded as the first type, tryptophan derivatives of purine nucleotides as the second type, phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives of pyrimidine nucleotides as the third type and tryptophan derivatives of pyrimidine nucleotides as the fourth type. For each group of these compounds conformational models have been built. In all these compounds the anti-conformation has been proved to exist."}
{"id": "PMID:1214810", "title": "[Analysis of the structure of DNA cistrons coding proteins with known sequences].", "content": "Proceeding from the amino acid sequence of a number of proteins, with the help of a special computer program we have determined the frequency of pyrimidine isopliths of different length, the degree of clustering and the degree of asymmetry of complementary chains of the corresponding DNA cistrons, as well as the range of variation of these parametres which depends on the code degeneracy. The degree of asymmetry of the chains of DNA cistrons (H/L), calculated for 255 proteins of a known composition, may vary from 0.7 to 1.8. For 90% of these proteins the mean Py/Pu ratio in the coding chain of DNA is above 1. The conclusion has been made that the majority of amino acids contained in the proteins is coded for by purine triplets. It was found that the distribution of pyrimidine isopliths between DNA cistrons coding for different proteins is other than random and has a \"DNA-like\" character. The degree of clustering of pyrimidines (beta) in cistrons of different proteins may vary from 6.0 to 14.3. The cistrons of some proteins were found to contain long lyrimidine fragments with about 24 residues. A positive correlation (r2 = 0.74) was found to exist between the degree of clustering of pyrimidines and the degree of asymmetry of the chains corresponding to different proteins of DNA cistrons.", "contents": "[Analysis of the structure of DNA cistrons coding proteins with known sequences]. Proceeding from the amino acid sequence of a number of proteins, with the help of a special computer program we have determined the frequency of pyrimidine isopliths of different length, the degree of clustering and the degree of asymmetry of complementary chains of the corresponding DNA cistrons, as well as the range of variation of these parametres which depends on the code degeneracy. The degree of asymmetry of the chains of DNA cistrons (H/L), calculated for 255 proteins of a known composition, may vary from 0.7 to 1.8. For 90% of these proteins the mean Py/Pu ratio in the coding chain of DNA is above 1. The conclusion has been made that the majority of amino acids contained in the proteins is coded for by purine triplets. It was found that the distribution of pyrimidine isopliths between DNA cistrons coding for different proteins is other than random and has a \"DNA-like\" character. The degree of clustering of pyrimidines (beta) in cistrons of different proteins may vary from 6.0 to 14.3. The cistrons of some proteins were found to contain long lyrimidine fragments with about 24 residues. A positive correlation (r2 = 0.74) was found to exist between the degree of clustering of pyrimidines and the degree of asymmetry of the chains corresponding to different proteins of DNA cistrons."}
{"id": "PMID:1214811", "title": "[The role of local hydrogen bonds in formation of irregular regions of globular protein polypeptide chains].", "content": "An assumption is made on the substantial role of local hydrogen bonds in formation of irregular regions of globular protein polypeptide chains. The statistics of the amino acid composition of irregular regions is examined from this point of view. A statistical analysis of side group-backbone hydrogen bonds is carried out for three proteins: alpha-chy-motrypsin, lysozyme and myoglobin. It is shown that short side groups participate in formation of local hydrogen bonds more often than long ones. Conformations of amino acid residues in the first and the last positions are studied in beta-bends of 9 proteins. It is shown that over 70% of these residues are in conformations corresponding to the formation of local hydrogen bonds of three types: backbone-backbone, side groupbackbone, backbone-water molecule-backbone. Thus, the participation of the cooperative hydrogen-bonding network in stabilization of beta-bends is demonstrated.", "contents": "[The role of local hydrogen bonds in formation of irregular regions of globular protein polypeptide chains]. An assumption is made on the substantial role of local hydrogen bonds in formation of irregular regions of globular protein polypeptide chains. The statistics of the amino acid composition of irregular regions is examined from this point of view. A statistical analysis of side group-backbone hydrogen bonds is carried out for three proteins: alpha-chy-motrypsin, lysozyme and myoglobin. It is shown that short side groups participate in formation of local hydrogen bonds more often than long ones. Conformations of amino acid residues in the first and the last positions are studied in beta-bends of 9 proteins. It is shown that over 70% of these residues are in conformations corresponding to the formation of local hydrogen bonds of three types: backbone-backbone, side groupbackbone, backbone-water molecule-backbone. Thus, the participation of the cooperative hydrogen-bonding network in stabilization of beta-bends is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1214808", "title": "[A study of ratios between histone fractions].", "content": "The amount of individual fractions in the whole histone isolated from the blood of hen, frog (Rana ridibunda), bream (Abramis brama), from rat thymus and from the locust (Schistocerca gregaris) was studied quantitatively. It is shown that the ratios between fractions F2a1, F2b, F2a2 and F3 are fixed. The share of each fraction in the sum of fractions F2a1, F2b, F2a2, F3 was found to be approximately 22.5, 30.5, 21.0 and 26.0 per cent, respectively. The share of the fraction F1 can variate within a rather wide range.", "contents": "[A study of ratios between histone fractions]. The amount of individual fractions in the whole histone isolated from the blood of hen, frog (Rana ridibunda), bream (Abramis brama), from rat thymus and from the locust (Schistocerca gregaris) was studied quantitatively. It is shown that the ratios between fractions F2a1, F2b, F2a2 and F3 are fixed. The share of each fraction in the sum of fractions F2a1, F2b, F2a2, F3 was found to be approximately 22.5, 30.5, 21.0 and 26.0 per cent, respectively. The share of the fraction F1 can variate within a rather wide range."}
{"id": "PMID:1214809", "title": "[Theoretical conformational analysis of methylamide N-acetyl-L-arginine].", "content": "The spatial structure of methylamide N-acetyl-L-argine was studied taking into account the non-valent and electrostati interactions, the torsion energy, and the distorsion of valency angles. Calculation of the favourable conformations of the molecule was carried out with the use of all the combinations of angles phi, psi, chi1 divided by chi4 as an intital approximation. These correspond to the low energy forms of the main chain and to the minima of the torsion potentials of the side chain. Conformational possibilities of arginine and lysine were compared. The calculated stable conformation of N-acetyl-L-arginine-methylamide are compared with the geometry of arginine residues in the proteins with known structure.", "contents": "[Theoretical conformational analysis of methylamide N-acetyl-L-arginine]. The spatial structure of methylamide N-acetyl-L-argine was studied taking into account the non-valent and electrostati interactions, the torsion energy, and the distorsion of valency angles. Calculation of the favourable conformations of the molecule was carried out with the use of all the combinations of angles phi, psi, chi1 divided by chi4 as an intital approximation. These correspond to the low energy forms of the main chain and to the minima of the torsion potentials of the side chain. Conformational possibilities of arginine and lysine were compared. The calculated stable conformation of N-acetyl-L-arginine-methylamide are compared with the geometry of arginine residues in the proteins with known structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1214812", "title": "[Effect of low-molecular amines on DNA conformation and stability of the double helix].", "content": "Interaction of low-molecular amines (cystamine, cysteamine, cystaphose, asparagine, beta-alanine) with DNA was studied. The amines change the positive circular dichroism (CD) band of DNA as well as temperature and range width of melting. Effect of amines on DNA depends on ionic strength of the solvent, concentration and structure of the ligand. Monamines cause destabilization of DNA double helix followed by stabilization as ligand concentration increases. At concentrations stabilizing the double helix DNA conformation undergoes transition from the B- to C-form. The results obtained enable to relate the stabilizing effect of low-molecular amines and conformational B leads to C-transition to the non-specific interaction of ligand amino groups with DNA phosphates, and the destabilizing effect of monoamines of low concentrations to their interaction with bases, mainly in the denaturated sites of DNA. It is proposed that a stronger effectiveness of amines as compared to monovalent metals in the conformational shift of DNA towards the C-form is due to the additional effect of disturbance of hydrophobic interactions in DNA double helix.", "contents": "[Effect of low-molecular amines on DNA conformation and stability of the double helix]. Interaction of low-molecular amines (cystamine, cysteamine, cystaphose, asparagine, beta-alanine) with DNA was studied. The amines change the positive circular dichroism (CD) band of DNA as well as temperature and range width of melting. Effect of amines on DNA depends on ionic strength of the solvent, concentration and structure of the ligand. Monamines cause destabilization of DNA double helix followed by stabilization as ligand concentration increases. At concentrations stabilizing the double helix DNA conformation undergoes transition from the B- to C-form. The results obtained enable to relate the stabilizing effect of low-molecular amines and conformational B leads to C-transition to the non-specific interaction of ligand amino groups with DNA phosphates, and the destabilizing effect of monoamines of low concentrations to their interaction with bases, mainly in the denaturated sites of DNA. It is proposed that a stronger effectiveness of amines as compared to monovalent metals in the conformational shift of DNA towards the C-form is due to the additional effect of disturbance of hydrophobic interactions in DNA double helix."}
{"id": "PMID:1214814", "title": "[The surface layer of the protein globule. Hydration of the alpha-chymotrypsin molecule].", "content": "The surface of the alpha-chymotrypsin globule is investigated using a three-dimensional model of the molecule, constructed on the basis of X-ray data by sectioning the space of the protein globule in cubic elements with a step of 3 A. The surface layer contains about 55% of the overall globule volume. The atomic density of so defined surface was found to be approximately equal to that in the inner part of the globule. Topographical maps of the alpha-chymotrypsin surface were drawn and an analysis of the distribution of polar and unpolar atoms and groups on the surface and in the inner part of the globule was carried out. Some conclusions drawn from the atomic density, energetic and structural heterogeneity of the surface and concerning the conformational integrity and functional activity of alpha-chymotrypsin molecule are presented. Some aspects of the protein hydration problem are discussed and a structural model of the alpha-chymotrypsin hydratation shell is proposed, the main features of which are amorphism and the lack of long-range effect on the structure of water around the hydrated protein globule.", "contents": "[The surface layer of the protein globule. Hydration of the alpha-chymotrypsin molecule]. The surface of the alpha-chymotrypsin globule is investigated using a three-dimensional model of the molecule, constructed on the basis of X-ray data by sectioning the space of the protein globule in cubic elements with a step of 3 A. The surface layer contains about 55% of the overall globule volume. The atomic density of so defined surface was found to be approximately equal to that in the inner part of the globule. Topographical maps of the alpha-chymotrypsin surface were drawn and an analysis of the distribution of polar and unpolar atoms and groups on the surface and in the inner part of the globule was carried out. Some conclusions drawn from the atomic density, energetic and structural heterogeneity of the surface and concerning the conformational integrity and functional activity of alpha-chymotrypsin molecule are presented. Some aspects of the protein hydration problem are discussed and a structural model of the alpha-chymotrypsin hydratation shell is proposed, the main features of which are amorphism and the lack of long-range effect on the structure of water around the hydrated protein globule."}
{"id": "PMID:1214821", "title": "Trisomy and triploidy induced by X-irradiation of mouse spermatocytes.", "content": "Analysis of second meiotic metaphase divisions in control and irradiated male mice shows that while the spontaneous rates of autosomal and sex chromosomal anaphase I non-disjunction are extremely low, they can be enhanced by X ray treatment of prophase spermatocytes. Irradiation at pre-leptotene results in a higher rate of anaphase I non-disjunction than does irradiation at pachytene. Early spermatogonia are relatively insensitive. Experiments to detect trisomic progeny among the F1 foetal offspring of male mice mated during weeks 5 and 6 following irradiation (sampling of irradiated early spermatocytes and late spermatogonia) showed that none were present. Possible explanations for this are considered. Two triploid foetuses were however found.", "contents": "Trisomy and triploidy induced by X-irradiation of mouse spermatocytes. Analysis of second meiotic metaphase divisions in control and irradiated male mice shows that while the spontaneous rates of autosomal and sex chromosomal anaphase I non-disjunction are extremely low, they can be enhanced by X ray treatment of prophase spermatocytes. Irradiation at pre-leptotene results in a higher rate of anaphase I non-disjunction than does irradiation at pachytene. Early spermatogonia are relatively insensitive. Experiments to detect trisomic progeny among the F1 foetal offspring of male mice mated during weeks 5 and 6 following irradiation (sampling of irradiated early spermatocytes and late spermatogonia) showed that none were present. Possible explanations for this are considered. Two triploid foetuses were however found."}
{"id": "PMID:1214815", "title": "[Study of DNA melting in the region of the inversion of relative stability of AT and GC pairs].", "content": "Systematic data on the dependence of the melting curve parameters of DNA from different organisms on the concentration of salt (C2H5)5NBr have been obtained. The melting curves were studied by spectrophotometric as well as by microcalorimetric methods. The DNA melting range width is shown to pass through the minimum value delta0T = 0.6 +/- 0.1 degrees at the point of inversion of relative stability of AT and GC pairs that corresponds to the concentration of (C2H5)4NBr equal to 2.9 +/- 0.1 M. This concentration, as well as the value of delta0T, are the same for different DNA's of common chemical structure. The T2 and T4 DNA containing hydroxymethylated and glucosylated cytosine residues show an anomalous behaviour. The enthalpy of melting falls very slowly as the salt concentration increases. The possible causes of the observed value of delta0T are discussed. A conclusion is drawn that the main factor which governs the DNA melting process in the region of inversion of the relative stability of AT and GC pairs is the heterogeneity of stacking interaction between different base pairs.", "contents": "[Study of DNA melting in the region of the inversion of relative stability of AT and GC pairs]. Systematic data on the dependence of the melting curve parameters of DNA from different organisms on the concentration of salt (C2H5)5NBr have been obtained. The melting curves were studied by spectrophotometric as well as by microcalorimetric methods. The DNA melting range width is shown to pass through the minimum value delta0T = 0.6 +/- 0.1 degrees at the point of inversion of relative stability of AT and GC pairs that corresponds to the concentration of (C2H5)4NBr equal to 2.9 +/- 0.1 M. This concentration, as well as the value of delta0T, are the same for different DNA's of common chemical structure. The T2 and T4 DNA containing hydroxymethylated and glucosylated cytosine residues show an anomalous behaviour. The enthalpy of melting falls very slowly as the salt concentration increases. The possible causes of the observed value of delta0T are discussed. A conclusion is drawn that the main factor which governs the DNA melting process in the region of inversion of the relative stability of AT and GC pairs is the heterogeneity of stacking interaction between different base pairs."}
{"id": "PMID:1214822", "title": "Premature chromosome condensation, structural chromosome aberrations, and micronuclei in early mouse embryos after treatment of paternal postmeiotic germ cells with triethylenemelamine: possible mechanisms for chemically induced dominant-lethal mutatiions.", "content": "Cytogenetic effects in preimplantation 4-8-cell mouse embryos have been investigated after treating paternal postmeiotic germ cells with triethylenemelamine (TEM). Dose-levels of TEM which do not affect fertilization but yield high incidence of dominant-lethal mutations in sperm and spermatids were shown to produce relatively high frequencies of (a) premature chromosome condensation (PCC), (b) structural chromosome anomalies (breakage-reunion phenomena), and (c) micronuclei in these embryos. The results indicate that genetic death of embryos is mainly due to imbalance (i.e. loss) of genetic material, either from breaks leading to lagging fragments and micronuclei, or from the segregation of various types of exchange figures (dicentrics, rings etc.) resulting in mechanical disturbances of cleavage division. It is suggested that PCC, to some extent, is an expression of TEM-induced long-lived lesions which, transmitted into the egg, prevent the chromosomes in question from replicating and/or condensing normally. This phenomenon could well be associated with loss of chromosome material resulting in embryonic death.", "contents": "Premature chromosome condensation, structural chromosome aberrations, and micronuclei in early mouse embryos after treatment of paternal postmeiotic germ cells with triethylenemelamine: possible mechanisms for chemically induced dominant-lethal mutatiions. Cytogenetic effects in preimplantation 4-8-cell mouse embryos have been investigated after treating paternal postmeiotic germ cells with triethylenemelamine (TEM). Dose-levels of TEM which do not affect fertilization but yield high incidence of dominant-lethal mutations in sperm and spermatids were shown to produce relatively high frequencies of (a) premature chromosome condensation (PCC), (b) structural chromosome anomalies (breakage-reunion phenomena), and (c) micronuclei in these embryos. The results indicate that genetic death of embryos is mainly due to imbalance (i.e. loss) of genetic material, either from breaks leading to lagging fragments and micronuclei, or from the segregation of various types of exchange figures (dicentrics, rings etc.) resulting in mechanical disturbances of cleavage division. It is suggested that PCC, to some extent, is an expression of TEM-induced long-lived lesions which, transmitted into the egg, prevent the chromosomes in question from replicating and/or condensing normally. This phenomenon could well be associated with loss of chromosome material resulting in embryonic death."}
{"id": "PMID:1214823", "title": "Repair by human cells of adenovirus-2 damaged by psoralen plus near ultraviolet light treatment.", "content": "Adenovirus-2 is damaged by treatment with psoralen plus near-ultraviolet (UV) light is shown by reduced ability to infect human fibroblasts. The apparent sensitivity of the virus to this treatment depended upon the strain of cells used. The virus was 3-4 times more sensitive to the treatment when infecting xeroderma pigmentosum (XP complementation groups A or D) fibroblasts than when infecting normal fibroblasts. DNA extracted from virus preparations that had undergone such treatment was analyzed for treatment-induced crosslinks by gel electrophoresis and sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. The fraction of adenovirus DNA molecules remaining non-crosslinked after treatment was found to correlate with the survival of the virus in normal fibroblasts. This result showed that the psoralen plus near-UV treatment gave rise to non-crosslink lesions (presumably psoralen-DNA mono-adducts), that were repairable by normal but not by XP fibroblasts, and suggested the possibility that normal fibroblasts cannot repair this type of crosslink in the DNA of an infecting adenovirion.", "contents": "Repair by human cells of adenovirus-2 damaged by psoralen plus near ultraviolet light treatment. Adenovirus-2 is damaged by treatment with psoralen plus near-ultraviolet (UV) light is shown by reduced ability to infect human fibroblasts. The apparent sensitivity of the virus to this treatment depended upon the strain of cells used. The virus was 3-4 times more sensitive to the treatment when infecting xeroderma pigmentosum (XP complementation groups A or D) fibroblasts than when infecting normal fibroblasts. DNA extracted from virus preparations that had undergone such treatment was analyzed for treatment-induced crosslinks by gel electrophoresis and sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. The fraction of adenovirus DNA molecules remaining non-crosslinked after treatment was found to correlate with the survival of the virus in normal fibroblasts. This result showed that the psoralen plus near-UV treatment gave rise to non-crosslink lesions (presumably psoralen-DNA mono-adducts), that were repairable by normal but not by XP fibroblasts, and suggested the possibility that normal fibroblasts cannot repair this type of crosslink in the DNA of an infecting adenovirion."}
{"id": "PMID:1214813", "title": "[The influence of complementary base pair interactions on secondary structure formation and conformational transitions in polynucleotides].", "content": "The calculations have been carried out of interaction energy between complementary base pairs of nucleic acids in the function of conformational parametres of double helix (Arnott's parameters) by the method of atom-atom potential functions. Interaction energy as a function of conformational parametres is valley-like and varies little along the bottom of the valley. The regions of interaction energy minima are compared with experimentally determined conformational parametres of nucleic acid double helices. On the basis of calculation results the pathways of conformational transitions between different forms of double-helical polynucleotides are discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of complementary base pair interactions on secondary structure formation and conformational transitions in polynucleotides]. The calculations have been carried out of interaction energy between complementary base pairs of nucleic acids in the function of conformational parametres of double helix (Arnott's parameters) by the method of atom-atom potential functions. Interaction energy as a function of conformational parametres is valley-like and varies little along the bottom of the valley. The regions of interaction energy minima are compared with experimentally determined conformational parametres of nucleic acid double helices. On the basis of calculation results the pathways of conformational transitions between different forms of double-helical polynucleotides are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214824", "title": "Caffeine inhibition of the repair of ultraviolet-irradiated adenovirus in human cells.", "content": "Caffeine is shown to block repair of ultraviolet-irradiated adenovirus 2 when the irradiated virus infects normal human fibroblasts from a xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) variant. Such blockage is not observed when the irradiated virus infects XP fibroblasts belonging to XP complementation group A. Thus normal and XP variant cells have a caffeine-sensitive repair process. This may be either excision or an excision dependent repair process because fibroblasts belonging to XP complementation group A are believed to lack the excision repair process.", "contents": "Caffeine inhibition of the repair of ultraviolet-irradiated adenovirus in human cells. Caffeine is shown to block repair of ultraviolet-irradiated adenovirus 2 when the irradiated virus infects normal human fibroblasts from a xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) variant. Such blockage is not observed when the irradiated virus infects XP fibroblasts belonging to XP complementation group A. Thus normal and XP variant cells have a caffeine-sensitive repair process. This may be either excision or an excision dependent repair process because fibroblasts belonging to XP complementation group A are believed to lack the excision repair process."}
{"id": "PMID:1214825", "title": "The influence of caffeine on cell survival in excision-proficient and excision-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum and normal human cell strains following ultraviolet-light irradiation.", "content": "A uniform response to UV of four normal cell strains was demonstrated. One excision-proficient xeroderma pigmentosum variant strain (XP7TA) had a wild-type UV response but a second (XP30RO) was more sensitive. An excision-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum strain XP4L0 was substantially more sensitive than wild-type cell strains. A continuous post-irradiation treatment with non-toxic levels of caffeine enhanced the lethal effect of UV light in both xeroderma pigmentosum variant cell strains but not in cells from normal individuals. There was no detectable effect on cells from a xeroderma pigmentosum individual from complementation group A. These results correlate well with observations on the influence of caffeine on post-replication repair in the three classes of cells.", "contents": "The influence of caffeine on cell survival in excision-proficient and excision-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum and normal human cell strains following ultraviolet-light irradiation. A uniform response to UV of four normal cell strains was demonstrated. One excision-proficient xeroderma pigmentosum variant strain (XP7TA) had a wild-type UV response but a second (XP30RO) was more sensitive. An excision-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum strain XP4L0 was substantially more sensitive than wild-type cell strains. A continuous post-irradiation treatment with non-toxic levels of caffeine enhanced the lethal effect of UV light in both xeroderma pigmentosum variant cell strains but not in cells from normal individuals. There was no detectable effect on cells from a xeroderma pigmentosum individual from complementation group A. These results correlate well with observations on the influence of caffeine on post-replication repair in the three classes of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1214826", "title": "Potentiation by caffeine of ultraviolet-light damage in cultured human cells.", "content": "Five cultured human cell lines (T-1 kidney, Chang liver, H.Ep. No. 2, HeLa-S3 and HeLa-O) were irradiated with ultraviolet light and immediately exposed to 1.0 and 3.0 mM caffeine for 44 h thereafter. This caffeine treatment reduced the surviving fraction (assayed by colony formation) of the irradiated population, but did not significantly reduce the colony-forming ability of unirradiated control cells. These findings suggest that many cultured human cell lines exhibit post-UV potentiation of potentially lethal damage by caffeine.", "contents": "Potentiation by caffeine of ultraviolet-light damage in cultured human cells. Five cultured human cell lines (T-1 kidney, Chang liver, H.Ep. No. 2, HeLa-S3 and HeLa-O) were irradiated with ultraviolet light and immediately exposed to 1.0 and 3.0 mM caffeine for 44 h thereafter. This caffeine treatment reduced the surviving fraction (assayed by colony formation) of the irradiated population, but did not significantly reduce the colony-forming ability of unirradiated control cells. These findings suggest that many cultured human cell lines exhibit post-UV potentiation of potentially lethal damage by caffeine."}
{"id": "PMID:1214827", "title": "DNA strained breakage repair in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblast-like cells.", "content": "Human diploid fibroblast-like cells derived from four patients with the genetic disease ataxia telangiectasia and from two non-mutant donors were examined for the repair of X-ray induced strand breaks in DNA. The ataxia telangiectasia cultures showed no significant differences from the non-mutant cultures in the kinetics and extent of strand repair. This suggests that the increased spontaneous and X-ray induced chromatid aberrations observed in ataxia telangiectasia cells are not caused by a defect in the repair of single strand breaks as might be suspected from a general model of aberration production.", "contents": "DNA strained breakage repair in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblast-like cells. Human diploid fibroblast-like cells derived from four patients with the genetic disease ataxia telangiectasia and from two non-mutant donors were examined for the repair of X-ray induced strand breaks in DNA. The ataxia telangiectasia cultures showed no significant differences from the non-mutant cultures in the kinetics and extent of strand repair. This suggests that the increased spontaneous and X-ray induced chromatid aberrations observed in ataxia telangiectasia cells are not caused by a defect in the repair of single strand breaks as might be suspected from a general model of aberration production."}
{"id": "PMID:1214828", "title": "On the relationship between spontaneous mutation rates in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Recent estimates of spontaneous mutation rates in man, in which previous sources of bias are corrected, indicate that the average is about 3 x 10(-7) per locus per generation, a much lower figure than is generally accepted. Assuming 100 to 1000 cell divisions between each gametic union, this information predicts that cellular mutation rats should be in the order of 10(-9) per locus per generation. Since none of the mutation rates measured in cultured cells are this low (average for seven characters equals 7 x 10(-7)), the size of mutation rates in cultured cells cannot be used to substantiate the claim of epigenetic inheritance. Furthermore, this information suggests that in multicellular organisms the germinal tissue is sequestered from mutagenic insult or subjected to selection against mutational damage so as to keep the genetic load of a species at a tolerable level. Alternatively, cell culture environments may present an extremely abnormal situation to somatic cells, thus elevating the mutation rate.", "contents": "On the relationship between spontaneous mutation rates in vivo and in vitro. Recent estimates of spontaneous mutation rates in man, in which previous sources of bias are corrected, indicate that the average is about 3 x 10(-7) per locus per generation, a much lower figure than is generally accepted. Assuming 100 to 1000 cell divisions between each gametic union, this information predicts that cellular mutation rats should be in the order of 10(-9) per locus per generation. Since none of the mutation rates measured in cultured cells are this low (average for seven characters equals 7 x 10(-7)), the size of mutation rates in cultured cells cannot be used to substantiate the claim of epigenetic inheritance. Furthermore, this information suggests that in multicellular organisms the germinal tissue is sequestered from mutagenic insult or subjected to selection against mutational damage so as to keep the genetic load of a species at a tolerable level. Alternatively, cell culture environments may present an extremely abnormal situation to somatic cells, thus elevating the mutation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1214845", "title": "Sorosporium consanguineum: relation between variable nuclear condition and dissociation.", "content": "Saprophytic development of Sorosporium consanguineum and its nuclear cycle were studied on laboratory media. During vegetative reproduction, the nuclei of the monokaryotic sporidia were shown to first migrate into developing bud cells where division occurs, one nucleus returning to the parent cell prior to completion of cell division. Following fusion of sporidia of opposite mating type and subsequent formation of infection hyphae, dikaryons eventually dissociated, giving rise to sporidia of both sex groups in the process. As a result of dissociation, shown to occur in several ways, \"satellite\" sporidial colonies characteristically formed in advance of the parent colony and fusions again occurred between sporidia of opposite mating type. Reports of variable nuclear condition of mycelia in other species of smut fungi in culture are discussed in light of these findings.", "contents": "Sorosporium consanguineum: relation between variable nuclear condition and dissociation. Saprophytic development of Sorosporium consanguineum and its nuclear cycle were studied on laboratory media. During vegetative reproduction, the nuclei of the monokaryotic sporidia were shown to first migrate into developing bud cells where division occurs, one nucleus returning to the parent cell prior to completion of cell division. Following fusion of sporidia of opposite mating type and subsequent formation of infection hyphae, dikaryons eventually dissociated, giving rise to sporidia of both sex groups in the process. As a result of dissociation, shown to occur in several ways, \"satellite\" sporidial colonies characteristically formed in advance of the parent colony and fusions again occurred between sporidia of opposite mating type. Reports of variable nuclear condition of mycelia in other species of smut fungi in culture are discussed in light of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:1214846", "title": "[Hospital infection of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in infants and small children].", "content": "Routine histological investigations of the lungs of 38 children led to the discovery during the second half of 1970 of 4 cases of pulmonary aspergillosis in hospitalized children between 3 1/2 weeks and 2 years of age. Those cases represented 10.5% of all children, autopsiated during this period with an hospitalization period of more than 7 days. In two cases Aspergillus filaments did not invade pulmonary tissue, but in the two other cases Aspergillus mycelium had invaded the walls of adjacent pulmonary arteries with resultant arteritis, thrombosis and hemorrhagic infarction. The author believes, that the mycoses were acquired by inhalation of contaminated air. But he can not base this supposition of factual evidence.", "contents": "[Hospital infection of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in infants and small children]. Routine histological investigations of the lungs of 38 children led to the discovery during the second half of 1970 of 4 cases of pulmonary aspergillosis in hospitalized children between 3 1/2 weeks and 2 years of age. Those cases represented 10.5% of all children, autopsiated during this period with an hospitalization period of more than 7 days. In two cases Aspergillus filaments did not invade pulmonary tissue, but in the two other cases Aspergillus mycelium had invaded the walls of adjacent pulmonary arteries with resultant arteritis, thrombosis and hemorrhagic infarction. The author believes, that the mycoses were acquired by inhalation of contaminated air. But he can not base this supposition of factual evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:1214847", "title": "Distributional patterns of mesophilous and thermophilous microfungi in two Bahamian soils.", "content": "This study focuses on the characteristics displayed by mesophilous and thermophilous microfungal populations occurring in two tropical monodominant plant communities, a Cocos nucifera grove and a Casuarina equisetifolia forest, that provide distinctly different edaphic conditions. The mesophilous population sampled at 25 degrees C by the dilution plate method and the thermophilous population that developed on soil plates incubated at 45 degrees C consisted of 1693 isolates representing 60 species and 29 genera and 8887 isolates representing 20 species and 10 genera, respectively. The mesophilous propagules averaged 9,990 per gram dry soil in the coconut grove that lacks a litter layer, is low in moisture and organic matter and is subjected to high solar irradiation. The population was characterized by the prevalence of aspergilli and dematiaceous-sphaeropsidaceous forms and the near absence of mucoraceous isolates. Ascomycetes were common. The only widespread taxa were the three species, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chysogenum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Species diversity was high and 73% of the isolates were cellulolytic. In the casuarina forest, adequate moisture and organic matter and a protecting litter layer provide a mesic environment. The mean number of mesophilous fungi per gram dry soil was 32,800. This figure is considerably lower than ones reported for mesic temperate communities and may be due to more rapid propagule removal through accelerated microfaunal and microbial activity. An abundance of mucoraceous and moniliaceous isolates and penicillia, and the rarity of aspergilli, dematiaceous-sphaeropsidaceous forms and ascomycetes characterize the population. The infrequency of aspergilli is thought to be due to their poor competitive ability. Eight species, Absidia cylindrospora, Penicillium notatum, Pestalotia cocculi?, Cylindrocarpon heteronema, Gliocladium roseum, Trichoderma viride, Paecilomyces marquandii, and Penicillium funiculosum were widespread in the area. Species diversity equaled that observed in mesic temperate communities. Less than one third of the isolates were cellulolytic. Phytopathogens were common, a feature characteristic of tropical populations. Thermophilous fungi averaged 33 per gram dry soil in the casuarina forest and increased to 943 per gram in the insolated soil of the coconut grove. Thermotolerant forms (94% of the isolates) were abundant and were principally species of Aspergillus and Chaetomium. Thermophilic fungi werur species, Ch. osmaniae, Ch. medusarum, Ch. sulphureum, and Thielavia arenaria, appear to be new records for western hemisphere soils.", "contents": "Distributional patterns of mesophilous and thermophilous microfungi in two Bahamian soils. This study focuses on the characteristics displayed by mesophilous and thermophilous microfungal populations occurring in two tropical monodominant plant communities, a Cocos nucifera grove and a Casuarina equisetifolia forest, that provide distinctly different edaphic conditions. The mesophilous population sampled at 25 degrees C by the dilution plate method and the thermophilous population that developed on soil plates incubated at 45 degrees C consisted of 1693 isolates representing 60 species and 29 genera and 8887 isolates representing 20 species and 10 genera, respectively. The mesophilous propagules averaged 9,990 per gram dry soil in the coconut grove that lacks a litter layer, is low in moisture and organic matter and is subjected to high solar irradiation. The population was characterized by the prevalence of aspergilli and dematiaceous-sphaeropsidaceous forms and the near absence of mucoraceous isolates. Ascomycetes were common. The only widespread taxa were the three species, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chysogenum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Species diversity was high and 73% of the isolates were cellulolytic. In the casuarina forest, adequate moisture and organic matter and a protecting litter layer provide a mesic environment. The mean number of mesophilous fungi per gram dry soil was 32,800. This figure is considerably lower than ones reported for mesic temperate communities and may be due to more rapid propagule removal through accelerated microfaunal and microbial activity. An abundance of mucoraceous and moniliaceous isolates and penicillia, and the rarity of aspergilli, dematiaceous-sphaeropsidaceous forms and ascomycetes characterize the population. The infrequency of aspergilli is thought to be due to their poor competitive ability. Eight species, Absidia cylindrospora, Penicillium notatum, Pestalotia cocculi?, Cylindrocarpon heteronema, Gliocladium roseum, Trichoderma viride, Paecilomyces marquandii, and Penicillium funiculosum were widespread in the area. Species diversity equaled that observed in mesic temperate communities. Less than one third of the isolates were cellulolytic. Phytopathogens were common, a feature characteristic of tropical populations. Thermophilous fungi averaged 33 per gram dry soil in the casuarina forest and increased to 943 per gram in the insolated soil of the coconut grove. Thermotolerant forms (94% of the isolates) were abundant and were principally species of Aspergillus and Chaetomium. Thermophilic fungi werur species, Ch. osmaniae, Ch. medusarum, Ch. sulphureum, and Thielavia arenaria, appear to be new records for western hemisphere soils."}
{"id": "PMID:1214848", "title": "Microflora of stored grain in international trade.", "content": "Although the temperature of grain in the holds of ships arriving in Japan from Argintina, Australia, Canada, China and USA during 1966-67 varied with the grain, country of origin, and season, it was likely to be determined by the temperature of the grain when it was loaded into the ships. Dockage level varied among bulks of the same type of grain, but the mean dockage in any one crop was always larger when originating from the USA than from other countries. Generally the viability of the grain was good, but when it was reduced, interaction of variety and time seemed to be the principal cause. Field fungi - non-pathogenic Alternaria, and the pathogenic Helminthosporium and Fusarium species - tended to die out, during transport, thus reducing the hazards of new pathogenic strains being distributed across international boundaries. The non-pathogenic field fungi, Cladosporium and Phaeoramularia, were persistent. Although common in grain shipments from all countries, species of Aspergillus and Penicillium varied quantitatively with the different grains. In this respect, more Aspergillus spp. were found in grains originating in the USA and Australia than those originating in Canada. The primary contamination by storage fungi appeared to be at the source, at or after harvest and in storage prior to export.", "contents": "Microflora of stored grain in international trade. Although the temperature of grain in the holds of ships arriving in Japan from Argintina, Australia, Canada, China and USA during 1966-67 varied with the grain, country of origin, and season, it was likely to be determined by the temperature of the grain when it was loaded into the ships. Dockage level varied among bulks of the same type of grain, but the mean dockage in any one crop was always larger when originating from the USA than from other countries. Generally the viability of the grain was good, but when it was reduced, interaction of variety and time seemed to be the principal cause. Field fungi - non-pathogenic Alternaria, and the pathogenic Helminthosporium and Fusarium species - tended to die out, during transport, thus reducing the hazards of new pathogenic strains being distributed across international boundaries. The non-pathogenic field fungi, Cladosporium and Phaeoramularia, were persistent. Although common in grain shipments from all countries, species of Aspergillus and Penicillium varied quantitatively with the different grains. In this respect, more Aspergillus spp. were found in grains originating in the USA and Australia than those originating in Canada. The primary contamination by storage fungi appeared to be at the source, at or after harvest and in storage prior to export."}
{"id": "PMID:1214859", "title": "[Copyright and natural sciences].", "content": "Works in the natural sciences are provided with comparatively less copyright protection than literary works. Nevertheless, this protection is important for scientists. However, more recently, modern methods and techniques of information and documentation, such as reprography, microfilm archives, electronic data storage and retrieval, and data transmission have questioned the justification and effectiveness, even in principle, of this protection. A more detailed analysis demonstrates that this involves not so much a crisis of copyright law as a crisis of the entire field of scientific information.", "contents": "[Copyright and natural sciences]. Works in the natural sciences are provided with comparatively less copyright protection than literary works. Nevertheless, this protection is important for scientists. However, more recently, modern methods and techniques of information and documentation, such as reprography, microfilm archives, electronic data storage and retrieval, and data transmission have questioned the justification and effectiveness, even in principle, of this protection. A more detailed analysis demonstrates that this involves not so much a crisis of copyright law as a crisis of the entire field of scientific information."}
{"id": "PMID:1214923", "title": "Replication of feline sarcoma virus in cat embryonic kidney cells in the absence of transformation.", "content": "The infection of cat embryonic kidney cells (CRC) with Gardner and Snyder-Theilen strains of feline sarcoma viruses (Ga-FeSV and ST-FeSV) do not lead to transformation and focus formation. The focus forming insusceptibility is shown to be stable and nontransmissable property of these cells. However, the CRC cells are permissive for ST-FeSV, and the viral production is 10 to 100 folds lower than in focus forming susceptible cat cells. Produced ST-FeSV(c) by CRC cells induced on cat embryonic cells FE in higher proportion round and fusiform (rf) foci and fusiform(f) foci. The f foci were not previously observed in original stock of ST-FeSV tested directly on FE cells. Attempts to detect some differences in morphology or in growth behavior between ST-FeSV infected and non-infected CRC cell population gave negative results.", "contents": "Replication of feline sarcoma virus in cat embryonic kidney cells in the absence of transformation. The infection of cat embryonic kidney cells (CRC) with Gardner and Snyder-Theilen strains of feline sarcoma viruses (Ga-FeSV and ST-FeSV) do not lead to transformation and focus formation. The focus forming insusceptibility is shown to be stable and nontransmissable property of these cells. However, the CRC cells are permissive for ST-FeSV, and the viral production is 10 to 100 folds lower than in focus forming susceptible cat cells. Produced ST-FeSV(c) by CRC cells induced on cat embryonic cells FE in higher proportion round and fusiform (rf) foci and fusiform(f) foci. The f foci were not previously observed in original stock of ST-FeSV tested directly on FE cells. Attempts to detect some differences in morphology or in growth behavior between ST-FeSV infected and non-infected CRC cell population gave negative results."}
{"id": "PMID:1214924", "title": "The effect of long-term administration of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)palmitamide on the chemotherapy of RBA rat leukemia.", "content": "The effects of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) palmitamide (PEA) a natural and antitoxic substance on the treatment of RBA rat leukemia were studied. Repeated administration of PEA prolonged substantially survival of leukemic animals in the course of the treatment with  cis-diamminedichlor-platinum (cis-Pt(II) in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and methotrexate respectively. The most advantageous combination used was the cis-Pt(II) with methotrexate and PEA administration even improved the treatment results. The long-termed PEA treatment depressed first of all undesirable side effects and enabled to use higher therapeutic dosage of chemotherapeutics and improved the final results.", "contents": "The effect of long-term administration of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)palmitamide on the chemotherapy of RBA rat leukemia. The effects of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) palmitamide (PEA) a natural and antitoxic substance on the treatment of RBA rat leukemia were studied. Repeated administration of PEA prolonged substantially survival of leukemic animals in the course of the treatment with  cis-diamminedichlor-platinum (cis-Pt(II) in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and methotrexate respectively. The most advantageous combination used was the cis-Pt(II) with methotrexate and PEA administration even improved the treatment results. The long-termed PEA treatment depressed first of all undesirable side effects and enabled to use higher therapeutic dosage of chemotherapeutics and improved the final results."}
{"id": "PMID:1214925", "title": "Further evidence on lymphocyte resistance of tumor-bearing in vitro rats to phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "A study was made of the survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes in short-term cultures with a standard dose of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in rats during the course of methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced carcinogenesis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of (BDXLW)F1 hybrid rats were tested at various time intervals following MC application. The investigation involved a group of rats in which tumors had not appeared as yet after MC application, a further group with developed tumors of varying sizes, and a third group in which the tumors were extirpated, their peripheral blood lymphocytes being examined both before and at a definite time interval after the extirpation. Finally, another group of animals was investigated in which no tumor appeared up to 14 months after MC administration. The higher survival values of lymphocytes in PHA cultures in animals with primary MC-induced tumors in comparison with those of the control animals were found to be related to the presence of a progressing tumor. The results are discussed in terms of a possible change of T and B lymphocyte ratio in the peripheral blood in the presence of a tumor antigen.", "contents": "Further evidence on lymphocyte resistance of tumor-bearing in vitro rats to phytohemagglutinin. A study was made of the survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes in short-term cultures with a standard dose of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in rats during the course of methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced carcinogenesis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of (BDXLW)F1 hybrid rats were tested at various time intervals following MC application. The investigation involved a group of rats in which tumors had not appeared as yet after MC application, a further group with developed tumors of varying sizes, and a third group in which the tumors were extirpated, their peripheral blood lymphocytes being examined both before and at a definite time interval after the extirpation. Finally, another group of animals was investigated in which no tumor appeared up to 14 months after MC administration. The higher survival values of lymphocytes in PHA cultures in animals with primary MC-induced tumors in comparison with those of the control animals were found to be related to the presence of a progressing tumor. The results are discussed in terms of a possible change of T and B lymphocyte ratio in the peripheral blood in the presence of a tumor antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:1214926", "title": "Variations in sensitivity of synchronized Chinese hamster cells to oxic and anoxic X-ray exposures.", "content": "V-79 Chinese hamster cells in monolayer cultures on glass surfaces were synchronized by treatment with hydroxyurea and exposed at different times thereafter to X-rays in the air or in oxygen-free argon. Survival determinations indicated that the oxygen enhancement ratio OER as expressed by the ratio of the respective D0 values varied over a narrow range in the different phases of the cell cycle. These changes resulted from cyclic alterations in both aerobic and anaerobic D0 values, and perhaps in n values.", "contents": "Variations in sensitivity of synchronized Chinese hamster cells to oxic and anoxic X-ray exposures. V-79 Chinese hamster cells in monolayer cultures on glass surfaces were synchronized by treatment with hydroxyurea and exposed at different times thereafter to X-rays in the air or in oxygen-free argon. Survival determinations indicated that the oxygen enhancement ratio OER as expressed by the ratio of the respective D0 values varied over a narrow range in the different phases of the cell cycle. These changes resulted from cyclic alterations in both aerobic and anaerobic D0 values, and perhaps in n values."}
{"id": "PMID:1214927", "title": "The effect of anemia on the radiotherapy results of the uterine cervix cancer.", "content": "Relationship between hemoglobin level and survival and/or recurrence rate was studied in radiation treated group of postmenopausal women with uterine cervix carcinoma. The data suggest that anemia alters unfavorably the effectiveness of radiotherapy. A possible explanation of the lowered control rate is that due to deficiency of tissue oxygenation by reduced oxygen carriage proportion of hypoxic cells increases and impairs the radiosensitivity.", "contents": "The effect of anemia on the radiotherapy results of the uterine cervix cancer. Relationship between hemoglobin level and survival and/or recurrence rate was studied in radiation treated group of postmenopausal women with uterine cervix carcinoma. The data suggest that anemia alters unfavorably the effectiveness of radiotherapy. A possible explanation of the lowered control rate is that due to deficiency of tissue oxygenation by reduced oxygen carriage proportion of hypoxic cells increases and impairs the radiosensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1214928", "title": "Long-term results in rectum carcinoma. Patients followed up during the period 1959-1968.", "content": "During the period 1959 to 1968, a total of 158 patients with carcinoma of the rectum were treated at the surgical department of the Oncological Institute in Bratislava. All these patients were retro spectively classified according to the TNM system into four clinical stages as follows: Stage I -- 26 (16.46%). Stage II -- 12 (7.59%), Stage III -- 61 (36.61%) and Stage IV -- 59 (53.39%) of the patient. Surgical treatment was supplemented with irradiation in 85 (53.73%) of the patients with chemotherapy in 15 (9.49%). All the findings were verified histologically. Favorable results as regards the 5-year survival rate in accordance with literature data were achieved in the early stages of the affection, while in advanced stages this survival rate was rather low, the majority of the patients died in the first and second year following initiation of treatment. The authors express the view that in future, oncologists will have to devote more attention to an early diagnosis and treatment of precanceroses, and this not solely in patients with a carcinoma of the rectum, but also in its other localizations.", "contents": "Long-term results in rectum carcinoma. Patients followed up during the period 1959-1968. During the period 1959 to 1968, a total of 158 patients with carcinoma of the rectum were treated at the surgical department of the Oncological Institute in Bratislava. All these patients were retro spectively classified according to the TNM system into four clinical stages as follows: Stage I -- 26 (16.46%). Stage II -- 12 (7.59%), Stage III -- 61 (36.61%) and Stage IV -- 59 (53.39%) of the patient. Surgical treatment was supplemented with irradiation in 85 (53.73%) of the patients with chemotherapy in 15 (9.49%). All the findings were verified histologically. Favorable results as regards the 5-year survival rate in accordance with literature data were achieved in the early stages of the affection, while in advanced stages this survival rate was rather low, the majority of the patients died in the first and second year following initiation of treatment. The authors express the view that in future, oncologists will have to devote more attention to an early diagnosis and treatment of precanceroses, and this not solely in patients with a carcinoma of the rectum, but also in its other localizations."}
{"id": "PMID:1214940", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of bilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae.", "content": "The authors report the diagnosis and successful treatment of a case of traumatic bilateral carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Direct tamponade of the fistula with a Fogarty catheter and ligation of all cervical carotid vessels was carried out on the left side following ligation on the right side of the common carotid, the internal carotid extra- and intracranially, and of the external carotid artery. The pre-requisite for this procedure was the development of a functional collateral circulation via the posterior communicating arteries from the basilar system. The 18 months follow-up report and the rare reports in the world literature on the operative techniques and the results of treatment of similar cases are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of bilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae. The authors report the diagnosis and successful treatment of a case of traumatic bilateral carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Direct tamponade of the fistula with a Fogarty catheter and ligation of all cervical carotid vessels was carried out on the left side following ligation on the right side of the common carotid, the internal carotid extra- and intracranially, and of the external carotid artery. The pre-requisite for this procedure was the development of a functional collateral circulation via the posterior communicating arteries from the basilar system. The 18 months follow-up report and the rare reports in the world literature on the operative techniques and the results of treatment of similar cases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214942", "title": "[Clinical and morphological considerations concerning \"medulloepithelioma\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical course and autopsy findings in a 20 months old child with a so-called medulloepithelioma of the brain stem are reported. The histological features of this tumour are described. Ten previous cases in the literature are reviewed and the controversial problems of this entity are discussed. It seems reasonable to place this malignant tumour in the group of ependymomas; in detail, the definition \"embryonic ependymoma\"; proposed by Fowler, appears to be the most suitable, because it comprises all morphological and biological features of this rare malignant tumour.", "contents": "[Clinical and morphological considerations concerning \"medulloepithelioma\" (author's transl)]. The clinical course and autopsy findings in a 20 months old child with a so-called medulloepithelioma of the brain stem are reported. The histological features of this tumour are described. Ten previous cases in the literature are reviewed and the controversial problems of this entity are discussed. It seems reasonable to place this malignant tumour in the group of ependymomas; in detail, the definition \"embryonic ependymoma\"; proposed by Fowler, appears to be the most suitable, because it comprises all morphological and biological features of this rare malignant tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:1214943", "title": "[Endoscopy of the spinal canal (author's transl)].", "content": "The intraspinal endoscopy was carried out by means of a recently developed Selfoc-endoscope. The optical principle of the Selfoc-glass rod was described. The endoscopic observations in the preliminary experiment on dogs and in 6 clinical cases were reported. Our experiences showed the usefulness of Selfoc-endoscope for the clinical spinaloscopy.", "contents": "[Endoscopy of the spinal canal (author's transl)]. The intraspinal endoscopy was carried out by means of a recently developed Selfoc-endoscope. The optical principle of the Selfoc-glass rod was described. The endoscopic observations in the preliminary experiment on dogs and in 6 clinical cases were reported. Our experiences showed the usefulness of Selfoc-endoscope for the clinical spinaloscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:1214944", "title": "Remarks on the surgical treatment of the craniosynostoses.", "content": "Technical aspects and results of a surgical procedure for craniosynostoses are exposed. Fragmentation-recomposition of the anterior part of the cranial vault in cases of brachi-, acro-, turri- and trigono-cephaly gives both an effective decompression and a satisfactory cosmetic result.", "contents": "Remarks on the surgical treatment of the craniosynostoses. Technical aspects and results of a surgical procedure for craniosynostoses are exposed. Fragmentation-recomposition of the anterior part of the cranial vault in cases of brachi-, acro-, turri- and trigono-cephaly gives both an effective decompression and a satisfactory cosmetic result."}
{"id": "PMID:1214945", "title": "[Symptom picture of a unilateral fronto-medial falcial meningioma with extrapyramidal symptomatology].", "content": "A colourless affect, without neurological symptoms was for decades assumed to be a character attribute of the patient, until the age of 55 years when she developed an akinetic symptom-complex with tremor, but with no rigidity. In the light of the history, the investigations and the operation findings, the symptoms appeared to have a clear aetiological connection with a unilateral, mandarin-sized, fronto-medial meningioma on the inferior edge of the falx. It seemed likely that this had been growing since her youth. The reversible symptoms were judged to be the result of pressure on the mid-brain, with resultant ciuculatory disturbances.", "contents": "[Symptom picture of a unilateral fronto-medial falcial meningioma with extrapyramidal symptomatology]. A colourless affect, without neurological symptoms was for decades assumed to be a character attribute of the patient, until the age of 55 years when she developed an akinetic symptom-complex with tremor, but with no rigidity. In the light of the history, the investigations and the operation findings, the symptoms appeared to have a clear aetiological connection with a unilateral, mandarin-sized, fronto-medial meningioma on the inferior edge of the falx. It seemed likely that this had been growing since her youth. The reversible symptoms were judged to be the result of pressure on the mid-brain, with resultant ciuculatory disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:1214962", "title": "Inhibition of ovulation induced with PMS and HCG by a melatonin-free extract of bovine pineal powder.", "content": "Using borate buffer a substance that suppresses the ovulation induced with PMS and HCG in immature mice was obtained from acetone-defatted bovine pineal powder by an extraction method similar to that used for an extraction of a gonadotropin-inhibiting substance in urine. This gonadotropin inhibitor in the pineal powder differs from melatonin or arginine vasotocin and seems to be different from the water soluble antigonadotropic substance which has been isolated from the bovine and ovine pineal. Partial purification of the gonadotropin inhibitor was accomplished by a Sephadex G-100 column.", "contents": "Inhibition of ovulation induced with PMS and HCG by a melatonin-free extract of bovine pineal powder. Using borate buffer a substance that suppresses the ovulation induced with PMS and HCG in immature mice was obtained from acetone-defatted bovine pineal powder by an extraction method similar to that used for an extraction of a gonadotropin-inhibiting substance in urine. This gonadotropin inhibitor in the pineal powder differs from melatonin or arginine vasotocin and seems to be different from the water soluble antigonadotropic substance which has been isolated from the bovine and ovine pineal. Partial purification of the gonadotropin inhibitor was accomplished by a Sephadex G-100 column."}
{"id": "PMID:1214982", "title": "[Endocrine glands of Chironomus thummi Kief. during larval development and metamorphosis].", "content": "The general morphology of the complex of endocrine glands in Chironomus thummi is described (corpora allata, peritracheal glands, cardial bodies). Each of these glands is characterized during the 3rd, 4th larval instars and metamorphosis by specific developmental features. Enlargement of corpora allata is due, mainly, to more than 10-fold increase in cell number. The process of growth in the peritracheal gland is realized mainly at the expense of increase in cell size and formation of polytene nuclei; the latter is witnessed both by nuclear morphology and increase of DNA content per nucleus. It was shown by cytophotometric measurements that DNA content per nucleus in the peritracheal gland of a just moulted larva of the 4th instar amounts to 0.202 +/- 0.02 relative units, in prepupa to 2.98+/-0.01, whereas the corresponding values for nuclei of corpora allata equal 0.107+/-0.01 and 0.212+/-0.1. The number of cells and the morphology of nuclei suffer no significant changes in cardial bodies but 2 giant cells intimately connected with cardial bodies increase in volume from 18 to 200,000 mu3 and typical polytene chromosomes form in them.", "contents": "[Endocrine glands of Chironomus thummi Kief. during larval development and metamorphosis]. The general morphology of the complex of endocrine glands in Chironomus thummi is described (corpora allata, peritracheal glands, cardial bodies). Each of these glands is characterized during the 3rd, 4th larval instars and metamorphosis by specific developmental features. Enlargement of corpora allata is due, mainly, to more than 10-fold increase in cell number. The process of growth in the peritracheal gland is realized mainly at the expense of increase in cell size and formation of polytene nuclei; the latter is witnessed both by nuclear morphology and increase of DNA content per nucleus. It was shown by cytophotometric measurements that DNA content per nucleus in the peritracheal gland of a just moulted larva of the 4th instar amounts to 0.202 +/- 0.02 relative units, in prepupa to 2.98+/-0.01, whereas the corresponding values for nuclei of corpora allata equal 0.107+/-0.01 and 0.212+/-0.1. The number of cells and the morphology of nuclei suffer no significant changes in cardial bodies but 2 giant cells intimately connected with cardial bodies increase in volume from 18 to 200,000 mu3 and typical polytene chromosomes form in them."}
{"id": "PMID:1214983", "title": "[The morphofunctional condition of the basic organ systems, life span and fecundity of the domestic cricket, Acheta domestica, during normal imaginal development and following allatectomy].", "content": "3 main periods of imaginal development: juvenility, reproduction, ageing, were established in Acheta domestica and characterized by morphological and functional features of some organs (integument, wings, fat body, wing muscles, ovaries, and body proportions). Allatectomized crickets remain in the first period up till the day of death; this allowed to suggest that the hormone of corpora allata in imago controls the normal correlated development of different organs and tissues and ensures the transition to subsequent periods of imaginal ontogenesis. In allatectomized crickets of both the sexes, the duration of imaginal life is markedly longer and the fecundity of females is much lower. It is suggested that the hormone of corpora allata controls the life span and the fecundity independently.", "contents": "[The morphofunctional condition of the basic organ systems, life span and fecundity of the domestic cricket, Acheta domestica, during normal imaginal development and following allatectomy]. 3 main periods of imaginal development: juvenility, reproduction, ageing, were established in Acheta domestica and characterized by morphological and functional features of some organs (integument, wings, fat body, wing muscles, ovaries, and body proportions). Allatectomized crickets remain in the first period up till the day of death; this allowed to suggest that the hormone of corpora allata in imago controls the normal correlated development of different organs and tissues and ensures the transition to subsequent periods of imaginal ontogenesis. In allatectomized crickets of both the sexes, the duration of imaginal life is markedly longer and the fecundity of females is much lower. It is suggested that the hormone of corpora allata controls the life span and the fecundity independently."}
{"id": "PMID:1214984", "title": "[The mechanism of inactivation of the bird erythrocyte genome. III. Pathways of terminal differentiation of erythrocytes].", "content": "Under the conditions of acute phenylhydrazine anemia in pigeons, early erythroblasts develop in reticulocytes with basophilic cytoplasm directly by passing the stages of polychromatophilic and ortochromic erythroblasts. During the maximum activity of bone marrow erythropoiesis stimulated by anemia over 80% of reticulocytes develop in such a way. A hypothesis is put forward to the effect that there exist in birds two alternative pathways of erythropoiesis: the main pathway which ensures the slow repopulation of blood by erythrocytes under normal conditions and the reserve pathway which opens for a short time under anemia and ensures rapid increase of the erythrocyte titer in blood up to its normal value.", "contents": "[The mechanism of inactivation of the bird erythrocyte genome. III. Pathways of terminal differentiation of erythrocytes]. Under the conditions of acute phenylhydrazine anemia in pigeons, early erythroblasts develop in reticulocytes with basophilic cytoplasm directly by passing the stages of polychromatophilic and ortochromic erythroblasts. During the maximum activity of bone marrow erythropoiesis stimulated by anemia over 80% of reticulocytes develop in such a way. A hypothesis is put forward to the effect that there exist in birds two alternative pathways of erythropoiesis: the main pathway which ensures the slow repopulation of blood by erythrocytes under normal conditions and the reserve pathway which opens for a short time under anemia and ensures rapid increase of the erythrocyte titer in blood up to its normal value."}
{"id": "PMID:1214985", "title": "[The development of differentiation of pigment epithelium in teleosts and its stimulation to metaplasia].", "content": "The time was determined when pigmented epithelium acquires stable differentiation and the possibility was investigated for pigmented epithelium to transform in retina at different developmental stages in the Issyk-kul chebatchok Leuciscus bergi (Cyprinidae). By means of implantation of a layer of pigmented epithelium in pericardium it was established that the pigmented epithelium cells acquired stable differentiation rather early. When an already pigmented layer of pigmented epithelium was implanted in the cavity of a lensless eye, its cell transformed in retina under the influence of the whole retina. Conditions of pigmented epithelium metaplasia in retina in teleosteans proved to be similar with those for frogs.", "contents": "[The development of differentiation of pigment epithelium in teleosts and its stimulation to metaplasia]. The time was determined when pigmented epithelium acquires stable differentiation and the possibility was investigated for pigmented epithelium to transform in retina at different developmental stages in the Issyk-kul chebatchok Leuciscus bergi (Cyprinidae). By means of implantation of a layer of pigmented epithelium in pericardium it was established that the pigmented epithelium cells acquired stable differentiation rather early. When an already pigmented layer of pigmented epithelium was implanted in the cavity of a lensless eye, its cell transformed in retina under the influence of the whole retina. Conditions of pigmented epithelium metaplasia in retina in teleosteans proved to be similar with those for frogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1214986", "title": "[Temporary patterns in the embryonic development of the beluga].", "content": "The data concerning the absolute and relative duration of different periods of the beluga embryogenesis are obtained and the relative durations of the same periods of embryogenesis in beluga, sevryuga (Acipenser stellatus) and sturgeon (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti) were compared. The relative durations of cleavage, gastrulation and early organogenesis in beluga are rather stable within the zone of optimal temperatures and similar to those in sturgeon and sevryuga. In beluga the relative duration of the period between the insemination and the appearance of the 1st cleavage furrow on the egg surface and the relative duration of the second half of embryogenesis (from the formation of heart rudiment till the hatching of single larvae) are somewhat less.", "contents": "[Temporary patterns in the embryonic development of the beluga]. The data concerning the absolute and relative duration of different periods of the beluga embryogenesis are obtained and the relative durations of the same periods of embryogenesis in beluga, sevryuga (Acipenser stellatus) and sturgeon (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti) were compared. The relative durations of cleavage, gastrulation and early organogenesis in beluga are rather stable within the zone of optimal temperatures and similar to those in sturgeon and sevryuga. In beluga the relative duration of the period between the insemination and the appearance of the 1st cleavage furrow on the egg surface and the relative duration of the second half of embryogenesis (from the formation of heart rudiment till the hatching of single larvae) are somewhat less."}
{"id": "PMID:1214987", "title": "[The osteogenic role of the dura mater in adult rabbits during regeneration of the skull].", "content": "It was shown in experiments with adult rabbits that the regeneration of skull vault bones after artificial trauma proceeds, mainly, at the expense of osteogenic activity of dura mater, rather than by means of outgrowth of bone from the defect margins. During regeneration, dura mater connects with the granulation tissue which fills the area of defect. The first bone islets are formed by the surface layer of dura mater near the defect margins and then all over the defect area. During regeneration bone islets merge with each other and with the old bone at the defect margins. In experiments with separation of the defect margins from dura mater by millipore filter, regeneration is insignificant over the filter near the old bone margins (bone trabeculae form which close destructed bone marrow cavities); the bone forms intensively under the filter on dura mater. In experiments with the removal of a piece of skull bone together with the adjacent region of dura mater, no bone regeneration occurs, the defect area is filled by the scar tissue.", "contents": "[The osteogenic role of the dura mater in adult rabbits during regeneration of the skull]. It was shown in experiments with adult rabbits that the regeneration of skull vault bones after artificial trauma proceeds, mainly, at the expense of osteogenic activity of dura mater, rather than by means of outgrowth of bone from the defect margins. During regeneration, dura mater connects with the granulation tissue which fills the area of defect. The first bone islets are formed by the surface layer of dura mater near the defect margins and then all over the defect area. During regeneration bone islets merge with each other and with the old bone at the defect margins. In experiments with separation of the defect margins from dura mater by millipore filter, regeneration is insignificant over the filter near the old bone margins (bone trabeculae form which close destructed bone marrow cavities); the bone forms intensively under the filter on dura mater. In experiments with the removal of a piece of skull bone together with the adjacent region of dura mater, no bone regeneration occurs, the defect area is filled by the scar tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1214988", "title": "[Migration of glial cells in the brains of intact mice and mice with brain injuries during the first hours after DNA synthesis and cell division].", "content": "The behaviour of labelled (3H-thymidine) glial cells was studied in the brain of intact mice and mice with mechanical trauma of brain. Formation of pairs of labelled cells and their subsequent disjunction in the brain regions under study occurs at different rates. The rates of these processes in white matter and subependymal zone exceed those in parietal cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus. The brain traumatization does not influence the rate of disjunction of separated glial cells. Angles between axes of separated cells are different in the brain regions under study. In cortex and white matter, separated cells with axial angles equal to 180 degrees predominate whereas in thalamus, hypothalamus and subependymal zone many separated cells have axial angles below 180 degrees (120-160 degrees). The possible relationship between the form of the brain regions under study and the value of axial angles of separated cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Migration of glial cells in the brains of intact mice and mice with brain injuries during the first hours after DNA synthesis and cell division]. The behaviour of labelled (3H-thymidine) glial cells was studied in the brain of intact mice and mice with mechanical trauma of brain. Formation of pairs of labelled cells and their subsequent disjunction in the brain regions under study occurs at different rates. The rates of these processes in white matter and subependymal zone exceed those in parietal cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus. The brain traumatization does not influence the rate of disjunction of separated glial cells. Angles between axes of separated cells are different in the brain regions under study. In cortex and white matter, separated cells with axial angles equal to 180 degrees predominate whereas in thalamus, hypothalamus and subependymal zone many separated cells have axial angles below 180 degrees (120-160 degrees). The possible relationship between the form of the brain regions under study and the value of axial angles of separated cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1214989", "title": "[Ribosomal RNA synthesis in haploid and diploid loach embryos].", "content": "rRNA synthesis was compared in the loach haploid (In) and diploid (2n) embryos. The relative intensity of synthesis was evaluated by 14C-uridine incorporation in 27S and 18S rRNA isolated from ribosomes taking into account label incorporation into total acid-soluble fraction and phosphrylated uridine derivatives. Label incorporation into rRNA, in reference with DNA content in 1n and 2n embryos, suggests that the level of rRNA synthesis per DNA unit in haploids is twice that in diploids whereas, in reference per cell, the same amount of ribosomes is synthesized both in haploids and diploids. The data obtained show that the amount of rRNAs synthesized in the loach embryogenesis does not depend on ploidy.", "contents": "[Ribosomal RNA synthesis in haploid and diploid loach embryos]. rRNA synthesis was compared in the loach haploid (In) and diploid (2n) embryos. The relative intensity of synthesis was evaluated by 14C-uridine incorporation in 27S and 18S rRNA isolated from ribosomes taking into account label incorporation into total acid-soluble fraction and phosphrylated uridine derivatives. Label incorporation into rRNA, in reference with DNA content in 1n and 2n embryos, suggests that the level of rRNA synthesis per DNA unit in haploids is twice that in diploids whereas, in reference per cell, the same amount of ribosomes is synthesized both in haploids and diploids. The data obtained show that the amount of rRNAs synthesized in the loach embryogenesis does not depend on ploidy."}
{"id": "PMID:1214991", "title": "[Polar distribution of RNA in the cytoplasm of Acetabularia mediterranea].", "content": "The distribution of total RNA and its individual fractions in two regions of Acetabularia mediterranea stem during regeneration was investigated. During regeneration of both the nuclear and enucleated cells, RNA concentration increases in the cytoplasm of growth zone whereas it changes insignificantly in the central stem region. A study of the qualitative RNA composition in the same stem regions has shown that during regeneration high molecular weight RNA fractions (main peaks - 0,56-10(6) and 1.04-10(6) Dalton) are found in the growth zone and are practically absent from the central cell region. Low molecular weight RNA (supposedly, tRNA and products of RNA destruction) are present in both the cell regions under study.", "contents": "[Polar distribution of RNA in the cytoplasm of Acetabularia mediterranea]. The distribution of total RNA and its individual fractions in two regions of Acetabularia mediterranea stem during regeneration was investigated. During regeneration of both the nuclear and enucleated cells, RNA concentration increases in the cytoplasm of growth zone whereas it changes insignificantly in the central stem region. A study of the qualitative RNA composition in the same stem regions has shown that during regeneration high molecular weight RNA fractions (main peaks - 0,56-10(6) and 1.04-10(6) Dalton) are found in the growth zone and are practically absent from the central cell region. Low molecular weight RNA (supposedly, tRNA and products of RNA destruction) are present in both the cell regions under study."}
{"id": "PMID:1214992", "title": "[Autoantibodies and immunologic theories].", "content": "A hypothesis is put forward to the effect that immunological phenomena represent a particular case of the transport of metabolites, rather than obligatory \"defense mechanism\". This hypothesis excludes the necessity in additional postulates (forbidden clones, somatic mutations, cells-repressors etc.) to account for the basic immunological phenomena, such as recognition, appearance of autoantibodies and tolerance. It suffices to assume that: 1) autolytic enzymes destroy \"their\" antigens but cannot destroy completely \"foreign\" antigens; 2) as a result of decomposition of antigens by enzymes, \"tolerogens\" may appear which block the receptors in immunocompetent cells thus preventing the appearance of antibodies; 3) cells capable to synthesize autoantibodies exist in the normal organism but not activated due to the absence of \"their\" antigens. When such antigens appear, they initiate the synthesis of antibodies. The hypothesis advanced may appear too simple as compared with the existing theories, but experiments have to confirm it.", "contents": "[Autoantibodies and immunologic theories]. A hypothesis is put forward to the effect that immunological phenomena represent a particular case of the transport of metabolites, rather than obligatory \"defense mechanism\". This hypothesis excludes the necessity in additional postulates (forbidden clones, somatic mutations, cells-repressors etc.) to account for the basic immunological phenomena, such as recognition, appearance of autoantibodies and tolerance. It suffices to assume that: 1) autolytic enzymes destroy \"their\" antigens but cannot destroy completely \"foreign\" antigens; 2) as a result of decomposition of antigens by enzymes, \"tolerogens\" may appear which block the receptors in immunocompetent cells thus preventing the appearance of antibodies; 3) cells capable to synthesize autoantibodies exist in the normal organism but not activated due to the absence of \"their\" antigens. When such antigens appear, they initiate the synthesis of antibodies. The hypothesis advanced may appear too simple as compared with the existing theories, but experiments have to confirm it."}
{"id": "PMID:1214997", "title": "[Peptide hydrolase activity during embryonic carp development].", "content": "It was established that in the carp the process of embryonic and early postembryonic development was accompanied by the increase in the activity of both the trypsin- and chemotrypsin-like peptide hydrolases. This increase is most evident  in larvae with resorbing yolk. The total and protein nitrogen content suffers no changes during embryonic and early postembryonic development. The content of non-protein nitrogen increases from the stage of the middle of segmentation on attaining the maximum level in larvae with resorbing yolk.", "contents": "[Peptide hydrolase activity during embryonic carp development]. It was established that in the carp the process of embryonic and early postembryonic development was accompanied by the increase in the activity of both the trypsin- and chemotrypsin-like peptide hydrolases. This increase is most evident  in larvae with resorbing yolk. The total and protein nitrogen content suffers no changes during embryonic and early postembryonic development. The content of non-protein nitrogen increases from the stage of the middle of segmentation on attaining the maximum level in larvae with resorbing yolk."}
{"id": "PMID:1214999", "title": "[Analytic resolution of the equilibrium equation of growth].", "content": "A binomial bioenergetical balance growth equation is considered. The analytical solution of this equation is proposed under certain limitations of parameters. This equation was shown to describe both the mass accumulation and loss in cases of negative energetical balance, thus allowing to widen the domain of application of the equation.", "contents": "[Analytic resolution of the equilibrium equation of growth]. A binomial bioenergetical balance growth equation is considered. The analytical solution of this equation is proposed under certain limitations of parameters. This equation was shown to describe both the mass accumulation and loss in cases of negative energetical balance, thus allowing to widen the domain of application of the equation."}
{"id": "PMID:1214998", "title": "[A radioautographic study of protein synthesis in loach blastoderm].", "content": "The dynamics of protein synthesis in the loach embryos has been studied by means of autoradiography at the stages of cleavage, blastula and gastrula. During the synchronous cleavage divisions, nuclear proteins are mainly synthesized. From the early blastula stage until the early gastrula stage, the intensity of nuclear protein synthesis increases 2.5 times whereas the intensity of cytoplasmic and total protein synthesis is low and relatively constant. After the onset of gastrulation the intensity of nuclear and cytoplasmic protein synthesis increases 3-4 times and at the late gastrula stage it decreases twice as compared with that at the midgastrula stage. During blastulation, no regional differences in the intensity of nuclear and cytoplasmic protein synthesis were found. With the onset of gastrulation, a vegeto-animal gradient of labeled aminoacid incorporation into nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins appears. During gastrulation, reliable differences were found between the intensity of labeled aminoacid incorporation into proteins of the cells of intact and dissociated blastoderms. During this period, the intensity of protein synthesis in embryonic shield is higher than that in the extraembryonic part of blastoderm.", "contents": "[A radioautographic study of protein synthesis in loach blastoderm]. The dynamics of protein synthesis in the loach embryos has been studied by means of autoradiography at the stages of cleavage, blastula and gastrula. During the synchronous cleavage divisions, nuclear proteins are mainly synthesized. From the early blastula stage until the early gastrula stage, the intensity of nuclear protein synthesis increases 2.5 times whereas the intensity of cytoplasmic and total protein synthesis is low and relatively constant. After the onset of gastrulation the intensity of nuclear and cytoplasmic protein synthesis increases 3-4 times and at the late gastrula stage it decreases twice as compared with that at the midgastrula stage. During blastulation, no regional differences in the intensity of nuclear and cytoplasmic protein synthesis were found. With the onset of gastrulation, a vegeto-animal gradient of labeled aminoacid incorporation into nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins appears. During gastrulation, reliable differences were found between the intensity of labeled aminoacid incorporation into proteins of the cells of intact and dissociated blastoderms. During this period, the intensity of protein synthesis in embryonic shield is higher than that in the extraembryonic part of blastoderm."}
{"id": "PMID:1215000", "title": "[Local proliferation of cells of the granular layer of the dentate gyrus of the mouse hippocampus during postnatal ontogenesis and following brain injury].", "content": "The local cellular proliferation takes place in the inner part of the dentate gyrus granular layer, the subgranular zone, of mice. The proliferating cells of the subgranular zone are one of two sources of postnatal neurogenesis of the granular layer (another source-cells of the subependymal zone). The subgranular zone becomes markedly thinner with the age but even in adult mice the cellular proliferation occurs in it. Under the brain trauma, the proliferation of the subgranular zone cells is activated. Besides cell division in the subgranular zone, there is insignificant proliferation in the differentiated part of the granular layer. Special studies are, however, necessary to identify dividing cells in the differentiated part of the granular layer.", "contents": "[Local proliferation of cells of the granular layer of the dentate gyrus of the mouse hippocampus during postnatal ontogenesis and following brain injury]. The local cellular proliferation takes place in the inner part of the dentate gyrus granular layer, the subgranular zone, of mice. The proliferating cells of the subgranular zone are one of two sources of postnatal neurogenesis of the granular layer (another source-cells of the subependymal zone). The subgranular zone becomes markedly thinner with the age but even in adult mice the cellular proliferation occurs in it. Under the brain trauma, the proliferation of the subgranular zone cells is activated. Besides cell division in the subgranular zone, there is insignificant proliferation in the differentiated part of the granular layer. Special studies are, however, necessary to identify dividing cells in the differentiated part of the granular layer."}
{"id": "PMID:1215001", "title": "[Estrogens in the tissues of guinea pig embryos].", "content": "The content of estrogens was determined in tissues of the guinea pig embryos, blood of pregnant females and placenta by means of biological testing. It was the highest in embryonic ovaries at all developmental stages. The sexual dimorphism in estrogen content was found in embryonic suprarenals: it was higher in females than in males. The estrogen content in blood of male embryos and pregnant females was similar but lower than that in female embryos. Estrogens were also found in placenta and their traces were detected in spleen, brain, hypothalamus and uterus. The problem of possible participation of estrogens in the sex differentiation of female embryos is discussed.", "contents": "[Estrogens in the tissues of guinea pig embryos]. The content of estrogens was determined in tissues of the guinea pig embryos, blood of pregnant females and placenta by means of biological testing. It was the highest in embryonic ovaries at all developmental stages. The sexual dimorphism in estrogen content was found in embryonic suprarenals: it was higher in females than in males. The estrogen content in blood of male embryos and pregnant females was similar but lower than that in female embryos. Estrogens were also found in placenta and their traces were detected in spleen, brain, hypothalamus and uterus. The problem of possible participation of estrogens in the sex differentiation of female embryos is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215002", "title": "[A change in the puff spectrum during development of Drosophila virilis].", "content": "The puff spectrum has been studied in the salivary gland chromosomes of D. virilis from 48 hrs of the 3rd larval until the gland lysis. 142 puffs were observed in the D. virilis genome. Among them, 43% were observed at all developmental stages and other puffs were unstable: 47.1% appear at a certain stage and degrade or remain until the gland lysis; 9.9% are characterized by the \"pulse\" activity, i.e. they appear at a certain stage, degrade and reappear. The number of newly appeared puffs exceeds that of fully degraded ones, i.e. the number of puffs during the gland development until its lysis increases constantly. At the stage of puparium formation, sexual differences in the puff length were found: puffs were longer in males than in females.", "contents": "[A change in the puff spectrum during development of Drosophila virilis]. The puff spectrum has been studied in the salivary gland chromosomes of D. virilis from 48 hrs of the 3rd larval until the gland lysis. 142 puffs were observed in the D. virilis genome. Among them, 43% were observed at all developmental stages and other puffs were unstable: 47.1% appear at a certain stage and degrade or remain until the gland lysis; 9.9% are characterized by the \"pulse\" activity, i.e. they appear at a certain stage, degrade and reappear. The number of newly appeared puffs exceeds that of fully degraded ones, i.e. the number of puffs during the gland development until its lysis increases constantly. At the stage of puparium formation, sexual differences in the puff length were found: puffs were longer in males than in females."}
{"id": "PMID:1215003", "title": "[An analysis of cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) pollen grain development in cultural plantings].", "content": "A cytological study of the Cedrus libani mature pollen from 3 culture areas (Italy, France, USSR) has shown that 69-71% of pollen grains have two-celled protallium and antheridial cell. About 5% of pollen grains are characterized by accelerated of delayed development, otherwise apparently normal. The pollen sterility (up to 30% of grains) is due to the abortive spore development. Anomalous cenocyte and multinuclear pollen grains were found thus suggesting that multicellular haploid structures capable of further growth and development may arise in the course of natural anther development.", "contents": "[An analysis of cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) pollen grain development in cultural plantings]. A cytological study of the Cedrus libani mature pollen from 3 culture areas (Italy, France, USSR) has shown that 69-71% of pollen grains have two-celled protallium and antheridial cell. About 5% of pollen grains are characterized by accelerated of delayed development, otherwise apparently normal. The pollen sterility (up to 30% of grains) is due to the abortive spore development. Anomalous cenocyte and multinuclear pollen grains were found thus suggesting that multicellular haploid structures capable of further growth and development may arise in the course of natural anther development."}
{"id": "PMID:1215004", "title": "[Photic induction of polar growth in enucleated fragments of Acetabularia mediterranea].", "content": "The process of induction of polarity in enucleated fragments (EF) of Acetabularia mediterranea has been studied by the method of local illumination. A device is described which allows to illuminate one part of EF at 2, 500 lx and another at 5 lx. The local illumination of a part of EF during 10-24 hrs was shown to polarize with a high probability the subsequent growth and formation of caps at the subsequent uniform illumination. Using the method of successive illumination and darkening of apical and basal portions of EF, it was shown that the initial stages of induction were partially reversible and the complete determination of polarity took place after the initiation of the cap anlage. After the short-term induction by light (2500 lx), the darkening of the growth zone inhibits completely the process of cap initiation, but already at 100 lx the EF previously induced at 2 500 lx are initiated and grow. While using the local illumination of grafts of EF from two species, A. crenulata and A. mediterranea, with their subsequent fragmentation and the analysis of cap morphology, it was shown that the induction of polar growth did not provide the directed transport of the factors controlling morphogenesis to the future growth zone.", "contents": "[Photic induction of polar growth in enucleated fragments of Acetabularia mediterranea]. The process of induction of polarity in enucleated fragments (EF) of Acetabularia mediterranea has been studied by the method of local illumination. A device is described which allows to illuminate one part of EF at 2, 500 lx and another at 5 lx. The local illumination of a part of EF during 10-24 hrs was shown to polarize with a high probability the subsequent growth and formation of caps at the subsequent uniform illumination. Using the method of successive illumination and darkening of apical and basal portions of EF, it was shown that the initial stages of induction were partially reversible and the complete determination of polarity took place after the initiation of the cap anlage. After the short-term induction by light (2500 lx), the darkening of the growth zone inhibits completely the process of cap initiation, but already at 100 lx the EF previously induced at 2 500 lx are initiated and grow. While using the local illumination of grafts of EF from two species, A. crenulata and A. mediterranea, with their subsequent fragmentation and the analysis of cap morphology, it was shown that the induction of polar growth did not provide the directed transport of the factors controlling morphogenesis to the future growth zone."}
{"id": "PMID:1215005", "title": "[Regulation of histogenesis in the axial organ of echinoderms (Echinodermata) according to findings from diffusion chamber cultivation].", "content": "Fragments of axial organs of different echinoderms were cultivated together with the gonad epithelium in the diffusion chambers made of millipore filters impermeable for cells (VUFS). Under these conditions, the histogenesis of amoebocytes suffered definite changes: the number of middle amoebocytes increased 2-3 times and that of large amoebocytes decreased correspondingly. Similar results were obtained not only under the direct contact of two tissues, but also under the contact realized through the millipore filter impermeable for cells. Corticosteroid agents of vertebrates did not influence the histogenesis of amoebocytes in Echinodermata.", "contents": "[Regulation of histogenesis in the axial organ of echinoderms (Echinodermata) according to findings from diffusion chamber cultivation]. Fragments of axial organs of different echinoderms were cultivated together with the gonad epithelium in the diffusion chambers made of millipore filters impermeable for cells (VUFS). Under these conditions, the histogenesis of amoebocytes suffered definite changes: the number of middle amoebocytes increased 2-3 times and that of large amoebocytes decreased correspondingly. Similar results were obtained not only under the direct contact of two tissues, but also under the contact realized through the millipore filter impermeable for cells. Corticosteroid agents of vertebrates did not influence the histogenesis of amoebocytes in Echinodermata."}
{"id": "PMID:1215006", "title": "[Rna transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in Acetabularia mediterranea].", "content": "The biosynthesis of nuclear RNA, its transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and distribution in the cytoplasm were studied in Acetabularia mediterranea under different light conditions. It was shown that the nuclear RNA incorportate 3H-uracil more rapidly in the darkness and the transport of labeled RNA from the nucleus slowed down after the transfer of plants in the cold medium in the darkness. To study the distribution of nuclear RNA in the cytoplasm, the 3H-uracil labeled nuclei were transplanted in the rhizoids of unlabeled plants, the dikaryons obtained were kept for different time in the light and in the darkness and the content of 3H-RNA was determined in different stem regions. It was shown that the transport of 3H-RNA in the cytoplasm is slowed down in the darkness and it is distributed by the basal-apical gradient. RNA is rapidly accumulated in the apical stem zone in the light and redistributed afterwards in the basal stem zones. The problem of relationship between the polarity and nuclear RNA distribution in Acetabularia is discussed.", "contents": "[Rna transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in Acetabularia mediterranea]. The biosynthesis of nuclear RNA, its transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and distribution in the cytoplasm were studied in Acetabularia mediterranea under different light conditions. It was shown that the nuclear RNA incorportate 3H-uracil more rapidly in the darkness and the transport of labeled RNA from the nucleus slowed down after the transfer of plants in the cold medium in the darkness. To study the distribution of nuclear RNA in the cytoplasm, the 3H-uracil labeled nuclei were transplanted in the rhizoids of unlabeled plants, the dikaryons obtained were kept for different time in the light and in the darkness and the content of 3H-RNA was determined in different stem regions. It was shown that the transport of 3H-RNA in the cytoplasm is slowed down in the darkness and it is distributed by the basal-apical gradient. RNA is rapidly accumulated in the apical stem zone in the light and redistributed afterwards in the basal stem zones. The problem of relationship between the polarity and nuclear RNA distribution in Acetabularia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215007", "title": "[Determination of optimal conditions for physical and chemical inactivation of nuclei for obtaining haploid and anuclear loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) embryos].", "content": "The doses of X-irradiation sufficient for obtained truly haploid and anuclear embryos of the loach were determined. Mitomycin C in concentrations arresting the development at the late blastula stage (100-500 mcg/ml) was tested for the purposes of chemical enucleation of embryos. The data obtained allowed to recommend the following doses of X-irradiation to obtained the 100% inactivation of one or both the paternal genomes and haploid and anuclear embryos of the loach: 40 kr for eggs and 60 kr for testes. Mitomycin in the concentrations tested did not cause the 100% enucleation of embryos.", "contents": "[Determination of optimal conditions for physical and chemical inactivation of nuclei for obtaining haploid and anuclear loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) embryos]. The doses of X-irradiation sufficient for obtained truly haploid and anuclear embryos of the loach were determined. Mitomycin C in concentrations arresting the development at the late blastula stage (100-500 mcg/ml) was tested for the purposes of chemical enucleation of embryos. The data obtained allowed to recommend the following doses of X-irradiation to obtained the 100% inactivation of one or both the paternal genomes and haploid and anuclear embryos of the loach: 40 kr for eggs and 60 kr for testes. Mitomycin in the concentrations tested did not cause the 100% enucleation of embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:1215008", "title": "[New muscle formation following transplantation of muscle treated with trypan blue].", "content": "The sources and mechanism of muscle formation de novo were investigated under the transplantation of skeletal muscle fibers treated in the 1% water solution of Trypan Blue for 48 hrs after Levander under skin and in omentum in rabbits and rats. In some cases the pieces of Trypan Blue stained muscles were placed in the diffusion chambers. Besides, 3H-thymidine autoradiography was used. It was established that after the above described treatment the muscles appeared morphologically as necrotized. They do not develop in the diffusion chambers in which cells do not penetrate. Under the transplantation of such muscles under skin and in omentum, they are phagocytized and disintegrate and in the close neighbourhood myoblasts arise which transform into muscle tubules and differentiated cross-striated muscle fibers. If prior to the transplantation the rats--recipients were labeled by 3H-thymidine, the muscle fibers formed de novo with the labeled nuclei, i. e. from the recipient cells in omentum where there are no muscles, apparently from polyblasts. Under the definite experimental conditions, myoblasts appear to arise from cells of non-myogenic origin by means of induction.", "contents": "[New muscle formation following transplantation of muscle treated with trypan blue]. The sources and mechanism of muscle formation de novo were investigated under the transplantation of skeletal muscle fibers treated in the 1% water solution of Trypan Blue for 48 hrs after Levander under skin and in omentum in rabbits and rats. In some cases the pieces of Trypan Blue stained muscles were placed in the diffusion chambers. Besides, 3H-thymidine autoradiography was used. It was established that after the above described treatment the muscles appeared morphologically as necrotized. They do not develop in the diffusion chambers in which cells do not penetrate. Under the transplantation of such muscles under skin and in omentum, they are phagocytized and disintegrate and in the close neighbourhood myoblasts arise which transform into muscle tubules and differentiated cross-striated muscle fibers. If prior to the transplantation the rats--recipients were labeled by 3H-thymidine, the muscle fibers formed de novo with the labeled nuclei, i. e. from the recipient cells in omentum where there are no muscles, apparently from polyblasts. Under the definite experimental conditions, myoblasts appear to arise from cells of non-myogenic origin by means of induction."}
{"id": "PMID:1215009", "title": "[Characteristics of lymphocytoid cells detected during post-radiation bone marrow recovery].", "content": "As a result of complex study of lymphocyte-like cells which arise in the regenerating bone marrow of sublethally irradiated mice, it was established that: (1) X-cells precipitate in the 2nd and, partially, 3rd fractions of the albumin gradient, i. e. in the same fractions as the stem cells of intact animals; (2) X-cells do not belong to polypotent hemopoietic stem cells; (3) X-cells belong to B-lymphocytes, i. e. to thymus-independent lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Characteristics of lymphocytoid cells detected during post-radiation bone marrow recovery]. As a result of complex study of lymphocyte-like cells which arise in the regenerating bone marrow of sublethally irradiated mice, it was established that: (1) X-cells precipitate in the 2nd and, partially, 3rd fractions of the albumin gradient, i. e. in the same fractions as the stem cells of intact animals; (2) X-cells do not belong to polypotent hemopoietic stem cells; (3) X-cells belong to B-lymphocytes, i. e. to thymus-independent lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1215010", "title": "[Compensatory renal hypertrophy after nephrectomy in newborn rats].", "content": "The process of the kidney compensatory hypertrophy in young rats has been studied after nephrectomy on the 2nd day of life. The intact kidney was investigated by morphometrical and electron microscopical methods from the 1st day till the 3rd month after operation. The kidney compensatory hypertrophy in the early postnatal ontogenesis is accompanied by the acceleration of growth and differentiation of renal structures. The hypertrophy involves three successive steps: (1) functional tension of ultrastructures; (2) expressed hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cells; (3) structural-functional specialization. Among the cellular factors of the kidney compensatory growth at this age, the main role is played by the process of cell hyperplasia.", "contents": "[Compensatory renal hypertrophy after nephrectomy in newborn rats]. The process of the kidney compensatory hypertrophy in young rats has been studied after nephrectomy on the 2nd day of life. The intact kidney was investigated by morphometrical and electron microscopical methods from the 1st day till the 3rd month after operation. The kidney compensatory hypertrophy in the early postnatal ontogenesis is accompanied by the acceleration of growth and differentiation of renal structures. The hypertrophy involves three successive steps: (1) functional tension of ultrastructures; (2) expressed hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cells; (3) structural-functional specialization. Among the cellular factors of the kidney compensatory growth at this age, the main role is played by the process of cell hyperplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:1215011", "title": "[Intracellular distribution of creatine kinase isoenzymes in the brains and hearts of rats at different stages of postnatal development].", "content": "The total activity and range of the creatine kinase (CK) isozymes have been studied in the homogenate and subcellular fractions (nuclei, mitochondria, cytoplasm) of the rat brain and heart during postnatal ontogenesis. The total activity of CK in the brain and heart of newborn rats was found to be 4 and 2 times less, resp., than in those of adults. The age patterns were established in the activity of cytoplasmic (CK-1, CK-2 and CK-3) and mitochondrial (CK-4) isozymes. During the whole postnatal development the rat brain contains only one cytoplasmic isozyme, CK-1. In the heart of newborn rats, as compared with adults, the content of CK-1 and CK-2 is much higher and that of CK-3 lower. On the 12-15th day of life the range of the CK isozymes approaches that characteristic of adult animals. The activity of CK-4 was found in the brain on the 5-7th day of life and in the heart on 12-15th day. In the range of the CK isozymes in the adult brain the content of mitochondrial CK amounts to 19.3% and in the heart to 16.5%. The data obtained complement the literary ones suggesting the low level of energy-forming processes in the brain and heart cells at the early stages of the rat postnatal development.", "contents": "[Intracellular distribution of creatine kinase isoenzymes in the brains and hearts of rats at different stages of postnatal development]. The total activity and range of the creatine kinase (CK) isozymes have been studied in the homogenate and subcellular fractions (nuclei, mitochondria, cytoplasm) of the rat brain and heart during postnatal ontogenesis. The total activity of CK in the brain and heart of newborn rats was found to be 4 and 2 times less, resp., than in those of adults. The age patterns were established in the activity of cytoplasmic (CK-1, CK-2 and CK-3) and mitochondrial (CK-4) isozymes. During the whole postnatal development the rat brain contains only one cytoplasmic isozyme, CK-1. In the heart of newborn rats, as compared with adults, the content of CK-1 and CK-2 is much higher and that of CK-3 lower. On the 12-15th day of life the range of the CK isozymes approaches that characteristic of adult animals. The activity of CK-4 was found in the brain on the 5-7th day of life and in the heart on 12-15th day. In the range of the CK isozymes in the adult brain the content of mitochondrial CK amounts to 19.3% and in the heart to 16.5%. The data obtained complement the literary ones suggesting the low level of energy-forming processes in the brain and heart cells at the early stages of the rat postnatal development."}
{"id": "PMID:1215012", "title": "[Dynamic characteristics of growth of the root system of a plant and methods of determining it].", "content": "A method of description for the dynamics of growth of the plant root system is considered. The methods are proposed for the qualitative analysis of the dynamics of growth and the quantitative determination of such a value as the time of active consumption of substances by an individual root region until its suberification. The corresponding calculation was performed for the oat and the barley.", "contents": "[Dynamic characteristics of growth of the root system of a plant and methods of determining it]. A method of description for the dynamics of growth of the plant root system is considered. The methods are proposed for the qualitative analysis of the dynamics of growth and the quantitative determination of such a value as the time of active consumption of substances by an individual root region until its suberification. The corresponding calculation was performed for the oat and the barley."}
{"id": "PMID:1215013", "title": "[Temperature sensitivity of mutations in species of the virillis group of Drosophila. III. The maternal influence and dominance of lethals in D. virillis Sturt. X D. littoralis Sokolov hybrids].", "content": "Lethal mutations sensitive to the temperatures 17 and 31 degrees were found in D. virilis. The phenocritical stage for the heat-sensitive mutation begins from the 2nd half of the 3rd larval instar. The specific stage for the cold-sensitive mutation was not found. The mutations are recessive under intraspecific and interspecific (D. littoralis female XD. virilis hermaphrodite) crossing. They are inherited as dominant in the hybrids D. virilis female XD. littoralis hermaphrodite due to the maternal effect of the D. virillis egg cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Temperature sensitivity of mutations in species of the virillis group of Drosophila. III. The maternal influence and dominance of lethals in D. virillis Sturt. X D. littoralis Sokolov hybrids]. Lethal mutations sensitive to the temperatures 17 and 31 degrees were found in D. virilis. The phenocritical stage for the heat-sensitive mutation begins from the 2nd half of the 3rd larval instar. The specific stage for the cold-sensitive mutation was not found. The mutations are recessive under intraspecific and interspecific (D. littoralis female XD. virilis hermaphrodite) crossing. They are inherited as dominant in the hybrids D. virilis female XD. littoralis hermaphrodite due to the maternal effect of the D. virillis egg cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:1215014", "title": "[The dynamics of the specific activity of newly synthesized RNA during loach embryo development].", "content": "The transport of the stable form of newly synthesized RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm has been studied in the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) development. Following the pulse labelling with 3H-uridine, the embryos were cultivated in the medium with non-labelled uridine and actinomycin D. The cell homogenate was fractionated and the specific activity of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs was determined. It was shown that a great part of newly synthesized RNA degraded within the nucleus and its insignificant part was preserved in the nucleus for several hours. The exit of stable RNA in the cytoplasm depends on the developmental stage. This part of RNA was found to stay in the nucleus at the stages of early--midblastula and leave it in the beginning of gastrulation. At the later developmental stages the newly synthesized RNA passes in the cytoplasm immediately.", "contents": "[The dynamics of the specific activity of newly synthesized RNA during loach embryo development]. The transport of the stable form of newly synthesized RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm has been studied in the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) development. Following the pulse labelling with 3H-uridine, the embryos were cultivated in the medium with non-labelled uridine and actinomycin D. The cell homogenate was fractionated and the specific activity of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs was determined. It was shown that a great part of newly synthesized RNA degraded within the nucleus and its insignificant part was preserved in the nucleus for several hours. The exit of stable RNA in the cytoplasm depends on the developmental stage. This part of RNA was found to stay in the nucleus at the stages of early--midblastula and leave it in the beginning of gastrulation. At the later developmental stages the newly synthesized RNA passes in the cytoplasm immediately."}
{"id": "PMID:1215015", "title": "[Regionalization of protein synthesis in hydra].", "content": "An autoradiographic assay of protein biosynthesis (by 3H-leucine incorporation) in buds and adults Hydra attenuata has shown that in the process of bud growth the following states of protein synthesis regionalization can be distinguished: absence of local differences, state of local differences, and state of hypostomal peak characteristic of the adult Hydra. The protein synthesis regionalization and the morphological segmentation are independent in the process of bud growth.", "contents": "[Regionalization of protein synthesis in hydra]. An autoradiographic assay of protein biosynthesis (by 3H-leucine incorporation) in buds and adults Hydra attenuata has shown that in the process of bud growth the following states of protein synthesis regionalization can be distinguished: absence of local differences, state of local differences, and state of hypostomal peak characteristic of the adult Hydra. The protein synthesis regionalization and the morphological segmentation are independent in the process of bud growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1215016", "title": "[Dating pregnancy times in rats and the effect of ovum supermaturation on the quantity of live embryos].", "content": "The fecundity of white rats was compared for the night and morning matings (late and early). The mating of animals at the stage of oestrus for 1.5 hrs early in the morning is the optimum one for obtaining females with the precisely dated time of pregnancy. The progeny of females fertilized after 10-11 hours in the morning, i. e. 9-11 hrs after the ovulation, decreases almost twice at the expense of embryonic mortality both prior and after the implantation due to the low viability of \"overmatured\" eggs.", "contents": "[Dating pregnancy times in rats and the effect of ovum supermaturation on the quantity of live embryos]. The fecundity of white rats was compared for the night and morning matings (late and early). The mating of animals at the stage of oestrus for 1.5 hrs early in the morning is the optimum one for obtaining females with the precisely dated time of pregnancy. The progeny of females fertilized after 10-11 hours in the morning, i. e. 9-11 hrs after the ovulation, decreases almost twice at the expense of embryonic mortality both prior and after the implantation due to the low viability of \"overmatured\" eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:1215066", "title": "Pulmonary function in asthmatic children during thalassotherapy.", "content": "In 39 asthmatic children, 5-14 years of age, sent to the Kinderkurheim Satteld\u00fcne for a 6 week course of thalassotherapy, the following pulmonary function studies were tested serially: Vital capacity (VC), one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (MMFR) and peak flow rate (PFR). Results expressed as mean values per week of the group as a whole, showed subnormal results at initial testing in all 4 parameters measured. Improvement followed rapidly with the final level generally achieved during week 2. However, statistical analysis showed the differences between the initial and each of the subsequent values to be insignificant with one exception in the FEV1 values. Thus the clinical improvement observed in most patients during thalassotherapy could not be substantiated by pulmonary function tests.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in asthmatic children during thalassotherapy. In 39 asthmatic children, 5-14 years of age, sent to the Kinderkurheim Satteld\u00fcne for a 6 week course of thalassotherapy, the following pulmonary function studies were tested serially: Vital capacity (VC), one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (MMFR) and peak flow rate (PFR). Results expressed as mean values per week of the group as a whole, showed subnormal results at initial testing in all 4 parameters measured. Improvement followed rapidly with the final level generally achieved during week 2. However, statistical analysis showed the differences between the initial and each of the subsequent values to be insignificant with one exception in the FEV1 values. Thus the clinical improvement observed in most patients during thalassotherapy could not be substantiated by pulmonary function tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1215067", "title": "[Electrical resistance of cerebrospinal fluid in inflammatory diseases of central nervous system in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The specific electrical resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid was measured by means of conductometry in 14 cases of meningitis purulenta, 17 cases of meningitis serosa, 10 cases of encephalitis and in 32 control subjects. The mean value was found to be significantly increased in meningitis purulenta in comparison to the control group. The differences between the average values of the electrical resistance concerning other groups studied were found to be unsignificant. In some cases the initially increased electrical resistance of cerebrospinal fluid observed in the acute state of the disease reached the normal levels at the time of clinical improvement. The presumable causes of these phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "[Electrical resistance of cerebrospinal fluid in inflammatory diseases of central nervous system in children (author's transl)]. The specific electrical resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid was measured by means of conductometry in 14 cases of meningitis purulenta, 17 cases of meningitis serosa, 10 cases of encephalitis and in 32 control subjects. The mean value was found to be significantly increased in meningitis purulenta in comparison to the control group. The differences between the average values of the electrical resistance concerning other groups studied were found to be unsignificant. In some cases the initially increased electrical resistance of cerebrospinal fluid observed in the acute state of the disease reached the normal levels at the time of clinical improvement. The presumable causes of these phenomena are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215068", "title": "[Tasks and significance of investigations in paediatric sport medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "Hitherto there have been hardly any paediatric investigation into the effect of sport on children,--apart from physiological ones, (Rutenfranz). Yet these days children take part in sporting activities as a matter of course, and frequently very heavy demands are made on them. It therefore appeared appropriate to initiate these investigations. The basic requirements for the evaluation of the physical capacity of each individual child are successive examinations of the effects of each type of sport on the cardiovascular system, pulmonary function, locomotor system, metabolism, and the psychology of healthy children. The following investigations are therefore deemed desirable: electrocardiogram, respiration rate, respiratory volume, respiratory gas analysis, blood pressure, body temperature, electro-encephalogram, electro-myogram, gravity and pressure (acceleration) effects, and psychological assessment. It is necessary to examine both the immediate stress and strain, on the child, which can at times assume dangerous proportions, as well as the more long-term effects which can be of a positive nature (effect of training), or of a negative nature (detriments). A further basic of paediatric sport investigations is the evaluation of consequences of climate and altitude in relation to sport. But one must also examine the effects of individual types of sport on children with diseases of the heart, lungs, metabolism, locomotor system, and central nervous system, from the point of view as to which type of sport can be expected of such children which might be beneficial or might be detrimental. Paediatric sport examination should also demonstrate ways and means how disadvantageous effects of sport can be avoided and as a consequence, the results of the serial investigations must be of benefit in the assessment and counselling of the individual child.", "contents": "[Tasks and significance of investigations in paediatric sport medicine (author's transl)]. Hitherto there have been hardly any paediatric investigation into the effect of sport on children,--apart from physiological ones, (Rutenfranz). Yet these days children take part in sporting activities as a matter of course, and frequently very heavy demands are made on them. It therefore appeared appropriate to initiate these investigations. The basic requirements for the evaluation of the physical capacity of each individual child are successive examinations of the effects of each type of sport on the cardiovascular system, pulmonary function, locomotor system, metabolism, and the psychology of healthy children. The following investigations are therefore deemed desirable: electrocardiogram, respiration rate, respiratory volume, respiratory gas analysis, blood pressure, body temperature, electro-encephalogram, electro-myogram, gravity and pressure (acceleration) effects, and psychological assessment. It is necessary to examine both the immediate stress and strain, on the child, which can at times assume dangerous proportions, as well as the more long-term effects which can be of a positive nature (effect of training), or of a negative nature (detriments). A further basic of paediatric sport investigations is the evaluation of consequences of climate and altitude in relation to sport. But one must also examine the effects of individual types of sport on children with diseases of the heart, lungs, metabolism, locomotor system, and central nervous system, from the point of view as to which type of sport can be expected of such children which might be beneficial or might be detrimental. Paediatric sport examination should also demonstrate ways and means how disadvantageous effects of sport can be avoided and as a consequence, the results of the serial investigations must be of benefit in the assessment and counselling of the individual child."}
{"id": "PMID:1215069", "title": "[Experimental studies concerning the metabolism, the nutriture, and the requirement for vitamin B6 in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The study presented gives details about vitamin B6 metabolism in infancy and childhood. After a short review about the history of vitamin B6, some details are given about the chemical structure, the metabolism, and the functions of vitamin B6. The description of some modern methods for the determination of vitamin B6 follows. The experimental part describes the relationship between vitamin B6 nutriture of the pregnant woman and the B6 status of her newborn infant. Then some studies about the vitamin B6 nutriture of the preterm and the full term infant follow, giving some details about the maturation time of enzymes in vitamin B6 metabolism itself. The last chapter deals with the vitamin B6 deficiency syndromes in infancy and childhood. The relations between vitamin B6 and iron deficiency anemia on the one hand and vitamin B6 and celiac disease on the other hand represent some other new investigations in this field.", "contents": "[Experimental studies concerning the metabolism, the nutriture, and the requirement for vitamin B6 in childhood (author's transl)]. The study presented gives details about vitamin B6 metabolism in infancy and childhood. After a short review about the history of vitamin B6, some details are given about the chemical structure, the metabolism, and the functions of vitamin B6. The description of some modern methods for the determination of vitamin B6 follows. The experimental part describes the relationship between vitamin B6 nutriture of the pregnant woman and the B6 status of her newborn infant. Then some studies about the vitamin B6 nutriture of the preterm and the full term infant follow, giving some details about the maturation time of enzymes in vitamin B6 metabolism itself. The last chapter deals with the vitamin B6 deficiency syndromes in infancy and childhood. The relations between vitamin B6 and iron deficiency anemia on the one hand and vitamin B6 and celiac disease on the other hand represent some other new investigations in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:1215070", "title": "[Long-term out-patient treatment of children with asthma with a theophylline-ephedrine-hydroxyzine combination (author's transl)].", "content": "Drug combinations play an important role in the day-to-day management of asthmatic out-patients. The long-term use of such a combination (Marax) was assessed in 46 asthmatic children aged 1;6 to 13;8 years who were followed up for a maximum of 7 years. Using a daily dosage of up to 16 mg/kg bodyweight more than 80% of children showed definite improvement leading to prevention or significant reduction of acute attacks and clearly reduced dyspnoeic states between attacks. Patients with very severe forms appeared to be influenced less favourably. Spirometric values were obtained in some of the patients and indicated reduction of obstruction. Patients with intrinsic and extrinsic asthma responded satisfactorily. The value of a long-term prophylactic treatment is discussed. These preliminary results appear to support this form of therapy.", "contents": "[Long-term out-patient treatment of children with asthma with a theophylline-ephedrine-hydroxyzine combination (author's transl)]. Drug combinations play an important role in the day-to-day management of asthmatic out-patients. The long-term use of such a combination (Marax) was assessed in 46 asthmatic children aged 1;6 to 13;8 years who were followed up for a maximum of 7 years. Using a daily dosage of up to 16 mg/kg bodyweight more than 80% of children showed definite improvement leading to prevention or significant reduction of acute attacks and clearly reduced dyspnoeic states between attacks. Patients with very severe forms appeared to be influenced less favourably. Spirometric values were obtained in some of the patients and indicated reduction of obstruction. Patients with intrinsic and extrinsic asthma responded satisfactorily. The value of a long-term prophylactic treatment is discussed. These preliminary results appear to support this form of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1215105", "title": "Aversive cigarette smoking with an habitual, excessive smoker.", "content": "A 39-yr.-old patient was exposed to aversive cigarette smoking consisting of rapid smoking, handling of cigarette litter, and warm smoky air for 6 wk. He reduced from a baseline of 140 cigarettes per day to less than 20 at end of treatment. Follow-ups at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 mo. indicated a smoking rate of approximately 25% of baseline.", "contents": "Aversive cigarette smoking with an habitual, excessive smoker. A 39-yr.-old patient was exposed to aversive cigarette smoking consisting of rapid smoking, handling of cigarette litter, and warm smoky air for 6 wk. He reduced from a baseline of 140 cigarettes per day to less than 20 at end of treatment. Follow-ups at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 mo. indicated a smoking rate of approximately 25% of baseline."}
{"id": "PMID:1215106", "title": "Discrimination by rhesus monkeys of diets containing supplemental amino acids.", "content": "Following an opportunity to demonstrate a preference for water with or without the addition of the amino acid isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan at a concentration proportional to that in whole egg protein, 9 monkeys were subjected on 4 occasions to a 7-day experimental week when they received an isocaloric diet containing only one-fourth the amount of protein of their normal diet. An identical low-protein diet supplemented with one of the above amino acids, again at a concentration proportional to that in egg, was presented for an equivalent period during the experimental week and the amounts consumed of each diet were compared. Ss failed to exhibit a preference or an aversion for water supplemented with any of the amino acids; however, all low-protein diets supplemented with an amino acid were consumed in greater quantities than a low-protein diet lacking a supplement. On Days 6 and 7 of the experimental weeks when protein depletion was most severe, Ss significantly (p less than .05) preferred the diet supplemented with isoleucine to a diet lacking the supplement.", "contents": "Discrimination by rhesus monkeys of diets containing supplemental amino acids. Following an opportunity to demonstrate a preference for water with or without the addition of the amino acid isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan at a concentration proportional to that in whole egg protein, 9 monkeys were subjected on 4 occasions to a 7-day experimental week when they received an isocaloric diet containing only one-fourth the amount of protein of their normal diet. An identical low-protein diet supplemented with one of the above amino acids, again at a concentration proportional to that in egg, was presented for an equivalent period during the experimental week and the amounts consumed of each diet were compared. Ss failed to exhibit a preference or an aversion for water supplemented with any of the amino acids; however, all low-protein diets supplemented with an amino acid were consumed in greater quantities than a low-protein diet lacking a supplement. On Days 6 and 7 of the experimental weeks when protein depletion was most severe, Ss significantly (p less than .05) preferred the diet supplemented with isoleucine to a diet lacking the supplement."}
{"id": "PMID:1215108", "title": "Increasing reading comprehension of two hyperactive children: preliminary investigation.", "content": "The differential effectiveness of oral and silent reading on comprehension was evaluated for two third-grade children who were hyperactive and who displayed comprehension deficits. Oral reading resulted in significantly fewer comprehension errors than did silent reading. Time to read a story and number of comprehension errors were negatively correlated. Several possible mechanisms involved in the effect of responding orally were discussed.", "contents": "Increasing reading comprehension of two hyperactive children: preliminary investigation. The differential effectiveness of oral and silent reading on comprehension was evaluated for two third-grade children who were hyperactive and who displayed comprehension deficits. Oral reading resulted in significantly fewer comprehension errors than did silent reading. Time to read a story and number of comprehension errors were negatively correlated. Several possible mechanisms involved in the effect of responding orally were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215109", "title": "Self-concept and participation in children's gymnastics.", "content": "20 third grade children participating in a community athletic program of gymnastics were not significantly different on either academic or movement related self-concept measures from 15 children who did not participate in an athletic program. Academic and movement self-concepts were related but were more situationally specific than general.", "contents": "Self-concept and participation in children's gymnastics. 20 third grade children participating in a community athletic program of gymnastics were not significantly different on either academic or movement related self-concept measures from 15 children who did not participate in an athletic program. Academic and movement self-concepts were related but were more situationally specific than general."}
{"id": "PMID:1215110", "title": "Time perception: effects of introversion/extraversion and task interest.", "content": "32 extraverted and 32 introverted college students rated the interest value and estimated the duration of 3-min. intervals filled with reading. There were 3 dull and 3 interesting readings. It was hypothesized that time perceptions of extraverts and introverts would differ when their interest in the task was dissimilar. But no personality differences in time perception and few in interest were found; both extraverts and introverts judged the intervals to be shorter when the reading was interesting.", "contents": "Time perception: effects of introversion/extraversion and task interest. 32 extraverted and 32 introverted college students rated the interest value and estimated the duration of 3-min. intervals filled with reading. There were 3 dull and 3 interesting readings. It was hypothesized that time perceptions of extraverts and introverts would differ when their interest in the task was dissimilar. But no personality differences in time perception and few in interest were found; both extraverts and introverts judged the intervals to be shorter when the reading was interesting."}
{"id": "PMID:1215111", "title": "Is the reaction time-movement time relationship 'essentially zero'?", "content": "It was hypothesized that, if RM-MT correlations are \"essentially zero,\" then the magnitude of that correlation should not be subject to variation due to the manipulation of various experimental variables. In this experiment, Ss were tested with either RT-MT together or done separately. Results indicated significant relationships for 18 males but not for 18 females. The \"essentially zero\" position was discussed as being procedurally specific.", "contents": "Is the reaction time-movement time relationship 'essentially zero'? It was hypothesized that, if RM-MT correlations are \"essentially zero,\" then the magnitude of that correlation should not be subject to variation due to the manipulation of various experimental variables. In this experiment, Ss were tested with either RT-MT together or done separately. Results indicated significant relationships for 18 males but not for 18 females. The \"essentially zero\" position was discussed as being procedurally specific."}
{"id": "PMID:1215112", "title": "Perceptual vigilance and defense revisited: evidence against Blum's psychoanalytic theory of subliminal perception.", "content": "Blum's (1954) interpretation of psychoanalytic theory leads him to predict that Ss will defend against a threatening stimulus which is just below a recognition threshold and be vigilant toward the same stimulus when it is farther below the same threshold. 7 males and 9 females were presented the same four Blacky pictures, at the same speed and illumination, and using the same procedure as Blum. The results offered no support for the theory of perceptual vigilance or defense. The many weaknesses inherent in Blum's theory and supporting methodology were discussed.", "contents": "Perceptual vigilance and defense revisited: evidence against Blum's psychoanalytic theory of subliminal perception. Blum's (1954) interpretation of psychoanalytic theory leads him to predict that Ss will defend against a threatening stimulus which is just below a recognition threshold and be vigilant toward the same stimulus when it is farther below the same threshold. 7 males and 9 females were presented the same four Blacky pictures, at the same speed and illumination, and using the same procedure as Blum. The results offered no support for the theory of perceptual vigilance or defense. The many weaknesses inherent in Blum's theory and supporting methodology were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215114", "title": "Visual search through words and nonwords in horizontal and vertical orientations.", "content": "In a repeated measurement design, 18 college women searched for target letters in 18 lists of common words, rare words, and nonwords arranged either vertically or horizontally. The mean search time in seconds for three trials in each of six conditions was expected to be significantly slower for nonwords than for words and for vertical orientations than for horizontal orientations. More importantly, a significant interaction was predicted between direction of search and the type of list searched. Results confirmed earlier findings that the two main effects were significant; the significant interaction provided empirical evidence that consideration needs to be given to both intraword redundancy and direction of visual search.", "contents": "Visual search through words and nonwords in horizontal and vertical orientations. In a repeated measurement design, 18 college women searched for target letters in 18 lists of common words, rare words, and nonwords arranged either vertically or horizontally. The mean search time in seconds for three trials in each of six conditions was expected to be significantly slower for nonwords than for words and for vertical orientations than for horizontal orientations. More importantly, a significant interaction was predicted between direction of search and the type of list searched. Results confirmed earlier findings that the two main effects were significant; the significant interaction provided empirical evidence that consideration needs to be given to both intraword redundancy and direction of visual search."}
{"id": "PMID:1215115", "title": "Further comparison of video tape and face-to-face interviewing.", "content": "Previous search has suggested strong similarity of data from the Standardized Video Tape Interview and face-to-face interview procedures. This hypothesis was substantiated by further analysis of the effects of subject variables and their possible differential interaction with the two interview modes. Although no interview mode and/or interviewer-interviewee interactions as such were found, several significant interviewer's sex differences were found and explanations offered.", "contents": "Further comparison of video tape and face-to-face interviewing. Previous search has suggested strong similarity of data from the Standardized Video Tape Interview and face-to-face interview procedures. This hypothesis was substantiated by further analysis of the effects of subject variables and their possible differential interaction with the two interview modes. Although no interview mode and/or interviewer-interviewee interactions as such were found, several significant interviewer's sex differences were found and explanations offered."}
{"id": "PMID:1215116", "title": "Effect of target separation on selective attention.", "content": "A visual search task, in which subjects searched circular stimulus displays for two instances of a prespecified target, was used to investigate the effects of target-separation on accuracy. When a comparison was made of the total number of targets correctly located at each separation, no significant differences were found, and this suggested that, within the range of separations (maximum of 2.53 degrees) examined, the selective processing of the relevant items was not influenced by the distance separating them. Also, assuming that the redundancy of target items increased the probability of a target being perceived, the differences between the number of first targets correctly located and the number correct in a single target condition, were in the predicted direction. However, they failed to reach significance.", "contents": "Effect of target separation on selective attention. A visual search task, in which subjects searched circular stimulus displays for two instances of a prespecified target, was used to investigate the effects of target-separation on accuracy. When a comparison was made of the total number of targets correctly located at each separation, no significant differences were found, and this suggested that, within the range of separations (maximum of 2.53 degrees) examined, the selective processing of the relevant items was not influenced by the distance separating them. Also, assuming that the redundancy of target items increased the probability of a target being perceived, the differences between the number of first targets correctly located and the number correct in a single target condition, were in the predicted direction. However, they failed to reach significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1215117", "title": "Peripheral vision training in reading speed and comprehension.", "content": "Of two groups of 8 college students receiving 15.75 hr. of speed reading training, an experimental group was given an additional 2.25 hr. of peripheral vision training. Peripheral vision increased for both groups, but reading speed improved only in the trained group. Reading comprehension scores were not affected.", "contents": "Peripheral vision training in reading speed and comprehension. Of two groups of 8 college students receiving 15.75 hr. of speed reading training, an experimental group was given an additional 2.25 hr. of peripheral vision training. Peripheral vision increased for both groups, but reading speed improved only in the trained group. Reading comprehension scores were not affected."}
{"id": "PMID:1215118", "title": "Anchor effects and figural aftereffects: a comparative psychophysical investigation.", "content": "Perceptual contrast effect was studied from two points of view, as a special anchor effect and as a special figural aftereffect. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of stimulus onset asynchrony on contrast and assimilation effects, induced and measured by different psychophysical methods. Stimuli were circular beams of light projected on screens (Delboef type of illusion). When anchor and series stimuli were shown and the latter were judged by means of a rating scale, stimulus onset asychrony had no substantial influence on the contrast effect (Exp. I). When the constant method was applied, however, the asynchrony altered the shape of the contrast effect considerably (Exp. II).", "contents": "Anchor effects and figural aftereffects: a comparative psychophysical investigation. Perceptual contrast effect was studied from two points of view, as a special anchor effect and as a special figural aftereffect. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of stimulus onset asynchrony on contrast and assimilation effects, induced and measured by different psychophysical methods. Stimuli were circular beams of light projected on screens (Delboef type of illusion). When anchor and series stimuli were shown and the latter were judged by means of a rating scale, stimulus onset asychrony had no substantial influence on the contrast effect (Exp. I). When the constant method was applied, however, the asynchrony altered the shape of the contrast effect considerably (Exp. II)."}
{"id": "PMID:1215119", "title": "Helium pressure effects on avoidance behavior in rats breathing high nitrogen pressures.", "content": "3 rats given avoidance training and then exposed to 7, 13, and 19 ATA breathing nitrogen, then to 25, 31, and 37 ATA breathing helium, showed increased avoidance response rates above established baselines to 19 ATA followed by a decline. Narcotic effects of nitrogen were not reduced differentially by addition of helium.", "contents": "Helium pressure effects on avoidance behavior in rats breathing high nitrogen pressures. 3 rats given avoidance training and then exposed to 7, 13, and 19 ATA breathing nitrogen, then to 25, 31, and 37 ATA breathing helium, showed increased avoidance response rates above established baselines to 19 ATA followed by a decline. Narcotic effects of nitrogen were not reduced differentially by addition of helium."}
{"id": "PMID:1215120", "title": "Abstract conceptualization in schizophrenia: a fundamental psychological deficit?", "content": "Wright (1975) has recently argued that impairment in abstract conceptualization is an important schizophrenic deficit. We contend that the data to which he refers are insufficient support for that conclusion. Although schizophrenics' performance on sorting tasks may be less efficient than that of some other groups, the significance of this finding is debatable. A differential deficit in conceptual ability has not been shown and the confounding effects of third variables have not been ruled out. In addition, the validity of sorting techniques in measuring abstraction has not been adequately established. These methodological issues have a more general applicability to the study of psychopathology. Appreciation of them and a more specific definition of \"acceptable evidence\" would reduce considerably the continuing state of confusion in research on psychological deficit.", "contents": "Abstract conceptualization in schizophrenia: a fundamental psychological deficit? Wright (1975) has recently argued that impairment in abstract conceptualization is an important schizophrenic deficit. We contend that the data to which he refers are insufficient support for that conclusion. Although schizophrenics' performance on sorting tasks may be less efficient than that of some other groups, the significance of this finding is debatable. A differential deficit in conceptual ability has not been shown and the confounding effects of third variables have not been ruled out. In addition, the validity of sorting techniques in measuring abstraction has not been adequately established. These methodological issues have a more general applicability to the study of psychopathology. Appreciation of them and a more specific definition of \"acceptable evidence\" would reduce considerably the continuing state of confusion in research on psychological deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:1215122", "title": "Visual aesthetic complexity, attractiveness and diversive exploration.", "content": "Ratings by 60 Ss showed a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between attractiveness and complexity of 15 paintings of human figures while rated interest tended to increase with complexity. Ss most often selected and least often rejected paintings rated highly attractive and moderately complex for further viewing.", "contents": "Visual aesthetic complexity, attractiveness and diversive exploration. Ratings by 60 Ss showed a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between attractiveness and complexity of 15 paintings of human figures while rated interest tended to increase with complexity. Ss most often selected and least often rejected paintings rated highly attractive and moderately complex for further viewing."}
{"id": "PMID:1215123", "title": "Visual significance of pupillary response to an auditory task.", "content": "Subjects simultaneously performed visual and auditory detection tasks. Pupillary dilation accompanies increased cognitive load such as that caused by the auditory tasks. Errors in the visual task increased when the auditory task became more difficult. The increase was greater when the effects of pupillary dilation were blocked by an artificial pupil.", "contents": "Visual significance of pupillary response to an auditory task. Subjects simultaneously performed visual and auditory detection tasks. Pupillary dilation accompanies increased cognitive load such as that caused by the auditory tasks. Errors in the visual task increased when the auditory task became more difficult. The increase was greater when the effects of pupillary dilation were blocked by an artificial pupil."}
{"id": "PMID:1215124", "title": "Monaural ear differences for same-different reaction times to speech with prior knowledge of ear stimulated.", "content": "Morais and Darwin's (1974) finding of a right-ear advantage for speech on a \"same-different\" reaction-time task under monaural stimulation was replicated with 8 Ss who knew before each block of trials which ear would be stimulated. The effect cannot be accounted for in terms of a lateral bias in voluntary attention.", "contents": "Monaural ear differences for same-different reaction times to speech with prior knowledge of ear stimulated. Morais and Darwin's (1974) finding of a right-ear advantage for speech on a \"same-different\" reaction-time task under monaural stimulation was replicated with 8 Ss who knew before each block of trials which ear would be stimulated. The effect cannot be accounted for in terms of a lateral bias in voluntary attention."}
{"id": "PMID:1215125", "title": "Pupillary measurement and release from proactive inhibition.", "content": "One of the explanations of release from proactive inhibition in short-term memory is that the subjects re-attend to the items on the release trial because the items are different from the previous ones. It is further assumed that this increase in attention causes the relase items to be learned better than the preceding items. This experiment measured the pupils of the subjects' eyes while they were participating in a proactive-inhibition release-type task. The results showed no increase in attention, as indexed by pupil size, on the release trial. This did not support the attentional explanation of the proactive-inhibition release phenomenon.", "contents": "Pupillary measurement and release from proactive inhibition. One of the explanations of release from proactive inhibition in short-term memory is that the subjects re-attend to the items on the release trial because the items are different from the previous ones. It is further assumed that this increase in attention causes the relase items to be learned better than the preceding items. This experiment measured the pupils of the subjects' eyes while they were participating in a proactive-inhibition release-type task. The results showed no increase in attention, as indexed by pupil size, on the release trial. This did not support the attentional explanation of the proactive-inhibition release phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1215126", "title": "Effect of subliminal stimuli on consumer behavior: negative evidence.", "content": "The study corrected methodological weaknesses found in previous experiments designed to test the contentions of motivational research theorists that subliminal stimulation can affect buying behavior. The words \"Hershey's Chocolate\" were presented to a group of 18 experimental Ss below a forced-choice detection threshold. The 19 control Ss had a blank slide superimposed over the same background media. In a highly controlled buying situation neither experimental nor control Ss purchased Hershey's products, but on comparable chocolate products, the experimental Ss bought 5 and the control Ss, 3. A second study tested 15 experimental and 12 control Ss with the stimulus presented just below a recognition threshold. No experimental Ss bought Hershey's; two control Ss did. No support was found for the claims of motivational research theorists.", "contents": "Effect of subliminal stimuli on consumer behavior: negative evidence. The study corrected methodological weaknesses found in previous experiments designed to test the contentions of motivational research theorists that subliminal stimulation can affect buying behavior. The words \"Hershey's Chocolate\" were presented to a group of 18 experimental Ss below a forced-choice detection threshold. The 19 control Ss had a blank slide superimposed over the same background media. In a highly controlled buying situation neither experimental nor control Ss purchased Hershey's products, but on comparable chocolate products, the experimental Ss bought 5 and the control Ss, 3. A second study tested 15 experimental and 12 control Ss with the stimulus presented just below a recognition threshold. No experimental Ss bought Hershey's; two control Ss did. No support was found for the claims of motivational research theorists."}
{"id": "PMID:1215127", "title": "Attention in performance of a complex skill by retarded children.", "content": "Try materials were used to train 9 retarded children to attend to differences in colors and shapes of objects, and Frostig worksheets were used to train the children to attend to left-to-right directionality. Evidence suggests Ss' ability to attend to these characteristics was generalized to a complex bead-stringing task on which significant gains in performance were found immediately after 15 days of practice with training materials and after a 6-mo. interval of no further training or practice.", "contents": "Attention in performance of a complex skill by retarded children. Try materials were used to train 9 retarded children to attend to differences in colors and shapes of objects, and Frostig worksheets were used to train the children to attend to left-to-right directionality. Evidence suggests Ss' ability to attend to these characteristics was generalized to a complex bead-stringing task on which significant gains in performance were found immediately after 15 days of practice with training materials and after a 6-mo. interval of no further training or practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1215128", "title": "Two-part stimulus integration and specific reading disability.", "content": "29 dyslexics and 29 control children were presented with two halves of a black cross, one-half being presented at varying interstimulus intervals after the other half. Both dichoptic and binocular presentations were used and separation thresholds were at greater interstimulus intervals for the dichoptic condition. Dyslexics had thresholds at greater intervals than controls. These differences were significant and there was no significant interaction of group by dichoptic condition. The relative magnitudes of difference between dyslexics and controls were as previously reported by Stanley and Hall (1973) and support the notion that dyslexics have longer visual persistence than controls.", "contents": "Two-part stimulus integration and specific reading disability. 29 dyslexics and 29 control children were presented with two halves of a black cross, one-half being presented at varying interstimulus intervals after the other half. Both dichoptic and binocular presentations were used and separation thresholds were at greater interstimulus intervals for the dichoptic condition. Dyslexics had thresholds at greater intervals than controls. These differences were significant and there was no significant interaction of group by dichoptic condition. The relative magnitudes of difference between dyslexics and controls were as previously reported by Stanley and Hall (1973) and support the notion that dyslexics have longer visual persistence than controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1215129", "title": "Instructional, pacing, and feedback control of respiratory behavior.", "content": "Procedures designed to affect respiration rate and amplitude were assessed for 4 groups of 8 subjects each. The groups were exposed to combinations of procedures providing feedback for decreasing respiration amplitude, pacing respiration rate, and instructions on rate and amplitude of breathing. After an initial baseline, effects were examined during both treatment and self-management phases for respiratory activity and concurrent heart-rate and electromyogram activity. Reliable effects of pacing on respiration rate, and a slight, but non-significant effect on amplitude were observed. No effects were observed for any heart-rate or electromyogram measures.", "contents": "Instructional, pacing, and feedback control of respiratory behavior. Procedures designed to affect respiration rate and amplitude were assessed for 4 groups of 8 subjects each. The groups were exposed to combinations of procedures providing feedback for decreasing respiration amplitude, pacing respiration rate, and instructions on rate and amplitude of breathing. After an initial baseline, effects were examined during both treatment and self-management phases for respiratory activity and concurrent heart-rate and electromyogram activity. Reliable effects of pacing on respiration rate, and a slight, but non-significant effect on amplitude were observed. No effects were observed for any heart-rate or electromyogram measures."}
{"id": "PMID:1215130", "title": "Creative perceptions of Hungarian and American Students.", "content": "The creative self-perceptions on Something About Myself of 227 Hungarian and 672 American high school and college males and females were compared. Americans obtained significantly higher mean scores on Environmental Sensitivity, Self strength and Intellectuality as well as on the Total Scale, whereas Hungarians obtained significantly higher scores on Initiative, Individuality, and Artistry. The observed differences to variability in cultural emphasis.", "contents": "Creative perceptions of Hungarian and American Students. The creative self-perceptions on Something About Myself of 227 Hungarian and 672 American high school and college males and females were compared. Americans obtained significantly higher mean scores on Environmental Sensitivity, Self strength and Intellectuality as well as on the Total Scale, whereas Hungarians obtained significantly higher scores on Initiative, Individuality, and Artistry. The observed differences to variability in cultural emphasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215131", "title": "Delay in retention of forms.", "content": "10 forms were drawn on the palms of 48 subjects who were without vision. Subjects were then required haptically to explore three forms and choose the drawn shape. Three intervals, 0, 5, and 15 sec., were inserted between the presentation of the drawn form and the choice. It was expected that there would be a decline in the accuracy of form recognition with an increase in delay. Form recognition was significantly superior with no delay and loss of shape information seems to occur rather quickly since there was no significant difference in the accuracy of form recognition between the two longer delays.", "contents": "Delay in retention of forms. 10 forms were drawn on the palms of 48 subjects who were without vision. Subjects were then required haptically to explore three forms and choose the drawn shape. Three intervals, 0, 5, and 15 sec., were inserted between the presentation of the drawn form and the choice. It was expected that there would be a decline in the accuracy of form recognition with an increase in delay. Form recognition was significantly superior with no delay and loss of shape information seems to occur rather quickly since there was no significant difference in the accuracy of form recognition between the two longer delays."}
{"id": "PMID:1215132", "title": "Note on decision time/movement time relationships in normal and depressed subjects.", "content": "It has been suggested that under normal conditions, there is no relationship between decision and movement time components of response latency. However, for normal Ss, induced elevation of decision time produces conpensatory reductions in movement time. Psychomotor retardation, commonly observed in depressive patients, shows in the main, elevations for decision time. Such patients should also produce compensatory reductions in movement time. This was found not to be so. While 15 controls exhibited no relationship between decision and movement times, 30 depressive Ss exhibited a positive one. The result was discussed in terms of a post hoc postulate of motivational deficit among depressive patients.", "contents": "Note on decision time/movement time relationships in normal and depressed subjects. It has been suggested that under normal conditions, there is no relationship between decision and movement time components of response latency. However, for normal Ss, induced elevation of decision time produces conpensatory reductions in movement time. Psychomotor retardation, commonly observed in depressive patients, shows in the main, elevations for decision time. Such patients should also produce compensatory reductions in movement time. This was found not to be so. While 15 controls exhibited no relationship between decision and movement times, 30 depressive Ss exhibited a positive one. The result was discussed in terms of a post hoc postulate of motivational deficit among depressive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1215133", "title": "Field articulation and linguistic structures.", "content": "The relation of field articulation to sensitivity to linguistic structures was explored. Subjects (23 males and 23 females) were given the rod-and-frame test and then made true-false judgments of sentences varying in grammatical and semantic complexity. While increased complexity did increase the difficulty of true-false judgments of sentences, the latencies of these judgments were unrelated to the scores on the rod-and-frame test. These results were discussed in terms of the generality of previous studies reporting a relationship between field articulation and linguistic abilities.", "contents": "Field articulation and linguistic structures. The relation of field articulation to sensitivity to linguistic structures was explored. Subjects (23 males and 23 females) were given the rod-and-frame test and then made true-false judgments of sentences varying in grammatical and semantic complexity. While increased complexity did increase the difficulty of true-false judgments of sentences, the latencies of these judgments were unrelated to the scores on the rod-and-frame test. These results were discussed in terms of the generality of previous studies reporting a relationship between field articulation and linguistic abilities."}
{"id": "PMID:1215134", "title": "Color preferences, extraversion, and neuroticism of art students.", "content": "Color preferences of 190 art students (G\u00f6tz & G\u00f6tz, 1974, 1975) were compared with the corresponding scores on extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N). It was found that the preferences of a group of 27 highly gifted young artists were different from preferences of average and less gifted Ss who had little or no artistic practice. In the latter group extraverts and ambiverts mainly preferred primary and secondary colors (light clear and dark clear tones included), while introverts preferred tertiary colors (earth colors) and achromatics. However, in the group of highly gifted Ss no significant differences between positive and negative rankings in both color categories were found. Neuroticism had no effect on color preferences; this holds for introverts and extraverts and for each single color.", "contents": "Color preferences, extraversion, and neuroticism of art students. Color preferences of 190 art students (G\u00f6tz & G\u00f6tz, 1974, 1975) were compared with the corresponding scores on extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N). It was found that the preferences of a group of 27 highly gifted young artists were different from preferences of average and less gifted Ss who had little or no artistic practice. In the latter group extraverts and ambiverts mainly preferred primary and secondary colors (light clear and dark clear tones included), while introverts preferred tertiary colors (earth colors) and achromatics. However, in the group of highly gifted Ss no significant differences between positive and negative rankings in both color categories were found. Neuroticism had no effect on color preferences; this holds for introverts and extraverts and for each single color."}
{"id": "PMID:1215135", "title": "Dichotic ear preferences of stuttering children and adults.", "content": "39 stutterers and 39 normal speakers indicated their ear preferences for dichotically presented words and digits. A single response mode for both dichotic words and digits was selected to study speech perception. Stutterers showed significantly less of the normal right-ear preference for dichotic words and digits than non-stutterers. The proportion of stutterers who failed to demonstrate a right-ear preference for dichotic words was significantly greater than for non-stutterers. 18% of the stutterers and none of the non-stutterers showed reversed or a left-ear preference for dichotic digits. Although non-stuttering children and adults performed alike on the dichotic tasks, the right-ear dichotic-words scores of stuttering children were significantly smaller than those of adult stutterers. The results are related to an early notion that stuttering may be related to mixed dominance and recent evidence showing that large percentages of older stuttering children show spontaneous remission of stuttering.", "contents": "Dichotic ear preferences of stuttering children and adults. 39 stutterers and 39 normal speakers indicated their ear preferences for dichotically presented words and digits. A single response mode for both dichotic words and digits was selected to study speech perception. Stutterers showed significantly less of the normal right-ear preference for dichotic words and digits than non-stutterers. The proportion of stutterers who failed to demonstrate a right-ear preference for dichotic words was significantly greater than for non-stutterers. 18% of the stutterers and none of the non-stutterers showed reversed or a left-ear preference for dichotic digits. Although non-stuttering children and adults performed alike on the dichotic tasks, the right-ear dichotic-words scores of stuttering children were significantly smaller than those of adult stutterers. The results are related to an early notion that stuttering may be related to mixed dominance and recent evidence showing that large percentages of older stuttering children show spontaneous remission of stuttering."}
{"id": "PMID:1215136", "title": "Relationship between pulse pressure, arteriosclerosis, and a visual reversal phenomenon.", "content": "Varying numbers of Ss were studied on a task producing a perceived reversal in the direction of rotating objects. Ss were required to indicate when reversal in the direction of rotation of the percept occurred for the first time. Low initial reversal time coincided with high pulse pressure which is an indicator or arteriosclerotic processes. The relationship of initial reversal time and pulse pressure existed for all Ss with histories of cerebro-vascular accident, amputees secondary to diabetes mellitus, and many control Ss (a nonpatient group of higher socio-economic and intellectual levels) who had a poor health history regarding high blood pressure and/or diabetes mellitus. In contrast, control Ss with no cardio-vascular or diabetic problems had high initial reversal times or no reversal at all. Initial reversal time was stable over a short as well as longer periods of time. Initial reversal time may be useful as an adjunct in the prognosis of arteriosclerotic pathology.", "contents": "Relationship between pulse pressure, arteriosclerosis, and a visual reversal phenomenon. Varying numbers of Ss were studied on a task producing a perceived reversal in the direction of rotating objects. Ss were required to indicate when reversal in the direction of rotation of the percept occurred for the first time. Low initial reversal time coincided with high pulse pressure which is an indicator or arteriosclerotic processes. The relationship of initial reversal time and pulse pressure existed for all Ss with histories of cerebro-vascular accident, amputees secondary to diabetes mellitus, and many control Ss (a nonpatient group of higher socio-economic and intellectual levels) who had a poor health history regarding high blood pressure and/or diabetes mellitus. In contrast, control Ss with no cardio-vascular or diabetic problems had high initial reversal times or no reversal at all. Initial reversal time was stable over a short as well as longer periods of time. Initial reversal time may be useful as an adjunct in the prognosis of arteriosclerotic pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:1215138", "title": "Pupillary changes during encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.", "content": "6 subjects were each auditorily presented six lists of 7-digit numbers for retention intervals of 0, 5, and 10 sec. Pupil size was recorded during stimulus presentation, retention, interval, and recall of items. Results indicated that pupil dilation occurred during encoding and retrieval of stimulus items. Pupillary constriction was found during the retention interval when rehearsal was presumed to occur.", "contents": "Pupillary changes during encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. 6 subjects were each auditorily presented six lists of 7-digit numbers for retention intervals of 0, 5, and 10 sec. Pupil size was recorded during stimulus presentation, retention, interval, and recall of items. Results indicated that pupil dilation occurred during encoding and retrieval of stimulus items. Pupillary constriction was found during the retention interval when rehearsal was presumed to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:1215141", "title": "Electromyograph responses and performance success estimates as a function of internal-external control.", "content": "For 12 externally scoring college women, marginally significant correlations of EMG recordings with self-estimates of success in tensing forearm muscles (-.50) and with success in relaxing these muscles (-.54) were obtained. Similar correlations for 12 internally scoring women were much smaller. Analysis of variance of means had indicated no differences in ability of these groups to control muscles of the forearm.", "contents": "Electromyograph responses and performance success estimates as a function of internal-external control. For 12 externally scoring college women, marginally significant correlations of EMG recordings with self-estimates of success in tensing forearm muscles (-.50) and with success in relaxing these muscles (-.54) were obtained. Similar correlations for 12 internally scoring women were much smaller. Analysis of variance of means had indicated no differences in ability of these groups to control muscles of the forearm."}
{"id": "PMID:1215142", "title": "Effect of color in rearing and testing environment on the behavior of young domestic chicks.", "content": "Young domestic chicks were reared individually in compartments of four different colors and then tested either in a color-preference test with stationary objects (N equals 128) or with a moving stimulus (N equals 128). For each type of test we used four background colors in the test arena. The dependent variables included color preferences, following behavior and emotional responses of the young chicks. The results showed no significant effects of the color of the arena-background in either test situation. The color of the rearing compartment was a significant factor affecting color preferences in the test with stationary objects. In both test situations the colors red, and then green, were the most potent in affecting the color preferences and emotional responses exhibited by the chicks.", "contents": "Effect of color in rearing and testing environment on the behavior of young domestic chicks. Young domestic chicks were reared individually in compartments of four different colors and then tested either in a color-preference test with stationary objects (N equals 128) or with a moving stimulus (N equals 128). For each type of test we used four background colors in the test arena. The dependent variables included color preferences, following behavior and emotional responses of the young chicks. The results showed no significant effects of the color of the arena-background in either test situation. The color of the rearing compartment was a significant factor affecting color preferences in the test with stationary objects. In both test situations the colors red, and then green, were the most potent in affecting the color preferences and emotional responses exhibited by the chicks."}
{"id": "PMID:1215143", "title": "[Bone marrow scintigraphy in anemia caused by impaired hemopoiesis. Respective values of technetium colloids and indium-transferrin].", "content": "Thirty-six patients with different types of bone marrow failure have been studied by double scintigraphy, with 99mTc-colloids and 111In.-transferrin. The observed results are compared to those obtained by bone marrow biopsy and ferro-kinetic studies. Despite our imperfect knowledge of the physiology of indium, and the non-selectivity of this tracer for the erythropoietic line, the good correlation observed in most cases between scintigraphy with 111In. and ferro-kinetics and bone marrow histology is an argument which favours the clinical use of this tracer. A striking difference between the results of scintigraphy with Tc-colloids and scintigraphy with 111In. was noticed in chronic erythroblastopenias, and in most of the aplastic anemias, primitive or due to partial leukemic involvement of the bone marrow. It is suggested that this double study may have an interest for the prognosis in these cases. In patients with lymphoma, treated by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, In. and Tc scintigraphies show an extension of active bone marrow to normally inactive zones. It indicates a severe defect of the normally active zones, and appears to be a contra-indication for any supplementary chemotherapy. In myeloid metaplasias, this study may be useful for the choice of treatment, by giving precise indications on the degree of splenic erythropoiesis and of bone marrow cellular depletion.", "contents": "[Bone marrow scintigraphy in anemia caused by impaired hemopoiesis. Respective values of technetium colloids and indium-transferrin]. Thirty-six patients with different types of bone marrow failure have been studied by double scintigraphy, with 99mTc-colloids and 111In.-transferrin. The observed results are compared to those obtained by bone marrow biopsy and ferro-kinetic studies. Despite our imperfect knowledge of the physiology of indium, and the non-selectivity of this tracer for the erythropoietic line, the good correlation observed in most cases between scintigraphy with 111In. and ferro-kinetics and bone marrow histology is an argument which favours the clinical use of this tracer. A striking difference between the results of scintigraphy with Tc-colloids and scintigraphy with 111In. was noticed in chronic erythroblastopenias, and in most of the aplastic anemias, primitive or due to partial leukemic involvement of the bone marrow. It is suggested that this double study may have an interest for the prognosis in these cases. In patients with lymphoma, treated by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, In. and Tc scintigraphies show an extension of active bone marrow to normally inactive zones. It indicates a severe defect of the normally active zones, and appears to be a contra-indication for any supplementary chemotherapy. In myeloid metaplasias, this study may be useful for the choice of treatment, by giving precise indications on the degree of splenic erythropoiesis and of bone marrow cellular depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:1215144", "title": "[Treatment of malignant melanomas. Trial of D.T.I.C. by intra-arterial infusion].", "content": "D.T.I.C. appears more and more to possess the characteristics of an effective chemical agent in the treatment of naevocarcinoma. Having been able to include it in a mixed chemotherapy programme used in a group of 44 patients, we report here our findings. This is a preliminary study, the results of which will have to be confirmed in time on a larger group of patients over a longer period of observation.", "contents": "[Treatment of malignant melanomas. Trial of D.T.I.C. by intra-arterial infusion]. D.T.I.C. appears more and more to possess the characteristics of an effective chemical agent in the treatment of naevocarcinoma. Having been able to include it in a mixed chemotherapy programme used in a group of 44 patients, we report here our findings. This is a preliminary study, the results of which will have to be confirmed in time on a larger group of patients over a longer period of observation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215145", "title": "[Mesenteric-caval anastomosis using an interposed dacron graft. Apropos of 5 cases].", "content": "Five meso-caval shunts with the use of dacron prostheses are reported in the adult. Any other type of portocaval decompression was impossible in 2 cases (splenoportal thrombosis) but this procedure was elected in 3 cases (2 Budd Chiari syndromes, 1 cirrhosis with perihepatitis). This operation proved to be technically simple and satisfactory. A cirrhotic patient died 5 days later, because of acute hepatic necrosis, the four others cases being followed by a smooth postoperative course with a favorable effect on hemorrhage and/or ascites. Thrombosis of the graft was not observed (3 angiographic controls, 2 clinically obvious patencies). The follow-up is too short (maximum one year) to extend the indications of this appealing technical procedure.", "contents": "[Mesenteric-caval anastomosis using an interposed dacron graft. Apropos of 5 cases]. Five meso-caval shunts with the use of dacron prostheses are reported in the adult. Any other type of portocaval decompression was impossible in 2 cases (splenoportal thrombosis) but this procedure was elected in 3 cases (2 Budd Chiari syndromes, 1 cirrhosis with perihepatitis). This operation proved to be technically simple and satisfactory. A cirrhotic patient died 5 days later, because of acute hepatic necrosis, the four others cases being followed by a smooth postoperative course with a favorable effect on hemorrhage and/or ascites. Thrombosis of the graft was not observed (3 angiographic controls, 2 clinically obvious patencies). The follow-up is too short (maximum one year) to extend the indications of this appealing technical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1215149", "title": "[Intravascular hemolysis. Assessment by determination of haptoglobin, hemopexin and orosomucoid].", "content": "In 100 patients suffering from intravascular haemolysis, a \"protein profile\" was made on the basis of measurement of haptoglobin, haemopexin and orosomucoid. The estimations were carried out using a rapid precise automatic technique using monospecific immune serum. The results obtained indicate that these tests are sensitive and reliable.", "contents": "[Intravascular hemolysis. Assessment by determination of haptoglobin, hemopexin and orosomucoid]. In 100 patients suffering from intravascular haemolysis, a \"protein profile\" was made on the basis of measurement of haptoglobin, haemopexin and orosomucoid. The estimations were carried out using a rapid precise automatic technique using monospecific immune serum. The results obtained indicate that these tests are sensitive and reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:1215150", "title": "[Measurement of the blood levels of antiepileptic drugs. I. General principals].", "content": "The authors report some basic notions on the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs, and the informations given by serum level determinations of anticonvulsants. It is not conceivable to treat epileptics without taking into account these facts. But it is neither necessary nor desirable to measure blood levels of antiepileptic drugs in every patient.", "contents": "[Measurement of the blood levels of antiepileptic drugs. I. General principals]. The authors report some basic notions on the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs, and the informations given by serum level determinations of anticonvulsants. It is not conceivable to treat epileptics without taking into account these facts. But it is neither necessary nor desirable to measure blood levels of antiepileptic drugs in every patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1215163", "title": "[Measurement of the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. Application to patients with angina pectoris with normal coronography. Study of 10 cases].", "content": "A study of 2-3 D.P.C. (diphosphoglycerate) and of P50 (PO2 of half-saturation of blood at pH 7.40, PCO2 40 torr and temperature 37 degrees C) was carried out in ten subjects: eight women and two men suffering from angina pectoris with no evidence of obstruction on their coronary arteriograms. The study was made with the subjects at rest, in the absence of any acute coronary episode. The results show that these patients have a normal affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen: the 2-3 D.P.G. was 13.05 +/- 2.2 muM.g-1 Hb; P50 was 26.7 +/- 1.3 torr; Hill's \"n\" was 2.65 +/- 0.29. Deviation to the right of the oxyhaemoglobin curve may be seen, after effort or during a provoked attack, but this movement to the right seems to be the result rather than the cause of the myocardial ischaemia.", "contents": "[Measurement of the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. Application to patients with angina pectoris with normal coronography. Study of 10 cases]. A study of 2-3 D.P.C. (diphosphoglycerate) and of P50 (PO2 of half-saturation of blood at pH 7.40, PCO2 40 torr and temperature 37 degrees C) was carried out in ten subjects: eight women and two men suffering from angina pectoris with no evidence of obstruction on their coronary arteriograms. The study was made with the subjects at rest, in the absence of any acute coronary episode. The results show that these patients have a normal affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen: the 2-3 D.P.G. was 13.05 +/- 2.2 muM.g-1 Hb; P50 was 26.7 +/- 1.3 torr; Hill's \"n\" was 2.65 +/- 0.29. Deviation to the right of the oxyhaemoglobin curve may be seen, after effort or during a provoked attack, but this movement to the right seems to be the result rather than the cause of the myocardial ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1215164", "title": "[Practical value of the measurement of red cell volume in polyglobulia].", "content": "The practical interest of the direct measurement of the red blood cell volume in clinical haematology remains a matter of discussion. A retrospective study of 385 cases with high haematocrit values shows that the measurement of RBC volume is useful for the diagnosis between true and spurious polycythemia only when the haematocrit value is slightly increased (until 52 p.cent in women and 55 p.cent in men). At the higher values of haematocrit, the direct measurement of the RBC volume does not help for the diagnosis between primitive and secondary polycythemia, but may be useful for the choice of the treatment.", "contents": "[Practical value of the measurement of red cell volume in polyglobulia]. The practical interest of the direct measurement of the red blood cell volume in clinical haematology remains a matter of discussion. A retrospective study of 385 cases with high haematocrit values shows that the measurement of RBC volume is useful for the diagnosis between true and spurious polycythemia only when the haematocrit value is slightly increased (until 52 p.cent in women and 55 p.cent in men). At the higher values of haematocrit, the direct measurement of the RBC volume does not help for the diagnosis between primitive and secondary polycythemia, but may be useful for the choice of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1215165", "title": "[Osteomalcaia and chronic pancreatis. 5 cases].", "content": "The authors report five cases of an association between osteomalacia and chronic calcifying pancreatitis. The pancreatic involvement, which was pain-free in four patients, resulted in all cases in enzyme insufficiency with steatorrhoea. The deficiency-type osteopathy was highly vitamin sensitive. Aetiological study of these cases of osteomalacia revealed the constant presence of factors aggravating the vitamin deficiency, playing a role by increasing deficient intake or malabsorption, or by increasing Vitamin D requirements. It thus appears that hypovitaminosis D alone, of particular severity, was sufficient to result in the appearance of clinically evident osteomalacia. Such a vitamin deficiency, necessary when the intestinal mucosa is intact, is only rarely encountered, which accounts for the extreme rarity of osteomalacia in association with chronic pancreatic disorders.", "contents": "[Osteomalcaia and chronic pancreatis. 5 cases]. The authors report five cases of an association between osteomalacia and chronic calcifying pancreatitis. The pancreatic involvement, which was pain-free in four patients, resulted in all cases in enzyme insufficiency with steatorrhoea. The deficiency-type osteopathy was highly vitamin sensitive. Aetiological study of these cases of osteomalacia revealed the constant presence of factors aggravating the vitamin deficiency, playing a role by increasing deficient intake or malabsorption, or by increasing Vitamin D requirements. It thus appears that hypovitaminosis D alone, of particular severity, was sufficient to result in the appearance of clinically evident osteomalacia. Such a vitamin deficiency, necessary when the intestinal mucosa is intact, is only rarely encountered, which accounts for the extreme rarity of osteomalacia in association with chronic pancreatic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1215166", "title": "[Valvular tube gastrostomy].", "content": "Valvular tube gastrostomy was performed on 90 patients whose lesions necessitated permanent alimentary gastrostomy. 60 were cases of cancer of the oesophagus where the tumor could not be removed, and 30 were cancers of the oropharynx. 10 (11 p.cent) died within one month of surgery, but slackening of the sutures was an attributable cause in none of these cases. 4 succumbed to their cancer before the sixth month. The functional results of those surviving more than 6 months were examined: -- 75 p.cent had very good results; -- 17 p.cent had mediocre results, but feeding was still possible; -- 8 p.cent had bad results and a second operation was necessary.", "contents": "[Valvular tube gastrostomy]. Valvular tube gastrostomy was performed on 90 patients whose lesions necessitated permanent alimentary gastrostomy. 60 were cases of cancer of the oesophagus where the tumor could not be removed, and 30 were cancers of the oropharynx. 10 (11 p.cent) died within one month of surgery, but slackening of the sutures was an attributable cause in none of these cases. 4 succumbed to their cancer before the sixth month. The functional results of those surviving more than 6 months were examined: -- 75 p.cent had very good results; -- 17 p.cent had mediocre results, but feeding was still possible; -- 8 p.cent had bad results and a second operation was necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1215177", "title": "[Practical value of the measurement of red cell volume in anemia].", "content": "In most cases of anemia, haematocrit is a good index of the degree of the red blood cell mass decrease; however, in the patients with renal deficiency, hyposideremic anemia, or severe hemolysis, a variable response of the plasma volume to anemia makes any measurement of the hematocrit a poor index of the red cell mass; in patients with splenomegaly, an excess of plasma volume makes any measurement of the treatment. The direct measurement of the red cell mass appears to be useful in clinical practice in many cases with anemia.", "contents": "[Practical value of the measurement of red cell volume in anemia]. In most cases of anemia, haematocrit is a good index of the degree of the red blood cell mass decrease; however, in the patients with renal deficiency, hyposideremic anemia, or severe hemolysis, a variable response of the plasma volume to anemia makes any measurement of the hematocrit a poor index of the red cell mass; in patients with splenomegaly, an excess of plasma volume makes any measurement of the treatment. The direct measurement of the red cell mass appears to be useful in clinical practice in many cases with anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1215178", "title": "[Early detection of venous thromboses of the lower limb in traumatology by labelled fibrinogen].", "content": "In emergency traumatology, the iodine 125 labelled fibrinogen test is useful in the early detection of phlebitis in patients in whom the routine use of heparin is not possible--fractures of the cervical spine, severe cranial trauma, elderly subjects. It makes possible the institution of appropriate heparin therapy, without waiting for clinical signs to become evident. We noted that isotopic venous thromboses occured very frequently and very early, and that clinical signs, when present (50 p. cent of cases) occurrer 24 to 48 hours after the appearance of isotopic signs.", "contents": "[Early detection of venous thromboses of the lower limb in traumatology by labelled fibrinogen]. In emergency traumatology, the iodine 125 labelled fibrinogen test is useful in the early detection of phlebitis in patients in whom the routine use of heparin is not possible--fractures of the cervical spine, severe cranial trauma, elderly subjects. It makes possible the institution of appropriate heparin therapy, without waiting for clinical signs to become evident. We noted that isotopic venous thromboses occured very frequently and very early, and that clinical signs, when present (50 p. cent of cases) occurrer 24 to 48 hours after the appearance of isotopic signs."}
{"id": "PMID:1215179", "title": "[Chronic nephropathy in saturnism. Comparative elimination of lead by classic chelating agents and peritoneal dialysis].", "content": "The authors report one case of saturnism with chronic nephropathy. In a 49 years old Caucasian male, the diagnosis was suggested by the following findings. Two acute abdominal crisis associated with a severe increase in blood pressure and a slight but significant elevation in the lead concentration in blood (1 mg/l) and urine (0,42 and 0,60 mg/24 h). The chronic poisoning was explained by the high lead concentration in the drinking water used by the patient. Despite chronic renal failure, a significant lead urinary chelation was obtained after infusion of Edetate calcium disodium (8 mg/24 h). Although E.D.T.A. keep its value for diagnosis this chelating agent is less effective on lead removal than the peritoneal dialysis (15 mg over a 36 hour-period) which appears to be the most useful method for treatment in case of chronic nephropathy.", "contents": "[Chronic nephropathy in saturnism. Comparative elimination of lead by classic chelating agents and peritoneal dialysis]. The authors report one case of saturnism with chronic nephropathy. In a 49 years old Caucasian male, the diagnosis was suggested by the following findings. Two acute abdominal crisis associated with a severe increase in blood pressure and a slight but significant elevation in the lead concentration in blood (1 mg/l) and urine (0,42 and 0,60 mg/24 h). The chronic poisoning was explained by the high lead concentration in the drinking water used by the patient. Despite chronic renal failure, a significant lead urinary chelation was obtained after infusion of Edetate calcium disodium (8 mg/24 h). Although E.D.T.A. keep its value for diagnosis this chelating agent is less effective on lead removal than the peritoneal dialysis (15 mg over a 36 hour-period) which appears to be the most useful method for treatment in case of chronic nephropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1215192", "title": "[Fulminating hepatitis caused by glue thistle (Atractylis glummifera-L.), poisoning. Anatomo-pathological study of 4 cases].", "content": "The toxicity of the \"glue thistle\" is well known in Algeria. 10 children were involved in a case of collective poisoning. Only two survived. Histo-pathological studies were made in four cases, the clinical and histological picture being that of a fulminating hepatitis with major hepatocellular necrosis.", "contents": "[Fulminating hepatitis caused by glue thistle (Atractylis glummifera-L.), poisoning. Anatomo-pathological study of 4 cases]. The toxicity of the \"glue thistle\" is well known in Algeria. 10 children were involved in a case of collective poisoning. Only two survived. Histo-pathological studies were made in four cases, the clinical and histological picture being that of a fulminating hepatitis with major hepatocellular necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215193", "title": "[Appendical innervation in the long types of Hirschsprung's disease. Histological and histoenzymatic study].", "content": "On the basis of the fact that the autonomic innervation of the appendix reflects that of the caecum, that appendicectomy is easier and less dangerous than multiple biopsies of the wall of the colon and that frozen section and later study, with the aid of a rapid histoenzymatic technique, is more convenient than that of small fragments which are always difficult to orientate, the authors recommend this investigation in cases in which a syndrome of obstruction in the neonatal or postnatal period poses the problem of the diagnosis and emergency treatment for total absence of colonic ganglia.", "contents": "[Appendical innervation in the long types of Hirschsprung's disease. Histological and histoenzymatic study]. On the basis of the fact that the autonomic innervation of the appendix reflects that of the caecum, that appendicectomy is easier and less dangerous than multiple biopsies of the wall of the colon and that frozen section and later study, with the aid of a rapid histoenzymatic technique, is more convenient than that of small fragments which are always difficult to orientate, the authors recommend this investigation in cases in which a syndrome of obstruction in the neonatal or postnatal period poses the problem of the diagnosis and emergency treatment for total absence of colonic ganglia."}
{"id": "PMID:1215194", "title": "[Proof of the absence of prostaglandin secretion by a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with functional diarrhea].", "content": "In a patient who had undergone surgery for a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and with multiple hepatic metastases and severe diarrhoea, prostaglandins PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha measured in peripheral venous blood and hepatic venous blood were normal in level and closely comparable, i.e. without gradient. Arachidonic acid, a PGs precursor, labelled with Iodine 131 was not taken up in the plaques of hypofixation seen with bengal rose and technetium sulphate. Finally, aspirin and indomethacin failed to relieve the diarrhoea. It is suggested that PGs were not secreted by the hepatic metastases and could not therefore be considered responsible for the diarrhoea.", "contents": "[Proof of the absence of prostaglandin secretion by a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with functional diarrhea]. In a patient who had undergone surgery for a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and with multiple hepatic metastases and severe diarrhoea, prostaglandins PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha measured in peripheral venous blood and hepatic venous blood were normal in level and closely comparable, i.e. without gradient. Arachidonic acid, a PGs precursor, labelled with Iodine 131 was not taken up in the plaques of hypofixation seen with bengal rose and technetium sulphate. Finally, aspirin and indomethacin failed to relieve the diarrhoea. It is suggested that PGs were not secreted by the hepatic metastases and could not therefore be considered responsible for the diarrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:1215209", "title": "Partition coefficient of 133Xe between blood and eye tissues.", "content": "The relative solubility coefficient of 133Xe and the tissue-blood partition coefficient for the aqueous humour vitreous body, conjunctiva and external eye muscles of the rabbit were determined in vitro at 37 degrees C and at various haematocrit values. The partition coefficient for haematocrit 40 was: for the aqueous humour 0,49 ml/ml, for the vitreous body 0,50 ml/ml, for the conjunctiva 0,81 ml/g and for the external eye muscles 0,77 ml/g. It was found that the solubility of 133Xe in rabbit erythrocytes is about 50 per cent higher than that in human red cells. The consequences of this fact for the precision of blood flow measurements by the method of tissue clearance are discussed.", "contents": "Partition coefficient of 133Xe between blood and eye tissues. The relative solubility coefficient of 133Xe and the tissue-blood partition coefficient for the aqueous humour vitreous body, conjunctiva and external eye muscles of the rabbit were determined in vitro at 37 degrees C and at various haematocrit values. The partition coefficient for haematocrit 40 was: for the aqueous humour 0,49 ml/ml, for the vitreous body 0,50 ml/ml, for the conjunctiva 0,81 ml/g and for the external eye muscles 0,77 ml/g. It was found that the solubility of 133Xe in rabbit erythrocytes is about 50 per cent higher than that in human red cells. The consequences of this fact for the precision of blood flow measurements by the method of tissue clearance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215210", "title": "Tc-99m labeled complexes of aldehydes and glutamate as cholescintigraphic agents.", "content": "Tc-99m pyridoxylidene glutamate has proven to be an excellent biliary scanning agent, far superior in many respect to the commonly used I-131 rose bengal. The preparation of the compound as previously reported by Baker et al is too time consuming and requires the use of an autoclave which is not available in most nuclear medicine departments. In our facility, we have been preparing similar compounds using several aldehydes and monosodium glutamate to make labeled complexes having the same pharmacological characteristics. The mixture of monosodium glutamate, aldehyde, and Tc-99m pertechnetate is made slightly alkaline, purged with helium, and placed in a sealed vial. The vial, which is protected by a wire basket, is then heated in a laboratory oven at 130 degrees C for a period of 15 to 20 minutes. During this time, the technetium is reduced to a lower valence state and bound to the complex formed. Chromatographic data show that these compounds are chemically similar to that previously reported. The compounds prepared concentrate in the gall bladder of the rabbit in less than 10 minutes. Kinetic studies have been performed on dogs with a scintillation camera and small digital computer to measure rates of blood clearance, liver and gall bladder uptake, and excretion into the intestine. The aldehyde -- glutamate complex promises to be a useful scanning agent for the diagnosis of biliary and hepatocellular diseases.", "contents": "Tc-99m labeled complexes of aldehydes and glutamate as cholescintigraphic agents. Tc-99m pyridoxylidene glutamate has proven to be an excellent biliary scanning agent, far superior in many respect to the commonly used I-131 rose bengal. The preparation of the compound as previously reported by Baker et al is too time consuming and requires the use of an autoclave which is not available in most nuclear medicine departments. In our facility, we have been preparing similar compounds using several aldehydes and monosodium glutamate to make labeled complexes having the same pharmacological characteristics. The mixture of monosodium glutamate, aldehyde, and Tc-99m pertechnetate is made slightly alkaline, purged with helium, and placed in a sealed vial. The vial, which is protected by a wire basket, is then heated in a laboratory oven at 130 degrees C for a period of 15 to 20 minutes. During this time, the technetium is reduced to a lower valence state and bound to the complex formed. Chromatographic data show that these compounds are chemically similar to that previously reported. The compounds prepared concentrate in the gall bladder of the rabbit in less than 10 minutes. Kinetic studies have been performed on dogs with a scintillation camera and small digital computer to measure rates of blood clearance, liver and gall bladder uptake, and excretion into the intestine. The aldehyde -- glutamate complex promises to be a useful scanning agent for the diagnosis of biliary and hepatocellular diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1215211", "title": "Combined scintigraphic study of the lung: what does the inhalation study add?", "content": "In 175 patients the results of combined isotope studies i. e. inhalation and perfusion scintigraphy were compared with those of chest x-ray. The absorbed radiation dose due to the inhalation study calculated for whole body was 3 mrad/500 muCi, lungs 380 mrad/500 muCi, ovaries 0.3 mrad/500 muCi and testes 0.03 mrad/500 muCi. In 44 of our cases the isotope studies suggested the presence of a vascular occlusion, not detectable on the x-ray film in 36 cases. In the remaining 8 cases the inhalation study was found to add to the precision of the diagnosis. In nearly all other cases it was not found to have any diagnostic value.", "contents": "Combined scintigraphic study of the lung: what does the inhalation study add? In 175 patients the results of combined isotope studies i. e. inhalation and perfusion scintigraphy were compared with those of chest x-ray. The absorbed radiation dose due to the inhalation study calculated for whole body was 3 mrad/500 muCi, lungs 380 mrad/500 muCi, ovaries 0.3 mrad/500 muCi and testes 0.03 mrad/500 muCi. In 44 of our cases the isotope studies suggested the presence of a vascular occlusion, not detectable on the x-ray film in 36 cases. In the remaining 8 cases the inhalation study was found to add to the precision of the diagnosis. In nearly all other cases it was not found to have any diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:1215212", "title": "The use of discriminatory values for thyroid uptake and free thyroxine index.", "content": "The distributions of 4 hour 132I neck uptake and 20 minute 99mTcO4 thyroid uptake in euthyroid patients were found to conform closely to a log normal distribution, from which a statistical normal range may be obtained. More accurate discriminatory values for determining thyroid status may be established by plotting intersecting distribution curves for hypo-, hyper- and euthyroid groups. Subdivision by age and by the presence or absence of a palpable thyroid reveals considerable variations from which a series of more accurate discriminatory values may be established for these subgroups. For Free Thyroxine Index (T4RT3 index) more accurate discriminatory values were also obtained by similar methods; while no significant variations related to age or palpable thyroid were observed, subdivision of the patients into two groups referred as suspected hypothyroidism and suspected hyperthyroidism yielded a further small improvement in accuracy.", "contents": "The use of discriminatory values for thyroid uptake and free thyroxine index. The distributions of 4 hour 132I neck uptake and 20 minute 99mTcO4 thyroid uptake in euthyroid patients were found to conform closely to a log normal distribution, from which a statistical normal range may be obtained. More accurate discriminatory values for determining thyroid status may be established by plotting intersecting distribution curves for hypo-, hyper- and euthyroid groups. Subdivision by age and by the presence or absence of a palpable thyroid reveals considerable variations from which a series of more accurate discriminatory values may be established for these subgroups. For Free Thyroxine Index (T4RT3 index) more accurate discriminatory values were also obtained by similar methods; while no significant variations related to age or palpable thyroid were observed, subdivision of the patients into two groups referred as suspected hypothyroidism and suspected hyperthyroidism yielded a further small improvement in accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:1215213", "title": "[Anemia in terminal kidney insufficiency: ferrokinetics, erythrocyte survival times and erythrocyte enzymes in chronic dialysis patients].", "content": "Radio-iron utilization was nearly normal in these patients, only bilateral nephrectomized patients showed a reduced radio-iron utilization. Red blood half-life span was shortened in all patients, well corresponding to the degree of anemia. Parameters of erythropoesis like plasma iron clearance, bone marrow transit time, erythron iron turnover, non erythron iron turnover and hemolysis iron turnover failed to quantitate disorders of red blood cell regeneration in these patients. No defect in red blood cell enzyme activity could be demonstrated. Enzymes of glycolysis were increased corresponding to the reduced erythrocyte half-life span.", "contents": "[Anemia in terminal kidney insufficiency: ferrokinetics, erythrocyte survival times and erythrocyte enzymes in chronic dialysis patients]. Radio-iron utilization was nearly normal in these patients, only bilateral nephrectomized patients showed a reduced radio-iron utilization. Red blood half-life span was shortened in all patients, well corresponding to the degree of anemia. Parameters of erythropoesis like plasma iron clearance, bone marrow transit time, erythron iron turnover, non erythron iron turnover and hemolysis iron turnover failed to quantitate disorders of red blood cell regeneration in these patients. No defect in red blood cell enzyme activity could be demonstrated. Enzymes of glycolysis were increased corresponding to the reduced erythrocyte half-life span."}
{"id": "PMID:1215214", "title": "The synthesis and chemical properties of 3-chloromercury-2-hydroxipropyl-urea.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for the synthesis of 3-chloromercury-2-hydroxipropyl-urea has been described. It has been concluded that highest yields are obtained by the synthesis of 197HgO and allyl urea in the ratio of 2.5 : 1. Stability of the final preparation was investigated after thermal sterilization and standing at room temperature. It has been proved that the inorganic mercury-197 is not released. Radiochemical purity was controlled by chromatographic method using pyridine, n-butanol and water (3 : 10 : 3 v/v) as a solvent. The results obtained indicate that the preparation is applicable for human use.", "contents": "The synthesis and chemical properties of 3-chloromercury-2-hydroxipropyl-urea. A simple and rapid method for the synthesis of 3-chloromercury-2-hydroxipropyl-urea has been described. It has been concluded that highest yields are obtained by the synthesis of 197HgO and allyl urea in the ratio of 2.5 : 1. Stability of the final preparation was investigated after thermal sterilization and standing at room temperature. It has been proved that the inorganic mercury-197 is not released. Radiochemical purity was controlled by chromatographic method using pyridine, n-butanol and water (3 : 10 : 3 v/v) as a solvent. The results obtained indicate that the preparation is applicable for human use."}
{"id": "PMID:1215215", "title": "[Sources of error in the radioimmunochemical determination of digoxin in serum].", "content": "In a study with numerous samples of serum we compared 5 Digoxin RIA and evaluated the reliability of tests by simultaneous determinations. There were found considerable differences in the determinations with the various RIA for the same serum; evident differences also were recorded in the recovery and in the reproducibility of the assays. Among some other sources of error the dependence of temperature and of the duration of the dextran-charcoal separation were observed; therefore, the charcoal incubation is recommendable at 4 degrees C. Each laboratory which is able to perform the determinations of digoxin concentrations in the serum should declare its own range for the therapeutic and toxic levels for the used RIA in collaboration with the clinicians.", "contents": "[Sources of error in the radioimmunochemical determination of digoxin in serum]. In a study with numerous samples of serum we compared 5 Digoxin RIA and evaluated the reliability of tests by simultaneous determinations. There were found considerable differences in the determinations with the various RIA for the same serum; evident differences also were recorded in the recovery and in the reproducibility of the assays. Among some other sources of error the dependence of temperature and of the duration of the dextran-charcoal separation were observed; therefore, the charcoal incubation is recommendable at 4 degrees C. Each laboratory which is able to perform the determinations of digoxin concentrations in the serum should declare its own range for the therapeutic and toxic levels for the used RIA in collaboration with the clinicians."}
{"id": "PMID:1215216", "title": "Computation of muscle blood flow by 133Xe clearance using polynomial fitting techniques.", "content": "A polynomial fitting technique suitable for small computers has been developed for calculation of the muscle blood flow function by the 133Xe clearance method. An application of the method for blood flow measurements in the lower limbs during hyperaemia is presented. The calculated maximum blood flow and peak time values were closely correlated with the manually elicited results.", "contents": "Computation of muscle blood flow by 133Xe clearance using polynomial fitting techniques. A polynomial fitting technique suitable for small computers has been developed for calculation of the muscle blood flow function by the 133Xe clearance method. An application of the method for blood flow measurements in the lower limbs during hyperaemia is presented. The calculated maximum blood flow and peak time values were closely correlated with the manually elicited results."}
{"id": "PMID:1215233", "title": "[Radiation sterilization of disposable medical equipment].", "content": "In the Institute of Nuclear Research in Warsaw, the double-function linear electron accelerator LAE 13/9 has been operating since 1972, currently yielding radiation in the amount equivalent to 1 millon Ci of cobalt 60, thus providing unique research possibilities. The author has discussed the technical base in Poland and Comecon Member Countries, and planning and prognostic in this respect in other countries, as well.", "contents": "[Radiation sterilization of disposable medical equipment]. In the Institute of Nuclear Research in Warsaw, the double-function linear electron accelerator LAE 13/9 has been operating since 1972, currently yielding radiation in the amount equivalent to 1 millon Ci of cobalt 60, thus providing unique research possibilities. The author has discussed the technical base in Poland and Comecon Member Countries, and planning and prognostic in this respect in other countries, as well."}
{"id": "PMID:1215234", "title": "[Determination of radiation dosage for radiosterilization of disposable medical equipment].", "content": "The study on radiation resistance of 17169 microbial clones was performed including 15376 clones of bacteria isolated from the factory rooms in which injection needles were manufactured and those adjacent to strong sources of ionizing radiation. Out of this number of examined clones, there were selected 955 clones which survived the radiation doses of 2-4 Mrad. Basing on analysis of resistant bacteria according to radiation, the dosages for sterilization of disposable medical equipment are proposed.", "contents": "[Determination of radiation dosage for radiosterilization of disposable medical equipment]. The study on radiation resistance of 17169 microbial clones was performed including 15376 clones of bacteria isolated from the factory rooms in which injection needles were manufactured and those adjacent to strong sources of ionizing radiation. Out of this number of examined clones, there were selected 955 clones which survived the radiation doses of 2-4 Mrad. Basing on analysis of resistant bacteria according to radiation, the dosages for sterilization of disposable medical equipment are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215235", "title": "[Ionic polymers in medicine].", "content": "Basing on literature data, recent developments in the application of synthetic ion-containing polymers in medicine were presented. These compuonds could serve as drugs (e.g. antibacterial or antiheparin agents) and also (e.g. after crosslinking) as endoprostheses or as antithrombogenic coatings. Application of ionenes and cationomeric urethanes, which are studied at presentmost intensively, was described. Mechanism of the influence of ionenes on bacteria and of ionenes or cationic urethanes on heparin was given.", "contents": "[Ionic polymers in medicine]. Basing on literature data, recent developments in the application of synthetic ion-containing polymers in medicine were presented. These compuonds could serve as drugs (e.g. antibacterial or antiheparin agents) and also (e.g. after crosslinking) as endoprostheses or as antithrombogenic coatings. Application of ionenes and cationomeric urethanes, which are studied at presentmost intensively, was described. Mechanism of the influence of ionenes on bacteria and of ionenes or cationic urethanes on heparin was given."}
{"id": "PMID:1215236", "title": "[Resistance of polysterenes and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation].", "content": "The results of the study on the resistance of certain home-made polystyrenes to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation are shown. The properties of studied materials were found to undergo no changes after sterilization and one-year's storage which, in a majority of cases, qualifies them suitable for manufacture of medical and bacteriological equipment to be sterilized in electron accelerators. One of the materials under study - type KM polystyrene with increased impact resistance - was found to be relatively unstable in its commercial form before irradiation. The styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, although completely radiation resistant within the examined dosage range, requires special caution because of free actylonitrile found in extracts.", "contents": "[Resistance of polysterenes and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation]. The results of the study on the resistance of certain home-made polystyrenes to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation are shown. The properties of studied materials were found to undergo no changes after sterilization and one-year's storage which, in a majority of cases, qualifies them suitable for manufacture of medical and bacteriological equipment to be sterilized in electron accelerators. One of the materials under study - type KM polystyrene with increased impact resistance - was found to be relatively unstable in its commercial form before irradiation. The styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, although completely radiation resistant within the examined dosage range, requires special caution because of free actylonitrile found in extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:1215237", "title": "[Study of polyolefine plastics for the manufacture of medical and bacteriological equipment to be sterilized in electron accelerators].", "content": "The resistance of several kinds of polyethylenes and polyproylenes to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation was studied. Polypropylene Polypro J-600 articles were shown to be unfit for sterilization using isotope sources with low-power dosages, and the use of electron accelerator was found to enable their radiation sterilization.", "contents": "[Study of polyolefine plastics for the manufacture of medical and bacteriological equipment to be sterilized in electron accelerators]. The resistance of several kinds of polyethylenes and polyproylenes to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation was studied. Polypropylene Polypro J-600 articles were shown to be unfit for sterilization using isotope sources with low-power dosages, and the use of electron accelerator was found to enable their radiation sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1215262", "title": "[Bone, joint, spinal and pelvic-spinal localizations of sarcoidosis (apropos of a case)].", "content": "Authors report on one case of particularly flourishing and evolutive sarcoidosis that conditioned numerous manifestations among which stand out lesions interesting one hip and one sacro-iliac articulation and also extensive and destructive bone lesions. This case is for them an opportunity for recalling the major facts related with bone lesions and articular manifestations of sarcoidosis and for calling attention on the spinal and pelvic-spinal involvements. The latter, when signs of bone lysis exist, are evocative of a neoplasm. More often, spondylodiscitis, coexisting sometimes with spindle-like paravertebral pictures, let think of tuberculosis. Confusion would be unavoidable if such facts, in spite of their rareness, were not better known.", "contents": "[Bone, joint, spinal and pelvic-spinal localizations of sarcoidosis (apropos of a case)]. Authors report on one case of particularly flourishing and evolutive sarcoidosis that conditioned numerous manifestations among which stand out lesions interesting one hip and one sacro-iliac articulation and also extensive and destructive bone lesions. This case is for them an opportunity for recalling the major facts related with bone lesions and articular manifestations of sarcoidosis and for calling attention on the spinal and pelvic-spinal involvements. The latter, when signs of bone lysis exist, are evocative of a neoplasm. More often, spondylodiscitis, coexisting sometimes with spindle-like paravertebral pictures, let think of tuberculosis. Confusion would be unavoidable if such facts, in spite of their rareness, were not better known."}
{"id": "PMID:1215263", "title": "[Benign asbestosic pleurisies (apropos of 3 cases)].", "content": "Report is made on three cases of benign asbestosic pleural effusions that occured in subjects of more than 60 years in age that had had moderate but long occupational contact with asbestos (between 18 and 40 years). We are dealing here with pleural effusions that have an insidious onset and a chronic course, serofibrinous in nature for the three cases, moderately exsudative, with a relatively few accelerated blood sedimentation rate, a level of protids between 34 and 58 g/l and a level of dextrose between 0,70 and 1,15 g/l. Relapses were noted in two of the patients. In two of these cases existed associated pleural calcifications. Important sequelae persist after the cure that consist in pachypeuritis, and one of these cases was submitted to surgery. Confirmation of the diagnosis was found in the surgical material that contained asbestosic bodies; the sputum of the same patient contained also ferruginous bodies. The research of an occupational contact with asbestos has to be systematically performed in the case of subjects that exhibit, after a certain age, an apparently cryptogenetic pleural effusion.", "contents": "[Benign asbestosic pleurisies (apropos of 3 cases)]. Report is made on three cases of benign asbestosic pleural effusions that occured in subjects of more than 60 years in age that had had moderate but long occupational contact with asbestos (between 18 and 40 years). We are dealing here with pleural effusions that have an insidious onset and a chronic course, serofibrinous in nature for the three cases, moderately exsudative, with a relatively few accelerated blood sedimentation rate, a level of protids between 34 and 58 g/l and a level of dextrose between 0,70 and 1,15 g/l. Relapses were noted in two of the patients. In two of these cases existed associated pleural calcifications. Important sequelae persist after the cure that consist in pachypeuritis, and one of these cases was submitted to surgery. Confirmation of the diagnosis was found in the surgical material that contained asbestosic bodies; the sputum of the same patient contained also ferruginous bodies. The research of an occupational contact with asbestos has to be systematically performed in the case of subjects that exhibit, after a certain age, an apparently cryptogenetic pleural effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1215264", "title": "[Bronchography in children].", "content": "In spite of improvement in the exploratory techniques of the respiratory tract, tracheo-bronchography preserves numerous indications in the study of children's congenital or acquired bronchopneumopathies. The main indications of this investigation consist in the detection of bronchectasies or in the exploratory study of chronic and relapsing bronchial diseases. The investigation makes possible to precise the severity of the disease, to value the results of the medical management and, at last, to select the patients amenable to surgery. Another indications are to be found in the appraisal of some malformative broncho-pneumopathies, with special reference to lung hypoplasias and sequestrations. The technical conditions of the investigation have largely benefited of short duration general anesthesy and of various material improvements (televised fluoroscopy, orientable catheters of small calibre).", "contents": "[Bronchography in children]. In spite of improvement in the exploratory techniques of the respiratory tract, tracheo-bronchography preserves numerous indications in the study of children's congenital or acquired bronchopneumopathies. The main indications of this investigation consist in the detection of bronchectasies or in the exploratory study of chronic and relapsing bronchial diseases. The investigation makes possible to precise the severity of the disease, to value the results of the medical management and, at last, to select the patients amenable to surgery. Another indications are to be found in the appraisal of some malformative broncho-pneumopathies, with special reference to lung hypoplasias and sequestrations. The technical conditions of the investigation have largely benefited of short duration general anesthesy and of various material improvements (televised fluoroscopy, orientable catheters of small calibre)."}
{"id": "PMID:1215265", "title": "[Value of the measurement of ventilatory and circulatory components in CO2 ductance].", "content": "Authors bring forth the results of the determination of CO2 ductances in 28 patients : 14 cases of pulmonary arterial thrombosis, 7 cases of diffuse interstitial fibrosis recognizing various etiologies, 4 cases of endothoracic sarcoidosis and 3 cases of pure restrictive syndrome due to functional amputation of some territories. The global CO2 ductance is lowered in 24 cases. In each one of these cases the PACO2 determination makes possible to decompose the global ductance into a ventilatory ductance and a circulatory ductance. The circulatory ductance is lowered in the case of pulmonary arterial thrombosis; the ventilatory component is lowered in the case of restrictive syndromes and in the case of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. For what concerns the pulmonary arterial thrombosis, authors discuss then the value of the information contained in the expression of the CO2 arterial-alveolar gradient on the one hand, and in the circulatory component of the ductance on the other hand. At last, the determination of the ductances appears interesting in the supervision of the course of various diseases.", "contents": "[Value of the measurement of ventilatory and circulatory components in CO2 ductance]. Authors bring forth the results of the determination of CO2 ductances in 28 patients : 14 cases of pulmonary arterial thrombosis, 7 cases of diffuse interstitial fibrosis recognizing various etiologies, 4 cases of endothoracic sarcoidosis and 3 cases of pure restrictive syndrome due to functional amputation of some territories. The global CO2 ductance is lowered in 24 cases. In each one of these cases the PACO2 determination makes possible to decompose the global ductance into a ventilatory ductance and a circulatory ductance. The circulatory ductance is lowered in the case of pulmonary arterial thrombosis; the ventilatory component is lowered in the case of restrictive syndromes and in the case of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. For what concerns the pulmonary arterial thrombosis, authors discuss then the value of the information contained in the expression of the CO2 arterial-alveolar gradient on the one hand, and in the circulatory component of the ductance on the other hand. At last, the determination of the ductances appears interesting in the supervision of the course of various diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1215266", "title": "[Flow rates and pulmonary volumes in athetosis patients with speech disorders].", "content": "In 9 controls and in 10 athetosic subjects, authors performed a pneumotachographic registering of ventilation under rest conditions for each phase and determined : the phase duration, the delay between the onset of the phase and the moment where the maximal output occurs, the output reached at the first 1/10th of second after phase change. These determinations were performed in 189 cycles in the controls and in 257 cycles in the athetosic subjects. For each cycle, ventilation and frequency reported to one minute were reckoned, and the relation was established between the duration of expiration and inspiration and between the time necessary for the output to reach its maximal level and the phase duration. The hereafter mentioned facts were noted : in the athetosic subjects there exists a tachypnea for normal ventilation figures, a proportional lengthening in the expiration duration with a reduced mean output; in the beginning of the phase, the output gets increased more rapidly and reaches a higher level than in the controls; then a slow and irregular decrease occurs. Inspiration is rapid and regular. The most perturbed expiration is to be found in the athetosic subjects who exhibit the most severe vocal disorders. These expiratory anomalies appear to be bound with a poor thoracic and laryngeal motor controlling during the passive phase of the respiration, whereas the automatic inspiratory movement takes place in a normal mood.", "contents": "[Flow rates and pulmonary volumes in athetosis patients with speech disorders]. In 9 controls and in 10 athetosic subjects, authors performed a pneumotachographic registering of ventilation under rest conditions for each phase and determined : the phase duration, the delay between the onset of the phase and the moment where the maximal output occurs, the output reached at the first 1/10th of second after phase change. These determinations were performed in 189 cycles in the controls and in 257 cycles in the athetosic subjects. For each cycle, ventilation and frequency reported to one minute were reckoned, and the relation was established between the duration of expiration and inspiration and between the time necessary for the output to reach its maximal level and the phase duration. The hereafter mentioned facts were noted : in the athetosic subjects there exists a tachypnea for normal ventilation figures, a proportional lengthening in the expiration duration with a reduced mean output; in the beginning of the phase, the output gets increased more rapidly and reaches a higher level than in the controls; then a slow and irregular decrease occurs. Inspiration is rapid and regular. The most perturbed expiration is to be found in the athetosic subjects who exhibit the most severe vocal disorders. These expiratory anomalies appear to be bound with a poor thoracic and laryngeal motor controlling during the passive phase of the respiration, whereas the automatic inspiratory movement takes place in a normal mood."}
{"id": "PMID:1215267", "title": "[Alveolar microlithiasis (apropos of a case)].", "content": "One new case of alveolar microlithiasis is reported on that includes, besides the radio-clinical investigations, complete functional exploratory studies and anatomic authentications. Authors recall the diagnostical procedures and our present ignorance of the pathogenesis of this curious entity; no valid therapy is presently able to check the relentless course towards progressive respiratory deficiency.", "contents": "[Alveolar microlithiasis (apropos of a case)]. One new case of alveolar microlithiasis is reported on that includes, besides the radio-clinical investigations, complete functional exploratory studies and anatomic authentications. Authors recall the diagnostical procedures and our present ignorance of the pathogenesis of this curious entity; no valid therapy is presently able to check the relentless course towards progressive respiratory deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1215336", "title": "Purification of an acidic structural protein from rat skin using Triton X-100.", "content": "An acidic protein was extracted with neutral-salt solutions from rat skin. When precipitated by dialysis against dilute acetic acid, the structural protein was separated from contaminating soluble collagens and other soluble proteins. The precipitate was dissolved in buffers containing 1% Triton X-100 and purified to apparent size and charge homogeneity by chromatography on a DEAE Bio-Gel A column. Triton X-100 was necessary for achieving nondestructive disaggregation of the protein which could be reversed by dialyzing out the detergent against methanol-dilute acetic acid.", "contents": "Purification of an acidic structural protein from rat skin using Triton X-100. An acidic protein was extracted with neutral-salt solutions from rat skin. When precipitated by dialysis against dilute acetic acid, the structural protein was separated from contaminating soluble collagens and other soluble proteins. The precipitate was dissolved in buffers containing 1% Triton X-100 and purified to apparent size and charge homogeneity by chromatography on a DEAE Bio-Gel A column. Triton X-100 was necessary for achieving nondestructive disaggregation of the protein which could be reversed by dialyzing out the detergent against methanol-dilute acetic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1215337", "title": "Purification of growth-promoting peptides and proteins, and of histones, by high pressure silica gel chromatography.", "content": "A rapid method for the purification of histones and a variety of growth-promoting proteins and peptides by chromatography on silica gel has been developed. The isolation of the growth-promoting components of serum has been hampered by excessive losses associated with the use of water-based purification mens in acidic methanol-H2O solutions (eg. insulin, albumin, the somatomedins) provides a basis for purification on high-pressure silica gel columns, while peptides and histones can be purified in similar solvents. After column chromatography, the solvent is removed by flash-evaporation, or the protein may be precipitated directly from the solvent by neutralization of the pH and the addition of ethanol. The retention of biological activity (eg. somatomedin-C binding to insulin receptors and cell-growth stimulation) and recovery are excellent.", "contents": "Purification of growth-promoting peptides and proteins, and of histones, by high pressure silica gel chromatography. A rapid method for the purification of histones and a variety of growth-promoting proteins and peptides by chromatography on silica gel has been developed. The isolation of the growth-promoting components of serum has been hampered by excessive losses associated with the use of water-based purification mens in acidic methanol-H2O solutions (eg. insulin, albumin, the somatomedins) provides a basis for purification on high-pressure silica gel columns, while peptides and histones can be purified in similar solvents. After column chromatography, the solvent is removed by flash-evaporation, or the protein may be precipitated directly from the solvent by neutralization of the pH and the addition of ethanol. The retention of biological activity (eg. somatomedin-C binding to insulin receptors and cell-growth stimulation) and recovery are excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:1215338", "title": "An improved system for preparative starch block electrophoresis.", "content": "A starch block electrophoresis system is described which includes (a) a single-unit Lucite electrophoresis chamber, (b) temperature control with a circulating water bath and casting resin-coated brass cooling plate, (c) continuous monitoring of block surface temperature and (d) an easily-assembled apparatus for rapid elution of protein from the starch segments.", "contents": "An improved system for preparative starch block electrophoresis. A starch block electrophoresis system is described which includes (a) a single-unit Lucite electrophoresis chamber, (b) temperature control with a circulating water bath and casting resin-coated brass cooling plate, (c) continuous monitoring of block surface temperature and (d) an easily-assembled apparatus for rapid elution of protein from the starch segments."}
{"id": "PMID:1215339", "title": "A large scale procedure for purification of desmosine and isodesmosine.", "content": "A rapid large scale procedure was devised for the purification of desmosine and isodesmosine from ligamentum nuchae elastin. The method makes use of the hydrophilic nature of the desmosines which preferentially absorbs to cellulose fibers in mixtures of organic solvents. Resolution of the isomers was achieved on a polystyrene resin column.", "contents": "A large scale procedure for purification of desmosine and isodesmosine. A rapid large scale procedure was devised for the purification of desmosine and isodesmosine from ligamentum nuchae elastin. The method makes use of the hydrophilic nature of the desmosines which preferentially absorbs to cellulose fibers in mixtures of organic solvents. Resolution of the isomers was achieved on a polystyrene resin column."}
{"id": "PMID:1215377", "title": "Remyelination after transient compression of the spinal cord.", "content": "Transient mild compression of the spinal cord produces a lesion in which demyelination with preservation of axon continuity is the predominant nerve fibre change. This damage is repaired by oligodendrocytes which produce complete though abnormally thin and short internodes of myelin along demyelinated stretches of axons. When compression is more severe, this damage is also repaired by Schwann cells which migrate into the spinal cord from nearby root entry zones and form complete segments of peripheral nervous system-type myelin around demyelinated central axons.", "contents": "Remyelination after transient compression of the spinal cord. Transient mild compression of the spinal cord produces a lesion in which demyelination with preservation of axon continuity is the predominant nerve fibre change. This damage is repaired by oligodendrocytes which produce complete though abnormally thin and short internodes of myelin along demyelinated stretches of axons. When compression is more severe, this damage is also repaired by Schwann cells which migrate into the spinal cord from nearby root entry zones and form complete segments of peripheral nervous system-type myelin around demyelinated central axons."}
{"id": "PMID:1215378", "title": "The bioavailability of carbamazepine.", "content": "Two aspects of the correlation of plasma carbamazepine level with drug dose in patients taking carbamazepine tablets indicated the possibility that the drug may be incompletely and variably absorbed from the alimentary tract of man. To investigate this possibility, pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken in six volunteers, who were given increasing single doses of carbamazepine in tablet form at appropriate intervals. These studies gave evidence of slow, and probably incomplete, absorption of carbamazepine. After administration of carbamazepine in a specially-prepared solution to 5 of the subjects, rapid absorption of the drug occurred, and in 4 subjects more drug was absorbed than when the same normal dose was given as tablets. It was concluded that the pharmaceutical formulation of carbamazepine tablets limits the bioavailability of the drug, and that problems may arise if the bioavailability of the drug is to be increased.", "contents": "The bioavailability of carbamazepine. Two aspects of the correlation of plasma carbamazepine level with drug dose in patients taking carbamazepine tablets indicated the possibility that the drug may be incompletely and variably absorbed from the alimentary tract of man. To investigate this possibility, pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken in six volunteers, who were given increasing single doses of carbamazepine in tablet form at appropriate intervals. These studies gave evidence of slow, and probably incomplete, absorption of carbamazepine. After administration of carbamazepine in a specially-prepared solution to 5 of the subjects, rapid absorption of the drug occurred, and in 4 subjects more drug was absorbed than when the same normal dose was given as tablets. It was concluded that the pharmaceutical formulation of carbamazepine tablets limits the bioavailability of the drug, and that problems may arise if the bioavailability of the drug is to be increased."}
{"id": "PMID:1215379", "title": "Tay Sachs disease in a child and management of a subsequent pregnancy.", "content": "A case is reported illustrating the typical features of Tay-Sachs disease, the light microscopy and ultrastructure of the stored material in the condition, and the feasibility of prenatal diagnosis of the disorder.", "contents": "Tay Sachs disease in a child and management of a subsequent pregnancy. A case is reported illustrating the typical features of Tay-Sachs disease, the light microscopy and ultrastructure of the stored material in the condition, and the feasibility of prenatal diagnosis of the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:1215380", "title": "The action of thalidomide on the peripheral nervous system of the embryo.", "content": "The mode of teratogenic action of thalidomide is unknown. A new radiological interpretation of thalidomide-induced limb malformations suggested that pathological changes should be sought in the sensory ganglia. Newborn rabbits with thalidomide-induced limb defects were examined histologically, and failure of maturation of dorsal root ganglion cells was demonstrated. This neuronal immaturity supports the radiological hypothesis of embryonic neuropathy, which is proposed as the underlying pathology of the limb deformities due to thalidomide.", "contents": "The action of thalidomide on the peripheral nervous system of the embryo. The mode of teratogenic action of thalidomide is unknown. A new radiological interpretation of thalidomide-induced limb malformations suggested that pathological changes should be sought in the sensory ganglia. Newborn rabbits with thalidomide-induced limb defects were examined histologically, and failure of maturation of dorsal root ganglion cells was demonstrated. This neuronal immaturity supports the radiological hypothesis of embryonic neuropathy, which is proposed as the underlying pathology of the limb deformities due to thalidomide."}
{"id": "PMID:1215383", "title": "A case of spontaneously resolving \"papilloedema\".", "content": "A case of spontaenously resolving bilateral papilloedema in an obese 38 year old woman subject to cluster headache is reported. The aetiology of the condition remained obscure after neurological and biochemical investigation.", "contents": "A case of spontaneously resolving \"papilloedema\". A case of spontaenously resolving bilateral papilloedema in an obese 38 year old woman subject to cluster headache is reported. The aetiology of the condition remained obscure after neurological and biochemical investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215384", "title": "Neuromyelitis optica following infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "A case of moderatley severe neuromyelitis optica following infectious mononucleosis is described as the first reported instance of this complication. Total recovery occurred. Rapid improvement followed the commencement of corticosteroids. It is postulated that the pathological process was one of postinfectious demyelination.", "contents": "Neuromyelitis optica following infectious mononucleosis. A case of moderatley severe neuromyelitis optica following infectious mononucleosis is described as the first reported instance of this complication. Total recovery occurred. Rapid improvement followed the commencement of corticosteroids. It is postulated that the pathological process was one of postinfectious demyelination."}
{"id": "PMID:1215385", "title": "Periodic alternating nystagmus.", "content": "A typical case of periodic alternating nystagmus is described. Periodic alternating nystagmus is a form of horizontal or horizontal-rotary jerk nystagmus of which the most characteristic feature is an alternation in direction at regular intervals. The condition appears to be not as rare as has been believed previously and may indicate a lesion in the upper part of the medulla.", "contents": "Periodic alternating nystagmus. A typical case of periodic alternating nystagmus is described. Periodic alternating nystagmus is a form of horizontal or horizontal-rotary jerk nystagmus of which the most characteristic feature is an alternation in direction at regular intervals. The condition appears to be not as rare as has been believed previously and may indicate a lesion in the upper part of the medulla."}
{"id": "PMID:1215386", "title": "Opsoclonus with myoclonus.", "content": "A further case of opsoclonus with myoclonus is described. When this syndrome occurs in childhood an associated neuroblastoma should be excluded. In the majority of cases at all ages no underlying disease will be found, although a preceding history of minor upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection may be elicited, suggesting that a possible encephalitis affecting brain stem mechanisms may be the cause. The prognosis is, as a rule, excellent although full recovery may not occur for many months. Corticosteroids and nitrazepam may have a place in the treatment of severely affected patients with distressing symptoms.", "contents": "Opsoclonus with myoclonus. A further case of opsoclonus with myoclonus is described. When this syndrome occurs in childhood an associated neuroblastoma should be excluded. In the majority of cases at all ages no underlying disease will be found, although a preceding history of minor upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection may be elicited, suggesting that a possible encephalitis affecting brain stem mechanisms may be the cause. The prognosis is, as a rule, excellent although full recovery may not occur for many months. Corticosteroids and nitrazepam may have a place in the treatment of severely affected patients with distressing symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1215390", "title": "The value of the brain scan and cerebral arteriogram in the Sturge-Weber syndrome.", "content": "In a series of eight patients with the Sturge-Weber syndrome, the brain scan was shown to be the most accurate, non-invasive, diagnostic test, being abnormal in all eight patients. In four cases examined by cerebral arteriography, this study was also conspicuously abnormal. Some of the neurological disturbances occurring in these patients are more likely to be due to transient ischaemic attacks and cerebral infarctions than to epilepsy.", "contents": "The value of the brain scan and cerebral arteriogram in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. In a series of eight patients with the Sturge-Weber syndrome, the brain scan was shown to be the most accurate, non-invasive, diagnostic test, being abnormal in all eight patients. In four cases examined by cerebral arteriography, this study was also conspicuously abnormal. Some of the neurological disturbances occurring in these patients are more likely to be due to transient ischaemic attacks and cerebral infarctions than to epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1215391", "title": "A family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Leber's optic atrophy.", "content": "A family has been studied in which members of 4 generations were affected by the hypertrophic type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophysiological studies and by sural nerve biopsy. 10 members of the family, 8 males and 2 females, developed optic atrophy of acute onset with progression over a period of two to six months. The history of visual failure, its maternal inheritance, and the neuro-ophthalmological findings of optic atrophy with bilateral central scotomata were typical of Leber's optic atrophy. 2 members of the family suffered from both Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Leber's optic atrophy. There have been a few previous reports of optic atrophy associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and in the present family both conditions appeared to have been inherited independently.", "contents": "A family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Leber's optic atrophy. A family has been studied in which members of 4 generations were affected by the hypertrophic type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophysiological studies and by sural nerve biopsy. 10 members of the family, 8 males and 2 females, developed optic atrophy of acute onset with progression over a period of two to six months. The history of visual failure, its maternal inheritance, and the neuro-ophthalmological findings of optic atrophy with bilateral central scotomata were typical of Leber's optic atrophy. 2 members of the family suffered from both Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Leber's optic atrophy. There have been a few previous reports of optic atrophy associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and in the present family both conditions appeared to have been inherited independently."}
{"id": "PMID:1215393", "title": "The low intracranial pressure syndrome.", "content": "The syndrome of low intracranial pressure may develop in a variety of circumstances, e.g. after lumbar puncture, following head injury and intracranial operations. It sometimes occurs after viral meningitis. The case history is described of a woman in whom the disorder was unusually severe and persistent. Interesting radiological features were observed, the appearances being those of herniation of the brain towards the tentorial opening. Simple measures of treatment produced dramatic and lasting relief.", "contents": "The low intracranial pressure syndrome. The syndrome of low intracranial pressure may develop in a variety of circumstances, e.g. after lumbar puncture, following head injury and intracranial operations. It sometimes occurs after viral meningitis. The case history is described of a woman in whom the disorder was unusually severe and persistent. Interesting radiological features were observed, the appearances being those of herniation of the brain towards the tentorial opening. Simple measures of treatment produced dramatic and lasting relief."}
{"id": "PMID:1215394", "title": "Mechanisms in cerebral lesions in trauma to high cervical portion of the vertebral artery--rotation injury.", "content": "Three cases have been described illustrating the mechanisms and effects of lesions from acute rotation injury to the vertebral artery. These indicate that the portion of artery at risk is in the C1 to C2 region, where stretching and shearing strains can produce intramural dissection and haemorrhage. Such changes can radically alter flow to produce acute arterial obliteration or later cerebral embolism. Such alteration can also produce a change in relationships between artery and surrounding structures and thus cause intermittent occlusion of a vertebral artery upon cervical rotation.", "contents": "Mechanisms in cerebral lesions in trauma to high cervical portion of the vertebral artery--rotation injury. Three cases have been described illustrating the mechanisms and effects of lesions from acute rotation injury to the vertebral artery. These indicate that the portion of artery at risk is in the C1 to C2 region, where stretching and shearing strains can produce intramural dissection and haemorrhage. Such changes can radically alter flow to produce acute arterial obliteration or later cerebral embolism. Such alteration can also produce a change in relationships between artery and surrounding structures and thus cause intermittent occlusion of a vertebral artery upon cervical rotation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215395", "title": "Amine turnover in migraine.", "content": "Excretion of the vaso-active amines tyramine, serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline and histamine and blood levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline and histamine, were estimated in 10 patients before, during and after an attack of migraine.  During the headache process there was a statistically significant fall in the excretion of tyramine and a similarly significant rise in the excretion of serotonin.  Excretion of the other 3 amines showed no significant fluctuation during the various phases of the migraine attack.  Blood levels of serotonin were significantly lower during headache than during freedom from headach. whilst whole blood histamine was significantly higher only during the postheadach phase.  The meaning of the latter observation is not obvious.  The above results are discussed in the light of recent reports that tyramine is the substance responsible for headache attacks in patients who have a history of dietary migraine.  Reasons are offered as to why this is unlikely to be the case.", "contents": "Amine turnover in migraine. Excretion of the vaso-active amines tyramine, serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline and histamine and blood levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline and histamine, were estimated in 10 patients before, during and after an attack of migraine.  During the headache process there was a statistically significant fall in the excretion of tyramine and a similarly significant rise in the excretion of serotonin.  Excretion of the other 3 amines showed no significant fluctuation during the various phases of the migraine attack.  Blood levels of serotonin were significantly lower during headache than during freedom from headach. whilst whole blood histamine was significantly higher only during the postheadach phase.  The meaning of the latter observation is not obvious.  The above results are discussed in the light of recent reports that tyramine is the substance responsible for headache attacks in patients who have a history of dietary migraine.  Reasons are offered as to why this is unlikely to be the case."}
{"id": "PMID:1215396", "title": "The headaches of phaeochromocytoma.", "content": "Of 27 patients  with phaeochromocytoma, 20 were subject to headaches as a part of their symptom complex and 7 were not, in spite of the fact that 4 of the latter had experienced other forms of headache at other times. There was no correlation between the proportion of noradrenaline to adrenaline produced by the tumour and the presence or absence of headache or the nature of the headache. Liability to headache appeared to be linked with the rate of change in blood pressure and was not related to absolute values of blood pressure. Two patients experienced a \"funny turn\" typical of catecholamine release during a spontaneous migraine headache. The migraine headache became pulsatile and severe in one patient but was unaltered in the other. The variable duration and intensity of the headache in different patients can be explained by the pressor and cranial vasoconstrictor effects of the secreted amines which respectively enhance and diminish vascular headache.", "contents": "The headaches of phaeochromocytoma. Of 27 patients  with phaeochromocytoma, 20 were subject to headaches as a part of their symptom complex and 7 were not, in spite of the fact that 4 of the latter had experienced other forms of headache at other times. There was no correlation between the proportion of noradrenaline to adrenaline produced by the tumour and the presence or absence of headache or the nature of the headache. Liability to headache appeared to be linked with the rate of change in blood pressure and was not related to absolute values of blood pressure. Two patients experienced a \"funny turn\" typical of catecholamine release during a spontaneous migraine headache. The migraine headache became pulsatile and severe in one patient but was unaltered in the other. The variable duration and intensity of the headache in different patients can be explained by the pressor and cranial vasoconstrictor effects of the secreted amines which respectively enhance and diminish vascular headache."}
{"id": "PMID:1215397", "title": "Fluctuations of plasma phenytoin levels on single dose and twice daily dose regimes.", "content": "Eight chronic refractory epileptics were studied with regard to frequency of administration of phenytoin. There were no excessive fluctuations in plasma levels when the total drug dose was given as a single daily dose, and the clinical state of the patients was unchanged from that on twice daily dosage.", "contents": "Fluctuations of plasma phenytoin levels on single dose and twice daily dose regimes. Eight chronic refractory epileptics were studied with regard to frequency of administration of phenytoin. There were no excessive fluctuations in plasma levels when the total drug dose was given as a single daily dose, and the clinical state of the patients was unchanged from that on twice daily dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:1215398", "title": "Fibre function and perception during cutaneous nerve block.", "content": "In awake human subjects, neural responses in cutaneous nerves to electrical stimulation were recorded with intrafascicular tungsten micro-electrodes. Changes in the activity of individual fibre groups during blocking procedures were recorded and correlated with simultaneous alterations in the perception of standardized stimuli. Light touch sensibility in hairy skin was mediated by A-beta-gamma fibres, cold and pinprick by A-delta fibres and warmth and dull pain by C fibres.", "contents": "Fibre function and perception during cutaneous nerve block. In awake human subjects, neural responses in cutaneous nerves to electrical stimulation were recorded with intrafascicular tungsten micro-electrodes. Changes in the activity of individual fibre groups during blocking procedures were recorded and correlated with simultaneous alterations in the perception of standardized stimuli. Light touch sensibility in hairy skin was mediated by A-beta-gamma fibres, cold and pinprick by A-delta fibres and warmth and dull pain by C fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1215399", "title": "Geniculate hemianopias: incongruous visual defects from partial involvement of the lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "Quantitative perimetric studies in 4 patients with involvement of a lateral geniculate nucleus revealed strikingly incongruous defects in the corresponding homonymous fields of vision. The patterns of these hemianopias are analysed and correlated anatomically with established retinotopic projections on the six cellular laminae of the geniculate nucleus. Incongruous wedge-shaped field defects appear to be pathognomonic of focal disease in the dorsal crest of the geniculate nucleus. Other patterns typify lesions of the medical or lateral horns of the nucleus. On theoretical grounds monocular hemianopic defects should result from unilaminar geniculate lesions, but this perimetric sign awaits confirmation. In each case of geniculate disease where the retinal nerve fibre layer has been examined specifically for efidence of retrograde homonymous atrophy, typical hemiretinal signs were found to be present.", "contents": "Geniculate hemianopias: incongruous visual defects from partial involvement of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Quantitative perimetric studies in 4 patients with involvement of a lateral geniculate nucleus revealed strikingly incongruous defects in the corresponding homonymous fields of vision. The patterns of these hemianopias are analysed and correlated anatomically with established retinotopic projections on the six cellular laminae of the geniculate nucleus. Incongruous wedge-shaped field defects appear to be pathognomonic of focal disease in the dorsal crest of the geniculate nucleus. Other patterns typify lesions of the medical or lateral horns of the nucleus. On theoretical grounds monocular hemianopic defects should result from unilaminar geniculate lesions, but this perimetric sign awaits confirmation. In each case of geniculate disease where the retinal nerve fibre layer has been examined specifically for efidence of retrograde homonymous atrophy, typical hemiretinal signs were found to be present."}
{"id": "PMID:1215400", "title": "Muscular dystrophy in young girls.", "content": "Muscular dystrophy occurred in four girls. In only one of these was the syndrome both proximal and with pseudo-hypertrophy, thus clinically resembling the x-linked Duchenne type of the disease. The evidence for a primary dystrophic process existing in the four individuals is based on the laboratory findings of very high serum creatine kinase levels, myopathic E.M.G. appearances and muscle biopsies. However, each case is clinically different (one is proximal with contractures, another limb girdle with facial involvement and the fourth is distal) and worthy of documentation. The recent demonstration of a neurogenic basis for several myopathies previously considered to be dystrophic in nature has not caused us to revise our view that true muscular dystrophy does occur in girls but that the \"Duchenne-like\" type is rare.", "contents": "Muscular dystrophy in young girls. Muscular dystrophy occurred in four girls. In only one of these was the syndrome both proximal and with pseudo-hypertrophy, thus clinically resembling the x-linked Duchenne type of the disease. The evidence for a primary dystrophic process existing in the four individuals is based on the laboratory findings of very high serum creatine kinase levels, myopathic E.M.G. appearances and muscle biopsies. However, each case is clinically different (one is proximal with contractures, another limb girdle with facial involvement and the fourth is distal) and worthy of documentation. The recent demonstration of a neurogenic basis for several myopathies previously considered to be dystrophic in nature has not caused us to revise our view that true muscular dystrophy does occur in girls but that the \"Duchenne-like\" type is rare."}
{"id": "PMID:1215401", "title": "Enteric coated levo-dopa in clinical practice.", "content": "The results of a clinical trial of enteric coated Levo-dopa are described for nineteen patients with Parkinsonism. Twelve cases comprise the nuclear group and all were intolerant to therapeutic doses of standard Levo-dopa. Seven cases were receiving Levo-dopa for the first time. Treatment periods ranged from three to twelve months. Of the whole group, 84% have improved. Of the poor responders to standard Levo-dopa 58% have improved markedly and the remaining 42% have improved to a moderate degree using clinical criteria. The mean stabilization dose was 1.5 grams daily and using the Mann-Whitney U test the difference is highly significant when comparison is made with the stabilization dose of 3.0 grams for standard Levo-dopa (P less than .001). The method of stabilization is described; the commonest initial stabilization period is three weeks. Side-effects are dose-related. No side-effects have appeared in 60% of the patients and only mild or transient side-effects have appeared in 20%. A characteristic toxic reaction is described. This enteric-coated preparation of the drug appears to control the \"on-off\" phenomenon in at least 50% of cases with this problem. The preparation is suitable for routine use in outpatients but added care is required to ensure that vitamin tonics are rigorously avoided. Two deaths are recorded during the trial, but analysis shows them to be unrelated causally to the therapy. Enteric coated Levo-dopa is recommended as the primary treatment in all new cases where Levo-dopa therapy is indicated. No adverse interactions have occurred with other commonly used anti-Parkinsonian drugs.", "contents": "Enteric coated levo-dopa in clinical practice. The results of a clinical trial of enteric coated Levo-dopa are described for nineteen patients with Parkinsonism. Twelve cases comprise the nuclear group and all were intolerant to therapeutic doses of standard Levo-dopa. Seven cases were receiving Levo-dopa for the first time. Treatment periods ranged from three to twelve months. Of the whole group, 84% have improved. Of the poor responders to standard Levo-dopa 58% have improved markedly and the remaining 42% have improved to a moderate degree using clinical criteria. The mean stabilization dose was 1.5 grams daily and using the Mann-Whitney U test the difference is highly significant when comparison is made with the stabilization dose of 3.0 grams for standard Levo-dopa (P less than .001). The method of stabilization is described; the commonest initial stabilization period is three weeks. Side-effects are dose-related. No side-effects have appeared in 60% of the patients and only mild or transient side-effects have appeared in 20%. A characteristic toxic reaction is described. This enteric-coated preparation of the drug appears to control the \"on-off\" phenomenon in at least 50% of cases with this problem. The preparation is suitable for routine use in outpatients but added care is required to ensure that vitamin tonics are rigorously avoided. Two deaths are recorded during the trial, but analysis shows them to be unrelated causally to the therapy. Enteric coated Levo-dopa is recommended as the primary treatment in all new cases where Levo-dopa therapy is indicated. No adverse interactions have occurred with other commonly used anti-Parkinsonian drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1215402", "title": "Frontal agraphia, (including a case report).", "content": "Frontal agraphia has always been a subject of interest, although very few documented case reports have been published. A 57 year old male clerk, suffering from adenocarcinoma of the signoid colon, presented with mild headache and difficulty in writing. Minor features of dysphasia could be detected, but there were no alexia, agnosia or apraxia. Brain scan and angiography confirmed a metastasis in the posterior part of the left prefrontal region. The patient was able to write single letters, and had no difficulty with automatic writing or copying. The writing of words and of sentences was more affected. After a brief review of the literature and discussion, the authors concluded that frontal agraphia is related to frontal lobe diorders, especially the inability to translate verbal signals into motor behaviour (i.e. writing).", "contents": "Frontal agraphia, (including a case report). Frontal agraphia has always been a subject of interest, although very few documented case reports have been published. A 57 year old male clerk, suffering from adenocarcinoma of the signoid colon, presented with mild headache and difficulty in writing. Minor features of dysphasia could be detected, but there were no alexia, agnosia or apraxia. Brain scan and angiography confirmed a metastasis in the posterior part of the left prefrontal region. The patient was able to write single letters, and had no difficulty with automatic writing or copying. The writing of words and of sentences was more affected. After a brief review of the literature and discussion, the authors concluded that frontal agraphia is related to frontal lobe diorders, especially the inability to translate verbal signals into motor behaviour (i.e. writing)."}
{"id": "PMID:1215439", "title": "[Classification of mental phenomena as the highest integration level of man's relationship to the environment (with remarks on the phenomenon of altered states of consciousness)].", "content": "In recent years mystical ideas have been spreading concerning \"altered states of consciousness\" as \"new dimensions of experience and transpersonal communication\". An analysis is given of the class-conditioned character of these concepts deriving from the insecure social conditions existing under moribund imperialism. This is contrasted with the dialectical materialist concept of psychic phenomena as the highest integration level of man's relationship to the environment. Psychic phenomena are interpreted not as epiphenomena but as an expression of the new quality attained in the evolution of man as a social being in the central control of all functions of man's organism.", "contents": "[Classification of mental phenomena as the highest integration level of man's relationship to the environment (with remarks on the phenomenon of altered states of consciousness)]. In recent years mystical ideas have been spreading concerning \"altered states of consciousness\" as \"new dimensions of experience and transpersonal communication\". An analysis is given of the class-conditioned character of these concepts deriving from the insecure social conditions existing under moribund imperialism. This is contrasted with the dialectical materialist concept of psychic phenomena as the highest integration level of man's relationship to the environment. Psychic phenomena are interpreted not as epiphenomena but as an expression of the new quality attained in the evolution of man as a social being in the central control of all functions of man's organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1215440", "title": "[Neuropsychiatric disorders in children of divorced marriages].", "content": "From the standpoint of polyethiological methods of treating children's neuropsychiatric disorder images, the present paper is concerned with the question of environmental morbific agents which play a part in the genesis of these disorders. The results have made it clear that children of divorced marriages have to be treated at medical establishments for psychiatric disorders more frequently than those coming from normal family relationships, with a marked dependence on the environment to be observed in certain groups of diagnoses. The encephalopathic child must be regarded as being particularly endangered. Suggestions are given as to the prophylaxis of such disorders, which must primarily be oriented towards the family.", "contents": "[Neuropsychiatric disorders in children of divorced marriages]. From the standpoint of polyethiological methods of treating children's neuropsychiatric disorder images, the present paper is concerned with the question of environmental morbific agents which play a part in the genesis of these disorders. The results have made it clear that children of divorced marriages have to be treated at medical establishments for psychiatric disorders more frequently than those coming from normal family relationships, with a marked dependence on the environment to be observed in certain groups of diagnoses. The encephalopathic child must be regarded as being particularly endangered. Suggestions are given as to the prophylaxis of such disorders, which must primarily be oriented towards the family."}
{"id": "PMID:1215441", "title": "[Tryptophan metabolism research in oligophrenic children. 4.: Activity and possibility of activating hepatic kynureninase after vitamin B6 treatment].", "content": "In 8 selected test persons of the 3rd series of experiments who were showing signs of pathological kynureninase activity, hepatic kynureninase was again established after 3 week's treatment with large doses of vitamin B6. The enormous in-vivo activation of the kynureninasis established goes to prove that apoenzyme synthesis may be stimulated by pyridoxine. On the basis of these results and the relative frequency of disorders dependent on B6, the question arises whether children from endangered families should not be given prophylactic vitamin B6 treatment from birth.", "contents": "[Tryptophan metabolism research in oligophrenic children. 4.: Activity and possibility of activating hepatic kynureninase after vitamin B6 treatment]. In 8 selected test persons of the 3rd series of experiments who were showing signs of pathological kynureninase activity, hepatic kynureninase was again established after 3 week's treatment with large doses of vitamin B6. The enormous in-vivo activation of the kynureninasis established goes to prove that apoenzyme synthesis may be stimulated by pyridoxine. On the basis of these results and the relative frequency of disorders dependent on B6, the question arises whether children from endangered families should not be given prophylactic vitamin B6 treatment from birth."}
{"id": "PMID:1215442", "title": "[Effect of the factor \"frequency of words\" on temporal and structural characteristics of speech reaction in patients with motor-efferent and motor-afferent aphasia].", "content": "The effect of the factor \"Frequency of the words\" on the speech and the structure of the actualised verbal responses in patients with motor aphasia has been studied. It was established that the rate of the verbal associations occurence depended on the frequency of the word-stimulus and on the probable frequency of the response - stimuli with low frequency prolong the time of the actualisation, especially of the period of sound realisation. Alterations in the psycholinguistic structure of the associative responses were detected - the percentage of the syntagmatic links in both forms of motor aphasia diminished in stimuli with low frequency, which showed that the difficulties in the processes of combination increased. In repeating, reading aloud, writing to dictation with and without pronouncing low frequency words, the number of the mistakes increased and parallel to that the possibilities for their correction decreased. In words with high frequency, reverse correlation to these mentioned above have been established. The results from the study suggested that in preparing the program for the reparative education in patients with motor aphasia, we could rely not only on the \"round-about ways\" for the reconstruction of the impaired speech system, but also to enlarge considerably the support of its \"preserved links\". Such a \"link\" undoubtedly is the considerably preserved speech content of high frequency words.", "contents": "[Effect of the factor \"frequency of words\" on temporal and structural characteristics of speech reaction in patients with motor-efferent and motor-afferent aphasia]. The effect of the factor \"Frequency of the words\" on the speech and the structure of the actualised verbal responses in patients with motor aphasia has been studied. It was established that the rate of the verbal associations occurence depended on the frequency of the word-stimulus and on the probable frequency of the response - stimuli with low frequency prolong the time of the actualisation, especially of the period of sound realisation. Alterations in the psycholinguistic structure of the associative responses were detected - the percentage of the syntagmatic links in both forms of motor aphasia diminished in stimuli with low frequency, which showed that the difficulties in the processes of combination increased. In repeating, reading aloud, writing to dictation with and without pronouncing low frequency words, the number of the mistakes increased and parallel to that the possibilities for their correction decreased. In words with high frequency, reverse correlation to these mentioned above have been established. The results from the study suggested that in preparing the program for the reparative education in patients with motor aphasia, we could rely not only on the \"round-about ways\" for the reconstruction of the impaired speech system, but also to enlarge considerably the support of its \"preserved links\". Such a \"link\" undoubtedly is the considerably preserved speech content of high frequency words."}
{"id": "PMID:1215443", "title": "[Fetishistic practices in youth].", "content": "The author, after giving an outline of various theories of the genesis of sexual malpractices in general and so-called fetishistic practices in particular, tries to show, by reference to the behavior shown by several normally intelligent and socially fully integrated young persons, that juvenile fetishism cannot be considered a perversion in the proper sense of the word. Also, the results of observations made on these young persons show that biological factors play a minor role in the genesis of sexual malpractices. Disturbed social learning processes in the realm of interhuman relations are considered to be essential to the development of abnormal practices.", "contents": "[Fetishistic practices in youth]. The author, after giving an outline of various theories of the genesis of sexual malpractices in general and so-called fetishistic practices in particular, tries to show, by reference to the behavior shown by several normally intelligent and socially fully integrated young persons, that juvenile fetishism cannot be considered a perversion in the proper sense of the word. Also, the results of observations made on these young persons show that biological factors play a minor role in the genesis of sexual malpractices. Disturbed social learning processes in the realm of interhuman relations are considered to be essential to the development of abnormal practices."}
{"id": "PMID:1215444", "title": "[Influence of temperature on the bioelectric conductivity of peripheral motor nerve].", "content": "14 persons were examined electro-neurographically before and after cooling with an ice bag. The following results were found. A slight decrease of the motor conductivity is verified. This decrease in function is shown most markedly in the slowly-conducting motor neurons. At the cooling borderlines reactions with increased function are discernible. For the clarification of the relevance of changes of the nerve conductivity, further investigations with methodic variants are necessary.", "contents": "[Influence of temperature on the bioelectric conductivity of peripheral motor nerve]. 14 persons were examined electro-neurographically before and after cooling with an ice bag. The following results were found. A slight decrease of the motor conductivity is verified. This decrease in function is shown most markedly in the slowly-conducting motor neurons. At the cooling borderlines reactions with increased function are discernible. For the clarification of the relevance of changes of the nerve conductivity, further investigations with methodic variants are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1215445", "title": "A functional effect of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and in some other dopamine-rich parts of the rat brain.", "content": "Dopamine (5 to 50 mug) applied bilaterally to the nucleus accumbens of reserpine-nialamide pretreated rats produced a marked dose-dependent rise in coordinated locomotor activity, devoid of stereotypies such as gnawing, rearing and licking seen after dopamine application (50 mug) to the neostriatum. The locomotor activity was completely blocked by pimozide, but not by phenoxybenzamine. The effects of apomorphine or d-noradrenaline was similar to those of dopamine. In contrast, l-noradrenaline produced a \"convulsive\" syndrome devoid of coordinated locomotor activity, and this convulsive syndrome could be completely blocked by phenoxybenzamine but not by pimozide. Release of endogenous dopamine by d- or l-amphetamine (10 and 50 mug) in the nucleus accumbens produced a rise in coordinated activity, the d-isomer was about 4 times as potent as the l-isomer, and the effect of the d-isomer was blocked completely by alpha-methyltyrosine. Bilateral application of trifluoperazine (2.5 mug) to the nucleus accumbens completely blocked the effect of systemically administered d-amphetamine (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg), but similar application to the area of the central nucleus of the amygdala or the neostriatum was much less effective. Partial protection of the endogenous dopamine stores against the depleting action of reserpine by local application of metatyramine to the nucleus accumbens resulted in a higher level of basal activity than in control animals. Application of dopamine or noradrenaline to the area of the central nucleus of the amygdala or to the olfactory tubercles did not lead to any consistent changes in locomotor activity. The nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercles contained most of the dopamine in the limbic forebrain, with noradrenaline more evenly distributed. These data suggest that the nucleus accumbens plays an important role in the locomotor activity in rats.", "contents": "A functional effect of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and in some other dopamine-rich parts of the rat brain. Dopamine (5 to 50 mug) applied bilaterally to the nucleus accumbens of reserpine-nialamide pretreated rats produced a marked dose-dependent rise in coordinated locomotor activity, devoid of stereotypies such as gnawing, rearing and licking seen after dopamine application (50 mug) to the neostriatum. The locomotor activity was completely blocked by pimozide, but not by phenoxybenzamine. The effects of apomorphine or d-noradrenaline was similar to those of dopamine. In contrast, l-noradrenaline produced a \"convulsive\" syndrome devoid of coordinated locomotor activity, and this convulsive syndrome could be completely blocked by phenoxybenzamine but not by pimozide. Release of endogenous dopamine by d- or l-amphetamine (10 and 50 mug) in the nucleus accumbens produced a rise in coordinated activity, the d-isomer was about 4 times as potent as the l-isomer, and the effect of the d-isomer was blocked completely by alpha-methyltyrosine. Bilateral application of trifluoperazine (2.5 mug) to the nucleus accumbens completely blocked the effect of systemically administered d-amphetamine (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg), but similar application to the area of the central nucleus of the amygdala or the neostriatum was much less effective. Partial protection of the endogenous dopamine stores against the depleting action of reserpine by local application of metatyramine to the nucleus accumbens resulted in a higher level of basal activity than in control animals. Application of dopamine or noradrenaline to the area of the central nucleus of the amygdala or to the olfactory tubercles did not lead to any consistent changes in locomotor activity. The nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercles contained most of the dopamine in the limbic forebrain, with noradrenaline more evenly distributed. These data suggest that the nucleus accumbens plays an important role in the locomotor activity in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1215446", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine on the incorporation of carbon atoms of D-glucose into the brains of differentially-housed mice.", "content": "Mice were housed either individually (\"isolated\") or in groups of 20-25 (\"aggregated\") for 5-9 weeks or for 22 weeks. A decreased incorporation of radioactivity into brain from subcutaneously-administered U-14C-D-glucose occurred in \"isolated\" mice as compared to grouped animals. Amphetamine, administered before labelled glucose, produced a dose-dependent decrease of radioactivity which was selective to the brains of the \"isolated\" mice. The data support the correlation between isolation-induced changes in behavior and central metabolic pathways and indicate further that these changes may be altered by administration of psycho-active agents.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine on the incorporation of carbon atoms of D-glucose into the brains of differentially-housed mice. Mice were housed either individually (\"isolated\") or in groups of 20-25 (\"aggregated\") for 5-9 weeks or for 22 weeks. A decreased incorporation of radioactivity into brain from subcutaneously-administered U-14C-D-glucose occurred in \"isolated\" mice as compared to grouped animals. Amphetamine, administered before labelled glucose, produced a dose-dependent decrease of radioactivity which was selective to the brains of the \"isolated\" mice. The data support the correlation between isolation-induced changes in behavior and central metabolic pathways and indicate further that these changes may be altered by administration of psycho-active agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1215447", "title": "Plasma renin activity in depressed patients treated with increasing doses of lithium carbonate.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in the supine position and after active upright stance in patients with endogenous depression and in a group of healthy volunteers serving as controls. In the depressed patients, PRA was further investigated in the same conditions during treatment with increasing doses of lithium carbonate. Basal PRA values were lower in depressed patients than in normal controls, particularly in the upright stance, and tended to rise gradually during lithium therapy. These findings suggest that lithium may work as a stimulant of the renin-angiotensin system, and possibly as an antidepressant, by way of producing functional activation of the norepinephrine system independent of its action on the water and electrolyte balance.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in depressed patients treated with increasing doses of lithium carbonate. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in the supine position and after active upright stance in patients with endogenous depression and in a group of healthy volunteers serving as controls. In the depressed patients, PRA was further investigated in the same conditions during treatment with increasing doses of lithium carbonate. Basal PRA values were lower in depressed patients than in normal controls, particularly in the upright stance, and tended to rise gradually during lithium therapy. These findings suggest that lithium may work as a stimulant of the renin-angiotensin system, and possibly as an antidepressant, by way of producing functional activation of the norepinephrine system independent of its action on the water and electrolyte balance."}
{"id": "PMID:1215448", "title": "The effect of caffeine on human performance, alone and in combination with ethanol.", "content": "The effect of caffeine (300 mg/70 kg) on cognitive, perceptual and motor functions was investigated both alone and in combination with ethanol (0.75 g/kg) in 68 healthy student volunteers of both sexes. A test battery consisting of standing steadiness, simple and complex reaction time, manual dexterity, numerical reasoning, perceptual speed and verbal fluency was used. Placebos for both drugs were included. Caffeine was administered in decaffeinated coffee immediately after finishing drinking the alcoholic beverage. A peak plasma ethanol concentration of 92 +/- 4 mg/100 ml occurred at 40 min which was not modified by caffeine. Caffeine did not antagonise the ethanol-induced decrement in performance except in the reaction time tests. Caffeine alone caused a significant increase in body sway at 40 min.", "contents": "The effect of caffeine on human performance, alone and in combination with ethanol. The effect of caffeine (300 mg/70 kg) on cognitive, perceptual and motor functions was investigated both alone and in combination with ethanol (0.75 g/kg) in 68 healthy student volunteers of both sexes. A test battery consisting of standing steadiness, simple and complex reaction time, manual dexterity, numerical reasoning, perceptual speed and verbal fluency was used. Placebos for both drugs were included. Caffeine was administered in decaffeinated coffee immediately after finishing drinking the alcoholic beverage. A peak plasma ethanol concentration of 92 +/- 4 mg/100 ml occurred at 40 min which was not modified by caffeine. Caffeine did not antagonise the ethanol-induced decrement in performance except in the reaction time tests. Caffeine alone caused a significant increase in body sway at 40 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1215449", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of nomifensine in man.", "content": "Nomifensine pharmacokinetics were determined in healthy volunteers after the oral administration of 50 mg of the drug. Peak plasma levels of 95-177 ng/ml were attained within 1 to 4 hrs, and the apparent plasma half-lives ranged from 3.3 to 4.9 hrs. Assuming 100% bioavailability the drug has a relatively large apparent volume of distribution. From these findings it appears that the pharmacokinetics profile of nomifensine is considerably different from those of other known antidepressants. Implications for dosages schedules are discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of nomifensine in man. Nomifensine pharmacokinetics were determined in healthy volunteers after the oral administration of 50 mg of the drug. Peak plasma levels of 95-177 ng/ml were attained within 1 to 4 hrs, and the apparent plasma half-lives ranged from 3.3 to 4.9 hrs. Assuming 100% bioavailability the drug has a relatively large apparent volume of distribution. From these findings it appears that the pharmacokinetics profile of nomifensine is considerably different from those of other known antidepressants. Implications for dosages schedules are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215450", "title": "Psychological adaptation to isolator therapy in acute leukaemia.", "content": "Treatment under conditions of gnotobiotic isolation can augment the stress of adaptation to a diagnosis of leukaemia. Identification of the psychological problems experienced in isolator treatment can contribute to the effective maintenance of therapy. Individual patterns of adjustment to treatment relate to the psychological mechanisms of defence employed to contend with the dependent position enforced by isolation. Psychiatric assessment can assist both patients and nursing staff with the management of their separate difficulties in this unfamiliar treatment situation. Psychological features of isolator treatment in ten patients with acute leukaemia are described and suggestions proposed for psychological management of patients under isolator conditions.", "contents": "Psychological adaptation to isolator therapy in acute leukaemia. Treatment under conditions of gnotobiotic isolation can augment the stress of adaptation to a diagnosis of leukaemia. Identification of the psychological problems experienced in isolator treatment can contribute to the effective maintenance of therapy. Individual patterns of adjustment to treatment relate to the psychological mechanisms of defence employed to contend with the dependent position enforced by isolation. Psychiatric assessment can assist both patients and nursing staff with the management of their separate difficulties in this unfamiliar treatment situation. Psychological features of isolator treatment in ten patients with acute leukaemia are described and suggestions proposed for psychological management of patients under isolator conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1215451", "title": "Denial revisited: reflections on psychosomatic theory.", "content": "Certain clinical observations cast doubt on the validity of the traditional psychological explanation of psychosomatic disorders, which invokes the concept of a psychodynamic conflict derived from psychoanalytic theory. Psychosomatic patients appear to be unable to describe feelings in words, show a marked paucity of fantasy, and do not make significant internal psychological changes in these areas in the course of psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy. It is suggested that neurophysiological hypotheses may be more useful for understanding psychosomatic processes and specifically that disturbances in the function of the palleostriatral dopamine tract are related to psychosomatic disorders. Testable inferences from this hypothesis are proposed, including the suggestion that clinically and neurophysiologically, schizophrenia and psychosomatic disorders are the obverse of one another.", "contents": "Denial revisited: reflections on psychosomatic theory. Certain clinical observations cast doubt on the validity of the traditional psychological explanation of psychosomatic disorders, which invokes the concept of a psychodynamic conflict derived from psychoanalytic theory. Psychosomatic patients appear to be unable to describe feelings in words, show a marked paucity of fantasy, and do not make significant internal psychological changes in these areas in the course of psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy. It is suggested that neurophysiological hypotheses may be more useful for understanding psychosomatic processes and specifically that disturbances in the function of the palleostriatral dopamine tract are related to psychosomatic disorders. Testable inferences from this hypothesis are proposed, including the suggestion that clinically and neurophysiologically, schizophrenia and psychosomatic disorders are the obverse of one another."}
{"id": "PMID:1215452", "title": "Some dynamic and transactional aspects of family theraphy with psychotic patients.", "content": "The application of family therapy to families with psychotic patients involves both technical and theoretic observations and underpinnings. The implications of these for the understanding of certain family dynamics and the use of family therapy in general are investigated. The rhythm of real participation and observation on the therapist's part and the utilization of co-therapists is contrasted with a more authoritarian, 'director' model of intervention. Tendencies in these families towards frozenness and immobility, as well as splitting and chaos, must be counteracted, and are reflected in interactions and transactions between co-therapists. The importance of unravelling these patterns and aiding therapists in the framework of a specially designed, ongoing supervisory seminary is stressed.", "contents": "Some dynamic and transactional aspects of family theraphy with psychotic patients. The application of family therapy to families with psychotic patients involves both technical and theoretic observations and underpinnings. The implications of these for the understanding of certain family dynamics and the use of family therapy in general are investigated. The rhythm of real participation and observation on the therapist's part and the utilization of co-therapists is contrasted with a more authoritarian, 'director' model of intervention. Tendencies in these families towards frozenness and immobility, as well as splitting and chaos, must be counteracted, and are reflected in interactions and transactions between co-therapists. The importance of unravelling these patterns and aiding therapists in the framework of a specially designed, ongoing supervisory seminary is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215453", "title": "Indications for psychotherapy in a psychiatric clinic population. A survey.", "content": "As a part of a larger project of trying to differentiate the therapies for inpatients in a psychiatric clinic, we have made a half year's survey of the patients' needs for short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Our findings point to less than 10% of the inpatients being able to profit from this kind of therapy. These findings and their implications are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Indications for psychotherapy in a psychiatric clinic population. A survey. As a part of a larger project of trying to differentiate the therapies for inpatients in a psychiatric clinic, we have made a half year's survey of the patients' needs for short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Our findings point to less than 10% of the inpatients being able to profit from this kind of therapy. These findings and their implications are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:1215454", "title": "Treatment of anorexia nervosa by the integration of behavior therapy and psychotherapy.", "content": "Anorexia nervosa has been approached by a variety of therapeutic regimens. These regimens have addressed themselves to either the underlying psychological problems or the eating disorder. By integrating behavior therapy and psychotherapy, the author proposes a treatment plan which addresses both problems simultaneously. Psychotherapy and behavior therapy are theoretically integrable; their integration produces a treatment consistent with dynamics underlying anorexia nervosa; and this treatment produces, during a relatively short hospital stay, rapid weight gain and a foundation for continued psychotherapy. The case of a 22-year-old female is presented which describes the treatment by the proposed intergrated model with documentation of the results at discharge and at 3 months and 1 year follow-up.", "contents": "Treatment of anorexia nervosa by the integration of behavior therapy and psychotherapy. Anorexia nervosa has been approached by a variety of therapeutic regimens. These regimens have addressed themselves to either the underlying psychological problems or the eating disorder. By integrating behavior therapy and psychotherapy, the author proposes a treatment plan which addresses both problems simultaneously. Psychotherapy and behavior therapy are theoretically integrable; their integration produces a treatment consistent with dynamics underlying anorexia nervosa; and this treatment produces, during a relatively short hospital stay, rapid weight gain and a foundation for continued psychotherapy. The case of a 22-year-old female is presented which describes the treatment by the proposed intergrated model with documentation of the results at discharge and at 3 months and 1 year follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:1215455", "title": "A concept of analytical treatment for patients with psychosomatic disorders. Report on the psychosomatic phenomenon and its consequence for therapy.", "content": "With the Paris school the author holds the view that the 'pens\u00e9e op\u00e9ratoire' is pathognomic for the psychosomatic patient. This archaic, 'automatistisch-mechanistisch' thinking is a consequence of defects in the sphere of the physiological pre-ego. Certain typical findings, such as reduplication and mechanized object relations are seen as correlates of disturbances in the patient's early identification processes. Analytical therapy must thus aim at shifting the all but inaccessible psychosomatic phenomenon into a historical perspective. The psychological event can set in only when the patient has discovered the connexion between his somatic reaction patterns and the emotions he is beginning to feel for the security-giving therapist. An account of the development of the treatment of one patient (Birgit) illustrates the author's concept of analytical therapy in psychosomatics. The 'facilitating environment' helped the patient Birgit to differentiate herself from her dual object and thus to be able to cathect the level of the triangular relationship. The concept of the model ward led on to the development of an ambulatory method of therapy, 'relaxation analytique', which is based on investigations into the concept of the holding function. 'Taking care' of the patient is function of the therapist's own inner attitude, of his being prepared to do everything to encourage the therapeutic regression. The correlate of this attitude, on the side of the patient, is the sense of security which is an essential condition for the 'new beginning' to set in.", "contents": "A concept of analytical treatment for patients with psychosomatic disorders. Report on the psychosomatic phenomenon and its consequence for therapy. With the Paris school the author holds the view that the 'pens\u00e9e op\u00e9ratoire' is pathognomic for the psychosomatic patient. This archaic, 'automatistisch-mechanistisch' thinking is a consequence of defects in the sphere of the physiological pre-ego. Certain typical findings, such as reduplication and mechanized object relations are seen as correlates of disturbances in the patient's early identification processes. Analytical therapy must thus aim at shifting the all but inaccessible psychosomatic phenomenon into a historical perspective. The psychological event can set in only when the patient has discovered the connexion between his somatic reaction patterns and the emotions he is beginning to feel for the security-giving therapist. An account of the development of the treatment of one patient (Birgit) illustrates the author's concept of analytical therapy in psychosomatics. The 'facilitating environment' helped the patient Birgit to differentiate herself from her dual object and thus to be able to cathect the level of the triangular relationship. The concept of the model ward led on to the development of an ambulatory method of therapy, 'relaxation analytique', which is based on investigations into the concept of the holding function. 'Taking care' of the patient is function of the therapist's own inner attitude, of his being prepared to do everything to encourage the therapeutic regression. The correlate of this attitude, on the side of the patient, is the sense of security which is an essential condition for the 'new beginning' to set in."}
{"id": "PMID:1215458", "title": "Sturge-Weber syndrome.", "content": "Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (Sturge-Weber syndrome) is described with a typical case history.", "contents": "Sturge-Weber syndrome. Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (Sturge-Weber syndrome) is described with a typical case history."}
{"id": "PMID:1215463", "title": "A multi-purpose contour projector for use in radiotherapy treatment planning.", "content": "The multi-purpose contour projector is a compact piece of apparatus of simple design made entirely in the physics workshop and mould room. Its introduction to the planning department has standardised and simplified the localisation technique so as to make the system more accurate. The device is now used routinely on all head and neck moulds.", "contents": "A multi-purpose contour projector for use in radiotherapy treatment planning. The multi-purpose contour projector is a compact piece of apparatus of simple design made entirely in the physics workshop and mould room. Its introduction to the planning department has standardised and simplified the localisation technique so as to make the system more accurate. The device is now used routinely on all head and neck moulds."}
{"id": "PMID:1215525", "title": "[The complete colon examination (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiologist must assume complete responsibility for the preparation and examination of the entire colon including the rectum. He must cooperate with and constantly check his findings with the colonoscopist. When one considers the increasing patient load, we cannot expect that all radiologists will be willing or able to assume the additional effort to produce Welin's precise results routinely. However, even with these examiners, the air contrast method can still fulfill the role of a precise and ultimate examination, especially in certain selected high risk groups. What Dr. Leo Rigler has said about lung cancer also  applies to tumors of the colon. No matter how great or sophisticated the mental ability and our tools in differential diagnosis, it is all in vain if we do not find the lesion. Not to find the lesion is the irrevocable error.", "contents": "[The complete colon examination (author's transl)]. The radiologist must assume complete responsibility for the preparation and examination of the entire colon including the rectum. He must cooperate with and constantly check his findings with the colonoscopist. When one considers the increasing patient load, we cannot expect that all radiologists will be willing or able to assume the additional effort to produce Welin's precise results routinely. However, even with these examiners, the air contrast method can still fulfill the role of a precise and ultimate examination, especially in certain selected high risk groups. What Dr. Leo Rigler has said about lung cancer also  applies to tumors of the colon. No matter how great or sophisticated the mental ability and our tools in differential diagnosis, it is all in vain if we do not find the lesion. Not to find the lesion is the irrevocable error."}
{"id": "PMID:1215526", "title": "Cleansing of the colon without enemas.", "content": "Several methods have been used to cleanse the large bowel prior to roentgen examination and rectoscopy for more than ten years. A method with administration of a salt solution (SALAX) in combination with different oral laxatives (Cascara sagrada, Dantron,  Bisacodyl) without cleansing enemas is described. Hospitalized patients should have an individual preparation while ambulatory patients are almost completely cleansed if they carefully follow the given instructions.", "contents": "Cleansing of the colon without enemas. Several methods have been used to cleanse the large bowel prior to roentgen examination and rectoscopy for more than ten years. A method with administration of a salt solution (SALAX) in combination with different oral laxatives (Cascara sagrada, Dantron,  Bisacodyl) without cleansing enemas is described. Hospitalized patients should have an individual preparation while ambulatory patients are almost completely cleansed if they carefully follow the given instructions."}
{"id": "PMID:1215527", "title": "Double contrast examination in disease of the anorectal region.", "content": "Patients with symptoms from the anorectal region will not always be rectoscopically examined and sometimes lesions of the ano-rectal region are overlooked by the rectoscopist. In order to increase the overall diagnostic accuracy and make possible an early diagnosis of pathological changes in the ano-rectal region, the radiologist should take responsibility also for this part of the bowel. Minor lesions are often difficult to demonstrate by the conventional barium enema, but they are readily seen on an adequately performed double contrast examination. Of special importance is the diagnosis of small polypoid  tumors which may become malignant. An early diagnosis and subsequent surgical removal of these tumors prevent spread and minimizes the surgical procedure.", "contents": "Double contrast examination in disease of the anorectal region. Patients with symptoms from the anorectal region will not always be rectoscopically examined and sometimes lesions of the ano-rectal region are overlooked by the rectoscopist. In order to increase the overall diagnostic accuracy and make possible an early diagnosis of pathological changes in the ano-rectal region, the radiologist should take responsibility also for this part of the bowel. Minor lesions are often difficult to demonstrate by the conventional barium enema, but they are readily seen on an adequately performed double contrast examination. Of special importance is the diagnosis of small polypoid  tumors which may become malignant. An early diagnosis and subsequent surgical removal of these tumors prevent spread and minimizes the surgical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1215528", "title": "[An unusual cause of an \"intramural\" gas collection in the right colon (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of subserous gas collection in the right colon following surgical repair of an iatrogenic uterus perforation is presented. The patient showed an ileus-like roentgen symptomatology when ischemic necrosis of the bowel was suspected. Laparatomy demonstrated the remainder of the gas collection in the area of the right pelvis extending retroperitoneally towards the right colon, thus presenting intramural pneumatosis. Therefore the differential diagnosis of intramural gas collection as a sign of ischemic bowel necrosis has to include the harmless subserous pneumatosis following abdominal trauma (especially iatrogenic uterus perforation).", "contents": "[An unusual cause of an \"intramural\" gas collection in the right colon (author's transl)]. A case of subserous gas collection in the right colon following surgical repair of an iatrogenic uterus perforation is presented. The patient showed an ileus-like roentgen symptomatology when ischemic necrosis of the bowel was suspected. Laparatomy demonstrated the remainder of the gas collection in the area of the right pelvis extending retroperitoneally towards the right colon, thus presenting intramural pneumatosis. Therefore the differential diagnosis of intramural gas collection as a sign of ischemic bowel necrosis has to include the harmless subserous pneumatosis following abdominal trauma (especially iatrogenic uterus perforation)."}
{"id": "PMID:1215529", "title": "[Which are the complications one has to expect in cerebral vasography with modern contrast media?].", "content": "Cerebral angiography was performed in 501 patients with a new contrast medium. There was good contrast and the vessels were very well visualized. 15 patients (2,9%) had side effects. These were reversible; there were no persistent distrubances. These were almost exclusively seen in patients with vascular cerebral lesions.", "contents": "[Which are the complications one has to expect in cerebral vasography with modern contrast media?]. Cerebral angiography was performed in 501 patients with a new contrast medium. There was good contrast and the vessels were very well visualized. 15 patients (2,9%) had side effects. These were reversible; there were no persistent distrubances. These were almost exclusively seen in patients with vascular cerebral lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1215532", "title": "[Myelographic findings in multiple sclerosis in combination with cervical spondylosis].", "content": "Differential diagnostic problems are considered in 8 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis and cervical spondylosis simultaneously. When a clinical suspicion for multiple sclerosis is combined with a relatively normal sagittal diameter of the cervical vertebral canal, myelographic findings due to cervical spondylosis must be evaluated carefully.", "contents": "[Myelographic findings in multiple sclerosis in combination with cervical spondylosis]. Differential diagnostic problems are considered in 8 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis and cervical spondylosis simultaneously. When a clinical suspicion for multiple sclerosis is combined with a relatively normal sagittal diameter of the cervical vertebral canal, myelographic findings due to cervical spondylosis must be evaluated carefully."}
{"id": "PMID:1215533", "title": "[Significance of discography and ossovenography in patients with cervical ventral fusion].", "content": "The value of ossovenography and discography is analysed. These examinations are indicated in operativ assessment of patients submitted to cervical ventral fusion. Discography revealed more advantages than ossovenography. The importance of oblique views in discography for evaluation of the site of disc damage is stressed. Ossovenography is superior to discography in severe degenerative lesions and patients with short neck.", "contents": "[Significance of discography and ossovenography in patients with cervical ventral fusion]. The value of ossovenography and discography is analysed. These examinations are indicated in operativ assessment of patients submitted to cervical ventral fusion. Discography revealed more advantages than ossovenography. The importance of oblique views in discography for evaluation of the site of disc damage is stressed. Ossovenography is superior to discography in severe degenerative lesions and patients with short neck."}
{"id": "PMID:1215536", "title": "Influence of the position of the side chain hydroxy group on the gastric antisecretory and antiulcer actions of E1 prostaglandin analogs.", "content": "The influence of transposing the C-15 hydroxy group of prostaglandin E1 methyl ester (PGE2ME) on gastric antisecretory and antiulcer actions was investigated. The compound (+/-)15-deoxy- 16alpha, beta-hydroxy PGE1ME (SC-28904) was equipotent to the reference standard PGE1ME in suppressing histamine-stimulated gastric secretion in the Heidenhain pouch (HP) dog. In contrast to PGE1ME, SC-28904 was longer acting when administered intravenously and also showed significant oral activity in the histamine-stimulated gastric fistula dog. SC-28904 was also equipotent to PGE1ME (range of active doses of 0.5 to 5.0 mg/kg, s.c.) in inhibiting forced-exertion gastric ulceration in rats. The compound (+/-)15-deocy-17alpha, beta-hydroxy PGE1ME (SC-30963) was an inactive antisecretory agent in the dog at the 1.0 mg/kg i.v. bolus dose. This dose was 100 times greater than the active antisecretory dose of PGE1ME. Likewise, SC-30693, when administered subcutaneously at a 5.0 mg/kg dose, was also totally inactive in preventing gastric ulcers induced by forced exertion in rats. The important implications of this work are that some of the receptor sites for the PGE1 molecule could easily accomodate the side chain hydroxy group either in the C-15 or C-16 position. Moreover, the hydroxy group in the latter position significantly improved the biological activity of PGE1ME.", "contents": "Influence of the position of the side chain hydroxy group on the gastric antisecretory and antiulcer actions of E1 prostaglandin analogs. The influence of transposing the C-15 hydroxy group of prostaglandin E1 methyl ester (PGE2ME) on gastric antisecretory and antiulcer actions was investigated. The compound (+/-)15-deoxy- 16alpha, beta-hydroxy PGE1ME (SC-28904) was equipotent to the reference standard PGE1ME in suppressing histamine-stimulated gastric secretion in the Heidenhain pouch (HP) dog. In contrast to PGE1ME, SC-28904 was longer acting when administered intravenously and also showed significant oral activity in the histamine-stimulated gastric fistula dog. SC-28904 was also equipotent to PGE1ME (range of active doses of 0.5 to 5.0 mg/kg, s.c.) in inhibiting forced-exertion gastric ulceration in rats. The compound (+/-)15-deocy-17alpha, beta-hydroxy PGE1ME (SC-30963) was an inactive antisecretory agent in the dog at the 1.0 mg/kg i.v. bolus dose. This dose was 100 times greater than the active antisecretory dose of PGE1ME. Likewise, SC-30693, when administered subcutaneously at a 5.0 mg/kg dose, was also totally inactive in preventing gastric ulcers induced by forced exertion in rats. The important implications of this work are that some of the receptor sites for the PGE1 molecule could easily accomodate the side chain hydroxy group either in the C-15 or C-16 position. Moreover, the hydroxy group in the latter position significantly improved the biological activity of PGE1ME."}
{"id": "PMID:1215537", "title": "Potentiation of bradykinin-induced vascular permeability increase by prostaglandin E2 and arachidonic acid in rabbit skin.", "content": "The activity of prostaglandins (PG) in producing vascular permeability was quantitated by dye extraction method in skin of anaesthetized rabbits. PGE1 and PGE2 (0.01-10 mug) produced increase in vascular permeability. Activity was approximately equal to that of histamine (Hist) and 1/20 of that of bradykinin (BK) on a weight basis. The activity of PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha was only 1/20 of that of PGE1 or PGE2. In spite of the relatively low potency of PGE1 and PGE2 in the rabbit, near threshold doses (0.1 or 1 mug) of PGE2 could potentiate permeability responses to bradykinin (0.1 mug) by 10 or 100-fold, respectively. Equivalent doses (0.1 or 1 mug) of histamine could not potentiate the bradykinin responses. Arachidonic acid (AA) at 1 mug, produced a 10-fold potentiation in the permeability response to bradykinin (0.1 mug). Pretreatment of the rabbits with indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the responses of BK (0.1 mug) + AA (1 mug) down to a similar magnitude of those seen with bradykinin alone. However, indomethacin did not block responses to either, BK alone, BK + PGE2, or BK + Hist. Various doses (1, 10, 100 and 300 mug) of arachidonic acid alone also produced increase in cutaneous vascular permeability, although its potency was only 1/3-1/8 of that of PGE2. This activity of arachidonic acid was attributed in part to its bioconversion to PGE2, since its activity was significantly reduced by the prostaglandin antagonist, diphloretin phosphate (DPP) (60 mg/kg, i.v.) and by indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.), which blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Arachidonic acid may owe some of its permeability increasing effects to histamine release, since its effects were also reduced by the anti-histamine, pyrilamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.).", "contents": "Potentiation of bradykinin-induced vascular permeability increase by prostaglandin E2 and arachidonic acid in rabbit skin. The activity of prostaglandins (PG) in producing vascular permeability was quantitated by dye extraction method in skin of anaesthetized rabbits. PGE1 and PGE2 (0.01-10 mug) produced increase in vascular permeability. Activity was approximately equal to that of histamine (Hist) and 1/20 of that of bradykinin (BK) on a weight basis. The activity of PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha was only 1/20 of that of PGE1 or PGE2. In spite of the relatively low potency of PGE1 and PGE2 in the rabbit, near threshold doses (0.1 or 1 mug) of PGE2 could potentiate permeability responses to bradykinin (0.1 mug) by 10 or 100-fold, respectively. Equivalent doses (0.1 or 1 mug) of histamine could not potentiate the bradykinin responses. Arachidonic acid (AA) at 1 mug, produced a 10-fold potentiation in the permeability response to bradykinin (0.1 mug). Pretreatment of the rabbits with indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the responses of BK (0.1 mug) + AA (1 mug) down to a similar magnitude of those seen with bradykinin alone. However, indomethacin did not block responses to either, BK alone, BK + PGE2, or BK + Hist. Various doses (1, 10, 100 and 300 mug) of arachidonic acid alone also produced increase in cutaneous vascular permeability, although its potency was only 1/3-1/8 of that of PGE2. This activity of arachidonic acid was attributed in part to its bioconversion to PGE2, since its activity was significantly reduced by the prostaglandin antagonist, diphloretin phosphate (DPP) (60 mg/kg, i.v.) and by indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.), which blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Arachidonic acid may owe some of its permeability increasing effects to histamine release, since its effects were also reduced by the anti-histamine, pyrilamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.)."}
{"id": "PMID:1215538", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on propulsive activity of the isolated segmental colon of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF 2alpha) on propulsive activity in segments of isolated colon and on isolated strips of guinea-pig colon were investigated. Using experimental conditions under which spontaneous propulsive activity was negligible, PGF2alpha (5X10(-8)X1X10(-6)M), added to the bathing medium increased propulsive activity in a concentration dependent manner. This increase of propulsive activity was abolished in the presence of atropine or tetrodotoxin (1X10(-7)g/ml). The contractions produced by PGF2alpha (5X10(-7) -1X10(-5)M) in isolated longitudinal and circular smooth muscle strips of guinea-pig colon were unaffected in the presence of atropine or tetrodotoxin (1X10(-7) g/ml). From these results it is concluded that under the conditions employed in this study propulsive activity stimulated by PGF2alpha may depend on the contractions of both muscle layers and stimulation of the peristalic reflex.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on propulsive activity of the isolated segmental colon of the guinea-pig. The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF 2alpha) on propulsive activity in segments of isolated colon and on isolated strips of guinea-pig colon were investigated. Using experimental conditions under which spontaneous propulsive activity was negligible, PGF2alpha (5X10(-8)X1X10(-6)M), added to the bathing medium increased propulsive activity in a concentration dependent manner. This increase of propulsive activity was abolished in the presence of atropine or tetrodotoxin (1X10(-7)g/ml). The contractions produced by PGF2alpha (5X10(-7) -1X10(-5)M) in isolated longitudinal and circular smooth muscle strips of guinea-pig colon were unaffected in the presence of atropine or tetrodotoxin (1X10(-7) g/ml). From these results it is concluded that under the conditions employed in this study propulsive activity stimulated by PGF2alpha may depend on the contractions of both muscle layers and stimulation of the peristalic reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:1215539", "title": "Prostaglandins and cholera: the occurrence of prostagland in-like smooth muscle contracting substances in cholera diarrhoea.", "content": "Prostaglandin-like smooth muscle contracting substances were identified in acid lipid extracts of diarrhoeal faeces taken from patients presenting clinical symptoms of cholera. Five out of the eleven cases studied were bacteriologically confirmed as cholera. The PG-like activity in the individual samples ranged from 3-27 mg PGE2 equivalents /ml of diarrhoeal stool. Parallel bioassay and thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the extracts indicated that about 60% of the activity was due to an F-type PG, 15% to an E-type PG and the rest to unidentified lipid substanc(s). It is proposed that increased PG production in cholera (indicated by these findings) may at least contribute to the disease.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and cholera: the occurrence of prostagland in-like smooth muscle contracting substances in cholera diarrhoea. Prostaglandin-like smooth muscle contracting substances were identified in acid lipid extracts of diarrhoeal faeces taken from patients presenting clinical symptoms of cholera. Five out of the eleven cases studied were bacteriologically confirmed as cholera. The PG-like activity in the individual samples ranged from 3-27 mg PGE2 equivalents /ml of diarrhoeal stool. Parallel bioassay and thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the extracts indicated that about 60% of the activity was due to an F-type PG, 15% to an E-type PG and the rest to unidentified lipid substanc(s). It is proposed that increased PG production in cholera (indicated by these findings) may at least contribute to the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1215540", "title": "Kinetic measurements of the release of prostaglandins from perfused rat lungs.", "content": "Prostaglandins released from isolated ventilated and perfused rat lungs were measured by a simple modification of the Vane technique using the rat stomach fundus as a continuous bioassay tissue. Exogenously supplied arachidonic acid was converted mainly to PGF2alpha which was determined by bioassay. A novel method for mixing a stream of inhibitors with the perfusate was used to determine PGF2alpha in the presence of substrate amounts of arachidonic acid. Using this system the apparent Km for PGF2alpha production with arachidonic acid as the substrate was found to be 1.90 X 10(-4)M, while the Ki for aspirin was found to 2.47 X 10(-4)M. These kinetic parameters are close to those reported for cell free systems and subcellular fractions suggesting that both substrate and inhibitor have ready access to the site of prostaglandin synthesis. The method appears to be generally useful to determine the effect of drugs and environment factors on the release of prostaglandins by the lung.", "contents": "Kinetic measurements of the release of prostaglandins from perfused rat lungs. Prostaglandins released from isolated ventilated and perfused rat lungs were measured by a simple modification of the Vane technique using the rat stomach fundus as a continuous bioassay tissue. Exogenously supplied arachidonic acid was converted mainly to PGF2alpha which was determined by bioassay. A novel method for mixing a stream of inhibitors with the perfusate was used to determine PGF2alpha in the presence of substrate amounts of arachidonic acid. Using this system the apparent Km for PGF2alpha production with arachidonic acid as the substrate was found to be 1.90 X 10(-4)M, while the Ki for aspirin was found to 2.47 X 10(-4)M. These kinetic parameters are close to those reported for cell free systems and subcellular fractions suggesting that both substrate and inhibitor have ready access to the site of prostaglandin synthesis. The method appears to be generally useful to determine the effect of drugs and environment factors on the release of prostaglandins by the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:1215541", "title": "Molecular basis of prostaglandin potency. II. Proton NMR studies of the conformation of prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "The proton nmr of PGF2alpha (dissolved in aqueous tBuOH) in the presence of PrC13 and limited amounts of base shows LIS shifts for the terminal methyl indicating an average effective chain length (C-1 to C-20) like that of octanoic acid, further evidence that the alpha and omega carbons of prostaglandins are closer in space than would be expected based on a random distribution of confermers with alternate zig-zag sections of  hydrocarbon chains. Assessing the exact nature of the sidechain alignment will require further experiments.", "contents": "Molecular basis of prostaglandin potency. II. Proton NMR studies of the conformation of prostaglandin F2alpha. The proton nmr of PGF2alpha (dissolved in aqueous tBuOH) in the presence of PrC13 and limited amounts of base shows LIS shifts for the terminal methyl indicating an average effective chain length (C-1 to C-20) like that of octanoic acid, further evidence that the alpha and omega carbons of prostaglandins are closer in space than would be expected based on a random distribution of confermers with alternate zig-zag sections of  hydrocarbon chains. Assessing the exact nature of the sidechain alignment will require further experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1215542", "title": "Synthesis of dl-4,5,6-trinor-3,7-inter-m-phenylene-3oxaprostaglandins including one which inhibits platelet aggregation.", "content": "The synthesis of dl-4,5,6-trinor-3,7-inter-m-phenylene-3-oxaprostaglandins of the E1 and F1alpha series from 6-endo-(1-heptenyl)-bicyclo[3:1:0]hexan-3-one (III), is described. Preliminary biological screening data for gerbil colon smooth muscle stimulation, rat blood pressure and substrate specificity toward 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is presented. Platelet function studies, both in vitro and in vivo of dl-4,5,6-trinor-3,7-inter-m-phenylene-3-oxa-PGE1, methyl ester (VIII) are presented.", "contents": "Synthesis of dl-4,5,6-trinor-3,7-inter-m-phenylene-3oxaprostaglandins including one which inhibits platelet aggregation. The synthesis of dl-4,5,6-trinor-3,7-inter-m-phenylene-3-oxaprostaglandins of the E1 and F1alpha series from 6-endo-(1-heptenyl)-bicyclo[3:1:0]hexan-3-one (III), is described. Preliminary biological screening data for gerbil colon smooth muscle stimulation, rat blood pressure and substrate specificity toward 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is presented. Platelet function studies, both in vitro and in vivo of dl-4,5,6-trinor-3,7-inter-m-phenylene-3-oxa-PGE1, methyl ester (VIII) are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1215544", "title": "Effects of aspirin on renal sodium excretion, blood pressure, and plasma and extracellular fluid volume in salt-loaded rats.", "content": "The effect of aspirin administration and presumed blockade of prostaglandin synthesis on renal sodium excretion, plasma and extracellular fluid volumes, and blood pressure were examined in rats on a high sodium intake. After acute salt loading aspirin treated rats showed an impaired sodium excretion, while no changes in glomerular filtration rate were observed. In chronically loaded rats (7 weeks) administration of aspirin induced significant increases in both plasma and extracellular fluid volume, but no significant changes in blood pressures were found. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that prostaglandins mediate renal sodium excretion and therefore participate in extracellular fluid volume regulation.", "contents": "Effects of aspirin on renal sodium excretion, blood pressure, and plasma and extracellular fluid volume in salt-loaded rats. The effect of aspirin administration and presumed blockade of prostaglandin synthesis on renal sodium excretion, plasma and extracellular fluid volumes, and blood pressure were examined in rats on a high sodium intake. After acute salt loading aspirin treated rats showed an impaired sodium excretion, while no changes in glomerular filtration rate were observed. In chronically loaded rats (7 weeks) administration of aspirin induced significant increases in both plasma and extracellular fluid volume, but no significant changes in blood pressures were found. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that prostaglandins mediate renal sodium excretion and therefore participate in extracellular fluid volume regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215545", "title": "Disappearance of prostaglandins F2alpha and 15-methyl F2alpha from amniotic fluid as measured by radiommunoassay.", "content": "A sensitive and relatively specific radioimmunoassay for 15 (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha was used to determine the levels of the drug in amniotic fluid after it had been injected intra-amniotically for termination of second trimester pregnancy. The disappearance of the free acid (tham salt) and methyl ester of the prostaglandin analogue were similar. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the drug rapidly equilibrates in the fluid and this followed by a slow removal from the amniotic sac. A comparison with a similar study with PGF2Alpha revealed that the analogue had a longer half-life in the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Disappearance of prostaglandins F2alpha and 15-methyl F2alpha from amniotic fluid as measured by radiommunoassay. A sensitive and relatively specific radioimmunoassay for 15 (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha was used to determine the levels of the drug in amniotic fluid after it had been injected intra-amniotically for termination of second trimester pregnancy. The disappearance of the free acid (tham salt) and methyl ester of the prostaglandin analogue were similar. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the drug rapidly equilibrates in the fluid and this followed by a slow removal from the amniotic sac. A comparison with a similar study with PGF2Alpha revealed that the analogue had a longer half-life in the amniotic fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:1215546", "title": "Intracerebral prostaglandin E2: effects upon sexual behavior, open field activity and body temperature in ovariectomized female rats.", "content": "A single 27 gauge implant of PGE2 into the periventricular region of the hypothalamus resulted in a significant increase in sexual receptivity in estrogen primed, ovariectomized female rats. Open field activity levels were only slightly decreased while rectal body temperature increased significantly over control values. It is postulated that the effects upon sexual receptivity might be mediated by PGE2 stimulated LRF release.", "contents": "Intracerebral prostaglandin E2: effects upon sexual behavior, open field activity and body temperature in ovariectomized female rats. A single 27 gauge implant of PGE2 into the periventricular region of the hypothalamus resulted in a significant increase in sexual receptivity in estrogen primed, ovariectomized female rats. Open field activity levels were only slightly decreased while rectal body temperature increased significantly over control values. It is postulated that the effects upon sexual receptivity might be mediated by PGE2 stimulated LRF release."}
{"id": "PMID:1215547", "title": "Prostaglandins and post-abortion luteolysis in early pregnancy.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if post-abortion luteolysis in early pregnancy could be accelerated by the administration of 15(S)15-methyl-PGF2alpha(15-me-PGF2alpha) or delayed following pretreatment with indomethacin. Thirty-nine women were divided into four groups: 7 women were given 400mug 15-me-PGF2alpha extra-amniotically one hour prior to vacuum aspiration; 14 were pretreated with oral indomethacin (50 mg X4) over 24 hours; 7 were given indomethacin (50mg X 6) over 36 hours and 11 served as controls. Plasma progesterone and estradiol were measured at fixed intervals before and after abortion. There was a rapid drop in the plasma progesterone within the first hour after abortion followed by an exponential decline over the next 23 hours. The plasma estradiol fell rapidly duriing the same period. Under the experimental conditions of this study neither 15-me-PGF2alpha nor indomethacin exerted a significant effect on the decline in luteal function. These results are interpreted as suggesting that factors other than prostaglandins have a more significant role in post-abortion luteolysis.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and post-abortion luteolysis in early pregnancy. This study was undertaken to determine if post-abortion luteolysis in early pregnancy could be accelerated by the administration of 15(S)15-methyl-PGF2alpha(15-me-PGF2alpha) or delayed following pretreatment with indomethacin. Thirty-nine women were divided into four groups: 7 women were given 400mug 15-me-PGF2alpha extra-amniotically one hour prior to vacuum aspiration; 14 were pretreated with oral indomethacin (50 mg X4) over 24 hours; 7 were given indomethacin (50mg X 6) over 36 hours and 11 served as controls. Plasma progesterone and estradiol were measured at fixed intervals before and after abortion. There was a rapid drop in the plasma progesterone within the first hour after abortion followed by an exponential decline over the next 23 hours. The plasma estradiol fell rapidly duriing the same period. Under the experimental conditions of this study neither 15-me-PGF2alpha nor indomethacin exerted a significant effect on the decline in luteal function. These results are interpreted as suggesting that factors other than prostaglandins have a more significant role in post-abortion luteolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215555", "title": "[Present status of research on delusions].", "content": "Regarding the definition of the concept of delusion it is stated that up to now delusions can be diagnosed only with the aid of phenomenological intuition. The decisive criterion is the high subjective certainty in the sense of an elimination of the possibility of chance coincidences without any narrowing of affect. The current hypotheses are presented, concerning the choice of theme, the acute elimination of chance without narrowing of affect, the persistence of certainty and incorrigibility. The relationship between age at the onset of the illness and the choice of the illness and the choice of theme are discussed in the light of my own findings. Reasons emerge to believe that, depending on the respective cultural setting, certain age specific themes can play a role in the formation of the content of delusions. The acute subjective certainty, as well as the incorrigibility are linked with organic or endogenous syndromes.", "contents": "[Present status of research on delusions]. Regarding the definition of the concept of delusion it is stated that up to now delusions can be diagnosed only with the aid of phenomenological intuition. The decisive criterion is the high subjective certainty in the sense of an elimination of the possibility of chance coincidences without any narrowing of affect. The current hypotheses are presented, concerning the choice of theme, the acute elimination of chance without narrowing of affect, the persistence of certainty and incorrigibility. The relationship between age at the onset of the illness and the choice of the illness and the choice of theme are discussed in the light of my own findings. Reasons emerge to believe that, depending on the respective cultural setting, certain age specific themes can play a role in the formation of the content of delusions. The acute subjective certainty, as well as the incorrigibility are linked with organic or endogenous syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:1215557", "title": "[Nosological aspects of paranoid psychoses].", "content": "The author stresses the lack of nosological entities in psychiatry, and also the necessity of a classification system. Paranoid symptoms are found in most types of psychoses, both functional and organic psychoses. Among the functional psychoses the schizophrenias often have a paranoid picture, and paranoid traits may be found even in the affective psychoses. The Scandinavian concept of reactive psychoses is presented, including reactive psychoses is presented, including reactive psychoses of paranoiac, paranoid and schizophreniform type. Finally, the author presents his own personal follow-up study of paranoid psychoses after an observation time of 5-18 years. This study demonstrates 81% cured, of the patients with the discharge diagnosis of reactive psychoses, as against 23% cured, of the patients with the discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia. The author suggests a continuum of the paranoid psychoses from the schizophrenias via the schizophreniform and paranoid reactive psychoses to the more affective psychoses with slight tendency to paranoid symptomatology.", "contents": "[Nosological aspects of paranoid psychoses]. The author stresses the lack of nosological entities in psychiatry, and also the necessity of a classification system. Paranoid symptoms are found in most types of psychoses, both functional and organic psychoses. Among the functional psychoses the schizophrenias often have a paranoid picture, and paranoid traits may be found even in the affective psychoses. The Scandinavian concept of reactive psychoses is presented, including reactive psychoses is presented, including reactive psychoses of paranoiac, paranoid and schizophreniform type. Finally, the author presents his own personal follow-up study of paranoid psychoses after an observation time of 5-18 years. This study demonstrates 81% cured, of the patients with the discharge diagnosis of reactive psychoses, as against 23% cured, of the patients with the discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia. The author suggests a continuum of the paranoid psychoses from the schizophrenias via the schizophreniform and paranoid reactive psychoses to the more affective psychoses with slight tendency to paranoid symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:1215558", "title": "[Prognostic and therapeutic aspects of catathymis delusions].", "content": "The prognostic and therapeutic aspects of catathymic delusional formations, excluding those associated with organic psychoses, are comprehensively presented from five points of view: (1) the present possibilities of psychiatric prognostication; (2) prognostic implications of nosological classifications; (3) prognostic significance of nosographic characteristics; (4) relationship to general rules of psychiatric prognostics; (5) therapautic points. Under (3) we report our own findings concerning the long-term development of delusional formations and the long-term course of delusional illnesses classified as 'schizophrenia of late onset'; we report their relationships to the formation of defect syndromes and to the psycho-organic deterioration in old age.", "contents": "[Prognostic and therapeutic aspects of catathymis delusions]. The prognostic and therapeutic aspects of catathymic delusional formations, excluding those associated with organic psychoses, are comprehensively presented from five points of view: (1) the present possibilities of psychiatric prognostication; (2) prognostic implications of nosological classifications; (3) prognostic significance of nosographic characteristics; (4) relationship to general rules of psychiatric prognostics; (5) therapautic points. Under (3) we report our own findings concerning the long-term development of delusional formations and the long-term course of delusional illnesses classified as 'schizophrenia of late onset'; we report their relationships to the formation of defect syndromes and to the psycho-organic deterioration in old age."}
{"id": "PMID:1215560", "title": "[Clinical-psychopathological and electroencephalographic studies on patients with delusions of the paranoic and the paraphrenic types].", "content": "Clinical-psychopathological and electroencephalographic investigations are reported, carried out on patients with delusions of the paranoic and of the paraphrenic types. Abnormal EEGs were found more frequently in patients with a paraphrenic syndrome, and there was also a relatively more frequent response to flickering lights than in the paranoic group. There was also a more frequent response to flicker in patients with auditory hallucinations. Psychopathologically more florid delusional syndromes appear to produce abnormalities in the EEG more readily than do psychopathologically less elaborate syndromes.", "contents": "[Clinical-psychopathological and electroencephalographic studies on patients with delusions of the paranoic and the paraphrenic types]. Clinical-psychopathological and electroencephalographic investigations are reported, carried out on patients with delusions of the paranoic and of the paraphrenic types. Abnormal EEGs were found more frequently in patients with a paraphrenic syndrome, and there was also a relatively more frequent response to flickering lights than in the paranoic group. There was also a more frequent response to flicker in patients with auditory hallucinations. Psychopathologically more florid delusional syndromes appear to produce abnormalities in the EEG more readily than do psychopathologically less elaborate syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:1215561", "title": "[Prognosis of catathymic delusions in the light of their long-term medical record].", "content": "Two groups of patients with delusional illnesses (previous paranoics and previous 'late schizophrenics' with delusional syndromes) with similar backgrounds, were followed up after many years and were re-examined in the same way. They were compared with each other as regards further developments of delusional formations and their psychopathological determinants. In the group of 'late schizophrenics' the delusions disappeared more frequently than in the groups of paranoics, and the delusional productivity diminished more often. On examination of various psychopathological characteristics and their influence on the further development of delusional formations (core syndromes of the general psychiatric symptomatology, appearance of affective changes, further development of the delusional productivity) only  tendencies are shown, never obligatory relationships. The order of the relationships which we found remains uncertain; it is not likely that we are dealing with relationships of the first order.", "contents": "[Prognosis of catathymic delusions in the light of their long-term medical record]. Two groups of patients with delusional illnesses (previous paranoics and previous 'late schizophrenics' with delusional syndromes) with similar backgrounds, were followed up after many years and were re-examined in the same way. They were compared with each other as regards further developments of delusional formations and their psychopathological determinants. In the group of 'late schizophrenics' the delusions disappeared more frequently than in the groups of paranoics, and the delusional productivity diminished more often. On examination of various psychopathological characteristics and their influence on the further development of delusional formations (core syndromes of the general psychiatric symptomatology, appearance of affective changes, further development of the delusional productivity) only  tendencies are shown, never obligatory relationships. The order of the relationships which we found remains uncertain; it is not likely that we are dealing with relationships of the first order."}
{"id": "PMID:1215562", "title": "[The nosological problem of catathymic delusion from the genetic point of view].", "content": "After pointing to the heterogeneous results of past investigations into the genetics of catathymic delusional illnesses we present our own findings. By grouping the primary probands according to their psychopathology we showed that the relatively few schizophrenic secondary probands are fairly equally distributed over all the subgroups of the case material, whereas the relatively frequent manic depressive secondary probands are related exclusively to those primary probands whose general psychiatric symptomatology, irrespective of the catathymic delusional syndrome, was classified psychopathologically as manic-depressive.", "contents": "[The nosological problem of catathymic delusion from the genetic point of view]. After pointing to the heterogeneous results of past investigations into the genetics of catathymic delusional illnesses we present our own findings. By grouping the primary probands according to their psychopathology we showed that the relatively few schizophrenic secondary probands are fairly equally distributed over all the subgroups of the case material, whereas the relatively frequent manic depressive secondary probands are related exclusively to those primary probands whose general psychiatric symptomatology, irrespective of the catathymic delusional syndrome, was classified psychopathologically as manic-depressive."}
{"id": "PMID:1215576", "title": "[Hypothalamic stimulation effects on duodenal motility of rat. IV) Vias hypothalamo-duodenal (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in duodenal motility, induced by electrical stimulation of hypothalamus, have been studied in rats, and registered by the baloon method. Localization of stimulated points was made by stereotaxic method, or by hostological control. Four animals were previously adrenalectomized. In 13 rats, the experiment has been repeated after bilateral cervical vagotomy. In 5 animals after total spinal cord transection, in the first dorsal segment. In 7 rats the experiment was reproduced after venous injections of atropine solution. In 5 rats after venous injections of dibenamine solution, and in other 5, after venous injection of hexamethonium solution. 1) Impulses that produced excitatory duodenal effects were mediated by the vagi nerves. 2) Impulses that produied inhibitory duodenal effects were not transmitted by the vagi nerves, but by sympathetic pathways.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic stimulation effects on duodenal motility of rat. IV) Vias hypothalamo-duodenal (author's transl)]. Changes in duodenal motility, induced by electrical stimulation of hypothalamus, have been studied in rats, and registered by the baloon method. Localization of stimulated points was made by stereotaxic method, or by hostological control. Four animals were previously adrenalectomized. In 13 rats, the experiment has been repeated after bilateral cervical vagotomy. In 5 animals after total spinal cord transection, in the first dorsal segment. In 7 rats the experiment was reproduced after venous injections of atropine solution. In 5 rats after venous injections of dibenamine solution, and in other 5, after venous injection of hexamethonium solution. 1) Impulses that produced excitatory duodenal effects were mediated by the vagi nerves. 2) Impulses that produied inhibitory duodenal effects were not transmitted by the vagi nerves, but by sympathetic pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:1215577", "title": "Reappearance of embryonal antigens in planarian regenerates.", "content": "A transient and apparently orderly re-expression of embryonal antigens in planarian regenerates has been demonstrated. This finding seems to corroborate the hypothesis that regeneration in planarians is based on a recapitulation of mechanisms that operate the embryogenesis of these animals, andgives some support to the concept of cancer as a misprogrammed regeneration when contemplated against the background of facts pointed out in the literature.", "contents": "Reappearance of embryonal antigens in planarian regenerates. A transient and apparently orderly re-expression of embryonal antigens in planarian regenerates has been demonstrated. This finding seems to corroborate the hypothesis that regeneration in planarians is based on a recapitulation of mechanisms that operate the embryogenesis of these animals, andgives some support to the concept of cancer as a misprogrammed regeneration when contemplated against the background of facts pointed out in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1215578", "title": "[Human genetics studies in areas of high natural radiation. VII. Genetic load].", "content": "Two methods to estimate the inbreeding load (Morton, Crow and Muller17 1956; Freire-Maia and Freire-Maia6 1965) are reviewed. Both are employed in the analysis of our data. Besides the total population, a sample constituted of individuals with no alien ancestral is also analysed. No clean effect of natural radioactivity, as measured by genetic load models, has been found (this is especially valid for abortions, pre-natal mortality, anomalies, and abnormalities in general). The results on stillbirths and post-natal and total mortalities are discussed, and it is concluded that most probably the differences found are due to uncontrolled concomitant variables (if not to chance alone). Further analysis are under way.", "contents": "[Human genetics studies in areas of high natural radiation. VII. Genetic load]. Two methods to estimate the inbreeding load (Morton, Crow and Muller17 1956; Freire-Maia and Freire-Maia6 1965) are reviewed. Both are employed in the analysis of our data. Besides the total population, a sample constituted of individuals with no alien ancestral is also analysed. No clean effect of natural radioactivity, as measured by genetic load models, has been found (this is especially valid for abortions, pre-natal mortality, anomalies, and abnormalities in general). The results on stillbirths and post-natal and total mortalities are discussed, and it is concluded that most probably the differences found are due to uncontrolled concomitant variables (if not to chance alone). Further analysis are under way."}
{"id": "PMID:1215575", "title": "Experimental protein deficiency in adult rats.", "content": "Male adult rats of the Wistar strain were fed \"ad libitum\" either a protein-free or a 20% casein diet for a period of 28 to 32 days. At the end of the experimental procedure, the animals given the protein-free diet presented a marked loss of body weight plus low levels of plasma protein and albumin concentration. Their livers showed diffuse fatty changes; most of the animals had moderate to severe fatty liver infiltration. They had a negative cumulative nitrogen balance; on the contrary, rats fed the 20% casein diet showed nitrogen retention. The animals of one of the two protein-deficient groups had a significant lower food intake than its control group. However, when food intake was related to animal body weight (g/100 g), the rates of rats on the 20% casein diet and those on protein-free diet were not significantly different.", "contents": "Experimental protein deficiency in adult rats. Male adult rats of the Wistar strain were fed \"ad libitum\" either a protein-free or a 20% casein diet for a period of 28 to 32 days. At the end of the experimental procedure, the animals given the protein-free diet presented a marked loss of body weight plus low levels of plasma protein and albumin concentration. Their livers showed diffuse fatty changes; most of the animals had moderate to severe fatty liver infiltration. They had a negative cumulative nitrogen balance; on the contrary, rats fed the 20% casein diet showed nitrogen retention. The animals of one of the two protein-deficient groups had a significant lower food intake than its control group. However, when food intake was related to animal body weight (g/100 g), the rates of rats on the 20% casein diet and those on protein-free diet were not significantly different."}
{"id": "PMID:1215579", "title": "[Genetics and public health in Brazil (author's transl)].", "content": "The author discusses the effect of genetic disorders on public health, considering not only the affected persons but the importance of assisting their relatives. Sickle cell anemia and consanguineous marriage are specially considered in Northeastern Brazil due to its frequencies and possibilities of being explained to the public through genetic counselling.", "contents": "[Genetics and public health in Brazil (author's transl)]. The author discusses the effect of genetic disorders on public health, considering not only the affected persons but the importance of assisting their relatives. Sickle cell anemia and consanguineous marriage are specially considered in Northeastern Brazil due to its frequencies and possibilities of being explained to the public through genetic counselling."}
{"id": "PMID:1215618", "title": "Inhibition of intestinal sugar transport by phenformin.", "content": "The effect of phenformin on the absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose by hamster and rat intestine, was studied. Phenformin did not affect D-glucose absorption by rat intestine, but it inhibited at 10(-3) to 10(-2) M the absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose by hamster intestine. The inhibition was higher when D-glucose was tested. Phenformin also inhibited active accumulation of these sugars by rings of hamster small intestine, in vitro; this effect was greater when D-glucose was utilized. The drug inhibits the oxygen uptake in the tissue in the absence or in the presence of added substrate. Phenformin, as previously suggested, does not seem to act as a specific inhibitor on D-glucose transport, but most likely by its inhibitory effect on mitochondrial respiration.", "contents": "Inhibition of intestinal sugar transport by phenformin. The effect of phenformin on the absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose by hamster and rat intestine, was studied. Phenformin did not affect D-glucose absorption by rat intestine, but it inhibited at 10(-3) to 10(-2) M the absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose by hamster intestine. The inhibition was higher when D-glucose was tested. Phenformin also inhibited active accumulation of these sugars by rings of hamster small intestine, in vitro; this effect was greater when D-glucose was utilized. The drug inhibits the oxygen uptake in the tissue in the absence or in the presence of added substrate. Phenformin, as previously suggested, does not seem to act as a specific inhibitor on D-glucose transport, but most likely by its inhibitory effect on mitochondrial respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:1215619", "title": "Sodium dependence of intestinal active transport of sugars in snail (Cryptomphalus hortensis M\u00fcller).", "content": "Active transport of sugars (D-galactose, D-glucose, 3-0-methylglucose and L-arabinose) by sacs of everted intestine of snail (Cryptomphalus hortensis) was strongly inhibited, but not abolished, when all Na from the bathing solutions was substituted by K, Tris, Mg or Ca. Absence of Na produced also a marked inhibition of O2 consumption by the tissue. Omission of other cations (K, Ca, Mg), substituted by Tris, did not affect sugar transport or O2 uptake. Sodium seems to play a specific and important but not indispensable r\u00f4le in sugar active transport by snail intestine. Since anaerobiosis did not affect sugar transport, this Na role is independent of its effect on O2 uptake.", "contents": "Sodium dependence of intestinal active transport of sugars in snail (Cryptomphalus hortensis M\u00fcller). Active transport of sugars (D-galactose, D-glucose, 3-0-methylglucose and L-arabinose) by sacs of everted intestine of snail (Cryptomphalus hortensis) was strongly inhibited, but not abolished, when all Na from the bathing solutions was substituted by K, Tris, Mg or Ca. Absence of Na produced also a marked inhibition of O2 consumption by the tissue. Omission of other cations (K, Ca, Mg), substituted by Tris, did not affect sugar transport or O2 uptake. Sodium seems to play a specific and important but not indispensable r\u00f4le in sugar active transport by snail intestine. Since anaerobiosis did not affect sugar transport, this Na role is independent of its effect on O2 uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:1215620", "title": "Studies on bradycardia mechanism in the moderately hypothermic dog.", "content": "Chronotropic action of isoprenaline on the heart was studied in anesthetized dogs, in euthermic and moderate hypothermic conditions, before and after intravenous administration of atropine and oxprenolol or a cervical bilateral vagotomy. In moderate hypothermia we observed: i) larger duration of the positive chronotropic response to isoprenaline with a delayed and slightly lesser intensity in its maximum; ii) relating to euthermic conditions, delayed but superimposed potentiation of the chronotropic isoprenaline response in atropinized or vagotomized dogs; iii) a small negative chronotropic response to isoprenaline 15 min after oxprenolol, that diminished after atropine; iiii) oxprenolol induced a marked bradycardia nearly twice as intense as in euthermic dogs, almost completely blocked subsequently by atropine. It is concluded that progressive bradycardia in the moderately hypothermic dog is due, among other factors, to a cholinergic action but not to a lesser ability of beta-adrenergic cardiac effectors to chronotropic responses.", "contents": "Studies on bradycardia mechanism in the moderately hypothermic dog. Chronotropic action of isoprenaline on the heart was studied in anesthetized dogs, in euthermic and moderate hypothermic conditions, before and after intravenous administration of atropine and oxprenolol or a cervical bilateral vagotomy. In moderate hypothermia we observed: i) larger duration of the positive chronotropic response to isoprenaline with a delayed and slightly lesser intensity in its maximum; ii) relating to euthermic conditions, delayed but superimposed potentiation of the chronotropic isoprenaline response in atropinized or vagotomized dogs; iii) a small negative chronotropic response to isoprenaline 15 min after oxprenolol, that diminished after atropine; iiii) oxprenolol induced a marked bradycardia nearly twice as intense as in euthermic dogs, almost completely blocked subsequently by atropine. It is concluded that progressive bradycardia in the moderately hypothermic dog is due, among other factors, to a cholinergic action but not to a lesser ability of beta-adrenergic cardiac effectors to chronotropic responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1215621", "title": "Pine seed ribonucleases. I. Preparation and properties.", "content": "The enzyme preparation, about 100 fold purified, shows optimal activity at pH 4.8 and 5.9. This activity lessens rapidly at 40-60 degrees C, and retains 20% at 100 degrees C. These results of heat stability and optimal pH might suggest that the enzyme preparation contains two enzymes. The use of gel filtration clearly shows that pine RNAses are endonuclease.", "contents": "Pine seed ribonucleases. I. Preparation and properties. The enzyme preparation, about 100 fold purified, shows optimal activity at pH 4.8 and 5.9. This activity lessens rapidly at 40-60 degrees C, and retains 20% at 100 degrees C. These results of heat stability and optimal pH might suggest that the enzyme preparation contains two enzymes. The use of gel filtration clearly shows that pine RNAses are endonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:1215622", "title": "Rapid biochemical test for seed germinability.", "content": "Sugar and aminoacids were investigated in sterile distilled water after Pinus pinea seeds had been soaked in it during 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Germination viability decreased with the ageing of the seeds and was accompanied by sugar and aminoacids increase in the exudate. The sugar content from seeds with loss of germinability was about 50 to 80 times greater than that from seeds with good germinability. Paper chromatography showed that there was an increase in mono, di, oligosaccharides and amino-acids in seeds without germinability, but these substances were only found as trace quantities in viable seeds. The methods already described by TKAYANAGI and MURAKAMI to determine germinability could be applied with some modifications to Pinus pinea seeds. The presence of sugar in the exudate could be detected by urine sugar test after 24 hours at 37 degrees C. It was necessary to concentrate the exudate till a final volume of 2 ml.", "contents": "Rapid biochemical test for seed germinability. Sugar and aminoacids were investigated in sterile distilled water after Pinus pinea seeds had been soaked in it during 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Germination viability decreased with the ageing of the seeds and was accompanied by sugar and aminoacids increase in the exudate. The sugar content from seeds with loss of germinability was about 50 to 80 times greater than that from seeds with good germinability. Paper chromatography showed that there was an increase in mono, di, oligosaccharides and amino-acids in seeds without germinability, but these substances were only found as trace quantities in viable seeds. The methods already described by TKAYANAGI and MURAKAMI to determine germinability could be applied with some modifications to Pinus pinea seeds. The presence of sugar in the exudate could be detected by urine sugar test after 24 hours at 37 degrees C. It was necessary to concentrate the exudate till a final volume of 2 ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1215623", "title": "Effect of epinephrine on the synthesis of glyceride glycerol in adipose tissue in vitro.", "content": "In order to study the effect of epinephrine on the rate of esterification of fatty acids in adipose tissue, pieces of epididymal fat pad were incubated in KRB in the presence of purified albumin, glucose and either 1-14C-glycerol, 1-14C-glucose or 6-14C-glucose. Epinephrine enhances the production of glycerol but reduces the uptake of 1-14C-glycerol by the tissue and its conversion to 14CO2, 14C-fatty acids and 14C-glyceride glycerol. When the change in specific activity of the tracer is taken into account the effect of epinephrine on the utilization of glycerol by the tissue is only observed in the reduction of glyceride glycerol synthesis. When 14C-labelled glucose was used as tracer, epinephrine enhances both the production of 14CO2 from 6-14C-glucose and the synthesis of 14C-glyceride glycerol from 1-14C and 6-14C-glucose. The contrasting effects of epinephrine on the glyceride glycerol formation from glycerol and from glucose can explain the difficulties found in observing any change in the net rate of esterification of fatty acids by adipose tissue.", "contents": "Effect of epinephrine on the synthesis of glyceride glycerol in adipose tissue in vitro. In order to study the effect of epinephrine on the rate of esterification of fatty acids in adipose tissue, pieces of epididymal fat pad were incubated in KRB in the presence of purified albumin, glucose and either 1-14C-glycerol, 1-14C-glucose or 6-14C-glucose. Epinephrine enhances the production of glycerol but reduces the uptake of 1-14C-glycerol by the tissue and its conversion to 14CO2, 14C-fatty acids and 14C-glyceride glycerol. When the change in specific activity of the tracer is taken into account the effect of epinephrine on the utilization of glycerol by the tissue is only observed in the reduction of glyceride glycerol synthesis. When 14C-labelled glucose was used as tracer, epinephrine enhances both the production of 14CO2 from 6-14C-glucose and the synthesis of 14C-glyceride glycerol from 1-14C and 6-14C-glucose. The contrasting effects of epinephrine on the glyceride glycerol formation from glycerol and from glucose can explain the difficulties found in observing any change in the net rate of esterification of fatty acids by adipose tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1215624", "title": "Regional distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine in cat brain.", "content": "The regional distribution of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain of the cat is poorly understood. In this work, serotonin was analyzed fluorometrically along the brain stem and prosencephalon of the cat. The hypothalamus had the highest concentration of serotonin. Serotonin decreased gradually at the mesencephalon, preoptic area, medulla oblongata, hippocampus, pons, visual cortex, spinal cord and frontal cortex. Significant differences were found between the raphe (3 mm thick) and the lateral blocks of the brain stem. The concentration of serotonin is higher in the raphe blocks, though it decreases caudally. There is no significant difference between the raphe (4 mm thick) and the lateral block of the brain stem. The results demonstrate the regional concentration of serotonin in the CNS of a normal cat, the relationships between serotoninergic neuron groups and serotonin concentration,and the probable significance of nerve terminals and varicosities in storing serotonin.", "contents": "Regional distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine in cat brain. The regional distribution of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain of the cat is poorly understood. In this work, serotonin was analyzed fluorometrically along the brain stem and prosencephalon of the cat. The hypothalamus had the highest concentration of serotonin. Serotonin decreased gradually at the mesencephalon, preoptic area, medulla oblongata, hippocampus, pons, visual cortex, spinal cord and frontal cortex. Significant differences were found between the raphe (3 mm thick) and the lateral blocks of the brain stem. The concentration of serotonin is higher in the raphe blocks, though it decreases caudally. There is no significant difference between the raphe (4 mm thick) and the lateral block of the brain stem. The results demonstrate the regional concentration of serotonin in the CNS of a normal cat, the relationships between serotoninergic neuron groups and serotonin concentration,and the probable significance of nerve terminals and varicosities in storing serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:1215625", "title": "[Action of the sexual hormones on the endogenous norepinephrine of the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of ovariectomy and the injection of sexual hormones on the norepinephrine (NE) content in different areas of the central nervous system were studied in the Wistar female rat. The ovariectomy increased the NE in the hypothalamus, cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. The estradiol benzoate did not modify the NE levels in the ovariectomized rats. Progesterone decreased the NE in the hypothalamus and testosterone dipropionate increased it in the brain hemispheres. It seems possible that the hypersecretion of FSH would increase the synthesis of NE in castrated animals through the potentation of the tyroxine-hydroxylase activity. Increase in testosterone synthesis was probably responsible for the raise in NE levels. The progesterone moderated the effects of the ovariectomy, probably through feed-back mechanisms involving the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract.", "contents": "[Action of the sexual hormones on the endogenous norepinephrine of the central nervous system (author's transl)]. The effects of ovariectomy and the injection of sexual hormones on the norepinephrine (NE) content in different areas of the central nervous system were studied in the Wistar female rat. The ovariectomy increased the NE in the hypothalamus, cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. The estradiol benzoate did not modify the NE levels in the ovariectomized rats. Progesterone decreased the NE in the hypothalamus and testosterone dipropionate increased it in the brain hemispheres. It seems possible that the hypersecretion of FSH would increase the synthesis of NE in castrated animals through the potentation of the tyroxine-hydroxylase activity. Increase in testosterone synthesis was probably responsible for the raise in NE levels. The progesterone moderated the effects of the ovariectomy, probably through feed-back mechanisms involving the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:1215626", "title": "[A study of the o-toluidine method for glycogen measurement (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of the o-toluidine procedure for glucose estimation was studied in the determination of glycogen. Decrease in final colour formation, caused by the acid used on hydrolising glycogen, was the major problem. 90 minutes incubation periods with 1N sulphuric acid at 100 degrees C, produced best results. Some other steps of this method and their application to glycogen measurement are also discussed. The proposed procedure leads to a stable colour formation, proportional to glycogen concentration, and allows determination of polysaccharide in small biological samples.", "contents": "[A study of the o-toluidine method for glycogen measurement (author's transl)]. The application of the o-toluidine procedure for glucose estimation was studied in the determination of glycogen. Decrease in final colour formation, caused by the acid used on hydrolising glycogen, was the major problem. 90 minutes incubation periods with 1N sulphuric acid at 100 degrees C, produced best results. Some other steps of this method and their application to glycogen measurement are also discussed. The proposed procedure leads to a stable colour formation, proportional to glycogen concentration, and allows determination of polysaccharide in small biological samples."}
{"id": "PMID:1215632", "title": "Reversibility of thermal injury to myocardial protein synthesis.", "content": "The ability of transient temperature variations for up to 120-min duration to affect myocardial protein synthesis (MPS) with return to normal temperatures was evaluated using 14C-phenylalanine incorporation into total protein of isolated rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles as in vitro model. Muscles were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing tracer amino acid at temperatures of 28-43 degrees C or incubated without tracer at the same temperatures for up to 120 min and then incubated at 37 degrees C for an additional 2 hr with the tracer amino acid present for the final hour of incubation. Higher as well as lower than physiological temperatures depressed MPS. Recovery from thermal injury to MPS was significantly incomplete when the experimental temperature deviated by 6 degrees C or more from the control (28 and 43 degrees C, respectively) and exposure exceeded 60-min duration. Specific activity of the intracellular amino acid pool was directly measured, and variations in specific activity of the tracer pool were not responsible for the observed effects on MPS. Methylprednisolone (10(-5)M), chloroquine phosphate (10(-5) M), and glucose (15 mM) if present during hyperthermia did not ameliorate thermal damage. It is concluded that hypothermia causes inhibition as well as a degree of irreversible inactivation of the protein synthetic mechanism whereas hyperthermia causes predominant denaturation and irreversibile damage to MPS.", "contents": "Reversibility of thermal injury to myocardial protein synthesis. The ability of transient temperature variations for up to 120-min duration to affect myocardial protein synthesis (MPS) with return to normal temperatures was evaluated using 14C-phenylalanine incorporation into total protein of isolated rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles as in vitro model. Muscles were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing tracer amino acid at temperatures of 28-43 degrees C or incubated without tracer at the same temperatures for up to 120 min and then incubated at 37 degrees C for an additional 2 hr with the tracer amino acid present for the final hour of incubation. Higher as well as lower than physiological temperatures depressed MPS. Recovery from thermal injury to MPS was significantly incomplete when the experimental temperature deviated by 6 degrees C or more from the control (28 and 43 degrees C, respectively) and exposure exceeded 60-min duration. Specific activity of the intracellular amino acid pool was directly measured, and variations in specific activity of the tracer pool were not responsible for the observed effects on MPS. Methylprednisolone (10(-5)M), chloroquine phosphate (10(-5) M), and glucose (15 mM) if present during hyperthermia did not ameliorate thermal damage. It is concluded that hypothermia causes inhibition as well as a degree of irreversible inactivation of the protein synthetic mechanism whereas hyperthermia causes predominant denaturation and irreversibile damage to MPS."}
{"id": "PMID:1215633", "title": "Autoradiographic analysis of label distribution in mammalian atrial and ventricular cardiocytes after exposure to tritiated leucine.", "content": "Radiolabeled leucine was used as a marker for newly synthesized proteins in rat atrial and ventricular muscle. The fate of these proteins was assessed during time-course experiments using high resolution autoradiography. Special attention was paid to the labeling pattern in the central sarcoplasmic cores of atrial cardiocytes. The data obtained are compatible with the view that these cells synthesized, concentrate, and a store a product of protein nature in a fashion similar to that observed in some secretory cell types.", "contents": "Autoradiographic analysis of label distribution in mammalian atrial and ventricular cardiocytes after exposure to tritiated leucine. Radiolabeled leucine was used as a marker for newly synthesized proteins in rat atrial and ventricular muscle. The fate of these proteins was assessed during time-course experiments using high resolution autoradiography. Special attention was paid to the labeling pattern in the central sarcoplasmic cores of atrial cardiocytes. The data obtained are compatible with the view that these cells synthesized, concentrate, and a store a product of protein nature in a fashion similar to that observed in some secretory cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:1215634", "title": "Protective role of increased myocardial glycogen stores induced by propranolol.", "content": "Glycogen is an essential substrate during myocardial anoxia. Since porpranolol may maintain myocardial glycogen levels after acute stress by blockade of catecholamine-induced glycogenolysis, we evaluated the effect of propranolol treatment in the isolated perfused isovolumic paced rat heart. Forty-one rats were studied after 10 min of ice-water immersion: half were pretreated with propranolol, 20 mg/kg/day x3, and half with saline. Glycogen content of unperfused propranolol-treated hearts exceeded controls by 46% (146 +/- 9 vs. 100 +/- 4 mumoles/g dry wt, p less than 0.02), and this difference persisted during aerobic perfusion. Propranolol did not affect adenine nucleotide concentration or left ventricular hemodynamics. Following 5 min of anoxic perfusion, propranolol hearts showed improved ventricular performance concomitant with enhanced glycogenolytic flux and lactate production. Propranolol augmented high energy phosphate production (ATP/AMP = 5.19 +/- 0.42 vs. 3.39 +/- 0.42, p less than 0.02) and increased coronary flow (22.1 +/- 1.6 vs. 16.6 +/- 1.4 ml/min, p less than 0.02) during anoxia. Thus, propranolol supported glycogen stores following acute stresses, enhanced glycogenolytic energy production, increased coronary flow, and improved ventricular function during subsequent anoxia.", "contents": "Protective role of increased myocardial glycogen stores induced by propranolol. Glycogen is an essential substrate during myocardial anoxia. Since porpranolol may maintain myocardial glycogen levels after acute stress by blockade of catecholamine-induced glycogenolysis, we evaluated the effect of propranolol treatment in the isolated perfused isovolumic paced rat heart. Forty-one rats were studied after 10 min of ice-water immersion: half were pretreated with propranolol, 20 mg/kg/day x3, and half with saline. Glycogen content of unperfused propranolol-treated hearts exceeded controls by 46% (146 +/- 9 vs. 100 +/- 4 mumoles/g dry wt, p less than 0.02), and this difference persisted during aerobic perfusion. Propranolol did not affect adenine nucleotide concentration or left ventricular hemodynamics. Following 5 min of anoxic perfusion, propranolol hearts showed improved ventricular performance concomitant with enhanced glycogenolytic flux and lactate production. Propranolol augmented high energy phosphate production (ATP/AMP = 5.19 +/- 0.42 vs. 3.39 +/- 0.42, p less than 0.02) and increased coronary flow (22.1 +/- 1.6 vs. 16.6 +/- 1.4 ml/min, p less than 0.02) during anoxia. Thus, propranolol supported glycogen stores following acute stresses, enhanced glycogenolytic energy production, increased coronary flow, and improved ventricular function during subsequent anoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1215635", "title": "Glycogen content in human embryonic heart.", "content": "Glycogen concentration in the human embryonic heart is about 10 times higher than in that of human adults. Glycogen content of embryonic right atrium is significantly higher than that in ventricles.", "contents": "Glycogen content in human embryonic heart. Glycogen concentration in the human embryonic heart is about 10 times higher than in that of human adults. Glycogen content of embryonic right atrium is significantly higher than that in ventricles."}
{"id": "PMID:1215636", "title": "Studies on the control of energy metabolism in mammalian cardiac muscle cells in culture.", "content": "Myocardial cells in a monolayer culture are a myogenic model system wihch shows functional differentiation and in which the intracellular metabolism and energy utilization do not differ markedly from those of the fresh tissue. In the myocardial cells, as in numerous other muscle tissues, the concentration of high energy phosphate compounds, primarily phosphorylcreatine, correlates well with the functional integrity of the cells. The decline of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) below a critical level leads to the cessation of rhythmic contractions of the cells in culture, and, conversely, an increased steady state level of ATP correlates with an increased rate of excitability. When creatine, in the concentration range known to be present in the cardiac tissue, is added to the growth medium of the cultured myocardial cells, the intracellular concentration of phosphorylcreatine increases up to 100%. Since the only metabolic path known for phosphorylcreatine synthesis is via creatine phosphokinase, the rate of transphosphorylation and ATP synthesis must have been increased. This stimulation of energy production is due to the regeneration of mitochondrial ADP brought about by the phosphosphorylation of creatine to phosphorylcreatine and possibly, also, to an enhanced rate of glycolysis. No net transfer of approximately P from ATP to creatine was observed under any of the experimental conditions. The high steady state level of phosphorylcreatine was not maintained upon the addition of either oligomycin or 2-deoxyglucose, and the addition of both metabolic inhibitors simultaneously resulted in a depletion of phosphorylcreatine and ATP and in cessation of rhythmic contractions. The excitability was also inhibited upon the addition of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, a creatine phosphokinase inhibitor, and the accompanying depletion of approximately P was primarily reflected in a decrease of ATP concentration. These findings support the following conclusions: (1) phosphorylcreatine serves as a source of approximately P for the resynthesis of ATP at the site of utilization (i.e., myofibrils, membrane) and thus maintains the optimal energy charge; (2) production site; (3) the regeneration of phosphorylcreatine is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation and possibly to glycolysis. Creatine-phosphorylcreatine system operates as a undirectional shuttle for approximately P and as a control system regulating energy production according to demand. Reports of studies on intact mitochondria and on isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase give further support to the above conditions.", "contents": "Studies on the control of energy metabolism in mammalian cardiac muscle cells in culture. Myocardial cells in a monolayer culture are a myogenic model system wihch shows functional differentiation and in which the intracellular metabolism and energy utilization do not differ markedly from those of the fresh tissue. In the myocardial cells, as in numerous other muscle tissues, the concentration of high energy phosphate compounds, primarily phosphorylcreatine, correlates well with the functional integrity of the cells. The decline of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) below a critical level leads to the cessation of rhythmic contractions of the cells in culture, and, conversely, an increased steady state level of ATP correlates with an increased rate of excitability. When creatine, in the concentration range known to be present in the cardiac tissue, is added to the growth medium of the cultured myocardial cells, the intracellular concentration of phosphorylcreatine increases up to 100%. Since the only metabolic path known for phosphorylcreatine synthesis is via creatine phosphokinase, the rate of transphosphorylation and ATP synthesis must have been increased. This stimulation of energy production is due to the regeneration of mitochondrial ADP brought about by the phosphosphorylation of creatine to phosphorylcreatine and possibly, also, to an enhanced rate of glycolysis. No net transfer of approximately P from ATP to creatine was observed under any of the experimental conditions. The high steady state level of phosphorylcreatine was not maintained upon the addition of either oligomycin or 2-deoxyglucose, and the addition of both metabolic inhibitors simultaneously resulted in a depletion of phosphorylcreatine and ATP and in cessation of rhythmic contractions. The excitability was also inhibited upon the addition of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, a creatine phosphokinase inhibitor, and the accompanying depletion of approximately P was primarily reflected in a decrease of ATP concentration. These findings support the following conclusions: (1) phosphorylcreatine serves as a source of approximately P for the resynthesis of ATP at the site of utilization (i.e., myofibrils, membrane) and thus maintains the optimal energy charge; (2) production site; (3) the regeneration of phosphorylcreatine is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation and possibly to glycolysis. Creatine-phosphorylcreatine system operates as a undirectional shuttle for approximately P and as a control system regulating energy production according to demand. Reports of studies on intact mitochondria and on isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase give further support to the above conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1215637", "title": "Importance of calcium in the inotropic effect of hyperosomotic agents, norepinephrine, paired electrical stimulation, and treppe.", "content": "The data obtained from these studies demonstrate that the inotropic effect of hyperosmolar mannitol and sucrose and of paired electrical stimulation is critically influenced by extracellular calcium concentration. The inotropic effect of norepinephrine is not prevented by maximal functional extracellular calcium concentrations. Inhibition of systolic calcium flux at the cell membrane by D600 does not prevent the inotropic effect of hyperosmolar mannitol or of paired electrical stimulation but it does prevent the inotropic effect of hyperosmolar intropic effect of treppe. Thus, intracellular calcium regulation appears to be of major importance in the inotropic effect in isolated cardiac muscle of mannitol and paired pacing while systolic calcium flux at the cell membrane appears to be of major importance in the inotropic effect of treppe.", "contents": "Importance of calcium in the inotropic effect of hyperosomotic agents, norepinephrine, paired electrical stimulation, and treppe. The data obtained from these studies demonstrate that the inotropic effect of hyperosmolar mannitol and sucrose and of paired electrical stimulation is critically influenced by extracellular calcium concentration. The inotropic effect of norepinephrine is not prevented by maximal functional extracellular calcium concentrations. Inhibition of systolic calcium flux at the cell membrane by D600 does not prevent the inotropic effect of hyperosmolar mannitol or of paired electrical stimulation but it does prevent the inotropic effect of hyperosmolar intropic effect of treppe. Thus, intracellular calcium regulation appears to be of major importance in the inotropic effect in isolated cardiac muscle of mannitol and paired pacing while systolic calcium flux at the cell membrane appears to be of major importance in the inotropic effect of treppe."}
{"id": "PMID:1215638", "title": "Calcium, tropomyosin, and actomyosin as controls of calcium binding by troponin.", "content": "A nonlinear least squares analysis of Scatchard plots of Ca++ binding to troponin, native tropomyosin, and myosin B demonstrates that troponin does not possess two classes of independent binding sites. Since the data cannot be accounted for by assuming more than two classes of independent sites, we conclude that binding of one Ca decreases the affinity of troponin for binding the next. Negative interaction is increased in the presence of tropomyosin and further increased by actomyosin. The maximal Ca++ affinity of troponin at low fractional occupancy is not affected by tropomyosin but may be significantly reduced by actomyosin. Because of negative interaction, troponin's Ca++ affinity should vary during the course of contraction. This variation could profoundly affect translocations of Ca between troponin and reticulum and the time course of the active state.", "contents": "Calcium, tropomyosin, and actomyosin as controls of calcium binding by troponin. A nonlinear least squares analysis of Scatchard plots of Ca++ binding to troponin, native tropomyosin, and myosin B demonstrates that troponin does not possess two classes of independent binding sites. Since the data cannot be accounted for by assuming more than two classes of independent sites, we conclude that binding of one Ca decreases the affinity of troponin for binding the next. Negative interaction is increased in the presence of tropomyosin and further increased by actomyosin. The maximal Ca++ affinity of troponin at low fractional occupancy is not affected by tropomyosin but may be significantly reduced by actomyosin. Because of negative interaction, troponin's Ca++ affinity should vary during the course of contraction. This variation could profoundly affect translocations of Ca between troponin and reticulum and the time course of the active state."}
{"id": "PMID:1215639", "title": "Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from stressed rat heart.", "content": "Oxidative phosphorylation was measured polarographically in mitochondria isolated from rat heart. With regard to ADP/O ratio and respiratory control index, no differences were found among mitochondria isolated from normal, acutely (increased pneumatic resistance of the heart-lung preparation) and chronicly (renal hypertension) stressed heart. However, the acute stressed heart induced by strangulating the outflow tract of the heart-lung preparation showed clear depression and tendency to depression, respectively, in the level of ADP/O ratio and respiratory control index in mitochondria. The results indicate that there is no change in the oxidative phosphorylating mechanism of the myocardial mitochondria of nonfailed heart despite acute or chronic pressure loadings; however, there is an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of the failed heart after acute strangulation of the outflow tract.", "contents": "Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from stressed rat heart. Oxidative phosphorylation was measured polarographically in mitochondria isolated from rat heart. With regard to ADP/O ratio and respiratory control index, no differences were found among mitochondria isolated from normal, acutely (increased pneumatic resistance of the heart-lung preparation) and chronicly (renal hypertension) stressed heart. However, the acute stressed heart induced by strangulating the outflow tract of the heart-lung preparation showed clear depression and tendency to depression, respectively, in the level of ADP/O ratio and respiratory control index in mitochondria. The results indicate that there is no change in the oxidative phosphorylating mechanism of the myocardial mitochondria of nonfailed heart despite acute or chronic pressure loadings; however, there is an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of the failed heart after acute strangulation of the outflow tract."}
{"id": "PMID:1215640", "title": "Relationship between coronary flow and adenosine triphosphate production from glycolysis and oxidative metabolism.", "content": "The relationship between coronary flow and adenosine triphosphate ATP production was determined in isolated rat hearts and in situ pigs hearts. The major source of ATP in ischemic hearts was oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidation of glucose accounted for most of the residual oxygen consumption in ischemic hearts when the concentration of fatty acids was low, but at 1.2 mM palmitate fatty acids were oxidized in preference to carbohydrate, as in aerobic hearts. The rates of ATP production from both glycolysis and oxidative metabolism were decreased in proportion to the reduction in coronary flow in oxygen-deficient hearts. Glycolysis was reduced to below aerobic rates when coronary flow was about 0.5 ml/min/g tissue in both rat hearts perfused with bicarbonate buffer and blood-perfused pig hearts. Tissue level of high energy phosphates reflected the rates of ATP production and declined in proportion to the reduction in coronary flow. In addition, tissue lactate and H+ accumulated in proportion to the restriction in flow.", "contents": "Relationship between coronary flow and adenosine triphosphate production from glycolysis and oxidative metabolism. The relationship between coronary flow and adenosine triphosphate ATP production was determined in isolated rat hearts and in situ pigs hearts. The major source of ATP in ischemic hearts was oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidation of glucose accounted for most of the residual oxygen consumption in ischemic hearts when the concentration of fatty acids was low, but at 1.2 mM palmitate fatty acids were oxidized in preference to carbohydrate, as in aerobic hearts. The rates of ATP production from both glycolysis and oxidative metabolism were decreased in proportion to the reduction in coronary flow in oxygen-deficient hearts. Glycolysis was reduced to below aerobic rates when coronary flow was about 0.5 ml/min/g tissue in both rat hearts perfused with bicarbonate buffer and blood-perfused pig hearts. Tissue level of high energy phosphates reflected the rates of ATP production and declined in proportion to the reduction in coronary flow. In addition, tissue lactate and H+ accumulated in proportion to the restriction in flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1215641", "title": "Posthypoxia stimulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "To determine whether hypoxia per se could initiate myocardial ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, isolated rat hearts were subjected to varying degrees of hypoxic perfusion in a modified Langendorff apparatus. Following a 30-min aerobic stabilization period the hearts were perfused for 30 min with media gassed with mixtures containing O:96% O2, 4% CO2, balance N2. Immediately following the stress period, the hearts were perfused for an additional 30 min with oxygenated media containing radiolabeled uridine, and the incorporation into RNA was determined. Exposure of hearts to 48% O2 resulted in a slight but nonsignificant increase in uridine incorporation. Reduction of perfusate oxygen to 24% caused a significant increase in label incorporation into RNA over that of the aerobic controls. Further reductions in oxygen tension resulted in concomitant increases in uridine incorporation, with the highest levels seen following 30 min of anoxia. Performance was not significantly different from that of controls during the aerobic labeling period. Exposure of hearts to brief (5 min) anoxic perfusion also resulted in significant increases in RNA synthesis during the posthypoxic perfusion period. It is concluded that intermittent hypoxia can initiate the biochemical mechanisms which result in increased myocardial RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Posthypoxia stimulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis in the isolated perfused rat heart. To determine whether hypoxia per se could initiate myocardial ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, isolated rat hearts were subjected to varying degrees of hypoxic perfusion in a modified Langendorff apparatus. Following a 30-min aerobic stabilization period the hearts were perfused for 30 min with media gassed with mixtures containing O:96% O2, 4% CO2, balance N2. Immediately following the stress period, the hearts were perfused for an additional 30 min with oxygenated media containing radiolabeled uridine, and the incorporation into RNA was determined. Exposure of hearts to 48% O2 resulted in a slight but nonsignificant increase in uridine incorporation. Reduction of perfusate oxygen to 24% caused a significant increase in label incorporation into RNA over that of the aerobic controls. Further reductions in oxygen tension resulted in concomitant increases in uridine incorporation, with the highest levels seen following 30 min of anoxia. Performance was not significantly different from that of controls during the aerobic labeling period. Exposure of hearts to brief (5 min) anoxic perfusion also resulted in significant increases in RNA synthesis during the posthypoxic perfusion period. It is concluded that intermittent hypoxia can initiate the biochemical mechanisms which result in increased myocardial RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215642", "title": "Impairment of mitochondrial function following reperfusion of acutely ischemic myocardium.", "content": "This study examines indices of respiratory function in mitochondria prepared from transiently ischemic myocardium that had been reperfused in order to evaluate the validity of performing early surgical revascularization procedures. Experiments were performed in pigs with temporary ligation (15-80 min) of an anterior descending coronary artery followed by a 2-hr reperfusion period. Mitochondria preparations were studied simultaneously from normal and reperfused mitochondria in malate and glutamate substrates using the polarographic method. Results revealed a marked decrease of oxygen consumption of mitochondria from reperfused myocardium with relative preservation of oxidative phosphorylation (near normal ADP/O ratio). These results are compatible with a block in electron transport, a theory which was further supported by the data obtained using dinitrophenol as an uncoupler. Additional studies suggested the block was located at site I in the electron transport chain since mitochondrial oxygen consumption, including ATP-linked oxygen consumption, was enhanced by the use of succinate in combination with glutamate. The abnormal mitochondrial function observed is probably due to ischemia persisting despite reperfusion.", "contents": "Impairment of mitochondrial function following reperfusion of acutely ischemic myocardium. This study examines indices of respiratory function in mitochondria prepared from transiently ischemic myocardium that had been reperfused in order to evaluate the validity of performing early surgical revascularization procedures. Experiments were performed in pigs with temporary ligation (15-80 min) of an anterior descending coronary artery followed by a 2-hr reperfusion period. Mitochondria preparations were studied simultaneously from normal and reperfused mitochondria in malate and glutamate substrates using the polarographic method. Results revealed a marked decrease of oxygen consumption of mitochondria from reperfused myocardium with relative preservation of oxidative phosphorylation (near normal ADP/O ratio). These results are compatible with a block in electron transport, a theory which was further supported by the data obtained using dinitrophenol as an uncoupler. Additional studies suggested the block was located at site I in the electron transport chain since mitochondrial oxygen consumption, including ATP-linked oxygen consumption, was enhanced by the use of succinate in combination with glutamate. The abnormal mitochondrial function observed is probably due to ischemia persisting despite reperfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:1215643", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of infarcted myocardium.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope had been applied to the study of cellular alterations which are caused by myocardial ischemia. This instrument allows rapid tissue preparation and, while resolution is less than can be obtained with the transmission electron microscope, it provides a somewhat three-dimensional appearance of the cell's ultrastructure. The early alterations consist mainly of swelling of organelles, separation of fibrils, and clumping of nuclear chromatin. Within 5 hr disruption of the T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs, nuclear distortion is frequent, and fibrillar destruction is commonly seen but is often focal. Extensive fibrillar alterations occur after 10 hr and become more exaggerated at 24 hr after the onset of ischemia. However, even after 24 hr many mitochondria and nuclei, though damaged, are recognizable. This study suggests that scanning electron microscopy may play a useful role in the study of pathological alterations at the ultrastructural level.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of infarcted myocardium. The scanning electron microscope had been applied to the study of cellular alterations which are caused by myocardial ischemia. This instrument allows rapid tissue preparation and, while resolution is less than can be obtained with the transmission electron microscope, it provides a somewhat three-dimensional appearance of the cell's ultrastructure. The early alterations consist mainly of swelling of organelles, separation of fibrils, and clumping of nuclear chromatin. Within 5 hr disruption of the T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs, nuclear distortion is frequent, and fibrillar destruction is commonly seen but is often focal. Extensive fibrillar alterations occur after 10 hr and become more exaggerated at 24 hr after the onset of ischemia. However, even after 24 hr many mitochondria and nuclei, though damaged, are recognizable. This study suggests that scanning electron microscopy may play a useful role in the study of pathological alterations at the ultrastructural level."}
{"id": "PMID:1215644", "title": "Pressure versus flow stress: the response of cardiac protein synthesis.", "content": "Cardiac stress produced by hypertension or excess volume loading results in different types of hypertrophy. Elevated left ventricular pressure rapidly results in increased myocardial protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro, but such rapid alterations are not consistently seen in volume loading. The difference in response is difficult to clarify since it is not possible to effect alterations in left ventricular pressure or perfusion without profoundly affecting coronary perfusion. The present study describes cardiac protein synthesis in the right ventricle of the young guinea pig heart in vitro utilizing a perfusion model in which the right ventricle could be stressed by elevations of pressure or volume loading in the presence of constant and restricted coronary perfusion. With coronary flow maintained at 25 ml/min/g dry wt, an increase in right ventricular pressure from normal levels of 3 mm Hg to 11 mm Hg resulted in a 60% increase of myocardial incorporation of lysine-14 C into protein. However, with further increases of right ventricular pressure to 22 mm Hg, protein synthesis dropped back to normal levels. The fall-off in protein synthesis was not due to decreased contractility, alterations in intracellular lysine pool specific activity, or alterations in total coronary flow or pressure. A 60% increase in coronary perfusion was associated with a similar response of protein synthesis to progressive elevations of pressure. Since the ATP levels rose and lactate production fell, a deficiency of O2 did not entirely explain the decline of protein synthesis with maximal pressures. At all levels of coronary perfusion, volume loading for 3 hr did not result in increased protein incorporation of lysine-14 C. The studies indicate a relationship between ventricular pressure and protein synthesis unrelated to coronary flow per se and suggest a pressure receptor triggering protein synthesis within the ventricular wall. Such a relationship is not apparent in short term volume loading in vitro.", "contents": "Pressure versus flow stress: the response of cardiac protein synthesis. Cardiac stress produced by hypertension or excess volume loading results in different types of hypertrophy. Elevated left ventricular pressure rapidly results in increased myocardial protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro, but such rapid alterations are not consistently seen in volume loading. The difference in response is difficult to clarify since it is not possible to effect alterations in left ventricular pressure or perfusion without profoundly affecting coronary perfusion. The present study describes cardiac protein synthesis in the right ventricle of the young guinea pig heart in vitro utilizing a perfusion model in which the right ventricle could be stressed by elevations of pressure or volume loading in the presence of constant and restricted coronary perfusion. With coronary flow maintained at 25 ml/min/g dry wt, an increase in right ventricular pressure from normal levels of 3 mm Hg to 11 mm Hg resulted in a 60% increase of myocardial incorporation of lysine-14 C into protein. However, with further increases of right ventricular pressure to 22 mm Hg, protein synthesis dropped back to normal levels. The fall-off in protein synthesis was not due to decreased contractility, alterations in intracellular lysine pool specific activity, or alterations in total coronary flow or pressure. A 60% increase in coronary perfusion was associated with a similar response of protein synthesis to progressive elevations of pressure. Since the ATP levels rose and lactate production fell, a deficiency of O2 did not entirely explain the decline of protein synthesis with maximal pressures. At all levels of coronary perfusion, volume loading for 3 hr did not result in increased protein incorporation of lysine-14 C. The studies indicate a relationship between ventricular pressure and protein synthesis unrelated to coronary flow per se and suggest a pressure receptor triggering protein synthesis within the ventricular wall. Such a relationship is not apparent in short term volume loading in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1215645", "title": "Dose-relation of thyroxine-induced changes in myocardial energy stores.", "content": "Experimental hyperthyroidism was produced in guinea pigs by daily intraperitoneal injection of l-thyroxine (T4) in various doses (0.7, 0.35, 0.175, and 0.07 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Controls received solvent only. The following metabolites were determined in heart muscle (freeze-stop technique, enzymatic tests): Pi, adenosine tri-, di-, and monophosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP), creatine phosphate (CP), glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P), fructose diphosphate (FDP), pyruvate, and lactate. Thyroxine induced a dose-related decrease of CP and a corresponding increase of Pi even in the lowest dose used in this study (0.07 mg/kg) and became more pronounced with increased doses. No remarkable changes of adeninenucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP) were observed. G-6-P and FDP levels were markedly elevated in all dosages. Besides other possible effects (thyroxine-induced activation and induction of enzymes) the dose-related decrease of CP and increase of Pi may be due to the increasing contractility. In the physiological and pathophysiological range of thyroxine doses (T4 less than 20 mug%) high energy phosphates stores are dose-related decreased but not to a critical level. In the toxic range heart failure as a consequence of a deficit of CP may occur.", "contents": "Dose-relation of thyroxine-induced changes in myocardial energy stores. Experimental hyperthyroidism was produced in guinea pigs by daily intraperitoneal injection of l-thyroxine (T4) in various doses (0.7, 0.35, 0.175, and 0.07 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Controls received solvent only. The following metabolites were determined in heart muscle (freeze-stop technique, enzymatic tests): Pi, adenosine tri-, di-, and monophosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP), creatine phosphate (CP), glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P), fructose diphosphate (FDP), pyruvate, and lactate. Thyroxine induced a dose-related decrease of CP and a corresponding increase of Pi even in the lowest dose used in this study (0.07 mg/kg) and became more pronounced with increased doses. No remarkable changes of adeninenucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP) were observed. G-6-P and FDP levels were markedly elevated in all dosages. Besides other possible effects (thyroxine-induced activation and induction of enzymes) the dose-related decrease of CP and increase of Pi may be due to the increasing contractility. In the physiological and pathophysiological range of thyroxine doses (T4 less than 20 mug%) high energy phosphates stores are dose-related decreased but not to a critical level. In the toxic range heart failure as a consequence of a deficit of CP may occur."}
{"id": "PMID:1215646", "title": "Myocardial mechanics and oxygen consumption in experimental hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Myocardial mechanics and oxygen consumption were studied in right ventricular papillary muscles taken from cats (N = 15), pretreated with cristaline L-thyroxine (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) 8-18 days prior to the examination. Isotonic afterload and isometric contractions were employed. Oxygen consumption was determined polarographically. Data obtained were compared with control studies on papillary muscles taken from euthyroid cats (N = 15). In isotonic afterloaded contractions the extent of shortening was nearly identical in both groups. However, maximal rate of isometric tension development and velocity of isotonic shortening were considerably increased in hyperthyroid myocardium (by 48 and 42%, respectively). Myocardial oxygen consumption was significantly increased in hyperthyroidism (by 47%), primarily because of an increased maximal rate of isometric tension development and-to a small extent-increased isotonic contraction velocity.", "contents": "Myocardial mechanics and oxygen consumption in experimental hyperthyroidism. Myocardial mechanics and oxygen consumption were studied in right ventricular papillary muscles taken from cats (N = 15), pretreated with cristaline L-thyroxine (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) 8-18 days prior to the examination. Isotonic afterload and isometric contractions were employed. Oxygen consumption was determined polarographically. Data obtained were compared with control studies on papillary muscles taken from euthyroid cats (N = 15). In isotonic afterloaded contractions the extent of shortening was nearly identical in both groups. However, maximal rate of isometric tension development and velocity of isotonic shortening were considerably increased in hyperthyroid myocardium (by 48 and 42%, respectively). Myocardial oxygen consumption was significantly increased in hyperthyroidism (by 47%), primarily because of an increased maximal rate of isometric tension development and-to a small extent-increased isotonic contraction velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:1215647", "title": "Dietary control of cardiac lysosomal enzyme activities.", "content": "Prolonged starvation in rats is accompanied by consistent increases in the total cardiac activity and the nonsedimentable activity of cathepsin D, the major detectable lysosomal acid proteinase in the heart. Fluorescent staining of rabbit hearts with specific anticathepsin D antiserum reveals that the increase occured predominantly in myocytes, but increased formation of autophagic vacuoles cannot be demonstrated in the myocardial cells by electron microscopy. No changes in cathepsin D occur in animals fed pure carbohydrate or pure fat diets for similar periods, indicating that it is caloric deficiency and not dietary protein deficiency that alters catheptic activity. At the same time that cardiac cathepsin D activity increases markedly, acid phosphatase increases slightly, and the activity of beta-acetyl-glucosaminidase is significantly lower than in hearts of fed rats. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that increased activity of lysosomal acid proteinase may contribute to the net protein catabolism and cardiac atrophy that accompany starvation, especially late in the period of food deprivation. A generalized activation of all lysosomal enzymes does not occur with starvation, however, and the activities of some lysosomal enzymes in the heart decrease.", "contents": "Dietary control of cardiac lysosomal enzyme activities. Prolonged starvation in rats is accompanied by consistent increases in the total cardiac activity and the nonsedimentable activity of cathepsin D, the major detectable lysosomal acid proteinase in the heart. Fluorescent staining of rabbit hearts with specific anticathepsin D antiserum reveals that the increase occured predominantly in myocytes, but increased formation of autophagic vacuoles cannot be demonstrated in the myocardial cells by electron microscopy. No changes in cathepsin D occur in animals fed pure carbohydrate or pure fat diets for similar periods, indicating that it is caloric deficiency and not dietary protein deficiency that alters catheptic activity. At the same time that cardiac cathepsin D activity increases markedly, acid phosphatase increases slightly, and the activity of beta-acetyl-glucosaminidase is significantly lower than in hearts of fed rats. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that increased activity of lysosomal acid proteinase may contribute to the net protein catabolism and cardiac atrophy that accompany starvation, especially late in the period of food deprivation. A generalized activation of all lysosomal enzymes does not occur with starvation, however, and the activities of some lysosomal enzymes in the heart decrease."}
{"id": "PMID:1215648", "title": "Carciac muscle cytoplasmic and nuclear development during canine neonatal growth.", "content": "Morphological aspects of cardiac myocytes during neonatal growth were studied in isolated cell preparations from 23 dog hearts (newborn to 38 weeks old). Additional hearts were perfused with glutaraldehyde for electron microscopic study. At least 200 isolated cells in stained smears of each ventricle were examined for nuclear number, and at least 25 cells were measured with an eyepiece micrometer to calculate cell volume. At birth, 96-100% of myocytes contained a single nucleus. By 2 weeks, 15% of cells contained two to four nuclei; multiple nuclei were present in 55% of myocytes at 4 weeks, in 85% at 6-10 weeks, and in 55-60% at 15, 28, and 38 weeks. Although left ventricular weight increased lenearly from birth, there was no increase in single nucleated cell size until 4-6 weeks, indicating cellular hyperplasia; by 38 weeks single nucleated cells were 9 times the volume at birth. Double nucleated cells steadily increased in size, reaching a volume at 38 weeks 19 times that of newborn myocytes. At birth, myocytes were small and spindle-shaped; intercalated discs were poorly developed, but lateral connections between cells were common. As the cells increased in size, the lateral attachment areas appeared to move to the cell ends to form the intercalated discs. Myofibrils appeared to be assembled at the lateral connections and at the intercalated discs. Hyperplasia is the prevalent means of cell growth at birth in the dog and is gradually replaced by cell hypertrophy from 2 to 6 weeks of age. Double nucleated cells occur in hypertrophying cells by karyokinesis without subsequent cytokinesis, perhaps in response to the intense protein synthetic demands of normal growth.", "contents": "Carciac muscle cytoplasmic and nuclear development during canine neonatal growth. Morphological aspects of cardiac myocytes during neonatal growth were studied in isolated cell preparations from 23 dog hearts (newborn to 38 weeks old). Additional hearts were perfused with glutaraldehyde for electron microscopic study. At least 200 isolated cells in stained smears of each ventricle were examined for nuclear number, and at least 25 cells were measured with an eyepiece micrometer to calculate cell volume. At birth, 96-100% of myocytes contained a single nucleus. By 2 weeks, 15% of cells contained two to four nuclei; multiple nuclei were present in 55% of myocytes at 4 weeks, in 85% at 6-10 weeks, and in 55-60% at 15, 28, and 38 weeks. Although left ventricular weight increased lenearly from birth, there was no increase in single nucleated cell size until 4-6 weeks, indicating cellular hyperplasia; by 38 weeks single nucleated cells were 9 times the volume at birth. Double nucleated cells steadily increased in size, reaching a volume at 38 weeks 19 times that of newborn myocytes. At birth, myocytes were small and spindle-shaped; intercalated discs were poorly developed, but lateral connections between cells were common. As the cells increased in size, the lateral attachment areas appeared to move to the cell ends to form the intercalated discs. Myofibrils appeared to be assembled at the lateral connections and at the intercalated discs. Hyperplasia is the prevalent means of cell growth at birth in the dog and is gradually replaced by cell hypertrophy from 2 to 6 weeks of age. Double nucleated cells occur in hypertrophying cells by karyokinesis without subsequent cytokinesis, perhaps in response to the intense protein synthetic demands of normal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1215653", "title": "Duration of antinociceptive action of morphine, methadone and alpha-l-acetylmethadol subcutaneously in rats.", "content": "The duration of antinociceptive action of alpha-l-acetylmethadol (LAM), determined in the rat tail pinch test, was 6 times that of morphine and 3 times that of methadone. Onset of activity was considerably later after LAM than after morphine or methadone.", "contents": "Duration of antinociceptive action of morphine, methadone and alpha-l-acetylmethadol subcutaneously in rats. The duration of antinociceptive action of alpha-l-acetylmethadol (LAM), determined in the rat tail pinch test, was 6 times that of morphine and 3 times that of methadone. Onset of activity was considerably later after LAM than after morphine or methadone."}
{"id": "PMID:1215654", "title": "Differential effects of alphaMT on anorectic and stimulatory action of amphetamines.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with a dosage regimen of alphaMT that has no effect on the anorectic action of a single dose of 2 mg/kg of d-amphetamine or methamphetamine causes a marked reduction in the rate of continuous avoidance responding evoked by that same dose. Similar pretreatment followed by a dose of 8.0 mg/kg of benzphetamine was without effect on the drug's action on both systems.", "contents": "Differential effects of alphaMT on anorectic and stimulatory action of amphetamines. Pretreatment of rats with a dosage regimen of alphaMT that has no effect on the anorectic action of a single dose of 2 mg/kg of d-amphetamine or methamphetamine causes a marked reduction in the rate of continuous avoidance responding evoked by that same dose. Similar pretreatment followed by a dose of 8.0 mg/kg of benzphetamine was without effect on the drug's action on both systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1215655", "title": "Definitive characterization of the para-hydroxyphenyl metabolite of glutethimide in human urine.", "content": "The compound, 2-ethyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-glutarimide was prepared synthetically. Spectral data is presented which identifies this compound to be a metabolite of glutethimide isolated from enzymatically hydrolyzed human urine, following an overdose of the parent drug. New data supporting the structure of a minor metabolite, 2-ethyl-2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)-glutarimide, is considered. Finally, gas chromatographic techniques have been perfected and are presented which yield complete purification of new metabolites of glutethimide.", "contents": "Definitive characterization of the para-hydroxyphenyl metabolite of glutethimide in human urine. The compound, 2-ethyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-glutarimide was prepared synthetically. Spectral data is presented which identifies this compound to be a metabolite of glutethimide isolated from enzymatically hydrolyzed human urine, following an overdose of the parent drug. New data supporting the structure of a minor metabolite, 2-ethyl-2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)-glutarimide, is considered. Finally, gas chromatographic techniques have been perfected and are presented which yield complete purification of new metabolites of glutethimide."}
{"id": "PMID:1215656", "title": "The role of adrenal catecholamines in the release of corticosterone and fatty acids by nicotine in the rat.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of 0.4 mg/kg nicotine to rats caused an increase in the plasma levels of corticosterone and free fatty acids. Similar rises occur when the same animals were stressed by placing them on an elevated platform. Bilateral adrenal demedullation abolished the response of both corticosterone and free fatty acids to nicotine. Stress, however, still resulted in a significant elevation of plasma corticosterone whereas fatty acid levels were only marginally affected. It is suggested that the principal effect of nicotine is mediated via adrenal release of catecholamines and that centrally mediated stimulation is not significant.", "contents": "The role of adrenal catecholamines in the release of corticosterone and fatty acids by nicotine in the rat. Subcutaneous injection of 0.4 mg/kg nicotine to rats caused an increase in the plasma levels of corticosterone and free fatty acids. Similar rises occur when the same animals were stressed by placing them on an elevated platform. Bilateral adrenal demedullation abolished the response of both corticosterone and free fatty acids to nicotine. Stress, however, still resulted in a significant elevation of plasma corticosterone whereas fatty acid levels were only marginally affected. It is suggested that the principal effect of nicotine is mediated via adrenal release of catecholamines and that centrally mediated stimulation is not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1215657", "title": "Pharmacology and toxicology of chaconine and tomatine.", "content": "The pharmacological responses produced by alpha chaconine and tomatine on guinea pig ileum, on the isolated electrically stimulated frog ventricle, and recordings of EEG, ECG, respiration and blood pressure in the rabbit showed no essential differences from those produced by alpha solanine. The LD50 values of chaconine and solanine in the mouse and rabbit are also similar and suggest that compounds other than these are probably responsible for the predominant toxic effects of certain hybrid potatoes in man and animals. The failure of the three glycoalkaloids to produce a significant teratological effect in the chick embryo lends no support to the hypothesis that they may be the teratogens responsible for certain congenital malformations in man.", "contents": "Pharmacology and toxicology of chaconine and tomatine. The pharmacological responses produced by alpha chaconine and tomatine on guinea pig ileum, on the isolated electrically stimulated frog ventricle, and recordings of EEG, ECG, respiration and blood pressure in the rabbit showed no essential differences from those produced by alpha solanine. The LD50 values of chaconine and solanine in the mouse and rabbit are also similar and suggest that compounds other than these are probably responsible for the predominant toxic effects of certain hybrid potatoes in man and animals. The failure of the three glycoalkaloids to produce a significant teratological effect in the chick embryo lends no support to the hypothesis that they may be the teratogens responsible for certain congenital malformations in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1215658", "title": "The effect of dieldrin-contaminated feed on rat hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.", "content": "Adult male rats were exposed to dieldrin-contaminated rations. The hydroxylation of benzpyrene (AHH) and hydration of styrene oxide (EH) by the hepatic microsomal fraction were followed. At dieldrin levels of 5 to 25 ppm for one week, the EH activity increased from 19% to 115% above control levels respectively. Animals exposed to 25 ppm developed elevated EH activities after a few days, with a maximum increase of 2.5 times control levels after two weeks. AHH activity was not elevated over control levels at any dose or time studied. Slight but significant increases in levels of cytochrome P-450 were observed. Pentobartibal sleeping time was decreased to 61% of control levels after exposure to 20 ppm dieldrin-contaminated food for 7 days. Two days of intraperitoneal administration of technical grade dieldrin, analytical grade dieldrin and analytical grade aldrin gave similar increases in EH activity within this group. Again, no changes in AHH activity were seen.", "contents": "The effect of dieldrin-contaminated feed on rat hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Adult male rats were exposed to dieldrin-contaminated rations. The hydroxylation of benzpyrene (AHH) and hydration of styrene oxide (EH) by the hepatic microsomal fraction were followed. At dieldrin levels of 5 to 25 ppm for one week, the EH activity increased from 19% to 115% above control levels respectively. Animals exposed to 25 ppm developed elevated EH activities after a few days, with a maximum increase of 2.5 times control levels after two weeks. AHH activity was not elevated over control levels at any dose or time studied. Slight but significant increases in levels of cytochrome P-450 were observed. Pentobartibal sleeping time was decreased to 61% of control levels after exposure to 20 ppm dieldrin-contaminated food for 7 days. Two days of intraperitoneal administration of technical grade dieldrin, analytical grade dieldrin and analytical grade aldrin gave similar increases in EH activity within this group. Again, no changes in AHH activity were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:1215659", "title": "P-Chloro-N-methylaniline demethylation by rat kidney subcellular fractions.", "content": "Subcellular fractions prepared from kidney homogenates catalyzed the demethylation of p-chloro-N-methylaniline (PCMA). The activity of the renal preparations were forty-one percent of the liver 9,000 xg supernatant fraction activity. A differential susceptibility to the addition of carbon monoxide, p-chloromercuribenzoate or the omission of NADPH and magnesium characterized the two preparations. Comparison of the Lineweaver-Burk plots of the PCMA demthylation activities indicated that the maximal velocities and the apparent Michaelis constants (Km) of the two preparations differed. The apparent Km of the renal enzyme was approximately two fold greater than that of the liver. The PCMA demethylation activity of renal preparations is distributed between the cytosol and microsomal subcellular fractions. The results suggest the presence of tissue-related differences between renal and hepatic enzymes which catalyze the demethylation of PCMA.", "contents": "P-Chloro-N-methylaniline demethylation by rat kidney subcellular fractions. Subcellular fractions prepared from kidney homogenates catalyzed the demethylation of p-chloro-N-methylaniline (PCMA). The activity of the renal preparations were forty-one percent of the liver 9,000 xg supernatant fraction activity. A differential susceptibility to the addition of carbon monoxide, p-chloromercuribenzoate or the omission of NADPH and magnesium characterized the two preparations. Comparison of the Lineweaver-Burk plots of the PCMA demthylation activities indicated that the maximal velocities and the apparent Michaelis constants (Km) of the two preparations differed. The apparent Km of the renal enzyme was approximately two fold greater than that of the liver. The PCMA demethylation activity of renal preparations is distributed between the cytosol and microsomal subcellular fractions. The results suggest the presence of tissue-related differences between renal and hepatic enzymes which catalyze the demethylation of PCMA."}
{"id": "PMID:1215660", "title": "Ribosomal proteins synthesis in the fetal and neonatal rat brain as influenced by maternal ethanol consumption.", "content": "Effects of long-term ethanol consumption by pregnant rats have been investigated on the protein synthesis by fetal and neonatal brain ribosomes. Chronic ethanol-feeding to pregnant rats resulted in about 30% decrease in the rate of 14C-leucine incorporation by the fetal cerebral ribosomes. The rate of 14C-leucine incorporation by the cerebral ribosomes from neonatal rats suckling on ethanol-fed mothers showed about 60% decrease as compared to the corresponding control group. The brains from both fetuses and neonates of the ethanol-fed group showed a decrease in the amount of t-RNA formed compared to the corresponding controls. The highest rates of 14C-leucine incorporation into ribosomal protein were observed by ribosomes from neonate brains. The ribosomes from fetal brains showed the highest sensitivity to the in vitro addition of ethanol. Pretreatment with cycloheximide significantly inhibited the rate of 14C-leucine incorporation into the ribosomal protein. The cerebral content of both total RNA and DNA was significantly lower in the brains of developing neonates suckling on ethanol-fed mothers compared to the corresponding controls.", "contents": "Ribosomal proteins synthesis in the fetal and neonatal rat brain as influenced by maternal ethanol consumption. Effects of long-term ethanol consumption by pregnant rats have been investigated on the protein synthesis by fetal and neonatal brain ribosomes. Chronic ethanol-feeding to pregnant rats resulted in about 30% decrease in the rate of 14C-leucine incorporation by the fetal cerebral ribosomes. The rate of 14C-leucine incorporation by the cerebral ribosomes from neonatal rats suckling on ethanol-fed mothers showed about 60% decrease as compared to the corresponding control group. The brains from both fetuses and neonates of the ethanol-fed group showed a decrease in the amount of t-RNA formed compared to the corresponding controls. The highest rates of 14C-leucine incorporation into ribosomal protein were observed by ribosomes from neonate brains. The ribosomes from fetal brains showed the highest sensitivity to the in vitro addition of ethanol. Pretreatment with cycloheximide significantly inhibited the rate of 14C-leucine incorporation into the ribosomal protein. The cerebral content of both total RNA and DNA was significantly lower in the brains of developing neonates suckling on ethanol-fed mothers compared to the corresponding controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1215661", "title": "The effect of swimming exercise of rat myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity.", "content": "Within 30 minutes of swimming exercise there was an increase in myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity. The activity continued to increase throughout the two hour period of exercise, after which it decreased again. Two hours after exercise, the enzyme activity had returned to the resting level, and four hours after exercise myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity was slightly less than the resting level. Repeated daily exercise was associated with a diminished response on the second and third days. Subsequently however, myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity was again stimulated by two hours of swimming exercise.", "contents": "The effect of swimming exercise of rat myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity. Within 30 minutes of swimming exercise there was an increase in myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity. The activity continued to increase throughout the two hour period of exercise, after which it decreased again. Two hours after exercise, the enzyme activity had returned to the resting level, and four hours after exercise myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity was slightly less than the resting level. Repeated daily exercise was associated with a diminished response on the second and third days. Subsequently however, myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity was again stimulated by two hours of swimming exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:1215662", "title": "Cardiac glycoside effects on rat and guinea pig phospholipids.", "content": "The phospholipid content of adrenal glands, heart, intestinal mucosa, kidney, liver, pancreas, plasma, skeletal muscle, and spleen was compared in adult male rats and guinea pigs after intraperitoneal injection of 0.15 M NaCl (saline), 40% propylene glycol-10% ethanol (vehicle), or digoxin (rats 1 mg/kg; guinea pigs 0.1 mg/kg). In control (untreated) rats and guinea pigs total phospholipid phosphorous was twice as high in cardiac muscle as in skeletal muscle (800 vs. 400 mug/g tissue); lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) values were similar in the two tissues (24 vs. 21 mug/g) in guinea pig; 11 vs. 15 mug/g in rat). Comparative phospholipid values between the two animals were similar in all tissues except adrenal glands (rat approximately 1200 mug/g; guinea pig approximately 1900 mug/g) and plasma (rat approximately 32 mug/ml; guinea pig approximately 11 mug/ml). In digoxin treated compared to control rats no differences between individual phosphatides were noted in any of the tissues examined whereas in guinea pigs the same comparison revealed differences in 8 instances, 4 of which were in LPC. Phospholipid levels in both species changed as a result of saline and vehicle injection.", "contents": "Cardiac glycoside effects on rat and guinea pig phospholipids. The phospholipid content of adrenal glands, heart, intestinal mucosa, kidney, liver, pancreas, plasma, skeletal muscle, and spleen was compared in adult male rats and guinea pigs after intraperitoneal injection of 0.15 M NaCl (saline), 40% propylene glycol-10% ethanol (vehicle), or digoxin (rats 1 mg/kg; guinea pigs 0.1 mg/kg). In control (untreated) rats and guinea pigs total phospholipid phosphorous was twice as high in cardiac muscle as in skeletal muscle (800 vs. 400 mug/g tissue); lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) values were similar in the two tissues (24 vs. 21 mug/g) in guinea pig; 11 vs. 15 mug/g in rat). Comparative phospholipid values between the two animals were similar in all tissues except adrenal glands (rat approximately 1200 mug/g; guinea pig approximately 1900 mug/g) and plasma (rat approximately 32 mug/ml; guinea pig approximately 11 mug/ml). In digoxin treated compared to control rats no differences between individual phosphatides were noted in any of the tissues examined whereas in guinea pigs the same comparison revealed differences in 8 instances, 4 of which were in LPC. Phospholipid levels in both species changed as a result of saline and vehicle injection."}
{"id": "PMID:1215663", "title": "Effect of radio-thyroidectomy and thyroid hormone replacement therapy on cardiac protein kinase activity and ATP hydrolysis.", "content": "The regulatory effect of thyroid hormone on cardiac protein kinase activity and ATP hydrolysis was studied in developing rats. Experimental hypothyroidism induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 200 muCi of 131I led to a significant impairment of body and heart growth and elevated the activity of membrane-bound protein kinase (measured in the absence of cyclic AMP). However, a slight (11%) but statistically non-significant decrease was observed in soluble protein kinase activity in hearts of hypothyroid rats. Furthermore, thyroid deficiency produced in neonatal life significantly decreased (34%) the rate of cardiac ATP hydrolysis. Treatment of thyroidectomized animals with L-triiodothyronine initiated early in life produced a time-dependent increase in heart weight as well as the activity of soluble protein kinase and the rate of ATP hydrolysis in cardiac tissue. Maximal rise in these parameters was observed in hypothyroid rats receiving L-triiodothyronine treatment for 24 days beginning from 7 days after radioiodine injection. These animals also showed a marked cardiac hypertrophy. In contrast, replacement therapy with L-triiodothyronine produced a decrease in the activity of the membrane-bound protein kinase, which seemed to be inversely proportional to the duration of L-triiodothyronine treatment. Our data provide evidence suggesting that thyroid hormone plays an important role in controlling ATP turnover in hearts of developing rats.", "contents": "Effect of radio-thyroidectomy and thyroid hormone replacement therapy on cardiac protein kinase activity and ATP hydrolysis. The regulatory effect of thyroid hormone on cardiac protein kinase activity and ATP hydrolysis was studied in developing rats. Experimental hypothyroidism induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 200 muCi of 131I led to a significant impairment of body and heart growth and elevated the activity of membrane-bound protein kinase (measured in the absence of cyclic AMP). However, a slight (11%) but statistically non-significant decrease was observed in soluble protein kinase activity in hearts of hypothyroid rats. Furthermore, thyroid deficiency produced in neonatal life significantly decreased (34%) the rate of cardiac ATP hydrolysis. Treatment of thyroidectomized animals with L-triiodothyronine initiated early in life produced a time-dependent increase in heart weight as well as the activity of soluble protein kinase and the rate of ATP hydrolysis in cardiac tissue. Maximal rise in these parameters was observed in hypothyroid rats receiving L-triiodothyronine treatment for 24 days beginning from 7 days after radioiodine injection. These animals also showed a marked cardiac hypertrophy. In contrast, replacement therapy with L-triiodothyronine produced a decrease in the activity of the membrane-bound protein kinase, which seemed to be inversely proportional to the duration of L-triiodothyronine treatment. Our data provide evidence suggesting that thyroid hormone plays an important role in controlling ATP turnover in hearts of developing rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1215664", "title": "L-Thyroxine and monoamine oxidase activity in the kidney and some other organs of the rat.", "content": "L-Thyroxine (T4) (10,30 and 300 mug/kg. S.C. for 5 days) increased kidney monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and decreased that of the liver, using tryptamine as the substrate. These changes were dose-dependent. Time-dependent changes were found with the 30 mug/kg dose. Heart MAO activity was increased by the high dose while small decreases were found with the lower doses. No changes were found in the whole brain, vasa deferentia, the thyroid or adrenal glands. Hypophysectomized rats showed a 50% reduction in kidney MAO which was fully restored following T4 (10 mug/kg/day) treatment. Evidence was obtained that both T4 and L-triiodothyronine can activate the deaminating activity of MAO in vitro. Thus, T4 and/or its metabolites may play a physiological role in the maintenance of kidney MAO activity. The mechanism(s) whereby T4 and/or its metabolites alter kidney MAO activity is not resolved but direct effects upon the various forms of MAO and/or influences upon regulating substances seems likely to be involved.", "contents": "L-Thyroxine and monoamine oxidase activity in the kidney and some other organs of the rat. L-Thyroxine (T4) (10,30 and 300 mug/kg. S.C. for 5 days) increased kidney monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and decreased that of the liver, using tryptamine as the substrate. These changes were dose-dependent. Time-dependent changes were found with the 30 mug/kg dose. Heart MAO activity was increased by the high dose while small decreases were found with the lower doses. No changes were found in the whole brain, vasa deferentia, the thyroid or adrenal glands. Hypophysectomized rats showed a 50% reduction in kidney MAO which was fully restored following T4 (10 mug/kg/day) treatment. Evidence was obtained that both T4 and L-triiodothyronine can activate the deaminating activity of MAO in vitro. Thus, T4 and/or its metabolites may play a physiological role in the maintenance of kidney MAO activity. The mechanism(s) whereby T4 and/or its metabolites alter kidney MAO activity is not resolved but direct effects upon the various forms of MAO and/or influences upon regulating substances seems likely to be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:1215665", "title": "A possible role of the kidney in activating a renin preinhibitor.", "content": "In order to verify the possibility than human plasma and kidney can activate a renin preinhibitor (Phospholipid) into inhibitor (lysophospholipid), constant quantities of preinhibitor were added to plasma and kidney homogenate. Addition of preinhibitor to plasma did not modify the quantity of Angiotensin I that developed. On the other hand, addition of preinhibitor to crude kidney homogenate, followed by incubation with human angiotensinogen, caused a significant fall in the quantity of Angiotensin I generated. While plasma is deficient in the specific enzyme delegated to the transformation of preinhibitor into inhibitor, it appears that this enzyme is present in the kidney.", "contents": "A possible role of the kidney in activating a renin preinhibitor. In order to verify the possibility than human plasma and kidney can activate a renin preinhibitor (Phospholipid) into inhibitor (lysophospholipid), constant quantities of preinhibitor were added to plasma and kidney homogenate. Addition of preinhibitor to plasma did not modify the quantity of Angiotensin I that developed. On the other hand, addition of preinhibitor to crude kidney homogenate, followed by incubation with human angiotensinogen, caused a significant fall in the quantity of Angiotensin I generated. While plasma is deficient in the specific enzyme delegated to the transformation of preinhibitor into inhibitor, it appears that this enzyme is present in the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:1215666", "title": "[Comparative studies in blood, bile and urine to the biliary excretion and multicompartmental analysis of glycocholic acid in the unanaesthezized pig (author's transl)].", "content": "A new model for experimental research in pigs is reported. It allows comparative analyses in blood, bile and urine in the unanaesthetized pig. Preliminary results to the physiology of biliary excretion and multicompartmental analysis of conjugated bile acids emphasize the applicability of the experimental model. On the basis of these results it is pointed out, that it is possible to analize the distribution and excretion kinetics of conjugated bile acids, namely C14-glycocholic acid, by a 3-compartmental analysis.", "contents": "[Comparative studies in blood, bile and urine to the biliary excretion and multicompartmental analysis of glycocholic acid in the unanaesthezized pig (author's transl)]. A new model for experimental research in pigs is reported. It allows comparative analyses in blood, bile and urine in the unanaesthetized pig. Preliminary results to the physiology of biliary excretion and multicompartmental analysis of conjugated bile acids emphasize the applicability of the experimental model. On the basis of these results it is pointed out, that it is possible to analize the distribution and excretion kinetics of conjugated bile acids, namely C14-glycocholic acid, by a 3-compartmental analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215667", "title": "Daily fluctuation of lithogenicity in bile in the postoperative period in cholecystectomized patients.", "content": "The lithogenicity of bile samples taken over 14 hrs from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. on two consecutive days at 4-5 hrs intervals has been measured in 7 freshly colecystectomized patients on the 7th to 9th postoperative days. The values have also been estimated additionally in 4 patients 1 and 2 hrs after meal intake. It was found that the lithogenicindex is higher at 16 and 21 hrs than at 7 and 11 hrs. The lithogenicity began to increase 2 hrs after lunch. The observed difference between our results and those of other authors could be due either to the changed enterohepatic circulation before the begin of our study or to the different types of populations studied.", "contents": "Daily fluctuation of lithogenicity in bile in the postoperative period in cholecystectomized patients. The lithogenicity of bile samples taken over 14 hrs from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. on two consecutive days at 4-5 hrs intervals has been measured in 7 freshly colecystectomized patients on the 7th to 9th postoperative days. The values have also been estimated additionally in 4 patients 1 and 2 hrs after meal intake. It was found that the lithogenicindex is higher at 16 and 21 hrs than at 7 and 11 hrs. The lithogenicity began to increase 2 hrs after lunch. The observed difference between our results and those of other authors could be due either to the changed enterohepatic circulation before the begin of our study or to the different types of populations studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1215669", "title": "[Cholestyramine for stress ulcer prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "In rats the prophylactic effect of cholestyramine on the restraint stress ulcer formation was studied. After 9 hours of immobilisation animals, which were treated intragastrally with 0,3 g/kg cholestyramine, had only the fifth part of the ulcers of the controls, treated with Ringer solution. That demonstrated a very high effectivity of cholestyramine in the prevention of stress ulcers. The pathogenetic role of the bile for stress ulcer formation is as well discussed as the efficacy of cholestyramine. A clinical use for stress ulcer prophylaxis has to be considered.", "contents": "[Cholestyramine for stress ulcer prophylaxis (author's transl)]. In rats the prophylactic effect of cholestyramine on the restraint stress ulcer formation was studied. After 9 hours of immobilisation animals, which were treated intragastrally with 0,3 g/kg cholestyramine, had only the fifth part of the ulcers of the controls, treated with Ringer solution. That demonstrated a very high effectivity of cholestyramine in the prevention of stress ulcers. The pathogenetic role of the bile for stress ulcer formation is as well discussed as the efficacy of cholestyramine. A clinical use for stress ulcer prophylaxis has to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1215670", "title": "[Mechanisms of bile secretion in mini-pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanisms of bile excretion are investigated in 27 experiments in 21 mini-pigs. The results confirm the known three fractions of bile flow for mini-pigs, too: a canalicular bile acid dependent, a canalicular bile acid independent and a ductular bile acid independent bile flow. These different fractions of bile flow may be stimulated either by taurocholate, by phenobarbital and ioglycamide or by secretin and pancreozymin. The total bile acid pool amounts 4,4 mMol. Measurements of its distribution over the gallbladder and the enterohepatic circulation after fasting for 18-24 hours emphasize the importance of the gallbladder resp. the fasting as factors that may be responsible for the secretion of lithogenic bile.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of bile secretion in mini-pigs (author's transl)]. The mechanisms of bile excretion are investigated in 27 experiments in 21 mini-pigs. The results confirm the known three fractions of bile flow for mini-pigs, too: a canalicular bile acid dependent, a canalicular bile acid independent and a ductular bile acid independent bile flow. These different fractions of bile flow may be stimulated either by taurocholate, by phenobarbital and ioglycamide or by secretin and pancreozymin. The total bile acid pool amounts 4,4 mMol. Measurements of its distribution over the gallbladder and the enterohepatic circulation after fasting for 18-24 hours emphasize the importance of the gallbladder resp. the fasting as factors that may be responsible for the secretion of lithogenic bile."}
{"id": "PMID:1215671", "title": "[Renal changes by treatment with azatioprine (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of three months' treatment of 10 glomerulonephritic, 10 normal guinea pigs and of 10 normal rats with imurek (20 mg/kg/day) were as follows: 1. The morphological picture of glomerulonephritis was demonstrable even three months after treatment with imurek. 2. Predominant glomerular changes were demonstrated in both of guinea pigs and rats after treatment with imurek. These changes consisted of mesangial activation, focal glomerular necrosis and deposits of an amorphous clumped material in the mesangium. 3. In some animals, streptococci and staphylococci could be cultivated from the blood of the vena renalis and from the renal surface. The results of the present study indicates that treatment of glomerulonephritis with immunosuppressiva is not always effective. It is probable that morphological deteriorations may be caused by a direct effect of the immunosuppressiva on the renal structure.", "contents": "[Renal changes by treatment with azatioprine (author's transl)]. Results of three months' treatment of 10 glomerulonephritic, 10 normal guinea pigs and of 10 normal rats with imurek (20 mg/kg/day) were as follows: 1. The morphological picture of glomerulonephritis was demonstrable even three months after treatment with imurek. 2. Predominant glomerular changes were demonstrated in both of guinea pigs and rats after treatment with imurek. These changes consisted of mesangial activation, focal glomerular necrosis and deposits of an amorphous clumped material in the mesangium. 3. In some animals, streptococci and staphylococci could be cultivated from the blood of the vena renalis and from the renal surface. The results of the present study indicates that treatment of glomerulonephritis with immunosuppressiva is not always effective. It is probable that morphological deteriorations may be caused by a direct effect of the immunosuppressiva on the renal structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1215672", "title": "Plasma levels following administration of sodium meclofenamate by various routes.", "content": "Sodium meclofenamate, an anti-inflammatory and anti-anaphylactic agent, was administered to cattle intravenously, orally and by intraruminal injection. Plasma levels of the free drug were estimated fluorimetrically at intervals after administration by each route. Levels fell rapidly, particularly during the first hour after intravenous injection. Differences between those plasma levels resulting from oral administration and those following intraruminal injection indicated that direct passage into the abomasum was achieved by the former method. Simultaneous intravenous and intrauminal injections achieved immediate high plasma levels and maintained levels adequate for efficacy for 24 h.", "contents": "Plasma levels following administration of sodium meclofenamate by various routes. Sodium meclofenamate, an anti-inflammatory and anti-anaphylactic agent, was administered to cattle intravenously, orally and by intraruminal injection. Plasma levels of the free drug were estimated fluorimetrically at intervals after administration by each route. Levels fell rapidly, particularly during the first hour after intravenous injection. Differences between those plasma levels resulting from oral administration and those following intraruminal injection indicated that direct passage into the abomasum was achieved by the former method. Simultaneous intravenous and intrauminal injections achieved immediate high plasma levels and maintained levels adequate for efficacy for 24 h."}
{"id": "PMID:1215673", "title": "Effects of various induced local environmental conditions and histopathological studies in experimental Dermatophilus congolensis infection on the bovine skin.", "content": "Although localised to the site of inoculation, experimental cutaneous streptothricosis was readily produced on scarified and/or defatted bovine skin infected with nutrient broth cultures of Dermatophilus congolensis. There was no difference in the extent and duration of lesions produced by either method. D congolensis failed to infect intact normal skin. Simulated rainfall and insect bite did not effect spread and production of generalized streptothricosis. On the other hand, localised experimental lesions regressed more rapidly when subjected to simulated rainfall. The histopathological changes were characterised by invasion of hair follicles by the germinating hyphae and mycelia of D gongolensis, accumulation of neutrophilic exudate beneath the infected epidermis, migration of some neutrophils through the epidermis resulting in intra-epidermal microabscess formation and regeneration of new epidermis from follicular sheath epithelium.", "contents": "Effects of various induced local environmental conditions and histopathological studies in experimental Dermatophilus congolensis infection on the bovine skin. Although localised to the site of inoculation, experimental cutaneous streptothricosis was readily produced on scarified and/or defatted bovine skin infected with nutrient broth cultures of Dermatophilus congolensis. There was no difference in the extent and duration of lesions produced by either method. D congolensis failed to infect intact normal skin. Simulated rainfall and insect bite did not effect spread and production of generalized streptothricosis. On the other hand, localised experimental lesions regressed more rapidly when subjected to simulated rainfall. The histopathological changes were characterised by invasion of hair follicles by the germinating hyphae and mycelia of D gongolensis, accumulation of neutrophilic exudate beneath the infected epidermis, migration of some neutrophils through the epidermis resulting in intra-epidermal microabscess formation and regeneration of new epidermis from follicular sheath epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:1215674", "title": "The effect of environment on sebum output and composition in cattle.", "content": "In an investigation into the effect of short-term exposure to different temperatures and humidities on the sebaceous glands of Ayrshire calves it was concluded that temperature had no appreciable effect on sebum output or its fatty acid composition. At a low humidity, however, the cutaneous outputs of palmitic and myristic acids were higher. On prolonged exposure to a warm environment, a higher output of sebum occurred together with an increase in the percentage of linoleic acid in the sebum.", "contents": "The effect of environment on sebum output and composition in cattle. In an investigation into the effect of short-term exposure to different temperatures and humidities on the sebaceous glands of Ayrshire calves it was concluded that temperature had no appreciable effect on sebum output or its fatty acid composition. At a low humidity, however, the cutaneous outputs of palmitic and myristic acids were higher. On prolonged exposure to a warm environment, a higher output of sebum occurred together with an increase in the percentage of linoleic acid in the sebum."}
{"id": "PMID:1215675", "title": "Oxygen affinity responses to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and methaemoglobin formation in horse and human haemoglobins.", "content": "The oxygen affinities of horse and human haemoglobins were compared in the absence and presence of the allosteric effector 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). Horse haemoglobin solutions showed significantly smaller responses to the presence of 2,3-DPG, and this difference may be due to different amino acid substitutions at position NA2(2)beta. Horse haemoglobin solutions from erythrocytes containing different ratios of the two different haemoglobin types showed similar oxygen affinities in the absence and presence of 2,3-DPG. Horse haemoglobins in solution were found to autoxidise to methaemoglobin much more readily than human haemoglobin under the same conditions, and this is an important consideration when measuring the oxygen affinity of horse haemoglobin solutions. This difference could be due to different amino acid residues at position NA2(2)beta.", "contents": "Oxygen affinity responses to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and methaemoglobin formation in horse and human haemoglobins. The oxygen affinities of horse and human haemoglobins were compared in the absence and presence of the allosteric effector 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). Horse haemoglobin solutions showed significantly smaller responses to the presence of 2,3-DPG, and this difference may be due to different amino acid substitutions at position NA2(2)beta. Horse haemoglobin solutions from erythrocytes containing different ratios of the two different haemoglobin types showed similar oxygen affinities in the absence and presence of 2,3-DPG. Horse haemoglobins in solution were found to autoxidise to methaemoglobin much more readily than human haemoglobin under the same conditions, and this is an important consideration when measuring the oxygen affinity of horse haemoglobin solutions. This difference could be due to different amino acid residues at position NA2(2)beta."}
{"id": "PMID:1215676", "title": "Epidemiological studies on Nematodirus species in sheep.", "content": "Faecal egg count and pasture larval studies on N battus and N filicollis in lambs showed distinct differences in epidemiology, the infective larvae of N battus hatching over a short restricted period in spring, whereas those of N filicollis show an extended period of hatching, beginning in autumn and increasing steadily through the winter to reach a spring peak. This difference was considered to be responsible for the much slower annual rate of increase recorded for N filicollis. Pasture infection with both species survived ploughing and reseeding, though in very small numbers, and one year's rest from sheep by alternate grazing with cattle proved equally effective in reducing the carryover of infection, and offered a practical method of controlling these species.", "contents": "Epidemiological studies on Nematodirus species in sheep. Faecal egg count and pasture larval studies on N battus and N filicollis in lambs showed distinct differences in epidemiology, the infective larvae of N battus hatching over a short restricted period in spring, whereas those of N filicollis show an extended period of hatching, beginning in autumn and increasing steadily through the winter to reach a spring peak. This difference was considered to be responsible for the much slower annual rate of increase recorded for N filicollis. Pasture infection with both species survived ploughing and reseeding, though in very small numbers, and one year's rest from sheep by alternate grazing with cattle proved equally effective in reducing the carryover of infection, and offered a practical method of controlling these species."}
{"id": "PMID:1215677", "title": "Spontaneous and experimental aflatoxicosis in goats.", "content": "Naturally occurring aflatoxicosis is described in goats fed a concentrate mixture containing polkudu meal (defatted residue from grated coconut after juice extraction). Toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus were present in the concentrate and aflatoxins were recovered from the liver and urine of affected animals. Hepatic lesions in poisoned goats consisted of bile duct hyperplasia and periportal fibrosis; renal lesions included necrosis of tubular epithelial cells and proteinaceous exudation in the glomerular space. Similar lesions were produced experimentally in goats with aflatoxin and the coconut cultures of A flavus. High doses of aflatoxin B1 produced, in addition, hepatic centrilobular congestion, haemorrhage and periportal fatty change.", "contents": "Spontaneous and experimental aflatoxicosis in goats. Naturally occurring aflatoxicosis is described in goats fed a concentrate mixture containing polkudu meal (defatted residue from grated coconut after juice extraction). Toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus were present in the concentrate and aflatoxins were recovered from the liver and urine of affected animals. Hepatic lesions in poisoned goats consisted of bile duct hyperplasia and periportal fibrosis; renal lesions included necrosis of tubular epithelial cells and proteinaceous exudation in the glomerular space. Similar lesions were produced experimentally in goats with aflatoxin and the coconut cultures of A flavus. High doses of aflatoxin B1 produced, in addition, hepatic centrilobular congestion, haemorrhage and periportal fatty change."}
{"id": "PMID:1215678", "title": "Resistance in cattle to Fasciola hepatica induced by gamma-ray attenuated larvae: results from a controlled field trial.", "content": "A significant resistance to natural infection in the field was obtained in calves inoculated with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica attenuated at a gamma-irradiation level of 3 Krad. The mean fluke burden of vaccinated calves was 29 per cent of that of the controls. The resistance was reflected not only in reduced parasite burdens and low faecal egg counts, but also in the stability of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase levels of the vaccinated calves compared with non-vaccinated controls. The gamma-ray dose of 3 Krad did not prevent a small proportion of the irradiated larvae reaching and maturing in the bile ducts.", "contents": "Resistance in cattle to Fasciola hepatica induced by gamma-ray attenuated larvae: results from a controlled field trial. A significant resistance to natural infection in the field was obtained in calves inoculated with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica attenuated at a gamma-irradiation level of 3 Krad. The mean fluke burden of vaccinated calves was 29 per cent of that of the controls. The resistance was reflected not only in reduced parasite burdens and low faecal egg counts, but also in the stability of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase levels of the vaccinated calves compared with non-vaccinated controls. The gamma-ray dose of 3 Krad did not prevent a small proportion of the irradiated larvae reaching and maturing in the bile ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:1215679", "title": "The effect of dietary dilution on the intestinal anatomy of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "There was an increase in the length of the small intestine, caeca and colon when Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)were fed on a diet diluted with fibre. No differences were found in the length of the villi and the thicknesses of the submucosal layers throught the large and most of the small intestine between birds fed on the normal diet compared with those fed on the diluted diet. The birds fed on the normal diet appeared to have more mucous goblet cells and lymph nodes in the caeca than those fed on the diluted diet.", "contents": "The effect of dietary dilution on the intestinal anatomy of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). There was an increase in the length of the small intestine, caeca and colon when Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)were fed on a diet diluted with fibre. No differences were found in the length of the villi and the thicknesses of the submucosal layers throught the large and most of the small intestine between birds fed on the normal diet compared with those fed on the diluted diet. The birds fed on the normal diet appeared to have more mucous goblet cells and lymph nodes in the caeca than those fed on the diluted diet."}
{"id": "PMID:1215680", "title": "Enhancement of in vitro phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureas by polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "Polymorphs collected from ewes which had been infected with live staphylococci and immunised with a killed staphylococcal vacccine, had significantly enhanced capacity for phagocytosis of staphylococci compared with polymorphs from ewes which received only a killed vaccine. The numbers of viable bacteria were greatly reduced when blood serum or whey were incorporated in incubation mixtures compared to incubation mixtures containing only polymorphs and staphylococci. When serum was used in the incubation mixtures, the numbers of staphylococci which survived were significantly less than when colostral or milk whey was used. No significant  difference was observed between whey collected from locally immunised mammary glands and that from non-immunised glands within each group.", "contents": "Enhancement of in vitro phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureas by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Polymorphs collected from ewes which had been infected with live staphylococci and immunised with a killed staphylococcal vacccine, had significantly enhanced capacity for phagocytosis of staphylococci compared with polymorphs from ewes which received only a killed vaccine. The numbers of viable bacteria were greatly reduced when blood serum or whey were incorporated in incubation mixtures compared to incubation mixtures containing only polymorphs and staphylococci. When serum was used in the incubation mixtures, the numbers of staphylococci which survived were significantly less than when colostral or milk whey was used. No significant  difference was observed between whey collected from locally immunised mammary glands and that from non-immunised glands within each group."}
{"id": "PMID:1215681", "title": "The population dynamics of nematode parasites of sheep in northern England.", "content": "An investigation into the population dynamics of sheep nematodes was carried out between April 1970 and September 1971. Faecal egg counts were made from both ewes and lambs at weeks intervals while grass samples were taken fortnightly throughout the summer and monthly during the winter. From these results absolute numbers of nematode eggs and infective larvae were estimated and these figures used as a basis for determining the level of mortality occurring during development from egg to infective larva. The figures were also used to assess the relative importance of the ewe 'spring rise' and the egg output of the lambs in June while grazing contaminated pasture. These calculations suggest that larval mortality was very high and that it may vary considerably from year to year depending upon the climatic conditions prevailing. There was also an indication that the ewe 'spring rise' was the major source of the wave of infection which occurs in the lambs in late August and September.", "contents": "The population dynamics of nematode parasites of sheep in northern England. An investigation into the population dynamics of sheep nematodes was carried out between April 1970 and September 1971. Faecal egg counts were made from both ewes and lambs at weeks intervals while grass samples were taken fortnightly throughout the summer and monthly during the winter. From these results absolute numbers of nematode eggs and infective larvae were estimated and these figures used as a basis for determining the level of mortality occurring during development from egg to infective larva. The figures were also used to assess the relative importance of the ewe 'spring rise' and the egg output of the lambs in June while grazing contaminated pasture. These calculations suggest that larval mortality was very high and that it may vary considerably from year to year depending upon the climatic conditions prevailing. There was also an indication that the ewe 'spring rise' was the major source of the wave of infection which occurs in the lambs in late August and September."}
{"id": "PMID:1215682", "title": "Genetic factors in the maturation of the canine intervertebral disc.", "content": "The composition and structure of the intervertebral discs have been studied in a group of six four-month-old beagles which were full or half-siblings. The animals were raised in identical environment and were comparable weight and size at sacrifice. Collagen, hexosamine, uronic acid, sialic acid and non-collagenous protein analysis (via indirect method) were performed on the nucleus pulposus (NP), transitional zone (TZ) and a annulus fibrosus (AF) of the discs for the lumbo-sacral, lumbar and thoracic spinal levels. Parallel histochemical and morphological examinations of the discs were also performed. The knee joint meniscus, and articular cartilage was also examined for the components described. The results of the analysis for the discs revealed that within this single age group there co-exist two statistically different compositional states. These differences reside largely in the NP and TZ regions and from the analytical values are interpreted as indicating the chondroid and non-chondroid conditions. No such compositional variation was observed for articular cartilage and fibrocartilage (knee joint menisci).", "contents": "Genetic factors in the maturation of the canine intervertebral disc. The composition and structure of the intervertebral discs have been studied in a group of six four-month-old beagles which were full or half-siblings. The animals were raised in identical environment and were comparable weight and size at sacrifice. Collagen, hexosamine, uronic acid, sialic acid and non-collagenous protein analysis (via indirect method) were performed on the nucleus pulposus (NP), transitional zone (TZ) and a annulus fibrosus (AF) of the discs for the lumbo-sacral, lumbar and thoracic spinal levels. Parallel histochemical and morphological examinations of the discs were also performed. The knee joint meniscus, and articular cartilage was also examined for the components described. The results of the analysis for the discs revealed that within this single age group there co-exist two statistically different compositional states. These differences reside largely in the NP and TZ regions and from the analytical values are interpreted as indicating the chondroid and non-chondroid conditions. No such compositional variation was observed for articular cartilage and fibrocartilage (knee joint menisci)."}
{"id": "PMID:1215683", "title": "Fatty haemorrhagic liver syndrome in laying hens on diets supplemented with rapeseed products.", "content": "Livers of laying hens of Hy-Line No 934E on low erucic acid rapeseed meals and rapeseed oil were studied. Gross lesions in the livers of hens on experimental diets were moderate to severe fatty degeneration, focal necrosis and moderate to severe haemorrhage. Histological examination revealed oedematous foci and lysis of hepatocytes along with large amounts of lipid droplets in the necrotic lesions. Necrotic lesions were not always associated with large haemorrhages. Connective tissue infiltration of older degenerative and haemorrhagic lesions was not extensive. Abdominal haemorrhage from livers occurred when extensive necrosis in the form of hepatocyte lysis and some vascular changes were present, suggesting hepatocytic degeneration caused by toxic products or their metabolites present in rapeseed by-products.", "contents": "Fatty haemorrhagic liver syndrome in laying hens on diets supplemented with rapeseed products. Livers of laying hens of Hy-Line No 934E on low erucic acid rapeseed meals and rapeseed oil were studied. Gross lesions in the livers of hens on experimental diets were moderate to severe fatty degeneration, focal necrosis and moderate to severe haemorrhage. Histological examination revealed oedematous foci and lysis of hepatocytes along with large amounts of lipid droplets in the necrotic lesions. Necrotic lesions were not always associated with large haemorrhages. Connective tissue infiltration of older degenerative and haemorrhagic lesions was not extensive. Abdominal haemorrhage from livers occurred when extensive necrosis in the form of hepatocyte lysis and some vascular changes were present, suggesting hepatocytic degeneration caused by toxic products or their metabolites present in rapeseed by-products."}
{"id": "PMID:1215684", "title": "The relationship of maxillary cheek tooth development to age in young Friesian cattle.", "content": "Radiographs were taken of both the right and left sets of maxillary teeth in 23 Friesian cattle of known age. The stage of development of each permanent tooth was ascertained and the degree of root resorption in the deciduous premolars was noted. All stages in individuals were later than for those of the mandibular cheek teeth except in the case of the first permanent premolar. As with mandibular cheek tooth development stages of formation occurred within certain age limits.", "contents": "The relationship of maxillary cheek tooth development to age in young Friesian cattle. Radiographs were taken of both the right and left sets of maxillary teeth in 23 Friesian cattle of known age. The stage of development of each permanent tooth was ascertained and the degree of root resorption in the deciduous premolars was noted. All stages in individuals were later than for those of the mandibular cheek teeth except in the case of the first permanent premolar. As with mandibular cheek tooth development stages of formation occurred within certain age limits."}
{"id": "PMID:1215685", "title": "Laboratory investigations on pigs with the new anthelmintic fenbendazole.", "content": "The efficacy of fenbendazole was investigated in piglets infected artificially with Hyostrongylus rubidus and Oesophagostomum spp. After administration of 3.5 mg/kg, five-day-old stages of H rubidus were reduced by 72.5 per cent; an effect of 78.4 per cent, 96.0 per cent and 100 per cent was achieved against five-day-old, 16-day-old and 42-day-old stages, respectively, of H rubidus using a dose of 5 mg/kg. A 55 per cent effect was obtained against five-day-old stages after the administration of 3.5 mg/kg. A dose of 5 mg/kg reduced five-day-old, 16-day-old and 42-day-old stages of Oesophagotomum spp by 72.6 per cent, 44 per cent and 100 per cent respectively.", "contents": "Laboratory investigations on pigs with the new anthelmintic fenbendazole. The efficacy of fenbendazole was investigated in piglets infected artificially with Hyostrongylus rubidus and Oesophagostomum spp. After administration of 3.5 mg/kg, five-day-old stages of H rubidus were reduced by 72.5 per cent; an effect of 78.4 per cent, 96.0 per cent and 100 per cent was achieved against five-day-old, 16-day-old and 42-day-old stages, respectively, of H rubidus using a dose of 5 mg/kg. A 55 per cent effect was obtained against five-day-old stages after the administration of 3.5 mg/kg. A dose of 5 mg/kg reduced five-day-old, 16-day-old and 42-day-old stages of Oesophagotomum spp by 72.6 per cent, 44 per cent and 100 per cent respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1215686", "title": "The absorption of magnesium from the forestomachs, stomach and small intestine of sheep.", "content": "The passage of magnesium from the mouth to the proximal duodenum and from the proximal duodenum to the terminal ileum was measured continuously in two rams for 24 and 19 days. The results indicate a net disappearance of 25 per cent and 34 per cent of ingested magnesium from the forestomachs and stomach, and no set absorption from the small intestine.", "contents": "The absorption of magnesium from the forestomachs, stomach and small intestine of sheep. The passage of magnesium from the mouth to the proximal duodenum and from the proximal duodenum to the terminal ileum was measured continuously in two rams for 24 and 19 days. The results indicate a net disappearance of 25 per cent and 34 per cent of ingested magnesium from the forestomachs and stomach, and no set absorption from the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:1215687", "title": "Preservation of Cowdria ruminantium at low termperatures.", "content": "A Nigerian isolate of Cowdria ruminantium was rapidly frozen with or without 10 per cent dimethyl sulphoxide at -85 degrees C and -196 degrees C. All animals inoculated with the frozen stabilates died of heartwater fever.", "contents": "Preservation of Cowdria ruminantium at low termperatures. A Nigerian isolate of Cowdria ruminantium was rapidly frozen with or without 10 per cent dimethyl sulphoxide at -85 degrees C and -196 degrees C. All animals inoculated with the frozen stabilates died of heartwater fever."}
{"id": "PMID:1215688", "title": "Efficacy trials in turkey poults with tylosin tartrate against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma meleagridis.", "content": "Tylosin tartrate, administered in the drinking water at a concentration of 0.55 g/litre for the first three days after hatching, was highly effective in controlling the adverse consequences of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, established by air sac injection at one day of age, in turkey poults. Tylosin was ineffective in controlling M meleagridis infections established in embryo or at one day of age when administered in the drinking water of poults. Both mycoplasma isolates used were inhibited in vitro by a tylosin concentration of 0.1 mug/ml.", "contents": "Efficacy trials in turkey poults with tylosin tartrate against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma meleagridis. Tylosin tartrate, administered in the drinking water at a concentration of 0.55 g/litre for the first three days after hatching, was highly effective in controlling the adverse consequences of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, established by air sac injection at one day of age, in turkey poults. Tylosin was ineffective in controlling M meleagridis infections established in embryo or at one day of age when administered in the drinking water of poults. Both mycoplasma isolates used were inhibited in vitro by a tylosin concentration of 0.1 mug/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1215689", "title": "Attempted infection of sheep with Echinococcus granulosus equinus.", "content": "No evidence of hydatid infection was detected at post mortem examination of sheep which had been inoculated intraperitoneally, four to 11 months previously with protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus equinus.", "contents": "Attempted infection of sheep with Echinococcus granulosus equinus. No evidence of hydatid infection was detected at post mortem examination of sheep which had been inoculated intraperitoneally, four to 11 months previously with protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus equinus."}
{"id": "PMID:1215690", "title": "Organ weights in the dog.", "content": "The masses of the major organs in eight large dogs, mostly of alsatian type, which had been subjected to about 8 h anaesthesia and surgery, were determined by post mortem weighing. The organ masses as percentage of the total body mass (29.6 +/- 6.0 kg, mean +/- sd) were: brain 0.28 +/- 0.05, gut 2.61 +/- 0.49, heart 0.73 +/- 0.04, kidneys 0.40 +/- 0.07, liver 2.36 +/- 0.38.", "contents": "Organ weights in the dog. The masses of the major organs in eight large dogs, mostly of alsatian type, which had been subjected to about 8 h anaesthesia and surgery, were determined by post mortem weighing. The organ masses as percentage of the total body mass (29.6 +/- 6.0 kg, mean +/- sd) were: brain 0.28 +/- 0.05, gut 2.61 +/- 0.49, heart 0.73 +/- 0.04, kidneys 0.40 +/- 0.07, liver 2.36 +/- 0.38."}
{"id": "PMID:1215691", "title": "The life span of glutathione-deficient red cells in Tasmanian Merino sheep.", "content": "59FeCl3 was used to measure red cell life span in GSH-low type sheep to the Tasmanian Merino breed, whose GSH deficiency is due to a diminished activity of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase. The 59Fe survival slopes fell within normal limits, indicating that red cells with this type of GSH deficiency do not have a shortened life span.", "contents": "The life span of glutathione-deficient red cells in Tasmanian Merino sheep. 59FeCl3 was used to measure red cell life span in GSH-low type sheep to the Tasmanian Merino breed, whose GSH deficiency is due to a diminished activity of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase. The 59Fe survival slopes fell within normal limits, indicating that red cells with this type of GSH deficiency do not have a shortened life span."}
{"id": "PMID:1215724", "title": "[Role of the frontal lobes in language. (A neuropsychological and experimental study)].", "content": "An experimental study carried out on 30 patients suffering from localised frontal lesions (16 left, 9 right, 5 bilateral lesions) using a battery of twenty tests (17 language tests and 3 visuo-spatial tests) showed: 1) frontal lesions disturb verbal control; 2) these disturbances seem to be proportionate to the extent of the lesion, that is, the area of the frontal lobe put out of action. As a result, there is a diversity of conditions ranging from quasi mutism in the extensive lesions, to an impossibility of producing accurate propositional and appropriate language indicating shades of meaning, in limited lesions; 3) the most frequently encountered disorder is characterised by an elementary level of language being well preserved but with difficulty of even impossibility in producing complex propositional language. This disorder, already obvious in spontaneous language, can be easily shown by means of appropriate verbal tests. 4) It seems to us of the utmost importance to emphasize that this syndrome appears irrespective of the side affected by the lesion. In fact, we have found that in 10 of the tests involved in our study which do in fact require replies which are appropriate to situations of a certain degree of complexity, similar failures were recorded for left frontal lesions (10 cases) and for right frontal lesions (11 cases). These findings prove that both the frontal lobes have a part to play in the exercise of verbal control. 5) It should however be emphasized that, in our group, the most serious deterioration in language was observed in left or bilateral frontal lesions. The same characteristics were found in these cases: elementary language better than propositional language but the level of achievement possible was very low being limited to brief replies which gave little information although they were usually correct. These findings justify the conclusion that a syndrome exists: disturbances in verbal control caused by frontal lesions. The function of the frontal lobes in language and verbal control in normal subjects is discussed.", "contents": "[Role of the frontal lobes in language. (A neuropsychological and experimental study)]. An experimental study carried out on 30 patients suffering from localised frontal lesions (16 left, 9 right, 5 bilateral lesions) using a battery of twenty tests (17 language tests and 3 visuo-spatial tests) showed: 1) frontal lesions disturb verbal control; 2) these disturbances seem to be proportionate to the extent of the lesion, that is, the area of the frontal lobe put out of action. As a result, there is a diversity of conditions ranging from quasi mutism in the extensive lesions, to an impossibility of producing accurate propositional and appropriate language indicating shades of meaning, in limited lesions; 3) the most frequently encountered disorder is characterised by an elementary level of language being well preserved but with difficulty of even impossibility in producing complex propositional language. This disorder, already obvious in spontaneous language, can be easily shown by means of appropriate verbal tests. 4) It seems to us of the utmost importance to emphasize that this syndrome appears irrespective of the side affected by the lesion. In fact, we have found that in 10 of the tests involved in our study which do in fact require replies which are appropriate to situations of a certain degree of complexity, similar failures were recorded for left frontal lesions (10 cases) and for right frontal lesions (11 cases). These findings prove that both the frontal lobes have a part to play in the exercise of verbal control. 5) It should however be emphasized that, in our group, the most serious deterioration in language was observed in left or bilateral frontal lesions. The same characteristics were found in these cases: elementary language better than propositional language but the level of achievement possible was very low being limited to brief replies which gave little information although they were usually correct. These findings justify the conclusion that a syndrome exists: disturbances in verbal control caused by frontal lesions. The function of the frontal lobes in language and verbal control in normal subjects is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215725", "title": "[Painful, alternating and recurrent ophthalmoplegia. Contribution to the study of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome].", "content": "A case of the syndrome of Tolosa-Hunt is presented in which the points of interest were the high number of attacks (four in two years and half) and the varying side of the symptoms with an involvement of the left sixth cranial nerve during the first, third and fourth attacks, and of the right third cranial nerve during the second attack. The trigeminal pain was always on the same side as the ophthalmoplegia. Bilateral carotid and vertebral angiography, orbital phlebography and air encephalography did not reveal anomalies. The sedimentation rate was moderately high during each attack. Corticotherapy begun during the last attack was very effective against the pain, but less so against the paralysis. The authors review the literature concerning this rare syndrome, the cause of which is thought to be an inflammatory process involving the cavernous sinuses.", "contents": "[Painful, alternating and recurrent ophthalmoplegia. Contribution to the study of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome]. A case of the syndrome of Tolosa-Hunt is presented in which the points of interest were the high number of attacks (four in two years and half) and the varying side of the symptoms with an involvement of the left sixth cranial nerve during the first, third and fourth attacks, and of the right third cranial nerve during the second attack. The trigeminal pain was always on the same side as the ophthalmoplegia. Bilateral carotid and vertebral angiography, orbital phlebography and air encephalography did not reveal anomalies. The sedimentation rate was moderately high during each attack. Corticotherapy begun during the last attack was very effective against the pain, but less so against the paralysis. The authors review the literature concerning this rare syndrome, the cause of which is thought to be an inflammatory process involving the cavernous sinuses."}
{"id": "PMID:1215750", "title": "[Reflections on 19 cases of asbestosis discovered by chance in the population of an industrial region in the Basse-Sambre].", "content": "The authors describe 19 cases of definite or highly probable asbestosis which were observed among unselected out-patients at a hospital in the industrial area of the \"Basse-Sambre\". These cases were of various types and were, almost exclusively, of occupational origin. The variety and severity of the asbestosis in many of the cases justify a more thorough survey in this area. Those people who have handled and inhaled asbestos fibres at work will be examined in the first place. A radiological pulmonary survey will also be organized among the people living in the neighbourhood of factories using asbestos. Precise information about the origin, quality and characteristics of the inhaled dust as well as the intensity and duration of exposure will be obtained. Cases discovered in the survey will be investigated systematically by means of an extensive range of techniques: frontal and oblique X-rays with an appropriate kilovoltage for the detection of pleural calcifications and of the reticular thickening of the parenchyma; spirometry and measurement of the transfer factor for CO; arterial blood gases at rest and during exercise; search for ferruginous bodies in sputum; pathological studies of pulmonary and pleural tissues and of the ultrastructure of pleural tumours.", "contents": "[Reflections on 19 cases of asbestosis discovered by chance in the population of an industrial region in the Basse-Sambre]. The authors describe 19 cases of definite or highly probable asbestosis which were observed among unselected out-patients at a hospital in the industrial area of the \"Basse-Sambre\". These cases were of various types and were, almost exclusively, of occupational origin. The variety and severity of the asbestosis in many of the cases justify a more thorough survey in this area. Those people who have handled and inhaled asbestos fibres at work will be examined in the first place. A radiological pulmonary survey will also be organized among the people living in the neighbourhood of factories using asbestos. Precise information about the origin, quality and characteristics of the inhaled dust as well as the intensity and duration of exposure will be obtained. Cases discovered in the survey will be investigated systematically by means of an extensive range of techniques: frontal and oblique X-rays with an appropriate kilovoltage for the detection of pleural calcifications and of the reticular thickening of the parenchyma; spirometry and measurement of the transfer factor for CO; arterial blood gases at rest and during exercise; search for ferruginous bodies in sputum; pathological studies of pulmonary and pleural tissues and of the ultrastructure of pleural tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1215755", "title": "[Hypotonic examination of esophagus in pediatric radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 22 children whose esophagus was radiologically examined under maximum hypotonia, using i.v. Buscopan in a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight (highest 50 mg). The main indication are varices of the esophagus which can be shown much better than with conventional techniques. But also small axial hiatus herniae and esophageal stenoses are better shown.", "contents": "[Hypotonic examination of esophagus in pediatric radiology (author's transl)]. Report on 22 children whose esophagus was radiologically examined under maximum hypotonia, using i.v. Buscopan in a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight (highest 50 mg). The main indication are varices of the esophagus which can be shown much better than with conventional techniques. But also small axial hiatus herniae and esophageal stenoses are better shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1215756", "title": "[Child abuse and neglect (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper the \"verschleierter Pflegeschaden\" is defined. The syndrome is well discribed by the English expression \"child abuse and neglect\". However the German expression is used to avoid prejudice and offense to the caretakers before the culprit is found. The clinical and mainly the radiological symptoms are listed with reference to recent literature dealing with the diagnostic value of these symptoms. The \"verschleierter Pflegeschaden\" includes problems of malnutrition and rickets as well as scurvy. They are partly evidence of neglect. Short reference is made to differential-diagnosis. Psychological, socioeconomical and family problems involved are briefly mentioned in respect to statistical data. They are included in this brief survey in order to lead from the mere collection of radiological symptoms to an understanding of the many different aspects of the clinical syndrome. The necessity of early diagnosis and rapid information of the referring physician and/or institution is pointed out. Both, the high incidence of reocurrence rate and the high risk for siblings requires immediate action.", "contents": "[Child abuse and neglect (author's transl)]. In this paper the \"verschleierter Pflegeschaden\" is defined. The syndrome is well discribed by the English expression \"child abuse and neglect\". However the German expression is used to avoid prejudice and offense to the caretakers before the culprit is found. The clinical and mainly the radiological symptoms are listed with reference to recent literature dealing with the diagnostic value of these symptoms. The \"verschleierter Pflegeschaden\" includes problems of malnutrition and rickets as well as scurvy. They are partly evidence of neglect. Short reference is made to differential-diagnosis. Psychological, socioeconomical and family problems involved are briefly mentioned in respect to statistical data. They are included in this brief survey in order to lead from the mere collection of radiological symptoms to an understanding of the many different aspects of the clinical syndrome. The necessity of early diagnosis and rapid information of the referring physician and/or institution is pointed out. Both, the high incidence of reocurrence rate and the high risk for siblings requires immediate action."}
{"id": "PMID:1215757", "title": "[Vaginal discharge in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 4 children suffering from vaginal discharge. Various radiographic techniques helped to show that this had different causes: 1) vaginal foreign bodies which could be shown in vaginography. 2) vestibular ureteral ectopy shown in IVP with increased contrast medium and retrograde pyelography. 3) rectogenital fistula in granulomatous colitis shown by direct contrast filling of the fistula. Radiologic diagnosis led to causal therapy after which the discharge disappeared.", "contents": "[Vaginal discharge in childhood (author's transl)]. Report on 4 children suffering from vaginal discharge. Various radiographic techniques helped to show that this had different causes: 1) vaginal foreign bodies which could be shown in vaginography. 2) vestibular ureteral ectopy shown in IVP with increased contrast medium and retrograde pyelography. 3) rectogenital fistula in granulomatous colitis shown by direct contrast filling of the fistula. Radiologic diagnosis led to causal therapy after which the discharge disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:1215758", "title": "[Electronic film analysis of nuclei of the fetal knee joint in amniotic shadows (author's transl)].", "content": "Fetal shadows between LM IX and LM X were analysed with electronic film-improvement (harmonization). Altogether 108 nuclei of the knee joint were investigated. This techniques permits better and quicker analysis of pictures uhich at times are difficult to assess owing to overlapping. Addition radiographic exposures of mother and fetus can thus be avoided. Electronic improvement of films provides an important contribution to the reduction of exposure.", "contents": "[Electronic film analysis of nuclei of the fetal knee joint in amniotic shadows (author's transl)]. Fetal shadows between LM IX and LM X were analysed with electronic film-improvement (harmonization). Altogether 108 nuclei of the knee joint were investigated. This techniques permits better and quicker analysis of pictures uhich at times are difficult to assess owing to overlapping. Addition radiographic exposures of mother and fetus can thus be avoided. Electronic improvement of films provides an important contribution to the reduction of exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:1215759", "title": "[On vrolik's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare condition Vrolik's syndrome and its typical radiological signs are described with reference to two cases.", "contents": "[On vrolik's syndrome (author's transl)]. The rare condition Vrolik's syndrome and its typical radiological signs are described with reference to two cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1215760", "title": "[Ascites during the first week of life (author's transl)].", "content": "Retrospective analysis of 22 cases with neonatal ascites showed the most common cause to be anomalies of the urogenital system (urethral valve, hydronephrosis, rupture of bladder, rupture of ovarian cyst). Next came malformations of the gastro-intestinal tract and of the liver and congenital infections (toxoplasmosis, cytomegaly). In 4 cases the cause was not found. More than one half of the cases permitted a definitive radiologic diagnosis, mainly in malformations requiring surgery. We suggest a standardized procedure of investigation of all cases with neonatal ascites. If this procedure does not result in a positive diagnosis and if the ascites fluid does not contain blood or bile, we fell that laparotomy is not indicated.", "contents": "[Ascites during the first week of life (author's transl)]. Retrospective analysis of 22 cases with neonatal ascites showed the most common cause to be anomalies of the urogenital system (urethral valve, hydronephrosis, rupture of bladder, rupture of ovarian cyst). Next came malformations of the gastro-intestinal tract and of the liver and congenital infections (toxoplasmosis, cytomegaly). In 4 cases the cause was not found. More than one half of the cases permitted a definitive radiologic diagnosis, mainly in malformations requiring surgery. We suggest a standardized procedure of investigation of all cases with neonatal ascites. If this procedure does not result in a positive diagnosis and if the ascites fluid does not contain blood or bile, we fell that laparotomy is not indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1215761", "title": "[R\u00f6ntgen appearances of pulmonary edema and their clinical and physiologic correlates (author's transl)].", "content": "With the rapid increase in the number of intensive care units in surgical and medical departments knowledge of early radiologic signs of pulmonary edema gains in importance. On the basis of investigations by American authors typical changes in the distribution of pulmonary blood supply can be shown, in good correlation with pressure changes in the pulmonary vein in left heart failure. When pressure rises in the pulmonary vein the well-know changes of interstitial or alveolar (acinary) pulmonary edema arise. Differential diagnosis between pulmonary edema due to left heart failure and edema from other causes is aided on the one hand by the presence of interstitial pulmonary edema and redistribution of blood, on the other hand by the abnormaly large heart and configuration. Neither R\u00f6ntgen appearances nor type of distribution of pulmonary edema are specific for any given cause. In all cases of pulmonary edema, the primary-peripheral excepted, clinical signs either occur later than X ray findings or will be absent altogether. Respiratory physiology permits, according to the severity of the edema, proof of hypoxemia with pronounced differences in the regional ventilation-perfusion quotient up to marked reduction of compliance and increase of resistance.", "contents": "[R\u00f6ntgen appearances of pulmonary edema and their clinical and physiologic correlates (author's transl)]. With the rapid increase in the number of intensive care units in surgical and medical departments knowledge of early radiologic signs of pulmonary edema gains in importance. On the basis of investigations by American authors typical changes in the distribution of pulmonary blood supply can be shown, in good correlation with pressure changes in the pulmonary vein in left heart failure. When pressure rises in the pulmonary vein the well-know changes of interstitial or alveolar (acinary) pulmonary edema arise. Differential diagnosis between pulmonary edema due to left heart failure and edema from other causes is aided on the one hand by the presence of interstitial pulmonary edema and redistribution of blood, on the other hand by the abnormaly large heart and configuration. Neither R\u00f6ntgen appearances nor type of distribution of pulmonary edema are specific for any given cause. In all cases of pulmonary edema, the primary-peripheral excepted, clinical signs either occur later than X ray findings or will be absent altogether. Respiratory physiology permits, according to the severity of the edema, proof of hypoxemia with pronounced differences in the regional ventilation-perfusion quotient up to marked reduction of compliance and increase of resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:1215762", "title": "[Transvenous cardiography and pulmonalis angiography for differentiating between pathologic mediastinal shadows (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique of contrast-medium radiology of cardiac cavities and the great vessels without catheter is described. The contrast-medium (30 ml) is injected rapidly and bilaterally into the cubital veins. This is sufficient to differentiate between pathologic changes in the mediastinum of vascular of non-vascular origin and between pericardial effusion and myogenous cardiac dilation. The effectiveness of this not demanding technique is discussed on 4 cases. The risks of this investigation are not greater than those of any other method using larger amounts of contrast medium without general anesthesia.", "contents": "[Transvenous cardiography and pulmonalis angiography for differentiating between pathologic mediastinal shadows (author's transl)]. A technique of contrast-medium radiology of cardiac cavities and the great vessels without catheter is described. The contrast-medium (30 ml) is injected rapidly and bilaterally into the cubital veins. This is sufficient to differentiate between pathologic changes in the mediastinum of vascular of non-vascular origin and between pericardial effusion and myogenous cardiac dilation. The effectiveness of this not demanding technique is discussed on 4 cases. The risks of this investigation are not greater than those of any other method using larger amounts of contrast medium without general anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1215763", "title": "[The cervical collateral network in subclavian steal syndrome and block of the vertebral artery (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of rightsided subclavian steal syndrome and block of the right vertebral artery is reported. The importance of the collateral cervical network is emphasized. The diagnostic criteria of a steal phenomenon in the area of the branches of the aorta are discussed.", "contents": "[The cervical collateral network in subclavian steal syndrome and block of the vertebral artery (author's transl)]. A case of rightsided subclavian steal syndrome and block of the right vertebral artery is reported. The importance of the collateral cervical network is emphasized. The diagnostic criteria of a steal phenomenon in the area of the branches of the aorta are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215764", "title": "[Early showing of veins in arteriography of the lower limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on incidence, frequency and localization of early venous filling of the leg in 518 aorto-arteriograms. No relationship to arterial block could be found. The data suggest that premature venous filling is a phenomenon influenced by various factors which cannot be connected with any constant entity and has no diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Early showing of veins in arteriography of the lower limbs (author's transl)]. Report on incidence, frequency and localization of early venous filling of the leg in 518 aorto-arteriograms. No relationship to arterial block could be found. The data suggest that premature venous filling is a phenomenon influenced by various factors which cannot be connected with any constant entity and has no diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:1215765", "title": "[Comparative measurements of the plane-dose-product, the surface dose and organ exposure in radiodiagnostic routine-examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements have been carried out using an Alderson-Rando-Phantom. Their purpose was a comparison between the surface- and organ-doses of radiobiologic interest and the plane-dose-product, important for the documentation according to the R\u00f6ntgen rules (RoV).", "contents": "[Comparative measurements of the plane-dose-product, the surface dose and organ exposure in radiodiagnostic routine-examinations (author's transl)]. Measurements have been carried out using an Alderson-Rando-Phantom. Their purpose was a comparison between the surface- and organ-doses of radiobiologic interest and the plane-dose-product, important for the documentation according to the R\u00f6ntgen rules (RoV)."}
{"id": "PMID:1215766", "title": "[Experiences in using the auto altenator system in a teaching hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Attention is drawn to the advantages of the auto-alternator system in the everyday assessment of films, in comparative investigations and in a teaching and training.", "contents": "[Experiences in using the auto altenator system in a teaching hospital (author's transl)]. Attention is drawn to the advantages of the auto-alternator system in the everyday assessment of films, in comparative investigations and in a teaching and training."}
{"id": "PMID:1215767", "title": "[Astigmatism - a cause for misinterpretation of x-ray photographs (author's transl)].", "content": "With increasing age a corneal, inverse astigmatism may develop, leading to an unequal projection upon the retina depending on the different angles of view. Fine details, like fissures in a X-ray photograph, will only be recognized in turning the photograph for 90 degrees.", "contents": "[Astigmatism - a cause for misinterpretation of x-ray photographs (author's transl)]. With increasing age a corneal, inverse astigmatism may develop, leading to an unequal projection upon the retina depending on the different angles of view. Fine details, like fissures in a X-ray photograph, will only be recognized in turning the photograph for 90 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:1215768", "title": "[Testing a pure methylglucamin salt of joxitalamin acid for contrast and side effects in angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The pure methylglucamin salt of 5 acetamido-N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl). 2,4,6-trijodisophthalamic acid has been tested on 163 arterio- and venograms. Density of contrast and side effects proved favorable. Since it is easily injected, this substance is suitable for angiography.", "contents": "[Testing a pure methylglucamin salt of joxitalamin acid for contrast and side effects in angiography (author's transl)]. The pure methylglucamin salt of 5 acetamido-N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl). 2,4,6-trijodisophthalamic acid has been tested on 163 arterio- and venograms. Density of contrast and side effects proved favorable. Since it is easily injected, this substance is suitable for angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1215769", "title": "[Arteriographic data in circulation disorders of the upper extremity].", "content": "Evaluation of 74 Arteriograms of the upper limb. At the shoulder-girdle arteriosclerotic obliteration is most common. Arteriography is essential for preoperative diagnosis. The same applies to post-traumatic changes in the upper arm. In fore-arm and hand inflammatory and systemic disease predominate. Here arteriograms may provide the diagnosis in part of the cases but almost always important data for the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Arteriographic data in circulation disorders of the upper extremity]. Evaluation of 74 Arteriograms of the upper limb. At the shoulder-girdle arteriosclerotic obliteration is most common. Arteriography is essential for preoperative diagnosis. The same applies to post-traumatic changes in the upper arm. In fore-arm and hand inflammatory and systemic disease predominate. Here arteriograms may provide the diagnosis in part of the cases but almost always important data for the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215770", "title": "[Theoretical considerations for improving oral cholegraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral cholegraphy is one of the most accurate procedures in diagnostic radiology. Nevertheless it is not without shortcomings. To achieve an enhancement of its reliability the biochemical and physiological processes involved in an ultimately sufficient biliary-tract opacification are analysed. From these theoretical considerations some conclusions are drawn which could be important for the improvement of oral cholegraphy and which appeared to be worth testing in practice.", "contents": "[Theoretical considerations for improving oral cholegraphy (author's transl)]. Oral cholegraphy is one of the most accurate procedures in diagnostic radiology. Nevertheless it is not without shortcomings. To achieve an enhancement of its reliability the biochemical and physiological processes involved in an ultimately sufficient biliary-tract opacification are analysed. From these theoretical considerations some conclusions are drawn which could be important for the improvement of oral cholegraphy and which appeared to be worth testing in practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1215771", "title": "[Experience with the Contrac III syringe in carotid angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a comparison between the use of the Contrac III syringe and manual injection for carotid angiography. 100 cases of injector angiograms were compared with 100 unselected manual arteriograms. The injector angiograms needed less contrast fluid and were distinctly better than the manual angiograms. Evaluation was based on the frequency of visualization of the posterior cerebral artery, the anterior cerebral arteries on either side and the filling of lenticulostriary vessels. Using the injector raises the percentage of bilateral filling of the anterior cerebral artery; the posterior cerebral artery, too, is rendered visible much more often. The quality of filling of the basal arteries depends largely on the speed of the injection. According to our present experience complications with the injector are no more frequent than with manual injection. Injection with the Contrac III syringe is, therefore, a definite advance, since it permits producing angiograms of very good, even, reproducible quality.", "contents": "[Experience with the Contrac III syringe in carotid angiography (author's transl)]. Report on a comparison between the use of the Contrac III syringe and manual injection for carotid angiography. 100 cases of injector angiograms were compared with 100 unselected manual arteriograms. The injector angiograms needed less contrast fluid and were distinctly better than the manual angiograms. Evaluation was based on the frequency of visualization of the posterior cerebral artery, the anterior cerebral arteries on either side and the filling of lenticulostriary vessels. Using the injector raises the percentage of bilateral filling of the anterior cerebral artery; the posterior cerebral artery, too, is rendered visible much more often. The quality of filling of the basal arteries depends largely on the speed of the injection. According to our present experience complications with the injector are no more frequent than with manual injection. Injection with the Contrac III syringe is, therefore, a definite advance, since it permits producing angiograms of very good, even, reproducible quality."}
{"id": "PMID:1215772", "title": "[Mediastinal hemorrhage complicating combined streptokinase-anticoagulant therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Case-report. A mediastinal hemorrhage occurring spontaneously following combined streptokinase-anticoagulation therapy is described and its diagnosis and treatment discussed.", "contents": "[Mediastinal hemorrhage complicating combined streptokinase-anticoagulant therapy (author's transl)]. Case-report. A mediastinal hemorrhage occurring spontaneously following combined streptokinase-anticoagulation therapy is described and its diagnosis and treatment discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215773", "title": "[Cancer arising on cirrhosis of regenerative node (author's transl)].", "content": "12 patients with cancer arising from a cirrhosis of the liver and 8 patients with regenerative nodes in a cirrhotic liver have been examined with scintigraphy, serial scintigraphy, angiography and biopsy. The results show that defects in the parenchyma of the liver can be shown with relative certainty using conventional scintigraphy with radiocolloids. But nothing can be said about their nature. Because of the simplicity of this technique and the minor claims on the patient scintigraphy should be the first diagnostic step. If angiography is contra-indicated serial scintigraphy may further elucidate the effects. When, however, angiography can be done, it will offer the best chance of differentiating between cancer and regenerative nodes on the basis of cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Cancer arising on cirrhosis of regenerative node (author's transl)]. 12 patients with cancer arising from a cirrhosis of the liver and 8 patients with regenerative nodes in a cirrhotic liver have been examined with scintigraphy, serial scintigraphy, angiography and biopsy. The results show that defects in the parenchyma of the liver can be shown with relative certainty using conventional scintigraphy with radiocolloids. But nothing can be said about their nature. Because of the simplicity of this technique and the minor claims on the patient scintigraphy should be the first diagnostic step. If angiography is contra-indicated serial scintigraphy may further elucidate the effects. When, however, angiography can be done, it will offer the best chance of differentiating between cancer and regenerative nodes on the basis of cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215774", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of secondaries in the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "A diagnosis of secondaries in the liver carries considerable weight in prognosis and treatment, particularly pre-operatively, so that a possibly unnecessary operation may be avoided. Among techniques available for screening for metastases of the liver scintigraphy plays an important part. Besides laboratory tests and clinical examination it is relatively efficient and does not burden the patient. But they often are incapable of providing a basis for therapeutic decisions. Radiologic techniques are unsuitable (13). Knowledge and proper interpretation of indirect signs will permit guidance at the right time. In essence they serve the radiologic proof of advanced metastatic growths. Space occupying processes in the liver are the main indication for angiography. This is certainly not a routine method but makes sense when trying to identify the nature of defects shown in scintigrams (10). Where a primary tumor is known, angiography will follow scintigraphy of the liver, the search technique of choice. While the two techniques are correctly positive in 75-90% for avascular secondaries, experience of numerous investigations confirms that vascular metastases can be recognized earlier in angiograms than in scintigrams. Only angiography provides specific information differentiating metastases from a heptoma. The additional proof of primary tumors of the pancreas is important. Angiography is essential for indication and planning of partial hepatectomy. The angiographic picture does not permit conclusions from the metastases as to site and identity of the primary tumor. Critical evaluation of the radiographic techniques for early recognition of secondaries in the liver suggests humility. Only by carefully combining the various techniques will it be possible to demonstrate secondaries in the liver earlier and more frequently.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of secondaries in the liver (author's transl)]. A diagnosis of secondaries in the liver carries considerable weight in prognosis and treatment, particularly pre-operatively, so that a possibly unnecessary operation may be avoided. Among techniques available for screening for metastases of the liver scintigraphy plays an important part. Besides laboratory tests and clinical examination it is relatively efficient and does not burden the patient. But they often are incapable of providing a basis for therapeutic decisions. Radiologic techniques are unsuitable (13). Knowledge and proper interpretation of indirect signs will permit guidance at the right time. In essence they serve the radiologic proof of advanced metastatic growths. Space occupying processes in the liver are the main indication for angiography. This is certainly not a routine method but makes sense when trying to identify the nature of defects shown in scintigrams (10). Where a primary tumor is known, angiography will follow scintigraphy of the liver, the search technique of choice. While the two techniques are correctly positive in 75-90% for avascular secondaries, experience of numerous investigations confirms that vascular metastases can be recognized earlier in angiograms than in scintigrams. Only angiography provides specific information differentiating metastases from a heptoma. The additional proof of primary tumors of the pancreas is important. Angiography is essential for indication and planning of partial hepatectomy. The angiographic picture does not permit conclusions from the metastases as to site and identity of the primary tumor. Critical evaluation of the radiographic techniques for early recognition of secondaries in the liver suggests humility. Only by carefully combining the various techniques will it be possible to demonstrate secondaries in the liver earlier and more frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:1215775", "title": "[Examination of the organs in the upper abdomen with ultra sound (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasonography is a harmless reproducibel technique with its own specific indications, an established part of clinical diagnosis in obstetrics, gynecology, ophthalmology, neurology and cardiology. Investigations on the organs of the upper abdomen have greatly extended the indications. Interpreting the sonograms requires experience in providing and evaluating the picture. In part I of this paper normal ultrasonic findings on liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys are shown and explained on the basis of the physical characteristics of ultrasound techniques and the various ultrasoundtopographic data. This echographic normal anatomy of the organs mentioned enables us to understand pathologic changes shown in part II. An attempt is also made to allocate and evaluate ultrasonography among other diagnostic techniques.", "contents": "[Examination of the organs in the upper abdomen with ultra sound (author's transl)]. Ultrasonography is a harmless reproducibel technique with its own specific indications, an established part of clinical diagnosis in obstetrics, gynecology, ophthalmology, neurology and cardiology. Investigations on the organs of the upper abdomen have greatly extended the indications. Interpreting the sonograms requires experience in providing and evaluating the picture. In part I of this paper normal ultrasonic findings on liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys are shown and explained on the basis of the physical characteristics of ultrasound techniques and the various ultrasoundtopographic data. This echographic normal anatomy of the organs mentioned enables us to understand pathologic changes shown in part II. An attempt is also made to allocate and evaluate ultrasonography among other diagnostic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:1215776", "title": "[Examination of the organs in the upper abdomen with ultra sound (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasonography is a harmless reproducibel technique with its own specific indications, an established part of clinical diagnosis in obstetrics, gynecology, ophthalmology, neurology and cardiology. Investigations on the organs of the upper abdomen have greatly extended the indications. Interpreting the sonograms requires experience in providing and evaluating the picture. In part I of this paper normal ultrasonic findings on liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys are shown and explained on thebasis of the physical characteristics of ultrasound techniques and the various ultrasoundtopographic data. This echographic normal anatomy of the organs mentioned enables us to understand pathologic changes shown in part II. An attempt is also made to allocate and evaluate ultrasonography among other diagnostic techniques.", "contents": "[Examination of the organs in the upper abdomen with ultra sound (author's transl)]. Ultrasonography is a harmless reproducibel technique with its own specific indications, an established part of clinical diagnosis in obstetrics, gynecology, ophthalmology, neurology and cardiology. Investigations on the organs of the upper abdomen have greatly extended the indications. Interpreting the sonograms requires experience in providing and evaluating the picture. In part I of this paper normal ultrasonic findings on liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys are shown and explained on thebasis of the physical characteristics of ultrasound techniques and the various ultrasoundtopographic data. This echographic normal anatomy of the organs mentioned enables us to understand pathologic changes shown in part II. An attempt is also made to allocate and evaluate ultrasonography among other diagnostic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:1215777", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of diseases of the salivary glands (author's transl)].", "content": "Sialography of the major salivary glands is simple and without risk. Radiologic changes in their ducts permit certain differentiation between infective and malignant processes. Sialography determines further diagnostic and therapeutic action.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of diseases of the salivary glands (author's transl)]. Sialography of the major salivary glands is simple and without risk. Radiologic changes in their ducts permit certain differentiation between infective and malignant processes. Sialography determines further diagnostic and therapeutic action."}
{"id": "PMID:1215798", "title": "Familial clustering of degenerative cardiovascular diseases.", "content": "In two geographical areas; the Gurghiu Valley, in a mountain region, and the village of Jurilovca on the shores of the Razelm lagoon, investigations were performed in 390 subjects of both sexes over 20 years of age, first degree relatives of healthy index subjects (males aged 40 to 60 years) and 298 subjects of both sexes over the of 20, first degree relatives of index-subjects with coronary heart disease and/or hypertension. The prevalence of these diseases was found to be 40% higher in the families of diseased subjects. The authors assume the participation of a genetic factor in the etiology of these two degenerative cardiovascular diseases.", "contents": "Familial clustering of degenerative cardiovascular diseases. In two geographical areas; the Gurghiu Valley, in a mountain region, and the village of Jurilovca on the shores of the Razelm lagoon, investigations were performed in 390 subjects of both sexes over 20 years of age, first degree relatives of healthy index subjects (males aged 40 to 60 years) and 298 subjects of both sexes over the of 20, first degree relatives of index-subjects with coronary heart disease and/or hypertension. The prevalence of these diseases was found to be 40% higher in the families of diseased subjects. The authors assume the participation of a genetic factor in the etiology of these two degenerative cardiovascular diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1215799", "title": "Coronary arteries in infants up to the age of ten years. I. Chronology of adaptive intimal changes.", "content": "In the coronary arteries of old fetuses the presence of musculo-elastic and elastic hyperplastic layers was firstly detected in the branching pads of aortic ostia and the emergence of the left anterior descending branch. These layers appeared constantly more developed in the left than in the right coronary bed. During the first six months of the extrauterine life the coalescence of pads revealed a passage from localized to diffuse adaptive changes in the main branching sites and in their immediate vicinity. Then,  in the first decade of life, a progressive extension of the musculo-elastic and elastic hyperplastic layers was observed, leading to the well known aspect of diffuse intimal thickening.", "contents": "Coronary arteries in infants up to the age of ten years. I. Chronology of adaptive intimal changes. In the coronary arteries of old fetuses the presence of musculo-elastic and elastic hyperplastic layers was firstly detected in the branching pads of aortic ostia and the emergence of the left anterior descending branch. These layers appeared constantly more developed in the left than in the right coronary bed. During the first six months of the extrauterine life the coalescence of pads revealed a passage from localized to diffuse adaptive changes in the main branching sites and in their immediate vicinity. Then,  in the first decade of life, a progressive extension of the musculo-elastic and elastic hyperplastic layers was observed, leading to the well known aspect of diffuse intimal thickening."}
{"id": "PMID:1215802", "title": "Clinical evolution, histologic type and general lymphographic picture in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "In 88 patients with Hodgkin's disease the clinical value of the general lymphographic picture (lymphodynamic aspects plus nodal patterns) is analysed. The survival times are also reported according to the different pre- and postlymphographic evolution. Histologic types and prelymphographic therapy are correlated with the general lymphographic picture. The predominance of foamy and/or spotty lymphographic patterns of lymph nodes as well as the lymphatic blockages have a severe prognosis (mean intervals between lymphography and exitus 8.3 and respectively 6.2 months). In such cases lymphocytic depletion represents the most frequent histologic type.", "contents": "Clinical evolution, histologic type and general lymphographic picture in Hodgkin's disease. In 88 patients with Hodgkin's disease the clinical value of the general lymphographic picture (lymphodynamic aspects plus nodal patterns) is analysed. The survival times are also reported according to the different pre- and postlymphographic evolution. Histologic types and prelymphographic therapy are correlated with the general lymphographic picture. The predominance of foamy and/or spotty lymphographic patterns of lymph nodes as well as the lymphatic blockages have a severe prognosis (mean intervals between lymphography and exitus 8.3 and respectively 6.2 months). In such cases lymphocytic depletion represents the most frequent histologic type."}
{"id": "PMID:1215803", "title": "Breathlessness and transfer factor for the lung in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "The breath-holding CO transfer factor and transfer coefficient were correlated with the severity of dyspnea in 37 patients with moderate or severe obstructive lung disease FEV 1.0 less than 1.5 1) No correlation was evident when the whole group was considered. When the patients were subdivided into \"bronchitics\", \"intermediate\" and \"emphysematous\" a correlation between dyspnea severity and gas transfer appeared for the latter subgroup; this correlation was statistically significant for the transfer coefficient.", "contents": "Breathlessness and transfer factor for the lung in chronic obstructive lung disease. The breath-holding CO transfer factor and transfer coefficient were correlated with the severity of dyspnea in 37 patients with moderate or severe obstructive lung disease FEV 1.0 less than 1.5 1) No correlation was evident when the whole group was considered. When the patients were subdivided into \"bronchitics\", \"intermediate\" and \"emphysematous\" a correlation between dyspnea severity and gas transfer appeared for the latter subgroup; this correlation was statistically significant for the transfer coefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:1215804", "title": "Screening tests for the enzymatic diagnosis in liver diseases and myocardial infarction.", "content": "To perform the ever increasing number of analyses with a minimum equipment the tendency all over the world is now to replace the classical tests with screening tests. The laboratory of enzymology of the Institute of Internal Medicine has achieved screening tests for the estimation of alkaline phosphatase, of total lactatedehydrogenase and of its fraction I, whose results are in agreement with the reference methods of Bessy-Lowry-Brock and of Lac-Dehystrate-Goedecke in cases of acute and chronic liver diseases, neoplasms, bone diseases (Paget's disease) and myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Screening tests for the enzymatic diagnosis in liver diseases and myocardial infarction. To perform the ever increasing number of analyses with a minimum equipment the tendency all over the world is now to replace the classical tests with screening tests. The laboratory of enzymology of the Institute of Internal Medicine has achieved screening tests for the estimation of alkaline phosphatase, of total lactatedehydrogenase and of its fraction I, whose results are in agreement with the reference methods of Bessy-Lowry-Brock and of Lac-Dehystrate-Goedecke in cases of acute and chronic liver diseases, neoplasms, bone diseases (Paget's disease) and myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1215828", "title": "Prolonged effects of nitrogen mustard on mouse haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.", "content": "Groups of mice have been autopsied at regular intervals during the period of lymphomyeloid tissue regeneration which follows the phase of hypocellularity induced by the i.v. injection of 100 mug (4 mg/kg bodyweight) nitrogen mustard. The marrow cellularity recovered to levels in the normal range by the 8th day and remained in this range up to the 40th day. Subsequently, the marrow showed a slight degree of hypocellularity up to day 120. Granulocytes were predominant during the initial phase of marrow regeneration during the second week post-injection. The thymus exhibited periodic size variations such that it was substantially larger than the thymus of age-matched controls from 20-30 d, 46-73 d, and 75-100 d after injection. The lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue of the spleen regenerated only slowly to reach control values by 40-50 d. Superimposed on the recovering lymphoid tissue of the spleen was a phase of erythroid hyperplasia lasting from 10-18 d post-injection. This coincided with a shift from granulocytosis to erythroid hyperplasia in the marrow. This erythroid hyperplasia lasted until day 30 when the cellular composition of the marrow and spleen returned to normal. A possible explanation of these results is that nitrogen mustard introduces a degree of synchrony into stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, these results emphasize the role of the haematopoietic microenvironment in the control of stem cell differentiation.", "contents": "Prolonged effects of nitrogen mustard on mouse haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Groups of mice have been autopsied at regular intervals during the period of lymphomyeloid tissue regeneration which follows the phase of hypocellularity induced by the i.v. injection of 100 mug (4 mg/kg bodyweight) nitrogen mustard. The marrow cellularity recovered to levels in the normal range by the 8th day and remained in this range up to the 40th day. Subsequently, the marrow showed a slight degree of hypocellularity up to day 120. Granulocytes were predominant during the initial phase of marrow regeneration during the second week post-injection. The thymus exhibited periodic size variations such that it was substantially larger than the thymus of age-matched controls from 20-30 d, 46-73 d, and 75-100 d after injection. The lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue of the spleen regenerated only slowly to reach control values by 40-50 d. Superimposed on the recovering lymphoid tissue of the spleen was a phase of erythroid hyperplasia lasting from 10-18 d post-injection. This coincided with a shift from granulocytosis to erythroid hyperplasia in the marrow. This erythroid hyperplasia lasted until day 30 when the cellular composition of the marrow and spleen returned to normal. A possible explanation of these results is that nitrogen mustard introduces a degree of synchrony into stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, these results emphasize the role of the haematopoietic microenvironment in the control of stem cell differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215829", "title": "Cell adherence as a serious source of error in the haemacytometer count of leucocytes in artificial suspensions.", "content": "This report demonstrates a previously disregarded source of error in the count of lymphocytes that have been fixed in Turk's dilution fluid (acetic acid and gentian violet). If the dilution fluid does not contain any serum protein or other proteins, a large proporation of the lymphocytes will stick to the walls of the mixing vessel. The use of plastic or siliconized vessels does not prevent this. The number of cells which in that way will be eliminated from the suspension is dependent on several variables, such as the type of mixing procedure and mixing vessel, the compensation of the dilution fluid and the cell density. As a consequence it is difficult to give any correction factor for such a count in a haemacytometer counting chamber. More than 30% of the cells may disappear under generally obtained conditions. This source of error is to some extent also involved in the white blood cell count, despite the presence of about 1% protein in the dilution fluid from the serum and lysed erythrocytes. To prevent this loss of cells either bone serum albumin, to a concentration of 5%, or the detergent Certrimide, to a concentration of 2-5 mM, may be added to the dilution fluid.", "contents": "Cell adherence as a serious source of error in the haemacytometer count of leucocytes in artificial suspensions. This report demonstrates a previously disregarded source of error in the count of lymphocytes that have been fixed in Turk's dilution fluid (acetic acid and gentian violet). If the dilution fluid does not contain any serum protein or other proteins, a large proporation of the lymphocytes will stick to the walls of the mixing vessel. The use of plastic or siliconized vessels does not prevent this. The number of cells which in that way will be eliminated from the suspension is dependent on several variables, such as the type of mixing procedure and mixing vessel, the compensation of the dilution fluid and the cell density. As a consequence it is difficult to give any correction factor for such a count in a haemacytometer counting chamber. More than 30% of the cells may disappear under generally obtained conditions. This source of error is to some extent also involved in the white blood cell count, despite the presence of about 1% protein in the dilution fluid from the serum and lysed erythrocytes. To prevent this loss of cells either bone serum albumin, to a concentration of 5%, or the detergent Certrimide, to a concentration of 2-5 mM, may be added to the dilution fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:1215830", "title": "Iron absorption during iron supplementation in blood donors.", "content": "The total amount of iron absorbed from a total supplementation of 2000 mg of iron was studied after a blood donation. 10 regular blood donors and 10 subjects without previous blood loss were included in the study. No subject had received any iron treatment before the investigation. Both groups were given one sustained release tablet containing 100 mg of iron as Fe SO4 once daily for 20 days. The iron in these tablets was labelled with 59Fe. The total amount of iron absorbed from the tablets was measured by a whole body counting technique. Laboratory tests including haematological data, desferrioxamine tests and sternal marrow punctures were made before and after the iron treatment. The non-donors lost a mean amount of 215 mg iron by phlebotomy and the total iron absorption from the tablets was only 94 mg (4.7%). In the regular blood donors the corresponding iron loss was 276 mg and the absorption was 280 mg (14%). The iron supplementation given in this study covered the iron losses in the regular blood donors but not in the non-donors. This iron prophylaxis will present a depletion but not a reduction of the iron stores in blood donors with high donation frequency.", "contents": "Iron absorption during iron supplementation in blood donors. The total amount of iron absorbed from a total supplementation of 2000 mg of iron was studied after a blood donation. 10 regular blood donors and 10 subjects without previous blood loss were included in the study. No subject had received any iron treatment before the investigation. Both groups were given one sustained release tablet containing 100 mg of iron as Fe SO4 once daily for 20 days. The iron in these tablets was labelled with 59Fe. The total amount of iron absorbed from the tablets was measured by a whole body counting technique. Laboratory tests including haematological data, desferrioxamine tests and sternal marrow punctures were made before and after the iron treatment. The non-donors lost a mean amount of 215 mg iron by phlebotomy and the total iron absorption from the tablets was only 94 mg (4.7%). In the regular blood donors the corresponding iron loss was 276 mg and the absorption was 280 mg (14%). The iron supplementation given in this study covered the iron losses in the regular blood donors but not in the non-donors. This iron prophylaxis will present a depletion but not a reduction of the iron stores in blood donors with high donation frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:1215831", "title": "Integrity of the iron transport process in mice with X-linked anaemia.", "content": "The defect in iron (Fe) absorption in X linked anaemia (sla) remains an enigma; absorption of a tracer dose of Fe is impaired in mice raised on an iron-containing cube diet but not in those raised on an iron-deficient diet. Because cobalt (Co) shares a similar intestinal transport pathway with Fe, a study was made of the effect of iron deficient diet on Co absorption. The duodenum of sla and genetically normal mice was perfused for 30 min with labelled solutions containing Co or Fe. Co uptake and transfer were similar in sla and normals fed cubes whereas Fe uptake and transfer were less in sla than in normals. The iron deficient diet caused an increase in the uptake and transfer of Co and Fe in sla and normals. When Co and Fe were perfused together in sla fed deficient diet, the uptake and transfer of each metal was less than when performed alone. The distribution of Fe and Co in subcellular mucosal fractions was determined by a differential centrifugation technique. Deficient diet resulted in a directionally similar change in the subcellular distribution of Co and Fe in sla and normals. The increase in Co as well as Fe absorption in the sla on an iron deficient diet to the same high level found in genetically normal animals, and the inhibitory effect of each metal on the absorption of the other suggests that the absorption defect in sla is unlikely to be due to a primary defect in the function of the transport carrier.", "contents": "Integrity of the iron transport process in mice with X-linked anaemia. The defect in iron (Fe) absorption in X linked anaemia (sla) remains an enigma; absorption of a tracer dose of Fe is impaired in mice raised on an iron-containing cube diet but not in those raised on an iron-deficient diet. Because cobalt (Co) shares a similar intestinal transport pathway with Fe, a study was made of the effect of iron deficient diet on Co absorption. The duodenum of sla and genetically normal mice was perfused for 30 min with labelled solutions containing Co or Fe. Co uptake and transfer were similar in sla and normals fed cubes whereas Fe uptake and transfer were less in sla than in normals. The iron deficient diet caused an increase in the uptake and transfer of Co and Fe in sla and normals. When Co and Fe were perfused together in sla fed deficient diet, the uptake and transfer of each metal was less than when performed alone. The distribution of Fe and Co in subcellular mucosal fractions was determined by a differential centrifugation technique. Deficient diet resulted in a directionally similar change in the subcellular distribution of Co and Fe in sla and normals. The increase in Co as well as Fe absorption in the sla on an iron deficient diet to the same high level found in genetically normal animals, and the inhibitory effect of each metal on the absorption of the other suggests that the absorption defect in sla is unlikely to be due to a primary defect in the function of the transport carrier."}
{"id": "PMID:1215832", "title": "Generalized proteolysis in a young woman with Weber-Christian disease (nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis).", "content": "A patient with Weber-Christian disease (syn. nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis) is reported. The generalized cellular destruction in this patient resulted in liberation of proteolytic enzymes into the circulation, which led to multiple haemostatic disturbances with haemorrhagic diathesis. The most prominent haemostatic defects were thrombocytopenia with a normal life span of isologous platelets, high levels of AHF-related antigen, hypofibronigenaemia with short fibrinogen survival, low levels of Factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor = FSF) and increased amounts of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Proteolytic enzymes, other than thrombin and plasmin which especially degrade Factor XIII and fibrongen, derived from destroyed cells (probably leukocytes) seem to have been involved in the pathogenesis of the bleeding disorder in this patient.", "contents": "Generalized proteolysis in a young woman with Weber-Christian disease (nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis). A patient with Weber-Christian disease (syn. nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis) is reported. The generalized cellular destruction in this patient resulted in liberation of proteolytic enzymes into the circulation, which led to multiple haemostatic disturbances with haemorrhagic diathesis. The most prominent haemostatic defects were thrombocytopenia with a normal life span of isologous platelets, high levels of AHF-related antigen, hypofibronigenaemia with short fibrinogen survival, low levels of Factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor = FSF) and increased amounts of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Proteolytic enzymes, other than thrombin and plasmin which especially degrade Factor XIII and fibrongen, derived from destroyed cells (probably leukocytes) seem to have been involved in the pathogenesis of the bleeding disorder in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1215833", "title": "Selective eradication of rat bone marrow erythroid cells by administration of cytosine arabinoside. Observations on resumption phase of erythropoiesis.", "content": "The in vivo effect of a single i.p. injection of cytosine arabinoside (250 mg/kg body weight) on the rat bone marrow is reported. Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), a potent inhibitor of DNA-synthesis, was seen to produce selective necrosis of fast cycling bone marrow erythroblasts. The depleted erythroid marrow is replenished by stem cells which are members of the lymphoid-transitional cells compartment. An indirect correlation between the degree of erythroid cell depletion and the extent of marrow lymphocytosis was noted 6-12 h after the administration of ara-C. At 24-48 h, however, the marrow returned to its normal activity. The rat bone marrow 6-12 h following a single injection of ara-C is suggested as an experimental model for providing stem cells committed to the erythroid line.", "contents": "Selective eradication of rat bone marrow erythroid cells by administration of cytosine arabinoside. Observations on resumption phase of erythropoiesis. The in vivo effect of a single i.p. injection of cytosine arabinoside (250 mg/kg body weight) on the rat bone marrow is reported. Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), a potent inhibitor of DNA-synthesis, was seen to produce selective necrosis of fast cycling bone marrow erythroblasts. The depleted erythroid marrow is replenished by stem cells which are members of the lymphoid-transitional cells compartment. An indirect correlation between the degree of erythroid cell depletion and the extent of marrow lymphocytosis was noted 6-12 h after the administration of ara-C. At 24-48 h, however, the marrow returned to its normal activity. The rat bone marrow 6-12 h following a single injection of ara-C is suggested as an experimental model for providing stem cells committed to the erythroid line."}
{"id": "PMID:1215834", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of erythroid colonies in diffusion chambers in irradiated rats. Effect of cytosine arabinoside administration on donor rats.", "content": "Ultrastructural observations of erythroid colonies in diffusion chambers implanted in lethally irradiated rats are reported. The donor cells were obtained from rats treated with cytosine arabinoside (250 mg/kg body weight) 6 h prior to seeding. The marrow of donor rats contained a high proportion of stem cells committed to the erythroid line. 9 days after implantation, vast numbers of erythroid colonies developed in the diffusion chambers. The erythroid cells were observed arranged around a central macrophage resembling erythroid islands in bone marrow. Erythroid colonies most probably differentiated from committed stem cells in the inoculum. It is postulated that development of erythroid colonies in diffusion chambers is conditioned by, among other factors, the presence of a special type of macrophages. These macrophages have the same function as those of central reticular cells (CRC) in bone marrow erythroid islands.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of erythroid colonies in diffusion chambers in irradiated rats. Effect of cytosine arabinoside administration on donor rats. Ultrastructural observations of erythroid colonies in diffusion chambers implanted in lethally irradiated rats are reported. The donor cells were obtained from rats treated with cytosine arabinoside (250 mg/kg body weight) 6 h prior to seeding. The marrow of donor rats contained a high proportion of stem cells committed to the erythroid line. 9 days after implantation, vast numbers of erythroid colonies developed in the diffusion chambers. The erythroid cells were observed arranged around a central macrophage resembling erythroid islands in bone marrow. Erythroid colonies most probably differentiated from committed stem cells in the inoculum. It is postulated that development of erythroid colonies in diffusion chambers is conditioned by, among other factors, the presence of a special type of macrophages. These macrophages have the same function as those of central reticular cells (CRC) in bone marrow erythroid islands."}
{"id": "PMID:1215835", "title": "Observations on the in vivo aging of red cells in the rat.", "content": "Aging of rat erythrocytes was studied in vivo by two experimental models. In the first, a single cohort of erythrocytes labelled with radioiron was followed; in the second, sequential hypertransfusions were employed to obtain a defined red cell population, which was continuously transferred from host to host. The results are compatible with a normal red cell life span of about 60 days and with sequestration of senescent erythrocytes in the spleen and in the liver. Red cell aging was associated with a decline in cell volume, haemoglobin, G6PD and ATP content. There were no measureable changes in osmotic fragility. Thus, changes in osmotic resistance do not appear to be critical factors limiting the life span of circulating erythrocytes in the rat.", "contents": "Observations on the in vivo aging of red cells in the rat. Aging of rat erythrocytes was studied in vivo by two experimental models. In the first, a single cohort of erythrocytes labelled with radioiron was followed; in the second, sequential hypertransfusions were employed to obtain a defined red cell population, which was continuously transferred from host to host. The results are compatible with a normal red cell life span of about 60 days and with sequestration of senescent erythrocytes in the spleen and in the liver. Red cell aging was associated with a decline in cell volume, haemoglobin, G6PD and ATP content. There were no measureable changes in osmotic fragility. Thus, changes in osmotic resistance do not appear to be critical factors limiting the life span of circulating erythrocytes in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:1215836", "title": "Immunoradiometric assay for ferritin in human serum.", "content": "A sensitive, specific and precise immunoradiometric assay for ferritin has been developed. Ferritin was measured in the serum of 160 hospital controls, 101 females (118 +/- 9 mug/l) and 59 males (189 +/- 16 mug/l). This difference was statistically significant. In 28 patients with untreated iron deficiency anaemia, serum ferritin concentration (6.1 +/- 0.7 mug/l) was significantly lower than in the controls, but it was within the normal range in 14 cases of polycythaemia vera treated by repeated phlebotomy. In 4 patients with primary haemachromatosis (2884 +/- 56 mug/l), 25 with secondary iron overload states (5702 +/- 1235 mug/l) and 8 with haemolytic anaemia (1612 +/- 605 mug/l), serum ferritin levels were markedly elevated. In 14 cases of transfusional siderosis there was a highly significant correlation between serum ferritin concentration and units of blood transfused. A circadian rhythm in serum ferritin concentration was observed in 7 healthy subjects.", "contents": "Immunoradiometric assay for ferritin in human serum. A sensitive, specific and precise immunoradiometric assay for ferritin has been developed. Ferritin was measured in the serum of 160 hospital controls, 101 females (118 +/- 9 mug/l) and 59 males (189 +/- 16 mug/l). This difference was statistically significant. In 28 patients with untreated iron deficiency anaemia, serum ferritin concentration (6.1 +/- 0.7 mug/l) was significantly lower than in the controls, but it was within the normal range in 14 cases of polycythaemia vera treated by repeated phlebotomy. In 4 patients with primary haemachromatosis (2884 +/- 56 mug/l), 25 with secondary iron overload states (5702 +/- 1235 mug/l) and 8 with haemolytic anaemia (1612 +/- 605 mug/l), serum ferritin levels were markedly elevated. In 14 cases of transfusional siderosis there was a highly significant correlation between serum ferritin concentration and units of blood transfused. A circadian rhythm in serum ferritin concentration was observed in 7 healthy subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:1215837", "title": "Detection of measles antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum by a radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Evidence that different structural components of the measles virus may act as antigens has been provided by the serologic methods of hemagglutination inhibition hemolysin inhibition, and nucleocapsid complement fixation. Using radioiodinated measles viral antigens, and immune precipitation assay has been designed that is capable of discriminating among various reactivities to measles viral structural components in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and of distinguishing whether IgG and IgM antibody is involved. This technique has been applied to the study of measles antibodies in CSF and sera of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurologic diseases. From data presented here, it was found that both groups of patients have individual reactivity to measles proteins, present in CSF and serum, whereas three normal CSF samples were found not to have such antibodies. It appears that oligoclonal immunoglobulins in CSF of MS patients may be detected by this method, and one patient with MS was found to have CSF IgM anti-measles antibodies.", "contents": "Detection of measles antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum by a radioimmunoassay. Evidence that different structural components of the measles virus may act as antigens has been provided by the serologic methods of hemagglutination inhibition hemolysin inhibition, and nucleocapsid complement fixation. Using radioiodinated measles viral antigens, and immune precipitation assay has been designed that is capable of discriminating among various reactivities to measles viral structural components in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and of distinguishing whether IgG and IgM antibody is involved. This technique has been applied to the study of measles antibodies in CSF and sera of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurologic diseases. From data presented here, it was found that both groups of patients have individual reactivity to measles proteins, present in CSF and serum, whereas three normal CSF samples were found not to have such antibodies. It appears that oligoclonal immunoglobulins in CSF of MS patients may be detected by this method, and one patient with MS was found to have CSF IgM anti-measles antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:1215838", "title": "An experimental model in mink for studying the relation between amyloid fibril protein AA and the related serum protein SAA.", "content": "Experimental amyloidosis was induced in mink by repeated injections with endotoxin. Amyloid fibrils extracted from liver and spleen were fractionated by gel filtration after treatment with guanidine-hydrochloride and a reducing agent, dithiothreitol. An elution profile very similar to that of human amyloid fibrils, having protein AA as a major component, was obtained. The mink amyloid protein eluted at a position similar to that of human protein AA was by amino acid composition and partial sequence studies shown to be very similar to the latter protein and was called mink protein AA. In addition, a protein AA-related component (protein SAA) was found in increased amounts in serum of amyloidotic mink, providing further evidence of the homology with human amyloids. Experimental amyloidosis in mink represents a suitable model for studying amyloid proteins and related serum components.", "contents": "An experimental model in mink for studying the relation between amyloid fibril protein AA and the related serum protein SAA. Experimental amyloidosis was induced in mink by repeated injections with endotoxin. Amyloid fibrils extracted from liver and spleen were fractionated by gel filtration after treatment with guanidine-hydrochloride and a reducing agent, dithiothreitol. An elution profile very similar to that of human amyloid fibrils, having protein AA as a major component, was obtained. The mink amyloid protein eluted at a position similar to that of human protein AA was by amino acid composition and partial sequence studies shown to be very similar to the latter protein and was called mink protein AA. In addition, a protein AA-related component (protein SAA) was found in increased amounts in serum of amyloidotic mink, providing further evidence of the homology with human amyloids. Experimental amyloidosis in mink represents a suitable model for studying amyloid proteins and related serum components."}
{"id": "PMID:1215839", "title": "Protein A reactivity of two distinct groups of human monoclonal IgM.", "content": "Fifteen human monoclonal IgM proteins could be divided into two groups based on their ability to inhibit binding of a labelled human monoclonal IgM (IgM-Se) to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (IgM-Se assay); seven were positive and eight were negative. We found complete agreement between positive reaction in the IgM-Se assay, the presence of protein A reactivity in gel diffusion experiments, and high titres in an indirect haemagglutination test detects antibodies to protein A-IgG complexes. The protein A precipitation patterns of IgM and autologous IgG were not identical.", "contents": "Protein A reactivity of two distinct groups of human monoclonal IgM. Fifteen human monoclonal IgM proteins could be divided into two groups based on their ability to inhibit binding of a labelled human monoclonal IgM (IgM-Se) to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (IgM-Se assay); seven were positive and eight were negative. We found complete agreement between positive reaction in the IgM-Se assay, the presence of protein A reactivity in gel diffusion experiments, and high titres in an indirect haemagglutination test detects antibodies to protein A-IgG complexes. The protein A precipitation patterns of IgM and autologous IgG were not identical."}
{"id": "PMID:1215840", "title": "Antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and skeletal muscle in human and experimental myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Using rocket immunoelectrophoresis and indirect haemagglutination tests, antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (n-AChR) from Torpedo marmorata were detected in sera from rabbits with experimental myasthenia but not in sera from patients with myasthenia gravis or in rabbit antisera to a partly purified skeletal muscle antigen. Antibodies to this antigen were demonstrated in sera from patients with myasthenia gravis but not in sera from rabbits with experimental myasthenia. The results indicate that there is no immunological cross-reaction between the muscle antigen and n-AChR from Torpedo marmorata, and little or no cross-reactivity between these n-AChR antibodies and possible muscle n-AChR antibodies in myasthenia gravis patients.", "contents": "Antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and skeletal muscle in human and experimental myasthenia gravis. Using rocket immunoelectrophoresis and indirect haemagglutination tests, antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (n-AChR) from Torpedo marmorata were detected in sera from rabbits with experimental myasthenia but not in sera from patients with myasthenia gravis or in rabbit antisera to a partly purified skeletal muscle antigen. Antibodies to this antigen were demonstrated in sera from patients with myasthenia gravis but not in sera from rabbits with experimental myasthenia. The results indicate that there is no immunological cross-reaction between the muscle antigen and n-AChR from Torpedo marmorata, and little or no cross-reactivity between these n-AChR antibodies and possible muscle n-AChR antibodies in myasthenia gravis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1215841", "title": "Free fascial sling to correct urinary incontinence after prostatic surgery. Results of eight operated patients.", "content": "Eight men with total urinary incontinence after prostatic surgery were operated using a free fascial sling. Four patients were continent 7-36 months postoperatively. Two patients had stress incontinence and two patients had recidivating incontinence. The latter two patients were the only ones in whom the preoperative cystometry was abnormal.", "contents": "Free fascial sling to correct urinary incontinence after prostatic surgery. Results of eight operated patients. Eight men with total urinary incontinence after prostatic surgery were operated using a free fascial sling. Four patients were continent 7-36 months postoperatively. Two patients had stress incontinence and two patients had recidivating incontinence. The latter two patients were the only ones in whom the preoperative cystometry was abnormal."}
{"id": "PMID:1215842", "title": "Late effects of transurethral resection of bladder tumours at the ureteric orifice.", "content": "Nineteen patients, transurethrally resected for low-grade malignant tumours of the urinary bladder at or near the ureteric orifice, were investigated with respect to the presence of distal ureteric stenosis and/or vesico-ureteric reflux. The follow-up studies were performed from 6 to 28 (mean 12) months after the resection and included intravenous pyelography, voiding cystography, cytoscopy with catheterization of the ureteric orifice on the operated side, quantitative urinary culture, and serum creatinine determination. The intravenous pyelographies showed that the ureters on the operated side were significantly wider than those on the control side. This widening was recorded regardless of whether vesico-ureteric reflux was present or not. Vesico-ureteric refluxwas found on the operated side in 9 patients. No reflux was found on the control side in any patient. Preoperatively, no difference in ureteric width was observed between the tumour side and the control side. No severe stenosis was found at the follow-up investigation-in all cases at least a 5 French catheter could be inserted. Postoperatively, the urinary cultures were positive in 4 patients, 3 of whom had a vesico-ureteric reflux. A slight increase in the serum creatinine was noticed in one patient. The absence of ureteric stenosis in this series might be caused by the fact that the resection was performed with a minimum of coagulation.", "contents": "Late effects of transurethral resection of bladder tumours at the ureteric orifice. Nineteen patients, transurethrally resected for low-grade malignant tumours of the urinary bladder at or near the ureteric orifice, were investigated with respect to the presence of distal ureteric stenosis and/or vesico-ureteric reflux. The follow-up studies were performed from 6 to 28 (mean 12) months after the resection and included intravenous pyelography, voiding cystography, cytoscopy with catheterization of the ureteric orifice on the operated side, quantitative urinary culture, and serum creatinine determination. The intravenous pyelographies showed that the ureters on the operated side were significantly wider than those on the control side. This widening was recorded regardless of whether vesico-ureteric reflux was present or not. Vesico-ureteric refluxwas found on the operated side in 9 patients. No reflux was found on the control side in any patient. Preoperatively, no difference in ureteric width was observed between the tumour side and the control side. No severe stenosis was found at the follow-up investigation-in all cases at least a 5 French catheter could be inserted. Postoperatively, the urinary cultures were positive in 4 patients, 3 of whom had a vesico-ureteric reflux. A slight increase in the serum creatinine was noticed in one patient. The absence of ureteric stenosis in this series might be caused by the fact that the resection was performed with a minimum of coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215843", "title": "Surgical injuries of the ureter. A review of 42 cases.", "content": "A review of 42 cases of iatrogenic ureteral injuries treated at the Department of Urology in Lund is presented. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy and blood supply of the ureter is necessary to avoid damage to the ureter during surgery. If, however, such injuries occur, early diagnosis is desirable. Several surgical methods are available for reconstruction. Of great importance is proper choice of the procedures to be used in a given case. The value of diverting operations (pyelostomy, nephrostomy) is stressed. Nephrectomy cannot always be avoided especially if the injury is not detected early. In order to evaluate the results of reconstructive procedures postoperative control with intravenous pyelography is recommended to enable early diagnosis of restrictures and thereby early reoperation.", "contents": "Surgical injuries of the ureter. A review of 42 cases. A review of 42 cases of iatrogenic ureteral injuries treated at the Department of Urology in Lund is presented. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy and blood supply of the ureter is necessary to avoid damage to the ureter during surgery. If, however, such injuries occur, early diagnosis is desirable. Several surgical methods are available for reconstruction. Of great importance is proper choice of the procedures to be used in a given case. The value of diverting operations (pyelostomy, nephrostomy) is stressed. Nephrectomy cannot always be avoided especially if the injury is not detected early. In order to evaluate the results of reconstructive procedures postoperative control with intravenous pyelography is recommended to enable early diagnosis of restrictures and thereby early reoperation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215844", "title": "Proteinuria in patients with uroepithelial tumours with special regard to tumour size, clinical staging and grade of malignancy.", "content": "Concentrations of albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins A, G and M were determined in both serum and urine from 59 patients with uroepithelial tumours. 51 patients had tumours in the bladder, which could be classified according to size, clinical stage and grade of malignancy, the remaining 8 had tumours in the ureter or renal pelvis. Urinary proteins were found in all the patients studied, the concentration being proportional to the tumour size. There was no correlation, however, with the grade of malignancy. The level of serum proteins and the urinary protein fraction pattern were similar in all groups of patients. Immunoglobulins were found in relatively large amounts in the urine, except for IgM which was absent in 13 patients. It is suggested that there immunoglobulins originate from the tumour surface and may represent an immune reaction by the host against the tumour. Their estimation in the urine may be a useful diagnostic help when urinary tract tumours are suspected.", "contents": "Proteinuria in patients with uroepithelial tumours with special regard to tumour size, clinical staging and grade of malignancy. Concentrations of albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins A, G and M were determined in both serum and urine from 59 patients with uroepithelial tumours. 51 patients had tumours in the bladder, which could be classified according to size, clinical stage and grade of malignancy, the remaining 8 had tumours in the ureter or renal pelvis. Urinary proteins were found in all the patients studied, the concentration being proportional to the tumour size. There was no correlation, however, with the grade of malignancy. The level of serum proteins and the urinary protein fraction pattern were similar in all groups of patients. Immunoglobulins were found in relatively large amounts in the urine, except for IgM which was absent in 13 patients. It is suggested that there immunoglobulins originate from the tumour surface and may represent an immune reaction by the host against the tumour. Their estimation in the urine may be a useful diagnostic help when urinary tract tumours are suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:1215845", "title": "Acute non-specific epididymitis in boys. A survey based on 48 consecutive cases.", "content": "A series of 48 boys with acute non-specific epididymitis is presented, indicating that this disease is probably not so rare as has been claimed. Our material consisted of two major groups: infants and boys between 10 and 15 years of age. Surgical exploration was made in 22 cases, predominantly infants. Diagnosis could be made from the clinical picture in most of the older boys. In the younger boys, wide indications for surgical exploration are necessary in order not to overlook a torsion of the testis. One third of the patients had significant growth of bacteriae in the urine. Bacteriuria was more often found in infants than in older children. The possible source of the epididymitis could be found in only a small proportion of the cases. A follow-up investigation 3-20 years after the initial attack showed that the prognosis is favourable in boys.", "contents": "Acute non-specific epididymitis in boys. A survey based on 48 consecutive cases. A series of 48 boys with acute non-specific epididymitis is presented, indicating that this disease is probably not so rare as has been claimed. Our material consisted of two major groups: infants and boys between 10 and 15 years of age. Surgical exploration was made in 22 cases, predominantly infants. Diagnosis could be made from the clinical picture in most of the older boys. In the younger boys, wide indications for surgical exploration are necessary in order not to overlook a torsion of the testis. One third of the patients had significant growth of bacteriae in the urine. Bacteriuria was more often found in infants than in older children. The possible source of the epididymitis could be found in only a small proportion of the cases. A follow-up investigation 3-20 years after the initial attack showed that the prognosis is favourable in boys."}
{"id": "PMID:1215846", "title": "A comparison between urography and radioisotope renography in the follow-up of surgery for hydronephrosis.", "content": "The result of surgical correction of hydronephrosis caused by chronic obstruction at the pyeloureteral junction has been evaluated clinically as well as by urography and body background substracted renography performed preoperatively and up to 65 months postoperatively. The average follow-up period was 24 months. Twenty-eight patients (29 kidneys) were operated. Clinically 24 patients were improved. Urography showed regress of hydronephrosis and/or improved urinary pelvic drainage in 22 patients, whereas kidney function is judged from renography was improved in only 8 patients. Improvement in all parameters was generally most marked during the first postoperative months. Renographic improvement was seen much more often when the contralateral (non-operated) kidney was abnormal. Thus, kidney function in terms of effective renal plasma flow is rather uninfluenced by hydronephrosis surgery if the contralateral kidney is normal, whereas clinical improvement in urinary drainage is regularly obtained. This improvement in drainage is poorly registered by renography. It is concluded that renography is an important complementary method to urography, but the method cannot replace the radiological methods in the follow-up of hydronephrosis surgery.", "contents": "A comparison between urography and radioisotope renography in the follow-up of surgery for hydronephrosis. The result of surgical correction of hydronephrosis caused by chronic obstruction at the pyeloureteral junction has been evaluated clinically as well as by urography and body background substracted renography performed preoperatively and up to 65 months postoperatively. The average follow-up period was 24 months. Twenty-eight patients (29 kidneys) were operated. Clinically 24 patients were improved. Urography showed regress of hydronephrosis and/or improved urinary pelvic drainage in 22 patients, whereas kidney function is judged from renography was improved in only 8 patients. Improvement in all parameters was generally most marked during the first postoperative months. Renographic improvement was seen much more often when the contralateral (non-operated) kidney was abnormal. Thus, kidney function in terms of effective renal plasma flow is rather uninfluenced by hydronephrosis surgery if the contralateral kidney is normal, whereas clinical improvement in urinary drainage is regularly obtained. This improvement in drainage is poorly registered by renography. It is concluded that renography is an important complementary method to urography, but the method cannot replace the radiological methods in the follow-up of hydronephrosis surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1215847", "title": "Renal blood flow in acute epidemic nephritis (nephropathia epidemica of Scandinavia).", "content": "Different haemodynamic and functional parameters were studied in 5 cases of acute epidemic nephritis with uraemia using nephroangiography and dye-dilution measurements combined with determination of extraction ratio and clearance for 51Cr-EDTA and PAH. In the acute phase, with greatly reduced renal function, increased vascular resistance was noted in spite of the vasodilatation observed in the renal artery out to and including the interlobular arteries. Moreover, angiography revealed enlarged kidneys with an increase in the thickness of the cortex and reduced cortical contrast accumulation. The renal blood flow, which was normal or slightly reduced initially, increased during convalescence, and renal function returned to normal. The investigation indicated that a primary vascular lesion in glomerular to postglomerular capillaries gives rise to pronounced interstitial oedema, which, probably as a result of secondary tubular compression, may be the cause of the rapidly developing renal failure.", "contents": "Renal blood flow in acute epidemic nephritis (nephropathia epidemica of Scandinavia). Different haemodynamic and functional parameters were studied in 5 cases of acute epidemic nephritis with uraemia using nephroangiography and dye-dilution measurements combined with determination of extraction ratio and clearance for 51Cr-EDTA and PAH. In the acute phase, with greatly reduced renal function, increased vascular resistance was noted in spite of the vasodilatation observed in the renal artery out to and including the interlobular arteries. Moreover, angiography revealed enlarged kidneys with an increase in the thickness of the cortex and reduced cortical contrast accumulation. The renal blood flow, which was normal or slightly reduced initially, increased during convalescence, and renal function returned to normal. The investigation indicated that a primary vascular lesion in glomerular to postglomerular capillaries gives rise to pronounced interstitial oedema, which, probably as a result of secondary tubular compression, may be the cause of the rapidly developing renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1215848", "title": "Rubidium redistribution after suprarenal caval ligation in the rat.", "content": "The distribution of infused 86 Rb Cl between different organs was followed for 48 hours. When SRVCL was perfused 15 hours after the 86 Rb Cl infusion, there was a redistribution with loss of Rb from the kidneys and the thigh musculature and an increase in the Rb concentration in the liver and shoulder musculature.", "contents": "Rubidium redistribution after suprarenal caval ligation in the rat. The distribution of infused 86 Rb Cl between different organs was followed for 48 hours. When SRVCL was perfused 15 hours after the 86 Rb Cl infusion, there was a redistribution with loss of Rb from the kidneys and the thigh musculature and an increase in the Rb concentration in the liver and shoulder musculature."}
{"id": "PMID:1215849", "title": "Segmental cortical renal infarction with spontaneous regression. A clinical and roentgenological study.", "content": "A patient with a suspected segmental aseptic renal infarction is described. Initially, the clinical picture was characterized by pain and macroscopic haematuria. An acute intravenous pyelography showed a normal roentgen anatomy. At a second intravenous pyelography one week later, an incomplete filling of the two cranial calyces was found. A subsequent renal angiography showed an avascular area within the corresponding parenchyma. The distinct demarcation of the avascular zone caused us to suspect that the disease might be ischemic. A second and a third renal angiography 6 weeks and 4 months later, respectively, both showed complete restoration with a normal vascular pattern. The necessity of performing an acute renal angiography in every case of a suspected renal infarction is stressed. The possibility of preventing hypertension by kidney resection in patients with incomplete restoration of the renal parenchyma is evaluated.", "contents": "Segmental cortical renal infarction with spontaneous regression. A clinical and roentgenological study. A patient with a suspected segmental aseptic renal infarction is described. Initially, the clinical picture was characterized by pain and macroscopic haematuria. An acute intravenous pyelography showed a normal roentgen anatomy. At a second intravenous pyelography one week later, an incomplete filling of the two cranial calyces was found. A subsequent renal angiography showed an avascular area within the corresponding parenchyma. The distinct demarcation of the avascular zone caused us to suspect that the disease might be ischemic. A second and a third renal angiography 6 weeks and 4 months later, respectively, both showed complete restoration with a normal vascular pattern. The necessity of performing an acute renal angiography in every case of a suspected renal infarction is stressed. The possibility of preventing hypertension by kidney resection in patients with incomplete restoration of the renal parenchyma is evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:1215851", "title": "Biological age, health, and health-risk indicators among 25-57-year-old men in two parts of Finland.", "content": "Biological age, health, and health-risk indicators were examined among 460 systematically chosen men, aged 25-57 years, in two parts of Finland. Morbidity rates and the prevalence of some health-risk indicators were higher and the standard of living lower in North Karelia than in South-West Finland. The index of biological age (IBA) did not show significant differences between the districts and did not correlate with health-risk indicators. People working in physically hard occupations (industrial and mining workers) were found to have more diseases and had higher IBA values than had workers in lighter occupations. The results suggest that both ageing and morbidity are regulated by occupational status and social conditions connected with it.", "contents": "Biological age, health, and health-risk indicators among 25-57-year-old men in two parts of Finland. Biological age, health, and health-risk indicators were examined among 460 systematically chosen men, aged 25-57 years, in two parts of Finland. Morbidity rates and the prevalence of some health-risk indicators were higher and the standard of living lower in North Karelia than in South-West Finland. The index of biological age (IBA) did not show significant differences between the districts and did not correlate with health-risk indicators. People working in physically hard occupations (industrial and mining workers) were found to have more diseases and had higher IBA values than had workers in lighter occupations. The results suggest that both ageing and morbidity are regulated by occupational status and social conditions connected with it."}
{"id": "PMID:1215852", "title": "Mortality among female alcoholics.", "content": "The investigation group is composed of the 83 female alcoholics who, in the period of 1961-68, were subjected to their first compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board in Malmo. Their socioeconomic status was low. In many cases the women were heavily disadvantaged, socially. By the end of 1973, 15 of them (18%) had died: 8 through accidents, 4 by suicide, 1 of liver cirrhosis, 1 of myocardial infarction, and 1 of cerebral haemorrhage. General and cause-specific mortality was calculated on the basis of age-specific risk tables for females. The ratio of observed to expected mortality was: for all causes of death fully 7:1, for accidents 70:1, for suicides 30:1, and for other causes 1.6:1. Those who died as a result of suicide were on average younger than the other female alcoholics at the first compulsory treatment, and those who died of other causes were on average older. All who died by suicide had earlier made many attempts at suicide. In fully half of all known attempts at suicide, violent methods had been employed.", "contents": "Mortality among female alcoholics. The investigation group is composed of the 83 female alcoholics who, in the period of 1961-68, were subjected to their first compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board in Malmo. Their socioeconomic status was low. In many cases the women were heavily disadvantaged, socially. By the end of 1973, 15 of them (18%) had died: 8 through accidents, 4 by suicide, 1 of liver cirrhosis, 1 of myocardial infarction, and 1 of cerebral haemorrhage. General and cause-specific mortality was calculated on the basis of age-specific risk tables for females. The ratio of observed to expected mortality was: for all causes of death fully 7:1, for accidents 70:1, for suicides 30:1, and for other causes 1.6:1. Those who died as a result of suicide were on average younger than the other female alcoholics at the first compulsory treatment, and those who died of other causes were on average older. All who died by suicide had earlier made many attempts at suicide. In fully half of all known attempts at suicide, violent methods had been employed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215853", "title": "The diagnostic process in outpatient endocrine care with special reference to screening. Further study of diagnostic patterns, their changes, total and diagnosis-specific resource consumption.", "content": "A screening procedure based on physical examination alone was used in the outpatient unit of a department of endocrinology and metabolism. The volume effectiveness and efficiency of this diagnostic process was evaluated by studying the case-records and by mail questionnaire. The case-records of 296 patients admitted to the clinic during 1968 were analyzed. It was found that 103 of these patients were immediately referred back after a brief physical examination only. The pattern of diagnosis, its changes during the screening procedure, and the outpatient-investigation were also studied. 50% of the patients subjected to outpatient-investigation ended up with a new diagnosis. It was also possible to construct a diagnosis-specific cost estimate for outpatient-investigation, starting from a non-confident and arriving at a confident diagnosis. The distribution of these costs was very skew. The cost for the physician performing the screening was estimated to represent only 2.6% of the costs saved by the introduction of the screening.", "contents": "The diagnostic process in outpatient endocrine care with special reference to screening. Further study of diagnostic patterns, their changes, total and diagnosis-specific resource consumption. A screening procedure based on physical examination alone was used in the outpatient unit of a department of endocrinology and metabolism. The volume effectiveness and efficiency of this diagnostic process was evaluated by studying the case-records and by mail questionnaire. The case-records of 296 patients admitted to the clinic during 1968 were analyzed. It was found that 103 of these patients were immediately referred back after a brief physical examination only. The pattern of diagnosis, its changes during the screening procedure, and the outpatient-investigation were also studied. 50% of the patients subjected to outpatient-investigation ended up with a new diagnosis. It was also possible to construct a diagnosis-specific cost estimate for outpatient-investigation, starting from a non-confident and arriving at a confident diagnosis. The distribution of these costs was very skew. The cost for the physician performing the screening was estimated to represent only 2.6% of the costs saved by the introduction of the screening."}
{"id": "PMID:1215854", "title": "Comparison between participants and non-participants at a gynaecological mass screening.", "content": "Nearly 35% of the women invited to the gynaecological mass screening in Uppsala do not participate. It is therefore of importance to study the reasons for this, especially as previous research in this field is sparse. We used a mail questionnaire which included questions concerning sociological data, gynaecological background, attitude to gynaecological examinations and to mass screening, attitude to cancer and to sexual matters. 87.5% of the sample of 800 women replied. We compared the group of women who had at some time participated in the mass screening with those who had never participated. The sociological variables were found to be closely correlated, and their individual significance could consequently not be distinguished. Those who had not participated did not as a whole constitute a critical group as regards detection of cancer, since it was found that most of these women had attended a gynaecologist elsewhere and, although they had had smears taken, they appeared to be poorly informed as to the type of cancer that the smear is intended to detect. Our questioning failed to show the women's attitude to cancer or to sexual matters was of significance for participation, although there is some evidence that the latter may be of some importance. The most significant difference disclosed between the groups was that non-participants consider gynaecological examinations more unpleasant than do participants. Furthermore it was found that women's expectations of the mass screening differ from what they consider to be included in the examination. Finally, measures intended to increase participation are suggested.", "contents": "Comparison between participants and non-participants at a gynaecological mass screening. Nearly 35% of the women invited to the gynaecological mass screening in Uppsala do not participate. It is therefore of importance to study the reasons for this, especially as previous research in this field is sparse. We used a mail questionnaire which included questions concerning sociological data, gynaecological background, attitude to gynaecological examinations and to mass screening, attitude to cancer and to sexual matters. 87.5% of the sample of 800 women replied. We compared the group of women who had at some time participated in the mass screening with those who had never participated. The sociological variables were found to be closely correlated, and their individual significance could consequently not be distinguished. Those who had not participated did not as a whole constitute a critical group as regards detection of cancer, since it was found that most of these women had attended a gynaecologist elsewhere and, although they had had smears taken, they appeared to be poorly informed as to the type of cancer that the smear is intended to detect. Our questioning failed to show the women's attitude to cancer or to sexual matters was of significance for participation, although there is some evidence that the latter may be of some importance. The most significant difference disclosed between the groups was that non-participants consider gynaecological examinations more unpleasant than do participants. Furthermore it was found that women's expectations of the mass screening differ from what they consider to be included in the examination. Finally, measures intended to increase participation are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1215855", "title": "Female alcoholics and public assistance.", "content": "The proband group in this investigation consisted of 71 female alcoholics subjected to compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board. Public assistance was surveyed from the calendar year when the subject reached 19 years of age to the 9th year after the first compulsory treatment. During the four-year period preceding the first compulsory treatment, the percentage of probands on public assistance per year increased from 25 to 50; this coincided with the increase in the percentage of probands having non-compulsory contact with the Temperance Board, annually. During the same period, both the percentage of probands who for the first time received public assistance and also the percentage of probands having first non-compulsory contact with the Temperance Board were doubled. After the first compulsory treatment, the dependence on public assistance remained constant at a very high level. The first instance of public assistance was a late socio-medical symptom. The first gonorrhoeal infection and also the first recorded criminal offence usually occurred considerably earlier; on the other hand, the first conviction for drunkenness occurred somewhat later in the course.", "contents": "Female alcoholics and public assistance. The proband group in this investigation consisted of 71 female alcoholics subjected to compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board. Public assistance was surveyed from the calendar year when the subject reached 19 years of age to the 9th year after the first compulsory treatment. During the four-year period preceding the first compulsory treatment, the percentage of probands on public assistance per year increased from 25 to 50; this coincided with the increase in the percentage of probands having non-compulsory contact with the Temperance Board, annually. During the same period, both the percentage of probands who for the first time received public assistance and also the percentage of probands having first non-compulsory contact with the Temperance Board were doubled. After the first compulsory treatment, the dependence on public assistance remained constant at a very high level. The first instance of public assistance was a late socio-medical symptom. The first gonorrhoeal infection and also the first recorded criminal offence usually occurred considerably earlier; on the other hand, the first conviction for drunkenness occurred somewhat later in the course."}
{"id": "PMID:1215856", "title": "[Psychological behavior in terminal illnesses].", "content": "The physician usually identifies the diagnosis - and implicitly the prognosis - of a terminal illness by its objective signs. The patient, however, recognizes fatal disease through pain and subjective symptoms as well as the reaction of his doctor and family. The overwhelming majority of patients suffering from a fatal disease realize that they will die within a given span of time; but most physicians still believe that frank information of the patient about the fatal character of his disease is irresponsible. The response of the patient to the approach of death is in many ways comparable to the usual adaptation to a psychological stress. As in illness behaviour in general, adaptation depends on personality structure (especially defense mechanisms), the given life situation and the illness. The main goal of psychotherapy in terminal illness is to answer the patient's questions as frankly as possible, without destroying hope for those in need of it. Support for the patient through the different phases of dying will preserve him from human isolation.", "contents": "[Psychological behavior in terminal illnesses]. The physician usually identifies the diagnosis - and implicitly the prognosis - of a terminal illness by its objective signs. The patient, however, recognizes fatal disease through pain and subjective symptoms as well as the reaction of his doctor and family. The overwhelming majority of patients suffering from a fatal disease realize that they will die within a given span of time; but most physicians still believe that frank information of the patient about the fatal character of his disease is irresponsible. The response of the patient to the approach of death is in many ways comparable to the usual adaptation to a psychological stress. As in illness behaviour in general, adaptation depends on personality structure (especially defense mechanisms), the given life situation and the illness. The main goal of psychotherapy in terminal illness is to answer the patient's questions as frankly as possible, without destroying hope for those in need of it. Support for the patient through the different phases of dying will preserve him from human isolation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215857", "title": "[The frequency of relapse in operated and non-operated Crohn's disease. Conclusions for the indications for surgery].", "content": "162 patients with Crohn's disease were followed up for an average of 9.1 years. 91 patients underwent surgery. In our series 60% relapses were noted in patients in whom the interval between surgery and reevaluation was at least 3 years. 19.8% of the 71 patients who did not undergo surgery had relapses. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. The operation has a curative effect in only a few cases. 2. The operation is indicated only in the event of complications. 3. Relapses following appropriate surgery are not due to the operation but are a sign of activity of the disease.", "contents": "[The frequency of relapse in operated and non-operated Crohn's disease. Conclusions for the indications for surgery]. 162 patients with Crohn's disease were followed up for an average of 9.1 years. 91 patients underwent surgery. In our series 60% relapses were noted in patients in whom the interval between surgery and reevaluation was at least 3 years. 19.8% of the 71 patients who did not undergo surgery had relapses. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. The operation has a curative effect in only a few cases. 2. The operation is indicated only in the event of complications. 3. Relapses following appropriate surgery are not due to the operation but are a sign of activity of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1215858", "title": "[Dietary modification of a specific hormonal system of the duodenal mucosa controlling the endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions].", "content": "The effect of different food substrates on production by the duodenal mucosa of factors acting on the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas was studied in the rat in vivo. Intragastric loads of glucose, maltose, arginine, lysine, peanut oil or a protein hydrolysate (Nesmida) were given to a first group of rats. The duodenum was removed at various times after food and extracts of duodenal mucosa were injected into the pancreatic-duodenal artery of other rats. The effect of these extracts was determined by measuring immunoreactive insulin levels in the portal vein and amylase, trypsin and lipase activities in the pancreatic juice of this second series of rats. Glucose and arginine, but not lysine, increased the activity of duodenal extracts on insulin secretion, whereas oil ingestion modified the activity of the duodenal extracts by inhibiting insulin secretion. Duodenal mucosa extracts taken 30 min after glucose and maltose ingestion stimulated amylase but not trypsin in the pancreatic juice, whereas extracts taken 45 min after ingestion of a protein hydrolysate stimulated trypsin but not amylase production. The extracts taken after oil ingestion specifically stimulated lipase secretion. These observations suggest the possibility of a hormonal system which is modulated by various food substrates and influences both endocrine and exocrine pancreas functions.", "contents": "[Dietary modification of a specific hormonal system of the duodenal mucosa controlling the endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions]. The effect of different food substrates on production by the duodenal mucosa of factors acting on the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas was studied in the rat in vivo. Intragastric loads of glucose, maltose, arginine, lysine, peanut oil or a protein hydrolysate (Nesmida) were given to a first group of rats. The duodenum was removed at various times after food and extracts of duodenal mucosa were injected into the pancreatic-duodenal artery of other rats. The effect of these extracts was determined by measuring immunoreactive insulin levels in the portal vein and amylase, trypsin and lipase activities in the pancreatic juice of this second series of rats. Glucose and arginine, but not lysine, increased the activity of duodenal extracts on insulin secretion, whereas oil ingestion modified the activity of the duodenal extracts by inhibiting insulin secretion. Duodenal mucosa extracts taken 30 min after glucose and maltose ingestion stimulated amylase but not trypsin in the pancreatic juice, whereas extracts taken 45 min after ingestion of a protein hydrolysate stimulated trypsin but not amylase production. The extracts taken after oil ingestion specifically stimulated lipase secretion. These observations suggest the possibility of a hormonal system which is modulated by various food substrates and influences both endocrine and exocrine pancreas functions."}
{"id": "PMID:1215859", "title": "[Urinary concentration and antibacterial effect of short and long acting tetracycyline].", "content": "Forty-one hospitalized patients, of whom the majority had asymptomatic bacteriuria, were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. They were given either tetracycline HCl 1 g, or tetracycline HCl + terpenes 100 mg, or minocycline 200 mg, or cotrimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole 1.6 g + trimethoprim 320 mg), daily for one week. A large number of bacteria were resistant to tetracyclines. The urine was sterilized in 14 out of 24 patients receiving tetracyclines and in all of the 17 patients receiving cotrimoxazole. The mean urinary concentration of tetracycline was 20 times higher than that of minocycline. The 24-h urinary excretion of tetracyclines was slightly higher in patients receiving the combination of terpenes and tetracycline, but these differences in urinary excretion did not appear to have any influence on the antibacterial effect of tetracyclines.", "contents": "[Urinary concentration and antibacterial effect of short and long acting tetracycyline]. Forty-one hospitalized patients, of whom the majority had asymptomatic bacteriuria, were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. They were given either tetracycline HCl 1 g, or tetracycline HCl + terpenes 100 mg, or minocycline 200 mg, or cotrimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole 1.6 g + trimethoprim 320 mg), daily for one week. A large number of bacteria were resistant to tetracyclines. The urine was sterilized in 14 out of 24 patients receiving tetracyclines and in all of the 17 patients receiving cotrimoxazole. The mean urinary concentration of tetracycline was 20 times higher than that of minocycline. The 24-h urinary excretion of tetracyclines was slightly higher in patients receiving the combination of terpenes and tetracycline, but these differences in urinary excretion did not appear to have any influence on the antibacterial effect of tetracyclines."}
{"id": "PMID:1215860", "title": "[The place of \"monocomponent\" insulins in diabetes mellitus therapy].", "content": "The chemical and biochemical properties of highly purified insulin (termed \"monocomponent insulin\") are discussed. The clinical indications for this mc-insulin are immunologic side effects of conventional insulin therapy such as resistance, allergy and lipoatrophy. Furthermore, highly purified insulins can be tried in high insulin requirement, in juvenile diabetes and intermittent insulin therapy. Case histories for these clinical indications are presented. It is advised that the use of mc-insulin should be restricted to precise clinical indications until enough pure pig insulin is available for treatment of all insulin-dependent diabetics.", "contents": "[The place of \"monocomponent\" insulins in diabetes mellitus therapy]. The chemical and biochemical properties of highly purified insulin (termed \"monocomponent insulin\") are discussed. The clinical indications for this mc-insulin are immunologic side effects of conventional insulin therapy such as resistance, allergy and lipoatrophy. Furthermore, highly purified insulins can be tried in high insulin requirement, in juvenile diabetes and intermittent insulin therapy. Case histories for these clinical indications are presented. It is advised that the use of mc-insulin should be restricted to precise clinical indications until enough pure pig insulin is available for treatment of all insulin-dependent diabetics."}
{"id": "PMID:1215861", "title": "[The effect of cholecystectomy on the lipid composition of the liver bile. Follow-up studies in 10 cholecystectomized patients with recurrent calculi in the bile ducts].", "content": "In 10 patients who had formed new stones in the common bile duct after cholecystectomy, the lipid composition of the hepatic bile was determined on three different days after relaparotomy and placing of T-tude and the cholesterol content of the stones was investigated. The cholesterol content in 9 out of 10 recurrent gallstones was between 78 and 93%. The lipid content was lithogenic in these 9 cases. In the tenth (a patient with mixed recurring gallstones) solubility for cholesterol was in the critical area. There thus seems to be no normalization of lipid composition in patients with cholesterol stones after cholescystectomy, and the conditions for recurrence of cholesterol stones remain unaltered.", "contents": "[The effect of cholecystectomy on the lipid composition of the liver bile. Follow-up studies in 10 cholecystectomized patients with recurrent calculi in the bile ducts]. In 10 patients who had formed new stones in the common bile duct after cholecystectomy, the lipid composition of the hepatic bile was determined on three different days after relaparotomy and placing of T-tude and the cholesterol content of the stones was investigated. The cholesterol content in 9 out of 10 recurrent gallstones was between 78 and 93%. The lipid content was lithogenic in these 9 cases. In the tenth (a patient with mixed recurring gallstones) solubility for cholesterol was in the critical area. There thus seems to be no normalization of lipid composition in patients with cholesterol stones after cholescystectomy, and the conditions for recurrence of cholesterol stones remain unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:1215862", "title": "[The inhalation of beta stimulators. Effect of the inhaled aerosol deposited in the oropharynx and in the bronchial tree].", "content": "Inhaled aerosols are predominatly deposited in the oropharynx and only a minor portion penetrates into the sublaryngeal airways. The effectiveness of both components of an orciprenaline aerosol was tested in 12 asthmatics. For this purpose they were given an inhalation on one day and, on the next, the entire oropharynx was sprayed with the inhalant. Evaluation of the corresponding bronchodilator effects was based on repeated measurements of specific airway conductance. The results show that the inhalation is about 6 times as effective as the spray, and thus prove the superiority of inhalation therapy over oral or peroral medication with beta-stimulants in the treatment of bronchial asthma.", "contents": "[The inhalation of beta stimulators. Effect of the inhaled aerosol deposited in the oropharynx and in the bronchial tree]. Inhaled aerosols are predominatly deposited in the oropharynx and only a minor portion penetrates into the sublaryngeal airways. The effectiveness of both components of an orciprenaline aerosol was tested in 12 asthmatics. For this purpose they were given an inhalation on one day and, on the next, the entire oropharynx was sprayed with the inhalant. Evaluation of the corresponding bronchodilator effects was based on repeated measurements of specific airway conductance. The results show that the inhalation is about 6 times as effective as the spray, and thus prove the superiority of inhalation therapy over oral or peroral medication with beta-stimulants in the treatment of bronchial asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:1215864", "title": "[\"Small airway disease\". A short review].", "content": "Recent research aimed at detection of early chronic obstructive lung disease has resulted in the concept of \"small airway disease\". The physiologic abnormalities associated with this entity, which is characterized by structural changes in peripheral airways, are too slight to be detected by conventional pulmonary function tests. A number of more sensitive methods have been found helpful in the recognition of small airway disease which, among other conditions, appears to be present in asymptomatic young smokers. Although final evidence of the suggested relationship between small airway disease and clinically manifest chronic obstructive lung disease is still lacking, this hypothesis is intriguing since it relates to a chronic disease in a potentially reversible stage.", "contents": "[\"Small airway disease\". A short review]. Recent research aimed at detection of early chronic obstructive lung disease has resulted in the concept of \"small airway disease\". The physiologic abnormalities associated with this entity, which is characterized by structural changes in peripheral airways, are too slight to be detected by conventional pulmonary function tests. A number of more sensitive methods have been found helpful in the recognition of small airway disease which, among other conditions, appears to be present in asymptomatic young smokers. Although final evidence of the suggested relationship between small airway disease and clinically manifest chronic obstructive lung disease is still lacking, this hypothesis is intriguing since it relates to a chronic disease in a potentially reversible stage."}
{"id": "PMID:1215865", "title": "[Pre and postoperative secretion studies in selective proximal vagotomy. Report on 50 patients].", "content": "In 50 patients with peptic ulcer (48 duodenal ulcers and 2 pyloric channel ulcers) proximal gastric vagotomy was performed. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiology and endoscopy in all cases. Pentagastrin-stimulated maximal acid output (MAO) was measured preoperatively. At 6-12 months after the operation a pentagastrin test (6 mug/kg) and an insulin test (12 units regular insulin intravenously) were carried out. The results of the insulin tests were assessed by 5 criteria. In patients with 3 or more positive criteria the vagotomy was considered incomplete. 30 patients had \"complete\" and 20 \"incomplete\" vagotomy. MAO was reduced by 56%. The mean reduction of MAO was 63% in cases of \"complete\" vagotomy and 46.5% in \"incomplete\" vagotomy. The purpose and indication of postoperative studies of gastric secretion are discussed.", "contents": "[Pre and postoperative secretion studies in selective proximal vagotomy. Report on 50 patients]. In 50 patients with peptic ulcer (48 duodenal ulcers and 2 pyloric channel ulcers) proximal gastric vagotomy was performed. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiology and endoscopy in all cases. Pentagastrin-stimulated maximal acid output (MAO) was measured preoperatively. At 6-12 months after the operation a pentagastrin test (6 mug/kg) and an insulin test (12 units regular insulin intravenously) were carried out. The results of the insulin tests were assessed by 5 criteria. In patients with 3 or more positive criteria the vagotomy was considered incomplete. 30 patients had \"complete\" and 20 \"incomplete\" vagotomy. MAO was reduced by 56%. The mean reduction of MAO was 63% in cases of \"complete\" vagotomy and 46.5% in \"incomplete\" vagotomy. The purpose and indication of postoperative studies of gastric secretion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215866", "title": "[The surgical strategy in cases of arterio-venous aneurysms of the posterior fossa. A propos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of strictly subtentorial arteriovenous aneurysm (out of 55 intracranial malformations of this kind) are presented, with special reference to surgical tactics and technics: the pros and cons of different positions on the operating table, search for afferent pedicles whose clipping may suffice, necessity of routine use of bipolar coagulation, use of the operating microscope, and continuous intraoperative checking of vital data by the anesthetist. These lesions are operable and should therefore be looked for.", "contents": "[The surgical strategy in cases of arterio-venous aneurysms of the posterior fossa. A propos of 3 cases]. Three cases of strictly subtentorial arteriovenous aneurysm (out of 55 intracranial malformations of this kind) are presented, with special reference to surgical tactics and technics: the pros and cons of different positions on the operating table, search for afferent pedicles whose clipping may suffice, necessity of routine use of bipolar coagulation, use of the operating microscope, and continuous intraoperative checking of vital data by the anesthetist. These lesions are operable and should therefore be looked for."}
{"id": "PMID:1215867", "title": "[New aspects of inflammation prevention by means of non-steroid antiphlogistics: the effect of Voltaren].", "content": "Voltaren, a non-steroid antiinflammatory agent (NSA) of an entirely new chemical structure, is characterized by the high degree of antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity it displays in animal experiments. Like other NSAs, the preparation inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, and various findings indicate that the spectrum of pharmacological activity of these agents is at least partly due to this inhibitory effect. Despite this common feature, however, there are quantitative and qualitative differences between Voltaren and other NSAs.", "contents": "[New aspects of inflammation prevention by means of non-steroid antiphlogistics: the effect of Voltaren]. Voltaren, a non-steroid antiinflammatory agent (NSA) of an entirely new chemical structure, is characterized by the high degree of antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity it displays in animal experiments. Like other NSAs, the preparation inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, and various findings indicate that the spectrum of pharmacological activity of these agents is at least partly due to this inhibitory effect. Despite this common feature, however, there are quantitative and qualitative differences between Voltaren and other NSAs."}
{"id": "PMID:1215868", "title": "[Pseudolupus: a severe side effect of a varicose vein drug?].", "content": "Among 7 patients with \"pseudolupus\" (a lupus erythematodes-like syndrome with antimitochondrial antibodies) an unusual incidence of varicose veins was noted. Reexamination of their histories revealed that all had been taking the same rather uncommon drug \"Venocuran\" for a prolonged period before developing the typical symptoms of this disease (recurrent fever, perimyocarditis, myalgias). They appeared on average 7 months after initiation of drug therapy and lasted for weeks or months even when the drug was promptly withdrawn. It is probable, though by no means certain, that one or several components of this drug play an important role in the pathogenesis of this immunologically distinct disease.", "contents": "[Pseudolupus: a severe side effect of a varicose vein drug?]. Among 7 patients with \"pseudolupus\" (a lupus erythematodes-like syndrome with antimitochondrial antibodies) an unusual incidence of varicose veins was noted. Reexamination of their histories revealed that all had been taking the same rather uncommon drug \"Venocuran\" for a prolonged period before developing the typical symptoms of this disease (recurrent fever, perimyocarditis, myalgias). They appeared on average 7 months after initiation of drug therapy and lasted for weeks or months even when the drug was promptly withdrawn. It is probable, though by no means certain, that one or several components of this drug play an important role in the pathogenesis of this immunologically distinct disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1215869", "title": "[The value of conventional pancreas scintigraphy as a diagnostic method in pancreatic diseases].", "content": "In a retrospective study 170 pancreas scintigrams have been compared with the final clinical diagnosis. In 87% of cases the nuclear medicine and clinical diagnoses were in agreement. Given the 95% accuracy of normal pancreas scans, scintigraphy is a reliable method in ruling out pancreatic disorders. The problems of the pathologic pancreas scan are discussed and an approach is recommended for clinical clarification. Finally, a list of indications for pancreas scintigraphy is given.", "contents": "[The value of conventional pancreas scintigraphy as a diagnostic method in pancreatic diseases]. In a retrospective study 170 pancreas scintigrams have been compared with the final clinical diagnosis. In 87% of cases the nuclear medicine and clinical diagnoses were in agreement. Given the 95% accuracy of normal pancreas scans, scintigraphy is a reliable method in ruling out pancreatic disorders. The problems of the pathologic pancreas scan are discussed and an approach is recommended for clinical clarification. Finally, a list of indications for pancreas scintigraphy is given."}
{"id": "PMID:1215870", "title": "[Beclomethasonedipropionate for corticoid inhalation therapy in bronchial asthma].", "content": "Beclomethasone dipropionate, a new corticosteroid for inhalation in the form of a pressurised aerosol with a daily dosage of 300-400/mug, has been given to 130 adult asthmatics. In 56% of the steroid-dependent asthmatics, oral or parenteral corticosteroids were reduced and in a further 28% discontinued entirely. In 16% of patients a reduction of systemic corticosteroids could not be achieved. 12 patients suffering from an obstructive airway disease who had not previously been on systemic corticosteroids were treated successfully with inhalation of beclomethasone dipropionate alone. The reduced dosage of systemic corticosteroids as a result of the use of beclomethasone dipropionate was 4.24 mg of prednisone daily. Side effects, in the form of mouth candidiasis, were noted in only 2 patients.", "contents": "[Beclomethasonedipropionate for corticoid inhalation therapy in bronchial asthma]. Beclomethasone dipropionate, a new corticosteroid for inhalation in the form of a pressurised aerosol with a daily dosage of 300-400/mug, has been given to 130 adult asthmatics. In 56% of the steroid-dependent asthmatics, oral or parenteral corticosteroids were reduced and in a further 28% discontinued entirely. In 16% of patients a reduction of systemic corticosteroids could not be achieved. 12 patients suffering from an obstructive airway disease who had not previously been on systemic corticosteroids were treated successfully with inhalation of beclomethasone dipropionate alone. The reduced dosage of systemic corticosteroids as a result of the use of beclomethasone dipropionate was 4.24 mg of prednisone daily. Side effects, in the form of mouth candidiasis, were noted in only 2 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1215871", "title": "[Exhalation diagnosis with C14 tagged compounds, methods and results].", "content": "The method and results of the 14C exhalation test for metabolic studies are presented. In patients under radiotherapy for malignant diseases (we consider radiotherapy to be a well defined metabolic disturbance), studies with 14C-carboxyl triglycerides, with 14C-glycincholate, with 14C-histidine and with 14C-uridyl reveal the extent of the metabolic changes and also how long it would take to return to the normal state. It is not yet well understood why a disturbace of glycincholate absorption persists for years after radiotherapy of the pelvis. The method can also be employed in gastroenterology (absorption of bile salts) and in assessing an anabolic or catabolic state as af function of thyroid hormone. Further metabolic tests for radiobiologic evaluations are in progress.", "contents": "[Exhalation diagnosis with C14 tagged compounds, methods and results]. The method and results of the 14C exhalation test for metabolic studies are presented. In patients under radiotherapy for malignant diseases (we consider radiotherapy to be a well defined metabolic disturbance), studies with 14C-carboxyl triglycerides, with 14C-glycincholate, with 14C-histidine and with 14C-uridyl reveal the extent of the metabolic changes and also how long it would take to return to the normal state. It is not yet well understood why a disturbace of glycincholate absorption persists for years after radiotherapy of the pelvis. The method can also be employed in gastroenterology (absorption of bile salts) and in assessing an anabolic or catabolic state as af function of thyroid hormone. Further metabolic tests for radiobiologic evaluations are in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:1215872", "title": "[Surgical treatment of funnel chest. Surgical experience with 90 cases].", "content": "Funnel chest, a congenital hereditary deformity, may lead to impairment of cardio-pulmonary function. The predominant motives for operation are psychological and cosmetic. Minor deformities amenable to physiotherapy should not be operated on, but moderately severe one represent a justified surgical indication. Objective photographic documentation is essential. Because of their bearing on surgical technic and results the symmetrical, asymmetrical, localized and extensive deformities should be distinguished. 90 operations have been performed between 1951 and 1974 according to the different known technics published during that period. Results were irregular until the introduction, eight years ago, of an operation combining extensive resection, by the method of RAVITCH, and stabilization by a metal strut as recommended by ADKINS et al. 24 operations performed during the last eight years have afforded perfect long term results.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of funnel chest. Surgical experience with 90 cases]. Funnel chest, a congenital hereditary deformity, may lead to impairment of cardio-pulmonary function. The predominant motives for operation are psychological and cosmetic. Minor deformities amenable to physiotherapy should not be operated on, but moderately severe one represent a justified surgical indication. Objective photographic documentation is essential. Because of their bearing on surgical technic and results the symmetrical, asymmetrical, localized and extensive deformities should be distinguished. 90 operations have been performed between 1951 and 1974 according to the different known technics published during that period. Results were irregular until the introduction, eight years ago, of an operation combining extensive resection, by the method of RAVITCH, and stabilization by a metal strut as recommended by ADKINS et al. 24 operations performed during the last eight years have afforded perfect long term results."}
{"id": "PMID:1215873", "title": "[The value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography for the surgery of bile duct and pancreatic diseases].", "content": "The value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) for establishing the indication for surgery and for planning surgical procedures is discussed. The two most widely practiced methods of direct cholangiography - percutaneous transhepatic and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (PTC and ERC) - are compared: although the filling rate with ERC is slightly lower than with PTC, the endoscopic method has some important advantages as it allows endoscopic observation and biopsy of the duodenum. Furthermore, opacification of the pancreatic duct system often provides important additional information. ERCP is essentially important in post-cholecystectomy syndrome, as puncture of undilated bile ducts is difficult and persistent symptoms after cholecystectomy are not infrequently related to pancreatic disease. The importance of rapid surgical intervention after retrograde filling of the biliary tree in obstructive jaundice is stressed. In pancreatic diseases the indication for surgery is based mainly on clinical and laboratory findings. Differentiation of malignant and inflammatory changes in the pancreaticogram is still a problem. However, the contribution of ERCP to pancreatic surgery is very important, as it exactly localized lesions of the pancreas and therefore allows detailed planning of a surgical procedure. Stenosing or obstructing lesions often are an indication for surgery, even if their malignant nature is not certain, as severe pain in chronic pancreatitis may be relieved by surgery. The potential for therapeutic application of endoscopy in biliary and pancreatic diseases is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[The value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography for the surgery of bile duct and pancreatic diseases]. The value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) for establishing the indication for surgery and for planning surgical procedures is discussed. The two most widely practiced methods of direct cholangiography - percutaneous transhepatic and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (PTC and ERC) - are compared: although the filling rate with ERC is slightly lower than with PTC, the endoscopic method has some important advantages as it allows endoscopic observation and biopsy of the duodenum. Furthermore, opacification of the pancreatic duct system often provides important additional information. ERCP is essentially important in post-cholecystectomy syndrome, as puncture of undilated bile ducts is difficult and persistent symptoms after cholecystectomy are not infrequently related to pancreatic disease. The importance of rapid surgical intervention after retrograde filling of the biliary tree in obstructive jaundice is stressed. In pancreatic diseases the indication for surgery is based mainly on clinical and laboratory findings. Differentiation of malignant and inflammatory changes in the pancreaticogram is still a problem. However, the contribution of ERCP to pancreatic surgery is very important, as it exactly localized lesions of the pancreas and therefore allows detailed planning of a surgical procedure. Stenosing or obstructing lesions often are an indication for surgery, even if their malignant nature is not certain, as severe pain in chronic pancreatitis may be relieved by surgery. The potential for therapeutic application of endoscopy in biliary and pancreatic diseases is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215874", "title": "[EEG-abnormalities in patients with vagovascular syncope].", "content": "In 248 patients with vagovasal syncope, EEGs recorded during a seizure free period showed abnormality in 19.3% of the cases. In 2% there were only nonspecific disturbances of background activity. 12.9% (during the resting record 9.7%) of the investigated persons showed paroxysmal slower and/or sharper transients and a further 4.4% (in the resting record 2.4%) hypersynchronous activity, which occurred significantly more often in women than in men. It also usually consisted of single fine spikes or sharp waves and only rarely did real sharp and slow-wave complexes or abortive spike-waves appear. Two patients (one with a normal and the other with an abnormal record) had spontaneous syncopal attacks during the EEG recording, showing in the EEG as generalized high voltage delta waves, which in one case changed into a transitory isoelectric trace. These EEG changes were similar to those in provoked vagovasal syncope, as described by other authors. EEG transients in patients with clinical vagovasal syncope are discussed. In the rare cases with very pronounced EEG changes, a neurological examination is advisable for complete assessment of the case. In patients with otherwise typical vagovasal syncope, long-term anticonvulsive therapy merely because of dyrhythmic transients and/or single fine spikes in the seizure-free period is, in the opinion of the author, not indicated.", "contents": "[EEG-abnormalities in patients with vagovascular syncope]. In 248 patients with vagovasal syncope, EEGs recorded during a seizure free period showed abnormality in 19.3% of the cases. In 2% there were only nonspecific disturbances of background activity. 12.9% (during the resting record 9.7%) of the investigated persons showed paroxysmal slower and/or sharper transients and a further 4.4% (in the resting record 2.4%) hypersynchronous activity, which occurred significantly more often in women than in men. It also usually consisted of single fine spikes or sharp waves and only rarely did real sharp and slow-wave complexes or abortive spike-waves appear. Two patients (one with a normal and the other with an abnormal record) had spontaneous syncopal attacks during the EEG recording, showing in the EEG as generalized high voltage delta waves, which in one case changed into a transitory isoelectric trace. These EEG changes were similar to those in provoked vagovasal syncope, as described by other authors. EEG transients in patients with clinical vagovasal syncope are discussed. In the rare cases with very pronounced EEG changes, a neurological examination is advisable for complete assessment of the case. In patients with otherwise typical vagovasal syncope, long-term anticonvulsive therapy merely because of dyrhythmic transients and/or single fine spikes in the seizure-free period is, in the opinion of the author, not indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1215875", "title": "[Testing of the antirheumatic agent tolmetin for its interactions with oral anticoagulants].", "content": "In 15 patients on long-term oral anticoagulation the new antirheumatic drug tolmetin (Tolectin) was administered over a period of 10 days. Based on 11 parameters of coagulation, no interaction between the drug and phenprocoumon was found. A significant though clinically irrelevant prolongation of bleeding time was observed.", "contents": "[Testing of the antirheumatic agent tolmetin for its interactions with oral anticoagulants]. In 15 patients on long-term oral anticoagulation the new antirheumatic drug tolmetin (Tolectin) was administered over a period of 10 days. Based on 11 parameters of coagulation, no interaction between the drug and phenprocoumon was found. A significant though clinically irrelevant prolongation of bleeding time was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215876", "title": "[The fate of elderly patients who have been refused admission. Half-yearly catamnesis of patients not admitted to a psychiatric clinic  because of lack of space in 1973].", "content": "Six months after being refused admission to the psychiatric clinic, more than half of 128 patients over 60 years of age were found to be inadequately cared for in hospitals, homes and their families. Some were living in appalling conditions. Those admitted to other hospitals stayed there much longer than would be expected from the average hospital stay of psychiatric patients. Had these patients been admitted, the psychiatric clinic would very soon have been unable to admit emergency cases. This situation could be improved by providing better outpatient facilities, increased psychiatric supervision in homes for the elderly and more psychiatric day hospitals and homes. In this way psychiatric clinics could remain available for emergencies.", "contents": "[The fate of elderly patients who have been refused admission. Half-yearly catamnesis of patients not admitted to a psychiatric clinic  because of lack of space in 1973]. Six months after being refused admission to the psychiatric clinic, more than half of 128 patients over 60 years of age were found to be inadequately cared for in hospitals, homes and their families. Some were living in appalling conditions. Those admitted to other hospitals stayed there much longer than would be expected from the average hospital stay of psychiatric patients. Had these patients been admitted, the psychiatric clinic would very soon have been unable to admit emergency cases. This situation could be improved by providing better outpatient facilities, increased psychiatric supervision in homes for the elderly and more psychiatric day hospitals and homes. In this way psychiatric clinics could remain available for emergencies."}
{"id": "PMID:1215877", "title": "[Continent ileostomy--indication and possibilities].", "content": "Proctocolectomy with conventional ileostomy cures patients with severe ulcerative colitis but ileostomy appliances must be worn for the rest of their lives. The continent ileostomy, as devised by Kock, provides the patient with an intraabdominal ileal reservoir and a valve constructed by invaginating the efferent ileal segment into the reservoir. The patient empties his reservoir 2-3 times a day by inserting a catheter through the valve. Our experience with 14 patients is reported. The continent ileostomy was in most cases constructed as a second procedure after proctocolectomy. Minor postoperative complications, such as abscess, fistula or partial luxation of the valve were easily corrected. One patient who underwent proctocolectomy and simultaneous construction of a continent ileostomy died in acute liver failure due to a severe preexisting cirrhosis. All the other patients are continent for feces and gas and do not need external appliances. The construction of a continent ileostomy as a secondary procedure can be recommended in patients with proctocolectomy. It offers patients a life situation with differs only insignificantly from that of normal persons.", "contents": "[Continent ileostomy--indication and possibilities]. Proctocolectomy with conventional ileostomy cures patients with severe ulcerative colitis but ileostomy appliances must be worn for the rest of their lives. The continent ileostomy, as devised by Kock, provides the patient with an intraabdominal ileal reservoir and a valve constructed by invaginating the efferent ileal segment into the reservoir. The patient empties his reservoir 2-3 times a day by inserting a catheter through the valve. Our experience with 14 patients is reported. The continent ileostomy was in most cases constructed as a second procedure after proctocolectomy. Minor postoperative complications, such as abscess, fistula or partial luxation of the valve were easily corrected. One patient who underwent proctocolectomy and simultaneous construction of a continent ileostomy died in acute liver failure due to a severe preexisting cirrhosis. All the other patients are continent for feces and gas and do not need external appliances. The construction of a continent ileostomy as a secondary procedure can be recommended in patients with proctocolectomy. It offers patients a life situation with differs only insignificantly from that of normal persons."}
{"id": "PMID:1215878", "title": "[Radioimmunological measurement of tetanus antitoxin].", "content": "A radioimmunological assay method has been developed for large-scale screening for tetanus antibodies. Its specificity is excellent and the sensitivity is in the region of 0.001 International Units per ml; it is thus comparable with the animal protective test. By this method a series of human sera was examined for which the vaccinal antitoxin titers were determined by animal protection tests. A parallel between the two tests was confirmed. Screening of 60 military recruits established that the test is usable as a mass method. Furthermore, the technique of Habermann and Wiegand was compared with ours and the results correlated well.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological measurement of tetanus antitoxin]. A radioimmunological assay method has been developed for large-scale screening for tetanus antibodies. Its specificity is excellent and the sensitivity is in the region of 0.001 International Units per ml; it is thus comparable with the animal protective test. By this method a series of human sera was examined for which the vaccinal antitoxin titers were determined by animal protection tests. A parallel between the two tests was confirmed. Screening of 60 military recruits established that the test is usable as a mass method. Furthermore, the technique of Habermann and Wiegand was compared with ours and the results correlated well."}
{"id": "PMID:1215880", "title": "[Subcutaneous small heparin doses for the prevention of thrombosis in general surgery and urology].", "content": "1. The effectiveness of 3 X 5000 IU s. c. heparin daily (starting preoperatively) for the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis was evaluated in a prospective, controlled, randomized study including general surgical and urological patients. 125I-fibrinogen test was performed daily in all patients. 2. 178 patients fulfilled the conditions of the protocol. 35.8% of the 95 patients in the control group developed deep vein thrombosis, but only 13.3% of 83 subjects in the heparin group did so. The difference is statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001). 3. The vast majority of all thrombi in both groups appeared before the 3rd postoperative day. 4. With 1 exception, all deep vein thrombi in the heparin group started in the mid-calf region. In the control group 5 deep thrombi originated in the popliteal vein. 5. Heparin displays a better effect in males (n = 34; p less than 0.01) than in females (n = 49; p less than 0.025). 6. In patients undergoing surgery for malignant disease heparin does not reduce the incidence of deep vein thrombosis. 7. Heparin is far more effective in patients under 60 years of age than in those over 60 (p less than 0.005). 8. Heparin is more effective in obese patients than in those of normal body build. 9. Heparin prophylaxis also reduces the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in patients who exhibit predisposing factors. In patients of the control group with preexisting disease of the venous system, there were significantly more deep vein thrombi (p less than 0.01) than in those without predisposing factors. 10. In the heparin group 29% of all thrombin time determinations show a definite prolongation of more than 26 sec (normal value 15 sec). 11. In 14 patients (=16.9%) of the heparin group, 21 side effects or complications were seen. Bleeding complications were the main problem, comprising 5 wound hematomas and hematomas at the injection site, 4 postoperative bleeding episodes and 2 reoperations. There were no complications in the control group. 12. According to the results of 10 well controlled studies, there is no doubt that in general surgery small doses of subcutaneous heparin, commencing preoperatively, do reduce the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis to a significant degree. However, whether this form of prophylaxis is also effective in patients with fractures of the hip and in elective hip surgery cannot, on the evidence available, be decided. In the fields of gynecological surgery and urology as well, more data are needed before this form of heparin prophylaxis can be recommended.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous small heparin doses for the prevention of thrombosis in general surgery and urology]. 1. The effectiveness of 3 X 5000 IU s. c. heparin daily (starting preoperatively) for the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis was evaluated in a prospective, controlled, randomized study including general surgical and urological patients. 125I-fibrinogen test was performed daily in all patients. 2. 178 patients fulfilled the conditions of the protocol. 35.8% of the 95 patients in the control group developed deep vein thrombosis, but only 13.3% of 83 subjects in the heparin group did so. The difference is statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001). 3. The vast majority of all thrombi in both groups appeared before the 3rd postoperative day. 4. With 1 exception, all deep vein thrombi in the heparin group started in the mid-calf region. In the control group 5 deep thrombi originated in the popliteal vein. 5. Heparin displays a better effect in males (n = 34; p less than 0.01) than in females (n = 49; p less than 0.025). 6. In patients undergoing surgery for malignant disease heparin does not reduce the incidence of deep vein thrombosis. 7. Heparin is far more effective in patients under 60 years of age than in those over 60 (p less than 0.005). 8. Heparin is more effective in obese patients than in those of normal body build. 9. Heparin prophylaxis also reduces the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in patients who exhibit predisposing factors. In patients of the control group with preexisting disease of the venous system, there were significantly more deep vein thrombi (p less than 0.01) than in those without predisposing factors. 10. In the heparin group 29% of all thrombin time determinations show a definite prolongation of more than 26 sec (normal value 15 sec). 11. In 14 patients (=16.9%) of the heparin group, 21 side effects or complications were seen. Bleeding complications were the main problem, comprising 5 wound hematomas and hematomas at the injection site, 4 postoperative bleeding episodes and 2 reoperations. There were no complications in the control group. 12. According to the results of 10 well controlled studies, there is no doubt that in general surgery small doses of subcutaneous heparin, commencing preoperatively, do reduce the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis to a significant degree. However, whether this form of prophylaxis is also effective in patients with fractures of the hip and in elective hip surgery cannot, on the evidence available, be decided. In the fields of gynecological surgery and urology as well, more data are needed before this form of heparin prophylaxis can be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1215881", "title": "[Hormonal contraceptives and myocardial infarct].", "content": "Out of a total of 36,208 admissions during the 21-year period from 1954 to 1974, 514 female patients were hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. Only 4 of these 514 females were below 40 years of age. In addition to one of the generally accepted risk factors for coronary disease, all 4 patients had been taking hormonal oral contraceptives for a prolonged period. Although there is no direct proof of a connection between the use of oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction, there is increasing evidence that risk factors for coronary disease are potentiated by the use of oral contraceptives. In the presence of risk factors for coronary disease, therefore, oral contraceptives should be taken only on the basis of a strict indication and under regular medical supervision.", "contents": "[Hormonal contraceptives and myocardial infarct]. Out of a total of 36,208 admissions during the 21-year period from 1954 to 1974, 514 female patients were hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. Only 4 of these 514 females were below 40 years of age. In addition to one of the generally accepted risk factors for coronary disease, all 4 patients had been taking hormonal oral contraceptives for a prolonged period. Although there is no direct proof of a connection between the use of oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction, there is increasing evidence that risk factors for coronary disease are potentiated by the use of oral contraceptives. In the presence of risk factors for coronary disease, therefore, oral contraceptives should be taken only on the basis of a strict indication and under regular medical supervision."}
{"id": "PMID:1215882", "title": "[The psychological behavior of tumor patients with agranulocytosis under conditions of isolation].", "content": "31 patients with severe leukopenia, including 27 with neoplastic diseases, were treated in a germfree isolator system for a total of 767 days. For this purpose the patients were informed of their diagnosis. Deprivation syndromes as well as aggressive and regressive behaviour patterns were the most common psychological reactions to isolation. In no instance was the isolation terminated because of psychological complications. A variety of factors are of particular importance in the guidance of isolated cancer patients: confidence in medical treatments, adequate information about the disease and therapeutic goals, firm human interrelationships and active participation of the patient in the therapeutic program. These are principles which can also be applied in the psychological approach to cancer patients in general.", "contents": "[The psychological behavior of tumor patients with agranulocytosis under conditions of isolation]. 31 patients with severe leukopenia, including 27 with neoplastic diseases, were treated in a germfree isolator system for a total of 767 days. For this purpose the patients were informed of their diagnosis. Deprivation syndromes as well as aggressive and regressive behaviour patterns were the most common psychological reactions to isolation. In no instance was the isolation terminated because of psychological complications. A variety of factors are of particular importance in the guidance of isolated cancer patients: confidence in medical treatments, adequate information about the disease and therapeutic goals, firm human interrelationships and active participation of the patient in the therapeutic program. These are principles which can also be applied in the psychological approach to cancer patients in general."}
{"id": "PMID:1215883", "title": "[Double neoplasms in larynx and lung].", "content": "The incidence of primary malignant tumors in both the larynx and the bronchial system has been studied in the autopsy material of the Institute of Pathology, University of Zurich. In a total of 29,849 autopsies performed from 1960 to 1972, carcinomas of the bronchus were found in 1382 patients (4.6%) and carcinomas of the larynx in 214 patients (0.7%). 17 patients had primary carcinomas in both the larynx and the bronchus. The coexistence of both these carcinomas is about twice as frequent as their calculated chance combination. The importance of appropriate clinical examination of patients with lung or larynx carcinoma is accordingly stressed.", "contents": "[Double neoplasms in larynx and lung]. The incidence of primary malignant tumors in both the larynx and the bronchial system has been studied in the autopsy material of the Institute of Pathology, University of Zurich. In a total of 29,849 autopsies performed from 1960 to 1972, carcinomas of the bronchus were found in 1382 patients (4.6%) and carcinomas of the larynx in 214 patients (0.7%). 17 patients had primary carcinomas in both the larynx and the bronchus. The coexistence of both these carcinomas is about twice as frequent as their calculated chance combination. The importance of appropriate clinical examination of patients with lung or larynx carcinoma is accordingly stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215884", "title": "[Neuroradiologic examinations in ophthalmology].", "content": "Radiology can contribute to the solution of numerous diagnostic problems encountered in ophthalmology. Malformations, trauma, tumors and pseudotumors of the orbit and adjacent cranio-facial structures often require well ordered standard and tomographic X-ray techniques. Next in line are important and nonaggressive methods such as bone scintigraphy of the head and brain and orbit scintigraphy. More recently, computer assisted axial transverse tomography has already proved of great assistance. Finally, selective angiography of the branches of the external carotid and of the ophthalmic artery and phlebography of the orbit may be necessary. These techniques are briefly and systematically reviewed.", "contents": "[Neuroradiologic examinations in ophthalmology]. Radiology can contribute to the solution of numerous diagnostic problems encountered in ophthalmology. Malformations, trauma, tumors and pseudotumors of the orbit and adjacent cranio-facial structures often require well ordered standard and tomographic X-ray techniques. Next in line are important and nonaggressive methods such as bone scintigraphy of the head and brain and orbit scintigraphy. More recently, computer assisted axial transverse tomography has already proved of great assistance. Finally, selective angiography of the branches of the external carotid and of the ophthalmic artery and phlebography of the orbit may be necessary. These techniques are briefly and systematically reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215885", "title": "[Familial Wilson's disease: copper induced hemolysis, hypersplenism and hyperpigmentation as the main symptoms].", "content": "Wilson's disease was diagnosed in a 16-year-old adolescent who presented with signs of hypersplenism due to cirrhosis, with marked hyperpigmentation of both lower legs and neurological disturbances. In view of progressive thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia, splenectomy was performed during therapy with penicillamine later in the course, and the result was good. The patient's 12-year-old sister was found to have a hepatic form of Wilson's disease with typical biochemical findings. During the initial hospitalization a severe, spontaneous copper-induced hemolysis was noted. Another sister probably has a presymptomatic form of the disease. The parents are healthy but heterozygote carriers with regard to biochemical findings. The importance is stressed of hypersplenism, hyperpigmentation of the legs and especially of acute hemolysis in infancy as pointers in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Further diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed.", "contents": "[Familial Wilson's disease: copper induced hemolysis, hypersplenism and hyperpigmentation as the main symptoms]. Wilson's disease was diagnosed in a 16-year-old adolescent who presented with signs of hypersplenism due to cirrhosis, with marked hyperpigmentation of both lower legs and neurological disturbances. In view of progressive thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia, splenectomy was performed during therapy with penicillamine later in the course, and the result was good. The patient's 12-year-old sister was found to have a hepatic form of Wilson's disease with typical biochemical findings. During the initial hospitalization a severe, spontaneous copper-induced hemolysis was noted. Another sister probably has a presymptomatic form of the disease. The parents are healthy but heterozygote carriers with regard to biochemical findings. The importance is stressed of hypersplenism, hyperpigmentation of the legs and especially of acute hemolysis in infancy as pointers in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Further diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215886", "title": "[Current elective surgery of chronic duodenal ulcers].", "content": "At present a number of different procedures are used for elective surgery of chronic duodenal ulcer. The merits and demerits of established methods such as subtotal gastrectomy, truncal vagotomy with drainage and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy are discussed from the viewpoint of operative mortality, recurrence rate and postoperative sequelae. Vagotomy techniques have been refined by the addition of selective vagotomy and proximal gastric vagotomy with and without a drainage procedure. Proximal gastric vagotomy appears to involve fewer side effects than any of the other methods. However, information about longterm recurrence rate after proximal gastric vagotomy is still scant. Methods for checking the completeness of vagotomy are still unsatisfactory. It is still not known whether the operation can or must be \"tailored\" to the needs of the individual patient according to the results of secretion studies. It is felt that the established procedures still have a place in the surgical treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer. Truncal vagotomy and drainage is a good operation, especially for emergency surgery and in poor risk patients. The longterm results of subtotal gastrectomy are less satisfactory than has been assumed, and it is therefore suggested that this operation should be performed less frequently in the treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "[Current elective surgery of chronic duodenal ulcers]. At present a number of different procedures are used for elective surgery of chronic duodenal ulcer. The merits and demerits of established methods such as subtotal gastrectomy, truncal vagotomy with drainage and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy are discussed from the viewpoint of operative mortality, recurrence rate and postoperative sequelae. Vagotomy techniques have been refined by the addition of selective vagotomy and proximal gastric vagotomy with and without a drainage procedure. Proximal gastric vagotomy appears to involve fewer side effects than any of the other methods. However, information about longterm recurrence rate after proximal gastric vagotomy is still scant. Methods for checking the completeness of vagotomy are still unsatisfactory. It is still not known whether the operation can or must be \"tailored\" to the needs of the individual patient according to the results of secretion studies. It is felt that the established procedures still have a place in the surgical treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer. Truncal vagotomy and drainage is a good operation, especially for emergency surgery and in poor risk patients. The longterm results of subtotal gastrectomy are less satisfactory than has been assumed, and it is therefore suggested that this operation should be performed less frequently in the treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:1215887", "title": "[The impairment of the ability to drive with blood alcohol concentrations of 0,5 per mille. A review of the literature].", "content": "As a contribution to the discussion surrounding reduction of the 0.08% limit, empirical data concerning the influence of blood alcohol levels around 0.05% on driving ability are reviewed. The papers reviewed, all of which satisfy the usual methodological standards, show that in the 500 subjects investigated there was already marked impairment of driving ability below blood alcohol levlels of 0.08%. Marked impairment is particularly apparent in those abilities which, with regard to the complexity of the perceptual and psychomotor patterns involved, are most relevant to the real driving situation: --decreased performance of simple and complex perceptual mechanisms, attention and vigilance; --decreased performance of psychomotor skills, resulting in impaired control of the vehicle in the real traffic situation. It can be concluded that even at these low blood alcohol levels an increased accident risk is to be expected.", "contents": "[The impairment of the ability to drive with blood alcohol concentrations of 0,5 per mille. A review of the literature]. As a contribution to the discussion surrounding reduction of the 0.08% limit, empirical data concerning the influence of blood alcohol levels around 0.05% on driving ability are reviewed. The papers reviewed, all of which satisfy the usual methodological standards, show that in the 500 subjects investigated there was already marked impairment of driving ability below blood alcohol levlels of 0.08%. Marked impairment is particularly apparent in those abilities which, with regard to the complexity of the perceptual and psychomotor patterns involved, are most relevant to the real driving situation: --decreased performance of simple and complex perceptual mechanisms, attention and vigilance; --decreased performance of psychomotor skills, resulting in impaired control of the vehicle in the real traffic situation. It can be concluded that even at these low blood alcohol levels an increased accident risk is to be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:1215888", "title": "[Proceedings: Indications and limitations of breathing gymnastics].", "content": "Chronic obstructive lung disease represents the most important field of application for respiratory physiotherapy. The technic comprises two successive stages: inhalation of a bronchospasmolytic and secretolytic aerosol (e.g. Alupent or Ventolin, diluted in tacholiquine or Bisolvon) followed by breathing exercises. These exercises are divided into three parts: respiratory movements such as diaphragmatic or abdominal breathing, drainage of bronchial secretions, and exercises to relax the muscles of the shoulders, the thorax and the skin, all these movements being executed in the rhythm of breathing. The effect of respiratory physiotherapy depends on the cooperation of the patient, the technic and the degree of severity of bronchiolar stenosis. The method is only successful in patients with slight to moderate bronchospasm; in those who suffer from dyspnea at rest it is usually ineffective. The prerequisite for success is longterm treatment. This means that the patient must continue to practice the acquired technique at home at least once a day. A description of the other indications for breathing exercises, such as bronchiectasis, chronic pneumonia, lung abscess, atelectasis, pleural fibrosis etc., is followed by a summary of the contraindications for the method.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Indications and limitations of breathing gymnastics]. Chronic obstructive lung disease represents the most important field of application for respiratory physiotherapy. The technic comprises two successive stages: inhalation of a bronchospasmolytic and secretolytic aerosol (e.g. Alupent or Ventolin, diluted in tacholiquine or Bisolvon) followed by breathing exercises. These exercises are divided into three parts: respiratory movements such as diaphragmatic or abdominal breathing, drainage of bronchial secretions, and exercises to relax the muscles of the shoulders, the thorax and the skin, all these movements being executed in the rhythm of breathing. The effect of respiratory physiotherapy depends on the cooperation of the patient, the technic and the degree of severity of bronchiolar stenosis. The method is only successful in patients with slight to moderate bronchospasm; in those who suffer from dyspnea at rest it is usually ineffective. The prerequisite for success is longterm treatment. This means that the patient must continue to practice the acquired technique at home at least once a day. A description of the other indications for breathing exercises, such as bronchiectasis, chronic pneumonia, lung abscess, atelectasis, pleural fibrosis etc., is followed by a summary of the contraindications for the method."}
{"id": "PMID:1215889", "title": "[Proceedings: Home treatment of chronic respiratory insufficiency: carrier solutions for aerosol inhalations].", "content": "The excellent bronchodilatory effect of inhalation is widely accepted today. In order to obtain good results, correct instruction of the patient and correct choice of the nebulizer and inhalation solution are necessary. The performance requirements of the nebulizer and the most frequently used carrier solutions are critically discussed.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Home treatment of chronic respiratory insufficiency: carrier solutions for aerosol inhalations]. The excellent bronchodilatory effect of inhalation is widely accepted today. In order to obtain good results, correct instruction of the patient and correct choice of the nebulizer and inhalation solution are necessary. The performance requirements of the nebulizer and the most frequently used carrier solutions are critically discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215890", "title": "[Proceedings: Long-term therapy with steroids].", "content": "All glucocorticosteroids available at the present time exert a wide range of actions in every single cell of every organ. It is still not possible to dissociate the therapeutically desirable effects from the undesirable side effects, and whether this goal will ever be achieved is more than questionable. Thus, chronic treatment with steroids is invariably associated with side effects, but there are a number of therapeutic rules whose strict observance may prevent a patient in chronic need of steroid treatment from developing a second, iatrogenic disease. For example, there is strong evidence that spacing the administration or oral steroids, even without changing the 24 h dosage, may substantially decrease the steroid induced side effects without loss of therapeutic action. Another promising approach has been reported in the case of steroid dependent asthmatics, many of whom may be treated by inhalations of steroid esters with strong topical but low systemic effects.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Long-term therapy with steroids]. All glucocorticosteroids available at the present time exert a wide range of actions in every single cell of every organ. It is still not possible to dissociate the therapeutically desirable effects from the undesirable side effects, and whether this goal will ever be achieved is more than questionable. Thus, chronic treatment with steroids is invariably associated with side effects, but there are a number of therapeutic rules whose strict observance may prevent a patient in chronic need of steroid treatment from developing a second, iatrogenic disease. For example, there is strong evidence that spacing the administration or oral steroids, even without changing the 24 h dosage, may substantially decrease the steroid induced side effects without loss of therapeutic action. Another promising approach has been reported in the case of steroid dependent asthmatics, many of whom may be treated by inhalations of steroid esters with strong topical but low systemic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1215891", "title": "[Proceedings: Cardiac therapy in chronic respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "The cardiac problems of patients with chronic respiratory failure are not confined to cor pulmonale. About one half of these patients also suffer from coronary heart disease with left heart failure, angina pectoris or arrhythmias. The specific difficulties surrounding cardiac therapy in these patients chiefly arise from the administration of digitalis, beta-adrenergic blocking and beta-adrenergic stimulating agents.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Cardiac therapy in chronic respiratory insufficiency]. The cardiac problems of patients with chronic respiratory failure are not confined to cor pulmonale. About one half of these patients also suffer from coronary heart disease with left heart failure, angina pectoris or arrhythmias. The specific difficulties surrounding cardiac therapy in these patients chiefly arise from the administration of digitalis, beta-adrenergic blocking and beta-adrenergic stimulating agents."}
{"id": "PMID:1215892", "title": "[Proceedings: Home treatment of chronic respiratory insufficiency: criteria of disability].", "content": "The degree of disability of a patient with chronic respiratory failure must be determined on a theoretical basis. Using a water filled spirometer, VC and FEV1 tracings are observed several times until the maximal values are clearly reproduced. The percentage deficit of the patients' ventilatory capacity is determined by the formula (see article) and represents the first approximation of the degree of disability (in %). The result must now be corrected by arterial blood gas data obtained during 5 mon exhaustive work on a bicycle or tread-mill ergometer. The percentage disability results from a correction depending on the arterial pO2 and the pCO2 found during exercise: deterioration of the arterial hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia leads to an increase and their normalization to a decrease in the disability quota found during spirometry. Patients with unstable chronic obstructive lung disease and respiratory failure should be evaluated only after adequate rehabilitation at home and at work, and after cessation of smoking. Patients under tuberculostatic treatment must also be excluded from disability evaluation. The degree of disability determined on the basis of lung function tests is a theoretical one; the tests must be performed by trained staff in a pulmonary function laboratory.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Home treatment of chronic respiratory insufficiency: criteria of disability]. The degree of disability of a patient with chronic respiratory failure must be determined on a theoretical basis. Using a water filled spirometer, VC and FEV1 tracings are observed several times until the maximal values are clearly reproduced. The percentage deficit of the patients' ventilatory capacity is determined by the formula (see article) and represents the first approximation of the degree of disability (in %). The result must now be corrected by arterial blood gas data obtained during 5 mon exhaustive work on a bicycle or tread-mill ergometer. The percentage disability results from a correction depending on the arterial pO2 and the pCO2 found during exercise: deterioration of the arterial hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia leads to an increase and their normalization to a decrease in the disability quota found during spirometry. Patients with unstable chronic obstructive lung disease and respiratory failure should be evaluated only after adequate rehabilitation at home and at work, and after cessation of smoking. Patients under tuberculostatic treatment must also be excluded from disability evaluation. The degree of disability determined on the basis of lung function tests is a theoretical one; the tests must be performed by trained staff in a pulmonary function laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:1215894", "title": "[Modified Cr51-chromium-albumin test for the differential diagnosis of exudative gastropathies and enteropathies].", "content": "A modification of the 51Cr-chromium-albumin test allows differentiation between protein-losing gastropathy and protein-losing enteropathy. After i.v. application of 51Cr-chromium-albumin, radioactivity is measured in the gastric fluid (basal after pentagastrin and after atropine, each for 1 h) and in the stools (96 h). In 9 healthy controls, radioactivity in the gastric fluid was 0.11-0.08% (x+/-SD) of the injected dose in the basal period, 0.28+/-0.04% after pentagastrin and 0.08+/-0.32% after atropine, respectively. Output of non-peptic protein in the gastric secretions paralleled the measured radioactivity. In a patient with edema due to hypoproteinemia associated with M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease, there was also a decrease in protein exsudation in the stomach when atropine was administered. After therapy with an anticholinergic drug, hypoproteinemia disappeared. Anticholinergic drugs may therefore be useful in the treatment of some cases of protein-losing gastropathy.", "contents": "[Modified Cr51-chromium-albumin test for the differential diagnosis of exudative gastropathies and enteropathies]. A modification of the 51Cr-chromium-albumin test allows differentiation between protein-losing gastropathy and protein-losing enteropathy. After i.v. application of 51Cr-chromium-albumin, radioactivity is measured in the gastric fluid (basal after pentagastrin and after atropine, each for 1 h) and in the stools (96 h). In 9 healthy controls, radioactivity in the gastric fluid was 0.11-0.08% (x+/-SD) of the injected dose in the basal period, 0.28+/-0.04% after pentagastrin and 0.08+/-0.32% after atropine, respectively. Output of non-peptic protein in the gastric secretions paralleled the measured radioactivity. In a patient with edema due to hypoproteinemia associated with M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease, there was also a decrease in protein exsudation in the stomach when atropine was administered. After therapy with an anticholinergic drug, hypoproteinemia disappeared. Anticholinergic drugs may therefore be useful in the treatment of some cases of protein-losing gastropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1215895", "title": "[Proteinuria in mature diabetic patients. Quantitative and qualitative analysis].", "content": "Proteinuria has been analysed in 334 maturity-onset diabetics and 80 matched controls. Proteinuria measured in the recumbent position exceeded 100 mug/min in 53% of the diabetic population. The percentage of excessive proteinuria increased with duration of the disease. Sex and age had no influence. Out of 55 first year diabetics, 49% had abnormal quantitative proteinuria; this is in contrast to 76 longterm diabetics (over 12 years) of whom 38% had proteinuria under 100 mug/min. Electrophoresis and immuno-electrophoresis showed a glomerular pattern in 40%, a tubular pattern in 15% and a mixed pattern in 8% of all the diabetics. 32% of the diabetics with quantitatively normal proteinuria were abnormal qualitatively, and this may be the first manifestation of diabetic nephropathy. Thirty-eight other patients had a normal electrophoretic pattern in spite of increased proteinuria. Proteinuria levels were significantly associated with hematuria, bacteriuria and reduced GFR, but not with leukocyturia, insulin dependence and hypertension. Upright position increased the proteinuria to a greater degree amongst the patients with normal proteinuria. We discuss the role of increased filtration pressure and glomerular permeability in modifying proteinuria in diabetes. Sensitive quantitative and qualitative proteinuria determinations are important tools both in early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy in clinical practice and in epidemiological studies.", "contents": "[Proteinuria in mature diabetic patients. Quantitative and qualitative analysis]. Proteinuria has been analysed in 334 maturity-onset diabetics and 80 matched controls. Proteinuria measured in the recumbent position exceeded 100 mug/min in 53% of the diabetic population. The percentage of excessive proteinuria increased with duration of the disease. Sex and age had no influence. Out of 55 first year diabetics, 49% had abnormal quantitative proteinuria; this is in contrast to 76 longterm diabetics (over 12 years) of whom 38% had proteinuria under 100 mug/min. Electrophoresis and immuno-electrophoresis showed a glomerular pattern in 40%, a tubular pattern in 15% and a mixed pattern in 8% of all the diabetics. 32% of the diabetics with quantitatively normal proteinuria were abnormal qualitatively, and this may be the first manifestation of diabetic nephropathy. Thirty-eight other patients had a normal electrophoretic pattern in spite of increased proteinuria. Proteinuria levels were significantly associated with hematuria, bacteriuria and reduced GFR, but not with leukocyturia, insulin dependence and hypertension. Upright position increased the proteinuria to a greater degree amongst the patients with normal proteinuria. We discuss the role of increased filtration pressure and glomerular permeability in modifying proteinuria in diabetes. Sensitive quantitative and qualitative proteinuria determinations are important tools both in early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy in clinical practice and in epidemiological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1215896", "title": "[Syncope in glossopharyngeal neuralgia].", "content": "The case is presented of a 51-year-old man with symptomatic glossopharyngeal neuralgia who exhibited syncope during some of the neuralgic attacks. Clinically and pathophysiologically, these syncopes differ from the \"carotid sinus syndrome\" by the fact that they are caused by irritation of the sensory fibers of the IXth cerebral nerve instead of the pressoreceptors in the carotid sinus. While carbamazepine (Tegretol) had only transient beneficial effects, complete relief of symptoms was obtained by intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve.", "contents": "[Syncope in glossopharyngeal neuralgia]. The case is presented of a 51-year-old man with symptomatic glossopharyngeal neuralgia who exhibited syncope during some of the neuralgic attacks. Clinically and pathophysiologically, these syncopes differ from the \"carotid sinus syndrome\" by the fact that they are caused by irritation of the sensory fibers of the IXth cerebral nerve instead of the pressoreceptors in the carotid sinus. While carbamazepine (Tegretol) had only transient beneficial effects, complete relief of symptoms was obtained by intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:1215897", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of liver actinomycosis].", "content": "A 47-year-old man who had undergone gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer required repeated hospitalization due to recurrent fistulas in the region of the laparotomy scar and increased cholestasis and cachexia. An intrahepatic and subphrenic abscess was diagnosed clinically and by liver scan and confirmed by laparotomy. The histologic findings revealed actinomycosis. Through early surgical drainage and administration of 20 million units penicillin G daily it proved possible to discharge the patient completely cured after 2 months. The pathogenesis of liver actinomycosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of liver actinomycosis]. A 47-year-old man who had undergone gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer required repeated hospitalization due to recurrent fistulas in the region of the laparotomy scar and increased cholestasis and cachexia. An intrahepatic and subphrenic abscess was diagnosed clinically and by liver scan and confirmed by laparotomy. The histologic findings revealed actinomycosis. Through early surgical drainage and administration of 20 million units penicillin G daily it proved possible to discharge the patient completely cured after 2 months. The pathogenesis of liver actinomycosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215898", "title": "[Heme biosynthesis].", "content": "300--400 mg of heme is synthesized daily in the organism. Heme is the prosthetic groups of hemoglobulin, cytochromes and other hemoproteins. Major sites of heme synthesis are bone marrow and liver. At least 7 enzymes and intermediary products are involved in the sequence of reactions that lead from glycine and succinyl coenzyme A to heme. delta-Aminole-vulinic acid synthetase, the first enzyme in the sequence of reactions, is rate-limiting for heme formation and important regulatory events are directed at this enzyme.", "contents": "[Heme biosynthesis]. 300--400 mg of heme is synthesized daily in the organism. Heme is the prosthetic groups of hemoglobulin, cytochromes and other hemoproteins. Major sites of heme synthesis are bone marrow and liver. At least 7 enzymes and intermediary products are involved in the sequence of reactions that lead from glycine and succinyl coenzyme A to heme. delta-Aminole-vulinic acid synthetase, the first enzyme in the sequence of reactions, is rate-limiting for heme formation and important regulatory events are directed at this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1215899", "title": "[The complement system].", "content": "The complement system may be activated by at least two different pathways:  the clinical pathway involving C1, C4 and C2 and the alternative pathway involving properdin, C3, factor B and factor D. The classical pathway can be activated by antigen antibody complexes, while the alternative pathway can be activated by other substances such as natural polysaccharides. Both pathways lead to an activation of C3 and of the last complement components (C5 to C9). Congenital defects of the complement system have been described for several components. Some of these defects are relatively well tolerated, but others, such as C3 deficiency, lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. Acquired complement defects are frequently observed in association with several diseases. Usually they are characterized by an increased level of complement components involved in the classical pathway and therefore reflect activation by antigen antibody complexes. Such changes may be systematic, as in lupus erythematodes, or localized to some biological fluids such as synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. In some renal diseases the complement profile suggests activation of the complement system by the alternative pathway, and this may reflect a different pathogenesis.", "contents": "[The complement system]. The complement system may be activated by at least two different pathways:  the clinical pathway involving C1, C4 and C2 and the alternative pathway involving properdin, C3, factor B and factor D. The classical pathway can be activated by antigen antibody complexes, while the alternative pathway can be activated by other substances such as natural polysaccharides. Both pathways lead to an activation of C3 and of the last complement components (C5 to C9). Congenital defects of the complement system have been described for several components. Some of these defects are relatively well tolerated, but others, such as C3 deficiency, lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. Acquired complement defects are frequently observed in association with several diseases. Usually they are characterized by an increased level of complement components involved in the classical pathway and therefore reflect activation by antigen antibody complexes. Such changes may be systematic, as in lupus erythematodes, or localized to some biological fluids such as synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. In some renal diseases the complement profile suggests activation of the complement system by the alternative pathway, and this may reflect a different pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215900", "title": "[The care of the hemophiliac--our contribution to the prevention of his invalidism].", "content": "In view of the normal present-day life expectancy of the hemophiliac, our main task is to prevent disability. The chief cause of disability is joint and muscle hemorrhages, though these are not in themselves life-threatening. Their early and proper treatment serves to avoid disability through replacement of the deficient coagulation factor, careful immobilization of the affected limb and early physical therapy. Optimum treatment calls for close cooperation between the hemophilia specialist, the general practitioner or pediatrician, and the hemophiliac.", "contents": "[The care of the hemophiliac--our contribution to the prevention of his invalidism]. In view of the normal present-day life expectancy of the hemophiliac, our main task is to prevent disability. The chief cause of disability is joint and muscle hemorrhages, though these are not in themselves life-threatening. Their early and proper treatment serves to avoid disability through replacement of the deficient coagulation factor, careful immobilization of the affected limb and early physical therapy. Optimum treatment calls for close cooperation between the hemophilia specialist, the general practitioner or pediatrician, and the hemophiliac."}
{"id": "PMID:1215901", "title": "[Clinical use of factor IX concentrates].", "content": "Factor IX concentrates are of paramount importance in the treatment of hemophilia B. Growing reports of thromboembolic complications and of disseminated intravascular coagulation, coupled with the danger of hepatitis transmission, suggest that the concentrates should be primarily reserved for the treatment of hemophilia B. Concise guidelines for treatment are presented.", "contents": "[Clinical use of factor IX concentrates]. Factor IX concentrates are of paramount importance in the treatment of hemophilia B. Growing reports of thromboembolic complications and of disseminated intravascular coagulation, coupled with the danger of hepatitis transmission, suggest that the concentrates should be primarily reserved for the treatment of hemophilia B. Concise guidelines for treatment are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1215902", "title": "[Emergency transport of newborn infants. Organization and experiences in the Bern region].", "content": "Mechanisms of cardiorespiratory adaptation to extrauterine life are reviewed and the pathophysiology of impaired adaptation is discussed. An emergency transport service for sick newborns in the region of Berne, Switzerland, is described. It is manned by a specialized team consisting of a pediatric resident trained in anesthesiology and a pediatric intensive care nurse, and in 1974 emergency transport was provided for 135 newborns. Most had respiratory distress and there was a large proportion of prematures; a further large group was made up of newborns with infections and congenital cardiopathies. Mortality among the transported newborns was 25% in the first two weeks of life. Transport was by helicopter on 8 occasions and otherwise by ambulance. The financial aspects of the service are discussed, together with its advantages and disadvantages.", "contents": "[Emergency transport of newborn infants. Organization and experiences in the Bern region]. Mechanisms of cardiorespiratory adaptation to extrauterine life are reviewed and the pathophysiology of impaired adaptation is discussed. An emergency transport service for sick newborns in the region of Berne, Switzerland, is described. It is manned by a specialized team consisting of a pediatric resident trained in anesthesiology and a pediatric intensive care nurse, and in 1974 emergency transport was provided for 135 newborns. Most had respiratory distress and there was a large proportion of prematures; a further large group was made up of newborns with infections and congenital cardiopathies. Mortality among the transported newborns was 25% in the first two weeks of life. Transport was by helicopter on 8 occasions and otherwise by ambulance. The financial aspects of the service are discussed, together with its advantages and disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:1215903", "title": "[The transmetacarpal oblique amputation of the index finger].", "content": "The main principles underlying amputation of the index finger are discussed. In two follow-up groups of patients the results have been compared of longest-possible finger stump versus transmetacarpal amputation of the second ray. Measurements were made of rough power (Vigorimeter) and pinch-grip power (Intrinsicmeter, Mannerfelt). Both measurements revealed higher power in the group with transmetacarpal amputation. Rehabilitation was likewise more rapid and favourable. For pinch grip the resected index finger is replaced by the midfinger without difficulty. Rough power is not impaired by narrowing of the hand. Transmetacarpal amputation of the second ray is thus a procedure to be advocated. The \"small amputation of the index finger\" now in more common use often provides merely a useless stump.", "contents": "[The transmetacarpal oblique amputation of the index finger]. The main principles underlying amputation of the index finger are discussed. In two follow-up groups of patients the results have been compared of longest-possible finger stump versus transmetacarpal amputation of the second ray. Measurements were made of rough power (Vigorimeter) and pinch-grip power (Intrinsicmeter, Mannerfelt). Both measurements revealed higher power in the group with transmetacarpal amputation. Rehabilitation was likewise more rapid and favourable. For pinch grip the resected index finger is replaced by the midfinger without difficulty. Rough power is not impaired by narrowing of the hand. Transmetacarpal amputation of the second ray is thus a procedure to be advocated. The \"small amputation of the index finger\" now in more common use often provides merely a useless stump."}
{"id": "PMID:1215904", "title": "[Frequency of juvenile diabetes mellitus in the Canton Bern (Switzerland)].", "content": "The prevalence of juvenile diabetes in the under-20 age group was found to vary from 5.2 to 9.8 per 10 000 juvenile population in Canton of Bern (Switzerland), varying with the region. The overall prevalence was 5.9/10 000. There were twice as many juvenile diabetics in the mountain region than in the other two geographically different areas. The survey was carried out with the help of practitioners and chiefs of hospital services. Participation was close to 100%.", "contents": "[Frequency of juvenile diabetes mellitus in the Canton Bern (Switzerland)]. The prevalence of juvenile diabetes in the under-20 age group was found to vary from 5.2 to 9.8 per 10 000 juvenile population in Canton of Bern (Switzerland), varying with the region. The overall prevalence was 5.9/10 000. There were twice as many juvenile diabetics in the mountain region than in the other two geographically different areas. The survey was carried out with the help of practitioners and chiefs of hospital services. Participation was close to 100%."}
{"id": "PMID:1215905", "title": "[Creation of an intercantonal tumor register].", "content": "A population-based Cancer Registry is a permanent system which records all the malignant tumors occurring in a particular geographical area. Its main objective is to set up the basis for the establishment of statistics, either for practical use (cancer control) or for research. More than a hundred such registries exist nowadays throughout the world, and in Switzerland a number have been recently created or are in process of organization (cantons of Geneva, Neuch\u00e2tel, Vaud, Zurich, Basel). A coordination group has accordingly been created to harmonize the data and the coding system, in order to allow the organization of an Intercantonal Registry.", "contents": "[Creation of an intercantonal tumor register]. A population-based Cancer Registry is a permanent system which records all the malignant tumors occurring in a particular geographical area. Its main objective is to set up the basis for the establishment of statistics, either for practical use (cancer control) or for research. More than a hundred such registries exist nowadays throughout the world, and in Switzerland a number have been recently created or are in process of organization (cantons of Geneva, Neuch\u00e2tel, Vaud, Zurich, Basel). A coordination group has accordingly been created to harmonize the data and the coding system, in order to allow the organization of an Intercantonal Registry."}
{"id": "PMID:1215906", "title": "[Do we have to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphomas the same as Hodgkin's disease?].", "content": "The pattern of Hodgkin's disease has changed significantly with the use of radical radiotherapy (total nodal irradiation) and chemotherapy, and with the general adoption of the histological classification of LUKES and the Ann Arbor modification of Rye staging system. Histological classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is far from satisfactory, a fact which renders evaluation of the optimum treatment difficult. Spread is usually hematogenic. Bone marrow and mesenteric nodes are involved in 60% of cases, and therefore total nodal irradiation is ineffective in eradicating the disease. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice except in some stages IE and IIE when, after careful pretherapy evaluation, local radiotherapy may be sufficient. In generalized lymphomas the role of total body irradiation is still under study.", "contents": "[Do we have to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphomas the same as Hodgkin's disease?]. The pattern of Hodgkin's disease has changed significantly with the use of radical radiotherapy (total nodal irradiation) and chemotherapy, and with the general adoption of the histological classification of LUKES and the Ann Arbor modification of Rye staging system. Histological classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is far from satisfactory, a fact which renders evaluation of the optimum treatment difficult. Spread is usually hematogenic. Bone marrow and mesenteric nodes are involved in 60% of cases, and therefore total nodal irradiation is ineffective in eradicating the disease. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice except in some stages IE and IIE when, after careful pretherapy evaluation, local radiotherapy may be sufficient. In generalized lymphomas the role of total body irradiation is still under study."}
{"id": "PMID:1215907", "title": "[Hepatitis epidemiology 1974. With special reference to the canton Zurich and the Upper Country of St. Galler].", "content": "357 cases of acute hepatitis occurring in 1974 in two distinct areas of Eastern Switzerland have been analyzed. The incidence of hepatitis was 54,8 per 100 000 per year in an urban region (Winterthur, pop approx. 95 000) and 33,7 per 100 000 per year in a rural area (St. Galler-Oberland, pop 47 000). These figures are three to four times higher than those reported by the public health authorities. More than 50% of the hepatitis patients were 16-30 years old and only 3% were children below 15 years of age. Males were slightly in excess. HBSAg (Hepatis Bsurface-Antigen) was detectable by radioimmunoassay in 49% and anti-HBS alone in 8% of all patients. According to a careful anamnestic survey the mode of transmission was thought to be parenteral in 137 (39%) of the patients (68% of these being HBSAg positive), enteral in 131 (38%) (38% of these being HBSAg positive), while no anamnestic clue was found in the remaining patients (23% with 39% HBSAg positives). In 12% of the hepatitis cases, contact with other diseased individuals at the relevant time was recorded; however, no clusters of more than 2 patients occurred within the study area. The results are discussed in regard to other studies concerning hepatitis epidemiology in Switzerland. In an additional survey the medical staff of several laboratories have been repeatedly tested for HBSAg and anti-HBS at intervals of one to three months. Transitory antigenemia (up to 55% positive in one laboratory with only one hepatitis case), and transitory high incidences of anti HBS (up to 40% in one laboratory) suggest epidemic spread of hepatitis B infection. From all available data it is estimated that the ratio of hepatitis B infection to overt disease varies between 1:1 and 23:1 depending on the epidemiological situation.", "contents": "[Hepatitis epidemiology 1974. With special reference to the canton Zurich and the Upper Country of St. Galler]. 357 cases of acute hepatitis occurring in 1974 in two distinct areas of Eastern Switzerland have been analyzed. The incidence of hepatitis was 54,8 per 100 000 per year in an urban region (Winterthur, pop approx. 95 000) and 33,7 per 100 000 per year in a rural area (St. Galler-Oberland, pop 47 000). These figures are three to four times higher than those reported by the public health authorities. More than 50% of the hepatitis patients were 16-30 years old and only 3% were children below 15 years of age. Males were slightly in excess. HBSAg (Hepatis Bsurface-Antigen) was detectable by radioimmunoassay in 49% and anti-HBS alone in 8% of all patients. According to a careful anamnestic survey the mode of transmission was thought to be parenteral in 137 (39%) of the patients (68% of these being HBSAg positive), enteral in 131 (38%) (38% of these being HBSAg positive), while no anamnestic clue was found in the remaining patients (23% with 39% HBSAg positives). In 12% of the hepatitis cases, contact with other diseased individuals at the relevant time was recorded; however, no clusters of more than 2 patients occurred within the study area. The results are discussed in regard to other studies concerning hepatitis epidemiology in Switzerland. In an additional survey the medical staff of several laboratories have been repeatedly tested for HBSAg and anti-HBS at intervals of one to three months. Transitory antigenemia (up to 55% positive in one laboratory with only one hepatitis case), and transitory high incidences of anti HBS (up to 40% in one laboratory) suggest epidemic spread of hepatitis B infection. From all available data it is estimated that the ratio of hepatitis B infection to overt disease varies between 1:1 and 23:1 depending on the epidemiological situation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215908", "title": "[The therapy of diabetic coma: quantitative value of insulin loss on the infusion instruments].", "content": "The loss of insulin due to adsorption to glass and tubing has been quantitatively determined. The properties of albumin, plasma protein, gelatin, heparin and Rheomacrodex in the prevention of insulin adsorption have been tested. The loss of insulin given by intravenous infusion is reproducible and constant for any given situation. The loss of insulin increases as the ratio of volume to glass surface decreases and as the time of contact between insulin and glass is prolonged. There is an almost linear relationship between insulin loss and insulin concentration, as would be expected if insulin binding by glass was an unspecific phenomenon. Albumin and plasma protein almost completely prevent insulin adsorption. In most clinical situations the loss of insulin through adsorption to glass and tubing can be ignored, and hence no albumin or plasma protein needs to be added to the solution.", "contents": "[The therapy of diabetic coma: quantitative value of insulin loss on the infusion instruments]. The loss of insulin due to adsorption to glass and tubing has been quantitatively determined. The properties of albumin, plasma protein, gelatin, heparin and Rheomacrodex in the prevention of insulin adsorption have been tested. The loss of insulin given by intravenous infusion is reproducible and constant for any given situation. The loss of insulin increases as the ratio of volume to glass surface decreases and as the time of contact between insulin and glass is prolonged. There is an almost linear relationship between insulin loss and insulin concentration, as would be expected if insulin binding by glass was an unspecific phenomenon. Albumin and plasma protein almost completely prevent insulin adsorption. In most clinical situations the loss of insulin through adsorption to glass and tubing can be ignored, and hence no albumin or plasma protein needs to be added to the solution."}
{"id": "PMID:1215909", "title": "[Vitamin B 6 deficiency anemia].", "content": "The course of spontaneous vitamin B6 deficiency anemia in a 57-year-old woman is reported. The anemia was characterized by hypochromasia of the erythrocytes, hyperferricemia, absence of hemolysis, and hyperplastic, ineffective, sideroblastic erythropoiesis of the bone marrow. It was corrected by oral vitamin B6 therapy. On interruption of the vitamin B6 therapy the anemia relapsed. On resumption of vitamin B6 medication it responded again with normalization of the hemoglobin and erythrocytes values. The hematological remission could be maintained under longterm vitamin B6 medication. The nosological significant of this rare anemia and its differentiation from other forms of anemia are discussed.", "contents": "[Vitamin B 6 deficiency anemia]. The course of spontaneous vitamin B6 deficiency anemia in a 57-year-old woman is reported. The anemia was characterized by hypochromasia of the erythrocytes, hyperferricemia, absence of hemolysis, and hyperplastic, ineffective, sideroblastic erythropoiesis of the bone marrow. It was corrected by oral vitamin B6 therapy. On interruption of the vitamin B6 therapy the anemia relapsed. On resumption of vitamin B6 medication it responded again with normalization of the hemoglobin and erythrocytes values. The hematological remission could be maintained under longterm vitamin B6 medication. The nosological significant of this rare anemia and its differentiation from other forms of anemia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215910", "title": "[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a young woman following the use of ovulation inhibitors].", "content": "After prolonged intake of oral contraceptives a 28-year-old woman developed a hemolytic uremic syndrome with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal failure, malignant hypertension and blindness due to papillary congestion. Renal biopsy revealed widespread arteriolar alterations with massive intimal thickening, narrowing of the lumina and fibrinoid necrosis. During treatment with anticoagulation, antihypertensives and hemodialysis the hemolysis disappeared and vision improved, but the renal failure persisted. The possible relation between oral contraceptives and hemolytic uremic syndrome is mentioned and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a young woman following the use of ovulation inhibitors]. After prolonged intake of oral contraceptives a 28-year-old woman developed a hemolytic uremic syndrome with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal failure, malignant hypertension and blindness due to papillary congestion. Renal biopsy revealed widespread arteriolar alterations with massive intimal thickening, narrowing of the lumina and fibrinoid necrosis. During treatment with anticoagulation, antihypertensives and hemodialysis the hemolysis disappeared and vision improved, but the renal failure persisted. The possible relation between oral contraceptives and hemolytic uremic syndrome is mentioned and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215911", "title": "[Study of a large family with hereditary angioneurotic edema].", "content": "A large kindred (156 members) with hereditary angioneurotic edema is reported. 44 members of the family exhibit typical symptoms of the disease: recurring edemas of the skin and episodes of abdominal pain accompanied by vomiting due to mucosal edema in the stomach and intestine. In 32 patients complement studies were performed which in  28 cases revealed decreased levels of C1-inhibitor and almost normal values for C3 concentration. Among 21 members of the family who had never had symptoms of the disease, 7 also had low levels of C1-inhibitor. In 6 of 16 women, attacks often occur in conjunction with menstruation. In 9 of 10 women the symptoms of the disease had worsened during their first pregnancy. 8 patients have been successfully treated with tranexamic acid for 7-20 months.", "contents": "[Study of a large family with hereditary angioneurotic edema]. A large kindred (156 members) with hereditary angioneurotic edema is reported. 44 members of the family exhibit typical symptoms of the disease: recurring edemas of the skin and episodes of abdominal pain accompanied by vomiting due to mucosal edema in the stomach and intestine. In 32 patients complement studies were performed which in  28 cases revealed decreased levels of C1-inhibitor and almost normal values for C3 concentration. Among 21 members of the family who had never had symptoms of the disease, 7 also had low levels of C1-inhibitor. In 6 of 16 women, attacks often occur in conjunction with menstruation. In 9 of 10 women the symptoms of the disease had worsened during their first pregnancy. 8 patients have been successfully treated with tranexamic acid for 7-20 months."}
{"id": "PMID:1215912", "title": "[Palliative treatment of metastatic breast cancer with diethyldioxystilbene diphosphate (Honvan)].", "content": "21 postmenopausal patients with skin or/and bone metastases of breast carcinoma received 100-120 mg daily diethyldioxystilbene diphosphate (Honvan) orally. 7 objective remissions were observed, 8 tumors remained unchanged, and 6 were progressive. In 3 cases, rapid tumor progression was suggestive of estrogenic stimulation. Side effects were the same as for other estrogens. Diethyldioxystilbene disphosphate is an active estrogenic compound in the treatment of breast carcinoma.", "contents": "[Palliative treatment of metastatic breast cancer with diethyldioxystilbene diphosphate (Honvan)]. 21 postmenopausal patients with skin or/and bone metastases of breast carcinoma received 100-120 mg daily diethyldioxystilbene diphosphate (Honvan) orally. 7 objective remissions were observed, 8 tumors remained unchanged, and 6 were progressive. In 3 cases, rapid tumor progression was suggestive of estrogenic stimulation. Side effects were the same as for other estrogens. Diethyldioxystilbene disphosphate is an active estrogenic compound in the treatment of breast carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1215913", "title": "[The blunt pancreatic trauma].", "content": "A personal observation prompted study of the diagnosis and treatment of blunt trauma to pancreas. By comparison of the differing therapeutic approaches of various authors, an attempt was made to establish guidelines for optimal management of this lesion. Therapeutic considerations suggest a division of pancreas lesions into three groups: I. lesions to the left of the spine, II. lesions to the right of the spine, and III. ruptures of the neck. Each group calls for a different surgical procedure. Operative tactics involve three essential steps: 1. meticulous hemostasis, 2. management of the parenchymal lesion, and 3. efficient suction drainage.", "contents": "[The blunt pancreatic trauma]. A personal observation prompted study of the diagnosis and treatment of blunt trauma to pancreas. By comparison of the differing therapeutic approaches of various authors, an attempt was made to establish guidelines for optimal management of this lesion. Therapeutic considerations suggest a division of pancreas lesions into three groups: I. lesions to the left of the spine, II. lesions to the right of the spine, and III. ruptures of the neck. Each group calls for a different surgical procedure. Operative tactics involve three essential steps: 1. meticulous hemostasis, 2. management of the parenchymal lesion, and 3. efficient suction drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:1215914", "title": "Proceedings: Echocardiology.", "content": "Any technique which allows \"a look inside the body\" without being invasive, affords major diagnostic possibilities. The application of ultrasound offers this possibility now. The purpose of this paper is to review the current status of this relatively new diagnostic method for the detection and quantification of many cardiac disorders and to outline its usefulness. It may be said that echocardiology offers \"the ideal diagnostic method\" of the future, particularly when one considers the low cost-benefit ratio in comparison with other diagnostic methods such as angiocardiography.", "contents": "Proceedings: Echocardiology. Any technique which allows \"a look inside the body\" without being invasive, affords major diagnostic possibilities. The application of ultrasound offers this possibility now. The purpose of this paper is to review the current status of this relatively new diagnostic method for the detection and quantification of many cardiac disorders and to outline its usefulness. It may be said that echocardiology offers \"the ideal diagnostic method\" of the future, particularly when one considers the low cost-benefit ratio in comparison with other diagnostic methods such as angiocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1215915", "title": "[Epidemiology and clinical aspects of infectious endocarditis].", "content": "There has been a change in the epidemiological, etiological and clinical pattern of infective endocarditis. This changing pattern has been substantiated by comparison of 156 cases of infective endocarditis seen over the period 1947-1957 (period I) and 227 cases treated during the period 1961-1974 (period II). Epidemiologically the pathomorphosis consists in a slight decline in \"medical\" cases, contrasted with a marked increase of--predominantly acute--cases after cardiac surgery. Etiologically the change is characterized mainly by a reduction of streptococci (61%/33%) and a much higher incidence of virulent organisms, especially staphylococci (3%/21%), as the infective agent. With regard to the clinical picture of infective endocarditis, the changing pattern is apparent in an increase in atypical and misleading features and an often oligosymptomatic presentation. In period II the classical signs were more often absent. The difference in the course of infective endocarditis consists in a higher hospital mortality during period II. In this period the main cause of death was refractory heart failure, often provoked by acute rupture of the aortic valve. The factors which may be responsible for this change and the clinical implications are discussed. The difficulties in early diagnosis and the role of misleading symptoms of this still \"malignant\" disease are outlined. Special interest is focused on the diagnostic problems involved in recognizing acute endocarditis, right-heart endocarditis and acute rupture of the aortic valve.", "contents": "[Epidemiology and clinical aspects of infectious endocarditis]. There has been a change in the epidemiological, etiological and clinical pattern of infective endocarditis. This changing pattern has been substantiated by comparison of 156 cases of infective endocarditis seen over the period 1947-1957 (period I) and 227 cases treated during the period 1961-1974 (period II). Epidemiologically the pathomorphosis consists in a slight decline in \"medical\" cases, contrasted with a marked increase of--predominantly acute--cases after cardiac surgery. Etiologically the change is characterized mainly by a reduction of streptococci (61%/33%) and a much higher incidence of virulent organisms, especially staphylococci (3%/21%), as the infective agent. With regard to the clinical picture of infective endocarditis, the changing pattern is apparent in an increase in atypical and misleading features and an often oligosymptomatic presentation. In period II the classical signs were more often absent. The difference in the course of infective endocarditis consists in a higher hospital mortality during period II. In this period the main cause of death was refractory heart failure, often provoked by acute rupture of the aortic valve. The factors which may be responsible for this change and the clinical implications are discussed. The difficulties in early diagnosis and the role of misleading symptoms of this still \"malignant\" disease are outlined. Special interest is focused on the diagnostic problems involved in recognizing acute endocarditis, right-heart endocarditis and acute rupture of the aortic valve."}
{"id": "PMID:1215916", "title": "[Proceedings: Chemotherapy of bacterial endocarditis].", "content": "The present concepts of antibiotic therapy in bacterial endocarditis are reviewed. Recommendations for the treatment of the most frequent pathogens -- streptococci of the viridans group, enterococci, staphylococci -- and for unknown organisms are presented. Antimicrobial therapy directed against gramnegative organisms, especially of the pseudomonas group, and against anaerobic bacteria is briefly discussed. The presence of renal impairment calls for adjustment of dosage; relevant nomograms are published in the literature. Probenecid may be added to the antibiotic therapy to increase serum levels of penicillins and some cephalosporins, though a major drawback is its side effects. Clinical experience teaches that every recrudescence of bacterial endocarditis adds permanent damage to an already impaired valve. Hence  it is of utmost importance that the aim of antimicrobial therapy should be a 100% cure.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Chemotherapy of bacterial endocarditis]. The present concepts of antibiotic therapy in bacterial endocarditis are reviewed. Recommendations for the treatment of the most frequent pathogens -- streptococci of the viridans group, enterococci, staphylococci -- and for unknown organisms are presented. Antimicrobial therapy directed against gramnegative organisms, especially of the pseudomonas group, and against anaerobic bacteria is briefly discussed. The presence of renal impairment calls for adjustment of dosage; relevant nomograms are published in the literature. Probenecid may be added to the antibiotic therapy to increase serum levels of penicillins and some cephalosporins, though a major drawback is its side effects. Clinical experience teaches that every recrudescence of bacterial endocarditis adds permanent damage to an already impaired valve. Hence  it is of utmost importance that the aim of antimicrobial therapy should be a 100% cure."}
{"id": "PMID:1215917", "title": "[Proceedings: Surgical treatment of infectious endocarditis].", "content": "Surgical therapy of infective endocarditis can be undertaken as a prophylactic measure to avoid infection, e.g. in patent ductus arteriosus. In the majority of cases operations are done electively for correction of residual valvular defects ensuing on healed endocarditis. The most challenging problem is cardiac failure in the presence of active infection. While the surgical indication for life-threatening failure is generally recognized, the necessity of early operation, i.e. for acute valvular insufficiency with only mild cardiac failure, is still controverted. Valve replacement to remove a valvular form refractory to antibiotic therapy is less frequently necessary. In fungal endocarditis surgical intervention is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is established. Seven personal cases operated on in the presence of active infection are presented. All survived, but in one patient with fungal endocarditis the infected valve had to be replaced three times before healing was achieved.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Surgical treatment of infectious endocarditis]. Surgical therapy of infective endocarditis can be undertaken as a prophylactic measure to avoid infection, e.g. in patent ductus arteriosus. In the majority of cases operations are done electively for correction of residual valvular defects ensuing on healed endocarditis. The most challenging problem is cardiac failure in the presence of active infection. While the surgical indication for life-threatening failure is generally recognized, the necessity of early operation, i.e. for acute valvular insufficiency with only mild cardiac failure, is still controverted. Valve replacement to remove a valvular form refractory to antibiotic therapy is less frequently necessary. In fungal endocarditis surgical intervention is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is established. Seven personal cases operated on in the presence of active infection are presented. All survived, but in one patient with fungal endocarditis the infected valve had to be replaced three times before healing was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:1215918", "title": "[Proceedings: Right bundle-branch block without a wide split of the 2nd sound].", "content": "In a series of 38 complete right bundle branch blocks (RBBB) (17 \"idiopathic\" and 21 cardiopathies), auscultation and phonocardiograms disclosed a normal split second heart sound (S2 = A2-P2 less than or equal to 0.045 sec) in 27 and a wide split S2 (A2-P2 greater than or equal to 0.06 sec) in only 11 cases. Analysis of the initial and terminal vectors constructed from ECGs recorded at 250 mm/sec shows no valid correlation between a transseptal mode of depolarization of the right ventricle and the presence of either a normal or wide split of the 2nd heart sound. A review of the mechanisms generating the 2nd sound and discussion of the additional factors which may influence the duration of A2-P2 in RBBB (start of activation, length and quality of right ventricular systole, impedance of pulmonary arterial bed, possible delay of 2nd aortic sound) explain why wide splitting of the 2nd sound in RBBB is the exception rather than the rule.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Right bundle-branch block without a wide split of the 2nd sound]. In a series of 38 complete right bundle branch blocks (RBBB) (17 \"idiopathic\" and 21 cardiopathies), auscultation and phonocardiograms disclosed a normal split second heart sound (S2 = A2-P2 less than or equal to 0.045 sec) in 27 and a wide split S2 (A2-P2 greater than or equal to 0.06 sec) in only 11 cases. Analysis of the initial and terminal vectors constructed from ECGs recorded at 250 mm/sec shows no valid correlation between a transseptal mode of depolarization of the right ventricle and the presence of either a normal or wide split of the 2nd heart sound. A review of the mechanisms generating the 2nd sound and discussion of the additional factors which may influence the duration of A2-P2 in RBBB (start of activation, length and quality of right ventricular systole, impedance of pulmonary arterial bed, possible delay of 2nd aortic sound) explain why wide splitting of the 2nd sound in RBBB is the exception rather than the rule."}
{"id": "PMID:1215919", "title": "[Proceedings: The evaluation of the mixed venous O2-saturation in the oxymetric determination of heart minute volume and shunt size].", "content": "An investigation has been conducted into three groups of patients without intracardiac shunt (A: 59 adults without anesthesia, B: 58 children in anesthesia, C: 53 children without anesthesia). Oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery was plotted against saturation in both venae cavae or against saturation in only one of them. The resulting 9 equations can be used as formulas to calculate the saturation of mixed venous blood in patients with an intracardiac shunt. Furthermore, mixed venous saturation can be estimated from \"subclavian catheter\" blood samples in patients without shunt.", "contents": "[Proceedings: The evaluation of the mixed venous O2-saturation in the oxymetric determination of heart minute volume and shunt size]. An investigation has been conducted into three groups of patients without intracardiac shunt (A: 59 adults without anesthesia, B: 58 children in anesthesia, C: 53 children without anesthesia). Oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery was plotted against saturation in both venae cavae or against saturation in only one of them. The resulting 9 equations can be used as formulas to calculate the saturation of mixed venous blood in patients with an intracardiac shunt. Furthermore, mixed venous saturation can be estimated from \"subclavian catheter\" blood samples in patients without shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:1215920", "title": "[Proceedings: Quantification of mitral valve insufficiency by means of videodensitometric measurement of the amount of contrast media in angiocardiography].", "content": "A new indicator quantity principle is presented which permits estimation of the regurgitant fraction in mitral incompetence from left heart angiocardiography by videodensitometric measurement of contrast medium content in the left heart chambers. In 90 experiments on dogs, a linear correlation of r = 0.89 was established between simultaneous determinations of mitral regurgitation by videodensitometry and electromagnetic flow measurement. Since only 1 catheter is needed for the injection of contrast medium and concomitant aortic incompetence can be computed from the same videodensitograms, this method is considered to be of special interest in clinical heart catheterization.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Quantification of mitral valve insufficiency by means of videodensitometric measurement of the amount of contrast media in angiocardiography]. A new indicator quantity principle is presented which permits estimation of the regurgitant fraction in mitral incompetence from left heart angiocardiography by videodensitometric measurement of contrast medium content in the left heart chambers. In 90 experiments on dogs, a linear correlation of r = 0.89 was established between simultaneous determinations of mitral regurgitation by videodensitometry and electromagnetic flow measurement. Since only 1 catheter is needed for the injection of contrast medium and concomitant aortic incompetence can be computed from the same videodensitograms, this method is considered to be of special interest in clinical heart catheterization."}
{"id": "PMID:1215921", "title": "[Proceedings: Determination of the severity of aortic insufficiency with pulsed Doppler-ultrasound in the common carotid artery].", "content": "The severity of aortic incompetence can be assessed by quantifying the alteration of blood flow in the common carotid artery. The use of a pulsed multichannel ultrasonic Doppler device in 41 patients with aortic valve disease yielded a satisfactory correlation between the ultrasonic parameters and the maximal aortic regurgitation distance. Correlations between Doppler parameters and regurgitation (thermodilution) were less strict.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Determination of the severity of aortic insufficiency with pulsed Doppler-ultrasound in the common carotid artery]. The severity of aortic incompetence can be assessed by quantifying the alteration of blood flow in the common carotid artery. The use of a pulsed multichannel ultrasonic Doppler device in 41 patients with aortic valve disease yielded a satisfactory correlation between the ultrasonic parameters and the maximal aortic regurgitation distance. Correlations between Doppler parameters and regurgitation (thermodilution) were less strict."}
{"id": "PMID:1215922", "title": "[Proceedings: The echocardiogram in the differential diagnosis of mitral valve insufficiency].", "content": "54 patients with mitral incompetence of varying origin have been studied by echocardiography. Echocardiography was usually not helpful in the diagnosis of pure mitral incompetence of mixed mitral valve lesions. However, it proved to be a sensitive method for recognition of the typical anomaly in \"mid systolic click/late systolic murmur syndrome\", which is ballooning of one or both leaflets toward the left atrium (17 out of 22 patients). The echo was equally useful for documentation of an abnormal systolic motion of the anterior mitral leaflet toward the septum, which was found in 7 of the 11 studied cases of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[Proceedings: The echocardiogram in the differential diagnosis of mitral valve insufficiency]. 54 patients with mitral incompetence of varying origin have been studied by echocardiography. Echocardiography was usually not helpful in the diagnosis of pure mitral incompetence of mixed mitral valve lesions. However, it proved to be a sensitive method for recognition of the typical anomaly in \"mid systolic click/late systolic murmur syndrome\", which is ballooning of one or both leaflets toward the left atrium (17 out of 22 patients). The echo was equally useful for documentation of an abnormal systolic motion of the anterior mitral leaflet toward the septum, which was found in 7 of the 11 studied cases of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1215923", "title": "[Proceedings: Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate during the development of myocardial infarct. Concerning 118 cases].", "content": "In four groups of patients with myocardial infarction the increase of 2.3-DPG concentration in erythrocyte was important when complications appeared during the evolution or when the patients died.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate during the development of myocardial infarct. Concerning 118 cases]. In four groups of patients with myocardial infarction the increase of 2.3-DPG concentration in erythrocyte was important when complications appeared during the evolution or when the patients died."}
{"id": "PMID:1215924", "title": "[Proceedings: Early mobilization after myocardial infarct--late results].", "content": "The longterm effects of early mobilization after myocardial infarction (MI) have been investigated. 122 patients aged under 65 years were reexamined 84.6 +/- 24 weeks after MI. The physical work capacity (PWC) of these men was 22% below the normal value. Patients with angina pectoris after MI had a PWC only 45% of normal. The overwhelming majority (88%) of MI survivors had returned to their jobs by the end of the follow-up period. Of the conventionally treated patients only 70% had returned to work. Age, PWC after MI and psychological status critically influence the rapidity and rate of return to work after MI.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Early mobilization after myocardial infarct--late results]. The longterm effects of early mobilization after myocardial infarction (MI) have been investigated. 122 patients aged under 65 years were reexamined 84.6 +/- 24 weeks after MI. The physical work capacity (PWC) of these men was 22% below the normal value. Patients with angina pectoris after MI had a PWC only 45% of normal. The overwhelming majority (88%) of MI survivors had returned to their jobs by the end of the follow-up period. Of the conventionally treated patients only 70% had returned to work. Age, PWC after MI and psychological status critically influence the rapidity and rate of return to work after MI."}
{"id": "PMID:1215925", "title": "[Proceedings: Cor triatriatum in an adult].", "content": "Case report on successful open heart surgery in a 21-year-old male with cor triatriatum.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Cor triatriatum in an adult]. Case report on successful open heart surgery in a 21-year-old male with cor triatriatum."}
{"id": "PMID:1215926", "title": "[Proceedings: Results of the surgical treatment of valvulopathies and ischemic heart disease in patients older than 65 years].", "content": "53 patients aged from 65 to 76 years underwent surgery for valvulopathies (23 patients), atherosclerotic heart disease (24 patients) or both diseases combined (6 patients). All these cases were in NYHA fonctional classes III and IV except for one patient in class II. Hospital mortality after surgical treatment of these cardiopathies was 3.8% (2 deaths). The late mortality of 19% (10 deaths), though high, was of non-cardiac origin in 7 of these patients. The clinical and hemodynamic findings in the two patients who died in the postoperative period were compared with those in the others. These two patients were more severely ill and had a greater degree of cardiomegaly than the average patient in the surviving group. The satisfactory clinical improvement in these elderly cardiac patients suggests that surgery can be recommended at least up to 75 years of age if there are no obvious contraindications. Life expectancy of 13-16 years for patients aged 65 and 8-9 years for patients aged 75 is a further reason for advocating surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Results of the surgical treatment of valvulopathies and ischemic heart disease in patients older than 65 years]. 53 patients aged from 65 to 76 years underwent surgery for valvulopathies (23 patients), atherosclerotic heart disease (24 patients) or both diseases combined (6 patients). All these cases were in NYHA fonctional classes III and IV except for one patient in class II. Hospital mortality after surgical treatment of these cardiopathies was 3.8% (2 deaths). The late mortality of 19% (10 deaths), though high, was of non-cardiac origin in 7 of these patients. The clinical and hemodynamic findings in the two patients who died in the postoperative period were compared with those in the others. These two patients were more severely ill and had a greater degree of cardiomegaly than the average patient in the surviving group. The satisfactory clinical improvement in these elderly cardiac patients suggests that surgery can be recommended at least up to 75 years of age if there are no obvious contraindications. Life expectancy of 13-16 years for patients aged 65 and 8-9 years for patients aged 75 is a further reason for advocating surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:1215927", "title": "[Proceedings: The effect of beta receptor treatment with pindolol on the plasma renin activity and the left-ventricular dynamics in essential hypertension].", "content": "In 5 volunteers with essential hypertension (age between 32 and 48 years) plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined and right heart catheterization and femoral artery pressure measurements were carried out at rest and during isometric exercise by handgrip. Both investigations were repeated 88 to 98 days after continuous treatment with oral pindolol in increasing doses, the highest dose in all patients amounting to 45 mg/day. Following pindolol therapy arterial systolic cuff pressure decreased from 163 +/- 12 (1 SD) to 148 +/- 14 mm Hg (p less than 0,005). Diastolic cuff pressure decreased slightly but not significantly from 109 +/- 13 to 106 +/- 9 mm Hg. PRA varied in an inconsistent manner. Pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP), femoral artery mean pressure (FAM), cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance did not change significantly during treatment with pindolol. Stressing of the left ventricle by handgrip prior to and following pindolol elicited similar changes of heart rate, FAM, PCP, CO and stroke work. It is concluded (1) that pindolol produces only a small decrease in systolic cuff pressure, (2) that there is no correlation between changes in cuff pressure and PRA, and (3) that long-term treatment with pindolol is not accompanied by impairment of left ventricular function either at rest or during isometric exercise.", "contents": "[Proceedings: The effect of beta receptor treatment with pindolol on the plasma renin activity and the left-ventricular dynamics in essential hypertension]. In 5 volunteers with essential hypertension (age between 32 and 48 years) plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined and right heart catheterization and femoral artery pressure measurements were carried out at rest and during isometric exercise by handgrip. Both investigations were repeated 88 to 98 days after continuous treatment with oral pindolol in increasing doses, the highest dose in all patients amounting to 45 mg/day. Following pindolol therapy arterial systolic cuff pressure decreased from 163 +/- 12 (1 SD) to 148 +/- 14 mm Hg (p less than 0,005). Diastolic cuff pressure decreased slightly but not significantly from 109 +/- 13 to 106 +/- 9 mm Hg. PRA varied in an inconsistent manner. Pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP), femoral artery mean pressure (FAM), cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance did not change significantly during treatment with pindolol. Stressing of the left ventricle by handgrip prior to and following pindolol elicited similar changes of heart rate, FAM, PCP, CO and stroke work. It is concluded (1) that pindolol produces only a small decrease in systolic cuff pressure, (2) that there is no correlation between changes in cuff pressure and PRA, and (3) that long-term treatment with pindolol is not accompanied by impairment of left ventricular function either at rest or during isometric exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:1215928", "title": "[Proceedings: The effect of volume manipulation (bloodletting or dextran administration) on pressure in the pulmonary circulation and on the hematocrit].", "content": "In a clinical survey the respective effects have been compared of venesection and of hypervolemic hemodilution on hematocrit and pressure in the pulmonary circulation. Whereas after venesection the pressure in the pulmonary circulation and the hematocrit decrease slightly, infusion of 1000 ml Macrodex is followed by marked hemodilution and a distinct increase in pressure in the pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "[Proceedings: The effect of volume manipulation (bloodletting or dextran administration) on pressure in the pulmonary circulation and on the hematocrit]. In a clinical survey the respective effects have been compared of venesection and of hypervolemic hemodilution on hematocrit and pressure in the pulmonary circulation. Whereas after venesection the pressure in the pulmonary circulation and the hematocrit decrease slightly, infusion of 1000 ml Macrodex is followed by marked hemodilution and a distinct increase in pressure in the pulmonary circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215929", "title": "[Proceedings: Frequency and form of arrhythmia and changes in ECG in juvenile healthy volunteers. Studies with long-term electrocardiography].", "content": "In 35 healthy volunteers with a mean age of 24 years an ECG recording for detection of arrhythmias and ECG changes was made by means of a Holter Avionics tape recording system for an average of 7.5 h. Ventricular and supraventricular premature contractions (VPC'S, APCs) were recorded occasionally in 31% and with greater frequency in 6%. Multifocal VPCs and serial VPCs were found in one person (3%). ST-depressions of greater than or equal to 0.1 mV were seen in 9% and a wandering atrial pacemaker in a further 9%. An intermittent increase in P-wave amplitude (greater than or equal to 0.25 mV) was observed in 17%. A surprising finding was frequent (49%) recording of a sinus arrest of short duration, usually followed by an atrial escape rhythm. In view of the frequency of this phenomenon it must be accepted as a normal variant in young people.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Frequency and form of arrhythmia and changes in ECG in juvenile healthy volunteers. Studies with long-term electrocardiography]. In 35 healthy volunteers with a mean age of 24 years an ECG recording for detection of arrhythmias and ECG changes was made by means of a Holter Avionics tape recording system for an average of 7.5 h. Ventricular and supraventricular premature contractions (VPC'S, APCs) were recorded occasionally in 31% and with greater frequency in 6%. Multifocal VPCs and serial VPCs were found in one person (3%). ST-depressions of greater than or equal to 0.1 mV were seen in 9% and a wandering atrial pacemaker in a further 9%. An intermittent increase in P-wave amplitude (greater than or equal to 0.25 mV) was observed in 17%. A surprising finding was frequent (49%) recording of a sinus arrest of short duration, usually followed by an atrial escape rhythm. In view of the frequency of this phenomenon it must be accepted as a normal variant in young people."}
{"id": "PMID:1215930", "title": "[Proceedings: Studies on myocardial perfusion by means of marked particles, injected selectively into the coronary system: an aid in preoperative evaluation of patients with coronary sclerosis].", "content": "Myocardial color scintigraphy using macroaggregates labeled with 99mTc and 131I were performed in patients with coronary heart disease. The particles were injected selectively into the coronary arteries. The scintigram was obtained using a color coded display system. The channel with the maximum counts was assigned the color red and each 10% change resulted in a different color. A count rate below 40% of the maximum was considered inadequate. 80 patients undergoing coronary surgery were evaluated postoperatively. Postoperative ventriculography documented improved contractions in 34 of 40 ventricular segments (85%) in which preoperatively an adequate perfusion was observed, whereas in only 13 out of 42 segments with preoperatively inadequate perfusion was an improvement in ventricular contractility observed.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Studies on myocardial perfusion by means of marked particles, injected selectively into the coronary system: an aid in preoperative evaluation of patients with coronary sclerosis]. Myocardial color scintigraphy using macroaggregates labeled with 99mTc and 131I were performed in patients with coronary heart disease. The particles were injected selectively into the coronary arteries. The scintigram was obtained using a color coded display system. The channel with the maximum counts was assigned the color red and each 10% change resulted in a different color. A count rate below 40% of the maximum was considered inadequate. 80 patients undergoing coronary surgery were evaluated postoperatively. Postoperative ventriculography documented improved contractions in 34 of 40 ventricular segments (85%) in which preoperatively an adequate perfusion was observed, whereas in only 13 out of 42 segments with preoperatively inadequate perfusion was an improvement in ventricular contractility observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215931", "title": "[Proceedings: Diagnostic value of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in coronary sclerosis].", "content": "Perfusion scintigrams with Technetium-labeled microspheres were performed in 60 patients undergoing selective coronary angiography. The scintigrams were analyzed semiquantitatively with the aid of a computer. In addition, angiograms were quantitated with regard to proximal obstructions as well as regional wall changes of the left ventricle (VCF). 1. A reduction of scintigraphic activity was already seen in narrowings of lesser degrees (50%); 2. scintigraphic activity followed the degree of obstruction rather than the contraction abnormality. Perfusion scintigrams are helpful in selecting patients for revascularization.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Diagnostic value of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in coronary sclerosis]. Perfusion scintigrams with Technetium-labeled microspheres were performed in 60 patients undergoing selective coronary angiography. The scintigrams were analyzed semiquantitatively with the aid of a computer. In addition, angiograms were quantitated with regard to proximal obstructions as well as regional wall changes of the left ventricle (VCF). 1. A reduction of scintigraphic activity was already seen in narrowings of lesser degrees (50%); 2. scintigraphic activity followed the degree of obstruction rather than the contraction abnormality. Perfusion scintigrams are helpful in selecting patients for revascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:1215932", "title": "[Proceedings: Evaluation of the hemodynamic condition during the recuperative phase after the diagnostic isoproterenol test in a patient with coronary disease].", "content": "Previous investigations concerning isoproterenol infusion (PI) in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia have shown that ischemic ECG changes are only significant if they persist or appear after discontinuing PI. In an effort to explain the mechanisms of this delayed response, hemodynamic parameters were measured in 10 patients with angiographically proven coronary disease before, during and after PI. It was found that the principal determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption (TTI and contractility) remain significantly elevated in the recuperation phase, but that aortic pressure and systemic arterial resistance, which diminish during PI, return to pre-infusion levels immediately after halting PI. The combined effects favor the late appearance of ischemic changes in the ECG. The coronary vasodilatation with resultant increased oxygen delivery to the myocardium seen during PI may be sufficient to meet the increased myocardial oxygen demand during PI but disappears immediately if PI is discontinued.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Evaluation of the hemodynamic condition during the recuperative phase after the diagnostic isoproterenol test in a patient with coronary disease]. Previous investigations concerning isoproterenol infusion (PI) in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia have shown that ischemic ECG changes are only significant if they persist or appear after discontinuing PI. In an effort to explain the mechanisms of this delayed response, hemodynamic parameters were measured in 10 patients with angiographically proven coronary disease before, during and after PI. It was found that the principal determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption (TTI and contractility) remain significantly elevated in the recuperation phase, but that aortic pressure and systemic arterial resistance, which diminish during PI, return to pre-infusion levels immediately after halting PI. The combined effects favor the late appearance of ischemic changes in the ECG. The coronary vasodilatation with resultant increased oxygen delivery to the myocardium seen during PI may be sufficient to meet the increased myocardial oxygen demand during PI but disappears immediately if PI is discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:1215934", "title": "[Proceedings: Relaxation speed in the apex cardiogram. Comparison with criteria of myocardial function on the simultaneously registered left ventricular pressure].", "content": "A new apexcardiographic time parameter is described which is definable as the interval between the beginning of the aortic component of the second heart sound and the protodiastolic negative peak of the first derivative of the apexcardiogram and called A2-min dA/dt. There was a significant inverse correlation between the parameter in question and the simultaneous minimal and maximal rate of rise of the first derivative of left ventricular pressure in 20 patients (r = -0.79, p less than 0.001, r = -0.60, p less than 0.01 respectively).", "contents": "[Proceedings: Relaxation speed in the apex cardiogram. Comparison with criteria of myocardial function on the simultaneously registered left ventricular pressure]. A new apexcardiographic time parameter is described which is definable as the interval between the beginning of the aortic component of the second heart sound and the protodiastolic negative peak of the first derivative of the apexcardiogram and called A2-min dA/dt. There was a significant inverse correlation between the parameter in question and the simultaneous minimal and maximal rate of rise of the first derivative of left ventricular pressure in 20 patients (r = -0.79, p less than 0.001, r = -0.60, p less than 0.01 respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:1215935", "title": "[Proceedings: Left ventricular cineangiography and echocardiography in patients with the mesosystolic click-telesystolic sound syndrome].", "content": "Twenty-three patients with the syndrome of midsystolic click--late systolic murmur were investigated by right and left heart catheterization, cineangiography and echocardiography. Most of the patients had symptoms such as atypical chest pain and arrhythmias. Except in one patient, slight to moderate mitral incompetence was found at rest or during stress testing by infusion of aramine or rapid atrial pacing (2 patients). In all cases, an abnormal systolic mitral valve motion was found in left ventricular cineangiography. In 14 of 15 technically satisfactory echocardiograms a systolic prolapse of one or both mitral leaflets was observed. A minority of the patients had localized abnormal wall motion in the postero-basal area or moderate generalized hypokinesis.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Left ventricular cineangiography and echocardiography in patients with the mesosystolic click-telesystolic sound syndrome]. Twenty-three patients with the syndrome of midsystolic click--late systolic murmur were investigated by right and left heart catheterization, cineangiography and echocardiography. Most of the patients had symptoms such as atypical chest pain and arrhythmias. Except in one patient, slight to moderate mitral incompetence was found at rest or during stress testing by infusion of aramine or rapid atrial pacing (2 patients). In all cases, an abnormal systolic mitral valve motion was found in left ventricular cineangiography. In 14 of 15 technically satisfactory echocardiograms a systolic prolapse of one or both mitral leaflets was observed. A minority of the patients had localized abnormal wall motion in the postero-basal area or moderate generalized hypokinesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215936", "title": "[Proceedings: The specific ECG of the mesosystolic click-telesystolic murmur syndrome (So-called subvalvular mitral insufficiency). Z\u00e4ziwil study. III].", "content": "For the diagnosis of small ischemic areas of the posterior wall of the heart, and particularly in the papillary muscles of the left ventricle, the 12 standard leads of the ECG are insufficient. The leads of Nehb and especially the new unipolar lead a VH (of the dorsal Nehb point D but with switch scheme of Goldberger) will be found more helpful. In all 33 patients with the clinical findings of midsystolic click--late systolic murmur syndrome a negative T in lead aVH was found; only 9 patients also showed ischemic signs in lead D of Nehb and only 6 patients in standard leads as well. These findings suggest that the midsystolic click--late systolic murmur syndrome is always caused by a papillary muscle lesion, even in young patients. A negative T in lead aVH (isolated or combined with signs of ischemic alterations on other leads) appears to point to the existence of a papillary muscle defect, even with a normal auscultatory finding. In this case the lesion will be too small to cause papillary muscle dysfunction. Usually, however, the typical auscultatory finding will be subvalvular mitral insufficiency (i.e. midsystolic click--late systolic murmur or a murmur called \"pa-futt\" by Huchard, in our opinion the same finding). In view of the fact that papillary muscles are vascularized by the finest ends of the coronary arteries, it seems obvious that a negative T in lead aVH could also signify the beginning of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[Proceedings: The specific ECG of the mesosystolic click-telesystolic murmur syndrome (So-called subvalvular mitral insufficiency). Z\u00e4ziwil study. III]. For the diagnosis of small ischemic areas of the posterior wall of the heart, and particularly in the papillary muscles of the left ventricle, the 12 standard leads of the ECG are insufficient. The leads of Nehb and especially the new unipolar lead a VH (of the dorsal Nehb point D but with switch scheme of Goldberger) will be found more helpful. In all 33 patients with the clinical findings of midsystolic click--late systolic murmur syndrome a negative T in lead aVH was found; only 9 patients also showed ischemic signs in lead D of Nehb and only 6 patients in standard leads as well. These findings suggest that the midsystolic click--late systolic murmur syndrome is always caused by a papillary muscle lesion, even in young patients. A negative T in lead aVH (isolated or combined with signs of ischemic alterations on other leads) appears to point to the existence of a papillary muscle defect, even with a normal auscultatory finding. In this case the lesion will be too small to cause papillary muscle dysfunction. Usually, however, the typical auscultatory finding will be subvalvular mitral insufficiency (i.e. midsystolic click--late systolic murmur or a murmur called \"pa-futt\" by Huchard, in our opinion the same finding). In view of the fact that papillary muscles are vascularized by the finest ends of the coronary arteries, it seems obvious that a negative T in lead aVH could also signify the beginning of coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1215937", "title": "[Proceedings: Surgical closure of an atrial septal defect in a patient of over 40 years of age].", "content": "Between 1961 and 1972, 354 patients with atrial septal defect were treated surgically. Of these, 80 patients were aged over 40 years at the time of operation. The hospital mortality was 5%; 2 patients had increased preoperative pulmonary artery systolic pressure (50-75 mm Hg), while the other 2 had mitral or tricuspid incompetence. At late follow-up 82% of patients were free of symptoms and 18% had slight clinical signs of breathlessness on exertion. The heart size decreased in 37 of 10 patients, the electrocardiographic signs of right ventricular hypertrophy receded in 23 patients. The operation had no effect on preexisting dysrhythmias. It is concluded that patients with atrial septal defect in this age group benefit from surgical closure of the defect.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Surgical closure of an atrial septal defect in a patient of over 40 years of age]. Between 1961 and 1972, 354 patients with atrial septal defect were treated surgically. Of these, 80 patients were aged over 40 years at the time of operation. The hospital mortality was 5%; 2 patients had increased preoperative pulmonary artery systolic pressure (50-75 mm Hg), while the other 2 had mitral or tricuspid incompetence. At late follow-up 82% of patients were free of symptoms and 18% had slight clinical signs of breathlessness on exertion. The heart size decreased in 37 of 10 patients, the electrocardiographic signs of right ventricular hypertrophy receded in 23 patients. The operation had no effect on preexisting dysrhythmias. It is concluded that patients with atrial septal defect in this age group benefit from surgical closure of the defect."}
{"id": "PMID:1215938", "title": "[Proceedings: Experimental hemodynamic comparison of propranolol and oxprenolol].", "content": "In anesthetized dogs, differences in the haemodynamic effects of propranolol and oxprenolol were observed during normoxia, hypercapnia and hypoxia. These differences are presumably due to the sympathomimetic activity of oxprenolol.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Experimental hemodynamic comparison of propranolol and oxprenolol]. In anesthetized dogs, differences in the haemodynamic effects of propranolol and oxprenolol were observed during normoxia, hypercapnia and hypoxia. These differences are presumably due to the sympathomimetic activity of oxprenolol."}
{"id": "PMID:1215939", "title": "[Proceedings: Animal experimental studies on the effect of revascularizing measures following acute coronary obstruction].", "content": "In a comparative study the degree of myocardial damage has been estimated following one hour coronary occlusion and following a permanent coronary ligation in pigs. With regard to infarct size, no significant difference could be detected between the two experimental groups; the extent of cellular injury as determined by a histochemical staining procedure and by serial serum enzyme studies in the surviving animal is of equivalent degree. Nevertheless, the development of a ventricular aneurysm can be prevented by early reperfusion. Reestablishment of coronary circulation appears to accelerate the proliferation of a more resistant granulation tissue into the infarcted myocardial area. Our hemodynamic findings suggest that the effect of reperfusion is unfavourable in the immediate phase; later on, however, coronary reperfusion appears to be beneficial to cardiac function.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Animal experimental studies on the effect of revascularizing measures following acute coronary obstruction]. In a comparative study the degree of myocardial damage has been estimated following one hour coronary occlusion and following a permanent coronary ligation in pigs. With regard to infarct size, no significant difference could be detected between the two experimental groups; the extent of cellular injury as determined by a histochemical staining procedure and by serial serum enzyme studies in the surviving animal is of equivalent degree. Nevertheless, the development of a ventricular aneurysm can be prevented by early reperfusion. Reestablishment of coronary circulation appears to accelerate the proliferation of a more resistant granulation tissue into the infarcted myocardial area. Our hemodynamic findings suggest that the effect of reperfusion is unfavourable in the immediate phase; later on, however, coronary reperfusion appears to be beneficial to cardiac function."}
{"id": "PMID:1215940", "title": "[Proceedings: Results of early surgery in infectious endocarditis].", "content": "23 patients with infective endocarditis have been treated surgically during the period 1965 to 1975. 20 patients underwent operation for intractable heart failure, complicated in 4 instances by systemic embolization and in 4 others by intractable infection. Two patients were operated upon only for intractable infection and one patient for severe hemolysis. There were 5 early deaths within 12 days and 2 late deaths 2 and 21 months after operation. Four months to 9 1/2 years after operation 16 patients were alive, only one of whom had mild heart failure. The best prognosis (1 death) was apparent in the 12 patients who underwent operation for intractable heart failure only.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Results of early surgery in infectious endocarditis]. 23 patients with infective endocarditis have been treated surgically during the period 1965 to 1975. 20 patients underwent operation for intractable heart failure, complicated in 4 instances by systemic embolization and in 4 others by intractable infection. Two patients were operated upon only for intractable infection and one patient for severe hemolysis. There were 5 early deaths within 12 days and 2 late deaths 2 and 21 months after operation. Four months to 9 1/2 years after operation 16 patients were alive, only one of whom had mild heart failure. The best prognosis (1 death) was apparent in the 12 patients who underwent operation for intractable heart failure only."}
{"id": "PMID:1215941", "title": "[Lymphoproliferative diseases and paraproteinemias in Sjogren's syndrome].", "content": "Out of 8 cases of Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome observed by the authors between 1964 and 1974, 5 presented wit clinically as well as theoretically remarkable combinations of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome with lymphoproliferative disorders i.e. non-classifiable lymphoproliferative disease (case 1), Hodgkin's disease (case 2), reticulum cell sarcoma (case 3), and asymptomatic paraproteinemia of type IgM/K (cases 4 and 5). In case 1, manifestation of a lymphoproliferative disorder was preceded by autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In agreement with communications from several other authors, our observations confirmed the frequent occurrence of autoantibodies in patients with Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome. Forty-two more cases of lymphoproliferative disease in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were found in the literature (Table 4). Pathologenetic problems arising from these nosological combinations are discussed.", "contents": "[Lymphoproliferative diseases and paraproteinemias in Sjogren's syndrome]. Out of 8 cases of Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome observed by the authors between 1964 and 1974, 5 presented wit clinically as well as theoretically remarkable combinations of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome with lymphoproliferative disorders i.e. non-classifiable lymphoproliferative disease (case 1), Hodgkin's disease (case 2), reticulum cell sarcoma (case 3), and asymptomatic paraproteinemia of type IgM/K (cases 4 and 5). In case 1, manifestation of a lymphoproliferative disorder was preceded by autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In agreement with communications from several other authors, our observations confirmed the frequent occurrence of autoantibodies in patients with Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome. Forty-two more cases of lymphoproliferative disease in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were found in the literature (Table 4). Pathologenetic problems arising from these nosological combinations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215942", "title": "[Korsakoff's syndrome and transitory cortical blindness following vetebral angiography].", "content": "Neurological complications of vertebral angiography are described with particular emphasis on memory and visual deficits. The material consists of 21 instances of such complications out of a total of 832 vertebral angiographies. A brief account is given of the posterior cerebral artery territory, which makes it possible to establish anatomo-clinical correlations. The pathogeny of the disorder is discussed.", "contents": "[Korsakoff's syndrome and transitory cortical blindness following vetebral angiography]. Neurological complications of vertebral angiography are described with particular emphasis on memory and visual deficits. The material consists of 21 instances of such complications out of a total of 832 vertebral angiographies. A brief account is given of the posterior cerebral artery territory, which makes it possible to establish anatomo-clinical correlations. The pathogeny of the disorder is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215943", "title": "[Heparin in intravascular coagulation].", "content": "1. The diagnostic criteria of intravascular coagulation are critically reviewed. Before a potentially dangerous drug is administered, the diagnosis should be more securely established than has been the case in the past. In particular, fibrinogen loss from the circulation must be excluded whenever this protein shows unduly rapid rapid disappearance from the blood. 2. Even when the diagnosis is firmly secured, advocacy of heparin therapy should not be based on theoretical considerations or on the huge amount of accumulated case reports but on figures derived from controlled clinical trials, the essential data being nortality and bleeding complications and not the course of laboratory pattern.", "contents": "[Heparin in intravascular coagulation]. 1. The diagnostic criteria of intravascular coagulation are critically reviewed. Before a potentially dangerous drug is administered, the diagnosis should be more securely established than has been the case in the past. In particular, fibrinogen loss from the circulation must be excluded whenever this protein shows unduly rapid rapid disappearance from the blood. 2. Even when the diagnosis is firmly secured, advocacy of heparin therapy should not be based on theoretical considerations or on the huge amount of accumulated case reports but on figures derived from controlled clinical trials, the essential data being nortality and bleeding complications and not the course of laboratory pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:1215944", "title": "[The scimitar syndrome: abnormal venous drainage of the hypoplastic right lung into the inferior vena cava in dextroposition of the heart].", "content": "Report on a 28-year-old female patient with classic \"scimitar syndrome\" (dextroposition of the heart, hypoplasia of the right lung and pulmonary veins opening into the inferior vena cava). The condition was diagnosed on the basis of chest X-ray findings in which the most striking feature was the scimitar-like course of the right pulmonary veins which gives the syndrome its name. The diagnosis was confirmed and the shunt volume determined by cardiac catheterization. Since in this case there were no additional deformities such as atrial septum defect, ventricular septum defect or patent ductus botalli and the shunt volume was small, surgical correction was not required.", "contents": "[The scimitar syndrome: abnormal venous drainage of the hypoplastic right lung into the inferior vena cava in dextroposition of the heart]. Report on a 28-year-old female patient with classic \"scimitar syndrome\" (dextroposition of the heart, hypoplasia of the right lung and pulmonary veins opening into the inferior vena cava). The condition was diagnosed on the basis of chest X-ray findings in which the most striking feature was the scimitar-like course of the right pulmonary veins which gives the syndrome its name. The diagnosis was confirmed and the shunt volume determined by cardiac catheterization. Since in this case there were no additional deformities such as atrial septum defect, ventricular septum defect or patent ductus botalli and the shunt volume was small, surgical correction was not required."}
{"id": "PMID:1215945", "title": "[Successful treatment of a severe drowning accident after 20 minutes submersion].", "content": "Report on successful post-drowning cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a 2-year-old boy who had lain for 20 min in cold water at 5-7 degrees C. Because of severe pulmonary complications after primary resuscitation--e.g. pulmonary edema, repeated mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, pneumoperitoneum and bilateral pneumothorax--spontaneous respiration remained insufficient for 36 days. Under appropriate treatment the patient recovered completely except for slight muscular hypotrophy of the left thigh. 14 months after the submersion no other neurological or pulmonary sequelae could be detected.", "contents": "[Successful treatment of a severe drowning accident after 20 minutes submersion]. Report on successful post-drowning cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a 2-year-old boy who had lain for 20 min in cold water at 5-7 degrees C. Because of severe pulmonary complications after primary resuscitation--e.g. pulmonary edema, repeated mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, pneumoperitoneum and bilateral pneumothorax--spontaneous respiration remained insufficient for 36 days. Under appropriate treatment the patient recovered completely except for slight muscular hypotrophy of the left thigh. 14 months after the submersion no other neurological or pulmonary sequelae could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:1215946", "title": "[Evaluation of load tolerance in patients with coronary disease].", "content": "12 patients with the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris underwent evaluation of heart rate as an indicator of tolerance of a given work load. A floating catheter in a pulmonary artery and a peripheral arterial catheter permitted measurement of blood pressures. Oxygen uptake per minute (VO2) was measured by Douglas bags and oxygen content of arterial and mixed-venous blood was determined at rest and during each minute of submaximal and symptom-limited maximal exercise on a treadmill. In the minute of exercise, in which 60-80% (mean 71.3%) of maximal heart rate (HF max) were attained, VO2 averaged 60.3% VO2 max, cardiac output (Q) 72.5% Q max and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) 26.6 mm Hg. With one exception, Q leveled off or dropped in the last minutes of exercise beyond 85% HF max. Heart rate (HF), oxygen difference between arterial and mixed venous blood (DavO2) and PAP reached their highest values in the last minute. It is suggested that heart rates up to 70% HF max, as individually determined in a symptom-limited maximal exercise test, are the tolerable limit during occupational activities. 85% HF max should not be exceeded during exercise training. Left ventricular function may be impaired beyond that limit because of acute coronary or myocardial insufficiency, and the regulation of cardiac output becomes uneconomical.", "contents": "[Evaluation of load tolerance in patients with coronary disease]. 12 patients with the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris underwent evaluation of heart rate as an indicator of tolerance of a given work load. A floating catheter in a pulmonary artery and a peripheral arterial catheter permitted measurement of blood pressures. Oxygen uptake per minute (VO2) was measured by Douglas bags and oxygen content of arterial and mixed-venous blood was determined at rest and during each minute of submaximal and symptom-limited maximal exercise on a treadmill. In the minute of exercise, in which 60-80% (mean 71.3%) of maximal heart rate (HF max) were attained, VO2 averaged 60.3% VO2 max, cardiac output (Q) 72.5% Q max and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) 26.6 mm Hg. With one exception, Q leveled off or dropped in the last minutes of exercise beyond 85% HF max. Heart rate (HF), oxygen difference between arterial and mixed venous blood (DavO2) and PAP reached their highest values in the last minute. It is suggested that heart rates up to 70% HF max, as individually determined in a symptom-limited maximal exercise test, are the tolerable limit during occupational activities. 85% HF max should not be exceeded during exercise training. Left ventricular function may be impaired beyond that limit because of acute coronary or myocardial insufficiency, and the regulation of cardiac output becomes uneconomical."}
{"id": "PMID:1215947", "title": "[The pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in kidney insufficiency in geriatric patients compared to younger adults].", "content": "In young adults i.v. injection of 200 mg doxycycline was followed by a rapid fall in serum levels in the first 30 minutes and than a slow decrease (serum concentration after 24 h on average 1.0 mug/ml). Biological half-life was 11.9 h, final distribution volume 50.0 litres and urine recovery 70%. After oral administration of 200 mg doxycycline the serum peaks measured were 3.4 mug/ml (2 1/2 h later). With repeated doses of 100 mg every 24 h serum peaks were 2.8 mug/ml and serum concentrations after 24 h 0.8-0.9 mug/ml (urine recovery 43%). The area under the curve was 25.5% less than after i.v. injection. In 7 adults with chronic renal failure the half-life of doxycycline varied between 10 and 24 h. With repeated oral administration of doxycycline (100 mg every 24 h) there was no accumulation of the drug in blood. During hemodialysis (Stuttgart kidneys, Rh\u00f4ne-Poulenc plates) doxycycline injected i.v. was eliminated as rapidly as before. In renal failure doxycycline may be given in the same dosage as where renal function is normal. In 12 geriatric patients without renal disease, serum levels of doxycycline after i.v. injection of 200 mg were not significantly different from those of young adults (distribution volume 46.2 +/- 16.2 litres). It can therefore be assumed that tissue penetration of the drug is similar in the elderly and in young adults.", "contents": "[The pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in kidney insufficiency in geriatric patients compared to younger adults]. In young adults i.v. injection of 200 mg doxycycline was followed by a rapid fall in serum levels in the first 30 minutes and than a slow decrease (serum concentration after 24 h on average 1.0 mug/ml). Biological half-life was 11.9 h, final distribution volume 50.0 litres and urine recovery 70%. After oral administration of 200 mg doxycycline the serum peaks measured were 3.4 mug/ml (2 1/2 h later). With repeated doses of 100 mg every 24 h serum peaks were 2.8 mug/ml and serum concentrations after 24 h 0.8-0.9 mug/ml (urine recovery 43%). The area under the curve was 25.5% less than after i.v. injection. In 7 adults with chronic renal failure the half-life of doxycycline varied between 10 and 24 h. With repeated oral administration of doxycycline (100 mg every 24 h) there was no accumulation of the drug in blood. During hemodialysis (Stuttgart kidneys, Rh\u00f4ne-Poulenc plates) doxycycline injected i.v. was eliminated as rapidly as before. In renal failure doxycycline may be given in the same dosage as where renal function is normal. In 12 geriatric patients without renal disease, serum levels of doxycycline after i.v. injection of 200 mg were not significantly different from those of young adults (distribution volume 46.2 +/- 16.2 litres). It can therefore be assumed that tissue penetration of the drug is similar in the elderly and in young adults."}
{"id": "PMID:1215948", "title": "[Modifications in the geometry of the alveolar capillaries and their role in the ventilation-perfusion ratio].", "content": "Alveolar capillary bed corresponds to a continuous space delimited at each side by the thin portion of the air/blood barrier. The thick portion crosses this space and constitutes structures referred to as \"pillars\". While the capillary space appears more or less regular in inflated rat lungs, it resembles a labyrinth in collapsed lungs. Such a change is due to the folding of the thin portion of the barrier into the capillary space. Another mechanism involved in the folding of alveolo-capillary membrane is the contraction of alveolar interstitial cells. Experimentally, hypoxia seems to stimulate these cells and to produce folding of the air/blood barrier. We have shown that the alveolar hematocrite increases in rat lungs when the animals are exposed to 4% O2 for 20 min. This increase is probably due to the trapping of red blood cells in the capillary spaces as a result of folding of the air/blood barrier. It is concluded that the relationships between alveolar and capillary configuration is an important factor in the autoregulation of V/Q ratio. The decrease in alveolar perfusion in collapsed areas and during hypoxia is due to the interference of alveolo-capillary membrane folds with the corpuscular circulation.", "contents": "[Modifications in the geometry of the alveolar capillaries and their role in the ventilation-perfusion ratio]. Alveolar capillary bed corresponds to a continuous space delimited at each side by the thin portion of the air/blood barrier. The thick portion crosses this space and constitutes structures referred to as \"pillars\". While the capillary space appears more or less regular in inflated rat lungs, it resembles a labyrinth in collapsed lungs. Such a change is due to the folding of the thin portion of the barrier into the capillary space. Another mechanism involved in the folding of alveolo-capillary membrane is the contraction of alveolar interstitial cells. Experimentally, hypoxia seems to stimulate these cells and to produce folding of the air/blood barrier. We have shown that the alveolar hematocrite increases in rat lungs when the animals are exposed to 4% O2 for 20 min. This increase is probably due to the trapping of red blood cells in the capillary spaces as a result of folding of the air/blood barrier. It is concluded that the relationships between alveolar and capillary configuration is an important factor in the autoregulation of V/Q ratio. The decrease in alveolar perfusion in collapsed areas and during hypoxia is due to the interference of alveolo-capillary membrane folds with the corpuscular circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1215949", "title": "[Isolated endangiitis of the lung].", "content": "A case is reported of isolated endangiitis obliterans with interstitial fibrosis of the lung in a 44-year-old woman. It was characterized by rapid clinical progress with right heart failure: chest X-ray revealed only slight interstitial fibrosis of the lung. An exogenous noxa (by inhalation or ingestion, particularly of drugs) was ruled out. Histologic findings afforded evidence of a primary pathologic process involving the medium and small arteries of the lung. There was no evidence of primary multiple emboli of the lung.", "contents": "[Isolated endangiitis of the lung]. A case is reported of isolated endangiitis obliterans with interstitial fibrosis of the lung in a 44-year-old woman. It was characterized by rapid clinical progress with right heart failure: chest X-ray revealed only slight interstitial fibrosis of the lung. An exogenous noxa (by inhalation or ingestion, particularly of drugs) was ruled out. Histologic findings afforded evidence of a primary pathologic process involving the medium and small arteries of the lung. There was no evidence of primary multiple emboli of the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:1215950", "title": "[Sputum conversion and behavior of cavitations in the years 1967-1973].", "content": "The results of chemotherapy based on an intersanatorial study of 3306 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis are presented. In 1967 sputum conversion was achieved in 93%; since 1970 the results have been better, with conversion in 96-97%. From 1967 to 1972 the cavitations disappeared in 51-57% of patients with cavitary disease, but in 1972 and 1973 only in 47% and 36% respectively.", "contents": "[Sputum conversion and behavior of cavitations in the years 1967-1973]. The results of chemotherapy based on an intersanatorial study of 3306 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis are presented. In 1967 sputum conversion was achieved in 93%; since 1970 the results have been better, with conversion in 96-97%. From 1967 to 1972 the cavitations disappeared in 51-57% of patients with cavitary disease, but in 1972 and 1973 only in 47% and 36% respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1215951", "title": "[Low hemoglobin values in blood donors].", "content": "Out of 6000 regular blood donors at a regional blood donation service 135 women (5.44%) and 24 men (0.68%) were found to have low hemoglobin levels (borderline for females 12.4 g%, for males 13.2g%). In only half of these donors could the anemia be ascribed to iron deficiency or overt disease. In the other half no explanation was found for the low hemoglobin levels and iron therapy did not improve the situation. It is concluded that a small part of the healthy population persistently shows subnormal hemoglobin levels without presenting other pathology.", "contents": "[Low hemoglobin values in blood donors]. Out of 6000 regular blood donors at a regional blood donation service 135 women (5.44%) and 24 men (0.68%) were found to have low hemoglobin levels (borderline for females 12.4 g%, for males 13.2g%). In only half of these donors could the anemia be ascribed to iron deficiency or overt disease. In the other half no explanation was found for the low hemoglobin levels and iron therapy did not improve the situation. It is concluded that a small part of the healthy population persistently shows subnormal hemoglobin levels without presenting other pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:1215952", "title": "[The lung and the metabolism of vasoactive substances].", "content": "The lung is the site of a number of reactions affecting vasoactive substances: hydrolysis of angiotensin I, bradykinin and ATP, occurring at the surface of endothelial cell; uptake and intracellular metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine; and intracellular oxidation of prostaglandins. Mediators, including prostaglandins, histamine and SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis), can also be released from the lung. The possible implications of these recent findings are analysed.", "contents": "[The lung and the metabolism of vasoactive substances]. The lung is the site of a number of reactions affecting vasoactive substances: hydrolysis of angiotensin I, bradykinin and ATP, occurring at the surface of endothelial cell; uptake and intracellular metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine; and intracellular oxidation of prostaglandins. Mediators, including prostaglandins, histamine and SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis), can also be released from the lung. The possible implications of these recent findings are analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215953", "title": "[The effect of combined respiration physiological measures on pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation].", "content": "The immediate effect of physiotherapy and the effect of IPPB-inhalations in 18 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and global respiratory failure have been investigated and discussed. The procedures (physiotherapy or IPPB-inhalations) were tested singly and in combination. Better results are obtained when physiotherapy is performed before IPPB-inhalation. A significant decrease in pCO2 and a significant rise in VC and FEV1 are observed, with unchanged pO2.", "contents": "[The effect of combined respiration physiological measures on pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation]. The immediate effect of physiotherapy and the effect of IPPB-inhalations in 18 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and global respiratory failure have been investigated and discussed. The procedures (physiotherapy or IPPB-inhalations) were tested singly and in combination. Better results are obtained when physiotherapy is performed before IPPB-inhalation. A significant decrease in pCO2 and a significant rise in VC and FEV1 are observed, with unchanged pO2."}
{"id": "PMID:1215954", "title": "[Pathogenesis of renal hypertension].", "content": "Current pathogenetic concepts regarding renal hypertension are reviewed. Alterations of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA) on the one hand, and disturbances of NaCl and water metabolism on the other, represent the dominant factors in renal hypertension. The present view of the reactions within the RAA system and of its activators, inhibitors or antagonists is described schematically. The angiotensin II-antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (Saralasin), when infused in a patient with angiotensinogenic hypertension, induces normalization of the blood pressure during the course of the infusion. The Saralasin infusion test may be of assistance in detecting cases with angiotensinogenic hypertension. The pressor(s) and the extracellular fluid volume appear to be the decisive pathogenetic factors in renal hypertension. As long as the functioning renal mass is sufficient to excrete water and salt normally or in excess, as is the case when the renal perfusion pressure in hypertension is elevated, the pressor is the dominating factor besides other, so far hypothetical mechanism such as the neurogenic. A critical reduction of the renal mass will enhance fluid and salt retention. Thus, an increase in extracellular fluid volume and blood volume will emerge as a major factor inducing hypertension. As a consequence of the volume gain and salt retention, renin secretion may slow down. The possibility is mentioned that the absence or ineffectiveness of renal depressor substances (prostaglandins) may be involved in renal hypertension. Finally, two hypotheses are presented which may explain the finding of LARAGH et al., who grouped their essential hypertensives into 'high, normal and low renin hypertensives'.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of renal hypertension]. Current pathogenetic concepts regarding renal hypertension are reviewed. Alterations of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA) on the one hand, and disturbances of NaCl and water metabolism on the other, represent the dominant factors in renal hypertension. The present view of the reactions within the RAA system and of its activators, inhibitors or antagonists is described schematically. The angiotensin II-antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (Saralasin), when infused in a patient with angiotensinogenic hypertension, induces normalization of the blood pressure during the course of the infusion. The Saralasin infusion test may be of assistance in detecting cases with angiotensinogenic hypertension. The pressor(s) and the extracellular fluid volume appear to be the decisive pathogenetic factors in renal hypertension. As long as the functioning renal mass is sufficient to excrete water and salt normally or in excess, as is the case when the renal perfusion pressure in hypertension is elevated, the pressor is the dominating factor besides other, so far hypothetical mechanism such as the neurogenic. A critical reduction of the renal mass will enhance fluid and salt retention. Thus, an increase in extracellular fluid volume and blood volume will emerge as a major factor inducing hypertension. As a consequence of the volume gain and salt retention, renin secretion may slow down. The possibility is mentioned that the absence or ineffectiveness of renal depressor substances (prostaglandins) may be involved in renal hypertension. Finally, two hypotheses are presented which may explain the finding of LARAGH et al., who grouped their essential hypertensives into 'high, normal and low renin hypertensives'."}
{"id": "PMID:1215955", "title": "[The function of the diseased kidney].", "content": "A few years ago the kidney in chronic renal failure was described as a mass of tissue \"without significance, vanishing into the disparity of thousands of fantastically altered organs of strange design and anomalous behaviour\". In order to refute this opinion, some of the morphological and pathophysiological evidence is summarized which points to the fact that even in chronic renal failure the remaining nephrons that contribute to renal function behave as a rather homogeneous population characterized by appropriate adaptations of glomerular and tubular functions and by a persistent responsiveness to the changing needs of the patient.", "contents": "[The function of the diseased kidney]. A few years ago the kidney in chronic renal failure was described as a mass of tissue \"without significance, vanishing into the disparity of thousands of fantastically altered organs of strange design and anomalous behaviour\". In order to refute this opinion, some of the morphological and pathophysiological evidence is summarized which points to the fact that even in chronic renal failure the remaining nephrons that contribute to renal function behave as a rather homogeneous population characterized by appropriate adaptations of glomerular and tubular functions and by a persistent responsiveness to the changing needs of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1215956", "title": "[Renal osteopathy].", "content": "Bone histology and biochemical data indicate that hyperparathyroidism and abnormal metabolism of vitamin D are hallmarks of renal osteodystrophy. Early diagnosis is possible by means of bone biopsy. The clinical signs of renal bone disease include extraskeletal calcifications. Persistence of disease during hemodialysis treatment calls for treatment even of asymptomatic patients. Vitamin D3 and its metabolites or analogs play an important role in the suppression of hyperparathyreoidism and in combating osteomalacia.", "contents": "[Renal osteopathy]. Bone histology and biochemical data indicate that hyperparathyroidism and abnormal metabolism of vitamin D are hallmarks of renal osteodystrophy. Early diagnosis is possible by means of bone biopsy. The clinical signs of renal bone disease include extraskeletal calcifications. Persistence of disease during hemodialysis treatment calls for treatment even of asymptomatic patients. Vitamin D3 and its metabolites or analogs play an important role in the suppression of hyperparathyreoidism and in combating osteomalacia."}
{"id": "PMID:1215957", "title": "[Clinical application of the radioimmunological measurement of the antidiuretic hormone].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay specific for arginine-vasopressin (AVP) developed in recent years has been applied to measurement of urinary AVP during physiological and clinical studies. Daily excretion of AVP was 34 +/- 10 ng (mean +/- SD) in 17 female normals and 69 +/- 45 ng in 17 male normals, this being a significant difference (p less than 0.01). After osmolar load (Carter-Robbins test) hourly excretion of AVP increased significantly in 7 males from 1.3 to 3.1 ng/h and in 6 females from 1.7 to 6.5 ng/h. Again the difference between male and female normals was significant. In both sexes a significant correlation between AVP excretion and either plasma osmolality or free-water clearance was found. When the osmolar load test was performed under constant angiotensin II perfusion in male subjects, their AVP excretion was significantly more elevated; this confirmed in man the hypothesis that angiotensin II is a stimulus to AVP secretion. Preliminary results of AVP excretion and response to osmolar load in diabetes insipidus are reported. Exceedingly high rate of excretion of AVP up to 55 330 ng/24 h have been found in cases of bronchial carcinoma with dilutional hyponatremia.", "contents": "[Clinical application of the radioimmunological measurement of the antidiuretic hormone]. A radioimmunoassay specific for arginine-vasopressin (AVP) developed in recent years has been applied to measurement of urinary AVP during physiological and clinical studies. Daily excretion of AVP was 34 +/- 10 ng (mean +/- SD) in 17 female normals and 69 +/- 45 ng in 17 male normals, this being a significant difference (p less than 0.01). After osmolar load (Carter-Robbins test) hourly excretion of AVP increased significantly in 7 males from 1.3 to 3.1 ng/h and in 6 females from 1.7 to 6.5 ng/h. Again the difference between male and female normals was significant. In both sexes a significant correlation between AVP excretion and either plasma osmolality or free-water clearance was found. When the osmolar load test was performed under constant angiotensin II perfusion in male subjects, their AVP excretion was significantly more elevated; this confirmed in man the hypothesis that angiotensin II is a stimulus to AVP secretion. Preliminary results of AVP excretion and response to osmolar load in diabetes insipidus are reported. Exceedingly high rate of excretion of AVP up to 55 330 ng/24 h have been found in cases of bronchial carcinoma with dilutional hyponatremia."}
{"id": "PMID:1215958", "title": "[Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis, laterality and regulation of hormone secretion].", "content": "In 16 patients with hypokalemic hypertension the combination of abnormally high and unsuppressible plasma aldosterone with low or undetectable renin activity led to the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. To differentiate between aldosterone producing adenoma and idiopathic bilateral hyperplasia, determination of aldosterone concentration in both adrenal veins was performed in 12 patients. In 4 of these patients the two forms of primary aldosteronism could not be differentiated as in these cases only one of the two adrenal veins simultaneously showing an abnormally high aldosterone concentration could be canulated. Plasma aldosterone and plasma cortisol were determined overnight (20.00-8.00 h) at short time intervals in 8 patients with adenoma, 1 patient with carcinoma of the adrenal cortex and 3 patients with bilateral hyperplasis. In all patients with adenoma a significant correlation between aldosterone and cortisol was observed (p less than 0.05-0.001) whereas no correlation was seen in the patients with hyperplasia and carcinoma. The clinical importance of these findings is that in the presence of ACTH-dependent secretion of aldosterone the site of the adenoma can be predicted even when blood from only one adrenal vein is obtained.", "contents": "[Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis, laterality and regulation of hormone secretion]. In 16 patients with hypokalemic hypertension the combination of abnormally high and unsuppressible plasma aldosterone with low or undetectable renin activity led to the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. To differentiate between aldosterone producing adenoma and idiopathic bilateral hyperplasia, determination of aldosterone concentration in both adrenal veins was performed in 12 patients. In 4 of these patients the two forms of primary aldosteronism could not be differentiated as in these cases only one of the two adrenal veins simultaneously showing an abnormally high aldosterone concentration could be canulated. Plasma aldosterone and plasma cortisol were determined overnight (20.00-8.00 h) at short time intervals in 8 patients with adenoma, 1 patient with carcinoma of the adrenal cortex and 3 patients with bilateral hyperplasis. In all patients with adenoma a significant correlation between aldosterone and cortisol was observed (p less than 0.05-0.001) whereas no correlation was seen in the patients with hyperplasia and carcinoma. The clinical importance of these findings is that in the presence of ACTH-dependent secretion of aldosterone the site of the adenoma can be predicted even when blood from only one adrenal vein is obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1215959", "title": "[The euthyreotic hypotriiodothyroninemia].", "content": "In 33 patients with various, mainly severe diseases a subnormal triiodothyronine concentration (T3) and a normal thyroxin concentration (T4) were found. In addition to T3 and T4, the plasma TSH levels and T3 binding capacity were determined. In no case did the patient's history or clinical findings afford evidence of hypothyroidism. Diminished conversion of T4 to T3 is discussed as a possible cause of the inappropriately depressed T3 levels.", "contents": "[The euthyreotic hypotriiodothyroninemia]. In 33 patients with various, mainly severe diseases a subnormal triiodothyronine concentration (T3) and a normal thyroxin concentration (T4) were found. In addition to T3 and T4, the plasma TSH levels and T3 binding capacity were determined. In no case did the patient's history or clinical findings afford evidence of hypothyroidism. Diminished conversion of T4 to T3 is discussed as a possible cause of the inappropriately depressed T3 levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1215960", "title": "[Treatment of Paget's disease with phosphonates].", "content": "A group of 22 patients with Paget's disease of bone was treated with a diphosphonate (sodium etidronate; EHDP), a stable synthetic analogue of inorganic pyrophosphate. This substance was given during 3 months at the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight per day, and proved effective by reducing the raised urinary excretion of total hydroxyproline and by lowering the concentration of serum alcaline phosphatase. It also improved the disease-related osteo-articular pain in 60% of the patients. A rise in serum phosphate under EHDP therapy is due to the increase in renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate. Bone histology showed regression of disease activity and the appearance of lamellar structure in newly formed bone. Because of a transient increase of the amount of uncalcified osteoid, it is advisable to give the diphosphonate in courses not over 3 months or at a reduced daily dose.", "contents": "[Treatment of Paget's disease with phosphonates]. A group of 22 patients with Paget's disease of bone was treated with a diphosphonate (sodium etidronate; EHDP), a stable synthetic analogue of inorganic pyrophosphate. This substance was given during 3 months at the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight per day, and proved effective by reducing the raised urinary excretion of total hydroxyproline and by lowering the concentration of serum alcaline phosphatase. It also improved the disease-related osteo-articular pain in 60% of the patients. A rise in serum phosphate under EHDP therapy is due to the increase in renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate. Bone histology showed regression of disease activity and the appearance of lamellar structure in newly formed bone. Because of a transient increase of the amount of uncalcified osteoid, it is advisable to give the diphosphonate in courses not over 3 months or at a reduced daily dose."}
{"id": "PMID:1215961", "title": "[Treatment of the painful Paget's disease of the pelvis with salmon calcitonin in ambulant care. Studies in 2 cases during 26 and 19 months respectively].", "content": "Two patients with Paget's disease of the bones have been treated with salmon calcitonin for periods of 19 and 26 months. The results are good.", "contents": "[Treatment of the painful Paget's disease of the pelvis with salmon calcitonin in ambulant care. Studies in 2 cases during 26 and 19 months respectively]. Two patients with Paget's disease of the bones have been treated with salmon calcitonin for periods of 19 and 26 months. The results are good."}
{"id": "PMID:1215962", "title": "[Factors that intervene in adverse drug reactions].", "content": "Drug prescriptions and adverse reactions occurring during 2 periods of 3 months in a department of medicine were analyzed by computer programs. Among 148 reactions suspected, 130 were considered definite or probable by one physician (1.6 reaction per 100 drug prescriptions). The patients who suffered from an adverse reaction were older, were hospitalized for a longer period of time and received more drugs than the others. The data were submitted to two physicians who were asked to determine the degree of probability of each reaction independently. There were many discrepancies between physicians' judgements (52% of the reactions) if one of them had a brief summary of the case history and the other had all the data available. The discrepancies were far fewer (18.1%) if both physicians had all the data available, and were due to the drug(s) suspected (8.8%) or to the influence of the disease (9.3%).", "contents": "[Factors that intervene in adverse drug reactions]. Drug prescriptions and adverse reactions occurring during 2 periods of 3 months in a department of medicine were analyzed by computer programs. Among 148 reactions suspected, 130 were considered definite or probable by one physician (1.6 reaction per 100 drug prescriptions). The patients who suffered from an adverse reaction were older, were hospitalized for a longer period of time and received more drugs than the others. The data were submitted to two physicians who were asked to determine the degree of probability of each reaction independently. There were many discrepancies between physicians' judgements (52% of the reactions) if one of them had a brief summary of the case history and the other had all the data available. The discrepancies were far fewer (18.1%) if both physicians had all the data available, and were due to the drug(s) suspected (8.8%) or to the influence of the disease (9.3%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1215963", "title": "[Thrombosis of the suprahepatic veins (Budd-Chiari syndrome) and polycythemia. A propos of 1 case].", "content": "A case is described of Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with polyglobulism in a 31-year-old subject. The connexion between Budd-Chiari syndrome and polyglobulism as a secondary symptom or a sign of a myeloproliferative syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "[Thrombosis of the suprahepatic veins (Budd-Chiari syndrome) and polycythemia. A propos of 1 case]. A case is described of Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with polyglobulism in a 31-year-old subject. The connexion between Budd-Chiari syndrome and polyglobulism as a secondary symptom or a sign of a myeloproliferative syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215964", "title": "[Pleural effusion: a symptom of acute and chronic hepatitis].", "content": "3 cases of acute and 2 of chronic aggressive hepatitis associated with pleural effusion are presented. Pleural effusion in this setting is a rarity and always occurs in the early phase of acute hepatitis or during exacerbations of chronic aggressive hepatitis. It disappears with normalization of liver function tests. The exudate is rich in protein (3-4 g %) and contains lymphocytes as well as erythrocytes. In 2 cases Australia-antigen (HBs) could be documented. An immunological mechanism is suggested.", "contents": "[Pleural effusion: a symptom of acute and chronic hepatitis]. 3 cases of acute and 2 of chronic aggressive hepatitis associated with pleural effusion are presented. Pleural effusion in this setting is a rarity and always occurs in the early phase of acute hepatitis or during exacerbations of chronic aggressive hepatitis. It disappears with normalization of liver function tests. The exudate is rich in protein (3-4 g %) and contains lymphocytes as well as erythrocytes. In 2 cases Australia-antigen (HBs) could be documented. An immunological mechanism is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1215965", "title": "[First experiences with a new oral human pancreas function test with special emphasis on gastric voiding].", "content": "1 g of N--benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA was administered orally to 50 test persons, i.e. controls and patients with known pancreatic disease. In the presence of chymotrypsin, paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA) is split from the peptide and excreted in the urine. The amount of PABA excreted serves as parameter of exocrine pancreatic function. In the control group a mean of 59.2 +/- 6.2% of the peptide PABA was excreted over a period of 6 h. PABA excretion in exocrine pancreatic deficiency was significantly less (p less than 0.001) than in controls. No overlap of data was noted. Gastric emptying rate - estimated by using indium-113m microcolloid - did not appear to influence urinary PABA excretion.", "contents": "[First experiences with a new oral human pancreas function test with special emphasis on gastric voiding]. 1 g of N--benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA was administered orally to 50 test persons, i.e. controls and patients with known pancreatic disease. In the presence of chymotrypsin, paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA) is split from the peptide and excreted in the urine. The amount of PABA excreted serves as parameter of exocrine pancreatic function. In the control group a mean of 59.2 +/- 6.2% of the peptide PABA was excreted over a period of 6 h. PABA excretion in exocrine pancreatic deficiency was significantly less (p less than 0.001) than in controls. No overlap of data was noted. Gastric emptying rate - estimated by using indium-113m microcolloid - did not appear to influence urinary PABA excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1215966", "title": "[Evaluation of the Lundh test in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreas insufficiency].", "content": "The results of 611 Lundh-tests performed on 546 patients over a period of 4 1/2 years have been evaluated. The test was highly reliable in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic deficiency. False-normal results were seen in 2.04% and false-abnormal in 3%. The test does not differentiate between chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma. Extrapancreatic factors depressing duodenal tryptic activity are discussed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the Lundh test in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreas insufficiency]. The results of 611 Lundh-tests performed on 546 patients over a period of 4 1/2 years have been evaluated. The test was highly reliable in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic deficiency. False-normal results were seen in 2.04% and false-abnormal in 3%. The test does not differentiate between chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma. Extrapancreatic factors depressing duodenal tryptic activity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1215967", "title": "[Treatment of ascites by ultrafiltration and reinjection of the proteins].", "content": "Report on 14 cases of ascites resistant to conservative treatment such as saltless diet, diuretics including spironolactone, and bedrest. 12 cases were due to alcoholic cirrhosis and a further 2 had malignant tumors (1 hepatoma, 1 adenocarcinoma of the pancreas). 14 patients underwent dialysis in which, after puncture of the ascites, the proteins are concentrated by filtration and then reinjected into the circulation. 16 dialyses were performed and all were well tolerated except in one alcoholic woman in very poor general condition who died from acute pulmonary edema. No significant clinical complications or technical problems were encountered. The dialysis-reinjection time lasted 3-28 h and the bodyweights diminished by 2.4-17 kg. Plasma volume, renal output and urinary concentration of electrolytes (Na) increased during dialysis. In 6 cases these effects persisted with spironolactone and low salt diet only, probably because of better renal perfusion and re-established sensitivity to the diuretic treatment. One year follow up revealed 4 cases out of 13 without relapse. Rapid emptying of the peritoneal cavity permitted two laparoscopies, which revealed the tumoral origin of the ascites in two cases, and one laparotomy for porto-caval shunt in bleeding esophageal varices at the earliest possible juncture. This method of treating cirrhotic ascites is simple and well tolerated. It considerably shortens the hospitalization and may rapidly improve general conditions of life in these chronic patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of ascites by ultrafiltration and reinjection of the proteins]. Report on 14 cases of ascites resistant to conservative treatment such as saltless diet, diuretics including spironolactone, and bedrest. 12 cases were due to alcoholic cirrhosis and a further 2 had malignant tumors (1 hepatoma, 1 adenocarcinoma of the pancreas). 14 patients underwent dialysis in which, after puncture of the ascites, the proteins are concentrated by filtration and then reinjected into the circulation. 16 dialyses were performed and all were well tolerated except in one alcoholic woman in very poor general condition who died from acute pulmonary edema. No significant clinical complications or technical problems were encountered. The dialysis-reinjection time lasted 3-28 h and the bodyweights diminished by 2.4-17 kg. Plasma volume, renal output and urinary concentration of electrolytes (Na) increased during dialysis. In 6 cases these effects persisted with spironolactone and low salt diet only, probably because of better renal perfusion and re-established sensitivity to the diuretic treatment. One year follow up revealed 4 cases out of 13 without relapse. Rapid emptying of the peritoneal cavity permitted two laparoscopies, which revealed the tumoral origin of the ascites in two cases, and one laparotomy for porto-caval shunt in bleeding esophageal varices at the earliest possible juncture. This method of treating cirrhotic ascites is simple and well tolerated. It considerably shortens the hospitalization and may rapidly improve general conditions of life in these chronic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1215968", "title": "[Malignant lymphoma following years of hydantoin treatment for epilepsy].", "content": "The cases are presented of 4 hydantreated epileptic patients developing malignant lymphomas (1 Hodgkin's lymphoma). The duration of the hydantoin therapy ranged from 7 to 23 years. There was no evidence of an allergic drug reaction, with the exception of slight blood eosinophilia. Prior to the lymphoma one patient exhibited leukopenia and a second thrombocytopenia. Hydantoins were discontinued in 3 cases but the lymphomas never disappeared spontaneously and only once did tumor progression came to a stillstand. Two patients were successfully treated with either chemo- or radiotherapy. Possible correlations between the documented immunosuppressive action of hydantoin derivatives and tumor induction are discussed. Malignant lymphomas may be sequelae of long-term hydantoin therapy and are not always preceded by the well-known reversible hydantoin lymphadenopathy.", "contents": "[Malignant lymphoma following years of hydantoin treatment for epilepsy]. The cases are presented of 4 hydantreated epileptic patients developing malignant lymphomas (1 Hodgkin's lymphoma). The duration of the hydantoin therapy ranged from 7 to 23 years. There was no evidence of an allergic drug reaction, with the exception of slight blood eosinophilia. Prior to the lymphoma one patient exhibited leukopenia and a second thrombocytopenia. Hydantoins were discontinued in 3 cases but the lymphomas never disappeared spontaneously and only once did tumor progression came to a stillstand. Two patients were successfully treated with either chemo- or radiotherapy. Possible correlations between the documented immunosuppressive action of hydantoin derivatives and tumor induction are discussed. Malignant lymphomas may be sequelae of long-term hydantoin therapy and are not always preceded by the well-known reversible hydantoin lymphadenopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1215969", "title": "[Proceedings: Classification and anatomo-clinical correlations of glomerular nephropathies].", "content": "A number of classifications may be proposed according to whether glomerulopathy is defined from a morphological, clinical, etiological or pathogenetic point of view. However, glomerulopathies are now best defined according to histopathological criteria since from a practical point of view this is the only way in which prognosis can be evaluated. We propose a classification of glomeruloneyhritis essentially based on morphology as well as on the etiological circumstances in which the glomerulopathy is discovered. Four types of glomerular lesions (GL) may be disclosed: 1. The pathognomonic GL are rare and include thrombotic microangiography, amyloidosis, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, lupus nephritis with hematoxyphil bodies, etc. 2. The GL seen in primary glomerulopathies may be divided into 3 subgroups: minimal, focal (segmental and focal glomerulonephritis and focal glomerular sclerosis) or diffuse (membranous nephropathy and the various types of proliferative glomerulonephritis). The clinical presentation and course are studied for each of these varieties. 3. The GL seen in specific diseases (acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis, septicemia, systemic diseases, Goodpasture's syndrome, essential cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, etc.) are in many ways similar to most of the lesions seen in primary glomerular diseases, but may have a different prognosis. 4. The GL seen in hereditary nephropathies (Alport's syndrome, nail patella syndrome, infantile mesangial sclerosis, partial lipodystrophy, amyloidosis of FMF, storage diseases, etc.) show, in most cases, specific morphological features. It is important for the clinican to know the natural history of these clinicopathologic entities in order to take appropriate decisions regarding possible treatment. Moreover, the fact that some of these glomerular lesions may recur on the grafted kidney is one more reason for identification of the underlying disease.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Classification and anatomo-clinical correlations of glomerular nephropathies]. A number of classifications may be proposed according to whether glomerulopathy is defined from a morphological, clinical, etiological or pathogenetic point of view. However, glomerulopathies are now best defined according to histopathological criteria since from a practical point of view this is the only way in which prognosis can be evaluated. We propose a classification of glomeruloneyhritis essentially based on morphology as well as on the etiological circumstances in which the glomerulopathy is discovered. Four types of glomerular lesions (GL) may be disclosed: 1. The pathognomonic GL are rare and include thrombotic microangiography, amyloidosis, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, lupus nephritis with hematoxyphil bodies, etc. 2. The GL seen in primary glomerulopathies may be divided into 3 subgroups: minimal, focal (segmental and focal glomerulonephritis and focal glomerular sclerosis) or diffuse (membranous nephropathy and the various types of proliferative glomerulonephritis). The clinical presentation and course are studied for each of these varieties. 3. The GL seen in specific diseases (acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis, septicemia, systemic diseases, Goodpasture's syndrome, essential cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, etc.) are in many ways similar to most of the lesions seen in primary glomerular diseases, but may have a different prognosis. 4. The GL seen in hereditary nephropathies (Alport's syndrome, nail patella syndrome, infantile mesangial sclerosis, partial lipodystrophy, amyloidosis of FMF, storage diseases, etc.) show, in most cases, specific morphological features. It is important for the clinican to know the natural history of these clinicopathologic entities in order to take appropriate decisions regarding possible treatment. Moreover, the fact that some of these glomerular lesions may recur on the grafted kidney is one more reason for identification of the underlying disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1215970", "title": "[Proceedings: Evolutive forms of glomerulonephritis and their prognosis].", "content": "The prognosis in patients with glomerulonephritis can now be established with some confidence. The major advance has been the use and interpretation of renal biopsies. The different histological varieties have their own evolution and prognosis. The clinical/pathological correlations assist the physician in determining the prognosis in patients with glomerulonephritis. On the clinical side, the most important observation is the simplest: proteinuria or hematuria may persist separately for many years without alteration of renal function. However, in patients with persistent proteinuria associated with hematuria the prognosis is poor, as the evolution is towards renal failure.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Evolutive forms of glomerulonephritis and their prognosis]. The prognosis in patients with glomerulonephritis can now be established with some confidence. The major advance has been the use and interpretation of renal biopsies. The different histological varieties have their own evolution and prognosis. The clinical/pathological correlations assist the physician in determining the prognosis in patients with glomerulonephritis. On the clinical side, the most important observation is the simplest: proteinuria or hematuria may persist separately for many years without alteration of renal function. However, in patients with persistent proteinuria associated with hematuria the prognosis is poor, as the evolution is towards renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1215971", "title": "[Proceedings: Plasma hemoglobin in patients with intermittent hemodialysis with special reference to various dialysis procedures].", "content": "In the pathogenesis of anemia in patients on intermittent hemodialysis is a frequently mentioned factor. To evaluate the red blood cell trauma caused by the hemodialyser, free hemoglobin was determined in the plasma before and after various types of hemodialysis. We investigated 22 patients with chronic renal failure in the age range from 18 to 54 years who were hemodialysed with various types of shunt (Cimino, Scribner or Thomas shunt) and hemodialysers (Kiil or Rhone-Poulenc). Determinations of hemoglobin in the plasma before and after 8-h hemodialysis were performed by the method of RICHTERICH. A significant increase in the initial normal values for hemoglobin in the plasma were found, but without any correlation between rate of hemolysis and type of hemodialyser. The presumed mechanical destruction of erythrocytes during hemodialysis can be determined by the free hemoglobin in the plasma. The small extent of intravascular hemolysis does not correlate with the type of hemodialyser.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Plasma hemoglobin in patients with intermittent hemodialysis with special reference to various dialysis procedures]. In the pathogenesis of anemia in patients on intermittent hemodialysis is a frequently mentioned factor. To evaluate the red blood cell trauma caused by the hemodialyser, free hemoglobin was determined in the plasma before and after various types of hemodialysis. We investigated 22 patients with chronic renal failure in the age range from 18 to 54 years who were hemodialysed with various types of shunt (Cimino, Scribner or Thomas shunt) and hemodialysers (Kiil or Rhone-Poulenc). Determinations of hemoglobin in the plasma before and after 8-h hemodialysis were performed by the method of RICHTERICH. A significant increase in the initial normal values for hemoglobin in the plasma were found, but without any correlation between rate of hemolysis and type of hemodialyser. The presumed mechanical destruction of erythrocytes during hemodialysis can be determined by the free hemoglobin in the plasma. The small extent of intravascular hemolysis does not correlate with the type of hemodialyser."}
{"id": "PMID:1215972", "title": "[Proceedings: Hematopoiesis in chronic pyelonephritis. Quantitative-morphological study].", "content": "Bone marrow biopsies from the iliac crest in 56 patients with chronic pyelonephritis were evaluated quantitively and correlated with renal function and peripheral blood values (n = 100). In proportion to increasing serum creatinine, mild marrow hypoplasia develops which mainly, and to a statistically significant extent, affects the percentage and amount of erythropoietic cells and megakaryocytes. The simultaneous reduction of erythrocytes and reticulocytes in peripheral blood is more pronounced and only slightly correlated to the marrow cells. There is no correlation between the number of peripheral granulocytes or the decrease in lymphocytes concomitant with uremia, and their respective precursors in the marrow.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Hematopoiesis in chronic pyelonephritis. Quantitative-morphological study]. Bone marrow biopsies from the iliac crest in 56 patients with chronic pyelonephritis were evaluated quantitively and correlated with renal function and peripheral blood values (n = 100). In proportion to increasing serum creatinine, mild marrow hypoplasia develops which mainly, and to a statistically significant extent, affects the percentage and amount of erythropoietic cells and megakaryocytes. The simultaneous reduction of erythrocytes and reticulocytes in peripheral blood is more pronounced and only slightly correlated to the marrow cells. There is no correlation between the number of peripheral granulocytes or the decrease in lymphocytes concomitant with uremia, and their respective precursors in the marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:1215973", "title": "[Proceedings: Familial hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Studies on pathogenesis in the survivors].", "content": "The findings are reported in 4 siblings in whom death was due to typical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. In one, successive treatment with heparin, dipyridamole and aspirin was unsuccessful. 125I-fibrinogen half-life was 2.1 days under aspirin and 1.9 days under combined aspirin/heparin therapy. The parents and 4 surviving sibs had normal renal function and normal platelet and fibrinogen survival. The mother and 3 sibs had an increased percentage of megathrombocytes. Two exhibited renal accumulation of 51Cr-platelet radioactivity which was suppressed by platelet inhibitors. In both, renal biopsy disclosed definite ultrastructural endothelial alterations. These changes are probably responsible for the local platelet sequestration and appear to be the primary defect in this family with hemolytic-uremic syndrome.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Familial hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Studies on pathogenesis in the survivors]. The findings are reported in 4 siblings in whom death was due to typical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. In one, successive treatment with heparin, dipyridamole and aspirin was unsuccessful. 125I-fibrinogen half-life was 2.1 days under aspirin and 1.9 days under combined aspirin/heparin therapy. The parents and 4 surviving sibs had normal renal function and normal platelet and fibrinogen survival. The mother and 3 sibs had an increased percentage of megathrombocytes. Two exhibited renal accumulation of 51Cr-platelet radioactivity which was suppressed by platelet inhibitors. In both, renal biopsy disclosed definite ultrastructural endothelial alterations. These changes are probably responsible for the local platelet sequestration and appear to be the primary defect in this family with hemolytic-uremic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1215974", "title": "[Proceedings: Alkaline phosphatases in patients in chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "The alkaline phosphatases (AP) have been studied in 28 patients on chronic hemodialysis. Total AP averaged 49 IU/1 while 4 out of the 28 patients exhibited pathologic values (above 60 IU/1). Determination of iso-AP by acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the existence of an intestinal band in 50% of cases, thought this is not observable in a control population. The only relationship seen between the presence of the intestinal iso-AP and different parameters concerned the blood groups O and B. Significant increase of total AP is in all cases due to a bone iso-AP. During a hemodialysis session a mean increase of 30% in total AP has been noted. An increase in total AP is observed in only 2 cases out of 17.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Alkaline phosphatases in patients in chronic hemodialysis]. The alkaline phosphatases (AP) have been studied in 28 patients on chronic hemodialysis. Total AP averaged 49 IU/1 while 4 out of the 28 patients exhibited pathologic values (above 60 IU/1). Determination of iso-AP by acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the existence of an intestinal band in 50% of cases, thought this is not observable in a control population. The only relationship seen between the presence of the intestinal iso-AP and different parameters concerned the blood groups O and B. Significant increase of total AP is in all cases due to a bone iso-AP. During a hemodialysis session a mean increase of 30% in total AP has been noted. An increase in total AP is observed in only 2 cases out of 17."}
{"id": "PMID:1215975", "title": "[Proceedings: Evaluation of the plasma-phenolred test as a simple kidney function test].", "content": "The phenolsulphthalein 60/60 plasma test (PSP 60/60) was evaluated in 30 control subjects (mean value 51 micrograms/100 ml +/- 49 micrograms/100 ml) and 60 patients with chronic renal disease with varying degrees of renal insufficiency. PSP 60/60 proved to be superior to determination of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. PSP 60/60 correlated well with endogenous creatinine clearance and 131I-iodohippurate clearance in over 80% of cases. Of various exogenous and endogenous factors interfering with the test, drugs influencing renal excretory mechanisms are most important. Due to its technical simplicity, PSP 60/60 is a useful screening test for evaluation of renal function, especially as an office procedure.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Evaluation of the plasma-phenolred test as a simple kidney function test]. The phenolsulphthalein 60/60 plasma test (PSP 60/60) was evaluated in 30 control subjects (mean value 51 micrograms/100 ml +/- 49 micrograms/100 ml) and 60 patients with chronic renal disease with varying degrees of renal insufficiency. PSP 60/60 proved to be superior to determination of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. PSP 60/60 correlated well with endogenous creatinine clearance and 131I-iodohippurate clearance in over 80% of cases. Of various exogenous and endogenous factors interfering with the test, drugs influencing renal excretory mechanisms are most important. Due to its technical simplicity, PSP 60/60 is a useful screening test for evaluation of renal function, especially as an office procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1215976", "title": "[Proceedings: Correlations between blood pressure, body sodium/blood volume state and plasma renin in patients with terminal kidney insufficiency].", "content": "Plasma renin activity was found to correlate inversely with exchangeable sodium or blood volume in both normotensive and hypertensive hemodialysis patients. However, in the hypertensive patients mean circulating renin for any given sodium/volume state was markedly higher than in normotensive patients or normal subjects. Blood pressure correlated more closely with the products of circulating renin and exchangeable sodium (r = 0.55; p less than 0.001) or blood volume (r = 0.43; p less than 0.001) than with the individual components (r less than or equal to 0.39); multiple regression analysis including duration of previous hypertension as a second independent variable further improved these correlations (r = 0.66 and r = 0.63 respectively). This suggests that the sodium/volume state, circulating renin and vascular changes resulting from previous hypertension may be important complementary determinants of blood pressure in hemodialysis patients.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Correlations between blood pressure, body sodium/blood volume state and plasma renin in patients with terminal kidney insufficiency]. Plasma renin activity was found to correlate inversely with exchangeable sodium or blood volume in both normotensive and hypertensive hemodialysis patients. However, in the hypertensive patients mean circulating renin for any given sodium/volume state was markedly higher than in normotensive patients or normal subjects. Blood pressure correlated more closely with the products of circulating renin and exchangeable sodium (r = 0.55; p less than 0.001) or blood volume (r = 0.43; p less than 0.001) than with the individual components (r less than or equal to 0.39); multiple regression analysis including duration of previous hypertension as a second independent variable further improved these correlations (r = 0.66 and r = 0.63 respectively). This suggests that the sodium/volume state, circulating renin and vascular changes resulting from previous hypertension may be important complementary determinants of blood pressure in hemodialysis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1215977", "title": "[Proceedings: Experimentally induced effects on the plasma renin activity].", "content": "In dogs, plasma renin activity (PRA) was increased by anesthesia, by hypercapnia and by extreme hypoxia (paO2 47.6 mm Hg). Relatively moderate hypoxia (paO2 47.6 mm Hg) and artificial respiration had no appreciable influence on PRA. It appears that the sympathomimetic stimulus of CO2 has an important bearing on PRA.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Experimentally induced effects on the plasma renin activity]. In dogs, plasma renin activity (PRA) was increased by anesthesia, by hypercapnia and by extreme hypoxia (paO2 47.6 mm Hg). Relatively moderate hypoxia (paO2 47.6 mm Hg) and artificial respiration had no appreciable influence on PRA. It appears that the sympathomimetic stimulus of CO2 has an important bearing on PRA."}
{"id": "PMID:1215978", "title": "[Proceedings: Studies on the digoxin resorption in patients with decompensated right cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "Digoxin absorption was investigated in 7 patients suffering from severe right cardiac failure. After successful treatment and disappearance of the symptoms of right cardiac failure, the study was repeated in the same patients. Tritium-labelled digoxin in a dose of 0.1 mg as a solution, and non-labelled digoxin as a 0.25 mg tablet, were given to the patients in the fasting state. Blood samples were taken at specified time intervals up to 120 h and the urine was collected during the same period. The concentrations of digoxin in plasma and urine were measured in a liquid scintillation counter. The unlabelled digoxin was estimated by radioimmunoassay. The concentrations obtained in the plasma and urine were used to compute pharmacokinetic parameters. There was no significant difference in the plasma concentration curves in severe right cardiac failure and after successful treatment, nor did the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters differ significantly. Inhibition of digoxin absorption in severe right cardiac failure therefore seems unlikely.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Studies on the digoxin resorption in patients with decompensated right cardiac insufficiency]. Digoxin absorption was investigated in 7 patients suffering from severe right cardiac failure. After successful treatment and disappearance of the symptoms of right cardiac failure, the study was repeated in the same patients. Tritium-labelled digoxin in a dose of 0.1 mg as a solution, and non-labelled digoxin as a 0.25 mg tablet, were given to the patients in the fasting state. Blood samples were taken at specified time intervals up to 120 h and the urine was collected during the same period. The concentrations of digoxin in plasma and urine were measured in a liquid scintillation counter. The unlabelled digoxin was estimated by radioimmunoassay. The concentrations obtained in the plasma and urine were used to compute pharmacokinetic parameters. There was no significant difference in the plasma concentration curves in severe right cardiac failure and after successful treatment, nor did the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters differ significantly. Inhibition of digoxin absorption in severe right cardiac failure therefore seems unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:1215979", "title": "[Proceedings: Clinical value of serum digoxin and digitoxin determination in renal insufficiency].", "content": "Plasma digoxin and digitoxin determination has proven to have an important bearing, particularly in patients with renal failure. It permits early detection of digitalis intoxication in the absence of marked clinical and ECG evidence, and adjustment of dosage accordingly. Also, in patent intoxication it makes it possible to select the right moment for resumption of therapy. To illustrate the importance of the method some cases are cited involving plasma digoxin and digitoxin determination.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Clinical value of serum digoxin and digitoxin determination in renal insufficiency]. Plasma digoxin and digitoxin determination has proven to have an important bearing, particularly in patients with renal failure. It permits early detection of digitalis intoxication in the absence of marked clinical and ECG evidence, and adjustment of dosage accordingly. Also, in patent intoxication it makes it possible to select the right moment for resumption of therapy. To illustrate the importance of the method some cases are cited involving plasma digoxin and digitoxin determination."}
{"id": "PMID:1215980", "title": "[Proceedings: The ankle arterial pressure during reactive hyperemia in healthy patients and patients with arterial occlusive disease].", "content": "In 8 healthy subjects and in 16 patients with arterial occlusions in the iliac or ilio-femoral region ankle blood pressure and blood flow velocity were measured by Doppler ultrasound during postocclusive reactive hyperemia. In the normal subjects the ankle blood pressure decreased significantly within the initial 30 sec after release of the occlusion. The pressure values showed a negative relation to the simultaneous increases in flow velocity (r = 0.67). In the patients the pressure decreased further and the reduction was prolonged with the protracted course of the reactive hyperemia.", "contents": "[Proceedings: The ankle arterial pressure during reactive hyperemia in healthy patients and patients with arterial occlusive disease]. In 8 healthy subjects and in 16 patients with arterial occlusions in the iliac or ilio-femoral region ankle blood pressure and blood flow velocity were measured by Doppler ultrasound during postocclusive reactive hyperemia. In the normal subjects the ankle blood pressure decreased significantly within the initial 30 sec after release of the occlusion. The pressure values showed a negative relation to the simultaneous increases in flow velocity (r = 0.67). In the patients the pressure decreased further and the reduction was prolonged with the protracted course of the reactive hyperemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1215981", "title": "[Proceedings: Pacemaker implantation bradycardia and cardiac insufficiency. Preliminary report].", "content": "The longterm effects of pacemaker therapy have been investigated in 337 patients with bradycardia and congestive heart failure with or without Adams-Stokes syncope. The cumulative survival rate in patients with Adams-Stokes seizures without congestive heart failure (group I) is markedly better than in patients with Adams-Stokes seizures and congestive heart failure (group II). The death rate is highest in patients with congestive heart failure as sole indication for pacemaker implantation (Group III). In the patients from group II (mainly with slight to moderate decompensation) there was a higher percentage of improvement than in those from group III (chiefly with severe congestive heart failure), in whom cardiac decompensation improved in approximately half the cases. These findings do not prompt excessive enthusiasm about the longterm results in patients with bradycardia and severe congestive heart failure. The indication subsists where there is resistance to drug therapy, or digitalis intolerance, or where treatment with a provisional pacemaker produces good results.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Pacemaker implantation bradycardia and cardiac insufficiency. Preliminary report]. The longterm effects of pacemaker therapy have been investigated in 337 patients with bradycardia and congestive heart failure with or without Adams-Stokes syncope. The cumulative survival rate in patients with Adams-Stokes seizures without congestive heart failure (group I) is markedly better than in patients with Adams-Stokes seizures and congestive heart failure (group II). The death rate is highest in patients with congestive heart failure as sole indication for pacemaker implantation (Group III). In the patients from group II (mainly with slight to moderate decompensation) there was a higher percentage of improvement than in those from group III (chiefly with severe congestive heart failure), in whom cardiac decompensation improved in approximately half the cases. These findings do not prompt excessive enthusiasm about the longterm results in patients with bradycardia and severe congestive heart failure. The indication subsists where there is resistance to drug therapy, or digitalis intolerance, or where treatment with a provisional pacemaker produces good results."}
{"id": "PMID:1215982", "title": "[Proceedings: Studies on mechanically induced hemolysis following prosthetic heart valve replacement].", "content": "Investigations into the problem of mechanical hemolysis were carried out in 28 patients with one or more prosthetic heart valve replacements. Signs of compensated intravascular hemolysis were demonstrated in all cases by determination of lactic dehydrogenase activity and free hemoglobin in the serum. We found no correlation between the type and number of prosthetic heart valves and the incidence of hemolysis.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Studies on mechanically induced hemolysis following prosthetic heart valve replacement]. Investigations into the problem of mechanical hemolysis were carried out in 28 patients with one or more prosthetic heart valve replacements. Signs of compensated intravascular hemolysis were demonstrated in all cases by determination of lactic dehydrogenase activity and free hemoglobin in the serum. We found no correlation between the type and number of prosthetic heart valves and the incidence of hemolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1215983", "title": "[Proceedings: Experiences with isolation of leukemic patients].", "content": "Time to onset of infection has been used to evaluate isolation procedures in patients with acute leukemia. Comparing laminar flow unit with ordinary reverse isolation, no difference was found between these two methods. Both were performed without whole body decontamination or gut sterilization.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Experiences with isolation of leukemic patients]. Time to onset of infection has been used to evaluate isolation procedures in patients with acute leukemia. Comparing laminar flow unit with ordinary reverse isolation, no difference was found between these two methods. Both were performed without whole body decontamination or gut sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:1215984", "title": "[Proceedings: Changes in the disease pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "Some 100 cases of active tuberculosis of the lung from each of the years 1953, 1963 and 1973 were studied to determine changes in the disease pattern. Chronologically a reduction in the distribution of multisegmental lesions and a diminution of the number of cavities was observed, with a marked tendency towards segments 1, 2 and 6. The number of new patients diminished and that of reactivated cases increased. Particularly noticeable was the observation of more highly productive tuberculoses.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Changes in the disease pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis]. Some 100 cases of active tuberculosis of the lung from each of the years 1953, 1963 and 1973 were studied to determine changes in the disease pattern. Chronologically a reduction in the distribution of multisegmental lesions and a diminution of the number of cavities was observed, with a marked tendency towards segments 1, 2 and 6. The number of new patients diminished and that of reactivated cases increased. Particularly noticeable was the observation of more highly productive tuberculoses."}
{"id": "PMID:1215985", "title": "[Proceedings: Lung lesions caused by \"rare earths\"].", "content": "Three reproduction photographers were found to have light patchy and reticular infiltrates on the chest x-rays. They had a 30-year history of inhaling \"rare earths\" and thorium deriving from the dust of the electric carbon arc-light. The diagnosis was confirmed by whole-body gamma-counting in all cases and by additional lung biopsy in one. This type of pneumoconiosis shows no definite disease progression and no serious functional deterioration.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Lung lesions caused by \"rare earths\"]. Three reproduction photographers were found to have light patchy and reticular infiltrates on the chest x-rays. They had a 30-year history of inhaling \"rare earths\" and thorium deriving from the dust of the electric carbon arc-light. The diagnosis was confirmed by whole-body gamma-counting in all cases and by additional lung biopsy in one. This type of pneumoconiosis shows no definite disease progression and no serious functional deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:1215986", "title": "[Telemetric ECG control of the heart during the rehabilitation of hemiplegics].", "content": "In hemiplegic patients of advanced age the incidence of cardiac disorders, frequently combined with heart failure, is 80%. To assess the effect of rehabilitation on cardiac status 25 patients underwent period telemetric ECG monitoring during the rehabilitation period. The rest forced upon the patient in the initial period following the stroke economizes cardiac effort. The increasing load in rehabilitation thus has a favourable effect on the heart and affords appropriate cardiac training in addition to its immediate purpose.", "contents": "[Telemetric ECG control of the heart during the rehabilitation of hemiplegics]. In hemiplegic patients of advanced age the incidence of cardiac disorders, frequently combined with heart failure, is 80%. To assess the effect of rehabilitation on cardiac status 25 patients underwent period telemetric ECG monitoring during the rehabilitation period. The rest forced upon the patient in the initial period following the stroke economizes cardiac effort. The increasing load in rehabilitation thus has a favourable effect on the heart and affords appropriate cardiac training in addition to its immediate purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:1215987", "title": "[Frequent and rare forms of vitamin B 12 and folic acid deficiency anemias].", "content": "The common and rarer causes of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency are discussed with special reference to pathophysiological aspects and conditions in Switzerland. The overall incidence of Addisonian pernicious anemia was found to be 80 per 100,000 patients, whereas the incidence of other B12 deficiency states was 18 per 100,000  patients. Folic acid deficiency was found in 23 of 100,000 patients, though this figure appears to be an underestimate. Nutritional (latent) folate deficiency seems to be the most frequent vitamin deficiency in Switzerland.", "contents": "[Frequent and rare forms of vitamin B 12 and folic acid deficiency anemias]. The common and rarer causes of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency are discussed with special reference to pathophysiological aspects and conditions in Switzerland. The overall incidence of Addisonian pernicious anemia was found to be 80 per 100,000 patients, whereas the incidence of other B12 deficiency states was 18 per 100,000  patients. Folic acid deficiency was found in 23 of 100,000 patients, though this figure appears to be an underestimate. Nutritional (latent) folate deficiency seems to be the most frequent vitamin deficiency in Switzerland."}
{"id": "PMID:1215988", "title": "[The treatment of intestinal helminthiasis with mebendazole. 294 treated patients].", "content": "294 patients with slight intestinal helminthic infections have been treated with mebendazole, a broad-spectrum antihelminthic of high effectiveness and remarkably low toxicity. The high cure rates (91-95%) obtained in cases of trichuriasis, ascariasis and ankylostomiasis are in agreement with the results as published by other investigators. For helminthiases, the present patient sample was too limited to permit accurate evaluation. Nevertheless, mebendazole may be considered the drug of choice for treatment of trichuriasis in particular and for intestinal helminthic polyparasitism in general.", "contents": "[The treatment of intestinal helminthiasis with mebendazole. 294 treated patients]. 294 patients with slight intestinal helminthic infections have been treated with mebendazole, a broad-spectrum antihelminthic of high effectiveness and remarkably low toxicity. The high cure rates (91-95%) obtained in cases of trichuriasis, ascariasis and ankylostomiasis are in agreement with the results as published by other investigators. For helminthiases, the present patient sample was too limited to permit accurate evaluation. Nevertheless, mebendazole may be considered the drug of choice for treatment of trichuriasis in particular and for intestinal helminthic polyparasitism in general."}
{"id": "PMID:1215989", "title": "Double branched flicker fusion curves from the all-rod skate retina.", "content": "Electrical responses from the skate retina will only follow flicker up to frequencies of 5 hertz when intensities are below rod saturation. At greater luminances, the eye responds to rates as high as 30 hertz. As a result, a plot of critical flicker fusion as a function of intensity is a double branched curve. It seems that prolonged stimulation of skate rods, at high intensities, permits them to change their temporal response characteristics so that they follow high frequencies much as cones do in the duplex retina.", "contents": "Double branched flicker fusion curves from the all-rod skate retina. Electrical responses from the skate retina will only follow flicker up to frequencies of 5 hertz when intensities are below rod saturation. At greater luminances, the eye responds to rates as high as 30 hertz. As a result, a plot of critical flicker fusion as a function of intensity is a double branched curve. It seems that prolonged stimulation of skate rods, at high intensities, permits them to change their temporal response characteristics so that they follow high frequencies much as cones do in the duplex retina."}
{"id": "PMID:1215990", "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide: effect on histone acetylation in rabbit brain.", "content": "Lysergic acid diethylamide increased acetylation of histones in rabbit cerebral hemispheres and midbrain 30 minutes after intravenous administration of the drug at doses of 10 and 100 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. Evidence for the stimulation of acetylation in individual histone bands was obtained after separation by electrophoresis on polyacrylamied gels.", "contents": "Lysergic acid diethylamide: effect on histone acetylation in rabbit brain. Lysergic acid diethylamide increased acetylation of histones in rabbit cerebral hemispheres and midbrain 30 minutes after intravenous administration of the drug at doses of 10 and 100 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. Evidence for the stimulation of acetylation in individual histone bands was obtained after separation by electrophoresis on polyacrylamied gels."}
{"id": "PMID:1215991", "title": "Mass recruitment by army ants.", "content": "A single army ant (Ecitoninae) can attract and direct scores of workers to prey by means of a chemical trial and momentary contact between the recruiter and workers on a raid column. Recruited workers, in turn, attract more ants, resulting in a continuous stream of recruits. While the recruitment mechanism is basically similar, the speed and the number of ants recruited are greater form army ants than for other ants.", "contents": "Mass recruitment by army ants. A single army ant (Ecitoninae) can attract and direct scores of workers to prey by means of a chemical trial and momentary contact between the recruiter and workers on a raid column. Recruited workers, in turn, attract more ants, resulting in a continuous stream of recruits. While the recruitment mechanism is basically similar, the speed and the number of ants recruited are greater form army ants than for other ants."}
{"id": "PMID:1216222", "title": "Repair of small veins with absorbable collagen tubules.", "content": "An experimental technique is presented for the repair of very small veins using a biodegradable collagen tubule as an internal splint. The technique is simple and the long-term results are excellent. Variable patency rates in the first two weeks are being investigated.", "contents": "Repair of small veins with absorbable collagen tubules. An experimental technique is presented for the repair of very small veins using a biodegradable collagen tubule as an internal splint. The technique is simple and the long-term results are excellent. Variable patency rates in the first two weeks are being investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:1216224", "title": "Effects of mobilization on tensile strength of partial tendon lacerations.", "content": "Fifty-percent-lacerated unrepaired chicken tendons were studied. Free mobility resulted in tensile strength significantly increased over immobility when the free mobility was begun on the day of wounding or after 28 days of immobility.", "contents": "Effects of mobilization on tensile strength of partial tendon lacerations. Fifty-percent-lacerated unrepaired chicken tendons were studied. Free mobility resulted in tensile strength significantly increased over immobility when the free mobility was begun on the day of wounding or after 28 days of immobility."}
{"id": "PMID:1216247", "title": "The use of directly frozen cells in LDA assay.", "content": "A method of direct freezing is described which requires a cryoprotective medium consisting of human AB serum and DMSO, an ultra-low temperature freezer and a liquid-nitrogen refrigerator. Fresh and directly frozen cells were compared in the LDA assay. Direct freezing is quite reliable for normal lymphocytes, PHA transformed lymphocytes or leukaemic blasts used as targets. However, a controlled freezing procedure may be necessary to preserve the effector cell activity.", "contents": "The use of directly frozen cells in LDA assay. A method of direct freezing is described which requires a cryoprotective medium consisting of human AB serum and DMSO, an ultra-low temperature freezer and a liquid-nitrogen refrigerator. Fresh and directly frozen cells were compared in the LDA assay. Direct freezing is quite reliable for normal lymphocytes, PHA transformed lymphocytes or leukaemic blasts used as targets. However, a controlled freezing procedure may be necessary to preserve the effector cell activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1216248", "title": "Cross-reactions between the major histocompatibility system of man and mice (HL-A and H-2). Cytotoxic action of anti-H-2 sera on lymphocytes.", "content": "Alloimmune congenic anti-H-2 sera, dependent on the combination of H-2 haplotypes of donor-recipient strains, exert a strong cytotoxic activity against human cells. While strong sera react with almost all samples of human cells, in serial dilutions pronounced differences in strength of reactions can be found with different human cell samples in correlation with their HL-A phenotype. The strongest associations of some anti-H-2f and anti-H-2p sera were found with HL-A2 (r = 0.70 - 0.80), HL-A7 (r = 0.45 - 0.55) and HL-A27 (r = 0.65 - 0.75) (with HL-A27 in groups of patients with high frequency of this antigen r = 0.80 - 0.90). Associations with HL-A9 were also indicated. The reaction pattern itself, as well as absorption and family studies, strongly indicates that for the individual sera the differences in reaction strength are, in essence, quantitative in nature. While it is basically unclear which part of both MHS systems is responsible for the observed cross-reactions, out of several alternatives the hypothesis indicating the polymorphism of common-part structures on H-2 and HL-A molecules seems to be the most plausible.", "contents": "Cross-reactions between the major histocompatibility system of man and mice (HL-A and H-2). Cytotoxic action of anti-H-2 sera on lymphocytes. Alloimmune congenic anti-H-2 sera, dependent on the combination of H-2 haplotypes of donor-recipient strains, exert a strong cytotoxic activity against human cells. While strong sera react with almost all samples of human cells, in serial dilutions pronounced differences in strength of reactions can be found with different human cell samples in correlation with their HL-A phenotype. The strongest associations of some anti-H-2f and anti-H-2p sera were found with HL-A2 (r = 0.70 - 0.80), HL-A7 (r = 0.45 - 0.55) and HL-A27 (r = 0.65 - 0.75) (with HL-A27 in groups of patients with high frequency of this antigen r = 0.80 - 0.90). Associations with HL-A9 were also indicated. The reaction pattern itself, as well as absorption and family studies, strongly indicates that for the individual sera the differences in reaction strength are, in essence, quantitative in nature. While it is basically unclear which part of both MHS systems is responsible for the observed cross-reactions, out of several alternatives the hypothesis indicating the polymorphism of common-part structures on H-2 and HL-A molecules seems to be the most plausible."}
{"id": "PMID:1216249", "title": "Increased frequency of HL-A8 in Sjogren's syndrome.", "content": "The histocompatibility antigen, HL-A8, was found to be elevated in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Among 24 patients, the frequency of HL-A8 was 58% compared to 21% among controls (P less than 0.001 after correction). With the addition of this disorder to the list of other autoimmune diseases associated with HL-A8, it now seems possible to postulate a single basis autoimmune defect gene in high linkage disequilibrium with HL-A8.", "contents": "Increased frequency of HL-A8 in Sjogren's syndrome. The histocompatibility antigen, HL-A8, was found to be elevated in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Among 24 patients, the frequency of HL-A8 was 58% compared to 21% among controls (P less than 0.001 after correction). With the addition of this disorder to the list of other autoimmune diseases associated with HL-A8, it now seems possible to postulate a single basis autoimmune defect gene in high linkage disequilibrium with HL-A8."}
{"id": "PMID:1216250", "title": "Studies on recombination within the mouse H-2 gene complex. III. Further serological analyses of the H-2t haplotypes.", "content": "The five H-2t haplotypes are all intra-H-2 recombinants which have identical K and D regions, but differ in the central regions of the complex. Analyses of H-2, Ia and Ss-Slp types indicate that the crossover in H-2t1 took place between the K and I regions, in the H-2t2 between G and D, in H-2t3 and H-2t4 between the I-B and I-C subregions and in H-2t5 between I and S. The set of recombinants will be very valuable for studies of traits which map in the I and S regions.", "contents": "Studies on recombination within the mouse H-2 gene complex. III. Further serological analyses of the H-2t haplotypes. The five H-2t haplotypes are all intra-H-2 recombinants which have identical K and D regions, but differ in the central regions of the complex. Analyses of H-2, Ia and Ss-Slp types indicate that the crossover in H-2t1 took place between the K and I regions, in the H-2t2 between G and D, in H-2t3 and H-2t4 between the I-B and I-C subregions and in H-2t5 between I and S. The set of recombinants will be very valuable for studies of traits which map in the I and S regions."}
{"id": "PMID:1216254", "title": "[Ozone and gynecologic radiotherapy].", "content": "A short survey is given of the historical development and the physical basis of ozone therapy. Ozone is used in medicine as well as in other spheres. Papers reporting good results of ozone treatment in carcinoma seemed of particular interest. The efficacy of ozone as an adjuvant to the irradiation of carcinosarcomas of rats was confirmed by us. On account of this fact ozone was introduced by us as an adjuvant to the irradiation of women with gynaecological cancer and appeared to give good results. The mechanism of action of ozone is not yet fully clarified and several theories are discussed. Investigations are currently being undertaken in respect to the behaviour of several substances in the organism during ozone therapy.", "contents": "[Ozone and gynecologic radiotherapy]. A short survey is given of the historical development and the physical basis of ozone therapy. Ozone is used in medicine as well as in other spheres. Papers reporting good results of ozone treatment in carcinoma seemed of particular interest. The efficacy of ozone as an adjuvant to the irradiation of carcinosarcomas of rats was confirmed by us. On account of this fact ozone was introduced by us as an adjuvant to the irradiation of women with gynaecological cancer and appeared to give good results. The mechanism of action of ozone is not yet fully clarified and several theories are discussed. Investigations are currently being undertaken in respect to the behaviour of several substances in the organism during ozone therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1216255", "title": "[A path to spatial irradiation planning. I. The problem of dose homogeneity within the area of crossing ray beams with different planes of incidence; basic examinations leading to an optimization procedure].", "content": "Under certain circumstances, foci within distinct regions of the body are optimally included by irradiation from different directions of the space. In practice, such plannings mostly fail from the difficulty to produce a sufficiently homogenous dose distribution within the target volume. The present considerations disclose the possibility to determine certain parameters or irradiation in an explicit form, based on a vectorial view of the dose distribution, thus obtaining homogeneity of the radiation dose. Part I of this paper is presenting the foundations of a procedure which aims at dose homogeneity in cross-fire techniques with different planes of incidence, utilizing simple mathematical correlations among the vectorial dose quantities.", "contents": "[A path to spatial irradiation planning. I. The problem of dose homogeneity within the area of crossing ray beams with different planes of incidence; basic examinations leading to an optimization procedure]. Under certain circumstances, foci within distinct regions of the body are optimally included by irradiation from different directions of the space. In practice, such plannings mostly fail from the difficulty to produce a sufficiently homogenous dose distribution within the target volume. The present considerations disclose the possibility to determine certain parameters or irradiation in an explicit form, based on a vectorial view of the dose distribution, thus obtaining homogeneity of the radiation dose. Part I of this paper is presenting the foundations of a procedure which aims at dose homogeneity in cross-fire techniques with different planes of incidence, utilizing simple mathematical correlations among the vectorial dose quantities."}
{"id": "PMID:1216256", "title": "Distribution and behaviour of isoselenium salts in organism. III. Radioprotective effect of selenium derivatives.", "content": "Radioprotective properties of Se-2-aminoethylioselenouronium bromide hydrobromide, 2-aminoselenoazoline and of selenium analogue of mercaptoethylguanidine were followed. Radio-protective effectiveness comparable with classical thiol radioprotectiva was manifested by 2-aminoselenoazoline. In the other two compounds there was on the contrary found a synergism of toxicity and radiation.", "contents": "Distribution and behaviour of isoselenium salts in organism. III. Radioprotective effect of selenium derivatives. Radioprotective properties of Se-2-aminoethylioselenouronium bromide hydrobromide, 2-aminoselenoazoline and of selenium analogue of mercaptoethylguanidine were followed. Radio-protective effectiveness comparable with classical thiol radioprotectiva was manifested by 2-aminoselenoazoline. In the other two compounds there was on the contrary found a synergism of toxicity and radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1216257", "title": "Microbiological synthesis of 16alpha, 18-dihydroxydeoxycorticosterone.", "content": "16Alpha, 18-Dihydroxydeoxycorticosterone (16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC) (1) and 1, 2-3H-16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC (1,2-3H-16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC) of high specific activity were obtained in good yield by microbiological hydroxylation of 18-OH-DOC and 1,2-3H-18-OH-DOC by Streptomyces roseochromogenus (ATCC 13400). The identity of the fermentation product to human adrenal produced 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC was established by chromatographic studies, derivative formation and gas-liquid chromatography. Yield of the product was about 30% of sutstrate and, allowing for losses in recovery, about 60% of the substrate 18-OH-DOC was converted to this product. A second product of fermentation isolated in lower yield appeared to be a dimer of 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC found in the acidic conditions of the fermentation. This method of synthesis of 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC is a practical way to make large quantities of the compound for further study of its possible role in human and experimental hypertension.", "contents": "Microbiological synthesis of 16alpha, 18-dihydroxydeoxycorticosterone. 16Alpha, 18-Dihydroxydeoxycorticosterone (16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC) (1) and 1, 2-3H-16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC (1,2-3H-16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC) of high specific activity were obtained in good yield by microbiological hydroxylation of 18-OH-DOC and 1,2-3H-18-OH-DOC by Streptomyces roseochromogenus (ATCC 13400). The identity of the fermentation product to human adrenal produced 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC was established by chromatographic studies, derivative formation and gas-liquid chromatography. Yield of the product was about 30% of sutstrate and, allowing for losses in recovery, about 60% of the substrate 18-OH-DOC was converted to this product. A second product of fermentation isolated in lower yield appeared to be a dimer of 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC found in the acidic conditions of the fermentation. This method of synthesis of 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC is a practical way to make large quantities of the compound for further study of its possible role in human and experimental hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1216258", "title": "Metabolism of 2-3H- and 4-14C-17alpha-ethynylestradiol 3-methyl ether (mestranol) by women.", "content": "A mixture of 2-3H and 4-14C-mestranol was administered orally to five women and 2-3H-mestranol alone to one woman. Reactions involving position 2 were extensive as judged by liberation of 3H into body water (14-45% of the dose). 17alpha-Ethynylestradiol, 2-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 2-methoxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 2-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol 3-methyl ether and 16geta-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol were measured in the \"glucuronide\" and pH1 fractions and mestranol, D-homoestrone-17a and D-homoestradiol-17abeta were also measured in the \"glucuronide\" fraction frum the urine to two of the women by reverse isotope dilution. Radioactive 2-methoxyestradiol accounted for less than 0.011% of the 14C dose in the \"glucuronide\" fraction of one of the women, consistent with the extent of de-ethynylation previously reported (Steroids, 25, 343 (1975).", "contents": "Metabolism of 2-3H- and 4-14C-17alpha-ethynylestradiol 3-methyl ether (mestranol) by women. A mixture of 2-3H and 4-14C-mestranol was administered orally to five women and 2-3H-mestranol alone to one woman. Reactions involving position 2 were extensive as judged by liberation of 3H into body water (14-45% of the dose). 17alpha-Ethynylestradiol, 2-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 2-methoxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 2-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol 3-methyl ether and 16geta-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol were measured in the \"glucuronide\" and pH1 fractions and mestranol, D-homoestrone-17a and D-homoestradiol-17abeta were also measured in the \"glucuronide\" fraction frum the urine to two of the women by reverse isotope dilution. Radioactive 2-methoxyestradiol accounted for less than 0.011% of the 14C dose in the \"glucuronide\" fraction of one of the women, consistent with the extent of de-ethynylation previously reported (Steroids, 25, 343 (1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:1216259", "title": "Synthesis of the specific monosulfates of cholic acid.", "content": "The three isomeric cholic acid-monosulfates were synthetized and characterized. Cholic acid-3-sulfate was obtained by reacting cholic acid for 2 min with chlorosulfonic acid in pyridine and chromatography of the resulting bile salt mixture on Sephadex LH-20. The 7- and the 12-monosulfate were prepared by sulfation of the corresponding monohydroxy-diacetates followed by removal of the acetyl groups by alkaline hydrolysis and purification by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. On TLC in n-butanol-acetic acid-water (10:1:1, v/v) the Rf values were 0.59 for cholic acid-3-sulfate, 0.52 for cholic acid-7-sulfate and 0.48 for cholic acid-12-sulfate. The time required for complete solvolysis at 37 degrees C in acid methanol-acetone (1:9) was 3 h for cholic acid-3-sulfate, 12 h for the 12-monosulfate and 18 h for the 7-monosulfate.", "contents": "Synthesis of the specific monosulfates of cholic acid. The three isomeric cholic acid-monosulfates were synthetized and characterized. Cholic acid-3-sulfate was obtained by reacting cholic acid for 2 min with chlorosulfonic acid in pyridine and chromatography of the resulting bile salt mixture on Sephadex LH-20. The 7- and the 12-monosulfate were prepared by sulfation of the corresponding monohydroxy-diacetates followed by removal of the acetyl groups by alkaline hydrolysis and purification by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. On TLC in n-butanol-acetic acid-water (10:1:1, v/v) the Rf values were 0.59 for cholic acid-3-sulfate, 0.52 for cholic acid-7-sulfate and 0.48 for cholic acid-12-sulfate. The time required for complete solvolysis at 37 degrees C in acid methanol-acetone (1:9) was 3 h for cholic acid-3-sulfate, 12 h for the 12-monosulfate and 18 h for the 7-monosulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:1216260", "title": "Evidence for episodic secretion of testosterone in laboratory mice.", "content": "The concentration of testosterone (T) in the peripheral plasma of laboratory mice is extremely variable. This variability is already evident at 20--25 days of age and is not eliminated by brief or chronic exposure to male or female mice, or by isolation. The variation in T levels in plasma samples collected from the same animals on different occasions is comparable to the variation between individuals bled on a single occasion. The concentration of T in the testis is as variable as that in the peripheral plasma. It is suggested that in the laboratory mouse T is produced and released in an episodic fashion, that elevations in T levels in peripheral plasma of mice are greater than those observed in other species, and that testicular secretory episodes are interspersed with periods of minimal steroidogenic activity.", "contents": "Evidence for episodic secretion of testosterone in laboratory mice. The concentration of testosterone (T) in the peripheral plasma of laboratory mice is extremely variable. This variability is already evident at 20--25 days of age and is not eliminated by brief or chronic exposure to male or female mice, or by isolation. The variation in T levels in plasma samples collected from the same animals on different occasions is comparable to the variation between individuals bled on a single occasion. The concentration of T in the testis is as variable as that in the peripheral plasma. It is suggested that in the laboratory mouse T is produced and released in an episodic fashion, that elevations in T levels in peripheral plasma of mice are greater than those observed in other species, and that testicular secretory episodes are interspersed with periods of minimal steroidogenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1216261", "title": "Comparative ability of rat seminiferous tubules, interstitium, and whole testes to utilize cholesterol-1,5-3H as a substrate for testosterone synthesis and the intratesticular distribution of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme.", "content": "Homogenates of rat seminiferous tubules, interstitium and intact testis tissues were assessed for their ability to convert cholesterol -1,2-3H to testosterone in vitro. While 3H-testosterone synthesis was observed in incubates of interstitial and whole testis homogenates, no synthesis was detectable in homogenates of seminiferous tubules. To determine whether cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CSCCE) was deficient or absent in tubules, mitochondria from tubules, interstitium and whole testes were analyzed for CSCCE activity by measuring conversion of cholesterol -26-14C to 14C-isocaproate (+pregnenolone). Interstitial mitochondrial preparations from each of six testes were found to be approximately 200 times more active in CSCCE than the corresponding tubule mitochondria, and 1600-1800 times more active on a specific activity basis. Although caution is required in extrapolation of in vitro data to the in vivo state, these findings suggest rat seminiferous tubules may be incapable of de novo testosterone biosynthesis and that this lack of synthetic ability may be due to a deficiency of CSCCE.", "contents": "Comparative ability of rat seminiferous tubules, interstitium, and whole testes to utilize cholesterol-1,5-3H as a substrate for testosterone synthesis and the intratesticular distribution of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. Homogenates of rat seminiferous tubules, interstitium and intact testis tissues were assessed for their ability to convert cholesterol -1,2-3H to testosterone in vitro. While 3H-testosterone synthesis was observed in incubates of interstitial and whole testis homogenates, no synthesis was detectable in homogenates of seminiferous tubules. To determine whether cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CSCCE) was deficient or absent in tubules, mitochondria from tubules, interstitium and whole testes were analyzed for CSCCE activity by measuring conversion of cholesterol -26-14C to 14C-isocaproate (+pregnenolone). Interstitial mitochondrial preparations from each of six testes were found to be approximately 200 times more active in CSCCE than the corresponding tubule mitochondria, and 1600-1800 times more active on a specific activity basis. Although caution is required in extrapolation of in vitro data to the in vivo state, these findings suggest rat seminiferous tubules may be incapable of de novo testosterone biosynthesis and that this lack of synthetic ability may be due to a deficiency of CSCCE."}
{"id": "PMID:1216262", "title": "The in-vitro and in-vito effects of diethylstilbestrol on testicular synthesis of testosterone.", "content": "The effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the percent conversion of a 14C-progesterone (14C-P) substrate to 14C-testosterone (14C-T) when added to incubates fo rat testicular homogenates has been measured. Similarly the effect of DES administered parenterally to intact adult rats at 9 dose regimens on such conversion has been evaluated. In addition, in the latter group serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were assessed simultaneously. DES added in-vitro significantly reduced T formation at every level. Only the large parenteral dose of DES affected T synthesis after 24 hours, while every parenteral dose significantly reduced T synthesis with 4 and 8 day regimens. Mean serum LH levels failed to reflect a significant decrease at the 1 and 4 day dose level, but did decrease significantly in 2 of 3 groups on the 8 day regimen. These results suggest that there is a direct effect of DES at a testicular level inhibiting T synthesis not associated with a simultaneous drop in mean serum LH levels. A measurable decrease in LH concentration does occur with continued treatment.", "contents": "The in-vitro and in-vito effects of diethylstilbestrol on testicular synthesis of testosterone. The effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the percent conversion of a 14C-progesterone (14C-P) substrate to 14C-testosterone (14C-T) when added to incubates fo rat testicular homogenates has been measured. Similarly the effect of DES administered parenterally to intact adult rats at 9 dose regimens on such conversion has been evaluated. In addition, in the latter group serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were assessed simultaneously. DES added in-vitro significantly reduced T formation at every level. Only the large parenteral dose of DES affected T synthesis after 24 hours, while every parenteral dose significantly reduced T synthesis with 4 and 8 day regimens. Mean serum LH levels failed to reflect a significant decrease at the 1 and 4 day dose level, but did decrease significantly in 2 of 3 groups on the 8 day regimen. These results suggest that there is a direct effect of DES at a testicular level inhibiting T synthesis not associated with a simultaneous drop in mean serum LH levels. A measurable decrease in LH concentration does occur with continued treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1216298", "title": "Attempts to transfer immunity to Trichobilharzia ocellata (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) passively via lymphoid cells and/or serum.", "content": "White Pekin ducklings were injected with serum, lymphoid cells, or both, derived from donor birds which were immune to reinfection by the schistosome trematode, Trichobilharzia ocellata. Ducklings receiving serum and/or cells from susceptible birds, and untreated ducklings, served as controls. One set of experimental and control ducklings was kept alive and all of these birds passed viable T. ocellata eggs by day 20 indicating that protective immunity had not been transferred. Another set was killed 3-5 days after exposure. The schistosomula which were recovered from these were measured and in most cases no difference between experimentals and controls could be seen. However, birds which had received the maximum dose of serum (8 ml.) did produce worms of different length, the immune serum recipients having shorter parasites than controls. A second experiment was performed in which up to 60 ml. of immune serum was injected, controls being recipients of normal serum or saline. Recipients of immune serum either failed to pass worm eggs entirely, or passed low numbers after delayed onset. Controls were variable but exhibited earlier patency and heavier infections. Schistosomula recovered from birds killed 4 days after exposure were measured. In 3 of 4 groups, experimentals were significantly shorter than controls, but no significant differences were detected between normal serum and saline controls.", "contents": "Attempts to transfer immunity to Trichobilharzia ocellata (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) passively via lymphoid cells and/or serum. White Pekin ducklings were injected with serum, lymphoid cells, or both, derived from donor birds which were immune to reinfection by the schistosome trematode, Trichobilharzia ocellata. Ducklings receiving serum and/or cells from susceptible birds, and untreated ducklings, served as controls. One set of experimental and control ducklings was kept alive and all of these birds passed viable T. ocellata eggs by day 20 indicating that protective immunity had not been transferred. Another set was killed 3-5 days after exposure. The schistosomula which were recovered from these were measured and in most cases no difference between experimentals and controls could be seen. However, birds which had received the maximum dose of serum (8 ml.) did produce worms of different length, the immune serum recipients having shorter parasites than controls. A second experiment was performed in which up to 60 ml. of immune serum was injected, controls being recipients of normal serum or saline. Recipients of immune serum either failed to pass worm eggs entirely, or passed low numbers after delayed onset. Controls were variable but exhibited earlier patency and heavier infections. Schistosomula recovered from birds killed 4 days after exposure were measured. In 3 of 4 groups, experimentals were significantly shorter than controls, but no significant differences were detected between normal serum and saline controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1216299", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.", "content": "The electrocardiographic findings in 40 patients with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection are reported. Using rigid diagnostic criteria 7 out of 18 patients (39%) had abnormal electrocardiograms before any form of therapy and 22 of the 40 patients (55%) had abnormal electrocardiograms at some stage of the disease or its treatment. The electrocardiographic abnormalities are described and discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The electrocardiographic findings in 40 patients with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection are reported. Using rigid diagnostic criteria 7 out of 18 patients (39%) had abnormal electrocardiograms before any form of therapy and 22 of the 40 patients (55%) had abnormal electrocardiograms at some stage of the disease or its treatment. The electrocardiographic abnormalities are described and discussed and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216301", "title": "Experimental maduromycosis. II. Experimental mycetoma in mice caused by repeated injections of Phialophora jeanselmei.", "content": "Intraperitoneal and subcutaneous lesions were produced in 17 out of 22 mice, sensitized by repeated subcutaneous injections of P. jeanselmei in FREUND'S complete adjuvant. The lesions were essentially self-limiting as were those described by us earlier in cortisone-treated mice. Precipitating antibodies and cutaneous hypersensitivity could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Experimental maduromycosis. II. Experimental mycetoma in mice caused by repeated injections of Phialophora jeanselmei. Intraperitoneal and subcutaneous lesions were produced in 17 out of 22 mice, sensitized by repeated subcutaneous injections of P. jeanselmei in FREUND'S complete adjuvant. The lesions were essentially self-limiting as were those described by us earlier in cortisone-treated mice. Precipitating antibodies and cutaneous hypersensitivity could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1216302", "title": "A comparison of post-mortem analysis of helminths with faecal egg counts.", "content": "Intestinal helminth infections are very common amongst residents of the Colombo area. Most common by post-mortem examination of 104 cases of sudden death were Trichuris trichiura (97.1%), Necator americanus (88.5%), Enterobius vermicularis (77.9%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (40.4%). Trematode and cestode infections were not encountered except a single case of H. diminuta infection. A comparison of the results obtained by the direct smear method for examining stools missed cases harbouring gravid females of up to 3 Ascaris lumbricoides, 29 Trichuris trichiura and 66 Necator americanus. The direct smear revealed all the helminths present except threadworms in only 30% of the cases. The correlation between worm loads calculated from ova counts and actual numbers harboured was fairly close in 19 out of 35 cases for Ascaris and 37 out of 78 cases for Necator americanus. Highly erroneous results were obtained in many instances when worm loads were calculated from the results of ova counts.", "contents": "A comparison of post-mortem analysis of helminths with faecal egg counts. Intestinal helminth infections are very common amongst residents of the Colombo area. Most common by post-mortem examination of 104 cases of sudden death were Trichuris trichiura (97.1%), Necator americanus (88.5%), Enterobius vermicularis (77.9%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (40.4%). Trematode and cestode infections were not encountered except a single case of H. diminuta infection. A comparison of the results obtained by the direct smear method for examining stools missed cases harbouring gravid females of up to 3 Ascaris lumbricoides, 29 Trichuris trichiura and 66 Necator americanus. The direct smear revealed all the helminths present except threadworms in only 30% of the cases. The correlation between worm loads calculated from ova counts and actual numbers harboured was fairly close in 19 out of 35 cases for Ascaris and 37 out of 78 cases for Necator americanus. Highly erroneous results were obtained in many instances when worm loads were calculated from the results of ova counts."}
{"id": "PMID:1216312", "title": "Radiological patterns of pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigeria.", "content": "Two hundred and sixteen patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were reviewed. Childhood and adult patterns of tuberculosis as noted in other countries were recognised. However, some children were seen with an adult pattern most probably due to a reinfection. There were also adults with the childhood pattern most probably due to a failure in the localisation of the primary intra-pulmonary parenchymal lesions with subsequent haematogenous spread. The prognosis in children with the adult pattern, and in adults with the childhood pattern was poor. The lesions (noted in this study) were severe and widespread, and with a high incidence of complications such as adenopathy and exudative lesions. The high incidence of associated diseases such as measles and malnutrition would account for the severity of tuberculosis and the high percentage of negative tuberculin tests in these patients. No lobes were exempted from involvement. But the upper lobes especially the right were the most affected. Negative tuberculosis tests make repeated sputa examinations imperative in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in this environment. The high predominance of male patients among those with miliary tuberculosis in our study remains unexplained. The genotype distribution amongst our patients shows no statistical difference between them and that of the population.", "contents": "Radiological patterns of pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigeria. Two hundred and sixteen patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were reviewed. Childhood and adult patterns of tuberculosis as noted in other countries were recognised. However, some children were seen with an adult pattern most probably due to a reinfection. There were also adults with the childhood pattern most probably due to a failure in the localisation of the primary intra-pulmonary parenchymal lesions with subsequent haematogenous spread. The prognosis in children with the adult pattern, and in adults with the childhood pattern was poor. The lesions (noted in this study) were severe and widespread, and with a high incidence of complications such as adenopathy and exudative lesions. The high incidence of associated diseases such as measles and malnutrition would account for the severity of tuberculosis and the high percentage of negative tuberculin tests in these patients. No lobes were exempted from involvement. But the upper lobes especially the right were the most affected. Negative tuberculosis tests make repeated sputa examinations imperative in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in this environment. The high predominance of male patients among those with miliary tuberculosis in our study remains unexplained. The genotype distribution amongst our patients shows no statistical difference between them and that of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:1216313", "title": "Pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In 217 patients with diabetes mellitus, 32 (14.7%) had also pleuropulmonary tuberculosis confirmed by bacteriologic or histologic means. Either unilateral or bilateral lower lobe involvement was seen in 20 patients (62.5%). Of these, 75% were febrile, the response to antituberculous drugs was slower than in patients with apical lesions. Confirmation of tuberculosis was also more difficult in patients with lower lobe disease. The prevalence of tuberculosis in diabetic patients must be considered and the disease should be especially suspected in diabetic patients with lower lobe lesions.", "contents": "Pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetes mellitus. In 217 patients with diabetes mellitus, 32 (14.7%) had also pleuropulmonary tuberculosis confirmed by bacteriologic or histologic means. Either unilateral or bilateral lower lobe involvement was seen in 20 patients (62.5%). Of these, 75% were febrile, the response to antituberculous drugs was slower than in patients with apical lesions. Confirmation of tuberculosis was also more difficult in patients with lower lobe disease. The prevalence of tuberculosis in diabetic patients must be considered and the disease should be especially suspected in diabetic patients with lower lobe lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1216314", "title": "Appendicitis in an urban community of North Celebes, Indonesia.", "content": "In a study of 220 cases of appendicitis among inhabitants of the city of Menado, no relationship could be established between incidence and any social class. This might be due to the uniformity in food habits, all classes consuming a fair amount of proteins, estimated at 1 g/kg bodyweight. There were no children in our study material; appendicitis in children is rarely met in the area. There was a high incidence among young women and women over 45 years. A short meso-appendix was found in 72% of the removed appendices, a retrocoecal position of the appendix in 60% of cases. In nearly all the acute forms of appendicitis, the appendix was eight cm or longer. Since histopathological signs of inflammation were present in 215 of the examined specimens, we think it justifiable to perform an appendectomy in cases with recurrent lower abdominal complaints.", "contents": "Appendicitis in an urban community of North Celebes, Indonesia. In a study of 220 cases of appendicitis among inhabitants of the city of Menado, no relationship could be established between incidence and any social class. This might be due to the uniformity in food habits, all classes consuming a fair amount of proteins, estimated at 1 g/kg bodyweight. There were no children in our study material; appendicitis in children is rarely met in the area. There was a high incidence among young women and women over 45 years. A short meso-appendix was found in 72% of the removed appendices, a retrocoecal position of the appendix in 60% of cases. In nearly all the acute forms of appendicitis, the appendix was eight cm or longer. Since histopathological signs of inflammation were present in 215 of the examined specimens, we think it justifiable to perform an appendectomy in cases with recurrent lower abdominal complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:1216315", "title": "Effect of the Aswan High Dam on prevalence of schistosomiasis in Egypt.", "content": "An increase in the prevalence of schistomiasis in Egypt, as a result of the Aswan High Dam, has for long time been predicted because of reclamation of land and conversion of annual flooding (basin irrigation) into perennial irrigation in Upper Egypt. Two aspects, neglected in the predictions, have been investigated in the present study, and these are: the ecological changes, relevant to the transmission of the disease, in the Nile itself, and those in irrigation canals and drains in areas which had been under perennial irrigation before the constriction of the dam. The findings indicate that the Nile, at least in the Delta, has become a favorite habitat for breeding of the snail hosts of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis, a center for human activities and evidently for transmission, and that irrigation canals and drains now harbor throughout the year undisturbed and stable populations of these snail hosts. This has resulted from the elimination in these canals, of the so-called 'winter closure', because it is no more needed. Before the dam the closure was enforced for about 40 days, during which the canals were closed and dried up, and the silt deposited on their beds during the Nile flood dredged out together with the snails and aquatic weeds.", "contents": "Effect of the Aswan High Dam on prevalence of schistosomiasis in Egypt. An increase in the prevalence of schistomiasis in Egypt, as a result of the Aswan High Dam, has for long time been predicted because of reclamation of land and conversion of annual flooding (basin irrigation) into perennial irrigation in Upper Egypt. Two aspects, neglected in the predictions, have been investigated in the present study, and these are: the ecological changes, relevant to the transmission of the disease, in the Nile itself, and those in irrigation canals and drains in areas which had been under perennial irrigation before the constriction of the dam. The findings indicate that the Nile, at least in the Delta, has become a favorite habitat for breeding of the snail hosts of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis, a center for human activities and evidently for transmission, and that irrigation canals and drains now harbor throughout the year undisturbed and stable populations of these snail hosts. This has resulted from the elimination in these canals, of the so-called 'winter closure', because it is no more needed. Before the dam the closure was enforced for about 40 days, during which the canals were closed and dried up, and the silt deposited on their beds during the Nile flood dredged out together with the snails and aquatic weeds."}
{"id": "PMID:1216316", "title": "A new focus of onchoceriasis in the Sudan.", "content": "A new focus of onchocerciasis is reported from Upper Atbara River area in the Sudan. This river is a known seasonal breeding place of Simulium damnosum. The area was sparsely populated in the past but now, following agricultural development, is inhibited mainly by immigrants from Northern Nigeria and Chad. Clinically the common features are skin changes of the legs, thighs buttocks, arms and trunk. Other features are corneal opacities and small often deeply placed subcutaneous nodules. Choroido-retinal degeneration, genital elephantiasis and hydrocoele, commonly associated with onchocerciasis in other parts of the Sudan, are absent.", "contents": "A new focus of onchoceriasis in the Sudan. A new focus of onchocerciasis is reported from Upper Atbara River area in the Sudan. This river is a known seasonal breeding place of Simulium damnosum. The area was sparsely populated in the past but now, following agricultural development, is inhibited mainly by immigrants from Northern Nigeria and Chad. Clinically the common features are skin changes of the legs, thighs buttocks, arms and trunk. Other features are corneal opacities and small often deeply placed subcutaneous nodules. Choroido-retinal degeneration, genital elephantiasis and hydrocoele, commonly associated with onchocerciasis in other parts of the Sudan, are absent."}
{"id": "PMID:1216317", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase activity during pregnancy and the post-partum period in Ghanaian women.", "content": "Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was determined in 454 Ghanaian women at various stages of pregnancy and the eighteen months following delivery and compared with the levels found in 45 non-pregnant women who were not nursing babies. There was a statistically significant fall in mean enzyme activity in the second trimester, followed by a rise above normal in the third trimester. During the eighteen months following delivery, the mean serum alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly raised. Increase in plasma volume which occurs during pregnancy is suggested as the cause of the fall in serum enzyme activity in the second trimester whereas the rise in enzyme activity in the third trimester is attributed to the well-known increase in serum alkaline phosphatase of placental origin. The prolonged elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity in the post-partum months is most likely due to the traditional prolonged breast-feeding that practised in Ghana.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase activity during pregnancy and the post-partum period in Ghanaian women. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was determined in 454 Ghanaian women at various stages of pregnancy and the eighteen months following delivery and compared with the levels found in 45 non-pregnant women who were not nursing babies. There was a statistically significant fall in mean enzyme activity in the second trimester, followed by a rise above normal in the third trimester. During the eighteen months following delivery, the mean serum alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly raised. Increase in plasma volume which occurs during pregnancy is suggested as the cause of the fall in serum enzyme activity in the second trimester whereas the rise in enzyme activity in the third trimester is attributed to the well-known increase in serum alkaline phosphatase of placental origin. The prolonged elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity in the post-partum months is most likely due to the traditional prolonged breast-feeding that practised in Ghana."}
{"id": "PMID:1216318", "title": "Mortality and morbidity pattern in measles in Tanga District, Tanzania.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty children, suffering from measles were studied for morbidity and mortality in Tanga District Hospital in Tanzania. The highest incidence of measles was in the second half of the first year of childhood (40%). Mortality was directly related to the nutritional status and associated complications. Medical care at the health centre level by medical auxiliaries during the acute phase and the problem of poor weight gain on follow-up are discussed.", "contents": "Mortality and morbidity pattern in measles in Tanga District, Tanzania. Two hundred and fifty children, suffering from measles were studied for morbidity and mortality in Tanga District Hospital in Tanzania. The highest incidence of measles was in the second half of the first year of childhood (40%). Mortality was directly related to the nutritional status and associated complications. Medical care at the health centre level by medical auxiliaries during the acute phase and the problem of poor weight gain on follow-up are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216319", "title": "Salmonella weltevreden: a sero-type of increasing public health importance in India.", "content": "Infection due to Salmonalla weltevreden in man in India was quite uncommon until 1970, constituting less than 4% of total human salmonellosis. The incidence of infection increase considerably since that year and in 1972 this serotype constituted 29.1% of total human and 22.4% of both human and and animal salmonellosis. This serotype ranks second among 47 and 83 Salmonella serotypes isolated from sewage and other water sources during 1958-1973. The public health importance of this serotypes is discussed.", "contents": "Salmonella weltevreden: a sero-type of increasing public health importance in India. Infection due to Salmonalla weltevreden in man in India was quite uncommon until 1970, constituting less than 4% of total human salmonellosis. The incidence of infection increase considerably since that year and in 1972 this serotype constituted 29.1% of total human and 22.4% of both human and and animal salmonellosis. This serotype ranks second among 47 and 83 Salmonella serotypes isolated from sewage and other water sources during 1958-1973. The public health importance of this serotypes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216320", "title": "Isolation of a 'saprophytic' leptospiral serotype andamana from carrier rats in Israel.", "content": "The first isolation of two leptospira strains belonging to the serotype andamana from the kidney of Rattus norvegicus is reported. A strain of this serotype has never before been isolated in the Middle East, nor from any rodent in any other part of the world. Its epidemiologic significance and the classification of this serotype as part of the saprophytic Biflexa species is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of a 'saprophytic' leptospiral serotype andamana from carrier rats in Israel. The first isolation of two leptospira strains belonging to the serotype andamana from the kidney of Rattus norvegicus is reported. A strain of this serotype has never before been isolated in the Middle East, nor from any rodent in any other part of the world. Its epidemiologic significance and the classification of this serotype as part of the saprophytic Biflexa species is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216321", "title": "Acute viral hepatitis in Papua New Guinea: results of hepatitis B antigen and antibody studies.", "content": "Using sensitive haemagglutination techniques, both a group of non-medical Papua New Guinean and European patients with acute viral hepatitis were investigated for Hepatitis B antigen and antibody. The results are compared with similar studies in a control population. Although total exposure rates (obtained by combining antigen and antibody techniques) were similar in the European patient and control groups, there was a 10% increase in Hepatitis B antigen rate in the Papua New Guineans with clinical hepatitis as compared with the control group. It is concluded that viral Hepatitis B is proportion of the hepatitis occurring in Papua New Guineans is Type B. Normal pooled immunoglobulin should be of use in the management of focal or more widespread outbreaks of acute viral hepatitis in Papua New Guinea.", "contents": "Acute viral hepatitis in Papua New Guinea: results of hepatitis B antigen and antibody studies. Using sensitive haemagglutination techniques, both a group of non-medical Papua New Guinean and European patients with acute viral hepatitis were investigated for Hepatitis B antigen and antibody. The results are compared with similar studies in a control population. Although total exposure rates (obtained by combining antigen and antibody techniques) were similar in the European patient and control groups, there was a 10% increase in Hepatitis B antigen rate in the Papua New Guineans with clinical hepatitis as compared with the control group. It is concluded that viral Hepatitis B is proportion of the hepatitis occurring in Papua New Guineans is Type B. Normal pooled immunoglobulin should be of use in the management of focal or more widespread outbreaks of acute viral hepatitis in Papua New Guinea."}
{"id": "PMID:1216322", "title": "A sero-epidemiologic survey on arbovirus in Wuvulu Island.", "content": "The authors present here the results of a serological survey on arbovirus infections, which was conducted on 116 out of 505 inhibitants of Wuvulu island, the westernmost island of the Bismarck archipelago, located 260 km north of Wewak, Papua-New Guinea. The islanders are divided in two communities of unequal size: the Wuvulian themselves, who are Micronesians, and the coconut workers who are Melanesians coming from the Sepik district. In addition to the presence of a group A virus, this survey shows a recent infection in the Melanesians by Dengue type 2 virus, probably during the 1971-72 epidemic. The virus did not reach Wuvulu island, as shown by negative results observed in the micronesian sera. A better knowledge of the potential dengue mosquito vectors would be useful in order to define the risk of an eventual introduction of the virus on the remote island.", "contents": "A sero-epidemiologic survey on arbovirus in Wuvulu Island. The authors present here the results of a serological survey on arbovirus infections, which was conducted on 116 out of 505 inhibitants of Wuvulu island, the westernmost island of the Bismarck archipelago, located 260 km north of Wewak, Papua-New Guinea. The islanders are divided in two communities of unequal size: the Wuvulian themselves, who are Micronesians, and the coconut workers who are Melanesians coming from the Sepik district. In addition to the presence of a group A virus, this survey shows a recent infection in the Melanesians by Dengue type 2 virus, probably during the 1971-72 epidemic. The virus did not reach Wuvulu island, as shown by negative results observed in the micronesian sera. A better knowledge of the potential dengue mosquito vectors would be useful in order to define the risk of an eventual introduction of the virus on the remote island."}
{"id": "PMID:1216323", "title": "The 1974 epidemic of Chikungunya fever in children in Ibadan.", "content": "During an epidemic of Chikunguya fever in Ibadan 16 strains of Chikungunya virus were recovered from children reporting sick with fever at the University College Hospital and Oluyoro Catholic Hospital Outpatient Clinic. Twelve strains were obtained from children within the 1-4 year age group, two from 5-10 year group and one each from less than one-year age group, and 10-15 year age group. A retrospective survey for neutralising antibodies to Chikungunya shows a significantly higher proportion of children were positive for Chikungunya N antibodies just after the 1969 epidemic than in 1974 just before the epidemic, with resultant pooling of Chikungunya seronegative children who are susceptible to infection.", "contents": "The 1974 epidemic of Chikungunya fever in children in Ibadan. During an epidemic of Chikunguya fever in Ibadan 16 strains of Chikungunya virus were recovered from children reporting sick with fever at the University College Hospital and Oluyoro Catholic Hospital Outpatient Clinic. Twelve strains were obtained from children within the 1-4 year age group, two from 5-10 year group and one each from less than one-year age group, and 10-15 year age group. A retrospective survey for neutralising antibodies to Chikungunya shows a significantly higher proportion of children were positive for Chikungunya N antibodies just after the 1969 epidemic than in 1974 just before the epidemic, with resultant pooling of Chikungunya seronegative children who are susceptible to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1216324", "title": "The effect of long term anticonvulsant therapy on serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase in Nigerian epileptic patients.", "content": "A survey of calcium metabolism in fifty-two epileptic patients on long term therapy with anti-convulsant drugs, showed that their total serum calcium levels were within normal limits. There was neither clinical nor radiological evidence of osteomalacia in any of them. It is postulated therefore that the osteomalacic effect of antivonculsant drugs reported among Caucasians does not appear to occur in African patients in a tropical environment most probably due to the abundance of vitamin D derived from the sun's ultra-violet light.", "contents": "The effect of long term anticonvulsant therapy on serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase in Nigerian epileptic patients. A survey of calcium metabolism in fifty-two epileptic patients on long term therapy with anti-convulsant drugs, showed that their total serum calcium levels were within normal limits. There was neither clinical nor radiological evidence of osteomalacia in any of them. It is postulated therefore that the osteomalacic effect of antivonculsant drugs reported among Caucasians does not appear to occur in African patients in a tropical environment most probably due to the abundance of vitamin D derived from the sun's ultra-violet light."}
{"id": "PMID:1216325", "title": "The traditional basis of neuropsychiatric practice among the Yorubas of Nigeria.", "content": "The Nigerian, because of gross shortage of 'western-trained' health personnel, not infrequently resorts to traditional native medicine and the native herbalists. The training of these native doctors is an arduous one and lasts on the average of 8-10 years. The core of their practice is handed-down tradition learned by rote and memorised. Pharmacotherapeutics are based in part on observations tested through the ages, and not uncommonly on the cause and effect phenomena. They are excellent psychotherapists, and maintain good relationship with their patients. Neurology as practised among the Yoruba native doctors recognises several classical neurological diseases including epilepsy, cerebrovascular accidents, fever and headache, migraine and the tropical ataxic neuropathy. Several often compound prescriptions are available, but the scientific basis of most of the prescriptions is for the moment unknown to them or to modern medicine. It seems that further research into some aspects of traditional native medicine may yield some fruitful results.", "contents": "The traditional basis of neuropsychiatric practice among the Yorubas of Nigeria. The Nigerian, because of gross shortage of 'western-trained' health personnel, not infrequently resorts to traditional native medicine and the native herbalists. The training of these native doctors is an arduous one and lasts on the average of 8-10 years. The core of their practice is handed-down tradition learned by rote and memorised. Pharmacotherapeutics are based in part on observations tested through the ages, and not uncommonly on the cause and effect phenomena. They are excellent psychotherapists, and maintain good relationship with their patients. Neurology as practised among the Yoruba native doctors recognises several classical neurological diseases including epilepsy, cerebrovascular accidents, fever and headache, migraine and the tropical ataxic neuropathy. Several often compound prescriptions are available, but the scientific basis of most of the prescriptions is for the moment unknown to them or to modern medicine. It seems that further research into some aspects of traditional native medicine may yield some fruitful results."}
{"id": "PMID:1216327", "title": "[Comparative electron microscope studies on the labelling Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania braziliensis with ferritin (author's transl)].", "content": "The labelling of negative charges on the cell surface of the developing promastigote forms in Leishmania donovani, L. tropica and L. braziliensis was determined using cationized ferritin and electron microscopy. Ferritin deposits were seen exclusively on the pellicle, since they cannot penetrate the cell membrane. The ferritin particles were distributed in regular rows covering the whole cell surface. The mean diameter of the particles was 8.76 nm and at a magnification of 104.000 an average of 9.8 particles was detected on 1 cm cell surface. Only in the membrane of the proximal part of the reservoir labelling was frequently absent. The possible explanations for this observation were discussed. There was no difference in the pattern size of the ferritin particles or in their number per cm cell surface among the various strains of L. donovani on the one hand or between L. donovani, L. tropica and L. braziliensis on the other.", "contents": "[Comparative electron microscope studies on the labelling Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania braziliensis with ferritin (author's transl)]. The labelling of negative charges on the cell surface of the developing promastigote forms in Leishmania donovani, L. tropica and L. braziliensis was determined using cationized ferritin and electron microscopy. Ferritin deposits were seen exclusively on the pellicle, since they cannot penetrate the cell membrane. The ferritin particles were distributed in regular rows covering the whole cell surface. The mean diameter of the particles was 8.76 nm and at a magnification of 104.000 an average of 9.8 particles was detected on 1 cm cell surface. Only in the membrane of the proximal part of the reservoir labelling was frequently absent. The possible explanations for this observation were discussed. There was no difference in the pattern size of the ferritin particles or in their number per cm cell surface among the various strains of L. donovani on the one hand or between L. donovani, L. tropica and L. braziliensis on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:1216328", "title": "[Intravaginal infection of the rat with Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans. An experimental model for chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Ovariectomised and oestrogen premedicated rats were infected intravaginally, with first C. albicans and then with T. vaginalis. Under these conditions infections with T. vaginalis could be established with more reliability than when using axenically-cultivated T. vaginalis alone. This mode of infection is easily reproduced, and it allows the performance of chemotherapeutic tests on small groups of laboratory animals. Such tests were carried out with Metronidazole, Tinidazole and Nifuratel.", "contents": "[Intravaginal infection of the rat with Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans. An experimental model for chemotherapy (author's transl)]. Ovariectomised and oestrogen premedicated rats were infected intravaginally, with first C. albicans and then with T. vaginalis. Under these conditions infections with T. vaginalis could be established with more reliability than when using axenically-cultivated T. vaginalis alone. This mode of infection is easily reproduced, and it allows the performance of chemotherapeutic tests on small groups of laboratory animals. Such tests were carried out with Metronidazole, Tinidazole and Nifuratel."}
{"id": "PMID:1216329", "title": "[Glutathionestatus of Plasmodium vinckei parasitized erythrocytes in correlation to the intraerythrocytic development of the parasite (author's transl)].", "content": "The glutathione status of Plasmodium vinckei parasitized erythrocytes of mice was determined in correlation to the intraerythrocytic stage of maturation of the parasite. The different stages of blood schizogony were separated by discontinuous Dextran-density-centrifugation. The changes of protein content, glutathione concentration (reduced/oxidized and bound/free glutathione) and in the specific activities of the following enzymes: gamma-glutamyl-cysteine-synthetase (GC-synthetase), glutathione-reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gl-DH), glutathione-peroxydase (G-POD) and catalase were investigated in dependence of the intraerythrocytic stage of development. The following changes of the investigated metabolic parameters were observed during the schizogony: - the protein content decreased to about one half, - the glutathione concentration increased about 10-fold, while the relations reduced/oxidized and free/bound glutathione remained constant, - Gl-DH activity appeared and increased steeply, - the specific activities of GC-synthetase and of GR increased more than 2-fold, while G-POD remained almost constant, - and the activities of G-6-PDH and catalase  showed a significant, strong decrease to about 25% of the original values. It is tried to relate the observed changes to the growing parasite or to the host cell. The significance of the results for the metabolism of malaria parasites and for a possible adaptation to the mosquito by a GSH mediated protection of the malaria parasite against an enzymatic defence-reaction of the mosquito, is discussed.", "contents": "[Glutathionestatus of Plasmodium vinckei parasitized erythrocytes in correlation to the intraerythrocytic development of the parasite (author's transl)]. The glutathione status of Plasmodium vinckei parasitized erythrocytes of mice was determined in correlation to the intraerythrocytic stage of maturation of the parasite. The different stages of blood schizogony were separated by discontinuous Dextran-density-centrifugation. The changes of protein content, glutathione concentration (reduced/oxidized and bound/free glutathione) and in the specific activities of the following enzymes: gamma-glutamyl-cysteine-synthetase (GC-synthetase), glutathione-reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gl-DH), glutathione-peroxydase (G-POD) and catalase were investigated in dependence of the intraerythrocytic stage of development. The following changes of the investigated metabolic parameters were observed during the schizogony: - the protein content decreased to about one half, - the glutathione concentration increased about 10-fold, while the relations reduced/oxidized and free/bound glutathione remained constant, - Gl-DH activity appeared and increased steeply, - the specific activities of GC-synthetase and of GR increased more than 2-fold, while G-POD remained almost constant, - and the activities of G-6-PDH and catalase  showed a significant, strong decrease to about 25% of the original values. It is tried to relate the observed changes to the growing parasite or to the host cell. The significance of the results for the metabolism of malaria parasites and for a possible adaptation to the mosquito by a GSH mediated protection of the malaria parasite against an enzymatic defence-reaction of the mosquito, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216330", "title": "Biochemical, immunological and genetic studies in leprosy. III. Genetic polymorphism of C3 and immunoglobulin profile in leprosy patients, healthy family members and controls.", "content": "148 members from 30 families (64 children) from Ethiopia, where one of more persons were affected with leprosy, were investigated for genetic polymorphism of C3, serum concentration of ss1C/ss1A-globulin and immunoglobulins A, G and M using high voltage agarose electrophoresis, immunoelectroassay and single radial immunodiffusion techniques respectively. The results are compared with related healthy controls. No association between C3 phenotypes and leprosy could be established through family studies. C3 concentration was, however, lower in leprosy patients. Difficulties and drawbacks of such studies with small families are discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical, immunological and genetic studies in leprosy. III. Genetic polymorphism of C3 and immunoglobulin profile in leprosy patients, healthy family members and controls. 148 members from 30 families (64 children) from Ethiopia, where one of more persons were affected with leprosy, were investigated for genetic polymorphism of C3, serum concentration of ss1C/ss1A-globulin and immunoglobulins A, G and M using high voltage agarose electrophoresis, immunoelectroassay and single radial immunodiffusion techniques respectively. The results are compared with related healthy controls. No association between C3 phenotypes and leprosy could be established through family studies. C3 concentration was, however, lower in leprosy patients. Difficulties and drawbacks of such studies with small families are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216331", "title": "[Immunodiagnostic tests for bilharziasis. IV. Demonstration of antibody in blood and serum eluates collected on filter paper discs (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum and blood samples dried on filter paper discs and normal sera were collected from 142 Liberians with proven schistosomiasis and 25 Liberians without schistosomiasis. These samples were tested by the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) employing lyophilized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with either cercarial or adult Schistosoma mansoni antigens. The following results were obtained: Out of the 142 sera collected from the schistosomiasis patients 130 (91.5%) reacted with the cercarial antigen and only 89 (62.6%) reacted with the adult S. mansoni antigen. None of the 25 sera from persons free of schistosomiasis reacted with either antigen. The sensitized lyophilized erythrocytes showed no loss of antibody activity after laboratory storage at 4 degrees C for 4 months which was interrupted twice for 16 hours each during shipment. Filter paper serum and blood samples were stored at -25 degrees C up to 84 days with 16 hours interruption during shipment. 77.6% of the eluates from blood showed the same antibody titer levels as in normal serum; 10% showed lower antibody titers and 11.5% had negative results compared with normal serum. Results obtained with eluates from dried serum were somewhat better. An additional storage of the dried blood specimens for ten days at room temperature resulted in a rise of the proportion of negative titers from 11.5% to 34.1%. This loss of antibody activity was found in two thirds of the samples with low antibody titers. The results indicate that blood and serum samples dried on filter paper platelets should be stored at low temperatures (-25 degrees C) to preserve the antibody response.", "contents": "[Immunodiagnostic tests for bilharziasis. IV. Demonstration of antibody in blood and serum eluates collected on filter paper discs (author's transl)]. Serum and blood samples dried on filter paper discs and normal sera were collected from 142 Liberians with proven schistosomiasis and 25 Liberians without schistosomiasis. These samples were tested by the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) employing lyophilized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with either cercarial or adult Schistosoma mansoni antigens. The following results were obtained: Out of the 142 sera collected from the schistosomiasis patients 130 (91.5%) reacted with the cercarial antigen and only 89 (62.6%) reacted with the adult S. mansoni antigen. None of the 25 sera from persons free of schistosomiasis reacted with either antigen. The sensitized lyophilized erythrocytes showed no loss of antibody activity after laboratory storage at 4 degrees C for 4 months which was interrupted twice for 16 hours each during shipment. Filter paper serum and blood samples were stored at -25 degrees C up to 84 days with 16 hours interruption during shipment. 77.6% of the eluates from blood showed the same antibody titer levels as in normal serum; 10% showed lower antibody titers and 11.5% had negative results compared with normal serum. Results obtained with eluates from dried serum were somewhat better. An additional storage of the dried blood specimens for ten days at room temperature resulted in a rise of the proportion of negative titers from 11.5% to 34.1%. This loss of antibody activity was found in two thirds of the samples with low antibody titers. The results indicate that blood and serum samples dried on filter paper platelets should be stored at low temperatures (-25 degrees C) to preserve the antibody response."}
{"id": "PMID:1216332", "title": "Reactions to subconjunctival inoculation of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in pre-immunized rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits, pre-immunized by intravenous inoculations of live, or of freeze-killed microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus, were later challenged by subconjunctival inoculation of live microfilariae. Those pre-immunized with live microfilariae showed a marked chemotic conjunctivitis and reactions in the cornea (stromal keratitis and limbal abscesses), starting within one day of challenge. They were classed as sensitized. Those pre-immunized with dead microfilariae produced minimal reactions also starting on day 1, and were classed as tolerant. Histologically the reactions were distinctly greater in sensitized than in tolerant animals. The predominant cells in the inflammatory exudate were polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. The immunological basis for the differences between sensitized and tolerant rabbits is discussed, together with its possible bearing on human onchocerciasis. The effects of long-term subconjunctival and sclerocorneal inoculation of microfilariae were compared in one sensitized, one tolerant, one previously exposed, and one sensitized control rabbit. The sensitized test animal showed lesions resembling the sclerosing keratitis of human onchocerciasis. Immature microfilariae taken from intra-nodular fluid showed little ability to penetrate the cornea of the rabbit, and were minimally pathogenic.", "contents": "Reactions to subconjunctival inoculation of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in pre-immunized rabbits. Rabbits, pre-immunized by intravenous inoculations of live, or of freeze-killed microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus, were later challenged by subconjunctival inoculation of live microfilariae. Those pre-immunized with live microfilariae showed a marked chemotic conjunctivitis and reactions in the cornea (stromal keratitis and limbal abscesses), starting within one day of challenge. They were classed as sensitized. Those pre-immunized with dead microfilariae produced minimal reactions also starting on day 1, and were classed as tolerant. Histologically the reactions were distinctly greater in sensitized than in tolerant animals. The predominant cells in the inflammatory exudate were polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. The immunological basis for the differences between sensitized and tolerant rabbits is discussed, together with its possible bearing on human onchocerciasis. The effects of long-term subconjunctival and sclerocorneal inoculation of microfilariae were compared in one sensitized, one tolerant, one previously exposed, and one sensitized control rabbit. The sensitized test animal showed lesions resembling the sclerosing keratitis of human onchocerciasis. Immature microfilariae taken from intra-nodular fluid showed little ability to penetrate the cornea of the rabbit, and were minimally pathogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:1216333", "title": "Factors influencing the passage of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae into the urine.", "content": "The effect of various substances on the output of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in the urine was investigated in volunteers infected with the Cameroon forest and Sudan-savanna strains of the parasite. Output of microfilariae in the urine tended to be higher during periods of normal activity than during sleep. During waking hours, the rate of output remained generally steady, but in some patients occasional showers of microfilariae appeared in the urine, possibly associated with the intake of food and drink. Drinking 1.2-2.5 litres water produced a shower of microfilariae in the urine of some subjects. This began within an hour of drinking and its onset preceeded that of the diuresis. Thiazide diuretics, acting on the convoluted tubules, produced no increase in microfilaruria. In savanna subjects intravenous injection of DT TAB vaccine caused pyrexia, and simultaneously large numbers of microfilariae appeared in the urine. There was no associated diuresis, and no increase in the concentration of microfilariae in the venous blood. In forest subjects DT TAB caused no increase in microfilaruria. In all subjects 25-50 mg diethylcarbamazine (DEC) caused large numbers of microfilariae to appear in the urine on day 0, within a few hours of the first dose; and there was an increased output of urine over the first 24 hours. Microfilaruria declined sharply on day 1 of treatment, but in subjects developing a high microfilaraemia, it rose again on day 2, and declined more slowly thereafter. Betamethazone, given in conjunction with DEC, appeared to slow the rate of destruction of microfilariae in the skin and lymph glands, and to prolong the duration of microfilaraemia and microfilaruria. The findings suggest that there is a reservoir of microfilariae in the glomerular capillaries, which fills slowly by accumulating microfilariae from the circulating blood. The microfilariae probably enter the urine by penetrating the glomerular capillary.", "contents": "Factors influencing the passage of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae into the urine. The effect of various substances on the output of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in the urine was investigated in volunteers infected with the Cameroon forest and Sudan-savanna strains of the parasite. Output of microfilariae in the urine tended to be higher during periods of normal activity than during sleep. During waking hours, the rate of output remained generally steady, but in some patients occasional showers of microfilariae appeared in the urine, possibly associated with the intake of food and drink. Drinking 1.2-2.5 litres water produced a shower of microfilariae in the urine of some subjects. This began within an hour of drinking and its onset preceeded that of the diuresis. Thiazide diuretics, acting on the convoluted tubules, produced no increase in microfilaruria. In savanna subjects intravenous injection of DT TAB vaccine caused pyrexia, and simultaneously large numbers of microfilariae appeared in the urine. There was no associated diuresis, and no increase in the concentration of microfilariae in the venous blood. In forest subjects DT TAB caused no increase in microfilaruria. In all subjects 25-50 mg diethylcarbamazine (DEC) caused large numbers of microfilariae to appear in the urine on day 0, within a few hours of the first dose; and there was an increased output of urine over the first 24 hours. Microfilaruria declined sharply on day 1 of treatment, but in subjects developing a high microfilaraemia, it rose again on day 2, and declined more slowly thereafter. Betamethazone, given in conjunction with DEC, appeared to slow the rate of destruction of microfilariae in the skin and lymph glands, and to prolong the duration of microfilaraemia and microfilaruria. The findings suggest that there is a reservoir of microfilariae in the glomerular capillaries, which fills slowly by accumulating microfilariae from the circulating blood. The microfilariae probably enter the urine by penetrating the glomerular capillary."}
{"id": "PMID:1216334", "title": "Visual impairment and incidence of blindness in Liberia and their relation to onchocerciasis.", "content": "The results of the epidemiological survey of 10,860 inhabitants of 121 Liberian communities from 1969-1971 were analysed on the prevalence, incidence and risk of blindness associated with onchocerciasis infection. The overall prevalence of economic blindness in the population sample was 3.24%, the total rate of measured visual damage in both eyes was 5.37% (impairment of vision etc.). Onchocerciasis was prevalent in a very high proportion of those having visual defects. Causes of blindness as by frequency were cataract in 45%, lesions of the anterior segment, other than onchocerciasis-related in 14%, phthisis bulbi (9%) and optic atrophy (6%). The importance of onchocerciasis as a cause of blindness and as a public health problem in Liberia is examined by the comparison of 5 categories of village populations, classified by their adjusted onchocerciasis prevalence rates. The risk of exposure to onchocerciasis increases gradually from nil to 100%, providing one infection-free control population and increasing degrees of prevalence in the next categories, dependent on duration of exposure and intensity of transmission. The attempt to estimate the risk of blindness attributable to onchocerciasis from this data reveals a 3-fold risk in people exposed to the infection in their habitat, whereas a 2,5-fold risk is found from the evaluation of findings in people classified by mf-prevalence in their skins only. Considering a proportion of at least 65% of the rural population to be living under onchocerciasis exposure, the attributable risk amounts to more than 50%, which suggests that this population suffers from 50% more blindness than would be expected without exposure to onchocerciasis sometime in life.", "contents": "Visual impairment and incidence of blindness in Liberia and their relation to onchocerciasis. The results of the epidemiological survey of 10,860 inhabitants of 121 Liberian communities from 1969-1971 were analysed on the prevalence, incidence and risk of blindness associated with onchocerciasis infection. The overall prevalence of economic blindness in the population sample was 3.24%, the total rate of measured visual damage in both eyes was 5.37% (impairment of vision etc.). Onchocerciasis was prevalent in a very high proportion of those having visual defects. Causes of blindness as by frequency were cataract in 45%, lesions of the anterior segment, other than onchocerciasis-related in 14%, phthisis bulbi (9%) and optic atrophy (6%). The importance of onchocerciasis as a cause of blindness and as a public health problem in Liberia is examined by the comparison of 5 categories of village populations, classified by their adjusted onchocerciasis prevalence rates. The risk of exposure to onchocerciasis increases gradually from nil to 100%, providing one infection-free control population and increasing degrees of prevalence in the next categories, dependent on duration of exposure and intensity of transmission. The attempt to estimate the risk of blindness attributable to onchocerciasis from this data reveals a 3-fold risk in people exposed to the infection in their habitat, whereas a 2,5-fold risk is found from the evaluation of findings in people classified by mf-prevalence in their skins only. Considering a proportion of at least 65% of the rural population to be living under onchocerciasis exposure, the attributable risk amounts to more than 50%, which suggests that this population suffers from 50% more blindness than would be expected without exposure to onchocerciasis sometime in life."}
{"id": "PMID:1216335", "title": "On two filarioid worms, Setaria labiatopapillosa and Pseudofilaria giraffae n. sp., from the East African giraffe.", "content": "A single, however gravid, female filarioid worm collected from the peritoneal cavity of a giraffe in East Africa was identified as Setaria labiatopapillosa. Further filarioid worms recovered from the subcutaneous tissue and the Ligamentum nuchae of the same giraffe were recognized a new species and were described as Pseudofilaria giraffae.", "contents": "On two filarioid worms, Setaria labiatopapillosa and Pseudofilaria giraffae n. sp., from the East African giraffe. A single, however gravid, female filarioid worm collected from the peritoneal cavity of a giraffe in East Africa was identified as Setaria labiatopapillosa. Further filarioid worms recovered from the subcutaneous tissue and the Ligamentum nuchae of the same giraffe were recognized a new species and were described as Pseudofilaria giraffae."}
{"id": "PMID:1216336", "title": "[Investigations on the filariidae of the cervidae in Southern Germany. 3. The filariidae of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) (author's transl)].", "content": "Roe deer in southern Germany are frequently infected with W. rugosicauda. The adult worms are found subcutaneously in the connective tissues of the back of the host. The microfilariae concentrate in a considerable distance near the nose, in smaller numbers also in the ears and in the skin of the legs. The vector is probably Ixodes ricinus. In fallow deer C. wenki are found intradermally and subcutaneously. The microfilariae remain in the skin near the site of the adult worms. Skin inhabiting microfilariae of another filariid worm are found which cannot be associated with the described species of Cervidae. The host specificity of the filariid forms of roe deer, fallow deer and red deer is indicated, the development of the microfilarial distribution patterns is discussed.", "contents": "[Investigations on the filariidae of the cervidae in Southern Germany. 3. The filariidae of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) (author's transl)]. Roe deer in southern Germany are frequently infected with W. rugosicauda. The adult worms are found subcutaneously in the connective tissues of the back of the host. The microfilariae concentrate in a considerable distance near the nose, in smaller numbers also in the ears and in the skin of the legs. The vector is probably Ixodes ricinus. In fallow deer C. wenki are found intradermally and subcutaneously. The microfilariae remain in the skin near the site of the adult worms. Skin inhabiting microfilariae of another filariid worm are found which cannot be associated with the described species of Cervidae. The host specificity of the filariid forms of roe deer, fallow deer and red deer is indicated, the development of the microfilarial distribution patterns is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216337", "title": "Use of larvivorous fish for vector control in the Malvides Republic.", "content": "The paper reports on the use of three larvivorous fishes in the Maldives Republic: Poecilia reticulata (Poeciliidae), Mollienesia sphenops (Cyprinodontidae) and for the first time Kuhlia taeniurus (Kuhliidae), a sea fish adapted to life in wells, which are the only sources of water supply (with the exception of a few rain-water cisterns). The approximately 20 000 wells are the main and all-year-round breeding places for both Anophelines and Culicines. Due to this type of breeding places, Maldives are in a unique situation, that the fish can theoretically be used as the main control measure for filariasis. This requires an absolute minimum of work and no cost at all. There has been a reduction of the filariasis overall endemicity rates over the last 10 years although no specific measures have been carried out (except in the capital city of Male) nor have any ecological changes taken place, which could explain this decrease. With this decrease however there has been lately a marked reduction in the percentage of wells with fish in some atolls.", "contents": "Use of larvivorous fish for vector control in the Malvides Republic. The paper reports on the use of three larvivorous fishes in the Maldives Republic: Poecilia reticulata (Poeciliidae), Mollienesia sphenops (Cyprinodontidae) and for the first time Kuhlia taeniurus (Kuhliidae), a sea fish adapted to life in wells, which are the only sources of water supply (with the exception of a few rain-water cisterns). The approximately 20 000 wells are the main and all-year-round breeding places for both Anophelines and Culicines. Due to this type of breeding places, Maldives are in a unique situation, that the fish can theoretically be used as the main control measure for filariasis. This requires an absolute minimum of work and no cost at all. There has been a reduction of the filariasis overall endemicity rates over the last 10 years although no specific measures have been carried out (except in the capital city of Male) nor have any ecological changes taken place, which could explain this decrease. With this decrease however there has been lately a marked reduction in the percentage of wells with fish in some atolls."}
{"id": "PMID:1216338", "title": "Determination of the acetylator phenotype in a Northern Nigerian population.", "content": "The sulphadimidine method was used to determine the acetylator phenotype in tuberculosis patients and hospital workers at Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. The method gave good discrimination between slow and rapid acetylators. The proportion of slow acetylators in the whole group was 49 per cent and this is similar to other results from Negro populations.", "contents": "Determination of the acetylator phenotype in a Northern Nigerian population. The sulphadimidine method was used to determine the acetylator phenotype in tuberculosis patients and hospital workers at Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. The method gave good discrimination between slow and rapid acetylators. The proportion of slow acetylators in the whole group was 49 per cent and this is similar to other results from Negro populations."}
{"id": "PMID:1216339", "title": "Determination of the acetylator phenotype using matrix isoniazid.", "content": "The development of a simple method for classifying subjects as slow or rapid acetylators is reported. The method is based on determining the ratio of acetylisoniazid to acid-labile isoniazid in the urine 23-24 hours after an oral dose of a slow-release isoniazid formulation. The results obtained when this method was applied to phenotype over 200 East African tuberculosis patients are described. It is suggested that the method would be particularly suitable for classifying tuberculosis out-patients.", "contents": "Determination of the acetylator phenotype using matrix isoniazid. The development of a simple method for classifying subjects as slow or rapid acetylators is reported. The method is based on determining the ratio of acetylisoniazid to acid-labile isoniazid in the urine 23-24 hours after an oral dose of a slow-release isoniazid formulation. The results obtained when this method was applied to phenotype over 200 East African tuberculosis patients are described. It is suggested that the method would be particularly suitable for classifying tuberculosis out-patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1216340", "title": "[Comparative study in structure of myoglobins in semiaquatic animals: Castor fiber, Ondatra Zibethica, Lutra lutra].", "content": "A degree of similarity in the structure of myoglobins in the semiaquatic animals (beaver, muskrat, otter) is shown by the finger-print method with the determination of amino acids content in peptides. It is established that about 2/3 of the acid sequence in the investigated myoglobins are invariable. An assumption is advanced that these regions of the structure are of most importance in the functional respect.", "contents": "[Comparative study in structure of myoglobins in semiaquatic animals: Castor fiber, Ondatra Zibethica, Lutra lutra]. A degree of similarity in the structure of myoglobins in the semiaquatic animals (beaver, muskrat, otter) is shown by the finger-print method with the determination of amino acids content in peptides. It is established that about 2/3 of the acid sequence in the investigated myoglobins are invariable. An assumption is advanced that these regions of the structure are of most importance in the functional respect."}
{"id": "PMID:1216342", "title": "[Kinetics of thrombinogenesis and thrombin-fibrinogen reaction inhibition by lipoid anticoagulants].", "content": "Influence of the lipoid anticoagulant (phospholipid brain fraction) was studied as applied to thrombokinasogenesis, thrombinogenesis and on the thrombine-fibrinogene reaction with different concentrations of the substance under study and substrates of the corresponding processes. The lipoid coagulation was established to inhibit chiefly the transformation of prothrombine into thrombine and to a less extent--fibrinogene into fibrin. A graphic analysis of the inhibiton kinetics indicates that in the thrombinogenesis process the lopoid anticoagulant acts as an inhibitor which interacts with the substrate and the thrombine--fibrinogene reaction is supressed by it in the conjugate-checking manner.", "contents": "[Kinetics of thrombinogenesis and thrombin-fibrinogen reaction inhibition by lipoid anticoagulants]. Influence of the lipoid anticoagulant (phospholipid brain fraction) was studied as applied to thrombokinasogenesis, thrombinogenesis and on the thrombine-fibrinogene reaction with different concentrations of the substance under study and substrates of the corresponding processes. The lipoid coagulation was established to inhibit chiefly the transformation of prothrombine into thrombine and to a less extent--fibrinogene into fibrin. A graphic analysis of the inhibiton kinetics indicates that in the thrombinogenesis process the lopoid anticoagulant acts as an inhibitor which interacts with the substrate and the thrombine--fibrinogene reaction is supressed by it in the conjugate-checking manner."}
{"id": "PMID:1216344", "title": "[Effect of trypsin on endogenous RNA synthesis of cell nuclei].", "content": "The effect of trypsin on endogenous RNA-polymerase activity was studied in the rat liver and kidney cell nuclei. It is shown that the endogenic ability for RNA synthesis of the liver nuclei is higher than that of the kidney ones. Trypsin effect causing chromatin histone hydrolysis and deblocking of the genome-primer results in the above 4-fold stimulation of RNA synthesis in both types of nuclei. Ammonium sulphate causes an additional growth of nuclei transcription ability. On the basis of the data on determining the endogenic RNA-polymerase activity in the medium with MgCl2, on the one hand, and in the medium with MnCl2 and ammonium sulphate, on the other, a conclusion is drawn that caryoplasmatic form of RNA-polymerase in the kidney nuclei prevails as compared with the liver nuclei.", "contents": "[Effect of trypsin on endogenous RNA synthesis of cell nuclei]. The effect of trypsin on endogenous RNA-polymerase activity was studied in the rat liver and kidney cell nuclei. It is shown that the endogenic ability for RNA synthesis of the liver nuclei is higher than that of the kidney ones. Trypsin effect causing chromatin histone hydrolysis and deblocking of the genome-primer results in the above 4-fold stimulation of RNA synthesis in both types of nuclei. Ammonium sulphate causes an additional growth of nuclei transcription ability. On the basis of the data on determining the endogenic RNA-polymerase activity in the medium with MgCl2, on the one hand, and in the medium with MnCl2 and ammonium sulphate, on the other, a conclusion is drawn that caryoplasmatic form of RNA-polymerase in the kidney nuclei prevails as compared with the liver nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:1216341", "title": "[Change in conformation of histones F 2a and F 2b in solutions of different ionic strength].", "content": "A change was studied in the differential absorption spectra and fluorescence quantum yield of histones F2a and F2b with the ionic strength varies. It is shown that the structure of the histone F2a molecule stops changing with an increase in the concentration of NaCl up to 0.5 M. In the histone F2b molecule the conformational changes occur with the NaCl concentration less than 1.0 M. The conformation change results in formation of hydrophobic areas on the histone surface, which intensifies the histone-histone interaction. The role of the histone conformational changes for regulation of gene activity is discussed.", "contents": "[Change in conformation of histones F 2a and F 2b in solutions of different ionic strength]. A change was studied in the differential absorption spectra and fluorescence quantum yield of histones F2a and F2b with the ionic strength varies. It is shown that the structure of the histone F2a molecule stops changing with an increase in the concentration of NaCl up to 0.5 M. In the histone F2b molecule the conformational changes occur with the NaCl concentration less than 1.0 M. The conformation change results in formation of hydrophobic areas on the histone surface, which intensifies the histone-histone interaction. The role of the histone conformational changes for regulation of gene activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216345", "title": "[Chymotrypsin-like proteinases in microbial proteolytic complexes].", "content": "A considerable amount of proteinase of chemotrypsin type (AO-ct) was found in the proteolytic system of Asp. oryzae, strain \"h\"-476. The proteinase produces an intensive effect when hydrolyzing p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NPA) -- 18-20 times as strong as that of crystalline chemotrypsin. Comparison of the AO-ct and chemotrypsin properties resulted in proving the enzyme nature of the p-NPA hydrolysis reaction. A study of AO-ct specificity with the presence of such substrates as p-NPA, o-nitro-phenyl acetate, 2,4,dinitrophenyl acetate (2,4-DNP) showed that displacement of the nitrogroup into the ortho-position produces a 4-fold inhibition in the hydrolysis, introduction into the molecule of other nitrogroup (2,4-DNP) -- a 9-10 fold inhibition, the effect of chemotrypsin on them is considerably weaker, but 2.4-DNP hydrolyses more intensively. Definite differences are found in the effect of AO-ct and chemotrypsin in hydrolysis of phenyl acetate, N-benzoyl-tyrosine-methyl ester and casein. All the reactions are completely inhibited with DFP. The esterolytic activity (substrate p-NPA) is detected in a series of the exocellular proteolytic complexes, their effect being rather intensive but diverse.", "contents": "[Chymotrypsin-like proteinases in microbial proteolytic complexes]. A considerable amount of proteinase of chemotrypsin type (AO-ct) was found in the proteolytic system of Asp. oryzae, strain \"h\"-476. The proteinase produces an intensive effect when hydrolyzing p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NPA) -- 18-20 times as strong as that of crystalline chemotrypsin. Comparison of the AO-ct and chemotrypsin properties resulted in proving the enzyme nature of the p-NPA hydrolysis reaction. A study of AO-ct specificity with the presence of such substrates as p-NPA, o-nitro-phenyl acetate, 2,4,dinitrophenyl acetate (2,4-DNP) showed that displacement of the nitrogroup into the ortho-position produces a 4-fold inhibition in the hydrolysis, introduction into the molecule of other nitrogroup (2,4-DNP) -- a 9-10 fold inhibition, the effect of chemotrypsin on them is considerably weaker, but 2.4-DNP hydrolyses more intensively. Definite differences are found in the effect of AO-ct and chemotrypsin in hydrolysis of phenyl acetate, N-benzoyl-tyrosine-methyl ester and casein. All the reactions are completely inhibited with DFP. The esterolytic activity (substrate p-NPA) is detected in a series of the exocellular proteolytic complexes, their effect being rather intensive but diverse."}
{"id": "PMID:1216343", "title": "[Peculiarities of RNA synthesis in sections of rat liver tissues and cells of chicken embryos under conditions of protein synthesis inhibition].", "content": "Kinetics of radioactive predecessors incorporation into RNA and proteins of the rat liver and chicken embryos cells was studied as affected by different doses of cycloheximide. In both cases a definite dependence is established for changes in the specific radioactivity of nuclei and cytoplasm RNA on the antibiotic concentration: the doses of cycloheximide which cause an insignificant inhibition of protein biosynthesis do not evoke an increase in the intensity of RNA biosynthesis. Intermediate doses of cyclohemide in certain periods of incubation stimulate incorporation of 2-14C-orotic acid into RNA both in experiments with the tissue sections and with cell culture. A dependence is supposed to be between the intracellular bond of the changes in RNA biosynthesis on a degree of protein biosynthesis inhibition.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of RNA synthesis in sections of rat liver tissues and cells of chicken embryos under conditions of protein synthesis inhibition]. Kinetics of radioactive predecessors incorporation into RNA and proteins of the rat liver and chicken embryos cells was studied as affected by different doses of cycloheximide. In both cases a definite dependence is established for changes in the specific radioactivity of nuclei and cytoplasm RNA on the antibiotic concentration: the doses of cycloheximide which cause an insignificant inhibition of protein biosynthesis do not evoke an increase in the intensity of RNA biosynthesis. Intermediate doses of cyclohemide in certain periods of incubation stimulate incorporation of 2-14C-orotic acid into RNA both in experiments with the tissue sections and with cell culture. A dependence is supposed to be between the intracellular bond of the changes in RNA biosynthesis on a degree of protein biosynthesis inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:1216346", "title": "[Soluble neutral peptide hydrolases of nervous tissue].", "content": "Soluble forms of neutral peptide-hydrolases (protaminsulphate as a substrate) of the cat cerebral hemisphere grey and white matter were investigated by the method of gel-filtration on Sephadex G-150. The results of the experiments showed that grey and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres contains different forms of soluble neutral peptide-hydrolases. The products of protaminsulphate hydrolysis were analyzed by the method of gel-filtration as well (Sephadex G-25). Under the influence of the studied enzymes of protaminsulphate hydrolysis occurs due to subsequent splitting of C-terminal residues of arginine. It means that the studied soluble neutral peptide-hydrolases of grey and white matter of the cat cerebral hemisphere may be referred to the group of exopeptidases.", "contents": "[Soluble neutral peptide hydrolases of nervous tissue]. Soluble forms of neutral peptide-hydrolases (protaminsulphate as a substrate) of the cat cerebral hemisphere grey and white matter were investigated by the method of gel-filtration on Sephadex G-150. The results of the experiments showed that grey and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres contains different forms of soluble neutral peptide-hydrolases. The products of protaminsulphate hydrolysis were analyzed by the method of gel-filtration as well (Sephadex G-25). Under the influence of the studied enzymes of protaminsulphate hydrolysis occurs due to subsequent splitting of C-terminal residues of arginine. It means that the studied soluble neutral peptide-hydrolases of grey and white matter of the cat cerebral hemisphere may be referred to the group of exopeptidases."}
{"id": "PMID:1216347", "title": "[Effect of Triton-100 on activity and solubilization of brain acid proteinases].", "content": "The activity and solubilization of acid proteinases of grey and white matter of the cat great cerebral hemispheres were studied as affected by the detergent triton X-100. High concentrations of the detergent evoke a significant decrease of the activity in grey matter and significant increase--in white one. It is found that 20-25% of the activity of the grey matter acid proteinases are strongly bound with the studied tissues and not release under the effect of the detergent in high concentrations.", "contents": "[Effect of Triton-100 on activity and solubilization of brain acid proteinases]. The activity and solubilization of acid proteinases of grey and white matter of the cat great cerebral hemispheres were studied as affected by the detergent triton X-100. High concentrations of the detergent evoke a significant decrease of the activity in grey matter and significant increase--in white one. It is found that 20-25% of the activity of the grey matter acid proteinases are strongly bound with the studied tissues and not release under the effect of the detergent in high concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1216349", "title": "[Activity of asparaginase and glutaminase of chickens with experimental sarcomatosis].", "content": "It is established that the activity of asparaginase in the chicken pectoral muscle tumours is considerably higher than of that in normal muscle. Dynamics of the asparaginase activity in blood is parallel to the changes in the enzymatic activity in the tumour under experimental sarcomatosis. The higher asparaginase activity is also observed in the vicera except for the liver in the terminal period of sarcomatosis development. The glutaminase activity is found to be more stable.", "contents": "[Activity of asparaginase and glutaminase of chickens with experimental sarcomatosis]. It is established that the activity of asparaginase in the chicken pectoral muscle tumours is considerably higher than of that in normal muscle. Dynamics of the asparaginase activity in blood is parallel to the changes in the enzymatic activity in the tumour under experimental sarcomatosis. The higher asparaginase activity is also observed in the vicera except for the liver in the terminal period of sarcomatosis development. The glutaminase activity is found to be more stable."}
{"id": "PMID:1216350", "title": "[Isoenzymic composition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of subcellular fractions of rabbit tissues under alloxan diabetes].", "content": "The isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD, EC 1.1.1.49) was studied in hyaloplasm and mitochondria of the liver, myocardium, skeletal muscle, spleen and adrenals of alloxan diabetic rabbits. The most significant changes were found in the liver hyaloplasm: one of the minor isoenzymes, isoenzyme \"C\", disappears and the zone of the main isoenzyme \"E\" decreases significantly in comparison with the control. It was found that the intensity of these changes depends on the glycemia level in the diabetic animals.", "contents": "[Isoenzymic composition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of subcellular fractions of rabbit tissues under alloxan diabetes]. The isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD, EC 1.1.1.49) was studied in hyaloplasm and mitochondria of the liver, myocardium, skeletal muscle, spleen and adrenals of alloxan diabetic rabbits. The most significant changes were found in the liver hyaloplasm: one of the minor isoenzymes, isoenzyme \"C\", disappears and the zone of the main isoenzyme \"E\" decreases significantly in comparison with the control. It was found that the intensity of these changes depends on the glycemia level in the diabetic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1216351", "title": "[Krebs cycle in tissue of rats subjected to combined effect of hypercapnia, hypoxia and cooling].", "content": "The content of the Krebs cycle substrates and activity of dehydrogenases corresponding to them were studied in the brain and myocardium tissues of the non-linear male rats adapted to acute hypoxia under conditions of the altered gas medium. The content of malate and succinic acid was studied in the liver and skeletal muscles only. In the brain the total activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37, 1.1.1.39) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KDH, EC 1.2.4.2) pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH, EC 1.2.4.1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH, EC 1.1.1.41-42) is shown to be decreased and kept to be lowered in all the periods of the study. No essential shifts in the activity of these dehydrogenases were found in the myocardium. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.3.99.1) in both tissues lowers 48 h after the effect of the mentioned factors. Simultaneously the greatest changes in the level of the substrates were observed in the myocardium, in the brain they were less developed. In the liver the content of malate increases without pronounced changes in the amount of succinic acid and in the skeletal muscles the level of malate and succinic acid lowers.", "contents": "[Krebs cycle in tissue of rats subjected to combined effect of hypercapnia, hypoxia and cooling]. The content of the Krebs cycle substrates and activity of dehydrogenases corresponding to them were studied in the brain and myocardium tissues of the non-linear male rats adapted to acute hypoxia under conditions of the altered gas medium. The content of malate and succinic acid was studied in the liver and skeletal muscles only. In the brain the total activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37, 1.1.1.39) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KDH, EC 1.2.4.2) pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH, EC 1.2.4.1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH, EC 1.1.1.41-42) is shown to be decreased and kept to be lowered in all the periods of the study. No essential shifts in the activity of these dehydrogenases were found in the myocardium. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.3.99.1) in both tissues lowers 48 h after the effect of the mentioned factors. Simultaneously the greatest changes in the level of the substrates were observed in the myocardium, in the brain they were less developed. In the liver the content of malate increases without pronounced changes in the amount of succinic acid and in the skeletal muscles the level of malate and succinic acid lowers."}
{"id": "PMID:1216348", "title": "[Inhibiting effect of sodium dodecylsulphate on DNase of animal tissues].", "content": "The activity of DNases in homogenates of the spleen, thyroid gland and intestine mucosa of rats as well as in solution of purified pancreatic DNase was studied as affected by sodium dodecylsulphate. Dodecylsulphate has an inhibitory effect on all the studied DNase. The effect grows up to complete inhibition of DNases with an increase in the content of detergent in the incubation mixture from 0.5 to 5-10 mg/ml.", "contents": "[Inhibiting effect of sodium dodecylsulphate on DNase of animal tissues]. The activity of DNases in homogenates of the spleen, thyroid gland and intestine mucosa of rats as well as in solution of purified pancreatic DNase was studied as affected by sodium dodecylsulphate. Dodecylsulphate has an inhibitory effect on all the studied DNase. The effect grows up to complete inhibition of DNases with an increase in the content of detergent in the incubation mixture from 0.5 to 5-10 mg/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1216353", "title": "[Metabolism of ATP in rat tissues under different experimental states].", "content": "The content and incorporation intensity of tritium from methionine CH33-groups as well as ATP phosphorus renewal of the skeletal muscles, liver and brain were studied in albino rats as effected by proserin, nicotinic acid and the vagus cutting. It is established that the organs and tissues with a high metabolic activity of ATP are characterized by a higher level of its renewal of ATP. Proserin and the vagus cutting are most likely to affect the renewal of ATP through choline metabolism. Nicotinic acid may affect the renewal of ATP through pyridine nucleotides in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "[Metabolism of ATP in rat tissues under different experimental states]. The content and incorporation intensity of tritium from methionine CH33-groups as well as ATP phosphorus renewal of the skeletal muscles, liver and brain were studied in albino rats as effected by proserin, nicotinic acid and the vagus cutting. It is established that the organs and tissues with a high metabolic activity of ATP are characterized by a higher level of its renewal of ATP. Proserin and the vagus cutting are most likely to affect the renewal of ATP through choline metabolism. Nicotinic acid may affect the renewal of ATP through pyridine nucleotides in the process of oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:1216352", "title": "[Effect of hyperoxia on calcium transport in mitochondria of brain and liver].", "content": "The active and passive transport of radioactive calcium was studied in experiments on the brain and liver mitochondria, homogenates of brain and erythrocytes of albino rats subjected to the toxic effect of oxygen under pressure. The processes of the Ca2+ active transport preparations under examination are established to be inhibited after the effect of hyperoxia. The passive transport is considerably less dependent on the previous effect of oxygen. A conclusion is drawn on the prevailing sensitivity of the calcium energy-dependent transport to the damaging effect of hyperoxia.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperoxia on calcium transport in mitochondria of brain and liver]. The active and passive transport of radioactive calcium was studied in experiments on the brain and liver mitochondria, homogenates of brain and erythrocytes of albino rats subjected to the toxic effect of oxygen under pressure. The processes of the Ca2+ active transport preparations under examination are established to be inhibited after the effect of hyperoxia. The passive transport is considerably less dependent on the previous effect of oxygen. A conclusion is drawn on the prevailing sensitivity of the calcium energy-dependent transport to the damaging effect of hyperoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1216355", "title": "[Preparative separation of thiamine di- and triphosphates by ion-exchange chromatography].", "content": "The conditions were developed for preparative isolation of thiamine triphosphate (TTP) from a mixture of phosphoric acid esters of thiamine (PET) (40-80 mg thiamine). The Dowex 1 x 4 resin (acetate form) and triethylammonium acetate (TEAA), pH 4.5 as an eluent were used. The employment of volatile TEAA instead of acetate buffer facilitates the obtaining of concentrated TTP preparations and their subsequent identification. This method is successfully used for purification of commercial cocarboxylase preparations (TDP) (80 mg by PET). In comparison with electrophoresis and paper chromatography, the preparative isolation of TTP and TDP by the ion-exchange chromagraphic method is less laborious and permits larger amounts of PET to be separated for a single run.", "contents": "[Preparative separation of thiamine di- and triphosphates by ion-exchange chromatography]. The conditions were developed for preparative isolation of thiamine triphosphate (TTP) from a mixture of phosphoric acid esters of thiamine (PET) (40-80 mg thiamine). The Dowex 1 x 4 resin (acetate form) and triethylammonium acetate (TEAA), pH 4.5 as an eluent were used. The employment of volatile TEAA instead of acetate buffer facilitates the obtaining of concentrated TTP preparations and their subsequent identification. This method is successfully used for purification of commercial cocarboxylase preparations (TDP) (80 mg by PET). In comparison with electrophoresis and paper chromatography, the preparative isolation of TTP and TDP by the ion-exchange chromagraphic method is less laborious and permits larger amounts of PET to be separated for a single run."}
{"id": "PMID:1216354", "title": "[Change in the content of free amino acids in brain tissue and blood plasma of rabbits under the effect of hydrocortisone].", "content": "The influence of a single and long term intramuscular hydrocortisone injections on the content of free amino acids was studied in the rabbit brain tissue and blood plasma. It is shown that exogenous hydrocortisone changes the content of certain amino acids in the brain. The changes in the free amino acids spectrum in blood plasma are more significant than in the brain under the hydrocortisone effect. The direction of the changes in blood plasma at the single and long term hormone administration is the same, their degree of expression depends on the time of administration.", "contents": "[Change in the content of free amino acids in brain tissue and blood plasma of rabbits under the effect of hydrocortisone]. The influence of a single and long term intramuscular hydrocortisone injections on the content of free amino acids was studied in the rabbit brain tissue and blood plasma. It is shown that exogenous hydrocortisone changes the content of certain amino acids in the brain. The changes in the free amino acids spectrum in blood plasma are more significant than in the brain under the hydrocortisone effect. The direction of the changes in blood plasma at the single and long term hormone administration is the same, their degree of expression depends on the time of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1216356", "title": "[High-voltage electrophoresis and its application in combination with other methods for protein structure studies].", "content": "The method of high-voltage paper electrophoresis may be applied not only for peptide separation, but also in modifications and combinations with other methods, so, by means of aminoethylation and maleylation it is possible to broaden or narrow the range of trypsin action. This, in its turn, makes it possible to isolate preparatively lysin- and arginine-containing peptides, oxidation with performic acid enables the thyol-containing fragments to be isolated and application of carboxypeptidase A-C-terminal peptide of protein. When studying the primary structure of proteins the method has already found its widest application but with an increase in the number of methods of protein specific modification its potentiabilities will be even wider.", "contents": "[High-voltage electrophoresis and its application in combination with other methods for protein structure studies]. The method of high-voltage paper electrophoresis may be applied not only for peptide separation, but also in modifications and combinations with other methods, so, by means of aminoethylation and maleylation it is possible to broaden or narrow the range of trypsin action. This, in its turn, makes it possible to isolate preparatively lysin- and arginine-containing peptides, oxidation with performic acid enables the thyol-containing fragments to be isolated and application of carboxypeptidase A-C-terminal peptide of protein. When studying the primary structure of proteins the method has already found its widest application but with an increase in the number of methods of protein specific modification its potentiabilities will be even wider."}
{"id": "PMID:1216391", "title": "[Surgical tactics in acute cholecystitis in old patients].", "content": "Based on some characteristic features of the clinical course of acute cholecystitis and large number of its destructive forms in aged persons, it is recommended to operate patients of this group during 24-28 hours after their admission. 216 aged and senile patients with acute cholecystitis were operated upon, the postoperative mortality being 9.7%. Cholecystectomy is considered to be the operation of choice. In the appropriate indications this operation was associated with drainage of the common bile duct. Cholecystostomy was performed in 10.6%.", "contents": "[Surgical tactics in acute cholecystitis in old patients]. Based on some characteristic features of the clinical course of acute cholecystitis and large number of its destructive forms in aged persons, it is recommended to operate patients of this group during 24-28 hours after their admission. 216 aged and senile patients with acute cholecystitis were operated upon, the postoperative mortality being 9.7%. Cholecystectomy is considered to be the operation of choice. In the appropriate indications this operation was associated with drainage of the common bile duct. Cholecystostomy was performed in 10.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:1216392", "title": "[Clinical course and diagnosis of cancer of the gallbladder].", "content": "Basing on clinical observations over 51 patients with cancer of the gallbladder the authors support the opinion of many medical researchers that, in most cases, the disease develop with cholelithiasis in the background. To establish the diagnosis of cancer of the bladder prior to surgery is possible only taking into account the complex of manifestations in patients with a persistant anamnesis of cholelithiasis. The mortality rate is high. One of the effective prophylactic measures against development of the bladder cancer is felt to be an early operative treatment for cholelithiasis and its complications.", "contents": "[Clinical course and diagnosis of cancer of the gallbladder]. Basing on clinical observations over 51 patients with cancer of the gallbladder the authors support the opinion of many medical researchers that, in most cases, the disease develop with cholelithiasis in the background. To establish the diagnosis of cancer of the bladder prior to surgery is possible only taking into account the complex of manifestations in patients with a persistant anamnesis of cholelithiasis. The mortality rate is high. One of the effective prophylactic measures against development of the bladder cancer is felt to be an early operative treatment for cholelithiasis and its complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1216393", "title": "[Transhepatic drainage of bile ducts in their high cicatricial stricture].", "content": "The method of combined, transhepatic and transanastomotic external drainage of bile passages in their high cicatricial narrowing is described. A transhepatic drainage tube was inserted under visual control in the 3d segment duct at the marginal section of the liver. Such method of draining bile passages enabled a more successful treatment of purulent cholangitis, sanation of bile ducts from fine concretions. Intraoperative injection of a dye stuff via the transhepatic drainage may facilitate considerably a search for bile ducts in cicatricial tissues of the hepatic porta.", "contents": "[Transhepatic drainage of bile ducts in their high cicatricial stricture]. The method of combined, transhepatic and transanastomotic external drainage of bile passages in their high cicatricial narrowing is described. A transhepatic drainage tube was inserted under visual control in the 3d segment duct at the marginal section of the liver. Such method of draining bile passages enabled a more successful treatment of purulent cholangitis, sanation of bile ducts from fine concretions. Intraoperative injection of a dye stuff via the transhepatic drainage may facilitate considerably a search for bile ducts in cicatricial tissues of the hepatic porta."}
{"id": "PMID:1216394", "title": "[Ligature with insoluble material as a cause of formation of bile duct calculi].", "content": "The author reports 5 observations on formation of secondary concretions in bile ducts due to getting into the latter silk, capron and lavsan ligatures put on the vesical duct stump or the common bile duct wall. A running suture from the unresolved material proved to be most hazardous in this respect. Sutures from slowly resolving materials such as chromisized catgut best of all meet the requirements of surgical procedures on bile ducts.", "contents": "[Ligature with insoluble material as a cause of formation of bile duct calculi]. The author reports 5 observations on formation of secondary concretions in bile ducts due to getting into the latter silk, capron and lavsan ligatures put on the vesical duct stump or the common bile duct wall. A running suture from the unresolved material proved to be most hazardous in this respect. Sutures from slowly resolving materials such as chromisized catgut best of all meet the requirements of surgical procedures on bile ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:1216395", "title": "[Endoscopic diagnosis of masked perforated peptic ulcer].", "content": "Fifty eight patients hospitalized with a suspicion to masked perforated ulcer of the stomach and duodenum were subjected to urgent fibrogastroduodenoscopy by means of modern endoscopes with fiber optics. In 8 cases the perforation was diagnosed during endoscopy and subsequently supported intraoperatively. In the remaining patients the diagnosis of perforated ulcer was rejected. An application of urgent endoscopy in patients suspected of masked perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer made it possible to avoid useless laparotomies and shorten the terms of preoperative examination and determination of indications to surgical therapy.", "contents": "[Endoscopic diagnosis of masked perforated peptic ulcer]. Fifty eight patients hospitalized with a suspicion to masked perforated ulcer of the stomach and duodenum were subjected to urgent fibrogastroduodenoscopy by means of modern endoscopes with fiber optics. In 8 cases the perforation was diagnosed during endoscopy and subsequently supported intraoperatively. In the remaining patients the diagnosis of perforated ulcer was rejected. An application of urgent endoscopy in patients suspected of masked perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer made it possible to avoid useless laparotomies and shorten the terms of preoperative examination and determination of indications to surgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1216396", "title": "[Causes of development of peritonitis after appendectomy].", "content": "According to the authors' data peritonitis developed after appendectomy in 122 of 18347 patients, operated upon for acute appendicitis, was an extremely grave complication of this lesion and the related surgical intervention. The main causes for development of postoperative peritonitis were local and diffuse peritonitis (101 cases), more rarely--technical and tactical errors made during the operation. Due to diagnostic difficulties a purposeful treatment for postoperative peritonitis was undertaken with a delay, reoperations were performed in late terms and not in every case either. The mortality due to postoperative peritonitis made 23 per cent.", "contents": "[Causes of development of peritonitis after appendectomy]. According to the authors' data peritonitis developed after appendectomy in 122 of 18347 patients, operated upon for acute appendicitis, was an extremely grave complication of this lesion and the related surgical intervention. The main causes for development of postoperative peritonitis were local and diffuse peritonitis (101 cases), more rarely--technical and tactical errors made during the operation. Due to diagnostic difficulties a purposeful treatment for postoperative peritonitis was undertaken with a delay, reoperations were performed in late terms and not in every case either. The mortality due to postoperative peritonitis made 23 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:1216397", "title": "[Etiology of nontuberculous spontaneous pneumothorax].", "content": "Under observation were 158 patients treated for spontaneous pneumothorax (138 males and 20 females aged from 16 to 81 years). In 83% no causes of the lung rupture were revealed. Total collapse was observed in 38%, partial collapse--in 44.3%, collapsing of one lobe--in 9.5% and gas as a parietal band--in 8.2%. Eighteen patients were operated upon, 83% of patients showed symptoms not corresponding to pathophysiology of perforating pneumothorax. Taking into account the literature data and their personal observations the authors consider that not infrequently the primary mechanism of neuroreflectory pulmonary collapse underlie nontuberculous spontaneous pneumothorax in seemingly sound persons.", "contents": "[Etiology of nontuberculous spontaneous pneumothorax]. Under observation were 158 patients treated for spontaneous pneumothorax (138 males and 20 females aged from 16 to 81 years). In 83% no causes of the lung rupture were revealed. Total collapse was observed in 38%, partial collapse--in 44.3%, collapsing of one lobe--in 9.5% and gas as a parietal band--in 8.2%. Eighteen patients were operated upon, 83% of patients showed symptoms not corresponding to pathophysiology of perforating pneumothorax. Taking into account the literature data and their personal observations the authors consider that not infrequently the primary mechanism of neuroreflectory pulmonary collapse underlie nontuberculous spontaneous pneumothorax in seemingly sound persons."}
{"id": "PMID:1216398", "title": "[Appendicular form of intestinal yersiniosis].", "content": "The authors report twenty three cases of intestinal yerseniosis revealed among 575 patients operated upon for acute appendicitis. The diagnosis was supported bacteriologically and serologically. The disease proceeded with a predominant involvement of the appendicular process. Various forms of acute appendicitis were observed. Common appendicitis was noted in 6 cases, phlegmonous--in 15, gangrenous--in 2.", "contents": "[Appendicular form of intestinal yersiniosis]. The authors report twenty three cases of intestinal yerseniosis revealed among 575 patients operated upon for acute appendicitis. The diagnosis was supported bacteriologically and serologically. The disease proceeded with a predominant involvement of the appendicular process. Various forms of acute appendicitis were observed. Common appendicitis was noted in 6 cases, phlegmonous--in 15, gangrenous--in 2."}
{"id": "PMID:1216399", "title": "[Remote results of treatment of chronic duodenal obstruction].", "content": "It is the authors' opinion that surgery after the E. V. Smirnov technic yields favourable results in uncomplicated forms of chronic duodenal obstruction. If the latter is associated with diseases of the pancreas and liver, then better results seem to be provided by the A. P. Mirzaev and Strong operation. Less satisfactory issues were gained while constructing gastro-enteroanastomosis and accomplishing pyloropexy to the round hepatic ligament. These operations should be of somewhat limited use in case of chronic duodenal obstruction. The results of clinical observations are described.", "contents": "[Remote results of treatment of chronic duodenal obstruction]. It is the authors' opinion that surgery after the E. V. Smirnov technic yields favourable results in uncomplicated forms of chronic duodenal obstruction. If the latter is associated with diseases of the pancreas and liver, then better results seem to be provided by the A. P. Mirzaev and Strong operation. Less satisfactory issues were gained while constructing gastro-enteroanastomosis and accomplishing pyloropexy to the round hepatic ligament. These operations should be of somewhat limited use in case of chronic duodenal obstruction. The results of clinical observations are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1216400", "title": "[Adhesive intestinal obstruction in the light of immediate and late results].", "content": "The immediate and late results of surgery for adhesive intestinal obstruction were followed up in 235 patients. For prophylaxis of intestinal hypodynamia it is recommended to inject 0.25% novocain solution intraabdominally in the postoperative period. It is found that such kind of injections prevent peritoneal adhesions. Intraperitoneal injections of 0.25% novocain solution yield favourable and satisfactory results in 86.3% of cases, while without using novocain good and satisfactory results were noted only in 49.1%.", "contents": "[Adhesive intestinal obstruction in the light of immediate and late results]. The immediate and late results of surgery for adhesive intestinal obstruction were followed up in 235 patients. For prophylaxis of intestinal hypodynamia it is recommended to inject 0.25% novocain solution intraabdominally in the postoperative period. It is found that such kind of injections prevent peritoneal adhesions. Intraperitoneal injections of 0.25% novocain solution yield favourable and satisfactory results in 86.3% of cases, while without using novocain good and satisfactory results were noted only in 49.1%."}
{"id": "PMID:1216401", "title": "[Postoperative hernias and adhesions in the abdominal cavity].", "content": "According to the author's findings both during the operation for postoperative hernias and abdominal adhesions and postoperatively the use of proteolytic enzymes, antiallergic therapy, and stimulation of the bowel peristalsis would give favourable results with a complete recovery of patients, in whom besides hernia also abdominal adhesions were observed. The operative technic is described.", "contents": "[Postoperative hernias and adhesions in the abdominal cavity]. According to the author's findings both during the operation for postoperative hernias and abdominal adhesions and postoperatively the use of proteolytic enzymes, antiallergic therapy, and stimulation of the bowel peristalsis would give favourable results with a complete recovery of patients, in whom besides hernia also abdominal adhesions were observed. The operative technic is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1216402", "title": "[Thrombectomy in acute thrombosis after reconstructive operations on the arteries of the limbs].", "content": "While performing 152 reconstructive operations for obliterating lesions of large arteries of the lower extremities, the authors observed early acute thromboses of the graft in 12 patients (following operations on the femoropopliteal region and crural arteries). Of 12 patients 7 subjects were reoperated upon. In 6 cases indirect thrombectomy from the autovenous shunt or endarterectomized arterial segment by a baloon catheter proved to be quite feasible. The patients were discharged with adequate compensation of the extremity circulation. In one case there was obliteration of the shunt. In 5 patients treated conservatively for acute thrombosis of the graft a gangrene of the limb developed, and it had to be amputated.", "contents": "[Thrombectomy in acute thrombosis after reconstructive operations on the arteries of the limbs]. While performing 152 reconstructive operations for obliterating lesions of large arteries of the lower extremities, the authors observed early acute thromboses of the graft in 12 patients (following operations on the femoropopliteal region and crural arteries). Of 12 patients 7 subjects were reoperated upon. In 6 cases indirect thrombectomy from the autovenous shunt or endarterectomized arterial segment by a baloon catheter proved to be quite feasible. The patients were discharged with adequate compensation of the extremity circulation. In one case there was obliteration of the shunt. In 5 patients treated conservatively for acute thrombosis of the graft a gangrene of the limb developed, and it had to be amputated."}
{"id": "PMID:1216403", "title": "[Role of phlebography in surgery of recurrent varicose veins of the lower limbs].", "content": "It is believed by the investigators of recurrent venous varicosity of lower limbs that phlebography aids to detect errors of the performed operative procedure and to reveal what caused the recurrence. The authors' experience comprise 48 distal, ascending, vertical phlebographies, and 47 pelvic and retrograde femoral ones in 60 patients, both explorations being utilized for 28 lower limbs. Distal phlebography in 44 of 48 examined patients indicated insufficiency of perforated veins that caused the recurrent crural varices. It is considered that in surgical therapy for venous varicosity a due consideration should be given for both a liquidation of recognized errors of the preceding surgery and a correction of pathological changes in deep veins of the lower extremities.", "contents": "[Role of phlebography in surgery of recurrent varicose veins of the lower limbs]. It is believed by the investigators of recurrent venous varicosity of lower limbs that phlebography aids to detect errors of the performed operative procedure and to reveal what caused the recurrence. The authors' experience comprise 48 distal, ascending, vertical phlebographies, and 47 pelvic and retrograde femoral ones in 60 patients, both explorations being utilized for 28 lower limbs. Distal phlebography in 44 of 48 examined patients indicated insufficiency of perforated veins that caused the recurrent crural varices. It is considered that in surgical therapy for venous varicosity a due consideration should be given for both a liquidation of recognized errors of the preceding surgery and a correction of pathological changes in deep veins of the lower extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:1216404", "title": "[Treatment of pulmonary gangrene].", "content": "Seven cases of pulmonary gangrene are reported. The conservative therapy would somewhat improve the general patient's condition, but the destructive process in the lung proceeded. One patient was subjected to thoracotomy, in 6 subjects due to the extensive lesion pneumonectomy was performed. Postoperatively, pleural empyema developed in all patients, the former was eliminated by punctures and lavage of the pleural cavity during 2 months. One patient died after pneumonectomy, the remaining 5 patients radically operated upon were discharged with a completely liquidated suppurative process. It is the author's opinion that pneumonectomy seems to be a perspective and radical method of treatment for gangrene. Pneumotomy should be accomplished only in extremely grave cases.", "contents": "[Treatment of pulmonary gangrene]. Seven cases of pulmonary gangrene are reported. The conservative therapy would somewhat improve the general patient's condition, but the destructive process in the lung proceeded. One patient was subjected to thoracotomy, in 6 subjects due to the extensive lesion pneumonectomy was performed. Postoperatively, pleural empyema developed in all patients, the former was eliminated by punctures and lavage of the pleural cavity during 2 months. One patient died after pneumonectomy, the remaining 5 patients radically operated upon were discharged with a completely liquidated suppurative process. It is the author's opinion that pneumonectomy seems to be a perspective and radical method of treatment for gangrene. Pneumotomy should be accomplished only in extremely grave cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1216405", "title": "[Surgical aspects of formation of arteriovenous fistulas and experience with their use in chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "The authors report their experience with 71 procedures of constructing a subcutaneous arterio-venous fistula in 56 patients suffering chronic venous insufficiency. Surgical technic of 7 various modifications in producing arterio-venous fistulas on the upper and lower extremities is described and the methods of the postoperative management, as well. An analysis of main complications is given. By means of arterio-venous fistulas over 700 seances of hemodialysis were performed.", "contents": "[Surgical aspects of formation of arteriovenous fistulas and experience with their use in chronic hemodialysis]. The authors report their experience with 71 procedures of constructing a subcutaneous arterio-venous fistula in 56 patients suffering chronic venous insufficiency. Surgical technic of 7 various modifications in producing arterio-venous fistulas on the upper and lower extremities is described and the methods of the postoperative management, as well. An analysis of main complications is given. By means of arterio-venous fistulas over 700 seances of hemodialysis were performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216408", "title": "[Surgical treatment of dislocation of the acromial process of the clavicle].", "content": "An original method of osteosynthesis of the clavicular-acromial juncture, that differs from the currently used technics and provides a secure fixation, is suggested. Fourty six patients were operated upon, using the technic described, with good immediate and late results.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of dislocation of the acromial process of the clavicle]. An original method of osteosynthesis of the clavicular-acromial juncture, that differs from the currently used technics and provides a secure fixation, is suggested. Fourty six patients were operated upon, using the technic described, with good immediate and late results."}
{"id": "PMID:1216409", "title": "[Treatment of humeral fractures by intramedullary osteosynthesis].", "content": "Observations over 175 patients, treated for closed and open fractures of the brachial bone by intramedullary osteosynthesis with a metallic nail, are analysed. Among 175 patients 128 subjects were operated upon for closed brachial fractures, 26--for open fractures, and 21--for gunshot ones.", "contents": "[Treatment of humeral fractures by intramedullary osteosynthesis]. Observations over 175 patients, treated for closed and open fractures of the brachial bone by intramedullary osteosynthesis with a metallic nail, are analysed. Among 175 patients 128 subjects were operated upon for closed brachial fractures, 26--for open fractures, and 21--for gunshot ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1216410", "title": "[Traumatic injuries of the pancreas].", "content": "The authors examined 8 patients with isolated and associated injuries of the pancreas. It is concluded that the correct preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic injuries present considerable difficulties and seems to be feasible in single cases due to the absence of pathognomonic symptoms. It is the authors' opinion that a selection of the optimum extent of surgical intervention should be made individually, depending on the character of anatomical changes in the pancreas, the presence of associated injuries, concomitant lesions, general patient's state, etc.", "contents": "[Traumatic injuries of the pancreas]. The authors examined 8 patients with isolated and associated injuries of the pancreas. It is concluded that the correct preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic injuries present considerable difficulties and seems to be feasible in single cases due to the absence of pathognomonic symptoms. It is the authors' opinion that a selection of the optimum extent of surgical intervention should be made individually, depending on the character of anatomical changes in the pancreas, the presence of associated injuries, concomitant lesions, general patient's state, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:1216420", "title": "Immune globulin studies of the \"collapse syndrome\" in suckled calves.", "content": "A total of 351 single suckled beef calves were blood sampled during the first three days of life and thereafter twice weekly until five samples had been obtained. Eighty four calves suffered from diarrhoea and 23 of these died. No relationship could be found between the total circulating immune globulin level of a calf and its subsequent fate, suggesting that the syndrome with which many calves were affected is different in character from other forms of neonatal bovine diarrhoea.", "contents": "Immune globulin studies of the \"collapse syndrome\" in suckled calves. A total of 351 single suckled beef calves were blood sampled during the first three days of life and thereafter twice weekly until five samples had been obtained. Eighty four calves suffered from diarrhoea and 23 of these died. No relationship could be found between the total circulating immune globulin level of a calf and its subsequent fate, suggesting that the syndrome with which many calves were affected is different in character from other forms of neonatal bovine diarrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:1216421", "title": "A health service for horses.", "content": "The current position of the horse in the United Kingdom is discussed and the attitudes of the horse-owning public are examined. It is suggested that there are welfare, economic and practical advantages to owners and the veterinary profession in a veterinary health scheme for horses. A scheme which has been tried successfully in the field is discussed.", "contents": "A health service for horses. The current position of the horse in the United Kingdom is discussed and the attitudes of the horse-owning public are examined. It is suggested that there are welfare, economic and practical advantages to owners and the veterinary profession in a veterinary health scheme for horses. A scheme which has been tried successfully in the field is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216427", "title": "Biochemical studies of the \"collapse syndrome\" in suckled calves.", "content": "A total of 351 single-suckled beef calves were blood sampled at twice-weekly intervals for the first two and a half weeks of life. Twenty three of them died, 13 of a syndrome characterised by acute collapse and 10 of diarrhoea which had persisted for several days before death. Those which died acutely showed a sudden terminal rise in blood levels of potassium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate and total protein. Those which died after several days of diarrhoea showed a more gradual increase in blood chloride and urea concentrations and in packed cell volume values. It is suggested that these changes indicate a difference in the pathogenesis of the two situations. Calves which died had lower blood glucose levels before the onset of clinical signs than those which survived. It is suggested that this may have been a contributory factor in their mortality.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of the \"collapse syndrome\" in suckled calves. A total of 351 single-suckled beef calves were blood sampled at twice-weekly intervals for the first two and a half weeks of life. Twenty three of them died, 13 of a syndrome characterised by acute collapse and 10 of diarrhoea which had persisted for several days before death. Those which died acutely showed a sudden terminal rise in blood levels of potassium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate and total protein. Those which died after several days of diarrhoea showed a more gradual increase in blood chloride and urea concentrations and in packed cell volume values. It is suggested that these changes indicate a difference in the pathogenesis of the two situations. Calves which died had lower blood glucose levels before the onset of clinical signs than those which survived. It is suggested that this may have been a contributory factor in their mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:1216434", "title": "Oxibendazole: critical anthelmintic trials in equids.", "content": "The efficacy of oxibendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of horses was evaluated by the critical test method. Naturally infected ponies of various ages were given single oral doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg-kg of bodyweight. The drug was highly effective against adult large strongylids (Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, S equins), adult small strongylids (especially species of the genera Cylicostephanus, Cylicocyclus, Cyaathostomum, and Triodontophorus), and adult and larval stages of the large pinworm, Oxyuris equi. There was no apparent dose-related differences in efficacy. Oxibendazole was less effective against fourth-stage small strongylid larvae than it was against adults. The drug was inactive against stomach bots (Gasterophilus spp), tapeworms (Anoplocephala magna and A perfoliata), lungworms (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi), abdominal worms )Setaria equina), and mature or immature nematodes in locations other than the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Oxibendazole: critical anthelmintic trials in equids. The efficacy of oxibendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of horses was evaluated by the critical test method. Naturally infected ponies of various ages were given single oral doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg-kg of bodyweight. The drug was highly effective against adult large strongylids (Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, S equins), adult small strongylids (especially species of the genera Cylicostephanus, Cylicocyclus, Cyaathostomum, and Triodontophorus), and adult and larval stages of the large pinworm, Oxyuris equi. There was no apparent dose-related differences in efficacy. Oxibendazole was less effective against fourth-stage small strongylid larvae than it was against adults. The drug was inactive against stomach bots (Gasterophilus spp), tapeworms (Anoplocephala magna and A perfoliata), lungworms (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi), abdominal worms )Setaria equina), and mature or immature nematodes in locations other than the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:1216435", "title": "Epiphysitis in beef cattle fattened on slatted floors.", "content": "A syndrome which causes severe lameness and affects the fetlock area of the hind limbs was recently encountered in beef cattle housed on slatted floors. This condition does not appear to have been reported to others. On radiological and pathological examination of the limb, a lesion of epiphysitis was found in the distal epiphysis of the metatarsus. The clinical, radiological and pathological features are reported and discussed.", "contents": "Epiphysitis in beef cattle fattened on slatted floors. A syndrome which causes severe lameness and affects the fetlock area of the hind limbs was recently encountered in beef cattle housed on slatted floors. This condition does not appear to have been reported to others. On radiological and pathological examination of the limb, a lesion of epiphysitis was found in the distal epiphysis of the metatarsus. The clinical, radiological and pathological features are reported and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216437", "title": "Epidural anaesthesia in donkeys.", "content": "Epidural anaesthesia was tested on 40 donkeys. The second intercoccygeal space was found suitable for satisfactory induction and a dose of 8 to 10 ml of 1 per cent procaine hydrochloride was recommended for inducing posterior epidural anaesthesia and 30 ml of 2 per cent for anterior epidural anaesthesia.", "contents": "Epidural anaesthesia in donkeys. Epidural anaesthesia was tested on 40 donkeys. The second intercoccygeal space was found suitable for satisfactory induction and a dose of 8 to 10 ml of 1 per cent procaine hydrochloride was recommended for inducing posterior epidural anaesthesia and 30 ml of 2 per cent for anterior epidural anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1216678", "title": "[Comparative studies of some methods of freezing bull sperm].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out with a total of 27 ejaculates obtained from 20 bulls to establish the alleged advantages of some of the tested technological methods for freezing the semen in the form of pellets, ampules, straws, and minitubes. All four methods showed comparable results. The morphologic changes in the thawed semen, resp., spermatozoa varied within close limits--from 41 up to 42.5 per cent of the cells had secondary defects. So far as the extent of contamination was concerned the investigations showed that the four methods should be improved in terms of the hygiene standard in the collection and handling of semen, especially in the granulation of semen and its storage in the form of pellets.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of some methods of freezing bull sperm]. Comparative studies were carried out with a total of 27 ejaculates obtained from 20 bulls to establish the alleged advantages of some of the tested technological methods for freezing the semen in the form of pellets, ampules, straws, and minitubes. All four methods showed comparable results. The morphologic changes in the thawed semen, resp., spermatozoa varied within close limits--from 41 up to 42.5 per cent of the cells had secondary defects. So far as the extent of contamination was concerned the investigations showed that the four methods should be improved in terms of the hygiene standard in the collection and handling of semen, especially in the granulation of semen and its storage in the form of pellets."}
{"id": "PMID:1216679", "title": "[Efficacy of aerosol disinfection with lactic acid and its effect on the body of poultry].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out to establish the efficacy of lactic acid as a disinfection means. The following pattern was observed in employing the agent: a 20 per cent conc. of the acid at the rate of 20 cu. cm per cubic meter is dispersed three times as an aerosol (at 8, 12, and 6 oclock) in the course of twenty minutes. It was found that the microbial contamination of the air drops three to four times. More pronounced is the bactericidal effect on the coliforms and moulds. The birds of the group treated with lactic acid gain 30 g more per day up to the end of the fattening period. Dependable is the higher serum level of protein as well as the higher protein content of the liver and heart musculature and of the essential amino acid tryptophane in the blood serum and liver of the test birds. Higher was also the glycogen content of the liver of the test group broilers.", "contents": "[Efficacy of aerosol disinfection with lactic acid and its effect on the body of poultry]. Comparative studies were carried out to establish the efficacy of lactic acid as a disinfection means. The following pattern was observed in employing the agent: a 20 per cent conc. of the acid at the rate of 20 cu. cm per cubic meter is dispersed three times as an aerosol (at 8, 12, and 6 oclock) in the course of twenty minutes. It was found that the microbial contamination of the air drops three to four times. More pronounced is the bactericidal effect on the coliforms and moulds. The birds of the group treated with lactic acid gain 30 g more per day up to the end of the fattening period. Dependable is the higher serum level of protein as well as the higher protein content of the liver and heart musculature and of the essential amino acid tryptophane in the blood serum and liver of the test birds. Higher was also the glycogen content of the liver of the test group broilers."}
{"id": "PMID:1216680", "title": "[Attempts at obtaining a pentavalent vaccine against leptospirosis].", "content": "Obtained was a five-valent vaccine (Leptospira pomona, L. canicola, L. grippotyphosa, L. mitis, and L. icterohaemorrhagiae). It was found that storage at 4degreesC does not impair the immunogenicity of the vaccine in the course of one year. Three groups of rabbits were used to test its immunogenicity--group I, injected once, subcutaneously, with 1 cu. cm of the vaccine; group II, injected subcutaneously, twice, at an interval of 7 days, with 1 cu. cm of the vaccine each time; and group III, injected once, muscularly, with 1 cu. cm. The animals were kept under observation for twelve months. It was established that in the case of intramuscular treatment there were highest antibody titers in the blood serum persisting up to the twelfth month.", "contents": "[Attempts at obtaining a pentavalent vaccine against leptospirosis]. Obtained was a five-valent vaccine (Leptospira pomona, L. canicola, L. grippotyphosa, L. mitis, and L. icterohaemorrhagiae). It was found that storage at 4degreesC does not impair the immunogenicity of the vaccine in the course of one year. Three groups of rabbits were used to test its immunogenicity--group I, injected once, subcutaneously, with 1 cu. cm of the vaccine; group II, injected subcutaneously, twice, at an interval of 7 days, with 1 cu. cm of the vaccine each time; and group III, injected once, muscularly, with 1 cu. cm. The animals were kept under observation for twelve months. It was established that in the case of intramuscular treatment there were highest antibody titers in the blood serum persisting up to the twelfth month."}
{"id": "PMID:1216681", "title": "[Study of methods for obtaining high-titer antispirochete sera].", "content": "A comparative serologic study was carried out on three methods for immunizing rabbits to obtain high titer antispirochete sera. It was found that the method making use of Freund's adjuvant produces the best immunization effect. Applying the spirochete substrate via the conjunctiva makes it possible to obtain a good immunization effect with the lowest amount of antigen. Using no unspecific stimulating agents it was possible to obtain high titer antispirochete sera combining the conjunctival application with the intravenous injection of the spirochete material.", "contents": "[Study of methods for obtaining high-titer antispirochete sera]. A comparative serologic study was carried out on three methods for immunizing rabbits to obtain high titer antispirochete sera. It was found that the method making use of Freund's adjuvant produces the best immunization effect. Applying the spirochete substrate via the conjunctiva makes it possible to obtain a good immunization effect with the lowest amount of antigen. Using no unspecific stimulating agents it was possible to obtain high titer antispirochete sera combining the conjunctival application with the intravenous injection of the spirochete material."}
{"id": "PMID:1216682", "title": "[Resorption, deposition and assimilation in rabbits and piglets of new Bulgarian iron-dextran complexes as compared to Myofer-100 and Ferroglukin-75].", "content": "Followed up was the resorption (in rabbits) and the deposition and utilization (in pigs) of two new Bulgarian ferrodextran complexes (A-100 and B-75) compared with Myofer-100 and Ferroglukin-75. According to their resorption as determined by the sideremia and the coloration of tissues at the side of injection, the ferrodextran preparations are divided into fast-resorbing and slow-resorbing. The preparations A-100 and Myofer-100 are resorbed 8--10 times faster than the preparations B-75 and feroglukin-75. Greatest portions of iron are distributed per gram of tissue in the regional lymph nodes, followed by the liver and spleen. Upon applying the preparations at sites of the hind part of the body the lymph nodes of the front part of the body assume more intensely the colour of the fastresorbing preparations. This may be used as a test indicating the character of resorption. No direct correlation was established between the rate of resorption and the stimulation of the growth in pigs. It has been found that the optimal dose of the preparations A-100 and Myofer-100 for pigs is 160 mg Fe3+, while of the preparations B-75 and Ferroglukin-75 it is higher. It was found that in terms of resorption, coloration of tissues, distribution in the organisms, and utilization per cent the preparation A-100 is more advantageous than B-75, is equal to Myofer-100, is resorbed better, and colours to a slighter extent the tissues than Ferroglukin-75.", "contents": "[Resorption, deposition and assimilation in rabbits and piglets of new Bulgarian iron-dextran complexes as compared to Myofer-100 and Ferroglukin-75]. Followed up was the resorption (in rabbits) and the deposition and utilization (in pigs) of two new Bulgarian ferrodextran complexes (A-100 and B-75) compared with Myofer-100 and Ferroglukin-75. According to their resorption as determined by the sideremia and the coloration of tissues at the side of injection, the ferrodextran preparations are divided into fast-resorbing and slow-resorbing. The preparations A-100 and Myofer-100 are resorbed 8--10 times faster than the preparations B-75 and feroglukin-75. Greatest portions of iron are distributed per gram of tissue in the regional lymph nodes, followed by the liver and spleen. Upon applying the preparations at sites of the hind part of the body the lymph nodes of the front part of the body assume more intensely the colour of the fastresorbing preparations. This may be used as a test indicating the character of resorption. No direct correlation was established between the rate of resorption and the stimulation of the growth in pigs. It has been found that the optimal dose of the preparations A-100 and Myofer-100 for pigs is 160 mg Fe3+, while of the preparations B-75 and Ferroglukin-75 it is higher. It was found that in terms of resorption, coloration of tissues, distribution in the organisms, and utilization per cent the preparation A-100 is more advantageous than B-75, is equal to Myofer-100, is resorbed better, and colours to a slighter extent the tissues than Ferroglukin-75."}
{"id": "PMID:1216683", "title": "[Test of the effectiveness of tylan on spirochetosis in chickens].", "content": "The water-soluble preparation Tylan in conc. 1:2000 in the drinking water for three consecutive days was used successfully against spirochetosis in birds both experimently and in the field practice, as a therapeutic and prophylactic means. 175 (92 per cent) out of 190 affected birds in a spontaneous breakout of spirochetosis recovered. It was found experimentally that Tylan does not interfere with immunogenesis. This made it possible for the authors to vaccinate 10,000 chickens from flocks with manifested spirochetosis along with giving Tylan as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent. Spirochetosis ceased and was no more observed up to the time of slaughter i. e., six months following vaccination. If there are no ticks on the spirochetosis-affected farms it is possible to bring to an end the disease through the therapeutic and prophylactic use of Tylan together with disinfection with 1 per cent sodium hydroxide, no vaccination being needed.", "contents": "[Test of the effectiveness of tylan on spirochetosis in chickens]. The water-soluble preparation Tylan in conc. 1:2000 in the drinking water for three consecutive days was used successfully against spirochetosis in birds both experimently and in the field practice, as a therapeutic and prophylactic means. 175 (92 per cent) out of 190 affected birds in a spontaneous breakout of spirochetosis recovered. It was found experimentally that Tylan does not interfere with immunogenesis. This made it possible for the authors to vaccinate 10,000 chickens from flocks with manifested spirochetosis along with giving Tylan as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent. Spirochetosis ceased and was no more observed up to the time of slaughter i. e., six months following vaccination. If there are no ticks on the spirochetosis-affected farms it is possible to bring to an end the disease through the therapeutic and prophylactic use of Tylan together with disinfection with 1 per cent sodium hydroxide, no vaccination being needed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216684", "title": "[Effect of IR rays on the titers and protein fractions of the blood serum in chicks vaccinated with La Sota vaccine].", "content": "Studied was the effect of infrared rays on the titers and the protein fractions of the blood serum in birds treated with the La Sota vaccine. Results showed that the gamma-globulin fraction and the titers rise as established through the hemagglutination-inhibiton reaction. This made it reasonable to believe that the reticuloendothelial system was favourably activated as regards the immunogenesis against the Newcastle Disease virus. The rise in the gamma-globulin level coincides in time with the highest titer as found by means of the agglutination-inhibition reaction, the titers in all experiments being higher in the sera of the irradiated birds and the variations on the 20th day being mathematically significant.", "contents": "[Effect of IR rays on the titers and protein fractions of the blood serum in chicks vaccinated with La Sota vaccine]. Studied was the effect of infrared rays on the titers and the protein fractions of the blood serum in birds treated with the La Sota vaccine. Results showed that the gamma-globulin fraction and the titers rise as established through the hemagglutination-inhibiton reaction. This made it reasonable to believe that the reticuloendothelial system was favourably activated as regards the immunogenesis against the Newcastle Disease virus. The rise in the gamma-globulin level coincides in time with the highest titer as found by means of the agglutination-inhibition reaction, the titers in all experiments being higher in the sera of the irradiated birds and the variations on the 20th day being mathematically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1216685", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative studies on hepatitis B antigen. Titer and subtypes in acute virual hepatitis patients and blood donors.", "content": "Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) titer and subtype were determined in blood samples obtained from 270 HB Ag-positive acute viral hepatitis (AVH) patients, as well as in 100 HB Ag-positive blood donors. The percentage distribution of the HB Ag titer shows a shift towards lower titers in the case of \"healthy carriers\". In both AVH patients and blood donors the \"ay\" antigenic subtype was found to be predominant.", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative studies on hepatitis B antigen. Titer and subtypes in acute virual hepatitis patients and blood donors. Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) titer and subtype were determined in blood samples obtained from 270 HB Ag-positive acute viral hepatitis (AVH) patients, as well as in 100 HB Ag-positive blood donors. The percentage distribution of the HB Ag titer shows a shift towards lower titers in the case of \"healthy carriers\". In both AVH patients and blood donors the \"ay\" antigenic subtype was found to be predominant."}
{"id": "PMID:1216686", "title": "A survey for Ilesha Bunyamwera group virus antibodies in sera from domestic animals and humans in three ecological zones of Nigeria.", "content": "343 persons, 58 children and 285 adults, from three ecological zones: rainforest, savannah, and plateau were tested for the presence of Ilesha virus N antibodies in their sera. Neutralization tests were conducted in suckling mice using the constant virus--constant serum technique. 155 subjects (45%) had Ilesha immunity: 22 children (38%) and 133 adults (44%). The highest percentage of positive sera was found in the savannah (54%), followed by the plateau and rainforest. A further analysis of the results shows that the virus is more active in rural communities than in urban centres. A total of 68 sera from domestic animals (cows, sheep, goats, and pigs) were tested. Antibodies were found only in cows and goats. The absence of antibodies in sheep and pigs may be due to the small number of sera tested.", "contents": "A survey for Ilesha Bunyamwera group virus antibodies in sera from domestic animals and humans in three ecological zones of Nigeria. 343 persons, 58 children and 285 adults, from three ecological zones: rainforest, savannah, and plateau were tested for the presence of Ilesha virus N antibodies in their sera. Neutralization tests were conducted in suckling mice using the constant virus--constant serum technique. 155 subjects (45%) had Ilesha immunity: 22 children (38%) and 133 adults (44%). The highest percentage of positive sera was found in the savannah (54%), followed by the plateau and rainforest. A further analysis of the results shows that the virus is more active in rural communities than in urban centres. A total of 68 sera from domestic animals (cows, sheep, goats, and pigs) were tested. Antibodies were found only in cows and goats. The absence of antibodies in sheep and pigs may be due to the small number of sera tested."}
{"id": "PMID:1216689", "title": "The effect of ATP on lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and influenza B virus multiplication.", "content": "The authors investigated the effect of ATP, an energy supplying substance, on the activity of LDH, an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway and on the multiplication of influenza virus strain B/Singapore in embryonate hen eggs. In the presence of ATP the increase in LDH activity could be detected from the first 1-3 hours and became obvious after 24 hours; likewise, virus multiplication was more intensive so that the hemagglutinating (HA) activity appeared 12 hours earlier than in controls and the increased HA values persisted for a longer time. The isoenzymatic pattern showed an intensification of LDH4 and LDH5 fractions in virus-inoculated eggs.", "contents": "The effect of ATP on lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and influenza B virus multiplication. The authors investigated the effect of ATP, an energy supplying substance, on the activity of LDH, an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway and on the multiplication of influenza virus strain B/Singapore in embryonate hen eggs. In the presence of ATP the increase in LDH activity could be detected from the first 1-3 hours and became obvious after 24 hours; likewise, virus multiplication was more intensive so that the hemagglutinating (HA) activity appeared 12 hours earlier than in controls and the increased HA values persisted for a longer time. The isoenzymatic pattern showed an intensification of LDH4 and LDH5 fractions in virus-inoculated eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:1216690", "title": "Effect of ceruloplasmin on AoPR8 influenza virus infection in embryonate eggs and mice.", "content": "Inoculation to embryonate hen eggs and mice of AoPR8 influenza virus pre-incubated with ceruloplasmin (10(-7)-10(-6) M) results in a statistically significant decrease in the hemagglutinating titer of the virus, without changes in infectivity. This effect is ascribed to formation of a virus-ceruloplasmin complex, which probably interferes with both virus penetration and release of newly formed virus from the cell.", "contents": "Effect of ceruloplasmin on AoPR8 influenza virus infection in embryonate eggs and mice. Inoculation to embryonate hen eggs and mice of AoPR8 influenza virus pre-incubated with ceruloplasmin (10(-7)-10(-6) M) results in a statistically significant decrease in the hemagglutinating titer of the virus, without changes in infectivity. This effect is ascribed to formation of a virus-ceruloplasmin complex, which probably interferes with both virus penetration and release of newly formed virus from the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:1216691", "title": "Sources of hepatitis B virus infection in hospital environment.", "content": "Investigations on the incidence of hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag)-carriers among 1466 patients of 11 various hospitals and departments showed that sources of hepatitis infection were more numerous in hospitals for children than in those for adults. The high-risk departments were those of dialysis (5 out of 12 patients), clinical medicine (6.6%), and obstetrics and gynecology, for adults, and those of neuropsychiatry (17.9%) and clinical medicine (11.2%)for children . The highest incidence of HB Ag-carriers among the medico-sanitary personnel of 5 hospitals (436 sera) was recorded in a hospital of obstetrics and gynecology.", "contents": "Sources of hepatitis B virus infection in hospital environment. Investigations on the incidence of hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag)-carriers among 1466 patients of 11 various hospitals and departments showed that sources of hepatitis infection were more numerous in hospitals for children than in those for adults. The high-risk departments were those of dialysis (5 out of 12 patients), clinical medicine (6.6%), and obstetrics and gynecology, for adults, and those of neuropsychiatry (17.9%) and clinical medicine (11.2%)for children . The highest incidence of HB Ag-carriers among the medico-sanitary personnel of 5 hospitals (436 sera) was recorded in a hospital of obstetrics and gynecology."}
{"id": "PMID:1216752", "title": "[Effect of experimental hypothyreosis on glycoprotein fractions and their carbohydrate-containing components in rat blood serum].", "content": "In blood serum of rats with experimental hypothyreosis content of albumins, alpha2- gamma-globulins and ceruloplasmin was decreased but content of alpha1-, beta-globulins, seromucoids, sialic acids, hexoses bound with proteins, hexoseamines, haptoglobulins, transferrins and fucose was increased. The most distinct alterations in metabolism of glycoproteins were observed in rats with hypothyreosis, caused by thyroidectomy or by administration of large doses of thyreostatics. A correlation was observed between the alteration in ratios of the protein fractions and content of different carbohydrate containing components of glycoproteins. In the animals examined normalization in content of different carbohydrate containing components of blood occurred with 24-36 days after termination of the thyreostatic administration. In rats with thyroidectomy the process was prolonged up to 2 months and more.", "contents": "[Effect of experimental hypothyreosis on glycoprotein fractions and their carbohydrate-containing components in rat blood serum]. In blood serum of rats with experimental hypothyreosis content of albumins, alpha2- gamma-globulins and ceruloplasmin was decreased but content of alpha1-, beta-globulins, seromucoids, sialic acids, hexoses bound with proteins, hexoseamines, haptoglobulins, transferrins and fucose was increased. The most distinct alterations in metabolism of glycoproteins were observed in rats with hypothyreosis, caused by thyroidectomy or by administration of large doses of thyreostatics. A correlation was observed between the alteration in ratios of the protein fractions and content of different carbohydrate containing components of glycoproteins. In the animals examined normalization in content of different carbohydrate containing components of blood occurred with 24-36 days after termination of the thyreostatic administration. In rats with thyroidectomy the process was prolonged up to 2 months and more."}
{"id": "PMID:1216753", "title": "[Effect of yeast mannan on the activity and kinetic patterns of alpha amylase from rat blood serum].", "content": "The mannan from Rhodotorula rubra activated alpha-amylase of blood serum in vivo. After intravenous administration of the polysaccharide into rats kinetic patterns of the enzyme were altered. The effect of mannan on various molecular forms of alpha-amylase was also studied.", "contents": "[Effect of yeast mannan on the activity and kinetic patterns of alpha amylase from rat blood serum]. The mannan from Rhodotorula rubra activated alpha-amylase of blood serum in vivo. After intravenous administration of the polysaccharide into rats kinetic patterns of the enzyme were altered. The effect of mannan on various molecular forms of alpha-amylase was also studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1216754", "title": "[Isoenzymes of esterase and alkaline phosphatase in blood serum and adipose tissue of rats after partial pancreatectomy].", "content": "A decrease in activities of isoenzymes of aryl-, carboxyl esterases and alkaline phosphatase was shown, by means of agar gel electrophoresis, in blood serum and in most the isoforms of perinephric adipose tissue of rats within 3 days after partial pancreatectomy. In subsequent periods (6, 11 and 14 days) a normalization in the enzymatic activity and an increase in content of blood serum cholinesterase activity occurred.", "contents": "[Isoenzymes of esterase and alkaline phosphatase in blood serum and adipose tissue of rats after partial pancreatectomy]. A decrease in activities of isoenzymes of aryl-, carboxyl esterases and alkaline phosphatase was shown, by means of agar gel electrophoresis, in blood serum and in most the isoforms of perinephric adipose tissue of rats within 3 days after partial pancreatectomy. In subsequent periods (6, 11 and 14 days) a normalization in the enzymatic activity and an increase in content of blood serum cholinesterase activity occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:1216751", "title": "[Activities of glucose-6-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase in myeloid and erythroid cells of rabbit bone marrow].", "content": "In cells of rabbit bone marrow, which were in conditions of erythroid hyperplasia and reduced erythropoiesis, activities of glucoso-6-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenases were studied. In the myeloid cells the enzymatic activities were found to be distinctly higher than in myelocaryocytes, mainly represented by erythroid cells.", "contents": "[Activities of glucose-6-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase in myeloid and erythroid cells of rabbit bone marrow]. In cells of rabbit bone marrow, which were in conditions of erythroid hyperplasia and reduced erythropoiesis, activities of glucoso-6-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenases were studied. In the myeloid cells the enzymatic activities were found to be distinctly higher than in myelocaryocytes, mainly represented by erythroid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1216755", "title": "[Transketolase activity in rabbit myocardium and erythrocytes in health and in allergic heart diseases].", "content": "Transketolase activity was determined in myocardium and erythrocytes of rabbits by following formation of D-sedoheptuloso-7-phosphate (S-7-P), when the convertion of the substance was blocked in a transaldolase reaction by addition of 3-phosphoglycerol aldehyde dehydrogenase. In the transaldolase reaction consumption of the S-7-P did not exceed 5% of the amount of this compound, produced in the transketolase reaction. In allergic impairment alterations in the transketolase activity occurred simultaneously with a change in the level of plastic metabolism in myocardium. The transketolase activity was decreased when destructive processes were stimulated. But the transketolase activity was distinctly increased under the conditions, characterized by activation of protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Transketolase activity in rabbit myocardium and erythrocytes in health and in allergic heart diseases]. Transketolase activity was determined in myocardium and erythrocytes of rabbits by following formation of D-sedoheptuloso-7-phosphate (S-7-P), when the convertion of the substance was blocked in a transaldolase reaction by addition of 3-phosphoglycerol aldehyde dehydrogenase. In the transaldolase reaction consumption of the S-7-P did not exceed 5% of the amount of this compound, produced in the transketolase reaction. In allergic impairment alterations in the transketolase activity occurred simultaneously with a change in the level of plastic metabolism in myocardium. The transketolase activity was decreased when destructive processes were stimulated. But the transketolase activity was distinctly increased under the conditions, characterized by activation of protein biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1216756", "title": "[Chemical composition of lipoid anticoagulant and mechanism of its action].", "content": "A lipid anticoagulant (ether extract of brain tissue) after repeated treatment with alcohol and acetone contained, mainly, ethanolamine phosphatides and sphingomyelin. The product inhibited the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin due to interaction of the lipid anticoagulant with the substrate (prothrombin). The anticoagulant inhibited also the reaction of thrombin with fibrinogen, producing a kind of \"coupling inhibition\" as shown by graphical analysis of the inhibition kinetics. A fraction of the anticoagulant, enriched in ethanolamine phosphatides and a fraction, enriched in sphingomyelin, possessed the both types of the activity. But the fraction enriched in the ethanolamine phosphatides inhibited more distinctly the reaction between thrombin and fibrinogen. Kinetics of inhibition of thrombinogenesis and thrombin -- fibrinogen reaction by both anticoagulant fractions and initial anticoagulant was similar.", "contents": "[Chemical composition of lipoid anticoagulant and mechanism of its action]. A lipid anticoagulant (ether extract of brain tissue) after repeated treatment with alcohol and acetone contained, mainly, ethanolamine phosphatides and sphingomyelin. The product inhibited the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin due to interaction of the lipid anticoagulant with the substrate (prothrombin). The anticoagulant inhibited also the reaction of thrombin with fibrinogen, producing a kind of \"coupling inhibition\" as shown by graphical analysis of the inhibition kinetics. A fraction of the anticoagulant, enriched in ethanolamine phosphatides and a fraction, enriched in sphingomyelin, possessed the both types of the activity. But the fraction enriched in the ethanolamine phosphatides inhibited more distinctly the reaction between thrombin and fibrinogen. Kinetics of inhibition of thrombinogenesis and thrombin -- fibrinogen reaction by both anticoagulant fractions and initial anticoagulant was similar."}
{"id": "PMID:1216757", "title": "[Isolation, purification and characterization of a protein causing experimental allergic polyneuritis in rabbits].", "content": "A basic low molecular protein, which caused development of experimental allergic polyneuritis in rabbits, was isolated from bovine sciatic nerves and purified by means of column chromatography.", "contents": "[Isolation, purification and characterization of a protein causing experimental allergic polyneuritis in rabbits]. A basic low molecular protein, which caused development of experimental allergic polyneuritis in rabbits, was isolated from bovine sciatic nerves and purified by means of column chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:1216759", "title": "[Glycolipids of rabbit spinal cord in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "Within the acute period of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, when the clinical picture was quite distinct, content of glycolipids was studied biochemically and histochemically in lumbar region of rabbit spinal cord. In this region the myelin degradation was the most distinct; content of glycolipids was decreased. Localization of the centers of decreased glycolipids content, determined histochemically, was similar to the localization of the zones of degraded myelin. The decrease in content of glycolipids was due to breakdown of cerebrosides but not sulphatides. Quantitative and qualitative composition of gangliosides was not altered in the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Glycolipids of rabbit spinal cord in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. Within the acute period of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, when the clinical picture was quite distinct, content of glycolipids was studied biochemically and histochemically in lumbar region of rabbit spinal cord. In this region the myelin degradation was the most distinct; content of glycolipids was decreased. Localization of the centers of decreased glycolipids content, determined histochemically, was similar to the localization of the zones of degraded myelin. The decrease in content of glycolipids was due to breakdown of cerebrosides but not sulphatides. Quantitative and qualitative composition of gangliosides was not altered in the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1216760", "title": "[The activity and isoenzyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase in tissues of rats of different ages].", "content": "Age alterations of the total activity and isoenzyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase were observed in rat skeletal muscles, liver and heart. In the aged animals the total activity of LDH was increased in skeletal and heart muscles. In the skeletal muscles and liver tissue of the aged rats content of M-subunits the LDH and the content of LDH-5 was increased. In the heart muscle content of H-subunits, LDH-1 and LDH-2 was increased as compared with adult and growing rats.", "contents": "[The activity and isoenzyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase in tissues of rats of different ages]. Age alterations of the total activity and isoenzyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase were observed in rat skeletal muscles, liver and heart. In the aged animals the total activity of LDH was increased in skeletal and heart muscles. In the skeletal muscles and liver tissue of the aged rats content of M-subunits the LDH and the content of LDH-5 was increased. In the heart muscle content of H-subunits, LDH-1 and LDH-2 was increased as compared with adult and growing rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1216758", "title": "[Effect of an inhibitor of a trypsin-like enzyme on the degradation of liver proteins under normal conditions and in thermic burns].", "content": "Degradation of proteins in liver tissue slices, estimated by liberation of 14C-glycine, was increased in the animals which were subjected to burns. The cathepsin D activity was found to be simultaneously increased in extracts of the liver tissue. In burnt rats, administered with an inhibitor of trypsin-like enzymes (contrical) during 8 days after the burning, the rates of protein degradation and the values of cathepsin D activity approached those characteristics for the normal animals. Addition of the inhibitor into incubation samples did not effect degradation of liver tissue proteins and the enzymatic activity.", "contents": "[Effect of an inhibitor of a trypsin-like enzyme on the degradation of liver proteins under normal conditions and in thermic burns]. Degradation of proteins in liver tissue slices, estimated by liberation of 14C-glycine, was increased in the animals which were subjected to burns. The cathepsin D activity was found to be simultaneously increased in extracts of the liver tissue. In burnt rats, administered with an inhibitor of trypsin-like enzymes (contrical) during 8 days after the burning, the rates of protein degradation and the values of cathepsin D activity approached those characteristics for the normal animals. Addition of the inhibitor into incubation samples did not effect degradation of liver tissue proteins and the enzymatic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1216761", "title": "[Isolation, purification and properties of a carboxypeptidase inhibitor from human blood serum].", "content": "Partially purified low molecular component, which inhibited the carboxypeptidase N activity in samples with hippuryl-L-lysine and bradikinine as substrates, was isolated from human blood serum by means of chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, ultrafiltration of the fractions obtained through Amicon membranes UM-10 or UM-2 and subsequent gel filtration through Sephadex G-10. The probable molecular weight of the inhibitor was 2000. The inhibitor was thermolabile; its inhibitory activity was decreased by 50% after 30 min boiling in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.8. Trypsin and chymotrypsin did not influence the inhibitory properties of the factor. Hydrolysis of the low molecular component in 6 N HCl at 110 degrees C within 18 hrs and subsequent studies of the amino acid composition showed a number of amino acids in the hydrolysate; the hydrolysate exhibited the inhibitor activity of the initial substance.", "contents": "[Isolation, purification and properties of a carboxypeptidase inhibitor from human blood serum]. Partially purified low molecular component, which inhibited the carboxypeptidase N activity in samples with hippuryl-L-lysine and bradikinine as substrates, was isolated from human blood serum by means of chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, ultrafiltration of the fractions obtained through Amicon membranes UM-10 or UM-2 and subsequent gel filtration through Sephadex G-10. The probable molecular weight of the inhibitor was 2000. The inhibitor was thermolabile; its inhibitory activity was decreased by 50% after 30 min boiling in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.8. Trypsin and chymotrypsin did not influence the inhibitory properties of the factor. Hydrolysis of the low molecular component in 6 N HCl at 110 degrees C within 18 hrs and subsequent studies of the amino acid composition showed a number of amino acids in the hydrolysate; the hydrolysate exhibited the inhibitor activity of the initial substance."}
{"id": "PMID:1216762", "title": "[Determination of choline, its esters and their mixtures by thin-layer chromatography].", "content": "Chromatography of standard aqueous solutions of choline, its esters and their mixtures was carried out in fixed thin layers of neutral aluminium hyroxide in two polycomponent acid systems of solvents. Optimal conditions for separation of the components are described.", "contents": "[Determination of choline, its esters and their mixtures by thin-layer chromatography]. Chromatography of standard aqueous solutions of choline, its esters and their mixtures was carried out in fixed thin layers of neutral aluminium hyroxide in two polycomponent acid systems of solvents. Optimal conditions for separation of the components are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1216763", "title": "[A rapid method for preparative separation of lipoproteins into main groups by density gradient ultracentrifugation].", "content": "A rapid method was developed for separation of lipoproteins by flotation in an ultracentrifuge using a four-step density gradient 1.006, 1.063, 1.250 and 1.300 g/ml. A satisfactory fractionation of serum lipoproteins was carried out by single ultracentrifugation within 4-5 hrs at 216,000 g.", "contents": "[A rapid method for preparative separation of lipoproteins into main groups by density gradient ultracentrifugation]. A rapid method was developed for separation of lipoproteins by flotation in an ultracentrifuge using a four-step density gradient 1.006, 1.063, 1.250 and 1.300 g/ml. A satisfactory fractionation of serum lipoproteins was carried out by single ultracentrifugation within 4-5 hrs at 216,000 g."}
{"id": "PMID:1216765", "title": "[Effect of tuberculosis infection and antibacterial preparations on thiamine metabolism].", "content": "Effects of tuberculous infection and monotherapy during three months with ethyone amide, etoxide and canamycin on thiamin metabolism were studied. The state of the metabolism was estimated by monitoring the content of radioactive thiamin in tissues and blood and by following its excretion. In guinea pigs generalized tuberculosis caused impairments in utilization of the administered thiamin. Content of the vitamin was decreased 3.5-4 fold in tissues, especially, in kidney and liver tissue but its excretion from the organism was increased almost three-fold as compared with healthy animals. Treatment of animals with ethyone amide, etoxide and canamycin within three months did not restore the impaired thiamin metabolism. In the animals the assimilation of the administered thiamin constituted 17,5-20% as compared with healthy animals; this phenomenon was accompanied by an increased urinary excretion of the vitamin.", "contents": "[Effect of tuberculosis infection and antibacterial preparations on thiamine metabolism]. Effects of tuberculous infection and monotherapy during three months with ethyone amide, etoxide and canamycin on thiamin metabolism were studied. The state of the metabolism was estimated by monitoring the content of radioactive thiamin in tissues and blood and by following its excretion. In guinea pigs generalized tuberculosis caused impairments in utilization of the administered thiamin. Content of the vitamin was decreased 3.5-4 fold in tissues, especially, in kidney and liver tissue but its excretion from the organism was increased almost three-fold as compared with healthy animals. Treatment of animals with ethyone amide, etoxide and canamycin within three months did not restore the impaired thiamin metabolism. In the animals the assimilation of the administered thiamin constituted 17,5-20% as compared with healthy animals; this phenomenon was accompanied by an increased urinary excretion of the vitamin."}
{"id": "PMID:1216766", "title": "[The activity and isoenzyme spectrum of esterases in erythroid and myeloid cells of rabbit bone marrow].", "content": "In erythroid and myeloid cells of rabbit bone marrow the total activity of esterases and their isozyme spectrum in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis were studied. Higher esterase activity was observed in the myeloid cells as compared with erythroid ones. In the isozyme spectrum of esterases from the myeloid cells an additional cathode fraction was observed, which was not found in extracts of erythroid cells. Experiments with inhibitors showed that the enzymes studied were carboxyl- and acetylesterases.", "contents": "[The activity and isoenzyme spectrum of esterases in erythroid and myeloid cells of rabbit bone marrow]. In erythroid and myeloid cells of rabbit bone marrow the total activity of esterases and their isozyme spectrum in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis were studied. Higher esterase activity was observed in the myeloid cells as compared with erythroid ones. In the isozyme spectrum of esterases from the myeloid cells an additional cathode fraction was observed, which was not found in extracts of erythroid cells. Experiments with inhibitors showed that the enzymes studied were carboxyl- and acetylesterases."}
{"id": "PMID:1216764", "title": "[The effect of thyroid hormones on the content of glycoprotein fractions and their carbohydrate-containing components in rat blood serum].", "content": "In blood serum of 195 male rats an effect of different thyroid hormones on alterations in content of glycoprotein fractions and their separate carbohydrate containing components was simultaneously studied. A correlation was established between alterations in the glycoprotein fractions and content of seromucoids, sialic acids, hexoses associated with proteins, hexosamine, haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin and fucose in blood serum. Dynamics of alterations of these values was studied. The normalization of the tests studied was correlated with the type of hormone used, its dose, duration of the hormone administration and the emotional state of the animals. The mechanisms of alterations in content of the blood glycoproteins, their interrelationship and biosynthesis are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of thyroid hormones on the content of glycoprotein fractions and their carbohydrate-containing components in rat blood serum]. In blood serum of 195 male rats an effect of different thyroid hormones on alterations in content of glycoprotein fractions and their separate carbohydrate containing components was simultaneously studied. A correlation was established between alterations in the glycoprotein fractions and content of seromucoids, sialic acids, hexoses associated with proteins, hexosamine, haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin and fucose in blood serum. Dynamics of alterations of these values was studied. The normalization of the tests studied was correlated with the type of hormone used, its dose, duration of the hormone administration and the emotional state of the animals. The mechanisms of alterations in content of the blood glycoproteins, their interrelationship and biosynthesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216768", "title": "[Deamination of nitrogenous compounds in mitochondrial membranes under stimulation of lipid peroxidation].", "content": "Fragments of mitochondrial membranes, obtained by freezing-thawing of mitochondrial fraction from rat liver homogenate, were treated with Fe2+ ions under conditions, which were optimal for accumulation of a product of lipid peroxidation--malondialdehyde (MDA). The accumulation of MDA in the mitochondrial membranes was accompanied by a decrease in deamination of monoamines (tyramine or, especially, tryptamine) and by appearance of qualitatively new properties to deaminate histamine or cadaverine as well as adenylic acid. Appearance of these properties was prevented by blocking with trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine or N-methyl-N-benzylpropynylamine of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity. Inhibitors of initiated by free radicals lipid peroxidation (propylgallate, butyl hydroxytoluene) did not bind Fe2+ ions but prevented the alterations in deamination of nitrogenous compounds induced by the treatment of the fragments of mitochondrial membranes with Fe2+ ions. Stimulation of lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial membranes was, thus, accompanied not only by partial inactivation of the structure-bound monoamine oxidase but also by apparent qualitative alteration (transformation) in its catalytic properties.", "contents": "[Deamination of nitrogenous compounds in mitochondrial membranes under stimulation of lipid peroxidation]. Fragments of mitochondrial membranes, obtained by freezing-thawing of mitochondrial fraction from rat liver homogenate, were treated with Fe2+ ions under conditions, which were optimal for accumulation of a product of lipid peroxidation--malondialdehyde (MDA). The accumulation of MDA in the mitochondrial membranes was accompanied by a decrease in deamination of monoamines (tyramine or, especially, tryptamine) and by appearance of qualitatively new properties to deaminate histamine or cadaverine as well as adenylic acid. Appearance of these properties was prevented by blocking with trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine or N-methyl-N-benzylpropynylamine of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity. Inhibitors of initiated by free radicals lipid peroxidation (propylgallate, butyl hydroxytoluene) did not bind Fe2+ ions but prevented the alterations in deamination of nitrogenous compounds induced by the treatment of the fragments of mitochondrial membranes with Fe2+ ions. Stimulation of lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial membranes was, thus, accompanied not only by partial inactivation of the structure-bound monoamine oxidase but also by apparent qualitative alteration (transformation) in its catalytic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:1216770", "title": "[Activity of proteolytic enzymes and trypsin inhibitor in blood serum and kidney in pyelonephritis].", "content": "In 116 patients with acute and chronic pyelonephritis and in 66 healthy persons the total proteolytic, trypsin-like, catheptic, BAEE-esterase activities and the content of trypsin inhibitor were determined in blood serum and kidney tissue. The total proteolytic and catheptic activities were distinctly increased in blood serum and, especially, in kidney tissue under acute pyelonephritis. In chronic pyelonephritis the activity of cathepsins was decreased in blood serum. The trypsin-like activity tended to decrease both in blood serum and kidney. The BAEE-esterase activity was increased in kidney, particularly in acute pyelonephritis, but in blood serum it was decreased. The inhibitor of trypsin was not found in kidney; in blood serum its content was slightly increased in acute pyelonephritis but there were only slight alterations in the chronic disease.", "contents": "[Activity of proteolytic enzymes and trypsin inhibitor in blood serum and kidney in pyelonephritis]. In 116 patients with acute and chronic pyelonephritis and in 66 healthy persons the total proteolytic, trypsin-like, catheptic, BAEE-esterase activities and the content of trypsin inhibitor were determined in blood serum and kidney tissue. The total proteolytic and catheptic activities were distinctly increased in blood serum and, especially, in kidney tissue under acute pyelonephritis. In chronic pyelonephritis the activity of cathepsins was decreased in blood serum. The trypsin-like activity tended to decrease both in blood serum and kidney. The BAEE-esterase activity was increased in kidney, particularly in acute pyelonephritis, but in blood serum it was decreased. The inhibitor of trypsin was not found in kidney; in blood serum its content was slightly increased in acute pyelonephritis but there were only slight alterations in the chronic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1216767", "title": "[The study of isoenzymes of esterase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase from blood serum in lymphogranulomatous process of liver tissue].", "content": "In blood serum of patients with lymphogranulomatose, as compared with healthy persons, a decrease in activity of one of the arylesterase fractions was observed. In lymphogranulomatous process content of this fraction and content of cholinesterase were decreased in liver tissue more distinctly than in the blood. At the same time the arylesterase activity was increased; the enzyme was found only in trace amount in normal liver tissue. The impairments in content of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes were less distinct. In lymphogranulomatose the activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased, especially in cases accompanied by impairment of liver tissue.", "contents": "[The study of isoenzymes of esterase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase from blood serum in lymphogranulomatous process of liver tissue]. In blood serum of patients with lymphogranulomatose, as compared with healthy persons, a decrease in activity of one of the arylesterase fractions was observed. In lymphogranulomatous process content of this fraction and content of cholinesterase were decreased in liver tissue more distinctly than in the blood. At the same time the arylesterase activity was increased; the enzyme was found only in trace amount in normal liver tissue. The impairments in content of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes were less distinct. In lymphogranulomatose the activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased, especially in cases accompanied by impairment of liver tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1216769", "title": "[The role of insulin in the normalization of impairments caused by hydrocortisone in energy metabolism of liver and spleen mitochondria].", "content": "Effect of insulin on the oxidative phosphorylation, inhibited by hydrocortisone in mitochondria of liver and spleen tissues, was studied. Administration of insulin simultaneously with corticosteroid was shown to decrease the inhibitory effect of the latter. In mitochondria of liver tissue the increase of inorganic phosphate esterification and the increase in P/O ratio were observed. In the organelles of spleen the increase in oxygen utilization, the activation of phosphorylation reactions, the increase in P/O ratio and in content of sulfhydryl groups occurred. Experimental data are also presented on the energy metabolism in mitochondria of liver tissue and spleen of adrenalectomized rats. The data obtained were similar to that in animals with hypercorticism. Possible mechanisms are discussed of the restoration by insulin of the energy production in mitochondria of the tissues studied.", "contents": "[The role of insulin in the normalization of impairments caused by hydrocortisone in energy metabolism of liver and spleen mitochondria]. Effect of insulin on the oxidative phosphorylation, inhibited by hydrocortisone in mitochondria of liver and spleen tissues, was studied. Administration of insulin simultaneously with corticosteroid was shown to decrease the inhibitory effect of the latter. In mitochondria of liver tissue the increase of inorganic phosphate esterification and the increase in P/O ratio were observed. In the organelles of spleen the increase in oxygen utilization, the activation of phosphorylation reactions, the increase in P/O ratio and in content of sulfhydryl groups occurred. Experimental data are also presented on the energy metabolism in mitochondria of liver tissue and spleen of adrenalectomized rats. The data obtained were similar to that in animals with hypercorticism. Possible mechanisms are discussed of the restoration by insulin of the energy production in mitochondria of the tissues studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1216774", "title": "[Dehydrogenases of the pentose-phosphate pathway of the kidney cortex and medulla in normal and alloxan diabetic rats].", "content": "In a supernatant of rat kidney cortex homogenate activities of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were shown to be approximately equal. These enzymes were found in kidney medulla; their activities, similar to those glycolytic enzymes, were higher in kidney medulla than in cortex. In diabetes the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from kidney cortex was increased.", "contents": "[Dehydrogenases of the pentose-phosphate pathway of the kidney cortex and medulla in normal and alloxan diabetic rats]. In a supernatant of rat kidney cortex homogenate activities of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were shown to be approximately equal. These enzymes were found in kidney medulla; their activities, similar to those glycolytic enzymes, were higher in kidney medulla than in cortex. In diabetes the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from kidney cortex was increased."}
{"id": "PMID:1216771", "title": "[Preparation of labelled DNA from animal tissues].", "content": "Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into cells of bone marrow, spleen and intestinal mucosa was studied in rats with anemia, caused by administration of phenyl hydrazine-HCl. Optimal duration for administration of the labelled precursor was determined and the doses of 3H-thymidine required to produce 3H-DNA with the definite specific radioactivity were established. The isolation of the labelled preparations of DNA from rat spleen after incorporation of 2-2.5 muCi of 3H-thymidine is described; their physico-chemical properties were studied. The specific radioactivity of 3H-DNA was equal to 5-10(6)--10-10(6) disintegrations per 1 min per 1 mg.", "contents": "[Preparation of labelled DNA from animal tissues]. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into cells of bone marrow, spleen and intestinal mucosa was studied in rats with anemia, caused by administration of phenyl hydrazine-HCl. Optimal duration for administration of the labelled precursor was determined and the doses of 3H-thymidine required to produce 3H-DNA with the definite specific radioactivity were established. The isolation of the labelled preparations of DNA from rat spleen after incorporation of 2-2.5 muCi of 3H-thymidine is described; their physico-chemical properties were studied. The specific radioactivity of 3H-DNA was equal to 5-10(6)--10-10(6) disintegrations per 1 min per 1 mg."}
{"id": "PMID:1216775", "title": "[Subcellular localization, isoenzyme spectrum and properties of hexokinase from sarcoma M-1].", "content": "In sarcoma M-I the hexokinase activity was found to exceed three-fold the enzyme activity in muscular tissue. In the muscles and tumor intracellular distribution of hexokinase was essentially the same; the main part of the enzyme was localized in hyaloplasma. The mitochondrial hexokinase from sarcoma M-I was solubilized by considerably higher concentrations of KC1 (0.5 M), as compared with those required for the solubilization of the enzyme from muscular tissue (0.05 M). Studies of electrophoretic, kinetic properties and thermolability of the tumor enzyme demonstrated that only two hexokinase isoenzymes were found in sarcoma M-I hyaloplasm as compared with muscular tissue where isoenzymes I, II and IV were observed.", "contents": "[Subcellular localization, isoenzyme spectrum and properties of hexokinase from sarcoma M-1]. In sarcoma M-I the hexokinase activity was found to exceed three-fold the enzyme activity in muscular tissue. In the muscles and tumor intracellular distribution of hexokinase was essentially the same; the main part of the enzyme was localized in hyaloplasma. The mitochondrial hexokinase from sarcoma M-I was solubilized by considerably higher concentrations of KC1 (0.5 M), as compared with those required for the solubilization of the enzyme from muscular tissue (0.05 M). Studies of electrophoretic, kinetic properties and thermolability of the tumor enzyme demonstrated that only two hexokinase isoenzymes were found in sarcoma M-I hyaloplasm as compared with muscular tissue where isoenzymes I, II and IV were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216772", "title": "[Changes in binding of corticosteroids by transcortin in blood and in oxidative processes in rabbit liver mitochondria under the effect of decimeter waves].", "content": "Irradiation of rabbits with decimetre waves (regions of adrenal glands, liver and lower part of thigh) was accompanied by an increased content of free, biologically active corticosteroids in blood plasma due to liberation of the substances from a complex with transcortine. This phenomenon correlated with activation of the electron transport in respiratory chain of liver tissue mitochondria. The irradiation of the liver region caused distinct alteration in mitochondrial functions apparently due to intensified effect of the decimetre waves directly on the liver tissue.", "contents": "[Changes in binding of corticosteroids by transcortin in blood and in oxidative processes in rabbit liver mitochondria under the effect of decimeter waves]. Irradiation of rabbits with decimetre waves (regions of adrenal glands, liver and lower part of thigh) was accompanied by an increased content of free, biologically active corticosteroids in blood plasma due to liberation of the substances from a complex with transcortine. This phenomenon correlated with activation of the electron transport in respiratory chain of liver tissue mitochondria. The irradiation of the liver region caused distinct alteration in mitochondrial functions apparently due to intensified effect of the decimetre waves directly on the liver tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1216776", "title": "[Kinetics of human haemoglobin oxidation in normal and pathological states].", "content": "Kinetics of human haemoglobin oxidation by ferricyanide was studied in the process of development and in hematological diseases. The rate of haemoglobin oxidation was found to be altered in different ages and pathological states. Possible correlation between a peculiarity of oxidation reaction and haemoglobin composition is discussed.", "contents": "[Kinetics of human haemoglobin oxidation in normal and pathological states]. Kinetics of human haemoglobin oxidation by ferricyanide was studied in the process of development and in hematological diseases. The rate of haemoglobin oxidation was found to be altered in different ages and pathological states. Possible correlation between a peculiarity of oxidation reaction and haemoglobin composition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216777", "title": "[Study of toxin from burned skin].", "content": "By means of gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis the toxin from burned rat skin was characterized as a protein with molecular weight 300,000 containing 3-5 subunits. Dissociation of the initial complex was caused by ion exchange chromatography, electrophoresis in fine pore gels and under storage. The dissociation was shown to become irreversible in presence of detergents.", "contents": "[Study of toxin from burned skin]. By means of gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis the toxin from burned rat skin was characterized as a protein with molecular weight 300,000 containing 3-5 subunits. Dissociation of the initial complex was caused by ion exchange chromatography, electrophoresis in fine pore gels and under storage. The dissociation was shown to become irreversible in presence of detergents."}
{"id": "PMID:1216773", "title": "[The role of the nervous system in the mechanism of breakdown of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in muscle tissue under experimental botulism].", "content": "In skeletal muscle under a local botulinic intoxication and denervation the alterations in metabolism of glycogen, phosphocreatine, lactic and pyruvic acids were studied. The data obtained suggest that the dissimilarity in impairments of carbohydrate-energy metabolism in botulism and denervation was due to existence of variable types of impairments in the nerves.", "contents": "[The role of the nervous system in the mechanism of breakdown of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in muscle tissue under experimental botulism]. In skeletal muscle under a local botulinic intoxication and denervation the alterations in metabolism of glycogen, phosphocreatine, lactic and pyruvic acids were studied. The data obtained suggest that the dissimilarity in impairments of carbohydrate-energy metabolism in botulism and denervation was due to existence of variable types of impairments in the nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:1216778", "title": "[Alpha-L-fucosidase activity in human blood].", "content": "The alpha-L-fucosidase activity was studied in blood plasma and cells. In leucocytes and blood plasma of healthy persons the fucosidase activity varied considerably. The fucosidase activity in blood was not altered under pathological conditions other than fucosidosis. The fucosidase activity did not depend on sex and age of the persons studied. No correlation was observed between the values of the fucosidase activity. Two forms of fucosidase (alpha-L-fucosidase I and alpha-L-fucosidase II) were found in human leucocytes and blood plasma. Isoelectric focusing experiments indicates multiple forms alpha-L-fucosidase from human serum. The possibility is discussed of the use of human blood plasma and cells not only for estimation of the total fucosidase activity but also for studies of different forms of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Alpha-L-fucosidase activity in human blood]. The alpha-L-fucosidase activity was studied in blood plasma and cells. In leucocytes and blood plasma of healthy persons the fucosidase activity varied considerably. The fucosidase activity in blood was not altered under pathological conditions other than fucosidosis. The fucosidase activity did not depend on sex and age of the persons studied. No correlation was observed between the values of the fucosidase activity. Two forms of fucosidase (alpha-L-fucosidase I and alpha-L-fucosidase II) were found in human leucocytes and blood plasma. Isoelectric focusing experiments indicates multiple forms alpha-L-fucosidase from human serum. The possibility is discussed of the use of human blood plasma and cells not only for estimation of the total fucosidase activity but also for studies of different forms of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1216779", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine and hydrocortisone on the content of retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver tissue, kidney and blood of rats, loaded with high doses of retinyl acetate].", "content": "Administration of hight doses of retinyl acetate into rats caused an increase in content of retinol in liver tissue and kidney and retinyl palmitate in liver tissue, kidney and blood. The simultaneous administration of thyroxine decreased the accumulation of retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver tissue. At the same time, in kidney content of retinol was increased but content of retinol and retinyl palmitate in blood and retinyl palmitate in kidney did not differ from the values estimated in the control group. The simultaneous administration of retinyl acetate and hydrocortisone decreased the accumulation of retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver tissue, increased the content of vitamin A in blood and did not influence its content in kidney.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine and hydrocortisone on the content of retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver tissue, kidney and blood of rats, loaded with high doses of retinyl acetate]. Administration of hight doses of retinyl acetate into rats caused an increase in content of retinol in liver tissue and kidney and retinyl palmitate in liver tissue, kidney and blood. The simultaneous administration of thyroxine decreased the accumulation of retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver tissue. At the same time, in kidney content of retinol was increased but content of retinol and retinyl palmitate in blood and retinyl palmitate in kidney did not differ from the values estimated in the control group. The simultaneous administration of retinyl acetate and hydrocortisone decreased the accumulation of retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver tissue, increased the content of vitamin A in blood and did not influence its content in kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:1216780", "title": "[Effect of prolonged administration of thyrocalcitonine on mineralization of regenerating bone after fracture].", "content": "A distinct effect on all the stages of regenerating bone mineralisation was observed after daily (within the experimental period) intramuscular administration of thyrocalcitonine with prolonged action (a complex with polyvinyl pyrrolidone) into male rat at a dose 2.5 un/kg of body weight. The drug caused an inhibitory effect on metabolism within the first 10 days of the experiment. Within 2-3 weeks after the fracture the intensity of metabolic processes was increased. Contents of calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium were markedly increased in liquid phase of the bone rissue. The synthesis of phosphoproteins, organic non-protein phosphates and the inorganic phosphate was also increased. The data obtained suggest that thyrocalcitonine caused a stimulating effect on aerobic resynthesis of macroergic phosphate containing substances and the increase in the functional activity of osteogenic cells.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged administration of thyrocalcitonine on mineralization of regenerating bone after fracture]. A distinct effect on all the stages of regenerating bone mineralisation was observed after daily (within the experimental period) intramuscular administration of thyrocalcitonine with prolonged action (a complex with polyvinyl pyrrolidone) into male rat at a dose 2.5 un/kg of body weight. The drug caused an inhibitory effect on metabolism within the first 10 days of the experiment. Within 2-3 weeks after the fracture the intensity of metabolic processes was increased. Contents of calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium were markedly increased in liquid phase of the bone rissue. The synthesis of phosphoproteins, organic non-protein phosphates and the inorganic phosphate was also increased. The data obtained suggest that thyrocalcitonine caused a stimulating effect on aerobic resynthesis of macroergic phosphate containing substances and the increase in the functional activity of osteogenic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1216785", "title": "[Diagnosis of cancer of a peripheral bronchus].", "content": "Among 308 patients with peripheral cancer of the lung in 132 patients (42.9%) tumor was found during fluorographic examination. The operability in these patients was higher, the size of the tumor was somewhat less, metastases in intrathoracic lymph nodes in radical surgery occurred more rarely. However, these differences were not significant enough to regard patients with asymptomatic peripheral cancer as being in a better condition, compared with those having a symptomatic disease. It is concluded that a fluorographic survey, as it is at present time, fails to reveal early form of peripheral lung carcinoma.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of cancer of a peripheral bronchus]. Among 308 patients with peripheral cancer of the lung in 132 patients (42.9%) tumor was found during fluorographic examination. The operability in these patients was higher, the size of the tumor was somewhat less, metastases in intrathoracic lymph nodes in radical surgery occurred more rarely. However, these differences were not significant enough to regard patients with asymptomatic peripheral cancer as being in a better condition, compared with those having a symptomatic disease. It is concluded that a fluorographic survey, as it is at present time, fails to reveal early form of peripheral lung carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1216781", "title": "[Express microanalysis of total lipids and their fractions in blood serum by micro-thin layer chromatography].", "content": "A rapid and sensitive microanalysis in blood serum of total lipids and their main fractions (phospholipids, free cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerids, esters of cholesterol) by means of micro-thin layer chromatography is described. The quantitative determination of total lipids and their fractions, after elution from the chromatogramms, was carried out by means of degradation with concentrated sulphuric acid and subsequent photometric estimation at 400 nm. The method enabled to determine from 15-20 mcg to 180-200 mcg of total lipids and their fractions. The error of the method did not exceed +/-8.5% for total lipids.", "contents": "[Express microanalysis of total lipids and their fractions in blood serum by micro-thin layer chromatography]. A rapid and sensitive microanalysis in blood serum of total lipids and their main fractions (phospholipids, free cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerids, esters of cholesterol) by means of micro-thin layer chromatography is described. The quantitative determination of total lipids and their fractions, after elution from the chromatogramms, was carried out by means of degradation with concentrated sulphuric acid and subsequent photometric estimation at 400 nm. The method enabled to determine from 15-20 mcg to 180-200 mcg of total lipids and their fractions. The error of the method did not exceed +/-8.5% for total lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1216786", "title": "[A change in the concentration of DNA during radiation therapy of cancer of the larynx].", "content": "The author has studied microspectrophotometrically the DNA content in cell nuclei of 30 nonirradiated and 30 irradiated with different doses squamous-cell laryngeal cancers and their regional metastases in the growth zone of histological sections and in cytological specimens (impressions). The DNA \"accumulation index\" and polyploidization phenomenon were found to be considerably decreased depending on radiation dosage in the group of observations with a good clinical effect. In cytological preparations (impressions) these indices were lower, that seems to be related with the fact that cells of central tumor portions would get into the impression-preparation. Kinetic changes in the DNA content and a histographic type can characterize the tissue radiosensitivity, thus allowing an objective morphological control over radiation therapy.", "contents": "[A change in the concentration of DNA during radiation therapy of cancer of the larynx]. The author has studied microspectrophotometrically the DNA content in cell nuclei of 30 nonirradiated and 30 irradiated with different doses squamous-cell laryngeal cancers and their regional metastases in the growth zone of histological sections and in cytological specimens (impressions). The DNA \"accumulation index\" and polyploidization phenomenon were found to be considerably decreased depending on radiation dosage in the group of observations with a good clinical effect. In cytological preparations (impressions) these indices were lower, that seems to be related with the fact that cells of central tumor portions would get into the impression-preparation. Kinetic changes in the DNA content and a histographic type can characterize the tissue radiosensitivity, thus allowing an objective morphological control over radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1216783", "title": "[Determination of the size of protein molecules by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].", "content": "A correlation between the relative electrophoretic mobility of 15 proteins and the concentration of polyacrylamide gel was considered. The extrapolation of straight lines to the zero mobility enabled to determine the effective radius of protein molecules and the extrapolation to the zero concentration of the gel was used to estimate the free electrophoretic mobility. Use of the method for study of protein molecules is discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of the size of protein molecules by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]. A correlation between the relative electrophoretic mobility of 15 proteins and the concentration of polyacrylamide gel was considered. The extrapolation of straight lines to the zero mobility enabled to determine the effective radius of protein molecules and the extrapolation to the zero concentration of the gel was used to estimate the free electrophoretic mobility. Use of the method for study of protein molecules is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216782", "title": "[A method for quantitative isolation of lipoproteins from blood vessel walls in an electric field].", "content": "A method was developed for complete liberation of lipoproteins from human and rabbit blood vessel walls. The liberation of lipoproteins was performed in specially constructed cell at 290 volts, 10 mA and 4 degrees C within 3 hrs. During this process the lipoproteins maintained their native state.", "contents": "[A method for quantitative isolation of lipoproteins from blood vessel walls in an electric field]. A method was developed for complete liberation of lipoproteins from human and rabbit blood vessel walls. The liberation of lipoproteins was performed in specially constructed cell at 290 volts, 10 mA and 4 degrees C within 3 hrs. During this process the lipoproteins maintained their native state."}
{"id": "PMID:1216787", "title": "[Mesotheliomas of the pleura].", "content": "The materials concerning 19 patients with pleural mesotheliomas are analysed. The patients were subdivided into three groups according to the clinico-roentgenological picture and course of the affection: 1) four patients in whom pleural mesothelioma proceeded without exudate accumulation; 2) seven patients in whom exudate accumulation in the pleural cavity was the main sign of the tumor; 3) 8 subjects in whom the tumor developed on the side of an artificial pneumothorax many years following its cessation. Among 19 patients only in 5 cases the tumor was suspected soon after their admission to the hospital. A needle biopsy of the pleura is felt to be the most effective method of diagnosis of pleural mesotheliomas, whereas in failure of the former -- pleuroscopy.", "contents": "[Mesotheliomas of the pleura]. The materials concerning 19 patients with pleural mesotheliomas are analysed. The patients were subdivided into three groups according to the clinico-roentgenological picture and course of the affection: 1) four patients in whom pleural mesothelioma proceeded without exudate accumulation; 2) seven patients in whom exudate accumulation in the pleural cavity was the main sign of the tumor; 3) 8 subjects in whom the tumor developed on the side of an artificial pneumothorax many years following its cessation. Among 19 patients only in 5 cases the tumor was suspected soon after their admission to the hospital. A needle biopsy of the pleura is felt to be the most effective method of diagnosis of pleural mesotheliomas, whereas in failure of the former -- pleuroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:1216789", "title": "[Chemotherapy of generalized forms of lymphogranulomatosis with vinblastine and vincristine].", "content": "An experience with vinblastine and vincristine, used separately and together for treatment of 69 patients with lymphogranulomatosis, stage III and IV, enabled the author to draw the conclusion as to the rationality of the combination therapy with these cytostatics of nearly similar chemical structure and actively influencing the lymphogranulomatous tissue. Of special interest is the efficacy of using vinblastine in combination with vincristine in patients showing lymphogranulomatous lesions of the lung, especially in case of destructive changes, in comparatively low toxic affects of a combination of these substances.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of generalized forms of lymphogranulomatosis with vinblastine and vincristine]. An experience with vinblastine and vincristine, used separately and together for treatment of 69 patients with lymphogranulomatosis, stage III and IV, enabled the author to draw the conclusion as to the rationality of the combination therapy with these cytostatics of nearly similar chemical structure and actively influencing the lymphogranulomatous tissue. Of special interest is the efficacy of using vinblastine in combination with vincristine in patients showing lymphogranulomatous lesions of the lung, especially in case of destructive changes, in comparatively low toxic affects of a combination of these substances."}
{"id": "PMID:1216790", "title": "[The origin of Barr-positive and Barr-negative dyshormonal tumors].", "content": "It has been found that females with dyshormonal tumors can be divided into two groups as to the incidence of sex chromatin in buccal mucosa. An existance of two groups differentiated by the sex chromatin incidence was also supported by the data obtained during examination of apparently healthy females of child-bearing age. The relationship has been established between the incidence of sex chromatin and certain features of the reproductive function. It may be assumed that the female population consists of two subgroups differentiated by a constitutional type of hormonal balance. Some evidences on population heterogeneity as concerns the factors determining the incidence of sex chromatin were obtained in studies of the latter conducted in males. We may suggest, therefore, the relationship between the two variants of dyshormonal tumors and two constitutional types of ageing.", "contents": "[The origin of Barr-positive and Barr-negative dyshormonal tumors]. It has been found that females with dyshormonal tumors can be divided into two groups as to the incidence of sex chromatin in buccal mucosa. An existance of two groups differentiated by the sex chromatin incidence was also supported by the data obtained during examination of apparently healthy females of child-bearing age. The relationship has been established between the incidence of sex chromatin and certain features of the reproductive function. It may be assumed that the female population consists of two subgroups differentiated by a constitutional type of hormonal balance. Some evidences on population heterogeneity as concerns the factors determining the incidence of sex chromatin were obtained in studies of the latter conducted in males. We may suggest, therefore, the relationship between the two variants of dyshormonal tumors and two constitutional types of ageing."}
{"id": "PMID:1216791", "title": "[Immunogenesis and the functional state of the adrenals during tumor growth].", "content": "Based on the literature data and results of histochemical studies of fascicular and reticular zones of the adrenal gland, a conclusion is made that adrenal glucocorticoid function is impaired already during the initial period of malignification. During the stage of intensive tumor growth some signs of exhaustion of the fascicular zone are observed against the background of decreased protective functions of the connective tissue system; in the terminal period of the adrenal function and immunogenesis apparatus are found to be suppressed. The resistance to tumor growth is associated with activation of immuno-protective reactions of the organism and enhancement of the glucocorticoid function.", "contents": "[Immunogenesis and the functional state of the adrenals during tumor growth]. Based on the literature data and results of histochemical studies of fascicular and reticular zones of the adrenal gland, a conclusion is made that adrenal glucocorticoid function is impaired already during the initial period of malignification. During the stage of intensive tumor growth some signs of exhaustion of the fascicular zone are observed against the background of decreased protective functions of the connective tissue system; in the terminal period of the adrenal function and immunogenesis apparatus are found to be suppressed. The resistance to tumor growth is associated with activation of immuno-protective reactions of the organism and enhancement of the glucocorticoid function."}
{"id": "PMID:1216792", "title": "[Cytomorphologic characteristics of malignant tumors of the mediastinum].", "content": "The cytomorphological characteristics of most frequently encountered malignant tumors of the mediastinum are described. Needle biopsy specimens of mediastinal neoplasms were examined in 152 patients, 77 of them (56,2%) having malignant tumors. In 118 cases pathomorphological study of the intraoperative or biopsy findings was performed. The correct positive cytological conclusion was made in 85 (56.2%) patients negative -- in 31 (20.3%), doubtful -- in 33 (21.7%), pseudopositive -- in 3 (1.9%).", "contents": "[Cytomorphologic characteristics of malignant tumors of the mediastinum]. The cytomorphological characteristics of most frequently encountered malignant tumors of the mediastinum are described. Needle biopsy specimens of mediastinal neoplasms were examined in 152 patients, 77 of them (56,2%) having malignant tumors. In 118 cases pathomorphological study of the intraoperative or biopsy findings was performed. The correct positive cytological conclusion was made in 85 (56.2%) patients negative -- in 31 (20.3%), doubtful -- in 33 (21.7%), pseudopositive -- in 3 (1.9%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1216830", "title": "[Effect of the synchronization of cell culture chronically infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus on the synthesis of virus antigen].", "content": "A cell culture chronically infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus was synchronized by the methods of double thymidine block and mitotic selection. There was a correlation between the time at which the cells entered the S period of the cell cycle and 4-8 fold increase in the number of cells carrying the virus antigen detectable by immunofluorescence.", "contents": "[Effect of the synchronization of cell culture chronically infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus on the synthesis of virus antigen]. A cell culture chronically infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus was synchronized by the methods of double thymidine block and mitotic selection. There was a correlation between the time at which the cells entered the S period of the cell cycle and 4-8 fold increase in the number of cells carrying the virus antigen detectable by immunofluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:1216831", "title": "[Characteristics of messenger RNA for interferon and of interferon-inducing RNA isolated from Newcastle disease virus infected cells].", "content": "Two kinds of RNA capable of producing interferon in a heterologous cell system occur in the cells producing interferon in response to induction by Newcastle disease virus. One of them has messenger activity for interferon and is presented by a single-stranded structure with sedimentation constant of 10-22 S. This RNA appears to belong to cellular messenger RNA. The other is capable of inducing interferon production by heterogenous cells, resistant to treatment with RN-ase and has sedimentation constant greater than 35 S. In our opinion, this RNA is the primary replicative RNA of the virus-inducer.", "contents": "[Characteristics of messenger RNA for interferon and of interferon-inducing RNA isolated from Newcastle disease virus infected cells]. Two kinds of RNA capable of producing interferon in a heterologous cell system occur in the cells producing interferon in response to induction by Newcastle disease virus. One of them has messenger activity for interferon and is presented by a single-stranded structure with sedimentation constant of 10-22 S. This RNA appears to belong to cellular messenger RNA. The other is capable of inducing interferon production by heterogenous cells, resistant to treatment with RN-ase and has sedimentation constant greater than 35 S. In our opinion, this RNA is the primary replicative RNA of the virus-inducer."}
{"id": "PMID:1216833", "title": "[Release of DNA from Sd phage in a protein complex].", "content": "The properties of DNA released from Cd phage upon destruction of virions by heating in solutions of low strength were studied. The viscosity of DNA released from the phage after heating in 0.01 X SSC (SSC-0.15 M NaCl divided by 0.015 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0) was found to be no more than 40% of that of DNA released from the phage destroyed by heating in 1 X SSC. Addition of salts up to 1 X SSC to the phage destroyed by heatings in 0.01 X SSC resulted in a marked increase of the viscosity of the latter. According to the results of centrifugation in cesium sulphate and sucrose density gradients, upon phage destruction by heating in 0.01 X SSC DNA war released from virions in the form of a complex with protein. Addition of NaCl up to 1 X SSC to the phage preparations destroyed in the low ionic strength solution led to destruction of this complex. The complex under study was not formed in dialysis against 0.01 X SSC of phage preparations destroyed in 1 X SSC.", "contents": "[Release of DNA from Sd phage in a protein complex]. The properties of DNA released from Cd phage upon destruction of virions by heating in solutions of low strength were studied. The viscosity of DNA released from the phage after heating in 0.01 X SSC (SSC-0.15 M NaCl divided by 0.015 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0) was found to be no more than 40% of that of DNA released from the phage destroyed by heating in 1 X SSC. Addition of salts up to 1 X SSC to the phage destroyed by heatings in 0.01 X SSC resulted in a marked increase of the viscosity of the latter. According to the results of centrifugation in cesium sulphate and sucrose density gradients, upon phage destruction by heating in 0.01 X SSC DNA war released from virions in the form of a complex with protein. Addition of NaCl up to 1 X SSC to the phage preparations destroyed in the low ionic strength solution led to destruction of this complex. The complex under study was not formed in dialysis against 0.01 X SSC of phage preparations destroyed in 1 X SSC."}
{"id": "PMID:1216834", "title": "[Variability of influenza A2 viruses in nature].", "content": "A comparative study of variability of the properties of influenza A2 viruses isolated in different epidemic years (1964-1965, 1968-1969, 1972-1973) showed that in the course of influenza virus evolution changes occurred not only in the antigenic properties of surface proteins (hemagglutinins and neuraminidase) but in a number of other properties as well. In contrast to previously circulating strains, influenza A2 virus strains isolated in the epidemic of 1971-1972 were found to have higher reproducing and neuraminidase activities, greatly increased thermostability and the capacity to induce viremia regularly in white mice.", "contents": "[Variability of influenza A2 viruses in nature]. A comparative study of variability of the properties of influenza A2 viruses isolated in different epidemic years (1964-1965, 1968-1969, 1972-1973) showed that in the course of influenza virus evolution changes occurred not only in the antigenic properties of surface proteins (hemagglutinins and neuraminidase) but in a number of other properties as well. In contrast to previously circulating strains, influenza A2 virus strains isolated in the epidemic of 1971-1972 were found to have higher reproducing and neuraminidase activities, greatly increased thermostability and the capacity to induce viremia regularly in white mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1216832", "title": "[Distribution of exogenous interferon in experimental animals following intratracheal administration].", "content": "The distribution of homologous and heterologous interferon in rabbits after intratracheal administration was studied. The content of interferon in the lung tissue decreased 1 hour after injection. At 3 hours the interferon concentration in the lungs in some animals decreased 2-10-fold as compared with the initial. A considerable reduction in interferon content in the lungs was observed 24 hours post-injection. In the blood serum interferon was found in low titers 1, 3 and 6 hours after intratracheal injection. On the contrary, the amount of interferon in the urine increased beginning at 3-6 hours after injection and up to 24-48 hours.", "contents": "[Distribution of exogenous interferon in experimental animals following intratracheal administration]. The distribution of homologous and heterologous interferon in rabbits after intratracheal administration was studied. The content of interferon in the lung tissue decreased 1 hour after injection. At 3 hours the interferon concentration in the lungs in some animals decreased 2-10-fold as compared with the initial. A considerable reduction in interferon content in the lungs was observed 24 hours post-injection. In the blood serum interferon was found in low titers 1, 3 and 6 hours after intratracheal injection. On the contrary, the amount of interferon in the urine increased beginning at 3-6 hours after injection and up to 24-48 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:1216837", "title": "[Morphogenesis of Okhotsky virus from the genus orbisvirus].", "content": "Morphogenesis of Okhotsky virus isolated in the USSR was studied. Virions of 50-65 nm in diameter were found in the peripheral zone of cytoplasmic matrices. Crystalline-like arrays of virions were observed not reported by other investigators studying morphogenesis of orbisviruses. Besides, not directly associated with matrices, crystalline arrays of some proteins were found in infected cells for the first time with orbisviruses. Nevertheless the main stages of morphogenesis of Okhotsky virus were similar to those of other members of the orbisvirus group.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of Okhotsky virus from the genus orbisvirus]. Morphogenesis of Okhotsky virus isolated in the USSR was studied. Virions of 50-65 nm in diameter were found in the peripheral zone of cytoplasmic matrices. Crystalline-like arrays of virions were observed not reported by other investigators studying morphogenesis of orbisviruses. Besides, not directly associated with matrices, crystalline arrays of some proteins were found in infected cells for the first time with orbisviruses. Nevertheless the main stages of morphogenesis of Okhotsky virus were similar to those of other members of the orbisvirus group."}
{"id": "PMID:1216843", "title": "[Clinical screening of sterility cases for the possible presence of luteal phase defect (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighty consecutive cases of sterility was screened for suspected insufficiency of luteal function. The parameters used in the assessment were one value each for pregnandiol and oestrogen excretion, the basal temperature, the histological picture of secretory endometrium, as well as the activity of endometrial malate dehydrogenase and carbonanhydrase, or malate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase. Histological irregularities, a short luteal phase as indicated by the basal temperature, early abortion and a pregnandiol excretion of less than 1.9 mg were usually accompanied by low endometrial enzymatic acitvity. A comparison of pregnandiol excretion levels with the other four investigated parameters indicated that the number of negative findings increased with decreasing pregnandiol values. In this way, low oestrogen excretion values occurred more frequently with low pregnandiol values. However, when taken in conjunction with other findings, a low oestrogen value does not seem to be characteristic of luteal insufficiency. In certain cases the suspicion of luteal insufficiency increases with decreasing pregnandiol values and with the number of negative findings concerning basal temperature, endometrial histology and enzymatic activity, as well as oestrogen excretion. According to this point of view the incidence of a presumptive luteal phase defect was 33% in the present investigation.", "contents": "[Clinical screening of sterility cases for the possible presence of luteal phase defect (author's transl)]. Eighty consecutive cases of sterility was screened for suspected insufficiency of luteal function. The parameters used in the assessment were one value each for pregnandiol and oestrogen excretion, the basal temperature, the histological picture of secretory endometrium, as well as the activity of endometrial malate dehydrogenase and carbonanhydrase, or malate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase. Histological irregularities, a short luteal phase as indicated by the basal temperature, early abortion and a pregnandiol excretion of less than 1.9 mg were usually accompanied by low endometrial enzymatic acitvity. A comparison of pregnandiol excretion levels with the other four investigated parameters indicated that the number of negative findings increased with decreasing pregnandiol values. In this way, low oestrogen excretion values occurred more frequently with low pregnandiol values. However, when taken in conjunction with other findings, a low oestrogen value does not seem to be characteristic of luteal insufficiency. In certain cases the suspicion of luteal insufficiency increases with decreasing pregnandiol values and with the number of negative findings concerning basal temperature, endometrial histology and enzymatic activity, as well as oestrogen excretion. According to this point of view the incidence of a presumptive luteal phase defect was 33% in the present investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1216836", "title": "[Study of the metabolic activity of a continuous line of human embryo lung cells infected with oncornavirus type D].", "content": "The metabolic activity of human embryo lung cell cultures infected with oncornavirus D obtained from the liquid phase of HEp-2 cultures was studied. In the infected cells of the 2nd passage there was 2-3 fold stimulation of biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. Stimulation of DNA synthesis was particularly marked. In cells of uninfected cultures grown in the presence of a carcinogen, some stimulation of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis was observed. However no considerable differences were observed in the metabolic activity of cells in the infected cultures grown with or without carcinogen.", "contents": "[Study of the metabolic activity of a continuous line of human embryo lung cells infected with oncornavirus type D]. The metabolic activity of human embryo lung cell cultures infected with oncornavirus D obtained from the liquid phase of HEp-2 cultures was studied. In the infected cells of the 2nd passage there was 2-3 fold stimulation of biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. Stimulation of DNA synthesis was particularly marked. In cells of uninfected cultures grown in the presence of a carcinogen, some stimulation of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis was observed. However no considerable differences were observed in the metabolic activity of cells in the infected cultures grown with or without carcinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1216835", "title": "[The effect of Trichinella spiralis on the susceptibility and antibody production to vaccinia virus].", "content": "Trichinella spiralis exerts an immunodepressive effect on production of antihemagglutinins to vaccinia virus in mice, increases the susceptibility to the virus in mice and rabbits. Deaths of mice inoculated with vaccine virus and generalization of the vaccination process in rabbits were observed at 33 days of invasion.", "contents": "[The effect of Trichinella spiralis on the susceptibility and antibody production to vaccinia virus]. Trichinella spiralis exerts an immunodepressive effect on production of antihemagglutinins to vaccinia virus in mice, increases the susceptibility to the virus in mice and rabbits. Deaths of mice inoculated with vaccine virus and generalization of the vaccination process in rabbits were observed at 33 days of invasion."}
{"id": "PMID:1216844", "title": "[Comparative morphological investigations of human ovarian follicles and their oocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "During gynaecological operations on 27 women aged 20 to 52 years, all visible follicles were punctured and 42 oocytes removed for investigation partly by phase-contrast microscope and partly by semi-thin slides. specimens of the walls of the follicles WERE REMOVED AND EXAMINED HIstologically. Furthermore, the activity of steroid-3 beta-ol dehydrogenase was demonstrated histochemically in 14 cases. Comparative investigations of the walls of the follicles and their oocytes gave the following results: 1. In non-ovulatory tertiary follicles (3 to 12 mm in diameter) with no, or very little luteinization of the theca interna and a granulosa of 3 to 10 cell layers, steroid-3 beta-ol dehydrogenase activity was only found in the theca interna. In 5 out of 23 follicles, the oocytes showed early or advanced signs of degeneration. Thus, atresia of the follicles probably occurs after degeneration of the oocytes. 2. 12 follicles (8 to 30 mm in diameter) showed distinct luteinization of the theca and steroid-3 beta-ol dehydrogenase activity in the theca interna, as well as in the granulosa. 4 of these follicles (all at least 20 mm in diameter) showed oocytes with typical pre-ovulatory changes. In 3 other cases with a similar morphological picture of the follicular wall specimens, the oocytes showed no preovulatory changes. The conclusion is drawn that the functional differentiation of the wall of the follicle induces the preparation of the oocyte for ovulation. On the other hand, 5 similar follicles already had degenerating oocytes. It remains doubtful whether such follicles can reach ovulation. 3. In follicles with early or advanced atresia, the oocytes were completely degenerated.", "contents": "[Comparative morphological investigations of human ovarian follicles and their oocytes (author's transl)]. During gynaecological operations on 27 women aged 20 to 52 years, all visible follicles were punctured and 42 oocytes removed for investigation partly by phase-contrast microscope and partly by semi-thin slides. specimens of the walls of the follicles WERE REMOVED AND EXAMINED HIstologically. Furthermore, the activity of steroid-3 beta-ol dehydrogenase was demonstrated histochemically in 14 cases. Comparative investigations of the walls of the follicles and their oocytes gave the following results: 1. In non-ovulatory tertiary follicles (3 to 12 mm in diameter) with no, or very little luteinization of the theca interna and a granulosa of 3 to 10 cell layers, steroid-3 beta-ol dehydrogenase activity was only found in the theca interna. In 5 out of 23 follicles, the oocytes showed early or advanced signs of degeneration. Thus, atresia of the follicles probably occurs after degeneration of the oocytes. 2. 12 follicles (8 to 30 mm in diameter) showed distinct luteinization of the theca and steroid-3 beta-ol dehydrogenase activity in the theca interna, as well as in the granulosa. 4 of these follicles (all at least 20 mm in diameter) showed oocytes with typical pre-ovulatory changes. In 3 other cases with a similar morphological picture of the follicular wall specimens, the oocytes showed no preovulatory changes. The conclusion is drawn that the functional differentiation of the wall of the follicle induces the preparation of the oocyte for ovulation. On the other hand, 5 similar follicles already had degenerating oocytes. It remains doubtful whether such follicles can reach ovulation. 3. In follicles with early or advanced atresia, the oocytes were completely degenerated."}
{"id": "PMID:1216845", "title": "[Clinical significance of hyperuricaemia in medically-hospitalized women over 50 years of age (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperuricaemia was detected in 150 female patients over 50 years of age in a medical ward and was studied in detail.  Serum uric acid levels over 6.2 mg/100 ml were found in 29.1% of the females of this age group, the incidence of idiopathic hyperuricaemia being 6.4%.  The most common causes of urate elevation were the ingestion of diurectics (32%), pulmonary diseases (20%) and idiopathic hyperuricaemia (24%).  These findings suggest that treatment with saliuretics, especially in the case of hypertensive cardiovascular disease, requires the control of serum uric acid levels.  When serum uric acid levels are found to be elevated, treatment with allopurinol is essential.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of hyperuricaemia in medically-hospitalized women over 50 years of age (author's transl)]. Hyperuricaemia was detected in 150 female patients over 50 years of age in a medical ward and was studied in detail.  Serum uric acid levels over 6.2 mg/100 ml were found in 29.1% of the females of this age group, the incidence of idiopathic hyperuricaemia being 6.4%.  The most common causes of urate elevation were the ingestion of diurectics (32%), pulmonary diseases (20%) and idiopathic hyperuricaemia (24%).  These findings suggest that treatment with saliuretics, especially in the case of hypertensive cardiovascular disease, requires the control of serum uric acid levels.  When serum uric acid levels are found to be elevated, treatment with allopurinol is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:1216846", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute renal failure in an infant. Treated with streptokinase and peritoneal dialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "An infant, aged seven months, developed toxic shock with acute renal failure as a sequel to the development of hypertonic dehydration. The anuric phase persisted despite treatment of the dehydration and diuretic infusions. The coagulation tests showed signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation and so the child was given fibrinolytic therapy for 36 hours following initial heparinization. Excretion of urine recommenced 8 hours after the initiation of fibrinolytic therapy. Peritoneal dialysis was carried out in parallel with the fibrinolytic treatment without haemorrhagic complications. It was possible to terminate dialysis on the fourth day already and renal function subsequently recovered completely.", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute renal failure in an infant. Treated with streptokinase and peritoneal dialysis (author's transl)]. An infant, aged seven months, developed toxic shock with acute renal failure as a sequel to the development of hypertonic dehydration. The anuric phase persisted despite treatment of the dehydration and diuretic infusions. The coagulation tests showed signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation and so the child was given fibrinolytic therapy for 36 hours following initial heparinization. Excretion of urine recommenced 8 hours after the initiation of fibrinolytic therapy. Peritoneal dialysis was carried out in parallel with the fibrinolytic treatment without haemorrhagic complications. It was possible to terminate dialysis on the fourth day already and renal function subsequently recovered completely."}
{"id": "PMID:1216838", "title": "[Viremia in respiratory syncytial virus infection].", "content": "Viremia was demonstrated to occur in experimental respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection in suckling cotton rats and in natural infection in children. RS virus was isolated from the whole blood of the animals in 3 out of 6 experiments at 2, 5, 6, 7 and 15 days after inoculation, the maximum infectious titer being more than 10(4) TCPD50/0.1 ml. RS virus was also isolated from the blood of 7 out of 15 examined children presenting the typical clinical picture of RS virus disease during the epidemic season of RS virus infection. In 6 patients RS virus was isolated from one blood specimen at 1, 6 and 7 days after the onset, in one patient from 3 blood specimens at 6, 9 and 22 days after the onset. The demonstrated long-term persistence of virus in the blood suggests the possibility of existence of chronic RS virus infection.", "contents": "[Viremia in respiratory syncytial virus infection]. Viremia was demonstrated to occur in experimental respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection in suckling cotton rats and in natural infection in children. RS virus was isolated from the whole blood of the animals in 3 out of 6 experiments at 2, 5, 6, 7 and 15 days after inoculation, the maximum infectious titer being more than 10(4) TCPD50/0.1 ml. RS virus was also isolated from the blood of 7 out of 15 examined children presenting the typical clinical picture of RS virus disease during the epidemic season of RS virus infection. In 6 patients RS virus was isolated from one blood specimen at 1, 6 and 7 days after the onset, in one patient from 3 blood specimens at 6, 9 and 22 days after the onset. The demonstrated long-term persistence of virus in the blood suggests the possibility of existence of chronic RS virus infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1216847", "title": "[Electrical injuries in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "11 children were admitted with electrical injuries to the Department of Paediatrics, University of Graz, over the 10-year period 1965 to 1974. The electricity was of low voltage in the case of 9 of these children, who were injured whilst playing with plug sockets of defective cables and of high voltage in 4 case. 1 child was stuck  by lightning. Cessation of respiration occurred in 4 of the patients and was successfully counteracted in all cases by prompt mouth-to-mouth breathing. 7 children were still shocked on admission. All children showed the characteristic skin lesions of electrical injury (current marks of linear, round or spidery form). The boy injured by high voltage electricity received extensive burns, in addition. The modes of electrical injury in childhood, the various forms of the resultant lesions, especially of the skin and the treatment of electrical burns are discussed.", "contents": "[Electrical injuries in childhood (author's transl)]. 11 children were admitted with electrical injuries to the Department of Paediatrics, University of Graz, over the 10-year period 1965 to 1974. The electricity was of low voltage in the case of 9 of these children, who were injured whilst playing with plug sockets of defective cables and of high voltage in 4 case. 1 child was stuck  by lightning. Cessation of respiration occurred in 4 of the patients and was successfully counteracted in all cases by prompt mouth-to-mouth breathing. 7 children were still shocked on admission. All children showed the characteristic skin lesions of electrical injury (current marks of linear, round or spidery form). The boy injured by high voltage electricity received extensive burns, in addition. The modes of electrical injury in childhood, the various forms of the resultant lesions, especially of the skin and the treatment of electrical burns are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216842", "title": "[Micromethod for the HA and HI tests in ornithosis].", "content": "The possibility of using the HA and HI tests in micromethod modifications in ornithosis was studied. The hemagglutinating activity of various antigens was tested. By the employment of the micromethod antihemagglutinins were found in sera from patients, immunized animals (donkey and guinea pigs) as well as from pigeons and ducks. No antibody was found in control sera and sera from tortoises. The results of the HA and HI tests performed by macro- and micromethod were similar. The micromethod is as sensitive as the macromethod but the former is more economic and permits a larger amount of work to be done simultaneously.", "contents": "[Micromethod for the HA and HI tests in ornithosis]. The possibility of using the HA and HI tests in micromethod modifications in ornithosis was studied. The hemagglutinating activity of various antigens was tested. By the employment of the micromethod antihemagglutinins were found in sera from patients, immunized animals (donkey and guinea pigs) as well as from pigeons and ducks. No antibody was found in control sera and sera from tortoises. The results of the HA and HI tests performed by macro- and micromethod were similar. The micromethod is as sensitive as the macromethod but the former is more economic and permits a larger amount of work to be done simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:1216840", "title": "[The incidence of epidemic mumps and the rate of antibody detection in different age groups of Moscow population].", "content": "Sera from Moscow residents of different ages were studied by the HI test for antibody to mumps virus. In newborn babies antibody was found in 94%. The number of subject possessing antibody decreased with age and was minimal among children of 3-4 years (40%) but then increased and reached 94% among adults (20 years or more).", "contents": "[The incidence of epidemic mumps and the rate of antibody detection in different age groups of Moscow population]. Sera from Moscow residents of different ages were studied by the HI test for antibody to mumps virus. In newborn babies antibody was found in 94%. The number of subject possessing antibody decreased with age and was minimal among children of 3-4 years (40%) but then increased and reached 94% among adults (20 years or more)."}
{"id": "PMID:1216839", "title": "[Comparative study on the properties of influenza B viruses isolated in 1959-1974].", "content": "The biological properties and antigenic structure of the following influenza B virus strains were compared: Moscow/Likh/59, Moscow/106/62, Moscow/1/66, Hong Kong/5/72, Yamagata/73 and USSR/01/4. The influenza B virus strains isolated in 1972-1974 differed by hemagglutinin from those isolated in 1959-1966. The variability of hemagglutinin correlated with that of neuraminidase. Yamagata/73 virus occupied a special position both with regard to the structure of surface antigens and to some other biological properties. Therefore, the possibility of occurrence in the USSR of virus strains similar to Yamagata/73 cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the properties of influenza B viruses isolated in 1959-1974]. The biological properties and antigenic structure of the following influenza B virus strains were compared: Moscow/Likh/59, Moscow/106/62, Moscow/1/66, Hong Kong/5/72, Yamagata/73 and USSR/01/4. The influenza B virus strains isolated in 1972-1974 differed by hemagglutinin from those isolated in 1959-1966. The variability of hemagglutinin correlated with that of neuraminidase. Yamagata/73 virus occupied a special position both with regard to the structure of surface antigens and to some other biological properties. Therefore, the possibility of occurrence in the USSR of virus strains similar to Yamagata/73 cannot be ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:1216841", "title": "[Morphological study of neurovirulence of the Vnukovo-32 strains of rabies virus].", "content": "The central nervous system of white mice inoculated with the production Vnukovo-32 strain of tissue culture rabies virus was studied histologically. Intracerebral inoculation resulted in parenchymatous-inflammatory lesions with predominantly severe involvement of the Ammon horn neurons. Subcutaneous inoculations also revealed a rather significant degree of neurovirulence of this strain, although there were definite differences in the pathomorphological pictures observed after inoculation by this and intracerebral route. In mouse experiments the Vnukovo-32 strain showed instability of the properties both with regard to the degree of neurovirulence and to the duration of the incubation period.", "contents": "[Morphological study of neurovirulence of the Vnukovo-32 strains of rabies virus]. The central nervous system of white mice inoculated with the production Vnukovo-32 strain of tissue culture rabies virus was studied histologically. Intracerebral inoculation resulted in parenchymatous-inflammatory lesions with predominantly severe involvement of the Ammon horn neurons. Subcutaneous inoculations also revealed a rather significant degree of neurovirulence of this strain, although there were definite differences in the pathomorphological pictures observed after inoculation by this and intracerebral route. In mouse experiments the Vnukovo-32 strain showed instability of the properties both with regard to the degree of neurovirulence and to the duration of the incubation period."}
{"id": "PMID:1216936", "title": "[Hemostasis suppression by a combination of heparin and acetylsalicylic acid].", "content": "The effect of a combined application of acetylsalicylic acid and heparin on haemostasis is examined on 7 healthy test persons. Apart from the change of the plasmatic coagulation and the platelet function by the pharmaca a prolongation of the bleeding time which is larger than the values of the individual application can be established. In the in-vitro-experiment could be proved that the prolonged bleeding time is based on the prevented by acetylsalicylic acid release of the heparin neutralising factor 4 from the platelets. An improvement of the therapeutic effect of heparin when at the same time acetylsalicylic acid is given is discussed.", "contents": "[Hemostasis suppression by a combination of heparin and acetylsalicylic acid]. The effect of a combined application of acetylsalicylic acid and heparin on haemostasis is examined on 7 healthy test persons. Apart from the change of the plasmatic coagulation and the platelet function by the pharmaca a prolongation of the bleeding time which is larger than the values of the individual application can be established. In the in-vitro-experiment could be proved that the prolonged bleeding time is based on the prevented by acetylsalicylic acid release of the heparin neutralising factor 4 from the platelets. An improvement of the therapeutic effect of heparin when at the same time acetylsalicylic acid is given is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216937", "title": "[Hemodynamics of the left ventricle during myocardial infarct].", "content": "It is issued from the fact that in acute myocardial infarction depending on expansion and localisation of the necrosis, on the degree of the possible functional adaptation of the not-affected myocardium or its previous injury must be reckoned with different changes of the haemodynamics. The sufficient judgment of the function of the left ventricle which is necessary for a differentiated therapy is possible only by the combination of several haemodynamic parameters. First results of direct measurements of pressure and volume of the left ventricle in patients with acute myocardial infarctions are demonstrated. Two types of haemodynamic constellation and their therapeutic influence are demonstrated. By the provable applanation of the functional curve of the left ventricle a change of the optimum working points develops; a secure differentiation between the reduction of the contractile function and reduced diastolic distensibility, however, is not only given on account of the displacement of the functional curve of the left ventricle. The results show that for a haemodynamic monitoring apart from the direct or indirect determination of the filling pressure of the left ventricle a practicable measurement of the cardiac output which must be repeated several times is necessary for an aimed therapy from haemodynamic aspects.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics of the left ventricle during myocardial infarct]. It is issued from the fact that in acute myocardial infarction depending on expansion and localisation of the necrosis, on the degree of the possible functional adaptation of the not-affected myocardium or its previous injury must be reckoned with different changes of the haemodynamics. The sufficient judgment of the function of the left ventricle which is necessary for a differentiated therapy is possible only by the combination of several haemodynamic parameters. First results of direct measurements of pressure and volume of the left ventricle in patients with acute myocardial infarctions are demonstrated. Two types of haemodynamic constellation and their therapeutic influence are demonstrated. By the provable applanation of the functional curve of the left ventricle a change of the optimum working points develops; a secure differentiation between the reduction of the contractile function and reduced diastolic distensibility, however, is not only given on account of the displacement of the functional curve of the left ventricle. The results show that for a haemodynamic monitoring apart from the direct or indirect determination of the filling pressure of the left ventricle a practicable measurement of the cardiac output which must be repeated several times is necessary for an aimed therapy from haemodynamic aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:1216938", "title": "[Preinfarct and prehospital care of myocardial infarction].", "content": "In intensive therapy units, especially in guarded wards for coronary diseases, the lethality in acute myocardial infarction could be reduced by ca. 50%. However, these favourable results are nowadays of importance for the patients concerned only then, when the diagnosis myocardial infarction or the tentative diagnosis infarction are made in a short period and already prehospitally adequate measures are begun. The following measures are in the centre of prehospital care: Immediate home visit when a suspicion of infarction is present, immediate hospitalisation into an in-patient facility, alleviation of pain, immediate treatment of complications (disturbances of cardiac rhythm, shock, pulmonary oedema, cardiac arrest), prevention of disturbances of the cardiac rhythm. According to the modern knowledge is to be assumed that about 50% of the patients with infarction undergo a premonitory stage which lasts for hours, days or weeks. It is possible that here develop concrete approaches to an infarction prophylaxis. In the first place there are an increase of frequency, intensity and duration of the attacks of angina pectoris, insufficient responsiveness to nitrangin, provocation of the attacks by slight causes and changes of the ECG as they are typical for the inner layer and outer layer ischaemia and the so-called rudimentary infarction. The treatment of the preinfarction process should immediately be begun, at best under clinical conditions.", "contents": "[Preinfarct and prehospital care of myocardial infarction]. In intensive therapy units, especially in guarded wards for coronary diseases, the lethality in acute myocardial infarction could be reduced by ca. 50%. However, these favourable results are nowadays of importance for the patients concerned only then, when the diagnosis myocardial infarction or the tentative diagnosis infarction are made in a short period and already prehospitally adequate measures are begun. The following measures are in the centre of prehospital care: Immediate home visit when a suspicion of infarction is present, immediate hospitalisation into an in-patient facility, alleviation of pain, immediate treatment of complications (disturbances of cardiac rhythm, shock, pulmonary oedema, cardiac arrest), prevention of disturbances of the cardiac rhythm. According to the modern knowledge is to be assumed that about 50% of the patients with infarction undergo a premonitory stage which lasts for hours, days or weeks. It is possible that here develop concrete approaches to an infarction prophylaxis. In the first place there are an increase of frequency, intensity and duration of the attacks of angina pectoris, insufficient responsiveness to nitrangin, provocation of the attacks by slight causes and changes of the ECG as they are typical for the inner layer and outer layer ischaemia and the so-called rudimentary infarction. The treatment of the preinfarction process should immediately be begun, at best under clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1216939", "title": "[Complications of cardiac pacemakers].", "content": "Since the number of patients with pacemakers increases and the further decentralisation of the care of these patients is planned the survey has the purpose to inform as many physicians as possible about the complications of the pacemaker therapy. In the several paragraphs the problems of the regular and anticipated exhaustion of the battery, defects of the electronic constituents of the pacemaker, fracture of the cable, dislocation of the electrodes, disturbances of the transmission between endocardium and myocardium, disturbances of rhythm under pacemaker-therapy, disturbing influences by intra- and extracorporal causes, surgical complications and implantations in the false place are reported on. Knowledge and early recognition of the complications in the pacemaker-therapy will furthermore favourably influence the long-term prognosis of this group of patients.", "contents": "[Complications of cardiac pacemakers]. Since the number of patients with pacemakers increases and the further decentralisation of the care of these patients is planned the survey has the purpose to inform as many physicians as possible about the complications of the pacemaker therapy. In the several paragraphs the problems of the regular and anticipated exhaustion of the battery, defects of the electronic constituents of the pacemaker, fracture of the cable, dislocation of the electrodes, disturbances of the transmission between endocardium and myocardium, disturbances of rhythm under pacemaker-therapy, disturbing influences by intra- and extracorporal causes, surgical complications and implantations in the false place are reported on. Knowledge and early recognition of the complications in the pacemaker-therapy will furthermore favourably influence the long-term prognosis of this group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1216940", "title": "[Epidemiology of myocardial infarction from the obductor's view].", "content": "Fibroses of the myocardium are more frequent in both sexes than acute infarctions. Men and women with microinfarctions or fibroses of the myocardium reach an older age than patients with a macroinfarction. Fresh necroses after infarction (as primary infarction or reinfarction) are less frequent in men than old scars after macroinfarctions, but not in women. With 20-30% the number of the quiescent myocardial infarctions is larger than generally is assumed. Men as well as women with old scars after infarction or with old aneurysms of the cardiac wall do not reach an older age than those with a fresh necrosis after infarction. This is explained by the fact that the chance of survival and also the further life expectancy are more favourable for younger patients with infarction than for older ones.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of myocardial infarction from the obductor's view]. Fibroses of the myocardium are more frequent in both sexes than acute infarctions. Men and women with microinfarctions or fibroses of the myocardium reach an older age than patients with a macroinfarction. Fresh necroses after infarction (as primary infarction or reinfarction) are less frequent in men than old scars after macroinfarctions, but not in women. With 20-30% the number of the quiescent myocardial infarctions is larger than generally is assumed. Men as well as women with old scars after infarction or with old aneurysms of the cardiac wall do not reach an older age than those with a fresh necrosis after infarction. This is explained by the fact that the chance of survival and also the further life expectancy are more favourable for younger patients with infarction than for older ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1216941", "title": "[Examination of persons in contact with plant protection and pest control agents].", "content": "It is referred to the great importance of the annual controls of farmers who work with preventive remedies for plants and insecticides. Alone during a two-year control 4-7 per cent of disabled persons and 15-18 percent who needed by all means a control were found. Among the laboratory values, apart from the quantitative determination of cholesterinase, above all the determination of the transaminases, the thymol test and the G-6-PhD stood the test. These examinations must by all means be carried out already before the beginning of the work. The number of persons who have to be controlled must be enlarged. Publications concerning other results hitherto yielded and the consequences which must be derived from this are desirable.", "contents": "[Examination of persons in contact with plant protection and pest control agents]. It is referred to the great importance of the annual controls of farmers who work with preventive remedies for plants and insecticides. Alone during a two-year control 4-7 per cent of disabled persons and 15-18 percent who needed by all means a control were found. Among the laboratory values, apart from the quantitative determination of cholesterinase, above all the determination of the transaminases, the thymol test and the G-6-PhD stood the test. These examinations must by all means be carried out already before the beginning of the work. The number of persons who have to be controlled must be enlarged. Publications concerning other results hitherto yielded and the consequences which must be derived from this are desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:1216942", "title": "[Familial occurrence of acquired heart valve defect].", "content": "A report is given on a family examination, issuing from 213 persons with an acquired valvular defect for the establishment of further cases on altogether 783 relations of the direct line. In 19 families other 21 patients with an acquired valvular defect were found; this corresponds to a share of 2.7 % of the relations examined and 8.1% of the families affected, respectively. The result repays the expenditure and, apart from this, leads to an essential furthering of the confidence between physician, patient and family as the smallest social unity for prophylaxis, diagnostics, therapy and metaphylaxis of chronic diseases.", "contents": "[Familial occurrence of acquired heart valve defect]. A report is given on a family examination, issuing from 213 persons with an acquired valvular defect for the establishment of further cases on altogether 783 relations of the direct line. In 19 families other 21 patients with an acquired valvular defect were found; this corresponds to a share of 2.7 % of the relations examined and 8.1% of the families affected, respectively. The result repays the expenditure and, apart from this, leads to an essential furthering of the confidence between physician, patient and family as the smallest social unity for prophylaxis, diagnostics, therapy and metaphylaxis of chronic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1216943", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of subarachnoidal hemorrhage from the viewpoint of emergency medicine].", "content": "The subarchnoidal haemorrhage is an acute disease which has a high lethality and, therefore, in every case presents an indication for admission into an intensive-therapeutic department. It often occurs in younger age groups and appears more frequently than is assumed in general. Despite impressive clinical symptoms (suddenly beginning stabbing headache, vomiting and disturbances of consciousness of various degree of severity) the picture of the disease is not exactly diagnosed almost in every case. From 1970 to 1974 we treated 105 patients with subarachnoidal haemorrhages. In this paper is referred to the most important clinical and paraclinical parameters. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of subarachnoidal hemorrhage from the viewpoint of emergency medicine]. The subarchnoidal haemorrhage is an acute disease which has a high lethality and, therefore, in every case presents an indication for admission into an intensive-therapeutic department. It often occurs in younger age groups and appears more frequently than is assumed in general. Despite impressive clinical symptoms (suddenly beginning stabbing headache, vomiting and disturbances of consciousness of various degree of severity) the picture of the disease is not exactly diagnosed almost in every case. From 1970 to 1974 we treated 105 patients with subarachnoidal haemorrhages. In this paper is referred to the most important clinical and paraclinical parameters. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216944", "title": "[69. Significance of work load electrocardiographic studies with reference to coronarographic findings].", "content": "The electrocardiography after work is assumed as an essential diagnostic aid in the evaluation of the chronic ischaemic heart disease. Differences in the diagnostic relevance of the results are related to the test method used. Therefore, comparison with the findings of selective coronary angiography is necessary, though the subject of ECG after work are functional changes, but that of coronary angiography are morphological ones. This study gives the comparison of both methods in 84 patients. In patients with coronary artery construction (greater than 75%) the diagnostic possibilities of ECG after work are limited. With regard to these patients it is pointed out that except of the obstruction of coronary arteries, as it is to be documented by selective coronary angiography, there are several further factors favourising coronary insufficiency, such as diminished perfusion of the peripheral coronary vessels, high levels of catecholamines, metabolic disturbances, diminished oxygen transport capacity or oxygen delivery. This may also explain the relatively low specifity of 60% of the ECG after work in the recognition of obstructive coronary artery disease.", "contents": "[69. Significance of work load electrocardiographic studies with reference to coronarographic findings]. The electrocardiography after work is assumed as an essential diagnostic aid in the evaluation of the chronic ischaemic heart disease. Differences in the diagnostic relevance of the results are related to the test method used. Therefore, comparison with the findings of selective coronary angiography is necessary, though the subject of ECG after work are functional changes, but that of coronary angiography are morphological ones. This study gives the comparison of both methods in 84 patients. In patients with coronary artery construction (greater than 75%) the diagnostic possibilities of ECG after work are limited. With regard to these patients it is pointed out that except of the obstruction of coronary arteries, as it is to be documented by selective coronary angiography, there are several further factors favourising coronary insufficiency, such as diminished perfusion of the peripheral coronary vessels, high levels of catecholamines, metabolic disturbances, diminished oxygen transport capacity or oxygen delivery. This may also explain the relatively low specifity of 60% of the ECG after work in the recognition of obstructive coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1216945", "title": "[70. Performance diagnostic studies for the determination of the condition and health risks of managers in comparison with other exposed and inexposed professional workers].", "content": "By screening examinations of 1,287 persons fit to work from 9 professions altogether 208 persons of risk were selected who were classified into a group of managers and into a group of workers who were professionally increasedly exposed or demanded and who were-in comparison to a control group-comprehensively after-examined, including complex ergometry. The managers have an increased risk of health by hypertension and cardial ischaemia and at the same time an unfavourable condition. The increasedly exposed or demanded workers have an increased risk by hypertension and bronchitis despite favourable condition. The results confirm the necessity of a prevention of persons from professional and dispositional risk of health according to a graduated health control programme.", "contents": "[70. Performance diagnostic studies for the determination of the condition and health risks of managers in comparison with other exposed and inexposed professional workers]. By screening examinations of 1,287 persons fit to work from 9 professions altogether 208 persons of risk were selected who were classified into a group of managers and into a group of workers who were professionally increasedly exposed or demanded and who were-in comparison to a control group-comprehensively after-examined, including complex ergometry. The managers have an increased risk of health by hypertension and cardial ischaemia and at the same time an unfavourable condition. The increasedly exposed or demanded workers have an increased risk by hypertension and bronchitis despite favourable condition. The results confirm the necessity of a prevention of persons from professional and dispositional risk of health according to a graduated health control programme."}
{"id": "PMID:1216946", "title": "[71. Float catheter and pulmonary work load hypertension in mitral valve defects and cor pulmonale].", "content": "In patients with mitral valvular defects as well as with chronic cor pulmonale there exists an ascertained relation between the pulmonary-arterial pressure in rest and the increase of blood pressure under easy physical load. Patients with high initial value or strong increase of blood pressure reveal a retarded return of the blood pressure of the pulmonary artery to the initial value.", "contents": "[71. Float catheter and pulmonary work load hypertension in mitral valve defects and cor pulmonale]. In patients with mitral valvular defects as well as with chronic cor pulmonale there exists an ascertained relation between the pulmonary-arterial pressure in rest and the increase of blood pressure under easy physical load. Patients with high initial value or strong increase of blood pressure reveal a retarded return of the blood pressure of the pulmonary artery to the initial value."}
{"id": "PMID:1216948", "title": "[Effect of long term treatment with trenimon in chronic progressive polyarthritis].", "content": "It is reported on the therapeutic effects with trenimon in patients with rheumatoid arthritis half a year and one year after the end of the treatment. When critically judged the quota of success was 32.5% for the total judgement after half a year. Significant relations dosis-effect could be ascertained only for the parameters of clinical activity up to 1 year and humoral inflammatory signs after half a year. When the therapeutic success is assessed in any case the additional therapeutic expenditure must be taken into consideration. Before the beginning of the therapy there was no ascertained relation between success of therapy and duration of the disease, sex, age, activity and function.", "contents": "[Effect of long term treatment with trenimon in chronic progressive polyarthritis]. It is reported on the therapeutic effects with trenimon in patients with rheumatoid arthritis half a year and one year after the end of the treatment. When critically judged the quota of success was 32.5% for the total judgement after half a year. Significant relations dosis-effect could be ascertained only for the parameters of clinical activity up to 1 year and humoral inflammatory signs after half a year. When the therapeutic success is assessed in any case the additional therapeutic expenditure must be taken into consideration. Before the beginning of the therapy there was no ascertained relation between success of therapy and duration of the disease, sex, age, activity and function."}
{"id": "PMID:1216949", "title": "[Identification of Mycobacterium rhodochrous as the causative agent of pericarditis in a small child].", "content": "In a child aged 2 5/12 years with a suppurating pericarditis mycobacterium rhodochrous was grown from a blood culture and was regarded as the causative organism of the disease. By means of chemotherapy and surgical measures we succeeded in a complete cure of the process without complications. The problems of microbiological diagnostics, particularly of the taxonomic differentiation of these causative organisms as well the therapy of the infections produced by them are discussed.", "contents": "[Identification of Mycobacterium rhodochrous as the causative agent of pericarditis in a small child]. In a child aged 2 5/12 years with a suppurating pericarditis mycobacterium rhodochrous was grown from a blood culture and was regarded as the causative organism of the disease. By means of chemotherapy and surgical measures we succeeded in a complete cure of the process without complications. The problems of microbiological diagnostics, particularly of the taxonomic differentiation of these causative organisms as well the therapy of the infections produced by them are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216950", "title": "[Atrial dissociation].", "content": "A case of atrial dissociation is presented and illustrated with electrocardiograms (normal sinus rhythm in the right, partial flutter in the left atrium). The possible mechanisms of dissociation between the atria are commented upon.", "contents": "[Atrial dissociation]. A case of atrial dissociation is presented and illustrated with electrocardiograms (normal sinus rhythm in the right, partial flutter in the left atrium). The possible mechanisms of dissociation between the atria are commented upon."}
{"id": "PMID:1216951", "title": "[Study of the increased efficacy of heparin due to carbenicillin].", "content": "On 15 patients in the in-vitro-experiment the effect of carbenicillin on the collagen-induced aggregation of platelets and the release of the platelet factor 4 neutralising heparin is examined. In a high dosage carbenicillin leads to an inhibition of these platelet functions. Therefore, a combination of carbenicillin with heparin may cause an increased readiness for haemorrhage for the patient.", "contents": "[Study of the increased efficacy of heparin due to carbenicillin]. On 15 patients in the in-vitro-experiment the effect of carbenicillin on the collagen-induced aggregation of platelets and the release of the platelet factor 4 neutralising heparin is examined. In a high dosage carbenicillin leads to an inhibition of these platelet functions. Therefore, a combination of carbenicillin with heparin may cause an increased readiness for haemorrhage for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1216953", "title": "[Plaque-like form of cutaneous mucinosis (PGM) and reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM syndrome)].", "content": "Plaque-like form of cutaneous mucinosis (PCM) (3) and Reticular Erythematous Mucinosis (REM-Syndrome) (5,6). Description of a patient with a transitional condition between REM-Syndrome and PCM (3). This patient is compared with another who had PCM (fig. 7). Both women were successfully treated with the antimalarial drug rhetis.", "contents": "[Plaque-like form of cutaneous mucinosis (PGM) and reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM syndrome)]. Plaque-like form of cutaneous mucinosis (PCM) (3) and Reticular Erythematous Mucinosis (REM-Syndrome) (5,6). Description of a patient with a transitional condition between REM-Syndrome and PCM (3). This patient is compared with another who had PCM (fig. 7). Both women were successfully treated with the antimalarial drug rhetis."}
{"id": "PMID:1216954", "title": "[Effectiveness of vitamin A acid in diseases of the mouth mucosa: lichen ruber planus, leukoplakias and geographic tongue].", "content": "52 patients, with different pattern of oral lichen planus, pre-malignant leukoplakia or geographic tongue, were treated with vitamin A acid. The systemic medication resulted in regression of discrete papules and leukoplakia-like appearance of oral lichen planus. Linear-hypertrophic pattern of the oral mucosa showed distinct involution only by topical administration of vitamin A acid. Also the patients suffering from pre-malignant leukoplakia or geographic tongue partly improved after a vitamin A acid therapy. Systemic side effects were noted after ignoring the tolerance limit (30 mg/day vitamin A acid/3 weeks). Inflammation and occasionally maceration appeared when local treatment was used over 3 weeks. Recurrence was observed in 11 patients.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of vitamin A acid in diseases of the mouth mucosa: lichen ruber planus, leukoplakias and geographic tongue]. 52 patients, with different pattern of oral lichen planus, pre-malignant leukoplakia or geographic tongue, were treated with vitamin A acid. The systemic medication resulted in regression of discrete papules and leukoplakia-like appearance of oral lichen planus. Linear-hypertrophic pattern of the oral mucosa showed distinct involution only by topical administration of vitamin A acid. Also the patients suffering from pre-malignant leukoplakia or geographic tongue partly improved after a vitamin A acid therapy. Systemic side effects were noted after ignoring the tolerance limit (30 mg/day vitamin A acid/3 weeks). Inflammation and occasionally maceration appeared when local treatment was used over 3 weeks. Recurrence was observed in 11 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1216955", "title": "A modular analyzer system for double antibody radioimmunoassays.", "content": "The increasing number of determinations performed by radioimmunoassays necessitates rationalization of the procedures. An analyzer system has been developed in order to fully mechanize double antibody radioimmunoassays, which is essentially composed out of four independently working modules. The samples, in microliter vials, are carried in sample chains of up to 650 links. The first pipetting step is performed by syringes with displacement pistons. Additional reagents are rapidly added by an electronically controlled Hamilton repeating dispenser, which makes shaking procedures for mixing unnecessary. The bound/free separation is achieved discontinuously by use of Nuclepore-filters, which are carried in 3 inches distance (76 mm) by a 35 mm dark leader film. After covering the radioactive filter positions with an adhesive plastic foil from both sides, the film spool is directly inserted into a specially constructed gamma-counter. The results of the evaluation of the efficiency and of the precision of each module are presented in this paper.", "contents": "A modular analyzer system for double antibody radioimmunoassays. The increasing number of determinations performed by radioimmunoassays necessitates rationalization of the procedures. An analyzer system has been developed in order to fully mechanize double antibody radioimmunoassays, which is essentially composed out of four independently working modules. The samples, in microliter vials, are carried in sample chains of up to 650 links. The first pipetting step is performed by syringes with displacement pistons. Additional reagents are rapidly added by an electronically controlled Hamilton repeating dispenser, which makes shaking procedures for mixing unnecessary. The bound/free separation is achieved discontinuously by use of Nuclepore-filters, which are carried in 3 inches distance (76 mm) by a 35 mm dark leader film. After covering the radioactive filter positions with an adhesive plastic foil from both sides, the film spool is directly inserted into a specially constructed gamma-counter. The results of the evaluation of the efficiency and of the precision of each module are presented in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1216956", "title": "[Determination of serum copper by atomic absorption spectrometry (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple modification of the atomic absorption method for the determination of serum copper is described, with deproteinization but without incubation at 90 degrees C. The method is characterized by high precision and accuracy, and it is linear throughout the clinically important range.", "contents": "[Determination of serum copper by atomic absorption spectrometry (author's transl)]. A simple modification of the atomic absorption method for the determination of serum copper is described, with deproteinization but without incubation at 90 degrees C. The method is characterized by high precision and accuracy, and it is linear throughout the clinically important range."}
{"id": "PMID:1216957", "title": "[Enzymic determination of total serum cholesterol with centrifugal analyzers (author's transl)].", "content": "The enzymic determination of total cholesterol described by P. R\u00f6schlau (Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 12, 403-407 (1974)) was modified and adapted to the Centrifichem system. The method which requires only 5 mul serum, is accurate, quick and simple. A separate serum blank is not necessary. Compared with the manual method, smaller quantities of reagents used and the resulting decrease in cost are appreciable for large series of analyses. The course of the reaction at 30 and 37 degrees C, the linearity, calibration, precision, recovery, and correlation with the Lieberman-Burchard method and the enzymic manual method are described.", "contents": "[Enzymic determination of total serum cholesterol with centrifugal analyzers (author's transl)]. The enzymic determination of total cholesterol described by P. R\u00f6schlau (Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 12, 403-407 (1974)) was modified and adapted to the Centrifichem system. The method which requires only 5 mul serum, is accurate, quick and simple. A separate serum blank is not necessary. Compared with the manual method, smaller quantities of reagents used and the resulting decrease in cost are appreciable for large series of analyses. The course of the reaction at 30 and 37 degrees C, the linearity, calibration, precision, recovery, and correlation with the Lieberman-Burchard method and the enzymic manual method are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1216958", "title": "[Determination of clinical chemical parameters in laboratory animals. Report of the workshop conference of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry held in Bad K\u00f6nig/Odenwald, Germany, on the 11th and 12th of October 1974 (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical chemical analyses are carried out in many animal experiments performed for medicinal research. For the evaluation of the analytical results fundamentals which have been tried tested and proven in human medicine are still frequently missing, such as reliability criteria, reference values, condition of specimen collecting and the knowledge of other important influences. The workshop conference of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry therefore prepared an inventory, and the most important problems were discussed with examples; guide-lines were worked out for planning, performance and evaluation of clinical chemical investigations on laboratory animals.", "contents": "[Determination of clinical chemical parameters in laboratory animals. Report of the workshop conference of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry held in Bad K\u00f6nig/Odenwald, Germany, on the 11th and 12th of October 1974 (author's transl)]. Clinical chemical analyses are carried out in many animal experiments performed for medicinal research. For the evaluation of the analytical results fundamentals which have been tried tested and proven in human medicine are still frequently missing, such as reliability criteria, reference values, condition of specimen collecting and the knowledge of other important influences. The workshop conference of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry therefore prepared an inventory, and the most important problems were discussed with examples; guide-lines were worked out for planning, performance and evaluation of clinical chemical investigations on laboratory animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1216960", "title": "Fetal and maternal plasma cortisol levels during labour and after delivery in the human.", "content": "In a group of 15 cases the cortisol concentrations were determined in fetal and maternal plasma during labour and after delivery. In maternal plasma the levels were about twice as high as in fetal plasma and rose up to more than 1000 mug/l during labour (x = 639 +/- 222). After delivery the concentrations decreased. In fetal plasma, cortisol increased during labour from x = 173 +/- to x = 276 +/- 75 at the time of delivery and decreased to x = 106 +/- 36 within the first 23 hours. In a second group of 20 cases maternal and umbilical cord blood and blood of the newborn during the first 28 hours after delivery were analyzed. The values were in the same ranges as in the first group. Extremely high maternal levels were not correlated to higher fetal values. The cortisol levels of postmature children did not significantly differ from those of normal babies.", "contents": "Fetal and maternal plasma cortisol levels during labour and after delivery in the human. In a group of 15 cases the cortisol concentrations were determined in fetal and maternal plasma during labour and after delivery. In maternal plasma the levels were about twice as high as in fetal plasma and rose up to more than 1000 mug/l during labour (x = 639 +/- 222). After delivery the concentrations decreased. In fetal plasma, cortisol increased during labour from x = 173 +/- to x = 276 +/- 75 at the time of delivery and decreased to x = 106 +/- 36 within the first 23 hours. In a second group of 20 cases maternal and umbilical cord blood and blood of the newborn during the first 28 hours after delivery were analyzed. The values were in the same ranges as in the first group. Extremely high maternal levels were not correlated to higher fetal values. The cortisol levels of postmature children did not significantly differ from those of normal babies."}
{"id": "PMID:1216961", "title": "[Enzyme-activities in serum and plasma of man, dog and rat, and the variation of these enzyme activities during storage of the blood].", "content": "The following enzymes were determined in the serum and plasma of man, dog and rat: alanine aminotransferase, asparate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme assays were performed on an Eppendorf-Enzymautomat 5010 using optimised conditions at 25 degrees C. The enzyme-activities changed by variable amounts during standing of the blood. This concerned mainly lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum of the rat. In human serum and in dog serum, and in the plasma of man, dog and rat this effect was only less pronounced.", "contents": "[Enzyme-activities in serum and plasma of man, dog and rat, and the variation of these enzyme activities during storage of the blood]. The following enzymes were determined in the serum and plasma of man, dog and rat: alanine aminotransferase, asparate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme assays were performed on an Eppendorf-Enzymautomat 5010 using optimised conditions at 25 degrees C. The enzyme-activities changed by variable amounts during standing of the blood. This concerned mainly lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum of the rat. In human serum and in dog serum, and in the plasma of man, dog and rat this effect was only less pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:1216971", "title": "[Examination of sinoatrial conduction through premature atrial stimuli via the esophagus].", "content": "Sinoatrial (SA) conduction can be tested in man by premature atrial stimuli. The difference between the post-extrasystolic pause and the spontaneous sinus cycle is a sign of the sinoatrial delay. Extern atrial stimuli provoked over the esophagus showed analogous results to intracardiac tests. The sinoatrial conduction time estimated by the esophagus method is about 20 ms higher. In 30 normal persons it was 95 +/- 36 ms (x +/- 2 SX). 7 patients with sick sinus syndrome showed aberrations as in the intracardiac test. Different types of sinoatrial block should be distinguished. Type I measured by the esophagus method had a \"SAE time\" over 130 ms. Type II always had compensating postextrasystolic pauses due to higher SA delay. Type III of other authors could not be observed; there are doubts about the rightness of this type. In 2 patients SA blocks over several sinus cysles could be induced by premature stimuli. This feature osberved for the first time has been declared as type IV. In 28 patients with different diseases of the heart type I could be found 12 times and type II 6 times; SA block was not known previously. The calculation of the SA time by atrial stimuli via the esophagus offers a riskless and simple method for the further differential diagnosis of disturbances of the cardiac rhythm.", "contents": "[Examination of sinoatrial conduction through premature atrial stimuli via the esophagus]. Sinoatrial (SA) conduction can be tested in man by premature atrial stimuli. The difference between the post-extrasystolic pause and the spontaneous sinus cycle is a sign of the sinoatrial delay. Extern atrial stimuli provoked over the esophagus showed analogous results to intracardiac tests. The sinoatrial conduction time estimated by the esophagus method is about 20 ms higher. In 30 normal persons it was 95 +/- 36 ms (x +/- 2 SX). 7 patients with sick sinus syndrome showed aberrations as in the intracardiac test. Different types of sinoatrial block should be distinguished. Type I measured by the esophagus method had a \"SAE time\" over 130 ms. Type II always had compensating postextrasystolic pauses due to higher SA delay. Type III of other authors could not be observed; there are doubts about the rightness of this type. In 2 patients SA blocks over several sinus cysles could be induced by premature stimuli. This feature osberved for the first time has been declared as type IV. In 28 patients with different diseases of the heart type I could be found 12 times and type II 6 times; SA block was not known previously. The calculation of the SA time by atrial stimuli via the esophagus offers a riskless and simple method for the further differential diagnosis of disturbances of the cardiac rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:1216972", "title": "[Left atrial parasystole].", "content": "A case of atrial parasystole is described in a 55-year-old female with multivalvular heart disease, treated with high doses of digitalis and showing first-degree av block. The left atrial origin of the parasystolic P waves was supported by their distinctive morphology, especially in lead V1, and the sequence of left and right atrial activation. Depending on the refractory state of the myocard, there was a greater shortening of the av conduction time during the parasystolic discharge than during sinus beats indicating a caudal localization of the parasystolic center.", "contents": "[Left atrial parasystole]. A case of atrial parasystole is described in a 55-year-old female with multivalvular heart disease, treated with high doses of digitalis and showing first-degree av block. The left atrial origin of the parasystolic P waves was supported by their distinctive morphology, especially in lead V1, and the sequence of left and right atrial activation. Depending on the refractory state of the myocard, there was a greater shortening of the av conduction time during the parasystolic discharge than during sinus beats indicating a caudal localization of the parasystolic center."}
{"id": "PMID:1216973", "title": "[Indication for preventive pacemaker implantations in patients with severe disorders of atrioventricular conduction].", "content": "A method for the evaluation of patients with severe conduction disturbances who might develop Adams-Stokes attacks or total A-V block is described. In 9 patients with conduction disturbances a \"stress test\" of the conduction system with small dosis of Ajmalin was performed. In 2 patients a higher degree of A-V block developed (2: 1 block, total A-V block). These patients were considered as candidates for prophylactic pacemakerinsertion. During this procedure a temporary pacemaker electrode has to be put into the right ventricle to provide saftey for the patient.", "contents": "[Indication for preventive pacemaker implantations in patients with severe disorders of atrioventricular conduction]. A method for the evaluation of patients with severe conduction disturbances who might develop Adams-Stokes attacks or total A-V block is described. In 9 patients with conduction disturbances a \"stress test\" of the conduction system with small dosis of Ajmalin was performed. In 2 patients a higher degree of A-V block developed (2: 1 block, total A-V block). These patients were considered as candidates for prophylactic pacemakerinsertion. During this procedure a temporary pacemaker electrode has to be put into the right ventricle to provide saftey for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1216974", "title": "[Electric stimulation as a means for the diagnosis of atrioventricular conduction disorders].", "content": "A patient with 2 : 1-block and right-bundle-branch block is described, who developed a high-degree-AV block distal to the bundle of His during electrophysiological investigations. Rapid atrial pacing caused total AV block distal to the His bundle. Rapid pacing from the right ventricle also caused total AV block after sudden discontinuation of pacing. The duration of total AV block was 25 to 60 seconds and the preautomatic time 2300-4750 msec according to rate and duration of stimulation. These methods are considered as good tools to evaluate patients with severely diseased conduction system, who might develop total AV block or Adams-Stokes seizures.", "contents": "[Electric stimulation as a means for the diagnosis of atrioventricular conduction disorders]. A patient with 2 : 1-block and right-bundle-branch block is described, who developed a high-degree-AV block distal to the bundle of His during electrophysiological investigations. Rapid atrial pacing caused total AV block distal to the His bundle. Rapid pacing from the right ventricle also caused total AV block after sudden discontinuation of pacing. The duration of total AV block was 25 to 60 seconds and the preautomatic time 2300-4750 msec according to rate and duration of stimulation. These methods are considered as good tools to evaluate patients with severely diseased conduction system, who might develop total AV block or Adams-Stokes seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:1216975", "title": "[Effect of thoracotomy on the contractility parameters of the left heart ventrilce in dogs].", "content": "The influence of thoracotomy on blood pressure, heart rate as well as maximal rate of pressure rise in the left ventricle (dp/dtmax), left ventricular pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and the parameters (see article) and (see article) was studied in anaesthetized and relaxed dogs, which were artifically respired using a Bird-Mark-8-respirator. The opening of the thorax leads to the following changes in+ the cardiovascular parameters: The mean arterial blood pressure was initially raised 9%. The heart rate increased by a few beats after the thoractomy, followed by a slow continuous drop so that a slight bradycardia was registered in the late phases of thoracotomy. The left ventricular pressure rose 8% after thoracic opening. The dp/dt values exhibited a similar rise initially (increase 17%), however fell to below the control values at a later stage so that a drop of 15% was registered by the end of the experimental period. The quotients (see article) and (see article) were slightly raised immediately following the opening of the thorax. During the remainder of the experiment the parameter (see article) underwent no appreciable changes, however, the quotient (see article) decreased up until the end of experiment. The left end-diastolic ventricular pressure dropped continually after thoracotomy.", "contents": "[Effect of thoracotomy on the contractility parameters of the left heart ventrilce in dogs]. The influence of thoracotomy on blood pressure, heart rate as well as maximal rate of pressure rise in the left ventricle (dp/dtmax), left ventricular pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and the parameters (see article) and (see article) was studied in anaesthetized and relaxed dogs, which were artifically respired using a Bird-Mark-8-respirator. The opening of the thorax leads to the following changes in+ the cardiovascular parameters: The mean arterial blood pressure was initially raised 9%. The heart rate increased by a few beats after the thoractomy, followed by a slow continuous drop so that a slight bradycardia was registered in the late phases of thoracotomy. The left ventricular pressure rose 8% after thoracic opening. The dp/dt values exhibited a similar rise initially (increase 17%), however fell to below the control values at a later stage so that a drop of 15% was registered by the end of the experimental period. The quotients (see article) and (see article) were slightly raised immediately following the opening of the thorax. During the remainder of the experiment the parameter (see article) underwent no appreciable changes, however, the quotient (see article) decreased up until the end of experiment. The left end-diastolic ventricular pressure dropped continually after thoracotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1216976", "title": "[Right atrial myxoma as a cardiac emergency. Diagnosis using M-mode and multiscan echocardiography].", "content": "A case of right atrial myxoma in a 31 year old female is reported which led to a typical history of syncopal episodes. The importance of echocardiography by two-dimensional multiscan and conventionel single beam techniques for the diagnosis of this disorder is emphasized. Symptomes, diagnosis and clinical course are discussed.", "contents": "[Right atrial myxoma as a cardiac emergency. Diagnosis using M-mode and multiscan echocardiography]. A case of right atrial myxoma in a 31 year old female is reported which led to a typical history of syncopal episodes. The importance of echocardiography by two-dimensional multiscan and conventionel single beam techniques for the diagnosis of this disorder is emphasized. Symptomes, diagnosis and clinical course are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216977", "title": "[Heart diagnosis using M-mode echocardiography. Continuing registration of transverse left ventricular inner diameters. I. Measurement in healthy persons].", "content": "Transversal internal diameters of the left ventricle can be determined simply, quickly, precisely and continuously by external application of impulse reflected ultrasound. These measurements permit the calculation of \"relative cross-sectional area differences\" between end-diastole and end-systole (RCD); peak and mean velocity of circumferential fiber contraction can be equally determined. The present report gives an analysis of 133 measurements on 81 healthy individuals. All persons were examined at rest, a part of them during exercise. All measurements were taken while supine position. The transversal internal diameters averaged 4.9 cm with considerable standard deviations. There was only a trend showing diminution of diameters during exercise. The \"relative cross-sectional area differences\" (RCD) between end-diastole and end-systole have only small standard deviations compared with the diameters. The average 58.3% and show a slight increase during exercise. The RCD were only slightly influenced by heart rate at rest. In contrast, peak and mean velocity of circumferential fiber contraction are obviously dependent on the heart rate. The results indicate a linear correlation between mean velocity and heart rate. The \"relative mean velocities of contraction\" (RVC), defined by normalization of the values to a rate of 60/min, average 1.0 and have small standard deviations like the RCD. The small physiological variety and the excellent reproducibility of data offer RCD and RVC determined by echocardiography as sensitive dynamic heart parameters applicable in clinical cardial diagnosis without any stress for the patient.", "contents": "[Heart diagnosis using M-mode echocardiography. Continuing registration of transverse left ventricular inner diameters. I. Measurement in healthy persons]. Transversal internal diameters of the left ventricle can be determined simply, quickly, precisely and continuously by external application of impulse reflected ultrasound. These measurements permit the calculation of \"relative cross-sectional area differences\" between end-diastole and end-systole (RCD); peak and mean velocity of circumferential fiber contraction can be equally determined. The present report gives an analysis of 133 measurements on 81 healthy individuals. All persons were examined at rest, a part of them during exercise. All measurements were taken while supine position. The transversal internal diameters averaged 4.9 cm with considerable standard deviations. There was only a trend showing diminution of diameters during exercise. The \"relative cross-sectional area differences\" (RCD) between end-diastole and end-systole have only small standard deviations compared with the diameters. The average 58.3% and show a slight increase during exercise. The RCD were only slightly influenced by heart rate at rest. In contrast, peak and mean velocity of circumferential fiber contraction are obviously dependent on the heart rate. The results indicate a linear correlation between mean velocity and heart rate. The \"relative mean velocities of contraction\" (RVC), defined by normalization of the values to a rate of 60/min, average 1.0 and have small standard deviations like the RCD. The small physiological variety and the excellent reproducibility of data offer RCD and RVC determined by echocardiography as sensitive dynamic heart parameters applicable in clinical cardial diagnosis without any stress for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1216978", "title": "[Relation system of electrocardiographic parameters in posterior myocardial infarction].", "content": "The polarcoordinates of the electrical heart vector in the groups of posterodiaphragmatic, postero-basal and extensive posterior myocardial infarctions were determined by the triaxicardiometer analogue computer. The ecg leads of Franks' system were numerically and graphically reconstructed from the digitalized polarcoordinates using formulas of connection between spherical polarcoordinates and rectangular Cartesian coordinates. Then the 12 conventional leads, by the use of coefficients were synthetized from the reconstructed leads of Franks' system and of the conventional leads were performed by the ODRA 1204 computer. So was created the connection system of the electrocardiological parameters, where the informative value of the polarcoordinates and the Cartesian coordinates-also mathematically-is exactly alike.", "contents": "[Relation system of electrocardiographic parameters in posterior myocardial infarction]. The polarcoordinates of the electrical heart vector in the groups of posterodiaphragmatic, postero-basal and extensive posterior myocardial infarctions were determined by the triaxicardiometer analogue computer. The ecg leads of Franks' system were numerically and graphically reconstructed from the digitalized polarcoordinates using formulas of connection between spherical polarcoordinates and rectangular Cartesian coordinates. Then the 12 conventional leads, by the use of coefficients were synthetized from the reconstructed leads of Franks' system and of the conventional leads were performed by the ODRA 1204 computer. So was created the connection system of the electrocardiological parameters, where the informative value of the polarcoordinates and the Cartesian coordinates-also mathematically-is exactly alike."}
{"id": "PMID:1216979", "title": "[Kent's rhythm].", "content": "In a case of WPW syndrome type B with AV dissociation, the ectopic beats, presenting an extreme form of WPW morphology, are considered as a rhythm of Kent, attributing conductivity and automaticy to the accessory pathway.", "contents": "[Kent's rhythm]. In a case of WPW syndrome type B with AV dissociation, the ectopic beats, presenting an extreme form of WPW morphology, are considered as a rhythm of Kent, attributing conductivity and automaticy to the accessory pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:1216980", "title": "[Test for the determination of physical fitness 3 weeks after myocardial infarction].", "content": "In a consecutive group of 125 patients three weeks after myocardial infarction an ergometer bicycle test was performed in order to obtain an objective assesment of the physical fitness. The patients were exercised on 3 different workloads during a total time of six minutes. It was attempted to reach the training heart rate which was calculated from the resting heart rate plus 60% of the maximum increase, the maximal heart rate being \"215-age in years\". The Physical Work Capacity (PWC) was compared with the fitness of on age correlated control group. We could show that the PWC at hospital discharge, i.e. 3 weeks after myocardial infarction, was 79.6 +/- 23% of the normal value. Three weeks later it had improved by another 9%. A positive correlation with the CPJ of Norris and with the degree of physical activity prior to the acute illness could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Test for the determination of physical fitness 3 weeks after myocardial infarction]. In a consecutive group of 125 patients three weeks after myocardial infarction an ergometer bicycle test was performed in order to obtain an objective assesment of the physical fitness. The patients were exercised on 3 different workloads during a total time of six minutes. It was attempted to reach the training heart rate which was calculated from the resting heart rate plus 60% of the maximum increase, the maximal heart rate being \"215-age in years\". The Physical Work Capacity (PWC) was compared with the fitness of on age correlated control group. We could show that the PWC at hospital discharge, i.e. 3 weeks after myocardial infarction, was 79.6 +/- 23% of the normal value. Three weeks later it had improved by another 9%. A positive correlation with the CPJ of Norris and with the degree of physical activity prior to the acute illness could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1216981", "title": "[Morphometric investigations' on synovial membranes of human knee joints. Statistical analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty knee joints of 49 autopsies and 10 amputated legs were examined histologically by specimens removed from eight locations. The criteria considered were: configuration of the surface, number of rows of synovial cells, sizes of bodies and nuclei of the synovial cells, position of the blood vessels to the synovial surface, degree of sclerosis both of the subsynovial connective tissue and blood vessels, and infiltrates of inflammatory cells. These parameters were recorded in tables, and 3,600 individual data were statistically evaluated by the aid of a PDP-12-computer. Survey of all findings shows that the age changes of the synovial membrane are relatively slight. With increasing body weight sclerosis of the synovial blood vessels progresses, but these vessels are sometimes spared in generalized arteriosclerosis. The greatest number of individual tissue changes is noted in the fat pad, medial and lateral capsular parts. Thus the synovial membrane of these parts may be regarded prominently reactive and of special value for the diagnosis of synovial changes. Since these parts are easily accessible at routine arthrotomies, they are recommended as the sites for diagnostic biopsies.", "contents": "[Morphometric investigations' on synovial membranes of human knee joints. Statistical analysis (author's transl)]. Sixty knee joints of 49 autopsies and 10 amputated legs were examined histologically by specimens removed from eight locations. The criteria considered were: configuration of the surface, number of rows of synovial cells, sizes of bodies and nuclei of the synovial cells, position of the blood vessels to the synovial surface, degree of sclerosis both of the subsynovial connective tissue and blood vessels, and infiltrates of inflammatory cells. These parameters were recorded in tables, and 3,600 individual data were statistically evaluated by the aid of a PDP-12-computer. Survey of all findings shows that the age changes of the synovial membrane are relatively slight. With increasing body weight sclerosis of the synovial blood vessels progresses, but these vessels are sometimes spared in generalized arteriosclerosis. The greatest number of individual tissue changes is noted in the fat pad, medial and lateral capsular parts. Thus the synovial membrane of these parts may be regarded prominently reactive and of special value for the diagnosis of synovial changes. Since these parts are easily accessible at routine arthrotomies, they are recommended as the sites for diagnostic biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:1216982", "title": "[Results of hallux valgus operations in young adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Compared were the results of three different hallux valgus operations (operations according to: Hohmann, Du Vries and Brandes) of young patients. As expected, the 2/3-resection according to Brandes showed unsatisfactory results, cosmetically and functionally. For this reason, this method should only be used with hallux valgus with a metatarso-phalangial joint with athrotic changes and with the polyarthritis foot. On the other hand, there can be obtained in most cases quite good results or at least satisfactory ones by the subcapital osteotomy according to Hohmann and Du Vries. The risk of a posterior metatarso-phalangial joint arthrosis seems us to be higher with the method according to Du Vries as according to Hohmann.", "contents": "[Results of hallux valgus operations in young adults (author's transl)]. Compared were the results of three different hallux valgus operations (operations according to: Hohmann, Du Vries and Brandes) of young patients. As expected, the 2/3-resection according to Brandes showed unsatisfactory results, cosmetically and functionally. For this reason, this method should only be used with hallux valgus with a metatarso-phalangial joint with athrotic changes and with the polyarthritis foot. On the other hand, there can be obtained in most cases quite good results or at least satisfactory ones by the subcapital osteotomy according to Hohmann and Du Vries. The risk of a posterior metatarso-phalangial joint arthrosis seems us to be higher with the method according to Du Vries as according to Hohmann."}
{"id": "PMID:1216983", "title": "[Anatomical investigation of the blood-supply of the lunate bone (author's transl)].", "content": "The lunate bone receives its blood-supply via a palmar and a dorsal vascular and fibrous strand. When the wrist is extended the dorsal vessels are caught in a kind of vice formed by the radius and the capitate bone and compressed up to complete occlusion. This mechanism, important for the pathogenesis of Kienb\u00f6ck's disease, is demonstrated on anatomical specimens.", "contents": "[Anatomical investigation of the blood-supply of the lunate bone (author's transl)]. The lunate bone receives its blood-supply via a palmar and a dorsal vascular and fibrous strand. When the wrist is extended the dorsal vessels are caught in a kind of vice formed by the radius and the capitate bone and compressed up to complete occlusion. This mechanism, important for the pathogenesis of Kienb\u00f6ck's disease, is demonstrated on anatomical specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:1216984", "title": "[A case of sarcoma of the talus giving the radiographic appearance of a \"cyst\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of sarcoma in the talus with the radiographic appearance of a cyst is reported. In spite of local excision of a part of the talus there were local recurrence and metastases. The histologic diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "[A case of sarcoma of the talus giving the radiographic appearance of a \"cyst\" (author's transl)]. A case of sarcoma in the talus with the radiographic appearance of a cyst is reported. In spite of local excision of a part of the talus there were local recurrence and metastases. The histologic diagnosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216985", "title": "[Immediate and delayed luxation of lower cervical vertebrae (author's transl)].", "content": "The secondary occurence of traumatic cervical spinal luxation is discussed with reference to three cases where there were no radiologic signs of dislocation immediately following the accident. Pathomechanics, diagnostic possibilities and treatment are discussed. Surgical realignment via the anterior access route, with intercorporeal spondylodesis, has proved advantageous. The name \"immediate and delayed cervical spinal luxation\" is suggested for cases of vertebral dislocation occurring some time after the accident.", "contents": "[Immediate and delayed luxation of lower cervical vertebrae (author's transl)]. The secondary occurence of traumatic cervical spinal luxation is discussed with reference to three cases where there were no radiologic signs of dislocation immediately following the accident. Pathomechanics, diagnostic possibilities and treatment are discussed. Surgical realignment via the anterior access route, with intercorporeal spondylodesis, has proved advantageous. The name \"immediate and delayed cervical spinal luxation\" is suggested for cases of vertebral dislocation occurring some time after the accident."}
{"id": "PMID:1216986", "title": "[Osteoporosis -- due to reduced blood circulation of bone (author's transl)].", "content": "According to a theory of the authors both senile osteoporosis and pathologic osteoporoses (rheumatic, in diabetes, bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema, portal hypertension and Cushing's disease) are due to disturbances of the circulation of the blood in bone. Every type of stasis in the sinusoids, be it due to reduced arterial supply or venous stasis or to a reduction of extravascular fluid-pressure will provoke an increase in osteoclastic activity and thus osteoporosis.", "contents": "[Osteoporosis -- due to reduced blood circulation of bone (author's transl)]. According to a theory of the authors both senile osteoporosis and pathologic osteoporoses (rheumatic, in diabetes, bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema, portal hypertension and Cushing's disease) are due to disturbances of the circulation of the blood in bone. Every type of stasis in the sinusoids, be it due to reduced arterial supply or venous stasis or to a reduction of extravascular fluid-pressure will provoke an increase in osteoclastic activity and thus osteoporosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1216987", "title": "[Demonstration of the \"length-disharmony\" syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Illustrations show the anatomical variant, the \"length-disharmony\" and its relationship to important deformities like scoliosis and funnel chest. This syndrome may be of interest since it provides a plausible explanation for the development of idiopathic scoliosis.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the \"length-disharmony\" syndrome (author's transl)]. Illustrations show the anatomical variant, the \"length-disharmony\" and its relationship to important deformities like scoliosis and funnel chest. This syndrome may be of interest since it provides a plausible explanation for the development of idiopathic scoliosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1216988", "title": "[Management in avascular necrosis of the femoral head (author's transl)].", "content": "For differentiated indication for operative treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head following points have to be considered: age, sex and profession of the patient, precedent treatments, state of contralateral and neighbouring joints. -- Methods of operation: Osteotomy for redistribution, filling with spongious bone and muscle-pedicle-bone graft, transplantation of homeoplastic osteochondral cups of the femoral head, Smith-Petersen-Cup arthroplasty- alloarthroplastic replacement of the femoral head, total replacement of the hip joint, resection of the femoral head and angulation-osteotomy of the diaphysis, arthrodesis of the hip joint. These methods are discussed with regard to personal conditions, surgical techniques, postoperative treatment as well as their advantages and disadvantages. There is no causative treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Therefore it is especially important to use the different methods appropriate to the special situation.", "contents": "[Management in avascular necrosis of the femoral head (author's transl)]. For differentiated indication for operative treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head following points have to be considered: age, sex and profession of the patient, precedent treatments, state of contralateral and neighbouring joints. -- Methods of operation: Osteotomy for redistribution, filling with spongious bone and muscle-pedicle-bone graft, transplantation of homeoplastic osteochondral cups of the femoral head, Smith-Petersen-Cup arthroplasty- alloarthroplastic replacement of the femoral head, total replacement of the hip joint, resection of the femoral head and angulation-osteotomy of the diaphysis, arthrodesis of the hip joint. These methods are discussed with regard to personal conditions, surgical techniques, postoperative treatment as well as their advantages and disadvantages. There is no causative treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Therefore it is especially important to use the different methods appropriate to the special situation."}
{"id": "PMID:1216989", "title": "[A case of a very benign tumor of bone: desmoplastic fibroma of the fore-arm (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of multilocular desmoplastic fibroma in both bones of the fore-arm, a very rare localization, is described. Diagnosis and treatment are discussed with cases so far puclished. The important distinction from a highly differentiated fibrosarcoma is mentioned.", "contents": "[A case of a very benign tumor of bone: desmoplastic fibroma of the fore-arm (author's transl)]. A case of multilocular desmoplastic fibroma in both bones of the fore-arm, a very rare localization, is described. Diagnosis and treatment are discussed with cases so far puclished. The important distinction from a highly differentiated fibrosarcoma is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1216990", "title": "[A fitting tool for the halo (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple fitting tool for placing the halo under local anesthesia is described.", "contents": "[A fitting tool for the halo (author's transl)]. A simple fitting tool for placing the halo under local anesthesia is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1216991", "title": "[Results of treatment with Pavlik harness for congenital dislocation of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of treatment with Pavlik harness in 168 hip joints have been reviewed. The average follow-up period was 8 years 6 months. In total 114 hip joints were treated only by Pavlik harness. Four hip joints were treated by surgical methods after conservative treatment. The results were very good in 81.0%. Subluxated hips were in 8.9%. Coxa valga et antetorta in 6.0% and deformed head in 4.1%. In a high percentage of our cases radiologically very good results were found. Joint development must be further followed up.", "contents": "[Results of treatment with Pavlik harness for congenital dislocation of the hip (author's transl)]. The results of treatment with Pavlik harness in 168 hip joints have been reviewed. The average follow-up period was 8 years 6 months. In total 114 hip joints were treated only by Pavlik harness. Four hip joints were treated by surgical methods after conservative treatment. The results were very good in 81.0%. Subluxated hips were in 8.9%. Coxa valga et antetorta in 6.0% and deformed head in 4.1%. In a high percentage of our cases radiologically very good results were found. Joint development must be further followed up."}
{"id": "PMID:1216992", "title": "[The alcaline serumphosphatase activity from adult and children after osteotomies (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcaline phosphatase activities in the Sera from 50 children of the age of 2-9 years were determined after intertrochanteric osteotomies. A significant decrease of enzymatic activity was to be seen, in contrast to the adult, where a slight increase of alcaline serum-phosphatase activity during bone healing is known. The possibility of reduced enzyme production caused by the postoperative immobilisation of the children is discussed.", "contents": "[The alcaline serumphosphatase activity from adult and children after osteotomies (author's transl)]. Alcaline phosphatase activities in the Sera from 50 children of the age of 2-9 years were determined after intertrochanteric osteotomies. A significant decrease of enzymatic activity was to be seen, in contrast to the adult, where a slight increase of alcaline serum-phosphatase activity during bone healing is known. The possibility of reduced enzyme production caused by the postoperative immobilisation of the children is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1216993", "title": "[A case of juxta-cortical chondroma (author's transl)].", "content": "A further case of juxta-cortical chondroma in the first finger-ray of a 61-year-old woman. Periosteal chondroma is an extremely rare benign tumor. Only 34 cases can be found in the literature. The tumor is cured with surgical removal.", "contents": "[A case of juxta-cortical chondroma (author's transl)]. A further case of juxta-cortical chondroma in the first finger-ray of a 61-year-old woman. Periosteal chondroma is an extremely rare benign tumor. Only 34 cases can be found in the literature. The tumor is cured with surgical removal."}
{"id": "PMID:1216996", "title": "[Treatment of segmental ischemic necroses of the head of femur with intertrochanteric flexion-osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "We call conditions with focal necroses in the head of femur \"segmental necroses\". Where possible we prefer to treat this condition with intertrochanteric displacement osteotomy, either with flexion- or varus displacement. As with arthrosis of the hip-joint the effects of displacement osteotomy are: reduction of tension of the muscles acting on the joint and increase in the leverage of the abductors reduce the work-load of the joint. An intact sector of the femoral head is placed into the weightbearing position and the necrotic segment is relieved. Immediate freedom from pain is supposed to be due to a normalization of the internal pressure in the marrow-cavity. For radiologic examination of segmental necroses of the femoral head tangential films (after Schneider) in addition to AP and axial films have proved useful. Early results of 16 flexion osteotomies for segmental necrosis of the head of femur, followed up for 6-34 months after operation (and further for up to 54 months), are encouraging. Impressive improvement of pain occurred in 14, of gait in 11 patients. The range of movement of the diseased joints, however, was not essentially increased.", "contents": "[Treatment of segmental ischemic necroses of the head of femur with intertrochanteric flexion-osteotomy (author's transl)]. We call conditions with focal necroses in the head of femur \"segmental necroses\". Where possible we prefer to treat this condition with intertrochanteric displacement osteotomy, either with flexion- or varus displacement. As with arthrosis of the hip-joint the effects of displacement osteotomy are: reduction of tension of the muscles acting on the joint and increase in the leverage of the abductors reduce the work-load of the joint. An intact sector of the femoral head is placed into the weightbearing position and the necrotic segment is relieved. Immediate freedom from pain is supposed to be due to a normalization of the internal pressure in the marrow-cavity. For radiologic examination of segmental necroses of the femoral head tangential films (after Schneider) in addition to AP and axial films have proved useful. Early results of 16 flexion osteotomies for segmental necrosis of the head of femur, followed up for 6-34 months after operation (and further for up to 54 months), are encouraging. Impressive improvement of pain occurred in 14, of gait in 11 patients. The range of movement of the diseased joints, however, was not essentially increased."}
{"id": "PMID:1216997", "title": "[The development of the dysplastic hip-joint following intertrochanteric rotating varus-osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of radiographs of 267 children with 465 intertrochanteric rotating varus osteotomies, carried out between the ages of 15 months and 14 1/2 years. The period of follow-up varied between 2 and 15 1/4 years. 1. The CCD angle on the last radiograph was normal in 77%, once more in values in 16.2%, coxa vara in 7%. 2. The AT angle was about normal only in 58.3% (0-20 degrees); it relapsed in 8.4% (over 35 degrees); in 8.8% a corrected angle did not return after retrorotation, particularly on the left. 3. The Ac angle was normal in 63.3%. 4. The CE angle corresponded to the norm in 59.1%. 5. Good late results (normal angles and shape of head) occur only in 20%. If one omits the AT condition, they rise to 40%. 6. The main causes of return of valgus appear to be: too early operation before the fifth year, mainly when disregarding the dysplastic acetabular roof, insufficient correction of the CCD angle of over 115 degrees, and technical faults. For physiologic weightbearing by the acetabular roof an AT angle of 10 appears necessary. 7. When dysplasia of the acetabular roof is present, the polyaxial correction of the proximal end of femur must be combined with acetabuloplasty or pelvic osteotomy.", "contents": "[The development of the dysplastic hip-joint following intertrochanteric rotating varus-osteotomy (author's transl)]. Evaluation of radiographs of 267 children with 465 intertrochanteric rotating varus osteotomies, carried out between the ages of 15 months and 14 1/2 years. The period of follow-up varied between 2 and 15 1/4 years. 1. The CCD angle on the last radiograph was normal in 77%, once more in values in 16.2%, coxa vara in 7%. 2. The AT angle was about normal only in 58.3% (0-20 degrees); it relapsed in 8.4% (over 35 degrees); in 8.8% a corrected angle did not return after retrorotation, particularly on the left. 3. The Ac angle was normal in 63.3%. 4. The CE angle corresponded to the norm in 59.1%. 5. Good late results (normal angles and shape of head) occur only in 20%. If one omits the AT condition, they rise to 40%. 6. The main causes of return of valgus appear to be: too early operation before the fifth year, mainly when disregarding the dysplastic acetabular roof, insufficient correction of the CCD angle of over 115 degrees, and technical faults. For physiologic weightbearing by the acetabular roof an AT angle of 10 appears necessary. 7. When dysplasia of the acetabular roof is present, the polyaxial correction of the proximal end of femur must be combined with acetabuloplasty or pelvic osteotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1217177", "title": "[Demography and medicine in Switzerland: medical manpower and project \"DEMOMED\"].", "content": "The situation as regards medical manpower in Switzerland in 1975 is characterized by high enrollment in the medical schools and a doubling time for the number of physicians in practice of approximately twenty years. A federal commission concerned with problems related to medical studies (CEPREM) conducted a study aiming at defining an optimum figure for intake of students into the medical schools. A survey of the international literature and a statistical study of availability of physician services region by region in Switzerland were conducted. The results show that it is impossible to define with precision an optimum \"medical density\" for Switzerland. The system of health and the functions of its various professions are not defined, and powers of decision in this field are not uniformly attributed. In the national survey, the most striking feature was disparity between various regions as regards access to medical or paramedical services. This disparity is parallel to state of economical development, and unlikely to be corrected even by an excess of overall medical manpower. Four hypotheses are presented on the consequences of increase, decrease, or stable enrolment in the medical schools. We conclude that there is no technical basis for defining an optimal medical density, but that it would be reasonable to decrease the number of second-year students by a factor of the order of 25% on the basis of a political decision.", "contents": "[Demography and medicine in Switzerland: medical manpower and project \"DEMOMED\"]. The situation as regards medical manpower in Switzerland in 1975 is characterized by high enrollment in the medical schools and a doubling time for the number of physicians in practice of approximately twenty years. A federal commission concerned with problems related to medical studies (CEPREM) conducted a study aiming at defining an optimum figure for intake of students into the medical schools. A survey of the international literature and a statistical study of availability of physician services region by region in Switzerland were conducted. The results show that it is impossible to define with precision an optimum \"medical density\" for Switzerland. The system of health and the functions of its various professions are not defined, and powers of decision in this field are not uniformly attributed. In the national survey, the most striking feature was disparity between various regions as regards access to medical or paramedical services. This disparity is parallel to state of economical development, and unlikely to be corrected even by an excess of overall medical manpower. Four hypotheses are presented on the consequences of increase, decrease, or stable enrolment in the medical schools. We conclude that there is no technical basis for defining an optimal medical density, but that it would be reasonable to decrease the number of second-year students by a factor of the order of 25% on the basis of a political decision."}
{"id": "PMID:1217178", "title": "[Prevention and risk factors of coronary disease in the Canton of Z\u00fcrich].", "content": "An intervention study is being carried out in relation to the prevention of diseases caused by atherosclerosis, especially coronary heart disease. The purpose of the study is to test in one community whether an intensive health education program, including the media (newspapers, radio and educational materials) as well as more individual instruction (lecture, group discussions, courses, exhibitions, collaboration with organizations) can modify risk factors in the population through favorable changes in the mode of life. Another community without any programs serves as a control. Questionnaires are being sent and screening examinations are being carried out in random samples of both populations before and at the end of the educational campaign in order to evaluate its effect. The plan and methods of the study are being described and the distribution of risk factors, based on the first round of examinations, is presented. A second round of examinations is due after a 12 months interval.", "contents": "[Prevention and risk factors of coronary disease in the Canton of Z\u00fcrich]. An intervention study is being carried out in relation to the prevention of diseases caused by atherosclerosis, especially coronary heart disease. The purpose of the study is to test in one community whether an intensive health education program, including the media (newspapers, radio and educational materials) as well as more individual instruction (lecture, group discussions, courses, exhibitions, collaboration with organizations) can modify risk factors in the population through favorable changes in the mode of life. Another community without any programs serves as a control. Questionnaires are being sent and screening examinations are being carried out in random samples of both populations before and at the end of the educational campaign in order to evaluate its effect. The plan and methods of the study are being described and the distribution of risk factors, based on the first round of examinations, is presented. A second round of examinations is due after a 12 months interval."}
{"id": "PMID:1217179", "title": "[Mortality and incidence of malignant tumors in the Canton of Z\u00fcrich].", "content": "Cancer mortality data of Switzerland and of the Canton of Zurich are being compared for the years 1969-1972. The pattern of distribution of the five most frequent cancer sites in Zurich compared to Switzerland shows a clear trend towards the American situation: increase of cancer of the colon, pancreas and lung, decrease of cancer of the stomach and esophagus. Incidence data of the first year of registration of the Zurich Tumor Registry are being discussed.", "contents": "[Mortality and incidence of malignant tumors in the Canton of Z\u00fcrich]. Cancer mortality data of Switzerland and of the Canton of Zurich are being compared for the years 1969-1972. The pattern of distribution of the five most frequent cancer sites in Zurich compared to Switzerland shows a clear trend towards the American situation: increase of cancer of the colon, pancreas and lung, decrease of cancer of the stomach and esophagus. Incidence data of the first year of registration of the Zurich Tumor Registry are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217182", "title": "[The extent of the relationship of dental care and dental status to social class].", "content": "Interviews and dental inspection were conducted ina random sample of 300 adults from a city and the surrounding rural districts. Having a family dentist who had been seen during the two years preceding the interview, was ten times less common in the lowest of three social classes than in the higher. None or only one daily toothbrushing is reported five times more frequently in the lowest social class than in the upper class, and complete dentures are five times more frequent in the lowest class. On the other hand, partial dentures are found twice as frequently in the upper class than in the middle or lower classes, indicating more differentiated services by the dentists.", "contents": "[The extent of the relationship of dental care and dental status to social class]. Interviews and dental inspection were conducted ina random sample of 300 adults from a city and the surrounding rural districts. Having a family dentist who had been seen during the two years preceding the interview, was ten times less common in the lowest of three social classes than in the higher. None or only one daily toothbrushing is reported five times more frequently in the lowest social class than in the upper class, and complete dentures are five times more frequent in the lowest class. On the other hand, partial dentures are found twice as frequently in the upper class than in the middle or lower classes, indicating more differentiated services by the dentists."}
{"id": "PMID:1217181", "title": "[Computer estimates of the cost for restorative dental treat].", "content": "The costs for a complet functional restoration of the dentition and the parodontium (orthodontics not included) in a sample of 1392 adolescents aged 16-20 (Geneva, 1970-1972) have been estimated on the basis of an approved scale of fees (1). These costs are analyzed with respect to age, sex, occupation and socio-professional status of the parents.", "contents": "[Computer estimates of the cost for restorative dental treat]. The costs for a complet functional restoration of the dentition and the parodontium (orthodontics not included) in a sample of 1392 adolescents aged 16-20 (Geneva, 1970-1972) have been estimated on the basis of an approved scale of fees (1). These costs are analyzed with respect to age, sex, occupation and socio-professional status of the parents."}
{"id": "PMID:1217183", "title": "[Medical aspects of the prevention of occupational diseases].", "content": "Important tasks of the physician in the field of occupational health are-setting of threshold-limit-values (TLV) as a base for technical and medical measures-planning and carry-out of medical examinations (medical prophylaxis) at the beginning and during work for the purpose of selection and survey.", "contents": "[Medical aspects of the prevention of occupational diseases]. Important tasks of the physician in the field of occupational health are-setting of threshold-limit-values (TLV) as a base for technical and medical measures-planning and carry-out of medical examinations (medical prophylaxis) at the beginning and during work for the purpose of selection and survey."}
{"id": "PMID:1217186", "title": "[Air pollution caused by cigarette smoke].", "content": "In a climatized room of 30 M3 various gas-phase components of the side-stress smoke of cigarettes were quantitatively determined. In these experiments, acroleine, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and nitric oxide reached relatively high values.", "contents": "[Air pollution caused by cigarette smoke]. In a climatized room of 30 M3 various gas-phase components of the side-stress smoke of cigarettes were quantitatively determined. In these experiments, acroleine, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and nitric oxide reached relatively high values."}
{"id": "PMID:1217185", "title": "[Ergonomic analysis of heavy work carried out by female workers in the textile industry].", "content": "Work and recovery pulse were measured with 22 female workers doing heavy work. The proposed limit of capacity under continuous operating conditions of 25 work pulses was surpassed by 10 of the 22 workers. Recovery pulse made it possible to detect illness in two cases and correlates significantly with the total duration of relaxing operation. Similar results could not be obtained with work pulse. As the recovery pulse is quickly and easily measurable, it was in the frame of this study a more interesting value than the work pulse.", "contents": "[Ergonomic analysis of heavy work carried out by female workers in the textile industry]. Work and recovery pulse were measured with 22 female workers doing heavy work. The proposed limit of capacity under continuous operating conditions of 25 work pulses was surpassed by 10 of the 22 workers. Recovery pulse made it possible to detect illness in two cases and correlates significantly with the total duration of relaxing operation. Similar results could not be obtained with work pulse. As the recovery pulse is quickly and easily measurable, it was in the frame of this study a more interesting value than the work pulse."}
{"id": "PMID:1217188", "title": "[The effect of a monotonous repetitive task on flicker fusion and subjective feelings].", "content": "The effects of a uniform repetitive and of an activating task on critical flicker fusion (cff) and subjective feelings were measured on 15 subjects under laboratory conditions. With the uniform repetitive task the cff decreased significantly and the subjective feelings showed marked changes. With the activating task we could determine changes neither for cff nor for subjective feelings (except factor \"subjective recovery\").", "contents": "[The effect of a monotonous repetitive task on flicker fusion and subjective feelings]. The effects of a uniform repetitive and of an activating task on critical flicker fusion (cff) and subjective feelings were measured on 15 subjects under laboratory conditions. With the uniform repetitive task the cff decreased significantly and the subjective feelings showed marked changes. With the activating task we could determine changes neither for cff nor for subjective feelings (except factor \"subjective recovery\")."}
{"id": "PMID:1217189", "title": "[The effect of low carbon monoxide concentrations on humans].", "content": "The effects of a 3 h exposition to 150 ppm CO on the flicker fusion frequency and the subjective assessment of 20 subjects have been investigated under two different experimental conditions (monotonous and activating). In the monotonous situation the exposition to CO has induced a relative \"activation\" of the subjective feelings.", "contents": "[The effect of low carbon monoxide concentrations on humans]. The effects of a 3 h exposition to 150 ppm CO on the flicker fusion frequency and the subjective assessment of 20 subjects have been investigated under two different experimental conditions (monotonous and activating). In the monotonous situation the exposition to CO has induced a relative \"activation\" of the subjective feelings."}
{"id": "PMID:1217190", "title": "[Preventive health examinations of kindergarten children in Basel].", "content": "A survey of preventive examination in 4.820 kindergarten children (4-5 years old) in Basle is presented. The results of screening have been grouped according to different criteria. Special attention is paid to the importance of minimal brain damage in early childhood. Out of 73 cases of minimal brain damage in 31 cases the diagnosis revealed was previously unknown. The number of children with a visual deficiency is high. In 535 children the visual defect was detected by this examination; 9 children have an ear deficiency caused by prenatal damage; 79 children with speech impediment needed logopedical treatment. Other diagnosis are discussed briefly.", "contents": "[Preventive health examinations of kindergarten children in Basel]. A survey of preventive examination in 4.820 kindergarten children (4-5 years old) in Basle is presented. The results of screening have been grouped according to different criteria. Special attention is paid to the importance of minimal brain damage in early childhood. Out of 73 cases of minimal brain damage in 31 cases the diagnosis revealed was previously unknown. The number of children with a visual deficiency is high. In 535 children the visual defect was detected by this examination; 9 children have an ear deficiency caused by prenatal damage; 79 children with speech impediment needed logopedical treatment. Other diagnosis are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:1217187", "title": "[Noise emission in dwellings].", "content": "A social survey in 800 dwellings showed - among other results - the relation between the intensity of traffic noise and the annoyance due to this exposure.", "contents": "[Noise emission in dwellings]. A social survey in 800 dwellings showed - among other results - the relation between the intensity of traffic noise and the annoyance due to this exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:1217191", "title": "[A comparison of 10 overweight adolescents with normal weight matched controls].", "content": "Ten obese young people as well as ten matched controls with normal body weight have been interviewed in respect to development of body weight, eating habits, influence of the family, position of the subject in his (her) surroundings and his (her) self-assessment. It has been shown that obese subjects are eating more and more frequently than subjects with normal body weight. No other differences have been detected between the two groups. An important influence of the family on eating habits and consequently on body weight was a common feature in all the subjects.", "contents": "[A comparison of 10 overweight adolescents with normal weight matched controls]. Ten obese young people as well as ten matched controls with normal body weight have been interviewed in respect to development of body weight, eating habits, influence of the family, position of the subject in his (her) surroundings and his (her) self-assessment. It has been shown that obese subjects are eating more and more frequently than subjects with normal body weight. No other differences have been detected between the two groups. An important influence of the family on eating habits and consequently on body weight was a common feature in all the subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:1217192", "title": "[Children under stress: socioeconomic change and the well-being of school children].", "content": "The influence of a changing environment on the well being of children has been examined by applying the HOS of Leighton. There is no general connection between \"Changing Environment\" and \"Stress Score\". But children who are not underprivileged socioeconomically show a higher Stress Score in a region with faster change.", "contents": "[Children under stress: socioeconomic change and the well-being of school children]. The influence of a changing environment on the well being of children has been examined by applying the HOS of Leighton. There is no general connection between \"Changing Environment\" and \"Stress Score\". But children who are not underprivileged socioeconomically show a higher Stress Score in a region with faster change."}
{"id": "PMID:1217194", "title": "[Social mechanisms of drinking habits in Switzerland].", "content": "In the sociological Section of this interdisciplinery study data are collected on the consumption pattern, the social contexts of drinking, the drinking rules, the attitudes and behavior toward and the social distance to the alcoholic, on popular conceptions of the etiology of alcoholism, social attitudes and on socio-demographic characteristics. The household survey is representative for the French, German and Romanic speaking parts of Switzerland. The psychological section is complementary in the sense that it is, on a smaller scale, based on the same population. However, it deals with the functions of drinking  at the individual level. First results will be available in summer 1975.", "contents": "[Social mechanisms of drinking habits in Switzerland]. In the sociological Section of this interdisciplinery study data are collected on the consumption pattern, the social contexts of drinking, the drinking rules, the attitudes and behavior toward and the social distance to the alcoholic, on popular conceptions of the etiology of alcoholism, social attitudes and on socio-demographic characteristics. The household survey is representative for the French, German and Romanic speaking parts of Switzerland. The psychological section is complementary in the sense that it is, on a smaller scale, based on the same population. However, it deals with the functions of drinking  at the individual level. First results will be available in summer 1975."}
{"id": "PMID:1217195", "title": "[Family factors and alcohol consumption of 14-15-year-old Basel school children].", "content": "In a representative sample of Basle school children a good correlation between the alcohol consumption of parents, elder siblings and 14-15 year old schoolchildren was confirmed. Neither frequency nor quantity of alcohol consumption was dependent on family structure in this age group.", "contents": "[Family factors and alcohol consumption of 14-15-year-old Basel school children]. In a representative sample of Basle school children a good correlation between the alcohol consumption of parents, elder siblings and 14-15 year old schoolchildren was confirmed. Neither frequency nor quantity of alcohol consumption was dependent on family structure in this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:1217196", "title": "[Family factors and cigarette smoking in adolescents].", "content": "Results of the Basle-Adolescents Study confirmed an important effect of parent smoking and even more of elder sibling smoking on cigarette consumption of adolescents. Broken home situation and employment of mother were other important determinants the effect of which can, however, be partially explained by a higher frequency of smoking mothers.", "contents": "[Family factors and cigarette smoking in adolescents]. Results of the Basle-Adolescents Study confirmed an important effect of parent smoking and even more of elder sibling smoking on cigarette consumption of adolescents. Broken home situation and employment of mother were other important determinants the effect of which can, however, be partially explained by a higher frequency of smoking mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:1217197", "title": "[Food habits and cigarette smoking in adolescents].", "content": "Bad eating habits, e.g. no regular breakfast, rarer consumption of fruits and milk, are associated with higher frequency of cigarette smoking in adolescence. Probably this is due to a common factor most likely to be found in the personality of the adolescent and its determinants.", "contents": "[Food habits and cigarette smoking in adolescents]. Bad eating habits, e.g. no regular breakfast, rarer consumption of fruits and milk, are associated with higher frequency of cigarette smoking in adolescence. Probably this is due to a common factor most likely to be found in the personality of the adolescent and its determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:1217202", "title": "[Weal-formation by Utrica Dioica. An intravital reaction? (author's transl)].", "content": "The question concerning the intravital and postmortal mechanism of urticarial weal after contact with nettles (urtica dioica) was investigated in corpses, animal experiments and voluntary trials. No nettle weals could be induced in corpses or postmortally in experiments with albino rats (Witstar Strain). When animals were exposed to nettle-stings immediately before decapitation only 2 od 12 rats developed weals postmortally. However, the diameter of such weals was only 30% of that of weals produced intravitally. After Application of a tourniquet (180 - 200 mm Hg) to test persons no weals were formed after contact with nettles in a period of 10 minutes. As soon as the tourniquet was released weal-formation occured in full extent in most test persons. According to the authors opinion the occurence of nettle weals (urtica dioica) in corpses is therefore considered a local intravital reaction.", "contents": "[Weal-formation by Utrica Dioica. An intravital reaction? (author's transl)]. The question concerning the intravital and postmortal mechanism of urticarial weal after contact with nettles (urtica dioica) was investigated in corpses, animal experiments and voluntary trials. No nettle weals could be induced in corpses or postmortally in experiments with albino rats (Witstar Strain). When animals were exposed to nettle-stings immediately before decapitation only 2 od 12 rats developed weals postmortally. However, the diameter of such weals was only 30% of that of weals produced intravitally. After Application of a tourniquet (180 - 200 mm Hg) to test persons no weals were formed after contact with nettles in a period of 10 minutes. As soon as the tourniquet was released weal-formation occured in full extent in most test persons. According to the authors opinion the occurence of nettle weals (urtica dioica) in corpses is therefore considered a local intravital reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:1217198", "title": "[Social histories of female abusers of phenacetin-containing analgesics].", "content": "The abuse of analgesics is common in the Swiss population. In a field study social und psychological investigations with 600 women ingesting analgesics and 600 women not taking analgesics are made. In a preliminary interpretation of 80 interviews the women ingesting analgesics differ only in a few points from the control group: 1. In the study group a greater number women has children, however on the average a lower number than the control group 2. The children of the women ingesting analgesics are more often taken care of outside their own home. 3. As an overwhelming event in life the loss of one or both parents was often mentioned. 4. Questions asked with regard to depressive symptoms were similar for both groups.", "contents": "[Social histories of female abusers of phenacetin-containing analgesics]. The abuse of analgesics is common in the Swiss population. In a field study social und psychological investigations with 600 women ingesting analgesics and 600 women not taking analgesics are made. In a preliminary interpretation of 80 interviews the women ingesting analgesics differ only in a few points from the control group: 1. In the study group a greater number women has children, however on the average a lower number than the control group 2. The children of the women ingesting analgesics are more often taken care of outside their own home. 3. As an overwhelming event in life the loss of one or both parents was often mentioned. 4. Questions asked with regard to depressive symptoms were similar for both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1217203", "title": "Acute toxicity of the combustion products from various kinds of fibers.", "content": "Acute toxicity of the combustion products from various fibers was evaluated in animal experiments. The materials used were cotton, gauze, acetate, rayon, polyester (PE), polychlal (PC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), silk, wool, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and modacryle (MA). Rats, mice, and rabbits were exposed to gases released from these materials, heated with an electric heater. In experiments with rabbits animals inhaled gases through a tracheal cannula under urethane narcosis. As indices for toxicity, the time at which animals were impaired severely, was used in rat experiments while the death time was used in experiments with rabbits and mice. The concentrations of O2 and CO in the exposure room were determined continously, blood COHb and cyanide values were also estimated. Gases from fibers containing nitrogen impaired severely and killed the animals earlier than any other materials. Blood analyses revealed the presence of high values of cyanide in PAN, MA, and silk experiments. HCN was considered to be responsible for the high toxicity of gases from these materials. In the case of wool, despite of high toxicity of its combustion products, blood cyanide and COHb values were not very high. Gases from cotton, gauze, and rayon impaired severely and killed the animals relatively early in the exposure period. Toxicity of combution products from these materials was attributable to CO on the basis of gas and blood analyses. Acute toxicity of PE and acetate gases, being less than that of cotton, gauze, rayon under the present experimental conditions, was explained mainly by CO. Neither severe impairment nor death occurred during exposure in PC and PVDC experiments.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of the combustion products from various kinds of fibers. Acute toxicity of the combustion products from various fibers was evaluated in animal experiments. The materials used were cotton, gauze, acetate, rayon, polyester (PE), polychlal (PC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), silk, wool, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and modacryle (MA). Rats, mice, and rabbits were exposed to gases released from these materials, heated with an electric heater. In experiments with rabbits animals inhaled gases through a tracheal cannula under urethane narcosis. As indices for toxicity, the time at which animals were impaired severely, was used in rat experiments while the death time was used in experiments with rabbits and mice. The concentrations of O2 and CO in the exposure room were determined continously, blood COHb and cyanide values were also estimated. Gases from fibers containing nitrogen impaired severely and killed the animals earlier than any other materials. Blood analyses revealed the presence of high values of cyanide in PAN, MA, and silk experiments. HCN was considered to be responsible for the high toxicity of gases from these materials. In the case of wool, despite of high toxicity of its combustion products, blood cyanide and COHb values were not very high. Gases from cotton, gauze, and rayon impaired severely and killed the animals relatively early in the exposure period. Toxicity of combution products from these materials was attributable to CO on the basis of gas and blood analyses. Acute toxicity of PE and acetate gases, being less than that of cotton, gauze, rayon under the present experimental conditions, was explained mainly by CO. Neither severe impairment nor death occurred during exposure in PC and PVDC experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1217204", "title": "[The liver and the so-called absorption deficiency. A hypothesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood supply of the liver consists of about 25 per cent from the hepatic artery and 75 per cent from the portal vein. Therefore, especially in the phase of absorption, considerably more alcohol comes from the portal vein into the liver than from the hepatic artery. As the alcohol in the liver is always partially metabolised, all the alcohol that is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract can never appear in the general and pulmonary circulation. Perhaps this is the essential reason for the so-called absorption deficiency.", "contents": "[The liver and the so-called absorption deficiency. A hypothesis (author's transl)]. The blood supply of the liver consists of about 25 per cent from the hepatic artery and 75 per cent from the portal vein. Therefore, especially in the phase of absorption, considerably more alcohol comes from the portal vein into the liver than from the hepatic artery. As the alcohol in the liver is always partially metabolised, all the alcohol that is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract can never appear in the general and pulmonary circulation. Perhaps this is the essential reason for the so-called absorption deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1217205", "title": "[Data on the static and dynamic rigidity of the calvaria (author's transl)].", "content": "Our investigation, carried out on the calvaria of a cadaver, gave us numerical values for the scientific cognition of the static and dynamic flexion- elasticity of the bones of the calvaria. The investigations were carried out with a DYNSTATT type, pendulum-system, flexion-elasticity examining apparatus. On the basis of the measured values three value groups could be established and correspondingly, well-separable regions on the calvaria. While the dynamic static resistance of generally higher value decreases with the progress of the circle, the static resistance rises with approximately identical values. The collateral fractures - indirect fractures - observed beside the direct fractures of the calvaria develop on the parts of the bone around the directly damaged bone region which show relatively smaller static and dynamic resistance.", "contents": "[Data on the static and dynamic rigidity of the calvaria (author's transl)]. Our investigation, carried out on the calvaria of a cadaver, gave us numerical values for the scientific cognition of the static and dynamic flexion- elasticity of the bones of the calvaria. The investigations were carried out with a DYNSTATT type, pendulum-system, flexion-elasticity examining apparatus. On the basis of the measured values three value groups could be established and correspondingly, well-separable regions on the calvaria. While the dynamic static resistance of generally higher value decreases with the progress of the circle, the static resistance rises with approximately identical values. The collateral fractures - indirect fractures - observed beside the direct fractures of the calvaria develop on the parts of the bone around the directly damaged bone region which show relatively smaller static and dynamic resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:1217199", "title": "[Trends in urinary analgesic excretion in a cohort observed from 1968 to 1975].", "content": "From 1968 to 1972 and in 1975 (provisional results) urine samples collected on three days per year were examined by photometer for N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (=NAPAP, main metabolite of phenacetin) and for salicylates in the same population. It consists of 1200 women born from 1918 to 1937 whose majority works in 80 enterprises of Northwestern Switzerland. In 1968 half of the women showed regular intake of phenacetin containing analgesics (=study group) in contrast to the other half that did not (=control group). Excretion of salicylates was no criterion for grouping. Between 1968 and 1972 the total of women positive for NAPAP in urine decreased from 50% to 35%. The decrease concerns almost exclusively women positive for NAPAP on one or two days, whereas the number of women positive on all three days remained stable. At the same time the total number of women positive for salicylates decreased too. Possible reasons for the decreasing tendency of analgesics intake are mentioned. The much more frequent excretion of salicylates in the study group in contrast to the controls is probably due to the intake of combined analgesics. The provisional results of 1975 are in accordance to those observed previously.", "contents": "[Trends in urinary analgesic excretion in a cohort observed from 1968 to 1975]. From 1968 to 1972 and in 1975 (provisional results) urine samples collected on three days per year were examined by photometer for N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (=NAPAP, main metabolite of phenacetin) and for salicylates in the same population. It consists of 1200 women born from 1918 to 1937 whose majority works in 80 enterprises of Northwestern Switzerland. In 1968 half of the women showed regular intake of phenacetin containing analgesics (=study group) in contrast to the other half that did not (=control group). Excretion of salicylates was no criterion for grouping. Between 1968 and 1972 the total of women positive for NAPAP in urine decreased from 50% to 35%. The decrease concerns almost exclusively women positive for NAPAP on one or two days, whereas the number of women positive on all three days remained stable. At the same time the total number of women positive for salicylates decreased too. Possible reasons for the decreasing tendency of analgesics intake are mentioned. The much more frequent excretion of salicylates in the study group in contrast to the controls is probably due to the intake of combined analgesics. The provisional results of 1975 are in accordance to those observed previously."}
{"id": "PMID:1217206", "title": "[The narrow spinal canal - medicolegal aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The constitutional anomayl of a narrow spinal canal was found in a neuroradiological department in 31 cases. The cervical stenosis can be defined in the following way: Inside diameter of cervical canal (anterior-posterior) in relation to diameter of vertebral body. In normal cases the quotient is over 1 - in pathological narrowing under 1. Clinical symptoms mainly appear from 45th year onwards, when reactive-degenerative changes increase the space problem. In wiplash injuries or other adequate cervical trauma 7 cases were seen and described with acute incomplete tetraplegia or/and multilocular lesions of cervical roots, resulting from cervical stenosis combined with degenerative changes in 6 patients. Myelography revealed multilocular deformities of the spinal subarachnoidal space in the abnormal narrow cervical canal. The referred cases were not complicated with forensic aspects. The prognosis quod sanationem was poor. A chronic cervical myelopathy results. Pretraumatic clinical alterations of cervical roots and/or the myelon in the referred cases were absent, existing in other patients. Predominantly men and hard working people with narrow cervical canal became ill. Early symptoms were pain in extremities. Dysesthesia and loss of sensation combined with signs of pyramidal lesion occured later. Defects in nerve roots sometimes overlayed the myelon symptoms. Unspecific CSF-Alterations were common. The EMG showed abnormalities in cases of root involvement. Operative treatment was tried to remove the reactive processes, but could not alter the constitutional anomaly. The resulting immobilisation of myelon and nerve roots involves in the case of trauma a direct mechanical lesion and secondary vascular complications via Arteria vertebralis, spinalis anterior and radicularis, namely in patients with degenerative alterations of the cervical spine, these including a further narrowing behind the constitutional anomaly. Our experience seems to recommend that more attention should be paid a cervical narrow spinal canal in medicolegal implications.", "contents": "[The narrow spinal canal - medicolegal aspects (author's transl)]. The constitutional anomayl of a narrow spinal canal was found in a neuroradiological department in 31 cases. The cervical stenosis can be defined in the following way: Inside diameter of cervical canal (anterior-posterior) in relation to diameter of vertebral body. In normal cases the quotient is over 1 - in pathological narrowing under 1. Clinical symptoms mainly appear from 45th year onwards, when reactive-degenerative changes increase the space problem. In wiplash injuries or other adequate cervical trauma 7 cases were seen and described with acute incomplete tetraplegia or/and multilocular lesions of cervical roots, resulting from cervical stenosis combined with degenerative changes in 6 patients. Myelography revealed multilocular deformities of the spinal subarachnoidal space in the abnormal narrow cervical canal. The referred cases were not complicated with forensic aspects. The prognosis quod sanationem was poor. A chronic cervical myelopathy results. Pretraumatic clinical alterations of cervical roots and/or the myelon in the referred cases were absent, existing in other patients. Predominantly men and hard working people with narrow cervical canal became ill. Early symptoms were pain in extremities. Dysesthesia and loss of sensation combined with signs of pyramidal lesion occured later. Defects in nerve roots sometimes overlayed the myelon symptoms. Unspecific CSF-Alterations were common. The EMG showed abnormalities in cases of root involvement. Operative treatment was tried to remove the reactive processes, but could not alter the constitutional anomaly. The resulting immobilisation of myelon and nerve roots involves in the case of trauma a direct mechanical lesion and secondary vascular complications via Arteria vertebralis, spinalis anterior and radicularis, namely in patients with degenerative alterations of the cervical spine, these including a further narrowing behind the constitutional anomaly. Our experience seems to recommend that more attention should be paid a cervical narrow spinal canal in medicolegal implications."}
{"id": "PMID:1217207", "title": "[Cerebral ischemia or post traumatic thrombosis of the A. carotis occuring to a car driver (author's transl)].", "content": "A short while after leaving a public-house a 71 year old man as the driver of his car was involved in a head-on collision with another car. On admission to a hospital he was unconscious with a distinct debility for the left side of his body and showed a changing anisocoria. Angiography of the right carotid artery revealed an occlusion. It was suspected that this was the terminal state of a generalized arteriosclerotic occlusion which was considered being the reason for the accident. The autopsy-findings showed, however, a posttraumatic thrombosis (whiplash-trauma of the cervical vertebral column) of the right arteria carotis and of the right arteria vertebralis with thromboembolia in a small pontine artery with an infarct-like ischemic softening. The differentiation from an apoplexia is of importance for the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Cerebral ischemia or post traumatic thrombosis of the A. carotis occuring to a car driver (author's transl)]. A short while after leaving a public-house a 71 year old man as the driver of his car was involved in a head-on collision with another car. On admission to a hospital he was unconscious with a distinct debility for the left side of his body and showed a changing anisocoria. Angiography of the right carotid artery revealed an occlusion. It was suspected that this was the terminal state of a generalized arteriosclerotic occlusion which was considered being the reason for the accident. The autopsy-findings showed, however, a posttraumatic thrombosis (whiplash-trauma of the cervical vertebral column) of the right arteria carotis and of the right arteria vertebralis with thromboembolia in a small pontine artery with an infarct-like ischemic softening. The differentiation from an apoplexia is of importance for the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217208", "title": "[The use of combined spectroscopy in analytical toxicology (author's transl)].", "content": "The combined application of the four spectrometric techniques UV, IR, NMR and MS is an important analytical tool for the identification of the increasing number of potential poisons with which the analysts in the fields of forensic sciences and toxicology are confronted. Some of the contributions of these techniques to toxicological analyses are reviewed and illustrated by a few examples. Furthermore, the incorporation of the four methods into the analytical scheme, the requirements with respect to quantity and purity of the unkown substances, as well as the different possibilities for the combination of separation and identification techniques are outlined.", "contents": "[The use of combined spectroscopy in analytical toxicology (author's transl)]. The combined application of the four spectrometric techniques UV, IR, NMR and MS is an important analytical tool for the identification of the increasing number of potential poisons with which the analysts in the fields of forensic sciences and toxicology are confronted. Some of the contributions of these techniques to toxicological analyses are reviewed and illustrated by a few examples. Furthermore, the incorporation of the four methods into the analytical scheme, the requirements with respect to quantity and purity of the unkown substances, as well as the different possibilities for the combination of separation and identification techniques are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1217209", "title": "[About the effect of alcohol and tiredness on the activity of tendon reflexes (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to estimate the combined effect of ethanol and fatigue on the activity of tendon reflexes, the mechanical threshhold and the latency of the patellar tendon, the radial and the biceps reflexes as well as the time of contraction of the musculus quadriceps femoris was investigated in men, with an ethanol level in blood at 80 mg % during elimination-period, and with tired subjects meaning that they hade done their usual daywork and had been awake for about 20 to 22 hours. The group, consisting of 21 male students, was then investigated under both these conditions. The patellar reflex was elicited by a specially constructed reflexhammer, by which the mechanical power could by measured exactly, from the angle of the position the hammer was released from and its known weight. The latency and the muscular contraction time were registered with electrodes on the skin by an oscillograph. The mechanical threshhold of the patellar, biceps and radial reflexes and the latency of there reflexes were significantly and equally impaired by ethanol as well as by fatigue. The combination of both these factors resulted in an almost exactly additional effect. The contractiontime of the m. quadriceps was prolonged more by fatigue than by ethanol. Comparing these results with fromer findings, a depressing effect of the formatio  reticularis of the brainstem on the activity of the spinal motorcells is to be discussed. This impairment of neuro-muscular coordination and activity obviously is dangerous for drivers. It should especially be noted, that the effect of a wake period of 20 to 22 hours can be compared with that of a bloodlevel of 80 mg % ethanol as to the impairment of the tendon reflexes.", "contents": "[About the effect of alcohol and tiredness on the activity of tendon reflexes (author's transl)]. In order to estimate the combined effect of ethanol and fatigue on the activity of tendon reflexes, the mechanical threshhold and the latency of the patellar tendon, the radial and the biceps reflexes as well as the time of contraction of the musculus quadriceps femoris was investigated in men, with an ethanol level in blood at 80 mg % during elimination-period, and with tired subjects meaning that they hade done their usual daywork and had been awake for about 20 to 22 hours. The group, consisting of 21 male students, was then investigated under both these conditions. The patellar reflex was elicited by a specially constructed reflexhammer, by which the mechanical power could by measured exactly, from the angle of the position the hammer was released from and its known weight. The latency and the muscular contraction time were registered with electrodes on the skin by an oscillograph. The mechanical threshhold of the patellar, biceps and radial reflexes and the latency of there reflexes were significantly and equally impaired by ethanol as well as by fatigue. The combination of both these factors resulted in an almost exactly additional effect. The contractiontime of the m. quadriceps was prolonged more by fatigue than by ethanol. Comparing these results with fromer findings, a depressing effect of the formatio  reticularis of the brainstem on the activity of the spinal motorcells is to be discussed. This impairment of neuro-muscular coordination and activity obviously is dangerous for drivers. It should especially be noted, that the effect of a wake period of 20 to 22 hours can be compared with that of a bloodlevel of 80 mg % ethanol as to the impairment of the tendon reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:1217210", "title": "[Unidentified dead bodies: identification by means of an information-pool from dental data. Practical suggestions for a reformation of the collection and assessment of data of the masticatory system and their documentation (author's transl)].", "content": "The masticatory system has often proved very useful for the identification of unkown bodies. The technique of excising the mandible and the maxilla is explained. The evaluation and the preparation of models are described. For registration of the findings a new form has been developed. It is based on the old form \"KP 16\" as well as on the PA status.", "contents": "[Unidentified dead bodies: identification by means of an information-pool from dental data. Practical suggestions for a reformation of the collection and assessment of data of the masticatory system and their documentation (author's transl)]. The masticatory system has often proved very useful for the identification of unkown bodies. The technique of excising the mandible and the maxilla is explained. The evaluation and the preparation of models are described. For registration of the findings a new form has been developed. It is based on the old form \"KP 16\" as well as on the PA status."}
{"id": "PMID:1217214", "title": "[A case of goodpasture-syndrome in legal medical practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Goodpasture's syndrome (GS) is a very rare diagnosis in forensic post-mortem examinations. This casereport shows, that GS should always be considered as cause of sudden natural death of young adults, if merely unusual disseminated pulmonary hemorrhages represent the essential findings at autopsy. The final diagnosis of GS is made by microscopic evidence of additional diffuse hemosiderosis of the lungs and proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "[A case of goodpasture-syndrome in legal medical practice (author's transl)]. Goodpasture's syndrome (GS) is a very rare diagnosis in forensic post-mortem examinations. This casereport shows, that GS should always be considered as cause of sudden natural death of young adults, if merely unusual disseminated pulmonary hemorrhages represent the essential findings at autopsy. The final diagnosis of GS is made by microscopic evidence of additional diffuse hemosiderosis of the lungs and proliferative glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217215", "title": "[The witness in German criminal case (a contribution from the legal, psychological and psychiatrical view) (author's transl)].", "content": "The judgement of adult witnesses in particular cases, as sufficiently made clear by the described special case, is at least as necessary as a specialist's opinion of child testimony. Furthermore, it should be noted that the present modus of criminal proceedings does not allow for adequate objectivation possibilities of testimony of witnesses. Thirdly, it should be pointed out that at least for the so-called key witnesses a specialist's examination, i.e. by a psychiater and a psychologist is of great importance; it seems at least necessary that in problematic cases the specialist or the court should have the possibility to interrogate the witness to the exclusion of the public. It also seems of utmost importance to extend the judge's knowledge in the field relevant to the subject during his university education and also during his further professional instruction in order to enable him to identify problematical cases in time and decide on calling upon an adequate specialist.", "contents": "[The witness in German criminal case (a contribution from the legal, psychological and psychiatrical view) (author's transl)]. The judgement of adult witnesses in particular cases, as sufficiently made clear by the described special case, is at least as necessary as a specialist's opinion of child testimony. Furthermore, it should be noted that the present modus of criminal proceedings does not allow for adequate objectivation possibilities of testimony of witnesses. Thirdly, it should be pointed out that at least for the so-called key witnesses a specialist's examination, i.e. by a psychiater and a psychologist is of great importance; it seems at least necessary that in problematic cases the specialist or the court should have the possibility to interrogate the witness to the exclusion of the public. It also seems of utmost importance to extend the judge's knowledge in the field relevant to the subject during his university education and also during his further professional instruction in order to enable him to identify problematical cases in time and decide on calling upon an adequate specialist."}
{"id": "PMID:1217216", "title": "[The influence of cleaning agents to the result of abo blood-group determination by the agglutinin-binding test (holzer) at blood stain on articles of clothing (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood-group determination in the ABO-system during blood stain testing on articles of clothing is very often affected by various factors. In this research project blood-traces were tested on many different textiles and after treatment of these textiles with some usual washing and cleaning agents by the Agglutinin-binding-test (HOLZER).", "contents": "[The influence of cleaning agents to the result of abo blood-group determination by the agglutinin-binding test (holzer) at blood stain on articles of clothing (author's transl)]. The blood-group determination in the ABO-system during blood stain testing on articles of clothing is very often affected by various factors. In this research project blood-traces were tested on many different textiles and after treatment of these textiles with some usual washing and cleaning agents by the Agglutinin-binding-test (HOLZER)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217217", "title": "[Systematic approach for investigating basic drugs by paper- and thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "The systematic approach described for investigating basic (pharmaceutical) drugs with the aid of paper and thin-layer chromatography relies on the principle that the positions of the spots created by a certain substance on various chromatograms in relation to 5 to 7 test substances and developed together with the sample are indicated by a digit code. With a pre-determined sequence of application of the solvents, code numbers are formed by writing down these digits (supplemented by indices), which are characteristic of the components of the mixture. The code numbers are in all cases clearly distinctive even in the case of a large number of different substances (e.g. 300) if the number of appropriately chosen developing solutions is increased to 6. Evaluation of the code numbers can be carried out with tables or with the aid of punch cards.", "contents": "[Systematic approach for investigating basic drugs by paper- and thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)]. The systematic approach described for investigating basic (pharmaceutical) drugs with the aid of paper and thin-layer chromatography relies on the principle that the positions of the spots created by a certain substance on various chromatograms in relation to 5 to 7 test substances and developed together with the sample are indicated by a digit code. With a pre-determined sequence of application of the solvents, code numbers are formed by writing down these digits (supplemented by indices), which are characteristic of the components of the mixture. The code numbers are in all cases clearly distinctive even in the case of a large number of different substances (e.g. 300) if the number of appropriately chosen developing solutions is increased to 6. Evaluation of the code numbers can be carried out with tables or with the aid of punch cards."}
{"id": "PMID:1217218", "title": "[Quantitative investigation of the amino acid levels in putrefying liver (author's transl)].", "content": "To elucidate the post-mortem proteolysis we investigated the behaviour of the free amino acids in rotting liver homogenates by means of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and reflection densitometry. The post-mortem alterations of the amino acid levels are characterized mostly by a two-phase increase with maxima at the end of the first and after the third week. A few amino acids showed only little changes hardly above the physiological intra-cellular levels. Anaerobic rat experiments and experiences with antibiotic treatment give rise to the supposition that increasing amino acid concentrations indicate a predominance of proteolytic activities over aminoacid catabolism. In the beginning autoenzymes are prevalent, while afterwards bacterial proteases probably predominate. The transient regression about the second and thrid week is interpreted as the effect of a temporarily intensified amino acid degradation by foreign enzymes (maximal bacterial growth).", "contents": "[Quantitative investigation of the amino acid levels in putrefying liver (author's transl)]. To elucidate the post-mortem proteolysis we investigated the behaviour of the free amino acids in rotting liver homogenates by means of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and reflection densitometry. The post-mortem alterations of the amino acid levels are characterized mostly by a two-phase increase with maxima at the end of the first and after the third week. A few amino acids showed only little changes hardly above the physiological intra-cellular levels. Anaerobic rat experiments and experiences with antibiotic treatment give rise to the supposition that increasing amino acid concentrations indicate a predominance of proteolytic activities over aminoacid catabolism. In the beginning autoenzymes are prevalent, while afterwards bacterial proteases probably predominate. The transient regression about the second and thrid week is interpreted as the effect of a temporarily intensified amino acid degradation by foreign enzymes (maximal bacterial growth)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217219", "title": "[Survival time, capacity of action and radiological diagnosis after gunshot wounds of the cranium (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of suicidal temporal gunshots. Different circumstances in the clinical course and in the ability of action.--In one case there was a bullet tract in the lower temporal region with considerable destruction of the base of the skull, followed by immediate inability of action and early death. Another case with a transtemporal gunshot without radiological signs of a laceration of the base of skull showed severe disturbance of cerebral functions for some days and remaining blindness. In the third case there was a pistol shot in the temporal region with retained missile, full ability of acting and undisturbed consciousness. Causative for the differences in the effect of the gunshots are differences of weapons and amunition and the anatomical position of the wound track in the temporal region. Discussion about the role of concussion of the brain by different rate of transgression of energy from the missile to the skull. Reference to the importance of X-ray analysis and to a radiographic documentation of the findings in such cases.", "contents": "[Survival time, capacity of action and radiological diagnosis after gunshot wounds of the cranium (author's transl)]. Three cases of suicidal temporal gunshots. Different circumstances in the clinical course and in the ability of action.--In one case there was a bullet tract in the lower temporal region with considerable destruction of the base of the skull, followed by immediate inability of action and early death. Another case with a transtemporal gunshot without radiological signs of a laceration of the base of skull showed severe disturbance of cerebral functions for some days and remaining blindness. In the third case there was a pistol shot in the temporal region with retained missile, full ability of acting and undisturbed consciousness. Causative for the differences in the effect of the gunshots are differences of weapons and amunition and the anatomical position of the wound track in the temporal region. Discussion about the role of concussion of the brain by different rate of transgression of energy from the missile to the skull. Reference to the importance of X-ray analysis and to a radiographic documentation of the findings in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1217220", "title": "[Larynx lesions and sudden death (author's transl)].", "content": "Several recently observed cases of \"Sudden Death\" caused by larynx lesions give reason for a special discussion of this problem. At the Institute of Legal Medicine only six cases were found in 10.747 autopsies between 1949 and 1970. A brief description of the anatomical structure of the larynx is followed by a discussion of the 4 general pathological entities, which might be the etiological cause of laryngeal obstruction: 1. Abnormalities 2. Disturbances of circulation 3. Inflammations 4. Tumors Besides the question of the forensic-medical importance of such fatal cases, the difficulty of evaluating some of the patho-morphologic and histologic findings is discussed. Simultaneously attention is drawn to the frequent lack of a clinical history, so that life-supporting measures wuch as tracheotomy and others are applied very late or not at all. Finally the problem of forensic evaluation of larynx-cysts and their etiology is presented. In this context the clarification of a causal relationship with possible previous intubations of the larynx is of major importance.", "contents": "[Larynx lesions and sudden death (author's transl)]. Several recently observed cases of \"Sudden Death\" caused by larynx lesions give reason for a special discussion of this problem. At the Institute of Legal Medicine only six cases were found in 10.747 autopsies between 1949 and 1970. A brief description of the anatomical structure of the larynx is followed by a discussion of the 4 general pathological entities, which might be the etiological cause of laryngeal obstruction: 1. Abnormalities 2. Disturbances of circulation 3. Inflammations 4. Tumors Besides the question of the forensic-medical importance of such fatal cases, the difficulty of evaluating some of the patho-morphologic and histologic findings is discussed. Simultaneously attention is drawn to the frequent lack of a clinical history, so that life-supporting measures wuch as tracheotomy and others are applied very late or not at all. Finally the problem of forensic evaluation of larynx-cysts and their etiology is presented. In this context the clarification of a causal relationship with possible previous intubations of the larynx is of major importance."}
{"id": "PMID:1217221", "title": "[Morphological findings in Zieve's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The macroscopic and microscopic findings of a case of Zieve's syndrome are described (fatty liver, icterus, hyperlipemia and hemolytic anemia in chronic alcoholism). The outstanding macroscopic finding is milky turbidity of the blood in arterial and venous vascular channels as well as hepatomegaly and anaemia of internal organs. A prominent feature of the histological picture is the high-grade lipaemia of the large and small vessels (arteries and veins), capillary occlusions resembling fat embolism in all organs and severe diffuse fatty metamorphosis of the liver. Circulatory disorders and the cause of death are discussed.", "contents": "[Morphological findings in Zieve's syndrome (author's transl)]. The macroscopic and microscopic findings of a case of Zieve's syndrome are described (fatty liver, icterus, hyperlipemia and hemolytic anemia in chronic alcoholism). The outstanding macroscopic finding is milky turbidity of the blood in arterial and venous vascular channels as well as hepatomegaly and anaemia of internal organs. A prominent feature of the histological picture is the high-grade lipaemia of the large and small vessels (arteries and veins), capillary occlusions resembling fat embolism in all organs and severe diffuse fatty metamorphosis of the liver. Circulatory disorders and the cause of death are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217237", "title": "[Biological validity, cytodiagnosis, and therapy of cervix dysplasia].", "content": "Certain forms of dysplasia are biologically equal to carcinoma in situ and should be treated alike. The persistance of the state during the permanent cytologic control is to be regarded as criterion for the treatment of middle and even the slight dysplasia. Slides of cells indicating a dysplasia are therefore placed in a cytologic risk-group III D. If the restoration of the cytologic state cannot be observed within 12 months, the conisation as carcinoma prophylaxis of slight and middle forms of dysplasia should be performed.", "contents": "[Biological validity, cytodiagnosis, and therapy of cervix dysplasia]. Certain forms of dysplasia are biologically equal to carcinoma in situ and should be treated alike. The persistance of the state during the permanent cytologic control is to be regarded as criterion for the treatment of middle and even the slight dysplasia. Slides of cells indicating a dysplasia are therefore placed in a cytologic risk-group III D. If the restoration of the cytologic state cannot be observed within 12 months, the conisation as carcinoma prophylaxis of slight and middle forms of dysplasia should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217238", "title": "[Brenner tumors].", "content": "It will be reported about 33 cases of Brenner-tumors, observed between 1932 to 1974. Symptomatic, therapy, progress, morphology of these tumors as well as their coincidence with other pathological changes on genitals will be demonstrated. A short casuistic description of 3 cases with proliferating and 1 case of malignant Brenner-tumor will be given. In the discussion, it will be informed about the frequency, age, diagnostic and prognostic problems of proliferating and malignant tumors. The problem of hormonal activity of some of Brenner-tumors and finally the modern views over histogenesis will be considered and discussed.", "contents": "[Brenner tumors]. It will be reported about 33 cases of Brenner-tumors, observed between 1932 to 1974. Symptomatic, therapy, progress, morphology of these tumors as well as their coincidence with other pathological changes on genitals will be demonstrated. A short casuistic description of 3 cases with proliferating and 1 case of malignant Brenner-tumor will be given. In the discussion, it will be informed about the frequency, age, diagnostic and prognostic problems of proliferating and malignant tumors. The problem of hormonal activity of some of Brenner-tumors and finally the modern views over histogenesis will be considered and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217239", "title": "[Therapy of ovarian stage-Ia carcinoma (review of 103 cases)].", "content": "103 cases of carcinoma of the ovary stage IA are presented, which have been operated upon at our clinic from 1944 to 1970. The 5 year cure rate of the 94 cases which had been treated until 1967 was 67%. 10 of the eleven patients who had been operated upon by preserving the opposite ovary -- in 4 cases additional radiotherapy was given -- were free of carcinoma after 5 years. When radical operation was performed (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with or without removal of the uterus) the 5 year cure rate was 55%, with additional postoperative radiation 70%. This difference is not statistically significant. -- The therapy of choice of cancer of the ovary stage IA should be bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and total hysterectomy with additional radiotherapy. -- Instead it may be justified in some cases to preserve the opposite ovary.", "contents": "[Therapy of ovarian stage-Ia carcinoma (review of 103 cases)]. 103 cases of carcinoma of the ovary stage IA are presented, which have been operated upon at our clinic from 1944 to 1970. The 5 year cure rate of the 94 cases which had been treated until 1967 was 67%. 10 of the eleven patients who had been operated upon by preserving the opposite ovary -- in 4 cases additional radiotherapy was given -- were free of carcinoma after 5 years. When radical operation was performed (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with or without removal of the uterus) the 5 year cure rate was 55%, with additional postoperative radiation 70%. This difference is not statistically significant. -- The therapy of choice of cancer of the ovary stage IA should be bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and total hysterectomy with additional radiotherapy. -- Instead it may be justified in some cases to preserve the opposite ovary."}
{"id": "PMID:1217240", "title": "[Use of the depot estrogen ethinylestradiol sulfate in the therapy of menopausal syndrome].", "content": "Ethinylestradiol sulfonate is a newly developed orally effective derivate of ethinylestradiol with depot properties produced by \"Jenapharm\"-GDR. This depot estrogen has been proved for its usefullness in treating menopausal syndrom. A modified Kupperman-index had been used to check the therapeutic results. The effects concerning the endometrium were examined in postmenopausal women that atrophic character of endometrium had been ensured before. Ethinylestradiol sulfonate was applicated in the following dosages: 0,015 mg/day; 0,25 mg/week; 0,5 mg/week; 1,0 mg/week; 3 mg/month. The treatment with 0,25 mg/week over a period of 4 up to 6 weeks proved to be possible and effective if we take into account the endometrial reaction and the danger of bleeding. After the removal of the uterus higher dosages can be given. Up to a dose of 1 mg/week there were not to be seen subjective side effects. Ethinylestradiol sulfonate was compared with other oral estrogens.", "contents": "[Use of the depot estrogen ethinylestradiol sulfate in the therapy of menopausal syndrome]. Ethinylestradiol sulfonate is a newly developed orally effective derivate of ethinylestradiol with depot properties produced by \"Jenapharm\"-GDR. This depot estrogen has been proved for its usefullness in treating menopausal syndrom. A modified Kupperman-index had been used to check the therapeutic results. The effects concerning the endometrium were examined in postmenopausal women that atrophic character of endometrium had been ensured before. Ethinylestradiol sulfonate was applicated in the following dosages: 0,015 mg/day; 0,25 mg/week; 0,5 mg/week; 1,0 mg/week; 3 mg/month. The treatment with 0,25 mg/week over a period of 4 up to 6 weeks proved to be possible and effective if we take into account the endometrial reaction and the danger of bleeding. After the removal of the uterus higher dosages can be given. Up to a dose of 1 mg/week there were not to be seen subjective side effects. Ethinylestradiol sulfonate was compared with other oral estrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:1217241", "title": "[Placental changes in diabetes mellitus with special reference to villi maturation disorders. (Morphological findings and severity of the disease)].", "content": "The placentas of 30 cases of diabetes mellitus were examined. The degree of severity of the disease was classified according to the schema of White. Related to the gestation period different degrees of severity of diabetes mellitus revealed nearly the same weight of the placentas. Similar relations were found referred to the height of the placenta-child-index. Implantation lesions occured in 56, 7% of all cases, most of these in cases with strong diabetes mellitus. The greater number of lesions were insertion anomalies of the cord. All placentas-showed disturbed circulation by dominance of disturbed blood supply. A relation to the degree of the severity of the disease wasn't provable. Very often we found villi necrosis and proliferations of the syncytiotrophoblast. Also we could see alterations of the villi vessels and a compensatory angiomatosis. 83,3% of diabetes cases showed disturbed maturation of the villi; the grade of these changes could not be referred to the degree of severity of this disease; it was merely a ramification block. The authors point out that in diabetes mellitus the degree of danger to the pregnancy does not depend on the severity of the maternal disease. It is always necessary to have a sufficient metabolic condition.", "contents": "[Placental changes in diabetes mellitus with special reference to villi maturation disorders. (Morphological findings and severity of the disease)]. The placentas of 30 cases of diabetes mellitus were examined. The degree of severity of the disease was classified according to the schema of White. Related to the gestation period different degrees of severity of diabetes mellitus revealed nearly the same weight of the placentas. Similar relations were found referred to the height of the placenta-child-index. Implantation lesions occured in 56, 7% of all cases, most of these in cases with strong diabetes mellitus. The greater number of lesions were insertion anomalies of the cord. All placentas-showed disturbed circulation by dominance of disturbed blood supply. A relation to the degree of the severity of the disease wasn't provable. Very often we found villi necrosis and proliferations of the syncytiotrophoblast. Also we could see alterations of the villi vessels and a compensatory angiomatosis. 83,3% of diabetes cases showed disturbed maturation of the villi; the grade of these changes could not be referred to the degree of severity of this disease; it was merely a ramification block. The authors point out that in diabetes mellitus the degree of danger to the pregnancy does not depend on the severity of the maternal disease. It is always necessary to have a sufficient metabolic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1217242", "title": "[Experience with cephalometry in the determination of labor in diabetic pregnant women].", "content": "Foetal biparietal diameter was measured with ultrasound techniques in 35 diabetic pregnant mothers. 203 measurements were compared to 589 dates values which were obtained in 100 normal pregnant women. There were no differences in the mean values of biparietal diameter and the weekly growth rates in comparison to non diabetic values. It was concluded at thin diabetic pregnancies in spite of the frequent occurrence of the macrosomie, the ultrasonic diagnostic approach is a suitable method for estimating of the foetal maturity.", "contents": "[Experience with cephalometry in the determination of labor in diabetic pregnant women]. Foetal biparietal diameter was measured with ultrasound techniques in 35 diabetic pregnant mothers. 203 measurements were compared to 589 dates values which were obtained in 100 normal pregnant women. There were no differences in the mean values of biparietal diameter and the weekly growth rates in comparison to non diabetic values. It was concluded at thin diabetic pregnancies in spite of the frequent occurrence of the macrosomie, the ultrasonic diagnostic approach is a suitable method for estimating of the foetal maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:1217243", "title": "[Pregnancy of diabetic women with diabetic angiopathy. Clinical results in correlation of morphological findings on the placenta].", "content": "In comparison with morphological changes of the placentae 58 pregnancies of class D and F-diabetics (with diabetic angiolopathy) were analysed. The incidence of toxaemia was 55%. Insulin requirement decreased some days before delivery in 8 cases (14%). The perinatal mortality rate amounted to 17%. Birth weights were found between 2500 and 3000 g in 9 cases, below 2500 g in 8 cases with signs of intrauterine growth retardation. The majority of placentae showed medium-sized to severe diabetic disturbances of maturation on an average more severe than in diabetics without angiolopathy. A \"modification\" or \"mascing\" of maturation disturbances by severe toxaemia is discussed. The antenatal retardation of fetal growth in some cases was attributed in part to the diabetic maturation disturbances of the placentae. Another cause may be the defective uteroplacental circulation caused by narrowing processes of myometrial and decidual arteries in consequence of long-term diabetes and hypertension.", "contents": "[Pregnancy of diabetic women with diabetic angiopathy. Clinical results in correlation of morphological findings on the placenta]. In comparison with morphological changes of the placentae 58 pregnancies of class D and F-diabetics (with diabetic angiolopathy) were analysed. The incidence of toxaemia was 55%. Insulin requirement decreased some days before delivery in 8 cases (14%). The perinatal mortality rate amounted to 17%. Birth weights were found between 2500 and 3000 g in 9 cases, below 2500 g in 8 cases with signs of intrauterine growth retardation. The majority of placentae showed medium-sized to severe diabetic disturbances of maturation on an average more severe than in diabetics without angiolopathy. A \"modification\" or \"mascing\" of maturation disturbances by severe toxaemia is discussed. The antenatal retardation of fetal growth in some cases was attributed in part to the diabetic maturation disturbances of the placentae. Another cause may be the defective uteroplacental circulation caused by narrowing processes of myometrial and decidual arteries in consequence of long-term diabetes and hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1217245", "title": "[Status of possibilities in the transplantation of female genitalia].", "content": "It is given a short report about the principles of the transplantation immunity and the mechanism of the organ transplant rejection. The possibilities to inhibit the transplant rejection (donor-host-selection, antigenicity of the transplant, unspecific and specific immunosuppression: immune tolerance, enhancement) are explained in detail. Finally the present status and the futuric possibilities to transplant the female genitale organs are estimated.", "contents": "[Status of possibilities in the transplantation of female genitalia]. It is given a short report about the principles of the transplantation immunity and the mechanism of the organ transplant rejection. The possibilities to inhibit the transplant rejection (donor-host-selection, antigenicity of the transplant, unspecific and specific immunosuppression: immune tolerance, enhancement) are explained in detail. Finally the present status and the futuric possibilities to transplant the female genitale organs are estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:1217246", "title": "[Thrombotic complications due to oral contraceptives].", "content": "Cases reported here as well as the literary date tell attention to the vascular complications following contraceptive therapy. Shift of clotting-fibrinolysis system towards hypercoagulobolity is remarkable because of its role as a risk factor. If contraceptive therapy is accompanied by a condition or a disease altering clotting factors, vessel walls or circulation so that it presents an enhanced thrombosis capacity the risk may increase. In such cases indication of oral contraceptive therapy should be considered cautiously and the patients should be controlled with more intention.", "contents": "[Thrombotic complications due to oral contraceptives]. Cases reported here as well as the literary date tell attention to the vascular complications following contraceptive therapy. Shift of clotting-fibrinolysis system towards hypercoagulobolity is remarkable because of its role as a risk factor. If contraceptive therapy is accompanied by a condition or a disease altering clotting factors, vessel walls or circulation so that it presents an enhanced thrombosis capacity the risk may increase. In such cases indication of oral contraceptive therapy should be considered cautiously and the patients should be controlled with more intention."}
{"id": "PMID:1217247", "title": "[Significance of precise cytodiagnosis in the indication for diagnostic conisation].", "content": "Since 1. 3. 1972 cytologic laboratory exists at the Medical Center Wismar, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Correlation between positive smears and histologic results was registered in 96% (1972 to 1973). In the time before (1969 to 1971) the correlation was only 41% caused by inexperienced investigators. Diagnostic conizations were frequent not indicated. Cytologic examinations are claimed to be carried out by special laboratories only.", "contents": "[Significance of precise cytodiagnosis in the indication for diagnostic conisation]. Since 1. 3. 1972 cytologic laboratory exists at the Medical Center Wismar, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Correlation between positive smears and histologic results was registered in 96% (1972 to 1973). In the time before (1969 to 1971) the correlation was only 41% caused by inexperienced investigators. Diagnostic conizations were frequent not indicated. Cytologic examinations are claimed to be carried out by special laboratories only."}
{"id": "PMID:1217248", "title": "[Histological studies and pathogenesis of polycystic ovaries].", "content": "58 ovarian wedge resections of 34 patients with the clinical diagnosis \"Stein-Leventhal-syndrome\" were histologically examined in comparison to 23 ovaries or parts of ovaries of 16 patients with regular ovarian cyclus. There was found no important difference in these two groups apart from a hyperplasia of the tunica albuginea and the absence of corpora lutea. According to our investigations, and regarding well known facts, it must be concluded that the polycystis ovaries are nothing else than the result of a disturbance of cyclic gonadotropin secretion, and thus an expression of anovulation with sufficient ovaries.", "contents": "[Histological studies and pathogenesis of polycystic ovaries]. 58 ovarian wedge resections of 34 patients with the clinical diagnosis \"Stein-Leventhal-syndrome\" were histologically examined in comparison to 23 ovaries or parts of ovaries of 16 patients with regular ovarian cyclus. There was found no important difference in these two groups apart from a hyperplasia of the tunica albuginea and the absence of corpora lutea. According to our investigations, and regarding well known facts, it must be concluded that the polycystis ovaries are nothing else than the result of a disturbance of cyclic gonadotropin secretion, and thus an expression of anovulation with sufficient ovaries."}
{"id": "PMID:1217249", "title": "[Therapy of adnexa inflammation].", "content": "To women with chronic inflammatory diseases of uterus adnexes is applied intrauterine electrophoresis and intrauterine hydrotubation with streptomycin (1 gram) and hyaluronidase ferment (400--600 U. Hylaze \"Dessau\") and experimental studies are carried out. The new method for application of the antibiotic in inner genitals tissue, i.e., intrauterine Electrophoresis with streptomycin finds application in treatment practice under the observation of the relevant indications and conditions.", "contents": "[Therapy of adnexa inflammation]. To women with chronic inflammatory diseases of uterus adnexes is applied intrauterine electrophoresis and intrauterine hydrotubation with streptomycin (1 gram) and hyaluronidase ferment (400--600 U. Hylaze \"Dessau\") and experimental studies are carried out. The new method for application of the antibiotic in inner genitals tissue, i.e., intrauterine Electrophoresis with streptomycin finds application in treatment practice under the observation of the relevant indications and conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217250", "title": "[Female genital actinomycosis].", "content": "A case of primary endogenous genitalactinomycosis with an IUD in situ is reported. 200 cases of actinomycosis of the female genital organs have so far been reported in literature. The mode of infection are discussed. In this case the ascension from the vagina and uterus are most probable. The treatement completely cured the patient.", "contents": "[Female genital actinomycosis]. A case of primary endogenous genitalactinomycosis with an IUD in situ is reported. 200 cases of actinomycosis of the female genital organs have so far been reported in literature. The mode of infection are discussed. In this case the ascension from the vagina and uterus are most probable. The treatement completely cured the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1217251", "title": "[Case report on a fetus papyraceus].", "content": "A report on a fetus papyraceus, who was born with the placenta after birth of a normal baby.", "contents": "[Case report on a fetus papyraceus]. A report on a fetus papyraceus, who was born with the placenta after birth of a normal baby."}
{"id": "PMID:1217252", "title": "[Partial hydatidiform mole with a full-term infant. (Case report)].", "content": "After short survey about the coexistence of partial or total hydatidiform mole and pregnancy will be demonstrated an own case. The high possibilities of compensations of the placenta in case of living fetus and hydatidiform mole were mentioned and the rarity shown.", "contents": "[Partial hydatidiform mole with a full-term infant. (Case report)]. After short survey about the coexistence of partial or total hydatidiform mole and pregnancy will be demonstrated an own case. The high possibilities of compensations of the placenta in case of living fetus and hydatidiform mole were mentioned and the rarity shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1217253", "title": "[Obstetric complications in the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome].", "content": "After discussing the so-called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in connection with pregnancy and birth, we report on a complication, turning out deadly for mother and child. Futheron, we discuss the appropriate control of pregnancy and birth.", "contents": "[Obstetric complications in the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]. After discussing the so-called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in connection with pregnancy and birth, we report on a complication, turning out deadly for mother and child. Futheron, we discuss the appropriate control of pregnancy and birth."}
{"id": "PMID:1217254", "title": "[Cardiotokography, obstetrical decission, and perinatological results].", "content": "For clinical use we divide the cardiotocographic parameters in 4 groups with the following percentages for antenatal or intranatal period. Normal criterias (antenatal: 80%; intranatal: 40%) Warn symptoms (antenatal: 5%; intranatal: 10%) Umbilico-placental circulatory disturbances (antenatal: 6%; intranatal: 45%) Signs of hypoxia (antenatal: 9%; intranatal: 5%). Variable decelerations are typically for disturbances in the umbilico-placental circulation. The clinical reasons are as well cord compressions as uterine hyperactivity or supine hypotensive syndrom. A prospective management of labor is possible only by means of CTG. The fetal death during labor is avoidable. The number of fetal micro-blood-samplings was reduced (in our hospital 10%) and the feto-maternal relationship was included. The operative frequency is the result of objective obstetrical decisions. We have before and after introduction of fetal monitoring a constant frequency of caesarean sectio of about 3%. A rise in operative frequency simultaneously with the beginning of fetal monitoring is due by a high operative activity in cases of umbilico-placental circulatory disturbances. The rate of neurological findings in newborn infants can be decreased. This result is not valid in preterm or small for date infants.", "contents": "[Cardiotokography, obstetrical decission, and perinatological results]. For clinical use we divide the cardiotocographic parameters in 4 groups with the following percentages for antenatal or intranatal period. Normal criterias (antenatal: 80%; intranatal: 40%) Warn symptoms (antenatal: 5%; intranatal: 10%) Umbilico-placental circulatory disturbances (antenatal: 6%; intranatal: 45%) Signs of hypoxia (antenatal: 9%; intranatal: 5%). Variable decelerations are typically for disturbances in the umbilico-placental circulation. The clinical reasons are as well cord compressions as uterine hyperactivity or supine hypotensive syndrom. A prospective management of labor is possible only by means of CTG. The fetal death during labor is avoidable. The number of fetal micro-blood-samplings was reduced (in our hospital 10%) and the feto-maternal relationship was included. The operative frequency is the result of objective obstetrical decisions. We have before and after introduction of fetal monitoring a constant frequency of caesarean sectio of about 3%. A rise in operative frequency simultaneously with the beginning of fetal monitoring is due by a high operative activity in cases of umbilico-placental circulatory disturbances. The rate of neurological findings in newborn infants can be decreased. This result is not valid in preterm or small for date infants."}
{"id": "PMID:1217256", "title": "[Heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) and fetal maturity].", "content": "In 154 cases of pregnancies 170 sera were examined with respect to the level of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase. The correlation between the level of HSAP and foetal maturity was investigated. By reason of their results the authors find the measurement of HSAP an effective additional method to establish foetal maturity.", "contents": "[Heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) and fetal maturity]. In 154 cases of pregnancies 170 sera were examined with respect to the level of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase. The correlation between the level of HSAP and foetal maturity was investigated. By reason of their results the authors find the measurement of HSAP an effective additional method to establish foetal maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:1217257", "title": "[Comparative studies on 2 radioimmunoassay technics for the rapid determination of human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in normal early pregnancies].", "content": "To measure HCS concentrations in serum in early pregnancies, 2 commercially available kits (Pharmacia, Frankfurt, and Amersham-Buchler, Braunschweig) were used. When comparing them, we found that they were nearly of the same quality and equally suited for the measurement of HCS in early pregnancy. We ourselves should prefer to use the Amersham-Buchler kit, because it uses 2 standard curves, covering 2 ranges and thus avoiding to tilute the patients' sera, which decreases the possible pipetting errors and increases the accuracy of the determinations.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on 2 radioimmunoassay technics for the rapid determination of human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in normal early pregnancies]. To measure HCS concentrations in serum in early pregnancies, 2 commercially available kits (Pharmacia, Frankfurt, and Amersham-Buchler, Braunschweig) were used. When comparing them, we found that they were nearly of the same quality and equally suited for the measurement of HCS in early pregnancy. We ourselves should prefer to use the Amersham-Buchler kit, because it uses 2 standard curves, covering 2 ranges and thus avoiding to tilute the patients' sera, which decreases the possible pipetting errors and increases the accuracy of the determinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1217258", "title": "[Immunochemical demonstration of soluble antigens in the protein fractions of placental tissue].", "content": "Protein fractions were prepared from placental tissue by homogenization, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The antigens detected in these fractions by absorbed antisera against placental tissue and pregnancy serum partly occur in the pregnancy and fetal serum too. The other antigens, which are found neither in pregnancy serum nor in fetal serum, could be specific for placental tissue. Their possible significance is discussed.", "contents": "[Immunochemical demonstration of soluble antigens in the protein fractions of placental tissue]. Protein fractions were prepared from placental tissue by homogenization, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The antigens detected in these fractions by absorbed antisera against placental tissue and pregnancy serum partly occur in the pregnancy and fetal serum too. The other antigens, which are found neither in pregnancy serum nor in fetal serum, could be specific for placental tissue. Their possible significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217259", "title": "[Morphology of the materno-fetal metabolic barrier in the human placenta].", "content": "On chorionic villi of normal human placentas obtained from different aged females morphological studies were made with a view to collecting new data on the molecular structure and material composition of the materno-fetal metabolism barrier. The basement membrane of the chorionic epithelium is characterized by a network of fine collagen filaments arranged parallel to the plane of the membrane and having diameters less than 200 A. Lying between the filament proteins are lipid molecules in the form of bimolecular lamellae, which with their longitudinal axes are oriented approximately vertical to the plane of the membrane and whose thickness is about 40 A. There are many bimolecular lipid layers. In addition, noncollagenic proteins and uronic-acid-free polysaccharides were also found in the epithelial basement membranes. The submicroscopic organization of the endothelial basement membrane of fetal capillaries is different from that of the epithelial basement membrane of chorionic villi. Whereas lipid components disposed vertically to the plane of the membrane and parallelly oriented protein filaments are also present, collagen seems to be nonexistent as is evident from polarization-optical results. Running parallel to the surface of villi and in the apical sections of the plasmodium are protein filaments which are arranged in the form of a network and probably have certain mechanical functions. The structure of the outer membrane is similar to that of the basement membranes because of the presence there in of oriented lipid inclusions. In the region of microvilli and in the outer zone of the plasmoditrophoblast of young placenta there has been found N-acetyl neuraminic acid. The so-called \"placental fibrinoid\" in the intervillous space is exclusively composed of fibrin. There are no additions of collagen to be found. Therefore, it appears unjustified to use the term \"fibrinoid\". Glycosaminoglycanes are present in the stroma of villi, and they are oriented in the direction of disposition of collagenous fibers. Their content in the stroma of villi decreases with the progress of gravidity. They are also involved in displacental material transport, although the degree of involvement decreases with the progress of gravidity. Functionally, they show what has been called a \"molecular screening effect\". The lipid-protein system of the epithelial basement membrane-together with the endothelial basement membrane of fetal vessels in the second half of gravidity-is the principal barrier to the passive passage there-through of substances.", "contents": "[Morphology of the materno-fetal metabolic barrier in the human placenta]. On chorionic villi of normal human placentas obtained from different aged females morphological studies were made with a view to collecting new data on the molecular structure and material composition of the materno-fetal metabolism barrier. The basement membrane of the chorionic epithelium is characterized by a network of fine collagen filaments arranged parallel to the plane of the membrane and having diameters less than 200 A. Lying between the filament proteins are lipid molecules in the form of bimolecular lamellae, which with their longitudinal axes are oriented approximately vertical to the plane of the membrane and whose thickness is about 40 A. There are many bimolecular lipid layers. In addition, noncollagenic proteins and uronic-acid-free polysaccharides were also found in the epithelial basement membranes. The submicroscopic organization of the endothelial basement membrane of fetal capillaries is different from that of the epithelial basement membrane of chorionic villi. Whereas lipid components disposed vertically to the plane of the membrane and parallelly oriented protein filaments are also present, collagen seems to be nonexistent as is evident from polarization-optical results. Running parallel to the surface of villi and in the apical sections of the plasmodium are protein filaments which are arranged in the form of a network and probably have certain mechanical functions. The structure of the outer membrane is similar to that of the basement membranes because of the presence there in of oriented lipid inclusions. In the region of microvilli and in the outer zone of the plasmoditrophoblast of young placenta there has been found N-acetyl neuraminic acid. The so-called \"placental fibrinoid\" in the intervillous space is exclusively composed of fibrin. There are no additions of collagen to be found. Therefore, it appears unjustified to use the term \"fibrinoid\". Glycosaminoglycanes are present in the stroma of villi, and they are oriented in the direction of disposition of collagenous fibers. Their content in the stroma of villi decreases with the progress of gravidity. They are also involved in displacental material transport, although the degree of involvement decreases with the progress of gravidity. Functionally, they show what has been called a \"molecular screening effect\". The lipid-protein system of the epithelial basement membrane-together with the endothelial basement membrane of fetal vessels in the second half of gravidity-is the principal barrier to the passive passage there-through of substances."}
{"id": "PMID:1217260", "title": "[Progesterone and pregnandiol levels in the pripheral blood and urinary pregnandiol level in pregnant women before and after delivery].", "content": "Determinations of progesterone and pregnandiol in blood and pregnandiol in urine of 18 women in the last 9 days of pregnancy, in labour and in the first 7 days of puerperium were performed. The results were conformable to the data of other authors except the levels of progesterone in blood after labour. It was established that the levels of progesterone and pregnandiol in blood are increasing till the moment of labour. The levels of pregnandiol in urine have a tendency to decrease from the 5-th day before labour. The results are discussed in the aspect of Csapo's theory of placental block.", "contents": "[Progesterone and pregnandiol levels in the pripheral blood and urinary pregnandiol level in pregnant women before and after delivery]. Determinations of progesterone and pregnandiol in blood and pregnandiol in urine of 18 women in the last 9 days of pregnancy, in labour and in the first 7 days of puerperium were performed. The results were conformable to the data of other authors except the levels of progesterone in blood after labour. It was established that the levels of progesterone and pregnandiol in blood are increasing till the moment of labour. The levels of pregnandiol in urine have a tendency to decrease from the 5-th day before labour. The results are discussed in the aspect of Csapo's theory of placental block."}
{"id": "PMID:1217261", "title": "[Pregnandiol and progesterone in the umbilical cord blood in comparison with the level of both hormones in the maternal peripheral blood].", "content": "The levels of pregnandiol and progesterone in venous and arterial umbilical blood in 18 neonates were determined. The statistical analysis has shown that the values of both hormones were higher in venous blood. The comparison of the results with the levels of these hormones in maternal peripheral blood was performed. No correlation was found.", "contents": "[Pregnandiol and progesterone in the umbilical cord blood in comparison with the level of both hormones in the maternal peripheral blood]. The levels of pregnandiol and progesterone in venous and arterial umbilical blood in 18 neonates were determined. The statistical analysis has shown that the values of both hormones were higher in venous blood. The comparison of the results with the levels of these hormones in maternal peripheral blood was performed. No correlation was found."}
{"id": "PMID:1217262", "title": "[A case of thalassemia minor and twin pregnancy].", "content": "In the case of anaemias resistent to therapeutics during pregnancy, especially with patients from the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, the presence of a Thalassaemia must be taken into consideration from the point of view of a differential diagnosis. The course and the uncertainties of such a case are described and the therapeutical measures discussed.", "contents": "[A case of thalassemia minor and twin pregnancy]. In the case of anaemias resistent to therapeutics during pregnancy, especially with patients from the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, the presence of a Thalassaemia must be taken into consideration from the point of view of a differential diagnosis. The course and the uncertainties of such a case are described and the therapeutical measures discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217263", "title": "[Urometry using a biomonitor combination].", "content": "Description of an apparatus for electronical measurement of pressure at the efferent urinary passages of the woman is given. The combination may be fitted in a variable way from elements of the biomonitor series of the VEB Kombinat Messger\u00e4tewerk Zw\u00f6nitz. Pressure values can be recorded simultaneously by means of three separate measuring canals. The apparatus is suitable for clinical and scientific examinations such as cystometry, simultaneous cystourethrometry and uretermanometry. Additionally typical pressure graphs are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Urometry using a biomonitor combination]. Description of an apparatus for electronical measurement of pressure at the efferent urinary passages of the woman is given. The combination may be fitted in a variable way from elements of the biomonitor series of the VEB Kombinat Messger\u00e4tewerk Zw\u00f6nitz. Pressure values can be recorded simultaneously by means of three separate measuring canals. The apparatus is suitable for clinical and scientific examinations such as cystometry, simultaneous cystourethrometry and uretermanometry. Additionally typical pressure graphs are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1217264", "title": "[Functional studies on the implanted ureter].", "content": "Electronical measurements of pressure in 8 successfully implanted ureters (6 Boari-Plastics, 2 direct implantations) yielded the following results. 1. Frequency, amplitude, duration and rate of spreading of the contractions show no differences compared to the normal ureter. 2. In the Boari-plastic the peristaltic activity is transferred also to the area of the anastomosis between bladder-flap and ureter. 3. Increasing pressure of bladder by retrograde filling produced temporary impairments of peristaltic of the implanted ureter in one case only.", "contents": "[Functional studies on the implanted ureter]. Electronical measurements of pressure in 8 successfully implanted ureters (6 Boari-Plastics, 2 direct implantations) yielded the following results. 1. Frequency, amplitude, duration and rate of spreading of the contractions show no differences compared to the normal ureter. 2. In the Boari-plastic the peristaltic activity is transferred also to the area of the anastomosis between bladder-flap and ureter. 3. Increasing pressure of bladder by retrograde filling produced temporary impairments of peristaltic of the implanted ureter in one case only."}
{"id": "PMID:1217265", "title": "[Surgical management of ureteral evacuation disorders using a surgical gama camera].", "content": "By means of the radionephrogram it is possible to discover a disturbance of the excretion of the upper urinary tract at an early stage. Since there can be no pathological function of the urinary excretion without negative effect on the renal function, measures must be taken in order to prevent this from happening. By conventional surgical methods the eventual success of an operation can be judged only at a postoperative stage, sometimes an additional operation will prove necessary. A continuous intraoperative registration of a sequential scintigram, using a gammascintillation camera that has beem modified into an operation table, enables the control of method and extention of the operation. This method permits an optimal surgical result and we may save the patient from the strain of a possible second correcting operation. The method is being described by means of a case.", "contents": "[Surgical management of ureteral evacuation disorders using a surgical gama camera]. By means of the radionephrogram it is possible to discover a disturbance of the excretion of the upper urinary tract at an early stage. Since there can be no pathological function of the urinary excretion without negative effect on the renal function, measures must be taken in order to prevent this from happening. By conventional surgical methods the eventual success of an operation can be judged only at a postoperative stage, sometimes an additional operation will prove necessary. A continuous intraoperative registration of a sequential scintigram, using a gammascintillation camera that has beem modified into an operation table, enables the control of method and extention of the operation. This method permits an optimal surgical result and we may save the patient from the strain of a possible second correcting operation. The method is being described by means of a case."}
{"id": "PMID:1217266", "title": "[Role of haemophillus vaginalis in the pathogenesis of urogenital diseases].", "content": "The opinion is stated, that haemophilus vaginalis is a potentially pathogenic organism found exclusively in persons with sexual intercourse, and therefore requires control tests and stimultaneous treatment of the male partner as well. Further studies regarding its role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the genito-urinary tract are necessary.", "contents": "[Role of haemophillus vaginalis in the pathogenesis of urogenital diseases]. The opinion is stated, that haemophilus vaginalis is a potentially pathogenic organism found exclusively in persons with sexual intercourse, and therefore requires control tests and stimultaneous treatment of the male partner as well. Further studies regarding its role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the genito-urinary tract are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1217267", "title": "[Serum antibody determination in patients with urinary tract infections during pregnancy].", "content": "In 37 patients with significant bacteriuria in pregnancy antibody-determinations were carried out by means of bacterioagglutination and indirect hemagglutination. High antibody titres in serum could be detected in 13 patients with clinically acute pyelonephritis. Bacteriurias in connection with chronical pyelonephritis resulted in titres above normal values in few cases only. In no case there was a connection between asymptomatic bacteriurias and an increasing antibody titre.", "contents": "[Serum antibody determination in patients with urinary tract infections during pregnancy]. In 37 patients with significant bacteriuria in pregnancy antibody-determinations were carried out by means of bacterioagglutination and indirect hemagglutination. High antibody titres in serum could be detected in 13 patients with clinically acute pyelonephritis. Bacteriurias in connection with chronical pyelonephritis resulted in titres above normal values in few cases only. In no case there was a connection between asymptomatic bacteriurias and an increasing antibody titre."}
{"id": "PMID:1217268", "title": "[Chemotactic effects of some staphylococcal substances (author's transl)].", "content": "Bovine leukocytes, besides rabbit leukocytes, were found to be suitable for chemotactic studies on staphylococci with the modified Boyden-method. The bovine leukocytes could be obtained more easily in larger quantities. Casein, however, had no significant chemotactic effects on bovine leukocytes. Culture supernatants of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and the heat-killed staphylococci had cytotaxigenic and to a small degree also cytotaxic effects on the rabbit and bovine leukocytes. The extracted \"straphylococcal skeletons\", \"clumping factor\" (CF), protein A and capsular substances were cytotaxigenic. In addition, CF was moderately cytotaxic only for rabbit leukocytes. The chomotactic migration of leukocytes was markedly reduced after their treatment with leukocidin (PVL-R) in subleukocidic concentrations.", "contents": "[Chemotactic effects of some staphylococcal substances (author's transl)]. Bovine leukocytes, besides rabbit leukocytes, were found to be suitable for chemotactic studies on staphylococci with the modified Boyden-method. The bovine leukocytes could be obtained more easily in larger quantities. Casein, however, had no significant chemotactic effects on bovine leukocytes. Culture supernatants of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and the heat-killed staphylococci had cytotaxigenic and to a small degree also cytotaxic effects on the rabbit and bovine leukocytes. The extracted \"straphylococcal skeletons\", \"clumping factor\" (CF), protein A and capsular substances were cytotaxigenic. In addition, CF was moderately cytotaxic only for rabbit leukocytes. The chomotactic migration of leukocytes was markedly reduced after their treatment with leukocidin (PVL-R) in subleukocidic concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1217269", "title": "[Eight new Arizona serotypes with emphasis on 2 O-antigens previously only found in Salmonella (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of eight new Arizona serotypes isolated from snakes and lizards (exception: Arizona 7a, 7c:23-21) in various countries and submitted to the National Salmonella Centre Hamburg for identification. No. 4-36/70 Arizona 10a, 10b:29-25 = S. arizonae 40(1), 40(2):k:z53 No. 159-36/70 Arizona 7a, c..:26-21 (with a new O-antigen) = S. arizonae 1, 6, 14, 25:z53:z35 No. 160-36/70 Arizona 30:32-31 = S. arizonae 65:c:z No. 162-36/70 Arizona 10a, 10b, (10c):23-31 (with a new O-antigen) = S. arizonae 40(1), 40(2):1, v:z No. 167-36/70 Arizona 25:23-31-41 = S. arizonae 16:1, v:z:z61 No. 2-36/71 Arizona 20:33-21 = S. arizonae 35:i:z35 No. 227-36/72 Arizona 26a, 26b:26-21 = S. arizonae 61(1), 61(2):z52:z35 No. 305-36/72 Arizona 7a, 7c:23-21 = S. arizonae (6), 14:1, v:z35 The two new Arizona O-antiges traced in strains nos. 159-36/70 and 162-36/70 testify the close relationship between Arizona and Salmonella justifying the inclusion of all Arizona serotypes with their corresponding Salmonella-formulae in the Kauffmann-White-Schema. The O-antigen of strain no. 159-36/70 was verified only by using Salmonella O-antisera, the O-antigen of no. 162-36/70 by serological comparative tests with a certain Salmonella-species = S. bukavu. Strain no. 167-36/70: it is pointed out that phase 3 could probably be a so-called R-phase.", "contents": "[Eight new Arizona serotypes with emphasis on 2 O-antigens previously only found in Salmonella (author's transl)]. Description of eight new Arizona serotypes isolated from snakes and lizards (exception: Arizona 7a, 7c:23-21) in various countries and submitted to the National Salmonella Centre Hamburg for identification. No. 4-36/70 Arizona 10a, 10b:29-25 = S. arizonae 40(1), 40(2):k:z53 No. 159-36/70 Arizona 7a, c..:26-21 (with a new O-antigen) = S. arizonae 1, 6, 14, 25:z53:z35 No. 160-36/70 Arizona 30:32-31 = S. arizonae 65:c:z No. 162-36/70 Arizona 10a, 10b, (10c):23-31 (with a new O-antigen) = S. arizonae 40(1), 40(2):1, v:z No. 167-36/70 Arizona 25:23-31-41 = S. arizonae 16:1, v:z:z61 No. 2-36/71 Arizona 20:33-21 = S. arizonae 35:i:z35 No. 227-36/72 Arizona 26a, 26b:26-21 = S. arizonae 61(1), 61(2):z52:z35 No. 305-36/72 Arizona 7a, 7c:23-21 = S. arizonae (6), 14:1, v:z35 The two new Arizona O-antiges traced in strains nos. 159-36/70 and 162-36/70 testify the close relationship between Arizona and Salmonella justifying the inclusion of all Arizona serotypes with their corresponding Salmonella-formulae in the Kauffmann-White-Schema. The O-antigen of strain no. 159-36/70 was verified only by using Salmonella O-antisera, the O-antigen of no. 162-36/70 by serological comparative tests with a certain Salmonella-species = S. bukavu. Strain no. 167-36/70: it is pointed out that phase 3 could probably be a so-called R-phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1217270", "title": "Deoxyribonuclease release by incompatible strains of Proteus.", "content": "Using incompatible strains of Proteus growing on the same deoxyribonuclease (DNase) agar plate, it was found that DNase is consistently released at the demarcation line. DNase was shown to be released when the swarming organisms were killed. While screening Enterobacteriaceae according to the method of Schreier (1969) on agar containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), it was noticed that when dissimilar strains of Proteus met, there was a breakdown of DNA. Schreier (1969) reported that, of the Enterobacteriaceae, only Serratia sp. consistently release DNase, while 10% of Proteus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. release DNase, but in much smaller amounts. Dienes (1946) reported that when dissimilar strains of Proteus are allowed to swarm on the same agar plate, a demarcation line the organisms show various degenerative changes. Many organisms at the line have been shown to be nonviable. When identical strains of Proteus are used, no line is produced. The present study reports DNase release at the demarcation (Dienes) line, questions the significance of this, and suggests the usefulness of the phenomenon in the Dienes typing of Proteus sp.", "contents": "Deoxyribonuclease release by incompatible strains of Proteus. Using incompatible strains of Proteus growing on the same deoxyribonuclease (DNase) agar plate, it was found that DNase is consistently released at the demarcation line. DNase was shown to be released when the swarming organisms were killed. While screening Enterobacteriaceae according to the method of Schreier (1969) on agar containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), it was noticed that when dissimilar strains of Proteus met, there was a breakdown of DNA. Schreier (1969) reported that, of the Enterobacteriaceae, only Serratia sp. consistently release DNase, while 10% of Proteus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. release DNase, but in much smaller amounts. Dienes (1946) reported that when dissimilar strains of Proteus are allowed to swarm on the same agar plate, a demarcation line the organisms show various degenerative changes. Many organisms at the line have been shown to be nonviable. When identical strains of Proteus are used, no line is produced. The present study reports DNase release at the demarcation (Dienes) line, questions the significance of this, and suggests the usefulness of the phenomenon in the Dienes typing of Proteus sp."}
{"id": "PMID:1217271", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on altered forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae obtained under the effect of novobiocin.", "content": "Altered and L-forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae were obtained through in vitro and in vivo treatments with novobiocin. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on the changes taking place in the morphology and ultrastructure of strains showing a varying degree of resistance. When lower concentrations of the antibiotic were employed (15, 25, 200, 400 mcg) strongly elongated and threadlike forms were established manifesting characteristic changes in the cell wall and the inner structure. The use of high concentrations of novobiocin (1000 and 2000 mcg) incited the production of L-forms the morphology and ultrastructure of which are dealt with in detail.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on altered forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae obtained under the effect of novobiocin. Altered and L-forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae were obtained through in vitro and in vivo treatments with novobiocin. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on the changes taking place in the morphology and ultrastructure of strains showing a varying degree of resistance. When lower concentrations of the antibiotic were employed (15, 25, 200, 400 mcg) strongly elongated and threadlike forms were established manifesting characteristic changes in the cell wall and the inner structure. The use of high concentrations of novobiocin (1000 and 2000 mcg) incited the production of L-forms the morphology and ultrastructure of which are dealt with in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1217272", "title": "Studies on the cultivation of Clostridium oncolyticum M 55. 5th communication: The influence of iron, zinc, and cobaltous ions on the growth and the kininase activity of clostridium oncolyticum M 55 ATCC 13.732.", "content": "The precipitation or iron sulfide by hydrogen sulfide excreting Clostridium oncolyticum M 55 led to further examinations in order to avoid this disturbing factor. The method should render the cultivation of Cl. oncolyticum M 55 under definite conditions and should also intensify the formation and the enrichment of the clostridial kininases. Cobaltous ions and zinc granules were found useful for cultivation, because no disturbances increased from both during sterilization and incubation. The determination of the growth cycles and the replication rates showed the usefulness of zinc for substitution of iron. Cobaltous ions did only allow a low replication rate. These results confirmed those showing the influence of chelate-forming agents on the kininase activity. Cobaltous ions were not able to exchange the central atom of the metallo-proteide. The influence of the peptone quality on the kininase activity in presence of zinc was also examined, since examinations with iron media have shown a direct connection between peptone quality and enzyme activity. The results with zinc-containing media were nearly 5-10% lower than those with iron. The results allowed also the conclusion that the kininase excreted by Cl. oncolyticum M 55 is an iron-containing metallo-proteide, whose central atom is exchangeable for zinc. The consequences of the loss of enzyme activity for the oncolytic therapy with Cl. oncolyticum M 55 will be shown in further examinations.", "contents": "Studies on the cultivation of Clostridium oncolyticum M 55. 5th communication: The influence of iron, zinc, and cobaltous ions on the growth and the kininase activity of clostridium oncolyticum M 55 ATCC 13.732. The precipitation or iron sulfide by hydrogen sulfide excreting Clostridium oncolyticum M 55 led to further examinations in order to avoid this disturbing factor. The method should render the cultivation of Cl. oncolyticum M 55 under definite conditions and should also intensify the formation and the enrichment of the clostridial kininases. Cobaltous ions and zinc granules were found useful for cultivation, because no disturbances increased from both during sterilization and incubation. The determination of the growth cycles and the replication rates showed the usefulness of zinc for substitution of iron. Cobaltous ions did only allow a low replication rate. These results confirmed those showing the influence of chelate-forming agents on the kininase activity. Cobaltous ions were not able to exchange the central atom of the metallo-proteide. The influence of the peptone quality on the kininase activity in presence of zinc was also examined, since examinations with iron media have shown a direct connection between peptone quality and enzyme activity. The results with zinc-containing media were nearly 5-10% lower than those with iron. The results allowed also the conclusion that the kininase excreted by Cl. oncolyticum M 55 is an iron-containing metallo-proteide, whose central atom is exchangeable for zinc. The consequences of the loss of enzyme activity for the oncolytic therapy with Cl. oncolyticum M 55 will be shown in further examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1217273", "title": "Persistence and isolation of L cycle forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in experimental infection.", "content": "In experimental infection of rats induced with teh S-form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae the pathogen was found to persist for a long time (up to fifteen months according to the author's personal observations). Under the effect of the specific and unspecific defense of the animal's organism the causative agent suffered a number of morphologic changes. In the course of the first days of infection the R-form was isolated, and thirty days later up to the fifteenth month forms of the L cycle were recovered from the parenchymal organs, blood, and joints. An electron microscopic study was carried out on the structure of the isolated L-forms. The long-term persistence of the agent in its different morphologic forms may well account for the chronic course of the infection in rats.", "contents": "Persistence and isolation of L cycle forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in experimental infection. In experimental infection of rats induced with teh S-form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae the pathogen was found to persist for a long time (up to fifteen months according to the author's personal observations). Under the effect of the specific and unspecific defense of the animal's organism the causative agent suffered a number of morphologic changes. In the course of the first days of infection the R-form was isolated, and thirty days later up to the fifteenth month forms of the L cycle were recovered from the parenchymal organs, blood, and joints. An electron microscopic study was carried out on the structure of the isolated L-forms. The long-term persistence of the agent in its different morphologic forms may well account for the chronic course of the infection in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1217274", "title": "Contribution to the study on fatty acids of Epidermophyton floccosum.", "content": "The total lipid content of a dermatophyte, Epidermophyton floccosum, grown under controlled environmental conditions, varies with growth stage and represents 7.0 to 19.8% of the dry weight. The main lipid classes, determined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography, were: triglycerides, free fatty acids, sterols and phospholipids. The fatty acid composition was established with the aid of combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids represent 42.8, 18.9 and 9.6 per cent respectively. The fatty acid biosynthesis, their taxonomic value and their role in the disease mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Contribution to the study on fatty acids of Epidermophyton floccosum. The total lipid content of a dermatophyte, Epidermophyton floccosum, grown under controlled environmental conditions, varies with growth stage and represents 7.0 to 19.8% of the dry weight. The main lipid classes, determined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography, were: triglycerides, free fatty acids, sterols and phospholipids. The fatty acid composition was established with the aid of combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids represent 42.8, 18.9 and 9.6 per cent respectively. The fatty acid biosynthesis, their taxonomic value and their role in the disease mechanism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217282", "title": "[Comparison of motor endplate and central synapses. An ultrastructural study].", "content": "The fine structural characteristics of motor endplate (paradigm of a cholinergic synapse) and central synapses are briefly summarized giving major emphasis on recent observations in freeze fractured material. Special attention is paid to the concepts of \"Active Zones\" (presynaptic membrane complex) and \"Specific Sites\" (postsynaptic membrane complex). Comparison and functional interpretations are made specifically with respect to secretion and receptor mechanisms that are so characteristic of chemically transmitting junctions.", "contents": "[Comparison of motor endplate and central synapses. An ultrastructural study]. The fine structural characteristics of motor endplate (paradigm of a cholinergic synapse) and central synapses are briefly summarized giving major emphasis on recent observations in freeze fractured material. Special attention is paid to the concepts of \"Active Zones\" (presynaptic membrane complex) and \"Specific Sites\" (postsynaptic membrane complex). Comparison and functional interpretations are made specifically with respect to secretion and receptor mechanisms that are so characteristic of chemically transmitting junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217283", "title": "[Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides under the action of high temperature and UV-radiation].", "content": "By means of UV-spectroscopy, gel filtration, thin layer and paper chromatography, it has been shown that the action of UV irradiation and heat on a dry mixture of nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose results in the formation of nucleoside pool, particulary deoxyadenosine. These energy sources were chosen in order to imitate at least approximately the conditions assumed to exist on the primitive Earth. Similar synthesis takes place in the atmosphere of the three gases studied, being more intensive in CO2 than in N2 or O2.", "contents": "[Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides under the action of high temperature and UV-radiation]. By means of UV-spectroscopy, gel filtration, thin layer and paper chromatography, it has been shown that the action of UV irradiation and heat on a dry mixture of nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose results in the formation of nucleoside pool, particulary deoxyadenosine. These energy sources were chosen in order to imitate at least approximately the conditions assumed to exist on the primitive Earth. Similar synthesis takes place in the atmosphere of the three gases studied, being more intensive in CO2 than in N2 or O2."}
{"id": "PMID:1217285", "title": "[Mechanism of the protective action of acetylcholine and serotonin against their cytotoxic antagonists].", "content": "By means of biological testing on supersensitive embryos of the sea-urchin Arbacia lixula, it has been shown that the eggs and embryos of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus incubated in solutions of cytotoxic neuropharmacological drugs (cholino- and serotoninolytics), accumulate the latter. During the first (rapid) stage of binding, a level is reached which is 2-6 times higher than the external concentration; during the second stage of binding, this level gradually increases up to the values which are 8-12 times higher than the external concentration. The protecting action of exogenous acetylcholine and serotonin against the drugs studied does not inhibit their accumulation in embryonic cells. Therefore this protecting action is due to the decrease in the sensitivity of embryos to neurophysiological drugs. The protecting effect of endogenous factor produced by eggs and embryos is associated with the inhibition or abolition of the second stage of binding of cytotoxic neuropharmacological drugs.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the protective action of acetylcholine and serotonin against their cytotoxic antagonists]. By means of biological testing on supersensitive embryos of the sea-urchin Arbacia lixula, it has been shown that the eggs and embryos of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus incubated in solutions of cytotoxic neuropharmacological drugs (cholino- and serotoninolytics), accumulate the latter. During the first (rapid) stage of binding, a level is reached which is 2-6 times higher than the external concentration; during the second stage of binding, this level gradually increases up to the values which are 8-12 times higher than the external concentration. The protecting action of exogenous acetylcholine and serotonin against the drugs studied does not inhibit their accumulation in embryonic cells. Therefore this protecting action is due to the decrease in the sensitivity of embryos to neurophysiological drugs. The protecting effect of endogenous factor produced by eggs and embryos is associated with the inhibition or abolition of the second stage of binding of cytotoxic neuropharmacological drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1217286", "title": "[Multiple forms of brain cholinesterase in phylogenesis and ontogenesis of vertebrates].", "content": "Multiple forms of the brain cholinesterase have been investigated by means of the original technique based on the extraction, ammonium sulphate salting out and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. It was shown that the number of multiple forms increases in phylogenesis (8 in triton, 13 in rat, 18 in cat, 16 in dog and 23 in man), although their relative enzymic activity decreases. Isolated multiple forms with high molecular weight enzymatically are classified as acetylcholinesterases. In higher brain structures, multiple forms are more numerous. Butyrylcholinesterases and aliesterases are more abundant in lower brain structures. In the neural plate of the developing triton, it is possible to detect the forms with high specific activity, which exceeds that in adult animals.", "contents": "[Multiple forms of brain cholinesterase in phylogenesis and ontogenesis of vertebrates]. Multiple forms of the brain cholinesterase have been investigated by means of the original technique based on the extraction, ammonium sulphate salting out and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. It was shown that the number of multiple forms increases in phylogenesis (8 in triton, 13 in rat, 18 in cat, 16 in dog and 23 in man), although their relative enzymic activity decreases. Isolated multiple forms with high molecular weight enzymatically are classified as acetylcholinesterases. In higher brain structures, multiple forms are more numerous. Butyrylcholinesterases and aliesterases are more abundant in lower brain structures. In the neural plate of the developing triton, it is possible to detect the forms with high specific activity, which exceeds that in adult animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1217287", "title": "[Retinal pigments and carotenoids of the light-shading \"spectacles\" of the greenling Hexagrammus octogrammus].", "content": "Three light-sensitive pigments having lambdamax of 480, 505 and 540 nm which contain retinal as a chromophore were found in the digitonine extracts from the retina of H. octogrammus. In summer time, only one pigment (lambdamax equals 480 nm) was found, whereas during autumn and winter periods the other two pigments (lambdamax equals 505 and 540 nm) could be also observed together with the first one. The lambdamax  480 pigment is easily degraded when being exposed to light, although it is resistant to the effect of hydroxylamine. The other two pitments are less sensitive to the light, but are readily bleached by hydroxylamine. The yellow-orange coloured cells of the light-shading \"spectacles\" contain a mixture of beta-carotenoids. When extracted by petroleum ether, these beta-carotenoids display lambdamax at 425, 445 and 476 nm. Column chromatography on aluminium oxide revealed 6 fractions in the extracted carotenoids: light-yellow, dark-yellow, brown, reddish-brown, pink and pinkish ones. In the range from yellow to pink fractions, the contribution of the lambdamax 475 nm band increases, while that of two other ones-decreases.", "contents": "[Retinal pigments and carotenoids of the light-shading \"spectacles\" of the greenling Hexagrammus octogrammus]. Three light-sensitive pigments having lambdamax of 480, 505 and 540 nm which contain retinal as a chromophore were found in the digitonine extracts from the retina of H. octogrammus. In summer time, only one pigment (lambdamax equals 480 nm) was found, whereas during autumn and winter periods the other two pigments (lambdamax equals 505 and 540 nm) could be also observed together with the first one. The lambdamax  480 pigment is easily degraded when being exposed to light, although it is resistant to the effect of hydroxylamine. The other two pitments are less sensitive to the light, but are readily bleached by hydroxylamine. The yellow-orange coloured cells of the light-shading \"spectacles\" contain a mixture of beta-carotenoids. When extracted by petroleum ether, these beta-carotenoids display lambdamax at 425, 445 and 476 nm. Column chromatography on aluminium oxide revealed 6 fractions in the extracted carotenoids: light-yellow, dark-yellow, brown, reddish-brown, pink and pinkish ones. In the range from yellow to pink fractions, the contribution of the lambdamax 475 nm band increases, while that of two other ones-decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:1217289", "title": "[Ontogenic changes in cardiac rhythm during acute hypoxia in dogs and rabbits].", "content": "Newborn dogs and rabbits exhibit unequal reactivity of cardiac activity to acute hypoxia as compared to adult ones, being lesser in the newborn. In dogs, during postnatal life as well as during adaptation to hypoxia, tachycardic effect of atropine increases indicating the increase in vagal tone. In growing rabbits, cardiac rhythm decreases, the decrease being presumably due to changes in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system, since no significant changes were observed in cardiac activity during atropine administration.", "contents": "[Ontogenic changes in cardiac rhythm during acute hypoxia in dogs and rabbits]. Newborn dogs and rabbits exhibit unequal reactivity of cardiac activity to acute hypoxia as compared to adult ones, being lesser in the newborn. In dogs, during postnatal life as well as during adaptation to hypoxia, tachycardic effect of atropine increases indicating the increase in vagal tone. In growing rabbits, cardiac rhythm decreases, the decrease being presumably due to changes in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system, since no significant changes were observed in cardiac activity during atropine administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1217288", "title": "[Heat production in the ground squirrel Citellus pygmaeus during arousal from hibernation].", "content": "Heat production has been both measured experimentally (Qcal) and calculated from oxygen consumption (QO2) in arousing ground squirrels during the rise of their body temperature. Studies were made on total heat production during all the period of their warming as well as on the heat production at various stages of arousal. Qcal was evaluated by changes in body temperature and those in heat losses via convection and irradiation (calorimetrically). During arousal of animals, their body temperature, heat losses, Qcal and QO2 Gradually increase. However, the increase in heat losses is 3-4 times lower as compared to the intrinsic heat production measured both calorimetrically and by oxygen consumption. Limitation of heat losses (due to the constriction of subcutaneous blood vessels) together with activation of the metabolism in muscles and other tissues provide for significant heat accumulation and the increase in body temperature of arousing ground squirrels.", "contents": "[Heat production in the ground squirrel Citellus pygmaeus during arousal from hibernation]. Heat production has been both measured experimentally (Qcal) and calculated from oxygen consumption (QO2) in arousing ground squirrels during the rise of their body temperature. Studies were made on total heat production during all the period of their warming as well as on the heat production at various stages of arousal. Qcal was evaluated by changes in body temperature and those in heat losses via convection and irradiation (calorimetrically). During arousal of animals, their body temperature, heat losses, Qcal and QO2 Gradually increase. However, the increase in heat losses is 3-4 times lower as compared to the intrinsic heat production measured both calorimetrically and by oxygen consumption. Limitation of heat losses (due to the constriction of subcutaneous blood vessels) together with activation of the metabolism in muscles and other tissues provide for significant heat accumulation and the increase in body temperature of arousing ground squirrels."}
{"id": "PMID:1217290", "title": "[The effect of ouabain on the sugar receptor of the contact chemoreceptive sensilla of the fly Protophormia terraenovae].", "content": "Studies have been made on the inhibitory effect of ouabain solutions on bioelectrical activity of the labellar sensillae of flied. It was shown that 10(-2) M ouabain solution irreversibly inhibits the activity, where as 10(-3) and 10(-4) M concentrations decrease the frequency of impulses within 40-60 min. Ouabain solution is a specific stimulator of the sugar receptor of the sensillae with a threshold of 10(-7) M; in combination with 0.2 M glucose, it inhibits impulse activity with the first 200 msec of stimulation. The effect is observed in a narrow zone of ouabain concentrations, with a maximum approximately at 10(-4) M. Differences between the effects of the inhibitor at the vicinity of the onset of generator potential and those in the impulse activity zones on the membrane of the sensory cell are suggested.", "contents": "[The effect of ouabain on the sugar receptor of the contact chemoreceptive sensilla of the fly Protophormia terraenovae]. Studies have been made on the inhibitory effect of ouabain solutions on bioelectrical activity of the labellar sensillae of flied. It was shown that 10(-2) M ouabain solution irreversibly inhibits the activity, where as 10(-3) and 10(-4) M concentrations decrease the frequency of impulses within 40-60 min. Ouabain solution is a specific stimulator of the sugar receptor of the sensillae with a threshold of 10(-7) M; in combination with 0.2 M glucose, it inhibits impulse activity with the first 200 msec of stimulation. The effect is observed in a narrow zone of ouabain concentrations, with a maximum approximately at 10(-4) M. Differences between the effects of the inhibitor at the vicinity of the onset of generator potential and those in the impulse activity zones on the membrane of the sensory cell are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1217291", "title": "[Reflection of evolutionary trends in the recovery pattern of the electrical activity in the human brain after unilateral electroshock].", "content": "After unilateral electroshocks the following stages of the recovery of EEG may be defferentiated in man: residual seizure activity, flat EEG, low-amplitude polyform arrhythmia, monoform delta-rhythm, synchronized teta- and alpha-rhythms. It is assumed that changes of these stages reflect the migration of EEG pacemakers within the system of hierarchically interrelated brain structures, which provide for various forms of regulation of the electrical activity of the cortex. It was shown that in each of the hemispheres, pacemakers operate relatively independently and that electrical stimulation of the dominant (left) hemisphere affects brain activity to a greater extent than stimulation of nondominant (right) hemisphere. The ascending influences of desynchronizing systems of the brain stem are less lateral as compared to the ascending pathways of hypothalamic and thalamic structures.", "contents": "[Reflection of evolutionary trends in the recovery pattern of the electrical activity in the human brain after unilateral electroshock]. After unilateral electroshocks the following stages of the recovery of EEG may be defferentiated in man: residual seizure activity, flat EEG, low-amplitude polyform arrhythmia, monoform delta-rhythm, synchronized teta- and alpha-rhythms. It is assumed that changes of these stages reflect the migration of EEG pacemakers within the system of hierarchically interrelated brain structures, which provide for various forms of regulation of the electrical activity of the cortex. It was shown that in each of the hemispheres, pacemakers operate relatively independently and that electrical stimulation of the dominant (left) hemisphere affects brain activity to a greater extent than stimulation of nondominant (right) hemisphere. The ascending influences of desynchronizing systems of the brain stem are less lateral as compared to the ascending pathways of hypothalamic and thalamic structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1217292", "title": "[Intraspecific variability in fractional composition of the serum proteins of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus].", "content": "Comparative studies on fractional composition of the blood serum proteins in two sympatric populations of the sturgeon A. stellatus (South-Caspian and North-Caspian) have been made by means of polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis. Serum proteins are fractionated into 13-18 electrophoretic components, the heterogeneity of proteins being somewhat higher in the North-Caspian population than in the South-Caspian one. Most pronounced differences were found in the relative content of albumins and beta-globulins. Special interest is attracted to different heterogeneity of albumins and beta-globulins (transferrins) in the two populations of the Caspian sturgeon.", "contents": "[Intraspecific variability in fractional composition of the serum proteins of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus]. Comparative studies on fractional composition of the blood serum proteins in two sympatric populations of the sturgeon A. stellatus (South-Caspian and North-Caspian) have been made by means of polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis. Serum proteins are fractionated into 13-18 electrophoretic components, the heterogeneity of proteins being somewhat higher in the North-Caspian population than in the South-Caspian one. Most pronounced differences were found in the relative content of albumins and beta-globulins. Special interest is attracted to different heterogeneity of albumins and beta-globulins (transferrins) in the two populations of the Caspian sturgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:1217293", "title": "[The effect of cerebellectomy on motor activity of the stomach in the ray Dasyatis pastinaca].", "content": "It has been shown that after cerebellectomy in rays, motor activity of the stomach undergoes significant changes. From the 1st day after the operation, the frequency of stomach contractions diminishes from 8.30+/-0.46 to 6.30+/-0.50/15 min. Individual variability markedly increases. The amplitude of stomach contractions is also diminished. Sham cerebellectomy does not affect neither the frequency, nor the amplitude of stomach contractions.", "contents": "[The effect of cerebellectomy on motor activity of the stomach in the ray Dasyatis pastinaca]. It has been shown that after cerebellectomy in rays, motor activity of the stomach undergoes significant changes. From the 1st day after the operation, the frequency of stomach contractions diminishes from 8.30+/-0.46 to 6.30+/-0.50/15 min. Individual variability markedly increases. The amplitude of stomach contractions is also diminished. Sham cerebellectomy does not affect neither the frequency, nor the amplitude of stomach contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217294", "title": "[Neuronal reactions of the olfactory centers of the forebrain during stimulation of the hypothalamic structures in rabbits].", "content": "During stimulation of phylogenetically ancient parts of the hypothalamus (the anterior and lateral), neuronal reactions have been recorded in the prepyriform lobe and tuberculum olfactorium. These reactions are characterized by a short latent period (6-25 msec) and high stability to rhythmic stimulation. Neuronal reactions in the same olfactory centers during stimulation of phylogenetically more recent hypothalamic structures (the posterior and medial) exhibit a long latent period (30-120 msec) and are readily exhausted by rhythmic stimulation.", "contents": "[Neuronal reactions of the olfactory centers of the forebrain during stimulation of the hypothalamic structures in rabbits]. During stimulation of phylogenetically ancient parts of the hypothalamus (the anterior and lateral), neuronal reactions have been recorded in the prepyriform lobe and tuberculum olfactorium. These reactions are characterized by a short latent period (6-25 msec) and high stability to rhythmic stimulation. Neuronal reactions in the same olfactory centers during stimulation of phylogenetically more recent hypothalamic structures (the posterior and medial) exhibit a long latent period (30-120 msec) and are readily exhausted by rhythmic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217295", "title": "[Cability of the neuro-muscular spatial relationships in the wall of the blood vessels].", "content": "Electronmicroscopic studies have been made on the distribution of the nervous fibers in the wall of the constricted and dilated auricular artery of the rabbit. It was demonstrated that during the dilatation of the vessel, the dimensions of the neuro-muscular cleft decrease. In the constricted artery, 50% of the nervous fibers are found in the adventitial zone which has a thickness of 4.6 mu. In the dilated vessel this zone decreases up to 1.8 mu. It is suggested that this mechanism is responsible for the regulation of the blood vessel tone.", "contents": "[Cability of the neuro-muscular spatial relationships in the wall of the blood vessels]. Electronmicroscopic studies have been made on the distribution of the nervous fibers in the wall of the constricted and dilated auricular artery of the rabbit. It was demonstrated that during the dilatation of the vessel, the dimensions of the neuro-muscular cleft decrease. In the constricted artery, 50% of the nervous fibers are found in the adventitial zone which has a thickness of 4.6 mu. In the dilated vessel this zone decreases up to 1.8 mu. It is suggested that this mechanism is responsible for the regulation of the blood vessel tone."}
{"id": "PMID:1217296", "title": "[Sensory innervation of the somite in the polychaete worm Nephthys hombergii].", "content": "Studies have been made on the peripheral sensory innervation of N. hombergii stained with methylene blue. It was shown that sensory elements of the polychaete are presented by several types of nervous cells which are symmetrically embedded between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers in each of the segments. Peripheral projections of these cells terminate in the epithelium, on muscle fibers and in the connective tissue. Central projections pass to the abdominal nerve chain. All. the observed sensory cells have a constant localization and shape, the latter presumably being determined by their polyvalent functions.", "contents": "[Sensory innervation of the somite in the polychaete worm Nephthys hombergii]. Studies have been made on the peripheral sensory innervation of N. hombergii stained with methylene blue. It was shown that sensory elements of the polychaete are presented by several types of nervous cells which are symmetrically embedded between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers in each of the segments. Peripheral projections of these cells terminate in the epithelium, on muscle fibers and in the connective tissue. Central projections pass to the abdominal nerve chain. All. the observed sensory cells have a constant localization and shape, the latter presumably being determined by their polyvalent functions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217297", "title": "[Brain lipid biochemistry of the sturgeons Acipenseridae].", "content": "Brain lipids of 4 species of sturgeons-Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti, A. stellatus, A. ruthenus and Huso huso-have been investigated. In whole brain homogenates the content of the basic phospholipid families, their fatty acid composition as well as the content of glycosphingolipids-gangliosides, cerebrosides and sulfatides were studied. The quantitative relations between different molecular ganglioside fractions and their fatty acid composition, as well as the relative content of hydroxycerebrosides and cerebrosides with normal fatty acids were determined. The brain lipids of Acipenseridae were compared to previously obtained data on the brain of Elasmobranch and Teleost fishes. The brain lipid pattern of the four sturgeon species is very similar, but it differs greatly from that of Elasmobranch and of Teleostean brain, being in some respect more like the type of bony fish brain, in others the kind of brain of sharks and rays, and frequently considerably differing from both these types. The conspicous peculiarity in the content and molecular characteristics of the brain lipids of Acipenseridae compels us to agree with the opinion expressed by the late A.N. Belozerski and his coworkers [26, 27], based on a detailed study of fish DNA nucleotides, that the Ganoid fish are to be regarded as an independent class.", "contents": "[Brain lipid biochemistry of the sturgeons Acipenseridae]. Brain lipids of 4 species of sturgeons-Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti, A. stellatus, A. ruthenus and Huso huso-have been investigated. In whole brain homogenates the content of the basic phospholipid families, their fatty acid composition as well as the content of glycosphingolipids-gangliosides, cerebrosides and sulfatides were studied. The quantitative relations between different molecular ganglioside fractions and their fatty acid composition, as well as the relative content of hydroxycerebrosides and cerebrosides with normal fatty acids were determined. The brain lipids of Acipenseridae were compared to previously obtained data on the brain of Elasmobranch and Teleost fishes. The brain lipid pattern of the four sturgeon species is very similar, but it differs greatly from that of Elasmobranch and of Teleostean brain, being in some respect more like the type of bony fish brain, in others the kind of brain of sharks and rays, and frequently considerably differing from both these types. The conspicous peculiarity in the content and molecular characteristics of the brain lipids of Acipenseridae compels us to agree with the opinion expressed by the late A.N. Belozerski and his coworkers [26, 27], based on a detailed study of fish DNA nucleotides, that the Ganoid fish are to be regarded as an independent class."}
{"id": "PMID:1217298", "title": "[Fatty acid composition of phospholipids from rabbit and crayfish skeletal muscle sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes].", "content": "A comparative analysis of fatty acid composition of lipid components from skeletal muscle sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes of rabbits and crayfishes Astacus fluviatilis and A. leptodactylus has been made by means of gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids. There are slight differences between external and internal membranes in fatty acids composition of lipids in the same animal. Considerable differences were found, however, when lipids in corresponding membranes of different species were compared. There are more unsaturated fatty acids in the crayfish than in the rabbit membranes. The most expressive differences in fatty acid composition between the two animals concern the content of linoleic acid type. Polyunsaturated acids in the crayfish are mostly of a 3 type and those in the rabbit of a 6 type. During biochemical evolution the following changes seem to take place, a decrease in the amount of unsaturated fatty acids as well as of polyunsaturated ones of a 3 type and an increase of those of the 6 type. These changes very probably reflect the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial habitat.", "contents": "[Fatty acid composition of phospholipids from rabbit and crayfish skeletal muscle sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes]. A comparative analysis of fatty acid composition of lipid components from skeletal muscle sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes of rabbits and crayfishes Astacus fluviatilis and A. leptodactylus has been made by means of gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids. There are slight differences between external and internal membranes in fatty acids composition of lipids in the same animal. Considerable differences were found, however, when lipids in corresponding membranes of different species were compared. There are more unsaturated fatty acids in the crayfish than in the rabbit membranes. The most expressive differences in fatty acid composition between the two animals concern the content of linoleic acid type. Polyunsaturated acids in the crayfish are mostly of a 3 type and those in the rabbit of a 6 type. During biochemical evolution the following changes seem to take place, a decrease in the amount of unsaturated fatty acids as well as of polyunsaturated ones of a 3 type and an increase of those of the 6 type. These changes very probably reflect the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial habitat."}
{"id": "PMID:1217299", "title": "[Immunoreactive insulin and insulin-like activity of the blood in ontogenesis of the hen].", "content": "Studies have been made on immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and insulin-like activity (ILA) in the blood serum of chick embryos (from the 10th day of incubation), chicks and adult hens up to 1 year old. It was shown that IRI content of embryonic blood is relatively low and remains approximately constant during incubation. During postnatal ontogenesis, the level of IRI increases, the increase being most significant at the 1st day after hatching and between the 2nd and the 5th months. With respect to IRI level, 5-month chicks are similar to adult hens. Being assayed by the method of isolated epididymal rat fat, ILA was not found in the blood serum of chick embryos. It was observed in all test samples only from the 30th day after hatching. It is suggested that at this period of postnatal life, some factors are formed in the blood which increase ILA without changes of the insulin content of the blood. After the 30th day, no evident shifts were observed in ILA, although it reached maximum in adult hens. By absolute values, ILA of the blood in chicks was several times higher than the corresponding levels of IRI.", "contents": "[Immunoreactive insulin and insulin-like activity of the blood in ontogenesis of the hen]. Studies have been made on immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and insulin-like activity (ILA) in the blood serum of chick embryos (from the 10th day of incubation), chicks and adult hens up to 1 year old. It was shown that IRI content of embryonic blood is relatively low and remains approximately constant during incubation. During postnatal ontogenesis, the level of IRI increases, the increase being most significant at the 1st day after hatching and between the 2nd and the 5th months. With respect to IRI level, 5-month chicks are similar to adult hens. Being assayed by the method of isolated epididymal rat fat, ILA was not found in the blood serum of chick embryos. It was observed in all test samples only from the 30th day after hatching. It is suggested that at this period of postnatal life, some factors are formed in the blood which increase ILA without changes of the insulin content of the blood. After the 30th day, no evident shifts were observed in ILA, although it reached maximum in adult hens. By absolute values, ILA of the blood in chicks was several times higher than the corresponding levels of IRI."}
{"id": "PMID:1217300", "title": "[Myoglobin content and distribution in muscle tissues of Black Sea dolphins].", "content": "Myoglobin content is found to be higher in skeletal than in cardiac muscle of Tursiops truncatus and Phocaena phocaena and much higher than that in skeletal muscles of terrestrial mammals. According to the myoglobin content muscle fibres are devided into five types: red, white and three intermediate types. Deep muscles contain more red fibres and less intermediate fibres than superficial ones. White fibres compose almost one half of all fibres of the superficial skeletal muscles of the dolphins. The role of myoglobin distribution and higher content in oxygen supply of muscular tissue is discussed in relation to the peculiarities of dolphin breathing and blood circulation.", "contents": "[Myoglobin content and distribution in muscle tissues of Black Sea dolphins]. Myoglobin content is found to be higher in skeletal than in cardiac muscle of Tursiops truncatus and Phocaena phocaena and much higher than that in skeletal muscles of terrestrial mammals. According to the myoglobin content muscle fibres are devided into five types: red, white and three intermediate types. Deep muscles contain more red fibres and less intermediate fibres than superficial ones. White fibres compose almost one half of all fibres of the superficial skeletal muscles of the dolphins. The role of myoglobin distribution and higher content in oxygen supply of muscular tissue is discussed in relation to the peculiarities of dolphin breathing and blood circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217301", "title": "[Studies on projections of somatic afferentation in the neocortex of the hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus].", "content": "Cortical projections of the somatic system in the hedgehog cortex were studied by means of the evoked potential (EP) technique. The EPs were shown to arise at a large area of the lateral cortex, the area in question being enlarged under chloralose anaesthesia. In the focus of projection of corresponding modalities the EPs posessed the least latency. Functional differences in the EP generation system both in the focus of projection and outside it are discussed. The wide EPs spreading in the lateral cortex as well as the presence of relatively differentiated projections is supposed to depend on the afferent volley dispersion to the polysynaptic pathways at the thalamic level. Considerable overlapping of sensory projection zones in the cortex is conditioned by the latter and indicates low degree of the somatic analyser organization.", "contents": "[Studies on projections of somatic afferentation in the neocortex of the hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus]. Cortical projections of the somatic system in the hedgehog cortex were studied by means of the evoked potential (EP) technique. The EPs were shown to arise at a large area of the lateral cortex, the area in question being enlarged under chloralose anaesthesia. In the focus of projection of corresponding modalities the EPs posessed the least latency. Functional differences in the EP generation system both in the focus of projection and outside it are discussed. The wide EPs spreading in the lateral cortex as well as the presence of relatively differentiated projections is supposed to depend on the afferent volley dispersion to the polysynaptic pathways at the thalamic level. Considerable overlapping of sensory projection zones in the cortex is conditioned by the latter and indicates low degree of the somatic analyser organization."}
{"id": "PMID:1217303", "title": "[Changes in the content of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood serum of the spawning Siberian salmon Oncorhynchus keta and humpback salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha].", "content": "Studies have been made on 11-oxycorticosteroid content of the blood serum in spawning salmons. During sexual maturation and spawning migration, the level of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood serum undergoes significant changes. The pattern of these changes is similar in both of the species investigated. During fresh-water period of migration, 11-3xycorticosteroid content in the blood serum of females of O. gorbuscha is 3 times higher as compared to that during sea-water period. In O. keta, this level increases two-fold. The increased content of 11-oxycorticosteroids remains constant up to spawning. After the latter, the level of 11-oxycorticosteroids decreases reaching the values typical for sea-water period.", "contents": "[Changes in the content of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood serum of the spawning Siberian salmon Oncorhynchus keta and humpback salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha]. Studies have been made on 11-oxycorticosteroid content of the blood serum in spawning salmons. During sexual maturation and spawning migration, the level of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood serum undergoes significant changes. The pattern of these changes is similar in both of the species investigated. During fresh-water period of migration, 11-3xycorticosteroid content in the blood serum of females of O. gorbuscha is 3 times higher as compared to that during sea-water period. In O. keta, this level increases two-fold. The increased content of 11-oxycorticosteroids remains constant up to spawning. After the latter, the level of 11-oxycorticosteroids decreases reaching the values typical for sea-water period."}
{"id": "PMID:1217304", "title": "[Age related changes in the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen in rabbits].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen decreases after birth due to changes in the saline composition of erythrocytes. It is suggested that this decrease is mainly due to accumulation of 2.3-diphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes of the growing rabbits.", "contents": "[Age related changes in the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen in rabbits]. It has been demonstrated that the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen decreases after birth due to changes in the saline composition of erythrocytes. It is suggested that this decrease is mainly due to accumulation of 2.3-diphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes of the growing rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:1217306", "title": "[The effect of high temperature and hydrocortisone on amylolytic and invertase activities of the mucous membrane of the small intestine in early ontogenesis of rats].", "content": "In experiments on 16-19 day rats, studies have been made of the effect of 2-hour heat exposure (40-41 degrees ) and hydrocortizone injection (4 mg per 100 g of body weight) on gamma-amylolytic and invertase activities of homogenized ad inside-turned pieces of proximal, middle and distal parts of the small intestine. It was shown that thermal stress results in a sharp increase of the enzymic activities of homogenates and total pieces of proximal and middle parts of the intestine. In distal parts, the enzymic induction is less significant or even completely absent. Hydrocortizone injections evoke similar changes, although the latter are more evident. On the basis of the data obtained, it is suggested that the effect of thermal factor on the synthesis of intestinal enzymes is realized via the hormones of suprarenal cortex.", "contents": "[The effect of high temperature and hydrocortisone on amylolytic and invertase activities of the mucous membrane of the small intestine in early ontogenesis of rats]. In experiments on 16-19 day rats, studies have been made of the effect of 2-hour heat exposure (40-41 degrees ) and hydrocortizone injection (4 mg per 100 g of body weight) on gamma-amylolytic and invertase activities of homogenized ad inside-turned pieces of proximal, middle and distal parts of the small intestine. It was shown that thermal stress results in a sharp increase of the enzymic activities of homogenates and total pieces of proximal and middle parts of the intestine. In distal parts, the enzymic induction is less significant or even completely absent. Hydrocortizone injections evoke similar changes, although the latter are more evident. On the basis of the data obtained, it is suggested that the effect of thermal factor on the synthesis of intestinal enzymes is realized via the hormones of suprarenal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1217307", "title": "[Populational differences in venom composition in the snake Vipera lebetina turanica].", "content": "Studies have been made on the toxicity, enzymic activity and fractional composition (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of the venom obtained from various populations of the snake Vipera lebetina turanica. Animals were captured in different regions of the Mid-Asian part of the USSR. Electrophoretic studies reveal differences in fractional composition, mobility and density of proteins in the venoms studied. However, no significant variations were found in the enzymic activity and toxicity of the venoms.", "contents": "[Populational differences in venom composition in the snake Vipera lebetina turanica]. Studies have been made on the toxicity, enzymic activity and fractional composition (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of the venom obtained from various populations of the snake Vipera lebetina turanica. Animals were captured in different regions of the Mid-Asian part of the USSR. Electrophoretic studies reveal differences in fractional composition, mobility and density of proteins in the venoms studied. However, no significant variations were found in the enzymic activity and toxicity of the venoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1217302", "title": "[Intraspecific genectic variation of phospholipids in the blood serum of the salmon Oncorhynchus nerca and O. keta].", "content": "Electrophoretic studies on the blood serum of many individuals of salmons reveal the existence of intraspecific genetic polymorphism of lipoproteins. This polymorphism is presented by 3 distinct bands, namely C,D and CD. It suggested that genetic polymorphism of lipoproteins is associated with their lipid components, especially with phospoholipid composition.", "contents": "[Intraspecific genectic variation of phospholipids in the blood serum of the salmon Oncorhynchus nerca and O. keta]. Electrophoretic studies on the blood serum of many individuals of salmons reveal the existence of intraspecific genetic polymorphism of lipoproteins. This polymorphism is presented by 3 distinct bands, namely C,D and CD. It suggested that genetic polymorphism of lipoproteins is associated with their lipid components, especially with phospoholipid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:1217308", "title": "[The effect of cold adaptation on total gaseous metabolism and tissue respiration in gerbils].", "content": "Short-term adaptation to cold (-17-19 degrees) results in evident changes of energy metabolism of gerbiles. In cold-adapted Meriones unguiculatus, tissue oxygen consumption increases in all the tissues investigated. In M. tamariscinus, respiratory rate increased only in the cardiac muscle, whereas that in other organs and muscles remained unaffected. In contrast to these two cold-resistant species, M. erythrourus is less resistant to cooling. In the latter case, no changes were observed in total and tissues respiration after cold adaptation of animals.", "contents": "[The effect of cold adaptation on total gaseous metabolism and tissue respiration in gerbils]. Short-term adaptation to cold (-17-19 degrees) results in evident changes of energy metabolism of gerbiles. In cold-adapted Meriones unguiculatus, tissue oxygen consumption increases in all the tissues investigated. In M. tamariscinus, respiratory rate increased only in the cardiac muscle, whereas that in other organs and muscles remained unaffected. In contrast to these two cold-resistant species, M. erythrourus is less resistant to cooling. In the latter case, no changes were observed in total and tissues respiration after cold adaptation of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1217309", "title": "[Studies on the activity of aldolase from rabbit muscles in the presence of liposomes].", "content": "Electronmicroscopic studies have been made on the structure of liposomes obtained by the method of Bangham [13] with subsequent ultrasonic desintegration. The effect of muscle aldolase on the structure of liposomes was also investigated. Parallel studies were made on the effect of storage of liposomes upon the activity of aldolase. It was shown that liposomes obtained from chromatographically pure egg lecithin present discrete partially aggregated bodies, 1.000-3.000 A in size, composed by concentric layers, which have a dimension of approximately 40 A and periodicity of about 70 A. Interaction of these particles with the protein results into their desintegration and enlargement, this process being accompanied by the formation of a \"fringe\" at the edge of the particles. Aldolase activity in these systems in higher than in control. During storage of phosphatide-aqueous system, obtained by the metod of Bungenberg de Jong, activation of aldolase is gradually replaced by its inactivation.", "contents": "[Studies on the activity of aldolase from rabbit muscles in the presence of liposomes]. Electronmicroscopic studies have been made on the structure of liposomes obtained by the method of Bangham [13] with subsequent ultrasonic desintegration. The effect of muscle aldolase on the structure of liposomes was also investigated. Parallel studies were made on the effect of storage of liposomes upon the activity of aldolase. It was shown that liposomes obtained from chromatographically pure egg lecithin present discrete partially aggregated bodies, 1.000-3.000 A in size, composed by concentric layers, which have a dimension of approximately 40 A and periodicity of about 70 A. Interaction of these particles with the protein results into their desintegration and enlargement, this process being accompanied by the formation of a \"fringe\" at the edge of the particles. Aldolase activity in these systems in higher than in control. During storage of phosphatide-aqueous system, obtained by the metod of Bungenberg de Jong, activation of aldolase is gradually replaced by its inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217305", "title": "[Functional activity of leucocytes in postnatal ontogenesis of dogs].", "content": "Studies have been  made on motile and phagocytic activity, osmotic fragility of neutrophilic leucocytes, as well as on their glycogen content in dogs of various age groups. Within the first 3 months of postnatal life of animals (especially during the 1st month), functional activity of leucocytes is lower than in adult dogs. With respect to functional activity of leucocytes, 6-month puppies stand closer to adult dogs, although exhibit some differences from the latter.", "contents": "[Functional activity of leucocytes in postnatal ontogenesis of dogs]. Studies have been  made on motile and phagocytic activity, osmotic fragility of neutrophilic leucocytes, as well as on their glycogen content in dogs of various age groups. Within the first 3 months of postnatal life of animals (especially during the 1st month), functional activity of leucocytes is lower than in adult dogs. With respect to functional activity of leucocytes, 6-month puppies stand closer to adult dogs, although exhibit some differences from the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:1217310", "title": "[Abiogenic synthesis of peptide-like substances induced by UV-irradiation and heat].", "content": "Dry mixtures of glycine and succinic acid as well as of glycine, phenylalanine and succinic acid were exposed to UV-irradiation and heating up to 170 degrees in atmospheres of O2 and N2. Under these conditions, synthesis of substances with peptide bonds was observed. Irradiation or heating of the first mixture results in synthesis of a substance which is water soluble and capable of dialysis, exhibiting therefore low degree of polymerization. This substance contains COOH-groups, but lacks free NH2-groups. The latter reveal themselves during hydrolysis which brings about the appearance of the initial compounds. In the second mixture, which contains an aromatic amino acid, several products are synthesized some of them being presented by the insoluble and non-dialysed precipitate (polymer). Among soluble products, peptide-like substances (without free NH2-groups) and dipeptides were found. UV-irradiation causes photolysis of phenylalanine which is mixed with succinic acid; as the result, tyrosine, alanine and asparagic acid are found among the products synthesized. These amino acids are not formed during heat-induced synthesis. Abiogenic synthesis takes place more readily in the presence of O2 than in a N2 atmosphere. Irradiation of aqueous solution of the product synthesized resulted in the photolysis of the latter. The results obtained indicate that during abiogenic period, synthesis of peptides and peptide-like substances from dry mixtures of amino acids and organic acids induced by UV-irradiation and heat might take place on the litosphere.", "contents": "[Abiogenic synthesis of peptide-like substances induced by UV-irradiation and heat]. Dry mixtures of glycine and succinic acid as well as of glycine, phenylalanine and succinic acid were exposed to UV-irradiation and heating up to 170 degrees in atmospheres of O2 and N2. Under these conditions, synthesis of substances with peptide bonds was observed. Irradiation or heating of the first mixture results in synthesis of a substance which is water soluble and capable of dialysis, exhibiting therefore low degree of polymerization. This substance contains COOH-groups, but lacks free NH2-groups. The latter reveal themselves during hydrolysis which brings about the appearance of the initial compounds. In the second mixture, which contains an aromatic amino acid, several products are synthesized some of them being presented by the insoluble and non-dialysed precipitate (polymer). Among soluble products, peptide-like substances (without free NH2-groups) and dipeptides were found. UV-irradiation causes photolysis of phenylalanine which is mixed with succinic acid; as the result, tyrosine, alanine and asparagic acid are found among the products synthesized. These amino acids are not formed during heat-induced synthesis. Abiogenic synthesis takes place more readily in the presence of O2 than in a N2 atmosphere. Irradiation of aqueous solution of the product synthesized resulted in the photolysis of the latter. The results obtained indicate that during abiogenic period, synthesis of peptides and peptide-like substances from dry mixtures of amino acids and organic acids induced by UV-irradiation and heat might take place on the litosphere."}
{"id": "PMID:1217311", "title": "[Respiration and glycolysis in the liver of developing chick embryos and chicks].", "content": "Oxygen uptake in liver slices remains constant between the 12th and the 17th days of embryonic development, being equal to that in 30-60-day chicks. During the transition from allantoic respiration to the pulmonary one, oxygen consumption decreases, the decrease being observed up to the end of embryonic period. After hatching, oxygen consumption increases 4-5-fold to the 6-7th and decreases up to the initial level at the 10th day. Respiration of mitochondria isolated from the liver and concentration of cytochromes in mitochondria remain constant. The value P/O is the lowest, whereas catalase activity is the highest during hatching. The intensity of anaerobic glycolysis changes similarly to that of respiration.", "contents": "[Respiration and glycolysis in the liver of developing chick embryos and chicks]. Oxygen uptake in liver slices remains constant between the 12th and the 17th days of embryonic development, being equal to that in 30-60-day chicks. During the transition from allantoic respiration to the pulmonary one, oxygen consumption decreases, the decrease being observed up to the end of embryonic period. After hatching, oxygen consumption increases 4-5-fold to the 6-7th and decreases up to the initial level at the 10th day. Respiration of mitochondria isolated from the liver and concentration of cytochromes in mitochondria remain constant. The value P/O is the lowest, whereas catalase activity is the highest during hatching. The intensity of anaerobic glycolysis changes similarly to that of respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:1217312", "title": "[Age peculiarities of actin polymerization in calves].", "content": "Studies have been made on the developmental changes in the polymerization degree of unfractionated actin extracts from skeletal muscles of 3-8-month calf embryos and adult cattle. It was shown that during the development, the polymerization capacity of actin increases, the increase being accompanied by a significant rise in the molecular weight of the protein. The pattern of age changes in the degree of polymerization of actin is similar to that in the molecular weight of actomyosin. Differences in fractional composition of actin extracts from skeletal muscles at various stages of embryonic development were observed. These differences may be responsible for age peculiarities of actin polymerization and may be associated with the formation of contractile activity in ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Age peculiarities of actin polymerization in calves]. Studies have been made on the developmental changes in the polymerization degree of unfractionated actin extracts from skeletal muscles of 3-8-month calf embryos and adult cattle. It was shown that during the development, the polymerization capacity of actin increases, the increase being accompanied by a significant rise in the molecular weight of the protein. The pattern of age changes in the degree of polymerization of actin is similar to that in the molecular weight of actomyosin. Differences in fractional composition of actin extracts from skeletal muscles at various stages of embryonic development were observed. These differences may be responsible for age peculiarities of actin polymerization and may be associated with the formation of contractile activity in ontogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217313", "title": "[Some peculiarities of the environment surrounding mechano- and electroreceptors of the acoustico-lateral system in the ray Raja clavata].", "content": "Studies have been made on the degree of binding of potassium ions, the content of free calcium ions and glycosaminoglycans in the fluid surrounding mechano- and electroreceptors of the acoustico-lateral system of the ray Raja clavata as well as on the electrical phenomena in potassium hyaluronate solutions and solutions of the fluids investigated. Comparative electrometric and chemical analyses indicate that bound potassium ions amount to 36.4% in the endolymph jelly, 39.6% in the Lorenzini jelly and 21.9% in the canal fluid. Calcium level in the fluids studied amounts to 3.6-4.1 mequiv./l which is similar to that in the sea water (3.4 mequiv./l). Glycosaminoglycan content is equal to 0.30 +/- 0.02% in the endolymph jelly, 0.21 +/- 0.03% in the canal fluid and 2.79 +/- 0.28% in the ampullary jelly (per wet solution). Some characteristics of the \"displacement potentials\" in potassium hyaluronate solutions and Lorenzini jelly solutions were obtained. Possible role of these potentials in the activity of ampullary structures of the lateral line organ is discussed.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of the environment surrounding mechano- and electroreceptors of the acoustico-lateral system in the ray Raja clavata]. Studies have been made on the degree of binding of potassium ions, the content of free calcium ions and glycosaminoglycans in the fluid surrounding mechano- and electroreceptors of the acoustico-lateral system of the ray Raja clavata as well as on the electrical phenomena in potassium hyaluronate solutions and solutions of the fluids investigated. Comparative electrometric and chemical analyses indicate that bound potassium ions amount to 36.4% in the endolymph jelly, 39.6% in the Lorenzini jelly and 21.9% in the canal fluid. Calcium level in the fluids studied amounts to 3.6-4.1 mequiv./l which is similar to that in the sea water (3.4 mequiv./l). Glycosaminoglycan content is equal to 0.30 +/- 0.02% in the endolymph jelly, 0.21 +/- 0.03% in the canal fluid and 2.79 +/- 0.28% in the ampullary jelly (per wet solution). Some characteristics of the \"displacement potentials\" in potassium hyaluronate solutions and Lorenzini jelly solutions were obtained. Possible role of these potentials in the activity of ampullary structures of the lateral line organ is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217314", "title": "[Chemical nature of lachrymal products in the dolphin Tursiops truncatus].", "content": "Studies have been made on carbohydrate-protein complex (the ratio of carbohydrate to protein is equal to 1 : 2) in lachrymal products of the dolphin. It was shown that protein component includes 14 amino acids, in which diamino monocarboxylic acids amount to 58%. The ratio of the latter to monoamino dicarboxylic acids is equal to 4.3. Therefore the proteins of lachrymal products are basic ones. This peculiarity of the proteins and the absence of cystein and tryptophan in them indicate that these proteins are represented by histon-like ones, which exhibit high capacity to complex formation. It was demonstrated histochemically, that carbohydrate component of lachrymal reproduct is represented by chondroitin-sulfate B. By thin layer chromatography, neutral monosaccharides (galactose and fucose) were detected, which presumably constitute terminal links of the prosthetic groups.", "contents": "[Chemical nature of lachrymal products in the dolphin Tursiops truncatus]. Studies have been made on carbohydrate-protein complex (the ratio of carbohydrate to protein is equal to 1 : 2) in lachrymal products of the dolphin. It was shown that protein component includes 14 amino acids, in which diamino monocarboxylic acids amount to 58%. The ratio of the latter to monoamino dicarboxylic acids is equal to 4.3. Therefore the proteins of lachrymal products are basic ones. This peculiarity of the proteins and the absence of cystein and tryptophan in them indicate that these proteins are represented by histon-like ones, which exhibit high capacity to complex formation. It was demonstrated histochemically, that carbohydrate component of lachrymal reproduct is represented by chondroitin-sulfate B. By thin layer chromatography, neutral monosaccharides (galactose and fucose) were detected, which presumably constitute terminal links of the prosthetic groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1217315", "title": "[Peculiarities of the development of skeletal muscles in physiologically mature and immature mammals].", "content": "In one set of experiments, studies have been made on the time during which the membrane potential, action potential, total protein and the content of the dry substance of skeletal muscles of rats and dogs attain the values typical for adult animals. Chronologically, this time is 5-fold shorter in rats, than in dogs. In the other set of experiments, the same indices were studied in physiologically mature (with respect to calendar age) and immature rats and dogs. It was shown that in immature animals these indices are significantly lower than in mature ones. During natural development, physiologically immature organisms are the main objects of elimination at early postnatal stages via natural selection.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of the development of skeletal muscles in physiologically mature and immature mammals]. In one set of experiments, studies have been made on the time during which the membrane potential, action potential, total protein and the content of the dry substance of skeletal muscles of rats and dogs attain the values typical for adult animals. Chronologically, this time is 5-fold shorter in rats, than in dogs. In the other set of experiments, the same indices were studied in physiologically mature (with respect to calendar age) and immature rats and dogs. It was shown that in immature animals these indices are significantly lower than in mature ones. During natural development, physiologically immature organisms are the main objects of elimination at early postnatal stages via natural selection."}
{"id": "PMID:1217316", "title": "[Interneuronal contacts and propagation mechanism in paired receptors of the propo-dactylopodite organ of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylis].", "content": "In recordings of biopotentials from the propo-dactylopodite-organ (the PD-organ) nerve, repetitive pairs of impulses are frequently observed, which presumably reflect paired structure of receptor elements where two sensory neurons are morphologically linked by non-polarized interdendritic ephapse. It is suggested that propagation via the ephapse out to be bilateral and that each of the postephaptic fibers transmits impulses from both of the cilia of the paired receptor. However, identical impulses from different cilia reach the central nervous system at different time, this mechanisms being presumably employed for differentiation of information on each of the cilia. One of the postephaptic fibers passes, seemingly, to the right, whereas the other one - to the left half of the first thoracic ganglion.", "contents": "[Interneuronal contacts and propagation mechanism in paired receptors of the propo-dactylopodite organ of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylis]. In recordings of biopotentials from the propo-dactylopodite-organ (the PD-organ) nerve, repetitive pairs of impulses are frequently observed, which presumably reflect paired structure of receptor elements where two sensory neurons are morphologically linked by non-polarized interdendritic ephapse. It is suggested that propagation via the ephapse out to be bilateral and that each of the postephaptic fibers transmits impulses from both of the cilia of the paired receptor. However, identical impulses from different cilia reach the central nervous system at different time, this mechanisms being presumably employed for differentiation of information on each of the cilia. One of the postephaptic fibers passes, seemingly, to the right, whereas the other one - to the left half of the first thoracic ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:1217318", "title": "[Unit activity of rabbit medial septum in early ontogenesis].", "content": "In experiments on 7-20 and 75-day-old rabbits, the activity of units of the septal nuclei, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (NBD), nucleus medialis (NSM) and the EEG of dorsal hippocamp (the CA2-CA3 fields) have been recorded. It was shown that the specific discharge pattern of septal neurons (the bursts) appears on 8-11th days under action of eserine. The distinct bimodal pattern of the interval histograms of the septal units appeared from the 14th day. The burst discharge pattern of NBD and NSM neurones reached a definitive level by the 20th day. The parallel evolution of discharge pattern of the septal units and the EEG of the hippocamp is observed in ontogenesis, the formation of hippocampal theta activity correlating with enhancement of the average frequency of the septal (NBD, NSM) neuronal activity, with shortening to the interval between the discharges within the bursts and with enhancement of the regularity of the bursts.", "contents": "[Unit activity of rabbit medial septum in early ontogenesis]. In experiments on 7-20 and 75-day-old rabbits, the activity of units of the septal nuclei, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (NBD), nucleus medialis (NSM) and the EEG of dorsal hippocamp (the CA2-CA3 fields) have been recorded. It was shown that the specific discharge pattern of septal neurons (the bursts) appears on 8-11th days under action of eserine. The distinct bimodal pattern of the interval histograms of the septal units appeared from the 14th day. The burst discharge pattern of NBD and NSM neurones reached a definitive level by the 20th day. The parallel evolution of discharge pattern of the septal units and the EEG of the hippocamp is observed in ontogenesis, the formation of hippocampal theta activity correlating with enhancement of the average frequency of the septal (NBD, NSM) neuronal activity, with shortening to the interval between the discharges within the bursts and with enhancement of the regularity of the bursts."}
{"id": "PMID:1217317", "title": "[Responses of nervous elements of the visual cortex of the chipmunk Eutamias sibiricus to moving and stationary stimuli].", "content": "The receptive field organization of cortical units has been studied in experiments with testing by moving and stationary light spots. The size of the receptive fields varied from 3 degrees to 10 degrees. Receptive fields which were tested by a stationary light spot exhibited various types of organization. Some of the neurons produced extensive excitatory on- and off-responses to stimulation by a light spot. Neuronal excitation evoked by light decreased if the stimulus was near the field boundary. Some of the neurons produced either on- or off-responses in any point of the receptive field. A small part of neurons had receptive fields with on- and off-reactions in the center, and either on- or off-responses at the peripheral zones. Most of the neurons exhibited specialization with respect to high-speed motion.", "contents": "[Responses of nervous elements of the visual cortex of the chipmunk Eutamias sibiricus to moving and stationary stimuli]. The receptive field organization of cortical units has been studied in experiments with testing by moving and stationary light spots. The size of the receptive fields varied from 3 degrees to 10 degrees. Receptive fields which were tested by a stationary light spot exhibited various types of organization. Some of the neurons produced extensive excitatory on- and off-responses to stimulation by a light spot. Neuronal excitation evoked by light decreased if the stimulus was near the field boundary. Some of the neurons produced either on- or off-responses in any point of the receptive field. A small part of neurons had receptive fields with on- and off-reactions in the center, and either on- or off-responses at the peripheral zones. Most of the neurons exhibited specialization with respect to high-speed motion."}
{"id": "PMID:1217320", "title": "[Ultrastructural organization of the anterior sensory neuropile in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust Locusta migratoria].", "content": "The study of serial sections of the metathoracic ganglion of Locusta migratoria showed that the fibres of the tympanal nerve terminate in the dorsal half of the anterior sensory neuropile (ASN). Three types of synaptic endings were found in the ASN. Endings type I contain dense-core vesicles 600-850 A in diameter, more or less uniformly distributed in the axoplasm. They do not form specialized contacts with postsynaptic fibres and are localized only in the most ventral part of the ASN. Endings type II contain clear round vesicles 400-450 A in diameter (rare 250-300 A) and form typical synapses with dense pre-and postsynaptic membranes and synaptic cleft 150-200 A. Four types of contacts formed by these endings with postsynaptic fibres were found: 1 : 1 synapses; convergent, divergent and serial. All of them are well presented in the auditory neuropile. Endings type III contain both dense-core and clear vesicles in different relation. Only clear vesicles of these endings are connected with the active sites of the membrane.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural organization of the anterior sensory neuropile in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust Locusta migratoria]. The study of serial sections of the metathoracic ganglion of Locusta migratoria showed that the fibres of the tympanal nerve terminate in the dorsal half of the anterior sensory neuropile (ASN). Three types of synaptic endings were found in the ASN. Endings type I contain dense-core vesicles 600-850 A in diameter, more or less uniformly distributed in the axoplasm. They do not form specialized contacts with postsynaptic fibres and are localized only in the most ventral part of the ASN. Endings type II contain clear round vesicles 400-450 A in diameter (rare 250-300 A) and form typical synapses with dense pre-and postsynaptic membranes and synaptic cleft 150-200 A. Four types of contacts formed by these endings with postsynaptic fibres were found: 1 : 1 synapses; convergent, divergent and serial. All of them are well presented in the auditory neuropile. Endings type III contain both dense-core and clear vesicles in different relation. Only clear vesicles of these endings are connected with the active sites of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:1217319", "title": "[Age peculiarities of trace discharges of after-effect and of the activity of epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp of rabbits].", "content": "Seizure activity in the hippocamp has been studied on 6-10-, 16-20-day and adult rabbits. The pattern and thresholds of trace discharges of after-effect evoked by the electrical stimulation of the hippocamp were found to be similar in animals of all age groups. However, the amplitude of after-discharges significantly increased during the development of the brain. After the formation of penicillin epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp, EEG of all animals exhibited the identical types of focal interseizure discharges and electrographic correlates of seizures, yet the amplitude of epileptifiorm discharges on the EEG increased with age. Contralateral hippocamp was involved into the pathological process more easily in young rabbits than in adult ones.", "contents": "[Age peculiarities of trace discharges of after-effect and of the activity of epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp of rabbits]. Seizure activity in the hippocamp has been studied on 6-10-, 16-20-day and adult rabbits. The pattern and thresholds of trace discharges of after-effect evoked by the electrical stimulation of the hippocamp were found to be similar in animals of all age groups. However, the amplitude of after-discharges significantly increased during the development of the brain. After the formation of penicillin epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp, EEG of all animals exhibited the identical types of focal interseizure discharges and electrographic correlates of seizures, yet the amplitude of epileptifiorm discharges on the EEG increased with age. Contralateral hippocamp was involved into the pathological process more easily in young rabbits than in adult ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1217322", "title": "[Fibers count in the anterior portion of the cord of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylis].", "content": "The number of fibers was analysed on cross section electron micrographs (x 1.000 and 4.500). About 300 axons of motoneurons leave the Ist thoracic ganglion. Approximately 180.000 sensory fibers enter the ganglion by lateral nerves. More than 90% of these fibers terminate on the ganglion neurons. The ganglion has descending connections with more caudally lying portions of the cord. The suboesophageal ganglion is closely associated with the 1st thoracic and other ganglia, and presumably contains a large vegetative center. The brain receives considerable information from the body via primary as well as secondary fibers, and controls the activity of the nerve cord through the system of various descending connective fibers.", "contents": "[Fibers count in the anterior portion of the cord of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylis]. The number of fibers was analysed on cross section electron micrographs (x 1.000 and 4.500). About 300 axons of motoneurons leave the Ist thoracic ganglion. Approximately 180.000 sensory fibers enter the ganglion by lateral nerves. More than 90% of these fibers terminate on the ganglion neurons. The ganglion has descending connections with more caudally lying portions of the cord. The suboesophageal ganglion is closely associated with the 1st thoracic and other ganglia, and presumably contains a large vegetative center. The brain receives considerable information from the body via primary as well as secondary fibers, and controls the activity of the nerve cord through the system of various descending connective fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:1217325", "title": "[Spectrum of the calling songs, phonotaxis and the auditory system in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus].", "content": "Behavioural experiments with Y-maze showed that phonotaxis in female crickets to male calling songs (CS) depends on the spectrum of the latter. Conservation of the first low-frequency (5 kc. p. s.) component of the spectrum is the necessary and sufficient condition for the development of normal phonotaxis. Signals which in their temporal characteristics are identical to the CS, but their spectrum contains only high-frequency (12.5 kc. p. s.) component, do no evoke positive phonotaxis. High-frequency signals (10-40 kc. p. s.) induce negative phonotaxis of females in the stationary flight. Beginning from the tympanic organ, the auditory system of crickets exhibits distinct differentiation of elements, which provide the analysis of low- and high-frequency signals. Two types of ascending interneurons transmitting information about the sound from the first auditory center to the brain were described in detail. The first type is associated mainly with low-frequency receptors and effectively transmits all that is necessary for the recognition of temporal characteristics of the CS. The second type presumably accounts for the negative phonotaxis. It is associated mainly with high-frequency receptors, exhibits for the negative phonotaxis. It is associated mainly with high-frequency receptors, exhibits significant after-effect, higher sensitivity to sounds of weak intensities, emphasizes the onset of the stimulus effect, and rapidly habituates to repetitive stimulation.", "contents": "[Spectrum of the calling songs, phonotaxis and the auditory system in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus]. Behavioural experiments with Y-maze showed that phonotaxis in female crickets to male calling songs (CS) depends on the spectrum of the latter. Conservation of the first low-frequency (5 kc. p. s.) component of the spectrum is the necessary and sufficient condition for the development of normal phonotaxis. Signals which in their temporal characteristics are identical to the CS, but their spectrum contains only high-frequency (12.5 kc. p. s.) component, do no evoke positive phonotaxis. High-frequency signals (10-40 kc. p. s.) induce negative phonotaxis of females in the stationary flight. Beginning from the tympanic organ, the auditory system of crickets exhibits distinct differentiation of elements, which provide the analysis of low- and high-frequency signals. Two types of ascending interneurons transmitting information about the sound from the first auditory center to the brain were described in detail. The first type is associated mainly with low-frequency receptors and effectively transmits all that is necessary for the recognition of temporal characteristics of the CS. The second type presumably accounts for the negative phonotaxis. It is associated mainly with high-frequency receptors, exhibits for the negative phonotaxis. It is associated mainly with high-frequency receptors, exhibits significant after-effect, higher sensitivity to sounds of weak intensities, emphasizes the onset of the stimulus effect, and rapidly habituates to repetitive stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217321", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase activity in the nervous system of some Triclades (Planaria)].", "content": "By means of thiocholine method, ACHE activity has been revealed in cells of ganglia, ventral nerves, nervous plexuses of the pharynx and subepidermal layer of four planarian species. The products of ACHE activity appeared in the form of dark granules localized over cellular bodies and processes. Interspecific differences in the number and topography of ACHE-reactive cells were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase activity in the nervous system of some Triclades (Planaria)]. By means of thiocholine method, ACHE activity has been revealed in cells of ganglia, ventral nerves, nervous plexuses of the pharynx and subepidermal layer of four planarian species. The products of ACHE activity appeared in the form of dark granules localized over cellular bodies and processes. Interspecific differences in the number and topography of ACHE-reactive cells were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1217327", "title": "[Selective sensitivity of hearing to amplitude modulation of speech in man].", "content": "Studies on the sensitivity of man's hearing to the reception of amplitude modulation (AM) of the sound reveal statistically reliable threshold minimum in the region of 4-6 c. p. s. It is suggested that this phenomenon is evolutionary conditioned by tuning of human auditory system on the perception of speech, in which AM results from articulation of the syllables. The acoustical analysis of several speech extracts demonstrated statistically reliable maximum of AM of the sound flow just within 4-6 c. p. s. Therefore, the selective sensitivity of hearing to perception of these AM frequencies increases the safety and interference resistance of the system \"speech-hearing\".", "contents": "[Selective sensitivity of hearing to amplitude modulation of speech in man]. Studies on the sensitivity of man's hearing to the reception of amplitude modulation (AM) of the sound reveal statistically reliable threshold minimum in the region of 4-6 c. p. s. It is suggested that this phenomenon is evolutionary conditioned by tuning of human auditory system on the perception of speech, in which AM results from articulation of the syllables. The acoustical analysis of several speech extracts demonstrated statistically reliable maximum of AM of the sound flow just within 4-6 c. p. s. Therefore, the selective sensitivity of hearing to perception of these AM frequencies increases the safety and interference resistance of the system \"speech-hearing\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1217324", "title": "[Frequency following response to cochlear nuclei in cats to polycomponent sonic signals].", "content": "Under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia, by means of spectrograms and dynamic spectrograms studies have been made on frequency following response (FFR) in the cochlear nuclei of cats evoked by sonic stimulation. It was shown that FFR readily reproduces frequencies of the acoustic spectrum of separate tones and two-tonal harmonic complexes (the upper reproduced frequency in FFR - 6.0-6.5 kc/sec). The main deteils of the acoustic spectrum of the sounds of speech are also easily reproduced in FFR. Combination tones were observed in FFR during application of two-tonal harmonic complexes. The first harmonic is inhibited in FFR when combined with higher ones (the fifth or the sixth) or at certain phase angle between the first and the second harmonics (\"doubling\" phenomenon).", "contents": "[Frequency following response to cochlear nuclei in cats to polycomponent sonic signals]. Under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia, by means of spectrograms and dynamic spectrograms studies have been made on frequency following response (FFR) in the cochlear nuclei of cats evoked by sonic stimulation. It was shown that FFR readily reproduces frequencies of the acoustic spectrum of separate tones and two-tonal harmonic complexes (the upper reproduced frequency in FFR - 6.0-6.5 kc/sec). The main deteils of the acoustic spectrum of the sounds of speech are also easily reproduced in FFR. Combination tones were observed in FFR during application of two-tonal harmonic complexes. The first harmonic is inhibited in FFR when combined with higher ones (the fifth or the sixth) or at certain phase angle between the first and the second harmonics (\"doubling\" phenomenon)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217329", "title": "[Functional peculiarities of stretch receptors of the flight apparatus in the cockroach Periplaneta americana].", "content": "Functional peculiarities of stretch receptors in wing articulations of the cockroach are considered and possible functional role of these receptors in maintenance of stable rhythm of flight is discussed. Stretch receptors of wing articulations are of phasictonic type they exhibit slow and incomplete adaptation, discharging when the wing goes upward. The pattern of impulse response of the receptor depends both on the angle and the velocity of displacement of wing platelet. The scheme of presumptive pacemaker of wing beats is discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Functional peculiarities of stretch receptors of the flight apparatus in the cockroach Periplaneta americana]. Functional peculiarities of stretch receptors in wing articulations of the cockroach are considered and possible functional role of these receptors in maintenance of stable rhythm of flight is discussed. Stretch receptors of wing articulations are of phasictonic type they exhibit slow and incomplete adaptation, discharging when the wing goes upward. The pattern of impulse response of the receptor depends both on the angle and the velocity of displacement of wing platelet. The scheme of presumptive pacemaker of wing beats is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1217330", "title": "[Postactivational changes in the reflex excitability of the motoneuronal apparatus of the spinal cord in newborn infants].", "content": "In 16 newborn infants ageing from several hours to 6 days, by means of paired stimulation, studies have been made on postactivational recovery of the reflex excitability of spinal motoneuronal apparatus. It was shown that early phases of the recovery cycle (early facilitation and depression) are similar in all the infants studied and do not significantly alter with age, whereas later phases within the first days of life follow two types. The first type is characterized by the intensive secondary facilitation which is transformed into exaltation, late depression being absent. The second type is characterized by low level of facilitation and the presence of depression. To the 4-5th day, the recovery cycle attains the pattern similar to that in adults. It is suggested that age changes of the recovery cycle reflect both functional maturation of the structures which are involved into the organization of postactivational changes of motoneuronal apparatus, and the dynamics of metabolism in newborns.", "contents": "[Postactivational changes in the reflex excitability of the motoneuronal apparatus of the spinal cord in newborn infants]. In 16 newborn infants ageing from several hours to 6 days, by means of paired stimulation, studies have been made on postactivational recovery of the reflex excitability of spinal motoneuronal apparatus. It was shown that early phases of the recovery cycle (early facilitation and depression) are similar in all the infants studied and do not significantly alter with age, whereas later phases within the first days of life follow two types. The first type is characterized by the intensive secondary facilitation which is transformed into exaltation, late depression being absent. The second type is characterized by low level of facilitation and the presence of depression. To the 4-5th day, the recovery cycle attains the pattern similar to that in adults. It is suggested that age changes of the recovery cycle reflect both functional maturation of the structures which are involved into the organization of postactivational changes of motoneuronal apparatus, and the dynamics of metabolism in newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:1217331", "title": "[Age peculiarities in the effect of M- and N-cholinolytics on the activity of the epileptogenic zone in the rabbit hippocampus].", "content": "In experiments on 6-10, 16-20-day and adult rabbits, electrochimiotrodes were chronically implanted into the dorsal hippocamp. Direct application of a M-cholinolytic, metamizyl, or N-cholinolytic, gangleron, to penicillin-induced epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp inhibited seizures in rabbits of all age groups. The intensity of interseizure epileptiform discharges in the EEG did not change under the action of cholinolytics in adult and 6-10-day rabbits, and decreased in 16-20-day ones. Parenteral administration of gangleron caused the same effect on the activity of epileptogenic zone, as its direct application to the hippocamp. Parenteral administration of metamizyl inhibited seizures in young animals (similarly to its direct application to the hippocamp), but increased the seizures and interseizure discharges in adult rabbits. Therefore, already to the 6th day of postnatal life of rabbits, blocking of the cholinoreactive system of the hippocamp may inhibit circulation of seizural discharges along closed neuronal circuits, which is necessary for the formation of the seizure.", "contents": "[Age peculiarities in the effect of M- and N-cholinolytics on the activity of the epileptogenic zone in the rabbit hippocampus]. In experiments on 6-10, 16-20-day and adult rabbits, electrochimiotrodes were chronically implanted into the dorsal hippocamp. Direct application of a M-cholinolytic, metamizyl, or N-cholinolytic, gangleron, to penicillin-induced epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp inhibited seizures in rabbits of all age groups. The intensity of interseizure epileptiform discharges in the EEG did not change under the action of cholinolytics in adult and 6-10-day rabbits, and decreased in 16-20-day ones. Parenteral administration of gangleron caused the same effect on the activity of epileptogenic zone, as its direct application to the hippocamp. Parenteral administration of metamizyl inhibited seizures in young animals (similarly to its direct application to the hippocamp), but increased the seizures and interseizure discharges in adult rabbits. Therefore, already to the 6th day of postnatal life of rabbits, blocking of the cholinoreactive system of the hippocamp may inhibit circulation of seizural discharges along closed neuronal circuits, which is necessary for the formation of the seizure."}
{"id": "PMID:1217332", "title": "[Synthesis of organic compounds in ultrasonic field].", "content": "On the basis of our experimental data, it is suggested that powerful ultrasonic vibrations acted as inductors and activators of primary chemical reactions and that these reactions occurred not only in the atmosphere, but in the hydrosphere as well. Synthesis of various biologically important substances was monitored in aqueous solutions under the influence of ultrasonic treatment. Water and gases of the reduction atmosphere play a significant role in these reactions.", "contents": "[Synthesis of organic compounds in ultrasonic field]. On the basis of our experimental data, it is suggested that powerful ultrasonic vibrations acted as inductors and activators of primary chemical reactions and that these reactions occurred not only in the atmosphere, but in the hydrosphere as well. Synthesis of various biologically important substances was monitored in aqueous solutions under the influence of ultrasonic treatment. Water and gases of the reduction atmosphere play a significant role in these reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217339", "title": "[Reactivity, immunogenicity and epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination according to various schemes of immunization against whooping-cough, diphtheria and tetanus].", "content": "An extended controlled epidemiological trial was carried out for the purpose of studying the reactogenic properties, immunological and epidemiological efficacy of immunization against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus according to a scheme suggested by the authors (AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-KB) in comparison with the official scheme (AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC). There was revealed some increase in the frequency of general reactions in children vaccinated by the experimental scheme; however strong general reactions and local reactions of different intensity were encountered with equal frequency in both groups. Two months after the end of the vaccination significantly higher titres of pertussis agglutinins were revealed in children immunized by the AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-KB scheme; no significant difference was found in the content of the protective titres of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins. The duration of preservation of postvaccinal antibodies against all the AKdeltaC-vaccine components and increase in their amount after the first revaccination (in 1.5-2 years) was the same in both the groups of children. A greater epidemiological efficacy of pertussis antigen was revealed by prolonged observation in immunization by the AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-KB sheme in comparison with immunization by the official scheme (pertussis incidence per 100 thousand children proved to be 12.7 and 71.2, respectively).", "contents": "[Reactivity, immunogenicity and epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination according to various schemes of immunization against whooping-cough, diphtheria and tetanus]. An extended controlled epidemiological trial was carried out for the purpose of studying the reactogenic properties, immunological and epidemiological efficacy of immunization against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus according to a scheme suggested by the authors (AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-KB) in comparison with the official scheme (AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC). There was revealed some increase in the frequency of general reactions in children vaccinated by the experimental scheme; however strong general reactions and local reactions of different intensity were encountered with equal frequency in both groups. Two months after the end of the vaccination significantly higher titres of pertussis agglutinins were revealed in children immunized by the AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-KB scheme; no significant difference was found in the content of the protective titres of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins. The duration of preservation of postvaccinal antibodies against all the AKdeltaC-vaccine components and increase in their amount after the first revaccination (in 1.5-2 years) was the same in both the groups of children. A greater epidemiological efficacy of pertussis antigen was revealed by prolonged observation in immunization by the AKdeltaC-AKdeltaC-KB sheme in comparison with immunization by the official scheme (pertussis incidence per 100 thousand children proved to be 12.7 and 71.2, respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217334", "title": "[Relationship between bound and free amino acids in the brain of growing rats].", "content": "Total pool of glutamate, glutamine and GABA in the hemispheres increases during postnatal life of rats, the increase being due to that in free and bound forms of amino acids. In the cerebellum of 1-day rats, the content of free and bound glu, gln asp, GABA, bound ala and free gly is lower, whereas the level of free glu and ala, bound gly is higher than in mature animals. To the end of the 1st week, total amino acid content decreases, except GABA, which is increased. Aminon acid content begins to increase at the 21th and 28th days of postnatal life.", "contents": "[Relationship between bound and free amino acids in the brain of growing rats]. Total pool of glutamate, glutamine and GABA in the hemispheres increases during postnatal life of rats, the increase being due to that in free and bound forms of amino acids. In the cerebellum of 1-day rats, the content of free and bound glu, gln asp, GABA, bound ala and free gly is lower, whereas the level of free glu and ala, bound gly is higher than in mature animals. To the end of the 1st week, total amino acid content decreases, except GABA, which is increased. Aminon acid content begins to increase at the 21th and 28th days of postnatal life."}
{"id": "PMID:1217335", "title": "[Regulation of sugar content in the blood during artificial hyperglycaemia in chick embryos].", "content": "Intravenous injections of glucose (8.6 mg/ml of blood) have been made 9-18 day chick embryos, 1-day chicks and adult hens. Glucose content of the blood was measured 15 and 30 min., 1,4 and 8 hours after the injection. It was shown that already 9-day embryos possess a regulatory system which restores the initial glycaemic level. During the development of the organism, the efficiency of this system increases. The data obtained may be used in theoretical studies on the sugar system of the blood.", "contents": "[Regulation of sugar content in the blood during artificial hyperglycaemia in chick embryos]. Intravenous injections of glucose (8.6 mg/ml of blood) have been made 9-18 day chick embryos, 1-day chicks and adult hens. Glucose content of the blood was measured 15 and 30 min., 1,4 and 8 hours after the injection. It was shown that already 9-day embryos possess a regulatory system which restores the initial glycaemic level. During the development of the organism, the efficiency of this system increases. The data obtained may be used in theoretical studies on the sugar system of the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1217336", "title": "[The role of malate dehydrogenase in adaptation to hypoxia in invertebrates].", "content": "In muscle tissue of lamellibranch molluscs and crustaceans (cf. Table for the species studied), high levels of malate dehydrogenase and low ones of lactade dehydrogenase were detected. There is a direct relationship between the value of MDH/LDH ratio and the capacity of organisms to withstand temporary anaerobiosis. Animals with high ratio may adapt to hypoxia by transition from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic one.", "contents": "[The role of malate dehydrogenase in adaptation to hypoxia in invertebrates]. In muscle tissue of lamellibranch molluscs and crustaceans (cf. Table for the species studied), high levels of malate dehydrogenase and low ones of lactade dehydrogenase were detected. There is a direct relationship between the value of MDH/LDH ratio and the capacity of organisms to withstand temporary anaerobiosis. Animals with high ratio may adapt to hypoxia by transition from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic one."}
{"id": "PMID:1217333", "title": "[Some peculiarities of brain phospholipids in deep sea fishes].", "content": "Total phospholipids (PL) as well as the content of various phospholipid classes and their fatty acid composition have been investigated in the brain of mesopelagic and abyssal marine teleosts. These species were compared to shallow water ones. The brain of deep sea fishes was found to be very poor in PL as compared to the brain of mesopelagic ans surface water species. No differences concerning the brain PL content were revealed between the two last mentioned groups. The relative content of separate PL classes was very similar in all the species studied irrespectively of the depth of their habitat. Peculiarities were found in fatty acid composition of individual PL from deep sea species as compared to surface ones. The deeper the habitat, the lower the content of saturated fatty acids, especially of the stearic acid. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids, maximum level of polyenoic fatty acids as well as some peculiarities in the relative content of particular fatty acids were found in the brain of ultraabyssal (6, 000 m) Leucicorus sp.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of brain phospholipids in deep sea fishes]. Total phospholipids (PL) as well as the content of various phospholipid classes and their fatty acid composition have been investigated in the brain of mesopelagic and abyssal marine teleosts. These species were compared to shallow water ones. The brain of deep sea fishes was found to be very poor in PL as compared to the brain of mesopelagic ans surface water species. No differences concerning the brain PL content were revealed between the two last mentioned groups. The relative content of separate PL classes was very similar in all the species studied irrespectively of the depth of their habitat. Peculiarities were found in fatty acid composition of individual PL from deep sea species as compared to surface ones. The deeper the habitat, the lower the content of saturated fatty acids, especially of the stearic acid. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids, maximum level of polyenoic fatty acids as well as some peculiarities in the relative content of particular fatty acids were found in the brain of ultraabyssal (6, 000 m) Leucicorus sp."}
{"id": "PMID:1217338", "title": "[The effect of pentagastrin and ornithine-tetragastrin on motor activity of the stomach in skates and scorpion-fish].", "content": "Low doses of pentagastrin (50 mug/kg b. w.) have no physiological effect on motor activity of the stomach in the skate Dasyatis pastinaca. Average doses (100-200 mug/kg) stimulate the activity, whereas high ones (300 mug/kg) inhibit the frequency of stomach contractions, slightly increasing their amplitude. Ornithine tetragastrin in a dose 2000 mug/kg does not affect motor activity of the stomach in skates. In the scorpion-fish Scorpaena porcus, ornithine tetragastrin (1000 and 2000 mug/kg) inhibits motor activity of the stomach.", "contents": "[The effect of pentagastrin and ornithine-tetragastrin on motor activity of the stomach in skates and scorpion-fish]. Low doses of pentagastrin (50 mug/kg b. w.) have no physiological effect on motor activity of the stomach in the skate Dasyatis pastinaca. Average doses (100-200 mug/kg) stimulate the activity, whereas high ones (300 mug/kg) inhibit the frequency of stomach contractions, slightly increasing their amplitude. Ornithine tetragastrin in a dose 2000 mug/kg does not affect motor activity of the stomach in skates. In the scorpion-fish Scorpaena porcus, ornithine tetragastrin (1000 and 2000 mug/kg) inhibits motor activity of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:1217344", "title": "[Experience in the study of the epidemiology and prevention of intestinal infections under conditions of the extreme north of western Siberia].", "content": "A study was made of peculiarities of typhoid and dysentery and of conditions promoting the spread of these infections in the Yamalo-Nenetsk National Area. The efficacy of antiepidemic measures conducted against these infections under conditions of the extreme north was assessed. A sharp fall of typhoid incidence was reached. As to dysentery-the complex of measures carried out could not significantly influence the direction of the epidemic process (for this purpose elaboration of special prophylactic measures is required).", "contents": "[Experience in the study of the epidemiology and prevention of intestinal infections under conditions of the extreme north of western Siberia]. A study was made of peculiarities of typhoid and dysentery and of conditions promoting the spread of these infections in the Yamalo-Nenetsk National Area. The efficacy of antiepidemic measures conducted against these infections under conditions of the extreme north was assessed. A sharp fall of typhoid incidence was reached. As to dysentery-the complex of measures carried out could not significantly influence the direction of the epidemic process (for this purpose elaboration of special prophylactic measures is required)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217345", "title": "[Some controversial questions on the epidemiology of intestinal infections. Report I. Significance of the dose and the biological properties of the causative agent in the epidemiology and the clinical picture of salmonelloses and dysentery].", "content": "On the basis of analysis of literature and personal observations and studies the authors explain a number of epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of intestinal infections with various pathogenic doses of the causative agents; under the term pathogenic dose is understood the minimal amount of microbes necessary for the onset of the disease with the natural mechanism of transmission of the infection. Regularities of the effect of the pathogenic dose of the causative agent on the epidemic process common for intestinal infections were formulated.", "contents": "[Some controversial questions on the epidemiology of intestinal infections. Report I. Significance of the dose and the biological properties of the causative agent in the epidemiology and the clinical picture of salmonelloses and dysentery]. On the basis of analysis of literature and personal observations and studies the authors explain a number of epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of intestinal infections with various pathogenic doses of the causative agents; under the term pathogenic dose is understood the minimal amount of microbes necessary for the onset of the disease with the natural mechanism of transmission of the infection. Regularities of the effect of the pathogenic dose of the causative agent on the epidemic process common for intestinal infections were formulated."}
{"id": "PMID:1217347", "title": "[Seeding efficiency of the causative agent of dysentery as an index of the intensity of the epidemiologic process].", "content": "A study was made of the character and extent of interrelationship between the indices of dysentery morbidity and the indices of the seeding efficiency of dysentery bacilli persons who did not apply for medical aid. Establishment of such interrelationship permitted the authors to suggest the use of a more objective index of the seeding efficiency of dysentery bacilli, along with morbidity indices, for the assessment of the intensity of the epidemic process in this infection. On the basis of investigations carried out the authors came to the conclusion that a tendency to the increase of dysentery incidence the last few years chiefly bore a \"statistical\" character and was due to the improved detection of patients and carriers.", "contents": "[Seeding efficiency of the causative agent of dysentery as an index of the intensity of the epidemiologic process]. A study was made of the character and extent of interrelationship between the indices of dysentery morbidity and the indices of the seeding efficiency of dysentery bacilli persons who did not apply for medical aid. Establishment of such interrelationship permitted the authors to suggest the use of a more objective index of the seeding efficiency of dysentery bacilli, along with morbidity indices, for the assessment of the intensity of the epidemic process in this infection. On the basis of investigations carried out the authors came to the conclusion that a tendency to the increase of dysentery incidence the last few years chiefly bore a \"statistical\" character and was due to the improved detection of patients and carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:1217348", "title": "[Hypersensitivity of the delayed type in immunization and infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae].", "content": "In parenteral and intranasal immunization with M. pneumoniae of guinea pigs, along with seroconversion, there was observed development from the 15th-20th day of hypersensitivity of delayed type; this hypersensitivity was revealed by positive skin tests and by the reaction of specific transformation of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. An increased reactivity of the smooth muscles of the intestine of parenterally immunized animals was revealed. With the aid of the test of alteration of blood neutrophils in vitro there was found development of specific sensitization of the organism to M. pneumoniae in the patients with mycoplasma pneumonia.", "contents": "[Hypersensitivity of the delayed type in immunization and infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae]. In parenteral and intranasal immunization with M. pneumoniae of guinea pigs, along with seroconversion, there was observed development from the 15th-20th day of hypersensitivity of delayed type; this hypersensitivity was revealed by positive skin tests and by the reaction of specific transformation of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. An increased reactivity of the smooth muscles of the intestine of parenterally immunized animals was revealed. With the aid of the test of alteration of blood neutrophils in vitro there was found development of specific sensitization of the organism to M. pneumoniae in the patients with mycoplasma pneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:1217349", "title": "[Role of anaerobic streptococci in human pathology. Report I. Etiological significance of anaerobic streptococci in chronic tonsillitis].", "content": "The authors describe a method of isolation of anaerobic streptococci from the blood. A high seeding efficiency of anaerobic streptococci from the depth of the tonsils (75.1%) and from their surface (59.7%) and also from the blood (36%) pointed to the leading role of these microbes in the etiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis. In healthy individuals anaerobic streptococci are revealed (by culture method) on the surface of the tonsils but rarely (6%). Str. micros are the most incident in chronic tonsillitis (in 85.3% of cases-from the depth of the tonsils and in 77.5%-from the surface), whereas Str. anaerobius and Str. intermedius occur in individual cases only (8.4-7.5% and 6.3-15%, respectively). Pure culture of Str. micros was found in 36% of cases. Pathogenetic scheme of development of bacteriemia in chronic tonsillitis and rheumatism is presented. The isolated cultures were found to be resistant to the widely-used antibiotics.", "contents": "[Role of anaerobic streptococci in human pathology. Report I. Etiological significance of anaerobic streptococci in chronic tonsillitis]. The authors describe a method of isolation of anaerobic streptococci from the blood. A high seeding efficiency of anaerobic streptococci from the depth of the tonsils (75.1%) and from their surface (59.7%) and also from the blood (36%) pointed to the leading role of these microbes in the etiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis. In healthy individuals anaerobic streptococci are revealed (by culture method) on the surface of the tonsils but rarely (6%). Str. micros are the most incident in chronic tonsillitis (in 85.3% of cases-from the depth of the tonsils and in 77.5%-from the surface), whereas Str. anaerobius and Str. intermedius occur in individual cases only (8.4-7.5% and 6.3-15%, respectively). Pure culture of Str. micros was found in 36% of cases. Pathogenetic scheme of development of bacteriemia in chronic tonsillitis and rheumatism is presented. The isolated cultures were found to be resistant to the widely-used antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:1217350", "title": "[Comparative characterisitic of changes in the adrenals against a background of immunization with viral and bacterial antigens].", "content": "The effect of alcoholic typhoid vaccine and of the cultural vaccine against the tickborne encephalitis on the adrenocortical secretion in guinea pigs was studied. Functional condition of the adrenal glands was assessed histochemically. Immunization was accompanied by increase in the activity of the adrenal cortex, the most pronounced the first 3 days. Comparative analysis showed that typhoid vaccine produced a more pronounced stree on the adrenal gland function.", "contents": "[Comparative characterisitic of changes in the adrenals against a background of immunization with viral and bacterial antigens]. The effect of alcoholic typhoid vaccine and of the cultural vaccine against the tickborne encephalitis on the adrenocortical secretion in guinea pigs was studied. Functional condition of the adrenal glands was assessed histochemically. Immunization was accompanied by increase in the activity of the adrenal cortex, the most pronounced the first 3 days. Comparative analysis showed that typhoid vaccine produced a more pronounced stree on the adrenal gland function."}
{"id": "PMID:1217351", "title": "[Prognosis of the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome in the Primorsk region].", "content": "A study was made of a possibility of prognostication of the number of patients (morbidity per 100 000 residents) with hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome in conditions of the Primorsk region. The main factors characterizing this disease were analyzed with the use of the \"Minsk-22\" computer; these were dynamics of the populations of murine rodents, metereological data, morbidity. A method of prognostication of the number of patients (morbidity) with hemorrhagic fever and a renal syndrome in the Primorsk region for the current year was elaborated.", "contents": "[Prognosis of the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome in the Primorsk region]. A study was made of a possibility of prognostication of the number of patients (morbidity per 100 000 residents) with hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome in conditions of the Primorsk region. The main factors characterizing this disease were analyzed with the use of the \"Minsk-22\" computer; these were dynamics of the populations of murine rodents, metereological data, morbidity. A method of prognostication of the number of patients (morbidity) with hemorrhagic fever and a renal syndrome in the Primorsk region for the current year was elaborated."}
{"id": "PMID:1217352", "title": "[Stimulation of primary immune response by the activation of autoimmune processes].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 220 female mice weighing 20--24 g, with the use of 3 types of antigens (sheep erythrocytes, vaccines from the intestinal and paratyphoid bacilli). There proved to be an increase on the 7th and the 14th day of the formation of specific antibodies under the effect of subcutaneous injection of a homologous blood (0.1--0.3 ml per mouse) 2 hours after the antigen immunization. Hemostimulation not only intensified the antibody-genesis, but also increased the resistance to the infection with the living microbial culture. The stimulating action of the blood injection persisted in irradiation of the mice with gamma-rays in a dose of 300 r. Hemostimulation produced an activation of the normal autoantibody system capable of influencing the function of cells necessary for the antigen assimilation.", "contents": "[Stimulation of primary immune response by the activation of autoimmune processes]. Experiments were conducted on 220 female mice weighing 20--24 g, with the use of 3 types of antigens (sheep erythrocytes, vaccines from the intestinal and paratyphoid bacilli). There proved to be an increase on the 7th and the 14th day of the formation of specific antibodies under the effect of subcutaneous injection of a homologous blood (0.1--0.3 ml per mouse) 2 hours after the antigen immunization. Hemostimulation not only intensified the antibody-genesis, but also increased the resistance to the infection with the living microbial culture. The stimulating action of the blood injection persisted in irradiation of the mice with gamma-rays in a dose of 300 r. Hemostimulation produced an activation of the normal autoantibody system capable of influencing the function of cells necessary for the antigen assimilation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217353", "title": "[Use of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel method for the separation of soluble proteins of vibrios].", "content": "The authors present the results of a comparative study of the protein spectra of 80 strains of various vibrios. Proteinograms were elaborated by the method of disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel for each strain and species. There were revealed 25 protein peaks with definite mobility coefficients. The number of peaks and their areas varied in different species. The qualitative and the quantitative differences between the vibrio species were established. Results of investigations demonstrated a possibliity of using the protein spectra for the differentiation of microorganisms.", "contents": "[Use of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel method for the separation of soluble proteins of vibrios]. The authors present the results of a comparative study of the protein spectra of 80 strains of various vibrios. Proteinograms were elaborated by the method of disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel for each strain and species. There were revealed 25 protein peaks with definite mobility coefficients. The number of peaks and their areas varied in different species. The qualitative and the quantitative differences between the vibrio species were established. Results of investigations demonstrated a possibliity of using the protein spectra for the differentiation of microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1217354", "title": "[Antibody neutralization test in brucellosis].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of the antibody neutralization test in brucellosis with the use of erythrocytes sensitized with lipopolysaccharide. This test was shown to be highly specific and sensitive in detection of brucellae and brucellosis antigen in pathological material, food and objects of external environment.", "contents": "[Antibody neutralization test in brucellosis]. The authors present the results of study of the antibody neutralization test in brucellosis with the use of erythrocytes sensitized with lipopolysaccharide. This test was shown to be highly specific and sensitive in detection of brucellae and brucellosis antigen in pathological material, food and objects of external environment."}
{"id": "PMID:1217355", "title": "[Immunogenesis and nonspecific factors of natural resistance. XI. Further study of the depression mechanism of humoral reactions of natural immunity during the vaccinal process].", "content": "The mechanisms of depression of humoral reactions of natural immunity under the effect of vaccination were studied further. Experiments were carried out on albino rats tolerant to the horse serum protein. Administration of the antigen to the tolerant animals failed to cause formation of antibodies or to influence humoral factors of natural immunity. As to rats not immunized earlier, complement-fixing antibodies were revealed from the 7th to the 21st days after the administration of horse serum; simultaneously there was seen depression of the humoral mechanisms of natural resistance. The results obtained confirmed the hypothesis stating that there existed competitive relations between the specific and nonspecific immunological reaction in the fight for plastic provision of the corresponding reactions.", "contents": "[Immunogenesis and nonspecific factors of natural resistance. XI. Further study of the depression mechanism of humoral reactions of natural immunity during the vaccinal process]. The mechanisms of depression of humoral reactions of natural immunity under the effect of vaccination were studied further. Experiments were carried out on albino rats tolerant to the horse serum protein. Administration of the antigen to the tolerant animals failed to cause formation of antibodies or to influence humoral factors of natural immunity. As to rats not immunized earlier, complement-fixing antibodies were revealed from the 7th to the 21st days after the administration of horse serum; simultaneously there was seen depression of the humoral mechanisms of natural resistance. The results obtained confirmed the hypothesis stating that there existed competitive relations between the specific and nonspecific immunological reaction in the fight for plastic provision of the corresponding reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217356", "title": "[Immunological study of the occurrence of staphylococci with skin antigens in various experimental animals].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rabbits; primary and secondary administration of staphylococcus vaccine was regularly accompanied by the production of antibodies not only to a staphylococcus antigen, but also of antibodies reacting with an extract of homologous kidneys, myocardium and the skin. The presence in the pathogenic staphylococcus of an antigen affiliated to proteins of the skin and kidneys of rabbits and mice was shown by the method of cross sorption of antistaphylococcus and antiskin sera by a suspension of the staphylococcus or skin antigen with the use of the complement fixation test. Indirect hemagglutination and immunofluorescence. Such antigen was absent in nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from the skin extracts.", "contents": "[Immunological study of the occurrence of staphylococci with skin antigens in various experimental animals]. Experiments were conducted on rabbits; primary and secondary administration of staphylococcus vaccine was regularly accompanied by the production of antibodies not only to a staphylococcus antigen, but also of antibodies reacting with an extract of homologous kidneys, myocardium and the skin. The presence in the pathogenic staphylococcus of an antigen affiliated to proteins of the skin and kidneys of rabbits and mice was shown by the method of cross sorption of antistaphylococcus and antiskin sera by a suspension of the staphylococcus or skin antigen with the use of the complement fixation test. Indirect hemagglutination and immunofluorescence. Such antigen was absent in nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from the skin extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:1217357", "title": "[Electron microscopy of cholera vibrios from the intestinal contents of infected suckling rabbits].", "content": "Electron microscopic study of the cells of classic, El Tor and NAG-vibrios showed them to be no different by the structure type from the cells of ofter Gram-negative bacteria. A characteristic peculiarity of the cholera vibrios revealed after their passage through the intestine of nursling rabbits was the presence of microcapsules and protrusions of the areas of the wall membranous apparatus.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy of cholera vibrios from the intestinal contents of infected suckling rabbits]. Electron microscopic study of the cells of classic, El Tor and NAG-vibrios showed them to be no different by the structure type from the cells of ofter Gram-negative bacteria. A characteristic peculiarity of the cholera vibrios revealed after their passage through the intestine of nursling rabbits was the presence of microcapsules and protrusions of the areas of the wall membranous apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:1217358", "title": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of staphylococci in kidney tissue in experimental infection].", "content": "A study of ultrathin sections fo the kidney tissue of mice infected with staphylococci showed intracellular localization of the bacteria. In vivo there occurred a morphological reconstruction of external layers of the cell wall of staphylococci, and lysis of individual staphylococci. The middle part of the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane proved to be the structures the most stable to lysis. Specific changes of bacteria similar to the changes noted with the action of penicillin on staphylococci in vitro followed effective penicillin therapy of mice infected with staphylococci.", "contents": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of staphylococci in kidney tissue in experimental infection]. A study of ultrathin sections fo the kidney tissue of mice infected with staphylococci showed intracellular localization of the bacteria. In vivo there occurred a morphological reconstruction of external layers of the cell wall of staphylococci, and lysis of individual staphylococci. The middle part of the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane proved to be the structures the most stable to lysis. Specific changes of bacteria similar to the changes noted with the action of penicillin on staphylococci in vitro followed effective penicillin therapy of mice infected with staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:1217359", "title": "[The relationship between the side of the lesion and the features and prognostic value of parietal dysfunction in vascular diseases in the brain].", "content": "The authors generalized the results of clinico-dynamic and experimental psychological observation over 52 patients with hemisphere strokes. An analysis was made of clinical manifestations of the temple lobe pathology and peculiarities of the restorative period depending upon the side of lesion. Necessity of further study of the problem of differential carrying out of therapeutic measures depending upon not only the nature and severity of stroke but also on localization and side of the lesion is emphasized.", "contents": "[The relationship between the side of the lesion and the features and prognostic value of parietal dysfunction in vascular diseases in the brain]. The authors generalized the results of clinico-dynamic and experimental psychological observation over 52 patients with hemisphere strokes. An analysis was made of clinical manifestations of the temple lobe pathology and peculiarities of the restorative period depending upon the side of lesion. Necessity of further study of the problem of differential carrying out of therapeutic measures depending upon not only the nature and severity of stroke but also on localization and side of the lesion is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1217360", "title": "[Consciousness disorders in focal lesions of the right and left cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "In the light of modern concepts of functional asymmetry in the human brain, the authors analyse paroxysmal conditions of changed consciousness which occurred in 160 patients with lesions of the hemispheres due to brain tumors (75 patients) and in epilepsy (85 patients). It is shown that certain forms of changed consciousness are characteristic of disorders of the right and left hemispheres in right-handedness. This clinical fact is taken as a basis for the assumption that in the formation of consciousness both hemispheres in different ways play a certain role and they provide different \"formating\" kinds of consciousness: the right hemisphere--a direct perception or a sensory perception of the environment and itself, the left--process of abstract perception based on speech, symbols, semantics.", "contents": "[Consciousness disorders in focal lesions of the right and left cerebral hemispheres]. In the light of modern concepts of functional asymmetry in the human brain, the authors analyse paroxysmal conditions of changed consciousness which occurred in 160 patients with lesions of the hemispheres due to brain tumors (75 patients) and in epilepsy (85 patients). It is shown that certain forms of changed consciousness are characteristic of disorders of the right and left hemispheres in right-handedness. This clinical fact is taken as a basis for the assumption that in the formation of consciousness both hemispheres in different ways play a certain role and they provide different \"formating\" kinds of consciousness: the right hemisphere--a direct perception or a sensory perception of the environment and itself, the left--process of abstract perception based on speech, symbols, semantics."}
{"id": "PMID:1217361", "title": "[The Korsakov syndrome in light of the concept of functional asymmetry of the brain].", "content": "An analysis of 10 cases with acute brain disorders (severe brain damage, ruptures of vascular aneurysms permits the authors to assume that the Korsakoff syndrome developes in those patients who at the initial phase of the disease had comatose conditions with subsequent focal symptoms mainly of the right hemisphere and diencephalic area. The author demonstrates the psychopathological traits of the Korsakoff syndrome which differ from the amnestic syndrome developing in focal lesions of the left hemisphere.", "contents": "[The Korsakov syndrome in light of the concept of functional asymmetry of the brain]. An analysis of 10 cases with acute brain disorders (severe brain damage, ruptures of vascular aneurysms permits the authors to assume that the Korsakoff syndrome developes in those patients who at the initial phase of the disease had comatose conditions with subsequent focal symptoms mainly of the right hemisphere and diencephalic area. The author demonstrates the psychopathological traits of the Korsakoff syndrome which differ from the amnestic syndrome developing in focal lesions of the left hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:1217362", "title": "[The relationship between the side of the lesion and the psychopathology of focal lesions of the frontal lobes].", "content": "The author studied 36 patients with benign tumors, located in one of the frontal lobes: in 20 cases in the left and in 16 cases in the right lobe. In tumors of the left lobe there were disorders in the motor and initiative side of speech, general inhibition, a decline in the level of generalizing, a prevalence of memory disorders, rather than attention, inertia of mental processes with a preservation of a sense of being ill. Tumors of the right frontal lobe were characterized by an insufficient insight to the illness, euphoria, an absence of a critical understanding of the environment, a prevalence of attention disorders over memory disturbances, a narrowing of the volume of simultaneously perceived information and a tendency towards a confabulatory addition to fragmentarily perceived images.", "contents": "[The relationship between the side of the lesion and the psychopathology of focal lesions of the frontal lobes]. The author studied 36 patients with benign tumors, located in one of the frontal lobes: in 20 cases in the left and in 16 cases in the right lobe. In tumors of the left lobe there were disorders in the motor and initiative side of speech, general inhibition, a decline in the level of generalizing, a prevalence of memory disorders, rather than attention, inertia of mental processes with a preservation of a sense of being ill. Tumors of the right frontal lobe were characterized by an insufficient insight to the illness, euphoria, an absence of a critical understanding of the environment, a prevalence of attention disorders over memory disturbances, a narrowing of the volume of simultaneously perceived information and a tendency towards a confabulatory addition to fragmentarily perceived images."}
{"id": "PMID:1217363", "title": "[Asymmetry of brain lesions and immunobiologic reactivity].", "content": "The authors compare some clinico-psychopathological traits in the development and frequency of detected antibrain antibodies and allergical states in epilepsy with a different lateralization in the hemispheres. In a sinistral localization of the lesion there is a significant increase of an unfavourable development of the disease and a more frequent detection of antibodies to the homologous brain. In a dextral localization there is a relatively favourable development of the basic disorder. The authors discuss the influence of the sex factor on the immunobiological indices and the lateralization of the hemisphere. A theory is suggested that the left and right hemispheres are involved in different ways in the different links of immunity, and their pathology may provoke different changes in the body reactivity.", "contents": "[Asymmetry of brain lesions and immunobiologic reactivity]. The authors compare some clinico-psychopathological traits in the development and frequency of detected antibrain antibodies and allergical states in epilepsy with a different lateralization in the hemispheres. In a sinistral localization of the lesion there is a significant increase of an unfavourable development of the disease and a more frequent detection of antibodies to the homologous brain. In a dextral localization there is a relatively favourable development of the basic disorder. The authors discuss the influence of the sex factor on the immunobiological indices and the lateralization of the hemisphere. A theory is suggested that the left and right hemispheres are involved in different ways in the different links of immunity, and their pathology may provoke different changes in the body reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1217364", "title": "[Eye movement disorders in visual agnosia].", "content": "By the aid of photooptical methods the authors studied eye movements in 6 patients with disorders of visual gnosis due to focal lesions in the occipitallbrain lobes. The examination included studies of a fixation of immovable objects, a tracing of linear and pendulum moving objects and a voluntary change of points of fixation in space. It was demonstrated that expressed symptoms of agnosia are accompanied by defects in the organization of all forms of opticomotor activity. The authors discuss problems of the pathogenesis of oculomotor disorders in optical agnosia.", "contents": "[Eye movement disorders in visual agnosia]. By the aid of photooptical methods the authors studied eye movements in 6 patients with disorders of visual gnosis due to focal lesions in the occipitallbrain lobes. The examination included studies of a fixation of immovable objects, a tracing of linear and pendulum moving objects and a voluntary change of points of fixation in space. It was demonstrated that expressed symptoms of agnosia are accompanied by defects in the organization of all forms of opticomotor activity. The authors discuss problems of the pathogenesis of oculomotor disorders in optical agnosia."}
{"id": "PMID:1217365", "title": "[Spinal mechanisms of motor disinhibition following barbamyl administration].", "content": "Prior to and following an intravenous introduction of 250 mg of barbamil by the stimulation of the EMG method the authors studied the H-reflex and M-response of the soleus and gastronemius muscles. The use of singular electric stimula of an increasing intensity as well as multiple repetitions of singular stimula of equal intensity of depicted the following. Barbamil decreases the threshold and increases the amplitude of H-reflexes, and does not influence the M-response. When using pair stimula, barbamil shortens the period of absolute nonexcitation and the second phase of depression in the cycle of restituted H-reflexes to the second stimula in the pair. On this basis the author comes to the conclusion that the action of this preparation on the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord is expressed in an inhibition of gamma-impulsation, a blocking of inhibitive interneurons and an easier reflex excitation of alpha-motoneurons. The report deals with a discussion of these mechanisms for the effect of a prolonged disinhibition.", "contents": "[Spinal mechanisms of motor disinhibition following barbamyl administration]. Prior to and following an intravenous introduction of 250 mg of barbamil by the stimulation of the EMG method the authors studied the H-reflex and M-response of the soleus and gastronemius muscles. The use of singular electric stimula of an increasing intensity as well as multiple repetitions of singular stimula of equal intensity of depicted the following. Barbamil decreases the threshold and increases the amplitude of H-reflexes, and does not influence the M-response. When using pair stimula, barbamil shortens the period of absolute nonexcitation and the second phase of depression in the cycle of restituted H-reflexes to the second stimula in the pair. On this basis the author comes to the conclusion that the action of this preparation on the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord is expressed in an inhibition of gamma-impulsation, a blocking of inhibitive interneurons and an easier reflex excitation of alpha-motoneurons. The report deals with a discussion of these mechanisms for the effect of a prolonged disinhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:1217366", "title": "[Neuromorphologic features of aging in nerve trunks].", "content": "Age-specific changes found in the structures of the peripheral nervous system in the form of periaxonal and secondary degenerative processes have a tendency towards a progressive development. These changes eventually lead to changes in the intratruncal individuality of the peripheral nerves.", "contents": "[Neuromorphologic features of aging in nerve trunks]. Age-specific changes found in the structures of the peripheral nervous system in the form of periaxonal and secondary degenerative processes have a tendency towards a progressive development. These changes eventually lead to changes in the intratruncal individuality of the peripheral nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:1217367", "title": "[A clinico-neurophysiologic study of psychasthenic psychopathies].", "content": "The authors studied 25 patients with psychasthenic psychopathy who according to the clinical picture were divided into 2 groups: psychasthenics proper and anankasts. The results of the study permitted to detect some correlations between the clinical traits and neurophysiological interconnections between the cortex and nonspecific subcortical structures. Such correlations were made on the basis of a multicomponent structure of the orientation reaction (especially the EEG reactions and SGR) to stimula of different modality and background bioelectrical activity of the brain.", "contents": "[A clinico-neurophysiologic study of psychasthenic psychopathies]. The authors studied 25 patients with psychasthenic psychopathy who according to the clinical picture were divided into 2 groups: psychasthenics proper and anankasts. The results of the study permitted to detect some correlations between the clinical traits and neurophysiological interconnections between the cortex and nonspecific subcortical structures. Such correlations were made on the basis of a multicomponent structure of the orientation reaction (especially the EEG reactions and SGR) to stimula of different modality and background bioelectrical activity of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1217368", "title": "[Comparative electroencephalographic studies of stutterers on the basis of neurotic disorders and on the basis of organic lesions of the central nervous system].", "content": "The paper contains information regarding EEG registration in stuttering patients from 20-35 years of age. In 55 cases stuttering was found against the background of neurotic disorders, in 39--accompanied by residual signs of organic brain lesions. In the first group there was a tendency towards an acceleration of the rhythms and desynchronization of the EEG activity which reached normal levels during the treatment period. The patients of the second group demonstrated a stable tendency towards a synchronization of activity, slower rhythms with pathological activity of a bilateral--synchronous character and theta-rhythm in the central parietal areas.", "contents": "[Comparative electroencephalographic studies of stutterers on the basis of neurotic disorders and on the basis of organic lesions of the central nervous system]. The paper contains information regarding EEG registration in stuttering patients from 20-35 years of age. In 55 cases stuttering was found against the background of neurotic disorders, in 39--accompanied by residual signs of organic brain lesions. In the first group there was a tendency towards an acceleration of the rhythms and desynchronization of the EEG activity which reached normal levels during the treatment period. The patients of the second group demonstrated a stable tendency towards a synchronization of activity, slower rhythms with pathological activity of a bilateral--synchronous character and theta-rhythm in the central parietal areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1217369", "title": "[The typology of personalities suffering hysterical neuroses and hysterical psychopathies].", "content": "The paper deals with a study of 142 patients with hysterical neuroses and 92 with hysterical psychopathy. The personality typology was studied in 2 aspects: intrapersonal and interpersonal. In analyzing the main variants of the premorbid personality with hysterical neurosis special attention was paid to the role of accentuating separate hysterical signs. It is shown that there may be a transition of protracted hysterical reactions into hysterical psychogenic personality development. In analyzing hysterical psychopaths the author studied the correlation of constitutional-biological and social factors and describes the main variants of the personality structure among the \"nuclear\" and \"boderline\" psychopaths.", "contents": "[The typology of personalities suffering hysterical neuroses and hysterical psychopathies]. The paper deals with a study of 142 patients with hysterical neuroses and 92 with hysterical psychopathy. The personality typology was studied in 2 aspects: intrapersonal and interpersonal. In analyzing the main variants of the premorbid personality with hysterical neurosis special attention was paid to the role of accentuating separate hysterical signs. It is shown that there may be a transition of protracted hysterical reactions into hysterical psychogenic personality development. In analyzing hysterical psychopaths the author studied the correlation of constitutional-biological and social factors and describes the main variants of the personality structure among the \"nuclear\" and \"boderline\" psychopaths."}
{"id": "PMID:1217370", "title": "[Prognosis of pathologic personality changes, repeated hospitalizations and assessment of the risk of suicide attempts in reactive depression].", "content": "With the aid of clinical scales and eventual components, regressive and discriminant analysis the author elaborated a system of prognostical indices for the assessment of unfavourable outcomes and formation of pathological personality development as well as in patients with reactive conditions in the form of depressions, neurasthenia and hysterical neurosis. Observations which amounted to the mark equal to or exceeding the critical (68) should be considered as dangerous in relation to a formation of a pathological personality.", "contents": "[Prognosis of pathologic personality changes, repeated hospitalizations and assessment of the risk of suicide attempts in reactive depression]. With the aid of clinical scales and eventual components, regressive and discriminant analysis the author elaborated a system of prognostical indices for the assessment of unfavourable outcomes and formation of pathological personality development as well as in patients with reactive conditions in the form of depressions, neurasthenia and hysterical neurosis. Observations which amounted to the mark equal to or exceeding the critical (68) should be considered as dangerous in relation to a formation of a pathological personality."}
{"id": "PMID:1217371", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of neuroses and neurosis-like conditions in residual-organic diseases of the brain].", "content": "The study is based on a clinical and X-ray examination of 481 patients where in 270 cases different forms of neuroses were found and in 211--neurotic-like conditions of an organic character (arachno-encephalitis, cerebral arachnoiditis, diencephalitis). Craniograms depicted changes only in 18% of the patients with neuroses while in organic brain lesions in 52% of the cases. In the group of patients with neuroses there were no convincing changes in the pneumoencephalograms. A total of 172 patients with neurotic-like conditions demonstrated polymorphic pial and brain changes. Cerebral angiography in 65% of the examined patients depicted pathological changes of circulation.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of neuroses and neurosis-like conditions in residual-organic diseases of the brain]. The study is based on a clinical and X-ray examination of 481 patients where in 270 cases different forms of neuroses were found and in 211--neurotic-like conditions of an organic character (arachno-encephalitis, cerebral arachnoiditis, diencephalitis). Craniograms depicted changes only in 18% of the patients with neuroses while in organic brain lesions in 52% of the cases. In the group of patients with neuroses there were no convincing changes in the pneumoencephalograms. A total of 172 patients with neurotic-like conditions demonstrated polymorphic pial and brain changes. Cerebral angiography in 65% of the examined patients depicted pathological changes of circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217372", "title": "[The relationship between the neurotic and the pseudoneurotic in ulcerative and ulcerative and neurogenic-dyskinetic colitis].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 142 patients with chronic colitis (nonspecific ulcerous and neurogenic-dyskinetic) the authors demonstrate the interreralations between the somatical and neuro-psychic pathology, in the structure of which neurotic-like, neurotic and personality reactions to the basic disease are closely interwoven. In the severe forms of the disease there is a predominance of somato-organic phenomena, in wild-neurotic symptoms. The quantitative and qualitative changes in the personality structure of 46 patients permitted to speak of a neurotic personality development.", "contents": "[The relationship between the neurotic and the pseudoneurotic in ulcerative and ulcerative and neurogenic-dyskinetic colitis]. On the basis of a study of 142 patients with chronic colitis (nonspecific ulcerous and neurogenic-dyskinetic) the authors demonstrate the interreralations between the somatical and neuro-psychic pathology, in the structure of which neurotic-like, neurotic and personality reactions to the basic disease are closely interwoven. In the severe forms of the disease there is a predominance of somato-organic phenomena, in wild-neurotic symptoms. The quantitative and qualitative changes in the personality structure of 46 patients permitted to speak of a neurotic personality development."}
{"id": "PMID:1217373", "title": "[Protracted hypochondriacal states of cerebral-organic genesis].", "content": "On the basis of clinico-follow up studies of 67 patients with brain disorders the author distinguishes 4 types of the development of the process: long-termed sluggish, remittent, subacute-progressive without remissions and regressive. The author stresses the age significance, additional exogenic factor when sluggish and remittent types of development are replaced by continuous types with moderate progressiveness. The remote stage in the illness development is characterized by expressed mnestic-intellectual deterioration, mental and physical insufferability, chronic and periodic mood disturbances, sleep disturbances, increased sensory excitement, personality changes of a hypochondrical type.", "contents": "[Protracted hypochondriacal states of cerebral-organic genesis]. On the basis of clinico-follow up studies of 67 patients with brain disorders the author distinguishes 4 types of the development of the process: long-termed sluggish, remittent, subacute-progressive without remissions and regressive. The author stresses the age significance, additional exogenic factor when sluggish and remittent types of development are replaced by continuous types with moderate progressiveness. The remote stage in the illness development is characterized by expressed mnestic-intellectual deterioration, mental and physical insufferability, chronic and periodic mood disturbances, sleep disturbances, increased sensory excitement, personality changes of a hypochondrical type."}
{"id": "PMID:1217374", "title": "[Clinical variants of neurosis development in persons blinded at a mature age].", "content": "On the basis of clinical, experimental psychological and EEG data of 133 blind patients 4 types of neurotical personality development were distinguished: asthenical, hysterical, obsessive and hypochondrical. Each of these variants had its certain clinical traits. On all phases of the disease which were related to a sudden loss of sight, the authors mark the necessity of a manifold medical treatment and psychotherapeutical approach directed towards a sociovocational adaptation.", "contents": "[Clinical variants of neurosis development in persons blinded at a mature age]. On the basis of clinical, experimental psychological and EEG data of 133 blind patients 4 types of neurotical personality development were distinguished: asthenical, hysterical, obsessive and hypochondrical. Each of these variants had its certain clinical traits. On all phases of the disease which were related to a sudden loss of sight, the authors mark the necessity of a manifold medical treatment and psychotherapeutical approach directed towards a sociovocational adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217375", "title": "[The psychogenic factor in the clinical picture of epilepsy].", "content": "A study of 300 epileptic patients depicted that the first seizures in 8% of all cases appear following psychic shock traumas. Epileptic fits, unlike hysterical, appear more frequently not during the crucial phase of emotions, but after several hours or days of a psychic traumatization. The psychogenic factor as a rule is not reflected in the psychopathological structure of the disease. In the process of the disease the psychogenic influence leads to different neurotic conditions (depressive, asthenical, hysterical, phobic) which complicate the psychopathological picture of epilepsy. The epileptic fits as well as other expressions of the disorder also exert certain psychogenic influences.", "contents": "[The psychogenic factor in the clinical picture of epilepsy]. A study of 300 epileptic patients depicted that the first seizures in 8% of all cases appear following psychic shock traumas. Epileptic fits, unlike hysterical, appear more frequently not during the crucial phase of emotions, but after several hours or days of a psychic traumatization. The psychogenic factor as a rule is not reflected in the psychopathological structure of the disease. In the process of the disease the psychogenic influence leads to different neurotic conditions (depressive, asthenical, hysterical, phobic) which complicate the psychopathological picture of epilepsy. The epileptic fits as well as other expressions of the disorder also exert certain psychogenic influences."}
{"id": "PMID:1217376", "title": "[The syndrome of anorexia nervosa in schizophrenia].", "content": "The authors studied 34 schizophrenic patients with the syndrome of nervous anorexia. It is demonstrated that nervous anorexia which was initially related to the syndrome of dysmorphobia-dysmorphomania, in the future, as the schizophrenic defect increases, is reduced to exhausted forms of \"digestive behavior\" (particularly the \"vomitting behavior\") and loses its connection with dysmorphobic experiences. From the very beginning the syndrome of nervous anorexia is connected with affective disturbances, cenesthopathic-hypochondrical complaints and a gradual personality deterioration. The schizophrenic defect in such cases does not attain the degree of an apathico-abulic syndrome and has traits of \"organicity\".", "contents": "[The syndrome of anorexia nervosa in schizophrenia]. The authors studied 34 schizophrenic patients with the syndrome of nervous anorexia. It is demonstrated that nervous anorexia which was initially related to the syndrome of dysmorphobia-dysmorphomania, in the future, as the schizophrenic defect increases, is reduced to exhausted forms of \"digestive behavior\" (particularly the \"vomitting behavior\") and loses its connection with dysmorphobic experiences. From the very beginning the syndrome of nervous anorexia is connected with affective disturbances, cenesthopathic-hypochondrical complaints and a gradual personality deterioration. The schizophrenic defect in such cases does not attain the degree of an apathico-abulic syndrome and has traits of \"organicity\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1217377", "title": "[The role of disorders in the functions of the cerebral catecholamine system in the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholism].", "content": "The authors studied the functions of central and peripheral catecholamine systems in patients with chronic alcoholism. The influence of acute and chronic administration of alcohol was studied in experiments in animals as well as its discontinuation on the catecholamine structures in different areas of the CNS. The obtained data demonstrated that alcohol exerts a specific influence on the catecholamine brain systems which has typical regularities. An analysis of the acheived results permits to assume that the influence of alcohol on the catecholamine brain structures is one of the main links in the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "[The role of disorders in the functions of the cerebral catecholamine system in the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholism]. The authors studied the functions of central and peripheral catecholamine systems in patients with chronic alcoholism. The influence of acute and chronic administration of alcohol was studied in experiments in animals as well as its discontinuation on the catecholamine structures in different areas of the CNS. The obtained data demonstrated that alcohol exerts a specific influence on the catecholamine brain systems which has typical regularities. An analysis of the acheived results permits to assume that the influence of alcohol on the catecholamine brain structures is one of the main links in the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:1217378", "title": "[The hemiplegic form of episodic hereditary adynamic].", "content": "This form of disturbance seen in 3 generations of one family was not hitherto described in literature. The disorder was observed in the proband (35 year old female), her father and her son. Special attention is drawn to the clinical differences of episodic hereditary adynamia and sporadic forms of hyperkaliemic paroxysmal myoplegia. The inheritance was characterized by a autosomn-dominant type. There was also homochronicity and homotypicity. The authors are in agreement with the concept of Hamstorp concerning the independence of this order.", "contents": "[The hemiplegic form of episodic hereditary adynamic]. This form of disturbance seen in 3 generations of one family was not hitherto described in literature. The disorder was observed in the proband (35 year old female), her father and her son. Special attention is drawn to the clinical differences of episodic hereditary adynamia and sporadic forms of hyperkaliemic paroxysmal myoplegia. The inheritance was characterized by a autosomn-dominant type. There was also homochronicity and homotypicity. The authors are in agreement with the concept of Hamstorp concerning the independence of this order."}
{"id": "PMID:1217379", "title": "[A statistical analysis of the intervals between motor unit impulses in patients with myasthenia].", "content": "Motor unit (MU) potentials of m. triceps br. of healthy subjects and patients with myasthenia gravis were recorded during slight isometric contractions. MU potentials were visually identified, semi-automatically coded and automatically led in the digital computer. In myasthenia the mean frequency of the MU discharges and SD of the interspike intervals were higher than in healthy states, the difference being not great, but significant. The interspike interval hystograms of single MUs were unchanged (normal). So the disturbances in pattern of motoneurone activity in myasthenia were mild. Proserin raised the muscle contraction strength and normalized the interspike interval variability but did not lower the frequency of MU discharges. The increase of the frequency may be accounted for the reduction of Renshaw inhibition.", "contents": "[A statistical analysis of the intervals between motor unit impulses in patients with myasthenia]. Motor unit (MU) potentials of m. triceps br. of healthy subjects and patients with myasthenia gravis were recorded during slight isometric contractions. MU potentials were visually identified, semi-automatically coded and automatically led in the digital computer. In myasthenia the mean frequency of the MU discharges and SD of the interspike intervals were higher than in healthy states, the difference being not great, but significant. The interspike interval hystograms of single MUs were unchanged (normal). So the disturbances in pattern of motoneurone activity in myasthenia were mild. Proserin raised the muscle contraction strength and normalized the interspike interval variability but did not lower the frequency of MU discharges. The increase of the frequency may be accounted for the reduction of Renshaw inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:1217380", "title": "[Motor activity of the small and large intestines of patients with the generalized form of myasthenia (an x-ray study)].", "content": "The author studied the intestinocolonic function by X-ray methods in 84 patients with generalized myasthenia prior to and following surgical treatment (thymectomia). It was established that in myasthenia the intestinal motor function in the majority of the patients is decreased. These motor disorders have a functional character and are connected with the main disease. They disappear after operations as the function of the cross-sectional striped and smooth muscles are restituted.", "contents": "[Motor activity of the small and large intestines of patients with the generalized form of myasthenia (an x-ray study)]. The author studied the intestinocolonic function by X-ray methods in 84 patients with generalized myasthenia prior to and following surgical treatment (thymectomia). It was established that in myasthenia the intestinal motor function in the majority of the patients is decreased. These motor disorders have a functional character and are connected with the main disease. They disappear after operations as the function of the cross-sectional striped and smooth muscles are restituted."}
{"id": "PMID:1217381", "title": "[Treatment of severe forms of myasthenia with prednisolone and triamcinolone].", "content": "On the basis of a long-term observation of 1000 patients with myasthenia the authors stress the necessity of a manifold treatment of this disease with the use of anticholinesterase preparations, by correcting the mineral metabolism and by influencing the thymus gland. In specially severe cases an intensive hormone therapy is recommended with large doses of triamcinolon and prednisolon. In 39 cases of a severe myasthenia the used treatment was successful. The paper deals with theoretical prerequisites and methods of treatment by corticosteroid preparations, their combination with other drugs and an optimal appliance of hormone therapy with preparations of kalii and veroshpiron.", "contents": "[Treatment of severe forms of myasthenia with prednisolone and triamcinolone]. On the basis of a long-term observation of 1000 patients with myasthenia the authors stress the necessity of a manifold treatment of this disease with the use of anticholinesterase preparations, by correcting the mineral metabolism and by influencing the thymus gland. In specially severe cases an intensive hormone therapy is recommended with large doses of triamcinolon and prednisolon. In 39 cases of a severe myasthenia the used treatment was successful. The paper deals with theoretical prerequisites and methods of treatment by corticosteroid preparations, their combination with other drugs and an optimal appliance of hormone therapy with preparations of kalii and veroshpiron."}
{"id": "PMID:1217382", "title": "[Treatment of paroxysmal myoplegia].", "content": "The paper contains a concise review of the existing methods in the treatment of paroxysmal myoplegia. It is tressed that Kalii preparations, aldosterone antagonists and diets are not sufficient. The authors report of a stable preventive effect of acetozolamide in hypokaliemic forms of myoplegia seen in 5 patients with frequent attacks and \"myopathic\" symptoms in some of these cases. The possible mechanisms of the action of this preparation is discussed. Recommendations are given in respect to the treatment of hyperkaliemic variants of the disorder. A typical case history with a good improvement is given as an illustration.", "contents": "[Treatment of paroxysmal myoplegia]. The paper contains a concise review of the existing methods in the treatment of paroxysmal myoplegia. It is tressed that Kalii preparations, aldosterone antagonists and diets are not sufficient. The authors report of a stable preventive effect of acetozolamide in hypokaliemic forms of myoplegia seen in 5 patients with frequent attacks and \"myopathic\" symptoms in some of these cases. The possible mechanisms of the action of this preparation is discussed. Recommendations are given in respect to the treatment of hyperkaliemic variants of the disorder. A typical case history with a good improvement is given as an illustration."}
{"id": "PMID:1217383", "title": "[Congenital cerebellar ataxia (a familial case)].", "content": "Inborn cerebellar ataxia is a very rare disease and current literature contains singular reports of familial observations. This report deals with a description of a family where the sibs both had inborn cerebellar ataxia. In this particular family the disease was inherited according to the recessive type. An examination of the parents displayed stem vestibular symptomatology, similar to the changes seen in the children. The author is of the opinion that the stem vestibular symptomatology seen in the parents may be an expression of heterozygotic carriers.", "contents": "[Congenital cerebellar ataxia (a familial case)]. Inborn cerebellar ataxia is a very rare disease and current literature contains singular reports of familial observations. This report deals with a description of a family where the sibs both had inborn cerebellar ataxia. In this particular family the disease was inherited according to the recessive type. An examination of the parents displayed stem vestibular symptomatology, similar to the changes seen in the children. The author is of the opinion that the stem vestibular symptomatology seen in the parents may be an expression of heterozygotic carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:1217384", "title": "[Electroencephalographic changes in Firedreich's and Pierre-Marie disease].", "content": "The authors analyze in EEG changes seen in 14 patients with Friedreich's ataxia and in 7 patients with Pierre Marie ataxia. In all cases there was a changed bioelectrical brain activity, more expressed in Friedreich's disease. These changes were in the forma of alpha- and beta-activity, in irregular sharp waves or groups of slow fluctuations in the theta- and delta-waves. These changes are not strictly specific for these disorders. In Pierre Marie's disease there was a certain correlation between the duration of the disease and expressiveness of EEG changes. In both disorders the expressiveness of the changes were significantly influenced by the degree of brain stem lesions.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic changes in Firedreich's and Pierre-Marie disease]. The authors analyze in EEG changes seen in 14 patients with Friedreich's ataxia and in 7 patients with Pierre Marie ataxia. In all cases there was a changed bioelectrical brain activity, more expressed in Friedreich's disease. These changes were in the forma of alpha- and beta-activity, in irregular sharp waves or groups of slow fluctuations in the theta- and delta-waves. These changes are not strictly specific for these disorders. In Pierre Marie's disease there was a certain correlation between the duration of the disease and expressiveness of EEG changes. In both disorders the expressiveness of the changes were significantly influenced by the degree of brain stem lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217385", "title": "[The clinical picture and pathogenesis of spontaneous biceps tendon ruptures in syringomyelia patients].", "content": "The report concerns a description of 23 patients with typical syringomyelia with ruptures of the distal ligaments of the bicapital muscle and the ligament of its long capita. The authors believe that the absence of bone changes, an increase of the level of neuramine acid and the titre of hyaluronidase in the blood serum testify to the fact that such phenomena may appear in conditions of a segmentaly neurodystrophy of connective tissues due to deafferentiation. In this aspect ligament ruptures are considered and evaluated for professional fitness and diagnosis of the initial or mildly expressed forms of syringomyelia.", "contents": "[The clinical picture and pathogenesis of spontaneous biceps tendon ruptures in syringomyelia patients]. The report concerns a description of 23 patients with typical syringomyelia with ruptures of the distal ligaments of the bicapital muscle and the ligament of its long capita. The authors believe that the absence of bone changes, an increase of the level of neuramine acid and the titre of hyaluronidase in the blood serum testify to the fact that such phenomena may appear in conditions of a segmentaly neurodystrophy of connective tissues due to deafferentiation. In this aspect ligament ruptures are considered and evaluated for professional fitness and diagnosis of the initial or mildly expressed forms of syringomyelia."}
{"id": "PMID:1217386", "title": "[Reflex interaction between the visual and skin temperature analyzers in focal lesions at the level of the optic thalamus and brain stem].", "content": "The authors convened a clinico-physiological study of the interaction of the visual and skin temperature analyzers in patients with disturbed circulation in the deep branches of the posterior cerebral artery (the first group) and in patients with disturbed circulation in the vertebro-basillar system (the second group). Inasmuch as in the first group there was an involvement of thalamic structures, the significant disorders connected with disturbances of reflectory interaction in the visual and skin-temperature analyzers are presumably related to these structures. An insignificant change in the continuing of the visual and skin temperature analyzers in disturbances of the brain stem indicate to the limited importance of nonspecific structures of this area in the reflectory interaction of these analyzers.", "contents": "[Reflex interaction between the visual and skin temperature analyzers in focal lesions at the level of the optic thalamus and brain stem]. The authors convened a clinico-physiological study of the interaction of the visual and skin temperature analyzers in patients with disturbed circulation in the deep branches of the posterior cerebral artery (the first group) and in patients with disturbed circulation in the vertebro-basillar system (the second group). Inasmuch as in the first group there was an involvement of thalamic structures, the significant disorders connected with disturbances of reflectory interaction in the visual and skin-temperature analyzers are presumably related to these structures. An insignificant change in the continuing of the visual and skin temperature analyzers in disturbances of the brain stem indicate to the limited importance of nonspecific structures of this area in the reflectory interaction of these analyzers."}
{"id": "PMID:1217387", "title": "[The mechanism of action of tests of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics].", "content": "By a simultaneous measurement of the venous and CSF pressure it was established that in Queckenstedt's test the pressure in the ulnar venes changes very insignificantly, while in the Stuckey test it increases by 1.5-2 times. The absolute volume of increase of the CSF pressure in different groups of patients is influenced by the vascular tone and reactivity of the brain and pial vessels.", "contents": "[The mechanism of action of tests of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics]. By a simultaneous measurement of the venous and CSF pressure it was established that in Queckenstedt's test the pressure in the ulnar venes changes very insignificantly, while in the Stuckey test it increases by 1.5-2 times. The absolute volume of increase of the CSF pressure in different groups of patients is influenced by the vascular tone and reactivity of the brain and pial vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1217388", "title": "[Acute cerebral circulatory disorders in persons abusing alcohol].", "content": "Fifty patients at the age of 29-74 years, being addicted to alcohol for a long time, were investigated in the acute period of brain strokes; in 23 cases the diagnosis was verified on sections. It is established that alcoholic intoxication accelerates the development of strokes. A stroke in intoxicated individuals often develops according to the type of haemorrhage and ends lethally, and in chronic alcoholic intoxication the strokes often develop according to the type of softening. Attention was paid to the frequency of psychomotor exictation, cardiac muscle damage, expressed vascular changes in the eyeground seen already at the young age.", "contents": "[Acute cerebral circulatory disorders in persons abusing alcohol]. Fifty patients at the age of 29-74 years, being addicted to alcohol for a long time, were investigated in the acute period of brain strokes; in 23 cases the diagnosis was verified on sections. It is established that alcoholic intoxication accelerates the development of strokes. A stroke in intoxicated individuals often develops according to the type of haemorrhage and ends lethally, and in chronic alcoholic intoxication the strokes often develop according to the type of softening. Attention was paid to the frequency of psychomotor exictation, cardiac muscle damage, expressed vascular changes in the eyeground seen already at the young age."}
{"id": "PMID:1217389", "title": "[Cerebral circulatory disorders in acute pneumonia].", "content": "The symptomatology of acute pneumonia was expressed in diverse neurological and psychiatric changes, including cerebral circulation. The author conducted clinico-EEG and EMG correlations in disturbed cerebral circulation due to acute pneumonia. An important role in disorders of cerebral circulation is played by hypoxia, intoxication and changed metabolism, conditions leading to changed functional limbico-hypothalamoreticular complexes and changed vascular regulation.", "contents": "[Cerebral circulatory disorders in acute pneumonia]. The symptomatology of acute pneumonia was expressed in diverse neurological and psychiatric changes, including cerebral circulation. The author conducted clinico-EEG and EMG correlations in disturbed cerebral circulation due to acute pneumonia. An important role in disorders of cerebral circulation is played by hypoxia, intoxication and changed metabolism, conditions leading to changed functional limbico-hypothalamoreticular complexes and changed vascular regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217390", "title": "[A correlation analysis of changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain in associative speech experiments].", "content": "The paper deals with a correlational analysis of brain biopotentials in the process of speech activity in 9 normals and 10 patients with residual symptoms of brain strokes. The authors dt and erroneous fulfillment of different types of tests (free and determined associations). It was established that in a difficult fulfillment of a speech instruction there is a compensatory involvement into the activity of the right normal hemisphere.", "contents": "[A correlation analysis of changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain in associative speech experiments]. The paper deals with a correlational analysis of brain biopotentials in the process of speech activity in 9 normals and 10 patients with residual symptoms of brain strokes. The authors dt and erroneous fulfillment of different types of tests (free and determined associations). It was established that in a difficult fulfillment of a speech instruction there is a compensatory involvement into the activity of the right normal hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:1217391", "title": "[Electroencephalographic findings in mental disorders with an oneiroid syndrome].", "content": "The authors present some results regarding spontaneous bioelectrical brain activity and EEG reactions in functional loadings seen in 53 patients with oneiroid syndromes of a different nature. In most of the cases there were crude pathological changes in the EEG in the form of a disorganization of bioelectrical activity, unstable and fragmental registrations and intrahemispheric asymmetry of biopotentials. These data are not in correlation with the nozological disorders, type of the oneiroid condition, but are in coordination with the character of emotional-volutional disturbances which accompany dream-like disorders of consciousness. On the basis of stable pathological EEG changes which remain even during remissions, the authors come to the conclusion that these changes reflect the structural-functional disturbances of the brain which is the basis for the development of an oneiroid attack.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic findings in mental disorders with an oneiroid syndrome]. The authors present some results regarding spontaneous bioelectrical brain activity and EEG reactions in functional loadings seen in 53 patients with oneiroid syndromes of a different nature. In most of the cases there were crude pathological changes in the EEG in the form of a disorganization of bioelectrical activity, unstable and fragmental registrations and intrahemispheric asymmetry of biopotentials. These data are not in correlation with the nozological disorders, type of the oneiroid condition, but are in coordination with the character of emotional-volutional disturbances which accompany dream-like disorders of consciousness. On the basis of stable pathological EEG changes which remain even during remissions, the authors come to the conclusion that these changes reflect the structural-functional disturbances of the brain which is the basis for the development of an oneiroid attack."}
{"id": "PMID:1217392", "title": "[Differentiation of amentive from catatonic syndromes].", "content": "The authors conducted a comparative analysis of multiple EEG records in 65 patients with amentia and 35 patients with remittent (periodical) catatonia. Besides, background registrations, reactive shifts in the EEG in photo and phono-stimulation was studied along with a study of introduced substances of a central adreno- and cholinolytical action. The quantitative spectres and indices of general and relative spacial synchronization were studied as well. The neurophysiological disorders in amentia and catatonia besides some common traits also demonstrated certain differences. The authors discuss the subcortical and stem shifts in the light of the concept of reciprocal ascending influences of mesencephalic retiticular formation and nonspecific systems of the midbrain.", "contents": "[Differentiation of amentive from catatonic syndromes]. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of multiple EEG records in 65 patients with amentia and 35 patients with remittent (periodical) catatonia. Besides, background registrations, reactive shifts in the EEG in photo and phono-stimulation was studied along with a study of introduced substances of a central adreno- and cholinolytical action. The quantitative spectres and indices of general and relative spacial synchronization were studied as well. The neurophysiological disorders in amentia and catatonia besides some common traits also demonstrated certain differences. The authors discuss the subcortical and stem shifts in the light of the concept of reciprocal ascending influences of mesencephalic retiticular formation and nonspecific systems of the midbrain."}
{"id": "PMID:1217393", "title": "[Determination of the content of DNA synthesizing lymphocytes in PHA stimulated blood cultures form schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The author determined the amount of synthezing DNA lymphocytes stimulated by PHA in the cultures of the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients. It was established that the amount of lymphocytes, capable of developing a normal reaction to PHA in the cell cultures of schizophrenic patients was 18% less than in cultures of normal donors.", "contents": "[Determination of the content of DNA synthesizing lymphocytes in PHA stimulated blood cultures form schizophrenic patients]. The author determined the amount of synthezing DNA lymphocytes stimulated by PHA in the cultures of the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients. It was established that the amount of lymphocytes, capable of developing a normal reaction to PHA in the cell cultures of schizophrenic patients was 18% less than in cultures of normal donors."}
{"id": "PMID:1217394", "title": "[Peripheral blood lymphocyte metabolism in schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients and normals were parallelly studied for the concentration of pyruvic and lactic acid, LDH activity an succinatedehydrogenase, glutamatoxalate and glutamate-pyruvattransaminase. It was established that in the cells of schizophrenic patients compared to normals there was an increased concentration of pyruvic acid, while the LDH activity was decreased. The remaining indices did not differ from normals. The achieved data permit to assume that the accumulation of pyruvic acid in the lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients is due to a drop of the LDH activity in the cells. The oxydative transition of pyruvic acid, as well as the processes of transamination play an insignificant role in the metabolism of these cells.", "contents": "[Peripheral blood lymphocyte metabolism in schizophrenic patients]. The lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients and normals were parallelly studied for the concentration of pyruvic and lactic acid, LDH activity an succinatedehydrogenase, glutamatoxalate and glutamate-pyruvattransaminase. It was established that in the cells of schizophrenic patients compared to normals there was an increased concentration of pyruvic acid, while the LDH activity was decreased. The remaining indices did not differ from normals. The achieved data permit to assume that the accumulation of pyruvic acid in the lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients is due to a drop of the LDH activity in the cells. The oxydative transition of pyruvic acid, as well as the processes of transamination play an insignificant role in the metabolism of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1217395", "title": "[Fluctuations in the memory capacity of patients with schizophrenia and traumatic psychoses].", "content": "The authors studied fluctuations of the memory volume on the basis of the original method of the memory analysis using 50 series which consist of 10 words following each other in every 30 seconds. Three groups included normals, schizophrenic patients (paranoid form, the initial stage of remission) and patients with posttraumatical psychosis in the period of recovery. It was demonstrated that the level of the memory volume fluctuations was over and with a greater swing in the patients than in the normals. The lowest memory level was found in the patients with traumatical pscyhoses.", "contents": "[Fluctuations in the memory capacity of patients with schizophrenia and traumatic psychoses]. The authors studied fluctuations of the memory volume on the basis of the original method of the memory analysis using 50 series which consist of 10 words following each other in every 30 seconds. Three groups included normals, schizophrenic patients (paranoid form, the initial stage of remission) and patients with posttraumatical psychosis in the period of recovery. It was demonstrated that the level of the memory volume fluctuations was over and with a greater swing in the patients than in the normals. The lowest memory level was found in the patients with traumatical pscyhoses."}
{"id": "PMID:1217396", "title": "[Palmar dermatoglyphics of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The paper deals with a study of palmar dermatoglyphics in 1120 schizophrenic patients with different forms of its development. As a control group 1240 normals were studied as well. The females displayed an increased frequency of patterns Au/Ac on the hypothenar and defective patterns on the thenar. Among the males there was an increased amount of displasia, genuine and defective patterns on the thenar, of the loops in III interfinger spaces. These differences are encountered more frequently in patients with progressive forms of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Palmar dermatoglyphics of schizophrenic patients]. The paper deals with a study of palmar dermatoglyphics in 1120 schizophrenic patients with different forms of its development. As a control group 1240 normals were studied as well. The females displayed an increased frequency of patterns Au/Ac on the hypothenar and defective patterns on the thenar. Among the males there was an increased amount of displasia, genuine and defective patterns on the thenar, of the loops in III interfinger spaces. These differences are encountered more frequently in patients with progressive forms of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:1217397", "title": "[Results of a continuous study of a population of schizophrenic patients more than 60-years-old, registered at Moscow Psychoneurologic Dispensary No. 2].", "content": "The authors conducted an overall study of schizophrenic patients, older than 60 years of age and registered in one of the Moscow dispensaries. It was demonstrated that the elderly amount to 17% of the whole schizophrenic population in the given dispensary. The percentage of late schizophrenia (16.7%) is relatively high, although the percentage of them in a hospital population is even higher (27-35%). The sex ratio demonstrated a larger amount of women (1 : 3). 90% of all the studied patients at the moment of examination were at home, while 33% were never admitted to hospitals. Among the studied contingent there was a high percentage of patients with a regressive development of the process and a stabilization with a tendency towards its obliviation. The study contains some data necessary for further investigations concerning the adaptational possibilities and physical state of these patients. The obtained information require correlations with data on the general population of this region in the same age periods.", "contents": "[Results of a continuous study of a population of schizophrenic patients more than 60-years-old, registered at Moscow Psychoneurologic Dispensary No. 2]. The authors conducted an overall study of schizophrenic patients, older than 60 years of age and registered in one of the Moscow dispensaries. It was demonstrated that the elderly amount to 17% of the whole schizophrenic population in the given dispensary. The percentage of late schizophrenia (16.7%) is relatively high, although the percentage of them in a hospital population is even higher (27-35%). The sex ratio demonstrated a larger amount of women (1 : 3). 90% of all the studied patients at the moment of examination were at home, while 33% were never admitted to hospitals. Among the studied contingent there was a high percentage of patients with a regressive development of the process and a stabilization with a tendency towards its obliviation. The study contains some data necessary for further investigations concerning the adaptational possibilities and physical state of these patients. The obtained information require correlations with data on the general population of this region in the same age periods."}
{"id": "PMID:1217398", "title": "[The therapeutic efficacy of pyrazidol in depressive states].", "content": "A total of 125 depressive patients were treated by pyrasidol. It was depicted that this drug is an antidepressant with a marked tranquillizing component activity. It does not cause complications and marked side-effects. Its use is more effective in an anxiety-depressive syndrome, within manic-depressive psychosis, vascular and organic damages of the CNS, somatogenic and reactive depressions. Pyrasidol can also be used in the treatment of depressive patients of the elderly, somatic patients and physically weaked ones.", "contents": "[The therapeutic efficacy of pyrazidol in depressive states]. A total of 125 depressive patients were treated by pyrasidol. It was depicted that this drug is an antidepressant with a marked tranquillizing component activity. It does not cause complications and marked side-effects. Its use is more effective in an anxiety-depressive syndrome, within manic-depressive psychosis, vascular and organic damages of the CNS, somatogenic and reactive depressions. Pyrasidol can also be used in the treatment of depressive patients of the elderly, somatic patients and physically weaked ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1217399", "title": "[The antiparkinson activity of gludantan (preliminary report)].", "content": "A total of 33 patients with different forms of parkinsonism were treated by a new original antiparkinsonic preparation Gludantane synthesized at the Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. The authors demonstrated a higher antiparkinsonic activity of this drug compared to cholinolytical preparations and midantane and the possibility of achieving a better therapeutical effect in a combination of gludantane with other antiparkinsonic drugs. The preparation appeared to be effective in different etiological forms of parkinsonism. However, its highest effect was in the rigid and rigid-trembling forms, and less effective in trembling-rigid forms and not effective in the trembling form. Gludantane is practically devoid of side-effects and is well tolerated by patients.", "contents": "[The antiparkinson activity of gludantan (preliminary report)]. A total of 33 patients with different forms of parkinsonism were treated by a new original antiparkinsonic preparation Gludantane synthesized at the Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. The authors demonstrated a higher antiparkinsonic activity of this drug compared to cholinolytical preparations and midantane and the possibility of achieving a better therapeutical effect in a combination of gludantane with other antiparkinsonic drugs. The preparation appeared to be effective in different etiological forms of parkinsonism. However, its highest effect was in the rigid and rigid-trembling forms, and less effective in trembling-rigid forms and not effective in the trembling form. Gludantane is practically devoid of side-effects and is well tolerated by patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1217400", "title": "[Dynamics of neuropsychological symptomatics following endovascular surgical interventions].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the neuropsychological symptomatology due to arterio-venous cerebral vascular aneurysmas. The authors report of the development of such signs following occlusions of the afferent vessells in aneurysmas in 19 patients. The study permitted to distinguish the possible genesis of disturbed cerebral functions which are related directly with the aneurysm localization and with intracerebral hematomas, as well as with the hemodynamical factors. The authors diplay the changed structure of the neuropsychological syndrome in reconstructed cerebral circulation following arterial occlusion, supplying the aneurysma. The achieved data allow one to consider the clinicopsychological method as a rather refined indicator of reconstructed cerebral circulation.", "contents": "[Dynamics of neuropsychological symptomatics following endovascular surgical interventions]. The paper is concerned with the neuropsychological symptomatology due to arterio-venous cerebral vascular aneurysmas. The authors report of the development of such signs following occlusions of the afferent vessells in aneurysmas in 19 patients. The study permitted to distinguish the possible genesis of disturbed cerebral functions which are related directly with the aneurysm localization and with intracerebral hematomas, as well as with the hemodynamical factors. The authors diplay the changed structure of the neuropsychological syndrome in reconstructed cerebral circulation following arterial occlusion, supplying the aneurysma. The achieved data allow one to consider the clinicopsychological method as a rather refined indicator of reconstructed cerebral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217401", "title": "[Mental disorders in patients with vascular aphasia].", "content": "The author conducted a study of some personality traits in 30 patients with different forms of vascular aphasia with the aid of a polar profile test. The questionnaire had 16 polar qualities. According to each of these criteria 2 scales were formed: prior to and following the disease. Two main types of personality changes wered noted: pseudoneutrotic disorders of a different degree (in patients with articular motor and sensory aphasia) and moderately or slightly expressed symptoms of apatho-abulia (in patient with expressed motor and mixed motor-sensory aphasia).", "contents": "[Mental disorders in patients with vascular aphasia]. The author conducted a study of some personality traits in 30 patients with different forms of vascular aphasia with the aid of a polar profile test. The questionnaire had 16 polar qualities. According to each of these criteria 2 scales were formed: prior to and following the disease. Two main types of personality changes wered noted: pseudoneutrotic disorders of a different degree (in patients with articular motor and sensory aphasia) and moderately or slightly expressed symptoms of apatho-abulia (in patient with expressed motor and mixed motor-sensory aphasia)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217402", "title": "[Intracerebral hemorrhages with lesions of the extracranial portions of the carotid and vertebral arteries and arteries of the base of the brain].", "content": "The study deals with the clinico-anatomical examination of 75 cases of hemorrhagic strokes where diagnostical and therapeutical surgical measures were performed. Arterial hypertension was found in 73 cases. In 35 cases there were changes in the extra- and intracranial areas of the carotid and vertebral arteries and arteries of the brain basis. In almost all the cases after surgical interferences there were repeated disorders of brain circulation which were much more rarely seen in patients without the above-mentioned pathology. The reported results indicate the importance of a special study of the magistral cerebral arteries and the brain basis with hemorrhagical strokes for criteria of a necessity of operations in intracranial hemorrhages.", "contents": "[Intracerebral hemorrhages with lesions of the extracranial portions of the carotid and vertebral arteries and arteries of the base of the brain]. The study deals with the clinico-anatomical examination of 75 cases of hemorrhagic strokes where diagnostical and therapeutical surgical measures were performed. Arterial hypertension was found in 73 cases. In 35 cases there were changes in the extra- and intracranial areas of the carotid and vertebral arteries and arteries of the brain basis. In almost all the cases after surgical interferences there were repeated disorders of brain circulation which were much more rarely seen in patients without the above-mentioned pathology. The reported results indicate the importance of a special study of the magistral cerebral arteries and the brain basis with hemorrhagical strokes for criteria of a necessity of operations in intracranial hemorrhages."}
{"id": "PMID:1217403", "title": "[Pseudoneurotic states in patients with transient cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "The authors describe clinical manifestations of pseudoneurotic states and vegetative paroxysms in 78 patients with transient disturbances of brain circulation which appeared due to hypertensive disease and atherosclerosis. The special studies (EEG, REG, determination of catecholamine excretion) showed that pseudoneurotic states and paroxysmal vegetative disturbances depend on the state of brain circulation and functional activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system. The authors attempt to differentiate pseudoneurotic and paroxysmal vegetative disorders in transient disturbances of brain circulation from neuroses and initial dysfunction of the vegetative structures.", "contents": "[Pseudoneurotic states in patients with transient cerebral circulatory disorders]. The authors describe clinical manifestations of pseudoneurotic states and vegetative paroxysms in 78 patients with transient disturbances of brain circulation which appeared due to hypertensive disease and atherosclerosis. The special studies (EEG, REG, determination of catecholamine excretion) showed that pseudoneurotic states and paroxysmal vegetative disturbances depend on the state of brain circulation and functional activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system. The authors attempt to differentiate pseudoneurotic and paroxysmal vegetative disorders in transient disturbances of brain circulation from neuroses and initial dysfunction of the vegetative structures."}
{"id": "PMID:1217404", "title": "[The structure of nocturnal sleep in stroke].", "content": "The paper deals with a polygraphic study of night sleep in 44 patients who had cerebral strokes with a different localization of the focus, in 10 patients with atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease (the control group). The structure of sleep following strokes was seriously imparied. Besides general traits, the changes were specific depending upon the focus of lesion. Differences were also displayed in patients with lesions of either the right or left hemisphere and their relationship with the opposition. The author stresses the importance of studying the interrelationship of sleep structure. It is assumed that disturbances in the sleep structure of the patients who have suffered from strokes are of importance in the rehabilitative period.", "contents": "[The structure of nocturnal sleep in stroke]. The paper deals with a polygraphic study of night sleep in 44 patients who had cerebral strokes with a different localization of the focus, in 10 patients with atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease (the control group). The structure of sleep following strokes was seriously imparied. Besides general traits, the changes were specific depending upon the focus of lesion. Differences were also displayed in patients with lesions of either the right or left hemisphere and their relationship with the opposition. The author stresses the importance of studying the interrelationship of sleep structure. It is assumed that disturbances in the sleep structure of the patients who have suffered from strokes are of importance in the rehabilitative period."}
{"id": "PMID:1217405", "title": "[Topical diagnosis of cerebral vein thromboses].", "content": "The presentation is concerned with the neurological symptomatology of brain venous thrombosis (39 cases from literature sources and 22 cases of personal experience). On the basis of such investigations and a large amount of verified cases of thrombosis, the author attempts to establish the most characteristic topical signs of lesions in separate groups of veins. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying difficulties in topical diagnostics are discussed.", "contents": "[Topical diagnosis of cerebral vein thromboses]. The presentation is concerned with the neurological symptomatology of brain venous thrombosis (39 cases from literature sources and 22 cases of personal experience). On the basis of such investigations and a large amount of verified cases of thrombosis, the author attempts to establish the most characteristic topical signs of lesions in separate groups of veins. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying difficulties in topical diagnostics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217406", "title": "[Age and blood coagulation characteristics in cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "The paper deals with the results of some indices of an extensified coagulogramme in disorders of cerebral circulation in 246 patients younger than 45 years and in 242 older than 55. In both groups, irrespective of the character of the stroke in the acute phase there was a tendency towards hypercoagulation which was more expressed in individuals up to 45 years. Besides, an increased tendency of coagulative blood properties in the acute phase, there was an earlier and significant activation of faibrinolysis in the subacute and rehabilitative period seen in the young individuals. In the elderly group an increase of fibrinolytic activity was unproportional to the increase of coagulant blood properties. This disproportion was seen in an ischemic stroke.", "contents": "[Age and blood coagulation characteristics in cerebral circulatory disorders]. The paper deals with the results of some indices of an extensified coagulogramme in disorders of cerebral circulation in 246 patients younger than 45 years and in 242 older than 55. In both groups, irrespective of the character of the stroke in the acute phase there was a tendency towards hypercoagulation which was more expressed in individuals up to 45 years. Besides, an increased tendency of coagulative blood properties in the acute phase, there was an earlier and significant activation of faibrinolysis in the subacute and rehabilitative period seen in the young individuals. In the elderly group an increase of fibrinolytic activity was unproportional to the increase of coagulant blood properties. This disproportion was seen in an ischemic stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:1217407", "title": "[The condition of the sympatho-adrenal system and blood coaglability in cerebral vascular crises].", "content": "The author presents the results of a parallel study of the sympathetico-adrenal system state and blood coagulation in 140 patients with hypertensive disease, cerebral atherosclerosis and initial arterial hypotensive disease with cerebro-vascular crises. An increase of catecholamine excretion with the urine and of blood coagulation in the majority of the patients during the crisis was found. The activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system was higher due to the hormonal chain (the quantity of excreted adrenalin exceeded the noradrenalin quantity). The obtained data testified to a possible participation of the sympathetico-adrenal system in the appearance of hypercoagulational tendencies of the blood and to a development of cerebrovascular crisis.", "contents": "[The condition of the sympatho-adrenal system and blood coaglability in cerebral vascular crises]. The author presents the results of a parallel study of the sympathetico-adrenal system state and blood coagulation in 140 patients with hypertensive disease, cerebral atherosclerosis and initial arterial hypotensive disease with cerebro-vascular crises. An increase of catecholamine excretion with the urine and of blood coagulation in the majority of the patients during the crisis was found. The activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system was higher due to the hormonal chain (the quantity of excreted adrenalin exceeded the noradrenalin quantity). The obtained data testified to a possible participation of the sympathetico-adrenal system in the appearance of hypercoagulational tendencies of the blood and to a development of cerebrovascular crisis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217408", "title": "[Indirect assessment of the state of cerebral circulation by the method of superficial temporal artery oscillography].", "content": "With the aid of modified semiconductors in tensometric devices it was possible by oscillography to register different parameters of blood pressure (the maximum and medium) in the superficial temporal arteries bilaterally. In combination with REG it makes it possible to fully assess the condition of brain circulation by an indirect method.", "contents": "[Indirect assessment of the state of cerebral circulation by the method of superficial temporal artery oscillography]. With the aid of modified semiconductors in tensometric devices it was possible by oscillography to register different parameters of blood pressure (the maximum and medium) in the superficial temporal arteries bilaterally. In combination with REG it makes it possible to fully assess the condition of brain circulation by an indirect method."}
{"id": "PMID:1217409", "title": "[Super-slow oscillations of cerebral biopotentials in patients with transient circulatory disorders in vertebral-basilar basin].", "content": "The paper deals with a study of 30 patients with transient disorders of circulation in the vertebro-basillar basin. Besides the routine methods of clinico-laboratorial examinations, for the first time in neurological practice a new method of electrophysiological registration was used: superslow fluctuations of the brain biopotentials. The patients were examined during the interattack period. According to the character of changes in the superslow brain activity the patients were divided into 3 groups. It was possible to establish that the characteristics of superslow fluctuations in the brain biopotentials correlates with the state of the activity of adaptive-regulative brain mechanisms. This condition is reflected in the frequency, duration and severity of transient vascular episodes. Such data permit to clarify some pathogenetical mechanisms in the development of transient disorders of cerebral circulation.", "contents": "[Super-slow oscillations of cerebral biopotentials in patients with transient circulatory disorders in vertebral-basilar basin]. The paper deals with a study of 30 patients with transient disorders of circulation in the vertebro-basillar basin. Besides the routine methods of clinico-laboratorial examinations, for the first time in neurological practice a new method of electrophysiological registration was used: superslow fluctuations of the brain biopotentials. The patients were examined during the interattack period. According to the character of changes in the superslow brain activity the patients were divided into 3 groups. It was possible to establish that the characteristics of superslow fluctuations in the brain biopotentials correlates with the state of the activity of adaptive-regulative brain mechanisms. This condition is reflected in the frequency, duration and severity of transient vascular episodes. Such data permit to clarify some pathogenetical mechanisms in the development of transient disorders of cerebral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217410", "title": "[Clinico-electromyographic studies in the scalenus syndrome].", "content": "The authors report of some data concerning clinical and EMG studies of patients with the scalenus syndrome. These studies permitted to depict the main pathogenetical mechanisms lying at the basis of the motor dysfunctions in these patients. The authors traced the changes prior to and after surgical operations found in the electrogenesis and symptomatology of motor disorders in patients with the scalenus syndrome. The achieved data have a certain significance for diagnostical and prognostical purposes.", "contents": "[Clinico-electromyographic studies in the scalenus syndrome]. The authors report of some data concerning clinical and EMG studies of patients with the scalenus syndrome. These studies permitted to depict the main pathogenetical mechanisms lying at the basis of the motor dysfunctions in these patients. The authors traced the changes prior to and after surgical operations found in the electrogenesis and symptomatology of motor disorders in patients with the scalenus syndrome. The achieved data have a certain significance for diagnostical and prognostical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:1217411", "title": "[The pathogenesis of psychomotor epilepsy (a histochemical study of a penicillin epileptic focus in the rat hippocampus)].", "content": "By the aid of histochemical methods the authors sutdied the activity and distribution of acetylcholinesterase, monoamineoxidase, glutamatedehydrogynase and gammaaminobutyric acid -- transferase in the dorsal hypocampus of rats. It was shown that the activity of all the studied enzymes are significantly changed following 0.5 and 1.5 hours and are restituted following 48 hours after the formation of a pathological focus. It is concluded that a drop in the activity of glutamatedehydrogenase and gammaaminobutyric acid may be directed toward an accumulation of gammaaminobutyric acid in the epileptogenic focus and an inhibition of its activity. A drop in the histochemical reaction to acetylcholinesterase may indicate a decrease in the functions of the cholinergic systems with an active epileptogenic focus in the hypocampus.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of psychomotor epilepsy (a histochemical study of a penicillin epileptic focus in the rat hippocampus)]. By the aid of histochemical methods the authors sutdied the activity and distribution of acetylcholinesterase, monoamineoxidase, glutamatedehydrogynase and gammaaminobutyric acid -- transferase in the dorsal hypocampus of rats. It was shown that the activity of all the studied enzymes are significantly changed following 0.5 and 1.5 hours and are restituted following 48 hours after the formation of a pathological focus. It is concluded that a drop in the activity of glutamatedehydrogenase and gammaaminobutyric acid may be directed toward an accumulation of gammaaminobutyric acid in the epileptogenic focus and an inhibition of its activity. A drop in the histochemical reaction to acetylcholinesterase may indicate a decrease in the functions of the cholinergic systems with an active epileptogenic focus in the hypocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:1217412", "title": "[A clinico-immunologic study of epileptic children and adolescents and their relatives].", "content": "The presentation is concerned with a study of immunological shifts in epileptic children and in their relatives. These changes were detected with the aid of a complement fixation test in the blood serum of 5 epileptic patients and 103 relatives. It was established that in epileptic patients the brain autoantigens were found in 30,8% of the cases, the antibrain antibodies in 7.7%. There was no correlation between the frequency of the detected brain antigens in the blood serum of the sick children, the sex, duration of the disease, hereditary loading and the genesis of epilepsy. Autoimmune shifts were seen in 28.15% of the cases in the blood of the relatives. Autoimmune shifts were found in the families of such children with autoimmune changes in 52.9% while among the relatives -- without autoimmune changes in 15.9% of the cases.", "contents": "[A clinico-immunologic study of epileptic children and adolescents and their relatives]. The presentation is concerned with a study of immunological shifts in epileptic children and in their relatives. These changes were detected with the aid of a complement fixation test in the blood serum of 5 epileptic patients and 103 relatives. It was established that in epileptic patients the brain autoantigens were found in 30,8% of the cases, the antibrain antibodies in 7.7%. There was no correlation between the frequency of the detected brain antigens in the blood serum of the sick children, the sex, duration of the disease, hereditary loading and the genesis of epilepsy. Autoimmune shifts were seen in 28.15% of the cases in the blood of the relatives. Autoimmune shifts were found in the families of such children with autoimmune changes in 52.9% while among the relatives -- without autoimmune changes in 15.9% of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1217413", "title": "[Alterations in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme spectrum in the blood of patients with epilepsy].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the general activity of LDH and the spectre of its isoenzymes which was determined by different techniques in the blood serum of adult epileptic patients, epileptic children and adolescents between seizures, as well as in adult patients during and at different periods after covulsive fits. It was established that the general activity of LDH and the percent content of isoenzymes LDH-I in the blood serum of adult epileptic patients is less compared to epileptic children and adolescents and normals. During convulsive fits the general activity of LDH and LDH-I in the blood serum increases, which is indicative of an intensification of glycolytic processes.", "contents": "[Alterations in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme spectrum in the blood of patients with epilepsy]. The paper is concerned with the general activity of LDH and the spectre of its isoenzymes which was determined by different techniques in the blood serum of adult epileptic patients, epileptic children and adolescents between seizures, as well as in adult patients during and at different periods after covulsive fits. It was established that the general activity of LDH and the percent content of isoenzymes LDH-I in the blood serum of adult epileptic patients is less compared to epileptic children and adolescents and normals. During convulsive fits the general activity of LDH and LDH-I in the blood serum increases, which is indicative of an intensification of glycolytic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:1217414", "title": "[The relationship between features of perceptive activity and the clinical characteristics of epilepsy patients].", "content": "The author reports of convened studies concerning 32 epileptic patients and 30 normals (the control group) by the Rorschach method in correlation with clinical studies. Statistically significant differences were obtained in these groups of examinees. The study contains some data of the perceptive activity of epileptic patients in the light of psychopathological features inherent in these patients.", "contents": "[The relationship between features of perceptive activity and the clinical characteristics of epilepsy patients]. The author reports of convened studies concerning 32 epileptic patients and 30 normals (the control group) by the Rorschach method in correlation with clinical studies. Statistically significant differences were obtained in these groups of examinees. The study contains some data of the perceptive activity of epileptic patients in the light of psychopathological features inherent in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1217415", "title": "[The relative role of heredity and environment in genuine and symptomatic epilepsy].", "content": "The authors conducted a clinico-genetical study of 110 patients with symptomatic, 181 patients with genuine epilepsy and 236 normals of the general population. The study demonstrated the inadequacy of the alternative \"inheritance--environment\" in epilepsy. The frequency of epilepsy and disorders of an epileptic range in the relatives of patients with symptomatic epilepsy and partial seizures was less than in the relatives of patients with genuine epilepsy with generalized seizures. But they were significantly higher than in the general population. In symptomatic epilepsy in a rather large amount of cases (59.7%) there was a hereditary loading, while in patients with a definite hereditary loading in 36.4% of the cases of special significance were different exogenous factors. The results demonstrated the interaction of inheritance and environment and their influence on the age of appearance of fits and the degree of severity of epilepsy.", "contents": "[The relative role of heredity and environment in genuine and symptomatic epilepsy]. The authors conducted a clinico-genetical study of 110 patients with symptomatic, 181 patients with genuine epilepsy and 236 normals of the general population. The study demonstrated the inadequacy of the alternative \"inheritance--environment\" in epilepsy. The frequency of epilepsy and disorders of an epileptic range in the relatives of patients with symptomatic epilepsy and partial seizures was less than in the relatives of patients with genuine epilepsy with generalized seizures. But they were significantly higher than in the general population. In symptomatic epilepsy in a rather large amount of cases (59.7%) there was a hereditary loading, while in patients with a definite hereditary loading in 36.4% of the cases of special significance were different exogenous factors. The results demonstrated the interaction of inheritance and environment and their influence on the age of appearance of fits and the degree of severity of epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1217416", "title": "[The differential-diagnostic value of evoked potentials in depressive patients according to discriminant analysis findings].", "content": "The authors conducted a discriminant analysis of visual evoked potentials in depressive patients and in normals. The depressive syndrome was correctly diagnosed in 76--90% of the cases. The main role in the diagnosis of such cases belongs to interhemispheric correlational connections in the frontal brain areas. Between these connections there was an intercompensatory relationship. It was possible to demonstrate some traits of intrahemispheric connections in the left hemisphere of normals and in the right hemisphere of the depressed patients. Certain tendencies were marked in the distribution of patients according to the expressiveness of affective disorders.", "contents": "[The differential-diagnostic value of evoked potentials in depressive patients according to discriminant analysis findings]. The authors conducted a discriminant analysis of visual evoked potentials in depressive patients and in normals. The depressive syndrome was correctly diagnosed in 76--90% of the cases. The main role in the diagnosis of such cases belongs to interhemispheric correlational connections in the frontal brain areas. Between these connections there was an intercompensatory relationship. It was possible to demonstrate some traits of intrahemispheric connections in the left hemisphere of normals and in the right hemisphere of the depressed patients. Certain tendencies were marked in the distribution of patients according to the expressiveness of affective disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:1217417", "title": "[Syndrome formation and syndrome shifts in manic-depressive psychoses beginning after 40-years of age].", "content": "The author performed a clinical study of 492 depressive, 127 manic and 46 double phases in 150 patients with manic-depressive psychosis where the disorder manifested itself after the age of 40 with an average duration of the disease of about 10 years. Some general regularities in the syndrome formation and syndrome modifications of the depressive (from subdepressive to endogenous, anxious and delusional depressions) and manic (from hypo and endogenous mania to angry, aproductive mania with pseudoparalytical and senile like traits) syndromes were displayed. It was demonstrated that supplementary factors facilitated such changes as well. The acheived data permitted to qualify longitudinaly more precisely the manic-depressive psychosis during involution as well as to determine the frequency of separate symptoms in each depressive or manic phase.", "contents": "[Syndrome formation and syndrome shifts in manic-depressive psychoses beginning after 40-years of age]. The author performed a clinical study of 492 depressive, 127 manic and 46 double phases in 150 patients with manic-depressive psychosis where the disorder manifested itself after the age of 40 with an average duration of the disease of about 10 years. Some general regularities in the syndrome formation and syndrome modifications of the depressive (from subdepressive to endogenous, anxious and delusional depressions) and manic (from hypo and endogenous mania to angry, aproductive mania with pseudoparalytical and senile like traits) syndromes were displayed. It was demonstrated that supplementary factors facilitated such changes as well. The acheived data permitted to qualify longitudinaly more precisely the manic-depressive psychosis during involution as well as to determine the frequency of separate symptoms in each depressive or manic phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1217418", "title": "[The neurotropic and autoimmune activity of the serum of patients with psychoses of old age and patients with schizophrenia].", "content": "In order to define the specificity of neurotropic and autoimmune activity in blood serum of schizophrenic patients the authors studied the existence of such biological signs in another group of patients with mental disorders of a nonschizophrenic etiology: Pick's and Alzheimer's disease. It was established that to neurotropic and autoimmune activity the blood serum of atrophic patients do not differ according to these signs from schizophrenic patients. At the same time it was established that in the nonschizophrenic group the neurotropic and autoimmune activity intercorrelated. A high neurotropic activity can be seen in those patients who display antibrain antibodies in the blood. In the group of schizophrenic patients such correlations were not demonstrated. It is assumed that the neurotropic and autoimmune processes in the organism of schizophrenic patients develop independently.", "contents": "[The neurotropic and autoimmune activity of the serum of patients with psychoses of old age and patients with schizophrenia]. In order to define the specificity of neurotropic and autoimmune activity in blood serum of schizophrenic patients the authors studied the existence of such biological signs in another group of patients with mental disorders of a nonschizophrenic etiology: Pick's and Alzheimer's disease. It was established that to neurotropic and autoimmune activity the blood serum of atrophic patients do not differ according to these signs from schizophrenic patients. At the same time it was established that in the nonschizophrenic group the neurotropic and autoimmune activity intercorrelated. A high neurotropic activity can be seen in those patients who display antibrain antibodies in the blood. In the group of schizophrenic patients such correlations were not demonstrated. It is assumed that the neurotropic and autoimmune processes in the organism of schizophrenic patients develop independently."}
{"id": "PMID:1217420", "title": "N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase of Vi phage III.", "content": "1. A lytic enzyme was isolated from Vi phage III-induced lysate of Salmonella typhi, and purified about 200-fold by chromatography on IRC-50, CM-cellulose, and Sephadex G-75 columns. 2. Both E. coli B murein and muropeptide C6 were digested on incubation with the lytic enzyme. The main product of murein and muropeptide C6 digestion is identical with tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-DAP-Ala. The release of amino groups during digestion was not accompanied by the appearance of either reducing groups or hexosamines. 3. It is concluded that Vi phage III-induced lytic enzyme is N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, which cleaves the amide bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and L-alanine.", "contents": "N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase of Vi phage III. 1. A lytic enzyme was isolated from Vi phage III-induced lysate of Salmonella typhi, and purified about 200-fold by chromatography on IRC-50, CM-cellulose, and Sephadex G-75 columns. 2. Both E. coli B murein and muropeptide C6 were digested on incubation with the lytic enzyme. The main product of murein and muropeptide C6 digestion is identical with tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-DAP-Ala. The release of amino groups during digestion was not accompanied by the appearance of either reducing groups or hexosamines. 3. It is concluded that Vi phage III-induced lytic enzyme is N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, which cleaves the amide bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and L-alanine."}
{"id": "PMID:1217421", "title": "Borohydride-reducible components in soluble collagen irradiated with gamma rays in solution.", "content": "1. Irradiation with 100 krad of gamma rays of neutral-salt-soluble rat skin collagen decreased the content of aldol cross-links by a factor of three, whereas it did not affect the content of allysine. 2. On reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride, five new components were detected showing different stability towards acid and alkali.", "contents": "Borohydride-reducible components in soluble collagen irradiated with gamma rays in solution. 1. Irradiation with 100 krad of gamma rays of neutral-salt-soluble rat skin collagen decreased the content of aldol cross-links by a factor of three, whereas it did not affect the content of allysine. 2. On reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride, five new components were detected showing different stability towards acid and alkali."}
{"id": "PMID:1217422", "title": "Bacterial carotenoids. XLVIII. Total syntheses of carotenes of the 1,2-dihydro series.", "content": "The total syntheses of 1,2,7,8,1',2',7',8'-octahydro-psi,psi-carotene (1), 1,2,7,8-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene (2), 1,2,1',2'-tetradehydro-psi,psi-carotene (3), 1,2-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene (4), 1,2-dihydor-3,4-didehydro-psi,psi-carotene (5), and 1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-3,4,3',4'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene (6) are described. The properties of products and intermediates, including the three new apocarotenals 1,2,7,8-tetrahydro-12'-apo-psi-caroten-12'-al (20), 1,2-dihydro-8'-apo-pse-caroten-8'-al (25), and 1,2-dihydro-3,4-didehydro-8'-apo-psi-carotene-8'-al (32), are reported. A fragment ion at M68 on electron impact appears to be characteristic for carotenoids with a 1,2,7,8-tetrahydro end-group.", "contents": "Bacterial carotenoids. XLVIII. Total syntheses of carotenes of the 1,2-dihydro series. The total syntheses of 1,2,7,8,1',2',7',8'-octahydro-psi,psi-carotene (1), 1,2,7,8-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene (2), 1,2,1',2'-tetradehydro-psi,psi-carotene (3), 1,2-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene (4), 1,2-dihydor-3,4-didehydro-psi,psi-carotene (5), and 1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-3,4,3',4'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene (6) are described. The properties of products and intermediates, including the three new apocarotenals 1,2,7,8-tetrahydro-12'-apo-psi-caroten-12'-al (20), 1,2-dihydro-8'-apo-pse-caroten-8'-al (25), and 1,2-dihydro-3,4-didehydro-8'-apo-psi-carotene-8'-al (32), are reported. A fragment ion at M68 on electron impact appears to be characteristic for carotenoids with a 1,2,7,8-tetrahydro end-group."}
{"id": "PMID:1217423", "title": "Action of propranolol on mitochondrial proton fluxes.", "content": "The action of propranolol, a Beta-blocking adrenergic agent, on mitochondrial proton fluxes in nonenergized and energized conditions has been studied. 1. The drug inhibited the actions of valinomycin, higericin and FCCP on the inner mitochondrial membrane. 2. It decreased the rate and extent of active energized proton expulsion and passive collapse of the proton gradient so formed. 3. Propranolol was able to increase the permeation of chloride ion through the inner mitochondrial membrane in nonenergized and energized conditions. 4. The drug inhibited mitochondrial contraction but stimulated swelling in various conditions. It is suggested that propranolol is is able to change the proton and chloride permeabilities of mitochondria by perturbing the structure of inner membrane phospholipids, thus enlarging the water-lipid interface.", "contents": "Action of propranolol on mitochondrial proton fluxes. The action of propranolol, a Beta-blocking adrenergic agent, on mitochondrial proton fluxes in nonenergized and energized conditions has been studied. 1. The drug inhibited the actions of valinomycin, higericin and FCCP on the inner mitochondrial membrane. 2. It decreased the rate and extent of active energized proton expulsion and passive collapse of the proton gradient so formed. 3. Propranolol was able to increase the permeation of chloride ion through the inner mitochondrial membrane in nonenergized and energized conditions. 4. The drug inhibited mitochondrial contraction but stimulated swelling in various conditions. It is suggested that propranolol is is able to change the proton and chloride permeabilities of mitochondria by perturbing the structure of inner membrane phospholipids, thus enlarging the water-lipid interface."}
{"id": "PMID:1217426", "title": "[Infra-fascial ligation of incompetent perforating veins for cure of varicose ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a series of 141 varicoses ulcers operated within 3 years (1971 to 1974), all with infra-fascial ligation of incompetent perforating veins (technique of Cockett-Linton). The author describes 3 combined methods used to obtain the most precise diagnosis of the venous insufficiency: A. Careful physical examination for axial or perforating imcompetence. B. Systematic phlebography for search of deep networks, of perforating veins and discovery of particular superficial venous networks. C. Ultrasonic Doppler technique for search of incompetent perforating veins. Surgical cure is described, based on this precise diagnosis, aiming at ligation of axial and of perforating veins under the fascia, level with the deep network. The results are encouraging as there were only 3 recurrences within 3 years after the 141 operations. These were reoperated after phlebographic control.", "contents": "[Infra-fascial ligation of incompetent perforating veins for cure of varicose ulcer (author's transl)]. This is a series of 141 varicoses ulcers operated within 3 years (1971 to 1974), all with infra-fascial ligation of incompetent perforating veins (technique of Cockett-Linton). The author describes 3 combined methods used to obtain the most precise diagnosis of the venous insufficiency: A. Careful physical examination for axial or perforating imcompetence. B. Systematic phlebography for search of deep networks, of perforating veins and discovery of particular superficial venous networks. C. Ultrasonic Doppler technique for search of incompetent perforating veins. Surgical cure is described, based on this precise diagnosis, aiming at ligation of axial and of perforating veins under the fascia, level with the deep network. The results are encouraging as there were only 3 recurrences within 3 years after the 141 operations. These were reoperated after phlebographic control."}
{"id": "PMID:1217427", "title": "[Pulmonary arterio-venous aneurysm and fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysms and fistulae (PAF) can appear in people with or without hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectases (HHT). There is a 3 to 6% chance to find PAF in members of a family with HHT and 17% chance to find PAF in a patient himself with HHT. The authors present the cases of 6 patients with PAF, 13 to 64 years old, all treated surgically. In this group there are as many males as females. Three patients with HHT had nose bleeding and hemangiomas in their family history. Three patients had dyspnoea on exertion and insufficient oxygen saturation. Two patients had neurological symptoms; four had extracardiac murmur. Location was 3 times in the inferior lobe, twice in the superior and once in the middle pulmonary lobe. Surgical treatment can be indicated for a clinical or roentgenological progression, for an important right-to-left shunt or for existing or anticipated complications such as hemorrhages, thrombosis with embolism and central nervous system disorders with cerebral abscess. For these reasons, surgical excision is also advisable in asymptomatic patients, where diffuse bilateral lesions are to be expected, that recur frequently. The authors performed one wedge resection, three segmental resections and two lobectomies.", "contents": "[Pulmonary arterio-venous aneurysm and fistula (author's transl)]. Pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysms and fistulae (PAF) can appear in people with or without hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectases (HHT). There is a 3 to 6% chance to find PAF in members of a family with HHT and 17% chance to find PAF in a patient himself with HHT. The authors present the cases of 6 patients with PAF, 13 to 64 years old, all treated surgically. In this group there are as many males as females. Three patients with HHT had nose bleeding and hemangiomas in their family history. Three patients had dyspnoea on exertion and insufficient oxygen saturation. Two patients had neurological symptoms; four had extracardiac murmur. Location was 3 times in the inferior lobe, twice in the superior and once in the middle pulmonary lobe. Surgical treatment can be indicated for a clinical or roentgenological progression, for an important right-to-left shunt or for existing or anticipated complications such as hemorrhages, thrombosis with embolism and central nervous system disorders with cerebral abscess. For these reasons, surgical excision is also advisable in asymptomatic patients, where diffuse bilateral lesions are to be expected, that recur frequently. The authors performed one wedge resection, three segmental resections and two lobectomies."}
{"id": "PMID:1217428", "title": "[Explorative laparotomy with splenectomy in malignant lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Between January 1, 1971 and February 1, 1974, 31 patients have undergone laparotomy for staging of a malignant lymphoma, Hobgkin or not. Laparotomy consisted in a median incision, above and below the umbilicus allowing multiple node biopsies, hepatic and splenic biopsies. In 17 cases out of 31, i.e. 54% preoperative clinical stage was changed by this explorative pathology. Among untreated cases, the most frequent change was from a low to a higher stage and inversely, among treated cases, most frequent changes were from plus towards minus. Postoperative mortality is nill and morbidity 5/31, i.e. 16%. This technique yields better definition of the degree of lymphoma extension, in particular intra-abdominal, and thus allows better treatment. The author thus commends explorative laparotomy with splenectomy for all malignant lymphomas, Hodgkin or not, except for stage IV, proven biopsy.", "contents": "[Explorative laparotomy with splenectomy in malignant lymphomas (author's transl)]. Between January 1, 1971 and February 1, 1974, 31 patients have undergone laparotomy for staging of a malignant lymphoma, Hobgkin or not. Laparotomy consisted in a median incision, above and below the umbilicus allowing multiple node biopsies, hepatic and splenic biopsies. In 17 cases out of 31, i.e. 54% preoperative clinical stage was changed by this explorative pathology. Among untreated cases, the most frequent change was from a low to a higher stage and inversely, among treated cases, most frequent changes were from plus towards minus. Postoperative mortality is nill and morbidity 5/31, i.e. 16%. This technique yields better definition of the degree of lymphoma extension, in particular intra-abdominal, and thus allows better treatment. The author thus commends explorative laparotomy with splenectomy for all malignant lymphomas, Hodgkin or not, except for stage IV, proven biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1217429", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm report of eleven cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of 11 cases of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm, 8 left, 2 right and 1 bilateral. In 10 cases the rupture occurred in multiple trauma victims of a violent accident. In one exceptional case a right rupture occurred after a minor trauma; it was followed by herniation of the right colon and half of tranverse, the liver remaining in the abdomen. The mechanisms and types of ruptures are analyzed. Early diagnosis is possible if one is conscious of the clinical signs in all cases of thoracic and abdominal trauma, and when correct and repeated roentgenograms are made of the thorax. If there is a doubt, digestive roentgenograms with contrast medium, pneumoperitoneum and a hepatic scintigram can confirm the diagnosis. In our cases diagnosis was set before operation 10 times in 11. Diaphragmatic rupture can cause serious complications: respiratory insufficiency, shock, intestinal occlusion and necrosis by strangulation. Operative indication is absolute as soon as the patient is out of shock, that the rupture be large or small, diagnosed early or late. The abdominal approach is best if operation is early, especially if one suspects associated abdominal lesions. Thoractomy is considered if the rupture is old. Mortality is not negligible (20%) partly because of associated fractures and visceral lesions.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm report of eleven cases (author's transl)]. This is a report of 11 cases of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm, 8 left, 2 right and 1 bilateral. In 10 cases the rupture occurred in multiple trauma victims of a violent accident. In one exceptional case a right rupture occurred after a minor trauma; it was followed by herniation of the right colon and half of tranverse, the liver remaining in the abdomen. The mechanisms and types of ruptures are analyzed. Early diagnosis is possible if one is conscious of the clinical signs in all cases of thoracic and abdominal trauma, and when correct and repeated roentgenograms are made of the thorax. If there is a doubt, digestive roentgenograms with contrast medium, pneumoperitoneum and a hepatic scintigram can confirm the diagnosis. In our cases diagnosis was set before operation 10 times in 11. Diaphragmatic rupture can cause serious complications: respiratory insufficiency, shock, intestinal occlusion and necrosis by strangulation. Operative indication is absolute as soon as the patient is out of shock, that the rupture be large or small, diagnosed early or late. The abdominal approach is best if operation is early, especially if one suspects associated abdominal lesions. Thoractomy is considered if the rupture is old. Mortality is not negligible (20%) partly because of associated fractures and visceral lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217430", "title": "Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in healing tissue.", "content": "Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were studied in experimental granulation tissue growing into a thin sheet of cellulose sponge. Both the base-line PO2 and the response in oxygen tension to pure O2-breathing were highest in 7-day-old implants, displaying a slight decrease as the healing progressed. Lower tissue carbon dioxide tensions and oxygen consumption rates were noticed also in older implants. The oxygen tension gradient between the wound fluid and the edge of the granulation tissue in cylindrical cellulose sponge implants decreased as the healing progressed.", "contents": "Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in healing tissue. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were studied in experimental granulation tissue growing into a thin sheet of cellulose sponge. Both the base-line PO2 and the response in oxygen tension to pure O2-breathing were highest in 7-day-old implants, displaying a slight decrease as the healing progressed. Lower tissue carbon dioxide tensions and oxygen consumption rates were noticed also in older implants. The oxygen tension gradient between the wound fluid and the edge of the granulation tissue in cylindrical cellulose sponge implants decreased as the healing progressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217431", "title": "Granulation tissue formation in viscose cellulose sponges of different design.", "content": "Granulation tissue formation was studied in subcutaneously implanted viscose cellulose sponges of different design using histological and chemical methods. Two different models of sponges were used, one of cubical shape and another rectangular and thin. The sponges had the same weight. After one week of implantation, histological examination of the cubical sponges showed granulation tissue only in the periphery and a central cavity filled with inflammatory cells. The histological texture of the thin sponges showed that they were almost completely filled with granulation tissue with a minimal central cavity and very few inflammatory cells. DNA values of the cubical sponges were about 20% higher than those of the thin sponges. After aspiration of the exudate in the  cubical sponges, the DNA values were about the same as those in the thin sponges. The amount of hydroxyproline and RNA were about the same regardless of whether the sponges were cubic or thin or the exudate of the cubic sponges had been aspirated or not. At two weeks there was still a central cavity in the cubic sponges but very few inflammatory cells. DNA values at this time of observation were also the same in both models of sponges. Thus the thin-shaped model of sponge seems to be preferable to the cubic one when the time of observation is shorter than two weeks.", "contents": "Granulation tissue formation in viscose cellulose sponges of different design. Granulation tissue formation was studied in subcutaneously implanted viscose cellulose sponges of different design using histological and chemical methods. Two different models of sponges were used, one of cubical shape and another rectangular and thin. The sponges had the same weight. After one week of implantation, histological examination of the cubical sponges showed granulation tissue only in the periphery and a central cavity filled with inflammatory cells. The histological texture of the thin sponges showed that they were almost completely filled with granulation tissue with a minimal central cavity and very few inflammatory cells. DNA values of the cubical sponges were about 20% higher than those of the thin sponges. After aspiration of the exudate in the  cubical sponges, the DNA values were about the same as those in the thin sponges. The amount of hydroxyproline and RNA were about the same regardless of whether the sponges were cubic or thin or the exudate of the cubic sponges had been aspirated or not. At two weeks there was still a central cavity in the cubic sponges but very few inflammatory cells. DNA values at this time of observation were also the same in both models of sponges. Thus the thin-shaped model of sponge seems to be preferable to the cubic one when the time of observation is shorter than two weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:1217432", "title": "Granulation tissue formation in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. I. A histological study.", "content": "Granulation tissue formation was studied in experimental granulomas up to three weeks in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. The influence of estrogen and progesterone during the early phase of healing could sucessfully be followed histologically. The amount of DNA and hemoglobin in the granulomas correlated well with the amount of cells and the capillary bed found in the histological sections.", "contents": "Granulation tissue formation in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. I. A histological study. Granulation tissue formation was studied in experimental granulomas up to three weeks in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. The influence of estrogen and progesterone during the early phase of healing could sucessfully be followed histologically. The amount of DNA and hemoglobin in the granulomas correlated well with the amount of cells and the capillary bed found in the histological sections."}
{"id": "PMID:1217433", "title": "Granulation tissue formation in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. II. Studies on the amount of collagen and on tensile strength.", "content": "The content of hydroxyproline and tensile strength of granulation tissue was studied in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. Estrogen alone caused a slight decrease of hydroxyproline, but had no effect on the tensile strength of the granulation tissue at one week. Progesterone alone or in combination with estrogen decreased the content of hydroxyproline and the tensile strength of the granulation tissue up to one week in the case of progesterone-treated animals and up to two weeks in the case of animals treated with the combination of the hormones. At one week no direct correlation was found between the amount of hydroxyproline and the tensile strength of granulation tissue in oophorectomized rats treated with estrogen and progesterone in combination.", "contents": "Granulation tissue formation in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. II. Studies on the amount of collagen and on tensile strength. The content of hydroxyproline and tensile strength of granulation tissue was studied in oophorectomized rats treated with female sex hormones. Estrogen alone caused a slight decrease of hydroxyproline, but had no effect on the tensile strength of the granulation tissue at one week. Progesterone alone or in combination with estrogen decreased the content of hydroxyproline and the tensile strength of the granulation tissue up to one week in the case of progesterone-treated animals and up to two weeks in the case of animals treated with the combination of the hormones. At one week no direct correlation was found between the amount of hydroxyproline and the tensile strength of granulation tissue in oophorectomized rats treated with estrogen and progesterone in combination."}
{"id": "PMID:1217434", "title": "Postoperative replacement doses of sodium-L-thyroxine in patients with thyroid carcinomas.", "content": "The serum concentration of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, measured by a radioimmunoassay technique, was followed during replacement therapy of l-thyroxine in 10 totally thyroidectomized patients in order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the assay for the estimation of the optimal replacement dose. The results indicate that the optimal dose of l-thyroxine yields a serum concentration of l-thyroxine in the high toxic range, without causing thyrotoxic symptoms. The concentration of triiodothyronine is simultaneously on the borderline to the toxic range. It is thus necessary to follow the concentration of triiodothyronine during substitution in order to titrate the optimal replacement dose of l-thyroxine. The determination of thyroxine in serum is of secondary value for this purpose.", "contents": "Postoperative replacement doses of sodium-L-thyroxine in patients with thyroid carcinomas. The serum concentration of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, measured by a radioimmunoassay technique, was followed during replacement therapy of l-thyroxine in 10 totally thyroidectomized patients in order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the assay for the estimation of the optimal replacement dose. The results indicate that the optimal dose of l-thyroxine yields a serum concentration of l-thyroxine in the high toxic range, without causing thyrotoxic symptoms. The concentration of triiodothyronine is simultaneously on the borderline to the toxic range. It is thus necessary to follow the concentration of triiodothyronine during substitution in order to titrate the optimal replacement dose of l-thyroxine. The determination of thyroxine in serum is of secondary value for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:1217435", "title": "Long-term follow-up of patients with peripheral arterial obliterations treated with arterial surgery.", "content": "This paper presents the long-term results of 221 thrombendarterectomy operations during the period 1955-61, and of 86 femoro-popliteal venous bypass operations during the period 1961-64. The indication for surgery was in the majority of the patients disabling claudication. When pain at rest or ulceration was present, arterial reconstruction was performed even when the outlook for a lasting result was poor. Preoperatively a major amputation seemed inevitable in 31 limbs. Thirteen of these are considered to have been saved by the operation. After aortoiliac thrombendarterectomy patent arteries were found in 80% of the extremities after one year and in 48% after 10 years. Forty-five per cent of the extremities were patent on re-examination or remained patent until death. After fermoro-popliteal thrombendarterectomy, 61% of the arteries were patent after one year and 26% after 10 years. Thirty-nine per cent of the arteries were patent on re-examination or remained patent until death. After femoro-popliteal venous bypass, 88% of the grafts were patent after one year and 58% after 5 years. Forty-nine per cent of the grafts were patent on re-examination or remained patent until death. The postoperative mortality was small (4.4% after aortoiliac surgery and 2.0% after femoro-popliteal surgery), and mostly caused by widespread atherosclerosis in other parts of the arterial system. On re-examination 8 to 16 years after the operation, 63% of the patient were dead. Almost 50% of the deaths were caused by coronary heart disease, 17% by cerebrovascular catastrophes, and 13% by other manifestations of atherosclerotic disease. The results are discussed, and it is concluded that long-term results after vascular surgery may be favourable. Peripheral atherosclerosis is, however, a local manifestation of a generalized disease. The indications for reconstructive arterial surgery should therefore be relatively restricted.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of patients with peripheral arterial obliterations treated with arterial surgery. This paper presents the long-term results of 221 thrombendarterectomy operations during the period 1955-61, and of 86 femoro-popliteal venous bypass operations during the period 1961-64. The indication for surgery was in the majority of the patients disabling claudication. When pain at rest or ulceration was present, arterial reconstruction was performed even when the outlook for a lasting result was poor. Preoperatively a major amputation seemed inevitable in 31 limbs. Thirteen of these are considered to have been saved by the operation. After aortoiliac thrombendarterectomy patent arteries were found in 80% of the extremities after one year and in 48% after 10 years. Forty-five per cent of the extremities were patent on re-examination or remained patent until death. After fermoro-popliteal thrombendarterectomy, 61% of the arteries were patent after one year and 26% after 10 years. Thirty-nine per cent of the arteries were patent on re-examination or remained patent until death. After femoro-popliteal venous bypass, 88% of the grafts were patent after one year and 58% after 5 years. Forty-nine per cent of the grafts were patent on re-examination or remained patent until death. The postoperative mortality was small (4.4% after aortoiliac surgery and 2.0% after femoro-popliteal surgery), and mostly caused by widespread atherosclerosis in other parts of the arterial system. On re-examination 8 to 16 years after the operation, 63% of the patient were dead. Almost 50% of the deaths were caused by coronary heart disease, 17% by cerebrovascular catastrophes, and 13% by other manifestations of atherosclerotic disease. The results are discussed, and it is concluded that long-term results after vascular surgery may be favourable. Peripheral atherosclerosis is, however, a local manifestation of a generalized disease. The indications for reconstructive arterial surgery should therefore be relatively restricted."}
{"id": "PMID:1217436", "title": "Postoperative changes in bypass vein grafts and collateral arteries after femoropopliteal arterial reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Postoperative changes in the bypass veins and collateral arteries after femoropopliteal arterial reconstructive surgery were evaluated on the basis of control arteriographic studies. Arteriographies were made in 87 cases after venous bypass reconstruction. There were three aneurysms during the follow-up. Ten of the 69 patent bypass veins showed multiple stenotic lesions one to six months after surgery. It was assumed that these changes were caused by intimal hyperplasia. There was a statistically significant decrease in the size of the profunda femoris artery when the reconstruction was functioning at the time of control arteriography. However, no significant decrease was found in the group in which the reconstruction failed before one year postoperatively. Similar observations were made regarding the size and number of the midzone and re-entry collateral vessels.", "contents": "Postoperative changes in bypass vein grafts and collateral arteries after femoropopliteal arterial reconstructive surgery. Postoperative changes in the bypass veins and collateral arteries after femoropopliteal arterial reconstructive surgery were evaluated on the basis of control arteriographic studies. Arteriographies were made in 87 cases after venous bypass reconstruction. There were three aneurysms during the follow-up. Ten of the 69 patent bypass veins showed multiple stenotic lesions one to six months after surgery. It was assumed that these changes were caused by intimal hyperplasia. There was a statistically significant decrease in the size of the profunda femoris artery when the reconstruction was functioning at the time of control arteriography. However, no significant decrease was found in the group in which the reconstruction failed before one year postoperatively. Similar observations were made regarding the size and number of the midzone and re-entry collateral vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1217437", "title": "Development of portsoystemic shunts after subcutaneous and extraperitoneal transposition of resected spleen.", "content": "After subcutaneous transposition of the spleen in rats a rapid development of portosystemic collaterals occurs. It is demonstrated that variations in types and extent of splenic resection and in location after transposition lead to differences in collateral development. It is shown that the hilus portion of the spleen is the most important part to preserve. Extraperitonealization leads to less collateral development than does transposition to the subcutis.", "contents": "Development of portsoystemic shunts after subcutaneous and extraperitoneal transposition of resected spleen. After subcutaneous transposition of the spleen in rats a rapid development of portosystemic collaterals occurs. It is demonstrated that variations in types and extent of splenic resection and in location after transposition lead to differences in collateral development. It is shown that the hilus portion of the spleen is the most important part to preserve. Extraperitonealization leads to less collateral development than does transposition to the subcutis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217438", "title": "Bile peritonitis in acute cholecystitis.", "content": "In a series of 20 patients with bile peritonitis seen during a 15-year period, 15 were men and 5 women, with an average of 72 years. They represented 1.8% of 1123 patients with acute cholecystitis admitted during the same period. Three patients were not operated upon and all died, while 5 of 17 operated patients died. The high mortality rate is due to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Early operative treatment of acute cholecystitis should be resorted to whenever possible.", "contents": "Bile peritonitis in acute cholecystitis. In a series of 20 patients with bile peritonitis seen during a 15-year period, 15 were men and 5 women, with an average of 72 years. They represented 1.8% of 1123 patients with acute cholecystitis admitted during the same period. Three patients were not operated upon and all died, while 5 of 17 operated patients died. The high mortality rate is due to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Early operative treatment of acute cholecystitis should be resorted to whenever possible."}
{"id": "PMID:1217439", "title": "The role of scintigraphy in detection of liver metastases from gastrointestinal carcinomas.", "content": "In 61 patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas the results of liver scintigraphy with 99mTc sulphur colloid were correlated with the results from operations or autopsies. Agreement was obtained in 90% of patients. Compared with celiac angiographic findings, scintigraphy of the liver was considerably more reliable in indicating liver metastases of gastrointestinal carcinomas.", "contents": "The role of scintigraphy in detection of liver metastases from gastrointestinal carcinomas. In 61 patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas the results of liver scintigraphy with 99mTc sulphur colloid were correlated with the results from operations or autopsies. Agreement was obtained in 90% of patients. Compared with celiac angiographic findings, scintigraphy of the liver was considerably more reliable in indicating liver metastases of gastrointestinal carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:1217440", "title": "Congenital duodenal adhesions.", "content": "Four cases of congenital duodenal adhesions are reported. Primary treatment was the freeing of adhesions, but gastrojejunostomy was also necessary in one patient. The patients have now been followed for from 6 months to 3 1/2 years after operation, and are all well. Diagnois is difficult and can be confused with ulcer. In 2 patients, preoperative differential diagnois included duodenal adhesions, but the other 2 patients underwent laparotomy on the prospective diagnosis of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Congenital duodenal adhesions. Four cases of congenital duodenal adhesions are reported. Primary treatment was the freeing of adhesions, but gastrojejunostomy was also necessary in one patient. The patients have now been followed for from 6 months to 3 1/2 years after operation, and are all well. Diagnois is difficult and can be confused with ulcer. In 2 patients, preoperative differential diagnois included duodenal adhesions, but the other 2 patients underwent laparotomy on the prospective diagnosis of duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:1217441", "title": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. V. Blood circulation in moderately distended small bowel.", "content": "Feline small-bowel circulation was studied during in vitro homologous perfusion of denervated intestine upon artificial distension to 20 mmHg for a 60-minute period. Delayed compliance was observed, and distension evoked contractile bowel activity; each bowel contraction was accompanied by a decrease in blood-flow rate, whereas bowel relaxations coincided with augmentations of flow. Artificial distension diminished blood flow, denoting a 50-60% increase of regional vascular resistance, and elicited variable capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) responses, on the average a 45-50% reduction of the perfused capillary surface area, but did not affect the oxygen consumption rate. After release of the distension, the enhancement of vascular resistence persisted and even increased, whereas CFC returned to control level. Control experiments involving homologous perfusion but no artificial distension also featured some resistence augmentation and CFC reduction. The effects of homologous perfusion  on bowel haemodynamics and viability are discussed; though the experimental procedure may occasion some degree of haemodynamic impariment, present observations and previous reports suggest that bowel viability is not significantly affected. It is concluded from the present study that a sustained and moderate distension of nonobstructed feline small bowel, perfused in vitro, involves no threat to the microcirculation or the viability of the bowel.", "contents": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. V. Blood circulation in moderately distended small bowel. Feline small-bowel circulation was studied during in vitro homologous perfusion of denervated intestine upon artificial distension to 20 mmHg for a 60-minute period. Delayed compliance was observed, and distension evoked contractile bowel activity; each bowel contraction was accompanied by a decrease in blood-flow rate, whereas bowel relaxations coincided with augmentations of flow. Artificial distension diminished blood flow, denoting a 50-60% increase of regional vascular resistance, and elicited variable capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) responses, on the average a 45-50% reduction of the perfused capillary surface area, but did not affect the oxygen consumption rate. After release of the distension, the enhancement of vascular resistence persisted and even increased, whereas CFC returned to control level. Control experiments involving homologous perfusion but no artificial distension also featured some resistence augmentation and CFC reduction. The effects of homologous perfusion  on bowel haemodynamics and viability are discussed; though the experimental procedure may occasion some degree of haemodynamic impariment, present observations and previous reports suggest that bowel viability is not significantly affected. It is concluded from the present study that a sustained and moderate distension of nonobstructed feline small bowel, perfused in vitro, involves no threat to the microcirculation or the viability of the bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:1217442", "title": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. VI. Blood circulation in moderately distended small bowel after obstruction.", "content": "Feline small-bowel circulation was studied during in vitro homologous perfusion of denervated intestine after in vivo obstruction. The bowel specimens showed delayed compliance and, when compared with non-obstructed specimens, enhanced distensibility. Bowel specimens investigated during continuous distension had a normal regional vascular resistance and a normal capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) but a somewhat decreased oxygen utilization; artificial distension to 20 mmHg caused a resistance enhancement and a profound (80-90%) reduction of CFC but did not prevent oxygen consumption from attaining normal levels. An artificial distension occasions an augmentation of regional vascular resistance, whereas the distension caused by intestinal obstruction does not; the significance of this observation is discussed. Bowel specimens investigated after intra-operative decompression showed normal vascular resistance, normal CFC and normal oxygen consumption; artificial distension to 20 mmHg produced a resistance enhancement and a moderate (40-50%) reduction of CFC; oxygen consumption was not affected. Thus, an intra-operative decompression involves no augmentation of regional vascular resistance and seems to increase the ability of the capillary bed to withstand, with retained function, a renewed distension. After release of the distension, flow reduction and resistance enhancement persisted, whereas CFC returned to basal values in both groups of specimens; oxygen consumption remained on stable levels. It is emphasized that the persisting augmentation of resistance observed after decompression of the bowel is related to the in vitro situation, whereas in vivo intra-opertive decompression of obstructed bowel seems to involve no consequences of this kind. Some experiments featured fluid output to the gut lumen in the post-distension period; this observation is discussed. A normal rate of oxygen utilization accompanied the profound reduction of perfused capillary surface area noted in obstructed gut upon a moderate additional distension; possible mechanisms underlying this finding are discussed. It is concluded from the present study that a simple small-bowel obstruction, although not per se involving any serious threat to the bowel viability, renders the gut wall vulnerable to any further increment of distension or ischaemia. It is suggested that this is mainly the result of enhanced distensibility in the wall of the obstructed gut.", "contents": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. VI. Blood circulation in moderately distended small bowel after obstruction. Feline small-bowel circulation was studied during in vitro homologous perfusion of denervated intestine after in vivo obstruction. The bowel specimens showed delayed compliance and, when compared with non-obstructed specimens, enhanced distensibility. Bowel specimens investigated during continuous distension had a normal regional vascular resistance and a normal capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) but a somewhat decreased oxygen utilization; artificial distension to 20 mmHg caused a resistance enhancement and a profound (80-90%) reduction of CFC but did not prevent oxygen consumption from attaining normal levels. An artificial distension occasions an augmentation of regional vascular resistance, whereas the distension caused by intestinal obstruction does not; the significance of this observation is discussed. Bowel specimens investigated after intra-operative decompression showed normal vascular resistance, normal CFC and normal oxygen consumption; artificial distension to 20 mmHg produced a resistance enhancement and a moderate (40-50%) reduction of CFC; oxygen consumption was not affected. Thus, an intra-operative decompression involves no augmentation of regional vascular resistance and seems to increase the ability of the capillary bed to withstand, with retained function, a renewed distension. After release of the distension, flow reduction and resistance enhancement persisted, whereas CFC returned to basal values in both groups of specimens; oxygen consumption remained on stable levels. It is emphasized that the persisting augmentation of resistance observed after decompression of the bowel is related to the in vitro situation, whereas in vivo intra-opertive decompression of obstructed bowel seems to involve no consequences of this kind. Some experiments featured fluid output to the gut lumen in the post-distension period; this observation is discussed. A normal rate of oxygen utilization accompanied the profound reduction of perfused capillary surface area noted in obstructed gut upon a moderate additional distension; possible mechanisms underlying this finding are discussed. It is concluded from the present study that a simple small-bowel obstruction, although not per se involving any serious threat to the bowel viability, renders the gut wall vulnerable to any further increment of distension or ischaemia. It is suggested that this is mainly the result of enhanced distensibility in the wall of the obstructed gut."}
{"id": "PMID:1217443", "title": "Experimental ischaemia of the small intestine. Effect of antibiotic and antithrombotic drugs on the mucosal exchange circulation.", "content": "Factors of decisive importance for the fate of the intestine following circulatory occlusion incluse the bacterial flora of the intestine, intravascular thrombosis peripheral to the level of occlusion, and the capacity of the collateral circulation. Standardized ischaemia of the small intestine was produced in the rat by ligation of a given number of mesentric end arcades. The passive absorption of radioiodide from a defined, central loop within the ischaemic intestinal segment-as an expression of the exchange circulation of the intestinal mucosa-was determined 14 days after induction of the ischaemia. Different forms of treatment were studied. In Sprague-Dawley rats the effect of heparin, oxitetracycline (OCD) and a combination of these two drugs was examined both concerning the survival of the animals and with regard to the available exchange circulation in the mucosa of the ischaemic intestinal segment. The survival frequency was increased in all treatment groups. The exchange circulation in the ischaemic segment was improved significantly by ODC-treatment and by treatment with heparin and ODC combined. Treatment with heparin alone gave no improvement of the mucosal circulation.", "contents": "Experimental ischaemia of the small intestine. Effect of antibiotic and antithrombotic drugs on the mucosal exchange circulation. Factors of decisive importance for the fate of the intestine following circulatory occlusion incluse the bacterial flora of the intestine, intravascular thrombosis peripheral to the level of occlusion, and the capacity of the collateral circulation. Standardized ischaemia of the small intestine was produced in the rat by ligation of a given number of mesentric end arcades. The passive absorption of radioiodide from a defined, central loop within the ischaemic intestinal segment-as an expression of the exchange circulation of the intestinal mucosa-was determined 14 days after induction of the ischaemia. Different forms of treatment were studied. In Sprague-Dawley rats the effect of heparin, oxitetracycline (OCD) and a combination of these two drugs was examined both concerning the survival of the animals and with regard to the available exchange circulation in the mucosa of the ischaemic intestinal segment. The survival frequency was increased in all treatment groups. The exchange circulation in the ischaemic segment was improved significantly by ODC-treatment and by treatment with heparin and ODC combined. Treatment with heparin alone gave no improvement of the mucosal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217444", "title": "Early changes in the serum activity of ornithine carbamoyl transferase in patients operated on with a jejuno-ileal by-pass for extreme obesity.", "content": "In 13 patients operated on with jejuno-ileal shunting for extreme obesity the serum activity of ornithine-carbamoyl-transferase (S-OCT) was monitored. A rapid rise in the S-COT occurred and was observed at its peak between 2 and 8 hours after the operation. In 4 patients operated on for intestinal diseases much smaller rises in the S-OCT were noted. In a control group of 6 patients operated on for knee injuries, no changes of the S-OCT were noted after operation. The rise in the S-OCT is interpreted as a sign of liver cell damage of unknown cause in the patients with jejuno-ileal shunting.", "contents": "Early changes in the serum activity of ornithine carbamoyl transferase in patients operated on with a jejuno-ileal by-pass for extreme obesity. In 13 patients operated on with jejuno-ileal shunting for extreme obesity the serum activity of ornithine-carbamoyl-transferase (S-OCT) was monitored. A rapid rise in the S-COT occurred and was observed at its peak between 2 and 8 hours after the operation. In 4 patients operated on for intestinal diseases much smaller rises in the S-OCT were noted. In a control group of 6 patients operated on for knee injuries, no changes of the S-OCT were noted after operation. The rise in the S-OCT is interpreted as a sign of liver cell damage of unknown cause in the patients with jejuno-ileal shunting."}
{"id": "PMID:1217445", "title": "Some somatic complications after small intestinal bypass operations for obesity. Possible factors of significance in the incidence.", "content": "The complications after intestinal bypass operations in 103 massively obese subjects were recorded postoperatively for a maximum of 5 years. The surgical procedures were jejuno-ileostomy, end-to-side (op. I) in 35, and end-to-end with ileocaecostomy (op. II) in 68 cases. Wound dehiscence was the cause of the sole early postoperative death. The early complications found were those commonly seen after abdominal surgery, namely wound infection (n=24), wound dehiscence (n=5), anastomotic leak (n=2), leg thrombosis (n=2). One of the latter 2 patients probably also had pulmonary embolism. In 6 cases early intestinal obstruction occurred; 3 of them required reoperation. The late complications were divided into unspecific and specific in relation to the surgically induced malabsorption. Their incidence was analysed in 80 subjects observed for longer than 1.5 years after the operation. Unspecific late complications consisted of intestinal obstruction in 5 cases and incidional hernias in 18 cases. Intussusception was not seen. There seemed to be no increase in the incidence of gallstone disease or gastroduodenal ulcer after the operation. Specific late complications were electrolyte disturbances (ED) in 13, signs of liver injury (LI) in 9, urinary-tract calculi (UTC) in 15, and immunopathy (IM) in 19 cases. The IM group had skin rashes, arthralgia, and fever. Besides these somatic complications, a number of specific pyschictric complications were also observed (not published). Three subjects died after the operation with signs of liver insufficiency. The following factors were found to be of importance in the occurence of the specific complications ED and LI: 1. The presence of preoperative abnormalities in serum-electrolyte concentration and pathological liver tests, mainly occuring in the heavies patients. 2. Most ED and LI occurred during the period of main weight loss, in general during the first postoperative year. ED and LI did not appear after body weight had stabilised. 3. The rate of weight loss: ED and LI occurred, with a few exceptions, in the subjects with a rate of weight loss higher than 0.0130 weight-index units per week during the period of constant weight loss (see article).", "contents": "Some somatic complications after small intestinal bypass operations for obesity. Possible factors of significance in the incidence. The complications after intestinal bypass operations in 103 massively obese subjects were recorded postoperatively for a maximum of 5 years. The surgical procedures were jejuno-ileostomy, end-to-side (op. I) in 35, and end-to-end with ileocaecostomy (op. II) in 68 cases. Wound dehiscence was the cause of the sole early postoperative death. The early complications found were those commonly seen after abdominal surgery, namely wound infection (n=24), wound dehiscence (n=5), anastomotic leak (n=2), leg thrombosis (n=2). One of the latter 2 patients probably also had pulmonary embolism. In 6 cases early intestinal obstruction occurred; 3 of them required reoperation. The late complications were divided into unspecific and specific in relation to the surgically induced malabsorption. Their incidence was analysed in 80 subjects observed for longer than 1.5 years after the operation. Unspecific late complications consisted of intestinal obstruction in 5 cases and incidional hernias in 18 cases. Intussusception was not seen. There seemed to be no increase in the incidence of gallstone disease or gastroduodenal ulcer after the operation. Specific late complications were electrolyte disturbances (ED) in 13, signs of liver injury (LI) in 9, urinary-tract calculi (UTC) in 15, and immunopathy (IM) in 19 cases. The IM group had skin rashes, arthralgia, and fever. Besides these somatic complications, a number of specific pyschictric complications were also observed (not published). Three subjects died after the operation with signs of liver insufficiency. The following factors were found to be of importance in the occurence of the specific complications ED and LI: 1. The presence of preoperative abnormalities in serum-electrolyte concentration and pathological liver tests, mainly occuring in the heavies patients. 2. Most ED and LI occurred during the period of main weight loss, in general during the first postoperative year. ED and LI did not appear after body weight had stabilised. 3. The rate of weight loss: ED and LI occurred, with a few exceptions, in the subjects with a rate of weight loss higher than 0.0130 weight-index units per week during the period of constant weight loss (see article)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217446", "title": "Aspects on appendiceal abscess in children with special reference to delayed appendectomy.", "content": "A series of 52 children with appendiceal abscess is presented. The general policy of treatment was initially conservative regime followed by delayed elective appendectomy. Ten patients had a recurrence before appendectomy was performed. In 2 patients, potentially malignant conditions were discovered at appendectomy. There were no significant postoperative complications. Delayed elective appendectomy is recommended after an interval of 4-6 weeks.", "contents": "Aspects on appendiceal abscess in children with special reference to delayed appendectomy. A series of 52 children with appendiceal abscess is presented. The general policy of treatment was initially conservative regime followed by delayed elective appendectomy. Ten patients had a recurrence before appendectomy was performed. In 2 patients, potentially malignant conditions were discovered at appendectomy. There were no significant postoperative complications. Delayed elective appendectomy is recommended after an interval of 4-6 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:1217447", "title": "Volvulus of the right colon. A review of 30 cases with special reference to late results of various surgical procedures.", "content": "A series of 30 patients with volvulus of the right colon is reviewed. The patients were followed up 1-25 years after treatment, and the late results after various surgical procedures were assessed. There were no recurrences after hemicolectomy. Detorsion without caecoplexy showed the same late result as that found in patients treated conservatively. The late result of detorsion with caecopexy was intermediate between those achieved with hemicolectomy and detorsion without caecopexy.", "contents": "Volvulus of the right colon. A review of 30 cases with special reference to late results of various surgical procedures. A series of 30 patients with volvulus of the right colon is reviewed. The patients were followed up 1-25 years after treatment, and the late results after various surgical procedures were assessed. There were no recurrences after hemicolectomy. Detorsion without caecoplexy showed the same late result as that found in patients treated conservatively. The late result of detorsion with caecopexy was intermediate between those achieved with hemicolectomy and detorsion without caecopexy."}
{"id": "PMID:1217448", "title": "Cystic adventitial degeneration of the popliteal artery. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of cystic adventitial degeneration of the popliteal artery is described. This is an unusual cause of intermittent claudication, but the diagnosis should be suspected in young persons, especially men, where the arteriogram shows a stenosis due to compression and arteriosclerotic changes are not demonstrable. A brief review of the literature on the condition, diagnosis, and treatment is given.", "contents": "Cystic adventitial degeneration of the popliteal artery. Report of a case. A case of cystic adventitial degeneration of the popliteal artery is described. This is an unusual cause of intermittent claudication, but the diagnosis should be suspected in young persons, especially men, where the arteriogram shows a stenosis due to compression and arteriosclerotic changes are not demonstrable. A brief review of the literature on the condition, diagnosis, and treatment is given."}
{"id": "PMID:1217449", "title": "Enterolith obstruction of the ileum as a complication of jejunal diverticulitis. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of intestinal obstruction due to impaction of an enterolith in the distal ileum is reported. The patient had jejunal diverticulosis. One of the diverticula showed evidence of acute inflammation and another showed signs of fibrosis suggesting previous inflammation. Apparently the enterolith had been released from the acutely inflamed diverticulum. One of the diverticula contained a smaller enterolith. The impacted enterolith was removed by enterotomy and the smaller one milked into the intestine. Chemical analysis of the removed stone showed that it consisted of mainly cholic, desoxycholic and fatty acids.", "contents": "Enterolith obstruction of the ileum as a complication of jejunal diverticulitis. Report of a case. A case of intestinal obstruction due to impaction of an enterolith in the distal ileum is reported. The patient had jejunal diverticulosis. One of the diverticula showed evidence of acute inflammation and another showed signs of fibrosis suggesting previous inflammation. Apparently the enterolith had been released from the acutely inflamed diverticulum. One of the diverticula contained a smaller enterolith. The impacted enterolith was removed by enterotomy and the smaller one milked into the intestine. Chemical analysis of the removed stone showed that it consisted of mainly cholic, desoxycholic and fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1217450", "title": "The effects of chemical occlusion of vas deferens on the testicular function of dog: a preliminary study.", "content": "A new approach to rapid male sterilization was studies by giving a single injection of sclerosing chemical agents (10% silvernitrate, 3.6% Formaldehyde in ehanol, 5% potassium permagnate, 100% ethanol, and 3.6% Formaldehyde) directly into the vas deferens to determine whether blocking the vas has any adverse effects on the testicular function. 2 - Chemical occlusion of vas is quite effective in producing a block in the vas deferens of dogs. 3 - Ethanol injection in the vas deferens caused an atrophy of the testis. Extensive necrossis and exfoliation of the seminiferous elements were conspicuous. These changes increased in severity in 3.6% Formaldehyde in ethanol, 5% potassium permagnate, and 10% silver nitrate solution injected dogs. 4 - Decrease in the testicular contents of RNA, Protein and sialic acid, four weeks after vas occlusion were associated with degenerative changes of the spermatogenic elements. 5 - Testicular cholesterol and total lipids were increased following vas occlusion. 6 - Reduced sialic acid levels in the testis of vas occluded dogs indicates an inhibition of androgen production, which is further reflected in reduced leydig cell function. 7 - The role of vas deferens in determining the fate of a given testis is being discussed.", "contents": "The effects of chemical occlusion of vas deferens on the testicular function of dog: a preliminary study. A new approach to rapid male sterilization was studies by giving a single injection of sclerosing chemical agents (10% silvernitrate, 3.6% Formaldehyde in ehanol, 5% potassium permagnate, 100% ethanol, and 3.6% Formaldehyde) directly into the vas deferens to determine whether blocking the vas has any adverse effects on the testicular function. 2 - Chemical occlusion of vas is quite effective in producing a block in the vas deferens of dogs. 3 - Ethanol injection in the vas deferens caused an atrophy of the testis. Extensive necrossis and exfoliation of the seminiferous elements were conspicuous. These changes increased in severity in 3.6% Formaldehyde in ethanol, 5% potassium permagnate, and 10% silver nitrate solution injected dogs. 4 - Decrease in the testicular contents of RNA, Protein and sialic acid, four weeks after vas occlusion were associated with degenerative changes of the spermatogenic elements. 5 - Testicular cholesterol and total lipids were increased following vas occlusion. 6 - Reduced sialic acid levels in the testis of vas occluded dogs indicates an inhibition of androgen production, which is further reflected in reduced leydig cell function. 7 - The role of vas deferens in determining the fate of a given testis is being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217451", "title": "The concentration of testosterone in serial samples  of peripheral venous plasma from infertile women.", "content": "The concentration of testosterone has been determined in daily samples of peripheral venous plasma throughout one complete menstrual cycle from each of 4 women with regular, but anovulatory cycles (Group 1) and 13 apparently normal, but infertile women (Group 2). The individual patterns and combined values have been compared with those obtained from 9 healthy volunteers (Group 3), who appeared to satisfy strict criteria for normal ovarian and uterine function. The menstrual cycles from subjects in groups 2 and 3 were subdivided retrospectively into follicular, periovulatory and luteal phases according to the day of the LH peak. The results show that the values for every subject in Group 1 tended to remain relatively costant and the overall concentration (32.3 +/- 10.4; ng/100ml; mean +/- SD) was significantly lower (P less than 0,05, student's \"t\" test) than the corresponding figure for Group 3 (41.6 +/- 11.8). The patterns of testosterone in Groups 2 and 3 were variable, but the overall concentrations in Group 2 during the periovulatory phase (53.7 +/- 12.7) was significantly higher (P less than 0.025) than the corresponding value (41.9 +/- 11.9) for Group 3. The findings are discussed.", "contents": "The concentration of testosterone in serial samples  of peripheral venous plasma from infertile women. The concentration of testosterone has been determined in daily samples of peripheral venous plasma throughout one complete menstrual cycle from each of 4 women with regular, but anovulatory cycles (Group 1) and 13 apparently normal, but infertile women (Group 2). The individual patterns and combined values have been compared with those obtained from 9 healthy volunteers (Group 3), who appeared to satisfy strict criteria for normal ovarian and uterine function. The menstrual cycles from subjects in groups 2 and 3 were subdivided retrospectively into follicular, periovulatory and luteal phases according to the day of the LH peak. The results show that the values for every subject in Group 1 tended to remain relatively costant and the overall concentration (32.3 +/- 10.4; ng/100ml; mean +/- SD) was significantly lower (P less than 0,05, student's \"t\" test) than the corresponding figure for Group 3 (41.6 +/- 11.8). The patterns of testosterone in Groups 2 and 3 were variable, but the overall concentrations in Group 2 during the periovulatory phase (53.7 +/- 12.7) was significantly higher (P less than 0.025) than the corresponding value (41.9 +/- 11.9) for Group 3. The findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217452", "title": "Biochemical and histological changes in testes and epididymis of dog after vasectomy.", "content": "1. Changes in the histological structure and biochemical composition have been studied in the testes and epididymis of dog after unilateral and bilateral vasectomies. 2. Testes and epididymis weight did not change after 30 days of unilateral vasectomy. Whereas a significant decrease was observed after 60 and 120 days of unilateral and bilateral vasectomy. Tests and epididymis weights returned to normal after 180 days of bilateral vasectomy. 3. Histologically testes and epididymis were normal after 30 days of vasectomy. After 60 and 120 days of unilateral and bilateral vasectomy. Testes and generative changes. Seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclear diameter reduced. Sixty to seventy percent tubules recover after 180 days of bilateral vasectomy. 4. Decrease in RNA, protein, sialic acid contents and increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, total lipids, cholesterol coincided with the absence of spermatozoa and atrophic changes in the testes. 5. The early degenerative changes were caused due to back pressure of testicular fluid (Vare et al, 1973).", "contents": "Biochemical and histological changes in testes and epididymis of dog after vasectomy. 1. Changes in the histological structure and biochemical composition have been studied in the testes and epididymis of dog after unilateral and bilateral vasectomies. 2. Testes and epididymis weight did not change after 30 days of unilateral vasectomy. Whereas a significant decrease was observed after 60 and 120 days of unilateral and bilateral vasectomy. Tests and epididymis weights returned to normal after 180 days of bilateral vasectomy. 3. Histologically testes and epididymis were normal after 30 days of vasectomy. After 60 and 120 days of unilateral and bilateral vasectomy. Testes and generative changes. Seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclear diameter reduced. Sixty to seventy percent tubules recover after 180 days of bilateral vasectomy. 4. Decrease in RNA, protein, sialic acid contents and increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, total lipids, cholesterol coincided with the absence of spermatozoa and atrophic changes in the testes. 5. The early degenerative changes were caused due to back pressure of testicular fluid (Vare et al, 1973)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217457", "title": "Neurogenic control of muscle ribosomal protein synthesis.", "content": "In vitro protein synthesis of ribosomes extracted from leg muscles of 20 Sprague-Dawley rats denervated 3 and 14 days (high sciatic transections) and 10 control rats was studied. The concentration/mg protein of total ribosomes extracted from the 14-day denervated muscle showed a significant increase. Distribution of muscle polyribosomes on sucrose density gradients was normal in all cases. Noncollagen protein synthesis of the heavy polyribosomes from both early and late denervated muscles showed a significant decrease. SDS polyacrylamide gels suggested that this decrease affected the synthesis of heavy chains of myosin, while the light chains of myosin, actin and tropomyosin had normal structure and amounts. Collagen synthesis of heavy polyribosomes showed slight to moderate increase in only 50 per cent of the cases. Supplementation of ribosomes extracted from denervated muscles with normal muscle soluble enzymes increased their noncollagen synthesis by 66 per cent. This suggests that the neurogenic control of ribosomal protein synthesis is accomplished by hormonal trophic substances contained in the muscle soluble enzymes.", "contents": "Neurogenic control of muscle ribosomal protein synthesis. In vitro protein synthesis of ribosomes extracted from leg muscles of 20 Sprague-Dawley rats denervated 3 and 14 days (high sciatic transections) and 10 control rats was studied. The concentration/mg protein of total ribosomes extracted from the 14-day denervated muscle showed a significant increase. Distribution of muscle polyribosomes on sucrose density gradients was normal in all cases. Noncollagen protein synthesis of the heavy polyribosomes from both early and late denervated muscles showed a significant decrease. SDS polyacrylamide gels suggested that this decrease affected the synthesis of heavy chains of myosin, while the light chains of myosin, actin and tropomyosin had normal structure and amounts. Collagen synthesis of heavy polyribosomes showed slight to moderate increase in only 50 per cent of the cases. Supplementation of ribosomes extracted from denervated muscles with normal muscle soluble enzymes increased their noncollagen synthesis by 66 per cent. This suggests that the neurogenic control of ribosomal protein synthesis is accomplished by hormonal trophic substances contained in the muscle soluble enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:1217458", "title": "Whiplash: chronic organic brain syndrome without hydrocephalus ex vacuo.", "content": "Eleven patients who had sustained whiplash injuries to the neck were studied by pneumo-encephalography, by a variety of psychological tests, and by psychiatric evaluation with a view to assessing whether organic CNS changes might, in some cases, be a consequence of such injuries. Patients with traumatic encephalopathy, and age- and sex-matched groups of patients served as control groups. Pneumoencephalography showed normal findings in the whiplash group as a whole, the width of the ventricular system being significantly smaller than that of patients with traumatic encephalopathy. Psychological tests and psychiatric evaluation indicated that organic brain pathology was present in the whiplash patients, although to a lesser extent than in patients with traumatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Whiplash: chronic organic brain syndrome without hydrocephalus ex vacuo. Eleven patients who had sustained whiplash injuries to the neck were studied by pneumo-encephalography, by a variety of psychological tests, and by psychiatric evaluation with a view to assessing whether organic CNS changes might, in some cases, be a consequence of such injuries. Patients with traumatic encephalopathy, and age- and sex-matched groups of patients served as control groups. Pneumoencephalography showed normal findings in the whiplash group as a whole, the width of the ventricular system being significantly smaller than that of patients with traumatic encephalopathy. Psychological tests and psychiatric evaluation indicated that organic brain pathology was present in the whiplash patients, although to a lesser extent than in patients with traumatic encephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1217459", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: relation to scrapie and slow infection; ageing and measles.", "content": "Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is shown to have no relation to scrapie and the evidence for a \"slow infective\" aetiology is very meagre. It is not related to an ageing process during which scrapie-like antigens make their appearance as they do in young animal with the disease. The emergence of scrapie-like antigens in ageing tissues is discussed. The increased sensitization of MS lymphocytes to scrapie, as opposed to normal brain (or spleen), is not characteristic of the disease, but occurs in other conditions with astroglial overgrowth. On the other hand, special lymphocyte sensitivity to inhibition by linoleic acid is limited to MS (and not shared by scrapie). The familial background of MS is briefly discussed, and an important line of study which might bring together classical genetic markers, HLA studies, and linoleic acid lymphocyte study is indicated. The role commonly ascribed to measles is critically reviewed. Measles may be of special importance in one (childhood-acquired) group of MS subjects, but there is no evidence of a special role in most cases. Raised antibodies to viruses other than measles have, however, been described. It is concluded that an immunological mechanism is still the most likely \"final common path\" by which MS lesions develop.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: relation to scrapie and slow infection; ageing and measles. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is shown to have no relation to scrapie and the evidence for a \"slow infective\" aetiology is very meagre. It is not related to an ageing process during which scrapie-like antigens make their appearance as they do in young animal with the disease. The emergence of scrapie-like antigens in ageing tissues is discussed. The increased sensitization of MS lymphocytes to scrapie, as opposed to normal brain (or spleen), is not characteristic of the disease, but occurs in other conditions with astroglial overgrowth. On the other hand, special lymphocyte sensitivity to inhibition by linoleic acid is limited to MS (and not shared by scrapie). The familial background of MS is briefly discussed, and an important line of study which might bring together classical genetic markers, HLA studies, and linoleic acid lymphocyte study is indicated. The role commonly ascribed to measles is critically reviewed. Measles may be of special importance in one (childhood-acquired) group of MS subjects, but there is no evidence of a special role in most cases. Raised antibodies to viruses other than measles have, however, been described. It is concluded that an immunological mechanism is still the most likely \"final common path\" by which MS lesions develop."}
{"id": "PMID:1217460", "title": "Pneumoencephalographic and clinical characteristics of diffuse cerebral atrophy.", "content": "The clinical features in 268 patients with diffuse cerebral atrophy of initially unknown origin have been analysed. Pneumoencephalography showed supratentorial ventricular atrophy in 87 per cent (cortical in 71 per cent), and brain stem and/or cerebellar atrophy in 17 per cent of the patients. Epileptic seizures, dizziness and clumsiness were the most frequent initial symptoms. Vibration in work, psychic impairment, gait difficulties, co-ordinative dysfunction, excessive use of alcohol, and arterial hypertension dominated the clinical picture. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and beta-globulins in the cerebrospinal fluid protein electrophoresis were normal. Diffuse cerebral atrophy without defined cause appears to affect all parts of the brain, with particular predilection for the frontotemporal area and the left side, and to have diffuse and unspecific clinical characteristics.", "contents": "Pneumoencephalographic and clinical characteristics of diffuse cerebral atrophy. The clinical features in 268 patients with diffuse cerebral atrophy of initially unknown origin have been analysed. Pneumoencephalography showed supratentorial ventricular atrophy in 87 per cent (cortical in 71 per cent), and brain stem and/or cerebellar atrophy in 17 per cent of the patients. Epileptic seizures, dizziness and clumsiness were the most frequent initial symptoms. Vibration in work, psychic impairment, gait difficulties, co-ordinative dysfunction, excessive use of alcohol, and arterial hypertension dominated the clinical picture. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and beta-globulins in the cerebrospinal fluid protein electrophoresis were normal. Diffuse cerebral atrophy without defined cause appears to affect all parts of the brain, with particular predilection for the frontotemporal area and the left side, and to have diffuse and unspecific clinical characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:1217461", "title": "Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the central nervous system.", "content": "A case of primary rhabdomyosarcoma in the brain stem is described in an 8 year old girl. The clinical data showed a right side hemiplegia then a total paralysis of the left sixth cranial nerve and a paraplegia which became lethal in 3 months. The necrospy revealed a tumoral nodule in the left medulla oblongata and pons with diffuse subarachnoidal extension from the cranial nerves to the cauda equine roots. Histologically the tumor appeared to be polymorph with numerous rhabdomyoblasts which had a clear cross striation and which were sometimes less differentiated without any neuronal or glial elements. Perivascular tumoral cells and blood vessels were closely linked, the Virchow-Robin spaces were clearly involved. The electron microscopic study confirmed that the less differentiated cells were of a rhabdomyoblastic nature. A review of the litterature indicates that these malignant neoplasias are highly exceptional, and can be classified within the group of primary tumors of the neuraxis with muscular elements. The histogenetic origin of these tumors appears to be the ectomesenchyme of neural crests.", "contents": "Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the central nervous system. A case of primary rhabdomyosarcoma in the brain stem is described in an 8 year old girl. The clinical data showed a right side hemiplegia then a total paralysis of the left sixth cranial nerve and a paraplegia which became lethal in 3 months. The necrospy revealed a tumoral nodule in the left medulla oblongata and pons with diffuse subarachnoidal extension from the cranial nerves to the cauda equine roots. Histologically the tumor appeared to be polymorph with numerous rhabdomyoblasts which had a clear cross striation and which were sometimes less differentiated without any neuronal or glial elements. Perivascular tumoral cells and blood vessels were closely linked, the Virchow-Robin spaces were clearly involved. The electron microscopic study confirmed that the less differentiated cells were of a rhabdomyoblastic nature. A review of the litterature indicates that these malignant neoplasias are highly exceptional, and can be classified within the group of primary tumors of the neuraxis with muscular elements. The histogenetic origin of these tumors appears to be the ectomesenchyme of neural crests."}
{"id": "PMID:1217462", "title": "Obstetrics and perinatal medicine in Iceland 1881-1971, with a detailed report on deliveries in Iceland 1972-1974.", "content": "Chapter I describes the adoption of a new certificate of the outcome of pregnancy in Iceland and Iceland's participation in a feasibility study of the registration of pregnancies and their outcome in cooperation with WHO. New maternity and infant forms adopted in 1972 are described and their effect on antenatal control and the coordination of the registration of deliveries and their outcome explained. Chapter II offers a survey of population growth in Iceland since 1881. Data concerning birth-rate and death-rate from 1881-1971 are given, together with data on perinatal mortality. The perinatal mortality rate is shown year by year from 1951 to 1971 and maternal death from 1881-1970. There follows a description of the development of birth institutions in Iceland and the chapter is concluded by data on maternal age since the turn of the century. Chapter III shows processing of data for the years 1972-1974. Tables and diagrams demonstrate the distribution of deliveries in Iceland, the distribution of first births according to mothers age, the marital status of Icelandic mothers, the relation between marital status and the number of deliveries, years of mothers education, parity in Iceland, gestational length, the relation between the number of antenatal visits and perinatal mortality. Tables further demonstrate registered complications of pregnancy and delivery. The sex, weight and bodylength of newborns are discussed. Also tabulations of registered infant diagnoses. At the conclusion of the report, the advantages and disadvantages brought to light by the data processing and expected improvements and future processing are discussed.", "contents": "Obstetrics and perinatal medicine in Iceland 1881-1971, with a detailed report on deliveries in Iceland 1972-1974. Chapter I describes the adoption of a new certificate of the outcome of pregnancy in Iceland and Iceland's participation in a feasibility study of the registration of pregnancies and their outcome in cooperation with WHO. New maternity and infant forms adopted in 1972 are described and their effect on antenatal control and the coordination of the registration of deliveries and their outcome explained. Chapter II offers a survey of population growth in Iceland since 1881. Data concerning birth-rate and death-rate from 1881-1971 are given, together with data on perinatal mortality. The perinatal mortality rate is shown year by year from 1951 to 1971 and maternal death from 1881-1970. There follows a description of the development of birth institutions in Iceland and the chapter is concluded by data on maternal age since the turn of the century. Chapter III shows processing of data for the years 1972-1974. Tables and diagrams demonstrate the distribution of deliveries in Iceland, the distribution of first births according to mothers age, the marital status of Icelandic mothers, the relation between marital status and the number of deliveries, years of mothers education, parity in Iceland, gestational length, the relation between the number of antenatal visits and perinatal mortality. Tables further demonstrate registered complications of pregnancy and delivery. The sex, weight and bodylength of newborns are discussed. Also tabulations of registered infant diagnoses. At the conclusion of the report, the advantages and disadvantages brought to light by the data processing and expected improvements and future processing are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217479", "title": "[Evaluating the therapeutic effect of aerosol therapy in allergic rhinopathy].", "content": "The authors describe a simple technique of anterior rhinomanometry. This technique in combination with a allergen aerosol provocation represents a functional test of the nose. The advantage of the method is the fact that in allergic people the provocation reacts directly on the shock tissues, representing a sure and repeatable method of diagnosis.", "contents": "[Evaluating the therapeutic effect of aerosol therapy in allergic rhinopathy]. The authors describe a simple technique of anterior rhinomanometry. This technique in combination with a allergen aerosol provocation represents a functional test of the nose. The advantage of the method is the fact that in allergic people the provocation reacts directly on the shock tissues, representing a sure and repeatable method of diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217480", "title": "[Resorption of depot cortisone after its submucosal injection in the nasal concha].", "content": "Injections of \"depot\" steroid preparations in the nasal mucosa are frequently used for allergic disorders. We felt it would be interesting to study the fate of these injections. Indeed, a microscopic section through the nasal concha shows a tremendous amount of large vessels and it seems possible that a quantity of the injection enters the general blood stream. The difficulties in obraining radioactive cortisone made us choose the red blood cell as a tracer. They have the same dimensions as the cortisone crystals used in the depot preparations, and are a much used tool in a department of nuclear medicine. Mostly they are marked with radioactive chromium. We modified the technique used for the determination of the blood volume by a dilution method. In this technique radioactive blood is injected and the dilution allows for calculation of the whole blood mass. We injected the radioactive blood into the nasal concha and we searched for these radioactive erythrocytes in the circulation. This gave us an idea of the total amount that escaped from the concha. Blood was taken from a patient and marked by the department of nuclear medicine; it was then injected in the concha in the way a depository cortisone preparation is injected, and after several moments blood was taken from an arm vein and the radioactivity measured. Relying upon a normal blood volume in our patient, we were able to calculate the amount that went into the circulation. As the chart shows, there is a very fast increase and after 15 minutes, practically everything was in the blood stream. Thus we conclude: 1. Intra-nasal injections of cortisone are no more useful than intra-muscular ones. 2. Some reactions after this intranasal injections could be explained by the enmasse embolisation of the crystal suspension.", "contents": "[Resorption of depot cortisone after its submucosal injection in the nasal concha]. Injections of \"depot\" steroid preparations in the nasal mucosa are frequently used for allergic disorders. We felt it would be interesting to study the fate of these injections. Indeed, a microscopic section through the nasal concha shows a tremendous amount of large vessels and it seems possible that a quantity of the injection enters the general blood stream. The difficulties in obraining radioactive cortisone made us choose the red blood cell as a tracer. They have the same dimensions as the cortisone crystals used in the depot preparations, and are a much used tool in a department of nuclear medicine. Mostly they are marked with radioactive chromium. We modified the technique used for the determination of the blood volume by a dilution method. In this technique radioactive blood is injected and the dilution allows for calculation of the whole blood mass. We injected the radioactive blood into the nasal concha and we searched for these radioactive erythrocytes in the circulation. This gave us an idea of the total amount that escaped from the concha. Blood was taken from a patient and marked by the department of nuclear medicine; it was then injected in the concha in the way a depository cortisone preparation is injected, and after several moments blood was taken from an arm vein and the radioactivity measured. Relying upon a normal blood volume in our patient, we were able to calculate the amount that went into the circulation. As the chart shows, there is a very fast increase and after 15 minutes, practically everything was in the blood stream. Thus we conclude: 1. Intra-nasal injections of cortisone are no more useful than intra-muscular ones. 2. Some reactions after this intranasal injections could be explained by the enmasse embolisation of the crystal suspension."}
{"id": "PMID:1217482", "title": "[Exploration of eustachian tube permeability by salpingomanometry].", "content": "In order to appreciate the permeability of the Eustachian tube the authors measure the rhino-pharyngal pressure necessary to induce the opening of the tube. This opening is obtained by Valsalva method or by a deglutition associated to an overpressure. The measures are realized on divers, the majority of them never suffered before from any barotraumatic trouble. The modifications of pressure produced in the middle ear during the tubal opening are demonstrated by recording the correspondant variations of the tympano-ossicular compliance. By performing the Valsalva, we have better results than those obtained by actively clearing of the ears associated to a rhino-pharyngal overpressure. The method is of easy and quick apply. We consider as normal the levels of the forcing pressure ranging below 90 cm H2O.", "contents": "[Exploration of eustachian tube permeability by salpingomanometry]. In order to appreciate the permeability of the Eustachian tube the authors measure the rhino-pharyngal pressure necessary to induce the opening of the tube. This opening is obtained by Valsalva method or by a deglutition associated to an overpressure. The measures are realized on divers, the majority of them never suffered before from any barotraumatic trouble. The modifications of pressure produced in the middle ear during the tubal opening are demonstrated by recording the correspondant variations of the tympano-ossicular compliance. By performing the Valsalva, we have better results than those obtained by actively clearing of the ears associated to a rhino-pharyngal overpressure. The method is of easy and quick apply. We consider as normal the levels of the forcing pressure ranging below 90 cm H2O."}
{"id": "PMID:1217483", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of a case of anterior adhesion of the vocal cords].", "content": "A case of synechia laryngis of the vocal cords is presented. Etiology and treatment of this pathological condition are reviewed. For the present case the synechia seems to have been caused by an acute recurring laryngitis. A teflon oval sectionned tube is placed in the anterior commissure and anchored through the prelaryngeal skin, until epithelisation has occurred. This method is compared with other similar techniques.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of a case of anterior adhesion of the vocal cords]. A case of synechia laryngis of the vocal cords is presented. Etiology and treatment of this pathological condition are reviewed. For the present case the synechia seems to have been caused by an acute recurring laryngitis. A teflon oval sectionned tube is placed in the anterior commissure and anchored through the prelaryngeal skin, until epithelisation has occurred. This method is compared with other similar techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:1217485", "title": "[Development of auditory threshold in the 1st weeks after stapes surgery. Study of 50 cases].", "content": "We have treated 50 cases of otosclerosis by transplatinary piston. We made a statistical study of the recuperation modalities concerning frequency and time. The highest hearing gain was obtained each time between 250 cps and 500 cps. The maximum hearing recuperation occurs usually, three weeks after the intervention for the lower and mid-frequencies, two months for the higher frequencies. Finally we have noticed that the intervention was helpful as well for the opposite ear as for the operated one.", "contents": "[Development of auditory threshold in the 1st weeks after stapes surgery. Study of 50 cases]. We have treated 50 cases of otosclerosis by transplatinary piston. We made a statistical study of the recuperation modalities concerning frequency and time. The highest hearing gain was obtained each time between 250 cps and 500 cps. The maximum hearing recuperation occurs usually, three weeks after the intervention for the lower and mid-frequencies, two months for the higher frequencies. Finally we have noticed that the intervention was helpful as well for the opposite ear as for the operated one."}
{"id": "PMID:1217489", "title": "[A case of a naso-sinus meningoencephalocele].", "content": "Beginning with a very vulgar symptomatology evoking with an adult, free from traumatic antecedents, a left ethmoido-maxillo-choanal polyp, the anatomo-pathologic survey of the lump, cutted out without incident, by the maxillary sinus (Caldwell-Luc), revealed the presence of zone of cerebral texture. The complaints of aqueous rhinorrhea increased and aggraved with diverse neuro-radiologic investigations enabled to state diagnostic of meningoencephalocele through ethmoidal left forepart osseous breach that was found and stopped up after by intracranial way. After this observation, the authors, looking at some generalities about meningoencephaloceles, insist on the frequency of the first manifestations generally from the first childhood, on the precious interest of the radiology in order to detect the osseous dehiscence and on the importance of neurosurgical exploration by intracranial mean before any endeavor of biopsy or of extraction of the lump by natural way. The originality of the reported case consist in the lack of symptomatology and in the late apparition of it, in the absence of septic meningitis complications after the extraction of the growth by low way (post-operative antibiotherapy), in the extention, unusual for the pharyngo-nasal kind of the cerebral hernia, into the maxillary sinus.", "contents": "[A case of a naso-sinus meningoencephalocele]. Beginning with a very vulgar symptomatology evoking with an adult, free from traumatic antecedents, a left ethmoido-maxillo-choanal polyp, the anatomo-pathologic survey of the lump, cutted out without incident, by the maxillary sinus (Caldwell-Luc), revealed the presence of zone of cerebral texture. The complaints of aqueous rhinorrhea increased and aggraved with diverse neuro-radiologic investigations enabled to state diagnostic of meningoencephalocele through ethmoidal left forepart osseous breach that was found and stopped up after by intracranial way. After this observation, the authors, looking at some generalities about meningoencephaloceles, insist on the frequency of the first manifestations generally from the first childhood, on the precious interest of the radiology in order to detect the osseous dehiscence and on the importance of neurosurgical exploration by intracranial mean before any endeavor of biopsy or of extraction of the lump by natural way. The originality of the reported case consist in the lack of symptomatology and in the late apparition of it, in the absence of septic meningitis complications after the extraction of the growth by low way (post-operative antibiotherapy), in the extention, unusual for the pharyngo-nasal kind of the cerebral hernia, into the maxillary sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:1217512", "title": "[Prospects of psychiatric research in Latin America].", "content": "The authors analyze the needs for research in Latin America and Assess the feasility of several implementations to meet the needs. A review is made of research work already completed or under ay, stressing the scarcity of full-time researchers, and part-time ones, the difficulties for establishing research teams and for creating the most suitable environmental conditions and training facilities. Lack of research planning is only aggrevating the general conditions, and impairing the performance of individual or group researchers, reducing their possibilities of integrating comprehensive programs. The financial aspects are similarly strained. Small participation of official agencies in financing pure of applied research, is at the roots...", "contents": "[Prospects of psychiatric research in Latin America]. The authors analyze the needs for research in Latin America and Assess the feasility of several implementations to meet the needs. A review is made of research work already completed or under ay, stressing the scarcity of full-time researchers, and part-time ones, the difficulties for establishing research teams and for creating the most suitable environmental conditions and training facilities. Lack of research planning is only aggrevating the general conditions, and impairing the performance of individual or group researchers, reducing their possibilities of integrating comprehensive programs. The financial aspects are similarly strained. Small participation of official agencies in financing pure of applied research, is at the roots..."}
{"id": "PMID:1217513", "title": "[Psychodiagnosis as a therapeutic measure].", "content": "This paper attempts at filling a gap in books and articles dealing with psychologycal diagnosis techniques and methods of psychotherapy. The conditions most suitable for a correct handling of the steps prior and following psychologycal tests, are proposed. Any clinical situation involving investigation of symptoms, productive potential, and aiming at assessing levels of health or sickness, diagnosis or prognosis, is bound to give rise to increased anxiety, normal and pathologycal. We propose that previous to such an examination the patient should undergo some kind of preparation including brief information about types of tests to be used, and the working out of some of the patient's anxieties. As to the best way to handle the evaluation of those studies we agree with the criteruim that patients should receive information that should be offered through a dialogue and ajusted to the level of endurance or tolerance the patients involved are likely to possess. The paper includes a guideline for bringing back to the patient the information and several clinical examples of its use.", "contents": "[Psychodiagnosis as a therapeutic measure]. This paper attempts at filling a gap in books and articles dealing with psychologycal diagnosis techniques and methods of psychotherapy. The conditions most suitable for a correct handling of the steps prior and following psychologycal tests, are proposed. Any clinical situation involving investigation of symptoms, productive potential, and aiming at assessing levels of health or sickness, diagnosis or prognosis, is bound to give rise to increased anxiety, normal and pathologycal. We propose that previous to such an examination the patient should undergo some kind of preparation including brief information about types of tests to be used, and the working out of some of the patient's anxieties. As to the best way to handle the evaluation of those studies we agree with the criteruim that patients should receive information that should be offered through a dialogue and ajusted to the level of endurance or tolerance the patients involved are likely to possess. The paper includes a guideline for bringing back to the patient the information and several clinical examples of its use."}
{"id": "PMID:1217514", "title": "[A contribution to the formal discrimination between the concepts of science and ideology].", "content": "The focus of XXth. Century epistemological concern is the foundation of Social Sciencies, understood as \"Sciences endowed with ambiguity\" in a double meaning: the possibility of producing their own theoretical object, and the fluctuation between what is ontologically (scientifically) produced and the \"ontically\" given ideology. At closer range, the problem is to be set in terms of the relationship between Science and Ideology. In order to better understand the foundation of Social Sciences, two levels are to be analyzed: a) negative-critical: the given \"ontical\" Ideology is lead to crisis, thus paving the way to replacement by Scientific Theory; b) positive-constructive: the actual production of the formal object (ontologic) or, as it were, the transformation of objects made \"opaque\" by Ideology, into \"transparent\" ones. In other words, Ideology sets a frame, fencing in the production of concepts and becoming thus the main \"epistemological obstacle\", in the way of scientific production. Still other epistemological obstacles are slowing down or jeopardizing the construction of Social Sciences, such as: a) intellectualism, contending the entire explanation of phenomena is to be found within the theoretical discourse and its deductive development; and b) naturalism, asserting the same but in reference to its inductive discurse. Only by means of critical examination of epistemological obstacles, and by leading to crisis the \"ontically\" given Ideologies, the possibility of scientific production is open.", "contents": "[A contribution to the formal discrimination between the concepts of science and ideology]. The focus of XXth. Century epistemological concern is the foundation of Social Sciencies, understood as \"Sciences endowed with ambiguity\" in a double meaning: the possibility of producing their own theoretical object, and the fluctuation between what is ontologically (scientifically) produced and the \"ontically\" given ideology. At closer range, the problem is to be set in terms of the relationship between Science and Ideology. In order to better understand the foundation of Social Sciences, two levels are to be analyzed: a) negative-critical: the given \"ontical\" Ideology is lead to crisis, thus paving the way to replacement by Scientific Theory; b) positive-constructive: the actual production of the formal object (ontologic) or, as it were, the transformation of objects made \"opaque\" by Ideology, into \"transparent\" ones. In other words, Ideology sets a frame, fencing in the production of concepts and becoming thus the main \"epistemological obstacle\", in the way of scientific production. Still other epistemological obstacles are slowing down or jeopardizing the construction of Social Sciences, such as: a) intellectualism, contending the entire explanation of phenomena is to be found within the theoretical discourse and its deductive development; and b) naturalism, asserting the same but in reference to its inductive discurse. Only by means of critical examination of epistemological obstacles, and by leading to crisis the \"ontically\" given Ideologies, the possibility of scientific production is open."}
{"id": "PMID:1217515", "title": "[Psychology as a science and as a profession in Colombia].", "content": "In Colombia, Psychology started associated with Medicine and Education. In a more strict sense, it begins with the founding of the Institute of Applied Psychology at the National University of Colombia, in 1948. This is one of the oldest training centers for Psychologists in Latin America, without interruption until today. The areas of outstanding professional interest are Educational Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Social Psychology. The main research areas are the experimental analysis of behavior, and Social Psychology. There is a professional association the Colombia Federation of Psychology, that has defined the roles and fields of competence of Psychologists, and established the training requirements (5 years, including practical field work and experience and a thesis), to obtain a degree of Psychologist. All Faculties and Departments of Psychology in the country follow the same curricular and requirements model.", "contents": "[Psychology as a science and as a profession in Colombia]. In Colombia, Psychology started associated with Medicine and Education. In a more strict sense, it begins with the founding of the Institute of Applied Psychology at the National University of Colombia, in 1948. This is one of the oldest training centers for Psychologists in Latin America, without interruption until today. The areas of outstanding professional interest are Educational Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Social Psychology. The main research areas are the experimental analysis of behavior, and Social Psychology. There is a professional association the Colombia Federation of Psychology, that has defined the roles and fields of competence of Psychologists, and established the training requirements (5 years, including practical field work and experience and a thesis), to obtain a degree of Psychologist. All Faculties and Departments of Psychology in the country follow the same curricular and requirements model."}
{"id": "PMID:1217521", "title": "Form distortion in narrow beam rotation radiography.", "content": "The distortion of morphologic object elements, for distortion, at the exposure of a panoramic image has been determined mathematically and experimentally. As models the square, the circle, the rhomb, and the equilateral triangle were used. The general characteristics of the form distortion in narrow beam rotation radiography are analysed and described.", "contents": "Form distortion in narrow beam rotation radiography. The distortion of morphologic object elements, for distortion, at the exposure of a panoramic image has been determined mathematically and experimentally. As models the square, the circle, the rhomb, and the equilateral triangle were used. The general characteristics of the form distortion in narrow beam rotation radiography are analysed and described."}
{"id": "PMID:1217522", "title": "Soft tissue xeroradiography of the shoulder joint.", "content": "Soft tissue xeroradiography of the shoulder joint has been compared with a film technique arrived at previously. The xerox plates gave a lower radiation dose to the patient without loss of information. The film technique requires a tungsten target tube with an extra thin glass window (=0.5 mm Al), while the xerox technique may be used with standard tubes.", "contents": "Soft tissue xeroradiography of the shoulder joint. Soft tissue xeroradiography of the shoulder joint has been compared with a film technique arrived at previously. The xerox plates gave a lower radiation dose to the patient without loss of information. The film technique requires a tungsten target tube with an extra thin glass window (=0.5 mm Al), while the xerox technique may be used with standard tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:1217523", "title": "Cerebral distribution of contrast medium and paradoxical location of lesions of the blood-brain barrier in the rabbit.", "content": "Lesions to the blood-brain barrier have been investigated in rabbits following constant or intermittent injections of sodium metrizoate into the internal carotid artery at different injection rates. Under certain experimental conditions the lesion to the blood-brain barrier was predominantly located to the brain area supplied by the contralateral carotid artery or the vertebral arteries. It is shown by serial angiography that the application time was shorter within the vascular territory of the paradoxical lesion. The results may imply that a mixture of blood and contrast medium is more vulnerable to the blood-brain barrier than contrast medium alone.", "contents": "Cerebral distribution of contrast medium and paradoxical location of lesions of the blood-brain barrier in the rabbit. Lesions to the blood-brain barrier have been investigated in rabbits following constant or intermittent injections of sodium metrizoate into the internal carotid artery at different injection rates. Under certain experimental conditions the lesion to the blood-brain barrier was predominantly located to the brain area supplied by the contralateral carotid artery or the vertebral arteries. It is shown by serial angiography that the application time was shorter within the vascular territory of the paradoxical lesion. The results may imply that a mixture of blood and contrast medium is more vulnerable to the blood-brain barrier than contrast medium alone."}
{"id": "PMID:1217524", "title": "Objective symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography. IV. Investigation of brain tumours.", "content": "Sixty-six cases with possible brain tumour were objectively classified as having normal or abnormal 99TcmO4 distribution in the skull recorded by the symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography. The diagnostic accuracy in 37 confirmed tumour cases was about 95 percent. Astrocytomas I-II were seperated from astrocytomas III-IV by the degree of abnormality, and meningiomas were seperated from astrocytomas by diverging time-dependent changes in the pathologic isotope accumulation. The high diagnostic accuracy was obtained in spite of low spatial resolution and simplicity of the method. The careful choice of evaluation parameters and the restriction of their normal variance were necessary and effective in optimizing the method.", "contents": "Objective symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography. IV. Investigation of brain tumours. Sixty-six cases with possible brain tumour were objectively classified as having normal or abnormal 99TcmO4 distribution in the skull recorded by the symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography. The diagnostic accuracy in 37 confirmed tumour cases was about 95 percent. Astrocytomas I-II were seperated from astrocytomas III-IV by the degree of abnormality, and meningiomas were seperated from astrocytomas by diverging time-dependent changes in the pathologic isotope accumulation. The high diagnostic accuracy was obtained in spite of low spatial resolution and simplicity of the method. The careful choice of evaluation parameters and the restriction of their normal variance were necessary and effective in optimizing the method."}
{"id": "PMID:1217525", "title": "Glass fragments and other particles contaminating contrast media.", "content": "Microscopy of filtrates made from contrast media of routinely opened glass ampoules substantiates previous assumptions that small fragments of glass may enter into the ampoule and the medium with considerable frequency. Such glass fragments may cause embolic lesions on intraarterial injections of the medium; the lesions, however, are histologically non-specific consisting of proliferation of intima and small granulomas associated with dilated nephrons in a ray-like arrangement. A significant amount of plastic particles may be added to injectable fluids on usage of disposable syringes.", "contents": "Glass fragments and other particles contaminating contrast media. Microscopy of filtrates made from contrast media of routinely opened glass ampoules substantiates previous assumptions that small fragments of glass may enter into the ampoule and the medium with considerable frequency. Such glass fragments may cause embolic lesions on intraarterial injections of the medium; the lesions, however, are histologically non-specific consisting of proliferation of intima and small granulomas associated with dilated nephrons in a ray-like arrangement. A significant amount of plastic particles may be added to injectable fluids on usage of disposable syringes."}
{"id": "PMID:1217526", "title": "Effects of vasopressin in experimental nephroangiography.", "content": "Nephroangiography was performed in 13 rabbits using eight-fold magnification with a 0.05 mm focus. After arginine vasopressin in doses of 0.01 to 1.0 IU the glomeruli were well demonstrated as well as the subcortial arteries and veins and the concentration of contrast medium in arteries and veins increased. At increasing doses of vasopressin the glomeruli were shut off to an increasing degree, beginning at the outer part of the cortex. At 1.0 IU only the juxtamedullary glomeruli functioned.", "contents": "Effects of vasopressin in experimental nephroangiography. Nephroangiography was performed in 13 rabbits using eight-fold magnification with a 0.05 mm focus. After arginine vasopressin in doses of 0.01 to 1.0 IU the glomeruli were well demonstrated as well as the subcortial arteries and veins and the concentration of contrast medium in arteries and veins increased. At increasing doses of vasopressin the glomeruli were shut off to an increasing degree, beginning at the outer part of the cortex. At 1.0 IU only the juxtamedullary glomeruli functioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1217527", "title": "75Se-methionine uptake in the pancreas. An experimental investigation in mice.", "content": "Measurements of the uptake of 75Se-methionine in the abdominal visceral organs of mice indicate that amino acids (Aminosol) significantly increase the accumulation of the isotope in pancreas. Similarly, a beneficial effect if observed on the distribution of activity between pancreas and blood, while withdrawal of food adversely affects the uptake in the pancreas and gastro-intestinal tract.", "contents": "75Se-methionine uptake in the pancreas. An experimental investigation in mice. Measurements of the uptake of 75Se-methionine in the abdominal visceral organs of mice indicate that amino acids (Aminosol) significantly increase the accumulation of the isotope in pancreas. Similarly, a beneficial effect if observed on the distribution of activity between pancreas and blood, while withdrawal of food adversely affects the uptake in the pancreas and gastro-intestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:1217528", "title": "Urothelial renal pelvic tumours in phenacetin abusers.", "content": "The appearances of renal pelvic tumours at urography and pyelography in 25 phenacetin abusers were correlated with the microscopy of operative specimens. Radiography was found to contribute to the preoperative assessment of malignancy grade.", "contents": "Urothelial renal pelvic tumours in phenacetin abusers. The appearances of renal pelvic tumours at urography and pyelography in 25 phenacetin abusers were correlated with the microscopy of operative specimens. Radiography was found to contribute to the preoperative assessment of malignancy grade."}
{"id": "PMID:1217529", "title": "Multidirectional tomography of the facial canal.", "content": "The course of the facial canal in the complicated structure of the temporal bone is best demonstrated by multidirectional (hypocycloid or spiral) tomography. A description of its normal anatomy is delivered, based on experiences from dissected temporal bone specimens, plastic moulds and tomograms. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy is required for distinction of defects and anomalies, particularly pre-operatively (fractures, reconstructive middle ear surgery). In malformation the pre-operative localization of the course of the facial canal is important, since its relation to the oval window and the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity is decisive for surgical procedures.", "contents": "Multidirectional tomography of the facial canal. The course of the facial canal in the complicated structure of the temporal bone is best demonstrated by multidirectional (hypocycloid or spiral) tomography. A description of its normal anatomy is delivered, based on experiences from dissected temporal bone specimens, plastic moulds and tomograms. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy is required for distinction of defects and anomalies, particularly pre-operatively (fractures, reconstructive middle ear surgery). In malformation the pre-operative localization of the course of the facial canal is important, since its relation to the oval window and the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity is decisive for surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:1217530", "title": "Angiography of the dilator response in extremity trauma.", "content": "The dilatation of major arteries following early after extensive soft tissue trauma was demonstrated angiographically not to be affected by pharmacologic or mechanical contractile stimuli. The proximal spread of the dilatation was not abolished by the division and a reanastomosis of the vessel before the trauma. These results suggest loss or impairment of the contractile ability of the major arteries following early after the trauma.", "contents": "Angiography of the dilator response in extremity trauma. The dilatation of major arteries following early after extensive soft tissue trauma was demonstrated angiographically not to be affected by pharmacologic or mechanical contractile stimuli. The proximal spread of the dilatation was not abolished by the division and a reanastomosis of the vessel before the trauma. These results suggest loss or impairment of the contractile ability of the major arteries following early after the trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:1217547", "title": "The early development of the lymphatic system in mouse embryos.", "content": "The early development of the lymphatic system was studied in embryos of an inbred strain of the laboratory mouse. During the first stage of its development the system is represented by a more or less regular series of small and blind-ending outgrowths of the major embryonic veins which develop in a cranio-caudalward direction from the jugular to the pelvic region. As a result of differences in growth rates of adjacent anatomical structures this series of early lymphatic primordia becomes subdivided into 4 singular primordia and 12 groups of primordia. After the constituents of each group of early primordia have fused, 16 isolated lymphatic plexuses (sacs) are formed of which 14 are in bilaterally symmetric and 2 are in a median line position: i.e. bilaterally: (1) the jugulo-axillary lymph sac situated lateral to the anterior cardinal vein and dorsal to the primitive ulnar vein and its major branch, the external mammary vein, (2) the paratracheal lymph plexus situated medial to the anterior cardinal vein, (3) the internal thoracic lymph plexus situated lateral to the thoracic part of the posterior cardinal vein, (4) the thoracic ducts situated medial to the thoracic part of the posterior cardinal vein, (5) the lumbar lymph plexus situated dorso-lateral to the abdominal part of the posterior cardinal vein, (6) the subcardinal lymph plexus and (7) the iliac lymph plexus situated ventro-lateral to the abdominal part of the posterior cardinal vein; and in the median line: (8) the subtracheal lymph plexus situated at the confluence of the pulmonary veins and (9) the mesenteric lymph plexus situated near the confluence of the splenic and the superior mesenteric veins. Except for some openings at the jugulo-subclavian confluence all connections with the veins disappear. From the primordia extensions grow out centrifugally. They invade the surrounding tissues and, in part, fuse with similar sprouts of adjacent primordia. In this way a continuous system of lymph truncs is formed that opens into the venous system at the jugulo-subclavian confluence.", "contents": "The early development of the lymphatic system in mouse embryos. The early development of the lymphatic system was studied in embryos of an inbred strain of the laboratory mouse. During the first stage of its development the system is represented by a more or less regular series of small and blind-ending outgrowths of the major embryonic veins which develop in a cranio-caudalward direction from the jugular to the pelvic region. As a result of differences in growth rates of adjacent anatomical structures this series of early lymphatic primordia becomes subdivided into 4 singular primordia and 12 groups of primordia. After the constituents of each group of early primordia have fused, 16 isolated lymphatic plexuses (sacs) are formed of which 14 are in bilaterally symmetric and 2 are in a median line position: i.e. bilaterally: (1) the jugulo-axillary lymph sac situated lateral to the anterior cardinal vein and dorsal to the primitive ulnar vein and its major branch, the external mammary vein, (2) the paratracheal lymph plexus situated medial to the anterior cardinal vein, (3) the internal thoracic lymph plexus situated lateral to the thoracic part of the posterior cardinal vein, (4) the thoracic ducts situated medial to the thoracic part of the posterior cardinal vein, (5) the lumbar lymph plexus situated dorso-lateral to the abdominal part of the posterior cardinal vein, (6) the subcardinal lymph plexus and (7) the iliac lymph plexus situated ventro-lateral to the abdominal part of the posterior cardinal vein; and in the median line: (8) the subtracheal lymph plexus situated at the confluence of the pulmonary veins and (9) the mesenteric lymph plexus situated near the confluence of the splenic and the superior mesenteric veins. Except for some openings at the jugulo-subclavian confluence all connections with the veins disappear. From the primordia extensions grow out centrifugally. They invade the surrounding tissues and, in part, fuse with similar sprouts of adjacent primordia. In this way a continuous system of lymph truncs is formed that opens into the venous system at the jugulo-subclavian confluence."}
{"id": "PMID:1217548", "title": "The effects of experimental unilateral anotia on skull development in the chick embryo. II. Essentials of the development of the chondrocranium in normal embryos of 7-20 days of incubation.", "content": "In order to be able to describe adequately the developmental anomalies of the chondrocranium in unilateral anotia in the chick embryo, it seemed necessary to describe the essentials of the normal chondrocranial development. The following observations proved to be different from the available descriptions: 1. the occipital processes do not fuse with the ear capsules; 2. the tectum synoticum fuses only with the ear capsules; the occipital processes fuse later with the tectum synoticum by outgrowth to dorsal; 3. in the chick embryo there is no evidence for the existence of a tectum posterius; 4. the metotic fissure is in the cartilaginous stage of development not closed, but shifts laterally; 5. there is strong evidence that the pro-otic processes arise as independent structures which later fuse with the ear capsules. The results of the study of the development of the chondrocranium in the embryos in which experimentally unilateral anotia is produced, will be described in a following paper.", "contents": "The effects of experimental unilateral anotia on skull development in the chick embryo. II. Essentials of the development of the chondrocranium in normal embryos of 7-20 days of incubation. In order to be able to describe adequately the developmental anomalies of the chondrocranium in unilateral anotia in the chick embryo, it seemed necessary to describe the essentials of the normal chondrocranial development. The following observations proved to be different from the available descriptions: 1. the occipital processes do not fuse with the ear capsules; 2. the tectum synoticum fuses only with the ear capsules; the occipital processes fuse later with the tectum synoticum by outgrowth to dorsal; 3. in the chick embryo there is no evidence for the existence of a tectum posterius; 4. the metotic fissure is in the cartilaginous stage of development not closed, but shifts laterally; 5. there is strong evidence that the pro-otic processes arise as independent structures which later fuse with the ear capsules. The results of the study of the development of the chondrocranium in the embryos in which experimentally unilateral anotia is produced, will be described in a following paper."}
{"id": "PMID:1217570", "title": "Management of the difficult patient with complex partial seizures.", "content": "Successful treatment of partial complex seizures (and the epilepsies in general) is a process of management over time and involves several factors. It starts with accurate and adequate diagnostic formulations. To this end the physician must be thoroughly familiar with the ictal manifestations of partial complex and other epilepsies as well as the clinical features of other transient but reversible episodes that might present difficulties in differential diagnosis. The diagnosis is based upon the history of a patient experiencing partial complex seizures, and the most important resource is a careful and detailed history of the ictal events and the circumstances under which they occur. Clinical observation and electrophysiologic monitoring of the patient during attacks, either spontaneous or induced, is the most powerful technique available in cases which present difficult diagnostic problems. In addition to recognition and proper classification of the seizures themselves, diagnosis and treatment of the cause of the seizures, particularly when it is an active disease, is of prime importance. Even after accurate diagnosis, the heterogenous nature of the population of patients with partial complex seizures is such that marked variation in response to treatment with antiepileptic drugs is to be anticipated. The use of these drugs must be individualized and based upon a thorough and working knowledge of their clinical pharmacology. The most frequent mistakes in our experience have been prescribing the drugs in too little doses or for too short a time. Less often the problem is overmedication. The best indicator of the effectiveness of the drugs is the clinical response of the individual patient, and in general each drug should be prescribed in increasing doses until either the seizures are controlled or unacceptable degrees of toxicity develop. The use of serum level determinations can be very helpful if not invaluable, particularly in identifying and understanding potential adverse effects of the drugs. Patient noncompliance in adhering to drug schedules is widespread, but usually can be detected by measuring serum levels. Even with the most efficient use of the drugs, however, some patients will be intractable, and elective surgical treatment should be considered. Finally, control of seizure occurrence alone is not necessarily adequate treatment, as many patients will have difficult psychosocial problems associated with their epilepsy. Treatment of such associated problems is necessary on its own merits, but occasionally can result in significant improvement in seizure control.", "contents": "Management of the difficult patient with complex partial seizures. Successful treatment of partial complex seizures (and the epilepsies in general) is a process of management over time and involves several factors. It starts with accurate and adequate diagnostic formulations. To this end the physician must be thoroughly familiar with the ictal manifestations of partial complex and other epilepsies as well as the clinical features of other transient but reversible episodes that might present difficulties in differential diagnosis. The diagnosis is based upon the history of a patient experiencing partial complex seizures, and the most important resource is a careful and detailed history of the ictal events and the circumstances under which they occur. Clinical observation and electrophysiologic monitoring of the patient during attacks, either spontaneous or induced, is the most powerful technique available in cases which present difficult diagnostic problems. In addition to recognition and proper classification of the seizures themselves, diagnosis and treatment of the cause of the seizures, particularly when it is an active disease, is of prime importance. Even after accurate diagnosis, the heterogenous nature of the population of patients with partial complex seizures is such that marked variation in response to treatment with antiepileptic drugs is to be anticipated. The use of these drugs must be individualized and based upon a thorough and working knowledge of their clinical pharmacology. The most frequent mistakes in our experience have been prescribing the drugs in too little doses or for too short a time. Less often the problem is overmedication. The best indicator of the effectiveness of the drugs is the clinical response of the individual patient, and in general each drug should be prescribed in increasing doses until either the seizures are controlled or unacceptable degrees of toxicity develop. The use of serum level determinations can be very helpful if not invaluable, particularly in identifying and understanding potential adverse effects of the drugs. Patient noncompliance in adhering to drug schedules is widespread, but usually can be detected by measuring serum levels. Even with the most efficient use of the drugs, however, some patients will be intractable, and elective surgical treatment should be considered. Finally, control of seizure occurrence alone is not necessarily adequate treatment, as many patients will have difficult psychosocial problems associated with their epilepsy. Treatment of such associated problems is necessary on its own merits, but occasionally can result in significant improvement in seizure control."}
{"id": "PMID:1217683", "title": "[Axillary plexus block with long-acting local anaesthetics (a comparative study of etidocaine and bupivacaine) (author's transl)].", "content": "Brachial and axillary plexus blockade was carried out on volunteers using a mixture of etidocaine 1% with adrenaline, and bupivacine 0,5% with adrenaline. Both drugs are long-acting local anaesthetics. No difference has been established with regard to duration of analgesia and motor nerve block. Blockade of sympathetic nerve fibres lasts significantly longer with bupivacaine than with etidocaine. With the latter motor blockade seems to be more strongly influenced and significantly outlasts sensory sympathetic nerve block. The results and findings of other authors are discussed, and whether the different behaviour of the 2 long acting local anaesthetics in this context implies a different affinity of the drugs to the different types of nerves.", "contents": "[Axillary plexus block with long-acting local anaesthetics (a comparative study of etidocaine and bupivacaine) (author's transl)]. Brachial and axillary plexus blockade was carried out on volunteers using a mixture of etidocaine 1% with adrenaline, and bupivacine 0,5% with adrenaline. Both drugs are long-acting local anaesthetics. No difference has been established with regard to duration of analgesia and motor nerve block. Blockade of sympathetic nerve fibres lasts significantly longer with bupivacaine than with etidocaine. With the latter motor blockade seems to be more strongly influenced and significantly outlasts sensory sympathetic nerve block. The results and findings of other authors are discussed, and whether the different behaviour of the 2 long acting local anaesthetics in this context implies a different affinity of the drugs to the different types of nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:1217684", "title": "[The respiratory effect of doxapram and pentazocine and their interaction (author's transl)].", "content": "A 2X2 factorially designed study has been done to determine the respiratory effects of pentazocine and doxapram in terms of the minute ventilation end-expiratory PCO2 response curve. Pentazocine 30 mg intramuscularly produced marked respiratory depression. Doxapram 60 mg intramuscularly produced significant respiratory stimulation. When this dose of doxapram was given in combination with 30 mg pentazocine it produced significant reduction in the amount of respiratory depression induced by the narcotic. The statistical analysis did not show that there was anything to suggest this effect was more than additive.", "contents": "[The respiratory effect of doxapram and pentazocine and their interaction (author's transl)]. A 2X2 factorially designed study has been done to determine the respiratory effects of pentazocine and doxapram in terms of the minute ventilation end-expiratory PCO2 response curve. Pentazocine 30 mg intramuscularly produced marked respiratory depression. Doxapram 60 mg intramuscularly produced significant respiratory stimulation. When this dose of doxapram was given in combination with 30 mg pentazocine it produced significant reduction in the amount of respiratory depression induced by the narcotic. The statistical analysis did not show that there was anything to suggest this effect was more than additive."}
{"id": "PMID:1217685", "title": "[First-aid measures in 939 fatally injured victims (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study first-aid measures taken in 939 individuals who had died from accidents and the means of transport were investigated. At the scene of accident, emergency medical technicians have been and will in future be the ones to take first measures (43%). Physicians (22%) and untrained persons (20%) alike have been found to attend to victims at about the same frequency. In 37% of the cases first-aid was administered in the form of conservative measures. Resuscitation, artificial respiration and infusions were instituted in only a few cases. 10% of the victims died at the site of the accident. Of 245 hospitalized individuals 15% had suffered shock, 9% were admitted for aspiration and 2% had died from excessive blood loss. In 80% of the cases both primary and secondary transport was by ambulance. In view of the above situation it is, therefore, urged that first-aid training of laymen be organized on a broad scale and that all possibilities of providing instruction be exploited. Emergency medical technicians should receive well-founded and goal-oriented training enabling them to master the outlined complications. Since adequate first-aid care from other physicians has not been available, there is a need to enlist increasingly the services of specially trained emergency ambulance physicians.", "contents": "[First-aid measures in 939 fatally injured victims (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study first-aid measures taken in 939 individuals who had died from accidents and the means of transport were investigated. At the scene of accident, emergency medical technicians have been and will in future be the ones to take first measures (43%). Physicians (22%) and untrained persons (20%) alike have been found to attend to victims at about the same frequency. In 37% of the cases first-aid was administered in the form of conservative measures. Resuscitation, artificial respiration and infusions were instituted in only a few cases. 10% of the victims died at the site of the accident. Of 245 hospitalized individuals 15% had suffered shock, 9% were admitted for aspiration and 2% had died from excessive blood loss. In 80% of the cases both primary and secondary transport was by ambulance. In view of the above situation it is, therefore, urged that first-aid training of laymen be organized on a broad scale and that all possibilities of providing instruction be exploited. Emergency medical technicians should receive well-founded and goal-oriented training enabling them to master the outlined complications. Since adequate first-aid care from other physicians has not been available, there is a need to enlist increasingly the services of specially trained emergency ambulance physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:1217686", "title": "[Results in intensive care of older patients (author's transl)].", "content": "An increasing number of old on senile patients now submit to major surgery and intensive therapy for these patients is often indicated. The development in medicine has led to very good results being obtained in many of these cases. Patients this age-group may have pre-existing injuries, organ changes and restricted abilities to compensate, which means that when certain complications follow one must examine carefully the indication for continuing intensive therapy, in order to avoid needless and painful life-prolonging measures. Our own experiences with 54 patients are discussed.", "contents": "[Results in intensive care of older patients (author's transl)]. An increasing number of old on senile patients now submit to major surgery and intensive therapy for these patients is often indicated. The development in medicine has led to very good results being obtained in many of these cases. Patients this age-group may have pre-existing injuries, organ changes and restricted abilities to compensate, which means that when certain complications follow one must examine carefully the indication for continuing intensive therapy, in order to avoid needless and painful life-prolonging measures. Our own experiences with 54 patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217687", "title": "[Retropharyngeal dissection, a rare complication of nasal intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases are described of retropharyngeal dissection as a complication of nasal intubation. In each case after introduction of the tube through the nose the tip failed to appear in the pharynx. Palpation revealed that the tube lay in the submucous plane.", "contents": "[Retropharyngeal dissection, a rare complication of nasal intubation (author's transl)]. Three cases are described of retropharyngeal dissection as a complication of nasal intubation. In each case after introduction of the tube through the nose the tip failed to appear in the pharynx. Palpation revealed that the tube lay in the submucous plane."}
{"id": "PMID:1217688", "title": "A teaching and training device for resuscitation. The \"AMBU-simulator\" (author's transl).", "content": "The AMBU-Simulator represents a new designed manikin for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It simulates rather realistically the anatomical and physiological conditions. Moreover it eliminates the danger of cross infection completely. Various indicators control the efficacy of CPR measures.", "contents": "A teaching and training device for resuscitation. The \"AMBU-simulator\" (author's transl). The AMBU-Simulator represents a new designed manikin for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It simulates rather realistically the anatomical and physiological conditions. Moreover it eliminates the danger of cross infection completely. Various indicators control the efficacy of CPR measures."}
{"id": "PMID:1217689", "title": "Neutralization of heparin after extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "In a two group-study of patients with and without postoperative haemorrhagic diathesis after ECC tests were undertaken to ascertain whether a postoperative haemorrhagic diathesis after neutralization of Heparin is due to the use of protamine-chloride or stet to a preoperative existing disturbance of the coagulation system. At the end of the ECC, a strongly marked fibrinolysis has been found to take place, together with an increased turnover of coagulation factors i.e. DIC. These results indicate that we are not concerned with a primary fibrinolysis, which would be characterized by plasminaemia, but rather with a reactive fibrinolysis. This coagulation disturbance was more marked in the group with postoperative haemorrhagic diathesis and it became even more pronounced after neutralization with protamine-chloride. From the results we obtained in our tests, the bleeding which occurs after the neutralization of heparin with protamine-chloride can be explained by increased DIC. We think a so-called \"heparin-rebound-effect\" is improbable as a cause of this postoperative bleeding complication. When there is DIC at the end of the by-pass time, one should avoid neutralizing the heparin and continue the heparin treatment for the same reason.", "contents": "Neutralization of heparin after extracorporeal circulation. In a two group-study of patients with and without postoperative haemorrhagic diathesis after ECC tests were undertaken to ascertain whether a postoperative haemorrhagic diathesis after neutralization of Heparin is due to the use of protamine-chloride or stet to a preoperative existing disturbance of the coagulation system. At the end of the ECC, a strongly marked fibrinolysis has been found to take place, together with an increased turnover of coagulation factors i.e. DIC. These results indicate that we are not concerned with a primary fibrinolysis, which would be characterized by plasminaemia, but rather with a reactive fibrinolysis. This coagulation disturbance was more marked in the group with postoperative haemorrhagic diathesis and it became even more pronounced after neutralization with protamine-chloride. From the results we obtained in our tests, the bleeding which occurs after the neutralization of heparin with protamine-chloride can be explained by increased DIC. We think a so-called \"heparin-rebound-effect\" is improbable as a cause of this postoperative bleeding complication. When there is DIC at the end of the by-pass time, one should avoid neutralizing the heparin and continue the heparin treatment for the same reason."}
{"id": "PMID:1217690", "title": "[Sodium- and water balance in the dog in the conscious state and under nitrous-oxide and barbiturate anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "By a suitable pattern of saline infusion we established an equilibrium between input and renal output of sodium and water in the conscious animal, which was maintained for six hours. During this period of equilibrium we found an increase in GFR, plasma volume and functional ECFV of about 30% each, the amount of intravascular protein and albumin being unchanged. Under nitrous-oxide and thiopentone anaesthesia renal sodium and water excretion was unchanged compared with values of conscious animals. However there was a striking decrease in plasma volume as well as in circulating protein and albumin by approximately 20%. Similarly functional ECFV (sulphate space) was found to be reduced under thiopentone anaesthesia. Retention of sodium about 12 hours after the end of anesthesia amounted to 7% of the quantities infused (about 50 mval per animal), whilst the applied water load had been completely excreted.", "contents": "[Sodium- and water balance in the dog in the conscious state and under nitrous-oxide and barbiturate anesthesia (author's transl)]. By a suitable pattern of saline infusion we established an equilibrium between input and renal output of sodium and water in the conscious animal, which was maintained for six hours. During this period of equilibrium we found an increase in GFR, plasma volume and functional ECFV of about 30% each, the amount of intravascular protein and albumin being unchanged. Under nitrous-oxide and thiopentone anaesthesia renal sodium and water excretion was unchanged compared with values of conscious animals. However there was a striking decrease in plasma volume as well as in circulating protein and albumin by approximately 20%. Similarly functional ECFV (sulphate space) was found to be reduced under thiopentone anaesthesia. Retention of sodium about 12 hours after the end of anesthesia amounted to 7% of the quantities infused (about 50 mval per animal), whilst the applied water load had been completely excreted."}
{"id": "PMID:1217691", "title": "[Suppression of concomitant thrombosis in central venous catheters (infraclavicular route) by salicylates (author's transl)].", "content": "The antithrombogenetic effects of salicylates (Colfarit) were studied to determine whether thrombosis due to the catheter could be reduced. 50 patients with vena-cavacatheters (infraclavicular route) were examined by phlebography. 25 patients received no antithrombotic medications and served as the control group. In these cases 35% showed evidence of thrombus formation. The remaining 25 patients received salicylates. By this measure catheter-induced thrombosis was reduced by 67%.", "contents": "[Suppression of concomitant thrombosis in central venous catheters (infraclavicular route) by salicylates (author's transl)]. The antithrombogenetic effects of salicylates (Colfarit) were studied to determine whether thrombosis due to the catheter could be reduced. 50 patients with vena-cavacatheters (infraclavicular route) were examined by phlebography. 25 patients received no antithrombotic medications and served as the control group. In these cases 35% showed evidence of thrombus formation. The remaining 25 patients received salicylates. By this measure catheter-induced thrombosis was reduced by 67%."}
{"id": "PMID:1217693", "title": "Comparative study of the action of naloxone (Narcan) and nalorphine in man.", "content": "The comparative study of 2 narcotic antagonists, naloxone and nalorphine, was performed in healthy volunteers. The influence of these drugs on the respiratory and cicularoty systems and on the psychical state was compared. The study was carried out in a double-blind, cross-over manner. Increasing doses of naloxone and placebo or nalorphine and placebo, were administered intravenously. Naloxone, even in very high doses, caused no changes in cardivascular system, acid-base balance, sensitivity of respiratory centre to carbon dioxide and psychical state of volunteers. After the administration of nalorphine, even in very small doses, changes in psychical state in all examined subjects were observed. Nalorphine caused the significant change in the ventilatory response to CO2. Based on their results, the authors conclude that naloxone has no agonist or intrinsic narcotic activity, as opposed to nalorphine possessing strong narcotic action.", "contents": "Comparative study of the action of naloxone (Narcan) and nalorphine in man. The comparative study of 2 narcotic antagonists, naloxone and nalorphine, was performed in healthy volunteers. The influence of these drugs on the respiratory and cicularoty systems and on the psychical state was compared. The study was carried out in a double-blind, cross-over manner. Increasing doses of naloxone and placebo or nalorphine and placebo, were administered intravenously. Naloxone, even in very high doses, caused no changes in cardivascular system, acid-base balance, sensitivity of respiratory centre to carbon dioxide and psychical state of volunteers. After the administration of nalorphine, even in very small doses, changes in psychical state in all examined subjects were observed. Nalorphine caused the significant change in the ventilatory response to CO2. Based on their results, the authors conclude that naloxone has no agonist or intrinsic narcotic activity, as opposed to nalorphine possessing strong narcotic action."}
{"id": "PMID:1217694", "title": "Studies on the effects of neuroleptanalgesics on certain parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "content": "The effects of droperidol and fentanyl on certain parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied. It was found that these drugs have no effect on the time of clot formation, fibrinogen level, platelet count and values of the thrombelastographic curve. The euglobulin lysis time was also not significantly changed following neuroleptanalgesia.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of neuroleptanalgesics on certain parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis. The effects of droperidol and fentanyl on certain parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied. It was found that these drugs have no effect on the time of clot formation, fibrinogen level, platelet count and values of the thrombelastographic curve. The euglobulin lysis time was also not significantly changed following neuroleptanalgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1217692", "title": "A method to assess the passage of diethyl ether and halothane across the placenta during anaesthesia for caesarean section.", "content": "A method was elaborated to assess the transplacental passage of inhalatory anaesthetic agents--diethyl ether and halothane during Caesarean section. The method is based on measurements of blood concentrations of these agents in material venous blood and in arterial and venous blood taken from the umbilical cord during the operation. Halothane and diethyl ether concentrations were determined by means of gas chromatography. The studies were carried out on 2 groups of 25 cases each. The obtained results indicate that diethyl ether passes in a higher degree across the placenta than halothane. The mean ratio of halothane concentrations in foetal venous blood to maternal venous blood determined in 25 cases was 0.664 and diethyl ether ratio was 0.988.", "contents": "A method to assess the passage of diethyl ether and halothane across the placenta during anaesthesia for caesarean section. A method was elaborated to assess the transplacental passage of inhalatory anaesthetic agents--diethyl ether and halothane during Caesarean section. The method is based on measurements of blood concentrations of these agents in material venous blood and in arterial and venous blood taken from the umbilical cord during the operation. Halothane and diethyl ether concentrations were determined by means of gas chromatography. The studies were carried out on 2 groups of 25 cases each. The obtained results indicate that diethyl ether passes in a higher degree across the placenta than halothane. The mean ratio of halothane concentrations in foetal venous blood to maternal venous blood determined in 25 cases was 0.664 and diethyl ether ratio was 0.988."}
{"id": "PMID:1217695", "title": "Effects of divided doses of neostigmine on the dynamics of decurarization.", "content": "In 37 patients the effect of neostigmine administered in divided doses (0.1 to 0.5 mg) on the dynamics of decurarization was studied by evaluating the tidal volume and respiratory rate. It was found that doses of neostigmine caused a continuous rise in tidal volume. Normalization of the tidal volume depended on the dose administered. The rate of decurarization depended also on the duration of the operation and the time of administration of the last d-tubocurarine dose. The proposed method of decurarization enables a safe reversal of d-tubocurarine effect to be obtained with a small dose of neostigmine.", "contents": "Effects of divided doses of neostigmine on the dynamics of decurarization. In 37 patients the effect of neostigmine administered in divided doses (0.1 to 0.5 mg) on the dynamics of decurarization was studied by evaluating the tidal volume and respiratory rate. It was found that doses of neostigmine caused a continuous rise in tidal volume. Normalization of the tidal volume depended on the dose administered. The rate of decurarization depended also on the duration of the operation and the time of administration of the last d-tubocurarine dose. The proposed method of decurarization enables a safe reversal of d-tubocurarine effect to be obtained with a small dose of neostigmine."}
{"id": "PMID:1217697", "title": "Acupuncture applied as a method of analgesia for oral surgery with particular reference to dental operations.", "content": "The purpose of the first, experimental part of this work was an attempt to elaborate a simple method of analgesia by means of acupuncture for oral surgical procedures in out-patients. The experiments were carried out on 60 volunteers using various points and types of stimulation. Analgesia was obtained in 78.3% of cases but only in very small areas which could make possible procedures on premolar and molar teeth or in the vicinity of palatine tonsils. Stimulation with rectangular, alternating-current impulses applied through the needles was found to be most effective. The volunteers were divided into two groups--those in group I were told in advance what the procedure would be, these in group II were not. Similar results obtained in both groups would rule out the effects of suggestion or hypnosis as the mechanism of acupuncture. In the 2nd part of this work the method was applied in 10 patients undergoing dental surgery and sufficient analgesia was achieved in 7 cases. The unreliability of the method, the length of time necessary for induction of analgesia and the very small area of analgesia make this method unsuitable for widespread use in outpatient practice.", "contents": "Acupuncture applied as a method of analgesia for oral surgery with particular reference to dental operations. The purpose of the first, experimental part of this work was an attempt to elaborate a simple method of analgesia by means of acupuncture for oral surgical procedures in out-patients. The experiments were carried out on 60 volunteers using various points and types of stimulation. Analgesia was obtained in 78.3% of cases but only in very small areas which could make possible procedures on premolar and molar teeth or in the vicinity of palatine tonsils. Stimulation with rectangular, alternating-current impulses applied through the needles was found to be most effective. The volunteers were divided into two groups--those in group I were told in advance what the procedure would be, these in group II were not. Similar results obtained in both groups would rule out the effects of suggestion or hypnosis as the mechanism of acupuncture. In the 2nd part of this work the method was applied in 10 patients undergoing dental surgery and sufficient analgesia was achieved in 7 cases. The unreliability of the method, the length of time necessary for induction of analgesia and the very small area of analgesia make this method unsuitable for widespread use in outpatient practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1217698", "title": "Influence of music on the minute oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of soothing and exciting music on the respiratory function in man, and particularly on minute oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate. The investigations were carried out on 30 patients and the obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. Soothing music decreased minute ventilation, minute oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate, while exciting music slightly increased these parameters.", "contents": "Influence of music on the minute oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate. The authors studied the effect of soothing and exciting music on the respiratory function in man, and particularly on minute oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate. The investigations were carried out on 30 patients and the obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. Soothing music decreased minute ventilation, minute oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate, while exciting music slightly increased these parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:1217696", "title": "Side effects of inhalational anaesthetic agents in man in early stage following anaesthesia.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to assess the functional state of the liver as well as the acid-base and electrolyte equilibrium during the first 24-hours after operation. Tne kinds of inhalational anaesthesia were applied in 170 patients evaluating the usefulness of routine tests for observation of side effects of anaesthesia. Significant early changes were observed in liver function following halothane anaesthesia, particularly when the patients received other inhalational anaesthetics together with halothane. Determinations of the activity of aminotransferases, aldolase, diastase and bilirubin are useful in the evaluation of early side effects of agents used in general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Side effects of inhalational anaesthetic agents in man in early stage following anaesthesia. The purpose of this study was to assess the functional state of the liver as well as the acid-base and electrolyte equilibrium during the first 24-hours after operation. Tne kinds of inhalational anaesthesia were applied in 170 patients evaluating the usefulness of routine tests for observation of side effects of anaesthesia. Significant early changes were observed in liver function following halothane anaesthesia, particularly when the patients received other inhalational anaesthetics together with halothane. Determinations of the activity of aminotransferases, aldolase, diastase and bilirubin are useful in the evaluation of early side effects of agents used in general anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1217699", "title": "Effect of music on airway resistance in patients.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of music on airway resistance in man. The evaluation was carried out by analysing the corresponding segments of FEV1 curve and the inspiration/expiration ratio in 30 patients. No statistically significant changes in this resistance were observed. The only finding was the presence of individually varying reactions, which were, sometimes, quite evident.", "contents": "Effect of music on airway resistance in patients. The authors studied the effect of music on airway resistance in man. The evaluation was carried out by analysing the corresponding segments of FEV1 curve and the inspiration/expiration ratio in 30 patients. No statistically significant changes in this resistance were observed. The only finding was the presence of individually varying reactions, which were, sometimes, quite evident."}
{"id": "PMID:1217700", "title": "The effect of ketamine in patients with refractory hiccup in the postoperative period. Preliminary report.", "content": "In 5 cases of refractory postoperative hiccup the authors observed a favourable effect of a single dose of ketamine administered intravenously. Earlier applied procedures and drugs failed to control hiccup or alleviated it for only a short time. In all cases the overfilling of the stomach was ruled out as a cause of hiccup by routine preliminary examination. The doses of ketamine used (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) caused no central nervous system disturbances in postoperative patients. In view of the small number of observed cases the authors regard this report as a preliminary communication and as an encouragement for further investigations on the usefulness of ketamine in the treatment of postoperative hiccup and also in treatment of hiccup in patients in other medical specialities.", "contents": "The effect of ketamine in patients with refractory hiccup in the postoperative period. Preliminary report. In 5 cases of refractory postoperative hiccup the authors observed a favourable effect of a single dose of ketamine administered intravenously. Earlier applied procedures and drugs failed to control hiccup or alleviated it for only a short time. In all cases the overfilling of the stomach was ruled out as a cause of hiccup by routine preliminary examination. The doses of ketamine used (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) caused no central nervous system disturbances in postoperative patients. In view of the small number of observed cases the authors regard this report as a preliminary communication and as an encouragement for further investigations on the usefulness of ketamine in the treatment of postoperative hiccup and also in treatment of hiccup in patients in other medical specialities."}
{"id": "PMID:1217701", "title": "Microgenia as a factor making endotracheal intubation impossible.", "content": "The authors report a case of microgenia which made endotracheal intubation impossible in a patient with pharyngeal stenosis. It is suggested that laryngological examination should precede the operation and when endotracheal intubation is impossible tracheostomy should be performed.", "contents": "Microgenia as a factor making endotracheal intubation impossible. The authors report a case of microgenia which made endotracheal intubation impossible in a patient with pharyngeal stenosis. It is suggested that laryngological examination should precede the operation and when endotracheal intubation is impossible tracheostomy should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217732", "title": "[Studies on the state of pneumatization of the sinus maxillaris].", "content": "A report on 2940 x-rayfilm observations to show the behaviour of the pneumatisation of the maxillar sinus is beeing given. The greatest extension is reached at the age of 19th to 30 and show deminishing tendenz at later ages. The maxillar sinus is significantly smaller in  the nonfemale than in the female. The left maxillar sinus is significantly larger than the right, just like in the feminie, however without statistical significance. 301 cleft proband show a significance smaller maxillar sinus in comparisation to normal persons.", "contents": "[Studies on the state of pneumatization of the sinus maxillaris]. A report on 2940 x-rayfilm observations to show the behaviour of the pneumatisation of the maxillar sinus is beeing given. The greatest extension is reached at the age of 19th to 30 and show deminishing tendenz at later ages. The maxillar sinus is significantly smaller in  the nonfemale than in the female. The left maxillar sinus is significantly larger than the right, just like in the feminie, however without statistical significance. 301 cleft proband show a significance smaller maxillar sinus in comparisation to normal persons."}
{"id": "PMID:1217734", "title": "Palatal epithelium of a monotreme and a marsupial.", "content": "The palatal epithelium of a monotreme, Tachyglossus aculeatus and a marsupial, Tarsipes spenserae were examined histologically and with the scanning electron microscope. Each animal possess keratinized palatal spines which although histologically similar, show significant differences in their external morphology. It is suggested that the spines in each case are highly differentiated filiform papillae which have developed as a compensatory mechanism of mastication, since both animals are in effect, edentulous. In the light of these findings and observations on the tongue of both animals, it is suggested that a degree of parallel evolution of the palate (as part of the masticatory apparatus) has occurred.", "contents": "Palatal epithelium of a monotreme and a marsupial. The palatal epithelium of a monotreme, Tachyglossus aculeatus and a marsupial, Tarsipes spenserae were examined histologically and with the scanning electron microscope. Each animal possess keratinized palatal spines which although histologically similar, show significant differences in their external morphology. It is suggested that the spines in each case are highly differentiated filiform papillae which have developed as a compensatory mechanism of mastication, since both animals are in effect, edentulous. In the light of these findings and observations on the tongue of both animals, it is suggested that a degree of parallel evolution of the palate (as part of the masticatory apparatus) has occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:1217736", "title": "[Innervation of the kidney in Lacerta muralis (Laur)].", "content": "Study of the kidney innervation in the lizard (Lacerta muralis), using the silver impregnation technique, showed nerve terminals with the same contiguous relationship to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and Bowman's capsule as in Mammals. Innervation of these segments may serve to regulate the contractile activity assigned to the capsule and tubule epithelial cells by various workers. Perimetral fibres were also noted on the so-called \"sexual segment\". Their target is probably the myoepithelial cells that surround this segment, though the possibility that they regulate its secretory activity cannot be excluded.", "contents": "[Innervation of the kidney in Lacerta muralis (Laur)]. Study of the kidney innervation in the lizard (Lacerta muralis), using the silver impregnation technique, showed nerve terminals with the same contiguous relationship to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and Bowman's capsule as in Mammals. Innervation of these segments may serve to regulate the contractile activity assigned to the capsule and tubule epithelial cells by various workers. Perimetral fibres were also noted on the so-called \"sexual segment\". Their target is probably the myoepithelial cells that surround this segment, though the possibility that they regulate its secretory activity cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:1217737", "title": "Some studies of the centrum tendineum of the diaphragm of camel (Camelus dromedarius).", "content": "Thirty eight centrum tendineum of camel from both sexes and of different ages, and fifteen diaphragms of camel fetuses of different CR length were used for the description of the morphological and micromorphological features of the centrum tendineum. The centrum tendineum was found to be formed from two sheets. The collagenous fibres in the abdominal sheet are radially arranged, while the thoracic sheet is formed from circularly arranged fibres superficially and radiating fibres deeply. Our study reveals the presence of a central node of cancellous bony tissue to which the fibrellar elements of the centrum tendineum are fixed and from which they radiate. The os diaphragmaticum and its cartilagenous primordium were described.", "contents": "Some studies of the centrum tendineum of the diaphragm of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Thirty eight centrum tendineum of camel from both sexes and of different ages, and fifteen diaphragms of camel fetuses of different CR length were used for the description of the morphological and micromorphological features of the centrum tendineum. The centrum tendineum was found to be formed from two sheets. The collagenous fibres in the abdominal sheet are radially arranged, while the thoracic sheet is formed from circularly arranged fibres superficially and radiating fibres deeply. Our study reveals the presence of a central node of cancellous bony tissue to which the fibrellar elements of the centrum tendineum are fixed and from which they radiate. The os diaphragmaticum and its cartilagenous primordium were described."}
{"id": "PMID:1217738", "title": "Some anatomical and histological studies on the arterial supply of the nasal cavity of the buffalo in Egypt (Bos bubalis L.).", "content": "The nasal cavity of the buffalo received its blood supply from the sphenopalatine and the external ethmoidal arteries; the former vessel chiefly supplied the respiratory portion of the nasal mucosa, while the latter was distributed to the olfactory region. The greater palatine artery supplied a palatonasal branch in the most extreme oral part of the nasal floor. The nasal vestibule received bronches from both the maxillary labial and infraorbital arteries. The arteries are of the muscular type and presented in addition ot the usual structure of their walls, thin-walled and thick-walled types. Stalked polsters are encountered in the branches of the arterial vessels having walls of the normal thickness. The appearance of the longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibers found in the intime of some of the subepithelial small arteries and arterioles is suggestive of their epitheloid structure.", "contents": "Some anatomical and histological studies on the arterial supply of the nasal cavity of the buffalo in Egypt (Bos bubalis L.). The nasal cavity of the buffalo received its blood supply from the sphenopalatine and the external ethmoidal arteries; the former vessel chiefly supplied the respiratory portion of the nasal mucosa, while the latter was distributed to the olfactory region. The greater palatine artery supplied a palatonasal branch in the most extreme oral part of the nasal floor. The nasal vestibule received bronches from both the maxillary labial and infraorbital arteries. The arteries are of the muscular type and presented in addition ot the usual structure of their walls, thin-walled and thick-walled types. Stalked polsters are encountered in the branches of the arterial vessels having walls of the normal thickness. The appearance of the longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibers found in the intime of some of the subepithelial small arteries and arterioles is suggestive of their epitheloid structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1217739", "title": "Functional morpho-histology of the alimentary canal of an Indian frewhwater major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) during it's different life-history stages.", "content": "1. The alimentary canal of the fry of L. rohita (Hamilton) is of the carnivorous type in nature and disposition with a low relative length of the gut (R. L. G.). 2. End-buds are present. The buccopharyngeal region has a simple epithelial surface. Mucous cells are small and few throughout the length of the alimentary canal. The presence of these structures in association with a zooplankton feeding habit indicate that the fries are primarily sightfeeders and carnivorous. 3. With increase in age and body-length, the food and feeding habits of the fish undergo changes and accordingly the fingerlings and adults become herbivorous. The value of the R. L. G. steadily increases and the alimentary canal gradually develops into the typically herbivorous type. 4. Tast buds by now become completely developed and have lamina propria, sustentacular cells, neuroepithelial cells, gustatory pores and gustatory canals. 5. Taste buds are abundant in the lip, buccopharynx and anterior oesophagus. The buccopharyngeal region is also provided with distinct villi. Mucous cells are abundant and large being present throughout the alimentary canal. 6. The frequency, length, breadth and distribution of the mucous cells and taste buds are significantly different in marked contrast with those of the fry thus indicating that the fingerlings and adults depend primarily on their gustatory organs for feeding. The fingerlings and adults therefore, are herbivorous and tast feeders.", "contents": "Functional morpho-histology of the alimentary canal of an Indian frewhwater major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) during it's different life-history stages. 1. The alimentary canal of the fry of L. rohita (Hamilton) is of the carnivorous type in nature and disposition with a low relative length of the gut (R. L. G.). 2. End-buds are present. The buccopharyngeal region has a simple epithelial surface. Mucous cells are small and few throughout the length of the alimentary canal. The presence of these structures in association with a zooplankton feeding habit indicate that the fries are primarily sightfeeders and carnivorous. 3. With increase in age and body-length, the food and feeding habits of the fish undergo changes and accordingly the fingerlings and adults become herbivorous. The value of the R. L. G. steadily increases and the alimentary canal gradually develops into the typically herbivorous type. 4. Tast buds by now become completely developed and have lamina propria, sustentacular cells, neuroepithelial cells, gustatory pores and gustatory canals. 5. Taste buds are abundant in the lip, buccopharynx and anterior oesophagus. The buccopharyngeal region is also provided with distinct villi. Mucous cells are abundant and large being present throughout the alimentary canal. 6. The frequency, length, breadth and distribution of the mucous cells and taste buds are significantly different in marked contrast with those of the fry thus indicating that the fingerlings and adults depend primarily on their gustatory organs for feeding. The fingerlings and adults therefore, are herbivorous and tast feeders."}
{"id": "PMID:1217741", "title": "Anatomical studies on the optic chiasma in the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "The optic chiasma of the buffalo was a transversely oval body, averaging 9.0 +/- 0.89 X 12.3 +/- 0.48 X 5.0 +/- 0.48 mm. Its shape was like a letter \"X\". This was located 2--3 mm cranial to the pituitary. Following unilateral enucleation, the degenerating myelinated fibres were noted throughout the optic chiasma, and in both the optic tracts. The degeneration in the contralateral optic tract was more dense. By enumerating the degenerating fibres in the remnant optic nerve, in the ipsilateral and contralateral optic tracts it was noted that 57.34% of the optic nerve fibres crossed over and only 12.29% of the fibres remained uncrossed.", "contents": "Anatomical studies on the optic chiasma in the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The optic chiasma of the buffalo was a transversely oval body, averaging 9.0 +/- 0.89 X 12.3 +/- 0.48 X 5.0 +/- 0.48 mm. Its shape was like a letter \"X\". This was located 2--3 mm cranial to the pituitary. Following unilateral enucleation, the degenerating myelinated fibres were noted throughout the optic chiasma, and in both the optic tracts. The degeneration in the contralateral optic tract was more dense. By enumerating the degenerating fibres in the remnant optic nerve, in the ipsilateral and contralateral optic tracts it was noted that 57.34% of the optic nerve fibres crossed over and only 12.29% of the fibres remained uncrossed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217742", "title": "Ultrastructure of the basal cell and the acinar capsule of rat ventral prostate.", "content": "The rat ventral prostate was fixed by perfusion and studied with the light and the electron microscope. In the light microscopy, few solitary basal cells appeared between the secretory epithelial cells and the capsule. In the electron microscopy, the basal cells lay among the secretory epithelial cells and on the acinar basal lamina, and their fine structural features were different from those of the ordinary secretory epithelial cells and rather resembled those of an undifferentiated secretory epithelial cells. Further the basal cells were characterized by the presence of the numerous pinocytotic vesicles and of the solitary cilia. The pinocytotic vesicles were also encountered in the capsular smooth muscle cells in the capillary endothelial cells which were located between the secretory epithelial cells and the acinar capsule. The amount of the cytoplasmic filaments in the basal cells was considerably smaller than in the myoepithelial cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the basal cell and the acinar capsule of rat ventral prostate. The rat ventral prostate was fixed by perfusion and studied with the light and the electron microscope. In the light microscopy, few solitary basal cells appeared between the secretory epithelial cells and the capsule. In the electron microscopy, the basal cells lay among the secretory epithelial cells and on the acinar basal lamina, and their fine structural features were different from those of the ordinary secretory epithelial cells and rather resembled those of an undifferentiated secretory epithelial cells. Further the basal cells were characterized by the presence of the numerous pinocytotic vesicles and of the solitary cilia. The pinocytotic vesicles were also encountered in the capsular smooth muscle cells in the capillary endothelial cells which were located between the secretory epithelial cells and the acinar capsule. The amount of the cytoplasmic filaments in the basal cells was considerably smaller than in the myoepithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1217743", "title": "Experimental studies on the effects of aluminum on pregnancy and fetal development.", "content": "The effects of aluminum on pregnancy and fetal development were investigated. Aluminum in the form of aluminum chloride was administered intraperitoneally to pregnant rats at different dose-levels and at different stages of gestation. A high incidence of maternal death followed treatment with high dose-levels of the substance. Maternal weight gain during the entire gestational period was less in treated animals, compared to controls. In many cases, maternal liver was severely damaged as a result of the treatment. The offspring of mothers treated with aluminum chloride showed significant growth retardation as well as skeletal defects. In addition the incidence of fetal deaths and resorption was significantly increased.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the effects of aluminum on pregnancy and fetal development. The effects of aluminum on pregnancy and fetal development were investigated. Aluminum in the form of aluminum chloride was administered intraperitoneally to pregnant rats at different dose-levels and at different stages of gestation. A high incidence of maternal death followed treatment with high dose-levels of the substance. Maternal weight gain during the entire gestational period was less in treated animals, compared to controls. In many cases, maternal liver was severely damaged as a result of the treatment. The offspring of mothers treated with aluminum chloride showed significant growth retardation as well as skeletal defects. In addition the incidence of fetal deaths and resorption was significantly increased."}
{"id": "PMID:1217744", "title": "The distribution of argyrophile and argentaffin cells in the small intestine of rabbits.", "content": "The distribution of argentaffin and argyrophile cells has been studied in the small intestine of six rabbits. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The density of argentaffin and argyrophile cells is variable over the length of the small intestine. 2. Both types of cells are most numerous in the duodenum. 3. The overall pattern of distribution reveals a sharp fall in the density of these cells in the proximal one third, or so, of the small intestine. Thereafter, the curve of distribution is almost flat for argentaffin cells while there is a very gradual fall in the density of argyrophile cells. 4. The curve of distribution of both argentaffin and argyrophile cells show the presence of a number of waves of rising and falling density. 5. There are considerable species variations in the distribution of argyrophile and argentaffin cells.", "contents": "The distribution of argyrophile and argentaffin cells in the small intestine of rabbits. The distribution of argentaffin and argyrophile cells has been studied in the small intestine of six rabbits. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The density of argentaffin and argyrophile cells is variable over the length of the small intestine. 2. Both types of cells are most numerous in the duodenum. 3. The overall pattern of distribution reveals a sharp fall in the density of these cells in the proximal one third, or so, of the small intestine. Thereafter, the curve of distribution is almost flat for argentaffin cells while there is a very gradual fall in the density of argyrophile cells. 4. The curve of distribution of both argentaffin and argyrophile cells show the presence of a number of waves of rising and falling density. 5. There are considerable species variations in the distribution of argyrophile and argentaffin cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1217745", "title": "Anatomical studies on the optic tract (tractus opticus) of the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "The optic tract of the buffalo was found to begin from the posterolateral angle of the chiasma, from where it extended laterally for about 8 mm. Each tract was round in its initial portion, but was flattened subsequently. In its course to the corpus geniculatum laterale (CGL), it swept round the homolateral cerebral peduncle. The tract fibres entered the CGL chiefly on its ventrolateral aspect. The optic fibres appeared to enter the CGL as individual fibres. The fibres in the optic tract were mostly myelinated. There were 253823 +/- 27534-254800 +/- 29232 myelinated fibres in it. There was no fascicular arrangement of these fibres. The calibre of the myelinated fibres in the optic tract varied from 1-12 microns. A fibre diameter analysis revealed an unimodal distribution of these fibres with a peak at 2 microns. Thinner fibres predominated in the peripheral portion of the optic tract. In the central portion, fibres of larger diameter were seen in greater numbers.", "contents": "Anatomical studies on the optic tract (tractus opticus) of the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The optic tract of the buffalo was found to begin from the posterolateral angle of the chiasma, from where it extended laterally for about 8 mm. Each tract was round in its initial portion, but was flattened subsequently. In its course to the corpus geniculatum laterale (CGL), it swept round the homolateral cerebral peduncle. The tract fibres entered the CGL chiefly on its ventrolateral aspect. The optic fibres appeared to enter the CGL as individual fibres. The fibres in the optic tract were mostly myelinated. There were 253823 +/- 27534-254800 +/- 29232 myelinated fibres in it. There was no fascicular arrangement of these fibres. The calibre of the myelinated fibres in the optic tract varied from 1-12 microns. A fibre diameter analysis revealed an unimodal distribution of these fibres with a peak at 2 microns. Thinner fibres predominated in the peripheral portion of the optic tract. In the central portion, fibres of larger diameter were seen in greater numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:1217747", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopic description of the surface of the cavum leptomeningeum].", "content": "1. After fixation with formalin or gluteraldehyd and OSO4 the cavum leptomeningeum of pig and cow has been investigated. The obtained specimen were dried in critical-point-method. 2. The results were quite congruente to the literature when we magnified the specimen with slight magnification. The trabeculas and membranes go to the Arachnoidea in a diverging way. Moreover we have found the following phenomena: 3. The mesothelium of the cavum leptomeningeum possesses microvilli and pored gaps. 4. The fragility of the mesothelium and the danger of producing artefacts in preparation has been observed.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopic description of the surface of the cavum leptomeningeum]. 1. After fixation with formalin or gluteraldehyd and OSO4 the cavum leptomeningeum of pig and cow has been investigated. The obtained specimen were dried in critical-point-method. 2. The results were quite congruente to the literature when we magnified the specimen with slight magnification. The trabeculas and membranes go to the Arachnoidea in a diverging way. Moreover we have found the following phenomena: 3. The mesothelium of the cavum leptomeningeum possesses microvilli and pored gaps. 4. The fragility of the mesothelium and the danger of producing artefacts in preparation has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217750", "title": "The fine structure of the intestinal epithelium of Tilapia grahami.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the intestinal epithelium is described in Tilapia grahami. The intestine is divisible into cranial, middle and caudal portions. The cranial intestine is involved in water anp ion transport as well as in lipid absorption. The caudal intestine is important in protein digestion and adsorption. There is likely to be some functional overlap in the intermediate middle intestine.", "contents": "The fine structure of the intestinal epithelium of Tilapia grahami. The ultrastructure of the intestinal epithelium is described in Tilapia grahami. The intestine is divisible into cranial, middle and caudal portions. The cranial intestine is involved in water anp ion transport as well as in lipid absorption. The caudal intestine is important in protein digestion and adsorption. There is likely to be some functional overlap in the intermediate middle intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:1217751", "title": "A note on the quantitative anatomical study of the trachea in the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "A quantitative study of the trachea in buffalo has been made. The trachea is found to be about 37.9 +/- 1.8 cm long. It weighs 219.8 +/- 34.08 gm and its capacity is 188.4 +/- 29.3 ml. Its length, weight and capacity appear to be significantly interrelated. The bronchus principalis dexter is found to be diverging at 23.5 degrees +/- 4.6 degrees angle, whereas the bronchus principalis sinister at 34.1 degrees +/- 8.4 degrees. Apart from the first tracheal ring, the trachea has the greatest outer transverse, outer vertical, inner transverse and inner vertical diameters from the fifth to the twentieth tracheal rings. Thereafter, these diameters gradually decrease upto the last tracheal ring, which has the shortest corresponding diameters. The vertical diameter is greater than the transverse diameter throughout the length of the trachea.", "contents": "A note on the quantitative anatomical study of the trachea in the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). A quantitative study of the trachea in buffalo has been made. The trachea is found to be about 37.9 +/- 1.8 cm long. It weighs 219.8 +/- 34.08 gm and its capacity is 188.4 +/- 29.3 ml. Its length, weight and capacity appear to be significantly interrelated. The bronchus principalis dexter is found to be diverging at 23.5 degrees +/- 4.6 degrees angle, whereas the bronchus principalis sinister at 34.1 degrees +/- 8.4 degrees. Apart from the first tracheal ring, the trachea has the greatest outer transverse, outer vertical, inner transverse and inner vertical diameters from the fifth to the twentieth tracheal rings. Thereafter, these diameters gradually decrease upto the last tracheal ring, which has the shortest corresponding diameters. The vertical diameter is greater than the transverse diameter throughout the length of the trachea."}
{"id": "PMID:1217752", "title": "Isoimmune anti-A blood group reagents in pigs.", "content": "Immunization or reimmunization of A-negative pigs with red blood cells (RBC) from A-positive donors yielded anti-A antibodies reacting in high titres with phenotype A(Ac) RBC and, in some cases, in low dilutions, with phenotype Aw(Ap) RBC also. An attempt to raise the anti-A level by immunization with saliva which contained A substance was likewise successful. Repeated immunization of A-negative recipients with the RBC of A-positive donors (compatible in all other factors), with the aid of adjuvant, is recommended as the best way of obtaining Aw typing reagents.", "contents": "Isoimmune anti-A blood group reagents in pigs. Immunization or reimmunization of A-negative pigs with red blood cells (RBC) from A-positive donors yielded anti-A antibodies reacting in high titres with phenotype A(Ac) RBC and, in some cases, in low dilutions, with phenotype Aw(Ap) RBC also. An attempt to raise the anti-A level by immunization with saliva which contained A substance was likewise successful. Repeated immunization of A-negative recipients with the RBC of A-positive donors (compatible in all other factors), with the aid of adjuvant, is recommended as the best way of obtaining Aw typing reagents."}
{"id": "PMID:1217753", "title": "Adenosine deaminase in the pig: tissue-specific patterns and expression of the silent ADA0 allele in nucleated cells.", "content": "By means of polyacrylamide gel and cellulose acetate enzymo-electrophoresis, the authors have studied tissue-specific isozymes of adenosine deaminase in the pig; these have been correlated to the erythrocytic ABO-like polymorphism. The enzyme product of the ADA0 gene was detected in nucleated cells; the absence of the ADA0 gene product in erythrocytes was tentatively accounted for by an increased in vivo lability.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase in the pig: tissue-specific patterns and expression of the silent ADA0 allele in nucleated cells. By means of polyacrylamide gel and cellulose acetate enzymo-electrophoresis, the authors have studied tissue-specific isozymes of adenosine deaminase in the pig; these have been correlated to the erythrocytic ABO-like polymorphism. The enzyme product of the ADA0 gene was detected in nucleated cells; the absence of the ADA0 gene product in erythrocytes was tentatively accounted for by an increased in vivo lability."}
{"id": "PMID:1217754", "title": "Transferrin polymorphism in Herdwick sheep.", "content": "The transferrin system in Herdwick sheep, bred at Compton, was investigated with special reference to the susceptibility of the flock to experimentally produced scrapie. No significant correlations were observed between susceptibility and transferrin phenotypes.", "contents": "Transferrin polymorphism in Herdwick sheep. The transferrin system in Herdwick sheep, bred at Compton, was investigated with special reference to the susceptibility of the flock to experimentally produced scrapie. No significant correlations were observed between susceptibility and transferrin phenotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:1217755", "title": "Note on a third allele in the erythrocytic NP system of cattle.", "content": "A bull ('Mercure') with an erythrocytic NP (nucleoside phosphorylase), phenotype showing a slightly higher anodal mobility has been found. His progeny data generally support the hypothesis of a third F allele in addition to the more common S and the L alleles, resulting in an ABO-like system.", "contents": "Note on a third allele in the erythrocytic NP system of cattle. A bull ('Mercure') with an erythrocytic NP (nucleoside phosphorylase), phenotype showing a slightly higher anodal mobility has been found. His progeny data generally support the hypothesis of a third F allele in addition to the more common S and the L alleles, resulting in an ABO-like system."}
{"id": "PMID:1217756", "title": "Erythrocyte oxidized glutathione in Australian Merino sheep.", "content": "The concentration of GSSG was determined in the erythrocytes of Merino sheep. These sheep were grouped according to erythrocyte potassium type, haemoglobin type, and GSH type. It was found that haemoglobin and potassium type were not correlated with GSSG concentration; however, GSSG concentration was found to be significantly correlated with GSH concentration. This relationship may explain previously reported differences in ATPase activity and may reflect further metabolic differences in the erythrocytes of GSH-high and GSH-low type Merino sheep.", "contents": "Erythrocyte oxidized glutathione in Australian Merino sheep. The concentration of GSSG was determined in the erythrocytes of Merino sheep. These sheep were grouped according to erythrocyte potassium type, haemoglobin type, and GSH type. It was found that haemoglobin and potassium type were not correlated with GSSG concentration; however, GSSG concentration was found to be significantly correlated with GSH concentration. This relationship may explain previously reported differences in ATPase activity and may reflect further metabolic differences in the erythrocytes of GSH-high and GSH-low type Merino sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:1217757", "title": "Population differences of aspartate aminotransferase and peptidase in the bay mussel Mytilus edulis.", "content": "This investigation has demonstrated considerable heterogeneity among populations and some heterogeneity within populations in the distribution of alleles at two variant loci of Mytilus edulis. Although the causes of this variation remain obscure, some speculations have been made on the basis of available data. A cline for aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) alleles has been observed on the Pacific Coast. An immigration model has been proposed to explain the atypical ecological and genetic characteristics of large mussels found on Amchitka Island, Alaska. Marked differences were found in the distribution of peptidase alleles among collections from Southern California, the North Pacific Ocean, and New Jersey. Deviations from random distribution of phenotypes observed in comparisons made between large and small mussels from the New Jersey collection may reflect selection operating on these loci in this population.", "contents": "Population differences of aspartate aminotransferase and peptidase in the bay mussel Mytilus edulis. This investigation has demonstrated considerable heterogeneity among populations and some heterogeneity within populations in the distribution of alleles at two variant loci of Mytilus edulis. Although the causes of this variation remain obscure, some speculations have been made on the basis of available data. A cline for aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) alleles has been observed on the Pacific Coast. An immigration model has been proposed to explain the atypical ecological and genetic characteristics of large mussels found on Amchitka Island, Alaska. Marked differences were found in the distribution of peptidase alleles among collections from Southern California, the North Pacific Ocean, and New Jersey. Deviations from random distribution of phenotypes observed in comparisons made between large and small mussels from the New Jersey collection may reflect selection operating on these loci in this population."}
{"id": "PMID:1217759", "title": "A column chromatography fractionation of the hydroxyproline-containing urinary peptides with continuous automatic detection.", "content": "Dialyzable and non-dialyzable urinary hydroxyproline-containing peptides are chromatographed respectively on QAE-Sephadex and on phosphocellulose. They are detected and quantitated by continuous hydrolysis in 3.3 N NaOH followed by oxidation by chloramine T and colorimetry with p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde. The patterns of dialyzable urinary hypropeptides do not show significant qualitative differences between normal subjects and patients suffering from Paget's bone disease or cancer metastases of bone. The patterns of non-dialyzable urinary hypropeptides, show more variability in the case of normal subjects and differ more largely in the case of Paget's disease of bone.", "contents": "A column chromatography fractionation of the hydroxyproline-containing urinary peptides with continuous automatic detection. Dialyzable and non-dialyzable urinary hydroxyproline-containing peptides are chromatographed respectively on QAE-Sephadex and on phosphocellulose. They are detected and quantitated by continuous hydrolysis in 3.3 N NaOH followed by oxidation by chloramine T and colorimetry with p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde. The patterns of dialyzable urinary hypropeptides do not show significant qualitative differences between normal subjects and patients suffering from Paget's bone disease or cancer metastases of bone. The patterns of non-dialyzable urinary hypropeptides, show more variability in the case of normal subjects and differ more largely in the case of Paget's disease of bone."}
{"id": "PMID:1217760", "title": "[Use of leukocytes labelled with 99m Technetium sulfide colloids for the detection of experimental aseptic inflammatory foci].", "content": "The authors propose a technique of labelling of leukocytes based on the phagocytic power of these cells with regard to sulphide particles in the colloidal state labelled with 90mmTc. These labelled leukocytes maintain their normal function and can be detected in the inflammatory foci created in experimental animals in the form of an abscess. Satisfactory results were thus obtained by scintiscanning after auto and allo-transfusion of labelled leukocytes. The role of hyperemia in the results obtained is eliminated by comparative study using non-diffusible vascular tracers. The type of vector, tracer and marker, the innocuity of the method suggest that it may be used in human clinical medicine for the early diagnosis of certain inflammatory foci.", "contents": "[Use of leukocytes labelled with 99m Technetium sulfide colloids for the detection of experimental aseptic inflammatory foci]. The authors propose a technique of labelling of leukocytes based on the phagocytic power of these cells with regard to sulphide particles in the colloidal state labelled with 90mmTc. These labelled leukocytes maintain their normal function and can be detected in the inflammatory foci created in experimental animals in the form of an abscess. Satisfactory results were thus obtained by scintiscanning after auto and allo-transfusion of labelled leukocytes. The role of hyperemia in the results obtained is eliminated by comparative study using non-diffusible vascular tracers. The type of vector, tracer and marker, the innocuity of the method suggest that it may be used in human clinical medicine for the early diagnosis of certain inflammatory foci."}
{"id": "PMID:1217761", "title": "[Separation and assay of the MB isoenzyme of serum creatine phosphokinase. Results apropos of 152 cases].", "content": "MB iso-enzyme of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was estimated after chromatography. The technique used, Mercer's technique, was simple and rapid. It required 1 ml of serum. The study carried out in 152 subjects showed that CPK was increased (N less than 90 mU/ml). In the group of 104 patients with myocardial infarction (average CPK levels = 829 mU/ml +/- 516), the MB iso-enzyme was found in the serum in significant levels (average level of the MB fraction = 10.9% +/- 5.4). On the other hand, in the control group of 44 patients with various diseases, (CPK = 672 mU/ml +/- 531) the MB iso-enzyme remained low (0.35% +/- 0.44). In two subjects with myocardial infarction, no MB fraction was found. On the other hand, in two patients who died, one from necrotic, prostatic adenocarcinoma, the other from necrotic epidermoid lung cancer, the MB iso-enzyme was significantly increased. The test proposed here, which is applicable in a routine laboratory, seems the most specific of all laboratory examinations available to the clinician for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Separation and assay of the MB isoenzyme of serum creatine phosphokinase. Results apropos of 152 cases]. MB iso-enzyme of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was estimated after chromatography. The technique used, Mercer's technique, was simple and rapid. It required 1 ml of serum. The study carried out in 152 subjects showed that CPK was increased (N less than 90 mU/ml). In the group of 104 patients with myocardial infarction (average CPK levels = 829 mU/ml +/- 516), the MB iso-enzyme was found in the serum in significant levels (average level of the MB fraction = 10.9% +/- 5.4). On the other hand, in the control group of 44 patients with various diseases, (CPK = 672 mU/ml +/- 531) the MB iso-enzyme remained low (0.35% +/- 0.44). In two subjects with myocardial infarction, no MB fraction was found. On the other hand, in two patients who died, one from necrotic, prostatic adenocarcinoma, the other from necrotic epidermoid lung cancer, the MB iso-enzyme was significantly increased. The test proposed here, which is applicable in a routine laboratory, seems the most specific of all laboratory examinations available to the clinician for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1217762", "title": "[Hypoglycemia caused by anterior pituitary insufficiency associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The authors report the case of a young man with dissociated anterior pituitary insufficiency affecting somatotropic and corticotropic functions, presenting as hypoglycaemia as a result of the deficiencies mentioned, primary hypothyroidism and, in addition, pulmonary fibrosis of uncertain aetiology, pulmonary biopsy not having been carried out. The aetiology of this double pulmonary and endocrine involvement is presumably the same. Sarcoidosis seems unlikely, whilst histiocytosis X with pulmonary, anterior pituitary and/or hypothalamic and thyroid involvement is much more probable.", "contents": "[Hypoglycemia caused by anterior pituitary insufficiency associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Apropos of a case]. The authors report the case of a young man with dissociated anterior pituitary insufficiency affecting somatotropic and corticotropic functions, presenting as hypoglycaemia as a result of the deficiencies mentioned, primary hypothyroidism and, in addition, pulmonary fibrosis of uncertain aetiology, pulmonary biopsy not having been carried out. The aetiology of this double pulmonary and endocrine involvement is presumably the same. Sarcoidosis seems unlikely, whilst histiocytosis X with pulmonary, anterior pituitary and/or hypothalamic and thyroid involvement is much more probable."}
{"id": "PMID:1217770", "title": "[Partial deficiency of cell-mediated immunity in a child with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Intercurrent meningeal and pulmonary cryptococcosis].", "content": "The authors report a new case of partial immune deficiency of cellular immunity, associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in a 12 Years-old boy. The disease began very early during the first few weeks of life, with thrush in the mouth. This candidiasis then evolved intermittently and was still present. Numerous cutaneous, pulmonary and ear infections occured throughout this child's life. This morbid association led to a search for an immune deficiency. Humoral immunity was normal. Abnormalities of cellular immunity were as follows: apart from candidine skin anergy, there was a deficiency in the factor which inhibits leukocyte migration, secretion of a factor favouring this migration (MEF). It was also noted the presence of the patient's serum, of a factor inhibiting lymphocyte transformation in the presence of candidine. In spite of treatment with intravenous route, amphotericin B, followed by transfer factor, the oral candidiasis persisted together with the skin anergy to candidine. On the other hand, the serum inhibitory factor disappeared. Pulmonary cryptococcosis probably favoured by corticosteroid treatment, developed on this background of immune deficiency; as usual it spread to the meninges. Treatment associating intraveinous amphotericin B and 5 fluorocytosine oral and later intravenous, total duration 6 months, grave a recovery maintained on a 8 months follow up.", "contents": "[Partial deficiency of cell-mediated immunity in a child with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Intercurrent meningeal and pulmonary cryptococcosis]. The authors report a new case of partial immune deficiency of cellular immunity, associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in a 12 Years-old boy. The disease began very early during the first few weeks of life, with thrush in the mouth. This candidiasis then evolved intermittently and was still present. Numerous cutaneous, pulmonary and ear infections occured throughout this child's life. This morbid association led to a search for an immune deficiency. Humoral immunity was normal. Abnormalities of cellular immunity were as follows: apart from candidine skin anergy, there was a deficiency in the factor which inhibits leukocyte migration, secretion of a factor favouring this migration (MEF). It was also noted the presence of the patient's serum, of a factor inhibiting lymphocyte transformation in the presence of candidine. In spite of treatment with intravenous route, amphotericin B, followed by transfer factor, the oral candidiasis persisted together with the skin anergy to candidine. On the other hand, the serum inhibitory factor disappeared. Pulmonary cryptococcosis probably favoured by corticosteroid treatment, developed on this background of immune deficiency; as usual it spread to the meninges. Treatment associating intraveinous amphotericin B and 5 fluorocytosine oral and later intravenous, total duration 6 months, grave a recovery maintained on a 8 months follow up."}
{"id": "PMID:1217771", "title": "[Infectious endocarditis in a neurosurgical unit].", "content": "Clinico-pathological study of 15 cases of cerebral complications of bacterial endocarditis referred to a neurosurgical unit for suspected cerebral abcess. In all cases but one, cerebral symptoms appeared with the cardiac condition undiagnosed, and complete diagnosis was made only at autopsy. Cerebral lesions consisted mainly in focal softening due to embolisms, generally multiple, with in about half the cases histological manifestations of bacterial seeding, without any abcess such as could be amenable to neurosurgical treatment. Surgical treatment of mycotic aneurysms was unsuccessful, due mainly to their multiplicity.", "contents": "[Infectious endocarditis in a neurosurgical unit]. Clinico-pathological study of 15 cases of cerebral complications of bacterial endocarditis referred to a neurosurgical unit for suspected cerebral abcess. In all cases but one, cerebral symptoms appeared with the cardiac condition undiagnosed, and complete diagnosis was made only at autopsy. Cerebral lesions consisted mainly in focal softening due to embolisms, generally multiple, with in about half the cases histological manifestations of bacterial seeding, without any abcess such as could be amenable to neurosurgical treatment. Surgical treatment of mycotic aneurysms was unsuccessful, due mainly to their multiplicity."}
{"id": "PMID:1217772", "title": "[Coagulation factors during the development of common viral hepatitis].", "content": "The authors have analysed the development of various coagulation factors in 104 cases of common virus hepatitis in young adults. Total plasma coagulability, the prothrombin complex, factors VIII and IX, fibrination and fibrinolysis were followed up during this evolution and compared, using the usual statistical methods, with the results of the same investigations carried out on 100 healthy subjects belonging to the same age-group and on 31 patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver. Statistical methods showed up the slightest disturbances of any significance which would have been overlooked if individual results only had been examined. As it was, there was total plasma hypercoagulability which was at its maximum at the onset of development but which persisted until the 7th week. It was mainly connected with an abnormality at the second stage of fibrination, that is : polymerisation of the fibrin monomers. The results obtained do not allow a conclusion to be drawn as to whether there exists an antipolymerase or dysfibrinogenaemia. Later research dealing specifically with the chemical structure of fibrinogen in hepatitis should provide further information. In practice, assessment of total plasma coagulability, using cephalinkaolin time, and analysis of fibrination by thrombin time are of definite value on account of their sensitivity.", "contents": "[Coagulation factors during the development of common viral hepatitis]. The authors have analysed the development of various coagulation factors in 104 cases of common virus hepatitis in young adults. Total plasma coagulability, the prothrombin complex, factors VIII and IX, fibrination and fibrinolysis were followed up during this evolution and compared, using the usual statistical methods, with the results of the same investigations carried out on 100 healthy subjects belonging to the same age-group and on 31 patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver. Statistical methods showed up the slightest disturbances of any significance which would have been overlooked if individual results only had been examined. As it was, there was total plasma hypercoagulability which was at its maximum at the onset of development but which persisted until the 7th week. It was mainly connected with an abnormality at the second stage of fibrination, that is : polymerisation of the fibrin monomers. The results obtained do not allow a conclusion to be drawn as to whether there exists an antipolymerase or dysfibrinogenaemia. Later research dealing specifically with the chemical structure of fibrinogen in hepatitis should provide further information. In practice, assessment of total plasma coagulability, using cephalinkaolin time, and analysis of fibrination by thrombin time are of definite value on account of their sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1217783", "title": "[Nutrition and taxonomy of \"enterobacteriaceae\" and related bacteria. II. General results and classification (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 186 strains belonging to eleven genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae and to three genera of the family Vibrionaceae has been carried out in order to determine their \"versatility\" towards 146 organic substrates tested as sole source of carbon and energy. Glucose was the only substrate used by all the strains; gluconate and glycerol were used by respectively 184 and 185 strains; 55 substrates were used by no one strains. The 90 substrates which were used by a fraction of the strains have served to establish a numerical classification of our strains, exclusively relied on these nutritional characters. In using the distinctness coefficient, it was possible to cut the dendrogram into 32 \"classes\" which may be clustered into 7 \"groups\" or 2 \"sets\": the obtained taxa are approximatively similar to the ones which are actually described on the basis of morphological and biochemical characters. The studied strains use 32.7 +/- 11.1 substrates on an average: the \"eutrophic Klebsielleae group\", which is the most versatile, uses 49.5 substrates on an average, and the \"Shigella group\", the lease versatile one, only uses 16.5 substrates on an average. The strains of the set 1 (100 strains) use 39.0 substrates on an average: all they belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The strains of the set 2 (86 strains) use 25.8 substrates on an average: they belong either to the family of Vibrionaceae, either to any little versatile genus of Enterobacteriaceae, namely Shigella, Proteus and Edwardsiella. The taxonomic inferences of this classification, exclusively established by means of the nutritional characters, are discussed.", "contents": "[Nutrition and taxonomy of \"enterobacteriaceae\" and related bacteria. II. General results and classification (author's transl)]. A study of 186 strains belonging to eleven genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae and to three genera of the family Vibrionaceae has been carried out in order to determine their \"versatility\" towards 146 organic substrates tested as sole source of carbon and energy. Glucose was the only substrate used by all the strains; gluconate and glycerol were used by respectively 184 and 185 strains; 55 substrates were used by no one strains. The 90 substrates which were used by a fraction of the strains have served to establish a numerical classification of our strains, exclusively relied on these nutritional characters. In using the distinctness coefficient, it was possible to cut the dendrogram into 32 \"classes\" which may be clustered into 7 \"groups\" or 2 \"sets\": the obtained taxa are approximatively similar to the ones which are actually described on the basis of morphological and biochemical characters. The studied strains use 32.7 +/- 11.1 substrates on an average: the \"eutrophic Klebsielleae group\", which is the most versatile, uses 49.5 substrates on an average, and the \"Shigella group\", the lease versatile one, only uses 16.5 substrates on an average. The strains of the set 1 (100 strains) use 39.0 substrates on an average: all they belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The strains of the set 2 (86 strains) use 25.8 substrates on an average: they belong either to the family of Vibrionaceae, either to any little versatile genus of Enterobacteriaceae, namely Shigella, Proteus and Edwardsiella. The taxonomic inferences of this classification, exclusively established by means of the nutritional characters, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217784", "title": "[Nutrition and taxonomy of \"enterobacteriaceae\" and related bacteria. III. Nutritional characters and differentiation of the taxonomic groups (author's transl)].", "content": "A batch of 186 strains belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae or Vibrionaceae has been studied by determination, for each strain, of the \"versatility\" towards 146 organic substrates tested as sole source of carbon and energy. This study allowed to work out a classification of these strains into the 32 classes which have been previously described. In the present paper the nutritional characters of these classes are reported. On the basis of these characters, the 32 classes may be regrouped into 7 groups, namely: (1.1) \"Escherichia-Salmonella-Citrobacter\", (1.2) \"dystrophic Klebsielleae\", (1.3) \"eutrophic Klebsielleae\", (2.1) \"Shigella\", (2.2) \"Proteus\", (2.3) \"Aeromonas-Vibrio\", (2.4) \"Edwardsiella tarda-Aeromonas salmonicida-Plesiomonas shigelloides\". Only 4 strains (about 2 percent) happened misclassified in this study where the taxa were assembled exclusively by means of nutritional characters. The number and the type of the substrates which can be used in each group are reported, as well as the nutritional characters which are possibly useful to differential diagnosis. The taxonomic considerations which may be deduced from this study are discussed.", "contents": "[Nutrition and taxonomy of \"enterobacteriaceae\" and related bacteria. III. Nutritional characters and differentiation of the taxonomic groups (author's transl)]. A batch of 186 strains belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae or Vibrionaceae has been studied by determination, for each strain, of the \"versatility\" towards 146 organic substrates tested as sole source of carbon and energy. This study allowed to work out a classification of these strains into the 32 classes which have been previously described. In the present paper the nutritional characters of these classes are reported. On the basis of these characters, the 32 classes may be regrouped into 7 groups, namely: (1.1) \"Escherichia-Salmonella-Citrobacter\", (1.2) \"dystrophic Klebsielleae\", (1.3) \"eutrophic Klebsielleae\", (2.1) \"Shigella\", (2.2) \"Proteus\", (2.3) \"Aeromonas-Vibrio\", (2.4) \"Edwardsiella tarda-Aeromonas salmonicida-Plesiomonas shigelloides\". Only 4 strains (about 2 percent) happened misclassified in this study where the taxa were assembled exclusively by means of nutritional characters. The number and the type of the substrates which can be used in each group are reported, as well as the nutritional characters which are possibly useful to differential diagnosis. The taxonomic considerations which may be deduced from this study are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217785", "title": "Ultrastructural and electron cytochemical studies of Entomophthora coronata.", "content": "Aspects of the fine structure as well as electron cytochemical localization studies of certain hydrolytic enzymes were examined by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of the vegatative hyphae and conidia of the phycomycetous fungus, Entomophthora coronata. This entomogenous fungal organism is of interest since it has been increasingly implicated as the etiologic agent of phycomycosis of man and animals. On thin section, hyphal cells were frequently observed with septa while the cytoplasm was multinucleate. The conidium was bound by a multilayered cell wall. The cytoplasm of ungerminated conidia characteristically contained large numbers of a class of cytoplasmic organelle found in loose aggregates with lipid storage bodies. Similar organelles were observed in the cytoplasm of hyphal cells from 7-day old cultures. This round to oval to slightly reniform structure was bound by a single limiting membrane and composed of an electron dense, slightly granular matrix without evidence of crystalloid formation. The limiting membrane of the lipid storage bodies was observed to be intimately associated with that of one or more of these microbody-like organelles. This intimate association of the two cytoplasmic organelles suggests that the microbody-like organelle may be involved in some manner with lipid metabolism during the life cycle of the fungus. Cautious interpretations of electron cytochemical localization studies suggested that lipase, nonspecific esterase, and possibly aryl sulfatase were associated with the microbody-like organelles. Neither peroxidatic nor acid phosphatase activity could be demonstrated with these organelles of the conidial cytoplasm.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and electron cytochemical studies of Entomophthora coronata. Aspects of the fine structure as well as electron cytochemical localization studies of certain hydrolytic enzymes were examined by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of the vegatative hyphae and conidia of the phycomycetous fungus, Entomophthora coronata. This entomogenous fungal organism is of interest since it has been increasingly implicated as the etiologic agent of phycomycosis of man and animals. On thin section, hyphal cells were frequently observed with septa while the cytoplasm was multinucleate. The conidium was bound by a multilayered cell wall. The cytoplasm of ungerminated conidia characteristically contained large numbers of a class of cytoplasmic organelle found in loose aggregates with lipid storage bodies. Similar organelles were observed in the cytoplasm of hyphal cells from 7-day old cultures. This round to oval to slightly reniform structure was bound by a single limiting membrane and composed of an electron dense, slightly granular matrix without evidence of crystalloid formation. The limiting membrane of the lipid storage bodies was observed to be intimately associated with that of one or more of these microbody-like organelles. This intimate association of the two cytoplasmic organelles suggests that the microbody-like organelle may be involved in some manner with lipid metabolism during the life cycle of the fungus. Cautious interpretations of electron cytochemical localization studies suggested that lipase, nonspecific esterase, and possibly aryl sulfatase were associated with the microbody-like organelles. Neither peroxidatic nor acid phosphatase activity could be demonstrated with these organelles of the conidial cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:1217786", "title": "[Experimental pathogenicity of \"Yersinia enterocolitica\" for athymic nude mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst the 4,500 strains of our collection of Yersinia enterocolitica usually non-pathogenic for laboratory animals, 5 or 6 strains appeared to be naturally pathogenic for mice. Using these strains and non-pathogenic strains representing more than 90 per cent of human isolates in the world (biotype 4, serotype 0:3, phagocyte VIII; biotype 2, serotype 0:9, phagotype X3), the pathogenicity for cyclophosphamid treated mice and athymic Nude mice has been tested. Highly pathogenic strains killed conventional as well as cyclophosphamid treated mice. Non-pathogenic strains for conventional mice did not show any pathogenicity for cyclophosphamid treated mice (strain IP161 excepted) but killed 30 athymic Nude mice inoculated with 5 x 10(8) and 5 x 10(5) organisms by the oral or intraperitoneal routes. Nude mice infected intragastrically or intraperitoneally showed signs of enteritis and bronchopneumonia followed by a septicemia. Abscesses were found in the liver, the spleen and the ileal wall. The infection of Nude mice with Y. enterocolitica resembles naturally acquired human infection where 2/3 of the cases are enteritis among under 4-year-old children and where septicemia occurs among immunologically deficient adults. The role of T-lymphocytes and of immune functions in Y. enterocolitica infection is discussed through our model.", "contents": "[Experimental pathogenicity of \"Yersinia enterocolitica\" for athymic nude mice (author's transl)]. Amongst the 4,500 strains of our collection of Yersinia enterocolitica usually non-pathogenic for laboratory animals, 5 or 6 strains appeared to be naturally pathogenic for mice. Using these strains and non-pathogenic strains representing more than 90 per cent of human isolates in the world (biotype 4, serotype 0:3, phagocyte VIII; biotype 2, serotype 0:9, phagotype X3), the pathogenicity for cyclophosphamid treated mice and athymic Nude mice has been tested. Highly pathogenic strains killed conventional as well as cyclophosphamid treated mice. Non-pathogenic strains for conventional mice did not show any pathogenicity for cyclophosphamid treated mice (strain IP161 excepted) but killed 30 athymic Nude mice inoculated with 5 x 10(8) and 5 x 10(5) organisms by the oral or intraperitoneal routes. Nude mice infected intragastrically or intraperitoneally showed signs of enteritis and bronchopneumonia followed by a septicemia. Abscesses were found in the liver, the spleen and the ileal wall. The infection of Nude mice with Y. enterocolitica resembles naturally acquired human infection where 2/3 of the cases are enteritis among under 4-year-old children and where septicemia occurs among immunologically deficient adults. The role of T-lymphocytes and of immune functions in Y. enterocolitica infection is discussed through our model."}
{"id": "PMID:1217787", "title": "[Experimental herpetic infection in rabbits combined with immunodepression (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunologic response to herpesvirus infection have been studied in rabbits receiving azathioprine before, after or simultaneously with the infection. The part of humoral depression in the complications following human kidney graft and the meaning of the viral antibodies rises in these patients are discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental herpetic infection in rabbits combined with immunodepression (author's transl)]. The immunologic response to herpesvirus infection have been studied in rabbits receiving azathioprine before, after or simultaneously with the infection. The part of humoral depression in the complications following human kidney graft and the meaning of the viral antibodies rises in these patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217788", "title": "[Grouping of streptococci by means of antibodies adsorbed to staphylococcal \"protein A\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The method described by Krinvall, using antibodies adsorbed to \"Protein-A\" containing staphylococci, can be applied for the serological grouping of A, B, C, F and G streptococci. The results are improved by replacing the whole trypsinized cells, as reported by Christensen et al., by an enzymatic extract of the polysaccharide. The reaction is easy, specific, rapid and cheap.", "contents": "[Grouping of streptococci by means of antibodies adsorbed to staphylococcal \"protein A\" (author's transl)]. The method described by Krinvall, using antibodies adsorbed to \"Protein-A\" containing staphylococci, can be applied for the serological grouping of A, B, C, F and G streptococci. The results are improved by replacing the whole trypsinized cells, as reported by Christensen et al., by an enzymatic extract of the polysaccharide. The reaction is easy, specific, rapid and cheap."}
{"id": "PMID:1217804", "title": "[Comparison of long-term carcinologic results between radical and conservative cervical surgery].", "content": "The aim of this research was to compare isolated ganglionic development in patients treated surgically for cancer of the larynx. This research included the cases of 232 patients operated on for laryngeal cancer and who underwent either total laryngectomy with or without conservation of the cricoid, or supra-glottal laryngectomy, or sub-glottal pharyngectomy. For the treatment of the ganglionic areas, there are six possibilities: --cobalt used in isolation; --uni- or bi-lateral cellulo-adenectomy; --uni- or bi-lateral curettage (a month apart); --curettage on one side, cellulo-adenectomy on the other. The results obtained were particularly significant as far as the N0 and regrouped N1 were concerned. The rate of ganglionic recurrence was 25 p. 100 for the N0 treated with cobalt and 6,5 p. 100 when surgery was carried out (cellulo-adenectomy or curettage). Also, curettage seems in N + cases to give better results : 26 p. 100 recurrence in cases of cellulo-adenectomy for N0-N1 and 4 p. 100 only in cases of curettage. These results appear to justify on the spot histological examination followed by curettage in N + cases.", "contents": "[Comparison of long-term carcinologic results between radical and conservative cervical surgery]. The aim of this research was to compare isolated ganglionic development in patients treated surgically for cancer of the larynx. This research included the cases of 232 patients operated on for laryngeal cancer and who underwent either total laryngectomy with or without conservation of the cricoid, or supra-glottal laryngectomy, or sub-glottal pharyngectomy. For the treatment of the ganglionic areas, there are six possibilities: --cobalt used in isolation; --uni- or bi-lateral cellulo-adenectomy; --uni- or bi-lateral curettage (a month apart); --curettage on one side, cellulo-adenectomy on the other. The results obtained were particularly significant as far as the N0 and regrouped N1 were concerned. The rate of ganglionic recurrence was 25 p. 100 for the N0 treated with cobalt and 6,5 p. 100 when surgery was carried out (cellulo-adenectomy or curettage). Also, curettage seems in N + cases to give better results : 26 p. 100 recurrence in cases of cellulo-adenectomy for N0-N1 and 4 p. 100 only in cases of curettage. These results appear to justify on the spot histological examination followed by curettage in N + cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1217800", "title": "[Physiological assessment of the rehabilitation of total deafness by the implantation of multiple intracochlear electrodes].", "content": "Cochelar implantation can only be entertained incases of complete endocochlear deafness and if the nerve fibres which transmit the auditory message to the cerebral centres are relatively unaffected. The electrodes should also be placed so as to follow roughly the spatial arrangement of the cochlear organ: each band of the speech area should have an electrode. It is however clear that a single electrode cannot offer selectivity as far as this spatial arrangement is concerned. The authors therefore decided to use 7 or 8 intra-cochlear electrodes. These were insulated from each other so as not to interfere with selective stimulation of the different groups of fibres.", "contents": "[Physiological assessment of the rehabilitation of total deafness by the implantation of multiple intracochlear electrodes]. Cochelar implantation can only be entertained incases of complete endocochlear deafness and if the nerve fibres which transmit the auditory message to the cerebral centres are relatively unaffected. The electrodes should also be placed so as to follow roughly the spatial arrangement of the cochlear organ: each band of the speech area should have an electrode. It is however clear that a single electrode cannot offer selectivity as far as this spatial arrangement is concerned. The authors therefore decided to use 7 or 8 intra-cochlear electrodes. These were insulated from each other so as not to interfere with selective stimulation of the different groups of fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:1217805", "title": "[Nasopharyngeal fibroma. Significance of super-selective angiography and embolization].", "content": "The authors describe a case of naso-pharyngeal fibroma which they treated, in order to prevent per-operative haemorrhage, by means of embolisation of the arterial pedicles. The result was very satisfactory, the operation being practically bloodless. They stress the advantages of angiography for obtaining information about these tumours. And, thinking ahead on the subject of embolisation, they weigh up the risk of haemorrhage due to surgery (which remains considerable whatever methods have been used hitherto) against the possible risk of embolism which appears to be negligible if it is carried out by a radiologist who is expert in this method.", "contents": "[Nasopharyngeal fibroma. Significance of super-selective angiography and embolization]. The authors describe a case of naso-pharyngeal fibroma which they treated, in order to prevent per-operative haemorrhage, by means of embolisation of the arterial pedicles. The result was very satisfactory, the operation being practically bloodless. They stress the advantages of angiography for obtaining information about these tumours. And, thinking ahead on the subject of embolisation, they weigh up the risk of haemorrhage due to surgery (which remains considerable whatever methods have been used hitherto) against the possible risk of embolism which appears to be negligible if it is carried out by a radiologist who is expert in this method."}
{"id": "PMID:1217801", "title": "[Translaryngeal microsurgical arytenoidectomy].", "content": "The authors describe a microsurgical procedure for translaryngeal arytenoidectomy in bilateral vocal cord paralysis and relate their clinical experience. They consider this approach as very valuable in as much as a rather minimal surgical procedure will create a good airway while conserving a satisfactory vocal function.", "contents": "[Translaryngeal microsurgical arytenoidectomy]. The authors describe a microsurgical procedure for translaryngeal arytenoidectomy in bilateral vocal cord paralysis and relate their clinical experience. They consider this approach as very valuable in as much as a rather minimal surgical procedure will create a good airway while conserving a satisfactory vocal function."}
{"id": "PMID:1217802", "title": "[Functional laryngectomy using a technic of subperichondrial laryngeal curettage].", "content": "A new technique of functional laryngectomy using sub-perichondral curettage of some or all of the soft parts of the larynx is described. This method has an embryological and anatomical basis. It is supported by a score of cases which have had a satisfactory outcome, all the patients operated on having been decannulated. Histopathological research was continued with a view to confirming the function of the perichondrium and the cartilage as a barrier to neoplastic invasion.", "contents": "[Functional laryngectomy using a technic of subperichondrial laryngeal curettage]. A new technique of functional laryngectomy using sub-perichondral curettage of some or all of the soft parts of the larynx is described. This method has an embryological and anatomical basis. It is supported by a score of cases which have had a satisfactory outcome, all the patients operated on having been decannulated. Histopathological research was continued with a view to confirming the function of the perichondrium and the cartilage as a barrier to neoplastic invasion."}
{"id": "PMID:1217806", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy of the vestibular surface of the stapes in otospongiosis].", "content": "The authors, going on with their investigations of the otospongiotic micro-foci by means of scanning electron microscopy method, state their discoveries concerning the micro-foci of the footplates vestibular side, left aside too often up to now. On this vestibular side of the footplate, they have managed to find much more numerous pathological alterations than usually admitted. There are three types of lesions: 1. Strongly cellular micro-foci, most of them composed of histiocytes. 2. Fibrous micro-foci, containing numerous fibroblasts and looking like otospongiotic micro-foci of osteoid lamellae overhanging the tympanic side of the footplate and grasping it in the way of a lobster-claw. 3. A small number of scattered microlesions, having no relation with the two previous types, and seeming due to numerous initial otospongiotic micro-foci originated from one or several cells with altered metabolism on the footplate' side itself. The localization of these micro-foci of the footplate's vestibular side is extremely interesting for the knowledge of the otospongiotic disease, because they are in direct contact with the vestibule. They can thus spread their hydrolytic enzymes into the labyrinthine fluids as well as the otospongiotic micro-foci of the lateral wall which have been described by the authors in numerous papers.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy of the vestibular surface of the stapes in otospongiosis]. The authors, going on with their investigations of the otospongiotic micro-foci by means of scanning electron microscopy method, state their discoveries concerning the micro-foci of the footplates vestibular side, left aside too often up to now. On this vestibular side of the footplate, they have managed to find much more numerous pathological alterations than usually admitted. There are three types of lesions: 1. Strongly cellular micro-foci, most of them composed of histiocytes. 2. Fibrous micro-foci, containing numerous fibroblasts and looking like otospongiotic micro-foci of osteoid lamellae overhanging the tympanic side of the footplate and grasping it in the way of a lobster-claw. 3. A small number of scattered microlesions, having no relation with the two previous types, and seeming due to numerous initial otospongiotic micro-foci originated from one or several cells with altered metabolism on the footplate' side itself. The localization of these micro-foci of the footplate's vestibular side is extremely interesting for the knowledge of the otospongiotic disease, because they are in direct contact with the vestibule. They can thus spread their hydrolytic enzymes into the labyrinthine fluids as well as the otospongiotic micro-foci of the lateral wall which have been described by the authors in numerous papers."}
{"id": "PMID:1217807", "title": "[Severe emergency epistaxis].", "content": "Selective ligature of the nutrient vessels of the nasal mucosa is an effective method of controlling massive epistaxis. Careful identification of the site of the haemorrhage is essential. One cause of immediate failure was an error in indication and another, lack of precision in locating a vascular tumour. With a short stay in hospital (the average is a week) we have achieved complete control over almost every very serious case of epistaxis we have been called upon to treat. Surgical sequelae have been minimal. In particular we found no mucosal vasomotor disorders such as those described in some operations involving the back of the pterygo-maxillary fossa.", "contents": "[Severe emergency epistaxis]. Selective ligature of the nutrient vessels of the nasal mucosa is an effective method of controlling massive epistaxis. Careful identification of the site of the haemorrhage is essential. One cause of immediate failure was an error in indication and another, lack of precision in locating a vascular tumour. With a short stay in hospital (the average is a week) we have achieved complete control over almost every very serious case of epistaxis we have been called upon to treat. Surgical sequelae have been minimal. In particular we found no mucosal vasomotor disorders such as those described in some operations involving the back of the pterygo-maxillary fossa."}
{"id": "PMID:1217803", "title": "[Histo-topographic variations of pharyngolaryngeal cancer].", "content": "The authors carried out comparative research into the topography and the histopathological nature of pharyngo-laryngeal cancers in Zaire and in countries in other continents. They found that in all countries, cancers of the larynx seem mainly located on the vocal cords, but that pharyngeal cancers, and more especially those in rhino-pharyngeal sites which are seen more often in Asiatic than in European countries, occur very frequently in Zaire. From the histopathological point of view, they show that contrary to the high frequency of differentiated spinocellular epitheliomas often described in European countries, most pharyngo-laryngeal cancers which they observed were usually undifferentiated epitheliomas.", "contents": "[Histo-topographic variations of pharyngolaryngeal cancer]. The authors carried out comparative research into the topography and the histopathological nature of pharyngo-laryngeal cancers in Zaire and in countries in other continents. They found that in all countries, cancers of the larynx seem mainly located on the vocal cords, but that pharyngeal cancers, and more especially those in rhino-pharyngeal sites which are seen more often in Asiatic than in European countries, occur very frequently in Zaire. From the histopathological point of view, they show that contrary to the high frequency of differentiated spinocellular epitheliomas often described in European countries, most pharyngo-laryngeal cancers which they observed were usually undifferentiated epitheliomas."}
{"id": "PMID:1217810", "title": "[The problem of hearing in the case of surgical cavities. New perspectives: the hidden hearing aid].", "content": "In numerous chronic osteitic and diffuse cholesteatomatous chronic otitis, the surgeon is obliged to form a Transmeatal partial or radical cavity usually with considerable mastoidectomy.", "contents": "[The problem of hearing in the case of surgical cavities. New perspectives: the hidden hearing aid]. In numerous chronic osteitic and diffuse cholesteatomatous chronic otitis, the surgeon is obliged to form a Transmeatal partial or radical cavity usually with considerable mastoidectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1217811", "title": "[The facial nerve sensitivity test. Significance and limitation].", "content": "This Test which is a renewal of the work of Duchenne de Boulogne (1872) gives an evaluation of the prognosis of a Facial palsy 72 hours after its beginning. It is specially interesting in traumatic cases for it gives the ground for urgent operation or reoperation.", "contents": "[The facial nerve sensitivity test. Significance and limitation]. This Test which is a renewal of the work of Duchenne de Boulogne (1872) gives an evaluation of the prognosis of a Facial palsy 72 hours after its beginning. It is specially interesting in traumatic cases for it gives the ground for urgent operation or reoperation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217812", "title": "[Electrodiagnosis of peripheral facial paralysis. Significance of stimulation tests--detection].", "content": "Electroneurography at present constitutes an indispensable method for the investigation of peripheral facial paralysis. It should be carried out at an early stage, in the form of three successive examinations at 3 day intervals. If decompression is necessary, it should theoretically be carried out during the first 15 days, before destruction of nerves, which is a feature of sequelae, can take place. Electroneuronography appears to be, for this purpose, on a par with histology. The authors urge that patients suffering from from facial paralysis should be referred to O.-R.-L. departments right from the start and not when all other methods of treatment have been tried, often with reprehensible empiricism, and found unsuccessful.", "contents": "[Electrodiagnosis of peripheral facial paralysis. Significance of stimulation tests--detection]. Electroneurography at present constitutes an indispensable method for the investigation of peripheral facial paralysis. It should be carried out at an early stage, in the form of three successive examinations at 3 day intervals. If decompression is necessary, it should theoretically be carried out during the first 15 days, before destruction of nerves, which is a feature of sequelae, can take place. Electroneuronography appears to be, for this purpose, on a par with histology. The authors urge that patients suffering from from facial paralysis should be referred to O.-R.-L. departments right from the start and not when all other methods of treatment have been tried, often with reprehensible empiricism, and found unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:1217814", "title": "[Medical treatment of so-called frozen face paralysis].", "content": "Medical treatment for a frigore facial paralysis should be instituted promptly, within 48 hours of the appearance of symptoms. Principally, to reduce oedema or oedematous neuropathy (which is what Bell's palsy is), treatment should include:--corticoids, --vaso-dilators. --1 p. 100 xylocaine infiltrations (superficial temporal artery, stylomastoid foramen, where chin branches cross the facial pedicle), --kinesitherapy. Results can be judged by the seventh day. In case of failure, surgery has to be resorted to.", "contents": "[Medical treatment of so-called frozen face paralysis]. Medical treatment for a frigore facial paralysis should be instituted promptly, within 48 hours of the appearance of symptoms. Principally, to reduce oedema or oedematous neuropathy (which is what Bell's palsy is), treatment should include:--corticoids, --vaso-dilators. --1 p. 100 xylocaine infiltrations (superficial temporal artery, stylomastoid foramen, where chin branches cross the facial pedicle), --kinesitherapy. Results can be judged by the seventh day. In case of failure, surgery has to be resorted to."}
{"id": "PMID:1217820", "title": "[Remote prognosis in esthesioneuromas (apropos of 11 cases)].", "content": "Research was carried out into a group of 11 patients with tumours of the olfactory placode or aesthesioneuromas observed and treated by the authors (10 of them unpublished cases). The authors recall the histological characteristics which, theoretically, distinguish aesthesioneuroepithelioma from aesthesioneurocytoma and aesthesioneuroblastoma and the risk of mistaken interpretation due to confusion with other types of tumour. The following conclusions emerged from this research : 1) Aesthesioneuroma is indisputably a radiosensitive tumour as has been proved by the long-term cures obtained either by irradiation alone or by irradiation after incomplete surgery. 2) However it is exceptional for diagnosis to be made merely by intranasal biopsy. In all doubtful cases, surgical investigation is necessary. This requires a broad para-latero nasal approach route which is the only one affording accurate anatomical localisation of the lesions and complete ablation of the tumour including, where necessary, removal of the lamina cribrosa.", "contents": "[Remote prognosis in esthesioneuromas (apropos of 11 cases)]. Research was carried out into a group of 11 patients with tumours of the olfactory placode or aesthesioneuromas observed and treated by the authors (10 of them unpublished cases). The authors recall the histological characteristics which, theoretically, distinguish aesthesioneuroepithelioma from aesthesioneurocytoma and aesthesioneuroblastoma and the risk of mistaken interpretation due to confusion with other types of tumour. The following conclusions emerged from this research : 1) Aesthesioneuroma is indisputably a radiosensitive tumour as has been proved by the long-term cures obtained either by irradiation alone or by irradiation after incomplete surgery. 2) However it is exceptional for diagnosis to be made merely by intranasal biopsy. In all doubtful cases, surgical investigation is necessary. This requires a broad para-latero nasal approach route which is the only one affording accurate anatomical localisation of the lesions and complete ablation of the tumour including, where necessary, removal of the lamina cribrosa."}
{"id": "PMID:1217815", "title": "[Minimum neurolysis in so-called frozen face paralysis].", "content": "The simplest method of dealing with a frigore facial paralysis surgically seems to be by a minima neurolysis using a speculum and tackling it through the ear-drum as in otiospongiosis. In this manner, the Eustachian tube is exposed between the deep surface of the incus and the tendon of the musculus stapedius. Results were consistently good in 26 cases. The quality of recovery depends more on the duration of the paralysis than on operative technique.", "contents": "[Minimum neurolysis in so-called frozen face paralysis]. The simplest method of dealing with a frigore facial paralysis surgically seems to be by a minima neurolysis using a speculum and tackling it through the ear-drum as in otiospongiosis. In this manner, the Eustachian tube is exposed between the deep surface of the incus and the tendon of the musculus stapedius. Results were consistently good in 26 cases. The quality of recovery depends more on the duration of the paralysis than on operative technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1217821", "title": "[Reflections on cholesteatoma].", "content": "Cholesteatoma, defined by Muller in 1830, has not benefited by any means to the same extent as other otological conditions from therapeutic progress. Its histological nature has been defined on information supplied by the electric microscope. It remains puzzling and the manner in which it invades the inner ear cavities imperfectly reproducing the epidermis remains very much a mystery. In spite of a certain ultra-structural unity, it would appear that there is not just one, but many cholesteatomas and if this protean condition is to be understood treated, a primary requisite is a nosological break-down which takes into account the topography of the lesions and their macroscopic appearance. From this attempt at a classification which groups together the most frequently encountered possibilities, operative indications which have to take into account several contradictory preoccupations can be arrived at. It is essential to: -- eradicate the lesions as thoroughly as possible; -- avoid damaging those structures of the middle ear which are still functional or which may be made serviceable again; -- leave open the possibility of surveillance of the cavities so as to detect relapses. These contradictory requisites can be reconciled in a great number of cases and justify the hope that a cure will go hand in hand with an appreciable gain in function. As examples, a few audiograms of patients operated on are included to show the sort of results that it is possible to obtain.", "contents": "[Reflections on cholesteatoma]. Cholesteatoma, defined by Muller in 1830, has not benefited by any means to the same extent as other otological conditions from therapeutic progress. Its histological nature has been defined on information supplied by the electric microscope. It remains puzzling and the manner in which it invades the inner ear cavities imperfectly reproducing the epidermis remains very much a mystery. In spite of a certain ultra-structural unity, it would appear that there is not just one, but many cholesteatomas and if this protean condition is to be understood treated, a primary requisite is a nosological break-down which takes into account the topography of the lesions and their macroscopic appearance. From this attempt at a classification which groups together the most frequently encountered possibilities, operative indications which have to take into account several contradictory preoccupations can be arrived at. It is essential to: -- eradicate the lesions as thoroughly as possible; -- avoid damaging those structures of the middle ear which are still functional or which may be made serviceable again; -- leave open the possibility of surveillance of the cavities so as to detect relapses. These contradictory requisites can be reconciled in a great number of cases and justify the hope that a cure will go hand in hand with an appreciable gain in function. As examples, a few audiograms of patients operated on are included to show the sort of results that it is possible to obtain."}
{"id": "PMID:1217822", "title": "[Re-establishment of tracheal continuity by lowering the larynx after tracheal resection].", "content": "The authors describe a technique for re-establishing tracheal continuity after anastomotic  resection of the cervical and cervico-thoracic trachea. Simply lowering the larynx cervically without an associated thoracic phase enables termino-terminal anastomosis of the trachea to be carried out after resection of more than 5 cm. In this article, the technique and the results obtained in 8 cases of pure tracheal stenosis are described in detail.", "contents": "[Re-establishment of tracheal continuity by lowering the larynx after tracheal resection]. The authors describe a technique for re-establishing tracheal continuity after anastomotic  resection of the cervical and cervico-thoracic trachea. Simply lowering the larynx cervically without an associated thoracic phase enables termino-terminal anastomosis of the trachea to be carried out after resection of more than 5 cm. In this article, the technique and the results obtained in 8 cases of pure tracheal stenosis are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1217816", "title": "[Recent developments in electrical tests applied to the study of facial paralysis].", "content": "We have already shown the spontaneous development over a period of time of idiopathic facial paralysis, in relation to the extent of the resulting disfigurement, by means of analytical clinical measurement representing the sum of 19 factors constituting the force of contraction, tonus, coordination and hemispasm. This spontaneous development takes place in 3 stages: --an initial period up to the 15th day; --an intermediate period during which there is clinically total facial paralysis; --a period of recuperation. The duration of this development in relation to the extent of sequelae enables a rough distinction to be made between: a) benign facial paralysis in which disfigurement is nil or very slight (1 to 6 p. 100), incomplete paralysis or complete paralysis in which recuperation starts about the 15th day at the earliest, or at about the 4th month at the latest; c) very serious facial paralysis with moderate (38 to 66 p. 100), or considerable (66 to 100 p. 100) disfigurement and in which recuperation starts at the end of the 3rd month at the earliest. The authors have attempted to indicate how effective very prompt quantitative electrical procedures are in helping to assess the seriousness of ultimate permanent disfigurement (see article).", "contents": "[Recent developments in electrical tests applied to the study of facial paralysis]. We have already shown the spontaneous development over a period of time of idiopathic facial paralysis, in relation to the extent of the resulting disfigurement, by means of analytical clinical measurement representing the sum of 19 factors constituting the force of contraction, tonus, coordination and hemispasm. This spontaneous development takes place in 3 stages: --an initial period up to the 15th day; --an intermediate period during which there is clinically total facial paralysis; --a period of recuperation. The duration of this development in relation to the extent of sequelae enables a rough distinction to be made between: a) benign facial paralysis in which disfigurement is nil or very slight (1 to 6 p. 100), incomplete paralysis or complete paralysis in which recuperation starts about the 15th day at the earliest, or at about the 4th month at the latest; c) very serious facial paralysis with moderate (38 to 66 p. 100), or considerable (66 to 100 p. 100) disfigurement and in which recuperation starts at the end of the 3rd month at the earliest. The authors have attempted to indicate how effective very prompt quantitative electrical procedures are in helping to assess the seriousness of ultimate permanent disfigurement (see article)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217823", "title": "[Pitfalls and dangers of hearing aids].", "content": "In a general study devoted to the dangers and disasters connected with hearing appliances for the deaf, the author reviews the minor disadvantages of hearing aids, the technical incidents, the complications affecting the external ear, stresses and accidents caused by labyrinthine intolerance and discusses the possible effect on cochlear reserve of the continual use of a prosthesis both in children and adults.", "contents": "[Pitfalls and dangers of hearing aids]. In a general study devoted to the dangers and disasters connected with hearing appliances for the deaf, the author reviews the minor disadvantages of hearing aids, the technical incidents, the complications affecting the external ear, stresses and accidents caused by labyrinthine intolerance and discusses the possible effect on cochlear reserve of the continual use of a prosthesis both in children and adults."}
{"id": "PMID:1217824", "title": "[Current prognosis for foreign bodies in the respiratory and digestive tracts? Report of 840 cases collected over a 5-year period (1969-1974)].", "content": "This is a resume of a survey involving 240 foreign bodies in the air passages and digestive tract over a period of five years. Those in the oesophagus were all except one removed by means of endoscopy and among the complications there were 22 strictures of the oesophagus and 8 abscesses, one of them fatal. All the foreign bodies in the air passages were removed by means of bronchoscopy without any accidents or complications. Endoscopy is therefore the main method while surgery remains the exception. New endoscopic techniques combined with antibiotics and electrolytic check-ups so essential in cases of tracheotomy, make present-day prognosis in cases of foreign body excellent.", "contents": "[Current prognosis for foreign bodies in the respiratory and digestive tracts? Report of 840 cases collected over a 5-year period (1969-1974)]. This is a resume of a survey involving 240 foreign bodies in the air passages and digestive tract over a period of five years. Those in the oesophagus were all except one removed by means of endoscopy and among the complications there were 22 strictures of the oesophagus and 8 abscesses, one of them fatal. All the foreign bodies in the air passages were removed by means of bronchoscopy without any accidents or complications. Endoscopy is therefore the main method while surgery remains the exception. New endoscopic techniques combined with antibiotics and electrolytic check-ups so essential in cases of tracheotomy, make present-day prognosis in cases of foreign body excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:1217825", "title": "[Injuries of the ossicle system].", "content": "On the basis of the observation of eight cases with traumatisms of the ossicular system, the authors discuss the mechanism of various forms of lesions, which may be primary represented by fractures and luxations or they may be secondary reactions following the traumatism leading to ankylosis the joins. There is underlined the frequency of the luxations of the stapes and the constant ankylosis of the footplate in these cases. The authors argue in favour of an early surgical procedure, the extent of the surgical intervention being conditioned by the lesional aspect.", "contents": "[Injuries of the ossicle system]. On the basis of the observation of eight cases with traumatisms of the ossicular system, the authors discuss the mechanism of various forms of lesions, which may be primary represented by fractures and luxations or they may be secondary reactions following the traumatism leading to ankylosis the joins. There is underlined the frequency of the luxations of the stapes and the constant ankylosis of the footplate in these cases. The authors argue in favour of an early surgical procedure, the extent of the surgical intervention being conditioned by the lesional aspect."}
{"id": "PMID:1217817", "title": "[Surgical treatment of traumatic facial paralysis].", "content": "Facial paralysis caused by cranial traumatism often needs surgical treatment / 28 operations were carried out on a group of 47 paralysed patients. Direct lesion of the facial nerve was in fact common / 10 compressions or contusions, 4 sections. Associated kophosis was frequent (15 cases). Conductive deafness was not uncommon (11 cases). Transverse fractures (5 cases) and complicated fractures (4 cases), true to their reputation for seriousness, all needed surgery and span the four nerve sections observed. Surgery is often delayed due to extensive cranio-cerebral lesions requiring prolonged neuro-surgical nursing care / 16 patients were operated on between the 4th and 8th weeks, 9 patients after the 8th week. The operation was usually carried out through the mastoid. Posteiror lympanotomy enabled the bend and the second portion to be reached and later enabled the ossicular chain to be reconstructed. In two cases involving kophosis, the three portions of the nerve were tackled through the labyrinth. The choice depends on the audiometric, radiological and operative findings. Surgical indications depend on clinical, elecromyographic, audiometric and radiological results. A check was carried out by means of muscular tests in 23 out of 28 cases: --20 decompressions / 15 recuperations of more than 50 p. 100 of which 7 were above 75 p. 100; --3 grafts or sutures / 3 recuperations of 30 p. 100.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of traumatic facial paralysis]. Facial paralysis caused by cranial traumatism often needs surgical treatment / 28 operations were carried out on a group of 47 paralysed patients. Direct lesion of the facial nerve was in fact common / 10 compressions or contusions, 4 sections. Associated kophosis was frequent (15 cases). Conductive deafness was not uncommon (11 cases). Transverse fractures (5 cases) and complicated fractures (4 cases), true to their reputation for seriousness, all needed surgery and span the four nerve sections observed. Surgery is often delayed due to extensive cranio-cerebral lesions requiring prolonged neuro-surgical nursing care / 16 patients were operated on between the 4th and 8th weeks, 9 patients after the 8th week. The operation was usually carried out through the mastoid. Posteiror lympanotomy enabled the bend and the second portion to be reached and later enabled the ossicular chain to be reconstructed. In two cases involving kophosis, the three portions of the nerve were tackled through the labyrinth. The choice depends on the audiometric, radiological and operative findings. Surgical indications depend on clinical, elecromyographic, audiometric and radiological results. A check was carried out by means of muscular tests in 23 out of 28 cases: --20 decompressions / 15 recuperations of more than 50 p. 100 of which 7 were above 75 p. 100; --3 grafts or sutures / 3 recuperations of 30 p. 100."}
{"id": "PMID:1217818", "title": "[Facial paralysis in children].", "content": "Facial paralyses in children may be grouped under headings displaying a certain amount of individuality. Chronologically, first to be described are neonatal facial paralyses. These are common and are nearly always cured within a few days. Some of these cases are due to the mastoid being crushed at birth with or without the use of forceps. The intra-osseous pathway of the facial nerve is then affected throughout its length. However, a cure is often spontaneous. When this desirable development does not take place within three months, the nerve should be freed by decompressive surgery. The special anatomy of the facial nerve in the new-born baby makes this a delicate operation. Later, in all stages of acute otitis, acute mastoiditis or chronic otitis, facial paralysis can be seen. Treatment depends on the stage reached by the otitis: paracentesis, mastoidectomy, various scraping procedures, and, of course, antibiotherapy. The other causes of facial paralysis in children are very much less common: a frigore or viral, traumatic, occur ring in the course of acute poliomyelitis, shingles or tumours of the middle ear. To these must be added exceptional causes such as vitamin D intoxication, idiopathic hypercalcaemia and certain haemopathies.", "contents": "[Facial paralysis in children]. Facial paralyses in children may be grouped under headings displaying a certain amount of individuality. Chronologically, first to be described are neonatal facial paralyses. These are common and are nearly always cured within a few days. Some of these cases are due to the mastoid being crushed at birth with or without the use of forceps. The intra-osseous pathway of the facial nerve is then affected throughout its length. However, a cure is often spontaneous. When this desirable development does not take place within three months, the nerve should be freed by decompressive surgery. The special anatomy of the facial nerve in the new-born baby makes this a delicate operation. Later, in all stages of acute otitis, acute mastoiditis or chronic otitis, facial paralysis can be seen. Treatment depends on the stage reached by the otitis: paracentesis, mastoidectomy, various scraping procedures, and, of course, antibiotherapy. The other causes of facial paralysis in children are very much less common: a frigore or viral, traumatic, occur ring in the course of acute poliomyelitis, shingles or tumours of the middle ear. To these must be added exceptional causes such as vitamin D intoxication, idiopathic hypercalcaemia and certain haemopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:1217819", "title": "[Facial paralysis and tuberculous otitis. Significance of early neural decompression].", "content": "Facial paralyses associated with tuberculous otitis have consistently had a bad prognosis. This is bound up with delay in diagnosing the tuberculous nature of the lesions and with slow-acting medical treatment. The facial nerve must be decompressed immediately and not delayed until medical treatment has failed. This attitude is particularly necessary in two types of circumstances in which the tuberculous origin should be under suspicion as a matter of routine / firstly when facial paralysis appears in the secondary sequelae of ear surgery and, secondly, when facial paralysis is a complication in chronic otitis without cholesteatoma.", "contents": "[Facial paralysis and tuberculous otitis. Significance of early neural decompression]. Facial paralyses associated with tuberculous otitis have consistently had a bad prognosis. This is bound up with delay in diagnosing the tuberculous nature of the lesions and with slow-acting medical treatment. The facial nerve must be decompressed immediately and not delayed until medical treatment has failed. This attitude is particularly necessary in two types of circumstances in which the tuberculous origin should be under suspicion as a matter of routine / firstly when facial paralysis appears in the secondary sequelae of ear surgery and, secondly, when facial paralysis is a complication in chronic otitis without cholesteatoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1217840", "title": "Detection of fetal QRS-complexes by external methods.", "content": "A new method is presented for detection of the QRS complexes and the fetal heart rate from the fetal magnetocardiogram and from the fetal electrocardiogram. In the method, the amplitude, the polarity and the shape of the QRS complex are tested. By using the described equipment it is possible to detect all consecutive heart beat intervals from a fetal electrocardiogram with less than 1% error in timing. When an external fetal electrocardiogram was used for testing, generally slightly over 10% of the QRS complexes were lost since they were simultaneous with the maternal complexes. In addition, complexes were also lost due to noise.", "contents": "Detection of fetal QRS-complexes by external methods. A new method is presented for detection of the QRS complexes and the fetal heart rate from the fetal magnetocardiogram and from the fetal electrocardiogram. In the method, the amplitude, the polarity and the shape of the QRS complex are tested. By using the described equipment it is possible to detect all consecutive heart beat intervals from a fetal electrocardiogram with less than 1% error in timing. When an external fetal electrocardiogram was used for testing, generally slightly over 10% of the QRS complexes were lost since they were simultaneous with the maternal complexes. In addition, complexes were also lost due to noise."}
{"id": "PMID:1217841", "title": "Fetal prognosis in obstetric hepatosis.", "content": "116 women with obstetric hepatosis gave birth in the years 1971-1972 at the First and Second Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki. This accounts for a 1.1% incidence of all deliveries at this hospital. During most of these pregnancies fetal well-being was monitored by amnioscopy, by the oxytocin challenge test, by maternal urinary oestriol determinations and by estimating the fetal biparietal diameter weekly. In 38% of these pregnancies, signs of fetal distress were found, mainly an abnormal heart rate, or heart rate pattern, and/or meconium-stained amniotic fluid. These led to increased frequencies of induction of labour and of Caesarean sections performed because of asphyxia or imminent asphyxia as compared with a control group with similar age and parity distribution. There was an increase in the occurrence of twin pregnancies in the hepatosis series (7.6%). There were 4 intrauterine and altogether 8 perinatal losses of 125 infants born to hepatosis mothers. These observations suppport the opinion that there are increased risks for the fetus in pregnancies complicated by obstetric hepatosis. Amnioscopy and fetal heart rate recording during the delivery and oxytocin challenge test were found to be valuable in monitoring the fetal condition. The use of oestriol determinations, at least by employing the method in general clinical practice, was found to be of limited value in the predictive assessment of fetal distress in hepatosis. This might be due to impurities disturbing the determinations or to changed oestrogen metabolism in cholestasis.", "contents": "Fetal prognosis in obstetric hepatosis. 116 women with obstetric hepatosis gave birth in the years 1971-1972 at the First and Second Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki. This accounts for a 1.1% incidence of all deliveries at this hospital. During most of these pregnancies fetal well-being was monitored by amnioscopy, by the oxytocin challenge test, by maternal urinary oestriol determinations and by estimating the fetal biparietal diameter weekly. In 38% of these pregnancies, signs of fetal distress were found, mainly an abnormal heart rate, or heart rate pattern, and/or meconium-stained amniotic fluid. These led to increased frequencies of induction of labour and of Caesarean sections performed because of asphyxia or imminent asphyxia as compared with a control group with similar age and parity distribution. There was an increase in the occurrence of twin pregnancies in the hepatosis series (7.6%). There were 4 intrauterine and altogether 8 perinatal losses of 125 infants born to hepatosis mothers. These observations suppport the opinion that there are increased risks for the fetus in pregnancies complicated by obstetric hepatosis. Amnioscopy and fetal heart rate recording during the delivery and oxytocin challenge test were found to be valuable in monitoring the fetal condition. The use of oestriol determinations, at least by employing the method in general clinical practice, was found to be of limited value in the predictive assessment of fetal distress in hepatosis. This might be due to impurities disturbing the determinations or to changed oestrogen metabolism in cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217842", "title": "The effect of systematic treatment of toxaemia of pregnancy upon fetal prognosis.", "content": "Systematic therapy for pre-eclampsia including diuretics was investigated in 604 patients in whom therapy was begun immediately the first symptoms appeared and continued until delivery. The control group consisted of 368 patients with toxemia from the two previous years who received no systematic therapy but who also underwent delivery at either the Turku City Maternity Hospital or the Women's Clinic of Turku University Central Hospital. Cases of pre-eclampsia gravis were significantly reduced (2.3 as compared with 7.3%). A significant difference was seen in the percentage of premature deliveries. In the experimental group this was 4.3% and in the control group 11.2%, (p less than 0.001). There was also a significant difference in the perinatal mortality, the values being 2.3 and 4.6%, respectively (p less than 0.05). The overal premature birth rate during these two periods remained unchanged, at 5.5 and 5.7%. The difference between the overall perinatal mortality rates was also slight (1.8 and 2.2%).", "contents": "The effect of systematic treatment of toxaemia of pregnancy upon fetal prognosis. Systematic therapy for pre-eclampsia including diuretics was investigated in 604 patients in whom therapy was begun immediately the first symptoms appeared and continued until delivery. The control group consisted of 368 patients with toxemia from the two previous years who received no systematic therapy but who also underwent delivery at either the Turku City Maternity Hospital or the Women's Clinic of Turku University Central Hospital. Cases of pre-eclampsia gravis were significantly reduced (2.3 as compared with 7.3%). A significant difference was seen in the percentage of premature deliveries. In the experimental group this was 4.3% and in the control group 11.2%, (p less than 0.001). There was also a significant difference in the perinatal mortality, the values being 2.3 and 4.6%, respectively (p less than 0.05). The overal premature birth rate during these two periods remained unchanged, at 5.5 and 5.7%. The difference between the overall perinatal mortality rates was also slight (1.8 and 2.2%)."}
{"id": "PMID:1217843", "title": "Disappearance of tracheobronchial fluid at birth in the lamb.", "content": "Bronchography was performed in lambs before, during and after the first breath. Swallowing of the contrast medium containing tracheobronchial fluid was observed before the first breath. Intratracheal pressure changes ranging up to 20 mmHg were observed during respiratory movements which did not open the alveoli. The lamb did not start breathing as long as the snout was covered although there was a direct connection between the trachea and atmospheric air through a tracheostomy. When the snout was uncovered a lamb in good condition drew its first breath and the spreading of the contrast material into the peripheral parts of the lungs was almost explosive. The diameter of the tracheobronchial tree widened as a result of the initiation of respiration. It is suggested that both swallowing in the pharynx and absorption into the blood circulation below the larynx play an essential role in the disappearance of the tracheobronchial fluid. Intrauterine aspiration seems less probable in the light of these observations.", "contents": "Disappearance of tracheobronchial fluid at birth in the lamb. Bronchography was performed in lambs before, during and after the first breath. Swallowing of the contrast medium containing tracheobronchial fluid was observed before the first breath. Intratracheal pressure changes ranging up to 20 mmHg were observed during respiratory movements which did not open the alveoli. The lamb did not start breathing as long as the snout was covered although there was a direct connection between the trachea and atmospheric air through a tracheostomy. When the snout was uncovered a lamb in good condition drew its first breath and the spreading of the contrast material into the peripheral parts of the lungs was almost explosive. The diameter of the tracheobronchial tree widened as a result of the initiation of respiration. It is suggested that both swallowing in the pharynx and absorption into the blood circulation below the larynx play an essential role in the disappearance of the tracheobronchial fluid. Intrauterine aspiration seems less probable in the light of these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:1217844", "title": "Changes of the neonatal head diameter during the first week of life.", "content": "Significant but slight decreases in the biparietal and bitemporal diameter were observed during the first week of life with different ultrasonic methods. The lowest value was reached after two days. Between two and six days a small increase was observed in the biparietal diameter, corresponding well with the rate of growth reported for the foetal head during the last weeks of pregnancy. Reasons for these changes cannot be clarified on the basis of the present study.", "contents": "Changes of the neonatal head diameter during the first week of life. Significant but slight decreases in the biparietal and bitemporal diameter were observed during the first week of life with different ultrasonic methods. The lowest value was reached after two days. Between two and six days a small increase was observed in the biparietal diameter, corresponding well with the rate of growth reported for the foetal head during the last weeks of pregnancy. Reasons for these changes cannot be clarified on the basis of the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:1217845", "title": "Diagnostic value of biopsies in villous papilloma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "The correlation between the histopathological diagnosis of biopsies from colorectal villous tumours and that of the excised tumour (in 16 cases of carcinoma only clinical diagnosis, autopsy or death certificate) was investigated. In the persent retrospective study 235 biopsies were taken from 134 tumours where the final diagnosis had been established. In the benign groups the grade of the biopsy was the same as that of the surgically excised tumour in about 50%. However, 25% of the biopsies with a benign diagnosis were in fact taken from carcinomas. Not even multiple biopsies exclude the presence of cancer in a villous papilloma. The tumour should be totally excised and histologically examined.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of biopsies in villous papilloma of the colon and rectum. The correlation between the histopathological diagnosis of biopsies from colorectal villous tumours and that of the excised tumour (in 16 cases of carcinoma only clinical diagnosis, autopsy or death certificate) was investigated. In the persent retrospective study 235 biopsies were taken from 134 tumours where the final diagnosis had been established. In the benign groups the grade of the biopsy was the same as that of the surgically excised tumour in about 50%. However, 25% of the biopsies with a benign diagnosis were in fact taken from carcinomas. Not even multiple biopsies exclude the presence of cancer in a villous papilloma. The tumour should be totally excised and histologically examined."}
{"id": "PMID:1217846", "title": "Roentgenological features in villous papilloma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "With good technique it is possible to detect small polyps in the large intestine with a barium enema examination. The radiological appearences and visibility of villous papillomas in 84 barium enema examinations from patients with both benign and malignant villous papillomas in the rectum, rectosigmoideal junction and the sigmoid loop were studied. In 75% of the examinations the tumour was visible. A specific radiological diagnosis of non invasive villous papilloma was made in 33% and the correct malignant diagnosis in 8/13 cases. There were both false positive and false negative diagnoses of malignancy. Patients with a villous papilloma should undergo barium enema study with double contrast technique of the whole large intestine. Benign looking tumours can always have islands of invasive carcinoma. But the criteria for malignancy are more reliable than the diagnostic signs for the villous papilloma.", "contents": "Roentgenological features in villous papilloma of the colon and rectum. With good technique it is possible to detect small polyps in the large intestine with a barium enema examination. The radiological appearences and visibility of villous papillomas in 84 barium enema examinations from patients with both benign and malignant villous papillomas in the rectum, rectosigmoideal junction and the sigmoid loop were studied. In 75% of the examinations the tumour was visible. A specific radiological diagnosis of non invasive villous papilloma was made in 33% and the correct malignant diagnosis in 8/13 cases. There were both false positive and false negative diagnoses of malignancy. Patients with a villous papilloma should undergo barium enema study with double contrast technique of the whole large intestine. Benign looking tumours can always have islands of invasive carcinoma. But the criteria for malignancy are more reliable than the diagnostic signs for the villous papilloma."}
{"id": "PMID:1217847", "title": "Severe liver injury. Surgical treatment of eight consecutive cases.", "content": "A series of eight consecutive patients with severe liver injury is presented. Surgical treatment consisted of liver resection in four patients, one hepatic artery ligation and suture and drainage in three patients. Six patients survived. There were about three complications per patient, infection, and bile leakage being the most common. Of three patients who required hemodialysis for renal failure, only one survived. It is strongly recommended that an autotransfusion device should be ready to hand when a patient with severe liver injury is to be operated. In a case of massive bleeding from a lesion of the vena cava or major hepatic vein, autotransfusion could save the patient's life.", "contents": "Severe liver injury. Surgical treatment of eight consecutive cases. A series of eight consecutive patients with severe liver injury is presented. Surgical treatment consisted of liver resection in four patients, one hepatic artery ligation and suture and drainage in three patients. Six patients survived. There were about three complications per patient, infection, and bile leakage being the most common. Of three patients who required hemodialysis for renal failure, only one survived. It is strongly recommended that an autotransfusion device should be ready to hand when a patient with severe liver injury is to be operated. In a case of massive bleeding from a lesion of the vena cava or major hepatic vein, autotransfusion could save the patient's life."}
{"id": "PMID:1217848", "title": "Diagnostic delay in cancer of the breast.", "content": "The occurence of delay in the diagnosis of breast cancer was investigated in 115 women with breast cancer. Earlier breast disease and earlier consultations for breast symptoms were thoroughly inquired about and analysed. The part of \"diagnostic delay\" referred to \"doctor's delay\" occurred in one fifth of the breast cancer patients but in one third of the patients under 50 years of age compared to one seventh of the patients over 50 years. The reasons for delay were: incomplete investigation of palpable or suspected breast tumour, non-representativeness of surgical biopsy or of slides taken for histopathological examination, underestimation of atypia at histopathological examination, unsatisfactory follow-up after biopsy of suspected tumour.", "contents": "Diagnostic delay in cancer of the breast. The occurence of delay in the diagnosis of breast cancer was investigated in 115 women with breast cancer. Earlier breast disease and earlier consultations for breast symptoms were thoroughly inquired about and analysed. The part of \"diagnostic delay\" referred to \"doctor's delay\" occurred in one fifth of the breast cancer patients but in one third of the patients under 50 years of age compared to one seventh of the patients over 50 years. The reasons for delay were: incomplete investigation of palpable or suspected breast tumour, non-representativeness of surgical biopsy or of slides taken for histopathological examination, underestimation of atypia at histopathological examination, unsatisfactory follow-up after biopsy of suspected tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:1217849", "title": "Intra-aortic ballon pumpimg in the treatment of myocardial failure complicating open-heart surgery.", "content": "Intra-aortic ballon pumping (IABP) was employed in five patients. Following elective open-heart surgery, they manifested severe cardiac failure which after maximal medical treatment would seemingly have ended fatally. Duration of the pumping was from 15 to 20 hours. Three patient survived. The use of IABP in the treatment of low-output failure after cardiopulmonary bypass is reviewed.", "contents": "Intra-aortic ballon pumpimg in the treatment of myocardial failure complicating open-heart surgery. Intra-aortic ballon pumping (IABP) was employed in five patients. Following elective open-heart surgery, they manifested severe cardiac failure which after maximal medical treatment would seemingly have ended fatally. Duration of the pumping was from 15 to 20 hours. Three patient survived. The use of IABP in the treatment of low-output failure after cardiopulmonary bypass is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217850", "title": "Blood alcohol levels in accident victims.", "content": "The purpose was to study the frequency and distribution of alcohol involvement in accident patients. Blood alcohol was determined gas chromatographically in 1012 accident patients. Alcohol was found to be present in 37% with the following distribution by blood alcohol concentrations (BAC): 0.1--0.5 g/litre 7%, 0.6--1.5 g/litre 13%, over 1.5 g/litre 16%. There were 702 males and 310 females. Alcohol was found in the blood in 43% of the males and in 24% of the females. In both sexes the age group 35--44 had the highest incidence. The rate of alcohol involvement increased with decreasing social status and was remarkably high (54%) among unskilled workers. High BACs were so prevalent that a causal relationship is most probable. Further studies on the causal relationship in nontraffic accidents are needed to be able to take sensible preventive measures among high risk groups.", "contents": "Blood alcohol levels in accident victims. The purpose was to study the frequency and distribution of alcohol involvement in accident patients. Blood alcohol was determined gas chromatographically in 1012 accident patients. Alcohol was found to be present in 37% with the following distribution by blood alcohol concentrations (BAC): 0.1--0.5 g/litre 7%, 0.6--1.5 g/litre 13%, over 1.5 g/litre 16%. There were 702 males and 310 females. Alcohol was found in the blood in 43% of the males and in 24% of the females. In both sexes the age group 35--44 had the highest incidence. The rate of alcohol involvement increased with decreasing social status and was remarkably high (54%) among unskilled workers. High BACs were so prevalent that a causal relationship is most probable. Further studies on the causal relationship in nontraffic accidents are needed to be able to take sensible preventive measures among high risk groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1217851", "title": "Classification of medial fractures of the femoral neck.", "content": "In order to regularize the classification of medial fractures of the femoral neck a retrospective analysis was made of fractures in adult patients treated in the University Hospital in Turku and also in the Municipal Hospital in the same city between 1964 and 1971. There were 446 cases of medial fracture of the femoral neck, 75 of which occurred in male patients and 368 in female patients. Medial fractures of the femoral neck were classified according to the scheme laid down by Garden (8) and Pauwels (18) and in addition, the situation of the level of the fracture in the femoral neck was determined according the method proposed by Brown and Abrami (3). No correlation could be found between either the division made by Garden and that made by Pauwels or between the situation of the level of the fracture in the femoral neck and the degree of primary dislocation in the fracture. Following Garden's classification, dislocated (stage 3 or stage 4) fractures were more common among women than men. Pauwels' figures showed that there were relatively more unstable fractures (groups 3--4) among men than among women. Among women patients the situation of the level of the fracture was, on the average, more medial than among men. The healing of fractures was evaluated according to the calssifications of Garden and Pauwels. That of Garden proved to be much more logical and from the point of view of prognosis of recovery, more reliable. The present authors recommend the classification made by Garden in cases of medial fracture of the femoral neck.", "contents": "Classification of medial fractures of the femoral neck. In order to regularize the classification of medial fractures of the femoral neck a retrospective analysis was made of fractures in adult patients treated in the University Hospital in Turku and also in the Municipal Hospital in the same city between 1964 and 1971. There were 446 cases of medial fracture of the femoral neck, 75 of which occurred in male patients and 368 in female patients. Medial fractures of the femoral neck were classified according to the scheme laid down by Garden (8) and Pauwels (18) and in addition, the situation of the level of the fracture in the femoral neck was determined according the method proposed by Brown and Abrami (3). No correlation could be found between either the division made by Garden and that made by Pauwels or between the situation of the level of the fracture in the femoral neck and the degree of primary dislocation in the fracture. Following Garden's classification, dislocated (stage 3 or stage 4) fractures were more common among women than men. Pauwels' figures showed that there were relatively more unstable fractures (groups 3--4) among men than among women. Among women patients the situation of the level of the fracture was, on the average, more medial than among men. The healing of fractures was evaluated according to the calssifications of Garden and Pauwels. That of Garden proved to be much more logical and from the point of view of prognosis of recovery, more reliable. The present authors recommend the classification made by Garden in cases of medial fracture of the femoral neck."}
{"id": "PMID:1217852", "title": "Fractures of the arch of the lower cervical spine.", "content": "In a series of 285 cases of injuries of the lower cervical spine, fractures of the vertebral arch constituted 12.6%. 27 cases treated conservatively were analysed in view of their subtyping and clinical properties and with reference to the choice of treatment. Five different main subtypes of fractures of the vertebral arch of the lower cervical spine can be distinguished: 1) Bilateral fracture of lamina, without displacement of the vertebra or with subluxation. The assessment of potential instability is discussed, and criteria for its evaluation are presented; 2) Bilateral fracture of lamina combined with locked luxation, which is difficult to reduce by conservative means; 3) Detachment of the articular mass, which invariably causes instability, which, however, is usually relative because of the preserved posterior ligamentary complex. Conservative treatment is seldom able to produce a reduced position, but the only associated drawback is the theoretical possibility of continuous or intermittent compression of the injured spinal cord; 4) Bilateral pedicular fracture which is rare; 5) Combined fractures of the arch, which are highly unstable. The frequency of neurological complications necessitating skull traction is high in association with fractures of vertebral arches of the lower cervical spine. However, some bilateral fractures of lamina and detachments of the articular mass can be treated satisfactorily with an orthopaedic brace or a plaster collar. Indications for operative treatment are present in a few cases only, the main indication being early mobilizaiton.", "contents": "Fractures of the arch of the lower cervical spine. In a series of 285 cases of injuries of the lower cervical spine, fractures of the vertebral arch constituted 12.6%. 27 cases treated conservatively were analysed in view of their subtyping and clinical properties and with reference to the choice of treatment. Five different main subtypes of fractures of the vertebral arch of the lower cervical spine can be distinguished: 1) Bilateral fracture of lamina, without displacement of the vertebra or with subluxation. The assessment of potential instability is discussed, and criteria for its evaluation are presented; 2) Bilateral fracture of lamina combined with locked luxation, which is difficult to reduce by conservative means; 3) Detachment of the articular mass, which invariably causes instability, which, however, is usually relative because of the preserved posterior ligamentary complex. Conservative treatment is seldom able to produce a reduced position, but the only associated drawback is the theoretical possibility of continuous or intermittent compression of the injured spinal cord; 4) Bilateral pedicular fracture which is rare; 5) Combined fractures of the arch, which are highly unstable. The frequency of neurological complications necessitating skull traction is high in association with fractures of vertebral arches of the lower cervical spine. However, some bilateral fractures of lamina and detachments of the articular mass can be treated satisfactorily with an orthopaedic brace or a plaster collar. Indications for operative treatment are present in a few cases only, the main indication being early mobilizaiton."}
{"id": "PMID:1217853", "title": "Perforation of the anterior annulus fibrosus during operation for prolapsed disc.", "content": "The condition of the anterior portion of the prolapsed lumbar disc and the possible peroperative lesion of this structure was studied by peroperative discography. In 3 of 25 patients leakage of contrast medium anterior to the vertebral column occurred after evacuation of the nucleus pulposus. This finding may be taken as an intimation of structural weakness and vulnerability of the anterior part of the annulus fibrosus of the posteriorly herniated disc.", "contents": "Perforation of the anterior annulus fibrosus during operation for prolapsed disc. The condition of the anterior portion of the prolapsed lumbar disc and the possible peroperative lesion of this structure was studied by peroperative discography. In 3 of 25 patients leakage of contrast medium anterior to the vertebral column occurred after evacuation of the nucleus pulposus. This finding may be taken as an intimation of structural weakness and vulnerability of the anterior part of the annulus fibrosus of the posteriorly herniated disc."}
{"id": "PMID:1217854", "title": "Gynaecologic surgery on elderly patients.", "content": "To evaluate the risks associated with gynaecologic operations on elderly patients (60 years or over) we performed this retrospective study of 573 operations. More than half the patients (53%) were operated on because of uterine prolapse. An abdominal operation was done in 33%, a vaginal approach in 59% and a combined abdominal and vaginal procedure in 9%. (he total amount of postoperative complications was 26% and higher after abdominal (36%) than vaginal operation (19%). Most complications were mild, e.g. fever (16%) and wound complications (4%). Five patients (0.87%) died within one month postoperatively, but only in two cases was death caused by postoperative complication itself, namely cardiac infarction and pulmonary embolism. It appears that our procedures based on co-operation between gynaecologist, internist and anaesthetist yield good results and that the chronologic age in itself is only seldom a contraindication to operative treatment.", "contents": "Gynaecologic surgery on elderly patients. To evaluate the risks associated with gynaecologic operations on elderly patients (60 years or over) we performed this retrospective study of 573 operations. More than half the patients (53%) were operated on because of uterine prolapse. An abdominal operation was done in 33%, a vaginal approach in 59% and a combined abdominal and vaginal procedure in 9%. (he total amount of postoperative complications was 26% and higher after abdominal (36%) than vaginal operation (19%). Most complications were mild, e.g. fever (16%) and wound complications (4%). Five patients (0.87%) died within one month postoperatively, but only in two cases was death caused by postoperative complication itself, namely cardiac infarction and pulmonary embolism. It appears that our procedures based on co-operation between gynaecologist, internist and anaesthetist yield good results and that the chronologic age in itself is only seldom a contraindication to operative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1217855", "title": "The physical fitness of Finnish primigravidae.", "content": "A group of healthy primigravidae aged 20-26 years were examined two weeks before term in order to measure their physical performance. Two types of work tests with the bicycle ergometer were used, first a three-stage submaximal test and on the next day a voluntarily maximal test. The results between these two tests are in highly significant correlation. In the three-stage submaximal test the mean maximal oxygen uptake was found to be 39.9 +/- 8.3 (SD) ml/kg x min (range 25 to 65 ml/kg x min). The mean square root from the total work performed during the voluntarily maximal test was 93.6 +/- 10.9% compared with the reference value of healthy, nonpregnant women of the same average age and weight. The quotient last work load divided by the last heart rate was 102.9 +/- 17.8% from the reference value of the nonpregnant women. The mean percentage value of physical fitness calculated from the reference value is 98.1 +/- 12.8% compared with that of nonpregnant women. The maximal oxygen uptake found in the three-stage submaximal test is in highly significant correlation with prepregnancy weight. The results of the voluntarily maximal test do not correlate with the prepregnancy weight or the weight gain. In the three-stage submaximal test 6.1% of the mothers had a maximal oxygen uptake considered as low. In the voluntarily maximal test 5.9% of the mothers had a mean physical fitness below 80% of normal. Special attention of mothers with lowered physical fitness during pregnancy might be needed", "contents": "The physical fitness of Finnish primigravidae. A group of healthy primigravidae aged 20-26 years were examined two weeks before term in order to measure their physical performance. Two types of work tests with the bicycle ergometer were used, first a three-stage submaximal test and on the next day a voluntarily maximal test. The results between these two tests are in highly significant correlation. In the three-stage submaximal test the mean maximal oxygen uptake was found to be 39.9 +/- 8.3 (SD) ml/kg x min (range 25 to 65 ml/kg x min). The mean square root from the total work performed during the voluntarily maximal test was 93.6 +/- 10.9% compared with the reference value of healthy, nonpregnant women of the same average age and weight. The quotient last work load divided by the last heart rate was 102.9 +/- 17.8% from the reference value of the nonpregnant women. The mean percentage value of physical fitness calculated from the reference value is 98.1 +/- 12.8% compared with that of nonpregnant women. The maximal oxygen uptake found in the three-stage submaximal test is in highly significant correlation with prepregnancy weight. The results of the voluntarily maximal test do not correlate with the prepregnancy weight or the weight gain. In the three-stage submaximal test 6.1% of the mothers had a maximal oxygen uptake considered as low. In the voluntarily maximal test 5.9% of the mothers had a mean physical fitness below 80% of normal. Special attention of mothers with lowered physical fitness during pregnancy might be needed"}
{"id": "PMID:1217856", "title": "Response of R wave amplitude to postural changes and to exercise. A study of healthy subjects and patients surviving acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effects of postural changes and bicycle ergometer exercise tests on R wave amplitude were studied in 10 sedentary and 21 physically active healthy men as well as in 158 male survivors of myocardial infarction. In the latter group recordings were made 6-8 weeks, 5 months and 12 months after the infarction, and also the effect of physical activity during the first post-infarction year on the R wave height responses was studied. At rest in the supine position the R wave amplitudes in the three groups studied were almost similar, but in the sitting position at rest and at the beginning of the exercise the R wave amplitudes were significantly higher in physically active healthy men than in sedentary healthy men or infarction patients. Physical training during the first post-infarction year induced only negligible changes in the R wave amplitude response to postural changes and exercise. The mechanisms which may underlie these different responses of R wave amplitude to postural changes and to exercise are discussed.", "contents": "Response of R wave amplitude to postural changes and to exercise. A study of healthy subjects and patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. The effects of postural changes and bicycle ergometer exercise tests on R wave amplitude were studied in 10 sedentary and 21 physically active healthy men as well as in 158 male survivors of myocardial infarction. In the latter group recordings were made 6-8 weeks, 5 months and 12 months after the infarction, and also the effect of physical activity during the first post-infarction year on the R wave height responses was studied. At rest in the supine position the R wave amplitudes in the three groups studied were almost similar, but in the sitting position at rest and at the beginning of the exercise the R wave amplitudes were significantly higher in physically active healthy men than in sedentary healthy men or infarction patients. Physical training during the first post-infarction year induced only negligible changes in the R wave amplitude response to postural changes and exercise. The mechanisms which may underlie these different responses of R wave amplitude to postural changes and to exercise are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217857", "title": "Ischaemic electrocardiographic changes in an athlete with normal coronary arteries.", "content": "During a maximal exercise test transient ischaemic electrocardiographic (ECG) changes developed in a young athlete who had entirely normal coronary arteries on angiography. Myocardial scintigraphy revealed a perfusion defect in the anterior wall of the left ventricle with a reduced washout of 133Xenon. A localized hypokinetic area coterminuos with the perfusion defect was disclosed by echoventriculography. This athlete, the first studied by selective coronary angiography and determination of regional myocardial perfusion, demonstrates that athletes are not protected from the recently highlighted syndrome of ischaemic heart disease with normal coronary arteries.", "contents": "Ischaemic electrocardiographic changes in an athlete with normal coronary arteries. During a maximal exercise test transient ischaemic electrocardiographic (ECG) changes developed in a young athlete who had entirely normal coronary arteries on angiography. Myocardial scintigraphy revealed a perfusion defect in the anterior wall of the left ventricle with a reduced washout of 133Xenon. A localized hypokinetic area coterminuos with the perfusion defect was disclosed by echoventriculography. This athlete, the first studied by selective coronary angiography and determination of regional myocardial perfusion, demonstrates that athletes are not protected from the recently highlighted syndrome of ischaemic heart disease with normal coronary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:1217858", "title": "Levodopa and psoriasis.", "content": "Levodopa administered orally in doses of two to four grams daily for up to eight weeks had no apparent therapeutic effect on psoriatic lesions in eleven patients with severe nummular psoriasis.", "contents": "Levodopa and psoriasis. Levodopa administered orally in doses of two to four grams daily for up to eight weeks had no apparent therapeutic effect on psoriatic lesions in eleven patients with severe nummular psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217859", "title": "Studies on the effect of 17alpha-ethinyl-6-estrene-5alpha, 7beta-diol on menstrual cycle and plasma and urinary hormones in normal women.", "content": "Pharmacological tests on rats and dogs showed that a novel steroid substance, ORG OI-65 (code name for 17alpha-ethinyl-6-estrene-5alpha, 7beta-diol) has both progestational and estrogenic properties. The effect of this substance on menstrual cycle was studied on 13 healthy fertile women, who received 2 mg of ORG OI-65 daily for 20 consecutive days from the 5th day of cycle. The following parameters were studied  during pretreatment and treatment cycles: bleeding pattern, plasma progesterone, urinary excretion of FSH, LH and estrone, vaginal cytology, cervical mucus, endometrium biopsy and basal body temperature. Treatment with ORG OI-65 did not change the bleeding pattern or inhibit ovulation: all 12 cases with ovulatory pretreatment cycles showed evidence of ovulation--timely or delayed--also during ORG OI-65 treatment. The vaginal cytology and cervical mucus remained almost unaffected by the treatment. No serious side-effects were found. The authors conclude that ORG OI-65 2 mg daily is not effective enough for oral contraception.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of 17alpha-ethinyl-6-estrene-5alpha, 7beta-diol on menstrual cycle and plasma and urinary hormones in normal women. Pharmacological tests on rats and dogs showed that a novel steroid substance, ORG OI-65 (code name for 17alpha-ethinyl-6-estrene-5alpha, 7beta-diol) has both progestational and estrogenic properties. The effect of this substance on menstrual cycle was studied on 13 healthy fertile women, who received 2 mg of ORG OI-65 daily for 20 consecutive days from the 5th day of cycle. The following parameters were studied  during pretreatment and treatment cycles: bleeding pattern, plasma progesterone, urinary excretion of FSH, LH and estrone, vaginal cytology, cervical mucus, endometrium biopsy and basal body temperature. Treatment with ORG OI-65 did not change the bleeding pattern or inhibit ovulation: all 12 cases with ovulatory pretreatment cycles showed evidence of ovulation--timely or delayed--also during ORG OI-65 treatment. The vaginal cytology and cervical mucus remained almost unaffected by the treatment. No serious side-effects were found. The authors conclude that ORG OI-65 2 mg daily is not effective enough for oral contraception."}
{"id": "PMID:1217861", "title": "Changes induced by morphine administration in the hypothalmic neurosecretory system of the spotted owlet, Athene brama Temminick.", "content": "The effect of chronic administration of morphine, in gradually increasing doses, on the histology of the HNS of the spotted owlet was investigated. Administration of morphine in low doses (0.25-0.75 mg/day), for 9 days, induced marked depletion of NSM from all regions of the HNS, except the zona externa of the AME. Maximum depletion of NSM was noticed in the HNS of birds treated with morphine for 9 days. Beyond the 9th day, the HNS did not exhibit further depletion of its NSM. Administration of morphine in high doses (1.5-4 mg/day), for 18 days, did not cause depletion of NSM from the HNS. On the other hand there was noticeable increase of the NSM in the HNS over that of the controls. The histological changes in the HNS induced by low doses of morphine are comparable to the changes induced by hypertonic saline administration and are presumably indicative of augmented secretion of the ADH. The accumulation of NSM in the HNS of birds receiving high doses of morphine suggests a decrease in neurohypophysial activity. The results therefore indicate that the effect of morphine on the HNS of the spotted owlet is dose-dependent. The mechanism of action of morphine on the neurohypophysis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Changes induced by morphine administration in the hypothalmic neurosecretory system of the spotted owlet, Athene brama Temminick. The effect of chronic administration of morphine, in gradually increasing doses, on the histology of the HNS of the spotted owlet was investigated. Administration of morphine in low doses (0.25-0.75 mg/day), for 9 days, induced marked depletion of NSM from all regions of the HNS, except the zona externa of the AME. Maximum depletion of NSM was noticed in the HNS of birds treated with morphine for 9 days. Beyond the 9th day, the HNS did not exhibit further depletion of its NSM. Administration of morphine in high doses (1.5-4 mg/day), for 18 days, did not cause depletion of NSM from the HNS. On the other hand there was noticeable increase of the NSM in the HNS over that of the controls. The histological changes in the HNS induced by low doses of morphine are comparable to the changes induced by hypertonic saline administration and are presumably indicative of augmented secretion of the ADH. The accumulation of NSM in the HNS of birds receiving high doses of morphine suggests a decrease in neurohypophysial activity. The results therefore indicate that the effect of morphine on the HNS of the spotted owlet is dose-dependent. The mechanism of action of morphine on the neurohypophysis is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217860", "title": "[Hormone reactions to physical exercise following altitude training (author's transl)].", "content": "A three weeks physical training program at medium altitude induces some fonctional metabolic and hormonal changes in the response to physical effort. These changes vary, depending on whether the effort occurs on the 3rd or 7th day following return to sea-level. In the former case one observes a decrease in the somatotrophic response whereas in the latter one observes a decrease both in the somatotrophic and glucocorticoide response as well as in the level of blood contained lactic acids. These changes could be related to an  improvement in the aerobic metabolism.", "contents": "[Hormone reactions to physical exercise following altitude training (author's transl)]. A three weeks physical training program at medium altitude induces some fonctional metabolic and hormonal changes in the response to physical effort. These changes vary, depending on whether the effort occurs on the 3rd or 7th day following return to sea-level. In the former case one observes a decrease in the somatotrophic response whereas in the latter one observes a decrease both in the somatotrophic and glucocorticoide response as well as in the level of blood contained lactic acids. These changes could be related to an  improvement in the aerobic metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1217867", "title": "[Effects of artificial atmospheric ionization on thyroid gland in albino rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Artificial atmospheric ionization acts on rat thyroid gland, but results are depending on treatment polarity: After negative aero-ionization, thyroid gland shows signs of high activity (increased area of follicular epithelium, increased volume of epithelial cell nucleus, and resorption of follicular colloidal material). On the contrary, after positive aero-ionization, hypothyroidism symptoms may be observed, however these signs are less distinct and less homogeneous than signs of activity reported after negative treatment. The simultaneous modifications of serotonemia would be able to partially explain these results.", "contents": "[Effects of artificial atmospheric ionization on thyroid gland in albino rat (author's transl)]. Artificial atmospheric ionization acts on rat thyroid gland, but results are depending on treatment polarity: After negative aero-ionization, thyroid gland shows signs of high activity (increased area of follicular epithelium, increased volume of epithelial cell nucleus, and resorption of follicular colloidal material). On the contrary, after positive aero-ionization, hypothyroidism symptoms may be observed, however these signs are less distinct and less homogeneous than signs of activity reported after negative treatment. The simultaneous modifications of serotonemia would be able to partially explain these results."}
{"id": "PMID:1217868", "title": "Hypothalamic stimulation of prolactin release in a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis.", "content": "Hypothalamic extract has been found to contain certain factor(s) which triggers the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. In assay recipients, hypothalamic extract injection was as effective as perphenazine-HCl treatment in triggering the release of prolactin from pituitary gland. Rise in prolactin concentration of serum and resultant decrease in pituitary prolactin level in response to hypothalamic extract administration suggests that hypothalamus in H. fossilis has prolactin releasing factor(s). This releasing effect of hypothalamus seems to be specific since cortical extract injections were ineffective in producing the similar response.", "contents": "Hypothalamic stimulation of prolactin release in a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Hypothalamic extract has been found to contain certain factor(s) which triggers the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. In assay recipients, hypothalamic extract injection was as effective as perphenazine-HCl treatment in triggering the release of prolactin from pituitary gland. Rise in prolactin concentration of serum and resultant decrease in pituitary prolactin level in response to hypothalamic extract administration suggests that hypothalamus in H. fossilis has prolactin releasing factor(s). This releasing effect of hypothalamus seems to be specific since cortical extract injections were ineffective in producing the similar response."}
{"id": "PMID:1217897", "title": "[The perforation organ of Thais lapillus L. (Gasteropodes, Prosobranches). Optical and electron microscopic study].", "content": "The histologic and cytologic structure of the boring organ of Thais lapillus has been studied with both light and electron microscopy. The organ evaginates from the foot and has a dome-like form. It has a spongy center which contain nerves, muscles and blood vessels, these originate in the foot and continue into the boring organ via a short stalk. The organ is invested externally by a continuous simple epithelium constituted of extremely elongated cells (150 to 300 mu). There are three radial zones from the basal to the apical aspect of the cells : basally the cells are overlapping, here are located the nuclei, the Golgi apparatus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules; organelles which in their character suggest a secretory function for these cells. In the middle zone cells are separated into \"groups\" by large spaces occupied by blood sinuses; at this level are located numerous elongated mitochondria with closely apposed, angulated cristae. In addition there are microtubules arranged parallel to the main cellular axis, whose role may be to facilitate rapid transit of secretory granules from the basal to the apical zone of the epithelium. In the apical zone the cells expand in tightly interdigitating folds, having a height of 2 mu, which are joined together by junctions of various types. This zone is the only junctional area between the epithelial cells of this expanding and contracting boring organ. A network of microfilaments which penetrates the cellular folds at this level, probably plays an important role in the invagination of the organ. Finally at the apex, the epithelial cells have a high \"brush border\" of long microvilli whose plasmalemma is coated internally by particulate subunits of 30 A. This peculiarity may be an other fact to support the hypothesis that hydrogen ions are emited by these cells, by the action of carbonic anhydrase located perhaps in these subunits.", "contents": "[The perforation organ of Thais lapillus L. (Gasteropodes, Prosobranches). Optical and electron microscopic study]. The histologic and cytologic structure of the boring organ of Thais lapillus has been studied with both light and electron microscopy. The organ evaginates from the foot and has a dome-like form. It has a spongy center which contain nerves, muscles and blood vessels, these originate in the foot and continue into the boring organ via a short stalk. The organ is invested externally by a continuous simple epithelium constituted of extremely elongated cells (150 to 300 mu). There are three radial zones from the basal to the apical aspect of the cells : basally the cells are overlapping, here are located the nuclei, the Golgi apparatus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules; organelles which in their character suggest a secretory function for these cells. In the middle zone cells are separated into \"groups\" by large spaces occupied by blood sinuses; at this level are located numerous elongated mitochondria with closely apposed, angulated cristae. In addition there are microtubules arranged parallel to the main cellular axis, whose role may be to facilitate rapid transit of secretory granules from the basal to the apical zone of the epithelium. In the apical zone the cells expand in tightly interdigitating folds, having a height of 2 mu, which are joined together by junctions of various types. This zone is the only junctional area between the epithelial cells of this expanding and contracting boring organ. A network of microfilaments which penetrates the cellular folds at this level, probably plays an important role in the invagination of the organ. Finally at the apex, the epithelial cells have a high \"brush border\" of long microvilli whose plasmalemma is coated internally by particulate subunits of 30 A. This peculiarity may be an other fact to support the hypothesis that hydrogen ions are emited by these cells, by the action of carbonic anhydrase located perhaps in these subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:1217899", "title": "[Period of sensitivity to androgens of the Wolff duct of the rat fetus].", "content": "The external and internal (lumen) diameter and the height of the epithelium of the Wolffian ducts of control rat fetuses were measured between 14 days 8 hrs and 21 days 8 hrs at the level of the gonad and in the genital folds. In males, at the level of the gonad, these ducts display a transitory increase in diameter and lumen at 16 days 8 hrs of fetal age. This increase, which is absent in females, occurs just before the development of the epididymides and might reflect the endocrine activity of the fetal testis. In the females, the first involutive changes appear at both levels at 17 days 8 hrs of age (decrease in diameter by reduction of the lumen and height of the epithelium). After injections of androgens to pregnant rats or directly into the fetuses in utero, the Wolffian ducts can be maintained in female fetuses only if submitted to androgens before and until 16 days 16 hrs. If the treatment starts once the involutive changes have appeared (17 days 8 hrs) inconstant persistence is obtained. The portions of ducts still present on day 18 cannot be maintained by androgens any more. Even if injected at 15 days 8 hrs, exogenous androgens do not hasten or anticipate the formation of Wolfian derivatives (epididymides and seminal vesicles) in males or in females.", "contents": "[Period of sensitivity to androgens of the Wolff duct of the rat fetus]. The external and internal (lumen) diameter and the height of the epithelium of the Wolffian ducts of control rat fetuses were measured between 14 days 8 hrs and 21 days 8 hrs at the level of the gonad and in the genital folds. In males, at the level of the gonad, these ducts display a transitory increase in diameter and lumen at 16 days 8 hrs of fetal age. This increase, which is absent in females, occurs just before the development of the epididymides and might reflect the endocrine activity of the fetal testis. In the females, the first involutive changes appear at both levels at 17 days 8 hrs of age (decrease in diameter by reduction of the lumen and height of the epithelium). After injections of androgens to pregnant rats or directly into the fetuses in utero, the Wolffian ducts can be maintained in female fetuses only if submitted to androgens before and until 16 days 16 hrs. If the treatment starts once the involutive changes have appeared (17 days 8 hrs) inconstant persistence is obtained. The portions of ducts still present on day 18 cannot be maintained by androgens any more. Even if injected at 15 days 8 hrs, exogenous androgens do not hasten or anticipate the formation of Wolfian derivatives (epididymides and seminal vesicles) in males or in females."}
{"id": "PMID:1217898", "title": "The male genital tract and the nipples of male and female offspring of rats given the non-steroidal antiandrogens DIMP and Sch 13521, during pregnancy.", "content": "Male and female offspring of rats given antiandrogens, the steroidal BOMT or the non steroids DIMP or Sch 13521, daily during the last third of pregnancy were studied. Detailed examinations were made of the genital tract of male, and of the nipples of male and female offspring. A) Male offspring. 1) Genital tract of newborn and 31-91 day old males : Modifications of the development of accessory sexual tissues were found in all treatment groups. As indicated by the severity of deviations from normal (morphology and weight of sex accessories), the antiandrogenic effect of the preparations, in the doses given to the mother rats, increased from BOMT (50 or 75 mg/day) via Sch 13521 (30 mg/day) and DIMP (50 or 60 mg/day) to Sch 13521 (60 mg/day). 2) Nipples of 10-60 day old males : Whole mount preparations were made unilaterally of the row of 6 mammary glands with nipples. The number of intact and abnormal nipples, respectively, was recorded. The relation between intact and abnormal nipples served as indicator of the efficiency of the antiandrogenic substances studied. The result showed that the antiandrogenic effect increased from BOMT to Sch 13521, 60 mg, in the same order as that arrived at from studies of the genital tract. The combined results obtained from the male offspring indicated that the tissues of the genital region, the growth and differentiation of which was most readily impaired by antiandrogens, were the same as those known from other work to be stimulated most easily in female rat fetuses by testosterone. B) Female offspring. Nipples of 31-60 day old females were judged from whole mount preparations and recorded as in the males. The nipples of adult virginal females were examined macroscopically. The same procedure was applied to lactating females, but the results were controlled in consecutive lactational periods and at autopsy. The 3 groups of females showed uniformly that 1) offspring of rats given BOMT during pregnancy had many (about 50 per cent) malformed nipples and 2) the treatment of mother rats with DIMP or Sch 13521 did not influence the development of nipples in female offspring. The result was assumed to be due to an androgenic effect of the steroidal antiandrogen, BOMT, on the nipple anlage.", "contents": "The male genital tract and the nipples of male and female offspring of rats given the non-steroidal antiandrogens DIMP and Sch 13521, during pregnancy. Male and female offspring of rats given antiandrogens, the steroidal BOMT or the non steroids DIMP or Sch 13521, daily during the last third of pregnancy were studied. Detailed examinations were made of the genital tract of male, and of the nipples of male and female offspring. A) Male offspring. 1) Genital tract of newborn and 31-91 day old males : Modifications of the development of accessory sexual tissues were found in all treatment groups. As indicated by the severity of deviations from normal (morphology and weight of sex accessories), the antiandrogenic effect of the preparations, in the doses given to the mother rats, increased from BOMT (50 or 75 mg/day) via Sch 13521 (30 mg/day) and DIMP (50 or 60 mg/day) to Sch 13521 (60 mg/day). 2) Nipples of 10-60 day old males : Whole mount preparations were made unilaterally of the row of 6 mammary glands with nipples. The number of intact and abnormal nipples, respectively, was recorded. The relation between intact and abnormal nipples served as indicator of the efficiency of the antiandrogenic substances studied. The result showed that the antiandrogenic effect increased from BOMT to Sch 13521, 60 mg, in the same order as that arrived at from studies of the genital tract. The combined results obtained from the male offspring indicated that the tissues of the genital region, the growth and differentiation of which was most readily impaired by antiandrogens, were the same as those known from other work to be stimulated most easily in female rat fetuses by testosterone. B) Female offspring. Nipples of 31-60 day old females were judged from whole mount preparations and recorded as in the males. The nipples of adult virginal females were examined macroscopically. The same procedure was applied to lactating females, but the results were controlled in consecutive lactational periods and at autopsy. The 3 groups of females showed uniformly that 1) offspring of rats given BOMT during pregnancy had many (about 50 per cent) malformed nipples and 2) the treatment of mother rats with DIMP or Sch 13521 did not influence the development of nipples in female offspring. The result was assumed to be due to an androgenic effect of the steroidal antiandrogen, BOMT, on the nipple anlage."}
{"id": "PMID:1217900", "title": "[Action of gonadotropins on androgen synthesis by embryonic testes of mouse and rat].", "content": "Testes from mouse and rat embryos were cultured in vitro in the presence of 14C-sodium acetate and luteinizing hormone or chorionic gonadotrophin. There is an increase in testosterone and androstenedione synthesis from sodium acetate under both treatments. Sensitivity to gonadotrophins exists already at a relatively early stage, when the testis, through testosterone secretion, is building up the genital tract. But the role of the hypophysis in normal androgen secretion will have to be proven.", "contents": "[Action of gonadotropins on androgen synthesis by embryonic testes of mouse and rat]. Testes from mouse and rat embryos were cultured in vitro in the presence of 14C-sodium acetate and luteinizing hormone or chorionic gonadotrophin. There is an increase in testosterone and androstenedione synthesis from sodium acetate under both treatments. Sensitivity to gonadotrophins exists already at a relatively early stage, when the testis, through testosterone secretion, is building up the genital tract. But the role of the hypophysis in normal androgen secretion will have to be proven."}
{"id": "PMID:1217901", "title": "[Histological and cytological study of neoblasts and fixed parenchymal cells in Dendrocoelum lacteum planarians deprived of their anterior region].", "content": "On amputating either at the root of the pharynx or between the mouth and the genital pore, the posterior parts which are thereby isolated do not regenerate. However they are capable of surviving for ever a year, without feeding. The wounded region is occupied by neoblasts which degenerate within a few days after an initial secretory activity. Their degeneration is of autophagic type. The abortive blastems disappear only slowly, because the degeneration of their neoblasts is partly compensated by the continual immigration of new regeneration cells which come from the posterior region. Several months after amputation, under the effect of prolonged starvation, neoblasts and fixed parenchymal cells begin to degenerate.", "contents": "[Histological and cytological study of neoblasts and fixed parenchymal cells in Dendrocoelum lacteum planarians deprived of their anterior region]. On amputating either at the root of the pharynx or between the mouth and the genital pore, the posterior parts which are thereby isolated do not regenerate. However they are capable of surviving for ever a year, without feeding. The wounded region is occupied by neoblasts which degenerate within a few days after an initial secretory activity. Their degeneration is of autophagic type. The abortive blastems disappear only slowly, because the degeneration of their neoblasts is partly compensated by the continual immigration of new regeneration cells which come from the posterior region. Several months after amputation, under the effect of prolonged starvation, neoblasts and fixed parenchymal cells begin to degenerate."}
{"id": "PMID:1217902", "title": "[Effects of cytochalasin B and colchicine on dental cytodifferentiation in vitro].", "content": "The effects of various concentrations of cytochalasin B and colchicine on the polarization of odontoblasts and ameloblasts of mouse tooth buds cultivated in vitro, were studies. It was shown that cytochalasin B, deside its action on the microfilaments, had important cytotoxic effects; dilatation of the odontoblast's processus, accumulation of secretory granules in the Golgi apparatus, dilatation of mitochondria, inhibition of polarization or depolarization of odontoblasts and ameloblasts. These modifications resulted chiefly from the lesion of microtubules which seem to play an important role in the polarization of the cells studies.", "contents": "[Effects of cytochalasin B and colchicine on dental cytodifferentiation in vitro]. The effects of various concentrations of cytochalasin B and colchicine on the polarization of odontoblasts and ameloblasts of mouse tooth buds cultivated in vitro, were studies. It was shown that cytochalasin B, deside its action on the microfilaments, had important cytotoxic effects; dilatation of the odontoblast's processus, accumulation of secretory granules in the Golgi apparatus, dilatation of mitochondria, inhibition of polarization or depolarization of odontoblasts and ameloblasts. These modifications resulted chiefly from the lesion of microtubules which seem to play an important role in the polarization of the cells studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1217903", "title": "[Influence of nerve growth factor (NGF) on formation of synapses in newt embryonic neural tube].", "content": "Under the influence of the nerve growth factor (NGF) a general stimulation of the synthetic processes, especially protein synthesis, occurs in the neuroblasts. The morphological counterpart is an hypertrophy of the nucleoli and spiralization of nucleolonema, an increase of the number of ribosomes with the persistence of a specific organization for each stage of development, then the proliferation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the modification of the predominant shape of mitochondria, which becomes annular, their outer surface being largely increased. The nutrient stores are quickly exhausted, with an accelerated disintegration of yolk droplets. There is an obvious increase in the number of non-synaptic contacts (puncta adherentia) between processes of neuroblasts and neighbouring nervous structures, and also an acceleration of formation of typical synaptic zones, indicating that NGF stimulates the functional maturation of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Influence of nerve growth factor (NGF) on formation of synapses in newt embryonic neural tube]. Under the influence of the nerve growth factor (NGF) a general stimulation of the synthetic processes, especially protein synthesis, occurs in the neuroblasts. The morphological counterpart is an hypertrophy of the nucleoli and spiralization of nucleolonema, an increase of the number of ribosomes with the persistence of a specific organization for each stage of development, then the proliferation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the modification of the predominant shape of mitochondria, which becomes annular, their outer surface being largely increased. The nutrient stores are quickly exhausted, with an accelerated disintegration of yolk droplets. There is an obvious increase in the number of non-synaptic contacts (puncta adherentia) between processes of neuroblasts and neighbouring nervous structures, and also an acceleration of formation of typical synaptic zones, indicating that NGF stimulates the functional maturation of the nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1217904", "title": "A histoquantitative study of the effect of maternal hypervitaminosis A on the differentiation of the foetal mouse skin.", "content": "The skin of albino mouse foetuses aged 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 days was studied histologically and quantitatively. The skin of foetuses aged 21 days after maternal hypervitaminosis A, was compared with that of 21 days controls. On the 13th day, the epidermis consisted of one layer of cuboidal cells. The stratum intermedium appeared on the 15th day, the stratum granulosum on the 19th day and the stratum corneum on the 21st day of intrauterine life. The quantitative study showed that although the epidermis increased more rapidly in thickness in the interval between the 13th and 17th day than in the subsequent 4 days, yet in the latter period differentiation of the stratum granulosum and corneum took place. On the other hand, the rate of proliferation of the epithelial cells concerned in the follicle formation was more rapid in the last two days of intrauterine life than in any previous prenatal stage. After maternal hypervitaminosis A, the whole thickness of the epidermis was reduced by 50% and the dermis showed an oedematous appearance. The hair follicle primordia showed a decreased volume.", "contents": "A histoquantitative study of the effect of maternal hypervitaminosis A on the differentiation of the foetal mouse skin. The skin of albino mouse foetuses aged 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 days was studied histologically and quantitatively. The skin of foetuses aged 21 days after maternal hypervitaminosis A, was compared with that of 21 days controls. On the 13th day, the epidermis consisted of one layer of cuboidal cells. The stratum intermedium appeared on the 15th day, the stratum granulosum on the 19th day and the stratum corneum on the 21st day of intrauterine life. The quantitative study showed that although the epidermis increased more rapidly in thickness in the interval between the 13th and 17th day than in the subsequent 4 days, yet in the latter period differentiation of the stratum granulosum and corneum took place. On the other hand, the rate of proliferation of the epithelial cells concerned in the follicle formation was more rapid in the last two days of intrauterine life than in any previous prenatal stage. After maternal hypervitaminosis A, the whole thickness of the epidermis was reduced by 50% and the dermis showed an oedematous appearance. The hair follicle primordia showed a decreased volume."}
{"id": "PMID:1217910", "title": "[Effect of pregnancy and lactation on hair growth in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of pregnancy and suckling in mice on spontaneous, induced hair growth and on body weight was examined. 1. An inhibition of spontaneous and induced growth of hair some days before delivery was found. 2. The initiation of hair growth was found not to be wave-like as usually, but nearly simulatneously. 3. Inhibition and initiation of hair growth seem to be related to body weight. 4. The influences on hair growth in mice are compared with known effects of pregnancy on hair growth in women.", "contents": "[Effect of pregnancy and lactation on hair growth in mice (author's transl)]. The influence of pregnancy and suckling in mice on spontaneous, induced hair growth and on body weight was examined. 1. An inhibition of spontaneous and induced growth of hair some days before delivery was found. 2. The initiation of hair growth was found not to be wave-like as usually, but nearly simulatneously. 3. Inhibition and initiation of hair growth seem to be related to body weight. 4. The influences on hair growth in mice are compared with known effects of pregnancy on hair growth in women."}
{"id": "PMID:1217905", "title": "[Histology and cytology of tergal gland of Leucophaea maderea and its development during sexual maturation of the male].", "content": "The tergal gland of the adult male Leucophaea maderea is a tegumentary specialization of the second abdominal segment. This gland is involved in the conditioning of the female to mating. Several types of hypodermal cells may be recognized among which are numerous glandular cells full of gycoproteic granules. Each of these cells is provided with a axial tubular crypt through which passes a cuticular canal collecting the secretion products. All the canals open independently at the surface of the cuticle and the substance deposited there is a mixture of proteins and acid mucosubstances. Morphological differentiation is finished just after the moult, but functional differentiation starts with the histological and cytological restructuring of the epidermis, particularly the elaboration, growth and maturation of numerous granules in the glandular cells. This differentiation which occurs mainly during the first week of imaginal life is in synchronism with sexual maturation.", "contents": "[Histology and cytology of tergal gland of Leucophaea maderea and its development during sexual maturation of the male]. The tergal gland of the adult male Leucophaea maderea is a tegumentary specialization of the second abdominal segment. This gland is involved in the conditioning of the female to mating. Several types of hypodermal cells may be recognized among which are numerous glandular cells full of gycoproteic granules. Each of these cells is provided with a axial tubular crypt through which passes a cuticular canal collecting the secretion products. All the canals open independently at the surface of the cuticle and the substance deposited there is a mixture of proteins and acid mucosubstances. Morphological differentiation is finished just after the moult, but functional differentiation starts with the histological and cytological restructuring of the epidermis, particularly the elaboration, growth and maturation of numerous granules in the glandular cells. This differentiation which occurs mainly during the first week of imaginal life is in synchronism with sexual maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217911", "title": "Sulfur dioxide and tracheobronchial clearance in man.", "content": "Tracheobronchial clearance was measured in nine healthy, nonsmoking adults. Technetium Tc 99m albumin aerosol (mass median diameter, 3 mu; geometric standard deviation, 1.6) was inhaled as a bolus under controlled conditions to achieve reproducible deposition in large airways. Each subject was studied in three seperate three-hour experiments: twice under control conditions and once exposed to 5 ppm sulfur dioxide (pollutant exposure after aerosol inhalation). Lung retention of activity was measured using a gamma camera interfaced to a data storage and retrieval system. The study showed that (1) Both deposition and clearance were highly reproducible in individuals in repeat control studies. (2) Acute exposure to 5 ppm sulfur dioxide had no significant effect (P greater than .05) on mucocillary clearance in resting healthy subjects, except perhaps for a small transient change (P=.05) after one hour. (3) Pulmonary function tests showed a decrease in maximal midexpiratory flow (P less than .01) but no other significant changes.", "contents": "Sulfur dioxide and tracheobronchial clearance in man. Tracheobronchial clearance was measured in nine healthy, nonsmoking adults. Technetium Tc 99m albumin aerosol (mass median diameter, 3 mu; geometric standard deviation, 1.6) was inhaled as a bolus under controlled conditions to achieve reproducible deposition in large airways. Each subject was studied in three seperate three-hour experiments: twice under control conditions and once exposed to 5 ppm sulfur dioxide (pollutant exposure after aerosol inhalation). Lung retention of activity was measured using a gamma camera interfaced to a data storage and retrieval system. The study showed that (1) Both deposition and clearance were highly reproducible in individuals in repeat control studies. (2) Acute exposure to 5 ppm sulfur dioxide had no significant effect (P greater than .05) on mucocillary clearance in resting healthy subjects, except perhaps for a small transient change (P=.05) after one hour. (3) Pulmonary function tests showed a decrease in maximal midexpiratory flow (P less than .01) but no other significant changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1217906", "title": "[Cutaneous calcinosis induced by topical calciphylaxis in rats. I. Ultrastructural aspcts].", "content": "Skin calcification induced by topical calciphylaxis was provoked by a subcutaneous injection of iron chloride in rats previously sensitized by D.H.T. and studied by electron microscope. The evolution of the calciphylatic response can be resumed as follows: -- early appearance of numberous granules in the mitochondria of the cells of the connective tissue; their inorganic nature was revealed by microincineration and it is highly probable that they are a reserve of mineral ions; -- between the 6 hr, and the 18 hr, stages the interfibrillar matrix contained rounded vesicular structures, enclosed by a triple mambrane, which must surely be of cellular origin; they progressively incorporated more and more mineral particles which confirm their primordial role in the initial phases of mineralization; -- from the 14 hr. stage onward, mineral rodlets composed of chains of little dots appeared in the intercellular matrix and then on the collagen fibrils, probably in contact with the mucopolysaccharides; -- starting at the 24 hr, stage, the mineralization progressed without a vesicular intermediary forming increasingly dense and widespread plaques; the presence of needles of homogenous aspect indicated the appearance of a crystalline mineral deposit; an intrafibrillar mineral deposit becomes visible later. These results are compared with those obtained previously in other studies of experimental or pathological calcinosis and of mineralization of skeletal tissues.", "contents": "[Cutaneous calcinosis induced by topical calciphylaxis in rats. I. Ultrastructural aspcts]. Skin calcification induced by topical calciphylaxis was provoked by a subcutaneous injection of iron chloride in rats previously sensitized by D.H.T. and studied by electron microscope. The evolution of the calciphylatic response can be resumed as follows: -- early appearance of numberous granules in the mitochondria of the cells of the connective tissue; their inorganic nature was revealed by microincineration and it is highly probable that they are a reserve of mineral ions; -- between the 6 hr, and the 18 hr, stages the interfibrillar matrix contained rounded vesicular structures, enclosed by a triple mambrane, which must surely be of cellular origin; they progressively incorporated more and more mineral particles which confirm their primordial role in the initial phases of mineralization; -- from the 14 hr. stage onward, mineral rodlets composed of chains of little dots appeared in the intercellular matrix and then on the collagen fibrils, probably in contact with the mucopolysaccharides; -- starting at the 24 hr, stage, the mineralization progressed without a vesicular intermediary forming increasingly dense and widespread plaques; the presence of needles of homogenous aspect indicated the appearance of a crystalline mineral deposit; an intrafibrillar mineral deposit becomes visible later. These results are compared with those obtained previously in other studies of experimental or pathological calcinosis and of mineralization of skeletal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1217912", "title": "Oxygen and lung fibrosis.", "content": "Young adult rats were continuously exposed to environments containing 9% to 10%, 20% and 80% oxygen for 41 and 84 days. Animals exposed to both extreme oxygen concentrations demonstrated a noticeably slowed body growth, and the weight of the lungs was proportionally lower. Total amount and density of hydroxyproline in the lungs of both groups was markedly higher than in rats exposed to an ambient atmosphere. At both extreme oxygen concentrations, the content of lactate in the lung and total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were markedly higher, as was the activity of prolyl hydroxylase. The finding of enhanced peroxidizability of lipids in the lungs (examined by determination of malonaldehyde and change in the profile of fatty acids) indicates that both extreme oxygen concentrations represent an injury to lung constituents. We propose that under chronic exposure to low (9% to 10%) or high (80%) oxygen, the lung tissue was damaged (enhanced peroxidizability of lipids). It also developed inflammatory changes (increased lactate and LDH activity) that resulted in the enhancement of fibroplasia (increased activity of prolyl hydroxylase and collagen content). It is also possible that the content of tissue lactate in vivo situations may control the activity of prolyl hydroxylase.", "contents": "Oxygen and lung fibrosis. Young adult rats were continuously exposed to environments containing 9% to 10%, 20% and 80% oxygen for 41 and 84 days. Animals exposed to both extreme oxygen concentrations demonstrated a noticeably slowed body growth, and the weight of the lungs was proportionally lower. Total amount and density of hydroxyproline in the lungs of both groups was markedly higher than in rats exposed to an ambient atmosphere. At both extreme oxygen concentrations, the content of lactate in the lung and total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were markedly higher, as was the activity of prolyl hydroxylase. The finding of enhanced peroxidizability of lipids in the lungs (examined by determination of malonaldehyde and change in the profile of fatty acids) indicates that both extreme oxygen concentrations represent an injury to lung constituents. We propose that under chronic exposure to low (9% to 10%) or high (80%) oxygen, the lung tissue was damaged (enhanced peroxidizability of lipids). It also developed inflammatory changes (increased lactate and LDH activity) that resulted in the enhancement of fibroplasia (increased activity of prolyl hydroxylase and collagen content). It is also possible that the content of tissue lactate in vivo situations may control the activity of prolyl hydroxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:1217907", "title": "[Experimental study of visual projection specificity in microphthalm and monophthalm embryos and adults of Gallus domesticus L].", "content": "Research was carried out into the visual projections of embryos and chickens of Gallus domesticus L. who had undergone early optic vesicle removal and into microphthalmy or monophthalmy with ipsilateral optic fibres resulting from such removal. The architectonics of primary visual centres (nuclei ectomamillaris, geniculatus lateralis, lateralis anterior superficialis synencephali, griseus tectalis and the tectum opticum superficiale) and of the isthmo-opticus nucleus were compared with the architectonics of the same centres in anophthalms. From this research it can be seen that:--1. Optic fibres coming from limited ocular formation in microphthalms can reach the ectomamillaris nucleus in most cases and sustain existence; they may reach the tectum opticum without playing a qualitatively discernable morphogenetic role and act upon the isthmo-opticus nucleus. For these microphthalms, the nuclei lateralis anterior, geniculatus lateralis, superficialis synencephali and griseus tectalis are comparable to those of anophthalms. 2. Ipsilateral optic fibers can develop and show the same specificity and morphogenetic function as the microphthalms' optic fibres. 3. After hatching, some anophthalms shows an isthmo-opticus nucleus with scores of neurons. In general, observations during this research have shown that the specificity of microphthalms' optic fibres and ipsilateral optic fibres remain strictly the same whatever the operation under consideration.", "contents": "[Experimental study of visual projection specificity in microphthalm and monophthalm embryos and adults of Gallus domesticus L]. Research was carried out into the visual projections of embryos and chickens of Gallus domesticus L. who had undergone early optic vesicle removal and into microphthalmy or monophthalmy with ipsilateral optic fibres resulting from such removal. The architectonics of primary visual centres (nuclei ectomamillaris, geniculatus lateralis, lateralis anterior superficialis synencephali, griseus tectalis and the tectum opticum superficiale) and of the isthmo-opticus nucleus were compared with the architectonics of the same centres in anophthalms. From this research it can be seen that:--1. Optic fibres coming from limited ocular formation in microphthalms can reach the ectomamillaris nucleus in most cases and sustain existence; they may reach the tectum opticum without playing a qualitatively discernable morphogenetic role and act upon the isthmo-opticus nucleus. For these microphthalms, the nuclei lateralis anterior, geniculatus lateralis, superficialis synencephali and griseus tectalis are comparable to those of anophthalms. 2. Ipsilateral optic fibers can develop and show the same specificity and morphogenetic function as the microphthalms' optic fibres. 3. After hatching, some anophthalms shows an isthmo-opticus nucleus with scores of neurons. In general, observations during this research have shown that the specificity of microphthalms' optic fibres and ipsilateral optic fibres remain strictly the same whatever the operation under consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:1217913", "title": "Smoking and respiratory illness in military recruits.", "content": "The effect of smoking on respiratory illness was investigated at a naval recruit camp. All recruits entering training during an 11-month period, beginning in February 1971, were included in the study. Questionnaires in regard to smoking habits were administered on arrival and during the last week of training. Facts of illness were obtained from each recruit's health record during the last week of training and abstracted onto electronic accounting machine (EAM) cards. Data on a sample of 1,100 men, who had complete records, were analyzed. Two thirds of the men were smokers on arrival. Heavy smokers had a longer history of smoking. The majority of recruits decreased smoking during training. Significantly more heavy smokers than light smokers or nonsmokers had symptoms of chronic respiratory involvement. No statistically significant increases in respiratory illness were observed in smokers.", "contents": "Smoking and respiratory illness in military recruits. The effect of smoking on respiratory illness was investigated at a naval recruit camp. All recruits entering training during an 11-month period, beginning in February 1971, were included in the study. Questionnaires in regard to smoking habits were administered on arrival and during the last week of training. Facts of illness were obtained from each recruit's health record during the last week of training and abstracted onto electronic accounting machine (EAM) cards. Data on a sample of 1,100 men, who had complete records, were analyzed. Two thirds of the men were smokers on arrival. Heavy smokers had a longer history of smoking. The majority of recruits decreased smoking during training. Significantly more heavy smokers than light smokers or nonsmokers had symptoms of chronic respiratory involvement. No statistically significant increases in respiratory illness were observed in smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:1217914", "title": "Sulfuric acid and streptococci clearance from respiratory tracts of mice.", "content": "The inhalation of 15 mg/cu m (3.2mu count median diameter) of H2SO4 aerosol for four hours after exposure to radioactive aerosol resulted in a reduction in the rate of clearance of nonviable streptococci from the lungs and noses of mice. A second exposure to H2SO4 lasting 90 minutes (15 mg/cu m, 3.2mu count median diameter) for four days prior to the radioactive aerosol resulted in a reduced rate of clearance of nonviable streptococci from the noses but not the lungs. Neither of these exposure regimens caused an alteration in the rate of reduction of viable streptococci from the lungs or noses. Inhalation of 1.5 mg/cu m of H2SO4 (0.6mu coung median diameter) for four daily 90-minute exposures prior to, or for four hours after exposure to Streptococcus caused no alteration in the normal rate of clearance of viable or nonviable streptococci from the noses or lungs.", "contents": "Sulfuric acid and streptococci clearance from respiratory tracts of mice. The inhalation of 15 mg/cu m (3.2mu count median diameter) of H2SO4 aerosol for four hours after exposure to radioactive aerosol resulted in a reduction in the rate of clearance of nonviable streptococci from the lungs and noses of mice. A second exposure to H2SO4 lasting 90 minutes (15 mg/cu m, 3.2mu count median diameter) for four days prior to the radioactive aerosol resulted in a reduced rate of clearance of nonviable streptococci from the noses but not the lungs. Neither of these exposure regimens caused an alteration in the rate of reduction of viable streptococci from the lungs or noses. Inhalation of 1.5 mg/cu m of H2SO4 (0.6mu coung median diameter) for four daily 90-minute exposures prior to, or for four hours after exposure to Streptococcus caused no alteration in the normal rate of clearance of viable or nonviable streptococci from the noses or lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:1217915", "title": "Toxicology of high-fired beryllium oxide inhaled by rodents. II. Metabolism and early effects.", "content": "Several groups of male and female rats and hamsters were exposed by inhalation to an aerosol of BeO particles calcined at 1000 C. Initial alveolar depositions ranged from 12 mug to 160mug Be. The alveolar retention half-life for BeO was approximately six months. Only the pulmonary lymph nodes accumulated detectable amounts of translocated BeO. Early alterations were seen in the alveolar macrophages, which were subsequently converted to histiocytic cells that accumulated in subpleural and peribronchiolar granulomatous lesions within eight months after the exposure. The alveolar clearance of a test aerosol, radioactive plutonium dioxide (239PuO2), was decreased to 60% of the normal rate when the radioactive material was given at 1, 30, or 60 days after exposure to BeO. These results demonstrate the important function of the alveolar macrophage in Be-induced granulomatous disease, as well as the rapid impairment of alveolar macrophage function by phagocytized BeO.", "contents": "Toxicology of high-fired beryllium oxide inhaled by rodents. II. Metabolism and early effects. Several groups of male and female rats and hamsters were exposed by inhalation to an aerosol of BeO particles calcined at 1000 C. Initial alveolar depositions ranged from 12 mug to 160mug Be. The alveolar retention half-life for BeO was approximately six months. Only the pulmonary lymph nodes accumulated detectable amounts of translocated BeO. Early alterations were seen in the alveolar macrophages, which were subsequently converted to histiocytic cells that accumulated in subpleural and peribronchiolar granulomatous lesions within eight months after the exposure. The alveolar clearance of a test aerosol, radioactive plutonium dioxide (239PuO2), was decreased to 60% of the normal rate when the radioactive material was given at 1, 30, or 60 days after exposure to BeO. These results demonstrate the important function of the alveolar macrophage in Be-induced granulomatous disease, as well as the rapid impairment of alveolar macrophage function by phagocytized BeO."}
{"id": "PMID:1217916", "title": "Practical methods of reducing airborne contaminants in interior spaces.", "content": "Prediction of airborne concentrations of enviornmentally important contaminants is supported by field test data on tobacco smoke. The analysis discussed herein is completely general in nature, and the contaminants can be gases, vapors, liquid droplets, and solid particulates, including microorganisms and pollens. Several engineering controls can be applied to practical environnmental systems to reduce and control undesirable contaminants in normally occupied structures. The use of the method is an important research tool to more accurately quantify airborne contaminant levels in enviornmental medicine experiments with animals or human subjects. It is difficult and expensive to control inside environmental contaminant levels at values less than 20% to 25% of those occurring outside. The same is true for internally generated contaminants.", "contents": "Practical methods of reducing airborne contaminants in interior spaces. Prediction of airborne concentrations of enviornmentally important contaminants is supported by field test data on tobacco smoke. The analysis discussed herein is completely general in nature, and the contaminants can be gases, vapors, liquid droplets, and solid particulates, including microorganisms and pollens. Several engineering controls can be applied to practical environnmental systems to reduce and control undesirable contaminants in normally occupied structures. The use of the method is an important research tool to more accurately quantify airborne contaminant levels in enviornmental medicine experiments with animals or human subjects. It is difficult and expensive to control inside environmental contaminant levels at values less than 20% to 25% of those occurring outside. The same is true for internally generated contaminants."}
{"id": "PMID:1217917", "title": "Distribution of thallium and lead in children's blood.", "content": "Mean whole blood concentrations for lead and thallium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis for children residing in Newkark, NJ. Frequency distributions for the various concentration ranges for both metals were recorded. There is no noticeable correlation between the lead and thallium content of whole blood, which suggests that exposure to and/or absorption of these substances are different.", "contents": "Distribution of thallium and lead in children's blood. Mean whole blood concentrations for lead and thallium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis for children residing in Newkark, NJ. Frequency distributions for the various concentration ranges for both metals were recorded. There is no noticeable correlation between the lead and thallium content of whole blood, which suggests that exposure to and/or absorption of these substances are different."}
{"id": "PMID:1217934", "title": "Growth and morphology of Asticcacaulis biprosthecum in defined media.", "content": "The growth and morphology of cells of Asticcacaulis biprosthecum were studied in defined media to determine the effects of various compounds on the growth rate and on the expression of morphological events of the life cycle. The length of prosthecae could not be controlled by varying the concentration of inorganic phosphate as has been shown for other caulobacters. In defined media, growth was inhibited during conditions favoring rapid metabolism, apparently due to an absolute requirement for cells to complete all stages of the life cycle before cell division could occur. The morphology of cells grown under these conditions was aberrant, i.e., cells appeared elongated and branched and few prosthecae or swarmer cells were produced. Growth of a related bacterium, Asticcacaulis strain S-3, was not inhibited by conditions favoring rapid metabolism. During rapid growth, cell division in this organism occurs in the swarmer stage and prosthecae are not produced. Cell division in S-3 is not obligately coupled to completion of all stages in the complex life cycle, and morphogenesis can be controlled by cultural conditions.", "contents": "Growth and morphology of Asticcacaulis biprosthecum in defined media. The growth and morphology of cells of Asticcacaulis biprosthecum were studied in defined media to determine the effects of various compounds on the growth rate and on the expression of morphological events of the life cycle. The length of prosthecae could not be controlled by varying the concentration of inorganic phosphate as has been shown for other caulobacters. In defined media, growth was inhibited during conditions favoring rapid metabolism, apparently due to an absolute requirement for cells to complete all stages of the life cycle before cell division could occur. The morphology of cells grown under these conditions was aberrant, i.e., cells appeared elongated and branched and few prosthecae or swarmer cells were produced. Growth of a related bacterium, Asticcacaulis strain S-3, was not inhibited by conditions favoring rapid metabolism. During rapid growth, cell division in this organism occurs in the swarmer stage and prosthecae are not produced. Cell division in S-3 is not obligately coupled to completion of all stages in the complex life cycle, and morphogenesis can be controlled by cultural conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217935", "title": "Microbial assimilation of alkyl nitro compounds and formation of nitrite.", "content": "66 representative strains of bacteria, yeasts and fungi were tested for their ability to grow in a semidefined medium containing 0.5% nitroethane as a nitrogen source. About half of them were found capable of growing in the medium. Hansenula beijerinckii, Candida utilis, and Penicillium chrysogenum were most active in assimilating nitroethane. 2-Nitropropane inhibited growth of most of the microorganisms tested in a medium containing 0.2% peptone and 0.2% glycerol. Hansenula mrakii was found to grow rapidly in the nitroethane-peptone medium after a lag phase. Nitrite was accumulated in the culture fluid after the phase of logarithmic multiplication, and increased with increase of the growth, followed by a decline after the maximum growth. The alkyl nitro compounds were oxidatively denitrified to form nitrite by the crude enzyme from Hansenula mrakii. Nitroethane was generally a poor substrate, but was the best inducer to produce the nitro compounds oxidizing enzyme. 2-Nitro-propane and nitroethane were enzymatically oxidized to nitrite, and acetone and acetaldehyde, respectively, which were isolated as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and identified. Nitrite formed was found to be reduced into ammonia by the intact cells and also the crude enzyme.", "contents": "Microbial assimilation of alkyl nitro compounds and formation of nitrite. 66 representative strains of bacteria, yeasts and fungi were tested for their ability to grow in a semidefined medium containing 0.5% nitroethane as a nitrogen source. About half of them were found capable of growing in the medium. Hansenula beijerinckii, Candida utilis, and Penicillium chrysogenum were most active in assimilating nitroethane. 2-Nitropropane inhibited growth of most of the microorganisms tested in a medium containing 0.2% peptone and 0.2% glycerol. Hansenula mrakii was found to grow rapidly in the nitroethane-peptone medium after a lag phase. Nitrite was accumulated in the culture fluid after the phase of logarithmic multiplication, and increased with increase of the growth, followed by a decline after the maximum growth. The alkyl nitro compounds were oxidatively denitrified to form nitrite by the crude enzyme from Hansenula mrakii. Nitroethane was generally a poor substrate, but was the best inducer to produce the nitro compounds oxidizing enzyme. 2-Nitro-propane and nitroethane were enzymatically oxidized to nitrite, and acetone and acetaldehyde, respectively, which were isolated as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and identified. Nitrite formed was found to be reduced into ammonia by the intact cells and also the crude enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1217936", "title": "Origin and ultrastructure of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum.", "content": "A cell observation chamber was designed to perform continuous photomicroscopic observations of hyphal anastomosis and the origin of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum. These data were correlated with ultrastructural features of intra-hyphal hyphae. Hyphal fusions occurred commonly in either species of Trichophyton when incubated alone. In T. terrestre, empty phyphal segments adjoined by live units were invaded at the septa from both directions by new hyphal ingrowth. Continuous observations revealed that the intra-hyphal hyphae subsequently anastomosed via a lateral fusion peg. Similar intra-hyphal hyphae were shown in T. rubrum. Electron microscopic studies revealed ascomycetous septa in both conventional hyphae and intra-hyphal hyphae. For the latter, the cytoplasm and wall of the inner hypha were bounded by cytoplasmic organelles and another cell wall of the outer hypha.", "contents": "Origin and ultrastructure of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum. A cell observation chamber was designed to perform continuous photomicroscopic observations of hyphal anastomosis and the origin of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum. These data were correlated with ultrastructural features of intra-hyphal hyphae. Hyphal fusions occurred commonly in either species of Trichophyton when incubated alone. In T. terrestre, empty phyphal segments adjoined by live units were invaded at the septa from both directions by new hyphal ingrowth. Continuous observations revealed that the intra-hyphal hyphae subsequently anastomosed via a lateral fusion peg. Similar intra-hyphal hyphae were shown in T. rubrum. Electron microscopic studies revealed ascomycetous septa in both conventional hyphae and intra-hyphal hyphae. For the latter, the cytoplasm and wall of the inner hypha were bounded by cytoplasmic organelles and another cell wall of the outer hypha."}
{"id": "PMID:1217937", "title": "Variability of the molecular size of extracellular amylase produced by intact cells and protoplasts of Bacillus caldolyticus.", "content": "One of the typical properties of the extracellular amylase produced by Bacillus caldolyticus is the tendency to disintegrate into subunits with a molecular weight (MW) of less than 10,000, when the enzyme is subjected to ultrafiltration. Disintegration is due to a loss of Ca-ions, leading to nonactive subunits. Activity can be fully restroed by addition of Ca-ions. Reactivation occurs also spontaneously if the low MW fraction is stored in glassware. Comparative ultrafiltration experiments with the subunit fraction with or without a supply of Ca revealed that in presence of this divalent cation  the subunits reaggregated to the active enzyme. The different distribution patterns obtained in absence or presence of Ca showed that reactivation is directly linked to the formation of a high MW form of the protein. Substitution of Ca by other divalent cations also led to reaggregation. These aggregates are, however, inactive. The enzyme was found to be formed intracellularly in its low MW form. Experiments with protoplasts revealed that these are capable to produce and release the amylase. When the production of the enzyme by protoplasts declined, full restoration could be achieved by a recovery treatment. Normally, the enzyme released by the protoplasts consisted of equal portions of the high, medium, and low MW form of the amylase. If the cells were, however, depleted as a result of continued incubations, the extruded enzyme consisted increasingly of the low MW form, which could finally represent more than 80%. This trend could be completely reversed by the supply of carbon and nitrogen sources during the recovery treatment, whereafter the enzyme consisted again of the intially observed equal amounts of the three MW forms. Vesicles prepared from the protoplasts were also found to release amylase, but on a lower level, and only for a very limited time, with no possibility to regain activity by a recovery treatment. Subunit formation was also observed during column chromatography, which could be counteracted by a sufficient supply with Ca-ions.", "contents": "Variability of the molecular size of extracellular amylase produced by intact cells and protoplasts of Bacillus caldolyticus. One of the typical properties of the extracellular amylase produced by Bacillus caldolyticus is the tendency to disintegrate into subunits with a molecular weight (MW) of less than 10,000, when the enzyme is subjected to ultrafiltration. Disintegration is due to a loss of Ca-ions, leading to nonactive subunits. Activity can be fully restroed by addition of Ca-ions. Reactivation occurs also spontaneously if the low MW fraction is stored in glassware. Comparative ultrafiltration experiments with the subunit fraction with or without a supply of Ca revealed that in presence of this divalent cation  the subunits reaggregated to the active enzyme. The different distribution patterns obtained in absence or presence of Ca showed that reactivation is directly linked to the formation of a high MW form of the protein. Substitution of Ca by other divalent cations also led to reaggregation. These aggregates are, however, inactive. The enzyme was found to be formed intracellularly in its low MW form. Experiments with protoplasts revealed that these are capable to produce and release the amylase. When the production of the enzyme by protoplasts declined, full restoration could be achieved by a recovery treatment. Normally, the enzyme released by the protoplasts consisted of equal portions of the high, medium, and low MW form of the amylase. If the cells were, however, depleted as a result of continued incubations, the extruded enzyme consisted increasingly of the low MW form, which could finally represent more than 80%. This trend could be completely reversed by the supply of carbon and nitrogen sources during the recovery treatment, whereafter the enzyme consisted again of the intially observed equal amounts of the three MW forms. Vesicles prepared from the protoplasts were also found to release amylase, but on a lower level, and only for a very limited time, with no possibility to regain activity by a recovery treatment. Subunit formation was also observed during column chromatography, which could be counteracted by a sufficient supply with Ca-ions."}
{"id": "PMID:1217938", "title": "Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde and formate by catalase purified from methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha.", "content": "Catalase has been partially purified from cell-free extracts of methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha and its peroxidative properties were studied. It was shown that the enzyme is capable of oxidizing methanol, formaldehyde and formate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The physiological significance of these reactions in the transduction of energy from the oxidation of methanol in yeasts is discussed.", "contents": "Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde and formate by catalase purified from methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha. Catalase has been partially purified from cell-free extracts of methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha and its peroxidative properties were studied. It was shown that the enzyme is capable of oxidizing methanol, formaldehyde and formate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The physiological significance of these reactions in the transduction of energy from the oxidation of methanol in yeasts is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217939", "title": "Control of composition and activity of the photosynthetic apparatus of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata grown in ammonium-limited continuous culture.", "content": "Rhodopseudomonas capsulata was grown either phototropically in the light or chemotrophically in the dark at oxygen tensions of 5 mm and 3 mm Hg in ammonium-limited continuous culture. During growth limitation bacteriochlorophyll content of cells and membranes varied dependent on growth rate drastically in chemotrophic cultures. Concomittantly, the ratio of membrane protein to total protein varied in the range of 30-41%. This dependence of membrane differentiation on growth rate was less evident in phototrophically grown cells. The incorporation of the bulk of bacteriochlorophyll was shown to be quantitatively correlated to the incorporation of 1-3 low molecular weight proteins with molecular weights in the range of 14 to less than 10 k daltons. Supported by similar findings of other authors it is proposed, that these proteins are to be attributed to the species of antenna bacteriochlorophyll and represent components of the photosynthetic apparatus. With decreasing growth rates the size of the photosynthetic unit with respect to the population of bacteriochlorophyll- and protein molecules was reduced subsequent to a reduction in the rate of incorporation of antenna-bacteriochlorophyll and the low molecular weight proteins, the reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll content of the membranes remaining constant. A parallel decrease in potential phosphorylating capacity was observed. It is concluded, that under these conditions,  primary photochemical reactions in the reaction center were not the rate-limiting step in photophosphorylation. The interaction of growth limitation by an anabolic precursor (NH+4) and control of membrane differentiation by light intensity or oxygen tension is discussed.", "contents": "Control of composition and activity of the photosynthetic apparatus of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata grown in ammonium-limited continuous culture. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata was grown either phototropically in the light or chemotrophically in the dark at oxygen tensions of 5 mm and 3 mm Hg in ammonium-limited continuous culture. During growth limitation bacteriochlorophyll content of cells and membranes varied dependent on growth rate drastically in chemotrophic cultures. Concomittantly, the ratio of membrane protein to total protein varied in the range of 30-41%. This dependence of membrane differentiation on growth rate was less evident in phototrophically grown cells. The incorporation of the bulk of bacteriochlorophyll was shown to be quantitatively correlated to the incorporation of 1-3 low molecular weight proteins with molecular weights in the range of 14 to less than 10 k daltons. Supported by similar findings of other authors it is proposed, that these proteins are to be attributed to the species of antenna bacteriochlorophyll and represent components of the photosynthetic apparatus. With decreasing growth rates the size of the photosynthetic unit with respect to the population of bacteriochlorophyll- and protein molecules was reduced subsequent to a reduction in the rate of incorporation of antenna-bacteriochlorophyll and the low molecular weight proteins, the reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll content of the membranes remaining constant. A parallel decrease in potential phosphorylating capacity was observed. It is concluded, that under these conditions,  primary photochemical reactions in the reaction center were not the rate-limiting step in photophosphorylation. The interaction of growth limitation by an anabolic precursor (NH+4) and control of membrane differentiation by light intensity or oxygen tension is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217940", "title": "Characteration of RNA synthesized during germination of Blastocladia ramosa Zoospores.", "content": "The synthesis of RNA was studied during the synchronous germination of Blastocladia ramosa zoospores. Comparison of RNA synthesis during germination of B. ramosa and Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores revealed that B. ramosa has a longer lag time before RNA synthesis is initiated and, in addition, the rate of RNA synthesis is ten-fold lower in B. ramosa. Zoospores of B. ramosa were shown to contain pre-formed messenger RNA but this messenger RNA directs only a portion of the protein synthesis which occurs during early germination. The conclusion that the remainder of the protein synthetic activity of the germinating spores is due to new message synthesis was supported by demonstrating that the timing of the initation of protein synthesis on new messages correlates with the time RNA synthesis is initiated. New message synthesis was also demonstrated by the incorporation of label into RNA which contains a poly (A) fragment. Synthesis of all classes of RNA including ribosomal, messenger, and transfer RNA was shown to be initiated at the same time. The implications of this observation are discussed.", "contents": "Characteration of RNA synthesized during germination of Blastocladia ramosa Zoospores. The synthesis of RNA was studied during the synchronous germination of Blastocladia ramosa zoospores. Comparison of RNA synthesis during germination of B. ramosa and Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores revealed that B. ramosa has a longer lag time before RNA synthesis is initiated and, in addition, the rate of RNA synthesis is ten-fold lower in B. ramosa. Zoospores of B. ramosa were shown to contain pre-formed messenger RNA but this messenger RNA directs only a portion of the protein synthesis which occurs during early germination. The conclusion that the remainder of the protein synthetic activity of the germinating spores is due to new message synthesis was supported by demonstrating that the timing of the initation of protein synthesis on new messages correlates with the time RNA synthesis is initiated. New message synthesis was also demonstrated by the incorporation of label into RNA which contains a poly (A) fragment. Synthesis of all classes of RNA including ribosomal, messenger, and transfer RNA was shown to be initiated at the same time. The implications of this observation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217941", "title": "[Fermentative degradation of 2-14C-mannose with Leuconostoc mesenteroides (author's transl)].", "content": "Mannose-2-14C has been fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides, CO2 ethanol and D-lactic acid were formed in a molar ratio of 1:1:1. A small amount of acetic acid was found as by-product. It could easily be isolated from the main products of the fermentation and it did not disturb further degradation procedures. The methyl-C-atom of ethanol, which was derived from C-2 of the mannose, had nearly the same specific radioactivity as mannose-2-14C. All other C-atoms of the degradation products were only very slightly labeled. Their content of radioactivity was in any case lower than 3% of the specific radioactivity of the degraded mannose. This procedure is applicable for the degradation of 14C-labeled mannose.", "contents": "[Fermentative degradation of 2-14C-mannose with Leuconostoc mesenteroides (author's transl)]. Mannose-2-14C has been fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides, CO2 ethanol and D-lactic acid were formed in a molar ratio of 1:1:1. A small amount of acetic acid was found as by-product. It could easily be isolated from the main products of the fermentation and it did not disturb further degradation procedures. The methyl-C-atom of ethanol, which was derived from C-2 of the mannose, had nearly the same specific radioactivity as mannose-2-14C. All other C-atoms of the degradation products were only very slightly labeled. Their content of radioactivity was in any case lower than 3% of the specific radioactivity of the degraded mannose. This procedure is applicable for the degradation of 14C-labeled mannose."}
{"id": "PMID:1217947", "title": "[Frequency of birth defects. Study of a maternity hospital in Paris].", "content": "A retrospective study of 20,591 live born babies and still birth was made in order to estimate the incidence of congenital malformations total and by type diagnosed at birth. The total incidence is 1,74 p. 100. The sex ratio, the mean birth rank and parental ages were computed for the different types of malformation and in the control group. The birth weight was low in case of severe malformation. It was found that malformations were associated with significantly raised abortions and still birth rates among previous pregnancies.", "contents": "[Frequency of birth defects. Study of a maternity hospital in Paris]. A retrospective study of 20,591 live born babies and still birth was made in order to estimate the incidence of congenital malformations total and by type diagnosed at birth. The total incidence is 1,74 p. 100. The sex ratio, the mean birth rank and parental ages were computed for the different types of malformation and in the control group. The birth weight was low in case of severe malformation. It was found that malformations were associated with significantly raised abortions and still birth rates among previous pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:1217948", "title": "[Congenital adrenal hypoplasia of cytomegalic type. Recessive, sex-linked form. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three personal cases, and the cases of literature of congenital adrenal hypoplasia with cytomegaly allow an histological definition. Clinical and biological findings are described. In 2 cases, a diffused hypertrophy of the cells responsible for corticotrope or melanotrope secretion was discovered; it confirmed the peripheral adrenal origin of the condition, as well as high plasmatic level of ACTH, in the third case. Sex-bound cytomegalic adrenal hypoplasia is differenciated from other cortico-adrenal insufficiencies with cytomegaly.", "contents": "[Congenital adrenal hypoplasia of cytomegalic type. Recessive, sex-linked form. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three personal cases, and the cases of literature of congenital adrenal hypoplasia with cytomegaly allow an histological definition. Clinical and biological findings are described. In 2 cases, a diffused hypertrophy of the cells responsible for corticotrope or melanotrope secretion was discovered; it confirmed the peripheral adrenal origin of the condition, as well as high plasmatic level of ACTH, in the third case. Sex-bound cytomegalic adrenal hypoplasia is differenciated from other cortico-adrenal insufficiencies with cytomegaly."}
{"id": "PMID:1217949", "title": "[Thymic and parathyroid agenesia (DiGeorge's syndrome). Apropos of a case with abnormal vena caval return].", "content": "A child with a complete absence of thymus and parathyroids (Di George's syndrome) associated with a cardiac malformation (truncus arteriosus and abnormal caval venous return) is described ; the child died at the age of 1 month. An exchange-transfusion, performed at 4 days of age induced a mild graft versus host reaction which could only be recognized histologically and distorted the results of immunological tests. On this occasion, the main clinical, anatomical and immunological features of the Di George's syndrome are reviewed. They suggest a possible relationship between the severity of the cardiac malformation and the more or less complete character of the dysgenesia of the thymus and the parathyroids.", "contents": "[Thymic and parathyroid agenesia (DiGeorge's syndrome). Apropos of a case with abnormal vena caval return]. A child with a complete absence of thymus and parathyroids (Di George's syndrome) associated with a cardiac malformation (truncus arteriosus and abnormal caval venous return) is described ; the child died at the age of 1 month. An exchange-transfusion, performed at 4 days of age induced a mild graft versus host reaction which could only be recognized histologically and distorted the results of immunological tests. On this occasion, the main clinical, anatomical and immunological features of the Di George's syndrome are reviewed. They suggest a possible relationship between the severity of the cardiac malformation and the more or less complete character of the dysgenesia of the thymus and the parathyroids."}
{"id": "PMID:1217950", "title": "[Trisomy 8 in mosaicism].", "content": "Case report of a 6 year old girl without clear dysmorphism or mental deficiency. Chromosome studies, performed on blood lymphocytes, showed trisomy 8 in 80 % of the cells. This case is discussed with regards to a short literature analysis.", "contents": "[Trisomy 8 in mosaicism]. Case report of a 6 year old girl without clear dysmorphism or mental deficiency. Chromosome studies, performed on blood lymphocytes, showed trisomy 8 in 80 % of the cells. This case is discussed with regards to a short literature analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217951", "title": "[Selective malabsorption of vitamin B 12 (Imerslund's disease) and its treatment. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases of Imerslund's disease are reported, with special reference to the treatment with vitamin B 12. Data suggest that mean corpuscular volume and urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid are the most sensitive parameters to follow the effect of the treatment and predict the relapse.", "contents": "[Selective malabsorption of vitamin B 12 (Imerslund's disease) and its treatment. Apropos of 2 cases]. Two cases of Imerslund's disease are reported, with special reference to the treatment with vitamin B 12. Data suggest that mean corpuscular volume and urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid are the most sensitive parameters to follow the effect of the treatment and predict the relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:1217953", "title": "[Study of the pathogenic mechanism of hypocalcemia in primary hypomagnesemia. Demonstration of a blockage of the mechanism of release of parathyroid hormone].", "content": "Parathyroid function and peripheral responsiveness to parathyroid hormone were studied during magnesium dependent hypocalcemia in a 5 years old boy with primary hypomagnesemia. The bone system and the kidneys were responsive to exogenous bovine parathyroid extracts as demonstrated by the normalisation of the calcemia and the increase of urinary cyclic AMP, phosphorus and hydroxyproline. Low levels of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone gave also clear indication of impaired parathyroid function. By contrast intravenous injection of magnesium sulfate induced an instantaneous and very sharp increase of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone as shown by levels well above the normal range one minute after the injection ; this was followed by a regular decrease of hormonal levels reaching the normal range one hour later. This finding clearly demonstrates that severe magnesium depletion induces impaired parathyroid hormone release in man.", "contents": "[Study of the pathogenic mechanism of hypocalcemia in primary hypomagnesemia. Demonstration of a blockage of the mechanism of release of parathyroid hormone]. Parathyroid function and peripheral responsiveness to parathyroid hormone were studied during magnesium dependent hypocalcemia in a 5 years old boy with primary hypomagnesemia. The bone system and the kidneys were responsive to exogenous bovine parathyroid extracts as demonstrated by the normalisation of the calcemia and the increase of urinary cyclic AMP, phosphorus and hydroxyproline. Low levels of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone gave also clear indication of impaired parathyroid function. By contrast intravenous injection of magnesium sulfate induced an instantaneous and very sharp increase of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone as shown by levels well above the normal range one minute after the injection ; this was followed by a regular decrease of hormonal levels reaching the normal range one hour later. This finding clearly demonstrates that severe magnesium depletion induces impaired parathyroid hormone release in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1217954", "title": "[Renal cystadenoma in children. Apropos of 5 cases].", "content": "The multilocular renal cystadenoma is a benign, rather uncommon tumor occurring in childhood (one case for 40 Wilms tumors). The clinical pathological study of five cases and the review of cases published in the literature show that this tumor, like all cystadenomata, is constituted by isolated cysts lined with cubic epithelium and inserted into each other. These cysts are included into mature mesenchymatous tissue. The renal cystadenoma appears as a large, regular, spheric mass, sharply demarcated from the pelvic cavities and renal parenchyma. Its volume is the main clinical sign. Occasionally, angiographic and echographic investigations may provide additional useful data. In some cases, the renal cystadenoma may be difficult to distinguish from a well differenciated cystic nephroblastoma. The differential features are emphasized and discussed. The renal cystadenoma must be regarded as a hamartoma developed from some metanephrogenic blastematous areas excluded from the normal embryogenetic process. The term of renal cystadenoma emphasizes the neoplastic nature and the macroscopic appearance of this tumor and must be preferred to designate this lesion.", "contents": "[Renal cystadenoma in children. Apropos of 5 cases]. The multilocular renal cystadenoma is a benign, rather uncommon tumor occurring in childhood (one case for 40 Wilms tumors). The clinical pathological study of five cases and the review of cases published in the literature show that this tumor, like all cystadenomata, is constituted by isolated cysts lined with cubic epithelium and inserted into each other. These cysts are included into mature mesenchymatous tissue. The renal cystadenoma appears as a large, regular, spheric mass, sharply demarcated from the pelvic cavities and renal parenchyma. Its volume is the main clinical sign. Occasionally, angiographic and echographic investigations may provide additional useful data. In some cases, the renal cystadenoma may be difficult to distinguish from a well differenciated cystic nephroblastoma. The differential features are emphasized and discussed. The renal cystadenoma must be regarded as a hamartoma developed from some metanephrogenic blastematous areas excluded from the normal embryogenetic process. The term of renal cystadenoma emphasizes the neoplastic nature and the macroscopic appearance of this tumor and must be preferred to designate this lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:1217955", "title": "[Cat eye syndrome with pituitary dwarfism and normal mental development].", "content": "In the so-called \"cat-eye\" syndrome are associated the following malformations: coloboma iridis, anal atresia, pre-auricular fistullae with an extra 47th chromosome of the G group type. About twenty cases have already been reported. Some are familial cases and some have the complete phenotype but without the extra chromosome. Even if the structure of the material of this element is doubtful, its responsability in the phenotype is likely. This case is reported since the patient has pituitary dwarfism and normal intelligence.", "contents": "[Cat eye syndrome with pituitary dwarfism and normal mental development]. In the so-called \"cat-eye\" syndrome are associated the following malformations: coloboma iridis, anal atresia, pre-auricular fistullae with an extra 47th chromosome of the G group type. About twenty cases have already been reported. Some are familial cases and some have the complete phenotype but without the extra chromosome. Even if the structure of the material of this element is doubtful, its responsability in the phenotype is likely. This case is reported since the patient has pituitary dwarfism and normal intelligence."}
{"id": "PMID:1217956", "title": "[Hemodynamic consequences of umbilical arterial catheterization. Photoplethysmographic study].", "content": "The hemodynamic consequences of umbilical arterial infusions in newborns can be registered by photoplethysmography. Thirty-nine children were observed according to the same protocol: it was possible to recognize, on the side of the infusion, without other clinical symptoms, very early but after different times: - in 3 cases, the supression of arteriolar oscillations, back to normal after 24 hours in one case, and after several weeks in 2 cases; - in 2 cases, a transitory increase of arteriolar oscillations; - in 7 cases, an elective decrease of the arteriolar systolic pressure, with unchanged diastolic pressure. In 4/7 cases, it became normal in less than 3 days; - in 3 cases, a decrease in arteriolar systolic and diastolic pressures, during 2 days.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic consequences of umbilical arterial catheterization. Photoplethysmographic study]. The hemodynamic consequences of umbilical arterial infusions in newborns can be registered by photoplethysmography. Thirty-nine children were observed according to the same protocol: it was possible to recognize, on the side of the infusion, without other clinical symptoms, very early but after different times: - in 3 cases, the supression of arteriolar oscillations, back to normal after 24 hours in one case, and after several weeks in 2 cases; - in 2 cases, a transitory increase of arteriolar oscillations; - in 7 cases, an elective decrease of the arteriolar systolic pressure, with unchanged diastolic pressure. In 4/7 cases, it became normal in less than 3 days; - in 3 cases, a decrease in arteriolar systolic and diastolic pressures, during 2 days."}
{"id": "PMID:1217957", "title": "Freeze-etching images of rabbit thyroid glands.", "content": "Freeze-etching images of the rabbit thyroid were described. The outline of the structure of the follicular epithelial cell in freeze-etching techniques is consistent with that in ultrathin sections. The subapical junctional complex consists of tight and gap junctions. According to the number of strands (5-16) indicating the tight junction and the depth of the tight junction (0.3-1.1 mum), this is classified into the \"very tight\" form of CLAUDE and GOODENOUGH(1973). The number of intramembranous particles per mum2 on the A-face of the lateral as well as the apical plasma membrane is far larger than that on the B-face. The limiting membrane of the reabsorbed colloid droplet shows also a similar pattern to that of the plasma membrane. The capillary endothelial cells show numerous fenestations whose population density is about 20/mum2 on the endothelial surface except in the parajunctional zone.", "contents": "Freeze-etching images of rabbit thyroid glands. Freeze-etching images of the rabbit thyroid were described. The outline of the structure of the follicular epithelial cell in freeze-etching techniques is consistent with that in ultrathin sections. The subapical junctional complex consists of tight and gap junctions. According to the number of strands (5-16) indicating the tight junction and the depth of the tight junction (0.3-1.1 mum), this is classified into the \"very tight\" form of CLAUDE and GOODENOUGH(1973). The number of intramembranous particles per mum2 on the A-face of the lateral as well as the apical plasma membrane is far larger than that on the B-face. The limiting membrane of the reabsorbed colloid droplet shows also a similar pattern to that of the plasma membrane. The capillary endothelial cells show numerous fenestations whose population density is about 20/mum2 on the endothelial surface except in the parajunctional zone."}
{"id": "PMID:1217958", "title": "An electron microscope study on permeability in cerebral venules in the rats with hypertensive encephalopathy.", "content": "Hypertensive encephalopathy was induced in the rat by clipping one renal artery and contralateral nephrectomy. The possible changes of vascular permeability of the cerebral blood capillaries and venules were investigated by using ferritin as a tracer. The uninephrectomized rats served as controls. In controls, ferritin was never seen in the basement membranes, within plasmalemmal vesicles on the basal surface of the endothelium, or in endothelial cell junctions of cerebral capillaries and venules up to 180 min after the injection. In venules of the brain in rats with hypertensive encephalopathy, a number of ferritin particles appeared in the basement membrane in 60 min after the injection. Many plasmalemmal vesicles in the endothelial cells of venules were labeled with ferritin. However, ferritin particles were never found in the endothelial cell junctions. The results suggested that leakage of macromolecules, such as serum proteins, occurred in venules mainly by increased vesicular transport.", "contents": "An electron microscope study on permeability in cerebral venules in the rats with hypertensive encephalopathy. Hypertensive encephalopathy was induced in the rat by clipping one renal artery and contralateral nephrectomy. The possible changes of vascular permeability of the cerebral blood capillaries and venules were investigated by using ferritin as a tracer. The uninephrectomized rats served as controls. In controls, ferritin was never seen in the basement membranes, within plasmalemmal vesicles on the basal surface of the endothelium, or in endothelial cell junctions of cerebral capillaries and venules up to 180 min after the injection. In venules of the brain in rats with hypertensive encephalopathy, a number of ferritin particles appeared in the basement membrane in 60 min after the injection. Many plasmalemmal vesicles in the endothelial cells of venules were labeled with ferritin. However, ferritin particles were never found in the endothelial cell junctions. The results suggested that leakage of macromolecules, such as serum proteins, occurred in venules mainly by increased vesicular transport."}
{"id": "PMID:1217959", "title": "Fine structure of the basal-granulated cells in human fetal duodenum.", "content": "Fine structure of the duodenal mucosa in ten human fetuses 4 to 7 months old was studied by light and electron microscopy using Epon-embedded specimens. Cells containing membrane-bound granules were found both in the connective tissue and in the epithelia and identified to be basal-granulated cells, since they essentially corresponded in their cytoplasmic fine structures to the named cells in the adult. However, their relation to nerves and epithelial elements revealed some primitive features. In the 4 month fetus, the basal-granulated cells were seen in the lamina propria forming clusters which were often in contact with the basal part of the epithelium. In the 5 month fetus, occurrence of clustered basal-granulated cells in the connective tissue was among other epithelial cells, gaining an apical process which reached the lumen. The basal-granulated cells in the lamina propria were frequently surrounded by a Schwann-like cell. Profiles of unmyelinated nerve fibers were ample in the space between the Schwann-like cell and the basal-granulated cell. An phi-shaped invagination of the basal plasma membrane encompassing granular material was often found in the D type basal-granulated cells in the 7 month fetus. This suggests that the secretion of at least some of the basal-granulated cells starts in the prenatal period by emiocytosis.", "contents": "Fine structure of the basal-granulated cells in human fetal duodenum. Fine structure of the duodenal mucosa in ten human fetuses 4 to 7 months old was studied by light and electron microscopy using Epon-embedded specimens. Cells containing membrane-bound granules were found both in the connective tissue and in the epithelia and identified to be basal-granulated cells, since they essentially corresponded in their cytoplasmic fine structures to the named cells in the adult. However, their relation to nerves and epithelial elements revealed some primitive features. In the 4 month fetus, the basal-granulated cells were seen in the lamina propria forming clusters which were often in contact with the basal part of the epithelium. In the 5 month fetus, occurrence of clustered basal-granulated cells in the connective tissue was among other epithelial cells, gaining an apical process which reached the lumen. The basal-granulated cells in the lamina propria were frequently surrounded by a Schwann-like cell. Profiles of unmyelinated nerve fibers were ample in the space between the Schwann-like cell and the basal-granulated cell. An phi-shaped invagination of the basal plasma membrane encompassing granular material was often found in the D type basal-granulated cells in the 7 month fetus. This suggests that the secretion of at least some of the basal-granulated cells starts in the prenatal period by emiocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217960", "title": "Studies on preparation technique of human erythrocytes for clinical scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Various methods of preparation were tested and modified in order to establish a proper method of preparing normal and pathological human erythrocytes for scanning electron microscopy. Morphological changes after various preparation techniques, such as echinocytosis, spherocytosis, elliptocytosis and knizocytosis were studied and evaluated statistically. The best method, so far obtained to preserve 99% of normal erythrocytes as biconcave discocytes, was that of venous blood without anticoagulants or acid-citrate-dextrose, washed with physiological saline at 37 degrees C, fixed in 0.75% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3 (318 mosmol), postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated with graded ethanol and amyl acetate, dried with critical point drying method, and coated with carbon and gold.", "contents": "Studies on preparation technique of human erythrocytes for clinical scanning electron microscopy. Various methods of preparation were tested and modified in order to establish a proper method of preparing normal and pathological human erythrocytes for scanning electron microscopy. Morphological changes after various preparation techniques, such as echinocytosis, spherocytosis, elliptocytosis and knizocytosis were studied and evaluated statistically. The best method, so far obtained to preserve 99% of normal erythrocytes as biconcave discocytes, was that of venous blood without anticoagulants or acid-citrate-dextrose, washed with physiological saline at 37 degrees C, fixed in 0.75% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3 (318 mosmol), postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated with graded ethanol and amyl acetate, dried with critical point drying method, and coated with carbon and gold."}
{"id": "PMID:1217961", "title": "Immunological reactions after measles vaccination.", "content": "Evaluation of immunological reactions after vaccination with attenuated measles virus wasbased on determination of the level of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing (N) antibodies, their location in basic groups of immunoglobulins, and the degree of blastic transformation induced by phaseolin. The picture of lymphocyte chromosomes of the peripheral blood was also investigated. HI and N antibodies were detected not earlier than on the 14th day after vaccination, reaching a peak on the 30th day. Sera were fractioned on Sephadex G-200 gel or centrifuged in sucrose-density gradient. On the 14th day activity of antibodies was located mainly in IgM fractions, and in a later period mainly in IgG and partly in IgA and IgM. Decrease in blastic transformation was found on the 7th day after vaccination, when HI and N antibodies were not detectable. Further decrease in transformation was observed on the 14th day after vaccination. Mitotic indexes increase significantly only on the 30th day after vaccination. For the whole period of observation there were no changes in the number and structure of chromosomes.", "contents": "Immunological reactions after measles vaccination. Evaluation of immunological reactions after vaccination with attenuated measles virus wasbased on determination of the level of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing (N) antibodies, their location in basic groups of immunoglobulins, and the degree of blastic transformation induced by phaseolin. The picture of lymphocyte chromosomes of the peripheral blood was also investigated. HI and N antibodies were detected not earlier than on the 14th day after vaccination, reaching a peak on the 30th day. Sera were fractioned on Sephadex G-200 gel or centrifuged in sucrose-density gradient. On the 14th day activity of antibodies was located mainly in IgM fractions, and in a later period mainly in IgG and partly in IgA and IgM. Decrease in blastic transformation was found on the 7th day after vaccination, when HI and N antibodies were not detectable. Further decrease in transformation was observed on the 14th day after vaccination. Mitotic indexes increase significantly only on the 30th day after vaccination. For the whole period of observation there were no changes in the number and structure of chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1217962", "title": "Anti-Gm and anti-Inv antibodies in sera of children with some infectious diseases.", "content": "Sera of 137 children aged 3 months to 13 years with various infectious diseases were examined for anti-Gm and ante child with mumps, and anti-Gm (4) antibodies in one with infectious mononucleosis.", "contents": "Anti-Gm and anti-Inv antibodies in sera of children with some infectious diseases. Sera of 137 children aged 3 months to 13 years with various infectious diseases were examined for anti-Gm and ante child with mumps, and anti-Gm (4) antibodies in one with infectious mononucleosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217963", "title": "Frequency and heredity of ADA types in the Polish population.", "content": "Phenotypes of the ADA system were determined in a population sample of n = 208. Two ADA phenotypes were encountered: ADA 1-1 with a frequency of 0-82, and ADA 2-1 with a frequency of 0-18. Gene frequencies were: ADA1 = 0-911 and ADA2 = 0-089. Distribution of phenotypes in 9 families with 28 children and in 93 mother-child pairs was consistent with the hypothesis of heredity of the ADA group system.", "contents": "Frequency and heredity of ADA types in the Polish population. Phenotypes of the ADA system were determined in a population sample of n = 208. Two ADA phenotypes were encountered: ADA 1-1 with a frequency of 0-82, and ADA 2-1 with a frequency of 0-18. Gene frequencies were: ADA1 = 0-911 and ADA2 = 0-089. Distribution of phenotypes in 9 families with 28 children and in 93 mother-child pairs was consistent with the hypothesis of heredity of the ADA group system."}
{"id": "PMID:1217964", "title": "Blastic transformation of lymphocytes in in vitro cultures during immunosuppressive therapy in patients with glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Blastic transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin during immunosuppressive therapy (prednisone 2 mg/kg body weight, indomethacin 2--3-5 mg/kg, azathioprine 2--4 mg/kg, cyclophosphamide 1-5--3 mg/kg per day) was studied in 59 patients with various morpholigic forms of chronic glomerulonephritis and in 7 with lupus erythematosus nephritis. No uniformly regular influence of immunosuppressive therapy in the doses employed in glomerulonephritis on blastic transformation in in vitro cultures was noted. The specific drug administered was not decisive for the character of the change in reactivity of lymphocytes (increase or decrease in blastic transformation). The interesting observation was made that efficacy of treatment was high in patients with lowest initial values of blastic transformation and its greatest increase during therapy. Apparently, disorders of cellular immunity assessed on the basis of blastic transformation of lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin are not a decisive prognostic factor in glomerulonephritis. The results are discussed from the aspect of a possible influence of immunosuppressive therapy on restoration of the physiological proportion of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood.", "contents": "Blastic transformation of lymphocytes in in vitro cultures during immunosuppressive therapy in patients with glomerulonephritis. Blastic transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin during immunosuppressive therapy (prednisone 2 mg/kg body weight, indomethacin 2--3-5 mg/kg, azathioprine 2--4 mg/kg, cyclophosphamide 1-5--3 mg/kg per day) was studied in 59 patients with various morpholigic forms of chronic glomerulonephritis and in 7 with lupus erythematosus nephritis. No uniformly regular influence of immunosuppressive therapy in the doses employed in glomerulonephritis on blastic transformation in in vitro cultures was noted. The specific drug administered was not decisive for the character of the change in reactivity of lymphocytes (increase or decrease in blastic transformation). The interesting observation was made that efficacy of treatment was high in patients with lowest initial values of blastic transformation and its greatest increase during therapy. Apparently, disorders of cellular immunity assessed on the basis of blastic transformation of lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin are not a decisive prognostic factor in glomerulonephritis. The results are discussed from the aspect of a possible influence of immunosuppressive therapy on restoration of the physiological proportion of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1217965", "title": "Pharmacological studies on 1-nitro-9-alkyl acridine derivatives. I. Acute and subchronic action.", "content": "Preclinical pharmacologic studies of two further acridine derivatives, 1-nitro-9-(diethylaminopropylamino)-acridine (C-410) and 1-nitro-9-(diethylaminoethylamino)-acridine (C-516) are reported. Both compounds are characterized by high toxicity, especially when injected intravenously, poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, and local irritant action. Local irritation can be partly alleviated by using phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 as solvent. Both preparations caused hemodynamic changes (hypotension) due to stimulation of the parasympathetic system (in cats), and higher doses showed direct action on the myocardium. Both preparations acted directly on smooth muscles, predominantly spastically (blood vessels, intestines in vivo and in vitro), and spasmolytically only on the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder in cats. Compound C-410 is deprived of a central component, and compound C-516 in most tests exhibited sedative properties. Despite moderate impairment of spermato- and spermiogenesis, neither of the compounds depressed reproductivity of the animals and no teratogenic action was observed.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on 1-nitro-9-alkyl acridine derivatives. I. Acute and subchronic action. Preclinical pharmacologic studies of two further acridine derivatives, 1-nitro-9-(diethylaminopropylamino)-acridine (C-410) and 1-nitro-9-(diethylaminoethylamino)-acridine (C-516) are reported. Both compounds are characterized by high toxicity, especially when injected intravenously, poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, and local irritant action. Local irritation can be partly alleviated by using phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 as solvent. Both preparations caused hemodynamic changes (hypotension) due to stimulation of the parasympathetic system (in cats), and higher doses showed direct action on the myocardium. Both preparations acted directly on smooth muscles, predominantly spastically (blood vessels, intestines in vivo and in vitro), and spasmolytically only on the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder in cats. Compound C-410 is deprived of a central component, and compound C-516 in most tests exhibited sedative properties. Despite moderate impairment of spermato- and spermiogenesis, neither of the compounds depressed reproductivity of the animals and no teratogenic action was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217966", "title": "Pharmacological studies on 1-nitro-9-alkyl acridine derivatives. II. Chronic action.", "content": "Encouraging results of preclinical pharmacologic analysis prompted the following study on the chronic action of 1-nitro-9-(diethylaminopropylamino)-acridine (compound C-410) and 1-nitro-9-(diethylaminoethylamino)-acridine (compound C-516). Neither compound had an appreciable effect on quantitative regeneration of peripheral formed blood elements. Liver and kidney function tests were not significantly affectd. Histopathologic studies showed involutive changes in the lymphatic tissues and slight degenerative lesions in parenchymal organs and nuclei. However, these changes were not severe enough to cause functional disturbances or to impair reproductivity.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on 1-nitro-9-alkyl acridine derivatives. II. Chronic action. Encouraging results of preclinical pharmacologic analysis prompted the following study on the chronic action of 1-nitro-9-(diethylaminopropylamino)-acridine (compound C-410) and 1-nitro-9-(diethylaminoethylamino)-acridine (compound C-516). Neither compound had an appreciable effect on quantitative regeneration of peripheral formed blood elements. Liver and kidney function tests were not significantly affectd. Histopathologic studies showed involutive changes in the lymphatic tissues and slight degenerative lesions in parenchymal organs and nuclei. However, these changes were not severe enough to cause functional disturbances or to impair reproductivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1217973", "title": "Birthrates of schizophrenics following relatively warm versus relatively cool summers.", "content": "Schizophrenics have consistently been found to be born with unusually high frequency in the early months of the calendar year. A previous study found significantly more schizophrenics to be born following warmer as contrasted with cooler summers, thus suggesting that summer temperature or a correlate of summer temperature may be an effective factor in the season of birth schizophrenia relationship. The current study re-tested the warmer vs. cooler summer finding, using both a local sample (N = 301) and a nationwide sample of Swedish schizophrenics (N = 13,440), each sample showing increased frequency of births in the early months of the year. In order to localize the possible effects of temperature to a more specific gestational period, the schizophrenics in each sample were further divided into sub-groups based upon which trimester of gestation likely occurred during the summer prior to the birth. The 71 years (1876-1946) during which the patients were born rank-ordered by mean summer temperature at representative geographical locations, and the rank-orders of years were divided into temperature quartiles. The rates of births for the total patient groups and the trimester sub-groups among both samples showed no positive linear or systematic relationship to temperature during the previous summer. Even the warmest among the 71 years were not followed by increased rates of births of schizophrenics. The results of the study did not corroborate the earlier finding.", "contents": "Birthrates of schizophrenics following relatively warm versus relatively cool summers. Schizophrenics have consistently been found to be born with unusually high frequency in the early months of the calendar year. A previous study found significantly more schizophrenics to be born following warmer as contrasted with cooler summers, thus suggesting that summer temperature or a correlate of summer temperature may be an effective factor in the season of birth schizophrenia relationship. The current study re-tested the warmer vs. cooler summer finding, using both a local sample (N = 301) and a nationwide sample of Swedish schizophrenics (N = 13,440), each sample showing increased frequency of births in the early months of the year. In order to localize the possible effects of temperature to a more specific gestational period, the schizophrenics in each sample were further divided into sub-groups based upon which trimester of gestation likely occurred during the summer prior to the birth. The 71 years (1876-1946) during which the patients were born rank-ordered by mean summer temperature at representative geographical locations, and the rank-orders of years were divided into temperature quartiles. The rates of births for the total patient groups and the trimester sub-groups among both samples showed no positive linear or systematic relationship to temperature during the previous summer. Even the warmest among the 71 years were not followed by increased rates of births of schizophrenics. The results of the study did not corroborate the earlier finding."}
{"id": "PMID:1217974", "title": "[Seasonal differences in the frequency of suicise in youth and old age (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of suicides by young and old people is not constant during the course of the year and differs for the two age groups. In Germany young people commit suicide more often during autumn and winter; old people, on the other hand, are more likely to commit suicide in spring and summer. The difference between the two groups has been statistically proved with 99.7%.", "contents": "[Seasonal differences in the frequency of suicise in youth and old age (author's transl)]. The number of suicides by young and old people is not constant during the course of the year and differs for the two age groups. In Germany young people commit suicide more often during autumn and winter; old people, on the other hand, are more likely to commit suicide in spring and summer. The difference between the two groups has been statistically proved with 99.7%."}
{"id": "PMID:1217975", "title": "[Neuropsychological investigations on short-time effects of biperiden (Akineton) in Parkinson's Disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 parkinsonian patients the short-time effects of biperiden after slow, intravenous application were investigated in comparison with a placebo group. Immediately after infusion the patients, who were examined at fixed intervals using standardized tests of psychomotor function, mood, and affect, showed a marked impairment os psychomotor function and reaction time, which in time did not exceed the placebo effects. Simultaneously there could be demonstrated an increasing affective stimulation with an acceleration of operating time and improvement of mood. These findings demonstrate- analogously to the intravenous application of L-Dopa-a psychotropic effect independent of the eventual antiakinetic properties of biperiden. The frequency of exogenous psychotic reactions in patients with marked psychoorganic alteration restricts the applicability of anticholinergic drugs in the treatment of an akinetic crisis.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological investigations on short-time effects of biperiden (Akineton) in Parkinson's Disease (author's transl)]. In 10 parkinsonian patients the short-time effects of biperiden after slow, intravenous application were investigated in comparison with a placebo group. Immediately after infusion the patients, who were examined at fixed intervals using standardized tests of psychomotor function, mood, and affect, showed a marked impairment os psychomotor function and reaction time, which in time did not exceed the placebo effects. Simultaneously there could be demonstrated an increasing affective stimulation with an acceleration of operating time and improvement of mood. These findings demonstrate- analogously to the intravenous application of L-Dopa-a psychotropic effect independent of the eventual antiakinetic properties of biperiden. The frequency of exogenous psychotic reactions in patients with marked psychoorganic alteration restricts the applicability of anticholinergic drugs in the treatment of an akinetic crisis."}
{"id": "PMID:1217976", "title": "[Pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of subacute sclerosing encephalitis (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports the case of a 20-year-old patient with subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis who in spite of the severe illness was delivered of a healthy child be caesarean section. This child grew normally and showed no signs of disease of the CNS. The patient herself was treated immunsuppressively and the illness then reached a stationary state. The pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis, similarities  of laboratory findings to multiple sclerosis, and problems of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of subacute sclerosing encephalitis (author's transl)]. This paper reports the case of a 20-year-old patient with subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis who in spite of the severe illness was delivered of a healthy child be caesarean section. This child grew normally and showed no signs of disease of the CNS. The patient herself was treated immunsuppressively and the illness then reached a stationary state. The pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis, similarities  of laboratory findings to multiple sclerosis, and problems of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217977", "title": "[Late schizophrenia (author's transl)].", "content": "The designation \"late schizophrenia\" is used with reference to M. Bleuler. Of 502 cases of schizophrenia admitted to the mental hospital of the university of Bonn from 1945-1959 and later catamnestically examined, 14% were taken ill after age 40. Including the deceased, the percentage increases to 17.1 (110 of 644 cases). The onset of disturbance could be ascertained with 50% occurring equally between age 40-44 and age 45-59. Late schizophrenia became manifest after age 50 in 24. 3% and in 3.1% after age 60. The average period of observation was 17.8 years, and 20.7 years including prodromes. In 42.8% prodromes and/or signs in advance could be traced. Females predominated (64.3%). Syntonic personalities were markedly more frequent (49.3%), psychopathic primary personalities less frequent than in other schizophrenias in the first half of life. With regard to premorbid intelligence or hereditability no differences could be found. Psychic-reactive actuation (31.9%) was not significantly more frequent than in the group as a whole (25%). Not even by social factors (social class of parental family, bachelorhood rate, childlessness, and late marriage) could late schizophrenia be reliably distinguished from other schizophrenias. The quota of initially dominating paranoid-hallucinatory (55.4%) and paranoid syndromes (23.2%) is markedly higher than in schizophrenia of the first half of life, depressive moods (47.1%) and coenaesthesias (64.3%) less frequent. The final prognosis is - especially for women - more favorable, the rate of full remissions amounting 30%; 35% showed remissions to slight pure residual symptoms. All types of schizophrenic courses also occur in late schizophrenia; monophasic types are significantly more frequent, the two most prognostically unfavorable types are significantly rarer than in the group as a whole. The rate of social reintegration is with 64.3% higher and that of permanent hospitalization 10% lower than in the group as a whole. In view of the identity of late schizophrenia with all other schizophrenias, the same principles have to be applied to therapy and rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Late schizophrenia (author's transl)]. The designation \"late schizophrenia\" is used with reference to M. Bleuler. Of 502 cases of schizophrenia admitted to the mental hospital of the university of Bonn from 1945-1959 and later catamnestically examined, 14% were taken ill after age 40. Including the deceased, the percentage increases to 17.1 (110 of 644 cases). The onset of disturbance could be ascertained with 50% occurring equally between age 40-44 and age 45-59. Late schizophrenia became manifest after age 50 in 24. 3% and in 3.1% after age 60. The average period of observation was 17.8 years, and 20.7 years including prodromes. In 42.8% prodromes and/or signs in advance could be traced. Females predominated (64.3%). Syntonic personalities were markedly more frequent (49.3%), psychopathic primary personalities less frequent than in other schizophrenias in the first half of life. With regard to premorbid intelligence or hereditability no differences could be found. Psychic-reactive actuation (31.9%) was not significantly more frequent than in the group as a whole (25%). Not even by social factors (social class of parental family, bachelorhood rate, childlessness, and late marriage) could late schizophrenia be reliably distinguished from other schizophrenias. The quota of initially dominating paranoid-hallucinatory (55.4%) and paranoid syndromes (23.2%) is markedly higher than in schizophrenia of the first half of life, depressive moods (47.1%) and coenaesthesias (64.3%) less frequent. The final prognosis is - especially for women - more favorable, the rate of full remissions amounting 30%; 35% showed remissions to slight pure residual symptoms. All types of schizophrenic courses also occur in late schizophrenia; monophasic types are significantly more frequent, the two most prognostically unfavorable types are significantly rarer than in the group as a whole. The rate of social reintegration is with 64.3% higher and that of permanent hospitalization 10% lower than in the group as a whole. In view of the identity of late schizophrenia with all other schizophrenias, the same principles have to be applied to therapy and rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:1217978", "title": "[Speech behavior of schizophrenics. Assay of an experimental point of departure (author's transl)].", "content": "Schizophrenic subjects and a control group of healthy subjects were tested with the following three language tasks: (1) to complete interruptions in a text, (2) to compose sentences from a sample of words written on cards and (3) to associate word cards to certain concepts. Besides the correct words, so-called irrelevant words were given as distracting stimuli. The inferior performance of the acute paranoid hallucinating subjects is interpreted in the sense of disturbance of cognitive selective functions. It is assumed that the central nervous inhibition of irrelevant stimuli fails to work successfully in certain groups of schizophrenics.", "contents": "[Speech behavior of schizophrenics. Assay of an experimental point of departure (author's transl)]. Schizophrenic subjects and a control group of healthy subjects were tested with the following three language tasks: (1) to complete interruptions in a text, (2) to compose sentences from a sample of words written on cards and (3) to associate word cards to certain concepts. Besides the correct words, so-called irrelevant words were given as distracting stimuli. The inferior performance of the acute paranoid hallucinating subjects is interpreted in the sense of disturbance of cognitive selective functions. It is assumed that the central nervous inhibition of irrelevant stimuli fails to work successfully in certain groups of schizophrenics."}
{"id": "PMID:1217979", "title": "[Presynaptic dendrites and dendro-dendritic synapses in the superior tubercles of the rat quadrigeminum].", "content": "The types of dendro-dendritic synapses and their participation in the synaptic, organization of superficial layers of the quadrigeminum superior tubercles were studied electron microscopically. In addition to simple forms of dendro-dentritic synapses the reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapses were revealed. Presynaptic dendrites formed the synaptic fields and glomerules of the superficial grey layer. The terminals of optical, cortical fibres from the visual cortex and other types of terminals terminated on presynaptic dendrites.", "contents": "[Presynaptic dendrites and dendro-dendritic synapses in the superior tubercles of the rat quadrigeminum]. The types of dendro-dendritic synapses and their participation in the synaptic, organization of superficial layers of the quadrigeminum superior tubercles were studied electron microscopically. In addition to simple forms of dendro-dentritic synapses the reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapses were revealed. Presynaptic dendrites formed the synaptic fields and glomerules of the superficial grey layer. The terminals of optical, cortical fibres from the visual cortex and other types of terminals terminated on presynaptic dendrites."}
{"id": "PMID:1217981", "title": "[Formation and interrelationship of the activity of several dehydrogenases during rat development].", "content": "The specific and general enzymic activity of some dehydrogenases of the liver, kidneys, heart, thymus and spleen was studied on rats in early postnatal period. Some regularities of the development of enzymes under study were established: ergontic correlations of the \"maturing\" enzymic organ systems and the coordination of the enzymic status of organs and the lymphocytes circulating in the blood. It may be supposed that the lymphocyte is a carrier of information about formation of metabolic processes of the developing organism. The mechanisms of appearance of coordination of the enzymic activity are discussed.", "contents": "[Formation and interrelationship of the activity of several dehydrogenases during rat development]. The specific and general enzymic activity of some dehydrogenases of the liver, kidneys, heart, thymus and spleen was studied on rats in early postnatal period. Some regularities of the development of enzymes under study were established: ergontic correlations of the \"maturing\" enzymic organ systems and the coordination of the enzymic status of organs and the lymphocytes circulating in the blood. It may be supposed that the lymphocyte is a carrier of information about formation of metabolic processes of the developing organism. The mechanisms of appearance of coordination of the enzymic activity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1217982", "title": "[X-ray anatomy of the abdominal aorta and its branches according to angiographic findings in living subjects].", "content": "1. In the direct aortogram the shade of the abdominal aorta is projected into the left half of the vertebrum bodies from Th - 12 to L - 4. 2. The length of the abdominal aorta changes with age from 172,1 mm (in the age up to 40 years) to 203,7 mm (in 71-75 years) independent of the sex and is equal to 177,1-2,8 mm (sigma=21,8 mm). 3. The caliber of the abdominal aorta becomes narrower in the caudal direction, being most narrow between levels Th - 12, L - 1, and L - 2. Independent of the sex, the aorta caliber increases with age at the level of all lumbar vertebra. The difference in the caliber between cranial and caudal parts of the aorta increases with age from 6,7 mm (in the age of 40) up to 11,7 mm (in the age of 60-70). Mean values of the caliber at the level Th - 11 are equal to 26,9-0,8 mm (sigma=5,33 mm) and at the level L - 4 are equal to 18,9-0,3 mm (sigma = 2,9 mm). 4. The course of the abdominal aorta is directed downwards and to the middle. With age the aorta makes an arc-shaped bend to the left first at the level Th - 12, then L - 1, and in senile age at the level L - 2. 5. Independent of age and sex of examined persons the skeletotopical zones of orifices of the main visceral and paramural arteries were established which can significantly facilitate their selective angiography.", "contents": "[X-ray anatomy of the abdominal aorta and its branches according to angiographic findings in living subjects]. 1. In the direct aortogram the shade of the abdominal aorta is projected into the left half of the vertebrum bodies from Th - 12 to L - 4. 2. The length of the abdominal aorta changes with age from 172,1 mm (in the age up to 40 years) to 203,7 mm (in 71-75 years) independent of the sex and is equal to 177,1-2,8 mm (sigma=21,8 mm). 3. The caliber of the abdominal aorta becomes narrower in the caudal direction, being most narrow between levels Th - 12, L - 1, and L - 2. Independent of the sex, the aorta caliber increases with age at the level of all lumbar vertebra. The difference in the caliber between cranial and caudal parts of the aorta increases with age from 6,7 mm (in the age of 40) up to 11,7 mm (in the age of 60-70). Mean values of the caliber at the level Th - 11 are equal to 26,9-0,8 mm (sigma=5,33 mm) and at the level L - 4 are equal to 18,9-0,3 mm (sigma = 2,9 mm). 4. The course of the abdominal aorta is directed downwards and to the middle. With age the aorta makes an arc-shaped bend to the left first at the level Th - 12, then L - 1, and in senile age at the level L - 2. 5. Independent of age and sex of examined persons the skeletotopical zones of orifices of the main visceral and paramural arteries were established which can significantly facilitate their selective angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1217983", "title": "[Intraosseous veins of the maxilla in the newborn].", "content": "The intraosseous veins of the maxilla in newborns grow larger with enlargement of the bone and become disposed in three mutually perpendicular planes. The venous plexus of the alveolar process is large. V. v. vallares are thin and interlace forming a network. The veins of interdental septum are well pronounced. The thick venous network of the periosteum and the mucous membrane of the nasal surface of the palatine process includes the vessels transversal and longitudinal to the nasal septum. The venous loops of the incisor part are of triangular, pentagonal and polygonal shape. The veins of the palatine process are connected with 3-4 large vessels falling into the vessels of the tear duct. The transversal and oblique veins of the oral surface of the palatine process are connected with large vessels disposed in parallel to the medial structure of the hard palate. The venous network of the incisor part of the bone is restricted by densified small arc-shaped plexuses. Two-three largest veins lie sagittally and, connected by arc-shaped anastomoses, are tributaries of the vessels of the palate bone, soft palate and pharynx.", "contents": "[Intraosseous veins of the maxilla in the newborn]. The intraosseous veins of the maxilla in newborns grow larger with enlargement of the bone and become disposed in three mutually perpendicular planes. The venous plexus of the alveolar process is large. V. v. vallares are thin and interlace forming a network. The veins of interdental septum are well pronounced. The thick venous network of the periosteum and the mucous membrane of the nasal surface of the palatine process includes the vessels transversal and longitudinal to the nasal septum. The venous loops of the incisor part are of triangular, pentagonal and polygonal shape. The veins of the palatine process are connected with 3-4 large vessels falling into the vessels of the tear duct. The transversal and oblique veins of the oral surface of the palatine process are connected with large vessels disposed in parallel to the medial structure of the hard palate. The venous network of the incisor part of the bone is restricted by densified small arc-shaped plexuses. Two-three largest veins lie sagittally and, connected by arc-shaped anastomoses, are tributaries of the vessels of the palate bone, soft palate and pharynx."}
{"id": "PMID:1217985", "title": "[The sterologic method of determining the surface area of the mammalian neocortex].", "content": "A method for calculation of the square surface area of the cerebral cortex is proposed which represents a combination of the method of averaged reconstruction after a continuous series of histological sections and the stereological method of determination of the length of any curve disposed on the surface. A comparative analysis of the proposed method with curvometrical and stereological (after Hennig's formula) method used earlier for this purpose is made taking as an example the calculation of the neocortex square surface area of some mammals. The results of calculation of the surface by the proposed method were found to coincide with curvometrical data within the range of 5% while the data obtained by stereological method of determination of the absolute square surface area differ from curvometrical data by more than 22%. The proposed method is very convenient and allows considerable acceleration in obtaining results.", "contents": "[The sterologic method of determining the surface area of the mammalian neocortex]. A method for calculation of the square surface area of the cerebral cortex is proposed which represents a combination of the method of averaged reconstruction after a continuous series of histological sections and the stereological method of determination of the length of any curve disposed on the surface. A comparative analysis of the proposed method with curvometrical and stereological (after Hennig's formula) method used earlier for this purpose is made taking as an example the calculation of the neocortex square surface area of some mammals. The results of calculation of the surface by the proposed method were found to coincide with curvometrical data within the range of 5% while the data obtained by stereological method of determination of the absolute square surface area differ from curvometrical data by more than 22%. The proposed method is very convenient and allows considerable acceleration in obtaining results."}
{"id": "PMID:1218014", "title": "[The properties required of bioceramics for artificial joints (author's transl)].", "content": "Tests of hip joint simulator proove the outstanding friction--and wear-behaviour of high density high purity allumina ceramics, being well known for many years from the field of engineering. According to a comparison of the characteristical physical properties of these special oxide ceramics with the requirements of materials for artificial joints, it is to be expected that wear components being made of high density alumina ceramics will show a very good behaviour in long time runs. This paper will also discuss the problems of body compatability breifly, which have been solved so far already.", "contents": "[The properties required of bioceramics for artificial joints (author's transl)]. Tests of hip joint simulator proove the outstanding friction--and wear-behaviour of high density high purity allumina ceramics, being well known for many years from the field of engineering. According to a comparison of the characteristical physical properties of these special oxide ceramics with the requirements of materials for artificial joints, it is to be expected that wear components being made of high density alumina ceramics will show a very good behaviour in long time runs. This paper will also discuss the problems of body compatability breifly, which have been solved so far already."}
{"id": "PMID:1218015", "title": "[Electromyographic examinations of the gluteal and adductor muscles after arthrodesis of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is offered in the present work concerning electromyographic tests of the gluteal and adductor muscles in 10 patients suffering from hip arthrodesis, who have experienced stiffening of the hip from 3 to 12 years. Here it has been shown that even years consequent to a completed hip stiffening operation on the monarticular muscles of the hip joint a degree of innervation is to be demonstrated both in standing as well as in going that corresponds to the normal. The electromyographic test of the homolateral monoarticular muscles of the hip-joint is a very good aid for the indication situation regarding a remobilisation operation after hip arthrodesis, while what has been asserted as a result of this concerning the standing leg question is only to be considered with reservation, allowing a definite statement to this problem only in particular cases.", "contents": "[Electromyographic examinations of the gluteal and adductor muscles after arthrodesis of the hip (author's transl)]. A report is offered in the present work concerning electromyographic tests of the gluteal and adductor muscles in 10 patients suffering from hip arthrodesis, who have experienced stiffening of the hip from 3 to 12 years. Here it has been shown that even years consequent to a completed hip stiffening operation on the monarticular muscles of the hip joint a degree of innervation is to be demonstrated both in standing as well as in going that corresponds to the normal. The electromyographic test of the homolateral monoarticular muscles of the hip-joint is a very good aid for the indication situation regarding a remobilisation operation after hip arthrodesis, while what has been asserted as a result of this concerning the standing leg question is only to be considered with reservation, allowing a definite statement to this problem only in particular cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1218016", "title": "[Primary osteoma of the patella: a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The literature concerning tumours of the patella is briefly reviewed. 2. A case of primary osteoma of the patella is reported. 3. Though a malignant tumour was excluded by roentgenology, age of the patient and localisation, a firm diagnosis could not be made before excision and histological examination of the enucleated tumour. 4. Some considerations concerning the origin of osteomas from the pathological point of view have been made.", "contents": "[Primary osteoma of the patella: a case report (author's transl)]. 1. The literature concerning tumours of the patella is briefly reviewed. 2. A case of primary osteoma of the patella is reported. 3. Though a malignant tumour was excluded by roentgenology, age of the patient and localisation, a firm diagnosis could not be made before excision and histological examination of the enucleated tumour. 4. Some considerations concerning the origin of osteomas from the pathological point of view have been made."}
{"id": "PMID:1218017", "title": "[Acute occlusion of the iliac arteries after replacement of a total hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of acute occlusion of the external iliac arteries were observed following operative replacement of total hip protheses. They were treated by clot removal. The cause for the acute arterial obstruction presumably are tears of the intima with subsequent thrombosis as well as mobilisation of arteriosclerotic intima-plaques, initiated by traction on the femoral and external iliac arteries which are adherent to their cicatrized perivascular tissues.", "contents": "[Acute occlusion of the iliac arteries after replacement of a total hip (author's transl)]. Two cases of acute occlusion of the external iliac arteries were observed following operative replacement of total hip protheses. They were treated by clot removal. The cause for the acute arterial obstruction presumably are tears of the intima with subsequent thrombosis as well as mobilisation of arteriosclerotic intima-plaques, initiated by traction on the femoral and external iliac arteries which are adherent to their cicatrized perivascular tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1218018", "title": "The neurological risk of Harrington procedures (author's transl).", "content": "250 corrective operations using the Harrington implants have been performed. 160 served as a basis for the evaluation of the neurological risks, particulary the risks of spinal cord lesions. The intra- and postoperative damage has been analyzed. The results and therapeutic conclusions are recorded.", "contents": "The neurological risk of Harrington procedures (author's transl). 250 corrective operations using the Harrington implants have been performed. 160 served as a basis for the evaluation of the neurological risks, particulary the risks of spinal cord lesions. The intra- and postoperative damage has been analyzed. The results and therapeutic conclusions are recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:1218019", "title": "[Two-stage reposition and fixation of spondyloptosis with Harrington instrumentation and anterior intercorporal spondylodesis (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 3 cases of true spondyloptosis, a two-step operation for repositioning and stabilisation using Harrington's instrumentation with anterior intercorporeal spine fusion is recommended. The first operation involves repositioning with the help of Harrington's rod through a dorsal approach. Approximately 2 weeks later, the distraction is increased by tightening the rod again. Reposition is then completed through an anterior transabdominal approach and an intercorporeal lumbar sacral fusion performed.", "contents": "[Two-stage reposition and fixation of spondyloptosis with Harrington instrumentation and anterior intercorporal spondylodesis (author's transl)]. On the basis of 3 cases of true spondyloptosis, a two-step operation for repositioning and stabilisation using Harrington's instrumentation with anterior intercorporeal spine fusion is recommended. The first operation involves repositioning with the help of Harrington's rod through a dorsal approach. Approximately 2 weeks later, the distraction is increased by tightening the rod again. Reposition is then completed through an anterior transabdominal approach and an intercorporeal lumbar sacral fusion performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218020", "title": "[Bending and rotational stresses of osteosyntheses on the humerus and forearm in early mobilisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Bending and torsion strain are calculated in biomechanical analysis. They allow to be used as reliable standard whether or not a definite kind of osteosynthesis is stable or will have to be denied as unstable.", "contents": "[Bending and rotational stresses of osteosyntheses on the humerus and forearm in early mobilisation (author's transl)]. Bending and torsion strain are calculated in biomechanical analysis. They allow to be used as reliable standard whether or not a definite kind of osteosynthesis is stable or will have to be denied as unstable."}
{"id": "PMID:1218021", "title": "[Distribution of the isoenzym lactatdehydrogenase in human cartilage (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of the lactatdehydrogenase (LDH)-isoenzym patterns in normal human cartilage will be of valuable help in the interpretation of enzymological data in cases of pathological joint changes. It may allow conclusions about the situation of the metabolism in a joint according to the particular circumstances. As so far no representative investigations into normal human cartilage have become known, the attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the LDH-isoenzym pattern in normal cartilage. The result indicates that in normal human joint cartilage the LDH-5 dominates with an average of 75.3%, whereas the LDH-4 (21.7%) and the LDH-3 (3.2%) are considerably lower. Thus the result fits well into the joint cartilage data which have been published so far.", "contents": "[Distribution of the isoenzym lactatdehydrogenase in human cartilage (author's transl)]. The analysis of the lactatdehydrogenase (LDH)-isoenzym patterns in normal human cartilage will be of valuable help in the interpretation of enzymological data in cases of pathological joint changes. It may allow conclusions about the situation of the metabolism in a joint according to the particular circumstances. As so far no representative investigations into normal human cartilage have become known, the attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the LDH-isoenzym pattern in normal cartilage. The result indicates that in normal human joint cartilage the LDH-5 dominates with an average of 75.3%, whereas the LDH-4 (21.7%) and the LDH-3 (3.2%) are considerably lower. Thus the result fits well into the joint cartilage data which have been published so far."}
{"id": "PMID:1218022", "title": "[Stenosis of the spinal canal after spondylodesis (iatrogenic stenosis of the spinal canal) (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors experience based on 15 cases of iatrogenic stenosis of spinal canal in thoracic and lumbar region. The stenosis was the sequelae of spondylodesis made for spinal tuberculosis, spondylolisthesis traumatic and idiopathic, spinal fractures and assimilation faults. The onset of signs of stenosis appeared from 1 to 7 years after the first operation. The treatment was operative in 8 cases, conservative in 7. The first gave the best results. Observation time was up to 14 years after the second operation.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the spinal canal after spondylodesis (iatrogenic stenosis of the spinal canal) (author's transl)]. Authors experience based on 15 cases of iatrogenic stenosis of spinal canal in thoracic and lumbar region. The stenosis was the sequelae of spondylodesis made for spinal tuberculosis, spondylolisthesis traumatic and idiopathic, spinal fractures and assimilation faults. The onset of signs of stenosis appeared from 1 to 7 years after the first operation. The treatment was operative in 8 cases, conservative in 7. The first gave the best results. Observation time was up to 14 years after the second operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218023", "title": "Phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation and histologic findings in patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis before and during immunosuppressive therapy.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte transformation (14C-thymidine incorporation rate following stimulation by PHA) was studied in 19 patients with histologically proven chronic aggressive hepatitis. In the majority of the cases measurements were performed prior to and during a combined (azathioprine/corticosteroid) immunosuppressive therapy. In comparison to normal controls, the majority of the patients showed a significantly reduced lymphocyte transformation before the treatment started. During the immunosuppressive therapy there was a normalization of PHA-responsiveness in most of the patients, or an improvement, at least. Bioptic control seems to be the most reliable parameter to prove a therapeutic effect, since the histologic criteria for a decrease of the inflammatory activity were the last to occur. After transient cessation of the therapy, in 4 out of 6 cases a decrease of lymphocytic PHA-responsiveness was developed again, paralleled by histologic activation of the process where biopsy could be performed. This observation favours a long-term therapy for at least several years.", "contents": "Phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation and histologic findings in patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis before and during immunosuppressive therapy. In vitro lymphocyte transformation (14C-thymidine incorporation rate following stimulation by PHA) was studied in 19 patients with histologically proven chronic aggressive hepatitis. In the majority of the cases measurements were performed prior to and during a combined (azathioprine/corticosteroid) immunosuppressive therapy. In comparison to normal controls, the majority of the patients showed a significantly reduced lymphocyte transformation before the treatment started. During the immunosuppressive therapy there was a normalization of PHA-responsiveness in most of the patients, or an improvement, at least. Bioptic control seems to be the most reliable parameter to prove a therapeutic effect, since the histologic criteria for a decrease of the inflammatory activity were the last to occur. After transient cessation of the therapy, in 4 out of 6 cases a decrease of lymphocytic PHA-responsiveness was developed again, paralleled by histologic activation of the process where biopsy could be performed. This observation favours a long-term therapy for at least several years."}
{"id": "PMID:1218024", "title": "Podocytes of rat kidneys with nephrotoxic serum nephritis. A combined transmission and scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Rats with a nephrotoxic serum nephritis reveal changes of proteinuria and content of serum proteins as well as serum cholesterol in the direction of a nephrotic syndrome as is seen after Daunomycin. Nevertheless, the morphological findings with TEM and especially with SEM are quite different. A striking feature of the nephritis is the rather good preservation of cell processes through all the time of experiment in spite of the elevated proteinuria. Moreover, podocytes with furrowed or ribbed surfaces originate and are most numerous when the signs of inflammation are most pronounced. These furrowed podocytes are interpreted as representing a special reactive, perhaps mobilized form. With SEM it is evident that the glomeruli are altered focally and segmentally in the nephrotoxic serum nephritis.", "contents": "Podocytes of rat kidneys with nephrotoxic serum nephritis. A combined transmission and scanning electron microscopic study. Rats with a nephrotoxic serum nephritis reveal changes of proteinuria and content of serum proteins as well as serum cholesterol in the direction of a nephrotic syndrome as is seen after Daunomycin. Nevertheless, the morphological findings with TEM and especially with SEM are quite different. A striking feature of the nephritis is the rather good preservation of cell processes through all the time of experiment in spite of the elevated proteinuria. Moreover, podocytes with furrowed or ribbed surfaces originate and are most numerous when the signs of inflammation are most pronounced. These furrowed podocytes are interpreted as representing a special reactive, perhaps mobilized form. With SEM it is evident that the glomeruli are altered focally and segmentally in the nephrotoxic serum nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1218025", "title": "Fine structural alterations of muscle fibers in diseases accompanied by myotonia.", "content": "The authors have reported the results of examination by electron microscopy of two muscle biopsy specimens from cases of myotonia congenita and three cases of myotonia dystrophica. They have stated that \"peripheral annular formation\" was a frequently observed alteration in the myotonia congenita cases. In the myotonia dystrophica cases there were additionally disorganized myofibrils in the subsarcolemmal region and inclusion body vacuoles morphologically connected with the sarcolemma. The term \"peripheral annular formation\" refers to the situation in which the peripheral myofibrils of the muscle fiber fracture and the fragments retract and form a helical sheath around the central myofibrils of the same muscle fiber.", "contents": "Fine structural alterations of muscle fibers in diseases accompanied by myotonia. The authors have reported the results of examination by electron microscopy of two muscle biopsy specimens from cases of myotonia congenita and three cases of myotonia dystrophica. They have stated that \"peripheral annular formation\" was a frequently observed alteration in the myotonia congenita cases. In the myotonia dystrophica cases there were additionally disorganized myofibrils in the subsarcolemmal region and inclusion body vacuoles morphologically connected with the sarcolemma. The term \"peripheral annular formation\" refers to the situation in which the peripheral myofibrils of the muscle fiber fracture and the fragments retract and form a helical sheath around the central myofibrils of the same muscle fiber."}
{"id": "PMID:1218072", "title": "The effect of 2,4-D and Dicamba on the growth and yield of garden broad bean (Vicia faba L. var. major).", "content": "Two experiments were conducted in Egypt to investigate the effect of sublethal concentrations of 2,4-D and Dicamba on the growth and yield of garden broad bean. It was found that 1. as compared to the effects of Dicamba, 2,4-D had a better stimulating effect on the growth characters, the yield, and the yield components of the beans 2. the application at the flowering stage was superior to the earlier application in every respect 3. the optimum rate of 2,4-D and Dicamba that gave the highest increase of the growth, yield, and yield components was 2-5 ppm.", "contents": "The effect of 2,4-D and Dicamba on the growth and yield of garden broad bean (Vicia faba L. var. major). Two experiments were conducted in Egypt to investigate the effect of sublethal concentrations of 2,4-D and Dicamba on the growth and yield of garden broad bean. It was found that 1. as compared to the effects of Dicamba, 2,4-D had a better stimulating effect on the growth characters, the yield, and the yield components of the beans 2. the application at the flowering stage was superior to the earlier application in every respect 3. the optimum rate of 2,4-D and Dicamba that gave the highest increase of the growth, yield, and yield components was 2-5 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:1218073", "title": "Preliminary study on using fermented skim milk in poultry rations.", "content": "80 (4 X 20) four-month-old cockerels were fed the following rations for six weeks: Group 1 = corn and green berseem, group 2 = corn, green berseem, and skim milk, groups 3 and 4 = corn, green berseem, and fermented skim milk. Feeding was ad libitum in groups 1 to 3, and 80% of the group 3 standard in group 4. The live weight increased in all groups during the experimental period. In group 4 it was higher at the end of the experiment than that of groups 1 to 3. But the difference was statistically not significant. The amount of starch units required per unit of live weight increase during the experimental period was 9.76 (group 1) 11.00 (group 2), 10.72 (group 3), and 9.66 (group 4). The visceral fat weights were higher in groups 2 and 3 (not significant). 40 (2 x 20) four-week-old ducklings were fed a commercial ration (group 5) or 65% of this ration supplemented with 35 ml of fermented skim milk (group 6). There were no significant differences in the live weight gains. The amount of starch units required per unit of live weight increase was 2.89 (group 5) and 3.61 (group 6).", "contents": "Preliminary study on using fermented skim milk in poultry rations. 80 (4 X 20) four-month-old cockerels were fed the following rations for six weeks: Group 1 = corn and green berseem, group 2 = corn, green berseem, and skim milk, groups 3 and 4 = corn, green berseem, and fermented skim milk. Feeding was ad libitum in groups 1 to 3, and 80% of the group 3 standard in group 4. The live weight increased in all groups during the experimental period. In group 4 it was higher at the end of the experiment than that of groups 1 to 3. But the difference was statistically not significant. The amount of starch units required per unit of live weight increase during the experimental period was 9.76 (group 1) 11.00 (group 2), 10.72 (group 3), and 9.66 (group 4). The visceral fat weights were higher in groups 2 and 3 (not significant). 40 (2 x 20) four-week-old ducklings were fed a commercial ration (group 5) or 65% of this ration supplemented with 35 ml of fermented skim milk (group 6). There were no significant differences in the live weight gains. The amount of starch units required per unit of live weight increase was 2.89 (group 5) and 3.61 (group 6)."}
{"id": "PMID:1218074", "title": "Trypsin-activated complex of human factor B with cobra venom factor (CVF), cleaving C3 and C5 and generating a lytic factor for unsensitized guinea pig erythrocytes. I. Generation of the activated complex.", "content": "A complex formed between cobra venom factor (CVF) and isolated human factor B (B) was found to be converted by trypsin to a stable enzyme, CVF-B which cleaved the third component (C3) and the fifth component (C5) of human complement. The formation of CVF-B by trypsin required divalent cations, whereas the formation of the lytic factor from human serum occurred even in the presence of EDTA. CVF-B purified by gel filtration could initiate the hemolysis of unsensitized guinea pig erythrocytes when incubated with human complement components C5 to C9 in 0.01 M EDTA buffer. C3 was not required for the lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes initiated by CVF-B because of the beta1C precipitation line formed between human serum and anti-beta1C antibody did not inhibit the hemolysis by CVF-B in agarose gel. Treatment of beta1C and beta1F globulins in whole human serum with CVF-B in the presence of 0.01 M EDTA converted them to components with higher mobilities on immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Trypsin-activated complex of human factor B with cobra venom factor (CVF), cleaving C3 and C5 and generating a lytic factor for unsensitized guinea pig erythrocytes. I. Generation of the activated complex. A complex formed between cobra venom factor (CVF) and isolated human factor B (B) was found to be converted by trypsin to a stable enzyme, CVF-B which cleaved the third component (C3) and the fifth component (C5) of human complement. The formation of CVF-B by trypsin required divalent cations, whereas the formation of the lytic factor from human serum occurred even in the presence of EDTA. CVF-B purified by gel filtration could initiate the hemolysis of unsensitized guinea pig erythrocytes when incubated with human complement components C5 to C9 in 0.01 M EDTA buffer. C3 was not required for the lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes initiated by CVF-B because of the beta1C precipitation line formed between human serum and anti-beta1C antibody did not inhibit the hemolysis by CVF-B in agarose gel. Treatment of beta1C and beta1F globulins in whole human serum with CVF-B in the presence of 0.01 M EDTA converted them to components with higher mobilities on immunoelectrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:1218075", "title": "Trypsin-activated complex of human factor B with cobra venom factor (CVF), cleaving C3 and C5 and generating a lytic factor for unsensitized guinea pig erythrocytes. II. Physico-chemical characterization of the activated complex.", "content": "A complex, CVF-B, between cobra venom factor (CVF) and human factor B(B) showed weak, short-lived enzymatic activity against the third component of human complement (C3). Once activated with trypsin, it showed strong, stable activity against C3 and C5. CVF-B, an activated form of CVF-B complex, was not affected by the trypsin inhibitor, diisopropylfluorophosphate and neuraminidase. Heating at 56 C for 30 min completely destroyed its activity and heating at 50 C for 30 min destroyed approximately half its activity. The activity of DVF-B decrease markedly at pH 6.0 but was stable at pH 6.5 to 8.5. CVF-B lost 90% of its activity on reduction with 1 mM dithiothreitol, and was completely adsorbed on a cellulose acetate membrane. CVF-B was found to be a complex of CVF and glycine-rich gamma-glycoprotein, with a molecular weight of 340,000. The CVF-B molecule consisted of 4-polypeptide chains, 3 of which were derived from CVF and one from GGG. Hemolytically active CVF-B may be formed from 2 molecules with four-polypeptide chains linked by unknown bonds. Human, rat and guinea pig sera could react with CVF-B to generate a lytic factor. Human and sheep erythrocytes were not sensitive to the lytic factor generated by CVF-B, whereas liposomes prepared from their membrane lipids were equally sensitive to the lytic factor.", "contents": "Trypsin-activated complex of human factor B with cobra venom factor (CVF), cleaving C3 and C5 and generating a lytic factor for unsensitized guinea pig erythrocytes. II. Physico-chemical characterization of the activated complex. A complex, CVF-B, between cobra venom factor (CVF) and human factor B(B) showed weak, short-lived enzymatic activity against the third component of human complement (C3). Once activated with trypsin, it showed strong, stable activity against C3 and C5. CVF-B, an activated form of CVF-B complex, was not affected by the trypsin inhibitor, diisopropylfluorophosphate and neuraminidase. Heating at 56 C for 30 min completely destroyed its activity and heating at 50 C for 30 min destroyed approximately half its activity. The activity of DVF-B decrease markedly at pH 6.0 but was stable at pH 6.5 to 8.5. CVF-B lost 90% of its activity on reduction with 1 mM dithiothreitol, and was completely adsorbed on a cellulose acetate membrane. CVF-B was found to be a complex of CVF and glycine-rich gamma-glycoprotein, with a molecular weight of 340,000. The CVF-B molecule consisted of 4-polypeptide chains, 3 of which were derived from CVF and one from GGG. Hemolytically active CVF-B may be formed from 2 molecules with four-polypeptide chains linked by unknown bonds. Human, rat and guinea pig sera could react with CVF-B to generate a lytic factor. Human and sheep erythrocytes were not sensitive to the lytic factor generated by CVF-B, whereas liposomes prepared from their membrane lipids were equally sensitive to the lytic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1218078", "title": "The amino acid sequence of Staphylococcus aureus penicillinase.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the penicillinase (penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) from Staphylococcus aureus strain PC1 was determined. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 257 residues, and the sequence was determined by characterization of tryptic, chymotryptic, peptic and CNBr peptides, with some additional evidence from thermolysin and S. aureus proteinase peptides. A mistake in the preliminary report of the sequence is corrected; residues 113-116 are now thought to be -Lys-Lys-Val-Lys- rather than -Lys-Val-Lys-Lys-. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequence has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50056 (91 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of Staphylococcus aureus penicillinase. The amino acid sequence of the penicillinase (penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) from Staphylococcus aureus strain PC1 was determined. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 257 residues, and the sequence was determined by characterization of tryptic, chymotryptic, peptic and CNBr peptides, with some additional evidence from thermolysin and S. aureus proteinase peptides. A mistake in the preliminary report of the sequence is corrected; residues 113-116 are now thought to be -Lys-Lys-Val-Lys- rather than -Lys-Val-Lys-Lys-. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequence has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50056 (91 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5."}
{"id": "PMID:1218079", "title": "The preparation of a semisynthetic tritiated insulin with a specific radioactivity of up to 20 Curies per millimole.", "content": "1. This paper describes the semisynthesis of [3H]insulin of high specific radioactivity which is indistinguishable from native insulin in its hypoglycaemic activity towards mice. 2. The maximum specific radioactivity so far obtained is 20 Ci/mmol. At this value the recommended scale of preparation is between 1 mCi (30 mug of product) and 10mCi (300 mug of product). Reaction volumes are then of the order of 10 mul. 3. Special problems arise when the techniques of peptide synthesis are applied to the production of such small quantities of material. We describe these problems and discuss the means of overcoming them.", "contents": "The preparation of a semisynthetic tritiated insulin with a specific radioactivity of up to 20 Curies per millimole. 1. This paper describes the semisynthesis of [3H]insulin of high specific radioactivity which is indistinguishable from native insulin in its hypoglycaemic activity towards mice. 2. The maximum specific radioactivity so far obtained is 20 Ci/mmol. At this value the recommended scale of preparation is between 1 mCi (30 mug of product) and 10mCi (300 mug of product). Reaction volumes are then of the order of 10 mul. 3. Special problems arise when the techniques of peptide synthesis are applied to the production of such small quantities of material. We describe these problems and discuss the means of overcoming them."}
{"id": "PMID:1218080", "title": "Role of apurinic sites in the resistance of methylated oligodeoxyribonucleotides to degradation by spleen exonuclease.", "content": "The effect of introducing methyl groups into DNA substrates was studied by using the spleen exonuclease (EC 3.1.4.1), an enzyme which hydrolyses oligonucleotides in a sequential manner by splitting off 3'-phosphomononucleotides starting from the 5'-hydroxyl terminus. Analyses of oligodeoxyribonucleotide 3'-phosphate substrates after reaction in vitro with dimethyl sulphate demonstrated that the resultant methylation pattern differed from the previously found for native DNA, particularly with respect to the relative amounts of 1- and 3-methyladenine produced. Although after treatment with increasing amounts of dimethyl sulphate the substrate became progressively resistant to degradation by the exonuclease, the methylation products themselves were only partially responsible for the observed inhibition of enzyme activity. The incomplete degradation encountered was apparently due to the presence of apurinic sites, which arose as secondary lesions after the spontaneous release of the labile alkyl purines from the methylated substrate. Inhibition of enzyme activity appeared to be competitive, being characterized by constant values for apparent Vmax, and increased values for apparent Km. the interpretation of this, however, is complicated by the complex nature of the substrate, and these aspects are considered in some detail.", "contents": "Role of apurinic sites in the resistance of methylated oligodeoxyribonucleotides to degradation by spleen exonuclease. The effect of introducing methyl groups into DNA substrates was studied by using the spleen exonuclease (EC 3.1.4.1), an enzyme which hydrolyses oligonucleotides in a sequential manner by splitting off 3'-phosphomononucleotides starting from the 5'-hydroxyl terminus. Analyses of oligodeoxyribonucleotide 3'-phosphate substrates after reaction in vitro with dimethyl sulphate demonstrated that the resultant methylation pattern differed from the previously found for native DNA, particularly with respect to the relative amounts of 1- and 3-methyladenine produced. Although after treatment with increasing amounts of dimethyl sulphate the substrate became progressively resistant to degradation by the exonuclease, the methylation products themselves were only partially responsible for the observed inhibition of enzyme activity. The incomplete degradation encountered was apparently due to the presence of apurinic sites, which arose as secondary lesions after the spontaneous release of the labile alkyl purines from the methylated substrate. Inhibition of enzyme activity appeared to be competitive, being characterized by constant values for apparent Vmax, and increased values for apparent Km. the interpretation of this, however, is complicated by the complex nature of the substrate, and these aspects are considered in some detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1218081", "title": "Factorization of the Michaelis functions.", "content": "Each Michaelis function that expresses the concentration of one of the species AL2, AL and A in terms of the concentration of free ligand (or its logarithm) is the product of two functions each of which represents the degree of ligation or de-ligation of a single site. These hypothetical sites have pK values of pK (SEE ARTICLE) where pK and alpha are defined by writing the two molecular pK values as pK +/- log2alpha. The factors are thus real if alpha larger than or equal to 1, i.e. if the binding of L by A is not positively co-operative. The dependence of [AL] on 1n[L] is compared with relations that represent other ligand-dependent equilibria.", "contents": "Factorization of the Michaelis functions. Each Michaelis function that expresses the concentration of one of the species AL2, AL and A in terms of the concentration of free ligand (or its logarithm) is the product of two functions each of which represents the degree of ligation or de-ligation of a single site. These hypothetical sites have pK values of pK (SEE ARTICLE) where pK and alpha are defined by writing the two molecular pK values as pK +/- log2alpha. The factors are thus real if alpha larger than or equal to 1, i.e. if the binding of L by A is not positively co-operative. The dependence of [AL] on 1n[L] is compared with relations that represent other ligand-dependent equilibria."}
{"id": "PMID:1218082", "title": "Affinity-chromatography purification of alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine.", "content": "A crude preparation of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) from calf intestinal mucosa was purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound derivatives of arsanilic acid, which was found to be a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. Three biospecific adsorbents were prepared for the chromatography, and the best results were obtained with a tyraminyl-Sepharose derivative coupled with the diazonium salt derived from 4-(p-aminophenylazo)phenylarsonic acid. Alkaline phosphatase was the only enzyme retained by the affinity column in the absence of Pi. The enzyme eluted by phosphate buffer had a specific activity of about 1200 units per mg of protein at pH 10.0, with 5.5mM-p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate.", "contents": "Affinity-chromatography purification of alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine. A crude preparation of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) from calf intestinal mucosa was purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound derivatives of arsanilic acid, which was found to be a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. Three biospecific adsorbents were prepared for the chromatography, and the best results were obtained with a tyraminyl-Sepharose derivative coupled with the diazonium salt derived from 4-(p-aminophenylazo)phenylarsonic acid. Alkaline phosphatase was the only enzyme retained by the affinity column in the absence of Pi. The enzyme eluted by phosphate buffer had a specific activity of about 1200 units per mg of protein at pH 10.0, with 5.5mM-p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:1218083", "title": "The nature of experimental error in enzyme kinetic measurments.", "content": "The nature of experimental error in the determination of initial velocities of enzyme-catalysed reactions was investigated. No support was found for the generalization that such velocities should be homogeneous in variance. Instead the variance increased with the velocity in all of the cases studied. The weighting of sets of replicate observations according to their sample variances was tested in simulated experiments and found to give unacceptable results. It was practicable to decide on the best weighting scheme by examining the variability of the deviations from fitted curves, provided that the number of observations was large enough.", "contents": "The nature of experimental error in enzyme kinetic measurments. The nature of experimental error in the determination of initial velocities of enzyme-catalysed reactions was investigated. No support was found for the generalization that such velocities should be homogeneous in variance. Instead the variance increased with the velocity in all of the cases studied. The weighting of sets of replicate observations according to their sample variances was tested in simulated experiments and found to give unacceptable results. It was practicable to decide on the best weighting scheme by examining the variability of the deviations from fitted curves, provided that the number of observations was large enough."}
{"id": "PMID:1218084", "title": "A membrane-associated lipomannan in micrococci.", "content": "Membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Micrococcus flavus and Micrococcus sodonensis contain acidic lipomannans. Lipoteichoic acids could not be detected in these organisms, and the suggestion that they are substituted for by the lipomannans is strengthened by the chemical and physical resemblances between the two polymers. The mannans contain glycerol, ester-linked fatty acids and mono-esterified succinic acid residues, giving them both hydrophobic and charged properties. The M. lysodeikticus mannan has a chain of about 60 hexose units with two branch points, and is joined at its reducing end to the 1-position of a glycerol moiety bearing two fatty acid residues. Succinic acid on the mannan enables it to bind Mg2+ efficiently, and the polymer is firmly associated with the cytoplasmic membrane, probably by intercalation of its fatty acids with those of the membrane lipids.", "contents": "A membrane-associated lipomannan in micrococci. Membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Micrococcus flavus and Micrococcus sodonensis contain acidic lipomannans. Lipoteichoic acids could not be detected in these organisms, and the suggestion that they are substituted for by the lipomannans is strengthened by the chemical and physical resemblances between the two polymers. The mannans contain glycerol, ester-linked fatty acids and mono-esterified succinic acid residues, giving them both hydrophobic and charged properties. The M. lysodeikticus mannan has a chain of about 60 hexose units with two branch points, and is joined at its reducing end to the 1-position of a glycerol moiety bearing two fatty acid residues. Succinic acid on the mannan enables it to bind Mg2+ efficiently, and the polymer is firmly associated with the cytoplasmic membrane, probably by intercalation of its fatty acids with those of the membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:1218085", "title": "Purification and characterization of kynurenine--2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from the liver, brain and small intestine of rats.", "content": "1. Kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) was purified to homogeneity from the liver, brain and small intestine of rats by the same procedure. The three enzyme preparations had nearly identical pH optima, substrate specificities and molecular weights. Isoenzyme 1 was active with 2-oxoglutarate but not with pyruvate as amino acceptor, and utilized a wide range of amino acids as amino donors. Amino acids were effective in the following order to activity: L-aspartate greater than L-tyrosine greater than L-phenylalanine greater than L-tryptophan greater than 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan greater than L-kynurenine. The molecular weight was approximately 88 000 as determined by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The pH optimum was between 8.0 and 8.5. On the basis of substrate specificity, substrate inhibition, subcellular distribution and polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, it is suggested that liver, brain and small intestinal kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) is identical with mitochondrial tyrosine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and also with mitochondrial aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. 2. An additional kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 2) was purified from the liver. This enzyme was specific for 2-oxoglutarate and L-kynurenine. Sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation gave a molecular weight of approximately 100 000. The pH optimum was between 6.0 and 6.5. This enzyme was not detected in the brain or small intestine.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of kynurenine--2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from the liver, brain and small intestine of rats. 1. Kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) was purified to homogeneity from the liver, brain and small intestine of rats by the same procedure. The three enzyme preparations had nearly identical pH optima, substrate specificities and molecular weights. Isoenzyme 1 was active with 2-oxoglutarate but not with pyruvate as amino acceptor, and utilized a wide range of amino acids as amino donors. Amino acids were effective in the following order to activity: L-aspartate greater than L-tyrosine greater than L-phenylalanine greater than L-tryptophan greater than 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan greater than L-kynurenine. The molecular weight was approximately 88 000 as determined by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The pH optimum was between 8.0 and 8.5. On the basis of substrate specificity, substrate inhibition, subcellular distribution and polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, it is suggested that liver, brain and small intestinal kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) is identical with mitochondrial tyrosine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and also with mitochondrial aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. 2. An additional kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 2) was purified from the liver. This enzyme was specific for 2-oxoglutarate and L-kynurenine. Sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation gave a molecular weight of approximately 100 000. The pH optimum was between 6.0 and 6.5. This enzyme was not detected in the brain or small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:1218086", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of colchicine.", "content": "Antibodies to cholchicine were raised in rabbits after injection of N-desacetylthiocolchicine conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Antisera diluted 1:100 bound 50% of 1.6ng of [3H]colchicine. Cross-reaction of the antisera with colchicine derivatives and other drugs was measured and a radioimmunoassay of colchicine in biological fluids was proposed.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of colchicine. Antibodies to cholchicine were raised in rabbits after injection of N-desacetylthiocolchicine conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Antisera diluted 1:100 bound 50% of 1.6ng of [3H]colchicine. Cross-reaction of the antisera with colchicine derivatives and other drugs was measured and a radioimmunoassay of colchicine in biological fluids was proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218087", "title": "Heavy metal-pyrimidine nucleotide interaction: x-ray structure of a cadmium derivative of cytidine 5'-monophosphate.", "content": "An X-ray crystal-structure determination has shown that the compound [Cd(5'-CMP)(H2O)],H2O has a polymeric structure in which each cadmium atom is bonded to five atoms: to the N(3) position on the base, to a phosphate oxygen from each of three other 5'-CMP groups and to a water molecule.", "contents": "Heavy metal-pyrimidine nucleotide interaction: x-ray structure of a cadmium derivative of cytidine 5'-monophosphate. An X-ray crystal-structure determination has shown that the compound [Cd(5'-CMP)(H2O)],H2O has a polymeric structure in which each cadmium atom is bonded to five atoms: to the N(3) position on the base, to a phosphate oxygen from each of three other 5'-CMP groups and to a water molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:1218088", "title": "The copolymeric structure of dermatan sulphate produced by cultured human fibroblasts. Different distribution of iduronic acid and glucuronic acid-containing units in soluble and cell-associated glycans.", "content": "The structure of dermatan [35S]sulphate-chondroitin [35S]sulphate copolymers synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts in culture was studied. 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the medium, a trypsin digest of the cells and the cell residue after 72h of 35SO42-incorporation. The galactosaminoglycan component (dermatan sulphatechondroitin sulphate copolymers) was isolated and subjected to various degradation procedures including digestion with testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase-AC and-ABC and periodate oxidation followed by alkaline elimination. The galactosaminoglycans from the various sources displayed significant structural differences with regard to the distribution of various repeating units, i.e. IdUA-GalNAc-SO4 (L-iduronic acid-N-acetyl-galactosamine sulphate), GlcUA-GalNAc-SO4 (D-glucuronic acid-N-acetylgalactosamine-sulphate) and IdUA(-SO4)-GalNAc (L-iduronosulphate-N-acetylgalactosamine). The galactosaminoglycans of the cell residue contained larger amounts of IdUA-GalNAc-SO4 than did those isolated from the medium or those released by trypsin. In contrast, the glycans from the latter 2 sources contained large proportions of periodate-resistant repeat periods [GlcUA-GalNAc-SO4 and IdUA(-SO4)-GalNAc]. Periods containing L-iduronic acid sulphate were particularly prominent in copolymers found in the medium. Kinetic studies indicated that the 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycan of the cell residue accumulated radioactivity more slowly than did the glycans of other fractions, indicating that the material remaining with the cells was not exclusively a precursor of the secreted polymers. The presence of copolymers rich in glucuronic acid or iduronic acid sulphate residues in the soluble fractions may be the result of selective secretion from the cells. Alternatively, extracellular, polymer-level modifications such as C-5 inversion of L-iduronic acid to D-glucuronic acid, or sulphate rearrangements, would yield similar results.", "contents": "The copolymeric structure of dermatan sulphate produced by cultured human fibroblasts. Different distribution of iduronic acid and glucuronic acid-containing units in soluble and cell-associated glycans. The structure of dermatan [35S]sulphate-chondroitin [35S]sulphate copolymers synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts in culture was studied. 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the medium, a trypsin digest of the cells and the cell residue after 72h of 35SO42-incorporation. The galactosaminoglycan component (dermatan sulphatechondroitin sulphate copolymers) was isolated and subjected to various degradation procedures including digestion with testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase-AC and-ABC and periodate oxidation followed by alkaline elimination. The galactosaminoglycans from the various sources displayed significant structural differences with regard to the distribution of various repeating units, i.e. IdUA-GalNAc-SO4 (L-iduronic acid-N-acetyl-galactosamine sulphate), GlcUA-GalNAc-SO4 (D-glucuronic acid-N-acetylgalactosamine-sulphate) and IdUA(-SO4)-GalNAc (L-iduronosulphate-N-acetylgalactosamine). The galactosaminoglycans of the cell residue contained larger amounts of IdUA-GalNAc-SO4 than did those isolated from the medium or those released by trypsin. In contrast, the glycans from the latter 2 sources contained large proportions of periodate-resistant repeat periods [GlcUA-GalNAc-SO4 and IdUA(-SO4)-GalNAc]. Periods containing L-iduronic acid sulphate were particularly prominent in copolymers found in the medium. Kinetic studies indicated that the 35S-labelled glycosaminoglycan of the cell residue accumulated radioactivity more slowly than did the glycans of other fractions, indicating that the material remaining with the cells was not exclusively a precursor of the secreted polymers. The presence of copolymers rich in glucuronic acid or iduronic acid sulphate residues in the soluble fractions may be the result of selective secretion from the cells. Alternatively, extracellular, polymer-level modifications such as C-5 inversion of L-iduronic acid to D-glucuronic acid, or sulphate rearrangements, would yield similar results."}
{"id": "PMID:1218089", "title": "Characterization by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy of pertrimethylsilyl methyl glycosides obtained in the methanolysis of glycoproteins and glycopeptides.", "content": "The quantitative analysis by gas chromatography of monosaccharides present in glycoproteins and glycopeptides using methanolysis, followed by re-N-acetylation and trimethylsilylation, gives rise to several peaks for each monosaccharide. The identity of these peaks for xylose, fucose, mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid was established for alpha- and beta-methyl pyranosides and furanosides by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry and proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. These data provide for the unambiguous interpretation of the gas chromatograms obtained in the application of this g.l.c. method, and supply basic information for the further application of mass spectrometry in this field.", "contents": "Characterization by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy of pertrimethylsilyl methyl glycosides obtained in the methanolysis of glycoproteins and glycopeptides. The quantitative analysis by gas chromatography of monosaccharides present in glycoproteins and glycopeptides using methanolysis, followed by re-N-acetylation and trimethylsilylation, gives rise to several peaks for each monosaccharide. The identity of these peaks for xylose, fucose, mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid was established for alpha- and beta-methyl pyranosides and furanosides by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry and proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. These data provide for the unambiguous interpretation of the gas chromatograms obtained in the application of this g.l.c. method, and supply basic information for the further application of mass spectrometry in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:1218090", "title": "Effects of polyamines and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on hepatic nuclear structure and deoxyribonucleic acid template activity.", "content": "1. The interaction of polyamines and methylglyoxal bis(guanythydrazone) (1, 1'-[(methylethanediylidene)-dinitrilo]diguanidine) with isolated rat liver nuclei was investigated by electron microscopy. 2. At 4mM, putrescine was without effect; however, spermidine, spermine or methylglyoxal bis(guanythydrazone) resulted in dispersed chromatin and alterations in nucleolar structure. In addition, spermidine or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) caused marked aggregation of interchromatin granules. 3. The DNA template property of calf thymus DNA was examined by using DNA polymerases from Escherichia coli, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and calf thymus in the presence of 0-5 mM-amine. 4. In the presence of DNA polymerase, spermine or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) inhibited activity, whereas putrescine or spermidine had much less effect or in some cases stimulated [3H]dTMP incorporation. 5. Template activity which was inhibited by spermine or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) could be partially restored by additional DNA or enzyme. 6. When mixed with calf thymus DNA, calf thymus histone inhibited template activity as measured with E. coli DNA polymerase. The template activity of such a 'histone-nucleate' could not be restored by putrescine, spermidine, spermine or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). 7. DNA template activity of isolated rat liver nuclei was tested by using E. coli DNA polymerase. None of the amines was able to increase the template activity of the nuclear DNA in vitro.", "contents": "Effects of polyamines and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on hepatic nuclear structure and deoxyribonucleic acid template activity. 1. The interaction of polyamines and methylglyoxal bis(guanythydrazone) (1, 1'-[(methylethanediylidene)-dinitrilo]diguanidine) with isolated rat liver nuclei was investigated by electron microscopy. 2. At 4mM, putrescine was without effect; however, spermidine, spermine or methylglyoxal bis(guanythydrazone) resulted in dispersed chromatin and alterations in nucleolar structure. In addition, spermidine or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) caused marked aggregation of interchromatin granules. 3. The DNA template property of calf thymus DNA was examined by using DNA polymerases from Escherichia coli, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and calf thymus in the presence of 0-5 mM-amine. 4. In the presence of DNA polymerase, spermine or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) inhibited activity, whereas putrescine or spermidine had much less effect or in some cases stimulated [3H]dTMP incorporation. 5. Template activity which was inhibited by spermine or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) could be partially restored by additional DNA or enzyme. 6. When mixed with calf thymus DNA, calf thymus histone inhibited template activity as measured with E. coli DNA polymerase. The template activity of such a 'histone-nucleate' could not be restored by putrescine, spermidine, spermine or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). 7. DNA template activity of isolated rat liver nuclei was tested by using E. coli DNA polymerase. None of the amines was able to increase the template activity of the nuclear DNA in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:1218091", "title": "Intramolecular electron transport in human ferroxidase (caeruloplasmin).", "content": "The oxidation of reduced human ferroxidase by molecular O2 was studied in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. It was shown that the two type 1 copper atoms behave differently in the absence of iron. The effect of iron on the kinetic parameters was investiagted. A working model for intramolecular electron transport in the enzyme is proposed.", "contents": "Intramolecular electron transport in human ferroxidase (caeruloplasmin). The oxidation of reduced human ferroxidase by molecular O2 was studied in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. It was shown that the two type 1 copper atoms behave differently in the absence of iron. The effect of iron on the kinetic parameters was investiagted. A working model for intramolecular electron transport in the enzyme is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218092", "title": "A micro-method for the assay of polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid by gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A micro-method for the determination of the electrophoretic profile of the various poly(A)-containing RNA species in a RNA sample was developed. The method is simple to carry out and allows for great reproducibility. It combines the resolving power of electrophoresis in agarose with the specificity of binding of poly(A) to poly(U)-containing glass-fibre filters. It consists of the following steps. (1) The molecules in an RNA sample are first separated according to their molecular weight by electrophoresis in agarose, at low ionic strength. 2. The molecules thus seperated are then submitted to a second electrophoresis in 'binding buffer' in a direction perpendicular to the first one. In the course of this electrophoresis the poly(A)-containing RNA species are seperated from other RNA species as they bind to a poly(U)-containing glass-fibre filter which is placed across the electrophoresis path. The method was used to determine the electrophoretic profile of Rhynchosciara salivary-gland messenger RNA. It was found that the population of messenger RNA in the gland is dominated by forms moving as 18 and 158 S peaks, but there is also polydisperse RNA with slower mobility.", "contents": "A micro-method for the assay of polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid by gel electrophoresis. A micro-method for the determination of the electrophoretic profile of the various poly(A)-containing RNA species in a RNA sample was developed. The method is simple to carry out and allows for great reproducibility. It combines the resolving power of electrophoresis in agarose with the specificity of binding of poly(A) to poly(U)-containing glass-fibre filters. It consists of the following steps. (1) The molecules in an RNA sample are first separated according to their molecular weight by electrophoresis in agarose, at low ionic strength. 2. The molecules thus seperated are then submitted to a second electrophoresis in 'binding buffer' in a direction perpendicular to the first one. In the course of this electrophoresis the poly(A)-containing RNA species are seperated from other RNA species as they bind to a poly(U)-containing glass-fibre filter which is placed across the electrophoresis path. The method was used to determine the electrophoretic profile of Rhynchosciara salivary-gland messenger RNA. It was found that the population of messenger RNA in the gland is dominated by forms moving as 18 and 158 S peaks, but there is also polydisperse RNA with slower mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:1218093", "title": "Isolation and properties of a fragment of human serum albumin demonstrating the absence of a methionine residue from some of the albumin molecules.", "content": "1. A fragment designated D was isolated from human serum albumin degraded by CNBr. Its properties show that it is made up of the B and C fragments isolated by McMenamy et al. (1971) (J. Biol. Chem., 246, 4744-4750). 2. Reduction of fragment D gives rise to two chains, one of which consists of the second subfragment of reduced fragment B linked to fragment C by an amino acid different from methionine. It thus demonstrates the existence of albumin molecules from which the second methionine residue located between fragments B and C is missing.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of a fragment of human serum albumin demonstrating the absence of a methionine residue from some of the albumin molecules. 1. A fragment designated D was isolated from human serum albumin degraded by CNBr. Its properties show that it is made up of the B and C fragments isolated by McMenamy et al. (1971) (J. Biol. Chem., 246, 4744-4750). 2. Reduction of fragment D gives rise to two chains, one of which consists of the second subfragment of reduced fragment B linked to fragment C by an amino acid different from methionine. It thus demonstrates the existence of albumin molecules from which the second methionine residue located between fragments B and C is missing."}
{"id": "PMID:1218094", "title": "Influence of alanyl ester residues on the binding of magnesium ions to teichoic acids.", "content": "The binding of Mg2+ to the ribitol teichoic acid of Staphylococcus aureus H walls was examined by equilibrium dialysis in solution and in the intact wall; the influence of alanyl ester groups on binding was determined. In solution the ribitol polymer had a lower affinity than did a glycerol teichoic acid and bound Mg2+ in the ratio Mg2+/P of 1:1. The presence of alanyl ester residues caused a decrease in the amount of cations bound in stoicheiometric proportion to the ratio Ala/P, but the affinity constant was unaltered. It is concluded that in solution the ribitol teichoic acid binds Mg2+ univalently to phosphate groups and univalently to a counter-ion. In the intact wall the binding of Mg2+ was different. The affinity constant was higher and resembled that of a glycerol teichoic acid. It is concluded that Mg2+ forms bridges across phosphate groups in teichoic acid chains lying adjacent to each other in the wall. The effect of alanyl esters was similar to that in solution, but Scatchard plots were not linear at low concentrations of Mg2+ where it was shown that the difference in affinities between walls with and without alanyl ester residues was much greater than it was at higher concentrations of Mg2+. Thus at very low concentrations of Mg2+ effective binding to the wall is markedly improved by loss of alanyl ester residues.", "contents": "Influence of alanyl ester residues on the binding of magnesium ions to teichoic acids. The binding of Mg2+ to the ribitol teichoic acid of Staphylococcus aureus H walls was examined by equilibrium dialysis in solution and in the intact wall; the influence of alanyl ester groups on binding was determined. In solution the ribitol polymer had a lower affinity than did a glycerol teichoic acid and bound Mg2+ in the ratio Mg2+/P of 1:1. The presence of alanyl ester residues caused a decrease in the amount of cations bound in stoicheiometric proportion to the ratio Ala/P, but the affinity constant was unaltered. It is concluded that in solution the ribitol teichoic acid binds Mg2+ univalently to phosphate groups and univalently to a counter-ion. In the intact wall the binding of Mg2+ was different. The affinity constant was higher and resembled that of a glycerol teichoic acid. It is concluded that Mg2+ forms bridges across phosphate groups in teichoic acid chains lying adjacent to each other in the wall. The effect of alanyl esters was similar to that in solution, but Scatchard plots were not linear at low concentrations of Mg2+ where it was shown that the difference in affinities between walls with and without alanyl ester residues was much greater than it was at higher concentrations of Mg2+. Thus at very low concentrations of Mg2+ effective binding to the wall is markedly improved by loss of alanyl ester residues."}
{"id": "PMID:1218095", "title": "The reaction of choline dehydrogenase with some electron acceptors.", "content": "1. The choline dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.1) WAS SOLUBILIZED FROM ACETONE-DRIED POWDERS OF RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA BY TREATMENT WITH Naja naja venom. 2. The kinetics of the reaction of enzyme with phenazine methosulphate and ubiquinone-2 as electron acceptors were investigated. 3. With both electron acceptors the reaction mechanism appears to involve a free, modified-enzyme intermediate. 4. With some electron acceptors the maximum velocity of the reaction is independent of the nature of the acceptor. With phenazine methosulphate and ubiquinone-2 as acceptors the Km value for choline is also independent of the nature of the acceptor molecule. 5. The mechanism of the Triton X-100-solubilized enzyme is apparently the smae as that for the snake venom solubilized enzyme.", "contents": "The reaction of choline dehydrogenase with some electron acceptors. 1. The choline dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.1) WAS SOLUBILIZED FROM ACETONE-DRIED POWDERS OF RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA BY TREATMENT WITH Naja naja venom. 2. The kinetics of the reaction of enzyme with phenazine methosulphate and ubiquinone-2 as electron acceptors were investigated. 3. With both electron acceptors the reaction mechanism appears to involve a free, modified-enzyme intermediate. 4. With some electron acceptors the maximum velocity of the reaction is independent of the nature of the acceptor. With phenazine methosulphate and ubiquinone-2 as acceptors the Km value for choline is also independent of the nature of the acceptor molecule. 5. The mechanism of the Triton X-100-solubilized enzyme is apparently the smae as that for the snake venom solubilized enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1218101", "title": "Cellular interactions in the control of granulopoiesis.", "content": "We have examined several new techniques for studying cellular interactions in the control of granulopoiesis in vitro. Better in vitro growth of mouse bone marrow can be achieved by modifying standard diffusion chamber systems to allow continuous fluid circulation and cell migration. When certain organ fragments are added to such systems, enhanced granulocytic differentiation is observed.", "contents": "Cellular interactions in the control of granulopoiesis. We have examined several new techniques for studying cellular interactions in the control of granulopoiesis in vitro. Better in vitro growth of mouse bone marrow can be achieved by modifying standard diffusion chamber systems to allow continuous fluid circulation and cell migration. When certain organ fragments are added to such systems, enhanced granulocytic differentiation is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218139", "title": "The use of direct current to cause selective block of large fibres in peripheral nerves.", "content": "The effect of direct current on the propagated compound action potential in a cutaneous branch of the radial nerve of the dog was studied and a convenient method for applying electrical current to a nerve is described. Changes in the flow of blocking current, even when these were made slowly during a period of 5-10 sec, caused stimulation of the nerve. The method was satisfactory for producing differential nerve block within the myelinated fibres. It was confirmed that direct current could be used to eliminate selectively the group II/III potentials. When these potentials had been eliminated for a period of 5 min the mean height of the group IV potentials was reduced to 65% of the control value, and their conduction velocity was decreased by 10%. Relatively small variations in current flow caused a marked change in conduction. In the early stages of block, frequent relatively large reductions in current flow were necessary to produce a constant response and it was impossible to cause a stable effect on conduction until the blocking current had been applied for at least 1 min. Because of nerve damage the method is unsuitable for clinical use.", "contents": "The use of direct current to cause selective block of large fibres in peripheral nerves. The effect of direct current on the propagated compound action potential in a cutaneous branch of the radial nerve of the dog was studied and a convenient method for applying electrical current to a nerve is described. Changes in the flow of blocking current, even when these were made slowly during a period of 5-10 sec, caused stimulation of the nerve. The method was satisfactory for producing differential nerve block within the myelinated fibres. It was confirmed that direct current could be used to eliminate selectively the group II/III potentials. When these potentials had been eliminated for a period of 5 min the mean height of the group IV potentials was reduced to 65% of the control value, and their conduction velocity was decreased by 10%. Relatively small variations in current flow caused a marked change in conduction. In the early stages of block, frequent relatively large reductions in current flow were necessary to produce a constant response and it was impossible to cause a stable effect on conduction until the blocking current had been applied for at least 1 min. Because of nerve damage the method is unsuitable for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:1218140", "title": "Differential B and C fibre block by an amide- and an ester-linked local anaesthetic.", "content": "The relative sensitivity of sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic axons, B and C fibres, respectively, to two structurally dissimilar local anaesthetics was examined. The concentration of amethocaine (ester-linked tertiary amine) or prilocaine (amide-linked secondary amine) required to reduce the B fibre compound action potential by 50% was one-third of the concentration required to depress the C fibre potential to a similar extent. Both local anaesthetic agents also showed the action potential propagation through B fibres more than through C fibres. Similar results have been reported previously for lignocaine (amide-linked tertiary amine).", "contents": "Differential B and C fibre block by an amide- and an ester-linked local anaesthetic. The relative sensitivity of sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic axons, B and C fibres, respectively, to two structurally dissimilar local anaesthetics was examined. The concentration of amethocaine (ester-linked tertiary amine) or prilocaine (amide-linked secondary amine) required to reduce the B fibre compound action potential by 50% was one-third of the concentration required to depress the C fibre potential to a similar extent. Both local anaesthetic agents also showed the action potential propagation through B fibres more than through C fibres. Similar results have been reported previously for lignocaine (amide-linked tertiary amine)."}
{"id": "PMID:1218141", "title": "Effects of ketamine on central sympathetic discharge and the baroreceptor reflex during mechanical ventilation.", "content": "In rabbits which were ventilated mechanically, with a background anaesthetic of pentobarbitone or after decerebration, ketamine depressed preganglionic sympathetic activity and arterial pressure. Conduction through central baroreceptor pathways, tested by depressor nerve stimulation, showed a selective inhibition of the heart rate response.", "contents": "Effects of ketamine on central sympathetic discharge and the baroreceptor reflex during mechanical ventilation. In rabbits which were ventilated mechanically, with a background anaesthetic of pentobarbitone or after decerebration, ketamine depressed preganglionic sympathetic activity and arterial pressure. Conduction through central baroreceptor pathways, tested by depressor nerve stimulation, showed a selective inhibition of the heart rate response."}
{"id": "PMID:1218142", "title": "Circulatory responses to ketamine: dependence on respiratory pattern and background anaesthesia in the rabbit.", "content": "In rabbits which were initially conscious or lightly anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, ketamine respectively increased or did not change arterial pressure, whereas in mechanically ventilated animals there was prolonged depression of both pressure and pregangkioinic sympathetic activity. Although respiratory rate slowed during spontaneous ventilation, blood-gas changes were not responsible for these differences. Following bilateral division of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves, a depressor response to ketamine occurred during spontaneous respiration. When respiratory rate was slowed coincidentally with ketamine injection during mechanical ventilation, the circulatory responses were similar to those during spontaneous respiration; this did not occur after carotid and aortic denervation. These variations in the circulatory effects of ketamine, according to respiratory pattern and background anaesthesia, are discussed.", "contents": "Circulatory responses to ketamine: dependence on respiratory pattern and background anaesthesia in the rabbit. In rabbits which were initially conscious or lightly anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, ketamine respectively increased or did not change arterial pressure, whereas in mechanically ventilated animals there was prolonged depression of both pressure and pregangkioinic sympathetic activity. Although respiratory rate slowed during spontaneous ventilation, blood-gas changes were not responsible for these differences. Following bilateral division of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves, a depressor response to ketamine occurred during spontaneous respiration. When respiratory rate was slowed coincidentally with ketamine injection during mechanical ventilation, the circulatory responses were similar to those during spontaneous respiration; this did not occur after carotid and aortic denervation. These variations in the circulatory effects of ketamine, according to respiratory pattern and background anaesthesia, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218143", "title": "Species, strain, sex and individual differences in enflurane metabolism.", "content": "Species, sex and individual differences in serum inorganic fluoride concentrations were demonstrated in mice, guineapigs and rats exposed to either 0.07% or 0.2% enflurane for 35 days, suggesting differences in enflurane biotransformation. Exposure of Fischer 344 rats and Sprague-Dawley rats to 0.2% enflurane for 8 days resulted in enzyme induction as demonstrated by increasing serum inorganic fluoride and cytochrome P-450 concentrations. However, there was no difference in cytochrome P-450 concentrations between the strains despite differences in inorganic fluoride concentration. These results emphasize the multiplicity of factors and the lack of predictability in patterns of enflurane metabolism among species, strains and individuals.", "contents": "Species, strain, sex and individual differences in enflurane metabolism. Species, sex and individual differences in serum inorganic fluoride concentrations were demonstrated in mice, guineapigs and rats exposed to either 0.07% or 0.2% enflurane for 35 days, suggesting differences in enflurane biotransformation. Exposure of Fischer 344 rats and Sprague-Dawley rats to 0.2% enflurane for 8 days resulted in enzyme induction as demonstrated by increasing serum inorganic fluoride and cytochrome P-450 concentrations. However, there was no difference in cytochrome P-450 concentrations between the strains despite differences in inorganic fluoride concentration. These results emphasize the multiplicity of factors and the lack of predictability in patterns of enflurane metabolism among species, strains and individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:1218144", "title": "Thrombin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. III:Modification by dextran infusion.", "content": "The cardiorespiratory effects of thrombin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) were studied in two groups of dogs. The main changes were a reduction in cardiac output and arterial pressure, an increase in pulmonary artery pressure and, an increase in pulmonary artery pressure and an increase in venous admixture. In one group of dogs the reduction in cardiac output was diminished by the infusion of dextran 35 ml/kg body weight. This resulted in an increased pulmonary artery pressure but no significant differences in the indices of the efficiency of gas exchange. However, the haemodilution resulted in a lower mixed venous and arterial PO2 in this group of dogs.", "contents": "Thrombin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. III:Modification by dextran infusion. The cardiorespiratory effects of thrombin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) were studied in two groups of dogs. The main changes were a reduction in cardiac output and arterial pressure, an increase in pulmonary artery pressure and, an increase in pulmonary artery pressure and an increase in venous admixture. In one group of dogs the reduction in cardiac output was diminished by the infusion of dextran 35 ml/kg body weight. This resulted in an increased pulmonary artery pressure but no significant differences in the indices of the efficiency of gas exchange. However, the haemodilution resulted in a lower mixed venous and arterial PO2 in this group of dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1218145", "title": "The uptake and elimination of halothane in dogs: A two or multicompartment system? II: Evaluation of wash-in and wash-out curves.", "content": "In 14 mongrel dogs wash-in and wash-out curves for halothane were obtained from measurements of arterial blood, mixed venous blood and end-tidal gas. From a certain point in the wash-in period the halothane concentration of arterial blood can be calculated from the halothane concentration in end-tidal gas and the blood-gas partition coefficient for halothane. Analysis of the curves shows that they are composed of two exponential components suggesting the presence of two body compartments. The question of a two-compartment system versus a multi-compartment system in discussed.", "contents": "The uptake and elimination of halothane in dogs: A two or multicompartment system? II: Evaluation of wash-in and wash-out curves. In 14 mongrel dogs wash-in and wash-out curves for halothane were obtained from measurements of arterial blood, mixed venous blood and end-tidal gas. From a certain point in the wash-in period the halothane concentration of arterial blood can be calculated from the halothane concentration in end-tidal gas and the blood-gas partition coefficient for halothane. Analysis of the curves shows that they are composed of two exponential components suggesting the presence of two body compartments. The question of a two-compartment system versus a multi-compartment system in discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218146", "title": "The production of standard atmospheres of volatile anaesthetic agents by a diffusion dilution cell.", "content": "The diffusion of a vapour into a gas provides a useful method for the preparation of standard atmospheres of the vapour. The construction and use of the apparatus for preparing these standards are described and the relevance of the method to research in anaesthetic practice is discussed.", "contents": "The production of standard atmospheres of volatile anaesthetic agents by a diffusion dilution cell. The diffusion of a vapour into a gas provides a useful method for the preparation of standard atmospheres of the vapour. The construction and use of the apparatus for preparing these standards are described and the relevance of the method to research in anaesthetic practice is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218147", "title": "An expired gas collection and disposal system.", "content": "An expired gas collection and disposal system based on an independent suction pump is described. The halothane concentration in the atmosphere was measured, with and without the system. The increase of halothane concentration was limited to 1 p.p.m. above the theatre basal value with the system in use, and 5 p.p.m. when no venting was used.", "contents": "An expired gas collection and disposal system. An expired gas collection and disposal system based on an independent suction pump is described. The halothane concentration in the atmosphere was measured, with and without the system. The increase of halothane concentration was limited to 1 p.p.m. above the theatre basal value with the system in use, and 5 p.p.m. when no venting was used."}
{"id": "PMID:1218148", "title": "Incidence of suxamethonium apnoea in patients undergoing E.C.T.", "content": "Plasma cholinesterase variants have been examined in blood samples obtained from 23 patients who, after an intravenous injection of suxamethonium 30 mg before e.c.t., had prolonged apnoea. Attempts have been made to screen the relatives of all patients shown to have an unusual plasma cholinesterase. The present study indicates an increased frequency of the fluoride-resistant variants in those psychiatric patients sensitive to suxamethonium.", "contents": "Incidence of suxamethonium apnoea in patients undergoing E.C.T. Plasma cholinesterase variants have been examined in blood samples obtained from 23 patients who, after an intravenous injection of suxamethonium 30 mg before e.c.t., had prolonged apnoea. Attempts have been made to screen the relatives of all patients shown to have an unusual plasma cholinesterase. The present study indicates an increased frequency of the fluoride-resistant variants in those psychiatric patients sensitive to suxamethonium."}
{"id": "PMID:1218149", "title": "Althesin and pancuronium in chronic liver disease.", "content": "In 32 patients with chronic liver disease, undergoing major abdominal surgery, anaesthesia was induced with either Althesin (alphaxalone and alphadolone acetate) or thiopentone, and maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen and increments of either pethidine or fentanyl. The patients were ventilated artificially to maintain PaCO, values in the normal range. Pancuronium bromide was used as the muscle relaxant. Liver function tests at 24 hr and 5 day after surgery showed only minor changes compared with findings before operation. There was no significant difference between the Althesin and thiopentone groups. In two patients with severe obstructive jaundice there was difficulty in reversing the effects of pancuronium, but \"pancuronium resistance\" was observed in all patients. It is concluded that the anaesthetic sequence described, with either Althesin or thiopentone induction, is satisfactory with respect to changes in liver function in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing major surgery.", "contents": "Althesin and pancuronium in chronic liver disease. In 32 patients with chronic liver disease, undergoing major abdominal surgery, anaesthesia was induced with either Althesin (alphaxalone and alphadolone acetate) or thiopentone, and maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen and increments of either pethidine or fentanyl. The patients were ventilated artificially to maintain PaCO, values in the normal range. Pancuronium bromide was used as the muscle relaxant. Liver function tests at 24 hr and 5 day after surgery showed only minor changes compared with findings before operation. There was no significant difference between the Althesin and thiopentone groups. In two patients with severe obstructive jaundice there was difficulty in reversing the effects of pancuronium, but \"pancuronium resistance\" was observed in all patients. It is concluded that the anaesthetic sequence described, with either Althesin or thiopentone induction, is satisfactory with respect to changes in liver function in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing major surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1218150", "title": "Althesin as an induction agent for Caesarean section.", "content": "Thirty patients for elective lower segment Caesarean section were randomly divided into two groups. One group received 50 mulitre/kg of Althesin for induction of anaesthesia and the other, 100 mulitre/kg. The two maternal groups were similar. There was no significant difference in the clinical or biochemical status of the infants except that infants in the low dose group had a significantly higher PO2 in the umbilical venous and arterial blood.", "contents": "Althesin as an induction agent for Caesarean section. Thirty patients for elective lower segment Caesarean section were randomly divided into two groups. One group received 50 mulitre/kg of Althesin for induction of anaesthesia and the other, 100 mulitre/kg. The two maternal groups were similar. There was no significant difference in the clinical or biochemical status of the infants except that infants in the low dose group had a significantly higher PO2 in the umbilical venous and arterial blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1218151", "title": "Anaesthesia for fibreoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "Fibreoptic bronchoscopy is a useful diagnostic aid but may result in difficulties when associated with endotracheal anaesthesia. As a result, adequate ventilation may be difficult in patients with impaired pulmonary function and, in particular, in female patients because of the smaller size of the laryngeal opening. In a trial of three methods of endotracheal anaesthesia in a series of 39 patients, a direct catheter inflation technique gave satisfactory ventilation without circulatory depression.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy is a useful diagnostic aid but may result in difficulties when associated with endotracheal anaesthesia. As a result, adequate ventilation may be difficult in patients with impaired pulmonary function and, in particular, in female patients because of the smaller size of the laryngeal opening. In a trial of three methods of endotracheal anaesthesia in a series of 39 patients, a direct catheter inflation technique gave satisfactory ventilation without circulatory depression."}
{"id": "PMID:1218152", "title": "Catheter inflation ventilation in tracheal stenosis.", "content": "Catheter inflation ventilation using simple apparatus is described and its use in a case of tracheal stenosis is reported. The suitability of the method was tested first on a model. Monitoring of blood-gas tensions showed that the patient could be hyperventilated without cardiovascular distubance for a period of 197 min.", "contents": "Catheter inflation ventilation in tracheal stenosis. Catheter inflation ventilation using simple apparatus is described and its use in a case of tracheal stenosis is reported. The suitability of the method was tested first on a model. Monitoring of blood-gas tensions showed that the patient could be hyperventilated without cardiovascular distubance for a period of 197 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1218161", "title": "Rebreathing in a T-piece: volunteer and theoretical studies of the Jackson-Rees modification of Ayre's T-piece during spontaneous respiration.", "content": "The Jackson-Rees modification of Ayre's T-piece was examined experimentally and theoretically to see what effects the theoretical restrictions of Onchi, Hayashi and Ueyama (1957) (1:1 I:E ratio, zero deadspace volume) and the square-wave approximation of Mapleson (1958) may have had on the calculated critical fresh-gas flow rate necessary to prevent rebreathing of exhaled alveolar gases. In the experimental examination six conscious alert volunteers breathed through the system as the fresh-gas flow rate was varied in steps, and their ventilation was recorded at each value. Assuming that under rebreathing conditions a normal arterial PCO2 is maintained by hyperventilation,  this experimental situation is identical with one of the two considered theoretically by assuming sine-wave inspiratory and expiratory waveforms, zero longitudinal mixing in deadspace volumes and perfect mixing in the alveoli. Agreement between experimental and theoretical results justifies the assumptions made in the theoretical analysis and the  results indicate that a fresh-gas flow rate of about twice the normal ventilation is necessary to eliminate rebreathing completely from the Jackson-Rees modification of Ayre's T-piece. The exact requirement depends on the deadspace/tidal volume (VD/VT) and I:E ratios. The onset of hyperventilation at lower fresh-gas flow rates is gradual and, in spontaneous breathing with VD/VT approximately equal to 40% and I:E ratio = 1:1.2, is only 10-20% at a fresh-gas flow rate of 1.5 times the normal ventilation.", "contents": "Rebreathing in a T-piece: volunteer and theoretical studies of the Jackson-Rees modification of Ayre's T-piece during spontaneous respiration. The Jackson-Rees modification of Ayre's T-piece was examined experimentally and theoretically to see what effects the theoretical restrictions of Onchi, Hayashi and Ueyama (1957) (1:1 I:E ratio, zero deadspace volume) and the square-wave approximation of Mapleson (1958) may have had on the calculated critical fresh-gas flow rate necessary to prevent rebreathing of exhaled alveolar gases. In the experimental examination six conscious alert volunteers breathed through the system as the fresh-gas flow rate was varied in steps, and their ventilation was recorded at each value. Assuming that under rebreathing conditions a normal arterial PCO2 is maintained by hyperventilation,  this experimental situation is identical with one of the two considered theoretically by assuming sine-wave inspiratory and expiratory waveforms, zero longitudinal mixing in deadspace volumes and perfect mixing in the alveoli. Agreement between experimental and theoretical results justifies the assumptions made in the theoretical analysis and the  results indicate that a fresh-gas flow rate of about twice the normal ventilation is necessary to eliminate rebreathing completely from the Jackson-Rees modification of Ayre's T-piece. The exact requirement depends on the deadspace/tidal volume (VD/VT) and I:E ratios. The onset of hyperventilation at lower fresh-gas flow rates is gradual and, in spontaneous breathing with VD/VT approximately equal to 40% and I:E ratio = 1:1.2, is only 10-20% at a fresh-gas flow rate of 1.5 times the normal ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218162", "title": "E.E.G. and multiple unit activity during ketamine and barbiturate anaesthesia.", "content": "Cortical e.e.g. and multiple unit activity (m.u.a.) of the mesencephalic reticular formation, the anterior hypothalamic area, the basal nuclear group of the amygdala and the dorsal hippocampus were studied before and following i.p. injection of different doses of ketamine hydrochloride and a barbiturate in cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Barbiturate administration resulted in a rapid decrease in m.u.a. in the mesencephalic reticular formation which was accompanied by a significant decrease of activity in the limbic structures. No m.u.a. response was observed to visual, acoutic or somatosensory stimulation or to pain. The m.u.a. of the mesencephalic reticular formation and limbic structures increased gradually following ketamine injection. Intermittent or continuous hypersynchronous activity was characteristic in the cortical e.e.g. During the hypersynchronous activity the responsiveness of m.u.a. in the mesencephalic reticular formation, to visual and acoustic stimuli, was blocked. Somatosensory and painful stimulation, however, resulted in a significant increase in the activity both of the mesencephalic reticular formation and of the limbic neuronal pools.", "contents": "E.E.G. and multiple unit activity during ketamine and barbiturate anaesthesia. Cortical e.e.g. and multiple unit activity (m.u.a.) of the mesencephalic reticular formation, the anterior hypothalamic area, the basal nuclear group of the amygdala and the dorsal hippocampus were studied before and following i.p. injection of different doses of ketamine hydrochloride and a barbiturate in cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Barbiturate administration resulted in a rapid decrease in m.u.a. in the mesencephalic reticular formation which was accompanied by a significant decrease of activity in the limbic structures. No m.u.a. response was observed to visual, acoutic or somatosensory stimulation or to pain. The m.u.a. of the mesencephalic reticular formation and limbic structures increased gradually following ketamine injection. Intermittent or continuous hypersynchronous activity was characteristic in the cortical e.e.g. During the hypersynchronous activity the responsiveness of m.u.a. in the mesencephalic reticular formation, to visual and acoustic stimuli, was blocked. Somatosensory and painful stimulation, however, resulted in a significant increase in the activity both of the mesencephalic reticular formation and of the limbic neuronal pools."}
{"id": "PMID:1218163", "title": "The effect of enteral oxygen administration on the hepatic circulation during halothane anaesthesia: experimental investigations.", "content": "An investigation of the hepatic microcirculation and oxygen tension in 20 white rats showed that halothane anaesthesia was associated with a reduction in the diameter of the terminal portal venous branches, sinusoids and central veins, and with a decrease in the hepatic oxygen tension from 28.8+/-4.8 to 22.4+/-3.9 mmHg (mean +/-SEM). Enteral oxygen administration was followed by an increased blood flow in all the observed vessels, by an increase in the number of simultaneously filled sinusoids and also by an increase in the hepatic oxygen tension to 35.2+/-10.1 mm Hg. Subsequently, changes in blood flow in the hepatic artery and portal vein were investigated in 10 cats by cineangiography. During inhalation of halothane the hepatic artery blood flow was observed to increase by 30%, while portal vein blood flow was found to decrease by 57% of the initial value. Thus total hepatic blood flow was reduced by 40%, with the ratio of hepatic artery blood flow to total hepatic blood flow increasing from 19% to 43%. When enteral oxygen was administered, the total hepatic blood flow was restored to 92% of the value before anaesthesia. This resulted from an increase in the portal blood flow fraction only. It is concluded that disturbances in the liver circulation in cats and rats produced by halothane anaesthesia can be modified by the simultaneous administration of enteral oxygen.", "contents": "The effect of enteral oxygen administration on the hepatic circulation during halothane anaesthesia: experimental investigations. An investigation of the hepatic microcirculation and oxygen tension in 20 white rats showed that halothane anaesthesia was associated with a reduction in the diameter of the terminal portal venous branches, sinusoids and central veins, and with a decrease in the hepatic oxygen tension from 28.8+/-4.8 to 22.4+/-3.9 mmHg (mean +/-SEM). Enteral oxygen administration was followed by an increased blood flow in all the observed vessels, by an increase in the number of simultaneously filled sinusoids and also by an increase in the hepatic oxygen tension to 35.2+/-10.1 mm Hg. Subsequently, changes in blood flow in the hepatic artery and portal vein were investigated in 10 cats by cineangiography. During inhalation of halothane the hepatic artery blood flow was observed to increase by 30%, while portal vein blood flow was found to decrease by 57% of the initial value. Thus total hepatic blood flow was reduced by 40%, with the ratio of hepatic artery blood flow to total hepatic blood flow increasing from 19% to 43%. When enteral oxygen was administered, the total hepatic blood flow was restored to 92% of the value before anaesthesia. This resulted from an increase in the portal blood flow fraction only. It is concluded that disturbances in the liver circulation in cats and rats produced by halothane anaesthesia can be modified by the simultaneous administration of enteral oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:1218164", "title": "The effect of enteral oxygen administration on the hepatic circulation during halothane anaesthesia: clinical observations.", "content": "A study of the estimated hepatic blood flow (EHBF) using a colloidal gold technique in 28 patients undergoing saphenous vein stripping, showed that the EHBF decreased to 68% of its initial value during the period of halothane anaeshtesia and operation. When enteral oxygen was added EHBF increased to 82% of its initial value. An investigation in 14 other patients under going upper abdominal operations showed that enteral oxygen administration caused the oxygen saturation of the portal blood to increase from 55+/-7.2% (mean +/- SEM) to 80+/-6.2% and, by producing a concomitant decrease in portal pressure, led to a reduction in the portocaval pressure gradient from 74+/-12.5 to 38+/-8.7 mm H2O. It is suggested that the oxygen content of the portal blood per se influences the tone of hepatic presinusoidal sphincters. It is concluded that enteral oxygen administration may minimize disturbances in the hepatic circulation occurring during halothane anaesthesia and surgical operations.", "contents": "The effect of enteral oxygen administration on the hepatic circulation during halothane anaesthesia: clinical observations. A study of the estimated hepatic blood flow (EHBF) using a colloidal gold technique in 28 patients undergoing saphenous vein stripping, showed that the EHBF decreased to 68% of its initial value during the period of halothane anaeshtesia and operation. When enteral oxygen was added EHBF increased to 82% of its initial value. An investigation in 14 other patients under going upper abdominal operations showed that enteral oxygen administration caused the oxygen saturation of the portal blood to increase from 55+/-7.2% (mean +/- SEM) to 80+/-6.2% and, by producing a concomitant decrease in portal pressure, led to a reduction in the portocaval pressure gradient from 74+/-12.5 to 38+/-8.7 mm H2O. It is suggested that the oxygen content of the portal blood per se influences the tone of hepatic presinusoidal sphincters. It is concluded that enteral oxygen administration may minimize disturbances in the hepatic circulation occurring during halothane anaesthesia and surgical operations."}
{"id": "PMID:1218165", "title": "Morphine concentrations in plasma after intramuscular administration.", "content": "Plasma morphine concentrations were measured by a radioimmunoassay technique following the intramuscular administration of morphine 0.2 mg/kg body weight as a preoperative medication. The highest plasma concentrations were obtained about one hour after the administration of the drug and there was a sevenfold variation in these concentrations between individuals. For 24 hr following a single intramuscular injection, there was measurable quantities of morphine or its metabolites in the plasma. In healthy patients who were undergoing a therapeutic abortion, there was no correlation between pain relief and the plasma concentration of morphine.", "contents": "Morphine concentrations in plasma after intramuscular administration. Plasma morphine concentrations were measured by a radioimmunoassay technique following the intramuscular administration of morphine 0.2 mg/kg body weight as a preoperative medication. The highest plasma concentrations were obtained about one hour after the administration of the drug and there was a sevenfold variation in these concentrations between individuals. For 24 hr following a single intramuscular injection, there was measurable quantities of morphine or its metabolites in the plasma. In healthy patients who were undergoing a therapeutic abortion, there was no correlation between pain relief and the plasma concentration of morphine."}
{"id": "PMID:1218166", "title": "Pethidine revisited: plasma concentrations and effects after intramuscular injection.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of pethidine following i.m. gluteal injection were measured in surgical patients and volunteers. The mean plasma concentrations tended to be higher in the patients than in the volunteers; this may be a result of a slower initial absorption rate. At least 80% of the dose was absorbed from the injection site over the 6-hr period of the study. Fluctuations in plasma pethidine concentration were observed, probably caused by variations in local and systemic blood flow. This effect was more noticeable in the patient group. In general, the time-course of subjective effects in volunteers could be related to maximum plasma pethidine concentrations. However, patients appeared to be less sensitive to these effects at similar plasma drug concentrations, possibly because of catecholamine-mediated stimulus, suggesting that plasma concentrations may be a poor guide to the clinical response in patient-volunteer comparison.", "contents": "Pethidine revisited: plasma concentrations and effects after intramuscular injection. Plasma concentrations of pethidine following i.m. gluteal injection were measured in surgical patients and volunteers. The mean plasma concentrations tended to be higher in the patients than in the volunteers; this may be a result of a slower initial absorption rate. At least 80% of the dose was absorbed from the injection site over the 6-hr period of the study. Fluctuations in plasma pethidine concentration were observed, probably caused by variations in local and systemic blood flow. This effect was more noticeable in the patient group. In general, the time-course of subjective effects in volunteers could be related to maximum plasma pethidine concentrations. However, patients appeared to be less sensitive to these effects at similar plasma drug concentrations, possibly because of catecholamine-mediated stimulus, suggesting that plasma concentrations may be a poor guide to the clinical response in patient-volunteer comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:1218167", "title": "Airway compliance during artificial ventilation.", "content": "The relationship of anatomical deadspace to transpulmonary pressure was studied in eight subjects awake, breathing spontaneously without endotracheal intubation, and anaesthetized intubated and ventilated artificially. Anatomical deadspace was determined according to the equal area method (Fowler) using carbon dioxide as a tracer gas. Volume measurements were performed using a pneumotachograph. Transpulmonary pressure was measured using an oesophageal balloon and a catheter which was connected to the mouthpiece during spontaneous breathing and inserted into the endotracheal tube during artificial ventilation. Anatomical deadspace was approximately the same during artificial ventilation and spontaneous breathing, despite bypass of the upper airway during anaesthesia. Anatomical deadspace was related linearly to transpulmonary pressure. The regression lines indicated an airway compliance of 3.6 ml/cm H2O during spontaneous breathing and 7.4 ml/cm H2O during artificial ventilation. The alteration in airway compliance caused by artificial ventilation is ascribed to a reduction in bronchial muscle tone.", "contents": "Airway compliance during artificial ventilation. The relationship of anatomical deadspace to transpulmonary pressure was studied in eight subjects awake, breathing spontaneously without endotracheal intubation, and anaesthetized intubated and ventilated artificially. Anatomical deadspace was determined according to the equal area method (Fowler) using carbon dioxide as a tracer gas. Volume measurements were performed using a pneumotachograph. Transpulmonary pressure was measured using an oesophageal balloon and a catheter which was connected to the mouthpiece during spontaneous breathing and inserted into the endotracheal tube during artificial ventilation. Anatomical deadspace was approximately the same during artificial ventilation and spontaneous breathing, despite bypass of the upper airway during anaesthesia. Anatomical deadspace was related linearly to transpulmonary pressure. The regression lines indicated an airway compliance of 3.6 ml/cm H2O during spontaneous breathing and 7.4 ml/cm H2O during artificial ventilation. The alteration in airway compliance caused by artificial ventilation is ascribed to a reduction in bronchial muscle tone."}
{"id": "PMID:1218168", "title": "Maternal and neonatal effects of 1% and 2% mepivacaine for lumbar extradural analgesia.", "content": "Continuous lumbar extradural analgesia with mepivacaine was administered to two groups of patients in normal labour. One group (26 patients: 1% mepivacaine) received a mean total dose of 342 mg (4.93 mg/kg) per patient, and developed a mean blood concentration of mepivacaine at delivery of 1.82 mug/ml. The neonatal umbilical vein concentration was 0.84 mug/ml. The other group (30 patients: 2% mepivacaine) received a mean total dose of 776 mg (11.65 mg/kg) per patient, and developed a mean blood concentration of mepivacaine at delivery of 3.47 mug/ml. The neonatal umbilical vein concentration was 2.61 mug/ml. Four of the infants of mothers who received 1% mepivacaine were depressed (1-min Apgar score 6 or less), and six of the other group were depressed also. Usually, depression appeared to be related to obstetric factors, rather than to analgesia. Eleven of the 56 infants had umbilical vein mepivacaine concentrations of 3 mug/ml or greater; of these, three were depressed. This does not agree with the concept that the toxic threshold for mepivacaine is 3 mug/ml. In both groups a significant linear correlation was obtained between umbilical vein concentration and total dose of mepivacaine. A maximal dose of 12 mg/kg maternal weight in the non-obese or 12 mg/kg lean body mass in the obese is suggested for continuous extradural analgesia with mepivacaine, although healthy mothers and infants may tolerate much more.", "contents": "Maternal and neonatal effects of 1% and 2% mepivacaine for lumbar extradural analgesia. Continuous lumbar extradural analgesia with mepivacaine was administered to two groups of patients in normal labour. One group (26 patients: 1% mepivacaine) received a mean total dose of 342 mg (4.93 mg/kg) per patient, and developed a mean blood concentration of mepivacaine at delivery of 1.82 mug/ml. The neonatal umbilical vein concentration was 0.84 mug/ml. The other group (30 patients: 2% mepivacaine) received a mean total dose of 776 mg (11.65 mg/kg) per patient, and developed a mean blood concentration of mepivacaine at delivery of 3.47 mug/ml. The neonatal umbilical vein concentration was 2.61 mug/ml. Four of the infants of mothers who received 1% mepivacaine were depressed (1-min Apgar score 6 or less), and six of the other group were depressed also. Usually, depression appeared to be related to obstetric factors, rather than to analgesia. Eleven of the 56 infants had umbilical vein mepivacaine concentrations of 3 mug/ml or greater; of these, three were depressed. This does not agree with the concept that the toxic threshold for mepivacaine is 3 mug/ml. In both groups a significant linear correlation was obtained between umbilical vein concentration and total dose of mepivacaine. A maximal dose of 12 mg/kg maternal weight in the non-obese or 12 mg/kg lean body mass in the obese is suggested for continuous extradural analgesia with mepivacaine, although healthy mothers and infants may tolerate much more."}
{"id": "PMID:1218169", "title": "Cardiovascular changes in labour associated with extradural analgesia using bupivacaine.", "content": "Cardiovascular changes were monitored continuously in 13 women during stimulated labour conducted under extradural analgesia with bupivacaine. Three solutions of bupivacaine (0.5% plain, 0.25% with adrenaline and 0.5% with adrenaline) were administered in a random fashion. The results show that the plain solution of bupivacaine was associated with a decrease in central venous pressure and an increase in maternal heart rate which approached statistical significance 40-45 min after administration. These changes did not occur when solutions containing adrenaline were used. The small number of patients and the random administration of the bupivacaine solutions make it difficult to establish the exact significance of the cardiovascular changes observed and a further within-patient study is required.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes in labour associated with extradural analgesia using bupivacaine. Cardiovascular changes were monitored continuously in 13 women during stimulated labour conducted under extradural analgesia with bupivacaine. Three solutions of bupivacaine (0.5% plain, 0.25% with adrenaline and 0.5% with adrenaline) were administered in a random fashion. The results show that the plain solution of bupivacaine was associated with a decrease in central venous pressure and an increase in maternal heart rate which approached statistical significance 40-45 min after administration. These changes did not occur when solutions containing adrenaline were used. The small number of patients and the random administration of the bupivacaine solutions make it difficult to establish the exact significance of the cardiovascular changes observed and a further within-patient study is required."}
{"id": "PMID:1218170", "title": "A double-blind trial of bupivacaine (Marcain) and etidocaine (Duranest) in extradural block for surgical induction of labour.", "content": "A double-blind randomized trial was conducted to compare etidocaine, the new local anaesthetic agent, with bupivacaine. One hundred patients were each given a single dose of one of the drugs during the surgical induction of labour. The results showed that etidocaine had a quicker onset of action than bupivacaine, but that its duration of action was shorter, and that it produced a greater degree of muscle weakness. No differences were noted in the side effects of the two drugs.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of bupivacaine (Marcain) and etidocaine (Duranest) in extradural block for surgical induction of labour. A double-blind randomized trial was conducted to compare etidocaine, the new local anaesthetic agent, with bupivacaine. One hundred patients were each given a single dose of one of the drugs during the surgical induction of labour. The results showed that etidocaine had a quicker onset of action than bupivacaine, but that its duration of action was shorter, and that it produced a greater degree of muscle weakness. No differences were noted in the side effects of the two drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1218171", "title": "Effects of pentolinium on blood sugar and serum potassium concentrations during anaesthesia and surgery.", "content": "Blood surgar and serum potassium (K+) concentrations were measured before, during and 60 min after surgery in two groups of 10 non-diabetic patients during nitrous oxide/halothane/tubocurarine anaesthesia. In the control group the arterial pressure was maintained within the  patients' normal ranges, while in the study group pentolinium was administered i.v. (average 22 mg per patient) to achieve and maintain a mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg (+/-10 SEM). In the normotensive group the blood sugar concentration increased markedly and significantly during surgery and in the early postoperative period while the serum K+ concentration was essentially unchanged. In the hypotensive group pentolinium produced a striking modification of the surgery-induced hyperglycaemic response (but not to hypoglycaemic values) as well as a small but significant decrease in serum K+ concentration. The observed increase in the blood sugar concentration may be part of the autonomic response to surgical stress. Two mechanisms can explain the reduction in serum K+ concentration: (1) decreased hepatic glycogenolysis and (2) attenuation of the suppressive effect of adrenaline on insulin release, both effects being secondary to the ganglion-blocking property of pentolinium. These results are in contrast to the widely held belief that ganglion-blocking drugs cause hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "Effects of pentolinium on blood sugar and serum potassium concentrations during anaesthesia and surgery. Blood surgar and serum potassium (K+) concentrations were measured before, during and 60 min after surgery in two groups of 10 non-diabetic patients during nitrous oxide/halothane/tubocurarine anaesthesia. In the control group the arterial pressure was maintained within the  patients' normal ranges, while in the study group pentolinium was administered i.v. (average 22 mg per patient) to achieve and maintain a mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg (+/-10 SEM). In the normotensive group the blood sugar concentration increased markedly and significantly during surgery and in the early postoperative period while the serum K+ concentration was essentially unchanged. In the hypotensive group pentolinium produced a striking modification of the surgery-induced hyperglycaemic response (but not to hypoglycaemic values) as well as a small but significant decrease in serum K+ concentration. The observed increase in the blood sugar concentration may be part of the autonomic response to surgical stress. Two mechanisms can explain the reduction in serum K+ concentration: (1) decreased hepatic glycogenolysis and (2) attenuation of the suppressive effect of adrenaline on insulin release, both effects being secondary to the ganglion-blocking property of pentolinium. These results are in contrast to the widely held belief that ganglion-blocking drugs cause hypoglycaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1218172", "title": "Influence of ketamine on human plasma cholinesterase.", "content": "The influence of ketamine upon human plasma cholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.8) was determined by means of a colorimetric assay technique at 25 degrees C, pH 7.7 with butyrylthiocholine as substrate. Ketamine caused a reversible inhibition of cholinesterase (pI50= 2.75; apparent Ki=4.94X10(-4) M). The kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action revealed a mixed competitive/non-competitive type of mechanism with a prevalence of the non-competitive component (alpha-value = 4.9). A decrease in cholinesterase activity is thought to be a result of conformational change of the enzyme protein which is induced by a reversible binding of ketamine to anionic side receptors in the vicinity of the active centre.", "contents": "Influence of ketamine on human plasma cholinesterase. The influence of ketamine upon human plasma cholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.8) was determined by means of a colorimetric assay technique at 25 degrees C, pH 7.7 with butyrylthiocholine as substrate. Ketamine caused a reversible inhibition of cholinesterase (pI50= 2.75; apparent Ki=4.94X10(-4) M). The kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action revealed a mixed competitive/non-competitive type of mechanism with a prevalence of the non-competitive component (alpha-value = 4.9). A decrease in cholinesterase activity is thought to be a result of conformational change of the enzyme protein which is induced by a reversible binding of ketamine to anionic side receptors in the vicinity of the active centre."}
{"id": "PMID:1218173", "title": "Unexplained jaundice following non-halothane anaesthesia. A case report.", "content": "A patient developed unexplained jaundice following repeated anaesthesia. The only inhalation anaesthetic agent used was nitrous oxide. The clinical and laboratory features are very similar to those of the jaundice which has been attributed to halothane anaesthesia.", "contents": "Unexplained jaundice following non-halothane anaesthesia. A case report. A patient developed unexplained jaundice following repeated anaesthesia. The only inhalation anaesthetic agent used was nitrous oxide. The clinical and laboratory features are very similar to those of the jaundice which has been attributed to halothane anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1218174", "title": "A case of severely cut throat.", "content": "A 42-year-old man was admitted to hospital with serious neck injuries and partial exposure of the oropharynx. He was sedated and the larynx and trachea were anaesthetized with lignocaine to allow endotracheal intubation. In the course of these procedures, previously unsuspected injuries of the tongue and soft palate were discovered. The contraindications to endotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia in cases of this type are discussed.", "contents": "A case of severely cut throat. A 42-year-old man was admitted to hospital with serious neck injuries and partial exposure of the oropharynx. He was sedated and the larynx and trachea were anaesthetized with lignocaine to allow endotracheal intubation. In the course of these procedures, previously unsuspected injuries of the tongue and soft palate were discovered. The contraindications to endotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia in cases of this type are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218175", "title": "An instrument for the accurate and continuous measurement of halothane concentrations in nitrous oxide-oxygen mixtures.", "content": "An instrument is described which measures continuously both the halothane concentration and the composition of the carrier gas when the vaporizer is situated outside the breathing circuit. The instrument is an adapted katharometer in which the out-of-balance voltage is used to measure the concentration of one compound in a three-component mixture, and the total voltage reduction across the constant-current-supplied bridge is used to indicate the proportions of the other two components. Halothane concentrations can be determined with an inaccuracy of 0.1% for concentrations up to 6%. Nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration in the nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture, serving as carrier gas, can be determined with an accuracy of 1% over the whole range up to 100% N2O. The 99% response time of the instrument is approximately 1 min.", "contents": "An instrument for the accurate and continuous measurement of halothane concentrations in nitrous oxide-oxygen mixtures. An instrument is described which measures continuously both the halothane concentration and the composition of the carrier gas when the vaporizer is situated outside the breathing circuit. The instrument is an adapted katharometer in which the out-of-balance voltage is used to measure the concentration of one compound in a three-component mixture, and the total voltage reduction across the constant-current-supplied bridge is used to indicate the proportions of the other two components. Halothane concentrations can be determined with an inaccuracy of 0.1% for concentrations up to 6%. Nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration in the nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture, serving as carrier gas, can be determined with an accuracy of 1% over the whole range up to 100% N2O. The 99% response time of the instrument is approximately 1 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1218176", "title": "The magnitude of air admixture with a jet device in paediatric anaesthesia.", "content": "The admixture of air in inspired gas with a paediatric insufflation system based on a gas jet has been investigated. During anaesthesia with spontaneous ventilation 1% of air per kg body weight was found in tracheal gas samples. A venturi effect was virtually absent even at high jet flows, which suggests that artificial ventilation prevents air admixture.", "contents": "The magnitude of air admixture with a jet device in paediatric anaesthesia. The admixture of air in inspired gas with a paediatric insufflation system based on a gas jet has been investigated. During anaesthesia with spontaneous ventilation 1% of air per kg body weight was found in tracheal gas samples. A venturi effect was virtually absent even at high jet flows, which suggests that artificial ventilation prevents air admixture."}
{"id": "PMID:1218183", "title": "Intraocular pressure and systemic blood pressure in the elderly.", "content": "The intraocular and systemic blood pressure, height, weight, and haemoglobin were measured in 573 subjects over 60 years old from a general practice population. Intraocular pressure was positively and independently related to systemic blood pressure (P less than 0.0001) and obesity (P less than 0.01) as assessed by the ponderal index. Systolic pressure rather than diastolic or mean pressure was most closely correlated with intraocular pressure and it is suggested that the systolic head of pressure increases the filtrated fraction of aqueous humour to cause a small but sustained rise in intraocular pressure. It is also suggested that obesity may decrease the facility of aqueous outflow.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure and systemic blood pressure in the elderly. The intraocular and systemic blood pressure, height, weight, and haemoglobin were measured in 573 subjects over 60 years old from a general practice population. Intraocular pressure was positively and independently related to systemic blood pressure (P less than 0.0001) and obesity (P less than 0.01) as assessed by the ponderal index. Systolic pressure rather than diastolic or mean pressure was most closely correlated with intraocular pressure and it is suggested that the systolic head of pressure increases the filtrated fraction of aqueous humour to cause a small but sustained rise in intraocular pressure. It is also suggested that obesity may decrease the facility of aqueous outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:1218184", "title": "Vertical ovalness of glaucomatous cupping.", "content": "Slit-lamp examination and stereoscopic fundus photography were found to be helpful in differentiating between physiological and glaucomatous cupping of the disc. Vertical ovalness of any cup in the disc should raise the suspicion of glaucoma, and the magnitude of the vertical cup: disc ratio is of particular significance.", "contents": "Vertical ovalness of glaucomatous cupping. Slit-lamp examination and stereoscopic fundus photography were found to be helpful in differentiating between physiological and glaucomatous cupping of the disc. Vertical ovalness of any cup in the disc should raise the suspicion of glaucoma, and the magnitude of the vertical cup: disc ratio is of particular significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1218186", "title": "Pupillary \"dilatation lag\" in Horner's syndrome.", "content": "1. Clinical examination will often fail to identify the presence of a unilateral Horner's syndrome. 2. Confirmation and localization of Horner's syndrome is of clinical prognostic value. 3. Cocaine testing provides confirmation of a Horner's syndrome, but it takes 45 min, is sometimes equivocal, and always delays the localizing hydroxyamphetamine test. 4. \"Dilatation lag\" is a sensitive and physiological sign of Horner's syndrome, and can be demonstrated by simple Polaroid flash photographs.", "contents": "Pupillary \"dilatation lag\" in Horner's syndrome. 1. Clinical examination will often fail to identify the presence of a unilateral Horner's syndrome. 2. Confirmation and localization of Horner's syndrome is of clinical prognostic value. 3. Cocaine testing provides confirmation of a Horner's syndrome, but it takes 45 min, is sometimes equivocal, and always delays the localizing hydroxyamphetamine test. 4. \"Dilatation lag\" is a sensitive and physiological sign of Horner's syndrome, and can be demonstrated by simple Polaroid flash photographs."}
{"id": "PMID:1218187", "title": "Discission needle.", "content": "A decision needle suitable for use in cataractous microphthalmic eyes and the principles governing its design are described. It enables extensive microsurgery of the lens capsule to be performed, with minimal loss of aqueous.", "contents": "Discission needle. A decision needle suitable for use in cataractous microphthalmic eyes and the principles governing its design are described. It enables extensive microsurgery of the lens capsule to be performed, with minimal loss of aqueous."}
{"id": "PMID:1218204", "title": "A familial syndrome of aniridia and absence of the patella.", "content": "This is the first report of a syndrome of aniridia and aplasia of the patella. The origin of the defect arises spontaneously in the grandmother of the proband and must be assumed to be a de novo mutation. There is no associated chromosomal abnormality or overt biochemical or other somatic defect. This is an extremely rare mutation exhibiting a dominant autosomal form of inheritance. The gene for aniridia is a dominant gene whose penetrance here is 100%. The combination of aniridia and bone malformations in general is very rare. This linked defect probably represents one of the most rare of human genetic abnormalities. The penetrance of the combined abnormality seems to follow that of the more well-known aniridia gene.", "contents": "A familial syndrome of aniridia and absence of the patella. This is the first report of a syndrome of aniridia and aplasia of the patella. The origin of the defect arises spontaneously in the grandmother of the proband and must be assumed to be a de novo mutation. There is no associated chromosomal abnormality or overt biochemical or other somatic defect. This is an extremely rare mutation exhibiting a dominant autosomal form of inheritance. The gene for aniridia is a dominant gene whose penetrance here is 100%. The combination of aniridia and bone malformations in general is very rare. This linked defect probably represents one of the most rare of human genetic abnormalities. The penetrance of the combined abnormality seems to follow that of the more well-known aniridia gene."}
{"id": "PMID:1218205", "title": "Combined limb deficiencies and cranial nerve dysfunction: report of six cases.", "content": "Six cases have been presented with combined limb deficiencies and cranial nerve dysfunctions. The major features are congenital disarticulation and congenital amputation associated with various orofacial deficits. Anatomic variations in limb and facial anomalies in these cases, as well as in other cases previously reported; seem to indicate that they are part of a single dysmorphic syndrome rather than a group of distinct clinical syndromes as reported in the past.", "contents": "Combined limb deficiencies and cranial nerve dysfunction: report of six cases. Six cases have been presented with combined limb deficiencies and cranial nerve dysfunctions. The major features are congenital disarticulation and congenital amputation associated with various orofacial deficits. Anatomic variations in limb and facial anomalies in these cases, as well as in other cases previously reported; seem to indicate that they are part of a single dysmorphic syndrome rather than a group of distinct clinical syndromes as reported in the past."}
{"id": "PMID:1218206", "title": "Familial presacral teratomas.", "content": "A tumor complex consisting of presacral teratoma and sacral deformity was described along with its occurrence in 6 kindreds. In addition to the tumor and the sacral defect, some patients have had recurrent abscesses, rectal stenosis and skin dimples as manifestation of the tumor. Urinary tract anomalies have also been found to be associated in some patients. The tumor differed considerably from the usual sacrococcygeal teratoma. Only one of the 19 resected tumors had proved to be malignant, although 2 have recurred in a benign manner. This appears to be inherited as a dominant characteristic.", "contents": "Familial presacral teratomas. A tumor complex consisting of presacral teratoma and sacral deformity was described along with its occurrence in 6 kindreds. In addition to the tumor and the sacral defect, some patients have had recurrent abscesses, rectal stenosis and skin dimples as manifestation of the tumor. Urinary tract anomalies have also been found to be associated in some patients. The tumor differed considerably from the usual sacrococcygeal teratoma. Only one of the 19 resected tumors had proved to be malignant, although 2 have recurred in a benign manner. This appears to be inherited as a dominant characteristic."}
{"id": "PMID:1218212", "title": "Leukonychia totalis, multiple sebaceous cysts and renal calculi: a syndrome.", "content": "We have presented a family of 4 generations demonstrating total leukonychia. Multiple sebaceous cysts and renal calculi are associated features of the syndrome. Inheritance is autosomal dominant. We cannot determine whether renal glycosuria is a component of this syndrome.", "contents": "Leukonychia totalis, multiple sebaceous cysts and renal calculi: a syndrome. We have presented a family of 4 generations demonstrating total leukonychia. Multiple sebaceous cysts and renal calculi are associated features of the syndrome. Inheritance is autosomal dominant. We cannot determine whether renal glycosuria is a component of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1218218", "title": "Trisomy 14q-.", "content": "Trisomy 14q- syndrome is relatively new and needs further delineation. In comparing our case with other reported cases (Table 1), some similarities are seen. Although the comparison of our case of partial trisomy 14 with the other cases reported in the literature may not be entirely justified (in that the reciprocal translocations are not always identical), it is hoped that by doing so, we can further delineate the common features and prognosis of such individuals.", "contents": "Trisomy 14q-. Trisomy 14q- syndrome is relatively new and needs further delineation. In comparing our case with other reported cases (Table 1), some similarities are seen. Although the comparison of our case of partial trisomy 14 with the other cases reported in the literature may not be entirely justified (in that the reciprocal translocations are not always identical), it is hoped that by doing so, we can further delineate the common features and prognosis of such individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:1218220", "title": "Alopecia totalis, nail dysplasia and amelogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "A patient with Turner XO/XX mosaicism is presented who also exhibits alopecia totalis, nail dysplasia and amelogenesis imperfecta. This combination has not been previously reported. What relationship the clinical manifestations have to the chromosome status is also unknown.", "contents": "Alopecia totalis, nail dysplasia and amelogenesis imperfecta. A patient with Turner XO/XX mosaicism is presented who also exhibits alopecia totalis, nail dysplasia and amelogenesis imperfecta. This combination has not been previously reported. What relationship the clinical manifestations have to the chromosome status is also unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:1218222", "title": "Sex chromosome mosaicism of X/XY or X/XY/XYY.", "content": "To date, we have studied 7 patients with X/XY mosaicism, one of whom showed an X/XY/XYY pattern. Four patients presented as newly born infants because of incomplete male development, ambiguity of external genitalia or Turner syndrome. The other 3 patients presented in midchildhood or early adult life. Bilateral gonadectomy, histologic examination of the gonads for tumor or testicular tissue, and chromosome analysis from blood and gonad specimens (and usually skin) were done in these 7 patients. The Y cell line and mosaicism were always detected in the blood culture although the predominant cell line in the majority of tissues was 45,X. The Y chromosome in one of the patients failed to show the expected bright fluorescence over the long arm, and the Y chromosome of another patient previously reported had a terminal nonfluorescing portion of the long arm. Patients with masculinization showed normal height and, on laparotomy, mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Patients with Turner syndrome showed bilateral streak gonads (2) and, in one 2 1/2-year-old girl, a bilateral gonadoblastoma. All patients with Turner syndrome were less than the third percentile in height. All 7 patients were reared as female, 4 of them requiring surgery to diminish the size of the clitoris. All 7 patients appeared to be developing normally. Nonrecognition or delay of the diagnosis, which still occurs in this condition, appears to be a result of the mild physical abnormalities in some patients and a clinical diagnosis of Turner syndrome supported only by a negative X-chromatin result.", "contents": "Sex chromosome mosaicism of X/XY or X/XY/XYY. To date, we have studied 7 patients with X/XY mosaicism, one of whom showed an X/XY/XYY pattern. Four patients presented as newly born infants because of incomplete male development, ambiguity of external genitalia or Turner syndrome. The other 3 patients presented in midchildhood or early adult life. Bilateral gonadectomy, histologic examination of the gonads for tumor or testicular tissue, and chromosome analysis from blood and gonad specimens (and usually skin) were done in these 7 patients. The Y cell line and mosaicism were always detected in the blood culture although the predominant cell line in the majority of tissues was 45,X. The Y chromosome in one of the patients failed to show the expected bright fluorescence over the long arm, and the Y chromosome of another patient previously reported had a terminal nonfluorescing portion of the long arm. Patients with masculinization showed normal height and, on laparotomy, mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Patients with Turner syndrome showed bilateral streak gonads (2) and, in one 2 1/2-year-old girl, a bilateral gonadoblastoma. All patients with Turner syndrome were less than the third percentile in height. All 7 patients were reared as female, 4 of them requiring surgery to diminish the size of the clitoris. All 7 patients appeared to be developing normally. Nonrecognition or delay of the diagnosis, which still occurs in this condition, appears to be a result of the mild physical abnormalities in some patients and a clinical diagnosis of Turner syndrome supported only by a negative X-chromatin result."}
{"id": "PMID:1218236", "title": "Familial multiforme ventricular extrasystoles with short stature, hyperpigmentation and microcephaly-a new syndrome.", "content": "A previously undescribed syndrome with ventricular extrasystoles and presumed cardiac syncopy, hyperpigmentation, short stature and microcephaly in a mother and son was presented. Physiologic and pharmacologic studies suggest that the mechanism of the ventricular arrhythmia depends on multiple and reentrant pathways occurring below the bundle of His.", "contents": "Familial multiforme ventricular extrasystoles with short stature, hyperpigmentation and microcephaly-a new syndrome. A previously undescribed syndrome with ventricular extrasystoles and presumed cardiac syncopy, hyperpigmentation, short stature and microcephaly in a mother and son was presented. Physiologic and pharmacologic studies suggest that the mechanism of the ventricular arrhythmia depends on multiple and reentrant pathways occurring below the bundle of His."}
{"id": "PMID:1218241", "title": "Lethal faciocardiomelic dysplasia- a new autosomal recessive disorder.", "content": "Three male sibs from consanguienous parents were found to have a strikingly similar pattern of multiple congenital anomalies. The main features were polyhydramnios; low birthweight; dwarfism; epicanthal folds; abnormal ears; microretrognathia; microstomia; microglossia; glossoptosis; webbed neck; severe cardiac defects; radial and ulnar hypoplasia; radial deviation of the hands; brachymetacarpalia; thumb hypoplasia; clinodactyly and hypoplasia of the 5th finger; simian creases; fibular and tibial hypoplasia; talipes varus with hypoplastic heels; wide gap between 1st and 2nd toes; and delayed bone age. Neonatal death occurred in the 3 babies by severe cardiac failure. Differential diagnosis permits one to conclude that this is a new type of faciocardiomelic dysplasia with a probable autosomal recessive inheritance.", "contents": "Lethal faciocardiomelic dysplasia- a new autosomal recessive disorder. Three male sibs from consanguienous parents were found to have a strikingly similar pattern of multiple congenital anomalies. The main features were polyhydramnios; low birthweight; dwarfism; epicanthal folds; abnormal ears; microretrognathia; microstomia; microglossia; glossoptosis; webbed neck; severe cardiac defects; radial and ulnar hypoplasia; radial deviation of the hands; brachymetacarpalia; thumb hypoplasia; clinodactyly and hypoplasia of the 5th finger; simian creases; fibular and tibial hypoplasia; talipes varus with hypoplastic heels; wide gap between 1st and 2nd toes; and delayed bone age. Neonatal death occurred in the 3 babies by severe cardiac failure. Differential diagnosis permits one to conclude that this is a new type of faciocardiomelic dysplasia with a probable autosomal recessive inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:1218242", "title": "[Myelin-like structures in heart muscle cells following exposure to adrenaline].", "content": "The state of the muscle cells of the heart was studied experimentally in 36 albino rats the next day after a single administration of adrenaline hydrochloride (3mg/kg), intramuscularly into the hip. Areas of overcontraction and overextension of myofibrills, numerous myelin-like figures not infrequently containing mitochondria and glycogen, drops of lipids were observed by electron microscopy. It is suggested that the affecting action of adrenaline is expressed through the activation of lipolysis which results in dissociation of the protein-lipid components of the mitochondrial membranes, accumulation of fatty acids in the cytoplasm and resynthesis of the new unusual membranous formations.", "contents": "[Myelin-like structures in heart muscle cells following exposure to adrenaline]. The state of the muscle cells of the heart was studied experimentally in 36 albino rats the next day after a single administration of adrenaline hydrochloride (3mg/kg), intramuscularly into the hip. Areas of overcontraction and overextension of myofibrills, numerous myelin-like figures not infrequently containing mitochondria and glycogen, drops of lipids were observed by electron microscopy. It is suggested that the affecting action of adrenaline is expressed through the activation of lipolysis which results in dissociation of the protein-lipid components of the mitochondrial membranes, accumulation of fatty acids in the cytoplasm and resynthesis of the new unusual membranous formations."}
{"id": "PMID:1218243", "title": "[Capacity for in vitro growth and the character of synovial fluid cell transformation in rheumatoid arthritis patients].", "content": "Investigations carried out permitted to detect the in vitro growth of cells in the synovial fluid of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Five types of cells (macrophages, polykariocytes, fibroblast-like cells histiocytes and lymphocytes) appeared during transformation. It was revealed that the intensity of the cell growth in the culture depended on the activity of the disease; there was also a significant decrease of this intensity (P less than 0.01) in the treatment of the patients. The growth of the fibroblast-like cells up to the formation of colonies pointed to their possible participation in the genesis of inflammatory processes and sclerosing of the vessels. The observed phenomenon of the cytopathic interaction of the lymphocytes and of the fibroblast-like cells served as an index of an autoimmune conflict in the joint and, possibly, one of the mechanisms of automaintenance of the autoimmune process.", "contents": "[Capacity for in vitro growth and the character of synovial fluid cell transformation in rheumatoid arthritis patients]. Investigations carried out permitted to detect the in vitro growth of cells in the synovial fluid of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Five types of cells (macrophages, polykariocytes, fibroblast-like cells histiocytes and lymphocytes) appeared during transformation. It was revealed that the intensity of the cell growth in the culture depended on the activity of the disease; there was also a significant decrease of this intensity (P less than 0.01) in the treatment of the patients. The growth of the fibroblast-like cells up to the formation of colonies pointed to their possible participation in the genesis of inflammatory processes and sclerosing of the vessels. The observed phenomenon of the cytopathic interaction of the lymphocytes and of the fibroblast-like cells served as an index of an autoimmune conflict in the joint and, possibly, one of the mechanisms of automaintenance of the autoimmune process."}
{"id": "PMID:1218245", "title": "[Changes in the diameter of organ arteriovenous anastomoses during pressor reflexes].", "content": "In acute experiments on cats, the diameter changes of the arterio-venous anastomoses in a number of vascular zones and their shunting coefficient were studied under the pressor reflexes; the method of injections of the microspheres was used. In these experiments the shunting capacity of the arterio-venous anastomoses was shown to be decreased in the small intestine, the spleen, the kidney and the gastrocnemius muscle under the pressor synocarotid reflex and the electrical stimulation of the somatic afferents.", "contents": "[Changes in the diameter of organ arteriovenous anastomoses during pressor reflexes]. In acute experiments on cats, the diameter changes of the arterio-venous anastomoses in a number of vascular zones and their shunting coefficient were studied under the pressor reflexes; the method of injections of the microspheres was used. In these experiments the shunting capacity of the arterio-venous anastomoses was shown to be decreased in the small intestine, the spleen, the kidney and the gastrocnemius muscle under the pressor synocarotid reflex and the electrical stimulation of the somatic afferents."}
{"id": "PMID:1218246", "title": "[A morphologic analysis of denuding of the villi in the intestinal form of acute radiation sickness].", "content": "Light and electron microscopy were applied to the study in sexually mature rats and mice of the areas of the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum 3-4 days after the irradiation in doses of 1000, 1500, 7000 and 15 000 R. Paraffine mucosal sections of the small intestine showed denuding of the stroma of individual villi. However, a study of the thin and semithin epon sections by light microscopy and of the ultrathin ones--by electron microscopy showed the villi to be always covered with enterocytes, whose cytoplasm was overloaded with lipid droplets and almost structureless. Thus, during the enteric form of acute radiation sickness there was no vital denuding of the villi, and the presence of such on paraffine sections served as the result of inadequate treatment of the material.", "contents": "[A morphologic analysis of denuding of the villi in the intestinal form of acute radiation sickness]. Light and electron microscopy were applied to the study in sexually mature rats and mice of the areas of the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum 3-4 days after the irradiation in doses of 1000, 1500, 7000 and 15 000 R. Paraffine mucosal sections of the small intestine showed denuding of the stroma of individual villi. However, a study of the thin and semithin epon sections by light microscopy and of the ultrathin ones--by electron microscopy showed the villi to be always covered with enterocytes, whose cytoplasm was overloaded with lipid droplets and almost structureless. Thus, during the enteric form of acute radiation sickness there was no vital denuding of the villi, and the presence of such on paraffine sections served as the result of inadequate treatment of the material."}
{"id": "PMID:1218247", "title": "[Compensatory-adaptive processes in the nervous elements of the intramural plexuses of the small intestine following resection of half of it].", "content": "A complicated morphological reconstruction, phasic in character, occurred in the nervous plexuses of the small intestine after resection of half of it. Neurons of both the muscular and the submucosal plexus reacted in a similar way at various stages of the compensatory-adaptive changes in the remaining intestine. The principal form of the morpho-functional normalization of the nerve cells after the development in them of dystrophic changes was apparently the intracellular regeneration.", "contents": "[Compensatory-adaptive processes in the nervous elements of the intramural plexuses of the small intestine following resection of half of it]. A complicated morphological reconstruction, phasic in character, occurred in the nervous plexuses of the small intestine after resection of half of it. Neurons of both the muscular and the submucosal plexus reacted in a similar way at various stages of the compensatory-adaptive changes in the remaining intestine. The principal form of the morpho-functional normalization of the nerve cells after the development in them of dystrophic changes was apparently the intracellular regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:1218248", "title": "[An impulse-digital method of measuring blood flow velocity in microvessels].", "content": "The photometric trigger method described was used for determining the velocity of erythrocytes. It allows to take continuous erythrocyte velocity and cell flux measurements in the microvessels. Application of the impulse-digital chronometry of the intervals of the erythrocyte transit time ensures direct transformation of the measuring trigger signals into a digital code. The results of testing the device on the microvessels of frog mesentery are given.", "contents": "[An impulse-digital method of measuring blood flow velocity in microvessels]. The photometric trigger method described was used for determining the velocity of erythrocytes. It allows to take continuous erythrocyte velocity and cell flux measurements in the microvessels. Application of the impulse-digital chronometry of the intervals of the erythrocyte transit time ensures direct transformation of the measuring trigger signals into a digital code. The results of testing the device on the microvessels of frog mesentery are given."}
{"id": "PMID:1218250", "title": "[The effect of leukocyte pyrogen on thermosensitive neurons of the anterior hypothalamus].", "content": "Impulse activity of neurons of the medial preoptic and septal brain areas of rabbits caused by variations in the local temperature and systemic injections of the leukocytic and bacterial pyrogens was studied. The firing rate of the warmsensitive neurons decreased and that of the cold thermodetectors was activated as a result of pyrogen action. As compared with the bacterial pyrogen, leukocytic pyrogen caused a more rapid decrease of the warmthermodetector activity. Thermoneutral neurons failed to react considerably either to the leukocytic or to the bacterial pyrogen.", "contents": "[The effect of leukocyte pyrogen on thermosensitive neurons of the anterior hypothalamus]. Impulse activity of neurons of the medial preoptic and septal brain areas of rabbits caused by variations in the local temperature and systemic injections of the leukocytic and bacterial pyrogens was studied. The firing rate of the warmsensitive neurons decreased and that of the cold thermodetectors was activated as a result of pyrogen action. As compared with the bacterial pyrogen, leukocytic pyrogen caused a more rapid decrease of the warmthermodetector activity. Thermoneutral neurons failed to react considerably either to the leukocytic or to the bacterial pyrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1218251", "title": "[The effects of the pathogenic influence of botulin toxin on different types of spinal motor neurons].", "content": "The motor neuron cells of the lumbosacral region were investigated in the spinal cord of cat with the local botulin paralysis. Development of this paralysis was followed by reduction of the membrane potential, of the amplitude of antidromic AP, mono- and polysynaptic EPSP, a fall of the input resistance and by an increase in the level of the critical depolarization of the somatic membrane of the phasic motor neurons of the damaged segments in the spinal cord. Excitation of the tonic motor neurons was not greatly altered in the dynamics of local botulism.", "contents": "[The effects of the pathogenic influence of botulin toxin on different types of spinal motor neurons]. The motor neuron cells of the lumbosacral region were investigated in the spinal cord of cat with the local botulin paralysis. Development of this paralysis was followed by reduction of the membrane potential, of the amplitude of antidromic AP, mono- and polysynaptic EPSP, a fall of the input resistance and by an increase in the level of the critical depolarization of the somatic membrane of the phasic motor neurons of the damaged segments in the spinal cord. Excitation of the tonic motor neurons was not greatly altered in the dynamics of local botulism."}
{"id": "PMID:1218252", "title": "[The neurogenic component of the tone of capacitance vessels in regional arterial hypotension].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rats that lowering of the volume stiffness of the capacitance vessels in the area of the chronic regional arterial hypotension occurred only after their denervation. Experiments on the innervated hind limb showed that the volume stiffness of the capacitance vessels in the area of hypotension failed to differ from the corresponsing indices in control rats.", "contents": "[The neurogenic component of the tone of capacitance vessels in regional arterial hypotension]. It was shown in experiments on rats that lowering of the volume stiffness of the capacitance vessels in the area of the chronic regional arterial hypotension occurred only after their denervation. Experiments on the innervated hind limb showed that the volume stiffness of the capacitance vessels in the area of hypotension failed to differ from the corresponsing indices in control rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1218253", "title": "[Monoaminergic mechanisms of the amygdaloid complex actualizing conditioned reflexes of different biological modality].", "content": "Microinjection of dopamine and serotonin into the dorso-medial portions of the amygdalic complex of rats increased the latent period of conditioned defense and motor food reactions, spontaneous motor activity, the number of jerks and the value of the conditioned food reflex. Noradrenaline failed to influence the recorded indices of the conditioned food-procuring reflex, but facilitated the conditioned reaction of avoidance, significantly shortening its latent time. The results obtained pointed to the specificity of the neurochemical mechanisms realizing at the level of the amygdalic complex conditioned reflexes of various biological modality in rats.", "contents": "[Monoaminergic mechanisms of the amygdaloid complex actualizing conditioned reflexes of different biological modality]. Microinjection of dopamine and serotonin into the dorso-medial portions of the amygdalic complex of rats increased the latent period of conditioned defense and motor food reactions, spontaneous motor activity, the number of jerks and the value of the conditioned food reflex. Noradrenaline failed to influence the recorded indices of the conditioned food-procuring reflex, but facilitated the conditioned reaction of avoidance, significantly shortening its latent time. The results obtained pointed to the specificity of the neurochemical mechanisms realizing at the level of the amygdalic complex conditioned reflexes of various biological modality in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1218254", "title": "[The role of the adrenals in the development of hyperenzymemia in experimental multiple injuries].", "content": "The authors studied the activity of acid phosphatase (AP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartic and alanine-aminotranspherases (AST and ALT) in the serum of rats with intact and removed adrenal glands after a severe multifocal trauma induced according to Noble-Collip (300 rpt of the drum with the rotation speed of 37 rpt/min). Adrenalectomy showed practically no influence on the dynamics of the LDH and AP activity. An increase in the activity of the AST and especially of the ALT in the serum of adrenalectomized rats after the trauma was considerably less than in the animals with the intact adrenal glands.", "contents": "[The role of the adrenals in the development of hyperenzymemia in experimental multiple injuries]. The authors studied the activity of acid phosphatase (AP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartic and alanine-aminotranspherases (AST and ALT) in the serum of rats with intact and removed adrenal glands after a severe multifocal trauma induced according to Noble-Collip (300 rpt of the drum with the rotation speed of 37 rpt/min). Adrenalectomy showed practically no influence on the dynamics of the LDH and AP activity. An increase in the activity of the AST and especially of the ALT in the serum of adrenalectomized rats after the trauma was considerably less than in the animals with the intact adrenal glands."}
{"id": "PMID:1218255", "title": "[Changes in serum lysozyme activity in terminal states caused by blood loss].", "content": "A study was made of the dynamics of the lysozyme activity of the serum in dogs which sustained clinical death on the background of a 2-hour hypovolemic hypotension due to blood loss. There was revealed a progressive increase in the lysozyme activity of the serum during the hypotension and during the first 30 minutes of the postreanimation period. Lysozyme activity of the serum was increased in the course of 4 days after the revival. The significance of the lysozyme activity of the serum as an index of hypoxic injury of the internal organs in terminal conditions is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in serum lysozyme activity in terminal states caused by blood loss]. A study was made of the dynamics of the lysozyme activity of the serum in dogs which sustained clinical death on the background of a 2-hour hypovolemic hypotension due to blood loss. There was revealed a progressive increase in the lysozyme activity of the serum during the hypotension and during the first 30 minutes of the postreanimation period. Lysozyme activity of the serum was increased in the course of 4 days after the revival. The significance of the lysozyme activity of the serum as an index of hypoxic injury of the internal organs in terminal conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218256", "title": "[Dynamics of the amino acid composition of the medium during cultivation of isolated liver and kidney by the controlled perfusion method].", "content": "The dynamics of the medium amino acid composition was studied during a 6-hour perfusion of dog kidney and liver by a mixture of autogenic plasma and medium 199 (a ratio of 2 : 3). In comparison to the initial level the amount of histidine during 6-hour cultivation of the kidney was found to increase 2.2 times, that of glutamic acid--1.7 times, and of alanine and lysine--1.6 times. At the same time the amount of arginine, serine and asparagic acid became 3.3 times and of glutamine and threonine--2.5 times lower. With the liver perfusion the level of glutaminic acid became 2.9 times, of alanine--2.3 times, of cystine--2 times and of glycine--1.5 times higher. With the liver perfusion the level of arginine decreased so rapidly that none was found in the medium after a 2-hour perfusion. The described method of amino acid analysis during the cultivation of the organs could serve as means for elaborating and correcting the culture media.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the amino acid composition of the medium during cultivation of isolated liver and kidney by the controlled perfusion method]. The dynamics of the medium amino acid composition was studied during a 6-hour perfusion of dog kidney and liver by a mixture of autogenic plasma and medium 199 (a ratio of 2 : 3). In comparison to the initial level the amount of histidine during 6-hour cultivation of the kidney was found to increase 2.2 times, that of glutamic acid--1.7 times, and of alanine and lysine--1.6 times. At the same time the amount of arginine, serine and asparagic acid became 3.3 times and of glutamine and threonine--2.5 times lower. With the liver perfusion the level of glutaminic acid became 2.9 times, of alanine--2.3 times, of cystine--2 times and of glycine--1.5 times higher. With the liver perfusion the level of arginine decreased so rapidly that none was found in the medium after a 2-hour perfusion. The described method of amino acid analysis during the cultivation of the organs could serve as means for elaborating and correcting the culture media."}
{"id": "PMID:1218257", "title": "[Hepatic chemoluminescence in mice following glucose administration].", "content": "The spectral composition of radiation of the liver after intravenous injections of glucose of different concentrations was analyzed. The UV component of the radiation was significant after a 15 mg dose; the doses of 5 and 50 mg gave only visible radiation. These data are considered as an indication of an essential role of unbalanced molecular constellations for the regulation of metabolic process of hepatocytes.", "contents": "[Hepatic chemoluminescence in mice following glucose administration]. The spectral composition of radiation of the liver after intravenous injections of glucose of different concentrations was analyzed. The UV component of the radiation was significant after a 15 mg dose; the doses of 5 and 50 mg gave only visible radiation. These data are considered as an indication of an essential role of unbalanced molecular constellations for the regulation of metabolic process of hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1218258", "title": "[The effect of cocaine on the central action of noradrenaline].", "content": "Cocaine influence on the central action of noradrenaline was studied in experiments on rabbits by the method of impulse summation. Cocaine was shown to increase the noradrenaline action of the central nervous system. Thus, cocaine intensified not only the peripheral effects of noradrenaline (this was known before), but its central action as well.", "contents": "[The effect of cocaine on the central action of noradrenaline]. Cocaine influence on the central action of noradrenaline was studied in experiments on rabbits by the method of impulse summation. Cocaine was shown to increase the noradrenaline action of the central nervous system. Thus, cocaine intensified not only the peripheral effects of noradrenaline (this was known before), but its central action as well."}
{"id": "PMID:1218259", "title": "[A pharmacologic analysis of several adrenomimetic effects of serotonin].", "content": "Contractions of the isolated rat vas deferens in response to the addition of serotonin could be explained by the release of catecholamines from the nerve endings. As shown by the use of D-, M- and T-antagonists of serotonin (LSD-25, indocarb, typindole), symatholytic--bretilium, alpha-adrenolytic--droperidol and imipramine, this effect was not associated with the direct activation of serotonin- and adrenoreactive receptors.", "contents": "[A pharmacologic analysis of several adrenomimetic effects of serotonin]. Contractions of the isolated rat vas deferens in response to the addition of serotonin could be explained by the release of catecholamines from the nerve endings. As shown by the use of D-, M- and T-antagonists of serotonin (LSD-25, indocarb, typindole), symatholytic--bretilium, alpha-adrenolytic--droperidol and imipramine, this effect was not associated with the direct activation of serotonin- and adrenoreactive receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:1218261", "title": "[The effect of striatectomy on retraining rats to an avoidance habit in a U-shaped maze].", "content": "The capacity of rats to reversal learning changing of the direction of the avoidance response was determined in the Y-shaped maze. Four training sessions--each time in a new direction (to the right or to the left) for running were conducted in the course of one experiment. The results obtained in 4 groups of animals were compared: intact, with bi- and unilateral striatectomy and with bilateral destruction of the parietal cortex. The majority of the intact rats preferred running in the right direction. The character of the preference changed after striectomy: the rats ran more regularly in the direction at the side of which the striatum was injured more. Bilateral striatectomy also led to increase in the number of errors, to the increase in the latency and disturbance of a passive component of the avoidance response.", "contents": "[The effect of striatectomy on retraining rats to an avoidance habit in a U-shaped maze]. The capacity of rats to reversal learning changing of the direction of the avoidance response was determined in the Y-shaped maze. Four training sessions--each time in a new direction (to the right or to the left) for running were conducted in the course of one experiment. The results obtained in 4 groups of animals were compared: intact, with bi- and unilateral striatectomy and with bilateral destruction of the parietal cortex. The majority of the intact rats preferred running in the right direction. The character of the preference changed after striectomy: the rats ran more regularly in the direction at the side of which the striatum was injured more. Bilateral striatectomy also led to increase in the number of errors, to the increase in the latency and disturbance of a passive component of the avoidance response."}
{"id": "PMID:1218260", "title": "[The mechanism of nonachlazine on cardiac activity and blood supply].", "content": "Nonachlazine (10 mg/kg intravenously) exerted a two-phase influence on the heart activity. The short phase of the weakening of the heart activity gave place to the intensive increase in the cardiac output and the contractility of the myocardium. An increase in the blood supply and heart activity coincided in time with the accumulation of the quantity of noradrenaline and with increase in the phosphorylase \"a\" activity. Beta-adrenoblockers prevented the development of the effect in question. It is assumed that the efficacy of nonachlazine during ischemic heart disease was connected with its capacity to activate the adrenergic mechanisms of the glycogenolysis regulation leading to the switching of the myocardial metabolism to the anaerobic route of energy release.", "contents": "[The mechanism of nonachlazine on cardiac activity and blood supply]. Nonachlazine (10 mg/kg intravenously) exerted a two-phase influence on the heart activity. The short phase of the weakening of the heart activity gave place to the intensive increase in the cardiac output and the contractility of the myocardium. An increase in the blood supply and heart activity coincided in time with the accumulation of the quantity of noradrenaline and with increase in the phosphorylase \"a\" activity. Beta-adrenoblockers prevented the development of the effect in question. It is assumed that the efficacy of nonachlazine during ischemic heart disease was connected with its capacity to activate the adrenergic mechanisms of the glycogenolysis regulation leading to the switching of the myocardial metabolism to the anaerobic route of energy release."}
{"id": "PMID:1218262", "title": "[Prevention of cerebrovascular disorders with adrenergic substances].", "content": "The author suggests an experimental model of cerebrovascular disorders of the neurogenic (adrenergic) nature following the administration of KCl into the lateral ventricles of the brain of cats or dogs. Surgical desympathization considerably reduced the spasms of the cerebral vessels caused by the central effect of KCl. Dihydroergotoxin, phenoxybenzamine, tropaphene, guanethidine and nialamide produced both the therapeutic and the prophylactic influence under the mentioned experimental disorders of the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "[Prevention of cerebrovascular disorders with adrenergic substances]. The author suggests an experimental model of cerebrovascular disorders of the neurogenic (adrenergic) nature following the administration of KCl into the lateral ventricles of the brain of cats or dogs. Surgical desympathization considerably reduced the spasms of the cerebral vessels caused by the central effect of KCl. Dihydroergotoxin, phenoxybenzamine, tropaphene, guanethidine and nialamide produced both the therapeutic and the prophylactic influence under the mentioned experimental disorders of the cerebral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218263", "title": "[The mechanism of the diuretic action of chlorazicin].", "content": "Diuretic and natriuretic action of chloracizine in rats was not associated with its direct influence on the kidney and was accompanied by increase in the plasma volume, by a fall of the hematocrite index and of the total plasma proteins. A study of endogenous creatinine and of osmotic-free water clearance showed the diuretic action of chloracizine to be mainly due to the increase of glomerular filtration and to reduction of the relative proximal reabsorption.", "contents": "[The mechanism of the diuretic action of chlorazicin]. Diuretic and natriuretic action of chloracizine in rats was not associated with its direct influence on the kidney and was accompanied by increase in the plasma volume, by a fall of the hematocrite index and of the total plasma proteins. A study of endogenous creatinine and of osmotic-free water clearance showed the diuretic action of chloracizine to be mainly due to the increase of glomerular filtration and to reduction of the relative proximal reabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1218264", "title": "[A blocking factor in normal animal sera inhibiting immunologic reactions in vitro].", "content": "An extremely thermostable and resistant to some chemical substances factor was found in the sera of Wistar and noninbred rats of different age, male and female. This factor inhibited the action of normal and immune antibodies to rat erythrocytes and rat serum antigens. The blocking factor was relatively specific and more effective in respect to the normal antibodies than to the immune ones. The activity of the blocking factor was connected with the alpha1-globulin.", "contents": "[A blocking factor in normal animal sera inhibiting immunologic reactions in vitro]. An extremely thermostable and resistant to some chemical substances factor was found in the sera of Wistar and noninbred rats of different age, male and female. This factor inhibited the action of normal and immune antibodies to rat erythrocytes and rat serum antigens. The blocking factor was relatively specific and more effective in respect to the normal antibodies than to the immune ones. The activity of the blocking factor was connected with the alpha1-globulin."}
{"id": "PMID:1218265", "title": "[Characteristics of a specific antigen of burned skin].", "content": "Antisera received by hyperimmunization of rabbits with preparations of the high molecular proteins of burned and normal rat skin were studied in the precipitation reaction before and after the absorption with normal skin and sera proteins. The specific test-system displays a single visual precipitation line. After staining and densitometry the preparations were found to have many components, among which the specific antigen prevailed and other antigen-antibody complexes were present. The specific antigen of the burned skin had relatively weak immunogenic properties.", "contents": "[Characteristics of a specific antigen of burned skin]. Antisera received by hyperimmunization of rabbits with preparations of the high molecular proteins of burned and normal rat skin were studied in the precipitation reaction before and after the absorption with normal skin and sera proteins. The specific test-system displays a single visual precipitation line. After staining and densitometry the preparations were found to have many components, among which the specific antigen prevailed and other antigen-antibody complexes were present. The specific antigen of the burned skin had relatively weak immunogenic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:1218266", "title": "[Homogenate factor of minks with Aleutian disease].", "content": "Antibodies to the factor present in the homogenate of the organs of minks experimentally infected with aleutian disease (AD) were revealed in the sera of minks with AD and also in the sera of humans suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis and cirrhosis, scleroderma and dermatomyositis. Sera of sick minks and humans failed to interact with control homogenates of the organs of healthy minks. In turn, sera of practically healthy minks and humans did not react with the AD-homogenate.", "contents": "[Homogenate factor of minks with Aleutian disease]. Antibodies to the factor present in the homogenate of the organs of minks experimentally infected with aleutian disease (AD) were revealed in the sera of minks with AD and also in the sera of humans suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis and cirrhosis, scleroderma and dermatomyositis. Sera of sick minks and humans failed to interact with control homogenates of the organs of healthy minks. In turn, sera of practically healthy minks and humans did not react with the AD-homogenate."}
{"id": "PMID:1218267", "title": "[The carcino-embryonic antigen of experimental tumors of the intestine].", "content": "The occurrence of a tumour-specific antigen in the intestinal tumours (induced in 51 albino rats by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine), as well as in the blood serum was studied by double immunodiffusion in agar gel. Intestinal tumours proved to contain a water-soluble antigen absent in other tissues, including the colonic mucosa of control animals. This antigen was found in 70 per cent of the tumour-bearing rats. The antigen is perchloric acid-solubilized and is also present in the embryonic tissues in toto on the 7th and the 9th days of rat gestation. The features of this antigen were analogous with those of the carcino-embryonic antigen in human digestive tract tumours.", "contents": "[The carcino-embryonic antigen of experimental tumors of the intestine]. The occurrence of a tumour-specific antigen in the intestinal tumours (induced in 51 albino rats by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine), as well as in the blood serum was studied by double immunodiffusion in agar gel. Intestinal tumours proved to contain a water-soluble antigen absent in other tissues, including the colonic mucosa of control animals. This antigen was found in 70 per cent of the tumour-bearing rats. The antigen is perchloric acid-solubilized and is also present in the embryonic tissues in toto on the 7th and the 9th days of rat gestation. The features of this antigen were analogous with those of the carcino-embryonic antigen in human digestive tract tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1218268", "title": "[Proliferative activity of Shvetz tumor following single and repeated irradiation].", "content": "Autoradiographic study of an experimentally-induced tumour following local irradiation in a dose of 600 rad showed no retardation of the cell cycle 6 to 12 hours after the irradiation. Marked reduction of the mitotic index (MI) and of the labeled nuclei index (LNI) was noted to the 96th hour after the irradiation. In repeated irradiation in a dose of 1200 rad at an interval of 18 hours there was revealed a marked reduction of the MI and of the LNI as a result of the block of the passage of cells from the G1-period into S. However, restoration of the cell proliferation uas noted by the 24th-48th hours. A high MI revealed at all the periods of investigation after repeated tumour irradiation at an interval of 24 hours was possibly caused by an increase in the time of mitosis proper, this also being confirmed by a significant accumulation of the number of late mitotic phases.", "contents": "[Proliferative activity of Shvetz tumor following single and repeated irradiation]. Autoradiographic study of an experimentally-induced tumour following local irradiation in a dose of 600 rad showed no retardation of the cell cycle 6 to 12 hours after the irradiation. Marked reduction of the mitotic index (MI) and of the labeled nuclei index (LNI) was noted to the 96th hour after the irradiation. In repeated irradiation in a dose of 1200 rad at an interval of 18 hours there was revealed a marked reduction of the MI and of the LNI as a result of the block of the passage of cells from the G1-period into S. However, restoration of the cell proliferation uas noted by the 24th-48th hours. A high MI revealed at all the periods of investigation after repeated tumour irradiation at an interval of 24 hours was possibly caused by an increase in the time of mitosis proper, this also being confirmed by a significant accumulation of the number of late mitotic phases."}
{"id": "PMID:1218269", "title": "[Diurnal changes in the duration of mitosis in rats].", "content": "The colchicine method was applied to the study of the 24-hour changes in the duration of mitosis in 45-day rats. The average diurnal duration of mitosis in the pancreatic epithelium, the liver and the epidermis of adult animals was almost half of that in the 7-day-old rats. Diurnal variations of the mitotic index in the investigated tissues could be due both to the variation in the mitotic rate and to that of the duration of mitosis.", "contents": "[Diurnal changes in the duration of mitosis in rats]. The colchicine method was applied to the study of the 24-hour changes in the duration of mitosis in 45-day rats. The average diurnal duration of mitosis in the pancreatic epithelium, the liver and the epidermis of adult animals was almost half of that in the 7-day-old rats. Diurnal variations of the mitotic index in the investigated tissues could be due both to the variation in the mitotic rate and to that of the duration of mitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1218270", "title": "[Circadian variations in the response of corneal epithelial cells in mice to the effects of vinblastine].", "content": "A drop of a 0.2% vinblastin solution was applied to the eye cornea of mouse at 7 a.m. and at 7 p.m. The cornea of the second eye of the same animal served as control (application of physiological saline). The animals were sacrificed three hours after the application. The results of two analogous experiments showed vinblastin application to cause more expressed statmokinetic reaction in the corneal epithelium in the evening than in the morning hours. The percentage of K-mitoses was also higher in the evening.", "contents": "[Circadian variations in the response of corneal epithelial cells in mice to the effects of vinblastine]. A drop of a 0.2% vinblastin solution was applied to the eye cornea of mouse at 7 a.m. and at 7 p.m. The cornea of the second eye of the same animal served as control (application of physiological saline). The animals were sacrificed three hours after the application. The results of two analogous experiments showed vinblastin application to cause more expressed statmokinetic reaction in the corneal epithelium in the evening than in the morning hours. The percentage of K-mitoses was also higher in the evening."}
{"id": "PMID:1218271", "title": "[An increase in hypothalamic sensitivity to the inhibiting effects of estrogens caused by use of L-DOPA, diphenine, epithalamin and phenformin in old rats].", "content": "Daily treatment of hemicastrated young rats with 0.57 mug of stilbestrol inhibited compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) by 48% in the 3-month animals and by 3% only in the 18-month animals. Administration of L-DOPA, dilantin, epithalamin or phenoformin with the same dose of estrogen to old rats suppressed the COH by 65-98%. L-DOPA and epithalamin were effective when administered into the 3rd cerebral ventricle. A functional nature of the age changes in the hypothalamic sensitivity to the estrogen action is suggested.", "contents": "[An increase in hypothalamic sensitivity to the inhibiting effects of estrogens caused by use of L-DOPA, diphenine, epithalamin and phenformin in old rats]. Daily treatment of hemicastrated young rats with 0.57 mug of stilbestrol inhibited compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) by 48% in the 3-month animals and by 3% only in the 18-month animals. Administration of L-DOPA, dilantin, epithalamin or phenoformin with the same dose of estrogen to old rats suppressed the COH by 65-98%. L-DOPA and epithalamin were effective when administered into the 3rd cerebral ventricle. A functional nature of the age changes in the hypothalamic sensitivity to the estrogen action is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1218272", "title": "[Program of the International Center for Cancer Research: Epidemiological approach].", "content": "The development of the International Agency for Research on Cancer is discussed and its programme outlined. The programme of the Agency is largely directed to epidemiological studies which are co-ordinated with laboratory studies. The objective is to make use of geographical variations in cancer incidence as a means of identifying causative factors. The nature, and the difference between analytical and descriptive epidemiology, are discussed. The possible significance of industrial hazards in modern societies is reviewed. The epidemiological approach to the identification of the causation of cancer of the oesophagus and liver is summarized, as is also the possibility of applying epidemiological techniques to the study of host factors.", "contents": "[Program of the International Center for Cancer Research: Epidemiological approach]. The development of the International Agency for Research on Cancer is discussed and its programme outlined. The programme of the Agency is largely directed to epidemiological studies which are co-ordinated with laboratory studies. The objective is to make use of geographical variations in cancer incidence as a means of identifying causative factors. The nature, and the difference between analytical and descriptive epidemiology, are discussed. The possible significance of industrial hazards in modern societies is reviewed. The epidemiological approach to the identification of the causation of cancer of the oesophagus and liver is summarized, as is also the possibility of applying epidemiological techniques to the study of host factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1218273", "title": "[Cancer mortality in France. New Aspects of the presentation and analysis of data].", "content": "In France mortality statistics are the only complete source of information on cancer. Investigation of the annual figures and the application of statistical methods to their presentation and analysis has facilitated fresh studies of geographical pathology, utilizing methods of analysis with simple and multiple correlations (analysis of correlations). Certain groupings were thus revealed, notably in the case of death from bronchial carcinoma, urinary bladder and gall bladder. Two groups of departements appeared the nearest to the national levels for deaths from cancer for all body sites.", "contents": "[Cancer mortality in France. New Aspects of the presentation and analysis of data]. In France mortality statistics are the only complete source of information on cancer. Investigation of the annual figures and the application of statistical methods to their presentation and analysis has facilitated fresh studies of geographical pathology, utilizing methods of analysis with simple and multiple correlations (analysis of correlations). Certain groupings were thus revealed, notably in the case of death from bronchial carcinoma, urinary bladder and gall bladder. Two groups of departements appeared the nearest to the national levels for deaths from cancer for all body sites."}
{"id": "PMID:1218279", "title": "Operative treatment of acromioclavicular dislocations.", "content": "An operation has been described for the treatment of Type Three acromioclavicular dislocations. It is in this type of case that previous operative procedures have proved to be unreliable, and in which conservative management has resulted in cosmetic deformity and progressive disability. The procedure of coracoacromial ligament transfer has been performed since 1952, and is adaptable for both fresh and chronic dislocations. The technic is simple and direct, and the material needed is both available and almost always uninvolved. The stability produced, after either repair without resection, or repair with resection of the clavicle, leads to a strong, stable shoulder. If there is any doubt as to the integrity of the joint, resection of the clavicle is to be preferred. The results to date have been encouraging, and in the opinion of this author, warrant further trial of this procedure.", "contents": "Operative treatment of acromioclavicular dislocations. An operation has been described for the treatment of Type Three acromioclavicular dislocations. It is in this type of case that previous operative procedures have proved to be unreliable, and in which conservative management has resulted in cosmetic deformity and progressive disability. The procedure of coracoacromial ligament transfer has been performed since 1952, and is adaptable for both fresh and chronic dislocations. The technic is simple and direct, and the material needed is both available and almost always uninvolved. The stability produced, after either repair without resection, or repair with resection of the clavicle, leads to a strong, stable shoulder. If there is any doubt as to the integrity of the joint, resection of the clavicle is to be preferred. The results to date have been encouraging, and in the opinion of this author, warrant further trial of this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1218274", "title": "[Age at the time of the first birth: a variable with simple, double, or triple significance in breast cancer studies].", "content": "I.--The inverse relationship of risk with parity is one of the earliest known features of the epidemiology of human mammary cancer. But recently knowledge of this relationship was refined when Mac Mahon and his colleagues found that the protective effect is actually correlated to the age of the mother at the first birth rather than to the total number of children, so that a woman who has a child before the age of 18 is one third as likely to suffer breast cancer in later life as a woman first delivered at 35. II.--A study was undertaken in the Centre Francois Baclesse on the hypothesis that age at first birth may also be related to the age of the patient at clinical onset of the mammary malignancy. One would expect to find a retardative effect of early delivery since this factor was found to be protective as far as mammary cancer risk is concerned. The conclusions of our investigations are in complete opposition to the original hypothesis: in our series, breast cancer appears to occur significantly earlier in women whose first delivery occurred early. III.--Thus the same process appears to be protective as far as total mammary cancer risk is concerned but accelerating as far as age at tumor onset is concerned. These apparently inconsistent observations led to the hypothesis that both studies might express the same biologic process which, in the case of early delivery, inhibits the mechanism of carcinogenic induction and therefore reduces the total number of cancer but which subsequently quickens the evolution of the inducted disease. Such a conjecture implies that breast cancer should be more severe following early first birth. The analysis of our series, as well as the series of Ontario Cancer Clinics, substantiates this hypothesis. But these conclusions are built on indirect proofs or direct proofs which are still short of statistical significance.", "contents": "[Age at the time of the first birth: a variable with simple, double, or triple significance in breast cancer studies]. I.--The inverse relationship of risk with parity is one of the earliest known features of the epidemiology of human mammary cancer. But recently knowledge of this relationship was refined when Mac Mahon and his colleagues found that the protective effect is actually correlated to the age of the mother at the first birth rather than to the total number of children, so that a woman who has a child before the age of 18 is one third as likely to suffer breast cancer in later life as a woman first delivered at 35. II.--A study was undertaken in the Centre Francois Baclesse on the hypothesis that age at first birth may also be related to the age of the patient at clinical onset of the mammary malignancy. One would expect to find a retardative effect of early delivery since this factor was found to be protective as far as mammary cancer risk is concerned. The conclusions of our investigations are in complete opposition to the original hypothesis: in our series, breast cancer appears to occur significantly earlier in women whose first delivery occurred early. III.--Thus the same process appears to be protective as far as total mammary cancer risk is concerned but accelerating as far as age at tumor onset is concerned. These apparently inconsistent observations led to the hypothesis that both studies might express the same biologic process which, in the case of early delivery, inhibits the mechanism of carcinogenic induction and therefore reduces the total number of cancer but which subsequently quickens the evolution of the inducted disease. Such a conjecture implies that breast cancer should be more severe following early first birth. The analysis of our series, as well as the series of Ontario Cancer Clinics, substantiates this hypothesis. But these conclusions are built on indirect proofs or direct proofs which are still short of statistical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1218275", "title": "[Preoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer. Description of a clinical trial record and first results].", "content": "The protocol of a clinical trial, studying the value of preoperative radiotherapy (RT) in operable breast cancer is described. Results are compared to those of 2 control groups: patients treated either with surgery only or with surgery + postoperative RT. So far, in each of the 3 groups 250 patients have been entered, their total number being expected to reach about 350 per group. Two year results (on 209 evaluable cases) did not reveal any difference in survival between the groups, but a markedly lowered incidence of locally recurrent disease (from 16% to 4%) in the irradiated patients. No increase in mortality or metastasis was noted after RT. Side effects of RT were considered mild and not of such a degree as to necessitate its discontinuation.", "contents": "[Preoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer. Description of a clinical trial record and first results]. The protocol of a clinical trial, studying the value of preoperative radiotherapy (RT) in operable breast cancer is described. Results are compared to those of 2 control groups: patients treated either with surgery only or with surgery + postoperative RT. So far, in each of the 3 groups 250 patients have been entered, their total number being expected to reach about 350 per group. Two year results (on 209 evaluable cases) did not reveal any difference in survival between the groups, but a markedly lowered incidence of locally recurrent disease (from 16% to 4%) in the irradiated patients. No increase in mortality or metastasis was noted after RT. Side effects of RT were considered mild and not of such a degree as to necessitate its discontinuation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218280", "title": "Granular cell myoblastoma of the hand: report of three new cases with aggressive behavior in one.", "content": "Three cases of granular cell tumor of the hand are reported, with locally aggressive behavior in one. Ray amputation in the latter case has so far been successful in controlling the tumor. The literature on recurrent and metastasizing granular cell tumors is reviewed.", "contents": "Granular cell myoblastoma of the hand: report of three new cases with aggressive behavior in one. Three cases of granular cell tumor of the hand are reported, with locally aggressive behavior in one. Ray amputation in the latter case has so far been successful in controlling the tumor. The literature on recurrent and metastasizing granular cell tumors is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218276", "title": "[Application of technics for the hybridization between nucleic acids in Oncornavirus research].", "content": "The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of oncornaviruses is a very useful tool for synthesizing DNAs complementary to the viral genomes. These probes have been successfully utilized during the last years to detect viral sequences in the DNA or RNA of virus producing or non-producing cells. The results obtained at the present time lead to a better understanding of the molecular events of virus replication and transformation by oncornaviruses. The same approach has been used to look for the presence of virus-like nucleotide sequences in various human cancers. Although promising results have been obtained, they do not establish that oncornaviruses are directly implicated in etiology of human cancers.", "contents": "[Application of technics for the hybridization between nucleic acids in Oncornavirus research]. The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of oncornaviruses is a very useful tool for synthesizing DNAs complementary to the viral genomes. These probes have been successfully utilized during the last years to detect viral sequences in the DNA or RNA of virus producing or non-producing cells. The results obtained at the present time lead to a better understanding of the molecular events of virus replication and transformation by oncornaviruses. The same approach has been used to look for the presence of virus-like nucleotide sequences in various human cancers. Although promising results have been obtained, they do not establish that oncornaviruses are directly implicated in etiology of human cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:1218277", "title": "[Oncornaviruses and human leukemias].", "content": "This is a brief review on current progresses which appeared recently on the isolation of a putative human oncornavirus from human leukemic cells. There are strong arguments in favor of the existence of such an oncornavirus, both indirect (existence of viral nucleotide sequences and viral proteins in human leukemic cells), and direct (isolation of a Type-C virus from in vitro cultures of human leukemic cells).", "contents": "[Oncornaviruses and human leukemias]. This is a brief review on current progresses which appeared recently on the isolation of a putative human oncornavirus from human leukemic cells. There are strong arguments in favor of the existence of such an oncornavirus, both indirect (existence of viral nucleotide sequences and viral proteins in human leukemic cells), and direct (isolation of a Type-C virus from in vitro cultures of human leukemic cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:1218283", "title": "Motion of the hip joint.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that in the normal hip abduction to adduction motion of the femoral head in the neutral position is equivalent to internal to external rotation of the femoral head in the 90 degree flexed position. For similiar reasons external to internal rotation of the femoral head in the neutral position is equivalent to abduction to adduction motion in the 90 degree flexed position. Due to the architecture of the hip joint, therefore, the hip motion in some pathological conditions can be anticipated and explained.", "contents": "Motion of the hip joint. It has been demonstrated that in the normal hip abduction to adduction motion of the femoral head in the neutral position is equivalent to internal to external rotation of the femoral head in the 90 degree flexed position. For similiar reasons external to internal rotation of the femoral head in the neutral position is equivalent to abduction to adduction motion in the 90 degree flexed position. Due to the architecture of the hip joint, therefore, the hip motion in some pathological conditions can be anticipated and explained."}
{"id": "PMID:1218285", "title": "Study on the surface shape and contours of the femoral head and acetabulum of the human joint.", "content": "(1) The degree of change and degeneration of the surface of articular cartilage were classified into 6 stages and a distribution chart indicating 6 stages of classification was prepared for each case. (2) The construction of the superficial fine fibrous net-work of the cartilage of the weight-bearing area is different from that of the non-weight-bearing area. (3) The construction of the fiber underneath the surface of the acetabular cartilage is different from that of the surface of femoral head cartilage underneath. (4) When only weight-bearing part was compared, the degeneration at the upper anterior side was least for both femoral head and acetabulum and was most at the slightly posterior part of the upper outer side. (5) The fine fiber of superficial layer of the femoral head and acetabular cartilage were peeling from the periphery toward the center, but no difference of surface roughness was observed by way of measurement directions. (6) Surface roughness of the cartilage increases in proportion to the degree of degeneration and change. (7) The surface roughness of the acetabulum is about twice as large as that of the femoral head cartilage, this being due to the difference in the degree of degeneration. (8) There are 4 kinds of undulations at the surface of the femoral head cartilage. (9) Both femoral head and acetabulum have less waviness of large size at the part bearing large weight. (10) The contour of the femoral head as a whole is slightly ellipsoidal, whose longitudinal axis extends in a craniocaudal direction but the weight-bearing part is nearly circular. (11) The general contour of the acetabulum indicates an ellipsoidal shape with its craniocaudal longitudinal axis slightly inclined forward or backward. The contour of the slightly postero-upper part which is considered to be the maximum weight-bearing part is slightly flat ellipsoidal.", "contents": "Study on the surface shape and contours of the femoral head and acetabulum of the human joint. (1) The degree of change and degeneration of the surface of articular cartilage were classified into 6 stages and a distribution chart indicating 6 stages of classification was prepared for each case. (2) The construction of the superficial fine fibrous net-work of the cartilage of the weight-bearing area is different from that of the non-weight-bearing area. (3) The construction of the fiber underneath the surface of the acetabular cartilage is different from that of the surface of femoral head cartilage underneath. (4) When only weight-bearing part was compared, the degeneration at the upper anterior side was least for both femoral head and acetabulum and was most at the slightly posterior part of the upper outer side. (5) The fine fiber of superficial layer of the femoral head and acetabular cartilage were peeling from the periphery toward the center, but no difference of surface roughness was observed by way of measurement directions. (6) Surface roughness of the cartilage increases in proportion to the degree of degeneration and change. (7) The surface roughness of the acetabulum is about twice as large as that of the femoral head cartilage, this being due to the difference in the degree of degeneration. (8) There are 4 kinds of undulations at the surface of the femoral head cartilage. (9) Both femoral head and acetabulum have less waviness of large size at the part bearing large weight. (10) The contour of the femoral head as a whole is slightly ellipsoidal, whose longitudinal axis extends in a craniocaudal direction but the weight-bearing part is nearly circular. (11) The general contour of the acetabulum indicates an ellipsoidal shape with its craniocaudal longitudinal axis slightly inclined forward or backward. The contour of the slightly postero-upper part which is considered to be the maximum weight-bearing part is slightly flat ellipsoidal."}
{"id": "PMID:1218292", "title": "[Study of ventilatory mechanics - its application to artificial ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of ventilatory mechanics implies collection of input variables (stresses estimated by pressures) and output variables (strains), from which the parameters (compliance, resistance, etc.) of a model reproducing the functioning system can be computed. From this point of view, patients under artificial ventilation show a twofold difficulty: the one is the collection of variables, very difficult in consideration of the patients' precarious state, the other the type of  the model: the first order linear model, used for lack of better solution, can be criticized, on the one hand by severe pulmonary changes in these patients, and by the special mode of applying constraints during artificial ventilation on the other. All these facts explain the methodologic and theoretical difficulties encountered in ventilatory mechanics analysis in resuscitation, which actually leads to the expression of one parameter as representative of the pulmonary parenchymal elasticity: the static compliance, and to the determination of the balancing point of the system: the functional residual capacity.", "contents": "[Study of ventilatory mechanics - its application to artificial ventilation (author's transl)]. Study of ventilatory mechanics implies collection of input variables (stresses estimated by pressures) and output variables (strains), from which the parameters (compliance, resistance, etc.) of a model reproducing the functioning system can be computed. From this point of view, patients under artificial ventilation show a twofold difficulty: the one is the collection of variables, very difficult in consideration of the patients' precarious state, the other the type of  the model: the first order linear model, used for lack of better solution, can be criticized, on the one hand by severe pulmonary changes in these patients, and by the special mode of applying constraints during artificial ventilation on the other. All these facts explain the methodologic and theoretical difficulties encountered in ventilatory mechanics analysis in resuscitation, which actually leads to the expression of one parameter as representative of the pulmonary parenchymal elasticity: the static compliance, and to the determination of the balancing point of the system: the functional residual capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1218297", "title": "Bone scan in chronic dialysis patients with evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "Bone scans in 13 of 14 patients on chronic dialysis were found to be abnormal. Symmetrical increased activity was noted in the calvarium, mandible, sternum, shoulders, vertebrae, and the distal aspects of the femur and tibia, as well as the patella. The scan abnormality is felt to be most likely the result of secondary hyperparathyroidism because of clinical and laboratory data, and, in four, confirmatory tissue diagnoses. The scan findings support the data of some earlier investigations on bone isotopic accretion in hyperparathyroidism. However, co-existing osteomalacia giving rise to abnormal activity in some of the patients cannot be excluded. Dihydrotachysterol may have minimized the extent of osteomalacia in these patients. Osteoporosis was probably present in some patients, but it appears differently on scan. Osteosclerosis was not detected on radiographic examination. Scan manifestations, especially mandibular activity, were pronounced and appeared earlier than the radiographic changes. The degree and extent of abnormal activity correlated with the length of dialysis and the level of alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Bone scan in chronic dialysis patients with evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy. Bone scans in 13 of 14 patients on chronic dialysis were found to be abnormal. Symmetrical increased activity was noted in the calvarium, mandible, sternum, shoulders, vertebrae, and the distal aspects of the femur and tibia, as well as the patella. The scan abnormality is felt to be most likely the result of secondary hyperparathyroidism because of clinical and laboratory data, and, in four, confirmatory tissue diagnoses. The scan findings support the data of some earlier investigations on bone isotopic accretion in hyperparathyroidism. However, co-existing osteomalacia giving rise to abnormal activity in some of the patients cannot be excluded. Dihydrotachysterol may have minimized the extent of osteomalacia in these patients. Osteoporosis was probably present in some patients, but it appears differently on scan. Osteosclerosis was not detected on radiographic examination. Scan manifestations, especially mandibular activity, were pronounced and appeared earlier than the radiographic changes. The degree and extent of abnormal activity correlated with the length of dialysis and the level of alkaline phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:1218298", "title": "Pulmonary infarction complicating the use of Swan-Ganz catheters.", "content": "Since the introduction of Swan-Ganz (flow-directed balloon-tipped) catheters, in 1970, relatively few serious complications have been reported. This report summarizes three cases of pulmonary infarction secondary to indwelling Swan-Ganz catheters. Two were due to wedging of the catheter and one probably to embolization or extension of thrombus from the tip of the catheter. The radiologist should be aware of this complication, as he is in an excellent position to first make the diagnosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary infarction complicating the use of Swan-Ganz catheters. Since the introduction of Swan-Ganz (flow-directed balloon-tipped) catheters, in 1970, relatively few serious complications have been reported. This report summarizes three cases of pulmonary infarction secondary to indwelling Swan-Ganz catheters. Two were due to wedging of the catheter and one probably to embolization or extension of thrombus from the tip of the catheter. The radiologist should be aware of this complication, as he is in an excellent position to first make the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1218293", "title": "Monitoring of ventilation and lung mechanics during automatic ventilation. A new device.", "content": "A device that allows continuous monitoring and recording of expired minute volume, tidal volume, resistance, compliance, indices of hyperinflation and other measures of ventilation and lung mechanics during automatic ventilation is described. After connection to the ventilator (Servoventilator 900) with one cable it is operating without any calibrations or other measures. The calculation of expired minute volume is done in a new way that eliminates errors due to compression of gas in the connecting lines. Calculations of compliance is made in a way allowing measurements even in patients with hyperinflation. Expiratory and inspiratory resistance values are obtained. The indices of hyperinflation in terms of measured flow and estimated alveolar pressure at the end of an expiration are discussed. The problems and benefits associated with measurements in much obstructive patients are analyzed. A short study of the performance of the calculator is presented.", "contents": "Monitoring of ventilation and lung mechanics during automatic ventilation. A new device. A device that allows continuous monitoring and recording of expired minute volume, tidal volume, resistance, compliance, indices of hyperinflation and other measures of ventilation and lung mechanics during automatic ventilation is described. After connection to the ventilator (Servoventilator 900) with one cable it is operating without any calibrations or other measures. The calculation of expired minute volume is done in a new way that eliminates errors due to compression of gas in the connecting lines. Calculations of compliance is made in a way allowing measurements even in patients with hyperinflation. Expiratory and inspiratory resistance values are obtained. The indices of hyperinflation in terms of measured flow and estimated alveolar pressure at the end of an expiration are discussed. The problems and benefits associated with measurements in much obstructive patients are analyzed. A short study of the performance of the calculator is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1218299", "title": "External radiotherapy and radioiodine in the treatment of 359 thyroid cancers.", "content": "Between 1943 and 1965, 359 patients with carcinoma of the thyroid were treated by external radiotherapy or radioiodine out of a total number of 560 patients treated during the same period. In 65 of these patients surgery had been satisfactory from a macroscopic point of view. Prophylactic post-operative irradiation was given to 55 and the survival rate was 91 per cent at five years and 85 per cent at ten years. Ten received radioiodine, eight were alive at five years and six at ten years. In 95 patients excision of the tumour had been macroscopically incomplete. Fifty-four were treated by external radiotherapy and the survival rates were 50 per cent at five years and 48 per cent at ten years. For the differentiated carcinoma of this group 68 per cent were surviving at five years and 58 per cent at ten years. Of 41 patients treated with radioiodine, 75 per cent were surviving at five years and 31 per cent at ten years. Eighty-five patients were inoperable. Sixty were treated by external radiotherapy, the survival rates were 17 per cent at five years and 8.5 per cent at ten years. For the differentiated carcinomas of this group the survival rates were 24 per cent and 18 per cent. Twenty-five were treated with radioiodine, 26 per cent were surviving at five years and 4.5 per cent at ten years. The patients treated by external radiotherapy can be divided into two subgroups according to the technique of treatment and dose used. Between 1943 and 1955, patients were treated with conventional X rays (mean applied dose 2,800 rads), between 1956 and 1965 the patients were treated with 60Co (mean applied dose 5,000 rads). For the 45 patients of the first group, the survival rates were 35 per cent at five years and 32 per cent at ten years. For the 124 of the second group the respective survival rates were significantly higher: 60.6 per cent and 53 per cent. The results of external radiotherapy were similar to those of radioiodine at five years and better at ten years. In conclusion, a dose of 5,000 to 6,000 rads delivered by megavoltage external radiotherapy in five to six weeks, is well tolerated and effective mostly in differentiated carcinomas and medullary carcinomas. The survival rates of 64 patients whose metastases were unable to pick up iodine is practically zero at five years. For 68 patients with uptake in their metastases the survival rates were 53 per cent at five years and 23 per cent at ten years. The survival rate in patients with pulmonary metastases was higher than in patients with bony metastases (75 per cent versus 44 per cent at five years and 42 per cent versus 8 per cent at ten years.", "contents": "External radiotherapy and radioiodine in the treatment of 359 thyroid cancers. Between 1943 and 1965, 359 patients with carcinoma of the thyroid were treated by external radiotherapy or radioiodine out of a total number of 560 patients treated during the same period. In 65 of these patients surgery had been satisfactory from a macroscopic point of view. Prophylactic post-operative irradiation was given to 55 and the survival rate was 91 per cent at five years and 85 per cent at ten years. Ten received radioiodine, eight were alive at five years and six at ten years. In 95 patients excision of the tumour had been macroscopically incomplete. Fifty-four were treated by external radiotherapy and the survival rates were 50 per cent at five years and 48 per cent at ten years. For the differentiated carcinoma of this group 68 per cent were surviving at five years and 58 per cent at ten years. Of 41 patients treated with radioiodine, 75 per cent were surviving at five years and 31 per cent at ten years. Eighty-five patients were inoperable. Sixty were treated by external radiotherapy, the survival rates were 17 per cent at five years and 8.5 per cent at ten years. For the differentiated carcinomas of this group the survival rates were 24 per cent and 18 per cent. Twenty-five were treated with radioiodine, 26 per cent were surviving at five years and 4.5 per cent at ten years. The patients treated by external radiotherapy can be divided into two subgroups according to the technique of treatment and dose used. Between 1943 and 1955, patients were treated with conventional X rays (mean applied dose 2,800 rads), between 1956 and 1965 the patients were treated with 60Co (mean applied dose 5,000 rads). For the 45 patients of the first group, the survival rates were 35 per cent at five years and 32 per cent at ten years. For the 124 of the second group the respective survival rates were significantly higher: 60.6 per cent and 53 per cent. The results of external radiotherapy were similar to those of radioiodine at five years and better at ten years. In conclusion, a dose of 5,000 to 6,000 rads delivered by megavoltage external radiotherapy in five to six weeks, is well tolerated and effective mostly in differentiated carcinomas and medullary carcinomas. The survival rates of 64 patients whose metastases were unable to pick up iodine is practically zero at five years. For 68 patients with uptake in their metastases the survival rates were 53 per cent at five years and 23 per cent at ten years. The survival rate in patients with pulmonary metastases was higher than in patients with bony metastases (75 per cent versus 44 per cent at five years and 42 per cent versus 8 per cent at ten years."}
{"id": "PMID:1218294", "title": "[Circulatory and metabolic disturbances in accidental hypothermia (author's transl)].", "content": "This work sums up several studies: clinical observation (electrocardiogram, cardiac rhythm, circulatory state), and biology (glycemia, blood oxygenation, acid-base balance) in 24 cases of accidental hypothermia, not related to poisoning by central nervous system depressive agents; haemodynamics in 18 of these cases; pathology of the myocardium in 11 cases; haemodynamics and microscopy of the myocardium in dogs with slowly induced or prolonged hypothermia; finally an electron microscope study in hypothermic rats. Electrocardiographic study and continuous monitoring of cardiac rhythm and tracing show, in addition to well known manifestations (bradycardia, lenghtening of QT, J wave), acute dysrhythmias, particularly circulatory arrests by asystole during or even 72 hours after rewarming. The clinical haemodynamic changes, measurable (cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure), or computable (stroke volume, peripheral resistances) are observed during rewarming. Several haemodynamic developments can be distinguished: --favourable evolution when the initial disturbances (decrease in cardiac output and in stroke volume, increase in peripheral resistances) disappear without any therapeutic support: --haemodynamic developments showing at a certain time evidence of hypovolemia requiring only moderate vascular replacement; --haemodynamic developments showing myocardial damage. In some cases, only hypothermia accounts for these. In circulatory arrests during or after rewarming, these haemodynamic disturbances raise the hypothesis of severe cardiac changes due to hypothermia itself.", "contents": "[Circulatory and metabolic disturbances in accidental hypothermia (author's transl)]. This work sums up several studies: clinical observation (electrocardiogram, cardiac rhythm, circulatory state), and biology (glycemia, blood oxygenation, acid-base balance) in 24 cases of accidental hypothermia, not related to poisoning by central nervous system depressive agents; haemodynamics in 18 of these cases; pathology of the myocardium in 11 cases; haemodynamics and microscopy of the myocardium in dogs with slowly induced or prolonged hypothermia; finally an electron microscope study in hypothermic rats. Electrocardiographic study and continuous monitoring of cardiac rhythm and tracing show, in addition to well known manifestations (bradycardia, lenghtening of QT, J wave), acute dysrhythmias, particularly circulatory arrests by asystole during or even 72 hours after rewarming. The clinical haemodynamic changes, measurable (cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure), or computable (stroke volume, peripheral resistances) are observed during rewarming. Several haemodynamic developments can be distinguished: --favourable evolution when the initial disturbances (decrease in cardiac output and in stroke volume, increase in peripheral resistances) disappear without any therapeutic support: --haemodynamic developments showing at a certain time evidence of hypovolemia requiring only moderate vascular replacement; --haemodynamic developments showing myocardial damage. In some cases, only hypothermia accounts for these. In circulatory arrests during or after rewarming, these haemodynamic disturbances raise the hypothesis of severe cardiac changes due to hypothermia itself."}
{"id": "PMID:1218300", "title": "Damage and recovery assessment of the mouse jejunum to abdominal X-ray and adriamycin treatment.", "content": "The influence of adriamycin on the post-irradiation proliferative response of the mouse jejunum was examined. Doses of either 5 or 10 mg/kg of adriamycin administered immediately after abdominal irradiation reduced the LD50/7 days by 300-400 R. Neither dosage of the drug reduced the number of surviving crypts, as measured by the crypt isolation and microcolony techniques, for a given radiation exposure. However, both drug dosages reduced the amount of post-irradiation compensatory hyperplasia, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation.", "contents": "Damage and recovery assessment of the mouse jejunum to abdominal X-ray and adriamycin treatment. The influence of adriamycin on the post-irradiation proliferative response of the mouse jejunum was examined. Doses of either 5 or 10 mg/kg of adriamycin administered immediately after abdominal irradiation reduced the LD50/7 days by 300-400 R. Neither dosage of the drug reduced the number of surviving crypts, as measured by the crypt isolation and microcolony techniques, for a given radiation exposure. However, both drug dosages reduced the amount of post-irradiation compensatory hyperplasia, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218301", "title": "Application of the Weibull distribution to some instances of cell survival; of neoplastic survival, and of ageing.", "content": "The Weibull distribution has been applied to several processes of survival with either increasing, decreasing or constant hazard rate. In cases of survival where shoulder and exponential segments have been postulated the Weibull distribution seems to fit them.", "contents": "Application of the Weibull distribution to some instances of cell survival; of neoplastic survival, and of ageing. The Weibull distribution has been applied to several processes of survival with either increasing, decreasing or constant hazard rate. In cases of survival where shoulder and exponential segments have been postulated the Weibull distribution seems to fit them."}
{"id": "PMID:1218303", "title": "A simple approach to grey scale echography.", "content": "The use of grey scale echography may be advantageous in some diagnostic situations, e.g. liver investigations. The effects on the recorded grey scale of different types of signal processing in conjunction with various settings of the brilliance control were investigated using a standard ultrasonic machine. The most satisfactory results were obtained when operating at a high baseline brilliance and modulating the display with signals proportional to the echo amplitude. A series of comparative pictures are shown to demonstrate these effects.", "contents": "A simple approach to grey scale echography. The use of grey scale echography may be advantageous in some diagnostic situations, e.g. liver investigations. The effects on the recorded grey scale of different types of signal processing in conjunction with various settings of the brilliance control were investigated using a standard ultrasonic machine. The most satisfactory results were obtained when operating at a high baseline brilliance and modulating the display with signals proportional to the echo amplitude. A series of comparative pictures are shown to demonstrate these effects."}
{"id": "PMID:1218306", "title": "A table for the rapid determination of RET and TDF values.", "content": "A table has been devised to allow rapid determination of the RET and TDF values for five-day a week therapy schemes which might be included in realistic treatment planning. 2. The table allows easy comparison of the RET and TDF values for different fractionation schemes or, conversely, the devising of equivalent fractionations for similar RET and TDF values. 3. Utilizing the decay tables of Orton and Ellis, it is possible to utilize the table for determining rapidly the total TDF for interrupted or split course treatment regimens. 4. In those departments which treat four days, rather than five days, per week, a table devised on the four-day treatment schedule could easily be devised.", "contents": "A table for the rapid determination of RET and TDF values. A table has been devised to allow rapid determination of the RET and TDF values for five-day a week therapy schemes which might be included in realistic treatment planning. 2. The table allows easy comparison of the RET and TDF values for different fractionation schemes or, conversely, the devising of equivalent fractionations for similar RET and TDF values. 3. Utilizing the decay tables of Orton and Ellis, it is possible to utilize the table for determining rapidly the total TDF for interrupted or split course treatment regimens. 4. In those departments which treat four days, rather than five days, per week, a table devised on the four-day treatment schedule could easily be devised."}
{"id": "PMID:1218335", "title": "Scintigraphic diagnosis of acoustic neurofibromas.", "content": "Radioisotope brain scanning gave positive results in 57 out of 68 acoustic neurofibromas in three British neurosurgical centres. Acoustic neurofibromas over 2 cm in diameter may be expected to give a positive scintigraphic result, and tumours of this size also erode the petrous bone. Since most are 3-4 cm in diameter, correlation between the results of petrous radiography and cerebral scintigraphy often permits a specific diagnosis of acoustic neurofibroma to be made. No other radiological investigation may be necessary preoperatively.", "contents": "Scintigraphic diagnosis of acoustic neurofibromas. Radioisotope brain scanning gave positive results in 57 out of 68 acoustic neurofibromas in three British neurosurgical centres. Acoustic neurofibromas over 2 cm in diameter may be expected to give a positive scintigraphic result, and tumours of this size also erode the petrous bone. Since most are 3-4 cm in diameter, correlation between the results of petrous radiography and cerebral scintigraphy often permits a specific diagnosis of acoustic neurofibroma to be made. No other radiological investigation may be necessary preoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:1218336", "title": "Comparison of 125I-labelled fibrinogen uptake and venography in the detection of recent deep-vein thrombosis in the legs.", "content": "Both techniques were used to examine 72 legs, and agreed about the presence or absence of thrombus in 54 cases (72 per cent). In 41 legs both tests were positive and in 13 legs both tests were negative. In 16 legs the 125I fibrinogen test only was positive, and if the seven legs with clinical conditions known to increase fibrinogen uptake are excluded, there were nine legs (13 per cent) with an increased fibrinogen uptake in the calf and a normal venogram. In two legs the venogram only was positive, and in both cases there was evidence of clot retraction which suggested that the thrombus was more than a week old. The use of radio-opaque markers attached to the skin made it possible to compare the site of thrombosis detected by the two techniques and the results of this comparison indicate that the fibrinogen test underestimated the extent of femoral vein thrombosis in a significant proportion of cases. (p less than 0-001).", "contents": "Comparison of 125I-labelled fibrinogen uptake and venography in the detection of recent deep-vein thrombosis in the legs. Both techniques were used to examine 72 legs, and agreed about the presence or absence of thrombus in 54 cases (72 per cent). In 41 legs both tests were positive and in 13 legs both tests were negative. In 16 legs the 125I fibrinogen test only was positive, and if the seven legs with clinical conditions known to increase fibrinogen uptake are excluded, there were nine legs (13 per cent) with an increased fibrinogen uptake in the calf and a normal venogram. In two legs the venogram only was positive, and in both cases there was evidence of clot retraction which suggested that the thrombus was more than a week old. The use of radio-opaque markers attached to the skin made it possible to compare the site of thrombosis detected by the two techniques and the results of this comparison indicate that the fibrinogen test underestimated the extent of femoral vein thrombosis in a significant proportion of cases. (p less than 0-001)."}
{"id": "PMID:1218337", "title": "Demonstration of abnormalities of the lens by echography.", "content": "A demonstration of the B-scan echographic appearances of some commonly encountered lens abnormalities is presented. Examples of intumescent, traumatic and calcified cataracts, congenital and traumatic displacements and other abnormalities are shown. The significance of these findings is discussed and the importance of pre-operative ultrasonic examination of the patient for cataract extraction to exclude vitreous or retinal pathology is stressed. The value of echographic examination in traumatic cases, where vitreous haemorrhage has occurred, in the demonstration of intraocular abnormalities, such as retinal detachment or a non-radio-opaque foreign body is also discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of abnormalities of the lens by echography. A demonstration of the B-scan echographic appearances of some commonly encountered lens abnormalities is presented. Examples of intumescent, traumatic and calcified cataracts, congenital and traumatic displacements and other abnormalities are shown. The significance of these findings is discussed and the importance of pre-operative ultrasonic examination of the patient for cataract extraction to exclude vitreous or retinal pathology is stressed. The value of echographic examination in traumatic cases, where vitreous haemorrhage has occurred, in the demonstration of intraocular abnormalities, such as retinal detachment or a non-radio-opaque foreign body is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218356", "title": "Radiation dosage to the breast in well-women screening surveys.", "content": "The D.H.S.S. is supporting research in several centres to determine the feasibility of establishing a nationwide Breast Cancer Screening Programme. This paper answers the questions \"What is the radiation dose produced by mammography, and is it safe?\". In the context of well-women screening surveys a maximum skin dose of 2 R has been recommended. The variation of dose across the breast surface is recorded and the reasons for this enumerated. The lowest mean dose recorded with industrial quality film was 4-9 R, so that such fine-grain film cannot be used for this purpose. Doses within the recommended safety limit are achieved by the use of vacuum-packed film-screen combinations. The new rare-earth phosphor screens produce the lowest dose (0-2 R). There was no significant gonad dose. It is concluded that mammographic examination of well-women can be performed at safe radiation levels.", "contents": "Radiation dosage to the breast in well-women screening surveys. The D.H.S.S. is supporting research in several centres to determine the feasibility of establishing a nationwide Breast Cancer Screening Programme. This paper answers the questions \"What is the radiation dose produced by mammography, and is it safe?\". In the context of well-women screening surveys a maximum skin dose of 2 R has been recommended. The variation of dose across the breast surface is recorded and the reasons for this enumerated. The lowest mean dose recorded with industrial quality film was 4-9 R, so that such fine-grain film cannot be used for this purpose. Doses within the recommended safety limit are achieved by the use of vacuum-packed film-screen combinations. The new rare-earth phosphor screens produce the lowest dose (0-2 R). There was no significant gonad dose. It is concluded that mammographic examination of well-women can be performed at safe radiation levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1218357", "title": "Film and xeroradiographic images in mammography. A comparison of tungsten and molybdenum anode materials.", "content": "Methods of comparing mammograms produced by radiation derived from tungsten and molydenum anodes are described. In film mammography better images were obtained using molybdenum radiation. In xeromammography images of equal quality were produced by either technique. However, the dose required for good xeromammography using a molybdenum source was significantly higher than for tungsten.", "contents": "Film and xeroradiographic images in mammography. A comparison of tungsten and molybdenum anode materials. Methods of comparing mammograms produced by radiation derived from tungsten and molydenum anodes are described. In film mammography better images were obtained using molybdenum radiation. In xeromammography images of equal quality were produced by either technique. However, the dose required for good xeromammography using a molybdenum source was significantly higher than for tungsten."}
{"id": "PMID:1218358", "title": "Deformity of the labyrinth and internal auditory meatus in congenital deafness.", "content": "In congenital deafness it is important that the radiological examination should exclude any deformities of the bony labyrinth or internal auditory meatus as well as demonstrating lesions of the middle and external ears. Radiological assessment of inner ear abnormalities should be used as a guide both to the feasibility of reconstructive surgery to the middle and external ears and for the future training of the child. Inner ear abnormalities demonstrated by tomography in 56 patients are discussed in relation to the cochlea function. The importance of demonstrating the central bony spiral of the cochlea and of assessing the size and shape the internal auditory meatus is stressed.", "contents": "Deformity of the labyrinth and internal auditory meatus in congenital deafness. In congenital deafness it is important that the radiological examination should exclude any deformities of the bony labyrinth or internal auditory meatus as well as demonstrating lesions of the middle and external ears. Radiological assessment of inner ear abnormalities should be used as a guide both to the feasibility of reconstructive surgery to the middle and external ears and for the future training of the child. Inner ear abnormalities demonstrated by tomography in 56 patients are discussed in relation to the cochlea function. The importance of demonstrating the central bony spiral of the cochlea and of assessing the size and shape the internal auditory meatus is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218359", "title": "Amniography in the early diagnosis of hydatidiform mole.", "content": "In 16 patients with suspected hydatidiform mole the diagnosis was readily confirmed by amniography. A characteristic honeycomb pattern was seen in all cases. Opacification of the pelvic and ovarian veins was observed in 11 patients, four of whom also showed an excretory urogram. No complications occurred. We conclude that amniography is a simple, safe and reliable method of establishing the diagnosis in clinically suspected cases of hydatidiform mole. Amniography should be considered: (1) as a primary procedure where facilities for ultrasonic investigations and for chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) determinations are not available, or (2) when ultrasonic examination and the HCG levels are equivocal.", "contents": "Amniography in the early diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. In 16 patients with suspected hydatidiform mole the diagnosis was readily confirmed by amniography. A characteristic honeycomb pattern was seen in all cases. Opacification of the pelvic and ovarian veins was observed in 11 patients, four of whom also showed an excretory urogram. No complications occurred. We conclude that amniography is a simple, safe and reliable method of establishing the diagnosis in clinically suspected cases of hydatidiform mole. Amniography should be considered: (1) as a primary procedure where facilities for ultrasonic investigations and for chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) determinations are not available, or (2) when ultrasonic examination and the HCG levels are equivocal."}
{"id": "PMID:1218360", "title": "The layered pyelogram in hydronephrosis.", "content": "Fifty patients were studied with erect films at excretory urography. Twenty-eight had hydronephrosis, bilateral in two cases; a total of 30 hydronephrotic kidneys were therefore investigated. Thin layers of contrast medium were shown in the dilated calyces in 29 of the 30 kidneys. The layered pyelogram is a simple, sensitive urographic sign of hydronephrosis, which may be demonstrated in the absence of a discernible pyelogram in the routine film or tomograph. The basis of layering has been investigated by simple experiments. Since the layered pyelogram may be the only urographic evidence of a poorly excreting hydronephrotic kidney, erect films should be routinely used at excretory urography when this condition is to be diagnosed or excluded.", "contents": "The layered pyelogram in hydronephrosis. Fifty patients were studied with erect films at excretory urography. Twenty-eight had hydronephrosis, bilateral in two cases; a total of 30 hydronephrotic kidneys were therefore investigated. Thin layers of contrast medium were shown in the dilated calyces in 29 of the 30 kidneys. The layered pyelogram is a simple, sensitive urographic sign of hydronephrosis, which may be demonstrated in the absence of a discernible pyelogram in the routine film or tomograph. The basis of layering has been investigated by simple experiments. Since the layered pyelogram may be the only urographic evidence of a poorly excreting hydronephrotic kidney, erect films should be routinely used at excretory urography when this condition is to be diagnosed or excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:1218361", "title": "Percutaneous antegrade pyelography in small infants and neonates.", "content": "Percutaneous antegrade pyelography is a safe and useful alternative to retrograde pyelography in the investigation of urinary-tract malformations in the neonate or very young infant. It is preferred to arteriography in the infant with a loin mass. Satisfactory delineation of hydronephrosis or cysts is simply and directly accomplished by this method, so that more complex and less definitive investigations can often be avoided. In addition, a variety of ureteric abnormalities may be displayed.", "contents": "Percutaneous antegrade pyelography in small infants and neonates. Percutaneous antegrade pyelography is a safe and useful alternative to retrograde pyelography in the investigation of urinary-tract malformations in the neonate or very young infant. It is preferred to arteriography in the infant with a loin mass. Satisfactory delineation of hydronephrosis or cysts is simply and directly accomplished by this method, so that more complex and less definitive investigations can often be avoided. In addition, a variety of ureteric abnormalities may be displayed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218362", "title": "Renal compensatory hypertrophy in the adult.", "content": "Compensatory renal enlargement was assessed in 19 adult patients who either had a nephrectomy (17 cases) or developed a functionless kidney following obstruction (two cases). Hypertrophy of the healthy kidney was assessed by comparing renal size on urography before and after removal or destruction of the diseased kidney. Compensatory renal enlargement was demonstrated in 40 per cent of the patients, including two patients in their sixties. The average increase in length was 3 per cent and the maximum increase in length was 9 per cent. Therefore compensatory enlargement does occur in adult life, but is much less than that occurring in childhood. The presence of a hypertrophied adult kidney over 17 cm in length usually indicates that the contralateral renal disease was present in childhood.", "contents": "Renal compensatory hypertrophy in the adult. Compensatory renal enlargement was assessed in 19 adult patients who either had a nephrectomy (17 cases) or developed a functionless kidney following obstruction (two cases). Hypertrophy of the healthy kidney was assessed by comparing renal size on urography before and after removal or destruction of the diseased kidney. Compensatory renal enlargement was demonstrated in 40 per cent of the patients, including two patients in their sixties. The average increase in length was 3 per cent and the maximum increase in length was 9 per cent. Therefore compensatory enlargement does occur in adult life, but is much less than that occurring in childhood. The presence of a hypertrophied adult kidney over 17 cm in length usually indicates that the contralateral renal disease was present in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:1218363", "title": "A comparative study of special petrous views and tomography in the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.", "content": "A review is presented of the value of special petrous views and tomography in 56 patients with acoustic neuromas. Ninety-two per cent of these patients showed abnormality of the petrous bones. Tomography was found to be only slightly more productive than special plain film views of the petrous pyramids in terms of positive diagnosis, and it gave rise to an increased incidence of false positives. For this reason, and to reduce unnecessary exposure, it is recommended that tomography of the internal auditory canals should be considered only after a careful study of adequate plain radiographs, which may themselves be diagnostic. In 73 per cent of the patients in this series the diagnosis could be made with a single slit perorbital projection.", "contents": "A comparative study of special petrous views and tomography in the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas. A review is presented of the value of special petrous views and tomography in 56 patients with acoustic neuromas. Ninety-two per cent of these patients showed abnormality of the petrous bones. Tomography was found to be only slightly more productive than special plain film views of the petrous pyramids in terms of positive diagnosis, and it gave rise to an increased incidence of false positives. For this reason, and to reduce unnecessary exposure, it is recommended that tomography of the internal auditory canals should be considered only after a careful study of adequate plain radiographs, which may themselves be diagnostic. In 73 per cent of the patients in this series the diagnosis could be made with a single slit perorbital projection."}
{"id": "PMID:1218364", "title": "Gonorrhoea of the throat at a venereological clinic. Incidence and Results of Treatment.", "content": "Among 3,271 consecutive cases of gonorrhoea seen during the years 1971 to 1974, the incidence of tonsillar gonorrhoea was 3-6% in men and 5-8% in women. Oro-genital intercourse was admitted by 34% of men and 33% of women. Among these patients the incidence of tonsillar gonorrhoea was 7% in men and 16% in women. Only two cases of gonococcal septicaemia were seen, and there were no other complications. Few patients experienced symptoms from the throat. Tonsillar cultures was positive on the first examination in only 74%, it was negative until after single-dose treatment had been given in 18%.", "contents": "Gonorrhoea of the throat at a venereological clinic. Incidence and Results of Treatment. Among 3,271 consecutive cases of gonorrhoea seen during the years 1971 to 1974, the incidence of tonsillar gonorrhoea was 3-6% in men and 5-8% in women. Oro-genital intercourse was admitted by 34% of men and 33% of women. Among these patients the incidence of tonsillar gonorrhoea was 7% in men and 16% in women. Only two cases of gonococcal septicaemia were seen, and there were no other complications. Few patients experienced symptoms from the throat. Tonsillar cultures was positive on the first examination in only 74%, it was negative until after single-dose treatment had been given in 18%."}
{"id": "PMID:1218365", "title": "Amoxycillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea.", "content": "A series of 162 patients with uncomplicated genital gonorrhoea was assessed after single-dose treatment with 3 g. amoxycillin. This seems to be an acceptable method of treatment, resulting in clearance rates in both male and female patients of 99 and 95% respectively at the first follow-up. The default rates on follow-up over a 4-week period are also shown.", "contents": "Amoxycillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea. A series of 162 patients with uncomplicated genital gonorrhoea was assessed after single-dose treatment with 3 g. amoxycillin. This seems to be an acceptable method of treatment, resulting in clearance rates in both male and female patients of 99 and 95% respectively at the first follow-up. The default rates on follow-up over a 4-week period are also shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1218367", "title": "Observations on radiation myelopathy.", "content": "Three cases of radiation myelopathy are reported. Corticosteroid therapy was associated with worth-while remissions in 2 patients. Two patients showed swelling of the spinal cord in myelograms and in one it extended below the irradiated part of the spinal cord. Demyelination of the dorsal white columns of the spinal cord unaccompanied by vascular abnormality was seen below the irradiated part of the cord. It is suggested that radiation damages the endothelial cell barrier of capillaries and arterioles after a latent interval. Proteinous oedema fluid spreads through the white matter from the capillaries and also into the arteriolar walls narrowing these vessels enough to cause local ischaemia and infarction. It is further suggested that apart from ischaemia and infarction myelin is also damaged by poor nutrition associated with oedema fluid, and that radiation damage to oligodendroglial cells is not the cause of this additional demyelination in patients with radiation myelopathy.", "contents": "Observations on radiation myelopathy. Three cases of radiation myelopathy are reported. Corticosteroid therapy was associated with worth-while remissions in 2 patients. Two patients showed swelling of the spinal cord in myelograms and in one it extended below the irradiated part of the spinal cord. Demyelination of the dorsal white columns of the spinal cord unaccompanied by vascular abnormality was seen below the irradiated part of the cord. It is suggested that radiation damages the endothelial cell barrier of capillaries and arterioles after a latent interval. Proteinous oedema fluid spreads through the white matter from the capillaries and also into the arteriolar walls narrowing these vessels enough to cause local ischaemia and infarction. It is further suggested that apart from ischaemia and infarction myelin is also damaged by poor nutrition associated with oedema fluid, and that radiation damage to oligodendroglial cells is not the cause of this additional demyelination in patients with radiation myelopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1218368", "title": "An assessment of the accuracy of computerized transverse axial scanning (EMI scanner) in the diagnosis of intracranial tumour. A review of 366 patients.", "content": "The computerized transverse axial (CTA) scans of 366 patients with intracranial tumours and 267 patients without tumours, but with similar presenting features, were analyzed. In all cases the definitive diagnosis was established either by histological or neurological methods. Most tumours were found to be of low tissue density, but a gradation from low through normal to a high density appearance was recognized. Tissue density enhancement with sodium iothalamate was achieved in 63-9% of supratentorial and 62-4% of infratentorial tumours, and usually allowed a more accurate determination to be made of the boundary between the tumour and the surrounding oedema. The accuracy of the CTA scanner as a screening technique was found to be 96%, this being superior to either clinical evaluation or rectilinear isotope scanning. When assessed on the basis of structural abnormalities demonstrated in the same groups of patients, the CTA scans enabled a diagnosis to be made or a lesion excluded in 92-3% of the patients, a figure which bears comparison with arteriography and pneumo-encephalography. It is anticipated that the simplicity and superior sensitivity of the system should decrease the necessity for invasive techniques such as angiography and pneumo-encephalography in the future.", "contents": "An assessment of the accuracy of computerized transverse axial scanning (EMI scanner) in the diagnosis of intracranial tumour. A review of 366 patients. The computerized transverse axial (CTA) scans of 366 patients with intracranial tumours and 267 patients without tumours, but with similar presenting features, were analyzed. In all cases the definitive diagnosis was established either by histological or neurological methods. Most tumours were found to be of low tissue density, but a gradation from low through normal to a high density appearance was recognized. Tissue density enhancement with sodium iothalamate was achieved in 63-9% of supratentorial and 62-4% of infratentorial tumours, and usually allowed a more accurate determination to be made of the boundary between the tumour and the surrounding oedema. The accuracy of the CTA scanner as a screening technique was found to be 96%, this being superior to either clinical evaluation or rectilinear isotope scanning. When assessed on the basis of structural abnormalities demonstrated in the same groups of patients, the CTA scans enabled a diagnosis to be made or a lesion excluded in 92-3% of the patients, a figure which bears comparison with arteriography and pneumo-encephalography. It is anticipated that the simplicity and superior sensitivity of the system should decrease the necessity for invasive techniques such as angiography and pneumo-encephalography in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:1218369", "title": "Carotid artery thrombosis, encephalitis, myelitis and optic neuritis associated with rubella virus infections.", "content": "The clinical, virological and pathological findings in 5 patients with neurological complications associated with rubella virus infection are described. The neurological illnesses began four to ten days after the rubella illnesses. The patients were all males aged between 6 and 17 years and were diagnosed during one non-epidemic year in a population of 1-5 million people. All the patients had rubella specific IgM in their sera. Two patients had no rash. In one of the patients who died, left internal carotid artery thrombosis and cerebral infarction were found at post-mortem. Rubella virus antigen and particles resembling rubella virus were found in the brain together with IgG and IgM in the same areas. This patient also had extensive liver necrosis. The other patient had a severe meningomyelitis and radiculitis and he recovered completely after two years. His serum rubella antibody rose significantly and was shown to leak into CSF during the acute stage of his illness. Three patients had a rash. Two of these patients had encephalitis: one recovered completely and the other had residual disability. The third patient had bilateral optic neuritis from which he recovered completely. Rubella specific IgM was, however, present in his serum for the abnormally long time of twenty-eight weeks indicating possible persistence of rubella virus.", "contents": "Carotid artery thrombosis, encephalitis, myelitis and optic neuritis associated with rubella virus infections. The clinical, virological and pathological findings in 5 patients with neurological complications associated with rubella virus infection are described. The neurological illnesses began four to ten days after the rubella illnesses. The patients were all males aged between 6 and 17 years and were diagnosed during one non-epidemic year in a population of 1-5 million people. All the patients had rubella specific IgM in their sera. Two patients had no rash. In one of the patients who died, left internal carotid artery thrombosis and cerebral infarction were found at post-mortem. Rubella virus antigen and particles resembling rubella virus were found in the brain together with IgG and IgM in the same areas. This patient also had extensive liver necrosis. The other patient had a severe meningomyelitis and radiculitis and he recovered completely after two years. His serum rubella antibody rose significantly and was shown to leak into CSF during the acute stage of his illness. Three patients had a rash. Two of these patients had encephalitis: one recovered completely and the other had residual disability. The third patient had bilateral optic neuritis from which he recovered completely. Rubella specific IgM was, however, present in his serum for the abnormally long time of twenty-eight weeks indicating possible persistence of rubella virus."}
{"id": "PMID:1218370", "title": "Pure pan-dysautonomia with recovery. Description and discussion of diagnostic criteria.", "content": "The patient described in this report appears to have had a unique, severe, pure pan-dysautonomia, and has been investigated in sufficient detail to specify precisely the disorders of functions subserved by the autonomic nervous system. Though we cannot rule out the possibility of an unknown autonomic toxin, we have no evidence for it and suggest that our patient's disorder be considered an acute polyneuritis, restricted to the autonomic system. Comment is made on tests of autonomic dysfunction and on the reliance which can be placed upon the results.", "contents": "Pure pan-dysautonomia with recovery. Description and discussion of diagnostic criteria. The patient described in this report appears to have had a unique, severe, pure pan-dysautonomia, and has been investigated in sufficient detail to specify precisely the disorders of functions subserved by the autonomic nervous system. Though we cannot rule out the possibility of an unknown autonomic toxin, we have no evidence for it and suggest that our patient's disorder be considered an acute polyneuritis, restricted to the autonomic system. Comment is made on tests of autonomic dysfunction and on the reliance which can be placed upon the results."}
{"id": "PMID:1218371", "title": "Polymyositis: its presentation, morbidity and mortality.", "content": "A survey of 118 patients seen in the last twenty years in Newcastle upon Tyne forms the basis of this report. All of these 118 patients fulfilled clearly defined clinical, electrophysiological and pathological criteria for the diagnosis of polymyositis: muscle pain, weakness and characteristic EMG and/or muscle biopsy 55%; and characteristic muscle biopsy 17%; muscle weakness and characteristic EMG 7%; muscle weakness and pain, and raised serum CK activity in an established collagen-vascular disease 5%. A smaller group of 25 patients were selected in whom the clinical characteristics, EMG, muscle biopsy and serum enzyme levels were all completely diagnostic of polymyositis. The patients were followed for two months to twenty-six years, with a mean follow-up duration of six years. Analysis was made of the features at presentation and during the course of the illness, and of prognostic factors bearing upon the disability, response to treatment and mortality. Cases were classified according to the system of Rose and Walton (1966). Groups I, II, and III each constituted approximately one-third of the total cases, while only 8% of all cases were associated with carcinoma. The female to male ratio was 1.4:1. Though cases were seen in all age groups, the largest number was in the sixth decade. The sedimentation rate was raised in 55% of cases. Electromyography was characteristic of polymyositis in 45% of cases, and in only 11% was it normal. The serum creatine kinase activity was raised in 64% of cases. There was no correlation between the extent of these abnormalities and the degree of weakness or disability. 65% of muscle biopsies had changes with inflammatory infiltration virtually diagnostic of polymyositis. 17% of cases had a normal muscle biopsy. Most of the patients (89%) were treated with high-dose prednisone therapy, commencing with 30-100 mg/day, gradually reducing to a maintenance dose of 5-15 mg/day over two or three months. All clinical groups showed considerable improvement in average disability with time on \"high dose\" corticosteroid therapy, the maximum improvement occurring within the first three years. The degree of improvement in disability was considerably less in those inadequately treated, though the mortality rate was similar in the two groups. 66% of all survivors had essentially no functional disability at follow-up three or more years later, and in the majority of these cases the disease appeared to have burned itself out. 33% of cases had significant disability after three years, and in half of these the disease appeared to be still active.", "contents": "Polymyositis: its presentation, morbidity and mortality. A survey of 118 patients seen in the last twenty years in Newcastle upon Tyne forms the basis of this report. All of these 118 patients fulfilled clearly defined clinical, electrophysiological and pathological criteria for the diagnosis of polymyositis: muscle pain, weakness and characteristic EMG and/or muscle biopsy 55%; and characteristic muscle biopsy 17%; muscle weakness and characteristic EMG 7%; muscle weakness and pain, and raised serum CK activity in an established collagen-vascular disease 5%. A smaller group of 25 patients were selected in whom the clinical characteristics, EMG, muscle biopsy and serum enzyme levels were all completely diagnostic of polymyositis. The patients were followed for two months to twenty-six years, with a mean follow-up duration of six years. Analysis was made of the features at presentation and during the course of the illness, and of prognostic factors bearing upon the disability, response to treatment and mortality. Cases were classified according to the system of Rose and Walton (1966). Groups I, II, and III each constituted approximately one-third of the total cases, while only 8% of all cases were associated with carcinoma. The female to male ratio was 1.4:1. Though cases were seen in all age groups, the largest number was in the sixth decade. The sedimentation rate was raised in 55% of cases. Electromyography was characteristic of polymyositis in 45% of cases, and in only 11% was it normal. The serum creatine kinase activity was raised in 64% of cases. There was no correlation between the extent of these abnormalities and the degree of weakness or disability. 65% of muscle biopsies had changes with inflammatory infiltration virtually diagnostic of polymyositis. 17% of cases had a normal muscle biopsy. Most of the patients (89%) were treated with high-dose prednisone therapy, commencing with 30-100 mg/day, gradually reducing to a maintenance dose of 5-15 mg/day over two or three months. All clinical groups showed considerable improvement in average disability with time on \"high dose\" corticosteroid therapy, the maximum improvement occurring within the first three years. The degree of improvement in disability was considerably less in those inadequately treated, though the mortality rate was similar in the two groups. 66% of all survivors had essentially no functional disability at follow-up three or more years later, and in the majority of these cases the disease appeared to have burned itself out. 33% of cases had significant disability after three years, and in half of these the disease appeared to be still active."}
{"id": "PMID:1218372", "title": "Pneumographic findings in the infantile autism syndrome. A correlation with temporal lobe disease.", "content": "Pneumoencephalographic findings are described in a group of 18 children who presented to us with a history of retarded language development and autistic behaviour disturbances. None had specific diagnosable neurological diseases nor gross motor disorders. PEG findings included, most prominently, pathological enlargement of the left temporal horn in 15 cases; some cases showed enlargement of both temporal horns or mild variable enlargement of the lateral ventricles, especially the left. Comparisons between infantile autism and recognized patterns of temporal lobe disease (especially Korsakoff syndrome and Kluver-Bucy syndrome) are drawn. We have suggested that medial temporal lobe dysfunction may be a major factor in the pathogenesis of the syndrome of infantile autism.", "contents": "Pneumographic findings in the infantile autism syndrome. A correlation with temporal lobe disease. Pneumoencephalographic findings are described in a group of 18 children who presented to us with a history of retarded language development and autistic behaviour disturbances. None had specific diagnosable neurological diseases nor gross motor disorders. PEG findings included, most prominently, pathological enlargement of the left temporal horn in 15 cases; some cases showed enlargement of both temporal horns or mild variable enlargement of the lateral ventricles, especially the left. Comparisons between infantile autism and recognized patterns of temporal lobe disease (especially Korsakoff syndrome and Kluver-Bucy syndrome) are drawn. We have suggested that medial temporal lobe dysfunction may be a major factor in the pathogenesis of the syndrome of infantile autism."}
{"id": "PMID:1218373", "title": "Ischaemic optic neuropathy. The clinical profile and history.", "content": "The clinical situation of acute optic disc infarction in middle-aged and senescent patients is not uncommon, yet with the exception of those instances due to giant-cell arteritis, pathophysiological mechanisms remain obscure. In hopes of elucidating this syndrome, the clinical profile and natural history of 37 cases of non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy were reviewed. For contrast, 13 cases of arteritic optic neuropathy were surveyed. The salient features of idiopathic optic neuropathy may be summarized as follows: (1) the syndrome occurs primarily in 55-70-year-old patients who, for the most part, are otherwise well; (2) mild hypertension is present in about half of the cases, but does not determine a separate variant of the disorder; (3) there is no significant association with extracranial carotid occlusive disease; (4) over long follow-up periods there appears to be no increased incidence of stroke; (5) the syndrome should be easily recognized on clinical grounds, consisting of sudden or rapidly progressive monocular visual deficit associated with optic disc swelling, with stable visual defects of variable degree; (6) after an interval of months to many years, the second eye is involved in about 40% of cases (old optic atrophy coupled with contralateral fresh disc infarction may be confused with the Foster-Kennedy syndrome); (7) no form of therapy has proved efficacious; (8) pathophysiological mechanisms remain speculative. It is the responsibility of the physician, be he ophthalmologist or neurologist, to distinguish the patient with occult arteritis (history, physical examination, sedimentation rate, arterial biopsy) and institute immediate high-dosage corticosteroid therapy. It is also incumbent upon the clinician to desist from unnecessary and unrewarding diagnostic procedures, in particular cerebral angiography, when confronted with an instance of non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy.", "contents": "Ischaemic optic neuropathy. The clinical profile and history. The clinical situation of acute optic disc infarction in middle-aged and senescent patients is not uncommon, yet with the exception of those instances due to giant-cell arteritis, pathophysiological mechanisms remain obscure. In hopes of elucidating this syndrome, the clinical profile and natural history of 37 cases of non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy were reviewed. For contrast, 13 cases of arteritic optic neuropathy were surveyed. The salient features of idiopathic optic neuropathy may be summarized as follows: (1) the syndrome occurs primarily in 55-70-year-old patients who, for the most part, are otherwise well; (2) mild hypertension is present in about half of the cases, but does not determine a separate variant of the disorder; (3) there is no significant association with extracranial carotid occlusive disease; (4) over long follow-up periods there appears to be no increased incidence of stroke; (5) the syndrome should be easily recognized on clinical grounds, consisting of sudden or rapidly progressive monocular visual deficit associated with optic disc swelling, with stable visual defects of variable degree; (6) after an interval of months to many years, the second eye is involved in about 40% of cases (old optic atrophy coupled with contralateral fresh disc infarction may be confused with the Foster-Kennedy syndrome); (7) no form of therapy has proved efficacious; (8) pathophysiological mechanisms remain speculative. It is the responsibility of the physician, be he ophthalmologist or neurologist, to distinguish the patient with occult arteritis (history, physical examination, sedimentation rate, arterial biopsy) and institute immediate high-dosage corticosteroid therapy. It is also incumbent upon the clinician to desist from unnecessary and unrewarding diagnostic procedures, in particular cerebral angiography, when confronted with an instance of non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1218374", "title": "Inflammatory myopathy in scapulo-ilio-peroneal atrophy with cardiopathy. A study of two families.", "content": "A syndrome of slowly progressive muscle weakness with scapulo-ilio-peroneal distribution and cardiopathy was identified in 26 members of two families. Inheritance was autosomal dominant. Onset of the disease was between 17 and 42 years. Cardiopathy did not antedate skeletal muscle disease and patients had no symptoms of cardiopathy until a late phase of the disease. Initial ECG changes were non-specific, disturbances of conduction and impulse formation developed subsequently. Skeletal muscle biopsies showed neurogenic and myopathic changes with inflammatory cell reaction and perivascular cuffing. The combination of myopathy with neurogenic-like changes is characteristic of many cases of SPA. The inflammatory cell reaction is considered as part of a secondary polymyositis which is at leart partly responsible for muscle pathology.", "contents": "Inflammatory myopathy in scapulo-ilio-peroneal atrophy with cardiopathy. A study of two families. A syndrome of slowly progressive muscle weakness with scapulo-ilio-peroneal distribution and cardiopathy was identified in 26 members of two families. Inheritance was autosomal dominant. Onset of the disease was between 17 and 42 years. Cardiopathy did not antedate skeletal muscle disease and patients had no symptoms of cardiopathy until a late phase of the disease. Initial ECG changes were non-specific, disturbances of conduction and impulse formation developed subsequently. Skeletal muscle biopsies showed neurogenic and myopathic changes with inflammatory cell reaction and perivascular cuffing. The combination of myopathy with neurogenic-like changes is characteristic of many cases of SPA. The inflammatory cell reaction is considered as part of a secondary polymyositis which is at leart partly responsible for muscle pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:1218477", "title": "[Reaction of the bone- and soft tissues to implanted bone wax in the sheep].", "content": "2,5 gr. of bone wax (Knochenwachs) were implanted in the iliac crest of 10 sheep. The induction of a foreign body reaction and chronic inflammation was proven demonstrable until the 12th week after implantation of the bone wax. In this period only partial resorption of the wax occurred simultaneously with significantly retarded osseous regeneration. From a clinical point of view it therefore seems necessary when using bone wax to pay particular attention to inflammatory reactions, reduced new bone formation and eventual occurrence of pseudo-arthrosis.", "contents": "[Reaction of the bone- and soft tissues to implanted bone wax in the sheep]. 2,5 gr. of bone wax (Knochenwachs) were implanted in the iliac crest of 10 sheep. The induction of a foreign body reaction and chronic inflammation was proven demonstrable until the 12th week after implantation of the bone wax. In this period only partial resorption of the wax occurred simultaneously with significantly retarded osseous regeneration. From a clinical point of view it therefore seems necessary when using bone wax to pay particular attention to inflammatory reactions, reduced new bone formation and eventual occurrence of pseudo-arthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1218478", "title": "[Hemobilia following liver injury].", "content": "A case of post-traumatic haemobilia is presented and the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this condition are discussed. In addition to coeliacography, spleno-portography and scan, retrograde endoscopic cholangiography is a valuable diagnostic technique. Treatment is operatively, by drainage and haemostasis of the affected area with liver resection or by ligation of the afferent arteries. In the case presented ligation of the left hepatic artery was successful.", "contents": "[Hemobilia following liver injury]. A case of post-traumatic haemobilia is presented and the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this condition are discussed. In addition to coeliacography, spleno-portography and scan, retrograde endoscopic cholangiography is a valuable diagnostic technique. Treatment is operatively, by drainage and haemostasis of the affected area with liver resection or by ligation of the afferent arteries. In the case presented ligation of the left hepatic artery was successful."}
{"id": "PMID:1218479", "title": "[Problem of intestinal compression due to retroperitoneal fibrosis].", "content": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis causes almost without exception ureteral stenosis, frequently vascular constriction but rarely intestinal obstruction. Of 17 cases reported in the literature, 14 showed a colon sigma stenosis and 3 an obstruction of the duodenum. The appearance of intestinal stenosis neither correlates with the duration of symptoms nor with the extent of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Of our own cases, 4 out of 48 patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis presented a colon sigma constriction; of 17 patients with retroperitoneal fibro-carcinomatosis 2 had a stenosis of the sigma and one an obstruction of the duodenum. Discussed in reference to the literature and to two typical cases are difficulties in surgical intervention, the emergency situation of intestinal occlusion and the success and limitations of cortisone therapy for moderate intestinal constriction.", "contents": "[Problem of intestinal compression due to retroperitoneal fibrosis]. Retroperitoneal fibrosis causes almost without exception ureteral stenosis, frequently vascular constriction but rarely intestinal obstruction. Of 17 cases reported in the literature, 14 showed a colon sigma stenosis and 3 an obstruction of the duodenum. The appearance of intestinal stenosis neither correlates with the duration of symptoms nor with the extent of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Of our own cases, 4 out of 48 patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis presented a colon sigma constriction; of 17 patients with retroperitoneal fibro-carcinomatosis 2 had a stenosis of the sigma and one an obstruction of the duodenum. Discussed in reference to the literature and to two typical cases are difficulties in surgical intervention, the emergency situation of intestinal occlusion and the success and limitations of cortisone therapy for moderate intestinal constriction."}
{"id": "PMID:1218481", "title": "[Prognosis of nerve injuries in humeral fractures].", "content": "The results of a follow-up study of 18 patients with closed fracture of the humerus and mostly primary nerve injury are described. Only 2 patients required operation upon injured nerves. Conservative treatment alone obtained a reasonable restitution of nerve function.", "contents": "[Prognosis of nerve injuries in humeral fractures]. The results of a follow-up study of 18 patients with closed fracture of the humerus and mostly primary nerve injury are described. Only 2 patients required operation upon injured nerves. Conservative treatment alone obtained a reasonable restitution of nerve function."}
{"id": "PMID:1218483", "title": "[Intraneural ganglion in the peroneal nerve].", "content": "Report of a case of an intraneural ganglion in the peroneal nerve. Reviewing the literature this rare case of peroneal nerve palsy is discussed. The therapy consists in an operative decompression of the nerve by excision or incision of the ganglion cyst.", "contents": "[Intraneural ganglion in the peroneal nerve]. Report of a case of an intraneural ganglion in the peroneal nerve. Reviewing the literature this rare case of peroneal nerve palsy is discussed. The therapy consists in an operative decompression of the nerve by excision or incision of the ganglion cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:1218484", "title": "[Local postoperative complications after surgery of the cardia].", "content": "602 patients had an operation on the cardia of stomach during 10-year period 1964-1973 in the Surgical Department of Kiel University. In total there were 395 operations without resection with a 9% postoperative complication rate opposite to 207 resections of the cardia with 38% complications. Here the primary lethality was 7% (14 patients). The complications of suture insufficiency and hemorrhage are demonstrated and their outcome checked up: 13 of 16 patients died of suture insufficiency (81%) and 8 of those 13 with hemorrhage (62%). Especially important for the successful treatment of suture insufficiency are early diagnosis, drainage of the area and closure of the leakage. A new technique of suture insufficiency treatment is reported: T-Drainage into the leakage. This has led to a lowering of the death rate.", "contents": "[Local postoperative complications after surgery of the cardia]. 602 patients had an operation on the cardia of stomach during 10-year period 1964-1973 in the Surgical Department of Kiel University. In total there were 395 operations without resection with a 9% postoperative complication rate opposite to 207 resections of the cardia with 38% complications. Here the primary lethality was 7% (14 patients). The complications of suture insufficiency and hemorrhage are demonstrated and their outcome checked up: 13 of 16 patients died of suture insufficiency (81%) and 8 of those 13 with hemorrhage (62%). Especially important for the successful treatment of suture insufficiency are early diagnosis, drainage of the area and closure of the leakage. A new technique of suture insufficiency treatment is reported: T-Drainage into the leakage. This has led to a lowering of the death rate."}
{"id": "PMID:1218503", "title": "Glycogen metabolism in muscle. The circadian influence on the in vitro model.", "content": "Hemidiaphragms isolated from normal mice were incubated in a glucose-rich medium and the glycogen increments induced by this procedure were determined at 04(00), 08(00), 12(00), 16(00), 20(00) and 00(00) on different days. It was found that although the glycogen values were greater after the incubation than in the non-incubated hemidiaphragms, the increments were different according to the time-span studied. Thus, glycogen synthesis in muscle, even under in vitro conditions, undergoes circadian variation.", "contents": "Glycogen metabolism in muscle. The circadian influence on the in vitro model. Hemidiaphragms isolated from normal mice were incubated in a glucose-rich medium and the glycogen increments induced by this procedure were determined at 04(00), 08(00), 12(00), 16(00), 20(00) and 00(00) on different days. It was found that although the glycogen values were greater after the incubation than in the non-incubated hemidiaphragms, the increments were different according to the time-span studied. Thus, glycogen synthesis in muscle, even under in vitro conditions, undergoes circadian variation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218504", "title": "Circadian modification of drug-induced teratogenesis in rat fetuses.", "content": "Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with hydroxyurea (750 mg/kg) or physiological saline on the 12th day of gestation. Hydroxyurea and saline (control) treated groups were each composed of six subgroups injected at consecutive 4-h intervals (i.e., group 1 at 00(00), group 2 at 04(00),...). All females were injected at the same circadian phase as they were mated. The developmental age of all fetuses was 288 +/- 2 hrs at the time of injection. The fetuses were taken by caesarean section on the 20th or 21st day of gestation. Teratogenesis was greatest when hydroxyurea was administered in the light phase (light-dark 12:12 cycle). Deformity rates correlate with motor activity, mitotic rates and DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Circadian modification of drug-induced teratogenesis in rat fetuses. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with hydroxyurea (750 mg/kg) or physiological saline on the 12th day of gestation. Hydroxyurea and saline (control) treated groups were each composed of six subgroups injected at consecutive 4-h intervals (i.e., group 1 at 00(00), group 2 at 04(00),...). All females were injected at the same circadian phase as they were mated. The developmental age of all fetuses was 288 +/- 2 hrs at the time of injection. The fetuses were taken by caesarean section on the 20th or 21st day of gestation. Teratogenesis was greatest when hydroxyurea was administered in the light phase (light-dark 12:12 cycle). Deformity rates correlate with motor activity, mitotic rates and DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1218511", "title": "[The effect of apamine on the inflammatory process].", "content": "The authors examined the effect of apamine on rats, rabbits and guinea pigs with experimental inflammation. Apamine inhibited serotonine and dextrane oedema on the hind paw of a rat as well as the excudative reaction in inflammation, induced by Croton oil. Apamine manifested antiserotomine effect on an isolated ileum of a guinea pig. It inhibited the increase of haptoglobulin and mucoprotein in serum of animals with experimental inflammation.", "contents": "[The effect of apamine on the inflammatory process]. The authors examined the effect of apamine on rats, rabbits and guinea pigs with experimental inflammation. Apamine inhibited serotonine and dextrane oedema on the hind paw of a rat as well as the excudative reaction in inflammation, induced by Croton oil. Apamine manifested antiserotomine effect on an isolated ileum of a guinea pig. It inhibited the increase of haptoglobulin and mucoprotein in serum of animals with experimental inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218505", "title": "Responses of the regressed ovary of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossils (Bloch), to interrupted-night photoperiods.", "content": "Interrupted-night photoperiod schedules were used to explore the possibility of the involvement of a ciradian rhythm in photosensitivity in ovarian recrudescence in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Interruption of the night of a basic short day (L/D 6:18) treatment by 1-h of light between 00(00) and 01(00) induced ovarian recrudescence which was significantly higher than that in the control group exposed to L/D 7:17. Scanning of the major part of the dark period (20(00-05(00)) to determine the duration of the photo-inducible phase shows that the photo-inducible phase lies between 20(00) and 03(00) with a peak from 00(00) to 01(00). Even 1-h of light in a regimen of L/D 1:23 presented between 20(00)-21(00), 22(00)-23(00), 00(00)-01(00), 02(00)-03(00), or 04(00)-05(00), produced significant ovarian recrudescence with a peak between 22(00) and 23(00). These results provide a clear demonstration of the possible involvement of a circadian mechanism for photoperiod measurement in the catfish.", "contents": "Responses of the regressed ovary of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossils (Bloch), to interrupted-night photoperiods. Interrupted-night photoperiod schedules were used to explore the possibility of the involvement of a ciradian rhythm in photosensitivity in ovarian recrudescence in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Interruption of the night of a basic short day (L/D 6:18) treatment by 1-h of light between 00(00) and 01(00) induced ovarian recrudescence which was significantly higher than that in the control group exposed to L/D 7:17. Scanning of the major part of the dark period (20(00-05(00)) to determine the duration of the photo-inducible phase shows that the photo-inducible phase lies between 20(00) and 03(00) with a peak from 00(00) to 01(00). Even 1-h of light in a regimen of L/D 1:23 presented between 20(00)-21(00), 22(00)-23(00), 00(00)-01(00), 02(00)-03(00), or 04(00)-05(00), produced significant ovarian recrudescence with a peak between 22(00) and 23(00). These results provide a clear demonstration of the possible involvement of a circadian mechanism for photoperiod measurement in the catfish."}
{"id": "PMID:1218512", "title": "[Changes in the physiol working capacity of rats following splenectomy and autologous transplantation of part of the spleen].", "content": "The author made splenectomy on 15 rats, but on other 15 rats after splenectomy he performed autotransplantation of 1/3 of the spleen in omentum majus. All rats induced the duration of swimming for one month after the operation. Two months later the rats with autotransplantation received the duration of swimming, but the splenectomized rats were under the initial values with 27%. These results showed that auto-transplantation of a portion of the spleen assured the working capacity of the examined animals.", "contents": "[Changes in the physiol working capacity of rats following splenectomy and autologous transplantation of part of the spleen]. The author made splenectomy on 15 rats, but on other 15 rats after splenectomy he performed autotransplantation of 1/3 of the spleen in omentum majus. All rats induced the duration of swimming for one month after the operation. Two months later the rats with autotransplantation received the duration of swimming, but the splenectomized rats were under the initial values with 27%. These results showed that auto-transplantation of a portion of the spleen assured the working capacity of the examined animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1218506", "title": "Chronobiology in mental retardation research: progress and prospects.", "content": "The premise of this review is that chronobiology, the science of biologic time structure and rhythms, is important in investigations concerning the etiology, mechanisms and effects of deficient mental adaptive development. Chronobiology is also shown to have potential importance in therapeutics and rehabilitation. Most of the information available now and supporting this wide-spread relevance of chronobiology relates to circadian rhythms, but physiological and behavioral rhythms having other cycle lengths also contribute. Recent findings in seven topic areas of chronobiology are reviewed with emphasis on facts and relationships actually or potentially important for consideration in mental retardation research. These are: 1) development of sleep and EEG patterns; 2) rhythmic susceptibility to seizures; 3) adrenocortical and dependent rhythms; 4) circadian rhythms in amino acids and biogenic amines; 5) rhythmic behaviors; 6) circadian rhythms in susceptibility and responses to drugs; and 7) circadian rhythms in human perception and performance.", "contents": "Chronobiology in mental retardation research: progress and prospects. The premise of this review is that chronobiology, the science of biologic time structure and rhythms, is important in investigations concerning the etiology, mechanisms and effects of deficient mental adaptive development. Chronobiology is also shown to have potential importance in therapeutics and rehabilitation. Most of the information available now and supporting this wide-spread relevance of chronobiology relates to circadian rhythms, but physiological and behavioral rhythms having other cycle lengths also contribute. Recent findings in seven topic areas of chronobiology are reviewed with emphasis on facts and relationships actually or potentially important for consideration in mental retardation research. These are: 1) development of sleep and EEG patterns; 2) rhythmic susceptibility to seizures; 3) adrenocortical and dependent rhythms; 4) circadian rhythms in amino acids and biogenic amines; 5) rhythmic behaviors; 6) circadian rhythms in susceptibility and responses to drugs; and 7) circadian rhythms in human perception and performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1218513", "title": "[Vascularization of the myocardium in rats during various motor regimens].", "content": "The author examined the vascularization of the myocardium by impregnation of argirophil fibers according to Gomori in white rats, undergoing various motor regimens: 8 animals traned by running for a period of 90 days, 8 animals were moveless for 90 days, 8 animals trained for 90 days and then were moveless for 50 days and 7 were controls. She compared the number of capilaries with the number of muscle fibers. There was statistically significant growth of the number of capillaries and their lumen was enlarged in the trained animals. There were no significant differences in the degree of vascularization of the myocardium in the moveless and control animals. In moveless animals after preliminary training the capillary bed of the myocardium was reduced and did not differ significantly from the control animal, but the lumen of all capillaries was still not reduced. Probably we could refer also the increase of the capillary lumen to the more stable adaptation changes together with the increase of the capillaries during raised functional requirements towards the myocardium.", "contents": "[Vascularization of the myocardium in rats during various motor regimens]. The author examined the vascularization of the myocardium by impregnation of argirophil fibers according to Gomori in white rats, undergoing various motor regimens: 8 animals traned by running for a period of 90 days, 8 animals were moveless for 90 days, 8 animals trained for 90 days and then were moveless for 50 days and 7 were controls. She compared the number of capilaries with the number of muscle fibers. There was statistically significant growth of the number of capillaries and their lumen was enlarged in the trained animals. There were no significant differences in the degree of vascularization of the myocardium in the moveless and control animals. In moveless animals after preliminary training the capillary bed of the myocardium was reduced and did not differ significantly from the control animal, but the lumen of all capillaries was still not reduced. Probably we could refer also the increase of the capillary lumen to the more stable adaptation changes together with the increase of the capillaries during raised functional requirements towards the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:1218514", "title": "[Embryotoxic and teratogenic action of some pesticides].", "content": "The authors carried out experiments on white rats in order to evaluate embriotoxic and teratogenic effect of pesticides: cyneb, mneb, cypromate, basfungine, remrod, dipterex and bromex. The preparations were administered oraly as followed: 1) singly in the course of whole pregnancy in a dose of 1/2 LD50 and lower doses till finding single nonacting dose and 21 in the course of the whole pregnancy in doses rangling from the determined single threshold dose till finding minimal acting dose during multiple application and nonacting teratogenic dose under the same conditions. The authors examined the changes in some liver enzymic systems of the mother and fetus. It was established that there was raised actitity of LDH, A1Ph, AcPh, glucose -6-phosphat-dehydrogenase and HEA with degree differences in both examined categories - the mother and fetus. Single treatment of pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis induced anomalies in the development of the nervous system; of the skeletal system - facial cranium, extremities, tail as well as functional and biochemical changes. The authors determined teratogenically nonacting doses for single application: for cyneb - 1000 mg/kg; for maneb - 50 mg/kg and for cypronat - 250 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Embryotoxic and teratogenic action of some pesticides]. The authors carried out experiments on white rats in order to evaluate embriotoxic and teratogenic effect of pesticides: cyneb, mneb, cypromate, basfungine, remrod, dipterex and bromex. The preparations were administered oraly as followed: 1) singly in the course of whole pregnancy in a dose of 1/2 LD50 and lower doses till finding single nonacting dose and 21 in the course of the whole pregnancy in doses rangling from the determined single threshold dose till finding minimal acting dose during multiple application and nonacting teratogenic dose under the same conditions. The authors examined the changes in some liver enzymic systems of the mother and fetus. It was established that there was raised actitity of LDH, A1Ph, AcPh, glucose -6-phosphat-dehydrogenase and HEA with degree differences in both examined categories - the mother and fetus. Single treatment of pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis induced anomalies in the development of the nervous system; of the skeletal system - facial cranium, extremities, tail as well as functional and biochemical changes. The authors determined teratogenically nonacting doses for single application: for cyneb - 1000 mg/kg; for maneb - 50 mg/kg and for cypronat - 250 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:1218515", "title": "[Structural characteristics and innervation of the aortic wall in roosters].", "content": "The structural characteristics and inervation of the aortic wall of domestic cooks was examined on fresh material from 20 species. The author examined the basic structural elements of the aortic wall by means of histological and impregnation methods. There were regional difference and peculiarities in the structure of the wall. In its larger part the aorta was described as a blood vessel of elastic type and only in the abdominal region was characterized as a blood vessel of transitory type. There were close interrelationships between the elastic membranes and smooth cells. Data were reported on the inervation and partly on vascularization of the aortic wall. Recertor formations and neuro-cellular accumulations were discribed. An important element in the inervation of the aorta was the efferent nerve fibers, having attitude to the smooth muscle component and intramural vascular bed. The obtained results give an idea on the dependence and connection between structure, inervation and to a certain degree of vascularization.", "contents": "[Structural characteristics and innervation of the aortic wall in roosters]. The structural characteristics and inervation of the aortic wall of domestic cooks was examined on fresh material from 20 species. The author examined the basic structural elements of the aortic wall by means of histological and impregnation methods. There were regional difference and peculiarities in the structure of the wall. In its larger part the aorta was described as a blood vessel of elastic type and only in the abdominal region was characterized as a blood vessel of transitory type. There were close interrelationships between the elastic membranes and smooth cells. Data were reported on the inervation and partly on vascularization of the aortic wall. Recertor formations and neuro-cellular accumulations were discribed. An important element in the inervation of the aorta was the efferent nerve fibers, having attitude to the smooth muscle component and intramural vascular bed. The obtained results give an idea on the dependence and connection between structure, inervation and to a certain degree of vascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:1218516", "title": "[The effect of heterologous duodenal content on the motor activity of the duodenum].", "content": "The authors carried out studies on 15 rabbits (9 controls and 6 experimental and examined the motor activity of the duodenum after infusing duodenal content from patients with clinicaly established diagnosis of chronic hepatitis at precirrhotic stage. The duodenal secretion obtained from the patients, was examined in advance and the activity of enterokinase and trypsin was determined. The obtained results showed that during infusion of saline or duodenal content, taken from healthy persons, the control group did not reveal any change in the motor activity of the duodenum. In the experimental group after infusion fo duodenal content, taken from patients with liver disease, there was a demonstrative inhibition of the motor activity of the duodenum after the third infusion in all trials. The motor activity was vot normalized for a period of 5-6 hours. There was a reduction in the activity of the enzymes enerokinase and trypsin under the normal values in the doudenal content, taken from patients with chronic hepatitis before its infusion. This coincided with the literary data.", "contents": "[The effect of heterologous duodenal content on the motor activity of the duodenum]. The authors carried out studies on 15 rabbits (9 controls and 6 experimental and examined the motor activity of the duodenum after infusing duodenal content from patients with clinicaly established diagnosis of chronic hepatitis at precirrhotic stage. The duodenal secretion obtained from the patients, was examined in advance and the activity of enterokinase and trypsin was determined. The obtained results showed that during infusion of saline or duodenal content, taken from healthy persons, the control group did not reveal any change in the motor activity of the duodenum. In the experimental group after infusion fo duodenal content, taken from patients with liver disease, there was a demonstrative inhibition of the motor activity of the duodenum after the third infusion in all trials. The motor activity was vot normalized for a period of 5-6 hours. There was a reduction in the activity of the enzymes enerokinase and trypsin under the normal values in the doudenal content, taken from patients with chronic hepatitis before its infusion. This coincided with the literary data."}
{"id": "PMID:1218517", "title": "[Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats on a normal and atherogenic diet].", "content": "The authors carried out experimental studies on four groups of experimental animals at various age and three groups of animals, fed with atherogenic diet according to O'Neal for a period of 4, 11 and 12 months. It was established that the level of serum lipids and lipoproteins underwent substantial changes in the period of sexual maturation. There was no difference between the adult and old animals. The sligh-test changes was found in cholesterol, but the level of triglycerides, esterified fatty acids and total lipids in old animals was even lower than of the adult animals. There was a tendency to an increase of all lipid fractions in the liver of old animals. Cholesterol and beta-lipoproteids were elevated in the aorta of the old animals. Feeding with atherogenic diet for 4 months induced an accumulation of liver lipids without hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia, but continuous feeding with atherogenic diet induced also manifested hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia besides an increase in liver lipids. Morphologically in these animals there was an infiltration of peripheral parts of liver lobules as well deposition of sudonophil substances in subendothelial space of the aortic wall. Stopping of ah tero genic diet 20 days before killing of the experimental animals was enough to reduce significantly the level of liver lipids, but not that in serum and aorta. The most lasting changes underwent triglycerides respectively esterified fatty acids. The studies show that the ah terogenic diet cause characteristic changes in lipid and lipoproteid metabolism, which, however, are different from the changes, which occur with aging of the organism.", "contents": "[Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats on a normal and atherogenic diet]. The authors carried out experimental studies on four groups of experimental animals at various age and three groups of animals, fed with atherogenic diet according to O'Neal for a period of 4, 11 and 12 months. It was established that the level of serum lipids and lipoproteins underwent substantial changes in the period of sexual maturation. There was no difference between the adult and old animals. The sligh-test changes was found in cholesterol, but the level of triglycerides, esterified fatty acids and total lipids in old animals was even lower than of the adult animals. There was a tendency to an increase of all lipid fractions in the liver of old animals. Cholesterol and beta-lipoproteids were elevated in the aorta of the old animals. Feeding with atherogenic diet for 4 months induced an accumulation of liver lipids without hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia, but continuous feeding with atherogenic diet induced also manifested hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia besides an increase in liver lipids. Morphologically in these animals there was an infiltration of peripheral parts of liver lobules as well deposition of sudonophil substances in subendothelial space of the aortic wall. Stopping of ah tero genic diet 20 days before killing of the experimental animals was enough to reduce significantly the level of liver lipids, but not that in serum and aorta. The most lasting changes underwent triglycerides respectively esterified fatty acids. The studies show that the ah terogenic diet cause characteristic changes in lipid and lipoproteid metabolism, which, however, are different from the changes, which occur with aging of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:1218518", "title": "[The effect of prolonged treatment of hypertensive rats with antihypertensive drugs of various actions on the arterial tension and noradrenaline level in the myocardium, brain and aortal].", "content": "The authors examined the changes in arterial blood pressure and the content of Noradrenaline in the myocardium, brain and aorta of rats with hypertension due to nephrectomy and treatment with desoxycorticosterone and NaCl, and after a chronic 6-month treatment of hypertension with various antihypertensive means. The most significant reduction of noradrenaline in the three of the examined tissues was found in rats, which received dic. sulfyram (100 mg/kg per os). Clondine (10 mkg/kg, per os) manifested the strongest hypotensive effect and lowered the level of noradrenaline in the myocardium, while it was raised in the aorta. Reserpine (10 mkg/kg, s. c) induced a clear reduction of Noradrenaline content in the brain, but an increase in the other two tissues. Insignificant hypotensive effect was observed in animals, treated with guanetidine (0.5 mg/kg, per os), which did not affect substantially noradrenaline in the examined organs. The increase of noradrenaline level was established in the three of the organs of animals, treated with alpha-methyl-DOFA (25 mg/kg, per os). Furosemide (1 mg/kg, s.c.) induced a statistically significant elevation of noradrenaline in the aorta, but was noneffective to noradrenaline in the myocardium and brain.", "contents": "[The effect of prolonged treatment of hypertensive rats with antihypertensive drugs of various actions on the arterial tension and noradrenaline level in the myocardium, brain and aortal]. The authors examined the changes in arterial blood pressure and the content of Noradrenaline in the myocardium, brain and aorta of rats with hypertension due to nephrectomy and treatment with desoxycorticosterone and NaCl, and after a chronic 6-month treatment of hypertension with various antihypertensive means. The most significant reduction of noradrenaline in the three of the examined tissues was found in rats, which received dic. sulfyram (100 mg/kg per os). Clondine (10 mkg/kg, per os) manifested the strongest hypotensive effect and lowered the level of noradrenaline in the myocardium, while it was raised in the aorta. Reserpine (10 mkg/kg, s. c) induced a clear reduction of Noradrenaline content in the brain, but an increase in the other two tissues. Insignificant hypotensive effect was observed in animals, treated with guanetidine (0.5 mg/kg, per os), which did not affect substantially noradrenaline in the examined organs. The increase of noradrenaline level was established in the three of the organs of animals, treated with alpha-methyl-DOFA (25 mg/kg, per os). Furosemide (1 mg/kg, s.c.) induced a statistically significant elevation of noradrenaline in the aorta, but was noneffective to noradrenaline in the myocardium and brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1218537", "title": "The changes in blood resistivity with haematocrit and temperature.", "content": "The temperature dependence of the resistivity of blood samples with haematocrits from 16 to 52.5% has been investigated over the temperature range of 22 degrees ot 40 degrees C at a frequency of 100 kHz. The resistivity of whole blood increased with an increase in haematocrit and a decrease in temperature. The data fitted the relationship: Pohm-cm=(6.272 Hct + 75.176) - (0.104 Hct + 1.467) tC weree Hct is the percentage haematocrit.", "contents": "The changes in blood resistivity with haematocrit and temperature. The temperature dependence of the resistivity of blood samples with haematocrits from 16 to 52.5% has been investigated over the temperature range of 22 degrees ot 40 degrees C at a frequency of 100 kHz. The resistivity of whole blood increased with an increase in haematocrit and a decrease in temperature. The data fitted the relationship: Pohm-cm=(6.272 Hct + 75.176) - (0.104 Hct + 1.467) tC weree Hct is the percentage haematocrit."}
{"id": "PMID:1218538", "title": "Evaluation of a proposed index of myocardial blood flow in dogs.", "content": "An index of myocardial blood flow developed from studies with a computer and a mechanical circulatory model has been investigated in 18 dogs. An intravenous injection of 131I is used with external scintillation detection over the left ventricle and the lung. The index is given by the ratio of the half time of the downslope of the curve recorded from the left ventricle to that of the curve recorded from the lung. This index has been compared with that suggested by Mena et al in which the left ventricular half time is compared with the half time of the brain curve. The effect on these indices and on the clearance of 133Xe of clamping the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery has been observed. Statistically significant differences in both indices and in Xenon clearance were seen to be induced by coronary artery clamping but there was overlap between the clamped and unclamped values. The method used for coronary clamping also affected the results.", "contents": "Evaluation of a proposed index of myocardial blood flow in dogs. An index of myocardial blood flow developed from studies with a computer and a mechanical circulatory model has been investigated in 18 dogs. An intravenous injection of 131I is used with external scintillation detection over the left ventricle and the lung. The index is given by the ratio of the half time of the downslope of the curve recorded from the left ventricle to that of the curve recorded from the lung. This index has been compared with that suggested by Mena et al in which the left ventricular half time is compared with the half time of the brain curve. The effect on these indices and on the clearance of 133Xe of clamping the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery has been observed. Statistically significant differences in both indices and in Xenon clearance were seen to be induced by coronary artery clamping but there was overlap between the clamped and unclamped values. The method used for coronary clamping also affected the results."}
{"id": "PMID:1218539", "title": "A computer model and a mechanical model of the circulation and their use in the evaluation of indices of myocardial blood flow.", "content": "Computer and mechanical models of the circulation have been made to study isotopic techniques of determining indices of myocardial blood flow. Parameters in the program and dimensions in the mechanical model have been scaled to represent the human circulation. Single rapid injections of 131I labelled human serum albumen were given into the venous line of the mechanical model and records obtained from collimated scintillation detectors positioned over the heart, lung and brain. Similar injections and recordings were simulated in the computer model. Two indices of myocardial flow have been studied. The first, described by Mena et al. is the ratio of the half time of the downslope of the left ventricular curve to the half time of the downslope of the brain curve. This index distinguished myocardial flows of 0,5% and 10% of total cardiac output but was also affected by changes in cerebral flow. A new index is proposed in which the half time of the left ventricular curve downslope is related to the half time of the downslope of the lung curve. This index can distinguish myocardial flows of 0,5% and 10% total flow but is not affected by changes in cerebral flow.", "contents": "A computer model and a mechanical model of the circulation and their use in the evaluation of indices of myocardial blood flow. Computer and mechanical models of the circulation have been made to study isotopic techniques of determining indices of myocardial blood flow. Parameters in the program and dimensions in the mechanical model have been scaled to represent the human circulation. Single rapid injections of 131I labelled human serum albumen were given into the venous line of the mechanical model and records obtained from collimated scintillation detectors positioned over the heart, lung and brain. Similar injections and recordings were simulated in the computer model. Two indices of myocardial flow have been studied. The first, described by Mena et al. is the ratio of the half time of the downslope of the left ventricular curve to the half time of the downslope of the brain curve. This index distinguished myocardial flows of 0,5% and 10% of total cardiac output but was also affected by changes in cerebral flow. A new index is proposed in which the half time of the left ventricular curve downslope is related to the half time of the downslope of the lung curve. This index can distinguish myocardial flows of 0,5% and 10% total flow but is not affected by changes in cerebral flow."}
{"id": "PMID:1218547", "title": "Correlation analysis of units recorded in the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "Spike activity was simultaneously recorded from pairs of units consisting of both optic tract fibers and relay cells in the cat dLGN. The unit pairs were classified with regard to the types of receptive fields involved, the relative location of receptive fields, and their occular drive. Statistical dependencies between the discharge patterns of the simultaneously observed units were assessed by computing their auto- and crosscorrelogram during a period of maintained discharge. Two distinctly different types of statistical dependence were observed. Unit pairs having like and overlapping receptive field centers exhibited statistical dependencies manifested in their crosscorrelograms by a peak near the origin. Conversely, unit pairs having opposite and overlapping receptive field centers were characterized by a prominent valley in their crosscorrelograms near the origin. These statistical dependencies are inferred to represent functional interaction most probably occurring in the retina and characterized by a common element exerting an influence on both units.", "contents": "Correlation analysis of units recorded in the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Spike activity was simultaneously recorded from pairs of units consisting of both optic tract fibers and relay cells in the cat dLGN. The unit pairs were classified with regard to the types of receptive fields involved, the relative location of receptive fields, and their occular drive. Statistical dependencies between the discharge patterns of the simultaneously observed units were assessed by computing their auto- and crosscorrelogram during a period of maintained discharge. Two distinctly different types of statistical dependence were observed. Unit pairs having like and overlapping receptive field centers exhibited statistical dependencies manifested in their crosscorrelograms by a peak near the origin. Conversely, unit pairs having opposite and overlapping receptive field centers were characterized by a prominent valley in their crosscorrelograms near the origin. These statistical dependencies are inferred to represent functional interaction most probably occurring in the retina and characterized by a common element exerting an influence on both units."}
{"id": "PMID:1218548", "title": "A forebrain lesion preventing imprinting in domestic chicks.", "content": "Newly hatched domestic chicks were subjected to bilateral aspiration lesions of the anterior, dorsal, posterior or lateral regions of the forebrain and then were reared separately with one of two types of imprinting object. Between 3 and 10 days later they were tested for imprinting, pecking accuracy, visual looming and auditory startle responses. Lateral and dorsal lesion groups differed from a control group in the number of successful discriminations of their imprinting object and the lateral group was not significantly different from a random expectancy. All groups were impaired in pecking accuracy but the lateral group was the most severely affected. Looming responses and post startle freezing behaviour were reduced only in the posterior and dorsal groups which were also the least responsive in the imprinting tests. It was concluded that the lateral forebrain area is critically and specifically involved in the visual learning of imprinting being necessary for the discrimination of, but not for approach responsiveness to, imprinting objects.", "contents": "A forebrain lesion preventing imprinting in domestic chicks. Newly hatched domestic chicks were subjected to bilateral aspiration lesions of the anterior, dorsal, posterior or lateral regions of the forebrain and then were reared separately with one of two types of imprinting object. Between 3 and 10 days later they were tested for imprinting, pecking accuracy, visual looming and auditory startle responses. Lateral and dorsal lesion groups differed from a control group in the number of successful discriminations of their imprinting object and the lateral group was not significantly different from a random expectancy. All groups were impaired in pecking accuracy but the lateral group was the most severely affected. Looming responses and post startle freezing behaviour were reduced only in the posterior and dorsal groups which were also the least responsive in the imprinting tests. It was concluded that the lateral forebrain area is critically and specifically involved in the visual learning of imprinting being necessary for the discrimination of, but not for approach responsiveness to, imprinting objects."}
{"id": "PMID:1218549", "title": "A quantitative study of the projection area of the central and the paracentral visual field in area 17 of the cat. I. The precision of the topography.", "content": "1. In the course of long oblique penetrations through the postlateral gyrus a variation in the position of the receptive fields (RF-scatter) of single cells recorded extracellularly is observed. This is superimposed on the continuous topological representation of the retina. Spezifying the RF-positions by the azimuthal and elevation coordinates of their geometrical centers, the standard deviation (SD) of the mean RF-positions of cells recorded in 200 mum long horizontal sections of cortex is calculated and the total radial scatter of RF-positions (Sanderson, 1971) as defined: (see article) is determined. The radial scatter is found to have its smallest value (1 degree visual angle (v.a.)) in the projection area of the functional center of the area centralis increasing to 3-4 degrees v.a. at 10 degrees eccentricity. 2. The mean RF-diameter as defined: (see article) is centrally 0.7 degrees v.a. increasing to 2.6 degrees v.a. at 10 degrees eccentricity. The ratio of the largest RF-diameter to the smallest RF-diameter is between 7-9 and remains almost constant over the central 10 degrees of the projection area. The magnification factor (M) as defined: mm Cortex/degree v.a. is centrally 2.3, decreasing paracentrally to 0.6. 3. The cells in area 17 whose RFs have the same direction in the visual field constitute the spatial subunit of the retinocortical projection. The diameter of the spatial subunit is calculated as: (see article). The spatial subunit functionally represents, therefore, that part of the visual field whose location and area is calculated by averaging over the RFs of the individuals of its cell population. It is found that the cells belonging to a spatial subunit are distributed within a cortical cylinder of 2.6-2.8 mm in diameter, the peak of the distribution coinciding with the central axis of the cylinder. 4. Within the projection area of the central 10 degrees of the retina in area 17 the spatial subunits have the same diameter. This suggests that each retinal ganglion cell is functionally connected with an equal number of cells in area 17 irrespective of its position within the retina and that, therefore, the retinocortical projection is organized on the basis of a stereotyped schema if a basic spatial relationship is concerned.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the projection area of the central and the paracentral visual field in area 17 of the cat. I. The precision of the topography. 1. In the course of long oblique penetrations through the postlateral gyrus a variation in the position of the receptive fields (RF-scatter) of single cells recorded extracellularly is observed. This is superimposed on the continuous topological representation of the retina. Spezifying the RF-positions by the azimuthal and elevation coordinates of their geometrical centers, the standard deviation (SD) of the mean RF-positions of cells recorded in 200 mum long horizontal sections of cortex is calculated and the total radial scatter of RF-positions (Sanderson, 1971) as defined: (see article) is determined. The radial scatter is found to have its smallest value (1 degree visual angle (v.a.)) in the projection area of the functional center of the area centralis increasing to 3-4 degrees v.a. at 10 degrees eccentricity. 2. The mean RF-diameter as defined: (see article) is centrally 0.7 degrees v.a. increasing to 2.6 degrees v.a. at 10 degrees eccentricity. The ratio of the largest RF-diameter to the smallest RF-diameter is between 7-9 and remains almost constant over the central 10 degrees of the projection area. The magnification factor (M) as defined: mm Cortex/degree v.a. is centrally 2.3, decreasing paracentrally to 0.6. 3. The cells in area 17 whose RFs have the same direction in the visual field constitute the spatial subunit of the retinocortical projection. The diameter of the spatial subunit is calculated as: (see article). The spatial subunit functionally represents, therefore, that part of the visual field whose location and area is calculated by averaging over the RFs of the individuals of its cell population. It is found that the cells belonging to a spatial subunit are distributed within a cortical cylinder of 2.6-2.8 mm in diameter, the peak of the distribution coinciding with the central axis of the cylinder. 4. Within the projection area of the central 10 degrees of the retina in area 17 the spatial subunits have the same diameter. This suggests that each retinal ganglion cell is functionally connected with an equal number of cells in area 17 irrespective of its position within the retina and that, therefore, the retinocortical projection is organized on the basis of a stereotyped schema if a basic spatial relationship is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:1218550", "title": "A quantitative study of the projection area of the central and the paracentral visual field in area 17 of the cat. II. The spatial organization of the orientation domain.", "content": "Cells in cat's area 17 respond optimally if elongated contrasts are presented at a certain angle or orientation with respect to the retina, or to the visual field, respectively (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). The preferred orientation and the range of orientation sensitivity of cells in close proximity to one another have been determined in order to investigate the spatial arrangement of the orientation domain in area 17. 1. A slight overrepresentation of vertical and horizontal orientations is seen in cells with complex receptive fields, whereas in cells with simple fields all orientations are represented to an equal degree. The orientation selectivity, defined as the halfwidth of tuning curves constructed from the cells response to a moving stimulus, is less than 60 degrees in more than 80% of all cells investigated, and is on the average 20-30 degrees smaller in cells with simple than in cells with complex receptive fields. 2. In 80% of all cases considered the difference in the preferred orientation between two cells less than 200 mum horizontally distant in area 17 is less than 30 degrees, which is of the order of an individual cells orientation selectivity. Each cell, therefore, will respond to some extent to that orientation which is preferred by the cells in the immediate surroundings. 3. Sequential changes in the preferred orientation between cells successively recorded are observed as the postlateral gyrus is explored from anterior to posterior and from medial to lateral. On these general trends a random variation in the preferred orientation between neighbouring cells of the order of 5-10 degrees is superimposed. One orientation sequence (180 degrees) occupies 700-1200 mum, so that on the average a change in the preferred orientation of the order of 10 degrees is complete after 50 mum distance in the cortex measured parallel to the pial surface. Assuming that 18 different orientations (+/- 5 degrees) functionally represent one complete orientation sequence it is found that 'all' orientations are functionally represented by the cells contained in a cortical cylinder of 300-700 mum in diameter. 4. Cells having the same preferred orientation are grouped together in cortical regions which appear in crossection as a band or a spot. These regions have been termed iso-orientation bands or spots. The diameter of the spots and the small diameter of the bands do not exceed 100 mum. Taking an average orientation selectivity of 40 degrees for cells vertically aligned in area 17 it is calculated that cells situated 100 mum to either side of an iso-orientation band or around an iso-orientation spot still respond with 50% of the discharge to their own optimal orientation ...", "contents": "A quantitative study of the projection area of the central and the paracentral visual field in area 17 of the cat. II. The spatial organization of the orientation domain. Cells in cat's area 17 respond optimally if elongated contrasts are presented at a certain angle or orientation with respect to the retina, or to the visual field, respectively (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). The preferred orientation and the range of orientation sensitivity of cells in close proximity to one another have been determined in order to investigate the spatial arrangement of the orientation domain in area 17. 1. A slight overrepresentation of vertical and horizontal orientations is seen in cells with complex receptive fields, whereas in cells with simple fields all orientations are represented to an equal degree. The orientation selectivity, defined as the halfwidth of tuning curves constructed from the cells response to a moving stimulus, is less than 60 degrees in more than 80% of all cells investigated, and is on the average 20-30 degrees smaller in cells with simple than in cells with complex receptive fields. 2. In 80% of all cases considered the difference in the preferred orientation between two cells less than 200 mum horizontally distant in area 17 is less than 30 degrees, which is of the order of an individual cells orientation selectivity. Each cell, therefore, will respond to some extent to that orientation which is preferred by the cells in the immediate surroundings. 3. Sequential changes in the preferred orientation between cells successively recorded are observed as the postlateral gyrus is explored from anterior to posterior and from medial to lateral. On these general trends a random variation in the preferred orientation between neighbouring cells of the order of 5-10 degrees is superimposed. One orientation sequence (180 degrees) occupies 700-1200 mum, so that on the average a change in the preferred orientation of the order of 10 degrees is complete after 50 mum distance in the cortex measured parallel to the pial surface. Assuming that 18 different orientations (+/- 5 degrees) functionally represent one complete orientation sequence it is found that 'all' orientations are functionally represented by the cells contained in a cortical cylinder of 300-700 mum in diameter. 4. Cells having the same preferred orientation are grouped together in cortical regions which appear in crossection as a band or a spot. These regions have been termed iso-orientation bands or spots. The diameter of the spots and the small diameter of the bands do not exceed 100 mum. Taking an average orientation selectivity of 40 degrees for cells vertically aligned in area 17 it is calculated that cells situated 100 mum to either side of an iso-orientation band or around an iso-orientation spot still respond with 50% of the discharge to their own optimal orientation ..."}
{"id": "PMID:1218551", "title": "The effect of two diverse inhalation anesthetic agents on serotonin in discrete regions of the rat brain.", "content": "Sensitive radioisotopic enzymatic methods were used to determine 5-HT levels in 16 different regions of brain from rats anesthetized for 90-105 min with 1% halothane or 18% cyclopropane. These two anesthetics were chosen because of their differing effects on the electroencephalogram and on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. 5-HT levels in the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis, substantia nigra, and nucleus centralis superior were increased after administration of either anesthetic, but only anesthesia with cyclopropane was associated with an increase in 5-HT level in the nucleus raphe dorsalis. The changes in levels of transmitter does not distinguish cause from effect of anesthesia, and further experiments are needed to delineate what role, if any, the specific areas play in muscle relaxation, analgesia, sleep or anesthesia.", "contents": "The effect of two diverse inhalation anesthetic agents on serotonin in discrete regions of the rat brain. Sensitive radioisotopic enzymatic methods were used to determine 5-HT levels in 16 different regions of brain from rats anesthetized for 90-105 min with 1% halothane or 18% cyclopropane. These two anesthetics were chosen because of their differing effects on the electroencephalogram and on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. 5-HT levels in the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis, substantia nigra, and nucleus centralis superior were increased after administration of either anesthetic, but only anesthesia with cyclopropane was associated with an increase in 5-HT level in the nucleus raphe dorsalis. The changes in levels of transmitter does not distinguish cause from effect of anesthesia, and further experiments are needed to delineate what role, if any, the specific areas play in muscle relaxation, analgesia, sleep or anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1218552", "title": "Flexion-extension sensitivity of elbow joint afferents in cat.", "content": "Single units from stretch receptors in the elbow joint of the cat were studied in split-down filaments of the musculocutaneous nerve of the cat. The majority of fibres isolated responded to elbow extension with a phasic and then graded tonic or slowly adapting response. All fibres had a maximum adapted discharge at full extension. Over half the units also gave a phasic or tonic response at full flexion of the elbow, but this was non-graded and only appeared at the extreme position of the arm. These results are discussed briefly in the context of previous joint afferent studies.", "contents": "Flexion-extension sensitivity of elbow joint afferents in cat. Single units from stretch receptors in the elbow joint of the cat were studied in split-down filaments of the musculocutaneous nerve of the cat. The majority of fibres isolated responded to elbow extension with a phasic and then graded tonic or slowly adapting response. All fibres had a maximum adapted discharge at full extension. Over half the units also gave a phasic or tonic response at full flexion of the elbow, but this was non-graded and only appeared at the extreme position of the arm. These results are discussed briefly in the context of previous joint afferent studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1218707", "title": "[Flavinogenesis and regulation of purine biosynthesis de novo in Pichia guilliermondi mutants resiatant to 8-azaguanine].", "content": "93 mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine (AGR-mutants) were derived from the strain of Pichia guilliermondii with blocked guanine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.3.) by UV-irradiation. The mutants retained the ability to uptake 8-azaguanine and guanine but could not deaminate guanine. Some of the AGR-mutants were found to accumulate large amounts of hypoxanthine and small amounts of guanine in the cultural medium. The inhibitory effect of guanine and 8-azaguanine but not adenine on the purine biosynthesis de novo was considerably decreased. It was established observing the rates of 5 amino 4-imidazoleribotide accumulation in purine-requiring AGR-mutants in the presence of different purines. The regulation of the activity and biosynthesis of IMP-dehydrogenase (EC 1. 2. 1. 14) with guanine compounds in AGR-mutants was completely preserved. Under cultivating in iron-rich medium all the AGR-mutants accumulated more riboflavin than the strain H-101 and the wild type strain. That occured as a result of the increase of flavinogenesis velocity in AGR-mutants during late logarithmic and negative growth acceleration phases. Some of mutants also synthesized more riboflavin in iron-deficient medium. Depression of riboflavine synthetase was not observed in the iron-rich cells of AGR-mutants.", "contents": "[Flavinogenesis and regulation of purine biosynthesis de novo in Pichia guilliermondi mutants resiatant to 8-azaguanine]. 93 mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine (AGR-mutants) were derived from the strain of Pichia guilliermondii with blocked guanine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.3.) by UV-irradiation. The mutants retained the ability to uptake 8-azaguanine and guanine but could not deaminate guanine. Some of the AGR-mutants were found to accumulate large amounts of hypoxanthine and small amounts of guanine in the cultural medium. The inhibitory effect of guanine and 8-azaguanine but not adenine on the purine biosynthesis de novo was considerably decreased. It was established observing the rates of 5 amino 4-imidazoleribotide accumulation in purine-requiring AGR-mutants in the presence of different purines. The regulation of the activity and biosynthesis of IMP-dehydrogenase (EC 1. 2. 1. 14) with guanine compounds in AGR-mutants was completely preserved. Under cultivating in iron-rich medium all the AGR-mutants accumulated more riboflavin than the strain H-101 and the wild type strain. That occured as a result of the increase of flavinogenesis velocity in AGR-mutants during late logarithmic and negative growth acceleration phases. Some of mutants also synthesized more riboflavin in iron-deficient medium. Depression of riboflavine synthetase was not observed in the iron-rich cells of AGR-mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:1218708", "title": "[Compatibility of R-factors in naturally occurring enteric bacteria].", "content": "The compatibility of four wild type fi+R factors to R1 factor, a representative of the FII compatibility group of F-like class of the plasmids was studied. Two of them (R448 and R459) were incompatible to the R1 factor at selective for R448 and R459 donors conditions. The recipient R1 factor elimination apparently takes place at the first generations of conjugants. The compatibility of these R plasmids to R1 is possible at selective for donor and recipient plasmids conditions. R459 and R1 factors were transfered to Escherichia coli W945 simultaneously and recombination between them was suggested. B211 and R215 factors are compatible to R1 factor and their coexistence with the last is stable despite whether conjugants were selected on one or two R plasmids principle. Further conjugants transfer R211 and R215 only, but not R1. It is concluded that R factors No 448 and No 459 are of FII group compatibility. R211 and R215 factors group compatibility is still unknown.", "contents": "[Compatibility of R-factors in naturally occurring enteric bacteria]. The compatibility of four wild type fi+R factors to R1 factor, a representative of the FII compatibility group of F-like class of the plasmids was studied. Two of them (R448 and R459) were incompatible to the R1 factor at selective for R448 and R459 donors conditions. The recipient R1 factor elimination apparently takes place at the first generations of conjugants. The compatibility of these R plasmids to R1 is possible at selective for donor and recipient plasmids conditions. R459 and R1 factors were transfered to Escherichia coli W945 simultaneously and recombination between them was suggested. B211 and R215 factors are compatible to R1 factor and their coexistence with the last is stable despite whether conjugants were selected on one or two R plasmids principle. Further conjugants transfer R211 and R215 only, but not R1. It is concluded that R factors No 448 and No 459 are of FII group compatibility. R211 and R215 factors group compatibility is still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:1218709", "title": "[Transforming activity of phage T4r+ DNA, treated with ultraviolet light, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine and visible light in the presence of methylene blue].", "content": "The efficiency of phages T4rIIB-638v+ and T4rIIB-638v- transformation by native and denatured DNA treated with UV, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine and visible light in the presence of methylene blue is studied. A greater transformation efficiency of UV-irradiated T4r+ phage native and denatured DNA was observed in the v+ recipient as compared with v- recipients. Denatured donor DNA treated with nitrous acid has higher transformation activity in spheroplasts infected with T4v+ phage than in those infected with T4v- phage. Native donor DNA, treated with methylene blue and visible light-irradiated, developed a decrease of the transformation activity in T4v- phage-infected spheroplasts as compared with T4v+ phage-infected spheroplasts. Hydroxylamine treatment of native and denatured donor DNA did not reveal any differences in the transforming activity for v+ and v- recipients. Denatured donor DNA was more resistant to the effect of hydroxylamine than native DNA.", "contents": "[Transforming activity of phage T4r+ DNA, treated with ultraviolet light, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine and visible light in the presence of methylene blue]. The efficiency of phages T4rIIB-638v+ and T4rIIB-638v- transformation by native and denatured DNA treated with UV, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine and visible light in the presence of methylene blue is studied. A greater transformation efficiency of UV-irradiated T4r+ phage native and denatured DNA was observed in the v+ recipient as compared with v- recipients. Denatured donor DNA treated with nitrous acid has higher transformation activity in spheroplasts infected with T4v+ phage than in those infected with T4v- phage. Native donor DNA, treated with methylene blue and visible light-irradiated, developed a decrease of the transformation activity in T4v- phage-infected spheroplasts as compared with T4v+ phage-infected spheroplasts. Hydroxylamine treatment of native and denatured donor DNA did not reveal any differences in the transforming activity for v+ and v- recipients. Denatured donor DNA was more resistant to the effect of hydroxylamine than native DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1218710", "title": "[Temperature-sensitive mutants of actinophage phi C31 of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)].", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of phiC31 actinophage were isolated by the treatment with nitrosoquanidine and UV light. 20 cistron which control various stages of intracellular phage growth are identified on the basis of modified complementation tests. The sequence of ts markers and c-region is established and the relative distance between them is estimated according to the results of three factor crosses.", "contents": "[Temperature-sensitive mutants of actinophage phi C31 of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)]. Temperature-sensitive mutants of phiC31 actinophage were isolated by the treatment with nitrosoquanidine and UV light. 20 cistron which control various stages of intracellular phage growth are identified on the basis of modified complementation tests. The sequence of ts markers and c-region is established and the relative distance between them is estimated according to the results of three factor crosses."}
{"id": "PMID:1218711", "title": "[Possible location of the gene of mucoviscidosis (pancreatic cystic fibrosis) in chromosome 21].", "content": "On the basis of the data available in the literature pertaining to the relatively high frequency of mucoviscidosis in children affected with Down's syndrome a hypothesis is advanced concerning the possible location of the mucoviscidosis gene in the chromosome 21. The author's own preliminary data are presented. Approaches to the verification of this hypothesis are described.", "contents": "[Possible location of the gene of mucoviscidosis (pancreatic cystic fibrosis) in chromosome 21]. On the basis of the data available in the literature pertaining to the relatively high frequency of mucoviscidosis in children affected with Down's syndrome a hypothesis is advanced concerning the possible location of the mucoviscidosis gene in the chromosome 21. The author's own preliminary data are presented. Approaches to the verification of this hypothesis are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1218712", "title": "[Effect of copper ions on chromosome structural mutations caused by Cs1 37 gamma rays in moist seed cells of Crepis capillaris L].", "content": "When seeds of Crepis capillaris were germinated in solutions of Cu(NO3)2 (at 0.55-10(-5) M and 1.1-10(-5) M concentrations) the frequency of structural chromosome mutations induced by gamma-rays (137Cs) at 200 and 400 r doses was higher as compared to that induced in the absence of copper ions.", "contents": "[Effect of copper ions on chromosome structural mutations caused by Cs1 37 gamma rays in moist seed cells of Crepis capillaris L]. When seeds of Crepis capillaris were germinated in solutions of Cu(NO3)2 (at 0.55-10(-5) M and 1.1-10(-5) M concentrations) the frequency of structural chromosome mutations induced by gamma-rays (137Cs) at 200 and 400 r doses was higher as compared to that induced in the absence of copper ions."}
{"id": "PMID:1218713", "title": "Effect of kinetin on the formation of chromosome aberrations during irradiation of Crepis capillaris L. seeds and its radioprotective effect.", "content": "The object of this investigation was the mutagenic effect of kinetin (6-phurphuryl-aminopurine) on chromosomes of Crepis capillaris L. Dry seeds were soaked in the 0.05% kinetin solution for 4, 6 and 8 hours before the irradiation with X-rays. It is observed that soaking of dry seeds in kinetin solution stimulates the appearance of chromatid aberrations for almost two hours earlier, than in the control (soaking seeds in water). A regular increase of the chromatid-type rearrangements with increasing the duration of soaking in the kinetin solution was observed (3.3%, 16-20% and almost 50% at 4 hours; 6 hours' and 8 hours' soaking respectively). This increase is indicative for the effect of kinetin on the processes taking place in the cell before the irradiation. Apparently kinetin stimulates the onset of the stage S for a certain proportion of cells, and thus at the moment of irradiation the cell population is at the asynchronous state. A considerable radioprotective effect of kinetin was observed in all the variants of the experiment, which is not associated with the capacity of stimulating the initiation of chromatid aberrations inherent in kinetin. Kinetin alone (without irradiation) exerts no mutagenic effect on the cells of Crepis capillaris.", "contents": "Effect of kinetin on the formation of chromosome aberrations during irradiation of Crepis capillaris L. seeds and its radioprotective effect. The object of this investigation was the mutagenic effect of kinetin (6-phurphuryl-aminopurine) on chromosomes of Crepis capillaris L. Dry seeds were soaked in the 0.05% kinetin solution for 4, 6 and 8 hours before the irradiation with X-rays. It is observed that soaking of dry seeds in kinetin solution stimulates the appearance of chromatid aberrations for almost two hours earlier, than in the control (soaking seeds in water). A regular increase of the chromatid-type rearrangements with increasing the duration of soaking in the kinetin solution was observed (3.3%, 16-20% and almost 50% at 4 hours; 6 hours' and 8 hours' soaking respectively). This increase is indicative for the effect of kinetin on the processes taking place in the cell before the irradiation. Apparently kinetin stimulates the onset of the stage S for a certain proportion of cells, and thus at the moment of irradiation the cell population is at the asynchronous state. A considerable radioprotective effect of kinetin was observed in all the variants of the experiment, which is not associated with the capacity of stimulating the initiation of chromatid aberrations inherent in kinetin. Kinetin alone (without irradiation) exerts no mutagenic effect on the cells of Crepis capillaris."}
{"id": "PMID:1218714", "title": "[Veterinary genetics and selection].", "content": "The article comprises the data on the genetic potentials of New-Hampshire cocks determined on the basis of the resistance of their offspring to the artificial infection with Salmonella gallinarum. It is shown that different cocks differ significantly from one another in their genetic potentials with respect to the resistance to Salm. gallinarum. Since the method of artificial infection can not be practiced always, it is proposed by the author to characterize the genetic potentials of animals by means of determination of the non-specific resistance index of the specimens tested.", "contents": "[Veterinary genetics and selection]. The article comprises the data on the genetic potentials of New-Hampshire cocks determined on the basis of the resistance of their offspring to the artificial infection with Salmonella gallinarum. It is shown that different cocks differ significantly from one another in their genetic potentials with respect to the resistance to Salm. gallinarum. Since the method of artificial infection can not be practiced always, it is proposed by the author to characterize the genetic potentials of animals by means of determination of the non-specific resistance index of the specimens tested."}
{"id": "PMID:1218715", "title": "[Mechanism of inactivation and mutagenesis induced by ethyleneimine in Drosophila germ cells. V. Relation of complete and mosaic mutations during the supplementary action of high temperature].", "content": "Supplementary effect of high temperature (37 degrees C) an hour after the treatment of mature sperms of Drosophila with ethylene imine resulted in an increased level of the inactivation (the frequency of dominant lethal mutation). The frequency of complete mutations (recessive sex-linked lethal mutations) increased by the supplementary effect of high temperature at low doses of E1, and it did not change under a comparatively high dose of the mutagen. The frequency of mosaic mutations decreased under the effect of high temperature at both doses of E1. No effect of high temperature was observed in 4 and 24 h after the E1 treatment. The results obtained are discussed in connection with the proportion of inactivation and mutagenesis under the effect of chemical mutagens on Drosophila germ cells.", "contents": "[Mechanism of inactivation and mutagenesis induced by ethyleneimine in Drosophila germ cells. V. Relation of complete and mosaic mutations during the supplementary action of high temperature]. Supplementary effect of high temperature (37 degrees C) an hour after the treatment of mature sperms of Drosophila with ethylene imine resulted in an increased level of the inactivation (the frequency of dominant lethal mutation). The frequency of complete mutations (recessive sex-linked lethal mutations) increased by the supplementary effect of high temperature at low doses of E1, and it did not change under a comparatively high dose of the mutagen. The frequency of mosaic mutations decreased under the effect of high temperature at both doses of E1. No effect of high temperature was observed in 4 and 24 h after the E1 treatment. The results obtained are discussed in connection with the proportion of inactivation and mutagenesis under the effect of chemical mutagens on Drosophila germ cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1218716", "title": "[Higher nervous activity in rats with symptoms of hereditary galactosemia].", "content": "The patterns of behaviour and neural processes in rats with symptoms of hereditary galactosemia were investigated. Certain impairment of neural processes, particularly of the internal inhibition process in galactosemic rats was established. This is evidenced by low conditioning rate and lower level of responding in 2-way shuttle-box avoidance achieved by galactosemic rats in comparison with galactose-resistant rat substrain. Significant changes in motor activity and emotionality level in the course of repeated open-field testings were not found in galactosemic rats. The pecularities of the active avoidance acquisition, an analysis of the capacity to  the retention of acquired task demonstrated an impaired mechanism of long-term memory storage in galactosemic animals.", "contents": "[Higher nervous activity in rats with symptoms of hereditary galactosemia]. The patterns of behaviour and neural processes in rats with symptoms of hereditary galactosemia were investigated. Certain impairment of neural processes, particularly of the internal inhibition process in galactosemic rats was established. This is evidenced by low conditioning rate and lower level of responding in 2-way shuttle-box avoidance achieved by galactosemic rats in comparison with galactose-resistant rat substrain. Significant changes in motor activity and emotionality level in the course of repeated open-field testings were not found in galactosemic rats. The pecularities of the active avoidance acquisition, an analysis of the capacity to  the retention of acquired task demonstrated an impaired mechanism of long-term memory storage in galactosemic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1218717", "title": "[Hybridization in Actinomycetes].", "content": "Ways of transferring genetic information in Actinomycetes and their use for the transmission of genetic material in intervarietal crosses are discussed. The producing of hybrids is shown to be an efficient method to obtain Actinomycetes strains with new properties. Properties of recombinants obtained in intervarietal crosses Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)XS. lividans 66 are shown to possess new antibiotic properties differing from those of parental strains: they suppress a number of Actinomycetes and bacterial strains which are not affected by parental strains. It is found that at least two groups of genes located on chromosomes of S. coelicolor A3(2) and S. lividans 66 participate in the synthesis of the antibiotic. The obtaining of recombinants between S. coelicolor A3(2) and S. griseus 15 makes possible to select variants which are capable to produce the antibiotic grisine and are resistant to actinophages, specifically attacking S. griseus. Properties of recombinants between S. coelicolor A3(2) and S. griseus 15 make possible to localize on parental chromosomes regions containing genes which control the synthesis of the antibiotic, the formation of a receptor for the adsorption of actinophages, and genes controlling the restriction and t he modification of actinophage development in S. coelicolor and S. griseus. A sex plasmid (SGP1) is found in S. griseus 15.", "contents": "[Hybridization in Actinomycetes]. Ways of transferring genetic information in Actinomycetes and their use for the transmission of genetic material in intervarietal crosses are discussed. The producing of hybrids is shown to be an efficient method to obtain Actinomycetes strains with new properties. Properties of recombinants obtained in intervarietal crosses Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)XS. lividans 66 are shown to possess new antibiotic properties differing from those of parental strains: they suppress a number of Actinomycetes and bacterial strains which are not affected by parental strains. It is found that at least two groups of genes located on chromosomes of S. coelicolor A3(2) and S. lividans 66 participate in the synthesis of the antibiotic. The obtaining of recombinants between S. coelicolor A3(2) and S. griseus 15 makes possible to select variants which are capable to produce the antibiotic grisine and are resistant to actinophages, specifically attacking S. griseus. Properties of recombinants between S. coelicolor A3(2) and S. griseus 15 make possible to localize on parental chromosomes regions containing genes which control the synthesis of the antibiotic, the formation of a receptor for the adsorption of actinophages, and genes controlling the restriction and t he modification of actinophage development in S. coelicolor and S. griseus. A sex plasmid (SGP1) is found in S. griseus 15."}
{"id": "PMID:1218718", "title": "[Interaction of homoeotic mutations Antennapedia and Polycomb in Drosophila melanogaster].", "content": "Pairwise interaction of three alleles of Antennapedia (Antp49, Antp 50 and APX) with two alleles of Polycomb (Pc1 and Pc2) considerably increased homoeotic transformation of antennae caused by Antennapedia gene (up to the formation of completely developed homoeotic legs). On the contrary, Antennapedia alleles decreased the transformation of meso- and metatoracic legs into protoracic legs, as caused by Pc alleles. The degree of changes in the expression of Antp and Pc due to intergenic interaction were, as a rule, Antennapedia specific, i.e. the differences were greater when Antp alleles were substituted in genotypes. A possible mechanism of the interaction observed is discussed.", "contents": "[Interaction of homoeotic mutations Antennapedia and Polycomb in Drosophila melanogaster]. Pairwise interaction of three alleles of Antennapedia (Antp49, Antp 50 and APX) with two alleles of Polycomb (Pc1 and Pc2) considerably increased homoeotic transformation of antennae caused by Antennapedia gene (up to the formation of completely developed homoeotic legs). On the contrary, Antennapedia alleles decreased the transformation of meso- and metatoracic legs into protoracic legs, as caused by Pc alleles. The degree of changes in the expression of Antp and Pc due to intergenic interaction were, as a rule, Antennapedia specific, i.e. the differences were greater when Antp alleles were substituted in genotypes. A possible mechanism of the interaction observed is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218719", "title": "[Mutagenic activity of psychotropic drugs].", "content": "Mutagenic activity of 33 psychotropic drugs was studied in Drosophila metanogaster according to the CLB method. The drugs are the following: leponex, neuleptil, randolectil, teralen, chlorprotixen, TPS-23, navane, pimosid, difenisid, rudotel, eunoktin, radedorm, meprobamat, trioxasin, elenium, napoton, aponal, lorasepam, nuredal, oxyphenonat, safrasin, surmantil, amitriptilin, prothioden, melipramin, saroten, tegretol, phenobarbital, diakarb, benzonal, suksilep, morpholep, sydnocarb. The increase in the mutation rate was induced by leponex (1.37% in adults and 1.21% in larvae), difenisid (1.18% in adults), two forms of the same drug eunoktin and radedorm (about 1.6% in adults), safrasin (1.06% in imago), saroten (1,36% in imago), phenobarbital (2.02% in imago). Even a slight increase of mutagenicity of widely spread psychotropic drugs is a very serious factor which needs further investigation and specification in other models and organisms.", "contents": "[Mutagenic activity of psychotropic drugs]. Mutagenic activity of 33 psychotropic drugs was studied in Drosophila metanogaster according to the CLB method. The drugs are the following: leponex, neuleptil, randolectil, teralen, chlorprotixen, TPS-23, navane, pimosid, difenisid, rudotel, eunoktin, radedorm, meprobamat, trioxasin, elenium, napoton, aponal, lorasepam, nuredal, oxyphenonat, safrasin, surmantil, amitriptilin, prothioden, melipramin, saroten, tegretol, phenobarbital, diakarb, benzonal, suksilep, morpholep, sydnocarb. The increase in the mutation rate was induced by leponex (1.37% in adults and 1.21% in larvae), difenisid (1.18% in adults), two forms of the same drug eunoktin and radedorm (about 1.6% in adults), safrasin (1.06% in imago), saroten (1,36% in imago), phenobarbital (2.02% in imago). Even a slight increase of mutagenicity of widely spread psychotropic drugs is a very serious factor which needs further investigation and specification in other models and organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1218720", "title": "[Populational chromosomal polymorphism the Asian forest mouse Apodemus peninsulae].", "content": "29 individuals of Apodemus peninsulae, an Asian forest mouse from the Suputin State Nature Reserve (Maritime Territory) were studied karyologically. Diploid chromosome sets of the animals studied contained from 48 to 52 chromosomes. The difference in the diploid chromosome numbers is caused by the presence in some individuals of supernumerary metacentric chromosomes (up to 4). The set is always represented by 48 acrocentric chromosomes, gradually decreasing in size. The supernumerary metacentric chromosomes vary in size from medium-sized to the smallest in the set. The character of intrapopulational chromosome polymorphism of continental and island populations of Apodemus peninsulae is discussed. Attempts are made to explain the polymorphism with respect to supernumerary chromosomes as the result of some viral diseases.", "contents": "[Populational chromosomal polymorphism the Asian forest mouse Apodemus peninsulae]. 29 individuals of Apodemus peninsulae, an Asian forest mouse from the Suputin State Nature Reserve (Maritime Territory) were studied karyologically. Diploid chromosome sets of the animals studied contained from 48 to 52 chromosomes. The difference in the diploid chromosome numbers is caused by the presence in some individuals of supernumerary metacentric chromosomes (up to 4). The set is always represented by 48 acrocentric chromosomes, gradually decreasing in size. The supernumerary metacentric chromosomes vary in size from medium-sized to the smallest in the set. The character of intrapopulational chromosome polymorphism of continental and island populations of Apodemus peninsulae is discussed. Attempts are made to explain the polymorphism with respect to supernumerary chromosomes as the result of some viral diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1218721", "title": "[Recombination in amber-mutants of bacteriophage T4B. I. Recombination and complementation in phage T4 amber-mutants].", "content": "In studying intergenic and intragenic complementation in amber mutants in genes of phage T4 controlling the synthesis of phage tail fibres the data have been obtained indicating the dependency of the results of complementation tests on those of crosses of respective markers. The results obtained show that in complementation of amber mutants of phage T4 the phage yield varies widely and depends on the location of markers on the phage genetic map.", "contents": "[Recombination in amber-mutants of bacteriophage T4B. I. Recombination and complementation in phage T4 amber-mutants]. In studying intergenic and intragenic complementation in amber mutants in genes of phage T4 controlling the synthesis of phage tail fibres the data have been obtained indicating the dependency of the results of complementation tests on those of crosses of respective markers. The results obtained show that in complementation of amber mutants of phage T4 the phage yield varies widely and depends on the location of markers on the phage genetic map."}
{"id": "PMID:1218722", "title": "[Effect of palladium and platinum salts on bacteriophage T4 and its isolated DNA].", "content": "The effect of palladium and platinum salts (K2PdCl4, K2PtCl4) on bacteriophage F4 and its isolated DNA in genetic transformation is investigated. Both compounds efficiently inactivated the phage and decreased the transforming activity of donor DNA. The palladium salt exhibited the higher activity. The palladium compounds inhibited the transforming activity of native donor DNA to a greater degree. No difference was observed in the degree of inactivation of the transforming activity of native and denatured DNA under the effect of platinum salt. It is suggested that the difference in the transforming activity of donor DNA treated with the tested compounds reflect the pattern of their interactions with nucleic acids.", "contents": "[Effect of palladium and platinum salts on bacteriophage T4 and its isolated DNA]. The effect of palladium and platinum salts (K2PdCl4, K2PtCl4) on bacteriophage F4 and its isolated DNA in genetic transformation is investigated. Both compounds efficiently inactivated the phage and decreased the transforming activity of donor DNA. The palladium salt exhibited the higher activity. The palladium compounds inhibited the transforming activity of native donor DNA to a greater degree. No difference was observed in the degree of inactivation of the transforming activity of native and denatured DNA under the effect of platinum salt. It is suggested that the difference in the transforming activity of donor DNA treated with the tested compounds reflect the pattern of their interactions with nucleic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1218723", "title": "[Structure of the interphase nucleus and formation of chromosome aberrations in Crepis capillaris].", "content": "A distribution of chromosome X-rays induced aberrations was studied in 2n and 4n root cells of Crepis capillaris at different stages of the mitotic cycle. Participation of various chromosomes in aberrations was found to be different from theoretically expected one found from the chromosome length. The chromosome A was characterized by excession of intrachromosome aberrations (terminal deletions, isolocuses, duplications and rings). The chromosome D very often took part in the formation of rings. The chromosome C was characterized by an excession of interchromosome aberrations and the lack of intrachromosome ones. The data obtained support the model of interphase nucleus proposed by Wagenaar. The frequency of exchanges of homologues in 2n and 4n cells well correlated with theoretically expected. The inhibition of mitosis increased the exchanges of homologues. In 2n and 4n cells asymmetrical translocations predominated over symmetrical ones.", "contents": "[Structure of the interphase nucleus and formation of chromosome aberrations in Crepis capillaris]. A distribution of chromosome X-rays induced aberrations was studied in 2n and 4n root cells of Crepis capillaris at different stages of the mitotic cycle. Participation of various chromosomes in aberrations was found to be different from theoretically expected one found from the chromosome length. The chromosome A was characterized by excession of intrachromosome aberrations (terminal deletions, isolocuses, duplications and rings). The chromosome D very often took part in the formation of rings. The chromosome C was characterized by an excession of interchromosome aberrations and the lack of intrachromosome ones. The data obtained support the model of interphase nucleus proposed by Wagenaar. The frequency of exchanges of homologues in 2n and 4n cells well correlated with theoretically expected. The inhibition of mitosis increased the exchanges of homologues. In 2n and 4n cells asymmetrical translocations predominated over symmetrical ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1218724", "title": "[Diploid radiation gynogenesis in carp. I. Massive production of diploid gynogenetic progeny].", "content": "Mass lost of diploid gynogenetic carp offspring were obtained with the use of fish-farm method of reproduction. The average yield of gynogenetic diploids in usual experiments was 0.1% (from fertilized eggs). The cooling of unfertilized spawn (at the stage of metaphase II) to 8--10 degrees C during 3.5--4.5 hours in 50% of cases permitted to increase by tens of times (in the most successful experiments up to 8%) the yield of gynogenetic diploids. The rate of survival of carps remained relatively low during the first two years of life, particularly during the first hibernation that is a critical period. No specific depression of growth in gynogenetic diploid carps was observed. A high yield of gynogenetic diploids (3.9% of fertilized eggs) and their relatively high rate of survival were observed in the second generation of artificially induced gynogenesis.", "contents": "[Diploid radiation gynogenesis in carp. I. Massive production of diploid gynogenetic progeny]. Mass lost of diploid gynogenetic carp offspring were obtained with the use of fish-farm method of reproduction. The average yield of gynogenetic diploids in usual experiments was 0.1% (from fertilized eggs). The cooling of unfertilized spawn (at the stage of metaphase II) to 8--10 degrees C during 3.5--4.5 hours in 50% of cases permitted to increase by tens of times (in the most successful experiments up to 8%) the yield of gynogenetic diploids. The rate of survival of carps remained relatively low during the first two years of life, particularly during the first hibernation that is a critical period. No specific depression of growth in gynogenetic diploid carps was observed. A high yield of gynogenetic diploids (3.9% of fertilized eggs) and their relatively high rate of survival were observed in the second generation of artificially induced gynogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1218725", "title": "[Puff expression in relation to genotype].", "content": "The studies of genotype influence on puff size in salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila virilis (stocks 9, 101, 142, 151) and D. texana (the stock 123) reveal significant differences between the species concerning the structure of puff in the 3-C-6 region at the stage of puparium formation. In reciprocal F1 hybrids the size of the puff was intermediate in comparison with parental forms having a slight maternal effect. The differences in puff size in the 5th chromosome between interspecific hybrids and the special stock of D. virilis carrying a region of D. texana 5th chromosome in heterozygous condition (inserted into D. virilis 5the chromosome by double crossing-over) were observed. The transfer of the region of the third chromosome to near centrimetric heterochromatic of the 5th chromosome by translocation resulted in the increase in the 3-B-2 puff size. However, the transposition of the 3-B1 region in the proximal direction with respect to chromocenter did not affect the puff size.", "contents": "[Puff expression in relation to genotype]. The studies of genotype influence on puff size in salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila virilis (stocks 9, 101, 142, 151) and D. texana (the stock 123) reveal significant differences between the species concerning the structure of puff in the 3-C-6 region at the stage of puparium formation. In reciprocal F1 hybrids the size of the puff was intermediate in comparison with parental forms having a slight maternal effect. The differences in puff size in the 5th chromosome between interspecific hybrids and the special stock of D. virilis carrying a region of D. texana 5th chromosome in heterozygous condition (inserted into D. virilis 5the chromosome by double crossing-over) were observed. The transfer of the region of the third chromosome to near centrimetric heterochromatic of the 5th chromosome by translocation resulted in the increase in the 3-B-2 puff size. However, the transposition of the 3-B1 region in the proximal direction with respect to chromocenter did not affect the puff size."}
{"id": "PMID:1218726", "title": "[Spontaneous variability of antibiotic biosynthesis in relation to morphogenetic processes in Actinomyces chromogenes var. trienicus].", "content": "Available data on possible relationship between the antibiotic activity of actinomycetes and the level of their differentiation, especially with their spore-formation ability, present certain interest with respect to possible relationship between the synthesis of antibiotics and the formation of secondary structures. The study of spontaneous stable variants of Actinomyces chromogenes var. trienicus demonstrates that all sporogenous variants produce the same complex of antibiotics as does the original population. The loss of the ability to synthesize antibiotics is observed only in the phenotypically different dwarf variant (VI). The impaired differentiation (the loss of spore-formation ability) is accompanied by disturbances in the antibiotic synthesis: asporogenous variants are either inactive or produce only 1 antibiotic from the complex synthesized by the original population. Changes in the structure of spore chains do not probably correlate with qualitative and quantitative measurable changes in the antibiotic synthesis. The statistic evidence is suggestive of the fact that the variant with a more complex profile and topography of aerial mycelium displays a higher activity.", "contents": "[Spontaneous variability of antibiotic biosynthesis in relation to morphogenetic processes in Actinomyces chromogenes var. trienicus]. Available data on possible relationship between the antibiotic activity of actinomycetes and the level of their differentiation, especially with their spore-formation ability, present certain interest with respect to possible relationship between the synthesis of antibiotics and the formation of secondary structures. The study of spontaneous stable variants of Actinomyces chromogenes var. trienicus demonstrates that all sporogenous variants produce the same complex of antibiotics as does the original population. The loss of the ability to synthesize antibiotics is observed only in the phenotypically different dwarf variant (VI). The impaired differentiation (the loss of spore-formation ability) is accompanied by disturbances in the antibiotic synthesis: asporogenous variants are either inactive or produce only 1 antibiotic from the complex synthesized by the original population. Changes in the structure of spore chains do not probably correlate with qualitative and quantitative measurable changes in the antibiotic synthesis. The statistic evidence is suggestive of the fact that the variant with a more complex profile and topography of aerial mycelium displays a higher activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1218727", "title": "[Incompatibility during transplantation of nuclei in amoeba. IV. Transplantation compatibility in different strains of Amoeba proteus].", "content": "Seven laboratory Amoeba proteus strains of different origin were tested for their transplantation compatibility (i.e. viability of artificially produced heterokaryons) in all possible pair combinations. Incompatible combinations (14) as well as completely compatible ones (7) were found. Compatibility was distributed among strain combinations non-randomly. All the strains studied could be classified into three groups with respect to compatibility (\"compatibility groups\") involving 1, 2 and 4 strains, respectively. Within the third group any pair of strains was compatible, as well as both strains of the second group. On the contrary, any strains from different groups were always incompatible. Possible nature of the compatibility groups is discussed. It is suggested that they might be analogous to syngens of Ciliates.", "contents": "[Incompatibility during transplantation of nuclei in amoeba. IV. Transplantation compatibility in different strains of Amoeba proteus]. Seven laboratory Amoeba proteus strains of different origin were tested for their transplantation compatibility (i.e. viability of artificially produced heterokaryons) in all possible pair combinations. Incompatible combinations (14) as well as completely compatible ones (7) were found. Compatibility was distributed among strain combinations non-randomly. All the strains studied could be classified into three groups with respect to compatibility (\"compatibility groups\") involving 1, 2 and 4 strains, respectively. Within the third group any pair of strains was compatible, as well as both strains of the second group. On the contrary, any strains from different groups were always incompatible. Possible nature of the compatibility groups is discussed. It is suggested that they might be analogous to syngens of Ciliates."}
{"id": "PMID:1218728", "title": "[Homologous gene expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). I. Comparative electrophoretic analysis of blood proteins and enzymes in Arctic and silver foxes].", "content": "A comparative study of 27 enzymes and proteins in blue and silver foxes was carried out by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The structure of these enzymes and proteins is determined by about 33 genes. It is shown that a number of blood enzymes and proteins of these species is represented by a single electrophoretic form, while lactate dehydrogenase, carboanhydrase, arylesterase, carboxylesterase, diaphorase, hexokinase and tetrasolium oxidase have several forms. It is also found that these species differ in seven enzymes and proteins: diaphorase, G-6-PD, adenylate kinase, carboxylesterase, albumin, prealbumin, transferrins. Other enzymes and proteins are similar in their electrophoretic mobility. The data obtained afford the evidence that the two species (Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus) differ in a set of enzymes and proteins.", "contents": "[Homologous gene expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). I. Comparative electrophoretic analysis of blood proteins and enzymes in Arctic and silver foxes]. A comparative study of 27 enzymes and proteins in blue and silver foxes was carried out by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The structure of these enzymes and proteins is determined by about 33 genes. It is shown that a number of blood enzymes and proteins of these species is represented by a single electrophoretic form, while lactate dehydrogenase, carboanhydrase, arylesterase, carboxylesterase, diaphorase, hexokinase and tetrasolium oxidase have several forms. It is also found that these species differ in seven enzymes and proteins: diaphorase, G-6-PD, adenylate kinase, carboxylesterase, albumin, prealbumin, transferrins. Other enzymes and proteins are similar in their electrophoretic mobility. The data obtained afford the evidence that the two species (Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus) differ in a set of enzymes and proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1218729", "title": "[Triploidy in hybrids of carp with other representatives of the Cyprinidae family].", "content": "As a result of remote hybridization of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the representatives of certain other subfamilies of Cyprinidae a few viable F1 hybrids were obtained for the first time. These hybrids proved to be allotriploids. In the cross Cyprinus carpio L. female X Hemiculter eigenmanni (Jord. et Metz.) male the rate of survival of this year's brood was 0,5% of the fertilized eggs and 3n=128; whereas in the cross Cyprinus carpio L. male X Ctenopharyngodon idella (val.) female the rate of survival was 0,008%, while the chromosome number (3n) varied from 124 to 128. The chromosome number of non-viable E1 hybrids derived from this cross was intermediate (2n=76). The diploidization of the maternal chromosome set was spontaneous, since no stimulating agents were used to induce it. It is assumed by the authors that it is the tetraploid nature of carp that affords the possibility of the initiation of allotriploids.", "contents": "[Triploidy in hybrids of carp with other representatives of the Cyprinidae family]. As a result of remote hybridization of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the representatives of certain other subfamilies of Cyprinidae a few viable F1 hybrids were obtained for the first time. These hybrids proved to be allotriploids. In the cross Cyprinus carpio L. female X Hemiculter eigenmanni (Jord. et Metz.) male the rate of survival of this year's brood was 0,5% of the fertilized eggs and 3n=128; whereas in the cross Cyprinus carpio L. male X Ctenopharyngodon idella (val.) female the rate of survival was 0,008%, while the chromosome number (3n) varied from 124 to 128. The chromosome number of non-viable E1 hybrids derived from this cross was intermediate (2n=76). The diploidization of the maternal chromosome set was spontaneous, since no stimulating agents were used to induce it. It is assumed by the authors that it is the tetraploid nature of carp that affords the possibility of the initiation of allotriploids."}
{"id": "PMID:1218730", "title": "[Characteristics of the endocrine system in Drosophila melanogaster 1 (2)gl mutants, differing in time of death].", "content": "A comparative study of the state of the endocrine system and one of the larval organs, the salivary gland, has been carried out in larvae homozygous for the 1(2)gl gene. They differ in time of death (death at the third larval instar--larval allele, and at the prepupal state--prepupal allele). It is shown that homozygotes for the larval and prepupal allele have underdeveloped prothoracal glands. Corpora allata in homozygotes for the larval allele does not differ from the norm. Corpora allata in homozygotes for the prepupal allele is decreased proportionally to the decrease of prothoracal glands. A decrease of gland size is due to a decrease of the volume of cell but not to their number; this decrease is accompanied by the decrease of their relative DNA content. Salivary glands in homozygotes are reduced and comprise 80% of the normal size in homozygotes for the prepupal allele and 50% for homozygotes for the larval allele. Polyteny level in the salivary gland nuclei is much decreased as compared with the normal level. DNA level is more reduced in larvae homozygous for the larval allele.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the endocrine system in Drosophila melanogaster 1 (2)gl mutants, differing in time of death]. A comparative study of the state of the endocrine system and one of the larval organs, the salivary gland, has been carried out in larvae homozygous for the 1(2)gl gene. They differ in time of death (death at the third larval instar--larval allele, and at the prepupal state--prepupal allele). It is shown that homozygotes for the larval and prepupal allele have underdeveloped prothoracal glands. Corpora allata in homozygotes for the larval allele does not differ from the norm. Corpora allata in homozygotes for the prepupal allele is decreased proportionally to the decrease of prothoracal glands. A decrease of gland size is due to a decrease of the volume of cell but not to their number; this decrease is accompanied by the decrease of their relative DNA content. Salivary glands in homozygotes are reduced and comprise 80% of the normal size in homozygotes for the prepupal allele and 50% for homozygotes for the larval allele. Polyteny level in the salivary gland nuclei is much decreased as compared with the normal level. DNA level is more reduced in larvae homozygous for the larval allele."}
{"id": "PMID:1218731", "title": "[UV-mutagenesis in Bacillus subtilis. IV. Analysis of revertants to methionine prototrophy].", "content": "UV light induces in Bacillus subtilis met5 ade6 two classes of revertants to prototrophy to methionine which can be easily distinguished by their phenotype: double (Met+Ade+) and solitary (Met+) revertants. Crosses of revertants with the wild type, carried out in transformational experiments, showed that original (direct) mutation met5 is presented in chromosome of double revertants. Consequently they are extragenic suppressor revertants. In the chromosome of solitary revertants Met+ an extragenic suppressor was not detected; reversions Met+ seem to be of an intragenic nature. It is possible to use reversions to prototrophy to methionine as a model to study UV-mutagenesis in suppressor and non-suppressor genes.", "contents": "[UV-mutagenesis in Bacillus subtilis. IV. Analysis of revertants to methionine prototrophy]. UV light induces in Bacillus subtilis met5 ade6 two classes of revertants to prototrophy to methionine which can be easily distinguished by their phenotype: double (Met+Ade+) and solitary (Met+) revertants. Crosses of revertants with the wild type, carried out in transformational experiments, showed that original (direct) mutation met5 is presented in chromosome of double revertants. Consequently they are extragenic suppressor revertants. In the chromosome of solitary revertants Met+ an extragenic suppressor was not detected; reversions Met+ seem to be of an intragenic nature. It is possible to use reversions to prototrophy to methionine as a model to study UV-mutagenesis in suppressor and non-suppressor genes."}
{"id": "PMID:1218736", "title": "Ventricular relaxation and mitral opening time in various ventricular conditions of old age.", "content": "This phonocardiographic-echocardiographic study was based on measurement of the interval between the aortic component of the second sound (IIA) and the peak of the E wave of the mitral echogram. The study was performed in 20 cases of left bundle branch block (LBBB), 10 cases of right bundle branch block (RBBB), 10 cases of old myocardial infarct (MI), and 10 cases of systemic hypertension (HY). All patients were above 60 years of age, and their data were compared with those of old persons without evidence of heart disease serving as controls. The IIA-E interval was found markedly prolonged in LBBB, less prolonged in MI and RBBB, and was shortened in HY. A dynamic analysis revealed that this interval results from the isovolumic relaxation period (IRP) of the left ventricle plus the \"opening time\" of the mitral valve. The changes observed were explained as resulting from a modification of the IRP that should be correlated with a similar modification of the isovolumic contraction time. Myocardial fibrosis would cause prolongation of IRP through structural lesions while hypertension would cause abbreviation of IRP through hormonal effects modifying both contraction and relaxation.", "contents": "Ventricular relaxation and mitral opening time in various ventricular conditions of old age. This phonocardiographic-echocardiographic study was based on measurement of the interval between the aortic component of the second sound (IIA) and the peak of the E wave of the mitral echogram. The study was performed in 20 cases of left bundle branch block (LBBB), 10 cases of right bundle branch block (RBBB), 10 cases of old myocardial infarct (MI), and 10 cases of systemic hypertension (HY). All patients were above 60 years of age, and their data were compared with those of old persons without evidence of heart disease serving as controls. The IIA-E interval was found markedly prolonged in LBBB, less prolonged in MI and RBBB, and was shortened in HY. A dynamic analysis revealed that this interval results from the isovolumic relaxation period (IRP) of the left ventricle plus the \"opening time\" of the mitral valve. The changes observed were explained as resulting from a modification of the IRP that should be correlated with a similar modification of the isovolumic contraction time. Myocardial fibrosis would cause prolongation of IRP through structural lesions while hypertension would cause abbreviation of IRP through hormonal effects modifying both contraction and relaxation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218737", "title": "Human serum thyrotrophin level and response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in the aged.", "content": "170 healthy volunteers were investigated, and the clinical and biochemical conditions of selection specified. The fasting morning level of serum thyrotrophin (TSH) was determined in all volunteers and found unchanged within the age interval 18-94 years, independent of sex. This is in disagreement with results obtained by other investigators who found an increase of TSH in old age. The implications of the criteria of selection are discussed. Nycterohemeral rhythm was studied in 16 persons. Rhythmic variation was an inconstant finding, and the pattern in the young could not be distinguished from that in the old. The TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was determined in 53 persons of various ages and found unrelated to age. Nonetheless, the lowest responses were observed in the aged, but the difference was not statistically significant. Possible physiological interpretations of an unaltered TSH secretion in spite of an age-related decrease in thyroid function are discussed.", "contents": "Human serum thyrotrophin level and response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in the aged. 170 healthy volunteers were investigated, and the clinical and biochemical conditions of selection specified. The fasting morning level of serum thyrotrophin (TSH) was determined in all volunteers and found unchanged within the age interval 18-94 years, independent of sex. This is in disagreement with results obtained by other investigators who found an increase of TSH in old age. The implications of the criteria of selection are discussed. Nycterohemeral rhythm was studied in 16 persons. Rhythmic variation was an inconstant finding, and the pattern in the young could not be distinguished from that in the old. The TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was determined in 53 persons of various ages and found unrelated to age. Nonetheless, the lowest responses were observed in the aged, but the difference was not statistically significant. Possible physiological interpretations of an unaltered TSH secretion in spite of an age-related decrease in thyroid function are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218738", "title": "Relationship between fatty acids of adipose tissue and plasma cholesterol.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue from normal and hypercholesterolemic men and women was studied. We found a difference in the fatty acid composition between both sexes. A decrease in linoleic acid was found in hypercholesterolemic men, while there was an increase in palmitic and totally saturated acids in women. A decrease in total monounsaturated and in monounsaturated/saturated ratio was also found in women.", "contents": "Relationship between fatty acids of adipose tissue and plasma cholesterol. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue from normal and hypercholesterolemic men and women was studied. We found a difference in the fatty acid composition between both sexes. A decrease in linoleic acid was found in hypercholesterolemic men, while there was an increase in palmitic and totally saturated acids in women. A decrease in total monounsaturated and in monounsaturated/saturated ratio was also found in women."}
{"id": "PMID:1218739", "title": "[Electrocardiographic modifications of chronic ischaemic cardiopathy in aged and old patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents the results of an electrocardiographic investigation in a group of 160 inpatients, aged from 65 to 95 years (80 females and 80 males). Coronary ischaemia due to atherosclerosis produces in elderly people distinct clinical features and important ECG abnormalities. In this group, absence of correlation between clinical status and ECG modifications of myocardial ischaemia was found much more frequently than in non-elderly adults. In the aged, paroxysmal arrhythmias, by their metabolic and haemodynamic disturbances, determine in most cases the poor prognosis in these patients.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic modifications of chronic ischaemic cardiopathy in aged and old patients (author's transl)]. The author presents the results of an electrocardiographic investigation in a group of 160 inpatients, aged from 65 to 95 years (80 females and 80 males). Coronary ischaemia due to atherosclerosis produces in elderly people distinct clinical features and important ECG abnormalities. In this group, absence of correlation between clinical status and ECG modifications of myocardial ischaemia was found much more frequently than in non-elderly adults. In the aged, paroxysmal arrhythmias, by their metabolic and haemodynamic disturbances, determine in most cases the poor prognosis in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1218740", "title": "First impressions of a microcellular sponge pad in the prevention of bed sores.", "content": "A new type of weight-bearing pad for bed-fast patients was evaluated during its use in the ward. It was found to be comfortable, easily cleaned and easily handled. Initial observations on nine patients suggested that the microcellular sponge pad helped to prevent the progress of pressure sores even when the patient's general state pointed to a likely deterioration in the lesion.", "contents": "First impressions of a microcellular sponge pad in the prevention of bed sores. A new type of weight-bearing pad for bed-fast patients was evaluated during its use in the ward. It was found to be comfortable, easily cleaned and easily handled. Initial observations on nine patients suggested that the microcellular sponge pad helped to prevent the progress of pressure sores even when the patient's general state pointed to a likely deterioration in the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:1218741", "title": "Vitamin C supplementation of old people with low blood levels.", "content": "Ascorbic acid blood levels were estimated in 828 elderly people living in the community. 297 subjects with low blood levels were admitted to a 2-year controlled trial of vitamin C. Despite a rise in plasma and leucocyte levels, vitamin C produced no apparent benefit in terms of mortality, morbidity or mental senescence. On following up all those who were originally seen, it was found that a higher proportion of deaths occurred among subjects whose leucocyte levels were below 15 mug/10(8) cells than among the rest. This association was especially marked in the men; it was not due to smoking and was probably attributable to an effect of ill-health on blood levels, either directly or through impairment of appetite.", "contents": "Vitamin C supplementation of old people with low blood levels. Ascorbic acid blood levels were estimated in 828 elderly people living in the community. 297 subjects with low blood levels were admitted to a 2-year controlled trial of vitamin C. Despite a rise in plasma and leucocyte levels, vitamin C produced no apparent benefit in terms of mortality, morbidity or mental senescence. On following up all those who were originally seen, it was found that a higher proportion of deaths occurred among subjects whose leucocyte levels were below 15 mug/10(8) cells than among the rest. This association was especially marked in the men; it was not due to smoking and was probably attributable to an effect of ill-health on blood levels, either directly or through impairment of appetite."}
{"id": "PMID:1218813", "title": "Does human pancreas contain salivary-type isoamylase?", "content": "Amylase isoenzyme analysis was made of extracts of normal human pancreatic tissue by first conducting ion exchange chromatography of the purified material. This gave evidence of only pancreatic type (P-type) isoamylase for all purposes. However, when effluent fractions in which salivary type isoamylase would ordinarily be expected to be present were harvested, pooled, concentrated, and rechromatographed, the pancreatic extracts were found to contain some salivary type (S-type) isoamylase. The latter accounted for approximately 0-8 to 1-7% of the total recovered amylase activity. This finding of S-type isoamylase in normal human pancreas potentially has important bearing on the interpretation of isamylase analysis.", "contents": "Does human pancreas contain salivary-type isoamylase? Amylase isoenzyme analysis was made of extracts of normal human pancreatic tissue by first conducting ion exchange chromatography of the purified material. This gave evidence of only pancreatic type (P-type) isoamylase for all purposes. However, when effluent fractions in which salivary type isoamylase would ordinarily be expected to be present were harvested, pooled, concentrated, and rechromatographed, the pancreatic extracts were found to contain some salivary type (S-type) isoamylase. The latter accounted for approximately 0-8 to 1-7% of the total recovered amylase activity. This finding of S-type isoamylase in normal human pancreas potentially has important bearing on the interpretation of isamylase analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1218814", "title": "Kinetics of bile acid metabolism in experimental blind loop syndrome.", "content": "In an experimental model of the contaminated small bowel syndrome, Eriksson's washout technique was used to study bile salt metabolism. Bile salt secretion rate was increased from 204-7 +/- SD 36-5 mumol/100 g body weight/24 h to 329-9 +/- 146-6, pool size from 33-4 +/- 5-4 mumol/100 g BW to 42-5 +/- 7-2, and biliary flow from 6-6 +/- 1-72 ml/100 g BW/24 h to 8-4 +/- 2.1. Detailed analysis of the washout curves gave indirect evidence of a short-circuit jejunohepatic shunt in the model contaminated small bowel syndrome. Parameters of this shunt were calculated with 9-1 mumol/100 g BW for 'short-circuit' pool size and 13-8 for its circulation frequency.", "contents": "Kinetics of bile acid metabolism in experimental blind loop syndrome. In an experimental model of the contaminated small bowel syndrome, Eriksson's washout technique was used to study bile salt metabolism. Bile salt secretion rate was increased from 204-7 +/- SD 36-5 mumol/100 g body weight/24 h to 329-9 +/- 146-6, pool size from 33-4 +/- 5-4 mumol/100 g BW to 42-5 +/- 7-2, and biliary flow from 6-6 +/- 1-72 ml/100 g BW/24 h to 8-4 +/- 2.1. Detailed analysis of the washout curves gave indirect evidence of a short-circuit jejunohepatic shunt in the model contaminated small bowel syndrome. Parameters of this shunt were calculated with 9-1 mumol/100 g BW for 'short-circuit' pool size and 13-8 for its circulation frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:1218815", "title": "Gallstones after ileostomy and ileal resection.", "content": "One hundred and eight patients with ileostomies were investigated for cholelithiasis at routine annual review in a large Ileostomy Clinic. Gallstones were demonstrated in 24-5%, which is three times the incidence that might have been expected in a population of this age and sex distribution. The frequency of cholelithiasis was significantly increased in those patients who had lost more than 10 cm of ileum at operation, regardless of whether the primary condition had been ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. It was significantly increased in those patients who had had a resection of less than 10 cm of ileum if the original condition had been Crohn's disease, but not if it had been colitis.", "contents": "Gallstones after ileostomy and ileal resection. One hundred and eight patients with ileostomies were investigated for cholelithiasis at routine annual review in a large Ileostomy Clinic. Gallstones were demonstrated in 24-5%, which is three times the incidence that might have been expected in a population of this age and sex distribution. The frequency of cholelithiasis was significantly increased in those patients who had lost more than 10 cm of ileum at operation, regardless of whether the primary condition had been ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. It was significantly increased in those patients who had had a resection of less than 10 cm of ileum if the original condition had been Crohn's disease, but not if it had been colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1218816", "title": "Gallbladder function, cholesterol stones, and bile composition.", "content": "Gallbladder bile obtained at operation from five patients with no symptoms of biliary disease was undersaturated with cholesterol in every case. However, gallbladder bile from patients with stones composed of 97-100% crystalline cholesterol was on average just saturated with cholesterol when the gallbladder was functioning and undersaturated when it was not. Regardless of gallbladder function, the patients with stones had on average significantly more cholesterol in their bile than in the control group, but the differences between the mean composition of bile from functioning and non-functioning gallbladders were not significant. Common duct bile from patients with non-functioning and functioning gallbladders was on average supersaturated with cholesterol, but there was significantly more bile salt and significantly less cholesterol in the bile from patients with non-functioning gallbladders. Only in the case of patients with functioning gallbladders did the mean composition of the common duct and gallbladder biles differ significantly. The former contained significantly more cholesterol and less bile salt than the latter. It is suggested that patients with non-functioning gallbladders may be 'autocholecystectomised' with the duct bile reverting to a more 'normal' composition.", "contents": "Gallbladder function, cholesterol stones, and bile composition. Gallbladder bile obtained at operation from five patients with no symptoms of biliary disease was undersaturated with cholesterol in every case. However, gallbladder bile from patients with stones composed of 97-100% crystalline cholesterol was on average just saturated with cholesterol when the gallbladder was functioning and undersaturated when it was not. Regardless of gallbladder function, the patients with stones had on average significantly more cholesterol in their bile than in the control group, but the differences between the mean composition of bile from functioning and non-functioning gallbladders were not significant. Common duct bile from patients with non-functioning and functioning gallbladders was on average supersaturated with cholesterol, but there was significantly more bile salt and significantly less cholesterol in the bile from patients with non-functioning gallbladders. Only in the case of patients with functioning gallbladders did the mean composition of the common duct and gallbladder biles differ significantly. The former contained significantly more cholesterol and less bile salt than the latter. It is suggested that patients with non-functioning gallbladders may be 'autocholecystectomised' with the duct bile reverting to a more 'normal' composition."}
{"id": "PMID:1218817", "title": "Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis (Byler's disease): case report.", "content": "This paper reports the case of a child in which the clinical and laboratory data indicate a progressive intrahepatic cholestasis of the type described as Byler's disease. The histological and  histochemical findings suggest an intrahepatic cholestasis. Electron microscopy reveals interruptions of the bile canalicular membrane, which have been  described as characteristic of this disease. A striking feature in the present case is the remarkable increase of microfilamentous structures in the pericanalicular ectoplasm and in the hepatocytic cytoplasm. The findings suggest a primary disturbance in bile acid secretion as the casue of cholestasis, entailing a hypertrophy of pericanalicular microfilaments which supposedly play a role in the final step of biliary secretion.", "contents": "Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis (Byler's disease): case report. This paper reports the case of a child in which the clinical and laboratory data indicate a progressive intrahepatic cholestasis of the type described as Byler's disease. The histological and  histochemical findings suggest an intrahepatic cholestasis. Electron microscopy reveals interruptions of the bile canalicular membrane, which have been  described as characteristic of this disease. A striking feature in the present case is the remarkable increase of microfilamentous structures in the pericanalicular ectoplasm and in the hepatocytic cytoplasm. The findings suggest a primary disturbance in bile acid secretion as the casue of cholestasis, entailing a hypertrophy of pericanalicular microfilaments which supposedly play a role in the final step of biliary secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1218818", "title": "Effect of vagotomy on secretin release in man.", "content": "The release of secretin by intraduodenal acid has been measured by means of a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay in 12 normal subjects, 23 duodenal ulcer patients, and 14 vagotomized patients (6 TV + P; 4 SV + P;4 HSV). A highly significant response occurred in all three groups. There was no significant difference between the groups either in the magnitude or timing of this response, though the absolute values for pre-stimulation and peak secretin were significantly smaller in preoperative duodenal ulcer patients than in either the normal subjects or the vagotomized patients. The secretin response was similar after truncal, selective, and highly selective vagotomy. These results suggest that secretin release is not dependent on intact vagal innervation of the small intestine in man.", "contents": "Effect of vagotomy on secretin release in man. The release of secretin by intraduodenal acid has been measured by means of a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay in 12 normal subjects, 23 duodenal ulcer patients, and 14 vagotomized patients (6 TV + P; 4 SV + P;4 HSV). A highly significant response occurred in all three groups. There was no significant difference between the groups either in the magnitude or timing of this response, though the absolute values for pre-stimulation and peak secretin were significantly smaller in preoperative duodenal ulcer patients than in either the normal subjects or the vagotomized patients. The secretin response was similar after truncal, selective, and highly selective vagotomy. These results suggest that secretin release is not dependent on intact vagal innervation of the small intestine in man."}
{"id": "PMID:1218819", "title": "Postprandial osmotic and fluid changes in the upper jejunum after truncal vagotomy and drainage in man.", "content": "The changes in osmotic pressure and the degree of marked dilution in the jejunal lumen after a hypertonic meal, have been studied in patients after truncal vagotomy and drainage, with and without diarrhoea, using an intraluminal intubation technique. The results suggest that neither the emptying of a hyperosmotic load from the stomach, nor its subsequent dilution in the jejunum have an important role in post-vagotomy diarrhoea.", "contents": "Postprandial osmotic and fluid changes in the upper jejunum after truncal vagotomy and drainage in man. The changes in osmotic pressure and the degree of marked dilution in the jejunal lumen after a hypertonic meal, have been studied in patients after truncal vagotomy and drainage, with and without diarrhoea, using an intraluminal intubation technique. The results suggest that neither the emptying of a hyperosmotic load from the stomach, nor its subsequent dilution in the jejunum have an important role in post-vagotomy diarrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:1218820", "title": "Alcohol tolerance after proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "Alcohol tolerance has been studied in 10 patients after proximal gastric vagotomy and six patients after truncal vagotomy and antrectomy. No difference in alcohol tolerance was found before and after proximal gastric vagotomy, while an increased rate of absorption with higher blood levels of alcohol were found after truncal vagotomy and antrectomy.", "contents": "Alcohol tolerance after proximal gastric vagotomy. Alcohol tolerance has been studied in 10 patients after proximal gastric vagotomy and six patients after truncal vagotomy and antrectomy. No difference in alcohol tolerance was found before and after proximal gastric vagotomy, while an increased rate of absorption with higher blood levels of alcohol were found after truncal vagotomy and antrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1218821", "title": "Mucosal lesions in the human small intestine in shock.", "content": "Characteristic mucosal lesions in resected small intestinal segments from seven patients are reported. Preoperatively, four patients were in shock and general hypotension while the three remaining cases showed signs of local intestinal hypotension. The microscopic appearance of the mucosal lesions was in all patients identical with that previously observed in the feline and canine small intestine after haemorrhage or local intestinal hypotension. It is proposed that an extravascular short-circuiting of oxygen in the mucosal countercurrent exchanger and an intravascular aggregation of blood cells might produce tissue hypoxia which makes the mucosa vulnerable to enzymatic degradation.", "contents": "Mucosal lesions in the human small intestine in shock. Characteristic mucosal lesions in resected small intestinal segments from seven patients are reported. Preoperatively, four patients were in shock and general hypotension while the three remaining cases showed signs of local intestinal hypotension. The microscopic appearance of the mucosal lesions was in all patients identical with that previously observed in the feline and canine small intestine after haemorrhage or local intestinal hypotension. It is proposed that an extravascular short-circuiting of oxygen in the mucosal countercurrent exchanger and an intravascular aggregation of blood cells might produce tissue hypoxia which makes the mucosa vulnerable to enzymatic degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218822", "title": "Serum lysozyme in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "The mean concentrations of serum lysozyme were markedly higher in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis than in normal controls, and mean levels tended to be slightly higher in those with Crohn's disease than in those with colitis. The significance of these differences is unclear but the overlap between values in normal individuals and those with inflammatory bowel disease prevents the measurement having any discriminant value.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme in inflammatory bowel disease. The mean concentrations of serum lysozyme were markedly higher in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis than in normal controls, and mean levels tended to be slightly higher in those with Crohn's disease than in those with colitis. The significance of these differences is unclear but the overlap between values in normal individuals and those with inflammatory bowel disease prevents the measurement having any discriminant value."}
{"id": "PMID:1218823", "title": "External pancreatic secretion after bombesin infusion in man.", "content": "The effect of bombesin on external pancreatic secretion was studied in seven healthy volunteers and intwo patients with a two-thirds gastrectomy and a pancreatic fistula. After bombesin infusion (15 ng/kg/min), gastrin levels were significantly raised in all volunteers, but remained at basal levels in the gastrectomized patients. Bombesin was effective in stimulating pancreatic secretion in all patients. The volume of secretion increased tow-fold when compared with basal volume. Amylase and trypsin concentrations and outputs in the duodenal juice were greatly agumented (amylase concentration: basal, 70 dye U/ml; post-bombesin, 620 dye U/ml. Amylase output: basal, 1000 dye U/15 min; post-bombesin, 15,800 dye U/15 min). Secretin, when administered in conjunction with bombesin, partially inhibited its secretory effect. Bicarbonate secretion was slightly stimulated by bombesin, but at a very low level. A similar pattern of results was obtained in the two gastrectomized patients. In man, bombesin exerts an effect on pancreatic secretion that mimics the effect of CCK-PZ, thus confirming the results obtained in the experimental animal. Gastrin does not play a fundamental role in this phenomenon.", "contents": "External pancreatic secretion after bombesin infusion in man. The effect of bombesin on external pancreatic secretion was studied in seven healthy volunteers and intwo patients with a two-thirds gastrectomy and a pancreatic fistula. After bombesin infusion (15 ng/kg/min), gastrin levels were significantly raised in all volunteers, but remained at basal levels in the gastrectomized patients. Bombesin was effective in stimulating pancreatic secretion in all patients. The volume of secretion increased tow-fold when compared with basal volume. Amylase and trypsin concentrations and outputs in the duodenal juice were greatly agumented (amylase concentration: basal, 70 dye U/ml; post-bombesin, 620 dye U/ml. Amylase output: basal, 1000 dye U/15 min; post-bombesin, 15,800 dye U/15 min). Secretin, when administered in conjunction with bombesin, partially inhibited its secretory effect. Bicarbonate secretion was slightly stimulated by bombesin, but at a very low level. A similar pattern of results was obtained in the two gastrectomized patients. In man, bombesin exerts an effect on pancreatic secretion that mimics the effect of CCK-PZ, thus confirming the results obtained in the experimental animal. Gastrin does not play a fundamental role in this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1218824", "title": "Effect of secretin on release of heterogeneous forms of gastrin.", "content": "The effect of an intravenous injection of secretin on plasma gastrin concentration is shown to be dependent upon the relative concentration of the major forms of immunoreactive gastrin present in the plasma at the time of injection. Secretin suppressed gastrin secretion in the fasting state in patients in whose plasma heptadecapeptide and big gastrins predominated and did not suppress when big big gastrin comprised more than 90% of plasma gastrin immunoreactivity. The post-secretin decrease in plasma gastrin was due entirely to the disappearance of the smaller, more rapidly degraded forms. Food-stimulated gastrin response was suppressed by secretin for the initial 40 minutes after a test meal but was greater than usual from 40 to 120 minutes.", "contents": "Effect of secretin on release of heterogeneous forms of gastrin. The effect of an intravenous injection of secretin on plasma gastrin concentration is shown to be dependent upon the relative concentration of the major forms of immunoreactive gastrin present in the plasma at the time of injection. Secretin suppressed gastrin secretion in the fasting state in patients in whose plasma heptadecapeptide and big gastrins predominated and did not suppress when big big gastrin comprised more than 90% of plasma gastrin immunoreactivity. The post-secretin decrease in plasma gastrin was due entirely to the disappearance of the smaller, more rapidly degraded forms. Food-stimulated gastrin response was suppressed by secretin for the initial 40 minutes after a test meal but was greater than usual from 40 to 120 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:1218825", "title": "[The problem of normal stability of the trapeziometacarpal joint].", "content": "In 50 healthy and asymptomatic people the stability of the trapeziometacarpal joint of the thumb was evaluated. A mean subluxation of 3,32 mm on the radial side (type 1), and of 0,32 mm on the dorsal side (type II) was found. At the minimum the joint was completely stable; the maximal value was 7 and 3 mm. Higher values must be estimated as pathological joint laxity.", "contents": "[The problem of normal stability of the trapeziometacarpal joint]. In 50 healthy and asymptomatic people the stability of the trapeziometacarpal joint of the thumb was evaluated. A mean subluxation of 3,32 mm on the radial side (type 1), and of 0,32 mm on the dorsal side (type II) was found. At the minimum the joint was completely stable; the maximal value was 7 and 3 mm. Higher values must be estimated as pathological joint laxity."}
{"id": "PMID:1218826", "title": "[Treatment of pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid bone].", "content": "The best therapy for pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid bone is still contested. Various operative techniques are reviewed and our experience with 129 operations is discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid bone]. The best therapy for pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid bone is still contested. Various operative techniques are reviewed and our experience with 129 operations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1218827", "title": "[The technic of \"sensorimotor\" differentiated fascicular suture of peripheral nerves].", "content": "A method for the differentiation of motor and sensory nerve fibres of mixed peripheral nerves is presented. This method is based on the different content of acetylcholinesterase in motor and sensory nerve axons. The median and ulnar nerves of 13 human cadavers were biopsied at the wrist within three hours post mortem. All specimens were stained after the method of KARNOVSKY. The axons of the motor nerve fibres with their high content of acetylcholinesterase thus were marked. In all the examined ulnar nerves the motor fibres were found in the ulnar part. They were different in size and figure. In the median nerves only 1 to 3 motor fascicles were found, which are localized in the palmar and radial section of the nerve. These motor fibres represent only a little part of the whole cross section of the median nerve. As a consequence of this method of differentiation between motor and sensory fibres the surgery of peripheral mixed nerves may be influenced.", "contents": "[The technic of \"sensorimotor\" differentiated fascicular suture of peripheral nerves]. A method for the differentiation of motor and sensory nerve fibres of mixed peripheral nerves is presented. This method is based on the different content of acetylcholinesterase in motor and sensory nerve axons. The median and ulnar nerves of 13 human cadavers were biopsied at the wrist within three hours post mortem. All specimens were stained after the method of KARNOVSKY. The axons of the motor nerve fibres with their high content of acetylcholinesterase thus were marked. In all the examined ulnar nerves the motor fibres were found in the ulnar part. They were different in size and figure. In the median nerves only 1 to 3 motor fascicles were found, which are localized in the palmar and radial section of the nerve. These motor fibres represent only a little part of the whole cross section of the median nerve. As a consequence of this method of differentiation between motor and sensory fibres the surgery of peripheral mixed nerves may be influenced."}
{"id": "PMID:1218828", "title": "[Mathematical considerations on nerve sutures].", "content": "Assuming that in nerve suture all proximal nerve fiber ends are connected to distal nerve fiber ends the mathematical probability of useful connections in a mixed nerve is evaluated. A connection between two motor fiber ends or between two sensory fiber ends is regarded as useful, whereas a connection between one motor end one sensory end is useless. It can be demonstrated, therefore, that the number of fiber ends, i. e. sensory or motor, which pre-dominate have the better chance for useful connections.", "contents": "[Mathematical considerations on nerve sutures]. Assuming that in nerve suture all proximal nerve fiber ends are connected to distal nerve fiber ends the mathematical probability of useful connections in a mixed nerve is evaluated. A connection between two motor fiber ends or between two sensory fiber ends is regarded as useful, whereas a connection between one motor end one sensory end is useless. It can be demonstrated, therefore, that the number of fiber ends, i. e. sensory or motor, which pre-dominate have the better chance for useful connections."}
{"id": "PMID:1218829", "title": "[Results of flexor tendon injuries. A comparative study of primary suture and secondary grafting].", "content": "This work describes the results of 75 flexor tendon repairs with all injuries involving the flexor tendons of the fingers either in the palm or in \"no-man's land\". Of these 75 cases, primary repair was performed in half the cases with flexor tendon grafts. Comparisons were made between these two varying methods of treatment, bearing in mind the nature and circumstances of the injury. In the group of primary tendon repairs, 60% of the patients showed good to very good results; in the grafted group, only 42% showed equally good results. From this study it is felt that primary tendon repair, when technically feasible, is the prefered procedure within the palm or the digits. Associated nerve and bone injuries were not found to be a contraindication to such an approach.", "contents": "[Results of flexor tendon injuries. A comparative study of primary suture and secondary grafting]. This work describes the results of 75 flexor tendon repairs with all injuries involving the flexor tendons of the fingers either in the palm or in \"no-man's land\". Of these 75 cases, primary repair was performed in half the cases with flexor tendon grafts. Comparisons were made between these two varying methods of treatment, bearing in mind the nature and circumstances of the injury. In the group of primary tendon repairs, 60% of the patients showed good to very good results; in the grafted group, only 42% showed equally good results. From this study it is felt that primary tendon repair, when technically feasible, is the prefered procedure within the palm or the digits. Associated nerve and bone injuries were not found to be a contraindication to such an approach."}
{"id": "PMID:1218855", "title": "Parathyroid function in acromegaly.", "content": "Parathyroid function was assessed in six acromegalic subjects by measurement of serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Only one patient had increased PTH levels. These findings suggest that hyperparathyroidism does not uniformly occur in acromegaly.", "contents": "Parathyroid function in acromegaly. Parathyroid function was assessed in six acromegalic subjects by measurement of serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Only one patient had increased PTH levels. These findings suggest that hyperparathyroidism does not uniformly occur in acromegaly."}
{"id": "PMID:1218856", "title": "Prolonged fasting in mice: a more sensitive approach to genetic diabetes.", "content": "Effects of two different periods of fasting were studied on glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose in genetically diabetic KK and nondiabetic C57BL/6J mice. Blood sugar levels of the KK mice did not differ markedly from those of the C57BL/6J mice at the fed state or after 8 h fasting. They were, however, significantly higher in the KK mice when fasted for 18 h. The serum IRI levels, which were at least twice as high in the KK mice, decreased more markedly after 18 h fasting. The KK mice showed impaired glucose tolerance after 8 h fasting, which became more pronounced after 18 h fasting. The insulin response to glucose in the KK mice was not altered after an 8-hour fast; it was, however, diminished greatly after an 18-hour fast. These data suggest that prolonged fasting is necessary to detect the diabetic traits in the KK mice. The C57BL/6J mice showed neither impaired glucose tolerance nor diminished insulin response to glucose at both periods of fasting. Studies with the F1 hybrids (KK male X C57BL/6J female), which carry half of the diabetic genes, suggest that the mode of inheritance of diabetes in the KK mice might be polygenic.", "contents": "Prolonged fasting in mice: a more sensitive approach to genetic diabetes. Effects of two different periods of fasting were studied on glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose in genetically diabetic KK and nondiabetic C57BL/6J mice. Blood sugar levels of the KK mice did not differ markedly from those of the C57BL/6J mice at the fed state or after 8 h fasting. They were, however, significantly higher in the KK mice when fasted for 18 h. The serum IRI levels, which were at least twice as high in the KK mice, decreased more markedly after 18 h fasting. The KK mice showed impaired glucose tolerance after 8 h fasting, which became more pronounced after 18 h fasting. The insulin response to glucose in the KK mice was not altered after an 8-hour fast; it was, however, diminished greatly after an 18-hour fast. These data suggest that prolonged fasting is necessary to detect the diabetic traits in the KK mice. The C57BL/6J mice showed neither impaired glucose tolerance nor diminished insulin response to glucose at both periods of fasting. Studies with the F1 hybrids (KK male X C57BL/6J female), which carry half of the diabetic genes, suggest that the mode of inheritance of diabetes in the KK mice might be polygenic."}
{"id": "PMID:1218858", "title": "A subtelocentric chromosome 9 in a dysplastic 18-year-old boy with dissociated mental development.", "content": "A subtelocentric C-group chromosome was identified as inv(9) (p24q12) in an 18-year-old young man who shows few dysplastic signs and who suffers from dissociated mental development. Pericentric inversions producing an almost metacentri No. 9 have been reported in several studies. The frequency of which proved to be high. There is an apparent lack, however, of inverted acro- or subtelocentric No. 9 reported in the literature. This obvious difference in the break points on chromosome 9 is most likely due to 1. hot-spots for chromosome breakage i.e. highly susceptible regions such as the euchromatic-heterochromatic junctions. 2. a higher degree of elimination against such acro- or subtelocentric chromosomes from one generation to the other.", "contents": "A subtelocentric chromosome 9 in a dysplastic 18-year-old boy with dissociated mental development. A subtelocentric C-group chromosome was identified as inv(9) (p24q12) in an 18-year-old young man who shows few dysplastic signs and who suffers from dissociated mental development. Pericentric inversions producing an almost metacentri No. 9 have been reported in several studies. The frequency of which proved to be high. There is an apparent lack, however, of inverted acro- or subtelocentric No. 9 reported in the literature. This obvious difference in the break points on chromosome 9 is most likely due to 1. hot-spots for chromosome breakage i.e. highly susceptible regions such as the euchromatic-heterochromatic junctions. 2. a higher degree of elimination against such acro- or subtelocentric chromosomes from one generation to the other."}
{"id": "PMID:1218859", "title": "The Bf locus in the HLA region of chromosome 6: linkage and association studies.", "content": "Bf allele frequencies in a material of 172 unrelated Norwegians are given. Bf/HLA linkage relations in 49 informative matings with 178 children, and Bf/HLA association data of a material of 212 Bf-HLA haplotypes are presented. Of 171 informative meioses, there were no Bf-HLA-B recombinations, while 3 out of 158 Bf-HLA-A informative meioses showed recombination. There is significant association between the BfF and the HLA-BW35 allele. It is concluded that the Bf locus is situated on the HLA-B side of HLA-A within the HLA region, in very close proximity to HLA-B.", "contents": "The Bf locus in the HLA region of chromosome 6: linkage and association studies. Bf allele frequencies in a material of 172 unrelated Norwegians are given. Bf/HLA linkage relations in 49 informative matings with 178 children, and Bf/HLA association data of a material of 212 Bf-HLA haplotypes are presented. Of 171 informative meioses, there were no Bf-HLA-B recombinations, while 3 out of 158 Bf-HLA-A informative meioses showed recombination. There is significant association between the BfF and the HLA-BW35 allele. It is concluded that the Bf locus is situated on the HLA-B side of HLA-A within the HLA region, in very close proximity to HLA-B."}
{"id": "PMID:1218860", "title": "Trisomy 9p due to paternal translocation, t(9;13) (q13;q12).", "content": "A 16-year-old girl with trisomy 9p is described. She had a short stature, severe mental retardation and the following abnormal clinical findings: peculiar face with hypertelorism, downward slanting palpebral fissures, convergent strabismus, a bulbous nose with broad and prominent bridge, short upper lip, narrow, high-arched palate; short neck with low hairline; severe kyphoscoliosis and a congenital clubfoot deformity; hypoplasia and dysplasia of several phalanges of the fingers and toes and some nails, a delay by about 6 years in bone age, and remarkable dermatoglyphic patterns. The father and 3 other family members carried a balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 13, t(9;13)(q13;q12).", "contents": "Trisomy 9p due to paternal translocation, t(9;13) (q13;q12). A 16-year-old girl with trisomy 9p is described. She had a short stature, severe mental retardation and the following abnormal clinical findings: peculiar face with hypertelorism, downward slanting palpebral fissures, convergent strabismus, a bulbous nose with broad and prominent bridge, short upper lip, narrow, high-arched palate; short neck with low hairline; severe kyphoscoliosis and a congenital clubfoot deformity; hypoplasia and dysplasia of several phalanges of the fingers and toes and some nails, a delay by about 6 years in bone age, and remarkable dermatoglyphic patterns. The father and 3 other family members carried a balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 13, t(9;13)(q13;q12)."}
{"id": "PMID:1218861", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges and chromatid interchanges in bloom's syndrome.", "content": "A comparison is made between the incidences of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) per chromosome and group of chromosomes and breakage, visible at metaphase like open gaps, breaks, and breaks involved in chromatid interchange formation (CI) in Bloom's syndrome. It can be shown that the two levels of breakage SCE and CI are not correlated as to the locations. The discussion deals with possible interpretations of preferential breakage and reunion at certain homologous chromosomes and the difficulties today to understand SCEs.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges and chromatid interchanges in bloom's syndrome. A comparison is made between the incidences of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) per chromosome and group of chromosomes and breakage, visible at metaphase like open gaps, breaks, and breaks involved in chromatid interchange formation (CI) in Bloom's syndrome. It can be shown that the two levels of breakage SCE and CI are not correlated as to the locations. The discussion deals with possible interpretations of preferential breakage and reunion at certain homologous chromosomes and the difficulties today to understand SCEs."}
{"id": "PMID:1218862", "title": "A technique for in situ karyotyping of primary amniotic fluid cell cultures.", "content": "A time proven technique is described for growing amniotic fluid cell cultures on cover glasses in Leighton tubes and for processing the mitotic cells in situ. Karyotyping the clones in situ eliminates most of the problems caused by somatic chromosome mutations in vitro and by maternal cell growth.", "contents": "A technique for in situ karyotyping of primary amniotic fluid cell cultures. A time proven technique is described for growing amniotic fluid cell cultures on cover glasses in Leighton tubes and for processing the mitotic cells in situ. Karyotyping the clones in situ eliminates most of the problems caused by somatic chromosome mutations in vitro and by maternal cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1218863", "title": "Climate associated variations in the human serum albumin level.", "content": "Quantitative determinations of the human serum albumin level showed significantly higher values in tropical (Negroes 46.98 mg/ml, Indians 54.30 mg/ml) than in non-tropical populations (Germans 44.41 mg/ml). These observations are in agreement with those of several other authors. It is assumed that these variations in the serum albumin level are related to climate, and that they may indicate some biological advantage of higher albumin levels under the climatic conditions of tropical biotops. This hypothesis is discussed considering several aspects.", "contents": "Climate associated variations in the human serum albumin level. Quantitative determinations of the human serum albumin level showed significantly higher values in tropical (Negroes 46.98 mg/ml, Indians 54.30 mg/ml) than in non-tropical populations (Germans 44.41 mg/ml). These observations are in agreement with those of several other authors. It is assumed that these variations in the serum albumin level are related to climate, and that they may indicate some biological advantage of higher albumin levels under the climatic conditions of tropical biotops. This hypothesis is discussed considering several aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:1218864", "title": "Cytological and cytogenetical studies on brain tumors. VI. No evidence for a translocation in 22-monosomic meningiomas.", "content": "The recently detected reciprocal translocations in chronic myeloic leucemia (CML) and Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) made it necessary to clarify if meningiomas really show the described monosomy 22 or also a translocation. In 10 out of 12 meningiomas a total or partial translocation of the missing chromosome 22 to another chromosome could be ruled out by fluorescence banding analysis. Two meningiomas showed marker chromosomes of such a complex composition that it was impossible to decide if a 22 translocation was present or not. From these results it was concluded that meningioma cells, in contrast to CML and BL, show almost regularly a loss of a definitive part of their genome.", "contents": "Cytological and cytogenetical studies on brain tumors. VI. No evidence for a translocation in 22-monosomic meningiomas. The recently detected reciprocal translocations in chronic myeloic leucemia (CML) and Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) made it necessary to clarify if meningiomas really show the described monosomy 22 or also a translocation. In 10 out of 12 meningiomas a total or partial translocation of the missing chromosome 22 to another chromosome could be ruled out by fluorescence banding analysis. Two meningiomas showed marker chromosomes of such a complex composition that it was impossible to decide if a 22 translocation was present or not. From these results it was concluded that meningioma cells, in contrast to CML and BL, show almost regularly a loss of a definitive part of their genome."}
{"id": "PMID:1218957", "title": "Diode pump cochlear audition theory.", "content": "A model of the cochlea is developed whereby the motion of the basilar membrane due to sound pressure in the scala media creates, through the pivotal motion of the pillars of Corti, modulated pressure on the fluid in the inner sulcus. This modulated pressure causes fluid to flow through the tectorial gap at selected longitudinal positions along the basilar membrane causing excitation or inhibition of the hair cell activity depending upon the direction of fluid flow. Specific functional relationships are developed for a two component model composed of a resonant and a nonresonant region. Relevant experimental data show good agreement with the predictions of the model.", "contents": "Diode pump cochlear audition theory. A model of the cochlea is developed whereby the motion of the basilar membrane due to sound pressure in the scala media creates, through the pivotal motion of the pillars of Corti, modulated pressure on the fluid in the inner sulcus. This modulated pressure causes fluid to flow through the tectorial gap at selected longitudinal positions along the basilar membrane causing excitation or inhibition of the hair cell activity depending upon the direction of fluid flow. Specific functional relationships are developed for a two component model composed of a resonant and a nonresonant region. Relevant experimental data show good agreement with the predictions of the model."}
{"id": "PMID:1218958", "title": "Visual localization and discrimination in squirrel monkeys with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus.", "content": "This study measured the effects of superior colliculus (SC) lesions on skill at localizing stationary or moving objects, and on ability to discriminate between objects which differed in pattern or brightness in squirrel monkeys. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the SC were made in 8 monkeys (EXP group); the lesions in 5 (SC group) were restricted essentially to the SC (22-25% damaged), the other 3 had additional unilateral damage to the midbrain reticular formation (10 to 14% damage to SC). The control group (N = 15) consisted of 9 unoperated, 3 sham-operated, and 3 lesioned-control monkeys. General cage behavior of the EXP group was not significantly changed as a result of the lesions. Eye movements were observed in all monkeys with SC lesions. Pupillary constrictions to light were also present except for a temporary unilateral mydriasis (two cases). On tests which measured reaction time, localization ability, and brightness discrimination, performance between the SC and control groups did not differ significantly. The SC group compared with controls, however, required more total trials to learn to criterion the pattern discrimination (p less than .05), and made significantly fewer correct choices (p less than .02) at the middle delay interval of the delayed response test. The two groups did not differ significantly at the shorter or longer delays. With regard to the possible neural mechanism, it is suggested that the SC of primates may influence level of arousal and contribute to ability to discriminate visual detail.", "contents": "Visual localization and discrimination in squirrel monkeys with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus. This study measured the effects of superior colliculus (SC) lesions on skill at localizing stationary or moving objects, and on ability to discriminate between objects which differed in pattern or brightness in squirrel monkeys. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the SC were made in 8 monkeys (EXP group); the lesions in 5 (SC group) were restricted essentially to the SC (22-25% damaged), the other 3 had additional unilateral damage to the midbrain reticular formation (10 to 14% damage to SC). The control group (N = 15) consisted of 9 unoperated, 3 sham-operated, and 3 lesioned-control monkeys. General cage behavior of the EXP group was not significantly changed as a result of the lesions. Eye movements were observed in all monkeys with SC lesions. Pupillary constrictions to light were also present except for a temporary unilateral mydriasis (two cases). On tests which measured reaction time, localization ability, and brightness discrimination, performance between the SC and control groups did not differ significantly. The SC group compared with controls, however, required more total trials to learn to criterion the pattern discrimination (p less than .05), and made significantly fewer correct choices (p less than .02) at the middle delay interval of the delayed response test. The two groups did not differ significantly at the shorter or longer delays. With regard to the possible neural mechanism, it is suggested that the SC of primates may influence level of arousal and contribute to ability to discriminate visual detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1218959", "title": "Figural after-effects of K\u00f6hler and Wallach reinterpreted.", "content": "A theory of perception is extended to figural after-effects which has been used already to rationalize the illusory phenomena of static visual illusions, fluctuating figures and visual illusions of motion. The theory proposes three laws of perception. All of the extensive observations of K\u00f6hler and Wallach are rationalized under these laws embodying the present theoretical orientation. The theory maintains that the experience of perception occurs only during the interaction of forces introduced by a pattern with the forces characteristic of the brain in order to produce the greatest equilibrium within the two systems of forces. A pattern is not reproduced in the brain. A pattern produces a system of forces. Neither the image of the pattern nor its forces impinging on the nervous system produce the perceptual experience. It is during the process of interaction of the forces of the pattern with the forces of the brain and only during this interaction that perception is experience. This interaction is a constant process to integrate the incompatibilities existing between the two system of forces.", "contents": "Figural after-effects of K\u00f6hler and Wallach reinterpreted. A theory of perception is extended to figural after-effects which has been used already to rationalize the illusory phenomena of static visual illusions, fluctuating figures and visual illusions of motion. The theory proposes three laws of perception. All of the extensive observations of K\u00f6hler and Wallach are rationalized under these laws embodying the present theoretical orientation. The theory maintains that the experience of perception occurs only during the interaction of forces introduced by a pattern with the forces characteristic of the brain in order to produce the greatest equilibrium within the two systems of forces. A pattern is not reproduced in the brain. A pattern produces a system of forces. Neither the image of the pattern nor its forces impinging on the nervous system produce the perceptual experience. It is during the process of interaction of the forces of the pattern with the forces of the brain and only during this interaction that perception is experience. This interaction is a constant process to integrate the incompatibilities existing between the two system of forces."}
{"id": "PMID:1218960", "title": "Three principles of brain function and structure.", "content": "A large part of the presently available data in the physiology and anatomy of the nervous system is found to be consistent with three comparatively simple principles. Phrased in the terminology introduced in the paper, the first of these expresses the assumption of specificity of neuron response, the second states the biological equivalent of a maximum principle believed to govern the formation and modication of interneuronal connectivity, and the third describes the probable role of genetically determined gross anatomy in securing the groundwork for developing neurospecificity. A number of remarks are included, and an extensive discussion of the evidence behind the principles.", "contents": "Three principles of brain function and structure. A large part of the presently available data in the physiology and anatomy of the nervous system is found to be consistent with three comparatively simple principles. Phrased in the terminology introduced in the paper, the first of these expresses the assumption of specificity of neuron response, the second states the biological equivalent of a maximum principle believed to govern the formation and modication of interneuronal connectivity, and the third describes the probable role of genetically determined gross anatomy in securing the groundwork for developing neurospecificity. A number of remarks are included, and an extensive discussion of the evidence behind the principles."}
{"id": "PMID:1218961", "title": "Family unit therapy, the institution of the family and positive mental health.", "content": "Family unit therapy (F. U. T.) is conceptually differentiated from family member therapy (F. M. T). Clinical material is used to demonstrate the potential of F. U. T. for inducing positive-adaptive changes in the family, as a system, and in the functioning of its members, as related to Emotional Capital (EC), Autonomy (A), Self-Regulation (SR) and Competence (C). The implications of this experience and of some family research for social action are discussed. Questions are also raised about established and socially significant diagnostic and treatment practices, in dealing with emotionally and intellectually deprived children who are slow to develop.", "contents": "Family unit therapy, the institution of the family and positive mental health. Family unit therapy (F. U. T.) is conceptually differentiated from family member therapy (F. M. T). Clinical material is used to demonstrate the potential of F. U. T. for inducing positive-adaptive changes in the family, as a system, and in the functioning of its members, as related to Emotional Capital (EC), Autonomy (A), Self-Regulation (SR) and Competence (C). The implications of this experience and of some family research for social action are discussed. Questions are also raised about established and socially significant diagnostic and treatment practices, in dealing with emotionally and intellectually deprived children who are slow to develop."}
{"id": "PMID:1218962", "title": "Positive mental health, Western society and the family.", "content": "Positive mental health is used as a bio-adaptive concept, operationally defined in terms of four components: emotional capital (EC), autonomy (A), self-regulation (SR) and competence (C). It is argued that the current adaptive crisis of Western man is due, amongst other factors, to the failure of key social institutions in Western Society, including the family, to provide conditions conducive to the development and/or exercise of these components of mental health. Western man's solutions to this adaptive crisis are shown to fall into two categories-one, representing destructive (anarchist) and the other, a constructive approach. The position is taken that the latter approach needs to be applied more extensively in the functional rehabilitation of the family.", "contents": "Positive mental health, Western society and the family. Positive mental health is used as a bio-adaptive concept, operationally defined in terms of four components: emotional capital (EC), autonomy (A), self-regulation (SR) and competence (C). It is argued that the current adaptive crisis of Western man is due, amongst other factors, to the failure of key social institutions in Western Society, including the family, to provide conditions conducive to the development and/or exercise of these components of mental health. Western man's solutions to this adaptive crisis are shown to fall into two categories-one, representing destructive (anarchist) and the other, a constructive approach. The position is taken that the latter approach needs to be applied more extensively in the functional rehabilitation of the family."}
{"id": "PMID:1218965", "title": "Goal-striving discrepancy stress in urban Filipino men: II. Housing.", "content": "As part of a larger investigation of social/psychological stress and psychiatric adaptation in urban Manila, efforts were made to study the effects of goal-striving discrepancy stress in housing among Filipino men from different age groups and social classes. Goal-striving discrepancy stress is an organismic state characterized by tension and discomfort due to discrepancies between aspirations and achievements. Several studies have demononstrated that goal-striving discrepancy stress are asociated with psychiatric disorder. The present study focused upon the discrepancies between aspiration and achievements in housing among Filipino men. Housing constitutes one of man's basic problems in urban societies; however, in spite of the fact that housing is related to psychiatric adaptation, relatively few studies have been made of this problem. It is important to recognize that housing has numerous psychological implications for an individual. It is a symbol of social status and social acceptance and greatly influences an individual's view of himself and others. Some investigators have even suggested that housing may be construed as a symbolic representation of the mother-child relationship. For the present investigation, twelve housing characteristics considered to be important to Filipinos e. g., size, cost, location, ownership of land, etc., were derived and ninety-six Filipino males from different age groups and social classes were asked to indicate both their aspiration and their actual achievement for each of the twelve housing characteristics. Goal-striving discrepancies were obtained by subtracting the aspirational endorsements from the achievement endorsements. The discrepancy scores were then correlated with various psychiatric symptom patterns through factor analysis. Results of the investigation revealed profound social class differences in the amount of goal-striving discrepancy stress. ......", "contents": "Goal-striving discrepancy stress in urban Filipino men: II. Housing. As part of a larger investigation of social/psychological stress and psychiatric adaptation in urban Manila, efforts were made to study the effects of goal-striving discrepancy stress in housing among Filipino men from different age groups and social classes. Goal-striving discrepancy stress is an organismic state characterized by tension and discomfort due to discrepancies between aspirations and achievements. Several studies have demononstrated that goal-striving discrepancy stress are asociated with psychiatric disorder. The present study focused upon the discrepancies between aspiration and achievements in housing among Filipino men. Housing constitutes one of man's basic problems in urban societies; however, in spite of the fact that housing is related to psychiatric adaptation, relatively few studies have been made of this problem. It is important to recognize that housing has numerous psychological implications for an individual. It is a symbol of social status and social acceptance and greatly influences an individual's view of himself and others. Some investigators have even suggested that housing may be construed as a symbolic representation of the mother-child relationship. For the present investigation, twelve housing characteristics considered to be important to Filipinos e. g., size, cost, location, ownership of land, etc., were derived and ninety-six Filipino males from different age groups and social classes were asked to indicate both their aspiration and their actual achievement for each of the twelve housing characteristics. Goal-striving discrepancies were obtained by subtracting the aspirational endorsements from the achievement endorsements. The discrepancy scores were then correlated with various psychiatric symptom patterns through factor analysis. Results of the investigation revealed profound social class differences in the amount of goal-striving discrepancy stress. ......"}
{"id": "PMID:1218966", "title": "Degree of pathology as related to readiness to accept labels in process and reactive schizophrenics.", "content": "Two experiments were performed in order to determine whether readiness to accept deviant labels, as measured by acquiescence set, interacts with type of schizophrenia (process vs. reactive) to influence level of pathology. It was found on both a behavioral measure and a psychometric measure of psychopathology that high acquiescent process schizophrenics manifested more pathology than did either low acquiescent process or reactive schizophrenics, both of whom showed more pathology than high acquiescent reactive schizophrenics. The results suggest that one's acceptance of deviant labels as well as one's past history of being assigned social and evaluative labels may influence the patient's level of pathology. Scheff (1966), in viewing the mental patient from a sociological perspective, suggests that an important determinant of mental disorder is the acceptance by the deviant individual of the various labels which stigmatize him as mentally ill. If this is the case, then individual differences in readiness to accept or agree with labels about oneself may be related to the degree of pathology manifested in a psychiatric population. The present authors sought to determine if acquiescence set, as measured by the Agreement Response Scale (Couch & Keniston, 1960), is related to degree of pathology in schizophrenic patients. The Agreement Response Scale was used as a measure of the general tendency to acquiesce to or agree with personality statements or labels. The investigators performed two experiments, in Experiment 1 a behavioral measure of pathology was used and in Experiment 2 a psychometric measure of pathology was used. In addition, the schizophrenic Ss were grouped according to the process-reactive distinction as the reactive schizophrenic may be expected to have a more favorable history of labeling than would the process schizophrenic.", "contents": "Degree of pathology as related to readiness to accept labels in process and reactive schizophrenics. Two experiments were performed in order to determine whether readiness to accept deviant labels, as measured by acquiescence set, interacts with type of schizophrenia (process vs. reactive) to influence level of pathology. It was found on both a behavioral measure and a psychometric measure of psychopathology that high acquiescent process schizophrenics manifested more pathology than did either low acquiescent process or reactive schizophrenics, both of whom showed more pathology than high acquiescent reactive schizophrenics. The results suggest that one's acceptance of deviant labels as well as one's past history of being assigned social and evaluative labels may influence the patient's level of pathology. Scheff (1966), in viewing the mental patient from a sociological perspective, suggests that an important determinant of mental disorder is the acceptance by the deviant individual of the various labels which stigmatize him as mentally ill. If this is the case, then individual differences in readiness to accept or agree with labels about oneself may be related to the degree of pathology manifested in a psychiatric population. The present authors sought to determine if acquiescence set, as measured by the Agreement Response Scale (Couch & Keniston, 1960), is related to degree of pathology in schizophrenic patients. The Agreement Response Scale was used as a measure of the general tendency to acquiesce to or agree with personality statements or labels. The investigators performed two experiments, in Experiment 1 a behavioral measure of pathology was used and in Experiment 2 a psychometric measure of pathology was used. In addition, the schizophrenic Ss were grouped according to the process-reactive distinction as the reactive schizophrenic may be expected to have a more favorable history of labeling than would the process schizophrenic."}
{"id": "PMID:1218969", "title": "In vitro enzymatic conversion of pantothenylcysteine-4'-phosphate into cysteamine.", "content": "In vivo production of taurine can not proceed from cysteine via the action of cysteinsulphinic acid-decarboxylase in those mammalian organs where this enzymatic activity is absent, such as heart. The possibility of existence of another metabolic way is strengthened by the experimental finding that, in vitro, cysteamine is obtained from pantothenylcysteine-4'-phosphate through the combined action of two mammalian enzymes, i.e. pantothenylcysteine-4'-phosphate decarboxylase and pantetheinase, used in partially purified forms. This new route should be related to the known biosynthetic pathway of CoA.", "contents": "In vitro enzymatic conversion of pantothenylcysteine-4'-phosphate into cysteamine. In vivo production of taurine can not proceed from cysteine via the action of cysteinsulphinic acid-decarboxylase in those mammalian organs where this enzymatic activity is absent, such as heart. The possibility of existence of another metabolic way is strengthened by the experimental finding that, in vitro, cysteamine is obtained from pantothenylcysteine-4'-phosphate through the combined action of two mammalian enzymes, i.e. pantothenylcysteine-4'-phosphate decarboxylase and pantetheinase, used in partially purified forms. This new route should be related to the known biosynthetic pathway of CoA."}
{"id": "PMID:1218970", "title": "Activation of lipase by a factor present in the gall-bladder epithelium.", "content": "The action of a bovine gall-bladder extract is studied on two lipolytic systems: the pancreas lipase and the plasma lipoproteinlipase. For pancreas lipase the lipolytic activity of pancreas homogenates of different species is evaluated in the presence of different quantities of gall-bladder extract. For plasma lipoproteinlipase, the enzyme is induced by injection of optimal doses of heparin associated with different quantities of gall-bladder extract and the activity is evaluated by measuring the clarifying power of the plasmas of the treated animals. The results confirm that the gall-bladder contains a factor activating the pancreas lipase and put in evidence some differences between lipase activities in different species. For plasma lipolytic activation, the action of the gall-bladder extract is particularly evident in the inductive phase of lipoproteinlipase, according to a typical process of saturation.", "contents": "Activation of lipase by a factor present in the gall-bladder epithelium. The action of a bovine gall-bladder extract is studied on two lipolytic systems: the pancreas lipase and the plasma lipoproteinlipase. For pancreas lipase the lipolytic activity of pancreas homogenates of different species is evaluated in the presence of different quantities of gall-bladder extract. For plasma lipoproteinlipase, the enzyme is induced by injection of optimal doses of heparin associated with different quantities of gall-bladder extract and the activity is evaluated by measuring the clarifying power of the plasmas of the treated animals. The results confirm that the gall-bladder contains a factor activating the pancreas lipase and put in evidence some differences between lipase activities in different species. For plasma lipolytic activation, the action of the gall-bladder extract is particularly evident in the inductive phase of lipoproteinlipase, according to a typical process of saturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1218971", "title": "In vivo effects of octanoate and oleate on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase during germination of Pinus pinea seeds.", "content": "During our investigation on the effect of some fatty acids on the germination of Pinus pinea seeds (Vincenzini et al., 1973), we noted a marked decrease of G6PDH activity when octanoate or oleate were added to the culture medium. In an attempt to provide biochemical information on the effect of free fatty acids on G6PDH activity, in vivo, during Pinus pinea seeds germination, we tested different concentrations of octanoate and oleate added to the culture medium. Moreover other enzymes of fundamental metabolic pathways were also considered, particularly 6PGDH, the second enzyme of HMS.", "contents": "In vivo effects of octanoate and oleate on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase during germination of Pinus pinea seeds. During our investigation on the effect of some fatty acids on the germination of Pinus pinea seeds (Vincenzini et al., 1973), we noted a marked decrease of G6PDH activity when octanoate or oleate were added to the culture medium. In an attempt to provide biochemical information on the effect of free fatty acids on G6PDH activity, in vivo, during Pinus pinea seeds germination, we tested different concentrations of octanoate and oleate added to the culture medium. Moreover other enzymes of fundamental metabolic pathways were also considered, particularly 6PGDH, the second enzyme of HMS."}
{"id": "PMID:1218972", "title": "The Ca2+-dependent incorporation of nitrogenous bases into brain microsomal phospholipid subspecies in vitro.", "content": "The specificity  of the Ca2+-stimulated choline and ethanolamine incorporation into the molecular subspecies of the correspondent choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides has been investigated in vitro in rat brain microsomes. In the presence of 5.0 mM Ca2+-ions and at pH 8.1, choline was incorporated 6 times faster into the tetraenoic diacyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholines (diacyl-GPCs or lecithins) than into the saturated subspecies. The specific activities of the other species were intermediary, and decreased with increasing saturation. Hexaenoic species of lecithins were however weakly labelled. The rate of labelling of diacyl-GPC molecular subspecies was affected noticeably by changing the pH and the Ca2+-ion concentration of the incubation medium. Ethanolamine was incorporated in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+-ions and at pH 8.1 preferentially into the monoenoic species of total ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of rat brain microsomes. The rate of incorporation into the monoenoic species was twice that into the trienoic, tetraenoic and hexaenoic and 4 times faster that into the dienoic species. When the pattern of labelling was determined specifically for the molecular subspecies of diacyl-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamines (diacyl-GPEs or phosphatidylethanolamines), the rate of incorporation of ethanolamine into the hexaenoic species resulted three times faster that into the saturated and monoenoic species and about twice that into the trienoic and tetraenoic species, in accordance with data for liver microsomes. The pattern of labelling of the molecular subspecies of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and of diacyl-GPEs was not influenced by changing the pH and the Ca2+-ion concentration of the incubation medium.", "contents": "The Ca2+-dependent incorporation of nitrogenous bases into brain microsomal phospholipid subspecies in vitro. The specificity  of the Ca2+-stimulated choline and ethanolamine incorporation into the molecular subspecies of the correspondent choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides has been investigated in vitro in rat brain microsomes. In the presence of 5.0 mM Ca2+-ions and at pH 8.1, choline was incorporated 6 times faster into the tetraenoic diacyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholines (diacyl-GPCs or lecithins) than into the saturated subspecies. The specific activities of the other species were intermediary, and decreased with increasing saturation. Hexaenoic species of lecithins were however weakly labelled. The rate of labelling of diacyl-GPC molecular subspecies was affected noticeably by changing the pH and the Ca2+-ion concentration of the incubation medium. Ethanolamine was incorporated in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+-ions and at pH 8.1 preferentially into the monoenoic species of total ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of rat brain microsomes. The rate of incorporation into the monoenoic species was twice that into the trienoic, tetraenoic and hexaenoic and 4 times faster that into the dienoic species. When the pattern of labelling was determined specifically for the molecular subspecies of diacyl-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamines (diacyl-GPEs or phosphatidylethanolamines), the rate of incorporation of ethanolamine into the hexaenoic species resulted three times faster that into the saturated and monoenoic species and about twice that into the trienoic and tetraenoic species, in accordance with data for liver microsomes. The pattern of labelling of the molecular subspecies of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and of diacyl-GPEs was not influenced by changing the pH and the Ca2+-ion concentration of the incubation medium."}
{"id": "PMID:1219002", "title": "Internal properties of the CASH nursing care evaluation instrument.", "content": "This article reports an analysis of the internal properties of an instrument that has been widely used to measure the quality of nursing care. Three-fourths of the 106 questions in the instrument failed to meet minimum standard psychometric test criteria. The better questions dealt with housekeeping rather than nursing duties; the instrument would appear to be reliable as a measure of cleanliness and orderliness, but not of actual nursing care.", "contents": "Internal properties of the CASH nursing care evaluation instrument. This article reports an analysis of the internal properties of an instrument that has been widely used to measure the quality of nursing care. Three-fourths of the 106 questions in the instrument failed to meet minimum standard psychometric test criteria. The better questions dealt with housekeeping rather than nursing duties; the instrument would appear to be reliable as a measure of cleanliness and orderliness, but not of actual nursing care."}
{"id": "PMID:1219003", "title": "Patient referral differences among specialties.", "content": "Data from the Seventh Periodic Survey of Physicians are examined for differences in referral rates among five major medical specialties. Referral rates for each specialty are regressed against physician-related and patient-related predictor variables. On the basis of Freidson's distinction between \"colleague-dependent\" and \"client-dependent\" specialties, the hypothesis tested is that physician-related variables explain more of the variance in referral rates of colleague-dependent than of client-dependent specialists. Although this use of Freidson's classification is not strongly supported by the results, the variables found to correlate with referral differences suggest that public policies aimed to increase access to care may produce a reduction in continuity of care as an unintended second-order effect.", "contents": "Patient referral differences among specialties. Data from the Seventh Periodic Survey of Physicians are examined for differences in referral rates among five major medical specialties. Referral rates for each specialty are regressed against physician-related and patient-related predictor variables. On the basis of Freidson's distinction between \"colleague-dependent\" and \"client-dependent\" specialties, the hypothesis tested is that physician-related variables explain more of the variance in referral rates of colleague-dependent than of client-dependent specialists. Although this use of Freidson's classification is not strongly supported by the results, the variables found to correlate with referral differences suggest that public policies aimed to increase access to care may produce a reduction in continuity of care as an unintended second-order effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1219004", "title": "Accuracy of a health interview survey in measuring chronic illness prevalence.", "content": "The accuracy of a household health interview survey in measuring the prevalence of chronic illness was tested by comparing survey responses with the same respondents' medical records. Results indicate that the survey is far from a perfect discriminator of recorded medical status. The false-positive rate was 25 percent, and the rate of false negatives was nearly 40 percent. False positives were greater for Mexican-Americans and other nonwhites than for white respondents. The household health interview survey is nonetheless an important planning tool since it reflects respondents' perceived health levels, which may be used to predict utilization of primary medical services.", "contents": "Accuracy of a health interview survey in measuring chronic illness prevalence. The accuracy of a household health interview survey in measuring the prevalence of chronic illness was tested by comparing survey responses with the same respondents' medical records. Results indicate that the survey is far from a perfect discriminator of recorded medical status. The false-positive rate was 25 percent, and the rate of false negatives was nearly 40 percent. False positives were greater for Mexican-Americans and other nonwhites than for white respondents. The household health interview survey is nonetheless an important planning tool since it reflects respondents' perceived health levels, which may be used to predict utilization of primary medical services."}
{"id": "PMID:1219005", "title": "Successive intervals analysis of preference measures in a health status index.", "content": "The method of successive intervals, a procedure for obtaining equal intervals from category data, is applied to social preference data for a health status index. Several innovations are employed, including an approximate analysis of variance test for determining whether the intervals are of equal width, a regression model for estimating the width of the end intervals in finite scales, and a transformation to equalize interval widths and estimate item locations on the new scale. A computer program has been developed to process large data sets with a larger number of categories than previous programs.", "contents": "Successive intervals analysis of preference measures in a health status index. The method of successive intervals, a procedure for obtaining equal intervals from category data, is applied to social preference data for a health status index. Several innovations are employed, including an approximate analysis of variance test for determining whether the intervals are of equal width, a regression model for estimating the width of the end intervals in finite scales, and a transformation to equalize interval widths and estimate item locations on the new scale. A computer program has been developed to process large data sets with a larger number of categories than previous programs."}
{"id": "PMID:1219006", "title": "Quality of medical care: a factor analysis approach using medical records.", "content": "A relatively inexpensive, reliable, and unobtrusive method is described for measuring the content of medical care. Factor analysis of the content of the records of more than 11,000 physician-patient encounters from six different health insurance plans extracted four main factors or dimensions that together explained 42 percent of the variance in record content. Appropriate names for these dimensions appear to be: \"prevention,\" \"rationality,\" \"verification,\" and \"continuity.\" The method is tested by scoring the six insurance plans on the four factors.", "contents": "Quality of medical care: a factor analysis approach using medical records. A relatively inexpensive, reliable, and unobtrusive method is described for measuring the content of medical care. Factor analysis of the content of the records of more than 11,000 physician-patient encounters from six different health insurance plans extracted four main factors or dimensions that together explained 42 percent of the variance in record content. Appropriate names for these dimensions appear to be: \"prevention,\" \"rationality,\" \"verification,\" and \"continuity.\" The method is tested by scoring the six insurance plans on the four factors."}
{"id": "PMID:1219008", "title": "[Hearing disturbances in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Dizziness and provoked or even spontaneous nystagmus are common findings in multiple sclerosis. Disturbances of hearing are thought to be rare, and there are few case reports in the literature. The importance of characterizing the audiometric abnormalities of disseminated encephalomyelitic disease of uncertain neurological aetiology is stressed. They may be defined as follows: 1. The pure tone threshold level may be normal or may be seen as a flat loss. 2. Pulse tones are better heard that continuous tones (Bekesy, tone decay tests). 3. Recruitment or its equivalents demonstrate hearing impairment at neural or neuronal levels. 4. The acoustico-facial reflex (impedance audiometry) cannot be elicited or is obviously reduced on the affected side. 5. Intelligibility of numbers in speech audiometry is not altered or may be better than that expected on the pure tone threshold findings. The intelligibility of monosyllabic words is obviously bad. 6 Dichotic discrimination of speech may be completely absent on one side even though the pure tone threshold is near normal. Multiple sclerosis primarly involves the central nerve fibres. The presence of remissions distinguishes the disease from vascular lesions and from acoustic neuromas. An audiological approach offers a new application of otology in neurological practice.", "contents": "[Hearing disturbances in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. Dizziness and provoked or even spontaneous nystagmus are common findings in multiple sclerosis. Disturbances of hearing are thought to be rare, and there are few case reports in the literature. The importance of characterizing the audiometric abnormalities of disseminated encephalomyelitic disease of uncertain neurological aetiology is stressed. They may be defined as follows: 1. The pure tone threshold level may be normal or may be seen as a flat loss. 2. Pulse tones are better heard that continuous tones (Bekesy, tone decay tests). 3. Recruitment or its equivalents demonstrate hearing impairment at neural or neuronal levels. 4. The acoustico-facial reflex (impedance audiometry) cannot be elicited or is obviously reduced on the affected side. 5. Intelligibility of numbers in speech audiometry is not altered or may be better than that expected on the pure tone threshold findings. The intelligibility of monosyllabic words is obviously bad. 6 Dichotic discrimination of speech may be completely absent on one side even though the pure tone threshold is near normal. Multiple sclerosis primarly involves the central nerve fibres. The presence of remissions distinguishes the disease from vascular lesions and from acoustic neuromas. An audiological approach offers a new application of otology in neurological practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1219009", "title": "[Radical mastoidectomy in the treatment of masked mastoiditis (author's transl)].", "content": "Endocranial complications, which are undiagnosed or diagnosed late, present the greatest danger in masked mastoiditis. Inadequate treatment will inevitably result in irreversible and progredient loss of conductive hearing. In children, deterioration of the general condition and disturbances in physical development are frequently the first symptoms indicating mastoid infection. Because its pathohistological specifity, a reliable interruption and elimination of the mastoid infection can only be achieved by radiacal mastoidectomy. Negative criticism of mastoidectomy is not supported by recent clinical results. This paper suggests an early indication of radical mastoidectomy in masked mastoiditis.", "contents": "[Radical mastoidectomy in the treatment of masked mastoiditis (author's transl)]. Endocranial complications, which are undiagnosed or diagnosed late, present the greatest danger in masked mastoiditis. Inadequate treatment will inevitably result in irreversible and progredient loss of conductive hearing. In children, deterioration of the general condition and disturbances in physical development are frequently the first symptoms indicating mastoid infection. Because its pathohistological specifity, a reliable interruption and elimination of the mastoid infection can only be achieved by radiacal mastoidectomy. Negative criticism of mastoidectomy is not supported by recent clinical results. This paper suggests an early indication of radical mastoidectomy in masked mastoiditis."}
{"id": "PMID:1219010", "title": "[Decompression of the orbit in malignant exophthalmos (author's transl)].", "content": "Transantral decompression of the orbit for malignant exophthalmos can be recommended on the experiences of Walsh and Ogura, and Gorman et al. The case of a 70 year old man with exophthalmos and marked deterioration of bilateral visual acuity that recovered postoperatively is reported. The exophthalmos disappeared completely.", "contents": "[Decompression of the orbit in malignant exophthalmos (author's transl)]. Transantral decompression of the orbit for malignant exophthalmos can be recommended on the experiences of Walsh and Ogura, and Gorman et al. The case of a 70 year old man with exophthalmos and marked deterioration of bilateral visual acuity that recovered postoperatively is reported. The exophthalmos disappeared completely."}
{"id": "PMID:1219011", "title": "[The legal situation of the physician in the treatment of under-age patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Legal questions relative to the common and special understanding of care, to the valid consent to diagnostic or operative procedures, and to the professional discretion involved in the treatment of under-aged patients are discussed. Consideration is given to the different applications of law which utilize either the patient's age group or his intellectual faculty as an underlying basis for a legal decision.", "contents": "[The legal situation of the physician in the treatment of under-age patients (author's transl)]. Legal questions relative to the common and special understanding of care, to the valid consent to diagnostic or operative procedures, and to the professional discretion involved in the treatment of under-aged patients are discussed. Consideration is given to the different applications of law which utilize either the patient's age group or his intellectual faculty as an underlying basis for a legal decision."}
{"id": "PMID:1219012", "title": "[Reconstruction of tracheal stenosis at thoracic inlet level (author's transl)].", "content": "Complex operative cases of tracheal stenosis in the region of the thoracic inlet are described. The stenosed tracheas were additionally constricted by: a dislocated osteomyelitic clavicle, which was tethered by scar-tissue; an osteoma of the manubrium sterni; a goitre, which was fixed into the thoracic inlet by scar tissue of an early childhood tracheostomy; and a retrosternal goitre. In two further cases the reconstruction of a long tracheal stenosis at the thoracic inlet was complicated by an existing paraplegia.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of tracheal stenosis at thoracic inlet level (author's transl)]. Complex operative cases of tracheal stenosis in the region of the thoracic inlet are described. The stenosed tracheas were additionally constricted by: a dislocated osteomyelitic clavicle, which was tethered by scar-tissue; an osteoma of the manubrium sterni; a goitre, which was fixed into the thoracic inlet by scar tissue of an early childhood tracheostomy; and a retrosternal goitre. In two further cases the reconstruction of a long tracheal stenosis at the thoracic inlet was complicated by an existing paraplegia."}
{"id": "PMID:1219014", "title": "Relationship of psychopathology to death in asthmatic adolescents.", "content": "With the help of three illustrative cases, all of whom died during an acute asthmatic attack, it is proposed that patients with severe psychopathology who also have asthma are particularly susceptible to the more serious complications of asthma. This is related to the circular reactions to anxiety and the patient's incapacity to cope with it. Often these patients are either unusually sensitive to the pharmacological agents used in the medical regime, or they overmedicate themselves. At the same time the reactions of the family and medical staff tend to increase anxiety in these patients. This finally leads to psychological decompensation, making medical treatment extremely difficult. Some therapeutic interventions in dealing with this problem have been suggested. These include the development of an asthma team which can provide supportive psychotherapy to high risk patients.", "contents": "Relationship of psychopathology to death in asthmatic adolescents. With the help of three illustrative cases, all of whom died during an acute asthmatic attack, it is proposed that patients with severe psychopathology who also have asthma are particularly susceptible to the more serious complications of asthma. This is related to the circular reactions to anxiety and the patient's incapacity to cope with it. Often these patients are either unusually sensitive to the pharmacological agents used in the medical regime, or they overmedicate themselves. At the same time the reactions of the family and medical staff tend to increase anxiety in these patients. This finally leads to psychological decompensation, making medical treatment extremely difficult. Some therapeutic interventions in dealing with this problem have been suggested. These include the development of an asthma team which can provide supportive psychotherapy to high risk patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1219016", "title": "The first dream as the chief complaint of the unconscious, and its utilization by the primary physician.", "content": "Based on the theory that the dream represents an important conflict of wishes essentially occurring between the id and superego, with some participation by the adaptive ego, the first dream reported by the patient is considered to be the chief complaint of the unconscious. Eighteen first dreams, chosen at random, were tentatively interpreted in re the unconscious conflicts. These tentative interpretations were amplified by a battery of projective tests. It is proposed that the primary physician with a talent for understanding the nature of inner conflicts, revealed by the frist or early dreams, may slowly venture into the area of psychotherapy by including in the history of the patient a study of inner conflicts indicated by the dream material. In this way, the conscious chief complaint may be utilized by the physician with ability to impart to the patient his understanding of the inner fears of the patient. In general, it may be assumed that improved somatic therapy results when the patient realized that the physician is trying to treat not just the pathological organ, but the patient as a whole, including subtle processes within the psyche itself.", "contents": "The first dream as the chief complaint of the unconscious, and its utilization by the primary physician. Based on the theory that the dream represents an important conflict of wishes essentially occurring between the id and superego, with some participation by the adaptive ego, the first dream reported by the patient is considered to be the chief complaint of the unconscious. Eighteen first dreams, chosen at random, were tentatively interpreted in re the unconscious conflicts. These tentative interpretations were amplified by a battery of projective tests. It is proposed that the primary physician with a talent for understanding the nature of inner conflicts, revealed by the frist or early dreams, may slowly venture into the area of psychotherapy by including in the history of the patient a study of inner conflicts indicated by the dream material. In this way, the conscious chief complaint may be utilized by the physician with ability to impart to the patient his understanding of the inner fears of the patient. In general, it may be assumed that improved somatic therapy results when the patient realized that the physician is trying to treat not just the pathological organ, but the patient as a whole, including subtle processes within the psyche itself."}
{"id": "PMID:1219033", "title": "[Recurring ulcers following vagotomy. Apropos of 107 cases].", "content": "The authors analyze 107 cases of recurrent ulcer after vagotomy. This study suggests that the most common cause is incomplete vagotomy and, more rarely, defective gastric drainage. The therapeutic deductions depend on the etiology. The most logical attitude is verification of the initial vagotomy associated with antrectomy without forgetting the successes obtained by simple thoracic vagotomy when wide gastric resection has already been carried out.", "contents": "[Recurring ulcers following vagotomy. Apropos of 107 cases]. The authors analyze 107 cases of recurrent ulcer after vagotomy. This study suggests that the most common cause is incomplete vagotomy and, more rarely, defective gastric drainage. The therapeutic deductions depend on the etiology. The most logical attitude is verification of the initial vagotomy associated with antrectomy without forgetting the successes obtained by simple thoracic vagotomy when wide gastric resection has already been carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:1219034", "title": "[Fistulae in esophageal surgery. (Solidity of the esophageal wall and the role of infection)].", "content": "The strength of the eosophageal wall has been tested in 20 autopsy specimens: it proved to be as resistant as the stomach and the jejunum. It d\u00e9pends as elsewhere in the digestive tract on the deep layer of the mucosa (Halstedt's submucosa): the success of an anastomosis depends on the passage of sutures through this submucosa. Vascularization does not seem to be a problem, provided certain precautions are taken. The necrotizing properties of saliva and infection especially in cancerous surgery might be the main causes of fistulas.", "contents": "[Fistulae in esophageal surgery. (Solidity of the esophageal wall and the role of infection)]. The strength of the eosophageal wall has been tested in 20 autopsy specimens: it proved to be as resistant as the stomach and the jejunum. It d\u00e9pends as elsewhere in the digestive tract on the deep layer of the mucosa (Halstedt's submucosa): the success of an anastomosis depends on the passage of sutures through this submucosa. Vascularization does not seem to be a problem, provided certain precautions are taken. The necrotizing properties of saliva and infection especially in cancerous surgery might be the main causes of fistulas."}
{"id": "PMID:1219035", "title": "[Hyperparathyroidism. Reoperations].", "content": "Sixteen patients were re-operated on for treatment of their hyper-parathyroidism. After analysis of the cause of failure or relapse, the authors discuss the examinations which led to a definite diagnosis and, in some cases, pre-operative localisation of the lesion. All the patients were treated by the cervical route only. Operation may be very difficult Technical advice is given here. Tetany and recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis are common complications. They are often due to an inefficacious or incomplete first operation.", "contents": "[Hyperparathyroidism. Reoperations]. Sixteen patients were re-operated on for treatment of their hyper-parathyroidism. After analysis of the cause of failure or relapse, the authors discuss the examinations which led to a definite diagnosis and, in some cases, pre-operative localisation of the lesion. All the patients were treated by the cervical route only. Operation may be very difficult Technical advice is given here. Tetany and recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis are common complications. They are often due to an inefficacious or incomplete first operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1219036", "title": "[Cancers of the thoracic esophagus in gastrectomized patients. Technical problems].", "content": "The authors report three cases of carcinoma of the thoracic part of the esophagus who had previously undergone gastrectomy. They study, in the absence of a stomach, the possibilities of restoration of digestive continuity after esophagectomy and describe three possibilities: -- mobilisation and use of the remaining gastric stump; --esophageal resection and anastomosis restoring continuity; -- colonic interposition. Of the three procedures used, only the first and last are advised by the authors.", "contents": "[Cancers of the thoracic esophagus in gastrectomized patients. Technical problems]. The authors report three cases of carcinoma of the thoracic part of the esophagus who had previously undergone gastrectomy. They study, in the absence of a stomach, the possibilities of restoration of digestive continuity after esophagectomy and describe three possibilities: -- mobilisation and use of the remaining gastric stump; --esophageal resection and anastomosis restoring continuity; -- colonic interposition. Of the three procedures used, only the first and last are advised by the authors."}
{"id": "PMID:1219037", "title": "[Abdominal emergencies in the daily practice of a traumatology center].", "content": "This study analyses 57 cases of abdominal trauma occurring in patients with multiple injuries admitted to the accident unit in Garches, over a period of four years. After a few remarks concerning the use of a safety belt, the authors discuss in particular: -- 25 hepatic lesions; -- 20 splenic lesions. These lesions were operated on by the surgeons on the unit with the exception of 9 cases where a specialised surgeon was called in. In the vast majority of cases, we consider the patient should not be transferred to the other units but, if possible, all lesions should be treated simultaneously in one centre.", "contents": "[Abdominal emergencies in the daily practice of a traumatology center]. This study analyses 57 cases of abdominal trauma occurring in patients with multiple injuries admitted to the accident unit in Garches, over a period of four years. After a few remarks concerning the use of a safety belt, the authors discuss in particular: -- 25 hepatic lesions; -- 20 splenic lesions. These lesions were operated on by the surgeons on the unit with the exception of 9 cases where a specialised surgeon was called in. In the vast majority of cases, we consider the patient should not be transferred to the other units but, if possible, all lesions should be treated simultaneously in one centre."}
{"id": "PMID:1219038", "title": "The surgeon and the immunotherapy of cancer.", "content": "The cancerolytic effect of active systemic immunotherapy, which has been shown experimentally able to eradicate a complete population of tumour cells provided they are not very numerous, has been confirmed in various forms of human leukemia and in a few solid tumours against which it was applied as treatment of the imperceptible residual disease which remains after chemotherapy or surgery. Its main indication is thus this residual disease composed of cells which are left behind after chemotherapy of systemic tumours, for this treatment obeys the laws of first degree kinetics, and surgery and/or radiotherapy which, even if they remove or completely sterilise a local tumour, often leave behind a few cells which have already migrated to the future sites of metastases. Active systemic immunotherapy of large volume tumours, especially when combined with chemotherapy, is of doubtful efficacy. Local immunotherapy has given interesting results but its clinical indications are not yet clear.", "contents": "The surgeon and the immunotherapy of cancer. The cancerolytic effect of active systemic immunotherapy, which has been shown experimentally able to eradicate a complete population of tumour cells provided they are not very numerous, has been confirmed in various forms of human leukemia and in a few solid tumours against which it was applied as treatment of the imperceptible residual disease which remains after chemotherapy or surgery. Its main indication is thus this residual disease composed of cells which are left behind after chemotherapy of systemic tumours, for this treatment obeys the laws of first degree kinetics, and surgery and/or radiotherapy which, even if they remove or completely sterilise a local tumour, often leave behind a few cells which have already migrated to the future sites of metastases. Active systemic immunotherapy of large volume tumours, especially when combined with chemotherapy, is of doubtful efficacy. Local immunotherapy has given interesting results but its clinical indications are not yet clear."}
{"id": "PMID:1219039", "title": "[Experimental study of portal and caval clamping in dogs. Its significance in the direction of vascular exclusion technics of the liver in men].", "content": "An experimental study of portal and inferior vena-caval clamping in the dog showed the respective roles of splanchnic blood sequestration and inferior vena-caval blood sequestration in the onset of the hemo-dynamic disturbances caused by vascular exclusion of the liver, with severe arterial hypotension. Stasis in the inferior vena cava is corrected by a caval shunt which, on the other hand, has no effect on splanchnic stasis. Clamping of the aorta may, however, act on both components of the hypotension, and this has proved promising.", "contents": "[Experimental study of portal and caval clamping in dogs. Its significance in the direction of vascular exclusion technics of the liver in men]. An experimental study of portal and inferior vena-caval clamping in the dog showed the respective roles of splanchnic blood sequestration and inferior vena-caval blood sequestration in the onset of the hemo-dynamic disturbances caused by vascular exclusion of the liver, with severe arterial hypotension. Stasis in the inferior vena cava is corrected by a caval shunt which, on the other hand, has no effect on splanchnic stasis. Clamping of the aorta may, however, act on both components of the hypotension, and this has proved promising."}
{"id": "PMID:1219040", "title": "[Approaches to the semilunar bone and their indications].", "content": "The authors review incisions for exposure of the lunate bone and describe them in detail. They study the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, then consider their indications in peri-lunar luxation, scapholunar luxation and Kienboeck's disease. They emphasize the interest of the palmar routes in all cases, except for scapho-lunar luxation.", "contents": "[Approaches to the semilunar bone and their indications]. The authors review incisions for exposure of the lunate bone and describe them in detail. They study the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, then consider their indications in peri-lunar luxation, scapholunar luxation and Kienboeck's disease. They emphasize the interest of the palmar routes in all cases, except for scapho-lunar luxation."}
{"id": "PMID:1219041", "title": "[Pulmonary embolism, an unrecognized risk of post-traumatic arterio-venous fistulae of the hepatic veins (1 case)].", "content": "A stab wound of the right lobe of the liver, initially treated by suture, led to the development of a large arterio-venous fistula with hemobilia. Re-operation on the 23rd day in order to carry out right hepatectomy, was rapidly followed by a massive and recurrent pulmonary embolism. A Trendelenburg operation associated with right hepatectomy did not prevent the patient's death. This risk of pulmonary embolism during post-traumatic hematoma of the liver is not fully recognised and the authors suggest, in cases of arterio-venous fistula of the hepatic veins, primary vascular exclusion of the supra-hepatic vena cava.", "contents": "[Pulmonary embolism, an unrecognized risk of post-traumatic arterio-venous fistulae of the hepatic veins (1 case)]. A stab wound of the right lobe of the liver, initially treated by suture, led to the development of a large arterio-venous fistula with hemobilia. Re-operation on the 23rd day in order to carry out right hepatectomy, was rapidly followed by a massive and recurrent pulmonary embolism. A Trendelenburg operation associated with right hepatectomy did not prevent the patient's death. This risk of pulmonary embolism during post-traumatic hematoma of the liver is not fully recognised and the authors suggest, in cases of arterio-venous fistula of the hepatic veins, primary vascular exclusion of the supra-hepatic vena cava."}
{"id": "PMID:1219043", "title": "[Spontaneous perforation of the hepatic duct during biliary lithiasis complicated by acute pancreatitis].", "content": "The association of perforation of the common bile duct, cholecystitis and acute pancreatitis, should be emphasized. Physiopathology of perforation of the bile duct may be compared with that of pancreatitis. Repair of the bile duct may be delicate requiring hepatico-jejunostomy on an isolated loop.", "contents": "[Spontaneous perforation of the hepatic duct during biliary lithiasis complicated by acute pancreatitis]. The association of perforation of the common bile duct, cholecystitis and acute pancreatitis, should be emphasized. Physiopathology of perforation of the bile duct may be compared with that of pancreatitis. Repair of the bile duct may be delicate requiring hepatico-jejunostomy on an isolated loop."}
{"id": "PMID:1219044", "title": "[Upper implantation of an axillo-femoral bypass. Technical point].", "content": "Very medial implantation of an axillo-femoral by-pass at the level of the external thoracic artery, permits one to avoid mobilisation of the anastomosis during movements of the arm and thus avoid breakdown of the sutures.", "contents": "[Upper implantation of an axillo-femoral bypass. Technical point]. Very medial implantation of an axillo-femoral by-pass at the level of the external thoracic artery, permits one to avoid mobilisation of the anastomosis during movements of the arm and thus avoid breakdown of the sutures."}
{"id": "PMID:1219045", "title": "[Technic of heterotopic transplantation of the small intestine in swine: reno-mesenteric transplantation].", "content": "The authors report a new technique of heterotopic transplantation of the small intestine : reno-mesenteric transplantation. The advantages of this technique are recalled, especially when intestinal transplantation is carried out some time after removal of the intestine. In fact, in this case, orthotopic transplantation is difficult owing to the relationship between the mesenteric stump and the fibrous scar.", "contents": "[Technic of heterotopic transplantation of the small intestine in swine: reno-mesenteric transplantation]. The authors report a new technique of heterotopic transplantation of the small intestine : reno-mesenteric transplantation. The advantages of this technique are recalled, especially when intestinal transplantation is carried out some time after removal of the intestine. In fact, in this case, orthotopic transplantation is difficult owing to the relationship between the mesenteric stump and the fibrous scar."}
{"id": "PMID:1219046", "title": "Human orf.", "content": "Human orf is usually considered a rare disease caused by a virus belonging to the paravaccinia subgroup of pox viruses and transmitted to man from sheep and goats. This paper presents 119 new human cases with epidemiological, clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural findings. Erythema multiforme was found to be a common complication of human orf. Other complications tended to be caused by overtreatment. Electron microscopy of negatively stained suspensions from lesions was found to be the best and most rapid diagnostic method available.", "contents": "Human orf. Human orf is usually considered a rare disease caused by a virus belonging to the paravaccinia subgroup of pox viruses and transmitted to man from sheep and goats. This paper presents 119 new human cases with epidemiological, clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural findings. Erythema multiforme was found to be a common complication of human orf. Other complications tended to be caused by overtreatment. Electron microscopy of negatively stained suspensions from lesions was found to be the best and most rapid diagnostic method available."}
{"id": "PMID:1219047", "title": "Topical 5-fluorouracil treatment of superficial basal cell epithelioma. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A 27-year-old patient developed superficial basal cell epitheliomas approximately 20 years after taking Fowler's solution. One of the lesions was successfully treated with topical 2% 5-fluorouracil soultion under occlusion. Sequential biopsies of the lesion before, during and after therapy were examined by light and electron microscopy, and the changes at various stages are described. Changes occurred only in tumor cells and adjacent epidermis, and only after occlusion of 5-FU. After one week of occlusive therapy, focal discontinuities in the basal lamina and intercellular spaces were wider with reduction and condensation of tonofilaments. Mitochondrial degeneration was seen along with irregularities in nucleoli. These changes were most prominent after two weeks of occlusive therapy, and many degenerating keratinocytes were seen detached from other cells. One month after cessation of therapy, the entire area was excised, and no evidence of tumor was seen.", "contents": "Topical 5-fluorouracil treatment of superficial basal cell epithelioma. A light and electron microscopic study. A 27-year-old patient developed superficial basal cell epitheliomas approximately 20 years after taking Fowler's solution. One of the lesions was successfully treated with topical 2% 5-fluorouracil soultion under occlusion. Sequential biopsies of the lesion before, during and after therapy were examined by light and electron microscopy, and the changes at various stages are described. Changes occurred only in tumor cells and adjacent epidermis, and only after occlusion of 5-FU. After one week of occlusive therapy, focal discontinuities in the basal lamina and intercellular spaces were wider with reduction and condensation of tonofilaments. Mitochondrial degeneration was seen along with irregularities in nucleoli. These changes were most prominent after two weeks of occlusive therapy, and many degenerating keratinocytes were seen detached from other cells. One month after cessation of therapy, the entire area was excised, and no evidence of tumor was seen."}
{"id": "PMID:1219048", "title": "Nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis (Hoffmann-Zurhelle).", "content": "We are reporting seven cases with nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis. A review of the literature indicates that this is a relatively rare type of connective tissue nevus with little more than 50 cases recorded. Localization of the cutaneous nodular lesions over the upper thigh and buttock and histologic findings of fat lobules within the substance of the nevoid malformation differentiate these lesions from other varieties of the connective tissue nevi.", "contents": "Nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis (Hoffmann-Zurhelle). We are reporting seven cases with nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis. A review of the literature indicates that this is a relatively rare type of connective tissue nevus with little more than 50 cases recorded. Localization of the cutaneous nodular lesions over the upper thigh and buttock and histologic findings of fat lobules within the substance of the nevoid malformation differentiate these lesions from other varieties of the connective tissue nevi."}
{"id": "PMID:1219050", "title": "[Examination of the uterine cervix using the scanning electron microscope].", "content": "Scanning by electron microscopy of the cervix of the uterus allows us to study the various aspects, both normal and pathological, as well as the architecture of sections of the organ. All the same, as in all practical examinations carried out using scanning we have to beware of pictures that are but artefacts due to the method of preparation. The views obtained from a normal cervix of from pathological cervices show very different aspects. In the normal cervix the surfaces are more or less smooth and the architecture of the deeper levels shows a thick and regular texture. Infectious lesions of the outer aspect of the cervix show punched-out patterns, like craters, which penetrate more or less deeply into the sub-epithelial plane. While cervical dysplasia shows little except perhaps a more or less bossed-up epithelial surface, cancer of the cervix on the other hand shows a pavement pattern which is irregular. The pavements are formed by buds which are separated by faults which are more or less deep. In section the structures show a degree of disorientation in the texture. After treatment with radium the appearance is rather like ground glass of spiders webs and the architecture of the structures seems to be pock-marked and chaotic.", "contents": "[Examination of the uterine cervix using the scanning electron microscope]. Scanning by electron microscopy of the cervix of the uterus allows us to study the various aspects, both normal and pathological, as well as the architecture of sections of the organ. All the same, as in all practical examinations carried out using scanning we have to beware of pictures that are but artefacts due to the method of preparation. The views obtained from a normal cervix of from pathological cervices show very different aspects. In the normal cervix the surfaces are more or less smooth and the architecture of the deeper levels shows a thick and regular texture. Infectious lesions of the outer aspect of the cervix show punched-out patterns, like craters, which penetrate more or less deeply into the sub-epithelial plane. While cervical dysplasia shows little except perhaps a more or less bossed-up epithelial surface, cancer of the cervix on the other hand shows a pavement pattern which is irregular. The pavements are formed by buds which are separated by faults which are more or less deep. In section the structures show a degree of disorientation in the texture. After treatment with radium the appearance is rather like ground glass of spiders webs and the architecture of the structures seems to be pock-marked and chaotic."}
{"id": "PMID:1219051", "title": "[Free amino acids in the amniotic fluid and in maternal blood in advanced pregnancy].", "content": "We have studied a series of sixteen free amino-acids as well as total blood amino-acid and liquor amino-acids in 56 women between the 25th and 44th weeks of pregnancy. The results have been analysed statistically and demonstrated graphically. The amino-acid levels rise from the 25th week of the pregnancy until term (p less than 0.05) in peripheral blood. On the other hand the total level of amino-acids in the amniotic fluid drops from the 25th week of pregnancy remarkably (p less than 0,01). Different amino-acids show different curves. The increase in the level of total blood amino-acids is principally due to a rise in glycine and leucine, while the other amino-acids as a whole stay constant. The spectrum of amino-acids in the amniotic fluid is however a little different and the drop in total amino-acids if principally due to the threonine-serine fraction and partly to the glutamine, proline, alanine, lysine and valine elements, whereas the rest stay the same or even raised.", "contents": "[Free amino acids in the amniotic fluid and in maternal blood in advanced pregnancy]. We have studied a series of sixteen free amino-acids as well as total blood amino-acid and liquor amino-acids in 56 women between the 25th and 44th weeks of pregnancy. The results have been analysed statistically and demonstrated graphically. The amino-acid levels rise from the 25th week of the pregnancy until term (p less than 0.05) in peripheral blood. On the other hand the total level of amino-acids in the amniotic fluid drops from the 25th week of pregnancy remarkably (p less than 0,01). Different amino-acids show different curves. The increase in the level of total blood amino-acids is principally due to a rise in glycine and leucine, while the other amino-acids as a whole stay constant. The spectrum of amino-acids in the amniotic fluid is however a little different and the drop in total amino-acids if principally due to the threonine-serine fraction and partly to the glutamine, proline, alanine, lysine and valine elements, whereas the rest stay the same or even raised."}
{"id": "PMID:1219052", "title": "[Hormonal function of the ovarian corpus luteum during benign mammary diseases].", "content": "Plasma progesterone and oestradiol levels were estimated in 54 women who were suffering from breast pathology. (There were 18 cases of benign breast dysplasia, 28 cases of cystic disease of the breast and 8 cases of adenofibromata.) All these women had menstrual cycles that were apparently ovulatory, and the blood sampling was carried out on the 4th day after the rise in the temperature plateau. By way of controls, the same estimations were carried out on 20 normal women of the equivalent age at the same stage of the raised plateau. The levels of plasma oestradiol in patients who had breast pathology (136 +/- 75 pg/ml) were not significantly different from those of normal women (120 +/- 50 pg/ml). On the other hand patients with mastopathies had a far lower level of progesterone in the phase of the cycle that was considered to be luteal (5-7 +/- 3-1 ng/ml) in comparison with normal women (13-2 +/- 3-5 ng/ml). From these results the conclusion can be drawn that women who have benign breast disease while they are active from the ovulation point of view show a defect in secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum. This defect is an isolated one. The physiopathological implications derived from this observation are discussed.", "contents": "[Hormonal function of the ovarian corpus luteum during benign mammary diseases]. Plasma progesterone and oestradiol levels were estimated in 54 women who were suffering from breast pathology. (There were 18 cases of benign breast dysplasia, 28 cases of cystic disease of the breast and 8 cases of adenofibromata.) All these women had menstrual cycles that were apparently ovulatory, and the blood sampling was carried out on the 4th day after the rise in the temperature plateau. By way of controls, the same estimations were carried out on 20 normal women of the equivalent age at the same stage of the raised plateau. The levels of plasma oestradiol in patients who had breast pathology (136 +/- 75 pg/ml) were not significantly different from those of normal women (120 +/- 50 pg/ml). On the other hand patients with mastopathies had a far lower level of progesterone in the phase of the cycle that was considered to be luteal (5-7 +/- 3-1 ng/ml) in comparison with normal women (13-2 +/- 3-5 ng/ml). From these results the conclusion can be drawn that women who have benign breast disease while they are active from the ovulation point of view show a defect in secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum. This defect is an isolated one. The physiopathological implications derived from this observation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219053", "title": "[Idiopathic hemoperitoneum in young women].", "content": "We present three cases of idiopathic hemoperitoneum or abdominal apoplexy in young women. At laparotomy a large quantity of blood was found in the abdomen in each patient, but active bleeding had stopped and the site of its origin was not established. A well-developed corpus luteum which was intact was found, of pregnancy in one case and of the progestationl phase in the two others. In all three cases the abdomen was closed without hemostasis being carried out. Recovery was rapid but the young woman who was pregnant aborted later. Etiology and the relationship of this syndrome with the state of pregnancy or the progestational phase are discussed as well as prognosis and the management.", "contents": "[Idiopathic hemoperitoneum in young women]. We present three cases of idiopathic hemoperitoneum or abdominal apoplexy in young women. At laparotomy a large quantity of blood was found in the abdomen in each patient, but active bleeding had stopped and the site of its origin was not established. A well-developed corpus luteum which was intact was found, of pregnancy in one case and of the progestationl phase in the two others. In all three cases the abdomen was closed without hemostasis being carried out. Recovery was rapid but the young woman who was pregnant aborted later. Etiology and the relationship of this syndrome with the state of pregnancy or the progestational phase are discussed as well as prognosis and the management."}
{"id": "PMID:1219054", "title": "[Diagram for the prognosis of cephalo-pelvic disproportions. Application in 300 cases of pelvic contraction].", "content": "The authors using the information obtained by X-ray pelvimetry and ultrasound cephalometry in 300 cases of contracted pelves, suggest a diagram of cephalo-pelvic disproportion that can be used in the great majority of cases of contracted pelves. It is not applicable to those where there is significant deformation of the middle strait or an abnormality of presentation. It is divided into three zones: 1. A superior zone, favourable, into which the majority (60%) of cases of contracted pelvis fit. The risk of a serious dystocia during delivery is so small (less than 2%) that it can be considered scarcely different from those found in women with a normal pelvis. 2. An intermediate zone into which 24% of cases of contracted pelvis fit where the prognosis is uncertain. The labour should be considered as an \"at risk\" labour and a trial of labour conducted. 3. A lower zone into which 16% of the cases fit and which consists of two categories: --those in which the biparietal diameter is equal to or less than 90 mm. Prophylactic caesarean section should be avoided in these cases where disproportion is rare and where there is a risk of delivering a premature infant: and --those more numerous (9 out of 10) where the biparietal diameter is more than 90 mm and where, unless there is a clinically definitely favourable prognosis, it is justifiable to carry out prophylactic caesarean section. If this line is followed: one can avoid a large number of trials of labour, all of which are inconvenient and some of which are dangerous for the child; few unnecessary caesarean sections are carried out.", "contents": "[Diagram for the prognosis of cephalo-pelvic disproportions. Application in 300 cases of pelvic contraction]. The authors using the information obtained by X-ray pelvimetry and ultrasound cephalometry in 300 cases of contracted pelves, suggest a diagram of cephalo-pelvic disproportion that can be used in the great majority of cases of contracted pelves. It is not applicable to those where there is significant deformation of the middle strait or an abnormality of presentation. It is divided into three zones: 1. A superior zone, favourable, into which the majority (60%) of cases of contracted pelvis fit. The risk of a serious dystocia during delivery is so small (less than 2%) that it can be considered scarcely different from those found in women with a normal pelvis. 2. An intermediate zone into which 24% of cases of contracted pelvis fit where the prognosis is uncertain. The labour should be considered as an \"at risk\" labour and a trial of labour conducted. 3. A lower zone into which 16% of the cases fit and which consists of two categories: --those in which the biparietal diameter is equal to or less than 90 mm. Prophylactic caesarean section should be avoided in these cases where disproportion is rare and where there is a risk of delivering a premature infant: and --those more numerous (9 out of 10) where the biparietal diameter is more than 90 mm and where, unless there is a clinically definitely favourable prognosis, it is justifiable to carry out prophylactic caesarean section. If this line is followed: one can avoid a large number of trials of labour, all of which are inconvenient and some of which are dangerous for the child; few unnecessary caesarean sections are carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:1219055", "title": "Hereditary multiple exostosis. A comparative genetic evaluation in man and horses.", "content": "Comparative studies are being conducted on hereditary multiple exostosis in man and the horse. In both, there is an unquestionable inheritance pattern of a typical single, dominant, autosomal gene. Those who carry the gene have a one-half chance of transmitting it to each offspring, whereas, those who do not carry the gene do not transmit this abnormality to their progeny. The lesions are clinically and histologically similar; no persistent chromosomal irregularities have been associated with the abnormality in either man or the horse and no single evidence of malignancy in either man or animal has been detected in this study to date.", "contents": "Hereditary multiple exostosis. A comparative genetic evaluation in man and horses. Comparative studies are being conducted on hereditary multiple exostosis in man and the horse. In both, there is an unquestionable inheritance pattern of a typical single, dominant, autosomal gene. Those who carry the gene have a one-half chance of transmitting it to each offspring, whereas, those who do not carry the gene do not transmit this abnormality to their progeny. The lesions are clinically and histologically similar; no persistent chromosomal irregularities have been associated with the abnormality in either man or the horse and no single evidence of malignancy in either man or animal has been detected in this study to date."}
{"id": "PMID:1219056", "title": "Genetics of the W locus in foxes and expression of its lethal effects.", "content": "The Georgian white mutation for coat color in foxes is inherited as a partially dominant character. It is allelic to the previously observed white-faced and platinum mutations. It was established that large litter size in Georgian white females and long daylight during pregnancy promote embryonic viability in homozygotes for this mutation. As a result, in offspring segregation patterns for coat color the proportion of homozygotes increases and that of heterozygotes decreases. It is suggested that a competitive relationship between embryos with different genotypes is established as early as at the preimplantation stage.", "contents": "Genetics of the W locus in foxes and expression of its lethal effects. The Georgian white mutation for coat color in foxes is inherited as a partially dominant character. It is allelic to the previously observed white-faced and platinum mutations. It was established that large litter size in Georgian white females and long daylight during pregnancy promote embryonic viability in homozygotes for this mutation. As a result, in offspring segregation patterns for coat color the proportion of homozygotes increases and that of heterozygotes decreases. It is suggested that a competitive relationship between embryos with different genotypes is established as early as at the preimplantation stage."}
{"id": "PMID:1219057", "title": "Chondrodystrophy: an inherited lethal condition in turkey embryos.", "content": "Chondrodystrophy was found to occur as an embryonic lethal in a special line of turkeys. Inheritance of the condition was studied in embryos produced parthenogenetically from virgin dams and also in embryos from the same dams in bisexual matings. Expression was similar to other forms of the disorder encountered in various avian species. Micromelia and brachycephaly were recognized in affected embryos after 9 days while lethality occurred mainly after 16 days of incubation. A few affected embryos expressed modified phenotypes and these were also nonviable. Modified phenotypes were not observed in parthenogenetic production, and it was thus inferred that such embryos may have been heterozygotes. No changes were evident when the genetic background was altered. The condition was inherited as a single, autosomal, recessive lethal, in both parthenogenetic progeny and in progeny from bisexual matings. The symbol ch is designated for the mutant allele.", "contents": "Chondrodystrophy: an inherited lethal condition in turkey embryos. Chondrodystrophy was found to occur as an embryonic lethal in a special line of turkeys. Inheritance of the condition was studied in embryos produced parthenogenetically from virgin dams and also in embryos from the same dams in bisexual matings. Expression was similar to other forms of the disorder encountered in various avian species. Micromelia and brachycephaly were recognized in affected embryos after 9 days while lethality occurred mainly after 16 days of incubation. A few affected embryos expressed modified phenotypes and these were also nonviable. Modified phenotypes were not observed in parthenogenetic production, and it was thus inferred that such embryos may have been heterozygotes. No changes were evident when the genetic background was altered. The condition was inherited as a single, autosomal, recessive lethal, in both parthenogenetic progeny and in progeny from bisexual matings. The symbol ch is designated for the mutant allele."}
{"id": "PMID:1219058", "title": "Genetics of eye-gap and maroon-eye mutants in the mosquito.", "content": "Linkage analysis of two new eye mutants, eye-gap (e) and maroon-eye (mar), in the mosquito Culex pipiens, is presented. Both mutants are sex-linked, recessive, and demonstrate complete penetrance and high expressivity. The gene order is e-m-mar. The most representative map distances in e-m and m-mar segments are 17.7 and 26.1, respectively. Our maroon-eye was isolated from Belem, Brazil and is allelic to another maroon-eye mutant isolated from Lake Charles, Louisiana. However, while mar (Lake Charles) straddles along the sex locus, m (map distance approximately 1 unit), the mar (Belem) gene is far removed from m (map distance 26.1 units).", "contents": "Genetics of eye-gap and maroon-eye mutants in the mosquito. Linkage analysis of two new eye mutants, eye-gap (e) and maroon-eye (mar), in the mosquito Culex pipiens, is presented. Both mutants are sex-linked, recessive, and demonstrate complete penetrance and high expressivity. The gene order is e-m-mar. The most representative map distances in e-m and m-mar segments are 17.7 and 26.1, respectively. Our maroon-eye was isolated from Belem, Brazil and is allelic to another maroon-eye mutant isolated from Lake Charles, Louisiana. However, while mar (Lake Charles) straddles along the sex locus, m (map distance approximately 1 unit), the mar (Belem) gene is far removed from m (map distance 26.1 units)."}
{"id": "PMID:1219059", "title": "The mitotic, polytene, and meiotic chromosomes of Drosophila ananassae.", "content": "The mitotic chromosome complement of D. ananassae consists of four structurally distinguishable submetacentric pairs and all four have been identified with their linkage groups. For the polytene chromosome complement of six arms representing the X, second and third chromosomes, an improved reference map has been constructed and used to describe selected cytogenetically useful rearrangements. In meiotic prophase of spermatocytes, chromosomes 2 and 3 form pachytene-diplotene bivalents whose arms may be associated by chiasmata in postdiplotene stages, but the X, Y and fourth chromosomes participate in a complex multivalent. No correlation was detected between meiotic chromosome behavior and specific genes that regulate crossing over in males. In male inversion heterozygotes having high levels of genetically monitored crossing over, no unequivocal evidence was found for formation of either pachytene inversion loops or anaphase bridges and fragments.", "contents": "The mitotic, polytene, and meiotic chromosomes of Drosophila ananassae. The mitotic chromosome complement of D. ananassae consists of four structurally distinguishable submetacentric pairs and all four have been identified with their linkage groups. For the polytene chromosome complement of six arms representing the X, second and third chromosomes, an improved reference map has been constructed and used to describe selected cytogenetically useful rearrangements. In meiotic prophase of spermatocytes, chromosomes 2 and 3 form pachytene-diplotene bivalents whose arms may be associated by chiasmata in postdiplotene stages, but the X, Y and fourth chromosomes participate in a complex multivalent. No correlation was detected between meiotic chromosome behavior and specific genes that regulate crossing over in males. In male inversion heterozygotes having high levels of genetically monitored crossing over, no unequivocal evidence was found for formation of either pachytene inversion loops or anaphase bridges and fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:1219060", "title": "Degenerative myopathy of the deep pectoral muscle in the turkey.", "content": "A degenerative myopathy affecting only the supracoracoideus in the domestic turkey, with a greater incidence in white turkeys than in Broad Breasted Bronze, was first observed in 1967. The defect is variable in expressivity and penetrance and is apparently part of a polygenic system involving modifiers. The defect is found principally in turkeys of breeding age, and only to a very limited extent in birds under 24 weeks of age. The abnormality has a higher incidence in females. Muscle damage takes the form of a localized hemorrhage, edema, degeneration and necrosis of muscle leading to encapsulation. Ultimately there is liquefaction and absorption of necrotic tissue.", "contents": "Degenerative myopathy of the deep pectoral muscle in the turkey. A degenerative myopathy affecting only the supracoracoideus in the domestic turkey, with a greater incidence in white turkeys than in Broad Breasted Bronze, was first observed in 1967. The defect is variable in expressivity and penetrance and is apparently part of a polygenic system involving modifiers. The defect is found principally in turkeys of breeding age, and only to a very limited extent in birds under 24 weeks of age. The abnormality has a higher incidence in females. Muscle damage takes the form of a localized hemorrhage, edema, degeneration and necrosis of muscle leading to encapsulation. Ultimately there is liquefaction and absorption of necrotic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1219079", "title": "EMG analysis of stereotyped voluntary movements in man.", "content": "EMG activity was recorded in biceps and triceps while subjects voluntarily flexed their elbows during a visual matching task. With fast flexion, the initial EMG was characterized by a triphasic pattern with a burst of activity first in biceps, then in triceps with a silent period in biceps, and finally in biceps again; these components were analysed quantitatively. Smooth flexion was characterized by continuous activity in biceps. Inhibition of tonic activity of triceps in relation to a fast flexion occurred in the 50 ms before the initiation of biceps activity. A patients with a severe pansensory neuropathy performed normally on these tasks. Physiological mechanisms underlying these patterns are analysed; an important conclusion is that the triphasic activity with fast flexion is 'centrally programmed'.", "contents": "EMG analysis of stereotyped voluntary movements in man. EMG activity was recorded in biceps and triceps while subjects voluntarily flexed their elbows during a visual matching task. With fast flexion, the initial EMG was characterized by a triphasic pattern with a burst of activity first in biceps, then in triceps with a silent period in biceps, and finally in biceps again; these components were analysed quantitatively. Smooth flexion was characterized by continuous activity in biceps. Inhibition of tonic activity of triceps in relation to a fast flexion occurred in the 50 ms before the initiation of biceps activity. A patients with a severe pansensory neuropathy performed normally on these tasks. Physiological mechanisms underlying these patterns are analysed; an important conclusion is that the triphasic activity with fast flexion is 'centrally programmed'."}
{"id": "PMID:1219080", "title": "EMG analysis of patients with cerebellar deficits.", "content": "EMGs from biceps and triceps were recorded during stereotyped elbow flexion tasks performed by 20 patients fulfilling clinical criteria for 'cerebellar deficits' and the data were compared with previously established normal standards. In a fast flexion task, 15 of 18 patients showed prolongation of the initial biceps and/or triceps components, and it is suggested that this abnormality might be an elemental feature of dysmetria. Ten of 14 patients showed the normal pattern of smooth flexion indicating that, with cerebellar deficits, smooth movements are better preserved than fast movements. The timing of the cessation of triceps activity before the initiation of biceps activity in an alternating movement was abnormal in 12 of 16 patients; this abnormality might be an elemental feature of dysdiadochokinesia.", "contents": "EMG analysis of patients with cerebellar deficits. EMGs from biceps and triceps were recorded during stereotyped elbow flexion tasks performed by 20 patients fulfilling clinical criteria for 'cerebellar deficits' and the data were compared with previously established normal standards. In a fast flexion task, 15 of 18 patients showed prolongation of the initial biceps and/or triceps components, and it is suggested that this abnormality might be an elemental feature of dysmetria. Ten of 14 patients showed the normal pattern of smooth flexion indicating that, with cerebellar deficits, smooth movements are better preserved than fast movements. The timing of the cessation of triceps activity before the initiation of biceps activity in an alternating movement was abnormal in 12 of 16 patients; this abnormality might be an elemental feature of dysdiadochokinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1219081", "title": "Hypertrophic granulomatous cranial pachymeningitis causing progressive blindness in a chronic dialysis patient.", "content": "A patient on chronic haemodialysis because of renal failure developed progressive visual field loss and eventual blindness. A postmortem examination indicated that the blindness was caused by granulomatous thickening of the pachymeninges which constricted the optic nerves as they passed through the optic foramina. Exhaustive bacteriological and histopathological studies failed to identify a specific cause for this hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis.", "contents": "Hypertrophic granulomatous cranial pachymeningitis causing progressive blindness in a chronic dialysis patient. A patient on chronic haemodialysis because of renal failure developed progressive visual field loss and eventual blindness. A postmortem examination indicated that the blindness was caused by granulomatous thickening of the pachymeninges which constricted the optic nerves as they passed through the optic foramina. Exhaustive bacteriological and histopathological studies failed to identify a specific cause for this hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1219082", "title": "Studies of sensory conductions. Comparison of latencies of orthodromic and antidromic sensory potentials.", "content": "Latencies of orthodromic and antidromic sensory potentials were compared in 16 normal median nerves. Peak latency was longer in the antidromic sensory response in every case. The peak latency of the antidromic sensory response depended on the distance between the recording electrodes; with shorter interelectrode distances it was similar to that of orthodromic sensory response.", "contents": "Studies of sensory conductions. Comparison of latencies of orthodromic and antidromic sensory potentials. Latencies of orthodromic and antidromic sensory potentials were compared in 16 normal median nerves. Peak latency was longer in the antidromic sensory response in every case. The peak latency of the antidromic sensory response depended on the distance between the recording electrodes; with shorter interelectrode distances it was similar to that of orthodromic sensory response."}
{"id": "PMID:1219083", "title": "No-reflow phenomenon in the cerebral circulation of the gerbil.", "content": "The no-reflow phenomenon has been produced in the cerebral hemispheres of the gerbil by 30 minutes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion. The no-reflow phenomenon was found to develop in relation to the fall in blood pressure which occurred on release of bilateral carotid clips. Metaraminol tartrate intravenously prevented the fall of blood pressure and significantly reduced the occurrence of the no-reflow phenomenon. Metaraminol tartrate, however, did not alter the morbidity or mortality of carotid artery occlusion for 30 minutes. There is thus no support from these experiments for the view that the no-relow phenomenon plays an important functional role in the reversibility of the effects of severe cerebral ischaemia.", "contents": "No-reflow phenomenon in the cerebral circulation of the gerbil. The no-reflow phenomenon has been produced in the cerebral hemispheres of the gerbil by 30 minutes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion. The no-reflow phenomenon was found to develop in relation to the fall in blood pressure which occurred on release of bilateral carotid clips. Metaraminol tartrate intravenously prevented the fall of blood pressure and significantly reduced the occurrence of the no-reflow phenomenon. Metaraminol tartrate, however, did not alter the morbidity or mortality of carotid artery occlusion for 30 minutes. There is thus no support from these experiments for the view that the no-relow phenomenon plays an important functional role in the reversibility of the effects of severe cerebral ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1219084", "title": "Ischaemic swelling of cerebral hemisphere in the gerbil.", "content": "Ligation of the common carotid artery in the gerbil was found to be associated with an increase in wet weight, volume, and area of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. True swelling and oedema of the hemisphere occurs. This evidence suggests that it is reasonable to continue to use the gerbil as an animal model of the oedema that many accompany cerebral infarction.", "contents": "Ischaemic swelling of cerebral hemisphere in the gerbil. Ligation of the common carotid artery in the gerbil was found to be associated with an increase in wet weight, volume, and area of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. True swelling and oedema of the hemisphere occurs. This evidence suggests that it is reasonable to continue to use the gerbil as an animal model of the oedema that many accompany cerebral infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:1219085", "title": "Ischaemic brain damage in the gerbil in the absence of 'no-reflow'.", "content": "Approximately 40% of gerbils subjected to one hour of unilateral carotid artery occlusion displayed neurological abnormalities during that time. Most such animals were subsequently found to have ischaemic neuronal alterations within the territory of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. In contrast, impaired reperfusion ('no-reflow') rarely occurred and cannot therefore be implicated in the pathogenesis of ischaemic brain damage.", "contents": "Ischaemic brain damage in the gerbil in the absence of 'no-reflow'. Approximately 40% of gerbils subjected to one hour of unilateral carotid artery occlusion displayed neurological abnormalities during that time. Most such animals were subsequently found to have ischaemic neuronal alterations within the territory of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. In contrast, impaired reperfusion ('no-reflow') rarely occurred and cannot therefore be implicated in the pathogenesis of ischaemic brain damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1219086", "title": "Dexamethasone in the management of symptoms due to herniated lumbar disc.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients with radicular pain due to myelographically proven herniated lumbar intervertebral discs were treated with initially high but tapering doses of intramuscular dexamethasone for seven days. All patients had reflief of pain within 24-48 hours. Bed rest was eliminated as a significant factor in the improvement. Nine patients required surgery at the end of the hospital treatment period. Another 11 required surgery during the follow-up of 15 months. Review of work status and recurrent pain during the follow-up indicates that the non-surgically treated patients in this series fared better. It is concluded that nerve root inflammation is the immediate cause of radicular symptoms in case of ruptured lumbar disc and that treatment with dexamethasone gives prompt relief of pain and may avoid the need for surgery in most cases.", "contents": "Dexamethasone in the management of symptoms due to herniated lumbar disc. One hundred consecutive patients with radicular pain due to myelographically proven herniated lumbar intervertebral discs were treated with initially high but tapering doses of intramuscular dexamethasone for seven days. All patients had reflief of pain within 24-48 hours. Bed rest was eliminated as a significant factor in the improvement. Nine patients required surgery at the end of the hospital treatment period. Another 11 required surgery during the follow-up of 15 months. Review of work status and recurrent pain during the follow-up indicates that the non-surgically treated patients in this series fared better. It is concluded that nerve root inflammation is the immediate cause of radicular symptoms in case of ruptured lumbar disc and that treatment with dexamethasone gives prompt relief of pain and may avoid the need for surgery in most cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1219087", "title": "Congenital narrowing of the cervical spinal canal.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory findings in six patients with congenital narrowing of the cervical spinal canal and neurological symptoms are described. A variable age of onset and an entirely male occurrence were found. Signs and symptoms of spinal cord dysfunction predominated in all but one patient. Symptoms were produced in five patients by increased physical activity alone. Congenital narrowing of the cervical spinal canal may result in cord compression without a history of injury and occasionally without evidence of significant bony degenerative changes. The clinical features may be distinguishable from those found in cervical spondylosis without congenital narrowing. Intermittent claudication of the cervical spinal cord appears to be an important feature of this syndrome. Surgery improved four out of five people.", "contents": "Congenital narrowing of the cervical spinal canal. The clinical and laboratory findings in six patients with congenital narrowing of the cervical spinal canal and neurological symptoms are described. A variable age of onset and an entirely male occurrence were found. Signs and symptoms of spinal cord dysfunction predominated in all but one patient. Symptoms were produced in five patients by increased physical activity alone. Congenital narrowing of the cervical spinal canal may result in cord compression without a history of injury and occasionally without evidence of significant bony degenerative changes. The clinical features may be distinguishable from those found in cervical spondylosis without congenital narrowing. Intermittent claudication of the cervical spinal cord appears to be an important feature of this syndrome. Surgery improved four out of five people."}
{"id": "PMID:1219088", "title": "Multiple crossed false localizing signs in a posterior fossa tumour.", "content": "Involvement of the lower cranial nerves as false localizing signs of intracranial tumour is very rare. A laterally placed posterior fossa meningioma gave rise to contralateral cerebellar ataxia and palsies of the fifth, ninth, and tenth cranial nerves.", "contents": "Multiple crossed false localizing signs in a posterior fossa tumour. Involvement of the lower cranial nerves as false localizing signs of intracranial tumour is very rare. A laterally placed posterior fossa meningioma gave rise to contralateral cerebellar ataxia and palsies of the fifth, ninth, and tenth cranial nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:1219089", "title": "The management of soft tissue sarcomas in adults: surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.", "content": "Traditionally soft tissue sarcomas have been managed by surgery, because they were considered radioresistant. Experience has shown that the local recurrence rate after a simple excision is 90 per cent and 30 per cent after radical surgical procedures. The treatment of soft tissue sarcomas by radical ratiation therapy alone is also unrewarding-the local recurrence rate being 66 per cent. In order to preserve a functional limb, a selected group of patients was treated using a conservative surgical excision of the gross tumor (usually a simple \"shelling out\"), and immediate postoperative radiation therapy. The rationale for removing all gross tumor by conservative surgical excision is that the remaining subclinical disease can be destroyed with moderate doses of postoperative irradiation. In 70 patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities, all local failures occurred in tumors of the fleshy parts with a recurrence rate of 17.2 per cent, independent of the histological type. In spite of generous radiation fields, 4 of the 12 local recurrences were outside of the irradiated volume, some more than 5 cm from the margin of the field. This documents the tendency of soft tissue sarcomas to spread along the fascial planes for a great distance. To avoid complications only part of the entire circumference of an extremity must be irradiated since a severe constricting fibrosis may result with varying degrees of edema distal to the irradiated volume when all of most of the circumference is irradiated. This retrospective review of patients treated for extremity lesions by conservative excision and postoperative radiotherapy shows that a functionnal limb can be preserved in 80 per cent of the patients.", "contents": "The management of soft tissue sarcomas in adults: surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Traditionally soft tissue sarcomas have been managed by surgery, because they were considered radioresistant. Experience has shown that the local recurrence rate after a simple excision is 90 per cent and 30 per cent after radical surgical procedures. The treatment of soft tissue sarcomas by radical ratiation therapy alone is also unrewarding-the local recurrence rate being 66 per cent. In order to preserve a functional limb, a selected group of patients was treated using a conservative surgical excision of the gross tumor (usually a simple \"shelling out\"), and immediate postoperative radiation therapy. The rationale for removing all gross tumor by conservative surgical excision is that the remaining subclinical disease can be destroyed with moderate doses of postoperative irradiation. In 70 patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities, all local failures occurred in tumors of the fleshy parts with a recurrence rate of 17.2 per cent, independent of the histological type. In spite of generous radiation fields, 4 of the 12 local recurrences were outside of the irradiated volume, some more than 5 cm from the margin of the field. This documents the tendency of soft tissue sarcomas to spread along the fascial planes for a great distance. To avoid complications only part of the entire circumference of an extremity must be irradiated since a severe constricting fibrosis may result with varying degrees of edema distal to the irradiated volume when all of most of the circumference is irradiated. This retrospective review of patients treated for extremity lesions by conservative excision and postoperative radiotherapy shows that a functionnal limb can be preserved in 80 per cent of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1219090", "title": "[Systematic preservation of teeth and prophylaxis of dental decay on irradiated patients].", "content": "200 patients were irradiated on the oral cavity and on salivary glands with doses of 3,000 Rads and up. Teeth were preserved. A prophylactic treatment of dental decay was made using 5 minutes daily a fluoride gel into a carrier. The results showed an incidence of 5% for dental decay and 1% for osteo-radionecroses. Details are given about the selection of patients, the dental work-up and dental care before, during and after radiation therapy.", "contents": "[Systematic preservation of teeth and prophylaxis of dental decay on irradiated patients]. 200 patients were irradiated on the oral cavity and on salivary glands with doses of 3,000 Rads and up. Teeth were preserved. A prophylactic treatment of dental decay was made using 5 minutes daily a fluoride gel into a carrier. The results showed an incidence of 5% for dental decay and 1% for osteo-radionecroses. Details are given about the selection of patients, the dental work-up and dental care before, during and after radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1219091", "title": "[Fifty cases of penile tumors treated at the Claudius-Regaud center from 1958 to 1973].", "content": "From the study of this series of 50 patients suffering from cancer of the penis, and in particular from the comparison of two successive groups, several facts stand out which determine our present attitude: -subjects suffering from cancer of the penis, at least in our area, are aged, fragile people, whose cause of death, in more than half of the cases, was not the penile cancer. Proposable therapeutic methods must take this specific background into account; -tumoral and glandular indications must be looked at separately, as there does not seem to be any strict correlation between the size of the tumor and glandular invasion; -inguinal glandular invasion must as far as possible, be proved histologically, whatever the appearance of adenopathy on palpation; -No and N-patients should not be treated in the inguinal folds, but carefully followed-up; in this connection, very strict follow-up, at least for the first three years, seems to be indispensable; -N+ patients must evidently undergo bilateral removal and subsequent irradiation. This therapeutic attitude, leads to bilateral edema of the lower limbs in a high percentage of cases, against which no therapy is at present active; -tumors of the penis, classified T1, T2, or T3 are best benefitted by the technique of interstitial curietherapy using irridium 192, the only conservative technique offering a high level of local sterilization, without major after-effects; it permits possible reparatory surgery; -on the other hand, T4 tumors cannot be marked, the target-volume being too large, and they justify radical surgery.", "contents": "[Fifty cases of penile tumors treated at the Claudius-Regaud center from 1958 to 1973]. From the study of this series of 50 patients suffering from cancer of the penis, and in particular from the comparison of two successive groups, several facts stand out which determine our present attitude: -subjects suffering from cancer of the penis, at least in our area, are aged, fragile people, whose cause of death, in more than half of the cases, was not the penile cancer. Proposable therapeutic methods must take this specific background into account; -tumoral and glandular indications must be looked at separately, as there does not seem to be any strict correlation between the size of the tumor and glandular invasion; -inguinal glandular invasion must as far as possible, be proved histologically, whatever the appearance of adenopathy on palpation; -No and N-patients should not be treated in the inguinal folds, but carefully followed-up; in this connection, very strict follow-up, at least for the first three years, seems to be indispensable; -N+ patients must evidently undergo bilateral removal and subsequent irradiation. This therapeutic attitude, leads to bilateral edema of the lower limbs in a high percentage of cases, against which no therapy is at present active; -tumors of the penis, classified T1, T2, or T3 are best benefitted by the technique of interstitial curietherapy using irridium 192, the only conservative technique offering a high level of local sterilization, without major after-effects; it permits possible reparatory surgery; -on the other hand, T4 tumors cannot be marked, the target-volume being too large, and they justify radical surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1219092", "title": "Dosimetric reliability of thermoluminescent phosphors (TLD-too).", "content": "The dosimetric reliability of TLD-100 has been studied in view of the fact that these TLDs are extensively used for patient dosimetry in the case of irregular fields and where patient's contour creates special problems. TLDs have also been used in intercavitary dosimetry (e.g. esophagus and rectum) and in some cases of dosimetric comparison of radiation output. However, it appears that these TLDs are unsuitable for most practical dosimetry due to poor reproducibility and system error. It is found that the same TLD-chip gives widely divergent readings for the same exposure even when correction for the system error is made. The composite uncertainty under the best experimental conditions is about +/-3.5%.", "contents": "Dosimetric reliability of thermoluminescent phosphors (TLD-too). The dosimetric reliability of TLD-100 has been studied in view of the fact that these TLDs are extensively used for patient dosimetry in the case of irregular fields and where patient's contour creates special problems. TLDs have also been used in intercavitary dosimetry (e.g. esophagus and rectum) and in some cases of dosimetric comparison of radiation output. However, it appears that these TLDs are unsuitable for most practical dosimetry due to poor reproducibility and system error. It is found that the same TLD-chip gives widely divergent readings for the same exposure even when correction for the system error is made. The composite uncertainty under the best experimental conditions is about +/-3.5%."}
{"id": "PMID:1219093", "title": "[Measurement of linear exposure nominal pose used in curietherapy].", "content": "The idea, and subsequent construction, of a dose rate meter for measuring linear exposure dose originated in those pilot centres of Curietherapie which wished to replace radium by the artificial radionucleides, Irdium-192, Caesium-137 etc. The aparatus makes it possible to measure, directly and quickly, the activity of a specified length of a linear source, a measurement which has only been possible until now by dividing the exposure dose by the length whose activity it is desired to know. If the dose-rate obtained by these two methods agrees, this apparatus shortens the time for which the sources need to be handled, thereby reducing the danger of irradiation to staff and technicians. The apparatus is thus able to reveal heterogeneity of activity along the length of a line-source. In the specific case of Iridium, our experience shows that wires which have been used in several applications may develop mechanical bends and constrictions, which can lead to fluctuation in dose rate along their length. The apparatus was first constructed in 1967, after preliminary experiments in 1965. As Curietherapy has become more widely used, the apparatus has undergone many modifications which is more precise and specific than it was initially. At the present time it can only be used with Iridium as wire, and with Caesium in the form of trains of seeds (corresponding to the AGS sources) or needles. Nevertheless, a third scale is under consideration, for use with newer radioelements, which may be used in future.", "contents": "[Measurement of linear exposure nominal pose used in curietherapy]. The idea, and subsequent construction, of a dose rate meter for measuring linear exposure dose originated in those pilot centres of Curietherapie which wished to replace radium by the artificial radionucleides, Irdium-192, Caesium-137 etc. The aparatus makes it possible to measure, directly and quickly, the activity of a specified length of a linear source, a measurement which has only been possible until now by dividing the exposure dose by the length whose activity it is desired to know. If the dose-rate obtained by these two methods agrees, this apparatus shortens the time for which the sources need to be handled, thereby reducing the danger of irradiation to staff and technicians. The apparatus is thus able to reveal heterogeneity of activity along the length of a line-source. In the specific case of Iridium, our experience shows that wires which have been used in several applications may develop mechanical bends and constrictions, which can lead to fluctuation in dose rate along their length. The apparatus was first constructed in 1967, after preliminary experiments in 1965. As Curietherapy has become more widely used, the apparatus has undergone many modifications which is more precise and specific than it was initially. At the present time it can only be used with Iridium as wire, and with Caesium in the form of trains of seeds (corresponding to the AGS sources) or needles. Nevertheless, a third scale is under consideration, for use with newer radioelements, which may be used in future."}
{"id": "PMID:1219094", "title": "[Use of lithium fluoride in clinical dosimetry. Application to the measurement of the dose delivered to axilla by iridium 192 with endocurietherapy for carcinoma of the breast].", "content": "The aim of the work was the evaluation of the dose delivered to the axilla during endocurietherapy for carcinoma of the breast using Iridium 192. The position of the radioactive material with respect to the axillary zone differing with the patient seated or lying, the authors carried out an vivo dosimetric study using Lithium fluoride. They refer to the chief properties of Lithium fluoride which render it the dosimetric agent of choice for clinical work and give details of their experimental conditions, stressing the problems encountered in practice (response in relation to dose, mass of thermoluminescent powder to use, fading, regeneration etc.). They then describe the technique used for placing the thermoluminescent dosimeter in the axillary zone adjacent to the target volume irradiated. Results concerning 43 patients made possible the establishment of a significant correlation between the dose delivered to the axillary region and the site of implantation of the radioactive material in the breast, and show that, with identical tumour doses, this dose is little dependent upon the structure of the radioactive implant itself. They conclude that the dose delivered to the axillary region is of the order of 25% of the tumour dose if the radioactive implant is localised in the axillary tail, 10% if it is in the upper outer quadrant and negligeable if it is elsewhere.", "contents": "[Use of lithium fluoride in clinical dosimetry. Application to the measurement of the dose delivered to axilla by iridium 192 with endocurietherapy for carcinoma of the breast]. The aim of the work was the evaluation of the dose delivered to the axilla during endocurietherapy for carcinoma of the breast using Iridium 192. The position of the radioactive material with respect to the axillary zone differing with the patient seated or lying, the authors carried out an vivo dosimetric study using Lithium fluoride. They refer to the chief properties of Lithium fluoride which render it the dosimetric agent of choice for clinical work and give details of their experimental conditions, stressing the problems encountered in practice (response in relation to dose, mass of thermoluminescent powder to use, fading, regeneration etc.). They then describe the technique used for placing the thermoluminescent dosimeter in the axillary zone adjacent to the target volume irradiated. Results concerning 43 patients made possible the establishment of a significant correlation between the dose delivered to the axillary region and the site of implantation of the radioactive material in the breast, and show that, with identical tumour doses, this dose is little dependent upon the structure of the radioactive implant itself. They conclude that the dose delivered to the axillary region is of the order of 25% of the tumour dose if the radioactive implant is localised in the axillary tail, 10% if it is in the upper outer quadrant and negligeable if it is elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:1219095", "title": "[Radiolesions after radiotherapy of breast cancer].", "content": "A study is presented of the late radiolesions which occur after breast cancer irradiation. These lesions are described and the etiological factors are studied, with special emphasis given to the effect of dose and time factors. For the large volume considered in the irradiation of breast cancers, the tolerance dose for normal tissue (skin and connective subcutaneous tissue) can be set at 1,700 rets, that is, 5,600 rads in 28 sessions of 200 rads over a period of 38 days. Technical irradiation problems are given special mention as they can be the cause of dosimetric errors resulting in complications. Dosimetry should be in the whole volume, and not only in a single plane, as is still most often the case.", "contents": "[Radiolesions after radiotherapy of breast cancer]. A study is presented of the late radiolesions which occur after breast cancer irradiation. These lesions are described and the etiological factors are studied, with special emphasis given to the effect of dose and time factors. For the large volume considered in the irradiation of breast cancers, the tolerance dose for normal tissue (skin and connective subcutaneous tissue) can be set at 1,700 rets, that is, 5,600 rads in 28 sessions of 200 rads over a period of 38 days. Technical irradiation problems are given special mention as they can be the cause of dosimetric errors resulting in complications. Dosimetry should be in the whole volume, and not only in a single plane, as is still most often the case."}
{"id": "PMID:1219096", "title": "[Sequelli and complications of irradiation of mammary carcinomas].", "content": "a) Doses of 6 000 to 6 500 rads to the supra- and sub-clavicular regions are an extreme limit which should not be exceeded (the three cases of serious complications previously cited has received doses of 6 000 to 7 500 rads). b) With the technique before 1969, we were not giving doses of 6 000 to 6 500 rads to the supra- and sub-clavicular regions as we had thought, but in reality a lesser dose of 5 000 to 5 500 rads. In addition this dose is revealed in the analysis to be sufficient for controlling the majority of lymph nodes microscopically invaded at the same time permitting as to avoid serious complications. c) All the sequelli serious complications follow principally irradiation of the axillary and supra-clavicular regions.", "contents": "[Sequelli and complications of irradiation of mammary carcinomas]. a) Doses of 6 000 to 6 500 rads to the supra- and sub-clavicular regions are an extreme limit which should not be exceeded (the three cases of serious complications previously cited has received doses of 6 000 to 7 500 rads). b) With the technique before 1969, we were not giving doses of 6 000 to 6 500 rads to the supra- and sub-clavicular regions as we had thought, but in reality a lesser dose of 5 000 to 5 500 rads. In addition this dose is revealed in the analysis to be sufficient for controlling the majority of lymph nodes microscopically invaded at the same time permitting as to avoid serious complications. c) All the sequelli serious complications follow principally irradiation of the axillary and supra-clavicular regions."}
{"id": "PMID:1219097", "title": "[Post-radiation nephritis. Study of the renal consequences of splenic irradiation for lymphoma].", "content": "The authors studied the left kidney consequences of splenic irradiation in 40 patients with lymphomas. The renal work-up performed before irradiation and every six months afterwards includes : blood pressure, biological tests, IVP and 197 Hg Neohydrine renal scan. Computer scan data processing showed a partial disfunction of left kidney in 16 patients with 18 month-follow up. Renal disfunction appeared within 8 to 10 months following spleen irradiation. During that period no clinical or radiological abnormalities were observed.", "contents": "[Post-radiation nephritis. Study of the renal consequences of splenic irradiation for lymphoma]. The authors studied the left kidney consequences of splenic irradiation in 40 patients with lymphomas. The renal work-up performed before irradiation and every six months afterwards includes : blood pressure, biological tests, IVP and 197 Hg Neohydrine renal scan. Computer scan data processing showed a partial disfunction of left kidney in 16 patients with 18 month-follow up. Renal disfunction appeared within 8 to 10 months following spleen irradiation. During that period no clinical or radiological abnormalities were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219103", "title": "The effect of phencyclidine anaesthesia on the blood chemistry and haematology of the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus).", "content": "Blood was collected from 14 baboons 3 - 5 min, 30 min and 60 min after the intramuscular injection of phencyclidine at a dosage rate of 1,5 mg/kg body mass. The determination of blood chemistry and haematology was then undertaken. An abrupt decrease in total plasma protein occurred after the injection of phencyclidine but thereafter it remained at approximately the same level. The sodium, potassium, chloride and cholesterol remained practically unaltered throughout. A significant decrease occurred in the blood urea level. The blood sugar value showed a highly significant decrease over the first 30 min period and less over the second 30 min period. Plasma enzyme activity and corticosteroid levels did not show marked alterations. Marked and significantly lowered values occurred in white blood cell count, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit level but these values returned to within normal limits at 60 min.", "contents": "The effect of phencyclidine anaesthesia on the blood chemistry and haematology of the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus). Blood was collected from 14 baboons 3 - 5 min, 30 min and 60 min after the intramuscular injection of phencyclidine at a dosage rate of 1,5 mg/kg body mass. The determination of blood chemistry and haematology was then undertaken. An abrupt decrease in total plasma protein occurred after the injection of phencyclidine but thereafter it remained at approximately the same level. The sodium, potassium, chloride and cholesterol remained practically unaltered throughout. A significant decrease occurred in the blood urea level. The blood sugar value showed a highly significant decrease over the first 30 min period and less over the second 30 min period. Plasma enzyme activity and corticosteroid levels did not show marked alterations. Marked and significantly lowered values occurred in white blood cell count, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit level but these values returned to within normal limits at 60 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1219104", "title": "Porcine parvovirus in pig herds in Southern Africa.", "content": "Evidence of the presence of porcine parvovirus in Southern Africa is given and the diagnostic significance of this finding is discussed. Minor abnormalities in the replication of the virus were observed.", "contents": "Porcine parvovirus in pig herds in Southern Africa. Evidence of the presence of porcine parvovirus in Southern Africa is given and the diagnostic significance of this finding is discussed. Minor abnormalities in the replication of the virus were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219105", "title": "The elimination of albumin, ployvinylpyrrollidone and dextran from the circulation in sheep.", "content": "The rates of elimination of iodinated human serum albumin (ALBUMIN-125I), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-125I); and tritiated dextran (DEXTRAN - METHOXY-3H) (mol masses of 69 000 - 72 000, 30 000 - 40 000 and 60 000 - 90 000 respectively) from the circulation of sheep were studied; albumin and PVP initially disappeared from the circulation rapidly having half-life times (t 1/2) of 10,5 +/- 3,7 and 43 +/- 45 hours respectively. This phase is regarded as being due to equilibration within the initial volume of distribution, the rate being determined primarily by the relative mol. mass of the molecule. Hereafter PVP-125I was eliminated considerably faster (t 1/2 = 176 +/- 39 h) principally via the kidneys. The limited data available for dextran-3 H suggests that this particular substance is rapidly excreted via the kidneys (t 1/2 = 9 h).", "contents": "The elimination of albumin, ployvinylpyrrollidone and dextran from the circulation in sheep. The rates of elimination of iodinated human serum albumin (ALBUMIN-125I), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-125I); and tritiated dextran (DEXTRAN - METHOXY-3H) (mol masses of 69 000 - 72 000, 30 000 - 40 000 and 60 000 - 90 000 respectively) from the circulation of sheep were studied; albumin and PVP initially disappeared from the circulation rapidly having half-life times (t 1/2) of 10,5 +/- 3,7 and 43 +/- 45 hours respectively. This phase is regarded as being due to equilibration within the initial volume of distribution, the rate being determined primarily by the relative mol. mass of the molecule. Hereafter PVP-125I was eliminated considerably faster (t 1/2 = 176 +/- 39 h) principally via the kidneys. The limited data available for dextran-3 H suggests that this particular substance is rapidly excreted via the kidneys (t 1/2 = 9 h)."}
{"id": "PMID:1219106", "title": "On the toxicity of procaine for pigs.", "content": "Procaine caused respiratory arrest in halothane-anaesthetized normal Landrace pigs at a dose of 4,2 - 8,2 mg/kg. In some cases death due to respiratory failure occurred after giving 10 - 13 mg/kg. Because of its toxicity in pigs procaine is unsuitable for treating the porcine malignant hyperthermia syndrome.", "contents": "On the toxicity of procaine for pigs. Procaine caused respiratory arrest in halothane-anaesthetized normal Landrace pigs at a dose of 4,2 - 8,2 mg/kg. In some cases death due to respiratory failure occurred after giving 10 - 13 mg/kg. Because of its toxicity in pigs procaine is unsuitable for treating the porcine malignant hyperthermia syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1219107", "title": "Trials with rafoxanide. 7. Efficacy against Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus placei and Bunostomum phlebotomum in cattle.", "content": "Anthelmintic efficacy studies involving 49 cattle either naturally or artificially infested with Fasciola hepatica are described. Some of the animals were also artificially infested with Haemonchus placei and Bunostomum phlebotomum. At dosage rates of 3,75 and 5,0 mg/kg live mass rafoxanide was 64,6 and 92,6 per cent effective respectively against adult naturally acquired infestations of F. hepatica. At 7,5 and 10,0 mg/kg it was 37,9 and 55,7 per cent effective against 42 day old liver fluke. At 7,5 mg/kg it was 100, 87,4 and 94,6 per cent effective against mature F. hepatica, fourth stage H. placei and adult B. phlebotomum respectively.", "contents": "Trials with rafoxanide. 7. Efficacy against Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus placei and Bunostomum phlebotomum in cattle. Anthelmintic efficacy studies involving 49 cattle either naturally or artificially infested with Fasciola hepatica are described. Some of the animals were also artificially infested with Haemonchus placei and Bunostomum phlebotomum. At dosage rates of 3,75 and 5,0 mg/kg live mass rafoxanide was 64,6 and 92,6 per cent effective respectively against adult naturally acquired infestations of F. hepatica. At 7,5 and 10,0 mg/kg it was 37,9 and 55,7 per cent effective against 42 day old liver fluke. At 7,5 mg/kg it was 100, 87,4 and 94,6 per cent effective against mature F. hepatica, fourth stage H. placei and adult B. phlebotomum respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1219108", "title": "Percutaneous infestation of calves and lambs with Oesophagostomum spp.", "content": "Oesophagostomum radiatum and Oesophagostomum columbianum became established in low numbers when 2 calves and 2 sheep respectively were exposed percutaneously to pure cultures of infective larvae of these worms. A further sheep infested in the conjunctival sac became heavily infested but this may have occurred via the lachrimal duct. As far as can be ascertained this is the first time that development of O. columbianum has been demonstrated after percutaneous exposure.", "contents": "Percutaneous infestation of calves and lambs with Oesophagostomum spp. Oesophagostomum radiatum and Oesophagostomum columbianum became established in low numbers when 2 calves and 2 sheep respectively were exposed percutaneously to pure cultures of infective larvae of these worms. A further sheep infested in the conjunctival sac became heavily infested but this may have occurred via the lachrimal duct. As far as can be ascertained this is the first time that development of O. columbianum has been demonstrated after percutaneous exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:1219109", "title": "The preparation, mincing and canning of bovine offal (ruminal and intestinal wall) for human consumption.", "content": "The results of a sudy of methods of cleaning and preserving bovine ruminal and intestinal wall by canning are described. Such offal could be converted into a hygienically satisfactory and safe food by laboratory washing and canning, and t\u00f6e end product had a extended shelf life. Methods are described and suggested as a basis for ensuring safe utilisation of a valuable food product.", "contents": "The preparation, mincing and canning of bovine offal (ruminal and intestinal wall) for human consumption. The results of a sudy of methods of cleaning and preserving bovine ruminal and intestinal wall by canning are described. Such offal could be converted into a hygienically satisfactory and safe food by laboratory washing and canning, and t\u00f6e end product had a extended shelf life. Methods are described and suggested as a basis for ensuring safe utilisation of a valuable food product."}
{"id": "PMID:1219110", "title": "Beef carcase icterus: an evaluation of diagnostic methods in terms of visual assessment.", "content": "Two laboratory tests on beef carcase fat, two on serum and one on urine from suspect icteric carcases were compared. Used singly on serum, the indirect van den Bergh and Fouchet tests were found to be most useful, and either of these two used together with the indirect van den Bergh test on fat gave results which agreed most closely with a subjective assessment of the marketability of suspect jaundice carcases after 24 hours' chilling.", "contents": "Beef carcase icterus: an evaluation of diagnostic methods in terms of visual assessment. Two laboratory tests on beef carcase fat, two on serum and one on urine from suspect icteric carcases were compared. Used singly on serum, the indirect van den Bergh and Fouchet tests were found to be most useful, and either of these two used together with the indirect van den Bergh test on fat gave results which agreed most closely with a subjective assessment of the marketability of suspect jaundice carcases after 24 hours' chilling."}
{"id": "PMID:1219111", "title": "Echinococcosis (hydatodosis) in wild animals of the Kruger National Park.", "content": "Echinococcosis has been diagnosed in the following wild species in the Kruger National Park : lion, Panthera leo, spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta, Cape hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, Burchell's zebra, Equus burchelli antiquorum, buffalo, Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius, and impala, Aepyceros melampus. Infestation rates in the herbivores vary from 60% in zebra to less than 1% in impala. Species like elephant, Loxodonta africana, and blue wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, do not seem to be susceptible. The successful artificial transmission of Echinococus granulosus felidis from Burchell's zebra to the lion is reported for the first time.", "contents": "Echinococcosis (hydatodosis) in wild animals of the Kruger National Park. Echinococcosis has been diagnosed in the following wild species in the Kruger National Park : lion, Panthera leo, spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta, Cape hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, Burchell's zebra, Equus burchelli antiquorum, buffalo, Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius, and impala, Aepyceros melampus. Infestation rates in the herbivores vary from 60% in zebra to less than 1% in impala. Species like elephant, Loxodonta africana, and blue wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, do not seem to be susceptible. The successful artificial transmission of Echinococus granulosus felidis from Burchell's zebra to the lion is reported for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:1219112", "title": "Dystocia in a free-living impala (Aepyceros melampus).", "content": "Dystocia in a free-living impala (Aepyceros melampus) in Kruger National Park (KNP) is described. An exaggerated unilateral foot-nape posture is held responsible for a complete obstacle to parturition.", "contents": "Dystocia in a free-living impala (Aepyceros melampus). Dystocia in a free-living impala (Aepyceros melampus) in Kruger National Park (KNP) is described. An exaggerated unilateral foot-nape posture is held responsible for a complete obstacle to parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:1219113", "title": "Aortic stenosis in a dog.", "content": "A case of valvular aortic stenosis in a dog is described. The presenting sign was syncope during exercise. An unusual feature was right bundle branch block electrocardiographic pattern. During syncope electrocardiograms usually indicated atrial standstill and always had sever ST segment changes indicative of myocardial ischaemia. Pathological findings included chronic valcular changes which did not appear to be the result of a infectious inflammatory condition.", "contents": "Aortic stenosis in a dog. A case of valvular aortic stenosis in a dog is described. The presenting sign was syncope during exercise. An unusual feature was right bundle branch block electrocardiographic pattern. During syncope electrocardiograms usually indicated atrial standstill and always had sever ST segment changes indicative of myocardial ischaemia. Pathological findings included chronic valcular changes which did not appear to be the result of a infectious inflammatory condition."}
{"id": "PMID:1219114", "title": "Ulcerative glossitis. A facet of feline panleukopenia.", "content": "The clinical findings and the macroscopic and microscopic lesions in a kitten which died during an outbreak of ulcerative glossitis in a cattery are described. A brief review of the literature is given to support the theory that the virus of feline panleukopenia may well be the aetiological agent in this outbreak.", "contents": "Ulcerative glossitis. A facet of feline panleukopenia. The clinical findings and the macroscopic and microscopic lesions in a kitten which died during an outbreak of ulcerative glossitis in a cattery are described. A brief review of the literature is given to support the theory that the virus of feline panleukopenia may well be the aetiological agent in this outbreak."}
{"id": "PMID:1219115", "title": "Heterozygote detection in phenylketonuria. Measurement of discriminatory ability and interpretation of the phenylalanine loading test by determination of the heterozygote likelihood ratio.", "content": "Two tests of heterozygosity for phenylketonuria, the phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio in the plasma after a fast and the response to an oral load of phenylalanine, have been compared in obligate heterozygotes for phenylketonuria and apparent normal homozygotes. The discriminatory ability of the tests is measured using both parametric and non-parametric methods, the correlation between them is determined, and the reproducibility of the loading test is examined. Because complete separation between the genotypes cannot be achieved by these tests, a method of interpretation which avoids possibly erroneous categoric statements and which enables the family history of a subject and his test result to be combined in a quantitative and meaningful way is described.", "contents": "Heterozygote detection in phenylketonuria. Measurement of discriminatory ability and interpretation of the phenylalanine loading test by determination of the heterozygote likelihood ratio. Two tests of heterozygosity for phenylketonuria, the phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio in the plasma after a fast and the response to an oral load of phenylalanine, have been compared in obligate heterozygotes for phenylketonuria and apparent normal homozygotes. The discriminatory ability of the tests is measured using both parametric and non-parametric methods, the correlation between them is determined, and the reproducibility of the loading test is examined. Because complete separation between the genotypes cannot be achieved by these tests, a method of interpretation which avoids possibly erroneous categoric statements and which enables the family history of a subject and his test result to be combined in a quantitative and meaningful way is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1219116", "title": "Hirschsprung's disease associated with congenital heart malformation, broad big toes, and ulnar polydactyly in sibs: a case for fetoscopy.", "content": "Successful fetoscopy using a 9 mm laparoscope was carried out on an 18-week pregnancy of a healthy woman who had had two previous male infants with bilateral double big toes, bilateral ulnar supernumerary digits associated with short segment Hirschsprung's disease, and ventricular septal defect of the heart, a syndrome apparently not previously described. The fetus was found to be normal, but an amniotic membrane defect was detected, which accounted for amniotic fluid leakage from 24 weeks up to delivery by caesaren section of a normal male infant at 35 weeks. The possible genetic basis and recurrence risk, put at probably one in four for this syndrome, is discussed. The indications for fetoscopy are set out and a fundal approach at laparotomy after placental localization is recommended for the procedure.", "contents": "Hirschsprung's disease associated with congenital heart malformation, broad big toes, and ulnar polydactyly in sibs: a case for fetoscopy. Successful fetoscopy using a 9 mm laparoscope was carried out on an 18-week pregnancy of a healthy woman who had had two previous male infants with bilateral double big toes, bilateral ulnar supernumerary digits associated with short segment Hirschsprung's disease, and ventricular septal defect of the heart, a syndrome apparently not previously described. The fetus was found to be normal, but an amniotic membrane defect was detected, which accounted for amniotic fluid leakage from 24 weeks up to delivery by caesaren section of a normal male infant at 35 weeks. The possible genetic basis and recurrence risk, put at probably one in four for this syndrome, is discussed. The indications for fetoscopy are set out and a fundal approach at laparotomy after placental localization is recommended for the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1219117", "title": "Polydactyly and brachymetapody in two English families.", "content": "Two new pedigrees of polydactyly associated with brachymetapody are discribed. In one the two defects occur in different members of the family, while in the other both occur in the same individuals. Both anomalies appear to be inherited as dominants, the polydactyly showing incomplete manifestation.", "contents": "Polydactyly and brachymetapody in two English families. Two new pedigrees of polydactyly associated with brachymetapody are discribed. In one the two defects occur in different members of the family, while in the other both occur in the same individuals. Both anomalies appear to be inherited as dominants, the polydactyly showing incomplete manifestation."}
{"id": "PMID:1219118", "title": "Differences in human X isochromosomes.", "content": "In this paper we describe two types of i(Xq), in three patients. A classification is proposed for at least seven different types of human i(Xq)s or X long-arm duplications described by banding in the literature. Type 1 reported here and also in the literature may be the most common. It consists of a single visible centromere, metacentric, length similar to number 3, G-banding interpreted as i(X)(qter leads to cen leads to qter), one C-band like a normal X. Type 2 reported here may not have a counterpart in the literature; it exhibits a single visible centromere, submetacentric, length similiar to number 3, extra G- and C-bands on region ql. The classification summarized in this paper implies that different breakpoints are involved in the production of human X long-arm isochromosomes or duplications. Some include duplications of short arm. Morphological differences in i(Xq)s will complicate their use for studying the effect of X chromosome structure on phenotype, unless differences are defined clearly. It seems important to resolve the question of whether these reported abnormal X chromosomes involve rearrangements between the same or two X chromosomes. We also report X chromosome defects in three generations of a family; both the mother and maternal grandmother of one 45,X,i(Xq)/45,X patient are themselves mosaics for 45,X/46,XX/46,X,r(X). This family suggests that familial predisposition to X chromosome abnormality included isochromosome formation, as well as ring formation and mosaicism.", "contents": "Differences in human X isochromosomes. In this paper we describe two types of i(Xq), in three patients. A classification is proposed for at least seven different types of human i(Xq)s or X long-arm duplications described by banding in the literature. Type 1 reported here and also in the literature may be the most common. It consists of a single visible centromere, metacentric, length similar to number 3, G-banding interpreted as i(X)(qter leads to cen leads to qter), one C-band like a normal X. Type 2 reported here may not have a counterpart in the literature; it exhibits a single visible centromere, submetacentric, length similiar to number 3, extra G- and C-bands on region ql. The classification summarized in this paper implies that different breakpoints are involved in the production of human X long-arm isochromosomes or duplications. Some include duplications of short arm. Morphological differences in i(Xq)s will complicate their use for studying the effect of X chromosome structure on phenotype, unless differences are defined clearly. It seems important to resolve the question of whether these reported abnormal X chromosomes involve rearrangements between the same or two X chromosomes. We also report X chromosome defects in three generations of a family; both the mother and maternal grandmother of one 45,X,i(Xq)/45,X patient are themselves mosaics for 45,X/46,XX/46,X,r(X). This family suggests that familial predisposition to X chromosome abnormality included isochromosome formation, as well as ring formation and mosaicism."}
{"id": "PMID:1219119", "title": "The Stickler syndrome presenting as a dominantly inherited cleft palate and blindness.", "content": "The Stickler syndrome is a newly recognized, but probably relatively frequent inherited generalized connective tissue disorder involving skeleton, eye, and oro-facial structures. A family with three affected generations is discussed. Severe myopia leading to blindness, cleft palate, or subnucous cleft, Pierre Robin anomaly, premature degenerative arthritis, or a family history of any of these indicates further evaluation.", "contents": "The Stickler syndrome presenting as a dominantly inherited cleft palate and blindness. The Stickler syndrome is a newly recognized, but probably relatively frequent inherited generalized connective tissue disorder involving skeleton, eye, and oro-facial structures. A family with three affected generations is discussed. Severe myopia leading to blindness, cleft palate, or subnucous cleft, Pierre Robin anomaly, premature degenerative arthritis, or a family history of any of these indicates further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1219122", "title": "Trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 10.", "content": "A case of a fetus with multiple malformations is described. The mother showed a 46,XX,rcp(10;22) (p11;p11) karyotype. Amniocentesis at the 16th week of gestation revealed that the male fetus had a der(22) chromosome--that is, he was trisomic for a large part of 10p (10pter leads to 10p11). Clinical findings of cases with 10p, 10q, and mosaic 10 trisomies are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 10. A case of a fetus with multiple malformations is described. The mother showed a 46,XX,rcp(10;22) (p11;p11) karyotype. Amniocentesis at the 16th week of gestation revealed that the male fetus had a der(22) chromosome--that is, he was trisomic for a large part of 10p (10pter leads to 10p11). Clinical findings of cases with 10p, 10q, and mosaic 10 trisomies are briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219124", "title": "Autosomal recessive oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is known as a rare automsomal dominant disease. A family is reported suggesting that there may be genetic heterogeneity in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and that in some families the mode of inheritance may be autosomal recessive.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is known as a rare automsomal dominant disease. A family is reported suggesting that there may be genetic heterogeneity in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and that in some families the mode of inheritance may be autosomal recessive."}
{"id": "PMID:1219125", "title": "Partial trisomy for the long arms of chromosome no. 5 due to insertion and further 'aneusomie de recombinaison'.", "content": "Five members of a family with a balanced insertion (1;5)(q32;q11q22) are presented. The daughter of one of them shows multiple malformations and a partial trisomy for the long arms of chromosome No. 5 (5q11 to 5q22 segment) resulting from a 'aneusomie de recombinaison' in her mother. The propositus' karyotype is 46,XX,rec(1;5)ins (1;5)(q32;q11q22). This case is the first reported example of an insertion between two chromosomes followed by 'aneusomie de recombinaison'. It also is the first reported case of trisomy invovling the long arms of chromosome No. 5.", "contents": "Partial trisomy for the long arms of chromosome no. 5 due to insertion and further 'aneusomie de recombinaison'. Five members of a family with a balanced insertion (1;5)(q32;q11q22) are presented. The daughter of one of them shows multiple malformations and a partial trisomy for the long arms of chromosome No. 5 (5q11 to 5q22 segment) resulting from a 'aneusomie de recombinaison' in her mother. The propositus' karyotype is 46,XX,rec(1;5)ins (1;5)(q32;q11q22). This case is the first reported example of an insertion between two chromosomes followed by 'aneusomie de recombinaison'. It also is the first reported case of trisomy invovling the long arms of chromosome No. 5."}
{"id": "PMID:1219126", "title": "Bloom's syndrome: a probable new case with cytogenetic findings.", "content": "A 19-year-old Jordanian girl, born to first-cousin parents, has most features of Bloom's syndrome but is tall and has secondary amenorrhoea. Blood and skin cultures revealed a normal diploid female complement but about one-quarter of the cells show chromosome or chromatid gaps, breaks and rearrangements. These abnormalities were localized after trypsin banding and having been found non-randomly distributed along the chromosomes.", "contents": "Bloom's syndrome: a probable new case with cytogenetic findings. A 19-year-old Jordanian girl, born to first-cousin parents, has most features of Bloom's syndrome but is tall and has secondary amenorrhoea. Blood and skin cultures revealed a normal diploid female complement but about one-quarter of the cells show chromosome or chromatid gaps, breaks and rearrangements. These abnormalities were localized after trypsin banding and having been found non-randomly distributed along the chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1219127", "title": "Trisomy 4q32 leads to 4qter due to a maternal 4/21 translocation.", "content": "The case is described of a malformed girl with partial trisomy for a segment of the long arm of chromsome (4q32 leads to qter) due to an unfavourable segregation of a maternal reciprocal translocation t(4;21) (q32q22). The clinical comparison between the child and patients previously described by other authors does not suggest the existence of a syndrome associated with trisomy 4q+.", "contents": "Trisomy 4q32 leads to 4qter due to a maternal 4/21 translocation. The case is described of a malformed girl with partial trisomy for a segment of the long arm of chromsome (4q32 leads to qter) due to an unfavourable segregation of a maternal reciprocal translocation t(4;21) (q32q22). The clinical comparison between the child and patients previously described by other authors does not suggest the existence of a syndrome associated with trisomy 4q+."}
{"id": "PMID:1219130", "title": "[Retroperitoneal hematoma caused by rupture of an aneurysm of the renal artery trunk. Survival].", "content": "A dramatic accident, the rupture of an aneurysm of the renal arterial trunk is exceptionally accompanied by survival. This case enables one to look at different problems, especially diagnostic and therapeutic.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal hematoma caused by rupture of an aneurysm of the renal artery trunk. Survival]. A dramatic accident, the rupture of an aneurysm of the renal arterial trunk is exceptionally accompanied by survival. This case enables one to look at different problems, especially diagnostic and therapeutic."}
{"id": "PMID:1219131", "title": "[A long standing cystostomy is not a definitive infirmity in the paraplegic (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents the case of a tetraplegic patient who had a cystostomy for 12 years. It was possible to abolish the infirmity by bladder closure and endoscopic resection of the striated sphincter of the urethra.", "contents": "[A long standing cystostomy is not a definitive infirmity in the paraplegic (author's transl)]. The author presents the case of a tetraplegic patient who had a cystostomy for 12 years. It was possible to abolish the infirmity by bladder closure and endoscopic resection of the striated sphincter of the urethra."}
{"id": "PMID:1219129", "title": "[Restorative surgical treatment of renal artery stenosis in the child. Concerning 5 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present 5 cases of restorative surgery of the renal artery in the child. Four gave an immediate and lasting excellent result, with return of the arterial blood pressure to normal in the absence of any post-operative medical hypotensive treatment.", "contents": "[Restorative surgical treatment of renal artery stenosis in the child. Concerning 5 cases (author's transl)]. The authors present 5 cases of restorative surgery of the renal artery in the child. Four gave an immediate and lasting excellent result, with return of the arterial blood pressure to normal in the absence of any post-operative medical hypotensive treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1219132", "title": "[The diagnosis and partial nephrectomy of angiomyolipomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal angiomyolipoma is not a malignant tumor, and it is therefore to be treated only conservatively. The difficulty in distinguishing it from carcinoma nearly always leads to total nephrectomy. The study of the selective renal arteriogram enables preoperative diagnosis of angiomyolipoma even when not associated with tuberous sclerosis, and a partial nephrectomy. The arteriographic signs are: aneurysmatic images of the main vessels the neoplastic vessels with a helicoid course or arranged as bunche of grapes, their frequent anastomoses, the slowness of bloodflow in the angiomatous vessels and finally the mosaic picture during the nephrographic phase.", "contents": "[The diagnosis and partial nephrectomy of angiomyolipomas (author's transl)]. Renal angiomyolipoma is not a malignant tumor, and it is therefore to be treated only conservatively. The difficulty in distinguishing it from carcinoma nearly always leads to total nephrectomy. The study of the selective renal arteriogram enables preoperative diagnosis of angiomyolipoma even when not associated with tuberous sclerosis, and a partial nephrectomy. The arteriographic signs are: aneurysmatic images of the main vessels the neoplastic vessels with a helicoid course or arranged as bunche of grapes, their frequent anastomoses, the slowness of bloodflow in the angiomatous vessels and finally the mosaic picture during the nephrographic phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1219133", "title": "[Urogenital tuberculosis. Study of 34 cases].", "content": "The authors deal with their experience on 34 cases of urogenital tuberculosis they treated between 1961 and 1972. The follow-up runs over at least 3 years.", "contents": "[Urogenital tuberculosis. Study of 34 cases]. The authors deal with their experience on 34 cases of urogenital tuberculosis they treated between 1961 and 1972. The follow-up runs over at least 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1219145", "title": "Plasma renin and hypertensive vascular complications: an observation in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "The hypothesis that plasma renin is a major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular complications of hypertension was evaluated in a model animal, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Plasma renin levels and pathological findings were studied in stroke-prone and -resistant strains of SHR at various ages. The stroke-prone strain showed significantly higher plasma renin levels at and after seven months of age, while the stroke-resistant strain showed no significant differences from the control at any age. High plasma renin levels were always associated with evident vascular complications in the kidney and the brain, indicating underlying angionecrosis and malignant transformation of hypertension. However, no evidence indicated that a higher plasma renin preceded the development of vascular lesions. Thus the high plasma renin would be a result rather than the cause of hypertensive vascular lesions.", "contents": "Plasma renin and hypertensive vascular complications: an observation in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. The hypothesis that plasma renin is a major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular complications of hypertension was evaluated in a model animal, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Plasma renin levels and pathological findings were studied in stroke-prone and -resistant strains of SHR at various ages. The stroke-prone strain showed significantly higher plasma renin levels at and after seven months of age, while the stroke-resistant strain showed no significant differences from the control at any age. High plasma renin levels were always associated with evident vascular complications in the kidney and the brain, indicating underlying angionecrosis and malignant transformation of hypertension. However, no evidence indicated that a higher plasma renin preceded the development of vascular lesions. Thus the high plasma renin would be a result rather than the cause of hypertensive vascular lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1219146", "title": "A correlative study of the experimental cardiac dynamics and myocardial energy metabolism.", "content": "Relationship between cardiac dynamics and myocardial energy metabolism was studied using dogs treated by isoproterenol, dinitrophenol, propranolol or amobarbital. Isoproterenol changed cardiac dynamic state to positive chronotropism with positive inotropism and myocardial energy liberation to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Dinitrophenol inducing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, revealed also positive chronotropic and positive inotropic state. Propranolol changed cardiac dynamic state to negative chronotropism with negative inotropism, and myocardial energy liberation to suppression of oxidation. Amobarbital inducing inhibition of intracellular terminal oxidation, revealed also negative chronotropic and negative intropic state. From the above-mentioned results, it might be clear that the positive chronotropism with positive inotropism appears to be relating to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, as well as the negative chronotropism with negative inotropism to the suppression of mitochondrial respiration.", "contents": "A correlative study of the experimental cardiac dynamics and myocardial energy metabolism. Relationship between cardiac dynamics and myocardial energy metabolism was studied using dogs treated by isoproterenol, dinitrophenol, propranolol or amobarbital. Isoproterenol changed cardiac dynamic state to positive chronotropism with positive inotropism and myocardial energy liberation to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Dinitrophenol inducing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, revealed also positive chronotropic and positive inotropic state. Propranolol changed cardiac dynamic state to negative chronotropism with negative inotropism, and myocardial energy liberation to suppression of oxidation. Amobarbital inducing inhibition of intracellular terminal oxidation, revealed also negative chronotropic and negative intropic state. From the above-mentioned results, it might be clear that the positive chronotropism with positive inotropism appears to be relating to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, as well as the negative chronotropism with negative inotropism to the suppression of mitochondrial respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:1219147", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic studies on the formation of cardiac intercellular connection in culture.", "content": "The fine surface structural appearance of the cardiac intercellular connection was studied scanning electron microscopically in culture. When individual heart cells contract each other, they start to beat synchronically. On the base of scanning electron microscopic observation, the early pattern of the formation of it could be suggested as follows: five ramified processes extend from the edge of the cells, and the ends of these processes bridge each other to form the intercellular connection.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic studies on the formation of cardiac intercellular connection in culture. The fine surface structural appearance of the cardiac intercellular connection was studied scanning electron microscopically in culture. When individual heart cells contract each other, they start to beat synchronically. On the base of scanning electron microscopic observation, the early pattern of the formation of it could be suggested as follows: five ramified processes extend from the edge of the cells, and the ends of these processes bridge each other to form the intercellular connection."}
{"id": "PMID:1219148", "title": "False atrial dissociation (the Deitz-Marques phenomenon) and its dependence on dyspnea.", "content": "Three cases of false atrial dissociation (the Deitz-Marques phenomenon) were presented to show the dependence of this phenomenon on dyspnea. 2) The pseudo-P wave of the Deitz-Marques phenomenon coincided with the beginning of inspiration. 3) In a case of silicotuberculosis, the length of the pseudo-fibrillation was nearly equal to that of laborious inspiration. 4) In a case of aspiration pneumonia, every second cardiac contraction was synchronized with the beginning of inspiration two hours before death. 5) In a case of hyperpotassemia, the pseudo-P wave persisted even after the disappearance of the sinus P wave. 6) The pseudo-P wave was not affected by retrograde activation of the atria by the A-V junctional impulse.", "contents": "False atrial dissociation (the Deitz-Marques phenomenon) and its dependence on dyspnea. Three cases of false atrial dissociation (the Deitz-Marques phenomenon) were presented to show the dependence of this phenomenon on dyspnea. 2) The pseudo-P wave of the Deitz-Marques phenomenon coincided with the beginning of inspiration. 3) In a case of silicotuberculosis, the length of the pseudo-fibrillation was nearly equal to that of laborious inspiration. 4) In a case of aspiration pneumonia, every second cardiac contraction was synchronized with the beginning of inspiration two hours before death. 5) In a case of hyperpotassemia, the pseudo-P wave persisted even after the disappearance of the sinus P wave. 6) The pseudo-P wave was not affected by retrograde activation of the atria by the A-V junctional impulse."}
{"id": "PMID:1219149", "title": "An autopsy case of congenital interruption of the aortic arch.", "content": "An autopsy case of congenital interruption of the aortic arch in a four months old male with PDA and VSD is reported and a review of the pertinent literature is presented.", "contents": "An autopsy case of congenital interruption of the aortic arch. An autopsy case of congenital interruption of the aortic arch in a four months old male with PDA and VSD is reported and a review of the pertinent literature is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1219150", "title": "[Therapeutic significance of controlling heart rate in aortic regurgitation (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of aortic regurgitation are characterized by an increase of left ventricular volume load due to the diastolic regurgitation and a decrease of aortic diastolic pressure or coronary perfusion pressure. It is presumed that an increase of heart rate in such a situation diminishes the regurgitant flow and elevates the coronary perfusion pressure so far as it is not accompanied by an improper increase of myocardial oxygen consumption. The present study, although it was the one performed on dog heart with an aortoventricular shunt rather than aortic valvular destruction, demonstrated that the increase of heart rate, if not beyond 160 beats per min, minimizes regurgitant flow as well as regurgitant ratio and maintains effective cardiac output without impairing coronary circulation. Thus it is suggested that it would be of beneficial therapeutic means in aortic regurgitation to keep the heart rate high or, at least, to avoid its excessive deceleration.", "contents": "[Therapeutic significance of controlling heart rate in aortic regurgitation (author's transl)]. The hemodynamic effects of aortic regurgitation are characterized by an increase of left ventricular volume load due to the diastolic regurgitation and a decrease of aortic diastolic pressure or coronary perfusion pressure. It is presumed that an increase of heart rate in such a situation diminishes the regurgitant flow and elevates the coronary perfusion pressure so far as it is not accompanied by an improper increase of myocardial oxygen consumption. The present study, although it was the one performed on dog heart with an aortoventricular shunt rather than aortic valvular destruction, demonstrated that the increase of heart rate, if not beyond 160 beats per min, minimizes regurgitant flow as well as regurgitant ratio and maintains effective cardiac output without impairing coronary circulation. Thus it is suggested that it would be of beneficial therapeutic means in aortic regurgitation to keep the heart rate high or, at least, to avoid its excessive deceleration."}
{"id": "PMID:1219178", "title": "[Circulatory reflexes in primary aldosteronism (author's transl)].", "content": "1. In 7 patients with hypertension, aldosteronism, and low plasma renin (6 patients with a solitary adrenal adenoma, 1 patient with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia) circulatory reflexes (Valsalva's maneuver, head-up tilt and cold pressure test) were examined. Furthermore, the reactivity to the pressor action of tyramine and norepinephrine was determined. For comparison 10 patients with essential hypertension were studied. 2. In 4 of the 7 patients with primary aldosteronism no overshoot following Valsalva's maneuver could be observed. Compared to the patients with essential hypertension the mean overshoot in the patients with primary aldosteronism was significantly reduced. The decrease in blood pressure during head-up tilt was significantly more pronounced in the patients with primary aldosteronism. However, both groups did not differ in their reaction to the cold pressure test. In the patients with primary aldosteronism responsiveness to tyramine was significantly reduced compared to the patients with essential hypertension. No significant difference was observed in the reactivity to norepinephrine between both groups studied. 3. The results point towards a disturbance of the sympathetic nervous system in patients with primary aldosteronism.", "contents": "[Circulatory reflexes in primary aldosteronism (author's transl)]. 1. In 7 patients with hypertension, aldosteronism, and low plasma renin (6 patients with a solitary adrenal adenoma, 1 patient with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia) circulatory reflexes (Valsalva's maneuver, head-up tilt and cold pressure test) were examined. Furthermore, the reactivity to the pressor action of tyramine and norepinephrine was determined. For comparison 10 patients with essential hypertension were studied. 2. In 4 of the 7 patients with primary aldosteronism no overshoot following Valsalva's maneuver could be observed. Compared to the patients with essential hypertension the mean overshoot in the patients with primary aldosteronism was significantly reduced. The decrease in blood pressure during head-up tilt was significantly more pronounced in the patients with primary aldosteronism. However, both groups did not differ in their reaction to the cold pressure test. In the patients with primary aldosteronism responsiveness to tyramine was significantly reduced compared to the patients with essential hypertension. No significant difference was observed in the reactivity to norepinephrine between both groups studied. 3. The results point towards a disturbance of the sympathetic nervous system in patients with primary aldosteronism."}
{"id": "PMID:1219179", "title": "[Radio-iodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Experience in more than 2000 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of radioiodine therapy (131/125) of hyperthyroidism are reported. The individually calculated doses of 131-iodine were: 6000 rad in cases of small (not more than 60 g) diffuse goiters, 8000-10000 rad in large diffuse goiters, 10000-12000 rad in nodular goiter and 30000-40000 rad in autonomous adenoma. In about 75% of the patients a single application of 131-iodine was sufficient to control the hyperfunction. The cumulative risk of myxedema ten years after therapy was: 31% in small diffe goiters, 12% in large diffuse goiters and 6% in nodular goiter. All cases considered together, the cumulative myxedema risk was about 12%. This figure compares favourably with the results of surgical treatment and they document the necessity of individual calculation of the dose in order to get optimal results. 125-iodine was applied since October 1972 in cases of small diffuse goiters. The dose was standardized according to the gland weight, uptake and effective half value time (dose at the colloid-cell interface 12000-15000 rad). 5-12 months thereafter, there were about 60% of the patients euthyroid. The genetic and somatic risk of radiation is considered quantitatively and we conclude that there is no real argument aginst radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism except in children and in youth. Risks and efficiency of other treatments (surgical, antithyroid drugs) are compared with the radioiodine treatment and it is concluded that radioiodine is to be preferred in the major part of the hyperthyroid patients.", "contents": "[Radio-iodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Experience in more than 2000 patients (author's transl)]. Results of radioiodine therapy (131/125) of hyperthyroidism are reported. The individually calculated doses of 131-iodine were: 6000 rad in cases of small (not more than 60 g) diffuse goiters, 8000-10000 rad in large diffuse goiters, 10000-12000 rad in nodular goiter and 30000-40000 rad in autonomous adenoma. In about 75% of the patients a single application of 131-iodine was sufficient to control the hyperfunction. The cumulative risk of myxedema ten years after therapy was: 31% in small diffe goiters, 12% in large diffuse goiters and 6% in nodular goiter. All cases considered together, the cumulative myxedema risk was about 12%. This figure compares favourably with the results of surgical treatment and they document the necessity of individual calculation of the dose in order to get optimal results. 125-iodine was applied since October 1972 in cases of small diffuse goiters. The dose was standardized according to the gland weight, uptake and effective half value time (dose at the colloid-cell interface 12000-15000 rad). 5-12 months thereafter, there were about 60% of the patients euthyroid. The genetic and somatic risk of radiation is considered quantitatively and we conclude that there is no real argument aginst radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism except in children and in youth. Risks and efficiency of other treatments (surgical, antithyroid drugs) are compared with the radioiodine treatment and it is concluded that radioiodine is to be preferred in the major part of the hyperthyroid patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1219180", "title": "Hereditary angioneurotic oedema.", "content": "Three families with hereditary angioneurotic oedema (HANE) are described. Serum CI-INH and C4 immunochemical determinations were performed on 23 members of the families: in 6 persons low CI-INH and C4 levels were found with typical symptoms of HANE, and in one asymptomatic subject. Normal ranges of both proteins for adults, children and newborns are given for comparative purposes. The importance of the early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized.", "contents": "Hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Three families with hereditary angioneurotic oedema (HANE) are described. Serum CI-INH and C4 immunochemical determinations were performed on 23 members of the families: in 6 persons low CI-INH and C4 levels were found with typical symptoms of HANE, and in one asymptomatic subject. Normal ranges of both proteins for adults, children and newborns are given for comparative purposes. The importance of the early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1219181", "title": "Therapeutic and toxic lanatoside C serum concentrations in hospital patients.", "content": "Serum lanatoside C concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 56 patients on oral maintenance therapy. Seven patients were judged to have digitalis toxicity and the lanatoside C concentration in this group was 6.99+/-2.00 ng/ml (mean +/-1 SD). 49 patients were non-toxic and the mean serum lanatoside C concentration in this group corresponded to 2.32+/-1.08 ng/ml.", "contents": "Therapeutic and toxic lanatoside C serum concentrations in hospital patients. Serum lanatoside C concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 56 patients on oral maintenance therapy. Seven patients were judged to have digitalis toxicity and the lanatoside C concentration in this group was 6.99+/-2.00 ng/ml (mean +/-1 SD). 49 patients were non-toxic and the mean serum lanatoside C concentration in this group corresponded to 2.32+/-1.08 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1219182", "title": "[Oxygen pressure values in the ischemic muscle tissue of patients with occlusive arterial diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The local oxygen pressure of muscle tissue was measured in 10 patients with occlusive atherosclerosis and in 9 healthy volunteers using a micro-Pt-electrode. In 3 cases, the muscular pO2 values of an ischemic leg were compared to the non-ischemic leg of the same patient. In both groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the oxygen pressure of the muscle tissue in normal legs of volunteers as compared to the ischemic legs. Measurements of the local oxygen pressure in the muscle enables us to have a quantitative measure for the ischemic situtation. It is a useful diagnostic method in patients suffering from ischemic claudication and seems to be an objective criterium of therapeutical methods.", "contents": "[Oxygen pressure values in the ischemic muscle tissue of patients with occlusive arterial diseases (author's transl)]. The local oxygen pressure of muscle tissue was measured in 10 patients with occlusive atherosclerosis and in 9 healthy volunteers using a micro-Pt-electrode. In 3 cases, the muscular pO2 values of an ischemic leg were compared to the non-ischemic leg of the same patient. In both groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the oxygen pressure of the muscle tissue in normal legs of volunteers as compared to the ischemic legs. Measurements of the local oxygen pressure in the muscle enables us to have a quantitative measure for the ischemic situtation. It is a useful diagnostic method in patients suffering from ischemic claudication and seems to be an objective criterium of therapeutical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1219183", "title": "[Pancreatic response to graded doses of synthetic secretion: comparison between intravenous and pernasal administration in man].", "content": "The response of the human pancreas to varying doses of pure synthetic secretin administered intravenously and, for comparison, 8 days later in the form of snuff was examined, intraindividually, in 10 healthy test subjects. After intubation of the stomach and duodenum and continuous instillation of radioactive vitamin B12, the recovery rate of the marker substance was measured in duodenal aspirates and employed to compute the pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme outputs. The dose-response relationship between pancreatic bicarbonate production and varying doses of synthetic secretin administered intravenously and in the form of snuff, was good. The pancreatic response to a dose of secretin snuff was only about 1/25 of the response obtained with the same dose of secretin injected intravenously. The level of the pancreatic enzyme output remained relatively uninfluenced by varying doses of synthetic secretin.", "contents": "[Pancreatic response to graded doses of synthetic secretion: comparison between intravenous and pernasal administration in man]. The response of the human pancreas to varying doses of pure synthetic secretin administered intravenously and, for comparison, 8 days later in the form of snuff was examined, intraindividually, in 10 healthy test subjects. After intubation of the stomach and duodenum and continuous instillation of radioactive vitamin B12, the recovery rate of the marker substance was measured in duodenal aspirates and employed to compute the pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme outputs. The dose-response relationship between pancreatic bicarbonate production and varying doses of synthetic secretin administered intravenously and in the form of snuff, was good. The pancreatic response to a dose of secretin snuff was only about 1/25 of the response obtained with the same dose of secretin injected intravenously. The level of the pancreatic enzyme output remained relatively uninfluenced by varying doses of synthetic secretin."}
{"id": "PMID:1219184", "title": "[The determination of catalase activity in liver tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "In 31 patients with carcinoma and 45 controls catalase activity of liver tissue was measured spectrophotometrically. In patients with carcinoma the activity was significantly lower. Within the control group patients with pathological liver findings or inflammatory disease of the pancreas or bile ducts showed a relatively low catalase activity which are obviously higher than in patients with carcinoma.", "contents": "[The determination of catalase activity in liver tissue (author's transl)]. In 31 patients with carcinoma and 45 controls catalase activity of liver tissue was measured spectrophotometrically. In patients with carcinoma the activity was significantly lower. Within the control group patients with pathological liver findings or inflammatory disease of the pancreas or bile ducts showed a relatively low catalase activity which are obviously higher than in patients with carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:1219185", "title": "[Serum level of thyroxin-binding globulin under oral contraception (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of oral contraceptives results in an increase in thyroid-binding-capacity in conformity with a change of results by T3/T4-tests. Using Laurell-electrophoresis and an anti-serum produced by Behringwerke the determination of the thyroid-binding-globulin (TBG) in serum is easy to handle. TBG was determined in serum from 137 women using oral contraceptives for more than 3 months. The apllication of oral contraceptives is followed by a statistically significant increase in the TBG level in serum. Thereby oral contraceptives change the TBG-level in a different degree. Preparations with a marked estrogen potency on the average effect a higher TBG-concentration than those with progesterone activity derived by menses-delay test. The difference of TBG-level is statistically significant. According by the increase of TBG-concentration in serum is caused by estrogen, the extent of the increase is modified by the progesterone component.", "contents": "[Serum level of thyroxin-binding globulin under oral contraception (author's transl)]. The use of oral contraceptives results in an increase in thyroid-binding-capacity in conformity with a change of results by T3/T4-tests. Using Laurell-electrophoresis and an anti-serum produced by Behringwerke the determination of the thyroid-binding-globulin (TBG) in serum is easy to handle. TBG was determined in serum from 137 women using oral contraceptives for more than 3 months. The apllication of oral contraceptives is followed by a statistically significant increase in the TBG level in serum. Thereby oral contraceptives change the TBG-level in a different degree. Preparations with a marked estrogen potency on the average effect a higher TBG-concentration than those with progesterone activity derived by menses-delay test. The difference of TBG-level is statistically significant. According by the increase of TBG-concentration in serum is caused by estrogen, the extent of the increase is modified by the progesterone component."}
{"id": "PMID:1219186", "title": "[Quantitative determination and phenotyping of ceruloplasmin in morbus Wilson (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera of 17 patients with Wilson's disease and of 48 relatives were investigated as to a possible correlation between ceruloplasmin phenotypes and Wilson's disease. The control group included 727 healthy subjects. The results of the quantitative determination of ceruloplasmin confirmed the overlapping in the groups of so-called heterozygotes and controls known from the literature. The ceruloplasmin phenotypes in starch gel electrophoresis we observed were of the most common phenotype Cp BB in the patients as well as in the controls. Therefore, patients with Wilson's disease also show the normal Cp-phenotypes.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination and phenotyping of ceruloplasmin in morbus Wilson (author's transl)]. Sera of 17 patients with Wilson's disease and of 48 relatives were investigated as to a possible correlation between ceruloplasmin phenotypes and Wilson's disease. The control group included 727 healthy subjects. The results of the quantitative determination of ceruloplasmin confirmed the overlapping in the groups of so-called heterozygotes and controls known from the literature. The ceruloplasmin phenotypes in starch gel electrophoresis we observed were of the most common phenotype Cp BB in the patients as well as in the controls. Therefore, patients with Wilson's disease also show the normal Cp-phenotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:1219195", "title": "Current concepts in management of cervical spine fractures and dislocations.", "content": "In order to manage the patient with a cervical spine injury, one must be familiar with a diagnostic classification of these injuries and be able to apply this classification to the individual patient. When a cooperative effort is made between orthopedists and neurosurgeons, we have found that most cervical spine injuries can be managed successfully without operative means using Cheshire's classification for predicting late instability. We have been able to identify (1) those patients who would not substantially benefit from surgical intervention; (2) certain types of injuries where relative indications for surgery may be considered; and (3) we have confirmed the danger and risk of early operative intervention following cervical spine trauma in the neurologically damaged spinal cord.", "contents": "Current concepts in management of cervical spine fractures and dislocations. In order to manage the patient with a cervical spine injury, one must be familiar with a diagnostic classification of these injuries and be able to apply this classification to the individual patient. When a cooperative effort is made between orthopedists and neurosurgeons, we have found that most cervical spine injuries can be managed successfully without operative means using Cheshire's classification for predicting late instability. We have been able to identify (1) those patients who would not substantially benefit from surgical intervention; (2) certain types of injuries where relative indications for surgery may be considered; and (3) we have confirmed the danger and risk of early operative intervention following cervical spine trauma in the neurologically damaged spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:1219194", "title": "The anterior drawer sign: what is it?", "content": "1. The anterior drawer is a test of anterior cruciate ligament integrity. 2. The anterior cruciate ligament is composed of two parts: the anteromedial band and the posterolater bulk. 3. The anteromedial band is the primary check against anterior drawer. 4. Other structures may contribute to the resistance of anterior drawer only if the anteromedial band has been injuried. 5. The posterior cruciate ligament is a check against posterior drawer. 6. In long term follow-up, the presence of anterior drawer is associated with poor overall results.", "contents": "The anterior drawer sign: what is it? 1. The anterior drawer is a test of anterior cruciate ligament integrity. 2. The anterior cruciate ligament is composed of two parts: the anteromedial band and the posterolater bulk. 3. The anteromedial band is the primary check against anterior drawer. 4. Other structures may contribute to the resistance of anterior drawer only if the anteromedial band has been injuried. 5. The posterior cruciate ligament is a check against posterior drawer. 6. In long term follow-up, the presence of anterior drawer is associated with poor overall results."}
{"id": "PMID:1219263", "title": "[Asbestos pollution: criticism on methods and experiences in the city of Bari (author's transl)].", "content": "The author deals with an air sampling and identification technique for asbestos fibers. By means of such technique measurements were made in the city of Bari, where there is also an asbestos-cement manufacturing plant. The obtained results are reported and some critical remarks done.", "contents": "[Asbestos pollution: criticism on methods and experiences in the city of Bari (author's transl)]. The author deals with an air sampling and identification technique for asbestos fibers. By means of such technique measurements were made in the city of Bari, where there is also an asbestos-cement manufacturing plant. The obtained results are reported and some critical remarks done."}
{"id": "PMID:1219265", "title": "[Liver disease in polyvinyl chloride production workers - Clinical and peritoneoscopic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Peculiar clinical symptoms observed in polyvinyl chloride production workers of a nearby chemical plant arose the suspicion of liver and spleen disease in these workers before first reports on vinyl chloride-induced angiosarcoma of the liver became known. Starting at the end of 1972, 44 workers were followed up by biochemical investigations, peritoneoscopy and liver biopsy. As early as 1973 it could be ascertained, that advanced vinyl chloride-induced liver damage presents as hepatic fibrosis with splenomegaly, portal hypertension, and thrombocytopenia without conspicuous deterioration of hepatic parenchyma function. Similar symptoms have been observed after chronic intoxication by arsenic and thorium dioxide (thorotrast). The clinical and peritoneoscopic aspects of the disease are described.", "contents": "[Liver disease in polyvinyl chloride production workers - Clinical and peritoneoscopic aspects (author's transl)]. Peculiar clinical symptoms observed in polyvinyl chloride production workers of a nearby chemical plant arose the suspicion of liver and spleen disease in these workers before first reports on vinyl chloride-induced angiosarcoma of the liver became known. Starting at the end of 1972, 44 workers were followed up by biochemical investigations, peritoneoscopy and liver biopsy. As early as 1973 it could be ascertained, that advanced vinyl chloride-induced liver damage presents as hepatic fibrosis with splenomegaly, portal hypertension, and thrombocytopenia without conspicuous deterioration of hepatic parenchyma function. Similar symptoms have been observed after chronic intoxication by arsenic and thorium dioxide (thorotrast). The clinical and peritoneoscopic aspects of the disease are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1219266", "title": "[Extrahepatic portal hypertension and pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Taking into account 6 own cases and 51 cases reported in the literature the question is asked, whether pregnancy influences portal hypertension due to extrahepatic block and vice-versa. Complications arise in about 50% of the patients, hemorrhage from esophageal varices making up to 40%, as the most common complication. Most esophageal bleedings occur in the second of third trimenon. The physiological changes of the circulatory system during pregnancy are held to be responsible for these complications; especially temporary increase of portal pressure tend to aggravate the preexisting extrahepatic portal hypertension. The prognosis for mother and child in these cases is less severe than in patients with portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. Therapeutic procedures which have to be adapted to the individual case are discussed.", "contents": "[Extrahepatic portal hypertension and pregnancy (author's transl)]. Taking into account 6 own cases and 51 cases reported in the literature the question is asked, whether pregnancy influences portal hypertension due to extrahepatic block and vice-versa. Complications arise in about 50% of the patients, hemorrhage from esophageal varices making up to 40%, as the most common complication. Most esophageal bleedings occur in the second of third trimenon. The physiological changes of the circulatory system during pregnancy are held to be responsible for these complications; especially temporary increase of portal pressure tend to aggravate the preexisting extrahepatic portal hypertension. The prognosis for mother and child in these cases is less severe than in patients with portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. Therapeutic procedures which have to be adapted to the individual case are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219267", "title": "[The present status of portal vein surgery in liver cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical procedures concerning the portal vein in liver cirrhosis must be carefully planned preoperatively. If there is still a residual blood supply of the liver through the portal vein it should be preserved. This can be done best by establishing a pressure-adapted arterialisation of the liver plus portacaval end-to-side anastomosis. The portacaval shunt is the method of choice if there is no residual blood flow through the portal vein. A spleno-renal venous anastomosis is to be performed, if there is a total or partial thrombosis of the stem of the portal vein. Treatment of acute bleeding from esophageal varices is still a problem unresolved. The pathophysiology of this situation is considered; a method is proposed which combines a quick stop of bleeding and relief of the detoxfying function of the liver.", "contents": "[The present status of portal vein surgery in liver cirrhosis (author's transl)]. Surgical procedures concerning the portal vein in liver cirrhosis must be carefully planned preoperatively. If there is still a residual blood supply of the liver through the portal vein it should be preserved. This can be done best by establishing a pressure-adapted arterialisation of the liver plus portacaval end-to-side anastomosis. The portacaval shunt is the method of choice if there is no residual blood flow through the portal vein. A spleno-renal venous anastomosis is to be performed, if there is a total or partial thrombosis of the stem of the portal vein. Treatment of acute bleeding from esophageal varices is still a problem unresolved. The pathophysiology of this situation is considered; a method is proposed which combines a quick stop of bleeding and relief of the detoxfying function of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1219268", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of liver metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "166 patients suspected to harbor metastases in the liver were examined by ultrasonics. The results of this examination could be evaluated in 113 cases, yielding a correct diagnosis in 92%; in 53 cases with uncharacteristic changes of the liver the presence of metastases could be neither proven nor excluded, thus the overall yield of correct results was 72%. In 124 patients ultrasonic findings could be compared with scintigraphic findings (99m-Tc-sulfur colloid): A false diagnosis was made on the basis of ultrasonic findings in 5 cases, on the basis of scintigraphic findings in 18 cases; no conclusive diagnosis could be made by ultrasonic procedures in 34 cases, by isotope scanning in 48 cases. The ultrasonic diagnostics has the advantage of low cost and no risk and allows to differentiate between solid and cystic lesions.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of liver metastases (author's transl)]. 166 patients suspected to harbor metastases in the liver were examined by ultrasonics. The results of this examination could be evaluated in 113 cases, yielding a correct diagnosis in 92%; in 53 cases with uncharacteristic changes of the liver the presence of metastases could be neither proven nor excluded, thus the overall yield of correct results was 72%. In 124 patients ultrasonic findings could be compared with scintigraphic findings (99m-Tc-sulfur colloid): A false diagnosis was made on the basis of ultrasonic findings in 5 cases, on the basis of scintigraphic findings in 18 cases; no conclusive diagnosis could be made by ultrasonic procedures in 34 cases, by isotope scanning in 48 cases. The ultrasonic diagnostics has the advantage of low cost and no risk and allows to differentiate between solid and cystic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1219337", "title": "Clinical application of exercise testing.", "content": "Direct measurement of oxygen consumption during monitored exercise can safely be used for assessment of functional reserve in established cardiorespiratory disease. Indirect prediction of aerobic capacity enables the clinical application of exercise testing to be extended outside the laboratory setting. Information so obtained can provide useful guidelines when one is prescribing exercise for the prevention and rehabilitation of ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Clinical application of exercise testing. Direct measurement of oxygen consumption during monitored exercise can safely be used for assessment of functional reserve in established cardiorespiratory disease. Indirect prediction of aerobic capacity enables the clinical application of exercise testing to be extended outside the laboratory setting. Information so obtained can provide useful guidelines when one is prescribing exercise for the prevention and rehabilitation of ischaemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1219338", "title": "Chlorpropamide-induced hyponatraemia.", "content": "A case of hyponatraemia occurring in a 69-year-old diabetic woman taking chlorpropamide is reported. Increasing the dose of chlorpropamide aggravated the hyponatraemia, and the condition corrected itself when the chlorpropamide was withdrawn. It is believed, therefore, that, in the absence of any other cause for the hyponatraemia, chlorpropamide was the cause.", "contents": "Chlorpropamide-induced hyponatraemia. A case of hyponatraemia occurring in a 69-year-old diabetic woman taking chlorpropamide is reported. Increasing the dose of chlorpropamide aggravated the hyponatraemia, and the condition corrected itself when the chlorpropamide was withdrawn. It is believed, therefore, that, in the absence of any other cause for the hyponatraemia, chlorpropamide was the cause."}
{"id": "PMID:1219339", "title": "Management of patients who overdose.", "content": "People who overdose appear to arouse a mixture of emotions in their attending doctors, some of which are associated with feelings of inadequacy on the doctors' part. If this group of people is approached in a logical and emotionally neutral faxhion, the problem becomes essentially a manageable one. Perhaps most importantly, by this method a reasonably accurate prediction can be made of whether the person will repeat this pattern of abnormal behaviour.", "contents": "Management of patients who overdose. People who overdose appear to arouse a mixture of emotions in their attending doctors, some of which are associated with feelings of inadequacy on the doctors' part. If this group of people is approached in a logical and emotionally neutral faxhion, the problem becomes essentially a manageable one. Perhaps most importantly, by this method a reasonably accurate prediction can be made of whether the person will repeat this pattern of abnormal behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:1219341", "title": "Absorbable subcuticular sutures. How to avoid the childhood ordeal of suture removal.", "content": "Suture removal is psychologically traumatic to a child, and in the majority of relatively minor elective operations is a totally unnecessary procedure. Skin repair with subcuticular sutures of absorbable polyglycolic acid (Dexon) is advocated. Techniques of suturing are described. Advantages, potential disadvantages and contraindications are discussed.", "contents": "Absorbable subcuticular sutures. How to avoid the childhood ordeal of suture removal. Suture removal is psychologically traumatic to a child, and in the majority of relatively minor elective operations is a totally unnecessary procedure. Skin repair with subcuticular sutures of absorbable polyglycolic acid (Dexon) is advocated. Techniques of suturing are described. Advantages, potential disadvantages and contraindications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219342", "title": "Some pharmacological aspects of drug dependence.", "content": "The self-administration of drugs to achieve altered states of consciousness is recognized as normal human behaviour. Community attitudes towards drug use vary according to the drug and often bear little relationship to the known pharmacological and toxicological effects of the drug. For an objective assessment of the potential dangers associated with drug use, a distinction is made between drug use and drug abuse. It is stressed that the progression from drug use to drug abuse involves social and psychological factors in addition to the pharmacological factors which are outlined in this paper. The sequential development of drug dependency is described under the headings: Induction; continued consumption; compulsive consumption; withdrawal; abstinence; reinduction. Man uses psychotropic drugs because he finds the effects rewarding. Some experimental models to explore the neurophysiological basis of the reward are described. Experiments employing inhibitors of protein synthesis suggest that the phenomena of tolerance and physical dependence involve the synthesis of new protein. It has been suggested that the new protein might be new receptor molecules for the drug or neurotransmitter substances. These new receptors might constitute a \"drug memory\" and provide a possible explanation for high relapse rate of drug dependent subjects. A pharmacological basis for the methadone maintenance programme of management of narcotic dependent subjects is briefly outlined.", "contents": "Some pharmacological aspects of drug dependence. The self-administration of drugs to achieve altered states of consciousness is recognized as normal human behaviour. Community attitudes towards drug use vary according to the drug and often bear little relationship to the known pharmacological and toxicological effects of the drug. For an objective assessment of the potential dangers associated with drug use, a distinction is made between drug use and drug abuse. It is stressed that the progression from drug use to drug abuse involves social and psychological factors in addition to the pharmacological factors which are outlined in this paper. The sequential development of drug dependency is described under the headings: Induction; continued consumption; compulsive consumption; withdrawal; abstinence; reinduction. Man uses psychotropic drugs because he finds the effects rewarding. Some experimental models to explore the neurophysiological basis of the reward are described. Experiments employing inhibitors of protein synthesis suggest that the phenomena of tolerance and physical dependence involve the synthesis of new protein. It has been suggested that the new protein might be new receptor molecules for the drug or neurotransmitter substances. These new receptors might constitute a \"drug memory\" and provide a possible explanation for high relapse rate of drug dependent subjects. A pharmacological basis for the methadone maintenance programme of management of narcotic dependent subjects is briefly outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1219365", "title": "[Modification of tRNA 1 Val from yeast with monoperphthalic acid].", "content": "A method is proposed for analysis of natural and chemically modified polynucleotides which consists in enzymatic conversion of the polymer or oligomer into nucleosides followed by cation-exchange chromotography on the microcolumns. By using the method developed it was shown that after treatment of the yeast tRNAVal and tRNAPhe with monoperphthalic acid N-oxides of adenosine and cytidine were formed. Poly (U, G) was not modified at a measurable extent whereas GMP was decomposed. In tRNAVal (yeast)the adenosines and cytosines of the anticodon loop and 3'-end are most reactive; it is the case for the C17 of the diHU-loop as well. These data are in agreement with the results obtained for tRNA modification with other reagents and for limited enzymatic hydrolysis of the tRNAVal. The limitations of the reaction of the monoperphthalate with nucleic acids are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Modification of tRNA 1 Val from yeast with monoperphthalic acid]. A method is proposed for analysis of natural and chemically modified polynucleotides which consists in enzymatic conversion of the polymer or oligomer into nucleosides followed by cation-exchange chromotography on the microcolumns. By using the method developed it was shown that after treatment of the yeast tRNAVal and tRNAPhe with monoperphthalic acid N-oxides of adenosine and cytidine were formed. Poly (U, G) was not modified at a measurable extent whereas GMP was decomposed. In tRNAVal (yeast)the adenosines and cytosines of the anticodon loop and 3'-end are most reactive; it is the case for the C17 of the diHU-loop as well. These data are in agreement with the results obtained for tRNA modification with other reagents and for limited enzymatic hydrolysis of the tRNAVal. The limitations of the reaction of the monoperphthalate with nucleic acids are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219366", "title": "[A new approach to the synthesis of enzyme inhibitors].", "content": "On the basis of the application of transition-state theory to enzymatic catalysis a novel approach to the synthesis of inhibitors of enzymes involving conformational rigid substrate has been proposed. It is predicted that the substrates which resemble the natural species in the structure of functional groups, but posses conformational flexibility, will be bound to the enzyme more tightly and converted more slowly than the natural substrate.", "contents": "[A new approach to the synthesis of enzyme inhibitors]. On the basis of the application of transition-state theory to enzymatic catalysis a novel approach to the synthesis of inhibitors of enzymes involving conformational rigid substrate has been proposed. It is predicted that the substrates which resemble the natural species in the structure of functional groups, but posses conformational flexibility, will be bound to the enzyme more tightly and converted more slowly than the natural substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:1219367", "title": "[Self-assembly of extracellular tubular structures of non-protein nature produced by an actinomycete].", "content": "When grown on the solid synthetic medium with glucose as the only carbon source the dedifferentiated \"fructose\" mutant of Actinomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini accumulated aggregates of tubular-like structures. The individual tubules had the internal diametre of 80 A and external diametre of approximately 200-220 A. These structures were isolated as a distinct fraction and their non-protein nature was demonstrated. They were easily soluble in acetone and reconstitutable in vitro. The possible significance of production of self-assembling structures by a mutant with impaired differentiation is discussed. The possibility of involvement of self-assembly processes in the formation of surface sheath of aerial mycelium in normally differentiating actinomycetes is mentioned.", "contents": "[Self-assembly of extracellular tubular structures of non-protein nature produced by an actinomycete]. When grown on the solid synthetic medium with glucose as the only carbon source the dedifferentiated \"fructose\" mutant of Actinomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini accumulated aggregates of tubular-like structures. The individual tubules had the internal diametre of 80 A and external diametre of approximately 200-220 A. These structures were isolated as a distinct fraction and their non-protein nature was demonstrated. They were easily soluble in acetone and reconstitutable in vitro. The possible significance of production of self-assembling structures by a mutant with impaired differentiation is discussed. The possibility of involvement of self-assembly processes in the formation of surface sheath of aerial mycelium in normally differentiating actinomycetes is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1219368", "title": "[Early changes in liver chromatin in response to partial hepatectomy].", "content": "Guinea-pig and mouse liver chromatin responds to the partial hepatectomy by an increase in binding of a basic dye acridine orange (AO) and by a decrease of its stability to heat in thermal denaturation test in situ. Degree of the changes in AO chromatin binding is identical in the cells of different ploidy and proportional to their DNA content. Treatment of the preparations by 0.6 M NaCl solutions under conditions bringing about the selective removal of histone H1 from the cells produces in vitro changes in DNA properties taking place in cells in vivo in the course of their activation. The treatment of cells with 0.35 M NaCl solution results in the disappearance of changes occurring in the chromatin of activated cells whereas the properties of control cells remain unchanged. The data obtained are interpreted as a result of the removal of some non-histone regulatory proteins from the chromatin of activated cells that is accompanied by changes in the character of DNA-histone interaction. At the time of maximum increase of AO binding a significant intensification of endogenous RNA polymerase activity was found, the incorporation of [3H] UTP in the nucleolus being higher than that in the extranucleolar part of the nucleus. High ionic strength in the incubation medium (0.4 M (NH4)2SO4) results in drastic increase of radioactive label in the nucleus and in the disappearance of differences between activated and non-activated chromatin. It is concluded that the intensification of RNA synthesis under the influence of proliferative stimulus is more likely dependent on the additional opening of DNA-matrix than on the direct activation of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Early changes in liver chromatin in response to partial hepatectomy]. Guinea-pig and mouse liver chromatin responds to the partial hepatectomy by an increase in binding of a basic dye acridine orange (AO) and by a decrease of its stability to heat in thermal denaturation test in situ. Degree of the changes in AO chromatin binding is identical in the cells of different ploidy and proportional to their DNA content. Treatment of the preparations by 0.6 M NaCl solutions under conditions bringing about the selective removal of histone H1 from the cells produces in vitro changes in DNA properties taking place in cells in vivo in the course of their activation. The treatment of cells with 0.35 M NaCl solution results in the disappearance of changes occurring in the chromatin of activated cells whereas the properties of control cells remain unchanged. The data obtained are interpreted as a result of the removal of some non-histone regulatory proteins from the chromatin of activated cells that is accompanied by changes in the character of DNA-histone interaction. At the time of maximum increase of AO binding a significant intensification of endogenous RNA polymerase activity was found, the incorporation of [3H] UTP in the nucleolus being higher than that in the extranucleolar part of the nucleus. High ionic strength in the incubation medium (0.4 M (NH4)2SO4) results in drastic increase of radioactive label in the nucleus and in the disappearance of differences between activated and non-activated chromatin. It is concluded that the intensification of RNA synthesis under the influence of proliferative stimulus is more likely dependent on the additional opening of DNA-matrix than on the direct activation of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:1219369", "title": "[Structure and functions of hemoglobin].", "content": "The present status of our knowledge of different levels of hemoglobin molecule structural organization and of the conformation changes accompanying a hemoglobin action is reviewed. The main functional properties of hemoglobin such as cooperative effects in oxygen binding. CO2 transport, protons and organic phosphates effects on oxygen affinity are described on molecular ground. The description is based on the data obtained by different physical and chemical methods especially by X-ray analysis. The application of some mathematical models of cooperative effects in enzymes to hemoglobin is discussed.", "contents": "[Structure and functions of hemoglobin]. The present status of our knowledge of different levels of hemoglobin molecule structural organization and of the conformation changes accompanying a hemoglobin action is reviewed. The main functional properties of hemoglobin such as cooperative effects in oxygen binding. CO2 transport, protons and organic phosphates effects on oxygen affinity are described on molecular ground. The description is based on the data obtained by different physical and chemical methods especially by X-ray analysis. The application of some mathematical models of cooperative effects in enzymes to hemoglobin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219370", "title": "[Kinetic studies of leucyl-tRNA synthetase: measurement of the ratio rates of overall and exchange reaction].", "content": "Equations for the ratio of the rates of aminoacylation of tRNA and the rates of ATP-PP exchange show characteristic dependences on the concentrations of substrates, products and inhibitors according to the reaction mechanism. Analyses of leucyl-tRNA synthesis show that these differences may be explained by the ratios of rates for the individual partial reactions. The ratio of rates as a function of tRNA concentration suggests that alternative mechanisms might exist but present methods do not allow the distinction of these possibilities.", "contents": "[Kinetic studies of leucyl-tRNA synthetase: measurement of the ratio rates of overall and exchange reaction]. Equations for the ratio of the rates of aminoacylation of tRNA and the rates of ATP-PP exchange show characteristic dependences on the concentrations of substrates, products and inhibitors according to the reaction mechanism. Analyses of leucyl-tRNA synthesis show that these differences may be explained by the ratios of rates for the individual partial reactions. The ratio of rates as a function of tRNA concentration suggests that alternative mechanisms might exist but present methods do not allow the distinction of these possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:1219371", "title": "[Physico-chemical properties of ribonuclease A modified with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate].", "content": "The physico-chemical properties have been studied of RNase A selectively modified at the E-NH2-group of Lys-7 and Lys-41 with pyridoxal-P. Modification did not affect conformational stability of the protein globule, thus all changes in the molecule of the modified RNase A were localised around the alkylated Lys residue. In the both cases pyridoxyl-P. The residue was shown to be localized in the active site region of the (P-Pxy)-Lys-7-RNase A and its chromophore parts was highly exposed to the solvent. (P-Pxy) E-Lys-7-RNase A and its chromophore parts was highly exposed to the solvent. In the Lys-41 derivative, pyridoxamine-P was situated exactly in the active site and is partially hidden in the protein grobule. The pH-dependence of absorption spectra indicates that the chromophore of pyridoxyl-P in modified proteins is quite sensible to the ionic state of its surrounding. The usefulness of pyridoxyl-P as a reporter group was proved in the study with (P-Pxy)-Lys-7-RNase A. Some conformational changes involving His-119 were shown to take place in the course of the enzyme-nucleotide complex formation.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical properties of ribonuclease A modified with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate]. The physico-chemical properties have been studied of RNase A selectively modified at the E-NH2-group of Lys-7 and Lys-41 with pyridoxal-P. Modification did not affect conformational stability of the protein globule, thus all changes in the molecule of the modified RNase A were localised around the alkylated Lys residue. In the both cases pyridoxyl-P. The residue was shown to be localized in the active site region of the (P-Pxy)-Lys-7-RNase A and its chromophore parts was highly exposed to the solvent. (P-Pxy) E-Lys-7-RNase A and its chromophore parts was highly exposed to the solvent. In the Lys-41 derivative, pyridoxamine-P was situated exactly in the active site and is partially hidden in the protein grobule. The pH-dependence of absorption spectra indicates that the chromophore of pyridoxyl-P in modified proteins is quite sensible to the ionic state of its surrounding. The usefulness of pyridoxyl-P as a reporter group was proved in the study with (P-Pxy)-Lys-7-RNase A. Some conformational changes involving His-119 were shown to take place in the course of the enzyme-nucleotide complex formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1219372", "title": "[Recognition between tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases of different specificities].", "content": "A few examples of incorrect interactions between aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases and tRNAs extracted from the same organism have already been demonstrated. These interactions can lead, in most cases, to incorrect aminoacylations. The lack of specificity of the aminoacyl-tRNA suggests that incorrect interactions could be a general phenomenon. The aim of this study is to check whether incorrect interactions are a general feature, i.e. whether every aminoacyl-tTNA-synthetase is able to interact with homologous non-cognate tRNAs. In that case, it is interesting to know whether a given aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase is able to recognize any tRNA or only a particular group of tRNAs. The existence of such groups would lead to the concept of tRNA families. For that, we estimated the affinities of non-cognate homologous tRNA species for yeast valyl-tRNA-synthetase by using competition experiments. The measured affinities varied, in standard aminoacylation conditions, between 1:100 to 1:1000 of that of the non-cognate tRNA. In the absence of Mg2+ ions or in the presence of low concentration of this cation, the affinities were higher and could reach 1:3 of the affinity of the cognate tRNA. On the other hand, we determined the inhibitory effect of a high concentration of tRNAVal toward the aminoacylation of tRNAs specific for 13 amino acids. In order to compare the effects, we determined approximate Km/Ki values. These values ranged from 0.07 for methionyl tRNA synthetase to 0.002 for leucyl tRNA synthetase. For some aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases, the inhibition was too low to be detected by this technique. Two conclusions arise from this study. First, it seems that non-specific recognitions are quite a general phenomenon. Secondly, if one classifies tTNAs according to their affinities for valyl-tRNA-synthetase, it does not appear any well cut group of tRNAs. This result is not conflicting with the fact that on the basis of aminoacylation criteria several authors have found tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase families since we have already shown that discrimination depends rather on the maximal velocity of the reaction than on the affinity between the tRNA and the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases. Finally, the non-existence of clear-cut recognition families of tRNAs casts some doubts on the approach consisting in the characterisation of recognition sites of the tRNAs by the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases by comparing the sequences of tRNAs which are amonoacylated by a given aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase.", "contents": "[Recognition between tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases of different specificities]. A few examples of incorrect interactions between aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases and tRNAs extracted from the same organism have already been demonstrated. These interactions can lead, in most cases, to incorrect aminoacylations. The lack of specificity of the aminoacyl-tRNA suggests that incorrect interactions could be a general phenomenon. The aim of this study is to check whether incorrect interactions are a general feature, i.e. whether every aminoacyl-tTNA-synthetase is able to interact with homologous non-cognate tRNAs. In that case, it is interesting to know whether a given aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase is able to recognize any tRNA or only a particular group of tRNAs. The existence of such groups would lead to the concept of tRNA families. For that, we estimated the affinities of non-cognate homologous tRNA species for yeast valyl-tRNA-synthetase by using competition experiments. The measured affinities varied, in standard aminoacylation conditions, between 1:100 to 1:1000 of that of the non-cognate tRNA. In the absence of Mg2+ ions or in the presence of low concentration of this cation, the affinities were higher and could reach 1:3 of the affinity of the cognate tRNA. On the other hand, we determined the inhibitory effect of a high concentration of tRNAVal toward the aminoacylation of tRNAs specific for 13 amino acids. In order to compare the effects, we determined approximate Km/Ki values. These values ranged from 0.07 for methionyl tRNA synthetase to 0.002 for leucyl tRNA synthetase. For some aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases, the inhibition was too low to be detected by this technique. Two conclusions arise from this study. First, it seems that non-specific recognitions are quite a general phenomenon. Secondly, if one classifies tTNAs according to their affinities for valyl-tRNA-synthetase, it does not appear any well cut group of tRNAs. This result is not conflicting with the fact that on the basis of aminoacylation criteria several authors have found tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase families since we have already shown that discrimination depends rather on the maximal velocity of the reaction than on the affinity between the tRNA and the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases. Finally, the non-existence of clear-cut recognition families of tRNAs casts some doubts on the approach consisting in the characterisation of recognition sites of the tRNAs by the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases by comparing the sequences of tRNAs which are amonoacylated by a given aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase."}
{"id": "PMID:1219376", "title": "[A stereochemical model for DNA-Na+ (H20) complex].", "content": "By computer calculation with the use of atom-atom potentials a stereochemical model of the DNA-hydrate Na+ complex was obtained according to which the Na+(H2O)6 octahedrons are localized in the narrow groove of DNA with formation of a great number of van der vaals contacts and hydrogen bonds. The model explains why the C-form of DNA is stabilized in the Na-DNA complex which is formed in the presence of 80% methanol (v/v). A possibility of the existence of such complexes in vivo at the DNA regions surrounded with media of diminished water activity (the DNA-membrane complex, chromosomes, phage heads) is discussed.", "contents": "[A stereochemical model for DNA-Na+ (H20) complex]. By computer calculation with the use of atom-atom potentials a stereochemical model of the DNA-hydrate Na+ complex was obtained according to which the Na+(H2O)6 octahedrons are localized in the narrow groove of DNA with formation of a great number of van der vaals contacts and hydrogen bonds. The model explains why the C-form of DNA is stabilized in the Na-DNA complex which is formed in the presence of 80% methanol (v/v). A possibility of the existence of such complexes in vivo at the DNA regions surrounded with media of diminished water activity (the DNA-membrane complex, chromosomes, phage heads) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219375", "title": "[The ratio of coat protein to bacteriophage f2 RNA in the translational repressor complex].", "content": "One of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the bacteriophage f2 RNA translation is the repression of the phage RNA-replicase formation by coat protein. This repression is due to the formation of a complex between f2 RNA and coat protein (complex I). In this work the mechanism of complex I formation as well as the effect of this complex on the f2 RNA-replicase formation was followed by inhibition of alanine incorporation into RNA-replicase polypeptide which was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molar ratios of protein to f2 RNA in complex I were analyzed by sucrose gradient sedimentation. It was been found that complex I consists of six molecules of coat protein bound per one molecule of RNA. Ribonuclease digestion of the glutaraldehyde-fixed complex resulted in a mixture of products in which the hexamers of coat protein molecules were predominant. This indicates that the six molecules of coat protein bound to f2 RNA are neighbouring. It has been also shown that under conditions required for phage protein synthesis, coat protein occurs in solution is dimer. The results show that the translational repression of the RNA-replicase cistron is due to the cooperative attachment of three dimers of coat protein to phage template, forming a hexameric cluster on the RNA strand. The proposed mechanism of the complex I formation seems to be in good agreement with the sequence of events in the phage F2 life cycle. It is known that shortly after infection of the host cell the coat protein and phage RNA-replicase begin to be synthesised. According to our findings, the first portions of coat protein do not affect the translation of the RNA-replicase gene since at low concentration the coat protein occure in the form of monomers. At a later period of phage development, when the concentration of coat protein is sufficiently high to promote the formation of protein dimers, the translational repressor complex is formed and the RNA-replicase gene becomes inoperative.", "contents": "[The ratio of coat protein to bacteriophage f2 RNA in the translational repressor complex]. One of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the bacteriophage f2 RNA translation is the repression of the phage RNA-replicase formation by coat protein. This repression is due to the formation of a complex between f2 RNA and coat protein (complex I). In this work the mechanism of complex I formation as well as the effect of this complex on the f2 RNA-replicase formation was followed by inhibition of alanine incorporation into RNA-replicase polypeptide which was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molar ratios of protein to f2 RNA in complex I were analyzed by sucrose gradient sedimentation. It was been found that complex I consists of six molecules of coat protein bound per one molecule of RNA. Ribonuclease digestion of the glutaraldehyde-fixed complex resulted in a mixture of products in which the hexamers of coat protein molecules were predominant. This indicates that the six molecules of coat protein bound to f2 RNA are neighbouring. It has been also shown that under conditions required for phage protein synthesis, coat protein occurs in solution is dimer. The results show that the translational repression of the RNA-replicase cistron is due to the cooperative attachment of three dimers of coat protein to phage template, forming a hexameric cluster on the RNA strand. The proposed mechanism of the complex I formation seems to be in good agreement with the sequence of events in the phage F2 life cycle. It is known that shortly after infection of the host cell the coat protein and phage RNA-replicase begin to be synthesised. According to our findings, the first portions of coat protein do not affect the translation of the RNA-replicase gene since at low concentration the coat protein occure in the form of monomers. At a later period of phage development, when the concentration of coat protein is sufficiently high to promote the formation of protein dimers, the translational repressor complex is formed and the RNA-replicase gene becomes inoperative."}
{"id": "PMID:1219373", "title": "[The primary structure of tRNA Val 2a from baker's yeast].", "content": "The primary structure of tRNAVal2a from baker's yeast has been determined. The general methods of the investigation are presented. Twenty six distinguished points can be noted in the tRNAVal2a and tRNA1Val from baker's yeast. The anticodon region of tRNAVal2a is represented by the sequence NAC, where N corresponds to a uridine analogue nucleoside of unknown structure. The comparison of primary structures of tRNAVal2a, tRNAVal2a, tRNA1Val from E. coli and tRNAVal2a and tRNA1Val from baker's yeast is analysed.", "contents": "[The primary structure of tRNA Val 2a from baker's yeast]. The primary structure of tRNAVal2a from baker's yeast has been determined. The general methods of the investigation are presented. Twenty six distinguished points can be noted in the tRNAVal2a and tRNA1Val from baker's yeast. The anticodon region of tRNAVal2a is represented by the sequence NAC, where N corresponds to a uridine analogue nucleoside of unknown structure. The comparison of primary structures of tRNAVal2a, tRNAVal2a, tRNA1Val from E. coli and tRNAVal2a and tRNA1Val from baker's yeast is analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219374", "title": "[The structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. VII. The hybridization and renaturation properties of double-stranded sequences of nuclear pre-mRNA].", "content": "Some properties of the double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA are discribed. 1. The double-stranded regions contain approximately 80 base pairs. 2. The material contains the heterogeneous populations of sequences and some homogenous material which renatures with a COT1/2 value of (1.5-3) X 10(-4). 3. Identical sequences of fast-renaturing \"hairpins\" may be found in various tissues. 4. Double-stranded RNA and mRNA have some sequences complementary to each other. These results consistent with the view that the hairpin sequences may act as specific recognition sites for ribonucleases involved in processing of pre-mRNA.", "contents": "[The structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. VII. The hybridization and renaturation properties of double-stranded sequences of nuclear pre-mRNA]. Some properties of the double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA are discribed. 1. The double-stranded regions contain approximately 80 base pairs. 2. The material contains the heterogeneous populations of sequences and some homogenous material which renatures with a COT1/2 value of (1.5-3) X 10(-4). 3. Identical sequences of fast-renaturing \"hairpins\" may be found in various tissues. 4. Double-stranded RNA and mRNA have some sequences complementary to each other. These results consistent with the view that the hairpin sequences may act as specific recognition sites for ribonucleases involved in processing of pre-mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1219378", "title": "[On the differences of molecular aggregates structure with long wave fluorescence in the photosystems I and II].", "content": "Galactolipase and protenase action on the low temperature fluorescence spectra of light chloroplast fragments obtained from grana or intergrana thylakoids and grana thylakoids system before and after isolation photosystem I particles have been studied. Identical hydrolytic enzymes action in the two type photosystem I particles have been studied. Identical hydrolytic enzymes action in the two type photosystem I particles were observed. Grana thylakoids system after removing photosystem I particles contained photosystem II in the most purified form. These measurements results confirmed our previous suggestion that the band at 735 nm in the low temperature fluorescence spectra of light and heavy fragments belongs to the different native chlorophyll a aggregates.", "contents": "[On the differences of molecular aggregates structure with long wave fluorescence in the photosystems I and II]. Galactolipase and protenase action on the low temperature fluorescence spectra of light chloroplast fragments obtained from grana or intergrana thylakoids and grana thylakoids system before and after isolation photosystem I particles have been studied. Identical hydrolytic enzymes action in the two type photosystem I particles have been studied. Identical hydrolytic enzymes action in the two type photosystem I particles were observed. Grana thylakoids system after removing photosystem I particles contained photosystem II in the most purified form. These measurements results confirmed our previous suggestion that the band at 735 nm in the low temperature fluorescence spectra of light and heavy fragments belongs to the different native chlorophyll a aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:1219380", "title": "[Theoretical conformational analysis of tripeptides. N-acetyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl methylamide].", "content": "The minimization procedure has been used for calculation of the local minimum conformations of threepeptide--Ac-(L-Ala)3-NHMe without intramolecular H-bonds. The significant energy deviations from additivity found, arising with increase backbone length to three links, can be considered as the evidence for mutual dependence of conformational states of the neighbouring and terminal amino acid residues. It have been shown that stability of alpha-helix form for alanine threepeptide in contrary to corresponding dipeptide is noticeably higher due to stabilizing effect of dispersion interactions. The results of calculations are compared with the data on conformational distrubution of the threepeptide fragments in proteins with known three dimensional structure. The important role of the backbone interaction in protein chain have been marked.", "contents": "[Theoretical conformational analysis of tripeptides. N-acetyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl methylamide]. The minimization procedure has been used for calculation of the local minimum conformations of threepeptide--Ac-(L-Ala)3-NHMe without intramolecular H-bonds. The significant energy deviations from additivity found, arising with increase backbone length to three links, can be considered as the evidence for mutual dependence of conformational states of the neighbouring and terminal amino acid residues. It have been shown that stability of alpha-helix form for alanine threepeptide in contrary to corresponding dipeptide is noticeably higher due to stabilizing effect of dispersion interactions. The results of calculations are compared with the data on conformational distrubution of the threepeptide fragments in proteins with known three dimensional structure. The important role of the backbone interaction in protein chain have been marked."}
{"id": "PMID:1219381", "title": "[The effect of detergent Triton X=100 on the light induced changes in the fluorescence yield of chloroplasts].", "content": "It is shown that light induced changes of the fluorescence yield (delta F) of isolated chloroplasts are affected by Triton X-100. delta F value descreases with the increase of the detergent concentration from 0 to 0.03%, increases in the range of 0.03--0.05% and is irreversibly blocked at concentrations more than 0.08--0.1%. The same dependence of delta F on  the detergent concentration is obtained for \"digitonin\" fragments of chloroplasts enriched in the photosystem 2, but not for fragments enriched in the photosystem 1. Light induced delta F of chloroplasts treated by detergent were activated by hydroxylamine and saturated at lower light intensities than delta F of untreated chloroplasts. Addition of 0.01% Triton resulted in an activation of light induced delta F of chloroplasts with damaged donor part of photosystem 2. It is suggested that the complex  dependence of delta F of chloroplasts on the Triton concentration is due to superposition of several effects: the uncoupling of photophosphorylation, inactivation of the electron transport chain in the donor and acceptor parts of photosystem 2, and changes of acting concentration of Triton X-100 within the range of critical micelle concentration.", "contents": "[The effect of detergent Triton X=100 on the light induced changes in the fluorescence yield of chloroplasts]. It is shown that light induced changes of the fluorescence yield (delta F) of isolated chloroplasts are affected by Triton X-100. delta F value descreases with the increase of the detergent concentration from 0 to 0.03%, increases in the range of 0.03--0.05% and is irreversibly blocked at concentrations more than 0.08--0.1%. The same dependence of delta F on  the detergent concentration is obtained for \"digitonin\" fragments of chloroplasts enriched in the photosystem 2, but not for fragments enriched in the photosystem 1. Light induced delta F of chloroplasts treated by detergent were activated by hydroxylamine and saturated at lower light intensities than delta F of untreated chloroplasts. Addition of 0.01% Triton resulted in an activation of light induced delta F of chloroplasts with damaged donor part of photosystem 2. It is suggested that the complex  dependence of delta F of chloroplasts on the Triton concentration is due to superposition of several effects: the uncoupling of photophosphorylation, inactivation of the electron transport chain in the donor and acceptor parts of photosystem 2, and changes of acting concentration of Triton X-100 within the range of critical micelle concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1219379", "title": "[Theoretical investigation on the hypochromism of dinucleoside phosphates].", "content": "The hypochromism of stacked dimers of the nucleotide bases taken as models of the dinucleoside phosphates and dinucleotides was studied with the use of the configuration interaction and pertubation theory methods. General expression for the hypochromism of the polynucleotides is given in the first order perturbation theory with three different ways  for approximation of the matrix elements of the perturbation operator. This expression was used for calculation of the dimer hypochromism in terms of theoretically calculated monomer characteristics. Dependence of the hypochromism on the  dimer conformation was investigated. The results obtained so far demonstrate that it is important to take into account the electronic transitions in the vacuum UV region. This approach will enable one to elucidate the contribution of neighbouring bases into the DNA hypochromism.", "contents": "[Theoretical investigation on the hypochromism of dinucleoside phosphates]. The hypochromism of stacked dimers of the nucleotide bases taken as models of the dinucleoside phosphates and dinucleotides was studied with the use of the configuration interaction and pertubation theory methods. General expression for the hypochromism of the polynucleotides is given in the first order perturbation theory with three different ways  for approximation of the matrix elements of the perturbation operator. This expression was used for calculation of the dimer hypochromism in terms of theoretically calculated monomer characteristics. Dependence of the hypochromism on the  dimer conformation was investigated. The results obtained so far demonstrate that it is important to take into account the electronic transitions in the vacuum UV region. This approach will enable one to elucidate the contribution of neighbouring bases into the DNA hypochromism."}
{"id": "PMID:1219377", "title": "[Biological activity of different forms of bacteriophage lambda DNA].", "content": "Hershey circles and linear tandem aggregated forms of DNA have been obtained in vitro and treated with polynucleotide ligase to form phosphodiester bond. Using zone centrifugation in glycerol gradient covalently closed circles and linear dimers have been purified and their biological activity investigated. It was found that closed circular molecules lost most, if not all, of their activity in CaCl2-dependent system. In order to investigate the biological activity of tandem dimer molecules, hybrid dimers consisting of DNA's from lambda C1857 and lambda 1434 have been obtained. In plaque assay with the appropriate non-permissive strains of E. coli the efficiency of infectivity of hybrid dimers was measured. Biological activity of dimer molecules sealed with ligase was about 5% of the activity of linear monomers. Ig has been suggested that tandem dimers of lambda DNA joined by phosphodiester bond are able to penetrate into the CaCl2-treated host cells and both components of dimers are active during subsequent multiplication.", "contents": "[Biological activity of different forms of bacteriophage lambda DNA]. Hershey circles and linear tandem aggregated forms of DNA have been obtained in vitro and treated with polynucleotide ligase to form phosphodiester bond. Using zone centrifugation in glycerol gradient covalently closed circles and linear dimers have been purified and their biological activity investigated. It was found that closed circular molecules lost most, if not all, of their activity in CaCl2-dependent system. In order to investigate the biological activity of tandem dimer molecules, hybrid dimers consisting of DNA's from lambda C1857 and lambda 1434 have been obtained. In plaque assay with the appropriate non-permissive strains of E. coli the efficiency of infectivity of hybrid dimers was measured. Biological activity of dimer molecules sealed with ligase was about 5% of the activity of linear monomers. Ig has been suggested that tandem dimers of lambda DNA joined by phosphodiester bond are able to penetrate into the CaCl2-treated host cells and both components of dimers are active during subsequent multiplication."}
{"id": "PMID:1219382", "title": "[Spectral manifestations of different types of acriflavine binding to DNA in ultraviolet and visible region].", "content": "Difference absorption spectra (complex-sum of the initial reagents) are obtained in the visible and longwave UV region for the system of actiflavine and DNA in a number of cases differing in initial and final degrees of DNA filling by the dye, in particular separately for two types of dye binding to DNA. For these binding types conventional absorption spectra are calculated. In the visible region for the first binding type (\"strong\" binding) red shift of the absorption band is observed; for the second type (\"weak\" binding) we observed splitting of the band, short wavelength component being highly prevailing, and hypochromism. In the UV region for both binding types the spectra changed in approximately similar way; a slight blue shift and a rather remarkable hypochromism are observed. It is shown that the dye brings the main contribution into the spectral changes in the UV region. If to take into account the spectral properties of molecular aggregates the data obtained are compatible with the intercalation model for \"strong\" binding and dye stacking on DNA for \"weak\" binding.", "contents": "[Spectral manifestations of different types of acriflavine binding to DNA in ultraviolet and visible region]. Difference absorption spectra (complex-sum of the initial reagents) are obtained in the visible and longwave UV region for the system of actiflavine and DNA in a number of cases differing in initial and final degrees of DNA filling by the dye, in particular separately for two types of dye binding to DNA. For these binding types conventional absorption spectra are calculated. In the visible region for the first binding type (\"strong\" binding) red shift of the absorption band is observed; for the second type (\"weak\" binding) we observed splitting of the band, short wavelength component being highly prevailing, and hypochromism. In the UV region for both binding types the spectra changed in approximately similar way; a slight blue shift and a rather remarkable hypochromism are observed. It is shown that the dye brings the main contribution into the spectral changes in the UV region. If to take into account the spectral properties of molecular aggregates the data obtained are compatible with the intercalation model for \"strong\" binding and dye stacking on DNA for \"weak\" binding."}
{"id": "PMID:1219383", "title": "[The flash-photolysis study of recombination of hemoproteins with carbon monoxide at low temperatures].", "content": "The hemoproteins (sperm whale myoglobin, hemoglobin from larvae of Chironomus thummi thummi, bovine hemoglobin) were studied in viscous solvents (saturated sucrose solution, glycerol and water-glycerol solutions) in the temperature range +50 divided by -100 degrees C. At low temperatures the three-phase kinetics of Mb recombination with CO was observed. The velocities of two \"fast\" reactions did not depend on ligand concentration. This fact indicates that they are due to a so called cage-effect. The formation of the cage is caused apparently by a local change of the solvent state in the heme region. To explain the biphasic \"cage\" kinetics it has been assumed that during some time after photodissociation myoglobin remains in the \"ligand-bound\" conformation and reacts with CO faster than the \"normal\" myoglobin. For other hemoproteins the \"cage-effect\" was not observed. For all the studied hemoproteins the quantum yield of photodissociation decreased as the temperature decreased. The decrease of quantum yield can be described by the Arrenius law. The rates of the decrease of quantum yield differ for different proteins.", "contents": "[The flash-photolysis study of recombination of hemoproteins with carbon monoxide at low temperatures]. The hemoproteins (sperm whale myoglobin, hemoglobin from larvae of Chironomus thummi thummi, bovine hemoglobin) were studied in viscous solvents (saturated sucrose solution, glycerol and water-glycerol solutions) in the temperature range +50 divided by -100 degrees C. At low temperatures the three-phase kinetics of Mb recombination with CO was observed. The velocities of two \"fast\" reactions did not depend on ligand concentration. This fact indicates that they are due to a so called cage-effect. The formation of the cage is caused apparently by a local change of the solvent state in the heme region. To explain the biphasic \"cage\" kinetics it has been assumed that during some time after photodissociation myoglobin remains in the \"ligand-bound\" conformation and reacts with CO faster than the \"normal\" myoglobin. For other hemoproteins the \"cage-effect\" was not observed. For all the studied hemoproteins the quantum yield of photodissociation decreased as the temperature decreased. The decrease of quantum yield can be described by the Arrenius law. The rates of the decrease of quantum yield differ for different proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:1219384", "title": "[Specificity of methylation of cytosine risidues in DNA of Bacillus brevis var. G-B].", "content": "On growing the cells of Bacillus brevis S methionine-auxotroph mutant in the presence of (methyl-3H)-methionine practically the total radioactivity included into DNA is found to exist in 5-methylcytosine (MC) and 6N-methyladenine (MA). The analysis of pyrimidine isopliths isolated from DNA shows that radioactivity only exists in mono- and dinucleotides and the content of MC in Pur-MC-Pur and Pur-MC-T-Pur oligonucleotides is equal. The analysis of dinucleotides isolated from DNA by means of pancreatic DNAase hydrolysis allows the nature of purine residues neighbouring with MC to be revealed and shows that MC localizes in G-MC-A and G-MC-T-Pu fragments. Bac. brevis S DNA-methylase modifying cytosine residues recognizes the GCAT GC degenerative nucleotide sequence which is a part of the following complementary structure with rotational symmetry: (5') ... N'--G--MC--T--G--C--N ... (3') (3') ... N--C--G--A--MC--G--N' ... (5') Cytosine modifying DNA-methylase activity is isolated from Bac. brevis cells; it is capable of methylating in vitro homologous and heterologous DNA. Hence, DNA in bacterial cells can be partially undermethylated. This enzyme methylates cytosine residues in native and deneaturated DNA in the same nucleotide sequences. As compared to the native DNA, the denaturated DNA is indicative of a decrease in the level of methylation of adenine, rather than cytosine residues. Specificity of methylation of cytosine residues in vitro and in vivo does not depend on the nature of substrate DNA (calf thymus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc.). DNA-methylases of different variants of Bac. brevis (R, S, P+, P-) methylate cytosine residues in the same nucleotide sequences. It means that specificity of methylation of DNA cytosine residues in the cells of different variants of Bac. brevis is the same.", "contents": "[Specificity of methylation of cytosine risidues in DNA of Bacillus brevis var. G-B]. On growing the cells of Bacillus brevis S methionine-auxotroph mutant in the presence of (methyl-3H)-methionine practically the total radioactivity included into DNA is found to exist in 5-methylcytosine (MC) and 6N-methyladenine (MA). The analysis of pyrimidine isopliths isolated from DNA shows that radioactivity only exists in mono- and dinucleotides and the content of MC in Pur-MC-Pur and Pur-MC-T-Pur oligonucleotides is equal. The analysis of dinucleotides isolated from DNA by means of pancreatic DNAase hydrolysis allows the nature of purine residues neighbouring with MC to be revealed and shows that MC localizes in G-MC-A and G-MC-T-Pu fragments. Bac. brevis S DNA-methylase modifying cytosine residues recognizes the GCAT GC degenerative nucleotide sequence which is a part of the following complementary structure with rotational symmetry: (5') ... N'--G--MC--T--G--C--N ... (3') (3') ... N--C--G--A--MC--G--N' ... (5') Cytosine modifying DNA-methylase activity is isolated from Bac. brevis cells; it is capable of methylating in vitro homologous and heterologous DNA. Hence, DNA in bacterial cells can be partially undermethylated. This enzyme methylates cytosine residues in native and deneaturated DNA in the same nucleotide sequences. As compared to the native DNA, the denaturated DNA is indicative of a decrease in the level of methylation of adenine, rather than cytosine residues. Specificity of methylation of cytosine residues in vitro and in vivo does not depend on the nature of substrate DNA (calf thymus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc.). DNA-methylases of different variants of Bac. brevis (R, S, P+, P-) methylate cytosine residues in the same nucleotide sequences. It means that specificity of methylation of DNA cytosine residues in the cells of different variants of Bac. brevis is the same."}
{"id": "PMID:1219387", "title": "[Regularities of formation of chlorophyll-human serum albumin functionally active complexes in the aqueous medium].", "content": "In the system with constant content of the chlorophyll a and increasing amounts of human serum albumin, dependence of pigment incorporation into the complex upon interaction of its aqueous associates with protein solutions was studied by applying the gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and by measuring light scattering and rate of sensitized photoreduction of the methyl red by ascorbic-acid. The curves were obtained after extraction of the chlorophyll by acetone from dry pigment-protein films formed after desiccation of the aqueous systems. Sigmoid character of the above dependences, their linearization in Hill's coordinates and the value of cooperativity coefficient close to 2 testifies in favour of the cooperative character of the complex formation, two pigment molecules reacting with a single protein molecule. Measurement of adsorption isotherms and their treatment with use of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory of polymolecular adsorption make it possible to evaluate the maximum molar ratio of the pigment to the protein in the complex (close to 2). The pigment-pigment interaction suggests that the chlorophyll molecules adsorbed on the protein are in the state of loosely packed dimers. Deaggregation of aqueus pigment associates by the protein in the course of complex formation results in a considerable increase of the protosensitizing chlorophyll activity.", "contents": "[Regularities of formation of chlorophyll-human serum albumin functionally active complexes in the aqueous medium]. In the system with constant content of the chlorophyll a and increasing amounts of human serum albumin, dependence of pigment incorporation into the complex upon interaction of its aqueous associates with protein solutions was studied by applying the gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and by measuring light scattering and rate of sensitized photoreduction of the methyl red by ascorbic-acid. The curves were obtained after extraction of the chlorophyll by acetone from dry pigment-protein films formed after desiccation of the aqueous systems. Sigmoid character of the above dependences, their linearization in Hill's coordinates and the value of cooperativity coefficient close to 2 testifies in favour of the cooperative character of the complex formation, two pigment molecules reacting with a single protein molecule. Measurement of adsorption isotherms and their treatment with use of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory of polymolecular adsorption make it possible to evaluate the maximum molar ratio of the pigment to the protein in the complex (close to 2). The pigment-pigment interaction suggests that the chlorophyll molecules adsorbed on the protein are in the state of loosely packed dimers. Deaggregation of aqueus pigment associates by the protein in the course of complex formation results in a considerable increase of the protosensitizing chlorophyll activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1219388", "title": "[Defective bacteriophage MS2 particles containing specific RNA FRAGMENTS].", "content": "Two types of MS2 particle are revealed when phage lysates are banded in CsCl density gradient. The lower band contain normal phage particles with a density of 1.46 g/cm3. The upper band with a density of 1.44 g/cm3 containes uninfective incomplete MS2 particles. Both phage types reveal no abnormalities in the content of the coat protein and A-protein. They are nearly identical in RNA content. RNA in the normal buoyant density phage particles is native. RNA in the defective particles consists of three specific fragments with molecular weights 6.5-10(5), 5.5-10(5) and 4.4-10(5) and molar ratios 5:4:9 respectively. THE 5'-TERMINAL ANALYSIS OF RNA from defective MS2 particles reveals the presence of native pppGp. THE 3'-TERMINAL ANALYSIS OF THE INDIVIDUAL RNA fragments reveals the presence of adenosine only in the shortest fragment. RNA fragmentation in defective particles can be explained by the action of intracellular RNAses on the unprotected regions on RNA chain in structurally incomplete virions.", "contents": "[Defective bacteriophage MS2 particles containing specific RNA FRAGMENTS]. Two types of MS2 particle are revealed when phage lysates are banded in CsCl density gradient. The lower band contain normal phage particles with a density of 1.46 g/cm3. The upper band with a density of 1.44 g/cm3 containes uninfective incomplete MS2 particles. Both phage types reveal no abnormalities in the content of the coat protein and A-protein. They are nearly identical in RNA content. RNA in the normal buoyant density phage particles is native. RNA in the defective particles consists of three specific fragments with molecular weights 6.5-10(5), 5.5-10(5) and 4.4-10(5) and molar ratios 5:4:9 respectively. THE 5'-TERMINAL ANALYSIS OF RNA from defective MS2 particles reveals the presence of native pppGp. THE 3'-TERMINAL ANALYSIS OF THE INDIVIDUAL RNA fragments reveals the presence of adenosine only in the shortest fragment. RNA fragmentation in defective particles can be explained by the action of intracellular RNAses on the unprotected regions on RNA chain in structurally incomplete virions."}
{"id": "PMID:1219390", "title": "[The comparative analysis of interaction between acridine orange and DNA-containing systems].", "content": "The interaction between acridine orange (AO) and diluted and concentrated solutions of DNA, DNP systems and chromatin suspension at the physiologic ionic strength was investigated. The effect of AO on DNP systems was also investigated. It was shown that highest possible number of AO molecules bound to DNA made up 70% of the total number of nucleotides. The model of AO binding to DNA is proposed and used for calculation of constants of stronger and weaker AO-binding capacities equal to 6-10(6) M-1 and 1,7-10(5) M-1, respectively. The AO-DNA binding constants in DNP-complex are five as low. The primary number of binding sites in chromatin suspension made up 10% of the corresponding sites in DNA and increased as AO was adsorbed. AO induced the supercontraction of oriented DNP systems at the physiologic ionic strength and the appearance of the low-temperature melting hump.", "contents": "[The comparative analysis of interaction between acridine orange and DNA-containing systems]. The interaction between acridine orange (AO) and diluted and concentrated solutions of DNA, DNP systems and chromatin suspension at the physiologic ionic strength was investigated. The effect of AO on DNP systems was also investigated. It was shown that highest possible number of AO molecules bound to DNA made up 70% of the total number of nucleotides. The model of AO binding to DNA is proposed and used for calculation of constants of stronger and weaker AO-binding capacities equal to 6-10(6) M-1 and 1,7-10(5) M-1, respectively. The AO-DNA binding constants in DNP-complex are five as low. The primary number of binding sites in chromatin suspension made up 10% of the corresponding sites in DNA and increased as AO was adsorbed. AO induced the supercontraction of oriented DNP systems at the physiologic ionic strength and the appearance of the low-temperature melting hump."}
{"id": "PMID:1219391", "title": "[The origin of mitochondrial RNA in animal tissues. 4. Post-transcriptional RNA modification and polyribosome formation in isolated mitochondria].", "content": "The kinetics of synthesis of various mitochondrial RNA classes and their contribution to polyribosome formation was studied in isolated rat liver mitochondria and in inner membrane fraction obrained from the latter. In pulse labelling experiments it was shown that mitochondrial mRNA synthesis occurred via heavy precursor (30S) not bound to polysomes followed by maturation of polysome-bound mRNA. The time course of polysomal mRNA decay in isolated mitochondria and of protein synthesis inactivation were studied under actinomycin D blockage of mitochondrial DNA trascription. The functional organization of transcriptional units of the mitochondrial genome is discussed in relation to the data obtained.", "contents": "[The origin of mitochondrial RNA in animal tissues. 4. Post-transcriptional RNA modification and polyribosome formation in isolated mitochondria]. The kinetics of synthesis of various mitochondrial RNA classes and their contribution to polyribosome formation was studied in isolated rat liver mitochondria and in inner membrane fraction obrained from the latter. In pulse labelling experiments it was shown that mitochondrial mRNA synthesis occurred via heavy precursor (30S) not bound to polysomes followed by maturation of polysome-bound mRNA. The time course of polysomal mRNA decay in isolated mitochondria and of protein synthesis inactivation were studied under actinomycin D blockage of mitochondrial DNA trascription. The functional organization of transcriptional units of the mitochondrial genome is discussed in relation to the data obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:1219393", "title": "[Theoretical conformational analysis of methylamide of N-acetyl-L-lysine].", "content": "The spatial structure of the methylamide of N-acetyl-L-lysine has been analysed taking into account non-bonded and electrostatic interactions, torsional energy, bond angles distortion and hydrogen bonding. Conformational capacities of the backbone and mutual dependence of spatial structures of the backbone and the side chain was described by conformational maps obtained by energy minimisation, the dihedral angles and the bond angles of the side chain being varied for every phi, psi point. Every possible combination for phi, psi, x1-x5-angles was used corresponding to the stable form of the backbone and to torsion potential minima of the initial approximations in the calculation of preferred conformations of the molecule. Comparisons are made between stable forms of the methylamide of N-acetyl-L-lysine and Lys residues in proteins with known structure.", "contents": "[Theoretical conformational analysis of methylamide of N-acetyl-L-lysine]. The spatial structure of the methylamide of N-acetyl-L-lysine has been analysed taking into account non-bonded and electrostatic interactions, torsional energy, bond angles distortion and hydrogen bonding. Conformational capacities of the backbone and mutual dependence of spatial structures of the backbone and the side chain was described by conformational maps obtained by energy minimisation, the dihedral angles and the bond angles of the side chain being varied for every phi, psi point. Every possible combination for phi, psi, x1-x5-angles was used corresponding to the stable form of the backbone and to torsion potential minima of the initial approximations in the calculation of preferred conformations of the molecule. Comparisons are made between stable forms of the methylamide of N-acetyl-L-lysine and Lys residues in proteins with known structure."}
{"id": "PMID:1219394", "title": "[Possibility of internal organization of RNA and proteins in ribosomal subparticles. A structural model of Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subparticle].", "content": "The hypothetic model of reciprocal spatial arrangement of 18 from 21 proteins in the E. coli 30S ribosomal subparticle is suggested. The model is based on conception of the 16S R-A molecule macrostrand which is the right superhelix in the subparticle composition. Macrohelix's biopolarity against single-stranded sites of RNA and its small width result in that proteins binding with single-stranded RNA organized in chain, one-number sequence. The double helixes uniting the corresponding one single-stranded sites of RNA play the role of rigid transmission between them. So, in the course of subparticles reconstruction from RNA and proteins the spatially uncoupled proteins can interact without its direct contact. The model takes into consideration the vast amount of information.", "contents": "[Possibility of internal organization of RNA and proteins in ribosomal subparticles. A structural model of Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subparticle]. The hypothetic model of reciprocal spatial arrangement of 18 from 21 proteins in the E. coli 30S ribosomal subparticle is suggested. The model is based on conception of the 16S R-A molecule macrostrand which is the right superhelix in the subparticle composition. Macrohelix's biopolarity against single-stranded sites of RNA and its small width result in that proteins binding with single-stranded RNA organized in chain, one-number sequence. The double helixes uniting the corresponding one single-stranded sites of RNA play the role of rigid transmission between them. So, in the course of subparticles reconstruction from RNA and proteins the spatially uncoupled proteins can interact without its direct contact. The model takes into consideration the vast amount of information."}
{"id": "PMID:1219397", "title": "[The effect of various acylating agents on the catalytic properties and structure of aspartate aminotransferase].", "content": "Changes of quaternary structure and conformation of molecule concomitant with inactivation were observed in the course of aspartate transaminase acylation by maleic, citraconic, dimethylmaleic and succinic anhydrides. It was established that acylation of 10-12 xi-amino groups of lysine did not induce the dissociation of transaminase into subunits. Further acylation of amino groups (2 groups if dimethylmaleic anhydrade was used as acylating agent) induced dissociation of transaminase dimer into subunits. These data were obtained by sedimentation analysis. The dissociation was accompanied with a sharp decrease of correlation time (from 18 nsec to 9 nsec) of the paramagnetic label covalently bound to the protein. The obtained results allow us to distinguish three types of xi-aminogroups of aspartate transaminase: exposed (about 12 residues), \"contact\" (2 residues) located in the vicinity to complementary surfaces of subunits and buried (about 6 residues). The stepwise  inactivation occurred during the acylation as a result of conformational changes or appearance of sterical hindrances in the cataytic site of the enzyme. The thiol groups were not modified in transaminase molecule under experimental conditions used. Aspartate transaminase treated with citraconic or dimethylmaleic anhydride may be deacylated under mild conditions. After reacylation the quaternary structure was reconstituted and catalytic activity was almost fully restored.", "contents": "[The effect of various acylating agents on the catalytic properties and structure of aspartate aminotransferase]. Changes of quaternary structure and conformation of molecule concomitant with inactivation were observed in the course of aspartate transaminase acylation by maleic, citraconic, dimethylmaleic and succinic anhydrides. It was established that acylation of 10-12 xi-amino groups of lysine did not induce the dissociation of transaminase into subunits. Further acylation of amino groups (2 groups if dimethylmaleic anhydrade was used as acylating agent) induced dissociation of transaminase dimer into subunits. These data were obtained by sedimentation analysis. The dissociation was accompanied with a sharp decrease of correlation time (from 18 nsec to 9 nsec) of the paramagnetic label covalently bound to the protein. The obtained results allow us to distinguish three types of xi-aminogroups of aspartate transaminase: exposed (about 12 residues), \"contact\" (2 residues) located in the vicinity to complementary surfaces of subunits and buried (about 6 residues). The stepwise  inactivation occurred during the acylation as a result of conformational changes or appearance of sterical hindrances in the cataytic site of the enzyme. The thiol groups were not modified in transaminase molecule under experimental conditions used. Aspartate transaminase treated with citraconic or dimethylmaleic anhydride may be deacylated under mild conditions. After reacylation the quaternary structure was reconstituted and catalytic activity was almost fully restored."}
{"id": "PMID:1219479", "title": "[The significance of speaking for the transfer of bacteria, and of the tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A Korean nurse was employed in Germany after having passed the routine medical checkup without discovery of apparent disease. Five months later she fell ill with fever due to pneumonia. Work was suspended for 8 days and then continued in an infants' ward for another 8 weeks. Because of increasing weakness the nurse was reexamined medically. This revealed an open Tuberculosis of the lung. The sputum culture was positive. The following treatment was successfull. No infant or other person with previous contact to the nurse contracted tuberculosis. The explanation for this is presumably given by the virtual speechlessness of the foreign nurse. --The importance of the tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is discussed with regard to the declining incidence of new infections, and practicability of mass screening for this disease.", "contents": "[The significance of speaking for the transfer of bacteria, and of the tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (author's transl)]. A Korean nurse was employed in Germany after having passed the routine medical checkup without discovery of apparent disease. Five months later she fell ill with fever due to pneumonia. Work was suspended for 8 days and then continued in an infants' ward for another 8 weeks. Because of increasing weakness the nurse was reexamined medically. This revealed an open Tuberculosis of the lung. The sputum culture was positive. The following treatment was successfull. No infant or other person with previous contact to the nurse contracted tuberculosis. The explanation for this is presumably given by the virtual speechlessness of the foreign nurse. --The importance of the tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is discussed with regard to the declining incidence of new infections, and practicability of mass screening for this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1219480", "title": "[Changes in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "The decrease of infant mortality and the dramatic reduction of infectious diseases including Tuberculosis and Poliomyelitis have changed the problems in pediatrics. Today, sick children, who formerly had to be hospitalised are treated by the practitioner. In the hospitals, physicians are more dealing with chronic and malign diseases, where in addition, problems of psychological guidance of these children and their parents are of importance. Pediatrics should  deal with all aspects of child welfare and development directly or indirectly related to health.", "contents": "[Changes in pediatrics (author's transl)]. The decrease of infant mortality and the dramatic reduction of infectious diseases including Tuberculosis and Poliomyelitis have changed the problems in pediatrics. Today, sick children, who formerly had to be hospitalised are treated by the practitioner. In the hospitals, physicians are more dealing with chronic and malign diseases, where in addition, problems of psychological guidance of these children and their parents are of importance. Pediatrics should  deal with all aspects of child welfare and development directly or indirectly related to health."}
{"id": "PMID:1219488", "title": "[Role of transcutaneous electric stimulation in indication for implantation of an analgesic stimulator].", "content": "The author's describe: I. METHODS OF ANALGESIC CUTANEOUS STIMULATION: I) Transcutaneous analgesic stimulation: Stimulations realized by biphasic asymetrical \"waves\" of 0 to 80 milliamps intensity for a frequency of 10 to 100 cycles/S. -Place of the stimulation: a painful area. -Stimulation length: 15 to 20 minutes, repeated during several days. appreciate patients tolerance to the tingling sensation. Test the analgesic effect, sometimes sufficient to treat the patient. 2) Analgesic percutaneous stimulation: The percutaneous electrode is applicated to the dura, without penetrating it. Same types of results as for transcuteneous stimulation but more precise. II. DEFINITION of the indication of chronic implantation of an analgesic stimulator. Studying results of repeated analgesic transcutaneous stimulations allows to distinguish between several possibilities. I) Intolerance of the sensation of stimulation: Contra-Indication or increasing of the pain. 2) Complete and lasting amelioration leads to: Chronic transcutaneous neurostimulation. 3) Partial amelioration, No amelioration leads to: Acute percutaneous stimulation either successful results after stimulation, : Chronic implantation: -of peripheral nerve -on a peripheric nerve -of dorsal column -on dorsal column, either paraesthesis without Analgesia:? III - EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE \"ANALGESIANT\" ELECTRIC STIMULATION. A cutaneous \"analgesiant\" stimulation produces, in the cat, the inhibition of evocated potential in C.M. by \"nociceptive\" stimulation of the sciatic nerve. The inhibition only appears after a 30 minutes latence. This let suppose different mechanisms from the \"Gate Control\" theory. The authors specify their personal results (Tab. 2.)", "contents": "[Role of transcutaneous electric stimulation in indication for implantation of an analgesic stimulator]. The author's describe: I. METHODS OF ANALGESIC CUTANEOUS STIMULATION: I) Transcutaneous analgesic stimulation: Stimulations realized by biphasic asymetrical \"waves\" of 0 to 80 milliamps intensity for a frequency of 10 to 100 cycles/S. -Place of the stimulation: a painful area. -Stimulation length: 15 to 20 minutes, repeated during several days. appreciate patients tolerance to the tingling sensation. Test the analgesic effect, sometimes sufficient to treat the patient. 2) Analgesic percutaneous stimulation: The percutaneous electrode is applicated to the dura, without penetrating it. Same types of results as for transcuteneous stimulation but more precise. II. DEFINITION of the indication of chronic implantation of an analgesic stimulator. Studying results of repeated analgesic transcutaneous stimulations allows to distinguish between several possibilities. I) Intolerance of the sensation of stimulation: Contra-Indication or increasing of the pain. 2) Complete and lasting amelioration leads to: Chronic transcutaneous neurostimulation. 3) Partial amelioration, No amelioration leads to: Acute percutaneous stimulation either successful results after stimulation, : Chronic implantation: -of peripheral nerve -on a peripheric nerve -of dorsal column -on dorsal column, either paraesthesis without Analgesia:? III - EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE \"ANALGESIANT\" ELECTRIC STIMULATION. A cutaneous \"analgesiant\" stimulation produces, in the cat, the inhibition of evocated potential in C.M. by \"nociceptive\" stimulation of the sciatic nerve. The inhibition only appears after a 30 minutes latence. This let suppose different mechanisms from the \"Gate Control\" theory. The authors specify their personal results (Tab. 2.)"}
{"id": "PMID:1219490", "title": "[Lymphocytic infiltration in human gliomas].", "content": "A histological study of lymphocytic infiltration has been undertaken following removal at operation of one hundred human gliomas. This study has been completed with eight cases of tumour recurrence, six attempted autologous grafts, twenty one post-mortems and fourteen explorations of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. About half of the glioma specimens showed lymphocytic infiltration and no reaction was present in the other. Within this series of glioblastomas a correlation existed between the presence of infiltrating lymphocytes and the duration both of pre and post operative tumour evolution. The rejection of autologous grafts seemed to depend directly on the presence of lymphocytic infiltrations associated with the primary tumour. The retarded hypersensitivity reactions obtained after intradermic inoculations of cellular lyophilizates did not seem to be directly related either to the phenomenon of autologous graft rejection or to the presence of lymphocytic infiltrations. The results suggest that there is a complex system represented by two antigenic groups of transplantation type and sensitization type.", "contents": "[Lymphocytic infiltration in human gliomas]. A histological study of lymphocytic infiltration has been undertaken following removal at operation of one hundred human gliomas. This study has been completed with eight cases of tumour recurrence, six attempted autologous grafts, twenty one post-mortems and fourteen explorations of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. About half of the glioma specimens showed lymphocytic infiltration and no reaction was present in the other. Within this series of glioblastomas a correlation existed between the presence of infiltrating lymphocytes and the duration both of pre and post operative tumour evolution. The rejection of autologous grafts seemed to depend directly on the presence of lymphocytic infiltrations associated with the primary tumour. The retarded hypersensitivity reactions obtained after intradermic inoculations of cellular lyophilizates did not seem to be directly related either to the phenomenon of autologous graft rejection or to the presence of lymphocytic infiltrations. The results suggest that there is a complex system represented by two antigenic groups of transplantation type and sensitization type."}
{"id": "PMID:1219491", "title": "[Cerebrovascular accidents and oral contraceptives (reflections a propos of 36 observations)].", "content": "Thirty-six cases of cerebro-vascular accidents in young women using oral contraceptives have been studied and a survey of the literature devoted to the subject gives an opportunity to discuss a few problems related with these accidents. They occur with no evident relationship with the type of drug used, and the duration of treatment; in 66 p. 100 of the cases these patients have a definite and sometimes severe pathological history prior to the neurological accident. The cerebro-vascular accidents are of the ischemic type in more than 80 p. 100 of the cases. Angiographic studies demonstrate various types of lesion: stenosis or thrombosis of the arteries; in almost all of the cases the internal carotid artery or the sylvian artery or both of them are concerned; the angiogram appeared normal in 8 cases.", "contents": "[Cerebrovascular accidents and oral contraceptives (reflections a propos of 36 observations)]. Thirty-six cases of cerebro-vascular accidents in young women using oral contraceptives have been studied and a survey of the literature devoted to the subject gives an opportunity to discuss a few problems related with these accidents. They occur with no evident relationship with the type of drug used, and the duration of treatment; in 66 p. 100 of the cases these patients have a definite and sometimes severe pathological history prior to the neurological accident. The cerebro-vascular accidents are of the ischemic type in more than 80 p. 100 of the cases. Angiographic studies demonstrate various types of lesion: stenosis or thrombosis of the arteries; in almost all of the cases the internal carotid artery or the sylvian artery or both of them are concerned; the angiogram appeared normal in 8 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1219487", "title": "[Experimental intracranial venous microsurgery. Bypass of the sagittal sinus for arterial or venous repair and preoperative measurement of the cerebral impedance in the dog].", "content": "By-passes of the sagittal sinus-which is 2,5 mm in diameter-were carried out with autogenous arterial or venous grafts, in 34 dogs, using the classical microtechniques (operative microscope, micro-instruments, micro-sutures...). Controls were done both 1 degree by angiography (direct sinography was the only convenient procedure to visualize the sinus and the by-pass) during survival, and 2 degrees by anatomical and histological examination after sacrifying the animals, on an average the 40th post-operative day (from the 10th to the 75th day). The early patency rate (within the first post-operative month) was 76 p. 100. All cases of early thromboses, which affected especially venous autografts, were related to technical insufficiencies. The late patency rate (after a one month follow-up) was only 64 p. 100, because of the secondary occlusion of some arterial autografts. All these late thromboses were related to an extensive fibrosis of the arterial wall.", "contents": "[Experimental intracranial venous microsurgery. Bypass of the sagittal sinus for arterial or venous repair and preoperative measurement of the cerebral impedance in the dog]. By-passes of the sagittal sinus-which is 2,5 mm in diameter-were carried out with autogenous arterial or venous grafts, in 34 dogs, using the classical microtechniques (operative microscope, micro-instruments, micro-sutures...). Controls were done both 1 degree by angiography (direct sinography was the only convenient procedure to visualize the sinus and the by-pass) during survival, and 2 degrees by anatomical and histological examination after sacrifying the animals, on an average the 40th post-operative day (from the 10th to the 75th day). The early patency rate (within the first post-operative month) was 76 p. 100. All cases of early thromboses, which affected especially venous autografts, were related to technical insufficiencies. The late patency rate (after a one month follow-up) was only 64 p. 100, because of the secondary occlusion of some arterial autografts. All these late thromboses were related to an extensive fibrosis of the arterial wall."}
{"id": "PMID:1219489", "title": "[Method of automatic modal analysis of variations in intracranial pressure in man].", "content": "When ICP measurement is used for a neuro-surgical patient we wonder about two questions: --which are the highest and the mean ICP value? --is there some spontaneous pathological variations like plateau wave or b wave? To answer these questions it is necessary to record ICP for extended periods of time. Numerical values are difficult and tedious to set up from ICP standard recordings. To resolve this practical problem, JANNY and KULLBERG had proposed a statistical automatic analysis of the different ICP values using a computer. The modal curve of the different classes of ICP amplitudes is then recorded. For 62 patients with various pathological situations (head injury subarachnoid hemorrhage, posterior fossa tumor, normal pressure hydrocephalus and dementia with symetric ventricular enlargement...) ICP has been recorded during 12 hours at the same time on the standard ink-writer recorder, and on a standard multichannels automatical analysis giving the modal curve of ICP amplitudes. On the round-headed modal curve obtained, ICP modal value i.e. the most frequent pressure value, can be read directly. ICP variations beyond this modal value like plateau wave or vasomotor variations modify the general aspect of this modal curve and sometimes in a specifical manner as regarded to the pathological situation. In our findings posterior fossa tumor without high modal ICP level are frequent but in these cases vasomotor response are nevertheless always present. In cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus as defined by clinical aspect, ventriculography and cisternography, the ICP modal value is higher than 12 mm Hg and vasomotor variations like B wave occurs frequently. The most typical monophasic aspect has been noticed in cases of metastatic meningitis. This technical approach of ICP measurement is very useful and gives immediately to the clinician the exact mean or modal ICP value as measured on the modal curve of the different ICP amplitudes with more accuracy and attainability than on the usual long term recordings.", "contents": "[Method of automatic modal analysis of variations in intracranial pressure in man]. When ICP measurement is used for a neuro-surgical patient we wonder about two questions: --which are the highest and the mean ICP value? --is there some spontaneous pathological variations like plateau wave or b wave? To answer these questions it is necessary to record ICP for extended periods of time. Numerical values are difficult and tedious to set up from ICP standard recordings. To resolve this practical problem, JANNY and KULLBERG had proposed a statistical automatic analysis of the different ICP values using a computer. The modal curve of the different classes of ICP amplitudes is then recorded. For 62 patients with various pathological situations (head injury subarachnoid hemorrhage, posterior fossa tumor, normal pressure hydrocephalus and dementia with symetric ventricular enlargement...) ICP has been recorded during 12 hours at the same time on the standard ink-writer recorder, and on a standard multichannels automatical analysis giving the modal curve of ICP amplitudes. On the round-headed modal curve obtained, ICP modal value i.e. the most frequent pressure value, can be read directly. ICP variations beyond this modal value like plateau wave or vasomotor variations modify the general aspect of this modal curve and sometimes in a specifical manner as regarded to the pathological situation. In our findings posterior fossa tumor without high modal ICP level are frequent but in these cases vasomotor response are nevertheless always present. In cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus as defined by clinical aspect, ventriculography and cisternography, the ICP modal value is higher than 12 mm Hg and vasomotor variations like B wave occurs frequently. The most typical monophasic aspect has been noticed in cases of metastatic meningitis. This technical approach of ICP measurement is very useful and gives immediately to the clinician the exact mean or modal ICP value as measured on the modal curve of the different ICP amplitudes with more accuracy and attainability than on the usual long term recordings."}
{"id": "PMID:1219492", "title": "[Arthrodesis of the sub-occipital spine by screwed occipito-cervical plate. Clinical case and technical notes].", "content": "The authors report a new technique in arthrodesis of the sub-occipital spine which has been experienced since 1973 in case of metastases at CI-C2 level. An occipitovertebral metal plate, inverted Y shaped has been realised after anatomical and biomecanical studies. It is adapted to the occipito-vertebral curvature and screwed in the articular processes of C3 and C4 (14 mm screw), and in the pedicles of C2 (32 mm screw). At the upper part, the occiptal ridge offers fixation by 12 and 14 mm Muller's screw. In addition CI is attached to the plate, by a nylon thread. After the report of the first clinical case with a nine month period of follow up technical features of the material as well as practical problems are exposed. Tomograms of the cervical spine as well as bilateral brachial angiography are of paramount value. The latter investigation may reveal anomalies of the vertebral artery that can hinder of forbid the pedicular fixation. Finally the authors discuss the extension of this technique to complexe trauma of the suboccipital column.", "contents": "[Arthrodesis of the sub-occipital spine by screwed occipito-cervical plate. Clinical case and technical notes]. The authors report a new technique in arthrodesis of the sub-occipital spine which has been experienced since 1973 in case of metastases at CI-C2 level. An occipitovertebral metal plate, inverted Y shaped has been realised after anatomical and biomecanical studies. It is adapted to the occipito-vertebral curvature and screwed in the articular processes of C3 and C4 (14 mm screw), and in the pedicles of C2 (32 mm screw). At the upper part, the occiptal ridge offers fixation by 12 and 14 mm Muller's screw. In addition CI is attached to the plate, by a nylon thread. After the report of the first clinical case with a nine month period of follow up technical features of the material as well as practical problems are exposed. Tomograms of the cervical spine as well as bilateral brachial angiography are of paramount value. The latter investigation may reveal anomalies of the vertebral artery that can hinder of forbid the pedicular fixation. Finally the authors discuss the extension of this technique to complexe trauma of the suboccipital column."}
{"id": "PMID:1219493", "title": "[Operation for stenosis of the internal carotid artery secondary to irradiation (a propos of 1 observation)].", "content": "A case of atheromatous left internal carotid stenosis is reported in a 25 years old male who had been treated 7 years before by cobalt radiations on the left angulo-mandibular region for ganglionar reticular cell sarcoma with apparent curative effect. Right hemiplegia with aphasia was present on hospital admission. No systemic sign of vascular atheromatous involvement could be detected. Endarteriectomy was performed and was followed by complete recovery. Post-operative angiography confirmed that normal blood flow had been restored. After survey of pertinent literature, it is proposed that gamma ray irradiation was the main factor in determining a carotid stenosis localized to the irradiated field.", "contents": "[Operation for stenosis of the internal carotid artery secondary to irradiation (a propos of 1 observation)]. A case of atheromatous left internal carotid stenosis is reported in a 25 years old male who had been treated 7 years before by cobalt radiations on the left angulo-mandibular region for ganglionar reticular cell sarcoma with apparent curative effect. Right hemiplegia with aphasia was present on hospital admission. No systemic sign of vascular atheromatous involvement could be detected. Endarteriectomy was performed and was followed by complete recovery. Post-operative angiography confirmed that normal blood flow had been restored. After survey of pertinent literature, it is proposed that gamma ray irradiation was the main factor in determining a carotid stenosis localized to the irradiated field."}
{"id": "PMID:1219503", "title": "Amygdalar participation in tonic ACTH secretion in the rat.", "content": "The role of the amygdaloid complexes in the compensatory hypersecretion of ACTH following adrenalectomy was studied in the adult male rat. Unilateral or bilateral radiofrequency or knife-cut lesions were placed in the amygdalae, their efferent pathways or the septal region. Three weeks following adrenalectomy resting plasma ACTH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Bilateral lesions of a direct medial-projecting portion of the ventral amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway blocked the compensatory hypersecretion of ACTH following adrenalectomy. A unilateral complete amygdalar lesion coupled with destruction of the same direct amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway on the opposite side had the same positive effect. In contrast, unilateral destruction of the direct amygdalo-hypothalamic projections, ablation of the septum, or bilateral destruction of the stria terminalis did not block hypersecretion of ACTH following adrenalectomy. These data suggest that the amygdalae and their direct hypothalamic projections, but not the stria terminalis or septum, are essential for the hypersecretion of ACTH following adrenalectomy. Furthermore, one amygdaloid complex appears sufficient for this effect. It is possible that the amygdalae act as a central nervous system 'glucocorticoid-sensor' in the modulation of ACTH secretion in the rat.", "contents": "Amygdalar participation in tonic ACTH secretion in the rat. The role of the amygdaloid complexes in the compensatory hypersecretion of ACTH following adrenalectomy was studied in the adult male rat. Unilateral or bilateral radiofrequency or knife-cut lesions were placed in the amygdalae, their efferent pathways or the septal region. Three weeks following adrenalectomy resting plasma ACTH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Bilateral lesions of a direct medial-projecting portion of the ventral amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway blocked the compensatory hypersecretion of ACTH following adrenalectomy. A unilateral complete amygdalar lesion coupled with destruction of the same direct amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway on the opposite side had the same positive effect. In contrast, unilateral destruction of the direct amygdalo-hypothalamic projections, ablation of the septum, or bilateral destruction of the stria terminalis did not block hypersecretion of ACTH following adrenalectomy. These data suggest that the amygdalae and their direct hypothalamic projections, but not the stria terminalis or septum, are essential for the hypersecretion of ACTH following adrenalectomy. Furthermore, one amygdaloid complex appears sufficient for this effect. It is possible that the amygdalae act as a central nervous system 'glucocorticoid-sensor' in the modulation of ACTH secretion in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:1219504", "title": "Vasotocin biosynthesis by neurohypophysial cells from human fetuses. Evidence for its ependymal origin.", "content": "Cultured neurohypophysial cells from human fetuses aged 130-155 days release into the culture medium an active principle which has antidiuretic, hydroosmotic and rat uterine activities. The chromatographic mobility of the active principle, as well as the susceptibility of all of the above activities to tryptic digestion, indicates the presence of a basic peptide identical to arginine vasotocin (AVT). The ability of these cultured cells, which are probably ependymal cells, to release the above activities during 43 days of incubation, suggests that AVT is synthesized and secreted by specialized ependymal cells in the developing human neurohypophysis. Neither in the culture media from anterior pituitaries of the same fetuses nor in control culture media could antidiuretic, rat uterine or hydroosmotic activities be detected. Although the nonincubated neurohypophyses of the same age contain pharmacological activities suggesting the presence of vasopressin, oxytocin and AVT, the neurohypophysial cells cultured in vitro apparently release only AVT into the medium. This supports the suggestion that whereas vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells, AVT, on the contrary, appears to be synthesized by ependymal neurohypophysial cells in the developing human neurohypophysis. Consequently, the fetal human neurohypophysis, and presumably the fetal mammalian neurohypophysis, appears not only as a storage site for neurohypophysial hormones but also as an endocrine structure which synthesizes and secretes AVT by ependymosecretion.", "contents": "Vasotocin biosynthesis by neurohypophysial cells from human fetuses. Evidence for its ependymal origin. Cultured neurohypophysial cells from human fetuses aged 130-155 days release into the culture medium an active principle which has antidiuretic, hydroosmotic and rat uterine activities. The chromatographic mobility of the active principle, as well as the susceptibility of all of the above activities to tryptic digestion, indicates the presence of a basic peptide identical to arginine vasotocin (AVT). The ability of these cultured cells, which are probably ependymal cells, to release the above activities during 43 days of incubation, suggests that AVT is synthesized and secreted by specialized ependymal cells in the developing human neurohypophysis. Neither in the culture media from anterior pituitaries of the same fetuses nor in control culture media could antidiuretic, rat uterine or hydroosmotic activities be detected. Although the nonincubated neurohypophyses of the same age contain pharmacological activities suggesting the presence of vasopressin, oxytocin and AVT, the neurohypophysial cells cultured in vitro apparently release only AVT into the medium. This supports the suggestion that whereas vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells, AVT, on the contrary, appears to be synthesized by ependymal neurohypophysial cells in the developing human neurohypophysis. Consequently, the fetal human neurohypophysis, and presumably the fetal mammalian neurohypophysis, appears not only as a storage site for neurohypophysial hormones but also as an endocrine structure which synthesizes and secretes AVT by ependymosecretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1219505", "title": "Effect of meal feeding on daily rhythms of plasma corticosterone and growth hormone in the rat.", "content": "After rats had adapted to regular meal feeding in the morning they demonstrated an altered circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone (B) even under the normal light-dark cycle. The altered daily rhythm of plasma B consisted of two peaks, with one peak at 08.00 h in anticipation of meal feeding and a second peak corresponding to the normal peak of plasma B prior to lights-off seen in ad libitum-fed animals. Neither peak of plasma B in the meal-fed animals achieved the magnitude of the single peak observed in control animals. In spite of some quantitative differences during certain periods of the day, after the animals had adapted to meal feeding there was no difference in the basic profile of the daily rhythm of plasma immunoactive growth hormone (GH).", "contents": "Effect of meal feeding on daily rhythms of plasma corticosterone and growth hormone in the rat. After rats had adapted to regular meal feeding in the morning they demonstrated an altered circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone (B) even under the normal light-dark cycle. The altered daily rhythm of plasma B consisted of two peaks, with one peak at 08.00 h in anticipation of meal feeding and a second peak corresponding to the normal peak of plasma B prior to lights-off seen in ad libitum-fed animals. Neither peak of plasma B in the meal-fed animals achieved the magnitude of the single peak observed in control animals. In spite of some quantitative differences during certain periods of the day, after the animals had adapted to meal feeding there was no difference in the basic profile of the daily rhythm of plasma immunoactive growth hormone (GH)."}
{"id": "PMID:1219506", "title": "Melatonin inhibition of pineal enzymes in Coturnix quail.", "content": "The activities of the melatonin-forming enzymes hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) and N-acetyl transferase (NAT) were determined in pineals of mature female Coturnix quail receiving implants of melatonin (10 mug, 1 mug, 0.1 mug) weekly for 4 weeks. Both HIOMT and NAT were significantly decreased by implants of 10 and 1 mug melatonin compared to vehicle and intact controls. Oviductal weights tended to be higher with increasing quantities of melatonin. These results suggest that melatonin exerts a feedback inhibition upon its synthesizing enzymes which may be of particular importance during the rapid sexual maturation of this species.", "contents": "Melatonin inhibition of pineal enzymes in Coturnix quail. The activities of the melatonin-forming enzymes hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) and N-acetyl transferase (NAT) were determined in pineals of mature female Coturnix quail receiving implants of melatonin (10 mug, 1 mug, 0.1 mug) weekly for 4 weeks. Both HIOMT and NAT were significantly decreased by implants of 10 and 1 mug melatonin compared to vehicle and intact controls. Oviductal weights tended to be higher with increasing quantities of melatonin. These results suggest that melatonin exerts a feedback inhibition upon its synthesizing enzymes which may be of particular importance during the rapid sexual maturation of this species."}
{"id": "PMID:1219507", "title": "Absence of a circadian rhythm in persisting corticosterone fluctuations following surgical isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus.", "content": "To determine whether the circadian rhythm in pituitary-adrenal function is abolished after interruption of neural connections of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), corticosterone patterns were examined in individual adult female rats following surgical isolation of the MBH (MBHI rats). Non-stress plasma corticosterone levels were assessed fluorometrically in blood samples obtained from a tail vein of each rat at 4-h intervals for 44 h, 7-8 weeks after surgery. The highest corticosterone levels for most intact and sham-operated controls were obtained in samples collected at the period of light-dark transition. Individual MBHI rats demonstrated steroid excursions of normal amplitude that were not linked with time of day; these patterns appeared asynchronous and devoid of a 24-h cycle. The data indicate that major excursions in plasma corticosterone levels persist following surgical interruption of connections of the MBH, but circadian rhythmicity is abolished.", "contents": "Absence of a circadian rhythm in persisting corticosterone fluctuations following surgical isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus. To determine whether the circadian rhythm in pituitary-adrenal function is abolished after interruption of neural connections of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), corticosterone patterns were examined in individual adult female rats following surgical isolation of the MBH (MBHI rats). Non-stress plasma corticosterone levels were assessed fluorometrically in blood samples obtained from a tail vein of each rat at 4-h intervals for 44 h, 7-8 weeks after surgery. The highest corticosterone levels for most intact and sham-operated controls were obtained in samples collected at the period of light-dark transition. Individual MBHI rats demonstrated steroid excursions of normal amplitude that were not linked with time of day; these patterns appeared asynchronous and devoid of a 24-h cycle. The data indicate that major excursions in plasma corticosterone levels persist following surgical interruption of connections of the MBH, but circadian rhythmicity is abolished."}
{"id": "PMID:1219538", "title": "Primary and secondary heart tumors in mice maintained on various diets.", "content": "Two mice of the TM strain, maintained on Purina chow supplemented with refined coin oil plus free fatty acids, in one case, and with refined corn oil without free fatty acids, in the other case, developed primary heart rhabdomyosarcomas. The tumors metastasized to the lungs and the kidney, in the first case, and to the lungs alone in the second case. One mouse of the TM strain, on the diet supplemented with corn oil plus free fatty acids, developed a fibrosarcoma behind the right anterior extremity. Metastases from the tumor were found in the liver, lungs and myocardium. Another mouse of the C57 Bl. strain, injected subcutaneously, in the interscapular region, at the age of 7 days, with a single dose of 30 mug of Delestrogen, developed, at the point of injection, a large rhabdomyosarcoma. At the age of 5333 days, when the animal was killed, metastases from the tumor were found in the intercostal muscles and in the heart. Three mice, one of the TM strain, on a diet supplemented with corn oil and cholesterol, and two of the C57 Br. strain, on a diet supplemented with raw egg yolk (rich in cholesterol) had organized blood clots in the atria (in two mice) and one extending into the ventricle.", "contents": "Primary and secondary heart tumors in mice maintained on various diets. Two mice of the TM strain, maintained on Purina chow supplemented with refined coin oil plus free fatty acids, in one case, and with refined corn oil without free fatty acids, in the other case, developed primary heart rhabdomyosarcomas. The tumors metastasized to the lungs and the kidney, in the first case, and to the lungs alone in the second case. One mouse of the TM strain, on the diet supplemented with corn oil plus free fatty acids, developed a fibrosarcoma behind the right anterior extremity. Metastases from the tumor were found in the liver, lungs and myocardium. Another mouse of the C57 Bl. strain, injected subcutaneously, in the interscapular region, at the age of 7 days, with a single dose of 30 mug of Delestrogen, developed, at the point of injection, a large rhabdomyosarcoma. At the age of 5333 days, when the animal was killed, metastases from the tumor were found in the intercostal muscles and in the heart. Three mice, one of the TM strain, on a diet supplemented with corn oil and cholesterol, and two of the C57 Br. strain, on a diet supplemented with raw egg yolk (rich in cholesterol) had organized blood clots in the atria (in two mice) and one extending into the ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:1219539", "title": "Cytogenetic evolution of Ehrlich ascites tumor in rats. A chromosome-banding study.", "content": "The injection of Ehrlich tumor cells into normal and immunosuppressed rats induced a transitory ascitic tumor. In an initial stage only Ehrlich metaphases were observed. The incidence of rat metaphases, which appeared later on, increased gradually reaching 100% in a stage when neither the viability nor the tumorigenicity of the Ehrlich cells were significantly modified. No mouse-rat hybrid cells were observed. The results suggest that cell hybridization may be essential for the \"naturalization\" of a heterologous tumor.", "contents": "Cytogenetic evolution of Ehrlich ascites tumor in rats. A chromosome-banding study. The injection of Ehrlich tumor cells into normal and immunosuppressed rats induced a transitory ascitic tumor. In an initial stage only Ehrlich metaphases were observed. The incidence of rat metaphases, which appeared later on, increased gradually reaching 100% in a stage when neither the viability nor the tumorigenicity of the Ehrlich cells were significantly modified. No mouse-rat hybrid cells were observed. The results suggest that cell hybridization may be essential for the \"naturalization\" of a heterologous tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:1219540", "title": "Symptoms and causation of the planarian disease related to cancer.", "content": "The disease provoked by injections of water and other harmless liquids or wounds without tissue loss, is characterized by the regression of certain organs, opening in the epidermis, pigmentary anomalies and malignant tumors. The very few worms which recover spontaneously, regenerate the eliminated parts or develop supernumerary structures. Wound are producing the disease less frequently when planarians are undernourished. The disease can also manifest itself spontaneously, especially in the summer. Diseased worms become unable to regenerate. During a transitory period epimorphosis is still possible but is not followed by morphallaxis. The symptoms of the disease manifest themselves in the regenerated parts. A fragment cut out from a worm that just became diseased regenerates and recovers completely. The results give additional evidence to the earlier conclusions about the \"type I cell\" system of planarians. The disease is provoked by an excessive activity of this system with respect to the animal's actual need and is analogous both to cancer and the consequences of X-ray treatment.", "contents": "Symptoms and causation of the planarian disease related to cancer. The disease provoked by injections of water and other harmless liquids or wounds without tissue loss, is characterized by the regression of certain organs, opening in the epidermis, pigmentary anomalies and malignant tumors. The very few worms which recover spontaneously, regenerate the eliminated parts or develop supernumerary structures. Wound are producing the disease less frequently when planarians are undernourished. The disease can also manifest itself spontaneously, especially in the summer. Diseased worms become unable to regenerate. During a transitory period epimorphosis is still possible but is not followed by morphallaxis. The symptoms of the disease manifest themselves in the regenerated parts. A fragment cut out from a worm that just became diseased regenerates and recovers completely. The results give additional evidence to the earlier conclusions about the \"type I cell\" system of planarians. The disease is provoked by an excessive activity of this system with respect to the animal's actual need and is analogous both to cancer and the consequences of X-ray treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1219555", "title": "[A factor influencing the process of chromatin condensation in hepatocytes of regenerating rat liver].", "content": "It was shown with the model supramolecular chromatin systems that the activity of the factor of chromatin condensation changes in the process of liver regeneration. No activity of the factor of chromatin condensation was found 20 hrs after operation. Within 32-33 hrs (in the period of increased mitotic frequency) its activity approaches that prior to the operation. The nature of the activity of the factor of chromatin condensation is discussed with respect to the functional state of chromatin.", "contents": "[A factor influencing the process of chromatin condensation in hepatocytes of regenerating rat liver]. It was shown with the model supramolecular chromatin systems that the activity of the factor of chromatin condensation changes in the process of liver regeneration. No activity of the factor of chromatin condensation was found 20 hrs after operation. Within 32-33 hrs (in the period of increased mitotic frequency) its activity approaches that prior to the operation. The nature of the activity of the factor of chromatin condensation is discussed with respect to the functional state of chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:1219556", "title": "[Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into glial cells of the parietal region and cells of the subependymal zone of two-week and adult mice under normal conditions and following brain injury].", "content": "Potencies of brain cells to DNA synthesis and proliferation were studied in two weeks old and adult mice in the norm and after the brain mechanical injury. No labeled large and middle neurons were found in the brain of intact and operated animals both under the pulse 3H-thymidine incorporation and saturation of mice with 3H-thymidine during 36 hrs. The same types of brains cells were labeled both in intact and operated two weeks old and adult mice: glial cells, cells of the subependymal zone, cells of the dentate gyrus inner margin, and sometimes, cells having characteristics of microneurons. The number of glial cells in the temporal cortex of intact mice diminished with the age. Under the brain trauma, the proliferative reaction of glia was expressed in a similiar way both in two weeks old and adult mice. The index of labeled cells in the subependymal zone is the same in these two age groups. With the age the cellular mass of subependymal zone decreases, rather than proliferative tendencies of supependymal zone. The brain traumatization resulted in the increase of labeled subependymal cell only under the direct injury of subependymal zone.", "contents": "[Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into glial cells of the parietal region and cells of the subependymal zone of two-week and adult mice under normal conditions and following brain injury]. Potencies of brain cells to DNA synthesis and proliferation were studied in two weeks old and adult mice in the norm and after the brain mechanical injury. No labeled large and middle neurons were found in the brain of intact and operated animals both under the pulse 3H-thymidine incorporation and saturation of mice with 3H-thymidine during 36 hrs. The same types of brains cells were labeled both in intact and operated two weeks old and adult mice: glial cells, cells of the subependymal zone, cells of the dentate gyrus inner margin, and sometimes, cells having characteristics of microneurons. The number of glial cells in the temporal cortex of intact mice diminished with the age. Under the brain trauma, the proliferative reaction of glia was expressed in a similiar way both in two weeks old and adult mice. The index of labeled cells in the subependymal zone is the same in these two age groups. With the age the cellular mass of subependymal zone decreases, rather than proliferative tendencies of supependymal zone. The brain traumatization resulted in the increase of labeled subependymal cell only under the direct injury of subependymal zone."}
{"id": "PMID:1219558", "title": "[Detection of biogenic monoamines in the developing nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis mollusk embryos].", "content": "Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of intraneuronal monoamines can be demonstrated in the Lymnaea embryos from the \"late veliger\" stage on. Green specific fluorescence indicating the presence of a primary catecholamine occurs in two paired formations which contain a mass of fibres and varicosities. The formations are supposed to correspond to cerebral and pedal ganglia. Single fibres of the same type can be seen in the foot and other organs of the embryo.", "contents": "[Detection of biogenic monoamines in the developing nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis mollusk embryos]. Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of intraneuronal monoamines can be demonstrated in the Lymnaea embryos from the \"late veliger\" stage on. Green specific fluorescence indicating the presence of a primary catecholamine occurs in two paired formations which contain a mass of fibres and varicosities. The formations are supposed to correspond to cerebral and pedal ganglia. Single fibres of the same type can be seen in the foot and other organs of the embryo."}
{"id": "PMID:1219559", "title": "[Mechanisms of adenohypophyseal development in birds].", "content": "It was established by micrurgical methods that the second step of adenohypophysis morphogenesis related to the submergence of the Rathke pouch epithelium in the proliferating mesenchyme takes place due to high adhesivity of cells of the anterior wall of adenohypophysis anlage towards diencephalon base independently submerging in the mesenchyme. Cell adhesion ensures the direct contact of both the formations on the basis of which characteristic relationships between hypothalamus and adenohypophysis arise during development.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of adenohypophyseal development in birds]. It was established by micrurgical methods that the second step of adenohypophysis morphogenesis related to the submergence of the Rathke pouch epithelium in the proliferating mesenchyme takes place due to high adhesivity of cells of the anterior wall of adenohypophysis anlage towards diencephalon base independently submerging in the mesenchyme. Cell adhesion ensures the direct contact of both the formations on the basis of which characteristic relationships between hypothalamus and adenohypophysis arise during development."}
{"id": "PMID:1219606", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of pulmonary lesions caused by a membrane oxygenator. Comparison with a similar case, which had not received the same treatment].", "content": "The authors made a preliminary study of the damage caused by membrane oxygenators. They suggest nevertheless before a completely definative interpretation to increase the number of observations and above all to check the autopsy findings by an experimental study.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of pulmonary lesions caused by a membrane oxygenator. Comparison with a similar case, which had not received the same treatment]. The authors made a preliminary study of the damage caused by membrane oxygenators. They suggest nevertheless before a completely definative interpretation to increase the number of observations and above all to check the autopsy findings by an experimental study."}
{"id": "PMID:1219607", "title": "[Chronic glomerulonephritis with Hb antigen].", "content": "The authors report nine cases of chronic glomerulonephritis with positive hepatitis B antigen (AgHB) (8 cases) and positive anti-AgHb (1 case). Five patients had membranous glomerulonephritis. The sub-type was ad in 6 cases and ay in 2. In 3 members of two families of patients, AgHB was positive with the same sub-type as the subject studied. In 5 cases, liver biopsy showed signs of chronic hepatitis. According to the authors, a positive AgHB in glomerulonephritis is often associated with clinically latent chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Chronic glomerulonephritis with Hb antigen]. The authors report nine cases of chronic glomerulonephritis with positive hepatitis B antigen (AgHB) (8 cases) and positive anti-AgHb (1 case). Five patients had membranous glomerulonephritis. The sub-type was ad in 6 cases and ay in 2. In 3 members of two families of patients, AgHB was positive with the same sub-type as the subject studied. In 5 cases, liver biopsy showed signs of chronic hepatitis. According to the authors, a positive AgHB in glomerulonephritis is often associated with clinically latent chronic hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1219609", "title": "[The association between pheochromocytoma and brown fat pseudotumor].", "content": "A new case of an association between phaeochromocytoma and a brown fat pseudo-tumour is presented, with arteriographic and histological documents. The case serves to emphasize the difficulties in diagnosis related to the confusing coexistence of the two entities and to discuss the role of catecholamines in the growth of brown adipose tissue under normal and pathological circumstances.", "contents": "[The association between pheochromocytoma and brown fat pseudotumor]. A new case of an association between phaeochromocytoma and a brown fat pseudo-tumour is presented, with arteriographic and histological documents. The case serves to emphasize the difficulties in diagnosis related to the confusing coexistence of the two entities and to discuss the role of catecholamines in the growth of brown adipose tissue under normal and pathological circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:1219610", "title": "[The role of surgery in the treatment of sciatica. An experience of more than 4000 operations].", "content": "Sciatica must always be first considered as a medical problem. Operation is indicated only for refractory cases. Analysis of more than 4 036 operations shows the best indications for surgery. These consist of typical disc sciatica, sciatica with excessive pain, with paralysis and with cauda equina syndrome. Myeloradiculography was not carried out routinely, being reserved for atypical forms. A negative radiculography is not necessarily a contraindication. The results of foraminotomy are less constant than after removal of a disc prolapse. It benefits 60 p. cent of patients, however. Some reserve applies to its use since it is not possible to predict those patients who will be relieved. There exist finally those cases in which the organic origin of the pain cannot be proved, at which time the surgeon should refuse operation which may be an aggravating factor.", "contents": "[The role of surgery in the treatment of sciatica. An experience of more than 4000 operations]. Sciatica must always be first considered as a medical problem. Operation is indicated only for refractory cases. Analysis of more than 4 036 operations shows the best indications for surgery. These consist of typical disc sciatica, sciatica with excessive pain, with paralysis and with cauda equina syndrome. Myeloradiculography was not carried out routinely, being reserved for atypical forms. A negative radiculography is not necessarily a contraindication. The results of foraminotomy are less constant than after removal of a disc prolapse. It benefits 60 p. cent of patients, however. Some reserve applies to its use since it is not possible to predict those patients who will be relieved. There exist finally those cases in which the organic origin of the pain cannot be proved, at which time the surgeon should refuse operation which may be an aggravating factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1219619", "title": "[Osteomalacy induced by anticonvulsants. One case with a study of vitamin D metabolism].", "content": "A case of osteomalacia, with no cause apart from the ingestion of anti-convulsants, is reported. As was shown by a study with tritium labelled vitamin D, the metabolism of the latter was accelerated in this case in comparison with deficiency type osteomalacia. This lends support to the hypothesis that anti-convulsant medications, acting via a hepatic enzyme induction process, cause increased transformation of vitamin D into inactive metabolites, thus explaining a certain deficiency in vitamin D in treated epileptics, a deficiency state which requires treatment.", "contents": "[Osteomalacy induced by anticonvulsants. One case with a study of vitamin D metabolism]. A case of osteomalacia, with no cause apart from the ingestion of anti-convulsants, is reported. As was shown by a study with tritium labelled vitamin D, the metabolism of the latter was accelerated in this case in comparison with deficiency type osteomalacia. This lends support to the hypothesis that anti-convulsant medications, acting via a hepatic enzyme induction process, cause increased transformation of vitamin D into inactive metabolites, thus explaining a certain deficiency in vitamin D in treated epileptics, a deficiency state which requires treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1219620", "title": "[Inappropriate antidiuresis after acute colchicine poisoning. 2 cases].", "content": "Transient episodes of the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuresis developped in two severe colchicine poisonings. These are the first cases reported. On patient also developped a reversible periphal neuropathy. The similarity of such accidents with vicristine neuro-toxicity is emphasized.", "contents": "[Inappropriate antidiuresis after acute colchicine poisoning. 2 cases]. Transient episodes of the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuresis developped in two severe colchicine poisonings. These are the first cases reported. On patient also developped a reversible periphal neuropathy. The similarity of such accidents with vicristine neuro-toxicity is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1219628", "title": "[Pharmacology of acebutolol in animals].", "content": "In the course of routine screening of beta-adrenoceptor blocking compounds, it was found that a number of compounds did not block the vascular and cardiac effects of isoprenaline in proportion. Moreover, it was also found that the anti-arrhythmic action was not wholly related to the beta-adrenoceptor blocking potency. In particular, the anti-ouabain arrhythmia properties were not dependent upon beta-blocking potency. It was, therefore, possible to select a compound which had both cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking and anti-ouabain arrhythmic activities. The chosen compound was acebutolol. Acebutolol is a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent which has marked anti-arrhythmic against arrhythmia induced by methylchloroform and adrenalin in the cat, and also arrhythmia induced by ouabain in dogs and rabbits. It has less pronounced membrane stabilising properties than propranolol and has no demonstrable sympathomimetic action in normal anaesthetised cats or dogs. Bronchial beta-adrenoceptor blockade has been investigated in anaesthetised cats in which bronchoconstriction is evoked by PGF2 alpha. Isoprenaline prevents the effect of PGF2 alpha and this is restored by pre-treatment with propranolol. Acebutolol is 100 times less active than propranolol in these experiments.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of acebutolol in animals]. In the course of routine screening of beta-adrenoceptor blocking compounds, it was found that a number of compounds did not block the vascular and cardiac effects of isoprenaline in proportion. Moreover, it was also found that the anti-arrhythmic action was not wholly related to the beta-adrenoceptor blocking potency. In particular, the anti-ouabain arrhythmia properties were not dependent upon beta-blocking potency. It was, therefore, possible to select a compound which had both cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking and anti-ouabain arrhythmic activities. The chosen compound was acebutolol. Acebutolol is a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent which has marked anti-arrhythmic against arrhythmia induced by methylchloroform and adrenalin in the cat, and also arrhythmia induced by ouabain in dogs and rabbits. It has less pronounced membrane stabilising properties than propranolol and has no demonstrable sympathomimetic action in normal anaesthetised cats or dogs. Bronchial beta-adrenoceptor blockade has been investigated in anaesthetised cats in which bronchoconstriction is evoked by PGF2 alpha. Isoprenaline prevents the effect of PGF2 alpha and this is restored by pre-treatment with propranolol. Acebutolol is 100 times less active than propranolol in these experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:1219629", "title": "[Study of acebutolol dialysis and pharmacokinetic data in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing hemodialysis].", "content": "The dialysance of acebutolol, in vitro, has been found to be equal to 87 ml/mn for a blood flow of 200 ml/mn through an artificial kidney; at the same flow rate, that of urea is 136 ml/mn. In subjects with normal renal function, half-life of acebutolol in plasma, after oral administration, is 4.4 +/- 0.6 h; in haemodialysed patients with renal failure, it is very increased; during haemodialysis, it is near normal (mean: 5.9 h in 4 subjects). Authors discuss the meaning of acebutolol dialysance, in vivo, considering a possible protein binding of this drug.", "contents": "[Study of acebutolol dialysis and pharmacokinetic data in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing hemodialysis]. The dialysance of acebutolol, in vitro, has been found to be equal to 87 ml/mn for a blood flow of 200 ml/mn through an artificial kidney; at the same flow rate, that of urea is 136 ml/mn. In subjects with normal renal function, half-life of acebutolol in plasma, after oral administration, is 4.4 +/- 0.6 h; in haemodialysed patients with renal failure, it is very increased; during haemodialysis, it is near normal (mean: 5.9 h in 4 subjects). Authors discuss the meaning of acebutolol dialysance, in vivo, considering a possible protein binding of this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1219630", "title": "[Effects of acebutolol on the renin-aldosterone system in essential arterial hypertension].", "content": "Acebutolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocking agent, has been given for 5 days, at a daily dosage of 600 mg to 8 patients with mild essential hypertension. Plasma Renin Activity (PRA), Plasma aldosterone (PA), Aldosterone Metabolic Clearance Rate (AMCR), Aldosterone Secretion Rate (ASR) have been compared before and after treatment. Whatever is the daily sodium intake, acebutolol decreases PRA and does not change AMCR. Under a normal sodium diet, PA and ASR are unchanged, in spite of the fall in PRA. On the contrary, under a sodium free diet, the decrease in PRA is accompanied by a decrease in PA and ASR.", "contents": "[Effects of acebutolol on the renin-aldosterone system in essential arterial hypertension]. Acebutolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocking agent, has been given for 5 days, at a daily dosage of 600 mg to 8 patients with mild essential hypertension. Plasma Renin Activity (PRA), Plasma aldosterone (PA), Aldosterone Metabolic Clearance Rate (AMCR), Aldosterone Secretion Rate (ASR) have been compared before and after treatment. Whatever is the daily sodium intake, acebutolol decreases PRA and does not change AMCR. Under a normal sodium diet, PA and ASR are unchanged, in spite of the fall in PRA. On the contrary, under a sodium free diet, the decrease in PRA is accompanied by a decrease in PA and ASR."}
{"id": "PMID:1219631", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of the intravenous form of acebutolol].", "content": "Acetubolol was administered intravenously to 11 patients with various heart disorders, without any adverse effects. The bradycardic effect of this compound is slight. It did not change the auriculo-ventricular conduction in 10 patients with sinus rhythm. The effect of acebutolol on myocardial efficacy is slight or absent in controls. At the doses studied, it did not alter systolic arterial pressure. Furthermore, the effect on the myocardial contractility is slight (-10 p.cent, mean). The important point noted is that the drug does not increase the pressure in ventricular filling, the first sign usually of left ventricular insufficiency caused by most other drugs of this pharmacological type.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of the intravenous form of acebutolol]. Acetubolol was administered intravenously to 11 patients with various heart disorders, without any adverse effects. The bradycardic effect of this compound is slight. It did not change the auriculo-ventricular conduction in 10 patients with sinus rhythm. The effect of acebutolol on myocardial efficacy is slight or absent in controls. At the doses studied, it did not alter systolic arterial pressure. Furthermore, the effect on the myocardial contractility is slight (-10 p.cent, mean). The important point noted is that the drug does not increase the pressure in ventricular filling, the first sign usually of left ventricular insufficiency caused by most other drugs of this pharmacological type."}
{"id": "PMID:1219632", "title": "[Study of the action of acebutolol on the parameters of cardiac contraction measured by ultrasonic echography].", "content": "Recording by means of echography the motions of the posterior wall of the left ventricle makes it possible to compare in subjects acting as their own controls the amplitude of the movement, contraction and decontraction time of the myocardium before and after medication. This report concerns the variations recorded in 10 healthy patients before and after oral administration of 200 mg/day of acebutolol for 10 days. A statistically significant decrease of 8-9 p.cent of the various parameters was found. It probably reflects the negative inotropic action exerted by the drug.", "contents": "[Study of the action of acebutolol on the parameters of cardiac contraction measured by ultrasonic echography]. Recording by means of echography the motions of the posterior wall of the left ventricle makes it possible to compare in subjects acting as their own controls the amplitude of the movement, contraction and decontraction time of the myocardium before and after medication. This report concerns the variations recorded in 10 healthy patients before and after oral administration of 200 mg/day of acebutolol for 10 days. A statistically significant decrease of 8-9 p.cent of the various parameters was found. It probably reflects the negative inotropic action exerted by the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1219633", "title": "[Changes in renal function in the hours following an intravenous injection of acebutolol].", "content": "A study was carried out, of the changes of renal functional value and of urinary electrolytes excretion after rapid intravenous injection of acebutolol in twelve subjects with various glomerular filtration. Renal functional value was estimated by measuring inuline. P.A.H., urea and creatinin clearances during a control period of thirty minutes and during the four hours following administration of acebutolol. The variations in the excretion of electrolytes: chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus were measured during the same periods. The following results were obtained: in subjects with normal renal functional value, administration of acetubolol brings about: a variation which is under 20 p.cent of glomerular filtration and P.A.H. clearance; a 50 p.cent average decrease of natriuresis. in cases of renal insufficiency: clearances of inuline and P.A.H. are unchanged. There is a 20 p.cent average decrease of natriuresis. There is a decrease of urinary output (35-45 p.cent) and of urea clearance (20-50 p.cent).", "contents": "[Changes in renal function in the hours following an intravenous injection of acebutolol]. A study was carried out, of the changes of renal functional value and of urinary electrolytes excretion after rapid intravenous injection of acebutolol in twelve subjects with various glomerular filtration. Renal functional value was estimated by measuring inuline. P.A.H., urea and creatinin clearances during a control period of thirty minutes and during the four hours following administration of acebutolol. The variations in the excretion of electrolytes: chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus were measured during the same periods. The following results were obtained: in subjects with normal renal functional value, administration of acetubolol brings about: a variation which is under 20 p.cent of glomerular filtration and P.A.H. clearance; a 50 p.cent average decrease of natriuresis. in cases of renal insufficiency: clearances of inuline and P.A.H. are unchanged. There is a 20 p.cent average decrease of natriuresis. There is a decrease of urinary output (35-45 p.cent) and of urea clearance (20-50 p.cent)."}
{"id": "PMID:1219634", "title": "[Study of clinical pharmacology of acebutolol in 5 asthmatic patients].", "content": "Respiratory function (V.E.M.S.-C.V.) and cardiovascular function (pulse and blood pressure) were studied in 5 asthmatic patients who were given isoprenaline aerosols after I.V. injection of normal saline solution (in the first step) and acebutolol (in the second step). The respiratory function is not disturbed by acebutolol. On the other hand, the cardio-accelerating effect of isoprenaline was not neutralized by acebutolol during these two assays, but significantly reduced.", "contents": "[Study of clinical pharmacology of acebutolol in 5 asthmatic patients]. Respiratory function (V.E.M.S.-C.V.) and cardiovascular function (pulse and blood pressure) were studied in 5 asthmatic patients who were given isoprenaline aerosols after I.V. injection of normal saline solution (in the first step) and acebutolol (in the second step). The respiratory function is not disturbed by acebutolol. On the other hand, the cardio-accelerating effect of isoprenaline was not neutralized by acebutolol during these two assays, but significantly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1219635", "title": "[Treatment of arterial hypertension with acebutolol. Double-blind study with placebos].", "content": "Acebutolol, a cardioselective beta-blocker, was studied at doses of 600 to 800 mg in a double-blind trial against placebo in 33 patients with essential hypertension. A moderate reduction in the arterial pressure was seen with placebo, but the pressure was greatly reduced by treatment with acebutolol (p less than 0,01). The heart rate was unchanged after placebo and was reduced by about 10 p.cent by acebutolol. Similarly plasma renin activity, in both lying and standing subjects, was not changed by the placebo, but it was greatly reduced by acebutolol. In the 33 patients studied, the arterial pressure returned to normal in 13 cases (39 p.cent), an improvement was obtained in 12 cases (36 p.cent) but in 8 cases (24 p.cent) the hypertension was not modified by acebutolol. The tolerance to acebutolol was excellent in all cases. No relationship was found between the hypotensive effect of acebutolol and the heart rate or its augmentation induced by orthostatism nor with the levels of plasma renin activity.", "contents": "[Treatment of arterial hypertension with acebutolol. Double-blind study with placebos]. Acebutolol, a cardioselective beta-blocker, was studied at doses of 600 to 800 mg in a double-blind trial against placebo in 33 patients with essential hypertension. A moderate reduction in the arterial pressure was seen with placebo, but the pressure was greatly reduced by treatment with acebutolol (p less than 0,01). The heart rate was unchanged after placebo and was reduced by about 10 p.cent by acebutolol. Similarly plasma renin activity, in both lying and standing subjects, was not changed by the placebo, but it was greatly reduced by acebutolol. In the 33 patients studied, the arterial pressure returned to normal in 13 cases (39 p.cent), an improvement was obtained in 12 cases (36 p.cent) but in 8 cases (24 p.cent) the hypertension was not modified by acebutolol. The tolerance to acebutolol was excellent in all cases. No relationship was found between the hypotensive effect of acebutolol and the heart rate or its augmentation induced by orthostatism nor with the levels of plasma renin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1219696", "title": "[Absorption of D-xylose in intestinal parasitic diseases].", "content": "In order to investigate the intestinal absorption in relation to parasitic diseases, 106 children were studied using the xylose test. All of them were attending a primary school. The height and weight were recorded, and the hemoblobin and hematocrit were estimated in each one. The examination of the stools shown one or more parasites in 57.6 per cent specimens. The E. histolytica, Hymenolepis nana and A. lumbricoides, were identified in 22.6, 21.7 and 20.7 per cent children, respectively; G lamblia was found in 10.4 per cent. Only the children with Giardia had a statistical difference in the absorption of xylose, with respect to those without parasites. At the same time height was low in comparison to a group of children with similar age and sex, selected among the 45 without parasitic diseases. Findings are discussed according to the pathogenic mechanism involved in giardiasis. Emphasis is done in the interplay of malnutrition and G. lamblia.", "contents": "[Absorption of D-xylose in intestinal parasitic diseases]. In order to investigate the intestinal absorption in relation to parasitic diseases, 106 children were studied using the xylose test. All of them were attending a primary school. The height and weight were recorded, and the hemoblobin and hematocrit were estimated in each one. The examination of the stools shown one or more parasites in 57.6 per cent specimens. The E. histolytica, Hymenolepis nana and A. lumbricoides, were identified in 22.6, 21.7 and 20.7 per cent children, respectively; G lamblia was found in 10.4 per cent. Only the children with Giardia had a statistical difference in the absorption of xylose, with respect to those without parasites. At the same time height was low in comparison to a group of children with similar age and sex, selected among the 45 without parasitic diseases. Findings are discussed according to the pathogenic mechanism involved in giardiasis. Emphasis is done in the interplay of malnutrition and G. lamblia."}
{"id": "PMID:1219697", "title": "[Use of amniotic membranes as biological dressings. Preliminary report].", "content": "The authors compared the results obtained with the use of amniotic membranes as biological dressings in the treatment of 15 patients with skin loose of different etiology and that obtained with the conventional therapy. The associated benefits obtained with this treatment were lessen of the pain, low incidence of infections, early cicatrization of the wounds and shortening of the hospital time. The primary observations permit a wide investigation about the therapeutic usefulness of this kind of biological dressings.", "contents": "[Use of amniotic membranes as biological dressings. Preliminary report]. The authors compared the results obtained with the use of amniotic membranes as biological dressings in the treatment of 15 patients with skin loose of different etiology and that obtained with the conventional therapy. The associated benefits obtained with this treatment were lessen of the pain, low incidence of infections, early cicatrization of the wounds and shortening of the hospital time. The primary observations permit a wide investigation about the therapeutic usefulness of this kind of biological dressings."}
{"id": "PMID:1219698", "title": "[Splenogammography with Anger's camera].", "content": "Through 230 consecutive studies, 180 from patients and 50 from healthy persons, we obtain simultaneous figures of the spleen and the liver. The best position to obtain better scintigraphies of the spleen was the posterior left oblique. The normal dimensions of the spleen image was 11.1 mm. +/- 1.2 mm. (1 sigma) long diameter, and 6.9 mm. +/- 1.1 mm (1 sigma) broad diameter. In a great number of patients we found an enlargement of the spleen in the scintigraphic image without clinical demonstration. The study is easy, rapid and without troubles for patients; moreover it afford an important knowledge in the study of the spleen and the liver in simultaneous form.", "contents": "[Splenogammography with Anger's camera]. Through 230 consecutive studies, 180 from patients and 50 from healthy persons, we obtain simultaneous figures of the spleen and the liver. The best position to obtain better scintigraphies of the spleen was the posterior left oblique. The normal dimensions of the spleen image was 11.1 mm. +/- 1.2 mm. (1 sigma) long diameter, and 6.9 mm. +/- 1.1 mm (1 sigma) broad diameter. In a great number of patients we found an enlargement of the spleen in the scintigraphic image without clinical demonstration. The study is easy, rapid and without troubles for patients; moreover it afford an important knowledge in the study of the spleen and the liver in simultaneous form."}
{"id": "PMID:1219699", "title": "[Hypophyseal gammography in man. Preliminary report].", "content": "Two normal individuals (healthy volunteer) and one patient with pituitary adenoma were evaluated with estrogenic complex 131-I for pituitary scan. All of them receive 400 muCi of the radionuclide orally. The study was performed 24 hs. after the ingestion of the drug. The results obtained with this method were so encouraging: one side, any toxic reaction was detected through a period of three months, clinical nor laboratory; other side, we visualized directly and in an no invasive form, the pituitary gland with only one dose of the drug administered orally. It is necessary more investigation for a good evaluation of this.", "contents": "[Hypophyseal gammography in man. Preliminary report]. Two normal individuals (healthy volunteer) and one patient with pituitary adenoma were evaluated with estrogenic complex 131-I for pituitary scan. All of them receive 400 muCi of the radionuclide orally. The study was performed 24 hs. after the ingestion of the drug. The results obtained with this method were so encouraging: one side, any toxic reaction was detected through a period of three months, clinical nor laboratory; other side, we visualized directly and in an no invasive form, the pituitary gland with only one dose of the drug administered orally. It is necessary more investigation for a good evaluation of this."}
{"id": "PMID:1219700", "title": "[Biological treatment of psychoses].", "content": "The role of the therapeutic posibilities as \"psycopharmacologic revolution\" agree us to understand the great importance that the psychiatry has in the general practice, five years far from the begining of its scientific era. Inspired in Deniker the author of this paper make a classification of psycotrope drugs and in base of it he review some important topics of psychopharmacology.", "contents": "[Biological treatment of psychoses]. The role of the therapeutic posibilities as \"psycopharmacologic revolution\" agree us to understand the great importance that the psychiatry has in the general practice, five years far from the begining of its scientific era. Inspired in Deniker the author of this paper make a classification of psycotrope drugs and in base of it he review some important topics of psychopharmacology."}
{"id": "PMID:1219792", "title": "Synthesis of morpholinobiguanide derivatives.", "content": "Several new morpholinobiguanide derivatives were synthesized to be tested as hypoglycemic agents, by condensing morpholinobiguanide with alkyl or aryl isocyanate and isothiocyanate, and with dialkylaminoalkyl chloride. The carbamate, prepared from morpholinobiguanide and ethyl chloroformate, was condensed with different aryl amines and certain sulpha drugs. Most of the prepared compounds are easily soluble in water and preliminary examinations as hypoglycemics show promising results.", "contents": "Synthesis of morpholinobiguanide derivatives. Several new morpholinobiguanide derivatives were synthesized to be tested as hypoglycemic agents, by condensing morpholinobiguanide with alkyl or aryl isocyanate and isothiocyanate, and with dialkylaminoalkyl chloride. The carbamate, prepared from morpholinobiguanide and ethyl chloroformate, was condensed with different aryl amines and certain sulpha drugs. Most of the prepared compounds are easily soluble in water and preliminary examinations as hypoglycemics show promising results."}
{"id": "PMID:1219794", "title": "Effect of hashish on brain gamma aminobutyric acid system, blood fibrinolytic activity and glucose and some serum enzymes in the rat.", "content": "Adult male rats were exposed to Hashish smoke for 15 min. Certain biochemical parameters were determined. This treatment did not change the brain glutamic acid level, whereas it significantly decreased brain gamma aminobutyric acid level. There was a significant increase in the activity of the brain enzyme forming gamma aminobutyric acid, namely glutamate decarboxylase, as well as in that enzyme metabolizing gamma aminobutyric acid, namely aminobutyrate aminotransferase. However, the increase was much more marked in the case of aminobutyrate aminotransferase, a finding that might explain the decrease observed in brain gamma aminobutyric acid upon exposure to Hashish. Blood glucose and fibrinolytic activity were significantly increased. It was concluded that these changes might be due to an adrenaline releasing effect of Hashish smoke inhalation. Serum lactate dehydrogenase and serum glutamate oxalacetate transaminase activities were significantly increased, whereas serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity was unaffected. From these data it was suggested that the source of leakage of these enzyme activities into the blood is probably the skeletal muscles rather than the liver.", "contents": "Effect of hashish on brain gamma aminobutyric acid system, blood fibrinolytic activity and glucose and some serum enzymes in the rat. Adult male rats were exposed to Hashish smoke for 15 min. Certain biochemical parameters were determined. This treatment did not change the brain glutamic acid level, whereas it significantly decreased brain gamma aminobutyric acid level. There was a significant increase in the activity of the brain enzyme forming gamma aminobutyric acid, namely glutamate decarboxylase, as well as in that enzyme metabolizing gamma aminobutyric acid, namely aminobutyrate aminotransferase. However, the increase was much more marked in the case of aminobutyrate aminotransferase, a finding that might explain the decrease observed in brain gamma aminobutyric acid upon exposure to Hashish. Blood glucose and fibrinolytic activity were significantly increased. It was concluded that these changes might be due to an adrenaline releasing effect of Hashish smoke inhalation. Serum lactate dehydrogenase and serum glutamate oxalacetate transaminase activities were significantly increased, whereas serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity was unaffected. From these data it was suggested that the source of leakage of these enzyme activities into the blood is probably the skeletal muscles rather than the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1219797", "title": "Physicochemical study of drug binary systems. Part 3: Tolbutamide-urea and tolbutamide-mannitol systems.", "content": "The phase diagram of the tolbutamide-urea system, constructed by data obtained from the microheating table apparatus, was a peritectic type. It showed the possibility of the formation of two molecular compounds with incongruent m. p. at 112 degrees C and 123 degrees C. Metastable and stable eutectic points were observed at 63 degrees C and 92 degrees C respectively. The phase diagram of tolbutamide-mannitol system revealed that in addition to eutectic liquefaction at 102 degrees C and 6% (w/w) mannitol, there was a region [40--80% (w/w) mannitol] in which the two components were not completely miscible in the liquid state. Solubility studies showed an increase of about 2.5 fold in the solubility of tolbutamide with 0.5 g% urea and suggested the possibility of the formation of a low-solubility complex in addition to a soluble higher complex of the two components. No obvious increase in the solubility of tolbutamide was detected in the presence of mannitol. A full description of the nature and composition of the final solidified melts of the two present systems could prove to be helpful in the explanation of the dissolution behaviour of the different studied samples and their corresponding physical mixtures. The fused 90% urea and mannitol solid dispersions showed a fast rate of dissolution in the order of 15 and 10 times (respectively) greater than pure tolbutamide.", "contents": "Physicochemical study of drug binary systems. Part 3: Tolbutamide-urea and tolbutamide-mannitol systems. The phase diagram of the tolbutamide-urea system, constructed by data obtained from the microheating table apparatus, was a peritectic type. It showed the possibility of the formation of two molecular compounds with incongruent m. p. at 112 degrees C and 123 degrees C. Metastable and stable eutectic points were observed at 63 degrees C and 92 degrees C respectively. The phase diagram of tolbutamide-mannitol system revealed that in addition to eutectic liquefaction at 102 degrees C and 6% (w/w) mannitol, there was a region [40--80% (w/w) mannitol] in which the two components were not completely miscible in the liquid state. Solubility studies showed an increase of about 2.5 fold in the solubility of tolbutamide with 0.5 g% urea and suggested the possibility of the formation of a low-solubility complex in addition to a soluble higher complex of the two components. No obvious increase in the solubility of tolbutamide was detected in the presence of mannitol. A full description of the nature and composition of the final solidified melts of the two present systems could prove to be helpful in the explanation of the dissolution behaviour of the different studied samples and their corresponding physical mixtures. The fused 90% urea and mannitol solid dispersions showed a fast rate of dissolution in the order of 15 and 10 times (respectively) greater than pure tolbutamide."}
{"id": "PMID:1219811", "title": "[Results of nuclear medical, electroencephalographic, and angiographic examinations after brain tumor operations].", "content": "The methods of nuclear medicine and electro-encephalography allow, in combination, in almost every case the answer to the question of the cerebral tumour relapse. Our evaluation confirms the discovery of the greater sensitivity of the isotopic methods with relapses of glioblastomas, while relapses of meningiomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and spongioblastomas can be recognized more frequently only by electro-encephalographic methods. The value of angiography is limited in cases of cerebral tumour relapses without pathological vascularisation, since the swelling can spread in the resection cavity without retroaction on the surrounding areas. For this reason vascular displacement (an only be observed very late on. Clinical judgement is furthermore complicated by the fact that after the removal of the primary tumour, often no reposition of the arteries ensues. After our exainations, a negative angiographic condition can be rule out a diagnosis of a relapse which has been established by electro-encephaolographic and isotopic methods.", "contents": "[Results of nuclear medical, electroencephalographic, and angiographic examinations after brain tumor operations]. The methods of nuclear medicine and electro-encephalography allow, in combination, in almost every case the answer to the question of the cerebral tumour relapse. Our evaluation confirms the discovery of the greater sensitivity of the isotopic methods with relapses of glioblastomas, while relapses of meningiomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and spongioblastomas can be recognized more frequently only by electro-encephalographic methods. The value of angiography is limited in cases of cerebral tumour relapses without pathological vascularisation, since the swelling can spread in the resection cavity without retroaction on the surrounding areas. For this reason vascular displacement (an only be observed very late on. Clinical judgement is furthermore complicated by the fact that after the removal of the primary tumour, often no reposition of the arteries ensues. After our exainations, a negative angiographic condition can be rule out a diagnosis of a relapse which has been established by electro-encephaolographic and isotopic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1219812", "title": "[Schizophrenia and neuro-endocrine functional disorders--a case study on the problem of paranoid psychosis].", "content": "Schizophrenia and neuro-endocrine functional defects - a case report concerning the problem of paranoid psychosis: The case of a female patient with paranoic psychosis and endocrine defects has been reported. Under the present pathophysiological concepts the possibility of a combination of schizophrenic and neuro-endocrine symptomatic is suggested. The results of more recent investigations are discussed in respect of organic origin of schizophrenia that is based on potential reduction in the region of the limbic-hypothalamic nervous system.", "contents": "[Schizophrenia and neuro-endocrine functional disorders--a case study on the problem of paranoid psychosis]. Schizophrenia and neuro-endocrine functional defects - a case report concerning the problem of paranoid psychosis: The case of a female patient with paranoic psychosis and endocrine defects has been reported. Under the present pathophysiological concepts the possibility of a combination of schizophrenic and neuro-endocrine symptomatic is suggested. The results of more recent investigations are discussed in respect of organic origin of schizophrenia that is based on potential reduction in the region of the limbic-hypothalamic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1219813", "title": "[Chronic lymphocytic meningitis with polytopic involvement of the nervous system (after tick bite?)].", "content": "After an introductory description of the terminology, the individual experiences of 65 patients with chronic lymphocytic radicular myelo-meningitis after tick bite are  reported with reference to the literature. The finding of the cerebrospinal fluid in the lymphoplasmocytic meningitis together with radicular and regional pains, and a one-or two-sided peripheral facial nerve paresis represents the nucleus syndrome of the illness, which usually progresses as meningopolyneuritis. The pathogen, probably a virus, could not yet be isolated. The treatment is purely symptomatical with corticosteroids and antibiotics. Quoad vitam, the prognosis is invariably favourable, residues are frequent.", "contents": "[Chronic lymphocytic meningitis with polytopic involvement of the nervous system (after tick bite?)]. After an introductory description of the terminology, the individual experiences of 65 patients with chronic lymphocytic radicular myelo-meningitis after tick bite are  reported with reference to the literature. The finding of the cerebrospinal fluid in the lymphoplasmocytic meningitis together with radicular and regional pains, and a one-or two-sided peripheral facial nerve paresis represents the nucleus syndrome of the illness, which usually progresses as meningopolyneuritis. The pathogen, probably a virus, could not yet be isolated. The treatment is purely symptomatical with corticosteroids and antibiotics. Quoad vitam, the prognosis is invariably favourable, residues are frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:1219814", "title": "[Clinical and pathol-anatomic findings in corpus callosum deficiency, enlarged cavum septi pellucidi, and septal defect].", "content": "A comparison is made of the pathological changes of the median line structures such as corpus deficiency, enlarged cavum septi pellucidi (Csp.) and septal defects in 10,457 pneumo-encephalography (PEG) examinations of neurological and psychiatric patients, and in 11,016 general autopsy cases. Clinical peculiarities in corpus deficiency and other development anomalies of the median line structures are discussed along with case reports. A predominance of the male sex in cases of enlarged Csp. together with frequent combinations with neurological and psychiatric illness were noticeable, particularly oligophrenia, behavioral disorders, epilepsy and cerebral tumours. Thus, certain inferiority of the dysrhaphic mutation of the central organ can be assumed.", "contents": "[Clinical and pathol-anatomic findings in corpus callosum deficiency, enlarged cavum septi pellucidi, and septal defect]. A comparison is made of the pathological changes of the median line structures such as corpus deficiency, enlarged cavum septi pellucidi (Csp.) and septal defects in 10,457 pneumo-encephalography (PEG) examinations of neurological and psychiatric patients, and in 11,016 general autopsy cases. Clinical peculiarities in corpus deficiency and other development anomalies of the median line structures are discussed along with case reports. A predominance of the male sex in cases of enlarged Csp. together with frequent combinations with neurological and psychiatric illness were noticeable, particularly oligophrenia, behavioral disorders, epilepsy and cerebral tumours. Thus, certain inferiority of the dysrhaphic mutation of the central organ can be assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219815", "title": "[The female sexual delinquent].", "content": "Among 371 adult sexual delinquents, there were only 14 women. From a total of 16 female sexual delinquents, 9 were feeble-minded, 4 mentally disabled, 3 were physically disabled, and almost all were uneducated and solitary people. The personality was distinguished by emotional disturbances, unsteadiness, impulsiveness, and often anti-social behaviour. Only in the cases of incest between brother and sister were cases of inhibited female character discovered. Among others, 3 cases of sexual crimes against children, and one case of probable fetishism are presented. Traditional moral inhibitions, passivity and an extensive lack of aggressiveness in the sexual behavior of woman, together with a stronger mental link between eroticism and sexuality than with the male, are seen as the main causes for the low figure of female sexual delinquents.", "contents": "[The female sexual delinquent]. Among 371 adult sexual delinquents, there were only 14 women. From a total of 16 female sexual delinquents, 9 were feeble-minded, 4 mentally disabled, 3 were physically disabled, and almost all were uneducated and solitary people. The personality was distinguished by emotional disturbances, unsteadiness, impulsiveness, and often anti-social behaviour. Only in the cases of incest between brother and sister were cases of inhibited female character discovered. Among others, 3 cases of sexual crimes against children, and one case of probable fetishism are presented. Traditional moral inhibitions, passivity and an extensive lack of aggressiveness in the sexual behavior of woman, together with a stronger mental link between eroticism and sexuality than with the male, are seen as the main causes for the low figure of female sexual delinquents."}
{"id": "PMID:1219816", "title": "[Determination of F-wave conductivity in the normal N. ulnaris].", "content": "The methodical procedure for the determination of the F-wave conductivity in the ulnar nerve (in total - conductivity, afferent, conduction frequency forearm, afferent-efferent in the proximal segment of the peripheral motor neuron) and the results of a hundred examinations are presented. The results are compared with the motor nerve conduction velocity. No influences of sex, age or the site of lead could be discovered.", "contents": "[Determination of F-wave conductivity in the normal N. ulnaris]. The methodical procedure for the determination of the F-wave conductivity in the ulnar nerve (in total - conductivity, afferent, conduction frequency forearm, afferent-efferent in the proximal segment of the peripheral motor neuron) and the results of a hundred examinations are presented. The results are compared with the motor nerve conduction velocity. No influences of sex, age or the site of lead could be discovered."}
{"id": "PMID:1219817", "title": "Acute non-traumatic transverse syndrome from a neurosurgical standpoint.", "content": "With a seventh of 233 neuro-surgical patients operated on in the area of the spinal canal, an acute or sub-acute transverse syndrome had become manifest before operation. The analysis of these cases shows that 2 out of 12 cervical, and 12 out of 100 lumbar cases of dislocation of the disk cause an acute or sub-acute transverse lesion of the cord with paraplegia. In 56 cases of intradural extra-medullary tumours, no acute development was observed. However, this was seen in 55% of the extra-dural tumour growths. The role of a vasal component in the event of speedy development of the transverse symptomatology in such cases is mentioned.", "contents": "Acute non-traumatic transverse syndrome from a neurosurgical standpoint. With a seventh of 233 neuro-surgical patients operated on in the area of the spinal canal, an acute or sub-acute transverse syndrome had become manifest before operation. The analysis of these cases shows that 2 out of 12 cervical, and 12 out of 100 lumbar cases of dislocation of the disk cause an acute or sub-acute transverse lesion of the cord with paraplegia. In 56 cases of intradural extra-medullary tumours, no acute development was observed. However, this was seen in 55% of the extra-dural tumour growths. The role of a vasal component in the event of speedy development of the transverse symptomatology in such cases is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:1219925", "title": "Normal values of thyroxine and triiodo-thyronine retention in the rat. Valores normais de tiroxina e reten\u00e7\u00e3o de triiodo-tironina em ratos.", "content": "The authors report the results from Murphy and Pattee's method 9, 10 1964, 1966 for T4 and those from Hamolsky et al.'s method 5 1957 for percent retention of T3 as applied to the normal rat serum. For that purpose, 32 adult Wistar rats, of both sexes, kept at the laboratory environment and fed with usual diet were used. Blood samples were taken after noon directly from the heart, without anesthesia. The analysis showed a T4 value of 4.20 +/- 0.92 mug/100 ml of serum (both sexes). The percentuals for mean T3 retention values were found to be 87.46 +/- 6.59% (male) and 81.78 +/- 5.22% (female). No statistically significant correlation could be drawn between the body weights and the hormonal findings.", "contents": "Normal values of thyroxine and triiodo-thyronine retention in the rat. Valores normais de tiroxina e reten\u00e7\u00e3o de triiodo-tironina em ratos. The authors report the results from Murphy and Pattee's method 9, 10 1964, 1966 for T4 and those from Hamolsky et al.'s method 5 1957 for percent retention of T3 as applied to the normal rat serum. For that purpose, 32 adult Wistar rats, of both sexes, kept at the laboratory environment and fed with usual diet were used. Blood samples were taken after noon directly from the heart, without anesthesia. The analysis showed a T4 value of 4.20 +/- 0.92 mug/100 ml of serum (both sexes). The percentuals for mean T3 retention values were found to be 87.46 +/- 6.59% (male) and 81.78 +/- 5.22% (female). No statistically significant correlation could be drawn between the body weights and the hormonal findings."}
{"id": "PMID:1219927", "title": "Anatomical study on the proximal attachments of the human popliteus muscle.", "content": "The anatomical study of the proximal attachments of the human popliteus muscle was performed in 25 knees obtained from the dissection room cadavers, of the Anatomy Department of the S\u00e3o Paulo University Medical School. Our findings suggest that the p.m. has four proximal attachments, the condylar, meniscal, capsular and fibular. The muscle can be divided into a lateral portion whose fibers are attached in the lateral condyle of the femur by means of the popliteal tendon. A medial portion whose deep fibers are attached in the posterior part of the lateral meniscus and the superficial ones in the knee capsule; and finally the fibular attachment that appears to have a philogenetic meaning.", "contents": "Anatomical study on the proximal attachments of the human popliteus muscle. The anatomical study of the proximal attachments of the human popliteus muscle was performed in 25 knees obtained from the dissection room cadavers, of the Anatomy Department of the S\u00e3o Paulo University Medical School. Our findings suggest that the p.m. has four proximal attachments, the condylar, meniscal, capsular and fibular. The muscle can be divided into a lateral portion whose fibers are attached in the lateral condyle of the femur by means of the popliteal tendon. A medial portion whose deep fibers are attached in the posterior part of the lateral meniscus and the superficial ones in the knee capsule; and finally the fibular attachment that appears to have a philogenetic meaning."}
{"id": "PMID:1219926", "title": "[Cerebellum of birds: quantitative and comparative study of the Purkinje cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The quantitative and comparative analysis of the Purkinje cells indicates the higher mean linear density in the anterior lobe, with regard to posterior lobe, in the cerebellum of the dung cook, Gallus gallus. Likewise the mean linear density of the Purkinje cells in that species, was significantly higher than that estimated in the cerebellum of the pigeon, Columba livia. The relationship between these quantitative differences and the type of locomotion, the walk, predominant in the dung cock is discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebellum of birds: quantitative and comparative study of the Purkinje cells (author's transl)]. The quantitative and comparative analysis of the Purkinje cells indicates the higher mean linear density in the anterior lobe, with regard to posterior lobe, in the cerebellum of the dung cook, Gallus gallus. Likewise the mean linear density of the Purkinje cells in that species, was significantly higher than that estimated in the cerebellum of the pigeon, Columba livia. The relationship between these quantitative differences and the type of locomotion, the walk, predominant in the dung cock is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1219928", "title": "[Anemia in pregnant women of Sobradinho, a satellite city of Brazilia, Brazil (author's transl)].", "content": "Four hundred and seven pregnant women, living in Sobradinho, a satellite city of Brasilia, Brazil, divided in three groups according to their gestation age: I trimester (50 cases); II trimester (140 cases); III trimester (201 cases), were studied for the hemoglobin concentration of their blood and intestinal parasitism. In nineteen of the anemic women iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 serum determinations were done. The mean hemoglobin concentration and the percentage of anemia (less than 12 g/100 ml) in the different stages of gestation, were: 13.06 g/100 ml and 22% for the first trimester: 12.49 g/100 ml and 29% for the second trimester and 12.11 g/100 ml and 34% for the third trimester. In the 19 cases of the anemic group studied we found 73.7% of iron deficiency (below 60 microg/100 ml); 26.3% of folic acid deficiency (below 4 ng/ml) and 10.5% of vitamin B12 deficiency (below 140 pg/ ml). A combined deficiency occured in two cases: iron plus folic acid (case 11, table 3) and folic acid plus vitamin B12 (case 3, table 3). The stool examination showed parasitic infection, in 51% of the women.", "contents": "[Anemia in pregnant women of Sobradinho, a satellite city of Brazilia, Brazil (author's transl)]. Four hundred and seven pregnant women, living in Sobradinho, a satellite city of Brasilia, Brazil, divided in three groups according to their gestation age: I trimester (50 cases); II trimester (140 cases); III trimester (201 cases), were studied for the hemoglobin concentration of their blood and intestinal parasitism. In nineteen of the anemic women iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 serum determinations were done. The mean hemoglobin concentration and the percentage of anemia (less than 12 g/100 ml) in the different stages of gestation, were: 13.06 g/100 ml and 22% for the first trimester: 12.49 g/100 ml and 29% for the second trimester and 12.11 g/100 ml and 34% for the third trimester. In the 19 cases of the anemic group studied we found 73.7% of iron deficiency (below 60 microg/100 ml); 26.3% of folic acid deficiency (below 4 ng/ml) and 10.5% of vitamin B12 deficiency (below 140 pg/ ml). A combined deficiency occured in two cases: iron plus folic acid (case 11, table 3) and folic acid plus vitamin B12 (case 3, table 3). The stool examination showed parasitic infection, in 51% of the women."}
{"id": "PMID:1219929", "title": "[Preliminary report concerning the histologica patterns of an anthracotic pneumoconiosis observed in the area of Londrina, Brasil (author's transl)].", "content": "The A. presents a preliminary report concerning on the histologic patterns of an anthracotic pneumoconiosis found in necropsies of the \"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio da Universidade de Londrina\", Paran\u00e1, Brazil, and in some cases from the Legal Institute of the same town. The lesions, on its histologic pattern are comparable to those observed in the lung of coal and iron mines workers as described in the consulted literature. The cases studied (plantations workers and dwellers at rural and suburban areas) are proceeding from an essencially agricultural region, without detectable polluition by industry or others known factors. This agricultural zone presents some geophysic peculiarities and dust from the errosive soil, is a constant factor in the local athmosphere. The soil is so called \"Terra Roxa\" (red soil) and in its physicochemical composition there is a great amount of iron oxides, silica (silt, agril laceous material), aluminium, manganese, organic compounds. In this preliminary report the A. suggests further research for a better knowledge of the composition of the respirable air and if dust exposures are or not responsible for the lung lesions.", "contents": "[Preliminary report concerning the histologica patterns of an anthracotic pneumoconiosis observed in the area of Londrina, Brasil (author's transl)]. The A. presents a preliminary report concerning on the histologic patterns of an anthracotic pneumoconiosis found in necropsies of the \"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio da Universidade de Londrina\", Paran\u00e1, Brazil, and in some cases from the Legal Institute of the same town. The lesions, on its histologic pattern are comparable to those observed in the lung of coal and iron mines workers as described in the consulted literature. The cases studied (plantations workers and dwellers at rural and suburban areas) are proceeding from an essencially agricultural region, without detectable polluition by industry or others known factors. This agricultural zone presents some geophysic peculiarities and dust from the errosive soil, is a constant factor in the local athmosphere. The soil is so called \"Terra Roxa\" (red soil) and in its physicochemical composition there is a great amount of iron oxides, silica (silt, agril laceous material), aluminium, manganese, organic compounds. In this preliminary report the A. suggests further research for a better knowledge of the composition of the respirable air and if dust exposures are or not responsible for the lung lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1219931", "title": "[Identification of DNA synthesis stimulating and inhibitory factors from the rat submandibular gland during post-natal differentiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Cell-free homogenates of submandibular gland of 10 to 90 days old female rats, when injected in 90 days old female rats, previously treated with isoproterenol, produced a stimulatory or an inhibitory effect on the DNA synthesis. By filtration on Sephadex G-100 it was possible to separate protein or proteins presenting such an effects. The stimulatory effect was found in glands of 10 to 30 days old rats, while the inhibitory one was present in the 60 to 90 days old rats. It seems that there is a coincidence between the appearance of acinar cells and the presence of the inhibitory factor.", "contents": "[Identification of DNA synthesis stimulating and inhibitory factors from the rat submandibular gland during post-natal differentiation (author's transl)]. Cell-free homogenates of submandibular gland of 10 to 90 days old female rats, when injected in 90 days old female rats, previously treated with isoproterenol, produced a stimulatory or an inhibitory effect on the DNA synthesis. By filtration on Sephadex G-100 it was possible to separate protein or proteins presenting such an effects. The stimulatory effect was found in glands of 10 to 30 days old rats, while the inhibitory one was present in the 60 to 90 days old rats. It seems that there is a coincidence between the appearance of acinar cells and the presence of the inhibitory factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1219932", "title": "[Color changes in Uca rapax (Smith, 1870) Crustacean. Decapode. Effect of an injection of sinus gland extract].", "content": "Color changes of Uca rapax (Smith, 1870) of S\u00e3o Paulo's northern littoral were studied in function of injections of sinusgland extracts. When 0.06 of the sinusgland was injected the melanophore's pigments attained a maximal dispersion in 45 minutes and the effect remained during 6 hours. The animals with one eyestalk kept their normal chromatic behavior. It was observed that the rate of melanophores dispersion varies directly to the hormone concentration.", "contents": "[Color changes in Uca rapax (Smith, 1870) Crustacean. Decapode. Effect of an injection of sinus gland extract]. Color changes of Uca rapax (Smith, 1870) of S\u00e3o Paulo's northern littoral were studied in function of injections of sinusgland extracts. When 0.06 of the sinusgland was injected the melanophore's pigments attained a maximal dispersion in 45 minutes and the effect remained during 6 hours. The animals with one eyestalk kept their normal chromatic behavior. It was observed that the rate of melanophores dispersion varies directly to the hormone concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1219933", "title": "Cytomorphologic findings on the final stages of erythrocyte maturation in mamals.", "content": "An increase of organelles occurs at the reticulocytary maturation stage, when compared with the erythroblastic one, in the peripheral blood of embryos and of patients with acquired hemolytic anemia. This increase is due to hemosome formation, in which possibly the final stage of hemoglobin biosynthesis may take place. In animals with posthemorrhagic anemia, biosynthesis does not occur and reticulocytes present only typical mitochondria. Based on these findings, as well as on reticulocyte basophilia, suggestions were done for the introduction of some modifications in the Harris & Kellermeyer16 1970 conception of the erythrocyte maturation.", "contents": "Cytomorphologic findings on the final stages of erythrocyte maturation in mamals. An increase of organelles occurs at the reticulocytary maturation stage, when compared with the erythroblastic one, in the peripheral blood of embryos and of patients with acquired hemolytic anemia. This increase is due to hemosome formation, in which possibly the final stage of hemoglobin biosynthesis may take place. In animals with posthemorrhagic anemia, biosynthesis does not occur and reticulocytes present only typical mitochondria. Based on these findings, as well as on reticulocyte basophilia, suggestions were done for the introduction of some modifications in the Harris & Kellermeyer16 1970 conception of the erythrocyte maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1219930", "title": "Atomospheric pollen counts in Brasilia, Brazil.", "content": "Daily pollen counts were made in Bras\u00edlia DF, Brazil, from February 9, 1973 to February 9, 1974. Just one pollen season was perfectly delineated: a grass season. Two weeds, Smilax and Aristolochia, showed some regularity, with a few number of pollen granules. Tree pollens belonging to the Rosaceae family presented a similar behaviour.", "contents": "Atomospheric pollen counts in Brasilia, Brazil. Daily pollen counts were made in Bras\u00edlia DF, Brazil, from February 9, 1973 to February 9, 1974. Just one pollen season was perfectly delineated: a grass season. Two weeds, Smilax and Aristolochia, showed some regularity, with a few number of pollen granules. Tree pollens belonging to the Rosaceae family presented a similar behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:1219935", "title": "[Considerations about the branching of the Aorta abdominalis in Mesocricetus auratus (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the disposition of the abdominal aorta branching in Mesocricetus auratus, stablishing variation groups with relation to the celiac, cranial, mesenteric, renal, genital and caudal mesenteric arteries. Sixty animals (30 males and 30 females) of different ages and weights, from the Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas e Biologicas de Botucatu, were anaesthetized with chloroform, injected with contrasting substance in abdominal aorta (50 animals with Neoprene latex and 10 with radio-opac mass) and dissected through stereoscopic microscope. The animals with radio-opac mass were radiographed in order to compare with other preparations. The results were expressed in relative percentage figures and compared with the human and other mammalian arterial dispositions.", "contents": "[Considerations about the branching of the Aorta abdominalis in Mesocricetus auratus (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the disposition of the abdominal aorta branching in Mesocricetus auratus, stablishing variation groups with relation to the celiac, cranial, mesenteric, renal, genital and caudal mesenteric arteries. Sixty animals (30 males and 30 females) of different ages and weights, from the Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas e Biologicas de Botucatu, were anaesthetized with chloroform, injected with contrasting substance in abdominal aorta (50 animals with Neoprene latex and 10 with radio-opac mass) and dissected through stereoscopic microscope. The animals with radio-opac mass were radiographed in order to compare with other preparations. The results were expressed in relative percentage figures and compared with the human and other mammalian arterial dispositions."}
{"id": "PMID:1219934", "title": "[Histometric study of age related changes of elastic and collagenous fibers in the aortic arch of Meleagris gallopavo L., 1758, of both sexes (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied the quantitative variation of elastic and collagenous fibers in the aortic arch of Meleagris gallopavo (turkey), both sexes, from 1 up to 180 days old. An histometric method was employed using as integrating eyepiece for the countings. The results show that the concentration of elastic fibers increase from the first to the 45th day, decreasing from this point until the age of 180 days, while that of collagenous fibers increase from the first until the last etary group studied.", "contents": "[Histometric study of age related changes of elastic and collagenous fibers in the aortic arch of Meleagris gallopavo L., 1758, of both sexes (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the quantitative variation of elastic and collagenous fibers in the aortic arch of Meleagris gallopavo (turkey), both sexes, from 1 up to 180 days old. An histometric method was employed using as integrating eyepiece for the countings. The results show that the concentration of elastic fibers increase from the first to the 45th day, decreasing from this point until the age of 180 days, while that of collagenous fibers increase from the first until the last etary group studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1219936", "title": "[An impedance measuring technique for blood flow qualitative recording].", "content": "An impedance measuring technique was developed for blood flow qualitative recordings in laboratory animals. Basically, it consists in the administration of an indicator solution (0,1 ml, NaCl 20%) which, mixing with the blood, provokes a decrease in its electrical resistance, in such way that the passage of this mixture (concentrated saline/blood) through a bipolar receptor electrode, resistively balanced by the electrical impedance of blood alone, will be detected as a sudden resistance fall. The results so far show that it is an adequate technique for blood flow qualitative studies, since, despite its simplicity, provides consistent and unequivocal recordings which, performed simultaneously with those of other circulatory events, may become a helpful tool for their understanding.", "contents": "[An impedance measuring technique for blood flow qualitative recording]. An impedance measuring technique was developed for blood flow qualitative recordings in laboratory animals. Basically, it consists in the administration of an indicator solution (0,1 ml, NaCl 20%) which, mixing with the blood, provokes a decrease in its electrical resistance, in such way that the passage of this mixture (concentrated saline/blood) through a bipolar receptor electrode, resistively balanced by the electrical impedance of blood alone, will be detected as a sudden resistance fall. The results so far show that it is an adequate technique for blood flow qualitative studies, since, despite its simplicity, provides consistent and unequivocal recordings which, performed simultaneously with those of other circulatory events, may become a helpful tool for their understanding."}
{"id": "PMID:1219937", "title": "Measurements of stress and strain in live bone by electrical strain gage method.", "content": "Measurements of stress and strain in parts of musculokeletal system has been extensively studied in recent years. \"In vitro\" tests have contributed important information. The present study is an attempt to assess \"in vivo\" measurements using electrical extensometers attached to the bone with biocompatible adhesives permitting accurate measurements of strain over long periods of time. Even though its seems to be an adequate method there are some limitations to be considered. The problem involving tissue reaction, protections and isolation of the measuring unit, validity of measurements and determination of the principal directions of the strain are discussed. When adequately used the method may contribute to the knowledge and understanding of biomechanics of the musculokeletal system.", "contents": "Measurements of stress and strain in live bone by electrical strain gage method. Measurements of stress and strain in parts of musculokeletal system has been extensively studied in recent years. \"In vitro\" tests have contributed important information. The present study is an attempt to assess \"in vivo\" measurements using electrical extensometers attached to the bone with biocompatible adhesives permitting accurate measurements of strain over long periods of time. Even though its seems to be an adequate method there are some limitations to be considered. The problem involving tissue reaction, protections and isolation of the measuring unit, validity of measurements and determination of the principal directions of the strain are discussed. When adequately used the method may contribute to the knowledge and understanding of biomechanics of the musculokeletal system."}
{"id": "PMID:1219938", "title": "Estimation of renal hypertrophy: comparison of renal diameter, weight and volume.", "content": "The opposite kidney was studied 5-15 weeks after unilateral nephrectomy in groups of rats. The relative merits of weight, volume and diameter as parameters of renal hypertrophy were compared. Renal diameter was found to be a less sensitive index of renal hypertrophy than the other two parameters. Standard curves are presented which provide a suitable method for eliminating the influence of growth of the animal upon renal hypertrophy. This is particulary importan when animals of different weights are untilised.", "contents": "Estimation of renal hypertrophy: comparison of renal diameter, weight and volume. The opposite kidney was studied 5-15 weeks after unilateral nephrectomy in groups of rats. The relative merits of weight, volume and diameter as parameters of renal hypertrophy were compared. Renal diameter was found to be a less sensitive index of renal hypertrophy than the other two parameters. Standard curves are presented which provide a suitable method for eliminating the influence of growth of the animal upon renal hypertrophy. This is particulary importan when animals of different weights are untilised."}
{"id": "PMID:1219939", "title": "The direct potential of the intestinal wall. Its change in ischemia and revascularization. An experimental study in the rat.", "content": "The DC otential between the jejunal mucosa and the skin of the tail's root was measured in 29 rats. In twenty animals the superior mesenteric artery was clamped during up to VBJ minutes and recording of the DC potential was performed before vascular obstruction, during the period of ischaemia, and after revascularization was resumed when the clamp was removed. Prolonged ischaemia of the jejunum led to increasing reduction of the DC potential but recovery occurred about 75% of the rats when revascularization was established. The remaining 25% did not recover from vascular occlusion due to thrombosis or mechanical damage to the arterial wall. After removal of the elctrodes from the former group functional recovery of the intestinal function occurred in all the animals in which the removal was successful and no perforation of the intestinal wall was produced. Measuring transmural potential may be a convenient method to assess the viability of an infarcted intestine, thus aiding in selecting the appropriate therapeutic measures and in prognostic evaluation.", "contents": "The direct potential of the intestinal wall. Its change in ischemia and revascularization. An experimental study in the rat. The DC otential between the jejunal mucosa and the skin of the tail's root was measured in 29 rats. In twenty animals the superior mesenteric artery was clamped during up to VBJ minutes and recording of the DC potential was performed before vascular obstruction, during the period of ischaemia, and after revascularization was resumed when the clamp was removed. Prolonged ischaemia of the jejunum led to increasing reduction of the DC potential but recovery occurred about 75% of the rats when revascularization was established. The remaining 25% did not recover from vascular occlusion due to thrombosis or mechanical damage to the arterial wall. After removal of the elctrodes from the former group functional recovery of the intestinal function occurred in all the animals in which the removal was successful and no perforation of the intestinal wall was produced. Measuring transmural potential may be a convenient method to assess the viability of an infarcted intestine, thus aiding in selecting the appropriate therapeutic measures and in prognostic evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1219949", "title": "Neuromuscular abnormalities in the major mental illnesses. I. Serum enzyme studies.", "content": "Eighty-eight of 187 (47.1%) psychotic patients had increased serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity at admission. By the time of discharge, 75.9% had had an increased serum CPK activity. There was no significant difference between various groups of types of psychoses in the incidence of increased serum CPK activity. In 25% of the patients with increased serum CPK levels, the peak increase was equal to or greater than five times the upper limit of normal. Only the skeletal muscle isozyme of CPK was present in serum. The incidence of increased serum CPK activity at admission is significantly greater for those patients whose gross psychotic symptoms began 1 to 7 days prior to admission than for those whose symptoms began 8 or more days prior to admission. Some types of psychopathology were more intense or more frequently present in those patients with increased serum CPK activity at admission. Moreover, patients with increased serum CPK activity at any time during hospitalization had significantly greater mean ratings of some types of psychopathology, longer mean hospitalization and required higher doses of medication than did patients who never had such increases. Serum CPK levels were correlated with particular types of behavior for many psychotic patients. \"Baseline\" mean serum CPK activity of psychotic patients with increased serum CPK levels at some time during hospitalization was significantly greater than that of psychotic patients who never had increases in the hospital. One hundred and three of 337 (30.6%) first-degree relatives of psychotic patients also had slightly increased serum CPK activity. A significantly greater proportion of the relatives with slight elevation were related to patients who had elevated serum CPK activity. Many of the characteristics of increased serum CPK levels in patients with various types of major mental illnesses are similar to each other and to increases present in patients with a variety of acute brain diseases. This obviously does not mean that all these diseases have a common cause. They may, however, share a common mechanism producing increased efflux of CPK from skeletal muscle or decreased clearance of CPK from serum. Determination of serum CPK activity in newly admitted psychiatric patients may help distinguish psychotic from nonpsychotic patients, but the number of false-negatives and -positives will be considerable. The most important values of serum CPK determinations in psychotic patients may be to stimulate further investigations of the neuromuscular system.", "contents": "Neuromuscular abnormalities in the major mental illnesses. I. Serum enzyme studies. Eighty-eight of 187 (47.1%) psychotic patients had increased serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity at admission. By the time of discharge, 75.9% had had an increased serum CPK activity. There was no significant difference between various groups of types of psychoses in the incidence of increased serum CPK activity. In 25% of the patients with increased serum CPK levels, the peak increase was equal to or greater than five times the upper limit of normal. Only the skeletal muscle isozyme of CPK was present in serum. The incidence of increased serum CPK activity at admission is significantly greater for those patients whose gross psychotic symptoms began 1 to 7 days prior to admission than for those whose symptoms began 8 or more days prior to admission. Some types of psychopathology were more intense or more frequently present in those patients with increased serum CPK activity at admission. Moreover, patients with increased serum CPK activity at any time during hospitalization had significantly greater mean ratings of some types of psychopathology, longer mean hospitalization and required higher doses of medication than did patients who never had such increases. Serum CPK levels were correlated with particular types of behavior for many psychotic patients. \"Baseline\" mean serum CPK activity of psychotic patients with increased serum CPK levels at some time during hospitalization was significantly greater than that of psychotic patients who never had increases in the hospital. One hundred and three of 337 (30.6%) first-degree relatives of psychotic patients also had slightly increased serum CPK activity. A significantly greater proportion of the relatives with slight elevation were related to patients who had elevated serum CPK activity. Many of the characteristics of increased serum CPK levels in patients with various types of major mental illnesses are similar to each other and to increases present in patients with a variety of acute brain diseases. This obviously does not mean that all these diseases have a common cause. They may, however, share a common mechanism producing increased efflux of CPK from skeletal muscle or decreased clearance of CPK from serum. Determination of serum CPK activity in newly admitted psychiatric patients may help distinguish psychotic from nonpsychotic patients, but the number of false-negatives and -positives will be considerable. The most important values of serum CPK determinations in psychotic patients may be to stimulate further investigations of the neuromuscular system."}
{"id": "PMID:1219982", "title": "[Serial electroencephalographic study of 3 siblings with agenesis of the interhemispheric great commissurae, cortical neuronal immaturity and hypoplasia of the optico-pyramidal tracts].", "content": "Three children, two females and one male, born from unrelated parents show brachycephaly, ogival palate, blindness from 5-6 months and progressive piramidal symptoms. Two subjects had since sixth monthy epileptic seizures, the other one died at 5 th month. In one subject died at 28 month age, central nervous system autoptic examination shows neuronal cortical immaturity, lack of corpus callosum, visual and piramidal patways hypoplasia. The serial EEG recording shows three caracteristic aspects: a) altough a marked changes, the organization of the electric cerebral activity was partially preserved; b) a epileptogenic potentiality was present, that is caracteristic of electro-clinic immage of this subject; c) a suggestive and peculiar tendency to asincrony and asimmetry of epileptic tendency in two hemispheres.", "contents": "[Serial electroencephalographic study of 3 siblings with agenesis of the interhemispheric great commissurae, cortical neuronal immaturity and hypoplasia of the optico-pyramidal tracts]. Three children, two females and one male, born from unrelated parents show brachycephaly, ogival palate, blindness from 5-6 months and progressive piramidal symptoms. Two subjects had since sixth monthy epileptic seizures, the other one died at 5 th month. In one subject died at 28 month age, central nervous system autoptic examination shows neuronal cortical immaturity, lack of corpus callosum, visual and piramidal patways hypoplasia. The serial EEG recording shows three caracteristic aspects: a) altough a marked changes, the organization of the electric cerebral activity was partially preserved; b) a epileptogenic potentiality was present, that is caracteristic of electro-clinic immage of this subject; c) a suggestive and peculiar tendency to asincrony and asimmetry of epileptic tendency in two hemispheres."}
{"id": "PMID:1219981", "title": "[Pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic considerations on a case of the stiff man syndrome].", "content": "The AA. describe the clinical features of a woman (fourty-one years old) suffering from Stiff-man syndrome. The treatment with diazepam and baclophene improuved the symptoms in a very satisfactory manner. The Author's opinion is that syndrome could be due to abnormal activity of neurotransmitters.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic considerations on a case of the stiff man syndrome]. The AA. describe the clinical features of a woman (fourty-one years old) suffering from Stiff-man syndrome. The treatment with diazepam and baclophene improuved the symptoms in a very satisfactory manner. The Author's opinion is that syndrome could be due to abnormal activity of neurotransmitters."}
{"id": "PMID:1219984", "title": "[Juvenile Pick's disease: clinical study].", "content": "The Authors discuss the case of a 23-year-old man who manifested the characteristic symptomatology of a progressive mental deterioration and disorders in behaviour displaying themselves as apathy, speechlessness, progressive detachment from environment and considerable slovenliness. It has been also emphasized a situation which suggest Kleist's melokinetic apraxia. In addition to usual routine laboratory studies, the patient underwent a EEG, an encephalography and psychodiagnostic investigations executed by a means of series of tests in order to ascertain his intellectual efficiency and outline his psychological profile. On the basis of the investigations made and after a discussion concerning possible differential diagnoses, the Authors have reached the conclusion that it is an uncommon case of juvenile Pick's disease.", "contents": "[Juvenile Pick's disease: clinical study]. The Authors discuss the case of a 23-year-old man who manifested the characteristic symptomatology of a progressive mental deterioration and disorders in behaviour displaying themselves as apathy, speechlessness, progressive detachment from environment and considerable slovenliness. It has been also emphasized a situation which suggest Kleist's melokinetic apraxia. In addition to usual routine laboratory studies, the patient underwent a EEG, an encephalography and psychodiagnostic investigations executed by a means of series of tests in order to ascertain his intellectual efficiency and outline his psychological profile. On the basis of the investigations made and after a discussion concerning possible differential diagnoses, the Authors have reached the conclusion that it is an uncommon case of juvenile Pick's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1219983", "title": "[Preventive anti-epileptic action of taurine administered by direct cortical perfusion].", "content": "To test taurine preventive antiepileptic effect a 90-minute taurine cortical perfusion was made to 8 cats in the left sensory-motor area. A cobalt lesion was then made in the same area following routine. In all cats the beginning and subsequent development of the interictal and ictal epileptic picture were remarkably delayed in comparison with a control group of animals without taurine pretreatment. The taurine preventive action, as the consequence of its brain uptake, is discussed in comparison with the lack of taurine preventive action, when administered intraperitoneally (MUTANI et al., in press). The possibility of the taurine uptake by the normal brain and, therefore, of the prevention of the epilepsy would be related to the different anatomo-physiologic features of the barriers met in the two routes of administration.", "contents": "[Preventive anti-epileptic action of taurine administered by direct cortical perfusion]. To test taurine preventive antiepileptic effect a 90-minute taurine cortical perfusion was made to 8 cats in the left sensory-motor area. A cobalt lesion was then made in the same area following routine. In all cats the beginning and subsequent development of the interictal and ictal epileptic picture were remarkably delayed in comparison with a control group of animals without taurine pretreatment. The taurine preventive action, as the consequence of its brain uptake, is discussed in comparison with the lack of taurine preventive action, when administered intraperitoneally (MUTANI et al., in press). The possibility of the taurine uptake by the normal brain and, therefore, of the prevention of the epilepsy would be related to the different anatomo-physiologic features of the barriers met in the two routes of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1219990", "title": "Homologous vessel graft as substitute for flexor tendon graft. An experimental study on rabbits.", "content": "Homologous vessel grafts were tried as substitutes for flexor tendon grafts. Pieces of different lengths were excised from a flexor tendon and replaced by a homologous abdominal aorta graft which was turned inside out and then anastomised by drawing it over the tendon stumps in a cuff-like manner. The grafts became firm, homogeneous and completely tendon-like with very little adhesion but with a tendency to become extended and thus too long to be functional.", "contents": "Homologous vessel graft as substitute for flexor tendon graft. An experimental study on rabbits. Homologous vessel grafts were tried as substitutes for flexor tendon grafts. Pieces of different lengths were excised from a flexor tendon and replaced by a homologous abdominal aorta graft which was turned inside out and then anastomised by drawing it over the tendon stumps in a cuff-like manner. The grafts became firm, homogeneous and completely tendon-like with very little adhesion but with a tendency to become extended and thus too long to be functional."}
{"id": "PMID:1219991", "title": "Reconstruction of articular cartilage using autologous perichondrial grafts. A preliminary report.", "content": "In a pilot study of grown-up rabbits perichondrium from the ear was grafted to the joint surface of cavitas glenoidalis from which the normal articular cartilage had been resected. in all cases regeneration of new cartilage occurred. Five clinical cases of arthritis are reported in which, following removal of the degenerated cartilage and grafting of rib perichondrium, articular cartilage regeneration took place", "contents": "Reconstruction of articular cartilage using autologous perichondrial grafts. A preliminary report. In a pilot study of grown-up rabbits perichondrium from the ear was grafted to the joint surface of cavitas glenoidalis from which the normal articular cartilage had been resected. in all cases regeneration of new cartilage occurred. Five clinical cases of arthritis are reported in which, following removal of the degenerated cartilage and grafting of rib perichondrium, articular cartilage regeneration took place"}
{"id": "PMID:1219992", "title": "Assessment of surgery of the rheumatoid wrist.", "content": "A series of 314 wrist operations performed on 227 patients with rheumatoid arthritis is presented. In 266 hands various wrist operations were undertaken with the object of synovial debridement and in 48 hands the wrist was also arthrodesed. The mean age at the time of surgical treatment was 51 years and the mean period of observation 4.2 years. This study shows that the main benefits of synovectomy are related to a constant and marked pain relief and prevention of tendon ruptures. The hope that synovectomy might arrest or prevent skeletal destruction was not realized and progression of X-ray changes was found in 74%. The very low recurrence rate in the present series as judged by clinical signs is probably not very significant and it is concluded that the X-ray findings are the most reliable criteria reflecting the real activity in a rheumatoid joint. In several wrists where prophylactic ulnar head resection had been performed through a small ulnar incision, an active dorsal tenosynovitis with tendon invasion developed later. These and other findings at the operation indicate that the erosive effect of the distal end of the ulna is certainly not the sole cause of tendon rupture in this area and that a complete exposure and decompression of the tendons should regularly be performed. Finally, arthrodesis of the wrist was so successful that it can be highly recommended.", "contents": "Assessment of surgery of the rheumatoid wrist. A series of 314 wrist operations performed on 227 patients with rheumatoid arthritis is presented. In 266 hands various wrist operations were undertaken with the object of synovial debridement and in 48 hands the wrist was also arthrodesed. The mean age at the time of surgical treatment was 51 years and the mean period of observation 4.2 years. This study shows that the main benefits of synovectomy are related to a constant and marked pain relief and prevention of tendon ruptures. The hope that synovectomy might arrest or prevent skeletal destruction was not realized and progression of X-ray changes was found in 74%. The very low recurrence rate in the present series as judged by clinical signs is probably not very significant and it is concluded that the X-ray findings are the most reliable criteria reflecting the real activity in a rheumatoid joint. In several wrists where prophylactic ulnar head resection had been performed through a small ulnar incision, an active dorsal tenosynovitis with tendon invasion developed later. These and other findings at the operation indicate that the erosive effect of the distal end of the ulna is certainly not the sole cause of tendon rupture in this area and that a complete exposure and decompression of the tendons should regularly be performed. Finally, arthrodesis of the wrist was so successful that it can be highly recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1219993", "title": "Metacarpophalangeal joint implants. III. Roentgenographic study of the in vivo function.", "content": "With tomographic examination of the metacarpophalangeal joint in the straight lateral projection with maximum active extension and flexion, performed after the implantation of 42 Swanson and 41 Niebauer finger joint implants, it was possible to study the in vivo function of these implants. A method was devised to determine the position of the proximal phalanx in relation to the metacarpal bone in the plane of flexion. This was correlated to the ideal position of the proximal phalanx as determined for each of the implants in experimental studies and defined only by the implant axis of rotation. A displacement of the phalanx in the proximal and volar direction was found. Usually, this was more pronounced with fracture of the implant, and could be about 7-8 mm in each direction. The hinge of the Niebauer implant was found to bend significantly less than expected, indicating movements taking place in other parts of the implant. The two blocks of the midsection were found to move in relation to the adjacent bones. Indicating an insufficient intramedullary fixation of the stems, these findings explained why cortical erosions appeared at the sites where the stems were in close contact with the bone: dorsally in the metacarpal bone and volarly in the proximal phalanx.", "contents": "Metacarpophalangeal joint implants. III. Roentgenographic study of the in vivo function. With tomographic examination of the metacarpophalangeal joint in the straight lateral projection with maximum active extension and flexion, performed after the implantation of 42 Swanson and 41 Niebauer finger joint implants, it was possible to study the in vivo function of these implants. A method was devised to determine the position of the proximal phalanx in relation to the metacarpal bone in the plane of flexion. This was correlated to the ideal position of the proximal phalanx as determined for each of the implants in experimental studies and defined only by the implant axis of rotation. A displacement of the phalanx in the proximal and volar direction was found. Usually, this was more pronounced with fracture of the implant, and could be about 7-8 mm in each direction. The hinge of the Niebauer implant was found to bend significantly less than expected, indicating movements taking place in other parts of the implant. The two blocks of the midsection were found to move in relation to the adjacent bones. Indicating an insufficient intramedullary fixation of the stems, these findings explained why cortical erosions appeared at the sites where the stems were in close contact with the bone: dorsally in the metacarpal bone and volarly in the proximal phalanx."}
{"id": "PMID:1219994", "title": "Hand surgery and the development of hand prostheses.", "content": "Hand surgery has shown that afferent impulses to conscious level are essential for control and effective use of any advanced grip. Control of position, motion and load (proprioception) is possible to obtain without joint receptors, by cutaneous receptors alone. Further advances in the construction of hand prostheses must be based on this premise. The value of the key grip is outlined.", "contents": "Hand surgery and the development of hand prostheses. Hand surgery has shown that afferent impulses to conscious level are essential for control and effective use of any advanced grip. Control of position, motion and load (proprioception) is possible to obtain without joint receptors, by cutaneous receptors alone. Further advances in the construction of hand prostheses must be based on this premise. The value of the key grip is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1219985", "title": "[Value of electromyography in the study of polyneuropathy caused by industrial glues].", "content": "The Authors have studied 47 patients with manufacturing glue neuropathy by electromiography and motor and sensitive nerve conduction velocity recording in medianus, ulnaris and sciatic nerves. The evolution of the disease was studied during two years. From these data, on the basis of recent complete bibliography, the speculated abant the place of damage and the pathogenesis of this professional disease. There was demonstrated the importance of EMG in the earlyer diagnosis and in the medical and legal evaluation of the consequential damages of those diseases.", "contents": "[Value of electromyography in the study of polyneuropathy caused by industrial glues]. The Authors have studied 47 patients with manufacturing glue neuropathy by electromiography and motor and sensitive nerve conduction velocity recording in medianus, ulnaris and sciatic nerves. The evolution of the disease was studied during two years. From these data, on the basis of recent complete bibliography, the speculated abant the place of damage and the pathogenesis of this professional disease. There was demonstrated the importance of EMG in the earlyer diagnosis and in the medical and legal evaluation of the consequential damages of those diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1219995", "title": "Fractures of the scaphoid.", "content": "Fracture of the scaphoid is the most common injury of the carpus. Inadequate treatment frequently leads to non-union, which causes pain and serious disability. In the present study 134 scaphoid fractures treated during the period 1961-70 are reviewed. In fresh fractures less than 4 weeks old, bony union occurred in 95% with proper conservative treatment. The vexed question of whether a high or low circular cast should be used may not really be so important. In the present study, both methods of external splintage have given favourable results. It is indisputable, however, that other factors, such as the age of the fracture, its type and location are of great importance for the final result. It was also found that fracture dislocation greater than 1 mm regularly led to pseudarthrosis. Operative treatment is suggested in these cases, and the Matti-Russe technique has proved to be an excellent method for treatment of pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid. The study further confirmed that fractures of the scaphoid in children are more common than is usually supposed. They were all located in the distal two-thirds of the bone and it is suggested that this pattern of distribution is typical of childhood.", "contents": "Fractures of the scaphoid. Fracture of the scaphoid is the most common injury of the carpus. Inadequate treatment frequently leads to non-union, which causes pain and serious disability. In the present study 134 scaphoid fractures treated during the period 1961-70 are reviewed. In fresh fractures less than 4 weeks old, bony union occurred in 95% with proper conservative treatment. The vexed question of whether a high or low circular cast should be used may not really be so important. In the present study, both methods of external splintage have given favourable results. It is indisputable, however, that other factors, such as the age of the fracture, its type and location are of great importance for the final result. It was also found that fracture dislocation greater than 1 mm regularly led to pseudarthrosis. Operative treatment is suggested in these cases, and the Matti-Russe technique has proved to be an excellent method for treatment of pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid. The study further confirmed that fractures of the scaphoid in children are more common than is usually supposed. They were all located in the distal two-thirds of the bone and it is suggested that this pattern of distribution is typical of childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:1219996", "title": "Primary mobilization after secondary flexor tendon surgery.", "content": "The value of immediate postoperative mobilization after secondary repair was studied in 63 patients with 93 flexor tendons. With grafts, an essential requirement is strong fixation. Distally, the graft was carried through a canal drilled from the distal phalanx to the upper side of the nail. Proximally, Pulvertaft's technique was used. The initial aftercare was very important, and required 3 weeks stay in hospital. Mobilization was started on the first postoperative day. The operating surgeon himself supervised the daily exercise for 3 weeks, after which the patient was discharged. The end-results show that, despite what has been alleged by the critics of primary mobilization, the graft is capable of development and grows stronger with this treatment.", "contents": "Primary mobilization after secondary flexor tendon surgery. The value of immediate postoperative mobilization after secondary repair was studied in 63 patients with 93 flexor tendons. With grafts, an essential requirement is strong fixation. Distally, the graft was carried through a canal drilled from the distal phalanx to the upper side of the nail. Proximally, Pulvertaft's technique was used. The initial aftercare was very important, and required 3 weeks stay in hospital. Mobilization was started on the first postoperative day. The operating surgeon himself supervised the daily exercise for 3 weeks, after which the patient was discharged. The end-results show that, despite what has been alleged by the critics of primary mobilization, the graft is capable of development and grows stronger with this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1219997", "title": "Neurofibroma in the median nerve treated with resection and free nerve transplantation. Case reports.", "content": "The commonest tumours of the peripheral nerves are neurolemomas and neurofibromas, both arising from the nerve sheath. Both tumour types are described. It is established that the neurofibroma becomes malignant in about 10% of cases and that removal involves resection of the nerve. Radical resection is nevertheless recommended and the defect in the nerve may be overcome by free nerve transplantation. Two cases are reported.", "contents": "Neurofibroma in the median nerve treated with resection and free nerve transplantation. Case reports. The commonest tumours of the peripheral nerves are neurolemomas and neurofibromas, both arising from the nerve sheath. Both tumour types are described. It is established that the neurofibroma becomes malignant in about 10% of cases and that removal involves resection of the nerve. Radical resection is nevertheless recommended and the defect in the nerve may be overcome by free nerve transplantation. Two cases are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1219998", "title": "Fracture dislocation in the ulnar carpometacarpal joints. Open reduction and pinning--a case report.", "content": "Eight patients with fracture dislocations in the four ulnar carpometacarpal joints were treated with open reduction and pinning. All patients could return to work some 2 months after operation. Follow-up after 3-5 years was carried out in 7 of the 8 patients. One complained of slight clumsiness and ache over the incisional area, whereas the other 6 were free from symptoms and had normal hand function.", "contents": "Fracture dislocation in the ulnar carpometacarpal joints. Open reduction and pinning--a case report. Eight patients with fracture dislocations in the four ulnar carpometacarpal joints were treated with open reduction and pinning. All patients could return to work some 2 months after operation. Follow-up after 3-5 years was carried out in 7 of the 8 patients. One complained of slight clumsiness and ache over the incisional area, whereas the other 6 were free from symptoms and had normal hand function."}
{"id": "PMID:1219999", "title": "Functional results after Moore arthroplasty in femoral neck fractures. A long-term follow-up study.", "content": "Sixty patients with Moore's hip arthroplasty were followed with a mean observation time of 4.9 years. The results were found to be acceptable, as 70% had minimal or no pain, 78% had acceptable hip mobility and 40% were able to walk more than 500 metres. 25% became nursing-home patients, but in nearly all of these cases this was due to unrelated disabling illnesses. According to the classification adopted by the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 52% were classified as excellent or good, 43% as fair, and 5% as poor. The roentgenological findings of setting of the prosthesis and osteolysis along the prosthesis were significantly correlated to reduced hip mobility.", "contents": "Functional results after Moore arthroplasty in femoral neck fractures. A long-term follow-up study. Sixty patients with Moore's hip arthroplasty were followed with a mean observation time of 4.9 years. The results were found to be acceptable, as 70% had minimal or no pain, 78% had acceptable hip mobility and 40% were able to walk more than 500 metres. 25% became nursing-home patients, but in nearly all of these cases this was due to unrelated disabling illnesses. According to the classification adopted by the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 52% were classified as excellent or good, 43% as fair, and 5% as poor. The roentgenological findings of setting of the prosthesis and osteolysis along the prosthesis were significantly correlated to reduced hip mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:1220000", "title": "The relationship between some psychological factors and the outcome of medical rehabilitation.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between some psychological factors and the outcome or rehabilitation. The subjects were 70 patients at the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Central Hospital, J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping. The mean age was 45.8 years (range 20-66). They were subjected to an intelligence test, a personality inventory and a perceptual test. The outcome of the rehabilitation was measured with ratings by the staff members and by the patient himself. Positive factors for a sucessful rehabilitation was low age, good education, good intelligence and a high degree of dominance (i.e. self-confidence, ego-strength, a need to attract attention and no guilt feelings). A negative personality factor was passive dependence (i.e. lack of independence, application for assistance and dependence on other people). The most pronounced factor was field dependence-independence. The field independent subjects reached a more sucessful rehabilitation than the field dependent. This may be due to the fact that a field independent person makes his perceptual judgements according to inner frames of reference and directs and organizes his experiences more than does the field dependent. He also uses more complex and more specialized defences and experiences his own body in an analytical fashion which results in an articulated body concept and a well-developed sense of separate identity.", "contents": "The relationship between some psychological factors and the outcome of medical rehabilitation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between some psychological factors and the outcome or rehabilitation. The subjects were 70 patients at the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Central Hospital, J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping. The mean age was 45.8 years (range 20-66). They were subjected to an intelligence test, a personality inventory and a perceptual test. The outcome of the rehabilitation was measured with ratings by the staff members and by the patient himself. Positive factors for a sucessful rehabilitation was low age, good education, good intelligence and a high degree of dominance (i.e. self-confidence, ego-strength, a need to attract attention and no guilt feelings). A negative personality factor was passive dependence (i.e. lack of independence, application for assistance and dependence on other people). The most pronounced factor was field dependence-independence. The field independent subjects reached a more sucessful rehabilitation than the field dependent. This may be due to the fact that a field independent person makes his perceptual judgements according to inner frames of reference and directs and organizes his experiences more than does the field dependent. He also uses more complex and more specialized defences and experiences his own body in an analytical fashion which results in an articulated body concept and a well-developed sense of separate identity."}
{"id": "PMID:1220001", "title": "Amorphosynthesis on the chess board.", "content": "Visual spatial perception difficulities on the chest board have been studied in a patient with a dominant hemisphere infarction. The game of chess can be useful to demonstrate and follow the evolution of amorphosynthesis.", "contents": "Amorphosynthesis on the chess board. Visual spatial perception difficulities on the chest board have been studied in a patient with a dominant hemisphere infarction. The game of chess can be useful to demonstrate and follow the evolution of amorphosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1220002", "title": "[Value and limits of the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in postoperative evaluation of patients with colonic and rectal carcinomas].", "content": "An attempt is made to define the usefulness and limitations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) radioimmunoassay for evaluation of tumor resection and detection of tumor relapse in patients with large-bowel carcinoma. In 45 patients for whom complete tumor resection was reported, all but 5 showed a drop in CEA to normal values after surgery. The 5 patients whose CEA did not fall to below 5 ng/ml showed a subsequent rise in CEA level and later were all found to have a tumor relapse. The results indicate that an incomplete drop in circulating CEA level one month after surgery is a bad prognostic sign. Twenty-two of these patients were followed up by repeated CEA radioimmunoassay for several months after surgery; 8 showed a progressive increase in CEA levels preceding clinical diagnosis of tumor relapse by 2-10 months. The clinical history of these 8 patients is briefly described. The results demonstrate that relapses of colon and rectum carcinoma can be detected by increased CEA levels months before the appearance of any clinical evidence.", "contents": "[Value and limits of the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in postoperative evaluation of patients with colonic and rectal carcinomas]. An attempt is made to define the usefulness and limitations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) radioimmunoassay for evaluation of tumor resection and detection of tumor relapse in patients with large-bowel carcinoma. In 45 patients for whom complete tumor resection was reported, all but 5 showed a drop in CEA to normal values after surgery. The 5 patients whose CEA did not fall to below 5 ng/ml showed a subsequent rise in CEA level and later were all found to have a tumor relapse. The results indicate that an incomplete drop in circulating CEA level one month after surgery is a bad prognostic sign. Twenty-two of these patients were followed up by repeated CEA radioimmunoassay for several months after surgery; 8 showed a progressive increase in CEA levels preceding clinical diagnosis of tumor relapse by 2-10 months. The clinical history of these 8 patients is briefly described. The results demonstrate that relapses of colon and rectum carcinoma can be detected by increased CEA levels months before the appearance of any clinical evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:1220003", "title": "[Left ventricular cineangiography and echocardiography in patients with the mesosystolic click-telesystolic murmur syndrome].", "content": "Twenty-three patients with the midsystolic click - late systolic murmur syndrome were investigated by right and left heart catheterization, cineangiography and echocardiography. Most had symptoms such as atypical chest pain and arrhythmias. Except in one patient, slight to moderate mitral incompetence was present at rest (20 patients) or during stress testing by the infusion of aramine or rapid atrial pacing (2 patients). In all cases, an abnormal systolic mitral valve motion was found by left ventricular cineangiography. In 14 of 15 technically satisfactory echocardiograms a systolic prolapse of one or both mitral leaflets was observed. A minority of the patients had localized abnormal wall motion in the posterobasal area or moderate generalized hypokinesis.", "contents": "[Left ventricular cineangiography and echocardiography in patients with the mesosystolic click-telesystolic murmur syndrome]. Twenty-three patients with the midsystolic click - late systolic murmur syndrome were investigated by right and left heart catheterization, cineangiography and echocardiography. Most had symptoms such as atypical chest pain and arrhythmias. Except in one patient, slight to moderate mitral incompetence was present at rest (20 patients) or during stress testing by the infusion of aramine or rapid atrial pacing (2 patients). In all cases, an abnormal systolic mitral valve motion was found by left ventricular cineangiography. In 14 of 15 technically satisfactory echocardiograms a systolic prolapse of one or both mitral leaflets was observed. A minority of the patients had localized abnormal wall motion in the posterobasal area or moderate generalized hypokinesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1220004", "title": "[Primary hyperparathyroidism and papillary thyroid gland carcinoma].", "content": "The case is reported of a 70-year-old female patient with primary hyperparathyroidism and papillary thyroid carcinoma. At the age of 66, the patient had symptoms of hyperparathyroidism and underwent surgery. The operation revealed no adenoma of the parathyroids; instead, by coincidence, a papillary thyroid carcinoma was discovered. The patient was operated on again 2 years later, and only then was a principal cell adenoma of the parathyroids found and removed. Bone biopsies performed at the same time revealed distinct signs of fibroosteoclasia as well as signs of osteomalacia, probably consequent on a former operation of the stomach. Four years after the first symptoms of hyperparathyroidism the patient died of encephalorrhagia due to a brain metastasis of the papillary thyroid carcinoma. Combinations of hyperparathyroidism with thyroid cancers are relatively frequent. In most of these cases the thyroid carcinoma is a medullary (calcitonin producing) carcinoma, whereas papillary carcinomas are rather unusual. It nevertheless seems to be a typical combination, although its pathogenesis is not yet clear.", "contents": "[Primary hyperparathyroidism and papillary thyroid gland carcinoma]. The case is reported of a 70-year-old female patient with primary hyperparathyroidism and papillary thyroid carcinoma. At the age of 66, the patient had symptoms of hyperparathyroidism and underwent surgery. The operation revealed no adenoma of the parathyroids; instead, by coincidence, a papillary thyroid carcinoma was discovered. The patient was operated on again 2 years later, and only then was a principal cell adenoma of the parathyroids found and removed. Bone biopsies performed at the same time revealed distinct signs of fibroosteoclasia as well as signs of osteomalacia, probably consequent on a former operation of the stomach. Four years after the first symptoms of hyperparathyroidism the patient died of encephalorrhagia due to a brain metastasis of the papillary thyroid carcinoma. Combinations of hyperparathyroidism with thyroid cancers are relatively frequent. In most of these cases the thyroid carcinoma is a medullary (calcitonin producing) carcinoma, whereas papillary carcinomas are rather unusual. It nevertheless seems to be a typical combination, although its pathogenesis is not yet clear."}
{"id": "PMID:1220005", "title": "Cancer by county: new resource for etiologic clues.", "content": "Mapping of U. S. cancer mortality by county has revealed patterns of etiologic significance. The patterns for bladder cancer in males point to industrial determinants: some are known (chemical manufacturing) but others (automobile and machinery manufacturing) represent new leads for epidemiologic study. By contrast, the geographic clusters of high rates of stomach cancer in both sexes are consistent with ethnic susceptibility.", "contents": "Cancer by county: new resource for etiologic clues. Mapping of U. S. cancer mortality by county has revealed patterns of etiologic significance. The patterns for bladder cancer in males point to industrial determinants: some are known (chemical manufacturing) but others (automobile and machinery manufacturing) represent new leads for epidemiologic study. By contrast, the geographic clusters of high rates of stomach cancer in both sexes are consistent with ethnic susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:1220006", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin: action of a common anticonvulsant on bursting pacemaker cells in Aplysia.", "content": "A commonly used anticonvulsant, diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin), decreases the bursting pacemaker activity in certain cells of Aplysia. Dilantin decreases this bursting activity whether it is endogenous to the cell or induced by a convulsant agent. The sodium-dependent negative resistance characteristic which is essential for bursting behavior is reduced in the presence of Dilantin.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin: action of a common anticonvulsant on bursting pacemaker cells in Aplysia. A commonly used anticonvulsant, diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin), decreases the bursting pacemaker activity in certain cells of Aplysia. Dilantin decreases this bursting activity whether it is endogenous to the cell or induced by a convulsant agent. The sodium-dependent negative resistance characteristic which is essential for bursting behavior is reduced in the presence of Dilantin."}
{"id": "PMID:1220008", "title": "The need for an ethnomedical science.", "content": "Ethnomedicine is an intellectual area which embraces theoretical concerns that are relevant to both the social and biological sciences. The relation which exists between disease, social behavior, and human adaptation constitutes the primary subject matter of ethnomedicine. This relation is examined in terms of man's unique capacities for symbolization and culture. Since ethnomedical generalizations explain how social groups deal with a generic disease, they can be used to examine contemporary problems which involve the organization and practice of medicine as well as problems that stem from relations of the medical system with other subsystems in the group. Recasting contemporary social problems in this way may help to clarify their roots and sources (13,28). In focusing on fundamental properties of disease in man, ethnomedicine  can also help to clarify the effects and meanings of disease and thereby make its control more rational. A theory of disease, an ultimate aim of ethnomedical inquiry, will serve as an explanatory device with wide-ranging applications.", "contents": "The need for an ethnomedical science. Ethnomedicine is an intellectual area which embraces theoretical concerns that are relevant to both the social and biological sciences. The relation which exists between disease, social behavior, and human adaptation constitutes the primary subject matter of ethnomedicine. This relation is examined in terms of man's unique capacities for symbolization and culture. Since ethnomedical generalizations explain how social groups deal with a generic disease, they can be used to examine contemporary problems which involve the organization and practice of medicine as well as problems that stem from relations of the medical system with other subsystems in the group. Recasting contemporary social problems in this way may help to clarify their roots and sources (13,28). In focusing on fundamental properties of disease in man, ethnomedicine  can also help to clarify the effects and meanings of disease and thereby make its control more rational. A theory of disease, an ultimate aim of ethnomedical inquiry, will serve as an explanatory device with wide-ranging applications."}
{"id": "PMID:1220009", "title": "Infrared transmittance as an alternative thermal strategy in the desert beetle Onymacris plana.", "content": "Elevated elytral transmittance to shortwave infrared radiation is used by the black diurnal desert beetle Onymacris plana to increase heat gain at the beginning and end of the day. Near-infrared transmittance increases the percentage of radiation absorptance at times of low sun angle as a result of the relatively greater attenuation of visible to shortwave infrared radiation by longer atmospheric path lengths. Visible and ultraviolet radiation are absorbed by the insulated elytra, facilitating heat loss by convection at times of high sun angle.", "contents": "Infrared transmittance as an alternative thermal strategy in the desert beetle Onymacris plana. Elevated elytral transmittance to shortwave infrared radiation is used by the black diurnal desert beetle Onymacris plana to increase heat gain at the beginning and end of the day. Near-infrared transmittance increases the percentage of radiation absorptance at times of low sun angle as a result of the relatively greater attenuation of visible to shortwave infrared radiation by longer atmospheric path lengths. Visible and ultraviolet radiation are absorbed by the insulated elytra, facilitating heat loss by convection at times of high sun angle."}
{"id": "PMID:1220010", "title": "Optical holographic three-dimensional ultrasonography.", "content": "Three-dimensional ultrasonograms prepared by superposition optical holography improves anatomical orientation and reduces the volume of data needed to study parenchymal organs such as breast, liver, kidney, spleen, and others. An optical hologram makes it possible to simultaneously view multiple planes of observations and see through and around structures without the superimposition of overlying structures. The use of pulse echo ultrasonograms results in better resolution and gray scale and permits multiplane viewing eliminates the geometric distortions present in acoustical holography.", "contents": "Optical holographic three-dimensional ultrasonography. Three-dimensional ultrasonograms prepared by superposition optical holography improves anatomical orientation and reduces the volume of data needed to study parenchymal organs such as breast, liver, kidney, spleen, and others. An optical hologram makes it possible to simultaneously view multiple planes of observations and see through and around structures without the superimposition of overlying structures. The use of pulse echo ultrasonograms results in better resolution and gray scale and permits multiplane viewing eliminates the geometric distortions present in acoustical holography."}
{"id": "PMID:1220011", "title": "New flow-through centrifuge without rotating seals applied to plasmapheresis.", "content": "The flow-through centrifuge eliminates complications arising from rotating seals. Preliminary studies on plasmapheresis demonstrated negligible platelet injury and no evidence of hemolysis during 12 hours of operation. Thus the system may provide a broad application to cell washing and elutriation, zonal centrifugation, and countercurrent chromatography.", "contents": "New flow-through centrifuge without rotating seals applied to plasmapheresis. The flow-through centrifuge eliminates complications arising from rotating seals. Preliminary studies on plasmapheresis demonstrated negligible platelet injury and no evidence of hemolysis during 12 hours of operation. Thus the system may provide a broad application to cell washing and elutriation, zonal centrifugation, and countercurrent chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:1220245", "title": "[Study of viremia in experimental neuroviral infections].", "content": "Study of viremia in susceptible experimental animals showed all the blood fractions to take part in the infectious process both in acute diseases and in the chronic course of infections caused by various neuroviruses. Thus in animals infected with human acute encephalomyelitis, tick-borne encephalitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses viremia was observed throughout the entire short period of infection terminating fatally, as a rule. In such cases viremia was of a mixed character, the viruses being found in all blood fractions. The intensity of viremia and the degree of involvement of plasm and blood cell elements into the infectious process may depend upon the animal species, virus strains, form of the disease (acute, chronic). In chronic encephalomyelitis in rats and guinea pigs infected with human acute encephalomyelitis virus viremia are observed for two years (the observation period). In chronic encephalomyelitis blood cells were more actively involved in the infectious process. Virus was found in leukocytes and erythrocytes more frequently than in plasm, though the total amount of virus in the blood was much lower than that in the acute form of this disease. Sequential multiple passages of AEM virus from the blood to the brain in experiments with some strains resulted in intensive viremia thereby demonstrating the possibility of AEM adaptation to the blood tissue.", "contents": "[Study of viremia in experimental neuroviral infections]. Study of viremia in susceptible experimental animals showed all the blood fractions to take part in the infectious process both in acute diseases and in the chronic course of infections caused by various neuroviruses. Thus in animals infected with human acute encephalomyelitis, tick-borne encephalitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses viremia was observed throughout the entire short period of infection terminating fatally, as a rule. In such cases viremia was of a mixed character, the viruses being found in all blood fractions. The intensity of viremia and the degree of involvement of plasm and blood cell elements into the infectious process may depend upon the animal species, virus strains, form of the disease (acute, chronic). In chronic encephalomyelitis in rats and guinea pigs infected with human acute encephalomyelitis virus viremia are observed for two years (the observation period). In chronic encephalomyelitis blood cells were more actively involved in the infectious process. Virus was found in leukocytes and erythrocytes more frequently than in plasm, though the total amount of virus in the blood was much lower than that in the acute form of this disease. Sequential multiple passages of AEM virus from the blood to the brain in experiments with some strains resulted in intensive viremia thereby demonstrating the possibility of AEM adaptation to the blood tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1220246", "title": "[Development of optimal conditions for isolation of rhinoviruses].", "content": "When 366 dispensary patients with respiratory diseases were examined in Moscow during the period December 1969--May 1971, 49 strains of rhinoviruses were isolated out of which 21 strains were identified as type 48. Using Eagle's medium with a single set of amino acids and vitamins for isolation rhinoviruses were isolated in 4.7% of cases, empdoying Eagle's medium with a double set of amino acids and vitamins in 16% of cases. Virus isolation experiments were carried out in HeLa-Bristol cell cultures and diploid strain of skin-muscle cells KM-13-70 in the presence of 30 mM MgCl2 and 2% aminopeptide. The isolation rate of rhinoviruses in both the cell cultures was approximately similar. The average duration of time for isolation of rhinoviruses in diploid cells was 13.4 days, in HeLa-Bristol cells 15 days. All rhinovirus strains were isolated within 3 passages. In addition to rhinoviruses, from the same group of patients 25 Coxsackie A-21 strains, 12 adenovirus strains and 2 herpesvirus strains were isolated using Eagle's medium with double set of amino acids and vitamins.", "contents": "[Development of optimal conditions for isolation of rhinoviruses]. When 366 dispensary patients with respiratory diseases were examined in Moscow during the period December 1969--May 1971, 49 strains of rhinoviruses were isolated out of which 21 strains were identified as type 48. Using Eagle's medium with a single set of amino acids and vitamins for isolation rhinoviruses were isolated in 4.7% of cases, empdoying Eagle's medium with a double set of amino acids and vitamins in 16% of cases. Virus isolation experiments were carried out in HeLa-Bristol cell cultures and diploid strain of skin-muscle cells KM-13-70 in the presence of 30 mM MgCl2 and 2% aminopeptide. The isolation rate of rhinoviruses in both the cell cultures was approximately similar. The average duration of time for isolation of rhinoviruses in diploid cells was 13.4 days, in HeLa-Bristol cells 15 days. All rhinovirus strains were isolated within 3 passages. In addition to rhinoviruses, from the same group of patients 25 Coxsackie A-21 strains, 12 adenovirus strains and 2 herpesvirus strains were isolated using Eagle's medium with double set of amino acids and vitamins."}
{"id": "PMID:1220247", "title": "[Pathogenicity of Aedes aegypti L. mosquito densonucleosis virus to larvae of other species of blood-sucking mosquitoes].", "content": "Laboratory studies established that A. aegypti mosquito virus of densonucleosis was infectious for larvae of A. caspius dorsalis, A. vexans, A. cinereus and C. pipiens pipiens caught in natural water bodies. Death rates of Aedes and Culex larvae experimentally were 46.3% on the average, while in control groups 19.7%. The external appearance of virus-infected larvae and pathological changes in nuclei of the cells of the fat body were identical to those previously described in A. aegypti larvae affected with densonucleosis.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity of Aedes aegypti L. mosquito densonucleosis virus to larvae of other species of blood-sucking mosquitoes]. Laboratory studies established that A. aegypti mosquito virus of densonucleosis was infectious for larvae of A. caspius dorsalis, A. vexans, A. cinereus and C. pipiens pipiens caught in natural water bodies. Death rates of Aedes and Culex larvae experimentally were 46.3% on the average, while in control groups 19.7%. The external appearance of virus-infected larvae and pathological changes in nuclei of the cells of the fat body were identical to those previously described in A. aegypti larvae affected with densonucleosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1220248", "title": "[Factors determining the antigenic activity of tissue cultures from arbovirus-infected diagnostic specimens].", "content": "Formation of arbovirus group A and B antigens is influenced significantly by the number of cells, time of monolayer growth before inoculation, the time of maximum accumulation of hemagglutinins, the infectious dose, the growth and maintenance medium composition, the autointerfering activity of the viruses and their sensitivity to tissue inhibitors. The stability of the hemagglutinating and complement-fixing properties of arbovirus diagnostic preparations does not depend upon the degree of concentration (7-12-fold) and the amount of the stabilizer (2-4%), and storage of group A diagnostic preparations in ampoules under vacuum or in ampoules sealed with air for 2-3 1/2 years (the observation period) does not influence their antigenic activity.", "contents": "[Factors determining the antigenic activity of tissue cultures from arbovirus-infected diagnostic specimens]. Formation of arbovirus group A and B antigens is influenced significantly by the number of cells, time of monolayer growth before inoculation, the time of maximum accumulation of hemagglutinins, the infectious dose, the growth and maintenance medium composition, the autointerfering activity of the viruses and their sensitivity to tissue inhibitors. The stability of the hemagglutinating and complement-fixing properties of arbovirus diagnostic preparations does not depend upon the degree of concentration (7-12-fold) and the amount of the stabilizer (2-4%), and storage of group A diagnostic preparations in ampoules under vacuum or in ampoules sealed with air for 2-3 1/2 years (the observation period) does not influence their antigenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1220253", "title": "[The HL-A system in cases of disputed paternity with regard to the value of proof (percentage accuracy) (author's transl)].", "content": "The practical experience in 33 cases of disputed paternity (34 children; 26 cases with only one accused man, 7 cases with more than one) in regard to the HL-A system to find nonpaternity is compared with 18 conventional hereditary systems used in paternity cases. The high efficiency of HL-A for the biostatistical calculation of the probability of paternity (Essen-Moller formula) is also demonstrated. The mode of inheritance of the HL-A system is well known (maximal error below 1 per cent), which means that the value of proof (percentage accuracy) in disputed paternity cases is 99 per cent. The value of proof, however, is increased if, in a certain case, the nonpaternity is also found in another hereditary blood group system.", "contents": "[The HL-A system in cases of disputed paternity with regard to the value of proof (percentage accuracy) (author's transl)]. The practical experience in 33 cases of disputed paternity (34 children; 26 cases with only one accused man, 7 cases with more than one) in regard to the HL-A system to find nonpaternity is compared with 18 conventional hereditary systems used in paternity cases. The high efficiency of HL-A for the biostatistical calculation of the probability of paternity (Essen-Moller formula) is also demonstrated. The mode of inheritance of the HL-A system is well known (maximal error below 1 per cent), which means that the value of proof (percentage accuracy) in disputed paternity cases is 99 per cent. The value of proof, however, is increased if, in a certain case, the nonpaternity is also found in another hereditary blood group system."}
{"id": "PMID:1220249", "title": "[Preparative isolation of A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus hemagglutinin].", "content": "Hemagglutinin of A/Hong Kong/1/68 virus was isolated by electrophoresis in acetate-cellulose of a recombinant 12/13 (H3N1) strain destroyed by sodium dodecyl sulphate. Electron microscope examinations were carried out and molecular weights of hemagglutinin polypeptides were determined. A monospecific serum containing no antibody to neuraminidase was prepared.", "contents": "[Preparative isolation of A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus hemagglutinin]. Hemagglutinin of A/Hong Kong/1/68 virus was isolated by electrophoresis in acetate-cellulose of a recombinant 12/13 (H3N1) strain destroyed by sodium dodecyl sulphate. Electron microscope examinations were carried out and molecular weights of hemagglutinin polypeptides were determined. A monospecific serum containing no antibody to neuraminidase was prepared."}
{"id": "PMID:1220254", "title": "[Treatment of central diabetes insipidus with a combination of chlorpropamide and carbamazepine (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients suffering from central (=neurohormonal) diabetes insipidus were treated with chlorpropamide and carbamazepine simultaneously. This therapy with a combination of the two drugs was based on the aim of getting a good antidiuretic effect when the centrally-stimulating carbamazepine was combined with the peripherally-potentiating chlorpropamide; it was hoped, too, that the side effects of these two drugs, especially the chlorpropamide-induced hypoglycaemia, could be avoided by administration at low dosage. This combined drug therapy proved effective in all three cases: the good antidiuretic effect of chlorpropamide at high dosage is impaired by hypoglycaemia; the combination of carbamazepine allowed the dosage of chlorpropamide to be decreased without impairment of the obtained antidiuretic effect and with avoidance of hypoglycaemia and other side effects. Hence, the combination of chlorpropamide and carbamazepine seems to be recommendable in the treatment of central forms of diabetes insipidus in childhood.", "contents": "[Treatment of central diabetes insipidus with a combination of chlorpropamide and carbamazepine (author's transl)]. Three patients suffering from central (=neurohormonal) diabetes insipidus were treated with chlorpropamide and carbamazepine simultaneously. This therapy with a combination of the two drugs was based on the aim of getting a good antidiuretic effect when the centrally-stimulating carbamazepine was combined with the peripherally-potentiating chlorpropamide; it was hoped, too, that the side effects of these two drugs, especially the chlorpropamide-induced hypoglycaemia, could be avoided by administration at low dosage. This combined drug therapy proved effective in all three cases: the good antidiuretic effect of chlorpropamide at high dosage is impaired by hypoglycaemia; the combination of carbamazepine allowed the dosage of chlorpropamide to be decreased without impairment of the obtained antidiuretic effect and with avoidance of hypoglycaemia and other side effects. Hence, the combination of chlorpropamide and carbamazepine seems to be recommendable in the treatment of central forms of diabetes insipidus in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:1220255", "title": "[The choice of vaccine for post partum rubella vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "Meruvax vaccine was compared with Cendevax in post partum rubella vaccination. The obstetricians in Vienna routinely use the Cendevax vaccine at present. In accordance with an earlier study on Almevax, the third vaccine available in Austria, the results with Meruvax were slightly better than with Cendevax. However, this is possibly due to a longer period of storage of the vaccine used in mass vaccination programmes. Hence, the three vaccines should be tested under the same practical conditions to decide which vaccine should be used routinely.", "contents": "[The choice of vaccine for post partum rubella vaccination (author's transl)]. Meruvax vaccine was compared with Cendevax in post partum rubella vaccination. The obstetricians in Vienna routinely use the Cendevax vaccine at present. In accordance with an earlier study on Almevax, the third vaccine available in Austria, the results with Meruvax were slightly better than with Cendevax. However, this is possibly due to a longer period of storage of the vaccine used in mass vaccination programmes. Hence, the three vaccines should be tested under the same practical conditions to decide which vaccine should be used routinely."}
{"id": "PMID:1220256", "title": "[Indications for the surgical treatment of so-called idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 93 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax treated between 1969 and 1974, only 23 cases were managed surgically. The criteria for surgical intervention are discussed and the most important indications are summarized as follows: unsuccessful drainage over 10 to 14 days, recurrence of pneumothorax affecting the same lung, dangerous complications such as haemothorax, incipient inflammation et. The general conformity with examples taken from the literature is demonostrated.", "contents": "[Indications for the surgical treatment of so-called idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)]. Of 93 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax treated between 1969 and 1974, only 23 cases were managed surgically. The criteria for surgical intervention are discussed and the most important indications are summarized as follows: unsuccessful drainage over 10 to 14 days, recurrence of pneumothorax affecting the same lung, dangerous complications such as haemothorax, incipient inflammation et. The general conformity with examples taken from the literature is demonostrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1220257", "title": "[Operative therapy of ovaria carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "125 women with ovarian carcinoma were surgically treated during the years 1968 to 1973. The 5-year survival rate was 39.1%. Operative management is the treatment of choice, whereby complete extirpation of the reproductive organy and the omentum should be attempted. Whilst there is no difference in the survival rate of stage I cases treated by the radical as compared with the partial operative procedure, a significant difference is seen in the remaining stages. A conservative operation should only be carried out provided the \"healthy\" ovary is simultaneously biopsied. In spite of the fact that the survival rate is dependent on other factors there can be no doubt that the pre-eminence of operation in the treatment of ovarian cancer.", "contents": "[Operative therapy of ovaria carcinoma (author's transl)]. 125 women with ovarian carcinoma were surgically treated during the years 1968 to 1973. The 5-year survival rate was 39.1%. Operative management is the treatment of choice, whereby complete extirpation of the reproductive organy and the omentum should be attempted. Whilst there is no difference in the survival rate of stage I cases treated by the radical as compared with the partial operative procedure, a significant difference is seen in the remaining stages. A conservative operation should only be carried out provided the \"healthy\" ovary is simultaneously biopsied. In spite of the fact that the survival rate is dependent on other factors there can be no doubt that the pre-eminence of operation in the treatment of ovarian cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1220258", "title": "[Studies in the diagnosis of breast disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The relative diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination, mammography, thermography and ultrasound was investigated in a comparative study. Mammography proved to be the most accurate diagnostic method, followed by clinical examination, thermography and ultrasound. Whereas in cases of advanced cancer (T2 to T4 tumour diameter greater than 2 cm) the correct diagnosis was made most reliably by clinical examination, mammography  was superior to all other procedures in T1 tumours and in impalpable tumours. In our opinion thermography and ultrasound should be excluded for routine use or as a screening test because of the high false negative results. It is, however, noteworthy, that small intraparenchymal cysts can be detected and localized by ultrasound in a very high percentage of cases.", "contents": "[Studies in the diagnosis of breast disease (author's transl)]. The relative diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination, mammography, thermography and ultrasound was investigated in a comparative study. Mammography proved to be the most accurate diagnostic method, followed by clinical examination, thermography and ultrasound. Whereas in cases of advanced cancer (T2 to T4 tumour diameter greater than 2 cm) the correct diagnosis was made most reliably by clinical examination, mammography  was superior to all other procedures in T1 tumours and in impalpable tumours. In our opinion thermography and ultrasound should be excluded for routine use or as a screening test because of the high false negative results. It is, however, noteworthy, that small intraparenchymal cysts can be detected and localized by ultrasound in a very high percentage of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1220259", "title": "[Paediatrics--child-psychiatry--\"heilp\u00e4dagogik\" (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Heilp\u00e4dagogik\" is of greater importance in Austria than in other countries: it includes the medical assessment of cerebral and functional disturbances of child behavior but also the mainly pedagogic therapy of the disturbances. In Austria the majority of doctors working in this field are originally paediatricians. A confrontation with child-psychiatry, a mutual exchange of experiences, a comparison of the working methods is aimed at.", "contents": "[Paediatrics--child-psychiatry--\"heilp\u00e4dagogik\" (author's transl)]. \"Heilp\u00e4dagogik\" is of greater importance in Austria than in other countries: it includes the medical assessment of cerebral and functional disturbances of child behavior but also the mainly pedagogic therapy of the disturbances. In Austria the majority of doctors working in this field are originally paediatricians. A confrontation with child-psychiatry, a mutual exchange of experiences, a comparison of the working methods is aimed at."}
{"id": "PMID:1220260", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in massive adrenal haemorrhage in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Massive adrenal haemorrhage in the newborn frequently presents as an abdominal mass and is difficult to diagnose when this is the sole clinical feature. Surgery is indicated for the diagnosis and treatment of those cases in which a malignant tumour cannot be ruled out from the X-ray appearance with certainty. 3 cases are discussed in respect to clinical signs and the differential diagnosis of adrenal calcification in infancy is briefly mentioned in this connexion.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in massive adrenal haemorrhage in the newborn (author's transl)]. Massive adrenal haemorrhage in the newborn frequently presents as an abdominal mass and is difficult to diagnose when this is the sole clinical feature. Surgery is indicated for the diagnosis and treatment of those cases in which a malignant tumour cannot be ruled out from the X-ray appearance with certainty. 3 cases are discussed in respect to clinical signs and the differential diagnosis of adrenal calcification in infancy is briefly mentioned in this connexion."}
{"id": "PMID:1220261", "title": "[Congenital Agranulocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare clinical picture of congenital agranulocytosis is described and its differential diagnosis from other forms of chronic neutropenia discussed on the basis of a case report of an infant followed up over a period of 3 years. Characteristic features of the agranulocytosis are inhibited maturation of the neutrophils (only as far as the promyelocyte and immature myelocyte stage), in conjunction with a normal or elevated level of eosinophil granulocytes. Erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis are found to be normal; plasmocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes are increased. The consequence of permanent infections is sometimes an excessive hypergammaglobulinaemia. This fact, in combination with the phagocytic activity of the monocytoid cells, enables these children, once out of infancy, to overcome even severe infections much more successfully than would be anticipated from the changes in the white blood picture.", "contents": "[Congenital Agranulocytosis (author's transl)]. The rare clinical picture of congenital agranulocytosis is described and its differential diagnosis from other forms of chronic neutropenia discussed on the basis of a case report of an infant followed up over a period of 3 years. Characteristic features of the agranulocytosis are inhibited maturation of the neutrophils (only as far as the promyelocyte and immature myelocyte stage), in conjunction with a normal or elevated level of eosinophil granulocytes. Erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis are found to be normal; plasmocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes are increased. The consequence of permanent infections is sometimes an excessive hypergammaglobulinaemia. This fact, in combination with the phagocytic activity of the monocytoid cells, enables these children, once out of infancy, to overcome even severe infections much more successfully than would be anticipated from the changes in the white blood picture."}
{"id": "PMID:1220262", "title": "[The neurological investigation of newborn infants as selection criterium in the early detection of infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "The development of 131 infants at risk was followed up at three-month intervals during the first year of life. In mature babies positive neurological findings in the newborn period corresponded closely with the development of infantile cerebral palsy. 89% of the infants who subsequently developed cerebral palsy showed pathological signs in the newborn period. However, abnormal postnatal neurological findings were also observed in 26% of the infants showing normal development. No such correlation was demonstrable in regard to the premature infants. This is probably a consequence of the numerous pitfalls in the neurological evaluation of premature babies. Only those mature babies showing abnormal neurological signs in the newborn period should be alloted to an at-risk group in respect to the development of cerebral palsy. Premature infants should be included, irrespective of the neurological findings.", "contents": "[The neurological investigation of newborn infants as selection criterium in the early detection of infantile cerebral palsy]. The development of 131 infants at risk was followed up at three-month intervals during the first year of life. In mature babies positive neurological findings in the newborn period corresponded closely with the development of infantile cerebral palsy. 89% of the infants who subsequently developed cerebral palsy showed pathological signs in the newborn period. However, abnormal postnatal neurological findings were also observed in 26% of the infants showing normal development. No such correlation was demonstrable in regard to the premature infants. This is probably a consequence of the numerous pitfalls in the neurological evaluation of premature babies. Only those mature babies showing abnormal neurological signs in the newborn period should be alloted to an at-risk group in respect to the development of cerebral palsy. Premature infants should be included, irrespective of the neurological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:1220263", "title": "[Ultrasound B-scan in Splenomegaly].", "content": "Examples demonstrate how by combination of transversal and longitudinal sections splenomegaly may be prooved. This is an important help in differential diagnosis of the enlarged spleen.", "contents": "[Ultrasound B-scan in Splenomegaly]. Examples demonstrate how by combination of transversal and longitudinal sections splenomegaly may be prooved. This is an important help in differential diagnosis of the enlarged spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:1220264", "title": "[Results of the exercise (ergometer) test as a diagnostic screening procedure in children with short stature].", "content": "The so-called Exercise Test of Lacey and coworkers (1973) is based on the fact that a functioning pituitary can be stimulated by physical exercise. The test was performed in 28 children of short stature as an out-patient screening test. The results were satisfactory since a growth-hormone deficiency could be excluded in 70% of the cases. The convenience of this test, which entails the investigation of only two blood samples, is stressed in respect to paediatric practice.", "contents": "[Results of the exercise (ergometer) test as a diagnostic screening procedure in children with short stature]. The so-called Exercise Test of Lacey and coworkers (1973) is based on the fact that a functioning pituitary can be stimulated by physical exercise. The test was performed in 28 children of short stature as an out-patient screening test. The results were satisfactory since a growth-hormone deficiency could be excluded in 70% of the cases. The convenience of this test, which entails the investigation of only two blood samples, is stressed in respect to paediatric practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1220265", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic and chemical investigations in children after oral administration of lidaprim (author's transl)].", "content": "Lidaprim, a new bactericidal combination of trimethoprim and sulfametrol, was administered to 20 patients of a paediatric surgical ward over a period of 7 or more days. Analytic determination of plasma and urine concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agent showed homogeneous drug levels at the chosen dosage. No cumulation was observed. Drug tolerance was excellent. Only one patient developed urticaria when the substance was given together with penicillin, but it was not necessary to stop medication in this case.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic and chemical investigations in children after oral administration of lidaprim (author's transl)]. Lidaprim, a new bactericidal combination of trimethoprim and sulfametrol, was administered to 20 patients of a paediatric surgical ward over a period of 7 or more days. Analytic determination of plasma and urine concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agent showed homogeneous drug levels at the chosen dosage. No cumulation was observed. Drug tolerance was excellent. Only one patient developed urticaria when the substance was given together with penicillin, but it was not necessary to stop medication in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:1220266", "title": "[Results of mammography combined with selected needle biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "A compression tube with holes is used to detect small, non-palpable changes in the breast. The holes show on X-ray of the breast. Densifications of 5 mm, and even smaller at different levels of the gland may be punctured and aspirated with a double canula through the holes of the tube. It is possible to control the correct course of the aspiration needle with an X-ray contrast medium. In the same way the position of a small tumour can be marked with a dye. Amongst 85 carcinomas of the breast there were 5 preinvasive tumours. 3 of these were only diagnosed following X-ray-controlled needle biopsy and cytological examination.", "contents": "[Results of mammography combined with selected needle biopsy (author's transl)]. A compression tube with holes is used to detect small, non-palpable changes in the breast. The holes show on X-ray of the breast. Densifications of 5 mm, and even smaller at different levels of the gland may be punctured and aspirated with a double canula through the holes of the tube. It is possible to control the correct course of the aspiration needle with an X-ray contrast medium. In the same way the position of a small tumour can be marked with a dye. Amongst 85 carcinomas of the breast there were 5 preinvasive tumours. 3 of these were only diagnosed following X-ray-controlled needle biopsy and cytological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1220267", "title": "[The diagnosis and surgical treatment of recurrent cervical carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is presented of 6 surgically-treated cases of recurrent cervical carcinoma. Two of the patients have survived and remained free from gynaecological or urological symptoms or signs for more than four years.", "contents": "[The diagnosis and surgical treatment of recurrent cervical carcinoma (author's transl)]. A report is presented of 6 surgically-treated cases of recurrent cervical carcinoma. Two of the patients have survived and remained free from gynaecological or urological symptoms or signs for more than four years."}
{"id": "PMID:1220268", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulin levels in women fitted with a copper T intrauterine contraceptive device (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum concentrations of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA were assayed by single radial immunodiffusion in 37 women before insertion of Copper T IUD and 6 to 12 months subsequently. There was a tendency towards an increase in immuno-globulin levels with the IUD in situ, but the results were not of statistical significance.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulin levels in women fitted with a copper T intrauterine contraceptive device (author's transl)]. Serum concentrations of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA were assayed by single radial immunodiffusion in 37 women before insertion of Copper T IUD and 6 to 12 months subsequently. There was a tendency towards an increase in immuno-globulin levels with the IUD in situ, but the results were not of statistical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1220269", "title": "[Investigations on the immune status of operated and irradiated cases of cervical and breast cancer I. immune status before and after surgery of cancer of the cervix, stages I b and II a(author's transl)].", "content": "12 patients were investigated in regard to their state of humoral immunity by means of the following determinations: IgG, IgM, and IgA concentrations in the serum, hetero- and isoagglutinins, tetanus antitoxin before and after immunization with toxoid measles antibodies and the percentage of lymphocytes with membrane fluorescence. The cellular immunity was investigated in some patients with determination of the percentage of spontaneously-rosetting lymphocytes, of the DNCB skin-test reactivity before and after sensitization with DNCB and of skin-test reactivity to candida, trichophyton, varidase, OT and staphylo antigen. The functional efficiency of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was investigated by means of the NBT test and Staph. aureus, E. coli and Latex particles. All investigations were performed before, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after surgery. 4 methods only amongst the entire spectrum employed in the investigation proved to give sufficient evidence of signs of decreased efficiency of the immune response in the investigated patients: determination of tetanus antitoxin before and after immunization, a distinct increase in titre being observed only in 5 cases, determination of the sensitization to DNCB, which was positive only in 4 cases and determination of skin-test reactivity to varidase and OT, which was found to be less frequently positive than in controls. However, all these reactions showed no evidence of any correlation to surgical management and appeared merely to reflect characteristic responses of these cancer patients. Moreover, with the exception of the decrease in lymphocytes, no changes were detected in the data obtained by the other methods used in this study which might show some reflection of an alteration in response following surgery.", "contents": "[Investigations on the immune status of operated and irradiated cases of cervical and breast cancer I. immune status before and after surgery of cancer of the cervix, stages I b and II a(author's transl)]. 12 patients were investigated in regard to their state of humoral immunity by means of the following determinations: IgG, IgM, and IgA concentrations in the serum, hetero- and isoagglutinins, tetanus antitoxin before and after immunization with toxoid measles antibodies and the percentage of lymphocytes with membrane fluorescence. The cellular immunity was investigated in some patients with determination of the percentage of spontaneously-rosetting lymphocytes, of the DNCB skin-test reactivity before and after sensitization with DNCB and of skin-test reactivity to candida, trichophyton, varidase, OT and staphylo antigen. The functional efficiency of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was investigated by means of the NBT test and Staph. aureus, E. coli and Latex particles. All investigations were performed before, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after surgery. 4 methods only amongst the entire spectrum employed in the investigation proved to give sufficient evidence of signs of decreased efficiency of the immune response in the investigated patients: determination of tetanus antitoxin before and after immunization, a distinct increase in titre being observed only in 5 cases, determination of the sensitization to DNCB, which was positive only in 4 cases and determination of skin-test reactivity to varidase and OT, which was found to be less frequently positive than in controls. However, all these reactions showed no evidence of any correlation to surgical management and appeared merely to reflect characteristic responses of these cancer patients. Moreover, with the exception of the decrease in lymphocytes, no changes were detected in the data obtained by the other methods used in this study which might show some reflection of an alteration in response following surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1220270", "title": "[Conformity of the crystallization in dried smears of human secretions (authors transl)].", "content": "This paper first reviews the relatively abundant literature on crystallization phenomena in human secretions, then our experiments, aimed at artificial imitation, are discussed. Threadlike crystals appear when the inorganic share of the solution shows 530mg% NaCl and 70mg% KCl and the organic one either 34mg% hyaluronic acid or 200 to 500mg% glucose. By overstepping the concentration limit of glucose or human albumin, crystallization can be prevented. The prevention of crystallization by proteins might gain some significance in diagnostic cytology as a primitive method to analyse colloid semiquantitatively.", "contents": "[Conformity of the crystallization in dried smears of human secretions (authors transl)]. This paper first reviews the relatively abundant literature on crystallization phenomena in human secretions, then our experiments, aimed at artificial imitation, are discussed. Threadlike crystals appear when the inorganic share of the solution shows 530mg% NaCl and 70mg% KCl and the organic one either 34mg% hyaluronic acid or 200 to 500mg% glucose. By overstepping the concentration limit of glucose or human albumin, crystallization can be prevented. The prevention of crystallization by proteins might gain some significance in diagnostic cytology as a primitive method to analyse colloid semiquantitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:1220271", "title": "[Aminolcevulinic acid excretion in women before and after delivery and in their newborn infants (authors transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the excretion of variation of-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) as an index of the lead load in pregnant women at term and at one and also at four weeks after delivery in both mothers and the newborn infants. The mean values in women were 7.2 + 3.7 before delivery 9.0 + 4.1 one week and 4.1mg ALA/1 urine four weeks after delivery; mean values of 5.2 + 3.2 one week after birth and 2.2 + 1.0 mg ALA/1 urine four weeks after birth were recorded in the newborn infants, according to the method of Davis and Andelman. Two groups were set up: mothers coming from the rural environs of Vienna and mothers living in the centre of the city. The ALA excretion was 14% lower in the former group (20% four weeks post partum) as compared with the mothers living in the city. When these data are considered against a threshold value of 10 ALA/1 urine (set up by the \"Hauptverband der Berufsgenossenschafen\", Bonn, West Germany, using the same method) the mean value of 9.0mg ALA/1 urine (with individual values of up to 17.4mg ALA/1 urine) in mothers one week after delivery already seems extremely serious.", "contents": "[Aminolcevulinic acid excretion in women before and after delivery and in their newborn infants (authors transl)]. A report is given on the excretion of variation of-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) as an index of the lead load in pregnant women at term and at one and also at four weeks after delivery in both mothers and the newborn infants. The mean values in women were 7.2 + 3.7 before delivery 9.0 + 4.1 one week and 4.1mg ALA/1 urine four weeks after delivery; mean values of 5.2 + 3.2 one week after birth and 2.2 + 1.0 mg ALA/1 urine four weeks after birth were recorded in the newborn infants, according to the method of Davis and Andelman. Two groups were set up: mothers coming from the rural environs of Vienna and mothers living in the centre of the city. The ALA excretion was 14% lower in the former group (20% four weeks post partum) as compared with the mothers living in the city. When these data are considered against a threshold value of 10 ALA/1 urine (set up by the \"Hauptverband der Berufsgenossenschafen\", Bonn, West Germany, using the same method) the mean value of 9.0mg ALA/1 urine (with individual values of up to 17.4mg ALA/1 urine) in mothers one week after delivery already seems extremely serious."}
{"id": "PMID:1220272", "title": "[A case report of caesarian section carred out under electroanasthesia (authors transl)].", "content": "The case is reported of a 19 year-old patient in whom Caesarian section was successfully performed under combined method of anaesthesia. Square waves, which consist of high frequency impulses were transmitted to the cerebrum, and in addition, a 50:50 nitrous oxide and oxygen gas mixture was administered to the patient. The intraoperative condition of the patient was satisfactory. No reactions to pain were seen, as judged from constant observation of the blood pressure, pulse rate, colour of the face, pupils and the condition of the body extremities.", "contents": "[A case report of caesarian section carred out under electroanasthesia (authors transl)]. The case is reported of a 19 year-old patient in whom Caesarian section was successfully performed under combined method of anaesthesia. Square waves, which consist of high frequency impulses were transmitted to the cerebrum, and in addition, a 50:50 nitrous oxide and oxygen gas mixture was administered to the patient. The intraoperative condition of the patient was satisfactory. No reactions to pain were seen, as judged from constant observation of the blood pressure, pulse rate, colour of the face, pupils and the condition of the body extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:1220273", "title": "[The detection of the carcinoma in situ of the cervix of the uterus and of the invasive carcinoma of the cervix of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of the detection of 203 cases (87 of a carcinoma in situ of the cervix of the uterus, 116 of carcinoma of the uterus) out of 7769 cytologically examined patients at the ob.-gyn. deptm. of the Hospital Vienna-Lainz (Austria). The accuracy of cytology with respect to the detection of the carcinoma of the cervix: 95%. The importance of a gynecological examination performed at least once a year together with a cytological test and the examination of the breast is hereby stressed.", "contents": "[The detection of the carcinoma in situ of the cervix of the uterus and of the invasive carcinoma of the cervix of the uterus (author's transl)]. Report of the detection of 203 cases (87 of a carcinoma in situ of the cervix of the uterus, 116 of carcinoma of the uterus) out of 7769 cytologically examined patients at the ob.-gyn. deptm. of the Hospital Vienna-Lainz (Austria). The accuracy of cytology with respect to the detection of the carcinoma of the cervix: 95%. The importance of a gynecological examination performed at least once a year together with a cytological test and the examination of the breast is hereby stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220274", "title": "[Ectopic ureterocoele and its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "An ectopic ureterocele is a congenital ballooning of the submucosal part of an extopic ureter in the bladder. It is a relatively common anomaly, usually presenting in childhood. The anatomy, functional pathology, and the clinical symptoms of this disease are described. The authors present a series of 15 cases seen over a 4-year period, 3 patients being adults. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of this anomaly are discussed in the light of the reported cases.", "contents": "[Ectopic ureterocoele and its treatment (author's transl)]. An ectopic ureterocele is a congenital ballooning of the submucosal part of an extopic ureter in the bladder. It is a relatively common anomaly, usually presenting in childhood. The anatomy, functional pathology, and the clinical symptoms of this disease are described. The authors present a series of 15 cases seen over a 4-year period, 3 patients being adults. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of this anomaly are discussed in the light of the reported cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1220275", "title": "[Placental function and foetal lung maturity (author's transl)].", "content": "The placental function and foetal lung maturity were simultaneously assessed before delivery in 48 high-risk pregnancies, the actual time varying from case to case. A statistically significant correlation was found between placental function and foetal lung maturity. Since the actual time of investigation often lay back several weeks before delivery, no significant connection was detected between the state of foetal lung maturity at the time of amniocentesis and the clinical picture in respect to lung maturity of the infant at birth. The discrepancy is tabulated and possible causative factors are discussed.", "contents": "[Placental function and foetal lung maturity (author's transl)]. The placental function and foetal lung maturity were simultaneously assessed before delivery in 48 high-risk pregnancies, the actual time varying from case to case. A statistically significant correlation was found between placental function and foetal lung maturity. Since the actual time of investigation often lay back several weeks before delivery, no significant connection was detected between the state of foetal lung maturity at the time of amniocentesis and the clinical picture in respect to lung maturity of the infant at birth. The discrepancy is tabulated and possible causative factors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220276", "title": "[Isolation of a third human urokinase (S0 type)].", "content": "By means of gel diffusion on Sephadex G-150 and isoelectric focusing, a third type of urokinase (S0 type, molecular weight 22,000) was isolated from a commercial urokinase preparation. This urokinase of low molecular weight can be found in the free state or in form of a complex with the S1 type (molecular weight 32,000) thus yielding the S2 type (molecular weight 54,000). By isoelectric fucusing, the latter type can be split into the S0 and S1 types.", "contents": "[Isolation of a third human urokinase (S0 type)]. By means of gel diffusion on Sephadex G-150 and isoelectric focusing, a third type of urokinase (S0 type, molecular weight 22,000) was isolated from a commercial urokinase preparation. This urokinase of low molecular weight can be found in the free state or in form of a complex with the S1 type (molecular weight 32,000) thus yielding the S2 type (molecular weight 54,000). By isoelectric fucusing, the latter type can be split into the S0 and S1 types."}
{"id": "PMID:1220344", "title": "[Fundamental problems on the care of patients with permanent artificial pacemaker therapy].", "content": "In the GDR the number of patients with pacemakers increases with about 900 new implantations each year. The further decentralisation of the care of patients with pacemakers proposed by the team pacemaker therapy demands the inclusion of more physicians into the care of these patients. The pacemaker systems used at present in the GDR are described as well as the practical approach in the control of the function of the pacemakers is discussed. In the figures typical electrocardiographic pictures of various models of pacemakers are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Fundamental problems on the care of patients with permanent artificial pacemaker therapy]. In the GDR the number of patients with pacemakers increases with about 900 new implantations each year. The further decentralisation of the care of patients with pacemakers proposed by the team pacemaker therapy demands the inclusion of more physicians into the care of these patients. The pacemaker systems used at present in the GDR are described as well as the practical approach in the control of the function of the pacemakers is discussed. In the figures typical electrocardiographic pictures of various models of pacemakers are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1220345", "title": "[Program for the calculation of several contractility parameters on a micro-calculator].", "content": "In order to determine the valency of different parameters of contractility, these shall be compared on certain conditions in the animal experiment. For this is necessary the evaluation of a large number of pressure curves of the left ventricle. When a micro-calculating-machine is present, this can carry out the evaluation, the course of the pressure which is to be evaluated is only to be given into the calculating machine punctually. The paper describes a programme for the hp-micro-calculating-machine 9810 A.", "contents": "[Program for the calculation of several contractility parameters on a micro-calculator]. In order to determine the valency of different parameters of contractility, these shall be compared on certain conditions in the animal experiment. For this is necessary the evaluation of a large number of pressure curves of the left ventricle. When a micro-calculating-machine is present, this can carry out the evaluation, the course of the pressure which is to be evaluated is only to be given into the calculating machine punctually. The paper describes a programme for the hp-micro-calculating-machine 9810 A."}
{"id": "PMID:1220346", "title": "[The clinical value of the hydroxyproline excretion in 24 hour urine compared to other laboratory diagnostic parameters in ankylopoietic spondylarthritis].", "content": "Hydroxyproline provable in the urine of man is regarded as indicator of the collagen metabolism. In 40 patients with ankylopoietic spondylarthritis the excretion of hydroxyproline in the 24-hour-urine was determined with the help of Stegemann's method. With 27.5 mg for the total hydroxyproline and 2.6 mg for the free hydroxyproline in the group of patients statistically significantly higher values were established than in a comparative group of 52 persons (20.1 or 0.6 mg, respectively). In patients with higher activity of the process (anamnestically, clinically) the excretions were larger than in patients with lower activity. That in this reflects also the temporary factor is to be concluded from the higher excretion rate in patients with a shorter duration of the disease and a low rate with a longer course. In comparison to the insignificant diagnostic relevancy of other acute-phase-reactions (BSR, CRP, number of leukozytes, blood protein fractions) from this results the conclusion that the determination of hydroxyproline may be used for the diagnostics of activity and also for the early diagnostics. By the temporary and technical-material expenditure, however, its use is limited in the routine practice.", "contents": "[The clinical value of the hydroxyproline excretion in 24 hour urine compared to other laboratory diagnostic parameters in ankylopoietic spondylarthritis]. Hydroxyproline provable in the urine of man is regarded as indicator of the collagen metabolism. In 40 patients with ankylopoietic spondylarthritis the excretion of hydroxyproline in the 24-hour-urine was determined with the help of Stegemann's method. With 27.5 mg for the total hydroxyproline and 2.6 mg for the free hydroxyproline in the group of patients statistically significantly higher values were established than in a comparative group of 52 persons (20.1 or 0.6 mg, respectively). In patients with higher activity of the process (anamnestically, clinically) the excretions were larger than in patients with lower activity. That in this reflects also the temporary factor is to be concluded from the higher excretion rate in patients with a shorter duration of the disease and a low rate with a longer course. In comparison to the insignificant diagnostic relevancy of other acute-phase-reactions (BSR, CRP, number of leukozytes, blood protein fractions) from this results the conclusion that the determination of hydroxyproline may be used for the diagnostics of activity and also for the early diagnostics. By the temporary and technical-material expenditure, however, its use is limited in the routine practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1220347", "title": "[Permeability enhancement by exudates: 1. Demonstration of high-molecular substances in the animal model].", "content": "By means of ultracentrifugation, gel chromatography and polyacryl amide electrophoresis the peritoneal exudates of the rabbit, which increased the permeability of animal membranes, were separated. Among the highly molecular fractions two regions were found, which possessed an activity increasing permeation. Following the chromatographic separation of exudates of the rabbit, which did not reveal an activity increasing permeation, were also found two regions with an activity increasing permeation. The cuases for the activation during the separation process are discussed.", "contents": "[Permeability enhancement by exudates: 1. Demonstration of high-molecular substances in the animal model]. By means of ultracentrifugation, gel chromatography and polyacryl amide electrophoresis the peritoneal exudates of the rabbit, which increased the permeability of animal membranes, were separated. Among the highly molecular fractions two regions were found, which possessed an activity increasing permeation. Following the chromatographic separation of exudates of the rabbit, which did not reveal an activity increasing permeation, were also found two regions with an activity increasing permeation. The cuases for the activation during the separation process are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220348", "title": "[Alanineaminopeptidase excretion in the urine and osmotic neophropathy. Studies on the diagnostic meaning and pathophysiology of elevated alanineaminopeptidase excretion after use of radiologic contrast media for the kidneys].", "content": "In patients with several internal diseases the percental change of the excretion of the alanine aminopeptidase with the urine 18--20 hours after intravenous injection of the X-ray contrast medium Visotrast going through the kidneys correlates with the change after infusion of Mannitol (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001) and of Dextran (r = 0.82, p less than 0.01). The osmotic nephropathy is to be regarded as a common cause of an increased enzyme excretion, which appears after application of hypertonic solutions especially in preexisting renal diseases. While the excretion of alanine aminopeptidase in persons with healthy kidneys changes only unessentially, in patients with diffuse nephropathies after the application of these drugs there appear diagnostically relevant increases of excretion.", "contents": "[Alanineaminopeptidase excretion in the urine and osmotic neophropathy. Studies on the diagnostic meaning and pathophysiology of elevated alanineaminopeptidase excretion after use of radiologic contrast media for the kidneys]. In patients with several internal diseases the percental change of the excretion of the alanine aminopeptidase with the urine 18--20 hours after intravenous injection of the X-ray contrast medium Visotrast going through the kidneys correlates with the change after infusion of Mannitol (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001) and of Dextran (r = 0.82, p less than 0.01). The osmotic nephropathy is to be regarded as a common cause of an increased enzyme excretion, which appears after application of hypertonic solutions especially in preexisting renal diseases. While the excretion of alanine aminopeptidase in persons with healthy kidneys changes only unessentially, in patients with diffuse nephropathies after the application of these drugs there appear diagnostically relevant increases of excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1220349", "title": "[Toxoplasma gondii infection in the inhabitants of the city of Dresden].", "content": "After a description of modern knowledge of the biology and epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii the author enters into the affection in Dresden inhabitants. Males as well as females at the age of 16 to 60 years are infected on the average at 74%. The most frequently affected age groups are the 41-year-old to 50-year-old persons. IFAR-titres to 80 are very frequently to be found in clinically healthy probands and, as a rule, plead for the existence of a latent toxoplasma affection. Titre values of more than 80 should always give rise to repeated examinations.", "contents": "[Toxoplasma gondii infection in the inhabitants of the city of Dresden]. After a description of modern knowledge of the biology and epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii the author enters into the affection in Dresden inhabitants. Males as well as females at the age of 16 to 60 years are infected on the average at 74%. The most frequently affected age groups are the 41-year-old to 50-year-old persons. IFAR-titres to 80 are very frequently to be found in clinically healthy probands and, as a rule, plead for the existence of a latent toxoplasma affection. Titre values of more than 80 should always give rise to repeated examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:1220350", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of the aortic arch syndrome].", "content": "With the aid of the complexes of principle signs of the pulseless disease, the cerebrovascular insufficiency and the ischaemic-brachialgiformous symptomatology the different basic diseases, which are to be taken into consideration differential-diagnostically in a large number can clearly be recognized. With the cerebrovascular insufficiency compete intracranial organic processes and reductions of the volume of the cardiac output. In the brachialgiformous ischaemic syndrome further angiopathies, neurovascular syndromes of the shoulder girdle, nervously caused pain in the arm and a series of other very different starting-points must finally be taken into consideration. By means of a good interdisciplinary cooperation a clarification can be achieved also in difficult situations.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of the aortic arch syndrome]. With the aid of the complexes of principle signs of the pulseless disease, the cerebrovascular insufficiency and the ischaemic-brachialgiformous symptomatology the different basic diseases, which are to be taken into consideration differential-diagnostically in a large number can clearly be recognized. With the cerebrovascular insufficiency compete intracranial organic processes and reductions of the volume of the cardiac output. In the brachialgiformous ischaemic syndrome further angiopathies, neurovascular syndromes of the shoulder girdle, nervously caused pain in the arm and a series of other very different starting-points must finally be taken into consideration. By means of a good interdisciplinary cooperation a clarification can be achieved also in difficult situations."}
{"id": "PMID:1220351", "title": "[Transient infarct-like ECG findings in cholecystectomy].", "content": "It is reported on the appearance of transient infarction-like electrocardiographic changes in a 49-year-old female patient which developed during a cholecystectomy after cardiac arrest due to a considerable loss of blood. The ECG normalised within 7 minutes, neither accompained nor followed by any pathologic ion displacements in the systemic blood or by enzyme changes (GOT, GPT).", "contents": "[Transient infarct-like ECG findings in cholecystectomy]. It is reported on the appearance of transient infarction-like electrocardiographic changes in a 49-year-old female patient which developed during a cholecystectomy after cardiac arrest due to a considerable loss of blood. The ECG normalised within 7 minutes, neither accompained nor followed by any pathologic ion displacements in the systemic blood or by enzyme changes (GOT, GPT)."}
{"id": "PMID:1220352", "title": "[A contribution to acute glutethimide (Elrodorm) intoxication].", "content": "Following a short discussion of hitherto known facts about glutethimid intoxications, two own cases are described. In these cases minimal amounts (2.5 and 5 g) caused haemorrhagic diatheses and acute insufficiency of the liver, which in one case were combined with acute renal insufficiency. Possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "[A contribution to acute glutethimide (Elrodorm) intoxication]. Following a short discussion of hitherto known facts about glutethimid intoxications, two own cases are described. In these cases minimal amounts (2.5 and 5 g) caused haemorrhagic diatheses and acute insufficiency of the liver, which in one case were combined with acute renal insufficiency. Possible causes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220353", "title": "[Studies on plasma lipids as affected by oral hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "In 75 fertile women with healthy metabolism the influence of the oestrogen-gestagen-combination preparation ovosiston on the lipid fractions free fatty acids and free glycerin was tested. In a highly significant increase of glycerin an excessive amount of the free fatty acids could not be ascertained statistically.", "contents": "[Studies on plasma lipids as affected by oral hormonal contraceptives]. In 75 fertile women with healthy metabolism the influence of the oestrogen-gestagen-combination preparation ovosiston on the lipid fractions free fatty acids and free glycerin was tested. In a highly significant increase of glycerin an excessive amount of the free fatty acids could not be ascertained statistically."}
{"id": "PMID:1220354", "title": "[A comparative follow up study about intellectual and motoric development of breech presentations (author's transl)].", "content": "75 breech- and 71 cephalic deliveries between the years 1965-1970 at the University Clinic, Mannheim, were later examined in their 3 rd. to 7 th. years of life with respect to intelligence and motor developments. Mean intelligence quotient (IQ) of breech deliveries was 109, cephalic deliveries 110. The IQ was correlated with following other criteria: lie, age and parity of the mother, EPH-Gestose, methods of delivery, course and duration of labor, first Apgar score, weight of infant, bilirubin concentration, suspect cerebral damage and morbidity between discharge and recall for examinations. No significant differences in intelligence or motor development were found between the two groups of children.", "contents": "[A comparative follow up study about intellectual and motoric development of breech presentations (author's transl)]. 75 breech- and 71 cephalic deliveries between the years 1965-1970 at the University Clinic, Mannheim, were later examined in their 3 rd. to 7 th. years of life with respect to intelligence and motor developments. Mean intelligence quotient (IQ) of breech deliveries was 109, cephalic deliveries 110. The IQ was correlated with following other criteria: lie, age and parity of the mother, EPH-Gestose, methods of delivery, course and duration of labor, first Apgar score, weight of infant, bilirubin concentration, suspect cerebral damage and morbidity between discharge and recall for examinations. No significant differences in intelligence or motor development were found between the two groups of children."}
{"id": "PMID:1220355", "title": "[Ultrasound in obstetrics. Marking sheets, documentation, programming of summative data. Translation of code into full text (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on system of documentation and electronic data analysis of results of ultrasound examinations as used for 5 years at the obstetric department of Bonn University. Special marking sheets were used for primary data collection. Storage and analysis were handled with the author's own programming language SEQAS (Voigt, 1971). The system has worked well. 4 types of sheets used for coding are shown and program examples given.", "contents": "[Ultrasound in obstetrics. Marking sheets, documentation, programming of summative data. Translation of code into full text (author's transl)]. Report on system of documentation and electronic data analysis of results of ultrasound examinations as used for 5 years at the obstetric department of Bonn University. Special marking sheets were used for primary data collection. Storage and analysis were handled with the author's own programming language SEQAS (Voigt, 1971). The system has worked well. 4 types of sheets used for coding are shown and program examples given."}
{"id": "PMID:1220356", "title": "[Assays of placenta-iso-enzyme of alkaline serum-phosphatase with disk-elektrophoresis (author's transl)].", "content": "Alkaline serum-phosphatase may be subdivided with disk-electrophoresis in 7% poly-acrylamid gel into the iso-enzymes: liver-cell, bone- and ileum-phosphatase. In the 7% gel liver-cell and placenta phosphatase move together. Separation of these two can be achieved by raising the gel-concentration to 10%. The method is suitable for quantitative densitometric evaluation.", "contents": "[Assays of placenta-iso-enzyme of alkaline serum-phosphatase with disk-elektrophoresis (author's transl)]. Alkaline serum-phosphatase may be subdivided with disk-electrophoresis in 7% poly-acrylamid gel into the iso-enzymes: liver-cell, bone- and ileum-phosphatase. In the 7% gel liver-cell and placenta phosphatase move together. Separation of these two can be achieved by raising the gel-concentration to 10%. The method is suitable for quantitative densitometric evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1220357", "title": "Primary ovarian carcinoma in pregnancy--case report.", "content": "A case of primary ovarian carcinoma associated with pregnancy is reported. The symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment in relation to pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "Primary ovarian carcinoma in pregnancy--case report. A case of primary ovarian carcinoma associated with pregnancy is reported. The symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment in relation to pregnancy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220358", "title": "A cold precipitable fibrinogen complex in the plasma of cattle dying from infection with Babesia argentina.", "content": "Plasma from cattle dying from infection with Babesia argentina formed a cold precipitable gel when stored at 4 degrees C. Immunodiffusion and electrophoresis showed the soluble phase of the gel to consist mainly of a fibrinogen-like protein with small amounts of other plasma proteins. Gel filtration and specific clotting assays demonstrated a wide molecular weight spectrum of fibrinogen-like proteins, most of which appeared to be soluble fibrin in either monomer or complex forms. The possibility that proteolytic enzymes might be responsible for the formation of the gel is discussed.", "contents": "A cold precipitable fibrinogen complex in the plasma of cattle dying from infection with Babesia argentina. Plasma from cattle dying from infection with Babesia argentina formed a cold precipitable gel when stored at 4 degrees C. Immunodiffusion and electrophoresis showed the soluble phase of the gel to consist mainly of a fibrinogen-like protein with small amounts of other plasma proteins. Gel filtration and specific clotting assays demonstrated a wide molecular weight spectrum of fibrinogen-like proteins, most of which appeared to be soluble fibrin in either monomer or complex forms. The possibility that proteolytic enzymes might be responsible for the formation of the gel is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220359", "title": "Penetration of host IgG molecules into hydatid cysts.", "content": "Host IgG was detected in 15 out of 18 peritoneal hydatid cysts obtained from experimentally infected gerbils and in 18 out of 61 mouse hydatid cysts which had been implanted into the peritoneal cavity of gerbils for periods ranging from one day to two years. A wide variation in host IgG concentration was observed among the different cysts in which these immunoglobulins were found. These findings are discussed in terms of the possible manner by which macromolecules may enter into the hydatid cysts.", "contents": "Penetration of host IgG molecules into hydatid cysts. Host IgG was detected in 15 out of 18 peritoneal hydatid cysts obtained from experimentally infected gerbils and in 18 out of 61 mouse hydatid cysts which had been implanted into the peritoneal cavity of gerbils for periods ranging from one day to two years. A wide variation in host IgG concentration was observed among the different cysts in which these immunoglobulins were found. These findings are discussed in terms of the possible manner by which macromolecules may enter into the hydatid cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:1220360", "title": "Incorporation of calcium into the soft tissues and calcareous corpuscles of larval Taenia taeniaeformis.", "content": "Larval Taenia taeniaeformis in vivo accumulates 45Ca2+ in soft tissues and calcareous corpuscles. Radioactivity was demonstrable in the corpuscles six months after a single dose of 45Ca2+ was administered to the host by means of a stomach tube. Ca2+ also was taken up by isolated larvae. Accumulation in vitro was more rapid then in vivo and was correlated with the external Ca2+ concentration. Temperature variation, oxygen availability, and metabolic inhibitors had little effect on the Ca2+ uptake, indicating that active transport of Ca2+ is unlikely in this parasite. Variations in the external Pi concentrations had no effect on Ca2+ accumulation or on its distribution. Addition of 5% CO2 increased the uptake of Ca2+ by the calcareous corpuscles under anaerobic conditions. Radioactivity from NaH14CO3 also was accumulated in soft tissues and corpuscles of T. taeniaeformis. Assuming that the 14C taken up by the corpuscles was in the form of 14CO3(2-), the ratio of Ca2+ to CO3(2-) accumulation in the corpuscles approximates the ratio of these constituents in dolomite: CaMg(CO3)2.", "contents": "Incorporation of calcium into the soft tissues and calcareous corpuscles of larval Taenia taeniaeformis. Larval Taenia taeniaeformis in vivo accumulates 45Ca2+ in soft tissues and calcareous corpuscles. Radioactivity was demonstrable in the corpuscles six months after a single dose of 45Ca2+ was administered to the host by means of a stomach tube. Ca2+ also was taken up by isolated larvae. Accumulation in vitro was more rapid then in vivo and was correlated with the external Ca2+ concentration. Temperature variation, oxygen availability, and metabolic inhibitors had little effect on the Ca2+ uptake, indicating that active transport of Ca2+ is unlikely in this parasite. Variations in the external Pi concentrations had no effect on Ca2+ accumulation or on its distribution. Addition of 5% CO2 increased the uptake of Ca2+ by the calcareous corpuscles under anaerobic conditions. Radioactivity from NaH14CO3 also was accumulated in soft tissues and corpuscles of T. taeniaeformis. Assuming that the 14C taken up by the corpuscles was in the form of 14CO3(2-), the ratio of Ca2+ to CO3(2-) accumulation in the corpuscles approximates the ratio of these constituents in dolomite: CaMg(CO3)2."}
{"id": "PMID:1220423", "title": "[About insurance medical evaluation of psychoreactive disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "Results arising from injuries within the valid field of the statutory Accident Insurance and of the Federal Law Governing Pensions and Grants can only be recognized as such and give rise to financial compensations if bodily or psychic damages within the legally protected Risk Area are made \"probable\", and if a connexion between these injuries and the unbiased finding of the actual health disorders prove to be \"substantial\". The assessment of the damage must bear in mind the individual conditions of the victims. Symptomatology, differential diagnosis and medical insurance estimation of the \"neurosis in the true sense\", of the personality alteration brought about by selfexperienced hardships (concentration camp neurosis) and the psychogenic breeding of symptoms with a final view to having an ailment recognized, are discussed with a special bearing on the phenomenons which cause the will to express itself.", "contents": "[About insurance medical evaluation of psychoreactive disturbances (author's transl)]. Results arising from injuries within the valid field of the statutory Accident Insurance and of the Federal Law Governing Pensions and Grants can only be recognized as such and give rise to financial compensations if bodily or psychic damages within the legally protected Risk Area are made \"probable\", and if a connexion between these injuries and the unbiased finding of the actual health disorders prove to be \"substantial\". The assessment of the damage must bear in mind the individual conditions of the victims. Symptomatology, differential diagnosis and medical insurance estimation of the \"neurosis in the true sense\", of the personality alteration brought about by selfexperienced hardships (concentration camp neurosis) and the psychogenic breeding of symptoms with a final view to having an ailment recognized, are discussed with a special bearing on the phenomenons which cause the will to express itself."}
{"id": "PMID:1220424", "title": "A specific G. C. method for the determination of carbamazepine in blood.", "content": "Carbamazepine is extracted with dichloromethane from whole blood. After a rinsing procedure the residue is gaschromatographed partly in methanol, where two peaks occur, and partly in a methylating reagent, where the same two peaks are seen, the heights of these now being reversed. This reversal is used as a means of identification. Recovery was found to be 94 +/- 12 %. Blood analysis from 12 patients being treated with carbamazepine gave values from 0.6 - 6.5 mg/kg.", "contents": "A specific G. C. method for the determination of carbamazepine in blood. Carbamazepine is extracted with dichloromethane from whole blood. After a rinsing procedure the residue is gaschromatographed partly in methanol, where two peaks occur, and partly in a methylating reagent, where the same two peaks are seen, the heights of these now being reversed. This reversal is used as a means of identification. Recovery was found to be 94 +/- 12 %. Blood analysis from 12 patients being treated with carbamazepine gave values from 0.6 - 6.5 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:1220425", "title": "[The significance of the settling of blood into dependent and soft tissues as evidence for death by throttling and choking (author's transl)].", "content": "14 fresh cadavers of adult persons were placed with the head or body tilted in atypical positions 3 to 65 hours after death. The persons concerned were neither asphyxiated nor had they suffered cranial trauma. Hypostasis in the head and neck occurred more rapidly and intensively the deeper the cranial parts of the body were placed. In the simulated cadaver positions, artificial ecchymoses were observed in only a few places, mainly in the eyelids, the conjunctiva, the galea and the temporal muscles except when the head was vertically downwards. Just as with the postmortem haematomas, the hypostatic settling to the plane of the heart was decisive.", "contents": "[The significance of the settling of blood into dependent and soft tissues as evidence for death by throttling and choking (author's transl)]. 14 fresh cadavers of adult persons were placed with the head or body tilted in atypical positions 3 to 65 hours after death. The persons concerned were neither asphyxiated nor had they suffered cranial trauma. Hypostasis in the head and neck occurred more rapidly and intensively the deeper the cranial parts of the body were placed. In the simulated cadaver positions, artificial ecchymoses were observed in only a few places, mainly in the eyelids, the conjunctiva, the galea and the temporal muscles except when the head was vertically downwards. Just as with the postmortem haematomas, the hypostatic settling to the plane of the heart was decisive."}
{"id": "PMID:1220426", "title": "Chlorobutanol poisoning. Report of a fatal case.", "content": "A fatal chlorobutanol intoxication is reported and a gas chromatographic method for the determination of this drug in human fluids and tissues is described. Analytical findings for blood, urine, stomach contents, bile, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain are reported.", "contents": "Chlorobutanol poisoning. Report of a fatal case. A fatal chlorobutanol intoxication is reported and a gas chromatographic method for the determination of this drug in human fluids and tissues is described. Analytical findings for blood, urine, stomach contents, bile, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1220427", "title": "[Concerning survival time in primary hematomas of the brain-stem (author's transl)].", "content": "The autopsy on a 54-year old man, who had a motorcycle-accident 17 days before and suffered a head injury, showed a large traumatic hemorrhage in the oral pontine region. The lesion must be considered primarily traumatic because of the brain-stem symptoms which appeared immediately after the accident (immediate unconsciousness, extension spasms, miosis) the macroscopic and histological findings (proliferation around the hemorrhage, hematoidin in the centre of the hemorrhage) and the biomechanical circumstances (impact on the occiput). Furthermore, considering the clinical findings and the autopsy results, pathogenetic factors which might have produced secondary hemorrhage seem to be unlikely. It seems as if the timing of death after traumatic hemorrhage in the oral pontine region depends less on the direct lesion in these areas, but on the extension of the hemorrhage to the caudal brainstem with concomittant edema. For the differentiation between primary and secondary brainstem lesions the duration of the survival time is therefore only of relative significance.", "contents": "[Concerning survival time in primary hematomas of the brain-stem (author's transl)]. The autopsy on a 54-year old man, who had a motorcycle-accident 17 days before and suffered a head injury, showed a large traumatic hemorrhage in the oral pontine region. The lesion must be considered primarily traumatic because of the brain-stem symptoms which appeared immediately after the accident (immediate unconsciousness, extension spasms, miosis) the macroscopic and histological findings (proliferation around the hemorrhage, hematoidin in the centre of the hemorrhage) and the biomechanical circumstances (impact on the occiput). Furthermore, considering the clinical findings and the autopsy results, pathogenetic factors which might have produced secondary hemorrhage seem to be unlikely. It seems as if the timing of death after traumatic hemorrhage in the oral pontine region depends less on the direct lesion in these areas, but on the extension of the hemorrhage to the caudal brainstem with concomittant edema. For the differentiation between primary and secondary brainstem lesions the duration of the survival time is therefore only of relative significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1220443", "title": "[Observation on the pathogenesis of severe urinary tract complications in female genitalia prolapse].", "content": "For the urologist the prolaps of the uterus and the descensus of the vagina are a serous problem, since patients in an advanced state frequently die of renal insufficiency. Earlier reports of formation of hydronephrosis in patients with genital prolaps are considered, the existing views of the pathogenesis are arranged and discussed. The own view is presented. Important is the conclusion, that the decision to correct a descensus or prolaps is not only dependent on subjective symptoms but also on the i. v. pyeolgraphy.", "contents": "[Observation on the pathogenesis of severe urinary tract complications in female genitalia prolapse]. For the urologist the prolaps of the uterus and the descensus of the vagina are a serous problem, since patients in an advanced state frequently die of renal insufficiency. Earlier reports of formation of hydronephrosis in patients with genital prolaps are considered, the existing views of the pathogenesis are arranged and discussed. The own view is presented. Important is the conclusion, that the decision to correct a descensus or prolaps is not only dependent on subjective symptoms but also on the i. v. pyeolgraphy."}
{"id": "PMID:1220444", "title": "[Falibaryt as a contrast medium].", "content": "Report about the employment of a sterile 35% barium sulphate (Falibaryt)-suspension for cystography in course of preoperative examination for correction of urinary stress incontinence. The Falibaryt-suspension was found to be an eminently suitable, harmless and cheap medium in 928 examinations. In one case the authors observed a unilateral vesico-renal reflux. By osmodiuresis with intravenous infusion of 200 ml mannitol 15% the contrast medium was removed out of the ureter and kidney's pelvic in a short time. The authors give references to make provision for retrograde instillation of barium sulphate suspensions. By consideration of these provisions the use of barium sulphate (Falibaryt)-suspension is harmless and recommended.", "contents": "[Falibaryt as a contrast medium]. Report about the employment of a sterile 35% barium sulphate (Falibaryt)-suspension for cystography in course of preoperative examination for correction of urinary stress incontinence. The Falibaryt-suspension was found to be an eminently suitable, harmless and cheap medium in 928 examinations. In one case the authors observed a unilateral vesico-renal reflux. By osmodiuresis with intravenous infusion of 200 ml mannitol 15% the contrast medium was removed out of the ureter and kidney's pelvic in a short time. The authors give references to make provision for retrograde instillation of barium sulphate suspensions. By consideration of these provisions the use of barium sulphate (Falibaryt)-suspension is harmless and recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1220445", "title": "[Radical surgery in unseccessfully irradiated cervix carcinoma?].", "content": "When radiological treatment in carcinoma of the cervix has failed radical operation may still be technically feasible in certain cases. They are, however, always prone to complications resulting from tissue damage due both to radiation and surgery. Among the 6 cases described there was one double-sided necrotic fistula of the ureters and two vesical-colonic-vaginal fistulae. In two patients we observed extended necroses of the pelvic tissue 5 and 7 weeks respectively after the operation with preceding telecobalt therapy; in one case this resulted in bleeding to death. There was only one case without any complications. This had been treated before by contact therapy only without additional percutaneous radition. From this we would like to draw the conclusion that one should refrain from secondary radical operation after telecobalt therapy. The question remaine to be discussed whether in these cases ultra-radical exenteration can be successful.", "contents": "[Radical surgery in unseccessfully irradiated cervix carcinoma?]. When radiological treatment in carcinoma of the cervix has failed radical operation may still be technically feasible in certain cases. They are, however, always prone to complications resulting from tissue damage due both to radiation and surgery. Among the 6 cases described there was one double-sided necrotic fistula of the ureters and two vesical-colonic-vaginal fistulae. In two patients we observed extended necroses of the pelvic tissue 5 and 7 weeks respectively after the operation with preceding telecobalt therapy; in one case this resulted in bleeding to death. There was only one case without any complications. This had been treated before by contact therapy only without additional percutaneous radition. From this we would like to draw the conclusion that one should refrain from secondary radical operation after telecobalt therapy. The question remaine to be discussed whether in these cases ultra-radical exenteration can be successful."}
{"id": "PMID:1220446", "title": "[Experience with radical surgery for tumor persistence or recurrence after primary irradiation of cervix neoplasms].", "content": "At first the general problems of operations in the x-ray treated tissue are discussed. After that 11 cases of patients, who were x-rayed, were demonstrated. With these patients we carried out a radical operation, because the cancer of cervicis was insufficiently affected by a primary radiological therapy. The bad turn of disease could not be stopped at 6 cases. The women patients got either uretero-vaginal-fistulae (2) or recto-vaginal-fistulae (2) or combined vesico-recto-vaginal-fistulae (1) and in less than one year they died of recidiv of cancer. Two women patients are still tended on account of their vesico-recto-vaginal fistulae. Only three women had been cured satisfactorily and they are till now free of recidivs for 4 to 7 years.", "contents": "[Experience with radical surgery for tumor persistence or recurrence after primary irradiation of cervix neoplasms]. At first the general problems of operations in the x-ray treated tissue are discussed. After that 11 cases of patients, who were x-rayed, were demonstrated. With these patients we carried out a radical operation, because the cancer of cervicis was insufficiently affected by a primary radiological therapy. The bad turn of disease could not be stopped at 6 cases. The women patients got either uretero-vaginal-fistulae (2) or recto-vaginal-fistulae (2) or combined vesico-recto-vaginal-fistulae (1) and in less than one year they died of recidiv of cancer. Two women patients are still tended on account of their vesico-recto-vaginal fistulae. Only three women had been cured satisfactorily and they are till now free of recidivs for 4 to 7 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1220447", "title": "[Influence of hormonal contraceptives on the incidence of urinary tract infections].", "content": "In our ambulance 703 women using oral contraceptives were repeatedly tested of urinary tract infections since november 1973. 18 of them (2,56%) showed urinary tract infections. There is no reason to accept an ince rase of urinary tract infections by oral contraception. The relations to the duration of the application, to the age and to the urological anamnese of the patients are discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of hormonal contraceptives on the incidence of urinary tract infections]. In our ambulance 703 women using oral contraceptives were repeatedly tested of urinary tract infections since november 1973. 18 of them (2,56%) showed urinary tract infections. There is no reason to accept an ince rase of urinary tract infections by oral contraception. The relations to the duration of the application, to the age and to the urological anamnese of the patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220448", "title": "[Significance of dermatoglyphics and palmar furrows for genetic and clinical problem formation in gynecology and obstetrics].", "content": "After having described the bases of dactyloscopy, the authors report on the clinical importance of this method in gynecology and obstetrics. Own results about Turner's syndrome and first experiences of the dactyloscopic examination of mothers of malformed infants are discussed. The patients with XO Turner's syndrome in our series have a ridge count of 181, comparable to the value of 178, 6 observed by Penrose. Mothers of infants with congenital malformations have no different dactyloscopic features in comparison with the controls.", "contents": "[Significance of dermatoglyphics and palmar furrows for genetic and clinical problem formation in gynecology and obstetrics]. After having described the bases of dactyloscopy, the authors report on the clinical importance of this method in gynecology and obstetrics. Own results about Turner's syndrome and first experiences of the dactyloscopic examination of mothers of malformed infants are discussed. The patients with XO Turner's syndrome in our series have a ridge count of 181, comparable to the value of 178, 6 observed by Penrose. Mothers of infants with congenital malformations have no different dactyloscopic features in comparison with the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1220449", "title": "[New methods for the diagnosis of edemas in pregnancy].", "content": "Edemas in the course of gravidity are not rare. Their presence is revealed also by changes of the ridges on the bulb of the fingers. Owing to the tumescence the distance between two characteristic points of the finger increases. These changes are observed and measured. The results of the examinations preformed in 900 cases fully agree with those of earlier ones previously published. The method proves to be most appropriate for the early recognition of cardiac, renal, or vascular edemas, also in the non pregnant stage.", "contents": "[New methods for the diagnosis of edemas in pregnancy]. Edemas in the course of gravidity are not rare. Their presence is revealed also by changes of the ridges on the bulb of the fingers. Owing to the tumescence the distance between two characteristic points of the finger increases. These changes are observed and measured. The results of the examinations preformed in 900 cases fully agree with those of earlier ones previously published. The method proves to be most appropriate for the early recognition of cardiac, renal, or vascular edemas, also in the non pregnant stage."}
{"id": "PMID:1220450", "title": "[Evaluation of the causes of habitual abortion and malformation in children based on cytogenetic examination of parents].", "content": "Chromosomal investigations of lymphocytic cultures in 26 couples and 11 women with repeated miscarriages or children with congenital anomalies have been performed. In 5 cases chromosomal aberrations and in 3 cases chromosomal lesions have been found. These results are helpful in genetic consultation and aetiological investigations.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the causes of habitual abortion and malformation in children based on cytogenetic examination of parents]. Chromosomal investigations of lymphocytic cultures in 26 couples and 11 women with repeated miscarriages or children with congenital anomalies have been performed. In 5 cases chromosomal aberrations and in 3 cases chromosomal lesions have been found. These results are helpful in genetic consultation and aetiological investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1220451", "title": "[Vaginal fluor in relation to diseases of the uropoetic system in girls].", "content": "In this paper we have pointed at the coincidence of vaginal fluor with uroinfections. We undertook examinations and observations on girls from the age of 3 to 15 in 130 cases and have come to the result that the disease of one tract is nearly always connected with some affection of the other one. So both of them are in any case to be examined and--as our cases proved--also to be treated.", "contents": "[Vaginal fluor in relation to diseases of the uropoetic system in girls]. In this paper we have pointed at the coincidence of vaginal fluor with uroinfections. We undertook examinations and observations on girls from the age of 3 to 15 in 130 cases and have come to the result that the disease of one tract is nearly always connected with some affection of the other one. So both of them are in any case to be examined and--as our cases proved--also to be treated."}
{"id": "PMID:1220454", "title": "[Cavernous hemangioma of the umbilical cord].", "content": "A case of a cavernous haemangioma of the umbilical cord not far from the stillborn infant of 30 weeks gestation is reported. Autopsy revealed no intrauterine growth retardation, malformation and fetopathia. The placenta shows disorders of vasculartiy.", "contents": "[Cavernous hemangioma of the umbilical cord]. A case of a cavernous haemangioma of the umbilical cord not far from the stillborn infant of 30 weeks gestation is reported. Autopsy revealed no intrauterine growth retardation, malformation and fetopathia. The placenta shows disorders of vasculartiy."}
{"id": "PMID:1220455", "title": "[Therapeutic results of colposcopically controled collection of cervix tissue in atypical smears of women up to the age of 35 years].", "content": "The case series consists of 106 women consecutively collected during 1968 to 1973 from those with a vaginal smear belonging to Papanicolou's groups III and attending the gynaecological department in Ume\u00e5. Probably the series is a fair random sample of the population (congruent to 150,000 people) of the area served by the clinic. The extension of the colposcopically delimited atypical transformation zone (with its upper bord\u00e8rline against normal cervical villi) in most cases being small, the surgical procedure--a small cone congruet to ring biopsy--was accordingly insignificant. In 9 cases only a large conization was performed. As only a small part of the cervical tissue was usually removed it is probable that the enzymatic and mechanical properties of the cervix as well as its capacity as a sperm reservoir could be preserved. The median of the observation time is 26 months, range 3 months to 5 years. At the follow up the colposcopic and histological picture has so far shown no sign of atypia in 91 subjects. The same applies cytologically to the patients subjected to a large conization. Two women have moved away from the district. A relapse occurred in 4 patients, who after a large conization have remained cytologically negative. Throughout the investigation the term a typia has been used to characterize the cytological, colposcopic and histological changes, the degree and extension of this atypia being taken into considertion. Thus the abstruse nomenclature in common use is avoided. Cytological atypia is cellular in character, while histologically it includes the degree of structural derangement of the epithelial architecture as well. Colposcopically the angioarchitecture and the capillary distance seem to be the most important features. The correlation between the colposcopic and the cytological and histological findings is high when the degree of atypia is marked. It is inferred, therefore, that the descriptive term atypia should replace the superfluos bulk of terms in the fields in question.", "contents": "[Therapeutic results of colposcopically controled collection of cervix tissue in atypical smears of women up to the age of 35 years]. The case series consists of 106 women consecutively collected during 1968 to 1973 from those with a vaginal smear belonging to Papanicolou's groups III and attending the gynaecological department in Ume\u00e5. Probably the series is a fair random sample of the population (congruent to 150,000 people) of the area served by the clinic. The extension of the colposcopically delimited atypical transformation zone (with its upper bord\u00e8rline against normal cervical villi) in most cases being small, the surgical procedure--a small cone congruet to ring biopsy--was accordingly insignificant. In 9 cases only a large conization was performed. As only a small part of the cervical tissue was usually removed it is probable that the enzymatic and mechanical properties of the cervix as well as its capacity as a sperm reservoir could be preserved. The median of the observation time is 26 months, range 3 months to 5 years. At the follow up the colposcopic and histological picture has so far shown no sign of atypia in 91 subjects. The same applies cytologically to the patients subjected to a large conization. Two women have moved away from the district. A relapse occurred in 4 patients, who after a large conization have remained cytologically negative. Throughout the investigation the term a typia has been used to characterize the cytological, colposcopic and histological changes, the degree and extension of this atypia being taken into considertion. Thus the abstruse nomenclature in common use is avoided. Cytological atypia is cellular in character, while histologically it includes the degree of structural derangement of the epithelial architecture as well. Colposcopically the angioarchitecture and the capillary distance seem to be the most important features. The correlation between the colposcopic and the cytological and histological findings is high when the degree of atypia is marked. It is inferred, therefore, that the descriptive term atypia should replace the superfluos bulk of terms in the fields in question."}
{"id": "PMID:1220456", "title": "[Viewpoints and studies on epithelial regeneration in the cervix uteri].", "content": "After a review of historical and present opinions about the physiological alterations of the portio vaginalis uteri results on investigations by the author about regeneration are reported. The alterations of reserve cells of the mucous membrane of the cervix during pregnancy demonstrate the hormonal influence on regeneration and allow conclusions on indirect metaplasia under other conditions.", "contents": "[Viewpoints and studies on epithelial regeneration in the cervix uteri]. After a review of historical and present opinions about the physiological alterations of the portio vaginalis uteri results on investigations by the author about regeneration are reported. The alterations of reserve cells of the mucous membrane of the cervix during pregnancy demonstrate the hormonal influence on regeneration and allow conclusions on indirect metaplasia under other conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1220457", "title": "[Problems in the indication for hysterectomy post conization].", "content": "The importance of histo-pathological diagnosis after conisation of the Cervix uteri in view of hysterectomia post conisation is discussed (94 Carcinomata in situ, 53 cases of dysplasia and 13 microcarcinomata). If there is a modern technique of coldknife-conisation, an intensive histo-pathological diagnostic regime and the possibility of cytological and colposcopical control, hysterectomia is not necessary in cases of complete removal of carcinoma in situ by conisation.", "contents": "[Problems in the indication for hysterectomy post conization]. The importance of histo-pathological diagnosis after conisation of the Cervix uteri in view of hysterectomia post conisation is discussed (94 Carcinomata in situ, 53 cases of dysplasia and 13 microcarcinomata). If there is a modern technique of coldknife-conisation, an intensive histo-pathological diagnostic regime and the possibility of cytological and colposcopical control, hysterectomia is not necessary in cases of complete removal of carcinoma in situ by conisation."}
{"id": "PMID:1220458", "title": "[Cytogenetic studies in infertility].", "content": "10 TO 15% of all married couples are undesired childless. New investigations show the tendency of a wider increase. Infertility is a possibility caused chromosomaly. In married couples carriers of balanced translocations causing repeated spontaneous abortions in a rate of ten times more than in the normal population. Every 50 married partner is a carrier. Chromosomal cause of infertility should be excluded before an operative therapy is planed and gives a base for genetic counseling.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic studies in infertility]. 10 TO 15% of all married couples are undesired childless. New investigations show the tendency of a wider increase. Infertility is a possibility caused chromosomaly. In married couples carriers of balanced translocations causing repeated spontaneous abortions in a rate of ten times more than in the normal population. Every 50 married partner is a carrier. Chromosomal cause of infertility should be excluded before an operative therapy is planed and gives a base for genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:1220459", "title": "[Possibilities in the diagnosis of male fertility disorders].", "content": "The identification of men's fertility troubles is based upon a modern spermatogram. This procedure comprehends a laboratory action which contents the strict following of the examination requirements, and the preparing of a so-called simple (or, if necessary, an \"extended\") spermatogram. Then comes the genital, somatic examination, which discovers the possibly existing shortages of this field. In special cases it is also desired to clear up additionally the endocrine, hormonal state of the patient. So the results of the analyses will not only give information about the grade of fertility, but they also give a prognosis, and show the possible ways of therapy, in the same time. If reasonable, the testisbiopsy should be made. This could give some valuable datas to discover the shortages in the parenehyma, and to obtain a right prognosis. In case if both parties in the marriage can be considered as fertile, but yet, no sign of the pregnancy appears, the matter will belong to the immunologist, even regarding the sperma-autoimminulogy. Nowadays the genetist is to be initiated, too, if early, of habitual abortions happen, which can not be explained within the field of gynecology, or if any anomalies of evaluation appear at the offspring. Since these examinations neither cause uncomfortabilities, nor risici to the men, it is reasonable to the men to prepare the andrological clear-ups first. Their results mostly can provide the gynecologists searching the origin of sterility with important depending points.", "contents": "[Possibilities in the diagnosis of male fertility disorders]. The identification of men's fertility troubles is based upon a modern spermatogram. This procedure comprehends a laboratory action which contents the strict following of the examination requirements, and the preparing of a so-called simple (or, if necessary, an \"extended\") spermatogram. Then comes the genital, somatic examination, which discovers the possibly existing shortages of this field. In special cases it is also desired to clear up additionally the endocrine, hormonal state of the patient. So the results of the analyses will not only give information about the grade of fertility, but they also give a prognosis, and show the possible ways of therapy, in the same time. If reasonable, the testisbiopsy should be made. This could give some valuable datas to discover the shortages in the parenehyma, and to obtain a right prognosis. In case if both parties in the marriage can be considered as fertile, but yet, no sign of the pregnancy appears, the matter will belong to the immunologist, even regarding the sperma-autoimminulogy. Nowadays the genetist is to be initiated, too, if early, of habitual abortions happen, which can not be explained within the field of gynecology, or if any anomalies of evaluation appear at the offspring. Since these examinations neither cause uncomfortabilities, nor risici to the men, it is reasonable to the men to prepare the andrological clear-ups first. Their results mostly can provide the gynecologists searching the origin of sterility with important depending points."}
{"id": "PMID:1220460", "title": "[Demonstration of harmlessness of hormonal contraceptives for subsequent pregnancies].", "content": "A possible negative influence of anticonceptional steroids on various stages of reproduction is discussed. Theoretically an action of antifertility drugs on mutagenesis, the segmentation period, embryogenesis, foetogenesis or somatic and sexual development behaviour is conceivable. In accordance with the results reported by other authors, our own statistical data yield no increase in the frequency of infants with congenital malformations or with chromosomal anomalies. Nevertheless, careful prospective studies should be undertaken.", "contents": "[Demonstration of harmlessness of hormonal contraceptives for subsequent pregnancies]. A possible negative influence of anticonceptional steroids on various stages of reproduction is discussed. Theoretically an action of antifertility drugs on mutagenesis, the segmentation period, embryogenesis, foetogenesis or somatic and sexual development behaviour is conceivable. In accordance with the results reported by other authors, our own statistical data yield no increase in the frequency of infants with congenital malformations or with chromosomal anomalies. Nevertheless, careful prospective studies should be undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:1220461", "title": "[Carcinoid metastases in a uterine myoma].", "content": "For the first time carcinoid metastases in a uterine myoma with unsuspicious adnexes is described. In the reported case a carcinoid syndrom did not exist; the excretion of 5-hydroxyindolacetic-acid appeared to be within normal limits. In cases of a carcinoid within the female genital tract total hysterectomy with bilateral adnectomy is always advised, even if it requires repeated laparotomy.", "contents": "[Carcinoid metastases in a uterine myoma]. For the first time carcinoid metastases in a uterine myoma with unsuspicious adnexes is described. In the reported case a carcinoid syndrom did not exist; the excretion of 5-hydroxyindolacetic-acid appeared to be within normal limits. In cases of a carcinoid within the female genital tract total hysterectomy with bilateral adnectomy is always advised, even if it requires repeated laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1220462", "title": "[The problem of the measurement of relative humidity in the disinfecting dryceaning process (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the most important conditions for obtaining reproducible microbiological results by disinfecting drycleaning is a control of the relative humidity of the drycleaning bath. An apparatus called \"Wasserkontroller\" (see Fig. 1) had been recommended as a device for the determination of the relative humidity. It consists of a special cylindrical casing into which the sensor of a hair hygrometer has been introduced. In contrast to electric instruments, this apparatus has the advantages of rigidity, simple adjustment, and above all of a low cost price. In practice, however, the \"Wasserkontroller\" proved to be a failure, since it indicated false values at times. In the studies published and discussed in the present paper, the causes for the malfunction of the hair hygrometer, in the device mentioned were determined. It could be observed that a malfunction of the hair hygrometer mainly occurred when the hairs fixed in the sensor were moistened by the drycleaning bath or by the drycleaning solvent (perchloroethylene), respectively. Then the hair hygrometer is no longer capable of reacting sufficiently to the fluctuation of the relative humidity of the bath. On the basis of the experimental results obtained instructions are given for the employment of hair hygrometers in drycleaning and for the design of the device casing: 1. The hair hygrometer has to be protected inside the device casing against a contamination by the bath or the condensing drycleaning solvent. 2. The inlet pipes to the device casing and the casing itself have to be protected against loss of heat as well as against the influence of heat sources. Temperatures of drycleaning bath and device should be balanced. 3. The inlet pipes to the device should be provided with a flowmeter or a flow detector, respectively. 4. The outlets of the device should be connected directly with the drum filled with the drycleaning bath. 5. The device has to be constructed in such a way that no infiltrated air may be sucked in. 6. The hair hygrometer has to be cleaned and to be adjusted at suitable time intervals. Provided that the technical requirements are met, hair hygrometers may also be considered as reliable measuring instruments in the practice of drycleaning.", "contents": "[The problem of the measurement of relative humidity in the disinfecting dryceaning process (author's transl)]. One of the most important conditions for obtaining reproducible microbiological results by disinfecting drycleaning is a control of the relative humidity of the drycleaning bath. An apparatus called \"Wasserkontroller\" (see Fig. 1) had been recommended as a device for the determination of the relative humidity. It consists of a special cylindrical casing into which the sensor of a hair hygrometer has been introduced. In contrast to electric instruments, this apparatus has the advantages of rigidity, simple adjustment, and above all of a low cost price. In practice, however, the \"Wasserkontroller\" proved to be a failure, since it indicated false values at times. In the studies published and discussed in the present paper, the causes for the malfunction of the hair hygrometer, in the device mentioned were determined. It could be observed that a malfunction of the hair hygrometer mainly occurred when the hairs fixed in the sensor were moistened by the drycleaning bath or by the drycleaning solvent (perchloroethylene), respectively. Then the hair hygrometer is no longer capable of reacting sufficiently to the fluctuation of the relative humidity of the bath. On the basis of the experimental results obtained instructions are given for the employment of hair hygrometers in drycleaning and for the design of the device casing: 1. The hair hygrometer has to be protected inside the device casing against a contamination by the bath or the condensing drycleaning solvent. 2. The inlet pipes to the device casing and the casing itself have to be protected against loss of heat as well as against the influence of heat sources. Temperatures of drycleaning bath and device should be balanced. 3. The inlet pipes to the device should be provided with a flowmeter or a flow detector, respectively. 4. The outlets of the device should be connected directly with the drum filled with the drycleaning bath. 5. The device has to be constructed in such a way that no infiltrated air may be sucked in. 6. The hair hygrometer has to be cleaned and to be adjusted at suitable time intervals. Provided that the technical requirements are met, hair hygrometers may also be considered as reliable measuring instruments in the practice of drycleaning."}
{"id": "PMID:1220463", "title": "[On bacterial aftergrowth in drinking and industrial water. II. Apparative and processing influence upon the growth and the possibility of disinfection of ion exchange resin filter systems (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparative examination of numerous ion exchange resin filter systems for discontinuous water softening on the market revealed that apparative and processing characteristics are of great influence upon the aftergrowth of bacteria in the water of ion exchange resin systems. Within the examination it was taken into consideration that on the end-delivery-tube of the water pipe with regard to the colony count the conditions were more unfavourable during the long standstill over a weekend (table 1) than during the week (table2). The less favourable conditions have therefore been examined separately. The work has been divided in six test series. In the first one 5 ion exchange resin systems the types A-E are simultaneously tested with regard to the colony count in the water at the inflow to the apparatus and after the passage of it; regeneration twice a week with sodium chloride. The data ascertained in the course of several weeks (without first data on mondays) and the separated mondays data are examined according to logarithmic transformation with the assistance of variance analysis and the Newman Keuls-test for differences. The results show (tab. 4 and 5) that apparative parameters and such relevant to the technical process (tab. 3) have an influence upon the bacterial after growth of the water. The most favourable ion exchange resin filter is type E because it shows more favourable values than all other systems and the tapwater. In the second test serie the systems A-E have been regenerated with 1% Chloramin T containing sodium chloride. The results show again the type E as the statistically significant most favourable system in comparison with the others and the tapwater. In the third test serie it has been examined whether the long period of standstill of the brine in the resin bed which has probably been responsible for the good results of the type E would lead to values just as favourable if transferred to another type of apparatus. ...", "contents": "[On bacterial aftergrowth in drinking and industrial water. II. Apparative and processing influence upon the growth and the possibility of disinfection of ion exchange resin filter systems (author's transl)]. The comparative examination of numerous ion exchange resin filter systems for discontinuous water softening on the market revealed that apparative and processing characteristics are of great influence upon the aftergrowth of bacteria in the water of ion exchange resin systems. Within the examination it was taken into consideration that on the end-delivery-tube of the water pipe with regard to the colony count the conditions were more unfavourable during the long standstill over a weekend (table 1) than during the week (table2). The less favourable conditions have therefore been examined separately. The work has been divided in six test series. In the first one 5 ion exchange resin systems the types A-E are simultaneously tested with regard to the colony count in the water at the inflow to the apparatus and after the passage of it; regeneration twice a week with sodium chloride. The data ascertained in the course of several weeks (without first data on mondays) and the separated mondays data are examined according to logarithmic transformation with the assistance of variance analysis and the Newman Keuls-test for differences. The results show (tab. 4 and 5) that apparative parameters and such relevant to the technical process (tab. 3) have an influence upon the bacterial after growth of the water. The most favourable ion exchange resin filter is type E because it shows more favourable values than all other systems and the tapwater. In the second test serie the systems A-E have been regenerated with 1% Chloramin T containing sodium chloride. The results show again the type E as the statistically significant most favourable system in comparison with the others and the tapwater. In the third test serie it has been examined whether the long period of standstill of the brine in the resin bed which has probably been responsible for the good results of the type E would lead to values just as favourable if transferred to another type of apparatus. ..."}
{"id": "PMID:1220464", "title": "[Nitrate and nitrite in prepared meals in relation to the nitrate concentration of drinking water (author's transl)].", "content": "The nitrate and nitrite content of prepared foods was investigated in four areas in Rhineland Palatinate. The nitrate content of the drinking water was different in each area, the first region always having less than 1 mg NO-3/litre, the second an average of 19.5 mg NO-3/litre, the third an average of 35.6 mg NO-3/litre and the fourth 130 mg NO-3/litre. The samples were restaurant food which had been served without previously informing the maker. They were separately analysed according to soup, meat and gravy, carbohydrate accompaniments, vegetables and salad. It was shown that, in the four areas (in the above order) an average of 46, 67, 45 and 65 mg NO-3/main meal was ingested, which corresponds to a ratio of 1:1.5:1:1.4. For nitrites, the figures were 1.4, 2.0, 1.5, and 2.8 mg NO-2/main meal, corresponding to a ratio of 1:1.4:1.1:2. The nitrate excess consumed by the population in the principal meals in areas with a drinking water concentration of 130 mg/1 is consequently only 1.4 times higher than in an area where the water supply is free from nitrate. Under the same conditions the nitrite content is doubled. However, the levels at 2 and 1 mg NO-2/kg are altogether very low and are not likely to be of any importance hygienically for the public at large. The concentrations of nitrate in potatoes and carbohydrate accompaniments (94 mg NO-3/kg), vegetables (99 mg NO-3/kg) and salads (109 mg NO-3/kg) show average levels which are double those of soups (50 mg NO-3/kg) and meat dishes (58 mg NO-3kg). An effect of the nitrate content of drinking water on these figures is only seen in soups and meat, an increase by a factor of 4 occurring between the area with nitrate-gree drinking water and the area with 130 mg NO-3/1). Contrary to expectation, the nitrite levels show the reverse relationship. They are highest in soups (4.7 mg NO-2/kg) and meat dishes (3.5 mg NO-2/kg) to salads (1.4 mg NO-3/kg). The values obtained may be considered representative for the average population, because the present day cooking habits of the private household is largely equivalent to that of the restaurant industry as a result of the use of tinned foods, ready-cooked soups and ready-made gravies.", "contents": "[Nitrate and nitrite in prepared meals in relation to the nitrate concentration of drinking water (author's transl)]. The nitrate and nitrite content of prepared foods was investigated in four areas in Rhineland Palatinate. The nitrate content of the drinking water was different in each area, the first region always having less than 1 mg NO-3/litre, the second an average of 19.5 mg NO-3/litre, the third an average of 35.6 mg NO-3/litre and the fourth 130 mg NO-3/litre. The samples were restaurant food which had been served without previously informing the maker. They were separately analysed according to soup, meat and gravy, carbohydrate accompaniments, vegetables and salad. It was shown that, in the four areas (in the above order) an average of 46, 67, 45 and 65 mg NO-3/main meal was ingested, which corresponds to a ratio of 1:1.5:1:1.4. For nitrites, the figures were 1.4, 2.0, 1.5, and 2.8 mg NO-2/main meal, corresponding to a ratio of 1:1.4:1.1:2. The nitrate excess consumed by the population in the principal meals in areas with a drinking water concentration of 130 mg/1 is consequently only 1.4 times higher than in an area where the water supply is free from nitrate. Under the same conditions the nitrite content is doubled. However, the levels at 2 and 1 mg NO-2/kg are altogether very low and are not likely to be of any importance hygienically for the public at large. The concentrations of nitrate in potatoes and carbohydrate accompaniments (94 mg NO-3/kg), vegetables (99 mg NO-3/kg) and salads (109 mg NO-3/kg) show average levels which are double those of soups (50 mg NO-3/kg) and meat dishes (58 mg NO-3kg). An effect of the nitrate content of drinking water on these figures is only seen in soups and meat, an increase by a factor of 4 occurring between the area with nitrate-gree drinking water and the area with 130 mg NO-3/1). Contrary to expectation, the nitrite levels show the reverse relationship. They are highest in soups (4.7 mg NO-2/kg) and meat dishes (3.5 mg NO-2/kg) to salads (1.4 mg NO-3/kg). The values obtained may be considered representative for the average population, because the present day cooking habits of the private household is largely equivalent to that of the restaurant industry as a result of the use of tinned foods, ready-cooked soups and ready-made gravies."}
{"id": "PMID:1220465", "title": "[Surveys on the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on fish caught in the Southern Central Baltic Sea in comparison with other European results (author's transl)].", "content": "Presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in European marine environments, including Western Baltic Sea, was ascertained by several scientists. -Our surveys had in view to find out whether fish of the Southern Central Baltic Sea area was contaminated with this microorganism. -In the periods of June - September 1973 and June 1974, 541 fish of 7 species had been tested. Two different technics of isolation were applied. From among 820 colonies picked up for further identification none happened to be Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "contents": "[Surveys on the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on fish caught in the Southern Central Baltic Sea in comparison with other European results (author's transl)]. Presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in European marine environments, including Western Baltic Sea, was ascertained by several scientists. -Our surveys had in view to find out whether fish of the Southern Central Baltic Sea area was contaminated with this microorganism. -In the periods of June - September 1973 and June 1974, 541 fish of 7 species had been tested. Two different technics of isolation were applied. From among 820 colonies picked up for further identification none happened to be Vibrio parahaemolyticus."}
{"id": "PMID:1220485", "title": "Insecticides and soil microorganisms. III. Fate of 14C-labelled Dipterex as affected by two nodule-forming rhizobium spp. and roots of their respective leguminous host plants.", "content": "Chromatographic analysis led to the identification of monomethyl- and dimethyl-phosphates as metabolites resulting from the enzymatic degradation of 14C-labelled Dipterex in the buffer solutions and root tissues of broad bean and clover plants, as well as in the culture media of rhizobium leguminosarum and Rhizobium trifolii. The formation of 14CO2 from rhizobial cultures containing radioactive Dipterex suggests that some of the liberated methanol groups (during breakdown of Dipterex) are oxidatively degraded by the two Rhizobium spp.", "contents": "Insecticides and soil microorganisms. III. Fate of 14C-labelled Dipterex as affected by two nodule-forming rhizobium spp. and roots of their respective leguminous host plants. Chromatographic analysis led to the identification of monomethyl- and dimethyl-phosphates as metabolites resulting from the enzymatic degradation of 14C-labelled Dipterex in the buffer solutions and root tissues of broad bean and clover plants, as well as in the culture media of rhizobium leguminosarum and Rhizobium trifolii. The formation of 14CO2 from rhizobial cultures containing radioactive Dipterex suggests that some of the liberated methanol groups (during breakdown of Dipterex) are oxidatively degraded by the two Rhizobium spp."}
{"id": "PMID:1220486", "title": "A new direct lead technique for histochemical demonstration of alkaline phosphatase activity.", "content": "A lead method for demonstrating alkaline phosphatase is described. The method is based on direct precipitation of lead as lead phosphatase at pH 9.5, the pH optimum of the enzyme. Stable incubation medium was achieved by using tartrate, instead of maleate, as chelating for lead. The method was found to be suitable for visualization of alkaline phosphatase in different types of tissues.", "contents": "A new direct lead technique for histochemical demonstration of alkaline phosphatase activity. A lead method for demonstrating alkaline phosphatase is described. The method is based on direct precipitation of lead as lead phosphatase at pH 9.5, the pH optimum of the enzyme. Stable incubation medium was achieved by using tartrate, instead of maleate, as chelating for lead. The method was found to be suitable for visualization of alkaline phosphatase in different types of tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1220487", "title": "Effect of mechanical means on the restoration of the limb regenerative ability in metamorphic stages of Bufo regularis Reuss.", "content": "Limbs of Bufo regularis REUSS metamorphic stages No. 57, 63 and 66 were transected at the thigh level. Removal of the apical skin cover on the third postoperative day, followed by traumatization after further two days in the limb stumps, was more effective in the enhancement of the regenerative ability than when each one of these procedures was performed independently. Better results were achieved in cases of the preclimactic stage (No. 57) where about 30% of the cases (Series III) developed heteromorphic limb outgrowths having more distal structures as the shank ending with or without toes. Normally, after transection at the same level, the limb stumps of this stage could restore part of the thigh region only.", "contents": "Effect of mechanical means on the restoration of the limb regenerative ability in metamorphic stages of Bufo regularis Reuss. Limbs of Bufo regularis REUSS metamorphic stages No. 57, 63 and 66 were transected at the thigh level. Removal of the apical skin cover on the third postoperative day, followed by traumatization after further two days in the limb stumps, was more effective in the enhancement of the regenerative ability than when each one of these procedures was performed independently. Better results were achieved in cases of the preclimactic stage (No. 57) where about 30% of the cases (Series III) developed heteromorphic limb outgrowths having more distal structures as the shank ending with or without toes. Normally, after transection at the same level, the limb stumps of this stage could restore part of the thigh region only."}
{"id": "PMID:1220488", "title": "Synaptosomal fractions of cat cerebral cortex after hypo-osmotic and detergent treatment.", "content": "Different synaptosomal fractions were prepared by subcellular fractionation from cat cerebral cortex. The seperated nerve ending fractions differed in both density and osmotic sensitivity. Synaptosomal ghosts were obtained by hypo-osmotic treatment. In the synaptosomal ghost fractions the synaptic areas seemed to be intact morphologically. The morphology of the \"synaptic triad\" (pre- and postsynaptic membranes and the synaptic cleft) was not affected even by treatment with Triton X-100 non-ionic detergent (0.6%). The solubilizing effect of different concentrations of the detergent was checked in the supernatants and in the insoluble residues. The homogeneity of various subcellular fractions and the effect of the osmotic and detergent treatments are discussed.", "contents": "Synaptosomal fractions of cat cerebral cortex after hypo-osmotic and detergent treatment. Different synaptosomal fractions were prepared by subcellular fractionation from cat cerebral cortex. The seperated nerve ending fractions differed in both density and osmotic sensitivity. Synaptosomal ghosts were obtained by hypo-osmotic treatment. In the synaptosomal ghost fractions the synaptic areas seemed to be intact morphologically. The morphology of the \"synaptic triad\" (pre- and postsynaptic membranes and the synaptic cleft) was not affected even by treatment with Triton X-100 non-ionic detergent (0.6%). The solubilizing effect of different concentrations of the detergent was checked in the supernatants and in the insoluble residues. The homogeneity of various subcellular fractions and the effect of the osmotic and detergent treatments are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220490", "title": "Effect of carbon-tetrachloride and mercuric chloride on the tocopherol and ubiquinone content of liver and kidney.", "content": "Authors examined changes in the total ubiquinone and tocopherol contents of livers and kidneys obtained from rats acutely poisoned by carbon-tetrachloride and mercuric-chloride. Following administration of carbon-tetrachloride after 48 h the liver ubiquinone content per 100 g tissue decreased from 11.80 +/- 2.44 mg to 7.24 +/- 2.15 mg, while the kidney ubiquinone content changed from 14.16 +/- 3.96 mg to 5.98 +/- 2.93 mg. The total tocopherol content remained unaltered. Fourty-eight hours after administration of mercuric-chloride, the liver total tocopherol and total ubiquinone contents showed no changes, the tocopherol content of the kidney dropped from 6.16 +/- 2.10 mg to 3.16 +/- 1.48 mg, while the total ubiquinone content remained unaltered.", "contents": "Effect of carbon-tetrachloride and mercuric chloride on the tocopherol and ubiquinone content of liver and kidney. Authors examined changes in the total ubiquinone and tocopherol contents of livers and kidneys obtained from rats acutely poisoned by carbon-tetrachloride and mercuric-chloride. Following administration of carbon-tetrachloride after 48 h the liver ubiquinone content per 100 g tissue decreased from 11.80 +/- 2.44 mg to 7.24 +/- 2.15 mg, while the kidney ubiquinone content changed from 14.16 +/- 3.96 mg to 5.98 +/- 2.93 mg. The total tocopherol content remained unaltered. Fourty-eight hours after administration of mercuric-chloride, the liver total tocopherol and total ubiquinone contents showed no changes, the tocopherol content of the kidney dropped from 6.16 +/- 2.10 mg to 3.16 +/- 1.48 mg, while the total ubiquinone content remained unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:1220491", "title": "Structural basis of cation exchange, complex formation and redox properties in chloragosomes.", "content": "Components of chloragosomes isolated from Octolasium transpadanum ROSA were separated by fractional extraction. The chemical composition of the fractions was determined and their effect on the anion- and cation-binding capability and on the lipophilic property of chloragosomes was studied. The acid-alcoholic extract of chloragosomes contained, among others, metalloporphyrins with 2 or 4 free -COOH groups; the residuum consisted of basic proteins. The metalloporphyrins and phosphatides gained by extraction with chloroform-methanol neutralize the basic groups of the chloragosome proteins, thus, an excess of free acidic groups develops, which is responsible for the polyanionic nature and cation exchange of chloragosomes. The apolar groups of phosphatides and carotenoids are responsible for the lipophilic nature of chloragosomes. Under experimental circumstances both in vivo and in vitro, organic cations were bound to chloragosomes, partially by a cation-exchange mechanism and partially by formation of more stable complexes. A small amount of anions may be absorbed by the bound cations. The diluted acidic extract of chloragosomes predominantly contain organic cations, in the present study riboflavin, flavin nucle0tide and thiamine were determined. Chloragosomes, owing to their structure, form complexes of varying stability with anions, cations and hydrophilic compounds equally. This feature explains their capability of cumulating trophic and toxic substances, while their redox activity is explained by their metalloporphyrin, flavin, thiamine and carotene content.", "contents": "Structural basis of cation exchange, complex formation and redox properties in chloragosomes. Components of chloragosomes isolated from Octolasium transpadanum ROSA were separated by fractional extraction. The chemical composition of the fractions was determined and their effect on the anion- and cation-binding capability and on the lipophilic property of chloragosomes was studied. The acid-alcoholic extract of chloragosomes contained, among others, metalloporphyrins with 2 or 4 free -COOH groups; the residuum consisted of basic proteins. The metalloporphyrins and phosphatides gained by extraction with chloroform-methanol neutralize the basic groups of the chloragosome proteins, thus, an excess of free acidic groups develops, which is responsible for the polyanionic nature and cation exchange of chloragosomes. The apolar groups of phosphatides and carotenoids are responsible for the lipophilic nature of chloragosomes. Under experimental circumstances both in vivo and in vitro, organic cations were bound to chloragosomes, partially by a cation-exchange mechanism and partially by formation of more stable complexes. A small amount of anions may be absorbed by the bound cations. The diluted acidic extract of chloragosomes predominantly contain organic cations, in the present study riboflavin, flavin nucle0tide and thiamine were determined. Chloragosomes, owing to their structure, form complexes of varying stability with anions, cations and hydrophilic compounds equally. This feature explains their capability of cumulating trophic and toxic substances, while their redox activity is explained by their metalloporphyrin, flavin, thiamine and carotene content."}
{"id": "PMID:1220492", "title": "Hypothalamic responsiveness to oestrogen in hypothyroid rats.", "content": "When 50 iu of PMS is given at 28 days of age, ovulation occurs on day 31, in thyroidectomized rats receiving PMS at 28 days of age, ovulation appears on day 30 and 31. PMS treated thyroidectomized rats were given 0.5 mug oestrogen at 9 a.m. on day 29 or 30. Injection on day 29 increases ovulation, but the injection of day 30 has no effect. Injection of 1.0 mug oestrogen on day 29 reduces activity, however, 1.0 mug on day 30 increases ovulation. These results infer than the hypothyroid state in PMS-treated rats significantly alters hypothalamic responsiveness to oestrogen.", "contents": "Hypothalamic responsiveness to oestrogen in hypothyroid rats. When 50 iu of PMS is given at 28 days of age, ovulation occurs on day 31, in thyroidectomized rats receiving PMS at 28 days of age, ovulation appears on day 30 and 31. PMS treated thyroidectomized rats were given 0.5 mug oestrogen at 9 a.m. on day 29 or 30. Injection on day 29 increases ovulation, but the injection of day 30 has no effect. Injection of 1.0 mug oestrogen on day 29 reduces activity, however, 1.0 mug on day 30 increases ovulation. These results infer than the hypothyroid state in PMS-treated rats significantly alters hypothalamic responsiveness to oestrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1220493", "title": "Formative effects of morphactin on the shoot apical meristem of flax (linum usitatissimum L.).", "content": "The effect of a morphactin -- CF1 -- (2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carbocylic acid-methyl ester) on the morphogenesis of shoot apical meristem was studied on L. usitatissimum L. at three levels of supply. CF1 at 10 and 100 parts/10(6) induced repeated gamophylly resembling a concentric cupulate structure. GA3 superimposed at two levels viz. 10 and 100 parts/10(6) did not reverse this effect. The effect of CF1 is dose-dependent and reversal to normal behaviour occurs when the effect of CF1 wears off.", "contents": "Formative effects of morphactin on the shoot apical meristem of flax (linum usitatissimum L.). The effect of a morphactin -- CF1 -- (2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carbocylic acid-methyl ester) on the morphogenesis of shoot apical meristem was studied on L. usitatissimum L. at three levels of supply. CF1 at 10 and 100 parts/10(6) induced repeated gamophylly resembling a concentric cupulate structure. GA3 superimposed at two levels viz. 10 and 100 parts/10(6) did not reverse this effect. The effect of CF1 is dose-dependent and reversal to normal behaviour occurs when the effect of CF1 wears off."}
{"id": "PMID:1220494", "title": "Effect of cadmium chloride on testis and epididymides of dog. A biochemical study.", "content": "Male dogs were successfully sterilized by a single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride. Cadmium chloride is highly toxic to cells of the seminiferous epithelium and to the proximal end of the caput epididymidis. Shrinkage of the seminiferous tubule and shortening of Leydig cells' nuclear diameter was conspicuous. Cadmium chloride caused drastic changes in the biochemical composition of testes and epididymides. It caused a reduction in RNA and sialic acid concentration of the testes and caput epididymidis. Testicular cholesterol and total lipids were increased significantly. The increased level of cholesterol would indicate a decreased production of androgen by the testis. Decreased androgen production was also reflected in reduced nuclear diameter of Leydig cells.", "contents": "Effect of cadmium chloride on testis and epididymides of dog. A biochemical study. Male dogs were successfully sterilized by a single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride. Cadmium chloride is highly toxic to cells of the seminiferous epithelium and to the proximal end of the caput epididymidis. Shrinkage of the seminiferous tubule and shortening of Leydig cells' nuclear diameter was conspicuous. Cadmium chloride caused drastic changes in the biochemical composition of testes and epididymides. It caused a reduction in RNA and sialic acid concentration of the testes and caput epididymidis. Testicular cholesterol and total lipids were increased significantly. The increased level of cholesterol would indicate a decreased production of androgen by the testis. Decreased androgen production was also reflected in reduced nuclear diameter of Leydig cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1220495", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. Clinical experience (author's transl)].", "content": "The increased number of automobile casualties increases the frequency of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. Because of associated serious lesions, diagnosis is easily overlooked. The authors report on 11 cases and give an appraisal of the literature. In 6 patients, diagnosis was made late. The authors discuss the physiopathology, symptoms, clinical data and means of diagnosis. Roentgenography is very important. Surgical cure is always recommended because of the danger of delayed strangulation of the hernia.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. Clinical experience (author's transl)]. The increased number of automobile casualties increases the frequency of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. Because of associated serious lesions, diagnosis is easily overlooked. The authors report on 11 cases and give an appraisal of the literature. In 6 patients, diagnosis was made late. The authors discuss the physiopathology, symptoms, clinical data and means of diagnosis. Roentgenography is very important. Surgical cure is always recommended because of the danger of delayed strangulation of the hernia."}
{"id": "PMID:1220496", "title": "[Reimplantation of fingers (author's transl)].", "content": "Three fingers have been reimplanted at present, bij means of microsutures of digital arteries and veins. The help of the surgical microscope is essential to this technique. In case of traumatic amputation of many fingers, with a neat minimal section, the chances of success are particularly good with a low risk of infection.", "contents": "[Reimplantation of fingers (author's transl)]. Three fingers have been reimplanted at present, bij means of microsutures of digital arteries and veins. The help of the surgical microscope is essential to this technique. In case of traumatic amputation of many fingers, with a neat minimal section, the chances of success are particularly good with a low risk of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1220497", "title": "Severe and fatal reactions to rheomacrodex.", "content": "Primary idiosyncrasia against dextran does really exist and is to be taken into account. It may even be more frequent than is usually accepted because in many cases an other cause than the infusion may be obvious. The shock develops at the first milliliters of the infusion. When dextran is to be administered for the first time, a doctor is to be present and all equipment for resuscitation must be available. For any reaction occurring during the infusion, the dextran must be withdrawn.", "contents": "Severe and fatal reactions to rheomacrodex. Primary idiosyncrasia against dextran does really exist and is to be taken into account. It may even be more frequent than is usually accepted because in many cases an other cause than the infusion may be obvious. The shock develops at the first milliliters of the infusion. When dextran is to be administered for the first time, a doctor is to be present and all equipment for resuscitation must be available. For any reaction occurring during the infusion, the dextran must be withdrawn."}
{"id": "PMID:1220498", "title": "[Surgical repair of a congenital cervical lung hernia in a baby (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of a congenital cervical lung hernia causing serious feeding and respiratory problems in a 5 1/2 months old baby. Surgical repair of the endothoracic fascia defect with a MARLEX mesh. As far as we know the first report of a surgical repair of a congenital cervical hernia in an infant. Review of frequency, signs and therapy of lung hernia in literature. Analysis of the anatomic situation of a lung hernia in the cervical region.", "contents": "[Surgical repair of a congenital cervical lung hernia in a baby (author's transl)]. Case report of a congenital cervical lung hernia causing serious feeding and respiratory problems in a 5 1/2 months old baby. Surgical repair of the endothoracic fascia defect with a MARLEX mesh. As far as we know the first report of a surgical repair of a congenital cervical hernia in an infant. Review of frequency, signs and therapy of lung hernia in literature. Analysis of the anatomic situation of a lung hernia in the cervical region."}
{"id": "PMID:1220506", "title": "Incorporation of ALA-14C in circulating bilirubin and hemoglobin heme of hepatectomized dogs.", "content": "After intravenous injection of delta amino-levulinic acid-14C (ALA-14C) (50 muCi) in hepatectomized dogs, bilirubin-14C reaches a peak after 3-6 hours and then slowly falls. During this time radioactivity of hemoglobin heme is much lower and rises sluggishly. Bilirubin specific activity is several hundred times that of hemoglobin heme. Incorporation of isotope is also much greater for bilirubin. This difference between bilirubin-14C and hemoglobin heme-14C provides evidence that bilirubin is produced outside the liver by a mechanism other than breakdown of hemoglobin. In intact dogs with cannulated common duct, intravenous injection of ALA-14C produces similar results but the rise of bilirubin-14C produced in 9 hours in the hepatectomized dogs is about 12% of the total blood bilirubin-14C of non hepatectomized animals with cannulated common duct. If we include bile bilirubin-14C produced in the same time by intact animals with cannulated common duct, nonhemoglobin bile production is only 4.2% of the total.", "contents": "Incorporation of ALA-14C in circulating bilirubin and hemoglobin heme of hepatectomized dogs. After intravenous injection of delta amino-levulinic acid-14C (ALA-14C) (50 muCi) in hepatectomized dogs, bilirubin-14C reaches a peak after 3-6 hours and then slowly falls. During this time radioactivity of hemoglobin heme is much lower and rises sluggishly. Bilirubin specific activity is several hundred times that of hemoglobin heme. Incorporation of isotope is also much greater for bilirubin. This difference between bilirubin-14C and hemoglobin heme-14C provides evidence that bilirubin is produced outside the liver by a mechanism other than breakdown of hemoglobin. In intact dogs with cannulated common duct, intravenous injection of ALA-14C produces similar results but the rise of bilirubin-14C produced in 9 hours in the hepatectomized dogs is about 12% of the total blood bilirubin-14C of non hepatectomized animals with cannulated common duct. If we include bile bilirubin-14C produced in the same time by intact animals with cannulated common duct, nonhemoglobin bile production is only 4.2% of the total."}
{"id": "PMID:1220507", "title": "The differential diagnosis between intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice and viral hepatitis during pregnancy.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory findings from 15 patients with icteric viral hepatitis during pregnancy (VHP) and from 22 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy (CJP) were evaluated statistically in order to find out which parameters might help in order to find out which parameters might help in differentiating the two diseases. Diagnosis was established by needle liver biopsy in all cases. The following data were considered: history, physical examination, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) serum cholesterol, prothrombin time, total serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum protein, serum flocculation tests, BSP blood clearance and serum HB Ag. Vomiting, high GOT and GPT serum levels, and serum HB Ag positivity suggest VHP diagnosis. Otherwise a severe itching with scratching lesions, high ESR, elevated total cholesterol and serum alkaline phosphatase values mainly if occurring in the later stage of pregnancy are consistent with CJP diagnosis. When clinical and laboratory data from a jaundiced pregnant female do not allow diagnosis, this can be established only on the basis of needle liver biopsy.", "contents": "The differential diagnosis between intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice and viral hepatitis during pregnancy. Clinical and laboratory findings from 15 patients with icteric viral hepatitis during pregnancy (VHP) and from 22 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy (CJP) were evaluated statistically in order to find out which parameters might help in order to find out which parameters might help in differentiating the two diseases. Diagnosis was established by needle liver biopsy in all cases. The following data were considered: history, physical examination, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) serum cholesterol, prothrombin time, total serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum protein, serum flocculation tests, BSP blood clearance and serum HB Ag. Vomiting, high GOT and GPT serum levels, and serum HB Ag positivity suggest VHP diagnosis. Otherwise a severe itching with scratching lesions, high ESR, elevated total cholesterol and serum alkaline phosphatase values mainly if occurring in the later stage of pregnancy are consistent with CJP diagnosis. When clinical and laboratory data from a jaundiced pregnant female do not allow diagnosis, this can be established only on the basis of needle liver biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1220508", "title": "Osteoarticular pains and changes in Wilson's disease: a radiological study in fourteen patients in nine Turkish families.", "content": "A series of 14 patients with Wilson's disease were evaluated in order to determine the characteristic bone changes found in this metabolic disorder. The following radiologic and clinical findings deserve to be summarized: (1) Osteoarticular pains as first manifestations of Wilson's disease were found in six patients. (2) In all but 2 of our patients, minor or moderate or even severe bone abnormalities characteristic for Wilson's disease were observed. (3) There were three groups of sibs. Among these sibs, the lesions were not only similar in type but were also acquired approximately at the same time, showing the influence of the different genes responsible for this metabolic disorder.", "contents": "Osteoarticular pains and changes in Wilson's disease: a radiological study in fourteen patients in nine Turkish families. A series of 14 patients with Wilson's disease were evaluated in order to determine the characteristic bone changes found in this metabolic disorder. The following radiologic and clinical findings deserve to be summarized: (1) Osteoarticular pains as first manifestations of Wilson's disease were found in six patients. (2) In all but 2 of our patients, minor or moderate or even severe bone abnormalities characteristic for Wilson's disease were observed. (3) There were three groups of sibs. Among these sibs, the lesions were not only similar in type but were also acquired approximately at the same time, showing the influence of the different genes responsible for this metabolic disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:1220509", "title": "The rate of drug biotransformation reactions and cellular viability in the livers of patients with biliary diseases.", "content": "The cytochrome P-450 level, the rate of o-amino-phenylglucuronide synthesis and the oxygen consumption of liver slices from female patients with various gall bladder disease were determined. The cytochrome P-450 level showed a decreasing trend in patients with chronic cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis or obstructive icterus when compared with those with uncomplicated gall bladder stones. The rate of o-aminophenylglucuronide synthesis was markedly increased in patients with obstructive icterus when compared with other groups. The oxygen consumption was also enhanced in this group. The enhanced rate of glucuronidation is suggested to be caused by endogenous induction of increased bilirubin level or by accumulation of bile acids in the liver cells. The present study proposes that the drug hydroxylation and glucuronidation activities are under separate control mechanisms.", "contents": "The rate of drug biotransformation reactions and cellular viability in the livers of patients with biliary diseases. The cytochrome P-450 level, the rate of o-amino-phenylglucuronide synthesis and the oxygen consumption of liver slices from female patients with various gall bladder disease were determined. The cytochrome P-450 level showed a decreasing trend in patients with chronic cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis or obstructive icterus when compared with those with uncomplicated gall bladder stones. The rate of o-aminophenylglucuronide synthesis was markedly increased in patients with obstructive icterus when compared with other groups. The oxygen consumption was also enhanced in this group. The enhanced rate of glucuronidation is suggested to be caused by endogenous induction of increased bilirubin level or by accumulation of bile acids in the liver cells. The present study proposes that the drug hydroxylation and glucuronidation activities are under separate control mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1220510", "title": "Influence of phospholids on liver damage. I. Carbontetrachloride poisoning and alterations in amino acid uptake, peroxidation, sialic acid content, and lysosomal enzymes.", "content": "Changes in peroxidation, amino acid uptake [alpha-amino isobutyrate (AIB)], sialic acid content and lysosomal enzymes were followed in rats after carbon-tetrachloride enzymes were followed in rats after carbontetrachloride poisoning and treatment with phospholipids (EPL). Uptake and retention of AIB by liver and brain increased after CCI4 poisoning. EPL had no effect on these changes. EPL diminished markedly, however, the excessive peroxidation caused by CC14.", "contents": "Influence of phospholids on liver damage. I. Carbontetrachloride poisoning and alterations in amino acid uptake, peroxidation, sialic acid content, and lysosomal enzymes. Changes in peroxidation, amino acid uptake [alpha-amino isobutyrate (AIB)], sialic acid content and lysosomal enzymes were followed in rats after carbon-tetrachloride enzymes were followed in rats after carbontetrachloride poisoning and treatment with phospholipids (EPL). Uptake and retention of AIB by liver and brain increased after CCI4 poisoning. EPL had no effect on these changes. EPL diminished markedly, however, the excessive peroxidation caused by CC14."}
{"id": "PMID:1220511", "title": "On the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer formation.", "content": "Peptic ulcer in man characterized by its rarity, singularity and chronicity coupled with a tendency to recidivate. Its rarity suggest the presence of protective mechanisms. The mucus barrier, cell regeneration and blood flow might be mentioned here. The singularity and chronic nature of this disease, together with the observation of varying lesion healing following polypectomy and gastric freezing, point to the probability of a vascular factor. The connecting link between an impaired protective mechanism and a vascular factor is the back diffusion of acid. A \"weakened\" mucus barrier opens up the way for an attack by the hydrogen ions on vessels in the regions of the stomach which manifest only a poorly developed vascular plexus. To such regions belongs, in particular, the lesser curvature. For the therapy, the following consequences derive from these pathophysiological condiserations: 1. Attenuation of the aggressive gastric juice by anticholinergics and antihistamines of the H2 receptor blocker type and secretin. 2 Distraction of the aggressor by a diet capable of producing a buffering effect, antacids, antipepsins and alkaline pancreatic secretion stimulated by secretin. 3. Strengthening of the mucus barrier by the administration of carbenoxolone. 4. Reduction of the vascular susceptibility to the formation of thromboses.", "contents": "On the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer formation. Peptic ulcer in man characterized by its rarity, singularity and chronicity coupled with a tendency to recidivate. Its rarity suggest the presence of protective mechanisms. The mucus barrier, cell regeneration and blood flow might be mentioned here. The singularity and chronic nature of this disease, together with the observation of varying lesion healing following polypectomy and gastric freezing, point to the probability of a vascular factor. The connecting link between an impaired protective mechanism and a vascular factor is the back diffusion of acid. A \"weakened\" mucus barrier opens up the way for an attack by the hydrogen ions on vessels in the regions of the stomach which manifest only a poorly developed vascular plexus. To such regions belongs, in particular, the lesser curvature. For the therapy, the following consequences derive from these pathophysiological condiserations: 1. Attenuation of the aggressive gastric juice by anticholinergics and antihistamines of the H2 receptor blocker type and secretin. 2 Distraction of the aggressor by a diet capable of producing a buffering effect, antacids, antipepsins and alkaline pancreatic secretion stimulated by secretin. 3. Strengthening of the mucus barrier by the administration of carbenoxolone. 4. Reduction of the vascular susceptibility to the formation of thromboses."}
{"id": "PMID:1220512", "title": "Quantification of physiological changes in gut endocrine cells: immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassays of secretin cell function.", "content": "A model experiment involving the response of secretin cells to acid perfusion of the duodenum has shown that, with suitable sampling methods, quantitative immunocytochemistry using Image Analysis provides results which closely match those obtained by the application of radioimmunoassay to tissue extracts.", "contents": "Quantification of physiological changes in gut endocrine cells: immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassays of secretin cell function. A model experiment involving the response of secretin cells to acid perfusion of the duodenum has shown that, with suitable sampling methods, quantitative immunocytochemistry using Image Analysis provides results which closely match those obtained by the application of radioimmunoassay to tissue extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:1220513", "title": "Studies on the calcemic effect of intravenous secretin in humans.", "content": "In healthy controls (n = 7), patients with duodenal ulcer (n = 7), primary hyperparathyroidism (n = 7), and 1 case of excluded gastric antrum the effects of intravenous secretin (\"Karolinska\"; 3 U/kg/h for 90 min) upon serum calcium fractions, total protein, and the integrated response of gastrin and glucagon were investigated. In all groups total calcium, total protein, and protein-bound calcium fraction rose significantly but the inonized calcium fraction remained stable. Since serum concentration of gastrin and glucagon could not be altered in any of the groups a direct interference of these hormones with calcium homeostasis during secretin infusion can be ruled out. Hyperparathyroid patients had higher baseline glucagon values (209 +/- 30 pg/ml) than normals (127 +/- 6 pg/ml) and ulcer patients (138 +/- 11 pg/ml) and maintained a higher hormone output throughout the experiment. Together with data on the patient with excluded antral parts it is concluded that the hypercalcemic effect of secretin is not mediated by calcium-regulating hormones but must be of an unspecific nature.", "contents": "Studies on the calcemic effect of intravenous secretin in humans. In healthy controls (n = 7), patients with duodenal ulcer (n = 7), primary hyperparathyroidism (n = 7), and 1 case of excluded gastric antrum the effects of intravenous secretin (\"Karolinska\"; 3 U/kg/h for 90 min) upon serum calcium fractions, total protein, and the integrated response of gastrin and glucagon were investigated. In all groups total calcium, total protein, and protein-bound calcium fraction rose significantly but the inonized calcium fraction remained stable. Since serum concentration of gastrin and glucagon could not be altered in any of the groups a direct interference of these hormones with calcium homeostasis during secretin infusion can be ruled out. Hyperparathyroid patients had higher baseline glucagon values (209 +/- 30 pg/ml) than normals (127 +/- 6 pg/ml) and ulcer patients (138 +/- 11 pg/ml) and maintained a higher hormone output throughout the experiment. Together with data on the patient with excluded antral parts it is concluded that the hypercalcemic effect of secretin is not mediated by calcium-regulating hormones but must be of an unspecific nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1220514", "title": "[Primary tubulopathies].", "content": "1. Defects in transport systems of renal tubules are caused by partial tubular dysfunction without preceeding renal disease. There is a well delineated disturbance for the reabsorption of certain substances. Most commonly the defects in transport of renal tubules are genetically determined. 2. Symptoms are due to secondary renal dysfunction and nephrolithiasis or extrarenal disturbances. Primary defects in transport systems of renal tubules, therefore, should be considered for differential diagnosis. 3. There is no therapy for the genetic defect. However, in case of early detection a symptomatic treatment is mandatory. This prevents clinical symptoms and sequelae.", "contents": "[Primary tubulopathies]. 1. Defects in transport systems of renal tubules are caused by partial tubular dysfunction without preceeding renal disease. There is a well delineated disturbance for the reabsorption of certain substances. Most commonly the defects in transport of renal tubules are genetically determined. 2. Symptoms are due to secondary renal dysfunction and nephrolithiasis or extrarenal disturbances. Primary defects in transport systems of renal tubules, therefore, should be considered for differential diagnosis. 3. There is no therapy for the genetic defect. However, in case of early detection a symptomatic treatment is mandatory. This prevents clinical symptoms and sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:1220515", "title": "[Pyelonephritis].", "content": "Chronic pyelonephritis is, by definition, a chronic interestial nephritis due to immediate or late effects of bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma. The main diagnostic criterion is recurrent or permanent bacteriuria. As a rule, bacteriuria follows as a secondary symptom a primary renal disturbance such as malformations of the urinary tract, stones, gout, analgesic abuse, diabetes mellitus or pregnancy. It is most important to eradicate predisposing factors, if possible, for successful antimicrobial therapy. In some cases, permanent intensive chemotherapy might be more harmful to the patient than untreated chronic bacteriuria, in itself.", "contents": "[Pyelonephritis]. Chronic pyelonephritis is, by definition, a chronic interestial nephritis due to immediate or late effects of bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma. The main diagnostic criterion is recurrent or permanent bacteriuria. As a rule, bacteriuria follows as a secondary symptom a primary renal disturbance such as malformations of the urinary tract, stones, gout, analgesic abuse, diabetes mellitus or pregnancy. It is most important to eradicate predisposing factors, if possible, for successful antimicrobial therapy. In some cases, permanent intensive chemotherapy might be more harmful to the patient than untreated chronic bacteriuria, in itself."}
{"id": "PMID:1220516", "title": "[Sulfametrol-trimethoprim in the treatment of chronic urinary tract infections].", "content": "Thirtyeight patients with a chronic urinary infection (definitions see methods) were treated for 3 months with Trimethoprim-Sulfametrol. During therapy in 19 (70%) out of 27 patients without obstruction in the urinary tract infection could be eliminated. In 3 (27%) out of 11 patients with obstruction in the urinary tract infection was also eliminated. In 2 (18%) of these 11 patients the causative organisms changed to resistant strains. In 2 patients (10%) resp. in one patient without obstruction and one with obstruction in the urinary tract the infection recurred within the follow up of 3 months.", "contents": "[Sulfametrol-trimethoprim in the treatment of chronic urinary tract infections]. Thirtyeight patients with a chronic urinary infection (definitions see methods) were treated for 3 months with Trimethoprim-Sulfametrol. During therapy in 19 (70%) out of 27 patients without obstruction in the urinary tract infection could be eliminated. In 3 (27%) out of 11 patients with obstruction in the urinary tract infection was also eliminated. In 2 (18%) of these 11 patients the causative organisms changed to resistant strains. In 2 patients (10%) resp. in one patient without obstruction and one with obstruction in the urinary tract the infection recurred within the follow up of 3 months."}
{"id": "PMID:1220517", "title": "[Effect of dopamine on the portal pressure].", "content": "1. An infusion of 3 gamma/kg/min dopamine causes a significant increase in the renal plasma flow and the glomerulum filtration rate. This dosage does not cause a change of the mean systolic and arterial pressure. This effect may also be observed in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. 2. The wedged hepatic vein pressure, an indicator for the portal pressure, only shows a slight increase (9,46 +/- 9,41%) as compared to the initial pressure produced by the mentioned dose. Measurements of the spleen pulpa pressure, which likewise indicates the portal pressure, showed an increase of pressure up to 100% due to pressing or coughing. 3. If in the case of bleeding oesophageal varices acute renal failure might develop, the advantage of the effect of dopamine in stimulating the blood flow through the kidneys may be considered more important than the minute danger of a slight increase of the portal pressure, which might provoke haemorrhage.", "contents": "[Effect of dopamine on the portal pressure]. 1. An infusion of 3 gamma/kg/min dopamine causes a significant increase in the renal plasma flow and the glomerulum filtration rate. This dosage does not cause a change of the mean systolic and arterial pressure. This effect may also be observed in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. 2. The wedged hepatic vein pressure, an indicator for the portal pressure, only shows a slight increase (9,46 +/- 9,41%) as compared to the initial pressure produced by the mentioned dose. Measurements of the spleen pulpa pressure, which likewise indicates the portal pressure, showed an increase of pressure up to 100% due to pressing or coughing. 3. If in the case of bleeding oesophageal varices acute renal failure might develop, the advantage of the effect of dopamine in stimulating the blood flow through the kidneys may be considered more important than the minute danger of a slight increase of the portal pressure, which might provoke haemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:1220518", "title": "[Serum concentration of triiodothyronine in autonomous thyroid gland adenoma].", "content": "Serum Concentration of T3 was measured  in 14 patients with autonomous thyroid adenoma using a chromatographic method. 9 patients had increased levels of T4, 5 were normal. In both groups serum-T3-concentration was significantly elevated. In patients with normal T4-values hypertriijodothyroninemia seems to be the biochemical base for clinical signs of hyperthyroidism. The pathogenetical importance of elevated T3-levels is discussed for T3-secretion and T4/T3 conversion.", "contents": "[Serum concentration of triiodothyronine in autonomous thyroid gland adenoma]. Serum Concentration of T3 was measured  in 14 patients with autonomous thyroid adenoma using a chromatographic method. 9 patients had increased levels of T4, 5 were normal. In both groups serum-T3-concentration was significantly elevated. In patients with normal T4-values hypertriijodothyroninemia seems to be the biochemical base for clinical signs of hyperthyroidism. The pathogenetical importance of elevated T3-levels is discussed for T3-secretion and T4/T3 conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:1220521", "title": "[Infantile form of Hallervorden-Spatz disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the evolution since birth of a third patient belonging to a sibship affected by the infantile form of Hallervorden-Spatz disease. The diagnosis has been histologically proven in each case. Due to a lack of full clinical reports in the available literature, the emphasis has mainly been placed on the complex extrapyramidal syndrome characteristic of this disorder and illustrated by our own cases. We stree here the occurrence of extrapyramidal fits with exceptionally severe hemiballic movements and torsion spasms. Moreover the clinical signs and their succession in time are strikingly similar in our three patients. Our main purpose is to document accurately the early stages of this disorder; they are characterized by a non-specific spastic diplegia associated with mental retardation. There is a progressive but incomplete improvement during the following years. Thereafter the extrapyramidal syndrome appears. It is to early to decide whether all the infantile cases of Hallervorden-Spatz disease do indeed present a diphasic evoluation because our third patient is the only one to have been followed up since birth; relevant data are scarcely available in the other reported cases. On the other hand, it is correct to state that a spastic diplegia with mental retardation under the age of two--provided a perinatal anoxic excephalopathy has been ruled out--can lead to a wide range of conditions from normality to a neurological disorder as severe as the one reported here.", "contents": "[Infantile form of Hallervorden-Spatz disease (author's transl)]. The authors report the evolution since birth of a third patient belonging to a sibship affected by the infantile form of Hallervorden-Spatz disease. The diagnosis has been histologically proven in each case. Due to a lack of full clinical reports in the available literature, the emphasis has mainly been placed on the complex extrapyramidal syndrome characteristic of this disorder and illustrated by our own cases. We stree here the occurrence of extrapyramidal fits with exceptionally severe hemiballic movements and torsion spasms. Moreover the clinical signs and their succession in time are strikingly similar in our three patients. Our main purpose is to document accurately the early stages of this disorder; they are characterized by a non-specific spastic diplegia associated with mental retardation. There is a progressive but incomplete improvement during the following years. Thereafter the extrapyramidal syndrome appears. It is to early to decide whether all the infantile cases of Hallervorden-Spatz disease do indeed present a diphasic evoluation because our third patient is the only one to have been followed up since birth; relevant data are scarcely available in the other reported cases. On the other hand, it is correct to state that a spastic diplegia with mental retardation under the age of two--provided a perinatal anoxic excephalopathy has been ruled out--can lead to a wide range of conditions from normality to a neurological disorder as severe as the one reported here."}
{"id": "PMID:1220522", "title": "[A case of uveitis and meningo-myelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a patient, suffering from recurring uveitis, buccal aphthous ulcers and meningo-myelitis. The diagnosis of Behcet's disease accounts for the whole clinical picture and has been confirmed by a cutaneous hypersensitivity to scratching. The authors stress the similarity between the neurological aspects of Behcet's disease and multiple sclerosis not only on the clinical side but also concerning the CSF composition (lympho-mono-plasmatocytic meningogram, increase and fractionation of gammaglobulins). The authors present a critical review of the evidence in favour of a viral aetiology. They put forward the clinical and experimental data in favour of an auto-immune aetiopathogeny. Treatment with corticosteroids associated with immunosuppressive drugs proved beneficial.", "contents": "[A case of uveitis and meningo-myelitis (author's transl)]. The authors describe a patient, suffering from recurring uveitis, buccal aphthous ulcers and meningo-myelitis. The diagnosis of Behcet's disease accounts for the whole clinical picture and has been confirmed by a cutaneous hypersensitivity to scratching. The authors stress the similarity between the neurological aspects of Behcet's disease and multiple sclerosis not only on the clinical side but also concerning the CSF composition (lympho-mono-plasmatocytic meningogram, increase and fractionation of gammaglobulins). The authors present a critical review of the evidence in favour of a viral aetiology. They put forward the clinical and experimental data in favour of an auto-immune aetiopathogeny. Treatment with corticosteroids associated with immunosuppressive drugs proved beneficial."}
{"id": "PMID:1220519", "title": "Central pontine myelinolysis and its arterial blood supply.", "content": "A case of central pontine myelinolysis is described. The clinical, angiographic and post mortem findings suggest that among the associated disorders the oligemic shock combined with a local decreased flow in the basilar artery was the most important cause of this patholigical entity. The angioarchitecture findings in the brain stem, compared to these in 26 normal brains, confirm this hypothesis.", "contents": "Central pontine myelinolysis and its arterial blood supply. A case of central pontine myelinolysis is described. The clinical, angiographic and post mortem findings suggest that among the associated disorders the oligemic shock combined with a local decreased flow in the basilar artery was the most important cause of this patholigical entity. The angioarchitecture findings in the brain stem, compared to these in 26 normal brains, confirm this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1220520", "title": "[Neurological complications of anticoagulants (author's transl)].", "content": "During a course of therapy by anticoagulants, 16 intracranial haemorrhages and 10 cerebral infarctions, were observed over a period of seven years. The intracranial haemorrhages include 11 subdural haematomas (four acute, seven chronic) and ive intracerebral haemorrhages, one of which resulted from the rupture of an arterial aneurysm. The anticoagulant therapy lasted in 12 cases for more than two years, and in four cases between twenty-four hours and two months. Monocoumarinics are most often the cause of the haemorrhages. The subdural haematomas are unpredictable and a traumatism was only observed in four cases. Three out of four patients with acute haematomas died, as well as two out of seven patients with chronic haematomas. Three out of four intracerebral haemorrhages occurred after ischemic cerebral accidents. The existence of a cerebral infarction counter-indicates the use of anticoagulants. The cerebral infarctions occurred five times during the anticoagulation therapy, and five times after  stopping the treatment (from within a few days to a few weeks). Anticoagulation therapy, apart from infarction, is in general well supported and well supervised during the first weeks. Used for a long time, it may lead to very serious and often fatal complication, and must therefore be weighed against the advantages of the treatment.", "contents": "[Neurological complications of anticoagulants (author's transl)]. During a course of therapy by anticoagulants, 16 intracranial haemorrhages and 10 cerebral infarctions, were observed over a period of seven years. The intracranial haemorrhages include 11 subdural haematomas (four acute, seven chronic) and ive intracerebral haemorrhages, one of which resulted from the rupture of an arterial aneurysm. The anticoagulant therapy lasted in 12 cases for more than two years, and in four cases between twenty-four hours and two months. Monocoumarinics are most often the cause of the haemorrhages. The subdural haematomas are unpredictable and a traumatism was only observed in four cases. Three out of four patients with acute haematomas died, as well as two out of seven patients with chronic haematomas. Three out of four intracerebral haemorrhages occurred after ischemic cerebral accidents. The existence of a cerebral infarction counter-indicates the use of anticoagulants. The cerebral infarctions occurred five times during the anticoagulation therapy, and five times after  stopping the treatment (from within a few days to a few weeks). Anticoagulation therapy, apart from infarction, is in general well supported and well supervised during the first weeks. Used for a long time, it may lead to very serious and often fatal complication, and must therefore be weighed against the advantages of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1220523", "title": "[Pathological findings in a case of normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathological findings in a case of normal pressure hydrocephalus are reported with a review of the literature.", "contents": "[Pathological findings in a case of normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Pathological findings in a case of normal pressure hydrocephalus are reported with a review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:1220524", "title": "The pseudo-rhythmic electroendephalogram after cardiac arrest.", "content": "Five cases are presented showing on the EEG pseudo-rhythmic discharges appearing on almost flat lines, after reanimation of a cardiac arrest. The morphology of the complexes is quite similar, except in the period immediately preceding death, where they are more disformed. All patients died within the following days, except one. In four of the five cases myoclonic jerks occurred, consisting of brief convulsions over the whole body, especially in the arms and the face. A literature survey shows that this EEG pattern after circulatory arrest, is not rare. It is almost always followed by death. Myoclonic jerks may or may not be present and are not necessarily synchronous with the EEG discharges. The electrogenetic origin is not yet elucidated, although it seems that the pattern may appear at a state of complete loss of cortical function.", "contents": "The pseudo-rhythmic electroendephalogram after cardiac arrest. Five cases are presented showing on the EEG pseudo-rhythmic discharges appearing on almost flat lines, after reanimation of a cardiac arrest. The morphology of the complexes is quite similar, except in the period immediately preceding death, where they are more disformed. All patients died within the following days, except one. In four of the five cases myoclonic jerks occurred, consisting of brief convulsions over the whole body, especially in the arms and the face. A literature survey shows that this EEG pattern after circulatory arrest, is not rare. It is almost always followed by death. Myoclonic jerks may or may not be present and are not necessarily synchronous with the EEG discharges. The electrogenetic origin is not yet elucidated, although it seems that the pattern may appear at a state of complete loss of cortical function."}
{"id": "PMID:1220525", "title": "[Psychiatric epidemiology in an underdeveloped country].", "content": "An epidemiological study of the \"Serer\" of Senegal has been performed. This work was aimed at studying the problem of stress of \"acculturation\" in an underdeveloped country by comparing general health and mental health in two groups of Serer, one having migrated to Dakar and the other having remained in a traditional rural milieu. No difference in health was observed between the two groups. This research also shows that the popular equation: primitive and rural milieu = tranquillity and urban milieu = stress is to simplistic. Our work has resulted, in light of the Serer experiment, to bring some modifications to this equation.", "contents": "[Psychiatric epidemiology in an underdeveloped country]. An epidemiological study of the \"Serer\" of Senegal has been performed. This work was aimed at studying the problem of stress of \"acculturation\" in an underdeveloped country by comparing general health and mental health in two groups of Serer, one having migrated to Dakar and the other having remained in a traditional rural milieu. No difference in health was observed between the two groups. This research also shows that the popular equation: primitive and rural milieu = tranquillity and urban milieu = stress is to simplistic. Our work has resulted, in light of the Serer experiment, to bring some modifications to this equation."}
{"id": "PMID:1220526", "title": "[Some problems related to the automatic interpretation of recordings of bioelectric activity in man].", "content": "The automatic interpretation of recordings of bioelectric activities in man represents a certain number of difficulties which are discussed more specially insofar as the analysis of automatic polygraphic recordings of sleep. A system of analysis specifically utilising \"passe bande\" filters has been used to obtain interesting results on many recordings. The interpretation itself is obtained with the help of a small computer coupled to a system of measurement and digitalisation.", "contents": "[Some problems related to the automatic interpretation of recordings of bioelectric activity in man]. The automatic interpretation of recordings of bioelectric activities in man represents a certain number of difficulties which are discussed more specially insofar as the analysis of automatic polygraphic recordings of sleep. A system of analysis specifically utilising \"passe bande\" filters has been used to obtain interesting results on many recordings. The interpretation itself is obtained with the help of a small computer coupled to a system of measurement and digitalisation."}
{"id": "PMID:1220527", "title": "[Stress, psychological characteristics, and respiratory variables].", "content": "This study compares the respiratory reactions of 40 normal subjects and 40 coronary patients. The respiratory measures are taken under stress and under normal situations. The psychological features of the eighty subjects are known; they are drawn from a test battery implementing the MMPI, the ABV and the DS. The study is meant to identify the interaction between the psychological and bioclinical measures. The bioclinical measures comprise several respiratory parameters: they are taken under mental and physical stress.", "contents": "[Stress, psychological characteristics, and respiratory variables]. This study compares the respiratory reactions of 40 normal subjects and 40 coronary patients. The respiratory measures are taken under stress and under normal situations. The psychological features of the eighty subjects are known; they are drawn from a test battery implementing the MMPI, the ABV and the DS. The study is meant to identify the interaction between the psychological and bioclinical measures. The bioclinical measures comprise several respiratory parameters: they are taken under mental and physical stress."}
{"id": "PMID:1220528", "title": "[The language of the unconscious].", "content": "The concept of consciousness, separate from that of vigilance, can be defined as the immediate knowledge of motor-perceptual activities on the cognitive assimilation of the real duration. The linguistic theories distinguish in the language first of all linguistic competence, it is grouping of signs or linguistic knowledge of the group, which one can compare to phenomenon of automatism, and secondly the spoken language or linguistic performance, a creative individual and voluntary act. The observation of aphasics and of a certain partial temporal epileptics permits to dissociate these two forms of language. That of the consciousness linked to the immediate observation of the self by ones' self could only be the creative word. The unconscious listener, separated from real time, without real creative ability, could only be the \"-echo-souvenir\" of the conscient person.", "contents": "[The language of the unconscious]. The concept of consciousness, separate from that of vigilance, can be defined as the immediate knowledge of motor-perceptual activities on the cognitive assimilation of the real duration. The linguistic theories distinguish in the language first of all linguistic competence, it is grouping of signs or linguistic knowledge of the group, which one can compare to phenomenon of automatism, and secondly the spoken language or linguistic performance, a creative individual and voluntary act. The observation of aphasics and of a certain partial temporal epileptics permits to dissociate these two forms of language. That of the consciousness linked to the immediate observation of the self by ones' self could only be the creative word. The unconscious listener, separated from real time, without real creative ability, could only be the \"-echo-souvenir\" of the conscient person."}
{"id": "PMID:1220529", "title": "[Some reflections a propos of an experiment in family therapy].", "content": "A social assistant in conjonction with a multidimensional team in child psychiatry followed the progress of family therapy over a few years. The reason for this family therapy was based on the difficulty the parents had in expressing their conflicts through oral communication. It is chiefly by actual encounterances and a sub-verbal dialog that this experiment was carried out. This project was able to be investigated by having great freedom of openness by elaboration of each structure and with transferential attitudes. This experiment was carried out on 40 cases; however only 4 are described to illustrate the method.", "contents": "[Some reflections a propos of an experiment in family therapy]. A social assistant in conjonction with a multidimensional team in child psychiatry followed the progress of family therapy over a few years. The reason for this family therapy was based on the difficulty the parents had in expressing their conflicts through oral communication. It is chiefly by actual encounterances and a sub-verbal dialog that this experiment was carried out. This project was able to be investigated by having great freedom of openness by elaboration of each structure and with transferential attitudes. This experiment was carried out on 40 cases; however only 4 are described to illustrate the method."}
{"id": "PMID:1220530", "title": "[Evaluation of disulfiram treatment in chronic alcoholism].", "content": "Disulfiram is an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic alcoholism as long as certain conditions are maintained; the patient realises that he is ill, the patient is motivated to be treated and that alcohol withdrawal be maintained chiefly during the first year where there is periodic uneasiness. Disulfiram therapy must only be prescribed in the phase where the chronic alcoholic accepts the treatment and not in the phase where he negates it.", "contents": "[Evaluation of disulfiram treatment in chronic alcoholism]. Disulfiram is an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic alcoholism as long as certain conditions are maintained; the patient realises that he is ill, the patient is motivated to be treated and that alcohol withdrawal be maintained chiefly during the first year where there is periodic uneasiness. Disulfiram therapy must only be prescribed in the phase where the chronic alcoholic accepts the treatment and not in the phase where he negates it."}
{"id": "PMID:1220544", "title": "Effect of histamine H2-receptor and beta-receptor blockade on histamine-, orciprenaline- and prostaglandin-stimulated frequency of the isolated guinea-pig atrium.", "content": "For the oxyntic cell of the stomach the hypothesis was forwarded by Grossmann and Konturek [1] that, if one of its three receptors is blocked, the physico-chemical properties of the two others are changed in such a way that they respond less sensitively to their specific stimulation. This hypothesis was tested for the heart by studying the effect of histamine-H2-receptor- and beta-receptor-blockade on the orciprenaline-, histamine-, and prostaglandin E1-stimulated frequency of the spontaneously beating isolated guinea-pig atrium. Therefore cumulative dose response curves were established for orciprenaline, histamine and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) alone or in the presence of metiamide or pindolol. (1) The beta-blocker pindolol inhibited the effect of orciprenaline in a competitive manner, without having an effect on histamine- and PGE1-stimulation. (2) The histamine H2-receptor blocker metiamide inhibited the histamine response competitively. (3) In contrast to pindolol, metiamide inhibited the PGE1-stimulated rise in atrial frequency, most obviously non- or uncompetitively. From these results it is evident that in the heart the particular inhibitors, at least at the receptor site, act rather specifically without affecting neighbouring receptors and that metiamide influences the PGE1-response in a way different from the receptor site.", "contents": "Effect of histamine H2-receptor and beta-receptor blockade on histamine-, orciprenaline- and prostaglandin-stimulated frequency of the isolated guinea-pig atrium. For the oxyntic cell of the stomach the hypothesis was forwarded by Grossmann and Konturek [1] that, if one of its three receptors is blocked, the physico-chemical properties of the two others are changed in such a way that they respond less sensitively to their specific stimulation. This hypothesis was tested for the heart by studying the effect of histamine-H2-receptor- and beta-receptor-blockade on the orciprenaline-, histamine-, and prostaglandin E1-stimulated frequency of the spontaneously beating isolated guinea-pig atrium. Therefore cumulative dose response curves were established for orciprenaline, histamine and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) alone or in the presence of metiamide or pindolol. (1) The beta-blocker pindolol inhibited the effect of orciprenaline in a competitive manner, without having an effect on histamine- and PGE1-stimulation. (2) The histamine H2-receptor blocker metiamide inhibited the histamine response competitively. (3) In contrast to pindolol, metiamide inhibited the PGE1-stimulated rise in atrial frequency, most obviously non- or uncompetitively. From these results it is evident that in the heart the particular inhibitors, at least at the receptor site, act rather specifically without affecting neighbouring receptors and that metiamide influences the PGE1-response in a way different from the receptor site."}
{"id": "PMID:1220555", "title": "The Arthus reaction in guinea-pig knee joints. A test for anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "A reversed passive Arthus reaction was produced in guinea-pig knee joints by intravenous injection of ovalbumin and intra-articular injection of homologous anti-ovalbumin antiserum or specific IgG2 antibody. The optimum response was obtained by varying the concentration of antigen while keeping the amount of antibody constant. Joint swelling, leucocyte infiltration in the synovial fluid and joint pathology were measured 4-6 hours and 24 hours after initiation of the reaction. The RPA lesions were almost completely inhibited by complement or polymorphonuclear leucocyte depletion. The effects of a range of drugs on the 4-6 hours response were investigated following intraperitoneal or oral administration. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Trasylol, indomethacin, aspirin, phenylbutazone, prednisolone sodium phosphate, chloroquine diphosphate, SKF36914 (gold triethyl phosphine), cyclophosphamide, ketoprofen, sudoxicam and naproxen all reduced one or more of the symptoms of inflammation. However, cyproheptadine was only active at high and probably non-specific dose levels. D(-)penicillamine hydrochloride and mepyramine maleate were inactive.", "contents": "The Arthus reaction in guinea-pig knee joints. A test for anti-inflammatory drugs. A reversed passive Arthus reaction was produced in guinea-pig knee joints by intravenous injection of ovalbumin and intra-articular injection of homologous anti-ovalbumin antiserum or specific IgG2 antibody. The optimum response was obtained by varying the concentration of antigen while keeping the amount of antibody constant. Joint swelling, leucocyte infiltration in the synovial fluid and joint pathology were measured 4-6 hours and 24 hours after initiation of the reaction. The RPA lesions were almost completely inhibited by complement or polymorphonuclear leucocyte depletion. The effects of a range of drugs on the 4-6 hours response were investigated following intraperitoneal or oral administration. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Trasylol, indomethacin, aspirin, phenylbutazone, prednisolone sodium phosphate, chloroquine diphosphate, SKF36914 (gold triethyl phosphine), cyclophosphamide, ketoprofen, sudoxicam and naproxen all reduced one or more of the symptoms of inflammation. However, cyproheptadine was only active at high and probably non-specific dose levels. D(-)penicillamine hydrochloride and mepyramine maleate were inactive."}
{"id": "PMID:1220556", "title": "Platelets, Arthus-type reactions and inflammatory mediators.", "content": "The release of inflammatory mediators and the appearance of necrohaemorrhagic lesions induced by subcutaneous implantation of sponges containing antiplatelet serum globulins were studied in control and thrombocytopenic rats. In thrombocytopenic animals, antiplatelet globulins caused a greater release of prostaglanding-like material and 5-hydroxytryptamine as well as larger inflammatory lesions. Thus, platelet integrity is not necessary for the induction of lesions by antiplatelet globulinrom leucocytes or damaged tissues. Mast cells seem not to be involved in the production of 5-hydroxytryptamine in this inflammatory reaction. It is suggested that in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) an Arthus-type hypersensitivity reaction, rather than the thrombocytopenia itself, is the cause of the vascular lesions and their manifestations.", "contents": "Platelets, Arthus-type reactions and inflammatory mediators. The release of inflammatory mediators and the appearance of necrohaemorrhagic lesions induced by subcutaneous implantation of sponges containing antiplatelet serum globulins were studied in control and thrombocytopenic rats. In thrombocytopenic animals, antiplatelet globulins caused a greater release of prostaglanding-like material and 5-hydroxytryptamine as well as larger inflammatory lesions. Thus, platelet integrity is not necessary for the induction of lesions by antiplatelet globulinrom leucocytes or damaged tissues. Mast cells seem not to be involved in the production of 5-hydroxytryptamine in this inflammatory reaction. It is suggested that in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) an Arthus-type hypersensitivity reaction, rather than the thrombocytopenia itself, is the cause of the vascular lesions and their manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:1220557", "title": "Irritancy of cyclophosphamide-derived aldehydes (acrolein, chloracetaldehyde) and their effect on lymphocyte distribution in vivo: protective effect of thiols and bisulphite ions1).", "content": "(1) A strategy is described for investigating agents such as N-acetylcysteine or penicillamine that might be used as adjuvant therapy with cyclophosphamide, to lessen the toxic side-effects of this latter drug caused by some of its metabolites. (2) The toxic effects of acrolein and chloracetaldehyde were determined by (a) their effects on lymphocyte circulation and (b) their oedemagenic activity in rats. (3) Stable thiols and bisulphite ions antagonised this aldehyde toxicity/irritancy; thiosulphate ions did not. (4) Thiosulphate and bisulphite ions antagonised the irritancy/toxicity of a mustard, mechlorethamine (HN-2). (5) The possible relationship of intrinsic irritancy to anti-inflammatory activity is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Irritancy of cyclophosphamide-derived aldehydes (acrolein, chloracetaldehyde) and their effect on lymphocyte distribution in vivo: protective effect of thiols and bisulphite ions1). (1) A strategy is described for investigating agents such as N-acetylcysteine or penicillamine that might be used as adjuvant therapy with cyclophosphamide, to lessen the toxic side-effects of this latter drug caused by some of its metabolites. (2) The toxic effects of acrolein and chloracetaldehyde were determined by (a) their effects on lymphocyte circulation and (b) their oedemagenic activity in rats. (3) Stable thiols and bisulphite ions antagonised this aldehyde toxicity/irritancy; thiosulphate ions did not. (4) Thiosulphate and bisulphite ions antagonised the irritancy/toxicity of a mustard, mechlorethamine (HN-2). (5) The possible relationship of intrinsic irritancy to anti-inflammatory activity is discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:1220558", "title": "Correlation of serum aspirin esterase activity and half-life of salicylic acid.", "content": "An inverse correlation was found between the serum aspirin esterase activity in human subjects and the biological half-life of salicylic acid in serum and a direct relationship between the values of the elimination rate constant and the activity of this enzyme. The rate of acetylsalicylic acid breakdown may be one of the factors which influences the biological half-life of salicylates in the organism and may participate also in determining the individual response to the administered drug.", "contents": "Correlation of serum aspirin esterase activity and half-life of salicylic acid. An inverse correlation was found between the serum aspirin esterase activity in human subjects and the biological half-life of salicylic acid in serum and a direct relationship between the values of the elimination rate constant and the activity of this enzyme. The rate of acetylsalicylic acid breakdown may be one of the factors which influences the biological half-life of salicylates in the organism and may participate also in determining the individual response to the administered drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1220559", "title": "A synergistic interaction between aspirin, or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and stress which produces severe gastric mucosal damage in rats and pigs.", "content": "A synergistic interaction was observed in the development of damage to the gastric mucosa of rats following the administration of a single oral dose of 50 or 200 mg/kg body weight aspirin and exposure to brief periods of cold or restraint stress. Under the experimental conditions employed, the stressed (control) animals did not develop any visible signs of damage while the rats given only aspirin developed typical small erosions. However, the animals given aspirin and simultaneously exposed to stress developed a large number of deep ulcers and massive haemorrhage. Similar results were obtained in rats given a variety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but not with dextropropoxyphene -- an analgesic devoid of ulcerogenic activity. In pigs, the chronic administration of aspirin and exposure to restraint stress resulted in the formation of deep crater-like ulcers. Only small focal lesions were found in the pigs given aspirin alone and no mucosal damage was evident in the pigs exposed only to stress. It appears that the aspirin plus stress synergism may be the basis for the formation of chronic gastric ulcers in humans.", "contents": "A synergistic interaction between aspirin, or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and stress which produces severe gastric mucosal damage in rats and pigs. A synergistic interaction was observed in the development of damage to the gastric mucosa of rats following the administration of a single oral dose of 50 or 200 mg/kg body weight aspirin and exposure to brief periods of cold or restraint stress. Under the experimental conditions employed, the stressed (control) animals did not develop any visible signs of damage while the rats given only aspirin developed typical small erosions. However, the animals given aspirin and simultaneously exposed to stress developed a large number of deep ulcers and massive haemorrhage. Similar results were obtained in rats given a variety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but not with dextropropoxyphene -- an analgesic devoid of ulcerogenic activity. In pigs, the chronic administration of aspirin and exposure to restraint stress resulted in the formation of deep crater-like ulcers. Only small focal lesions were found in the pigs given aspirin alone and no mucosal damage was evident in the pigs exposed only to stress. It appears that the aspirin plus stress synergism may be the basis for the formation of chronic gastric ulcers in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:1220560", "title": "The influence of procaine and isoprenaline on the lung deflation reflex during the histamine-induced bronchial asthma attack.", "content": "The histamine-induced respiratory reflex response arising from the lung deflation (irritant) receptors was influenced by both procaine and isoprenaline, but in an essentially different manner. Procaine administered via the pulmonary circulation prevented or interrupted the asthmatic tachypnoea associated with stimulation of the lung deflation receptors. The effect was less consistently obtained when the drug was given by way of the bronchial circulation or as an aerosol. It is concluded that the lung deflation receptors in the guinea-pig are located in sites easily accessible by way of the pulmonary circulation, i.e., in the peripheral airways. Isoprenaline, irrespective of the way of administration, counteracted the asthmatic increase in bronchial resistance which underlies the stimulation of the lung deflation receptors. A respiratory response, however, characterized by increased respiratory rate, still occurred when the drug was administered either before or after histamine inhalation. The tachypnoic response to isoprenaline is probably of central origin.", "contents": "The influence of procaine and isoprenaline on the lung deflation reflex during the histamine-induced bronchial asthma attack. The histamine-induced respiratory reflex response arising from the lung deflation (irritant) receptors was influenced by both procaine and isoprenaline, but in an essentially different manner. Procaine administered via the pulmonary circulation prevented or interrupted the asthmatic tachypnoea associated with stimulation of the lung deflation receptors. The effect was less consistently obtained when the drug was given by way of the bronchial circulation or as an aerosol. It is concluded that the lung deflation receptors in the guinea-pig are located in sites easily accessible by way of the pulmonary circulation, i.e., in the peripheral airways. Isoprenaline, irrespective of the way of administration, counteracted the asthmatic increase in bronchial resistance which underlies the stimulation of the lung deflation receptors. A respiratory response, however, characterized by increased respiratory rate, still occurred when the drug was administered either before or after histamine inhalation. The tachypnoic response to isoprenaline is probably of central origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1220580", "title": "[Function and morphology of isolated rat kidney following cellfree perfusion with various plasmaexpanders (author's transl)].", "content": "Isolated arteficially perfused rat kidneys prepared as described by Franke et al. (1971) were perfused for 60 min with solutions of Haemaccel, Dextran 40, Pluronic-F-108, or hydroxy-aethyl starch in a single pass system. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the Haemaccel or Dextran 40 perfused organs amounted during the first 30 min to 0.58 ml X g-1 X min-1 and 0.47 ml X g-1 X min-1 respectively. Using Pluronic-F-108 or hydroxy-aethyl starch GFR rose to 0.94 ml X g-1 X min-1 and to 0.85 ml X G-1 X min-1. With Haemaccel or Dextran 40 solutions a mean tubular Na-reabsorption of 75.4 mumol X g-1 X min-1 and of 59 mumol X g-1 X min-1 respectively was determined. Employing Pluronic-F-108 or hydroxy-aethyl starch a mean sodium net transport of 92.6 mumol X g-1 X min-1 in both experimental groups was obtained. The differences described in the functional capabilities of Haemaccel or Dextran 40 and of Pluronic-F-108 or Hydroxyethyl starch perfused kidneys are in good accordance with morphological changes in the ultrastructure. The most striking morphological deviations were found in proximal tubules of those kidneys perfused with Haemaccel solutions. On the other hand after perfusion with hydroxyethyl starch only very few morphological alterations could be detected.", "contents": "[Function and morphology of isolated rat kidney following cellfree perfusion with various plasmaexpanders (author's transl)]. Isolated arteficially perfused rat kidneys prepared as described by Franke et al. (1971) were perfused for 60 min with solutions of Haemaccel, Dextran 40, Pluronic-F-108, or hydroxy-aethyl starch in a single pass system. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the Haemaccel or Dextran 40 perfused organs amounted during the first 30 min to 0.58 ml X g-1 X min-1 and 0.47 ml X g-1 X min-1 respectively. Using Pluronic-F-108 or hydroxy-aethyl starch GFR rose to 0.94 ml X g-1 X min-1 and to 0.85 ml X G-1 X min-1. With Haemaccel or Dextran 40 solutions a mean tubular Na-reabsorption of 75.4 mumol X g-1 X min-1 and of 59 mumol X g-1 X min-1 respectively was determined. Employing Pluronic-F-108 or hydroxy-aethyl starch a mean sodium net transport of 92.6 mumol X g-1 X min-1 in both experimental groups was obtained. The differences described in the functional capabilities of Haemaccel or Dextran 40 and of Pluronic-F-108 or Hydroxyethyl starch perfused kidneys are in good accordance with morphological changes in the ultrastructure. The most striking morphological deviations were found in proximal tubules of those kidneys perfused with Haemaccel solutions. On the other hand after perfusion with hydroxyethyl starch only very few morphological alterations could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:1220605", "title": "Fetal distress and birth scores in newborn infants.", "content": "The relation between fetal distress and the subsequent condition at birth was studied in 2791 pregnancies. Fetal distress was defined as a heart rate greater than 160 or less than 120/min between uterine contractions, with or without meconium-stained liquor. Infants of 28 to 42 weeks' gestational age were examined at 1 and 5 minutes after birth when the heart rate, respiration, and skin colour was recorded. Birth scores of 0, 1, or 2 were given respectively if respirations were absent, gasping, or regular; if the heart rate was undetectable, less than 100/min, or greater than 100/min; and if the colour was white, blue, or pink. Fetal distress was associated with low birth scores in infants at 1 and 5 minutes of age. Among those who had not suffered fetal distress a significantly greater proportion of preterm infants had low birth scores compared with term or post-term infants at 5 minutes of age. Infants did not score equally for colour, heart rate, and respiration at 1 and 5 minutes of age. Colour usually gave a birth score of 5 and heart rate was recordable when infants scored 0 for colour and respiration. The reduction in birth scores was greater in the presence of meconium-stained liquor and abnormal fetal heart rate than meconium-stained liquor alone; the latter being an early sign of fetal distress. Since fetal distress was not diagnosed by conventional methods in 93 term infants who probably suffered prenatal asphyxia, more sophisticated techniques are necessary for an accurate assessment of fetal condition during labour.", "contents": "Fetal distress and birth scores in newborn infants. The relation between fetal distress and the subsequent condition at birth was studied in 2791 pregnancies. Fetal distress was defined as a heart rate greater than 160 or less than 120/min between uterine contractions, with or without meconium-stained liquor. Infants of 28 to 42 weeks' gestational age were examined at 1 and 5 minutes after birth when the heart rate, respiration, and skin colour was recorded. Birth scores of 0, 1, or 2 were given respectively if respirations were absent, gasping, or regular; if the heart rate was undetectable, less than 100/min, or greater than 100/min; and if the colour was white, blue, or pink. Fetal distress was associated with low birth scores in infants at 1 and 5 minutes of age. Among those who had not suffered fetal distress a significantly greater proportion of preterm infants had low birth scores compared with term or post-term infants at 5 minutes of age. Infants did not score equally for colour, heart rate, and respiration at 1 and 5 minutes of age. Colour usually gave a birth score of 5 and heart rate was recordable when infants scored 0 for colour and respiration. The reduction in birth scores was greater in the presence of meconium-stained liquor and abnormal fetal heart rate than meconium-stained liquor alone; the latter being an early sign of fetal distress. Since fetal distress was not diagnosed by conventional methods in 93 term infants who probably suffered prenatal asphyxia, more sophisticated techniques are necessary for an accurate assessment of fetal condition during labour."}
{"id": "PMID:1220606", "title": "Anticerebral oedema therapy in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Sixteen patients with Reye's syndrome were seen over a 3-year period and treated with conservative management with an overall mortality of 31%. 6 of the 16 had illness limited to stages II and III. Intensive therapy of suspected cerebral oedema, with careful monitoring of serum osmolarity, was associated with survival in 5 of 10 patients with stage IV disease. The risks of lumbar puncture in the presence of cerebral oedema (stages III-IV) are emphasized. A change in clinical status (usually a reversal to a less severe stage and an improved electroencephalogram) was seen within hours of starting anticerebral oedema therapy. Neurological sequelae (memory deficit, hemiparesis, hemiballismic movements, and delayed motor milestones) that were present in stage IV survivors at discharge were absent 12 months after discharge. Conservative supportive management emphasizing treatment of presumed cerebral oedema in severe cases of Reye's syndrome has a  mortality comparable to that occurring in exchange transfusion or peritoneal dialysis. This form of therapy should be included in controlled trials to determine which form of therapy is optimal.", "contents": "Anticerebral oedema therapy in Reye's syndrome. Sixteen patients with Reye's syndrome were seen over a 3-year period and treated with conservative management with an overall mortality of 31%. 6 of the 16 had illness limited to stages II and III. Intensive therapy of suspected cerebral oedema, with careful monitoring of serum osmolarity, was associated with survival in 5 of 10 patients with stage IV disease. The risks of lumbar puncture in the presence of cerebral oedema (stages III-IV) are emphasized. A change in clinical status (usually a reversal to a less severe stage and an improved electroencephalogram) was seen within hours of starting anticerebral oedema therapy. Neurological sequelae (memory deficit, hemiparesis, hemiballismic movements, and delayed motor milestones) that were present in stage IV survivors at discharge were absent 12 months after discharge. Conservative supportive management emphasizing treatment of presumed cerebral oedema in severe cases of Reye's syndrome has a  mortality comparable to that occurring in exchange transfusion or peritoneal dialysis. This form of therapy should be included in controlled trials to determine which form of therapy is optimal."}
{"id": "PMID:1220607", "title": "Hypernatraemia as a cause of intracranial haemorrhage.", "content": "29 definite intracranial haemorrhages and 4 suspected ones occurred during a 25-month period during which 10 072 live infants were born. There were 4 subdural haemorrhages (all fatal), 4 isolated subarachnoid haemorrhages (2 fatal), and 21 intraventricular haemorrhages (all fatal--2 beyond the neonatal period). There was no evidence of a causal relation between intraventricular haemorrhage and either hypernatraemia or large sodium intakes. There were too few cases of other types of intracranial haemorrhage to draw any aetiological conclusions.", "contents": "Hypernatraemia as a cause of intracranial haemorrhage. 29 definite intracranial haemorrhages and 4 suspected ones occurred during a 25-month period during which 10 072 live infants were born. There were 4 subdural haemorrhages (all fatal), 4 isolated subarachnoid haemorrhages (2 fatal), and 21 intraventricular haemorrhages (all fatal--2 beyond the neonatal period). There was no evidence of a causal relation between intraventricular haemorrhage and either hypernatraemia or large sodium intakes. There were too few cases of other types of intracranial haemorrhage to draw any aetiological conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:1220608", "title": "Factors predisposing to a complicated initial febrile convulsion.", "content": "131 consecutive admissions to hospital for a first febrile convulsion were studied to find which factors predisposed to a complicated fit--defined as one lasting more than 30 minutes, unilateral, or repeated within the same illness. A significant excess of complicated attacks occurred where the age of onset was less than 16 months, where both family history of convulsive disorder and perinatal abnormality were present, and, in females only, where it was suspected that neurological disorder preceded the first fit.", "contents": "Factors predisposing to a complicated initial febrile convulsion. 131 consecutive admissions to hospital for a first febrile convulsion were studied to find which factors predisposed to a complicated fit--defined as one lasting more than 30 minutes, unilateral, or repeated within the same illness. A significant excess of complicated attacks occurred where the age of onset was less than 16 months, where both family history of convulsive disorder and perinatal abnormality were present, and, in females only, where it was suspected that neurological disorder preceded the first fit."}
{"id": "PMID:1220609", "title": "Lamellation of the diploe in the skulls of patients with sickle cell anaemia.", "content": "This study describes the radiological and pathological findings in a necropsy series of 70 skulls of Nigerian patients with sickle cell gene, and 70 controls matched for sex and age with no sickle cell gene. 6 (35%) of the 17 patients with sickle anaemia, or 17% of 35 patients with sickle cell gene excluding the trait, all under age 10 years, were shown to have bone trabeculae within the diploe arranged in stripes parallel to the curvature of the cranial tables on radiography. Histological examination of the skulls with curvilinear stripes showed long trabeculae of bone within the diploe similarly arranged in parallel rows but joint at variable intervals by short bridges of bone. The radiolucent areas between trabeculae corresponded to areas of marrow hyperplasia. A skull radiograph in an African child presenting with this radiological sign should raise the suspicion of sickel cell disease.", "contents": "Lamellation of the diploe in the skulls of patients with sickle cell anaemia. This study describes the radiological and pathological findings in a necropsy series of 70 skulls of Nigerian patients with sickle cell gene, and 70 controls matched for sex and age with no sickle cell gene. 6 (35%) of the 17 patients with sickle anaemia, or 17% of 35 patients with sickle cell gene excluding the trait, all under age 10 years, were shown to have bone trabeculae within the diploe arranged in stripes parallel to the curvature of the cranial tables on radiography. Histological examination of the skulls with curvilinear stripes showed long trabeculae of bone within the diploe similarly arranged in parallel rows but joint at variable intervals by short bridges of bone. The radiolucent areas between trabeculae corresponded to areas of marrow hyperplasia. A skull radiograph in an African child presenting with this radiological sign should raise the suspicion of sickel cell disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1220610", "title": "Limb infections in infancy presenting with pseudoparalysis.", "content": "Three cases of pseudoparalysis in infancy are reported in which the appearance of localized infection in the affected limb was delayed for a variable period after the onset of pseudoparalysis. Blood cultures on admission in all cases were positive, and bacteraemia due to the three organisms isolated is discussed.", "contents": "Limb infections in infancy presenting with pseudoparalysis. Three cases of pseudoparalysis in infancy are reported in which the appearance of localized infection in the affected limb was delayed for a variable period after the onset of pseudoparalysis. Blood cultures on admission in all cases were positive, and bacteraemia due to the three organisms isolated is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220611", "title": "Neonatal ascites from spontaneous rupture of the bladder.", "content": "Two premature infants who presented with neonatal ascites due to apparent spontaneous rupture of the bladder are described. In both children the site of bladder rupture was clearly shown, but neither at time of presentation nor at subsequent review at age 7 years and 7 months, respectively, was any other renal tract abnormality detected.", "contents": "Neonatal ascites from spontaneous rupture of the bladder. Two premature infants who presented with neonatal ascites due to apparent spontaneous rupture of the bladder are described. In both children the site of bladder rupture was clearly shown, but neither at time of presentation nor at subsequent review at age 7 years and 7 months, respectively, was any other renal tract abnormality detected."}
{"id": "PMID:1220612", "title": "Reye's syndrome associated with acute tubular necrosis.", "content": "Two cases of Reye's syndrome, complicated by acute reversible renal failure, are presented. One case followed an influenza A virus infection.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome associated with acute tubular necrosis. Two cases of Reye's syndrome, complicated by acute reversible renal failure, are presented. One case followed an influenza A virus infection."}
{"id": "PMID:1220613", "title": "Life tables for cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The past 5 years have seen a continuing improvement in life expectancy in cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Life tables for cystic fibrosis. The past 5 years have seen a continuing improvement in life expectancy in cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1220614", "title": "[Limiting amino acids of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) for chickens and pigs].", "content": "Three experiments, two with broilers and one with pig, were conducted to determine the limiting amino acids of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). In the first 15% protein diets based on autoclaved chickpea were supplemented with methionine (0.20%), either alone or combined with threonine (0.025%) with no significant effect on growth or feed convertion of chicks; however, the addition of methionine tended to improve both parameters in relation to the unsupplemented diet. In the second experiment methionine (0.20%) and/or tryptophan (0.03%) were added to 15% protein diets based on either raw or autoclaved chickpeas. Cooking improved growth and feed efficiency in relation to the raw controls (P less than .05); methionine supplementation was beneficial for both raw and autoclaved diets (P less than .01); the addition of tryptophan was favourable only for the cooked chickpeas. A third experiment was conducted with weanling pigs to study the effect of methionine supplementation to sorghum-chickpea diets with 14 and 12% protein. In both cases, the addition of the sulphur amino acid improved growth and efficiency to the levels obtained with a 15.34% protein sorghum-soybean meal control.", "contents": "[Limiting amino acids of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) for chickens and pigs]. Three experiments, two with broilers and one with pig, were conducted to determine the limiting amino acids of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). In the first 15% protein diets based on autoclaved chickpea were supplemented with methionine (0.20%), either alone or combined with threonine (0.025%) with no significant effect on growth or feed convertion of chicks; however, the addition of methionine tended to improve both parameters in relation to the unsupplemented diet. In the second experiment methionine (0.20%) and/or tryptophan (0.03%) were added to 15% protein diets based on either raw or autoclaved chickpeas. Cooking improved growth and feed efficiency in relation to the raw controls (P less than .05); methionine supplementation was beneficial for both raw and autoclaved diets (P less than .01); the addition of tryptophan was favourable only for the cooked chickpeas. A third experiment was conducted with weanling pigs to study the effect of methionine supplementation to sorghum-chickpea diets with 14 and 12% protein. In both cases, the addition of the sulphur amino acid improved growth and efficiency to the levels obtained with a 15.34% protein sorghum-soybean meal control."}
{"id": "PMID:1220615", "title": "[Stress due to immobilization and low protein intake in rats. Biochemical changes].", "content": "Rats fed a control casein diet, when exposed to immobilization, loose more nitrogen, urea and vitamin C in urine. Animals receiving a protein deficient diet excrete less nitrogen, urea and ascorbic acid in urine than their controls. When protein deficiency and immobilization are associated, there is not an increase on the urinary excretion of those substance compared to the deficient animals.", "contents": "[Stress due to immobilization and low protein intake in rats. Biochemical changes]. Rats fed a control casein diet, when exposed to immobilization, loose more nitrogen, urea and vitamin C in urine. Animals receiving a protein deficient diet excrete less nitrogen, urea and ascorbic acid in urine than their controls. When protein deficiency and immobilization are associated, there is not an increase on the urinary excretion of those substance compared to the deficient animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1220616", "title": "[Stress caused by immobilization and low protein intake in rats. Morphological changes].", "content": "The periodic immobilization of the animals receiving a control diet resulted in a smaller weight gain than in controls. The animals fed a protein deficient diet gained also less weight as compared to controls. The association of the deficiency and the stress of immobilization further decreases the weight gain, but the differences were not significant. The animals submitted to restraint or protein deficiency stress showed an increase in their heart weight in relation to body weight. This increase in more significant when immobilization and protein deficiency were associated. The degree of cardiac muscle fibers damage was also found more pronounced in this group of animals, when analysed through histochemical methods. Liver weight was not found different in the animals submitted to the experimental program. Histological examination of this organ showed fatty infiltration in the protein deficient animals. The picture was not found to be agravated when the animals were further stimulated by the restraint mechanism. Spleen weight was found to be similar in all groups. Histological study of the protein deficient group showed small lesions, that were increased when the deficiency was associated to immobilization. The relative testis weight of the restraint animals receiving the control diet was found to be similar to the animals not immobilized. The protein deficient animals have significantly smaller testis weight than the well nourished group. The histologic study showed that restraint or protein deficiency are responsible for a sexually retarded animal, but the lesions increased with the association of restraint and deficiency.", "contents": "[Stress caused by immobilization and low protein intake in rats. Morphological changes]. The periodic immobilization of the animals receiving a control diet resulted in a smaller weight gain than in controls. The animals fed a protein deficient diet gained also less weight as compared to controls. The association of the deficiency and the stress of immobilization further decreases the weight gain, but the differences were not significant. The animals submitted to restraint or protein deficiency stress showed an increase in their heart weight in relation to body weight. This increase in more significant when immobilization and protein deficiency were associated. The degree of cardiac muscle fibers damage was also found more pronounced in this group of animals, when analysed through histochemical methods. Liver weight was not found different in the animals submitted to the experimental program. Histological examination of this organ showed fatty infiltration in the protein deficient animals. The picture was not found to be agravated when the animals were further stimulated by the restraint mechanism. Spleen weight was found to be similar in all groups. Histological study of the protein deficient group showed small lesions, that were increased when the deficiency was associated to immobilization. The relative testis weight of the restraint animals receiving the control diet was found to be similar to the animals not immobilized. The protein deficient animals have significantly smaller testis weight than the well nourished group. The histologic study showed that restraint or protein deficiency are responsible for a sexually retarded animal, but the lesions increased with the association of restraint and deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1220617", "title": "[Nutritional studies with rice bran].", "content": "The nutritional value and proximate chemical composition of five samples of rice bran taken from different varieties of rice grown in Venezuela was studied. Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin and tryptophan, lysine, methionine and cystine were analyzed. The apparent protein digestibility was between 59 an 74%, and the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) between 1.19 and 2.31. The supplementation with threonine increased the Protein Efficiency Ratio in 12%, but supplementation with tryptophan did not improve it neither alone nor combined with threonine. Combinations with corn and soyflour that simulate formulas for infants showed that there is a protein supplementation in these mixtures. Some combinations with corn, soy flour, and rice bran had the same P.E.R. as casein. The rice bran is an excellent source of vitamins and minerals in these combinations. The results showed that rice bran has potential value for human consumption.", "contents": "[Nutritional studies with rice bran]. The nutritional value and proximate chemical composition of five samples of rice bran taken from different varieties of rice grown in Venezuela was studied. Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin and tryptophan, lysine, methionine and cystine were analyzed. The apparent protein digestibility was between 59 an 74%, and the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) between 1.19 and 2.31. The supplementation with threonine increased the Protein Efficiency Ratio in 12%, but supplementation with tryptophan did not improve it neither alone nor combined with threonine. Combinations with corn and soyflour that simulate formulas for infants showed that there is a protein supplementation in these mixtures. Some combinations with corn, soy flour, and rice bran had the same P.E.R. as casein. The rice bran is an excellent source of vitamins and minerals in these combinations. The results showed that rice bran has potential value for human consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:1220627", "title": "Pharmacologic properties of gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its derivatives. V. Anticonvulsant action of alpha-,beta-, and gama-phenyl derivatives of GABA and their lactams.", "content": "The influence of alpha, beta, and gamma-phenyl derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and their lactams on convulsions induced with pentetrazole, bemegride and strychnine, and with electric current, were studied. All the lactams exhibited anticonvulsant action, prolonged the latent period of action of the convulsants, and in some cases diminished mortality due to intoxication. Acid forms were devoid of anticonvulsant properties, and in some cases even potentiated convulsions.", "contents": "Pharmacologic properties of gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its derivatives. V. Anticonvulsant action of alpha-,beta-, and gama-phenyl derivatives of GABA and their lactams. The influence of alpha, beta, and gamma-phenyl derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and their lactams on convulsions induced with pentetrazole, bemegride and strychnine, and with electric current, were studied. All the lactams exhibited anticonvulsant action, prolonged the latent period of action of the convulsants, and in some cases diminished mortality due to intoxication. Acid forms were devoid of anticonvulsant properties, and in some cases even potentiated convulsions."}
{"id": "PMID:1220628", "title": "Influence of fluorostigmine on some parameters of the catecholaminergic and serotoninergic systems in the mouse brain.", "content": "Fluorostigmine (DFP) injected i.p. in doses of 2-45 and 5-0 mg/kg in mice distinctly lowered levels of noradrenaline in the brain, raised levels of dopamine slightly, and very distinctly raised levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The same dose also weakened MAO activity and diminished oxygen uptake by brain tissue. Drugs which antagonized the above-mentioned changes in the levels of biogenic amine (L-DOPA, PCPA, reserpine) or blocked receptors (phentolamine) only slightly diminished acute toxicity of DFP. On the other hand, a-methyl-p-tyrosine, d,l-tryptophane and nialamide had virtually no effect on acute toxicity.", "contents": "Influence of fluorostigmine on some parameters of the catecholaminergic and serotoninergic systems in the mouse brain. Fluorostigmine (DFP) injected i.p. in doses of 2-45 and 5-0 mg/kg in mice distinctly lowered levels of noradrenaline in the brain, raised levels of dopamine slightly, and very distinctly raised levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The same dose also weakened MAO activity and diminished oxygen uptake by brain tissue. Drugs which antagonized the above-mentioned changes in the levels of biogenic amine (L-DOPA, PCPA, reserpine) or blocked receptors (phentolamine) only slightly diminished acute toxicity of DFP. On the other hand, a-methyl-p-tyrosine, d,l-tryptophane and nialamide had virtually no effect on acute toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:1220629", "title": "Influence of some antidepressant drugs on the circulatory system. I. Imipramine.", "content": "Imipramine exerts various, dose-related, effects on arterial blood pressure. A distinct hypotensive effect occurs at dosses of at least 0-5 mg/kg body weight. At lower dosage, the action of the drug is biphasic. In experiments in situ with animals, imipramine diminished amplitude of the heart's contractions. Controlled respiration during experiments with imipramine reduced its toxicity. In decapitated animals the action of imipramine was the same as in animals with intact central nervous system. At all dosage levels its effect on blood pressure was biphasic. Blockade of the sympathetic, parasympathetic system and vegetative ganglia had no significant effect on the circulatory response to imipramine. Low doses of imipramine potentiated the hypertensive effect of noradrenaline, and high doses weakened it.", "contents": "Influence of some antidepressant drugs on the circulatory system. I. Imipramine. Imipramine exerts various, dose-related, effects on arterial blood pressure. A distinct hypotensive effect occurs at dosses of at least 0-5 mg/kg body weight. At lower dosage, the action of the drug is biphasic. In experiments in situ with animals, imipramine diminished amplitude of the heart's contractions. Controlled respiration during experiments with imipramine reduced its toxicity. In decapitated animals the action of imipramine was the same as in animals with intact central nervous system. At all dosage levels its effect on blood pressure was biphasic. Blockade of the sympathetic, parasympathetic system and vegetative ganglia had no significant effect on the circulatory response to imipramine. Low doses of imipramine potentiated the hypertensive effect of noradrenaline, and high doses weakened it."}
{"id": "PMID:1220630", "title": "Influence of some antidepressant drugs on the circulatory system: II. Action of amitriptyline and nortriptyline on basic circulatory parameters.", "content": "Amitriptyline and nortriptyline in doses higher than 0.5 mg/kg exert a hypotensive action, and doses of less than 0-5 mg/kg have no characteristic effect on blood pressure. Both drugs diminished amplitude of cardiac contractions in situ in experimental animals. Low doses increased frequency and amplitude of respirations, and higher doses paralyzed respiratory function. Animals died as a result of paralysis of the respiratory center. In decapitated animals both drugs exhibited activity similar to that in animals with intact central nervous system, but their hypotensive effect was less pronounced. Blockade of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and of vegetative ganglia had no influence on the action of amitriptyline and nortriptyline on blood pressure. In low doses both amitriptyline and nortriptyline potentiated, and in high doses weakened the hypertensive effect of noradrenaline.", "contents": "Influence of some antidepressant drugs on the circulatory system: II. Action of amitriptyline and nortriptyline on basic circulatory parameters. Amitriptyline and nortriptyline in doses higher than 0.5 mg/kg exert a hypotensive action, and doses of less than 0-5 mg/kg have no characteristic effect on blood pressure. Both drugs diminished amplitude of cardiac contractions in situ in experimental animals. Low doses increased frequency and amplitude of respirations, and higher doses paralyzed respiratory function. Animals died as a result of paralysis of the respiratory center. In decapitated animals both drugs exhibited activity similar to that in animals with intact central nervous system, but their hypotensive effect was less pronounced. Blockade of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and of vegetative ganglia had no influence on the action of amitriptyline and nortriptyline on blood pressure. In low doses both amitriptyline and nortriptyline potentiated, and in high doses weakened the hypertensive effect of noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:1220631", "title": "Influence of imipramine on the circulatory system in the course of endogenous depressive syndromes. II. Influence of imipramine on vascular reflexes.", "content": "In patients with endogenous depression imipramine normalizes vascular responses in vegetative tests (orthostatic test, Schellong's test, cold pressor test). The highest percentages of normal vegetative tests during treatment with imipramine were observed in patients in remission of symptoms of depression. The orthostatic tests seem to have the highest diagnostic value. In tests based on measurement of surface temperature imipramine improved function of the vascular system.", "contents": "Influence of imipramine on the circulatory system in the course of endogenous depressive syndromes. II. Influence of imipramine on vascular reflexes. In patients with endogenous depression imipramine normalizes vascular responses in vegetative tests (orthostatic test, Schellong's test, cold pressor test). The highest percentages of normal vegetative tests during treatment with imipramine were observed in patients in remission of symptoms of depression. The orthostatic tests seem to have the highest diagnostic value. In tests based on measurement of surface temperature imipramine improved function of the vascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:1220632", "title": "New derivatives of 2-carboxychromanone-4 as potential antiinflammatory drugs. I. Cis-and trans-beta-2,4-dihydroxybenzoylacrylic acids and their derivatives.", "content": "Proof is presented that the product of the reaction of resorcin and maleic anhydride in the presence of aluminum chloride in ethylene chloride solutions is cis-beta-2,4-dihydroxybenzoylacrylic acid (I). Cis and trans acids (I and II) were isomerized to 2-carboxy-7-hydroxychromanone-4(III). Reactions of acetylation of compounds I, II and III were studied.", "contents": "New derivatives of 2-carboxychromanone-4 as potential antiinflammatory drugs. I. Cis-and trans-beta-2,4-dihydroxybenzoylacrylic acids and their derivatives. Proof is presented that the product of the reaction of resorcin and maleic anhydride in the presence of aluminum chloride in ethylene chloride solutions is cis-beta-2,4-dihydroxybenzoylacrylic acid (I). Cis and trans acids (I and II) were isomerized to 2-carboxy-7-hydroxychromanone-4(III). Reactions of acetylation of compounds I, II and III were studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1220633", "title": "Influence of disorders of adrenal function of activity and pharmacokinetics of some neurotropic drugs. I. Influence of adrenalectomy on potency and pharmacokinetics of drugs.", "content": "The influence of disorders of adrenal function on pharmacodynamics and biotransformation of selected neurotropic drugs was studied. Pharmacodynamic activity of salicylamide, morphine and hexobarbital were investigated. Pharmacokinetic parameters of salicylamide and hexobarbital were determined.", "contents": "Influence of disorders of adrenal function of activity and pharmacokinetics of some neurotropic drugs. I. Influence of adrenalectomy on potency and pharmacokinetics of drugs. The influence of disorders of adrenal function on pharmacodynamics and biotransformation of selected neurotropic drugs was studied. Pharmacodynamic activity of salicylamide, morphine and hexobarbital were investigated. Pharmacokinetic parameters of salicylamide and hexobarbital were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1220634", "title": "Influence of adrenal dysfunction on activity and pharmacokinetics of some neutropic drugs. II. Influence of chronic premedication with dexamethasone on pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetics of drugs.", "content": "The influence of long-term administration of dexamethasone on pharmacodynamic activity and biotransformation of salicylamide and hexobarbital, including their absorption, distribution and excretion, were studied. Activities of the following enzymes were also determined: beta-glucuronidase (E.C.3.2.1.31), uridinediphosphoglucose dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.22), uridinediphosphoglucuronyl transferase (E.C.2.4.1.17), uridinediphosphoglucuronic pyrophosphatase (E.C.3.6.1.9), and hexobarbital oxidase.", "contents": "Influence of adrenal dysfunction on activity and pharmacokinetics of some neutropic drugs. II. Influence of chronic premedication with dexamethasone on pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetics of drugs. The influence of long-term administration of dexamethasone on pharmacodynamic activity and biotransformation of salicylamide and hexobarbital, including their absorption, distribution and excretion, were studied. Activities of the following enzymes were also determined: beta-glucuronidase (E.C.3.2.1.31), uridinediphosphoglucose dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.22), uridinediphosphoglucuronyl transferase (E.C.2.4.1.17), uridinediphosphoglucuronic pyrophosphatase (E.C.3.6.1.9), and hexobarbital oxidase."}
{"id": "PMID:1220635", "title": "Experimental studies on activation of the kininogenic system after exclusion of the hepatic circulation.", "content": "Levels of kininogen and kallikrein activity were studied in the plasma of rabbits with ligated hepatic blood vessels. Ligation of hepatic veins and arteries arrested visceral circulation in the animals and produced symptoms of shock and death of the animals. Ligation of the superior mesenteric artery at the same time prevented these symptoms, creating an experimental model of exclusion of the liver. Fibrinolytic activation of the kininogenic system by intravenous injection of xanthinol nicotinate (Sadamin, Polfa) in rabbits with excluded hepatic blood circulation caused a rise in kallikrein activity and transient drop in levels of kininogen. Return to normal of kininogen levels in the animals with excluded liver indicated that the process of restoration of kininogen deficiency in the blood is a complex one, independent of direct kininogen synthesis in the liver or its release from the liver.", "contents": "Experimental studies on activation of the kininogenic system after exclusion of the hepatic circulation. Levels of kininogen and kallikrein activity were studied in the plasma of rabbits with ligated hepatic blood vessels. Ligation of hepatic veins and arteries arrested visceral circulation in the animals and produced symptoms of shock and death of the animals. Ligation of the superior mesenteric artery at the same time prevented these symptoms, creating an experimental model of exclusion of the liver. Fibrinolytic activation of the kininogenic system by intravenous injection of xanthinol nicotinate (Sadamin, Polfa) in rabbits with excluded hepatic blood circulation caused a rise in kallikrein activity and transient drop in levels of kininogen. Return to normal of kininogen levels in the animals with excluded liver indicated that the process of restoration of kininogen deficiency in the blood is a complex one, independent of direct kininogen synthesis in the liver or its release from the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1220636", "title": "Influence of cystamine on activity and biotransformation of hexobarbital.", "content": "Influence of cystamine on hypnotic potency and biotransformation of hexobarbital in rats was studied. Duration of hexobarbital-induced sleep was prolonged maximally by 42% on the first day after premedication, and by 37% on the third day. After six days, differences from the control group were within the limits of experimental error. Biotransformation of hexobarbital was only slightly inhibited in rats premedicated with cystamine, confirmed by determinations of hexobarbital oxidase activity. Excretion of hexobarbital and its metabolites was delayed.", "contents": "Influence of cystamine on activity and biotransformation of hexobarbital. Influence of cystamine on hypnotic potency and biotransformation of hexobarbital in rats was studied. Duration of hexobarbital-induced sleep was prolonged maximally by 42% on the first day after premedication, and by 37% on the third day. After six days, differences from the control group were within the limits of experimental error. Biotransformation of hexobarbital was only slightly inhibited in rats premedicated with cystamine, confirmed by determinations of hexobarbital oxidase activity. Excretion of hexobarbital and its metabolites was delayed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220637", "title": "Sesquiterpene lactones. XVI. In vitro studies on cytotoxic properties of sesquiterpene lactones in tissue cultures of human and animal malignant cells.", "content": "Cytoxicity of 18 new sesquiterpene lactones and related compounds was studied by tissue culture method using human malignant KB and HeLa cells, normal RK 13 animal cells, and by the modified plate test of Miyamura. On the basis of criteria of CCNSC HIH, USA, seven compounds with ED50 activities between 0-41 and 3-5 mug/ml were qualified for further investigation in vivo. Cytotoxic activity of sesquiterpene lactones was dependent on presence of an unsaturated lactone ring, (see article). As a rule activity of germacranolids was higher than that of guaianolides.", "contents": "Sesquiterpene lactones. XVI. In vitro studies on cytotoxic properties of sesquiterpene lactones in tissue cultures of human and animal malignant cells. Cytoxicity of 18 new sesquiterpene lactones and related compounds was studied by tissue culture method using human malignant KB and HeLa cells, normal RK 13 animal cells, and by the modified plate test of Miyamura. On the basis of criteria of CCNSC HIH, USA, seven compounds with ED50 activities between 0-41 and 3-5 mug/ml were qualified for further investigation in vivo. Cytotoxic activity of sesquiterpene lactones was dependent on presence of an unsaturated lactone ring, (see article). As a rule activity of germacranolids was higher than that of guaianolides."}
{"id": "PMID:1220638", "title": "Sesquiterpene lactones XVII. Cytostatic and pharmacological activity.", "content": "Of four lactones studied in the systems Sa-180, EAC and L-1210, two compounds: alatolide, (ALA) and eupatoriopicrin (EUPP), according to the criteria of CCNSC, showed high cytostatic activity, and ursiniolide A (URSA) \"moderate\" cytostatic activity against at least one type of transplantable tumor. Two compounds were selected for further confirmatory investigation: EUPP, which gave 92% inhibition of EAC and 60% increase in survival of animals bearing Leukemia L-1210; and ALA, which gave 96% inhibition of growth of EAC.", "contents": "Sesquiterpene lactones XVII. Cytostatic and pharmacological activity. Of four lactones studied in the systems Sa-180, EAC and L-1210, two compounds: alatolide, (ALA) and eupatoriopicrin (EUPP), according to the criteria of CCNSC, showed high cytostatic activity, and ursiniolide A (URSA) \"moderate\" cytostatic activity against at least one type of transplantable tumor. Two compounds were selected for further confirmatory investigation: EUPP, which gave 92% inhibition of EAC and 60% increase in survival of animals bearing Leukemia L-1210; and ALA, which gave 96% inhibition of growth of EAC."}
{"id": "PMID:1220639", "title": "Experimental benzene poisoning.", "content": "In guinea pigs poisoned with benzene fumes, early signs of biochemical impairment of the liver parenchyma were demonstrated. Enzyme activities and serum proteins were assayed in the blood of the animals. The results indicate the need for liver function testing in workers exposed to the toxic action of benzene.", "contents": "Experimental benzene poisoning. In guinea pigs poisoned with benzene fumes, early signs of biochemical impairment of the liver parenchyma were demonstrated. Enzyme activities and serum proteins were assayed in the blood of the animals. The results indicate the need for liver function testing in workers exposed to the toxic action of benzene."}
{"id": "PMID:1220640", "title": "[Methodology of therapeutic trials in psychopharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper discusses the general methodologic aspects of therapeutic trials in psychopharmacology under three main headings: definition of the concepts of disease, treatment, and healing. In each case, the author discusses the main difficulties, and gives concrete examples. In conclusions, the complexity of the methodologic problems is stressed, but the author considers that the cost of using correct experimental designs is more than balanced by the safety of the statistical conclusions.", "contents": "[Methodology of therapeutic trials in psychopharmacology (author's transl)]. The paper discusses the general methodologic aspects of therapeutic trials in psychopharmacology under three main headings: definition of the concepts of disease, treatment, and healing. In each case, the author discusses the main difficulties, and gives concrete examples. In conclusions, the complexity of the methodologic problems is stressed, but the author considers that the cost of using correct experimental designs is more than balanced by the safety of the statistical conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:1220641", "title": "[Spontaneous recovery or successful therapy? A diagnostic and catamnestic problem (author's transl)].", "content": "The assertion often made very emphatically and predominantly by laymen that analytic psychotherapy does not help the patient is seen here as a problem still under review. The author gives due consideration to the control group, the diagnosis, the percentage of follow-up examinations in relation to the original case material, additional therapeutical components effective during psychotherapy, and to the various factors promoting spontaneous recovery.", "contents": "[Spontaneous recovery or successful therapy? A diagnostic and catamnestic problem (author's transl)]. The assertion often made very emphatically and predominantly by laymen that analytic psychotherapy does not help the patient is seen here as a problem still under review. The author gives due consideration to the control group, the diagnosis, the percentage of follow-up examinations in relation to the original case material, additional therapeutical components effective during psychotherapy, and to the various factors promoting spontaneous recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:1220642", "title": "[Medico-sociologic analyses of the effectiveness of psychiatric consultation (author's transl)].", "content": "Certain observations led us to test the validity of the general assumption that hysterical syndromes occur more frequently among those inpatients who are refered to us from other departments of our faculty than among the psychiatric outpatients referred by private physicians. Such an assumption was verified in both hysterical neurotics and hysterical personality structures. Moreover, phobic neurotics, and depressive as well as infantile personality structures were underrepresented among the nonpsychiatric inpatients. These findings revealed a selection in psychiatric consultation. The social environment usually reacts to hysterical syndromes by showing vivid affective rejection; infantile syndromes are usually met by complementary protective attitudes. Phobic syndromes and depressive personality structures lead to withdrawal. We are inclined to believe that certain patterns of reactions of staff within the close communication network in a ward are responsible for the above mentioned selection. As far as therapy is concerned nonpsychiatric physicians deviated from the advice given by psychiatrists only in the case of psychogenic psychosyndromes. Despite specific psychiatric advice, their therapeutic measures tended to be uniform. Apparently the non-psychiatrist does not regard psychogenic psychosyndromes as diseases due to the lack of objective consideration. In summary: It appears that the neutral patient-clinician interaction is disturbed in the case of psychogenic psychosyndromes. This fact limits the effectiveness of \"indications\" and \"therapy\" in psychiatric consultation, especially if we bear in mind that psychogenic syndromes constitute by far the most prevalent psychic disturbances.", "contents": "[Medico-sociologic analyses of the effectiveness of psychiatric consultation (author's transl)]. Certain observations led us to test the validity of the general assumption that hysterical syndromes occur more frequently among those inpatients who are refered to us from other departments of our faculty than among the psychiatric outpatients referred by private physicians. Such an assumption was verified in both hysterical neurotics and hysterical personality structures. Moreover, phobic neurotics, and depressive as well as infantile personality structures were underrepresented among the nonpsychiatric inpatients. These findings revealed a selection in psychiatric consultation. The social environment usually reacts to hysterical syndromes by showing vivid affective rejection; infantile syndromes are usually met by complementary protective attitudes. Phobic syndromes and depressive personality structures lead to withdrawal. We are inclined to believe that certain patterns of reactions of staff within the close communication network in a ward are responsible for the above mentioned selection. As far as therapy is concerned nonpsychiatric physicians deviated from the advice given by psychiatrists only in the case of psychogenic psychosyndromes. Despite specific psychiatric advice, their therapeutic measures tended to be uniform. Apparently the non-psychiatrist does not regard psychogenic psychosyndromes as diseases due to the lack of objective consideration. In summary: It appears that the neutral patient-clinician interaction is disturbed in the case of psychogenic psychosyndromes. This fact limits the effectiveness of \"indications\" and \"therapy\" in psychiatric consultation, especially if we bear in mind that psychogenic syndromes constitute by far the most prevalent psychic disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:1220643", "title": "[Two-dimensional ultrasonic diagnosis of brain tumors and subdural hematomas by electronic sector scanning (author's transl)].", "content": "Electronic sector scanning (ESS) is a new two-dimensional ultrasonic technique which provides continuous and instantaneous cross-sections of intracranial structures through the intact skull, including the ventricles and large cerebral arteries, by means of a stationary probe. 2. The efficiency of the ESS in the diagnosis of brain tumors and extracerebral hematomas in 295 neuroradiologically controlled cases out of an unselected number of patients during 1972-1974 is described. 3. Supratentorial brain tumors can be detected directly with the ESS by abnoramal reflections of the tumors as well as indirectly by displacement of intracranial reference structures, mainly the ventricular borders. In 239 cases of suspected brain tumor, 126 were neurodiologically confirmed as supratentorial brain tumors. Among these 126 brain tumors the correct localization was determined by the ESS in 86.5%. 4. The highest reliability of the ESS proved to be the direct demonstration of frontal tumors (93%), whereas space-occupying lesions near the midline could be shown only in 79%. Up to now there have been difficulties in the diagnosis of tumors situated near bony structures, e.g., calvarian meningiomas. 5. Subdural hematomas (56 patients) could be lateralized correctly in 93%. Hwever, direct demonstration of the border of the hematomas could be achieved only in 48,2%. Chronic subdural hematomas in children are easier to recognize and the border could be demonstrated in 18 out of 19 cases. 6. The clinical applicability and diagnostic values of the ESS as a nontraumatic investigation procedure are discussed in comparison to cerebral angiography, pneumoencephalography, brain scintigraphy, and CAT scan. scintigraphy, and CAT scan.", "contents": "[Two-dimensional ultrasonic diagnosis of brain tumors and subdural hematomas by electronic sector scanning (author's transl)]. Electronic sector scanning (ESS) is a new two-dimensional ultrasonic technique which provides continuous and instantaneous cross-sections of intracranial structures through the intact skull, including the ventricles and large cerebral arteries, by means of a stationary probe. 2. The efficiency of the ESS in the diagnosis of brain tumors and extracerebral hematomas in 295 neuroradiologically controlled cases out of an unselected number of patients during 1972-1974 is described. 3. Supratentorial brain tumors can be detected directly with the ESS by abnoramal reflections of the tumors as well as indirectly by displacement of intracranial reference structures, mainly the ventricular borders. In 239 cases of suspected brain tumor, 126 were neurodiologically confirmed as supratentorial brain tumors. Among these 126 brain tumors the correct localization was determined by the ESS in 86.5%. 4. The highest reliability of the ESS proved to be the direct demonstration of frontal tumors (93%), whereas space-occupying lesions near the midline could be shown only in 79%. Up to now there have been difficulties in the diagnosis of tumors situated near bony structures, e.g., calvarian meningiomas. 5. Subdural hematomas (56 patients) could be lateralized correctly in 93%. Hwever, direct demonstration of the border of the hematomas could be achieved only in 48,2%. Chronic subdural hematomas in children are easier to recognize and the border could be demonstrated in 18 out of 19 cases. 6. The clinical applicability and diagnostic values of the ESS as a nontraumatic investigation procedure are discussed in comparison to cerebral angiography, pneumoencephalography, brain scintigraphy, and CAT scan. scintigraphy, and CAT scan."}
{"id": "PMID:1220644", "title": "Some recent developments in psychiatric genetics.", "content": "The methods and results of some recent family, twin and adoption studies of childhood behaviour disorders, crime, alcoholism, psychopathic personality and neurosis are briefly described. The data of Slater (1938) on the parents and children of manic-depressives are reanalysed. Bipolar affective illness were more frequent in the families of bipolar than unipolar probands. There was no support for sex-linked inheritance in either group or for further genetic subdivision of the unipolar group according to age of onset or alcoholic or psychopathic family history. It is suggested that for the time being we may have to be satisfied with three broad and aetiologically overlapping clinical types of depression: bipolar, unipolar and reactive.", "contents": "Some recent developments in psychiatric genetics. The methods and results of some recent family, twin and adoption studies of childhood behaviour disorders, crime, alcoholism, psychopathic personality and neurosis are briefly described. The data of Slater (1938) on the parents and children of manic-depressives are reanalysed. Bipolar affective illness were more frequent in the families of bipolar than unipolar probands. There was no support for sex-linked inheritance in either group or for further genetic subdivision of the unipolar group according to age of onset or alcoholic or psychopathic family history. It is suggested that for the time being we may have to be satisfied with three broad and aetiologically overlapping clinical types of depression: bipolar, unipolar and reactive."}
{"id": "PMID:1220645", "title": "[The influence of an early brain damage on psychic diseases in adulthood. A study documented by the AMP-system (author's transl)].", "content": "The data of 1926 psychiatric in-patients documented by the AMP-system were evaluated with respect to the anamnestic item \"early brain damage\". There were 82 cases (4.26%). For each patient with an early brain damage a control-case matched for age, sex and diagnosis was selected. Patients with mental handicaps were examined seperately. For methodical reasons the demonstrated frequencies are an underestimation, and subtle differences between index- and controlgroups are not expected to be visible, but those differences which could be found, will be real. The highest frequency for \"early brain damage\" was found in the diagnostic group which also contained the psychic disturbances in epilepsy. Among neuroses and schizophrenia the item was found with the average-frequency of the total psychiatric population. It was under-represented among affective psychoses and involutional diseases. An early brain damage predisposed to an earlier age of first manifestation, and the psychic disease showed a more chronic course. Hypotheses concerning the uneven distribution over the diagnostic spectrum were discussed with particular emphasis on the fact that hypoxic perinatal disturbances do not lead to diffuse and unspecific consequences, but predominantly to a sensory impairment and possibly to a deficit in the aminergic system. Early brain damage was also discussed as one mode of the transmission of psychic diseases.", "contents": "[The influence of an early brain damage on psychic diseases in adulthood. A study documented by the AMP-system (author's transl)]. The data of 1926 psychiatric in-patients documented by the AMP-system were evaluated with respect to the anamnestic item \"early brain damage\". There were 82 cases (4.26%). For each patient with an early brain damage a control-case matched for age, sex and diagnosis was selected. Patients with mental handicaps were examined seperately. For methodical reasons the demonstrated frequencies are an underestimation, and subtle differences between index- and controlgroups are not expected to be visible, but those differences which could be found, will be real. The highest frequency for \"early brain damage\" was found in the diagnostic group which also contained the psychic disturbances in epilepsy. Among neuroses and schizophrenia the item was found with the average-frequency of the total psychiatric population. It was under-represented among affective psychoses and involutional diseases. An early brain damage predisposed to an earlier age of first manifestation, and the psychic disease showed a more chronic course. Hypotheses concerning the uneven distribution over the diagnostic spectrum were discussed with particular emphasis on the fact that hypoxic perinatal disturbances do not lead to diffuse and unspecific consequences, but predominantly to a sensory impairment and possibly to a deficit in the aminergic system. Early brain damage was also discussed as one mode of the transmission of psychic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1220646", "title": "[Dichloroethane poisoning with myoclonic syndrome, seizures and irreversible cerebral defects (author's transl)].", "content": "A 48-year-old man, who took by mistake a sip of ointment containing dichloroethane, survived, and showed a course of two phases of toxic symptoms. After an initial narcosis and an interval with few pathological symptoms seizures, myoclonia and somnolence occurred. Irreversible final disturbances were lasting mental defects, cerebellar dysarthria, ataxia, and hydrocephalus. Concomitant diseases were acute liver dystrophy, nephropathy, and anemia. The clinical picture of dichoroethane posoning is outlines, the pathogenesis of this particular cerebral lesion described, and the therapy discussed.", "contents": "[Dichloroethane poisoning with myoclonic syndrome, seizures and irreversible cerebral defects (author's transl)]. A 48-year-old man, who took by mistake a sip of ointment containing dichloroethane, survived, and showed a course of two phases of toxic symptoms. After an initial narcosis and an interval with few pathological symptoms seizures, myoclonia and somnolence occurred. Irreversible final disturbances were lasting mental defects, cerebellar dysarthria, ataxia, and hydrocephalus. Concomitant diseases were acute liver dystrophy, nephropathy, and anemia. The clinical picture of dichoroethane posoning is outlines, the pathogenesis of this particular cerebral lesion described, and the therapy discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220647", "title": "[Acid-base and electrolyte correlations in blood and fluid in alcoholic delirium (author's transl)].", "content": "The gas and electrolyte homeostatic changes in arterialized capillary blood were studied in 51 patients with acute alcoholic psychosis. In 29 patients the blood and fluid data were correlated. It was established that acute alcohol delirium is mostly accompanied by alkalosis of metabolic, respiratory, or mixed origin. Irrespective of the approximate uniformity of blood and fluid changes, there is a distinctly expressed imbalance between the different parameters. After subsidence of psychotic symptoms (7-10 days after admittance) fluid acid-base fluctuations were to some extent still observable. They manifested greater resistance in comparison with blood.", "contents": "[Acid-base and electrolyte correlations in blood and fluid in alcoholic delirium (author's transl)]. The gas and electrolyte homeostatic changes in arterialized capillary blood were studied in 51 patients with acute alcoholic psychosis. In 29 patients the blood and fluid data were correlated. It was established that acute alcohol delirium is mostly accompanied by alkalosis of metabolic, respiratory, or mixed origin. Irrespective of the approximate uniformity of blood and fluid changes, there is a distinctly expressed imbalance between the different parameters. After subsidence of psychotic symptoms (7-10 days after admittance) fluid acid-base fluctuations were to some extent still observable. They manifested greater resistance in comparison with blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1220648", "title": "[The morphology of the microcirculatory system of the visceral pleura in chronic non-specific lung diseases].", "content": "In chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs lesions of the microcirculatory system of the visceral pleura are of generalized character. The most marked changes were observed in postcapillary and venular links of the microhemocirculation. A pronounced hypertrophy of the venular department and rearrangement of the postcapillary network were noted. The microcirculatory lymphatic system was found to be considerably developed. Along with the functioning lymphatic network there were seen emptying sclerosing lymphatic vessels. The changes in vascular terminals revealed were directly dependent upon the duration of the disease, character of expansion of the process in the lungs, degree of cardiopulmonary incompetence. Moreover, disorders of rheological properties of the blood and permeability of vessels were observed, these disorders being particularly pronounced in exacerbation of chronic pneumonia and cor pulmonale insufficiency of II-III degree. It may be assumed that changes in the microcirculation system in chronic nonspecific lung diseases may represent both an important link in the compensatory mechanisms at early stages of the disease and also a cause of deep irreversible metabolic disturbances in persisting and progressing process in the lungs.", "contents": "[The morphology of the microcirculatory system of the visceral pleura in chronic non-specific lung diseases]. In chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs lesions of the microcirculatory system of the visceral pleura are of generalized character. The most marked changes were observed in postcapillary and venular links of the microhemocirculation. A pronounced hypertrophy of the venular department and rearrangement of the postcapillary network were noted. The microcirculatory lymphatic system was found to be considerably developed. Along with the functioning lymphatic network there were seen emptying sclerosing lymphatic vessels. The changes in vascular terminals revealed were directly dependent upon the duration of the disease, character of expansion of the process in the lungs, degree of cardiopulmonary incompetence. Moreover, disorders of rheological properties of the blood and permeability of vessels were observed, these disorders being particularly pronounced in exacerbation of chronic pneumonia and cor pulmonale insufficiency of II-III degree. It may be assumed that changes in the microcirculation system in chronic nonspecific lung diseases may represent both an important link in the compensatory mechanisms at early stages of the disease and also a cause of deep irreversible metabolic disturbances in persisting and progressing process in the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:1220649", "title": "The technique for application of measuring ruler for karyometry.", "content": "A technique for measuring sectional plane of nuclei with the help of measuring ruler is described. The ruler may be of any transparent or opaque material with contours of measuring figures plotted on it. The area of the latter corresponds to that of nuclei projection maximal for this or that class under definite magnification. The article comprises also calculations of classes of nuclei, areas of measuring figures. The process of measurement consists in confrontation of the projection of the nucleus under study with measuring figures plotted on the measuring ruler in strict sequence from a smaller figure to bigger one.", "contents": "The technique for application of measuring ruler for karyometry. A technique for measuring sectional plane of nuclei with the help of measuring ruler is described. The ruler may be of any transparent or opaque material with contours of measuring figures plotted on it. The area of the latter corresponds to that of nuclei projection maximal for this or that class under definite magnification. The article comprises also calculations of classes of nuclei, areas of measuring figures. The process of measurement consists in confrontation of the projection of the nucleus under study with measuring figures plotted on the measuring ruler in strict sequence from a smaller figure to bigger one."}
{"id": "PMID:1220652", "title": "Prenatal infection with Fasciola Hepatica in calves.", "content": "The livers from 16,776 calves 1 to 3 weeks of age slaughtered at Shepparton abattoirs were examined for gross evidence of infection with Fasciola hepatica. Those livers with thickened bile ducts were examined for the presence of liver fluke by slicing. One hundred and eight F. hepatica were collected from 84 of these livers, giving a minimum prevalence rate of prenatal infection of calves of 0.5%. These results are discussed in context with reports from other countries.", "contents": "Prenatal infection with Fasciola Hepatica in calves. The livers from 16,776 calves 1 to 3 weeks of age slaughtered at Shepparton abattoirs were examined for gross evidence of infection with Fasciola hepatica. Those livers with thickened bile ducts were examined for the presence of liver fluke by slicing. One hundred and eight F. hepatica were collected from 84 of these livers, giving a minimum prevalence rate of prenatal infection of calves of 0.5%. These results are discussed in context with reports from other countries."}
{"id": "PMID:1220653", "title": "The efficiency of clioxanide and rafoxanide against Fasciola hepatica in sheep by different routes of administration.", "content": "Groups of sheep were infected with 100 viable metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. The efficiencies of clioxanide and rafoxanide were evaluated against infections aged 6 and 12 weeks, by using 3 dose rates of each compound by each of 3 routes of administration. Clioxanide, at 40 mg/kg, administered orally and intra-ruminally against 6-week-old liver fluke was 85 and 90% efficient respectively. At 80 mg/kg intra-abomasally its efficiency was 43%. Clioxanide at 20 mg/kg was 96% efficient against 12-week-old liver fluke when given orally or intra-ruminally and 82% efficient when given intra-abomasally. Because of its lower efficiency intra-abomasally, clioxanide may be unsatisfactory in a proportion of sheep, for use against immature liver fluke at a dose rate of 40 mg/kg. It may be expected to give a moderate to high efficiency against mature infections at 20 mg/kg.", "contents": "The efficiency of clioxanide and rafoxanide against Fasciola hepatica in sheep by different routes of administration. Groups of sheep were infected with 100 viable metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. The efficiencies of clioxanide and rafoxanide were evaluated against infections aged 6 and 12 weeks, by using 3 dose rates of each compound by each of 3 routes of administration. Clioxanide, at 40 mg/kg, administered orally and intra-ruminally against 6-week-old liver fluke was 85 and 90% efficient respectively. At 80 mg/kg intra-abomasally its efficiency was 43%. Clioxanide at 20 mg/kg was 96% efficient against 12-week-old liver fluke when given orally or intra-ruminally and 82% efficient when given intra-abomasally. Because of its lower efficiency intra-abomasally, clioxanide may be unsatisfactory in a proportion of sheep, for use against immature liver fluke at a dose rate of 40 mg/kg. It may be expected to give a moderate to high efficiency against mature infections at 20 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:1220654", "title": "59Fe utilisation and excretion in anaemia of cattle caused by Pimelea trichostachya intoxication.", "content": "Experimental chronic Pimelea poisoning, with severe anaemia, was produced in 4 calves by daily oral dose rates of Pimelea trichostachya of between 20 to 60 mg/kg body weight of whole plant. Bone marrow function was studied before and during intoxication using 59Fe to determine plasma iron clearance rates, intraerythrocytic iron incorporation rates and percentage iron uptake, and faecal blood loss was measured before and during intoxication. It was shown that bone marrow activity was neither significantly depressed nor enhanced during intoxication. There was however, evidence of a slight increase in erythrocyte maturation rate. Reticulocytosis was not observed during the development of anaemia, but did occur in 3 of the calves shortly before death.", "contents": "59Fe utilisation and excretion in anaemia of cattle caused by Pimelea trichostachya intoxication. Experimental chronic Pimelea poisoning, with severe anaemia, was produced in 4 calves by daily oral dose rates of Pimelea trichostachya of between 20 to 60 mg/kg body weight of whole plant. Bone marrow function was studied before and during intoxication using 59Fe to determine plasma iron clearance rates, intraerythrocytic iron incorporation rates and percentage iron uptake, and faecal blood loss was measured before and during intoxication. It was shown that bone marrow activity was neither significantly depressed nor enhanced during intoxication. There was however, evidence of a slight increase in erythrocyte maturation rate. Reticulocytosis was not observed during the development of anaemia, but did occur in 3 of the calves shortly before death."}
{"id": "PMID:1220655", "title": "Cattle and the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus.", "content": "Paralysis of domestic stock by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus is chiefly a disease of young animals (especially calves) and of non-habituated stock introduced into tick-infested country in spring. The tick has a wide host range, but its principal hosts are bandicoots. The tick has one generation per year and the adult female, which causes almost all paralysis, is abundant in spring and early summer and occurs most commonly in overgrown or regrowth country where bandicoots are abundant. The distribution and behavior of the long and the short-nosed bandicoots are reviewed. The number of ticks required to induce paralysis in cattle and the protection from paralysis afforded by prior experience of the tick are discussed.", "contents": "Cattle and the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. Paralysis of domestic stock by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus is chiefly a disease of young animals (especially calves) and of non-habituated stock introduced into tick-infested country in spring. The tick has a wide host range, but its principal hosts are bandicoots. The tick has one generation per year and the adult female, which causes almost all paralysis, is abundant in spring and early summer and occurs most commonly in overgrown or regrowth country where bandicoots are abundant. The distribution and behavior of the long and the short-nosed bandicoots are reviewed. The number of ticks required to induce paralysis in cattle and the protection from paralysis afforded by prior experience of the tick are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220656", "title": "Wimmera rye grass toxicity in Western Australia.", "content": "Outbreaks of Wimmera rye grass toxicity in the south-west of Western Australia, and the associated distribution of Wimmera rye grass parasitised by Anguina sp and Corynebacterium sp were investigated. Between 1970 and 1974, 58 outbreaks occurred on 26 farms in sheep and cattle grazing pasture, cereal crop, stubble, screenings, or hay containing parasitised Wimmera rye grass. Morbidity rates up to 77% were observed. Clinical signs were characterised by staggering, collapse, periods of convulsions and other nervous signs, often followed by death. A pale, friable liver and haemorrhages in different organs were the most constant gross autopsy findings, but no specific histopathological changes were observed. Symptomatic treatment of affected animals and agronomic control measures attempted by farmers were unsuccessful in controlling the disease.", "contents": "Wimmera rye grass toxicity in Western Australia. Outbreaks of Wimmera rye grass toxicity in the south-west of Western Australia, and the associated distribution of Wimmera rye grass parasitised by Anguina sp and Corynebacterium sp were investigated. Between 1970 and 1974, 58 outbreaks occurred on 26 farms in sheep and cattle grazing pasture, cereal crop, stubble, screenings, or hay containing parasitised Wimmera rye grass. Morbidity rates up to 77% were observed. Clinical signs were characterised by staggering, collapse, periods of convulsions and other nervous signs, often followed by death. A pale, friable liver and haemorrhages in different organs were the most constant gross autopsy findings, but no specific histopathological changes were observed. Symptomatic treatment of affected animals and agronomic control measures attempted by farmers were unsuccessful in controlling the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1220662", "title": "[Quantitative morphology of the coronary arteries in the second and third decades of life (author's transl)].", "content": "1. In 8 cases in the second decade and 10 cases in the third decade without coronary sclerosis and 5 cases with early sclerosis quantitative measurements were made on graded sections of the coronary arteries which were fixed in toto by compression. The surfaces of the lumen, intima and media were determined planimetrically and the thickness of the intima and media and the radius of the lumen of the three main branches of the coronary arteries were determined micrometrically. A post-mortem coronary angiogram was made of each heart and the connective tissue content of the right and left heart was determined planimetrically. 2. Higher values are found in the absolute measurements of surface and thickness of each cross-section in the third decade than in the second. In both age groups the anterior descending ramus is predominant in all criteria. About the end of the second decade the intima attains the thickness of the media and shows the greatest variability of all parameters, especially in the second decade. In both decades the media plays an equally important role in growth as the intima. In the anterior descending ramus the intima has a higher percentage growth rate than in the right coronary artery and in the left ramus circumflexus. In the third decade it has reached a mean thickness of 122 mu in the initial part of the anterior descending ramus and a mean surface area of 1.18 mm2. In the same area the mean thickness of the media also in the third decade, would be 124 mu, and the mean surface area of the media 1.64 mm2. 3. The indices of coronary sclerosis and coronary insufficiency were determined by the method of Freudenberg, Knieriem, M\u00f6ller and Janzen (1974). Using the mean values for the second and third decades and calculating the regression in the fourth to seventh decades, we found as upper normal limits a coronary sclerosis index of I = 0.3 for hearts without coronary sclerosis, for the coronary sclerosis index II = 0.6, for the coronary insufficiency index I = 0.3, for the coronary insufficiency index II = 0.6 and for the coronary insufficiency index III = 1.0.", "contents": "[Quantitative morphology of the coronary arteries in the second and third decades of life (author's transl)]. 1. In 8 cases in the second decade and 10 cases in the third decade without coronary sclerosis and 5 cases with early sclerosis quantitative measurements were made on graded sections of the coronary arteries which were fixed in toto by compression. The surfaces of the lumen, intima and media were determined planimetrically and the thickness of the intima and media and the radius of the lumen of the three main branches of the coronary arteries were determined micrometrically. A post-mortem coronary angiogram was made of each heart and the connective tissue content of the right and left heart was determined planimetrically. 2. Higher values are found in the absolute measurements of surface and thickness of each cross-section in the third decade than in the second. In both age groups the anterior descending ramus is predominant in all criteria. About the end of the second decade the intima attains the thickness of the media and shows the greatest variability of all parameters, especially in the second decade. In both decades the media plays an equally important role in growth as the intima. In the anterior descending ramus the intima has a higher percentage growth rate than in the right coronary artery and in the left ramus circumflexus. In the third decade it has reached a mean thickness of 122 mu in the initial part of the anterior descending ramus and a mean surface area of 1.18 mm2. In the same area the mean thickness of the media also in the third decade, would be 124 mu, and the mean surface area of the media 1.64 mm2. 3. The indices of coronary sclerosis and coronary insufficiency were determined by the method of Freudenberg, Knieriem, M\u00f6ller and Janzen (1974). Using the mean values for the second and third decades and calculating the regression in the fourth to seventh decades, we found as upper normal limits a coronary sclerosis index of I = 0.3 for hearts without coronary sclerosis, for the coronary sclerosis index II = 0.6, for the coronary insufficiency index I = 0.3, for the coronary insufficiency index II = 0.6 and for the coronary insufficiency index III = 1.0."}
{"id": "PMID:1220663", "title": "[Experimental visualization of the ventricular conduction system of the heart intra vitam (author's transl)].", "content": "The in-vivo tolerability of an in vitro in cow, calf and sheep hearts developed method for radiologic visualization of the left ventricular conduction system is tested in four animal experiments. The clinical in-vivo tolerability could be demonstrated on principle; however, it is to accent that hypertonic X-ray contrast dyes may be the cause of morphological changes in the micro- and ultrastructures of the specialised musculature of unknown dignity.", "contents": "[Experimental visualization of the ventricular conduction system of the heart intra vitam (author's transl)]. The in-vivo tolerability of an in vitro in cow, calf and sheep hearts developed method for radiologic visualization of the left ventricular conduction system is tested in four animal experiments. The clinical in-vivo tolerability could be demonstrated on principle; however, it is to accent that hypertonic X-ray contrast dyes may be the cause of morphological changes in the micro- and ultrastructures of the specialised musculature of unknown dignity."}
{"id": "PMID:1220669", "title": "Scanning and transmission EM of rat kidney following low dose mercuric chloride administration.", "content": "The development of necrosis and the subsequent regeneration of the proximal tubular epithelium located in the cortex and the outer medulla of the rat kidney following subcutaneous injection of 2 mg of mercuric chloride per kilogram of body weight was observed utilizing light micromicroscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cortical proximal tubules were largely free of injury. In the medullary proximal tubules, the residual, undamaged cells underwent a change in phenotype appearance involving loss of the microvillus border, a decrease in cell height, and an increase in cytoplasmic ribosomes. These cells phagocytosed luminal debris. With time the cell height gradually increased, specialized organelles returned, and the luminal microvilli progressed from short, sparse profiles, to tufts of longer microvilli and finally the brush border was completely reformed. Some kidneys contained calcified tubules which regenerated more slowly than damaged but uncalcified tubules. Similarly, the medullary segments of the proximal tubules regenerated more slowly than the juxtamedullary region. Clusters of epithelial cells were occasionally seen growing into the tubular lumina during regeneration. Marked intersitial leukocyte infiltrations were observed.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission EM of rat kidney following low dose mercuric chloride administration. The development of necrosis and the subsequent regeneration of the proximal tubular epithelium located in the cortex and the outer medulla of the rat kidney following subcutaneous injection of 2 mg of mercuric chloride per kilogram of body weight was observed utilizing light micromicroscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cortical proximal tubules were largely free of injury. In the medullary proximal tubules, the residual, undamaged cells underwent a change in phenotype appearance involving loss of the microvillus border, a decrease in cell height, and an increase in cytoplasmic ribosomes. These cells phagocytosed luminal debris. With time the cell height gradually increased, specialized organelles returned, and the luminal microvilli progressed from short, sparse profiles, to tufts of longer microvilli and finally the brush border was completely reformed. Some kidneys contained calcified tubules which regenerated more slowly than damaged but uncalcified tubules. Similarly, the medullary segments of the proximal tubules regenerated more slowly than the juxtamedullary region. Clusters of epithelial cells were occasionally seen growing into the tubular lumina during regeneration. Marked intersitial leukocyte infiltrations were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220664", "title": "[The exogenous and genetic components of some vessel wall characteristics in the pig (author's transl)].", "content": "Insufficiencies of the circulatory system and increasing transport losses in pigs as well as analogies with respect to atherosclerosis of men and swine were the motives for a broad statistical investigation of important characteristics of the circulatory system in a big population of female German landrace pigs, fattened as progeny groups under identical conditions in a testing station and slaughtered at 100 kg weight. As the most essential results, highly significant seasonal and genetical influences on several traits are to be mentioned, and some meaningful correlations between them: Plasma cholesterol, ceruloplasmin and hematocrit showed markedly lower levels in the summer and increased values in the cold season; the thickness of the intima (aorta and arteria pulmonalis) was quite distinctly greatest in the spring, this phenomenon being almost exactly paralleled by augmented amounts of copper and iron in the aortic wall. Increased heart weights were again found in the cold, decreased ones in the warm seasons. On average, bigger hearts and vessels were accompanied by higher elastin contents of the aorta, but these contents stood in very significant negative correlation to the ash content and the amounts of certain mineral components (Ca, Mg and P) of the vessel wall, especially to the ash percentage of the elastic fibers. This indicates that calcifying and mineralizing processes in the wall obviously take place at the cost of the elastic components. The estimation of heritabilities in half and full sibs revealed with h2 = 60% high henetic influences on the elastin content of the aorta and equally so on the ash percentage of elastic fibers. Future investigations must correlate these findings with direct measurements of biomechanical and rheological properties of the vessels.", "contents": "[The exogenous and genetic components of some vessel wall characteristics in the pig (author's transl)]. Insufficiencies of the circulatory system and increasing transport losses in pigs as well as analogies with respect to atherosclerosis of men and swine were the motives for a broad statistical investigation of important characteristics of the circulatory system in a big population of female German landrace pigs, fattened as progeny groups under identical conditions in a testing station and slaughtered at 100 kg weight. As the most essential results, highly significant seasonal and genetical influences on several traits are to be mentioned, and some meaningful correlations between them: Plasma cholesterol, ceruloplasmin and hematocrit showed markedly lower levels in the summer and increased values in the cold season; the thickness of the intima (aorta and arteria pulmonalis) was quite distinctly greatest in the spring, this phenomenon being almost exactly paralleled by augmented amounts of copper and iron in the aortic wall. Increased heart weights were again found in the cold, decreased ones in the warm seasons. On average, bigger hearts and vessels were accompanied by higher elastin contents of the aorta, but these contents stood in very significant negative correlation to the ash content and the amounts of certain mineral components (Ca, Mg and P) of the vessel wall, especially to the ash percentage of the elastic fibers. This indicates that calcifying and mineralizing processes in the wall obviously take place at the cost of the elastic components. The estimation of heritabilities in half and full sibs revealed with h2 = 60% high henetic influences on the elastin content of the aorta and equally so on the ash percentage of elastic fibers. Future investigations must correlate these findings with direct measurements of biomechanical and rheological properties of the vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:1220666", "title": "[The determinants of intramyocardial pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 open-chest dogs intramyocardial pressure was measured simultaneously in two regions: a) in the normal myocardium (IMPsp) b) in a controlled perfused area of the myocardium, supplied by a cannulated coronary artery (IMPp). The preparation permitted the study of the influence of contractility, ventricular pressure and coronary blood flow on IMP. 1. A 47% change in coronary flow with a 26% change in coronary perfusion pressure results in changes of systolic and diastolic IMPp of 14% and 29% respectively. These effects can be explained by variations of intramural fluid content and, hence, of diastolic fiber length. 2. Changes of systolic ventricular pressure (mean 27%) by preload variations result in a mean change of systolic IMPsp of 19% and of systolic IMPp of 11%. 3. Changes of systolic ventricular pressure (mean 33%) by afterload variations augment IMPsp by 30% and IMPp by 13%. 4. The increases of IMPsp and IMPp induced by instantaneous changes of afterload are equal. The most important determinants of IMP are myocardial contractility, coronary perfusion and intraventricular pressure. The influence of coronary perfusion and ventricular pressure on IMP is of the same order of magnitude.", "contents": "[The determinants of intramyocardial pressure (author's transl)]. In 20 open-chest dogs intramyocardial pressure was measured simultaneously in two regions: a) in the normal myocardium (IMPsp) b) in a controlled perfused area of the myocardium, supplied by a cannulated coronary artery (IMPp). The preparation permitted the study of the influence of contractility, ventricular pressure and coronary blood flow on IMP. 1. A 47% change in coronary flow with a 26% change in coronary perfusion pressure results in changes of systolic and diastolic IMPp of 14% and 29% respectively. These effects can be explained by variations of intramural fluid content and, hence, of diastolic fiber length. 2. Changes of systolic ventricular pressure (mean 27%) by preload variations result in a mean change of systolic IMPsp of 19% and of systolic IMPp of 11%. 3. Changes of systolic ventricular pressure (mean 33%) by afterload variations augment IMPsp by 30% and IMPp by 13%. 4. The increases of IMPsp and IMPp induced by instantaneous changes of afterload are equal. The most important determinants of IMP are myocardial contractility, coronary perfusion and intraventricular pressure. The influence of coronary perfusion and ventricular pressure on IMP is of the same order of magnitude."}
{"id": "PMID:1220670", "title": "Goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells, superficial gastric-type epithelium and antral-type glands in the gallbladder.", "content": "From a material derived from routine investigations, 40 gallbladder specimens were selected in which metaplastic cells had been observed. All the cholecystectomies were performed for gallstones. Of the patients 6 were male and 34 female. The mean age was 51.2 years. 36 specimens revealed goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells were found in 22, antral-type (pseudopyloric) glands in 23 and islands of gastric surface epithelium in 15 specimens. Histochemical methods to visualize sulphated, non-sulphated acid and neutral mucins were used. Ordinary gallbladder epithelium showed a predominance of sulphated mucosubstance. Sporadic goblet cells usually occurred in so-called goblet cell areas which, if small, were located in the tops of folds and only when larger also in the deeper parts of folds. As the goblet cell area enlarged, the relative proportion of sulphated mucin diminished and correspondingly non-sulphated acid mucin increased, while neutral mucin was noted both in the goblet cells and in the intervening columnar cells. In 20 specimens there were enterochromaffin cells in the goblet cell areas while only 2 specimens revealed enterochromaffin cells outside the goblet cell area. The glands outside the neck region of the gallbladder resembled gastric antral glands in their general architecture and in the appearance of individual cells. A part from frequent enterochromaffin cells (in 12 specimens) the glands are composed of mucous cells. The glandular cells contained sulphated mucin, non-sulphated acid and neutral mucin chiefly in the peripheral parts of glandular cells. In the gallbladders there were numerous abnormalities in some areas: heavy mucous secretion, goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells and superficial gastric-type epithelial spots were seen chiefly in the upper parts of folds, while proliferation of antral-type glands occurred in the basal parts. It is probable that some common pathological factors are responsible for the frequent simultaneous appearance of different types of metaplasia.", "contents": "Goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells, superficial gastric-type epithelium and antral-type glands in the gallbladder. From a material derived from routine investigations, 40 gallbladder specimens were selected in which metaplastic cells had been observed. All the cholecystectomies were performed for gallstones. Of the patients 6 were male and 34 female. The mean age was 51.2 years. 36 specimens revealed goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells were found in 22, antral-type (pseudopyloric) glands in 23 and islands of gastric surface epithelium in 15 specimens. Histochemical methods to visualize sulphated, non-sulphated acid and neutral mucins were used. Ordinary gallbladder epithelium showed a predominance of sulphated mucosubstance. Sporadic goblet cells usually occurred in so-called goblet cell areas which, if small, were located in the tops of folds and only when larger also in the deeper parts of folds. As the goblet cell area enlarged, the relative proportion of sulphated mucin diminished and correspondingly non-sulphated acid mucin increased, while neutral mucin was noted both in the goblet cells and in the intervening columnar cells. In 20 specimens there were enterochromaffin cells in the goblet cell areas while only 2 specimens revealed enterochromaffin cells outside the goblet cell area. The glands outside the neck region of the gallbladder resembled gastric antral glands in their general architecture and in the appearance of individual cells. A part from frequent enterochromaffin cells (in 12 specimens) the glands are composed of mucous cells. The glandular cells contained sulphated mucin, non-sulphated acid and neutral mucin chiefly in the peripheral parts of glandular cells. In the gallbladders there were numerous abnormalities in some areas: heavy mucous secretion, goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells and superficial gastric-type epithelial spots were seen chiefly in the upper parts of folds, while proliferation of antral-type glands occurred in the basal parts. It is probable that some common pathological factors are responsible for the frequent simultaneous appearance of different types of metaplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:1220665", "title": "Effect of carotid sinus nerve stimulation on coronary blood flow in myocardial ischaemia: role of the collateral vessels.", "content": "The carotid sinus nerves of dogs were electrically stimulated to reveal reflex effects exerted on the coronary blood flow both in normal and ischaemic states. Myocardia ischaemia was produced by occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. In 10 experiments the coronary sinus outflow was measured as an index of the overall coronary flow; in 30 cases the local myocardial blood flow was registered by means of the heat clearance technique. In the overall coronary flow carotid sinus nerve stimulation (CSNS) elicited coronary dilatation. After acute LAD occlusion this effect was slightly potentiated. A similar but significantly greater potentiation was observed in the local reflex vascular dilatation recorded with the aid of the thermal probes immediately after LAD occlusion when the myocardial area explored was supplied exclusively by collateral channels. 24-48 hours and 5-64 days after the coronary ligation the effect of the CSNS on the local blood flow was tested in the developing and the regenerative phases of the myocardial infarction. In both phases an enhanced reflex dilatation was found in the collateral-dependent ischaemic areas as compared to the myocardial areas supplied by the normal vessels. The results suggest that reflexly induced intrinsic redistribution of the myocardial blood flow is one of the mechanisms responsible for the therapeutical effects of the CSNS.", "contents": "Effect of carotid sinus nerve stimulation on coronary blood flow in myocardial ischaemia: role of the collateral vessels. The carotid sinus nerves of dogs were electrically stimulated to reveal reflex effects exerted on the coronary blood flow both in normal and ischaemic states. Myocardia ischaemia was produced by occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. In 10 experiments the coronary sinus outflow was measured as an index of the overall coronary flow; in 30 cases the local myocardial blood flow was registered by means of the heat clearance technique. In the overall coronary flow carotid sinus nerve stimulation (CSNS) elicited coronary dilatation. After acute LAD occlusion this effect was slightly potentiated. A similar but significantly greater potentiation was observed in the local reflex vascular dilatation recorded with the aid of the thermal probes immediately after LAD occlusion when the myocardial area explored was supplied exclusively by collateral channels. 24-48 hours and 5-64 days after the coronary ligation the effect of the CSNS on the local blood flow was tested in the developing and the regenerative phases of the myocardial infarction. In both phases an enhanced reflex dilatation was found in the collateral-dependent ischaemic areas as compared to the myocardial areas supplied by the normal vessels. The results suggest that reflexly induced intrinsic redistribution of the myocardial blood flow is one of the mechanisms responsible for the therapeutical effects of the CSNS."}
{"id": "PMID:1220671", "title": "Electron microscopic study on permeability of coronary artery wall of normotensive rabbits using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer.", "content": "In order to study the pathways in the coronary artery vessel wall horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a tracer. HRP was injected directly in the left ventricle of rabbit hearts. 30 seconds after intracardial injection of HRP in normotensive rabbits, peroxidase reaction products could be located in random areas of the coronary arterial system and could then be observed in all three layers of the coronary walls at these locations. HRP reaches the subendothelial space of the coronary arteries along two pathways: through intercellular junctions and by plasmalemmal vesicles. Through the fenestations of the internal elastic lamina HRP reaches the media and can be detected between the media smooth muscle cells. The influence of the methodology on the results is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study on permeability of coronary artery wall of normotensive rabbits using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. In order to study the pathways in the coronary artery vessel wall horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a tracer. HRP was injected directly in the left ventricle of rabbit hearts. 30 seconds after intracardial injection of HRP in normotensive rabbits, peroxidase reaction products could be located in random areas of the coronary arterial system and could then be observed in all three layers of the coronary walls at these locations. HRP reaches the subendothelial space of the coronary arteries along two pathways: through intercellular junctions and by plasmalemmal vesicles. Through the fenestations of the internal elastic lamina HRP reaches the media and can be detected between the media smooth muscle cells. The influence of the methodology on the results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220672", "title": "Renal angiomyolipoma in a case of tuberous sclerosis, an electron microscopy study.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of bilateral renal angiomyolipoma in a case of tuberous sclerosis showed two cell types: smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. There were no tubular or glomerular elements within the tumor mass. To our knowledge this study represents the first ultrastructural demonstration of smooth muscle cells occurring in the renal lesions of this complex.", "contents": "Renal angiomyolipoma in a case of tuberous sclerosis, an electron microscopy study. Electron microscopic study of bilateral renal angiomyolipoma in a case of tuberous sclerosis showed two cell types: smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. There were no tubular or glomerular elements within the tumor mass. To our knowledge this study represents the first ultrastructural demonstration of smooth muscle cells occurring in the renal lesions of this complex."}
{"id": "PMID:1220668", "title": "[Myocardial electrolytes in \"cardioplegic\" myocardosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes of the mineral concentrations of the heart muscle can point at disturbances of myocardial metabolism. Disturbances of heart muscle with functional loss and without coronary or inflammatory heart disease are called myocardosis, especially cardioplegic myocardosis after open-heart surgery with extracorporal bypass. 30 dogs were examined in three groups varying the method of induced cardiac arrest: 1. ischemic cardiac arrest by clamping the ascending aorta, 2. functional cardiac arrest by electrically induced fibrillation and 3. ischemic cardiac arrest and in addition injection of a Mg-aspartate-procain-solution. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper and zinc were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Specimens from the left and right ventricular wall were examined before and after extracorporal circulation. After a recovery period for one hour the dogs were killed and specimens from the right and left ventricular wall and from the basis and apex of the interventricular septum were taken and reduced to ashes with mineral acids. In all animals changes of the mineral content were most marked after the recovery period. In all forms of cardiac arrest mineral metabolism showed monotone reactions: water content increased, potassium and magnesium decreased. Variations of mineral concentrations were more expressed in the right ventricular wall than in the left. Animals with cardiac arrest by electrically induced fibrillation indicated the smallest deviations from the basic values. The comparison of the values of dogs with sufficient circulation at the end of the experiments and those dogs with medicamentally or mechanically supported circulation at this time showed a more increased water content and simultaneously a decrease of all cations in the group with supported circulation. The decrease of the osmolality of the cations seems to be the metabolic answer to the increased cardioplegic damage of heart muscle.", "contents": "[Myocardial electrolytes in \"cardioplegic\" myocardosis (author's transl)]. Changes of the mineral concentrations of the heart muscle can point at disturbances of myocardial metabolism. Disturbances of heart muscle with functional loss and without coronary or inflammatory heart disease are called myocardosis, especially cardioplegic myocardosis after open-heart surgery with extracorporal bypass. 30 dogs were examined in three groups varying the method of induced cardiac arrest: 1. ischemic cardiac arrest by clamping the ascending aorta, 2. functional cardiac arrest by electrically induced fibrillation and 3. ischemic cardiac arrest and in addition injection of a Mg-aspartate-procain-solution. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper and zinc were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Specimens from the left and right ventricular wall were examined before and after extracorporal circulation. After a recovery period for one hour the dogs were killed and specimens from the right and left ventricular wall and from the basis and apex of the interventricular septum were taken and reduced to ashes with mineral acids. In all animals changes of the mineral content were most marked after the recovery period. In all forms of cardiac arrest mineral metabolism showed monotone reactions: water content increased, potassium and magnesium decreased. Variations of mineral concentrations were more expressed in the right ventricular wall than in the left. Animals with cardiac arrest by electrically induced fibrillation indicated the smallest deviations from the basic values. The comparison of the values of dogs with sufficient circulation at the end of the experiments and those dogs with medicamentally or mechanically supported circulation at this time showed a more increased water content and simultaneously a decrease of all cations in the group with supported circulation. The decrease of the osmolality of the cations seems to be the metabolic answer to the increased cardioplegic damage of heart muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:1220667", "title": "Purkinje fibre glycogen. A morphologic and biochemical study of glycogen particles isolated from the cow conducting system.", "content": "Glycogen from the cow conducting system was extracted by crude and mild methods. For comparison similar extractions were also performed on cow ordinary ventricular tissue. Glycogen particles from the conducting system, isolated by a mild method, were characterized by a low molecular weight (3-5 X 10(6)) and small dimensions (average diameter about 30 nm). 3.5-7% protein was firmly bound to the glycogen. The glycogen, based on spectrophotometric analysis, appeared to be in a native state. Glycogen as a polysaccharide-protein complex can thus be obtained from the cow conducting system and is proposed to be useful for analysis of the structure and function of glycogen in the conducting system.", "contents": "Purkinje fibre glycogen. A morphologic and biochemical study of glycogen particles isolated from the cow conducting system. Glycogen from the cow conducting system was extracted by crude and mild methods. For comparison similar extractions were also performed on cow ordinary ventricular tissue. Glycogen particles from the conducting system, isolated by a mild method, were characterized by a low molecular weight (3-5 X 10(6)) and small dimensions (average diameter about 30 nm). 3.5-7% protein was firmly bound to the glycogen. The glycogen, based on spectrophotometric analysis, appeared to be in a native state. Glycogen as a polysaccharide-protein complex can thus be obtained from the cow conducting system and is proposed to be useful for analysis of the structure and function of glycogen in the conducting system."}
{"id": "PMID:1220678", "title": "Acetyl-coenzyme A hydrolase, an artifact? The conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A into acetate by the combined action of carnitine acetyltransferase and acetylcarnitine hydrolase.", "content": "1. The nature of the acetyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.1) reaction in rat and sheep liver homogenates was investigated. 2. The activity determined in an incubated system was 5.10 and 3.28nmol/min per mg of protein for rat and sheep liver homogenate respectively. This activity was not affected by the addition of l-carnitine, but was decreased by the addition of d-carnitine. 3. No acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity could be detected in rat or sheep liver homogenates first treated with Sephadex G-25. This treatment decreased the carnitine concentrations of the homogenates to about one-twentieth. Subsequent addition of l-carnitine, but not d-carnitine, restored the apparent acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity. 4. Sephadex treatment did not affect acetyl-carnitine hydrolase activity of the homogenates, which was 5.8 and 8.1nmol/min per mg of protein respectively for rat and sheep liver. 5. Direct spectrophotometric assay of acetyl-CoA hydrolase, based on the reaction of CoA released with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), clearly demonstrated that after Sephadex treatment no activity could be measured. 6. Carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) activity measured in the same assay system in response to added l-carnitine was very low in normal rat liver homogenates, owing to the apparent high acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity, but was increased markedly after Sephadex treatment. The V(max.) for this enzyme in rat liver homogenates was increased from 3.4 to 14.8nmol/min per mg of protein whereas the K(m) for l-carnitine was decreased from 936 to 32mum after Sephadex treatment. 7. Acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity could be demonstrated in disrupted rat liver mitochondria but not in separated outer or inner mitochondrial membrane fractions. Activity could be demonstrated after recombination of outer and inner mitochondrial membrane fractions. The outer mitochondrial membrane fraction showed acetylcarnitine hydrolase activity and the inner mitochondrial membrane fraction showed carnitine acetyltransferase activity. 8. The results presented here demonstrate that acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity in rat and sheep liver is an artifact and the activity is due to the combined activity of carnitine acetyltransferase and acetylcarnitine hydrolase.", "contents": "Acetyl-coenzyme A hydrolase, an artifact? The conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A into acetate by the combined action of carnitine acetyltransferase and acetylcarnitine hydrolase. 1. The nature of the acetyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.1) reaction in rat and sheep liver homogenates was investigated. 2. The activity determined in an incubated system was 5.10 and 3.28nmol/min per mg of protein for rat and sheep liver homogenate respectively. This activity was not affected by the addition of l-carnitine, but was decreased by the addition of d-carnitine. 3. No acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity could be detected in rat or sheep liver homogenates first treated with Sephadex G-25. This treatment decreased the carnitine concentrations of the homogenates to about one-twentieth. Subsequent addition of l-carnitine, but not d-carnitine, restored the apparent acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity. 4. Sephadex treatment did not affect acetyl-carnitine hydrolase activity of the homogenates, which was 5.8 and 8.1nmol/min per mg of protein respectively for rat and sheep liver. 5. Direct spectrophotometric assay of acetyl-CoA hydrolase, based on the reaction of CoA released with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), clearly demonstrated that after Sephadex treatment no activity could be measured. 6. Carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) activity measured in the same assay system in response to added l-carnitine was very low in normal rat liver homogenates, owing to the apparent high acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity, but was increased markedly after Sephadex treatment. The V(max.) for this enzyme in rat liver homogenates was increased from 3.4 to 14.8nmol/min per mg of protein whereas the K(m) for l-carnitine was decreased from 936 to 32mum after Sephadex treatment. 7. Acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity could be demonstrated in disrupted rat liver mitochondria but not in separated outer or inner mitochondrial membrane fractions. Activity could be demonstrated after recombination of outer and inner mitochondrial membrane fractions. The outer mitochondrial membrane fraction showed acetylcarnitine hydrolase activity and the inner mitochondrial membrane fraction showed carnitine acetyltransferase activity. 8. The results presented here demonstrate that acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity in rat and sheep liver is an artifact and the activity is due to the combined activity of carnitine acetyltransferase and acetylcarnitine hydrolase."}
{"id": "PMID:1220679", "title": "The transfer of mannose to dolichol diphosphate oligosaccharides in pig liver endoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The transfer, catalysed by pig liver microsomal preparations, of mannose, from GDP-mannose, to lipid-linked oligosaccharides and the properties of the products are described. Solubility, hydrolytic and chromatographic data suggest that they are dolichol diphosphate derivatives. The presence of two N-acetyl groups in at least part of the heterogenous oligosaccharide portion was tentatively deduced. Reduction with borohydride of the oligosaccharide showed that the newly added mannose residues were not at its reducing end. Periodate oxidation suggested that 60% of these were at the non-reducing terminus and that 40% were positioned internally. T.l.c. showed the presence of seven oligosaccharide fractions with chromatographic mobilities corresponding to glucose oligomers with 7-13 residues. The molar proportions of the oligosaccharide fractions in the mixture were determined by borotritiide reduction and the number of mannose residues added to each oligosaccharide fraction during the incubation was calculated. Two of the oligosaccharide fractions had received on average one, or slightly more than one, mannose residue per chain during the incubation; four of the other fractions were each shown to be a mixture, 20-25% of which had received one mannose residue during the incubation and 75-80% of which had not been mannosylated during the incubation. This supported other evidence for the presence of endogenous lipid-linked oligosaccharides in the microsomal preparation which had been formed before the incubation in vitro. Evidence for the possibility of two pools of dolichol monophosphate mannose, one being more closely associated with mannosyl transfer to dolichol diphosphate oligosaccharides than the other, is also discussed.", "contents": "The transfer of mannose to dolichol diphosphate oligosaccharides in pig liver endoplasmic reticulum. The transfer, catalysed by pig liver microsomal preparations, of mannose, from GDP-mannose, to lipid-linked oligosaccharides and the properties of the products are described. Solubility, hydrolytic and chromatographic data suggest that they are dolichol diphosphate derivatives. The presence of two N-acetyl groups in at least part of the heterogenous oligosaccharide portion was tentatively deduced. Reduction with borohydride of the oligosaccharide showed that the newly added mannose residues were not at its reducing end. Periodate oxidation suggested that 60% of these were at the non-reducing terminus and that 40% were positioned internally. T.l.c. showed the presence of seven oligosaccharide fractions with chromatographic mobilities corresponding to glucose oligomers with 7-13 residues. The molar proportions of the oligosaccharide fractions in the mixture were determined by borotritiide reduction and the number of mannose residues added to each oligosaccharide fraction during the incubation was calculated. Two of the oligosaccharide fractions had received on average one, or slightly more than one, mannose residue per chain during the incubation; four of the other fractions were each shown to be a mixture, 20-25% of which had received one mannose residue during the incubation and 75-80% of which had not been mannosylated during the incubation. This supported other evidence for the presence of endogenous lipid-linked oligosaccharides in the microsomal preparation which had been formed before the incubation in vitro. Evidence for the possibility of two pools of dolichol monophosphate mannose, one being more closely associated with mannosyl transfer to dolichol diphosphate oligosaccharides than the other, is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220680", "title": "4-aminobutyrate in mammalian putrescine catabolism.", "content": "The effects of inhibitors of diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6), monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) and 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19) on the catabolism of putrescine in mice in vivo were studied. Diamine oxidase inhibitors and carboxymethoxylamine (amino-oxyacetate) markedly inhibit the metabolism of [(14)C]putrescine to (14)CO(2), but affect different enzymes. Aminoguanidine specifically inhibits the mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial diamine oxidases, whereas carboxymethoxylamine specifically inhibits 4-aminobutyrate transamination by the mitochondrial pathway. Hydrazine inhibits at both sites, and results in increased concentrations of 4-aminobutyrate in brain and liver. Pretreatment of mice with carboxymethoxylamine and [(14)C]putrescine leads to the urinary excretion of amino[(14)C]butyrate. Carboxymethoxylamine does not affect the non-mitochondrial pathway of putrescine catabolism, as the product of oxidative deamination of putrescine in the extramitochondrial compartment is not further oxidized but is excreted in the urine as derivatives of 4-aminobutyraldehyde. Another catabolic pathway of putrescine involves monoamine oxidase, and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, decreases the metabolism of [(14)C]putrescine to (14)CO(2)in vivo. Catabolism of putrescine to CO(2)in vivo occurs along different pathways, both of which have 4-aminobutyrate as a common intermediate, in contrast with the non-mitochondrial catabolism of putrescine, which terminates in the excretion of 4-aminobutyraldehyde derivatives. The significance of the different pathways is discussed.", "contents": "4-aminobutyrate in mammalian putrescine catabolism. The effects of inhibitors of diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6), monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) and 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19) on the catabolism of putrescine in mice in vivo were studied. Diamine oxidase inhibitors and carboxymethoxylamine (amino-oxyacetate) markedly inhibit the metabolism of [(14)C]putrescine to (14)CO(2), but affect different enzymes. Aminoguanidine specifically inhibits the mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial diamine oxidases, whereas carboxymethoxylamine specifically inhibits 4-aminobutyrate transamination by the mitochondrial pathway. Hydrazine inhibits at both sites, and results in increased concentrations of 4-aminobutyrate in brain and liver. Pretreatment of mice with carboxymethoxylamine and [(14)C]putrescine leads to the urinary excretion of amino[(14)C]butyrate. Carboxymethoxylamine does not affect the non-mitochondrial pathway of putrescine catabolism, as the product of oxidative deamination of putrescine in the extramitochondrial compartment is not further oxidized but is excreted in the urine as derivatives of 4-aminobutyraldehyde. Another catabolic pathway of putrescine involves monoamine oxidase, and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, decreases the metabolism of [(14)C]putrescine to (14)CO(2)in vivo. Catabolism of putrescine to CO(2)in vivo occurs along different pathways, both of which have 4-aminobutyrate as a common intermediate, in contrast with the non-mitochondrial catabolism of putrescine, which terminates in the excretion of 4-aminobutyraldehyde derivatives. The significance of the different pathways is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220681", "title": "Polyphasic changes in incorporation of precursors into ribonucleic acid of oestradiol-stimulated mammary gland.", "content": "1. At 3 weeks after ovariectomy, mammary glands (5th pair) of adult Swiss mice show (i) no significant decrease in weight, (ii) 20% of the original rate of incorporation of [(3)H]-uridine into RNA (after a 30min pulse), and (iii) 90% of the original rate of incorporation of l-[(3)H]leucine into protein (after a 15min pulse). 2. A single injection of oestradiol-17beta into these ovariectomized mice produces, during the next 17h, a series of discrete bursts of increased incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into mammary-gland RNA; the bursts, which are variable in height, reach peaks at approx. 1, 9, 12 and 16h after hormone administration; an increase is already detected at 15min, the earliest time-point investigated; each burst lasts for approx. 2h. There is no significant stimulation of [(3)H]uridine incorporation into RNA of liver and quadriceps femoris muscle. 3. Nuclear incorporation of [(3)H]UTP into RNA of mammary gland in vitro is linear with time for up to 20min at 15 degrees C; it requires CTP, GTP and ATP and is inhibited by actinomycin D. Also, the incorporation is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin in high salt concentrations but only weakly in low salt concentrations, a result indicating that RNA polymerase II activity predominates in high salt, whereas RNA polymerase I activity predominates in low salt concentrations. Injection of oestradiol-17beta in vivo followed by measurement of nuclear RNA synthesis in vitro shows a definite increase in both RNA polymerase activities 30min after oestradiol-17beta injection, the earliest time-point investigated, a higher increase at 1h, a decline at 4h, and again a large increase at 12h. These results in general agree with the changes in precursor incorporation into RNA measured directly in the animal and suggest that changes in [(3)H]uridine uptake into RNA are not precursor-pool-dependent.", "contents": "Polyphasic changes in incorporation of precursors into ribonucleic acid of oestradiol-stimulated mammary gland. 1. At 3 weeks after ovariectomy, mammary glands (5th pair) of adult Swiss mice show (i) no significant decrease in weight, (ii) 20% of the original rate of incorporation of [(3)H]-uridine into RNA (after a 30min pulse), and (iii) 90% of the original rate of incorporation of l-[(3)H]leucine into protein (after a 15min pulse). 2. A single injection of oestradiol-17beta into these ovariectomized mice produces, during the next 17h, a series of discrete bursts of increased incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into mammary-gland RNA; the bursts, which are variable in height, reach peaks at approx. 1, 9, 12 and 16h after hormone administration; an increase is already detected at 15min, the earliest time-point investigated; each burst lasts for approx. 2h. There is no significant stimulation of [(3)H]uridine incorporation into RNA of liver and quadriceps femoris muscle. 3. Nuclear incorporation of [(3)H]UTP into RNA of mammary gland in vitro is linear with time for up to 20min at 15 degrees C; it requires CTP, GTP and ATP and is inhibited by actinomycin D. Also, the incorporation is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin in high salt concentrations but only weakly in low salt concentrations, a result indicating that RNA polymerase II activity predominates in high salt, whereas RNA polymerase I activity predominates in low salt concentrations. Injection of oestradiol-17beta in vivo followed by measurement of nuclear RNA synthesis in vitro shows a definite increase in both RNA polymerase activities 30min after oestradiol-17beta injection, the earliest time-point investigated, a higher increase at 1h, a decline at 4h, and again a large increase at 12h. These results in general agree with the changes in precursor incorporation into RNA measured directly in the animal and suggest that changes in [(3)H]uridine uptake into RNA are not precursor-pool-dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:1220682", "title": "The kinetics of incorporation in vivo of (14C)acetate and (14C)carbon dioxide into the fatty acids of glycerolipids in developing leaves.", "content": "1. The patterns of incorporation of (14)C into glycerolipid fatty acids of developing maize leaf lamina from supplied [1-(14)C]acetate and from (14)CO(2) during steady-state photosynthesis were similar. Oleate of phosphatidylcholine and palmitate of phosphatidylglycerol attained linear rates of labelling more rapidly than did other fatty acids, particularly the linoleate and linolenate of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol. 2. After the transfer of lamina from labelled to unlabelled acetate, there was a decrease in labelled oleate and linoleate of phosphatidylcholine and a concomitant increase in the amount of radioactivity in the linoleate and linolenate of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol. 3. The rapidly labelled phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, were shown by differential and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation to be associated with different organelles, the former being mainly in a low-density membrane fraction, probably microsomal, and the latter mainly in chloroplasts. 4. During a 48h period after supplying spinach leaves with [(14)C]acetate, radioactivity was lost from the oleate of phosphatidylcholine present in fractions sedimented at 12000g and 105000g, and accumulated in the linolenate of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol of the chloroplast. 5. It is proposed that the phosphatidylcholine of some non-plastid membranes is intimately involved in the process of oleate desaturation and that this lipid serves as a donor of unsaturated C(18) fatty acids to other lipids, principally monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, of the chloroplasts.", "contents": "The kinetics of incorporation in vivo of (14C)acetate and (14C)carbon dioxide into the fatty acids of glycerolipids in developing leaves. 1. The patterns of incorporation of (14)C into glycerolipid fatty acids of developing maize leaf lamina from supplied [1-(14)C]acetate and from (14)CO(2) during steady-state photosynthesis were similar. Oleate of phosphatidylcholine and palmitate of phosphatidylglycerol attained linear rates of labelling more rapidly than did other fatty acids, particularly the linoleate and linolenate of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol. 2. After the transfer of lamina from labelled to unlabelled acetate, there was a decrease in labelled oleate and linoleate of phosphatidylcholine and a concomitant increase in the amount of radioactivity in the linoleate and linolenate of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol. 3. The rapidly labelled phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, were shown by differential and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation to be associated with different organelles, the former being mainly in a low-density membrane fraction, probably microsomal, and the latter mainly in chloroplasts. 4. During a 48h period after supplying spinach leaves with [(14)C]acetate, radioactivity was lost from the oleate of phosphatidylcholine present in fractions sedimented at 12000g and 105000g, and accumulated in the linolenate of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol of the chloroplast. 5. It is proposed that the phosphatidylcholine of some non-plastid membranes is intimately involved in the process of oleate desaturation and that this lipid serves as a donor of unsaturated C(18) fatty acids to other lipids, principally monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, of the chloroplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:1220683", "title": "Folate metabolism in the rat liver during regeneration after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "1. Folate metabolism was studied during the early phases of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats accustomed to eating during the first 8h of a daily 12h dark period. 2. The content of 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate was drastically decreased during the first hours of regeneration. 3. The total HCO-H(4)folate coenzymes showed a constant decrease during the first 3 days of regeneration, and a continuous interconversion between 5-HCO-H(4)folate and 10-HCO-H(4)folate. 4. 10-HCO-H(4)folate synthetase, serine hydroxymethyl-transferase and 5,10-CH(2)-H(4)folate dehydrogenase activities were relatively low during the first hours after the operation, and increased only several hours later. 5. The increase in enzyme activities showed a stepwise pattern, apparently due to an interaction between the regeneration process and the controlled feeding schedules.", "contents": "Folate metabolism in the rat liver during regeneration after partial hepatectomy. 1. Folate metabolism was studied during the early phases of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats accustomed to eating during the first 8h of a daily 12h dark period. 2. The content of 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate was drastically decreased during the first hours of regeneration. 3. The total HCO-H(4)folate coenzymes showed a constant decrease during the first 3 days of regeneration, and a continuous interconversion between 5-HCO-H(4)folate and 10-HCO-H(4)folate. 4. 10-HCO-H(4)folate synthetase, serine hydroxymethyl-transferase and 5,10-CH(2)-H(4)folate dehydrogenase activities were relatively low during the first hours after the operation, and increased only several hours later. 5. The increase in enzyme activities showed a stepwise pattern, apparently due to an interaction between the regeneration process and the controlled feeding schedules."}
{"id": "PMID:1220684", "title": "Reconstitution of pig lymphocyte plasma membranes from solubilized components, with particular reference to membrane-associated immunoglobulins.", "content": "Plasma membranes of lymphocytes obtained from pig mesenteric lymph nodes were reconstituted after solubilization with bile salts. The proportion by weight of immunoglobulin in the reconstituted membrane was no greater than about 5-10% of that in the original membrane. Possible reasons for the low reincorporation of immunoglobulin are discussed.", "contents": "Reconstitution of pig lymphocyte plasma membranes from solubilized components, with particular reference to membrane-associated immunoglobulins. Plasma membranes of lymphocytes obtained from pig mesenteric lymph nodes were reconstituted after solubilization with bile salts. The proportion by weight of immunoglobulin in the reconstituted membrane was no greater than about 5-10% of that in the original membrane. Possible reasons for the low reincorporation of immunoglobulin are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220685", "title": "Biosynthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters by rat skin subcellular fractions. Regulation by prostaglandins.", "content": "The properties and subcellular distribution of the enzymes involved with the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters were investigated in skin of normal and essential fatty acid-deficient rats. Most of the activity of the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme(s) is associated with the 12000g and 105000g particulate fractions. The dependence of the enzyme reaction on ATP and CoA suggests that the esterification of cholesterol by rat skin is mediated by a fatty acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.-). On the other hand, most of the activity of the cholesteryl ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13) is localized in the 105000g supernatant fraction. Although the activity of the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme(s) was elevated in skin preparations from essential fatty acid-deficient rats, the activity of the hydrolase was significantly decreased. These observations may explain in part the elevated concentrations of sterol esters in the skin of these animals. Prostaglandin E(2) at low concentrations exerted marked inhibitory effect on the activity of the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme(s), whereas no effect was observed on the activity of the hydrolase at similar concentrations. However, at high concentrations prostaglandin E(2) exerted moderate stimulatory effect on the activity of the hydrolase. These results suggest a possible physiological role of this substance in regulating the production of sterol esters in this tissue.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters by rat skin subcellular fractions. Regulation by prostaglandins. The properties and subcellular distribution of the enzymes involved with the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters were investigated in skin of normal and essential fatty acid-deficient rats. Most of the activity of the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme(s) is associated with the 12000g and 105000g particulate fractions. The dependence of the enzyme reaction on ATP and CoA suggests that the esterification of cholesterol by rat skin is mediated by a fatty acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.-). On the other hand, most of the activity of the cholesteryl ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13) is localized in the 105000g supernatant fraction. Although the activity of the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme(s) was elevated in skin preparations from essential fatty acid-deficient rats, the activity of the hydrolase was significantly decreased. These observations may explain in part the elevated concentrations of sterol esters in the skin of these animals. Prostaglandin E(2) at low concentrations exerted marked inhibitory effect on the activity of the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme(s), whereas no effect was observed on the activity of the hydrolase at similar concentrations. However, at high concentrations prostaglandin E(2) exerted moderate stimulatory effect on the activity of the hydrolase. These results suggest a possible physiological role of this substance in regulating the production of sterol esters in this tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1220686", "title": "Studies on the glycosylation of hydroxylysine residues during collagen biosynthesis and the subcellular localization of collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase in tendon and cartilage cells.", "content": "1. The glycosylation of hydroxylysine during the biosynthesis of procollagen by embryonic chick tendon and cartilage cells was examined. When free and membrane-bound ribosomes isolated from cells labelled for 4min with [(14)C]lysine were assayed for hydroxy[(14)C]lysine and hydroxy[(14)C]lysine glycosides, it was found that hydroxylation took place only on membrane-bound ribosomes and that some synthesis of galactosylhydroxy[(14)C]lysine and glucosylgalactosylhydroxy[(14)C]lysine had occurred on the nascent peptides. 2. Assays of subcellular fractions isolated from tendon and cartilage cells labelled for 2h with [(14)C]lysine demonstrated that the glycosylation of procollagen polypeptides began in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (14)C-labelled polypeptides present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi fractions were glycosylated to extents almost identical with the respective secreted procollagens. 3. Assays specific for collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase are described, using as substrate chemically treated bovine anterior-lens-capsule collagen. 4. When homogenates were assayed for the collagen glycosyltransferase activities, addition of Triton X-100 (0.01%, w/v) was found to stimulate enzyme activities by up to 45%, suggesting that the enzymes were probably membrane-bound. 5. Assays of subcellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation for collagen galactosyltransferase activity indicated the specific activity to be highest in the microsomal fractions. Similar results were obtained for collagen glucosyltransferase activity. 6. When submicrosomal fractions obtained by discontinuous-sucrose-density-gradient-centrifugation procedures were assayed for these enzymic activities, the collagen galactosyltransferase was found to be distributed in the approximate ratio 7:3 between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum of both cell types. Similar determinations of collagen glucosyltransferase indicated a distribution in the approximate ratio 3:2 between rough and smooth microsomal fractions. 7. Assays of subcellular fractions for the plasma-membrane marker 5'-nucleotidase revealed a distribution markedly different from the distributions obtained for the collagen glycosyltransferase. 8. The studies described here demonstrate that glycosylation occurs early in the intracellular processing of procollagen polypeptides rather than at the plasma membrane, as was previously suggested.", "contents": "Studies on the glycosylation of hydroxylysine residues during collagen biosynthesis and the subcellular localization of collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase in tendon and cartilage cells. 1. The glycosylation of hydroxylysine during the biosynthesis of procollagen by embryonic chick tendon and cartilage cells was examined. When free and membrane-bound ribosomes isolated from cells labelled for 4min with [(14)C]lysine were assayed for hydroxy[(14)C]lysine and hydroxy[(14)C]lysine glycosides, it was found that hydroxylation took place only on membrane-bound ribosomes and that some synthesis of galactosylhydroxy[(14)C]lysine and glucosylgalactosylhydroxy[(14)C]lysine had occurred on the nascent peptides. 2. Assays of subcellular fractions isolated from tendon and cartilage cells labelled for 2h with [(14)C]lysine demonstrated that the glycosylation of procollagen polypeptides began in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (14)C-labelled polypeptides present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi fractions were glycosylated to extents almost identical with the respective secreted procollagens. 3. Assays specific for collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase are described, using as substrate chemically treated bovine anterior-lens-capsule collagen. 4. When homogenates were assayed for the collagen glycosyltransferase activities, addition of Triton X-100 (0.01%, w/v) was found to stimulate enzyme activities by up to 45%, suggesting that the enzymes were probably membrane-bound. 5. Assays of subcellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation for collagen galactosyltransferase activity indicated the specific activity to be highest in the microsomal fractions. Similar results were obtained for collagen glucosyltransferase activity. 6. When submicrosomal fractions obtained by discontinuous-sucrose-density-gradient-centrifugation procedures were assayed for these enzymic activities, the collagen galactosyltransferase was found to be distributed in the approximate ratio 7:3 between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum of both cell types. Similar determinations of collagen glucosyltransferase indicated a distribution in the approximate ratio 3:2 between rough and smooth microsomal fractions. 7. Assays of subcellular fractions for the plasma-membrane marker 5'-nucleotidase revealed a distribution markedly different from the distributions obtained for the collagen glycosyltransferase. 8. The studies described here demonstrate that glycosylation occurs early in the intracellular processing of procollagen polypeptides rather than at the plasma membrane, as was previously suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1220687", "title": "Mode of formulation of cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol from Cholest-5-en-3beta-ol by Larvae of Calliphora erythrocephala.", "content": "1. The conversion of cholest-5-en-3beta-ol (cholesterol) into cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol by axenic Calliphora erythrocephala larvae was demonstrated. 2. The transformation is probably direct (Delta(5)-->Delta(5,7)) and does not involve a Delta(0) intermediate (Delta(5)-->Delta(0)-->Delta(7)--> Delta(5,7)). 3. Delta(7)-bond formation involves the stereospecific elimination of the 7beta hydrogen atom. 4. The relative amounts of free and esterified sterols were determined in larvae grown on cholesterol as sole sterol source and on 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol supplemented with minimal amounts of cholesterol. 5. The significance of the results is assessed in relation to the probable role of cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ecdysones.", "contents": "Mode of formulation of cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol from Cholest-5-en-3beta-ol by Larvae of Calliphora erythrocephala. 1. The conversion of cholest-5-en-3beta-ol (cholesterol) into cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol by axenic Calliphora erythrocephala larvae was demonstrated. 2. The transformation is probably direct (Delta(5)-->Delta(5,7)) and does not involve a Delta(0) intermediate (Delta(5)-->Delta(0)-->Delta(7)--> Delta(5,7)). 3. Delta(7)-bond formation involves the stereospecific elimination of the 7beta hydrogen atom. 4. The relative amounts of free and esterified sterols were determined in larvae grown on cholesterol as sole sterol source and on 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol supplemented with minimal amounts of cholesterol. 5. The significance of the results is assessed in relation to the probable role of cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ecdysones."}
{"id": "PMID:1220688", "title": "Evidence for the coupling of biosynthesis and secretion of serum albumin in the rat. The effect of colchicine on albumin production.", "content": "1. By using isotopic-dilution techniques it was found that colchicine causes a slight increase in the proalbumin content of liver, from 0.63+/-0.06 to 0.83+/-0.10mg/g of liver, but has no effect on albumin content (0.50+/-0.05mg/g of liver). All the proalbumin and 67% of the albumin is found in vesicles from which they are liberated by detergents. 2. Colchicine inhibits secretion of albumin, decreases the rate of conversion of proalbumin into albumin and decreases the rate of incorporation of l-[1-(14)C]leucine into proalbumin. 3. Balance studies in vivo show that all the (14)C appearing in serum albumin can be accounted for by the flow of (14)C through the proalbumin, in the presence or absence of colchicine. 4. When cycloheximide is given to the rats, 2min after [(14)C]leucine, further synthesis of protein stops. The label in proalbumin disappears and the proalbumin content of the liver falls, so as to account for the albumin appearing in the plasma. This occurs both in the presence and in the absence of colchicine. By contrast, there is little change in liver albumin. Studies with isolated perfused livers are in agreement with the above. Lumicolchicine has no effect on any of these systems at doses at which colchicine exerts its action. 5. These results suggest that biosynthesis and conversion of proalbumin into albumin, and secretion of serum albumin are controlled at each step.", "contents": "Evidence for the coupling of biosynthesis and secretion of serum albumin in the rat. The effect of colchicine on albumin production. 1. By using isotopic-dilution techniques it was found that colchicine causes a slight increase in the proalbumin content of liver, from 0.63+/-0.06 to 0.83+/-0.10mg/g of liver, but has no effect on albumin content (0.50+/-0.05mg/g of liver). All the proalbumin and 67% of the albumin is found in vesicles from which they are liberated by detergents. 2. Colchicine inhibits secretion of albumin, decreases the rate of conversion of proalbumin into albumin and decreases the rate of incorporation of l-[1-(14)C]leucine into proalbumin. 3. Balance studies in vivo show that all the (14)C appearing in serum albumin can be accounted for by the flow of (14)C through the proalbumin, in the presence or absence of colchicine. 4. When cycloheximide is given to the rats, 2min after [(14)C]leucine, further synthesis of protein stops. The label in proalbumin disappears and the proalbumin content of the liver falls, so as to account for the albumin appearing in the plasma. This occurs both in the presence and in the absence of colchicine. By contrast, there is little change in liver albumin. Studies with isolated perfused livers are in agreement with the above. Lumicolchicine has no effect on any of these systems at doses at which colchicine exerts its action. 5. These results suggest that biosynthesis and conversion of proalbumin into albumin, and secretion of serum albumin are controlled at each step."}
{"id": "PMID:1220689", "title": "The microbial metabolism of C1 compounds. The electron-transport chain of Pseudomonas am1.", "content": "Pseudomonas AM1, Hyphomicrobium X and Pseudomonas MS all contain cytochrome a/a(3) and a b-type cytochrome able to react with CO. Pseudomonas AM1 and Hyphomicrobium X also have a CO-binding cytochrome c. The purified cytochrome c (redox potential 0.26V) of Pseudomonas AM1 was not susceptible to oxidation by molecular oxygen. CO reacted slowly with the reduced form giving a CO difference spectrum with a peak at 412nm and troughs at 420nm and 550nm. Similar results were obtained with the cytochrome c of Hyphomicrobium (aerobically grown or anaerobically grown with nitrate) and with that of Pseudomonas extorquens. The results given in the present paper are incompatible with an oxygenase or oxidase function for the soluble cytochrome c of methylotrophs. Studies with whole cells of Pseudomonas AM1 and a cytochrome c-deficient mutant have demonstrated that cytochrome b (redox potential 0.009V) is the first cytochrome in the electron-transport chain for oxidation of all substrates except methanol (and ethanol) whose oxidation does not involve this cytochrome. All substrates are usually oxidized by way of cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome a/a(3)), but there is an alternative route for the reduction of cytochrome a/a(3) in the mutant lacking cytochrome c. Results of experiments on cyanide inhibition of respiration and cytochrome oxidation support the suggestion that the susceptibility of cytochrome b to oxidation by molecular oxygen (reflected in its ability to react with CO) is probably irrelevant to the normal physiology of Pseudomonas AM1.", "contents": "The microbial metabolism of C1 compounds. The electron-transport chain of Pseudomonas am1. Pseudomonas AM1, Hyphomicrobium X and Pseudomonas MS all contain cytochrome a/a(3) and a b-type cytochrome able to react with CO. Pseudomonas AM1 and Hyphomicrobium X also have a CO-binding cytochrome c. The purified cytochrome c (redox potential 0.26V) of Pseudomonas AM1 was not susceptible to oxidation by molecular oxygen. CO reacted slowly with the reduced form giving a CO difference spectrum with a peak at 412nm and troughs at 420nm and 550nm. Similar results were obtained with the cytochrome c of Hyphomicrobium (aerobically grown or anaerobically grown with nitrate) and with that of Pseudomonas extorquens. The results given in the present paper are incompatible with an oxygenase or oxidase function for the soluble cytochrome c of methylotrophs. Studies with whole cells of Pseudomonas AM1 and a cytochrome c-deficient mutant have demonstrated that cytochrome b (redox potential 0.009V) is the first cytochrome in the electron-transport chain for oxidation of all substrates except methanol (and ethanol) whose oxidation does not involve this cytochrome. All substrates are usually oxidized by way of cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome a/a(3)), but there is an alternative route for the reduction of cytochrome a/a(3) in the mutant lacking cytochrome c. Results of experiments on cyanide inhibition of respiration and cytochrome oxidation support the suggestion that the susceptibility of cytochrome b to oxidation by molecular oxygen (reflected in its ability to react with CO) is probably irrelevant to the normal physiology of Pseudomonas AM1."}
{"id": "PMID:1220690", "title": "A difference in the incorporation of 14C into hippurate glycine from DL-(2-14C)-glutamate and DL-(5-14C)glutamate in guinea pigs.", "content": "The specific radioactivity of urinary hippurate glycine was determined after injecting guinea pigs with benzoate and either dl-[2-(14)C]glutamate or dl-[5-(14)C]glutamate. The isotope dilution factor for the formation of [(14)C]glycine was significantly greater (30%) with C-2 labelled glutamate. With either form of labelled glutamate the hippurate glycine was largely carboxyl-group labelled. The observations suggest a route for the incorporation of glutamate carbon into glycine that involves C-5 but not C-2. A hypothesis for glycine biosynthesis from l-glutamate is advanced, consistent with these findings, that includes conversion of l-glutamate to 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate, the scission of the latter to glyoxylate and pyruvate, and the formation of glycine by transamination.", "contents": "A difference in the incorporation of 14C into hippurate glycine from DL-(2-14C)-glutamate and DL-(5-14C)glutamate in guinea pigs. The specific radioactivity of urinary hippurate glycine was determined after injecting guinea pigs with benzoate and either dl-[2-(14)C]glutamate or dl-[5-(14)C]glutamate. The isotope dilution factor for the formation of [(14)C]glycine was significantly greater (30%) with C-2 labelled glutamate. With either form of labelled glutamate the hippurate glycine was largely carboxyl-group labelled. The observations suggest a route for the incorporation of glutamate carbon into glycine that involves C-5 but not C-2. A hypothesis for glycine biosynthesis from l-glutamate is advanced, consistent with these findings, that includes conversion of l-glutamate to 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate, the scission of the latter to glyoxylate and pyruvate, and the formation of glycine by transamination."}
{"id": "PMID:1220691", "title": "Enzymic iodination of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits. Characterization and analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "1. Conditions are described for the enzymic iodination of ribosomal subunits from rat liver. The reaction is relatively insensitive to broad changes in the concentration of KCl, allowing subunits to be studied under conditions which minimize their dimerization. 2. Mixtures of extracted ribosomal proteins were iodinated with (125)I, the proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the radioactivity in each protein was determined. Thus 19 out of 23 of the proteins of the small subunit and 25 out of 33 of the proteins of the large subunit were labelled. Iodination should therefore be a suitable method for studying the topography of the ribosomal proteins of rat liver. 3. When the intact 40S subunit (rather than the extracted mixture of proteins) was iodinated, 18 of the 19 proteins were still labelled. However five of these were labelled less strongly than before. When the intact 60S subunit was iodinated, 17 of the 25 proteins were still labelled, although six of these were labelled less strongly. 4. These results show that in rat liver most of the ribosomal proteins of both subunits are at least partially at the surface of the particles. They are also consistent with the idea that the proportion of the ribosomal proteins in the interior of the particle may be greater for the 60S subunit than for the 40S subunit.", "contents": "Enzymic iodination of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits. Characterization and analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. 1. Conditions are described for the enzymic iodination of ribosomal subunits from rat liver. The reaction is relatively insensitive to broad changes in the concentration of KCl, allowing subunits to be studied under conditions which minimize their dimerization. 2. Mixtures of extracted ribosomal proteins were iodinated with (125)I, the proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the radioactivity in each protein was determined. Thus 19 out of 23 of the proteins of the small subunit and 25 out of 33 of the proteins of the large subunit were labelled. Iodination should therefore be a suitable method for studying the topography of the ribosomal proteins of rat liver. 3. When the intact 40S subunit (rather than the extracted mixture of proteins) was iodinated, 18 of the 19 proteins were still labelled. However five of these were labelled less strongly than before. When the intact 60S subunit was iodinated, 17 of the 25 proteins were still labelled, although six of these were labelled less strongly. 4. These results show that in rat liver most of the ribosomal proteins of both subunits are at least partially at the surface of the particles. They are also consistent with the idea that the proportion of the ribosomal proteins in the interior of the particle may be greater for the 60S subunit than for the 40S subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:1220692", "title": "Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and stimulation of glycogen breakdown by vasopressin in the perfused mouse liver.", "content": "1. Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, [8-arginine]vasopressin) inhibited the synthesis de novo of fatty acids (measured with (3)H(2)O and U-(14)C-labelled lactate or U-(14)C-labelled glucose) and stimulated glycogen breakdown in the perfused liver of fed mice. 2. The concentration dependence of these effects (range 200-1000muunits/ml, i.e. 0.5-2.5ng/ml) resembled that for the action on glycogen breakdown which was previously reported for rat liver. 3. The appearance of newly synthesized fatty acids in both phospholipids and triglycerides was inhibited by vasopressin, whereas synthesis of cholesterol was less affected. 4. Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by vasopressin is the most potent short-term hormonal action on this process yet reported. Aspects of the effect are discussed, including the lack of a role for cyclic AMP, and a possible link with vasopressin action on glycogen metabolism.", "contents": "Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and stimulation of glycogen breakdown by vasopressin in the perfused mouse liver. 1. Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, [8-arginine]vasopressin) inhibited the synthesis de novo of fatty acids (measured with (3)H(2)O and U-(14)C-labelled lactate or U-(14)C-labelled glucose) and stimulated glycogen breakdown in the perfused liver of fed mice. 2. The concentration dependence of these effects (range 200-1000muunits/ml, i.e. 0.5-2.5ng/ml) resembled that for the action on glycogen breakdown which was previously reported for rat liver. 3. The appearance of newly synthesized fatty acids in both phospholipids and triglycerides was inhibited by vasopressin, whereas synthesis of cholesterol was less affected. 4. Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by vasopressin is the most potent short-term hormonal action on this process yet reported. Aspects of the effect are discussed, including the lack of a role for cyclic AMP, and a possible link with vasopressin action on glycogen metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:1220693", "title": "The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in rat tissues. Assay techniques and effects of dietary and hormonal changes.", "content": "1. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was assayed by three methods: (i) incorporation of H(14)CO(3) (-) into oxaloacetate: (ii) conversion of oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate, subsequently assayed enzymically; and (iii) transfer of (32)P from [gamma-(32)P]GTP to oxaloacetate. 2. Enzyme activity is increased in liver and epididymal adipose tissue in alloxan-diabetes and starvation, and in kidney in starved, acidotic and steroid-treated animals. 3. The ratios of the ;back' to the ;forward' reactions in liver, kidney and epididymal adipose tissue are different and characteristic of each tissue; they differ markedly from values reported for the purified mitochondrial enzyme. 4. The ratio of the ;back' to ;forward' reaction in any one tissue is constant in adrenalectomized, diabetic, acidotic and steroid-treated animals. 5. In starved animals, the ratio is increased in liver and kidney, but decreased in epididymal adipose tissue. 6. Administration of l-tryptophan results in an acute (1h) increase in activity measured in the ;forward' direction alone in liver and epididymal adipose tissue, but not in kidney.", "contents": "The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in rat tissues. Assay techniques and effects of dietary and hormonal changes. 1. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was assayed by three methods: (i) incorporation of H(14)CO(3) (-) into oxaloacetate: (ii) conversion of oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate, subsequently assayed enzymically; and (iii) transfer of (32)P from [gamma-(32)P]GTP to oxaloacetate. 2. Enzyme activity is increased in liver and epididymal adipose tissue in alloxan-diabetes and starvation, and in kidney in starved, acidotic and steroid-treated animals. 3. The ratios of the ;back' to the ;forward' reactions in liver, kidney and epididymal adipose tissue are different and characteristic of each tissue; they differ markedly from values reported for the purified mitochondrial enzyme. 4. The ratio of the ;back' to ;forward' reaction in any one tissue is constant in adrenalectomized, diabetic, acidotic and steroid-treated animals. 5. In starved animals, the ratio is increased in liver and kidney, but decreased in epididymal adipose tissue. 6. Administration of l-tryptophan results in an acute (1h) increase in activity measured in the ;forward' direction alone in liver and epididymal adipose tissue, but not in kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:1220694", "title": "The measurement of protein turnover by density labelling.", "content": "A method for measuring the rate of protein degradation in plant tissue is described. The method uses density labelling to avoid difficulties associated with compartmentation and recycling of amino acids. Although the technique cannot be readily adapted to measure the rate of degradation of single proteins, it avoids difficulties of interpretation due to enzyme activation or inactivation. Values for the half-life of Lemna minor protein obtained by this method are compared with values obtained by a number of other methods. To obtain satisfactory results it was necessary to improve the method of isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl gradients. A considerable improvement was achieved by using KBr gradients, and the advantages of using KBr rather than CsCl for the separation of density-labelled protein are discussed.", "contents": "The measurement of protein turnover by density labelling. A method for measuring the rate of protein degradation in plant tissue is described. The method uses density labelling to avoid difficulties associated with compartmentation and recycling of amino acids. Although the technique cannot be readily adapted to measure the rate of degradation of single proteins, it avoids difficulties of interpretation due to enzyme activation or inactivation. Values for the half-life of Lemna minor protein obtained by this method are compared with values obtained by a number of other methods. To obtain satisfactory results it was necessary to improve the method of isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl gradients. A considerable improvement was achieved by using KBr gradients, and the advantages of using KBr rather than CsCl for the separation of density-labelled protein are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220695", "title": "The calculation of errors and the choice of sampling times in the determination of irreversible disposal rates in vivo by isotope experiments.", "content": "In well-known methods of estimating rates of irreversible disposal (utilization) in vivo the rates are calculated from the areas to infinity under specific radioactivity-time (S-t) or quantity-of-label-time (q-t) curves obtained by measurements on samples of plasma after intravenous injection of labelled substrate. The errors in the calculated rates are mostly those of the estimates of the areas. These errors are of two kinds: random, caused by the variances of the values of S or q, and systematic, caused by differences between the curves used to interpolate between these values and the true curves. A rigorous method is given for calculating the random errors from the variances of the values of S or q, and is applied to choosing the best times to sample the plasma from small animals from which few plasma samples can be taken. A procedure for estimating systematic errors is also given. Programs in BASIC language to carry out the calculations are deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50058 (5 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "contents": "The calculation of errors and the choice of sampling times in the determination of irreversible disposal rates in vivo by isotope experiments. In well-known methods of estimating rates of irreversible disposal (utilization) in vivo the rates are calculated from the areas to infinity under specific radioactivity-time (S-t) or quantity-of-label-time (q-t) curves obtained by measurements on samples of plasma after intravenous injection of labelled substrate. The errors in the calculated rates are mostly those of the estimates of the areas. These errors are of two kinds: random, caused by the variances of the values of S or q, and systematic, caused by differences between the curves used to interpolate between these values and the true curves. A rigorous method is given for calculating the random errors from the variances of the values of S or q, and is applied to choosing the best times to sample the plasma from small animals from which few plasma samples can be taken. A procedure for estimating systematic errors is also given. Programs in BASIC language to carry out the calculations are deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50058 (5 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5."}
{"id": "PMID:1220696", "title": "Changes in lectin-induced deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in cultures of chick-embryo fibroblasts at various stages of development.", "content": "Concanavalin A and Robinia pseudoacacia lectin decreased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into acid-insoluble material of fibroblasts cultured from 6-10-day chick embryos. In contrast, these lectins stimulated [(3)H]thymidine incorporation in cells from 16-day embryos. These effects are due to neither [(3)H]thymidine permeability modification nor toxicity of the lectins. The specificity of lectin action was proved by blocking experiments with alpha-methyl mannopyranoside and with anti-(Robinia lectin) serum.", "contents": "Changes in lectin-induced deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in cultures of chick-embryo fibroblasts at various stages of development. Concanavalin A and Robinia pseudoacacia lectin decreased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into acid-insoluble material of fibroblasts cultured from 6-10-day chick embryos. In contrast, these lectins stimulated [(3)H]thymidine incorporation in cells from 16-day embryos. These effects are due to neither [(3)H]thymidine permeability modification nor toxicity of the lectins. The specificity of lectin action was proved by blocking experiments with alpha-methyl mannopyranoside and with anti-(Robinia lectin) serum."}
{"id": "PMID:1220697", "title": "Acute effects of carbon monoxide on the metabolism of perfused rat liver.", "content": "1. Perfusion of livers with whole blood containing carboxyhaemoglobin decreased hepatic O(2) consumption and triglyceride secretion and raised free fatty acid oxidation. 2. Perfusion with [(14)C]carboxyhaemoglobin indicated that there was negligible hepatic uptake of (14)CO. 3. The observations appear to be due to a decrease in O(2) consumption rather than to specific effects of carboxyhaemoglobin.", "contents": "Acute effects of carbon monoxide on the metabolism of perfused rat liver. 1. Perfusion of livers with whole blood containing carboxyhaemoglobin decreased hepatic O(2) consumption and triglyceride secretion and raised free fatty acid oxidation. 2. Perfusion with [(14)C]carboxyhaemoglobin indicated that there was negligible hepatic uptake of (14)CO. 3. The observations appear to be due to a decrease in O(2) consumption rather than to specific effects of carboxyhaemoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:1220698", "title": "Treatment of immature mice with gonadotrophins. The influence of mouse age on the response of ovarian alkaline phosphatase activities to gonadotrophins.", "content": "Treatment of mice aged 23-25 days with chorionic gonadotrophin induced large amounts of an ovarian alkaline phosphatase activity (phosphatase Ib) kinetically distinct from that of untreated ovaries (phosphatase I). The activities of alkaline phosphatase I and Ib varied with age in untreated mice. Phosphatase Ib appeared when serum luteinizing hormone concentrations increased (days 4-10 and days 35-45), and disappeared when concentrations were low (days 11-35). Injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin induced progressively larger amounts of phosphatase Ib activity between day 19 and day 29. However, gonadotrophin treatment failed to induce this activity on days 10-18 and 30-35. Nevertheless, during the latter period, human chorionic gonadotrophin induced especially large increases in uterine weight. Treatment at different ages with sheep luteinizing hormone plus human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone induced a pattern of response identical with that induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin, although sheep luteinizing hormone alone was ineffective before 35 days. In contrast, human luteinizing hormone induced a response in the absence of exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone.", "contents": "Treatment of immature mice with gonadotrophins. The influence of mouse age on the response of ovarian alkaline phosphatase activities to gonadotrophins. Treatment of mice aged 23-25 days with chorionic gonadotrophin induced large amounts of an ovarian alkaline phosphatase activity (phosphatase Ib) kinetically distinct from that of untreated ovaries (phosphatase I). The activities of alkaline phosphatase I and Ib varied with age in untreated mice. Phosphatase Ib appeared when serum luteinizing hormone concentrations increased (days 4-10 and days 35-45), and disappeared when concentrations were low (days 11-35). Injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin induced progressively larger amounts of phosphatase Ib activity between day 19 and day 29. However, gonadotrophin treatment failed to induce this activity on days 10-18 and 30-35. Nevertheless, during the latter period, human chorionic gonadotrophin induced especially large increases in uterine weight. Treatment at different ages with sheep luteinizing hormone plus human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone induced a pattern of response identical with that induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin, although sheep luteinizing hormone alone was ineffective before 35 days. In contrast, human luteinizing hormone induced a response in the absence of exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:1220709", "title": "[Pemphigus induced by D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Study of 5 cases and systematic study of anti-intercellular substance antibodies of the skin in the course of treatment].", "content": "The authors present 5 cases of pemphigus induced by D-penicillamine in a series of 180 cases of rheumatoid arthritis treated with this medication. In addition, anti-epidermal intercellular substance antibodies were sought in 40 asymptomatic patients. No antibodies were found in this group. The notion of induced pemphigus seems well established, as is the value of testing for antibodies in the surveillance of D-penicillamine treatment.", "contents": "[Pemphigus induced by D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Study of 5 cases and systematic study of anti-intercellular substance antibodies of the skin in the course of treatment]. The authors present 5 cases of pemphigus induced by D-penicillamine in a series of 180 cases of rheumatoid arthritis treated with this medication. In addition, anti-epidermal intercellular substance antibodies were sought in 40 asymptomatic patients. No antibodies were found in this group. The notion of induced pemphigus seems well established, as is the value of testing for antibodies in the surveillance of D-penicillamine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1220711", "title": "[Surgical treatment of cancer of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience with cancer of the thyroid. Using statistical data from 760 operated cases and present day concept, they consider the difficulties of the diagnosis, the stage of evolution and the treatment in the form of a collaboration between surgery, clinic and nuclear medicine.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of cancer of the thyroid (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience with cancer of the thyroid. Using statistical data from 760 operated cases and present day concept, they consider the difficulties of the diagnosis, the stage of evolution and the treatment in the form of a collaboration between surgery, clinic and nuclear medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:1220759", "title": "Increase in type A virus particles induced in BALB/c mouse epidermis during chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "Electron microscopic observations of normal BALB/c mouse epidermis revealed the presence of isolated intracisternal A particles. Hyperplasia, papilloma and carcinoma formation induced by topical application of the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons benz(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) is accompanied by an increase in the mumber of A particles. Topical application of a non-carcinogenic irritant alpha-pinene (alpha P) failed to provide comparable changes. Examination of the nuclei indicated occasional electron dense granules in the nucleoplasm which became more common throughout the progression of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Increase in type A virus particles induced in BALB/c mouse epidermis during chemical carcinogenesis. Electron microscopic observations of normal BALB/c mouse epidermis revealed the presence of isolated intracisternal A particles. Hyperplasia, papilloma and carcinoma formation induced by topical application of the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons benz(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) is accompanied by an increase in the mumber of A particles. Topical application of a non-carcinogenic irritant alpha-pinene (alpha P) failed to provide comparable changes. Examination of the nuclei indicated occasional electron dense granules in the nucleoplasm which became more common throughout the progression of carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1220760", "title": "Extracorporeal immunoadsorption of circulating specific serum factors in cancer patients.", "content": "Circulating serum factors have been said to abrogate the effects of immune response in cancer, i.e. \"blocking\" and \"antigenic inhibition\". The aim of this investigation was to isolate such specific factors in a purified and native state. F(ab)2 fragments isolated from hypernephroma were insolubilized on the surfaces of an extracorporeal perfusion chamber which was inserted into the circulation by means of an arterio-venous shunt. As a result, 3 proteins not present in normal serum were isolated and eluted for further study. In immunoelectrophoresis the 3 proteins were specifically precipitated by heterolgous (rabbit) antihypernephroma serum but not by anti-serum directed against normal serum components. Moreover C9 components, C3 activator and C3 were isolated in the chamber, the latter complement factor in large concentrations. This further sustained that specific antigen-antibody reactions had occurred in the chamber. One of the 2 patients studied were perfused for 60 h and 40 min. During this period 450 litres of blood were brought into intimate contact with the immunoadsorbent. Proteins in amounts sufficient for immunochemical analysis were isolated within 3 h.", "contents": "Extracorporeal immunoadsorption of circulating specific serum factors in cancer patients. Circulating serum factors have been said to abrogate the effects of immune response in cancer, i.e. \"blocking\" and \"antigenic inhibition\". The aim of this investigation was to isolate such specific factors in a purified and native state. F(ab)2 fragments isolated from hypernephroma were insolubilized on the surfaces of an extracorporeal perfusion chamber which was inserted into the circulation by means of an arterio-venous shunt. As a result, 3 proteins not present in normal serum were isolated and eluted for further study. In immunoelectrophoresis the 3 proteins were specifically precipitated by heterolgous (rabbit) antihypernephroma serum but not by anti-serum directed against normal serum components. Moreover C9 components, C3 activator and C3 were isolated in the chamber, the latter complement factor in large concentrations. This further sustained that specific antigen-antibody reactions had occurred in the chamber. One of the 2 patients studied were perfused for 60 h and 40 min. During this period 450 litres of blood were brought into intimate contact with the immunoadsorbent. Proteins in amounts sufficient for immunochemical analysis were isolated within 3 h."}
{"id": "PMID:1220761", "title": "Increase in the gastrointestinal absorption and in tissue storage of cyclophosphamide in L-1210 leukaemic mice at an advanced stage of the disease.", "content": "BDF1 mice were inoculated with 10(6) leukaemic cells and, together with control mice, were given a single oral dose of cyclophosphamide-14C of 100 mg/kg body weight. In the leukaemic mice we observed an increased 14C concentration in the plasma, bone marrow, liver, lungs, spleen, kidney and particularly fat where the level was 2-4 times higher than in control mice. Conversely, during the same period, significantly less 14C was detected in the stomach and small intestine of the leukaemic mice. These results were obtained 6 days after tumour transplantation (median survival time 7.7 days) whereas no differences were observed when the studies were carried out 4 days after tumour transplantation. These findings indicate an increase in the gastrointestinal absorption and in the tissue storage fo cyclophosphamide in L-1210 leukaemic mice at an advanced stage of the disease.", "contents": "Increase in the gastrointestinal absorption and in tissue storage of cyclophosphamide in L-1210 leukaemic mice at an advanced stage of the disease. BDF1 mice were inoculated with 10(6) leukaemic cells and, together with control mice, were given a single oral dose of cyclophosphamide-14C of 100 mg/kg body weight. In the leukaemic mice we observed an increased 14C concentration in the plasma, bone marrow, liver, lungs, spleen, kidney and particularly fat where the level was 2-4 times higher than in control mice. Conversely, during the same period, significantly less 14C was detected in the stomach and small intestine of the leukaemic mice. These results were obtained 6 days after tumour transplantation (median survival time 7.7 days) whereas no differences were observed when the studies were carried out 4 days after tumour transplantation. These findings indicate an increase in the gastrointestinal absorption and in the tissue storage fo cyclophosphamide in L-1210 leukaemic mice at an advanced stage of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1220808", "title": "Exogenous ochronosis and pigmented colloid milium from hydroquinone bleaching creams.", "content": "An outbreak of ochronosis and colloid milium is described after the use of strong hydroquinone bleaching creams. These phenomena developed only after a few years, and took place when the melanocytes had overcome the bleaching influence. Sun-exposure and thorough inunction of the cream were required for the more advanced changes. Analogous changes have been seen when the skin is exposed to certain crude fuels in individuals working in the sun, and phenolic components in the fuels are suspected. The study presented here covers the clinical, histological, histochemical, electron microscopical and pathogenetic features as seen in thirty-five cases of hydroquinone damage to the dermis in South Africa.", "contents": "Exogenous ochronosis and pigmented colloid milium from hydroquinone bleaching creams. An outbreak of ochronosis and colloid milium is described after the use of strong hydroquinone bleaching creams. These phenomena developed only after a few years, and took place when the melanocytes had overcome the bleaching influence. Sun-exposure and thorough inunction of the cream were required for the more advanced changes. Analogous changes have been seen when the skin is exposed to certain crude fuels in individuals working in the sun, and phenolic components in the fuels are suspected. The study presented here covers the clinical, histological, histochemical, electron microscopical and pathogenetic features as seen in thirty-five cases of hydroquinone damage to the dermis in South Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:1220809", "title": "Ultrastructural study of elaunin fibres in the secretory coil of human eccrine sweat glands.", "content": "The basement membrane of the secretory coil of human eccrine sweat glands was studied by light and electron microscopy. With classical staining methods for the elastic system, elaunin ring fibres were observed in the basement membrane of the secretory coil. The ultrastructural study showed that  elaunin fibres are formed by bundles of fibrotubules 10-12 nm in diameter surrounding aggregates of amorphous material. These fibres differ from elastic fibres which are thicker and have an amorphous material more homogeneous and abundant.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of elaunin fibres in the secretory coil of human eccrine sweat glands. The basement membrane of the secretory coil of human eccrine sweat glands was studied by light and electron microscopy. With classical staining methods for the elastic system, elaunin ring fibres were observed in the basement membrane of the secretory coil. The ultrastructural study showed that  elaunin fibres are formed by bundles of fibrotubules 10-12 nm in diameter surrounding aggregates of amorphous material. These fibres differ from elastic fibres which are thicker and have an amorphous material more homogeneous and abundant."}
{"id": "PMID:1220810", "title": "The fine structure of the elastic tendons in the human arrector pili muscle.", "content": "The elastic tendons by which the arrector pili muscle is inserted into the hair follicle were studied by light and electron microscopy. From the follicle to the muscle it was observed that these tendons are formed successively by oxytalan, elaunin and elastic fibres. In close contact with the smooth muscle cells, elaunin and elastic fibres were observed. The fibres penetrate the spaces between the muscle cells and are clamped by them. An explanation is advanced about the significance of this arrangement in the recovery after muscle contraction.", "contents": "The fine structure of the elastic tendons in the human arrector pili muscle. The elastic tendons by which the arrector pili muscle is inserted into the hair follicle were studied by light and electron microscopy. From the follicle to the muscle it was observed that these tendons are formed successively by oxytalan, elaunin and elastic fibres. In close contact with the smooth muscle cells, elaunin and elastic fibres were observed. The fibres penetrate the spaces between the muscle cells and are clamped by them. An explanation is advanced about the significance of this arrangement in the recovery after muscle contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:1220811", "title": "The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density.", "content": "Forearm skin collagen, dermal thickness and collagen density were measured in a large number of normal subjects as a standard reference for future studies. Skin collagen decreased with age and was less in the females at all ages. There is a direct relationship between skin collagen and dermal thickness but variations in collagen density in disease limit the use of dermal thickness as a guide to changes in its collagen content.", "contents": "The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density. Forearm skin collagen, dermal thickness and collagen density were measured in a large number of normal subjects as a standard reference for future studies. Skin collagen decreased with age and was less in the females at all ages. There is a direct relationship between skin collagen and dermal thickness but variations in collagen density in disease limit the use of dermal thickness as a guide to changes in its collagen content."}
{"id": "PMID:1220812", "title": "Palmar ridge appearances in normal newborn infants and ridge appearance in relation to eccrine sweating.", "content": "Epidermal ridge appearances over the palm in twenty normal newborn infants are described. No clear-cut relationship between ridge appearance and sweating was found although cross ridge flattening was always associated with a negative o-phthaliadehyde sweat test.", "contents": "Palmar ridge appearances in normal newborn infants and ridge appearance in relation to eccrine sweating. Epidermal ridge appearances over the palm in twenty normal newborn infants are described. No clear-cut relationship between ridge appearance and sweating was found although cross ridge flattening was always associated with a negative o-phthaliadehyde sweat test."}
{"id": "PMID:1220813", "title": "Epidermal transit times.", "content": "Radio-isotope disappearance curves and autoradiography (labelled DNA precursors and labelled amino acids) have been used to estimate the minimum transit times for four regions of epidermis in mice. The post-mitotic maturation time in the basal layer has been estimated and the results interpreted in relation to proliferation rates and epidermal organisation.", "contents": "Epidermal transit times. Radio-isotope disappearance curves and autoradiography (labelled DNA precursors and labelled amino acids) have been used to estimate the minimum transit times for four regions of epidermis in mice. The post-mitotic maturation time in the basal layer has been estimated and the results interpreted in relation to proliferation rates and epidermal organisation."}
{"id": "PMID:1220814", "title": "Arterial thrombosis in scleroderma.", "content": "Clinical and pathological observations are presented on five patients with scleroderma who developed thrombosis of a major vessel. Three died following intestinal infarction or limb gangrene and two had digit or extremity amputation. Severe intimal thickening of major arteries with thrombus formation was noted but no significant abnormality was found in the clotting activity of the blood. Histochemical studies in three cases suggested a reduction of fibrinolytic activity at the site of thrombosis in the diseased vessels. These studies support the view that the vascular system is profoundly altered in scleroderma and may play an important role in some manifestations of the disease.", "contents": "Arterial thrombosis in scleroderma. Clinical and pathological observations are presented on five patients with scleroderma who developed thrombosis of a major vessel. Three died following intestinal infarction or limb gangrene and two had digit or extremity amputation. Severe intimal thickening of major arteries with thrombus formation was noted but no significant abnormality was found in the clotting activity of the blood. Histochemical studies in three cases suggested a reduction of fibrinolytic activity at the site of thrombosis in the diseased vessels. These studies support the view that the vascular system is profoundly altered in scleroderma and may play an important role in some manifestations of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1220816", "title": "Angioma serpiginosum--familial incidence.", "content": "In this paper we present the first record of familial incidence in angioma serpiginosum observed in two families. The clinical and histological features are described.", "contents": "Angioma serpiginosum--familial incidence. In this paper we present the first record of familial incidence in angioma serpiginosum observed in two families. The clinical and histological features are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1220817", "title": "Hypertrichosis due to diazoxide.", "content": "Two cases of hypertrichosis due to diazoxide are described. The mechanism is unknown bu may be due either to increased cutaneous perfusion or to increased levels of cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Hypertrichosis due to diazoxide. Two cases of hypertrichosis due to diazoxide are described. The mechanism is unknown bu may be due either to increased cutaneous perfusion or to increased levels of cyclic AMP."}
{"id": "PMID:1220832", "title": "Epidemiology and family characteristics of severely-abused children.", "content": "Severe child abuse in north-east Wiltshire was studied retrospectively during the period 1965-71, and prospectively for 18 months from January 1972, after a period of consultative activity with those actively involved to increase awareness of the phenomenon. Severe abuse was strictly defined. A rate of 1 per thousand children under four years old was obtained, together with a death rate of 0-1 per thousand. The families of the retrospective series of abused children were studied in detail and identifying characteristics of large family size, youthfulness, low social-class, instability, and gross psychiatric, medical, and social pathology described. The implications of the ascertainment and death rates are discussed in relation to data from some other studies, and the need emphasized for detailed studies of the apparent clustering of disorder in the families, using linked record systems.", "contents": "Epidemiology and family characteristics of severely-abused children. Severe child abuse in north-east Wiltshire was studied retrospectively during the period 1965-71, and prospectively for 18 months from January 1972, after a period of consultative activity with those actively involved to increase awareness of the phenomenon. Severe abuse was strictly defined. A rate of 1 per thousand children under four years old was obtained, together with a death rate of 0-1 per thousand. The families of the retrospective series of abused children were studied in detail and identifying characteristics of large family size, youthfulness, low social-class, instability, and gross psychiatric, medical, and social pathology described. The implications of the ascertainment and death rates are discussed in relation to data from some other studies, and the need emphasized for detailed studies of the apparent clustering of disorder in the families, using linked record systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1220833", "title": "Priorities in biomedical research. Indices of burden.", "content": "The relative burden of different diseases is a legitimate component in the consideration of priorities for biomedical research. Simple prevalence statistics do not directly reflect the different burdens on services imposed by diseases of comparable prevalence. This paper sets out for each 54 categories of disease five indices of the burden on services, based respectively on inpatient days, outpatient referrals, consultations in family practice, sickness benefit, and loss of expectation of life. There is considerable variation in the rank-order of categories of disease, in their contribution to the five burdens; but for each burden the number of categories accounting for 50% of the total burden is not large, ranging from 3 to 9 out of the possible 54.", "contents": "Priorities in biomedical research. Indices of burden. The relative burden of different diseases is a legitimate component in the consideration of priorities for biomedical research. Simple prevalence statistics do not directly reflect the different burdens on services imposed by diseases of comparable prevalence. This paper sets out for each 54 categories of disease five indices of the burden on services, based respectively on inpatient days, outpatient referrals, consultations in family practice, sickness benefit, and loss of expectation of life. There is considerable variation in the rank-order of categories of disease, in their contribution to the five burdens; but for each burden the number of categories accounting for 50% of the total burden is not large, ranging from 3 to 9 out of the possible 54."}
{"id": "PMID:1220834", "title": "Asthma in schoolchildren. Demographic associations and peak expiratory flow rates compared in children with bronchitis.", "content": "The frequency of asthma in 10 971 school-children between the ages of 5 and 14 years was reported by their parents to be 3-8%. Of these, 20-7% were said to have had bronchitis, 5-9% pneumonia, and 4-7% eczema. Asthma was reported more commonly in boys than girls and was greatest in children of social classes I and II. One-third of the children were reported to have their first attack before the age of 2 years. Few (18%) first attacks started after the age of 5 years. There was no evidence that bronchitis predisposed to the later development of asthma, or vice versa. Within each age-sex group children with a history of asthma had lower peak expiratory flow rates than children who gave no such history. These diffences in PEFR were greater than for children with a history of bronchitis.", "contents": "Asthma in schoolchildren. Demographic associations and peak expiratory flow rates compared in children with bronchitis. The frequency of asthma in 10 971 school-children between the ages of 5 and 14 years was reported by their parents to be 3-8%. Of these, 20-7% were said to have had bronchitis, 5-9% pneumonia, and 4-7% eczema. Asthma was reported more commonly in boys than girls and was greatest in children of social classes I and II. One-third of the children were reported to have their first attack before the age of 2 years. Few (18%) first attacks started after the age of 5 years. There was no evidence that bronchitis predisposed to the later development of asthma, or vice versa. Within each age-sex group children with a history of asthma had lower peak expiratory flow rates than children who gave no such history. These diffences in PEFR were greater than for children with a history of bronchitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1220835", "title": "Acceptability of the cytopipette in screening for cervical cancer.", "content": "A randomized controlled trial was carried out in which the acceptability of screening for cervical carcinoma in situ by a postal 'do-it-yourself' method--the cytopipette--was compared with that of an invitation to attend a clinic or see a general practitioner for the conventional cervical scrape examination. In parallel with this, a sociological study of women who had been invited by both methods was undertaken in which information was obtained from responders and non-responders on attitudes to health care. The results show that, while the pipette was used by a greater proportion of women overall than the scrape examination, its acceptance by women most at risk of the disease is still not high. It is concluded that, taking into account the relative merits of the two methods as screening tests, as well as their acceptability and cost, the postal pipette may be useful in some circumstances, such as areas where clinical resources are limited, and as a second approach to women who have not taken up the offer of a scrape examination.", "contents": "Acceptability of the cytopipette in screening for cervical cancer. A randomized controlled trial was carried out in which the acceptability of screening for cervical carcinoma in situ by a postal 'do-it-yourself' method--the cytopipette--was compared with that of an invitation to attend a clinic or see a general practitioner for the conventional cervical scrape examination. In parallel with this, a sociological study of women who had been invited by both methods was undertaken in which information was obtained from responders and non-responders on attitudes to health care. The results show that, while the pipette was used by a greater proportion of women overall than the scrape examination, its acceptance by women most at risk of the disease is still not high. It is concluded that, taking into account the relative merits of the two methods as screening tests, as well as their acceptability and cost, the postal pipette may be useful in some circumstances, such as areas where clinical resources are limited, and as a second approach to women who have not taken up the offer of a scrape examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1220836", "title": "Regional variations in the development of illness in Finland.", "content": "The aim of the present study is to investigate the incidence of morbidity leading to incapacity for work in the working age population of Finland, and to examine critically the development of such illness and variations between different population groups. An attempt is made to analyse to what extent regional differences in illness development are connected with the communal structure of an area and the provision and use of medical services. The material is based on data from the sickness insurance and national penisons, and mortality statistics. The variables used as those defined by Kalimo (1967; 1968) to describe the various features of community structure and the supply of medical services, and data from the insurance and hospital service statistics to measure the use of medical services. The results indicate considerable variation in the course of illnesses between population groups, as expressed as the incidence rates for the various phases of illness or as development probabilities. Illness development proved to be more unfavourable in men than in women. Large regional differences were found, with the course of illnesses appearing to be much more unfavourable in the eastern and northern parts of Finland than in the south and south west. This seems to be closely connected with poorer socioeconomic development and lower urbanization in an area. A clear correlation was found between illness development and the supply and use of medical services in ambulatory care. Illness development was particularly unfavourable in areas where the supply and use of ambulatory medical services, especially doctors' services, were poor. No corresponding correlation was found with the supply and use of hospital services. Development of sickness proved to be connected with a neglect of illnesses at an early phase and delay in seeking medical care. The result is confirmed by variations between population groups in the numbers of sickness benefits awarded. It was confirmed that morbidity resulting in incapacity for work is closely associated with local socioeconomic development.", "contents": "Regional variations in the development of illness in Finland. The aim of the present study is to investigate the incidence of morbidity leading to incapacity for work in the working age population of Finland, and to examine critically the development of such illness and variations between different population groups. An attempt is made to analyse to what extent regional differences in illness development are connected with the communal structure of an area and the provision and use of medical services. The material is based on data from the sickness insurance and national penisons, and mortality statistics. The variables used as those defined by Kalimo (1967; 1968) to describe the various features of community structure and the supply of medical services, and data from the insurance and hospital service statistics to measure the use of medical services. The results indicate considerable variation in the course of illnesses between population groups, as expressed as the incidence rates for the various phases of illness or as development probabilities. Illness development proved to be more unfavourable in men than in women. Large regional differences were found, with the course of illnesses appearing to be much more unfavourable in the eastern and northern parts of Finland than in the south and south west. This seems to be closely connected with poorer socioeconomic development and lower urbanization in an area. A clear correlation was found between illness development and the supply and use of medical services in ambulatory care. Illness development was particularly unfavourable in areas where the supply and use of ambulatory medical services, especially doctors' services, were poor. No corresponding correlation was found with the supply and use of hospital services. Development of sickness proved to be connected with a neglect of illnesses at an early phase and delay in seeking medical care. The result is confirmed by variations between population groups in the numbers of sickness benefits awarded. It was confirmed that morbidity resulting in incapacity for work is closely associated with local socioeconomic development."}
{"id": "PMID:1220837", "title": "Primary schoolboys: image of self and smoker.", "content": "The way primary schoolboys see themselves and also see young smokers, may have implications for health education. In this paper a comparison is made between the self-images of 229 primary schoolboys and their images of a young person who smokes. The two images were very different, both for smokers and non-smokers, although the difference for smokers was smaller. It appears that children of this age who smoke do not see themselves as 'smokers', and may not relate the health education they receive on this subject to themselves.", "contents": "Primary schoolboys: image of self and smoker. The way primary schoolboys see themselves and also see young smokers, may have implications for health education. In this paper a comparison is made between the self-images of 229 primary schoolboys and their images of a young person who smokes. The two images were very different, both for smokers and non-smokers, although the difference for smokers was smaller. It appears that children of this age who smoke do not see themselves as 'smokers', and may not relate the health education they receive on this subject to themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:1220838", "title": "The influence of the birth of a malformed child on the mother's further reproduction.", "content": "Births which occurred in Birmingham in 1964-70 were assembled into fraternities by computer linkage. By calculating the frequency with which one birth was followed by another and the interval between births the reproductive behavior of mothers after the birth of a malformed child was compared with that of all mothers, taking account of differences in maternal age, parity, and period of observation. It was found that malformations which resulted in stillbirth or early death were more frequently followed by another birth and that the interval to the following birth was shorter than usual. In this respect malformations did not differ in their effect from other causes of stillbirth and infant death. The birth of children were severe malformations who survived, however, acted as a slight deterrent to further reproduction. The malformation rate among children born after a malformation was double the usual rate; the recurrence rate was particularly high for neural tube defects, 5% of subsequent children being affected. In spite of this parents of children with central nervous system malformations were not deterred from further reproduction unless the affected child survived.", "contents": "The influence of the birth of a malformed child on the mother's further reproduction. Births which occurred in Birmingham in 1964-70 were assembled into fraternities by computer linkage. By calculating the frequency with which one birth was followed by another and the interval between births the reproductive behavior of mothers after the birth of a malformed child was compared with that of all mothers, taking account of differences in maternal age, parity, and period of observation. It was found that malformations which resulted in stillbirth or early death were more frequently followed by another birth and that the interval to the following birth was shorter than usual. In this respect malformations did not differ in their effect from other causes of stillbirth and infant death. The birth of children were severe malformations who survived, however, acted as a slight deterrent to further reproduction. The malformation rate among children born after a malformation was double the usual rate; the recurrence rate was particularly high for neural tube defects, 5% of subsequent children being affected. In spite of this parents of children with central nervous system malformations were not deterred from further reproduction unless the affected child survived."}
{"id": "PMID:1220854", "title": "A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the metal binding sites in bacitracin.", "content": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to identify sites in bacitracin which bind Cu2+ and Mn2+. Results are presented which implicate the free carboxyl groups of the aspartic and glutamic acid residues and the imidazole ring of the histidine residue as metal complexation sites between pH 6 and 8. Evidence is presented which also indicates that the thiazoline ring of bacitracin binds Mn2+. Bacitracin does not bind Cu2+ or Mn2+ at pH values of 2.5 or less.", "contents": "A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the metal binding sites in bacitracin. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to identify sites in bacitracin which bind Cu2+ and Mn2+. Results are presented which implicate the free carboxyl groups of the aspartic and glutamic acid residues and the imidazole ring of the histidine residue as metal complexation sites between pH 6 and 8. Evidence is presented which also indicates that the thiazoline ring of bacitracin binds Mn2+. Bacitracin does not bind Cu2+ or Mn2+ at pH values of 2.5 or less."}
{"id": "PMID:1220855", "title": "Differences in chemical composition between the epithelial glycoproteins of the upper and lower halves of rat colon.", "content": "Analysis of the apparently homogeneous sulfated sialoglycoproteins isolated from the epithelial cells of the upper (proximal to the ileum) and lower (proximal to the rectum) halves of Wistar rat colon showed that whereas they were similar in overall carbohydrate and amino acid composition, they differed significantly in the O-acetyl substitution pattern of their constituent sialic acids. The glycoprotein from the upper half of the colon was found to contain a larger percentage of sialic acid substitued at C7 and/or C8, as well as at C4 and C7 and/or C8; it contained less sialic acid which was unsubstituted as well as less subsituted at C4 alone. It has been shown that differences in substitution at C7 and/or C8 can be detected by analysis of the 105 000 g supernatants prepared from homogenates of isolated epithelial cells or fresh or formol calcium fixed whole colonic tissue.", "contents": "Differences in chemical composition between the epithelial glycoproteins of the upper and lower halves of rat colon. Analysis of the apparently homogeneous sulfated sialoglycoproteins isolated from the epithelial cells of the upper (proximal to the ileum) and lower (proximal to the rectum) halves of Wistar rat colon showed that whereas they were similar in overall carbohydrate and amino acid composition, they differed significantly in the O-acetyl substitution pattern of their constituent sialic acids. The glycoprotein from the upper half of the colon was found to contain a larger percentage of sialic acid substitued at C7 and/or C8, as well as at C4 and C7 and/or C8; it contained less sialic acid which was unsubstituted as well as less subsituted at C4 alone. It has been shown that differences in substitution at C7 and/or C8 can be detected by analysis of the 105 000 g supernatants prepared from homogenates of isolated epithelial cells or fresh or formol calcium fixed whole colonic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:1220856", "title": "17-oxidoreduction of 17beta estradiol, estrone and their 3-sulfates by kidney slices from guinea pig and human.", "content": "Slices of whole kidney and kidney cortex from the female guinea pig catalyzed a marked reduction of estrone 3-sulfate (E13S) and estrone (E1) to 17beta-estradiol 3-sulfate (E23S) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), respectively, as well as the reverse (dehydrogenation) reactions. Slices of medulla did not appear active in E23S-E13S interconversion but did possess the ability to interconvert E2 and E1, besides possessing considerable sulfatase activity. The use of [3H-55S]E13S and [3H-55S]E23S as substrates, together with a demonstrated lack of estrogen sulfate synthesis by the tissue slices, provided ample evidence that the intact sulfates were involved in direct oxidoreduction. Slices of human kidney cortex catalyzed the reduction of E13S to a very limited extent. Slices of whole kidney and of cortex from guinea pig formed small amounts of estrogen glucuronide(s).", "contents": "17-oxidoreduction of 17beta estradiol, estrone and their 3-sulfates by kidney slices from guinea pig and human. Slices of whole kidney and kidney cortex from the female guinea pig catalyzed a marked reduction of estrone 3-sulfate (E13S) and estrone (E1) to 17beta-estradiol 3-sulfate (E23S) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), respectively, as well as the reverse (dehydrogenation) reactions. Slices of medulla did not appear active in E23S-E13S interconversion but did possess the ability to interconvert E2 and E1, besides possessing considerable sulfatase activity. The use of [3H-55S]E13S and [3H-55S]E23S as substrates, together with a demonstrated lack of estrogen sulfate synthesis by the tissue slices, provided ample evidence that the intact sulfates were involved in direct oxidoreduction. Slices of human kidney cortex catalyzed the reduction of E13S to a very limited extent. Slices of whole kidney and of cortex from guinea pig formed small amounts of estrogen glucuronide(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:1220857", "title": "Hormonal stimulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Achlya ambisexualis.", "content": "The experiments reported show that one of the early effects of the steroid sex hormone antheridiol is on the synthesis of rRNA and ribosomes. This is demonstrated in hormone treated cultures of Achlya ambisexualis (strain E87) by an enhancement of the incorporation of [3H]uridine into 26S and 18S rRNA and by an increase in measurable amounts of ribosomes per milligram dry weight of mycelium. Furthermore, since the hormone does not significantly alter the pool size or the specific activity of uridine triphosphate, this effect appears to represent an increased rate of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Hormonal stimulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Achlya ambisexualis. The experiments reported show that one of the early effects of the steroid sex hormone antheridiol is on the synthesis of rRNA and ribosomes. This is demonstrated in hormone treated cultures of Achlya ambisexualis (strain E87) by an enhancement of the incorporation of [3H]uridine into 26S and 18S rRNA and by an increase in measurable amounts of ribosomes per milligram dry weight of mycelium. Furthermore, since the hormone does not significantly alter the pool size or the specific activity of uridine triphosphate, this effect appears to represent an increased rate of RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1220858", "title": "The probable 'capping' of wheat leaf messenger ribonucleates by 7-methylguanosine.", "content": "Experiments have been designed to test the possibility that, as with messenger RNA from animal cells, 7-methylguanosine may be bonded through a pyrophosphate bridge to the 5'-termini of messenger RNA molecules from the cells of a higher-plant organism. It is concluded that 7-methylguanosine is probably bonded through a pyrophosphate bridge to the 5'-termini of messenger RNA molecules from wheat leaves.", "contents": "The probable 'capping' of wheat leaf messenger ribonucleates by 7-methylguanosine. Experiments have been designed to test the possibility that, as with messenger RNA from animal cells, 7-methylguanosine may be bonded through a pyrophosphate bridge to the 5'-termini of messenger RNA molecules from the cells of a higher-plant organism. It is concluded that 7-methylguanosine is probably bonded through a pyrophosphate bridge to the 5'-termini of messenger RNA molecules from wheat leaves."}
{"id": "PMID:1220859", "title": "Demonstration of the isolation of non-infective Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern, nodule endophyte by morphological immunolabelling and whole cell composition studies.", "content": "Two filamentous, branched, and septate actinomycetes were isolated from field-collected and from axenic in vitro produced root nodules of Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. host plant. After their transfer to a chemically defined medium, these nodule isolates could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of morphology, cultural reactions, and whole cell composition and were considered to be the same species. They were morphologically similar to the root nodule endophyte, but were incapable of nodulating aseptic host plants growing in a nitrogen-deficient substrate. Whole cells of the nodule isolates were used for the production of rabbit antibodies. The resulting specific antiisolate antibodies were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and used in staining tests of the nodule endophyte. The immunofluorescence reactions demonstrated the homology of the nodule isolates with the nodule endophyte. After pectinase degradation of the endophyte capsule, the indirect immunoferritin method corroborated the fluorescent anti-body (FA) staining reactions. There was no antigenic relationship between the nodule isolates and 13 known strains of actinomycetes as determined by the FA techique. Fluorescent antibody reactions of adsorbed conjugates suggested that endophytes of both Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. and Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. root nodules belong to a common serotype. The LL and mesoisomers of diaminopimelic acid were present in similar proportions in the nodule endophyte and in the nodule isolates. Glucose, mannose, and an unknown sugar were the predominant whole cell sugars in the nodule isolates, although trace amounts of arabinose and rhamnose were also displayed. The unknown sugar found in the nodule isolates was also present in trace amounts in the endophyte-suspension hydrolysate.", "contents": "Demonstration of the isolation of non-infective Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern, nodule endophyte by morphological immunolabelling and whole cell composition studies. Two filamentous, branched, and septate actinomycetes were isolated from field-collected and from axenic in vitro produced root nodules of Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. host plant. After their transfer to a chemically defined medium, these nodule isolates could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of morphology, cultural reactions, and whole cell composition and were considered to be the same species. They were morphologically similar to the root nodule endophyte, but were incapable of nodulating aseptic host plants growing in a nitrogen-deficient substrate. Whole cells of the nodule isolates were used for the production of rabbit antibodies. The resulting specific antiisolate antibodies were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and used in staining tests of the nodule endophyte. The immunofluorescence reactions demonstrated the homology of the nodule isolates with the nodule endophyte. After pectinase degradation of the endophyte capsule, the indirect immunoferritin method corroborated the fluorescent anti-body (FA) staining reactions. There was no antigenic relationship between the nodule isolates and 13 known strains of actinomycetes as determined by the FA techique. Fluorescent antibody reactions of adsorbed conjugates suggested that endophytes of both Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. and Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. root nodules belong to a common serotype. The LL and mesoisomers of diaminopimelic acid were present in similar proportions in the nodule endophyte and in the nodule isolates. Glucose, mannose, and an unknown sugar were the predominant whole cell sugars in the nodule isolates, although trace amounts of arabinose and rhamnose were also displayed. The unknown sugar found in the nodule isolates was also present in trace amounts in the endophyte-suspension hydrolysate."}
{"id": "PMID:1220860", "title": "The fine structure of conidial development in the genus Torula. II. T. caligans (Batista and Upadhyay) M. B. Ellis and T. terrestris Mistra.", "content": "Conidia of Torula caligans (Batista & Upadhyay) M. B. Ellis comb.nov. and T. terrestris Misra were examined by transmission- and scanning-electron microscopy. Torula caligans produced four-celled conidia in which the central cells were distinctly larger than the basal and apical cells. Conidia of T. terrestris were 4- to 7-celled long and ellipsoidal in shape. Conidiogenous cells in both species developed melanin only within the lowermost part of the lateral walls while the other cells of the conidium were uniformly melanized around the circumference of the cell; melanin in these cells being deposited within, at least, half the width of the cell wall. In both species new conidia arose from evagination of the hyaline apex of the conidiogenous cell and are therefore blastoconidia. The systematic relationships between T. caligans and T. terrestris and other species of the genus Torula are discussed.", "contents": "The fine structure of conidial development in the genus Torula. II. T. caligans (Batista and Upadhyay) M. B. Ellis and T. terrestris Mistra. Conidia of Torula caligans (Batista & Upadhyay) M. B. Ellis comb.nov. and T. terrestris Misra were examined by transmission- and scanning-electron microscopy. Torula caligans produced four-celled conidia in which the central cells were distinctly larger than the basal and apical cells. Conidia of T. terrestris were 4- to 7-celled long and ellipsoidal in shape. Conidiogenous cells in both species developed melanin only within the lowermost part of the lateral walls while the other cells of the conidium were uniformly melanized around the circumference of the cell; melanin in these cells being deposited within, at least, half the width of the cell wall. In both species new conidia arose from evagination of the hyaline apex of the conidiogenous cell and are therefore blastoconidia. The systematic relationships between T. caligans and T. terrestris and other species of the genus Torula are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220861", "title": "Electron microscopy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar. III Host-endophyte interactions during arbuscular development.", "content": "Scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy were used to examine developing and mature functional arbuscules in mycorrhizal roots of yellow poplar. Arbuscules developed from intracellular hyphae which branched repeatedly upon penetration into the host cells. Intermediate and late stages of developemnt were characterized by the production of numerous, short, bifurcate hyphae throughout the arbuscule. Mature arbuscules exhibited a coralloid morphology which resulted in a considerable increase in the surface area of the endophyte exposed within the host cells. Distinctive ultrastructural features of arbuscular hyphae included osmiophilic walls, nuclei, abundant cytoplasm, glycogen, and numerous small vacuoles. All arbuscular components were enclosed by host wall material and cytoplasm during development and at maturity. In infected cells, host nuclei were enlarged and the cytoplasm associated with the arbuscular branches typically contained abundant mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and proplastids. Ultrastructural observations suggested that nutrient transfer may be predominantly directed toward the fungal endophyte during arbuscular development and while mature arbuscules remain functional.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar. III Host-endophyte interactions during arbuscular development. Scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy were used to examine developing and mature functional arbuscules in mycorrhizal roots of yellow poplar. Arbuscules developed from intracellular hyphae which branched repeatedly upon penetration into the host cells. Intermediate and late stages of developemnt were characterized by the production of numerous, short, bifurcate hyphae throughout the arbuscule. Mature arbuscules exhibited a coralloid morphology which resulted in a considerable increase in the surface area of the endophyte exposed within the host cells. Distinctive ultrastructural features of arbuscular hyphae included osmiophilic walls, nuclei, abundant cytoplasm, glycogen, and numerous small vacuoles. All arbuscular components were enclosed by host wall material and cytoplasm during development and at maturity. In infected cells, host nuclei were enlarged and the cytoplasm associated with the arbuscular branches typically contained abundant mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and proplastids. Ultrastructural observations suggested that nutrient transfer may be predominantly directed toward the fungal endophyte during arbuscular development and while mature arbuscules remain functional."}
{"id": "PMID:1220862", "title": "Nutrition of Vitreoscilla stercoraria.", "content": "The present study has shown that the glutamate or aspartate families, plus the aromatic amino acid family are required for growth of Vitreoscilla stercoraria. Furthermore, glutamine can substitute for the glutamate family, asparagine and methionine can replace the aspartate family, and tyrosine can substitute for the aromatic family. Amino acids which are easily oxidized by this organism, particularly serine and cysteine, stimulated growth. From these data, a defined medium was devised, which contained the fewest amino acids that could support good growth of V. stercoraria.", "contents": "Nutrition of Vitreoscilla stercoraria. The present study has shown that the glutamate or aspartate families, plus the aromatic amino acid family are required for growth of Vitreoscilla stercoraria. Furthermore, glutamine can substitute for the glutamate family, asparagine and methionine can replace the aspartate family, and tyrosine can substitute for the aromatic family. Amino acids which are easily oxidized by this organism, particularly serine and cysteine, stimulated growth. From these data, a defined medium was devised, which contained the fewest amino acids that could support good growth of V. stercoraria."}
{"id": "PMID:1220863", "title": "Cellular and free lipopolysaccharides of some species of Neisseria.", "content": "Cultures of eight non-pathogenic species of Neisseria grown in simple defined media released lipopolysaccharide (free lipopolysaccharide) by a process distinct from cellular autolysis. Analyses of the pure cellular and free lipopolysaccharides obtained from six species of Neisseria revealed that they were remarkably similar and were devoid of detectable O-antigen side chains. Three distinct types of core-oligosaccharides were demonstrated. Type I core-oligosaccharide was a branched structure of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl units (7 mol) terminated by a reducing end group of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid. Type II core-oligosaccharide contained D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-amino-D-glucose, L-rhamnose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, phosphate, and ethanolamine in a molar ratio of 3:2:1:1:1:1:1. Type III coreoligosaccharide was composed of D-glucose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, and phosphate in a molar ratio of 3:3:1:1. Lipopolysaccharides of N. caviae and N. sicca contained type I core-oligosaccharides exclusively, while those of N. flava and N. perflava contained only type II core-oligosaccharide. Cellular lipopolysaccharide from N. cinerea contained core-oligosaccharides of types I and II in a ratio of 27:73, while the analogous preparation from N. flavescens contained core-oligosaccharide types II and III in a ratio of 21:4. Free lipopolysaccharides from these two organisms contained only one type of coreoligosaccharide. Lipid A components of all the lipopolysaccharide preparations were very similar being composed of about 25% by weight of dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid.", "contents": "Cellular and free lipopolysaccharides of some species of Neisseria. Cultures of eight non-pathogenic species of Neisseria grown in simple defined media released lipopolysaccharide (free lipopolysaccharide) by a process distinct from cellular autolysis. Analyses of the pure cellular and free lipopolysaccharides obtained from six species of Neisseria revealed that they were remarkably similar and were devoid of detectable O-antigen side chains. Three distinct types of core-oligosaccharides were demonstrated. Type I core-oligosaccharide was a branched structure of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl units (7 mol) terminated by a reducing end group of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid. Type II core-oligosaccharide contained D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-amino-D-glucose, L-rhamnose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, phosphate, and ethanolamine in a molar ratio of 3:2:1:1:1:1:1. Type III coreoligosaccharide was composed of D-glucose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, and phosphate in a molar ratio of 3:3:1:1. Lipopolysaccharides of N. caviae and N. sicca contained type I core-oligosaccharides exclusively, while those of N. flava and N. perflava contained only type II core-oligosaccharide. Cellular lipopolysaccharide from N. cinerea contained core-oligosaccharides of types I and II in a ratio of 27:73, while the analogous preparation from N. flavescens contained core-oligosaccharide types II and III in a ratio of 21:4. Free lipopolysaccharides from these two organisms contained only one type of coreoligosaccharide. Lipid A components of all the lipopolysaccharide preparations were very similar being composed of about 25% by weight of dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:1220864", "title": "Degradation of ioxynil and bromoxynil as measured by a modified spectrophotometric method.", "content": "A modified spectrophotometric method was developed to estimate ioxynil and bromoxynil residues. The method when compared with a 14C-tracer method was less sensitive but allowed rapid and accurate estimation of the herbicides. A clay loam soil with high organic matter content, which degraded ioxynil completely to CO2, also degraded bromoxynil completely. Bromoxynil degradation proceeded at a faster rate than that of ioxynil. The half-life of degradation was estimated to be 7 days for bromoxynil and 9-10 days for ioxynil. However, soil microorganisms which degraded ioxynil either completely to CO2 or partially did not seem to completely degrade bromoxynil. Degradation products from bromoxynil were detected on thin-layer chromatograms of extracts from pure cultures containing an exogenous carbon source. Complete degradation of bromoxynil and ioxynil in soil could be due to the action of different microorganisms.", "contents": "Degradation of ioxynil and bromoxynil as measured by a modified spectrophotometric method. A modified spectrophotometric method was developed to estimate ioxynil and bromoxynil residues. The method when compared with a 14C-tracer method was less sensitive but allowed rapid and accurate estimation of the herbicides. A clay loam soil with high organic matter content, which degraded ioxynil completely to CO2, also degraded bromoxynil completely. Bromoxynil degradation proceeded at a faster rate than that of ioxynil. The half-life of degradation was estimated to be 7 days for bromoxynil and 9-10 days for ioxynil. However, soil microorganisms which degraded ioxynil either completely to CO2 or partially did not seem to completely degrade bromoxynil. Degradation products from bromoxynil were detected on thin-layer chromatograms of extracts from pure cultures containing an exogenous carbon source. Complete degradation of bromoxynil and ioxynil in soil could be due to the action of different microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1220865", "title": "SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from four different species of Neisseria have been separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each LPS possessed a characteristic mobility on gels. Examination of the effect of acrylamide concentration on migration illustrated that the basis of the separation was molecular size and not intrinsic charge.", "contents": "SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of lipopolysaccharides. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from four different species of Neisseria have been separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each LPS possessed a characteristic mobility on gels. Examination of the effect of acrylamide concentration on migration illustrated that the basis of the separation was molecular size and not intrinsic charge."}
{"id": "PMID:1220866", "title": "Quantitative assessment of the bacterial rhizosphere flora of Pinus contorta var. latifolia.", "content": "The bacterial flora associated with root systems of young and mature lodgepole pine was investigated by sampling forest-grown trees. Counts were performed and expressed on a surface-area basis to give a more realistic comparison of organism density or activity within the control soil, rhizosphere soil, and rhizoplane. On this basis, densities increased by an order of 10(4)- to 10(6)-fold from control soil to rhizoplane, with the degree of stimulation being inversely related to root radius.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of the bacterial rhizosphere flora of Pinus contorta var. latifolia. The bacterial flora associated with root systems of young and mature lodgepole pine was investigated by sampling forest-grown trees. Counts were performed and expressed on a surface-area basis to give a more realistic comparison of organism density or activity within the control soil, rhizosphere soil, and rhizoplane. On this basis, densities increased by an order of 10(4)- to 10(6)-fold from control soil to rhizoplane, with the degree of stimulation being inversely related to root radius."}
{"id": "PMID:1220867", "title": "Microcycle conidiation in Penicillium urticae: an ultrastructural investigation of spherical spore growth.", "content": "A cultivation system has been developed for Penicillium urticae (NRRL 2159A) which yields 'microcycle' conidiation in submerged culture. Spherical growth of spores was initiated by incubation at 37 degrees C in a growth-favoring medium. Transfer of these enlarged spores to a nitrogen-poor medium at 35 degrees C resulted in synchronous germination and limited outgrowth followed by roughly synchronous conidiation. An ultrastructural study of the spherical growth stage indicates a significant loss of cell envelope fine structure and a general increase in the number of cellular organelles. Loss of the complex pattern of rodlets on the spore surface, and the trench-like invaginations of the plasma membrane were most prominent. From an ultrastructural point of view these large spores (about 6 mum in diameter) appeared to be perfectly normal.", "contents": "Microcycle conidiation in Penicillium urticae: an ultrastructural investigation of spherical spore growth. A cultivation system has been developed for Penicillium urticae (NRRL 2159A) which yields 'microcycle' conidiation in submerged culture. Spherical growth of spores was initiated by incubation at 37 degrees C in a growth-favoring medium. Transfer of these enlarged spores to a nitrogen-poor medium at 35 degrees C resulted in synchronous germination and limited outgrowth followed by roughly synchronous conidiation. An ultrastructural study of the spherical growth stage indicates a significant loss of cell envelope fine structure and a general increase in the number of cellular organelles. Loss of the complex pattern of rodlets on the spore surface, and the trench-like invaginations of the plasma membrane were most prominent. From an ultrastructural point of view these large spores (about 6 mum in diameter) appeared to be perfectly normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1220868", "title": "Microcycle conidiation in Penicillium urticae: an ultrastructural investigation of conidial germination and outgrowth.", "content": "A cultivation system has been developed for Penicillium urticae (NRRL 2159A) which yields 'microcycle' conidiation in submerged culture. Spherical growth of conidia was initiated by incubation at 37 degrees C in a growth-favoring medium. Transfer of these enlarged conidia to a nitrogen-poor medium at 35 degrees C resulted in synchronous germination and limited outgrowth followed by roughly synchronous conidiogenesis. An ultrastructural study of the germination stage indicated nuclear migration into the emerging germ tube whose new cell wall was an extension of the parent conidium's innermost cell wall layer. Septal formation at the neck of the germ tube followed. The septal pore was filled with particulate material and the septal membranes possessed unusual linear elements in their median hydrophobic zones. The germ tube, which possessed a smooth-surfaced plasma membrane, continued to elongate with periodic septum formation. The parent conidium and later the proximal germ tube showed progressive vacuolation and the cytoplasm became largely occupied by electron-translucent material. In older cells the septal pore was blocked by Woronin bodies. Compared with normal conidial germination this microcycle' germination is far more synchronous and the resultant germling is morphologically simpler. In ultrastructural terms, however, germination appears to be identical with that obtained at 28 degrees C.", "contents": "Microcycle conidiation in Penicillium urticae: an ultrastructural investigation of conidial germination and outgrowth. A cultivation system has been developed for Penicillium urticae (NRRL 2159A) which yields 'microcycle' conidiation in submerged culture. Spherical growth of conidia was initiated by incubation at 37 degrees C in a growth-favoring medium. Transfer of these enlarged conidia to a nitrogen-poor medium at 35 degrees C resulted in synchronous germination and limited outgrowth followed by roughly synchronous conidiogenesis. An ultrastructural study of the germination stage indicated nuclear migration into the emerging germ tube whose new cell wall was an extension of the parent conidium's innermost cell wall layer. Septal formation at the neck of the germ tube followed. The septal pore was filled with particulate material and the septal membranes possessed unusual linear elements in their median hydrophobic zones. The germ tube, which possessed a smooth-surfaced plasma membrane, continued to elongate with periodic septum formation. The parent conidium and later the proximal germ tube showed progressive vacuolation and the cytoplasm became largely occupied by electron-translucent material. In older cells the septal pore was blocked by Woronin bodies. Compared with normal conidial germination this microcycle' germination is far more synchronous and the resultant germling is morphologically simpler. In ultrastructural terms, however, germination appears to be identical with that obtained at 28 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:1220869", "title": "Microcycle conidiation in Penicillium urticae: an ultrastructural investigation of conidiogenesis.", "content": "A cultivation system has been developed for Penicillium urticae which yields 'microcycle' conidiation in submerged culture. Spherical growth of spores was initiated by incubation at 37 degrees C in a growth-favoring medium. Transfer of these enlarged spores to a nitrogen-poor medium at 35 degrees C results in synchronous germination and limited outgrowth followed by roughly synchronous conidiation. A study of the conidiation stage showed that a phialide and an immature conidium began to form at the tip of all germ tubes 18 h after the temperature shift. By 24 h additional phialides commonly appeared as a branch near the tip of the germ tube and the more mature conidia exhibited increasing refractility. The earliest ultrastructural signs of conidiation were various round invaginations in the plasma membrane and a thickening and rounding of the new spore wall which appeared as an inner extension of the phialide cell wall. Upon segregation of the conidium from the phialide cell by conidial wall formation, 'trench-like' invaginations gradually appeared in the plasma membrane and a disorganized rodlet pattern was formed on the outer surface of the maturing conidial wall. Continued maturation involved the formation of chains of conidia and phialide senescence which was characterized by a general degradation of intracellular structure. A comparison with standard surface and submerged culture conidiation indicated that 'microcycle' conidiation, while less prolific, was essentially identical.", "contents": "Microcycle conidiation in Penicillium urticae: an ultrastructural investigation of conidiogenesis. A cultivation system has been developed for Penicillium urticae which yields 'microcycle' conidiation in submerged culture. Spherical growth of spores was initiated by incubation at 37 degrees C in a growth-favoring medium. Transfer of these enlarged spores to a nitrogen-poor medium at 35 degrees C results in synchronous germination and limited outgrowth followed by roughly synchronous conidiation. A study of the conidiation stage showed that a phialide and an immature conidium began to form at the tip of all germ tubes 18 h after the temperature shift. By 24 h additional phialides commonly appeared as a branch near the tip of the germ tube and the more mature conidia exhibited increasing refractility. The earliest ultrastructural signs of conidiation were various round invaginations in the plasma membrane and a thickening and rounding of the new spore wall which appeared as an inner extension of the phialide cell wall. Upon segregation of the conidium from the phialide cell by conidial wall formation, 'trench-like' invaginations gradually appeared in the plasma membrane and a disorganized rodlet pattern was formed on the outer surface of the maturing conidial wall. Continued maturation involved the formation of chains of conidia and phialide senescence which was characterized by a general degradation of intracellular structure. A comparison with standard surface and submerged culture conidiation indicated that 'microcycle' conidiation, while less prolific, was essentially identical."}
{"id": "PMID:1220870", "title": "Induction of microbial variants of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in cultured rabbit alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Cultured alveolar and peritoneal macrophages obtained from normal and immunized rabbits were used to induce wall-defective microbial variants of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Variants were iduced only by normal alveolar macrophages. The variants reverted to typical Pseudomonas forms either spontaneously or upon transfer into broth or agar.", "contents": "Induction of microbial variants of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in cultured rabbit alveolar macrophages. Cultured alveolar and peritoneal macrophages obtained from normal and immunized rabbits were used to induce wall-defective microbial variants of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Variants were iduced only by normal alveolar macrophages. The variants reverted to typical Pseudomonas forms either spontaneously or upon transfer into broth or agar."}
{"id": "PMID:1220871", "title": "Ruptured aneurysms of the aortic sinus of Valsalva.", "content": "Aneurysms of the aortic sinus of Valsalva (ASV) are uncommon. This study describes eight cases of ruptured aneurysms of the congenital variety observed over a 10-year period in Singapore. Although ASV is classically diagnosed at the time of rupture, only one patient in this series presented with acute chest pain and dyspnea. All eight patients had continuous murmurs. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiography in eight patients and by thoracotomy in six. In six patients, the aneurysm had ruptured into the right ventricle and in two into the right atrium. In the five patients where the site of the aneurysm could be definitely determined, four arose from the right coronary and one from the noncoronary sinus. This marked preponderance of right coronary sinus over noncoronary sinus aneurysm in Singapore is more in accordance with the Japanese rather than the Western experience. A systolic gradient due to the aneurysm pressing on the right ventricular outflow tract was established in four patients during cardiac catheterization and angiography and confirmed in three patients at thoracotomy. Six patients underwent operation and were alive and well from 7 months to 3 years later.", "contents": "Ruptured aneurysms of the aortic sinus of Valsalva. Aneurysms of the aortic sinus of Valsalva (ASV) are uncommon. This study describes eight cases of ruptured aneurysms of the congenital variety observed over a 10-year period in Singapore. Although ASV is classically diagnosed at the time of rupture, only one patient in this series presented with acute chest pain and dyspnea. All eight patients had continuous murmurs. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiography in eight patients and by thoracotomy in six. In six patients, the aneurysm had ruptured into the right ventricle and in two into the right atrium. In the five patients where the site of the aneurysm could be definitely determined, four arose from the right coronary and one from the noncoronary sinus. This marked preponderance of right coronary sinus over noncoronary sinus aneurysm in Singapore is more in accordance with the Japanese rather than the Western experience. A systolic gradient due to the aneurysm pressing on the right ventricular outflow tract was established in four patients during cardiac catheterization and angiography and confirmed in three patients at thoracotomy. Six patients underwent operation and were alive and well from 7 months to 3 years later."}
{"id": "PMID:1220872", "title": "Aortometric estimation of stroke volume in the presence of aortic insufficiency.", "content": "A formula has been derived for estimating the left ventricular stroke volume (SV) from measurements of the difference between maximum and minimum cross-sectional area of the ascending aorta (am), ascending aorta pulse wave velocity (c) and systolic period (TS): SV=0.54 Ts c am. In open chest dogs, this 'aortometric' formula for estimating SV compared favorably with measurements by the electromagnetic flowmeter method both with and without aortic regurgitation. This suggests that in the presence of aortic regurgitation, the aortic backflow may be estimated from the difference between the aortometric SV measurement and the systemic blood flow estimated by an independent technique.", "contents": "Aortometric estimation of stroke volume in the presence of aortic insufficiency. A formula has been derived for estimating the left ventricular stroke volume (SV) from measurements of the difference between maximum and minimum cross-sectional area of the ascending aorta (am), ascending aorta pulse wave velocity (c) and systolic period (TS): SV=0.54 Ts c am. In open chest dogs, this 'aortometric' formula for estimating SV compared favorably with measurements by the electromagnetic flowmeter method both with and without aortic regurgitation. This suggests that in the presence of aortic regurgitation, the aortic backflow may be estimated from the difference between the aortometric SV measurement and the systemic blood flow estimated by an independent technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1220873", "title": "Coronary arterial mapping in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The diameters of the coronary arteries and their peripheral branches were measured on coronary angiograms obtained from 9 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), 6 patients with hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy, and 6 normal controls. There was a marked increase in the diameters of the main coronary arteries in the patients suffering from cardiomyopathy but no significant difference in the peripheral branches between the three groups. This discrepancy between the 'run-in' and 'run-off' components of coronary circulation could explain anginal symptoms during exercise in HOCM, but in the absence of direct coronary flow measurements this theory remains to be tested. HOCM was associated with the widest arteries whereas hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy occupied an intermediate position between HOCM and the control group.", "contents": "Coronary arterial mapping in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The diameters of the coronary arteries and their peripheral branches were measured on coronary angiograms obtained from 9 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), 6 patients with hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy, and 6 normal controls. There was a marked increase in the diameters of the main coronary arteries in the patients suffering from cardiomyopathy but no significant difference in the peripheral branches between the three groups. This discrepancy between the 'run-in' and 'run-off' components of coronary circulation could explain anginal symptoms during exercise in HOCM, but in the absence of direct coronary flow measurements this theory remains to be tested. HOCM was associated with the widest arteries whereas hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy occupied an intermediate position between HOCM and the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:1220892", "title": "Acute primidone overdosage with massive crystalluria.", "content": "A patient admitted to the hospital in coma was found to have massive primidone crystalluria. Gas chromatographic analysis of blood and urine for primidone and phenobarbital showed high urine primidone levels and high blood phenobarbital levels. The primidone levels suggest that primidone is rapidly cleared into urine. The high blood phenobarbital levels within 12 hr of overdosage with a history of diphenylhydantoin therapy and without phenobarbital therapy or overdosage suggests that diphenylhydantoin may influence the metabolic conversion of primidone to phenobarbital. The relationship of clinical symptomatology to high levels of primidone and phenobarbital is unclear. Analysis of blood and urine for primidone and phenobarbital and urine for crystals is of value in establishing diagnosis and prognosis in cases of suspected primidone overdosage.", "contents": "Acute primidone overdosage with massive crystalluria. A patient admitted to the hospital in coma was found to have massive primidone crystalluria. Gas chromatographic analysis of blood and urine for primidone and phenobarbital showed high urine primidone levels and high blood phenobarbital levels. The primidone levels suggest that primidone is rapidly cleared into urine. The high blood phenobarbital levels within 12 hr of overdosage with a history of diphenylhydantoin therapy and without phenobarbital therapy or overdosage suggests that diphenylhydantoin may influence the metabolic conversion of primidone to phenobarbital. The relationship of clinical symptomatology to high levels of primidone and phenobarbital is unclear. Analysis of blood and urine for primidone and phenobarbital and urine for crystals is of value in establishing diagnosis and prognosis in cases of suspected primidone overdosage."}
{"id": "PMID:1220896", "title": "Blood codeine concentrations in fatalities associated with codeine.", "content": "The toxicologic findings in eight cases of death due primarily to codeine overdosage are presented. Blood codeine concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 5.6 mug/ml as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Morphine was found in only two of the blood samples, at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.6 mug/ml, and may have resulted from heroin usage rather than codeine metabolism. A case of death of a codeine user by violent means is also presented in which the blood codeine concentration was 2.6 mug/ml.", "contents": "Blood codeine concentrations in fatalities associated with codeine. The toxicologic findings in eight cases of death due primarily to codeine overdosage are presented. Blood codeine concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 5.6 mug/ml as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Morphine was found in only two of the blood samples, at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.6 mug/ml, and may have resulted from heroin usage rather than codeine metabolism. A case of death of a codeine user by violent means is also presented in which the blood codeine concentration was 2.6 mug/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:1220905", "title": "Treatment of genitourinary infections.", "content": "The diagnosis of urinary tract sepsis is being made more often today because of increased awareness of the condition and improved techniques in the detection and management of genitourinary disorders. Patients developing urinary tract sepsis (bacteremia or septicemia) usually demonstrate certain predisposing factors: underlying chronic disease, advanced age, general debility, or recent urinary tract sepsis is easily made in a patient who has a sudden onset of fever, chills, malaise, nausea, and vomiting, along with tachycardia and a drop in blood pressure. Cultures should be taken from urine and blood samples, but therapy should be instituted immediately rather than after obtaining the results of cultures.", "contents": "Treatment of genitourinary infections. The diagnosis of urinary tract sepsis is being made more often today because of increased awareness of the condition and improved techniques in the detection and management of genitourinary disorders. Patients developing urinary tract sepsis (bacteremia or septicemia) usually demonstrate certain predisposing factors: underlying chronic disease, advanced age, general debility, or recent urinary tract sepsis is easily made in a patient who has a sudden onset of fever, chills, malaise, nausea, and vomiting, along with tachycardia and a drop in blood pressure. Cultures should be taken from urine and blood samples, but therapy should be instituted immediately rather than after obtaining the results of cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:1220907", "title": "Breast examination and clinical aspects of cyst aspiration.", "content": "Aspiration of breast cysts is now a well-established procedure that has saved countless operations, with a monetary benefit to patients and the saving of use of hospital beds. It has provided profound relief to the patient. The technique is simple, requiring but a few moments to perform, and is accompaned by little or no morbidity. Those who perform aspiration must be familiar with the indications for biopsy, so that adequate and early treatment may be provided.", "contents": "Breast examination and clinical aspects of cyst aspiration. Aspiration of breast cysts is now a well-established procedure that has saved countless operations, with a monetary benefit to patients and the saving of use of hospital beds. It has provided profound relief to the patient. The technique is simple, requiring but a few moments to perform, and is accompaned by little or no morbidity. Those who perform aspiration must be familiar with the indications for biopsy, so that adequate and early treatment may be provided."}
{"id": "PMID:1220910", "title": "New concepts in the immunotherapy of neoplasms.", "content": "Elucidation of immunobiologic mechanisms, both in general and particularly as they relate to tumors, is a relatively new endeavor. Clinical application of immunotherapeutic principles has followed tentatively behind the leading edge of research information. Evaluation of this type of therapy is on-going, and results are quite variable. Certainly the major application of immunotherapy must be as an adjuvant, for it is ineffective, both in research and clinical settings, where there is discernible tumor burden. To be properly utilized, immunotherapy must be properly sequenced and not used with other modalities of therapy in such a way as to render it useless. It must be applied with the realization that its effects might be supportive of tumor growth; therefore, frequent assays of tis effects must be carried out both during and after treatment. At the present time, active nonspecific immunotherapy using BCG and active specific therapy using altered autochthonous cells are most in vogue. This is, however, a rapidly changing field and one can anticipate frequent new directions in therapy.", "contents": "New concepts in the immunotherapy of neoplasms. Elucidation of immunobiologic mechanisms, both in general and particularly as they relate to tumors, is a relatively new endeavor. Clinical application of immunotherapeutic principles has followed tentatively behind the leading edge of research information. Evaluation of this type of therapy is on-going, and results are quite variable. Certainly the major application of immunotherapy must be as an adjuvant, for it is ineffective, both in research and clinical settings, where there is discernible tumor burden. To be properly utilized, immunotherapy must be properly sequenced and not used with other modalities of therapy in such a way as to render it useless. It must be applied with the realization that its effects might be supportive of tumor growth; therefore, frequent assays of tis effects must be carried out both during and after treatment. At the present time, active nonspecific immunotherapy using BCG and active specific therapy using altered autochthonous cells are most in vogue. This is, however, a rapidly changing field and one can anticipate frequent new directions in therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1220911", "title": "Current concepts of cell kinetics in the treatment of leukemia.", "content": "In a relatively brief time, considerable information has been accumulated concerning the relationship of the cell proliferation characteristics of acute leukemia and response to chemotherapy. Much remains to be learned, but we are now able to approach the problem of therapeutic regimen design based on observed patterns of in vivo cell response.", "contents": "Current concepts of cell kinetics in the treatment of leukemia. In a relatively brief time, considerable information has been accumulated concerning the relationship of the cell proliferation characteristics of acute leukemia and response to chemotherapy. Much remains to be learned, but we are now able to approach the problem of therapeutic regimen design based on observed patterns of in vivo cell response."}
{"id": "PMID:1220918", "title": "Antibiotic-associated colitis.", "content": "Patients receiving antibiotics or having just completed a course of antibiotics should be observed for the development of diarrhea. The diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis can be made by careful proctoscopic examination. If colitis is found, the antibiotic should be discontinued, vigorous supportive therapy should be instituted, and the patient should be observed carefully. Following these guidelines, the prognosis for antibiotic-associated colitis should be favorable.", "contents": "Antibiotic-associated colitis. Patients receiving antibiotics or having just completed a course of antibiotics should be observed for the development of diarrhea. The diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis can be made by careful proctoscopic examination. If colitis is found, the antibiotic should be discontinued, vigorous supportive therapy should be instituted, and the patient should be observed carefully. Following these guidelines, the prognosis for antibiotic-associated colitis should be favorable."}
{"id": "PMID:1220919", "title": "Some facets of clinical virology.", "content": "The availability of virus diagnostic laboratories now makes possible improved diagnosis of viral infections. Some of the benefits to the patient of diagnosing a viral infection are that further diagnostic procedures can be stopped with a saving of money and avoidance of discomfort, that unneeded therapy can be stopped, and that the prognosis of the disease can be more accurate. New developments in clinical virology are leading to a clearer definition of the role of viruses in both infectious and non-infectious diseases, and they hold out the promise of rapid diagnosis and specific antiviral therapy.", "contents": "Some facets of clinical virology. The availability of virus diagnostic laboratories now makes possible improved diagnosis of viral infections. Some of the benefits to the patient of diagnosing a viral infection are that further diagnostic procedures can be stopped with a saving of money and avoidance of discomfort, that unneeded therapy can be stopped, and that the prognosis of the disease can be more accurate. New developments in clinical virology are leading to a clearer definition of the role of viruses in both infectious and non-infectious diseases, and they hold out the promise of rapid diagnosis and specific antiviral therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1220929", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic blocks in pain therapy.", "content": "The skillful use of nerve blocks is important as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool in the management of chronic and acute pain problems. It is important that these blocks be performed not as technical exercises, but with responsibility, skill, and understanding--and in collaboration with both the patient and fellow physicians, so as to minimize or avoid harmful side effects and give the earliest possible relief from suffering.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic blocks in pain therapy. The skillful use of nerve blocks is important as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool in the management of chronic and acute pain problems. It is important that these blocks be performed not as technical exercises, but with responsibility, skill, and understanding--and in collaboration with both the patient and fellow physicians, so as to minimize or avoid harmful side effects and give the earliest possible relief from suffering."}
{"id": "PMID:1220934", "title": "Chromosome polymorphism in a human newborn population. II. Potentials of polymorphic chromosome variants for characterizing the idiogram of an individual.", "content": "Replicate chromosome preparations of umbilical-cord-blood leukocytes from 376 neonates born at the Albert Einstein College Hospital, Bronx, New York, were stained with C-, Q-, and G-banding methods to determine the frequencies and distributions of the variable chromosome bands. The C-band variants of primarily chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, as well as those of the remaining C, E, and F-group chromosomes, and the brightly fluorescing Q-band variants of chromosomes 3 and 4 and all of the acrocentrics, including the Y, were similarly analyzed. Polymorphism of these chromosome regions was so extensive that the idiogram of each of the 376 newborns of this study had a unique variant pattern, even when only the C- or only the Q-band patterns were compared. The distribution of polymorphic Q-bands in the population sampled was consistent with the expectations of the Hardy-Weinberg law, with the exception of chromosomes 3 and 22, where some deficiency of individuals with \"homozygous\" Q-band patterns was found. The baseline data presented here reinforce the view that polymorphic chromosome characteristics are very useful markers for characterizing the karyotype of an individual, for pedigree studies, for prenatal chromosome analyses, for population studies, for attempts at gene localizations, and for identifying specific cells or their chromosomes in somatic cell genetic studies.", "contents": "Chromosome polymorphism in a human newborn population. II. Potentials of polymorphic chromosome variants for characterizing the idiogram of an individual. Replicate chromosome preparations of umbilical-cord-blood leukocytes from 376 neonates born at the Albert Einstein College Hospital, Bronx, New York, were stained with C-, Q-, and G-banding methods to determine the frequencies and distributions of the variable chromosome bands. The C-band variants of primarily chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, as well as those of the remaining C, E, and F-group chromosomes, and the brightly fluorescing Q-band variants of chromosomes 3 and 4 and all of the acrocentrics, including the Y, were similarly analyzed. Polymorphism of these chromosome regions was so extensive that the idiogram of each of the 376 newborns of this study had a unique variant pattern, even when only the C- or only the Q-band patterns were compared. The distribution of polymorphic Q-bands in the population sampled was consistent with the expectations of the Hardy-Weinberg law, with the exception of chromosomes 3 and 22, where some deficiency of individuals with \"homozygous\" Q-band patterns was found. The baseline data presented here reinforce the view that polymorphic chromosome characteristics are very useful markers for characterizing the karyotype of an individual, for pedigree studies, for prenatal chromosome analyses, for population studies, for attempts at gene localizations, and for identifying specific cells or their chromosomes in somatic cell genetic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1220935", "title": "Mitotic association patterns of nucleolar organizing chromosomes in the mouse.", "content": "Following the report of localization of nucleolar organizer regions to chromosome pairs 15, 18, and 19 of the mouse, a study was undertaken to test these chromosomes for association during mitotic metaphase. Cells from sevel strains of mice were analyzed, and no strong evidence was found for any significant association patterns.", "contents": "Mitotic association patterns of nucleolar organizing chromosomes in the mouse. Following the report of localization of nucleolar organizer regions to chromosome pairs 15, 18, and 19 of the mouse, a study was undertaken to test these chromosomes for association during mitotic metaphase. Cells from sevel strains of mice were analyzed, and no strong evidence was found for any significant association patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:1220957", "title": "[Serum phenobarbital levels in epileptics].", "content": "The results of serum level determination in 250 epileptics confirm previous papers. Phenobarbital: --Is a \"safe\" anticonvulsant: steady serum level during 24 hours periods in chronic treatment and rather stable relationship between ingested dose and serum level. It can therefore be given as in the past, without blood level control. --Must always be prescribed according to the patient's weight, because serum level and therefore cerebral concentration depends on the dose per kilogram and not on the absolute dose. --Must be given in relatively higher dosage to children on account of a faster catabolism. --Is interfered with in its kinetics by other anticonvulsants and this fact must be taken into consideration for drugs associations. --Has no predetermined blood level for the control of every epilepsy. Some patients no longer have seizures with a theoretically too low serum level, while others still have seizures in spite of very high serum levels.", "contents": "[Serum phenobarbital levels in epileptics]. The results of serum level determination in 250 epileptics confirm previous papers. Phenobarbital: --Is a \"safe\" anticonvulsant: steady serum level during 24 hours periods in chronic treatment and rather stable relationship between ingested dose and serum level. It can therefore be given as in the past, without blood level control. --Must always be prescribed according to the patient's weight, because serum level and therefore cerebral concentration depends on the dose per kilogram and not on the absolute dose. --Must be given in relatively higher dosage to children on account of a faster catabolism. --Is interfered with in its kinetics by other anticonvulsants and this fact must be taken into consideration for drugs associations. --Has no predetermined blood level for the control of every epilepsy. Some patients no longer have seizures with a theoretically too low serum level, while others still have seizures in spite of very high serum levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1220958", "title": "[Pilot study on the effects of an antiparkinson anticholinergic agent during depressive conditions].", "content": "This pilot stuyd was made in order to search for the efficiency of an anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drug, orphenadrine, at high doses (300 to 500 mg/day, orally) in 10 depressed patients. This efficiency seems to be clear and appears quickly: with melancolic patients in particular, we observed 4 very good results in less than 5 days. Nevertheless, besides peripheral anticholinergic side-effects a transitory but very marked spatio-temporal disorganization, with increase of locomotor-activity and sometimes hallucinations, was observed in most patients. Nevertheless, it seems that this therapeutic should be carried on whenever other antidepressant therapeutics failed.", "contents": "[Pilot study on the effects of an antiparkinson anticholinergic agent during depressive conditions]. This pilot stuyd was made in order to search for the efficiency of an anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drug, orphenadrine, at high doses (300 to 500 mg/day, orally) in 10 depressed patients. This efficiency seems to be clear and appears quickly: with melancolic patients in particular, we observed 4 very good results in less than 5 days. Nevertheless, besides peripheral anticholinergic side-effects a transitory but very marked spatio-temporal disorganization, with increase of locomotor-activity and sometimes hallucinations, was observed in most patients. Nevertheless, it seems that this therapeutic should be carried on whenever other antidepressant therapeutics failed."}
{"id": "PMID:1220959", "title": "[Electroshocks, antidepressive agents, and anesthesia].", "content": "During 12 years, we have effected 6,982 electroshocks with anesthesia and celocurine (N.D.) on 713 patients, i.e. 7.25% of the total hospitalized patients. 62% of them (440) were all this time under antidepressant drugs and 38% (273) were not. We observed 16 minor incidents ten (2.27%) among those under treatment and six (2.19%) among the others; of these 16 incidents, 11 led to an interruption of the treatment for safety. The association of antidepressant drugs with electroshock  under anesthesia and celocurine (N.D.) does not present any real danger.", "contents": "[Electroshocks, antidepressive agents, and anesthesia]. During 12 years, we have effected 6,982 electroshocks with anesthesia and celocurine (N.D.) on 713 patients, i.e. 7.25% of the total hospitalized patients. 62% of them (440) were all this time under antidepressant drugs and 38% (273) were not. We observed 16 minor incidents ten (2.27%) among those under treatment and six (2.19%) among the others; of these 16 incidents, 11 led to an interruption of the treatment for safety. The association of antidepressant drugs with electroshock  under anesthesia and celocurine (N.D.) does not present any real danger."}
{"id": "PMID:1220989", "title": "Normal serum gastrin levels in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "In 28 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, histologically confirmed by liver biopsy, serum gastrin concentrations were determined radioimmunologically afer an overnight fast. Mean value and standard deviation in the patients with cirrhosis (30.1 +/- 19.3 pg/ml) was not found to be significantly different from the mean value established in 275 normal subjects (39.7 +/- 21.3 pg/ml).", "contents": "Normal serum gastrin levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. In 28 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, histologically confirmed by liver biopsy, serum gastrin concentrations were determined radioimmunologically afer an overnight fast. Mean value and standard deviation in the patients with cirrhosis (30.1 +/- 19.3 pg/ml) was not found to be significantly different from the mean value established in 275 normal subjects (39.7 +/- 21.3 pg/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:1220990", "title": "Effect of secretin on intestinal monosaccharide absorption and new water movement in the rat.", "content": "Repeated intravenous injections of 2.0 clinical units (CU) secretin per kg body weight showed no effect on jejunal glucose absorption and net water movement in perfusion studies in vivo. The in vitro uptake of galactose and 3-O-methylglucose was not altered by a secretin load given 12 min before sacrifice. The values for Km and Vmax were identical after secretin and in a control group. The conflicting results of different authors concerning the effect of secretin on net water movement and solute absorption may be due to differences in experimental techniques, different, mostly pharmacological doses of the hormone, and a diverse response of heterogeneous species.", "contents": "Effect of secretin on intestinal monosaccharide absorption and new water movement in the rat. Repeated intravenous injections of 2.0 clinical units (CU) secretin per kg body weight showed no effect on jejunal glucose absorption and net water movement in perfusion studies in vivo. The in vitro uptake of galactose and 3-O-methylglucose was not altered by a secretin load given 12 min before sacrifice. The values for Km and Vmax were identical after secretin and in a control group. The conflicting results of different authors concerning the effect of secretin on net water movement and solute absorption may be due to differences in experimental techniques, different, mostly pharmacological doses of the hormone, and a diverse response of heterogeneous species."}
{"id": "PMID:1220991", "title": "Peroxisomes in liver tumors of rats induced by 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene.", "content": "Peroxisomes were present in trabecular carcinoma and adenocarcinoma induced by 3-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene in the liver of rats. Peroxisomes in well-differentiated trabecular carcinoma (type I) resembled more or less those in hepatocytes in their electron microscopic features, but were considerably small in number. Poorly differentiated trabecular carcinoma (type II) and adenocarcinoma contained peroxisomes in far smaller number than in the well-differentiated trabecular carcinoma, or frequently showed no peroxisomes. Peroxisomes in poorly differentiated trabecular carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were small in size, contained scanty matrix in general, and almost lacked crystalloid nucleoids; however, they were easily identified by electron microscopic cytochemistry of catalase. Catalase activity of these tumors was significantly lower than in the liver tissues. These tumors did not respond to ethyl chlorophenxyisobutyrate either by proliferation of peroxisomes or by elevation of catalase activity. It is thus suggested that the cellular mechanisms for regulating the formation of peroxisomes and synthesis of the enzyme involved are impaired in the tumor cells.", "contents": "Peroxisomes in liver tumors of rats induced by 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene. Peroxisomes were present in trabecular carcinoma and adenocarcinoma induced by 3-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene in the liver of rats. Peroxisomes in well-differentiated trabecular carcinoma (type I) resembled more or less those in hepatocytes in their electron microscopic features, but were considerably small in number. Poorly differentiated trabecular carcinoma (type II) and adenocarcinoma contained peroxisomes in far smaller number than in the well-differentiated trabecular carcinoma, or frequently showed no peroxisomes. Peroxisomes in poorly differentiated trabecular carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were small in size, contained scanty matrix in general, and almost lacked crystalloid nucleoids; however, they were easily identified by electron microscopic cytochemistry of catalase. Catalase activity of these tumors was significantly lower than in the liver tissues. These tumors did not respond to ethyl chlorophenxyisobutyrate either by proliferation of peroxisomes or by elevation of catalase activity. It is thus suggested that the cellular mechanisms for regulating the formation of peroxisomes and synthesis of the enzyme involved are impaired in the tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1220992", "title": "Effect and toxicity of combination treatment including cyclocytidine or cytosine arabinoside in L-1210 and sarcoma-180 systems.", "content": "Combination effect of antitumor agents, including cyclocytidine and cytosine arabinoside, was evaluated on the conception of pharmacological synergism and not of therapeutic synergism. Ascites sarcoma-180 and L-1210 leukemia were used as tumor systems. In sarcoma-180 system, combinations of cyclophosphamide plus cyclocytidine or cytosine arabinoside by simultaneous administration and cyclocytidine plus Daunorubicin or Vinblastine by alternate administration provided synergism. In L-1210 system, many compounds in combination with cyclocytidine or cytosine arabinoside in both simultaneous and alternate administrations provided synergism. Combination effect of agents was affected by the schedule of drug administration. It was found that the combination effect of drugs in one tumor system cannot be generalized to that in other tumor systems, even though equally effective doses of agents were administered in both tumor systems. Toxicity of cytosine arabinoside in combination with other drugs was affected by the schedule of administration. Compounds which provided synergism in simultaneous administration provided antagonism in alternate one. As a result, it was found that alternate administration of drugs is advantageous for the activity and diminution of toxicity of the host animal.", "contents": "Effect and toxicity of combination treatment including cyclocytidine or cytosine arabinoside in L-1210 and sarcoma-180 systems. Combination effect of antitumor agents, including cyclocytidine and cytosine arabinoside, was evaluated on the conception of pharmacological synergism and not of therapeutic synergism. Ascites sarcoma-180 and L-1210 leukemia were used as tumor systems. In sarcoma-180 system, combinations of cyclophosphamide plus cyclocytidine or cytosine arabinoside by simultaneous administration and cyclocytidine plus Daunorubicin or Vinblastine by alternate administration provided synergism. In L-1210 system, many compounds in combination with cyclocytidine or cytosine arabinoside in both simultaneous and alternate administrations provided synergism. Combination effect of agents was affected by the schedule of drug administration. It was found that the combination effect of drugs in one tumor system cannot be generalized to that in other tumor systems, even though equally effective doses of agents were administered in both tumor systems. Toxicity of cytosine arabinoside in combination with other drugs was affected by the schedule of administration. Compounds which provided synergism in simultaneous administration provided antagonism in alternate one. As a result, it was found that alternate administration of drugs is advantageous for the activity and diminution of toxicity of the host animal."}
{"id": "PMID:1220993", "title": "A kinetic aspect of the antibody production against Ehrlich tumor cells in mice bearing Ehrlich solid tumor.", "content": "The number of cells producing the anti-Ehrlich tumor antibody (antibody against Ehrlich tumor cells) in the spleen of mice bearing Ehrlich solid tumor was counted by the modified Cunningham method, in which the sheep red blood cells were conjugated with extracted specific Ehrlich tumor antigen and used. The antibody-producing cells appeared 6 days after the subcutaneous transplantation of Ehrlich tumor cells and increased in number with a peak around the 15th day. Humoral anti-Ehrlich tumor antibody estimated by immune adherence gradually increased in the tumor-bearing mice, reached the maximum 15 days after the transplantation or later, and maintained the high level for a long period. The subcutaneous solid tumor grew and reached the maximum in weight around the 15th day and regressed thereafter.", "contents": "A kinetic aspect of the antibody production against Ehrlich tumor cells in mice bearing Ehrlich solid tumor. The number of cells producing the anti-Ehrlich tumor antibody (antibody against Ehrlich tumor cells) in the spleen of mice bearing Ehrlich solid tumor was counted by the modified Cunningham method, in which the sheep red blood cells were conjugated with extracted specific Ehrlich tumor antigen and used. The antibody-producing cells appeared 6 days after the subcutaneous transplantation of Ehrlich tumor cells and increased in number with a peak around the 15th day. Humoral anti-Ehrlich tumor antibody estimated by immune adherence gradually increased in the tumor-bearing mice, reached the maximum 15 days after the transplantation or later, and maintained the high level for a long period. The subcutaneous solid tumor grew and reached the maximum in weight around the 15th day and regressed thereafter."}
{"id": "PMID:1220997", "title": "[Anesthesia for ambulatory patients].", "content": "The specific problems of outpatient anesthesia are discussed with respect to the patient's condition, the anesthesist's qualification and pharmacological properties of anesthetics used. Methohexitone seems to be the best choice for induction. Problems may arise from the use of Propanidid, Ketamin and Diazepam. Nitrousoxide and Enflurane are a suitable completion. Endotracheal intubation, if needed, is facilitated by Suxamethonium, which is rapidly eliminated. Practical aspects of timing, premedication, induction, maintenance and ending of anesthesia are pointed out. After 1-2 hours the patient can be allowed to leave the hospital accompanied by a responsible person. Driving a car is not recommended before 24 hours have elapsed since anesthesia.", "contents": "[Anesthesia for ambulatory patients]. The specific problems of outpatient anesthesia are discussed with respect to the patient's condition, the anesthesist's qualification and pharmacological properties of anesthetics used. Methohexitone seems to be the best choice for induction. Problems may arise from the use of Propanidid, Ketamin and Diazepam. Nitrousoxide and Enflurane are a suitable completion. Endotracheal intubation, if needed, is facilitated by Suxamethonium, which is rapidly eliminated. Practical aspects of timing, premedication, induction, maintenance and ending of anesthesia are pointed out. After 1-2 hours the patient can be allowed to leave the hospital accompanied by a responsible person. Driving a car is not recommended before 24 hours have elapsed since anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:1220999", "title": "[Therapy of progressive scleroderma. Collagen-like protein in progressive scleroderma under D-penicillamine therapy].", "content": "The collagen-like-protein (CLP) in sera of patients with scleroderma (n = 20) and controls with (n = 25) this disease as well as in scleroderma-patients under treatment with D-penicillamine (DPA) was determined. The increase of collagen-like-protein roughly parallels the activity of the disease and secondly parallels the therapy. A relationship to collagen biosynthesis or metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "[Therapy of progressive scleroderma. Collagen-like protein in progressive scleroderma under D-penicillamine therapy]. The collagen-like-protein (CLP) in sera of patients with scleroderma (n = 20) and controls with (n = 25) this disease as well as in scleroderma-patients under treatment with D-penicillamine (DPA) was determined. The increase of collagen-like-protein roughly parallels the activity of the disease and secondly parallels the therapy. A relationship to collagen biosynthesis or metabolism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221001", "title": "[Bladder stones as a complication of gynecologic surgery].", "content": "Two cases of urinary bladder-stone-formation after surgical treatment of a prolapsed uterus and an uterus-antefixation according to Kocher are reported. In  both cases of synthetic, non absorbable suture was found. The patients suffered for several years from pollakisuria and dysuria although laboratory findings on the urine sediment were at least in an early stage not suspicious. The presence of urinary-bladder-stones was verified cystoscopically and the clinical symptomatology ceased promptly after removal of the concrements. Although formation of bladder-stone as described above seems to be quite rare, it should be prevented by the exclusive use of absorbable material in sutures in the region of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "[Bladder stones as a complication of gynecologic surgery]. Two cases of urinary bladder-stone-formation after surgical treatment of a prolapsed uterus and an uterus-antefixation according to Kocher are reported. In  both cases of synthetic, non absorbable suture was found. The patients suffered for several years from pollakisuria and dysuria although laboratory findings on the urine sediment were at least in an early stage not suspicious. The presence of urinary-bladder-stones was verified cystoscopically and the clinical symptomatology ceased promptly after removal of the concrements. Although formation of bladder-stone as described above seems to be quite rare, it should be prevented by the exclusive use of absorbable material in sutures in the region of the urinary bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:1221002", "title": "[Treatment of postoperative and post-traumatic hematoma in pediatric surgery].", "content": "Despite the extreme care during operative procedures bleeding from wound regions cannot be completely avoided especially where children are concerned. This may be due to vulnerability of tissues of injuries. Postoperative and posttraumatic hematoma often lead to delayed wound healing and at the same time increase the danger of infection to the loose and infiltrated subcutaneous tissue. Thus a swift and effective therapy of hematoma and seroma is desirable. 20 patients with postoperative and 10 patients with post-traumatic hematoma were treated with Tanderil Creme. Fifteen untreated patients formed a control group. Reduction of swelling and coloration of hematoma took approximately 4 days in patients with Tanderil Creme, in the untreated control group there persisted at least 8 days.", "contents": "[Treatment of postoperative and post-traumatic hematoma in pediatric surgery]. Despite the extreme care during operative procedures bleeding from wound regions cannot be completely avoided especially where children are concerned. This may be due to vulnerability of tissues of injuries. Postoperative and posttraumatic hematoma often lead to delayed wound healing and at the same time increase the danger of infection to the loose and infiltrated subcutaneous tissue. Thus a swift and effective therapy of hematoma and seroma is desirable. 20 patients with postoperative and 10 patients with post-traumatic hematoma were treated with Tanderil Creme. Fifteen untreated patients formed a control group. Reduction of swelling and coloration of hematoma took approximately 4 days in patients with Tanderil Creme, in the untreated control group there persisted at least 8 days."}
{"id": "PMID:1221055", "title": "Moral development and perceptual role-taking egocentrism: their development and interrelationship across the life-span.", "content": "Moral judgments and perceptual role taking egocentrism were assessed in seventy-two middle-class people whose age range encompassed a significant portion of the life span. Findings support the anticipated curvilinear relationship between moral development and age, and egocentrism and age. However, the close conceptual development and age, and egocentrism and age. However, the close conceptual relationship between moral development and egocentrism throughout life received only slight statistical support, which attained significance only in the fifteen- to nineteen-year-old age group. The existence of \"self-involving\" egocentrism was postulated to be an important determinant or moral development during adulthood.", "contents": "Moral development and perceptual role-taking egocentrism: their development and interrelationship across the life-span. Moral judgments and perceptual role taking egocentrism were assessed in seventy-two middle-class people whose age range encompassed a significant portion of the life span. Findings support the anticipated curvilinear relationship between moral development and age, and egocentrism and age. However, the close conceptual development and age, and egocentrism and age. However, the close conceptual relationship between moral development and egocentrism throughout life received only slight statistical support, which attained significance only in the fifteen- to nineteen-year-old age group. The existence of \"self-involving\" egocentrism was postulated to be an important determinant or moral development during adulthood."}
{"id": "PMID:1221056", "title": "Primary group interaction of residents in a retirement hotel.", "content": "The interaction patterns of sixty-three residents age 55 and over living in a retirement hotel for three types of primary groups-kin, friends, and neighbors-were studied. Almost all residents voiced high housing satisfaction and were involved to various degrees in their primary group network. The relative with whom visited the most, usually the adult child, influences the primary group interaction the most, but at the same time may contribute to feelings of uselessness on the part of the retired residents of the apartment complex.", "contents": "Primary group interaction of residents in a retirement hotel. The interaction patterns of sixty-three residents age 55 and over living in a retirement hotel for three types of primary groups-kin, friends, and neighbors-were studied. Almost all residents voiced high housing satisfaction and were involved to various degrees in their primary group network. The relative with whom visited the most, usually the adult child, influences the primary group interaction the most, but at the same time may contribute to feelings of uselessness on the part of the retired residents of the apartment complex."}
{"id": "PMID:1221057", "title": "Structural effects and life satisfaction among the aged.", "content": "This study investigates whether adjustment, or life satisfaction, is a function of the structural effect of community age density, the behavioral varaibles of total social interaction and age-graded interaction, or both. The sample contains one hundred eight-five persons seventy years of age and older in a midwestern state who have resided in their community at least five years. Thus, the study examines the influence of community structure on life satisfaction, age-graded interaction, and total interaction in a \"real world\" setting by using a relatively non-mobile sample. The findings suggest that no significant relationship exists between community structure and either total or age-graded interaction. Age-graded interaction, however, is significantly correlated with life satisfaction in large communities.", "contents": "Structural effects and life satisfaction among the aged. This study investigates whether adjustment, or life satisfaction, is a function of the structural effect of community age density, the behavioral varaibles of total social interaction and age-graded interaction, or both. The sample contains one hundred eight-five persons seventy years of age and older in a midwestern state who have resided in their community at least five years. Thus, the study examines the influence of community structure on life satisfaction, age-graded interaction, and total interaction in a \"real world\" setting by using a relatively non-mobile sample. The findings suggest that no significant relationship exists between community structure and either total or age-graded interaction. Age-graded interaction, however, is significantly correlated with life satisfaction in large communities."}
{"id": "PMID:1221058", "title": "The aged and diachronic solidarity in modern society.", "content": "Theory in social gerontology has mostly taken the individual as the main unit of inference. But one may learn more about the conditions of older people through a focus on diachronic solidarity conceptualized as a societal requisite. For this suggests that industrial societies have varying needs for older people. Depending on the stability of their institutions, identification with them, and presumptions about their stability, older people may or may not be accorded an important role in the symbolization of societal continuity. Limited evidence on the relation between income stratification by age and regime stability supports this hypothesis.", "contents": "The aged and diachronic solidarity in modern society. Theory in social gerontology has mostly taken the individual as the main unit of inference. But one may learn more about the conditions of older people through a focus on diachronic solidarity conceptualized as a societal requisite. For this suggests that industrial societies have varying needs for older people. Depending on the stability of their institutions, identification with them, and presumptions about their stability, older people may or may not be accorded an important role in the symbolization of societal continuity. Limited evidence on the relation between income stratification by age and regime stability supports this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221059", "title": "Partial learning and recognition memory in the aged.", "content": "A recognition-memory paradigm was used to test two hypotheses, storage and retrieval, which account for the adult age decrement seen in recall. Partial storage was minimized by using items in the recognition list which were similar to the to-be-remembered items. Recognition performance was unaffected by adult age differences, thereby supporting the retrieval hypothesis. However, older persons made a greater number of semantic errors in the recognition test list supporting the storage hypothesis. While the error difference did not affect overall recognition performance, the result does indicate some caution is necessary in interpreting age-recognition interactions.", "contents": "Partial learning and recognition memory in the aged. A recognition-memory paradigm was used to test two hypotheses, storage and retrieval, which account for the adult age decrement seen in recall. Partial storage was minimized by using items in the recognition list which were similar to the to-be-remembered items. Recognition performance was unaffected by adult age differences, thereby supporting the retrieval hypothesis. However, older persons made a greater number of semantic errors in the recognition test list supporting the storage hypothesis. While the error difference did not affect overall recognition performance, the result does indicate some caution is necessary in interpreting age-recognition interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1221060", "title": "Public interest report No. 17. \"Man does not die, he kills himself\".", "content": "The generalization that to be long-lived one must have long-lived ancestors is becoming increasingly less valid as knowledge of disease prevention and control increases. Leading causes of death for older people are briefly reviewed in terms of current incidence, knowledge, and control efforts. Particular attention is given to arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and alcoholism.", "contents": "Public interest report No. 17. \"Man does not die, he kills himself\". The generalization that to be long-lived one must have long-lived ancestors is becoming increasingly less valid as knowledge of disease prevention and control increases. Leading causes of death for older people are briefly reviewed in terms of current incidence, knowledge, and control efforts. Particular attention is given to arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:1221061", "title": "The role of cognitive process in social interaction.", "content": "This paper reports on a series of studies designed to investigate the hypothesis that the success of a social interaction is function of the compatibility among the participants in complexity or degree of differentiation of their cognitive structure. Patient-therapist cognitive compatibility is shown to predict the success of treatment outcome. Its role in the teacher-student relationship in mental health training is more complex: the teacher's cognitive structure appearing to be a primary variable. In community action groups, cognitive compatibility determines the nature and type of decisions or behaviors carried out by the group. The resarch emphasizes the need for increased familiarity with cognitive research among social psychiatrists.", "contents": "The role of cognitive process in social interaction. This paper reports on a series of studies designed to investigate the hypothesis that the success of a social interaction is function of the compatibility among the participants in complexity or degree of differentiation of their cognitive structure. Patient-therapist cognitive compatibility is shown to predict the success of treatment outcome. Its role in the teacher-student relationship in mental health training is more complex: the teacher's cognitive structure appearing to be a primary variable. In community action groups, cognitive compatibility determines the nature and type of decisions or behaviors carried out by the group. The resarch emphasizes the need for increased familiarity with cognitive research among social psychiatrists."}
{"id": "PMID:1221064", "title": "Attitudes and perception of attitude changes within the interdisciplinary staff of an evening mental health clinic.", "content": "A study was made of the attitudes of a multidisciplinary staff of an evening mental health clinic. The focus of the clinic is on short-term treatment, and one of the main purposes of the study was to investigate the reactions of staff members to this type of treatment orientation. Results indicated that staff members, when considered as a whole felt that their confidence in their short-term treatment skills and their belief in the effectiveness of a short-term, interdisciplinary treatment center increased over the course of the first year the clinic was open. These results were not consistent across disciplines, and possible reasons for this inconsistency were discussed.", "contents": "Attitudes and perception of attitude changes within the interdisciplinary staff of an evening mental health clinic. A study was made of the attitudes of a multidisciplinary staff of an evening mental health clinic. The focus of the clinic is on short-term treatment, and one of the main purposes of the study was to investigate the reactions of staff members to this type of treatment orientation. Results indicated that staff members, when considered as a whole felt that their confidence in their short-term treatment skills and their belief in the effectiveness of a short-term, interdisciplinary treatment center increased over the course of the first year the clinic was open. These results were not consistent across disciplines, and possible reasons for this inconsistency were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221065", "title": "Mental health patients in a Barrio health center.", "content": "Utilization by Mexican Americans of Mental Facilities of a Barrio area neighborhood health center, and demographic and symptom characteristics of this population were investigated. The findings suggest that contrary to other studies this program was able to reach a high risk Mexican American population frequently missed by mental health programs. The barrio location, the relationship to a neighborhood health clinic and a large proportion of Spanish speaking and local personnel, seemed to be factors in this result. The patients tended to be young adult women with marital problems, somatic complaints and depressive symptoms.", "contents": "Mental health patients in a Barrio health center. Utilization by Mexican Americans of Mental Facilities of a Barrio area neighborhood health center, and demographic and symptom characteristics of this population were investigated. The findings suggest that contrary to other studies this program was able to reach a high risk Mexican American population frequently missed by mental health programs. The barrio location, the relationship to a neighborhood health clinic and a large proportion of Spanish speaking and local personnel, seemed to be factors in this result. The patients tended to be young adult women with marital problems, somatic complaints and depressive symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1221066", "title": "Volunteer case aides in the U.S.A.", "content": "Mrs. Jeanne Lewington was awarded a 1973 Winston Churchill Fellowship to visit the U.S.A. and look at the way volunteers are used, particularly in the field of mental health. She studied projects at State and Private Mental Hospitals and Community Health Centres. She was particularly impressed with the contribution of Volunteer Case Aides in one to one work with psychiatric patients and describes this principle in some detail. On her return Mrs. Lewington approached the King's Fund London and has been given a grant to finance the establishment of a two year Volunteer Case Aide Programme based at St. Crispin Hospital, Northampton, England, evaluation of which will take place during 1975.", "contents": "Volunteer case aides in the U.S.A. Mrs. Jeanne Lewington was awarded a 1973 Winston Churchill Fellowship to visit the U.S.A. and look at the way volunteers are used, particularly in the field of mental health. She studied projects at State and Private Mental Hospitals and Community Health Centres. She was particularly impressed with the contribution of Volunteer Case Aides in one to one work with psychiatric patients and describes this principle in some detail. On her return Mrs. Lewington approached the King's Fund London and has been given a grant to finance the establishment of a two year Volunteer Case Aide Programme based at St. Crispin Hospital, Northampton, England, evaluation of which will take place during 1975."}
{"id": "PMID:1221068", "title": "Insanity proceedings and black-white state hospital admission rate differences.", "content": "This study attempted to determine if the higher state hospital admission rates of blacks are due to greater proportions of blacks being adjudicated incompetent at county insanity hearings. The records of 2,264 cases from 12 Florida counties in 1969 and observations and interviews in the county courts were used to answer this question. With the exception of a slight difference in middle-sized counties, the higher rates of state hospital admission were found to be due to initial differences in petitioning to the court rather than to adjudication differences. The lack of difference is due to the fact that the proportion competent, when refined, proves to be very small for both blacks and whites, thus allowing for little variation by ethnicity. The operation of a racial stereotype was, however, demonstrated in a detailed analysis of one large county.", "contents": "Insanity proceedings and black-white state hospital admission rate differences. This study attempted to determine if the higher state hospital admission rates of blacks are due to greater proportions of blacks being adjudicated incompetent at county insanity hearings. The records of 2,264 cases from 12 Florida counties in 1969 and observations and interviews in the county courts were used to answer this question. With the exception of a slight difference in middle-sized counties, the higher rates of state hospital admission were found to be due to initial differences in petitioning to the court rather than to adjudication differences. The lack of difference is due to the fact that the proportion competent, when refined, proves to be very small for both blacks and whites, thus allowing for little variation by ethnicity. The operation of a racial stereotype was, however, demonstrated in a detailed analysis of one large county."}
{"id": "PMID:1221075", "title": "Extraction of sleep-promoting factor S from cerebrospinal fluid and from brains of sleep-deprived animals.", "content": "Sleep-promoting factor (factor S) was extracted, partially purified, and concentrated from cerebrospinal fluid and from acid-acetone extracts of brain stem anc cortex of sleep-deprived goats and sheep. 2. Solutes greater than 500 daltons were largely removed by serial ultrafiltrations through molecular sieves (Amicon membranes UM10 and UM05); solutes less than 350 daltons were largely eliminated by gel filtration through Sephadex G10 columns. Sleep-promoting activity was found in a fraction eluted prior to [14C] sucrose marker. 3. Concentrated fraction were infused intraventricularly in rats (0.1 ml in 30 min just prior to 12-h dark cycle) and in rabbits (0.3 ml in 90 min in morning). Sleep-promoting activity was assayed by decrease in nocturnal locomotor activity of rats and by duration and amplitude of slow-wave cortical EEG in rabbits.", "contents": "Extraction of sleep-promoting factor S from cerebrospinal fluid and from brains of sleep-deprived animals. Sleep-promoting factor (factor S) was extracted, partially purified, and concentrated from cerebrospinal fluid and from acid-acetone extracts of brain stem anc cortex of sleep-deprived goats and sheep. 2. Solutes greater than 500 daltons were largely removed by serial ultrafiltrations through molecular sieves (Amicon membranes UM10 and UM05); solutes less than 350 daltons were largely eliminated by gel filtration through Sephadex G10 columns. Sleep-promoting activity was found in a fraction eluted prior to [14C] sucrose marker. 3. Concentrated fraction were infused intraventricularly in rats (0.1 ml in 30 min just prior to 12-h dark cycle) and in rabbits (0.3 ml in 90 min in morning). Sleep-promoting activity was assayed by decrease in nocturnal locomotor activity of rats and by duration and amplitude of slow-wave cortical EEG in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:1221076", "title": "Morphology and distribution of muscle spindles in dorsal muscles of the cat neck.", "content": "Silver-stained sections have been examined from the five dorsal neck muscles splenius, biventer, cervicis, complexus, rectus capitis major, and occipitoscapularis. Every serial section was examined for at least one muscle of each type so that a complete description of the spindle distribution and morphology could be made. With the exception of occipitoscapularis (whose prime function is probably in scapula rotation and not in head movement), neck muscles have a remarkably high spindle density. Occipitoscapularis has a spindle density similar to that of hindleg locomotor muscles (13-19 per gram), but splenius has a density of 46-66 per gram, biventer cervicis 74-96 per gram, complexus 71-107 per gram, and rectus capitis major 48-84 per gram. Such high densities have only previously been seen in small muscles whose total spindle population is not large. Because of the relatively large size of some neck muscles, individual muscles with a spindle content of up to 254 spindles have been found.", "contents": "Morphology and distribution of muscle spindles in dorsal muscles of the cat neck. Silver-stained sections have been examined from the five dorsal neck muscles splenius, biventer, cervicis, complexus, rectus capitis major, and occipitoscapularis. Every serial section was examined for at least one muscle of each type so that a complete description of the spindle distribution and morphology could be made. With the exception of occipitoscapularis (whose prime function is probably in scapula rotation and not in head movement), neck muscles have a remarkably high spindle density. Occipitoscapularis has a spindle density similar to that of hindleg locomotor muscles (13-19 per gram), but splenius has a density of 46-66 per gram, biventer cervicis 74-96 per gram, complexus 71-107 per gram, and rectus capitis major 48-84 per gram. Such high densities have only previously been seen in small muscles whose total spindle population is not large. Because of the relatively large size of some neck muscles, individual muscles with a spindle content of up to 254 spindles have been found."}
{"id": "PMID:1221077", "title": "Electrophysiological study of formation of new synapses and collateral sprouting in red nucleus neurons after partial denervation.", "content": "Intracellular recording was made from cat's red nucleus after chronic lesion of the nucleus interpositus (IP) of the cerebellum and the properties of the corticorubral EPSPs were examined. 2. It was found that the time to peak of the corticorubral ESPSs induced from cerebral peduncle (CP EPSP) of chronic cats was much faster than that of normal cats. There was no simple decay following the rapid rise and early summit; instead there was another peak as if the slow normal CP EPSPs were superimposed on the fast ones. 3. By stimulating two loci, sensorimotor cortex and the cerebral peduncle, the conduction velocities of the fibers responsible for the newly appeared fast-rising component of the corticorubral EPSPs were measured. They were almost the same as those of normal corticorubral EPSPs.", "contents": "Electrophysiological study of formation of new synapses and collateral sprouting in red nucleus neurons after partial denervation. Intracellular recording was made from cat's red nucleus after chronic lesion of the nucleus interpositus (IP) of the cerebellum and the properties of the corticorubral EPSPs were examined. 2. It was found that the time to peak of the corticorubral ESPSs induced from cerebral peduncle (CP EPSP) of chronic cats was much faster than that of normal cats. There was no simple decay following the rapid rise and early summit; instead there was another peak as if the slow normal CP EPSPs were superimposed on the fast ones. 3. By stimulating two loci, sensorimotor cortex and the cerebral peduncle, the conduction velocities of the fibers responsible for the newly appeared fast-rising component of the corticorubral EPSPs were measured. They were almost the same as those of normal corticorubral EPSPs."}
{"id": "PMID:1221079", "title": "Receptive-field characteristics of single neurons in lateral suprasylvian visual area of the cat.", "content": "The visual receptive fields of 213 cells in the lateral suprasylvian visual cortex (LS, or Clare-Bishop area) were studied in cats anesthetized with nitrous oxide. Eighty-one percent of the cells were directionally selective. They responded poorly to stationary stimuli flashed on or off, but gave a directionally selective response to stimuli moving through the receptive field. Most of these had a single preferred direction and an opposite null direction. They typically responded to a range of directions of stimulus movement from 45 to 90 degrees to either side of the preferred direction. Small stimuli (1-2 degrees or smaller) typically were effective and 87% of the directionally selective cells showed spatial summation. About 32% had inhibitory mechanisms which decreased the response of the cell if the stimulus exceeded a maximum size. There was little or no evidence that LS area cells were orientation selective or sensitive to variations in stimulus shape independent of size.", "contents": "Receptive-field characteristics of single neurons in lateral suprasylvian visual area of the cat. The visual receptive fields of 213 cells in the lateral suprasylvian visual cortex (LS, or Clare-Bishop area) were studied in cats anesthetized with nitrous oxide. Eighty-one percent of the cells were directionally selective. They responded poorly to stationary stimuli flashed on or off, but gave a directionally selective response to stimuli moving through the receptive field. Most of these had a single preferred direction and an opposite null direction. They typically responded to a range of directions of stimulus movement from 45 to 90 degrees to either side of the preferred direction. Small stimuli (1-2 degrees or smaller) typically were effective and 87% of the directionally selective cells showed spatial summation. About 32% had inhibitory mechanisms which decreased the response of the cell if the stimulus exceeded a maximum size. There was little or no evidence that LS area cells were orientation selective or sensitive to variations in stimulus shape independent of size."}
{"id": "PMID:1221080", "title": "Properties of projections from vestibular nuclei to medial reticular formation in the cat.", "content": "In one series of experiments, vestibular neurons that could be activated antidromically by stimulation of the contralateral medial reticular formation were studied with extracellular recording in cats under pentobarbital anesthesia. These neurons were found in all of the four main vestibular nuclei, but were less prevalent in dorsal Deiters' nucleus and in the central region of the superior vestibular nucleus than elsewhere. Regions of the pontine and medullary reticular formation from which neurons in different vestibular nuclei were activated corresponded to the pattern of vestibuloreticular projections described by neuroanatomists. 2. Latencies of antidromic responses to stimulation of the contralateral reticular formation ranged from 0.6 to over 3 ms, indicating a relatively slow transfer of activity from vestibular nuclei to reticular formation.", "contents": "Properties of projections from vestibular nuclei to medial reticular formation in the cat. In one series of experiments, vestibular neurons that could be activated antidromically by stimulation of the contralateral medial reticular formation were studied with extracellular recording in cats under pentobarbital anesthesia. These neurons were found in all of the four main vestibular nuclei, but were less prevalent in dorsal Deiters' nucleus and in the central region of the superior vestibular nucleus than elsewhere. Regions of the pontine and medullary reticular formation from which neurons in different vestibular nuclei were activated corresponded to the pattern of vestibuloreticular projections described by neuroanatomists. 2. Latencies of antidromic responses to stimulation of the contralateral reticular formation ranged from 0.6 to over 3 ms, indicating a relatively slow transfer of activity from vestibular nuclei to reticular formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1221081", "title": "Awareness of knee joint angle under static conditions.", "content": "The ability of subjects to match the angle of a passively positioned knee joint by active positioning of the opposite leg is nearly constant with time from 15s to 3 min. However, their ability to match this angle from memory is equally good. Thus, knowledge of joint angle after movement has ceased does not necessarily require ongoing input from tonic peripheral receptors.", "contents": "Awareness of knee joint angle under static conditions. The ability of subjects to match the angle of a passively positioned knee joint by active positioning of the opposite leg is nearly constant with time from 15s to 3 min. However, their ability to match this angle from memory is equally good. Thus, knowledge of joint angle after movement has ceased does not necessarily require ongoing input from tonic peripheral receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:1221082", "title": "Slowly adapting receptors in cat knee joint: can they signal joint angle?", "content": "Afferent activity in the lateral (LAN), medial (MAN), and posterior (PAN) articular nerves supplying the cat knee joint was studied at intermediate positions of the joint that included most of its working range. The discharge was analyzed only while the joint was stationary. The small LAN showed negligible tonic activity at intermediate angles (as determined by gross recording) and was not studied further.", "contents": "Slowly adapting receptors in cat knee joint: can they signal joint angle? Afferent activity in the lateral (LAN), medial (MAN), and posterior (PAN) articular nerves supplying the cat knee joint was studied at intermediate positions of the joint that included most of its working range. The discharge was analyzed only while the joint was stationary. The small LAN showed negligible tonic activity at intermediate angles (as determined by gross recording) and was not studied further."}
{"id": "PMID:1221083", "title": "Information signaled by sensory fibers in medial articular nerve.", "content": "Responses of 331 individual medial articular nerve fibers innervating the cat knee joint were tested to bending the joint over its entire range and to pressing on the tissues of the joint. The 331 fibers were classified into five groups on the basis of their discharge characteristics: slowly adapting (64), phasic (103), Pacinian corpuscle-like (12), weakly activated (39), and nonactivated (113). Five of the slowly adapting and all twelve of the Pacinian corpuscle-like receptors responded at intermediate joint angles. The remainder responded, if at all, only near the extremes of joint bending or twisting. Many of these same receptors could be activated by pressing about the knee. Sometimes gentle pressure on the focus sufficed to produce a vigorous discharge. The properties of these receptors are considered to be consistent with the hypothesis that articular mechanoreceptors do not signal joint angle but are involved in deep-pressure sensations.", "contents": "Information signaled by sensory fibers in medial articular nerve. Responses of 331 individual medial articular nerve fibers innervating the cat knee joint were tested to bending the joint over its entire range and to pressing on the tissues of the joint. The 331 fibers were classified into five groups on the basis of their discharge characteristics: slowly adapting (64), phasic (103), Pacinian corpuscle-like (12), weakly activated (39), and nonactivated (113). Five of the slowly adapting and all twelve of the Pacinian corpuscle-like receptors responded at intermediate joint angles. The remainder responded, if at all, only near the extremes of joint bending or twisting. Many of these same receptors could be activated by pressing about the knee. Sometimes gentle pressure on the focus sufficed to produce a vigorous discharge. The properties of these receptors are considered to be consistent with the hypothesis that articular mechanoreceptors do not signal joint angle but are involved in deep-pressure sensations."}
{"id": "PMID:1221084", "title": "Mechanical factors influencing response of joint afferent neurons from cat knee.", "content": "The responses of 67 slowly adapting joint afferent neurons in cat posterior articular nerve (PAN) were studied in relation to mechanical stimulation of the knee. The response of most neurons could be interpreted in terms of the stretching of joint tissues resulting from angular displacement of the knee. No neurons discharged at angles intermediate between the limits of movement of the joint. The limits of movement of the joint were operationally defined in terms of displacements resulting from applied torques.", "contents": "Mechanical factors influencing response of joint afferent neurons from cat knee. The responses of 67 slowly adapting joint afferent neurons in cat posterior articular nerve (PAN) were studied in relation to mechanical stimulation of the knee. The response of most neurons could be interpreted in terms of the stretching of joint tissues resulting from angular displacement of the knee. No neurons discharged at angles intermediate between the limits of movement of the joint. The limits of movement of the joint were operationally defined in terms of displacements resulting from applied torques."}
{"id": "PMID:1221085", "title": "Stereopsis in normal domestic cat, Siamese cat, and cat raised with alternating monocular occlusion.", "content": "Normal cats, cats raised with alternating monocular occluders, and Siamese cats were tested for stereoscopic vision using a shadow-casting technique that produced line stereograms. Human subjects were tested with the same apparatus. 1. Normal cats had stereoscopic vision, but AO and Siamese cats did not. 2. Normal AO cats, and Siamese cats all had equal visual activity (about 6 feet of arc) and all could make accurate judgments about the depth of real objects. 3. Normal cats could fuse crossed disparities as great as 50 feet of arc and uncrossed disparities as great as 30 feet of arc. 4. Normal cats could make stereoscopic discriminations with stimulus disparities greater than 1 degree, even though they could not fuse disparities of this magnitude. 5. Both the AO and the Siamese cats exhibited a convergent squint. 6. Human subjects viewing identical stimuli could not fuse stimuli having disparities greater than 10 feet, although they could make depth judgments for crossed disparities as great as 5 degrees. 7. These results imply that animals without binocular cells in area 17 do not have stereoscopic vision, but do not determine if disparity-selective cells in the visual cortex are responsible for stereopsis.", "contents": "Stereopsis in normal domestic cat, Siamese cat, and cat raised with alternating monocular occlusion. Normal cats, cats raised with alternating monocular occluders, and Siamese cats were tested for stereoscopic vision using a shadow-casting technique that produced line stereograms. Human subjects were tested with the same apparatus. 1. Normal cats had stereoscopic vision, but AO and Siamese cats did not. 2. Normal AO cats, and Siamese cats all had equal visual activity (about 6 feet of arc) and all could make accurate judgments about the depth of real objects. 3. Normal cats could fuse crossed disparities as great as 50 feet of arc and uncrossed disparities as great as 30 feet of arc. 4. Normal cats could make stereoscopic discriminations with stimulus disparities greater than 1 degree, even though they could not fuse disparities of this magnitude. 5. Both the AO and the Siamese cats exhibited a convergent squint. 6. Human subjects viewing identical stimuli could not fuse stimuli having disparities greater than 10 feet, although they could make depth judgments for crossed disparities as great as 5 degrees. 7. These results imply that animals without binocular cells in area 17 do not have stereoscopic vision, but do not determine if disparity-selective cells in the visual cortex are responsible for stereopsis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221086", "title": "Direction selectivity of simple striate cells: properties and mechanism.", "content": "Most simple cells in the striate cortex of the cat are direction selective, firing to broadside movement of an optimally oriented edge or bar in one direction of motion and not the other. The smallest stimulus displacement for which a direction-selective discrimination can be made cannot be smaller than the threshold for the detection of the displacement itself. It is shown that retinal image quality is an important limiting factor in respect to the thresholds both for stimulus displacement and direction selectivity.", "contents": "Direction selectivity of simple striate cells: properties and mechanism. Most simple cells in the striate cortex of the cat are direction selective, firing to broadside movement of an optimally oriented edge or bar in one direction of motion and not the other. The smallest stimulus displacement for which a direction-selective discrimination can be made cannot be smaller than the threshold for the detection of the displacement itself. It is shown that retinal image quality is an important limiting factor in respect to the thresholds both for stimulus displacement and direction selectivity."}
{"id": "PMID:1221087", "title": "Direction selectivity of complex cells in a comparison with simple cells.", "content": "Following our earlier study on direction selectivity in simple cells (5), the present findings on complex cells made it possible to compare the direction selectivity in the two types of striate cell. Common properties were found in the dimension of the smallest stimulus displacement giving a direction-selective response and in the role of inhibition in suppressing the response as the stimulus moved in the nonpreferred direction. However, the effectiveness of this inhibition varied in the two cell types since it suppressed both driven and spontaneous activity in the simple cell, but only driven firing in the complex cell. It is argued that direction selectivity must enter the response before the complex cell if the inhibition responsible for it's generation fails to influence the spontaneous activity of the cell. The consequences of this finding are considered in the terms of parallel or sequential processing of visual information in striate cortex.", "contents": "Direction selectivity of complex cells in a comparison with simple cells. Following our earlier study on direction selectivity in simple cells (5), the present findings on complex cells made it possible to compare the direction selectivity in the two types of striate cell. Common properties were found in the dimension of the smallest stimulus displacement giving a direction-selective response and in the role of inhibition in suppressing the response as the stimulus moved in the nonpreferred direction. However, the effectiveness of this inhibition varied in the two cell types since it suppressed both driven and spontaneous activity in the simple cell, but only driven firing in the complex cell. It is argued that direction selectivity must enter the response before the complex cell if the inhibition responsible for it's generation fails to influence the spontaneous activity of the cell. The consequences of this finding are considered in the terms of parallel or sequential processing of visual information in striate cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:1221090", "title": "Kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery: Clinical-statistical observations and surgical perspectives.", "content": "The incidence of kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery in an unselected series of 1,010 angiographies is reported. The angiographies of patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency and those of patients with other brain diseases were separately reviewed. On the basis of a statistical comparison, the finding of kinks and coils appears significantly higher in \"vascular\" than in \"non-vascular\" patients. The greater difference concerns age subgroups up to 50 years. These data give support to the assumption that both kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery may play a role in determining cerebral ischemic attacks. Surgical experience concerns a series of 19 patients operated by various corrective procedures, including resection of the internal carotid artery and end-to-end anastomosis. It is felt that surgery, performed in appropriately selected cases, can afford significant benefits to cerebrovascular patients, especially those presenting recurrent ischemic episodes.", "contents": "Kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery: Clinical-statistical observations and surgical perspectives. The incidence of kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery in an unselected series of 1,010 angiographies is reported. The angiographies of patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency and those of patients with other brain diseases were separately reviewed. On the basis of a statistical comparison, the finding of kinks and coils appears significantly higher in \"vascular\" than in \"non-vascular\" patients. The greater difference concerns age subgroups up to 50 years. These data give support to the assumption that both kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery may play a role in determining cerebral ischemic attacks. Surgical experience concerns a series of 19 patients operated by various corrective procedures, including resection of the internal carotid artery and end-to-end anastomosis. It is felt that surgery, performed in appropriately selected cases, can afford significant benefits to cerebrovascular patients, especially those presenting recurrent ischemic episodes."}
{"id": "PMID:1221093", "title": "Small arterial anastomoses: experimental models applicable to microneurosurgical practice.", "content": "Four main models of vascular microsurgical anastomoses in rabbits are described with reference to revascularization procedures in man. Some technical expedients designed to improve the patency rate, are outlined. This preliminary report emphasizes the value of laboratory training to achieve successful results with microneurosurgical treatment of cerebral ischemia.", "contents": "Small arterial anastomoses: experimental models applicable to microneurosurgical practice. Four main models of vascular microsurgical anastomoses in rabbits are described with reference to revascularization procedures in man. Some technical expedients designed to improve the patency rate, are outlined. This preliminary report emphasizes the value of laboratory training to achieve successful results with microneurosurgical treatment of cerebral ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1221109", "title": "[Peripheral secretion and inactivation of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine)].", "content": "In spite of the biochemical relationship between catecholamines (E,NE,DA), the unity of the adrenergic system is only apparent; catecholamines are present in numerous pools, which exhibit different anatomical and cellular localizations, secretory patterns, control of release, physiological functions, inactivation schemes and metabolic behaviour. The main sources of catecholamines in the periphery are the orthosympathetic nervous system, which is permanently active in maintaining homoeostasy, and the adrenal medulla, an essential element in the struggle against stress. In addition to these large pools, catecholamines are found also in extra adrenal chromaffin tissue and in sympathetic ganglions; the latter represents a potential store of amines, whilst ganglionic dopamine-rich interneurones are important links in the regulation of orthosympathetic activity. Rather than by a topographic distinction, it seems more satisfactory to classify the catecholamines spread in adrenergic fields into a small number of pools possessing their own physiological functions and inactivation patterns. Two main pools of catecholamines in the periphery may be described: The functional pool, represented by those catecholamines already released, or able to be released; in this pool are found plasma and adrenal medullary catecholamines and NE from sympathetic nerve endings. The tissue pool, consisting of the synthesis and storage compartments, which are poorly penetrated by plasma pool with respect to their high possibilities for synthesis and storage. Catecholamines from cellular bodies and axons of sympathetic neurons and a part of the adrenal medullary amines may be related to it. Two other pools of catecholamines have to be reported: a potential extrachromaffin pool, which is apparently negligible in the physiological state, but able to exhibit its synthetic and secretory capacities in particularly critical situations; an intraganglionic dopamine pool, which plays a modulator role in ganglionic synaptic transmission; its mode of secretion and inactivation are not necessarily the same as those of the above pools. To such a physiological diversity, specific regulatory processes, correspond the aim of which is, to stop physiological activity of released catecholamines, by means of physical and chemical inactivating mechanisms; to limit the amount of released product by local control of the neuromediator outflow; to minimize losses of active compound by neuronal and cellular uptake and perhaps by sulfoconjugation; to destroy the excess of synthesized or reabsorbed amines when tissue or neuronal concentration becomes too high (tissue metabolism).", "contents": "[Peripheral secretion and inactivation of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine)]. In spite of the biochemical relationship between catecholamines (E,NE,DA), the unity of the adrenergic system is only apparent; catecholamines are present in numerous pools, which exhibit different anatomical and cellular localizations, secretory patterns, control of release, physiological functions, inactivation schemes and metabolic behaviour. The main sources of catecholamines in the periphery are the orthosympathetic nervous system, which is permanently active in maintaining homoeostasy, and the adrenal medulla, an essential element in the struggle against stress. In addition to these large pools, catecholamines are found also in extra adrenal chromaffin tissue and in sympathetic ganglions; the latter represents a potential store of amines, whilst ganglionic dopamine-rich interneurones are important links in the regulation of orthosympathetic activity. Rather than by a topographic distinction, it seems more satisfactory to classify the catecholamines spread in adrenergic fields into a small number of pools possessing their own physiological functions and inactivation patterns. Two main pools of catecholamines in the periphery may be described: The functional pool, represented by those catecholamines already released, or able to be released; in this pool are found plasma and adrenal medullary catecholamines and NE from sympathetic nerve endings. The tissue pool, consisting of the synthesis and storage compartments, which are poorly penetrated by plasma pool with respect to their high possibilities for synthesis and storage. Catecholamines from cellular bodies and axons of sympathetic neurons and a part of the adrenal medullary amines may be related to it. Two other pools of catecholamines have to be reported: a potential extrachromaffin pool, which is apparently negligible in the physiological state, but able to exhibit its synthetic and secretory capacities in particularly critical situations; an intraganglionic dopamine pool, which plays a modulator role in ganglionic synaptic transmission; its mode of secretion and inactivation are not necessarily the same as those of the above pools. To such a physiological diversity, specific regulatory processes, correspond the aim of which is, to stop physiological activity of released catecholamines, by means of physical and chemical inactivating mechanisms; to limit the amount of released product by local control of the neuromediator outflow; to minimize losses of active compound by neuronal and cellular uptake and perhaps by sulfoconjugation; to destroy the excess of synthesized or reabsorbed amines when tissue or neuronal concentration becomes too high (tissue metabolism)."}
{"id": "PMID:1221110", "title": "[Circadian variations of the effects of ethanol and of blood ethanol values in the healthy adult man. Chronopharmacological study].", "content": "Six healthy young men (22 to 26 years) who had fasted for 12 hours volunteered for this study (subject synchronization: diurnal activity from 07(00) to midnight and nocturnal rest). A set dose of ethanol (0.67 g/kg body weight) was ingested at the fixed (and random) hours of 07(00), 11(00), 19(00) and 23(00), with a week between tests. A set of physiological variables: psychological tests (selft-rating of mood, of physical vigor and of ebriety, tempo, random number addition test); physical variables (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, peak expiratory flow, oral temperature and grip strength); blood variables (plasma ethanol, cortisol, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, glucose and erythrocyte K+) and urinary variables (volume, epinephrine, nor-epinephrine and 5-HIAA) were documented at least at 4 hourly intervals and set times. The cosinor method was used for chronobiological statistical analyses. The parameters characterizing the ethanol pharmacokinetics (chronopharmacokinetics) demonstrated a circadian rhythm (p less than 0.05): e. g. the peak height of ethanolemia is greater when ethanol is ingested at 07(00) than at other times. Also a circadian rhythm in biosystems susceptibility can be demonstrated (p less than 0.05) (chronesthesy) with a peak time not necessarily corresponding either to that of ethanolemia or to that of other variables. The overall circadian changes in ethanol effects (chronergy) can be viewed as a combination of both ethanol chronesthesy and chronokinetics.", "contents": "[Circadian variations of the effects of ethanol and of blood ethanol values in the healthy adult man. Chronopharmacological study]. Six healthy young men (22 to 26 years) who had fasted for 12 hours volunteered for this study (subject synchronization: diurnal activity from 07(00) to midnight and nocturnal rest). A set dose of ethanol (0.67 g/kg body weight) was ingested at the fixed (and random) hours of 07(00), 11(00), 19(00) and 23(00), with a week between tests. A set of physiological variables: psychological tests (selft-rating of mood, of physical vigor and of ebriety, tempo, random number addition test); physical variables (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, peak expiratory flow, oral temperature and grip strength); blood variables (plasma ethanol, cortisol, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, glucose and erythrocyte K+) and urinary variables (volume, epinephrine, nor-epinephrine and 5-HIAA) were documented at least at 4 hourly intervals and set times. The cosinor method was used for chronobiological statistical analyses. The parameters characterizing the ethanol pharmacokinetics (chronopharmacokinetics) demonstrated a circadian rhythm (p less than 0.05): e. g. the peak height of ethanolemia is greater when ethanol is ingested at 07(00) than at other times. Also a circadian rhythm in biosystems susceptibility can be demonstrated (p less than 0.05) (chronesthesy) with a peak time not necessarily corresponding either to that of ethanolemia or to that of other variables. The overall circadian changes in ethanol effects (chronergy) can be viewed as a combination of both ethanol chronesthesy and chronokinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:1221111", "title": "[Effect of 2,4 dinitrophenol and ouabain on the ability of cesium ions to substitute for intracellular potassium ions in isolated and perfused turtle heart (author's transl)].", "content": "1. It has been shown that most of the intracellular potassium of turtle heart can be replaced by cesium. 2. The uptake of cesium is reduced by the presence of either DNP 5.10(-5) M or ouabain 10(-6) M in the external medium. The presence of 10(-5) M ouabain markedly inhibits the uptake of cesium. 3. These results lead to the conclusion that the intracellular accumulation of cesium occurs via an active inward transport system wich operates with the simultaneous efflux of sodium.", "contents": "[Effect of 2,4 dinitrophenol and ouabain on the ability of cesium ions to substitute for intracellular potassium ions in isolated and perfused turtle heart (author's transl)]. 1. It has been shown that most of the intracellular potassium of turtle heart can be replaced by cesium. 2. The uptake of cesium is reduced by the presence of either DNP 5.10(-5) M or ouabain 10(-6) M in the external medium. The presence of 10(-5) M ouabain markedly inhibits the uptake of cesium. 3. These results lead to the conclusion that the intracellular accumulation of cesium occurs via an active inward transport system wich operates with the simultaneous efflux of sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:1221112", "title": "[Modulation of intestinal absorption of calcium].", "content": "1. Absorption of ingested calcium (2 ml of a 10mM CaCl2 solution + 45Ca) by the adult rat was shown to be facilitated by the simultaneous ingestion of an active carbohydrate, L-arabinose. As the carbohydrate concentration is increased from 10 to 200 mM, the adsorption of calcium is maximized at a level corresponding to about twice the control adsorption level. 2. A similar doubling of calcium adsorption is obtained when a 100 mM concentration of any one of a number of other carbohydrates (gluconic acid, mannose, glucosamine, sorbitol, lactose, raffinose, stachyose) is ingested simultaneously with a 10 mM CaCl2 solution. 3. Conversely, the simultaneous ingestion of increasing doses (10 to 100 mM) of phosphate (NaH2PO4) with a 10 mM CaCl2 solution results in decreased 45Ca absorption and retention by the adult rat. 4. The maximum inhibition of calcium adsorption by phosphate is independent of the concentration of the ingested calcium solution (from 5 to 50 mM CaCl2). 5. The simultaneous ingestion of CaCl2 (10 mM) with lactose and sodium phosphate (50 and 10 mM, respectively) shows that the activating effect of lactose upon 45Ca adsorption may be partly dissimulated by the presence of phosphate. 6. These various observations indicate that, within a large concentration range (2 to 50 mM CaCl2), calcium adsorption appears to be a precisely modulated diffusion process. Calcium absorption varies (between minimum and maximum levels) as a function of the state of saturation by the activators (carbohydrates) and inhibitors (phosphate) of the calcium transport system.", "contents": "[Modulation of intestinal absorption of calcium]. 1. Absorption of ingested calcium (2 ml of a 10mM CaCl2 solution + 45Ca) by the adult rat was shown to be facilitated by the simultaneous ingestion of an active carbohydrate, L-arabinose. As the carbohydrate concentration is increased from 10 to 200 mM, the adsorption of calcium is maximized at a level corresponding to about twice the control adsorption level. 2. A similar doubling of calcium adsorption is obtained when a 100 mM concentration of any one of a number of other carbohydrates (gluconic acid, mannose, glucosamine, sorbitol, lactose, raffinose, stachyose) is ingested simultaneously with a 10 mM CaCl2 solution. 3. Conversely, the simultaneous ingestion of increasing doses (10 to 100 mM) of phosphate (NaH2PO4) with a 10 mM CaCl2 solution results in decreased 45Ca absorption and retention by the adult rat. 4. The maximum inhibition of calcium adsorption by phosphate is independent of the concentration of the ingested calcium solution (from 5 to 50 mM CaCl2). 5. The simultaneous ingestion of CaCl2 (10 mM) with lactose and sodium phosphate (50 and 10 mM, respectively) shows that the activating effect of lactose upon 45Ca adsorption may be partly dissimulated by the presence of phosphate. 6. These various observations indicate that, within a large concentration range (2 to 50 mM CaCl2), calcium adsorption appears to be a precisely modulated diffusion process. Calcium absorption varies (between minimum and maximum levels) as a function of the state of saturation by the activators (carbohydrates) and inhibitors (phosphate) of the calcium transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:1221113", "title": "[Effect of alcohol on the metabolic conversion of 14C erucic acid in the liver of rats receiving rapeseed or peanut oil].", "content": "The effects of addition of ethanol to diets containing rapeseed or ground nut oil on the metabolic conversions of 14 14C erucic and 9-10 3H oleic acid were studied in the rat liver. 1. Whatever the diet more 14C than 3H radioactivity was recovered in liver lipids 2 and 19 hours after injection of labelled fatty acids. Ethanol has little effect on this incorporation. 2. Only small amounts of 3H oleic acid were converted. 3. In all cases, the metabolic conversion of erucic acid was identical: the main part of 14C was not recovered as erucic acid but was present in other monounsaturated fatty acids n-9: oleic acid (18 : 1), which was the most labelled acid, 16 : 1, 20 : 1 and nervonic acid (24 : 1). 4. The amount of erucic acid converted to shorter chain fatty acids was unchanged by addition of ethanol but the alcohol increased the proportion of 14C radioactivity recovered as nervonic acid. This latter effect was opposite to the effect of rapeseed oil diet, which consisted in a decrease in the conversion of erucic to nervonic acid. 5. A high amount of 14C radioactivity was recovered in the F.F.A. fraction of the liver as an unknown compound (13 and 80% of 14C radioactivity respectively after 2 and 19 h.) Its identification is presently under investigation.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohol on the metabolic conversion of 14C erucic acid in the liver of rats receiving rapeseed or peanut oil]. The effects of addition of ethanol to diets containing rapeseed or ground nut oil on the metabolic conversions of 14 14C erucic and 9-10 3H oleic acid were studied in the rat liver. 1. Whatever the diet more 14C than 3H radioactivity was recovered in liver lipids 2 and 19 hours after injection of labelled fatty acids. Ethanol has little effect on this incorporation. 2. Only small amounts of 3H oleic acid were converted. 3. In all cases, the metabolic conversion of erucic acid was identical: the main part of 14C was not recovered as erucic acid but was present in other monounsaturated fatty acids n-9: oleic acid (18 : 1), which was the most labelled acid, 16 : 1, 20 : 1 and nervonic acid (24 : 1). 4. The amount of erucic acid converted to shorter chain fatty acids was unchanged by addition of ethanol but the alcohol increased the proportion of 14C radioactivity recovered as nervonic acid. This latter effect was opposite to the effect of rapeseed oil diet, which consisted in a decrease in the conversion of erucic to nervonic acid. 5. A high amount of 14C radioactivity was recovered in the F.F.A. fraction of the liver as an unknown compound (13 and 80% of 14C radioactivity respectively after 2 and 19 h.) Its identification is presently under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1221114", "title": "[The left superior intercostal vein (author's transl)].", "content": "Study on the LSIV has several points of value: It enters into the normal mediastinal outline, forming the aortic \"nipple\". It may be the site of dilatation, either congenitally or secondary to haemodynamics changes. This venous dilatation should not be confused with a mediastinal tumour. It forms, in the majority of cases, an anastomosis between the superior vena cava and the azgos vein and therefore plays a part in the collateral circulation of caval obstruction syndromes. Its transverse course explains its involvement in the anterior and posterior mediastinal syndromes. Opacification of the LSIV should be part of the study of mediastinal tumours. By virtue of its relations with the left upper lobe, its study should be part of the pre-therapeutic assessment of such lesions.", "contents": "[The left superior intercostal vein (author's transl)]. Study on the LSIV has several points of value: It enters into the normal mediastinal outline, forming the aortic \"nipple\". It may be the site of dilatation, either congenitally or secondary to haemodynamics changes. This venous dilatation should not be confused with a mediastinal tumour. It forms, in the majority of cases, an anastomosis between the superior vena cava and the azgos vein and therefore plays a part in the collateral circulation of caval obstruction syndromes. Its transverse course explains its involvement in the anterior and posterior mediastinal syndromes. Opacification of the LSIV should be part of the study of mediastinal tumours. By virtue of its relations with the left upper lobe, its study should be part of the pre-therapeutic assessment of such lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1221115", "title": "[Reversal of portal flow by obstruction of the hepatic veins by hepatic tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatic tumours may, in the course of their development, compress or invade the hepatic veins, causing in a certain way a secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome of neoplastic origin. This results in reversal of the intrahepatic portal flow in the corresponding area, easily seen at arteriography. Hepatic arteriography shows retrograde opacification of intra-hepatic portal branches (arterio-portal reflux) which is the direct sign. Return ileoportography shows the functional absence of those portal branches in which current is reversed which is the indirect sign. This haemodynamic anomaly seen at arteriography is particularly interesting when the responsible tumour is an invasive and avascular carcinoma of the liver, as was the case with our two patients, since it represents the only angiographic sign from which the diagnosis may be made, there being neither hypervascularisation nor evidence of a mass.", "contents": "[Reversal of portal flow by obstruction of the hepatic veins by hepatic tumours (author's transl)]. Hepatic tumours may, in the course of their development, compress or invade the hepatic veins, causing in a certain way a secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome of neoplastic origin. This results in reversal of the intrahepatic portal flow in the corresponding area, easily seen at arteriography. Hepatic arteriography shows retrograde opacification of intra-hepatic portal branches (arterio-portal reflux) which is the direct sign. Return ileoportography shows the functional absence of those portal branches in which current is reversed which is the indirect sign. This haemodynamic anomaly seen at arteriography is particularly interesting when the responsible tumour is an invasive and avascular carcinoma of the liver, as was the case with our two patients, since it represents the only angiographic sign from which the diagnosis may be made, there being neither hypervascularisation nor evidence of a mass."}
{"id": "PMID:1221116", "title": "[Radiology of tumours of the region of the ampulla of Vater (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 18 personal cases, the authors discuss the different radiological appearances of tumours of the ampulla of Vater region. After a review of the histopathological aspects, they attempt to separate the respective indications for the various endoscopic and radiological studies possible, stressing the importance of duodenoscopy. They give an illustrated classification of the different appearances seen.", "contents": "[Radiology of tumours of the region of the ampulla of Vater (author's transl)]. On the basis of 18 personal cases, the authors discuss the different radiological appearances of tumours of the ampulla of Vater region. After a review of the histopathological aspects, they attempt to separate the respective indications for the various endoscopic and radiological studies possible, stressing the importance of duodenoscopy. They give an illustrated classification of the different appearances seen."}
{"id": "PMID:1221118", "title": "[Radiological appearances of cancer of the gastric stump (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 35 cases of primary carcinoma of the gastric stump, describing the technique they use for radiography, noting the main diagnosis signs and discussing the importance of the various methods for their study. They emphasize the importance of periodic post-operative control in these cases.", "contents": "[Radiological appearances of cancer of the gastric stump (author's transl)]. The authors report 35 cases of primary carcinoma of the gastric stump, describing the technique they use for radiography, noting the main diagnosis signs and discussing the importance of the various methods for their study. They emphasize the importance of periodic post-operative control in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1221119", "title": "[Topographical radiological anatomy of the extra-hepatic biliary system seen in lateral view. Tone and projecting movements of the hepatic/bile ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "This study is based essentially on lateral views of 244 examinations of the biliary tract by non-operative trans-hepato-cholecystographic radiomanometry and on some lateral views of cholecystograms. Despite the classical conception (Lutkens) of gall bladders invariably oblique, it showed that some are vertical, horizontal or even descending. Contrary to this classical conception which describes the infundibulum and cystic ducts as being oblique from the front backwards in the same direction as the long axis of an oblique gall bladder, these lateral views showed that, whilst the infundibulum may continue in the same direction as the long axis of the gall bladder, the same does not apply to the neck and cystic duct. They run from behind forwards and almost always in the direction of feet to head of the subject. Very rarely the neck is directed from head to foot. In addition, and once again contrary to Lukens description, the common bile duct is not the most posterior of the parts of the biliary tree. It is the infundibulocervical region which is the most inclined, regardless of the type of gall bladder. These lateral views also made it possible to demonstrate the pathognomic appearances of hypotonic and hypertonix hepatic/bile ducts and the antero-posterior projecting movements of the main bile duct.", "contents": "[Topographical radiological anatomy of the extra-hepatic biliary system seen in lateral view. Tone and projecting movements of the hepatic/bile ducts (author's transl)]. This study is based essentially on lateral views of 244 examinations of the biliary tract by non-operative trans-hepato-cholecystographic radiomanometry and on some lateral views of cholecystograms. Despite the classical conception (Lutkens) of gall bladders invariably oblique, it showed that some are vertical, horizontal or even descending. Contrary to this classical conception which describes the infundibulum and cystic ducts as being oblique from the front backwards in the same direction as the long axis of an oblique gall bladder, these lateral views showed that, whilst the infundibulum may continue in the same direction as the long axis of the gall bladder, the same does not apply to the neck and cystic duct. They run from behind forwards and almost always in the direction of feet to head of the subject. Very rarely the neck is directed from head to foot. In addition, and once again contrary to Lukens description, the common bile duct is not the most posterior of the parts of the biliary tree. It is the infundibulocervical region which is the most inclined, regardless of the type of gall bladder. These lateral views also made it possible to demonstrate the pathognomic appearances of hypotonic and hypertonix hepatic/bile ducts and the antero-posterior projecting movements of the main bile duct."}
{"id": "PMID:1221120", "title": "[Portal venous return in cases of obstruction of the inferior vena cava. Phlebographic study of five cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst 77 patients studied by phlebography for obstruction of the inferior vena cava, 5 (6%) showed evidence of a portal collateral network: 3 via the mesenteric vein, 2 via the epiploic veins. In four cases the portal flow represented the principal collateral flow. Our cases, together with those described in the literature, show that portal collateral flow occurs in at least 5% of cases of caval obstruction. They should, therefore, have been reported more frequently since it would appear that our five cases bring the total published to date to only 13.", "contents": "[Portal venous return in cases of obstruction of the inferior vena cava. Phlebographic study of five cases (author's transl)]. Amongst 77 patients studied by phlebography for obstruction of the inferior vena cava, 5 (6%) showed evidence of a portal collateral network: 3 via the mesenteric vein, 2 via the epiploic veins. In four cases the portal flow represented the principal collateral flow. Our cases, together with those described in the literature, show that portal collateral flow occurs in at least 5% of cases of caval obstruction. They should, therefore, have been reported more frequently since it would appear that our five cases bring the total published to date to only 13."}
{"id": "PMID:1221121", "title": "[Reactional hyperaemia and peripheral arteriography (author's transl)].", "content": "Reactional hyperaemia is a technique for functional study of the peripheral arterial circulation which may be applied to arteriography. It represents the maximum point on the scale of modifiers of function which may be used in peripheral arteriography. It opens the way to interesting comparison between peripheral arteriography and the various functional studies which may be employed in peripheral vascular pathology.", "contents": "[Reactional hyperaemia and peripheral arteriography (author's transl)]. Reactional hyperaemia is a technique for functional study of the peripheral arterial circulation which may be applied to arteriography. It represents the maximum point on the scale of modifiers of function which may be used in peripheral arteriography. It opens the way to interesting comparison between peripheral arteriography and the various functional studies which may be employed in peripheral vascular pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:1221122", "title": "[Diffuse gastric polyposis predominating in the antrum (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of diffuse gastric polyposis predominating in the antrum. They emphasize the interest of double contrast radiological examination of the mucosa and fiberendoscopy with biopsy, in the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Diffuse gastric polyposis predominating in the antrum (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of diffuse gastric polyposis predominating in the antrum. They emphasize the interest of double contrast radiological examination of the mucosa and fiberendoscopy with biopsy, in the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221123", "title": "[Double contrast barium enema in the adult, using tannin (author's transl)].", "content": "The description of a new technique of double contrast of the colon using barium, gum arabic and tannin in a low dose. The study involved more than, 1,500 adult patients without incident.", "contents": "[Double contrast barium enema in the adult, using tannin (author's transl)]. The description of a new technique of double contrast of the colon using barium, gum arabic and tannin in a low dose. The study involved more than, 1,500 adult patients without incident."}
{"id": "PMID:1221124", "title": "[Progress in diagnosis in osteo-articular pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteo-articular diagnosis is too often considered at present to be synonymous with radiological diagnosis. This has come to be almost a sine qua non. Nevertheless a normal X-ray does not mean that the patient is free of disease. On the contrary, there exists the considerable handicap of the latent period between the onset of disease and the appearance of radiological signs. If blind faith in such a notion is allowed to persist, a profitable means of progress is closed both to our discipline and pathology in general. Over the last decade has emerged a new tendency towards the study of the initial phases of disease and an earlier diagnosis during the pre-radiological phase. This tendency, which opens new perspectives, already enjoys highly promising success and deserves wider recognition, encouragement, development and study. It results more from an attitude of mind rather than the development of a technique and for this reason should lead to the suggestion of other methods and solutions. In bringing us closer to the source of the pathological process it will aid in better understanding of its true nature and pathogenesis. In a word, it will help us to understand the starting phases of disease whilst radiology reveals only the active process. Inasmuch as early physiopathological processes are reversible, it should open the door to new therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "[Progress in diagnosis in osteo-articular pathology (author's transl)]. Osteo-articular diagnosis is too often considered at present to be synonymous with radiological diagnosis. This has come to be almost a sine qua non. Nevertheless a normal X-ray does not mean that the patient is free of disease. On the contrary, there exists the considerable handicap of the latent period between the onset of disease and the appearance of radiological signs. If blind faith in such a notion is allowed to persist, a profitable means of progress is closed both to our discipline and pathology in general. Over the last decade has emerged a new tendency towards the study of the initial phases of disease and an earlier diagnosis during the pre-radiological phase. This tendency, which opens new perspectives, already enjoys highly promising success and deserves wider recognition, encouragement, development and study. It results more from an attitude of mind rather than the development of a technique and for this reason should lead to the suggestion of other methods and solutions. In bringing us closer to the source of the pathological process it will aid in better understanding of its true nature and pathogenesis. In a word, it will help us to understand the starting phases of disease whilst radiology reveals only the active process. Inasmuch as early physiopathological processes are reversible, it should open the door to new therapeutic approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:1221129", "title": "Uptake of amino acids and thymidine during the first cell cycle of synchronized hamster cells.", "content": "The net total uptake of four amino acids (valine, leucine, lysine and methionine) used at concentrations required for growth, and of thymidine at tracer concentrations, has been studied during the first cell cycle of an asparagine-dependent strain of transformed BHK cells synchronized by asparagine starvation. The rate of the total uptake of the amino acids, the free pool of the amino acids taken up, and the rate of their incorporation into protein at the end of the first cell cycle were, on the average, 12-fold that at the beginning of the cell cycle. The increase in these parameters during the cell cycle was not linear. The uptake of thymidine started before the onset of DNA synthesis and proceeded linearly beyond the peak of the S phase. The rate of accumulation of thymidine into the acid-soluble fraction also increased during the S phase, apart from a tendency to plateau off at the peak of this phase. It reached a second plateau towards the end of the cell cycle, and then declined slightly. Evidence is presented which suggests that the total quantity of protein synthesized during the cell cycle is more than the newly synthesized protein present in the cells at the end of the cell cycle; this indicated degradation and/or secretion of a substantial proportion of the newly synthesized protein. The total protein synthesized at different time points in the cell cycle appeared to contain different proportions of the amino acids used.", "contents": "Uptake of amino acids and thymidine during the first cell cycle of synchronized hamster cells. The net total uptake of four amino acids (valine, leucine, lysine and methionine) used at concentrations required for growth, and of thymidine at tracer concentrations, has been studied during the first cell cycle of an asparagine-dependent strain of transformed BHK cells synchronized by asparagine starvation. The rate of the total uptake of the amino acids, the free pool of the amino acids taken up, and the rate of their incorporation into protein at the end of the first cell cycle were, on the average, 12-fold that at the beginning of the cell cycle. The increase in these parameters during the cell cycle was not linear. The uptake of thymidine started before the onset of DNA synthesis and proceeded linearly beyond the peak of the S phase. The rate of accumulation of thymidine into the acid-soluble fraction also increased during the S phase, apart from a tendency to plateau off at the peak of this phase. It reached a second plateau towards the end of the cell cycle, and then declined slightly. Evidence is presented which suggests that the total quantity of protein synthesized during the cell cycle is more than the newly synthesized protein present in the cells at the end of the cell cycle; this indicated degradation and/or secretion of a substantial proportion of the newly synthesized protein. The total protein synthesized at different time points in the cell cycle appeared to contain different proportions of the amino acids used."}
{"id": "PMID:1221131", "title": "Sympathomimetic actions of reserpine administered during treatment with dopamine in the dog.", "content": "Reserpine injected intravenously during infusion with dopamine brought about sympathomimetic effects, but a second injection of reserpine after 120 minutes did not elicit such effects. This pressor effect was eliminated by phenoxybenzamine and this positive chronotrpic effect by propranolol. Reserpine induced similar but weak sympathomimetic effects after cocaine, while it induced no changes in blood pressure and heart rate after infusion with noradrenaline. Meanwhile, pressor response to dopamine was potentiated 24 hours after reserpine and was further potentiated after additional infusion with noradrenaline. The sympathomimetic actions induced by the concurrent administration of reserpine and dopamine may be attributable to a facilitation of those indirect mechanisms, prinicpally of endogenous catecholamine release.", "contents": "Sympathomimetic actions of reserpine administered during treatment with dopamine in the dog. Reserpine injected intravenously during infusion with dopamine brought about sympathomimetic effects, but a second injection of reserpine after 120 minutes did not elicit such effects. This pressor effect was eliminated by phenoxybenzamine and this positive chronotrpic effect by propranolol. Reserpine induced similar but weak sympathomimetic effects after cocaine, while it induced no changes in blood pressure and heart rate after infusion with noradrenaline. Meanwhile, pressor response to dopamine was potentiated 24 hours after reserpine and was further potentiated after additional infusion with noradrenaline. The sympathomimetic actions induced by the concurrent administration of reserpine and dopamine may be attributable to a facilitation of those indirect mechanisms, prinicpally of endogenous catecholamine release."}
{"id": "PMID:1221132", "title": "Drug-induced adrenaline release and blood glucose in rats: 3-phenyl-5(2-piperidinoethyl)-isoxazole citrate.", "content": "The effects of 3-phenyl-5-(2-piperidinoethyl)-isoxazole citrate (31245) on blood glucose level and adrenaline release from the adrenal gland were studied in rats. Elevation of blood glucose was detected in intact and hypophysectomized rats, but not in adrenalectomized or adrenal-demedullated rats after s.c.injection of 31245. Increase of adrenaline release from the left adrenal after administration of 31245 was detected under pentobarbital anesthesia. In splanchnicotomized rats, no increase of adrenaline secretion was observed after administration of this compound. Pretreatment with 31245, 5 mg/kg i.v., prevented about 35% of the adrenaline output caused by electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerve, though it had no inhibitory effect on adrenaline secretion caused by histamine and bradykinin. From these results, it is concluded that hyperglycemia induced by 31245 is due to hypersecretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands through excitation of the splanchnic nerves, though its direct action on the gland is an inhibitory effect on adrenaline release.", "contents": "Drug-induced adrenaline release and blood glucose in rats: 3-phenyl-5(2-piperidinoethyl)-isoxazole citrate. The effects of 3-phenyl-5-(2-piperidinoethyl)-isoxazole citrate (31245) on blood glucose level and adrenaline release from the adrenal gland were studied in rats. Elevation of blood glucose was detected in intact and hypophysectomized rats, but not in adrenalectomized or adrenal-demedullated rats after s.c.injection of 31245. Increase of adrenaline release from the left adrenal after administration of 31245 was detected under pentobarbital anesthesia. In splanchnicotomized rats, no increase of adrenaline secretion was observed after administration of this compound. Pretreatment with 31245, 5 mg/kg i.v., prevented about 35% of the adrenaline output caused by electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerve, though it had no inhibitory effect on adrenaline secretion caused by histamine and bradykinin. From these results, it is concluded that hyperglycemia induced by 31245 is due to hypersecretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands through excitation of the splanchnic nerves, though its direct action on the gland is an inhibitory effect on adrenaline release."}
{"id": "PMID:1221133", "title": "Inhibitory effects of caffeine on developed tension and calcium movement in guinea pig taenia coli in high-K medium.", "content": "Since the correlation between the K-induced contracture and the Ca movement during the contrature in guinea-pig taenia coli has been clarified, the effects of caffeine were deemed worthy of investigation. The tonic contraction induced by 40 mM K disappeared within 5 min in the presence of caffeine above 7 mM. The inhibitory effect of caffeine was reversed by a high concentration of Ca added to the external medium. High-K added to the medium increased tissue Ca, Ca uptake and the size of cellular Ca fraction that did not exchange within 4 min (tightly bound fraction TBF), and it decreased Ca efflux. An application of 7 mM caffeine to the muscle treated with high-K for 30 min restored all parameters to the control level. Further, caffeine had no effect on the developed tension of the glycerinated taenia induced by Ca, Mg and ATP. It was observed that 14C-caffeine entered the cell in the presence of high-K. From these data, it is suggested that caffeine inhibits high-K induced contracture by inhibiting Ca influx into the contractile mechanism.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of caffeine on developed tension and calcium movement in guinea pig taenia coli in high-K medium. Since the correlation between the K-induced contracture and the Ca movement during the contrature in guinea-pig taenia coli has been clarified, the effects of caffeine were deemed worthy of investigation. The tonic contraction induced by 40 mM K disappeared within 5 min in the presence of caffeine above 7 mM. The inhibitory effect of caffeine was reversed by a high concentration of Ca added to the external medium. High-K added to the medium increased tissue Ca, Ca uptake and the size of cellular Ca fraction that did not exchange within 4 min (tightly bound fraction TBF), and it decreased Ca efflux. An application of 7 mM caffeine to the muscle treated with high-K for 30 min restored all parameters to the control level. Further, caffeine had no effect on the developed tension of the glycerinated taenia induced by Ca, Mg and ATP. It was observed that 14C-caffeine entered the cell in the presence of high-K. From these data, it is suggested that caffeine inhibits high-K induced contracture by inhibiting Ca influx into the contractile mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1221134", "title": "Inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in blood vessels by picolinic acid derivatives in vivo and their anthypertensive effects.", "content": "The effect of picolinic acid derivatives, 5-butylpicolinic (fusaric) acid (FA), 5-(3',4'-DIBROMOBUTYL)PICOLINIC ACID(BPR2FA)and 50(N'N-dimethyldithiocarbamoilmethyl)picolinic acid (YP-279) on dopamine beta-hydroxylase in blood vessels in vivo was studied. Maximum inhibition of the conversion of 14C-dopamine (14C-DA) to 14C-norepinephrine (14C-ne) in rat aorta, mesenteric artery and renal artery was detected 30 min after FA and Br2FA (75 mg/kg) and 60 min after YP-279 (75 MG/KG). NE synthesis from 14C-DA returned to near control values by 6 hr in the blood vessels. NE levels of the aorta and mesenteric artery were sigkificantly reduced by 30 to 50% at 4 hr after Br2FA or FA (75 mg/kg). Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity, using tyramine as substrate, in heart, aorta, mesenteric artery and renal artery was markedly reduced. The concentrations of FA, Br2FA and YP-279 in rat blood following a single i.p, injection of each drug increase rapidly, reaching highest values in 0 to 30 min and decreasing slowly to 0 after 6 hr. These compounds did not affect the uptake of 3H-NE into the rat heart. These three compounds were found to lower blood pressure effectively in normal Wistar rats (above 25 mg/kg).", "contents": "Inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in blood vessels by picolinic acid derivatives in vivo and their anthypertensive effects. The effect of picolinic acid derivatives, 5-butylpicolinic (fusaric) acid (FA), 5-(3',4'-DIBROMOBUTYL)PICOLINIC ACID(BPR2FA)and 50(N'N-dimethyldithiocarbamoilmethyl)picolinic acid (YP-279) on dopamine beta-hydroxylase in blood vessels in vivo was studied. Maximum inhibition of the conversion of 14C-dopamine (14C-DA) to 14C-norepinephrine (14C-ne) in rat aorta, mesenteric artery and renal artery was detected 30 min after FA and Br2FA (75 mg/kg) and 60 min after YP-279 (75 MG/KG). NE synthesis from 14C-DA returned to near control values by 6 hr in the blood vessels. NE levels of the aorta and mesenteric artery were sigkificantly reduced by 30 to 50% at 4 hr after Br2FA or FA (75 mg/kg). Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity, using tyramine as substrate, in heart, aorta, mesenteric artery and renal artery was markedly reduced. The concentrations of FA, Br2FA and YP-279 in rat blood following a single i.p, injection of each drug increase rapidly, reaching highest values in 0 to 30 min and decreasing slowly to 0 after 6 hr. These compounds did not affect the uptake of 3H-NE into the rat heart. These three compounds were found to lower blood pressure effectively in normal Wistar rats (above 25 mg/kg)."}
{"id": "PMID:1221135", "title": "Interaction of Ca, Mg and ATP in glycerinated taenia coli of guinea pig.", "content": "Ca sensitivity and energy dependence in the contractile proteins of the glycerinated taenia coli of guinea pig were studied. Above 1 X 10(-7)M Ca caused contraction in muscle which had been immersed in glycerol solution for 7 days in the presence of 5 mM Mg-ATP. Muscles which had been immersed in glycerol for 30 days had a higher Ca sensitivity than ones in glycerol for 7 days. When AMP or ADP (5, 10 MM) in place of ATP was added in the presence of 1 X 10(-6) M Ca and Mg(5, 10 mM), there was no contraction. Increasing the concentration of the same molar ratio of Mg-ATP from 1 to 20 mM in the presence of 1 X 10(-6) M Ca, the tension increased according to the Mg-ATP concentration. However, increase in Mg or ATP only in the presence of 1 X 10(-6) M Ca did not increase the tension. In conclusion, the three factors of Ca, Mg and ATP are essential for the activation of the contractile elements of glycerinated taenia. It is also suggested that the tension development in glycerinated taemia is controlled by the concentration of Ca and Mg-ATP complexes in intracellular fluid.", "contents": "Interaction of Ca, Mg and ATP in glycerinated taenia coli of guinea pig. Ca sensitivity and energy dependence in the contractile proteins of the glycerinated taenia coli of guinea pig were studied. Above 1 X 10(-7)M Ca caused contraction in muscle which had been immersed in glycerol solution for 7 days in the presence of 5 mM Mg-ATP. Muscles which had been immersed in glycerol for 30 days had a higher Ca sensitivity than ones in glycerol for 7 days. When AMP or ADP (5, 10 MM) in place of ATP was added in the presence of 1 X 10(-6) M Ca and Mg(5, 10 mM), there was no contraction. Increasing the concentration of the same molar ratio of Mg-ATP from 1 to 20 mM in the presence of 1 X 10(-6) M Ca, the tension increased according to the Mg-ATP concentration. However, increase in Mg or ATP only in the presence of 1 X 10(-6) M Ca did not increase the tension. In conclusion, the three factors of Ca, Mg and ATP are essential for the activation of the contractile elements of glycerinated taenia. It is also suggested that the tension development in glycerinated taemia is controlled by the concentration of Ca and Mg-ATP complexes in intracellular fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:1221136", "title": "Analytical study of acquisition on free-operant avoidance response for evaluation of psychotropic drugs in rats.", "content": "Systematic research was performed on the acquisition of free-operant (Sidman-type) avoidance response, which is widely used for the study of psychotropic drugs, with the following results: When the training session was fixed at 2 hours once daily, shock-shock (S-S) interval at 5 seconds, and response-shock (R-S) interval variable-20, 30 and 60 seconds, the acquisition speed of the response was almost constant independent of the R-S interval, about 6 sessions being always required. When the S-S and R-S intervals were constantly 5 and 30 seconds, respectively and the length of one session was varying-1, 2 and 4 hours, the behavioral baseline was established after about 6 sessions independently of the length of the session. Thus the cumulative time for the acquisition was shortest when one session was 1 hour long, and longest when it was 4 hours long. There was a linear relation with negative inclination between the logarithm of mean numbers of shock delivered per sessions and the number of sessions. In rapid and exact training of animals for the evaluation of drug effects, one session of an hour per day is adequate. In the evaluation of drug effects on the acquisition process, observation of the shift in logarithmic value of shocks delivered is recommended.", "contents": "Analytical study of acquisition on free-operant avoidance response for evaluation of psychotropic drugs in rats. Systematic research was performed on the acquisition of free-operant (Sidman-type) avoidance response, which is widely used for the study of psychotropic drugs, with the following results: When the training session was fixed at 2 hours once daily, shock-shock (S-S) interval at 5 seconds, and response-shock (R-S) interval variable-20, 30 and 60 seconds, the acquisition speed of the response was almost constant independent of the R-S interval, about 6 sessions being always required. When the S-S and R-S intervals were constantly 5 and 30 seconds, respectively and the length of one session was varying-1, 2 and 4 hours, the behavioral baseline was established after about 6 sessions independently of the length of the session. Thus the cumulative time for the acquisition was shortest when one session was 1 hour long, and longest when it was 4 hours long. There was a linear relation with negative inclination between the logarithm of mean numbers of shock delivered per sessions and the number of sessions. In rapid and exact training of animals for the evaluation of drug effects, one session of an hour per day is adequate. In the evaluation of drug effects on the acquisition process, observation of the shift in logarithmic value of shocks delivered is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1221137", "title": "Antiarrhythmic effect of aprindine on several types of ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effect of aprindine was compared with those of lidocaine and propranolol on several ventricular arrhythmias-epinephrine arrhythmias in cats, ouabain arrhythmias in cats and guinea pigs, ischemic ventricular arrhythmias in coronary-ligated Beagle dogs. Antiarrhythmic effects of aprindine and lidocaine were observed both in ouagain and ischemic arrhythmias, but not in epinephrine arrhythmias. While propranolol had a strong antiarrhythmic effect against epinephrine and ouabain arrhythmias, it did not increase sinus beats in ischemic arrhythmias. Marked anti-arrhythmic effects of aprindine in ischemic arrhythmias were observed in dogs using either single intravenous administration (4 mg/kg) or intravenous infusion (200 mug/kg/min, 2 mg/kg). Antiarrhythmic activity of aprindine is considered to be about twice as strong as that of lidocaine, but lidocaine is less toxic in experimental animals.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic effect of aprindine on several types of ventricular arrhythmias. The antiarrhythmic effect of aprindine was compared with those of lidocaine and propranolol on several ventricular arrhythmias-epinephrine arrhythmias in cats, ouabain arrhythmias in cats and guinea pigs, ischemic ventricular arrhythmias in coronary-ligated Beagle dogs. Antiarrhythmic effects of aprindine and lidocaine were observed both in ouagain and ischemic arrhythmias, but not in epinephrine arrhythmias. While propranolol had a strong antiarrhythmic effect against epinephrine and ouabain arrhythmias, it did not increase sinus beats in ischemic arrhythmias. Marked anti-arrhythmic effects of aprindine in ischemic arrhythmias were observed in dogs using either single intravenous administration (4 mg/kg) or intravenous infusion (200 mug/kg/min, 2 mg/kg). Antiarrhythmic activity of aprindine is considered to be about twice as strong as that of lidocaine, but lidocaine is less toxic in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1221138", "title": "Local anesthetic activity of 1-(morpholino or piperidino)-2-propanol derivatives.", "content": "The local anesthetic activities of 1-(morpholino or piperidino)-2-propanol derivatives were investigated. These activities were observed with nerve trunk anesthesia, rabbit's corneal anesthesia and intradermal injection anesthesia. Among these propanol derivatives, No. 24 and No. 25 which possess thioether-type sulfur were the most active and the effective potency was enhanced by increasing the dissociation constant (pKa) value in a series of the compounds. Effects on cat spinal reflex were also observed. These propanol derivatives revealed no selective depression of presynaptic depression or depression of the potential of monosynaptic reflex (MSR) and polysynaptic reflex (PSR). Procaine and lidocaine had similar actions. Effects on axonal membrane potential and interaction of the calcium on these derivatives were also investigated. These derivatives decreased the action potential without altering the resting membrane potential and when antagonized with calcium, sciatic nerve action potential was decreased. Procaine and idocaine also showed the same results.", "contents": "Local anesthetic activity of 1-(morpholino or piperidino)-2-propanol derivatives. The local anesthetic activities of 1-(morpholino or piperidino)-2-propanol derivatives were investigated. These activities were observed with nerve trunk anesthesia, rabbit's corneal anesthesia and intradermal injection anesthesia. Among these propanol derivatives, No. 24 and No. 25 which possess thioether-type sulfur were the most active and the effective potency was enhanced by increasing the dissociation constant (pKa) value in a series of the compounds. Effects on cat spinal reflex were also observed. These propanol derivatives revealed no selective depression of presynaptic depression or depression of the potential of monosynaptic reflex (MSR) and polysynaptic reflex (PSR). Procaine and lidocaine had similar actions. Effects on axonal membrane potential and interaction of the calcium on these derivatives were also investigated. These derivatives decreased the action potential without altering the resting membrane potential and when antagonized with calcium, sciatic nerve action potential was decreased. Procaine and idocaine also showed the same results."}
{"id": "PMID:1221139", "title": "Positive and negative chronotropic response of the S-A node to oxyfedrine.", "content": "Direct perfusion of the sinus node artery under a constant pressure of 100 mmHg was carried out in vagotomized dogs. \"Selective\" injection of L-3-methoxy-omega-(1-hydroxy-1-phenylisopropylamino) propiophenone hydrochloride (oxyfedrine) into the sinus node artery induced three types of chronotropic response; a pronounced sinus tachycardia, an initial bradycardia followed by sustained tachycarcia, or a definite sinus bradcardia alone. The paradoxical sinus bradycardia induced by oxyfedrine was more pronounced at higher doses of the compound, whereas it was nver produced by the injection of isoproterenol. The oxyfedrine-induced sinus tachycardia, which occurred  even in reserpinized preparations, was not suppressed by the treatment with tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium or bretylium, but it was selectively inhibited by propranolol. Atropine, tetrodotoxin or hexamethonium did not prevent the occurrence of sinus bradycardia induced by oxyfedrine, and physostigmine failed to enhance the response. The present study indicates that the oxyfedrine-induced tachycardia is mediated mainly by a direct stimulating action on adrenergic beta-receptors, while the bradycardia appears to be induced by a direct depressant action on the S-A node.", "contents": "Positive and negative chronotropic response of the S-A node to oxyfedrine. Direct perfusion of the sinus node artery under a constant pressure of 100 mmHg was carried out in vagotomized dogs. \"Selective\" injection of L-3-methoxy-omega-(1-hydroxy-1-phenylisopropylamino) propiophenone hydrochloride (oxyfedrine) into the sinus node artery induced three types of chronotropic response; a pronounced sinus tachycardia, an initial bradycardia followed by sustained tachycarcia, or a definite sinus bradcardia alone. The paradoxical sinus bradycardia induced by oxyfedrine was more pronounced at higher doses of the compound, whereas it was nver produced by the injection of isoproterenol. The oxyfedrine-induced sinus tachycardia, which occurred  even in reserpinized preparations, was not suppressed by the treatment with tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium or bretylium, but it was selectively inhibited by propranolol. Atropine, tetrodotoxin or hexamethonium did not prevent the occurrence of sinus bradycardia induced by oxyfedrine, and physostigmine failed to enhance the response. The present study indicates that the oxyfedrine-induced tachycardia is mediated mainly by a direct stimulating action on adrenergic beta-receptors, while the bradycardia appears to be induced by a direct depressant action on the S-A node."}
{"id": "PMID:1221226", "title": "Embryonic development and organogenesis in the snail Marisa cornuarietis (Mesogastropoda: Ampullariidae). V. Development of the nervous system.", "content": "The nervous system is ectodermal in origin. All nerve ganglia arise separately by proliferation and later delamination from the ectoderm, not by invagination. They become secondarily connected to one another by commissures and connectives developing as extensions from the peripheral layer of ganglionic nerve cells. Rudiments of the cerebral, pedal, pleural and intestinal (parietal) ganglia arise almost simultaneously at a relatively early stage (Stage V). The cerebral ganglia develop from the ectoderm of the head plates. Rudiments of the pedal and pleural ganglia are separate at their inception. They later fuse (Stage VI) to form a pleuro-pedal ganglionic mass on each side. The 2 intestinal ganglia are symmetrical at the beginning, but they soon lose their symmetry as a result of torsion. The right ganglion crosses to the left over the gut and persists as the supraintestinal ganglion. The left or subintestinal ganglion shifts to the right and forward, and fuses with the right pleural ganglion (Stage VIII), thus obscuring the chiastoneury. The paired buccal and single visceral (abdominal) ganglia start differentiating in Stage VII. The former develop from the ectodermal wall of the stomodaeum, while the visceral ganglion delaminates from the right wall of the visceral sac, then shifts to the left during torsion. The statocysts develop early (Stage V) from 2 ectodermal invaginations on either side of the rudimentary foot. They later separate from the overlying ectoderm and statoconi appear in their lumina. Contrary to earlier reports on related ampullariids, the osphradium proved to be ontogenetically older than the mantle and mantle cavity. It starts differentiating as a thickened ectodermal plate in the right wall of the visceral sac (Stage V). During torsion, it becomes engulfed in the mantle cavity and shifts to the left side, then is carried forward as the mantlegrow. The eyes develop late (Stage IX) as ectodermal invaginations which rapidly separate from the ectoderm to form closed vesicles. Their cells start differentiating before hatching to form the retina, in which pigment is deposited, and the inner cornea. The lens is secreted in the lumen of the eye and grows by addition of concentric layers of secretion.", "contents": "Embryonic development and organogenesis in the snail Marisa cornuarietis (Mesogastropoda: Ampullariidae). V. Development of the nervous system. The nervous system is ectodermal in origin. All nerve ganglia arise separately by proliferation and later delamination from the ectoderm, not by invagination. They become secondarily connected to one another by commissures and connectives developing as extensions from the peripheral layer of ganglionic nerve cells. Rudiments of the cerebral, pedal, pleural and intestinal (parietal) ganglia arise almost simultaneously at a relatively early stage (Stage V). The cerebral ganglia develop from the ectoderm of the head plates. Rudiments of the pedal and pleural ganglia are separate at their inception. They later fuse (Stage VI) to form a pleuro-pedal ganglionic mass on each side. The 2 intestinal ganglia are symmetrical at the beginning, but they soon lose their symmetry as a result of torsion. The right ganglion crosses to the left over the gut and persists as the supraintestinal ganglion. The left or subintestinal ganglion shifts to the right and forward, and fuses with the right pleural ganglion (Stage VIII), thus obscuring the chiastoneury. The paired buccal and single visceral (abdominal) ganglia start differentiating in Stage VII. The former develop from the ectodermal wall of the stomodaeum, while the visceral ganglion delaminates from the right wall of the visceral sac, then shifts to the left during torsion. The statocysts develop early (Stage V) from 2 ectodermal invaginations on either side of the rudimentary foot. They later separate from the overlying ectoderm and statoconi appear in their lumina. Contrary to earlier reports on related ampullariids, the osphradium proved to be ontogenetically older than the mantle and mantle cavity. It starts differentiating as a thickened ectodermal plate in the right wall of the visceral sac (Stage V). During torsion, it becomes engulfed in the mantle cavity and shifts to the left side, then is carried forward as the mantlegrow. The eyes develop late (Stage IX) as ectodermal invaginations which rapidly separate from the ectoderm to form closed vesicles. Their cells start differentiating before hatching to form the retina, in which pigment is deposited, and the inner cornea. The lens is secreted in the lumen of the eye and grows by addition of concentric layers of secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1221227", "title": "[Incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in general surgical and urological patients an investigation by means of the 125I-Fibrinogen test in 95 patients withoug prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "We present the results of a control group of 95 patients who were thoroughly investigated in a prospective, randomized study, where the efficacy of small doses of s.c. heparin and dextran 40 is checked. The 125I-fibrogen test was used in all patients. 1. 35.8% of the patients develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT) during the first post-operative week. More than half of them show bilateral thrombosis. 2. There is no statistically significant difference in the thrombosis incidence between males and females. 3. 47% of the patients over 60 years develop postoperative DVT. Among those younger than 60 years, only 23% have DVT (P less than 0.025). 4. The DVT incidence in surgery of the colon is 58.3%. 5. Surgery for a malignant disease means probably increased risk for DVT (P less than 0.025). 6. More than half of the patients having a previous history of varicose veins develop postoperative DVT (P less than 0.025). 7. Obese patients are statistically seen not more prone to develop DVT than those of normal body build. 8. Immediately after operation 32.4% of DVT are diagnosed, 24 hrs. later 61.8%. 94% of all DVT are diagnosed up to the third postoperative day. 9. With the exeption of one patient, all DVT develop in the calf veins, 3/4 of all abnormal values were measured in the midcalf region.", "contents": "[Incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in general surgical and urological patients an investigation by means of the 125I-Fibrinogen test in 95 patients withoug prophylaxis (author's transl)]. We present the results of a control group of 95 patients who were thoroughly investigated in a prospective, randomized study, where the efficacy of small doses of s.c. heparin and dextran 40 is checked. The 125I-fibrogen test was used in all patients. 1. 35.8% of the patients develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT) during the first post-operative week. More than half of them show bilateral thrombosis. 2. There is no statistically significant difference in the thrombosis incidence between males and females. 3. 47% of the patients over 60 years develop postoperative DVT. Among those younger than 60 years, only 23% have DVT (P less than 0.025). 4. The DVT incidence in surgery of the colon is 58.3%. 5. Surgery for a malignant disease means probably increased risk for DVT (P less than 0.025). 6. More than half of the patients having a previous history of varicose veins develop postoperative DVT (P less than 0.025). 7. Obese patients are statistically seen not more prone to develop DVT than those of normal body build. 8. Immediately after operation 32.4% of DVT are diagnosed, 24 hrs. later 61.8%. 94% of all DVT are diagnosed up to the third postoperative day. 9. With the exeption of one patient, all DVT develop in the calf veins, 3/4 of all abnormal values were measured in the midcalf region."}
{"id": "PMID:1221228", "title": "[Technique and results of hepatic resection (author's transl)].", "content": "12 major hepatic resections are described. There were two postoperative deaths. 4 patients received more than two blood units intra- or immediately postoperatively (maximal blood loss 5000 and 4400 ml resp.). In 5 patients the operative procedure was performed in hemodilution, in these patients the maximal transfusion rate ranged to one blood unit. In nearly all patients a subphrenic collection of bile, blood and secretion was observed, but this was well treated conservatively. The various operative procedures, the possibility to avoid blood loss during hepatic resection and the concept of biliary drainage are discussed.", "contents": "[Technique and results of hepatic resection (author's transl)]. 12 major hepatic resections are described. There were two postoperative deaths. 4 patients received more than two blood units intra- or immediately postoperatively (maximal blood loss 5000 and 4400 ml resp.). In 5 patients the operative procedure was performed in hemodilution, in these patients the maximal transfusion rate ranged to one blood unit. In nearly all patients a subphrenic collection of bile, blood and secretion was observed, but this was well treated conservatively. The various operative procedures, the possibility to avoid blood loss during hepatic resection and the concept of biliary drainage are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221229", "title": "[Postoperative mortality and its etiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a ten year period of time from 1.3. 1962 to 31.12. 1972 at the Dept. of Surgery, University of Heidelberg 104927 patients were admitted to the hospital, 77950 operative procedures were carried out and 4217 patients died post operatively. The etiology of death as related to age distribution, disease and time of postop. death are discussed. The lethality causes are demonstrated by the classification of Petren. Autopsy examination reveals cardiac and/or circulatory failure to be the main cause of death (26,4%), followed by malignant tumors (12,7%), pneumonia (12,6%), cerebral causes (10,2%) and peritonitis (9,5%). Possible consequences of the distribution are being discussed.", "contents": "[Postoperative mortality and its etiology (author's transl)]. Over a ten year period of time from 1.3. 1962 to 31.12. 1972 at the Dept. of Surgery, University of Heidelberg 104927 patients were admitted to the hospital, 77950 operative procedures were carried out and 4217 patients died post operatively. The etiology of death as related to age distribution, disease and time of postop. death are discussed. The lethality causes are demonstrated by the classification of Petren. Autopsy examination reveals cardiac and/or circulatory failure to be the main cause of death (26,4%), followed by malignant tumors (12,7%), pneumonia (12,6%), cerebral causes (10,2%) and peritonitis (9,5%). Possible consequences of the distribution are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221230", "title": "[Contribution to the problem of shock as trigger mechanism in secondary acute cholecystitis (SACH). Fibrinoid thrombi in possible precurser state (author's transl)].", "content": "Causal connection between shock and SACH has been suggested on the basis of clinical analysis. In a case of cardiogenic shock demonstrating criteria of initial SACH, successful identification of intravascular fibrinoid thrombi is presented as valid evidence for this pathogenetic presumption.", "contents": "[Contribution to the problem of shock as trigger mechanism in secondary acute cholecystitis (SACH). Fibrinoid thrombi in possible precurser state (author's transl)]. Causal connection between shock and SACH has been suggested on the basis of clinical analysis. In a case of cardiogenic shock demonstrating criteria of initial SACH, successful identification of intravascular fibrinoid thrombi is presented as valid evidence for this pathogenetic presumption."}
{"id": "PMID:1221231", "title": "[Surgical anatomy of the blood supply of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies in 12 cadavers about arterial supply of the appendices epiploicae. There are three kinds of appendices. All of them contain an arterial arch. This arch is derived either from the marginal artery or from the long vasa recta. The tying of appendices together with their vasa recta never interrupt the blood supply of the colon. There is always a sufficient collateral circulation. If however a marginal artery is tied the gut has to be transsected at the same level.", "contents": "[Surgical anatomy of the blood supply of the colon (author's transl)]. Studies in 12 cadavers about arterial supply of the appendices epiploicae. There are three kinds of appendices. All of them contain an arterial arch. This arch is derived either from the marginal artery or from the long vasa recta. The tying of appendices together with their vasa recta never interrupt the blood supply of the colon. There is always a sufficient collateral circulation. If however a marginal artery is tied the gut has to be transsected at the same level."}
{"id": "PMID:1221234", "title": "The rights and responsibilities of a physician in a hospital environment.", "content": "Although each case must be decided on its merits, certain principles founded on case law set the pattern that may be expected to operate in resolving the problem that arises or in aiding a counselor in advising his client, be it physician or hospital. In all situations, the rights of the several parties and the relationships between them must be considered: physician's rights, patient's rights, the patient-physician relationship, the rights of the hospital and the power invested in its governing board, as well as the duties owed by the physician to his patient and to the hospital, and the duty of the hospital to serve the community in which it is situated. All of the foregoing material is a summary of the case law in the various situations that have arisen, as well as the author's expectation as to what might be anticipated in those situations not yet resolved by case law.", "contents": "The rights and responsibilities of a physician in a hospital environment. Although each case must be decided on its merits, certain principles founded on case law set the pattern that may be expected to operate in resolving the problem that arises or in aiding a counselor in advising his client, be it physician or hospital. In all situations, the rights of the several parties and the relationships between them must be considered: physician's rights, patient's rights, the patient-physician relationship, the rights of the hospital and the power invested in its governing board, as well as the duties owed by the physician to his patient and to the hospital, and the duty of the hospital to serve the community in which it is situated. All of the foregoing material is a summary of the case law in the various situations that have arisen, as well as the author's expectation as to what might be anticipated in those situations not yet resolved by case law."}
{"id": "PMID:1221238", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia during general anesthesia: medicolegal considerations.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia is a pathophysiologic process, the occurrence of which is nearly impossible to predict, the diagnosis difficult to discover rapidly, and the treatment unsuccessful in the majority of cases as is borne by the high mortality rate. It is in almost all instances, a fortuitous event, and liability will most probably not be imposed unless the plaintiff can establish by way of expert testimony that defendant-anesthesiologist departed from acceptable methods of care. Definite departures from the present standard of care could be: (1) administering a potent general anesthetic utilizing halogenated inhalation agents and depolarizing muscle relaxants to an individual who has undergone a previous malignant hyperthermia episode, and possibly to a member of his immediate family; (2) failing to have available appropriate resuscitative equipment; and of course, (3) lack of diligence and due care in attempting to treat a case of malignant hyperthermia. It seems, at this point, that serum CPK levels and constant temperature monitoring are additional safeguards, but are not part of the standard of care imposed upon the anesthesiologist.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia during general anesthesia: medicolegal considerations. Malignant hyperthermia is a pathophysiologic process, the occurrence of which is nearly impossible to predict, the diagnosis difficult to discover rapidly, and the treatment unsuccessful in the majority of cases as is borne by the high mortality rate. It is in almost all instances, a fortuitous event, and liability will most probably not be imposed unless the plaintiff can establish by way of expert testimony that defendant-anesthesiologist departed from acceptable methods of care. Definite departures from the present standard of care could be: (1) administering a potent general anesthetic utilizing halogenated inhalation agents and depolarizing muscle relaxants to an individual who has undergone a previous malignant hyperthermia episode, and possibly to a member of his immediate family; (2) failing to have available appropriate resuscitative equipment; and of course, (3) lack of diligence and due care in attempting to treat a case of malignant hyperthermia. It seems, at this point, that serum CPK levels and constant temperature monitoring are additional safeguards, but are not part of the standard of care imposed upon the anesthesiologist."}
{"id": "PMID:1221239", "title": "Malpractice aspects of medically prescribed exercise.", "content": "Stress exercise testing of suspected or known cardiacs and medical recommendations to patients to undertake physical fitness conditioning exercise programs constitute medical treatment in the eyes of the law and as such render the prescribing and supervising physicians legally responsible for harmful consequences to the patient to the same degree and under the same legal principles applicable for other medically prescribed diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The physician who employs a stress exercise test or who recommends that a patient engage in exercise as part of a prophylactic, rehabilitative, or therapeutic program must be alert to those aspects of his recommendations which possess potential malpractice hazards. In particular, he should direct his attention to recognized indications and contraindications of exercise test and exercise programs. Furthermore, he should perform an adequate preexercise screening examination and he must make sure that the exercise is properly monitored; that it is immediately terminated upon onset of signs or symptoms of impending serious reactions; that adequate advance preparations have been made for the treatment of foreseeable emergencies, particularly those requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced life support; and that such treatment is in full accord with generally accepted and proper medical standards. Finally, the physician must make certain that he adequately informs the patient of the potential risks and hazards associated with exercise stress testing and exercise programs so that the consent to such procedures can be classified legally as valid and \"informed\".", "contents": "Malpractice aspects of medically prescribed exercise. Stress exercise testing of suspected or known cardiacs and medical recommendations to patients to undertake physical fitness conditioning exercise programs constitute medical treatment in the eyes of the law and as such render the prescribing and supervising physicians legally responsible for harmful consequences to the patient to the same degree and under the same legal principles applicable for other medically prescribed diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The physician who employs a stress exercise test or who recommends that a patient engage in exercise as part of a prophylactic, rehabilitative, or therapeutic program must be alert to those aspects of his recommendations which possess potential malpractice hazards. In particular, he should direct his attention to recognized indications and contraindications of exercise test and exercise programs. Furthermore, he should perform an adequate preexercise screening examination and he must make sure that the exercise is properly monitored; that it is immediately terminated upon onset of signs or symptoms of impending serious reactions; that adequate advance preparations have been made for the treatment of foreseeable emergencies, particularly those requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced life support; and that such treatment is in full accord with generally accepted and proper medical standards. Finally, the physician must make certain that he adequately informs the patient of the potential risks and hazards associated with exercise stress testing and exercise programs so that the consent to such procedures can be classified legally as valid and \"informed\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1221242", "title": "The Model Postmortem Examinations Act in the State of Connecticut, 1969-1974.", "content": "Five years following the 1969 passage of legislation patterned after the Model Postmortem Examinations Act, Connecticut has a central laboratory with administrative, autopsy, and toxicology facilities; 24-hour statewide reporting deaths; a records and data-processing system; and affiliation with a university health center. The state's population density, number and size of municipalities and police departments, absence of county government, and judicial appointment of coroner's were unique geographic-political features confronting implementation of the legislation. To effect a transition from the preexisting system, and because of the number of deaths reported and physicians involved, a dual system was developed for examinations and certification of deaths which differentiated autopsies performed at the central laboratory from those at community hospitals. Dissemination of procedures and forms for medicolegal autopsies conducted at community hospitals is planned in the near future. Although educational programs for graduates and law enforcement personnel have been initiated, there still exists a need for more active undergraduate and postgraduate training and a program of research and statistical reporting. Implementation of the statutes during a five-year period in which supplemental legislation and regulations were passed, changes that occurred in state administration, and budgetary restrictions mandated by economic recession has, however, resulted in the nucleus of a modern state medicolegal investigative system--a separately budgeted medical examiner's office, supervised by an independent administrative commission and located on the grounds of the University of Connecticut Health Center in Farmington.", "contents": "The Model Postmortem Examinations Act in the State of Connecticut, 1969-1974. Five years following the 1969 passage of legislation patterned after the Model Postmortem Examinations Act, Connecticut has a central laboratory with administrative, autopsy, and toxicology facilities; 24-hour statewide reporting deaths; a records and data-processing system; and affiliation with a university health center. The state's population density, number and size of municipalities and police departments, absence of county government, and judicial appointment of coroner's were unique geographic-political features confronting implementation of the legislation. To effect a transition from the preexisting system, and because of the number of deaths reported and physicians involved, a dual system was developed for examinations and certification of deaths which differentiated autopsies performed at the central laboratory from those at community hospitals. Dissemination of procedures and forms for medicolegal autopsies conducted at community hospitals is planned in the near future. Although educational programs for graduates and law enforcement personnel have been initiated, there still exists a need for more active undergraduate and postgraduate training and a program of research and statistical reporting. Implementation of the statutes during a five-year period in which supplemental legislation and regulations were passed, changes that occurred in state administration, and budgetary restrictions mandated by economic recession has, however, resulted in the nucleus of a modern state medicolegal investigative system--a separately budgeted medical examiner's office, supervised by an independent administrative commission and located on the grounds of the University of Connecticut Health Center in Farmington."}
{"id": "PMID:1221244", "title": "Naturally occurring insect growth regulators. II. Screening of insect and plant extracts as insect juvenile hormone mimics.", "content": "Ethereal extracts prepared from the larvae, pupae, or eggs of 10 species of insects and from various parts of 343 species of higher plants were screened for juvenilizing effects against Tenebrio molitor and Oncopeltus fasciatus. Activity in both species was shown by an extract of the larvae of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, whereas an extract of the pupae was active in O. fasiatus only. Extracts of two plant species (Echinacea angustifolia roots and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana seeds) showed high juvenilizing activity in T. MOLITOR, AND EXtracts of five plant species (Clethra alnifolia stems, leaves, and fruits, Sassafras albidum roots and root bark, Eucalyptus camaldulensis stems and bark, Pinus rigida twigs and leaves, and Iris douglasiana roots, stems, and fruits) were highly active in O. fasciatus an extract of Tsuga canadensis leaves showed lower activity in this insect. Extracts of 16 species of plants showed high insecticidal activity (mortality) in O. fasciatus but lacked juvenilizing properties in both species of test insects.", "contents": "Naturally occurring insect growth regulators. II. Screening of insect and plant extracts as insect juvenile hormone mimics. Ethereal extracts prepared from the larvae, pupae, or eggs of 10 species of insects and from various parts of 343 species of higher plants were screened for juvenilizing effects against Tenebrio molitor and Oncopeltus fasciatus. Activity in both species was shown by an extract of the larvae of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, whereas an extract of the pupae was active in O. fasiatus only. Extracts of two plant species (Echinacea angustifolia roots and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana seeds) showed high juvenilizing activity in T. MOLITOR, AND EXtracts of five plant species (Clethra alnifolia stems, leaves, and fruits, Sassafras albidum roots and root bark, Eucalyptus camaldulensis stems and bark, Pinus rigida twigs and leaves, and Iris douglasiana roots, stems, and fruits) were highly active in O. fasciatus an extract of Tsuga canadensis leaves showed lower activity in this insect. Extracts of 16 species of plants showed high insecticidal activity (mortality) in O. fasciatus but lacked juvenilizing properties in both species of test insects."}
{"id": "PMID:1221245", "title": "Naturally occurring insect growth regulators. III. Echinolone, a highly active juvenile hormone mimic from Echinacea angustifolia roots.", "content": "A compound, C14H24O2, which induces strong juvenilizing effects in the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., following topical application to the pupal stage, was isolated in pure form from the roots of Echinacea angustifolia DC and tentatively identified as dextrorotatory (E)-10-hydroxy-4,10-dimethyl-4,11-dodecadien-2-one. The compound has been named echinolone.", "contents": "Naturally occurring insect growth regulators. III. Echinolone, a highly active juvenile hormone mimic from Echinacea angustifolia roots. A compound, C14H24O2, which induces strong juvenilizing effects in the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., following topical application to the pupal stage, was isolated in pure form from the roots of Echinacea angustifolia DC and tentatively identified as dextrorotatory (E)-10-hydroxy-4,10-dimethyl-4,11-dodecadien-2-one. The compound has been named echinolone."}
{"id": "PMID:1221246", "title": "The phenylquinolizidines of the seedlings of Heimia salicifolia.", "content": "Two isomeric 2-hydroxy-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)quinolizidines (3 and 9a), differing in the configuration of the bridgehead carbon, have been isolated from 5 to 10-day-old seedlings of Heimia salicifolia. The phenylquinolizidol with the cis ring juncture is shown to exist, in solution, as an equilibrium of conformers. 2-Keto-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)quinolizidine (5) has been isolated from the seedlings by radioactive dilution.", "contents": "The phenylquinolizidines of the seedlings of Heimia salicifolia. Two isomeric 2-hydroxy-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)quinolizidines (3 and 9a), differing in the configuration of the bridgehead carbon, have been isolated from 5 to 10-day-old seedlings of Heimia salicifolia. The phenylquinolizidol with the cis ring juncture is shown to exist, in solution, as an equilibrium of conformers. 2-Keto-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)quinolizidine (5) has been isolated from the seedlings by radioactive dilution."}
{"id": "PMID:1221247", "title": "Alkaloid screening. VIII.", "content": "One thousand plant extracts were screened for the presence of alkaloids. The number of positive tests was 185 (18.5%). There are 107 new alkaloid-containing species.", "contents": "Alkaloid screening. VIII. One thousand plant extracts were screened for the presence of alkaloids. The number of positive tests was 185 (18.5%). There are 107 new alkaloid-containing species."}
{"id": "PMID:1221258", "title": "The performance of seat belts in severe crashes.", "content": "This paper reports an intensive follow-up study of persons injured while wearing seat belts in crashes. Examinations of both vehicles and persons were carried out after the crash, and 30 out of 54 (55.5%) persons were judged to have been wearing seat belts at impact. Eight received injuries from the seat belt, only four of these injuries being severe, and none was fatal. A roadside survey showed that half of the occupants wearing seat belts had them adjusted incorrectly. This compared with nearly 90% of the crash cases having incorrectly adjusted belts. There is therefore an association between incorrectly worn seat belts and injury. The seat belt buckle seems to be a possible cause of injury in this situation, especially when worn in from of the hip, and with a loose belt. Comparison of police reports of belt wearing for the study cases suggests an underestimate of about 10% in the wearing rate if police data are used.", "contents": "The performance of seat belts in severe crashes. This paper reports an intensive follow-up study of persons injured while wearing seat belts in crashes. Examinations of both vehicles and persons were carried out after the crash, and 30 out of 54 (55.5%) persons were judged to have been wearing seat belts at impact. Eight received injuries from the seat belt, only four of these injuries being severe, and none was fatal. A roadside survey showed that half of the occupants wearing seat belts had them adjusted incorrectly. This compared with nearly 90% of the crash cases having incorrectly adjusted belts. There is therefore an association between incorrectly worn seat belts and injury. The seat belt buckle seems to be a possible cause of injury in this situation, especially when worn in from of the hip, and with a loose belt. Comparison of police reports of belt wearing for the study cases suggests an underestimate of about 10% in the wearing rate if police data are used."}
{"id": "PMID:1221259", "title": "Teaching medical students how to care for the dying.", "content": "An experimental course for medical students is described in which the main focus in on the development of a continuing relationship between a medical student and a terminally ill patient. The goals of the course, its format, its evaluation by both patient and student participants, the problems encountered and the implications for instruction on death and dying are discussed.", "contents": "Teaching medical students how to care for the dying. An experimental course for medical students is described in which the main focus in on the development of a continuing relationship between a medical student and a terminally ill patient. The goals of the course, its format, its evaluation by both patient and student participants, the problems encountered and the implications for instruction on death and dying are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221260", "title": "Death by drowning? Geelong 1959 to 1974.", "content": "This paper reviews the circumstances of 142 deaths by drowning which occurred in Geelong and district during the years 1959 to 1974. The effectiveness of safety nets and protective fences as a means of preventing the accidental submersion of young children in home swimming pools is questioned. Consumption of alcohol before submersion played a major role in the death of many adult males. Of males aged 26 years and over, 79% imbibed alcohol before death, and 57% had a blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.1% at autopsy. Of males aged 17 to 25 years of age, 25% imbibed alcohol before death and only half of these had a blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.1% at autopsy. The age preponderance for consumption of alcohol and drowning is opposite to that for fatal motor vehicular accidents (in these males aged 17 to 25 years more frequently have significant blood alcohol concentrations at autopsy than males aged 26 years and over). No female consumed alcohol before submersion. The writer suggests that the public, and in particular males aged 26 years and over, should be warned as forcibly against the dangers of \"swimming and drinking\" and \"boating and drinking\" as they are against the dangers of \"driving and drinking\".", "contents": "Death by drowning? Geelong 1959 to 1974. This paper reviews the circumstances of 142 deaths by drowning which occurred in Geelong and district during the years 1959 to 1974. The effectiveness of safety nets and protective fences as a means of preventing the accidental submersion of young children in home swimming pools is questioned. Consumption of alcohol before submersion played a major role in the death of many adult males. Of males aged 26 years and over, 79% imbibed alcohol before death, and 57% had a blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.1% at autopsy. Of males aged 17 to 25 years of age, 25% imbibed alcohol before death and only half of these had a blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.1% at autopsy. The age preponderance for consumption of alcohol and drowning is opposite to that for fatal motor vehicular accidents (in these males aged 17 to 25 years more frequently have significant blood alcohol concentrations at autopsy than males aged 26 years and over). No female consumed alcohol before submersion. The writer suggests that the public, and in particular males aged 26 years and over, should be warned as forcibly against the dangers of \"swimming and drinking\" and \"boating and drinking\" as they are against the dangers of \"driving and drinking\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1221261", "title": "Central anticholinergic syndrome reversed by tetrahydroaminacrine (tha).", "content": "A case of central anticholinergic syndrome after an overdose of orphenadrine citrate (Norflex), treated with tetrahydroaminacrine (THA, Tacrine) is presented. A possible mechanism for the syndrome is discussed in relation to other psychotic states, and the use of anticholinesterase agents in the treatment of toxic psychoses reviewed.", "contents": "Central anticholinergic syndrome reversed by tetrahydroaminacrine (tha). A case of central anticholinergic syndrome after an overdose of orphenadrine citrate (Norflex), treated with tetrahydroaminacrine (THA, Tacrine) is presented. A possible mechanism for the syndrome is discussed in relation to other psychotic states, and the use of anticholinesterase agents in the treatment of toxic psychoses reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221263", "title": "The nurse in a cancer ward.", "content": "The value of discussion groups in clarifying the problems facing nurses who manage patients suffering from cancer is stressed. Nurses' responses to a questionnaire centered around the nursing of patients are examined. Some suggestions are made regarding the training of staff members who work in cancer wards.", "contents": "The nurse in a cancer ward. The value of discussion groups in clarifying the problems facing nurses who manage patients suffering from cancer is stressed. Nurses' responses to a questionnaire centered around the nursing of patients are examined. Some suggestions are made regarding the training of staff members who work in cancer wards."}
{"id": "PMID:1221276", "title": "Serum insulin levels in diabetics after subcutaneous administration of Rapitard insulin.", "content": "Circulating levels of immunoreactive inculin were measured in six diabetics after the subcutaneous injection of Rapitard insulin. Serum insulin levels rose within 15 minutes, with a peak level generally at one to three hours. A biphasic effect was observed in some but not all patients. There was poor correlation among the six patients between the blood glucose levels and serum insulin levels, and between the injected dose and the serum levels.", "contents": "Serum insulin levels in diabetics after subcutaneous administration of Rapitard insulin. Circulating levels of immunoreactive inculin were measured in six diabetics after the subcutaneous injection of Rapitard insulin. Serum insulin levels rose within 15 minutes, with a peak level generally at one to three hours. A biphasic effect was observed in some but not all patients. There was poor correlation among the six patients between the blood glucose levels and serum insulin levels, and between the injected dose and the serum levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1221278", "title": "Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension controlled with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone.", "content": "A case of orthostatic hypotension with autonomic failure is presented, and the patient's clinical response to the combined regime of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone is discussed. This therapy provided a relatively convenient means of alleviating the patient's symptoms and appears to be of considerable value in the management of orthostatic hypotension. However, close patient supervision is essential when these drugs are used as they cause hypertension in the supine position in subjects with poor baroreceptor function.", "contents": "Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension controlled with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone. A case of orthostatic hypotension with autonomic failure is presented, and the patient's clinical response to the combined regime of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone is discussed. This therapy provided a relatively convenient means of alleviating the patient's symptoms and appears to be of considerable value in the management of orthostatic hypotension. However, close patient supervision is essential when these drugs are used as they cause hypertension in the supine position in subjects with poor baroreceptor function."}
{"id": "PMID:1221275", "title": "Cystinuria and its relationship to mental retardation.", "content": "Urine specimens from 2,073 mentally retarded children have been analysed for their amino acid content, with the aim of determing the relationship of cystinuria and mental retardation. No children homozygous for cystinuria were identified, but 50 heterozygous children were found. This heterozygote incidence is 13 times that expected in our general population.", "contents": "Cystinuria and its relationship to mental retardation. Urine specimens from 2,073 mentally retarded children have been analysed for their amino acid content, with the aim of determing the relationship of cystinuria and mental retardation. No children homozygous for cystinuria were identified, but 50 heterozygous children were found. This heterozygote incidence is 13 times that expected in our general population."}
{"id": "PMID:1221279", "title": "Emotional factors in family planning.", "content": "the need to have a baby; the need to have a particular baby; the need to have a baby at a particular time; \"bad\" feelings about conception control; those at greatest risk of unwanted pregnancy through emotional factors. A schema for assessing relevant emotional factors, while at the same time raising the individual's own consciousness about motivation, is given. The doctor's role in the management of such emotional factors and his own relevant emotional responses are considered.", "contents": "Emotional factors in family planning. the need to have a baby; the need to have a particular baby; the need to have a baby at a particular time; \"bad\" feelings about conception control; those at greatest risk of unwanted pregnancy through emotional factors. A schema for assessing relevant emotional factors, while at the same time raising the individual's own consciousness about motivation, is given. The doctor's role in the management of such emotional factors and his own relevant emotional responses are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1221277", "title": "Breast cancer in Queenland fifteen years after treatment.", "content": "The incidence of carcinoma of the breast in this Australian series is as high as in most countries of the world, and remains high with increasing age. The mortality rate from cancer is highest in the first three years after treatment of the primary disease, but, even after 10 years, deaths from cancer are nearly as frequent as those from intercurrent disease. At least 25% of patients had advanced disease at initial presentation. A 25% 15-year survival rate is reported in a series of mixed stage at the time of initial treatment, which was by simple mastectomy and radiotherapy in 75% of cases. Large tumours without evidence of axillary metastasis T3N0M0) often had a surprisingly good prognosis. The site of first reappearance of the tumour was local in 30-6% of cases, systemic in 38-4% of cases, and in the opposite breast in 7-6% of cases. It was not possible to classify the remaining 23-4% either because of incomplete information or, more usually, because of synchronous development of local and systemic recurrence. Of patients who developed local recurrence in this group, 83% showed generalized metastatic disease within 10 years of the appearance of the recurrent disease.", "contents": "Breast cancer in Queenland fifteen years after treatment. The incidence of carcinoma of the breast in this Australian series is as high as in most countries of the world, and remains high with increasing age. The mortality rate from cancer is highest in the first three years after treatment of the primary disease, but, even after 10 years, deaths from cancer are nearly as frequent as those from intercurrent disease. At least 25% of patients had advanced disease at initial presentation. A 25% 15-year survival rate is reported in a series of mixed stage at the time of initial treatment, which was by simple mastectomy and radiotherapy in 75% of cases. Large tumours without evidence of axillary metastasis T3N0M0) often had a surprisingly good prognosis. The site of first reappearance of the tumour was local in 30-6% of cases, systemic in 38-4% of cases, and in the opposite breast in 7-6% of cases. It was not possible to classify the remaining 23-4% either because of incomplete information or, more usually, because of synchronous development of local and systemic recurrence. Of patients who developed local recurrence in this group, 83% showed generalized metastatic disease within 10 years of the appearance of the recurrent disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1221280", "title": "General practitioner prescribing habits; The Western Australian experience, 1972-1973.", "content": "A research project to assess the possibility of modifying general practitioner prescribing habits in Western Australia is described. The results suggest a high level of acceptance of the drug information provided, and a significant alteration in prescribing habits is reported along the lines which might have been predicted.", "contents": "General practitioner prescribing habits; The Western Australian experience, 1972-1973. A research project to assess the possibility of modifying general practitioner prescribing habits in Western Australia is described. The results suggest a high level of acceptance of the drug information provided, and a significant alteration in prescribing habits is reported along the lines which might have been predicted."}
{"id": "PMID:1221303", "title": "Repair in Schizosaccharomyces pombe as measured by recovery from caffeine enhancement of radiation-induced lethality.", "content": "Inhibition of DNA repair by caffeine is manifested in Schizosaccharomyces pombe wild-type cells as an enhancement of UV- or gamma-irradiation-induced lethality. The progress of DNA repair processes involving one or more caffeine-sensitive steps may be conveniently followed by measuring the concomitant decrease of this lethal enhancement effect. By measuring, during post-irradiation incubation, the ability of cells to overcome susceptibility to repair inhibition by caffeine, we have determined the time course and requirements for repair in S. pombe. Recovery began immediately and took 150-200 min after gamma-irradiation and more than 500 min after UV-irradiation, for exposures which gave about 10% survival in the absence of caffeine. An incubation medium capable of supporting growth was required for caffeine-sensitive repair; no recovery occurred under liquid holding conditions. Survival curves after various recovery times indicated that a logarithmic phase cell population was homogeneous with respect to caffeine-sensitive repair of both UV- and gamma-ray-induced damage. Recovery from caffeine inhibition was compared for cells of different physiological states (logarithmic and stationary phase); although the importance of the physiological state was not the same for the two types of radiation, recovery was found to occur more rapidly in the more radiation-resistant state, in each case.", "contents": "Repair in Schizosaccharomyces pombe as measured by recovery from caffeine enhancement of radiation-induced lethality. Inhibition of DNA repair by caffeine is manifested in Schizosaccharomyces pombe wild-type cells as an enhancement of UV- or gamma-irradiation-induced lethality. The progress of DNA repair processes involving one or more caffeine-sensitive steps may be conveniently followed by measuring the concomitant decrease of this lethal enhancement effect. By measuring, during post-irradiation incubation, the ability of cells to overcome susceptibility to repair inhibition by caffeine, we have determined the time course and requirements for repair in S. pombe. Recovery began immediately and took 150-200 min after gamma-irradiation and more than 500 min after UV-irradiation, for exposures which gave about 10% survival in the absence of caffeine. An incubation medium capable of supporting growth was required for caffeine-sensitive repair; no recovery occurred under liquid holding conditions. Survival curves after various recovery times indicated that a logarithmic phase cell population was homogeneous with respect to caffeine-sensitive repair of both UV- and gamma-ray-induced damage. Recovery from caffeine inhibition was compared for cells of different physiological states (logarithmic and stationary phase); although the importance of the physiological state was not the same for the two types of radiation, recovery was found to occur more rapidly in the more radiation-resistant state, in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:1221304", "title": "DNA polymerase of Ustilago maydis: partial characterization of the enzyme and a pol 1 mutation.", "content": "The major DNA polymerase activity of wild-type U. maydis has been extensively purified. It possesses a molecular weight of about 150,000 daltons and appears to require a DNA primer with a 3'-hydroxyl terminus as well as a template. The polymerase activity has also been purified from the pol 1-1 strain, which is temperature sensitive fro growth and DNA synthesis, and which at the restrictive temperature contains only 10-25% levels of the DNA polymerase activity obtained from wild-type strains. It was similar in all properties studied, except that the activity was thermolabile at 40 degrees C compared to that from the wild-type strain. Physiological studies on the mutant showed that it was only slightly sensitive to UV, ionising radiation and nitrosoguanidine at the permissive temperature, and was proficient in genetic recombination. The results suggest that the pol 1-1 gene product does not play an important role in repair and recombination processes within the cell, and that its primary function lies in replication.", "contents": "DNA polymerase of Ustilago maydis: partial characterization of the enzyme and a pol 1 mutation. The major DNA polymerase activity of wild-type U. maydis has been extensively purified. It possesses a molecular weight of about 150,000 daltons and appears to require a DNA primer with a 3'-hydroxyl terminus as well as a template. The polymerase activity has also been purified from the pol 1-1 strain, which is temperature sensitive fro growth and DNA synthesis, and which at the restrictive temperature contains only 10-25% levels of the DNA polymerase activity obtained from wild-type strains. It was similar in all properties studied, except that the activity was thermolabile at 40 degrees C compared to that from the wild-type strain. Physiological studies on the mutant showed that it was only slightly sensitive to UV, ionising radiation and nitrosoguanidine at the permissive temperature, and was proficient in genetic recombination. The results suggest that the pol 1-1 gene product does not play an important role in repair and recombination processes within the cell, and that its primary function lies in replication."}
{"id": "PMID:1221305", "title": "Role of the tof gene in the production and perpetuation of the lambdadv plasmid.", "content": "A series of lambda derivatives carrying tof mutations were tested for their ability to give rise to plasmid lambda dv. Phages carrying tof mutations that distorted expression of the pRoR-tof-OP operon, were unable to produce lambda dv. Phages carrying an altered tof gene, having only a moderate effect on the same operon, produced unstable lambdadv's. On the other hand, those tof mutants were only the expression of the pLoL-N-exo operon, but not that of the pRoR-tof-OP operon was affected, produced stable lambdadv's.", "contents": "Role of the tof gene in the production and perpetuation of the lambdadv plasmid. A series of lambda derivatives carrying tof mutations were tested for their ability to give rise to plasmid lambda dv. Phages carrying tof mutations that distorted expression of the pRoR-tof-OP operon, were unable to produce lambda dv. Phages carrying an altered tof gene, having only a moderate effect on the same operon, produced unstable lambdadv's. On the other hand, those tof mutants were only the expression of the pLoL-N-exo operon, but not that of the pRoR-tof-OP operon was affected, produced stable lambdadv's."}
{"id": "PMID:1221306", "title": "[Indications and technics of trans-obturator by pass].", "content": "Starting from a clinical case in which a trans-obturator by-pass was necessary, the most recent findings as regards the technique of this and its indications are reviewed. The procedure is to be considered a valid alternative in cases of ischaemic revascularization when the usual Scarpa triangle route cannot be used.", "contents": "[Indications and technics of trans-obturator by pass]. Starting from a clinical case in which a trans-obturator by-pass was necessary, the most recent findings as regards the technique of this and its indications are reviewed. The procedure is to be considered a valid alternative in cases of ischaemic revascularization when the usual Scarpa triangle route cannot be used."}
{"id": "PMID:1221307", "title": "[Potassium canreonate in neurosurgical brain edema].", "content": "The effect on the hydroelectrolytic metabolism and on the evolution of cerebral oedema of a new injectable aldosterone-antagonist, canreonate-potassium (Soldactone) was studied in two groups of subjects. The first group consisted of 14 patients who had undergone neurosurgical operations for expansive endocranial processes. The second group consisted of 18 non-operated cases of post-traumatic coma. The water-salt balance and the neurologic picture were carefully controlled during anf after 6-8 days of treatment with 600 mg/day of canrenoate-potassium by intravenous route. Comparison was also made between the conventional treatment with hyperventilation and that combined with canrenoate-K. The results obtained demonstrate that the aldosterone-antagonist induces a clinically significant retention of sodium. This is accompanied by a more favourable evolution of the cerebral oedema. Canrenoate-potassium was very well tolerated both locally and generally.", "contents": "[Potassium canreonate in neurosurgical brain edema]. The effect on the hydroelectrolytic metabolism and on the evolution of cerebral oedema of a new injectable aldosterone-antagonist, canreonate-potassium (Soldactone) was studied in two groups of subjects. The first group consisted of 14 patients who had undergone neurosurgical operations for expansive endocranial processes. The second group consisted of 18 non-operated cases of post-traumatic coma. The water-salt balance and the neurologic picture were carefully controlled during anf after 6-8 days of treatment with 600 mg/day of canrenoate-potassium by intravenous route. Comparison was also made between the conventional treatment with hyperventilation and that combined with canrenoate-K. The results obtained demonstrate that the aldosterone-antagonist induces a clinically significant retention of sodium. This is accompanied by a more favourable evolution of the cerebral oedema. Canrenoate-potassium was very well tolerated both locally and generally."}
{"id": "PMID:1221308", "title": "[Pharmacological treatment of pre-operative arrhythmias in surgical heart patients].", "content": "The theoretical dangers associated with surgery and narcosis in subjects with arrhythmia are briefly explained. The preventive effectiveness of potassium aspartate management is described with reference to personal experience.", "contents": "[Pharmacological treatment of pre-operative arrhythmias in surgical heart patients]. The theoretical dangers associated with surgery and narcosis in subjects with arrhythmia are briefly explained. The preventive effectiveness of potassium aspartate management is described with reference to personal experience."}
{"id": "PMID:1221309", "title": "[New method for preparation of the totally hepatectomized dog. Critical review of the literature and surgical technics].", "content": "A critical review of the relevant literature is followed by the presentation of a new method for total hepatectomy in the dog. This is carried out in a single stage. Its main advantage is there is no temporary interruption of the portal or portocaval flow. A synthetic prosthesis is anastomosed end-to-end with the subhepatic vena cava and end-to-side with the supradiaphragmatic cava. Next, the portal vein is anastomosed side-to-side with the prosthesis and ligated upstream. Hepatectomy is then performed.", "contents": "[New method for preparation of the totally hepatectomized dog. Critical review of the literature and surgical technics]. A critical review of the relevant literature is followed by the presentation of a new method for total hepatectomy in the dog. This is carried out in a single stage. Its main advantage is there is no temporary interruption of the portal or portocaval flow. A synthetic prosthesis is anastomosed end-to-end with the subhepatic vena cava and end-to-side with the supradiaphragmatic cava. Next, the portal vein is anastomosed side-to-side with the prosthesis and ligated upstream. Hepatectomy is then performed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221310", "title": "[Morphology and distribution of vasa recta in the jejunal-ileal tract of the small intestine].", "content": "The behaviour and distribution of \"vasa recta\" in the jejunum-ileal tract of the small intestine are described.", "contents": "[Morphology and distribution of vasa recta in the jejunal-ileal tract of the small intestine]. The behaviour and distribution of \"vasa recta\" in the jejunum-ileal tract of the small intestine are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1221311", "title": "[Treatment of penile neoplasms by means of loco-regional intra-arterial therapy].", "content": "Treatment of cancer of the penis with locoregional intra-arterial therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of penile neoplasms by means of loco-regional intra-arterial therapy]. Treatment of cancer of the penis with locoregional intra-arterial therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1221312", "title": "[Voluminous ovarian cyst in a newborn girl].", "content": "The clinical observation of an ovarian cyst occurring as an abdominal tumefraction at birth, is described.", "contents": "[Voluminous ovarian cyst in a newborn girl]. The clinical observation of an ovarian cyst occurring as an abdominal tumefraction at birth, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1221313", "title": "[Mediastinal abscess secondary to laceration of the esophagus due to foreign body in a girl (recovery)].", "content": "A case of mediastinal abscess caused by laceration of the oesophagus on removal of a coin swallowed by a young girl is reported. Complete, sequela-free cure was obtained by drainage of the pleural cavity and application of an indwelling nasogastric sound.", "contents": "[Mediastinal abscess secondary to laceration of the esophagus due to foreign body in a girl (recovery)]. A case of mediastinal abscess caused by laceration of the oesophagus on removal of a coin swallowed by a young girl is reported. Complete, sequela-free cure was obtained by drainage of the pleural cavity and application of an indwelling nasogastric sound."}
{"id": "PMID:1221326", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in breast cancer: a randomized study of 4 versus 5 drugs.", "content": "A randomized clinical trial, involving approximately 100 patients, that compared two combination therapy regimens (5 FU, methotrexate, vincristine, cyclophosphamide with and without prednisone) in advanced breast cancer showed a significantly higher rate of response for the 5-drug therapy group (62.5 versus 44.2%). However, no significant difference in survival has been observed to date. Some differences in toxicity were observed, e.g. a significantly greater number of cases with mild diarrhea for the 5-drug regimen, and a few more cases of sensory loss (not significant) and significantly more severe leukopenia (p value 0.06) for the 4-drug regimen.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in breast cancer: a randomized study of 4 versus 5 drugs. A randomized clinical trial, involving approximately 100 patients, that compared two combination therapy regimens (5 FU, methotrexate, vincristine, cyclophosphamide with and without prednisone) in advanced breast cancer showed a significantly higher rate of response for the 5-drug therapy group (62.5 versus 44.2%). However, no significant difference in survival has been observed to date. Some differences in toxicity were observed, e.g. a significantly greater number of cases with mild diarrhea for the 5-drug regimen, and a few more cases of sensory loss (not significant) and significantly more severe leukopenia (p value 0.06) for the 4-drug regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:1221327", "title": "Ameloblastoma of the mandible with pulmonary metastasis.", "content": "A patient with ameloblastoma of the mandible with histologically confirmed pulmonary metastases 9 years after onset of tumor is described. The effectiveness of three chemotherapeutic agents (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, Adriamycin), each given alone intravenously, were evaluated. Marked symptomatic improvement was noted with Adriamycin therapy. Ten previous cases of metastatic ameloblastoma are reviewed. The incidence of metastases cannot be predicted on the basis of histology. Three commonly discussed modes of metastasis are via hematogenous and lymphatic routes and the unusual mechanism of aspiration of tumor cells.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma of the mandible with pulmonary metastasis. A patient with ameloblastoma of the mandible with histologically confirmed pulmonary metastases 9 years after onset of tumor is described. The effectiveness of three chemotherapeutic agents (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, Adriamycin), each given alone intravenously, were evaluated. Marked symptomatic improvement was noted with Adriamycin therapy. Ten previous cases of metastatic ameloblastoma are reviewed. The incidence of metastases cannot be predicted on the basis of histology. Three commonly discussed modes of metastasis are via hematogenous and lymphatic routes and the unusual mechanism of aspiration of tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1221328", "title": "Batson's theory of vertebral venous metastasis: a review.", "content": "In 1940, Batson (6) ushered in a new era with the theory that metastasis occurs through the vertebral veins. It was based on the premises that metastatic tumors may show typical peculiar distributions, that such patterns have not been adequately explained by orthodox theories, and that cadaver and animal injection experiments reveal the existence of a network of vertebral veins whose vast interconnections explain the puzzling patterns seen in metastases. Undoubtedly, Batson's theory has been widely acclaimed. However, several criticisms are on record. The prevailing controversy needs to be resolved. The prospects are that this can be achieved by further research in this important field.", "contents": "Batson's theory of vertebral venous metastasis: a review. In 1940, Batson (6) ushered in a new era with the theory that metastasis occurs through the vertebral veins. It was based on the premises that metastatic tumors may show typical peculiar distributions, that such patterns have not been adequately explained by orthodox theories, and that cadaver and animal injection experiments reveal the existence of a network of vertebral veins whose vast interconnections explain the puzzling patterns seen in metastases. Undoubtedly, Batson's theory has been widely acclaimed. However, several criticisms are on record. The prevailing controversy needs to be resolved. The prospects are that this can be achieved by further research in this important field."}
{"id": "PMID:1221329", "title": "Gross and microscopic observations of ovarian abnormalities from five Burchell's zebra, Equus Burchelli antiquorum, Smith 1841.", "content": "Five pair of zebra ovaries were submitted to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute for examination because of unusual uni- and/or bilateral gross appearances. Microscopic findings revealed an accessory spleen encapsulated by the ovarian peritoneum, a case of tubo-ovarian cysts, one example of ovarian aplasia, an example of germinal inclusion cysts and an abnormal follicular haemorrhage related to pressure necrosis of a nearby corpus luteum. Similarities to the ovary of the domestic mare were also seen and some are briefly described.", "contents": "Gross and microscopic observations of ovarian abnormalities from five Burchell's zebra, Equus Burchelli antiquorum, Smith 1841. Five pair of zebra ovaries were submitted to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute for examination because of unusual uni- and/or bilateral gross appearances. Microscopic findings revealed an accessory spleen encapsulated by the ovarian peritoneum, a case of tubo-ovarian cysts, one example of ovarian aplasia, an example of germinal inclusion cysts and an abnormal follicular haemorrhage related to pressure necrosis of a nearby corpus luteum. Similarities to the ovary of the domestic mare were also seen and some are briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:1221330", "title": "Observations on naturally acquired hepatozoonosis of wild carnivores and dogs in the Republic of South Africa.", "content": "Hepatozoonosis was studied in hyaenas, lions, jackals, cheetahs and one leopard in the Kruger National Park and compared with the condition seen in dogs in the Republic of South Africa. Hepatozoon schizonts were found in the wild carnivores. The genesis of microschizonts was followed and is illustrated. The schizonts were sometimes very plentiful in the lung, myocardium and skeletal muscle, and were also encountered in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. Gametocytes were present in leucocytes. The host response was usually very mild. sporogenous development in ticks was observed in Rhipicephalus simus females removed from an infected hyaena and R. sanguinelus adults fed on an infected jackal in the nymphal stage. Attempts to transmit Hepatozoon from a jackal to dogs by means of ticks gave inconclusive results.", "contents": "Observations on naturally acquired hepatozoonosis of wild carnivores and dogs in the Republic of South Africa. Hepatozoonosis was studied in hyaenas, lions, jackals, cheetahs and one leopard in the Kruger National Park and compared with the condition seen in dogs in the Republic of South Africa. Hepatozoon schizonts were found in the wild carnivores. The genesis of microschizonts was followed and is illustrated. The schizonts were sometimes very plentiful in the lung, myocardium and skeletal muscle, and were also encountered in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. Gametocytes were present in leucocytes. The host response was usually very mild. sporogenous development in ticks was observed in Rhipicephalus simus females removed from an infected hyaena and R. sanguinelus adults fed on an infected jackal in the nymphal stage. Attempts to transmit Hepatozoon from a jackal to dogs by means of ticks gave inconclusive results."}
{"id": "PMID:1221331", "title": "Blindness and encephalopathy caused by Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC. (Compositae) in sheep and cattle.", "content": "An outbreak of amaurosis and paresis was observed amongst sheep, and occasionally cattle, which had been grazing on pastures consisting mainly of Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC. A similar syndrome was produced by feeding the suspect plant to sheep, thereby providing proof if its toxicity. Although none of the sheep became blind and only one developed paralysis, typical sponly lesions were detected in the brains and optic fasciculi of all the experimental animals. The lesion had specific predilection sites, such as the white matter around the lateral ventricles, the optic tracts plus chiasm, the pyramidal tracts and the brachium pontis. Enlargement of the optic fasciculi furthermore gave rise to malacia, papilloedema and retinal changes. Some aged sheep developed cataracts approximately 2-3 months after the initial outbreaks of amaurosis had occurred. Circumstantial and histopathological evidence suggests that the cataracts may be due to chronic Helichrysum poisoning, but this could not confirmed in the present investigation.", "contents": "Blindness and encephalopathy caused by Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC. (Compositae) in sheep and cattle. An outbreak of amaurosis and paresis was observed amongst sheep, and occasionally cattle, which had been grazing on pastures consisting mainly of Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC. A similar syndrome was produced by feeding the suspect plant to sheep, thereby providing proof if its toxicity. Although none of the sheep became blind and only one developed paralysis, typical sponly lesions were detected in the brains and optic fasciculi of all the experimental animals. The lesion had specific predilection sites, such as the white matter around the lateral ventricles, the optic tracts plus chiasm, the pyramidal tracts and the brachium pontis. Enlargement of the optic fasciculi furthermore gave rise to malacia, papilloedema and retinal changes. Some aged sheep developed cataracts approximately 2-3 months after the initial outbreaks of amaurosis had occurred. Circumstantial and histopathological evidence suggests that the cataracts may be due to chronic Helichrysum poisoning, but this could not confirmed in the present investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:1221335", "title": "[Diplaxine popovae gen. et sp. n., a new representative of the family Axinidae Unnithan, 1957 (Monogenoidea)].", "content": "A new species belonging to a new genus of Monogenoidea was found on the gills of Euleptorhamphus viridis from the Indian Ocean. The opisthohaptor of the new genus consists of two medially overlapping rows of clamps situated on a double fold along the oblique posterior margin of the body. Clamp are of Microcotyle type, their springs having accessory pieces. Three pairs of larval hooks are present. The genital atrium is armed with three groups of spines. The first group comprises spines surrounding the female aperture; the second one surrounds the cirrus in an incomplete circle; the third group consists of two lateral groups of spines arising from two muscular pad-like structures. Vagina armed with a chitionous spine opens on the right-hand side which is longer than the left-hand one. Behind the U-shaped ovarium vitellaria merge in an undifferentiated mass and completely cover the branches of the intestine and the testes. The new genus is close to the genera Chlamydaxine Unnithan, 1957 and Axine Abildgaard, 1794 differing from the former by an armed genital atrium and from the latter by two medially overlapping rows of clamps.", "contents": "[Diplaxine popovae gen. et sp. n., a new representative of the family Axinidae Unnithan, 1957 (Monogenoidea)]. A new species belonging to a new genus of Monogenoidea was found on the gills of Euleptorhamphus viridis from the Indian Ocean. The opisthohaptor of the new genus consists of two medially overlapping rows of clamps situated on a double fold along the oblique posterior margin of the body. Clamp are of Microcotyle type, their springs having accessory pieces. Three pairs of larval hooks are present. The genital atrium is armed with three groups of spines. The first group comprises spines surrounding the female aperture; the second one surrounds the cirrus in an incomplete circle; the third group consists of two lateral groups of spines arising from two muscular pad-like structures. Vagina armed with a chitionous spine opens on the right-hand side which is longer than the left-hand one. Behind the U-shaped ovarium vitellaria merge in an undifferentiated mass and completely cover the branches of the intestine and the testes. The new genus is close to the genera Chlamydaxine Unnithan, 1957 and Axine Abildgaard, 1794 differing from the former by an armed genital atrium and from the latter by two medially overlapping rows of clamps."}
{"id": "PMID:1221336", "title": "[Comparative study of different strains of the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana in the process of adapting to the body of a new host, the white mouse].", "content": "Different strains of H. nana from man, Norway and white rats were studied in regards to their adaptability. Strains obtained from spontaneously infected white mice and those passaged for several years on white mice served as control. In the course of successive passages the infectivity of these strains, developmental rates of tissue larvae, localization of cystocercoids in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph glands were compared. The strains were found to possess different adaptability to white mice. The strain from white rats had the highest rate of adaptation, the strains from Norway rats and man showed lower adaptation rates, respectively.", "contents": "[Comparative study of different strains of the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana in the process of adapting to the body of a new host, the white mouse]. Different strains of H. nana from man, Norway and white rats were studied in regards to their adaptability. Strains obtained from spontaneously infected white mice and those passaged for several years on white mice served as control. In the course of successive passages the infectivity of these strains, developmental rates of tissue larvae, localization of cystocercoids in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph glands were compared. The strains were found to possess different adaptability to white mice. The strain from white rats had the highest rate of adaptation, the strains from Norway rats and man showed lower adaptation rates, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1221338", "title": "[Ecology of the tick, Dermacentor silvarum O1].", "content": "Results of the experiments have shown that the development of Dermacentor silvarum from egg to imago varied from 44 to 46 days at 28 C and redundant humidity and from 50 to 52 days at 25 degrees C. The thermic threshold of larval development lies within a range of 8.6 degrees C, that of nymphs-9.7 degrees C. A sum of effective temperatures required for larval development averaged 123.5 degrees C, for nymphs-225 degrees C and for the whole ontogenesis-from 570 to 690 degrees C. In the north of the distribution area of D. silvarum this species seems to occur only in those localities, where a sum of effective temperatures is higher than 10 C and makes not less than 570 degrees C.", "contents": "[Ecology of the tick, Dermacentor silvarum O1]. Results of the experiments have shown that the development of Dermacentor silvarum from egg to imago varied from 44 to 46 days at 28 C and redundant humidity and from 50 to 52 days at 25 degrees C. The thermic threshold of larval development lies within a range of 8.6 degrees C, that of nymphs-9.7 degrees C. A sum of effective temperatures required for larval development averaged 123.5 degrees C, for nymphs-225 degrees C and for the whole ontogenesis-from 570 to 690 degrees C. In the north of the distribution area of D. silvarum this species seems to occur only in those localities, where a sum of effective temperatures is higher than 10 C and makes not less than 570 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:1221340", "title": "[Morphology and biology of 2 ecotypes of Chaetogaster lymnaei, Baer, 1827].", "content": "Chaetogaster lymnaei (Oligochaeta, Naididae) has two life forms one of which is a commensal of pulmonae mollusks and the other--an endoparasite of Radix ovata Kidney. On the basis of statistical analysis of the second body segment chaetae morphological differences of the two races are considered. Their geographical distribution and biological peculiarities are discussed. The races of Gh. lymnaei represent two divergating sympatrical ecotypes rather than biological species as it was thought before.", "contents": "[Morphology and biology of 2 ecotypes of Chaetogaster lymnaei, Baer, 1827]. Chaetogaster lymnaei (Oligochaeta, Naididae) has two life forms one of which is a commensal of pulmonae mollusks and the other--an endoparasite of Radix ovata Kidney. On the basis of statistical analysis of the second body segment chaetae morphological differences of the two races are considered. Their geographical distribution and biological peculiarities are discussed. The races of Gh. lymnaei represent two divergating sympatrical ecotypes rather than biological species as it was thought before."}
{"id": "PMID:1221337", "title": "[Distribution and some problems in the ecology of the tick, Ixodes trianguliceps Bir. in the southern Urals].", "content": "Data on the distribution and ecology of Ixodes trianguliceps in the South Urals are presented. This species occurs in various landscapes of the forest zone of the South Urals between 52 degrees 11' and 52 degrees 22' N. lat. It infects 9 species of small mammals of which species of the genus Clethrionomys were found to be the major hosts of I. trianguliceps in this area.", "contents": "[Distribution and some problems in the ecology of the tick, Ixodes trianguliceps Bir. in the southern Urals]. Data on the distribution and ecology of Ixodes trianguliceps in the South Urals are presented. This species occurs in various landscapes of the forest zone of the South Urals between 52 degrees 11' and 52 degrees 22' N. lat. It infects 9 species of small mammals of which species of the genus Clethrionomys were found to be the major hosts of I. trianguliceps in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:1221342", "title": "[New subspecies of Prosimulium macropyga korshunovi Patrusheva subsp. n. (Diptera, Simuliidae) from the Polar Urals].", "content": "A new subspecies, Prosimulium macropyga korshunovi Patr. subsp. n., from the Polar Urals differs from other forms of P. macropyga (Lundstr.) and allied species in having two dark longitudinal stripes on the dorsum and by the structure of genitalia in adult insects, by the number of setae in the great flabellum, by the structure of submentum and shape of the ventral incision in larvae and by the branching pattern of respiratory threads in pupa.", "contents": "[New subspecies of Prosimulium macropyga korshunovi Patrusheva subsp. n. (Diptera, Simuliidae) from the Polar Urals]. A new subspecies, Prosimulium macropyga korshunovi Patr. subsp. n., from the Polar Urals differs from other forms of P. macropyga (Lundstr.) and allied species in having two dark longitudinal stripes on the dorsum and by the structure of genitalia in adult insects, by the number of setae in the great flabellum, by the structure of submentum and shape of the ventral incision in larvae and by the branching pattern of respiratory threads in pupa."}
{"id": "PMID:1221339", "title": "[Life expectancy of Ctenophthalmus wladimiri Is.-Gurv., 1948 (Siphonaptera, Ctenophthalmidae) under laboratory conditions].", "content": "Laboratory studies have shown that at 75% humidity fleas, Ct. wladimiri, are less viable than at 100% humidity. At 100% humidity at a temperature from 0 to 10 degrees and without feeding newly born imagos survived up to 363 days, at a higher temperature from 18 to 30 degrees-from 44 to 163 days. At a temperature from 7 to 10 degrees imagos, which fed one time, lived up to 355 days and at 0 to 2 degrees-up to 287 days. Maximum life duration (1133 days) for periodically feeding fleas was at 100% humidity at a temperature from 7 to 10 degrees. Under such conditions 50% of fleas survived up to 114 days. Hungry but previously \"prepared\" for winter fleas lived at a temperature from 0 to 2 degrees not more than 376 days.", "contents": "[Life expectancy of Ctenophthalmus wladimiri Is.-Gurv., 1948 (Siphonaptera, Ctenophthalmidae) under laboratory conditions]. Laboratory studies have shown that at 75% humidity fleas, Ct. wladimiri, are less viable than at 100% humidity. At 100% humidity at a temperature from 0 to 10 degrees and without feeding newly born imagos survived up to 363 days, at a higher temperature from 18 to 30 degrees-from 44 to 163 days. At a temperature from 7 to 10 degrees imagos, which fed one time, lived up to 355 days and at 0 to 2 degrees-up to 287 days. Maximum life duration (1133 days) for periodically feeding fleas was at 100% humidity at a temperature from 7 to 10 degrees. Under such conditions 50% of fleas survived up to 114 days. Hungry but previously \"prepared\" for winter fleas lived at a temperature from 0 to 2 degrees not more than 376 days."}
{"id": "PMID:1221349", "title": "Analysis of various Iowa waters for selected pesticides: atrazine, DDE, and dieldrin-1974.", "content": "Atrazine, DDE, and dieldrin were extracted and concentrated from various surface, subsurface, and finished waters using the macroreticular resin method. Organic components in the concentrates from these waters were separated by gas chromatography; the amounts of the three pesticides in the waters ranged from 0.5 to 42,000 parts per trillion by weight. Every major watershed in the State of Iowa revealed some degree of pesticide contamination and seasonal variations were consistent with agricultural runoff models. Atrazine concentrations were highest of the three pesticides, a symptom of its widespread use in the corn belt. DDE also appeared in substantial quantities, providing further evidence of the persistence of DDT and its metabolites. Water from several shallow wells and finished water from many water treatment plants were also contaminated. Current treatment processes do not effectively remove these pesticides.", "contents": "Analysis of various Iowa waters for selected pesticides: atrazine, DDE, and dieldrin-1974. Atrazine, DDE, and dieldrin were extracted and concentrated from various surface, subsurface, and finished waters using the macroreticular resin method. Organic components in the concentrates from these waters were separated by gas chromatography; the amounts of the three pesticides in the waters ranged from 0.5 to 42,000 parts per trillion by weight. Every major watershed in the State of Iowa revealed some degree of pesticide contamination and seasonal variations were consistent with agricultural runoff models. Atrazine concentrations were highest of the three pesticides, a symptom of its widespread use in the corn belt. DDE also appeared in substantial quantities, providing further evidence of the persistence of DDT and its metabolites. Water from several shallow wells and finished water from many water treatment plants were also contaminated. Current treatment processes do not effectively remove these pesticides."}
{"id": "PMID:1221350", "title": "Mirex residues in nontarget organisms after application of experimental baits for fire ant control, southwest Georgia--1971-72.", "content": "Mirex, the only compound approved for control of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) and the black imported fire ant (Solenopsis richteri), is normally applied at a rate of 1.40 kg/ha. (1.25 lb/acre). Influenced by recent studies showing that low levels of mirex are toxic to certain nontarget organisms, particularly estuarine species, authors report here on a monitoring study of mirex in three large treatment areas of southwest Georgia. Four formulations of bait were applied aerially in 1971-72. Low-level residues were observed in small terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates and in fresh-water inhabitants. Levels detected were about the same for all baits. Maximum residues were detected 1-3 months after treatment and gradually declined to low levels of 0.02-1.16 ppm 1 year after treatment.", "contents": "Mirex residues in nontarget organisms after application of experimental baits for fire ant control, southwest Georgia--1971-72. Mirex, the only compound approved for control of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) and the black imported fire ant (Solenopsis richteri), is normally applied at a rate of 1.40 kg/ha. (1.25 lb/acre). Influenced by recent studies showing that low levels of mirex are toxic to certain nontarget organisms, particularly estuarine species, authors report here on a monitoring study of mirex in three large treatment areas of southwest Georgia. Four formulations of bait were applied aerially in 1971-72. Low-level residues were observed in small terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates and in fresh-water inhabitants. Levels detected were about the same for all baits. Maximum residues were detected 1-3 months after treatment and gradually declined to low levels of 0.02-1.16 ppm 1 year after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1221344", "title": "[Data on the distribution of Ixodes pavlovskyi Pom. in the Altai (Acarina, Ixodidae)].", "content": "In the Mountain-Altai Autonomous district Ixodes pavlovskyi is mostly often encountered in forests of the lower parts of the low mountains. In the other parts of the low mountains and in the neighbouring belt of the middle mountains the species is rare. Only single individuals of this tick penetrate into the central regions of the Altai along the valleys of large rivers.", "contents": "[Data on the distribution of Ixodes pavlovskyi Pom. in the Altai (Acarina, Ixodidae)]. In the Mountain-Altai Autonomous district Ixodes pavlovskyi is mostly often encountered in forests of the lower parts of the low mountains. In the other parts of the low mountains and in the neighbouring belt of the middle mountains the species is rare. Only single individuals of this tick penetrate into the central regions of the Altai along the valleys of large rivers."}
{"id": "PMID:1221341", "title": "[Photoperiodic induction of the diapause in the egg phase of the blood-sucking midge, Culicoides pulicaris punctatus Mg. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)].", "content": "Photoperiodic induction of diapause in C. p. punctatus was studied at a constant (25 degrees) and varying temperature (16 to 18 degrees). Photosensitivity of females and eggs was established. The first and second generations of C. p. punctatus have a photoperiodic reaction of a long-day type. The effect of the light day and temperature on females of different generations is dissimilar. The tendency of diapause is higher in autumn females.", "contents": "[Photoperiodic induction of the diapause in the egg phase of the blood-sucking midge, Culicoides pulicaris punctatus Mg. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)]. Photoperiodic induction of diapause in C. p. punctatus was studied at a constant (25 degrees) and varying temperature (16 to 18 degrees). Photosensitivity of females and eggs was established. The first and second generations of C. p. punctatus have a photoperiodic reaction of a long-day type. The effect of the light day and temperature on females of different generations is dissimilar. The tendency of diapause is higher in autumn females."}
{"id": "PMID:1221351", "title": "Mirex residues in wildlife and soils, Hawaiian pineapple-growing areas--1972-74.", "content": "A monitoring program was conducted in the pineapple-growing areas of Hawaii from 1972 to 1974 to survey mirex residues in sediments, soils, and aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. Residues in pineapple field soils ranged from 3 to 18 ppb 9 months after mirex had been applied. No residues were found in the sediments. Only 8 fish of 110 aquatic animals sampled contained mirex; these levels were low and ranged from 3 to 7 ppb. Mirex residues in birds ranged from undetectable to 10 ppm; residues in rodents were quite variable, but in terms of the geometric mean, the amounts in the Polynesian rat decreased with time from 1,270 to 56 ppb. Similarly, values for the roof rat ranged from 666 to 17 ppb. The geometric mean for residues in mongooses decreased from 2,200 ppb immediately after application to 238 ppb 39 weeks later. Aerial application of mirex to the pineapple fields did not contaminate the marine environment of Hawaii and no evidence of mirex residue buildup in the aquatic food chain was apparent. Mirex accumulation in terrestrial biota was temporary; there was no definitive indication of permanent accumulation in the wildlife of the areas studied.", "contents": "Mirex residues in wildlife and soils, Hawaiian pineapple-growing areas--1972-74. A monitoring program was conducted in the pineapple-growing areas of Hawaii from 1972 to 1974 to survey mirex residues in sediments, soils, and aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. Residues in pineapple field soils ranged from 3 to 18 ppb 9 months after mirex had been applied. No residues were found in the sediments. Only 8 fish of 110 aquatic animals sampled contained mirex; these levels were low and ranged from 3 to 7 ppb. Mirex residues in birds ranged from undetectable to 10 ppm; residues in rodents were quite variable, but in terms of the geometric mean, the amounts in the Polynesian rat decreased with time from 1,270 to 56 ppb. Similarly, values for the roof rat ranged from 666 to 17 ppb. The geometric mean for residues in mongooses decreased from 2,200 ppb immediately after application to 238 ppb 39 weeks later. Aerial application of mirex to the pineapple fields did not contaminate the marine environment of Hawaii and no evidence of mirex residue buildup in the aquatic food chain was apparent. Mirex accumulation in terrestrial biota was temporary; there was no definitive indication of permanent accumulation in the wildlife of the areas studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1221346", "title": "[Duration and character of the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus Pall.)].", "content": "The development of the infection process during cutaneous leishmaniosis was traced in one midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus Pall). The gerbil fell ill with cutaneous leishmaniosis after the feeding of san flies of Phlebotomus papatasi and Ph. mongolensis on it. The incubation process of the disease was less than 23 days. Leishmaniosic process began at the base of the concha auriculae and caused the destruction of ear tissues. The complete recover set in 67 days after the infection. Thus, the insignificant duration of the disease does not allow leishmaniae to be preserved in midday gerbils from one season to another.", "contents": "[Duration and character of the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus Pall.)]. The development of the infection process during cutaneous leishmaniosis was traced in one midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus Pall). The gerbil fell ill with cutaneous leishmaniosis after the feeding of san flies of Phlebotomus papatasi and Ph. mongolensis on it. The incubation process of the disease was less than 23 days. Leishmaniosic process began at the base of the concha auriculae and caused the destruction of ear tissues. The complete recover set in 67 days after the infection. Thus, the insignificant duration of the disease does not allow leishmaniae to be preserved in midday gerbils from one season to another."}
{"id": "PMID:1221345", "title": "[Ticks on lemmings in the eastern Taimyr].", "content": "13 taxons of mites associated with lemmings and their nests are reported from East Taimyr. Mass. species are as follows: Parsitus (Eugamasus) sp., L. lemmi, Hg. ambulans, H. isabellinus. Irregular spread of mites in the lemmings'nests favours the creation of conditions sutiable for the circulation of agents of transmissible infections. A more regular distribution of these mites on the animals points to the mixing of the mites population that effects the dissemination of agents. The finding of females with effs (Hg. ambulans, H. isabellinus) on the animals and their simultaneous absence in the nests of the latter show that in the northern parts of the distribution areas of these species their life patterns have an epizootic character.", "contents": "[Ticks on lemmings in the eastern Taimyr]. 13 taxons of mites associated with lemmings and their nests are reported from East Taimyr. Mass. species are as follows: Parsitus (Eugamasus) sp., L. lemmi, Hg. ambulans, H. isabellinus. Irregular spread of mites in the lemmings'nests favours the creation of conditions sutiable for the circulation of agents of transmissible infections. A more regular distribution of these mites on the animals points to the mixing of the mites population that effects the dissemination of agents. The finding of females with effs (Hg. ambulans, H. isabellinus) on the animals and their simultaneous absence in the nests of the latter show that in the northern parts of the distribution areas of these species their life patterns have an epizootic character."}
{"id": "PMID:1221343", "title": "[Effect of the prolonged contact of a flea population with plague bacteria on the infective activity of vetors].", "content": "Results of the experimental infection of fleas (X. cheopis) with the plague agent after their long (2.5 years, 19 generations) feeding on infected white mice showed no difference in the infection activity of these insects as compared to control ones. The authors question the hypothesis according to which a low frequency of protein-formation in some species of fleas is due to their long contact with the plague agent in the historical past.", "contents": "[Effect of the prolonged contact of a flea population with plague bacteria on the infective activity of vetors]. Results of the experimental infection of fleas (X. cheopis) with the plague agent after their long (2.5 years, 19 generations) feeding on infected white mice showed no difference in the infection activity of these insects as compared to control ones. The authors question the hypothesis according to which a low frequency of protein-formation in some species of fleas is due to their long contact with the plague agent in the historical past."}
{"id": "PMID:1221352", "title": "[Encephalopathy in acute hepatic atrophy. Effect of the purification of middle molecules. Preliminary results].", "content": "The authors have achieved 5 complete recoveries from coma and two partial recoveries in 9 non-decerebrate patients in coma due to acute hepatic atrophy by using polyacrylonitrile membrane haemodialysis. Survival was not possible until sufficient hepatic regeneration had developed. On the other hand, repeated returns to consciousness were observed with prolonged survival lasting up to 40 days despite almost complete destruction of the liver. The different hypothesis relating to the mechanism of the encephalopathy and the usefulness of such a procedure are discussed: filtration of ammonia, free fatty-acids, role of amino-acids and possible polypeptides.", "contents": "[Encephalopathy in acute hepatic atrophy. Effect of the purification of middle molecules. Preliminary results]. The authors have achieved 5 complete recoveries from coma and two partial recoveries in 9 non-decerebrate patients in coma due to acute hepatic atrophy by using polyacrylonitrile membrane haemodialysis. Survival was not possible until sufficient hepatic regeneration had developed. On the other hand, repeated returns to consciousness were observed with prolonged survival lasting up to 40 days despite almost complete destruction of the liver. The different hypothesis relating to the mechanism of the encephalopathy and the usefulness of such a procedure are discussed: filtration of ammonia, free fatty-acids, role of amino-acids and possible polypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:1221347", "title": "[New species of cestodes, Aploparaksis parabirulai sp. n. (Hymenolepididae) from sandpipers in Chukot].", "content": "Description and drawings of a new species Aploparaksis parabirulai sp. n. from the intestine of Macrorhamphus griseus, caught in west Chukotka, are given. The main pecularities of the species are such the hooks of the probosis are 0.031--0.034 mm long; cirrus 0.13--0.14 mm long is armed with big triangle spines; vittelaria are situated aporal. Differentiation from related species--A. birulai Linstow, 1905, A. crassipenis Deblock et Rausch, 1968 and A. crassirostris (Krabbe, 1869) is given.", "contents": "[New species of cestodes, Aploparaksis parabirulai sp. n. (Hymenolepididae) from sandpipers in Chukot]. Description and drawings of a new species Aploparaksis parabirulai sp. n. from the intestine of Macrorhamphus griseus, caught in west Chukotka, are given. The main pecularities of the species are such the hooks of the probosis are 0.031--0.034 mm long; cirrus 0.13--0.14 mm long is armed with big triangle spines; vittelaria are situated aporal. Differentiation from related species--A. birulai Linstow, 1905, A. crassipenis Deblock et Rausch, 1968 and A. crassirostris (Krabbe, 1869) is given."}
{"id": "PMID:1221348", "title": "[New species of ectoparasitic nematode of the genus Trichodorus from the coniferous forests of the Far East].", "content": "The diagnosis and figure are given of the new species of nematodes, Trichodorus yokooi sp. n., isolated from the risosphere of Abies nephrolepis and Picea ajanensis in the Maritime Territory. The new species is close to three japanese species described by Yokoo (1964, 1966) but differs from them in the spear size, the location of ventromedial papilles, excretory pore and suplementary organs, and in the structure of vagina and ovaries.", "contents": "[New species of ectoparasitic nematode of the genus Trichodorus from the coniferous forests of the Far East]. The diagnosis and figure are given of the new species of nematodes, Trichodorus yokooi sp. n., isolated from the risosphere of Abies nephrolepis and Picea ajanensis in the Maritime Territory. The new species is close to three japanese species described by Yokoo (1964, 1966) but differs from them in the spear size, the location of ventromedial papilles, excretory pore and suplementary organs, and in the structure of vagina and ovaries."}
{"id": "PMID:1221364", "title": "[Test of provoked arterial hypertension. Value and limitations of the static exercise of prolonged handgrip].", "content": "The used of a test of prolonged grip and recording the changes in arterial blood-pressure and heart rate is suggested as a way of studing the blood-pressure changes of effort in hypertensives. This test provides a real screen for provoqued hypertension: it allows --to define a normal profile of reference for blood-pressure, --to check the fluctuations at rest of blood-pressure, --to determine the severity of haemodynamic dissorders, --to judge the efficiency of hypotensive therapy.", "contents": "[Test of provoked arterial hypertension. Value and limitations of the static exercise of prolonged handgrip]. The used of a test of prolonged grip and recording the changes in arterial blood-pressure and heart rate is suggested as a way of studing the blood-pressure changes of effort in hypertensives. This test provides a real screen for provoqued hypertension: it allows --to define a normal profile of reference for blood-pressure, --to check the fluctuations at rest of blood-pressure, --to determine the severity of haemodynamic dissorders, --to judge the efficiency of hypotensive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1221365", "title": "[Correlation between scleroderma and Sjogren's syndrome. Value of systematic biopsy of the labial salivary glands].", "content": "Thirty one patients with generalised scleroderma underwent labial biopsy. Sixteen showed a nodular infiltration of the accessory salivary glands indicative of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. In 21, intralobular fibrosis was present. More common in those forms with extensive cutaneous involvement, collagenous fibrosis would appear to be a direct manifestation of scleroderma. The frequency of these abnormalities poses the problem of immunological competence with respect to lymphocytic labial infiltrates in generalised scleroderma.", "contents": "[Correlation between scleroderma and Sjogren's syndrome. Value of systematic biopsy of the labial salivary glands]. Thirty one patients with generalised scleroderma underwent labial biopsy. Sixteen showed a nodular infiltration of the accessory salivary glands indicative of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. In 21, intralobular fibrosis was present. More common in those forms with extensive cutaneous involvement, collagenous fibrosis would appear to be a direct manifestation of scleroderma. The frequency of these abnormalities poses the problem of immunological competence with respect to lymphocytic labial infiltrates in generalised scleroderma."}
{"id": "PMID:1221374", "title": "Pulmonary lesions in the course of rheumatoid arthritis in children.", "content": "Pulmonary morphological lesions are described in 16 children who died of rheumatoid arthritis. In all of them the disease had a stormy course. Generalized amyloidosis was the most frequent cause of death. The majority of cases showed clinical and morphological lung lesions. The lung lesions were only rarely the chief cause of death. There were no formations of the type of rheumatoid nodule nor diffuse lung fibrosis. There was only peribronchial and perivascular fibrosis as well as thickening of interalveolar septa. The most frequent abnormalities, namely lung congestion and edema could result from extrapulmonary causes or agony. Although the observed lung lesions are nonspecific, they can reflect the generalization of the disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary lesions in the course of rheumatoid arthritis in children. Pulmonary morphological lesions are described in 16 children who died of rheumatoid arthritis. In all of them the disease had a stormy course. Generalized amyloidosis was the most frequent cause of death. The majority of cases showed clinical and morphological lung lesions. The lung lesions were only rarely the chief cause of death. There were no formations of the type of rheumatoid nodule nor diffuse lung fibrosis. There was only peribronchial and perivascular fibrosis as well as thickening of interalveolar septa. The most frequent abnormalities, namely lung congestion and edema could result from extrapulmonary causes or agony. Although the observed lung lesions are nonspecific, they can reflect the generalization of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1221379", "title": "Signs of coronary atherosclerosis in apparently healthy men with different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "Subjectively healthy males exhibiting markedly elevated fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations at a health control examination were analysed. The prevalence of different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia and of ST segment depression during exercise indicating myocardial ischaemia was determined (4.1--4.3 Minnesota code). Encountered types and numbers of subjects with hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) were as follows: type IV-94, IIA-31, IIB-14, III-11. The frequency of ST segment depression within each HLP type was as follows: type IIB-65%, IIA--40%,III-35%,IV-30% and in controls with non-elevated serum lipids 10%.", "contents": "Signs of coronary atherosclerosis in apparently healthy men with different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia. Subjectively healthy males exhibiting markedly elevated fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations at a health control examination were analysed. The prevalence of different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia and of ST segment depression during exercise indicating myocardial ischaemia was determined (4.1--4.3 Minnesota code). Encountered types and numbers of subjects with hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) were as follows: type IV-94, IIA-31, IIB-14, III-11. The frequency of ST segment depression within each HLP type was as follows: type IIB-65%, IIA--40%,III-35%,IV-30% and in controls with non-elevated serum lipids 10%."}
{"id": "PMID:1221375", "title": "Cultivation of WISH cells in medium containing actinomycin D.", "content": "A dose of 0.0015 mug of Actinomycin D per 1 ml, applied for 4-5 days has some inhibitory effect on RNA and protein synthesis, leading to a diminished proliferation of WISH cells. This dose does not exert a destructive effect on cell morphology. Two to four times higher doses, applied for the same time were toxic. Morphological changes observed at various times of exposure of cells to different concentrations of drug as well as changes in cell proliferation are described. The attempts to select Actinomycin D-resistant cells have failed.", "contents": "Cultivation of WISH cells in medium containing actinomycin D. A dose of 0.0015 mug of Actinomycin D per 1 ml, applied for 4-5 days has some inhibitory effect on RNA and protein synthesis, leading to a diminished proliferation of WISH cells. This dose does not exert a destructive effect on cell morphology. Two to four times higher doses, applied for the same time were toxic. Morphological changes observed at various times of exposure of cells to different concentrations of drug as well as changes in cell proliferation are described. The attempts to select Actinomycin D-resistant cells have failed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221384", "title": "[The influence of effective treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity on the plasma concentration of immunoreactive insulin].", "content": "A study was made of 16 patients with the initial mild form of diabetes mellitus in whom the immunoreactive insulin (IRI) indices in glucose loading pointed to a good reactivity of the beta-cells of the insular apparatus of the pancreas. As a result of the dietetic treatment or therapy with saccharolytic oral preparations diabetes proved to become compensated but the IRI indices were unchanged.  In patients with adiposity there was seen an increase in the concentration of blood IRI and a reduction of the reaction of beta-cells to the administration of glucose. A course of treatment by dosaged starvation (a loss of weight by an average of 11.5 kg) caused no improvement in the IRI indices was less pronounced, and the treatment by diet with limited caloric value led to improvement of the IRI indices.", "contents": "[The influence of effective treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity on the plasma concentration of immunoreactive insulin]. A study was made of 16 patients with the initial mild form of diabetes mellitus in whom the immunoreactive insulin (IRI) indices in glucose loading pointed to a good reactivity of the beta-cells of the insular apparatus of the pancreas. As a result of the dietetic treatment or therapy with saccharolytic oral preparations diabetes proved to become compensated but the IRI indices were unchanged.  In patients with adiposity there was seen an increase in the concentration of blood IRI and a reduction of the reaction of beta-cells to the administration of glucose. A course of treatment by dosaged starvation (a loss of weight by an average of 11.5 kg) caused no improvement in the IRI indices was less pronounced, and the treatment by diet with limited caloric value led to improvement of the IRI indices."}
{"id": "PMID:1221385", "title": "[The effect of insulin on the functional state of the cardiovascular system in patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The influence of the hypoglycemic effect of the therapeutic doses of insulin on the functional condition of the cardiovascular system was studied under clinical conditions in 74 patients with various forms of diabetes mellitus; mechanocardiography was used for this purpose. Myocardial hyperfunction, an increase in the tone of the large arteries, disturbance of correlation between the cardiac output and the peripheral resistance accompanied diabetes mellitus. A moderate reduction of glycemia after insulin administration (not over 50 mg%) promoted an improvement of the cardiovascular system function, facilitated the cardiac and the extracardiac conditions of the myocardial function. A marked fall of the blood level, particularly by over 100 mg%, produced an unfavourable effect on the cardiovascular system, and aggravated the hemodynamic shifts. The optimal admissible variations in glycemia during the treatment of a diabetic patients with insulin of short action is +/-50 mg%. A gradual reduction or normalization of the blood sugar level in diabetes mellitus served as one of the important factors of prophylaxis and progress of cardiovascular disturbances in diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[The effect of insulin on the functional state of the cardiovascular system in patients with diabetes mellitus]. The influence of the hypoglycemic effect of the therapeutic doses of insulin on the functional condition of the cardiovascular system was studied under clinical conditions in 74 patients with various forms of diabetes mellitus; mechanocardiography was used for this purpose. Myocardial hyperfunction, an increase in the tone of the large arteries, disturbance of correlation between the cardiac output and the peripheral resistance accompanied diabetes mellitus. A moderate reduction of glycemia after insulin administration (not over 50 mg%) promoted an improvement of the cardiovascular system function, facilitated the cardiac and the extracardiac conditions of the myocardial function. A marked fall of the blood level, particularly by over 100 mg%, produced an unfavourable effect on the cardiovascular system, and aggravated the hemodynamic shifts. The optimal admissible variations in glycemia during the treatment of a diabetic patients with insulin of short action is +/-50 mg%. A gradual reduction or normalization of the blood sugar level in diabetes mellitus served as one of the important factors of prophylaxis and progress of cardiovascular disturbances in diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:1221386", "title": "[The incidence of diabetes mellitus in Ulan-Ude].", "content": "The authors present the results of studying the diabetes mellitus morbidity and its incidence in Ulan-Ude. A total of 23,572 persons and 15 years and over were subjected to the glucose tolerance test. There were revealed 5.7 cases of diabetes mellitus per 1000 persons examined. Diabetes mellitus morbidity and its incidence increased with the advance of age. There were more diabetes mellitus cases among the female than among the male population. Excessive weight served as one of the factors of mediated influence of sex, age and social position on the incidence of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[The incidence of diabetes mellitus in Ulan-Ude]. The authors present the results of studying the diabetes mellitus morbidity and its incidence in Ulan-Ude. A total of 23,572 persons and 15 years and over were subjected to the glucose tolerance test. There were revealed 5.7 cases of diabetes mellitus per 1000 persons examined. Diabetes mellitus morbidity and its incidence increased with the advance of age. There were more diabetes mellitus cases among the female than among the male population. Excessive weight served as one of the factors of mediated influence of sex, age and social position on the incidence of diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:1221387", "title": "[The state of circulation in the central artery of the retina and uveal tract in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In 68 diabetic patients a study was made of the state of the circulation in the central artery of the retina and the uveal tract. There was a parallel aggravation of the retinal circulation and of the blood supply in the uveal tract. These disturbances were not infrequently determined before the appearance of ophthalmological changes and were aggravated with increase in the duration and severity of the disease. A wide use of ophthalmodynamometry and rheoophthalmography for the determination of early signs of ophthalmopathy in the patients with diabetes mellitus is recommended.", "contents": "[The state of circulation in the central artery of the retina and uveal tract in diabetes mellitus]. In 68 diabetic patients a study was made of the state of the circulation in the central artery of the retina and the uveal tract. There was a parallel aggravation of the retinal circulation and of the blood supply in the uveal tract. These disturbances were not infrequently determined before the appearance of ophthalmological changes and were aggravated with increase in the duration and severity of the disease. A wide use of ophthalmodynamometry and rheoophthalmography for the determination of early signs of ophthalmopathy in the patients with diabetes mellitus is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1221388", "title": "[Somatotropic hormone before and after treatment of microangiopathies in diabetes mellitus patients].", "content": "Patients (41) suffering from diabetes mellitus complicated by microangiopathies aged from 16 to 72 years were examined; diabetes of moderate severity was diagnosed in 20 patients (the I group), and severe-in 21 (the II group). Basic STH level after L-DOPA oral loading was studied in 60 and 90 minutes in all of these patients, and ti proved to be elevated in both groups.  Following L-DOPA loading the peak of increase in the first group was found on the 60th minute, and in the II group-on the 90th minute. Basic STH secretion diminished in 16 patients after anginin treatment; this could apparently be attributed to improvement in the function of the hypothalamohypophysial system.", "contents": "[Somatotropic hormone before and after treatment of microangiopathies in diabetes mellitus patients]. Patients (41) suffering from diabetes mellitus complicated by microangiopathies aged from 16 to 72 years were examined; diabetes of moderate severity was diagnosed in 20 patients (the I group), and severe-in 21 (the II group). Basic STH level after L-DOPA oral loading was studied in 60 and 90 minutes in all of these patients, and ti proved to be elevated in both groups.  Following L-DOPA loading the peak of increase in the first group was found on the 60th minute, and in the II group-on the 90th minute. Basic STH secretion diminished in 16 patients after anginin treatment; this could apparently be attributed to improvement in the function of the hypothalamohypophysial system."}
{"id": "PMID:1221389", "title": "[The concentrations of 11-OHKS in the blood and 17-OHKS and 17-KS in the urine of children born of mothers with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "A total of 61 couples (mother and her neonate) were examined for the purpose of ascertaining the influence of diabetes mellitus in the mother on the glucocorticosteroid level in her blood and the blood and the urine of her newborn boby; a relationship between the child's condition and the hormone level in its blood and urine was ascertained. There was revealed an increased content of 11-OCS in the maternal and neonatal blood, and also a greater 17-OCS and 17-KS excretion in children in a prolonged course of diabetes (3 to 15 years), in its decompensation, complication of diabetes by microangiopathy, and also when the baby was born asphyxiated and in the presence of signs of diabetic fetopathy.", "contents": "[The concentrations of 11-OHKS in the blood and 17-OHKS and 17-KS in the urine of children born of mothers with diabetes mellitus]. A total of 61 couples (mother and her neonate) were examined for the purpose of ascertaining the influence of diabetes mellitus in the mother on the glucocorticosteroid level in her blood and the blood and the urine of her newborn boby; a relationship between the child's condition and the hormone level in its blood and urine was ascertained. There was revealed an increased content of 11-OCS in the maternal and neonatal blood, and also a greater 17-OCS and 17-KS excretion in children in a prolonged course of diabetes (3 to 15 years), in its decompensation, complication of diabetes by microangiopathy, and also when the baby was born asphyxiated and in the presence of signs of diabetic fetopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:1221390", "title": "[The concentration of 17-OHKS and glucose in the blood during the insulin test in patients with hypothalamo-hypophyseal diseases].", "content": "A study was made of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-adrenal gland interrelations during the insulin test in patients with Itsenko-Cushing disease, dyspituitrism of the puberto-juvenile period and diencephalic syndrome. The majority of the patients with Itsenko-Cushing disease displayed a reduction of insulin sensitivity, this being expressed in a delayed fall of the glucose level during the insulin test and the absence of any increase in the blood 17-OCS. An increased reaction of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-adrenal system to insulin hypoglycemia was observed in the patients with dyspituitrim of the puberto-juvenile period. A normal reaction to the insulin test was seen in all the patients with the diencephalic syndrome. The data obtained could be used in differential diagnosis between these diseases and Itsenko-Cushing disease.", "contents": "[The concentration of 17-OHKS and glucose in the blood during the insulin test in patients with hypothalamo-hypophyseal diseases]. A study was made of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-adrenal gland interrelations during the insulin test in patients with Itsenko-Cushing disease, dyspituitrism of the puberto-juvenile period and diencephalic syndrome. The majority of the patients with Itsenko-Cushing disease displayed a reduction of insulin sensitivity, this being expressed in a delayed fall of the glucose level during the insulin test and the absence of any increase in the blood 17-OCS. An increased reaction of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-adrenal system to insulin hypoglycemia was observed in the patients with dyspituitrim of the puberto-juvenile period. A normal reaction to the insulin test was seen in all the patients with the diencephalic syndrome. The data obtained could be used in differential diagnosis between these diseases and Itsenko-Cushing disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1221391", "title": "[Cancer of the thyroid gland and its treatment].", "content": "The authors analyzed data concerning 322 patients suffering from carcinoma of the thyroid gland subjected to complex therapy. Both immediate and remote results were traced. A conclusion was drawn that objective assessment of the clinical manifestation of the disease and comparison with the results of the auxiliary methods of studies permitted to diagnose carcinoma of the thyroid gland in the great majority of the patients. The macroscopic picture of the removed tissue and express biopsy aided the diagnosis. Treatment of carcinoma of the thyroid gland should be complex. The leading role is played by thyroidectomy or resection of the gland. Depending on the patient's age, the extent of spread of the tumour and its morphological structure it is of expedience to combine surgical treatment with isotopic therapy, hormone- and chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Cancer of the thyroid gland and its treatment]. The authors analyzed data concerning 322 patients suffering from carcinoma of the thyroid gland subjected to complex therapy. Both immediate and remote results were traced. A conclusion was drawn that objective assessment of the clinical manifestation of the disease and comparison with the results of the auxiliary methods of studies permitted to diagnose carcinoma of the thyroid gland in the great majority of the patients. The macroscopic picture of the removed tissue and express biopsy aided the diagnosis. Treatment of carcinoma of the thyroid gland should be complex. The leading role is played by thyroidectomy or resection of the gland. Depending on the patient's age, the extent of spread of the tumour and its morphological structure it is of expedience to combine surgical treatment with isotopic therapy, hormone- and chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1221393", "title": "[Changes in monoamine fluorescence in the hypothalamus of rats under the influence of hydrocortisone].", "content": "The histochemical fluorescent method was applied to the study of the effect of hormones of the adrenal cortex on the catecholamine content in the rat hypothalamus. Administration of hydrocortisone proved to decrease the amount of monoamines in the adrenergic fibers located in the periventricular area and the lateral portion of the midhypothalamus, this being expressed in a reduced intensity of their fluorescence in these formations. The mentioned changes were apparently associated with a specific effect of the hormone and could be related to the regulation of the corticosteroid level by the \"reverse connection\" mechanism.", "contents": "[Changes in monoamine fluorescence in the hypothalamus of rats under the influence of hydrocortisone]. The histochemical fluorescent method was applied to the study of the effect of hormones of the adrenal cortex on the catecholamine content in the rat hypothalamus. Administration of hydrocortisone proved to decrease the amount of monoamines in the adrenergic fibers located in the periventricular area and the lateral portion of the midhypothalamus, this being expressed in a reduced intensity of their fluorescence in these formations. The mentioned changes were apparently associated with a specific effect of the hormone and could be related to the regulation of the corticosteroid level by the \"reverse connection\" mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:1221394", "title": "[The state of the nuclear apparatus of the thyroid gland under conditions of hypofunction of the sympathetic division of the nervous system].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of the sympathetic portion of the nervous system on the thyrocyte metabolism. Such morphological criteria as the volume of the thyrocyte nuclei, the amount of DNA in them and structural analysis were used. Three volumetric classes of the nuclei with a different morphological picture were detected in control animals. In depression of the sympathetic portion of the nervous system by administration of antibodies to the growth factor of the nerves there was seen a reduction of the mean nuclear volume and displacement of the volumetric classes in the direction of increase in the quantity of smaller nuclei; electron microscopic studies demonstrated changes in the shape and structure of the nuclei. There were no variations in the amount of DNA.", "contents": "[The state of the nuclear apparatus of the thyroid gland under conditions of hypofunction of the sympathetic division of the nervous system]. A study was made of the effect of the sympathetic portion of the nervous system on the thyrocyte metabolism. Such morphological criteria as the volume of the thyrocyte nuclei, the amount of DNA in them and structural analysis were used. Three volumetric classes of the nuclei with a different morphological picture were detected in control animals. In depression of the sympathetic portion of the nervous system by administration of antibodies to the growth factor of the nerves there was seen a reduction of the mean nuclear volume and displacement of the volumetric classes in the direction of increase in the quantity of smaller nuclei; electron microscopic studies demonstrated changes in the shape and structure of the nuclei. There were no variations in the amount of DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1221392", "title": "[Dopamine receptors of the diencephalon associated with the endocrine function of the hypophyseal-testicular system].", "content": "One hour after local administration of 1 gamma of dopamine into the medial portion of the subthalamus or into the central grey matter of the caudal portion of the thalamus of male Wister rats testosterone level (determined fluorimetrically) more than doubled in the peripheral blood plasma. A similar effect was produced by apomorphine (2 gamma), stimulant of dopamine receptors, administered into the same areas of the diencepalon. No increase in testosterone content followed local administration of dopamine into the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. A conclusion was drawn that dopamine receptors of the diencephalon associated with the endocrine function of the male gonad were located in the medial portion of the subthalamus and in the area of the central grey matter of the posterior portion of the thalamus. At the same time, dopamine neurons of the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus apparently took no part in the regulation of the endocrine function of the hypophysio-testicular system.", "contents": "[Dopamine receptors of the diencephalon associated with the endocrine function of the hypophyseal-testicular system]. One hour after local administration of 1 gamma of dopamine into the medial portion of the subthalamus or into the central grey matter of the caudal portion of the thalamus of male Wister rats testosterone level (determined fluorimetrically) more than doubled in the peripheral blood plasma. A similar effect was produced by apomorphine (2 gamma), stimulant of dopamine receptors, administered into the same areas of the diencepalon. No increase in testosterone content followed local administration of dopamine into the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. A conclusion was drawn that dopamine receptors of the diencephalon associated with the endocrine function of the male gonad were located in the medial portion of the subthalamus and in the area of the central grey matter of the posterior portion of the thalamus. At the same time, dopamine neurons of the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus apparently took no part in the regulation of the endocrine function of the hypophysio-testicular system."}
{"id": "PMID:1221395", "title": "[The relationship between changes in the concentration of catecholamines in the hypothalamus and the level of thyroid hormones in the body].", "content": "Fluorimetric method was applied to determination of the dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline content in the tissues of the brain of male rats. Catecholamine distribution in the hypothalamus was uneven. Hyprthyroid state decreased the concentration of dopamine in the anterior and the middle hypothalamus, and also in the preoptic area; removal of the throid gland produced no significant changes in the dopamine, noradrenaline or adrenaline concentration.", "contents": "[The relationship between changes in the concentration of catecholamines in the hypothalamus and the level of thyroid hormones in the body]. Fluorimetric method was applied to determination of the dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline content in the tissues of the brain of male rats. Catecholamine distribution in the hypothalamus was uneven. Hyprthyroid state decreased the concentration of dopamine in the anterior and the middle hypothalamus, and also in the preoptic area; removal of the throid gland produced no significant changes in the dopamine, noradrenaline or adrenaline concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1221396", "title": "[The sugar decreasing effect of several insulin polymer derivatives following enteric administration to aniamls].", "content": "An experimental study of the hypoglycemic action of polymeric derivatives of insulin was carried out by its enteral administration through a gastric tube into the stomach and into the oral cavity on 105 intract rabbits. A marked hypoglycemic effect significantly differing from the action of crystalline insulin was produced by enteral administration of insulin modified with polymeres. Changes in the character of binding of the protein with the polymere, of the molecular weight of the polymere and of its chemical nature proved to influence the value and the duration of action of insulin modified by polymeres.", "contents": "[The sugar decreasing effect of several insulin polymer derivatives following enteric administration to aniamls]. An experimental study of the hypoglycemic action of polymeric derivatives of insulin was carried out by its enteral administration through a gastric tube into the stomach and into the oral cavity on 105 intract rabbits. A marked hypoglycemic effect significantly differing from the action of crystalline insulin was produced by enteral administration of insulin modified with polymeres. Changes in the character of binding of the protein with the polymere, of the molecular weight of the polymere and of its chemical nature proved to influence the value and the duration of action of insulin modified by polymeres."}
{"id": "PMID:1221431", "title": "Anomalous results of studies on drug interaction in man. III. Disulfiram and antipyrine.", "content": "Disulfiram inhibited antipyrine metabolism reproducibly in three experiments utilizing three different groups of normal human volunteers. In these experiments disulfiram in a dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight was given orally twice daily for 4 consecutive days and in two subsequent experiments for 10 consecutive days. In each experiment the mean antipyrine half-life was prolonged and the mean metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine was shortened by disulfiram. Large interindividual variations occurred; one volunteer with a very short initial plasma antipyrine half-life shortened, rather than prolonged, his antipyrine half-life after 10 days of disulfiram. In the first 10-day study the apparent volume of distribution of antipyrine was significantly increased in each volunteer after disulfiram administration, whereas in the second 10-day study, disulfiram failed to alter this value. Another anomalous result concerned attempts to determine whether a correlation existed between the initial antipyrine half-life and the percent change in this value produced by disulfiram administration. A significant correlation occurred in the initial 10-day study (4 = 0.71, p less than 0.05), whereas neither in the second 10-day study (r = 0.20, p greater than 0.05) nor in the 4-day study (r = 0.57, p greater than 0.05) was a significant correlation observed. Each of the three studies revealed no significant correlation between the initial metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine and the percent change in this value produced by disulfiram administration.", "contents": "Anomalous results of studies on drug interaction in man. III. Disulfiram and antipyrine. Disulfiram inhibited antipyrine metabolism reproducibly in three experiments utilizing three different groups of normal human volunteers. In these experiments disulfiram in a dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight was given orally twice daily for 4 consecutive days and in two subsequent experiments for 10 consecutive days. In each experiment the mean antipyrine half-life was prolonged and the mean metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine was shortened by disulfiram. Large interindividual variations occurred; one volunteer with a very short initial plasma antipyrine half-life shortened, rather than prolonged, his antipyrine half-life after 10 days of disulfiram. In the first 10-day study the apparent volume of distribution of antipyrine was significantly increased in each volunteer after disulfiram administration, whereas in the second 10-day study, disulfiram failed to alter this value. Another anomalous result concerned attempts to determine whether a correlation existed between the initial antipyrine half-life and the percent change in this value produced by disulfiram administration. A significant correlation occurred in the initial 10-day study (4 = 0.71, p less than 0.05), whereas neither in the second 10-day study (r = 0.20, p greater than 0.05) nor in the 4-day study (r = 0.57, p greater than 0.05) was a significant correlation observed. Each of the three studies revealed no significant correlation between the initial metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine and the percent change in this value produced by disulfiram administration."}
{"id": "PMID:1221432", "title": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol in man.", "content": "The interaction of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and cannabinol (CBN) was studied in man. Five male volunteers were given placebo, 50 mg CBN, 25 mg delta9-THC, 12.5 mg delta9-THC + 25 mg CBN, and 25 mg delta9-THC + 50 mg CBN (orally). Administrations were spaced 1 week apart. With physiological measures, delta9-THC produced an increase in heart rate while CBN did not. When combined, no change of the delta9-THC effect occurred. No changes occurred on the electrocardiogram, blood pressure, or body temperature. With psychophysical measures no changes occurred in pain thresholds or skin sensitivity as a function of drug treatment. In time estimates of the passage of 1 minute, delta9-THC alone produced underestimates of the passage of 1 minute and CBN alone had no effect. In combination the two drugs had a tendency to produce significant overestimates and underestimates of the passage of 1 minute. On a 66-item adjective-pair drug reaction scale, the volunteers reported feeling drugged, drunk, dizzy, and drowsy under the delta9-THC condition, but not under the CBN condition. With combined drug treatment, volunteers reported feeling more drugged, drunk, dizzy, and drowsy than under the delta9-THC condition alone. None of the drug treatments produced significant changes on other items which included items on perception, emotion, cognition and sociability. It appears that CBN increases the effect of delta9-THC on some aspects of physiological and psychological processes, but that these effects are small and cannot account for the greater potency which has been reported when plant material is used.", "contents": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol in man. The interaction of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and cannabinol (CBN) was studied in man. Five male volunteers were given placebo, 50 mg CBN, 25 mg delta9-THC, 12.5 mg delta9-THC + 25 mg CBN, and 25 mg delta9-THC + 50 mg CBN (orally). Administrations were spaced 1 week apart. With physiological measures, delta9-THC produced an increase in heart rate while CBN did not. When combined, no change of the delta9-THC effect occurred. No changes occurred on the electrocardiogram, blood pressure, or body temperature. With psychophysical measures no changes occurred in pain thresholds or skin sensitivity as a function of drug treatment. In time estimates of the passage of 1 minute, delta9-THC alone produced underestimates of the passage of 1 minute and CBN alone had no effect. In combination the two drugs had a tendency to produce significant overestimates and underestimates of the passage of 1 minute. On a 66-item adjective-pair drug reaction scale, the volunteers reported feeling drugged, drunk, dizzy, and drowsy under the delta9-THC condition, but not under the CBN condition. With combined drug treatment, volunteers reported feeling more drugged, drunk, dizzy, and drowsy than under the delta9-THC condition alone. None of the drug treatments produced significant changes on other items which included items on perception, emotion, cognition and sociability. It appears that CBN increases the effect of delta9-THC on some aspects of physiological and psychological processes, but that these effects are small and cannot account for the greater potency which has been reported when plant material is used."}
{"id": "PMID:1221433", "title": "Preparation and evaluation of a sustained naloxone delivery system in rats.", "content": "The use of a non-biodegradable polymer system to provide a sustained release of the narcotic antagonist naloxone in rats is described. The kinetics of morphine analgesia (measured by the hot-plate test) in the presence of the naloxone implant, and the urinary excretion of radiolabeled naloxone were measured. The shift of the morphine dose-response curve to the right is expressed in terms of dose ratios, which were calculated from the ED50 values for morphine obtained 9 days before, and 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29 days after implantation of the polymer. Our experiments indicate that effective levels of antagonist were maintained for 3-4 weeks after implantation of a polymer system containing 16 mg of naloxone. After 29 days, more than 95% of the absorbed drug had been released, with 16% of the implanted radioactivity appearing in the urine. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using a sustained release form of a narcotic antagonist to block the effects of morphine.", "contents": "Preparation and evaluation of a sustained naloxone delivery system in rats. The use of a non-biodegradable polymer system to provide a sustained release of the narcotic antagonist naloxone in rats is described. The kinetics of morphine analgesia (measured by the hot-plate test) in the presence of the naloxone implant, and the urinary excretion of radiolabeled naloxone were measured. The shift of the morphine dose-response curve to the right is expressed in terms of dose ratios, which were calculated from the ED50 values for morphine obtained 9 days before, and 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29 days after implantation of the polymer. Our experiments indicate that effective levels of antagonist were maintained for 3-4 weeks after implantation of a polymer system containing 16 mg of naloxone. After 29 days, more than 95% of the absorbed drug had been released, with 16% of the implanted radioactivity appearing in the urine. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using a sustained release form of a narcotic antagonist to block the effects of morphine."}
{"id": "PMID:1221434", "title": "Relationship between the behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of chlorpromazine and fluphenazine in rats.", "content": "The effects of chlorpromazine and fluphenazine on behavior and electroencephalogram (EEG) have been studied in rats in order to find out whether quantitative surface EEG can be reliably used to assess the degree of hypnotic sedative activity of neuroleptic agents. It was found that fluphenazine is about 10 times more potent than chlorpromazine in depressing locomotor activity and variable-interval behavior of rats, while the two drugs were equally potent as regards their synchronizing action on the EEG. This is in accordance with the clinical observation that fluphenazine has less hypnotic side-effects than chlorpromazine and confirms that surface EEG can be a predictive test for hypnotic activity.", "contents": "Relationship between the behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of chlorpromazine and fluphenazine in rats. The effects of chlorpromazine and fluphenazine on behavior and electroencephalogram (EEG) have been studied in rats in order to find out whether quantitative surface EEG can be reliably used to assess the degree of hypnotic sedative activity of neuroleptic agents. It was found that fluphenazine is about 10 times more potent than chlorpromazine in depressing locomotor activity and variable-interval behavior of rats, while the two drugs were equally potent as regards their synchronizing action on the EEG. This is in accordance with the clinical observation that fluphenazine has less hypnotic side-effects than chlorpromazine and confirms that surface EEG can be a predictive test for hypnotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1221435", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of practolol in the rabbit with experimental glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of practolol were studied after intravenous injection (5 mg/kg) in conscious normal rabbits and rabbits with experimental glomerulonephritis induced by daily intravenous injection of bovine gamma-globulin. The results obtained demonstrated that the practolol elimination was impaired in animals with experimental glomerulonephritis: significant lengthening of the half-life of the beta-phase, with marked decrease of the body clearance and diminution of the drug concentration decrease in plasma. Neither conjugates nor deacetylpractolol could be detected in the urine of the controls or immunized rabbits.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of practolol in the rabbit with experimental glomerulonephritis. The pharmacokinetics of practolol were studied after intravenous injection (5 mg/kg) in conscious normal rabbits and rabbits with experimental glomerulonephritis induced by daily intravenous injection of bovine gamma-globulin. The results obtained demonstrated that the practolol elimination was impaired in animals with experimental glomerulonephritis: significant lengthening of the half-life of the beta-phase, with marked decrease of the body clearance and diminution of the drug concentration decrease in plasma. Neither conjugates nor deacetylpractolol could be detected in the urine of the controls or immunized rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:1221436", "title": "Studies on the nature of the vasodilator fibers running in the lumbar sympathetic chain of the dog.", "content": "These experiments were performed to further elucidate the nature of the vasodilator fibers running in the sympathetic chain in the dog. The electrostimulation of the lumbar sympathetic trunk caused vasoconstriction in the perfused hind limb which inverted to vasodilatation after guanethidine was administered. This vasodilator response is mediated by cholinergic fibers since it was completely abolished by atropine. The observation, furthermore, that hexamethonium completely nullified both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses to the electrostimulation of the sympathetic chain indicates that both vasoconstrictor and vasodilator fibers, which are activated during the stimulation of the sympathetic chain, are preganglionic in nature.", "contents": "Studies on the nature of the vasodilator fibers running in the lumbar sympathetic chain of the dog. These experiments were performed to further elucidate the nature of the vasodilator fibers running in the sympathetic chain in the dog. The electrostimulation of the lumbar sympathetic trunk caused vasoconstriction in the perfused hind limb which inverted to vasodilatation after guanethidine was administered. This vasodilator response is mediated by cholinergic fibers since it was completely abolished by atropine. The observation, furthermore, that hexamethonium completely nullified both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses to the electrostimulation of the sympathetic chain indicates that both vasoconstrictor and vasodilator fibers, which are activated during the stimulation of the sympathetic chain, are preganglionic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:1221437", "title": "Effect of metoclopramide on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the isolated canine stomach perfused extracorporeally.", "content": "Totally isolated whole canine stomachs perfused, ex vivo, with homologous blood of living supporting dogs were used for recording of myoelectrical mechanical activities. Drugs were administered directly into the arterial system of the isolated stomachs either as flash injections or as constant infusions. Flash injection of metoclopramide (Maxeran) led to the response activity (spiking) and associated mechanical response. Electrical control activity was also affected by Maxeran: the changes consisted of premature control activity and uncoupling. Similar reactions were observed after flash injections of methacholine, pentagastrin or electrical stimulation of the Latarjet nerve. These reactions were dose-dependent. Tetrodotoxin, atropine, hexamethonium and glucagon, when given as a constant infusion, did inhibit the action of Maxeran on myoelectrical and mechanical activities of the isolated stomach. Inhibition of the responses to Maxeran by atropine and tetrodotoxin implicates acetylcholine in the mediation of these responses. The ability of hexamethonium to diminish the response to Maxeran suggests that a locus of action may be at both pre- and post-ganglionic sites of the intramural plexus. Exact receptors of this action are not demonstrated by this study.", "contents": "Effect of metoclopramide on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the isolated canine stomach perfused extracorporeally. Totally isolated whole canine stomachs perfused, ex vivo, with homologous blood of living supporting dogs were used for recording of myoelectrical mechanical activities. Drugs were administered directly into the arterial system of the isolated stomachs either as flash injections or as constant infusions. Flash injection of metoclopramide (Maxeran) led to the response activity (spiking) and associated mechanical response. Electrical control activity was also affected by Maxeran: the changes consisted of premature control activity and uncoupling. Similar reactions were observed after flash injections of methacholine, pentagastrin or electrical stimulation of the Latarjet nerve. These reactions were dose-dependent. Tetrodotoxin, atropine, hexamethonium and glucagon, when given as a constant infusion, did inhibit the action of Maxeran on myoelectrical and mechanical activities of the isolated stomach. Inhibition of the responses to Maxeran by atropine and tetrodotoxin implicates acetylcholine in the mediation of these responses. The ability of hexamethonium to diminish the response to Maxeran suggests that a locus of action may be at both pre- and post-ganglionic sites of the intramural plexus. Exact receptors of this action are not demonstrated by this study."}
{"id": "PMID:1221438", "title": "[Calcinoses of the leg].", "content": "Calcinosis, wherever it appears, is no more than overloading of the conjunctive tissue with calcium. Arterial calcinoses are perhaps the type most frequently recognized : obliterating arteriopathy of middle aged and elderly subjects, arteritis in diabetics, M\u00f6nkeberg's arteriosclerosis. Venous calcinoses are either phleboliths, more rarely subcutaneous deposits, or atherocalcinosis of the inferior vena cava, or Cramer and Schilling's lesion. Subcutaneous calcinoses that appear to be nonvascular may give rise to some diagnostic problems. These concern the pathogenesis : calcium transfer by LERICHE and POLICARD, metaplasia of the conjunctive tissues and the elastic fibres, transformation of lipoproteins, hydraulic disturbances, Selye's calciphylaxia.", "contents": "[Calcinoses of the leg]. Calcinosis, wherever it appears, is no more than overloading of the conjunctive tissue with calcium. Arterial calcinoses are perhaps the type most frequently recognized : obliterating arteriopathy of middle aged and elderly subjects, arteritis in diabetics, M\u00f6nkeberg's arteriosclerosis. Venous calcinoses are either phleboliths, more rarely subcutaneous deposits, or atherocalcinosis of the inferior vena cava, or Cramer and Schilling's lesion. Subcutaneous calcinoses that appear to be nonvascular may give rise to some diagnostic problems. These concern the pathogenesis : calcium transfer by LERICHE and POLICARD, metaplasia of the conjunctive tissues and the elastic fibres, transformation of lipoproteins, hydraulic disturbances, Selye's calciphylaxia."}
{"id": "PMID:1221439", "title": "[Subcutaneous calcinosis of the leg].", "content": "In patients with varicose veins and post-phlebitic patients calcifications are discovered in the legs that are sometimes very extensive. These latent, stable, and silent calcinoses become apparent when there is ulceration or hypodermatitis. They are subcutaneous and supra-aponeurotic but clear of the muscles, tendons, and joints. The signs are evident mainly radiologically. They are the result of a local process of which the etiology is not well understood. These calcinoses may be classified among the dystrophic calcinoses. The precipitating factor seems to be a change in the conjunctive tissue resulting from inflammatory outbreaks of trophic hypodermatitis. The treatment is basically preventive, sometimes with local surgery ; no type of general therapy improves the lesions. Comparison with rheumatism brings to light certain common features : tissue attack as a starting point for calcification, stability of the lesions. Such a comparison distinguishes these calcinoses from the Thibierge Weissenbach syndrome and from chondrocalcinoses.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous calcinosis of the leg]. In patients with varicose veins and post-phlebitic patients calcifications are discovered in the legs that are sometimes very extensive. These latent, stable, and silent calcinoses become apparent when there is ulceration or hypodermatitis. They are subcutaneous and supra-aponeurotic but clear of the muscles, tendons, and joints. The signs are evident mainly radiologically. They are the result of a local process of which the etiology is not well understood. These calcinoses may be classified among the dystrophic calcinoses. The precipitating factor seems to be a change in the conjunctive tissue resulting from inflammatory outbreaks of trophic hypodermatitis. The treatment is basically preventive, sometimes with local surgery ; no type of general therapy improves the lesions. Comparison with rheumatism brings to light certain common features : tissue attack as a starting point for calcification, stability of the lesions. Such a comparison distinguishes these calcinoses from the Thibierge Weissenbach syndrome and from chondrocalcinoses."}
{"id": "PMID:1221440", "title": "[Subcutaneous calcifications. A case of Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome].", "content": "When faced with subcutaneous calcifications the possibility of the Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome, either in its initial stages or already evolutive, may be forgotten. In one typical case that was followed for 20 years, the calcifications had taken second place to the scleroderma and circulatory disorders that had rapidly dominated the picture : Raynaud's phenomenon, arteritis of the extremities with extremely acute pain that was lessened only by sympathetic infiltrations or intra-arterial injections.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous calcifications. A case of Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome]. When faced with subcutaneous calcifications the possibility of the Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome, either in its initial stages or already evolutive, may be forgotten. In one typical case that was followed for 20 years, the calcifications had taken second place to the scleroderma and circulatory disorders that had rapidly dominated the picture : Raynaud's phenomenon, arteritis of the extremities with extremely acute pain that was lessened only by sympathetic infiltrations or intra-arterial injections."}
{"id": "PMID:1221442", "title": "[Surgical approach to a leg ulcer in areas of subcutaneous calcinosis].", "content": "The medical treatment of ulceration of the legs in areas with a subcutaneous plaque of calcinosis is often unsuccessful. The phlebologists then refer the patient to a surgeon. A patient aged 58 years, with a previous history of phlebitis, presented on two successive occasions with ulceration in the area of a large calcification in the lower third of the left leg. Cicatrization was obtained by a surgical treatment. Such surgery must be preceded by local and complete vascular assessment and by appropriate pre-operative care. It consists mainly of ablation of bone sequestration in order to obtain a suitable surface on which to apply thin skin graft in strips. It is often necessary to carry out an internal saphenous crossectomy as well to treat an  associated venous insufficiency.", "contents": "[Surgical approach to a leg ulcer in areas of subcutaneous calcinosis]. The medical treatment of ulceration of the legs in areas with a subcutaneous plaque of calcinosis is often unsuccessful. The phlebologists then refer the patient to a surgeon. A patient aged 58 years, with a previous history of phlebitis, presented on two successive occasions with ulceration in the area of a large calcification in the lower third of the left leg. Cicatrization was obtained by a surgical treatment. Such surgery must be preceded by local and complete vascular assessment and by appropriate pre-operative care. It consists mainly of ablation of bone sequestration in order to obtain a suitable surface on which to apply thin skin graft in strips. It is often necessary to carry out an internal saphenous crossectomy as well to treat an  associated venous insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1221447", "title": "Sex-dependent survival of rats after bilateral pallidal lesions.", "content": "The effects of unilateral and bilateral pallidal lesions were studied in male and female rats. While unilateral lesions produced only transient aphagia and adipsia, the results of bilateral lesions were more severe. Sixteen out of 30 rats of the Wistar strain survived the bilateral lesion and the survivors were followed unitl the 157th day. The majority of survivors were females. The recovery of males was slower than females. All the surviving animals and also some of those which died ate and drank spontaneously. Similar results were obtained in repeated experiment on the CFY strain of rats. Our data suggest that aphagia and adipsia, as well as the considerable weight loss causing the death of animals may be regarded as disorders of two partially independent mechanisms; however, both of them are expressed more in male than female animals.", "contents": "Sex-dependent survival of rats after bilateral pallidal lesions. The effects of unilateral and bilateral pallidal lesions were studied in male and female rats. While unilateral lesions produced only transient aphagia and adipsia, the results of bilateral lesions were more severe. Sixteen out of 30 rats of the Wistar strain survived the bilateral lesion and the survivors were followed unitl the 157th day. The majority of survivors were females. The recovery of males was slower than females. All the surviving animals and also some of those which died ate and drank spontaneously. Similar results were obtained in repeated experiment on the CFY strain of rats. Our data suggest that aphagia and adipsia, as well as the considerable weight loss causing the death of animals may be regarded as disorders of two partially independent mechanisms; however, both of them are expressed more in male than female animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1221443", "title": "[Phlebitis and phlebothrombosis in medical practice].", "content": "The general practitioner frequently encounters illnesses involving the risk of venous accidents or embolisms. He must keep this possibility in mind and seek the signs in cases as different as hiatal hernia, alimentary cancer, the use of estroprogestative drugs, and severe respiratory insufficiency. He must also bear its mind in relation to conditions leading to abdominal surgery and in connexion with pathological pelvic conditions in women. A general practitioner would advise preventive treatments and would treat pathological venous conditions that had been confirmed by a phlebologist. In the home, the virtues of treatment with antivitamins K, which is simple to apply, and heparin, which requires professional surveillance, are open to discussion. One personal case is cited that illustrates the great risks that resulted from delay in operating for fibromas which eventually led to repeated pulmonary embolisms because of pelvic compression. These developments made the operation very different and dangerous but nevertheless it was successful.", "contents": "[Phlebitis and phlebothrombosis in medical practice]. The general practitioner frequently encounters illnesses involving the risk of venous accidents or embolisms. He must keep this possibility in mind and seek the signs in cases as different as hiatal hernia, alimentary cancer, the use of estroprogestative drugs, and severe respiratory insufficiency. He must also bear its mind in relation to conditions leading to abdominal surgery and in connexion with pathological pelvic conditions in women. A general practitioner would advise preventive treatments and would treat pathological venous conditions that had been confirmed by a phlebologist. In the home, the virtues of treatment with antivitamins K, which is simple to apply, and heparin, which requires professional surveillance, are open to discussion. One personal case is cited that illustrates the great risks that resulted from delay in operating for fibromas which eventually led to repeated pulmonary embolisms because of pelvic compression. These developments made the operation very different and dangerous but nevertheless it was successful."}
{"id": "PMID:1221448", "title": "[The influence of anticipation of pain on heart and respiratory rates and on the pain reflex in man].", "content": "A study was undertaken in man to determine the effects of anticipation of pain on the heart rate, respiratory rhythm and nociceptive component of the flexor reflex. Two groups of subjects were used: a group of trained subjects and a group of naive ones. A warning, given 10 min before the delivery of the painful stimulation, made the naive subjects anxious while the trained ones remained relaxed. The latter subjects showed a steady heart rate and respiratory frequency as well as a steady level in the nociceptive reflex threshold for the duration of the experiment. Two kinds of responses were exhibited by the naive subjects: one group showed increased heart rate and respiratory frequency as well as an initial increase in the reflex threshold; the other group showed decreased heart rate, increased respiratory frequency and an initial decrease in the reflex threshold. In each sub-group of the naive subjects, the time course of the reflex threshold showed a progressive evolution towards the threshold level of the trained subjects with a time course of 30--40 min.", "contents": "[The influence of anticipation of pain on heart and respiratory rates and on the pain reflex in man]. A study was undertaken in man to determine the effects of anticipation of pain on the heart rate, respiratory rhythm and nociceptive component of the flexor reflex. Two groups of subjects were used: a group of trained subjects and a group of naive ones. A warning, given 10 min before the delivery of the painful stimulation, made the naive subjects anxious while the trained ones remained relaxed. The latter subjects showed a steady heart rate and respiratory frequency as well as a steady level in the nociceptive reflex threshold for the duration of the experiment. Two kinds of responses were exhibited by the naive subjects: one group showed increased heart rate and respiratory frequency as well as an initial increase in the reflex threshold; the other group showed decreased heart rate, increased respiratory frequency and an initial decrease in the reflex threshold. In each sub-group of the naive subjects, the time course of the reflex threshold showed a progressive evolution towards the threshold level of the trained subjects with a time course of 30--40 min."}
{"id": "PMID:1221449", "title": "Response suppression in normal and septal rats.", "content": "After 11 days of lever press training on a variable interval 30 sec schedule, separate groups of septal and normal rats were exposed for 10 days to one of two response-suppression procedures: extinction or differential reinforcement of other behaviors. Both procedures were effective in suppressing responding, with the septal rats taking longer to reach the suppression asymptote than  did the normals. All rats then received 5 days of non-contingent food presentation. Under these conditions responding recovered to a much greater degree in rats previously given extinction than in those given DRO. Further, septal rats given extinction showed more recovery than did normals given extinction.", "contents": "Response suppression in normal and septal rats. After 11 days of lever press training on a variable interval 30 sec schedule, separate groups of septal and normal rats were exposed for 10 days to one of two response-suppression procedures: extinction or differential reinforcement of other behaviors. Both procedures were effective in suppressing responding, with the septal rats taking longer to reach the suppression asymptote than  did the normals. All rats then received 5 days of non-contingent food presentation. Under these conditions responding recovered to a much greater degree in rats previously given extinction than in those given DRO. Further, septal rats given extinction showed more recovery than did normals given extinction."}
{"id": "PMID:1221445", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of results of corrective surgery of the blood flow in post-phlebitis syndromes of the leg].", "content": "Surgical correction of the venous circulation is indicated in about 60 percent of post-phlebitic patients. The immediate and long-term results depend on the duration of the disorder, the site of thrombosis, the extent and nature of the secondary lesions, and on the choice of the method of surgery. Among the different operations proposed, the authors draw particular attention to four, those of Linton, Askar, Cockett, and Palma. It is possible to combine these operations taking into account any special indications. However, the techniques can be improved. The authors present a personal variant to correct the circulation in the leg by ostial ligature (resection of the indirect, muscular, communicating veins) that differs from Linton's method which involves subfascial ligature of the direct communicating veins. The results of Palma's crossed sapheno-femoral operation can be improved by anastomosing end-to-end the subcutaneous vein and the proximal end of either the deep or the superficial femoral vein. In patients with torpid, calloused ulcers ligature of the communicating veins by Cockett's method must be associated with subcutaneous removal of the sclerous base of the ulcer by the method of R. P. Askerkhanov.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of results of corrective surgery of the blood flow in post-phlebitis syndromes of the leg]. Surgical correction of the venous circulation is indicated in about 60 percent of post-phlebitic patients. The immediate and long-term results depend on the duration of the disorder, the site of thrombosis, the extent and nature of the secondary lesions, and on the choice of the method of surgery. Among the different operations proposed, the authors draw particular attention to four, those of Linton, Askar, Cockett, and Palma. It is possible to combine these operations taking into account any special indications. However, the techniques can be improved. The authors present a personal variant to correct the circulation in the leg by ostial ligature (resection of the indirect, muscular, communicating veins) that differs from Linton's method which involves subfascial ligature of the direct communicating veins. The results of Palma's crossed sapheno-femoral operation can be improved by anastomosing end-to-end the subcutaneous vein and the proximal end of either the deep or the superficial femoral vein. In patients with torpid, calloused ulcers ligature of the communicating veins by Cockett's method must be associated with subcutaneous removal of the sclerous base of the ulcer by the method of R. P. Askerkhanov."}
{"id": "PMID:1221450", "title": "Maze performance in rats with hippocampal perforant paths lesions: some aspects of functional recovery.", "content": "The performance of two experimental groups--one with lesions of the perforant paths projecting to the dorsal hippocampus (the D group) and one with lesions of the perforant paths to both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus (the DV group)--was compared with the performance of a lesioned control group and an intact control group during two test sessions in the Hebb-Williams maze. Both experimental groups displayed impaired maze learning in Session I. The DV group showed some recovery of function in Session II, and the D group was indistinguishable from controls. The results are discussed in terms of reduced sensory information to the hippocampal formation resulting from perforant paths lesions. It is suggested that the hippocampus is involved in relating new stimuli to previous experience.", "contents": "Maze performance in rats with hippocampal perforant paths lesions: some aspects of functional recovery. The performance of two experimental groups--one with lesions of the perforant paths projecting to the dorsal hippocampus (the D group) and one with lesions of the perforant paths to both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus (the DV group)--was compared with the performance of a lesioned control group and an intact control group during two test sessions in the Hebb-Williams maze. Both experimental groups displayed impaired maze learning in Session I. The DV group showed some recovery of function in Session II, and the D group was indistinguishable from controls. The results are discussed in terms of reduced sensory information to the hippocampal formation resulting from perforant paths lesions. It is suggested that the hippocampus is involved in relating new stimuli to previous experience."}
{"id": "PMID:1221452", "title": "Modification of prenatal stress effects in rats by adrenalectomy, dexamethasone and chlorpromazine.", "content": "This study was designed as a 4 (maternal treatments) by 2 (prenatal stress) factorial. The 4 treatment groups were: chlorpromazine (CPZ) 2.1 mg/kg; dexamethasone (DEX) 38.7 mug/kg; adrenalectomy (ADX); and controls (CON). Half of the females in each group were stressed prior to mating and during gestation. Stress significantly reduced birth and weaning weights of CON offspring but did not affect the weight of CPZ, DEX or ADX offspring. At birth, DEX and ADX offsrping, as well as offspring of partially adrenalectomized females, were significantly lighter than controls; at weaning, only the DEX animals displayed a weight deficit. Stress increased open field activity of ADX offspring but decreased the activity of DEX offspring while the performance of CON and CPZ offspring was not affected. In a food deprivation test at 42 days there were significantly more deaths among male offspring of no stress (32 percent) than of stress (4 percent) females and stress offspring in all groups lost less weight than unstressed offspring in a food deprivation test at 69 days. Avoidance conditioning tests showed effects only in female offspring. Stress significantly decreased avoidances made by CON offspring and increased avoidances made by DEX offspring. Treatment with ADX, CPZ or DEX can prevent the effects of prenatal stress on some characteristics of the offspring, but in other cases the effects are potentiated by these manipulations.", "contents": "Modification of prenatal stress effects in rats by adrenalectomy, dexamethasone and chlorpromazine. This study was designed as a 4 (maternal treatments) by 2 (prenatal stress) factorial. The 4 treatment groups were: chlorpromazine (CPZ) 2.1 mg/kg; dexamethasone (DEX) 38.7 mug/kg; adrenalectomy (ADX); and controls (CON). Half of the females in each group were stressed prior to mating and during gestation. Stress significantly reduced birth and weaning weights of CON offspring but did not affect the weight of CPZ, DEX or ADX offspring. At birth, DEX and ADX offsrping, as well as offspring of partially adrenalectomized females, were significantly lighter than controls; at weaning, only the DEX animals displayed a weight deficit. Stress increased open field activity of ADX offspring but decreased the activity of DEX offspring while the performance of CON and CPZ offspring was not affected. In a food deprivation test at 42 days there were significantly more deaths among male offspring of no stress (32 percent) than of stress (4 percent) females and stress offspring in all groups lost less weight than unstressed offspring in a food deprivation test at 69 days. Avoidance conditioning tests showed effects only in female offspring. Stress significantly decreased avoidances made by CON offspring and increased avoidances made by DEX offspring. Treatment with ADX, CPZ or DEX can prevent the effects of prenatal stress on some characteristics of the offspring, but in other cases the effects are potentiated by these manipulations."}
{"id": "PMID:1221453", "title": "Stimulants and lesions of the substantia nigra and red nucleus.", "content": "The interaction of altered activity levels by stimulants and brainstem lesions was examined. Lesions of the substantia nigra and red nucleus significantly increased activity over control levels in albino rats. The stimulant action of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate was additive with lesion effects. In addition, stimulants disrupted the normal light-dark relationship with activity while the lesions did not. It is suggested that there are two functionally separate systems regulating locomotor activity.", "contents": "Stimulants and lesions of the substantia nigra and red nucleus. The interaction of altered activity levels by stimulants and brainstem lesions was examined. Lesions of the substantia nigra and red nucleus significantly increased activity over control levels in albino rats. The stimulant action of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate was additive with lesion effects. In addition, stimulants disrupted the normal light-dark relationship with activity while the lesions did not. It is suggested that there are two functionally separate systems regulating locomotor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1221454", "title": "Survival and recovery of physiologic functions after early maternal separation in rats.", "content": "Fourteen-day-old rats separated from their mothers have greatly increased survival rates, if provided with a local heat source. Body weight, temperature, cardiac and respiratory rates declined for 3 days in all separated animals, and eye opening was delayed most in those separated at room temperature. In survivors, a second phase followed in which all measures rebounded to levels characteristic of normally mothered infants. Cardiac rate, having fallen 40 percent in the first days after separation, rose to levels higher than normally mothered infants at 21 and 30 days of age. Recovery was not clearly initiated by any singly system studied, although non-survivors showed greater weight and temperature loss and evidence of gross motor deficit during the separation response phase.", "contents": "Survival and recovery of physiologic functions after early maternal separation in rats. Fourteen-day-old rats separated from their mothers have greatly increased survival rates, if provided with a local heat source. Body weight, temperature, cardiac and respiratory rates declined for 3 days in all separated animals, and eye opening was delayed most in those separated at room temperature. In survivors, a second phase followed in which all measures rebounded to levels characteristic of normally mothered infants. Cardiac rate, having fallen 40 percent in the first days after separation, rose to levels higher than normally mothered infants at 21 and 30 days of age. Recovery was not clearly initiated by any singly system studied, although non-survivors showed greater weight and temperature loss and evidence of gross motor deficit during the separation response phase."}
{"id": "PMID:1221456", "title": "Effects of early handling upon puberty: correlations with adrenal stress responsiveness.", "content": "Handling of rat pups for 5 min once a week prior to weaning to permit weighing of the litter significantly delays vaginal opening and ovulation and is associated with a reduction in the response to an ether stress administered at 60 days of age. Handling combined with replacement of the bedding material results in a further delay in puberty and a further reduction in the stress response. It is therefore necessary to follow uniform handling procedures in any study of a developmental process.", "contents": "Effects of early handling upon puberty: correlations with adrenal stress responsiveness. Handling of rat pups for 5 min once a week prior to weaning to permit weighing of the litter significantly delays vaginal opening and ovulation and is associated with a reduction in the response to an ether stress administered at 60 days of age. Handling combined with replacement of the bedding material results in a further delay in puberty and a further reduction in the stress response. It is therefore necessary to follow uniform handling procedures in any study of a developmental process."}
{"id": "PMID:1221457", "title": "Prandial drinking and the disruption of meal patterns in olfactory bulbectomized rats.", "content": "In order to determine the cause of the disrupted feeding pattern in bulbectomized and recovered LH lesioned rats and to study the role of prandial drinking in producing this feeding pattern, feeding and drinking patterns were simultaneously recorded in these lesioned preparations. It was found that in normal rats drinking occurred mainly before and after the meals. In bulbectomized rats, drinking occurred also before and after the meal, but the main part of the meal associated takes place during the numerous short pauses within the meal. In LH recovered rats the meal associated drinking occurred in a very rapid alternation between eating and drinking during feeding bouts (prandial drinking) and not during the meal pauses. It is suggested that the nibbling pattern seen in LH recovered rats as well as in bulbectomized rats is not due to the prandial drinking but results from the loss of an olfactory input to the LH area.", "contents": "Prandial drinking and the disruption of meal patterns in olfactory bulbectomized rats. In order to determine the cause of the disrupted feeding pattern in bulbectomized and recovered LH lesioned rats and to study the role of prandial drinking in producing this feeding pattern, feeding and drinking patterns were simultaneously recorded in these lesioned preparations. It was found that in normal rats drinking occurred mainly before and after the meals. In bulbectomized rats, drinking occurred also before and after the meal, but the main part of the meal associated takes place during the numerous short pauses within the meal. In LH recovered rats the meal associated drinking occurred in a very rapid alternation between eating and drinking during feeding bouts (prandial drinking) and not during the meal pauses. It is suggested that the nibbling pattern seen in LH recovered rats as well as in bulbectomized rats is not due to the prandial drinking but results from the loss of an olfactory input to the LH area."}
{"id": "PMID:1221458", "title": "Autonomic effects of hypothalamic self-stimulation in the cat.", "content": "Respiration, heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded continuously during self-stimulation with systematically varied stimulus parameters. Conspicuous autonomic effects were induced by self-stimulation. Acceleration in the respiration and heart rate, and rise in the arterial blood pressure were generally obtained as direct effects of the stimulus train, which were followed by remarkable rebound-like aftereffects. A close relationship was found between the lever-pressing behaviour and the peripheral autonomic effects of self-stimulation. The frequency of self-stimulation increased in parellel with the amplitude of the autonomic responses to a certain level, and the animal stopped self-stimulation whenever the amplitude of the autonomic effects exceeded this level. The results are consistent with the idea that the periopheral autonomic changes can modulate self-stimulation.", "contents": "Autonomic effects of hypothalamic self-stimulation in the cat. Respiration, heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded continuously during self-stimulation with systematically varied stimulus parameters. Conspicuous autonomic effects were induced by self-stimulation. Acceleration in the respiration and heart rate, and rise in the arterial blood pressure were generally obtained as direct effects of the stimulus train, which were followed by remarkable rebound-like aftereffects. A close relationship was found between the lever-pressing behaviour and the peripheral autonomic effects of self-stimulation. The frequency of self-stimulation increased in parellel with the amplitude of the autonomic responses to a certain level, and the animal stopped self-stimulation whenever the amplitude of the autonomic effects exceeded this level. The results are consistent with the idea that the periopheral autonomic changes can modulate self-stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1221459", "title": "An ecological comparison of the two arid-zone kangaroos of Australia, and their anomalous prosperity since the introduction of ruminant stock to their environment.", "content": "This paper discusses the interactions between the large and medium-sized marsupials, the introduced ruminant domestic stock, and the environment in the arid zone of Australia. The grazing of sheep and cattle has produced suitable subclimax pastures which today favor two sympatric kangaroos but not the smaller bandicoots and wallabies. Tall grass tussocks used as shelter by the latter have been grazed down by the ruminants, and replaced by \"marsupial lawns\" or xeric spinifex, depending on locality, thereby improving the food supplies for the plains kangaroo and the hill kangaroo, respectively. It is argued, however, that even these smaller marsupials benefited originally from the new grazing regime. Patchy grazing of the grasslands probably created edge effects and other early seral changes which improved the food supplies while leaving adequate shelter. Continued grazing by increasingly large numbers of sheep and cattle ultimately and critically removed the shelter and, therefore, eliminated the bandicoots and wallabies. There is evidence that the plains kangaroo, though generally abundant at the present time, is vulnerable to competitive displacement by sheep, cattle, rabbits, and, in one region, by the hill kangaroo when it invades the plains. The plains kangaroo with its diet of green herbage is most threatened during droughts because the other herbivores have finer-grained diets. Like the bandicoots and wallabies the plains kangaroo in at least two localities appears to have first increased in numbers and then decreased. Sheep and cattle numbers have generally done the same. It is postulated, therefore, that there may not be two opposing response curves for the large and medium-sized marsupials to the ruminant invasion of the inland plains, but, in the long run, only one: an initial numerical increase and then decline. Only the time-scale is different, taking 50 years or more for the plains kangaroo, but perhaps half that time or less for the bandicoots and wallabies. The hill kangaroo may be the ultimate winner because it requires the least nitrogen, and the spinifex it eats during drought has spread as part of the subclimax created by ruminants.", "contents": "An ecological comparison of the two arid-zone kangaroos of Australia, and their anomalous prosperity since the introduction of ruminant stock to their environment. This paper discusses the interactions between the large and medium-sized marsupials, the introduced ruminant domestic stock, and the environment in the arid zone of Australia. The grazing of sheep and cattle has produced suitable subclimax pastures which today favor two sympatric kangaroos but not the smaller bandicoots and wallabies. Tall grass tussocks used as shelter by the latter have been grazed down by the ruminants, and replaced by \"marsupial lawns\" or xeric spinifex, depending on locality, thereby improving the food supplies for the plains kangaroo and the hill kangaroo, respectively. It is argued, however, that even these smaller marsupials benefited originally from the new grazing regime. Patchy grazing of the grasslands probably created edge effects and other early seral changes which improved the food supplies while leaving adequate shelter. Continued grazing by increasingly large numbers of sheep and cattle ultimately and critically removed the shelter and, therefore, eliminated the bandicoots and wallabies. There is evidence that the plains kangaroo, though generally abundant at the present time, is vulnerable to competitive displacement by sheep, cattle, rabbits, and, in one region, by the hill kangaroo when it invades the plains. The plains kangaroo with its diet of green herbage is most threatened during droughts because the other herbivores have finer-grained diets. Like the bandicoots and wallabies the plains kangaroo in at least two localities appears to have first increased in numbers and then decreased. Sheep and cattle numbers have generally done the same. It is postulated, therefore, that there may not be two opposing response curves for the large and medium-sized marsupials to the ruminant invasion of the inland plains, but, in the long run, only one: an initial numerical increase and then decline. Only the time-scale is different, taking 50 years or more for the plains kangaroo, but perhaps half that time or less for the bandicoots and wallabies. The hill kangaroo may be the ultimate winner because it requires the least nitrogen, and the spinifex it eats during drought has spread as part of the subclimax created by ruminants."}
{"id": "PMID:1221464", "title": "[Comparison of the streptozyme test with titration of antistreptolysin, antistreptokinase and antistreptohyaluronidase].", "content": "Streptozyme is a new serologic assay which is able to evidentiate 5 antistreptococcal antibodies at the same time (TAS, ASHA, ASK, DNase, NADase). This test has been carried out on 355 samples together with TAS, ASK and ASHA methods in order to value this method comparatively. The results showed that Streptozyme is a poorly reliable technique, looking at the false-positive or negative results obtained, but principally looking at the phenomena of no good reproducibility. We feel that at present it cannot be used in substitution of the classic serologic methods.", "contents": "[Comparison of the streptozyme test with titration of antistreptolysin, antistreptokinase and antistreptohyaluronidase]. Streptozyme is a new serologic assay which is able to evidentiate 5 antistreptococcal antibodies at the same time (TAS, ASHA, ASK, DNase, NADase). This test has been carried out on 355 samples together with TAS, ASK and ASHA methods in order to value this method comparatively. The results showed that Streptozyme is a poorly reliable technique, looking at the false-positive or negative results obtained, but principally looking at the phenomena of no good reproducibility. We feel that at present it cannot be used in substitution of the classic serologic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:1221465", "title": "[Changes in the leukocyte formula of healthy people according to age and sex in the Province of Forli].", "content": "On the ground of a statistical elaboration which has been carried throughout the Province of Forl\u00ec examining healthy people in order to observe eventual alteration in leucocytes' formula according to age and sex, in this way after a classification into five ageclasses, between 20 and 70 years, 250 men and 250 women, we could affirm that leucocytes' formula changes remarkably considering age and sex. So why we cannot take into consideration just a unique leucocytes' formula but on the contrary it is necessary to relate the above said formula to the age and the sex of a subject.", "contents": "[Changes in the leukocyte formula of healthy people according to age and sex in the Province of Forli]. On the ground of a statistical elaboration which has been carried throughout the Province of Forl\u00ec examining healthy people in order to observe eventual alteration in leucocytes' formula according to age and sex, in this way after a classification into five ageclasses, between 20 and 70 years, 250 men and 250 women, we could affirm that leucocytes' formula changes remarkably considering age and sex. So why we cannot take into consideration just a unique leucocytes' formula but on the contrary it is necessary to relate the above said formula to the age and the sex of a subject."}
{"id": "PMID:1221466", "title": "[Tetracycline fluorescence test in the diagnosis of bronchopleuropulmonary tumors. Its value compared with other examinations of the sputum and pleural effusion].", "content": "The \"tetracycline fluorescence test\" is considered, as a consequence of the experiments made by various AA., specific for the diagnosis of tumourous cases. With a purpose to confirm its validity, in the broncopleuropulmonary cases, A. examines 30 spittings and 10 pleural fluids of suspicious cases, comparing the results got by means of this test with those of the routine cytohystological examinations. The results confirm 96% positivity with said test against the 60% postivity of the routine cytohystological ones.", "contents": "[Tetracycline fluorescence test in the diagnosis of bronchopleuropulmonary tumors. Its value compared with other examinations of the sputum and pleural effusion]. The \"tetracycline fluorescence test\" is considered, as a consequence of the experiments made by various AA., specific for the diagnosis of tumourous cases. With a purpose to confirm its validity, in the broncopleuropulmonary cases, A. examines 30 spittings and 10 pleural fluids of suspicious cases, comparing the results got by means of this test with those of the routine cytohystological examinations. The results confirm 96% positivity with said test against the 60% postivity of the routine cytohystological ones."}
{"id": "PMID:1221460", "title": "[Criminality in a birth cohort].", "content": "Beginning with a group of approximately 10,000 boys born in 1945 who lived in Philadelphia from at least ages ten through seventeen, the Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law, University of Pennsylvania has engaged in a longitudinal analysis of the delinquency of the birth cohort. The first publication which examines the dynamic flow of delinquency committed by 3500 of the boys was published by the University of Chicago Press in 1972 and is entitled Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. This study is the first in the United States to establish a base line of delinquency probabilities and to analyze the types of delinquency committed over time, with the recording of the seriousness of each of the 10,000 acts committed by the 3500 boys. The seriousness scores were derived from the earlier work by Sellin and Wolfgang, entitle The Measurement of Delinquency. A stochastic model was used to analyze the delinquent patterns and one of the major conclusions, at least up to age eighteen, was that there was no specific delinquency specialization by type of offense. Moreover, after the third offense, the probabilities of desistence, or refraining from further delinquent acts, remained stable, thus indicating that the most propitious point for social intervention would be after the third offense rather than at some time prior to the onset of delinquency or even after the first or second offense-offenses which are usually of a very minor character. The Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law has continued to follow up a ten per cent sample of the original birth cohort by interviewing them to obtain additional social psychological dynamic features of their background, of the situations involving their first and last delinquencies, and of their adult careers. The follow-up indicates thus far that approximately 12 per cent new cases of criminality appeared, thus adding to the original 35 per cent of the birth cohort who had a delinquency record. The study will pursue data analysis of the elaborate interview schedule and a continued examination of recidivism, particularly chronic, among the chronic offenders who have committed five or more offenses.", "contents": "[Criminality in a birth cohort]. Beginning with a group of approximately 10,000 boys born in 1945 who lived in Philadelphia from at least ages ten through seventeen, the Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law, University of Pennsylvania has engaged in a longitudinal analysis of the delinquency of the birth cohort. The first publication which examines the dynamic flow of delinquency committed by 3500 of the boys was published by the University of Chicago Press in 1972 and is entitled Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. This study is the first in the United States to establish a base line of delinquency probabilities and to analyze the types of delinquency committed over time, with the recording of the seriousness of each of the 10,000 acts committed by the 3500 boys. The seriousness scores were derived from the earlier work by Sellin and Wolfgang, entitle The Measurement of Delinquency. A stochastic model was used to analyze the delinquent patterns and one of the major conclusions, at least up to age eighteen, was that there was no specific delinquency specialization by type of offense. Moreover, after the third offense, the probabilities of desistence, or refraining from further delinquent acts, remained stable, thus indicating that the most propitious point for social intervention would be after the third offense rather than at some time prior to the onset of delinquency or even after the first or second offense-offenses which are usually of a very minor character. The Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law has continued to follow up a ten per cent sample of the original birth cohort by interviewing them to obtain additional social psychological dynamic features of their background, of the situations involving their first and last delinquencies, and of their adult careers. The follow-up indicates thus far that approximately 12 per cent new cases of criminality appeared, thus adding to the original 35 per cent of the birth cohort who had a delinquency record. The study will pursue data analysis of the elaborate interview schedule and a continued examination of recidivism, particularly chronic, among the chronic offenders who have committed five or more offenses."}
{"id": "PMID:1221461", "title": "[Psychoanalytic studies and examination of imputability].", "content": "The Author points out that the recent contributions to the study of the crime require an improvement of the traditional principles followed for the investigation and qualification of the crime, as regards both its psychological dynamics and any juridical implications. The Author also shows that psychoanalysis is able to determine a decisive evolution in the eitology as well in the therapy of criminality. After a few preliminary considerations on the ambiguity of the idea of insanity, in accordance with the ordinary nosographic principles formulated in psychiatry, the Author emphasizes the uncertainties and discrepancies that, in the legislative systems from different countries, result from a limited view of the psychological phenomena. Then, he examines the utility of considering again the whole intra-psychic process which is involved in the crime dynamics through a psychoanalytical methodology. Particularly, he highlights the clarification which psycho-analysis may bring to the understanding of certain forms of aggressiveness which cannot be properly diagnosed according to the conventional medical and juridical methods. The Author finally considers the opening of the psycho-analytical application in the delicate examination of imputability. In this regard, he suggests to avoid any strict qualification, even in the evaluation of the most abnormal processes of psyche and he recommends--in conformity with a few juridical trends appeared in some countries--not to limit the investigation on the ability of understanding and will to the moment when a crime is committed, but to extend it to a single evaluation of the whole personality of the criminal.", "contents": "[Psychoanalytic studies and examination of imputability]. The Author points out that the recent contributions to the study of the crime require an improvement of the traditional principles followed for the investigation and qualification of the crime, as regards both its psychological dynamics and any juridical implications. The Author also shows that psychoanalysis is able to determine a decisive evolution in the eitology as well in the therapy of criminality. After a few preliminary considerations on the ambiguity of the idea of insanity, in accordance with the ordinary nosographic principles formulated in psychiatry, the Author emphasizes the uncertainties and discrepancies that, in the legislative systems from different countries, result from a limited view of the psychological phenomena. Then, he examines the utility of considering again the whole intra-psychic process which is involved in the crime dynamics through a psychoanalytical methodology. Particularly, he highlights the clarification which psycho-analysis may bring to the understanding of certain forms of aggressiveness which cannot be properly diagnosed according to the conventional medical and juridical methods. The Author finally considers the opening of the psycho-analytical application in the delicate examination of imputability. In this regard, he suggests to avoid any strict qualification, even in the evaluation of the most abnormal processes of psyche and he recommends--in conformity with a few juridical trends appeared in some countries--not to limit the investigation on the ability of understanding and will to the moment when a crime is committed, but to extend it to a single evaluation of the whole personality of the criminal."}
{"id": "PMID:1221467", "title": "[Results of 2 quality control programs performed in Tuscany in the year 1973 and 1974].", "content": "Here after are reported all the results obtained from an interlaboratory quality control program performed in Tuscany in 1973 and in 1974. In 1973, 35 hospital laboratories partecipated to the program, while in 1974 the partecipating laboratories were 79: hospital's, private's and of public bodies. The results obtained in the program performed in 1974 were less satisfactory of those obtained in 1973 and showed the need of repeating such programs in order to improve the operating efficiency of laboratories.", "contents": "[Results of 2 quality control programs performed in Tuscany in the year 1973 and 1974]. Here after are reported all the results obtained from an interlaboratory quality control program performed in Tuscany in 1973 and in 1974. In 1973, 35 hospital laboratories partecipated to the program, while in 1974 the partecipating laboratories were 79: hospital's, private's and of public bodies. The results obtained in the program performed in 1974 were less satisfactory of those obtained in 1973 and showed the need of repeating such programs in order to improve the operating efficiency of laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:1221468", "title": "[In vitro culture of hepatocytes on polythene discs].", "content": "The Author describes a tissue culture method, of human embryo liver cells, on polythene discs. Advantages of this method are: persistence of cell morphology and liver architecture, good reaction of cells to traumatic squashing. This method can be used for control of continuous cell line and for in vitro colture of bioptic fragments.", "contents": "[In vitro culture of hepatocytes on polythene discs]. The Author describes a tissue culture method, of human embryo liver cells, on polythene discs. Advantages of this method are: persistence of cell morphology and liver architecture, good reaction of cells to traumatic squashing. This method can be used for control of continuous cell line and for in vitro colture of bioptic fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:1221480", "title": "[Rehabilitation of patients with frontal lesions].", "content": "Two patients with frontal lesions underwent re-education of the mental processes. The material used was the PM 38 test, WAIS cubes and visuo-spatial problems. The method used was based on Luria's re-education technique supplemented by a process of phasing out the controlling aids and cutting out facts for analysis. Results obtained before and after re-education in responses are described and compared. The problem of reansferring the skill acquired to other activities is discussed. The authors found that skills developed in the re-education situation to cope with a given task are not spontaneously utilised by the patient when he is again placed in a similar situation, but that a simple verbal cue from the tester is sufficient to cause this skill to be transferred. Finally, when faced with a new situation, the patient does not work out how to solve the problem, but he accepts more readily what is suggested to him by the tester.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of patients with frontal lesions]. Two patients with frontal lesions underwent re-education of the mental processes. The material used was the PM 38 test, WAIS cubes and visuo-spatial problems. The method used was based on Luria's re-education technique supplemented by a process of phasing out the controlling aids and cutting out facts for analysis. Results obtained before and after re-education in responses are described and compared. The problem of reansferring the skill acquired to other activities is discussed. The authors found that skills developed in the re-education situation to cope with a given task are not spontaneously utilised by the patient when he is again placed in a similar situation, but that a simple verbal cue from the tester is sufficient to cause this skill to be transferred. Finally, when faced with a new situation, the patient does not work out how to solve the problem, but he accepts more readily what is suggested to him by the tester."}
{"id": "PMID:1221481", "title": "[Epidemiological study of primary tumors of the neuraxis in the Rhone-Alps region. Quantitative data on the etiology and geographical distribution of 1670 tumors].", "content": "The authors present a retrospective study of 670 histologically verified tumours of the neuraxis collected over 90 months in the Neurological Hospital, Lyons. The main facts concerning histological type, topography of the tumour, date of diagnosis, address, profession, O.B.O. and Rhesus groups, age and sex were codified for feeding into a computer and processed by sophisticated statistical methods. This analysis shows the homogeneity of topographical distribution in the brain of the different types of glioma, the special genetic code of meningiomas (predominance of A and B genes of the A.B.O. group), absence of the same factors for glioblastoma. Sex ratio analysis shows the contrast between definitely masculine tumours--glioblastomas and astrocytomas--and meningiomas and spongioblastomas. Analysis of the \"age specific rate\" separates tumours prevalent in the young, where incidence is a decreasing function of age (spongioblastoma, medulloblastoma, cerebellar astrocytoma) and tumours prevalent in adults which are mainly meningiomas and glioblastomas whose incidence is an increasing exponential function of age. Epidemiological analysis shows the difference in geographical distribution of glioblastomas and meningiomas. As far as glioblastomas are concerned, it would appear that on to the general rule of constant tumourincidence over the area as a whole, is superimposed another of high incidence in particular districts of the Beaujolais and Maconnais regions. The aetiological implications of these various findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of primary tumors of the neuraxis in the Rhone-Alps region. Quantitative data on the etiology and geographical distribution of 1670 tumors]. The authors present a retrospective study of 670 histologically verified tumours of the neuraxis collected over 90 months in the Neurological Hospital, Lyons. The main facts concerning histological type, topography of the tumour, date of diagnosis, address, profession, O.B.O. and Rhesus groups, age and sex were codified for feeding into a computer and processed by sophisticated statistical methods. This analysis shows the homogeneity of topographical distribution in the brain of the different types of glioma, the special genetic code of meningiomas (predominance of A and B genes of the A.B.O. group), absence of the same factors for glioblastoma. Sex ratio analysis shows the contrast between definitely masculine tumours--glioblastomas and astrocytomas--and meningiomas and spongioblastomas. Analysis of the \"age specific rate\" separates tumours prevalent in the young, where incidence is a decreasing function of age (spongioblastoma, medulloblastoma, cerebellar astrocytoma) and tumours prevalent in adults which are mainly meningiomas and glioblastomas whose incidence is an increasing exponential function of age. Epidemiological analysis shows the difference in geographical distribution of glioblastomas and meningiomas. As far as glioblastomas are concerned, it would appear that on to the general rule of constant tumourincidence over the area as a whole, is superimposed another of high incidence in particular districts of the Beaujolais and Maconnais regions. The aetiological implications of these various findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221485", "title": "[Myoclonic encephalopathy due to bismuth following colectomy. Apropos of a case].", "content": "Bismuth encephalopathy mainly affects chronic constipation sufferers. The case described, which is practically identical, should be considered (in the absence of constipation) within the context of resection for cancer. The responsibility of bismuth, suggested in five similar cases by Burns and colleagues, is here confirmed by the blood, C.S.F. and urine levels. The mechanism of encephalopathy and the possibility of a failure to eliminate bismuth affecting these levels are discussed.", "contents": "[Myoclonic encephalopathy due to bismuth following colectomy. Apropos of a case]. Bismuth encephalopathy mainly affects chronic constipation sufferers. The case described, which is practically identical, should be considered (in the absence of constipation) within the context of resection for cancer. The responsibility of bismuth, suggested in five similar cases by Burns and colleagues, is here confirmed by the blood, C.S.F. and urine levels. The mechanism of encephalopathy and the possibility of a failure to eliminate bismuth affecting these levels are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221486", "title": "[Neuropathology of trichopoliodystrophy (Menkes' disease). Anatomoclinical observation].", "content": "The authors describe an anatomo-clinical case of trichopoliodystrophy in many ways similar to cases already published. The original features of the case are as follows: the ultrastructure of the duodenal mucosa is normal; the endoplasmatic reticulum of the putaminal neurons contains many-layered lamellar structures probably composed of protein; type II fibres predominate in the striated skeletal muscle suggesting abnormal neuromuscular maturation.", "contents": "[Neuropathology of trichopoliodystrophy (Menkes' disease). Anatomoclinical observation]. The authors describe an anatomo-clinical case of trichopoliodystrophy in many ways similar to cases already published. The original features of the case are as follows: the ultrastructure of the duodenal mucosa is normal; the endoplasmatic reticulum of the putaminal neurons contains many-layered lamellar structures probably composed of protein; type II fibres predominate in the striated skeletal muscle suggesting abnormal neuromuscular maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1221487", "title": "[Prosopagnosia. Role of the right hemisphere in visual perception. (Apropos of a case after right occipital lobectomy)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of prosopagnosia which appeared a month after right occipital lobectomy. Results obtained by means of various tests devised to analyse this perception disorder have produced the following conclusions: 1) results of pairing tests which require a high level of perceptive differentiation are successful but after abnormally long delays; 2) in spite of this success, faces--even the patient's own--are not recognized; 3) this disorder extends to affect every task requiring recognition of the individual nature of a stimulus; 4) this individuality has the peculiarity of being based on visual patterns which it is impossible, or almost impossible, to express verbally; 5) the part played by defective visual representation in the brain is discussed; 6) a posterior lesion of the minor hemisphere is a prerequisite of prosopagnosia; 7) these facts, in conjunction with the findings in cases of inter-hemispheric disconnection lead one to think that the minor hemisphere, in right-handed subjects, plays a major part in the development and treatment of highly differentiated visual patterns which it is impossible, or almost impossible, to express verbally.", "contents": "[Prosopagnosia. Role of the right hemisphere in visual perception. (Apropos of a case after right occipital lobectomy)]. The authors describe a case of prosopagnosia which appeared a month after right occipital lobectomy. Results obtained by means of various tests devised to analyse this perception disorder have produced the following conclusions: 1) results of pairing tests which require a high level of perceptive differentiation are successful but after abnormally long delays; 2) in spite of this success, faces--even the patient's own--are not recognized; 3) this disorder extends to affect every task requiring recognition of the individual nature of a stimulus; 4) this individuality has the peculiarity of being based on visual patterns which it is impossible, or almost impossible, to express verbally; 5) the part played by defective visual representation in the brain is discussed; 6) a posterior lesion of the minor hemisphere is a prerequisite of prosopagnosia; 7) these facts, in conjunction with the findings in cases of inter-hemispheric disconnection lead one to think that the minor hemisphere, in right-handed subjects, plays a major part in the development and treatment of highly differentiated visual patterns which it is impossible, or almost impossible, to express verbally."}
{"id": "PMID:1221495", "title": "Caplan's syndrome - a clinical study of 13 cases.", "content": "Thirteen cases of Caplan's syndrome were investigated by chest X-ray, rheumatic and immunological tests, heart and lung physiology and pathological-anatomical specimens. No positive correlation was found between exposure time to silica, roentgenolgical findings, degree of rheumatoid factor or physiological findings. In nine of the cases a rapid roentgenological progress took place. Although the combination of lung infiltrations and rheumatic disorders makes an immunological reaction probable, no correlation was found between the degree of rheumatic disorder and roentgenological progress. The hypothesis that silica acts as an adjuvant, which may strengthen an antigen-antibody reaction, was not reflected in rheumatic parameters. The roentgenological examination appeared to be the most sensitive method for following the disease.", "contents": "Caplan's syndrome - a clinical study of 13 cases. Thirteen cases of Caplan's syndrome were investigated by chest X-ray, rheumatic and immunological tests, heart and lung physiology and pathological-anatomical specimens. No positive correlation was found between exposure time to silica, roentgenolgical findings, degree of rheumatoid factor or physiological findings. In nine of the cases a rapid roentgenological progress took place. Although the combination of lung infiltrations and rheumatic disorders makes an immunological reaction probable, no correlation was found between the degree of rheumatic disorder and roentgenological progress. The hypothesis that silica acts as an adjuvant, which may strengthen an antigen-antibody reaction, was not reflected in rheumatic parameters. The roentgenological examination appeared to be the most sensitive method for following the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1221496", "title": "Comparison of the effects on airway conductance of a new selective beta-adrenergic blocking drug, atenolol, and propranolol in asthmatic subjects.", "content": "Five patients with mild to moderate asthma were studied after an intravenous saline control followed by atenolol (i.v. 7-9mg) and propranolol (i.v. 0.2-1.0 mg) in a body plethysmograph. Following propranolol, heart rate did not change but specific airway conductance dropped with 65% and airway resistance increased with 130%. Following atenolol, there was a dose-related decrease in heart rate (25% after 9 mg i.v.) and a slight but not significant tendency to a decrease in airway conductance on the highest doses. None of the patients experienced any change in symptoms after administration of atenolol but after propranolol two patients had worsened symptoms. It is concluded that, in contrast to propranolol, atenolol blocks the beta-receptors in the heart preferentially to those in the lungs, and thus could be given to patients with obstructive lung disease.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects on airway conductance of a new selective beta-adrenergic blocking drug, atenolol, and propranolol in asthmatic subjects. Five patients with mild to moderate asthma were studied after an intravenous saline control followed by atenolol (i.v. 7-9mg) and propranolol (i.v. 0.2-1.0 mg) in a body plethysmograph. Following propranolol, heart rate did not change but specific airway conductance dropped with 65% and airway resistance increased with 130%. Following atenolol, there was a dose-related decrease in heart rate (25% after 9 mg i.v.) and a slight but not significant tendency to a decrease in airway conductance on the highest doses. None of the patients experienced any change in symptoms after administration of atenolol but after propranolol two patients had worsened symptoms. It is concluded that, in contrast to propranolol, atenolol blocks the beta-receptors in the heart preferentially to those in the lungs, and thus could be given to patients with obstructive lung disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1221497", "title": "Pulmonary involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Vital capacity (VC) and single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide of the lungs (Dco) were measured and chest X-ray evaluated in 129 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 123 of them represented average RA patients, either hospitalized (84 patients, Group I) or outpatient material (39 patients, Group II). The remaining six patients (Group III) represented cases with marked changes in chest X-ray detected in an earlier study. Deviating findings in the 123 cases of Groups I and II were observed as follows: in one the lung function tests or X-ray examinations, 35%; abnormal X-rays, 18%; reduced VC or Dco, 28%; simultaneously low VC and Dco, 7%; and pathological findings in all three tests, 2%. Group III showed extremely low VC and Dco values. Changes in respiratory function involved restrictive impairment and diffusion defects, and the results further implied that restrictive changes develop early, whereas decreased diffusing capacity is associated with more advanced \"rheumatoid lung\". The disparity abnormal findings in chest X-ray changes and in lung function tests suggests that in examining pulmonary manifestations in patients witu RA, both radiographic methods and pulmonary function tests should be used for relevant evaluation.", "contents": "Pulmonary involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Vital capacity (VC) and single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide of the lungs (Dco) were measured and chest X-ray evaluated in 129 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 123 of them represented average RA patients, either hospitalized (84 patients, Group I) or outpatient material (39 patients, Group II). The remaining six patients (Group III) represented cases with marked changes in chest X-ray detected in an earlier study. Deviating findings in the 123 cases of Groups I and II were observed as follows: in one the lung function tests or X-ray examinations, 35%; abnormal X-rays, 18%; reduced VC or Dco, 28%; simultaneously low VC and Dco, 7%; and pathological findings in all three tests, 2%. Group III showed extremely low VC and Dco values. Changes in respiratory function involved restrictive impairment and diffusion defects, and the results further implied that restrictive changes develop early, whereas decreased diffusing capacity is associated with more advanced \"rheumatoid lung\". The disparity abnormal findings in chest X-ray changes and in lung function tests suggests that in examining pulmonary manifestations in patients witu RA, both radiographic methods and pulmonary function tests should be used for relevant evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:1221498", "title": "The therapeutic value of oral long-term treatment with terbutaline (Bricanyl) in asthma. A follow-up study of its efficacy and side effects.", "content": "A follow-up study comprising 51 patients with chronic intrinsic asthma requiring regular daily peroral bronchodilating drugs and isoprinaline aerosol is presented. Forty-three of the patients required long-term steroid therapy as well. Patients were controlled regularly both before and during peroral treatment with terbutaline. The study was concluded after continuous terbutaline therapy for an average period of 32 months. A subjective improvement was seen in 46 patients. Out of 43 patients requiring long-term steroid treatment, 24 were able to decrease their daily dose of prednisolone and four patients could discontinue steroid therapy. Thirty-five patients decreased their isoprenaline aerosol use and four abandoned the aerosol completely. The need for hospital care was reduced by two-thirds and the total sick leave from work was decreased by two-thirds. In order to test how the bronchi responded after continuous use of terbutaline, spirometry was carried out before and after a subcutaneous injection of terbutaline at the end of the study. No indication of resistance to the drug was found. Tremor occurred occasionally in 16 patients. No toxic effects of the drug have been found.", "contents": "The therapeutic value of oral long-term treatment with terbutaline (Bricanyl) in asthma. A follow-up study of its efficacy and side effects. A follow-up study comprising 51 patients with chronic intrinsic asthma requiring regular daily peroral bronchodilating drugs and isoprinaline aerosol is presented. Forty-three of the patients required long-term steroid therapy as well. Patients were controlled regularly both before and during peroral treatment with terbutaline. The study was concluded after continuous terbutaline therapy for an average period of 32 months. A subjective improvement was seen in 46 patients. Out of 43 patients requiring long-term steroid treatment, 24 were able to decrease their daily dose of prednisolone and four patients could discontinue steroid therapy. Thirty-five patients decreased their isoprenaline aerosol use and four abandoned the aerosol completely. The need for hospital care was reduced by two-thirds and the total sick leave from work was decreased by two-thirds. In order to test how the bronchi responded after continuous use of terbutaline, spirometry was carried out before and after a subcutaneous injection of terbutaline at the end of the study. No indication of resistance to the drug was found. Tremor occurred occasionally in 16 patients. No toxic effects of the drug have been found."}
{"id": "PMID:1221499", "title": "Migration in malaysian aborigines: clinical observations in pregnancy.", "content": "This study presents clinical observations in pregnancy made on aborigines of the deep jungle and \"outside\" populations. Migration out of the jungle results in lowered nutritional status as a result of low socio-economic status in the \"outside\" aborigine. This, together with food habits, increased family size and higher incidence of helminthic infestations, results in lower mean values of Hb, PVC and MCHC and a higher prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy in the migrant aborigine. A higher population density in the \"outside\" population resulting in frequent intermingling and increased chances of cross-contamination probably explains the increased vaginal bacterial growth in the \"outside\" Aborigine women. A higher prevalence of vaginal candidiasis in the \"outside\" aborigine woman is probably related to exposure to oral contraceptives and broad-spectrum antibiotics. On the other hand, better medical and obstetrical services become more readily available to the \"outside\" aborigine and this results in a favourable influence on perinatal health.", "contents": "Migration in malaysian aborigines: clinical observations in pregnancy. This study presents clinical observations in pregnancy made on aborigines of the deep jungle and \"outside\" populations. Migration out of the jungle results in lowered nutritional status as a result of low socio-economic status in the \"outside\" aborigine. This, together with food habits, increased family size and higher incidence of helminthic infestations, results in lower mean values of Hb, PVC and MCHC and a higher prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy in the migrant aborigine. A higher population density in the \"outside\" population resulting in frequent intermingling and increased chances of cross-contamination probably explains the increased vaginal bacterial growth in the \"outside\" Aborigine women. A higher prevalence of vaginal candidiasis in the \"outside\" aborigine woman is probably related to exposure to oral contraceptives and broad-spectrum antibiotics. On the other hand, better medical and obstetrical services become more readily available to the \"outside\" aborigine and this results in a favourable influence on perinatal health."}
{"id": "PMID:1221500", "title": "Absence of detectable hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) in the commercial oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, in Hong Kong.", "content": "The locally grown commercial oyster in Hong Kong, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, is faecally polluted particularly in the summer months at a time when oyster consumption and the incidence of viral hepatitis similarly increase. Whole oysters and isolates of tissues including the digestive diverticula and mantle fluids, in unconcentrated or concentrated forms were examined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the presence of the hepatitis-B antigen (HBAg); No antigen was detected in samples examined on a monthly basis over a one year period nor those examined hourly for one day in mid-summer. HBAg may not have been detected since the pollution of the oyster beds was considered to be predominantly of animal rather than human origin.", "contents": "Absence of detectable hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) in the commercial oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, in Hong Kong. The locally grown commercial oyster in Hong Kong, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, is faecally polluted particularly in the summer months at a time when oyster consumption and the incidence of viral hepatitis similarly increase. Whole oysters and isolates of tissues including the digestive diverticula and mantle fluids, in unconcentrated or concentrated forms were examined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the presence of the hepatitis-B antigen (HBAg); No antigen was detected in samples examined on a monthly basis over a one year period nor those examined hourly for one day in mid-summer. HBAg may not have been detected since the pollution of the oyster beds was considered to be predominantly of animal rather than human origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1221501", "title": "Serial dilution antibiotic susceptibility testing evaluation of a micromethod for use in a diagnostic laboratory.", "content": "Simultaneous MIC determinations were performed by the conventional tube dilution method and a microdilution technique. Forty-five clinical isolates and 11 antibiotics were used. Results of the two tests revealed 89.2% aggrement of +/- one dilution. The microdilution method was found to be reliable, reproducible and economical in time, labour and materials. The use of pH indicator in the microtechnique is recommended for certain organisms.", "contents": "Serial dilution antibiotic susceptibility testing evaluation of a micromethod for use in a diagnostic laboratory. Simultaneous MIC determinations were performed by the conventional tube dilution method and a microdilution technique. Forty-five clinical isolates and 11 antibiotics were used. Results of the two tests revealed 89.2% aggrement of +/- one dilution. The microdilution method was found to be reliable, reproducible and economical in time, labour and materials. The use of pH indicator in the microtechnique is recommended for certain organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1221502", "title": "Mastomys natalensis as an experimental host for Brugia malaye subperiodic.", "content": "Infective larvae of Brugia malayi subperiodic obtained by dissection of infected Aedes togoi were injected subcutaneously into the scrotal region of Mastomys natalensis. From altogether 58 infected male M. natalensis 81% showed consistently or intermittently detectable microfilaraemia, whereas in 19% of the animals no microfilaraemia could be detected at any stage. The mean prepatent period was 136 days; the microfilarial density varied from 1 to 535 per 20 c. mm blood. In those animlas with consistently detectable and in general higher microfilaraemia an average of 13.1 live adult worms were found, against an average of 6.4 adult worms in animals with intermittent detectable and in general lower microfilaraemia. An average of 1.5 worms was found in animals which at no stage showed detectable microfilaraemia. A correlation between worm burden and prepatent period could be observed in the individual groups. From the total of 520 live adult worms recovered at necropsy, 37% were found in the lungs, 29% in the parenchyma of the testes and 34% in the lymphatic system. 47% of live fertile female worms were found in the lymphatic system, whereas the majority, i.e; 52% of infertile female worms were detected in the lungs. In addition, 380 encapsulated dead worms were found, most of them (98%) in the lymphatic system. 61% of a total of 900 live and dead worms were found in the region of the lymphatic system.", "contents": "Mastomys natalensis as an experimental host for Brugia malaye subperiodic. Infective larvae of Brugia malayi subperiodic obtained by dissection of infected Aedes togoi were injected subcutaneously into the scrotal region of Mastomys natalensis. From altogether 58 infected male M. natalensis 81% showed consistently or intermittently detectable microfilaraemia, whereas in 19% of the animals no microfilaraemia could be detected at any stage. The mean prepatent period was 136 days; the microfilarial density varied from 1 to 535 per 20 c. mm blood. In those animlas with consistently detectable and in general higher microfilaraemia an average of 13.1 live adult worms were found, against an average of 6.4 adult worms in animals with intermittent detectable and in general lower microfilaraemia. An average of 1.5 worms was found in animals which at no stage showed detectable microfilaraemia. A correlation between worm burden and prepatent period could be observed in the individual groups. From the total of 520 live adult worms recovered at necropsy, 37% were found in the lungs, 29% in the parenchyma of the testes and 34% in the lymphatic system. 47% of live fertile female worms were found in the lymphatic system, whereas the majority, i.e; 52% of infertile female worms were detected in the lungs. In addition, 380 encapsulated dead worms were found, most of them (98%) in the lymphatic system. 61% of a total of 900 live and dead worms were found in the region of the lymphatic system."}
{"id": "PMID:1221503", "title": "The sensory receptors of two cercariae from Malaysia: Trichobilharzia brevis (Schistosomatidae) and Haplorchis Pumilio (Heterophyidae).", "content": "A description of sensory receptors of Trichobilharzia brevis is given. They are compared with the five Schistosomatidae described by Richard (1971), namely, Trichobilharzia ocellata, schistosoma mansoni, S. bovis, S; haematobium and S. rodhaini. All these species display very similar chaetotaxic characters. In the study of the cercaria of Haplorchis pumilio, comparison with the few Opisthorchioidea cercarial sensory organs already known has enabled the authors to characterise the chaetotaxy for this superfamily.", "contents": "The sensory receptors of two cercariae from Malaysia: Trichobilharzia brevis (Schistosomatidae) and Haplorchis Pumilio (Heterophyidae). A description of sensory receptors of Trichobilharzia brevis is given. They are compared with the five Schistosomatidae described by Richard (1971), namely, Trichobilharzia ocellata, schistosoma mansoni, S. bovis, S; haematobium and S. rodhaini. All these species display very similar chaetotaxic characters. In the study of the cercaria of Haplorchis pumilio, comparison with the few Opisthorchioidea cercarial sensory organs already known has enabled the authors to characterise the chaetotaxy for this superfamily."}
{"id": "PMID:1221504", "title": "Estimation of annual incidence of schistosomiasis japonica among school children in the Philippines;.", "content": "An attempt was made to estimate the annual incidence of schistosomiasis from the prevalences at ages 7 to 10 in the Philippines.", "contents": "Estimation of annual incidence of schistosomiasis japonica among school children in the Philippines;. An attempt was made to estimate the annual incidence of schistosomiasis from the prevalences at ages 7 to 10 in the Philippines."}
{"id": "PMID:1221505", "title": "The first authentic record of Angiostrongylus cantonensis Chen, 1935 Peninsular Malaysia.", "content": "Angiostrongylus cantonensis Chen, was recovered from a field rat, Rattus tiomanicus from the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The parasite constitutes the first reported record occurring in this country. Morphological character of the parasite are compared with the original description of A. cantonensis by Chen (1935), A. cantonensis from Formosa and A. malaysiensis from Malaysia.", "contents": "The first authentic record of Angiostrongylus cantonensis Chen, 1935 Peninsular Malaysia. Angiostrongylus cantonensis Chen, was recovered from a field rat, Rattus tiomanicus from the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The parasite constitutes the first reported record occurring in this country. Morphological character of the parasite are compared with the original description of A. cantonensis by Chen (1935), A. cantonensis from Formosa and A. malaysiensis from Malaysia."}
{"id": "PMID:1221506", "title": "Serum and red cell folate activity and folic acid absorption in patients with hookworm infection.", "content": "Red cell and serum folate levels and folic acid absorption were studied in patients with hookworm infection. The mean value of serum folic acid level was found to be significantly lower than that of the normal subjects and 32% of cases had serum folic acid level less than 4 ng/ml. The red cell folate content in all patients studied were within the normal limits. The mean value of the folic acid absorption was also lower than that of the normal. Six out of 13 patients absorbed folic acid less than 38%, the lowest value obtained from the normal subjects. These findings indicated that there was a negative balance of folic acid in some patients with hookworm infection which was probably due to impairment in absorption.", "contents": "Serum and red cell folate activity and folic acid absorption in patients with hookworm infection. Red cell and serum folate levels and folic acid absorption were studied in patients with hookworm infection. The mean value of serum folic acid level was found to be significantly lower than that of the normal subjects and 32% of cases had serum folic acid level less than 4 ng/ml. The red cell folate content in all patients studied were within the normal limits. The mean value of the folic acid absorption was also lower than that of the normal. Six out of 13 patients absorbed folic acid less than 38%, the lowest value obtained from the normal subjects. These findings indicated that there was a negative balance of folic acid in some patients with hookworm infection which was probably due to impairment in absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1221507", "title": "Man, an accidental host of Cyclodontostomum purvisi (Adams, 1933), and the occurrence in rats in Thailand.", "content": "Two adults of Cyclodontostomum purvisi were recovered from faecal specimen of a 47 year-old male who had suffered from capillariasis, in Kaeng Khoi District, Saraburi Province, Thailand; Adults of C. purvisi were also recovered from the large intestine of B. savilei and B. indica trapped in the same area and in Pak Philli District, Nakhon Nayok Province. This is the first record of human infection with C. purvisi and of the occurrence in B. savilei and B. indica in Thailand.", "contents": "Man, an accidental host of Cyclodontostomum purvisi (Adams, 1933), and the occurrence in rats in Thailand. Two adults of Cyclodontostomum purvisi were recovered from faecal specimen of a 47 year-old male who had suffered from capillariasis, in Kaeng Khoi District, Saraburi Province, Thailand; Adults of C. purvisi were also recovered from the large intestine of B. savilei and B. indica trapped in the same area and in Pak Philli District, Nakhon Nayok Province. This is the first record of human infection with C. purvisi and of the occurrence in B. savilei and B. indica in Thailand."}
{"id": "PMID:1221549", "title": "The pathology of the lung in byssinotics.", "content": "A report of the gross and microscopic appearances in the lungs and the weights of the cardiac ventricles in 43 subjects receiving industrial benefit for byssinosis is presented. In 27 (63%) there was no significant emphysema, in 10 (23%) there were varying amounts of centrilobular emphysema, and panacinar emphysema was found in six (14%). Other changes were of non-specific nature, but most cases showed heavy black dust pigmentation, often associated with centrilobular dilatation of distal air spaces.", "contents": "The pathology of the lung in byssinotics. A report of the gross and microscopic appearances in the lungs and the weights of the cardiac ventricles in 43 subjects receiving industrial benefit for byssinosis is presented. In 27 (63%) there was no significant emphysema, in 10 (23%) there were varying amounts of centrilobular emphysema, and panacinar emphysema was found in six (14%). Other changes were of non-specific nature, but most cases showed heavy black dust pigmentation, often associated with centrilobular dilatation of distal air spaces."}
{"id": "PMID:1221550", "title": "Bronchography in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Bronchograms were made in eight men, chosen on clinical grounds as representative of three grades of severity in a series of 67 male bronchitis studied prospectively over a period of 10 years, with the object of ascertaining the anatomical condition at the end of this period. In the stationary group the bronchograms showed only a mild mucous reaction, and peripheral filling was generally good. In the slowly progressive group, mucous obstruction was evident and fairly widespread, and organic changes were present, though not widespread or severe. In the progressive group, both mucous obstruction and organic change were widespread. It was noted that when both mucous obstruction and organic changes were observed the upper lobes were seen to be relatively normal with the exception of  the progressive cases in which all changes were more severe. The bronchographic abnormalities were found to be closely correlated with the grades of clinical severity.", "contents": "Bronchography in chronic bronchitis. Bronchograms were made in eight men, chosen on clinical grounds as representative of three grades of severity in a series of 67 male bronchitis studied prospectively over a period of 10 years, with the object of ascertaining the anatomical condition at the end of this period. In the stationary group the bronchograms showed only a mild mucous reaction, and peripheral filling was generally good. In the slowly progressive group, mucous obstruction was evident and fairly widespread, and organic changes were present, though not widespread or severe. In the progressive group, both mucous obstruction and organic change were widespread. It was noted that when both mucous obstruction and organic changes were observed the upper lobes were seen to be relatively normal with the exception of  the progressive cases in which all changes were more severe. The bronchographic abnormalities were found to be closely correlated with the grades of clinical severity."}
{"id": "PMID:1221551", "title": "On-line monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation after cardiothoracic surgery.", "content": "On-line monitoring of MVo2 sat. in vivo by means of fibreoptic reflectometry was studied in 19 patients as to its predictive value during the postoperative course after thoracotomy for periods up to 60 hours. In all but one of the 10 patients with MVo2 sat. less than 65% for at least one hour complications occurred. A fall of MVo2 sat. of more than 5% or a value below 60% predicted a period of hypotension in six patients. In two of them this coincided with a period of ventricular arrhythmias. In those with MVo2 sat. greater than 65% no postoperative complications such as arrhythmias, shock, respiratory dysfunction or oliguria took place.", "contents": "On-line monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation after cardiothoracic surgery. On-line monitoring of MVo2 sat. in vivo by means of fibreoptic reflectometry was studied in 19 patients as to its predictive value during the postoperative course after thoracotomy for periods up to 60 hours. In all but one of the 10 patients with MVo2 sat. less than 65% for at least one hour complications occurred. A fall of MVo2 sat. of more than 5% or a value below 60% predicted a period of hypotension in six patients. In two of them this coincided with a period of ventricular arrhythmias. In those with MVo2 sat. greater than 65% no postoperative complications such as arrhythmias, shock, respiratory dysfunction or oliguria took place."}
{"id": "PMID:1221552", "title": "Adult cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "The surgical treatment of cyanotic heart disease in the adult poses some technical difficulties in correcting severe anatomical deformities and compromised physiological states over a wide range of conditions. Various abnormalities and their surgical management have been reviewed. Forty-six patients over the age of 18 years have been operated with 10 operative deaths. Of the survivors, 63% have had excellent clinical result; 69.5% of the total group had an excellent or good result following surgery. It is concluded that the age of the patient is not a bar to the complete repair of these deformities, and all cases of adult cyanotic heart disease should be investigated with a view to surgical correction.", "contents": "Adult cyanotic congenital heart disease. The surgical treatment of cyanotic heart disease in the adult poses some technical difficulties in correcting severe anatomical deformities and compromised physiological states over a wide range of conditions. Various abnormalities and their surgical management have been reviewed. Forty-six patients over the age of 18 years have been operated with 10 operative deaths. Of the survivors, 63% have had excellent clinical result; 69.5% of the total group had an excellent or good result following surgery. It is concluded that the age of the patient is not a bar to the complete repair of these deformities, and all cases of adult cyanotic heart disease should be investigated with a view to surgical correction."}
{"id": "PMID:1221553", "title": "A community survey of asthmatic characteristics.", "content": "A survey was undertaken among adults aged 20-44 years in a South Wales town. Persons with a history of wheezing with breathlessness and in the absence of a cold were identified by postal questionnaires and seen at a clinic, together with a sample of subjects without these symptoms. The response rates for the first and second stages of the survey were 99.6% and 91.0% respectively, and 574 subjects were ultimately seen. Asthmatic patients (those receiving treatment within the previous year) had some airways obstruction at rest, which increased after exercise. They also had strong allergic tendencies, as shown by personal and family history, skin tests, and serum IgE levels. The ex-asthmatics (those not receiving treatment within the previous year) showed these tendencies to a lesser extent. A larger group gave a history of wheezing but stated that they had never had asthma; in their response to exercise and allergic traits they resembled the control group rather than the asthmatics, and appeared to have the features of chronic bronchitis. Asthma and chronic bronchitis would therefore seem to be distinct entities within the population studied.", "contents": "A community survey of asthmatic characteristics. A survey was undertaken among adults aged 20-44 years in a South Wales town. Persons with a history of wheezing with breathlessness and in the absence of a cold were identified by postal questionnaires and seen at a clinic, together with a sample of subjects without these symptoms. The response rates for the first and second stages of the survey were 99.6% and 91.0% respectively, and 574 subjects were ultimately seen. Asthmatic patients (those receiving treatment within the previous year) had some airways obstruction at rest, which increased after exercise. They also had strong allergic tendencies, as shown by personal and family history, skin tests, and serum IgE levels. The ex-asthmatics (those not receiving treatment within the previous year) showed these tendencies to a lesser extent. A larger group gave a history of wheezing but stated that they had never had asthma; in their response to exercise and allergic traits they resembled the control group rather than the asthmatics, and appeared to have the features of chronic bronchitis. Asthma and chronic bronchitis would therefore seem to be distinct entities within the population studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1221554", "title": "A system for processing by digital computer spirograms acquired in field surveys.", "content": "Instrumentation and techniques are described for recording expiratory spirograms in the field and analysing them with a digital computer in the laboratory. A commercially available spirometer is modified, to give an oscillating electrical output signal which is recorded on a cassette tape recorder. The computer displays the spirogram, calculates the forced vital capacity, one-second forced expiratory volume, maximum mid-expiratory flow, and time to expire 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of the vital capacity.", "contents": "A system for processing by digital computer spirograms acquired in field surveys. Instrumentation and techniques are described for recording expiratory spirograms in the field and analysing them with a digital computer in the laboratory. A commercially available spirometer is modified, to give an oscillating electrical output signal which is recorded on a cassette tape recorder. The computer displays the spirogram, calculates the forced vital capacity, one-second forced expiratory volume, maximum mid-expiratory flow, and time to expire 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of the vital capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1221555", "title": "Surgical management of staphylococcal pericarditis.", "content": "The surgical management of 10 patients with staphylococcal pericarditis is described. Of the 10, seven were children aged 12 years or under. A variety of procedures was used to drain the pericardium at open operation; these included left anterior thoracotomy, left anterolateral thoracotomy, median sternotomy, and the transdiaphragmatic approach to the pericardium. The pathological findings at operation are described. Two patients died; one of the deaths was related to the operation, the other was not. The remained eight patients were ultimately well although two required reoperation before recovery was achieved. After the initial diagnosis of pyopericardium, early consideration of operative drainage is advocated. An effective means of surgical management is dependent, open drainage of the pericardium approach by the transdiaphragmatic route.", "contents": "Surgical management of staphylococcal pericarditis. The surgical management of 10 patients with staphylococcal pericarditis is described. Of the 10, seven were children aged 12 years or under. A variety of procedures was used to drain the pericardium at open operation; these included left anterior thoracotomy, left anterolateral thoracotomy, median sternotomy, and the transdiaphragmatic approach to the pericardium. The pathological findings at operation are described. Two patients died; one of the deaths was related to the operation, the other was not. The remained eight patients were ultimately well although two required reoperation before recovery was achieved. After the initial diagnosis of pyopericardium, early consideration of operative drainage is advocated. An effective means of surgical management is dependent, open drainage of the pericardium approach by the transdiaphragmatic route."}
{"id": "PMID:1221556", "title": "The radial intercepts method for measuring bronchial mucous gland volume.", "content": "A new linear method, the radial intercepts method, has been introduced for quantitating the components of the bronchial wall. The method is an adaptation of Rosiwal's (1898) original linear measurement technique, but unlike Rosiwal's the radial intercepts method takes measurements along radii at regular sectoral intervals. The method is reproducible and, from its high correlation with the standard planimetric, cut-weigh, and point-count techniques for quantifying bronchial wall components (Bedrossian, Anderson and Foraker, 1971), it is concluded that the method is reliable.", "contents": "The radial intercepts method for measuring bronchial mucous gland volume. A new linear method, the radial intercepts method, has been introduced for quantitating the components of the bronchial wall. The method is an adaptation of Rosiwal's (1898) original linear measurement technique, but unlike Rosiwal's the radial intercepts method takes measurements along radii at regular sectoral intervals. The method is reproducible and, from its high correlation with the standard planimetric, cut-weigh, and point-count techniques for quantifying bronchial wall components (Bedrossian, Anderson and Foraker, 1971), it is concluded that the method is reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:1221557", "title": "Infected left atrial mass within anatomically normal heart.", "content": "A case is presented with some features of subacute bacterial endocarditis and of left atrial myxoma. Operative removal of a 5x3 cm tumour lying above and attached to an anatomically normal mitral valve reversed a rapidly deteriorating clinical situation. Histologically the entire tumour appeared to be old thrombus, and Gram-positive cocci in its superficial strata corresponded with Streptococcus viridans previously isolated from blood cultures. Many features, including an eight-year history of intermittent neurological disturbances and recent increasing hypergammaglobulinaemia, accord with the diagnosis of atrial myxoma. However, the valvular attachment site, absence of any cardiac structural abnormality, and tumour histopathology with bacterial colonization of the tumour present a unique situation which is explored in the discussion.", "contents": "Infected left atrial mass within anatomically normal heart. A case is presented with some features of subacute bacterial endocarditis and of left atrial myxoma. Operative removal of a 5x3 cm tumour lying above and attached to an anatomically normal mitral valve reversed a rapidly deteriorating clinical situation. Histologically the entire tumour appeared to be old thrombus, and Gram-positive cocci in its superficial strata corresponded with Streptococcus viridans previously isolated from blood cultures. Many features, including an eight-year history of intermittent neurological disturbances and recent increasing hypergammaglobulinaemia, accord with the diagnosis of atrial myxoma. However, the valvular attachment site, absence of any cardiac structural abnormality, and tumour histopathology with bacterial colonization of the tumour present a unique situation which is explored in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:1221558", "title": "Thymoma and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The simultaneous occurrence of a thymoma and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is reported. Disease state associated with thymoma are reviewed and the possible immunological basis for this spectrum of diseases is discussed. The role of angiography in the diagnosis of thymic tumours is described.", "contents": "Thymoma and systemic lupus erythematosus. The simultaneous occurrence of a thymoma and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is reported. Disease state associated with thymoma are reviewed and the possible immunological basis for this spectrum of diseases is discussed. The role of angiography in the diagnosis of thymic tumours is described."}
{"id": "PMID:1221570", "title": "[Palmar dermatoglyphics in different phenotypic manifestations of schizophrenia].", "content": "Palmar dermatoglyphics was studied in 1120 patients with schizophrenia with due regard for its form, and in 1240 healthy persons of the same population. The frequency of the AU/AC type of patterns in the hypothenar area was increased in women with schizophrenia and its paranoid form. Among men with schizophrenia and its simple form the frequency of dysplasia, true and defective patterns on the thenar was increased; in addition in men with the paranoid form the frequency of loops in the 3d interdigital areas was also increased.", "contents": "[Palmar dermatoglyphics in different phenotypic manifestations of schizophrenia]. Palmar dermatoglyphics was studied in 1120 patients with schizophrenia with due regard for its form, and in 1240 healthy persons of the same population. The frequency of the AU/AC type of patterns in the hypothenar area was increased in women with schizophrenia and its paranoid form. Among men with schizophrenia and its simple form the frequency of dysplasia, true and defective patterns on the thenar was increased; in addition in men with the paranoid form the frequency of loops in the 3d interdigital areas was also increased."}
{"id": "PMID:1221573", "title": "[Tertiary structure of histones].", "content": "Optical absorption and fluorescence of histones F2a and F2b were studied. An increase in pH and ionic strength induced the structure change in these histones fractions. The hydrofobic sites are formed in protein molecules and this leads to an intensification of histone-histone interactions. The change in the histone tertiary structure is of importance for processes associated with regulation of gene activity in eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "[Tertiary structure of histones]. Optical absorption and fluorescence of histones F2a and F2b were studied. An increase in pH and ionic strength induced the structure change in these histones fractions. The hydrofobic sites are formed in protein molecules and this leads to an intensification of histone-histone interactions. The change in the histone tertiary structure is of importance for processes associated with regulation of gene activity in eukaryotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1221574", "title": "[Reproduction of chicken chromosomes at the end of the DNA synthesis period].", "content": "Reduplication of chicken chromosomes at the end of S-period in the cells of bone marrow was studied, using the method of prolonged labelling with 3H-thymidine and autoradiography. It is shown that during the last hour of the S-period the DNA synthesis in macrochromosomes ends primarily in the centromere region and the regions adjacent to it. Sex chromosomes (ZZ) of cocks accomplish the reproduction simultaneously.", "contents": "[Reproduction of chicken chromosomes at the end of the DNA synthesis period]. Reduplication of chicken chromosomes at the end of S-period in the cells of bone marrow was studied, using the method of prolonged labelling with 3H-thymidine and autoradiography. It is shown that during the last hour of the S-period the DNA synthesis in macrochromosomes ends primarily in the centromere region and the regions adjacent to it. Sex chromosomes (ZZ) of cocks accomplish the reproduction simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:1221575", "title": "[Seasonal dynamics in the function of avian pituitary gonadotropic cells].", "content": "The investigations showed that differentiation and functional activity of gonadotropocytes in ducks at different phases of a sexual cycle change in complete conformity with the quantitative changes of gonadotropic hormones in the hypophysis and peripheral blood. Intensification of the function of gonadotropocytes and an increase in the content of gonadotropins in blood and hypophysis correspond to activation of gonads. The refracteriness of gonads is accompanied by involution of gonadotropocytes and inhibition of synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins in them.", "contents": "[Seasonal dynamics in the function of avian pituitary gonadotropic cells]. The investigations showed that differentiation and functional activity of gonadotropocytes in ducks at different phases of a sexual cycle change in complete conformity with the quantitative changes of gonadotropic hormones in the hypophysis and peripheral blood. Intensification of the function of gonadotropocytes and an increase in the content of gonadotropins in blood and hypophysis correspond to activation of gonads. The refracteriness of gonads is accompanied by involution of gonadotropocytes and inhibition of synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins in them."}
{"id": "PMID:1221571", "title": "[Cellular interactions in lymph node cultures].", "content": "The comparison of the results of the author's own observations based on the tissue culture method, autoradiography and time lapse cinemicrography with the data of literature permits concluding that the lymphoid cells are capable of exchanging biological information through the cytoplasmic bridges arising between them. The data obtained show an active penetration of lymphocytes into the cytoplasm of reticular cells and macrophages.", "contents": "[Cellular interactions in lymph node cultures]. The comparison of the results of the author's own observations based on the tissue culture method, autoradiography and time lapse cinemicrography with the data of literature permits concluding that the lymphoid cells are capable of exchanging biological information through the cytoplasmic bridges arising between them. The data obtained show an active penetration of lymphocytes into the cytoplasm of reticular cells and macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:1221577", "title": "[Methods of determining the mutagenic activity of chemical compounds].", "content": "The paper deals with methods for determining the mutagenic activity of chemical compounds. Bacteria, cell culture and host-mediated assay were used for that purpose.", "contents": "[Methods of determining the mutagenic activity of chemical compounds]. The paper deals with methods for determining the mutagenic activity of chemical compounds. Bacteria, cell culture and host-mediated assay were used for that purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:1221572", "title": "[Characteristics of structural chromosome aberrations induced by type 1 adenovirus in human and Chinese hamster cells in vitro].", "content": "Adenovirus multiplies in both studied cultures. In the Chinese hamster cells infection is of slowed down, cyclic character. In this case a short subcultivation of cells infected with the virus and the study of the damage distribution in groups of chromosomes are possible. No selectivity was found with respect to the damage of certain group chromosomes.", "contents": "[Characteristics of structural chromosome aberrations induced by type 1 adenovirus in human and Chinese hamster cells in vitro]. Adenovirus multiplies in both studied cultures. In the Chinese hamster cells infection is of slowed down, cyclic character. In this case a short subcultivation of cells infected with the virus and the study of the damage distribution in groups of chromosomes are possible. No selectivity was found with respect to the damage of certain group chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:1221576", "title": "[Effect of temperature on the occurrence and repair of radiaiton-induced damage to V. faba and Chinese hamster cells].", "content": "Keeping of irradiated cells at the temperature differing from the optimal one affects differently the stages of the cellular cycle and survival rate revealing the protection in G2 at 4 degrees C and increasing the number of cells with aberrations at the expense of interchromosome chromide translocations. Caffein decreased the survival rate of cells kept in suspension at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on the occurrence and repair of radiaiton-induced damage to V. faba and Chinese hamster cells]. Keeping of irradiated cells at the temperature differing from the optimal one affects differently the stages of the cellular cycle and survival rate revealing the protection in G2 at 4 degrees C and increasing the number of cells with aberrations at the expense of interchromosome chromide translocations. Caffein decreased the survival rate of cells kept in suspension at 4 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:1221579", "title": "[Genealogical analysis in progenia].", "content": "The article is based on studies of 16 probands. Among 268 relatives of the proband 64 \"progenic\" were detected. Variability of the character manifestation, i.e. clinical polymorphism, incomplete penetrance and different expressiveness of the pathological gene, is typical of progeny. Genetic analysis helps recognizing this anomaly by external, slightly noticeable symptoms.", "contents": "[Genealogical analysis in progenia]. The article is based on studies of 16 probands. Among 268 relatives of the proband 64 \"progenic\" were detected. Variability of the character manifestation, i.e. clinical polymorphism, incomplete penetrance and different expressiveness of the pathological gene, is typical of progeny. Genetic analysis helps recognizing this anomaly by external, slightly noticeable symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1221578", "title": "[Ultrastructural and functional expression of the hepatocyte genome in conditions of prolonged suppression by cycloheximide of protein synthesis. IV].", "content": "RNA synthesis was intensified in isolated nuclei of the rat liver an hour after the animal treatment with cycloheximide (CHI). Incubation of the nuclei with a cytoplasmic fraction 160000 g obtained from normal rats decreases RNA synthesis, and that obtained from CHI-treated animals-increases it. Mechanisms of this effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and functional expression of the hepatocyte genome in conditions of prolonged suppression by cycloheximide of protein synthesis. IV]. RNA synthesis was intensified in isolated nuclei of the rat liver an hour after the animal treatment with cycloheximide (CHI). Incubation of the nuclei with a cytoplasmic fraction 160000 g obtained from normal rats decreases RNA synthesis, and that obtained from CHI-treated animals-increases it. Mechanisms of this effects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221580", "title": "[Effect of immunization of mice with live viral vaccines on bone marrow cell chromosomes in 1st generation progeny].", "content": "In bone marrow cells of the first generation progeny obtained from mice intensively immunized with live antiviral vaccines (poliovaccine, measles and smallpox vaccines) an increase of chromosome frequency aberrations is observed mainly due to chromatid breaks. Simultaneously a considerable delay in growth was determined for progeny obtained from the vaccinated animals as compared with the control.", "contents": "[Effect of immunization of mice with live viral vaccines on bone marrow cell chromosomes in 1st generation progeny]. In bone marrow cells of the first generation progeny obtained from mice intensively immunized with live antiviral vaccines (poliovaccine, measles and smallpox vaccines) an increase of chromosome frequency aberrations is observed mainly due to chromatid breaks. Simultaneously a considerable delay in growth was determined for progeny obtained from the vaccinated animals as compared with the control."}
{"id": "PMID:1221581", "title": "[Chromosomes of the Black Sea Gobiidae--Gobius melanostomus (Pallas) and Gobius batrachocephalus (Pallas) ].", "content": "The chromosome set of G. melanostomus (Pallas) consists of 46 acrocentric chromosomes (2n-46).  There are 30 chromosomes in the caryotype of G. batrachocephalus (Pallas):  16 metacentric and 14 acrocentric.  The equal number of arms in the chromosome sets of the studied fish (FN-46) evidences for phylogenetic relationships of these species.", "contents": "[Chromosomes of the Black Sea Gobiidae--Gobius melanostomus (Pallas) and Gobius batrachocephalus (Pallas) ]. The chromosome set of G. melanostomus (Pallas) consists of 46 acrocentric chromosomes (2n-46).  There are 30 chromosomes in the caryotype of G. batrachocephalus (Pallas):  16 metacentric and 14 acrocentric.  The equal number of arms in the chromosome sets of the studied fish (FN-46) evidences for phylogenetic relationships of these species."}
{"id": "PMID:1221630", "title": "[The \"Asthma Programme\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"asthma programme\", the product of teamwork between the 1st Department of Dermatology and the 2nd Department of Medicine is presented. It contains all examinations necessary for the diagnosis of bronchial asthma: case history, skin test, IgE, RAST, lung function test, inhalative provocation test. The value of each is discussed. Finally, the results of hyposensitation treatment are presented.", "contents": "[The \"Asthma Programme\" (author's transl)]. The \"asthma programme\", the product of teamwork between the 1st Department of Dermatology and the 2nd Department of Medicine is presented. It contains all examinations necessary for the diagnosis of bronchial asthma: case history, skin test, IgE, RAST, lung function test, inhalative provocation test. The value of each is discussed. Finally, the results of hyposensitation treatment are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1221631", "title": "[Absorption and pharmacokinetics of large doses of 1-thyroxine in man (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent years suppression tests with a single dose of 3 mg 1-thyroxine (T4) and weekly doses of 1 mg T 4 in the treatment of hypothyroidism have been put to clinical trial and the lack of side-effects of such high doses (5 to 15 X daily requirements) was stressed. Hence, it was decided to study the absorption of 1-T-4 from the gastrointestinal tract and its metabolism in euthyroid patients. Doses from 250 to 2500 mug T 4, mixed with 250 muCi 131I-thyroxine were given to 10 patients. After the thyroid had been blocked with perchlorate, the excretion was followed in faeces and urine for 4 to 5 days, the thyroid uptake of 131I was checked and serial blood samples were drawn to follow plasma activity curves. Quantitative analyses of T 4, triiodothyronine (T 3), ETR and TSH were also performed on the plasma samples, whilst paper chromatography of urine samples allowed a further separation of iodide and organic iodine compounds. The results showed a definite rise in plasma T 4 levels after administration of large T 4 doses, with a simultaneous increase in T 3 values. Doses of 2500 mug T 4 temporarily produce abnormally elevated plasma T 4 and ETR values, whilst T 3 increases to the upper limit of the normal range. The relatively moderate reaction of the mentioned parameters following the administration of large T 4 doses can be partly explained by the considerably lower faecal excretion of T 4 with doses of 250 mug T 4 than with high T 4 doses. There is also an intensive binding of T 4 to TBG up to single doses of 1000 mug T 4, which provides an adequate metabolic \"buffer\" and declines only after saturation of the TBG binding capacity at higher dosage. Moreover, larger doses of T 4 are metabolized quicker than smaller ones. The above-mentioned results allow the following conclusions: 1. Very large single doses of T 4 (2500 to 3000 mug) are less easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract than \"physiological\" doses. 2. The degradation of T 4 at high dosage is quicker than at lower dosage. 3. The intensive binding of T 4 to TBG explains the lack of side effects with large doses of orally-administered T 4. 4. On the basis of the present data single doses of 500 to 1000 mug T 4 can be recommended for therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "[Absorption and pharmacokinetics of large doses of 1-thyroxine in man (author's transl)]. In recent years suppression tests with a single dose of 3 mg 1-thyroxine (T4) and weekly doses of 1 mg T 4 in the treatment of hypothyroidism have been put to clinical trial and the lack of side-effects of such high doses (5 to 15 X daily requirements) was stressed. Hence, it was decided to study the absorption of 1-T-4 from the gastrointestinal tract and its metabolism in euthyroid patients. Doses from 250 to 2500 mug T 4, mixed with 250 muCi 131I-thyroxine were given to 10 patients. After the thyroid had been blocked with perchlorate, the excretion was followed in faeces and urine for 4 to 5 days, the thyroid uptake of 131I was checked and serial blood samples were drawn to follow plasma activity curves. Quantitative analyses of T 4, triiodothyronine (T 3), ETR and TSH were also performed on the plasma samples, whilst paper chromatography of urine samples allowed a further separation of iodide and organic iodine compounds. The results showed a definite rise in plasma T 4 levels after administration of large T 4 doses, with a simultaneous increase in T 3 values. Doses of 2500 mug T 4 temporarily produce abnormally elevated plasma T 4 and ETR values, whilst T 3 increases to the upper limit of the normal range. The relatively moderate reaction of the mentioned parameters following the administration of large T 4 doses can be partly explained by the considerably lower faecal excretion of T 4 with doses of 250 mug T 4 than with high T 4 doses. There is also an intensive binding of T 4 to TBG up to single doses of 1000 mug T 4, which provides an adequate metabolic \"buffer\" and declines only after saturation of the TBG binding capacity at higher dosage. Moreover, larger doses of T 4 are metabolized quicker than smaller ones. The above-mentioned results allow the following conclusions: 1. Very large single doses of T 4 (2500 to 3000 mug) are less easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract than \"physiological\" doses. 2. The degradation of T 4 at high dosage is quicker than at lower dosage. 3. The intensive binding of T 4 to TBG explains the lack of side effects with large doses of orally-administered T 4. 4. On the basis of the present data single doses of 500 to 1000 mug T 4 can be recommended for therapeutic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:1221632", "title": "[The detection of hyperlipidaemia during routine preventive medicine investigations. Serum lipid values in 3006 viennese adults (author's transl)].", "content": "1. 3006 adult volunteers (1001 women after an overnight fast of at least 12 hours and 2005 women and men, 6 to 8 hours after a light breakfast) were investigated in regard to serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, body weight and height. 2. 73.8% of the men and 75.2% of the women were overweight. The degree of overweight increased with increasing age and only decreased in the advanced age groups. 3. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol values increased with increasing age and showed a decrease in the older groups. 4. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels increased with increasing weight, also within each single decade. 5. 21.7% of the 1001 fasting women showed values for TG over 200 mg/dl and/or Chol over 300 mg/dl.", "contents": "[The detection of hyperlipidaemia during routine preventive medicine investigations. Serum lipid values in 3006 viennese adults (author's transl)]. 1. 3006 adult volunteers (1001 women after an overnight fast of at least 12 hours and 2005 women and men, 6 to 8 hours after a light breakfast) were investigated in regard to serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, body weight and height. 2. 73.8% of the men and 75.2% of the women were overweight. The degree of overweight increased with increasing age and only decreased in the advanced age groups. 3. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol values increased with increasing age and showed a decrease in the older groups. 4. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels increased with increasing weight, also within each single decade. 5. 21.7% of the 1001 fasting women showed values for TG over 200 mg/dl and/or Chol over 300 mg/dl."}
{"id": "PMID:1221633", "title": "[Bronchitis and emphysem: which is the primary condition? (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic obstructive lung disease conprises 2 groups of diseases which have a different pathogenesis and require different therapy: 1. Chronic bronchitis with secondary emphysema. 2. Primary emphysema complicated by bronchitis. A differentiation between these 2 groups of patients is possible on the basis of lung function tests except in patients with complications, in whom long-term observation is required for clarification of the diagnosis. Separation of these conditions is also of importance in epidemiological studies of chronic bronchitis.", "contents": "[Bronchitis and emphysem: which is the primary condition? (author's transl)]. Chronic obstructive lung disease conprises 2 groups of diseases which have a different pathogenesis and require different therapy: 1. Chronic bronchitis with secondary emphysema. 2. Primary emphysema complicated by bronchitis. A differentiation between these 2 groups of patients is possible on the basis of lung function tests except in patients with complications, in whom long-term observation is required for clarification of the diagnosis. Separation of these conditions is also of importance in epidemiological studies of chronic bronchitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221634", "title": "[Septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation and adrenal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "The case is reported of a 15 year-old patient admitted in a state of severe shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation, complicated by unilateral adrenal failure as demonstrated scintigraphically by the absence of I131-labelled cholesterol uptake. Problems arising in the differential diagnosis and therapeutic management are discussed.", "contents": "[Septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation and adrenal failure (author's transl)]. The case is reported of a 15 year-old patient admitted in a state of severe shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation, complicated by unilateral adrenal failure as demonstrated scintigraphically by the absence of I131-labelled cholesterol uptake. Problems arising in the differential diagnosis and therapeutic management are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221635", "title": "[The submaximal ergometric load test in hypertensive patients during physical training and treatment with debrisoquin (author's transl)].", "content": "A standardized simple submaximal ergometric load test was used to investigate the effects of active physical training combined with physical-balneological therapy over a 4-week period in 68 hypertensive patients. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased slightly (6 and 4% respectively), without any further medication, although the resting heart rate remained virtually unchanged. The identical examination regimen was applied to 2 groups of hypertensive patients (total 61), who were additionally treated for 3 weeks with respective doses of 30 mg or 40 mg debrisoquin daily, as a hypotensive agent. This additional treatment caused an optimum reduction in blood pressure (14 to 17%) and a decrease in heart rate (8 to 15%) at rest and during exercise. In summary, the additional pharmacological supporting measure intensifies the beneficial effects of exercise treatment in reducing high blood pressure and moreover, in decreasing heart rate values at rest and during work performance. The same physical load is performed more economically under conditions of lowered myocardial effort and reduced oxygen demand.", "contents": "[The submaximal ergometric load test in hypertensive patients during physical training and treatment with debrisoquin (author's transl)]. A standardized simple submaximal ergometric load test was used to investigate the effects of active physical training combined with physical-balneological therapy over a 4-week period in 68 hypertensive patients. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased slightly (6 and 4% respectively), without any further medication, although the resting heart rate remained virtually unchanged. The identical examination regimen was applied to 2 groups of hypertensive patients (total 61), who were additionally treated for 3 weeks with respective doses of 30 mg or 40 mg debrisoquin daily, as a hypotensive agent. This additional treatment caused an optimum reduction in blood pressure (14 to 17%) and a decrease in heart rate (8 to 15%) at rest and during exercise. In summary, the additional pharmacological supporting measure intensifies the beneficial effects of exercise treatment in reducing high blood pressure and moreover, in decreasing heart rate values at rest and during work performance. The same physical load is performed more economically under conditions of lowered myocardial effort and reduced oxygen demand."}
{"id": "PMID:1221650", "title": "[Immunosuppressive long-term treatment of chronic aggressive hepatitis].", "content": "47 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis were immunosuppressively treated on the average 33.8 months (daily dose 100 mg azathioprine and 10 mg prednisolone). The serochemical parameters thymol, ZnSO4, GOT and GPT statistically significantly improved themselves. In 36 patients bioptic controls in 61.1% resulted in an improvement, and in 27.8% of the cases they resulted in a constancy of the histological findings. 10.6% of the patients died of a liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Nearly half the patients is capable to work. No severe side-effects appeared. The present results correspond to the results mentioned in literature. The chronic aggressive hepatitis, furthermore, should be added to a prednisone monotherapy or to a combination therapy of azathioprine and prednisone.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive long-term treatment of chronic aggressive hepatitis]. 47 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis were immunosuppressively treated on the average 33.8 months (daily dose 100 mg azathioprine and 10 mg prednisolone). The serochemical parameters thymol, ZnSO4, GOT and GPT statistically significantly improved themselves. In 36 patients bioptic controls in 61.1% resulted in an improvement, and in 27.8% of the cases they resulted in a constancy of the histological findings. 10.6% of the patients died of a liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Nearly half the patients is capable to work. No severe side-effects appeared. The present results correspond to the results mentioned in literature. The chronic aggressive hepatitis, furthermore, should be added to a prednisone monotherapy or to a combination therapy of azathioprine and prednisone."}
{"id": "PMID:1221651", "title": "[Development of neuroses].", "content": "In internal medicine neuroses are emphasized by physical symptomatology. In the contest with the environment the psychic reaction is a regulator for the motor and vegetative conditions of action. However, the vegetative emotional reactions take place autonomously according to the laws of the instinct behaviour, whereas the motor emotional reaction is oppressed and a voluntary motor action regulated by thinking is substituted. The coordination disturbance can reach the value of a disease. Hereby in detail organic dispositions, environmental damages, wrong programmations of the behaviour in form of reflex and primarily psychic faulty developments play a role as well as secondary defective psychic developments by advantage through disease.", "contents": "[Development of neuroses]. In internal medicine neuroses are emphasized by physical symptomatology. In the contest with the environment the psychic reaction is a regulator for the motor and vegetative conditions of action. However, the vegetative emotional reactions take place autonomously according to the laws of the instinct behaviour, whereas the motor emotional reaction is oppressed and a voluntary motor action regulated by thinking is substituted. The coordination disturbance can reach the value of a disease. Hereby in detail organic dispositions, environmental damages, wrong programmations of the behaviour in form of reflex and primarily psychic faulty developments play a role as well as secondary defective psychic developments by advantage through disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1221652", "title": "[Diagnosis of neuroses].", "content": "After exclusion of organic findings a neurosis must be diagnosed positively, whereby the temporary connection between load and symptom is insufficient and a symptom-specific connection is scarcely to be established so that the positive diagnosis of neurosis must establish the proof of a dynamic connection between a biographic situation and the appearance of a symptom. From this principles the possibility of a simple short exploration for the specialist of different disciplines is derived, whereby it is particularly referred to the possibilities of screening tests (questionnaire of complaints, questionnaire of behaviour) of H\u00f6ck and Hess. Finally, it is referred to the favourable possibilities which exist for the specialist of different disciplines for getting elementary knowledge in diagnostics and therapy of neuroses.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of neuroses]. After exclusion of organic findings a neurosis must be diagnosed positively, whereby the temporary connection between load and symptom is insufficient and a symptom-specific connection is scarcely to be established so that the positive diagnosis of neurosis must establish the proof of a dynamic connection between a biographic situation and the appearance of a symptom. From this principles the possibility of a simple short exploration for the specialist of different disciplines is derived, whereby it is particularly referred to the possibilities of screening tests (questionnaire of complaints, questionnaire of behaviour) of H\u00f6ck and Hess. Finally, it is referred to the favourable possibilities which exist for the specialist of different disciplines for getting elementary knowledge in diagnostics and therapy of neuroses."}
{"id": "PMID:1221653", "title": "[Therapy of neuroses].", "content": "The therapy of neuroses begins with the creation of a condition of confidence between physician and patient. It is followed by a relevant explanation of pathophysiologic connections, which must effect the removal of anxiety in the patient. A common task leads to the proper process. The use of the various therapeutic methods, which are differed as centered to symptoms and centered to personality above all depends on the degree of severity of the neurosis. Results from the two groups of treatment are reported. The use of autogenic training in bronchial asthma, estimated according to the changes of the maximum expiration speed and the maximum breathing capacity, as an example of a symptom-centered method. As an example of a personality-centered treatment it is reported on a complex group psychotherapy in cases of chronic ulcerative colitis in an in-patient department, estimated according to the frequency of relapses and to the capability to work before and after psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Therapy of neuroses]. The therapy of neuroses begins with the creation of a condition of confidence between physician and patient. It is followed by a relevant explanation of pathophysiologic connections, which must effect the removal of anxiety in the patient. A common task leads to the proper process. The use of the various therapeutic methods, which are differed as centered to symptoms and centered to personality above all depends on the degree of severity of the neurosis. Results from the two groups of treatment are reported. The use of autogenic training in bronchial asthma, estimated according to the changes of the maximum expiration speed and the maximum breathing capacity, as an example of a symptom-centered method. As an example of a personality-centered treatment it is reported on a complex group psychotherapy in cases of chronic ulcerative colitis in an in-patient department, estimated according to the frequency of relapses and to the capability to work before and after psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1221654", "title": "[Experiences with a standardized questionnaire for determination of the vegetative lability and certain life and behavior styles in patients of internal medicine clinic].", "content": "180 students without pathological psychic findings, 233 students with psychic disturbances, 168 internal patients with vegetative disturbances and 231 patients with progressive chronic polyarthritis were interrogated with the VELA-questionnaire of Fahrenberg and the ENR-questionnaire according to Brengelmann and Brengelmann. Compared with the normal group all other groups had significantly higher VELA-values. The combination E less than 10, N greater then 26 was found in students without pathological psychic findings in 2.8%, in patients with rheumatism in 7.4%, in internal patients in 21.4% and in students with psychic disturbances in 24.1%. With this combination and another one with extreme values 5.1% of the comparative group, 9.6% of the patients with somatic diseases and approximately 61.4% of the patients with a high number of vegetative complaints are suspicious of a psychic disturbance which must be treated.", "contents": "[Experiences with a standardized questionnaire for determination of the vegetative lability and certain life and behavior styles in patients of internal medicine clinic]. 180 students without pathological psychic findings, 233 students with psychic disturbances, 168 internal patients with vegetative disturbances and 231 patients with progressive chronic polyarthritis were interrogated with the VELA-questionnaire of Fahrenberg and the ENR-questionnaire according to Brengelmann and Brengelmann. Compared with the normal group all other groups had significantly higher VELA-values. The combination E less than 10, N greater then 26 was found in students without pathological psychic findings in 2.8%, in patients with rheumatism in 7.4%, in internal patients in 21.4% and in students with psychic disturbances in 24.1%. With this combination and another one with extreme values 5.1% of the comparative group, 9.6% of the patients with somatic diseases and approximately 61.4% of the patients with a high number of vegetative complaints are suspicious of a psychic disturbance which must be treated."}
{"id": "PMID:1221655", "title": "[Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of parathyroid hormone].", "content": "In this paper the contemporary knowledge about structure, metabolism, secretion, level in blood plasma and diagnostic significance of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) is summarized. The difficulties connected with PTH estimations in human plasma are especially emphasized.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of parathyroid hormone]. In this paper the contemporary knowledge about structure, metabolism, secretion, level in blood plasma and diagnostic significance of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) is summarized. The difficulties connected with PTH estimations in human plasma are especially emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1221656", "title": "[Behavior of lactate and pyruvate as well as lactate/pyruvate quotient in blood in human thyroid gland disorders].", "content": "The pyruvate and lactate levels in blood of patients with thyroid diseases were investigated and also the lactate/pyruvate ratio. The levels of pyruvate were significantly elevated in hyperthyreotic patients in comparison with the euthyreotic control group; in hypothyreotic patients the levels were lowered. Only in hypothyreotic patients the lactate level was slightly increased. In all the three groups the lactate/pyruvate ratio showed highly significant differences, in hyperthyreosis decreased, in hypothyreosis increased in comparison with normal subjects. In patients suffering from hyperthyreosis as well as in cases with euthyreotic goitre we found similar pyruvate levels and lactate/pyruvate ratios as in the hyperthyreotic cases. It seems likely to be an inexpected effect of the treatment with pure triiodothyronine or triiodothyronine/thyroxine in combination.", "contents": "[Behavior of lactate and pyruvate as well as lactate/pyruvate quotient in blood in human thyroid gland disorders]. The pyruvate and lactate levels in blood of patients with thyroid diseases were investigated and also the lactate/pyruvate ratio. The levels of pyruvate were significantly elevated in hyperthyreotic patients in comparison with the euthyreotic control group; in hypothyreotic patients the levels were lowered. Only in hypothyreotic patients the lactate level was slightly increased. In all the three groups the lactate/pyruvate ratio showed highly significant differences, in hyperthyreosis decreased, in hypothyreosis increased in comparison with normal subjects. In patients suffering from hyperthyreosis as well as in cases with euthyreotic goitre we found similar pyruvate levels and lactate/pyruvate ratios as in the hyperthyreotic cases. It seems likely to be an inexpected effect of the treatment with pure triiodothyronine or triiodothyronine/thyroxine in combination."}
{"id": "PMID:1221657", "title": "[Studies on the behavior of human growth hormone (HGH) level in the preparation period for the clinical test].", "content": "Behaviour of human growth hormone (HGH) during preparation for a clinical test. 172 adults and 63 children were examined for the behaviour of their HGH basic values during preparation for a clinical test. Even before the beginning of the stimulation itself 11% of the adults and 47,5% of the children showed a fluctuation of the HGH levels in the serum. Neglect of these HGH movements involves the risk of misinterpretation and thus of false diagnosis. It therefore appears to be essential, especially for judging stunted-growth forms in childhood, to make tests for \"empty stomach\" values for the purpose of HGH determination at least 30 minutes before and immediately at the beginning of the stimulation test. The behaviour of the basic values must be included in the assessment of the test.", "contents": "[Studies on the behavior of human growth hormone (HGH) level in the preparation period for the clinical test]. Behaviour of human growth hormone (HGH) during preparation for a clinical test. 172 adults and 63 children were examined for the behaviour of their HGH basic values during preparation for a clinical test. Even before the beginning of the stimulation itself 11% of the adults and 47,5% of the children showed a fluctuation of the HGH levels in the serum. Neglect of these HGH movements involves the risk of misinterpretation and thus of false diagnosis. It therefore appears to be essential, especially for judging stunted-growth forms in childhood, to make tests for \"empty stomach\" values for the purpose of HGH determination at least 30 minutes before and immediately at the beginning of the stimulation test. The behaviour of the basic values must be included in the assessment of the test."}
{"id": "PMID:1221658", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of essential obesity and Cushing's syndrome].", "content": "In short a critical attitude is adopted concerning the problem Cushing's syndrome, resulting from the publication of Kubel and Schwerdtner [this journal 30, 282 (1975)]. The differentiation between Cushing's syndrome and adiposity is in the first place. Apart from this a basic programme is cited and the value of time-saving tests for the patient is emphasized (daily profile of cortisol, overnight test).", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of essential obesity and Cushing's syndrome]. In short a critical attitude is adopted concerning the problem Cushing's syndrome, resulting from the publication of Kubel and Schwerdtner [this journal 30, 282 (1975)]. The differentiation between Cushing's syndrome and adiposity is in the first place. Apart from this a basic programme is cited and the value of time-saving tests for the patient is emphasized (daily profile of cortisol, overnight test)."}
{"id": "PMID:1221660", "title": "[Stress tests and coronary angiography in chronic myocardial infarct].", "content": "In patients with myocardial infarction (MI) the presence or absence of lesions in vessels other than the one which perfuses the infarcted area, has implications regarding coronary bypass surgery, long term anticoagulant therapy, work capacity and prognosis. We investigated whether involvement of a 2nd or 3rd vessels as demonstrated by coronary angiography can be predicted on the basis of angina pectoris and/or ischemic ST-segment depression during exercise. Inferior myocardial infarction (IMI, n = 146) Severe lesions (greater than or equal to 75%) of a 2nd or 3rd vessel were found in 61.7% of patients with IMI, who developed angina pectoris and ischemic ST-segment depression, in 18.6% of patients with ST-segment depression only, in 9.1% of patients with angina pectoris only and in 3.4% with neither angina pectoris nor ST-segment depression. Anteroseptal infarction (ASI, n = 116) Severe lesions (greater than or equal to 75%) of a 2nd or 3rd vessel were found in 30.2% of patients with ASI, who developed Angina pectoris and ischemic ST-segment depression; in 26.6% of patients with ST-segment depression only, in 20.0% of patients with angina pectoris only and in 3.0% of the patients with neither angina pectoris nor ST-segment depression. The clinical implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "[Stress tests and coronary angiography in chronic myocardial infarct]. In patients with myocardial infarction (MI) the presence or absence of lesions in vessels other than the one which perfuses the infarcted area, has implications regarding coronary bypass surgery, long term anticoagulant therapy, work capacity and prognosis. We investigated whether involvement of a 2nd or 3rd vessels as demonstrated by coronary angiography can be predicted on the basis of angina pectoris and/or ischemic ST-segment depression during exercise. Inferior myocardial infarction (IMI, n = 146) Severe lesions (greater than or equal to 75%) of a 2nd or 3rd vessel were found in 61.7% of patients with IMI, who developed angina pectoris and ischemic ST-segment depression, in 18.6% of patients with ST-segment depression only, in 9.1% of patients with angina pectoris only and in 3.4% with neither angina pectoris nor ST-segment depression. Anteroseptal infarction (ASI, n = 116) Severe lesions (greater than or equal to 75%) of a 2nd or 3rd vessel were found in 30.2% of patients with ASI, who developed Angina pectoris and ischemic ST-segment depression; in 26.6% of patients with ST-segment depression only, in 20.0% of patients with angina pectoris only and in 3.0% of the patients with neither angina pectoris nor ST-segment depression. The clinical implications of the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221661", "title": "[Functional scintigraphy of the heart: correlations with cardiological parameters].", "content": "According to Zierler's theoretical deduction time activity curves obtained from different parts of the central circulation after injection of a bolus of radioactivity are dependent on the volume and the flow. We tried to prove this by experiments and checked simultaneously the quality of the method developed by us using a Gamma Camera and a computer. We correlated the peak to peak time from the right to the left ventricle and the mean transit time of the left ventricle with the cardiac index and the enddiastolic volume of the left ventricle in patients with valvular heart disease. For this purpose patients were selected in whom either the cardiac index or the enddiastolic volume of the left ventricle were in the normal range. Under these conditions there was a highly significant correlation between these parameters. Moreover the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery and the mean pulmonary wedge pressure correlated significantly with the peak to peak time from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery. This may be explained by the correlation between the volume of the pulmonary vascular system and its pressures. As expected, there was no correlation between the time parameters from the nuclear medicine method and the enddiastolic pressure of the left ventricle in patients with valvular heart disease. The results are in good agreement with the diagnostic accuracy of the method in recognizing valvular heart disease as well as with the correlation between the hemodynamic stage in valvular heart disease and the change of the time parameters of the time activity curves.", "contents": "[Functional scintigraphy of the heart: correlations with cardiological parameters]. According to Zierler's theoretical deduction time activity curves obtained from different parts of the central circulation after injection of a bolus of radioactivity are dependent on the volume and the flow. We tried to prove this by experiments and checked simultaneously the quality of the method developed by us using a Gamma Camera and a computer. We correlated the peak to peak time from the right to the left ventricle and the mean transit time of the left ventricle with the cardiac index and the enddiastolic volume of the left ventricle in patients with valvular heart disease. For this purpose patients were selected in whom either the cardiac index or the enddiastolic volume of the left ventricle were in the normal range. Under these conditions there was a highly significant correlation between these parameters. Moreover the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery and the mean pulmonary wedge pressure correlated significantly with the peak to peak time from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery. This may be explained by the correlation between the volume of the pulmonary vascular system and its pressures. As expected, there was no correlation between the time parameters from the nuclear medicine method and the enddiastolic pressure of the left ventricle in patients with valvular heart disease. The results are in good agreement with the diagnostic accuracy of the method in recognizing valvular heart disease as well as with the correlation between the hemodynamic stage in valvular heart disease and the change of the time parameters of the time activity curves."}
{"id": "PMID:1221662", "title": "[Hemodynamic evaluation of cardiac insufficiency in the acute stage of myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 70 patients hemodynamic controls were preformed during the first 4 days after acute myocardial infarction. A sufficient regulation of heart function and the circulation at rest was accepted with the following conditions: pulmonary artery wedge pressure less than or equal to 13mm Hg, mean right atrial pressure less than or equal to 6 mm Hg, mean systemic arterial pressure greater than 70 mm Hg, cardiac index greater than 2.51/min/m2 and stroke index greater than 25 ml/m2. In 88% of the patients with acute myocardial infarction a cardiac failure was present at rest. The pressures in the right atrium and left atrium (from wedge pressures) were elevated and cardiac output was reduced. The ratio of stroke work index/mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure allowed a more precise differentiation between a compensated and failing heart (X +/- S = 3.6 +/- 0.7 resp. 1.7 +/- 0.6 g m/m2 mm Hg). In the average, a significant improvement of the hemodynamic alterations, due or not due to therapy, occurred only at the 3rd day or later. In the individual case, this improvement points to a favorable prognosis.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic evaluation of cardiac insufficiency in the acute stage of myocardial infarct]. In 70 patients hemodynamic controls were preformed during the first 4 days after acute myocardial infarction. A sufficient regulation of heart function and the circulation at rest was accepted with the following conditions: pulmonary artery wedge pressure less than or equal to 13mm Hg, mean right atrial pressure less than or equal to 6 mm Hg, mean systemic arterial pressure greater than 70 mm Hg, cardiac index greater than 2.51/min/m2 and stroke index greater than 25 ml/m2. In 88% of the patients with acute myocardial infarction a cardiac failure was present at rest. The pressures in the right atrium and left atrium (from wedge pressures) were elevated and cardiac output was reduced. The ratio of stroke work index/mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure allowed a more precise differentiation between a compensated and failing heart (X +/- S = 3.6 +/- 0.7 resp. 1.7 +/- 0.6 g m/m2 mm Hg). In the average, a significant improvement of the hemodynamic alterations, due or not due to therapy, occurred only at the 3rd day or later. In the individual case, this improvement points to a favorable prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221663", "title": "[Does obesity have an effect on heart function?].", "content": "Cardiac performance was studied in 14 obese but otherwise healthy young subjects during rest and submaximal ergometric exercise by means of Swan Ganz catheters. Cardiac output and stroke volume determined by the thermal dilution method were normal or slightly increased during rest rising on exercise in the usual range. However, mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary wedge pressures were increased above normal values in 50% of the patients during exercise indicating depressed left ventricular function. Patients with normal and abnormal hemodynamic response to exercise could not be separated by clinical findings. Repetition of studies in 11 patients following therapeutic starvation of 2-3 weeks duration revealed a statistically significant fall of pressures in the right atrium, the pulmonary artery and in the pulmonary wedge position during rest and exercise. In the majority of patients a moderate reduction in cardiac output and stroke volume suggested a decrease in preload due to loss of intravascular volume, but in a few instances with unaltered or increased cardiac output improvement of cardiac function had to be considered.", "contents": "[Does obesity have an effect on heart function?]. Cardiac performance was studied in 14 obese but otherwise healthy young subjects during rest and submaximal ergometric exercise by means of Swan Ganz catheters. Cardiac output and stroke volume determined by the thermal dilution method were normal or slightly increased during rest rising on exercise in the usual range. However, mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary wedge pressures were increased above normal values in 50% of the patients during exercise indicating depressed left ventricular function. Patients with normal and abnormal hemodynamic response to exercise could not be separated by clinical findings. Repetition of studies in 11 patients following therapeutic starvation of 2-3 weeks duration revealed a statistically significant fall of pressures in the right atrium, the pulmonary artery and in the pulmonary wedge position during rest and exercise. In the majority of patients a moderate reduction in cardiac output and stroke volume suggested a decrease in preload due to loss of intravascular volume, but in a few instances with unaltered or increased cardiac output improvement of cardiac function had to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1221664", "title": "[Transcutaneous measurements of age conditioned changes in the elasticity of the human common carotid artery].", "content": "Measurements of common carotid arterial wall properties were done in a group of 36 test persons who were clinically free of arteriosclerosis obliterans. The patients were divided into three groups according to the age: 18-33, 36-52 and 56-72 years. Diameter and changes in diameter were measured using an ultrasonic echo-tracking system. Arterial pulse pressure simultaneously was determined by the auscultatory method. The deduced parameters of visco-elastic arterial wall property as distensibility, volume-eleastic modulus and pulse wave velocity indicate that arteries become stiffer with the age. The volume-elastic-modulus specially shows a numerical increase of 100% according to the age. An interpretation based on morphological investigations as well as the possibility using non-invasive methods to recognize an early manifestation of arteriosclerosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous measurements of age conditioned changes in the elasticity of the human common carotid artery]. Measurements of common carotid arterial wall properties were done in a group of 36 test persons who were clinically free of arteriosclerosis obliterans. The patients were divided into three groups according to the age: 18-33, 36-52 and 56-72 years. Diameter and changes in diameter were measured using an ultrasonic echo-tracking system. Arterial pulse pressure simultaneously was determined by the auscultatory method. The deduced parameters of visco-elastic arterial wall property as distensibility, volume-eleastic modulus and pulse wave velocity indicate that arteries become stiffer with the age. The volume-elastic-modulus specially shows a numerical increase of 100% according to the age. An interpretation based on morphological investigations as well as the possibility using non-invasive methods to recognize an early manifestation of arteriosclerosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221665", "title": "[Professional brucellosis and endemic brucellosis in a given area].", "content": "An epidemiological survey was carried out in an area where there is an abattoir/canning factory in which a recrudescence of cases of professional brucellosis was observed: whilst there had been 29 cases of brucellosis in 8 years, 10 cases were confirmed in 1970. Our survey had underlined a brucellosis endemy in the population of that area: 32.50% of the patients had agglutinating or complement-fixing antibodies (698 people were examined). Results obtained have brought us to discuss the professional origin of brucellosis.", "contents": "[Professional brucellosis and endemic brucellosis in a given area]. An epidemiological survey was carried out in an area where there is an abattoir/canning factory in which a recrudescence of cases of professional brucellosis was observed: whilst there had been 29 cases of brucellosis in 8 years, 10 cases were confirmed in 1970. Our survey had underlined a brucellosis endemy in the population of that area: 32.50% of the patients had agglutinating or complement-fixing antibodies (698 people were examined). Results obtained have brought us to discuss the professional origin of brucellosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221669", "title": "[Antibiotic resistance plasmids in Salmonella; ecology and epidemiology about one pattern: Salmonella panama (author's transl)].", "content": "A systematical investigation on Salmonella has been carried out in sewage and waste water treatment plant effluents. Antibiotic resistance then resistance transfert study make evident the plasmid interference. From Salmonella panama, studies have been attempted to file and to identify resistance plasmids of this very diffused serotype. Epidemiological consequences of this classification are discussed.", "contents": "[Antibiotic resistance plasmids in Salmonella; ecology and epidemiology about one pattern: Salmonella panama (author's transl)]. A systematical investigation on Salmonella has been carried out in sewage and waste water treatment plant effluents. Antibiotic resistance then resistance transfert study make evident the plasmid interference. From Salmonella panama, studies have been attempted to file and to identify resistance plasmids of this very diffused serotype. Epidemiological consequences of this classification are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221666", "title": "[Atypical mycobacteria isolated from ganglions of presumed-healthy bovine and swine (author's transl)].", "content": "A study has been carried out to detect the frequency of atypical mycobacteria in ganglions belonging to two types of animals: bovine and swine. A total of 250 samples (150 cows and 100 pigs) were studied. The samples were decontaminated by the lauryl-sulfate technique, using two mycobacteria culture media: L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen and Coletsos base. 14 pig ganglion strains were isolated (8 M. avium; 3 M. gordonae; 2 M. fortuitum; 1 M. chelonei) and 13 from the cow samples (5 M. avium, 3 M. Kansasii; 2 M. gordonae; 2 M. fortuitum; 1 M. phlei). The most frequently isolated mycobacteria was M. avium (48.14% of total isolated strains). This study confirms the possible importance of these animals in the epidemiology of mycobacteriosis.", "contents": "[Atypical mycobacteria isolated from ganglions of presumed-healthy bovine and swine (author's transl)]. A study has been carried out to detect the frequency of atypical mycobacteria in ganglions belonging to two types of animals: bovine and swine. A total of 250 samples (150 cows and 100 pigs) were studied. The samples were decontaminated by the lauryl-sulfate technique, using two mycobacteria culture media: L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen and Coletsos base. 14 pig ganglion strains were isolated (8 M. avium; 3 M. gordonae; 2 M. fortuitum; 1 M. chelonei) and 13 from the cow samples (5 M. avium, 3 M. Kansasii; 2 M. gordonae; 2 M. fortuitum; 1 M. phlei). The most frequently isolated mycobacteria was M. avium (48.14% of total isolated strains). This study confirms the possible importance of these animals in the epidemiology of mycobacteriosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221670", "title": "[Automated multiphasic health testing (A.M.H.T.) in U.S.A. (author's transl)].", "content": "The functioning of two Automated Multiphasic Health Testing Centers in the United States is described. One is located in the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital in Baltimore, the other in the Kaiser Foundation Hospital in Oakland. Many tests performed are identical in both centers with a large use of computers technics. The goal of health testing is the detection of diseases, early signs of disease and risk factors evaluation. A considerable effort is made for health education which is one of the best preventive measure.", "contents": "[Automated multiphasic health testing (A.M.H.T.) in U.S.A. (author's transl)]. The functioning of two Automated Multiphasic Health Testing Centers in the United States is described. One is located in the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital in Baltimore, the other in the Kaiser Foundation Hospital in Oakland. Many tests performed are identical in both centers with a large use of computers technics. The goal of health testing is the detection of diseases, early signs of disease and risk factors evaluation. A considerable effort is made for health education which is one of the best preventive measure."}
{"id": "PMID:1221667", "title": "[Cranial traumatism following a fall in children under 4 years of age (author's transl)].", "content": "This survey was carried out on 706 cases chosen at random, of cranial traumatism following a fall in children under 4; it underlines the fact that in most cases there is a favourable evolution. However, complications may always occur, even in apparently slight accidents. A clinical examination, although difficult to carry out, reveals important information for the detection and treatment of complications, which are mainly intracranial collections which are not always immediately detectable; this entails a constant observation for at least one week. Complementary tests give information which must be interpreted according to clinical situation.", "contents": "[Cranial traumatism following a fall in children under 4 years of age (author's transl)]. This survey was carried out on 706 cases chosen at random, of cranial traumatism following a fall in children under 4; it underlines the fact that in most cases there is a favourable evolution. However, complications may always occur, even in apparently slight accidents. A clinical examination, although difficult to carry out, reveals important information for the detection and treatment of complications, which are mainly intracranial collections which are not always immediately detectable; this entails a constant observation for at least one week. Complementary tests give information which must be interpreted according to clinical situation."}
{"id": "PMID:1221668", "title": "[Prevalence of Australia antigen among children in rural populations of Senegal (author's transl)].", "content": "The 8 villages surveyed in the operational zone of Niarhar (Sine, Senegal, Africa) involved 1,182 children aged 0-14 years. 11.2% of these children showed a positive HB antigenaemia. The percentage of prevalence which was already high in the 0-1 year-old group (5.7%) increased progressively, attaining the maximum of 13.5% in the 5-9-year-old age group. The current theory that a higher frequency of HB antigenaemia is found among boys was confirmed, but there is no evidence that this \"androtropism\" is related only to sex. The rates of total prevalence vary from 7.1% to 16% according to the geographical regions. It was not possible to prove the existence of a possible relation between the different levels of prevalence on the one hand, and on the other hand the geographical position, size, structure, social and economic typology of the villages and the anopheline activity.", "contents": "[Prevalence of Australia antigen among children in rural populations of Senegal (author's transl)]. The 8 villages surveyed in the operational zone of Niarhar (Sine, Senegal, Africa) involved 1,182 children aged 0-14 years. 11.2% of these children showed a positive HB antigenaemia. The percentage of prevalence which was already high in the 0-1 year-old group (5.7%) increased progressively, attaining the maximum of 13.5% in the 5-9-year-old age group. The current theory that a higher frequency of HB antigenaemia is found among boys was confirmed, but there is no evidence that this \"androtropism\" is related only to sex. The rates of total prevalence vary from 7.1% to 16% according to the geographical regions. It was not possible to prove the existence of a possible relation between the different levels of prevalence on the one hand, and on the other hand the geographical position, size, structure, social and economic typology of the villages and the anopheline activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1221673", "title": "Sindbis virus infected L cells studied by ferritin-labelled antibodies.", "content": "Sindbis virus infected L cells were examined by immunoferritin technique at different times after infection. Initially virus-specific antigens appeared diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm and at the surface of vacuoles. Later on, both labelled nucleocapsids surrounding vacuoles and mature virus within their lumen were demonstrated. Maturation of virus occurred predominantly at the periphery of cells, and that mainly by budding from cell processes. The appearance of big crystals consisting of nucleocapsids is a typical event of late stages of infection. These findings are compared with corresponding fluorescent antibody results.", "contents": "Sindbis virus infected L cells studied by ferritin-labelled antibodies. Sindbis virus infected L cells were examined by immunoferritin technique at different times after infection. Initially virus-specific antigens appeared diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm and at the surface of vacuoles. Later on, both labelled nucleocapsids surrounding vacuoles and mature virus within their lumen were demonstrated. Maturation of virus occurred predominantly at the periphery of cells, and that mainly by budding from cell processes. The appearance of big crystals consisting of nucleocapsids is a typical event of late stages of infection. These findings are compared with corresponding fluorescent antibody results."}
{"id": "PMID:1221674", "title": "Lipoproteinase of group A streptococci and the antibodies in human sera.", "content": "The possibility of revealing lipoproteinase (serum opacity factor--OF) in hydrochloric and alkaline extracts from streptococcal cultures and the possibility of concentration and purification of this enzyme by means of gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography have been confirmed. When studying antibodies to OF in the blood of healthy and sick people, we were able both to reveal and to determine the titre of antibodies to OF of different serological M types (2, 4, 22/12, 22 and 49) in the sera under study (170 sera from the same number of persons). In groups of healthy people, anti-OF antibodies were shown to be present with a high frequency as well as in patients. But the titres of antibodies in the former were lower than in the latter. Most sera (32%) neutralized OF of one serological type and only 3% all types of enzymes used. The type-specificity of the anti-OF antibodies was shown. The data obtained are yet insufficient for epidemiological or clinical analysis but they point out the possibility of using the anti-OF test for these purposes.", "contents": "Lipoproteinase of group A streptococci and the antibodies in human sera. The possibility of revealing lipoproteinase (serum opacity factor--OF) in hydrochloric and alkaline extracts from streptococcal cultures and the possibility of concentration and purification of this enzyme by means of gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography have been confirmed. When studying antibodies to OF in the blood of healthy and sick people, we were able both to reveal and to determine the titre of antibodies to OF of different serological M types (2, 4, 22/12, 22 and 49) in the sera under study (170 sera from the same number of persons). In groups of healthy people, anti-OF antibodies were shown to be present with a high frequency as well as in patients. But the titres of antibodies in the former were lower than in the latter. Most sera (32%) neutralized OF of one serological type and only 3% all types of enzymes used. The type-specificity of the anti-OF antibodies was shown. The data obtained are yet insufficient for epidemiological or clinical analysis but they point out the possibility of using the anti-OF test for these purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:1221675", "title": "Biochemical, immunochemical and immunobiological properties of a chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi strain isolated in Mexico.", "content": "The authors have compared the biochemical, immunochemical and immunobiological properties of a chloramphenicol-resistant S. typhi strain isolated during the typhoid fever epidemic in Mexico of 1972 and those of a chloramphenicol-sensitive strain (S. typhi Ty2). They have found no difference in the chemical composition of the two strains. The immunobiological investigations have shown, that the chloramphenicol-resistant strain contains less Vi antigen, it is less virulent on mice, and its active and passive mouse-protective ability is lower than that of the chloramphenicol-sensitive S. typhi Ty2 strain. These findings supported by the result of the electrophoretic analysis suggest that the chloramphenicol-resistant strain is a VW strain, while the chloramphenicol-sensitive strain is a full V strain; the quantitative difference found between the immunogenicity of the two strains to the advantage of the chloramphenicol-sensitive strain may probably be explained by this fact. On the basis of their immunological investigations the authors are of the opinion, that vaccines prepared from chloramphenicol-sensitive S. typhi strains (provided these are full V strains, as e.g. the S. typhi Ty2 strain) will protect most likely also man against infection due to chloramphenicol-resistant S. typhi strains.", "contents": "Biochemical, immunochemical and immunobiological properties of a chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi strain isolated in Mexico. The authors have compared the biochemical, immunochemical and immunobiological properties of a chloramphenicol-resistant S. typhi strain isolated during the typhoid fever epidemic in Mexico of 1972 and those of a chloramphenicol-sensitive strain (S. typhi Ty2). They have found no difference in the chemical composition of the two strains. The immunobiological investigations have shown, that the chloramphenicol-resistant strain contains less Vi antigen, it is less virulent on mice, and its active and passive mouse-protective ability is lower than that of the chloramphenicol-sensitive S. typhi Ty2 strain. These findings supported by the result of the electrophoretic analysis suggest that the chloramphenicol-resistant strain is a VW strain, while the chloramphenicol-sensitive strain is a full V strain; the quantitative difference found between the immunogenicity of the two strains to the advantage of the chloramphenicol-sensitive strain may probably be explained by this fact. On the basis of their immunological investigations the authors are of the opinion, that vaccines prepared from chloramphenicol-sensitive S. typhi strains (provided these are full V strains, as e.g. the S. typhi Ty2 strain) will protect most likely also man against infection due to chloramphenicol-resistant S. typhi strains."}
{"id": "PMID:1221676", "title": "Immunochemical studies on purified common enterobacterial antigen (KUNIN).", "content": "A common antigen (KUNIN) purification method is described. The preparation obtained was highly antigenic, as proved by hemagglutination and its inhibition, and immunogenic in rabbits. Chemical analysis demonstrated the presence of an L-phosphoglycerid of the cephalin type, of protein, glucosamine, acetyl and glucose. The antigen had the character of an acidic polymer. It readily forms salt linkages with lysozyme. Phospholipase A induced the release of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids. It also destroyed both the antigenicity and immunogenicity of common antigen.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on purified common enterobacterial antigen (KUNIN). A common antigen (KUNIN) purification method is described. The preparation obtained was highly antigenic, as proved by hemagglutination and its inhibition, and immunogenic in rabbits. Chemical analysis demonstrated the presence of an L-phosphoglycerid of the cephalin type, of protein, glucosamine, acetyl and glucose. The antigen had the character of an acidic polymer. It readily forms salt linkages with lysozyme. Phospholipase A induced the release of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids. It also destroyed both the antigenicity and immunogenicity of common antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:1221677", "title": "Salmonellae with antibiotic resistance and R plasmids in Danube River.", "content": "Incidence of antibiotic resistance and of R plasmids and its dynamics was investigated in 1084 Salmonella strains isolated in the Danube River on Czechoslovak territory in recent years. From 261 strains belonging to various serotypes of Salmonella isolated at various sampling sites along the Danube in June 1972 to June 1973, 31 strains were found to be resistant to antibiotics and 24 (77.2%) carried R plasmids. The influence of waste waters from large cities (Vienna, Bratislava) in this respect was striking. No correlation was found between the frequency of occurence of resistant Salmonellae and the season of year. The results from the season 1972 to 1973 were compared with those obtained in 823 stock cultures of Salmonellae isolated from the Danube in 1967-68 and in 1969. The increase of incidence of antibiotic resistance and particularly of R plasmids in Salmonella strains from the Danube up to 1973 is striking.", "contents": "Salmonellae with antibiotic resistance and R plasmids in Danube River. Incidence of antibiotic resistance and of R plasmids and its dynamics was investigated in 1084 Salmonella strains isolated in the Danube River on Czechoslovak territory in recent years. From 261 strains belonging to various serotypes of Salmonella isolated at various sampling sites along the Danube in June 1972 to June 1973, 31 strains were found to be resistant to antibiotics and 24 (77.2%) carried R plasmids. The influence of waste waters from large cities (Vienna, Bratislava) in this respect was striking. No correlation was found between the frequency of occurence of resistant Salmonellae and the season of year. The results from the season 1972 to 1973 were compared with those obtained in 823 stock cultures of Salmonellae isolated from the Danube in 1967-68 and in 1969. The increase of incidence of antibiotic resistance and particularly of R plasmids in Salmonella strains from the Danube up to 1973 is striking."}
{"id": "PMID:1221678", "title": "[Expansion phenomena of Proteus cultures. I. The swarming expansion (author's transl)].", "content": "The expansion of Proteus cultures on nutrient agar plates is in general attributed to negative chemotaxis with regard to a metabolic product of the culture itself. The initial latency of several hours is assumed to be the time necessary for the production and imbibition of the nutrient with the incriminated metabolite. In the present paper it will be shown that independent of this delayed expansion (expansion with initial latency) there also exists an immediate expansion that takes place when the seeded material is young (less than 12-24 hours) and rich in invasive filaments. The reaction also occurs after washing the seeded material in fresh broth. It is therefore independent of the presence of a metabolite whose production and diffusion in the nutrient substrate would have necessitated some time. It is not a question of reaction to a chemical substance but, as demonstrated experimentally, of a response to tactile stimuli. Marked thigmotaxis induced centrifugal penetration of invading filaments at the edge of the seeded droplet, between the superficial film of the suspension fluid and the surface of the nutrient agar. Heading towards the narrowest capillary spaces, groups of bacilli form, immediately after seeding, protrusions that emboss the outer contour of the droplet (\"protuberances\" Fig. 2, 3, 15). These protuberances continue outwards until they detach themselves from the central agglomeration. The independent bacterial \"shoals\" (Fig. 5, 6, 10) swarm chaotically around the seeded droplet. The total lack of orientation has been checked by numerous procedures used for recording the direction of a movement; one of this consists in recording the pathways in a latex film on agar plates (Fig. 1). This swarming phase may last 15 to 30 minutes. As the random movements in a contrary direction compensate one another, the chaotic migration of the microbial shoals would contribute little to expansion of the colony, if gradual disruption of the bacterial groups would not interfere in the meantime. Isolated individuals detached from the shoals become immobile from the moment in which they separate from the bacterial group they belonged to (\"immunobilization reaction\"). Therefore the migrating shoals function as organs of dissemination of the bacteria in the surrounding medium (Fig. 11). (see article).", "contents": "[Expansion phenomena of Proteus cultures. I. The swarming expansion (author's transl)]. The expansion of Proteus cultures on nutrient agar plates is in general attributed to negative chemotaxis with regard to a metabolic product of the culture itself. The initial latency of several hours is assumed to be the time necessary for the production and imbibition of the nutrient with the incriminated metabolite. In the present paper it will be shown that independent of this delayed expansion (expansion with initial latency) there also exists an immediate expansion that takes place when the seeded material is young (less than 12-24 hours) and rich in invasive filaments. The reaction also occurs after washing the seeded material in fresh broth. It is therefore independent of the presence of a metabolite whose production and diffusion in the nutrient substrate would have necessitated some time. It is not a question of reaction to a chemical substance but, as demonstrated experimentally, of a response to tactile stimuli. Marked thigmotaxis induced centrifugal penetration of invading filaments at the edge of the seeded droplet, between the superficial film of the suspension fluid and the surface of the nutrient agar. Heading towards the narrowest capillary spaces, groups of bacilli form, immediately after seeding, protrusions that emboss the outer contour of the droplet (\"protuberances\" Fig. 2, 3, 15). These protuberances continue outwards until they detach themselves from the central agglomeration. The independent bacterial \"shoals\" (Fig. 5, 6, 10) swarm chaotically around the seeded droplet. The total lack of orientation has been checked by numerous procedures used for recording the direction of a movement; one of this consists in recording the pathways in a latex film on agar plates (Fig. 1). This swarming phase may last 15 to 30 minutes. As the random movements in a contrary direction compensate one another, the chaotic migration of the microbial shoals would contribute little to expansion of the colony, if gradual disruption of the bacterial groups would not interfere in the meantime. Isolated individuals detached from the shoals become immobile from the moment in which they separate from the bacterial group they belonged to (\"immunobilization reaction\"). Therefore the migrating shoals function as organs of dissemination of the bacteria in the surrounding medium (Fig. 11). (see article)."}
{"id": "PMID:1221679", "title": "Further studies on the behavior of 2-mercaptoethanol resistant antibody following cholera vaccinations in a nonendemic country.", "content": "Additional data are presented in support of the earlier observation that in nonendemic countries 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) resistant vibriocidal antibodies better reflect antibacterial immunity against cholera following vaccination than does total vibriocidal activity. It can be shown that in more than half of the cases even after at least three subsequent vaccinations in six to eight months intervals 2-ME resistant vibriocidins would not last as long as six months. Following intradermal inocculations of vaccine only one in a group of five demonstrated faint 2-ME resistant antibody response. All sera were tested with and without dialysis following 2-ME treatment revealing corresponding results.", "contents": "Further studies on the behavior of 2-mercaptoethanol resistant antibody following cholera vaccinations in a nonendemic country. Additional data are presented in support of the earlier observation that in nonendemic countries 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) resistant vibriocidal antibodies better reflect antibacterial immunity against cholera following vaccination than does total vibriocidal activity. It can be shown that in more than half of the cases even after at least three subsequent vaccinations in six to eight months intervals 2-ME resistant vibriocidins would not last as long as six months. Following intradermal inocculations of vaccine only one in a group of five demonstrated faint 2-ME resistant antibody response. All sera were tested with and without dialysis following 2-ME treatment revealing corresponding results."}
{"id": "PMID:1221680", "title": "[Bacteriocins of Clostridium septicum (author's transl)].", "content": "17 strains of Clostridium septicum were examined for bacteriocin production. Two bacteriocin-producing strains were detected by the stab culture method and the spot test using the supernatant fluids of the cultures. The bacteriocin of Cl. septicum Ovinus was active against all other strains of Cl. septicum without inhibiting the donro strain (Table 2). This bacteriocin and one indicator strain (Wex) were chosen for further study. The bacteriocin, which was spontaneously produced during the logarithmic growth phase of the bacteriocinogenic strain Ovinus (Fig. 1) was not inducible with high temperatures or Mitomycin C. It was resistent to chloroform, but sensitive to heat (Fig. 4, 5) and proteolytic enzymes (Table 4). Its MG is about 20000 (Fig. 3).", "contents": "[Bacteriocins of Clostridium septicum (author's transl)]. 17 strains of Clostridium septicum were examined for bacteriocin production. Two bacteriocin-producing strains were detected by the stab culture method and the spot test using the supernatant fluids of the cultures. The bacteriocin of Cl. septicum Ovinus was active against all other strains of Cl. septicum without inhibiting the donro strain (Table 2). This bacteriocin and one indicator strain (Wex) were chosen for further study. The bacteriocin, which was spontaneously produced during the logarithmic growth phase of the bacteriocinogenic strain Ovinus (Fig. 1) was not inducible with high temperatures or Mitomycin C. It was resistent to chloroform, but sensitive to heat (Fig. 4, 5) and proteolytic enzymes (Table 4). Its MG is about 20000 (Fig. 3)."}
{"id": "PMID:1221681", "title": "A suitable medium for the cultivation of halophilic leptospirae.", "content": "Cultural studies were carried out on halophilic Leptospirae to find a medium permitting their optimal growth and being easily reproducible. Tween 80 albumin medium enriched with artificial sea water shows these characteristics.", "contents": "A suitable medium for the cultivation of halophilic leptospirae. Cultural studies were carried out on halophilic Leptospirae to find a medium permitting their optimal growth and being easily reproducible. Tween 80 albumin medium enriched with artificial sea water shows these characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:1221682", "title": "A simple method for separating toxoplasma gondii from infected mouse peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "A simple method for separating Toxoplasma trophozoites from the peritoneal exudate cells of infected mice by filtration through filter paper is described. Using this technique peritoneal exudate cells in excess of 90% could be removed.", "contents": "A simple method for separating toxoplasma gondii from infected mouse peritoneal exudate cells. A simple method for separating Toxoplasma trophozoites from the peritoneal exudate cells of infected mice by filtration through filter paper is described. Using this technique peritoneal exudate cells in excess of 90% could be removed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221683", "title": "[Ten new monophasic serotypes of Salmonella subgenus I and two serological variants of monophasic types (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on 10 new monophasic serotypes of Salmonella and 2 serological variants which were isolated from stool specimens of healthy persons in epidemiological studies in Togo (West Africa). All strains belong to subgenus I of the genus Salmonella. (see article).", "contents": "[Ten new monophasic serotypes of Salmonella subgenus I and two serological variants of monophasic types (author's transl)]. The paper reports on 10 new monophasic serotypes of Salmonella and 2 serological variants which were isolated from stool specimens of healthy persons in epidemiological studies in Togo (West Africa). All strains belong to subgenus I of the genus Salmonella. (see article)."}
{"id": "PMID:1221684", "title": "Comparative study of the prevalence of mycoplasma in males with non specific urethritis.", "content": "Three groups of males were examined for the study of Mycoplasma in the aetiology of Non-specific Urethritis. From a group of 120 men suffering from N.S.U. (group I) have been isolated from the genital tract \"large-colony\" and T-strain mycoplasma in proportion 22.5% and 68.3% respectively. Socially this group represent the lower classes of the population. From another group of 165 male students suffering also from N.S.U. (group II) have been isolated from the genital tract \"large-colony\" and T-strain mycoplasma in proportion 25.4% and 58.1% respectively. This group was of higher social and hygienic standards. In contrast in a control group of 70 medical students without urethritis the range was for the \"large-colony\" 8.5% only and for the T-strain 21.4%. Socially, this group corresponded closely to the Group II. In this study a significant association of T-strain mycoplasma with N.S.U. has been found. Urethral specimens were obtained from all the men by the same method. No statistically significant difference in the isolation rate of Mycoplasma was seen, between Group I which represents a relatively low social and hygienic level and Group II which represents higher social and hygienic standards. It is interesting to note that the percentage of control healthy group (group III) yielding T-strain mycoplasma was lower and no similar to that recorded in previous investigations.", "contents": "Comparative study of the prevalence of mycoplasma in males with non specific urethritis. Three groups of males were examined for the study of Mycoplasma in the aetiology of Non-specific Urethritis. From a group of 120 men suffering from N.S.U. (group I) have been isolated from the genital tract \"large-colony\" and T-strain mycoplasma in proportion 22.5% and 68.3% respectively. Socially this group represent the lower classes of the population. From another group of 165 male students suffering also from N.S.U. (group II) have been isolated from the genital tract \"large-colony\" and T-strain mycoplasma in proportion 25.4% and 58.1% respectively. This group was of higher social and hygienic standards. In contrast in a control group of 70 medical students without urethritis the range was for the \"large-colony\" 8.5% only and for the T-strain 21.4%. Socially, this group corresponded closely to the Group II. In this study a significant association of T-strain mycoplasma with N.S.U. has been found. Urethral specimens were obtained from all the men by the same method. No statistically significant difference in the isolation rate of Mycoplasma was seen, between Group I which represents a relatively low social and hygienic level and Group II which represents higher social and hygienic standards. It is interesting to note that the percentage of control healthy group (group III) yielding T-strain mycoplasma was lower and no similar to that recorded in previous investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:1221685", "title": "[The expediency and feasibility of abolishing the use of antitetanus serum for injuries in the Arkhangel'sk region].", "content": "The use of antitetanus serum (ATS) in the north taiga soil-vegetative zone and farther to the north is inexpedient because of an insignificant contamination of soil with B. tetani and a trivial contact of the population with soil. In the Arkhangelsk region with a high incidence of trauma and a low tetanus morbidity the damage caused to the population by the administration of ATS in the form of serum sickness (1.1% of the persons given ATS injections) and anaphylactic shock considerably exceeded the value of negative results of the infection. In the presence of immune population (over 86% of the children and 82% of adults are immune) and with additional vaccination of definite groups it is not only possible, but necessary to suspend ATS injections in trauma; instead, 0.5 ml of tetanus toxoid should be used for revaccination. Suspension of ATS application in trauma gives marked economy of the budget of the public health of the region.", "contents": "[The expediency and feasibility of abolishing the use of antitetanus serum for injuries in the Arkhangel'sk region]. The use of antitetanus serum (ATS) in the north taiga soil-vegetative zone and farther to the north is inexpedient because of an insignificant contamination of soil with B. tetani and a trivial contact of the population with soil. In the Arkhangelsk region with a high incidence of trauma and a low tetanus morbidity the damage caused to the population by the administration of ATS in the form of serum sickness (1.1% of the persons given ATS injections) and anaphylactic shock considerably exceeded the value of negative results of the infection. In the presence of immune population (over 86% of the children and 82% of adults are immune) and with additional vaccination of definite groups it is not only possible, but necessary to suspend ATS injections in trauma; instead, 0.5 ml of tetanus toxoid should be used for revaccination. Suspension of ATS application in trauma gives marked economy of the budget of the public health of the region."}
{"id": "PMID:1221698", "title": "[An epidemiologic and immunologic study of measles under conditions of massive immunization against that infection].", "content": "Massive measles immunization in Riga led to a marked reduction of measles incidence and to a change of the principal regularities of the epidemic process in this infection. Among those who contracted the disease there was an increase in the percentage of schoolchildren; affection with measles of children attending creches and kindergartens and the intensity of the spread of the infection in them diminished. Selective examination of the immunological efficacy of the living measles vaccine prepared of the (see article) and applied in 1967--1972 demonstrated the presence of specific stimulation of the antibody formation in about 90% of the persons vaccinated. The intensity of humoral immunity in the persons vaccinated did not diminish with the advance of time after the vaccination, and 6--7 years after the vaccination over 90% of the vaccinated individuals were reliably protected from measles. The presence of numerous negative results in carrying out the vaccinations in individual institutions is apparently attributed chiefly to disturbances of the storage regimen of transportation and of the use of the vaccine.", "contents": "[An epidemiologic and immunologic study of measles under conditions of massive immunization against that infection]. Massive measles immunization in Riga led to a marked reduction of measles incidence and to a change of the principal regularities of the epidemic process in this infection. Among those who contracted the disease there was an increase in the percentage of schoolchildren; affection with measles of children attending creches and kindergartens and the intensity of the spread of the infection in them diminished. Selective examination of the immunological efficacy of the living measles vaccine prepared of the (see article) and applied in 1967--1972 demonstrated the presence of specific stimulation of the antibody formation in about 90% of the persons vaccinated. The intensity of humoral immunity in the persons vaccinated did not diminish with the advance of time after the vaccination, and 6--7 years after the vaccination over 90% of the vaccinated individuals were reliably protected from measles. The presence of numerous negative results in carrying out the vaccinations in individual institutions is apparently attributed chiefly to disturbances of the storage regimen of transportation and of the use of the vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:1221699", "title": "[Analysis of the scientific-methodologic basis for vaccine standardization using cholerogen-toxoid as a model].", "content": "The author discusses methodical principles of the vaccine standardization on the basis of experience in the standardization of the cholerogen-toxoid, a principally new vaccine preparation for the immunoprophylaxis of cholera. The author substantiated the statement according to which the following should serve as the task of primary importance in the program of investigations: elaboration of a system laboratory-immunological methods for the measurement of properties and quality of preparation, and primarily of its efficacy, strictly adequate to the biological nature of the vaccine (correct), highly-reproducable and of a high informative value. Data are presented proving the fact that without solving the problem of standardization of the vaccine it is practically impossible to lay scientific foundation under the choice of the optimal vaccination doses, under the immunization scheme, and introduction into the association with other preparations etc. At the same time it is emphasized that the absence of the system of measurement of the properties responsible for the biological activity of the vaccine also excludes a possibility of successive improvement of the technology of its production.", "contents": "[Analysis of the scientific-methodologic basis for vaccine standardization using cholerogen-toxoid as a model]. The author discusses methodical principles of the vaccine standardization on the basis of experience in the standardization of the cholerogen-toxoid, a principally new vaccine preparation for the immunoprophylaxis of cholera. The author substantiated the statement according to which the following should serve as the task of primary importance in the program of investigations: elaboration of a system laboratory-immunological methods for the measurement of properties and quality of preparation, and primarily of its efficacy, strictly adequate to the biological nature of the vaccine (correct), highly-reproducable and of a high informative value. Data are presented proving the fact that without solving the problem of standardization of the vaccine it is practically impossible to lay scientific foundation under the choice of the optimal vaccination doses, under the immunization scheme, and introduction into the association with other preparations etc. At the same time it is emphasized that the absence of the system of measurement of the properties responsible for the biological activity of the vaccine also excludes a possibility of successive improvement of the technology of its production."}
{"id": "PMID:1221700", "title": "[The action of acridine derivatives on penicillinase production by staphylococcus aureus].", "content": "A study was made of a possibility of inhibition of biosynthesis of penicillinase in Staph. aureus by acridine derivatives. Acetone preparations of penicillinase were obtained from the cultures of staphylococcus strains 16/160 and 8325 (p11(147) pen 1220) grown in the presence of various subbacterial concentrations of acridine derivatives. The activity of the enzyme was studied in experiment and control by the microiodometric method. Acriflavine and proflavine inhibited the penicillinase biosynthesis from the 4th hour of growth, and rivanol, acrichine, acridines No. 27 and 37--from the 12th hour of the culture growth.", "contents": "[The action of acridine derivatives on penicillinase production by staphylococcus aureus]. A study was made of a possibility of inhibition of biosynthesis of penicillinase in Staph. aureus by acridine derivatives. Acetone preparations of penicillinase were obtained from the cultures of staphylococcus strains 16/160 and 8325 (p11(147) pen 1220) grown in the presence of various subbacterial concentrations of acridine derivatives. The activity of the enzyme was studied in experiment and control by the microiodometric method. Acriflavine and proflavine inhibited the penicillinase biosynthesis from the 4th hour of growth, and rivanol, acrichine, acridines No. 27 and 37--from the 12th hour of the culture growth."}
{"id": "PMID:1221701", "title": "[Resistance of different strains of pathogenic staphylococcus to unfavorable environmental factors].", "content": "A study was made of the resistance to drying the UV-irradiation, the action of furacillin and chloramine displayed by 60 stains of S. aureus differing by origin (hospital and extrahospital), by the source of discharge (the upper respiratory tracts of carriers and the discharge of the purulent-inflammatory foci of surgical patients), relation to the antibiotics (polyresistant and sensitive) and phage-group reference. It was found that the resistance of staphylococci to the unfavourable factors was not always associated with the listed signs of the strains. In respect to drying a marked resistance was expressed by the hospital strains in comparison with the extrahospital ones, polyresistant in comparison with the sensitive ones, staphylococci of III and I+III phage groups in comparison with the strains of other bacteriophage groups. Strains of the III phage group proved to be the most resistant to the UV-irradiation. Strains isolated from carriers were more resistant to furacillin than staphylococci isolated from the purulent-inflammatory foci. Strains of the III phage group and nontyping had analogous advantages over the cultures of other phage groups.", "contents": "[Resistance of different strains of pathogenic staphylococcus to unfavorable environmental factors]. A study was made of the resistance to drying the UV-irradiation, the action of furacillin and chloramine displayed by 60 stains of S. aureus differing by origin (hospital and extrahospital), by the source of discharge (the upper respiratory tracts of carriers and the discharge of the purulent-inflammatory foci of surgical patients), relation to the antibiotics (polyresistant and sensitive) and phage-group reference. It was found that the resistance of staphylococci to the unfavourable factors was not always associated with the listed signs of the strains. In respect to drying a marked resistance was expressed by the hospital strains in comparison with the extrahospital ones, polyresistant in comparison with the sensitive ones, staphylococci of III and I+III phage groups in comparison with the strains of other bacteriophage groups. Strains of the III phage group proved to be the most resistant to the UV-irradiation. Strains isolated from carriers were more resistant to furacillin than staphylococci isolated from the purulent-inflammatory foci. Strains of the III phage group and nontyping had analogous advantages over the cultures of other phage groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1221702", "title": "[The role of the carotenoid pigments of staphylococcus in the response of cells to temperature changes].", "content": "A study was made of the reaction of the membranous apparatus of the pigmented strains of staphylococcus 209-P and its four apigmented variants to the action of various temperatures measured by the exit from the cells of the low molecular components. Permeability of the cell membranes in case of the action of the extreme temperatures of the 209-P strain altered much more than that of the apigment variants. It is supposed that the carotinoid pigments of the apathogenic staphylococci took part in the formation of functional lability of the bacterial membranes.", "contents": "[The role of the carotenoid pigments of staphylococcus in the response of cells to temperature changes]. A study was made of the reaction of the membranous apparatus of the pigmented strains of staphylococcus 209-P and its four apigmented variants to the action of various temperatures measured by the exit from the cells of the low molecular components. Permeability of the cell membranes in case of the action of the extreme temperatures of the 209-P strain altered much more than that of the apigment variants. It is supposed that the carotinoid pigments of the apathogenic staphylococci took part in the formation of functional lability of the bacterial membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:1221703", "title": "[Formation of spontaneous and immune rosettes by the cells of the thymus and other formations of the rabbit lymphoid system].", "content": "Only T1--RFC (rosette-forming cells) are revealed in the thymus of nonimmunized rabbits. Their number is 2--2.5 times less than in the palatine tonsils, submaxillary lymph nodes and the spleen. T2--RFC are present in these lymphoid formations. There is an increase in the T1--RFC in the thymus after the intravenous immunization of rabbits with sheep erythrocytes. In other lymphoid formations the correlation of the population of cells of the thymus origin altered as a result of increase in the number of T2--RFC. B--RFC accumulated in considerable amounts. Dynamics of T2 and B--RFC accumulation in the lymphoid formations corresponded to the highest antibody titres in the rabbit blood. In the formation of primary immune response the amount of the T1 and T2-RFC in the formations of rabbit lymphoid system depended on the dose of the antigen.", "contents": "[Formation of spontaneous and immune rosettes by the cells of the thymus and other formations of the rabbit lymphoid system]. Only T1--RFC (rosette-forming cells) are revealed in the thymus of nonimmunized rabbits. Their number is 2--2.5 times less than in the palatine tonsils, submaxillary lymph nodes and the spleen. T2--RFC are present in these lymphoid formations. There is an increase in the T1--RFC in the thymus after the intravenous immunization of rabbits with sheep erythrocytes. In other lymphoid formations the correlation of the population of cells of the thymus origin altered as a result of increase in the number of T2--RFC. B--RFC accumulated in considerable amounts. Dynamics of T2 and B--RFC accumulation in the lymphoid formations corresponded to the highest antibody titres in the rabbit blood. In the formation of primary immune response the amount of the T1 and T2-RFC in the formations of rabbit lymphoid system depended on the dose of the antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:1221704", "title": "[Formation of secretory antibodies in experimental influenza infection].", "content": "The principal peculiarities attending formation of specific secretory immunity in experimental influenza infection were marked individual variability and a relative autonomicity of accumulation of the secretory antibodies. Functional condition of the secretory immunity before the infection influenced the formation of antibodies in the secretions and the blood sera: when the concentration of the secretory antibodies before the infection constituted 1 : 8--1 : 16, general and secretory antibodies accumulated less intensively. There was a progressive fall of the concentration of the secretory immunoglobulin A in the majority of the volunteers the first 3 weeks after the infection. It is supposed that this process played a significant role in the pathogenesis of influenza complications.", "contents": "[Formation of secretory antibodies in experimental influenza infection]. The principal peculiarities attending formation of specific secretory immunity in experimental influenza infection were marked individual variability and a relative autonomicity of accumulation of the secretory antibodies. Functional condition of the secretory immunity before the infection influenced the formation of antibodies in the secretions and the blood sera: when the concentration of the secretory antibodies before the infection constituted 1 : 8--1 : 16, general and secretory antibodies accumulated less intensively. There was a progressive fall of the concentration of the secretory immunoglobulin A in the majority of the volunteers the first 3 weeks after the infection. It is supposed that this process played a significant role in the pathogenesis of influenza complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1221705", "title": "[Immunoglobulins and staphylococcal antitoxin in the sera of patients subjected to surgery for acute appendicitis].", "content": "The content of staphylococcus antitoxin and IgA, IgG and IgM was studied in the sera of 200 patients operated on for various forms of acute appendicitis. 147 patients were subjected to express-immunization with a crude staphylococcus toxoid. It was revealed that the IgA, IgG and IgM level was much lower in the operated on patients than in healthy persons. Express immunization with the toxoid led to a marked increase in the level of staphylococcus antitoxin and also of the IgA, IgG, IgM in the sera of the vaccinated persons. There was no distinct association between the immunoglobulin content in the sera of the patients and the appearance in them of postoperative complications of staphylococcus etiology; it is not excluded, however, that an intensified IgM synthesis could play a certain role in the protection of the macroorganism from staphylococcus infection. A moderate, but statistically significant correlation between the titre of the staphylococcus antitoxin in the sera of the patients and the content of the IgM and IgA in them was revealed.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins and staphylococcal antitoxin in the sera of patients subjected to surgery for acute appendicitis]. The content of staphylococcus antitoxin and IgA, IgG and IgM was studied in the sera of 200 patients operated on for various forms of acute appendicitis. 147 patients were subjected to express-immunization with a crude staphylococcus toxoid. It was revealed that the IgA, IgG and IgM level was much lower in the operated on patients than in healthy persons. Express immunization with the toxoid led to a marked increase in the level of staphylococcus antitoxin and also of the IgA, IgG, IgM in the sera of the vaccinated persons. There was no distinct association between the immunoglobulin content in the sera of the patients and the appearance in them of postoperative complications of staphylococcus etiology; it is not excluded, however, that an intensified IgM synthesis could play a certain role in the protection of the macroorganism from staphylococcus infection. A moderate, but statistically significant correlation between the titre of the staphylococcus antitoxin in the sera of the patients and the content of the IgM and IgA in them was revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221706", "title": "[Incidence of epidemic parotitis in different countries].", "content": "The authors analyzed the incidence of epidemic parotitis in various countries in 1960--1969 on the basis of the data published by the WHO. It can be supposed that there was no significant difference in the morbidity in various countries and that discrepancy in the official data of individual countries was apparently caused by the errors in recording. In the majority of the countries morbidity curve was fluctuating in character with a 4--5-year periodicity. In the countries of the northern hemisphere the greatest number of cases occurred in spring, and in the southern--in autumn. Monthly distribution of cases during the years with a high and low morbidity level displayed no significant changes.", "contents": "[Incidence of epidemic parotitis in different countries]. The authors analyzed the incidence of epidemic parotitis in various countries in 1960--1969 on the basis of the data published by the WHO. It can be supposed that there was no significant difference in the morbidity in various countries and that discrepancy in the official data of individual countries was apparently caused by the errors in recording. In the majority of the countries morbidity curve was fluctuating in character with a 4--5-year periodicity. In the countries of the northern hemisphere the greatest number of cases occurred in spring, and in the southern--in autumn. Monthly distribution of cases during the years with a high and low morbidity level displayed no significant changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1221707", "title": "[New methods of disinfecting the hands].", "content": "An equimolar mixture--9.6 g of 85% formic acid and 19 g of 30% hydrogen peroxide which after 60-minute contact at room temperature contained over 3% and after 120-minute contact--over 5% performic acid was used. Before use the mentioned mixture was diluted with water (to the volume of 1 litre). Exposure period--3 minutes. Comparative tests demonstrated that a mixture with performic acid in hand disinfection provided somewhat better results than 0.2% peracetic acid, and that both peracids produced a much stronger disinfecting action on the skin microbial flora than 80% methyl alcohol.", "contents": "[New methods of disinfecting the hands]. An equimolar mixture--9.6 g of 85% formic acid and 19 g of 30% hydrogen peroxide which after 60-minute contact at room temperature contained over 3% and after 120-minute contact--over 5% performic acid was used. Before use the mentioned mixture was diluted with water (to the volume of 1 litre). Exposure period--3 minutes. Comparative tests demonstrated that a mixture with performic acid in hand disinfection provided somewhat better results than 0.2% peracetic acid, and that both peracids produced a much stronger disinfecting action on the skin microbial flora than 80% methyl alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:1221708", "title": "[L-forms of bacteria in the urine of patients with chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "The authors present the data concerning the study of 200 patients suffering from chronic pyelonephritis; in 28 of these L-forms of bacteria were revealed in the urine. Of 46 L-cultures isolated from these patients 13 reversed into bacterial forms, 8 failed to reverse and were referred to the stable L-forms; the rest 25 L-cultures perished during the 8th--10th passage. This led to a supposition that the relapses and exacerbations of the infectious process in pyelonephritis were associated with the change of the L-forms into bacterial ones, and that the persistence of the L-forms in the kidney tissue promoted the maintenance of the chronic process.", "contents": "[L-forms of bacteria in the urine of patients with chronic pyelonephritis]. The authors present the data concerning the study of 200 patients suffering from chronic pyelonephritis; in 28 of these L-forms of bacteria were revealed in the urine. Of 46 L-cultures isolated from these patients 13 reversed into bacterial forms, 8 failed to reverse and were referred to the stable L-forms; the rest 25 L-cultures perished during the 8th--10th passage. This led to a supposition that the relapses and exacerbations of the infectious process in pyelonephritis were associated with the change of the L-forms into bacterial ones, and that the persistence of the L-forms in the kidney tissue promoted the maintenance of the chronic process."}
{"id": "PMID:1221709", "title": "[Improvement of the serological diagnosis of food poisoning].", "content": "A possibility was shown of improvement of serological diagnosis of salmonelloses with the aid of polyvalent (complex) and group salmonellosis stable formalinized erythrocytic diagnostic agents. The use of the mentioned preparations for titration of antibodies of different immunochemical nature in the sera of patients suffering from food toxicoinfections permitted to confirm the clinical diagnosis of salmonellosis in about 30% of cases.", "contents": "[Improvement of the serological diagnosis of food poisoning]. A possibility was shown of improvement of serological diagnosis of salmonelloses with the aid of polyvalent (complex) and group salmonellosis stable formalinized erythrocytic diagnostic agents. The use of the mentioned preparations for titration of antibodies of different immunochemical nature in the sera of patients suffering from food toxicoinfections permitted to confirm the clinical diagnosis of salmonellosis in about 30% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1221711", "title": "[Characteristics of the bacterial component in the dynamics of the infectious process in experimental pseudotuberculosis].", "content": "A model of experimental pseudotuberculosis caused by the administration to albino mice of virulent local pseudotuberculosis strains was used to study migration of the causative agent into the macroorganism and its tropism. Experimental results permitted to establish a number of regularities attending bacterial spread. The infectious process in pseudotuberculosis began from invasion of the causative agent into the intestinal wall and the subsequent initial bacterial reproduction at the site of invasion and penetration from the intestine into the regional mesenteric lymph nodes. This was followed by rapid reproduction of the microbes in these nodes and contamination of all the organs. With comparatively low doses of the causative agent administered and adequate resistance of mice the infectious process could either stop at the phase of regional infection with regression, or, following hematogenic dissemination, pass into the phase of decline and terminate by animal recovery. Administration of massive doses of the virulent culture led to a septicemic process and death. Experimental data concerning the localization of the microbe in the macroorganism at various phases of the infectious process confirmed the enterotropic character of the pseudotuberculosis causative agent.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the bacterial component in the dynamics of the infectious process in experimental pseudotuberculosis]. A model of experimental pseudotuberculosis caused by the administration to albino mice of virulent local pseudotuberculosis strains was used to study migration of the causative agent into the macroorganism and its tropism. Experimental results permitted to establish a number of regularities attending bacterial spread. The infectious process in pseudotuberculosis began from invasion of the causative agent into the intestinal wall and the subsequent initial bacterial reproduction at the site of invasion and penetration from the intestine into the regional mesenteric lymph nodes. This was followed by rapid reproduction of the microbes in these nodes and contamination of all the organs. With comparatively low doses of the causative agent administered and adequate resistance of mice the infectious process could either stop at the phase of regional infection with regression, or, following hematogenic dissemination, pass into the phase of decline and terminate by animal recovery. Administration of massive doses of the virulent culture led to a septicemic process and death. Experimental data concerning the localization of the microbe in the macroorganism at various phases of the infectious process confirmed the enterotropic character of the pseudotuberculosis causative agent."}
{"id": "PMID:1221712", "title": "[Tin-organic compounds and their biocidal properties].", "content": "The authors studied the disinfecting action of the vapour of tributyltin oxide in the aerosol chamber and came to the conclusion that the tin-organic compounds possessed a wide buicidal action, still inadequately used in practice. The mentioned vapour served as a disinfectant only in the presence of water vapour. Tribytyltin oxide (0.15% concentration) displayed an ovicidal action on the ova of Ascaris suum. Tributyltin laurate produced a good insecticidal effect on Musca domestica.", "contents": "[Tin-organic compounds and their biocidal properties]. The authors studied the disinfecting action of the vapour of tributyltin oxide in the aerosol chamber and came to the conclusion that the tin-organic compounds possessed a wide buicidal action, still inadequately used in practice. The mentioned vapour served as a disinfectant only in the presence of water vapour. Tribytyltin oxide (0.15% concentration) displayed an ovicidal action on the ova of Ascaris suum. Tributyltin laurate produced a good insecticidal effect on Musca domestica."}
{"id": "PMID:1221723", "title": "[Design of new types of chemical vaccines for the prevention of intestinal infections and problems of their qualitative evaluation. Report 2. Immunochemical characteristics of the experimental preparations].", "content": "A study was made of chemical composition and immunochemical properties of 36 samples of the antigenic preparations from typhoid, paratyphoid (A and B) and dysentery (Flexner and Sonne) cultures obtained at the Leningrad, Moscow and Tashkent Institutes of Vaccine and Sera by various methods. The preparations isolated by the method of tryptic proteolysis had a polysaccharide-protein nature, and preparations isolated by the action of chemical reagents (hydroxylamine, hydrogen peroxide, detergents) -- a protein-polysaccharide one. The former contained more nucleic acids, this indicating the presence of components of cytoplasmic and nuclear origin. The preparations were characterized by molecular heterogeneity and contained high- and low-molecular components. The preparations had complex antigenic spectra by the immunodiffusion data; the preparations obtained had complex antigenic spectra by the immunodiffusion data; the preparations obtained had complex antigenic spectra by the immunodiffusion data; the preparations obtained by different method displayed identity reactions, and group specificity was expressed in some of them.", "contents": "[Design of new types of chemical vaccines for the prevention of intestinal infections and problems of their qualitative evaluation. Report 2. Immunochemical characteristics of the experimental preparations]. A study was made of chemical composition and immunochemical properties of 36 samples of the antigenic preparations from typhoid, paratyphoid (A and B) and dysentery (Flexner and Sonne) cultures obtained at the Leningrad, Moscow and Tashkent Institutes of Vaccine and Sera by various methods. The preparations isolated by the method of tryptic proteolysis had a polysaccharide-protein nature, and preparations isolated by the action of chemical reagents (hydroxylamine, hydrogen peroxide, detergents) -- a protein-polysaccharide one. The former contained more nucleic acids, this indicating the presence of components of cytoplasmic and nuclear origin. The preparations were characterized by molecular heterogeneity and contained high- and low-molecular components. The preparations had complex antigenic spectra by the immunodiffusion data; the preparations obtained had complex antigenic spectra by the immunodiffusion data; the preparations obtained had complex antigenic spectra by the immunodiffusion data; the preparations obtained by different method displayed identity reactions, and group specificity was expressed in some of them."}
{"id": "PMID:1221724", "title": "[Immunochemical study of the toxin of C1. botulinum type E].", "content": "Toxins extracted from the cells and the culture fluid of C1. butulinum type E had a similar mol wt and antigenic composition. Trypsin activation led to the appearance of an additional antigen. Coefficient of the cell toxin activation was much greater than the coefficient of activation of the toxin contained in the culture fluid.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of the toxin of C1. botulinum type E]. Toxins extracted from the cells and the culture fluid of C1. butulinum type E had a similar mol wt and antigenic composition. Trypsin activation led to the appearance of an additional antigen. Coefficient of the cell toxin activation was much greater than the coefficient of activation of the toxin contained in the culture fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:1221725", "title": "[Serological activity of incomplete antibodies].", "content": "Blood sera containing incomplete antibodies were studied in various serological tests, by the results of Coombs' and the inhibition of complement fixation tests. It was shown that division of antibodies into complete and incomplete by their serological activity was conditioned. Antibodies detected in Coombs' test could fix the complement. The blocking antibodies depressing the complement fixation test could fix the homologous complement. Proceeding from the latter the author suggests the test of the conglutinating complex fixation which proved to be effective in detection of antibodies inactive in the agglutination and complement fixation tests.", "contents": "[Serological activity of incomplete antibodies]. Blood sera containing incomplete antibodies were studied in various serological tests, by the results of Coombs' and the inhibition of complement fixation tests. It was shown that division of antibodies into complete and incomplete by their serological activity was conditioned. Antibodies detected in Coombs' test could fix the complement. The blocking antibodies depressing the complement fixation test could fix the homologous complement. Proceeding from the latter the author suggests the test of the conglutinating complex fixation which proved to be effective in detection of antibodies inactive in the agglutination and complement fixation tests."}
{"id": "PMID:1221726", "title": "[Influence of the serum of rats subjected to the effects of moderately high temperatures on the immunogenicity of sheep erythrocytes].", "content": "A study was made of the properties of the blood of rats subjected to the action of a moderately high external temperature (40 degrees C); it was shown that the immunogenicity of sheep erythrocytes increased as a result of treatment with the serum at 37 degrees C. Preliminary incubation of the sera with a polyvalent proteinase inhibitor -- trasilol eliminated this effect completely. Immunogenicity of sheep erythrocytes did not increase with the treatment by the serum at a temperature of 2 degrees C. It can be supposed that the action of the serum of the heated rats was caused by an increase in them of the proteinase activity.", "contents": "[Influence of the serum of rats subjected to the effects of moderately high temperatures on the immunogenicity of sheep erythrocytes]. A study was made of the properties of the blood of rats subjected to the action of a moderately high external temperature (40 degrees C); it was shown that the immunogenicity of sheep erythrocytes increased as a result of treatment with the serum at 37 degrees C. Preliminary incubation of the sera with a polyvalent proteinase inhibitor -- trasilol eliminated this effect completely. Immunogenicity of sheep erythrocytes did not increase with the treatment by the serum at a temperature of 2 degrees C. It can be supposed that the action of the serum of the heated rats was caused by an increase in them of the proteinase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1221727", "title": "[Use of the RSP-1M device in practice for the aerosol immunization of humans with dry plague vaccine].", "content": "Creating high concentrations of dry vaccine aerosols, RSP-1M pulverizer provides aspiration doses adequate for effective immunization against plague. Aerosol of dry plague vaccine obtained with the aid of RSP-1M was polydispersive; this provides distribution of the preparation along the whole respiratory tract (in man) and its low reactogenic properties.", "contents": "[Use of the RSP-1M device in practice for the aerosol immunization of humans with dry plague vaccine]. Creating high concentrations of dry vaccine aerosols, RSP-1M pulverizer provides aspiration doses adequate for effective immunization against plague. Aerosol of dry plague vaccine obtained with the aid of RSP-1M was polydispersive; this provides distribution of the preparation along the whole respiratory tract (in man) and its low reactogenic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:1221728", "title": "[Local shwartzman phenomenon in animals with a complete absence and a reduction of the normal microflora].", "content": "Macro- and microscopic changes were studied in case of reproduction of the local Schwartzmann phenomenon in animals with various extent of bioisolation. It was revealed that the Schwartzmann phenomenon was positive in the usual animals and negative in the germ-free guinea pigs and in the animals with reduced enteric microbial flora given sterile diet. In the absence of microscopic changes in the germ-free animals there was revealed in their skin a neutrophilic-mononuclear infiltration of the derma, dilatation of the vessels, thrombosis of individual vessels. Apart from the same changes in guinea pigs with a reduced microbial flora, there were found focal extravasation and thrombosis of a somewhat greater number of vessels. There was no marked thromboses of small branches of the vessels, extensive hemorrhages or necroses which usually accompanied positive Schwartzmann phenomenon.", "contents": "[Local shwartzman phenomenon in animals with a complete absence and a reduction of the normal microflora]. Macro- and microscopic changes were studied in case of reproduction of the local Schwartzmann phenomenon in animals with various extent of bioisolation. It was revealed that the Schwartzmann phenomenon was positive in the usual animals and negative in the germ-free guinea pigs and in the animals with reduced enteric microbial flora given sterile diet. In the absence of microscopic changes in the germ-free animals there was revealed in their skin a neutrophilic-mononuclear infiltration of the derma, dilatation of the vessels, thrombosis of individual vessels. Apart from the same changes in guinea pigs with a reduced microbial flora, there were found focal extravasation and thrombosis of a somewhat greater number of vessels. There was no marked thromboses of small branches of the vessels, extensive hemorrhages or necroses which usually accompanied positive Schwartzmann phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:1221729", "title": "[Interaction of cells of the lymphoid organs in the production of antibodies against the influenza virus. Report 1. Localization of the virus in the cells of the spleen].", "content": "A study was made of localization of crude and inactivated influenza virus injected intravenously and intraperitoneally. Macrophages were found to engulf the virus penetrating into the spleen; this was shown by the quantitative and qualitative immunofluorescent method, elcetron microscopy and inoculation to syngenous recipients of homogenates of macrophagal and lymphocytic fractions of splenic cells. No virus was revealed in the lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Interaction of cells of the lymphoid organs in the production of antibodies against the influenza virus. Report 1. Localization of the virus in the cells of the spleen]. A study was made of localization of crude and inactivated influenza virus injected intravenously and intraperitoneally. Macrophages were found to engulf the virus penetrating into the spleen; this was shown by the quantitative and qualitative immunofluorescent method, elcetron microscopy and inoculation to syngenous recipients of homogenates of macrophagal and lymphocytic fractions of splenic cells. No virus was revealed in the lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:1221730", "title": "[Influence of the recA- mutation on spontaneous filamentation and the titer of the lambda phage in ylonB- mutants of E. coli K12 (lambda)].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of recA- mutation on the spontaneous filament formation and the spontaneous induction of the lambda prophage in the E. coli K12 strain bearing lonB- mutation. It was revealed that in the absence of a functionally-active product of the recA- gene the lonB- strain of E. coli K12 displayed but a partial depression of spontaneous formation of filamentous forms and of spontaneous induction of the lambda prophage.", "contents": "[Influence of the recA- mutation on spontaneous filamentation and the titer of the lambda phage in ylonB- mutants of E. coli K12 (lambda)]. A study was made of the effect of recA- mutation on the spontaneous filament formation and the spontaneous induction of the lambda prophage in the E. coli K12 strain bearing lonB- mutation. It was revealed that in the absence of a functionally-active product of the recA- gene the lonB- strain of E. coli K12 displayed but a partial depression of spontaneous formation of filamentous forms and of spontaneous induction of the lambda prophage."}
{"id": "PMID:1221731", "title": "[Molecular aspects of the interaction between albumin and tannin-treated erythrocytes in the process of hemosensitization. Report 1. Stable and unstable effects. Quantitative parameters].", "content": "A study was made of the process of interaction between the tannin-treated sheep erythrocytes and the human serum albumin. Protein binding increased, whereas the loose/stable binding ratio decreased with the rise of the initial protein concentration. The process of stable albumin binding is described by the Langmour equation, this permitting to assess the limiting binding values -- about 6-10(5) molecules per erythrocyte. Albumin molecules were bound by erythrocyte with their greatest surface. At any concentration albumin was incapable of occupying more than 85% of the erythrocyte surface; at 90% binding level it blocked only 51--52% of the tannin-treated erythrocyte. The data obtained were regarded as a methodical basis for the preparation of erythrocytic diagnostic agents with the proteins of albumin type.", "contents": "[Molecular aspects of the interaction between albumin and tannin-treated erythrocytes in the process of hemosensitization. Report 1. Stable and unstable effects. Quantitative parameters]. A study was made of the process of interaction between the tannin-treated sheep erythrocytes and the human serum albumin. Protein binding increased, whereas the loose/stable binding ratio decreased with the rise of the initial protein concentration. The process of stable albumin binding is described by the Langmour equation, this permitting to assess the limiting binding values -- about 6-10(5) molecules per erythrocyte. Albumin molecules were bound by erythrocyte with their greatest surface. At any concentration albumin was incapable of occupying more than 85% of the erythrocyte surface; at 90% binding level it blocked only 51--52% of the tannin-treated erythrocyte. The data obtained were regarded as a methodical basis for the preparation of erythrocytic diagnostic agents with the proteins of albumin type."}
{"id": "PMID:1221732", "title": "Modified microassay for the rapid and sensitive determination of choline acetyltransferase activity using (3H)-acetyl-CoA and Fonnum's extraction.", "content": "A modified procedure for the quantitative estimation of choline acetyltransferase activity in brain tissue based upon the formation of [3H]-ACh from [3H]-acetyl-CoA is described. The labelled ACh is isolated by a modification of Fonnum's procedure using sodium tetraphenyl borate in ketonic solution. The ChAc-activity is independent on the specific activity of the [3H]-acetyl-CoA used. The substrate blank is higher than with [14C]-labelled substrate but highly stable and reproducible. The method permits the determination of ChAc activity in less than 5 mug of brain tissue. 30-40 samples may be handled by one person per hour easily.", "contents": "Modified microassay for the rapid and sensitive determination of choline acetyltransferase activity using (3H)-acetyl-CoA and Fonnum's extraction. A modified procedure for the quantitative estimation of choline acetyltransferase activity in brain tissue based upon the formation of [3H]-ACh from [3H]-acetyl-CoA is described. The labelled ACh is isolated by a modification of Fonnum's procedure using sodium tetraphenyl borate in ketonic solution. The ChAc-activity is independent on the specific activity of the [3H]-acetyl-CoA used. The substrate blank is higher than with [14C]-labelled substrate but highly stable and reproducible. The method permits the determination of ChAc activity in less than 5 mug of brain tissue. 30-40 samples may be handled by one person per hour easily."}
{"id": "PMID:1221733", "title": "[Reliable micromethod for determination of the protein content in tissue homogenates].", "content": "A micromodification for protein determination in tissue material using Amido black 10 B is described. Compared with the method of LOWRY et al. it requires a comparable time expenditure, but has three principal advantages: 1) it is 5-10fold more sensitive; 2) the calibration curve is linear over a virtually unlimited range; 3) it is feasible in the presence of a number of substances frequently used in protein analyses and making difficult or impossible measurement according to LOWRY et al.", "contents": "[Reliable micromethod for determination of the protein content in tissue homogenates]. A micromodification for protein determination in tissue material using Amido black 10 B is described. Compared with the method of LOWRY et al. it requires a comparable time expenditure, but has three principal advantages: 1) it is 5-10fold more sensitive; 2) the calibration curve is linear over a virtually unlimited range; 3) it is feasible in the presence of a number of substances frequently used in protein analyses and making difficult or impossible measurement according to LOWRY et al."}
{"id": "PMID:1221734", "title": "Effect of triiodothyronine on blood lipids in obesity.", "content": "Different blood lipid components were evaluated in obese and normal Egyptians. In obese, plasma levels of total lipoproteins, beta-lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-esterified fatty acids were found to be significantly elevated. The plasma levels of esterified cholesterol and phospholipids were found to be significantly reduced. Tertroxine caused a drop of the plasma level of total lipoproteins, beta lipoproteins and total cholesterol and rise of plasma level of non-esterified fatty acids.", "contents": "Effect of triiodothyronine on blood lipids in obesity. Different blood lipid components were evaluated in obese and normal Egyptians. In obese, plasma levels of total lipoproteins, beta-lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-esterified fatty acids were found to be significantly elevated. The plasma levels of esterified cholesterol and phospholipids were found to be significantly reduced. Tertroxine caused a drop of the plasma level of total lipoproteins, beta lipoproteins and total cholesterol and rise of plasma level of non-esterified fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1221735", "title": "[Variance and discriminatory analyses for the classification of wakefulness-dependent EEG patterns].", "content": "1. To describe 8 alertness-dependent EEG activity patterns to be observed during wakefulness with eyes closed, mean values and standard deviations of the frequencies 4, ..., 13, 14 to 17, 18 to 22 and 23 to 40 c/sec, of the percentage activity in the theta, alpha and beta bands as well as of the theta and alpha amplitudes were calculated. 2. On the basis of 18 variables significant differences between 7 activity patterns were ascertained by means of univariate and multivariate analyses of variance. 3. In the course of stepwise reduction of variables within the framework of a linear discriminatory analysis, an optimal set of variables was determined for the separation of the patterns comprising the following variables: mean value and standard deviation of the alpha amplitudes and mean value of the theta amplitudes as well as the percent quantity of the frequencies 3, ..., 7, 10, 14 to 17 and 23 to 40 c/sec. 4. By means of a linear regression analysis it was shown that the EEG scoring system can be reflected on an interval scale. In connection with results on the reliability of the methods used the results were discussed.", "contents": "[Variance and discriminatory analyses for the classification of wakefulness-dependent EEG patterns]. 1. To describe 8 alertness-dependent EEG activity patterns to be observed during wakefulness with eyes closed, mean values and standard deviations of the frequencies 4, ..., 13, 14 to 17, 18 to 22 and 23 to 40 c/sec, of the percentage activity in the theta, alpha and beta bands as well as of the theta and alpha amplitudes were calculated. 2. On the basis of 18 variables significant differences between 7 activity patterns were ascertained by means of univariate and multivariate analyses of variance. 3. In the course of stepwise reduction of variables within the framework of a linear discriminatory analysis, an optimal set of variables was determined for the separation of the patterns comprising the following variables: mean value and standard deviation of the alpha amplitudes and mean value of the theta amplitudes as well as the percent quantity of the frequencies 3, ..., 7, 10, 14 to 17 and 23 to 40 c/sec. 4. By means of a linear regression analysis it was shown that the EEG scoring system can be reflected on an interval scale. In connection with results on the reliability of the methods used the results were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221736", "title": "[Electroretinographic study on the causal relationship of the S-R effect].", "content": "In the continuation of earlier studies, further serial-stimulation experiments with prolonged duration of single stimuli were carried out on dark-adapted frogs. The results have revealed a far-going dependence of the retinal response patterns (S-R effect) on the time relations between single stimuli and stimulation intervals. From all the experimental evidence available to date it can be concluded that the demonstrated serial-stimulation effects are brought about primarily in the photorecptors. According to reports in the literature these receptors in the state of dark adaptation respond to intensive, overriding stimuli with a pronounced after-effect causing a reduction of the temporal resolution capacity and of the difference susceptibility. The suppression effect can be regarded as a consequence of this overriding reaction. On the other hand, the recovery effect is caused most probably by the suddenly occurring bright adaptation because the latter makes the after-effect disappear quickly.", "contents": "[Electroretinographic study on the causal relationship of the S-R effect]. In the continuation of earlier studies, further serial-stimulation experiments with prolonged duration of single stimuli were carried out on dark-adapted frogs. The results have revealed a far-going dependence of the retinal response patterns (S-R effect) on the time relations between single stimuli and stimulation intervals. From all the experimental evidence available to date it can be concluded that the demonstrated serial-stimulation effects are brought about primarily in the photorecptors. According to reports in the literature these receptors in the state of dark adaptation respond to intensive, overriding stimuli with a pronounced after-effect causing a reduction of the temporal resolution capacity and of the difference susceptibility. The suppression effect can be regarded as a consequence of this overriding reaction. On the other hand, the recovery effect is caused most probably by the suddenly occurring bright adaptation because the latter makes the after-effect disappear quickly."}
{"id": "PMID:1221737", "title": "[Cardiovascular reflex-reactions on the blood volume changes before and after pharmacological elimination of the efferent heart innervation].", "content": "Reflex changes in the heart frequency, blood pressure and respiratory frequency induced by slow changes of the blood volume are observed in the aesthetized European hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.). Tachycardia, hypertension and hyperpnoe occured during intravenous infusion and bradycardia, hypotension and respiratory inhibition during hemorrhages or local distensions of the junction between the superior vena cava and the right atrium. Various receptor organs of the heart and the great vessels and sympathetic as well as parasympathetic effector mechanisms were involved in the reflex effects. An activation of efferent vagal fibers decreased blood pressure and heart frequency; an excitation of efferent sympathetic fibers increased blood pressure and heart frequency.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular reflex-reactions on the blood volume changes before and after pharmacological elimination of the efferent heart innervation]. Reflex changes in the heart frequency, blood pressure and respiratory frequency induced by slow changes of the blood volume are observed in the aesthetized European hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.). Tachycardia, hypertension and hyperpnoe occured during intravenous infusion and bradycardia, hypotension and respiratory inhibition during hemorrhages or local distensions of the junction between the superior vena cava and the right atrium. Various receptor organs of the heart and the great vessels and sympathetic as well as parasympathetic effector mechanisms were involved in the reflex effects. An activation of efferent vagal fibers decreased blood pressure and heart frequency; an excitation of efferent sympathetic fibers increased blood pressure and heart frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:1221738", "title": "[Modulation of the photically evoked potentials in the motor cortex of cats by influences of the somatosensory system and the reticular formation].", "content": "The influence of somatosensor stimulation and electric stimulation in the mesencephalic reticular formation upon evoked potentials (EP) of the motor cortex (MC) produced by electric stimulation of the Chiasma opticum and the Corpus geniculatum laterale, respectively, was investigated in unnarcotized, immobilized cats. By preliminary electrical stimulation of the contralateral front limb, intensity-dependent changes of the early positive component of the EP in the MC could be produced. Similar changes were found after passive movement of the limb and following electrical stimulation in the reticular formation of the mesencephalon. The EP in the MC completely disappeared after i.v. administration of 15 mg/kg Nembutal. It is concluded that the impulses reaching the MC after stimulation in the visual system can be modulated in various ways, and thus exhibit a relatively high information content. Possible mechanisms of the modulating influences and their significance are discussed.", "contents": "[Modulation of the photically evoked potentials in the motor cortex of cats by influences of the somatosensory system and the reticular formation]. The influence of somatosensor stimulation and electric stimulation in the mesencephalic reticular formation upon evoked potentials (EP) of the motor cortex (MC) produced by electric stimulation of the Chiasma opticum and the Corpus geniculatum laterale, respectively, was investigated in unnarcotized, immobilized cats. By preliminary electrical stimulation of the contralateral front limb, intensity-dependent changes of the early positive component of the EP in the MC could be produced. Similar changes were found after passive movement of the limb and following electrical stimulation in the reticular formation of the mesencephalon. The EP in the MC completely disappeared after i.v. administration of 15 mg/kg Nembutal. It is concluded that the impulses reaching the MC after stimulation in the visual system can be modulated in various ways, and thus exhibit a relatively high information content. Possible mechanisms of the modulating influences and their significance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221739", "title": "[Effect of various amino acids and their antagonists on the cholinergic tremor and acetylcholine release in the CNS of the rat].", "content": "Glycine and GABA administered intraventricularly and intrastriatally were found to inhibit the oxotremorin tremor in rats. The two amino acids reduce both the spontaneous release of acetylcholine into the ventricle and the discharge measured under oxotremorin treatment. The inhibition of the tremor and of acetylcholine release can be blocked by amino acid antagonists (strychnine and picrotoxin), whose effects are not specific for one of these amino acids; this action can be interpreted as effect of interference with other central transmission systems. Structures located close to the ventricles (nigrostriatal path ways) are discussed as possible points of action.", "contents": "[Effect of various amino acids and their antagonists on the cholinergic tremor and acetylcholine release in the CNS of the rat]. Glycine and GABA administered intraventricularly and intrastriatally were found to inhibit the oxotremorin tremor in rats. The two amino acids reduce both the spontaneous release of acetylcholine into the ventricle and the discharge measured under oxotremorin treatment. The inhibition of the tremor and of acetylcholine release can be blocked by amino acid antagonists (strychnine and picrotoxin), whose effects are not specific for one of these amino acids; this action can be interpreted as effect of interference with other central transmission systems. Structures located close to the ventricles (nigrostriatal path ways) are discussed as possible points of action."}
{"id": "PMID:1221740", "title": "Interaction between cellular metabolism and acetylcholine turnover of rat brain cortex slices in the presence of arecoline.", "content": "Centrally acting cholinomimetic drugs like arecoline stimulate active ion transport processes in the synaptic region. Regarding the connection between cellular metabolism and active Na\"-K+-transport the effect of arecoline on the cerebral metabolic status was proved. Arecoline decreased the level of high energic phosphates and glycogen (energy charge diminished from 0,57 to 0,48) and increased the glucose consumption and lactate production. Thus, the increased rate of CoA acetylation via oxidative breakdown of pyruvate seems to be prerequisite for the cholinergically stimulated ACh synthesis.", "contents": "Interaction between cellular metabolism and acetylcholine turnover of rat brain cortex slices in the presence of arecoline. Centrally acting cholinomimetic drugs like arecoline stimulate active ion transport processes in the synaptic region. Regarding the connection between cellular metabolism and active Na\"-K+-transport the effect of arecoline on the cerebral metabolic status was proved. Arecoline decreased the level of high energic phosphates and glycogen (energy charge diminished from 0,57 to 0,48) and increased the glucose consumption and lactate production. Thus, the increased rate of CoA acetylation via oxidative breakdown of pyruvate seems to be prerequisite for the cholinergically stimulated ACh synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221741", "title": "[Stimulation of renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid by repeated administration of drugs in young and adult rats].", "content": "The velocity of renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) could be raised by repeated administration of phenol red, probenecid and penicillin, which are actively transported by the acid carrier into the urine like PAH. These drugs produced an effect in fairly lower doses than PAH. The renal excretion of PAH can be accelerated by repeated pretreatment with the lipid-soluble drugs sulfaclomide, sulfamethoxypyridazine and cyclopenthiazide. It could be demonstrated that the stimulation of renal excretion of PAH by repeated administration of the investigated compounds is less pronounced in young rats than in adult animals.", "contents": "[Stimulation of renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid by repeated administration of drugs in young and adult rats]. The velocity of renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) could be raised by repeated administration of phenol red, probenecid and penicillin, which are actively transported by the acid carrier into the urine like PAH. These drugs produced an effect in fairly lower doses than PAH. The renal excretion of PAH can be accelerated by repeated pretreatment with the lipid-soluble drugs sulfaclomide, sulfamethoxypyridazine and cyclopenthiazide. It could be demonstrated that the stimulation of renal excretion of PAH by repeated administration of the investigated compounds is less pronounced in young rats than in adult animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1221742", "title": "[Studies on human sera for antibodies against Clostridium butyricum strain Jean H 8].", "content": "In 235 human sera, antibodies against Clostridium butyricum strain Jena H8 could be demonstrated in 33 patients (15%); only 189 sera (80%) reacted negatively, and in 5% (13 sera) a questionable reaction was obtained. The results are discussed, pointing out the necessity of preliminary titer determination if the clostridia-tumor phenomenon is to be utilized for early diagnosis of cancer.", "contents": "[Studies on human sera for antibodies against Clostridium butyricum strain Jean H 8]. In 235 human sera, antibodies against Clostridium butyricum strain Jena H8 could be demonstrated in 33 patients (15%); only 189 sera (80%) reacted negatively, and in 5% (13 sera) a questionable reaction was obtained. The results are discussed, pointing out the necessity of preliminary titer determination if the clostridia-tumor phenomenon is to be utilized for early diagnosis of cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1221813", "title": "Histo-physiological study of hypophysectomized dogs in which the hypophysis was replaced by parotid gland.", "content": "This work is an attempt to repeat and confirm the results published by Alvarez-Buylla et al., concerning to hypophysectomy and transplant in salivary gland in dogs. It was found that the survival time was longer in the hypophysectomized-transplanted animals than in those merely hypophysectomized. The 131I uptake by the thyroid of transplanted dogs was lower than by normal dogs, but higher than by the hypophysectomized ones. The histological examination of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal region in both groups of operated animals showed remnants of pars tuberalis cells. The graft of the parotid gland became vascularized exhibiting dilated tubules containing PAS positive granules. An atrophy of thyroid and adrenal glands was also observed. Primordial follicles, follicles in development and cell cords could be found in the ovary of all transplanted animals; in some dogs corpus luteum could also be observed. These results suggest that the transplanted gland in some way provides conditions for the remnant of the hypophyseal cells to perform their function.", "contents": "Histo-physiological study of hypophysectomized dogs in which the hypophysis was replaced by parotid gland. This work is an attempt to repeat and confirm the results published by Alvarez-Buylla et al., concerning to hypophysectomy and transplant in salivary gland in dogs. It was found that the survival time was longer in the hypophysectomized-transplanted animals than in those merely hypophysectomized. The 131I uptake by the thyroid of transplanted dogs was lower than by normal dogs, but higher than by the hypophysectomized ones. The histological examination of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal region in both groups of operated animals showed remnants of pars tuberalis cells. The graft of the parotid gland became vascularized exhibiting dilated tubules containing PAS positive granules. An atrophy of thyroid and adrenal glands was also observed. Primordial follicles, follicles in development and cell cords could be found in the ovary of all transplanted animals; in some dogs corpus luteum could also be observed. These results suggest that the transplanted gland in some way provides conditions for the remnant of the hypophyseal cells to perform their function."}
{"id": "PMID:1221814", "title": "[Racial influence on the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia (author's transl)].", "content": "The ventilatory response  to hypoxia isocapnic test and to CO2 stimulation in normoxic conditions was measured at rest in 42 sea level subjects. They were classified according to their ancestry in four racial groups: Caucasian, Negro, Mongolian and Mestizo. There was no difference in the response of ventilation to CO2 between the groups. However the response of ventilation to hypoxia was statistically significant, lower in the Mongolian and Mestizo groups than in the Caucasian and Negro ones. All the variables measured were similar in the Mongolian and Mestizo groups. Caucasians showed the lowest resting ventilation and Negroes showed the lowest resting heart rate. Statistically, each of  these parameters was significantly different from the other groups. It is concluded that the ventilatory differences observed reflect differences in their peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity to hypoxia, and they may explain the large variation of ventilatory responses to hypoxia found by different investigators. The similar values found in all parameters measured in the Mongolian and Mestizo groups are explained by the ancestral link between these races.", "contents": "[Racial influence on the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia (author's transl)]. The ventilatory response  to hypoxia isocapnic test and to CO2 stimulation in normoxic conditions was measured at rest in 42 sea level subjects. They were classified according to their ancestry in four racial groups: Caucasian, Negro, Mongolian and Mestizo. There was no difference in the response of ventilation to CO2 between the groups. However the response of ventilation to hypoxia was statistically significant, lower in the Mongolian and Mestizo groups than in the Caucasian and Negro ones. All the variables measured were similar in the Mongolian and Mestizo groups. Caucasians showed the lowest resting ventilation and Negroes showed the lowest resting heart rate. Statistically, each of  these parameters was significantly different from the other groups. It is concluded that the ventilatory differences observed reflect differences in their peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity to hypoxia, and they may explain the large variation of ventilatory responses to hypoxia found by different investigators. The similar values found in all parameters measured in the Mongolian and Mestizo groups are explained by the ancestral link between these races."}
{"id": "PMID:1221815", "title": "Brain and hypothalamic catecholamine turnover in relation with puberty in the female rat.", "content": "Turnover of brain and hypothalamic catecholamines was determined in prepuberal, puberal and adult female rats. Turnover was evaluated by measuring the rate of disappearance of endogenous noradrenaline and dopamine after inhibition of synthesis with alpha-methyltyrosine. Rates of falling were significantly high in brains of 30 and 35 day-old-rats and low in brains of 25 and 40 day-old-rats. Hypothalamic noradrenaline decrease exhibited similar changes in relation with age. The increase of NA and DA turnover taking place before puberty was coincident with a high response in plasma luteinizing hormone induced by treatment with ovarian steroids. At the time of puberty and not directly related with the vaginal opening, both brain catecholamine turnover and LH induced response were found to decrease. The results suggest that brain adrenergic mechanisms play some role  in the onset of puberty.", "contents": "Brain and hypothalamic catecholamine turnover in relation with puberty in the female rat. Turnover of brain and hypothalamic catecholamines was determined in prepuberal, puberal and adult female rats. Turnover was evaluated by measuring the rate of disappearance of endogenous noradrenaline and dopamine after inhibition of synthesis with alpha-methyltyrosine. Rates of falling were significantly high in brains of 30 and 35 day-old-rats and low in brains of 25 and 40 day-old-rats. Hypothalamic noradrenaline decrease exhibited similar changes in relation with age. The increase of NA and DA turnover taking place before puberty was coincident with a high response in plasma luteinizing hormone induced by treatment with ovarian steroids. At the time of puberty and not directly related with the vaginal opening, both brain catecholamine turnover and LH induced response were found to decrease. The results suggest that brain adrenergic mechanisms play some role  in the onset of puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:1221816", "title": "Metabolism of steroids by left ovaries of Gallus domesticus during post-embryonic maturation.", "content": "Homogenates of left ovaries from laying hens incubated with labeled pregnenolone or progesterone produced slightly higher amounts of estrone than of estradiol-17 beta. Progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone are probable intermediates. Left ovaries from 1-, 21- and 40-days-old chicks incubated with progesterone as substrate formed increasing amounts of androgens and estrogens. Weight per weight, ovaries from one-day-old chicks have a greater steroidogenic capability than those from adults. The comparative steroidogenesis by testes and left ovaries from Gallus domesticus during growth is also reported.", "contents": "Metabolism of steroids by left ovaries of Gallus domesticus during post-embryonic maturation. Homogenates of left ovaries from laying hens incubated with labeled pregnenolone or progesterone produced slightly higher amounts of estrone than of estradiol-17 beta. Progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone are probable intermediates. Left ovaries from 1-, 21- and 40-days-old chicks incubated with progesterone as substrate formed increasing amounts of androgens and estrogens. Weight per weight, ovaries from one-day-old chicks have a greater steroidogenic capability than those from adults. The comparative steroidogenesis by testes and left ovaries from Gallus domesticus during growth is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1221817", "title": "Incorporation of CDP-choline (methyl-14C) into lecithin or adult rat liver mitochondria and microsomes.", "content": "Incorporation of CDP-choline (Methyl-14C) into liver microsomes and mitochondria was studied in vitro. Labelling of a total homogenate and subsequent separation of subcellular fractions showed that radioactivity was present in both microsomes and mitochondria, the highest specific activity being attained by microsomes. Chase experiments disclosed any transfer of label from one fraction to the other. Individual incubation of microsomes and mitochondria indicated that both fractions were able to incorporate label into phosphatidyl choline independently. The addition of increasing amounts of microsomes to mitochondria enhanced incorporation in proportion to the amount of microsomes added. If 10% contamination of mitochondria with microsomes is assumed, extrapolation of the curve back to zero contamination shows that mitochondria seem to have an autonomous capacity to incorporate the precursor into phosphatidyl choline.", "contents": "Incorporation of CDP-choline (methyl-14C) into lecithin or adult rat liver mitochondria and microsomes. Incorporation of CDP-choline (Methyl-14C) into liver microsomes and mitochondria was studied in vitro. Labelling of a total homogenate and subsequent separation of subcellular fractions showed that radioactivity was present in both microsomes and mitochondria, the highest specific activity being attained by microsomes. Chase experiments disclosed any transfer of label from one fraction to the other. Individual incubation of microsomes and mitochondria indicated that both fractions were able to incorporate label into phosphatidyl choline independently. The addition of increasing amounts of microsomes to mitochondria enhanced incorporation in proportion to the amount of microsomes added. If 10% contamination of mitochondria with microsomes is assumed, extrapolation of the curve back to zero contamination shows that mitochondria seem to have an autonomous capacity to incorporate the precursor into phosphatidyl choline."}
{"id": "PMID:1221825", "title": "[Acarofauna of house dust in Barcelona and surrounding cities].", "content": "The study of the house-dust acarofauna has aroused great interest since Voorhorst and colls. (41), in 1964, showed the continual presence of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in this habitat; and considered by these authors to be mainly responsible for the allergenic capacity of housedust. Studies carried out by other authors around the world confirm the universal character of this acarus and its prevailing presence in house-dust biocenosis. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is usually accompanied with other species of the same Pyroglyphidae family (see table II and III), and by species belonging to other acarian families and groups (table I). In this work 182 house-dust samples have been analyzed; these samples were collected in Barcelona and its surrounding. All have been found to be positive to acari. Samples of 5 g of house-dust were used for the study. The number of acari present in each sample showed a  great variation both in relation to the total of acari present and to the number of isolated Pyroglyphidae (table VII and VIII). Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus appeared to be the prevailing species, found in 175 of the 182 samples examined and representing 39.70% of the total population of the acari collected. Other Pyroglyphidae isolated were D. farinae (95 samples), Euroglyphus maynei (75 samples), D. microceras (19 samples), D. passericola (1 sample) and Malayoglyphus carmelitus (1 sample) (table VI). The frequency and density in which other species of acari appeared in house-dust samples studied are shown in table VII. If we compare our results with those obtained by others (1, 7, 11, 21, 23, 26, 28, 29, 38) we see a great difference according to the frequency of acarian infestation in house-dust. We think that the causes of this variation are the diverse methods and techniques employed in the isolation and enumeration of acari. The low infestation percentages given by some authors could be due to the following: a) a study of insufficient amounts of house-dust samples; b) the lack of a method used for processing the samples; c) the interaction of both factors. The discovery of three single D. passericola specimens found in one sample lets us assume that the pressence of this acarus in house-dust has been sporadic. We think it could originate from birds' feathers or nests. Despite the very high number of Tarsonemus sp. collected (37.17% of the acari total) the representative of this species is actually very low, since almost all of them were found in two different samples taken from the same house.", "contents": "[Acarofauna of house dust in Barcelona and surrounding cities]. The study of the house-dust acarofauna has aroused great interest since Voorhorst and colls. (41), in 1964, showed the continual presence of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in this habitat; and considered by these authors to be mainly responsible for the allergenic capacity of housedust. Studies carried out by other authors around the world confirm the universal character of this acarus and its prevailing presence in house-dust biocenosis. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is usually accompanied with other species of the same Pyroglyphidae family (see table II and III), and by species belonging to other acarian families and groups (table I). In this work 182 house-dust samples have been analyzed; these samples were collected in Barcelona and its surrounding. All have been found to be positive to acari. Samples of 5 g of house-dust were used for the study. The number of acari present in each sample showed a  great variation both in relation to the total of acari present and to the number of isolated Pyroglyphidae (table VII and VIII). Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus appeared to be the prevailing species, found in 175 of the 182 samples examined and representing 39.70% of the total population of the acari collected. Other Pyroglyphidae isolated were D. farinae (95 samples), Euroglyphus maynei (75 samples), D. microceras (19 samples), D. passericola (1 sample) and Malayoglyphus carmelitus (1 sample) (table VI). The frequency and density in which other species of acari appeared in house-dust samples studied are shown in table VII. If we compare our results with those obtained by others (1, 7, 11, 21, 23, 26, 28, 29, 38) we see a great difference according to the frequency of acarian infestation in house-dust. We think that the causes of this variation are the diverse methods and techniques employed in the isolation and enumeration of acari. The low infestation percentages given by some authors could be due to the following: a) a study of insufficient amounts of house-dust samples; b) the lack of a method used for processing the samples; c) the interaction of both factors. The discovery of three single D. passericola specimens found in one sample lets us assume that the pressence of this acarus in house-dust has been sporadic. We think it could originate from birds' feathers or nests. Despite the very high number of Tarsonemus sp. collected (37.17% of the acari total) the representative of this species is actually very low, since almost all of them were found in two different samples taken from the same house."}
{"id": "PMID:1221829", "title": "Idiopathic gastric abscess. A bizarre intramural lesion.", "content": "A case of localized gastric abscess producing an intramural filling defect in the stomach wall is presented. This condition is an unusual manifestation of phlegmonous gastritis and usually presents clinically with a less acute picture than diffuse phlegmonous gastritis. The clinical and roentgenographic features, pathology, treatment and prognosis are reviewed.", "contents": "Idiopathic gastric abscess. A bizarre intramural lesion. A case of localized gastric abscess producing an intramural filling defect in the stomach wall is presented. This condition is an unusual manifestation of phlegmonous gastritis and usually presents clinically with a less acute picture than diffuse phlegmonous gastritis. The clinical and roentgenographic features, pathology, treatment and prognosis are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221826", "title": "[Influence of acari of house dust in the tiology of infantile asthma].", "content": "We have studied 61 children with a previous diagnosis of a possible allergic disease showing clear symptoms in relation to the respiratory system (rhinitis, asthma, etc.). In all cases prick tests were carried out with house-dust extracts Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, T. putrescentiae, A. siro and A. siro + Cheyletus spp. Commercial extracts (Bencard) were used for the former two; the remainder were prepared from the pure culture of the corresponding acari. The technique followed has been described separately. From the results obtained (see Table I) the following conclusions have been reached: 1. The acari of the Dermatophagoides species particularly D. peteronyssinus) are those mainly responsible for the antigenic capacity of house-dust studied in the geographic area of Barcelona and its surroundings. 2. A similarity but no antigenic identity exists between the antigenic extracts of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. 3. The many positive reactions shown by many patients to the various species of acari frequently found in house-dust are due not so much to the antigenic similarity of these acari as to the multiple sensitization or special condition of the individual person. 4. The allergens proceeding from different species of the Tyroglyphidae family, possibly possess a certain antigenic relationship. 5. Finally, it can be asserted that despite the important role played by the acari of the Dermatophagoides species among the different allergenic components of house-dust, it is the remaining acarian fauna present in this dust biocenosis that also has a distinct influence.", "contents": "[Influence of acari of house dust in the tiology of infantile asthma]. We have studied 61 children with a previous diagnosis of a possible allergic disease showing clear symptoms in relation to the respiratory system (rhinitis, asthma, etc.). In all cases prick tests were carried out with house-dust extracts Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, T. putrescentiae, A. siro and A. siro + Cheyletus spp. Commercial extracts (Bencard) were used for the former two; the remainder were prepared from the pure culture of the corresponding acari. The technique followed has been described separately. From the results obtained (see Table I) the following conclusions have been reached: 1. The acari of the Dermatophagoides species particularly D. peteronyssinus) are those mainly responsible for the antigenic capacity of house-dust studied in the geographic area of Barcelona and its surroundings. 2. A similarity but no antigenic identity exists between the antigenic extracts of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. 3. The many positive reactions shown by many patients to the various species of acari frequently found in house-dust are due not so much to the antigenic similarity of these acari as to the multiple sensitization or special condition of the individual person. 4. The allergens proceeding from different species of the Tyroglyphidae family, possibly possess a certain antigenic relationship. 5. Finally, it can be asserted that despite the important role played by the acari of the Dermatophagoides species among the different allergenic components of house-dust, it is the remaining acarian fauna present in this dust biocenosis that also has a distinct influence."}
{"id": "PMID:1221827", "title": "[The activation of the complement system in various connective tissue diseases].", "content": "A knowledge of the complement system in patients with collagen diseases is of interest as it may serve to indicate the existence of activity or non-activity in these diseases. We have studied the existence or non-existence of the activity of the complement system through evaluation of the levels of C3, as well as the implicated mechanism of the classical or alternate pathways through the measure of C'4 and C'3 proactivator components. Quantitation of complement components was obtained by electroimmunodiffusion, employing specific antiserum. From the results obtained, we observed that the complement activity in patients with SLE, the classic pathway was affected more (7 patients of the 24 studied), than the alternate pathway (3 patients). However, in those patients affected by sclerodermia, there seems to be an equal incidence of the activation of complement through both pathways (2 patients with activation through each way). Also of interest is the existence of a patient with SLE and another affected by sclerodermia in which a selective  reduction of C'3 was observed. This observation suggests the possible existence of a selective destruction, perhaps mediated through a factor type such as the nephritic factor. However, there may exist other patients of whom we have already commented on, with a parallel reduction in the three components which suggests a change in the synthesis or in the simultaneous activation in both of the pathways. When realizing the comparative studies of the state in which the immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and complement components are to be found, the conclusion is that there is no significative correlation between the two. This is particularly interesting as it assumes the necessity of knowing the state of the complement and not only of the immunoglobulin, in order to know the state of activity in which the process is.", "contents": "[The activation of the complement system in various connective tissue diseases]. A knowledge of the complement system in patients with collagen diseases is of interest as it may serve to indicate the existence of activity or non-activity in these diseases. We have studied the existence or non-existence of the activity of the complement system through evaluation of the levels of C3, as well as the implicated mechanism of the classical or alternate pathways through the measure of C'4 and C'3 proactivator components. Quantitation of complement components was obtained by electroimmunodiffusion, employing specific antiserum. From the results obtained, we observed that the complement activity in patients with SLE, the classic pathway was affected more (7 patients of the 24 studied), than the alternate pathway (3 patients). However, in those patients affected by sclerodermia, there seems to be an equal incidence of the activation of complement through both pathways (2 patients with activation through each way). Also of interest is the existence of a patient with SLE and another affected by sclerodermia in which a selective  reduction of C'3 was observed. This observation suggests the possible existence of a selective destruction, perhaps mediated through a factor type such as the nephritic factor. However, there may exist other patients of whom we have already commented on, with a parallel reduction in the three components which suggests a change in the synthesis or in the simultaneous activation in both of the pathways. When realizing the comparative studies of the state in which the immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and complement components are to be found, the conclusion is that there is no significative correlation between the two. This is particularly interesting as it assumes the necessity of knowing the state of the complement and not only of the immunoglobulin, in order to know the state of activity in which the process is."}
{"id": "PMID:1221830", "title": "Mallory-Weiss syndrome--revisted.", "content": "Six patients (three women and three men) who had upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to Mallory-Weiss syndrome are described. Retching was the most common precipitating factor (5/6) followed by vomiting (2/6). Basic underlying causes for either retching or vomiting were probable excess alcohol consumption (3/6), side-effects of oral or parentral medication (2/6) and over-indulgence in eating after partial gastrectomy (1/6). The two most important factors leading to confirmation of the diagnosis were: 1. History of events prior to the onset of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and 2. early panendoscopy. One noted feature of the present series is the high incidence of other silent co-existing pathological lesions at the time of endoscopic examination. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage was characterized as mild to moderate (300-500 cc.) in three patients and moderate to severe (1,000-2,000 cc.) in another three patients. All recovered under medical management and none required surgical intervention. It is becoming increasingly evident that such a benign outcome in Mallory-Weiss syndrome is more common than previously recognized.", "contents": "Mallory-Weiss syndrome--revisted. Six patients (three women and three men) who had upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to Mallory-Weiss syndrome are described. Retching was the most common precipitating factor (5/6) followed by vomiting (2/6). Basic underlying causes for either retching or vomiting were probable excess alcohol consumption (3/6), side-effects of oral or parentral medication (2/6) and over-indulgence in eating after partial gastrectomy (1/6). The two most important factors leading to confirmation of the diagnosis were: 1. History of events prior to the onset of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and 2. early panendoscopy. One noted feature of the present series is the high incidence of other silent co-existing pathological lesions at the time of endoscopic examination. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage was characterized as mild to moderate (300-500 cc.) in three patients and moderate to severe (1,000-2,000 cc.) in another three patients. All recovered under medical management and none required surgical intervention. It is becoming increasingly evident that such a benign outcome in Mallory-Weiss syndrome is more common than previously recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:1221831", "title": "Menetrier's disease and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "A 74-year old woman with abdominal pain and edema was diagnosed to have Menetrier's disease on surgical full thickness gastric wall biopsy. Two months later, she complained of increasing severe abdominal pain radiating to the back, unusual in Menetrier's. Work-up showed classic Menetrier's disease with large gastric folds, achlorhydria, gastrointestinal protein loss and hypoalbuminemia. A celiac arteriogram, however, suggested a pancreatic neoplasm and adenocarcinoma of the body of the pancreas was confirmed at laparotomy. This is the first report of the concurrence of these two diseases. The difficulty of differentiating Menetrier's from occult gastrointestinal cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Menetrier's disease and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. A 74-year old woman with abdominal pain and edema was diagnosed to have Menetrier's disease on surgical full thickness gastric wall biopsy. Two months later, she complained of increasing severe abdominal pain radiating to the back, unusual in Menetrier's. Work-up showed classic Menetrier's disease with large gastric folds, achlorhydria, gastrointestinal protein loss and hypoalbuminemia. A celiac arteriogram, however, suggested a pancreatic neoplasm and adenocarcinoma of the body of the pancreas was confirmed at laparotomy. This is the first report of the concurrence of these two diseases. The difficulty of differentiating Menetrier's from occult gastrointestinal cancer is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221884", "title": "Functional structure of the glomerular filtration barrier and the proximal tubuli in the developing foetal and neonatal pig kidney.", "content": "1. The detailed anatomy of the structures forming the glomerular filtration barrier and the proximal tubules was studied during development of foetal and neonatal pigs. 2. In the glomerular filtration barrier during ontogenetic development an increased number of fenestrae was noted in the endothelium. The condensation decreased in the glomerular basement membrane and an increase in the widths of the pedicles was observed. 3. The proximal tubular cells revealed a highly specialised organisation with an enlarged cell surface (microvilli) towards the lumen. In the apical part of the cell a zone containing vesicles probably pinched off from the base of the microvilli was observed. At the base of the cell elongated mitochondria and electron dense bodies were found. 4. An increase in the number of vesicles was observed in the proximal tubular cells from piglets receiving colostrum and exhibiting proteinuria. Judging from these results it seems probable that the nephrons are able to function already in the metanephros of the pig foetuses of 4 cm CR-length. 5. The results imply that there was no structural evidence of an immature glomerular filtration barrier being the cause of neonatal proteinuria. On the other hand an enhanced involvement of the cells of the proximal tubules was noted and this is interpreted to be due to the absorption of proteins from the primary urine after onset of colostrum ingestion by the newborn piglet.", "contents": "Functional structure of the glomerular filtration barrier and the proximal tubuli in the developing foetal and neonatal pig kidney. 1. The detailed anatomy of the structures forming the glomerular filtration barrier and the proximal tubules was studied during development of foetal and neonatal pigs. 2. In the glomerular filtration barrier during ontogenetic development an increased number of fenestrae was noted in the endothelium. The condensation decreased in the glomerular basement membrane and an increase in the widths of the pedicles was observed. 3. The proximal tubular cells revealed a highly specialised organisation with an enlarged cell surface (microvilli) towards the lumen. In the apical part of the cell a zone containing vesicles probably pinched off from the base of the microvilli was observed. At the base of the cell elongated mitochondria and electron dense bodies were found. 4. An increase in the number of vesicles was observed in the proximal tubular cells from piglets receiving colostrum and exhibiting proteinuria. Judging from these results it seems probable that the nephrons are able to function already in the metanephros of the pig foetuses of 4 cm CR-length. 5. The results imply that there was no structural evidence of an immature glomerular filtration barrier being the cause of neonatal proteinuria. On the other hand an enhanced involvement of the cells of the proximal tubules was noted and this is interpreted to be due to the absorption of proteins from the primary urine after onset of colostrum ingestion by the newborn piglet."}
{"id": "PMID:1221885", "title": "Loss of dendritic spines in aging cerebral cortex.", "content": "Previous work has shown that the dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex are sensitive to a wide variety of environmental and surgical manipulations. The present study shows that the normal aging process also affects these spines. The spines were studied with the light microscope in Golgi preparations from rats ranging in age from 3 to 29.5 months. Visible spines were counted on either 25 or 53 mu segments of the basal dendrites, apical dendrites, oblique branches, and terminal tufts of layer V pyramidal cells in area 17. A progressive loss of spines occurred at each of these loci. The smallest observed spine loss (24%) occurred on the dendrites of the terminal tuft, and the largest (40%) on the oblique branches. Age-related spine loss appears to affect all animals, and for animals of any one age the overall loss is similar. However, the cell-to-cell variability within an individual animal is pronounced, some cells with high spine densities being present at every age examined. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between visible spine density along the apical dendrite as it traverses layer IV and the thickness of the dendrite. With advancing age, the relatively thick  dendrites decrease in number so that the thinner dendrites make up an increasingly larger proportion of the total apical dendrite population. Questions that remain for the future include the genesis of the spine loss, its relation to other aging changes, and its functional significance for the neuron.", "contents": "Loss of dendritic spines in aging cerebral cortex. Previous work has shown that the dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex are sensitive to a wide variety of environmental and surgical manipulations. The present study shows that the normal aging process also affects these spines. The spines were studied with the light microscope in Golgi preparations from rats ranging in age from 3 to 29.5 months. Visible spines were counted on either 25 or 53 mu segments of the basal dendrites, apical dendrites, oblique branches, and terminal tufts of layer V pyramidal cells in area 17. A progressive loss of spines occurred at each of these loci. The smallest observed spine loss (24%) occurred on the dendrites of the terminal tuft, and the largest (40%) on the oblique branches. Age-related spine loss appears to affect all animals, and for animals of any one age the overall loss is similar. However, the cell-to-cell variability within an individual animal is pronounced, some cells with high spine densities being present at every age examined. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between visible spine density along the apical dendrite as it traverses layer IV and the thickness of the dendrite. With advancing age, the relatively thick  dendrites decrease in number so that the thinner dendrites make up an increasingly larger proportion of the total apical dendrite population. Questions that remain for the future include the genesis of the spine loss, its relation to other aging changes, and its functional significance for the neuron."}
{"id": "PMID:1221896", "title": "[Favorable course of a bilateral postoperative diaphragmatic paralysis].", "content": "Writing about a case of post-operative diaphragmatic bilateral palsy (bilateral thoracotomies for oesocoloplasty and oesophagectomy necessited by a caustic oesophagitis) on a 8 years old boy, palsy which was cured 6 months after, the authors tell about causes, prognostic and treatment of diaphragmatic palsies. In that observation, treatment consisted essentially in artificial ventilation for months and a half, and on intensive kinesitherapy.", "contents": "[Favorable course of a bilateral postoperative diaphragmatic paralysis]. Writing about a case of post-operative diaphragmatic bilateral palsy (bilateral thoracotomies for oesocoloplasty and oesophagectomy necessited by a caustic oesophagitis) on a 8 years old boy, palsy which was cured 6 months after, the authors tell about causes, prognostic and treatment of diaphragmatic palsies. In that observation, treatment consisted essentially in artificial ventilation for months and a half, and on intensive kinesitherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1221903", "title": "[Effects of administering diets with starch or sucrose basis on certain parameters of calcium metabolism in the young, growing rat].", "content": "The important role of many carbohydrates on calcium metabolism has been demonstrated by FOURNIER and DUPUIS. Starch, however, neither influences the absorption nor the retention of calcium. Less is known about the effects of sucrose. In this study the influence of starch on calcium metabolsim has been compared with that of sucrose. Male weanling Wistar rats were divided into three groups according to their diets. The first group received a refined and well-balanced diet (except for the absence of vitamin D), containing 68 p. 100 of starch. The second group received the same diet except sucrose was substituted for the starch. The third group received the same diet as Group 1, with the addition of vitamin D. Plasma calcium citrate and urinary citrate and calcium were determined. At the age of 2 months after one night of fasting, each group of rats was injected intraperitoneally with a 1 ml, aqueous solution containing 1 mg calcium and 0, 6 mu Ci45Ca. Twenty-four hours later the animals were sacrificed and the calcium femur percentage, radioactivity p. 1,000 of the injected dose of 45Ca, and specific radioactivity were determined. When performance data from Group 3 were compared to Group 1 and Group 2, the following results were obtained: --Group 1 (starch diet without vitamin D) had very low plasma calcium levels; urinary calcium, plasma citrate and urinary citrate levels were lowered, and the calcium femur percentage was smaller. Bone avidity for calcium was found. --Group 2 (sucrose diet without vitamin D) had normal plasma calcium levels. Urinary calcium and citrate and plasma citrate did not show significant differences from those of animals receiving vitamin D. No significant differences were found in the specific radioactivity and radioactivity p. 1,000 of the administered dose. Contrary to starch, sucrose maintained calcium homeostasis, and apparently, normal ossification, although the femur was lighter than those of animals receiving vitamin D. Further work is necessary to determine whether the fructose component of the sucrose molecule is responsible for the increased calcium utilization and, if so, what levels of ingestion are necessary for this activity.", "contents": "[Effects of administering diets with starch or sucrose basis on certain parameters of calcium metabolism in the young, growing rat]. The important role of many carbohydrates on calcium metabolism has been demonstrated by FOURNIER and DUPUIS. Starch, however, neither influences the absorption nor the retention of calcium. Less is known about the effects of sucrose. In this study the influence of starch on calcium metabolsim has been compared with that of sucrose. Male weanling Wistar rats were divided into three groups according to their diets. The first group received a refined and well-balanced diet (except for the absence of vitamin D), containing 68 p. 100 of starch. The second group received the same diet except sucrose was substituted for the starch. The third group received the same diet as Group 1, with the addition of vitamin D. Plasma calcium citrate and urinary citrate and calcium were determined. At the age of 2 months after one night of fasting, each group of rats was injected intraperitoneally with a 1 ml, aqueous solution containing 1 mg calcium and 0, 6 mu Ci45Ca. Twenty-four hours later the animals were sacrificed and the calcium femur percentage, radioactivity p. 1,000 of the injected dose of 45Ca, and specific radioactivity were determined. When performance data from Group 3 were compared to Group 1 and Group 2, the following results were obtained: --Group 1 (starch diet without vitamin D) had very low plasma calcium levels; urinary calcium, plasma citrate and urinary citrate levels were lowered, and the calcium femur percentage was smaller. Bone avidity for calcium was found. --Group 2 (sucrose diet without vitamin D) had normal plasma calcium levels. Urinary calcium and citrate and plasma citrate did not show significant differences from those of animals receiving vitamin D. No significant differences were found in the specific radioactivity and radioactivity p. 1,000 of the administered dose. Contrary to starch, sucrose maintained calcium homeostasis, and apparently, normal ossification, although the femur was lighter than those of animals receiving vitamin D. Further work is necessary to determine whether the fructose component of the sucrose molecule is responsible for the increased calcium utilization and, if so, what levels of ingestion are necessary for this activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1221904", "title": "[Comparative study of the effect of free and combined glucose and fructose on the absorption and retention of calcium].", "content": "Many carbohydrates play an important role in the process of absorption of several inorganic compounds, particularly of calcium, as shown by FOURNIER. VAUGHAN and FILER have proved that all carbohydrates are equally active under particular conditions: the difference of their action on calcium absorption is related to their absorption speed rate. Fructose appears in an intermediate situation between rapidly and slowly absorbed oses according to Cori's classification based on rates of absorption. In order to examine more closely the extent of differences of carbohydrates on calcium absorption, we chose to compare the action of free and combined fructose with that of carbohydrates found in normal feeding. Six months old rats in a state of calcium equilibrium received orally 2 ml aquous mixture containing 0,01 mM/ml calcium supplemented by 0,12 mu Ci 45 Ca and 0,075 mM/ml carbohydrate. The rats were divided into groups according to the carbohydrate they received, which was one of the following: D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, L-sorbose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, starch, glycogen or inulin. Both absorption and retention of calcium were observed. A coefficient of absorption of 45Ca and the specific radioactivity of bone were established by the measurements of radioactivity of blood samples, which were taken 1 1/2 hour, 3 hours and 24 hours after ingestion, of intestinal content and feces, and of a femur after nitroperchloric mineralization. The results showed that values of absorption coefficient and of specific radioactivity are high for slowly absorbed sugars (mannose, sorbose, lactose) but are very low for free glucose or for glucose easily released by intestine enzymatic activity. Free fructose possesses in intermediate activity equivalent to that of inulin. However, sucrose administered at the same concentration has little effect on calcium absorption.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the effect of free and combined glucose and fructose on the absorption and retention of calcium]. Many carbohydrates play an important role in the process of absorption of several inorganic compounds, particularly of calcium, as shown by FOURNIER. VAUGHAN and FILER have proved that all carbohydrates are equally active under particular conditions: the difference of their action on calcium absorption is related to their absorption speed rate. Fructose appears in an intermediate situation between rapidly and slowly absorbed oses according to Cori's classification based on rates of absorption. In order to examine more closely the extent of differences of carbohydrates on calcium absorption, we chose to compare the action of free and combined fructose with that of carbohydrates found in normal feeding. Six months old rats in a state of calcium equilibrium received orally 2 ml aquous mixture containing 0,01 mM/ml calcium supplemented by 0,12 mu Ci 45 Ca and 0,075 mM/ml carbohydrate. The rats were divided into groups according to the carbohydrate they received, which was one of the following: D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, L-sorbose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, starch, glycogen or inulin. Both absorption and retention of calcium were observed. A coefficient of absorption of 45Ca and the specific radioactivity of bone were established by the measurements of radioactivity of blood samples, which were taken 1 1/2 hour, 3 hours and 24 hours after ingestion, of intestinal content and feces, and of a femur after nitroperchloric mineralization. The results showed that values of absorption coefficient and of specific radioactivity are high for slowly absorbed sugars (mannose, sorbose, lactose) but are very low for free glucose or for glucose easily released by intestine enzymatic activity. Free fructose possesses in intermediate activity equivalent to that of inulin. However, sucrose administered at the same concentration has little effect on calcium absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1221905", "title": "[Imbalance through lysine excess and correction by a threonine supplement, as a function of nutritional status].", "content": "Influence of lysine excess, with or without threonine supplementation, on body weight repletion after fasting, liver composition and liver, plasma and muscle free aminoacids, was studied on male adult rats (200g). Animals received either a mixed diet ad libitum (8 p. 100 protein) containing 1.05 p. 100 lysine, or a protein meal (1.1 g protein) supplying 145 mg of lysine per day given at 09.00 hour with free access to a protein-free diet for the rest of the day (separate feeding). The results show: --in animals fed a mixed diet, some effects of lysine excess are observed only on the free aminoacids, and muscular \"RNA/DNA\" ratio, but with a small amplitude; --in separate feeding, lysine excess has a negative effect upon body weight gain, hepatic and muscular \"protein/DNA\" and \"RNA/DNA\" ratios and the liver, plasma and muscle free aminoacids; --a supplement of threonine completely alleviates the effects of lysine excess, as well in mixed feeding as in separate feeding; --the best indicators of the aminoacid balance are the muscle \"RNA/DNA\" ratio and the liver, plasma and muscle free aminoacids; --separate feeding is a more sensitive method than mixed feeding for studying excess lysine unbalance, since such unbalance is obtained with a low level of lysine intake.", "contents": "[Imbalance through lysine excess and correction by a threonine supplement, as a function of nutritional status]. Influence of lysine excess, with or without threonine supplementation, on body weight repletion after fasting, liver composition and liver, plasma and muscle free aminoacids, was studied on male adult rats (200g). Animals received either a mixed diet ad libitum (8 p. 100 protein) containing 1.05 p. 100 lysine, or a protein meal (1.1 g protein) supplying 145 mg of lysine per day given at 09.00 hour with free access to a protein-free diet for the rest of the day (separate feeding). The results show: --in animals fed a mixed diet, some effects of lysine excess are observed only on the free aminoacids, and muscular \"RNA/DNA\" ratio, but with a small amplitude; --in separate feeding, lysine excess has a negative effect upon body weight gain, hepatic and muscular \"protein/DNA\" and \"RNA/DNA\" ratios and the liver, plasma and muscle free aminoacids; --a supplement of threonine completely alleviates the effects of lysine excess, as well in mixed feeding as in separate feeding; --the best indicators of the aminoacid balance are the muscle \"RNA/DNA\" ratio and the liver, plasma and muscle free aminoacids; --separate feeding is a more sensitive method than mixed feeding for studying excess lysine unbalance, since such unbalance is obtained with a low level of lysine intake."}
{"id": "PMID:1221910", "title": "Parasites of the relict fauna of Ceylon. VI. More new helminths from amphibians and reptiles, a new host-record and redescription of Acanthocephalus serendibensis Crusz and Mills 1970.", "content": "A monogenetic trematode Polystoma hakgalense sp. nov. is described from the urinary bladder of the frog Rhacophorus cruciger eques, from the Hakgala Strict Natural Reserve (1 707 m). The following combination of characters distinguishes it fromm all other species of the genus: the random and reticulate anastomoses of the gut, the entire nature of the base of the opisthaptoral hooks, and the lack of vitellaria in the spaces between the opisthaptoral suckers. Acanthocephalus serendibensis is redescribed after a study of the original type specimens, and of fresh specimens from the horn-nosed lizard Ceratophora stoddarti from the Hakagala S.N.R. and from the gecko Cnemaspis kandianus kandianus from Haputale (1 418 m). The gecko is a new host record for A. serendibensis. The original description has been modified as regards the proboscis, which carries 10-12 longitudinal rows of hooks with 3-4 hooks in each row, the embryo within the egg, which bears minute spines over its body-surface and a row of hooks at one end, and the bursa of the male, which lacks bursal rays.", "contents": "Parasites of the relict fauna of Ceylon. VI. More new helminths from amphibians and reptiles, a new host-record and redescription of Acanthocephalus serendibensis Crusz and Mills 1970. A monogenetic trematode Polystoma hakgalense sp. nov. is described from the urinary bladder of the frog Rhacophorus cruciger eques, from the Hakgala Strict Natural Reserve (1 707 m). The following combination of characters distinguishes it fromm all other species of the genus: the random and reticulate anastomoses of the gut, the entire nature of the base of the opisthaptoral hooks, and the lack of vitellaria in the spaces between the opisthaptoral suckers. Acanthocephalus serendibensis is redescribed after a study of the original type specimens, and of fresh specimens from the horn-nosed lizard Ceratophora stoddarti from the Hakagala S.N.R. and from the gecko Cnemaspis kandianus kandianus from Haputale (1 418 m). The gecko is a new host record for A. serendibensis. The original description has been modified as regards the proboscis, which carries 10-12 longitudinal rows of hooks with 3-4 hooks in each row, the embryo within the egg, which bears minute spines over its body-surface and a row of hooks at one end, and the bursa of the male, which lacks bursal rays."}
{"id": "PMID:1221918", "title": "Traumatic disorders of pituitary-hypothalamic function. I. Excretion of follicule-stimulating hormone after closed head injury. A preliminary investigation.", "content": "In an investigation done in a group of 20 patients with cerebral concussion and skull fracture, 5 of whom showed definite EEG signs of brain-stem function disorder, one patient, a member of this subgroup, was found to have a reduced excretion of FSH. This patient also showed amenorrhoea of 4 months duration and olfactory disturbances.", "contents": "Traumatic disorders of pituitary-hypothalamic function. I. Excretion of follicule-stimulating hormone after closed head injury. A preliminary investigation. In an investigation done in a group of 20 patients with cerebral concussion and skull fracture, 5 of whom showed definite EEG signs of brain-stem function disorder, one patient, a member of this subgroup, was found to have a reduced excretion of FSH. This patient also showed amenorrhoea of 4 months duration and olfactory disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:1221913", "title": "[Remarks on the ecological adaptation of the snail aquatic fauna in saline medium of the Dallol ponds. (Republique du Niger) (author's transl)].", "content": "Human vesical and intestinal bilharziasis, bovine fasciolosis and paramphistomosis, equine gastrodiscosis and ovine carmyeriosis, are frequent in the Dallols'region, (12 degrees - 13 degrees 30 N. lat. ; 3 degrees E. long.), Republique du Niger, Africa. Dallols are fossil valleys pouring water from late Saharian lakes. They are also tributaries of the Niger River. During the dry season, they become dry and many residual ponds of varied dimensions; from tens feet to one or two miles long, are lying along the valley bottom. The water is sometimes fresh but more frequently salt, (sodium, calcium and potassium, chlorides, sulfates, carbonates and bicarbonate), are in solution of variable proportions. From november to april, the total salt concentration is increasing by high evaporation and the medium becomes non likely to live for aquatic vector snails, Bulinus truncatus, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus forskalii, Lymnaea natalensis and Afrogyrus coretus.", "contents": "[Remarks on the ecological adaptation of the snail aquatic fauna in saline medium of the Dallol ponds. (Republique du Niger) (author's transl)]. Human vesical and intestinal bilharziasis, bovine fasciolosis and paramphistomosis, equine gastrodiscosis and ovine carmyeriosis, are frequent in the Dallols'region, (12 degrees - 13 degrees 30 N. lat. ; 3 degrees E. long.), Republique du Niger, Africa. Dallols are fossil valleys pouring water from late Saharian lakes. They are also tributaries of the Niger River. During the dry season, they become dry and many residual ponds of varied dimensions; from tens feet to one or two miles long, are lying along the valley bottom. The water is sometimes fresh but more frequently salt, (sodium, calcium and potassium, chlorides, sulfates, carbonates and bicarbonate), are in solution of variable proportions. From november to april, the total salt concentration is increasing by high evaporation and the medium becomes non likely to live for aquatic vector snails, Bulinus truncatus, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus forskalii, Lymnaea natalensis and Afrogyrus coretus."}
{"id": "PMID:1221912", "title": "[Contribution to the study of Microphallidae travassos, 1920 (Trematoda). XXXI. On the shortening of microphallid life-cycles, concerning Maritrema oocysta (Lebour, 107)].", "content": "In France, the larval forms (daughter sporocysts, cercariae and metacercariae) of M. oocysta develop in Hydrobia ulvae Pennant living on Norman coasts of the Channel; they are described again. The microphallid family offers two kinds of development: the first sort concerns the appearance of a progenetic metacercaria, the second concerns that of a confined cercaria. Twelve examples illustrate the tendencies of this evolution.", "contents": "[Contribution to the study of Microphallidae travassos, 1920 (Trematoda). XXXI. On the shortening of microphallid life-cycles, concerning Maritrema oocysta (Lebour, 107)]. In France, the larval forms (daughter sporocysts, cercariae and metacercariae) of M. oocysta develop in Hydrobia ulvae Pennant living on Norman coasts of the Channel; they are described again. The microphallid family offers two kinds of development: the first sort concerns the appearance of a progenetic metacercaria, the second concerns that of a confined cercaria. Twelve examples illustrate the tendencies of this evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:1221919", "title": "Pattern of ipsilateral clinical extinction in brain-damaged patients.", "content": "A test of double tactile simultaneous stimulation was given to 212 patients affected by focal (178) or diffuse (34) cerebral lesions to study the order of dominance between face, hand, and foot. Both in focal and in diffuse brain-damaged patients, a striking dominance of the face over the hand and foot was found. No significant difference between hand and foot was seen, but a mild prevalence of the foot over the hand was suggested by a cumulative analysis of our results. These findings do not support the hypothesis of a continuous downward gradient of dominance from rostral to caudal regions of the body.", "contents": "Pattern of ipsilateral clinical extinction in brain-damaged patients. A test of double tactile simultaneous stimulation was given to 212 patients affected by focal (178) or diffuse (34) cerebral lesions to study the order of dominance between face, hand, and foot. Both in focal and in diffuse brain-damaged patients, a striking dominance of the face over the hand and foot was found. No significant difference between hand and foot was seen, but a mild prevalence of the foot over the hand was suggested by a cumulative analysis of our results. These findings do not support the hypothesis of a continuous downward gradient of dominance from rostral to caudal regions of the body."}
{"id": "PMID:1221914", "title": "[About some observations on aestivation of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller non- or infested by Fasciola hepatica L. (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied vertical and horizontal distribution of L. (Galba) truncatula in two series of dry natural habitats: draining ditches, bovine footprints. The observations show:- the location of most surviving snails on ditch sides and in low parts of footprints; - the presence of broken shells (by predators) on ditch bottom and in high parts of footprints; - the existence of a connection between the infested snails distribution and parasitic development-degree: the mature infested snails are seen in lower parts of habitats than the parts of the immature infested snails.", "contents": "[About some observations on aestivation of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller non- or infested by Fasciola hepatica L. (author's transl)]. The authors studied vertical and horizontal distribution of L. (Galba) truncatula in two series of dry natural habitats: draining ditches, bovine footprints. The observations show:- the location of most surviving snails on ditch sides and in low parts of footprints; - the presence of broken shells (by predators) on ditch bottom and in high parts of footprints; - the existence of a connection between the infested snails distribution and parasitic development-degree: the mature infested snails are seen in lower parts of habitats than the parts of the immature infested snails."}
{"id": "PMID:1221911", "title": "[Contribution to the study of Trematodes in Amphibians from the Cameroon (author's transl)].", "content": "Some 800 Amphibians representing 88 species were dissected for parasitic Trematodes of the digestive tract, the lungs and the bladder. 37 species of Anurans (244 specimens) harboured Trematodes. Nine species already found in Africa were observed. A new species, Haematoloechus ocellati n. sp. parasite of the lungs, is described. We propose the transfer of the species Haplometroides eburnense Maeder, 1969 into the genus Plagitura Holl, 1928. A large number of Anurans were examined for the first time in order to study Helminthes. This work brings in the new elements in the biogeography of african Trematodes Amphibians and increases the number of hosts for already mentioned species.", "contents": "[Contribution to the study of Trematodes in Amphibians from the Cameroon (author's transl)]. Some 800 Amphibians representing 88 species were dissected for parasitic Trematodes of the digestive tract, the lungs and the bladder. 37 species of Anurans (244 specimens) harboured Trematodes. Nine species already found in Africa were observed. A new species, Haematoloechus ocellati n. sp. parasite of the lungs, is described. We propose the transfer of the species Haplometroides eburnense Maeder, 1969 into the genus Plagitura Holl, 1928. A large number of Anurans were examined for the first time in order to study Helminthes. This work brings in the new elements in the biogeography of african Trematodes Amphibians and increases the number of hosts for already mentioned species."}
{"id": "PMID:1221920", "title": "Prognostic value of visual evoked potentials in occipital blindness following basilar artery occlusion.", "content": "Three patients suffering from sudden occipital blindness following basilar artery occlusion underwent electroretinography and visual evoked potential (VEP) examinations. The VEPs performed early in those blind patients and repeated later seem to be of prognostic value. Responses of normal shape and amplitude after monocular and binocular stimulation were followed by complete recovery of vision. Unequal and subnormal VEPs obtained following monocular stimulation, and even smaller responses reached after binocular stimulation, accompanied permanent unilateral occipital damage resulting in homonymous hemianopsia. Lack of VEP was proved to be a preceding sign of permanent blindness.", "contents": "Prognostic value of visual evoked potentials in occipital blindness following basilar artery occlusion. Three patients suffering from sudden occipital blindness following basilar artery occlusion underwent electroretinography and visual evoked potential (VEP) examinations. The VEPs performed early in those blind patients and repeated later seem to be of prognostic value. Responses of normal shape and amplitude after monocular and binocular stimulation were followed by complete recovery of vision. Unequal and subnormal VEPs obtained following monocular stimulation, and even smaller responses reached after binocular stimulation, accompanied permanent unilateral occipital damage resulting in homonymous hemianopsia. Lack of VEP was proved to be a preceding sign of permanent blindness."}
{"id": "PMID:1221915", "title": "[Experimental Schistosomiases. I. Study of S. mansoni fecondity as regards to its adaptation to different Biomphalaria glabrata strains (author's transl)].", "content": "We compared the infestation of different strains of B. glabrata from Brasil (Recife). Guadeloupe, Martinique and Porto-Rico with 6 to 8 miracidia of S. mansoni (from Recife. We noted the four following points: 1. The planorbid snails from Martinique and Guadeloupe had a low resistance to infestation. 2. The guadeloupean snails showed the lesser rate of positivity and the lower medium amount of emitted cercaries but, in the four strains of snails, the level of the issued cercaries is quite the same. 3. many planorbid snails in the groups studied during more than 2 months, showed significant periodic variations in the emission of cercaries, We thought that those variations might be caused by the alternate maturations of sporocysts born from the same miracidium or from different miracidia. 4. Infestation by S. mansoni had a strong effect on fecondity of the snails but the laid eggs had a normal development.", "contents": "[Experimental Schistosomiases. I. Study of S. mansoni fecondity as regards to its adaptation to different Biomphalaria glabrata strains (author's transl)]. We compared the infestation of different strains of B. glabrata from Brasil (Recife). Guadeloupe, Martinique and Porto-Rico with 6 to 8 miracidia of S. mansoni (from Recife. We noted the four following points: 1. The planorbid snails from Martinique and Guadeloupe had a low resistance to infestation. 2. The guadeloupean snails showed the lesser rate of positivity and the lower medium amount of emitted cercaries but, in the four strains of snails, the level of the issued cercaries is quite the same. 3. many planorbid snails in the groups studied during more than 2 months, showed significant periodic variations in the emission of cercaries, We thought that those variations might be caused by the alternate maturations of sporocysts born from the same miracidium or from different miracidia. 4. Infestation by S. mansoni had a strong effect on fecondity of the snails but the laid eggs had a normal development."}
{"id": "PMID:1221916", "title": "[Oestradiol does not modify the proportion between male and female S. mansoni worms in experimental infestation of the golden female hamster (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe here an experiment, the results of which confirm the protecting effect of hormone oestrogen during an experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni in golden female hamster. Furthermore this experiment shows that the hormone oestrogene does not modify the sex-ratio of the worms.", "contents": "[Oestradiol does not modify the proportion between male and female S. mansoni worms in experimental infestation of the golden female hamster (author's transl)]. We describe here an experiment, the results of which confirm the protecting effect of hormone oestrogen during an experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni in golden female hamster. Furthermore this experiment shows that the hormone oestrogene does not modify the sex-ratio of the worms."}
{"id": "PMID:1221922", "title": "New Haven survey of joint diseases. XVII. Relationship between some systemic characteristics and osteoarthrosis in a general population.", "content": "In a survey of the general population the presence or absence of osteoarthrosis of the hand was determined radiologically in 685 adults (300 males and 385 females). Of these, 261 (124 males and 137 females), chosen randomly, were given a complete clinical examination of the musculoskeletal system which included x-ray of joints elsewhere in the body. Osteoarthrosis (OA) scores for the hand and for all body sites were computed for each subject by summing the number of affected joints. For all subjects soical class, height, weight, total serum protein, serum uric acid, haemoglobin, antistreptolysin O, (ASO), C-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor were also measured. Analyses were carried out by simple comparison of means and by calculating multiple regressions and correlations.", "contents": "New Haven survey of joint diseases. XVII. Relationship between some systemic characteristics and osteoarthrosis in a general population. In a survey of the general population the presence or absence of osteoarthrosis of the hand was determined radiologically in 685 adults (300 males and 385 females). Of these, 261 (124 males and 137 females), chosen randomly, were given a complete clinical examination of the musculoskeletal system which included x-ray of joints elsewhere in the body. Osteoarthrosis (OA) scores for the hand and for all body sites were computed for each subject by summing the number of affected joints. For all subjects soical class, height, weight, total serum protein, serum uric acid, haemoglobin, antistreptolysin O, (ASO), C-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor were also measured. Analyses were carried out by simple comparison of means and by calculating multiple regressions and correlations."}
{"id": "PMID:1221923", "title": "Wrist cysts and fistulae. An arthrographic study of the rheumatoid wrist.", "content": "An arthrographic study of the wrist joint, in which 65 rheumatoid wrist joints were satisfactorily shown, gave a high incidence of significant abnormalities even in the absence of clinical signs of wrist involvement. Several synovial protrusion cysts were shown and corresponded to localized clinical swellings on the volar aspect of the wrist joint. These cystic swellings may be apparent before the onset of polyarthritis and may be differentiated from ganglia arthrographically by their association with other features suggesting erosive synovitis. Cystic swelling over the lower end of the ulna is shown to be frequently due to synovial hypertrophy of the inferior radioulnar joint in either a dorsal or volar direction. In one case a fistulous tract was delineated connecting the midcarpal joint with the volar surface of the wrist by a flexor tendon sheath.", "contents": "Wrist cysts and fistulae. An arthrographic study of the rheumatoid wrist. An arthrographic study of the wrist joint, in which 65 rheumatoid wrist joints were satisfactorily shown, gave a high incidence of significant abnormalities even in the absence of clinical signs of wrist involvement. Several synovial protrusion cysts were shown and corresponded to localized clinical swellings on the volar aspect of the wrist joint. These cystic swellings may be apparent before the onset of polyarthritis and may be differentiated from ganglia arthrographically by their association with other features suggesting erosive synovitis. Cystic swelling over the lower end of the ulna is shown to be frequently due to synovial hypertrophy of the inferior radioulnar joint in either a dorsal or volar direction. In one case a fistulous tract was delineated connecting the midcarpal joint with the volar surface of the wrist by a flexor tendon sheath."}
{"id": "PMID:1221924", "title": "Human anti-DNA antibody: reference standards for diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A technique for the measurement of DNA binding activity of sera is described which uses primary internal reference standards in a Farr assay. This allows the DNA binding activity of test sera to be measured in relation to the reference standards and the results are expressed as units/ml. The use of this standardized assay has led to diminished interassay variation and close interlaboratory correlation, and has provided a clinically useful test. In survey using the standardized assay, normal sera were found to have binding activity which did not exceed 15 units/ml; 71% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had levels greater than 25 units/ml; while only 8% of patients with diseases other than SLE had levels above 25 units/ml. Values between 15 and 25 units/ml appeared to have little diagnostic significance.", "contents": "Human anti-DNA antibody: reference standards for diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus. A technique for the measurement of DNA binding activity of sera is described which uses primary internal reference standards in a Farr assay. This allows the DNA binding activity of test sera to be measured in relation to the reference standards and the results are expressed as units/ml. The use of this standardized assay has led to diminished interassay variation and close interlaboratory correlation, and has provided a clinically useful test. In survey using the standardized assay, normal sera were found to have binding activity which did not exceed 15 units/ml; 71% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had levels greater than 25 units/ml; while only 8% of patients with diseases other than SLE had levels above 25 units/ml. Values between 15 and 25 units/ml appeared to have little diagnostic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1221925", "title": "Prognostic significance of DNA-binding capacity patterns in patients with lupus nephritis.", "content": "The time course of DNA binding capacity (DNA-bc) was found to correlate with the clinical course in a group of 21 patients who had biopsy-proven lupus glomerulonephritis and were treated with immunosuppressive agents. Eight patients showed a sequential DNA-bc pattern in which a high titre of anti-DNA antibody was present for a prolonged period of time all having an unfavourable clinical course. Persistently high values of DNA-bc preceded by as much as 10 months evidence of renal deterioration obtained by conventional renal function tests. Thirteen patients showed a low titre of anti-DNA antibody throughout most of their course, 12 having a favourable outcome. An initially high value of DNA-bc had no prognostic significance. These results suggest that the persistence of a high titre of anti-DNA antibody in patients with lupus glomerulonephritis is a poor prognostic sign.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of DNA-binding capacity patterns in patients with lupus nephritis. The time course of DNA binding capacity (DNA-bc) was found to correlate with the clinical course in a group of 21 patients who had biopsy-proven lupus glomerulonephritis and were treated with immunosuppressive agents. Eight patients showed a sequential DNA-bc pattern in which a high titre of anti-DNA antibody was present for a prolonged period of time all having an unfavourable clinical course. Persistently high values of DNA-bc preceded by as much as 10 months evidence of renal deterioration obtained by conventional renal function tests. Thirteen patients showed a low titre of anti-DNA antibody throughout most of their course, 12 having a favourable outcome. An initially high value of DNA-bc had no prognostic significance. These results suggest that the persistence of a high titre of anti-DNA antibody in patients with lupus glomerulonephritis is a poor prognostic sign."}
{"id": "PMID:1221926", "title": "Hypertension in relation to musculoskeletal disorders.", "content": "Generalized osteoarthrosis was found to be significantly more common in older males with high than with low diastolic blood pressure. The excess of osteoarthrosis in those with hypertension was mainly in the hips, knees, carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints, and was independent of obesity in the hypertensive group. It was not associated with a higher cholesterol or uric acid level in the serum. Radiological evidence of avascular necrosis was present in 36% of males with osteoarthrosis of the hips and diastolic blood pressure above 100 mmHg, in 20% with a diastolic pressure of 81-100 mmHg, but was found in none of those with osteoarthrosis and blood pressure of 80 mmHg or below. Only those with osteoarthrosis and a diastolic pressure above 100 mmHg had significantly more avascular necrosis that expected. Osteoarthrosis of the knee in female was more frequent in the hypertensive groups independent of obesity. It is concluded that vascular disorders are involved in this form of generalized osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "Hypertension in relation to musculoskeletal disorders. Generalized osteoarthrosis was found to be significantly more common in older males with high than with low diastolic blood pressure. The excess of osteoarthrosis in those with hypertension was mainly in the hips, knees, carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints, and was independent of obesity in the hypertensive group. It was not associated with a higher cholesterol or uric acid level in the serum. Radiological evidence of avascular necrosis was present in 36% of males with osteoarthrosis of the hips and diastolic blood pressure above 100 mmHg, in 20% with a diastolic pressure of 81-100 mmHg, but was found in none of those with osteoarthrosis and blood pressure of 80 mmHg or below. Only those with osteoarthrosis and a diastolic pressure above 100 mmHg had significantly more avascular necrosis that expected. Osteoarthrosis of the knee in female was more frequent in the hypertensive groups independent of obesity. It is concluded that vascular disorders are involved in this form of generalized osteoarthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221936", "title": "Xeroradiographic techniques applied to assessment of Achilles tendon in inflammatory or metabolic diseases.", "content": "Ten patients with inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's disease) or metabolic disease (gout, pseudogout, tendinous xanthomatosis) affecting the Achilles tendons are presented and discussed. Radiological lateral views of heel were obtained with xeroradiographic techniques, which permitted the recording on the same image of details of both bone and soft tissue and the evaluation and quantification of the changes in the Achilles tendons. Xeroradiography seems to be a very suitable radiological technique for routine use in the evaluation and follow up of rheumatic diseases of the foot.", "contents": "Xeroradiographic techniques applied to assessment of Achilles tendon in inflammatory or metabolic diseases. Ten patients with inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's disease) or metabolic disease (gout, pseudogout, tendinous xanthomatosis) affecting the Achilles tendons are presented and discussed. Radiological lateral views of heel were obtained with xeroradiographic techniques, which permitted the recording on the same image of details of both bone and soft tissue and the evaluation and quantification of the changes in the Achilles tendons. Xeroradiography seems to be a very suitable radiological technique for routine use in the evaluation and follow up of rheumatic diseases of the foot."}
{"id": "PMID:1221937", "title": "Fistulization of rheumatoid joints. Spectrum of identifiable syndromes.", "content": "Eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed cutaneous fistulae adjacent to affected joints. Rheumatoid factor was positive in eight patients; subcutaneous nodules were noted in seven. Two patients had features of rheumatoid vasculitis. A spectrum of syndrome characterized by cutaneous fistulae was observed. Three patients showed classical fistulous rheumatism. Four patients developed septic arthritis which subsequently fistulized; in two, infection was associated with total joint replacement. One patient showed a cutaneous sinus accompanying a large calf cyst. A variety of diagnoses must be considered when cutaneous fistulae appear near joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Fistulization of rheumatoid joints. Spectrum of identifiable syndromes. Eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed cutaneous fistulae adjacent to affected joints. Rheumatoid factor was positive in eight patients; subcutaneous nodules were noted in seven. Two patients had features of rheumatoid vasculitis. A spectrum of syndrome characterized by cutaneous fistulae was observed. Three patients showed classical fistulous rheumatism. Four patients developed septic arthritis which subsequently fistulized; in two, infection was associated with total joint replacement. One patient showed a cutaneous sinus accompanying a large calf cyst. A variety of diagnoses must be considered when cutaneous fistulae appear near joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221938", "title": "Ectopic calcification around joints of paralysed limbs in hemiplegia, diffuse brain damage, and other neurological diseases.", "content": "Mechanical deformity associated, with neurological disease is commonly encountered in the form of contractures, or pre-existing arthritis. Less common is the occurrence of ectopic calcification around the joints of a paralysed limb. Two forms of this are presented in a series of twenty patients. Para-articular calcification with the appearance of myositis ossificans around large joints of the affected limbs occurred most often. The interior of the joints was not affected, nor was there evidence of bony injury. In some cases, however, the excessive outgrowth of bone around the joint eventually resulted in a functional ankylosis by a uniting bar of bone outside the joint. The second form of calcification was periosteal, which unlike the first type was resorbed and left an area of cortical bony thickening.", "contents": "Ectopic calcification around joints of paralysed limbs in hemiplegia, diffuse brain damage, and other neurological diseases. Mechanical deformity associated, with neurological disease is commonly encountered in the form of contractures, or pre-existing arthritis. Less common is the occurrence of ectopic calcification around the joints of a paralysed limb. Two forms of this are presented in a series of twenty patients. Para-articular calcification with the appearance of myositis ossificans around large joints of the affected limbs occurred most often. The interior of the joints was not affected, nor was there evidence of bony injury. In some cases, however, the excessive outgrowth of bone around the joint eventually resulted in a functional ankylosis by a uniting bar of bone outside the joint. The second form of calcification was periosteal, which unlike the first type was resorbed and left an area of cortical bony thickening."}
{"id": "PMID:1221940", "title": "Effect of intra-articular inj-ction of radioactive colloids of erbium and yttrium on the growth of rabbit legs.", "content": "The effect of the intra-articular injection of radioactive erbium 169 and yttrium 90 on the growth of the leg in rabbits has been studied. I colloid state these isotopes are used clinically for synovial ablation. These beta emitters slow down bone growth in proportion to the amount of radioactivity injected. If the joint has previously been damaged by an inflammatory arthritis the effect of the radiation on the bone growth is reduced.", "contents": "Effect of intra-articular inj-ction of radioactive colloids of erbium and yttrium on the growth of rabbit legs. The effect of the intra-articular injection of radioactive erbium 169 and yttrium 90 on the growth of the leg in rabbits has been studied. I colloid state these isotopes are used clinically for synovial ablation. These beta emitters slow down bone growth in proportion to the amount of radioactivity injected. If the joint has previously been damaged by an inflammatory arthritis the effect of the radiation on the bone growth is reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:1221939", "title": "Potassium metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Effects of treatment with depot tetracosactrin, spironolactone, and oral supplements of potassium chloride.", "content": "(1) Plasma and urine electrolytes and whole body potassium have measured before and after a 2-week administration of depot tetracosactrin 0.5 mg on alternate days to eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA.) The effects of adding supplements of potassium chloride (48 mmol/d) and spironolactone 200 mg daily have been investigated. (2) Acute changes in red blood cell water and potassium content, plasma electrolyte concentration, and plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels were measured for 48 hours after a single intramuscular injection of 0.5 mg depot tetracosactrin in six patients with RA. (3) The measured total body potassium was significantly less than that predicted from the height, weight, and age formula in patients with RA. (4) Treatment with depot tetracosactrin resulted in an acute fall in plasma and red cell potassium independent of external potassium loss. (5) Two weeks of treatment with depot tetracosactrin resulted in hypokalaemia and a rise in plasma sodium and bicarbonate. There was no associated electrocardiogram changes or a rise in blood pressure. (6) Neither oral potassium supplements nor spironolactone altered total body potassium. (7) The significance of the findings and the physiological mechanisms underlying them are discussed.", "contents": "Potassium metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Effects of treatment with depot tetracosactrin, spironolactone, and oral supplements of potassium chloride. (1) Plasma and urine electrolytes and whole body potassium have measured before and after a 2-week administration of depot tetracosactrin 0.5 mg on alternate days to eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA.) The effects of adding supplements of potassium chloride (48 mmol/d) and spironolactone 200 mg daily have been investigated. (2) Acute changes in red blood cell water and potassium content, plasma electrolyte concentration, and plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels were measured for 48 hours after a single intramuscular injection of 0.5 mg depot tetracosactrin in six patients with RA. (3) The measured total body potassium was significantly less than that predicted from the height, weight, and age formula in patients with RA. (4) Treatment with depot tetracosactrin resulted in an acute fall in plasma and red cell potassium independent of external potassium loss. (5) Two weeks of treatment with depot tetracosactrin resulted in hypokalaemia and a rise in plasma sodium and bicarbonate. There was no associated electrocardiogram changes or a rise in blood pressure. (6) Neither oral potassium supplements nor spironolactone altered total body potassium. (7) The significance of the findings and the physiological mechanisms underlying them are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221941", "title": "Neurofibrosarcoma following radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Twenty-six years after radiotherapy to the spine for ankylosing spondylitis a patient developed a neurofibrosarcoma initially around the left sacroiliac joint. It is likely that this was a long-term complication of the radiotherapy.", "contents": "Neurofibrosarcoma following radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis. Twenty-six years after radiotherapy to the spine for ankylosing spondylitis a patient developed a neurofibrosarcoma initially around the left sacroiliac joint. It is likely that this was a long-term complication of the radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1221962", "title": "[Nanism caused by water deprivation, with transitory growth hormone deficiency].", "content": "Report of a case of a girl admitted for alcoholic poisoning then for a toxic syndrome with considerable hypernatremia. Clinical examination showed a dwarfism (-4 S.D.) with break of the growth curve and bone-age retardation. History revealed cruelty and thirsting since the age of 2 years. Isolated somatotropin insufficiency was found. Separation from the family and free drinking induced a spectacular recovery of growth and normalization of growth hormone level. The relative role and relationships between growth hormone deficiency and chronic dehydration due to water deprivation in the physiopathology of dwarfism due to frustration are discussed.", "contents": "[Nanism caused by water deprivation, with transitory growth hormone deficiency]. Report of a case of a girl admitted for alcoholic poisoning then for a toxic syndrome with considerable hypernatremia. Clinical examination showed a dwarfism (-4 S.D.) with break of the growth curve and bone-age retardation. History revealed cruelty and thirsting since the age of 2 years. Isolated somatotropin insufficiency was found. Separation from the family and free drinking induced a spectacular recovery of growth and normalization of growth hormone level. The relative role and relationships between growth hormone deficiency and chronic dehydration due to water deprivation in the physiopathology of dwarfism due to frustration are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1221961", "title": "[Nephroepithelioma of children manifested by isolated recurrent hematuria. Diagnostic problems apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "In children, nephroepithelioma represent less than 10% of the malignant tumors of the kidney. Reporting 3 cases, the authors emphasize that the clinical expression of nephroepithelioma, often made only of recurrent hematuria occuring over years, may mislead adequate diagnostic approach. Thus, a kidney arteriogram should be included in the investigations of nephroepithelioma. Earlier diagnosis may improve the rate of recovery from nephroepithelioma which, in children, is about 30%.", "contents": "[Nephroepithelioma of children manifested by isolated recurrent hematuria. Diagnostic problems apropos of 3 cases]. In children, nephroepithelioma represent less than 10% of the malignant tumors of the kidney. Reporting 3 cases, the authors emphasize that the clinical expression of nephroepithelioma, often made only of recurrent hematuria occuring over years, may mislead adequate diagnostic approach. Thus, a kidney arteriogram should be included in the investigations of nephroepithelioma. Earlier diagnosis may improve the rate of recovery from nephroepithelioma which, in children, is about 30%."}
{"id": "PMID:1221956", "title": "[Dwarfism and hyperlaxity, facial dysmorphism and multiple dislocations. Larsen's syndrome?].", "content": "Five similar cases of children ranging from 6 months to 6 1/2 years of age are reported. The presented with dwarfism, generalized hyperlaxity, characteristic facial appearance, constant dislocations of elbows and knees. Bone-age was advanced and bones were slender and osteoporotic with metaphyseal thickening. All the cases appeared separately in normal families. These associated malformations resembled Larsen's syndrome, in spite of some different features.", "contents": "[Dwarfism and hyperlaxity, facial dysmorphism and multiple dislocations. Larsen's syndrome?]. Five similar cases of children ranging from 6 months to 6 1/2 years of age are reported. The presented with dwarfism, generalized hyperlaxity, characteristic facial appearance, constant dislocations of elbows and knees. Bone-age was advanced and bones were slender and osteoporotic with metaphyseal thickening. All the cases appeared separately in normal families. These associated malformations resembled Larsen's syndrome, in spite of some different features."}
{"id": "PMID:1221963", "title": "[Coprologic anomaly in mucoviscidosis. Presence of albumin in low concentration in the feces].", "content": "With an immunological technique, presence of albumin was searched in the stools of 47 patients with cystic fibrosis and 54 controls. Albumin was found in 93% of cystic fibrosis, at a mean level of 90 mg/100 g of fresh stools. The test was negative in the 54 healthy controls. It was positive in one case of congenita IgA deficiency and in one untreated case of Hirschprung's disease. When found in the stools, albumin may give a useful additional diagnostic element.", "contents": "[Coprologic anomaly in mucoviscidosis. Presence of albumin in low concentration in the feces]. With an immunological technique, presence of albumin was searched in the stools of 47 patients with cystic fibrosis and 54 controls. Albumin was found in 93% of cystic fibrosis, at a mean level of 90 mg/100 g of fresh stools. The test was negative in the 54 healthy controls. It was positive in one case of congenita IgA deficiency and in one untreated case of Hirschprung's disease. When found in the stools, albumin may give a useful additional diagnostic element."}
{"id": "PMID:1221957", "title": "[Congenital mitral abnormalities in children. Apropos of 44 cases].", "content": "Forty-four cases of mitral malformation were studied. Thirty times it was a mitral regurgitation, 10 times, a mitral stenosis. High frequency of associated malformations was observed. Tolerance was almost always very bad, leading to surgery in spite of the young age. Operative mortality was high (30%). To a certain extent, surgery should be palliative: commissurotomy in case of stenosis, with almost always bad results; annuloplasty in case of regurgitation, with sometimes good results. Good surgical results were observed in one third of the cases.", "contents": "[Congenital mitral abnormalities in children. Apropos of 44 cases]. Forty-four cases of mitral malformation were studied. Thirty times it was a mitral regurgitation, 10 times, a mitral stenosis. High frequency of associated malformations was observed. Tolerance was almost always very bad, leading to surgery in spite of the young age. Operative mortality was high (30%). To a certain extent, surgery should be palliative: commissurotomy in case of stenosis, with almost always bad results; annuloplasty in case of regurgitation, with sometimes good results. Good surgical results were observed in one third of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:1221964", "title": "[IgG type autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a 7-week-old infant].", "content": "A 7 week old infant was admitted for auto-immune hemolytic anemia, of progressive onset. Auto-antibodies were of IgG nature and of anti-e and anti-nl specificity. Treatment associated transfusions of leukocyte-free blood and corticosteroids reaching 4,5 mg/kg/day. Hemolysis stopped after 15 days and corticosteroid therapy was stopped without incident over 30 days. One month later, the clinical status was excellent, blood count was normal and immuno-hematological tests were negative. This case is a new one of the few auto-immune hemolytic anemias in children under 3 months of age. All showed an adequate immune development allowing the typical clinical and biological picture of an auto-immune disease, in spite of the classical idea of immunological immaturity, at this age.", "contents": "[IgG type autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a 7-week-old infant]. A 7 week old infant was admitted for auto-immune hemolytic anemia, of progressive onset. Auto-antibodies were of IgG nature and of anti-e and anti-nl specificity. Treatment associated transfusions of leukocyte-free blood and corticosteroids reaching 4,5 mg/kg/day. Hemolysis stopped after 15 days and corticosteroid therapy was stopped without incident over 30 days. One month later, the clinical status was excellent, blood count was normal and immuno-hematological tests were negative. This case is a new one of the few auto-immune hemolytic anemias in children under 3 months of age. All showed an adequate immune development allowing the typical clinical and biological picture of an auto-immune disease, in spite of the classical idea of immunological immaturity, at this age."}
{"id": "PMID:1221965", "title": "[Familial hemolytic-uremic syndrome with normal renal biopsy].", "content": "Five children from 3 different families, presented several attacks of hemolytic-uremic syndrome with peculiar features:--in 4/5 children the disease was familial; 4 presented 2 attacks, the 5th 3 attacks, separated by several months or years of time-interval;--the \"bouts\" were constantly marked by the initial high level of reticulocytes, rapid recovery of hematuria, renal failure and thrombocytopenia;--overall, repeated biopsies of the kidney never showed any lesion of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries or of the arteriolar walls leading to the diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathy;--all etiological enquiries to precise the cause of chronic hemolysis were negative.", "contents": "[Familial hemolytic-uremic syndrome with normal renal biopsy]. Five children from 3 different families, presented several attacks of hemolytic-uremic syndrome with peculiar features:--in 4/5 children the disease was familial; 4 presented 2 attacks, the 5th 3 attacks, separated by several months or years of time-interval;--the \"bouts\" were constantly marked by the initial high level of reticulocytes, rapid recovery of hematuria, renal failure and thrombocytopenia;--overall, repeated biopsies of the kidney never showed any lesion of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries or of the arteriolar walls leading to the diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathy;--all etiological enquiries to precise the cause of chronic hemolysis were negative."}
{"id": "PMID:1221954", "title": "[Neonatal jaundice due to anti-D allo-immunization with negative direct Coombs' test].", "content": "The case is reported of a newborn with jaundice due to anti-D Rh iso-immunization, with a negative Coombs' test. The finding of a positive red cell auto-agglutination test, the red cells being treated with bromelin and incubated in their own serum, suggests an immune phenomenon. Free antibody with anti-D specificity reacting with bromelin treated R.B.C.'s was found in the sera of the mother and infant.", "contents": "[Neonatal jaundice due to anti-D allo-immunization with negative direct Coombs' test]. The case is reported of a newborn with jaundice due to anti-D Rh iso-immunization, with a negative Coombs' test. The finding of a positive red cell auto-agglutination test, the red cells being treated with bromelin and incubated in their own serum, suggests an immune phenomenon. Free antibody with anti-D specificity reacting with bromelin treated R.B.C.'s was found in the sera of the mother and infant."}
{"id": "PMID:1221958", "title": "[Cardiac malpositions. Apropos of 5 observations in the neonatal period].", "content": "Five cases of cardiac malpositions, discovered in the neonatal period, with early death are reported. The determination of the position of the cardiac cavities is essential for appropriate studies of angiocardiograms and appreciation of the possibilities of surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Cardiac malpositions. Apropos of 5 observations in the neonatal period]. Five cases of cardiac malpositions, discovered in the neonatal period, with early death are reported. The determination of the position of the cardiac cavities is essential for appropriate studies of angiocardiograms and appreciation of the possibilities of surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1221959", "title": "[Agenesia of the pulmonary valves manifested by ventilation disorders. In the newborn].", "content": "Agenesia of the pulmonary valves is often responsible for severe disorders of ventilation by bronchial compression in newborns. This may be involved in case of respiratory distress, with a double murmur, expressing the stenosis of an avalvulated pulmonary ring and the massive pulmonary regurgitation. The bad tolerance is due to the association with an interventricular dilatation of the pulmonary artery, which characterizes this malformative complex. The prognosis is severe and the treatment is disappointing since all surgical attempts failed at this age.", "contents": "[Agenesia of the pulmonary valves manifested by ventilation disorders. In the newborn]. Agenesia of the pulmonary valves is often responsible for severe disorders of ventilation by bronchial compression in newborns. This may be involved in case of respiratory distress, with a double murmur, expressing the stenosis of an avalvulated pulmonary ring and the massive pulmonary regurgitation. The bad tolerance is due to the association with an interventricular dilatation of the pulmonary artery, which characterizes this malformative complex. The prognosis is severe and the treatment is disappointing since all surgical attempts failed at this age."}
{"id": "PMID:1221986", "title": "[A comparative microspectrophotometric study of the concentration of DNA in the cells of laryngeal tumors in histologic and cytologic preparations].", "content": "A microspectrophotometric study of DNA content in nuclei of cells of the normal larynx mucosa, papiloma, epithelial layer of fibromas, areas of atypical hyperplasia of the epithelium of papillomas, intraepithelial cancer, squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx, matastases in the regional lymph nodes, was carried out on the basis of bioptic and operation materials. A total of 82 histological sections and 50 cytological preparations (impressions) obtained from the same specimens of the tissue were investigated. The microspectrophotometric investigation revealed the growth of DNA \"accumulation indices\" from stratified squamous epithelium (2.5) through atypical proliferation (3.9) to squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx (8.2) and its metastases (12.4). The DNA content in intrapithelial cancer was higher than that in invasive squamous-cell carcinoma. Determination of the type of distribution of nuclei of cells of a tumour in cytological and histological preparations (in growth zones) according to ploidity and of characteristic features of the tissue with the help of the generalized \"accumulation index\" of DNA may be helpful as objective tests in morphological diagnosis of precancer and cancer processes in the larynx and in taking decisions concerning their prognosis.", "contents": "[A comparative microspectrophotometric study of the concentration of DNA in the cells of laryngeal tumors in histologic and cytologic preparations]. A microspectrophotometric study of DNA content in nuclei of cells of the normal larynx mucosa, papiloma, epithelial layer of fibromas, areas of atypical hyperplasia of the epithelium of papillomas, intraepithelial cancer, squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx, matastases in the regional lymph nodes, was carried out on the basis of bioptic and operation materials. A total of 82 histological sections and 50 cytological preparations (impressions) obtained from the same specimens of the tissue were investigated. The microspectrophotometric investigation revealed the growth of DNA \"accumulation indices\" from stratified squamous epithelium (2.5) through atypical proliferation (3.9) to squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx (8.2) and its metastases (12.4). The DNA content in intrapithelial cancer was higher than that in invasive squamous-cell carcinoma. Determination of the type of distribution of nuclei of cells of a tumour in cytological and histological preparations (in growth zones) according to ploidity and of characteristic features of the tissue with the help of the generalized \"accumulation index\" of DNA may be helpful as objective tests in morphological diagnosis of precancer and cancer processes in the larynx and in taking decisions concerning their prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1221987", "title": "[Cytologic diagnosis of different histologic forms of lung cancer].", "content": "Parallel cytological and histological investigations in 511 patients with of the lung cancer confirmed the possibility of verification of a tumour form on the basis of cytological preparations. Determination of cancer forms is carried out on the basis of the same principle criteria which are used in a histological investigation. The first stage of diagnosis consists in search for cellular, structural and functional signs of epidermoid and glandular differentiation. In the absence of these, there are grounds to consider the diagnosis to be non-differentiated cancer with subdivisions into micro- and macrocellular variants. Squamous-cell carcinoma with cornification highly differentiated adenocarcinoma and non-differentiated microcellular cancer possess characteristic features ensuring a highly reliable-cytological diagnosis. Cytological diagnosis of squamous-cell cancer was correct in 95.3% of cases, that of non-differentiated microcellular cancer-in 87.1%, and that of glandular cancer-in 81.2% of cases. The majority of errors made in verification of squamous-cell and glandular cancer were made with respect to their poorly differentiated forms which have no reliable cytological characteristics. The last statement is also true with respect to non-differentiated macrocellular cancer of the lung.", "contents": "[Cytologic diagnosis of different histologic forms of lung cancer]. Parallel cytological and histological investigations in 511 patients with of the lung cancer confirmed the possibility of verification of a tumour form on the basis of cytological preparations. Determination of cancer forms is carried out on the basis of the same principle criteria which are used in a histological investigation. The first stage of diagnosis consists in search for cellular, structural and functional signs of epidermoid and glandular differentiation. In the absence of these, there are grounds to consider the diagnosis to be non-differentiated cancer with subdivisions into micro- and macrocellular variants. Squamous-cell carcinoma with cornification highly differentiated adenocarcinoma and non-differentiated microcellular cancer possess characteristic features ensuring a highly reliable-cytological diagnosis. Cytological diagnosis of squamous-cell cancer was correct in 95.3% of cases, that of non-differentiated microcellular cancer-in 87.1%, and that of glandular cancer-in 81.2% of cases. The majority of errors made in verification of squamous-cell and glandular cancer were made with respect to their poorly differentiated forms which have no reliable cytological characteristics. The last statement is also true with respect to non-differentiated macrocellular cancer of the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:1221981", "title": "[Blood histamine during submaximal muscular work].", "content": "Blood histamine was measured in 20 healthy males before and after performance of rectangular type submaximal work. The results show that following muscular work there is an increase in the blood concentration of the substance in all the subjects examined, the average increase being 33% although variations from one subject to another were considerable. It is hypothesized that the increase in the histamine level can be explained by admitting an increase in histidine-decarboxylase activity at tissue level with consequent synthesis of a greater quantity of histamine. It is also hypothesized that an excess of blood histamine may be of importance in the organism's general adaptation reaction to stress.", "contents": "[Blood histamine during submaximal muscular work]. Blood histamine was measured in 20 healthy males before and after performance of rectangular type submaximal work. The results show that following muscular work there is an increase in the blood concentration of the substance in all the subjects examined, the average increase being 33% although variations from one subject to another were considerable. It is hypothesized that the increase in the histamine level can be explained by admitting an increase in histidine-decarboxylase activity at tissue level with consequent synthesis of a greater quantity of histamine. It is also hypothesized that an excess of blood histamine may be of importance in the organism's general adaptation reaction to stress."}
{"id": "PMID:1221982", "title": "[Some considerations on the postphlebitic syndrome].", "content": "After a brief description of the aetiopathogenetic aspects of the phlebitic and postphlebitic syndrome, medical and surgical therapies for this syndrome are reviewed. A derivative of the phenybutazone group (Febutol) is then discussed and its considerable effectiveness emphasized.", "contents": "[Some considerations on the postphlebitic syndrome]. After a brief description of the aetiopathogenetic aspects of the phlebitic and postphlebitic syndrome, medical and surgical therapies for this syndrome are reviewed. A derivative of the phenybutazone group (Febutol) is then discussed and its considerable effectiveness emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:1221988", "title": "[Gastric biopsy in the diagnosis of stomach diseases].", "content": "An analysis of changes in the mucosa typical of chronic ulcer, polyp, gastric cancer and chronic gastritis was carried out on the basis of gastrobiopsy specimens. All these diseases were characterized by rearrangement of the mucosa, which manifested itself in atrophy of the specialized glandular parenchyma, proliferation of pavement-cuboidal and colomnar epithelium, intestinal metaplasia, and hypermucoidization of the stomach glands. Certain difficulties presents diagnosis based on gastrobiopsy specimens of cricoid, granulating and trabecular cancer. Of a decisive significance in the diagnosis of carcinoma is the presence in the mucosa proper of cricoid cells, which are stained with mucicarmine and give positive Schick-reaction, or pironinophilic epithelial ligaments not forming glandular lumens. The author analyses, on the basis of his personal experience, cases of hyperdiagnosis of gastric carcinoma. Proliferating glandular parenchyma, proliferation of pavement-cuboidal and colomnar epithelium, epithelial regenerates, and elements of the granulation tissue from the fundus of an ulcerative defect were taken for cancer.", "contents": "[Gastric biopsy in the diagnosis of stomach diseases]. An analysis of changes in the mucosa typical of chronic ulcer, polyp, gastric cancer and chronic gastritis was carried out on the basis of gastrobiopsy specimens. All these diseases were characterized by rearrangement of the mucosa, which manifested itself in atrophy of the specialized glandular parenchyma, proliferation of pavement-cuboidal and colomnar epithelium, intestinal metaplasia, and hypermucoidization of the stomach glands. Certain difficulties presents diagnosis based on gastrobiopsy specimens of cricoid, granulating and trabecular cancer. Of a decisive significance in the diagnosis of carcinoma is the presence in the mucosa proper of cricoid cells, which are stained with mucicarmine and give positive Schick-reaction, or pironinophilic epithelial ligaments not forming glandular lumens. The author analyses, on the basis of his personal experience, cases of hyperdiagnosis of gastric carcinoma. Proliferating glandular parenchyma, proliferation of pavement-cuboidal and colomnar epithelium, epithelial regenerates, and elements of the granulation tissue from the fundus of an ulcerative defect were taken for cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:1221983", "title": "[Use of methyl partricin suspension in the oral diseases due to Candida species].", "content": "The effect of a new polyene antibiotic prepared in an oral suspension (SPA methyl-partricin) was studied in 29 nurselings with thrush. The results are compared with those obtained in two uniform groups treated with nystatin and gentian violet respectively. The new substance proved more effective in each case. Local and general tolerance were excellent.", "contents": "[Use of methyl partricin suspension in the oral diseases due to Candida species]. The effect of a new polyene antibiotic prepared in an oral suspension (SPA methyl-partricin) was studied in 29 nurselings with thrush. The results are compared with those obtained in two uniform groups treated with nystatin and gentian violet respectively. The new substance proved more effective in each case. Local and general tolerance were excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:1221989", "title": "[Malignant African lymphoma].", "content": "The article sets forth clinico-anatomical characteristics of Burkkit's lymphoma (50 observations). The investigation was carried out in the granted hospital in Kenya, were the authors had worked from 1967 to 1971. A histological feature of the tumour was a peculiar picture of the \"starry sky\", which was associated with the presence of large histiocytesmacrophages among prolypherating lymphoid cells, a cytological feature being the availability of vacuoles in the nucleus and cytoplasma. In the majority of cases Burkkit's tumour had multicentrical growth, most often localizations were jaws and ovaries. The authors observed in some cases considerable therapeutic effect of chemical preparations.", "contents": "[Malignant African lymphoma]. The article sets forth clinico-anatomical characteristics of Burkkit's lymphoma (50 observations). The investigation was carried out in the granted hospital in Kenya, were the authors had worked from 1967 to 1971. A histological feature of the tumour was a peculiar picture of the \"starry sky\", which was associated with the presence of large histiocytesmacrophages among prolypherating lymphoid cells, a cytological feature being the availability of vacuoles in the nucleus and cytoplasma. In the majority of cases Burkkit's tumour had multicentrical growth, most often localizations were jaws and ovaries. The authors observed in some cases considerable therapeutic effect of chemical preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:1221985", "title": "[Bases of infusional therapy. Note. I. Fluid balance].", "content": "The complex hydroelectrolytic problem is examined by a study of the physiology and physiopathology of fluids, electrolytes and proteins. A number of interesting critical and clinical problems of use in the pre- and postoperative treatment of surgical patients and in cases where a change in the hydroelectric balance takes place, are involved. Therapy is facilitated if needs are calculated on the basis of the three basic principles: 1) daily physiological need; 2) replacement of physiological losses; 3) elimination of the existing deficiency.", "contents": "[Bases of infusional therapy. Note. I. Fluid balance]. The complex hydroelectrolytic problem is examined by a study of the physiology and physiopathology of fluids, electrolytes and proteins. A number of interesting critical and clinical problems of use in the pre- and postoperative treatment of surgical patients and in cases where a change in the hydroelectric balance takes place, are involved. Therapy is facilitated if needs are calculated on the basis of the three basic principles: 1) daily physiological need; 2) replacement of physiological losses; 3) elimination of the existing deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:1221984", "title": "[Effect of x-rays on the hemolytic substances of the Yoshida ascites tumor].", "content": "Ricinoleic-like haemolytic substances were isolated from tumour cells and peritoneal liquid fractions in rats with Yoshida's ascities hepatoma. Their activity was measured by means of photometric techniques. Crossed haemolytic tests showed differences in the choice expressed by these substances for the red cells of animals of various species. Whole body irradiation led to changes in the quantity of these substances. Their metabolism was examined by administering 3H2- and 14C6-labelled oleic acid. A variety of results was observed. Microscopic examination of target red cells in a study of the oleic acid-lysine-membrane bond confirmed the results given by the densitometer.", "contents": "[Effect of x-rays on the hemolytic substances of the Yoshida ascites tumor]. Ricinoleic-like haemolytic substances were isolated from tumour cells and peritoneal liquid fractions in rats with Yoshida's ascities hepatoma. Their activity was measured by means of photometric techniques. Crossed haemolytic tests showed differences in the choice expressed by these substances for the red cells of animals of various species. Whole body irradiation led to changes in the quantity of these substances. Their metabolism was examined by administering 3H2- and 14C6-labelled oleic acid. A variety of results was observed. Microscopic examination of target red cells in a study of the oleic acid-lysine-membrane bond confirmed the results given by the densitometer."}
{"id": "PMID:1221990", "title": "[Combined lung cancer and systemic scleroderma].", "content": "The article presents data of the literature and the author's personal two observations on combination of systemic scleroderma and cancer of the lungs. According to the data obtained, the most frequent forms of neoplasms in this combination were tumours of an adenomatous structure. A decisive role in the machanism of development of adenomatosis of the lungs was played by septo-alveolar sclerosis which led to rearrangement of the lung tissue. Potential malignancy of adenomatosis of the lungs in systemic sclerodermia was closely connected with participation of a \"defective\" collagen of the embryonic type in the formation of the basal membrane of the alveolar epithelium, as well as with the predominance among the tumour cells of granular pneumocytes of the B type characteristic of the embryonal period of mammals.", "contents": "[Combined lung cancer and systemic scleroderma]. The article presents data of the literature and the author's personal two observations on combination of systemic scleroderma and cancer of the lungs. According to the data obtained, the most frequent forms of neoplasms in this combination were tumours of an adenomatous structure. A decisive role in the machanism of development of adenomatosis of the lungs was played by septo-alveolar sclerosis which led to rearrangement of the lung tissue. Potential malignancy of adenomatosis of the lungs in systemic sclerodermia was closely connected with participation of a \"defective\" collagen of the embryonic type in the formation of the basal membrane of the alveolar epithelium, as well as with the predominance among the tumour cells of granular pneumocytes of the B type characteristic of the embryonal period of mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:1221991", "title": "[The relationship between age, different degrees of atherosclerosis and comparative morphofunctional characteristics of the adenohypophysis].", "content": "A total of 65 adenohypophyses of male and female patients who had suffered from latent and manifesting forms of atherosclerosis, and 43 adenohypophyses of practically healthy people (withoug atherosclerosis) were studied. The morphometrical method of investigation was broadly used in this work, which made it possible to carry out mathematical treatment of the data obtained. The most drastic changes in the structure of the adenohypophysis were noted in cases in whom death had occurred as a result of acute coronary insufficiency which was considered as a variant of stress situation in the organism. An intimate connection between the morphofunctional state of the adenohypophysis and histomorphological changes in the peripheral endocrine glands depending upon age, sex and manifestation of atherosclerosis is shown.", "contents": "[The relationship between age, different degrees of atherosclerosis and comparative morphofunctional characteristics of the adenohypophysis]. A total of 65 adenohypophyses of male and female patients who had suffered from latent and manifesting forms of atherosclerosis, and 43 adenohypophyses of practically healthy people (withoug atherosclerosis) were studied. The morphometrical method of investigation was broadly used in this work, which made it possible to carry out mathematical treatment of the data obtained. The most drastic changes in the structure of the adenohypophysis were noted in cases in whom death had occurred as a result of acute coronary insufficiency which was considered as a variant of stress situation in the organism. An intimate connection between the morphofunctional state of the adenohypophysis and histomorphological changes in the peripheral endocrine glands depending upon age, sex and manifestation of atherosclerosis is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1221992", "title": "[The morphologic basis for the mechanism of increased serum acid phosphatase activity in patients with viral hepatitis].", "content": "The activity of acid phosphotase in the blood serum and punctates of the liver was studied in 49 patients with acute cyclic form of viral hepatitis of slight and medium-grave course with the use of histological and histochemical methods. The degree of manifestation of necrotic changes in the punctate tissue was determined with the help of the stereometric method. As a result of the studies conducted, it was established that the degree of hyperfermentemia was the highest at the period when the disease was in full swing, and that it did not depend on the form of its course and extent of necrotic changes observed in the liver punctates. The authors consider a morphological evidence of high activity of acid phosphotase in the blood serum aggregations of large hepatocytes, cytoplasm of which was loaded with mature lipofuscin, the topographic identity of the latter with acid phosphotase at present being proved.", "contents": "[The morphologic basis for the mechanism of increased serum acid phosphatase activity in patients with viral hepatitis]. The activity of acid phosphotase in the blood serum and punctates of the liver was studied in 49 patients with acute cyclic form of viral hepatitis of slight and medium-grave course with the use of histological and histochemical methods. The degree of manifestation of necrotic changes in the punctate tissue was determined with the help of the stereometric method. As a result of the studies conducted, it was established that the degree of hyperfermentemia was the highest at the period when the disease was in full swing, and that it did not depend on the form of its course and extent of necrotic changes observed in the liver punctates. The authors consider a morphological evidence of high activity of acid phosphotase in the blood serum aggregations of large hepatocytes, cytoplasm of which was loaded with mature lipofuscin, the topographic identity of the latter with acid phosphotase at present being proved."}
{"id": "PMID:1221993", "title": "[A large hepatocellular adenoma of the liver in an 82-year-old patient (histologic and cytometric findings)].", "content": "A very rare case of tumour of the liver--hepatocellular adenoma is described. A solitary tumour of the liver was observed in 82-year-old man who had died of myocardial infarction. The tumour was 10 cm in dimetre, consisted of one-type cells which were considerably smaller than hepacytes (their diametres were respectively: 11.6+/-0.0107 and 18.33+/-0.163 mum the diametre of nuclei was--5.64+/-0.048 and 7.25+/-0.074 mum). These lesions were combined with adenocarcinoma of the gastric stump, the stomach having been resected 17 years previously due to malignization of a polyp.", "contents": "[A large hepatocellular adenoma of the liver in an 82-year-old patient (histologic and cytometric findings)]. A very rare case of tumour of the liver--hepatocellular adenoma is described. A solitary tumour of the liver was observed in 82-year-old man who had died of myocardial infarction. The tumour was 10 cm in dimetre, consisted of one-type cells which were considerably smaller than hepacytes (their diametres were respectively: 11.6+/-0.0107 and 18.33+/-0.163 mum the diametre of nuclei was--5.64+/-0.048 and 7.25+/-0.074 mum). These lesions were combined with adenocarcinoma of the gastric stump, the stomach having been resected 17 years previously due to malignization of a polyp."}
{"id": "PMID:1221994", "title": "[A study of the processes of development of malignant tumors using somatic cell hybridization].", "content": "A survey of the latest data associated with the analysis of the mechanisms of cancerogenesis with the help of hybridization of somatic cells is presented. Results of the investigations showing that malignization is not a dominant feature are discussed. A possible role of hybridization of cells in vivo in the genesis of tumours is indicated.", "contents": "[A study of the processes of development of malignant tumors using somatic cell hybridization]. A survey of the latest data associated with the analysis of the mechanisms of cancerogenesis with the help of hybridization of somatic cells is presented. Results of the investigations showing that malignization is not a dominant feature are discussed. A possible role of hybridization of cells in vivo in the genesis of tumours is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:1222003", "title": "Pathogenicity of a strain of feline calicivirus for domestic kittens.", "content": "A strain of feline calicivirus, isolated from a cheetah exhibiting ulcerative glossitis and conjunctivitis, was administered by aerosol to 4 domestic cats and by contact to a fifth cat. Despite the limited number of animals available for the experiment, the pathogenicity of the virus strain for domestic cats was established. In aerosol-infected animals, clinical signs were referable to infection of both upper and lower respiratory tracts. The virus produced an interstitial pneumonia which, early in infection, was uncomplicated by secondary bronchopneumonia. The in-contact cat exhibited clinical signs referable to infection of the oral cavity only and no lesions were noted in the lower respiratory tract at autopsy. Ulcerative glossitis was a feature of the disease in aerosol-infected and in-contact cats. The virus was isolated from the pharynx of all cats for up to 21 days after infection and from the tonsils at autopsy. The tonsils were considered to be a probable site of multiplication of virus in \"carrier\" cats.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of a strain of feline calicivirus for domestic kittens. A strain of feline calicivirus, isolated from a cheetah exhibiting ulcerative glossitis and conjunctivitis, was administered by aerosol to 4 domestic cats and by contact to a fifth cat. Despite the limited number of animals available for the experiment, the pathogenicity of the virus strain for domestic cats was established. In aerosol-infected animals, clinical signs were referable to infection of both upper and lower respiratory tracts. The virus produced an interstitial pneumonia which, early in infection, was uncomplicated by secondary bronchopneumonia. The in-contact cat exhibited clinical signs referable to infection of the oral cavity only and no lesions were noted in the lower respiratory tract at autopsy. Ulcerative glossitis was a feature of the disease in aerosol-infected and in-contact cats. The virus was isolated from the pharynx of all cats for up to 21 days after infection and from the tonsils at autopsy. The tonsils were considered to be a probable site of multiplication of virus in \"carrier\" cats."}
{"id": "PMID:1222004", "title": "Cardiac monitoring during exercise tests in the horse. 1. Magnetic tape recording in preference to radio-telemetry.", "content": "Different techniques for monitoring cardiac responses to exercise in the horse have been described and evaluated. For experimental work of this type in a normal training and racing environment, the electrode system described when used with a portable magnetic tape recording system provided the best means of obtaining useful and reproducible data.", "contents": "Cardiac monitoring during exercise tests in the horse. 1. Magnetic tape recording in preference to radio-telemetry. Different techniques for monitoring cardiac responses to exercise in the horse have been described and evaluated. For experimental work of this type in a normal training and racing environment, the electrode system described when used with a portable magnetic tape recording system provided the best means of obtaining useful and reproducible data."}
{"id": "PMID:1222005", "title": "Immunity to Streptococcus equi.", "content": "Using the long chain test, and in some cases the bactericidal test, to measure antibody, the development of the immune response in horses to Str. equi has been followed. Long chain indices in excess of 5.0, accompanied by strong bactericidal capacity, were recorded in serums after the full 3-dose immunisation course with a commercial vaccine. The full course elicited the most satisfactory antibody titres declined within the 12 month post-vaccination period, thus providing support for the recommendation that yearly booster doses should be administered. The immune response in horses during 2 strangles outbreaks was compared with the response following vaccination. Recovered animals showed declining antibody levels 9 weeks after infection, and the evidence does not support longevity of the immune response after natural infection. Reaction to vaccination was observed in those animals with high initial antibody titre.", "contents": "Immunity to Streptococcus equi. Using the long chain test, and in some cases the bactericidal test, to measure antibody, the development of the immune response in horses to Str. equi has been followed. Long chain indices in excess of 5.0, accompanied by strong bactericidal capacity, were recorded in serums after the full 3-dose immunisation course with a commercial vaccine. The full course elicited the most satisfactory antibody titres declined within the 12 month post-vaccination period, thus providing support for the recommendation that yearly booster doses should be administered. The immune response in horses during 2 strangles outbreaks was compared with the response following vaccination. Recovered animals showed declining antibody levels 9 weeks after infection, and the evidence does not support longevity of the immune response after natural infection. Reaction to vaccination was observed in those animals with high initial antibody titre."}
{"id": "PMID:1222006", "title": "A comparison of commercial Mycoplasma gallisepticum antigens in the rapid serum agglutination test.", "content": "Twenty-three chickens, aged 9 weeks, were housed in contact with a similar group of chickens which were infected with M. gallisepticum. The onset and development of the serum agglutinin responses which were detected by 3 commercial antigens using rapid serum agglutination tests up to 20 weeks of age, differed greatly both between the infected and in-contact groups and, within the latter group, between the antigens. Few reactions, which were weak and transient, were detected in 2 similar groups of chickens, neither infected with M. gallisepticum but 1 vaccinated at 12 and 17 weeks of age with killed Pasteurella multocida oil adjuvant vaccine.", "contents": "A comparison of commercial Mycoplasma gallisepticum antigens in the rapid serum agglutination test. Twenty-three chickens, aged 9 weeks, were housed in contact with a similar group of chickens which were infected with M. gallisepticum. The onset and development of the serum agglutinin responses which were detected by 3 commercial antigens using rapid serum agglutination tests up to 20 weeks of age, differed greatly both between the infected and in-contact groups and, within the latter group, between the antigens. Few reactions, which were weak and transient, were detected in 2 similar groups of chickens, neither infected with M. gallisepticum but 1 vaccinated at 12 and 17 weeks of age with killed Pasteurella multocida oil adjuvant vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:1222064", "title": "[Experimental venous thrombosis induced in dogs by electric stimulation of venous wall (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe an experimental method to induce venous thrombosis in dogs by venous walls electric stimulation. The aspects of thrombogenesis, the evolution of thrombus and venous wall lesions at level of primary thrombus as well as extensive thrombosis, are studied. These studies based on histological findings at different steps from electric stimulation.", "contents": "[Experimental venous thrombosis induced in dogs by electric stimulation of venous wall (author's transl)]. The Authors describe an experimental method to induce venous thrombosis in dogs by venous walls electric stimulation. The aspects of thrombogenesis, the evolution of thrombus and venous wall lesions at level of primary thrombus as well as extensive thrombosis, are studied. These studies based on histological findings at different steps from electric stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222065", "title": "[Cesarean section and breech presentation (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 14,285 babies born in the 5-year period from 1970 to 1974, the AA. observed 3,39% of breech presentations, of which 46,80% assisted through the vagina and 53,20% by cesarean section. The perinatal mortality was 13,19% (with respect to the total number of breech presentations) and 1,93% in cases where cesarean section took place. If, however, we exclude cases of deaths in newborn whose weight was lower than 2,500 gms., the total mortality from breech delivery can be reduced to 1,69% of all breech presentations. From this we can deduce that the most important cause of death is connected not so much with difficulties related to presentation as with premature delivery and low birth-weight. In breech delivery by vaginal assistance, the risk of perinatal mortality proved to be not much greater in the primipara than in the pluripara. The criteria guiding the choice between vaginal assistance and cesarean section are examined in the light of various suggestions made by different Authors in recent years.", "contents": "[Cesarean section and breech presentation (author's transl)]. Out of 14,285 babies born in the 5-year period from 1970 to 1974, the AA. observed 3,39% of breech presentations, of which 46,80% assisted through the vagina and 53,20% by cesarean section. The perinatal mortality was 13,19% (with respect to the total number of breech presentations) and 1,93% in cases where cesarean section took place. If, however, we exclude cases of deaths in newborn whose weight was lower than 2,500 gms., the total mortality from breech delivery can be reduced to 1,69% of all breech presentations. From this we can deduce that the most important cause of death is connected not so much with difficulties related to presentation as with premature delivery and low birth-weight. In breech delivery by vaginal assistance, the risk of perinatal mortality proved to be not much greater in the primipara than in the pluripara. The criteria guiding the choice between vaginal assistance and cesarean section are examined in the light of various suggestions made by different Authors in recent years."}
{"id": "PMID:1222072", "title": "[Comparison between the way of intravenous administration of flagellin from Salmonella typhosa to the margial vein in the ear and into the mesenteric superior vein. Preliminary note].", "content": "Rabbits receiving three injections of PFA intravenously in ear, after that first treatment gave a weak antibody response, after the second one a rapid and copious increase of agglutination titre; the third injection induced a very small increase. In rabbits injected with PFA in superior mesenteric vein the first injection produced a little effect, the second induced a little effect too; the third injection performed in auricular vein, gave a substancial rapid and copious antibody response. This behaviour is similar to that obtained after the second injection in the first set of experiments. The PFA injected two times in mesenteric vein caused certainly a massive phagocytosis of antigen by Kupffer cells. Nevertheless this copious phagocytosis can exercise only an action of \"priming\", not a response of secondary type. For this purpose it is necessary an injection in the ear vein to provoke a direct intervention of lymphonodal reticular phagocytes. The phenomenon can be related to the proteic nature of the antigen.", "contents": "[Comparison between the way of intravenous administration of flagellin from Salmonella typhosa to the margial vein in the ear and into the mesenteric superior vein. Preliminary note]. Rabbits receiving three injections of PFA intravenously in ear, after that first treatment gave a weak antibody response, after the second one a rapid and copious increase of agglutination titre; the third injection induced a very small increase. In rabbits injected with PFA in superior mesenteric vein the first injection produced a little effect, the second induced a little effect too; the third injection performed in auricular vein, gave a substancial rapid and copious antibody response. This behaviour is similar to that obtained after the second injection in the first set of experiments. The PFA injected two times in mesenteric vein caused certainly a massive phagocytosis of antigen by Kupffer cells. Nevertheless this copious phagocytosis can exercise only an action of \"priming\", not a response of secondary type. For this purpose it is necessary an injection in the ear vein to provoke a direct intervention of lymphonodal reticular phagocytes. The phenomenon can be related to the proteic nature of the antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:1222067", "title": "[Osteomalacia from phosphate-binding substances (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is told with osseous fractures occurred during uremia in a periodically dialyzed man treated with phosphate-binding substances in excessive doses. The healing time is studied to value the effectiveness of normalized phosphatemia and the vitamin D treatment necessity.", "contents": "[Osteomalacia from phosphate-binding substances (author's transl)]. A case is told with osseous fractures occurred during uremia in a periodically dialyzed man treated with phosphate-binding substances in excessive doses. The healing time is studied to value the effectiveness of normalized phosphatemia and the vitamin D treatment necessity."}
{"id": "PMID:1222068", "title": "[The physics in radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The knowledge of the physics is enphasized for the comprehension of the theoretical and practical application of radiotherapy and radiobiology.", "contents": "[The physics in radiotherapy (author's transl)]. The knowledge of the physics is enphasized for the comprehension of the theoretical and practical application of radiotherapy and radiobiology."}
{"id": "PMID:1222073", "title": "[HBsAg and HBsAb in carriers and their families].", "content": "Relatives of 98 Au antigen carriers were examined (positivity by AUSRIA II-125), already donors at the Immunotransfusion Centre of Trieste General Hospitals, totalling 106 cases: 98 out of same were represented by their wives and children, older than 7 years. 8 of the wives were HB,sAg (8.2%) positive and 90 negative: children were all antigen negative. In wives and children the presence of eventual anti-HBsAg antibodies by means of AUSAb technique (Abbott) was investigated obtaining 29 positive (29.3%) and 69 negative sera. With Dr. Lacy's (Abbott Diagnostic Division) collaboration the typing of HBsAg and HBsAb found was performed in order to obtaine epidemiological informations.", "contents": "[HBsAg and HBsAb in carriers and their families]. Relatives of 98 Au antigen carriers were examined (positivity by AUSRIA II-125), already donors at the Immunotransfusion Centre of Trieste General Hospitals, totalling 106 cases: 98 out of same were represented by their wives and children, older than 7 years. 8 of the wives were HB,sAg (8.2%) positive and 90 negative: children were all antigen negative. In wives and children the presence of eventual anti-HBsAg antibodies by means of AUSAb technique (Abbott) was investigated obtaining 29 positive (29.3%) and 69 negative sera. With Dr. Lacy's (Abbott Diagnostic Division) collaboration the typing of HBsAg and HBsAb found was performed in order to obtaine epidemiological informations."}
{"id": "PMID:1222066", "title": "[Maternal and foetal aminoacidaemia and amino acids contents of amniotic fluid in normal, gestosic and diabetic pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. have examined 9 cases of normal pregnancy, 5 cases of E.P.H. gestosis and 5 cases of diabetes mellitus, for which cases caesarean section had been planed, determining the aminogram of the amniotic fluid, of the mother's venous plasma and of the umbilical venous plasma; the 3 samples were performed about contemporaneously. Both in the normal pregnancies and in those complicated by E.P.H. gestosis and by diabetes mellitus, the concentration of amino acids was higher in the umbilical venous plasma than in that of the mother and higher in the latter than in the amniotic fluid, with the exception of glycine, taurine, glutammic acid and aspartic acid in the normal pregnancies, of taurine in the gestosic pregnancies, of taurine, citrulline, glutammic and aspartic acid in the diabetic pregnancies.", "contents": "[Maternal and foetal aminoacidaemia and amino acids contents of amniotic fluid in normal, gestosic and diabetic pregnancy (author's transl)]. The AA. have examined 9 cases of normal pregnancy, 5 cases of E.P.H. gestosis and 5 cases of diabetes mellitus, for which cases caesarean section had been planed, determining the aminogram of the amniotic fluid, of the mother's venous plasma and of the umbilical venous plasma; the 3 samples were performed about contemporaneously. Both in the normal pregnancies and in those complicated by E.P.H. gestosis and by diabetes mellitus, the concentration of amino acids was higher in the umbilical venous plasma than in that of the mother and higher in the latter than in the amniotic fluid, with the exception of glycine, taurine, glutammic acid and aspartic acid in the normal pregnancies, of taurine in the gestosic pregnancies, of taurine, citrulline, glutammic and aspartic acid in the diabetic pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:1222074", "title": "\"Transfer factor\" therapy in infectious diseases.", "content": "The world literature on transfer factor treatment in infectious diseases was examined. Even with the limits due to the incomplete knowledge of the substances, its use is worthy of further study in the field of infectious diseases.", "contents": "\"Transfer factor\" therapy in infectious diseases. The world literature on transfer factor treatment in infectious diseases was examined. Even with the limits due to the incomplete knowledge of the substances, its use is worthy of further study in the field of infectious diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1222069", "title": "[Mathematical determination of treatment schedules according NSD concepts in radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A number of formulae are given enabling to solve mathematically, on the basis of the NSD concepts, many problems in practical radiotherapy. Detailed examples are reported.", "contents": "[Mathematical determination of treatment schedules according NSD concepts in radiotherapy (author's transl)]. A number of formulae are given enabling to solve mathematically, on the basis of the NSD concepts, many problems in practical radiotherapy. Detailed examples are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:1222116", "title": "Histochemical examination of lysosomal exzymes in necrotic proximal renal tubules of albino rats.", "content": "The lysosomal enzymatic activity of the necrotic proximal tubules was examined by light microscopy and electron microscopy in 24- and 48-h focal renal cortical necrosis induced by administration of oestrogen and posterior pituitary extract in rats. Organelles exhibiting acid phosphatase activity can also be seen in the necrotic cells but these differ in size and structure from the lysosomes of normal cells. The cytoplasmic nonspecific esterase and thioacetic acid hydrolase activities decrease considerably or disappear, although some morphologically damaged, but active, lysosomes can be observed. The role of thelysosomal enzymes is seen not in the development of the necrosis but rather in the breaking down of the already necrotic cell constituents.", "contents": "Histochemical examination of lysosomal exzymes in necrotic proximal renal tubules of albino rats. The lysosomal enzymatic activity of the necrotic proximal tubules was examined by light microscopy and electron microscopy in 24- and 48-h focal renal cortical necrosis induced by administration of oestrogen and posterior pituitary extract in rats. Organelles exhibiting acid phosphatase activity can also be seen in the necrotic cells but these differ in size and structure from the lysosomes of normal cells. The cytoplasmic nonspecific esterase and thioacetic acid hydrolase activities decrease considerably or disappear, although some morphologically damaged, but active, lysosomes can be observed. The role of thelysosomal enzymes is seen not in the development of the necrosis but rather in the breaking down of the already necrotic cell constituents."}
{"id": "PMID:1222117", "title": "A light and electron microscopic study of the changes in the duodenal mucosa induced by sustained pentagastrin stimulation of gastic acid secretion in young rats.", "content": "The histological and electron microscopic changes in the duodenal mucosa have been studied over an 8-week experimental period in rats whose gastric acid secretion was stimulated by pentagastrin in a medium of beeswax and mineral oil, and in controls that received injections of beeswax and mineral oil only. The changes leading of final disintegration of the epithelium are described in detail. The main aim of the experiment--to induce mucous change in the duodenal mucosa--was not realized.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic study of the changes in the duodenal mucosa induced by sustained pentagastrin stimulation of gastic acid secretion in young rats. The histological and electron microscopic changes in the duodenal mucosa have been studied over an 8-week experimental period in rats whose gastric acid secretion was stimulated by pentagastrin in a medium of beeswax and mineral oil, and in controls that received injections of beeswax and mineral oil only. The changes leading of final disintegration of the epithelium are described in detail. The main aim of the experiment--to induce mucous change in the duodenal mucosa--was not realized."}
{"id": "PMID:1222118", "title": "The influence of experimental distemper infection on the distribution of lead in dogs previously subacutely intoxicated with lead carbonate.", "content": "The ability of experimental canine distemper infection to mobilize body lead deposits has been studied in Beagle dogs previously subacutely intoxicated with lead carbonate. For comparative purposes dogs were included which had either received lead only or distemper only or remained undosed. It was found that in dogs predosed with lead, distemper infection resulted in a significant increase in lead levels in blood and urine; this coincided with the peak body temperatures reached on the third day post infection. It was also found that the lead content of the liver and bone of these dogs was considerably higher than that of dogs receiving lead alone; at the same time bone phosphorus showed a marked decrease while bone calcium values remained similar to undosed controls.", "contents": "The influence of experimental distemper infection on the distribution of lead in dogs previously subacutely intoxicated with lead carbonate. The ability of experimental canine distemper infection to mobilize body lead deposits has been studied in Beagle dogs previously subacutely intoxicated with lead carbonate. For comparative purposes dogs were included which had either received lead only or distemper only or remained undosed. It was found that in dogs predosed with lead, distemper infection resulted in a significant increase in lead levels in blood and urine; this coincided with the peak body temperatures reached on the third day post infection. It was also found that the lead content of the liver and bone of these dogs was considerably higher than that of dogs receiving lead alone; at the same time bone phosphorus showed a marked decrease while bone calcium values remained similar to undosed controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1222119", "title": "A comparison of the effectiveness of some anti-inflammatory drugs on thermal oedema.", "content": "The efficacy of a group of anti-inflammatory drugs with similar modes of action was tested on thermal oedema. Of these, coumarin and sodiumrutin-sulphate were most effective. A combination of these, marketed as Venolot, although still beneficial, was not as effective as either given singly. The other drugs tested--levamisole, Reparil and Venoruton--although also of some benefit in treatment of this oedema, did not approach the overall effectiveness of coumarin of sodium-rutin-sulphate. Both drugs are characterized by a very wide safety margin between the therapeutic and the toxic dose. In addition, they are cheap, easy to obtain and can be taken orally. They work by stimulating phagocytosis, enzyme production and thus proteolysis and a subsequent removal of protein and oedema fluid from the injured tissues.", "contents": "A comparison of the effectiveness of some anti-inflammatory drugs on thermal oedema. The efficacy of a group of anti-inflammatory drugs with similar modes of action was tested on thermal oedema. Of these, coumarin and sodiumrutin-sulphate were most effective. A combination of these, marketed as Venolot, although still beneficial, was not as effective as either given singly. The other drugs tested--levamisole, Reparil and Venoruton--although also of some benefit in treatment of this oedema, did not approach the overall effectiveness of coumarin of sodium-rutin-sulphate. Both drugs are characterized by a very wide safety margin between the therapeutic and the toxic dose. In addition, they are cheap, easy to obtain and can be taken orally. They work by stimulating phagocytosis, enzyme production and thus proteolysis and a subsequent removal of protein and oedema fluid from the injured tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1222120", "title": "Studies on the effect of bile salt and colipase on enzymatic lipolysis. Improved method for the determination of pancreatic lipase and colipase.", "content": "The rate of hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides by pure bovine pancreatic lipase has been determined in the presence of variable amounts of bile salts and colipase. Cofactor-free lipase is strongly inhibited by sodium taurodesoxycholate and by mixed bovine bile salts at concentrations higher than the critical micellar concentration. Bile salt inhibited lipase is reactivated by the addition of bovine colipase. Gel filtration of pancreatic juice from several species (Cow, dog, pig) on Sephadex G 100 allows the separation of lipase from colipase. It is found that the enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides by pancreatic lipase from one species is activated by the addition of colipase from other species. Studies on the activation of pancreatic lipase by colipase in the presence of bile salts allowed the re-evaluation of optimal conditions for the determination of lipase and the development of a procedure to assay colipase.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of bile salt and colipase on enzymatic lipolysis. Improved method for the determination of pancreatic lipase and colipase. The rate of hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides by pure bovine pancreatic lipase has been determined in the presence of variable amounts of bile salts and colipase. Cofactor-free lipase is strongly inhibited by sodium taurodesoxycholate and by mixed bovine bile salts at concentrations higher than the critical micellar concentration. Bile salt inhibited lipase is reactivated by the addition of bovine colipase. Gel filtration of pancreatic juice from several species (Cow, dog, pig) on Sephadex G 100 allows the separation of lipase from colipase. It is found that the enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides by pancreatic lipase from one species is activated by the addition of colipase from other species. Studies on the activation of pancreatic lipase by colipase in the presence of bile salts allowed the re-evaluation of optimal conditions for the determination of lipase and the development of a procedure to assay colipase."}
{"id": "PMID:1222121", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of bovine pancreatic colipase.", "content": "Three molecular forms of colipase (colipases A, B and C) with the same specific activity have been isolated from an acid extract of bovine pancreas. Purification includes ammonium sulfate precipitation, ethanol treatment, chromatography on SP-Sephadex, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and chromatography on QAE-Sephadex. The most basic form of bovine colipase (colipase A) has a molecular weight of 11,000-12,000 daltons and contains 104 residues. Its aminoacid composition is very similar to that of the intact form of porcine colipase isolated by Borgstr\u00f6m et al. Colipases from both species have the same N-terminal residue (valine). It is likely that bovine colipases B and C represent partially degraded forms of colipase A. Their cofactor activity, however, is the same.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of bovine pancreatic colipase. Three molecular forms of colipase (colipases A, B and C) with the same specific activity have been isolated from an acid extract of bovine pancreas. Purification includes ammonium sulfate precipitation, ethanol treatment, chromatography on SP-Sephadex, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and chromatography on QAE-Sephadex. The most basic form of bovine colipase (colipase A) has a molecular weight of 11,000-12,000 daltons and contains 104 residues. Its aminoacid composition is very similar to that of the intact form of porcine colipase isolated by Borgstr\u00f6m et al. Colipases from both species have the same N-terminal residue (valine). It is likely that bovine colipases B and C represent partially degraded forms of colipase A. Their cofactor activity, however, is the same."}
{"id": "PMID:1222123", "title": "Study on mammalian ribosomal protein reactivity in situ. III. Effect of trypsin on 40S and 60S subunits.", "content": "Rat liver 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits were treated with increasing concentrations of trypsin. The activity of both trypsin-treated subunits, when assayed for polyphenylalanine synthesis, progressively decreased, but the 60S subunits were inactivated at much lower trypsin concentrations than were the 40S ones. The sedimentation coefficients of trypsin-treated subunits were identical to those of control subunits when sucrose gradients containing 0.5 M KCl were used. When the sucrose gradients were prepared with a low salt buffer (80 mM KCl), dimer formation was observed with control subunits, but not with trypsin-treated ones. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the proteins extracted from trypsin-treated subunits revealed that all ribosomal proteins in the subunits were accessible to the enzyme. However, several proteins were more resistant to trypsin in compact subunits than when they were free or in unfolded subunits. Proteins of the 60S subunits were generally digested by lower trypsin concentrations than those of the 40S subunits. From the quantitative measurements of the undigested proteins, a classification of the proteins from both subunits according to their trypsin sensitivity was established. These results were compared with those previously obtained concerning ribosomal protein reactivity to chemical reagents.", "contents": "Study on mammalian ribosomal protein reactivity in situ. III. Effect of trypsin on 40S and 60S subunits. Rat liver 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits were treated with increasing concentrations of trypsin. The activity of both trypsin-treated subunits, when assayed for polyphenylalanine synthesis, progressively decreased, but the 60S subunits were inactivated at much lower trypsin concentrations than were the 40S ones. The sedimentation coefficients of trypsin-treated subunits were identical to those of control subunits when sucrose gradients containing 0.5 M KCl were used. When the sucrose gradients were prepared with a low salt buffer (80 mM KCl), dimer formation was observed with control subunits, but not with trypsin-treated ones. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the proteins extracted from trypsin-treated subunits revealed that all ribosomal proteins in the subunits were accessible to the enzyme. However, several proteins were more resistant to trypsin in compact subunits than when they were free or in unfolded subunits. Proteins of the 60S subunits were generally digested by lower trypsin concentrations than those of the 40S subunits. From the quantitative measurements of the undigested proteins, a classification of the proteins from both subunits according to their trypsin sensitivity was established. These results were compared with those previously obtained concerning ribosomal protein reactivity to chemical reagents."}
{"id": "PMID:1222124", "title": "Transfer of the methyl group of methionine to choline and to tRNA in the honeybee Apis mellifica L.", "content": "Contrary to some previous reports on the absence of biological transmethylation reactions in some insect species, the transfer of the methyl group of methionine-methyl 14C leading to choline and to methylated bases in tRNA was shown in the honeybee Apis mellifica. The addition of antibiotics to the food of the insect does not diminish the incorporation of radioactivity, proving that intestinal bacteria are not responsible for the methylation reactions observed.", "contents": "Transfer of the methyl group of methionine to choline and to tRNA in the honeybee Apis mellifica L. Contrary to some previous reports on the absence of biological transmethylation reactions in some insect species, the transfer of the methyl group of methionine-methyl 14C leading to choline and to methylated bases in tRNA was shown in the honeybee Apis mellifica. The addition of antibiotics to the food of the insect does not diminish the incorporation of radioactivity, proving that intestinal bacteria are not responsible for the methylation reactions observed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222125", "title": "Human platelets as a source of HL-A antigens : a study of various solubilization techniques.", "content": "The efficiency of various methods of solubilizing HL-A platelet antigens was investigated. The yield of soluble material was compared with that obtained from lymphocytes in culture in order to judge the quality of platelets as a source of HL-A antigens. The conclusion was reached that platelets, easily obtainable, can be considered as a good source of HL-A antigens.", "contents": "Human platelets as a source of HL-A antigens : a study of various solubilization techniques. The efficiency of various methods of solubilizing HL-A platelet antigens was investigated. The yield of soluble material was compared with that obtained from lymphocytes in culture in order to judge the quality of platelets as a source of HL-A antigens. The conclusion was reached that platelets, easily obtainable, can be considered as a good source of HL-A antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:1222127", "title": "[Polymorphism and glycoprotein character of Ricinus communis lectins purified by affinity chromatography].", "content": "Two lectin fractions (S20W = 6,8 and 4,9 S) were purified from Ricinus communis seeds. The purification was carried out in four steps : ammonium sulfate fractionation, affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4 B, gel filtration on Sephadex G 150 and chromatography on CM celluloes. The purified lectins were glycoproteins whose chemical composition was determined. Amino terminal analysis of the two fractions revealed glycine and serine. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the higher molecular weight fraction allowed the separation of several components with different affinity for PAS staining.", "contents": "[Polymorphism and glycoprotein character of Ricinus communis lectins purified by affinity chromatography]. Two lectin fractions (S20W = 6,8 and 4,9 S) were purified from Ricinus communis seeds. The purification was carried out in four steps : ammonium sulfate fractionation, affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4 B, gel filtration on Sephadex G 150 and chromatography on CM celluloes. The purified lectins were glycoproteins whose chemical composition was determined. Amino terminal analysis of the two fractions revealed glycine and serine. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the higher molecular weight fraction allowed the separation of several components with different affinity for PAS staining."}
{"id": "PMID:1222128", "title": "A double coil chromatin sub-unit model.", "content": "A model is proposed for the structure of DNA in chromatin sub-units. Each sub-unit is proposed to contain two turns of an inner coil, with a pitch of about 40 A and an external diameter of 70 A. Around the inner coil is wound, in opposite handedness, a slightly larger amount of DNA at a diameter of about 150 A. The total contour length consistent with the electron micrographs and X-ray scattering is 600-700 A, or about 200 base pairs. It is suggested that the inner coil is protein rich and contains all of the histones except H1, which is associated with the outer coil. The double-coil model is consistent with previous biochemical and biophysical studies of chromatin. The existence of 200 and 100 base pair digestion fragments and a 6 to 1 DNA compaction are readily explained. This model is based upon the electron microscopic observation of replicas of frozen chromatin and X-ray and neutron scattering. Structural details of 25 A are preserved and visualized by the freeze electron microscopy techniques employed.", "contents": "A double coil chromatin sub-unit model. A model is proposed for the structure of DNA in chromatin sub-units. Each sub-unit is proposed to contain two turns of an inner coil, with a pitch of about 40 A and an external diameter of 70 A. Around the inner coil is wound, in opposite handedness, a slightly larger amount of DNA at a diameter of about 150 A. The total contour length consistent with the electron micrographs and X-ray scattering is 600-700 A, or about 200 base pairs. It is suggested that the inner coil is protein rich and contains all of the histones except H1, which is associated with the outer coil. The double-coil model is consistent with previous biochemical and biophysical studies of chromatin. The existence of 200 and 100 base pair digestion fragments and a 6 to 1 DNA compaction are readily explained. This model is based upon the electron microscopic observation of replicas of frozen chromatin and X-ray and neutron scattering. Structural details of 25 A are preserved and visualized by the freeze electron microscopy techniques employed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222129", "title": "Transcription of chromatin from mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Chromatin purified from mouse fibroblasts can be fractionated after shearing by sedimentation in a sucrose gradient into an extended \"light\" and a compact \"heavy\" component. Further purification of these classically described components can be achieved by a second cycle of centrifugation of the light and heavy components through an equilibrium density gradient of metrizamide. The light component purified from sucrose gradient sediments faster (peak I) on metrizamide than its heavy counterpart (peak II). Template activity for DNA directed RNA synthesis in the presence of E. coli RNA polymerase is negligible in peak II but very pronounced in the peak I fraction. The difference in template activity appears to be connected with differences in propagation rather than initiation rates. Comparison of gel electrophoresis patterns of proteins indicate that the active subcomponent includes high molecular weight components not present in the inactive one, but that its histone content is somewhat lower. Using a very highly sensitive automatic recording apparatus for the measurement of melting profiles, no clear cut difference has been observed in the behaviour of active and inactive chromatin subcomponents nor in that of their total DNA.", "contents": "Transcription of chromatin from mouse fibroblasts. Chromatin purified from mouse fibroblasts can be fractionated after shearing by sedimentation in a sucrose gradient into an extended \"light\" and a compact \"heavy\" component. Further purification of these classically described components can be achieved by a second cycle of centrifugation of the light and heavy components through an equilibrium density gradient of metrizamide. The light component purified from sucrose gradient sediments faster (peak I) on metrizamide than its heavy counterpart (peak II). Template activity for DNA directed RNA synthesis in the presence of E. coli RNA polymerase is negligible in peak II but very pronounced in the peak I fraction. The difference in template activity appears to be connected with differences in propagation rather than initiation rates. Comparison of gel electrophoresis patterns of proteins indicate that the active subcomponent includes high molecular weight components not present in the inactive one, but that its histone content is somewhat lower. Using a very highly sensitive automatic recording apparatus for the measurement of melting profiles, no clear cut difference has been observed in the behaviour of active and inactive chromatin subcomponents nor in that of their total DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1222130", "title": "Methylation process of mammalian ribosomal precursor RNA.", "content": "The analysis of RNA from L5178 Y cells, by electrophoreis in 1.7% polyacrylamide gel, after short time labelling with [methyl-3H] methionine, shows that the three molecular species 47S, 46S and 45S RNA from the ribosomal RNA \"45S fraction\" are methylated. Comparative studies of the kinetics obtained after labelling for short periods with [methyl-3H] methionine and [3H] uridine, and brief labelling experiments with [methyl-3H] methionine in the presence of actinomycin D, show that the methylation of ribosomal precursor RNA occurs after the transcription process has been completed, and that methylation and transcription are not coordinated. These results lead us to propose the following scheme for ribosomal RNA biosynthesis : 1) transcription of ribosomal genes, 2) methylation of 47S RNA (and possibly 46S RNA), 3) maturation of these molecules which are converted to 45S RNA.", "contents": "Methylation process of mammalian ribosomal precursor RNA. The analysis of RNA from L5178 Y cells, by electrophoreis in 1.7% polyacrylamide gel, after short time labelling with [methyl-3H] methionine, shows that the three molecular species 47S, 46S and 45S RNA from the ribosomal RNA \"45S fraction\" are methylated. Comparative studies of the kinetics obtained after labelling for short periods with [methyl-3H] methionine and [3H] uridine, and brief labelling experiments with [methyl-3H] methionine in the presence of actinomycin D, show that the methylation of ribosomal precursor RNA occurs after the transcription process has been completed, and that methylation and transcription are not coordinated. These results lead us to propose the following scheme for ribosomal RNA biosynthesis : 1) transcription of ribosomal genes, 2) methylation of 47S RNA (and possibly 46S RNA), 3) maturation of these molecules which are converted to 45S RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:1222131", "title": "Phosphorylation and protein kinase activities of chromosomal non histone proteins from chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Confluent chick embryo fibroblasts were cultured in vitro in (i) medium which prevented the cells from dividing, (ii) medium which stimulated the cells to divide synchronously, (iii) medium without lysine in which the cells were blocked in G1. Chromosomal non histone proteins (NHP) were extracted from cells pulse labelled with 32P phosphate, and the radioactivity analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Several radioactive peaks were found all along the gel in the NHP from confluent and stimulated cells. The highest phosphorylation was found in the fast moving proteins, but the stimulation of the cells increases the phosphorylation of the slower moving proteins. In the NHP from cells cultured in the medium without lysine only the slow migrating proteins were phosphorylated. NHP were extracted from unlabelled cell cultures in the three different media, incubated with [gamma-32P] ATP and analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Highly labelled peaks were observed in the fast moving proteins from stimulated cells and from cells cultured in a medium deprived from lysine. By comparing in vivo and in vitro phosphorylation, it can be concluded that in confluent cells the turnover of bound phosphate is slow. In stimulated cells there is a fast turnover of the phosphate bound to fast turnover of the phosphate bound to a small group of fast migrating proteins and very little turnover of the phosphate bound to slow migrating proteins. The cells were incubated with labelled lysine and NHP analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The radioactivity of individual NHP varied with the culture conditions, but in all cases, there was little radioactivity in the fast moving proteins. The phosphate groups submitted to a fast turnover are bound to stable proteins. Phosvitin and casein kinase activities were measured in the NHP fractions. Nine-ten peaks of activities were observed with each substrate. Some variations were observed which apparently correlate with the culture conditions.", "contents": "Phosphorylation and protein kinase activities of chromosomal non histone proteins from chick embryo fibroblasts. Confluent chick embryo fibroblasts were cultured in vitro in (i) medium which prevented the cells from dividing, (ii) medium which stimulated the cells to divide synchronously, (iii) medium without lysine in which the cells were blocked in G1. Chromosomal non histone proteins (NHP) were extracted from cells pulse labelled with 32P phosphate, and the radioactivity analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Several radioactive peaks were found all along the gel in the NHP from confluent and stimulated cells. The highest phosphorylation was found in the fast moving proteins, but the stimulation of the cells increases the phosphorylation of the slower moving proteins. In the NHP from cells cultured in the medium without lysine only the slow migrating proteins were phosphorylated. NHP were extracted from unlabelled cell cultures in the three different media, incubated with [gamma-32P] ATP and analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Highly labelled peaks were observed in the fast moving proteins from stimulated cells and from cells cultured in a medium deprived from lysine. By comparing in vivo and in vitro phosphorylation, it can be concluded that in confluent cells the turnover of bound phosphate is slow. In stimulated cells there is a fast turnover of the phosphate bound to fast turnover of the phosphate bound to a small group of fast migrating proteins and very little turnover of the phosphate bound to slow migrating proteins. The cells were incubated with labelled lysine and NHP analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The radioactivity of individual NHP varied with the culture conditions, but in all cases, there was little radioactivity in the fast moving proteins. The phosphate groups submitted to a fast turnover are bound to stable proteins. Phosvitin and casein kinase activities were measured in the NHP fractions. Nine-ten peaks of activities were observed with each substrate. Some variations were observed which apparently correlate with the culture conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1222132", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase. I. Kinetic aspects of interaction with reversible effectors].", "content": "Interaction of an effector M with acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) according to the model of Krupka and Laidler was analysed. Some usual functions of [M] : 1/VM, [(VO/VM)-1]/[M] (where VO and VM are the steady state rates in the absence and in the presence of modifiers, respectively), vertical intercept 1/VM, slope KM/VM and absolute value of reciprocal horizontal intercept KM of Lineweaver-Burk plots are investigated and corresponding plots described. It is particularly shown that if Dixon plots are curves concave downwards, plots of [VO/VM)-1]/[M] and 1/VM against [M] are hyperbolas concave upwards and downwards respectively. If Dixon plots are curves concave upwards, plots of [(VO/VM)-1]/[M] and 1/VM versus [M] are hyperbolas concave downwards and upwards respectively. Moreover plots of KM/VM against [M] are linear. However, this model does not explain some observations, under conditions of high ionic strength (gamma/2 greater than or equal to 0,1), where Dixon plots are curves concave upwards, plots of [VO/VM)-1]/[M] versus [M] strainght lines, the plot of 1/VM against [M] is a straight line or a curve concave upwards of positives slopes and the plot of KM/VM versus [M] a curve of positive slope concave upwards. These experimental data might be interpreted by an extension of the preceding model to a mechanism with two enzymatic binding sites under kinetic conditions that are determined.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase. I. Kinetic aspects of interaction with reversible effectors]. Interaction of an effector M with acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) according to the model of Krupka and Laidler was analysed. Some usual functions of [M] : 1/VM, [(VO/VM)-1]/[M] (where VO and VM are the steady state rates in the absence and in the presence of modifiers, respectively), vertical intercept 1/VM, slope KM/VM and absolute value of reciprocal horizontal intercept KM of Lineweaver-Burk plots are investigated and corresponding plots described. It is particularly shown that if Dixon plots are curves concave downwards, plots of [VO/VM)-1]/[M] and 1/VM against [M] are hyperbolas concave upwards and downwards respectively. If Dixon plots are curves concave upwards, plots of [(VO/VM)-1]/[M] and 1/VM versus [M] are hyperbolas concave downwards and upwards respectively. Moreover plots of KM/VM against [M] are linear. However, this model does not explain some observations, under conditions of high ionic strength (gamma/2 greater than or equal to 0,1), where Dixon plots are curves concave upwards, plots of [VO/VM)-1]/[M] versus [M] strainght lines, the plot of 1/VM against [M] is a straight line or a curve concave upwards of positives slopes and the plot of KM/VM versus [M] a curve of positive slope concave upwards. These experimental data might be interpreted by an extension of the preceding model to a mechanism with two enzymatic binding sites under kinetic conditions that are determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1222138", "title": "[Characterization of histones from beef pancreas].", "content": "The total histone of ox pancreas was fractionated by electrophoresis on 10 and 25 cm polyacrylamide gels according to Panyim and Chalkley (1969). The presence of an additional subfraction within the lysine rich histone was stated. In the course of the fractionation of total histone according to the method of Oliver et al. (1972) this additional histone component was extracted together with F1 histone.", "contents": "[Characterization of histones from beef pancreas]. The total histone of ox pancreas was fractionated by electrophoresis on 10 and 25 cm polyacrylamide gels according to Panyim and Chalkley (1969). The presence of an additional subfraction within the lysine rich histone was stated. In the course of the fractionation of total histone according to the method of Oliver et al. (1972) this additional histone component was extracted together with F1 histone."}
{"id": "PMID:1222141", "title": "Studies on free or haptoglobin-bound hemoglobin and derivatives (semihemoglobins and porphyrinated semihemoglobins). Some aspects of their peroxidatic activity.", "content": "The peroxidatic activity of hemoglobin (Hb) is known to be enhanced when this hemoprotein is bound to haptoglobin (Hp). The peroxidatic reaction (H2O2, guaiacol as donor) has been kinetically studied (Steady-state) in the presence of free or rabbit-haptoglobin bound human hemoglobin and some of its derivatives, all in ferricyano-form. With free Hb+ CN, we observed linearity of Lineweaver and Burk plots in a wide range of concentrations, the donor's behaviour was therefore assumed to obey the Michaelis-Menten mechanism. When Hp-Hb+ CN is the enzyme, the donor's behaviour is more complicated, analysis shows the existence of two kinds of donor's binding sites. The possibility whether this behaviour might correspond to the intrinsic properties of Hb chains, as revealed after combination with Hp, was examined. The peroxidatic activity of free and Hp-bound alpha and beta chains of Hb were studied. The alpha chains of Hb combine with Hp whereas the beta chains fail to do so. In order to make useful comparisons, the peroxidatic activity of Hp-bound alpha and beta chains were studied by the use of Hp-semihemoglobin complexes where the semihemoglobins carried heme on only one type of chain (alpha or beta). Results did not show an evident correlation between the activities of the two free or bound types of chains and those of the two classes of binding sites revealed in Hp-Hb+ CN. Moreover, it appeared that the heme-free complementary chain might influence the activity of the heme-carrying alpha or beta chain in semihemoglobins and Hp-semihemoglobin complexes. The binding or protoporphyrin on free and Hp-bound semihemoglobins leads to species which exhibit structures close to that of Hb and Hp-Hb complex respectivley. Results of studies on these derivatives brought up new interesting data : when the porphyrin ring alone is bound to the heme deficient chains (alpha or beta), in Hp-semihemoglobin complexes, the same peculiar behaviour, already observed with Hp-Hb complex, is found again. The structural implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on free or haptoglobin-bound hemoglobin and derivatives (semihemoglobins and porphyrinated semihemoglobins). Some aspects of their peroxidatic activity. The peroxidatic activity of hemoglobin (Hb) is known to be enhanced when this hemoprotein is bound to haptoglobin (Hp). The peroxidatic reaction (H2O2, guaiacol as donor) has been kinetically studied (Steady-state) in the presence of free or rabbit-haptoglobin bound human hemoglobin and some of its derivatives, all in ferricyano-form. With free Hb+ CN, we observed linearity of Lineweaver and Burk plots in a wide range of concentrations, the donor's behaviour was therefore assumed to obey the Michaelis-Menten mechanism. When Hp-Hb+ CN is the enzyme, the donor's behaviour is more complicated, analysis shows the existence of two kinds of donor's binding sites. The possibility whether this behaviour might correspond to the intrinsic properties of Hb chains, as revealed after combination with Hp, was examined. The peroxidatic activity of free and Hp-bound alpha and beta chains of Hb were studied. The alpha chains of Hb combine with Hp whereas the beta chains fail to do so. In order to make useful comparisons, the peroxidatic activity of Hp-bound alpha and beta chains were studied by the use of Hp-semihemoglobin complexes where the semihemoglobins carried heme on only one type of chain (alpha or beta). Results did not show an evident correlation between the activities of the two free or bound types of chains and those of the two classes of binding sites revealed in Hp-Hb+ CN. Moreover, it appeared that the heme-free complementary chain might influence the activity of the heme-carrying alpha or beta chain in semihemoglobins and Hp-semihemoglobin complexes. The binding or protoporphyrin on free and Hp-bound semihemoglobins leads to species which exhibit structures close to that of Hb and Hp-Hb complex respectivley. Results of studies on these derivatives brought up new interesting data : when the porphyrin ring alone is bound to the heme deficient chains (alpha or beta), in Hp-semihemoglobin complexes, the same peculiar behaviour, already observed with Hp-Hb complex, is found again. The structural implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222133", "title": "[Comparative study of phosphopeptides in various animal tissues].", "content": "We determined the phosphopeptide (PP) level in several tissues and compared the values to the phosphoprotein and phosphatide level. We studied whole organs and subcellular fractions isolated from these organs. The results showed that the PP were preferentially localised in membranes. Among all the organs analyzed, the electrical organ of \"Torpedo marmorata\" had the highest PP level. The phosphoprotein distribution was different from the PP one; the highest level of phosphorproteins was found in nuclei. There was also an increase in phosphoprotein level comparing whole tissues and membranes isolated from the same tissue. The preferential localisation of PP in membranes is also suggested by the parallelism between PP and phosphatide level, which is also higher in membranes than in whole organs. The peculiar polyanionic structure, as well as the active metabolism and the membranous localisation of PP support the hypothesis that these compounds might be good intermediates in active transport mechanisms.", "contents": "[Comparative study of phosphopeptides in various animal tissues]. We determined the phosphopeptide (PP) level in several tissues and compared the values to the phosphoprotein and phosphatide level. We studied whole organs and subcellular fractions isolated from these organs. The results showed that the PP were preferentially localised in membranes. Among all the organs analyzed, the electrical organ of \"Torpedo marmorata\" had the highest PP level. The phosphoprotein distribution was different from the PP one; the highest level of phosphorproteins was found in nuclei. There was also an increase in phosphoprotein level comparing whole tissues and membranes isolated from the same tissue. The preferential localisation of PP in membranes is also suggested by the parallelism between PP and phosphatide level, which is also higher in membranes than in whole organs. The peculiar polyanionic structure, as well as the active metabolism and the membranous localisation of PP support the hypothesis that these compounds might be good intermediates in active transport mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1222142", "title": "Modification of pyruvate kinase isozymes in prolonged primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase isozymic changes were studied in the adult hepatocyte cultures, by electrophoretic, kinetic and immunological methods. We were able to maintain parenchymal cells from normal adult rat liver in non-proliferating monolayer cultures up to 10 days. Hepatocytes appeared to contain a dominant PK I type up to 4-5 days of culture. After day 5, PK III type was regularly present with PK I and after 7 days PK III type was always the only isozyme detected in culture. It must be pointed out that, by the Ouchterlony method and sometimes by electrophoresis, concentrated extracts from freshly isolated hepatocytes or starting hepatocyte cultures did also contain Pyruvate kinase PK III type. These results suggest that Pyruvate kinase III is present but partly repressed in the adult parenchymal cells and becomes derepressed in culture.", "contents": "Modification of pyruvate kinase isozymes in prolonged primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Pyruvate kinase isozymic changes were studied in the adult hepatocyte cultures, by electrophoretic, kinetic and immunological methods. We were able to maintain parenchymal cells from normal adult rat liver in non-proliferating monolayer cultures up to 10 days. Hepatocytes appeared to contain a dominant PK I type up to 4-5 days of culture. After day 5, PK III type was regularly present with PK I and after 7 days PK III type was always the only isozyme detected in culture. It must be pointed out that, by the Ouchterlony method and sometimes by electrophoresis, concentrated extracts from freshly isolated hepatocytes or starting hepatocyte cultures did also contain Pyruvate kinase PK III type. These results suggest that Pyruvate kinase III is present but partly repressed in the adult parenchymal cells and becomes derepressed in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:1222143", "title": "[Substrates and products of fatty acid elongation in mouse brain microsomes].", "content": "In brain microsomes, palmitate and stearate elongation involve a membrane lipid-bound substrate. After elongation by malonyl-CoA, acyl-products are partially bound to proteins. Acyl-proteins are not found when endogenous fatty acid elongation takes place. In the dysmyelinating Quaking mouse mutants, \"stearyl-membrane\" substrate formation is normal; thus, the deficiency observed in very long chain fatty acid formation is not due to a lack in substrate formation.", "contents": "[Substrates and products of fatty acid elongation in mouse brain microsomes]. In brain microsomes, palmitate and stearate elongation involve a membrane lipid-bound substrate. After elongation by malonyl-CoA, acyl-products are partially bound to proteins. Acyl-proteins are not found when endogenous fatty acid elongation takes place. In the dysmyelinating Quaking mouse mutants, \"stearyl-membrane\" substrate formation is normal; thus, the deficiency observed in very long chain fatty acid formation is not due to a lack in substrate formation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222144", "title": "Special features of Pi transport in pig heart and rat liver mitochondria as revealed by 6,6'-dithiodinicotinic acid (CPDS).", "content": "CPDS (6,6'-dithiodinicotinic acid), a non permeant thiol agent which affects several mitochondrial functions in a way different to that of mersalyl [18-19] revealed striking differences between the phosphate translocating systems of pig heart and rat liver mitochondria. Pi entry was measured either by swelling in 0.12 M ammonium phosphate or by rapid centrifugation in 32Pi medium. Pi efflux was measured after preloading of mitochondria with 32Pi, by exchange against Pi or malate; the \"ATP-FCCP\" system has been tested previously [19]. In pig heart mitochondria, Pi entry seems to proceed exclusively via the Pi/OH- carrier; CPDS completely inhibits this transport and the energy-linked functions. In contrast n-butyl-malonate does not affect the Pi-entry and the energy-linked functions. The Pi efflux is not affected either by CPDS or mersalyl, which do not produce a swelling in the \"ATP-uncoupler system\". In rat liver mitochondria, CPDS inhibits only the Pi/OH- carrier; both CPDS and n-butylmalonate are necessary to inhibit completely Pi entry. CPDS as well as mersalyl provokes a swelling in the presence of the \"APT-uncoupler system\". The results suggest two distinct functions of phosphate transport in both types of mitochondria.", "contents": "Special features of Pi transport in pig heart and rat liver mitochondria as revealed by 6,6'-dithiodinicotinic acid (CPDS). CPDS (6,6'-dithiodinicotinic acid), a non permeant thiol agent which affects several mitochondrial functions in a way different to that of mersalyl [18-19] revealed striking differences between the phosphate translocating systems of pig heart and rat liver mitochondria. Pi entry was measured either by swelling in 0.12 M ammonium phosphate or by rapid centrifugation in 32Pi medium. Pi efflux was measured after preloading of mitochondria with 32Pi, by exchange against Pi or malate; the \"ATP-FCCP\" system has been tested previously [19]. In pig heart mitochondria, Pi entry seems to proceed exclusively via the Pi/OH- carrier; CPDS completely inhibits this transport and the energy-linked functions. In contrast n-butyl-malonate does not affect the Pi-entry and the energy-linked functions. The Pi efflux is not affected either by CPDS or mersalyl, which do not produce a swelling in the \"ATP-uncoupler system\". In rat liver mitochondria, CPDS inhibits only the Pi/OH- carrier; both CPDS and n-butylmalonate are necessary to inhibit completely Pi entry. CPDS as well as mersalyl provokes a swelling in the presence of the \"APT-uncoupler system\". The results suggest two distinct functions of phosphate transport in both types of mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:1222148", "title": "Purification and characterization of ovine pancreatic alpha - amylase.", "content": "Ovine pancreatic amylase has been purified from pancreas homogenate by ammonium sulfate, acetone precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and finally by specific adsorption on polydextran gel. The enzyme is homogeneous and found as a single form as shown by disc electrophoresis, SDS gel electrophoresis, electrofocusing and ultracentrifugation. Its specific activity is similar to that of porcine amylase. The amino acid composition indicates a high content in aromatic and acidic amino acids as for the porcine enzyme; however the methionine and half cystine content differ widely. The N-terminal end is blocked. Also ovine amylase is glycosylated. The molecular weight (56,000-58,000) is slightly higher than for the porcine enzyme. The isoelectric point is acidic (pI = 3.2).", "contents": "Purification and characterization of ovine pancreatic alpha - amylase. Ovine pancreatic amylase has been purified from pancreas homogenate by ammonium sulfate, acetone precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and finally by specific adsorption on polydextran gel. The enzyme is homogeneous and found as a single form as shown by disc electrophoresis, SDS gel electrophoresis, electrofocusing and ultracentrifugation. Its specific activity is similar to that of porcine amylase. The amino acid composition indicates a high content in aromatic and acidic amino acids as for the porcine enzyme; however the methionine and half cystine content differ widely. The N-terminal end is blocked. Also ovine amylase is glycosylated. The molecular weight (56,000-58,000) is slightly higher than for the porcine enzyme. The isoelectric point is acidic (pI = 3.2)."}
{"id": "PMID:1222208", "title": "Significance of precancerous lesions in the colon and rectum.", "content": "The turnover of the colonic mucosa sheds some light on the understanding of the precancerous stages. The colon mucosa operates through a constant and regular epithelial renewal. The regularity of this cycle is controlled by two membranous systems: the basement membrane as a sliding support- coat and the as a brake in the cells progression and thus in the mitosis. Any disturbance, in these system, brings about a large extension of the proliferative area, according to modalities common to all varieties of precancerous, polypous or non-polypous condition. On this poll of undifferentiated cells, with frequent mitosis risks of cancerous changes are, all the higher, that the undifferentiated areas or growing areas are more extended. This explains the unequal tendency to malignancy of colitis, solitary polyps, villous polyps in layers, and multiple polyps.", "contents": "Significance of precancerous lesions in the colon and rectum. The turnover of the colonic mucosa sheds some light on the understanding of the precancerous stages. The colon mucosa operates through a constant and regular epithelial renewal. The regularity of this cycle is controlled by two membranous systems: the basement membrane as a sliding support- coat and the as a brake in the cells progression and thus in the mitosis. Any disturbance, in these system, brings about a large extension of the proliferative area, according to modalities common to all varieties of precancerous, polypous or non-polypous condition. On this poll of undifferentiated cells, with frequent mitosis risks of cancerous changes are, all the higher, that the undifferentiated areas or growing areas are more extended. This explains the unequal tendency to malignancy of colitis, solitary polyps, villous polyps in layers, and multiple polyps."}
{"id": "PMID:1222209", "title": "Different types of DNA synthesis and their importance in cancer growth and therapy.", "content": "Three main types of DNA replication has been recognized: spontaneous, stimulated and induced synthesis. The spontaneous synthesis requires, in addition to the building blocks assembled by a series of enzymes, a preexisting DNA chain which plays both as template and primer. Such pattern, operatively completed during S phase of the cycle, is strictly dependent on the structural integrity of DNA molecule and on the energy level which provokes the signal of initiation.", "contents": "Different types of DNA synthesis and their importance in cancer growth and therapy. Three main types of DNA replication has been recognized: spontaneous, stimulated and induced synthesis. The spontaneous synthesis requires, in addition to the building blocks assembled by a series of enzymes, a preexisting DNA chain which plays both as template and primer. Such pattern, operatively completed during S phase of the cycle, is strictly dependent on the structural integrity of DNA molecule and on the energy level which provokes the signal of initiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222210", "title": "The relation between the proliferative activity and the differentiation pattern of bone marrow cells from Rauscher leukemia virus infected BALB/c mice.", "content": "The proliferative activity of bone marrow from Rauscher Leukemia Virus infected mice was studied during the course of the disease. Spleen colony assay and thin-layer agar technique, both presumably reflecting the number of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells, showed a 2.6 times increase in colony forming units (CFU-S resp. CFU-A) at 12 days after infection. The Bradley method of culturing colonies in agar, which is stated to reflect the number of myeloid precursor cells, resulted in a slower rise in colony forming units (CFU-C) with a maximum of 2.3 times increase at 19 days after infection. These results were compared to the differentiation patterns of the bone marrow at similar intervals after infection. The course of the CFU-C curve parallelled the rise in the number of the myeloblasts in the bone marrow. The pattern of CFU-A and CFU-S curves preceded the rise in number of CFU-C by 7 days. It was found, that RLV infection apart from causing an erythroblastosis in the spleen and a severe anemia is followed by a disappearance of neutrophil granulocytes from the bone marrow. The latter phenomenon is probably the primary cause of the increase of hemopoietic stem cells.", "contents": "The relation between the proliferative activity and the differentiation pattern of bone marrow cells from Rauscher leukemia virus infected BALB/c mice. The proliferative activity of bone marrow from Rauscher Leukemia Virus infected mice was studied during the course of the disease. Spleen colony assay and thin-layer agar technique, both presumably reflecting the number of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells, showed a 2.6 times increase in colony forming units (CFU-S resp. CFU-A) at 12 days after infection. The Bradley method of culturing colonies in agar, which is stated to reflect the number of myeloid precursor cells, resulted in a slower rise in colony forming units (CFU-C) with a maximum of 2.3 times increase at 19 days after infection. These results were compared to the differentiation patterns of the bone marrow at similar intervals after infection. The course of the CFU-C curve parallelled the rise in the number of the myeloblasts in the bone marrow. The pattern of CFU-A and CFU-S curves preceded the rise in number of CFU-C by 7 days. It was found, that RLV infection apart from causing an erythroblastosis in the spleen and a severe anemia is followed by a disappearance of neutrophil granulocytes from the bone marrow. The latter phenomenon is probably the primary cause of the increase of hemopoietic stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1222211", "title": "Impaired exchange of autotranfused blood lymphocytes between intra- and extravascular pools in patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Autotransfusion of 3H-cytidine labeled blood lymphocytes was performed in 4 normal subjects, 3 patients with non-leukemic malignant lymphoma (1 reticulum cell sarcoma, 2 lymphosarcoma), 2 treated, non-leukemic patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 11 untreated CLL patients. Immediately after autotransfusion on the average only 41.3% and 47.5% of the infused labeled lymphocytes were recovered in the blood of the normal subjects and of the untreated CLL patients, respectively. During the first hour, in the normal subjects a higher proportion of labeled cells disappeared from the blood that in untreated CLL patients. Thereafter, this initial rapid decrease ceased and levelled off into a plateau with rather constant recovery values. At this time (1-4 hours after autotransfusion), on the average only 6.7% of the normal lymphocytes, but 27.8% of the untreated CLL lymphocytes were recovered in the blood. In the non-leukemic lymphoma of the untreated CLL lymphocytes were recovered in the blood. In the non-leukemic lymphoma patients and treated CLL patients the autotransfused lymphocytes exhibited circulation kinetics similar to those of the normal lymphocytes. The majority of blood lymphocytes from untreated patients with CLL seem to be characterized by a poor exchange rate between intra- and extravascular lymphocyte pools and a prolonged intra-vascular life span. These findings agree with the impaired recirculation kinetics of CLL lymphocytes and their abnormal 0ehaviour in several \"in vitro\" tests dealing with other lymphocyte functions.", "contents": "Impaired exchange of autotranfused blood lymphocytes between intra- and extravascular pools in patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Autotransfusion of 3H-cytidine labeled blood lymphocytes was performed in 4 normal subjects, 3 patients with non-leukemic malignant lymphoma (1 reticulum cell sarcoma, 2 lymphosarcoma), 2 treated, non-leukemic patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 11 untreated CLL patients. Immediately after autotransfusion on the average only 41.3% and 47.5% of the infused labeled lymphocytes were recovered in the blood of the normal subjects and of the untreated CLL patients, respectively. During the first hour, in the normal subjects a higher proportion of labeled cells disappeared from the blood that in untreated CLL patients. Thereafter, this initial rapid decrease ceased and levelled off into a plateau with rather constant recovery values. At this time (1-4 hours after autotransfusion), on the average only 6.7% of the normal lymphocytes, but 27.8% of the untreated CLL lymphocytes were recovered in the blood. In the non-leukemic lymphoma of the untreated CLL lymphocytes were recovered in the blood. In the non-leukemic lymphoma patients and treated CLL patients the autotransfused lymphocytes exhibited circulation kinetics similar to those of the normal lymphocytes. The majority of blood lymphocytes from untreated patients with CLL seem to be characterized by a poor exchange rate between intra- and extravascular lymphocyte pools and a prolonged intra-vascular life span. These findings agree with the impaired recirculation kinetics of CLL lymphocytes and their abnormal 0ehaviour in several \"in vitro\" tests dealing with other lymphocyte functions."}
{"id": "PMID:1222212", "title": "[Attempt at characterization of 2 erythrocyte variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in a patient with a partial enzymatic deficit].", "content": "The electrophoresis shows, in red blood cells of a North African man affected by a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, the presence of two enzymes differing by their electrophoretic mobilities: one of them presents in the same mobility as variant Gd (+) B, the other being faster. After partial purification of the enzymes by ionic exchange chromatography on cellex D BIO-RAD, the preparation obtained shows some kinetic abnormalities: an increased value of 2-deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate utilisation and a non linear plot of 1/v versus 1/s, inadequate for Km determination. Assuming that our preparation contains two enzymes differing by their affinities for glucose-6-phosphate, were carried out a study of their Michaelis constants for glucose-6-phosphate by a method based on the densitometric determination of colored spots corresponding to these two variants after electrophoretic separation on cellogel strips. One of these variants is similar to Gd (+) B, the other being characterised by increased values of: electrophoretic mobility (+ 110%), Km for glucose-6-hosphate (194 +/- 38 muM, normal range being 55 to 70 muM), utilisation coefficient of 2-deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate.", "contents": "[Attempt at characterization of 2 erythrocyte variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in a patient with a partial enzymatic deficit]. The electrophoresis shows, in red blood cells of a North African man affected by a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, the presence of two enzymes differing by their electrophoretic mobilities: one of them presents in the same mobility as variant Gd (+) B, the other being faster. After partial purification of the enzymes by ionic exchange chromatography on cellex D BIO-RAD, the preparation obtained shows some kinetic abnormalities: an increased value of 2-deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate utilisation and a non linear plot of 1/v versus 1/s, inadequate for Km determination. Assuming that our preparation contains two enzymes differing by their affinities for glucose-6-phosphate, were carried out a study of their Michaelis constants for glucose-6-phosphate by a method based on the densitometric determination of colored spots corresponding to these two variants after electrophoretic separation on cellogel strips. One of these variants is similar to Gd (+) B, the other being characterised by increased values of: electrophoretic mobility (+ 110%), Km for glucose-6-hosphate (194 +/- 38 muM, normal range being 55 to 70 muM), utilisation coefficient of 2-deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:1222213", "title": "[Thermogenesis of breast cancers. V. The effects of 60Co radiotherapy and the correlations with expectations of a cure].", "content": "The action of ionizing radiation on the metabolic heat production by cancers has been investigated on a group of 24 small breast carcinomas (T1 and T2), all treated exclusively by radiotherapy under equivalent conditions (60Co) and then followed up regularly (mean recall period of five years). Following techniques have been used: intratumoral thermometry and fluvography for computing the specific heat power of the tumour, infrared thermography for analysing the skin thermal pattern quantitatively. Comparison between clinical, radiographical and thermal findings has more especially shown; a) the constant agreement between the final loco-regional results of radiotherapy and the evolution of both the heat production by the tumour and the related hyperthermia on the skin; b) the early appearance of the thermal signs of either a regression or a recurrence of the tumour, compared with the corresponding morphological signs. The fundamental and practical consequences can be summarized as follows: 1 degree distinction between radiosensitive and radioresistant carcinomas accroding as the specific heat power of the tumour is reduced or not after irradiation; 2 degrees definition of three types of thermal evolution by normalization, regression followed by re-increase, and continuance of both tumour heat production and malignant skin hyperthemia, and corresponding to the clinical concepts of sterilization, recurrence and nonsterilization respectively; 3 degrees justification of the systematic use of thermal methods for post-irradiation follow-up, especially to detect a local recurrence earlier and to specify the nature of a doubtful remaining opacity; 4 degrees description of objective thermal criteria allowing to decide a repairing mastectomy within shorter delays.", "contents": "[Thermogenesis of breast cancers. V. The effects of 60Co radiotherapy and the correlations with expectations of a cure]. The action of ionizing radiation on the metabolic heat production by cancers has been investigated on a group of 24 small breast carcinomas (T1 and T2), all treated exclusively by radiotherapy under equivalent conditions (60Co) and then followed up regularly (mean recall period of five years). Following techniques have been used: intratumoral thermometry and fluvography for computing the specific heat power of the tumour, infrared thermography for analysing the skin thermal pattern quantitatively. Comparison between clinical, radiographical and thermal findings has more especially shown; a) the constant agreement between the final loco-regional results of radiotherapy and the evolution of both the heat production by the tumour and the related hyperthermia on the skin; b) the early appearance of the thermal signs of either a regression or a recurrence of the tumour, compared with the corresponding morphological signs. The fundamental and practical consequences can be summarized as follows: 1 degree distinction between radiosensitive and radioresistant carcinomas accroding as the specific heat power of the tumour is reduced or not after irradiation; 2 degrees definition of three types of thermal evolution by normalization, regression followed by re-increase, and continuance of both tumour heat production and malignant skin hyperthemia, and corresponding to the clinical concepts of sterilization, recurrence and nonsterilization respectively; 3 degrees justification of the systematic use of thermal methods for post-irradiation follow-up, especially to detect a local recurrence earlier and to specify the nature of a doubtful remaining opacity; 4 degrees description of objective thermal criteria allowing to decide a repairing mastectomy within shorter delays."}
{"id": "PMID:1222214", "title": "[Report on the study of hyaluronic acid in the diagnosis of pleural mesotheliomas: study of 100 hyaluronic acid rich effusions].", "content": "Hyaluronic acid was measured in 1580 pleural effusions. We report 100 cases of hyaluronate-rich pleural fluids. Correlations betueen clinical, radiological and histological diagnosis of mesothelioma and the characterization of hyaluronate are discussed. These data suggest the possibility of a biochemical approach for the diagnosis of pleural malignant tumours.", "contents": "[Report on the study of hyaluronic acid in the diagnosis of pleural mesotheliomas: study of 100 hyaluronic acid rich effusions]. Hyaluronic acid was measured in 1580 pleural effusions. We report 100 cases of hyaluronate-rich pleural fluids. Correlations betueen clinical, radiological and histological diagnosis of mesothelioma and the characterization of hyaluronate are discussed. These data suggest the possibility of a biochemical approach for the diagnosis of pleural malignant tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:1222215", "title": "Effect of catecholamines on renin release in vitro.", "content": "Beta receptor activation by isoproterenol stimulates renin release by kidney slices \"in vitro\". This effect is dose-dependent and blocked by propranolol. High norepinephrine concentration has an inhibitory effect on renin secretion which is reversed by phentolamine: activation of alpha receptors probably decreases renin release.", "contents": "Effect of catecholamines on renin release in vitro. Beta receptor activation by isoproterenol stimulates renin release by kidney slices \"in vitro\". This effect is dose-dependent and blocked by propranolol. High norepinephrine concentration has an inhibitory effect on renin secretion which is reversed by phentolamine: activation of alpha receptors probably decreases renin release."}
{"id": "PMID:1222216", "title": "Failure of permanent marrow ablation to induce a myeloproliferative disorder in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits in which bone marrow necrosis is induced often develop myeloproliferation with extra-medullary hemopoiesis. There is a study suggesting that a similar event ensues after mechanical marrow ablation. To investigate the latter phenomenon, we flushed and curretted the long bones of rabbits and then plugged their marrow cavities permanently preventing marrow regeneration. Four-8-long bones per rabbit were ablated by this technique. Serial blood evaluations were performed and upon death or sacrifice autopsies were performed. Some animals were followed up to one year. None developed any sigh of a myeloproliferative disorder as judged by leukocytosis, peripheral blood morphology and organ examination for extramedullary hemopoiesis.", "contents": "Failure of permanent marrow ablation to induce a myeloproliferative disorder in rabbits. Rabbits in which bone marrow necrosis is induced often develop myeloproliferation with extra-medullary hemopoiesis. There is a study suggesting that a similar event ensues after mechanical marrow ablation. To investigate the latter phenomenon, we flushed and curretted the long bones of rabbits and then plugged their marrow cavities permanently preventing marrow regeneration. Four-8-long bones per rabbit were ablated by this technique. Serial blood evaluations were performed and upon death or sacrifice autopsies were performed. Some animals were followed up to one year. None developed any sigh of a myeloproliferative disorder as judged by leukocytosis, peripheral blood morphology and organ examination for extramedullary hemopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222217", "title": "The oncostatic and immunosuppressive action of new nitrosourea derivatives containing sugar radicals.", "content": "Four new nitrosourea derivatives represent an appreciable progress in the treatment and cure of L1210 leukemia. Their therapeutic index is higher than that of CCNU and MeCCNU. Of these compounds, RFCNU may prove the most promising, as its therapeutic index is the highest of those for all the four compounds studied; moreover, unlike the other products, it is not immunosuppressive, whether administered before or after the antigen.", "contents": "The oncostatic and immunosuppressive action of new nitrosourea derivatives containing sugar radicals. Four new nitrosourea derivatives represent an appreciable progress in the treatment and cure of L1210 leukemia. Their therapeutic index is higher than that of CCNU and MeCCNU. Of these compounds, RFCNU may prove the most promising, as its therapeutic index is the highest of those for all the four compounds studied; moreover, unlike the other products, it is not immunosuppressive, whether administered before or after the antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:1222218", "title": "[Identification by means of heat denaturation of chromosome aberrations in 6 human metastatic tumors].", "content": "The method of chromosome reverse banding was applied to cancer cells. 95 mitotic figures, obtained from 6 histologically different metastatic effusions, in man were studied. This method gives a precise identification of numerical and structural abnormalities in chromosomes. Every possible type of chromosome mutation was observed. The chromosome accidents are different according to their frequence and their stability. This seems to be linked with the genetic contents.", "contents": "[Identification by means of heat denaturation of chromosome aberrations in 6 human metastatic tumors]. The method of chromosome reverse banding was applied to cancer cells. 95 mitotic figures, obtained from 6 histologically different metastatic effusions, in man were studied. This method gives a precise identification of numerical and structural abnormalities in chromosomes. Every possible type of chromosome mutation was observed. The chromosome accidents are different according to their frequence and their stability. This seems to be linked with the genetic contents."}
{"id": "PMID:1222219", "title": "Human erythrocytic calcium concentration in hemolytic anemia.", "content": "In order to elucidate the role of the Ca2+ accumulation in hemolytic process, erythrocytic calcium concentration has been studied by atomic absorption spectroscopy in 18 cases of congenital hemolytic anemias and in 19 cases of acquired auto-immune hemolysis. An increased erythrocytic Ca2+ level was observed in some, but not in all, congenital (10 cases) or acquired (6 cases) hemolytic anemias. It seems that the loss in erythrocytic deformability induced by calcium accumulation probably was not the common state leading to hemolysis.", "contents": "Human erythrocytic calcium concentration in hemolytic anemia. In order to elucidate the role of the Ca2+ accumulation in hemolytic process, erythrocytic calcium concentration has been studied by atomic absorption spectroscopy in 18 cases of congenital hemolytic anemias and in 19 cases of acquired auto-immune hemolysis. An increased erythrocytic Ca2+ level was observed in some, but not in all, congenital (10 cases) or acquired (6 cases) hemolytic anemias. It seems that the loss in erythrocytic deformability induced by calcium accumulation probably was not the common state leading to hemolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222220", "title": "Combined use of immunocytochemical and autoradiographic techniques for studying the renewal of gastrin cells.", "content": "The combined use of immunocytochemical labelling of gastrin cells and of autoradiographic labelling after a single injection of tritiated thymidine, showed that these endocrine cells are renewed in the antrum of adult mice.", "contents": "Combined use of immunocytochemical and autoradiographic techniques for studying the renewal of gastrin cells. The combined use of immunocytochemical labelling of gastrin cells and of autoradiographic labelling after a single injection of tritiated thymidine, showed that these endocrine cells are renewed in the antrum of adult mice."}
{"id": "PMID:1222221", "title": "[Micro-determination of hemoglobin by measuring the peroxidase activity].", "content": "A simple and rapid method is described for the determination of serum hemoglobin. Free hemoglobin shows no peroxidase activity but human hemoglobin-human haptoglobin complex presents a peroxidase activity which permits hemoglobin determination. It is shown that a good source of haptoglobin is constituted by pools of non-hemolyzed human serums.", "contents": "[Micro-determination of hemoglobin by measuring the peroxidase activity]. A simple and rapid method is described for the determination of serum hemoglobin. Free hemoglobin shows no peroxidase activity but human hemoglobin-human haptoglobin complex presents a peroxidase activity which permits hemoglobin determination. It is shown that a good source of haptoglobin is constituted by pools of non-hemolyzed human serums."}
{"id": "PMID:1222222", "title": "Renal hemodynamic response to l-dopa during acute renal failure in man.", "content": "Twelve patients with acute renal failure underwent L.dopa infusion into a renal artery and 133Xenon wash-out recordings before and during the infusion. Urine volume and sodium output were also compared during two 24 hours periods, before and after the procedure. Hemodynamic data were compared with data obtained from a matched group of patients receiving Furosemide (8 patients) in place of L.dopa. Only L.dopa infusion significantly increased outer cortical distribution (p less than 0.005 using paired t-test). No blood flow change could be demonstrated in any component nor did the drug improve urinary excretion or the general course of the disease. Control data shows that reduced cortical distribution is the most consistent feature of acute renal failure, so that L.dopa does partially improve intrarenal hemodynamics in this condition. The failure of the drug to restore kidney function may be explained by the following reasons: a) Inability of the agent to restore a normal wash-out pattern; b) Involvement of non-hemodynamic factors, as suggested by comparing similar wash-out improvements after L.dopa in acute glomerulonephritis and in reversible acute renal failure.", "contents": "Renal hemodynamic response to l-dopa during acute renal failure in man. Twelve patients with acute renal failure underwent L.dopa infusion into a renal artery and 133Xenon wash-out recordings before and during the infusion. Urine volume and sodium output were also compared during two 24 hours periods, before and after the procedure. Hemodynamic data were compared with data obtained from a matched group of patients receiving Furosemide (8 patients) in place of L.dopa. Only L.dopa infusion significantly increased outer cortical distribution (p less than 0.005 using paired t-test). No blood flow change could be demonstrated in any component nor did the drug improve urinary excretion or the general course of the disease. Control data shows that reduced cortical distribution is the most consistent feature of acute renal failure, so that L.dopa does partially improve intrarenal hemodynamics in this condition. The failure of the drug to restore kidney function may be explained by the following reasons: a) Inability of the agent to restore a normal wash-out pattern; b) Involvement of non-hemodynamic factors, as suggested by comparing similar wash-out improvements after L.dopa in acute glomerulonephritis and in reversible acute renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:1222223", "title": "Letter: Effect of BCG on haemopoietic stem cells.", "content": "The i.v. administration of living BCG to (DBA/2 X C57Bl/6) Fl mice pushd quickly the quiescent stem cells of bone marrow into S phase of the cell cycle. This treatment can be used to shorten the intervals of hemopoietic restoration after administration of combination cytotoxic chemotherapy.", "contents": "Letter: Effect of BCG on haemopoietic stem cells. The i.v. administration of living BCG to (DBA/2 X C57Bl/6) Fl mice pushd quickly the quiescent stem cells of bone marrow into S phase of the cell cycle. This treatment can be used to shorten the intervals of hemopoietic restoration after administration of combination cytotoxic chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:1222224", "title": "Culture of chondrocytes from the proliferative zone of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage from prepubertal rabbits.", "content": "Chondrocytes from epihyseal growth plate cartilage of prepubertal rabbits were cultured. Cells from the proliferative zone showed a very different adhesiveness: they did not stick to the flasks until the 8th to 10th days. They need more oxygen tension to develop and grew in small separated colonies. Each colony was composed by several layers of round or polygonal cells, metachromatic with toluidine blue and they were surrounded by one layer of fibroblastic-like cells. At the end of primary culture the colonies looked like \"craters\". Cells from the resting zone multiplied as monolayer culture identical to articular chondrocytes. The stage of differentiation of the two different kinds of cells is discussed.", "contents": "Culture of chondrocytes from the proliferative zone of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage from prepubertal rabbits. Chondrocytes from epihyseal growth plate cartilage of prepubertal rabbits were cultured. Cells from the proliferative zone showed a very different adhesiveness: they did not stick to the flasks until the 8th to 10th days. They need more oxygen tension to develop and grew in small separated colonies. Each colony was composed by several layers of round or polygonal cells, metachromatic with toluidine blue and they were surrounded by one layer of fibroblastic-like cells. At the end of primary culture the colonies looked like \"craters\". Cells from the resting zone multiplied as monolayer culture identical to articular chondrocytes. The stage of differentiation of the two different kinds of cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222225", "title": "Study of cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis: inhibition of leucocyte migration by a synovial extract.", "content": "The antigenicity of aqueous extracts of osteoarthritic and rheumatoid synoviale was studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, other diseases and in normal controls by the mean of leucocyte migration test, lymphoblastic transformation test and cutaneous reactions. In 59% cases of rheumatoid arthritis an inhibition of the migration of leucocytes was found but there was no relation between this test and the clinical state, the evolution, rheumatoid serology and other laboratory parameters. In some cases of rheumatoid arthritis an inhibition of the migration of leucocytes was observed also with a pericardial and hepatic extract. In normal controls the leucocyte migration test is always negative, but it is positive in 37% of cases of various inflammatory and neoplastic diseases and the difference is not significant considering the percentage of positivity of the test in rheumatoid arthritis. The lymphoblastic transformation test and the cutaneous reactions were always negative in rheumatoid arthritis and in controls. Thus, the leucocyte migration  test using a synovial extract as an antigen does not bring evidence in favour of an auto-immune conflict in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Study of cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis: inhibition of leucocyte migration by a synovial extract. The antigenicity of aqueous extracts of osteoarthritic and rheumatoid synoviale was studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, other diseases and in normal controls by the mean of leucocyte migration test, lymphoblastic transformation test and cutaneous reactions. In 59% cases of rheumatoid arthritis an inhibition of the migration of leucocytes was found but there was no relation between this test and the clinical state, the evolution, rheumatoid serology and other laboratory parameters. In some cases of rheumatoid arthritis an inhibition of the migration of leucocytes was observed also with a pericardial and hepatic extract. In normal controls the leucocyte migration test is always negative, but it is positive in 37% of cases of various inflammatory and neoplastic diseases and the difference is not significant considering the percentage of positivity of the test in rheumatoid arthritis. The lymphoblastic transformation test and the cutaneous reactions were always negative in rheumatoid arthritis and in controls. Thus, the leucocyte migration  test using a synovial extract as an antigen does not bring evidence in favour of an auto-immune conflict in rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222226", "title": "Relationship between Hb and HbA2 concentrations in untreated and Fe-treated iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "The absolute concentrations of Hb (x) and HbA2 (y) were statistically correlated (a = 0.0208; b = 0.0170; r = 0.4700; P less than 0.05) in 29 subjects with iron deficiency anaemia. 15 days after a month course of iron therapy the mean percentage increase of HbA2 was greater (123.9%) than that of Hb (62.0%). HbA2 concentration was still correlated with that of Hb (r = 0.6632; P less than 0.001), but the values for intercept and slope (a = - 0.1476; b = 0.0383) indicated a relatively greater production of HbA2.", "contents": "Relationship between Hb and HbA2 concentrations in untreated and Fe-treated iron deficiency anaemia. The absolute concentrations of Hb (x) and HbA2 (y) were statistically correlated (a = 0.0208; b = 0.0170; r = 0.4700; P less than 0.05) in 29 subjects with iron deficiency anaemia. 15 days after a month course of iron therapy the mean percentage increase of HbA2 was greater (123.9%) than that of Hb (62.0%). HbA2 concentration was still correlated with that of Hb (r = 0.6632; P less than 0.001), but the values for intercept and slope (a = - 0.1476; b = 0.0383) indicated a relatively greater production of HbA2."}
{"id": "PMID:1222227", "title": "Hl-A antigens associated with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis in an ethnic homogeneous population.", "content": "The HL-A phenotypes of 52 patients with rhematoid arthritis and 26 patients with ankylosing spondylitis from an ethnic homogeneous population have been determined. No definite association has been established with rheumatoid arthritis, while a very significant association has been found between ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27 antigen. This finding suggests that certain patients with ankylosing spondylitis have a genetically determined susceptibility to their disease which could be due to a cross-tolerance mechanism enabling infectious agent antigens to mimic certain histo-compatibility antigens, or to a linkage between HL-A genes and those controlling immune responsiveness.", "contents": "Hl-A antigens associated with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis in an ethnic homogeneous population. The HL-A phenotypes of 52 patients with rhematoid arthritis and 26 patients with ankylosing spondylitis from an ethnic homogeneous population have been determined. No definite association has been established with rheumatoid arthritis, while a very significant association has been found between ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27 antigen. This finding suggests that certain patients with ankylosing spondylitis have a genetically determined susceptibility to their disease which could be due to a cross-tolerance mechanism enabling infectious agent antigens to mimic certain histo-compatibility antigens, or to a linkage between HL-A genes and those controlling immune responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:1222228", "title": "Renal tubular sodium reabsorption during the recovery from the oliguric phase of acute nephritis.", "content": "The urinary excretion of sodium, calcium, phosphorus and the reabsorption of solute free-water, were studied in seven water-restricted patients with post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. During the recovery from the initial salt-retaining phase, there was a progressive increase in the urinary excretion of sodium, phosphorus and calcium either in absolute values or when expressed as their tubular rejection fractions. A progressive increase in free-water reabsorption as percentage of creatinine clearance was also demonstrated. The data suggest that in this phase of the disease there occurs a non specific supression of proximal tubular activity.", "contents": "Renal tubular sodium reabsorption during the recovery from the oliguric phase of acute nephritis. The urinary excretion of sodium, calcium, phosphorus and the reabsorption of solute free-water, were studied in seven water-restricted patients with post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. During the recovery from the initial salt-retaining phase, there was a progressive increase in the urinary excretion of sodium, phosphorus and calcium either in absolute values or when expressed as their tubular rejection fractions. A progressive increase in free-water reabsorption as percentage of creatinine clearance was also demonstrated. The data suggest that in this phase of the disease there occurs a non specific supression of proximal tubular activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1222229", "title": "[Dynamic comparative study of the intraalveolar cell population after intratracheal injection of beryllium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide in the rat].", "content": "A sequential quantitative analysis of free alveolar cells was performed on S.P.F. rats after intratracheal injection of Be (OH)2 and Al (OH)3. The induced lesions were entirely restored 20 days after the initial injection. Beryllium hydroxide inhibited DNA synthesis in the free alveolar macrophages and the transeptal cellular flow could be evidenced. Aluminium hydroxide increased the number of free cells without inhibiting DNA synthesis. Quantitative variations of polymorphonuclears, lymphocytes and macrophages were correlated with changes in the alveolar environment. A strong direct correlation between the number of lymphocytes and DNA synthetizing macrophages was shown out. This reaction was not observed in beryllium treated rats.", "contents": "[Dynamic comparative study of the intraalveolar cell population after intratracheal injection of beryllium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide in the rat]. A sequential quantitative analysis of free alveolar cells was performed on S.P.F. rats after intratracheal injection of Be (OH)2 and Al (OH)3. The induced lesions were entirely restored 20 days after the initial injection. Beryllium hydroxide inhibited DNA synthesis in the free alveolar macrophages and the transeptal cellular flow could be evidenced. Aluminium hydroxide increased the number of free cells without inhibiting DNA synthesis. Quantitative variations of polymorphonuclears, lymphocytes and macrophages were correlated with changes in the alveolar environment. A strong direct correlation between the number of lymphocytes and DNA synthetizing macrophages was shown out. This reaction was not observed in beryllium treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1222230", "title": "Characteristics of messenger ribonucleoprotein and putative messenger RNA from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites tumor cell messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) and putative messenger RNA (mRNA) were isolated under conditions minimizing RNA degradation by ribonucleases and non-specific protein-RNA interaction, mRNP dissociated from polysomes by puromycin and EDTA sedimented to 185S. Putative messenger RNA released by proteinase K sedimented from 50 to 97S, with a maximum molecular weight approximating 6-25 X 10(6) daltons.", "contents": "Characteristics of messenger ribonucleoprotein and putative messenger RNA from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Ehrlich ascites tumor cell messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) and putative messenger RNA (mRNA) were isolated under conditions minimizing RNA degradation by ribonucleases and non-specific protein-RNA interaction, mRNP dissociated from polysomes by puromycin and EDTA sedimented to 185S. Putative messenger RNA released by proteinase K sedimented from 50 to 97S, with a maximum molecular weight approximating 6-25 X 10(6) daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:1222231", "title": "Growth hormone release by glycine injected intravenously in 22 healthy sexually immature children.", "content": "A solution of 10% glycine (250 mg/kg of body weight) was injected in within 5-10 minutes in 22 healthy, sexually immature children who were previously tested for insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Blood specimens were collected before, 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after injection for glucose, HGH and total alpha-amino nitrogen determination. The mean peak post-glycine level of serum HGH was 11.47 +/- 1.558 ng/ml (+/- SEM) and did not differ significantly from the corresponding post-insulin mean value (15.63 +/- 0.247 ng/ml). The highest post-stimulatory mean value (8.88 +/- 1.694 ng/ml) was observed 30 minutes after the end of the injection of glycine. Glycine is a reliable GH stimulating agent, which may be tentatively used for detection of hyposomatotropism in children.", "contents": "Growth hormone release by glycine injected intravenously in 22 healthy sexually immature children. A solution of 10% glycine (250 mg/kg of body weight) was injected in within 5-10 minutes in 22 healthy, sexually immature children who were previously tested for insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Blood specimens were collected before, 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after injection for glucose, HGH and total alpha-amino nitrogen determination. The mean peak post-glycine level of serum HGH was 11.47 +/- 1.558 ng/ml (+/- SEM) and did not differ significantly from the corresponding post-insulin mean value (15.63 +/- 0.247 ng/ml). The highest post-stimulatory mean value (8.88 +/- 1.694 ng/ml) was observed 30 minutes after the end of the injection of glycine. Glycine is a reliable GH stimulating agent, which may be tentatively used for detection of hyposomatotropism in children."}
{"id": "PMID:1222232", "title": "A study of the metabolism of zinc its metalloenzymes in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In a study of 24 diabetics, hyperzincuria was observed, especially in females. In the female diabetics serum lactic dehydrogenase activity was related to the serum zinc level and urinary zinc excretion. In male diabetics serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase were correlated as were serum lactic dehydrogenase and urinary zinc excretion.", "contents": "A study of the metabolism of zinc its metalloenzymes in diabetes mellitus. In a study of 24 diabetics, hyperzincuria was observed, especially in females. In the female diabetics serum lactic dehydrogenase activity was related to the serum zinc level and urinary zinc excretion. In male diabetics serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase were correlated as were serum lactic dehydrogenase and urinary zinc excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1222233", "title": "Effect of pyrazole administration on the isopropanol induced fatty liver.", "content": "The isopropanol induced fatty liver is prevented in the rat by prior administration of pyrazole. Acetone administration, on the other hand, determines an increase in the hepatic triglyceride level. These results suggest the implications of acetone in the induction of the fatty liver following acute isopropanol administration in the rat.", "contents": "Effect of pyrazole administration on the isopropanol induced fatty liver. The isopropanol induced fatty liver is prevented in the rat by prior administration of pyrazole. Acetone administration, on the other hand, determines an increase in the hepatic triglyceride level. These results suggest the implications of acetone in the induction of the fatty liver following acute isopropanol administration in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:1222234", "title": "[Study of blood amino acids during a phenylalanine loading test].", "content": "A study of serum amino-acids during a L-phenylalanine loading test was performed in controls, heterozygotes and phenylketonuric patients with and without restricted diet. Abnormalities in plasma-amino acids were found in phenylketonuric patients at time zero with a fall of the level of some amino-acids (except for phenylalanine) when compared with the levels found in controls. These results are statistically valid only for threonine and proline. These abnormalities of the plasma amino-acids disappeared when patients were treated by a restricted diet. At the end of a loading test, there was no statistically valid changes of the blood amino-acids in controls, heterozygotes nor in patients with a restricted diet. There was no enhancement of the abnormalities in phenylketonuria.", "contents": "[Study of blood amino acids during a phenylalanine loading test]. A study of serum amino-acids during a L-phenylalanine loading test was performed in controls, heterozygotes and phenylketonuric patients with and without restricted diet. Abnormalities in plasma-amino acids were found in phenylketonuric patients at time zero with a fall of the level of some amino-acids (except for phenylalanine) when compared with the levels found in controls. These results are statistically valid only for threonine and proline. These abnormalities of the plasma amino-acids disappeared when patients were treated by a restricted diet. At the end of a loading test, there was no statistically valid changes of the blood amino-acids in controls, heterozygotes nor in patients with a restricted diet. There was no enhancement of the abnormalities in phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:1222235", "title": "[Autoradiographic analysis of the incorporation of uridine-H3 into hyperchromic motoneurons of mouse spinal cord].", "content": "Under conditions of local administration of uridine-H3 solution a study was made of the dynamics of the isotope incorporation into the RNA of the nuclei and the cytoplasm of the perikarion of the hyperchromic motor neurons of the ventro-lateral nucleus of mouse spinal cord. An increase in the content of hyperchromic neurocytes in the population under study was reached in mice as a result of swimming for four hours. A different character of the label regression curves for the hyperchromic and normochromic motor neurons was shown.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic analysis of the incorporation of uridine-H3 into hyperchromic motoneurons of mouse spinal cord]. Under conditions of local administration of uridine-H3 solution a study was made of the dynamics of the isotope incorporation into the RNA of the nuclei and the cytoplasm of the perikarion of the hyperchromic motor neurons of the ventro-lateral nucleus of mouse spinal cord. An increase in the content of hyperchromic neurocytes in the population under study was reached in mice as a result of swimming for four hours. A different character of the label regression curves for the hyperchromic and normochromic motor neurons was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:1222236", "title": "[Intertubular cells and their relation to the renal cambium].", "content": "The intertubular cells (ITC) of the cortex of the human kidney (from the fetus, newborns, children aged from 1 to 5 years, adults aged from 30 to 70) were studied. The ITC in the kidneys with an undeveloped structure (fetus, newborns) amounted 21.4--12.6% of the epithelial cells of the convoluted tubules and for children over one year and adults--7.6%. When the kidney was affected by nephrotoxic poison (ethylene-glycol) and deep hypoxia and ITC were activated, began to multiply and made up 14.5% of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules. It is suggested that the ITC represented a peculiar cambium of the renal tubules which formed due to the transferring of a part of the cells of the metaneophrogenic tissue into position of rest (R-period).", "contents": "[Intertubular cells and their relation to the renal cambium]. The intertubular cells (ITC) of the cortex of the human kidney (from the fetus, newborns, children aged from 1 to 5 years, adults aged from 30 to 70) were studied. The ITC in the kidneys with an undeveloped structure (fetus, newborns) amounted 21.4--12.6% of the epithelial cells of the convoluted tubules and for children over one year and adults--7.6%. When the kidney was affected by nephrotoxic poison (ethylene-glycol) and deep hypoxia and ITC were activated, began to multiply and made up 14.5% of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules. It is suggested that the ITC represented a peculiar cambium of the renal tubules which formed due to the transferring of a part of the cells of the metaneophrogenic tissue into position of rest (R-period)."}
{"id": "PMID:1222237", "title": "[Participation of smooth muscle cells in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques].", "content": "A study of the participation of the smooth muscle cells in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions was made on the autopsy material with the use of specific antiserum to the smooth muscle actomyosin and of indirect Coons' method. Typical forms of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, cerebral vessels and coronary arteries were studied. Smooth muscle cells were detected in the thickened intima alongside the atherosclerotic lesions, in fatty streaks, in the fibrous tissue of the atherosclerotic plaque, but they were not found in the atheromatous masses. The proliferation and migration of the smooth muscle cells is regarded as an essential factor in the pathogenetic mechanisms of atherosclersis.", "contents": "[Participation of smooth muscle cells in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques]. A study of the participation of the smooth muscle cells in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions was made on the autopsy material with the use of specific antiserum to the smooth muscle actomyosin and of indirect Coons' method. Typical forms of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, cerebral vessels and coronary arteries were studied. Smooth muscle cells were detected in the thickened intima alongside the atherosclerotic lesions, in fatty streaks, in the fibrous tissue of the atherosclerotic plaque, but they were not found in the atheromatous masses. The proliferation and migration of the smooth muscle cells is regarded as an essential factor in the pathogenetic mechanisms of atherosclersis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222238", "title": "[Quantitative stereological evaluation of the processes of intrafollicular colloid accumulation and excretion in the thyroid gland].", "content": "The paper treats the biological importance of the correlation between the inner (resorbing) surface of thyroid follicles and their colloid content. The morphometric method for determination of this parameter based on the sterological principles is presented. The validity of this method is demonstrated by a model experiment.", "contents": "[Quantitative stereological evaluation of the processes of intrafollicular colloid accumulation and excretion in the thyroid gland]. The paper treats the biological importance of the correlation between the inner (resorbing) surface of thyroid follicles and their colloid content. The morphometric method for determination of this parameter based on the sterological principles is presented. The validity of this method is demonstrated by a model experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:1222239", "title": "[Effect of bradykinin on blood circulation in the human celiac artery bed].", "content": "Selective angiography and direct measurements of the arterial pressure in the celiac artery was used to study the influence of bradykinin on the blood circulation in healthy organs in the celiac region in 24 patients. A high sensitivity of the vessels to the action of bradykinin (0.1--10 mkg) was revealed: it decreased the blood pressure, increased the rate of blood flow, increased the diameter of arterial and venous vessels, arterio-venous anastomosis, increased the number of functioning capillaries. No differences were found in the reaction of the vessels of the liver, spleen pancreas, duodenum and the stomach to bradykinin.", "contents": "[Effect of bradykinin on blood circulation in the human celiac artery bed]. Selective angiography and direct measurements of the arterial pressure in the celiac artery was used to study the influence of bradykinin on the blood circulation in healthy organs in the celiac region in 24 patients. A high sensitivity of the vessels to the action of bradykinin (0.1--10 mkg) was revealed: it decreased the blood pressure, increased the rate of blood flow, increased the diameter of arterial and venous vessels, arterio-venous anastomosis, increased the number of functioning capillaries. No differences were found in the reaction of the vessels of the liver, spleen pancreas, duodenum and the stomach to bradykinin."}
{"id": "PMID:1222240", "title": "[Competitive relations between tetanus anatoxin and toxin].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on albino mice; it was shown that preliminary injection of tetanus toxoid enhanced the animal resistance to tetanus toxin, this being expressed in increase in LD50. The effect increased the higher doses of the toxoid and their fractional injection. By using protagon and crude mitochondrial fraction isolated from the brain as a receptor of tetanus toxin in the nervous tissue there were established competitive relations for the receptor between the tetanus toxoid and the toxin. The results of investigations confirmed the authors' earlier statement that the molecule of the tetanus toxin contained different functional groups responsible for the toxin binding with the receptor in the nervous tissue, for the pathogenic action of the toxin and for the binding of the toxin with antitoxin.", "contents": "[Competitive relations between tetanus anatoxin and toxin]. Experiments were conducted on albino mice; it was shown that preliminary injection of tetanus toxoid enhanced the animal resistance to tetanus toxin, this being expressed in increase in LD50. The effect increased the higher doses of the toxoid and their fractional injection. By using protagon and crude mitochondrial fraction isolated from the brain as a receptor of tetanus toxin in the nervous tissue there were established competitive relations for the receptor between the tetanus toxoid and the toxin. The results of investigations confirmed the authors' earlier statement that the molecule of the tetanus toxin contained different functional groups responsible for the toxin binding with the receptor in the nervous tissue, for the pathogenic action of the toxin and for the binding of the toxin with antitoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:1222241", "title": "[Age changes in rat vasomotor reflexes and sympathetic neuron ultrastructure following chemical sympathectomy].", "content": "Prolonged administration of guanethidine (20 mg/kg) to newborn rats caused a marked reduction in the number of cells in stellate ganglia. The administration of guanethidine for 14 days decreased the amount of cells to 30% of the normal (partial sympathectomy), and for 28 days--to 0.5% (complete sympathectomy). At the age of two months the blood pressure pressor reflexes to asphyxia and femoral nerve stimulation were absent in both groups of the sympathectomized animals. These responses, however, were restored in the partially sympathectomized animals at the age of four months. No restoration took place in the completely sympathectomized animals. The electron microscopic studies of neurons in the partially sympathectomized animals showed the presence of a great number of neurofibrils. According to literature data this fact was typical of cells in which an active growth of axon fibers took place.", "contents": "[Age changes in rat vasomotor reflexes and sympathetic neuron ultrastructure following chemical sympathectomy]. Prolonged administration of guanethidine (20 mg/kg) to newborn rats caused a marked reduction in the number of cells in stellate ganglia. The administration of guanethidine for 14 days decreased the amount of cells to 30% of the normal (partial sympathectomy), and for 28 days--to 0.5% (complete sympathectomy). At the age of two months the blood pressure pressor reflexes to asphyxia and femoral nerve stimulation were absent in both groups of the sympathectomized animals. These responses, however, were restored in the partially sympathectomized animals at the age of four months. No restoration took place in the completely sympathectomized animals. The electron microscopic studies of neurons in the partially sympathectomized animals showed the presence of a great number of neurofibrils. According to literature data this fact was typical of cells in which an active growth of axon fibers took place."}
{"id": "PMID:1222242", "title": "[Effect of pharmacological block of individual sections of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system on its function in acute hemic hypoxia].", "content": "Experiments on 228 male albino rats revealed an increase in the functional activity of all the sections of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal adrenal neurosecretory system. A degree of a functional activity of this system was of great significance in the development of the organism's resistance to hypoxia. The leading section of the activation of this system was secretion of the corticotropine-releasing factor of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Effect of pharmacological block of individual sections of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system on its function in acute hemic hypoxia]. Experiments on 228 male albino rats revealed an increase in the functional activity of all the sections of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal adrenal neurosecretory system. A degree of a functional activity of this system was of great significance in the development of the organism's resistance to hypoxia. The leading section of the activation of this system was secretion of the corticotropine-releasing factor of the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:1222243", "title": "[Analysis of the causes of increased tremor in thyroid hyperfuction].", "content": "The authors present the results of examination of tremor (hand and trunk) of the amplitude of H- and T-reflexes and of the H-reflex inhibition during the contraction of antagonistic muscles and of facilitattion of T- and H-reflexes during the Yendrassik maneuvre in 33 children with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and 20 normal subjects. It was established that the amplitude of tremor was greater and the frequency was less in these patients than in normal subjects; the amplitude of the H- and T-reflexes was enhanced, and the intensity of reciprocal inhibition of the soleus muscle motor neurons was less in the patients. Comparison of the amplitude of the T- and H-reflexes indicated that against the background of the Yendrassik maneuvre facilitation of the T-reflex was less intense and facilitation of the H-reflex was more intense than in normal subjects. The authors supposed that the enhanced tremor in the patients was due to the motor neurons pool depolarization, to decrease the efficacy of reciprocal inhibition and to diminished suprasegmental influences spread to the gamma-motor neurons.", "contents": "[Analysis of the causes of increased tremor in thyroid hyperfuction]. The authors present the results of examination of tremor (hand and trunk) of the amplitude of H- and T-reflexes and of the H-reflex inhibition during the contraction of antagonistic muscles and of facilitattion of T- and H-reflexes during the Yendrassik maneuvre in 33 children with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and 20 normal subjects. It was established that the amplitude of tremor was greater and the frequency was less in these patients than in normal subjects; the amplitude of the H- and T-reflexes was enhanced, and the intensity of reciprocal inhibition of the soleus muscle motor neurons was less in the patients. Comparison of the amplitude of the T- and H-reflexes indicated that against the background of the Yendrassik maneuvre facilitation of the T-reflex was less intense and facilitation of the H-reflex was more intense than in normal subjects. The authors supposed that the enhanced tremor in the patients was due to the motor neurons pool depolarization, to decrease the efficacy of reciprocal inhibition and to diminished suprasegmental influences spread to the gamma-motor neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:1222244", "title": "[Corticofugal factors in the development of feeding motivation].", "content": "The influences of various cortical areas in the mechanisms of feeding motivation, forming a directed response, were investigated in chronic experiments on rabbits. Electric stimulation of the frontal and antero-temporal cortical areas inhibited the feeding response elicited by the hypothalamic feeding centre stimulation. Inhibition of the frontal cortex proved to be more expressed. Stimulation of the postero-temporal and occipital cortical areas decreased the threshold of an evoked feeding response or elicited this response in the satiated animals.", "contents": "[Corticofugal factors in the development of feeding motivation]. The influences of various cortical areas in the mechanisms of feeding motivation, forming a directed response, were investigated in chronic experiments on rabbits. Electric stimulation of the frontal and antero-temporal cortical areas inhibited the feeding response elicited by the hypothalamic feeding centre stimulation. Inhibition of the frontal cortex proved to be more expressed. Stimulation of the postero-temporal and occipital cortical areas decreased the threshold of an evoked feeding response or elicited this response in the satiated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1222245", "title": "[Effect of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on the development of neurogenic dystrophy in the gastric wall and on its noradrenaline content].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (50 mg/kg) on the development of hemorrhagic erosiions of the wall of the stomach caused by electrostimulation of immobilized rats and on the content of noradrenaline in it. Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine increased the number of hemorrhagic erosions in the wall of the stomach and intensified the reduction of the noradrenaline level in it.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on the development of neurogenic dystrophy in the gastric wall and on its noradrenaline content]. A study was made of the effect of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (50 mg/kg) on the development of hemorrhagic erosiions of the wall of the stomach caused by electrostimulation of immobilized rats and on the content of noradrenaline in it. Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine increased the number of hemorrhagic erosions in the wall of the stomach and intensified the reduction of the noradrenaline level in it."}
{"id": "PMID:1222246", "title": "[Catecholamine content and electrolyte balance of the rabbit myocardium during poisoning with 2,4-dinitrophenol].", "content": "At the initial stages of energy deficiency in rabbits caused by an intravenous injection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (10 mg/kg) there occurred in the cardiac ventricles an increase in the noradrenalin content and a fall in the potassium level. In case of a more pronounced energy deficiency (20 and 30--40 mg/kg of 2,4-dinitrophenol) noradrenaline stores in the heart became exhaustated, whereas the potassium level in the myocardium became greater. There is a fall of adrenaline stores in the heart, whereas the potassium level in the myocardium increased. The amount of adrenaline in the heart and the adrenal glands decreased. Deep energy deficiency is accompanied by the syndrome of hyperkaliemia associated with the exit of potassium into the blood from the depot tissues.", "contents": "[Catecholamine content and electrolyte balance of the rabbit myocardium during poisoning with 2,4-dinitrophenol]. At the initial stages of energy deficiency in rabbits caused by an intravenous injection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (10 mg/kg) there occurred in the cardiac ventricles an increase in the noradrenalin content and a fall in the potassium level. In case of a more pronounced energy deficiency (20 and 30--40 mg/kg of 2,4-dinitrophenol) noradrenaline stores in the heart became exhaustated, whereas the potassium level in the myocardium became greater. There is a fall of adrenaline stores in the heart, whereas the potassium level in the myocardium increased. The amount of adrenaline in the heart and the adrenal glands decreased. Deep energy deficiency is accompanied by the syndrome of hyperkaliemia associated with the exit of potassium into the blood from the depot tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:1222247", "title": "[Effect of stress on parietal hydrolysis of saccharose in rats].", "content": "Experiments were conducted in albino rats of both sexes and different age; a study was made of the activity of the intestinal invertase directly after 4-hour immobilization. There was revealed a depressive effect of stress on the activity of membrane digestion and enzyme production in the intestinal epithelal cells, and a definite dependence of the observed effect on the animals' sex age. The latter was expressed in a greater fall of the invertase activity in young females and in its marked variations in old female rats.", "contents": "[Effect of stress on parietal hydrolysis of saccharose in rats]. Experiments were conducted in albino rats of both sexes and different age; a study was made of the activity of the intestinal invertase directly after 4-hour immobilization. There was revealed a depressive effect of stress on the activity of membrane digestion and enzyme production in the intestinal epithelal cells, and a definite dependence of the observed effect on the animals' sex age. The latter was expressed in a greater fall of the invertase activity in young females and in its marked variations in old female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1222248", "title": "[Insulin content of rat blood following injury to the ventromedial section of the hypothalamus].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on albino rats; injury of the ventro-medial portion of the hypothalamus or section of its nervous bonds was accompanied by hyperinsulinemia, which may serve, along with hyperphagia, as a direct cause of adiposity.", "contents": "[Insulin content of rat blood following injury to the ventromedial section of the hypothalamus]. Experiments were conducted on albino rats; injury of the ventro-medial portion of the hypothalamus or section of its nervous bonds was accompanied by hyperinsulinemia, which may serve, along with hyperphagia, as a direct cause of adiposity."}
{"id": "PMID:1222249", "title": "[Blood serum and liver phospholipids in rats with chronic choline-protein deficiency].", "content": "Serum and liver phospholipids were studied in rats at different stages of pathological processes induced by a diet with a high fat content, but deficient in protein and choline. Such cirrhosogenic diet caused fatty infiltration, fibrosis and nodular liver cirrhosis in rats, depending on the period of its administration. This diet resulted in a considerable decrease of the phospholipid content in the liver and the serum of experimental rats. Addition of choline to the cirrhosogenic diet prevented formation of fatty infilitration in rats, but failed to protect completely from a fall of phospholipids in the liver.", "contents": "[Blood serum and liver phospholipids in rats with chronic choline-protein deficiency]. Serum and liver phospholipids were studied in rats at different stages of pathological processes induced by a diet with a high fat content, but deficient in protein and choline. Such cirrhosogenic diet caused fatty infiltration, fibrosis and nodular liver cirrhosis in rats, depending on the period of its administration. This diet resulted in a considerable decrease of the phospholipid content in the liver and the serum of experimental rats. Addition of choline to the cirrhosogenic diet prevented formation of fatty infilitration in rats, but failed to protect completely from a fall of phospholipids in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1222250", "title": "[Change in cell membrane permeability, and composition and properties of hexokinase during induced carcinogenesis].", "content": "The isoenzyme hexokinase (HK) spectrum from normal rat large intestinal mucosa consisted of 3 isoenzymes. In tumours of this localization induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine there proved to be a lack or marked decrease in the most rapid anodic isoenzyme. Only one HK isoenzyme was found in the metastases. Km (glucose) for tumour HK was 2--3 times lower than for normal intestinal HK; the HK activity was detected in the serum from the 1st month of the carcinogenic administration, and by the 5th month it was found in 80% of the tumour-bearing animals. No serum HK activity was ever found in control rats.", "contents": "[Change in cell membrane permeability, and composition and properties of hexokinase during induced carcinogenesis]. The isoenzyme hexokinase (HK) spectrum from normal rat large intestinal mucosa consisted of 3 isoenzymes. In tumours of this localization induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine there proved to be a lack or marked decrease in the most rapid anodic isoenzyme. Only one HK isoenzyme was found in the metastases. Km (glucose) for tumour HK was 2--3 times lower than for normal intestinal HK; the HK activity was detected in the serum from the 1st month of the carcinogenic administration, and by the 5th month it was found in 80% of the tumour-bearing animals. No serum HK activity was ever found in control rats."}
{"id": "PMID:1222251", "title": "[Analysis of the participation of rat brain noradrenergic terminals in elaboration of conditioned passive avoidance response].", "content": "A change in a noradrenaline concentration in the noradrenergic terminals was investigated by the fluorescent histochemical method in pars ventralis nuc. interstitialis striae terminalis, nuc. septi lateralis and in nuc. preopticus medialis of male Wistar rats in the process of reproduction of conditioned passive avoidance response. In all the investigated structures of the preliminarily trained animals the reproduction of a conditioned response (without any electrical stimulation) led to a statistically reliable decrease in the noradrenaline concentration. The data obtained testified to the participation of the noradrenergic brain system in the reproductive process of the conditioned passive avoidance response.", "contents": "[Analysis of the participation of rat brain noradrenergic terminals in elaboration of conditioned passive avoidance response]. A change in a noradrenaline concentration in the noradrenergic terminals was investigated by the fluorescent histochemical method in pars ventralis nuc. interstitialis striae terminalis, nuc. septi lateralis and in nuc. preopticus medialis of male Wistar rats in the process of reproduction of conditioned passive avoidance response. In all the investigated structures of the preliminarily trained animals the reproduction of a conditioned response (without any electrical stimulation) led to a statistically reliable decrease in the noradrenaline concentration. The data obtained testified to the participation of the noradrenergic brain system in the reproductive process of the conditioned passive avoidance response."}
{"id": "PMID:1222252", "title": "[Difference in the cerebrovascular effects of phenoxybenzamine].", "content": "The isotope, electromagnetic and resistographic investigation showed phenoxybenzamine to be capable of producing different effects on the blood supply of different regions of the brain. The preparation enhanced the circulation of the vertebro-basilar system and decreased it in the carotic one. Phenoxybenzamine also significantly inhibited the nervous control of the cerebral circulation. It inhibited the reflex reaction of cerebral vessels, changed the cerebral blood flow by stimulation of cervical sympathetic nerves and was capable of protecting against experimental cerebrovascular disorders. These data allow one to recommend phenoxybenzamine in neurological and neurosurgical clinics for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders in the vertebro-basilar arterial system.", "contents": "[Difference in the cerebrovascular effects of phenoxybenzamine]. The isotope, electromagnetic and resistographic investigation showed phenoxybenzamine to be capable of producing different effects on the blood supply of different regions of the brain. The preparation enhanced the circulation of the vertebro-basilar system and decreased it in the carotic one. Phenoxybenzamine also significantly inhibited the nervous control of the cerebral circulation. It inhibited the reflex reaction of cerebral vessels, changed the cerebral blood flow by stimulation of cervical sympathetic nerves and was capable of protecting against experimental cerebrovascular disorders. These data allow one to recommend phenoxybenzamine in neurological and neurosurgical clinics for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders in the vertebro-basilar arterial system."}
{"id": "PMID:1222253", "title": "[Effect of neuroleptics and antidepressants on the process of gamma-aminobutyric acid-H3 uptake by isolated rat brain nerve endings].", "content": "The effects of phenothiazine neuropleptics--chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine and of antidepressants-imipramine and phthoracizine on the GABA-H3 accumulation by synaptosomes of the rat cerebral cortex were studied. All neuroleptics were found to inhibit the process of neurotransmitter uptake by the brain synaptosomes. Antidepressants were less potent. Chlorpromazine had the highest inhibitory effect on GABA uptake and phthoracizine--the lowest. It is suggested that the influence of neurolptics on GABA uptake could play a certain role in the mode of a synaptic action of these drugs.", "contents": "[Effect of neuroleptics and antidepressants on the process of gamma-aminobutyric acid-H3 uptake by isolated rat brain nerve endings]. The effects of phenothiazine neuropleptics--chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine and of antidepressants-imipramine and phthoracizine on the GABA-H3 accumulation by synaptosomes of the rat cerebral cortex were studied. All neuroleptics were found to inhibit the process of neurotransmitter uptake by the brain synaptosomes. Antidepressants were less potent. Chlorpromazine had the highest inhibitory effect on GABA uptake and phthoracizine--the lowest. It is suggested that the influence of neurolptics on GABA uptake could play a certain role in the mode of a synaptic action of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:1222254", "title": "[Histamine-like stimulator of gastric secretion--3-(beta-aminoethyl)-5-amino-1,2,4-triazole].", "content": "3-(beta-aminoethyl)-5-amino-1,2,4-triazol or IEM-759 acts predominantly on the histamine H2-receptors in the dog stomach. It produces a lesser effect on the H1-histamine-sensitive receptors of the intestine, vessels and bronchi than histamine. Unlike histalog, IEM-759 taken per os is also effective, this pointing to a possibility of its use in gastoenterology for the assay of secretory capacity of the stomach.", "contents": "[Histamine-like stimulator of gastric secretion--3-(beta-aminoethyl)-5-amino-1,2,4-triazole]. 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-5-amino-1,2,4-triazol or IEM-759 acts predominantly on the histamine H2-receptors in the dog stomach. It produces a lesser effect on the H1-histamine-sensitive receptors of the intestine, vessels and bronchi than histamine. Unlike histalog, IEM-759 taken per os is also effective, this pointing to a possibility of its use in gastoenterology for the assay of secretory capacity of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:1222255", "title": "[Coordination of lymphocyte enzyme systems and resistance of mice to the action of staphylococcus toxin].", "content": "The activity of acid phosphatase and some dehydrogenases was studied in the blood peripheral lymphocytes of intact mice. Then this mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of LD50 of staphylococcus toxin; in 2 days 42 mice perished and 38 survived. The groups of survived and perished animals differed (the difference was statistically significant) by the extent of coordination of the enzymatic lymphocyte systems: the correlation of enzymatic indices in the survived animals was greater than in the perished ones. The data obtained are discussed from the aspect of a priori intoxication prognosis and the significance of the enzymatic coordination.", "contents": "[Coordination of lymphocyte enzyme systems and resistance of mice to the action of staphylococcus toxin]. The activity of acid phosphatase and some dehydrogenases was studied in the blood peripheral lymphocytes of intact mice. Then this mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of LD50 of staphylococcus toxin; in 2 days 42 mice perished and 38 survived. The groups of survived and perished animals differed (the difference was statistically significant) by the extent of coordination of the enzymatic lymphocyte systems: the correlation of enzymatic indices in the survived animals was greater than in the perished ones. The data obtained are discussed from the aspect of a priori intoxication prognosis and the significance of the enzymatic coordination."}
{"id": "PMID:1222256", "title": "[Role of sensory signals in the development of cortical influences on hypothalamic structures].", "content": "Neuron discharges of the hypothalamic ventro-medial and posterior nuclei were registered in immobilized cats during electrical stimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral nerves of the brachial plexus, the 1st and the 2nd somatosensory regions (SI and SII) and the visual regions of the cortex and the reticular formation (RF) of the mesencephalon. A reversible cold block of the SI and SII failed to change the effect of the nerve stimulation. Stimulation of the postero-ventral thalamic nucleus did not change the initial activity of the hypothalamic neurons and gave rise to no neuron activity that appeared on stimulation of the SII. A conclusion was drawn that cortico-hypothalamic influences that appeared on stimulation of the nerves and the postero-ventral nucleus of the thalamus were pronounced weakly.", "contents": "[Role of sensory signals in the development of cortical influences on hypothalamic structures]. Neuron discharges of the hypothalamic ventro-medial and posterior nuclei were registered in immobilized cats during electrical stimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral nerves of the brachial plexus, the 1st and the 2nd somatosensory regions (SI and SII) and the visual regions of the cortex and the reticular formation (RF) of the mesencephalon. A reversible cold block of the SI and SII failed to change the effect of the nerve stimulation. Stimulation of the postero-ventral thalamic nucleus did not change the initial activity of the hypothalamic neurons and gave rise to no neuron activity that appeared on stimulation of the SII. A conclusion was drawn that cortico-hypothalamic influences that appeared on stimulation of the nerves and the postero-ventral nucleus of the thalamus were pronounced weakly."}
{"id": "PMID:1222257", "title": "[Change in monoamine content and monoamine oxidase activity in brain structures during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "The serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline concentration in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and some brain structures, and tissue monoaminoxidase activity (MAO) were investigated in dogs during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. During the perparalytic period there was a tendency to reduction of the serotonin concentration and to the elevation of the catecholamine content. The stage of clinical manifestation of encephalomyelitis was accompanied by reduction of the serotonin level in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, and by genralized inhibition of the adrenergic structures. In this case the MAO activity displayed no significant change; this permitted to consider the disturbance of the monoamine synthesis as a result of immune aggression, as a possible cause of inhibition of the monoaminergic system.", "contents": "[Change in monoamine content and monoamine oxidase activity in brain structures during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. The serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline concentration in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and some brain structures, and tissue monoaminoxidase activity (MAO) were investigated in dogs during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. During the perparalytic period there was a tendency to reduction of the serotonin concentration and to the elevation of the catecholamine content. The stage of clinical manifestation of encephalomyelitis was accompanied by reduction of the serotonin level in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, and by genralized inhibition of the adrenergic structures. In this case the MAO activity displayed no significant change; this permitted to consider the disturbance of the monoamine synthesis as a result of immune aggression, as a possible cause of inhibition of the monoaminergic system."}
{"id": "PMID:1222258", "title": "[Diurnal variations in the duration of mitosis in the mouse esophageal epithelium].", "content": "Considerable differences were found in the morning and the evening mitotic indices of the epithelium in the oesophagus of C57BL/6J mice. By the colchamin method it was shown that the duration of mitosis was the same in the morning and the evening hours and was equal to 34--49 minutes. The results varied and depended on the dose of colchamin and duration of its action. Thus, the diurnal differences in mitotic index of the epithelium in the oesophagus depended on the differences in mitotic activity, the number of mitoses per time unit. It is emphasized that colchamin method should be used with great caution to obtain reliable results.", "contents": "[Diurnal variations in the duration of mitosis in the mouse esophageal epithelium]. Considerable differences were found in the morning and the evening mitotic indices of the epithelium in the oesophagus of C57BL/6J mice. By the colchamin method it was shown that the duration of mitosis was the same in the morning and the evening hours and was equal to 34--49 minutes. The results varied and depended on the dose of colchamin and duration of its action. Thus, the diurnal differences in mitotic index of the epithelium in the oesophagus depended on the differences in mitotic activity, the number of mitoses per time unit. It is emphasized that colchamin method should be used with great caution to obtain reliable results."}
{"id": "PMID:1222259", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the mitotic cycle of epithelial cells in the mouse pylorus].", "content": "It was shown with the aid of thymidine-H3  that the mitotic cycle of mucous-forming cells (superficial epithelial mucosal cells of the neck) of the stomach pyloric glands of mice lasted 13.5 hrs (G1+1/2M = 7.6 hrs, S = 5.3 hrs; G2+1/2M =  0.6 hrs). With the administration of a physiological dose of hydrocortisone (0.1 mg) the duration of the mitotic cycle of mucous-forming cells of the stomach pyloric glands increased by 6.7 hrs (G1+1/2M = 11.6 hrs, S = 7.8 hrs; G2+1/2M = 0.8 hrs). A high dose of the hormone had a similar effect and increased the presynthetic period to 12.9 hours and the postsynthetic one--to 2.3 hours.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the mitotic cycle of epithelial cells in the mouse pylorus]. It was shown with the aid of thymidine-H3  that the mitotic cycle of mucous-forming cells (superficial epithelial mucosal cells of the neck) of the stomach pyloric glands of mice lasted 13.5 hrs (G1+1/2M = 7.6 hrs, S = 5.3 hrs; G2+1/2M =  0.6 hrs). With the administration of a physiological dose of hydrocortisone (0.1 mg) the duration of the mitotic cycle of mucous-forming cells of the stomach pyloric glands increased by 6.7 hrs (G1+1/2M = 11.6 hrs, S = 7.8 hrs; G2+1/2M = 0.8 hrs). A high dose of the hormone had a similar effect and increased the presynthetic period to 12.9 hours and the postsynthetic one--to 2.3 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:1222260", "title": "Reaction of human heterochromatin and euchromatin to spermine.", "content": "The frequency of occurrence of cell nuclei with X-chromatin and Y-chromatin, as well as with diffuse and coarse chromatin network was studied, using cultured human fibroblasts 47XXY and 47XYY, after treatment of the cell with spermin. This treatment failed to change the percentage of the nuclei with the X- and Y-bodies, but significantly increased the frequency of occurrence of the nuclei, with coarse chromatin. The heterochromatic chromosomal segments retarded in metaphase condensation after the action of 5-bromdesoxyuridine increased the length and number when spermin was added to 5-bromdesoxyuridine. The data obtained were attributed to the different sensitivity of euchromatin to the condensating action of spermin and to inertness of heterochromatin.", "contents": "Reaction of human heterochromatin and euchromatin to spermine. The frequency of occurrence of cell nuclei with X-chromatin and Y-chromatin, as well as with diffuse and coarse chromatin network was studied, using cultured human fibroblasts 47XXY and 47XYY, after treatment of the cell with spermin. This treatment failed to change the percentage of the nuclei with the X- and Y-bodies, but significantly increased the frequency of occurrence of the nuclei, with coarse chromatin. The heterochromatic chromosomal segments retarded in metaphase condensation after the action of 5-bromdesoxyuridine increased the length and number when spermin was added to 5-bromdesoxyuridine. The data obtained were attributed to the different sensitivity of euchromatin to the condensating action of spermin and to inertness of heterochromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:1222261", "title": "[Influence of thyrocalcitonin on the periodic motor activity of the gastro-intestinal tract].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on dogs with fistulae of the stomach and various portions of the small intestine in which there was recorded a periodic motor activity. It was shown that intravenous injection of a highly purified bovine thyrocalcitonin (TCT) in doses of 2--10 Units/kg (considerably exceeding the doses used at the clinic in the treatment of patients with bone pathology) caused no changes in a number of indices characterizing the motor periodic activity of the stomach and various portions of the small intestine, despite a distinct reduction (by 10--20%) of the calcium level in the blood serum.", "contents": "[Influence of thyrocalcitonin on the periodic motor activity of the gastro-intestinal tract]. Experiments were conducted on dogs with fistulae of the stomach and various portions of the small intestine in which there was recorded a periodic motor activity. It was shown that intravenous injection of a highly purified bovine thyrocalcitonin (TCT) in doses of 2--10 Units/kg (considerably exceeding the doses used at the clinic in the treatment of patients with bone pathology) caused no changes in a number of indices characterizing the motor periodic activity of the stomach and various portions of the small intestine, despite a distinct reduction (by 10--20%) of the calcium level in the blood serum."}
{"id": "PMID:1222262", "title": "[Distribution of catecholamines in the median eminence of rats following adrenalectomy].", "content": "Distribution of adrenergic and peptidergic nerve fibers in rat median eminence was studied three weeks after bilateral adrenalectomy. Fluorescence intensity in the external zone and in some of the nerve cell-bodies proved to be increased in the nucleus arcuatus. There were many nerve fibers with a bright fluorescence in the internal zone. A great number of the peptidergic nerve fibers appeared in the external zone. Reactions in the rostral, medial and caudal regions of the median eminence differed and were described.", "contents": "[Distribution of catecholamines in the median eminence of rats following adrenalectomy]. Distribution of adrenergic and peptidergic nerve fibers in rat median eminence was studied three weeks after bilateral adrenalectomy. Fluorescence intensity in the external zone and in some of the nerve cell-bodies proved to be increased in the nucleus arcuatus. There were many nerve fibers with a bright fluorescence in the internal zone. A great number of the peptidergic nerve fibers appeared in the external zone. Reactions in the rostral, medial and caudal regions of the median eminence differed and were described."}
{"id": "PMID:1222263", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes in the dynamics of the development of esperimental liver cirrhosis in rats].", "content": "Both hepatocyte necrosis and organ fibrosis and intracellular reparative regeneration of the injured cells took place in the posttoxic cirrhosis development. The outcome of cirrhosis is supposed to be determined by the prevalence of one of the processes--either the irreversible destruction, restoration or the hypertrophy of the parenchymal cells. The progress of cirrhosis evidently depended on the overstraining and progressive exhaustion of the intracellular compensatory adaptive mechanisms.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes in the dynamics of the development of esperimental liver cirrhosis in rats]. Both hepatocyte necrosis and organ fibrosis and intracellular reparative regeneration of the injured cells took place in the posttoxic cirrhosis development. The outcome of cirrhosis is supposed to be determined by the prevalence of one of the processes--either the irreversible destruction, restoration or the hypertrophy of the parenchymal cells. The progress of cirrhosis evidently depended on the overstraining and progressive exhaustion of the intracellular compensatory adaptive mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:1222264", "title": "[Elimination of large pyroninophilic cells due to the effect of phytohemagglutinin].", "content": "Large pyroninophilic lymphocytes adsorbed on the surface of target-cells disappeared after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) addition. Incubation during 45 minutes in the presence of PHA did not reveal cisternas of the granular endoplasmatic reticulum and the number of mitochondrias decreased. The H3-thymidine-labeled cells were almost eliminated. There appeared population of small lymphocytes with even outline and clear cytoplasm, poor in organellas, with ribosomas freely scattered in it. After 24--48 hours of incubation they transformed into blasts, large cells with clear nucleus and clear cytoplasm in which no cisternas of granular endoplasmatic reticulum were revealed.", "contents": "[Elimination of large pyroninophilic cells due to the effect of phytohemagglutinin]. Large pyroninophilic lymphocytes adsorbed on the surface of target-cells disappeared after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) addition. Incubation during 45 minutes in the presence of PHA did not reveal cisternas of the granular endoplasmatic reticulum and the number of mitochondrias decreased. The H3-thymidine-labeled cells were almost eliminated. There appeared population of small lymphocytes with even outline and clear cytoplasm, poor in organellas, with ribosomas freely scattered in it. After 24--48 hours of incubation they transformed into blasts, large cells with clear nucleus and clear cytoplasm in which no cisternas of granular endoplasmatic reticulum were revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222265", "title": "[Kinetocardiogram recording from a freely moving person].", "content": "Radiokinetocardiogram (RKCG) recorded with the aid of telemetric system and electromagnetic kinetotransducer was sufficiently differentiated and was of the shape identical to the directly recorded kinetogram. A possibility of reliable recording of the RKCG in a freely moving man (during a micropause in the process of movement) was demonstrated under laboratory and natural working conditions.", "contents": "[Kinetocardiogram recording from a freely moving person]. Radiokinetocardiogram (RKCG) recorded with the aid of telemetric system and electromagnetic kinetotransducer was sufficiently differentiated and was of the shape identical to the directly recorded kinetogram. A possibility of reliable recording of the RKCG in a freely moving man (during a micropause in the process of movement) was demonstrated under laboratory and natural working conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1222266", "title": "[Changes in the capillary bed of the skeletal muscles in various periods following nerve section].", "content": "The authors studied the changes in the capillary bed of the gastrocnemius in rats at various periods after the section of the sciatic nerve. There was revealed a significant reduction of the total number of capillaries and of the number of functioning capillarites at the period of denervation and their increase during the reinnervation.", "contents": "[Changes in the capillary bed of the skeletal muscles in various periods following nerve section]. The authors studied the changes in the capillary bed of the gastrocnemius in rats at various periods after the section of the sciatic nerve. There was revealed a significant reduction of the total number of capillaries and of the number of functioning capillarites at the period of denervation and their increase during the reinnervation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222267", "title": "[Simple method of selection of a sample volume in ultramicroelectrophoresis of proteins].", "content": "The tentative optimal values of the protein sample quantities were determined for the ultramicroelectrophoretic fractionation in the polyacrylamide gels in the capillaries of different diameters which provided distinct and highly reproducible electrophoregramms. A simple calculation (by means of table and formula) of the volumes of protein solutions required for different concentrations and different diameters of capillaries is suggested.", "contents": "[Simple method of selection of a sample volume in ultramicroelectrophoresis of proteins]. The tentative optimal values of the protein sample quantities were determined for the ultramicroelectrophoretic fractionation in the polyacrylamide gels in the capillaries of different diameters which provided distinct and highly reproducible electrophoregramms. A simple calculation (by means of table and formula) of the volumes of protein solutions required for different concentrations and different diameters of capillaries is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1222268", "title": "[Influence of heparin on the general adaptation syndrome].", "content": "Administration of heparin led to the block of the alarm reaction of the general adaptation syndrome in rats. The results obtained could be explained by the binding of adrenal cortex hormones by heparin or by an increase in the resistance of tissues to stressors as a result of reversible block of the enzymes of the respiratory energic cycle in the cells.", "contents": "[Influence of heparin on the general adaptation syndrome]. Administration of heparin led to the block of the alarm reaction of the general adaptation syndrome in rats. The results obtained could be explained by the binding of adrenal cortex hormones by heparin or by an increase in the resistance of tissues to stressors as a result of reversible block of the enzymes of the respiratory energic cycle in the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1222269", "title": "[Volume rigidity of the capacitance vessels of rats in local arterial hypotension].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rats that reduction of arterial pressure in the vessels of the posterior extremity for a period of up to three months was accompanied by a decrease of the volume stiffness of the capacitance vessels of this area.", "contents": "[Volume rigidity of the capacitance vessels of rats in local arterial hypotension]. It was shown in experiments on rats that reduction of arterial pressure in the vessels of the posterior extremity for a period of up to three months was accompanied by a decrease of the volume stiffness of the capacitance vessels of this area."}
{"id": "PMID:1222270", "title": "[Peculiarities of the development of chloramine induced pulmonary edema in rabbits in various age periods].", "content": "Rabbits under three weeks of age were found to be less tolerant to chloramine (CA) than adult rabbits. For them the lethal dose of CA was 40--50 mg/kg. They perished from intoxication with the symptoms of protracted collapse without any manifestations of edema. For older rabbits the lethal dose of CA was 60--70 mg/kg. Death occurred with phenomena of acute and sharp edema of the lungs. In young rabbits atypical edema of the lungs occurred only with the administration of very high doses of CA--200--250 mg/kg. Edematous fluid is present in small amount only; there is a prevalence of hemorrhage, this being possibly caused by a direct alterating action of the CA excreted through the lungs on the walls of the arterioles and capillaries of the vascular system of the lungs.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of the development of chloramine induced pulmonary edema in rabbits in various age periods]. Rabbits under three weeks of age were found to be less tolerant to chloramine (CA) than adult rabbits. For them the lethal dose of CA was 40--50 mg/kg. They perished from intoxication with the symptoms of protracted collapse without any manifestations of edema. For older rabbits the lethal dose of CA was 60--70 mg/kg. Death occurred with phenomena of acute and sharp edema of the lungs. In young rabbits atypical edema of the lungs occurred only with the administration of very high doses of CA--200--250 mg/kg. Edematous fluid is present in small amount only; there is a prevalence of hemorrhage, this being possibly caused by a direct alterating action of the CA excreted through the lungs on the walls of the arterioles and capillaries of the vascular system of the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:1222271", "title": "[Lactate level as an index of the severity of the condition in massive hemorrhage].", "content": "Dynamics of the lactate, pyruvate, organic acid concentrations and of the L/P ratio in the blood was studied in 22 patients with massive blood loss and in 13 experimental dogs during the terminal states (bloos loss equal to 50+/-5.3 ml/kg weight) and during the post-reanimation period. Comparison of clinical and experimental data gives reasons to believe that the maximum lactate increase (70--80 mg%) during the early restorative period after clinical death does not necessarily predict the lethal issue. Nevertheless, the critical level of blood lactic acid (if the clinical death had not as yet developed) could serve as a prognostic criterion. The long-term increase in the lactate level could also serve as an unfavourable prognosis.", "contents": "[Lactate level as an index of the severity of the condition in massive hemorrhage]. Dynamics of the lactate, pyruvate, organic acid concentrations and of the L/P ratio in the blood was studied in 22 patients with massive blood loss and in 13 experimental dogs during the terminal states (bloos loss equal to 50+/-5.3 ml/kg weight) and during the post-reanimation period. Comparison of clinical and experimental data gives reasons to believe that the maximum lactate increase (70--80 mg%) during the early restorative period after clinical death does not necessarily predict the lethal issue. Nevertheless, the critical level of blood lactic acid (if the clinical death had not as yet developed) could serve as a prognostic criterion. The long-term increase in the lactate level could also serve as an unfavourable prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222272", "title": "[Multiplication of the late slow fluctuation of induced potential to light under conditions of aminazin administration].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of chlorpromazine on the multiplication of late slow component of evoked potential to the flash-light (1 sec.) in experiments on nonanesthetized rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted in different brain structures. Electro-skin pain stimulation of the pore was applied simultaneously in some experiments. Chlorpromazine was found to decrease the multiplication of the late slow component to the flash-light alone, and to double this component in response to light when it was combined with pain stimulation. A supposition was made on the role of adrenergic structures in the formation of the acceptor of the action results of a defensive character, serving as one of the most important mechanisms of the functional system.", "contents": "[Multiplication of the late slow fluctuation of induced potential to light under conditions of aminazin administration]. A study was made of the effect of chlorpromazine on the multiplication of late slow component of evoked potential to the flash-light (1 sec.) in experiments on nonanesthetized rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted in different brain structures. Electro-skin pain stimulation of the pore was applied simultaneously in some experiments. Chlorpromazine was found to decrease the multiplication of the late slow component to the flash-light alone, and to double this component in response to light when it was combined with pain stimulation. A supposition was made on the role of adrenergic structures in the formation of the acceptor of the action results of a defensive character, serving as one of the most important mechanisms of the functional system."}
{"id": "PMID:1222273", "title": "[Influence of high temperature on the enzyme activity of the small intestine in thyroidectomized rats].", "content": "It was revealed in acute experiments that exposure to high temperature changed the invertase, dipeptidase, lipolytic and alkaline phosphatase activity of the small intestinal mucosa in rats. The direction of these changes and their degree differed in the thyroidectomized and sham-operated animals. It is suggested that the thyroid hormones took part in the reaction of the fermentative systems of the small intestine to the action of the thermal factor.", "contents": "[Influence of high temperature on the enzyme activity of the small intestine in thyroidectomized rats]. It was revealed in acute experiments that exposure to high temperature changed the invertase, dipeptidase, lipolytic and alkaline phosphatase activity of the small intestinal mucosa in rats. The direction of these changes and their degree differed in the thyroidectomized and sham-operated animals. It is suggested that the thyroid hormones took part in the reaction of the fermentative systems of the small intestine to the action of the thermal factor."}
{"id": "PMID:1222274", "title": "[Role of estrogens in phenobarbital induction of microsomal enzymes of the liver].", "content": "The action of estradiol dipropionate (250 microgram/kg) and of phenobarbitone-sodium salt (80 microgram/kg) was studied in separate and combined (a single injection of estradiol-dipropionate after a 4-day administration of the phenobarbital-sodium salt) administration. There was an increase in the H3-phenylalanine incorporation into the cell-free protein-synthesizing system by 86% in comparison with control ovariectomized group. Under these conditions estradiol-dipropionate increased the incorporation of the labeled amino acid by 53%. A combined administration of the estrogen and of the barbiturate was not accompanied by the summation of the given effect. There was revealed a correlation between the increase in the rate of the H3-phenylalanine incorporation in vitro and an increase in the content of the cytochrome P-450 in vivo in the microsomes of hepatocytes in separate and combined administration of the preparations. The role of phenobarbitone-sodium salt as an activator of estradiol metabolism in the hepatocytes is discussed.", "contents": "[Role of estrogens in phenobarbital induction of microsomal enzymes of the liver]. The action of estradiol dipropionate (250 microgram/kg) and of phenobarbitone-sodium salt (80 microgram/kg) was studied in separate and combined (a single injection of estradiol-dipropionate after a 4-day administration of the phenobarbital-sodium salt) administration. There was an increase in the H3-phenylalanine incorporation into the cell-free protein-synthesizing system by 86% in comparison with control ovariectomized group. Under these conditions estradiol-dipropionate increased the incorporation of the labeled amino acid by 53%. A combined administration of the estrogen and of the barbiturate was not accompanied by the summation of the given effect. There was revealed a correlation between the increase in the rate of the H3-phenylalanine incorporation in vitro and an increase in the content of the cytochrome P-450 in vivo in the microsomes of hepatocytes in separate and combined administration of the preparations. The role of phenobarbitone-sodium salt as an activator of estradiol metabolism in the hepatocytes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222275", "title": "[Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindolacetate during acute renal ischemia].", "content": "During the acute renal ischemia (lasting up to 24 hrs) in rabbits the serotonin level displayed similar changes in the ischemic and contralateral kidney. In the tissues under study serotonin decreased during the first fifteen minutes of ischemia; then a tendency to increase with a maximal rise in the ischemic kidney after a 60-min ischemia was seen; as to the contralateral kidney--the maximal rise occurred after a 3 hr ischemia. At the further stages of ischemia serotonin content fell again, particularly in the ischemic kidney. The blood serotonin level increased somewhat during the 60-min ischemia. An increase in the 5-hydroxyindolacetate concentration in the urine coincided with the period of decrease of the tissue serotonin content.", "contents": "[Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindolacetate during acute renal ischemia]. During the acute renal ischemia (lasting up to 24 hrs) in rabbits the serotonin level displayed similar changes in the ischemic and contralateral kidney. In the tissues under study serotonin decreased during the first fifteen minutes of ischemia; then a tendency to increase with a maximal rise in the ischemic kidney after a 60-min ischemia was seen; as to the contralateral kidney--the maximal rise occurred after a 3 hr ischemia. At the further stages of ischemia serotonin content fell again, particularly in the ischemic kidney. The blood serotonin level increased somewhat during the 60-min ischemia. An increase in the 5-hydroxyindolacetate concentration in the urine coincided with the period of decrease of the tissue serotonin content."}
{"id": "PMID:1222276", "title": "[Influence of methochlopramide on the motor function of the esophagus and the cardial sphincter].", "content": "In acute experiments on cats and in chronic experiments on dogs the contractile activity of the esophagus and the cardiac sphincter was recorded with a ballon pulled from the stomach to the esophagus connected to a catheter. The intravenous injection of Metoclopramide in doses of 0.5--0.6 mg/kg to cats and subcutaneous injection of Metoclopramide in doses of 0.1--0.15 mg/kg to dogs elevated the pressure in the cardiac sphincter significantly increased the motility of the distal esophagus and stimulated the esophago-gastric inhibitory reflex. These effects persisted for 2.5--3 hrs; they were phasic in nature and were preserved after vagotomy in dogs. A conclusion was drawn that Metoclopramide could be useful in pathology of the distal esophagus, including the cardiac sphincter.", "contents": "[Influence of methochlopramide on the motor function of the esophagus and the cardial sphincter]. In acute experiments on cats and in chronic experiments on dogs the contractile activity of the esophagus and the cardiac sphincter was recorded with a ballon pulled from the stomach to the esophagus connected to a catheter. The intravenous injection of Metoclopramide in doses of 0.5--0.6 mg/kg to cats and subcutaneous injection of Metoclopramide in doses of 0.1--0.15 mg/kg to dogs elevated the pressure in the cardiac sphincter significantly increased the motility of the distal esophagus and stimulated the esophago-gastric inhibitory reflex. These effects persisted for 2.5--3 hrs; they were phasic in nature and were preserved after vagotomy in dogs. A conclusion was drawn that Metoclopramide could be useful in pathology of the distal esophagus, including the cardiac sphincter."}
{"id": "PMID:1222277", "title": "[Identification of proteases of staphylococci by means of an antitrypsin precipitating serum].", "content": "Specific antitrypsin precipitating sera obtained by intraconjunctival immunization of rabbits with crystalline trypsin was used to reveal in the supernant of staphylococcal cultures protease having antigenic character common with that of trypsin. This is confirmed by the trypsin accumulation in the process of staphylococcus cultivation, by the inhibition of the proteolytic activity of the antitrypsin precipitating sera and by the production of protein-precipitate as a result of incubation of the supernant with the antitrypsin precipitating sera.", "contents": "[Identification of proteases of staphylococci by means of an antitrypsin precipitating serum]. Specific antitrypsin precipitating sera obtained by intraconjunctival immunization of rabbits with crystalline trypsin was used to reveal in the supernant of staphylococcal cultures protease having antigenic character common with that of trypsin. This is confirmed by the trypsin accumulation in the process of staphylococcus cultivation, by the inhibition of the proteolytic activity of the antitrypsin precipitating sera and by the production of protein-precipitate as a result of incubation of the supernant with the antitrypsin precipitating sera."}
{"id": "PMID:1222278", "title": "[Effect of heparin on the capacity of human blood lymphocytes for blast transformation].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of heparin on the capacity of the human blood lymphocytes to blast-transformation in response to the stimulation with antilymphocytic gamma-globulin and phytohemagglutinin. Heparin proved to inhibit more intensively the transformation of lymphocytes stimulated by the antilymphocytic gamma globulin. The depressive effect arose when heparin was injected one hour before the mitogen, simultaneously with it and one hour after it.", "contents": "[Effect of heparin on the capacity of human blood lymphocytes for blast transformation]. A study was made of the effect of heparin on the capacity of the human blood lymphocytes to blast-transformation in response to the stimulation with antilymphocytic gamma-globulin and phytohemagglutinin. Heparin proved to inhibit more intensively the transformation of lymphocytes stimulated by the antilymphocytic gamma globulin. The depressive effect arose when heparin was injected one hour before the mitogen, simultaneously with it and one hour after it."}
{"id": "PMID:1222279", "title": "[Reaction of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of cats to stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve and the afferent fibers of the vagus nerve].", "content": "Data are presented on the functional morphology of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system of cats in stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve and of the afferent fibers of the vagus. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve selectively activated the supraoptic nucleus and caused the discharge of the neurohormones from the posterior lobe of the hypophysis, whereas its infundibular portion contained much neurosecretory material. In response to the stimulation of the vagus all the portions of the neurohypophysis were released of the Gomori-positive substance; both the supraoptic and the paraventricular nucleus were activated.", "contents": "[Reaction of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of cats to stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve and the afferent fibers of the vagus nerve]. Data are presented on the functional morphology of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system of cats in stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve and of the afferent fibers of the vagus. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve selectively activated the supraoptic nucleus and caused the discharge of the neurohormones from the posterior lobe of the hypophysis, whereas its infundibular portion contained much neurosecretory material. In response to the stimulation of the vagus all the portions of the neurohypophysis were released of the Gomori-positive substance; both the supraoptic and the paraventricular nucleus were activated."}
{"id": "PMID:1222280", "title": "[Some properties of the mitogenic factor induced in human lymphocytes under the influence of phytohemagglutinin].", "content": "Production of the PHA-induced human lymphocyte mitogenic factor (MF) previously described by the author and its influence on the lymphoid cells were investigated. The PHA-antiserum and immunosorbents were used for the PHA inactivation. The PHA-stimulated lymphocytes produced the mitogenic factor (MF) during the G1 period and the beginning of the S period of the cell cycle. When the cells were cultivated in the protein-free medium, the level of the DNA and the protein synthesis was significantly decreased, but the level of the MF production was 1.6 times greater than that of the MF production in the protein-containing medium. Kinetics of the lymphocyte reaction to the MF is described: DNA synthesis (as judged by the H3-thymidine uptake) began on the 5th--6th day and reached the maximum on the 6th--7th day.", "contents": "[Some properties of the mitogenic factor induced in human lymphocytes under the influence of phytohemagglutinin]. Production of the PHA-induced human lymphocyte mitogenic factor (MF) previously described by the author and its influence on the lymphoid cells were investigated. The PHA-antiserum and immunosorbents were used for the PHA inactivation. The PHA-stimulated lymphocytes produced the mitogenic factor (MF) during the G1 period and the beginning of the S period of the cell cycle. When the cells were cultivated in the protein-free medium, the level of the DNA and the protein synthesis was significantly decreased, but the level of the MF production was 1.6 times greater than that of the MF production in the protein-containing medium. Kinetics of the lymphocyte reaction to the MF is described: DNA synthesis (as judged by the H3-thymidine uptake) began on the 5th--6th day and reached the maximum on the 6th--7th day."}
{"id": "PMID:1222281", "title": "[Appearance of foci of hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cells in the liver of mice following a single administration of cyclophosphane].", "content": "The nidi of hemopoiesis appeared in the liver and the lymph nodes of DBA/2, C57BL/6j and F1 (C57BL/6j X CBA) strains of mice of the 6th day after a single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide in a dose of 200 mg/kg. This process was accompanied by the appearance of stem hemopoietic cells in the liver. Their maximum number was observed on the 6th and the  9th days. On the 12th day their level decreased, but it still exceeded the one in the animals which received a suspension of normal liver cells. In myelosan exhaustion the pool of the bone marrow and splenic stem cells, the subsequent cyclophosphamide injection failed to induce the appearance of the nidi of hemopoiesis and stem cells in the liver.", "contents": "[Appearance of foci of hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cells in the liver of mice following a single administration of cyclophosphane]. The nidi of hemopoiesis appeared in the liver and the lymph nodes of DBA/2, C57BL/6j and F1 (C57BL/6j X CBA) strains of mice of the 6th day after a single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide in a dose of 200 mg/kg. This process was accompanied by the appearance of stem hemopoietic cells in the liver. Their maximum number was observed on the 6th and the  9th days. On the 12th day their level decreased, but it still exceeded the one in the animals which received a suspension of normal liver cells. In myelosan exhaustion the pool of the bone marrow and splenic stem cells, the subsequent cyclophosphamide injection failed to induce the appearance of the nidi of hemopoiesis and stem cells in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1222282", "title": "[Renewal time, proliferative pool and duration of the mitotic cycle of the epithelial cells of the common bile duct].", "content": "Using cholchicine and H3-thymidine the following parameters of the mitotic cycle (in hours) were calculated: T=56.6; tm=0.9; tg2=1.2; ts=6; tg1=48.5 The proliferative pool was 7.5% and the time of epithelium renewal--754.5 hours. The common bile duct epithelium should be referred to the tissue systems with slow renewal.", "contents": "[Renewal time, proliferative pool and duration of the mitotic cycle of the epithelial cells of the common bile duct]. Using cholchicine and H3-thymidine the following parameters of the mitotic cycle (in hours) were calculated: T=56.6; tm=0.9; tg2=1.2; ts=6; tg1=48.5 The proliferative pool was 7.5% and the time of epithelium renewal--754.5 hours. The common bile duct epithelium should be referred to the tissue systems with slow renewal."}
{"id": "PMID:1222284", "title": "[Activation of parathyroid hormone by heparin in vitro].", "content": "Heparin proved to be essential component in bone resorption. In vitro heparin activated the effects of parathyroid hormone in respect to bone resorption, but heparin alone was incapable of causing the resorption.", "contents": "[Activation of parathyroid hormone by heparin in vitro]. Heparin proved to be essential component in bone resorption. In vitro heparin activated the effects of parathyroid hormone in respect to bone resorption, but heparin alone was incapable of causing the resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:1222285", "title": "[Electromyocartography of the thigh. Attempt at a functional analysis of the locking of the knee against resistance].", "content": "Electromyocartographic analysis of the extension of the leg in different positions has shown that: - on the whole energy developped by all superficial muscles of the thigh is more important in the position of dorsal decubitus than in a seated position; - functionnal activity of the rectus femoris muscle varies according to different subjects. Its activity is lower in the seated position, compared to dorsal decubitus, a classic notion; - in contradiction to classic notions, the most active muscle electrically is the vastus lateralis muscle. The vastus medialis muscle is however also very active; - from these results, it is possible to obtain a smaller variability owing to their relative quantification. One observes a hierarchy of electric activity levels of different surfaces, that constitutes the basis of functionnal and clinical study.", "contents": "[Electromyocartography of the thigh. Attempt at a functional analysis of the locking of the knee against resistance]. Electromyocartographic analysis of the extension of the leg in different positions has shown that: - on the whole energy developped by all superficial muscles of the thigh is more important in the position of dorsal decubitus than in a seated position; - functionnal activity of the rectus femoris muscle varies according to different subjects. Its activity is lower in the seated position, compared to dorsal decubitus, a classic notion; - in contradiction to classic notions, the most active muscle electrically is the vastus lateralis muscle. The vastus medialis muscle is however also very active; - from these results, it is possible to obtain a smaller variability owing to their relative quantification. One observes a hierarchy of electric activity levels of different surfaces, that constitutes the basis of functionnal and clinical study."}
{"id": "PMID:1222286", "title": "[Anatomical revision of the lymphatic system of the mammary gland (200 cases)].", "content": "The author has made an Anatomical Review of the Lymphatic System of the Mammary Gland on the Base of the study of 200 cases. Three main lymphatic pedicles and their respective subpedicles are described. It was not observed that the mammary lymph drains to the contralateral side or by a direct route to the nodes of the supraclavicular region. The author describes some nodes which are not previously mentioned in the literature, presents a new classification of the axillary lymphatic nodes from an anatomical point of view. This study is still under execution.", "contents": "[Anatomical revision of the lymphatic system of the mammary gland (200 cases)]. The author has made an Anatomical Review of the Lymphatic System of the Mammary Gland on the Base of the study of 200 cases. Three main lymphatic pedicles and their respective subpedicles are described. It was not observed that the mammary lymph drains to the contralateral side or by a direct route to the nodes of the supraclavicular region. The author describes some nodes which are not previously mentioned in the literature, presents a new classification of the axillary lymphatic nodes from an anatomical point of view. This study is still under execution."}
{"id": "PMID:1222287", "title": "[Evolution of the astroglial reaction in the pyramidal pathway after injury of the rat motor cortex].", "content": "Investigation of astrocytes in the pyramidal tract of the rat 2 to 100 days after a lesion of the motor cortex indicates that the glial reaction, with increase in size of astrocytes and in affinity for Cajal's gold-sublimate, begins at the lesion and extends to the distal segments of the spinal cord. But this reaction recedes and disappears in lumbar and dorsal cord about 70 days after the operation. It persists in the cervical cord and in the brain. On the other hand, a characteristic increase in activity of glutamate andglucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases is restricted to the vicinity of the lesion and does not even encroach upon the posterior limb of the internal capsule.", "contents": "[Evolution of the astroglial reaction in the pyramidal pathway after injury of the rat motor cortex]. Investigation of astrocytes in the pyramidal tract of the rat 2 to 100 days after a lesion of the motor cortex indicates that the glial reaction, with increase in size of astrocytes and in affinity for Cajal's gold-sublimate, begins at the lesion and extends to the distal segments of the spinal cord. But this reaction recedes and disappears in lumbar and dorsal cord about 70 days after the operation. It persists in the cervical cord and in the brain. On the other hand, a characteristic increase in activity of glutamate andglucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases is restricted to the vicinity of the lesion and does not even encroach upon the posterior limb of the internal capsule."}
{"id": "PMID:1222288", "title": "[Notes on osteoclastic resorption].", "content": "Microradiography of transverse sections in diaphyseal compact bone of old dogs shows many osteons with irregularly delimited haversian canals, very similar to a resorption cavity (fig. 1). Microradiography of longitudinal sections in the same material reveals that the enlargement of the canal affects only a fraction of its length (fig. 2). After methylene blue staining, no osteoclasts have been observed but only small mononucleated cells (fig. 3 and 4). The signification of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "[Notes on osteoclastic resorption]. Microradiography of transverse sections in diaphyseal compact bone of old dogs shows many osteons with irregularly delimited haversian canals, very similar to a resorption cavity (fig. 1). Microradiography of longitudinal sections in the same material reveals that the enlargement of the canal affects only a fraction of its length (fig. 2). After methylene blue staining, no osteoclasts have been observed but only small mononucleated cells (fig. 3 and 4). The signification of these observations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222289", "title": "[Variation of the mitotic coefficient and biochemical specialization. Study of the differentiation of the liver parenchyma in the goose during the embryonal period and after hatching].", "content": "An abrupt decrease of the mitotic index occurs between the 15th and the 18 day of incubation. This decrease is concomitant withthe appearance of glycogen first and of lipids later. The differenciation implicated by this biochemical specialisation is correlative of a lowering of cellular multiplication ability, according to A. Prenant's general law.", "contents": "[Variation of the mitotic coefficient and biochemical specialization. Study of the differentiation of the liver parenchyma in the goose during the embryonal period and after hatching]. An abrupt decrease of the mitotic index occurs between the 15th and the 18 day of incubation. This decrease is concomitant withthe appearance of glycogen first and of lipids later. The differenciation implicated by this biochemical specialisation is correlative of a lowering of cellular multiplication ability, according to A. Prenant's general law."}
{"id": "PMID:1222290", "title": "[The posterior menisco-femoral ligaments and their significance in organogenesis].", "content": "In the knee joint, there are two sorts of posterior menisco-femoral ligaments, one of them, on the lateral side binds the posterior edge of the meniscus with the femur, the other on the medial side attaches a part of the meniscal horn to the posterior cruciate ligament or to the femur. The differentiation of these ligamentous bundles seems to be bound with the organogenetic varieties of the posterior cruciate ligament.", "contents": "[The posterior menisco-femoral ligaments and their significance in organogenesis]. In the knee joint, there are two sorts of posterior menisco-femoral ligaments, one of them, on the lateral side binds the posterior edge of the meniscus with the femur, the other on the medial side attaches a part of the meniscal horn to the posterior cruciate ligament or to the femur. The differentiation of these ligamentous bundles seems to be bound with the organogenetic varieties of the posterior cruciate ligament."}
{"id": "PMID:1222291", "title": "[Study of the correlations between the volumes of the hypophysis, the epiphysis and the subfornical organ to the somatic weight and the volume of the hypothalamus in rodents].", "content": "The correlations between volume of the hypophysis, of the epiphysis and of the subfornical organ to body weight and volume of the hypothalamus were studied on 193 rodents belonging to 41 species. Concerning the volume of the hypophyseal lobes the regression slopes of Rodentia occupy an intermediate position between those of Isectivora and Prosimians studied by BAUCHOT. The volume of the epiphysis increases more rapidly with the weight of the body than that of the hypophyseal lobes, the volume of the subfornical organ increases on the contrary more slowly.", "contents": "[Study of the correlations between the volumes of the hypophysis, the epiphysis and the subfornical organ to the somatic weight and the volume of the hypothalamus in rodents]. The correlations between volume of the hypophysis, of the epiphysis and of the subfornical organ to body weight and volume of the hypothalamus were studied on 193 rodents belonging to 41 species. Concerning the volume of the hypophyseal lobes the regression slopes of Rodentia occupy an intermediate position between those of Isectivora and Prosimians studied by BAUCHOT. The volume of the epiphysis increases more rapidly with the weight of the body than that of the hypophyseal lobes, the volume of the subfornical organ increases on the contrary more slowly."}
{"id": "PMID:1222293", "title": "[Anatomo-functional properties of the vertebral axis].", "content": "The mechanics of the 3 segments of the vertebral column can be explained in the light of the existence of a real vertebral tripod; the modalities of the function of the three vertebral portions and of zones of transition, as well as the functional meaning of some vertebral structures or their annexes are explained. The author finally studies the vertebral curbs and denies them any value of increasing resistance or elasticity; he considers them as a factor of weakness which expresses itself mechanically by a compounded flexion to which the basical structure of the vertebral tripod and its bony, ligmentous and muscular annexes is opposed.", "contents": "[Anatomo-functional properties of the vertebral axis]. The mechanics of the 3 segments of the vertebral column can be explained in the light of the existence of a real vertebral tripod; the modalities of the function of the three vertebral portions and of zones of transition, as well as the functional meaning of some vertebral structures or their annexes are explained. The author finally studies the vertebral curbs and denies them any value of increasing resistance or elasticity; he considers them as a factor of weakness which expresses itself mechanically by a compounded flexion to which the basical structure of the vertebral tripod and its bony, ligmentous and muscular annexes is opposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222294", "title": "[New morphologic findings on the microscopic organization of the inferior colliculus in the cat].", "content": "The distribution of different cell types has been studied in the cat inferior colliculus. Morphometry by point counting on semi thin sections led to calculate SN (surface of nucleus), Sc (surface of cell), SN/Sc. Two cell types (small and large neurons) are found, their distribution delimits three nuclear formations (dorso-lateralis, dorso-medialis, ventralis). Craniocaudaly, the volume of the ventral formation decreases, while the volume of the dorsal-medial formation increases. The dorso-lateral formation remains constant. Thus the pattern of the morphological differentiation is similar to that of the functionnal differentiation.", "contents": "[New morphologic findings on the microscopic organization of the inferior colliculus in the cat]. The distribution of different cell types has been studied in the cat inferior colliculus. Morphometry by point counting on semi thin sections led to calculate SN (surface of nucleus), Sc (surface of cell), SN/Sc. Two cell types (small and large neurons) are found, their distribution delimits three nuclear formations (dorso-lateralis, dorso-medialis, ventralis). Craniocaudaly, the volume of the ventral formation decreases, while the volume of the dorsal-medial formation increases. The dorso-lateral formation remains constant. Thus the pattern of the morphological differentiation is similar to that of the functionnal differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222295", "title": "[Effects of colchicine on the content of ribonucleic acids and total proteins of cultured nerve cells. Preliminary study].", "content": "Nervous cells from chick embryo lumbo-sacral spinal cord have been cultivated in vitro and treated with colchicine. The effects of this alkaloid on the RNA and the total protein contents of nervous cells have been studied by quantitative cytochemical methods. The RNA content has been measured by cytophotometry after DNase digestion and gallocyanine-chromalun staining; the cellular protein content has been measured after Naphtol Yellow S staining. In colchicine treated cultures, the main part of the nervous cell population consists of spheroidal and piriform neuroblasts; some cells are neurocytes with short processes. During the 48 first hours in vitro, the RNA content is approximatively identical in treated cells as in controls. The cellular total protein content is much lower in the treated cells than in the controls.", "contents": "[Effects of colchicine on the content of ribonucleic acids and total proteins of cultured nerve cells. Preliminary study]. Nervous cells from chick embryo lumbo-sacral spinal cord have been cultivated in vitro and treated with colchicine. The effects of this alkaloid on the RNA and the total protein contents of nervous cells have been studied by quantitative cytochemical methods. The RNA content has been measured by cytophotometry after DNase digestion and gallocyanine-chromalun staining; the cellular protein content has been measured after Naphtol Yellow S staining. In colchicine treated cultures, the main part of the nervous cell population consists of spheroidal and piriform neuroblasts; some cells are neurocytes with short processes. During the 48 first hours in vitro, the RNA content is approximatively identical in treated cells as in controls. The cellular total protein content is much lower in the treated cells than in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1222296", "title": "[Asymetry, correlations and sex difference in the descriptive properties of the cranium].", "content": "A biometric study of some descriptive cranial characteristics pointed out that asymmetry bears only on the jugular foramen, that sexual differentiation exists at the level of the protrusions and also of the orifices, and lastly that some correlations remain unexplained.", "contents": "[Asymetry, correlations and sex difference in the descriptive properties of the cranium]. A biometric study of some descriptive cranial characteristics pointed out that asymmetry bears only on the jugular foramen, that sexual differentiation exists at the level of the protrusions and also of the orifices, and lastly that some correlations remain unexplained."}
{"id": "PMID:1222297", "title": "[Morphometric study of the dog radial diaphysis].", "content": "Cross sections in the midshaft of the radius bone from various dogs show an important polymorphism (fig. 1). However, calculation indicates that all these sections are comparable and of elliptical surface (fig. 2). The mean thickness of the cortex increases with total area (fig. 3) but is independant of the age of the animals (fig. 4).", "contents": "[Morphometric study of the dog radial diaphysis]. Cross sections in the midshaft of the radius bone from various dogs show an important polymorphism (fig. 1). However, calculation indicates that all these sections are comparable and of elliptical surface (fig. 2). The mean thickness of the cortex increases with total area (fig. 3) but is independant of the age of the animals (fig. 4)."}
{"id": "PMID:1222298", "title": "[The venous vascularization of the pancreas].", "content": "The venous vascularisation of the pancreas has been studied in the West African on 157 pieces, by the method of injection-corrosion. The polymeric plastic used for this operation was Rhodopas A X 85.15. The results are quite comparable to those reported in Couppie's thesis (Lyon, 1957) on the European. The venous drainage of the head of the pancreas is secured by four arches: anterior, posterior, inferior and intra-glandular, formed by three pancreatico-duodenal veins (inferior-anterior, superior-posterior, inferior-posterior). Three other venous trunks, independant from that system, and which are not reported in the former descriptions, participate in the formation of secondary, inconstant new arches. For the body and the tail of the pancreas, the disposition in two types described by Calas was found, but with an inverted respective percentage. The lower pancreatic vein was often demonstrated with particular clearness. For the neck of the pancreas, the venous vascularisation is secured by the isthmic veins, sometimes linked in a pre-glandular arch.", "contents": "[The venous vascularization of the pancreas]. The venous vascularisation of the pancreas has been studied in the West African on 157 pieces, by the method of injection-corrosion. The polymeric plastic used for this operation was Rhodopas A X 85.15. The results are quite comparable to those reported in Couppie's thesis (Lyon, 1957) on the European. The venous drainage of the head of the pancreas is secured by four arches: anterior, posterior, inferior and intra-glandular, formed by three pancreatico-duodenal veins (inferior-anterior, superior-posterior, inferior-posterior). Three other venous trunks, independant from that system, and which are not reported in the former descriptions, participate in the formation of secondary, inconstant new arches. For the body and the tail of the pancreas, the disposition in two types described by Calas was found, but with an inverted respective percentage. The lower pancreatic vein was often demonstrated with particular clearness. For the neck of the pancreas, the venous vascularisation is secured by the isthmic veins, sometimes linked in a pre-glandular arch."}
{"id": "PMID:1222299", "title": "[The division of the intra-parotid facial nerve. Morphologic and anthropometric study (128 dissections)].", "content": "The division of the facial nerve in the West African has been studied on 128 dissections. The point of division and the distribution into \"morphological types\" are fairly identical to those established in subjects of the white race, with two special features: 80% of the nerves divide above the middle of the Tragion-gonion line. 25% of the nerves are of a \"triforked\" morphological type. The variations of the cephalic index are in close connection with those of the angle of division of the nerve (brachycephalic: average angle 95 degrees; mesocephalic: 107 degrees; dolichocephalic: 125 degrees). On the other hand, the study of the morphological and physiognomical facial indexes does not show any definitive correlation as regards the place of division and the number of secondary branches.", "contents": "[The division of the intra-parotid facial nerve. Morphologic and anthropometric study (128 dissections)]. The division of the facial nerve in the West African has been studied on 128 dissections. The point of division and the distribution into \"morphological types\" are fairly identical to those established in subjects of the white race, with two special features: 80% of the nerves divide above the middle of the Tragion-gonion line. 25% of the nerves are of a \"triforked\" morphological type. The variations of the cephalic index are in close connection with those of the angle of division of the nerve (brachycephalic: average angle 95 degrees; mesocephalic: 107 degrees; dolichocephalic: 125 degrees). On the other hand, the study of the morphological and physiognomical facial indexes does not show any definitive correlation as regards the place of division and the number of secondary branches."}
{"id": "PMID:1222300", "title": "[Problems posed by the orientation of the head].", "content": "After a brief history of the origin of the planes of section of the head, the authors state that there are two kinds of planes: \"convenient\" planes and those with a scientific basis. Among the latter, they study those which are based on the sensory organs and in particular, on sight (Broca's alveolocondylian plane) and balance (plane of the lateral semi-circular canal or its branches). The positioning of the head cannot be the result of a single sensory organ and even less of one part of a sensory organ. This positioning results from informations given by nearly all sensory organs.", "contents": "[Problems posed by the orientation of the head]. After a brief history of the origin of the planes of section of the head, the authors state that there are two kinds of planes: \"convenient\" planes and those with a scientific basis. Among the latter, they study those which are based on the sensory organs and in particular, on sight (Broca's alveolocondylian plane) and balance (plane of the lateral semi-circular canal or its branches). The positioning of the head cannot be the result of a single sensory organ and even less of one part of a sensory organ. This positioning results from informations given by nearly all sensory organs."}
{"id": "PMID:1222301", "title": "[Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of the endocrine serotonin secreting cells of the fetal and adult rabbit intestinal mucosa].", "content": "Endocrine cells of intestinal mucosa have been studied in rabbit fetuses and adults. The problem of an ultrastructural identification of \"preargentaffin\" serotonin cells has been elucidated comparing cytochemical and ultrastructural datas. Since all cells exhibiting a yellow formaldehyde-induced fluorescence reacted with Sevier-Munger method and since all impregnated cells were fluorescent it has been concluded that impregnated cells at the electron microscope level are serotonin cells; these cells had generally small and round granules. Another cell type with small round granules showing deposition of silver grains on the outer rim has been identified as granular S cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of the endocrine serotonin secreting cells of the fetal and adult rabbit intestinal mucosa]. Endocrine cells of intestinal mucosa have been studied in rabbit fetuses and adults. The problem of an ultrastructural identification of \"preargentaffin\" serotonin cells has been elucidated comparing cytochemical and ultrastructural datas. Since all cells exhibiting a yellow formaldehyde-induced fluorescence reacted with Sevier-Munger method and since all impregnated cells were fluorescent it has been concluded that impregnated cells at the electron microscope level are serotonin cells; these cells had generally small and round granules. Another cell type with small round granules showing deposition of silver grains on the outer rim has been identified as granular S cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1222302", "title": "[Neural differentiation starting with very young dissociated cells].", "content": "Before the appearance of the morphological primordium of the nervous dissociated, reaggregate selectively \"in vitro\" and reach high levels of neural differentiation and organization. This property allows the experimental reproduction of the neural differentiation process. Before the appearance of the morphological primordium of the nervous system, its precursory cells carry the necessary information to put in action the basic characteristics of cell differentiation and structural organization, even isolated from the influence of mesoblastic cells.", "contents": "[Neural differentiation starting with very young dissociated cells]. Before the appearance of the morphological primordium of the nervous dissociated, reaggregate selectively \"in vitro\" and reach high levels of neural differentiation and organization. This property allows the experimental reproduction of the neural differentiation process. Before the appearance of the morphological primordium of the nervous system, its precursory cells carry the necessary information to put in action the basic characteristics of cell differentiation and structural organization, even isolated from the influence of mesoblastic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1222303", "title": "[Intrahilar anastomoses of the hepatic artery].", "content": "From dissection of thirty dead bodies, the authors describe accessory hepatic arteries and show that many arteries reach the left liver; while, the right accessory arteries are essentially posterior and very peripheral.", "contents": "[Intrahilar anastomoses of the hepatic artery]. From dissection of thirty dead bodies, the authors describe accessory hepatic arteries and show that many arteries reach the left liver; while, the right accessory arteries are essentially posterior and very peripheral."}
{"id": "PMID:1222304", "title": "[Thymic ectopia and parathyroid tissue in the pangolin (Manis tricuspis Rafinesque)].", "content": "Thymic ectopies are under study in 45 Pangolin's thyroids (Manis tricuspis Rafinesque). Their frequency seems to be independent of the sex of the animal but this frequency also appears to be in relation to the age of the animal. The topographic and morphological studies suggest a close relationship between these inclusions made out of thymic tissue and the presence of parathyroid islets included into the thyroid capsule. Some pictures, showing a connection between parathyroid cells and thymis parenchym elements, plead in favour of a functional interelation between these different structures as the Mc Manus experiments suggest it.", "contents": "[Thymic ectopia and parathyroid tissue in the pangolin (Manis tricuspis Rafinesque)]. Thymic ectopies are under study in 45 Pangolin's thyroids (Manis tricuspis Rafinesque). Their frequency seems to be independent of the sex of the animal but this frequency also appears to be in relation to the age of the animal. The topographic and morphological studies suggest a close relationship between these inclusions made out of thymic tissue and the presence of parathyroid islets included into the thyroid capsule. Some pictures, showing a connection between parathyroid cells and thymis parenchym elements, plead in favour of a functional interelation between these different structures as the Mc Manus experiments suggest it."}
{"id": "PMID:1222305", "title": "[Neuroskeletal  radiography and relationships of the sensitive branch of the radial nerve].", "content": "The authors carried out an anatomical, roentgenological and surgical study of the ramus superficialis of the radial nerve in man. This branch springs down 1,2 cm. below the humeroradial space and crosses the posterior rim of brachioradialis 8 cm. above the tip of the radial processus styloideus. Twice the exceptional arteria antebrachialis dorsalis was found; the vessel and the radial nerve looked like a posterior pedicle at the forearm. Among the 3 ending branches, the middle one is the most vulnerable in lateral approach of radius and naviculare.", "contents": "[Neuroskeletal  radiography and relationships of the sensitive branch of the radial nerve]. The authors carried out an anatomical, roentgenological and surgical study of the ramus superficialis of the radial nerve in man. This branch springs down 1,2 cm. below the humeroradial space and crosses the posterior rim of brachioradialis 8 cm. above the tip of the radial processus styloideus. Twice the exceptional arteria antebrachialis dorsalis was found; the vessel and the radial nerve looked like a posterior pedicle at the forearm. Among the 3 ending branches, the middle one is the most vulnerable in lateral approach of radius and naviculare."}
{"id": "PMID:1222306", "title": "[Relative concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid in the experimental deciduoma and the blastocyst of female rats: cytophotometric study].", "content": "Polyploidy level of experimentally induced deciduomata was determined by cytophotometric measures of DNA-Feulgen, with the \"Ultramikrospektrophotometer UMSP Zeiss\" by scanning. The antimesometrial tissue reached 32 n, 72 H after the uterine trauma, whereas the mesometrial part did not exceed a 4 n polyploidy level. With the same technics we studied the ovarian hormone, its action upon the blastocyst cellular cycle. In delayed blastocysts, synthesis was never found. OEstradiol removed the inhibition and DNA synthesis then starts again.", "contents": "[Relative concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid in the experimental deciduoma and the blastocyst of female rats: cytophotometric study]. Polyploidy level of experimentally induced deciduomata was determined by cytophotometric measures of DNA-Feulgen, with the \"Ultramikrospektrophotometer UMSP Zeiss\" by scanning. The antimesometrial tissue reached 32 n, 72 H after the uterine trauma, whereas the mesometrial part did not exceed a 4 n polyploidy level. With the same technics we studied the ovarian hormone, its action upon the blastocyst cellular cycle. In delayed blastocysts, synthesis was never found. OEstradiol removed the inhibition and DNA synthesis then starts again."}
{"id": "PMID:1222307", "title": "[Gonad development and differentiation in the golden hamster].", "content": "Development and gonadal differentiation in the Golden Hamster embryo are studied from day 9 of development to adult stages by means of histological, histochemical and cytogenetical techniques. The gonad appears on the day 9 of development and remains in an indifferentiated stage until day 11, testicular differentiation is carried out from day 12 with testicular cords and Leydig cells. Ovarian differentiation occurs later from day 14 of development and is practically recognizable after birth.", "contents": "[Gonad development and differentiation in the golden hamster]. Development and gonadal differentiation in the Golden Hamster embryo are studied from day 9 of development to adult stages by means of histological, histochemical and cytogenetical techniques. The gonad appears on the day 9 of development and remains in an indifferentiated stage until day 11, testicular differentiation is carried out from day 12 with testicular cords and Leydig cells. Ovarian differentiation occurs later from day 14 of development and is practically recognizable after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:1222308", "title": "[Vascular topography of the dorsolumbar spine in the African Black (105 cases)].", "content": "105 black african subjects were studied by plastic radio-opaque medium or anatomical dissection of the vessels in the dorso-lumbar spine. Numerous topographic variation were analyzed for pre, retro and intravertebral arteries and veins before. The results of this study are profitable to a secure surgery of the spine by the forward way. The best position for ligature is determined to avoid dangerous positions near anterior vertebral foramens and to preserve medullary circulation.", "contents": "[Vascular topography of the dorsolumbar spine in the African Black (105 cases)]. 105 black african subjects were studied by plastic radio-opaque medium or anatomical dissection of the vessels in the dorso-lumbar spine. Numerous topographic variation were analyzed for pre, retro and intravertebral arteries and veins before. The results of this study are profitable to a secure surgery of the spine by the forward way. The best position for ligature is determined to avoid dangerous positions near anterior vertebral foramens and to preserve medullary circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222309", "title": "[Appearance of the uterine mucosa in the puberal female rat after continuous exposure to light or early androgenization].", "content": "Female Albino rats exposed to permanent light or androgenized at birth exhibit structural modifications of the uterine mucosa similar to the women's affected by the stein Leventhal syndrome.", "contents": "[Appearance of the uterine mucosa in the puberal female rat after continuous exposure to light or early androgenization]. Female Albino rats exposed to permanent light or androgenized at birth exhibit structural modifications of the uterine mucosa similar to the women's affected by the stein Leventhal syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1222310", "title": "[Effects of continuous exposure to light on the ovaries of puberal rats].", "content": "Female Albino Rats exposed to permanent light, have polycystic and anovulatory ovaries, with a vaginal cytology composed of cornified cells (persistent estrus) and a plasmatic hyperandrogenia. These structural modifications are similar to those of women affected by Stein-Leventhal's syndrome. The possible role of regulation of the pineal gland is considered.", "contents": "[Effects of continuous exposure to light on the ovaries of puberal rats]. Female Albino Rats exposed to permanent light, have polycystic and anovulatory ovaries, with a vaginal cytology composed of cornified cells (persistent estrus) and a plasmatic hyperandrogenia. These structural modifications are similar to those of women affected by Stein-Leventhal's syndrome. The possible role of regulation of the pineal gland is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:1222311", "title": "[Rare variation of the cubital artery].", "content": "The author discribes a very rare abnormality of the ulnar artery and discusses its eventual origin.", "contents": "[Rare variation of the cubital artery]. The author discribes a very rare abnormality of the ulnar artery and discusses its eventual origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1222312", "title": "[Determination of cranial capacity using endocranial dimensions].", "content": "1. The products of endocranial dimensions found on radiographies provide excellent estimations of cranial capacity. 2. The sums of their dimensions are better than the products for ancient fossils, but there is a shortage of data allowing to appreciate if these products are suitable for all fossil men or only for some of them.", "contents": "[Determination of cranial capacity using endocranial dimensions]. 1. The products of endocranial dimensions found on radiographies provide excellent estimations of cranial capacity. 2. The sums of their dimensions are better than the products for ancient fossils, but there is a shortage of data allowing to appreciate if these products are suitable for all fossil men or only for some of them."}
{"id": "PMID:1222313", "title": "[Anatomo-radiological study of the spinal venous system of the lumbo-sacral junction].", "content": "Transfemoral ascending lumbar catheterization of the epidural veins is a new radiological method in lumbar disk disease. The technique and interpretation of the venogram offer some problems: Origin of ascending lumbar vein and internal vertebral venous structures are variable. The authors use 11 corrosion preparations and 18 venograms for the study of the ascending lumbar vein and internal vertebral venous system.", "contents": "[Anatomo-radiological study of the spinal venous system of the lumbo-sacral junction]. Transfemoral ascending lumbar catheterization of the epidural veins is a new radiological method in lumbar disk disease. The technique and interpretation of the venogram offer some problems: Origin of ascending lumbar vein and internal vertebral venous structures are variable. The authors use 11 corrosion preparations and 18 venograms for the study of the ascending lumbar vein and internal vertebral venous system."}
{"id": "PMID:1222314", "title": "[Anatomoradiological study of the variations of the internal mammary artery].", "content": "Variation of the course of the internal thoracic artery is analysed on the basis of 90 roentgenographs and 52 corrosion preparations. Origin, length, topography and diameter of the lumen of the trunk of the artery are described.", "contents": "[Anatomoradiological study of the variations of the internal mammary artery]. Variation of the course of the internal thoracic artery is analysed on the basis of 90 roentgenographs and 52 corrosion preparations. Origin, length, topography and diameter of the lumen of the trunk of the artery are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1222315", "title": "[Does estradiol act in a unique way during progestation in the female rat? I. Uptake and retention of estradiol 17beta in the uterus of castrated rats under the influence of uterine distension].", "content": "In castrated female rats, uterine distension resulted in an increased uptake of tritiated oestradiol within the period studied (from 10 minutes to 24 hours after distension), whereas progesterone 14C incorporation was not increased. Using cold hormones (progesterone or oestradiol) before injection of radioactive ones, wer were able to demonstrate the specificity of this uptake 3.5 hours or 24 hours after initiation of distension. These results suggested that the oestradiol receptor may be synthetized without direct hormonal action. They are discussed with regard to oestradiol action, particularly during progestati-n and at the time of ovum implantation.", "contents": "[Does estradiol act in a unique way during progestation in the female rat? I. Uptake and retention of estradiol 17beta in the uterus of castrated rats under the influence of uterine distension]. In castrated female rats, uterine distension resulted in an increased uptake of tritiated oestradiol within the period studied (from 10 minutes to 24 hours after distension), whereas progesterone 14C incorporation was not increased. Using cold hormones (progesterone or oestradiol) before injection of radioactive ones, wer were able to demonstrate the specificity of this uptake 3.5 hours or 24 hours after initiation of distension. These results suggested that the oestradiol receptor may be synthetized without direct hormonal action. They are discussed with regard to oestradiol action, particularly during progestati-n and at the time of ovum implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222316", "title": "[Significance of chemotherapy complementary to radiotherapy in stages I and II in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "In a series of 118 cases of Hodgkin's disease in stage I and II successively treated by irradiation alone or by chemotherapy followed by irradiation or by chemotherapy + irradiation + chemotherapy, a retrospective analysis brings out the share of classical radiotherapy in the cures associated with chemotherapy, which in providing a remission rate of the order of 90 p. 100 renders superfluous the maintenance of a long course of chemotherapy and of negligible interest the performance of an exploratory laparotomy.", "contents": "[Significance of chemotherapy complementary to radiotherapy in stages I and II in Hodgkin's disease]. In a series of 118 cases of Hodgkin's disease in stage I and II successively treated by irradiation alone or by chemotherapy followed by irradiation or by chemotherapy + irradiation + chemotherapy, a retrospective analysis brings out the share of classical radiotherapy in the cures associated with chemotherapy, which in providing a remission rate of the order of 90 p. 100 renders superfluous the maintenance of a long course of chemotherapy and of negligible interest the performance of an exploratory laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1222318", "title": "[Influence of treatment with ionizing radiations on the immune response of cancer patients].", "content": "We report the results of immunological surveillance of 60 patients with advanced ENT, mammary and bronchopulmonary cancers or Hodgkin's disease, treated only by physical agents. These patients were explored by blastic stimulation testing before, during and after radiation therapy. The results confirm an immunodepressive effect of radiotherapy which increase as the irradiated areas increase, thus showing the importance of immunological surveillance of the cancer patients especially after irradiation. In effect the correlation existing between the importance of immunological repair after irradiation and a good short-term prognosis lead us to plan new radio-immunotherapeutic associations in the treatment of advanced cancers or cancers with a poor prognosis.", "contents": "[Influence of treatment with ionizing radiations on the immune response of cancer patients]. We report the results of immunological surveillance of 60 patients with advanced ENT, mammary and bronchopulmonary cancers or Hodgkin's disease, treated only by physical agents. These patients were explored by blastic stimulation testing before, during and after radiation therapy. The results confirm an immunodepressive effect of radiotherapy which increase as the irradiated areas increase, thus showing the importance of immunological surveillance of the cancer patients especially after irradiation. In effect the correlation existing between the importance of immunological repair after irradiation and a good short-term prognosis lead us to plan new radio-immunotherapeutic associations in the treatment of advanced cancers or cancers with a poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222319", "title": "[Immunological study in cancer of the breast].", "content": "Between 1970 and 1972, 200 patients with breast carcinomas treated by irradiation underwent immunological work up. This study was carried out before and after treatment, than at three, six and twelve months later. Immune responses were found to confine to normal at the time of treatment wether the lesions be small or large, and the doubling time short or long. Irradiation has a clear cut depressing effect on the delayed hypersensitivity skin tests and on the level of the circulating lymphocytes while the lymphoblastic transformation tests are not modified. Usually four months to more than one year are necessary for the tests to return at normal after irradiation. At the present time, this study cannot conclude on the prognostic value of these patients immune responses.", "contents": "[Immunological study in cancer of the breast]. Between 1970 and 1972, 200 patients with breast carcinomas treated by irradiation underwent immunological work up. This study was carried out before and after treatment, than at three, six and twelve months later. Immune responses were found to confine to normal at the time of treatment wether the lesions be small or large, and the doubling time short or long. Irradiation has a clear cut depressing effect on the delayed hypersensitivity skin tests and on the level of the circulating lymphocytes while the lymphoblastic transformation tests are not modified. Usually four months to more than one year are necessary for the tests to return at normal after irradiation. At the present time, this study cannot conclude on the prognostic value of these patients immune responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1222324", "title": "Anterior decompression of the thoracic and thoraco-lumbar spine.", "content": "The authors report their experience with six cases of acute spinal cord compression due to tumor, trauma, and infection in which the thoraco-lumbar spine and cord were most satisfactorily decompressed using an anterior transthoracic approach. Consideration is given to the appropriate pre-operative diagnostic procedures utilized to define those cases that are most amenable to an anterior approach. In addition, a consideration of paravertebral anatomy in the thoraco-lumbar area provides a basis for variance in approaching the ventral aspect of the thoraco-lumbar spine in order to minimize potential vascular complications.", "contents": "Anterior decompression of the thoracic and thoraco-lumbar spine. The authors report their experience with six cases of acute spinal cord compression due to tumor, trauma, and infection in which the thoraco-lumbar spine and cord were most satisfactorily decompressed using an anterior transthoracic approach. Consideration is given to the appropriate pre-operative diagnostic procedures utilized to define those cases that are most amenable to an anterior approach. In addition, a consideration of paravertebral anatomy in the thoraco-lumbar area provides a basis for variance in approaching the ventral aspect of the thoraco-lumbar spine in order to minimize potential vascular complications."}
{"id": "PMID:1222320", "title": "[The tobacco-cancer problem].", "content": "Statistical, biological and chemical data on the carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke are given and are discussed. The epidemiological studies have clearly shown the particularly noxious action of inhalation, and the direct ratio between the risk and the number of cigarettes smoked. The laboratory experiments on biological properties of cigarette smoke raise various problems of interpretation, however they reinforce the results given by statistical studies on man. The quantities of carcinogenic compounds which have been isolated from cigarette smoke are too small to account for the whole action. The co-carcinogenic, promoting, necrosing and toxic effects of some smoke condensate fractions could play an important part in the carcinogenic action. To cope with the health problems of the smoking habit, the tobaccoproducers and the public health organisations have taken steps, which led to a better knowledge of the problem and to the production of cigarettes which are less harmful to man.", "contents": "[The tobacco-cancer problem]. Statistical, biological and chemical data on the carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke are given and are discussed. The epidemiological studies have clearly shown the particularly noxious action of inhalation, and the direct ratio between the risk and the number of cigarettes smoked. The laboratory experiments on biological properties of cigarette smoke raise various problems of interpretation, however they reinforce the results given by statistical studies on man. The quantities of carcinogenic compounds which have been isolated from cigarette smoke are too small to account for the whole action. The co-carcinogenic, promoting, necrosing and toxic effects of some smoke condensate fractions could play an important part in the carcinogenic action. To cope with the health problems of the smoking habit, the tobaccoproducers and the public health organisations have taken steps, which led to a better knowledge of the problem and to the production of cigarettes which are less harmful to man."}
{"id": "PMID:1222325", "title": "Adreno-leukodystrophy with microphthalmia. A condition marked by general organ hypoplasia.", "content": "A 5-6/12 year old male child who was noted to have neurological impairment at birth, eventually died with widespread neurological disease. Pathological findings were compatible with adreno-leukodystrophy, but also showed microphthalmia and diffuse organ hypoplasia. A review of the clinical and pathological characteristics of adreno-leukodystrophy of previous cases and the current case suggests that the range of the disease spectrum may well involve most organs of the body. The possibility of an inherited membrane deficit is entertained.", "contents": "Adreno-leukodystrophy with microphthalmia. A condition marked by general organ hypoplasia. A 5-6/12 year old male child who was noted to have neurological impairment at birth, eventually died with widespread neurological disease. Pathological findings were compatible with adreno-leukodystrophy, but also showed microphthalmia and diffuse organ hypoplasia. A review of the clinical and pathological characteristics of adreno-leukodystrophy of previous cases and the current case suggests that the range of the disease spectrum may well involve most organs of the body. The possibility of an inherited membrane deficit is entertained."}
{"id": "PMID:1222322", "title": "[Epidemiologic studies on the role of tobacco in various human cancers].", "content": "The totality of epidemiological research over the last 25 years in the field of the relationship between tobacco consumption and the chance of developing certain cancers has demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that the use of tobacco is implicated in the genesis of a certain number of cancers of the respiratory tract and the upper air and food passages. The most important relationship concerns carcinoma of the bronchus, currently the most frequently encountered in men, for which the incidence risk is directly related to the use of cigarettes and which rises with the amount smoked and with inhaling. Other possible aetiological factors, particularly occupational exposure to chemical and radio active agents, whilst interesting are none the less marginal. The ramifications of epidemiologic and experimental researchs lead us to envisage a multifactorial aetiology in which tobacco is a constant element. Avoidance of exposure would play a major role in prevention.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic studies on the role of tobacco in various human cancers]. The totality of epidemiological research over the last 25 years in the field of the relationship between tobacco consumption and the chance of developing certain cancers has demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that the use of tobacco is implicated in the genesis of a certain number of cancers of the respiratory tract and the upper air and food passages. The most important relationship concerns carcinoma of the bronchus, currently the most frequently encountered in men, for which the incidence risk is directly related to the use of cigarettes and which rises with the amount smoked and with inhaling. Other possible aetiological factors, particularly occupational exposure to chemical and radio active agents, whilst interesting are none the less marginal. The ramifications of epidemiologic and experimental researchs lead us to envisage a multifactorial aetiology in which tobacco is a constant element. Avoidance of exposure would play a major role in prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:1222329", "title": "[Comparison between peak expiratory flow rate and daily report of the symptoms in asthmatic children (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 140 asthmatic children (6-15 years old) followed up for six months, the authors compared : (1) the daily transcription of asthmatic symptoms, of their intensity and of the use of antibiotics or corticosteroids ; (2) the peak expiratory flow rate measured daily at nine a.m. ; (3) the clinical history, coded every fifth day. A clinical score was computed by multiple linear correlation between (1) and (3), with a correlation coefficient of 0.84 (p less than 0.001), showing that the propounded quantification of symptoms and treatments was very good for estimating the clinical history. The coefficient of simple linear correlation between peak expiratory flow rate and score (r = --0.41) and between peak expiratory flow rate and clinical history (r = --0.65) was statistically significant ; however a further computation by stepwise multiple linear correlation showed that the peak expiratory flow rate was essentially correlated to the intensity of the symptoms, and to a lesser degree to the presence of breathlessness and prescription of corticosteroids. The correlation coefficient was -- 0.55 (p less than 0.01). Thus the peak expiratory flow rate does not very well account for the clinical state of asthmatics ; useful for the fast but superficial monitoring of patients, it cannot replace the daily transcription of symptoms and treatments : both methods are complementary.", "contents": "[Comparison between peak expiratory flow rate and daily report of the symptoms in asthmatic children (author's transl)]. In a group of 140 asthmatic children (6-15 years old) followed up for six months, the authors compared : (1) the daily transcription of asthmatic symptoms, of their intensity and of the use of antibiotics or corticosteroids ; (2) the peak expiratory flow rate measured daily at nine a.m. ; (3) the clinical history, coded every fifth day. A clinical score was computed by multiple linear correlation between (1) and (3), with a correlation coefficient of 0.84 (p less than 0.001), showing that the propounded quantification of symptoms and treatments was very good for estimating the clinical history. The coefficient of simple linear correlation between peak expiratory flow rate and score (r = --0.41) and between peak expiratory flow rate and clinical history (r = --0.65) was statistically significant ; however a further computation by stepwise multiple linear correlation showed that the peak expiratory flow rate was essentially correlated to the intensity of the symptoms, and to a lesser degree to the presence of breathlessness and prescription of corticosteroids. The correlation coefficient was -- 0.55 (p less than 0.01). Thus the peak expiratory flow rate does not very well account for the clinical state of asthmatics ; useful for the fast but superficial monitoring of patients, it cannot replace the daily transcription of symptoms and treatments : both methods are complementary."}
{"id": "PMID:1222335", "title": "The role of angiography in diagnosis and management of blunt renal trauma.", "content": "In a series of 223 patients with blunt renal injury, 40 patients underwent angiography. From this experience the following conclusions have been drawn: If a renal injury is suspected the IVP must be done as soon as possible. In most cases the diagnosis can be confirmed. Mild injuries should be managed conservatively and therefore need no angiography. In life endangering injury there is no time for angiography. The operation should be done preferably by a transperitoneal approach to allow good control of the renal pedicle. Patients with severe injuries should undergo angiography. If there is no function on the IVP, angiography should be done immediately to diagnose possible arterial thrombosis. In most cases angiography can be carried out some days after the trauma. This investigation provides an exact diagnosis and helps in deciding about further treatment. If a major part of the kidney has no blood supply, or there is a rupture with a large perirenal extravasation of urine, we recommend conservative surgery to avoid early and late complications. All operations should be done some days after the trauma. All patients with renal injuries, either operated or conservatively managed, should be carefully followed up. Angiography should be done in all cases of post-traumatic hypertension.", "contents": "The role of angiography in diagnosis and management of blunt renal trauma. In a series of 223 patients with blunt renal injury, 40 patients underwent angiography. From this experience the following conclusions have been drawn: If a renal injury is suspected the IVP must be done as soon as possible. In most cases the diagnosis can be confirmed. Mild injuries should be managed conservatively and therefore need no angiography. In life endangering injury there is no time for angiography. The operation should be done preferably by a transperitoneal approach to allow good control of the renal pedicle. Patients with severe injuries should undergo angiography. If there is no function on the IVP, angiography should be done immediately to diagnose possible arterial thrombosis. In most cases angiography can be carried out some days after the trauma. This investigation provides an exact diagnosis and helps in deciding about further treatment. If a major part of the kidney has no blood supply, or there is a rupture with a large perirenal extravasation of urine, we recommend conservative surgery to avoid early and late complications. All operations should be done some days after the trauma. All patients with renal injuries, either operated or conservatively managed, should be carefully followed up. Angiography should be done in all cases of post-traumatic hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:1222336", "title": "The Bristol Pyelonephritis Registry: 10 years on.", "content": "The reasons for the initiation and the basic structure of the Bristol Pyelonephritis Registry have been discussed. The detailed follow-up data on those patients clinically at \"renal risk\" has been noted, with a demonstrably low incidence of proven bacterial infection, no radiological progression and minimal interference with pregnancy. Satisfactory and reassuring information has thus accrued for the first time in a particular group of patients with often severe recurrent symptoms.", "contents": "The Bristol Pyelonephritis Registry: 10 years on. The reasons for the initiation and the basic structure of the Bristol Pyelonephritis Registry have been discussed. The detailed follow-up data on those patients clinically at \"renal risk\" has been noted, with a demonstrably low incidence of proven bacterial infection, no radiological progression and minimal interference with pregnancy. Satisfactory and reassuring information has thus accrued for the first time in a particular group of patients with often severe recurrent symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:1222330", "title": "Pulmonary arterial pressure in conscious and anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "In 84 conscious mongrel dogs weighting 19.0 +/- 3.2 kg (x +/- s), the mean pressure in the pulmonary artery was found to be 14.2 +/- 3.1 mmHg. In 102 anaesthetized dogs weighting 19.9 +/- 3.2 kg, pulmonary arterial pressure was 14.3 +/- 2.8 mmHg and pressure in the abdominal aorta 121.3 +/- 16.9 mmHg ; the O2 saturation in the arterial blood recorded oximetrically at the same time was 91.9 +/- 1.3%. Statistical analysis of the data derived from  a selection of 87 of these anaesthetized dogs (body=weight : 15-25 kg ; Sao2 : 90-94 % ; mean aortic pressure : 80-150 mmHg ; mean pulmonary arterial pressure : 9-19.5 mmHg) revealed a significant relation between pulmonary pressure and O2 saturation. No significant relation was demonstrable, however, between these pressures and the animals' body-weight. The lower limit of the normal range of mean pulmonary pressure was 8 mmHg and the upper limit 20 mmHg.", "contents": "Pulmonary arterial pressure in conscious and anaesthetized dogs. In 84 conscious mongrel dogs weighting 19.0 +/- 3.2 kg (x +/- s), the mean pressure in the pulmonary artery was found to be 14.2 +/- 3.1 mmHg. In 102 anaesthetized dogs weighting 19.9 +/- 3.2 kg, pulmonary arterial pressure was 14.3 +/- 2.8 mmHg and pressure in the abdominal aorta 121.3 +/- 16.9 mmHg ; the O2 saturation in the arterial blood recorded oximetrically at the same time was 91.9 +/- 1.3%. Statistical analysis of the data derived from  a selection of 87 of these anaesthetized dogs (body=weight : 15-25 kg ; Sao2 : 90-94 % ; mean aortic pressure : 80-150 mmHg ; mean pulmonary arterial pressure : 9-19.5 mmHg) revealed a significant relation between pulmonary pressure and O2 saturation. No significant relation was demonstrable, however, between these pressures and the animals' body-weight. The lower limit of the normal range of mean pulmonary pressure was 8 mmHg and the upper limit 20 mmHg."}
{"id": "PMID:1222331", "title": "[Role of the acid-base status on the changes of haemoglobin oxygen affinity in arterial hypoxemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty-seven patients, all with chronic respiratory insufficiency and hypoxemia, have been classified in five groups according to their acid-base status, determined by the intra-erythrocytic pH (pHi) : A. normal acid-base balance ; B. chronic alkalosis ; C. acute alkalosis ; D. acute acidosis ; E. chronic acidosis. We have measured in the arterial blood : Po2, PCO2, plasmatic pH (pHp1), pHi, P50(7,40) and 2,3-DPG. From these values. the base-excess (B.E.) and the P50 to real pH [P50 I.V.] have been computed. There is a good correlation between 2,3-DPG and P50 (r = 0.707), none between P50 and Pao2. For a normal acid-base balance, P50 and 2.3-DPG also are normal. Increased in chronic alkalosis, the amount of DPG is decreased in chronic acidosis. The DPG-pHi correlation is very good (r = 0.691 ; pless 0.001) and the changes of the acid-base balance seem to be the main factors for controlling the DPG synthesis : it increases it in chronic alkalosis and reduces it in chronic acidosis. Thus the P50(I.V.) returns to the normal range on account of the Bohr effect adjustement. On the contrary, in acute acidosis and alkalosis, the amount of DPG is normal and the P50(I.V.) is increased or reduced. Therefore the duration of the acid-base lack of balance also interfers.", "contents": "[Role of the acid-base status on the changes of haemoglobin oxygen affinity in arterial hypoxemia (author's transl)]. Fifty-seven patients, all with chronic respiratory insufficiency and hypoxemia, have been classified in five groups according to their acid-base status, determined by the intra-erythrocytic pH (pHi) : A. normal acid-base balance ; B. chronic alkalosis ; C. acute alkalosis ; D. acute acidosis ; E. chronic acidosis. We have measured in the arterial blood : Po2, PCO2, plasmatic pH (pHp1), pHi, P50(7,40) and 2,3-DPG. From these values. the base-excess (B.E.) and the P50 to real pH [P50 I.V.] have been computed. There is a good correlation between 2,3-DPG and P50 (r = 0.707), none between P50 and Pao2. For a normal acid-base balance, P50 and 2.3-DPG also are normal. Increased in chronic alkalosis, the amount of DPG is decreased in chronic acidosis. The DPG-pHi correlation is very good (r = 0.691 ; pless 0.001) and the changes of the acid-base balance seem to be the main factors for controlling the DPG synthesis : it increases it in chronic alkalosis and reduces it in chronic acidosis. Thus the P50(I.V.) returns to the normal range on account of the Bohr effect adjustement. On the contrary, in acute acidosis and alkalosis, the amount of DPG is normal and the P50(I.V.) is increased or reduced. Therefore the duration of the acid-base lack of balance also interfers."}
{"id": "PMID:1222337", "title": "Matrix and the infective renal calculus.", "content": "From the basis of an examination of the literature, and on a personal exerience of the surgical treatment of 100 cases of calculus disease, the suggestion is made that 2 distinct mechanisms of calculogenesis should be recognised. Calculi of metabolic origin should be considered as having an entirely distinct aetiological mechanism. Phosphatic calculi are apparently determined by the existence of urinary tract infection. Partial nephrectomy does not seem indicated for either type of disease.", "contents": "Matrix and the infective renal calculus. From the basis of an examination of the literature, and on a personal exerience of the surgical treatment of 100 cases of calculus disease, the suggestion is made that 2 distinct mechanisms of calculogenesis should be recognised. Calculi of metabolic origin should be considered as having an entirely distinct aetiological mechanism. Phosphatic calculi are apparently determined by the existence of urinary tract infection. Partial nephrectomy does not seem indicated for either type of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1222332", "title": "[A diagram to analyse airways patency abnormalities (author's transl)].", "content": "The factors contributing to airflow obstruction in chronic respiratory diseases are frequently investigated by measuring an index of airways patency : 1) at various lung volumes, which permits to detect and quantify the obstruction, 2) at different static recoil pressures (Pst) to recognize abnormalities not related to a loss of elastic recoil. A diagram has been developed which facilitates the analysis and permits a more quantitative evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic factors : the index of airways patency (I) is plotted simultaneously against Pst and against lung volume (expressed in % of predicted TLC), the two abscissae being scaled in such a way that the normal ranges are coincident for the two curves. Then, the distance from the I(Pst) curve to the normal range may be used to estimate the  abnormalities due to intrinsic factors, and the distance between the two curves to evaluate extrinsic obstruction. Taking maximum expiratory flows as the index of airways patency, examples are shown to illustrate the use of the diagram.", "contents": "[A diagram to analyse airways patency abnormalities (author's transl)]. The factors contributing to airflow obstruction in chronic respiratory diseases are frequently investigated by measuring an index of airways patency : 1) at various lung volumes, which permits to detect and quantify the obstruction, 2) at different static recoil pressures (Pst) to recognize abnormalities not related to a loss of elastic recoil. A diagram has been developed which facilitates the analysis and permits a more quantitative evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic factors : the index of airways patency (I) is plotted simultaneously against Pst and against lung volume (expressed in % of predicted TLC), the two abscissae being scaled in such a way that the normal ranges are coincident for the two curves. Then, the distance from the I(Pst) curve to the normal range may be used to estimate the  abnormalities due to intrinsic factors, and the distance between the two curves to evaluate extrinsic obstruction. Taking maximum expiratory flows as the index of airways patency, examples are shown to illustrate the use of the diagram."}
{"id": "PMID:1222338", "title": "Uromucoid excretion of normal individuals and stone formers.", "content": "Uromucoid excretion was measured in 49 normal subjects and 79 patients with stones. The results showed no significant differences in the uromucoid excretion rate between these 2 groups; there was no simple quantitative relationship between uromucoid excretion rate and the genesis of stones. It is suggested that uromucoid may be concerned in a protective function of tubular epithelium and also in the transport of electrolytes and hydrogen ions.", "contents": "Uromucoid excretion of normal individuals and stone formers. Uromucoid excretion was measured in 49 normal subjects and 79 patients with stones. The results showed no significant differences in the uromucoid excretion rate between these 2 groups; there was no simple quantitative relationship between uromucoid excretion rate and the genesis of stones. It is suggested that uromucoid may be concerned in a protective function of tubular epithelium and also in the transport of electrolytes and hydrogen ions."}
{"id": "PMID:1222333", "title": "[Clinical and experimental researches about the expired CO2 origin (author's tranal)].", "content": "We are convinced on the basis of experiments made on animals and on the basis of observations made during pneumonectomies operations, that the expired CO2 does not originate only from the arterial pulmonary system. Our experineces prove that the expired CO2 originates in a not negligible quantity from the blood of the bronchial arteries and the metabolism of the lung.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental researches about the expired CO2 origin (author's tranal)]. We are convinced on the basis of experiments made on animals and on the basis of observations made during pneumonectomies operations, that the expired CO2 does not originate only from the arterial pulmonary system. Our experineces prove that the expired CO2 originates in a not negligible quantity from the blood of the bronchial arteries and the metabolism of the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:1222334", "title": "[Assessment of an oxygen dilution device with a ventilatory mask (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxygen dilution devices (Venturi 3 and 4) with Multi-VentTM mask, using an oxygen flow rate of 6 1/min, are insufficient when subjects' ventilation is increased : inspired oxygen concentration is lower than predicted. This can be detrimental to patients who could benefit by oxygenotherapy during exercise.", "contents": "[Assessment of an oxygen dilution device with a ventilatory mask (author's transl)]. Oxygen dilution devices (Venturi 3 and 4) with Multi-VentTM mask, using an oxygen flow rate of 6 1/min, are insufficient when subjects' ventilation is increased : inspired oxygen concentration is lower than predicted. This can be detrimental to patients who could benefit by oxygenotherapy during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:1222339", "title": "Childhood urolithiasis in the United Kingdom and Eire.", "content": "152 children with urinary calculi were treated in the United Kingdom and Eire in the years 1972 and 1973. There was a marked male preponderance particularly evident in early life. In 124 children the urine was infected on admission to hospital; in 87, particularly the younger children, this was with the Proteus species. Awareness of the relationship between Proteus urinary infection and matrix calculi is stressed.", "contents": "Childhood urolithiasis in the United Kingdom and Eire. 152 children with urinary calculi were treated in the United Kingdom and Eire in the years 1972 and 1973. There was a marked male preponderance particularly evident in early life. In 124 children the urine was infected on admission to hospital; in 87, particularly the younger children, this was with the Proteus species. Awareness of the relationship between Proteus urinary infection and matrix calculi is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222340", "title": "Stone screening and follow-up are necessary?", "content": "In a series of 120 patients with renal stones 60% were found to have a treatable metabolic abnormality. Idiopathic hypercalciuria and the incomplete form of renal tubular acidosis were the two most common abnormalities. Both conditions in the untreated form were associated with an unacceptably high stone recurrence rate and incidence of change. In view of this, follow-up is considered essential and if medical treatment is to be offered this should be in the form of a controlled clinical trial.", "contents": "Stone screening and follow-up are necessary? In a series of 120 patients with renal stones 60% were found to have a treatable metabolic abnormality. Idiopathic hypercalciuria and the incomplete form of renal tubular acidosis were the two most common abnormalities. Both conditions in the untreated form were associated with an unacceptably high stone recurrence rate and incidence of change. In view of this, follow-up is considered essential and if medical treatment is to be offered this should be in the form of a controlled clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:1222341", "title": "The technique and results of pyleocalycotomy for staghorn calculi.", "content": "In 10 kidneys treated by the sinus approach the overall recurrence rate was 40%. In 48 kidneys treated by pyelocalycotomy the overall recurrence rate was 17% but only 6% in functioning kidneys with infective stones. Infection was controlled in 75% of patients from whom all stone fragments were removed radiologically but all patients in whom fragments remained, or who developed further calculi, remained infected--with Proteus in 75% of cases. All patients with kidneys completely cleared of calculi in whom infection was controlled remained stone-free for periods up to 10 years.", "contents": "The technique and results of pyleocalycotomy for staghorn calculi. In 10 kidneys treated by the sinus approach the overall recurrence rate was 40%. In 48 kidneys treated by pyelocalycotomy the overall recurrence rate was 17% but only 6% in functioning kidneys with infective stones. Infection was controlled in 75% of patients from whom all stone fragments were removed radiologically but all patients in whom fragments remained, or who developed further calculi, remained infected--with Proteus in 75% of cases. All patients with kidneys completely cleared of calculi in whom infection was controlled remained stone-free for periods up to 10 years."}
{"id": "PMID:1222342", "title": "The place of partial nephrectomy in the management of renal calyceal calculi.", "content": "In 416 patients with renal and ureteric calculi other than large staghorns we found that when it was possible to identify the calyx of origin of the stones, the lower poles were involved in 36-6% of males and 40-4% of females. In the follow up of the 115 lower poles originally containing stones the recurrence rate was 17% in those who were merely observed, 56% in those treated by pyelo- or nephrolithotomy, and zero in those treated by partial neprectomy. But when these cases were looked at more closely it was found that recurrences were virtually confined to lower poles which had originally harboured more than one stone, while in those with single stones to start with, the recurrence rate was not significantly different in either of these three groups. Partial nephrectomy should therefore be reserved for selected cases where the stones are originally multiple, or where the lower pole has been severely damaged. It is not necessary for small and single calyceal calculi.", "contents": "The place of partial nephrectomy in the management of renal calyceal calculi. In 416 patients with renal and ureteric calculi other than large staghorns we found that when it was possible to identify the calyx of origin of the stones, the lower poles were involved in 36-6% of males and 40-4% of females. In the follow up of the 115 lower poles originally containing stones the recurrence rate was 17% in those who were merely observed, 56% in those treated by pyelo- or nephrolithotomy, and zero in those treated by partial neprectomy. But when these cases were looked at more closely it was found that recurrences were virtually confined to lower poles which had originally harboured more than one stone, while in those with single stones to start with, the recurrence rate was not significantly different in either of these three groups. Partial nephrectomy should therefore be reserved for selected cases where the stones are originally multiple, or where the lower pole has been severely damaged. It is not necessary for small and single calyceal calculi."}
{"id": "PMID:1222343", "title": "Equivocal pelvi-ureteric obstruction.", "content": "A series of 40 studies have been used to assess whether or not there is obstruction in the pelvi-ureteric region in 27 kidneys. The perfusion test which is discussed has provided an answer in all cases where the technique was possible and allowed a logical decision to be taken concerning management.", "contents": "Equivocal pelvi-ureteric obstruction. A series of 40 studies have been used to assess whether or not there is obstruction in the pelvi-ureteric region in 27 kidneys. The perfusion test which is discussed has provided an answer in all cases where the technique was possible and allowed a logical decision to be taken concerning management."}
{"id": "PMID:1222344", "title": "A simple classification of wide ureters.", "content": "A simple classification of abnormal ureters is presented which categorises the ureters according to the presence or absence of 3 factors, namely reflux, bladder outlet obstruction and ureteric obstruction. It has been devised to try to rid the literature of many confusing and obsolete terms and it is hoped that this new classification may become internationally accepted.", "contents": "A simple classification of wide ureters. A simple classification of abnormal ureters is presented which categorises the ureters according to the presence or absence of 3 factors, namely reflux, bladder outlet obstruction and ureteric obstruction. It has been devised to try to rid the literature of many confusing and obsolete terms and it is hoped that this new classification may become internationally accepted."}
{"id": "PMID:1222345", "title": "Ring ureterostomy.", "content": "A method is described for temporary cutaneous ureterostomy which combines the advantage of loop ureterostomy with a well vascularised stoma with those of the Sober Y operation allowing easy restoration of ureteric integrity.", "contents": "Ring ureterostomy. A method is described for temporary cutaneous ureterostomy which combines the advantage of loop ureterostomy with a well vascularised stoma with those of the Sober Y operation allowing easy restoration of ureteric integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:1222346", "title": "Acute urinary retention in the female.", "content": "The causes of acute urinary retention in the female are discussed in relation to 103 cases recorded over a 3-year period. The authors feel that the findings are at variance with traditional teaching on the subject. Rather than being very rare the condition is found, in fact, to be not uncommon. It is found to occur postoperatively and following childbirth. Gynaecological and neurological lesions are reaffirmed as important causes and pathology within the urinary tract is found to be a more frequent component that is usually appreciated. Our findings do not support the view that hysteria is a common cause of acute urinary retention in females.", "contents": "Acute urinary retention in the female. The causes of acute urinary retention in the female are discussed in relation to 103 cases recorded over a 3-year period. The authors feel that the findings are at variance with traditional teaching on the subject. Rather than being very rare the condition is found, in fact, to be not uncommon. It is found to occur postoperatively and following childbirth. Gynaecological and neurological lesions are reaffirmed as important causes and pathology within the urinary tract is found to be a more frequent component that is usually appreciated. Our findings do not support the view that hysteria is a common cause of acute urinary retention in females."}
{"id": "PMID:1222347", "title": "Ultrasound assessment of residual urine in children.", "content": "Ultrasound has been used to assess residual urine in children and found to have considerable advantages over other methods. Using a B-mode scan in the sagittal plane the presence or absence of residual urine can be confidently determined. Quantitative measurements of volume are subject to considerable error but semi-quantitative information in individual cases can be obtained by comparison of records made at subsequent examinations. More accurate quantitative values might be achieved by constructing an individual calibration curve. The advantages of ultrasound for assessing residual urine are that it is simple, quick, harmless and non-invasive. Because of these features the examination can be readily repeated, is suitable for out-patient use and is acceptable to children.", "contents": "Ultrasound assessment of residual urine in children. Ultrasound has been used to assess residual urine in children and found to have considerable advantages over other methods. Using a B-mode scan in the sagittal plane the presence or absence of residual urine can be confidently determined. Quantitative measurements of volume are subject to considerable error but semi-quantitative information in individual cases can be obtained by comparison of records made at subsequent examinations. More accurate quantitative values might be achieved by constructing an individual calibration curve. The advantages of ultrasound for assessing residual urine are that it is simple, quick, harmless and non-invasive. Because of these features the examination can be readily repeated, is suitable for out-patient use and is acceptable to children."}
{"id": "PMID:1222348", "title": "The effect of adrenergic blocking drugs on outflow resistance.", "content": "Alpha blockade at a dose which produces minimal cardiovascular effects causes a significant fall in the urethral pressure profile in man. No change in profile height has been seen following the administration of a beta blocking drug in a dose producing cardiovascular changes of a similar order of magnitude.", "contents": "The effect of adrenergic blocking drugs on outflow resistance. Alpha blockade at a dose which produces minimal cardiovascular effects causes a significant fall in the urethral pressure profile in man. No change in profile height has been seen following the administration of a beta blocking drug in a dose producing cardiovascular changes of a similar order of magnitude."}
{"id": "PMID:1222349", "title": "Flat carcinoma in Situ of bladder.", "content": "36 patients with flat carcinoma in situ of the bladder have been reviewed. Those with widespread disease usually presented with dysuria or obstructive outflow tract symptoms and radical surgery appeared to give better results than radiotherapy. However, when the lesion was confined to small areas of the bladder mucosa, haematuria or pain were the main presenting symptoms and a conservative approach seemed justified. It is suggested that the term flat carcinoma in situ be used for this lesion whose behavior differs significantly from that of the commoner papillary or invasive tumours. The pathological appearances are to be reported elsewhere in full.", "contents": "Flat carcinoma in Situ of bladder. 36 patients with flat carcinoma in situ of the bladder have been reviewed. Those with widespread disease usually presented with dysuria or obstructive outflow tract symptoms and radical surgery appeared to give better results than radiotherapy. However, when the lesion was confined to small areas of the bladder mucosa, haematuria or pain were the main presenting symptoms and a conservative approach seemed justified. It is suggested that the term flat carcinoma in situ be used for this lesion whose behavior differs significantly from that of the commoner papillary or invasive tumours. The pathological appearances are to be reported elsewhere in full."}
{"id": "PMID:1222350", "title": "The effects of overstretching on the structure and function of the bladder in relation to Helmstein's distension therapy.", "content": "Measurements of the maximum bladder distensibility, cystometrograms and histological studies of the bladder after Helmstein's distension therapy show intramural fibrosis and a reduction in bladder capacity. When this is made worse by post-radiation fibrosis it may give rise to such severe contraction that diversion may be needed. There is no evidence that distension, of the type used here, ever gives rise to \"stretching\" or \"atony\" of the bladder: and it is questionable whether distension of a lesser degree, such as may be found in acute urinary retention, ever does so either.", "contents": "The effects of overstretching on the structure and function of the bladder in relation to Helmstein's distension therapy. Measurements of the maximum bladder distensibility, cystometrograms and histological studies of the bladder after Helmstein's distension therapy show intramural fibrosis and a reduction in bladder capacity. When this is made worse by post-radiation fibrosis it may give rise to such severe contraction that diversion may be needed. There is no evidence that distension, of the type used here, ever gives rise to \"stretching\" or \"atony\" of the bladder: and it is questionable whether distension of a lesser degree, such as may be found in acute urinary retention, ever does so either."}
{"id": "PMID:1222351", "title": "Hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder in the management of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "The clinical and histological changes following hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder have been studied in 13 patients with transitional cell carcinoma, persistent after radical radiotherapy. Continuous epidural anaesthesia was necessary to achieve a constant state of bladder relaxation during irrigation of the distended bladder. This form of hyperthermic perfusion of the bladder was effective in arresting uncontrollable haemorrhage from bladder tumours and may be of value in the treatment of this complication. Perfusion at an outflow temperature of 44 degrees C for 4 hours caused tumour necrosis. It was, however, associated with damage to the vasculature of the bladder and frequency of micturition which persisted after mucosal recovery. Perfusion at 43 degrees C also caused tumour necrosis and the after effects were less severe.", "contents": "Hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder in the management of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma. The clinical and histological changes following hyperthermic perfusion of the distended urinary bladder have been studied in 13 patients with transitional cell carcinoma, persistent after radical radiotherapy. Continuous epidural anaesthesia was necessary to achieve a constant state of bladder relaxation during irrigation of the distended bladder. This form of hyperthermic perfusion of the bladder was effective in arresting uncontrollable haemorrhage from bladder tumours and may be of value in the treatment of this complication. Perfusion at an outflow temperature of 44 degrees C for 4 hours caused tumour necrosis. It was, however, associated with damage to the vasculature of the bladder and frequency of micturition which persisted after mucosal recovery. Perfusion at 43 degrees C also caused tumour necrosis and the after effects were less severe."}
{"id": "PMID:1222352", "title": "The therapeutic application of hyperthermia in the bladder.", "content": "Experience with 10 cases of hyperthermic irrigation of the bladder suggests that irrigation with saline at 80 degrees C for 10 to 15 min will stop bleeding and destroy epithelium and muscle layers without causing visceral injury or systemic disturbance. It may be preferable to cystectomy in certain poor-risk patients, or in those who refuse cystectomy for fear of impotence.", "contents": "The therapeutic application of hyperthermia in the bladder. Experience with 10 cases of hyperthermic irrigation of the bladder suggests that irrigation with saline at 80 degrees C for 10 to 15 min will stop bleeding and destroy epithelium and muscle layers without causing visceral injury or systemic disturbance. It may be preferable to cystectomy in certain poor-risk patients, or in those who refuse cystectomy for fear of impotence."}
{"id": "PMID:1222353", "title": "The ultrastructure of human male urethral stricture.", "content": "Biopsy material was examined from 20 urethral strictures at the time of urethroplasty, using ultramicroscopic methods not hitherto applied to the study of the pathogenesis of stricture. Abundant smooth muscle and elastic tissue was found in the post-inflammatory strictures. The scar tissue from post-traumatic strictures merely showed dense collagen. An anatomical basis for the well known difference between the fibrous and the resilent stricture is demonstrated, and the role of smooth muscle in the development and behaviour of strictures is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of human male urethral stricture. Biopsy material was examined from 20 urethral strictures at the time of urethroplasty, using ultramicroscopic methods not hitherto applied to the study of the pathogenesis of stricture. Abundant smooth muscle and elastic tissue was found in the post-inflammatory strictures. The scar tissue from post-traumatic strictures merely showed dense collagen. An anatomical basis for the well known difference between the fibrous and the resilent stricture is demonstrated, and the role of smooth muscle in the development and behaviour of strictures is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222354", "title": "Bifid urethra with pre-anal accessory track (Y duplication).", "content": "Bifid urethra with a pre-anal or perineal accessory track (Y duplication) is an abnormality insufficiently recognised and its true anatomy may be overlooked. 9 cases are reported together with a description of an operative correction.", "contents": "Bifid urethra with pre-anal accessory track (Y duplication). Bifid urethra with a pre-anal or perineal accessory track (Y duplication) is an abnormality insufficiently recognised and its true anatomy may be overlooked. 9 cases are reported together with a description of an operative correction."}
{"id": "PMID:1222355", "title": "Sexual function in hypospadiacs.", "content": "The sexual function of 82 patients treated for hypospadias was assessed. It was concluded that the sexual function in these patients was unsatisfactory only following incomplete or incorrect surgery. The aim of surgery should be to achieve a straight penis with an adequate urethral lumen and a urethral orifice situated at the tip of the glans. Proper assessment of chordee and meticulous care in surgical technique are the prerequisites for success. They are the only preventive measures of the physical, psychic, sexual and social handicaps to which hypospadiacs are subjected.", "contents": "Sexual function in hypospadiacs. The sexual function of 82 patients treated for hypospadias was assessed. It was concluded that the sexual function in these patients was unsatisfactory only following incomplete or incorrect surgery. The aim of surgery should be to achieve a straight penis with an adequate urethral lumen and a urethral orifice situated at the tip of the glans. Proper assessment of chordee and meticulous care in surgical technique are the prerequisites for success. They are the only preventive measures of the physical, psychic, sexual and social handicaps to which hypospadiacs are subjected."}
{"id": "PMID:1222356", "title": "Transplantation of interstitial cells of the testis: effect of implant site, graft mass and ischaemia.", "content": "Autotransplantation of testicular tissue was performed in inbred mice to subcutaneous trunk, ear lobe and intraperitoneal sites. The results were assessed after 3 months by determining the weights of seminal vesicle and penis and by the histological appearances of the grafts and seminal vesicles. Intraperitoneal implantation produced maximal effects and as little as 5 mg of testicular tissue could be grafted with demonstrable androgenic action on the host. Spermatogenic tissue atrophied in all cases but interstitial cells were shown to survive and function 3 months after subcutaneous grafting following 48 hours ischaemia in 3 degrees C, 12 hours at 21 degrees C and 3 hours at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Transplantation of interstitial cells of the testis: effect of implant site, graft mass and ischaemia. Autotransplantation of testicular tissue was performed in inbred mice to subcutaneous trunk, ear lobe and intraperitoneal sites. The results were assessed after 3 months by determining the weights of seminal vesicle and penis and by the histological appearances of the grafts and seminal vesicles. Intraperitoneal implantation produced maximal effects and as little as 5 mg of testicular tissue could be grafted with demonstrable androgenic action on the host. Spermatogenic tissue atrophied in all cases but interstitial cells were shown to survive and function 3 months after subcutaneous grafting following 48 hours ischaemia in 3 degrees C, 12 hours at 21 degrees C and 3 hours at 37 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:1222357", "title": "200 infertile males: correlation of chromosome, histological, endocrine and clinical studies.", "content": "Somatic and meiotic chromosomes have been studied prospectively in 200 subfertile males. The results have been correlated with clinical, seminal and endocrinological features, with histological findings in testicular biopsies and with response to conventional treatment. Somatic chromosome abnormalities were found in 3-5% of cases and variants of the Y chromosome were found in 10-5%. Definite abnormalities in meiotic chromosomes were observed in 20% of these patients, including supernumerary chromosomes, low chiasma frequency and asynapsis, and translocations. Many of these abnormalities occurred as mosaics, presumably a result of meiotic mutation. In 4 cases, a previously unrecognised abnormality in pachynemas has been defined. Absence of meiosis was found in 12% of cases, which correlated well with the histological findings of germinal cell aplasia and elevated urinary FSH levels.", "contents": "200 infertile males: correlation of chromosome, histological, endocrine and clinical studies. Somatic and meiotic chromosomes have been studied prospectively in 200 subfertile males. The results have been correlated with clinical, seminal and endocrinological features, with histological findings in testicular biopsies and with response to conventional treatment. Somatic chromosome abnormalities were found in 3-5% of cases and variants of the Y chromosome were found in 10-5%. Definite abnormalities in meiotic chromosomes were observed in 20% of these patients, including supernumerary chromosomes, low chiasma frequency and asynapsis, and translocations. Many of these abnormalities occurred as mosaics, presumably a result of meiotic mutation. In 4 cases, a previously unrecognised abnormality in pachynemas has been defined. Absence of meiosis was found in 12% of cases, which correlated well with the histological findings of germinal cell aplasia and elevated urinary FSH levels."}
{"id": "PMID:1222358", "title": "The actions of prostaglandins on the smooth muscle of the human urinary tract in vitro.", "content": "14 experiments, 10 on bladder muscle strips and 4 on samples of ureteric muscle, were performed to examine the actions of 4 prostaglandins (PGE, PGE2, PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha) on these tissues. Each of the prostaglandins caused bladder muscle to contract and prostaglandin F2alpha was the most potent in this respect. The F series prostaglandins also caused increased ureteric muscle contraction whilst those of the E series inhibited contractions. It is unlikely that contraction is produced by the direct action of prostaglandins on urinary smooth muscle. The suggestion is made that prostaglandins may have a function in the maintenance of vesical tone.", "contents": "The actions of prostaglandins on the smooth muscle of the human urinary tract in vitro. 14 experiments, 10 on bladder muscle strips and 4 on samples of ureteric muscle, were performed to examine the actions of 4 prostaglandins (PGE, PGE2, PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha) on these tissues. Each of the prostaglandins caused bladder muscle to contract and prostaglandin F2alpha was the most potent in this respect. The F series prostaglandins also caused increased ureteric muscle contraction whilst those of the E series inhibited contractions. It is unlikely that contraction is produced by the direct action of prostaglandins on urinary smooth muscle. The suggestion is made that prostaglandins may have a function in the maintenance of vesical tone."}
{"id": "PMID:1222369", "title": "Effect of ouabain on the innervated and noninnervated embryonic chick heart.", "content": "Attempts to assess the importance of the role played by endogenous catecholamines in the positive inotropic response to ouabain have produced contradictory results. The sympathetic nervous system is not present in the 4-day-old chicken embryo heart but is fully developed after 7 days of embryonic life. This was confirmed by the fact 4-day-old hearts do not respond to tyramine and cocaine while the usual positive inotropic and chronotropic responses were observed when these drugs were administered to 7-day-old hearts. In spite of this difference the positive inotropic response to ouabain was virtually identical at these two stages of development.", "contents": "Effect of ouabain on the innervated and noninnervated embryonic chick heart. Attempts to assess the importance of the role played by endogenous catecholamines in the positive inotropic response to ouabain have produced contradictory results. The sympathetic nervous system is not present in the 4-day-old chicken embryo heart but is fully developed after 7 days of embryonic life. This was confirmed by the fact 4-day-old hearts do not respond to tyramine and cocaine while the usual positive inotropic and chronotropic responses were observed when these drugs were administered to 7-day-old hearts. In spite of this difference the positive inotropic response to ouabain was virtually identical at these two stages of development."}
{"id": "PMID:1222370", "title": "Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. V. The anticonvulsant activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "The anticonvulsant activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) has been determined against seizures induced in epileptic chickens by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) and in epileptic and nonepileptic chickens by Metrazol. Intravenous administration of the drug reduced both the severity and incidence of seizures evoked by IPS in epileptic chickens. This anticonvulsant action was accompanied by a reduction in frequency of inter-ictal slow-wave high-voltage electroencephalographic activity and by the absence of spiking during IPS. delta9-THC did not affect the incidence of Metrazol-induced seizures in epileptic or nonepileptic chickens.", "contents": "Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. V. The anticonvulsant activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The anticonvulsant activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) has been determined against seizures induced in epileptic chickens by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) and in epileptic and nonepileptic chickens by Metrazol. Intravenous administration of the drug reduced both the severity and incidence of seizures evoked by IPS in epileptic chickens. This anticonvulsant action was accompanied by a reduction in frequency of inter-ictal slow-wave high-voltage electroencephalographic activity and by the absence of spiking during IPS. delta9-THC did not affect the incidence of Metrazol-induced seizures in epileptic or nonepileptic chickens."}
{"id": "PMID:1222371", "title": "Incorporation of thymidine and iododeoxyuridine into the DNA of mouse tissues.", "content": "Mice were injected intravenously with a solution containing tritiated thymidine (TdR) and iodine-labelled iododeoxyuridine (IUdR). The ratio of 3H/125I activities was measured in the acid-soluble fraction and in the DNA of several tissues at various times from 0.08 to 24 h after injection. There did not appear to be any discrimination in favor of TdR in the acid-soluble fraction of the tissues. The amount of TdR incorporated into the DNA was four to five times greater than the amount of IUdR incorporated; moreover, this value remained relatively constant throughout the period of DNA synthesis under the conditions used. Although IUdR was destroyed more rapidly than TdR in the body, particularly at high concentrations of both precursors, this factor did not account for the major portion of the discrimination observed with tracer amounts of the two DNA precursors. Discrimination in favor of TdR as a precursor for DNA must, therefore, occur at some stage in the utilization of intracellular precursor.", "contents": "Incorporation of thymidine and iododeoxyuridine into the DNA of mouse tissues. Mice were injected intravenously with a solution containing tritiated thymidine (TdR) and iodine-labelled iododeoxyuridine (IUdR). The ratio of 3H/125I activities was measured in the acid-soluble fraction and in the DNA of several tissues at various times from 0.08 to 24 h after injection. There did not appear to be any discrimination in favor of TdR in the acid-soluble fraction of the tissues. The amount of TdR incorporated into the DNA was four to five times greater than the amount of IUdR incorporated; moreover, this value remained relatively constant throughout the period of DNA synthesis under the conditions used. Although IUdR was destroyed more rapidly than TdR in the body, particularly at high concentrations of both precursors, this factor did not account for the major portion of the discrimination observed with tracer amounts of the two DNA precursors. Discrimination in favor of TdR as a precursor for DNA must, therefore, occur at some stage in the utilization of intracellular precursor."}
{"id": "PMID:1222372", "title": "Endocrine effects of chronic administration of psychoactive drugs to prepubertal male rats. II. LSD.", "content": "The endocrine effects of chronic D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) administration to prepubertal animals were studied by injecting intraperitoneally three times a week for a month either 100 mug or 500 mug of the psychoactive drug per kilogram or the vehicle to groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats starting at 21 days of age. Animals injected with either dosage of LSD had smaller body weights than controls and tail length was significantly reduced in the high dosage group, plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) were decreased in the high dosage group, and pituitary levels in the low dosage group. Plasma levels and pituitary concentrations of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were not significantly modified by the drug. The low dosage of LSD decreased the brain levels of noradrenaline and increased those of dopamine, while the high dosage decreased those of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These data suggest that LSD, when administered chronically to developing animals, can inhibit body growth probably by altering the secretion of GH through modifications of its neuroendocrine control.", "contents": "Endocrine effects of chronic administration of psychoactive drugs to prepubertal male rats. II. LSD. The endocrine effects of chronic D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) administration to prepubertal animals were studied by injecting intraperitoneally three times a week for a month either 100 mug or 500 mug of the psychoactive drug per kilogram or the vehicle to groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats starting at 21 days of age. Animals injected with either dosage of LSD had smaller body weights than controls and tail length was significantly reduced in the high dosage group, plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) were decreased in the high dosage group, and pituitary levels in the low dosage group. Plasma levels and pituitary concentrations of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were not significantly modified by the drug. The low dosage of LSD decreased the brain levels of noradrenaline and increased those of dopamine, while the high dosage decreased those of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These data suggest that LSD, when administered chronically to developing animals, can inhibit body growth probably by altering the secretion of GH through modifications of its neuroendocrine control."}
{"id": "PMID:1222373", "title": "Experimental cystinuria: the cycloleucine model. I. Amino acid interactions in renal and intestinal epithelia.", "content": "The injection of cycloleucine (1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) into rats produces a hyperexcretion of dibasic amino acids and cystine, an aberration resembling cystinuria. This may constitute a model of experimental cystinuria, and the transport of amino acids involved in this disease was studied with the techniques of everted intestinal sacs (in vitro) and microinjections into renal tubules (in vivo). In verted sacs from normal rats, there was a decrease in transfer and in accumulation of L-cystine (0.03 mM) and L-valine (0.065 mM) when ACPC was on the mucosal (luminal) side. Dibasic amino acids such as L-arginine and L-lysine caused a similar inhibition of the transport of L-cystine. However, when ACPC was on the serosal (antiluminal) side, a lesser effect was noted while arginine and lysine had no effect. Intestinal sacs from treated rats (ACPC, 300 mg/kg X 3 days) transferred and accumulated as much L-cystine as those from control rats. The interaction between cycloleucine and L-cystine was competitive at the luminal and non-competitive at the antiluminal side of the intestine. Cycloleucine inhibited L-lysine transport in a non-competitive fashion at either side of the intestine. L-Lysine also interacted in a non-competitive fashion with L-cystine transport at the luminal membrane. In proximal convoluted tubules, the presence of L-arginine or ACPC caused a decrease in the transport of L-cystine and L-lysine. L-Valine exerted no effect. Furthermore, L-lysine and ACPC did not impair the reabsorption of L-valine significantly. These results suggest a functional heterogeneity between luminal and antiluminal membranes of renal and intestinal epitehlia and the existence, at both membranes, of different transport sites for cystine and dibasic amino acids.", "contents": "Experimental cystinuria: the cycloleucine model. I. Amino acid interactions in renal and intestinal epithelia. The injection of cycloleucine (1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) into rats produces a hyperexcretion of dibasic amino acids and cystine, an aberration resembling cystinuria. This may constitute a model of experimental cystinuria, and the transport of amino acids involved in this disease was studied with the techniques of everted intestinal sacs (in vitro) and microinjections into renal tubules (in vivo). In verted sacs from normal rats, there was a decrease in transfer and in accumulation of L-cystine (0.03 mM) and L-valine (0.065 mM) when ACPC was on the mucosal (luminal) side. Dibasic amino acids such as L-arginine and L-lysine caused a similar inhibition of the transport of L-cystine. However, when ACPC was on the serosal (antiluminal) side, a lesser effect was noted while arginine and lysine had no effect. Intestinal sacs from treated rats (ACPC, 300 mg/kg X 3 days) transferred and accumulated as much L-cystine as those from control rats. The interaction between cycloleucine and L-cystine was competitive at the luminal and non-competitive at the antiluminal side of the intestine. Cycloleucine inhibited L-lysine transport in a non-competitive fashion at either side of the intestine. L-Lysine also interacted in a non-competitive fashion with L-cystine transport at the luminal membrane. In proximal convoluted tubules, the presence of L-arginine or ACPC caused a decrease in the transport of L-cystine and L-lysine. L-Valine exerted no effect. Furthermore, L-lysine and ACPC did not impair the reabsorption of L-valine significantly. These results suggest a functional heterogeneity between luminal and antiluminal membranes of renal and intestinal epitehlia and the existence, at both membranes, of different transport sites for cystine and dibasic amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:1222374", "title": "Effects of cortisol on serially propogated fibroblast cell cultures derived from the rabbit retal lung and skin.", "content": "Cortisol affects the growth of serially propogated, fibroblast cell cultures derived from the rabbit fetal lung in a manner which is dependent upon the gestational age of the material used: early in gestation (20 days), the hormone (10(-7)-10(-5) M) stimulates [6-3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, while in late gestation (28 days), cortisol (10(-7) and 10(-6) M) inhibits this process. Cultures derived from the rabbit fetal skin are inhibited by cortisol (10(-5) M) at both gestational ages. Fibroblasts derived from lung, but not from skin, efficiently convert cortisone to cortisol and this activity increases with advancing gestation. Cortisol does not affect the incorporation of [3H]choline into lecithin by confluent cultures of any of the fibroblast types studied.", "contents": "Effects of cortisol on serially propogated fibroblast cell cultures derived from the rabbit retal lung and skin. Cortisol affects the growth of serially propogated, fibroblast cell cultures derived from the rabbit fetal lung in a manner which is dependent upon the gestational age of the material used: early in gestation (20 days), the hormone (10(-7)-10(-5) M) stimulates [6-3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, while in late gestation (28 days), cortisol (10(-7) and 10(-6) M) inhibits this process. Cultures derived from the rabbit fetal skin are inhibited by cortisol (10(-5) M) at both gestational ages. Fibroblasts derived from lung, but not from skin, efficiently convert cortisone to cortisol and this activity increases with advancing gestation. Cortisol does not affect the incorporation of [3H]choline into lecithin by confluent cultures of any of the fibroblast types studied."}
{"id": "PMID:1222375", "title": "Relative influence of carotid baroreceptors and muscle receptors in the control of renal and hindlimb circulations.", "content": "In vagotomized dogs, a comparison was made of the relative ability of the carotid baroreceptors and of the receptors in skeletal muscles to cause constriction of the renal and hindlimb resistance vessels. With kidney and hindlimb perfused at constant pressure a decrease in pressure in the carotid sinuses from 250 to 40-45 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 133 N/m2) caused the respective blood flows to increase by 19 +/- 6% and 80 +/- 4% (mean +/- SE), and stimulating muscle receptors with capsaicin caused a further decrease of 49 +/- 9% and 4 +/- 2%, respectively. With perfusion at constant flow, the baroreflex caused an increase of 34 +/- 4 mm Hg in the renal perfusion pressure and of 99 +/- 10 mm Hg in the hindlimb; capsaicin caused further increases of 203 +/- 17 and 35 +/- 9 mm Hg; respectively. These responses were abolished by sympathectomy. Capsaicin injection increased mean renal sympathetic nerve activity by 111 +/- 16% over the maximal impulse frequency recorded when the carotid sinus pressure was 40-45 mm Hg. Thus, withdrawal of the restraint exerted by the carotid baroreceptors on the pool of central neurons controlling the vascular beds of the hindlimb and kidney leads to near maximal constriction of the resistance vessels in the former bu not the latter; with strong activation of muscle receptors, near maximal constriction occurs in both beds.", "contents": "Relative influence of carotid baroreceptors and muscle receptors in the control of renal and hindlimb circulations. In vagotomized dogs, a comparison was made of the relative ability of the carotid baroreceptors and of the receptors in skeletal muscles to cause constriction of the renal and hindlimb resistance vessels. With kidney and hindlimb perfused at constant pressure a decrease in pressure in the carotid sinuses from 250 to 40-45 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 133 N/m2) caused the respective blood flows to increase by 19 +/- 6% and 80 +/- 4% (mean +/- SE), and stimulating muscle receptors with capsaicin caused a further decrease of 49 +/- 9% and 4 +/- 2%, respectively. With perfusion at constant flow, the baroreflex caused an increase of 34 +/- 4 mm Hg in the renal perfusion pressure and of 99 +/- 10 mm Hg in the hindlimb; capsaicin caused further increases of 203 +/- 17 and 35 +/- 9 mm Hg; respectively. These responses were abolished by sympathectomy. Capsaicin injection increased mean renal sympathetic nerve activity by 111 +/- 16% over the maximal impulse frequency recorded when the carotid sinus pressure was 40-45 mm Hg. Thus, withdrawal of the restraint exerted by the carotid baroreceptors on the pool of central neurons controlling the vascular beds of the hindlimb and kidney leads to near maximal constriction of the resistance vessels in the former bu not the latter; with strong activation of muscle receptors, near maximal constriction occurs in both beds."}
{"id": "PMID:1222376", "title": "The effect of atropine upon acetylcholine release from cat superior cervical ganglia and rat cortical slices: measurement by a radio-enzymic method.", "content": "Atropine is known to increase the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from cerebral cortex, and the present experiments tested the effect of this drug upon ACh release in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. The release of ACh was measured by a radio-enzymic method, which was shown to provide an estimate of the ACh content of samples collected from perfused ganglia that was similar (102%) to that obtained by the method of bioassay more usually used . Atropine (3 X 10(-6) M) increased (3.5 to 4-fold) the amount of ACh released by rat's sliced cerebral cortex incubated in a high (23 mM) potassium medium. However atropine (3 X 10(-6)-3 X 10(-5) M) did not change the amount of ACh released by ganglia during preganglionic nerve stimulation (5-10 Hz). It is concluded that cholinergic nerve terminals in different tissues appear to have different pharmacological properties.", "contents": "The effect of atropine upon acetylcholine release from cat superior cervical ganglia and rat cortical slices: measurement by a radio-enzymic method. Atropine is known to increase the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from cerebral cortex, and the present experiments tested the effect of this drug upon ACh release in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. The release of ACh was measured by a radio-enzymic method, which was shown to provide an estimate of the ACh content of samples collected from perfused ganglia that was similar (102%) to that obtained by the method of bioassay more usually used . Atropine (3 X 10(-6) M) increased (3.5 to 4-fold) the amount of ACh released by rat's sliced cerebral cortex incubated in a high (23 mM) potassium medium. However atropine (3 X 10(-6)-3 X 10(-5) M) did not change the amount of ACh released by ganglia during preganglionic nerve stimulation (5-10 Hz). It is concluded that cholinergic nerve terminals in different tissues appear to have different pharmacological properties."}
{"id": "PMID:1222377", "title": "Interaction of amphotericin B and nystatin with phospholipid bilayer membranes:effect of cholesterol.", "content": "Sodium-22 efflux was measured in multilamellar liposomes, exposed to one of the two polyene antibiotics amphotericin B or nystatin. Polyene mediated 22Na transport progressively rises with membrane sterol concentrations up to about 20 mol %, but falls with higher cholesterol concentrations. The polyene induced 22Na movement in cholesterol rich liposomes could be 'restored' by the addition of either dibucaine or propranolol (two local anesthetics) to the aqueous solution. These observations are interpreted in terms of the model of De Kruijff and Demel (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 339, 57-70, 1974). In this model, nystatin and amphotericin B first complex with cholesterol and then these complexes aggregate to form transmembrane channels. It is here proposed that the aggregation of these complexes is inhibited by a high cholesterol content (decreased membrane fluidity) but that the two local anesthetics, by disrupting phospholipid-sterol interactions (increased membrane fluidity), can 'restore' this process of aggregation.", "contents": "Interaction of amphotericin B and nystatin with phospholipid bilayer membranes:effect of cholesterol. Sodium-22 efflux was measured in multilamellar liposomes, exposed to one of the two polyene antibiotics amphotericin B or nystatin. Polyene mediated 22Na transport progressively rises with membrane sterol concentrations up to about 20 mol %, but falls with higher cholesterol concentrations. The polyene induced 22Na movement in cholesterol rich liposomes could be 'restored' by the addition of either dibucaine or propranolol (two local anesthetics) to the aqueous solution. These observations are interpreted in terms of the model of De Kruijff and Demel (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 339, 57-70, 1974). In this model, nystatin and amphotericin B first complex with cholesterol and then these complexes aggregate to form transmembrane channels. It is here proposed that the aggregation of these complexes is inhibited by a high cholesterol content (decreased membrane fluidity) but that the two local anesthetics, by disrupting phospholipid-sterol interactions (increased membrane fluidity), can 'restore' this process of aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222378", "title": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase in rat serum and lymph: changes with age and effect of cold exposure.", "content": "The pH optimum for rat serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)(EC 1.14.17.1) was 4.0 in acetate buffer; other requirements were as reported by others. DBH activity in serum of 20-day-old fetuses is slightly higher than in that of their mothers. Levels of the enzyme in blood a few hours after birth are almost five times greater than in the adult, remain high during the suckling period, then drop rapidly during the 4th week after birth to about three times the adult level, which is then slowly reached over the next few weeks. These fluctuations in serum DBH activity coincide with the period of intense development and maturation of the sympathetic nervous system. There was not significant effect of cold exposure on blood DBH activity when newborn, suckling, weanling or adult warm- and cold-acclimated rats were exposed to cold. Similarly, exposure to cold that elicited two- to three-fold increases in O2 consumption failed to increase DBH activity in thoracic duct lymph. Therefore serum and lymph DBH activities are not sensitive indices of sympathetic secretory activity in the intact rat.", "contents": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase in rat serum and lymph: changes with age and effect of cold exposure. The pH optimum for rat serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)(EC 1.14.17.1) was 4.0 in acetate buffer; other requirements were as reported by others. DBH activity in serum of 20-day-old fetuses is slightly higher than in that of their mothers. Levels of the enzyme in blood a few hours after birth are almost five times greater than in the adult, remain high during the suckling period, then drop rapidly during the 4th week after birth to about three times the adult level, which is then slowly reached over the next few weeks. These fluctuations in serum DBH activity coincide with the period of intense development and maturation of the sympathetic nervous system. There was not significant effect of cold exposure on blood DBH activity when newborn, suckling, weanling or adult warm- and cold-acclimated rats were exposed to cold. Similarly, exposure to cold that elicited two- to three-fold increases in O2 consumption failed to increase DBH activity in thoracic duct lymph. Therefore serum and lymph DBH activities are not sensitive indices of sympathetic secretory activity in the intact rat."}
{"id": "PMID:1222379", "title": "Effects of secretin on insulin secretion and glucose tolerance.", "content": "Effects of intravenous (IV) infusion of secretin during IV infusion of glucose were examined in normal men. Secretin was administered according to three schedules: with each schedule a comparable priming dose was delivered in the first minute, but this was followed by a maintained (120 min) infusion of secretin at a relatively high rate, or by maintained infusion at one-third that rate, or by brief (15 min) infusion at the lower rate. The lower infusion rate produced increments in secretin in the blood within the range attainable during endogenous secretion. By comparison with effects of glucose alone each secretin infusion enhanced the increments of immunoreactive insulin in the blood. Enhancement of the early release (0-5 min) of insulin was similar with each type of secretin infusion, but the integrated changes in insulin levels through the total infusion period were related to the total doses of secretin. With each dose of secretin glucose tolerance was improved but the three mean glucose curves observed during infusions of secretin were not distinguishable from one another in spite of widely different integrated insulin responses. Secretin did not modify suppression of immunoreactive glucagon or free fatty acids in the blood during hyperglycemia. The results suggest that the effect of continuous administration of secretin on glucose tolerance is not simply related to its integrated insulinotropic action. It is suggested that the effect may be highly dependent on enhancement of insulin secretion early in the response to glycemia, or that it may be due to effects of secretin on glucose production or disposal which are not mediated by insulin.", "contents": "Effects of secretin on insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. Effects of intravenous (IV) infusion of secretin during IV infusion of glucose were examined in normal men. Secretin was administered according to three schedules: with each schedule a comparable priming dose was delivered in the first minute, but this was followed by a maintained (120 min) infusion of secretin at a relatively high rate, or by maintained infusion at one-third that rate, or by brief (15 min) infusion at the lower rate. The lower infusion rate produced increments in secretin in the blood within the range attainable during endogenous secretion. By comparison with effects of glucose alone each secretin infusion enhanced the increments of immunoreactive insulin in the blood. Enhancement of the early release (0-5 min) of insulin was similar with each type of secretin infusion, but the integrated changes in insulin levels through the total infusion period were related to the total doses of secretin. With each dose of secretin glucose tolerance was improved but the three mean glucose curves observed during infusions of secretin were not distinguishable from one another in spite of widely different integrated insulin responses. Secretin did not modify suppression of immunoreactive glucagon or free fatty acids in the blood during hyperglycemia. The results suggest that the effect of continuous administration of secretin on glucose tolerance is not simply related to its integrated insulinotropic action. It is suggested that the effect may be highly dependent on enhancement of insulin secretion early in the response to glycemia, or that it may be due to effects of secretin on glucose production or disposal which are not mediated by insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:1222380", "title": "Factors affecting ciliary beat frequency in the intrapulmonary airways of rats.", "content": "The influence of drugs on ciliary beat frequency in the intrapulmonary airways of rats was studied in vitro. Sympathomimetic drugs significantly increased the ciliary beat frequency. Acetylcholine, pilocarpine, aminophylline, prednisolone, potassium iodide, and ammonium chloride also caused cilioexcitation, though to a lesser degree. Phentolamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, and acetylcysteine caused an apparent cilioinhibition. However, histamine in high doses also caused an incoordination of ciliary beat. Codeine and phenobarbital were slightly cilioexcitatory in low concentrations and ciliodepressive at higher concentrations.", "contents": "Factors affecting ciliary beat frequency in the intrapulmonary airways of rats. The influence of drugs on ciliary beat frequency in the intrapulmonary airways of rats was studied in vitro. Sympathomimetic drugs significantly increased the ciliary beat frequency. Acetylcholine, pilocarpine, aminophylline, prednisolone, potassium iodide, and ammonium chloride also caused cilioexcitation, though to a lesser degree. Phentolamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, and acetylcysteine caused an apparent cilioinhibition. However, histamine in high doses also caused an incoordination of ciliary beat. Codeine and phenobarbital were slightly cilioexcitatory in low concentrations and ciliodepressive at higher concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1222381", "title": "Radioimmunoassay studies of intestinal calcium-binding protein in the pig. I. Identification of intestinal calcium-binding protein in blood and response to a low calcium diet.", "content": "We have developed a radioimmunoassay for porcine intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) and have used it to detect CaBP in pig plasma. Plasma CaBP is identical to intestinal CaBP on the basis of immunological activity, molecular size, and molecular charge properties. The plasma CaBP concentration was greater in the portal blood than in mixed venous blood, suggesting that blood CaBP originates in the gut. Two of four 15-week-old littermate pigs were placed on a low calcium diet (0.15% calcium, 0.65% phosphorus) and two on a control diet (0.65% calcium, 0.65% phosphorus). After 2 weeks, the entire small intestine was removed and divided into nine 1.8-m segments. CaBP was assayed in both plasma and intestinal mucosa. When the two pigs on a low calcium diet were compared with two control pigs, there was a general increase in immunoreactive CaBP in both plasma and intestinal mucosa. However, there was no increment in immunoreactive CaBP in the first 1.8-m segment of small intestine. Seventy-one percent of the increment in CaBP occurred distal to the first two segments. The largest fractional low calcium diet effect occurred in the ileum. The mean CaBP concentration for the total small intestine increased by a factor of 1.9. The plasma CaBP concentration increased by a factor of 2.6. In these pigs, plasma CaBP was a more reliable indicator of change in CaBP status than was the measurement in the proximal gut segment which contained the duodenum. The assay of CaBP in blood is convenient and may obviate the sampling errors inherent in intestinal biopsy.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay studies of intestinal calcium-binding protein in the pig. I. Identification of intestinal calcium-binding protein in blood and response to a low calcium diet. We have developed a radioimmunoassay for porcine intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) and have used it to detect CaBP in pig plasma. Plasma CaBP is identical to intestinal CaBP on the basis of immunological activity, molecular size, and molecular charge properties. The plasma CaBP concentration was greater in the portal blood than in mixed venous blood, suggesting that blood CaBP originates in the gut. Two of four 15-week-old littermate pigs were placed on a low calcium diet (0.15% calcium, 0.65% phosphorus) and two on a control diet (0.65% calcium, 0.65% phosphorus). After 2 weeks, the entire small intestine was removed and divided into nine 1.8-m segments. CaBP was assayed in both plasma and intestinal mucosa. When the two pigs on a low calcium diet were compared with two control pigs, there was a general increase in immunoreactive CaBP in both plasma and intestinal mucosa. However, there was no increment in immunoreactive CaBP in the first 1.8-m segment of small intestine. Seventy-one percent of the increment in CaBP occurred distal to the first two segments. The largest fractional low calcium diet effect occurred in the ileum. The mean CaBP concentration for the total small intestine increased by a factor of 1.9. The plasma CaBP concentration increased by a factor of 2.6. In these pigs, plasma CaBP was a more reliable indicator of change in CaBP status than was the measurement in the proximal gut segment which contained the duodenum. The assay of CaBP in blood is convenient and may obviate the sampling errors inherent in intestinal biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1222382", "title": "Radioimmunoassay studies of intestinal calcium-binding protein in the pig. II. The distribution of intestinal CaBP in pig tissues.", "content": "Using a specific radioimmunoassay for porcine intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP), we have measured the concentration of CaBP in the various tissues and organs of normal pigs. Intestinal CaBP was present in highest concentration in the upper small intestine, with lower concentrations in the distal small intestine. Intestinal CaBP was also found, in lower concentrations, in kidney, liver, thyroid, pancreas, and blood. In all other tissues, including parathyroid, bone, skeletal muscle, and brain, CaBP immunoreactivity was undetectable or less than in blood. The elution profile of calcium-binding activity and immunoreactivity from gel filtration analysis of kidney and parathyroid extracts suggest that the calcium-binding protein in the parathyroid gland, and the major calcium-binding protein(s) in the kidney, are chemically and immunochemically different from intestinal CaBP.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay studies of intestinal calcium-binding protein in the pig. II. The distribution of intestinal CaBP in pig tissues. Using a specific radioimmunoassay for porcine intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP), we have measured the concentration of CaBP in the various tissues and organs of normal pigs. Intestinal CaBP was present in highest concentration in the upper small intestine, with lower concentrations in the distal small intestine. Intestinal CaBP was also found, in lower concentrations, in kidney, liver, thyroid, pancreas, and blood. In all other tissues, including parathyroid, bone, skeletal muscle, and brain, CaBP immunoreactivity was undetectable or less than in blood. The elution profile of calcium-binding activity and immunoreactivity from gel filtration analysis of kidney and parathyroid extracts suggest that the calcium-binding protein in the parathyroid gland, and the major calcium-binding protein(s) in the kidney, are chemically and immunochemically different from intestinal CaBP."}
{"id": "PMID:1222383", "title": "The influence of phenobarbitone on maternal and perinatal hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in the rat.", "content": "Phenobarbitone (PB) (75 mg/kg) was administered orally for three consecutive days to pregnant or lactating rats at different pre- and postnatal stages in order that the perinatal animals would receive the agent either by transplacental passage or via the milk. Control animals received equivalent volumes of saline. The dams, fetuses, and pups were killed 24 h after the last dose. Hepatic p-nitroanisole O-demetnylase (OD), carboxylesterase (CE), and bromosulfophthalein-glutathione (BSP-GSH) conjugating enzyme activities in a 12 100 g - 20 min supernatant of a 20% w/v homogenate were measured. The morphology of the developing rat liver in the absence and presence of PB was examined by electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that the transplacental passage of PB to rat fetuses at term or 3 days prepartum had no effect on either the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities or on the ultrastructural appearance of the liver. Increased hepatic OD activity was observed in the pregnant animal but no effect was observed in the lactating dam. Phenobarbitone received by the suckling rat had two distinct effects. Compared to control activities, twofold increases in hepatic OD activity were observed in rat pups as early as 4 days after birth, associated with a marked proliferation in hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, PB-related significant increases in neonatal hepatic CE and BSP-GSH conjugating enzyme activities were not observed until 21 days of age. In the 4-day-old treated pups, characteristic morphological changes included numerous small membrane whorls in addition to increased smooth endoplasmic reticulum and microbodies in the liver.", "contents": "The influence of phenobarbitone on maternal and perinatal hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in the rat. Phenobarbitone (PB) (75 mg/kg) was administered orally for three consecutive days to pregnant or lactating rats at different pre- and postnatal stages in order that the perinatal animals would receive the agent either by transplacental passage or via the milk. Control animals received equivalent volumes of saline. The dams, fetuses, and pups were killed 24 h after the last dose. Hepatic p-nitroanisole O-demetnylase (OD), carboxylesterase (CE), and bromosulfophthalein-glutathione (BSP-GSH) conjugating enzyme activities in a 12 100 g - 20 min supernatant of a 20% w/v homogenate were measured. The morphology of the developing rat liver in the absence and presence of PB was examined by electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that the transplacental passage of PB to rat fetuses at term or 3 days prepartum had no effect on either the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities or on the ultrastructural appearance of the liver. Increased hepatic OD activity was observed in the pregnant animal but no effect was observed in the lactating dam. Phenobarbitone received by the suckling rat had two distinct effects. Compared to control activities, twofold increases in hepatic OD activity were observed in rat pups as early as 4 days after birth, associated with a marked proliferation in hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, PB-related significant increases in neonatal hepatic CE and BSP-GSH conjugating enzyme activities were not observed until 21 days of age. In the 4-day-old treated pups, characteristic morphological changes included numerous small membrane whorls in addition to increased smooth endoplasmic reticulum and microbodies in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:1222384", "title": "On the mechanisms of coupling in adrenaline-induced bigeminy in sensitized hearts.", "content": "The mechanism of coupling in adrenaline-induced ventricular bigeminy in sensitized hearts has been investigated in intact animals, isolated preparations, and single cardiac fibers. The electrophysiological and cardiovascular dynamic changes during the development of fixed interval coupling strongly indicate that the coupled beats result from stretch of subsidiary pacemaker fibers in the specialized ventricular conduction system, induced by the mechanical response to the normally conducted sinus impulse. The resulting intraventricular pressure elicits an extrasystole when a certain critical end systolic pressure for a particular animal is reached. The interval between the normal and premature ventricular beat decreases progressively as the intraventricular pressure rises, as a result of the combined action of adrenaline and postextrasystolic potentiation. The onset of ventricular bigeminy is preceded by a shift in the pacemaker site to the A-V junctional area, due to a differential effect of the anesthetic-adrenaline combination on fibers of the S-A node and those in the junctional area. The degree of prematurity of the coupled beat shows an inverse linear relationship to the intraventricular pressure of the initiating beat at the end of systole. The premature QRS complex occurs after a period of mechano-electrical latency, the duration of which is directly related to this pressure.", "contents": "On the mechanisms of coupling in adrenaline-induced bigeminy in sensitized hearts. The mechanism of coupling in adrenaline-induced ventricular bigeminy in sensitized hearts has been investigated in intact animals, isolated preparations, and single cardiac fibers. The electrophysiological and cardiovascular dynamic changes during the development of fixed interval coupling strongly indicate that the coupled beats result from stretch of subsidiary pacemaker fibers in the specialized ventricular conduction system, induced by the mechanical response to the normally conducted sinus impulse. The resulting intraventricular pressure elicits an extrasystole when a certain critical end systolic pressure for a particular animal is reached. The interval between the normal and premature ventricular beat decreases progressively as the intraventricular pressure rises, as a result of the combined action of adrenaline and postextrasystolic potentiation. The onset of ventricular bigeminy is preceded by a shift in the pacemaker site to the A-V junctional area, due to a differential effect of the anesthetic-adrenaline combination on fibers of the S-A node and those in the junctional area. The degree of prematurity of the coupled beat shows an inverse linear relationship to the intraventricular pressure of the initiating beat at the end of systole. The premature QRS complex occurs after a period of mechano-electrical latency, the duration of which is directly related to this pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:1222385", "title": "Effect of cocaine and other drugs on sensitivity of the estrogen-dominated isthmus of rabbit oviduct to noradrenaline.", "content": "The influence of the adrenergic innervation on the magnitude of responses of the isthmus of rabbit oviduct to (-)-noradrenaline was examined. Tissues were obtained from estrogen-dominated animals, and isometric contractions of longitudinal and circular muscle layers separately recorded. Longitudinal muscle was significantly more sensitive to (-)-noradrenaline. Cocaine potentiated responses of both corcular and longitudinal muscle to (-)-noradrenaline, circular muscle being more potentiated. Similar results were obtained with desipramine. Tissues obtained from 6-hydroxydopamine pretreated animals did not respond to tyramine, and longitudinal and circular muscles were equisensitive to (-)-noradrenaline. Cocaine did not potentiate responses to (-)-noradrenaline in such tissues. Responses to (-)-noradrenaline were not altered by propranolol, hydrocortisone, or oxytetracycline. It was concluded that responses resulted from a predominant effect on alpha-receptors. The magnitude of responses to (-)-noradrenaline was mainly influenced by neuronal uptake of amine. Indirect evidence was obtained for a greater degree of adrenergic innervation to the circular muscle layer of the isthmus, in keeping with histological studies.", "contents": "Effect of cocaine and other drugs on sensitivity of the estrogen-dominated isthmus of rabbit oviduct to noradrenaline. The influence of the adrenergic innervation on the magnitude of responses of the isthmus of rabbit oviduct to (-)-noradrenaline was examined. Tissues were obtained from estrogen-dominated animals, and isometric contractions of longitudinal and circular muscle layers separately recorded. Longitudinal muscle was significantly more sensitive to (-)-noradrenaline. Cocaine potentiated responses of both corcular and longitudinal muscle to (-)-noradrenaline, circular muscle being more potentiated. Similar results were obtained with desipramine. Tissues obtained from 6-hydroxydopamine pretreated animals did not respond to tyramine, and longitudinal and circular muscles were equisensitive to (-)-noradrenaline. Cocaine did not potentiate responses to (-)-noradrenaline in such tissues. Responses to (-)-noradrenaline were not altered by propranolol, hydrocortisone, or oxytetracycline. It was concluded that responses resulted from a predominant effect on alpha-receptors. The magnitude of responses to (-)-noradrenaline was mainly influenced by neuronal uptake of amine. Indirect evidence was obtained for a greater degree of adrenergic innervation to the circular muscle layer of the isthmus, in keeping with histological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1222386", "title": "Studies of glucose production in sheep using (6-3H)glucose and (U-14C)glucose.", "content": "Simultaneous primed-continuous intravenous infusions of [6-3H]glucose and [U-14C]glucose were performed on 13 fed, 4 fasted, and 4 dexamethasone-treated sheep. In 10 of the experiments on fed sheep, glucagon or insulin was infused intraportally for 2 h after control values were obtained. The 3H-labeled glucose gave glucose production values that were only 4.4 +/- 0.5, 5.4 +/- 1.0, and 5.8 +/- 0.8% higher than 14C-labeled glucose in the normal fed, fasted, and dexamethasone-treated sheep, respectively. Glucagon or insulin infusions did not significantly alter this recycling. It is condluced that a recycling of glucose carbon through metabolic intermediates is minimal in the sheep as compared with other species and also that it is not significantly altered by fasting or by hormones that affect glucose production.", "contents": "Studies of glucose production in sheep using (6-3H)glucose and (U-14C)glucose. Simultaneous primed-continuous intravenous infusions of [6-3H]glucose and [U-14C]glucose were performed on 13 fed, 4 fasted, and 4 dexamethasone-treated sheep. In 10 of the experiments on fed sheep, glucagon or insulin was infused intraportally for 2 h after control values were obtained. The 3H-labeled glucose gave glucose production values that were only 4.4 +/- 0.5, 5.4 +/- 1.0, and 5.8 +/- 0.8% higher than 14C-labeled glucose in the normal fed, fasted, and dexamethasone-treated sheep, respectively. Glucagon or insulin infusions did not significantly alter this recycling. It is condluced that a recycling of glucose carbon through metabolic intermediates is minimal in the sheep as compared with other species and also that it is not significantly altered by fasting or by hormones that affect glucose production."}
{"id": "PMID:1222387", "title": "Failure of vasopressin to prevent the natruiretic and diuretic response to unilateral stimulation of carotid baroreceptors.", "content": "Unanesthetized rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate were continuously infused with a maximally effective dose of vasopressin (50 muU/min per 100 g). After a control period of 2 h the animals were subjected to a 2 h period of unilateral stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors. There was a large natriuretic response accompanied by diuresis and a fall in urine osmolality. It was concluded that neither the natriuretic nor the diuretic response could be explained by inhibition of vasopressin secretion. Analysis of kidney tissue indicated that the diuresis was associated with partial dissipation of the inner medullary concentration gradient.", "contents": "Failure of vasopressin to prevent the natruiretic and diuretic response to unilateral stimulation of carotid baroreceptors. Unanesthetized rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate were continuously infused with a maximally effective dose of vasopressin (50 muU/min per 100 g). After a control period of 2 h the animals were subjected to a 2 h period of unilateral stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors. There was a large natriuretic response accompanied by diuresis and a fall in urine osmolality. It was concluded that neither the natriuretic nor the diuretic response could be explained by inhibition of vasopressin secretion. Analysis of kidney tissue indicated that the diuresis was associated with partial dissipation of the inner medullary concentration gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:1222388", "title": "Increase in catecholamine content of the rat adrenals after pretreatment with diazepam.", "content": "The effect of subacute pretreatment with diazepam was studied on the catecholamine content of the heart and adrenals of the rat. The results show that at all doses studied, subacute treatment with diazepam increases the catecholamine content of the adrenal glands and there is no change in the noradrenaline content of the heart and brain.", "contents": "Increase in catecholamine content of the rat adrenals after pretreatment with diazepam. The effect of subacute pretreatment with diazepam was studied on the catecholamine content of the heart and adrenals of the rat. The results show that at all doses studied, subacute treatment with diazepam increases the catecholamine content of the adrenal glands and there is no change in the noradrenaline content of the heart and brain."}
{"id": "PMID:1222389", "title": "The effect of somatostatin on release and insulinotropic action of gastric inhibitory polypeptide.", "content": "Studies were carried out in conscious dogs in which the effect of intravenous somatostatin on immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) release was investigated. In addition, the inhibitory action of somatostatin on the insulin response to pure porcine GIP was assessed. Intravenous administration of somatostatin resulted in a delayed IR-GIP and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) response to oral glucose. Somatostatin also delayed the IR-GIP response to the ingestion of fat. In both types of experiments, initial depression of IRI levels was followed by a sharp rise in IRI release. Intravenous infusion of somatostatin produced 80% inhibition of the IRI response to pure porcine GIP. It was concluded that somatostatin inhibits the physiological release of IR-GIP and the insulinotropic action of exogenous porcine GIP.", "contents": "The effect of somatostatin on release and insulinotropic action of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Studies were carried out in conscious dogs in which the effect of intravenous somatostatin on immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) release was investigated. In addition, the inhibitory action of somatostatin on the insulin response to pure porcine GIP was assessed. Intravenous administration of somatostatin resulted in a delayed IR-GIP and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) response to oral glucose. Somatostatin also delayed the IR-GIP response to the ingestion of fat. In both types of experiments, initial depression of IRI levels was followed by a sharp rise in IRI release. Intravenous infusion of somatostatin produced 80% inhibition of the IRI response to pure porcine GIP. It was concluded that somatostatin inhibits the physiological release of IR-GIP and the insulinotropic action of exogenous porcine GIP."}
{"id": "PMID:1222390", "title": "Poststenotic dilatation: arterial wall mechanics in response to vibration.", "content": "A study of the relationship between the mechanical response of human iliac arteries subjected to sinusoidally varying dynamic pressures superimposed on a static pressure of 100 mm Hg (1mm Hg = 133 N/m2) and the development of arterial dilatation, with particular reference to poststenotic dilatation has been conducted. In 13 experiments, optical measurements of the amplitude of vessel wall movements in response to dynamic pressures of amplitude 5 mm Hg peak to peak indicated the presence of at least one, and at most four resonance peaks for frequencies in the mean range 0-100 Hz. Four specimens were vibrated at resonance and four at frequencies 15 Hz higher than resonance, in response to a dynamic pressure of 5 mm Hg peak to peak for 3 h. All specimens exhibited some dilatation, the average percentage increase in diameter being in the range 0.22 to 0.42% per hour. In four additional experiments, the dynamic pressure was doubled at constant frequency. This resulted in an increased amplitude of vibration and additional dilatation at an increased rate. It is concluded that the dynamic stresses present in the vessel influence the rate of dilatation.", "contents": "Poststenotic dilatation: arterial wall mechanics in response to vibration. A study of the relationship between the mechanical response of human iliac arteries subjected to sinusoidally varying dynamic pressures superimposed on a static pressure of 100 mm Hg (1mm Hg = 133 N/m2) and the development of arterial dilatation, with particular reference to poststenotic dilatation has been conducted. In 13 experiments, optical measurements of the amplitude of vessel wall movements in response to dynamic pressures of amplitude 5 mm Hg peak to peak indicated the presence of at least one, and at most four resonance peaks for frequencies in the mean range 0-100 Hz. Four specimens were vibrated at resonance and four at frequencies 15 Hz higher than resonance, in response to a dynamic pressure of 5 mm Hg peak to peak for 3 h. All specimens exhibited some dilatation, the average percentage increase in diameter being in the range 0.22 to 0.42% per hour. In four additional experiments, the dynamic pressure was doubled at constant frequency. This resulted in an increased amplitude of vibration and additional dilatation at an increased rate. It is concluded that the dynamic stresses present in the vessel influence the rate of dilatation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222393", "title": "Chemotherapy of transplanted adenocarcinomas of the colon in mice.", "content": "Transplantable adenocarcinomas of the colon in mice have been developed from primary tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Two such transplant lines, MAC-13 and MAC-15, have been used to assess the possible value of this type of tumor in chemotherapy screening. A protocol has been established and 11 standard drugs were tested against the two lines. Both tumors show sensitivity which is remarkably similar to that of human large bowel cancer, and MAC-13 would have correctly predicted the activity in man for ten of the 11 drugs. Quantitatively, CCNU, methyl-CCNU, and cyclophamide were the most effective drugs. A comparison of the predictive efficiencies of L1210 leukemia, B16 melanoma, and these new tumors as screening systems for colorectal cancer is made and discussed.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of transplanted adenocarcinomas of the colon in mice. Transplantable adenocarcinomas of the colon in mice have been developed from primary tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Two such transplant lines, MAC-13 and MAC-15, have been used to assess the possible value of this type of tumor in chemotherapy screening. A protocol has been established and 11 standard drugs were tested against the two lines. Both tumors show sensitivity which is remarkably similar to that of human large bowel cancer, and MAC-13 would have correctly predicted the activity in man for ten of the 11 drugs. Quantitatively, CCNU, methyl-CCNU, and cyclophamide were the most effective drugs. A comparison of the predictive efficiencies of L1210 leukemia, B16 melanoma, and these new tumors as screening systems for colorectal cancer is made and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222394", "title": "Urinary excretion of polyamines by patients with advanced malignancy.", "content": "Levels of putrescrine, spermidine, and spermine in urine were determined by means of a sensitive ion-exchange chromatographic method in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies, in patients with diseases other than cancer, and in normal control subjects. Elevation above 2 SDS of the normal mean were found in varying number of patients in each tumor category. For those malignancies studied that involved more than 20 patients, the greatest incidences of increased excretion were 66% for spermine in patients with colon carcinoma and 50% for putrescine and spermidine in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. The highest levels and greatest frequency of elevated polyamine levels were found in patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, and changes in clinical tumor status associated with treatment appeared to correlate well with polyamine levels in this disease. Abnormal amounts of polyamines were also excreted by some patients with diseases other than cancer, indicating that increased polyamine excretion is not restricted or specific to the neoplastic state. It was also found that the levels of polyamines were apparently not affected by the intake of meat or the diet eaten, and remained in a rather narrow excretion range for any one individual at different time intervals. This study was carried out as part of a program to determine and evaluate biologic materials present in body fluids that may be used to follow and evaluate response or progression of neoplastic disease in patients during treatment regimens. The results suggest that abnormal urinary polyamine levels may be characteristic of neoplastic growth for some patients with malignant disease. Further studies are necessary to determine if these compounds may be helpful in assessing disease status for patients with such solid tumor malignancies as colon and bronchogenic carcinoma although their potential as useful \"biologic markers\" appears less promising than originally anticipated.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of polyamines by patients with advanced malignancy. Levels of putrescrine, spermidine, and spermine in urine were determined by means of a sensitive ion-exchange chromatographic method in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies, in patients with diseases other than cancer, and in normal control subjects. Elevation above 2 SDS of the normal mean were found in varying number of patients in each tumor category. For those malignancies studied that involved more than 20 patients, the greatest incidences of increased excretion were 66% for spermine in patients with colon carcinoma and 50% for putrescine and spermidine in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. The highest levels and greatest frequency of elevated polyamine levels were found in patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, and changes in clinical tumor status associated with treatment appeared to correlate well with polyamine levels in this disease. Abnormal amounts of polyamines were also excreted by some patients with diseases other than cancer, indicating that increased polyamine excretion is not restricted or specific to the neoplastic state. It was also found that the levels of polyamines were apparently not affected by the intake of meat or the diet eaten, and remained in a rather narrow excretion range for any one individual at different time intervals. This study was carried out as part of a program to determine and evaluate biologic materials present in body fluids that may be used to follow and evaluate response or progression of neoplastic disease in patients during treatment regimens. The results suggest that abnormal urinary polyamine levels may be characteristic of neoplastic growth for some patients with malignant disease. Further studies are necessary to determine if these compounds may be helpful in assessing disease status for patients with such solid tumor malignancies as colon and bronchogenic carcinoma although their potential as useful \"biologic markers\" appears less promising than originally anticipated."}
{"id": "PMID:1222405", "title": "Comparison of indices of muscle and pump performance in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "During diagnostic cardiac catheterization of 20 patients, 19 of whom had coronary artery disease (CAD), left ventricular (LV) performance was assessed by both muscle function indices and pump function indices. Muscle function indices included max dP/dt, Vpm, Vce5, and Vmax, the latter derived from both total pressure (TP) and developed pressure (DP) using catheter-tip manometry. Pump function indices included LV ejection fraction (EF) and percent abnormally contracting segment (ACS), determined from biplane LV angiography. Muscle and pump function indices were also compared to the presence of the S3 (ventricular diastolic) gallop. Correlations existed between EF and Vmax (TP), EF and Vpm, percent-ACS and Vmax(TP), and percent-ACS and Vpm, with r values of 0.760, 0.777, -0.884, and -0.841, respectively. Vmax(TP) and Vpm also correlated quantitatively with the presence of the S3 gallop (p less than 0.0005). Total pressure-derived muscle function indices appear to adquately describe mean LV performance in patients with CAD and ACS, but these muscle function indices are probably highly dependent upon the size of the myocardial scar.", "contents": "Comparison of indices of muscle and pump performance in patients with coronary artery disease. During diagnostic cardiac catheterization of 20 patients, 19 of whom had coronary artery disease (CAD), left ventricular (LV) performance was assessed by both muscle function indices and pump function indices. Muscle function indices included max dP/dt, Vpm, Vce5, and Vmax, the latter derived from both total pressure (TP) and developed pressure (DP) using catheter-tip manometry. Pump function indices included LV ejection fraction (EF) and percent abnormally contracting segment (ACS), determined from biplane LV angiography. Muscle and pump function indices were also compared to the presence of the S3 (ventricular diastolic) gallop. Correlations existed between EF and Vmax (TP), EF and Vpm, percent-ACS and Vmax(TP), and percent-ACS and Vpm, with r values of 0.760, 0.777, -0.884, and -0.841, respectively. Vmax(TP) and Vpm also correlated quantitatively with the presence of the S3 gallop (p less than 0.0005). Total pressure-derived muscle function indices appear to adquately describe mean LV performance in patients with CAD and ACS, but these muscle function indices are probably highly dependent upon the size of the myocardial scar."}
{"id": "PMID:1222406", "title": "Systemic heparinization during percutaneous coronary angiography: evaluation of effectiveness in decreasing thrombotic and embolic catheter complications.", "content": "Systemic heparinization has been advocated as preventive for thrombotic and embolic complications of arterial catheterization. To test this hypothesis, 95 patients undergoing coronary angiography via the percutaneous femoral arterial approach were randomized into heparinized and nonheparinized groups. Evaluation for thrombotic and embolic complications by clinical means and non-invasive electrical impedance flow measurements in the lower limbs was performed precatheterization, postcatherization, and at 4 and 24 hr. Clinical data reveal loss of distal leg pulses in 11% (5/74) of the nonheparinized group, with two of these individuals developing signs of claudication and requiring embolectomy. No individuals (0/48) in the heparinized group lost distal leg pulses. Immediate, 4-hr, and 24-hr post-catheterization bloodflow was 12%, 10%, and 12% lower, respectively, in the catheterized limb of those in the nonheparinized group. At 24 hr 52% of the nonheparinized group had bloodflow levels lower than the precatheterization levels in the right (catheterized) extremity, while 2% (2/48) of the heparinized group had a similar reduction. One possible complication of excess bleeding was noted with heparin. It is concluded that systemic heparinization is safe and can be an important adjunct in the reduction of thromboembolic complications of percutaneous coronary angiography.", "contents": "Systemic heparinization during percutaneous coronary angiography: evaluation of effectiveness in decreasing thrombotic and embolic catheter complications. Systemic heparinization has been advocated as preventive for thrombotic and embolic complications of arterial catheterization. To test this hypothesis, 95 patients undergoing coronary angiography via the percutaneous femoral arterial approach were randomized into heparinized and nonheparinized groups. Evaluation for thrombotic and embolic complications by clinical means and non-invasive electrical impedance flow measurements in the lower limbs was performed precatheterization, postcatherization, and at 4 and 24 hr. Clinical data reveal loss of distal leg pulses in 11% (5/74) of the nonheparinized group, with two of these individuals developing signs of claudication and requiring embolectomy. No individuals (0/48) in the heparinized group lost distal leg pulses. Immediate, 4-hr, and 24-hr post-catheterization bloodflow was 12%, 10%, and 12% lower, respectively, in the catheterized limb of those in the nonheparinized group. At 24 hr 52% of the nonheparinized group had bloodflow levels lower than the precatheterization levels in the right (catheterized) extremity, while 2% (2/48) of the heparinized group had a similar reduction. One possible complication of excess bleeding was noted with heparin. It is concluded that systemic heparinization is safe and can be an important adjunct in the reduction of thromboembolic complications of percutaneous coronary angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1222407", "title": "Inotropic action of tolbutamide on human myocardium.", "content": "The inotropic action of tolbutamide previously demonstrated in vitro was evaluated in 15 nondiabetic subjects during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Following bolus injection of 250 mg of tolbutamide intravenously, a rise of serum insulin and a slight fall of serum potassium were observed. Inotropic response was determined from significant fall in PEP/LVET ratio, significant fall of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, shift to an augmented function curve in work-pressure relationships, and prominent rise of dP/dt values at comparable heart rates. The inotropic effect was greatest at 5-15 min with return to near control values at 30 min. An unusually marked inotropic response was observed in one subject. While the measurable net hemodynamic effect of tolbutamide in the human heart is small, its effect on ischemic and normal areas within the heart of a diabetic patient with atherosclerosis may be different. Thus, its ultimate effect on the diseased heart may be significant.", "contents": "Inotropic action of tolbutamide on human myocardium. The inotropic action of tolbutamide previously demonstrated in vitro was evaluated in 15 nondiabetic subjects during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Following bolus injection of 250 mg of tolbutamide intravenously, a rise of serum insulin and a slight fall of serum potassium were observed. Inotropic response was determined from significant fall in PEP/LVET ratio, significant fall of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, shift to an augmented function curve in work-pressure relationships, and prominent rise of dP/dt values at comparable heart rates. The inotropic effect was greatest at 5-15 min with return to near control values at 30 min. An unusually marked inotropic response was observed in one subject. While the measurable net hemodynamic effect of tolbutamide in the human heart is small, its effect on ischemic and normal areas within the heart of a diabetic patient with atherosclerosis may be different. Thus, its ultimate effect on the diseased heart may be significant."}
{"id": "PMID:1222408", "title": "Cardiac catheterization and selective angiography in infants with a new flow-directed catheter.", "content": "Preliminary experience with a new flow-directed pediatric angiography catheter in 35 infants indicates that catheterization of all cardiac chambers and both great vessels can be accomplished without risk of perforation or major arrhythmia. Antegrade access to the aorta from the left ventricle via the foramen ovale reduced the need for retrograde arterial catheterization. The maneuverability of this balloon-tipped catheter coupled with the ability to perform safely selective angiography at any site entered establishes a unique advantage over standard cardiac catheters now in use. The success with this catheter in performing right and left heart studies and the safety in its use promise to significantly reduce the risk of mechanical and angiographic accidents during the intracardiac investigation of critically ill infants with congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Cardiac catheterization and selective angiography in infants with a new flow-directed catheter. Preliminary experience with a new flow-directed pediatric angiography catheter in 35 infants indicates that catheterization of all cardiac chambers and both great vessels can be accomplished without risk of perforation or major arrhythmia. Antegrade access to the aorta from the left ventricle via the foramen ovale reduced the need for retrograde arterial catheterization. The maneuverability of this balloon-tipped catheter coupled with the ability to perform safely selective angiography at any site entered establishes a unique advantage over standard cardiac catheters now in use. The success with this catheter in performing right and left heart studies and the safety in its use promise to significantly reduce the risk of mechanical and angiographic accidents during the intracardiac investigation of critically ill infants with congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1222410", "title": "Angiographic estimation of relative coronary artery flow based on terminal branching patterns.", "content": "Angiographically \"terminal\" coronary arterial branches were counted in 100 normal coronary cineangiograms to investigate the possibility that three left ventricular wall regions might be defined by identifying patterns of arterial inflow. An average of 45% of the terminal branches were counted in the anterior region supplied by the anterior descending coronary artery; 25% were counted in the lateral region supplied by diagonal and obtuse marginal arterieistal circumflex and distal right arteries. Based upon the hypothesis that blood flow through an artery is directly proportional to the number of small branches into which it ramifies, this approach affords an estimate of the relative contribution by individual coronary arteries to total left ventricular perfusion. This concept could prove useful in defining a quantitative grading system of coronary arterial inflow obstruction.", "contents": "Angiographic estimation of relative coronary artery flow based on terminal branching patterns. Angiographically \"terminal\" coronary arterial branches were counted in 100 normal coronary cineangiograms to investigate the possibility that three left ventricular wall regions might be defined by identifying patterns of arterial inflow. An average of 45% of the terminal branches were counted in the anterior region supplied by the anterior descending coronary artery; 25% were counted in the lateral region supplied by diagonal and obtuse marginal arterieistal circumflex and distal right arteries. Based upon the hypothesis that blood flow through an artery is directly proportional to the number of small branches into which it ramifies, this approach affords an estimate of the relative contribution by individual coronary arteries to total left ventricular perfusion. This concept could prove useful in defining a quantitative grading system of coronary arterial inflow obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:1222411", "title": "Prolapse of the tricuspid leaflets in the systolic murmer-click syndrome.", "content": "Right ventriculography was used to assess the tricuspid valve in 61 patients with systolic murmur-click syndrome. Systolic murmurs were present in 47 cases, and 32 had clicks. Mitral valve prolapse was present in 52 patients. Late systolic prolapse of the tricuspid valve was demonstrated in 32 patients (52.4%). In 9 cases, prolapse involved the tricuspid valve alone. In the systolic murmur-click syndrome, prolapse may involve either or both of the atrioventricular valves.", "contents": "Prolapse of the tricuspid leaflets in the systolic murmer-click syndrome. Right ventriculography was used to assess the tricuspid valve in 61 patients with systolic murmur-click syndrome. Systolic murmurs were present in 47 cases, and 32 had clicks. Mitral valve prolapse was present in 52 patients. Late systolic prolapse of the tricuspid valve was demonstrated in 32 patients (52.4%). In 9 cases, prolapse involved the tricuspid valve alone. In the systolic murmur-click syndrome, prolapse may involve either or both of the atrioventricular valves."}
{"id": "PMID:1222412", "title": "Optimizing cinefilm.", "content": "A system for improving the quality of cinefilm and for maintaining quality control is described. Objective criteria for contrast, resolution, and grain structure were established to measure the effects of varying X-ray dose, f-stop, development temperature, and selection of film and developer. We found that all variables nust be adjusted to maximize the viewing quality and that similar denisty curves can be achieved, independently of the choice of film and developer.", "contents": "Optimizing cinefilm. A system for improving the quality of cinefilm and for maintaining quality control is described. Objective criteria for contrast, resolution, and grain structure were established to measure the effects of varying X-ray dose, f-stop, development temperature, and selection of film and developer. We found that all variables nust be adjusted to maximize the viewing quality and that similar denisty curves can be achieved, independently of the choice of film and developer."}
{"id": "PMID:1222414", "title": "Quantification of ventricular performance: a computer-based system for the analysis of angiographic data.", "content": "A computer-based quantitative angiography system for the acquisition and analysis of ventriculographic data has been developed. In addition to the apparatus normally required for angiography and left ventricular pressure recording, a digitizing tablet, PDP 11/20 mini computer, and TV monitor with a hard-copy device is employed. Four modes of operation are currently in use: data acquisition, analysis, mini cine, and data tape editor. Data acquisition facilitates forming a magnetic tape record of the digitized pressure, timing, and event identification, together with anywhere from 4 to 100 digitilized LV contours. A number of error checks and feedbacks are incorporated to provide some measure of quality control. In the event an error is written onto the magnetic tape record, the data tape editor can be used to review the record and correct most errors. Analysis of the generated data tape consists of several options which include: pump function, muscle function, pressure derived indices of contractility and systolic time intervals, and contour pattern recognition which is still under development. If the complete analysis option is chosen, a summary of the analysis, referred to as the quick-sight list, is also presented. The so called mini cine option employs a separate and independent acquisition-analysis program. This requires only the end-diastolic (with a segment of wall) and end-systolic contours (without pressure data) to extract the most essential parameters (EDV, EF, CI, HR, and wall mass). As a result of the relative straightforward processing and inherent simplicity, the mini cine option is most frequently used. This system has done much to reduce the time required for analysis of angiographic data, while at the same time maintaining and even improving the quality of the results. Other less tangible benefits include: the possibility to build a readily accessible library of patient data files facilitating a posteriori studies, precise and uniform definition of the rules to input and analyze data, and finally providing a useful step towards fully automatic ventriculographic processing.", "contents": "Quantification of ventricular performance: a computer-based system for the analysis of angiographic data. A computer-based quantitative angiography system for the acquisition and analysis of ventriculographic data has been developed. In addition to the apparatus normally required for angiography and left ventricular pressure recording, a digitizing tablet, PDP 11/20 mini computer, and TV monitor with a hard-copy device is employed. Four modes of operation are currently in use: data acquisition, analysis, mini cine, and data tape editor. Data acquisition facilitates forming a magnetic tape record of the digitized pressure, timing, and event identification, together with anywhere from 4 to 100 digitilized LV contours. A number of error checks and feedbacks are incorporated to provide some measure of quality control. In the event an error is written onto the magnetic tape record, the data tape editor can be used to review the record and correct most errors. Analysis of the generated data tape consists of several options which include: pump function, muscle function, pressure derived indices of contractility and systolic time intervals, and contour pattern recognition which is still under development. If the complete analysis option is chosen, a summary of the analysis, referred to as the quick-sight list, is also presented. The so called mini cine option employs a separate and independent acquisition-analysis program. This requires only the end-diastolic (with a segment of wall) and end-systolic contours (without pressure data) to extract the most essential parameters (EDV, EF, CI, HR, and wall mass). As a result of the relative straightforward processing and inherent simplicity, the mini cine option is most frequently used. This system has done much to reduce the time required for analysis of angiographic data, while at the same time maintaining and even improving the quality of the results. Other less tangible benefits include: the possibility to build a readily accessible library of patient data files facilitating a posteriori studies, precise and uniform definition of the rules to input and analyze data, and finally providing a useful step towards fully automatic ventriculographic processing."}
{"id": "PMID:1222415", "title": "Major variations in anatomical origin of the coronary arteries: angiographic observations in 4,250 patients without associated congenital heart disease.", "content": "In 51 (1.2%) of 4,250 patients studied by selective coronary arteriography, one or more major elements of the coronary arterial system originated from the sinuses of Valsalva in an ectopic manner. The majority of variations involved the left coronary artery. The majority of ectopic ostia were located in the right sinus of Valsalva. Failure to recognize variations in coronary arterial origin can prolong arteriography procedures and lead to errors in interpretation of coronary artery anatomy and pathology. It is concluded from this experience that the incidence and location of major variations in coronary arterial origin are relatively predictable. The data are useful in expeding coronary arteriography procedures and thus improving patient care.", "contents": "Major variations in anatomical origin of the coronary arteries: angiographic observations in 4,250 patients without associated congenital heart disease. In 51 (1.2%) of 4,250 patients studied by selective coronary arteriography, one or more major elements of the coronary arterial system originated from the sinuses of Valsalva in an ectopic manner. The majority of variations involved the left coronary artery. The majority of ectopic ostia were located in the right sinus of Valsalva. Failure to recognize variations in coronary arterial origin can prolong arteriography procedures and lead to errors in interpretation of coronary artery anatomy and pathology. It is concluded from this experience that the incidence and location of major variations in coronary arterial origin are relatively predictable. The data are useful in expeding coronary arteriography procedures and thus improving patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:1222416", "title": "Thromboembolism associated with pigtail catheters.", "content": "Three incidents of asymptomatic arterial thromboembolism associated with polyurethane pigtail catheters occurred during 1,417 cases of left ventricular angiocardiography. No similar incident occurred with polyethylene pigtail or (dacron) Eppendorf and Gensini (style) catheters. In vitro comparison of hydraulic characteristics of polyurethane (Cordis) and polyethylene (Cook) pigtail catheters showed higher flow-pressure transmission through the tip of the Cordis polyurethane catheter favoring dislodgment of any existing clot. The problem of thrombogencity of polyethylene compared with polyurethane remains unsettled. Our experience with polyurethane pigtail catheters has resulted in limitation of their use in our laboratory.", "contents": "Thromboembolism associated with pigtail catheters. Three incidents of asymptomatic arterial thromboembolism associated with polyurethane pigtail catheters occurred during 1,417 cases of left ventricular angiocardiography. No similar incident occurred with polyethylene pigtail or (dacron) Eppendorf and Gensini (style) catheters. In vitro comparison of hydraulic characteristics of polyurethane (Cordis) and polyethylene (Cook) pigtail catheters showed higher flow-pressure transmission through the tip of the Cordis polyurethane catheter favoring dislodgment of any existing clot. The problem of thrombogencity of polyethylene compared with polyurethane remains unsettled. Our experience with polyurethane pigtail catheters has resulted in limitation of their use in our laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:1222417", "title": "A new atrial septostomy technique.", "content": "Balloon atrial septostomy is usually ineffective if the atrial septum is thickened. A technique for incising the atrial septum is described. A no. 6 French catheter was modified to enclose a tiny surgical blade. The distal end of the blade was pivoted to the catheter tip, and the proximal end was attached to a guide wire in the catheter lumen. Advancing the guide wire protruded the blade through a slit in the long axis of the tip of the catheter. Atrial septostomy was performed in five newborn lambs in vivo and in adult dog hearts and human hearts in vitro by advancing the catheter tip across the atrial septum with the blade retracted and withdrawing it to the right atrium with the blade extended. Eight to 12 mm lacerations of the atrial septum were produced and could be extended by subsequent balloon septostomy. The technique may be useful when balloon septostomy has been ineffective.", "contents": "A new atrial septostomy technique. Balloon atrial septostomy is usually ineffective if the atrial septum is thickened. A technique for incising the atrial septum is described. A no. 6 French catheter was modified to enclose a tiny surgical blade. The distal end of the blade was pivoted to the catheter tip, and the proximal end was attached to a guide wire in the catheter lumen. Advancing the guide wire protruded the blade through a slit in the long axis of the tip of the catheter. Atrial septostomy was performed in five newborn lambs in vivo and in adult dog hearts and human hearts in vitro by advancing the catheter tip across the atrial septum with the blade retracted and withdrawing it to the right atrium with the blade extended. Eight to 12 mm lacerations of the atrial septum were produced and could be extended by subsequent balloon septostomy. The technique may be useful when balloon septostomy has been ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:1222418", "title": "Measurement of ejection fraction in man by videodensitometry.", "content": "This report describes a new method based on roentgen videodensitometry for the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction in man. The net forward ejection fraction (NFEF) is calculated directly from the formula NFEF=1-exp(-.693/N), where N is the number of cardiac cycles necessary for half of the injected contrast material to be washed out of the left ventricle. The derivation of this formula is presented, and the technique is validated by comparison with washout curves from a Lucite model of the heart and with simultaneous angiographically determined left ventricular ejection fractions in man. The videodensitometry technique offers the following advantages over the conventional volume technique: (1) only a small amount of contrast material is required; (2) ectopic beats are uncommon during the washout phase when measurements are made; (3) the ejection fraction measured is an average of several cardiac cycles; and (4) dependence upon operator interpretation is minimized. Furthermore, given adequate mixing within the chamber, NFEF should be independent of ventricular geometry. Thus, NFEF of the unusually shaped left ventricle can be readily determined.", "contents": "Measurement of ejection fraction in man by videodensitometry. This report describes a new method based on roentgen videodensitometry for the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction in man. The net forward ejection fraction (NFEF) is calculated directly from the formula NFEF=1-exp(-.693/N), where N is the number of cardiac cycles necessary for half of the injected contrast material to be washed out of the left ventricle. The derivation of this formula is presented, and the technique is validated by comparison with washout curves from a Lucite model of the heart and with simultaneous angiographically determined left ventricular ejection fractions in man. The videodensitometry technique offers the following advantages over the conventional volume technique: (1) only a small amount of contrast material is required; (2) ectopic beats are uncommon during the washout phase when measurements are made; (3) the ejection fraction measured is an average of several cardiac cycles; and (4) dependence upon operator interpretation is minimized. Furthermore, given adequate mixing within the chamber, NFEF should be independent of ventricular geometry. Thus, NFEF of the unusually shaped left ventricle can be readily determined."}
{"id": "PMID:1222419", "title": "Percutaneous cannulation of the internal jugular vein for temporary endocardial pacing.", "content": "In 148 cases the right internal jugular vein was used as the initial approach for percutaneous insertion of temporary endocardial pacemaker electrodes. Complications were few and none were serious. The technique of percutaneous cannulation of this vein for temporary endocardial pacing is described in detail.", "contents": "Percutaneous cannulation of the internal jugular vein for temporary endocardial pacing. In 148 cases the right internal jugular vein was used as the initial approach for percutaneous insertion of temporary endocardial pacemaker electrodes. Complications were few and none were serious. The technique of percutaneous cannulation of this vein for temporary endocardial pacing is described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:1222421", "title": "Exercise stress testing in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriography: with review of the literature.", "content": "Eighty of 654 patients studied because of chest pain were found to have normal coronary arteriography. Fifty of these completed submaximal treadmill exercise studies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether treadmill electrocardiography could obviate the need for coronary arteriography in the evaluation of patients with undiagnosed chest pain. Of patients studied, 22% had typical angina pectoris, while 78% had atypical chest pain. The resting electrocardiogram was normal in 58% of patients, while 42% showed repolarization abnormalities. Submaximal treadmill testing was normal in 64%, incomplete in 12%, and demonstrated classic ischemic S-T depression in 24%. Our findings of 24% positive studies in patients with normal vessels and 12% incomplete tests suggest that stress electrocardiography may be of limited value in predicting the morphologic state of the coronary arteries in patients with undiagnosed chest pain.", "contents": "Exercise stress testing in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriography: with review of the literature. Eighty of 654 patients studied because of chest pain were found to have normal coronary arteriography. Fifty of these completed submaximal treadmill exercise studies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether treadmill electrocardiography could obviate the need for coronary arteriography in the evaluation of patients with undiagnosed chest pain. Of patients studied, 22% had typical angina pectoris, while 78% had atypical chest pain. The resting electrocardiogram was normal in 58% of patients, while 42% showed repolarization abnormalities. Submaximal treadmill testing was normal in 64%, incomplete in 12%, and demonstrated classic ischemic S-T depression in 24%. Our findings of 24% positive studies in patients with normal vessels and 12% incomplete tests suggest that stress electrocardiography may be of limited value in predicting the morphologic state of the coronary arteries in patients with undiagnosed chest pain."}
{"id": "PMID:1222422", "title": "Radiation exposure to angiographer during coronary arteriography using the U arm image amplifier.", "content": "Radiation exposure to the angiographer was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), commercial film badges, and appropriate ionization survey meters. Data were collected during 47 coronary artery examinations with the lead overleaf. During a single coronary examination, the angiographer receives 0.9 mR to the lens and 2.8 mR to the hand. The calculated yearly exposure to the angiographer performing 10 examinations per week is 450 mR to the lens, 9% of the maximum permissible dose (MPD), and 1400 mR to the hand, 2% of the MPD. Exposure rates for the left anterior oblique (LAD) and right anterior oblique (RAO) projections during cine and fluoroscopy were taken at the position occupied by the angiographer. Scatter radiation is 5-10 times greater in the LAO projection. The second trial was monitored during 18 coronary artery examinations minus the lead overleaf. A significant decrease in radiation exposure was accomplished through the use of the lead overleaf.", "contents": "Radiation exposure to angiographer during coronary arteriography using the U arm image amplifier. Radiation exposure to the angiographer was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), commercial film badges, and appropriate ionization survey meters. Data were collected during 47 coronary artery examinations with the lead overleaf. During a single coronary examination, the angiographer receives 0.9 mR to the lens and 2.8 mR to the hand. The calculated yearly exposure to the angiographer performing 10 examinations per week is 450 mR to the lens, 9% of the maximum permissible dose (MPD), and 1400 mR to the hand, 2% of the MPD. Exposure rates for the left anterior oblique (LAD) and right anterior oblique (RAO) projections during cine and fluoroscopy were taken at the position occupied by the angiographer. Scatter radiation is 5-10 times greater in the LAO projection. The second trial was monitored during 18 coronary artery examinations minus the lead overleaf. A significant decrease in radiation exposure was accomplished through the use of the lead overleaf."}
{"id": "PMID:1222423", "title": "Dosimetry of portable image intensifiers in pacemaker insertions.", "content": "With the increased utilization of portable image intensifiers for pacemaker insertions, an investigation of the radiation hazards to operative personnel was undertaken. The personnel were tested first utilizing a Rando phantom and later during actual pacemaker insertions. Studies of medical personnel show the critical organs to be the thyroid (approximately 15mR per procedure) and the lens of the eye (approximately 13mR per procedure). While the MPD/week was not exceeded, the radiation dosage was substantial and could increase under operating conditions other than those measured. Recommendations to insure safer operation of this equipment are presented.", "contents": "Dosimetry of portable image intensifiers in pacemaker insertions. With the increased utilization of portable image intensifiers for pacemaker insertions, an investigation of the radiation hazards to operative personnel was undertaken. The personnel were tested first utilizing a Rando phantom and later during actual pacemaker insertions. Studies of medical personnel show the critical organs to be the thyroid (approximately 15mR per procedure) and the lens of the eye (approximately 13mR per procedure). While the MPD/week was not exceeded, the radiation dosage was substantial and could increase under operating conditions other than those measured. Recommendations to insure safer operation of this equipment are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1222424", "title": "Percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriography without systemic anticoagulation--a review of 648 consecutive procedures.", "content": "Experience with 648 consecutive percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriograms and left ventriculograms performed in a teaching laboratory without the use of systemic anticoagulation during the procedure was reviewed. Only 1 death was felt to be related to a procedure, and this occurred 3 weeks after a myocardial infarction. There were 10 myocardial infarctions or emboli, 8 cerebral vascular accidents, and 7 femoral artery complications. Only 1 patient experienced a residual neurologic change following a procedure-related cerebral vascular accident, and this was a mild visual field defect. Clotting of the catheter without sequelae but necessitating procedural changes occurred in 10 instances. The transient nature of the neurologic deficits and the low mortality suggest that the emboli which occurred in these patients were small, possibly platelet-fibrin accumulations. It is postulated that with the use of careful technic larger emboli capable of producing myocardial infarction with shock or disabling cerebral vascular accidents can be prevented, even in a training situation. However, smaller embolic phenomena probably cannot be completely avoided by the use of careful technic, and it is for prevention of small emboli that systemic anticoagulation with heparin may be of value.", "contents": "Percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriography without systemic anticoagulation--a review of 648 consecutive procedures. Experience with 648 consecutive percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriograms and left ventriculograms performed in a teaching laboratory without the use of systemic anticoagulation during the procedure was reviewed. Only 1 death was felt to be related to a procedure, and this occurred 3 weeks after a myocardial infarction. There were 10 myocardial infarctions or emboli, 8 cerebral vascular accidents, and 7 femoral artery complications. Only 1 patient experienced a residual neurologic change following a procedure-related cerebral vascular accident, and this was a mild visual field defect. Clotting of the catheter without sequelae but necessitating procedural changes occurred in 10 instances. The transient nature of the neurologic deficits and the low mortality suggest that the emboli which occurred in these patients were small, possibly platelet-fibrin accumulations. It is postulated that with the use of careful technic larger emboli capable of producing myocardial infarction with shock or disabling cerebral vascular accidents can be prevented, even in a training situation. However, smaller embolic phenomena probably cannot be completely avoided by the use of careful technic, and it is for prevention of small emboli that systemic anticoagulation with heparin may be of value."}
{"id": "PMID:1222425", "title": "Coronary arteriography: prevention of thromboembolic complications using a pressure-drip flushing technique.", "content": "All selective coronary arteriographic examinations (1,833) performed in the authors' laboratory during a five-year period (1/1/70 to 12/31/74) were analyzed for mortality and total morbidity according to method used. During the first two years, the control period, the classic brachial artery cutdown (Sones) and percutaneous femoral artery puncture (Judkins) techniques were utilized. Mortality rate for the total 589 patients was 1.01%. This included a mortality of 0.26% (1/386) for the brachial arteriotomy method, and 2.5% (5/203) for the percutaneous femoral puncture approach. After introduction of the pressure-drip flushing technique, the subsequent three-year mortality rate for a total of 1,244 patients was 0.16%. This included an incidence of 0.17% (1/585) for brachial arteriotomy and 0.15% (1/659) for modified percutaneous puncture techniques. The morbidity incidence during the initial two-year period was 3.0% (18/589). This included an incidence of 2.0% for brachial arteriotomy and 5.0% for percutaneous puncture techniques. After institution of the new pressure-drip flushing technique the total incidence fell to 1.2% equally divided between arteriotomy and percutaneous techniques. Modification of the classic percutaneous femoral artery puncture techniques has resulted in major reduction of mortality and morbidity complications which are chiefly thromboembolic in nature. It has not significantly influenced local thrombotic complications of arteriotomy.", "contents": "Coronary arteriography: prevention of thromboembolic complications using a pressure-drip flushing technique. All selective coronary arteriographic examinations (1,833) performed in the authors' laboratory during a five-year period (1/1/70 to 12/31/74) were analyzed for mortality and total morbidity according to method used. During the first two years, the control period, the classic brachial artery cutdown (Sones) and percutaneous femoral artery puncture (Judkins) techniques were utilized. Mortality rate for the total 589 patients was 1.01%. This included a mortality of 0.26% (1/386) for the brachial arteriotomy method, and 2.5% (5/203) for the percutaneous femoral puncture approach. After introduction of the pressure-drip flushing technique, the subsequent three-year mortality rate for a total of 1,244 patients was 0.16%. This included an incidence of 0.17% (1/585) for brachial arteriotomy and 0.15% (1/659) for modified percutaneous puncture techniques. The morbidity incidence during the initial two-year period was 3.0% (18/589). This included an incidence of 2.0% for brachial arteriotomy and 5.0% for percutaneous puncture techniques. After institution of the new pressure-drip flushing technique the total incidence fell to 1.2% equally divided between arteriotomy and percutaneous techniques. Modification of the classic percutaneous femoral artery puncture techniques has resulted in major reduction of mortality and morbidity complications which are chiefly thromboembolic in nature. It has not significantly influenced local thrombotic complications of arteriotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:1222426", "title": "Evaluation of high viscosity contrast media in canine selective coronary arteriography.", "content": "A special high viscosity preparation of water soluble radiopaque contrast media was explored in animals for its suitability in selective coronary angiography. The high viscosity required power injection to accomplish adequate filling during selective coronary arteriography. The anticipated angiographic advantages, such as prolonged visualization and coating of the vascular walls, were marginal. Comparison with conventional preparations of the same contrast agent suggests that the high viscosity itself exerts some protective effect with regard to the immediate side effects on the electrocardiogram and mechanical function of the myocardium. However, the high viscosity preparation induced electrocardiographic signs compatible with myocardial ischemia not usually seen to follow the injection of conventional contrast agents. These were followed by mechanical heart failure or ventricular fibrillation resulting in death of 6 of the 10 experimental animals. It was concluded that high viscosity contrast media preparations are unsuitable for use in clinical selective coronary arteriography as presently practiced.", "contents": "Evaluation of high viscosity contrast media in canine selective coronary arteriography. A special high viscosity preparation of water soluble radiopaque contrast media was explored in animals for its suitability in selective coronary angiography. The high viscosity required power injection to accomplish adequate filling during selective coronary arteriography. The anticipated angiographic advantages, such as prolonged visualization and coating of the vascular walls, were marginal. Comparison with conventional preparations of the same contrast agent suggests that the high viscosity itself exerts some protective effect with regard to the immediate side effects on the electrocardiogram and mechanical function of the myocardium. However, the high viscosity preparation induced electrocardiographic signs compatible with myocardial ischemia not usually seen to follow the injection of conventional contrast agents. These were followed by mechanical heart failure or ventricular fibrillation resulting in death of 6 of the 10 experimental animals. It was concluded that high viscosity contrast media preparations are unsuitable for use in clinical selective coronary arteriography as presently practiced."}
{"id": "PMID:1222427", "title": "Experience with preformed catheters for coronary angiography by the brachial approach.", "content": "Experience with a simplified technique for selective coronary angiography by the brachial cutdown approach using preformed coronary catheters in over 500 cases is described. This technique has facilitated selective catheterization of the coronary arteries in patients where use of the Sones catheter has proven difficult or impossible. Particularly, coronary arteries in patients with a dilated aortic root, high-rising left coronary artery or tortuous subclavian artery are easily catheterized with the preformed catheters described in this report. Shortened procedure time, an acceptable morbidity (1.4%) and mortality (0.2%), and improved coronary opacification by virtue of the ease in selectively entering the coronary ostia make these preformed catheters a useful modification to coronary angiography by the transbrachial approach.", "contents": "Experience with preformed catheters for coronary angiography by the brachial approach. Experience with a simplified technique for selective coronary angiography by the brachial cutdown approach using preformed coronary catheters in over 500 cases is described. This technique has facilitated selective catheterization of the coronary arteries in patients where use of the Sones catheter has proven difficult or impossible. Particularly, coronary arteries in patients with a dilated aortic root, high-rising left coronary artery or tortuous subclavian artery are easily catheterized with the preformed catheters described in this report. Shortened procedure time, an acceptable morbidity (1.4%) and mortality (0.2%), and improved coronary opacification by virtue of the ease in selectively entering the coronary ostia make these preformed catheters a useful modification to coronary angiography by the transbrachial approach."}
{"id": "PMID:1222429", "title": "Pericardiocentesis: insertion of a pericardial catheter.", "content": "Pericardiocentesis is a lifesaving procedure in cardiac tamponade but is associated with significant and often life threatening complications. A patient is described in whom a catheter was inserted into the pericardium. This provided for prolonged pericardial drainage of purulent fluid and has the potential for decreasing the risk of this procedure.", "contents": "Pericardiocentesis: insertion of a pericardial catheter. Pericardiocentesis is a lifesaving procedure in cardiac tamponade but is associated with significant and often life threatening complications. A patient is described in whom a catheter was inserted into the pericardium. This provided for prolonged pericardial drainage of purulent fluid and has the potential for decreasing the risk of this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1222430", "title": "Tricuspid whoop.", "content": "The present report describes a patient with a whooping murmur secondary to tricuspid insufficiency. The main features of this tricuspid whoop were as follows: variable in time, moving from mid to late systole; unpredictably associated with normal respiratory phases; after deep inspiratory apnea was almost constantly present.", "contents": "Tricuspid whoop. The present report describes a patient with a whooping murmur secondary to tricuspid insufficiency. The main features of this tricuspid whoop were as follows: variable in time, moving from mid to late systole; unpredictably associated with normal respiratory phases; after deep inspiratory apnea was almost constantly present."}
{"id": "PMID:1222431", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis: angiographic study and case report with prolonged survival.", "content": "In the limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis pulmonary arteries were pruned and slightly stretched by a cavitating granuloma. Bronchial and renal vasculature were normal. The microscopic focal small vessel changes are not appreciable at angiography. Therefore, angiography is of no value in establishing the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis: angiographic study and case report with prolonged survival. In the limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis pulmonary arteries were pruned and slightly stretched by a cavitating granuloma. Bronchial and renal vasculature were normal. The microscopic focal small vessel changes are not appreciable at angiography. Therefore, angiography is of no value in establishing the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222432", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of coronary perfusion in man.", "content": "The usefulness and limitations of currently available techniques for quantitating coronary flow in ischemic heart disease are summarized. There are appreciable difficulties in assessing coronary flow solely from an arteriographic evaluation of the epicardial arteries. There is a considerable reserve mechanism for vasodilation at the arteriolar level, and a proximal occlusive lesion produces a reduction in flow only after this distal reserve has been exhausted. In addition, small increments in the severity of established lesions sometimes cause profound reductions in flow. The development of clinically useful flow measurements has been impeded by methodological problems related to nonuniformity of flow within the left ventricle in coronary artery disease. Validation of specific techniques for abnormal situations is difficult but possible and should probably be a prerequisite to the clinical application of any technique. When a methodologically appropriate technique is employed, average left ventricular flow per unit weight is found to be reduced systematically at rest in patients with double- and triple-vessel disease. This reduction is a group difference, however, and is not always evident in individual patients. Accordingly, more recent measurements have concentrated on the assessment of regional perfusion, and two general approaches, selective venous sampling and selective precordial sampling are illustrated. While only preliminary measurements of regional flow are available, it is clear that these measurements offer a more sensitive tool for detecting abnormalities of flow in individual patients and thereby for contributing to the management of specific clinical problems. Measurements of regional flow need to be performed during stress as well as at rest. For the future, there is also need for techniques which can assess transmural variations of flow in man and relate measurements of regional flow to regional oxygen demand. Because of the complexity of current techniques which are methodologically adequate, measurements of coronary flow will, for the immediate future, probably remain confined to clinical centers which have a special interest in them. The effort in these centers will hopefully include significant emphasis on the refinement of existing techniques so that they are more widely applicable.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of coronary perfusion in man. The usefulness and limitations of currently available techniques for quantitating coronary flow in ischemic heart disease are summarized. There are appreciable difficulties in assessing coronary flow solely from an arteriographic evaluation of the epicardial arteries. There is a considerable reserve mechanism for vasodilation at the arteriolar level, and a proximal occlusive lesion produces a reduction in flow only after this distal reserve has been exhausted. In addition, small increments in the severity of established lesions sometimes cause profound reductions in flow. The development of clinically useful flow measurements has been impeded by methodological problems related to nonuniformity of flow within the left ventricle in coronary artery disease. Validation of specific techniques for abnormal situations is difficult but possible and should probably be a prerequisite to the clinical application of any technique. When a methodologically appropriate technique is employed, average left ventricular flow per unit weight is found to be reduced systematically at rest in patients with double- and triple-vessel disease. This reduction is a group difference, however, and is not always evident in individual patients. Accordingly, more recent measurements have concentrated on the assessment of regional perfusion, and two general approaches, selective venous sampling and selective precordial sampling are illustrated. While only preliminary measurements of regional flow are available, it is clear that these measurements offer a more sensitive tool for detecting abnormalities of flow in individual patients and thereby for contributing to the management of specific clinical problems. Measurements of regional flow need to be performed during stress as well as at rest. For the future, there is also need for techniques which can assess transmural variations of flow in man and relate measurements of regional flow to regional oxygen demand. Because of the complexity of current techniques which are methodologically adequate, measurements of coronary flow will, for the immediate future, probably remain confined to clinical centers which have a special interest in them. The effort in these centers will hopefully include significant emphasis on the refinement of existing techniques so that they are more widely applicable."}
{"id": "PMID:1222433", "title": "Origin of the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node arteries in right, mixed, and left inferior emphasis systems.", "content": "The origin of the sinoatrial node artery (SAN) and atrioventricular node artery (AVN) was determined for 118 patients with normal coronary arteriograms. The coronary arteriograms of the 118 patients were divided into right (66.1%), mixed (26.3%), and left (7.6%) inferior emphasis systems. The SAN arose from the right coronary artery in 53%, the left coronary artery in 35%, and had a dual origin in 11%. The proximal right coronary artery was the origin of the SAN in 48.7% of right, 60.5% of mixed, and 55.6% of left inferior emphasis systems. The left coronary artery was the origin of the SAN in 38.5% of right, 25.8% of mixed, and 44.4% of left inferior emphasis systems. The AVN arose from the right coronary artery in 84%, the left coronary artery in 8%, and from both in 8% of the 118 patients. The right coronary artery was the origin of the AVN in 98.7% of right, 74.2% of mixed, and 0% of left inferior emphasis systems. The left coronary artery was the origin of the AVN in 0% of right, 25.8% of mixed, and 100% of left inferior emphasis systems.", "contents": "Origin of the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node arteries in right, mixed, and left inferior emphasis systems. The origin of the sinoatrial node artery (SAN) and atrioventricular node artery (AVN) was determined for 118 patients with normal coronary arteriograms. The coronary arteriograms of the 118 patients were divided into right (66.1%), mixed (26.3%), and left (7.6%) inferior emphasis systems. The SAN arose from the right coronary artery in 53%, the left coronary artery in 35%, and had a dual origin in 11%. The proximal right coronary artery was the origin of the SAN in 48.7% of right, 60.5% of mixed, and 55.6% of left inferior emphasis systems. The left coronary artery was the origin of the SAN in 38.5% of right, 25.8% of mixed, and 44.4% of left inferior emphasis systems. The AVN arose from the right coronary artery in 84%, the left coronary artery in 8%, and from both in 8% of the 118 patients. The right coronary artery was the origin of the AVN in 98.7% of right, 74.2% of mixed, and 0% of left inferior emphasis systems. The left coronary artery was the origin of the AVN in 0% of right, 25.8% of mixed, and 100% of left inferior emphasis systems."}
{"id": "PMID:1222434", "title": "Treadmill exercise testing in the presence of digitals therapy or nonspecific ST-T changes: correlation with coronary angiography.", "content": "Treadmill exercise test results were studied in 93 patients with chest pain who had received digitalis therapy or had nonspecific ST-T changes in the resting electrocardiogram. Results of the treadmill test were correlated with the findings of coronary angiography. A positive treadmill result was defined as horizontal or down-sloping ST segment depression greater than or equal to 1.0 mm. Of the 40 patients with no or insignificant coronary artery disease, 15 had taken digitalis; 4 of the 15 demonstrated a positive response on the treadmill test. Of the 53 patients with coronary artery disease, 21 had taken digitalis; 15 of the 21 displayed a positive response. Among the remaining 32 not on digitalis, 20 had a positive response. The specificity of the treadmill exercise test was 96% in patients with coronary artery disease not on digitalis and whose resting electrocardiogram showed nonspecific ST changes. The specificity of the treadmill test in patients who had received digitalis was 73%. Sensitivity was 63% and 71%, respectively. By utilizing more stringent criteria in the interpretation of the treadmill exercise test (greater than or equal to 1.5 mm ST depression), among the patients on digitalis only 6.7% (1/15) with normal coronary arteries and 48% (10/21) with coronary artery disease had a positive response. With the use of the latter criterion the test was specific in 93% (14/15) of the patients and is usually indicative of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Treadmill exercise testing in the presence of digitals therapy or nonspecific ST-T changes: correlation with coronary angiography. Treadmill exercise test results were studied in 93 patients with chest pain who had received digitalis therapy or had nonspecific ST-T changes in the resting electrocardiogram. Results of the treadmill test were correlated with the findings of coronary angiography. A positive treadmill result was defined as horizontal or down-sloping ST segment depression greater than or equal to 1.0 mm. Of the 40 patients with no or insignificant coronary artery disease, 15 had taken digitalis; 4 of the 15 demonstrated a positive response on the treadmill test. Of the 53 patients with coronary artery disease, 21 had taken digitalis; 15 of the 21 displayed a positive response. Among the remaining 32 not on digitalis, 20 had a positive response. The specificity of the treadmill exercise test was 96% in patients with coronary artery disease not on digitalis and whose resting electrocardiogram showed nonspecific ST changes. The specificity of the treadmill test in patients who had received digitalis was 73%. Sensitivity was 63% and 71%, respectively. By utilizing more stringent criteria in the interpretation of the treadmill exercise test (greater than or equal to 1.5 mm ST depression), among the patients on digitalis only 6.7% (1/15) with normal coronary arteries and 48% (10/21) with coronary artery disease had a positive response. With the use of the latter criterion the test was specific in 93% (14/15) of the patients and is usually indicative of coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1222435", "title": "Left ventricular pressure responses in post-angiographic angina.", "content": "Alterations in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and in dp/dt observed in ten patients with coronary heart disease who developed angina pectoris following left ventricular cineangiography were compared with those of six other patients who developed angina spontaneously and with patients who underwent left ventricular cineangiography without experiencing angina. In the patients with post-angiographic angina there was a greater increase in end-diastolic pressure than that seen in the other patients, but there was no significant change in dp/dt. Changes in left ventricular pressure associated with post-angiographic angina would appear to reflect the combined effects of increased preload provided by the contrast material and of ventricular dysfunction including diminished compliance associated with angina. A rise in end-diastolic pressure greater than 20 mmHg following left ventricular cineangiography should alert the physician that the patient may be having myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Left ventricular pressure responses in post-angiographic angina. Alterations in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and in dp/dt observed in ten patients with coronary heart disease who developed angina pectoris following left ventricular cineangiography were compared with those of six other patients who developed angina spontaneously and with patients who underwent left ventricular cineangiography without experiencing angina. In the patients with post-angiographic angina there was a greater increase in end-diastolic pressure than that seen in the other patients, but there was no significant change in dp/dt. Changes in left ventricular pressure associated with post-angiographic angina would appear to reflect the combined effects of increased preload provided by the contrast material and of ventricular dysfunction including diminished compliance associated with angina. A rise in end-diastolic pressure greater than 20 mmHg following left ventricular cineangiography should alert the physician that the patient may be having myocardial ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1222436", "title": "The echocardiographic diagnosis of \"concealed\" tricuspid stenosis.", "content": "A case is presented of a 42-yr old woman with rheumatic heart disease in whom cardiac catheterization revealed severe mitral stenosis and a low cardiac output, but no gradient across the tricuspid valve. Echocardiography clearly demonstrated the presence of tricuspid stenosis and the valve was found to be severely stenotic at surgery. This establishes the value of echocardiography in detecting tricuspid stenosis and suggests that, in some cases, it may be more sensitive than cardiac catherization in detecting this lesion.", "contents": "The echocardiographic diagnosis of \"concealed\" tricuspid stenosis. A case is presented of a 42-yr old woman with rheumatic heart disease in whom cardiac catheterization revealed severe mitral stenosis and a low cardiac output, but no gradient across the tricuspid valve. Echocardiography clearly demonstrated the presence of tricuspid stenosis and the valve was found to be severely stenotic at surgery. This establishes the value of echocardiography in detecting tricuspid stenosis and suggests that, in some cases, it may be more sensitive than cardiac catherization in detecting this lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:1222437", "title": "Serial coronary arteriography with 105mm photofluorography: 24-month experience, 2,200 patients.", "content": "A 105 mm camera has been used for over 24 mo in evaluation of the coronary circulation for the most part and occasionally the proximal peripheral arteries in 2,200 patients. This photofluorographic technique provides sufficient diagnostic image detail with improved operating convenience and reduced radiation exposure compared to the large film changer. 105 mm serialography is a good adjunct to cine arteriography as a complementary film recording system, and in many cases may supplement large film serialography.", "contents": "Serial coronary arteriography with 105mm photofluorography: 24-month experience, 2,200 patients. A 105 mm camera has been used for over 24 mo in evaluation of the coronary circulation for the most part and occasionally the proximal peripheral arteries in 2,200 patients. This photofluorographic technique provides sufficient diagnostic image detail with improved operating convenience and reduced radiation exposure compared to the large film changer. 105 mm serialography is a good adjunct to cine arteriography as a complementary film recording system, and in many cases may supplement large film serialography."}
{"id": "PMID:1222489", "title": "Follow-up at 11 years of children who had marked speech defects at 7 years.", "content": "The results of a follow-up study at 11 years of 215 children in the National Child Development Study who were reported to show marked speech defects at 7 years are presented. Information regarding social welfare, health and scholastic attainments was available for 190 children (88%). Over a third of these had been formally 'ascertained' for special educational treatment. Of the 124 children remaining in ordinary schools, 56% still had residual speech problems while 44% were reported to have acquired satisfactory speech. The health and scholastic attainments of these two groups are described and discussed in relation to each other and to controls. A note regarding significant items in the original reports of 25 'missing' children at 7 years is provided, indicating that the large proportion had serious additional handicaps at 7 years. The importance of effective identification, full paediatric and educational assessment and the provision of appropriate help at or preferably before school entry is stressed.", "contents": "Follow-up at 11 years of children who had marked speech defects at 7 years. The results of a follow-up study at 11 years of 215 children in the National Child Development Study who were reported to show marked speech defects at 7 years are presented. Information regarding social welfare, health and scholastic attainments was available for 190 children (88%). Over a third of these had been formally 'ascertained' for special educational treatment. Of the 124 children remaining in ordinary schools, 56% still had residual speech problems while 44% were reported to have acquired satisfactory speech. The health and scholastic attainments of these two groups are described and discussed in relation to each other and to controls. A note regarding significant items in the original reports of 25 'missing' children at 7 years is provided, indicating that the large proportion had serious additional handicaps at 7 years. The importance of effective identification, full paediatric and educational assessment and the provision of appropriate help at or preferably before school entry is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222490", "title": "The end of mentally handicapped childhood: problems of residential transfer and school leaving during adolescence.", "content": "The evolution of two hospital units for mentally handicapped children is contrasted with two special boarding schools which each have radically different discharge procedures at adolescence. Two communities organized so as to obviate the need for adolescent transfer are discussed. Problems at adolescence highlight the interdependence of educational and social services for the handicapped. It is shown how isolated developments in residential provision may create as many problems as they are intended to solve. The difficulty of reconciling expediency with educational and humanitarian aims is discussed.", "contents": "The end of mentally handicapped childhood: problems of residential transfer and school leaving during adolescence. The evolution of two hospital units for mentally handicapped children is contrasted with two special boarding schools which each have radically different discharge procedures at adolescence. Two communities organized so as to obviate the need for adolescent transfer are discussed. Problems at adolescence highlight the interdependence of educational and social services for the handicapped. It is shown how isolated developments in residential provision may create as many problems as they are intended to solve. The difficulty of reconciling expediency with educational and humanitarian aims is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222491", "title": "The incidence of visual handicap in Swedish children.", "content": "A sample of 1271 visually handicapped children has been analysed with regard to the degree and cause of visual impairment.", "contents": "The incidence of visual handicap in Swedish children. A sample of 1271 visually handicapped children has been analysed with regard to the degree and cause of visual impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:1222492", "title": "Incidence of visual defects in Yugoslavia.", "content": "1645 children of 1-7 years of age and 103 4-year-old children of an unselected population were examined. Vision screening was performed as single E optotype. Schiascopy and fixation with visuscope were also performed. Results are presented in six tables.", "contents": "Incidence of visual defects in Yugoslavia. 1645 children of 1-7 years of age and 103 4-year-old children of an unselected population were examined. Vision screening was performed as single E optotype. Schiascopy and fixation with visuscope were also performed. Results are presented in six tables."}
{"id": "PMID:1222493", "title": "The prevalence of visual handicap in children in England and Wales.", "content": "An analysis of the incidence of blindness in children in England and Wales is presented, and the factors influencing registration are discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence of visual handicap in children in England and Wales. An analysis of the incidence of blindness in children in England and Wales is presented, and the factors influencing registration are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222502", "title": "Comparative value of pyruvate determination after glucose loading and transketolase determination for the diagnosis of the Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome.", "content": "The determination of transketolase activity and of pyruvic acid after glucose loading in 20 patients with the Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome and in 14 other patients is described. Glucose loading took place after the first injection of thiamine. Normal values for transketolase were found in 10 patients with the Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome, for pyruvic acid after glucose loading in three, for both of these determinations in only one patient. The normal values found for transketolase were probably due in most cases to the administration of thiamine before admission. For practical purposes it is suggested that both determinations be done in all patients with the clinical diagnosis Wernicke-Korsakow's syndrome.", "contents": "Comparative value of pyruvate determination after glucose loading and transketolase determination for the diagnosis of the Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome. The determination of transketolase activity and of pyruvic acid after glucose loading in 20 patients with the Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome and in 14 other patients is described. Glucose loading took place after the first injection of thiamine. Normal values for transketolase were found in 10 patients with the Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome, for pyruvic acid after glucose loading in three, for both of these determinations in only one patient. The normal values found for transketolase were probably due in most cases to the administration of thiamine before admission. For practical purposes it is suggested that both determinations be done in all patients with the clinical diagnosis Wernicke-Korsakow's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1222504", "title": "Facial thermography in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease and in evaluation of carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Some 60% of strokes are due to extracranial occlusive arterial lesions, most frequently at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Since these lesions are accessible to endarterectomy, their prestroke diagnosis is very important. Facial thermography quickly supplies reliqble information on the circulatory area in which these lesions occur, and this information can be atraumatically obtained in an out-patient setting. The success rate of facial thermography versus aortic arch angiography was 83% and 80%, respectively, in our case material, and this rate corresponds with data in the literature. In a series of 23 patients with facial thermograms and angiograms obtained before and after endarterectomy, facial thermography proved to be a useful diagnostic and prognostic aid in neurological out-patient guidance after carotid endarterectomy. By virtue of its rapidity and atraumatic character, because it can be carried out by technicians and because the findings are suitable for computer data processing, facial thermography would seem to be suitable for potential stroke screening of a high-risk asymptomatic population.", "contents": "Facial thermography in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease and in evaluation of carotid endarterectomy. Some 60% of strokes are due to extracranial occlusive arterial lesions, most frequently at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Since these lesions are accessible to endarterectomy, their prestroke diagnosis is very important. Facial thermography quickly supplies reliqble information on the circulatory area in which these lesions occur, and this information can be atraumatically obtained in an out-patient setting. The success rate of facial thermography versus aortic arch angiography was 83% and 80%, respectively, in our case material, and this rate corresponds with data in the literature. In a series of 23 patients with facial thermograms and angiograms obtained before and after endarterectomy, facial thermography proved to be a useful diagnostic and prognostic aid in neurological out-patient guidance after carotid endarterectomy. By virtue of its rapidity and atraumatic character, because it can be carried out by technicians and because the findings are suitable for computer data processing, facial thermography would seem to be suitable for potential stroke screening of a high-risk asymptomatic population."}
{"id": "PMID:1222499", "title": "Mothers and their disturbed preschool children: an intervention study.", "content": "Children who had attended a unit for disturbed preschool children were followed up and compared to a group of children whose families had turned down the offer of a place at the unit. Measures of home and school behaviour and of social stress factors operating on the family were collected. Although treated and control children were comparable on severity of symptoms on referral, treated children showed a greater reduction in reported problem behaviour at home than did controls by the time of the follow-up interview. Attendance at the unit had a limited effect on behavior at school, however. It is suggested that if a treatment for preschool children is to have broad goals including increased competence at school as well as a reduction in problem behaviour at home, then various treatment strategies should be devised to meet these different goals.", "contents": "Mothers and their disturbed preschool children: an intervention study. Children who had attended a unit for disturbed preschool children were followed up and compared to a group of children whose families had turned down the offer of a place at the unit. Measures of home and school behaviour and of social stress factors operating on the family were collected. Although treated and control children were comparable on severity of symptoms on referral, treated children showed a greater reduction in reported problem behaviour at home than did controls by the time of the follow-up interview. Attendance at the unit had a limited effect on behavior at school, however. It is suggested that if a treatment for preschool children is to have broad goals including increased competence at school as well as a reduction in problem behaviour at home, then various treatment strategies should be devised to meet these different goals."}
{"id": "PMID:1222505", "title": "Megadolichobasilar anomaly, basilar impression and occipito-vertebral anastomosis.", "content": "The authors describe a case of a megadolichobasilar anomaly associated with basilar impression, bilateral megadolichocarotid arteries and an occipito-vertebral anastomosis. The concurrence of these anomalies lends support to the hypothesis that congenital factors play a part in the origin of the megadolichobasilar anomaly.", "contents": "Megadolichobasilar anomaly, basilar impression and occipito-vertebral anastomosis. The authors describe a case of a megadolichobasilar anomaly associated with basilar impression, bilateral megadolichocarotid arteries and an occipito-vertebral anastomosis. The concurrence of these anomalies lends support to the hypothesis that congenital factors play a part in the origin of the megadolichobasilar anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:1222501", "title": "Accidents in the first three years of life.", "content": "This study is concerned with a group of normal children. It reports a correlation between the condition of a baby at birth, as recorded by a modified Apgar scale, and a future history of accidental injury before age three. Various other behavioural characteristics were also associated with having scored relatively poorly on the Apgar type scale; in addition, there was some evidence that the pregnancies and previous obstetric histories of the mothers of poor birth status babies had been different. Possible connections between the behavioural characteristics and a liability to accidental injury are discussed, as is the part played by the relatively poor status at birth.", "contents": "Accidents in the first three years of life. This study is concerned with a group of normal children. It reports a correlation between the condition of a baby at birth, as recorded by a modified Apgar scale, and a future history of accidental injury before age three. Various other behavioural characteristics were also associated with having scored relatively poorly on the Apgar type scale; in addition, there was some evidence that the pregnancies and previous obstetric histories of the mothers of poor birth status babies had been different. Possible connections between the behavioural characteristics and a liability to accidental injury are discussed, as is the part played by the relatively poor status at birth."}
{"id": "PMID:1222500", "title": "Which three-year-olds attend preschool facilities?", "content": "In an epidemiological survey of a total population of three-year-old children living in a London borough, information was obtained on the behaviour, development and social characteristics of 828 children. Details were extracted from the registers of 27 preschool facilities in the borough (a residential nursery, day nurseries, play groups and nursery schools and classes) on all children attending over an 18-month period. The patterns of attendance and factors influencing attendance of about 3000 children are discussed. The comparison of children attending facilities in the original sample of 828 with the total sample shows that those children most in need are not over-represented in these preschool groups.", "contents": "Which three-year-olds attend preschool facilities? In an epidemiological survey of a total population of three-year-old children living in a London borough, information was obtained on the behaviour, development and social characteristics of 828 children. Details were extracted from the registers of 27 preschool facilities in the borough (a residential nursery, day nurseries, play groups and nursery schools and classes) on all children attending over an 18-month period. The patterns of attendance and factors influencing attendance of about 3000 children are discussed. The comparison of children attending facilities in the original sample of 828 with the total sample shows that those children most in need are not over-represented in these preschool groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1222506", "title": "A clinical and neuropathological study of a patient with abrachia (congenital absence of both arms).", "content": "This paper presents the life history and clinical history of a male patient with abrachia (congenital absence of both arms), who died at the age of 67 as a result of compression of the thoracic spinal cord caused by gibbus formation. Neuropathological examination of the spinal cord revealed unusual changes in the cervical and high-thoracic cord segments: accumulations of ependymal cells, strikingly few motor anterior horn cells and a chaotic arrangement of cell systems, along with complete absence of the cervical intumescence. These findings prompted some embryological considerations.", "contents": "A clinical and neuropathological study of a patient with abrachia (congenital absence of both arms). This paper presents the life history and clinical history of a male patient with abrachia (congenital absence of both arms), who died at the age of 67 as a result of compression of the thoracic spinal cord caused by gibbus formation. Neuropathological examination of the spinal cord revealed unusual changes in the cervical and high-thoracic cord segments: accumulations of ependymal cells, strikingly few motor anterior horn cells and a chaotic arrangement of cell systems, along with complete absence of the cervical intumescence. These findings prompted some embryological considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:1222507", "title": "Urinary excretion of monoamines and their metabolites in patients with Parkinson's disease. Response to long-term treatment with levodopa alone or in combination with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor and clinical correlations.", "content": "Urinary excretion of DA, DOPAC, 3-MT, HVA, NMA, MA, VMA and 5-HIAA were studied in 33 parkinsonian patients treated with 1.5-7.5 g of levodopa daily for up to six months and in 30 patients receiving levodopa (800-1,000 mg) combined with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, benserazide (200-250 mg). Basal urinary excretions were within normal limits except for that of 3-MT which was significantly lower in parkinsonian patients as compared to controls. Levodopa induced an increase of about 400 fold in urinary DA; DOPAC was increased about 300 fold, 3-MT only about 70 fold, but HVA about 300 fold. Urinary NMA and MA did not change but VMA was increased significantly. On the other hand, urinary 5-HIAA was significantly decreased. The amounts of excreted DA and its subsequent metabolities were increased with the continuation of treatment, suggesting inductive phenomena in enzyme systems. During combined treatment with levodopa and benserazide urinary DA was increased, but only to about one tenth the extent seen with levodopa alone. The excretion of DOPAC was about one 20th, of 3-MT about one fourth and of HVA one 25th that seen during levodopa treatment. No signs of enzyme induction were seen. NMA was lowered significantly but MA remained unchanged. VMA was increased and significantly more than during therapy with levodopa alone. 5-HIAA was again significantly decreased and the decrease was significantly greater than that seen with levodopa alone. Some statistically significant correlations were seen between the excretions of NMA, MA and VMA and cardiovascular side effects, indicating an affection on the NA-ergic system by levodopa treatment. Significant correlation between 5-HIAA excretion and clinical improvement of tremor during levodopa treatment may suggest that participation of 5-HT in the mechanism of tremor.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of monoamines and their metabolites in patients with Parkinson's disease. Response to long-term treatment with levodopa alone or in combination with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor and clinical correlations. Urinary excretion of DA, DOPAC, 3-MT, HVA, NMA, MA, VMA and 5-HIAA were studied in 33 parkinsonian patients treated with 1.5-7.5 g of levodopa daily for up to six months and in 30 patients receiving levodopa (800-1,000 mg) combined with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, benserazide (200-250 mg). Basal urinary excretions were within normal limits except for that of 3-MT which was significantly lower in parkinsonian patients as compared to controls. Levodopa induced an increase of about 400 fold in urinary DA; DOPAC was increased about 300 fold, 3-MT only about 70 fold, but HVA about 300 fold. Urinary NMA and MA did not change but VMA was increased significantly. On the other hand, urinary 5-HIAA was significantly decreased. The amounts of excreted DA and its subsequent metabolities were increased with the continuation of treatment, suggesting inductive phenomena in enzyme systems. During combined treatment with levodopa and benserazide urinary DA was increased, but only to about one tenth the extent seen with levodopa alone. The excretion of DOPAC was about one 20th, of 3-MT about one fourth and of HVA one 25th that seen during levodopa treatment. No signs of enzyme induction were seen. NMA was lowered significantly but MA remained unchanged. VMA was increased and significantly more than during therapy with levodopa alone. 5-HIAA was again significantly decreased and the decrease was significantly greater than that seen with levodopa alone. Some statistically significant correlations were seen between the excretions of NMA, MA and VMA and cardiovascular side effects, indicating an affection on the NA-ergic system by levodopa treatment. Significant correlation between 5-HIAA excretion and clinical improvement of tremor during levodopa treatment may suggest that participation of 5-HT in the mechanism of tremor."}
{"id": "PMID:1222508", "title": "The angioarchitecture of the astroblastoma.", "content": "The angioarchitecture of an astroblastoma of the corpus collosum is studied on serial carotid angiograms, made during life, and on post mortem angiograms, performed by filling of the cerebral arterial system with a colloidal bariumsulphate solution and by using the translucidation technique. The results of these investigations are compared to the histological aspect of the tumour. This study reveals the close relationship between the astroblasts and the bloodvessels. The angioarchitectural pattern of this tumour is characterized by new formation of capillaries. It is considered as an additional support to classify the astroblastoma as a separate type of glioma.", "contents": "The angioarchitecture of the astroblastoma. The angioarchitecture of an astroblastoma of the corpus collosum is studied on serial carotid angiograms, made during life, and on post mortem angiograms, performed by filling of the cerebral arterial system with a colloidal bariumsulphate solution and by using the translucidation technique. The results of these investigations are compared to the histological aspect of the tumour. This study reveals the close relationship between the astroblasts and the bloodvessels. The angioarchitectural pattern of this tumour is characterized by new formation of capillaries. It is considered as an additional support to classify the astroblastoma as a separate type of glioma."}
{"id": "PMID:1222525", "title": "Arsenic poisoning in childhood. An unusual case report with special notes on therapy with penicillamine.", "content": "An unusual care of arsenic ingestion involving five children is reported, which involved the process of sublimation. As2O3 was inadvertently heated in a charcoal barbecue, and the meat cooked thereon was contaminated. It is possible that the sublimation may have potentiated the toxicity of the usually mildly toxic, relatively unsoluble As2O3. Penicillamine was used in the latter part of the therapy in three cases after initial dimercaprol, and the clinical effect of penicillamine was particularly dramatic in one case in which dimercaprol discontinuation had been accompanied by recurrent symptoms. Remarks on the mode of action of penicillamine are made. More work needs to be done to establish the possible role of penicillamine in arsenic poisoning.", "contents": "Arsenic poisoning in childhood. An unusual case report with special notes on therapy with penicillamine. An unusual care of arsenic ingestion involving five children is reported, which involved the process of sublimation. As2O3 was inadvertently heated in a charcoal barbecue, and the meat cooked thereon was contaminated. It is possible that the sublimation may have potentiated the toxicity of the usually mildly toxic, relatively unsoluble As2O3. Penicillamine was used in the latter part of the therapy in three cases after initial dimercaprol, and the clinical effect of penicillamine was particularly dramatic in one case in which dimercaprol discontinuation had been accompanied by recurrent symptoms. Remarks on the mode of action of penicillamine are made. More work needs to be done to establish the possible role of penicillamine in arsenic poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:1222526", "title": "Taste as a deterrent in pediatric poisonings.", "content": "Seven hundred and two children were tested to see how much they would ingest of two commercially available potassium supplements, one an effervescent tablet and the other a powder. The results showed that the children would not ingest either formulation in amounts that even equalled a single adult therapeutic dose. The children appeared to be deterred by both the effervescent quality of the tablet and the unpleasant, metallic after-taste of the powder. An unpleasant taste may act as a deterrent to the child, keeping him from ingesting a toxic amount of a product, at least, when the product has relatively low toxicity.", "contents": "Taste as a deterrent in pediatric poisonings. Seven hundred and two children were tested to see how much they would ingest of two commercially available potassium supplements, one an effervescent tablet and the other a powder. The results showed that the children would not ingest either formulation in amounts that even equalled a single adult therapeutic dose. The children appeared to be deterred by both the effervescent quality of the tablet and the unpleasant, metallic after-taste of the powder. An unpleasant taste may act as a deterrent to the child, keeping him from ingesting a toxic amount of a product, at least, when the product has relatively low toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:1222528", "title": "A rapid and precise method for determining theophylline in serum.", "content": "We report a spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline that is useful as a routine method for monitoring serum theophylline concentrations. The recovery of theophylline from serum is essentially 100% whem compared with aqueous standards taken through the entire procedure. Barbiturates, which interfere with most ultraviolet spectrometric methods for theophylline, do not interfere with this method. The procedure requires less than 45 min for completion and is more sensitive than most spectrophotometric methods for determining theophylline.", "contents": "A rapid and precise method for determining theophylline in serum. We report a spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline that is useful as a routine method for monitoring serum theophylline concentrations. The recovery of theophylline from serum is essentially 100% whem compared with aqueous standards taken through the entire procedure. Barbiturates, which interfere with most ultraviolet spectrometric methods for theophylline, do not interfere with this method. The procedure requires less than 45 min for completion and is more sensitive than most spectrophotometric methods for determining theophylline."}
{"id": "PMID:1222548", "title": "Granulomatous arteritis.", "content": "Granulomatous, or temporal, arteritis is a disease of older people and should be considered when any patient over 55 years old has complaints consistent with a multi-system disease and/or visual loss, especially if combined with a history of diplopia, amaurosis fugax, loss of vision, or with the findings of ischemic optic neuritis or central retinal artery occlusion. Treatment should be instituted immediately with high doses of corticosteroids. The sine qua non for the diagnosis is a positive temporal artery biopsy when ocular involvement is a feature of the disease. Treatment includes administration of systemic and retrobulbar steroids. The ESR is used as a guide in determining the level of maintenance steroid dosage.", "contents": "Granulomatous arteritis. Granulomatous, or temporal, arteritis is a disease of older people and should be considered when any patient over 55 years old has complaints consistent with a multi-system disease and/or visual loss, especially if combined with a history of diplopia, amaurosis fugax, loss of vision, or with the findings of ischemic optic neuritis or central retinal artery occlusion. Treatment should be instituted immediately with high doses of corticosteroids. The sine qua non for the diagnosis is a positive temporal artery biopsy when ocular involvement is a feature of the disease. Treatment includes administration of systemic and retrobulbar steroids. The ESR is used as a guide in determining the level of maintenance steroid dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:1222557", "title": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The diagnosis of COPD can easily be made on the basis of history, physical findings, and simple laboratory procedures. Treatment is aimed at symptoms and is individualized to the patient's needs. Therapy must be given on a long-term basis. The patient should be educated in the basic nature of his disease and encouraged to return to as normal a life as possible. Patients with COPD often are severely restricted in their earning ability, and treatment can cause a severe financial drain. Thus the physician should carefully consider costs--especially the cost of medications. Finally, the correct choice and use of the many therapeutic measures available can yield marked symptomatic relief and improvement in lifestyle--often allowing the patient to return to productive employment.", "contents": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The diagnosis of COPD can easily be made on the basis of history, physical findings, and simple laboratory procedures. Treatment is aimed at symptoms and is individualized to the patient's needs. Therapy must be given on a long-term basis. The patient should be educated in the basic nature of his disease and encouraged to return to as normal a life as possible. Patients with COPD often are severely restricted in their earning ability, and treatment can cause a severe financial drain. Thus the physician should carefully consider costs--especially the cost of medications. Finally, the correct choice and use of the many therapeutic measures available can yield marked symptomatic relief and improvement in lifestyle--often allowing the patient to return to productive employment."}
{"id": "PMID:1222559", "title": "Transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "The treatment of TIA must be individualized. TIA is one of several manifestations of generalized atherosclerosis. While one-third of patients with TIA will suffer a stroke in five years, one-half of the same group will die of myocardial infarction. The risk of stroke is greater in carotid rather than vertebral-basilar TIA, in older patients, and in those with a cluster of TIAS, an is highest in the first month after the TIA. Treatment should reflect this knowledge.", "contents": "Transient ischemic attacks. The treatment of TIA must be individualized. TIA is one of several manifestations of generalized atherosclerosis. While one-third of patients with TIA will suffer a stroke in five years, one-half of the same group will die of myocardial infarction. The risk of stroke is greater in carotid rather than vertebral-basilar TIA, in older patients, and in those with a cluster of TIAS, an is highest in the first month after the TIA. Treatment should reflect this knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:1222562", "title": "Stress and distress.", "content": "I must ask the reader's indulgence for this article's concern with applications of the stress concept, which are distinct from, although related to clinical medicine. It has not been my object to deal with the way physicians have been aided by stress research in the practice of medicine--that information is already widely available. Rather, I have attempted to sketch briefly the history of the stress theory and to demonstrate how this information can help anyone, physician or layman, lead a more complete and satisfying life. The applications of the stress theory have been dealt with at length elsewhere. I believe that we can find within scientifically verified observations the basis of a code of behavior suited to our century. The great laws of nature that regulate the defenses of living beings against stress of any kind are essentially the same at all levels of life, from individual cells to entire complex human organisms and societies. It helps a great deal to understand the fundamental advantages and disadvantages of catatoxic and syntoxic attitudes by studying the biologic basis of self-preservation as reflected in syntoxic and catatoxic chemical mechanisms. When applied to everyday problems, this understanding should lead to choices most likely to provide us the pleasant eustress (from the Greek eu meaning good, as in euphoria) involved in achieving fulfillment and victory, thereby avoiding the self-destructive distress of frustration and failure. So the translation of the laws governing resistance of cells and organs to a code of behavior comes down to three basic precepts: 1. Find your own natural stress level. People differ with regard to the amount and kind of work they consider worth doing to meet the exigencies of daily life and to assure their future security and happiness. In this respect, all of us are influenced by hereditary predispositions and the expectations of our society. Only through planned self-analysis can we establish what we really want; too many people suffer all their lives because they are too conservative to risk a radical change by breaking with hiabits or traditions. 2. Altruistic egoism. The selfish (i.e., self-interested) hoarding of the goodwill, respect, esteem, support, and love of our neighbors is the most efficient way to give vent to our pent-up energy and to create a more enjoyable, beautiful, or useful environment.3. Earn thy neighbor's love. This motto--which is merely a rewording of the command to \"love thy neighbor as thyself\"--is compatible with man's natural structure, and although it is based on altruistic egoism, it could hardly be attacked as unethical. Who would blame the man who wants to assure his own homeostasis and happiness only by accumulating the treasure of other poeple's benevolence and love? Yet this makes him virtually unassailable, for nobody wants to attack and destroy those upon whom he depends.", "contents": "Stress and distress. I must ask the reader's indulgence for this article's concern with applications of the stress concept, which are distinct from, although related to clinical medicine. It has not been my object to deal with the way physicians have been aided by stress research in the practice of medicine--that information is already widely available. Rather, I have attempted to sketch briefly the history of the stress theory and to demonstrate how this information can help anyone, physician or layman, lead a more complete and satisfying life. The applications of the stress theory have been dealt with at length elsewhere. I believe that we can find within scientifically verified observations the basis of a code of behavior suited to our century. The great laws of nature that regulate the defenses of living beings against stress of any kind are essentially the same at all levels of life, from individual cells to entire complex human organisms and societies. It helps a great deal to understand the fundamental advantages and disadvantages of catatoxic and syntoxic attitudes by studying the biologic basis of self-preservation as reflected in syntoxic and catatoxic chemical mechanisms. When applied to everyday problems, this understanding should lead to choices most likely to provide us the pleasant eustress (from the Greek eu meaning good, as in euphoria) involved in achieving fulfillment and victory, thereby avoiding the self-destructive distress of frustration and failure. So the translation of the laws governing resistance of cells and organs to a code of behavior comes down to three basic precepts: 1. Find your own natural stress level. People differ with regard to the amount and kind of work they consider worth doing to meet the exigencies of daily life and to assure their future security and happiness. In this respect, all of us are influenced by hereditary predispositions and the expectations of our society. Only through planned self-analysis can we establish what we really want; too many people suffer all their lives because they are too conservative to risk a radical change by breaking with hiabits or traditions. 2. Altruistic egoism. The selfish (i.e., self-interested) hoarding of the goodwill, respect, esteem, support, and love of our neighbors is the most efficient way to give vent to our pent-up energy and to create a more enjoyable, beautiful, or useful environment.3. Earn thy neighbor's love. This motto--which is merely a rewording of the command to \"love thy neighbor as thyself\"--is compatible with man's natural structure, and although it is based on altruistic egoism, it could hardly be attacked as unethical. Who would blame the man who wants to assure his own homeostasis and happiness only by accumulating the treasure of other poeple's benevolence and love? Yet this makes him virtually unassailable, for nobody wants to attack and destroy those upon whom he depends."}
{"id": "PMID:1222576", "title": "Hand preference and the laterality of cerebral speech.", "content": "A theory of the origins of hand preferences (Annett, 1972) is outlined and its implications for the distribution of cerebral speech in handedness groups are examined. Five studies of dysphasia in right and left handers with unilateral cerebral lesions are compared and found surprisingly consistent. Data from three series found alike in all essential respects are combined to give a substantial number of cases with which to test the expectations of the theory. The agreement is close enough to justify a reconsideration of the model in the light of the evidence and also an analysis of possible reasons for the main differences between series. In spite of the many uncertainties involved in inferences from dysphasia to cerebral speech laterality, it is concluded that the evidence is strong enough to offer a useful test of hypotheses as to the distribution of cerebral speech in handedness groups. Other questions bearing on handedness and cerebral speech are briefly considered in order to show the explanatory range and power of the theory.", "contents": "Hand preference and the laterality of cerebral speech. A theory of the origins of hand preferences (Annett, 1972) is outlined and its implications for the distribution of cerebral speech in handedness groups are examined. Five studies of dysphasia in right and left handers with unilateral cerebral lesions are compared and found surprisingly consistent. Data from three series found alike in all essential respects are combined to give a substantial number of cases with which to test the expectations of the theory. The agreement is close enough to justify a reconsideration of the model in the light of the evidence and also an analysis of possible reasons for the main differences between series. In spite of the many uncertainties involved in inferences from dysphasia to cerebral speech laterality, it is concluded that the evidence is strong enough to offer a useful test of hypotheses as to the distribution of cerebral speech in handedness groups. Other questions bearing on handedness and cerebral speech are briefly considered in order to show the explanatory range and power of the theory."}
{"id": "PMID:1222577", "title": "Long and short term memory in head injured patients.", "content": "A group of severely head injured patients were compared with 15 controls on auditory vocal digit span, and on a free recall memory task, enabling short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM) to be examined. The free recall curves differed for the two groups suggesting that the head injured patients had an essentially normal STM, but a poor LTM. This was supported by the finding of a significantly lower number of semantic errors (presumably retrieved from LTM) and a normal digit span (STM) in the head injury patients. The severity of the injury as judged by post-traumatic amnesia or the presence of neurological signs at the time of memory testing showed only a weak relationship to the severity of the memory deficit. The presence of a skull fracture was of minor importance in determining the severity of the LTM defect. Patients tested early after the injury were significantly poorer on STM, but not on LTM.", "contents": "Long and short term memory in head injured patients. A group of severely head injured patients were compared with 15 controls on auditory vocal digit span, and on a free recall memory task, enabling short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM) to be examined. The free recall curves differed for the two groups suggesting that the head injured patients had an essentially normal STM, but a poor LTM. This was supported by the finding of a significantly lower number of semantic errors (presumably retrieved from LTM) and a normal digit span (STM) in the head injury patients. The severity of the injury as judged by post-traumatic amnesia or the presence of neurological signs at the time of memory testing showed only a weak relationship to the severity of the memory deficit. The presence of a skull fracture was of minor importance in determining the severity of the LTM defect. Patients tested early after the injury were significantly poorer on STM, but not on LTM."}
{"id": "PMID:1222578", "title": "Verbal and non-verbal short-term memory impairment following hemispheric damage.", "content": "Short-term memory was investigated in 30 control and 125 unilaterally brain-damaged patients with a series of tests requiring the immediate reproduction of strings of items of increasing length. In three tests the items were auditorially presented digits or words: one test asked for oral repetition of digits, while the other two required the patient to point to written digits or to pictures. The fourth test aimed at measuring spatial span. On both the Digits Forward test and the two other verbal tests not requiring the use of speech, left brain-damaged patients were impaired in comparison to normals, while the right brain-damaged patients were not. Aphasics had a significantly shorter verbal span than non-aphasic patients with left hemisphere damage. Spatial span, on the other hand, was significantly affected by a lesion posteriorly located in either hemisphere, but not by aphasia. Two patients with an exceedingly poor verbal memory span were observed, one suffering from anomic aphasia and the other from conduction aphasia. There were also two right hemisphere damaged patients who showed an extreme reduction of spatial span, which could not be accounted for by space perceptual disorders and contrasted with a normal performance on a spatial long-term memory test.", "contents": "Verbal and non-verbal short-term memory impairment following hemispheric damage. Short-term memory was investigated in 30 control and 125 unilaterally brain-damaged patients with a series of tests requiring the immediate reproduction of strings of items of increasing length. In three tests the items were auditorially presented digits or words: one test asked for oral repetition of digits, while the other two required the patient to point to written digits or to pictures. The fourth test aimed at measuring spatial span. On both the Digits Forward test and the two other verbal tests not requiring the use of speech, left brain-damaged patients were impaired in comparison to normals, while the right brain-damaged patients were not. Aphasics had a significantly shorter verbal span than non-aphasic patients with left hemisphere damage. Spatial span, on the other hand, was significantly affected by a lesion posteriorly located in either hemisphere, but not by aphasia. Two patients with an exceedingly poor verbal memory span were observed, one suffering from anomic aphasia and the other from conduction aphasia. There were also two right hemisphere damaged patients who showed an extreme reduction of spatial span, which could not be accounted for by space perceptual disorders and contrasted with a normal performance on a spatial long-term memory test."}
{"id": "PMID:1222579", "title": "Simple reaction-times to speech and non-speech stimuli.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out involving the measurement of simple reaction-time when subjects responded to speech and to non-speech stimuli. In the first, subjects were required to make a speech response (uttering the vowel [a: ]) to one speech stimulus (the vowel [a: ]) and three non-speech stimuli (a complex tone, a telephone bell and a click). The click stimulus gave significantly longer reaction-times than the other three stimuli; since all stimuli were equated for peak intensity delivered to the subjects' ears, this was due to the short duration of the click (25 msec). There was no evidence that compatibility between the speech stimulus and the speech response had any influence on reaction-time. The second experiment employed a 2 X 2 design with 2 stimuli and 2 response modes. The stimuli were the vowel [a: ] and the telephone bell; the response modes were key-pressing and uttering the vowel [a: ]. The speech stimulus and the speech response gave significantly longer reaction-times than the non-speech simtulus and response. The minimum time for a reaction requiring speech reception is of the order of 180 msec. and the use of the motor speech mechanism adds about 30 msec. to reaction-time. Again no interaction was found between stimulus and response and this is probably due to the extremely simple nature of the speech tasks imposed.", "contents": "Simple reaction-times to speech and non-speech stimuli. Two experiments were carried out involving the measurement of simple reaction-time when subjects responded to speech and to non-speech stimuli. In the first, subjects were required to make a speech response (uttering the vowel [a: ]) to one speech stimulus (the vowel [a: ]) and three non-speech stimuli (a complex tone, a telephone bell and a click). The click stimulus gave significantly longer reaction-times than the other three stimuli; since all stimuli were equated for peak intensity delivered to the subjects' ears, this was due to the short duration of the click (25 msec). There was no evidence that compatibility between the speech stimulus and the speech response had any influence on reaction-time. The second experiment employed a 2 X 2 design with 2 stimuli and 2 response modes. The stimuli were the vowel [a: ] and the telephone bell; the response modes were key-pressing and uttering the vowel [a: ]. The speech stimulus and the speech response gave significantly longer reaction-times than the non-speech simtulus and response. The minimum time for a reaction requiring speech reception is of the order of 180 msec. and the use of the motor speech mechanism adds about 30 msec. to reaction-time. Again no interaction was found between stimulus and response and this is probably due to the extremely simple nature of the speech tasks imposed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222580", "title": "Dyslexic adolescents: evidence of impaired visual and auditory language processing associated with normal lateralization and visual responsivity.", "content": "The questions of whether chronically dyslexic adolescent suffer any deficits of simple language stimulus processing or are less left hemisphere dominant than normal reading controls were addressed. The dyslexics were chosen for clarity of their specific reading problem and were older than dyslexics previously studied with lateralizing tests. Tasks administered in Experiment I were unilateral and bilateral tachistoscopic work recognitions and a tachistoscopic recognition report-time task for single lateralized letter stimuli. Experiment II, conducted a year later, readministered these tasks with modifications, and added dichotic digits and motor reaction time-stimulus detection tasks. It was concluded that right handed, chronic dyslexics: (1) possess left hemisphere language specialization; (2) show normal interhemispheric processing delays for single letter stimuli; (3) are, unlike nondyslexis but equally poor-reading Ss, clearly impaired in their efficiency of visual and auditory processing of simple language stimuli; (4) possess clear auditory memory deficits for verbal material; and (5) may possess an additional deficit of left hemisphere visual association area function.", "contents": "Dyslexic adolescents: evidence of impaired visual and auditory language processing associated with normal lateralization and visual responsivity. The questions of whether chronically dyslexic adolescent suffer any deficits of simple language stimulus processing or are less left hemisphere dominant than normal reading controls were addressed. The dyslexics were chosen for clarity of their specific reading problem and were older than dyslexics previously studied with lateralizing tests. Tasks administered in Experiment I were unilateral and bilateral tachistoscopic work recognitions and a tachistoscopic recognition report-time task for single lateralized letter stimuli. Experiment II, conducted a year later, readministered these tasks with modifications, and added dichotic digits and motor reaction time-stimulus detection tasks. It was concluded that right handed, chronic dyslexics: (1) possess left hemisphere language specialization; (2) show normal interhemispheric processing delays for single letter stimuli; (3) are, unlike nondyslexis but equally poor-reading Ss, clearly impaired in their efficiency of visual and auditory processing of simple language stimuli; (4) possess clear auditory memory deficits for verbal material; and (5) may possess an additional deficit of left hemisphere visual association area function."}
{"id": "PMID:1222581", "title": "Implicit processing of grammatical rules in a classical case of agrammatism.", "content": "The speech production of an agrammatic patient is viewed as the output of a syntactic filter which allows only nouns, verbs, and adjectives to pass. In this paper, we study the behavior of this filter in the processing of grammatically ambiguous words. Our results indicate that these words are either uttered or not as a function of their syntactic role in the sentence. Thus, the patient's oral reading of a sentence is not a concatenation of isolated words, but depends on an implicit, context-sensitive analysis. These observations bring to light a new aspect of the agrammatic's syntactic competence and may contribute to the study of psycholinguistic processes in normals.", "contents": "Implicit processing of grammatical rules in a classical case of agrammatism. The speech production of an agrammatic patient is viewed as the output of a syntactic filter which allows only nouns, verbs, and adjectives to pass. In this paper, we study the behavior of this filter in the processing of grammatically ambiguous words. Our results indicate that these words are either uttered or not as a function of their syntactic role in the sentence. Thus, the patient's oral reading of a sentence is not a concatenation of isolated words, but depends on an implicit, context-sensitive analysis. These observations bring to light a new aspect of the agrammatic's syntactic competence and may contribute to the study of psycholinguistic processes in normals."}
{"id": "PMID:1222582", "title": "Stuttering repetitions in aphasic and nonaphasic brain damaged adults.", "content": "Stuttering repetitions were analyzed by frequency of occurrence in aphasic and nonaphasic brain damaged adults. Aphasics used significantly more stuttering repetitions than did nonaphasics. The frequency distribution of stuttering repetitions among aphasic subgroups indicated a relationship with sound problems in anterior and posterior groups.", "contents": "Stuttering repetitions in aphasic and nonaphasic brain damaged adults. Stuttering repetitions were analyzed by frequency of occurrence in aphasic and nonaphasic brain damaged adults. Aphasics used significantly more stuttering repetitions than did nonaphasics. The frequency distribution of stuttering repetitions among aphasic subgroups indicated a relationship with sound problems in anterior and posterior groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1222584", "title": "Auditory modality-specific anomia: evidence from a case of pure word deafness.", "content": "In a patient with a classical syndrome of pure word deafness following a cerebrovascular accident detailed neuropsychological examination showed an almost absolute inability to name meaningful non verbal sounds, in spite of normal recognition as demonstrated by ability to match the sound with the corresponding natural source. This selective anomia, confined to auditory modality, is discussed in view of the previous researches regarding the general field in naming disturbances, which showed that for the vaste majority of aphasics, anomia was not modality dependent. Besides that the contrasting performance of the patient who showed complete lack of phonemic analysis matched with normal recognition of some acoustic parameters of speech as prosody and stress is discussed.", "contents": "Auditory modality-specific anomia: evidence from a case of pure word deafness. In a patient with a classical syndrome of pure word deafness following a cerebrovascular accident detailed neuropsychological examination showed an almost absolute inability to name meaningful non verbal sounds, in spite of normal recognition as demonstrated by ability to match the sound with the corresponding natural source. This selective anomia, confined to auditory modality, is discussed in view of the previous researches regarding the general field in naming disturbances, which showed that for the vaste majority of aphasics, anomia was not modality dependent. Besides that the contrasting performance of the patient who showed complete lack of phonemic analysis matched with normal recognition of some acoustic parameters of speech as prosody and stress is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222585", "title": "Variegated translocation mosaicism in human skin fibroblast cultures.", "content": "The term \"variegated translocation mosaicism\" is used to describe the repeated occurrence, within cultures of human skin fibroblasts, of a multiplicity of chromosomal rearrangements. With respect to the frequencies of such cytogenetically aberrant clones we found that they (1) were not detectable in routine diagnostic skin fibroblast cultures from 29 subjects with a wide variety of indications for biopsy; (2) were not detectable during in vitro aging of diploid strains with four normal individuals; (3) could be detected after rescue from bacterial contamination of a culture from an otherwise normal diploid male; (4) occurred with high frequencies in independent cultures from another apparently normal subject; (5) occurred with high frequencies in multiple biopsies obtained at autopsy from a patient with Werner's syndrome who died of sepsis; (6) were of pseudodiploid nature; and (7) involved a different spectrum of chromosomes in different individuals. A consistent association with mycoplasma contamination could not be made.", "contents": "Variegated translocation mosaicism in human skin fibroblast cultures. The term \"variegated translocation mosaicism\" is used to describe the repeated occurrence, within cultures of human skin fibroblasts, of a multiplicity of chromosomal rearrangements. With respect to the frequencies of such cytogenetically aberrant clones we found that they (1) were not detectable in routine diagnostic skin fibroblast cultures from 29 subjects with a wide variety of indications for biopsy; (2) were not detectable during in vitro aging of diploid strains with four normal individuals; (3) could be detected after rescue from bacterial contamination of a culture from an otherwise normal diploid male; (4) occurred with high frequencies in independent cultures from another apparently normal subject; (5) occurred with high frequencies in multiple biopsies obtained at autopsy from a patient with Werner's syndrome who died of sepsis; (6) were of pseudodiploid nature; and (7) involved a different spectrum of chromosomes in different individuals. A consistent association with mycoplasma contamination could not be made."}
{"id": "PMID:1222586", "title": "Confirmation of the synteny of the human genes for mannose phosphate isomerase and pyruvate kinase and of their assignment to chromosome 15.", "content": "The synteny of human mannose phosphate isomerase and pyruvate kinase and the assignment of the genes for these two enzymes to chromosome 15 were confirmed by analysis of 43 independently derived human-mouse hybrid clones. Hybrids between mouse cells deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and human fibroblasts carrying an X/15 chromosome translocation were also included in this study.", "contents": "Confirmation of the synteny of the human genes for mannose phosphate isomerase and pyruvate kinase and of their assignment to chromosome 15. The synteny of human mannose phosphate isomerase and pyruvate kinase and the assignment of the genes for these two enzymes to chromosome 15 were confirmed by analysis of 43 independently derived human-mouse hybrid clones. Hybrids between mouse cells deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and human fibroblasts carrying an X/15 chromosome translocation were also included in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:1222587", "title": "The interrelationships of chromosome banding patterns in procyonids, viverrids, and felids.", "content": "The Giemsa banding patterns of the chromosomes of 4 species of Procyonidae, 13 of Viverridae, and 6 of Felidae have been studied. The patterns have all been related to the basic felid karyotype. Each procyonid and viverrid has a distinctive karyotype, whereas some felids have indistinguishable karyotypes even when banded. Extensive interfamilial G-banding conservatism has been demonstrated, with many chromosomes being \"shared\" by all three families. A chromosome identification and karyotyping system for the Carnivora has been devised to facilitate comparison of data from future studies. Phylogenetic implications of the findings have been discussed.", "contents": "The interrelationships of chromosome banding patterns in procyonids, viverrids, and felids. The Giemsa banding patterns of the chromosomes of 4 species of Procyonidae, 13 of Viverridae, and 6 of Felidae have been studied. The patterns have all been related to the basic felid karyotype. Each procyonid and viverrid has a distinctive karyotype, whereas some felids have indistinguishable karyotypes even when banded. Extensive interfamilial G-banding conservatism has been demonstrated, with many chromosomes being \"shared\" by all three families. A chromosome identification and karyotyping system for the Carnivora has been devised to facilitate comparison of data from future studies. Phylogenetic implications of the findings have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222588", "title": "Cytogenetic investigations in families with ataxia-telangiectasia.", "content": "Chromosomal studies were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts from five Israeli-Moroccan families with ataxia-telangiectasia. A total of 24 individuals, including seven propositi, was investigated. Among the probands, significantly elevated rates of chromosome damage were observed in both blood and skin. Skin fibroblasts of affected individuals showed several orders of magnitude more chromosome breakage than lymphocytes. Increased rates of chromosome damage were also observed in the fibroblasts of some phenotypically normal family members (obligate heterozygotes and sibs) when compared to normal controls. An apparent abnormal clone of cells, possessing a large acrocentric marker chromosome (14q+), was observed in varying proportions among cells of all the propositi (2-5% of lymphocytes; 1-9% of fibroblasts).", "contents": "Cytogenetic investigations in families with ataxia-telangiectasia. Chromosomal studies were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts from five Israeli-Moroccan families with ataxia-telangiectasia. A total of 24 individuals, including seven propositi, was investigated. Among the probands, significantly elevated rates of chromosome damage were observed in both blood and skin. Skin fibroblasts of affected individuals showed several orders of magnitude more chromosome breakage than lymphocytes. Increased rates of chromosome damage were also observed in the fibroblasts of some phenotypically normal family members (obligate heterozygotes and sibs) when compared to normal controls. An apparent abnormal clone of cells, possessing a large acrocentric marker chromosome (14q+), was observed in varying proportions among cells of all the propositi (2-5% of lymphocytes; 1-9% of fibroblasts)."}
{"id": "PMID:1222681", "title": "The objective and timing of drug disposition studies, appendix I. Species differences in the tissue distribution of metazimid, an imidazolone derivative.", "content": "A marked species difference has been observed in the tissue distribution of metazimid in the rat vs the dog after repeated doses. Differences in toxicity between these species are consistent with tissue levels but not plasma levels. No species differences in patterns of drug metabolism could be found in association with the marked difference in tissue cumulation.", "contents": "The objective and timing of drug disposition studies, appendix I. Species differences in the tissue distribution of metazimid, an imidazolone derivative. A marked species difference has been observed in the tissue distribution of metazimid in the rat vs the dog after repeated doses. Differences in toxicity between these species are consistent with tissue levels but not plasma levels. No species differences in patterns of drug metabolism could be found in association with the marked difference in tissue cumulation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222682", "title": "The objective and timing of drug disposition studies, appendix II. Plasma concentrations of oxyphenbutazone in dogs given oxyphenbutazone or the calcium or sodium salts of its phosphate ester.", "content": "Plasma levels of oxyphenbutazone were measured in beagle dogs following oral administration of oxyphenbutazone and salts of oxyphenbutazone phosphate. Dosage with sodium and calcium salts of oxyphenbutazone phosphate produced higher oxyphenbutazone plasma levels than dosage with oxyphenbutazone itself. Oxyphenbutazone phosphate was not detected in plasma following oral dosing with salts of oxyphenbutazone phosphate but was found in plasma following intramuscular administration of oxyphenbutazone phosphate sodium salt. A metabolite, oxyphenbutazone glucuronide, was found in plasma of dogs following administration of either oxyphenbutazone or salts of oxyphenbutazone phosphate.", "contents": "The objective and timing of drug disposition studies, appendix II. Plasma concentrations of oxyphenbutazone in dogs given oxyphenbutazone or the calcium or sodium salts of its phosphate ester. Plasma levels of oxyphenbutazone were measured in beagle dogs following oral administration of oxyphenbutazone and salts of oxyphenbutazone phosphate. Dosage with sodium and calcium salts of oxyphenbutazone phosphate produced higher oxyphenbutazone plasma levels than dosage with oxyphenbutazone itself. Oxyphenbutazone phosphate was not detected in plasma following oral dosing with salts of oxyphenbutazone phosphate but was found in plasma following intramuscular administration of oxyphenbutazone phosphate sodium salt. A metabolite, oxyphenbutazone glucuronide, was found in plasma of dogs following administration of either oxyphenbutazone or salts of oxyphenbutazone phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:1222676", "title": "An economic principle for regulating rhythms of plants.", "content": "Supposing that rhythms as biological events must be teleologically regulated, the phase relations of the rhythms in the leaf movement of Canavalia ensiformis, exposed to periodical light-darkness changes, are investigated. Pergressive Fourier analysis is applied because it is especially suitable for such analyses. In order to understand the demonstration, a short description of this method is given. It is a variant of the Schuster method, developing at the end of the last century. It is demonstrated in particular that the three parameters of a sine function can be calculated. The key for this calculation is a parallel effect in the phase diagram by which it is possible to calculate the period T of a sine even if the analysis interval p is not a whole-numbered multiple of the period T. Because this parallel effect occurs even if the parameters of a sine have more or less great random oscillations, a heuristic principle is defined for revealing sine-like rhythms hidden in a curve or data. Its approximation to the analyzed curve or data can be calculated by an application of the method of the error squares of Gauss or by drawing. By applying this method it is demonstrated that the leaf movement of Canavalia ensiformis follows an economic principle if the plant is exposed to artificial changes of light and darkness of different periods. The rhythm with the weaker amplitude is so regulated by the stronger rhythm that extreme values coincide as much as possible. By such movement of the leaves the plant applies the smallest amount of mechanical energy, to produce the weaker rhythm simultaneously with the stronger.", "contents": "An economic principle for regulating rhythms of plants. Supposing that rhythms as biological events must be teleologically regulated, the phase relations of the rhythms in the leaf movement of Canavalia ensiformis, exposed to periodical light-darkness changes, are investigated. Pergressive Fourier analysis is applied because it is especially suitable for such analyses. In order to understand the demonstration, a short description of this method is given. It is a variant of the Schuster method, developing at the end of the last century. It is demonstrated in particular that the three parameters of a sine function can be calculated. The key for this calculation is a parallel effect in the phase diagram by which it is possible to calculate the period T of a sine even if the analysis interval p is not a whole-numbered multiple of the period T. Because this parallel effect occurs even if the parameters of a sine have more or less great random oscillations, a heuristic principle is defined for revealing sine-like rhythms hidden in a curve or data. Its approximation to the analyzed curve or data can be calculated by an application of the method of the error squares of Gauss or by drawing. By applying this method it is demonstrated that the leaf movement of Canavalia ensiformis follows an economic principle if the plant is exposed to artificial changes of light and darkness of different periods. The rhythm with the weaker amplitude is so regulated by the stronger rhythm that extreme values coincide as much as possible. By such movement of the leaves the plant applies the smallest amount of mechanical energy, to produce the weaker rhythm simultaneously with the stronger."}
{"id": "PMID:1222677", "title": "The switch mechanism in periodic catatonia and manic-depressive disorder.", "content": "Both in periodic catatonia and in manic-depressive disorders sudden switches occur in behavior, in the autonomic nervous system and in the catecholamine metabolism during the transition from interval or depression into catatonia or mania. Both the manic and the catatonic attacks seem to be superimposed on the basic depressive or schizophrenic illnesses. The attacks can be counteracted or suppressed by psychotropic drugs such as alpha-methyldopa, disulfiram, reserpine, haloperidol or chloropromazine which interfere with the catecholamine metabolism or their receptor sites. The involvement of the catecholamines may however be secondary to primary defects in the thyroid, the hypothalamus or the limbic system. The strict periodicity in periodic catatonia points to an accumulation of some active metabolite which may be produced centrally during the interval. At a certain level it may trigger the switch-mechanism and then be reduced during the catatonic phase. In periodic catatonia both the basic schizophrenic disease as well as the periodic manifestations are compensated by thyroxine-thyroid treatment.", "contents": "The switch mechanism in periodic catatonia and manic-depressive disorder. Both in periodic catatonia and in manic-depressive disorders sudden switches occur in behavior, in the autonomic nervous system and in the catecholamine metabolism during the transition from interval or depression into catatonia or mania. Both the manic and the catatonic attacks seem to be superimposed on the basic depressive or schizophrenic illnesses. The attacks can be counteracted or suppressed by psychotropic drugs such as alpha-methyldopa, disulfiram, reserpine, haloperidol or chloropromazine which interfere with the catecholamine metabolism or their receptor sites. The involvement of the catecholamines may however be secondary to primary defects in the thyroid, the hypothalamus or the limbic system. The strict periodicity in periodic catatonia points to an accumulation of some active metabolite which may be produced centrally during the interval. At a certain level it may trigger the switch-mechanism and then be reduced during the catatonic phase. In periodic catatonia both the basic schizophrenic disease as well as the periodic manifestations are compensated by thyroxine-thyroid treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1222683", "title": "The objective and timing of drug disposition studies, appendix III. Diethylpropion and its metabolites in the blood plasma of the human after subcutaneous and oral administration.", "content": "Diethylpropion hydrochloride is an effective anorexiant at the recommended dose of 25 mg three times a day. Previous work in volunteers to evaluate the effects of much larger doses showed that 400 mg given orally was equipotent with 600 mg subcutaneously in terms of subjective and physiologic effects, i.e., the drug was more potent orally than subcutaneously. In one volunteer, blood level studies after a 600-mg subcutaneous dose showed concentrations of unchanged diethylpropion in the plasma about three times as high as those found after the equipotent 400 mg oral dose. In nine other volunteers, the plasma concentrations of unchanged diethylpropion found after a 75-mg oral dose was less than 1/100 of that observed after a 400-mg oral dose. These observations suggest a rapid but limited metabolic capacity for conversion of diethylpropion to its metabolites. The data indicate that the metabolites, rather than the parent drug, are responsible for the pharmacologic responses seen with doses much larger than those necessary for inducting anorexia.", "contents": "The objective and timing of drug disposition studies, appendix III. Diethylpropion and its metabolites in the blood plasma of the human after subcutaneous and oral administration. Diethylpropion hydrochloride is an effective anorexiant at the recommended dose of 25 mg three times a day. Previous work in volunteers to evaluate the effects of much larger doses showed that 400 mg given orally was equipotent with 600 mg subcutaneously in terms of subjective and physiologic effects, i.e., the drug was more potent orally than subcutaneously. In one volunteer, blood level studies after a 600-mg subcutaneous dose showed concentrations of unchanged diethylpropion in the plasma about three times as high as those found after the equipotent 400 mg oral dose. In nine other volunteers, the plasma concentrations of unchanged diethylpropion found after a 75-mg oral dose was less than 1/100 of that observed after a 400-mg oral dose. These observations suggest a rapid but limited metabolic capacity for conversion of diethylpropion to its metabolites. The data indicate that the metabolites, rather than the parent drug, are responsible for the pharmacologic responses seen with doses much larger than those necessary for inducting anorexia."}
{"id": "PMID:1222684", "title": "The objective and timing of drug disposition studies, appendix IV. Phenylbutazone formulations: in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance.", "content": "Human plasma level studies were conducted on various phenylbutazone formulations. The resultant data indicated that the nature of the formulation had a marked influence on the rate of phenylbutazone absorption. An in vitro dissolution rate apparatus was employed in an attempt to predict potential absorption of phenylbutazone from a given formulation. Based upon the in vitro-in vivo correlation, a new phenylbutazone tablet product was developed which produced a complete and more rapid absorption of the drug.", "contents": "The objective and timing of drug disposition studies, appendix IV. Phenylbutazone formulations: in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance. Human plasma level studies were conducted on various phenylbutazone formulations. The resultant data indicated that the nature of the formulation had a marked influence on the rate of phenylbutazone absorption. An in vitro dissolution rate apparatus was employed in an attempt to predict potential absorption of phenylbutazone from a given formulation. Based upon the in vitro-in vivo correlation, a new phenylbutazone tablet product was developed which produced a complete and more rapid absorption of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:1222678", "title": "Autorhythmometry in manic-depressives.", "content": "Three manic-depressives were studied longitudinally. Several times a day, the patients measured and recorded their mood, vigor, oral temperature, finger counting, blood pressure, pulse rate, and urine volume. Then the acrophases of their circadian rhythms were computed by a least-squares fit. These patients displayed rhythm phases that were grossly abnormal. Systematic acrophase changes over time supported the hypothesis that manic-depressives have circadian rhythms that free-run faster than one cycle per 24 hrs. Lithium appeared to slow these rhythms and help the environmental synchronizer force physiological functions to coordinate better with the usual 24-h environmental cycles.", "contents": "Autorhythmometry in manic-depressives. Three manic-depressives were studied longitudinally. Several times a day, the patients measured and recorded their mood, vigor, oral temperature, finger counting, blood pressure, pulse rate, and urine volume. Then the acrophases of their circadian rhythms were computed by a least-squares fit. These patients displayed rhythm phases that were grossly abnormal. Systematic acrophase changes over time supported the hypothesis that manic-depressives have circadian rhythms that free-run faster than one cycle per 24 hrs. Lithium appeared to slow these rhythms and help the environmental synchronizer force physiological functions to coordinate better with the usual 24-h environmental cycles."}
{"id": "PMID:1222680", "title": "Circadian rhythms of electrolyte and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.", "content": "The circadian rhythms of excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-ohcs) were determined in five normal subjects, in six patients with hyperthyroidism and five with hypothyroidism. Constant diets with identical 3-hourly feedings were employed, and urine collections were made every 3 hrs during a 3-day study period. The circadian patterns of urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and 17-OHCS were similar in all three groups with distinct daytime peaks and nighttime nadirs. The total quantities of the ions and 17-OHCS excreted were greater in hyperthyroid than in hypothyroid patients with the greatest difference noted with the 17-OHCS. The rhythms for calcium, magnesium and phosphorus excretion were accentuated in hyperthyroid patients but similar to those in normal subjects with early morning calcium and magnesium peaks and a phosphorus peak approximately 12 hrs later. While a similar although blunted circadian pattern for calcium and perhaps magnesium excretion was noted in hypothyroid patients, their phosphorus rhythms were distorted and rather flat. These latter results confirm the observation of MINTZ et al. and are compatible with their interpretation that thyroid hormone is permissibly necessary for the expression of a normal phosphaturic rhythm and that the circulating level of thyroid hormone influences the amplitude of the phosphaturic rhythm.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of electrolyte and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The circadian rhythms of excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-ohcs) were determined in five normal subjects, in six patients with hyperthyroidism and five with hypothyroidism. Constant diets with identical 3-hourly feedings were employed, and urine collections were made every 3 hrs during a 3-day study period. The circadian patterns of urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and 17-OHCS were similar in all three groups with distinct daytime peaks and nighttime nadirs. The total quantities of the ions and 17-OHCS excreted were greater in hyperthyroid than in hypothyroid patients with the greatest difference noted with the 17-OHCS. The rhythms for calcium, magnesium and phosphorus excretion were accentuated in hyperthyroid patients but similar to those in normal subjects with early morning calcium and magnesium peaks and a phosphorus peak approximately 12 hrs later. While a similar although blunted circadian pattern for calcium and perhaps magnesium excretion was noted in hypothyroid patients, their phosphorus rhythms were distorted and rather flat. These latter results confirm the observation of MINTZ et al. and are compatible with their interpretation that thyroid hormone is permissibly necessary for the expression of a normal phosphaturic rhythm and that the circulating level of thyroid hormone influences the amplitude of the phosphaturic rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:1222700", "title": "[Comparative studies of the glycogen content in the gingiva in patients with periodontal disease and in experimental dogs].", "content": "Comparative examinations were carried out on the Glycogen content in the gingiva of patients suffering from parodontal disease as well as in dogs with experimental model of parodontal disease. The latter was obtained by stimulation of the mandibular nerve by means of a silk ligature. Thirty-five biopsies were taken from the patients, suffering from parodontal disease and eight - from 4 experimental dogs. The preparations were treated with periodic acid (PAS reaction).", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the glycogen content in the gingiva in patients with periodontal disease and in experimental dogs]. Comparative examinations were carried out on the Glycogen content in the gingiva of patients suffering from parodontal disease as well as in dogs with experimental model of parodontal disease. The latter was obtained by stimulation of the mandibular nerve by means of a silk ligature. Thirty-five biopsies were taken from the patients, suffering from parodontal disease and eight - from 4 experimental dogs. The preparations were treated with periodic acid (PAS reaction)."}
{"id": "PMID:1222701", "title": "[Studies of the changes in the content of total serum protein and protein fractions of white Wistar laboratory rats in the process of ontogeny].", "content": "The authors examined the changes in the content of the total protein and the protein fractions during the process of Ontogeny in the Blood Serum of 10 female and 10 male random bred rats of the Wistar strain. The examinations were carried out on the fifteenth, thirtieth, sixtieth day of age and when the rats were one year old. The authors found that the content of the total protein in the blood serum in both sexes was increased with advancement of age alpha2-, beta- and gamma-globulin fractions showed a tendency to an increase with advancement of age. The fraction albumin + alpha1 globulin was diminished quantitatively with advancement of age in both sexes.", "contents": "[Studies of the changes in the content of total serum protein and protein fractions of white Wistar laboratory rats in the process of ontogeny]. The authors examined the changes in the content of the total protein and the protein fractions during the process of Ontogeny in the Blood Serum of 10 female and 10 male random bred rats of the Wistar strain. The examinations were carried out on the fifteenth, thirtieth, sixtieth day of age and when the rats were one year old. The authors found that the content of the total protein in the blood serum in both sexes was increased with advancement of age alpha2-, beta- and gamma-globulin fractions showed a tendency to an increase with advancement of age. The fraction albumin + alpha1 globulin was diminished quantitatively with advancement of age in both sexes."}
{"id": "PMID:1222702", "title": "[Reaction to injury and recovery in the arterial wall].", "content": "The author describes the histological and ultrastructural manifestations of the reactions of the arterial wall after experimental damage and the phases, through which the process of repair passed. After the initial response the standard hemostatic and inflammatory reaction in all cases occurred substitution of the damaged areas of the arterial wall and regeneration of the involved cellular components of the arterial tissue, which caused repair of its integrity. The repair reaction was manifested with proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the subendothelial area of the damaged artery and with abundant accumulation of the connective tissue martrix, which after some period of time caused formation of the so called intimal thickening. In cases with many massive intimal thickenings there were disturbances in the transparietal diffusion of oxygen and nutritive substances, which affected favourably the penetration of serum lipoproteins in the arterial wall and facilated for the development of atherosclerosis in the zones of the preceding arterial damage.", "contents": "[Reaction to injury and recovery in the arterial wall]. The author describes the histological and ultrastructural manifestations of the reactions of the arterial wall after experimental damage and the phases, through which the process of repair passed. After the initial response the standard hemostatic and inflammatory reaction in all cases occurred substitution of the damaged areas of the arterial wall and regeneration of the involved cellular components of the arterial tissue, which caused repair of its integrity. The repair reaction was manifested with proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the subendothelial area of the damaged artery and with abundant accumulation of the connective tissue martrix, which after some period of time caused formation of the so called intimal thickening. In cases with many massive intimal thickenings there were disturbances in the transparietal diffusion of oxygen and nutritive substances, which affected favourably the penetration of serum lipoproteins in the arterial wall and facilated for the development of atherosclerosis in the zones of the preceding arterial damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1222703", "title": "[Studies on the differences between the skin of nude mice and bald skin in man].", "content": "The author carried out studies and established that in contrast to the bald skin of a man the elastic fibres in the skin of naked mice were completely normal and the small arteries and arterioles were with normal structure, because of which they could not be considered as a cause of degeneration of hair follicles, falling of hairs and of their irreplaceability with hairs grown externaly in these animals (fig. 4 a and b, fig. 5 a and b). The processes, occuring in the skin of the mice, are determined genetically and their manifestations represent changes in features, which, induced by mutation, are inherited.", "contents": "[Studies on the differences between the skin of nude mice and bald skin in man]. The author carried out studies and established that in contrast to the bald skin of a man the elastic fibres in the skin of naked mice were completely normal and the small arteries and arterioles were with normal structure, because of which they could not be considered as a cause of degeneration of hair follicles, falling of hairs and of their irreplaceability with hairs grown externaly in these animals (fig. 4 a and b, fig. 5 a and b). The processes, occuring in the skin of the mice, are determined genetically and their manifestations represent changes in features, which, induced by mutation, are inherited."}
{"id": "PMID:1222704", "title": "[Distribution of methionine-75Se in animals with experimental atherosclerosis treated with a protein hydrolysate].", "content": "It is well known that accumulation of methionine in the internal organs is weaker in animals with experimental atherosclerosis. On the basis of this concept the authors carried out studies on rabbits and guinea pigs with atherosclerosis, induced by cholesterol diet and treated with protein hydrolysate-hydropront in a dose of 5 ml/kg of body weight daily for rabbits and every two days for guinea pigs. Distribution of methionine 75Se was examined in the internal organs. The radioisotope in a dose of 5 microcurie was injected two hours before killing of the animals. There was a reduced accumulation of methionine 75Se in the internal organs of rabbits and guinea pigs with experimental atherosclerosis. The disturbances were increased after prolongation of cholesterol feeding. The application of protein hydrolysate considerably improved the accumulation of methionine in the treated animals compared with the untreated animals with atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Distribution of methionine-75Se in animals with experimental atherosclerosis treated with a protein hydrolysate]. It is well known that accumulation of methionine in the internal organs is weaker in animals with experimental atherosclerosis. On the basis of this concept the authors carried out studies on rabbits and guinea pigs with atherosclerosis, induced by cholesterol diet and treated with protein hydrolysate-hydropront in a dose of 5 ml/kg of body weight daily for rabbits and every two days for guinea pigs. Distribution of methionine 75Se was examined in the internal organs. The radioisotope in a dose of 5 microcurie was injected two hours before killing of the animals. There was a reduced accumulation of methionine 75Se in the internal organs of rabbits and guinea pigs with experimental atherosclerosis. The disturbances were increased after prolongation of cholesterol feeding. The application of protein hydrolysate considerably improved the accumulation of methionine in the treated animals compared with the untreated animals with atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222705", "title": "[Changes in kidney function and the cortisol and ADH levels after peritoneal dialysis with 5% glucose in dogs].", "content": "The authors made peritoneal dialisis with 5% of glucose (7 ml/kg of body weight) in 11 dogs under the conditions of an acute experiments. They examined cortiosl and ADH activity, hematocrite and plasma protein in the samples of blood, obtained on the 20th and 50th minute. ADH was titrated biologicaly by a new method, proposed by Nacev. The results were compared with the changes in the circulatory and renal indices, obtained at the same procedure in the preceding investigations. There was an increase in the cortisol and ADH activity, which could be explained by the total hypovolemia, induced by peritoneal dialisis. The increase of the cortisol level is described as a separate link in a more complex mechanism, assuring metabolic homeostasis.", "contents": "[Changes in kidney function and the cortisol and ADH levels after peritoneal dialysis with 5% glucose in dogs]. The authors made peritoneal dialisis with 5% of glucose (7 ml/kg of body weight) in 11 dogs under the conditions of an acute experiments. They examined cortiosl and ADH activity, hematocrite and plasma protein in the samples of blood, obtained on the 20th and 50th minute. ADH was titrated biologicaly by a new method, proposed by Nacev. The results were compared with the changes in the circulatory and renal indices, obtained at the same procedure in the preceding investigations. There was an increase in the cortisol and ADH activity, which could be explained by the total hypovolemia, induced by peritoneal dialisis. The increase of the cortisol level is described as a separate link in a more complex mechanism, assuring metabolic homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222706", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of liver regeneration after treatment with carbon tetrachloride and heterologous antihepatic serum].", "content": "The authors carried out an autoradiographic study on the regeneratory processes in liver of 130 rats, which were treated with carbon tetrachloride and heterologous antiliver serum at various dilutions. The obtained results showed that this serum stimulated the synthesis of DNA in the parenchymal mesenchymal cells of liver, damaged diffusely. The effect of stimulation on DNA-synthesis in the animals of the experimental group, treated with 0,5 ml of heterolougous antiliver serum in dilution of 1:10 with saline, was mostly manifested. According to the authors the stimulation of DNA-synthesis was accomplished most probably by means of the mechanisms of the so called \"immune enhancement\".", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of liver regeneration after treatment with carbon tetrachloride and heterologous antihepatic serum]. The authors carried out an autoradiographic study on the regeneratory processes in liver of 130 rats, which were treated with carbon tetrachloride and heterologous antiliver serum at various dilutions. The obtained results showed that this serum stimulated the synthesis of DNA in the parenchymal mesenchymal cells of liver, damaged diffusely. The effect of stimulation on DNA-synthesis in the animals of the experimental group, treated with 0,5 ml of heterolougous antiliver serum in dilution of 1:10 with saline, was mostly manifested. According to the authors the stimulation of DNA-synthesis was accomplished most probably by means of the mechanisms of the so called \"immune enhancement\"."}
{"id": "PMID:1222707", "title": "[Standardized system for incorporating labelled amino acid in vitro with rat spleen fractions].", "content": "The authors describe a standardized system devoid of cells with polyribosomes and total cellular juice, obtained from a rat spleen. They discuss the dependence between incorporating capability and the temperature of incubation, concentration of magnesium ions as well as the significance of single components for the optimal capacity of the incorporating system.", "contents": "[Standardized system for incorporating labelled amino acid in vitro with rat spleen fractions]. The authors describe a standardized system devoid of cells with polyribosomes and total cellular juice, obtained from a rat spleen. They discuss the dependence between incorporating capability and the temperature of incubation, concentration of magnesium ions as well as the significance of single components for the optimal capacity of the incorporating system."}
{"id": "PMID:1222708", "title": "[Terminal bundle-branch block (TBB) in acute and chronic overloading of the right heart].", "content": "The authors performed a model loading of the right heart ventricle in 40 dogs in 17 dogs--acute tension loading by creating a partial ligature (banding) of the pulmonary artery; the dogs were examined in respect to the changes hemodynamics and ECG for a period of three hours. In the second group of 10 dogs a chronic tension loading of the right heart was created by a partial ligation of the pulmonary artery (banding); the dogs were followed--up in respect to hemodynamic and vectocardiographic changes for a period of one year. In the other group of 10 dogs a chronic loading of the right heart: was formed by operative route and interatrial defect was obtained; the dogs were followed-up in respect to hemodynamics and vectrocardiographic changes for a period of one year. The authors described the changes in the intraventricular conduction of vectro cardiograms, made by the three plane system of Akulincev, and these vectrocardiograms were compared with the type and degree of loading as well as with the morphologic changes occurred in the heart. The authors indicated the nonspecificity of TBB as a sign of volume loading of the right heart ventricle.", "contents": "[Terminal bundle-branch block (TBB) in acute and chronic overloading of the right heart]. The authors performed a model loading of the right heart ventricle in 40 dogs in 17 dogs--acute tension loading by creating a partial ligature (banding) of the pulmonary artery; the dogs were examined in respect to the changes hemodynamics and ECG for a period of three hours. In the second group of 10 dogs a chronic tension loading of the right heart was created by a partial ligation of the pulmonary artery (banding); the dogs were followed--up in respect to hemodynamic and vectocardiographic changes for a period of one year. In the other group of 10 dogs a chronic loading of the right heart: was formed by operative route and interatrial defect was obtained; the dogs were followed-up in respect to hemodynamics and vectrocardiographic changes for a period of one year. The authors described the changes in the intraventricular conduction of vectro cardiograms, made by the three plane system of Akulincev, and these vectrocardiograms were compared with the type and degree of loading as well as with the morphologic changes occurred in the heart. The authors indicated the nonspecificity of TBB as a sign of volume loading of the right heart ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:1222709", "title": "[Spasmolytic activity of a piperazine derivative under the code number of 4P-79].", "content": "The author examined the pharmacologic spasmolytic action of a pyperasine derivative under the code 4P-79. She examined the effect of the compound on four types of spasms, induced by acethylcholine, nicotine, histamine and serotonine on an isolated rabbit intestine. The mean effective concentrations were determined and they were compared with the mean effective concentrations of papaverine and benzylharmine, estimated in parallel experiments. It was found that 4P-79 had high spasmolytic activity, surpassing several times that of the preparations used for comparison. There was a marked antiserotonine effect on the first place. The compound was examined also on an intestine \"in situ\" by the method of Nikolaev Comparative experiments with papaverine and deseryl were conducted.", "contents": "[Spasmolytic activity of a piperazine derivative under the code number of 4P-79]. The author examined the pharmacologic spasmolytic action of a pyperasine derivative under the code 4P-79. She examined the effect of the compound on four types of spasms, induced by acethylcholine, nicotine, histamine and serotonine on an isolated rabbit intestine. The mean effective concentrations were determined and they were compared with the mean effective concentrations of papaverine and benzylharmine, estimated in parallel experiments. It was found that 4P-79 had high spasmolytic activity, surpassing several times that of the preparations used for comparison. There was a marked antiserotonine effect on the first place. The compound was examined also on an intestine \"in situ\" by the method of Nikolaev Comparative experiments with papaverine and deseryl were conducted."}
{"id": "PMID:1222710", "title": "[Gentamicin toxicity to animals of both sexes and different ages].", "content": "Gentamycin acute toxicity in sexually-immature and sexually-mature male and female rats was tested comparatively. DL50 for the female sexually-mature rats was found to be statistically reliable lower than that for the remaining three groups of animals. The greatest differences were observed in the values for the maximum non-lethal and minimum lethal doses of this antibiotic. The authors suggeste the use of a new index for the evaluation of gentamycin acute toxicity called Dose Range Index.", "contents": "[Gentamicin toxicity to animals of both sexes and different ages]. Gentamycin acute toxicity in sexually-immature and sexually-mature male and female rats was tested comparatively. DL50 for the female sexually-mature rats was found to be statistically reliable lower than that for the remaining three groups of animals. The greatest differences were observed in the values for the maximum non-lethal and minimum lethal doses of this antibiotic. The authors suggeste the use of a new index for the evaluation of gentamycin acute toxicity called Dose Range Index."}
{"id": "PMID:1222711", "title": "[Effect of nivaline on some links in the oxidation-reduction and energy processes in striated and cardiac muscles].", "content": "The authors examined the effect of nivaline on the oxyreductive and energetic processes in the striated and smooth muscles under the conditions of a laboratory experiment. After determining the changes occurred in the succinatdehydrogenase, glutamat-dehydrogenase, glutamat-oxalacetic and glutamat-pyruvic transaminases, adenosinotriphosphate and adenosinemonophosphate, the authors found that nivaline enhanced oxyreuctive and energetic processes, connected with accumulation of adenosintriphosphate, which abolished quickly the fatique.", "contents": "[Effect of nivaline on some links in the oxidation-reduction and energy processes in striated and cardiac muscles]. The authors examined the effect of nivaline on the oxyreductive and energetic processes in the striated and smooth muscles under the conditions of a laboratory experiment. After determining the changes occurred in the succinatdehydrogenase, glutamat-dehydrogenase, glutamat-oxalacetic and glutamat-pyruvic transaminases, adenosinotriphosphate and adenosinemonophosphate, the authors found that nivaline enhanced oxyreuctive and energetic processes, connected with accumulation of adenosintriphosphate, which abolished quickly the fatique."}
{"id": "PMID:1222712", "title": "[Our experience with the Soviet \"Thromb-2\" thromboelastograph].", "content": "The soviet thrombelastograph \"Thromb-2\" is four-channel, recording the processes of coagulation of whole and citrate blood at 37 degrees C. It is used for macro- and micro tests as micro tests are performed with peripheral blood as well. The recording of the process is achieved immediately by means of a moving diagram paper for a two-sided or one-sided record, using writing apparatus with ink. The velocity of the diagram paper is such that it assures a great precission of the recording. The charaeter of the thrombelastogram itself is determined by an electrical signal, proportional to the elasticity of the formed blood coagulum. Maintenance of the thrombelastograph with paper and ink is easy, available and cheap.", "contents": "[Our experience with the Soviet \"Thromb-2\" thromboelastograph]. The soviet thrombelastograph \"Thromb-2\" is four-channel, recording the processes of coagulation of whole and citrate blood at 37 degrees C. It is used for macro- and micro tests as micro tests are performed with peripheral blood as well. The recording of the process is achieved immediately by means of a moving diagram paper for a two-sided or one-sided record, using writing apparatus with ink. The velocity of the diagram paper is such that it assures a great precission of the recording. The charaeter of the thrombelastogram itself is determined by an electrical signal, proportional to the elasticity of the formed blood coagulum. Maintenance of the thrombelastograph with paper and ink is easy, available and cheap."}
{"id": "PMID:1222713", "title": "[Excretion of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, vanilmandelic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the urine of volunteers treated with adepren].", "content": "The authors examined the excretion of dopamine, noradrenaline, drenaline, vanylalmond acid and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in urine of healthy volunteers, treated with the original Bulgarian preparation Adepren for a period of ten days. There was an increase of the excretion of dopamine and adrenaline, but a tendency to a reduction of noradrenaline and vanylalmond acid. There were no changes in the excretion of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid. The authors interpreted the obtained results most probably of MAO-inhibiting effect of the preparation.", "contents": "[Excretion of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, vanilmandelic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the urine of volunteers treated with adepren]. The authors examined the excretion of dopamine, noradrenaline, drenaline, vanylalmond acid and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in urine of healthy volunteers, treated with the original Bulgarian preparation Adepren for a period of ten days. There was an increase of the excretion of dopamine and adrenaline, but a tendency to a reduction of noradrenaline and vanylalmond acid. There were no changes in the excretion of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid. The authors interpreted the obtained results most probably of MAO-inhibiting effect of the preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222714", "title": "[K+, H+ and Ca++ concentrations in the perivascular fluid as a factor in the regulation of the lumina of the vessels of the pia mater].", "content": "The author separed the vascular vessels of pia mater with a size of 20-150 microns in cats under penthobarbital narcosis. The perivascular area of the vessels was perfused by an artificial fluid with varying concentrations of potassium, hydrogen and calcium. The local contraction of the smooth vascular musculature was induced by stimulation  with rectangular impulses by means of electrodes introduced by micromanipulators in immediate vicinity of a vessel. The changes were recorded by means of microphotographic images of the vessels. It was established that the contraction of the vessels was observed when there was a lack of potassium or at concentration of 100 meq/l. There was no change at 2,5-3,0 and at 50-60 meq/l of potassium. Vasodilatation was found at 10-20 meq/l. Electrical stimulation caused stronger contraction of the vessel, when there was a lack of potassium in comparison with the norm (2,7 meq/l). The increase of potassium caused a reduction of the dimensions of the effect due to electrical stimulation. The vascular dilatation, induced by 10-20 meq/l of potassium was not affected by the increase of the calcium concentration (6-9 meq/l) in artificial fluid. The vasodilatation, induced by an increase of hydrogen, was abolished by raising the concentration of calcium in the artificial fluid. The obtained results were discussed.", "contents": "[K+, H+ and Ca++ concentrations in the perivascular fluid as a factor in the regulation of the lumina of the vessels of the pia mater]. The author separed the vascular vessels of pia mater with a size of 20-150 microns in cats under penthobarbital narcosis. The perivascular area of the vessels was perfused by an artificial fluid with varying concentrations of potassium, hydrogen and calcium. The local contraction of the smooth vascular musculature was induced by stimulation  with rectangular impulses by means of electrodes introduced by micromanipulators in immediate vicinity of a vessel. The changes were recorded by means of microphotographic images of the vessels. It was established that the contraction of the vessels was observed when there was a lack of potassium or at concentration of 100 meq/l. There was no change at 2,5-3,0 and at 50-60 meq/l of potassium. Vasodilatation was found at 10-20 meq/l. Electrical stimulation caused stronger contraction of the vessel, when there was a lack of potassium in comparison with the norm (2,7 meq/l). The increase of potassium caused a reduction of the dimensions of the effect due to electrical stimulation. The vascular dilatation, induced by 10-20 meq/l of potassium was not affected by the increase of the calcium concentration (6-9 meq/l) in artificial fluid. The vasodilatation, induced by an increase of hydrogen, was abolished by raising the concentration of calcium in the artificial fluid. The obtained results were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222715", "title": "[Normal urinary excretion of androgenic hormones in rats studied by a thin-layer chromatographic method].", "content": "The author determined the parameters of the normal excretion of androgenic hormones and their metabolites (10 separate components) in urine of male and female rats, using the method of thin-layer chromatography. The results could be accepted as norms of the androgenic excretion in white nonbred rats. Eight biological important coeffieients of androgens were found in urine of normal rats. The author discussed the physiological peculiarities of the androgenic excretion in rats. The report indicates the significance of thin-layer chromatography in determining the metabolic profile of androgens in urine of a rat in view of examining the functional state of the adrenal cortex, gonads and liver under various experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Normal urinary excretion of androgenic hormones in rats studied by a thin-layer chromatographic method]. The author determined the parameters of the normal excretion of androgenic hormones and their metabolites (10 separate components) in urine of male and female rats, using the method of thin-layer chromatography. The results could be accepted as norms of the androgenic excretion in white nonbred rats. Eight biological important coeffieients of androgens were found in urine of normal rats. The author discussed the physiological peculiarities of the androgenic excretion in rats. The report indicates the significance of thin-layer chromatography in determining the metabolic profile of androgens in urine of a rat in view of examining the functional state of the adrenal cortex, gonads and liver under various experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1222716", "title": "[Acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the peripheral blood leukocytes and in blast transformation in cell cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinins (PHA)].", "content": "The author examined the enzymic content of lymphocytes and the changes, which occurred after stimulation with phytohemaglutinins (PHA). There was a difference in the reaction of lymphocytes in healthy persons, in patients with virus diseases and in persons with malignant lympholeucosis.", "contents": "[Acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the peripheral blood leukocytes and in blast transformation in cell cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinins (PHA)]. The author examined the enzymic content of lymphocytes and the changes, which occurred after stimulation with phytohemaglutinins (PHA). There was a difference in the reaction of lymphocytes in healthy persons, in patients with virus diseases and in persons with malignant lympholeucosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1222717", "title": "[Early effect of cortisol on the in vitro binding activity of rat spleen polyribosomes].", "content": "The authors examined the influence of cortisol during the first eight hours after its intraperitoneal administration in rats on the spleen and its polyribosomes. It was found that the weight of the spleen, referred to the body weight, diminished statisticaly significantly six hour after hormone application. The translirating activity of the polyribosomes of the spleen at the same time and this was not due to the presence of an inhibitor or to a deficit of the information RNA, but to changes in the ribosomes themselves.", "contents": "[Early effect of cortisol on the in vitro binding activity of rat spleen polyribosomes]. The authors examined the influence of cortisol during the first eight hours after its intraperitoneal administration in rats on the spleen and its polyribosomes. It was found that the weight of the spleen, referred to the body weight, diminished statisticaly significantly six hour after hormone application. The translirating activity of the polyribosomes of the spleen at the same time and this was not due to the presence of an inhibitor or to a deficit of the information RNA, but to changes in the ribosomes themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:1222721", "title": "Release of calcitonin by cultures of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Three biopsies of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid were grown in monolayer culture. All three cultures initially released high levels of calcitonin into the medium, but the conretion from the culture cells was not stimulated when the medium calcium concentration was increased from 1.8 to 3.6 mEq/L. Four peaks of calcitonin immunoreactivity were found when the culture medium of one cell line was fractionated by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10. This closely corresponded to the heterogeneous molecular profile of calcitonin in the serum of this patient and other patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "contents": "Release of calcitonin by cultures of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Three biopsies of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid were grown in monolayer culture. All three cultures initially released high levels of calcitonin into the medium, but the conretion from the culture cells was not stimulated when the medium calcium concentration was increased from 1.8 to 3.6 mEq/L. Four peaks of calcitonin immunoreactivity were found when the culture medium of one cell line was fractionated by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10. This closely corresponded to the heterogeneous molecular profile of calcitonin in the serum of this patient and other patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid."}
{"id": "PMID:1222722", "title": "The hypothalamo-pancreatic axis: evidence for a neurohormonal pathway in the control of the release of insulin and glucagon.", "content": "Segments of freshly dissected rat hypothalamic tissue corresponding to the ventrolateral (VLH) and ventromedial (VMH) regions were incubated in Gey and Gey medium at 37 C under 95% O2 and 5% CO2 for 30 minutes. Groups of male rats which had been fasted for 6 hours received injections (i.v.) of either VMH medium or VLH medium while a third group received control medium only. Blood samples were taken from the aorta 3 minutes post-injection and circulating levels of insulin and glucagon were determined by RIA. The medium from the incubation of the VMH tissue significantly elevated glucagon levels and significantly lowered plasma concentrations of insulin compared to the levels in animals receiving injections of control medium. The hormone levels in animals receiving an injection of medium in which VLH tissue had been incubated did not differ significantly from the controls. In another type of experiment VMH medium, but not VLH medium, was able to overcome the somatostatin-induced inhibition of glucagon release. These observations suggest that hypothalamic factors may be involved in the regulation of the endocrine pancreas.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-pancreatic axis: evidence for a neurohormonal pathway in the control of the release of insulin and glucagon. Segments of freshly dissected rat hypothalamic tissue corresponding to the ventrolateral (VLH) and ventromedial (VMH) regions were incubated in Gey and Gey medium at 37 C under 95% O2 and 5% CO2 for 30 minutes. Groups of male rats which had been fasted for 6 hours received injections (i.v.) of either VMH medium or VLH medium while a third group received control medium only. Blood samples were taken from the aorta 3 minutes post-injection and circulating levels of insulin and glucagon were determined by RIA. The medium from the incubation of the VMH tissue significantly elevated glucagon levels and significantly lowered plasma concentrations of insulin compared to the levels in animals receiving injections of control medium. The hormone levels in animals receiving an injection of medium in which VLH tissue had been incubated did not differ significantly from the controls. In another type of experiment VMH medium, but not VLH medium, was able to overcome the somatostatin-induced inhibition of glucagon release. These observations suggest that hypothalamic factors may be involved in the regulation of the endocrine pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:1222723", "title": "Sex differences in the urinary catecholamines.", "content": "Urinary excretion of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine was measured in a group of adult men and women of comparable age during recumbency and then during stimulation by upright posture. Urinary norepinephrine was found to be significantly higher in women (30.3 +/- 4.4 ng/min/m2 B.S.) than in men (18.3 +/- 2.7 ng/min/m2 B.S.) during recumbency; there was no significant sex difference in dopamine and epinephrine excretion. There was no apparent trend indicating a difference in urinary catecholamine excretion during the follicular or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. In response to upright posture, there was a significant decrease in the urinary dopamine-norepinephrine ratio in both sexes; the magnitude of the decrease was, however, significantly higher in men (-9.9 +/- 3.0) than in women (-2.05 +/- 0.72). The mechanisms of the sex differences in urinary catecholamine excretion are unknown. Clinical studies involving catecholamines have to take these sex differences into account.", "contents": "Sex differences in the urinary catecholamines. Urinary excretion of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine was measured in a group of adult men and women of comparable age during recumbency and then during stimulation by upright posture. Urinary norepinephrine was found to be significantly higher in women (30.3 +/- 4.4 ng/min/m2 B.S.) than in men (18.3 +/- 2.7 ng/min/m2 B.S.) during recumbency; there was no significant sex difference in dopamine and epinephrine excretion. There was no apparent trend indicating a difference in urinary catecholamine excretion during the follicular or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. In response to upright posture, there was a significant decrease in the urinary dopamine-norepinephrine ratio in both sexes; the magnitude of the decrease was, however, significantly higher in men (-9.9 +/- 3.0) than in women (-2.05 +/- 0.72). The mechanisms of the sex differences in urinary catecholamine excretion are unknown. Clinical studies involving catecholamines have to take these sex differences into account."}
{"id": "PMID:1222724", "title": "Synthetic analogues of residues 1-34 of human parathyroid hormone: influence of residue number 1 on biological potency in vitro.", "content": "A biologically active tetratriacontapeptide of human parathyroid hormone, hPTH (1-34), has been synthesized together with a series of structural analogues involving changes at the amino-terminal residue. Acetylation of the terminal amino group results in a marked reduction in the biological potency as measured in the in vitro rat renal adenylyl cyclase assay. Deletion of the terminal amino group results in a loss of biological activity. Substitution of the amino-terminal serine residue with glycine gives a lowered potency whereas substitution with alanine results in a 2-5-fold increase in biological activity in the in vitro assay. The results are compared with the findings previously reported for a series of amino-terminal analogues of the bovine PTH 1-34 peptide.", "contents": "Synthetic analogues of residues 1-34 of human parathyroid hormone: influence of residue number 1 on biological potency in vitro. A biologically active tetratriacontapeptide of human parathyroid hormone, hPTH (1-34), has been synthesized together with a series of structural analogues involving changes at the amino-terminal residue. Acetylation of the terminal amino group results in a marked reduction in the biological potency as measured in the in vitro rat renal adenylyl cyclase assay. Deletion of the terminal amino group results in a loss of biological activity. Substitution of the amino-terminal serine residue with glycine gives a lowered potency whereas substitution with alanine results in a 2-5-fold increase in biological activity in the in vitro assay. The results are compared with the findings previously reported for a series of amino-terminal analogues of the bovine PTH 1-34 peptide."}
{"id": "PMID:1222725", "title": "Effect of estradiol on the early incorporation of (3H) thymidine into uterine DNA on immature mouse.", "content": "The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into uterine DNA was markedly depressed within 10 to 30 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of 17beta-estradiol to immature mouse. Maximum inhibition occurred about 6 hours after the hormone was administered. Uterine DNA content and the amount of [3H]thymidine incorporated into the acid-soluble fraction was not affected during the period of hormone-induced inhibition. Moreover, the in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine by isolated estradiol-treated mouse uterus was blocked. In contrast to the uterus, 17beta-estradiol did not influence the incorporation of thymidine into mouse liver DNA. Evidence is presented to show that the incorporation of thymidine into uterine DNA was blocked initially by 17beta-estradiol.", "contents": "Effect of estradiol on the early incorporation of (3H) thymidine into uterine DNA on immature mouse. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into uterine DNA was markedly depressed within 10 to 30 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of 17beta-estradiol to immature mouse. Maximum inhibition occurred about 6 hours after the hormone was administered. Uterine DNA content and the amount of [3H]thymidine incorporated into the acid-soluble fraction was not affected during the period of hormone-induced inhibition. Moreover, the in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine by isolated estradiol-treated mouse uterus was blocked. In contrast to the uterus, 17beta-estradiol did not influence the incorporation of thymidine into mouse liver DNA. Evidence is presented to show that the incorporation of thymidine into uterine DNA was blocked initially by 17beta-estradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:1222726", "title": "[Excretion of estriol-3-sulfate in the urine of pregnant women during the last trimester of pregnancy].", "content": "In this publication a method is given for quantitative determination of estriol-3-sulfate in urine of pregnant women. After separation of estriol-3-sulfate from glucuronides by liquid partition using acetone and NaOH the sulfate is hydrolyzed to estriol. The estriol is converted to an azodye which is separated by TLC and measured by remission analysis which a chromatogramm spectrophotometer. 59 cases have been investigated and the excretion pattern is given for estriol-3-sulfate in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The average excretion is 100 mug/24 hours in the 28th week and 356 mug/24 hours in the 42nd week of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Excretion of estriol-3-sulfate in the urine of pregnant women during the last trimester of pregnancy]. In this publication a method is given for quantitative determination of estriol-3-sulfate in urine of pregnant women. After separation of estriol-3-sulfate from glucuronides by liquid partition using acetone and NaOH the sulfate is hydrolyzed to estriol. The estriol is converted to an azodye which is separated by TLC and measured by remission analysis which a chromatogramm spectrophotometer. 59 cases have been investigated and the excretion pattern is given for estriol-3-sulfate in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The average excretion is 100 mug/24 hours in the 28th week and 356 mug/24 hours in the 42nd week of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1222727", "title": "[Excretion of estriol, estetrol, 16-epi-estriol, 16-keto-estradiol and 16-hydroxyestrone in the 24-hour urine of pregnant women in the last trimester].", "content": "In this publication a method is given which allows simultaneous estimation of estriol, estetrol, 16-epiestriol, 16-ketoestradiol and 16-hydroxyestrone in urine of pregnant women. First conjugates are precipitated with ammoniumsulfate and hydrolyzed. Then the steroids are extracted and converted to azodyes by reacting with the diazonium salt dark blue r. After separation by thin layer chromatography the azodyes are measured by remission analysis with a chromatogramm spectrophotometer. From the data obtained from 66 cases norm groups were set up for the excretion of the steroids in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. In the last month of pregnancy the average excretion, expressed in % of excreted estriol, is as follows: estetrol 5,7%, 16-epiestriol 3,1%, 16-ketoestradiol 7,0%, 16-hydroxyestrone 5,3%.", "contents": "[Excretion of estriol, estetrol, 16-epi-estriol, 16-keto-estradiol and 16-hydroxyestrone in the 24-hour urine of pregnant women in the last trimester]. In this publication a method is given which allows simultaneous estimation of estriol, estetrol, 16-epiestriol, 16-ketoestradiol and 16-hydroxyestrone in urine of pregnant women. First conjugates are precipitated with ammoniumsulfate and hydrolyzed. Then the steroids are extracted and converted to azodyes by reacting with the diazonium salt dark blue r. After separation by thin layer chromatography the azodyes are measured by remission analysis with a chromatogramm spectrophotometer. From the data obtained from 66 cases norm groups were set up for the excretion of the steroids in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. In the last month of pregnancy the average excretion, expressed in % of excreted estriol, is as follows: estetrol 5,7%, 16-epiestriol 3,1%, 16-ketoestradiol 7,0%, 16-hydroxyestrone 5,3%."}
{"id": "PMID:1222728", "title": "[Specific determination of estriol-16-glucuronide from the urine of pregnant women in the last trimester].", "content": "A method for quantitative estimation of estriol-16-glucuronide in urine of pregnant women is given. The glucuronide is isolated by precipitation with ammoniumsulfate (70% w/v) followed by extraction with ether-ethanol (3:1). The estriol-16-glucuronide is converted with dark blue r to an azodye, which is separated from colored impurities by passing through a small column of sodium sulfate. The absorbance of the eluted dye is measured at 520 nm. 75 cases were analyzed and it was found that the estriol-16-glucuronide excretion increases in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy from the average value of 9.06 mg/24 hours in the 28th week to 22.11 mg/24 hours in the 42nd week of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Specific determination of estriol-16-glucuronide from the urine of pregnant women in the last trimester]. A method for quantitative estimation of estriol-16-glucuronide in urine of pregnant women is given. The glucuronide is isolated by precipitation with ammoniumsulfate (70% w/v) followed by extraction with ether-ethanol (3:1). The estriol-16-glucuronide is converted with dark blue r to an azodye, which is separated from colored impurities by passing through a small column of sodium sulfate. The absorbance of the eluted dye is measured at 520 nm. 75 cases were analyzed and it was found that the estriol-16-glucuronide excretion increases in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy from the average value of 9.06 mg/24 hours in the 28th week to 22.11 mg/24 hours in the 42nd week of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1222729", "title": "Studies on extrahypophyseal sites of estrogen action in the induction of ovulation in rats.", "content": "To discover possible extrahypophyseal sites of estrogen action in the induction of ovulation, the influence of a s.c. injection of estradiol benzoate (EB) on cell nuclear sizes in the limbic-medial preoptic continuum of progesterone-pretreated cyclic rats was evaluated. The ovulatory dose of 5 mug EB caused a significant increase of nuclear volumes in the medial preoptic nucleus and the anterior and posterior parts of the medial amygdaloid nucleus. Precocious ovulation was induced in prepuberal female rats by unilateral implantation of a molten EB: cholesterol mixture into the posterior part of the mediocortical amygdala (PMCA), but not by implantation into the anterior part of this region (AMCA) or the medial preoptic area (MPA). In adult females injected s.c. with 2.0 mg progesterone on the day post estrus, bilateral implantation of 0.1 or 0.2 mug crystalline EB on the following day did not abolish the delaying effect of progesterone on the preovulatory LH increase and ovulation, when the implants were located in the MPA, lateral septum (LS), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), AMCA, PMCA or dorsal hippocampus (DHPC), whereas intrapituitary implants were highly effective. However, the bilateral introduction of large tallow pellets containing 0.1 mug EB each, into the LS, BST, AMCA or PMCA advanced ovulation in rats with progesterone-induced 5-day cycles. Equal pellets did neither induced ovulation nor an LH increase after implantation into the MPA or the DHPC. The results suggest that the anterior pituitary, mediocortical amygdala, BST and LS, but not the MPA or DHPC, are sites of the stimulatory feedback of estrogen on gonadotropin secretion in female rats, and that the amygdaloid response to estrogen differs between prepuberal and cyclic females.", "contents": "Studies on extrahypophyseal sites of estrogen action in the induction of ovulation in rats. To discover possible extrahypophyseal sites of estrogen action in the induction of ovulation, the influence of a s.c. injection of estradiol benzoate (EB) on cell nuclear sizes in the limbic-medial preoptic continuum of progesterone-pretreated cyclic rats was evaluated. The ovulatory dose of 5 mug EB caused a significant increase of nuclear volumes in the medial preoptic nucleus and the anterior and posterior parts of the medial amygdaloid nucleus. Precocious ovulation was induced in prepuberal female rats by unilateral implantation of a molten EB: cholesterol mixture into the posterior part of the mediocortical amygdala (PMCA), but not by implantation into the anterior part of this region (AMCA) or the medial preoptic area (MPA). In adult females injected s.c. with 2.0 mg progesterone on the day post estrus, bilateral implantation of 0.1 or 0.2 mug crystalline EB on the following day did not abolish the delaying effect of progesterone on the preovulatory LH increase and ovulation, when the implants were located in the MPA, lateral septum (LS), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), AMCA, PMCA or dorsal hippocampus (DHPC), whereas intrapituitary implants were highly effective. However, the bilateral introduction of large tallow pellets containing 0.1 mug EB each, into the LS, BST, AMCA or PMCA advanced ovulation in rats with progesterone-induced 5-day cycles. Equal pellets did neither induced ovulation nor an LH increase after implantation into the MPA or the DHPC. The results suggest that the anterior pituitary, mediocortical amygdala, BST and LS, but not the MPA or DHPC, are sites of the stimulatory feedback of estrogen on gonadotropin secretion in female rats, and that the amygdaloid response to estrogen differs between prepuberal and cyclic females."}
{"id": "PMID:1222730", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone without chromatography.", "content": "A simple and rapid radioimmunoassay for determination of testosterone in peripheral plasma is described. A crude extract of the plasma is assayed directly without chromatography using an antiserum raised against testosterone-3-(carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin. Accuracy and precision are satisfactory. Specificity is sufficient for the most purposes as has been demonstrated by comparison with a radioimmunoassay including chromatography.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone without chromatography. A simple and rapid radioimmunoassay for determination of testosterone in peripheral plasma is described. A crude extract of the plasma is assayed directly without chromatography using an antiserum raised against testosterone-3-(carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin. Accuracy and precision are satisfactory. Specificity is sufficient for the most purposes as has been demonstrated by comparison with a radioimmunoassay including chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:1222731", "title": "The effect of ligation of cauda epididymidis and vasectomy on testicular function in the adult gerbil (Meriones hurrianae).", "content": "1. The effects of ligation of caput, cauda epididymides and vasectomy were studied in adult gerbils. 2. The operations were performed unilaterally, the testis and epididymides on the contralateral side serving as controls. 3. Ligation of cauda epididymides decrease testicular weight, whereas caput ligation did not change the testis weight. Accessory sex glands were reduced in size. 4. Ligation caused a drastic degeneration of the spermatogenic cells. There was a complete disruption of testicular function. Leydig cell hypertrophy was conspicuous. Caput and cauda ligation led to degenerative changes in the epididymides. Epididymal epithelium was regressed and the lumen was devoid of spermatozoa. 5. Caput and cauda ligation inhibited the synthesis of RNA, protein and sialic acid in testis and epididymides and depleted the fructose concentration in the seminal vesicle. 6. Vasectomy did not cause any alteration in sperm production during the 8 week period on the lighted side. The cytology and the biochemistry of the testis and epididymides appeared to be normal.", "contents": "The effect of ligation of cauda epididymidis and vasectomy on testicular function in the adult gerbil (Meriones hurrianae). 1. The effects of ligation of caput, cauda epididymides and vasectomy were studied in adult gerbils. 2. The operations were performed unilaterally, the testis and epididymides on the contralateral side serving as controls. 3. Ligation of cauda epididymides decrease testicular weight, whereas caput ligation did not change the testis weight. Accessory sex glands were reduced in size. 4. Ligation caused a drastic degeneration of the spermatogenic cells. There was a complete disruption of testicular function. Leydig cell hypertrophy was conspicuous. Caput and cauda ligation led to degenerative changes in the epididymides. Epididymal epithelium was regressed and the lumen was devoid of spermatozoa. 5. Caput and cauda ligation inhibited the synthesis of RNA, protein and sialic acid in testis and epididymides and depleted the fructose concentration in the seminal vesicle. 6. Vasectomy did not cause any alteration in sperm production during the 8 week period on the lighted side. The cytology and the biochemistry of the testis and epididymides appeared to be normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1222732", "title": "Pituitary cytology of radiothyroidectomised teleost Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.).", "content": "The pituitary of Heteropneustes fossilis is divisible into rostral (RPD) and proximal (PPD) pars distalis, and pars intermedia (PI). Neurohypophysis extensively ramifies in the PI. The RPD is formed of acidophilic prolactin cells and lead hematoxylin (H. Pb) positive ACTH cells. The latter is arranged around the neurohypophysial extensions. The PPD is comprised of thyrotrophs (TSH) and gonadotrophs which are stainable with PAS, AF, and aniline blue. Acidophilic somatotrophs (STH) and chromophobes are scattered throughout the PPD. In the pars intermedia PAS positive and H. Pb positive cells are present. The latter is believed to secrete MSH whereas the function of the former is yet to be confirmed. In the partly and completely thyroidectomised H. fossilis the TSH cells exhibited marked hypertrophy. They are located in the middle of the PPD flanked by the gonadotrophs on either side. Hypertrophy of the ACTH cells were also evident. But the other cell types did not show any marked changes as compared to the controls.", "contents": "Pituitary cytology of radiothyroidectomised teleost Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.). The pituitary of Heteropneustes fossilis is divisible into rostral (RPD) and proximal (PPD) pars distalis, and pars intermedia (PI). Neurohypophysis extensively ramifies in the PI. The RPD is formed of acidophilic prolactin cells and lead hematoxylin (H. Pb) positive ACTH cells. The latter is arranged around the neurohypophysial extensions. The PPD is comprised of thyrotrophs (TSH) and gonadotrophs which are stainable with PAS, AF, and aniline blue. Acidophilic somatotrophs (STH) and chromophobes are scattered throughout the PPD. In the pars intermedia PAS positive and H. Pb positive cells are present. The latter is believed to secrete MSH whereas the function of the former is yet to be confirmed. In the partly and completely thyroidectomised H. fossilis the TSH cells exhibited marked hypertrophy. They are located in the middle of the PPD flanked by the gonadotrophs on either side. Hypertrophy of the ACTH cells were also evident. But the other cell types did not show any marked changes as compared to the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1222733", "title": "The porphyrin content of harderian glands in rats and the melatonin-melanocyte stimulating hormone-system.", "content": "Porphyrin contents of the Harderian glands were compared in groups of rats composed according to sex and age, exposed to continuous darkness or 3000 Lux illumination, or to changing natural illumination around the clock. All instances of melatonin-prevalence (e.g. absence of light, prepuberty) increased, those of melanocyte stimulating hormone decrease the porphyrin contents. Intraperitoneal injections of these hormones evoked analogous changes, followed by secondary inverse responses. Results are interpreted in terms of antagonism, equilibrium and circadian imbalance of the above hormones. Damping of the latter by the fluorescent light of the Harderian gland is suggested.", "contents": "The porphyrin content of harderian glands in rats and the melatonin-melanocyte stimulating hormone-system. Porphyrin contents of the Harderian glands were compared in groups of rats composed according to sex and age, exposed to continuous darkness or 3000 Lux illumination, or to changing natural illumination around the clock. All instances of melatonin-prevalence (e.g. absence of light, prepuberty) increased, those of melanocyte stimulating hormone decrease the porphyrin contents. Intraperitoneal injections of these hormones evoked analogous changes, followed by secondary inverse responses. Results are interpreted in terms of antagonism, equilibrium and circadian imbalance of the above hormones. Damping of the latter by the fluorescent light of the Harderian gland is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1222734", "title": "Alcohol inhibition of formalin induced depletion of neurosecretory material in the teleost Clarias batrachus (L).", "content": "In the normal C. batrachus a fair amount of stainable neurosecretory material (NSM) is always present in all the component parts of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial (HN) complex. When formalin was injected intraperitoneally 70 to 90% of the NSM was depleted from the HN complex. When ethyl alcohol was administered immediately after formalin treatment, the depletion of NSM was inhibited, and their staining intensity could be compared with those of untreated controls.", "contents": "Alcohol inhibition of formalin induced depletion of neurosecretory material in the teleost Clarias batrachus (L). In the normal C. batrachus a fair amount of stainable neurosecretory material (NSM) is always present in all the component parts of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial (HN) complex. When formalin was injected intraperitoneally 70 to 90% of the NSM was depleted from the HN complex. When ethyl alcohol was administered immediately after formalin treatment, the depletion of NSM was inhibited, and their staining intensity could be compared with those of untreated controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1222735", "title": "[Deiodase activity in rats following an overdose of thyroid hormone].", "content": "The L-DIT and L-T4 deiodinating activity in supernatants from liver or kidney homogenates of normal rats or rats loaded with T4, T3 or TSH, was investigated. Deiodination of L-DIT occurs in liver supernatants twice as much as in liver, referring to mg of protein of g of tissue, while the deiodination of L-T4 seems rather equal. The over all rate of deiodination, however, reaches in liver for L-DIT the threefold, for L-T4 the fivefold value, as compared with kidney. Short periods of loading do not alter deiodination of L-DIT in liver or kidney at all; but lead to significant elevation of L-T4-deiodination in liver tissue. Higher doses or longer periods of loading cause a significant rise of L-DIT-deiodination in liver and kidney, while the L-T4-deiodination in liver is significantly decreased and in kidney significantly elevated.", "contents": "[Deiodase activity in rats following an overdose of thyroid hormone]. The L-DIT and L-T4 deiodinating activity in supernatants from liver or kidney homogenates of normal rats or rats loaded with T4, T3 or TSH, was investigated. Deiodination of L-DIT occurs in liver supernatants twice as much as in liver, referring to mg of protein of g of tissue, while the deiodination of L-T4 seems rather equal. The over all rate of deiodination, however, reaches in liver for L-DIT the threefold, for L-T4 the fivefold value, as compared with kidney. Short periods of loading do not alter deiodination of L-DIT in liver or kidney at all; but lead to significant elevation of L-T4-deiodination in liver tissue. Higher doses or longer periods of loading cause a significant rise of L-DIT-deiodination in liver and kidney, while the L-T4-deiodination in liver is significantly decreased and in kidney significantly elevated."}
{"id": "PMID:1222736", "title": "Studies on 5'-nucleotidase activity in blood serum, tissues and liver mitochondrial fraction of normal, hypo- and hyperthyroid rats.", "content": "Clinical and experimental studies have previously shown the effect of thyroid state on the activity of non-specific phosphohydrolases. This research was undertaken to determine the influence of thyroid hormones on the activity of specific phosphohydrolase-5'-nucleotidase. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase was estimated in blood serum, tissues (liver, kidney, lung, brain) and mitochondrial fraction of liver of normal, methylothiouracil-induced hypothyroid and thyroxin-induced hyperthyroid rats of Wistar strain. The experiments have shown that the hypothyroid state induced decrease of the activity of 5'-nucleotidase in all studied materials, and on the contrary, the hyperthyroidism induced the increase of the enzyme activity. The hypothetical mechanism of the effect of thyroid hormones on the processes of feed back regulation of oxydative phosphorylation and delivery of substrates and oxygen is presented. The key role of 5'-nucleotidase in this mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on 5'-nucleotidase activity in blood serum, tissues and liver mitochondrial fraction of normal, hypo- and hyperthyroid rats. Clinical and experimental studies have previously shown the effect of thyroid state on the activity of non-specific phosphohydrolases. This research was undertaken to determine the influence of thyroid hormones on the activity of specific phosphohydrolase-5'-nucleotidase. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase was estimated in blood serum, tissues (liver, kidney, lung, brain) and mitochondrial fraction of liver of normal, methylothiouracil-induced hypothyroid and thyroxin-induced hyperthyroid rats of Wistar strain. The experiments have shown that the hypothyroid state induced decrease of the activity of 5'-nucleotidase in all studied materials, and on the contrary, the hyperthyroidism induced the increase of the enzyme activity. The hypothetical mechanism of the effect of thyroid hormones on the processes of feed back regulation of oxydative phosphorylation and delivery of substrates and oxygen is presented. The key role of 5'-nucleotidase in this mechanism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222737", "title": "Effect of different doses of ascorbic acid on thyroid activity in rats at different levels of dietary protein intake.", "content": "Rats, which can synthesize vitamin C, react similarly to graded doses of ascorbic acid as guinea pigs. Low doses of ascorbic acid stimulate and high doses inhibit the thyroid activity of rats which are supplied with normal and high percentages of protein. The stimulatory effect of low doses of ascorbic acid on hyperactive thyroid of high protein fed animals is additive. Ascorbic acid has no significant effect on the thyroid of low protein fed animals (deficient diet supplied for 21 days). In the initial stages of protein deficiency (deficient diet supplied for 11 days) the effectiveness of vitamin C on thyroid of rats was still significant. Deiodinase enzyme activity of peripheral tissues is markedly reduced in animals supplied with 2% of protein for 21 days, but this effect is less intense in animals supplied with 2% of protein for 11 days.", "contents": "Effect of different doses of ascorbic acid on thyroid activity in rats at different levels of dietary protein intake. Rats, which can synthesize vitamin C, react similarly to graded doses of ascorbic acid as guinea pigs. Low doses of ascorbic acid stimulate and high doses inhibit the thyroid activity of rats which are supplied with normal and high percentages of protein. The stimulatory effect of low doses of ascorbic acid on hyperactive thyroid of high protein fed animals is additive. Ascorbic acid has no significant effect on the thyroid of low protein fed animals (deficient diet supplied for 21 days). In the initial stages of protein deficiency (deficient diet supplied for 11 days) the effectiveness of vitamin C on thyroid of rats was still significant. Deiodinase enzyme activity of peripheral tissues is markedly reduced in animals supplied with 2% of protein for 21 days, but this effect is less intense in animals supplied with 2% of protein for 11 days."}
{"id": "PMID:1222738", "title": "Compensatory hypertrophy in radiothyroidectomized dwarf rats.", "content": "The aim of the study was to clarify whether growth hormone and thyroid hormones play a role in compensatory organ hypertrophy. Radiothyroidectomized dwarf rats with serious disorder of growth hormone production due to the loss of thyroid function were used in the experiments. As regards growth hormone production these animals may be considered as having been \"hypophysectomized\". The loss of thyroid function and growth hormone deficiency did not affect the degree of compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney, the adrenal and the gonad. The observation indicates that the hormones under study are not of decisive importance in the mechanism of compensatory organ enlargement. Further investigations are needed to clarify whether organ enlargement in the hypometabolic rat occurring at the level observed in the controls is associated with enhanced function.", "contents": "Compensatory hypertrophy in radiothyroidectomized dwarf rats. The aim of the study was to clarify whether growth hormone and thyroid hormones play a role in compensatory organ hypertrophy. Radiothyroidectomized dwarf rats with serious disorder of growth hormone production due to the loss of thyroid function were used in the experiments. As regards growth hormone production these animals may be considered as having been \"hypophysectomized\". The loss of thyroid function and growth hormone deficiency did not affect the degree of compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney, the adrenal and the gonad. The observation indicates that the hormones under study are not of decisive importance in the mechanism of compensatory organ enlargement. Further investigations are needed to clarify whether organ enlargement in the hypometabolic rat occurring at the level observed in the controls is associated with enhanced function."}
{"id": "PMID:1222739", "title": "[Significance of cytological studies for the diagnosis of thyroid malignomas].", "content": "The authors employed the needle aspiration biopsy for the morphological diagnosis of thyroid malignancies of 2000 goitres. Only 3 false negative diagnoses out of 120 proved malignant tumours were done. The cytological signs of malignant thyroid cells were in the majority of cases so clear that the malignancy could be recognized without difficulty. None of the changes typical for malignant cells were found in benign euthyroid or hyperthyroid goitres. It was possible not only to recognize a malignant thyroid tumour, but also to judge the grade of its differentiation and to identify certain histological tumour types (H\u00fcrthle cell adenoma, papillary carcinoma) according to some special cytological signs. The demonstration of the nucleolar apparatus by means of a simple cytochemical technic proved to be a very useful indicator for the appreciation of the function, growth activity and malignant transformation of thyroid cells.", "contents": "[Significance of cytological studies for the diagnosis of thyroid malignomas]. The authors employed the needle aspiration biopsy for the morphological diagnosis of thyroid malignancies of 2000 goitres. Only 3 false negative diagnoses out of 120 proved malignant tumours were done. The cytological signs of malignant thyroid cells were in the majority of cases so clear that the malignancy could be recognized without difficulty. None of the changes typical for malignant cells were found in benign euthyroid or hyperthyroid goitres. It was possible not only to recognize a malignant thyroid tumour, but also to judge the grade of its differentiation and to identify certain histological tumour types (H\u00fcrthle cell adenoma, papillary carcinoma) according to some special cytological signs. The demonstration of the nucleolar apparatus by means of a simple cytochemical technic proved to be a very useful indicator for the appreciation of the function, growth activity and malignant transformation of thyroid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:1222740", "title": "Anovulation in adult female rats after neonatal intracerebral implantation of oestrogen.", "content": "Four-day-old female rats were bilaterally implanted with paraffin micropellets containing 0.5% oestradiol benzoate (OB) into the mediobasal hypothalamus or the corticomedial amygdala. Controls received intracerebral paraffin pellets or two s.c. OB-paraffin implants. None of the treatments influenced the date of vaginal opening and vaginal cyclicity at 50 days of age. Permanent vaginal oestrus between 100 and 116 days of age and anovulatory ovaries at autopsy on day 116 were found in rats that had been implanted with OB into the mediobasal hypothalamus, but not in the remaining animals. The findings demonstrate that the delayed anovulatory syndrome can be induced in female rats by the neonatal intrahypothalamic implantation of a very low dose of OB, and that the corticomedial amygdala seems not to be a site of oestrogen action in this sterilizing effect.", "contents": "Anovulation in adult female rats after neonatal intracerebral implantation of oestrogen. Four-day-old female rats were bilaterally implanted with paraffin micropellets containing 0.5% oestradiol benzoate (OB) into the mediobasal hypothalamus or the corticomedial amygdala. Controls received intracerebral paraffin pellets or two s.c. OB-paraffin implants. None of the treatments influenced the date of vaginal opening and vaginal cyclicity at 50 days of age. Permanent vaginal oestrus between 100 and 116 days of age and anovulatory ovaries at autopsy on day 116 were found in rats that had been implanted with OB into the mediobasal hypothalamus, but not in the remaining animals. The findings demonstrate that the delayed anovulatory syndrome can be induced in female rats by the neonatal intrahypothalamic implantation of a very low dose of OB, and that the corticomedial amygdala seems not to be a site of oestrogen action in this sterilizing effect."}
{"id": "PMID:1222741", "title": "Androgen dependent brain differentiation and life span.", "content": "Intact females without neonatal hormone treatment served as control animals. A second group of female rats received 1.25 mg testosterone propionate subcutaneously on the first day of life causing in these genetic females a male-type brain differentiation. Male rats orchidectomized on the 75th day of life served as male \"control\" animals, since there was no lack of androgen during the neonatal phase of brain organization. A fourth treatment group consisted of males which had been orchidectomized on the first day of life representing males with female-type differentiated brains. The experimental animals belonging to the Sprague-Dawley-derived strain of our laboratory were kept under standard conditions for food, illumination and temperature.", "contents": "Androgen dependent brain differentiation and life span. Intact females without neonatal hormone treatment served as control animals. A second group of female rats received 1.25 mg testosterone propionate subcutaneously on the first day of life causing in these genetic females a male-type brain differentiation. Male rats orchidectomized on the 75th day of life served as male \"control\" animals, since there was no lack of androgen during the neonatal phase of brain organization. A fourth treatment group consisted of males which had been orchidectomized on the first day of life representing males with female-type differentiated brains. The experimental animals belonging to the Sprague-Dawley-derived strain of our laboratory were kept under standard conditions for food, illumination and temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:1222742", "title": "A single-dose study of mexiletine (K\u00f6 1173).", "content": "Serum concentrations of mexiletine after a single dose were determined in 8 adult Caucasian males with complex partial seizures who were continuing to receive other antiepileptic drugs. Two patients each received a single dose of either 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg mexiletine. Serum concentrations were determined by two gas chromatographic methods. Serum concentrations ranged up to 795 ng/ml. Peak concentrations occurred 1 to 3 hr after administration of the drug and were significantly different between the 100- and 300-mg, 100- and 400-mg, 200- and 300-mg, and 200- and 400-mg doses. Differences between the other doses were not significant. Serum concentrations declined monoexponentially. Half-life ranged from 2.7 to 7.2 hr. Numerous papers have appeared in the European literature on the use of mexiletine to treat cardiac arrhythmias. Preliminary studies in the United States suggest the use of mexiletine as an adjunct for therapy of epilepsy.", "contents": "A single-dose study of mexiletine (K\u00f6 1173). Serum concentrations of mexiletine after a single dose were determined in 8 adult Caucasian males with complex partial seizures who were continuing to receive other antiepileptic drugs. Two patients each received a single dose of either 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg mexiletine. Serum concentrations were determined by two gas chromatographic methods. Serum concentrations ranged up to 795 ng/ml. Peak concentrations occurred 1 to 3 hr after administration of the drug and were significantly different between the 100- and 300-mg, 100- and 400-mg, 200- and 300-mg, and 200- and 400-mg doses. Differences between the other doses were not significant. Serum concentrations declined monoexponentially. Half-life ranged from 2.7 to 7.2 hr. Numerous papers have appeared in the European literature on the use of mexiletine to treat cardiac arrhythmias. Preliminary studies in the United States suggest the use of mexiletine as an adjunct for therapy of epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:1222743", "title": "A multiple-dose study of mexiletine (K\u00f6 1173).", "content": "In preparation for a prospective controlled study of mexiletine in the treatment of epilepsy, a preliminary study of serum concentrations after multiple doses was performed with 8 institutionalized Caucasian adult males with uncontrolled seizures and similar weight, medical regimen, and seizure classification. Two patients each received daily dosages of 200, 400, 600 or 800 mg mexiletine administered in capsules four times a day for 7 days, in addition to their usual medication. Serum concentrations of mexiletine were determined by the Kupferberg-Yonekawa method. After the first day, serum concentrations of mexiletine were significantly higher for the 600 and 800-mg dosages than for the 200- and 400-mg dosages. The differences in serum concentration between the 200- and 400-mg dosages and between the 600- and 800-mg dosages were not significant. Serum concentrations for the 200-mg and 400-mg dosages were generally below 400 ng/ml, whereas at dosages of 600- and 800-mg, serum concentrations ranged from 400 to over 1,100 ng/ml, after the  first day. Optimal dosage for this population appeared to be at least 800 mg/day. Half-life ranged from 3.5 to 7.8 hr.", "contents": "A multiple-dose study of mexiletine (K\u00f6 1173). In preparation for a prospective controlled study of mexiletine in the treatment of epilepsy, a preliminary study of serum concentrations after multiple doses was performed with 8 institutionalized Caucasian adult males with uncontrolled seizures and similar weight, medical regimen, and seizure classification. Two patients each received daily dosages of 200, 400, 600 or 800 mg mexiletine administered in capsules four times a day for 7 days, in addition to their usual medication. Serum concentrations of mexiletine were determined by the Kupferberg-Yonekawa method. After the first day, serum concentrations of mexiletine were significantly higher for the 600 and 800-mg dosages than for the 200- and 400-mg dosages. The differences in serum concentration between the 200- and 400-mg dosages and between the 600- and 800-mg dosages were not significant. Serum concentrations for the 200-mg and 400-mg dosages were generally below 400 ng/ml, whereas at dosages of 600- and 800-mg, serum concentrations ranged from 400 to over 1,100 ng/ml, after the  first day. Optimal dosage for this population appeared to be at least 800 mg/day. Half-life ranged from 3.5 to 7.8 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:1222744", "title": "A method for detecting epileptic seizures.", "content": "A simple instrument for detecting seizures is described. Vibrations of the bed due to movements of the patient were converted to electrical oscillations by movement of a loudspeaker coil in reversed mode as transducer. To distinguish between normal movements and those caused by a seizure, three criteria were used--the amplitude of the oscillations, the time interval between them, and the duration of a burst of oscillations, each parameter compared with a reference value for each patient.", "contents": "A method for detecting epileptic seizures. A simple instrument for detecting seizures is described. Vibrations of the bed due to movements of the patient were converted to electrical oscillations by movement of a loudspeaker coil in reversed mode as transducer. To distinguish between normal movements and those caused by a seizure, three criteria were used--the amplitude of the oscillations, the time interval between them, and the duration of a burst of oscillations, each parameter compared with a reference value for each patient."}
{"id": "PMID:1222745", "title": "Effects of unilateral lesion in the midbrain reticular formation on kindled amygdaloid convulsion in cats.", "content": "Daily stimulation of the amygdala in cats resulted in progressive development of electroclinical seizures culminating in a generalized convulsion (kindling). An electrolytic lesion in the midbrain reticular formation, ipsilateral to the stimulated amygdala, markedly elevated the generalized seizure-triggering threshold and reduced susceptibility to pentylentetrazol challenge. In contrast, globus pallidus lesions had no appreciable effect upon the generalized seizure-triggering threshold and appeared to enhance susceptibility to pentylentetrazol. The results support the hypotheses that (1) the midbrain reticular formation participates significantly in the kindled amygdaloid seizures and (2) the effects of lesions in the midbrain reticular formation do not depend upon the presence of forebrain bisection.", "contents": "Effects of unilateral lesion in the midbrain reticular formation on kindled amygdaloid convulsion in cats. Daily stimulation of the amygdala in cats resulted in progressive development of electroclinical seizures culminating in a generalized convulsion (kindling). An electrolytic lesion in the midbrain reticular formation, ipsilateral to the stimulated amygdala, markedly elevated the generalized seizure-triggering threshold and reduced susceptibility to pentylentetrazol challenge. In contrast, globus pallidus lesions had no appreciable effect upon the generalized seizure-triggering threshold and appeared to enhance susceptibility to pentylentetrazol. The results support the hypotheses that (1) the midbrain reticular formation participates significantly in the kindled amygdaloid seizures and (2) the effects of lesions in the midbrain reticular formation do not depend upon the presence of forebrain bisection."}
{"id": "PMID:1222746", "title": "Immunogenetics of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: frequency of HL-A antigens and haplotypes in patients and first-degree relatives.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and their families were examined for HL-A antigens by the microlymphocytotoxicity test. The antigen HL-A7 belonging to the HL-A locus showed a significantly increased frequency (p less than 0.0005) both in parents and in patients. The same antigen showed a significantly altered segregation in patients but a normal one in healthy siblings. Another antigen of the second HL-A locus, HL-A12, did not display a normal segregation in our patients, in whom it was nearly not represented.", "contents": "Immunogenetics of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: frequency of HL-A antigens and haplotypes in patients and first-degree relatives. Twenty-two patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and their families were examined for HL-A antigens by the microlymphocytotoxicity test. The antigen HL-A7 belonging to the HL-A locus showed a significantly increased frequency (p less than 0.0005) both in parents and in patients. The same antigen showed a significantly altered segregation in patients but a normal one in healthy siblings. Another antigen of the second HL-A locus, HL-A12, did not display a normal segregation in our patients, in whom it was nearly not represented."}
{"id": "PMID:1222747", "title": "Isolated seizures: an EEG and clinical assessment.", "content": "A study has been made of 39 patients with isolated fits presenting to an EEG department. Patients were excluded when there was a doubtful history, alcoholism, or drug abuse. The 39 patients were compared with a control group of patients with epilepsy matched for age and sex. No basic difference was found between the two groups. In particular the EEG examination showed similar changes. In conclusion, patients with isolated fits should be assessed in the same way as those with established epilepsy, while recognizing that in the majority of instances no serious underlying cause will be found.", "contents": "Isolated seizures: an EEG and clinical assessment. A study has been made of 39 patients with isolated fits presenting to an EEG department. Patients were excluded when there was a doubtful history, alcoholism, or drug abuse. The 39 patients were compared with a control group of patients with epilepsy matched for age and sex. No basic difference was found between the two groups. In particular the EEG examination showed similar changes. In conclusion, patients with isolated fits should be assessed in the same way as those with established epilepsy, while recognizing that in the majority of instances no serious underlying cause will be found."}
{"id": "PMID:1222748", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and primidone in saliva, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin, primidone, and phenobarbital were determined in saliva and plasma of 164 patients by gas-liquid chromatography. The saliva ratio was about one-tenth in patients on diphenylhydantoin, 0.32-0.38 on phenobarbital alone and with other drugs, 0.97 and 0.96 on primidone alone and with other drugs. The S/P ratio of phenobarbital was similar in patients treated with primidone alone or with co-medication. For diphenylhydantoin and primidone, the S/P and CSF/plasma ratio were similar; for phenobarbital the S/P ratio was lower due to the difference in pH of saliva and CSF. Thus the concentration in saliva serves as a measure of the nonprotein-bound or free concentration in plasma with the advantage that saliva is easy to obtain. Co-medication does not change the S/P ratio for the three drugs studied. The high correlation between levels in plasma and in saliva allows the plasma levels to be predicted from the concentration in saliva.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and primidone in saliva, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid. Diphenylhydantoin, primidone, and phenobarbital were determined in saliva and plasma of 164 patients by gas-liquid chromatography. The saliva ratio was about one-tenth in patients on diphenylhydantoin, 0.32-0.38 on phenobarbital alone and with other drugs, 0.97 and 0.96 on primidone alone and with other drugs. The S/P ratio of phenobarbital was similar in patients treated with primidone alone or with co-medication. For diphenylhydantoin and primidone, the S/P and CSF/plasma ratio were similar; for phenobarbital the S/P ratio was lower due to the difference in pH of saliva and CSF. Thus the concentration in saliva serves as a measure of the nonprotein-bound or free concentration in plasma with the advantage that saliva is easy to obtain. Co-medication does not change the S/P ratio for the three drugs studied. The high correlation between levels in plasma and in saliva allows the plasma levels to be predicted from the concentration in saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:1222749", "title": "Is an application form useful to select patients with epilepsy who may drive?", "content": "Of 1,268 persons who claimed to have epilepsy and were therefore disqualified for military service, 55% had a driving license 5 years later. Only 58% had applied for a driving license. Of those 14% who had answered truthfully the question \"have you had fits, epilepsy etc.\" in the application form, 63% received a license. Fewer persons with epilepsy had a driving license after about 5 years (55%) than did age-matched controls (73%). The application form is of no use in preventing persons with epilepsy from obtaining a driving license. Adequate instruction of the patient and of his physician is to be preferred to the use of an application form.", "contents": "Is an application form useful to select patients with epilepsy who may drive? Of 1,268 persons who claimed to have epilepsy and were therefore disqualified for military service, 55% had a driving license 5 years later. Only 58% had applied for a driving license. Of those 14% who had answered truthfully the question \"have you had fits, epilepsy etc.\" in the application form, 63% received a license. Fewer persons with epilepsy had a driving license after about 5 years (55%) than did age-matched controls (73%). The application form is of no use in preventing persons with epilepsy from obtaining a driving license. Adequate instruction of the patient and of his physician is to be preferred to the use of an application form."}
{"id": "PMID:1222750", "title": "Traffic accidents caused by epilepsy.", "content": "During a 10-year period, 203 traffic accidents were suspected of being caused by epilepsy; 155 of them definitely caused by seizures were selected for study. The seizures of 75% were psychomotor; in 12% the seizure was the first, and only 4% of the rest had reported that they had epilepsy when they applied for a license. Traffic accidents due to epilepsy were less serious than the \"average accident\". They involved another vehicle much less often, and they occurred more often outside rather than inside built-up areas. Accidents caused by epilepsy were rare--1/10,000 in the 10-year period. The characteristic features of the traffic accident due to epilepsy may be due to the \"random\" occurrence of seizures in traffic, and to the seizure-suppressing effect of increased vigilance in city traffic.", "contents": "Traffic accidents caused by epilepsy. During a 10-year period, 203 traffic accidents were suspected of being caused by epilepsy; 155 of them definitely caused by seizures were selected for study. The seizures of 75% were psychomotor; in 12% the seizure was the first, and only 4% of the rest had reported that they had epilepsy when they applied for a license. Traffic accidents due to epilepsy were less serious than the \"average accident\". They involved another vehicle much less often, and they occurred more often outside rather than inside built-up areas. Accidents caused by epilepsy were rare--1/10,000 in the 10-year period. The characteristic features of the traffic accident due to epilepsy may be due to the \"random\" occurrence of seizures in traffic, and to the seizure-suppressing effect of increased vigilance in city traffic."}
{"id": "PMID:1222751", "title": "Paradoxical intoxication--a complication of anticonvulsant administration.", "content": "A new syndrome, paradoxical intoxication, has been defined in which high levels of hydantoins, and in one instance carbamazepine,  produced an increase in seizures with little or no evidence of intoxication; a decrease in these levels produced an improvement in seizure control. This syndrome occurs often but not exclusively in those people who are less astute in assessing their neurologic status and therefore may experience unexpectedly higher blood levels of their anticonvulsants. Instances have been documented with serum levels above 40 mugm/ml for phenytoin or mephenytoin alone, or above 50 mugm/ml of combined hydantoins phenytoin and mephenytoin, and when the level is in the range of 20 mugm/ml and above for carbamazepine. Possible mechanisms underlying the syndrome are reviewed. Appropriate therapy is a reduction of the dose of the drug in question.", "contents": "Paradoxical intoxication--a complication of anticonvulsant administration. A new syndrome, paradoxical intoxication, has been defined in which high levels of hydantoins, and in one instance carbamazepine,  produced an increase in seizures with little or no evidence of intoxication; a decrease in these levels produced an improvement in seizure control. This syndrome occurs often but not exclusively in those people who are less astute in assessing their neurologic status and therefore may experience unexpectedly higher blood levels of their anticonvulsants. Instances have been documented with serum levels above 40 mugm/ml for phenytoin or mephenytoin alone, or above 50 mugm/ml of combined hydantoins phenytoin and mephenytoin, and when the level is in the range of 20 mugm/ml and above for carbamazepine. Possible mechanisms underlying the syndrome are reviewed. Appropriate therapy is a reduction of the dose of the drug in question."}
{"id": "PMID:1222752", "title": "Bioavailability of two carbamazepine preparations during chronic administration to epileptic patients.", "content": "Two preparations of carbamazepine, as tablets and in syrup, were given for 8 weeks to 20 patients with epilepsy in a randomized crossover study. Weekly plasma levels were 3-21 mg/1 on dosages of 5-24 mg/kg/day. There was no difference in absorption or steady-state level between the two preparations. Carbamazepine 10, 11-oxide was constantly present when the level of carbamazepine was over 5 mg/l, and tended to be lower with the syrup.", "contents": "Bioavailability of two carbamazepine preparations during chronic administration to epileptic patients. Two preparations of carbamazepine, as tablets and in syrup, were given for 8 weeks to 20 patients with epilepsy in a randomized crossover study. Weekly plasma levels were 3-21 mg/1 on dosages of 5-24 mg/kg/day. There was no difference in absorption or steady-state level between the two preparations. Carbamazepine 10, 11-oxide was constantly present when the level of carbamazepine was over 5 mg/l, and tended to be lower with the syrup."}
{"id": "PMID:1222753", "title": "Levels of free amino acids in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after administration of taurine to epileptic and normal subjects.", "content": "The modifications associated with taurine treatment of the free amino acid content of serum and cerebrospinal fluid were investigated in epileptic and control subjects. In patients with epilepsy the main findings were, in the serum, the correction toward normal of the amino acid levels that were low prior to therapy, and in the cerebrospinal fluid, the increase up to above-normal levels of glutamic acid, greatly diminished before treatment. Thus taurine, which has an anticonvulsant action appears to partially correct the amino acid imbalance in epileptics. The monitoring of taurine-induced glutamate changes in the cerebrospinal fluid could help to establish the correct therapeutic dose.", "contents": "Levels of free amino acids in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after administration of taurine to epileptic and normal subjects. The modifications associated with taurine treatment of the free amino acid content of serum and cerebrospinal fluid were investigated in epileptic and control subjects. In patients with epilepsy the main findings were, in the serum, the correction toward normal of the amino acid levels that were low prior to therapy, and in the cerebrospinal fluid, the increase up to above-normal levels of glutamic acid, greatly diminished before treatment. Thus taurine, which has an anticonvulsant action appears to partially correct the amino acid imbalance in epileptics. The monitoring of taurine-induced glutamate changes in the cerebrospinal fluid could help to establish the correct therapeutic dose."}
{"id": "PMID:1222754", "title": "Duration and lateralization of febrile convulsions. Etiological factors.", "content": "The relationships of certain etiological factors (sex, age, family history of febrile convulsions or epilepsy, term, birth weight, prenatal or perinatal anomalies, temperature, cause of fever) to the duration and localization of the first febrile convulsion (FC) were studied in 402 patients. In patients with prolonged seizures (over 30 min), the mean age was younger, the proportion of girls, common infectious diseases of childhood, and immunization was higher and that of respiratory infections lower than in patients with brief convulsions. In patients with unilateral seizures, the proportion of positive family histories and respiratory infections was lower and that of common infectious diseases of childhood and of immunization was higher than in patients with bilateral convulsions. The association of each of these etiological factors with the duration or lateralization of the first FC was independent of the others.", "contents": "Duration and lateralization of febrile convulsions. Etiological factors. The relationships of certain etiological factors (sex, age, family history of febrile convulsions or epilepsy, term, birth weight, prenatal or perinatal anomalies, temperature, cause of fever) to the duration and localization of the first febrile convulsion (FC) were studied in 402 patients. In patients with prolonged seizures (over 30 min), the mean age was younger, the proportion of girls, common infectious diseases of childhood, and immunization was higher and that of respiratory infections lower than in patients with brief convulsions. In patients with unilateral seizures, the proportion of positive family histories and respiratory infections was lower and that of common infectious diseases of childhood and of immunization was higher than in patients with bilateral convulsions. The association of each of these etiological factors with the duration or lateralization of the first FC was independent of the others."}
{"id": "PMID:1222811", "title": "Food for all.", "content": "Ensuring food for all requires an interdisciplinary approach, an evaluation of all sectors of the economy and the formulation of objectives which include proper nutrition in overall development plans. It is my contention that the introduction of nutrition priorities at this level, complemented with the traditional immediate and short-term measures of food aid, nutrition programmes, health campaigns and nutrition education will do much to alleviate the world's food problems. Priorities must be defined, planning structures strengthened, and politicians convinced that objectives can be reached. Otherwise, meagre resources will continue to give low priority to agriculture and social reform and we will have accomplished little toward our objective of food for all.", "contents": "Food for all. Ensuring food for all requires an interdisciplinary approach, an evaluation of all sectors of the economy and the formulation of objectives which include proper nutrition in overall development plans. It is my contention that the introduction of nutrition priorities at this level, complemented with the traditional immediate and short-term measures of food aid, nutrition programmes, health campaigns and nutrition education will do much to alleviate the world's food problems. Priorities must be defined, planning structures strengthened, and politicians convinced that objectives can be reached. Otherwise, meagre resources will continue to give low priority to agriculture and social reform and we will have accomplished little toward our objective of food for all."}
{"id": "PMID:1222879", "title": "A histological survey of pre-excitation syndrome and related arrhythmias.", "content": "The scanty available data in histology of accessory AV pathways, namely James', Mahaim's and Kent's fibres, together with Paladino's bundle, defects in the fibrous annuli and \"Ring tissue\", were considered for their bearing on old and new pathophysiological questions about ventricular pre-excitation and complicating tachy-arrhythmias. The histological findings in nine hearts allowed for a realistic and synthetic schematization of all the main types of anomalous AV bypasses, which have been emphasized in discussing the subject. The inadequacy of basic knowledge concerning the anatomoclinical significance of James and Mahaim fibres and \"Ring tissue\" in ventricular pre-excitation is pointed out, and the importance of Kent bundles in pathogenesis of WPW is confirmed. In a case of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, without pre-excitation, a Kent bundle was demonstrated, which suggests the possible existence of latent forma of WPW with antegrade-blocked AV bypass, underlying reciprocating tachycardias of this kind. New trends in morphological investigation on the AV junction and anatomophysiological bypasses in the area are outlined.", "contents": "A histological survey of pre-excitation syndrome and related arrhythmias. The scanty available data in histology of accessory AV pathways, namely James', Mahaim's and Kent's fibres, together with Paladino's bundle, defects in the fibrous annuli and \"Ring tissue\", were considered for their bearing on old and new pathophysiological questions about ventricular pre-excitation and complicating tachy-arrhythmias. The histological findings in nine hearts allowed for a realistic and synthetic schematization of all the main types of anomalous AV bypasses, which have been emphasized in discussing the subject. The inadequacy of basic knowledge concerning the anatomoclinical significance of James and Mahaim fibres and \"Ring tissue\" in ventricular pre-excitation is pointed out, and the importance of Kent bundles in pathogenesis of WPW is confirmed. In a case of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, without pre-excitation, a Kent bundle was demonstrated, which suggests the possible existence of latent forma of WPW with antegrade-blocked AV bypass, underlying reciprocating tachycardias of this kind. New trends in morphological investigation on the AV junction and anatomophysiological bypasses in the area are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:1222880", "title": "[The prediction of coronary heart disease. A mathimatical model applied to Italian field studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The multiple logistic function (MLF) was applied for the estimation of coronary heart disease (CHD) - \"hard criteria\" in 5 years as a function of several risk factors in two rural Italian areas belonging to the \"Seven Countries Study\". CHD was estimated with solutions including 4, 5 and 11 factors respectively. Only serum cholesterol showed a statistically significant contribution; but other factors, like age and physical activity, very likely contributed to a better discrimination between \"cases\" and \"non-cases\". By increasing the number of factors the discrimination tends to improve anyway. In the solution with 11 factors, 46% of the observed cases was found in the upper 10% of the estimated risk probabilities; 57% in the upper 20%; while no cases were found in the lowest 20% of the same rank probability list. For practical purposes of selecting high risk individuals for preventive action, a simple 5 factor solution, including age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, consumption of cigarettes and physical activity is suggested.", "contents": "[The prediction of coronary heart disease. A mathimatical model applied to Italian field studies (author's transl)]. The multiple logistic function (MLF) was applied for the estimation of coronary heart disease (CHD) - \"hard criteria\" in 5 years as a function of several risk factors in two rural Italian areas belonging to the \"Seven Countries Study\". CHD was estimated with solutions including 4, 5 and 11 factors respectively. Only serum cholesterol showed a statistically significant contribution; but other factors, like age and physical activity, very likely contributed to a better discrimination between \"cases\" and \"non-cases\". By increasing the number of factors the discrimination tends to improve anyway. In the solution with 11 factors, 46% of the observed cases was found in the upper 10% of the estimated risk probabilities; 57% in the upper 20%; while no cases were found in the lowest 20% of the same rank probability list. For practical purposes of selecting high risk individuals for preventive action, a simple 5 factor solution, including age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, consumption of cigarettes and physical activity is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:1222881", "title": "[Ultrasonic angiocardiography and ultrasonic cineangiography: comparison between two techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparison of the performances of ultrasonic tomography (UT) versus ultrasonic cineangiography (UC), a new technique of cross sectional imaging of the heart using a low resolution (40 lines per frame) real time multiscanner apparatus, was performed. Technical problems related to both techiques are reviewed and discussed. UT seems to deserve consideration when precise anatomical details are required while UC is particularly recommended when function studies are indicated, but mainly if computer facilities are available. Both systems represent a real technical advance on conventional echography.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic angiocardiography and ultrasonic cineangiography: comparison between two techniques (author's transl)]. In a comparison of the performances of ultrasonic tomography (UT) versus ultrasonic cineangiography (UC), a new technique of cross sectional imaging of the heart using a low resolution (40 lines per frame) real time multiscanner apparatus, was performed. Technical problems related to both techiques are reviewed and discussed. UT seems to deserve consideration when precise anatomical details are required while UC is particularly recommended when function studies are indicated, but mainly if computer facilities are available. Both systems represent a real technical advance on conventional echography."}
{"id": "PMID:1222882", "title": "[Ecographic measurements of some cardiac sarcomere parameters (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on some measurements of cardiac sarcomere length and rate of contraction with ecocardiographic techniques carried out in man. The mean cardiac fibers' velocity of shortening, also measured ecographically, is connected with sarcomere contraction velocity.", "contents": "[Ecographic measurements of some cardiac sarcomere parameters (author's transl)]. The authors report on some measurements of cardiac sarcomere length and rate of contraction with ecocardiographic techniques carried out in man. The mean cardiac fibers' velocity of shortening, also measured ecographically, is connected with sarcomere contraction velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:1222883", "title": "Left heart diastolic extra-sounds. An intracardiac phonocardiographic and hemodynamic study.", "content": "In 53 patients with either normal hearts or with rheumatic valve disease (predominantly mitral disease), third and fourth heart sounds (S3, S4), were recorded by intracardiac phonocardiography inthe left ventricle, left atrium and/or ascending aorta. The corresponding sounds were recorded externally in less than one half of the cases only. The S3 was mostly present in the ventricle and in cases of volume overload. The S4 was found with about the same incidence in the left atrium and left ventricle, and more often in cases of pressure overload. The incidence of these sounds showed only a minimal correlation with the left ventricular diastolic pressures, while no correlation at all was found between such pressures and the time intervals P-S4 and A2-S3.", "contents": "Left heart diastolic extra-sounds. An intracardiac phonocardiographic and hemodynamic study. In 53 patients with either normal hearts or with rheumatic valve disease (predominantly mitral disease), third and fourth heart sounds (S3, S4), were recorded by intracardiac phonocardiography inthe left ventricle, left atrium and/or ascending aorta. The corresponding sounds were recorded externally in less than one half of the cases only. The S3 was mostly present in the ventricle and in cases of volume overload. The S4 was found with about the same incidence in the left atrium and left ventricle, and more often in cases of pressure overload. The incidence of these sounds showed only a minimal correlation with the left ventricular diastolic pressures, while no correlation at all was found between such pressures and the time intervals P-S4 and A2-S3."}
{"id": "PMID:1222884", "title": "[Evolutive study of the VCG in the first week of the normal newborn infant (author's transl)].", "content": "The vectorial and morphological variations of the VCG (Frank method) during the first seven days of life of sixteen normal newborn infants were analyzed. A byphasic distribution of the QRS vectors in the horizontal plane was found at birth. Successive observations showed a rising of initial forces of left septal activation and a slight increase of left parietal forces. The T loop variations were more remarkable, being probably correlated with rapid postnatal hemodynamic modifications. After a few days the T loop was oriented posteriorly and to the left, not changing this direction for many year. The P loop did not differ from the adult's in the majority of cases. Sometimes it showed a figure-or-eight rotation in the horizontal plane, probably due, according to the authors, to a different pathway of atrial activation.", "contents": "[Evolutive study of the VCG in the first week of the normal newborn infant (author's transl)]. The vectorial and morphological variations of the VCG (Frank method) during the first seven days of life of sixteen normal newborn infants were analyzed. A byphasic distribution of the QRS vectors in the horizontal plane was found at birth. Successive observations showed a rising of initial forces of left septal activation and a slight increase of left parietal forces. The T loop variations were more remarkable, being probably correlated with rapid postnatal hemodynamic modifications. After a few days the T loop was oriented posteriorly and to the left, not changing this direction for many year. The P loop did not differ from the adult's in the majority of cases. Sometimes it showed a figure-or-eight rotation in the horizontal plane, probably due, according to the authors, to a different pathway of atrial activation."}
{"id": "PMID:1222885", "title": "[Results of surgical therapy of the partial form of persistent common atrioventricular canal (author's transl)].", "content": "20 patients with partial form of persistent common atrioventricular canal underwent surgery at the Centro di Cardiochirurgia \"A. Blalock\", University of Turin, between 1969 and 1974. In each case the treatment of lesions took place in the following order: the repair or replacement (one case) of the mitral valve; the closing with a patch of the atrial septal defect; the repair, in one case, of the tricuspid. The most frequent post-operative complications were arrhythmias, which in two cases consisted of a total atrioventricular block. Only one patient died postoperatively for an acute pulmonary oedema following an imperfect mitral valve correction. Six months after surgery, another patient died from bacterial endocarditis. Thirteen of the eighteen surviving patients showed excellent results at the clinical and/or hemodynamic check; two had fair results and three had poor results. In two cases, mitral insufficiency was hemodynamically aggravated, whilst in another five it disappeared. In eight, a slight apex systolic murmor 1-2/6 persisted, which was not correlated with any radiological or electrocardiographical sign of mitral insufficiency (and for three of these, not even a hemodynamic one). The authors consider that the most difficult problem in surgical therapy for these malformations is still the treatment of mitral lesions.", "contents": "[Results of surgical therapy of the partial form of persistent common atrioventricular canal (author's transl)]. 20 patients with partial form of persistent common atrioventricular canal underwent surgery at the Centro di Cardiochirurgia \"A. Blalock\", University of Turin, between 1969 and 1974. In each case the treatment of lesions took place in the following order: the repair or replacement (one case) of the mitral valve; the closing with a patch of the atrial septal defect; the repair, in one case, of the tricuspid. The most frequent post-operative complications were arrhythmias, which in two cases consisted of a total atrioventricular block. Only one patient died postoperatively for an acute pulmonary oedema following an imperfect mitral valve correction. Six months after surgery, another patient died from bacterial endocarditis. Thirteen of the eighteen surviving patients showed excellent results at the clinical and/or hemodynamic check; two had fair results and three had poor results. In two cases, mitral insufficiency was hemodynamically aggravated, whilst in another five it disappeared. In eight, a slight apex systolic murmor 1-2/6 persisted, which was not correlated with any radiological or electrocardiographical sign of mitral insufficiency (and for three of these, not even a hemodynamic one). The authors consider that the most difficult problem in surgical therapy for these malformations is still the treatment of mitral lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:1222886", "title": "A multicenter double blind clinical trial on 3.4.5-trimethoxybenzoiyl-epsilon-aminocaproic acid (C-3) in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "186 out of 391 patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated with C-3 and 205 with placebo in a multicenter, double-blind clinical trial. Ensuing complications were treated in the same way in both groups. C-3 was injected i.v. slowly at the dose of 2 g statim plus 6 g by continuous drip infusion over 24 hrs for 5 days. During treatment, clinical progress was influenced only in regard to cardiac failure since in the C-3 group the improvement was more significant than in the placebo one (P less than 0.0025). Mortality rates were 8.1% and 11.2% for the C-3 and placebo groups, respectively. The difference in mortality was significant (P less than 0.05) for patients treated with C-3 for more than 24 hours. Mortality in male patients treated with C-3 for more than 12 hours was significantly lower (P less than 0.025). In patients less than 60 years old mortality rate was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) and was more so in patients receiving C-3 for more than 12 hours (P less than 0.025). Mortality due to complications was lower in the C-3 group, with arrhythmias (9.8% vs 14.2%), cardiogenic shock (69.2% vs 75%), and cardiac failure (9% vs 19.4%). Results agree with the hypothesis that C-3 may be effective in acute myocardial infarction by improving the action of traditional antiarrhythmic drugs, and augmenting myocardial contraction energy.", "contents": "A multicenter double blind clinical trial on 3.4.5-trimethoxybenzoiyl-epsilon-aminocaproic acid (C-3) in acute myocardial infarction. 186 out of 391 patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated with C-3 and 205 with placebo in a multicenter, double-blind clinical trial. Ensuing complications were treated in the same way in both groups. C-3 was injected i.v. slowly at the dose of 2 g statim plus 6 g by continuous drip infusion over 24 hrs for 5 days. During treatment, clinical progress was influenced only in regard to cardiac failure since in the C-3 group the improvement was more significant than in the placebo one (P less than 0.0025). Mortality rates were 8.1% and 11.2% for the C-3 and placebo groups, respectively. The difference in mortality was significant (P less than 0.05) for patients treated with C-3 for more than 24 hours. Mortality in male patients treated with C-3 for more than 12 hours was significantly lower (P less than 0.025). In patients less than 60 years old mortality rate was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) and was more so in patients receiving C-3 for more than 12 hours (P less than 0.025). Mortality due to complications was lower in the C-3 group, with arrhythmias (9.8% vs 14.2%), cardiogenic shock (69.2% vs 75%), and cardiac failure (9% vs 19.4%). Results agree with the hypothesis that C-3 may be effective in acute myocardial infarction by improving the action of traditional antiarrhythmic drugs, and augmenting myocardial contraction energy."}
{"id": "PMID:1222887", "title": "[The influence of pre-load on myocardial contractility indices. Experimental research (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour by increasing the ventricular volume of several parameters and indices proposed for measuring the cardiac contractility has been determined in isolated guinea pig hearts beating under isometric conditions. Particularly, V max calculated on the total pressure has been compared with the Vmax calculated on the developed pressure. Whilst the later showed to be independent of preload changes, Vmax was calculated on the total pressure, decreased by changing the ventricular volume. Moreover, it showed itself to be independent of pre-load changes. An index proposed recently obtained from the plot (P, P'), as ratio between the positive portion of the area and the developed sistolic pressure wals also demonstrated.", "contents": "[The influence of pre-load on myocardial contractility indices. Experimental research (author's transl)]. The behaviour by increasing the ventricular volume of several parameters and indices proposed for measuring the cardiac contractility has been determined in isolated guinea pig hearts beating under isometric conditions. Particularly, V max calculated on the total pressure has been compared with the Vmax calculated on the developed pressure. Whilst the later showed to be independent of preload changes, Vmax was calculated on the total pressure, decreased by changing the ventricular volume. Moreover, it showed itself to be independent of pre-load changes. An index proposed recently obtained from the plot (P, P'), as ratio between the positive portion of the area and the developed sistolic pressure wals also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:1222888", "title": "[His electrogram recordings in disturbances of atrio-ventricular conduction in acute ryocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "48 His bundle recordings were performed on 30 patients with acute mycardial infarction and various degrees of atrioventricular block. Studies were undertaken at the time of transvenous pacemaker insertion and/or removal from the right ventricle, without pharmacological or electrical stimulation tests. The connections between site of the infarcted area and localization of the a-v block were investigated, to identify uncommon relations. Several atypical cases were observed: among 12 cases of patients with anterior infarction, 6 had prolonged P-H interval, with prolonged H-V interval in 4 cases, and normal H-V interval in the remaining 2 cases. Among the 18 cases of inferior infarction, 5 had prolonged H-V interval, 2 of which had a normal P-H interval and 3 with prolonged P-H interval. In the latter cases, the identification of a two-step a-v block by His bundle recordings was shown to be important from the clinical and prognostic viewpoint. Nevertheless, it is evident that the His bundle recording is insufficient by itself to provide any evidence of the inner pathogenetical mechanism of these phenomena, and only various hypotheses can be advanced.", "contents": "[His electrogram recordings in disturbances of atrio-ventricular conduction in acute ryocardial infarction (author's transl)]. 48 His bundle recordings were performed on 30 patients with acute mycardial infarction and various degrees of atrioventricular block. Studies were undertaken at the time of transvenous pacemaker insertion and/or removal from the right ventricle, without pharmacological or electrical stimulation tests. The connections between site of the infarcted area and localization of the a-v block were investigated, to identify uncommon relations. Several atypical cases were observed: among 12 cases of patients with anterior infarction, 6 had prolonged P-H interval, with prolonged H-V interval in 4 cases, and normal H-V interval in the remaining 2 cases. Among the 18 cases of inferior infarction, 5 had prolonged H-V interval, 2 of which had a normal P-H interval and 3 with prolonged P-H interval. In the latter cases, the identification of a two-step a-v block by His bundle recordings was shown to be important from the clinical and prognostic viewpoint. Nevertheless, it is evident that the His bundle recording is insufficient by itself to provide any evidence of the inner pathogenetical mechanism of these phenomena, and only various hypotheses can be advanced."}
{"id": "PMID:1222889", "title": "[Correlations of the coronary arteriography with clinical data and electrocardigraphy].", "content": "The correlation between coronary arteriograms, E.C.G. and clinical data of two thousand patients was studied. In those suffering from angina on effort there was a significant correlation between the intensity and frequency of the anginal pain and the extension of the lesion in one, two or in all three main coronary arteries. In those suffering from angina at rest only one of the coronaires was usually affected. The greatest degree of lesions was found in patients with prolonged and spontaneous crises of anginal pain. In those patients suffering from progressive angina and intermediate coronary syndrome the lesions were spread totwo or all three coronaries. E.C.G. abnormalities were always correlated with significant lesions of the coronary vessels while normal or \"atypical\" E.C.G. were usually correlated with only slight lesions in these vessels or with normal vessels. In a few cases however angina and myocardial infarction were present in spite of apparently normal coronaries. The reason for this discrepancy is still under investigation: myocardial metabolism and coronary flow abnormalities could in part explain these finding.", "contents": "[Correlations of the coronary arteriography with clinical data and electrocardigraphy]. The correlation between coronary arteriograms, E.C.G. and clinical data of two thousand patients was studied. In those suffering from angina on effort there was a significant correlation between the intensity and frequency of the anginal pain and the extension of the lesion in one, two or in all three main coronary arteries. In those suffering from angina at rest only one of the coronaires was usually affected. The greatest degree of lesions was found in patients with prolonged and spontaneous crises of anginal pain. In those patients suffering from progressive angina and intermediate coronary syndrome the lesions were spread totwo or all three coronaries. E.C.G. abnormalities were always correlated with significant lesions of the coronary vessels while normal or \"atypical\" E.C.G. were usually correlated with only slight lesions in these vessels or with normal vessels. In a few cases however angina and myocardial infarction were present in spite of apparently normal coronaries. The reason for this discrepancy is still under investigation: myocardial metabolism and coronary flow abnormalities could in part explain these finding."}
{"id": "PMID:1222890", "title": "[Subaortic membranous stenosis associated with infundibular pulmonary stenosis. Case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of combined congenital discrete subaortic stenosis and infundibular pulmonic stenosis is described. Clinical, haemodynamic data and surgical results are reported. Only one similar case has been previously described.", "contents": "[Subaortic membranous stenosis associated with infundibular pulmonary stenosis. Case report (author's transl)]. A case of combined congenital discrete subaortic stenosis and infundibular pulmonic stenosis is described. Clinical, haemodynamic data and surgical results are reported. Only one similar case has been previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:1222891", "title": "The triad secondary R waves, RS-T segment elevation and T waves inversion in right precordial leads: a normal electrocardiographic variant.", "content": "A bizarre electrocardiogram characterized, in right precordial leads, by the triad, high secondary R waves, marked RS-T segment elevation and deep T waves inversion, was observed in an otherwise normal individual. Its persistence for forteen years and its absence at lower levels than in routine right precordial leads demonstrate its nonpathological origin. The few similar cases reported in the literature are reviewed and theie mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "The triad secondary R waves, RS-T segment elevation and T waves inversion in right precordial leads: a normal electrocardiographic variant. A bizarre electrocardiogram characterized, in right precordial leads, by the triad, high secondary R waves, marked RS-T segment elevation and deep T waves inversion, was observed in an otherwise normal individual. Its persistence for forteen years and its absence at lower levels than in routine right precordial leads demonstrate its nonpathological origin. The few similar cases reported in the literature are reviewed and theie mechanism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222893", "title": "[Polygraphical observations on patient carriers of Lillehei-Kaster disc prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Polygraphical tracings of 34 carriers with mitral prosthesis and 11 with aortic prosthesis were studied. The most significant observations were: 1) that it is not possible to record the mitralic click of the opening constantly, and that the correlation between the width of mitralic clicks is inferior to that which can be observed in the other types of artificial valve; the time of isovolumetric contraction was likewise inferior; 2) that the correlation between the width of the two aortic clicks is inferior to that observed in the other types of aortic valve; the time of expulsion from the left ventricle is longer, probably in connection with the fact that the moment of recording, the patients had not yet achieved a normal functional capacity.", "contents": "[Polygraphical observations on patient carriers of Lillehei-Kaster disc prosthesis (author's transl)]. Polygraphical tracings of 34 carriers with mitral prosthesis and 11 with aortic prosthesis were studied. The most significant observations were: 1) that it is not possible to record the mitralic click of the opening constantly, and that the correlation between the width of mitralic clicks is inferior to that which can be observed in the other types of artificial valve; the time of isovolumetric contraction was likewise inferior; 2) that the correlation between the width of the two aortic clicks is inferior to that observed in the other types of aortic valve; the time of expulsion from the left ventricle is longer, probably in connection with the fact that the moment of recording, the patients had not yet achieved a normal functional capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:1222894", "title": "Nitrogen balance studies on protein-rich food mixtures for preschool children in Egypt.", "content": "Nitrogen balance measurements were carried out on children aged 5 to 30 months. They were fed diets supplemented by PRFMs or by SMA milk powder as the sole source of dietary protein. Sesamena (or SLW-II) was fed to a group of 8 children, Arabeana to another group of 9 and Supramine to a third group of 8 children. The measurements were reported on the same children when they were given SMA milk powder as a reference protein. Therefore, each subject acted as his own control. The technique used was that of Fomon et al(23) with certain modifications. All three mixtures could maintain the children in positive nitrogen balance. Sesamena gave the best mean NPU value (69 +/- 5.9) which is 96% of reference. Supramine gave the highest mean digestibility (87 +/- 6.8) which is 102% of reference. Sesamena proved to be a suitable weaning food satisfying all the standards of PRFMs recommended by the PAG(14,15). It contains a good quality protein, cheap and can be easily prepared at the family level after appropriate education of mothers. This mixture can be also manufactured at the national level.", "contents": "Nitrogen balance studies on protein-rich food mixtures for preschool children in Egypt. Nitrogen balance measurements were carried out on children aged 5 to 30 months. They were fed diets supplemented by PRFMs or by SMA milk powder as the sole source of dietary protein. Sesamena (or SLW-II) was fed to a group of 8 children, Arabeana to another group of 9 and Supramine to a third group of 8 children. The measurements were reported on the same children when they were given SMA milk powder as a reference protein. Therefore, each subject acted as his own control. The technique used was that of Fomon et al(23) with certain modifications. All three mixtures could maintain the children in positive nitrogen balance. Sesamena gave the best mean NPU value (69 +/- 5.9) which is 96% of reference. Supramine gave the highest mean digestibility (87 +/- 6.8) which is 102% of reference. Sesamena proved to be a suitable weaning food satisfying all the standards of PRFMs recommended by the PAG(14,15). It contains a good quality protein, cheap and can be easily prepared at the family level after appropriate education of mothers. This mixture can be also manufactured at the national level."}
{"id": "PMID:1222895", "title": "Clinically diagnosed poliomyelitis in a presumably vaccinated population.", "content": "Vaccination against poliomyelitis has been compulsory all over Egypt since 1968. Therefore, it is presumed that all infants and children below six years have already been vaccinated. This study is planned to estimate the magnitude of paralytic poliomyelitis in Egypt after six years compulsory vaccination. The cases studied were investigated with regard to socioeconomic status and history and place of vaccination, association of vomiting and diarrhoea or breast feeding within two hours of vaccination, and blood grouping. These results were compared with those of a control group of non-paralytic cases chosen at random from patients who visited the same hospital. Samples of the vaccine were collected from different centres in which children received vaccination and were titrated to estimate their potency at Agouza Laboratories for Vaccines and Sera. The results revealed that still we have a high incidence of poliomyelitis viz : 985/100,000 out-patients, also males are more affected than females with sex ratio 3:2. Of the paralytic cases 22% had proper vaccination while improper vaccination was found in 78%. There was predominance of blood group O among the paralytic cases. The detailed results and discussion of paralytic cases compared to the control has been also fulfilled. Tiltration of the vaccine revealed a lower than the accepted standard indicating altered potency.", "contents": "Clinically diagnosed poliomyelitis in a presumably vaccinated population. Vaccination against poliomyelitis has been compulsory all over Egypt since 1968. Therefore, it is presumed that all infants and children below six years have already been vaccinated. This study is planned to estimate the magnitude of paralytic poliomyelitis in Egypt after six years compulsory vaccination. The cases studied were investigated with regard to socioeconomic status and history and place of vaccination, association of vomiting and diarrhoea or breast feeding within two hours of vaccination, and blood grouping. These results were compared with those of a control group of non-paralytic cases chosen at random from patients who visited the same hospital. Samples of the vaccine were collected from different centres in which children received vaccination and were titrated to estimate their potency at Agouza Laboratories for Vaccines and Sera. The results revealed that still we have a high incidence of poliomyelitis viz : 985/100,000 out-patients, also males are more affected than females with sex ratio 3:2. Of the paralytic cases 22% had proper vaccination while improper vaccination was found in 78%. There was predominance of blood group O among the paralytic cases. The detailed results and discussion of paralytic cases compared to the control has been also fulfilled. Tiltration of the vaccine revealed a lower than the accepted standard indicating altered potency."}
{"id": "PMID:1222896", "title": "Study of the pattern of Widal test in infants and children. III. Effect of T.A.B., diphtheria tetanus, pertussis and measles vaccinations on the level of enteric fever agglutinins.", "content": "Widal test was done before and 15 days after the last dose of T.A.B. (33 Children) Diphtheria (13) Tetanus (16), Pertussis (7) and Measles (7) vaccinations. The tremendous rise of Widal agglutinin titers after T.A.B. vaccination could not foul up the results of the Widal test if we follow closely the suggested diagnostic Widal criterion combining a titer of 1/80 or more for \"O\" and 1/60 or more for one\"H\" agglutinin with the other \"H\" agglutinins at a lower titer.", "contents": "Study of the pattern of Widal test in infants and children. III. Effect of T.A.B., diphtheria tetanus, pertussis and measles vaccinations on the level of enteric fever agglutinins. Widal test was done before and 15 days after the last dose of T.A.B. (33 Children) Diphtheria (13) Tetanus (16), Pertussis (7) and Measles (7) vaccinations. The tremendous rise of Widal agglutinin titers after T.A.B. vaccination could not foul up the results of the Widal test if we follow closely the suggested diagnostic Widal criterion combining a titer of 1/80 or more for \"O\" and 1/60 or more for one\"H\" agglutinin with the other \"H\" agglutinins at a lower titer."}
{"id": "PMID:1222899", "title": "Improved feeding patterns in the prevention of childhood malnutrition.", "content": "In this study simple assessment of the nutritional status and evaluation of the dietary economic and social conditions were done for a sample of urban and rural infants and young children. Home-made diets, supplying the recommended dietary allowances for proteins and calories were suggested. These diets cost the same amount of money, originally spent on foods for the baby. A follow-up study for three months showed that babies reached growth standards better than the original for the same group at similar ages.", "contents": "Improved feeding patterns in the prevention of childhood malnutrition. In this study simple assessment of the nutritional status and evaluation of the dietary economic and social conditions were done for a sample of urban and rural infants and young children. Home-made diets, supplying the recommended dietary allowances for proteins and calories were suggested. These diets cost the same amount of money, originally spent on foods for the baby. A follow-up study for three months showed that babies reached growth standards better than the original for the same group at similar ages."}
{"id": "PMID:1222915", "title": "The cat as a possible source of Toxoplasma infection for man.", "content": "The authors examined 1,027 persons divided into two groups by means of the toxoplasmin skin test. Group I contained 472 persons who owned domestic cats. Of these 255, i.e. 54.0% gave a positive reaction. Group II consisted of 555 persons who did not own cats. Of these 237, i.e. 42.7% reacted positively. A statistically significant difference at the 1% level of significance was assessed between the two groups. A difference of highest diagnostic importance was found in persons of unexposed occupations in the lowest age group, 14-19 years: 39.5% positive reactions among cat owners and 16.1% among those who did not own cats. The results support the assumption on the role played by domestic cats in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. An analysis of the ethology of the cat as regards its importance in the spread of Toxoplasma infection is the subject of the present study.", "contents": "The cat as a possible source of Toxoplasma infection for man. The authors examined 1,027 persons divided into two groups by means of the toxoplasmin skin test. Group I contained 472 persons who owned domestic cats. Of these 255, i.e. 54.0% gave a positive reaction. Group II consisted of 555 persons who did not own cats. Of these 237, i.e. 42.7% reacted positively. A statistically significant difference at the 1% level of significance was assessed between the two groups. A difference of highest diagnostic importance was found in persons of unexposed occupations in the lowest age group, 14-19 years: 39.5% positive reactions among cat owners and 16.1% among those who did not own cats. The results support the assumption on the role played by domestic cats in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. An analysis of the ethology of the cat as regards its importance in the spread of Toxoplasma infection is the subject of the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:1222917", "title": "Histochemistry of the parenchyma of Cysticercus bovis.", "content": "The contents of mucosubstances, proteins and lipids, and the activity of several enzymes were studied in the parenchyma of the bladder wall and the invaginated portion of Cysticercus bovis aged 108 days. The parenchyma of both parts contained a large amount of glycogen and minute bodies with a high activity of acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase. By contrast to older larvae, the young larvae contained a minute amount of hydrophobic lipids. The rostellum was developed and similar to the suckers contained glycogen.", "contents": "Histochemistry of the parenchyma of Cysticercus bovis. The contents of mucosubstances, proteins and lipids, and the activity of several enzymes were studied in the parenchyma of the bladder wall and the invaginated portion of Cysticercus bovis aged 108 days. The parenchyma of both parts contained a large amount of glycogen and minute bodies with a high activity of acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase. By contrast to older larvae, the young larvae contained a minute amount of hydrophobic lipids. The rostellum was developed and similar to the suckers contained glycogen."}
{"id": "PMID:1222918", "title": "The effect of immunosuppressants on experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica.", "content": "Results are presented on the effect of immunosuppressive substances such as chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, amethopterine and a cortizone derivate of betamethasone, on the development of Fasciola hepatica in the rat. The suppression of the immune response of the host to immunosuppressants was reflected in an earlier start of migration of the flukes to the common bile duct, and in an earlier onset of egg production as compared with that in the controls. Of the substances employed, cyclophosphamide and betamethasone were the most effective ones within the period from week 2--6 p.i., which is the time during which the migration of the flukes in the liver parenchyma is highest. Pathological changes in the liver of the animals were less marked than those of the infected controls. Evidence was obtained on an increased pathogenicity of infective larval flukes causing a higher mortality of the hosts in comparison with that of the control animals. On the other hand, the administration of immunosuppressants did neither influence the total number of developed flukes nor the appearance of eosinophilia in the peripheral blood of the treated animals.", "contents": "The effect of immunosuppressants on experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica. Results are presented on the effect of immunosuppressive substances such as chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, amethopterine and a cortizone derivate of betamethasone, on the development of Fasciola hepatica in the rat. The suppression of the immune response of the host to immunosuppressants was reflected in an earlier start of migration of the flukes to the common bile duct, and in an earlier onset of egg production as compared with that in the controls. Of the substances employed, cyclophosphamide and betamethasone were the most effective ones within the period from week 2--6 p.i., which is the time during which the migration of the flukes in the liver parenchyma is highest. Pathological changes in the liver of the animals were less marked than those of the infected controls. Evidence was obtained on an increased pathogenicity of infective larval flukes causing a higher mortality of the hosts in comparison with that of the control animals. On the other hand, the administration of immunosuppressants did neither influence the total number of developed flukes nor the appearance of eosinophilia in the peripheral blood of the treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:1222919", "title": "Redescription of two species of the genus Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 (Monogenoidea) from Misgurnus anguillicaudatus.", "content": "A redescription is given of Gyrodactylus macracanthus Hukuda, 1940 and G. micracanthus Hukuda, 1940. G. paralatus Gussev, 1955 was placed in synonymy with the species G. macracanthus. Specimens determined by Ergens and Dulmaa (1968) to be G. paralatus are considered to be identical to G. micracanthus.", "contents": "Redescription of two species of the genus Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 (Monogenoidea) from Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. A redescription is given of Gyrodactylus macracanthus Hukuda, 1940 and G. micracanthus Hukuda, 1940. G. paralatus Gussev, 1955 was placed in synonymy with the species G. macracanthus. Specimens determined by Ergens and Dulmaa (1968) to be G. paralatus are considered to be identical to G. micracanthus."}
{"id": "PMID:1222920", "title": "Two myobiid mites (Myobiidae: Trombidiformes) from the Great Himalaya Mountains).", "content": "In the region of the Barun Glacier, in the vicinity of the Makalu Mountain in the Great Himalaya (Nepal) two mite species of the family Myobiidae, Protomyobia kounickyi sp. n. and Radfordia lemnina (C. L. Koch, 1841) were found on Soriculus caudatus soluensis (Gruber) and Alticola roylei (Gray) respectively at high altitudes (3450--4900 m). A single specimen of the latter species slightly differs from specimens from the typical host, Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber), in a greater length of l4 and d5 and in the form of coxal setae I, but it is not regarded as a different taxon.", "contents": "Two myobiid mites (Myobiidae: Trombidiformes) from the Great Himalaya Mountains). In the region of the Barun Glacier, in the vicinity of the Makalu Mountain in the Great Himalaya (Nepal) two mite species of the family Myobiidae, Protomyobia kounickyi sp. n. and Radfordia lemnina (C. L. Koch, 1841) were found on Soriculus caudatus soluensis (Gruber) and Alticola roylei (Gray) respectively at high altitudes (3450--4900 m). A single specimen of the latter species slightly differs from specimens from the typical host, Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber), in a greater length of l4 and d5 and in the form of coxal setae I, but it is not regarded as a different taxon."}
{"id": "PMID:1222921", "title": "Rhadinopsylla (Actenophthalmus) mesoides Smit, 1957 (Siphonaptera, Hystrichopsyllidae) in Czechoslovak western Carpathians.", "content": "A series of 50 specimens of Rhadinopsylla mesoides was found among fleas of small rodents in the western Carpathians. According to variability of some characters in Rh. mesoides from the High Tatras the authors consider the subspecies Rhadinopsylla mesoides skuratowiczi Bartkowska, 1972 to be a synonym of Rhadinopsylla mesoides Smit, 1957.", "contents": "Rhadinopsylla (Actenophthalmus) mesoides Smit, 1957 (Siphonaptera, Hystrichopsyllidae) in Czechoslovak western Carpathians. A series of 50 specimens of Rhadinopsylla mesoides was found among fleas of small rodents in the western Carpathians. According to variability of some characters in Rh. mesoides from the High Tatras the authors consider the subspecies Rhadinopsylla mesoides skuratowiczi Bartkowska, 1972 to be a synonym of Rhadinopsylla mesoides Smit, 1957."}
{"id": "PMID:1222923", "title": "[Children of foreign workers form the viewpoint of medical practice].", "content": "Medical practitioners in Duisberg, Velbert, Wuppertal and D\u00fcsseldorf were requested to give information on special health problems in children of foreign laborers. The majority of the medical practitioners reported no differences between the health problems in children of foreign laborers and those of German children. However, many reported that malnutritional and catarrhal diseases occur more often and neurotic disturbances less often in the foreign children. The higher incidence of illness in the foreign children can probably be reduced to some extent by informing the foreign parents about the suitable nutrition of small children and of appropriate clothing in Germany.", "contents": "[Children of foreign workers form the viewpoint of medical practice]. Medical practitioners in Duisberg, Velbert, Wuppertal and D\u00fcsseldorf were requested to give information on special health problems in children of foreign laborers. The majority of the medical practitioners reported no differences between the health problems in children of foreign laborers and those of German children. However, many reported that malnutritional and catarrhal diseases occur more often and neurotic disturbances less often in the foreign children. The higher incidence of illness in the foreign children can probably be reduced to some extent by informing the foreign parents about the suitable nutrition of small children and of appropriate clothing in Germany."}
{"id": "PMID:1222924", "title": "[Vesicorenal reflux. Morphological diagnosis and indications for anti-reflux plasty].", "content": "The importance of reflux-pyelonephritis in children and adults is discussed. Important leading-symptoms are the incontinence after the age of four besides the cystoureteritis, which is resistant to all kinds of therapy. Following the discussion of the etiopathogenesis of the reflux and its consequences, the symptomatic of the reflux is described in detail and a diagnostic program is given. Extended urological diagnosis includes intravenous urography with preceeding x-ray-examination, reflux cystogram and cystourethrogram during urination. An essential emprovement of these diagnostic measures for the recording of the vesicoureteral reflux is the recording by the 100-mm-cutfilm-camera. Indications for surgical measures and the operative proceeding are discussed.", "contents": "[Vesicorenal reflux. Morphological diagnosis and indications for anti-reflux plasty]. The importance of reflux-pyelonephritis in children and adults is discussed. Important leading-symptoms are the incontinence after the age of four besides the cystoureteritis, which is resistant to all kinds of therapy. Following the discussion of the etiopathogenesis of the reflux and its consequences, the symptomatic of the reflux is described in detail and a diagnostic program is given. Extended urological diagnosis includes intravenous urography with preceeding x-ray-examination, reflux cystogram and cystourethrogram during urination. An essential emprovement of these diagnostic measures for the recording of the vesicoureteral reflux is the recording by the 100-mm-cutfilm-camera. Indications for surgical measures and the operative proceeding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1222926", "title": "[Maternal mortality in cesarean section as compared to vaginal delivery].", "content": "Caesarean section-rates of more than 10% in our days are not seldom; the reasons are the changed and enlarged indications for Caesarean section. The increase of the Caesarean section-frequency is parallel to the decrease of maternal mortality. The authors' investigations came to the same results. From 1963-1974 they examined 29534 deliveries (28184 spontaneous deliveries and 1350 Caesarean sections). In the examined years the Caesarean section-frequency increased from 3.6% to 5.7%. The maternal mortality of all deliveries was 5.47% (14 from 29534);the maternal mortality of the spontaneous vaginal deliveries was 0.14% (4 from 28184), in the Caesarean sections the maternal mortality was 7.41% (10 from 1350). The different causes of exitus in Caesarean section are discussed. Even \"adjusted statistics\" show that maternal mortality in Caesarean section is until today 10 to 15 times as high as in vaginal deliveries. Therefore Caesarean section means a ten times higher risk than a spontaneous delivery. For these reasons Caesarean section should not develop to the delivery's \"method of choice\" and we should keep our intentions also in future to the vaginal methods of delivery.", "contents": "[Maternal mortality in cesarean section as compared to vaginal delivery]. Caesarean section-rates of more than 10% in our days are not seldom; the reasons are the changed and enlarged indications for Caesarean section. The increase of the Caesarean section-frequency is parallel to the decrease of maternal mortality. The authors' investigations came to the same results. From 1963-1974 they examined 29534 deliveries (28184 spontaneous deliveries and 1350 Caesarean sections). In the examined years the Caesarean section-frequency increased from 3.6% to 5.7%. The maternal mortality of all deliveries was 5.47% (14 from 29534);the maternal mortality of the spontaneous vaginal deliveries was 0.14% (4 from 28184), in the Caesarean sections the maternal mortality was 7.41% (10 from 1350). The different causes of exitus in Caesarean section are discussed. Even \"adjusted statistics\" show that maternal mortality in Caesarean section is until today 10 to 15 times as high as in vaginal deliveries. Therefore Caesarean section means a ten times higher risk than a spontaneous delivery. For these reasons Caesarean section should not develop to the delivery's \"method of choice\" and we should keep our intentions also in future to the vaginal methods of delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:1222927", "title": "[Eclampsia. Incidence and therapy, results of the University Gynecological Clinic G\u00f6ttingen].", "content": "The occurrence of eclampsia in the last two decades in the women's hospital of the University of Goettingen was evaluated. In a total of 32,578 birth  there was an incidence of 0.11%. Maternal mortality was 16.2%, perinatal mortality 19.5%. 73% of the patients were primiparae, 24.3% unmarried pregnant women. A regression of the frequency of eclampsia is seen within the last 20 years and certainly due to the intensive antenatal care.", "contents": "[Eclampsia. Incidence and therapy, results of the University Gynecological Clinic G\u00f6ttingen]. The occurrence of eclampsia in the last two decades in the women's hospital of the University of Goettingen was evaluated. In a total of 32,578 birth  there was an incidence of 0.11%. Maternal mortality was 16.2%, perinatal mortality 19.5%. 73% of the patients were primiparae, 24.3% unmarried pregnant women. A regression of the frequency of eclampsia is seen within the last 20 years and certainly due to the intensive antenatal care."}
{"id": "PMID:1222928", "title": "[Fulminant hepatitis. Complications and therapeutic possibilities].", "content": "Clinic and histologic characteristics in fulminant hepatitis are pointed out, participation of other organs is reported. Coma, bleeding and renal failure are complications and often are followed by death. Conservative treatment prophylacting complications is described. Newer methods in treatment of coma are exchange-transfusion, liver-perfusion and -grafting. They showed success in some cases. Success, however is less due to the method than to ability of regeneration of the remaining liver tissue. Despite the newer methods of treatment the rate of mortality is yet 80 to 90%.", "contents": "[Fulminant hepatitis. Complications and therapeutic possibilities]. Clinic and histologic characteristics in fulminant hepatitis are pointed out, participation of other organs is reported. Coma, bleeding and renal failure are complications and often are followed by death. Conservative treatment prophylacting complications is described. Newer methods in treatment of coma are exchange-transfusion, liver-perfusion and -grafting. They showed success in some cases. Success, however is less due to the method than to ability of regeneration of the remaining liver tissue. Despite the newer methods of treatment the rate of mortality is yet 80 to 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:1222932", "title": "[Surgical manegement of breast cancer].", "content": "A survey of common operative methods in carcinoma of the breast is given. The own procedure in localized and generalized stages of the disease is presented. Simple mastectomy plus axillary dissection has according to our experience proven to be the method of choice.", "contents": "[Surgical manegement of breast cancer]. A survey of common operative methods in carcinoma of the breast is given. The own procedure in localized and generalized stages of the disease is presented. Simple mastectomy plus axillary dissection has according to our experience proven to be the method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:1222935", "title": "[Total reform of the Food Act. Health-related aspects].", "content": "Consumer-protection will be made stronger through reform of the laws concerning sale of such commodities as food, cosmetics and tobacco, which can be damaging to health. Important new developments have already been introduced in the areas of residue-control, additives, declared contents and advertisements, including those concerning the claimed benefits of healthfoods. There have been alterations in penalties for contraventions of these laws. If this reform is to make a positive contribution to the field of health protection then a more direct co-ordination with legislation concerning the environment is necessary.", "contents": "[Total reform of the Food Act. Health-related aspects]. Consumer-protection will be made stronger through reform of the laws concerning sale of such commodities as food, cosmetics and tobacco, which can be damaging to health. Important new developments have already been introduced in the areas of residue-control, additives, declared contents and advertisements, including those concerning the claimed benefits of healthfoods. There have been alterations in penalties for contraventions of these laws. If this reform is to make a positive contribution to the field of health protection then a more direct co-ordination with legislation concerning the environment is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:1222936", "title": "[Effects of water with a low mineral content on serum electrolytes and blood pressure].", "content": "The effects of low-mineral content water (Adelholzener Primus-Quelle) in 62 patients were studied of which 14 were hypertonic. Changes of blood sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were not observed in either group. In the hypertonic patients, blood pressure decreased from a mean systolic value of 168 to 140 mmHg and mean distolic pressure from 105 to 88 mmHg. Observations to date suggest the following indications for a low-mineral content water diet: 1. hypertension, 2. renal insufficiency in stages of compensated and decompensated retention, especially in cases with high serum potassium levels, 3. in the initial therapy of diabetes, gout and obesity; patients with a high water demand should be treated with low-mineral content water until the optimal intake of electrolytes is established.", "contents": "[Effects of water with a low mineral content on serum electrolytes and blood pressure]. The effects of low-mineral content water (Adelholzener Primus-Quelle) in 62 patients were studied of which 14 were hypertonic. Changes of blood sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were not observed in either group. In the hypertonic patients, blood pressure decreased from a mean systolic value of 168 to 140 mmHg and mean distolic pressure from 105 to 88 mmHg. Observations to date suggest the following indications for a low-mineral content water diet: 1. hypertension, 2. renal insufficiency in stages of compensated and decompensated retention, especially in cases with high serum potassium levels, 3. in the initial therapy of diabetes, gout and obesity; patients with a high water demand should be treated with low-mineral content water until the optimal intake of electrolytes is established."}
{"id": "PMID:1222941", "title": "Blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in a population from the Seychelle Islands.", "content": "161 inhabitants of the Seychelle Islands have been examined for blood group, serum protein, and red cell enzyme polymorphisms. The gene frequency data obtained from this survey supports the anthropological view that the present-day Creole-speaking inhabitants of the Seychelle Islands result from a admixture of African and European stock.", "contents": "Blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in a population from the Seychelle Islands. 161 inhabitants of the Seychelle Islands have been examined for blood group, serum protein, and red cell enzyme polymorphisms. The gene frequency data obtained from this survey supports the anthropological view that the present-day Creole-speaking inhabitants of the Seychelle Islands result from a admixture of African and European stock."}
{"id": "PMID:1222943", "title": "Genetic variation in Nigeria. I. The genetics of phenylthiourea tasting ability.", "content": "Phenylthiourea (PTC) taste sensitivity thresholds have been measured for 2,013 Nigerians using a modified sorting technique. The frequency of non-tasters was observed to be 12.5% and the t gene frequency was 0.354. There was a significant difference between the sexes at the 0.01 level for the overall population. However, when the data are analyzed according to the geographical origin of the subject, the sex difference is found only in one of three geographical regions. Also, there may be geographical influences on PTC taste sensitivity, although this was not statistically significant. The estimates reported in this population differ considerably from some of the previously published estimates for black populations.", "contents": "Genetic variation in Nigeria. I. The genetics of phenylthiourea tasting ability. Phenylthiourea (PTC) taste sensitivity thresholds have been measured for 2,013 Nigerians using a modified sorting technique. The frequency of non-tasters was observed to be 12.5% and the t gene frequency was 0.354. There was a significant difference between the sexes at the 0.01 level for the overall population. However, when the data are analyzed according to the geographical origin of the subject, the sex difference is found only in one of three geographical regions. Also, there may be geographical influences on PTC taste sensitivity, although this was not statistically significant. The estimates reported in this population differ considerably from some of the previously published estimates for black populations."}
{"id": "PMID:1222944", "title": "Immunoglobulin Allotypes of European Populations. I. Gm and Km(Inv) allotypic markers in Hungarians.", "content": "The distribution of G1m(f, z, a, and x), G3m(b0, b1, b3, c3, c5, g, s, and t) and Km(1) (formerly Inv[1]) allotypic markers have been examined in 184 Hungarians. The results indicate that the frequency of the immunoglobulin haplotypes Gmza;g, Gmzax;g, Gmf;b and Km1 is similar to the frequencies observed in surrounding populations. In addition, Hungarians were found to be polymorphic for the Oriental haplotype Gmza;bst, and had low frequencies of other uncommon haplotypes. Our data indicate that about 5% of the Hungarian genome is of Oriental origin.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin Allotypes of European Populations. I. Gm and Km(Inv) allotypic markers in Hungarians. The distribution of G1m(f, z, a, and x), G3m(b0, b1, b3, c3, c5, g, s, and t) and Km(1) (formerly Inv[1]) allotypic markers have been examined in 184 Hungarians. The results indicate that the frequency of the immunoglobulin haplotypes Gmza;g, Gmzax;g, Gmf;b and Km1 is similar to the frequencies observed in surrounding populations. In addition, Hungarians were found to be polymorphic for the Oriental haplotype Gmza;bst, and had low frequencies of other uncommon haplotypes. Our data indicate that about 5% of the Hungarian genome is of Oriental origin."}
{"id": "PMID:1222945", "title": "Polymorphism of esterase D in some population groups in Japan.", "content": "Electrophoretic types of red cell esterase D (Es D) have been determined in more than 1,000 blood samples from Tokyo. The allele frequency for Es D2 was found to be 0.342. Typing was also carried out in samples of the Ainu of Hokkaido and of the Ryukyuans of the Okinawa Island: the Es D2 frequencies were found to be 0.273 and 0.369, respectively. These values are considerably higher than those described in Europeans, Negroes and even in Asiatic Indians. The results indicate that Es D with a marked degree of heterogeneity is a valuable marker for genetic, anthropological and forensic application in Mongoloid groups.", "contents": "Polymorphism of esterase D in some population groups in Japan. Electrophoretic types of red cell esterase D (Es D) have been determined in more than 1,000 blood samples from Tokyo. The allele frequency for Es D2 was found to be 0.342. Typing was also carried out in samples of the Ainu of Hokkaido and of the Ryukyuans of the Okinawa Island: the Es D2 frequencies were found to be 0.273 and 0.369, respectively. These values are considerably higher than those described in Europeans, Negroes and even in Asiatic Indians. The results indicate that Es D with a marked degree of heterogeneity is a valuable marker for genetic, anthropological and forensic application in Mongoloid groups."}
{"id": "PMID:1222946", "title": "Immunoglobulin allotypes of European populations. II.Gm, Am and Km(Inv) allotypic markers in Czechoslovakians.", "content": "The distribution of G1m(f,z,a, and x), G2m(n), G3m(b0, b1, b3, b5, c3, c5, g, s, t, and v), A2m(1 and 2) and Km(1) (formerly Inv[1]) allotypic determinants has been examined in a series of Czechoslovakian blood donors. The results indicate that Gmza;-;gvA2m1, Gmzax;-;gvA2m1, Gmf;n;bvA2m1 and Gmf;-;bvA2m1 are present in polymorphic frequencies. Further, 9 idiomorphic phenotypes were observed; however, without family data it was not possible to exactly define the majority of these. The observed frequencies of Gmza;g, Gmzax;g and Gmf;b and Km1 are similar to those observed previously in Czechoslovakians and similar to those observed in adjacent populations, though different from those observed in Western Europeans, primarily due to a higher frequency of Gmf;b in Czechoslovakians.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin allotypes of European populations. II.Gm, Am and Km(Inv) allotypic markers in Czechoslovakians. The distribution of G1m(f,z,a, and x), G2m(n), G3m(b0, b1, b3, b5, c3, c5, g, s, t, and v), A2m(1 and 2) and Km(1) (formerly Inv[1]) allotypic determinants has been examined in a series of Czechoslovakian blood donors. The results indicate that Gmza;-;gvA2m1, Gmzax;-;gvA2m1, Gmf;n;bvA2m1 and Gmf;-;bvA2m1 are present in polymorphic frequencies. Further, 9 idiomorphic phenotypes were observed; however, without family data it was not possible to exactly define the majority of these. The observed frequencies of Gmza;g, Gmzax;g and Gmf;b and Km1 are similar to those observed previously in Czechoslovakians and similar to those observed in adjacent populations, though different from those observed in Western Europeans, primarily due to a higher frequency of Gmf;b in Czechoslovakians."}
{"id": "PMID:1222947", "title": "C'3 polymorphism of human complement in North-East England.", "content": "The C'3 polymorphism of human complement was investigated in a sample of 268 unrelated individuals in North-East England. The two common genes were comparable in frequency with other European populations investigated so far. Two individuals were found to have rare variant C'3 types.", "contents": "C'3 polymorphism of human complement in North-East England. The C'3 polymorphism of human complement was investigated in a sample of 268 unrelated individuals in North-East England. The two common genes were comparable in frequency with other European populations investigated so far. Two individuals were found to have rare variant C'3 types."}
{"id": "PMID:1222948", "title": "Red cell glutamate-pyruvate transaminase gene frequencies in Gambia, West Africa.", "content": "The red cell GPT phenotypes have been determined in two village populations in Gambia, West Africa. A total of 887 people have been investigated. The results confirm the previous observations that the frequency of the GPT gene is far higher in African populations than Caucasian populations.", "contents": "Red cell glutamate-pyruvate transaminase gene frequencies in Gambia, West Africa. The red cell GPT phenotypes have been determined in two village populations in Gambia, West Africa. A total of 887 people have been investigated. The results confirm the previous observations that the frequency of the GPT gene is far higher in African populations than Caucasian populations."}
{"id": "PMID:1222949", "title": "Anterior chamber of the eye. A genetic and anthropological study in Greenland Eskimos.", "content": "During a population survey in Eskimos family resemblance with respect to anterior chamber depth (ACD) was studied. Heritability estimates of about 0.7 against a marital correlation of zero were obtained. No correlation between ACD and parity, but a significant correlation with stature was found which possibly accounts for the sex difference in ACD. Significant associations between ACD, iris colour, facial appearance, and corneal diameter were observed. West Greenlanders with a predominantly Eskimoan physiognomy showed smaller anterior chambers than unmixed East Greenland Eskimos and Eskimo-Caucasian hybrids.", "contents": "Anterior chamber of the eye. A genetic and anthropological study in Greenland Eskimos. During a population survey in Eskimos family resemblance with respect to anterior chamber depth (ACD) was studied. Heritability estimates of about 0.7 against a marital correlation of zero were obtained. No correlation between ACD and parity, but a significant correlation with stature was found which possibly accounts for the sex difference in ACD. Significant associations between ACD, iris colour, facial appearance, and corneal diameter were observed. West Greenlanders with a predominantly Eskimoan physiognomy showed smaller anterior chambers than unmixed East Greenland Eskimos and Eskimo-Caucasian hybrids."}
{"id": "PMID:1222950", "title": "Inhibitory effect of progesterone on the phytohaemagglutinin- induced transformation of human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "Effect of sex steroids, progesterone and estradiol-17beta, on transformation of human lymphocytes induced by PHA was investigated. Responses of peripheral lymphocytes from non-pregnant women to PHA was markedly reduced in the presence of progesterone at a concentration of 10(3) or 10(4) ng/ml. Estradiol-17beta, on the other hand, had no effects on the PHA-induced transformation under the present experimental conditions. The immunosuppressive property of progesterone may contribute to depression of maternal cell-mediated immunity against fetus during pregnancy.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of progesterone on the phytohaemagglutinin- induced transformation of human peripheral lymphocytes. Effect of sex steroids, progesterone and estradiol-17beta, on transformation of human lymphocytes induced by PHA was investigated. Responses of peripheral lymphocytes from non-pregnant women to PHA was markedly reduced in the presence of progesterone at a concentration of 10(3) or 10(4) ng/ml. Estradiol-17beta, on the other hand, had no effects on the PHA-induced transformation under the present experimental conditions. The immunosuppressive property of progesterone may contribute to depression of maternal cell-mediated immunity against fetus during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:1222993", "title": "Central component of the cario-accelerator action of angiotensin II in dogs.", "content": "Injection of angiotensin II into a lateral cerebral ventricle (I.C.V.) or into a peripheral vein of anaesthetized dog elicited a rise in blood pressure and transient bradycardia followed by sustained tachycardia. Spinal transection at C2 and bilateral vagotomy abolished the central cardiovascular effect of I.C.V. angiotensin. However, in spinal transected dogs the usual pressor response to intravenous angiotensin was observed. Since the transient bradycardia was absent in bilaterally vagotomized dogs or in dogs with their blood pressure stabilized by means of a mechanical buffer devise it must be reflex in origin. The tachycardia was more marked in vagotomized dogs. Prior administration of a beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent propranolol, blocked the tachycardia, but the pressor response was unaffected. The cardiovascular responses to centrally administered angiotensin were practically abolished by prior treatment of dogs with reserpine or by extirpation of both adrenal glands. Thus it may be concluded that ICV angiotensin induces a centrogenic release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla which is responsible for the cardiovascular responses.", "contents": "Central component of the cario-accelerator action of angiotensin II in dogs. Injection of angiotensin II into a lateral cerebral ventricle (I.C.V.) or into a peripheral vein of anaesthetized dog elicited a rise in blood pressure and transient bradycardia followed by sustained tachycardia. Spinal transection at C2 and bilateral vagotomy abolished the central cardiovascular effect of I.C.V. angiotensin. However, in spinal transected dogs the usual pressor response to intravenous angiotensin was observed. Since the transient bradycardia was absent in bilaterally vagotomized dogs or in dogs with their blood pressure stabilized by means of a mechanical buffer devise it must be reflex in origin. The tachycardia was more marked in vagotomized dogs. Prior administration of a beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent propranolol, blocked the tachycardia, but the pressor response was unaffected. The cardiovascular responses to centrally administered angiotensin were practically abolished by prior treatment of dogs with reserpine or by extirpation of both adrenal glands. Thus it may be concluded that ICV angiotensin induces a centrogenic release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla which is responsible for the cardiovascular responses."}
{"id": "PMID:1222994", "title": "Cardiac acceleration by angiotensin II in dogs.", "content": "The effect of angiotensin II on heart rate of dogs were studied by intravenous and intracerebroventricular routes. Following differences were noticeable when the results obtained with intracerebroventricular were compared with those obtained after intravenous administration. The onset of tachycardia was less as compared to the intravenously administered angiotensin. The dogs required to produce tachycardia was less and the magnitude of tachycardia was also greater with intracerebroventricular administration. The initial bradycardia observed with intracerebroventricular or intravenous administration of angiotensin, could be prevented by using the mechanical buffering device. The spinal cord transection at C2 level and bilateral vagotomy abolished the tachycardia. It is speculated that angiotensin acts centrally either  on the hypothalamic or medullary accelerator neurones (central sympathetic structures) and produces some degree of increased adrenegic neuron discharge which is responsible for cardiac acceleratin in dogs.", "contents": "Cardiac acceleration by angiotensin II in dogs. The effect of angiotensin II on heart rate of dogs were studied by intravenous and intracerebroventricular routes. Following differences were noticeable when the results obtained with intracerebroventricular were compared with those obtained after intravenous administration. The onset of tachycardia was less as compared to the intravenously administered angiotensin. The dogs required to produce tachycardia was less and the magnitude of tachycardia was also greater with intracerebroventricular administration. The initial bradycardia observed with intracerebroventricular or intravenous administration of angiotensin, could be prevented by using the mechanical buffering device. The spinal cord transection at C2 level and bilateral vagotomy abolished the tachycardia. It is speculated that angiotensin acts centrally either  on the hypothalamic or medullary accelerator neurones (central sympathetic structures) and produces some degree of increased adrenegic neuron discharge which is responsible for cardiac acceleratin in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:1222995", "title": "Effects of Co60 gamma radiations on the conduction properties of frog sciatic nerves.", "content": "The effect of Co60 gamma radiations on the amplitude, detection period and duration of the action potential of sciatic nerves of Rana Tigrina frogs have been studied. Dose levels of up to 120 KR were employed. Irradiation of the nerves with dose levels upto 30 KR does not seem to affect the action potential profiles. The amplitude falls rapidly therafter, registering less than 5% of the orginal value after irradiation by a dose of 120 KR. Qualitatively similar behaviour is seen in the case of detection period and duration of action potential. These results are examined in the light of the authors' data (11) on the effect of Co60 gamma rays on the enzyme acethlcholinesterase (AchE). Portions of this paper have already been communicated (12).", "contents": "Effects of Co60 gamma radiations on the conduction properties of frog sciatic nerves. The effect of Co60 gamma radiations on the amplitude, detection period and duration of the action potential of sciatic nerves of Rana Tigrina frogs have been studied. Dose levels of up to 120 KR were employed. Irradiation of the nerves with dose levels upto 30 KR does not seem to affect the action potential profiles. The amplitude falls rapidly therafter, registering less than 5% of the orginal value after irradiation by a dose of 120 KR. Qualitatively similar behaviour is seen in the case of detection period and duration of action potential. These results are examined in the light of the authors' data (11) on the effect of Co60 gamma rays on the enzyme acethlcholinesterase (AchE). Portions of this paper have already been communicated (12)."}
{"id": "PMID:1222996", "title": "Study of urinary volume and creatinine excretion in women medical students.", "content": "The urine volume per 24 hours is much lower than that reported in literature and therefore, it is necessary to establish Indian base lines. The experiments have been done under three different weather conditions, the results suggest an extent of allowance to be made for interpreting the results of concentration of substances in urine. The daily creatinine excretion was much lower than that reported in Western literature. This may be of value when creatinine excretion is being used as a check for completeness of 24 hours urine volume in Indians.", "contents": "Study of urinary volume and creatinine excretion in women medical students. The urine volume per 24 hours is much lower than that reported in literature and therefore, it is necessary to establish Indian base lines. The experiments have been done under three different weather conditions, the results suggest an extent of allowance to be made for interpreting the results of concentration of substances in urine. The daily creatinine excretion was much lower than that reported in Western literature. This may be of value when creatinine excretion is being used as a check for completeness of 24 hours urine volume in Indians."}
{"id": "PMID:1222997", "title": "Thrombccytopenia related to the severity of alcoholism.", "content": "Platelet counts of 42 alcoholics studied showed that 88% of them had thrombocytopenia. This hematological response to ethanol was dose related. Liver function assessed by biochemical tests showed no liver parenchymal damage and hence could not explain the thrombocytopenia. It has been suggested that this effect may result from a direct effect of ethanol on bone marrow from shortened platelet survival or their sequestration.", "contents": "Thrombccytopenia related to the severity of alcoholism. Platelet counts of 42 alcoholics studied showed that 88% of them had thrombocytopenia. This hematological response to ethanol was dose related. Liver function assessed by biochemical tests showed no liver parenchymal damage and hence could not explain the thrombocytopenia. It has been suggested that this effect may result from a direct effect of ethanol on bone marrow from shortened platelet survival or their sequestration."}
{"id": "PMID:1222998", "title": "A simple method for continuous recording of perfusion rate of blood vessels of frog.", "content": "A method for continuous registration of perfusion rate of frog blood vessels has been developed utilizing a modified Marey's tambour with lever system, connected to the perfusion bottle. The responses of frong blood vessels to some autonomic drugs have  been studied using this method.", "contents": "A simple method for continuous recording of perfusion rate of blood vessels of frog. A method for continuous registration of perfusion rate of frog blood vessels has been developed utilizing a modified Marey's tambour with lever system, connected to the perfusion bottle. The responses of frong blood vessels to some autonomic drugs have  been studied using this method."}
{"id": "PMID:1222999", "title": "Acid inhibiton in insulin test- a preliminary report.", "content": "The initial suppression of acid secretion in Insulin Test has been a subject of various interpretaitons. A study of hypothalamic recordings in a patient undergoing sedative neurosurgery for behaviour disorders revealed marked suppression of electrical activity in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus within three minutes after the injection of insulin, followed later by spike formation corresponding to parasympathetic stimulation, when hypoglycaemia is established. It appears that the initial suppression of acid secretion is due to a direct action of insulin, suppressing electrical activities of lateral nucleus, the spike formation occurring later, corresponding to onset of hypoglycaemia with stimulation of the nucleus and consequently gastric secretion.", "contents": "Acid inhibiton in insulin test- a preliminary report. The initial suppression of acid secretion in Insulin Test has been a subject of various interpretaitons. A study of hypothalamic recordings in a patient undergoing sedative neurosurgery for behaviour disorders revealed marked suppression of electrical activity in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus within three minutes after the injection of insulin, followed later by spike formation corresponding to parasympathetic stimulation, when hypoglycaemia is established. It appears that the initial suppression of acid secretion is due to a direct action of insulin, suppressing electrical activities of lateral nucleus, the spike formation occurring later, corresponding to onset of hypoglycaemia with stimulation of the nucleus and consequently gastric secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:1223000", "title": "Hypoglycaemic effects of onion, Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus - a preliminary report.", "content": "Hypoglycaemic fractions of A. cepa Linn (onion) have been separated. After 7 days treatment, the more active hypoglycaemic fraction was about half as active as Phenformin in lowering the fasting blood sugar of alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Oral administration of the hypoglycaemic fraction to alloxan-diabetic rabbits improved their glucose tolerance also. Juice expressed residue of onion, when fed to diabetic patients along with their food, controlled the hyperglycaemia effectively.", "contents": "Hypoglycaemic effects of onion, Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus - a preliminary report. Hypoglycaemic fractions of A. cepa Linn (onion) have been separated. After 7 days treatment, the more active hypoglycaemic fraction was about half as active as Phenformin in lowering the fasting blood sugar of alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Oral administration of the hypoglycaemic fraction to alloxan-diabetic rabbits improved their glucose tolerance also. Juice expressed residue of onion, when fed to diabetic patients along with their food, controlled the hyperglycaemia effectively."}
{"id": "PMID:1223005", "title": "Treatment with sisomicin of complicated urinary tract infections in patients with varying degrees of renal function impairment, pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment.", "content": "The efficacy, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of the new aminoglycoside antibiotic sisomicin, have been studied in 29 elderly male patients with varying degrees of renal function impairment and suffering from complicated urinary tract infections. The antibiotic was equally effective in patients with normal and impaired renal function and a cure (negative urine culture at one week follow-up) of 56% was obtained. There was little apparent toxicity with the dosage regimens used, although serum creatinine values were statistically but not clinically significantly increased in some patients following treatment. Serum half-lives of sisomicin were prolonged in cases of impaired renal function but accumulation of antibiotic could be prevented by varying dosing intervals between 8 and 24 hours based on serum creatinine values. There was good correlation between serum creatinine and sisomicin serum half-life values and a practical method is described for dose adjustment based on the relationship between serum half-lives and serum creatinine concentrations.", "contents": "Treatment with sisomicin of complicated urinary tract infections in patients with varying degrees of renal function impairment, pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment. The efficacy, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of the new aminoglycoside antibiotic sisomicin, have been studied in 29 elderly male patients with varying degrees of renal function impairment and suffering from complicated urinary tract infections. The antibiotic was equally effective in patients with normal and impaired renal function and a cure (negative urine culture at one week follow-up) of 56% was obtained. There was little apparent toxicity with the dosage regimens used, although serum creatinine values were statistically but not clinically significantly increased in some patients following treatment. Serum half-lives of sisomicin were prolonged in cases of impaired renal function but accumulation of antibiotic could be prevented by varying dosing intervals between 8 and 24 hours based on serum creatinine values. There was good correlation between serum creatinine and sisomicin serum half-life values and a practical method is described for dose adjustment based on the relationship between serum half-lives and serum creatinine concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1223006", "title": "[Electrocardiogram changes in purulent pericarditis. Report on 21 cases].", "content": "The electrocardiograms of 18 out of 21 patients hospitalized between 1964 and 1972 with purulent pericarditis presented significant changes. With the exception of three cases of primary isolated pericarditis, most of the patients presented with septicemia. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen in 16 cases. Classical electrocardiographic evolution in four phases was recorded in six cases. Draining of the pericardial effusion in the patients without pleurisy was followed by low-voltage amelioration in half of the cases. The duration of the electrocardiographic changes was shorter in patients who underwent intrapericardial treatment. One quarter of the patients suffering from myopericarditis with conduction disturbances--Block AV 1, 2 and Wenckebach's periods--had a worse prognosis.", "contents": "[Electrocardiogram changes in purulent pericarditis. Report on 21 cases]. The electrocardiograms of 18 out of 21 patients hospitalized between 1964 and 1972 with purulent pericarditis presented significant changes. With the exception of three cases of primary isolated pericarditis, most of the patients presented with septicemia. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen in 16 cases. Classical electrocardiographic evolution in four phases was recorded in six cases. Draining of the pericardial effusion in the patients without pleurisy was followed by low-voltage amelioration in half of the cases. The duration of the electrocardiographic changes was shorter in patients who underwent intrapericardial treatment. One quarter of the patients suffering from myopericarditis with conduction disturbances--Block AV 1, 2 and Wenckebach's periods--had a worse prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:1223001", "title": "Hypoglycaemic action of bengalenoside, a glucoside isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn, in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits.", "content": "A comparative study of the hypoglycaemic action of the ethabolic extract of the bark of Ficus bengalensis and a glucoside isolated from it has been made with tolbutamide, both in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. The glucoside is more active than the crude extract and it is half as potent as tolbutamide.", "contents": "Hypoglycaemic action of bengalenoside, a glucoside isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn, in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. A comparative study of the hypoglycaemic action of the ethabolic extract of the bark of Ficus bengalensis and a glucoside isolated from it has been made with tolbutamide, both in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. The glucoside is more active than the crude extract and it is half as potent as tolbutamide."}
{"id": "PMID:1223007", "title": "Experimental and clinical studies of 5-fluorocytosine activity in candida ocular infections, II. The effect of 5-fluorocytosine in treating experimental candida infection in rabbits' eyes.", "content": "Mild and severe experimental ocular infections in rabbits' eyes were induced by inoculation of Candida albicans with or without addition of dexamycin drops. These rabbits were treated with 5-Fluorocytosine, topically, orally and in a combined topical and oral manner. The topical treatment was effective only in mild infections. Severe infections responded to oral and especially to combined oral-tropical treatment.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical studies of 5-fluorocytosine activity in candida ocular infections, II. The effect of 5-fluorocytosine in treating experimental candida infection in rabbits' eyes. Mild and severe experimental ocular infections in rabbits' eyes were induced by inoculation of Candida albicans with or without addition of dexamycin drops. These rabbits were treated with 5-Fluorocytosine, topically, orally and in a combined topical and oral manner. The topical treatment was effective only in mild infections. Severe infections responded to oral and especially to combined oral-tropical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1223008", "title": "Pyonephrosis due to salmonella cholerae-suis variant kunzendorf.", "content": "A patient with unilateral infection of the kidney due to Salm. cholerase-suis is presented. Long-term treatment with ampicillin was of no avail. Nephrectomy terminated the infection. The extirpated kidney showed severe obstruction, stones and tissue damage.", "contents": "Pyonephrosis due to salmonella cholerae-suis variant kunzendorf. A patient with unilateral infection of the kidney due to Salm. cholerase-suis is presented. Long-term treatment with ampicillin was of no avail. Nephrectomy terminated the infection. The extirpated kidney showed severe obstruction, stones and tissue damage."}
{"id": "PMID:1223009", "title": "Diagnosis and importance of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults.", "content": "There are now laboratory means of screening and identifying people who, although they are free from the signs of urinary tract infection, fit into abnormal groups owing to the high numbers of bacteria and leukocytes in their urine. Chronic bacteriuria and pathologic pyuria, with or without symptoms, have important physiologic and pathologic consequences. It is the physicians opportunity to recognize and treat these asymptomatic as well as symtomatic urinary tract infections. If untreated and uncorrected the result, with progressive frequency over a period of 10-15 years, is increased morbidity, especially with pregnancies, structural damage to the kidneys, kidney stones, uremia, hypertension, and premature death.", "contents": "Diagnosis and importance of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. There are now laboratory means of screening and identifying people who, although they are free from the signs of urinary tract infection, fit into abnormal groups owing to the high numbers of bacteria and leukocytes in their urine. Chronic bacteriuria and pathologic pyuria, with or without symptoms, have important physiologic and pathologic consequences. It is the physicians opportunity to recognize and treat these asymptomatic as well as symtomatic urinary tract infections. If untreated and uncorrected the result, with progressive frequency over a period of 10-15 years, is increased morbidity, especially with pregnancies, structural damage to the kidneys, kidney stones, uremia, hypertension, and premature death."}
{"id": "PMID:1223003", "title": "Studies with trimipramine on isolated kitten atria.", "content": "The effect of different doses of trimipramine has been studied on the force of contraction of isolated kitten atria. Trimipramine produced dose dependent increase in the force of contraction of the atria. Pretreatment of kitten with reserpine or of the isolated atria with propranolol inhibited the positive inotropic effect of trimpramine. The positive inotropic action of trimipramine is probably due to the release and /or due to blocking the uptake of spontaneously released noradrenaline. Trimipramine was also found to potentiate the positive inotropic action of noradrenaline. This potentiation not only decreased in relation to the time of exposure of the isolated atria to trimipramine but also the action of noradrenaline was antagonised.", "contents": "Studies with trimipramine on isolated kitten atria. The effect of different doses of trimipramine has been studied on the force of contraction of isolated kitten atria. Trimipramine produced dose dependent increase in the force of contraction of the atria. Pretreatment of kitten with reserpine or of the isolated atria with propranolol inhibited the positive inotropic effect of trimpramine. The positive inotropic action of trimipramine is probably due to the release and /or due to blocking the uptake of spontaneously released noradrenaline. Trimipramine was also found to potentiate the positive inotropic action of noradrenaline. This potentiation not only decreased in relation to the time of exposure of the isolated atria to trimipramine but also the action of noradrenaline was antagonised."}
{"id": "PMID:1223012", "title": "Determination of the inner surface of macroporous ion exchange resins.", "content": "Study on macroporours IX resins and the pore structure. In addition to ion exchange reactions, macroporous ion exchange resins also show adsorptive properties which are due to the large pores of the resin beads and to the inner surface inside the beads. To measure this surface and the pore radii requires very precise fixation of the condition existing prior to the drying of the water-moist resin beads. Such stabilizing fixation can be achieved by displacing the regain water by isopropyl alcohol and subsequent drying for measuring the pore data.", "contents": "Determination of the inner surface of macroporous ion exchange resins. Study on macroporours IX resins and the pore structure. In addition to ion exchange reactions, macroporous ion exchange resins also show adsorptive properties which are due to the large pores of the resin beads and to the inner surface inside the beads. To measure this surface and the pore radii requires very precise fixation of the condition existing prior to the drying of the water-moist resin beads. Such stabilizing fixation can be achieved by displacing the regain water by isopropyl alcohol and subsequent drying for measuring the pore data."}
{"id": "PMID:1223013", "title": "Pore flow models and their applicability.", "content": "Pore flow models are classified and concisely reviewed, and it is shown that despite their apparent differences, they are equivalent. It is proven that the difference between the classic formula of Guerout-Elford-Ferry and the most recent ones developed by Pappenheimer-Ussing and Kedem-Katchalsky, is due to the introduction of a more proper viscosity coefficient for the water inside the membranes in the newer formulae. Fundamental assumptions involved in the models are restated and criteria for their applicability are mentioned. Arguments regarding the fundamental validity of the pore size formulae when applied to tight membranes, where continum hydrodynamics become questionable, are reviewed. Recent theoretical analysis of the situtation by Mikulecky, where he shows the calculated pore size merely reflects the extent of the membrane-water interaction is briefly presented. It is argued that since his analysis neglects the influence of the membrane-water interaction on the viscosity coefficient, his treatment is far from conclusive. In support of this argument, the results of the Kinetic studies of Levitt based on direct simulation through molecular dynamics is presented where water molecules (considered as non-interacting hard spheres of 1A radius) are observed in a rigid cylindrical pores of 3.2A in radius and 11A long. The pore size, calculated following the procedures of pore flow models, is in good agreement with the physical size of the simulated pore. It is then concluded that the fundamental validity of the pore flow models in the case of tight membranes is yet unsettled, theoretically, but empirically its validity seems confirmed in some instances.", "contents": "Pore flow models and their applicability. Pore flow models are classified and concisely reviewed, and it is shown that despite their apparent differences, they are equivalent. It is proven that the difference between the classic formula of Guerout-Elford-Ferry and the most recent ones developed by Pappenheimer-Ussing and Kedem-Katchalsky, is due to the introduction of a more proper viscosity coefficient for the water inside the membranes in the newer formulae. Fundamental assumptions involved in the models are restated and criteria for their applicability are mentioned. Arguments regarding the fundamental validity of the pore size formulae when applied to tight membranes, where continum hydrodynamics become questionable, are reviewed. Recent theoretical analysis of the situtation by Mikulecky, where he shows the calculated pore size merely reflects the extent of the membrane-water interaction is briefly presented. It is argued that since his analysis neglects the influence of the membrane-water interaction on the viscosity coefficient, his treatment is far from conclusive. In support of this argument, the results of the Kinetic studies of Levitt based on direct simulation through molecular dynamics is presented where water molecules (considered as non-interacting hard spheres of 1A radius) are observed in a rigid cylindrical pores of 3.2A in radius and 11A long. The pore size, calculated following the procedures of pore flow models, is in good agreement with the physical size of the simulated pore. It is then concluded that the fundamental validity of the pore flow models in the case of tight membranes is yet unsettled, theoretically, but empirically its validity seems confirmed in some instances."}
{"id": "PMID:1223002", "title": "Urinary fructose excretion in health after fructose test.", "content": "Urinary excretion of fructose during three hours following the ingestion of 100 g of hydrolysed sucrose (in 200 ml) was studied in 85 normal men. This solution was better tolerated than a solution of 50 g of pure fructose and gave higher urinary excretion of fructose than with 100 g of unhydrolysed sucrose. The mean fructose excretion was 54.0 mg (S.D. 40.6 MG). The majority of subjects (63) excreted between 1 and 75 mg and the highest value was 187mg. This suggests a relatively inexpensive method for assessing the existence of porta-systemic shunts beyond normal.", "contents": "Urinary fructose excretion in health after fructose test. Urinary excretion of fructose during three hours following the ingestion of 100 g of hydrolysed sucrose (in 200 ml) was studied in 85 normal men. This solution was better tolerated than a solution of 50 g of pure fructose and gave higher urinary excretion of fructose than with 100 g of unhydrolysed sucrose. The mean fructose excretion was 54.0 mg (S.D. 40.6 MG). The majority of subjects (63) excreted between 1 and 75 mg and the highest value was 187mg. This suggests a relatively inexpensive method for assessing the existence of porta-systemic shunts beyond normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1223016", "title": "On the properties of solid and liquid ion exchangers. II. Infrared and NMR studies of lithium and cesium salts of dinonylnaphtalene sulfonic acid in heptane.", "content": "Infrared and NMR measurements on solutions of lithium and cesium dinonylnaphtalene sulfonates (DNNS-salts) in heptane show that the state of water in these systems is in several respects similar to its state in solid ion exchange resins and in some respects also similar to that in ordinary water. The two cations differ in their interaction with the sulfonic acid group at low water contents, the interaction being stronger for Li+. Spin-lattice relaxation measurements on LiDNNS show that the state of lithium both in DNNS and in solid resins is quite different from that of lithium salts in aqueous solutions of the corresponding concentration.", "contents": "On the properties of solid and liquid ion exchangers. II. Infrared and NMR studies of lithium and cesium salts of dinonylnaphtalene sulfonic acid in heptane. Infrared and NMR measurements on solutions of lithium and cesium dinonylnaphtalene sulfonates (DNNS-salts) in heptane show that the state of water in these systems is in several respects similar to its state in solid ion exchange resins and in some respects also similar to that in ordinary water. The two cations differ in their interaction with the sulfonic acid group at low water contents, the interaction being stronger for Li+. Spin-lattice relaxation measurements on LiDNNS show that the state of lithium both in DNNS and in solid resins is quite different from that of lithium salts in aqueous solutions of the corresponding concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:1223120", "title": "Pattern recognition in severe displacement of the thalamostriate and internal cerebral veins: the W and infinity signs.", "content": "Severe displacement of the thalamostriate and internal cerebral veins from the midline results in an unfamiliar distortion of these vessels arteriographically. Depending on the side of the mass effect, the thalamostriate-internal cerebral vein complex will have either an infinity (infinity) or a W configuration. Because these configurations appear frequently, recognition and understanding of them aid in the interpretation of cerebral arteriograms.", "contents": "Pattern recognition in severe displacement of the thalamostriate and internal cerebral veins: the W and infinity signs. Severe displacement of the thalamostriate and internal cerebral veins from the midline results in an unfamiliar distortion of these vessels arteriographically. Depending on the side of the mass effect, the thalamostriate-internal cerebral vein complex will have either an infinity (infinity) or a W configuration. Because these configurations appear frequently, recognition and understanding of them aid in the interpretation of cerebral arteriograms."}
{"id": "PMID:1223121", "title": "The hypertelorism-hypospadias syndrome.", "content": "Recently, an association between telecanthus and/or hypertelorism and hypospadias has been reported in several families. We describe six more families in whom we have found this association. Seven of the eight affected individuals were males. The other was a girl with hypertelorism and a minor urethral abnormality. The mothers in all six families had hypertelorism and/or telecanthus. Mental retardation and cleft palate were also common in our families and those reported previously. The radiologic findings in our first family, which was reported elsewhere as the \"branchio-skeletal-genital syndrome,\" are considered in detail and include skull abnormalities, maxillary hypoplasia, dentigerous cysts and vertebral abnormalities.", "contents": "The hypertelorism-hypospadias syndrome. Recently, an association between telecanthus and/or hypertelorism and hypospadias has been reported in several families. We describe six more families in whom we have found this association. Seven of the eight affected individuals were males. The other was a girl with hypertelorism and a minor urethral abnormality. The mothers in all six families had hypertelorism and/or telecanthus. Mental retardation and cleft palate were also common in our families and those reported previously. The radiologic findings in our first family, which was reported elsewhere as the \"branchio-skeletal-genital syndrome,\" are considered in detail and include skull abnormalities, maxillary hypoplasia, dentigerous cysts and vertebral abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:1223122", "title": "Skeletal metastases from retinoblastoma.", "content": "Four patients with skeletal metastases from retinoblastomas are presented. Radiologically, the metastases showed periosteal new bone formation and permeative-type bone destruction, particularly involving the long bones of the extremities, and they tended to be bilateral. The metastases resembled those of neuroblastoma and, to a lesser extent, medulloblastoma. The relationship between these three tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Skeletal metastases from retinoblastoma. Four patients with skeletal metastases from retinoblastomas are presented. Radiologically, the metastases showed periosteal new bone formation and permeative-type bone destruction, particularly involving the long bones of the extremities, and they tended to be bilateral. The metastases resembled those of neuroblastoma and, to a lesser extent, medulloblastoma. The relationship between these three tumors is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1223123", "title": "The interphalangeal joint of the great toe in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The radiographic abnormalities of the interphalangeal joint of the great toe in 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were compared with those in 14 patients with psoriatic arthritis. Alterations were seen in 50% of the rheumatoid joints. Characteristic superficial erosions along the medial aspect of the proximal and distal phalanges, with little change in the joint space, differed from more widespread and extensive destruction of this joint in psoriasis. In addition, periosteal proliferation, bony ankylosis and tuft resorption, frequently noted in psoriatic arthritis, were unusual in rheumatoid disease. An anatomic investigation of the interphalangeal joint of the great toe explains the sites of marginal erosions in rheumatoid arthritis. Although selective involvement of this articulation occurs in psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome, it is the radiographic pattern of articular abnormality which allows their differentiation from rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "The interphalangeal joint of the great toe in rheumatoid arthritis. The radiographic abnormalities of the interphalangeal joint of the great toe in 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were compared with those in 14 patients with psoriatic arthritis. Alterations were seen in 50% of the rheumatoid joints. Characteristic superficial erosions along the medial aspect of the proximal and distal phalanges, with little change in the joint space, differed from more widespread and extensive destruction of this joint in psoriasis. In addition, periosteal proliferation, bony ankylosis and tuft resorption, frequently noted in psoriatic arthritis, were unusual in rheumatoid disease. An anatomic investigation of the interphalangeal joint of the great toe explains the sites of marginal erosions in rheumatoid arthritis. Although selective involvement of this articulation occurs in psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome, it is the radiographic pattern of articular abnormality which allows their differentiation from rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:1223124", "title": "Blunt trauma to the main hepatic artery.", "content": "Two patients are presented who sustained common hepatic artery injuries secondary to blunt trauma. One patient had a laceration and thrombosis of the proximal hepatic artery while the second patient developed a false aneurysm with dissection which necessitated ligation of the hepatic artery.", "contents": "Blunt trauma to the main hepatic artery. Two patients are presented who sustained common hepatic artery injuries secondary to blunt trauma. One patient had a laceration and thrombosis of the proximal hepatic artery while the second patient developed a false aneurysm with dissection which necessitated ligation of the hepatic artery."}
{"id": "PMID:1223125", "title": "Radiographic appearances following the Thal procedure.", "content": "The Thal procedure for repair of distal esophageal stricture is described briefly and the radiographic appearance is ilustrated. The radiologist should be aware of the procedure to avoid confusing the post-operative appearance with a para-esophageal hiatus hernia or diaphragmatic eventration.", "contents": "Radiographic appearances following the Thal procedure. The Thal procedure for repair of distal esophageal stricture is described briefly and the radiographic appearance is ilustrated. The radiologist should be aware of the procedure to avoid confusing the post-operative appearance with a para-esophageal hiatus hernia or diaphragmatic eventration."}
{"id": "PMID:1223126", "title": "Polyphosphate bone scanning of non-malignant bone disease in children.", "content": "The advent of 99mTechnetium phosphate bone scanning radiopharmaceuticals has opened new methods of investigation of pediatric bone diseases. In axial skeleton pain, suspected osteomyelitis, evaluation of vascular integrity and suspected but undetected fractures, the bone scan has proved to be a highly complementary study to the radiologic examination.", "contents": "Polyphosphate bone scanning of non-malignant bone disease in children. The advent of 99mTechnetium phosphate bone scanning radiopharmaceuticals has opened new methods of investigation of pediatric bone diseases. In axial skeleton pain, suspected osteomyelitis, evaluation of vascular integrity and suspected but undetected fractures, the bone scan has proved to be a highly complementary study to the radiologic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:1223127", "title": "Prepyloric mucosal diaphragm.", "content": "The present case of PPMD is reported as an example of gastric outlet obstruction which did not produce overt symptoms until a lifespan of more than eight decades had elapsed; yet this lesion is considered to be congenital in origin. The clinical, radiologic and pathologic features of this entity were discussed, based on the present and other reported cases. Under clinical conditions in which the more usual causes of gastric outlet obstruction are not apparent, awareness of this anomaly may be of great significance in the management since simple excision of the membrane is curative.", "contents": "Prepyloric mucosal diaphragm. The present case of PPMD is reported as an example of gastric outlet obstruction which did not produce overt symptoms until a lifespan of more than eight decades had elapsed; yet this lesion is considered to be congenital in origin. The clinical, radiologic and pathologic features of this entity were discussed, based on the present and other reported cases. Under clinical conditions in which the more usual causes of gastric outlet obstruction are not apparent, awareness of this anomaly may be of great significance in the management since simple excision of the membrane is curative."}
{"id": "PMID:1223128", "title": "[Venous bypass on the opposite side (Palma's operation). Preoperative evaluation. Technical variants. Indications and results].", "content": "Permanent obstruction of an iliac vein may produce serious consequences. Palma's operation of inter-femoral transposition of the internal saphenous vein on the opposite side, has permitted numerous improvements, but may lead to 30 p. 100 failures. Temporary arterial blood supply to the area increases the operative risk and requires a second stage operation for suppression of the fistula, but it maintains permeability of the by-pass, if correctly performed. The indications should thus be drawn up with circumspection and one may regret that such extensive venous lesions had not been prevented or treated actively as soon as they started to develop.", "contents": "[Venous bypass on the opposite side (Palma's operation). Preoperative evaluation. Technical variants. Indications and results]. Permanent obstruction of an iliac vein may produce serious consequences. Palma's operation of inter-femoral transposition of the internal saphenous vein on the opposite side, has permitted numerous improvements, but may lead to 30 p. 100 failures. Temporary arterial blood supply to the area increases the operative risk and requires a second stage operation for suppression of the fistula, but it maintains permeability of the by-pass, if correctly performed. The indications should thus be drawn up with circumspection and one may regret that such extensive venous lesions had not been prevented or treated actively as soon as they started to develop."}
{"id": "PMID:1223129", "title": "[Total pancreatectomy in acute necrotizing hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Indications and technic].", "content": "The place of total pancreatectomy in the treatment of pancreatitis is still ill- defined. The author makes a plea for this operation and notes the indications, the surgical technique and its results and possible complications. The operation is indicated in cases of total or 2/3 rds necrosis of the gland, in cases involving the head of the pancreas and part of the body. The gland should be dissected out and continuity should be restored by choledoco-jejunal and gastro-jejunal anastomoses. The important thing is to carry out this operation early, between the 3rd and 6th day, treating the areas of necrosis before the lesions become the site of uncontrolled infection. 7 patients out of 9 operated on in this way, are alive with easily controlled diabetes, a low fat diet and pancreatic extract.", "contents": "[Total pancreatectomy in acute necrotizing hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Indications and technic]. The place of total pancreatectomy in the treatment of pancreatitis is still ill- defined. The author makes a plea for this operation and notes the indications, the surgical technique and its results and possible complications. The operation is indicated in cases of total or 2/3 rds necrosis of the gland, in cases involving the head of the pancreas and part of the body. The gland should be dissected out and continuity should be restored by choledoco-jejunal and gastro-jejunal anastomoses. The important thing is to carry out this operation early, between the 3rd and 6th day, treating the areas of necrosis before the lesions become the site of uncontrolled infection. 7 patients out of 9 operated on in this way, are alive with easily controlled diabetes, a low fat diet and pancreatic extract."}
{"id": "PMID:1223130", "title": "[Use of the Doppler effect in pathology and vascular surgery of the lower extremities].", "content": "A clinical, arteriographic and hemodynamic comparative study, using the Doppler effect in 100 cases, suggests: -- that a study of the Doppler effect is a very useful method of diagnosis to determine the site of obstruction and the state of the blood vessels beyond the obstruction, even in the absence of adequate radiological images; -- following operation, it permits one to assess a case of thrombosis, even when the latter is not obvious clinically. It makes unnecessary post-operative arteriographic controls in tired or high-risk patients.", "contents": "[Use of the Doppler effect in pathology and vascular surgery of the lower extremities]. A clinical, arteriographic and hemodynamic comparative study, using the Doppler effect in 100 cases, suggests: -- that a study of the Doppler effect is a very useful method of diagnosis to determine the site of obstruction and the state of the blood vessels beyond the obstruction, even in the absence of adequate radiological images; -- following operation, it permits one to assess a case of thrombosis, even when the latter is not obvious clinically. It makes unnecessary post-operative arteriographic controls in tired or high-risk patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1223131", "title": "[Post-traumatic pancreatitis with left pyelo-pancreatic fistula].", "content": "The authors report a case of special anatomical interest and emphasize the frequency of post-traumatic pancreatitis, the importance of cutaneous and joint manifestations revealing certain pancreatic diseases.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic pancreatitis with left pyelo-pancreatic fistula]. The authors report a case of special anatomical interest and emphasize the frequency of post-traumatic pancreatitis, the importance of cutaneous and joint manifestations revealing certain pancreatic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:1223132", "title": "[Development of treatment of severe thoracic injuries].", "content": "About 25 p. 100 of cases of closed trauma of the thorax may be classified as severe, for they rapidly endanger life. Their treatment has made considerable progress since the report of J. Dor and H. Le Brigand in 1960. However, when severe trauma is treated, the mortality has remained unchanged over the last ten years. The treatment of fractures of the sternum includes respiratory assistance and internal fixation of the fractured bones, these two methods together, when correctly applied, give good results. Endothoracic lesions are now better recognised. Hemothorax and pneumothorax are now treated by a well recognised method. Visceral lesions, such as bronchial rupture, or major vascular ruptures, e.g. aorta, and heart lesions may be diagnosed at an early stage and be operated on more often. On the other hand, it is now better recognised that diffuse pulmonary lesions, e.g. pulmonary contusions or \"shock lung\", which is usually treated by artificial respiration alone, still may have a poor prognosis in some cases. From this it results that many surgical teams have enlarged the indications for early thoracotomy in the same way as laparotomy is more often carried out in abdominal trauma. In fact, these indications require circumspection and thoracotomy should only be carried out in specialised thoracic surgery units. If this is not available, aspiration, drainage, tracheotomy, continuous extension, are still applicable, but it is also necessary for them to be carried out correctly; if not, failures and complications of these minor measures are frequent. The use of these methods has shown the existence of therapeutic failures, including major bilateral bony lesions, diffuse severe lung injuries with resistant anoxia, complex multiple injuries with thoracic involvement and, finally, combined thoracic and cranial lesions, the mortality of which is about 50 p. 100. These facts explain why treatment of severe thoracic trauma gives variable results. The mortality varies from 12 to 15 p. 100, in some series up to 50 or 60 p. 100 These discrepancies may be explained by different modes of recruitment of the services, some of which receive a large number of very severe cases of multiple injury with a high mortality. However, over the last 15 years, one may consider that the general prognosis of severe thoracic trauma has improved considerably.", "contents": "[Development of treatment of severe thoracic injuries]. About 25 p. 100 of cases of closed trauma of the thorax may be classified as severe, for they rapidly endanger life. Their treatment has made considerable progress since the report of J. Dor and H. Le Brigand in 1960. However, when severe trauma is treated, the mortality has remained unchanged over the last ten years. The treatment of fractures of the sternum includes respiratory assistance and internal fixation of the fractured bones, these two methods together, when correctly applied, give good results. Endothoracic lesions are now better recognised. Hemothorax and pneumothorax are now treated by a well recognised method. Visceral lesions, such as bronchial rupture, or major vascular ruptures, e.g. aorta, and heart lesions may be diagnosed at an early stage and be operated on more often. On the other hand, it is now better recognised that diffuse pulmonary lesions, e.g. pulmonary contusions or \"shock lung\", which is usually treated by artificial respiration alone, still may have a poor prognosis in some cases. From this it results that many surgical teams have enlarged the indications for early thoracotomy in the same way as laparotomy is more often carried out in abdominal trauma. In fact, these indications require circumspection and thoracotomy should only be carried out in specialised thoracic surgery units. If this is not available, aspiration, drainage, tracheotomy, continuous extension, are still applicable, but it is also necessary for them to be carried out correctly; if not, failures and complications of these minor measures are frequent. The use of these methods has shown the existence of therapeutic failures, including major bilateral bony lesions, diffuse severe lung injuries with resistant anoxia, complex multiple injuries with thoracic involvement and, finally, combined thoracic and cranial lesions, the mortality of which is about 50 p. 100. These facts explain why treatment of severe thoracic trauma gives variable results. The mortality varies from 12 to 15 p. 100, in some series up to 50 or 60 p. 100 These discrepancies may be explained by different modes of recruitment of the services, some of which receive a large number of very severe cases of multiple injury with a high mortality. However, over the last 15 years, one may consider that the general prognosis of severe thoracic trauma has improved considerably."}
{"id": "PMID:1223133", "title": "[Chronic familial pancreatitis (6 cases, 3 families)].", "content": "The authors report 6 cases of chronic familial pancreatitis. They review the literature on this disease which is still little recognised and seek the specific characteristics, early onset, transmission as an autosomic dominant with incomplete penetrance, relatively favourable prognosis, together with the suggestive signs, pancreatic lithiasis and certain complications. Apart from these signs, chronic familial pancreatitis differs very little from common chronic pancreatitis. The only cause is apparently genetic. Etiopathogenesis is thus still obscure. Treatment should be started early, but surgical methods are the same as in primary chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Chronic familial pancreatitis (6 cases, 3 families)]. The authors report 6 cases of chronic familial pancreatitis. They review the literature on this disease which is still little recognised and seek the specific characteristics, early onset, transmission as an autosomic dominant with incomplete penetrance, relatively favourable prognosis, together with the suggestive signs, pancreatic lithiasis and certain complications. Apart from these signs, chronic familial pancreatitis differs very little from common chronic pancreatitis. The only cause is apparently genetic. Etiopathogenesis is thus still obscure. Treatment should be started early, but surgical methods are the same as in primary chronic pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:1223134", "title": "[Paraplegia caused by closed injury of the dorso-lumbar joint without apparent primary vertebral lesion].", "content": "Paraplegia due to closed trauma of the lumbo-dorsal junction, without bony lesions are exceptional. The author reports a case due to rupture of the posterior ligements, without vertebral displacement on the first films, but which became complicated secondarily by dislocation, which it was necessary to reduce by open operation. It thus seems that there occurred during this accident a marked vertebral displacement reponsible for paraplegia which became spontaneously reduced thanks to muscle contraction, but which recurred secondarily following muscular relaxation. This case illustrates the necessity for repeated X Rays in cases of marked lumbar trauma even if the initial films appear normal.", "contents": "[Paraplegia caused by closed injury of the dorso-lumbar joint without apparent primary vertebral lesion]. Paraplegia due to closed trauma of the lumbo-dorsal junction, without bony lesions are exceptional. The author reports a case due to rupture of the posterior ligements, without vertebral displacement on the first films, but which became complicated secondarily by dislocation, which it was necessary to reduce by open operation. It thus seems that there occurred during this accident a marked vertebral displacement reponsible for paraplegia which became spontaneously reduced thanks to muscle contraction, but which recurred secondarily following muscular relaxation. This case illustrates the necessity for repeated X Rays in cases of marked lumbar trauma even if the initial films appear normal."}
{"id": "PMID:1223136", "title": "[Energy and protein needs of surgical patients].", "content": "Energy and protein requirements following operation, are those levels which permit the best possible use of fatty and protein body reserves, without the resistance to trauma becoming diminished. The fatty reserves in a 70 kg man, correspond to 72 000 calories and require, to be used without danger of acidosis, 100 or, preferably, 200 g of glucose daily. Energy expenditure may be about 1 200 calories, thus much less than one would think. Fat does not have the antiketosis effects, nor the nitrogen sparing effects of glucose and their interest in raising calory intake has not been demonstrated. There is a level of nitrogen intake of about 20 to 30 g of protein, below which, nitrogen balance becomes rapidly negative and one then has to increase considerably the protein intake to 80 or 90 g to restore nitrogen balance. 200 g of carbohydrate, then 20 to 30 g of amino-acid, provide a calory intake of 900, easily administrable by the parenteral route, without the danger of bacteremia with more hypertonic solutions in infected operated patients. Higher calory intakes are only indicated in multiple trauma and burns.", "contents": "[Energy and protein needs of surgical patients]. Energy and protein requirements following operation, are those levels which permit the best possible use of fatty and protein body reserves, without the resistance to trauma becoming diminished. The fatty reserves in a 70 kg man, correspond to 72 000 calories and require, to be used without danger of acidosis, 100 or, preferably, 200 g of glucose daily. Energy expenditure may be about 1 200 calories, thus much less than one would think. Fat does not have the antiketosis effects, nor the nitrogen sparing effects of glucose and their interest in raising calory intake has not been demonstrated. There is a level of nitrogen intake of about 20 to 30 g of protein, below which, nitrogen balance becomes rapidly negative and one then has to increase considerably the protein intake to 80 or 90 g to restore nitrogen balance. 200 g of carbohydrate, then 20 to 30 g of amino-acid, provide a calory intake of 900, easily administrable by the parenteral route, without the danger of bacteremia with more hypertonic solutions in infected operated patients. Higher calory intakes are only indicated in multiple trauma and burns."}
{"id": "PMID:1223137", "title": "[Technical modification in colpohysterectomies for prolapsus: reinforcement of perineorrhaphy by paravaginal suture].", "content": "After colpohysterectomy and myorrhaphy of the levator ani muscles for prolapse, there persists a weak point between the utero-sacral ligaments attached behind the pubic symphysis and the levator ani muscles. The author describes a technical device permitting one to fill this gap by suturing the two fascia on each side of the vagina.", "contents": "[Technical modification in colpohysterectomies for prolapsus: reinforcement of perineorrhaphy by paravaginal suture]. After colpohysterectomy and myorrhaphy of the levator ani muscles for prolapse, there persists a weak point between the utero-sacral ligaments attached behind the pubic symphysis and the levator ani muscles. The author describes a technical device permitting one to fill this gap by suturing the two fascia on each side of the vagina."}
{"id": "PMID:1223138", "title": "Stimulation of the cell-free adenylate cyclase from guinea pig cerebral cortex by acidic amino acids and veratridine.", "content": "Vesicles from guinea pig cerebral cortex prepared by homogenization in Krebs-Ringer buffer contained adenylate cyclase activity which was stimulated by the acidic amino acids, cysteine sulfinic and glutamic acids, and by norepinephrine as well as by an alkaloid, veratridine. With these vesicular preparations the concentrations of amino acids required for half-maximal stimulation were about 30 muM, only about 1/30 those necessary with intact-cell preparations. Nearly additive effects were observed when either of the active amino acids was combined with norepinephrine at their optimal concentrations.", "contents": "Stimulation of the cell-free adenylate cyclase from guinea pig cerebral cortex by acidic amino acids and veratridine. Vesicles from guinea pig cerebral cortex prepared by homogenization in Krebs-Ringer buffer contained adenylate cyclase activity which was stimulated by the acidic amino acids, cysteine sulfinic and glutamic acids, and by norepinephrine as well as by an alkaloid, veratridine. With these vesicular preparations the concentrations of amino acids required for half-maximal stimulation were about 30 muM, only about 1/30 those necessary with intact-cell preparations. Nearly additive effects were observed when either of the active amino acids was combined with norepinephrine at their optimal concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:1223139", "title": "Involvement of adenylate cyclase in mechanisms of denervation supersensitivity following surgical denervation of the dog heart.", "content": "Following surgical disruption (4-16 weeks) of the nerves supplying the dog heart, catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine) levels in the atria and ventricles were markedly reduced. Using the 10,000 g particulate fraction as an enzyme source, the activation of adenylate cyclase by norepinephrine was considerably greater in the denervated myocardial preparations (atria and ventricles) than in control hearts. Moreover, in the denervated ventricular preparation fluoride (5 and 10mM) elicited a significantly greater stimulation of the enzyme than that observed in the controls.", "contents": "Involvement of adenylate cyclase in mechanisms of denervation supersensitivity following surgical denervation of the dog heart. Following surgical disruption (4-16 weeks) of the nerves supplying the dog heart, catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine) levels in the atria and ventricles were markedly reduced. Using the 10,000 g particulate fraction as an enzyme source, the activation of adenylate cyclase by norepinephrine was considerably greater in the denervated myocardial preparations (atria and ventricles) than in control hearts. Moreover, in the denervated ventricular preparation fluoride (5 and 10mM) elicited a significantly greater stimulation of the enzyme than that observed in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1223152", "title": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the finger and nail bed: a review of the literature and treatment by the Mohs' surgical technique.", "content": "Squamous-cell carcinomas of the finger and the nail bed are uncommon lesions. Etiologic factors, clinical and histological morphology and treatment modalities of squamous-cell carcinomas, specifically of the hand digits, are discussed. Six new cases of squamous-cell carcinomas of the finger and nail bed treated by the Mohs' surgical technique are presented. The advantages of this modality are outlined. A review of the relevant literature with detailed references is included.", "contents": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the finger and nail bed: a review of the literature and treatment by the Mohs' surgical technique. Squamous-cell carcinomas of the finger and the nail bed are uncommon lesions. Etiologic factors, clinical and histological morphology and treatment modalities of squamous-cell carcinomas, specifically of the hand digits, are discussed. Six new cases of squamous-cell carcinomas of the finger and nail bed treated by the Mohs' surgical technique are presented. The advantages of this modality are outlined. A review of the relevant literature with detailed references is included."}
{"id": "PMID:1223154", "title": "Alternate cryogens for cryosurgery.", "content": "There is need for a storable cryogen suitable for use in dermatological cryosurgery as an alternate for the standard nonstorable cryogen now used (liquid nitrogen). Argon gas was tested and found satisfactory, but has not proved to be commercially feasible. Nitrous oxide apparatus is now available but is of limited usefulness. Various freons (fluorinated hydrocarbons) present possibilities for our use. Although they are incapable of producing the degree of cold and depth of penetration attainable with liquid nitrogen apparatus, they can be used to treat the vast majority of lesions now treated by cryosurgery in an office-based dermatological practice. Freons 12, 22 and 13, alone or mixed with other gases, have been tested. Freon 22 seems the most practical for general dermatologic cryosurgery. Although these gases are considered relatively non-toxic, at this time we really do not know their total noxious capabilities.", "contents": "Alternate cryogens for cryosurgery. There is need for a storable cryogen suitable for use in dermatological cryosurgery as an alternate for the standard nonstorable cryogen now used (liquid nitrogen). Argon gas was tested and found satisfactory, but has not proved to be commercially feasible. Nitrous oxide apparatus is now available but is of limited usefulness. Various freons (fluorinated hydrocarbons) present possibilities for our use. Although they are incapable of producing the degree of cold and depth of penetration attainable with liquid nitrogen apparatus, they can be used to treat the vast majority of lesions now treated by cryosurgery in an office-based dermatological practice. Freons 12, 22 and 13, alone or mixed with other gases, have been tested. Freon 22 seems the most practical for general dermatologic cryosurgery. Although these gases are considered relatively non-toxic, at this time we really do not know their total noxious capabilities."}
{"id": "PMID:1223155", "title": "A new simplified cryosurgical instrument: the Foster Froster.", "content": "The authors report in detail the development of a simplified, yet highly efficient cryosurgical instrument. It is lightweight, portable, inexpensive, and easy to use. Studies show it to be comparable in most instances to a popular contemporary unit. Its chief drawback appears to be that it cannot serve as a liquid nitrogen reservoir for extended periods, although it can be used for multiple procedures without re-filling.", "contents": "A new simplified cryosurgical instrument: the Foster Froster. The authors report in detail the development of a simplified, yet highly efficient cryosurgical instrument. It is lightweight, portable, inexpensive, and easy to use. Studies show it to be comparable in most instances to a popular contemporary unit. Its chief drawback appears to be that it cannot serve as a liquid nitrogen reservoir for extended periods, although it can be used for multiple procedures without re-filling."}
{"id": "PMID:1223161", "title": "Histographic surgery: accuracy of visual assessment of the margins of basal-cell epithelioma.", "content": "In 72 basal-cell epitheliomas, the clinical extension and the actual extension of the defect measured by complete tumor removal by Mohs' chemosurgery were compared. Subclinical extension depends on the type of basal-cell epithelioma (primary, recurrent), on case history, location, clinical diameter, number of previous treatments and histological type. It is remarkably great in large (diameter more than 20 mm), in morphea-like basal-cell epitheliomas on the forehead, temple and scalp, especially following several previous treatments. In such cases the excision should include at least a 5-10 mm margin of \"normal tissue.\" Present results again show that \"histographic,\" that is, Mohs' chemosurgery is the method of choice for the treatment for these tumors.", "contents": "Histographic surgery: accuracy of visual assessment of the margins of basal-cell epithelioma. In 72 basal-cell epitheliomas, the clinical extension and the actual extension of the defect measured by complete tumor removal by Mohs' chemosurgery were compared. Subclinical extension depends on the type of basal-cell epithelioma (primary, recurrent), on case history, location, clinical diameter, number of previous treatments and histological type. It is remarkably great in large (diameter more than 20 mm), in morphea-like basal-cell epitheliomas on the forehead, temple and scalp, especially following several previous treatments. In such cases the excision should include at least a 5-10 mm margin of \"normal tissue.\" Present results again show that \"histographic,\" that is, Mohs' chemosurgery is the method of choice for the treatment for these tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:1223175", "title": "The practical use of Z-plasty.", "content": "Properly employed, Z-plasty is a valuable way of avoiding complications of tension and contracture that may result in hypertrophic scars, and for repairing such scars if they occur. Careful preoperative planning to place the limbs of the Z in the lines of least tension and to make limbs of equal length at 60 degree angles to the central limb are essential to success. Cautious handling of the flaps and attention to hemostasis helps to ensure that success. Occasionally, Z-plasty has to be resorted to unplanned when it is found that an excision will result in tension exceeding expectations if primary closure were to be done.", "contents": "The practical use of Z-plasty. Properly employed, Z-plasty is a valuable way of avoiding complications of tension and contracture that may result in hypertrophic scars, and for repairing such scars if they occur. Careful preoperative planning to place the limbs of the Z in the lines of least tension and to make limbs of equal length at 60 degree angles to the central limb are essential to success. Cautious handling of the flaps and attention to hemostasis helps to ensure that success. Occasionally, Z-plasty has to be resorted to unplanned when it is found that an excision will result in tension exceeding expectations if primary closure were to be done."}
{"id": "PMID:1223177", "title": "Excisions in the area of the chin--a clinical note.", "content": "Elective excisions on the face below the mouth and on the sides of the chin appear to yield better results when the wrinkle lines radiating out from the lips are utilized. Smile wrinkle lines appear to be less useful as demonstrated in the two cases presented.", "contents": "Excisions in the area of the chin--a clinical note. Elective excisions on the face below the mouth and on the sides of the chin appear to yield better results when the wrinkle lines radiating out from the lips are utilized. Smile wrinkle lines appear to be less useful as demonstrated in the two cases presented."}
{"id": "PMID:1223203", "title": "Control of echolalic speech in psychotic children.", "content": "Immediate echolalia, a common language disorder in psychotic children, was studied in a series of replicated single-subject designs across six schizophrenic and five normal children. In Experiment 1, each child was presented with several questions and commands, some of which set the occasion for specific, appropriate responses and some of which did not. The former were referred to as discriminative stimuli and the latter, as neutral stimuli. The psychotic children tended to echo the neutral stimuli while responding appropriately to the discriminative stimuli; the normal children, in contrast, typically echoed neither type of stimulus. In Experiment 2, three psychotic children were taught appropriate responses to each of several neutral stimuli. Following this training, the children generally responded appropriately to these stimuli without echoing. A plausible interpretation of these results is that the neutral stimuli were initially incomprehensible or meaningless to the children (whereas the discriminative stimuli were comprehensible or meaningful) and that verbal incomprehensibility may be one important determinant of immediate echolalia. Finally, the results are noteworthy in that they isolate a sufficient treatment variable (i.e., the reinforcement of alternative, nonecholalic responses) for eliminating instances of this language anomaly.", "contents": "Control of echolalic speech in psychotic children. Immediate echolalia, a common language disorder in psychotic children, was studied in a series of replicated single-subject designs across six schizophrenic and five normal children. In Experiment 1, each child was presented with several questions and commands, some of which set the occasion for specific, appropriate responses and some of which did not. The former were referred to as discriminative stimuli and the latter, as neutral stimuli. The psychotic children tended to echo the neutral stimuli while responding appropriately to the discriminative stimuli; the normal children, in contrast, typically echoed neither type of stimulus. In Experiment 2, three psychotic children were taught appropriate responses to each of several neutral stimuli. Following this training, the children generally responded appropriately to these stimuli without echoing. A plausible interpretation of these results is that the neutral stimuli were initially incomprehensible or meaningless to the children (whereas the discriminative stimuli were comprehensible or meaningful) and that verbal incomprehensibility may be one important determinant of immediate echolalia. Finally, the results are noteworthy in that they isolate a sufficient treatment variable (i.e., the reinforcement of alternative, nonecholalic responses) for eliminating instances of this language anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:1223204", "title": "Normal versus deviant children. A multimethod comparison.", "content": "The present study investigated differences between referred and nonreferred children and their families on the basis of home and clinic observations and parent questionnaires. Subjects were 28 families with children between 4 and 8 years of age who had been referred to a clinic for acting-out behavior and 28 nonreferred controls matched on several variables. Home observation results indicated that referred children showed significantly more deviant behavior and less prosocial behavior than nonreferred children and that their parents emitted more negative and commanding behavior in contrast to the control group. Systematic observation in the clinic revealed significant differences only in parent negativeness and number of commands. Finally, all five factors of the parent attitude questionnaire yielded large and significant differences between groups. There was considerable overlap between groups on all behavior variables but less overlap on the parent attitude measure. Results from a stepwise discriminant analysis classified 90% of referred children and 90% of nonreferred children correctly on the basis of the parent attitude variable alone. Taken together, these results suggest that child behavior is not always the critical variable in referral and stress the importance of multiple assessment procedures for child-family problems when children are referred for treatment.", "contents": "Normal versus deviant children. A multimethod comparison. The present study investigated differences between referred and nonreferred children and their families on the basis of home and clinic observations and parent questionnaires. Subjects were 28 families with children between 4 and 8 years of age who had been referred to a clinic for acting-out behavior and 28 nonreferred controls matched on several variables. Home observation results indicated that referred children showed significantly more deviant behavior and less prosocial behavior than nonreferred children and that their parents emitted more negative and commanding behavior in contrast to the control group. Systematic observation in the clinic revealed significant differences only in parent negativeness and number of commands. Finally, all five factors of the parent attitude questionnaire yielded large and significant differences between groups. There was considerable overlap between groups on all behavior variables but less overlap on the parent attitude measure. Results from a stepwise discriminant analysis classified 90% of referred children and 90% of nonreferred children correctly on the basis of the parent attitude variable alone. Taken together, these results suggest that child behavior is not always the critical variable in referral and stress the importance of multiple assessment procedures for child-family problems when children are referred for treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1223206", "title": "Aerobic work capacity of mentally retarded boys and girls in junior high schools.", "content": "The maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) and ergometer load at a heart rate of 170 beats/min (PWC170) were determined in mentally retarded children (74 boys and 53 girls) of ages 12-15, whose IQ ranged from 36 to 91, and the results were compared with those for normal children. Mentally retarded boys and girls showed significantly inferior body height and weight, but no significant difference was found in skinfold thickness. The mean value of PWC170 for boys and girls was 14.34 kpm/kg/min and 11.31 kpm/kg/min, respectively, significantly less than that of the normal group. The mentally retarded boys had mean VO2 max per unit body weight of 42.4 ml/kg/min, which was significantly less than the 51.2 ml/kg/min of normal boys. The mentally retarded girls had a mean of 33.1 ml/kg/min which was also less than the 41.3 ml/kg/min of normal girls. The correlation coefficient between body weight and PWC170 (kpm/min) was 0.711 and 0.720 for boys and girls, respectively, while that between body weight and VO2 max (liter/min) was 0.641 for boys and 0.656 for girls. No significant correlation was found between IQ and PWC170 (kpm/kg/min) nor between IQ and VO2 max (ml/kg/min) both for boys and for girls. Similarly, no significant correlation was found between mental age and the VO2 max value (ml/kg/min).", "contents": "Aerobic work capacity of mentally retarded boys and girls in junior high schools. The maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) and ergometer load at a heart rate of 170 beats/min (PWC170) were determined in mentally retarded children (74 boys and 53 girls) of ages 12-15, whose IQ ranged from 36 to 91, and the results were compared with those for normal children. Mentally retarded boys and girls showed significantly inferior body height and weight, but no significant difference was found in skinfold thickness. The mean value of PWC170 for boys and girls was 14.34 kpm/kg/min and 11.31 kpm/kg/min, respectively, significantly less than that of the normal group. The mentally retarded boys had mean VO2 max per unit body weight of 42.4 ml/kg/min, which was significantly less than the 51.2 ml/kg/min of normal boys. The mentally retarded girls had a mean of 33.1 ml/kg/min which was also less than the 41.3 ml/kg/min of normal girls. The correlation coefficient between body weight and PWC170 (kpm/min) was 0.711 and 0.720 for boys and girls, respectively, while that between body weight and VO2 max (liter/min) was 0.641 for boys and 0.656 for girls. No significant correlation was found between IQ and PWC170 (kpm/kg/min) nor between IQ and VO2 max (ml/kg/min) both for boys and for girls. Similarly, no significant correlation was found between mental age and the VO2 max value (ml/kg/min)."}
{"id": "PMID:1223207", "title": "Physiological parameters related to running performance in college trackmen.", "content": "Submaximal and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were correlated with running performance in events ranging from 100 yards to 2 miles, using as subjects 20 members of a college track team. In the first of two studies (n=11) a multi-stage walking test was used to determine VO2 and HR. Max VO2 expressed in ml/kg/min, was significantly related to 1 mile run performance but not to any of the other runs. Submaximal HR was significantly related to performance in both the 1 mile and 2 mile runs. Correlations between these physiological parameters and performance in the 220, 440, and 880 yard runs were nonsignificant. Multiple R's using max VO2 (ml/kg/min) and submaximal H were .758 and 9671, respectively, for the 1 and 2 mile runs. In study two (n=9) a running test for VO2 and HR was used, which resulted in a mean max VO2 about 7 ml higher than than elicited in the walking test, implying that for trained runners a running test was a more valid test of aerobic power. Marked relationships were found between body weight and performance, positive for the 100 yard dash and negative for the 2 mile run. Submaximal HR was again significantly related to performance in the 1 and 2 mile runs. Max VO2 was positively related to 2 mile performance and negatively related to 100 yard dash performance. Multiple R's using max VO2 and submaximal HR were .799 and .925 for the 1 and 2 mile runs, respectively. Using submaximal HR and weight the multiple R's were .777 and .945, showing that these two can account for a large amount of the variance in distance running performance. In neither study was submaximal VO2 significantly related to running performance.", "contents": "Physiological parameters related to running performance in college trackmen. Submaximal and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were correlated with running performance in events ranging from 100 yards to 2 miles, using as subjects 20 members of a college track team. In the first of two studies (n=11) a multi-stage walking test was used to determine VO2 and HR. Max VO2 expressed in ml/kg/min, was significantly related to 1 mile run performance but not to any of the other runs. Submaximal HR was significantly related to performance in both the 1 mile and 2 mile runs. Correlations between these physiological parameters and performance in the 220, 440, and 880 yard runs were nonsignificant. Multiple R's using max VO2 (ml/kg/min) and submaximal H were .758 and 9671, respectively, for the 1 and 2 mile runs. In study two (n=9) a running test for VO2 and HR was used, which resulted in a mean max VO2 about 7 ml higher than than elicited in the walking test, implying that for trained runners a running test was a more valid test of aerobic power. Marked relationships were found between body weight and performance, positive for the 100 yard dash and negative for the 2 mile run. Submaximal HR was again significantly related to performance in the 1 and 2 mile runs. Max VO2 was positively related to 2 mile performance and negatively related to 100 yard dash performance. Multiple R's using max VO2 and submaximal HR were .799 and .925 for the 1 and 2 mile runs, respectively. Using submaximal HR and weight the multiple R's were .777 and .945, showing that these two can account for a large amount of the variance in distance running performance. In neither study was submaximal VO2 significantly related to running performance."}
{"id": "PMID:1223208", "title": "Free physical movements during waiting while standing and sitting.", "content": "Man's habitual physical movements in a daily life situation while waiting for someone in front of a railway station in either a standing or sitting posture were studied. The free movements of 113 male and 171 female standing subjects and 236 male and 67 female sitting subjects were recorded for a period of three minutes by commentary using a tape recorder. The mean frequency of spontaneous movements was 13.8/min during standing and 14.3/min during sitting, the neck and lower limb movements being frequent in the former and the neck and upper limb movements in the latter. Males smoked, yawned, and crossed their legs more often than females. Any physical movement was most frequently followed by cessation of movements. Kinds of movements following a preceding motion proved almost independent from the type of the preceding one. Most of such movements ended within 2.5 sec, scarcely lasting for longer than 30 sec, while about 90% of the periods of being still were shorter than 15 sec. It is suggested that most of spontaneous physical movements in waiting occurred independently and were intercalated between short pure rest periods.", "contents": "Free physical movements during waiting while standing and sitting. Man's habitual physical movements in a daily life situation while waiting for someone in front of a railway station in either a standing or sitting posture were studied. The free movements of 113 male and 171 female standing subjects and 236 male and 67 female sitting subjects were recorded for a period of three minutes by commentary using a tape recorder. The mean frequency of spontaneous movements was 13.8/min during standing and 14.3/min during sitting, the neck and lower limb movements being frequent in the former and the neck and upper limb movements in the latter. Males smoked, yawned, and crossed their legs more often than females. Any physical movement was most frequently followed by cessation of movements. Kinds of movements following a preceding motion proved almost independent from the type of the preceding one. Most of such movements ended within 2.5 sec, scarcely lasting for longer than 30 sec, while about 90% of the periods of being still were shorter than 15 sec. It is suggested that most of spontaneous physical movements in waiting occurred independently and were intercalated between short pure rest periods."}
{"id": "PMID:1223209", "title": "Serial determination of cardiac output during prolonged work by a CO2-rebreathing technique.", "content": "Cardiac outputs were calculated on eight male college students while walking on a treadmill at controlled heart rate levels. The heart rate levels were maintained through the use of a heart rate controller (Quinton Model AI-607), standard deviations for heart rate in beats/min ranged from +/-2.1 at the heart rate level 110 to +/-3.2 at 170. Test-retest correlations of the cardiac output values at the various heart rate levels were: at heart rate 110, 0.66 after 7 min and 0.85 at 30 min; at heart rate 150, 0.92 after 7 min and 0.68 at 30 min; at heart rate 130, 0.97 after 7 min, and at heart rate 170, 0.85 after 7 min. The calculated cardiac output values when plotted against oxygen uptake compare favorably with published reports. The data collected demonstrate that the CO2-rebreathing method used in the present investigation provides a reliable bloodless technique for determining multiple cardiac output during prolonged work of varied intensities.", "contents": "Serial determination of cardiac output during prolonged work by a CO2-rebreathing technique. Cardiac outputs were calculated on eight male college students while walking on a treadmill at controlled heart rate levels. The heart rate levels were maintained through the use of a heart rate controller (Quinton Model AI-607), standard deviations for heart rate in beats/min ranged from +/-2.1 at the heart rate level 110 to +/-3.2 at 170. Test-retest correlations of the cardiac output values at the various heart rate levels were: at heart rate 110, 0.66 after 7 min and 0.85 at 30 min; at heart rate 150, 0.92 after 7 min and 0.68 at 30 min; at heart rate 130, 0.97 after 7 min, and at heart rate 170, 0.85 after 7 min. The calculated cardiac output values when plotted against oxygen uptake compare favorably with published reports. The data collected demonstrate that the CO2-rebreathing method used in the present investigation provides a reliable bloodless technique for determining multiple cardiac output during prolonged work of varied intensities."}
{"id": "PMID:1223210", "title": "The mechanism of generation and transmission of forces in leg extension.", "content": "This paper deals with the mechanical and electromyographic evaluation of the mechanism generating and transmitting the resultant leg extension force by maximal isometric contraction in two directions, the knee and hip joint being kept at 90 degrees. The two directions were a) from the center of gravity of the body to the ankle joint and b) from a point near the knee to the ankle. Six male subjects in a supine position exerted a maximal leg extension force of 47-112 kg for a) and 51-73 kg for b). These values were close to the smaller values of two forces estimated at the knee and at the hip from maximal isometric forces at the corresponding joint of the same joint angle. It was thus suggested that the joint limiting the resultant leg extension force was the knee for a) and the hip for b). The single joint muscles exhibited almost maximal activities when they concerned the joint which limited the resultant leg extension force. The double joint muscles were often contracted only moderately during the maximal isometric leg extension, indicating a different role of double joint muscles even at the maximal force production at a particular joint.", "contents": "The mechanism of generation and transmission of forces in leg extension. This paper deals with the mechanical and electromyographic evaluation of the mechanism generating and transmitting the resultant leg extension force by maximal isometric contraction in two directions, the knee and hip joint being kept at 90 degrees. The two directions were a) from the center of gravity of the body to the ankle joint and b) from a point near the knee to the ankle. Six male subjects in a supine position exerted a maximal leg extension force of 47-112 kg for a) and 51-73 kg for b). These values were close to the smaller values of two forces estimated at the knee and at the hip from maximal isometric forces at the corresponding joint of the same joint angle. It was thus suggested that the joint limiting the resultant leg extension force was the knee for a) and the hip for b). The single joint muscles exhibited almost maximal activities when they concerned the joint which limited the resultant leg extension force. The double joint muscles were often contracted only moderately during the maximal isometric leg extension, indicating a different role of double joint muscles even at the maximal force production at a particular joint."}
{"id": "PMID:1223211", "title": "The geneis and mechanism of human error in accidents resulting latent danger.", "content": "Six accidental cases caused by overlooking latent environmental danger were analyzed and the geneses and mechanism of the human error involved were discussed. In all cases detection of the danger was easy or indications by some warning were distinct. In a typical case, a lineman, after cleaning the insulators of a suspended line, proceeded toward the danger zone of another line charged with current on reaching the ground. He disregarded the warning flag, and received a shock and fell to the ground. It was also common in all the other cases that victims were conducting relatively easy or habitual activities and responded, being almost unaware of the unusual physical characteristics of the environment, to its more apparent aspects. These errors were relevant to experimental results by the author that subjects had great difficulty in identifying the rule of presentation of signal figures if the key item and the rule, either serial or positional, were different from foregoing trials. It is suggested that an individual fails to see an external object that has little function  value in regard to the content of the current behavior under influence of personal habitual experiences and the theories of human error need to be reconstruct as the basis of ecological knowledge about them.", "contents": "The geneis and mechanism of human error in accidents resulting latent danger. Six accidental cases caused by overlooking latent environmental danger were analyzed and the geneses and mechanism of the human error involved were discussed. In all cases detection of the danger was easy or indications by some warning were distinct. In a typical case, a lineman, after cleaning the insulators of a suspended line, proceeded toward the danger zone of another line charged with current on reaching the ground. He disregarded the warning flag, and received a shock and fell to the ground. It was also common in all the other cases that victims were conducting relatively easy or habitual activities and responded, being almost unaware of the unusual physical characteristics of the environment, to its more apparent aspects. These errors were relevant to experimental results by the author that subjects had great difficulty in identifying the rule of presentation of signal figures if the key item and the rule, either serial or positional, were different from foregoing trials. It is suggested that an individual fails to see an external object that has little function  value in regard to the content of the current behavior under influence of personal habitual experiences and the theories of human error need to be reconstruct as the basis of ecological knowledge about them."}
{"id": "PMID:1223212", "title": "Incidence of near accidental drowsing in locomotive driving during a period of rotation.", "content": "The incidence of drowsings as a cause of near traffic accidents was studied on the basis of daily recordings or near accidental events by 288 locomotive drivers during a rotation period of 2-3 weeks. Of 198 near accidents reported during 2,290 trips, 34 cases, or 1,5 cases per 100 trips, were operation missess involving drowsing or strong drowsiness. Improper operation due to drowsing occurred at a certain rate for any group of drivers, irrespective of the type of train, running sections, weather, and other operative conditions such as train delays, whereas 117 cases of danger caused by unforeseen obstacles on the track were related to site characteristics, and 47 cases of other disorders were frequent in unusual operative conditions such as arrival-departure, poor signal display, wrong instructions, or equipment failure. Thus continued driving under ordinary track conditions at a more or less constant speed was likely to induce drowsiness under the dominant influences of fatigue and time of the day; 79% of such cases occurred between midnight and 6 a.m. Most drowsings on the second night appeared during the first 2-4 hr of duty. Effects of monotony and insufficient rest were discussed in relation to recurrent fluctuation in vigilance.", "contents": "Incidence of near accidental drowsing in locomotive driving during a period of rotation. The incidence of drowsings as a cause of near traffic accidents was studied on the basis of daily recordings or near accidental events by 288 locomotive drivers during a rotation period of 2-3 weeks. Of 198 near accidents reported during 2,290 trips, 34 cases, or 1,5 cases per 100 trips, were operation missess involving drowsing or strong drowsiness. Improper operation due to drowsing occurred at a certain rate for any group of drivers, irrespective of the type of train, running sections, weather, and other operative conditions such as train delays, whereas 117 cases of danger caused by unforeseen obstacles on the track were related to site characteristics, and 47 cases of other disorders were frequent in unusual operative conditions such as arrival-departure, poor signal display, wrong instructions, or equipment failure. Thus continued driving under ordinary track conditions at a more or less constant speed was likely to induce drowsiness under the dominant influences of fatigue and time of the day; 79% of such cases occurred between midnight and 6 a.m. Most drowsings on the second night appeared during the first 2-4 hr of duty. Effects of monotony and insufficient rest were discussed in relation to recurrent fluctuation in vigilance."}
{"id": "PMID:1223241", "title": "A proposal for the clinical classification of acute coma due to organic cerebral lesions.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to propose a preliminary scheme which standardizes the terminology and the manner of classifying comatose states due to organic cerebral lesions. This attempt is based on recognition of the need to use a common language in order to facilitate the transmission of information in this field.", "contents": "A proposal for the clinical classification of acute coma due to organic cerebral lesions. The purpose of this paper is to propose a preliminary scheme which standardizes the terminology and the manner of classifying comatose states due to organic cerebral lesions. This attempt is based on recognition of the need to use a common language in order to facilitate the transmission of information in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:1223242", "title": "Severe traumatic coma in infancy and childhood: results after surgery and resuscitation.", "content": "This study deals with 390 cases of severe traumatic coma in infancy, childhood and youth, aged between 4 months and 19 years. Cases in which unconsciousness lasted less than 24-48 hours have not been considered here. 161 patients were operated upon for intracranial space-occupying lesions or for open head injury: extradural haematomas 60; extradural haematomas + brain lacerations and/or subdural haematomas 16; acute subdural haematomas 18; brain laceration 36; open head injuries 17; decompressive operations, hydromas and contusions 14. 102 patients recovered and 59 died. 229 subjects were given only to resuscitation treatment. 164 recovered and 65 died. Recovery and mortality rate are discussed in relation to the pathologicial lesions and to the clinical picture (severity, evolution and duration of coma). Overall mortality rate was 31%. Mortality was higher in operated patients (36.6%) and lower in patients in whom space-occupying lesions were not demonstrated by angiography and who underwent only resuscitation treatment (28%). The lowest rate was observed in cases of extradural haematoma (25.4%) and open head injury (23%). Highest mortality rate have been observed in cases of decerebrated coma (with or without signs of low brain stem impairment). Complete recovery can be achieved even after prolonged decerebration. 31 patients showed the typical picture of the \"apallic syndrome\": in 28 cases after prolonged decerebrated coma, in 3 cases after coma without decerebration. Of our 31 cases, 4 died, 4 are still in a chronic apallic state and 23 recovered. Of these, 10 patients had a remarkable recovery and 13 remained severely disabled.", "contents": "Severe traumatic coma in infancy and childhood: results after surgery and resuscitation. This study deals with 390 cases of severe traumatic coma in infancy, childhood and youth, aged between 4 months and 19 years. Cases in which unconsciousness lasted less than 24-48 hours have not been considered here. 161 patients were operated upon for intracranial space-occupying lesions or for open head injury: extradural haematomas 60; extradural haematomas + brain lacerations and/or subdural haematomas 16; acute subdural haematomas 18; brain laceration 36; open head injuries 17; decompressive operations, hydromas and contusions 14. 102 patients recovered and 59 died. 229 subjects were given only to resuscitation treatment. 164 recovered and 65 died. Recovery and mortality rate are discussed in relation to the pathologicial lesions and to the clinical picture (severity, evolution and duration of coma). Overall mortality rate was 31%. Mortality was higher in operated patients (36.6%) and lower in patients in whom space-occupying lesions were not demonstrated by angiography and who underwent only resuscitation treatment (28%). The lowest rate was observed in cases of extradural haematoma (25.4%) and open head injury (23%). Highest mortality rate have been observed in cases of decerebrated coma (with or without signs of low brain stem impairment). Complete recovery can be achieved even after prolonged decerebration. 31 patients showed the typical picture of the \"apallic syndrome\": in 28 cases after prolonged decerebrated coma, in 3 cases after coma without decerebration. Of our 31 cases, 4 died, 4 are still in a chronic apallic state and 23 recovered. Of these, 10 patients had a remarkable recovery and 13 remained severely disabled."}
{"id": "PMID:1223243", "title": "The Doppler ophthalmic test: report of a study on its value in diagnosis of internal carotid artery insufficiency.", "content": "The Authors have investigated the significance and the limits of the directional Doppler method in a group of subjects affected by internal carotid obstruction in various sites and degree. On the basis of the obtained results the Authors point out how this method represents a concrete progress in the field of non invasive diagnosis of the insufficiency of this artery.", "contents": "The Doppler ophthalmic test: report of a study on its value in diagnosis of internal carotid artery insufficiency. The Authors have investigated the significance and the limits of the directional Doppler method in a group of subjects affected by internal carotid obstruction in various sites and degree. On the basis of the obtained results the Authors point out how this method represents a concrete progress in the field of non invasive diagnosis of the insufficiency of this artery."}
{"id": "PMID:1223244", "title": "Cranial and orbital epidermoid tumours.", "content": "This paper reports on 14 cases of cranial and orbital epidermoid tumours, of which 2 epicranial, 4 extradural intracranial, 4 fronto-orbital-sinusal, 2 orbital and 2 orbito-nasal cases. Referring to these cases and data published in the specialised literature, the authors show that this type of tumour is more frequent in males, and is generally of embryologic but very rarely of mechanical origin. The main symptom is tumefaction in cranial tumours and exophthalmos in orbital tumours. There is very rarely association with a space-occupying process (tumour, cerebral abscess). Evolution is slow and progressive; the only treatment is surgical. After total ablation there were no recurrences and the postoperative course was very satisfactory.", "contents": "Cranial and orbital epidermoid tumours. This paper reports on 14 cases of cranial and orbital epidermoid tumours, of which 2 epicranial, 4 extradural intracranial, 4 fronto-orbital-sinusal, 2 orbital and 2 orbito-nasal cases. Referring to these cases and data published in the specialised literature, the authors show that this type of tumour is more frequent in males, and is generally of embryologic but very rarely of mechanical origin. The main symptom is tumefaction in cranial tumours and exophthalmos in orbital tumours. There is very rarely association with a space-occupying process (tumour, cerebral abscess). Evolution is slow and progressive; the only treatment is surgical. After total ablation there were no recurrences and the postoperative course was very satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:1223245", "title": "Considerations on the results of surgical treatment of cerebral abscesses.", "content": "The results of surgery in 96 patients affected with cerebral abscess are reported. The lesion was completely removed in 65 patients, 33 underwent drainage (in many cases by Adso-Craig's technique) and only in one case was a combined operation performed. Overall mortality was 15.1%. More or less serious neurological and/or psychic deficits were present in 40% of patients, whereas epilepsy occurred in 26.6%. Furthermore, it was noted that excision of the abscess originates fewer epileptic complications type (20.9%) than drainage of the abscess cavity (37.5%). As regards the type of operation, the Authors suggest complete excision of the abscess as more advisable limiting drainage to cases of localization in \"noble\" areas or when complete removal can jeopardize patients in very serious conditions.", "contents": "Considerations on the results of surgical treatment of cerebral abscesses. The results of surgery in 96 patients affected with cerebral abscess are reported. The lesion was completely removed in 65 patients, 33 underwent drainage (in many cases by Adso-Craig's technique) and only in one case was a combined operation performed. Overall mortality was 15.1%. More or less serious neurological and/or psychic deficits were present in 40% of patients, whereas epilepsy occurred in 26.6%. Furthermore, it was noted that excision of the abscess originates fewer epileptic complications type (20.9%) than drainage of the abscess cavity (37.5%). As regards the type of operation, the Authors suggest complete excision of the abscess as more advisable limiting drainage to cases of localization in \"noble\" areas or when complete removal can jeopardize patients in very serious conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1223247", "title": "Tetraplegia from trauma of the cervical spine in the absence of fractures and luxations.", "content": "Spinal cord lesions are not infrequent in cervical traumas in absence of fractures and/or luxations. In hyperextension traumas conservative treatment is normally sufficient. In hyperflexion and unknowm mechanism traumas neurosurgical treatment is often necessary due to the frequency of a discal herniation. Myelography is indispensable for correct and complete diagnosis and for this reason its use is strongly recommended.", "contents": "Tetraplegia from trauma of the cervical spine in the absence of fractures and luxations. Spinal cord lesions are not infrequent in cervical traumas in absence of fractures and/or luxations. In hyperextension traumas conservative treatment is normally sufficient. In hyperflexion and unknowm mechanism traumas neurosurgical treatment is often necessary due to the frequency of a discal herniation. Myelography is indispensable for correct and complete diagnosis and for this reason its use is strongly recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1223248", "title": "On the radical treatment of a large carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm: case report.", "content": "General remarks on carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms are followed by the description of a personal case in which direct closure of an \"inoperable\" aneurysm was successful. The surgical treatment of these malformations is discussed.", "contents": "On the radical treatment of a large carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm: case report. General remarks on carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms are followed by the description of a personal case in which direct closure of an \"inoperable\" aneurysm was successful. The surgical treatment of these malformations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1223246", "title": "Repair of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks using tissue adhesives.", "content": "14 cases of post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks, sealed with tissue adhesives and fascia, or galea, are reported. None of the patients had recurrence in a follow-up ranging from five months to three years. Tissue adhesives provided a tough adhesion of the patch and, as a consequence, an immediate and stable repair of the leak.", "contents": "Repair of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks using tissue adhesives. 14 cases of post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks, sealed with tissue adhesives and fascia, or galea, are reported. None of the patients had recurrence in a follow-up ranging from five months to three years. Tissue adhesives provided a tough adhesion of the patch and, as a consequence, an immediate and stable repair of the leak."}
{"id": "PMID:1223257", "title": "Experimental studies on the annual cycles of thyroid and adrenocortical functions in relation to the reproductive cycle of drakes.", "content": "The annual variations in the basal plasma contents of testosterone, thyroxine and corticosterone have been measured in Peking drakes living outdoors, in Southern France. 10 The plasma testosterone titer underwent a more than 20-fold increase during the vernal reproductive period (March-April). In early June the circulating testosterone fell to near autumnal values, and the testosterone MCR was augmented. These were the first manifestations of the cessation of the vernal reproductive period. 20 The plasma thyroxine levels were minimal in autumn, moderately augmented (40%) in winter (January-March), but exhibited a 3-fold increase in early June. The resulting steep (13-fold) increase of the plasma thyroxine/testosterone ratio preceded the onset of the post-nuptial moult. 30 Modifications of testosterone secretion and clearance rate similar to those occurring in June were initiated in spring by i.m. injections of thyroxine at a dosage (1 mg/d) that induced June-July thyroxine plasma levels. On the other hand, an experimentally induced steep decrease of testosterone (castration) induced enhanced plasma thyroxine concentrations similar to the June values, while an induced (10 mg/d testosterone i.m.) hypertestosteronemia corresponding to the reproductive period depressed the plasma thyroxine levels. Strong reciprocal negative interactions between testis and thyroid might therefore afford a partial explanation of the peculiar thyroxine/testosterone imbalance that occurred in June immediately prior to the moult. 40 Cold-exposed \"short-day\" (December) ducks exhibited a marked increase in plasma thyroxine levels, while exposure of December ducks to \"long days\" (18L-6D) at 25 degrees C depressed the thyroxine titers. The inhibitory effect of \"long days\" on the blood level of thyroxine was further evident in castrated ducks. Exposure of \"short day\" ducks (December) to a combined treatment by \"long days\" (18L-6D) and cold (4 degrees C) produced an endocrine picture similar to the January-March pattern, i.e. highly increased testosterone plasma levels, but unaffected testosterone MCR, together with a moderate increase in plasma thyroxine concentration. 50 Corticosterone plasma concentrations increased during the reproductive season, as a result of a seasonally augmented binding-capacity of the CBG. Exogenous testosterone (10 mg/d) which induced spring-like circulating levels of male hormones, caused a similar increase in CBG-bound and total corticosterone levels. 60 In June the MCR of both corticosterone and aldosterone were elevated (as was the testosterone MCR). Similarly enhanced MCR of both corticosteroids were brought on in spring by an exogenous thyroxine treatment, leading to a June-like state of hyperthyroxinemia.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the annual cycles of thyroid and adrenocortical functions in relation to the reproductive cycle of drakes. The annual variations in the basal plasma contents of testosterone, thyroxine and corticosterone have been measured in Peking drakes living outdoors, in Southern France. 10 The plasma testosterone titer underwent a more than 20-fold increase during the vernal reproductive period (March-April). In early June the circulating testosterone fell to near autumnal values, and the testosterone MCR was augmented. These were the first manifestations of the cessation of the vernal reproductive period. 20 The plasma thyroxine levels were minimal in autumn, moderately augmented (40%) in winter (January-March), but exhibited a 3-fold increase in early June. The resulting steep (13-fold) increase of the plasma thyroxine/testosterone ratio preceded the onset of the post-nuptial moult. 30 Modifications of testosterone secretion and clearance rate similar to those occurring in June were initiated in spring by i.m. injections of thyroxine at a dosage (1 mg/d) that induced June-July thyroxine plasma levels. On the other hand, an experimentally induced steep decrease of testosterone (castration) induced enhanced plasma thyroxine concentrations similar to the June values, while an induced (10 mg/d testosterone i.m.) hypertestosteronemia corresponding to the reproductive period depressed the plasma thyroxine levels. Strong reciprocal negative interactions between testis and thyroid might therefore afford a partial explanation of the peculiar thyroxine/testosterone imbalance that occurred in June immediately prior to the moult. 40 Cold-exposed \"short-day\" (December) ducks exhibited a marked increase in plasma thyroxine levels, while exposure of December ducks to \"long days\" (18L-6D) at 25 degrees C depressed the thyroxine titers. The inhibitory effect of \"long days\" on the blood level of thyroxine was further evident in castrated ducks. Exposure of \"short day\" ducks (December) to a combined treatment by \"long days\" (18L-6D) and cold (4 degrees C) produced an endocrine picture similar to the January-March pattern, i.e. highly increased testosterone plasma levels, but unaffected testosterone MCR, together with a moderate increase in plasma thyroxine concentration. 50 Corticosterone plasma concentrations increased during the reproductive season, as a result of a seasonally augmented binding-capacity of the CBG. Exogenous testosterone (10 mg/d) which induced spring-like circulating levels of male hormones, caused a similar increase in CBG-bound and total corticosterone levels. 60 In June the MCR of both corticosterone and aldosterone were elevated (as was the testosterone MCR). Similarly enhanced MCR of both corticosteroids were brought on in spring by an exogenous thyroxine treatment, leading to a June-like state of hyperthyroxinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:1223258", "title": "[Regulation of luteal activity by light and temperature in two delayed implantation mammals, the european badger and the pine marten (author's transl)].", "content": "Reactivation of the corpus luteum, resumption of embryonic development and ovoimplantation can be obtained experimentally and precociously with corrected manipulation of light and temperature.", "contents": "[Regulation of luteal activity by light and temperature in two delayed implantation mammals, the european badger and the pine marten (author's transl)]. Reactivation of the corpus luteum, resumption of embryonic development and ovoimplantation can be obtained experimentally and precociously with corrected manipulation of light and temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:1223259", "title": "[An experimental study of the influence of external factors on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis of Nectophrynoides occidentalis Angel (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied the influence of external factors of the natural habitat on spermatogenesis and metabolisation of testosterone by the testis of N. occidentalis. The factors chosen were: frequency of feeding, atmospheric humidity and day-light ratio. The temperature was constant at 20 degrees C +/- 2. 10 During normal underground life testicular activity was low, but forced feeding and saturated atmospheric humidity induced spermatogenetic activity. The rate of metabolized testosterone was not altered by any factor. 20 During the active period of this species the feeding factor introduced significant modifications to active spermatogenesis and testosterone metabolism. Spermatogenesis of half-starved males was greatly disturbed and the rate of transformed testosterone decreased.", "contents": "[An experimental study of the influence of external factors on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis of Nectophrynoides occidentalis Angel (author's transl)]. We have studied the influence of external factors of the natural habitat on spermatogenesis and metabolisation of testosterone by the testis of N. occidentalis. The factors chosen were: frequency of feeding, atmospheric humidity and day-light ratio. The temperature was constant at 20 degrees C +/- 2. 10 During normal underground life testicular activity was low, but forced feeding and saturated atmospheric humidity induced spermatogenetic activity. The rate of metabolized testosterone was not altered by any factor. 20 During the active period of this species the feeding factor introduced significant modifications to active spermatogenesis and testosterone metabolism. Spermatogenesis of half-starved males was greatly disturbed and the rate of transformed testosterone decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:1223260", "title": "[Reproductive cycle of trout and tench: effect of experimental variations of the temperature (author's transl)].", "content": "10 In the rainbow trout and the tench, at the time of spermatogonia divisions a rise in the plasma gonadotropin levels was observed. Just before or during the spawning period, E217 beta and plasma gonadotropin reach their maximum levels. 20 When the effects of raising the natural cycle temperature of the tench were studied (deltat + 3 degrees C and + 6 degrees C), in conditions where nycthemeral and seasonal rythmicity were maintained, a significant increase in fertility was observed with the increase in temperature (the first spawning period was earlier and there was a rise in the number of spawnings). This effect of temperature seems to act at the level of the hypothalamo-pituitary system.", "contents": "[Reproductive cycle of trout and tench: effect of experimental variations of the temperature (author's transl)]. 10 In the rainbow trout and the tench, at the time of spermatogonia divisions a rise in the plasma gonadotropin levels was observed. Just before or during the spawning period, E217 beta and plasma gonadotropin reach their maximum levels. 20 When the effects of raising the natural cycle temperature of the tench were studied (deltat + 3 degrees C and + 6 degrees C), in conditions where nycthemeral and seasonal rythmicity were maintained, a significant increase in fertility was observed with the increase in temperature (the first spawning period was earlier and there was a rise in the number of spawnings). This effect of temperature seems to act at the level of the hypothalamo-pituitary system."}
{"id": "PMID:1223261", "title": "[Spawning induced by injection of progesterone into the teleost crenimugil labrosus (risso, 1826) in a brackish milieu (author's transl)].", "content": "10 In the euryhaline fish Crenimugil labrosus, complete oocyte maturation does not occur in a brackish milieu. 20 The injection of progesterone induces complete maturation in 30% and 14% salinities, allowing larvae to be formed after artificial fertilization of the eggs. 30 The same result is obtained with hypophysectomized animals: thus the pituitary is not involved in this maturation.", "contents": "[Spawning induced by injection of progesterone into the teleost crenimugil labrosus (risso, 1826) in a brackish milieu (author's transl)]. 10 In the euryhaline fish Crenimugil labrosus, complete oocyte maturation does not occur in a brackish milieu. 20 The injection of progesterone induces complete maturation in 30% and 14% salinities, allowing larvae to be formed after artificial fertilization of the eggs. 30 The same result is obtained with hypophysectomized animals: thus the pituitary is not involved in this maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:1223262", "title": "[PaO2 changes during rapid PwO2 changes in 2 teleosts with different biotopes: Salmo gairdnerii and Ictalurus melas (author's transl)].", "content": "PaO2 and ventilation measurements in Salmo gairdnerii and Ictalurus melas (brown bullhead) were performed during progressive or step changes of PwO2. 10 In Salmo, out of stress conditions at 15 degrees C, the PaO2--PwO2 curve shows a plateau related to the PwO2 values above adaptation (155 torr). The PaO2 value corresponds to the O2 maximum saturation of the arterial blood. In contrast, in Salmo under stress conditions, PaO2 increases linearly with PwO2. During a hypoxic step change, PaO2 displays a biphasic modification, with a rapid decrease followed by a progressive increase up to the PwO2 value. During an hyperoxic step change, the PaO2 increase is of small amplitude. 20 When Ictalurus is under stress conditions the PaO2-PwO2 curve is almost linear. When out of stress conditions at 15 degrees C and below, the PaO2 oscillates between zero and values close to PwO2 in relation to successive periods of apnoea. During a hypoxic step change, the amplitude of the PaO2 oscillations decreases, the lower values being higher than under normoxic conditions. 30 These experiments show that PaO2 is an important parameter of ventilatory regulation in Salmo, but probably not in Ictalurus.", "contents": "[PaO2 changes during rapid PwO2 changes in 2 teleosts with different biotopes: Salmo gairdnerii and Ictalurus melas (author's transl)]. PaO2 and ventilation measurements in Salmo gairdnerii and Ictalurus melas (brown bullhead) were performed during progressive or step changes of PwO2. 10 In Salmo, out of stress conditions at 15 degrees C, the PaO2--PwO2 curve shows a plateau related to the PwO2 values above adaptation (155 torr). The PaO2 value corresponds to the O2 maximum saturation of the arterial blood. In contrast, in Salmo under stress conditions, PaO2 increases linearly with PwO2. During a hypoxic step change, PaO2 displays a biphasic modification, with a rapid decrease followed by a progressive increase up to the PwO2 value. During an hyperoxic step change, the PaO2 increase is of small amplitude. 20 When Ictalurus is under stress conditions the PaO2-PwO2 curve is almost linear. When out of stress conditions at 15 degrees C and below, the PaO2 oscillates between zero and values close to PwO2 in relation to successive periods of apnoea. During a hypoxic step change, the amplitude of the PaO2 oscillations decreases, the lower values being higher than under normoxic conditions. 30 These experiments show that PaO2 is an important parameter of ventilatory regulation in Salmo, but probably not in Ictalurus."}
{"id": "PMID:1223263", "title": "[Adaptation of trout to seawater. Effects on sodium plasma concentration, gill exchange and intestinal transport].", "content": "10. Trout Salmo irideus are adapted to sea water (S W) within four weeks by submitting them to a stepwise increase in external salinity (successively: 1/3 SW, 1/2 SW, 3/4 SW, full SW). 20. In completely adapted individuals mean plasma electrolyte concentrations vary only slightly (by a few %) from one medium to another. Thus, the trout may be regarded as a euryhaline, eventually homeosmotic species. 30. With increasing outside salinity there is a progressive diminution in the overall gill permeability to ions which is suggested by saturation curves obtained for sodium fluxes (maximum at about 500 muEq/h. 100 g at 15 degrees C, for unshocked fish). 40. Disturbance of the animals provokes a striking elevation and desequilibrium in these exchanges and this in turn induces an abnormal rise in plasma concentrations and a subsequent failure to adapt to hypertonic media. 50. In vitro absorption of water and sodium by intestinal everted-sacs increases only after transfer to full sea water. Mucosal entry of ions into intestinal epithelial cells measured by the technique of Schultz et al. (1967), is diminished in sea water-adapted animal (by 42% in the case of sodium). 60. These results demonstrate that Salmo irideus possesses efficient osmoregulatory mechanisms which operate with minimal energy expenditure in hypertonic media.", "contents": "[Adaptation of trout to seawater. Effects on sodium plasma concentration, gill exchange and intestinal transport]. 10. Trout Salmo irideus are adapted to sea water (S W) within four weeks by submitting them to a stepwise increase in external salinity (successively: 1/3 SW, 1/2 SW, 3/4 SW, full SW). 20. In completely adapted individuals mean plasma electrolyte concentrations vary only slightly (by a few %) from one medium to another. Thus, the trout may be regarded as a euryhaline, eventually homeosmotic species. 30. With increasing outside salinity there is a progressive diminution in the overall gill permeability to ions which is suggested by saturation curves obtained for sodium fluxes (maximum at about 500 muEq/h. 100 g at 15 degrees C, for unshocked fish). 40. Disturbance of the animals provokes a striking elevation and desequilibrium in these exchanges and this in turn induces an abnormal rise in plasma concentrations and a subsequent failure to adapt to hypertonic media. 50. In vitro absorption of water and sodium by intestinal everted-sacs increases only after transfer to full sea water. Mucosal entry of ions into intestinal epithelial cells measured by the technique of Schultz et al. (1967), is diminished in sea water-adapted animal (by 42% in the case of sodium). 60. These results demonstrate that Salmo irideus possesses efficient osmoregulatory mechanisms which operate with minimal energy expenditure in hypertonic media."}
{"id": "PMID:1223264", "title": "[Water balance in the european eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Role of the oesophagus in the utilisation of drinking water and a study of the osmotic permeability of the gills (author's transl)].", "content": "10 New experimental devices are described which allow chonic measurements of drinking rate and osmotic gill permeability in the eel. 20 The oesophagus of the seawater (SW) silver eel plays a role in osmoregulation. It decreases the concentration of Cl- and Na+ of the ingested SW without losing water in the serosal to mucosal direction. This allows for immediate water absorption in the intestine and decreases the quantity of ions actively absorbed by the intestine. In the freshwater (FW) silver eel, the oesophagus is impermeable to water, Cl- and Na+. The ionic impermeability exists only in the serosal to mucosal direction. A mucosal to serosal permeability to Cl- and Na+ exists in the FW oesophagus receiving hypertonic drinking water, this promotes seawater adaptation. 30 The osmotic gill permeability, measured in vivo in the silver eel, is very low in FW and decreases slightly in SW. Thus, the silver eel has an osmotic gill permeability preadapted to SW life. The kinetics of FW to SW adaptation are described.", "contents": "[Water balance in the european eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Role of the oesophagus in the utilisation of drinking water and a study of the osmotic permeability of the gills (author's transl)]. 10 New experimental devices are described which allow chonic measurements of drinking rate and osmotic gill permeability in the eel. 20 The oesophagus of the seawater (SW) silver eel plays a role in osmoregulation. It decreases the concentration of Cl- and Na+ of the ingested SW without losing water in the serosal to mucosal direction. This allows for immediate water absorption in the intestine and decreases the quantity of ions actively absorbed by the intestine. In the freshwater (FW) silver eel, the oesophagus is impermeable to water, Cl- and Na+. The ionic impermeability exists only in the serosal to mucosal direction. A mucosal to serosal permeability to Cl- and Na+ exists in the FW oesophagus receiving hypertonic drinking water, this promotes seawater adaptation. 30 The osmotic gill permeability, measured in vivo in the silver eel, is very low in FW and decreases slightly in SW. Thus, the silver eel has an osmotic gill permeability preadapted to SW life. The kinetics of FW to SW adaptation are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1223265", "title": "[Seasonal fluctuations of food intake and bodyweight in the dormouse Glis glis (author's transl)].", "content": "Cycles of body weight lasting a few weeks occurred in dormice fed ad libitum, throughout the year with the same food. The pattern of the fluctuations suggests an oscillation between an upper and a lower limit. When the lower limit is reached, compensatory mechanisms acting on the food intake are induced which cause an increase in body weight to the upper one; when this upper limit is reached, other mechanisms cause the body weight to decrease to the lower one. Thus, body weight and variations in food intake may well be controlled by the difference between the body weight and the limit it will reach. In a warm environment (23-25 degrees C) these fluctuations are smaller than in the cold (5-6 degrees C). They are also smaller during summer than during winter in animals placed in natural climatic conditions. In summer, the body weight stays near the upper limit; in this season, as in the warm environment, the lower limit approaches the upper one. Thus, the main circannual variation of body weight regulation in dormice may be the elevation during summer of the lower body weight limit.", "contents": "[Seasonal fluctuations of food intake and bodyweight in the dormouse Glis glis (author's transl)]. Cycles of body weight lasting a few weeks occurred in dormice fed ad libitum, throughout the year with the same food. The pattern of the fluctuations suggests an oscillation between an upper and a lower limit. When the lower limit is reached, compensatory mechanisms acting on the food intake are induced which cause an increase in body weight to the upper one; when this upper limit is reached, other mechanisms cause the body weight to decrease to the lower one. Thus, body weight and variations in food intake may well be controlled by the difference between the body weight and the limit it will reach. In a warm environment (23-25 degrees C) these fluctuations are smaller than in the cold (5-6 degrees C). They are also smaller during summer than during winter in animals placed in natural climatic conditions. In summer, the body weight stays near the upper limit; in this season, as in the warm environment, the lower limit approaches the upper one. Thus, the main circannual variation of body weight regulation in dormice may be the elevation during summer of the lower body weight limit."}
{"id": "PMID:1223266", "title": "[Effect of two rearing conditions on growth and body composition in carp (Cyprinus carpio L) (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study was made of the growth and of the influence of seasonal changes on nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism of carp kept in batches in natural ponds. 10 Growth is active only in natural ponds. In batches where only industrial dried foods are used, no growth can be measured. 20 Activity of ribonucleic and protein metabolism is correlated with seasonal variations of water temperature in both conditions.", "contents": "[Effect of two rearing conditions on growth and body composition in carp (Cyprinus carpio L) (author's transl)]. A comparative study was made of the growth and of the influence of seasonal changes on nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism of carp kept in batches in natural ponds. 10 Growth is active only in natural ponds. In batches where only industrial dried foods are used, no growth can be measured. 20 Activity of ribonucleic and protein metabolism is correlated with seasonal variations of water temperature in both conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:1223270", "title": "Matched controls in surveys of the use of general practice. Another use for research practice age-sex registers.", "content": "This paper describes how an age-sex register may be used as a sampling frame for the selection of matched controls in studies of the use of general practice. It discusses both the analysis of data collected in this way and the advantages and limitations of the method itself. The application of the method to a case-study suggests that patients who use hospital accident departments are also high users of general practice. Although care is needed in the interpretation of such results, it is concluded that matched controls can be used to ameliorate some of the problems of research in general practice.", "contents": "Matched controls in surveys of the use of general practice. Another use for research practice age-sex registers. This paper describes how an age-sex register may be used as a sampling frame for the selection of matched controls in studies of the use of general practice. It discusses both the analysis of data collected in this way and the advantages and limitations of the method itself. The application of the method to a case-study suggests that patients who use hospital accident departments are also high users of general practice. Although care is needed in the interpretation of such results, it is concluded that matched controls can be used to ameliorate some of the problems of research in general practice."}
{"id": "PMID:1223271", "title": "Preventing tetanus in adults in general practice.", "content": "Tetanus statistics in England and Wales are quoted to show the desirability of widening the population to whom tetanus immunisation is offered. Yhr inclusion of a health educationalist in the general-practitioner team to achieve this is advocated. Methods of obtaining an increased acceptance of immunisation by waiting-room education alone, by waiting-room education with general-practitioner involvement, and by general-practitioner involvement alone were explored and are discussed.", "contents": "Preventing tetanus in adults in general practice. Tetanus statistics in England and Wales are quoted to show the desirability of widening the population to whom tetanus immunisation is offered. Yhr inclusion of a health educationalist in the general-practitioner team to achieve this is advocated. Methods of obtaining an increased acceptance of immunisation by waiting-room education alone, by waiting-room education with general-practitioner involvement, and by general-practitioner involvement alone were explored and are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1223272", "title": "Going to the doctor--attendances by members of 100 families in their first year in a new town.", "content": "A study of 100 families' first year in a new town has shown that consulting rates are high, especially for psychiatric illness. Some reasons for this are discussed. If mobility has an effect on the health of individuals, with a consequent increase in the workload of general practitioners, then this must be taken into account in planning primary medical care services.", "contents": "Going to the doctor--attendances by members of 100 families in their first year in a new town. A study of 100 families' first year in a new town has shown that consulting rates are high, especially for psychiatric illness. Some reasons for this are discussed. If mobility has an effect on the health of individuals, with a consequent increase in the workload of general practitioners, then this must be taken into account in planning primary medical care services."}
{"id": "PMID:1223273", "title": "Staff and student perceptions of a student health service.", "content": "Results of a survey at one English university suggest that, of the various student personnel services provided by that institution, the Student Health Service was the best known and most used by the students. Both students and academic staff attributed greater importance to that particular service than to any other. Ways in which these two groups of university members justified such special provision are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Staff and student perceptions of a student health service. Results of a survey at one English university suggest that, of the various student personnel services provided by that institution, the Student Health Service was the best known and most used by the students. Both students and academic staff attributed greater importance to that particular service than to any other. Ways in which these two groups of university members justified such special provision are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1223274", "title": "Some simple improvements in record-keeping in general practice.", "content": "A method of keeping records in general practice is described which can be easily used on National Health Service forms. The method consists of two tiers i.e. of emphasising diagnoses made by boxing them and by organising the layout of other data.", "contents": "Some simple improvements in record-keeping in general practice. A method of keeping records in general practice is described which can be easily used on National Health Service forms. The method consists of two tiers i.e. of emphasising diagnoses made by boxing them and by organising the layout of other data."}
{"id": "PMID:1223275", "title": "Revaccination against measles--a pilot study.", "content": "(1) During the first ten years after primary vaccination with live measles virus vaccine, a slow decline in the level of HAI antibody titres has been demonstrated. The decline after more attenuated vaccines was at the same gradient, but at lower titres.(2) During the same period after primary vaccination by inactivated (; killed ') followed by live - K + L - measles vaccine, a much steeper decline in the level of HAI antibody titres was demonstrated.(3) The GMT may not reach the lowest standard titres for over 40 years after the least attenuated vaccine, and 20-25 years after more attenuated vaccines. After K + L vaccine the GMT may be negative after 15 years or less, but this will depend on the frequency of natural boosting.(4) On revaccination after five to ten years, one out of 20 children (five per cent) who had received live vaccine alone for primary vaccination showed a fourfold or greater rise in titre of HAI antibody, whereas 17 out of 41 children (41%) who had received K + L vaccine showed a significant rise in titre.(5) With either regime, the age at primary vaccination did not appear to influence the rate of boosting after revaccination except perhaps in children under two years.(6) Among those who originally received K + L Vaccine, The Lower The Hai Antibody Titre Before Revaccination And The Longer The Time Since Primary Vaccination, The More Likely Was A Significant Rise In Titre To Occur After Revaccination. All Should Be Revaccinated Within 10-15 Years Of Primary Immunisation.(7) Children whose primary vaccination was by live ;further attenuated' vaccine before the age of two years may need to be revaccinated before they leave school, but this requires further study.(8) A case can be made for using a less attenuated strain of measles virus for revaccination than for primary vaccination.(9) The eventual need for and timing of revaccination against measles should be examined in a larger group of children.", "contents": "Revaccination against measles--a pilot study. (1) During the first ten years after primary vaccination with live measles virus vaccine, a slow decline in the level of HAI antibody titres has been demonstrated. The decline after more attenuated vaccines was at the same gradient, but at lower titres.(2) During the same period after primary vaccination by inactivated (; killed ') followed by live - K + L - measles vaccine, a much steeper decline in the level of HAI antibody titres was demonstrated.(3) The GMT may not reach the lowest standard titres for over 40 years after the least attenuated vaccine, and 20-25 years after more attenuated vaccines. After K + L vaccine the GMT may be negative after 15 years or less, but this will depend on the frequency of natural boosting.(4) On revaccination after five to ten years, one out of 20 children (five per cent) who had received live vaccine alone for primary vaccination showed a fourfold or greater rise in titre of HAI antibody, whereas 17 out of 41 children (41%) who had received K + L vaccine showed a significant rise in titre.(5) With either regime, the age at primary vaccination did not appear to influence the rate of boosting after revaccination except perhaps in children under two years.(6) Among those who originally received K + L Vaccine, The Lower The Hai Antibody Titre Before Revaccination And The Longer The Time Since Primary Vaccination, The More Likely Was A Significant Rise In Titre To Occur After Revaccination. All Should Be Revaccinated Within 10-15 Years Of Primary Immunisation.(7) Children whose primary vaccination was by live ;further attenuated' vaccine before the age of two years may need to be revaccinated before they leave school, but this requires further study.(8) A case can be made for using a less attenuated strain of measles virus for revaccination than for primary vaccination.(9) The eventual need for and timing of revaccination against measles should be examined in a larger group of children."}
{"id": "PMID:1223277", "title": "The poor-communicating two-year-old and his family.", "content": "Two groups of children have been studied. Each group consisted of 21 two-year-olds, who had been matched individually for age, sex and social class, but who had widely differing abilities in both comprehension and expression of language.High-risk families were defined as those in which there was evidence of significant social or emotional deprivation. There was a statistically significant correlation between delayed language development in a two-year-old and evidence of psychosocial deprivation in his family.", "contents": "The poor-communicating two-year-old and his family. Two groups of children have been studied. Each group consisted of 21 two-year-olds, who had been matched individually for age, sex and social class, but who had widely differing abilities in both comprehension and expression of language.High-risk families were defined as those in which there was evidence of significant social or emotional deprivation. There was a statistically significant correlation between delayed language development in a two-year-old and evidence of psychosocial deprivation in his family."}
{"id": "PMID:1223278", "title": "Clinical and administrative review in general practice.", "content": "Clinical and administrative review in primary medical care can be an enjoyable and creative part of group-practice life. A series of such reviews are described which improve internal or external communication for the primary care team.", "contents": "Clinical and administrative review in general practice. Clinical and administrative review in primary medical care can be an enjoyable and creative part of group-practice life. A series of such reviews are described which improve internal or external communication for the primary care team."}
{"id": "PMID:1223279", "title": "Telephone messages received by seven general practices.", "content": "Telephone calls were recorded in seven general practices in Aylesbury in a study of communications received from the hospitals, local health authority (L.H.A.), social services department, and other sources, but excluding calls from patients.Analysis of 855 telephone calls revealed patterns of communication with the staff of the practices which have not previously been recorded. The general practitioners were central in communications from all sources except the local health authority, while calls to health visitors came overwhelmingly from the local health authority. Community nurses received only 36 (four per cent) of all the calls despite the interests expressed by hospital nursing staff in their responses to a postal questionnaire. A hypothesis is advanced to explain this discrepancy between interest and action.", "contents": "Telephone messages received by seven general practices. Telephone calls were recorded in seven general practices in Aylesbury in a study of communications received from the hospitals, local health authority (L.H.A.), social services department, and other sources, but excluding calls from patients.Analysis of 855 telephone calls revealed patterns of communication with the staff of the practices which have not previously been recorded. The general practitioners were central in communications from all sources except the local health authority, while calls to health visitors came overwhelmingly from the local health authority. Community nurses received only 36 (four per cent) of all the calls despite the interests expressed by hospital nursing staff in their responses to a postal questionnaire. A hypothesis is advanced to explain this discrepancy between interest and action."}
{"id": "PMID:1223280", "title": "Intra-uterine contraception in general practice.", "content": "The experience of two general practitioners with 1,041 women attending clinics for intra-uterine contraception is analysed retrospectively. Patients were mainly Health Service patients of the doctors, but some were referred by other general practitioners, by the local authority, and a consultant. Some patients travelled considerable distances. Age varied from 15 to 52 and parity from 0 to 11. The fitting of various devices was usually easy, but patients often complained of symptoms, mostly bleeding, pain, or discharge, the majority of which were amenable to treatment and often were not due to the intra-uterine contraceptive device itself. There was evidence of lowered haemoglobin levels in women using this method for some years.The retrospective analysis shows follow up, always difficult in contraceptive clinics, to be less than desirable. In planning contraceptive programmes more attention should be given to this subject. Pregnancy occurred in 51 cases and there were four cases of cancer of which one died. There was a further unrelated death from subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "contents": "Intra-uterine contraception in general practice. The experience of two general practitioners with 1,041 women attending clinics for intra-uterine contraception is analysed retrospectively. Patients were mainly Health Service patients of the doctors, but some were referred by other general practitioners, by the local authority, and a consultant. Some patients travelled considerable distances. Age varied from 15 to 52 and parity from 0 to 11. The fitting of various devices was usually easy, but patients often complained of symptoms, mostly bleeding, pain, or discharge, the majority of which were amenable to treatment and often were not due to the intra-uterine contraceptive device itself. There was evidence of lowered haemoglobin levels in women using this method for some years.The retrospective analysis shows follow up, always difficult in contraceptive clinics, to be less than desirable. In planning contraceptive programmes more attention should be given to this subject. Pregnancy occurred in 51 cases and there were four cases of cancer of which one died. There was a further unrelated death from subarachnoid haemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:1223281", "title": "Vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge in general practice.", "content": "Ninety-four patients with vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge were assessed clinically and had vaginal swabs taken in an effort to establish a definite diagnosis. A high incidence of fungous infection was found while there was a surprisingly low incidence of Trichomonal vaginitis. These findings vary markedly from recent surveys in other countries (Delaha et al. (1964); Gray and Barnes, 1965; Desai et al., 1966).", "contents": "Vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge in general practice. Ninety-four patients with vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge were assessed clinically and had vaginal swabs taken in an effort to establish a definite diagnosis. A high incidence of fungous infection was found while there was a surprisingly low incidence of Trichomonal vaginitis. These findings vary markedly from recent surveys in other countries (Delaha et al. (1964); Gray and Barnes, 1965; Desai et al., 1966)."}
{"id": "PMID:1223282", "title": "The effect of different dietary levels of Ca and P on the plasma Ca, inorganic P and Mg as well as the ash, Ca, P and Mg content of cervical vertebrae and total body of sheep.", "content": "Six 14 month old rams were divided equally into three groups and received either a high Ca (1,102% Ca : 0,192% P : 0,128% Mg), control (0,322% Ca : 0,311=P : 0,128% Mg) or high P (0,127% Ca : 1,043% P: 0,130% Mg) diet in pellected form for 150 days. 2. Dry mass and ash % of the third cervical vertebra decreased as Ca intake decreased while fat % increased. There was a highly significant negative correlation (= -0,992) between bone ash% and bone fat %. Bone P and Mg showed no particular trends. 3. Total body Ca and P as well as % body Ca and P all decreased with a decrease in dietary Ca and increase in dietary P intake. Body Mg showed no particular trend. 4. The results suggest that while plasma values may be useful in assessing the P intake of sheep on natural pastures, bone and total body P may not be.", "contents": "The effect of different dietary levels of Ca and P on the plasma Ca, inorganic P and Mg as well as the ash, Ca, P and Mg content of cervical vertebrae and total body of sheep. Six 14 month old rams were divided equally into three groups and received either a high Ca (1,102% Ca : 0,192% P : 0,128% Mg), control (0,322% Ca : 0,311=P : 0,128% Mg) or high P (0,127% Ca : 1,043% P: 0,130% Mg) diet in pellected form for 150 days. 2. Dry mass and ash % of the third cervical vertebra decreased as Ca intake decreased while fat % increased. There was a highly significant negative correlation (= -0,992) between bone ash% and bone fat %. Bone P and Mg showed no particular trends. 3. Total body Ca and P as well as % body Ca and P all decreased with a decrease in dietary Ca and increase in dietary P intake. Body Mg showed no particular trend. 4. The results suggest that while plasma values may be useful in assessing the P intake of sheep on natural pastures, bone and total body P may not be."}
{"id": "PMID:1223283", "title": "Pentastomiasis (Armillifer and Linguatula Sp.) infestations of wild animals in the Kruger National Park.", "content": "Armillifer armillatus, Linguatula serrata and L. nuttalli have each been isolated from nine different mammalian species in the Kruger National Park: lion, Panthera Leo; Leopard, P. pardus; buffalo, Syncerus caffer: blue wildebeest, Connechaetes taurinus; giraffe, Girraffa camelopardalis; kudu, Tragelophus strepsiceros; waterbuck, Kobus ellipsyprymnus; tsessebe, Damaliscus iunatus and impala, Aepyceros melampus. Successful transmission of L. serrata from the lion to a domestic ox and impala is recorded for the first time. Pentastomiasis is also a disease of man and these findings are possibly of epidemiological significance.", "contents": "Pentastomiasis (Armillifer and Linguatula Sp.) infestations of wild animals in the Kruger National Park. Armillifer armillatus, Linguatula serrata and L. nuttalli have each been isolated from nine different mammalian species in the Kruger National Park: lion, Panthera Leo; Leopard, P. pardus; buffalo, Syncerus caffer: blue wildebeest, Connechaetes taurinus; giraffe, Girraffa camelopardalis; kudu, Tragelophus strepsiceros; waterbuck, Kobus ellipsyprymnus; tsessebe, Damaliscus iunatus and impala, Aepyceros melampus. Successful transmission of L. serrata from the lion to a domestic ox and impala is recorded for the first time. Pentastomiasis is also a disease of man and these findings are possibly of epidemiological significance."}
{"id": "PMID:1223284", "title": "Resistance of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina to insecticides in the Republic of South Africa.", "content": "Laboratory tests on larvae of nine strains of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, and one of the hairy blowfly, Chrysomia albiceps, taken from the field are reported. Results indicate resistance to arsenic in one strain and to diazinon in the remainder and in Chrysomia albiceps. Field evidence corroborates the presence of resistance in the blowfly maggots to current flystrike insecticides with reduced protection resulting in more frequent treatment.", "contents": "Resistance of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina to insecticides in the Republic of South Africa. Laboratory tests on larvae of nine strains of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, and one of the hairy blowfly, Chrysomia albiceps, taken from the field are reported. Results indicate resistance to arsenic in one strain and to diazinon in the remainder and in Chrysomia albiceps. Field evidence corroborates the presence of resistance in the blowfly maggots to current flystrike insecticides with reduced protection resulting in more frequent treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:1223285", "title": "Arsenic resistance in species of multi-host ticks in the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland.", "content": "A survey was made in the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland to determine the incidence of arsenic resistance in multi-host ixodid ticks. Arsenic resistant strains were found in the following species:- Rihipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Rhipicephalus capensis, Amblyomma hebraeum and a species of Hyalomma, tentatively identified as Hyalomma rufipes. Strains of Haemaphysalis Leachi, Haemaphysalis silacea and Ixodes pilosus were also tested.", "contents": "Arsenic resistance in species of multi-host ticks in the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland. A survey was made in the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland to determine the incidence of arsenic resistance in multi-host ixodid ticks. Arsenic resistant strains were found in the following species:- Rihipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Rhipicephalus capensis, Amblyomma hebraeum and a species of Hyalomma, tentatively identified as Hyalomma rufipes. Strains of Haemaphysalis Leachi, Haemaphysalis silacea and Ixodes pilosus were also tested."}
{"id": "PMID:1223286", "title": "Reproductive capacity and longevity of stable flies maintained on different kinds of blood.", "content": "An investigation was made into some lesser known aspects of the biology of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in order to find a basis for possible means of natural control of the pest on dairy farms. The reaction of adults to different kinds of blood was tested. Diets investigated were bovine blood alternated with ovine blood, bovine blood alternated with pig's blood, bovine blood alternated with manure filtrate, bovine blood alone, ovine blood alone, pig's blood alone and manure filtrate alone. Adults could not servive on manure filtrate alone. Flies in the other treatments exhibited no marked differences as regards duration of pre-mating-, pre-oviposition- and oviposition periods. There were, however, differences in the number of eggs laid. Females maintained on bovine blood alone produced most eggs i.e. 2,3 times as many as those laid by females fed on pig's blood alone. The latter were the poorest producers. Viability and incubation period of eggs did not appear to be affected by the kind of blood fed to the adults. Flies, however, lived longer when supplied with bovine blood and died sooner when maintained on pig's blood.", "contents": "Reproductive capacity and longevity of stable flies maintained on different kinds of blood. An investigation was made into some lesser known aspects of the biology of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in order to find a basis for possible means of natural control of the pest on dairy farms. The reaction of adults to different kinds of blood was tested. Diets investigated were bovine blood alternated with ovine blood, bovine blood alternated with pig's blood, bovine blood alternated with manure filtrate, bovine blood alone, ovine blood alone, pig's blood alone and manure filtrate alone. Adults could not servive on manure filtrate alone. Flies in the other treatments exhibited no marked differences as regards duration of pre-mating-, pre-oviposition- and oviposition periods. There were, however, differences in the number of eggs laid. Females maintained on bovine blood alone produced most eggs i.e. 2,3 times as many as those laid by females fed on pig's blood alone. The latter were the poorest producers. Viability and incubation period of eggs did not appear to be affected by the kind of blood fed to the adults. Flies, however, lived longer when supplied with bovine blood and died sooner when maintained on pig's blood."}
{"id": "PMID:1223287", "title": "Effectivity of Rev 1 vaccine in rams against brucella ovis infection.", "content": "Vaccination with Rev 1 at four months of age protected rams against experimental infection with Brucella ovis. A double vaccination did not improve immunity whereas rams vaccinated later in life showed a decreased immunity to the infection. Lesions and complement fixation reactions were found to be inadequate criteria for the diagnosis of the disease in the individual ram.", "contents": "Effectivity of Rev 1 vaccine in rams against brucella ovis infection. Vaccination with Rev 1 at four months of age protected rams against experimental infection with Brucella ovis. A double vaccination did not improve immunity whereas rams vaccinated later in life showed a decreased immunity to the infection. Lesions and complement fixation reactions were found to be inadequate criteria for the diagnosis of the disease in the individual ram."}
{"id": "PMID:1223288", "title": "Aspects of forced exercise and the therapy thereof in sheep.", "content": "Sixteen Merino sheep were subjected to forced exercise after which half were treated with sodium bicarbonate, vitamin B complex, antibiotics and a glucocorticoid. Cardiac rate, rectal temperature and blood were taken from all the animals before, immediately after and again two and five hours after exercise. Exercise resulted in increased cardiac cardiac rate, rectal temperature, plasma levels of glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, potassium, and decreased levels of blood pH, buffer base, bicarbonate, base excess and CO2. Compared with the controls, the therapy increased plasma glucose and blood pH, buffer base, bicarbonate and base excess, while there was a significant decrease in plasma potassium. This latter effect may be important in the therapy of capture myopathy in wild animals as hyperkalaemia may be one of the causes of death in the syndrome.", "contents": "Aspects of forced exercise and the therapy thereof in sheep. Sixteen Merino sheep were subjected to forced exercise after which half were treated with sodium bicarbonate, vitamin B complex, antibiotics and a glucocorticoid. Cardiac rate, rectal temperature and blood were taken from all the animals before, immediately after and again two and five hours after exercise. Exercise resulted in increased cardiac cardiac rate, rectal temperature, plasma levels of glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, potassium, and decreased levels of blood pH, buffer base, bicarbonate, base excess and CO2. Compared with the controls, the therapy increased plasma glucose and blood pH, buffer base, bicarbonate and base excess, while there was a significant decrease in plasma potassium. This latter effect may be important in the therapy of capture myopathy in wild animals as hyperkalaemia may be one of the causes of death in the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:1223289", "title": "The capture and translocation of gemsbok Oryx gazella gazella in the Nambi Desert with the aid of fentanyl, etorphine and tranquillizers.", "content": "Twenty-three gemsbok in the Namib Desert were captured with combinations of fentanyl or etorphine hydrochloride, hyoscine hydrobromide and tranquilizers such as azaperone, SU - 9064, triflupromazine hydrochloride and acetylpromazine maleate. Fentanyl, a New immobilizing compound, proved to be a safe and effective immobilizing drug for capturing gemsbok. The gemsbok were chased on the interdune plains and darted from a Land Rover with the Palmer powder-charge Cap-Chur gun. A six-seater helicopter was used on a trial basis to dart a gemsbok, but it is suggested that a smaller, more manoeuvrable helicopter be used for further operations. All the gemsbok were transported under narcosis from the capture area to an enclosure. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride was injected into the captured gemsbok to sedate them in their new confined environment. Tranquillizers such as chlorpromazine hydrochloride, acetylpromazine maleate and a new tranquillizer SU - 9064 were used to sedate the animals during long distance transportation in crates. This prevented the animals from injuring themselves and damagin the crates. For the first time in South West Africa wild animals were transported by air. A journey by road which under normal circumstances would have taken over 40 hours, was completed in less than 9 hours by utilizing aerial transportation. There were no losses during transportation and only two gemsbok were injured during the translocation operation.", "contents": "The capture and translocation of gemsbok Oryx gazella gazella in the Nambi Desert with the aid of fentanyl, etorphine and tranquillizers. Twenty-three gemsbok in the Namib Desert were captured with combinations of fentanyl or etorphine hydrochloride, hyoscine hydrobromide and tranquilizers such as azaperone, SU - 9064, triflupromazine hydrochloride and acetylpromazine maleate. Fentanyl, a New immobilizing compound, proved to be a safe and effective immobilizing drug for capturing gemsbok. The gemsbok were chased on the interdune plains and darted from a Land Rover with the Palmer powder-charge Cap-Chur gun. A six-seater helicopter was used on a trial basis to dart a gemsbok, but it is suggested that a smaller, more manoeuvrable helicopter be used for further operations. All the gemsbok were transported under narcosis from the capture area to an enclosure. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride was injected into the captured gemsbok to sedate them in their new confined environment. Tranquillizers such as chlorpromazine hydrochloride, acetylpromazine maleate and a new tranquillizer SU - 9064 were used to sedate the animals during long distance transportation in crates. This prevented the animals from injuring themselves and damagin the crates. For the first time in South West Africa wild animals were transported by air. A journey by road which under normal circumstances would have taken over 40 hours, was completed in less than 9 hours by utilizing aerial transportation. There were no losses during transportation and only two gemsbok were injured during the translocation operation."}
{"id": "PMID:1223290", "title": "[Activity of serum gonadotropins in pregnant zebras and mares].", "content": "Blood was collected from 28 zebra mare (Equus burchellia antiquorum) immediately after being shot in the Kruger National Park. The serum was separated within two hours after collection and then stored at -15 degrees C for later assay. Of these, thirteen selected samples were tested for gonadotrophic activity. The stage of pregnancy was determined from a foetal growth curve. Blood samples from pregnant horse mares were collected by venipuncture. Nine mares were sampled. Seven blood samples at different stages of pregnancy were collected from one mare, four from another and only one sample each from the other seven mares. The stage of pregnancy was calculated from the date of last service. The levels of gonadotrophic activity of the serum samples were estimated through its effect on the weight of mouse ovaries. Five groups of five virgin female white mice were injected subcutaneously with zero, 0,025 ml, 0,075 ml and 0,1 ml of serum per mouse on two successive days and killed by ether inhalation 48 hours after the last injection. The mean weight per overy was determined for each level of every sample injected and a dose: response curve drawn from which the percentage increase in ovarian weight caused by the 2 X 0,05 ml dosage level of each serum sample was estimated. The curves obtained by plotting gonadotrophic activity at various stages of pregnancy for horse and zebra mares are generally similar but differ in certain details. PMS obtained from horses has a greater activity and appears to be secreted over a shorter period of time i.e. it disappeared by the 160th to 180th day of pregnancy. In zebra mares, on the other hand, a relatively lower activity was found during the peak period (65th to 80th days) but it was maintained loger and was still detectable at 229 days but absent at 365 days after conception.", "contents": "[Activity of serum gonadotropins in pregnant zebras and mares]. Blood was collected from 28 zebra mare (Equus burchellia antiquorum) immediately after being shot in the Kruger National Park. The serum was separated within two hours after collection and then stored at -15 degrees C for later assay. Of these, thirteen selected samples were tested for gonadotrophic activity. The stage of pregnancy was determined from a foetal growth curve. Blood samples from pregnant horse mares were collected by venipuncture. Nine mares were sampled. Seven blood samples at different stages of pregnancy were collected from one mare, four from another and only one sample each from the other seven mares. The stage of pregnancy was calculated from the date of last service. The levels of gonadotrophic activity of the serum samples were estimated through its effect on the weight of mouse ovaries. Five groups of five virgin female white mice were injected subcutaneously with zero, 0,025 ml, 0,075 ml and 0,1 ml of serum per mouse on two successive days and killed by ether inhalation 48 hours after the last injection. The mean weight per overy was determined for each level of every sample injected and a dose: response curve drawn from which the percentage increase in ovarian weight caused by the 2 X 0,05 ml dosage level of each serum sample was estimated. The curves obtained by plotting gonadotrophic activity at various stages of pregnancy for horse and zebra mares are generally similar but differ in certain details. PMS obtained from horses has a greater activity and appears to be secreted over a shorter period of time i.e. it disappeared by the 160th to 180th day of pregnancy. In zebra mares, on the other hand, a relatively lower activity was found during the peak period (65th to 80th days) but it was maintained loger and was still detectable at 229 days but absent at 365 days after conception."}
{"id": "PMID:1223291", "title": "The resistance of a field strain of Haemonchus contortus to five benzimidazole anthelmintics in current use.", "content": "Using artificially infected sheep, the response of a laboratory strain of Haemonchus contortus, which had not been subjected to anthelmintics for three years, was compared with that exhibited by a parbendazole resistant field strain following treatment with each of seven anthelmintics, the laboratory strain proved fully susceptable to thiabendazole, parbendazole, cambendazole, mebendazole, fenbandazole, levamisole and haloxon, in contrast to the field strain which showed a moderate to marked resistance to all five benzimidazoles, but was fully susceptible to levamisole and haloxon.", "contents": "The resistance of a field strain of Haemonchus contortus to five benzimidazole anthelmintics in current use. Using artificially infected sheep, the response of a laboratory strain of Haemonchus contortus, which had not been subjected to anthelmintics for three years, was compared with that exhibited by a parbendazole resistant field strain following treatment with each of seven anthelmintics, the laboratory strain proved fully susceptable to thiabendazole, parbendazole, cambendazole, mebendazole, fenbandazole, levamisole and haloxon, in contrast to the field strain which showed a moderate to marked resistance to all five benzimidazoles, but was fully susceptible to levamisole and haloxon."}
{"id": "PMID:1223313", "title": "Sex therapy and mastectomy.", "content": "Because the emotional trauma associated with a mastectomy exceeds the physical trauma, the recovery of the woman is greatly affected by the response of her husband or lover. Sex therapy, therefore, involves the couple. The approach described here is aimed at assisting the couple to confront and intergrate the mastectomy experience. The use of a prosthesis is discouraged during intercourse because it delays such confrontation; certain sex therapy exercises (body imagery and sensate focus) are usually recommended because they facilitate confrontation and acceptance. These, modified for the circumstances, are described. It is suggested that intercourse be attempted as early as possible, and that if physical weakness or psychological trepidation intervenes, the physical desire and caring of the husband be expressed nonetheless. The \"professional\" attitudes that psychotherapy is always indicated for mastectomy patients and that the proper role of the husband is matter-of-fact denial are rejected; emphasis is placed on the beneficial consequences of sharing of all emotions.", "contents": "Sex therapy and mastectomy. Because the emotional trauma associated with a mastectomy exceeds the physical trauma, the recovery of the woman is greatly affected by the response of her husband or lover. Sex therapy, therefore, involves the couple. The approach described here is aimed at assisting the couple to confront and intergrate the mastectomy experience. The use of a prosthesis is discouraged during intercourse because it delays such confrontation; certain sex therapy exercises (body imagery and sensate focus) are usually recommended because they facilitate confrontation and acceptance. These, modified for the circumstances, are described. It is suggested that intercourse be attempted as early as possible, and that if physical weakness or psychological trepidation intervenes, the physical desire and caring of the husband be expressed nonetheless. The \"professional\" attitudes that psychotherapy is always indicated for mastectomy patients and that the proper role of the husband is matter-of-fact denial are rejected; emphasis is placed on the beneficial consequences of sharing of all emotions."}
{"id": "PMID:1223314", "title": "Sexual counseling with spinal cord-injured clients.", "content": "Spinal cord-injured clients have many fears and misapprehension about their sexual functioning. Common beliefs include: (a) disabled men cannot sexually satisfy able-bodied women; and (b) cord-injured persons cannot have sexual intercourse. Such misapprehensions can be helped by the counselor's willingness to discuss sexual issues openly. Clients need a clear and accurate picture of the facts, as well as encouragement and support to help them rediscover their sexuality. Spinal cord injury does not mean sexual incapacity. Given a knowing and patient partner, most clients can enjoy a satisfying sex life.", "contents": "Sexual counseling with spinal cord-injured clients. Spinal cord-injured clients have many fears and misapprehension about their sexual functioning. Common beliefs include: (a) disabled men cannot sexually satisfy able-bodied women; and (b) cord-injured persons cannot have sexual intercourse. Such misapprehensions can be helped by the counselor's willingness to discuss sexual issues openly. Clients need a clear and accurate picture of the facts, as well as encouragement and support to help them rediscover their sexuality. Spinal cord injury does not mean sexual incapacity. Given a knowing and patient partner, most clients can enjoy a satisfying sex life."}
{"id": "PMID:1223315", "title": "The sexual information examination.", "content": "A physical examination utilized as part of a program designed for the short-term treatment of couples with sexual dysfunction is described. This technique is known as the \"Sexual Information Examination.\" Its usefulness in the treatment of sexual dysfunction and education of couples as a part of sexual counseling is discussed.", "contents": "The sexual information examination. A physical examination utilized as part of a program designed for the short-term treatment of couples with sexual dysfunction is described. This technique is known as the \"Sexual Information Examination.\" Its usefulness in the treatment of sexual dysfunction and education of couples as a part of sexual counseling is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1223317", "title": "Cellular compartmentation of brain metabolism and its functional significance.", "content": "This paper reviews work from our laboratory on the metabolism and interrelations of isolated neuronal and neuropil fractions. The cell preparations are evaluated according to criteria of yield, purity, and integrity. Differences in the levels of activity of six groups of enzymes, of glucose metabolism, amino-acid metabolism, transmitter metabolism, acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, and carbonic anhydrase have been followed, and neuronal and glial marker enzymes are proposed. Lysosomes and their enzymes are concentrated in neuronal perikarya. Metabolically, although no major differences in glucose oxidation have been found, there is considerable evidence of compartmentation of amino acids and their metabolism. At short times after injection of 3H-lysine as precursor in vivo, neuronal incorporation is high as compared with neuropil; at longer times the ratio is reversed, and we interpret this as evidence for the presence of a rapidly labeling protein fraction present in the neuromal perikarya but subsequently transported out. Neuronal protein incorporation is suppressed in the visual but not the motor cortex of dark-reared rats and is switched on following exposure to light; there is evidence that the suppressed fraction of neuronal protein synthesis includes the rapidly labeling component. A model for neuronal-glial metabolic interaction and its state-dependence in response to changes in the organism's environment and behavior is sketched out.", "contents": "Cellular compartmentation of brain metabolism and its functional significance. This paper reviews work from our laboratory on the metabolism and interrelations of isolated neuronal and neuropil fractions. The cell preparations are evaluated according to criteria of yield, purity, and integrity. Differences in the levels of activity of six groups of enzymes, of glucose metabolism, amino-acid metabolism, transmitter metabolism, acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, and carbonic anhydrase have been followed, and neuronal and glial marker enzymes are proposed. Lysosomes and their enzymes are concentrated in neuronal perikarya. Metabolically, although no major differences in glucose oxidation have been found, there is considerable evidence of compartmentation of amino acids and their metabolism. At short times after injection of 3H-lysine as precursor in vivo, neuronal incorporation is high as compared with neuropil; at longer times the ratio is reversed, and we interpret this as evidence for the presence of a rapidly labeling protein fraction present in the neuromal perikarya but subsequently transported out. Neuronal protein incorporation is suppressed in the visual but not the motor cortex of dark-reared rats and is switched on following exposure to light; there is evidence that the suppressed fraction of neuronal protein synthesis includes the rapidly labeling component. A model for neuronal-glial metabolic interaction and its state-dependence in response to changes in the organism's environment and behavior is sketched out."}
{"id": "PMID:1223318", "title": "Localization and response of the 14-3-2 brain protein.", "content": "The 14-3-2 acidic protein specific for nerve tissue has been localized to bands 4 and 5 counted from the anodal front band in a polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic pattern. The material consisted of cut-out layers of pyramidal nerve cells of the CA3 hippocampal region of the rat. Extracted protein samples were subjected to immunoprecipitation, Coons' double-layer immunofluorescence, microcomplement fixation, and a localization experiment using microdensitometry on a 400 muphi gel electrophoresis pattern with and without extra added 14-3-2 protein. The protein fractions 4 and 5, now shown to contain 14-3-2 protein, have recently been found to incorporate increased precursors at training as compared to controls.", "contents": "Localization and response of the 14-3-2 brain protein. The 14-3-2 acidic protein specific for nerve tissue has been localized to bands 4 and 5 counted from the anodal front band in a polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic pattern. The material consisted of cut-out layers of pyramidal nerve cells of the CA3 hippocampal region of the rat. Extracted protein samples were subjected to immunoprecipitation, Coons' double-layer immunofluorescence, microcomplement fixation, and a localization experiment using microdensitometry on a 400 muphi gel electrophoresis pattern with and without extra added 14-3-2 protein. The protein fractions 4 and 5, now shown to contain 14-3-2 protein, have recently been found to incorporate increased precursors at training as compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:1223319", "title": "The lipid composition of isolated brain cells and axons.", "content": "The current status of the published work on the lipid composition of isolated brain cells is reviewed and some new work on the sphingolipids of these cells is presented. In spite of considerable differences in isolation techniques between different groups, the lipid analyses of different cell preparations are similar enough to permit several generalizations. This fact is an encouraging sign that cell separation methods have considerable usefulness in defining the composition of normal brain cells. It is a general finding that astrocytes have more lipid than neuronal perikarya but that the gross lipid composition of these two cell types is surprisingly similar. Oligodendroglial lipids are quite different from those of the other two cell types and are characterized by a high galactolipid content. Although such a lipid pattern might be expected in oligodendroglia, which are myelin-forming cells, axonal lipids have an even higher galactolipid content. In an effort to find more cell-specific patterns, the glycosphingolipids were examined in more detail. Differences were seen in the distribution and fatty-acid patterns of these minor lipids in neurons and astrocytes, although it may be premature to conclude that these differences will prove to be cell-specific. All of the isolated cells were found to contain galactosylceramide, sulfatide, glucosylceramide, dihexosylceramide, and gangliosides. The distribution of these lipids in the normal cells was found to differ considerably from that reported in cultured neuroblastoma cells or astrocytoma cells. Not only were gangliosides present in all cells but the ganglioside patterns of neurons and astrocytes were nearly identical. The fatty-acid patterns of the neuronal and astroglial sphingolipids generally do not resemble each other, and both are quite different from those found in oligodendroglia and axons. However, the fatty-acid composition of the sphingolipids from bovine oligodendroglia and from axons are similar and resemble those of myelin lipids. The fatty acids of glucosylceramide and dihexosylceramide are similar in all three cell types. They have rather large amounts of 16:0 and acids longer than C18; thus they are considerably different from the ganglioside fatty acids (which have mostly 15:0) isolated from the same fractions.", "contents": "The lipid composition of isolated brain cells and axons. The current status of the published work on the lipid composition of isolated brain cells is reviewed and some new work on the sphingolipids of these cells is presented. In spite of considerable differences in isolation techniques between different groups, the lipid analyses of different cell preparations are similar enough to permit several generalizations. This fact is an encouraging sign that cell separation methods have considerable usefulness in defining the composition of normal brain cells. It is a general finding that astrocytes have more lipid than neuronal perikarya but that the gross lipid composition of these two cell types is surprisingly similar. Oligodendroglial lipids are quite different from those of the other two cell types and are characterized by a high galactolipid content. Although such a lipid pattern might be expected in oligodendroglia, which are myelin-forming cells, axonal lipids have an even higher galactolipid content. In an effort to find more cell-specific patterns, the glycosphingolipids were examined in more detail. Differences were seen in the distribution and fatty-acid patterns of these minor lipids in neurons and astrocytes, although it may be premature to conclude that these differences will prove to be cell-specific. All of the isolated cells were found to contain galactosylceramide, sulfatide, glucosylceramide, dihexosylceramide, and gangliosides. The distribution of these lipids in the normal cells was found to differ considerably from that reported in cultured neuroblastoma cells or astrocytoma cells. Not only were gangliosides present in all cells but the ganglioside patterns of neurons and astrocytes were nearly identical. The fatty-acid patterns of the neuronal and astroglial sphingolipids generally do not resemble each other, and both are quite different from those found in oligodendroglia and axons. However, the fatty-acid composition of the sphingolipids from bovine oligodendroglia and from axons are similar and resemble those of myelin lipids. The fatty acids of glucosylceramide and dihexosylceramide are similar in all three cell types. They have rather large amounts of 16:0 and acids longer than C18; thus they are considerably different from the ganglioside fatty acids (which have mostly 15:0) isolated from the same fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:1223320", "title": "Alterations of central nervous system protein synthesis in response to spinal cord hemisection.", "content": "This investigation explores the central nervous system protein-synthetic responses to hemisection of the spinal cord. Adult male rats hemisected at mid T2 were given intravenous injections of 14C-leucine at 0.7, 30, or 70 days postoperative. Four hours later the T1, T2, T3, and C6 segments of the spinal cord and right and left samples of somatomotor and occipital cortex were removed, weighed, and frozen. These samples were later homogenized and subjected to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) separations. Protein-synthetic activity was expressed as the ratio of the specific activity of the TCA precipitable proteins to the specific activity of the TCA free amino acid pool. In the spinal cord samples protein-synthetic activity was greater than in controls at 7 and 30 days postoperative in the T2 segment and at 30 days postoperative in the C6 and T3 segments. In the cortical samples protein-synthetic activity was greater than in controls in the right and left somatomotor cortex at 30 days postoperative, while it was less than in controls in the left somatomotor cortex at 70 days postoperative. Thus, T2 hemisection leads to initial increases and subsequent decreases in protein-synthetic activity in both spinal cord and somatomotor cortex. These results are discussed in terms of possible regenerative neural reactions occurring in the central nervous system following spinal cord injury.", "contents": "Alterations of central nervous system protein synthesis in response to spinal cord hemisection. This investigation explores the central nervous system protein-synthetic responses to hemisection of the spinal cord. Adult male rats hemisected at mid T2 were given intravenous injections of 14C-leucine at 0.7, 30, or 70 days postoperative. Four hours later the T1, T2, T3, and C6 segments of the spinal cord and right and left samples of somatomotor and occipital cortex were removed, weighed, and frozen. These samples were later homogenized and subjected to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) separations. Protein-synthetic activity was expressed as the ratio of the specific activity of the TCA precipitable proteins to the specific activity of the TCA free amino acid pool. In the spinal cord samples protein-synthetic activity was greater than in controls at 7 and 30 days postoperative in the T2 segment and at 30 days postoperative in the C6 and T3 segments. In the cortical samples protein-synthetic activity was greater than in controls in the right and left somatomotor cortex at 30 days postoperative, while it was less than in controls in the left somatomotor cortex at 70 days postoperative. Thus, T2 hemisection leads to initial increases and subsequent decreases in protein-synthetic activity in both spinal cord and somatomotor cortex. These results are discussed in terms of possible regenerative neural reactions occurring in the central nervous system following spinal cord injury."}
{"id": "PMID:1223321", "title": "The effect of the chronic administration of D-amphetamine upon circadian changes in amino acids in the pineal and pituitary glands of the rat.", "content": "The formation of dansyl derivatives of amino acids, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and histamine, and their separation on polyamide plates provided a reliable and sensitive method for studying circadian changes in single pineal and pituitary glands of the rat. There appears to be no correlation between the circadian changes in concentrations of these substances in the pineal and pituitary glands. Chronically administered D-amphetamine altered the circadian rhythms of five amino acids in the pituitary, including the putative transmitters taurine, glycine, and glutamate; in the pineal gland only the rhythmical changes of lysine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were affected.", "contents": "The effect of the chronic administration of D-amphetamine upon circadian changes in amino acids in the pineal and pituitary glands of the rat. The formation of dansyl derivatives of amino acids, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and histamine, and their separation on polyamide plates provided a reliable and sensitive method for studying circadian changes in single pineal and pituitary glands of the rat. There appears to be no correlation between the circadian changes in concentrations of these substances in the pineal and pituitary glands. Chronically administered D-amphetamine altered the circadian rhythms of five amino acids in the pituitary, including the putative transmitters taurine, glycine, and glutamate; in the pineal gland only the rhythmical changes of lysine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were affected."}
{"id": "PMID:1223322", "title": "Differences in occipital cortical synapses from environmentally enriched, impoverished, and standard colony rats.", "content": "Initial and replication experiments were studied with littermate, S1, male rats 25-55 days of age placed in enriched (EC), standard colony (SC), and impoverished (IC) environments. Measurements of the length of postsynaptic thickenings were taken from asymmetrical axodendritic synapses in layer IV of the dorsal medial occipital cortex. This experiment differed from others of this nature, for animals from both experimental conditions were compared with the standard colony animals. The 8% (p less than 0.01) difference in postsynaptic thickening length between 675 synapses from EC and 680 synapses from IC was primarily due to the IC, as can be seen by comparing both with the SC. The number of synapses per unit area of neuropil was 15% (p less than 0.01) more in the IC than in the EC and this difference was primarily due to impoverishment. Both the original and the replication experiment verified this direction of change. Thus, environmental experience does significantly affect synaptic length and number, although the large magnitude previously reported by Mphillgaard et al. (1971) was not confirmed in the present experiments. The 7% cortical depth difference between the enriched and impoverished animals was seen to be attributed to both conditions when each was compared with the standard colony rats. The plasticity of synaptic dimensions is discussed in relation to our previous work and to work of others.", "contents": "Differences in occipital cortical synapses from environmentally enriched, impoverished, and standard colony rats. Initial and replication experiments were studied with littermate, S1, male rats 25-55 days of age placed in enriched (EC), standard colony (SC), and impoverished (IC) environments. Measurements of the length of postsynaptic thickenings were taken from asymmetrical axodendritic synapses in layer IV of the dorsal medial occipital cortex. This experiment differed from others of this nature, for animals from both experimental conditions were compared with the standard colony animals. The 8% (p less than 0.01) difference in postsynaptic thickening length between 675 synapses from EC and 680 synapses from IC was primarily due to the IC, as can be seen by comparing both with the SC. The number of synapses per unit area of neuropil was 15% (p less than 0.01) more in the IC than in the EC and this difference was primarily due to impoverishment. Both the original and the replication experiment verified this direction of change. Thus, environmental experience does significantly affect synaptic length and number, although the large magnitude previously reported by Mphillgaard et al. (1971) was not confirmed in the present experiments. The 7% cortical depth difference between the enriched and impoverished animals was seen to be attributed to both conditions when each was compared with the standard colony rats. The plasticity of synaptic dimensions is discussed in relation to our previous work and to work of others."}
{"id": "PMID:1223323", "title": "Somatic evoked response components and recovery functions in subjects with mu and alpha rhythms.", "content": "Subjects with prominent rolandic mu and alpha rhythms showed similar late somatic evoked response (SER) components but different SER recovery functions. A late P5x component was present when SER were superimposed on mu and alpha rhythms spontaneously recorded from the rolandic region of inattentive individuals. Since P5x was not present in other inattentive subjects unless SER were superimposed on a rhythmic rolandic activity evoked by an attentive situation, it seems reasonable to assume that the P5x component is partially due to spontaneous or evoked rolandic EEG rhythmicity. In addition, single propioceptive stimuli produced blocking of mu rhythm and a flat recovery function of the P5a component. In contrast, similar stimuli produced an enhancement of alpha rhythm and a periodic amplitude modulation curve of the P5a component. These results suggest that the P5a component is mediated by the same neurophysiological mechanisms which block or modulate the spontaneous rolandic EEG rhythms.", "contents": "Somatic evoked response components and recovery functions in subjects with mu and alpha rhythms. Subjects with prominent rolandic mu and alpha rhythms showed similar late somatic evoked response (SER) components but different SER recovery functions. A late P5x component was present when SER were superimposed on mu and alpha rhythms spontaneously recorded from the rolandic region of inattentive individuals. Since P5x was not present in other inattentive subjects unless SER were superimposed on a rhythmic rolandic activity evoked by an attentive situation, it seems reasonable to assume that the P5x component is partially due to spontaneous or evoked rolandic EEG rhythmicity. In addition, single propioceptive stimuli produced blocking of mu rhythm and a flat recovery function of the P5a component. In contrast, similar stimuli produced an enhancement of alpha rhythm and a periodic amplitude modulation curve of the P5a component. These results suggest that the P5a component is mediated by the same neurophysiological mechanisms which block or modulate the spontaneous rolandic EEG rhythms."}
{"id": "PMID:1223324", "title": "Six-month follow-up in weanling rats with ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions: somatic, endocrine, and metabolic changes.", "content": "Thus far both the weanling rat ventromedial and dorsomedial syndrome have been investigated in only two and three-week studies. The present data are derived from a six-month study. Food intake and body weight and length changes were recorded weekly or bi-weekly and endocrine and metabolic parameters were assessed at sacrifice. Rats that had received ventromedial hypothalamic lesions shortly after weaning showed all the changes noted in previous short-term studies, i.e. normal body weight gains and food intake but increased carcass fat content. In addition, they manifested a slight hyperglycemia, normal free fatty acid levels and slowingdown of lipogenesis. Rats that had received dorsomedial lesions shortly after weaning also showed changes previously reported in short-term experiments. These include reduced ponderal and linear growth and food intake, but normal carcass composition and growth hormone levels. In addition, they showed a slight improvement of hypophagia with time, and at sacrifice hypoglycemia and low free fatty acid levels. Incorporation of glucose into fat pad glycogen and CO2 was decreased. In diaphragm, glucose incorporation was increased in both total lipid and fatty acids. The data demonstrate that both hypothalamic syndromes change with time, but not necessarily in a progressive manner. They also show that destruction of two so closely appositioned hypothalamic structures brings about entirely different and, in some parameters, opposite changes.", "contents": "Six-month follow-up in weanling rats with ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions: somatic, endocrine, and metabolic changes. Thus far both the weanling rat ventromedial and dorsomedial syndrome have been investigated in only two and three-week studies. The present data are derived from a six-month study. Food intake and body weight and length changes were recorded weekly or bi-weekly and endocrine and metabolic parameters were assessed at sacrifice. Rats that had received ventromedial hypothalamic lesions shortly after weaning showed all the changes noted in previous short-term studies, i.e. normal body weight gains and food intake but increased carcass fat content. In addition, they manifested a slight hyperglycemia, normal free fatty acid levels and slowingdown of lipogenesis. Rats that had received dorsomedial lesions shortly after weaning also showed changes previously reported in short-term experiments. These include reduced ponderal and linear growth and food intake, but normal carcass composition and growth hormone levels. In addition, they showed a slight improvement of hypophagia with time, and at sacrifice hypoglycemia and low free fatty acid levels. Incorporation of glucose into fat pad glycogen and CO2 was decreased. In diaphragm, glucose incorporation was increased in both total lipid and fatty acids. The data demonstrate that both hypothalamic syndromes change with time, but not necessarily in a progressive manner. They also show that destruction of two so closely appositioned hypothalamic structures brings about entirely different and, in some parameters, opposite changes."}
{"id": "PMID:1223326", "title": "Disseminated histoplasmosis due to histoplasma capsulatum in two Nigerian children.", "content": "Two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis caused by H. capsulatum in Nigerian children are reported. This is a rare infection in this part of the world. The main clinical features were fever, weight loss, lassitude, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and severe anaemia, features indistinguishable from those of tuberculosis, Hodgkins and other reticuloses. Recognition of this infection in this environment is possible if it is considered in the differential diagnosis of pyrexia of undetermined origin and appropriate laboratory tests carried out on suitable specimens such as bone marrow, splenic aspirate or biopsy material. Treatment of choice is amphotericin B given intravenously, starting with 0-25 mg/kg. and increasing slowly to 1 mg/kg. Other useful drugs are Septrin and rifampicin which can be given concurrently. Subcutaneous abscesses and multiple bone lesions occurred in both our cases presumably as a result of blood stream infection, or embolisation from endocarditis.", "contents": "Disseminated histoplasmosis due to histoplasma capsulatum in two Nigerian children. Two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis caused by H. capsulatum in Nigerian children are reported. This is a rare infection in this part of the world. The main clinical features were fever, weight loss, lassitude, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and severe anaemia, features indistinguishable from those of tuberculosis, Hodgkins and other reticuloses. Recognition of this infection in this environment is possible if it is considered in the differential diagnosis of pyrexia of undetermined origin and appropriate laboratory tests carried out on suitable specimens such as bone marrow, splenic aspirate or biopsy material. Treatment of choice is amphotericin B given intravenously, starting with 0-25 mg/kg. and increasing slowly to 1 mg/kg. Other useful drugs are Septrin and rifampicin which can be given concurrently. Subcutaneous abscesses and multiple bone lesions occurred in both our cases presumably as a result of blood stream infection, or embolisation from endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:1223327", "title": "Changes in the tissues of the immune system in dengue haemorrhagic fever.", "content": "A total of 100 post-mortems were done on patients clinically diagnosed as dengue haemorrhagic fever from Rangoon Children's Hospital. Histopathological changes in bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and other associated tissues of the immune system were  analysed and correlated with the clinical picture and serology results. The major changes in cases with a positive serology result for secondary dengue infection consist of hypoplasia of the bone marrow, acute atrophy and wasting of the thymus, atrophy and depletion of cells in the periarterial lymphatic sheaths of the spleen and the paracortical areas of the lymph nodes. The tissues affected are the thymus-dependent areas of the spleen and lymph nodes, and the thymus itself. Thymus-independent areas of the secondary lymphatic tissues are also affected but to a lesser extent. The pathological observations suggest that immunodepression may be an integral part of the pathophysiology of dengue haemorrhagic fever.", "contents": "Changes in the tissues of the immune system in dengue haemorrhagic fever. A total of 100 post-mortems were done on patients clinically diagnosed as dengue haemorrhagic fever from Rangoon Children's Hospital. Histopathological changes in bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and other associated tissues of the immune system were  analysed and correlated with the clinical picture and serology results. The major changes in cases with a positive serology result for secondary dengue infection consist of hypoplasia of the bone marrow, acute atrophy and wasting of the thymus, atrophy and depletion of cells in the periarterial lymphatic sheaths of the spleen and the paracortical areas of the lymph nodes. The tissues affected are the thymus-dependent areas of the spleen and lymph nodes, and the thymus itself. Thymus-independent areas of the secondary lymphatic tissues are also affected but to a lesser extent. The pathological observations suggest that immunodepression may be an integral part of the pathophysiology of dengue haemorrhagic fever."}
{"id": "PMID:1223330", "title": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in leptospirosis.", "content": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities occurred in 46 per cent of cases uith leptospirosis. Although the individual changes noted do not appear to be of importance, they indicate that sub-clinical cardiac involvement does occur in a significant proportion of the patients. The abnormalities observed include disorders in cardiac rhythm and changes in the P-QRS-T complexes, probably resulting from direct myocardial involvement or from a  changing milieu interior. While serial tracings are indicated in patients with acute renal failure of the oliguric variety, repeated tracings may detect more definitely changing patterns which indicate the presence of cardiac involvement in patients with other presentations of the disease.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in leptospirosis. Electrocardiographic abnormalities occurred in 46 per cent of cases uith leptospirosis. Although the individual changes noted do not appear to be of importance, they indicate that sub-clinical cardiac involvement does occur in a significant proportion of the patients. The abnormalities observed include disorders in cardiac rhythm and changes in the P-QRS-T complexes, probably resulting from direct myocardial involvement or from a  changing milieu interior. While serial tracings are indicated in patients with acute renal failure of the oliguric variety, repeated tracings may detect more definitely changing patterns which indicate the presence of cardiac involvement in patients with other presentations of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:1223332", "title": "A simple method for the cultivation of rat liver cells.", "content": "A simple method to culture rat liver parenchymal cells is described. Minced liver tissues were dissociated with no pre-perfusion by a newly developed enzyme, bacterial neutral proteinase, and cultured in the medium consisting of 10% fetal calf serum and 90% of a new synthetic medium, DM-153. By the adequate technique of primary dissociation and first subcultivation, parenchymal cells were selected. Cultivation in arginine-free medium was also useful in selecting them. The cultured cells exhibited activities of certain enzymes similar to those of liver cells in vivo. Cell strains have been successively established from liver tissues of embryo, suckling and adult rats. Liver cells, however, cultured in this way, can also be used for experiments in the early stage of serial cultivation.", "contents": "A simple method for the cultivation of rat liver cells. A simple method to culture rat liver parenchymal cells is described. Minced liver tissues were dissociated with no pre-perfusion by a newly developed enzyme, bacterial neutral proteinase, and cultured in the medium consisting of 10% fetal calf serum and 90% of a new synthetic medium, DM-153. By the adequate technique of primary dissociation and first subcultivation, parenchymal cells were selected. Cultivation in arginine-free medium was also useful in selecting them. The cultured cells exhibited activities of certain enzymes similar to those of liver cells in vivo. Cell strains have been successively established from liver tissues of embryo, suckling and adult rats. Liver cells, however, cultured in this way, can also be used for experiments in the early stage of serial cultivation."}
{"id": "PMID:1223333", "title": "Evaluation of the circumoval precipitin test using dried blood on filter paper as a diagnostic tool in epidemiological survey for schistosomiasis.", "content": "The suitability of the circumoval precipitin (COP) test in a field survey for schistosomiasis in the rural area using dried blood samples on filter paper was evaluated with reference to the stool examination by the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) technique. Both blood and stool samples were collected simultaneously among over 600 inhabitants of two schistosomiasis endemic communities (barrios) of Palo, Leyte, Philippines. The method of collecting blood samples on filter paper, the procedure for COP test and its sensitivity in detecting schistosomiasis cases are described. Blood sampling from finger prick was acceptable to both adults and children so that blood samples were readily obtained while the collection of stool samples required repeated visits to the homes. A significantly higher percentage of schistosomiasis positives were obtained by COP test than by stool examination. The COP test results were comparable to the stool examination results on the following aspects: 1) highest infection rate in the 10-19 age group and lowest infection rate in the 60 years old and above; 2) positive rates for schistosomiasis did not differ significantly between the two barrios and 3) no family accumulation of the disease in the two communities was observed in this survey in 1972. The stability of the antibody in filter paper, the reliability of the test and the simple and rapid procedures involved make this filter paper method of COP test very practical and suitable for schistosomiasis survey in rural areas.", "contents": "Evaluation of the circumoval precipitin test using dried blood on filter paper as a diagnostic tool in epidemiological survey for schistosomiasis. The suitability of the circumoval precipitin (COP) test in a field survey for schistosomiasis in the rural area using dried blood samples on filter paper was evaluated with reference to the stool examination by the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) technique. Both blood and stool samples were collected simultaneously among over 600 inhabitants of two schistosomiasis endemic communities (barrios) of Palo, Leyte, Philippines. The method of collecting blood samples on filter paper, the procedure for COP test and its sensitivity in detecting schistosomiasis cases are described. Blood sampling from finger prick was acceptable to both adults and children so that blood samples were readily obtained while the collection of stool samples required repeated visits to the homes. A significantly higher percentage of schistosomiasis positives were obtained by COP test than by stool examination. The COP test results were comparable to the stool examination results on the following aspects: 1) highest infection rate in the 10-19 age group and lowest infection rate in the 60 years old and above; 2) positive rates for schistosomiasis did not differ significantly between the two barrios and 3) no family accumulation of the disease in the two communities was observed in this survey in 1972. The stability of the antibody in filter paper, the reliability of the test and the simple and rapid procedures involved make this filter paper method of COP test very practical and suitable for schistosomiasis survey in rural areas."}
{"id": "PMID:1223334", "title": "Action of bacterial neutral protease on the dispersion of mammalian cells in tissue culture.", "content": "The effect of a bacterial neutral protease on cultured cells was examined with special reference to its activity on the detachment of cells from glass surface, dissociation into single cells and to the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Fibroblasts of strains L-929 and CHO-K1, and epithelial cells of strains HeLa-S3, JTC-16 and RLC-10(2) were employed. Fibroblasts were detached and dissociated when this protease was added to MEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The epithelial cells were detached but were scarcely dissociated. Kinetic data were obtained concerning the dispersing characteristics of this bacterial neutral protease together with a few aspects on the difference between epithelial cells and fibroblasts in the nature of cell to cell, and cell to substrate interactions.", "contents": "Action of bacterial neutral protease on the dispersion of mammalian cells in tissue culture. The effect of a bacterial neutral protease on cultured cells was examined with special reference to its activity on the detachment of cells from glass surface, dissociation into single cells and to the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Fibroblasts of strains L-929 and CHO-K1, and epithelial cells of strains HeLa-S3, JTC-16 and RLC-10(2) were employed. Fibroblasts were detached and dissociated when this protease was added to MEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The epithelial cells were detached but were scarcely dissociated. Kinetic data were obtained concerning the dispersing characteristics of this bacterial neutral protease together with a few aspects on the difference between epithelial cells and fibroblasts in the nature of cell to cell, and cell to substrate interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:1223335", "title": "Effect of carbon tetrachloride on experimental Tyzzer's disease of mice.", "content": "Experimental Tyzzer's disease in weanling mice was enhanced by CCl4 treatment made 1 hr after intravenous infection at doses more than 0.5 ml/kg body weight. Such effect of CCl4 was demonstrated also when the drug was given 4 days before but not when given 2 days after infection. Later than 4 days of infection significant difference was seen between CCl4-treated and non-treated groups in body weight loss, production of hepatic lesions and bacterial growth in the liver. In mice infected after CCl4 administration, necrotic foci and intracellular organisms appeared mostly at the intermediate rather than the central zone of hepatic acini, while CCl4 is known to damage selectively the latter. The results suggested that enhanced bacterial growth might depend upon activated and proliferating hepatocytes at the intermediate acinar zone during a restoration process occurring after CCl4 damage at the centrilobular zone.", "contents": "Effect of carbon tetrachloride on experimental Tyzzer's disease of mice. Experimental Tyzzer's disease in weanling mice was enhanced by CCl4 treatment made 1 hr after intravenous infection at doses more than 0.5 ml/kg body weight. Such effect of CCl4 was demonstrated also when the drug was given 4 days before but not when given 2 days after infection. Later than 4 days of infection significant difference was seen between CCl4-treated and non-treated groups in body weight loss, production of hepatic lesions and bacterial growth in the liver. In mice infected after CCl4 administration, necrotic foci and intracellular organisms appeared mostly at the intermediate rather than the central zone of hepatic acini, while CCl4 is known to damage selectively the latter. The results suggested that enhanced bacterial growth might depend upon activated and proliferating hepatocytes at the intermediate acinar zone during a restoration process occurring after CCl4 damage at the centrilobular zone."}
{"id": "PMID:1223336", "title": "Some clinical and immunological aspects on contracted kidney in cats.", "content": "With four clinical cases of contracted kidney in cats, granular to linear depositions of IgG and beta1C were demonstrated mainly in the capillary walls and mesangium of the glomeruli by means of immunofluorescence technique. The tubular basement membrane was also positive for cat IgG. These findings indicated that some immunological mechanisms might have been involved in the feline advanced renal lesions, as suggested in human cases. However, attempts were failed to detect some pathogenic agents for cats by immunofluorescence studies.", "contents": "Some clinical and immunological aspects on contracted kidney in cats. With four clinical cases of contracted kidney in cats, granular to linear depositions of IgG and beta1C were demonstrated mainly in the capillary walls and mesangium of the glomeruli by means of immunofluorescence technique. The tubular basement membrane was also positive for cat IgG. These findings indicated that some immunological mechanisms might have been involved in the feline advanced renal lesions, as suggested in human cases. However, attempts were failed to detect some pathogenic agents for cats by immunofluorescence studies."}
{"id": "PMID:1223337", "title": "Drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Induction of macrolide resistance by erythromycin, oleandomycin and their derivatives.", "content": "Antibacterial and inducer activities concerning inducible macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus were investigated using 32 erythromycin, oleandomycin and other macrolide antibiotic derivatives and analogues. The macrolides were classified into five groups from very high to none according to their inducer activity.", "contents": "Drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Induction of macrolide resistance by erythromycin, oleandomycin and their derivatives. Antibacterial and inducer activities concerning inducible macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus were investigated using 32 erythromycin, oleandomycin and other macrolide antibiotic derivatives and analogues. The macrolides were classified into five groups from very high to none according to their inducer activity."}
{"id": "PMID:1223338", "title": "Effect of light on nonphotosynthetic microorganisms. II. Photochromogenicity in genus Streptomyces.", "content": "The effect of light on the pigmentation of various strains belonging to the genus Streptomyces was investigated. It was revealed that six species of streptomycetes, S. massaporeus, S. phaeopurpureus, S. chibaensis, S. salmonicida, S. fluvissimus and S. longispororuber, were photochromogenic, i.e., these strains can be photoinduced to synthesize pigments. On the basis of these results, pigmentation in Streptomyces is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of light on nonphotosynthetic microorganisms. II. Photochromogenicity in genus Streptomyces. The effect of light on the pigmentation of various strains belonging to the genus Streptomyces was investigated. It was revealed that six species of streptomycetes, S. massaporeus, S. phaeopurpureus, S. chibaensis, S. salmonicida, S. fluvissimus and S. longispororuber, were photochromogenic, i.e., these strains can be photoinduced to synthesize pigments. On the basis of these results, pigmentation in Streptomyces is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:1223340", "title": "Obstructive jaundice secondary to pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "A case of obstructive jaundice resulting from the compression of the common bile duct by a pancreatic pseudocyst is reported, which is of rare occurrence. Total excision of the cyst and choledochojejunostomy were performed. Postoperative course was uneventful with rapid disappearance of jaundice. Nine out of ten cases of pancreatic pseudocyst were treated by total excision with one death during 1951 through 1974.", "contents": "Obstructive jaundice secondary to pancreatic pseudocyst. A case of obstructive jaundice resulting from the compression of the common bile duct by a pancreatic pseudocyst is reported, which is of rare occurrence. Total excision of the cyst and choledochojejunostomy were performed. Postoperative course was uneventful with rapid disappearance of jaundice. Nine out of ten cases of pancreatic pseudocyst were treated by total excision with one death during 1951 through 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:1223341", "title": "Carcinoma of the cystic duct: case report.", "content": "A case of carcinoma of the cystic duct is presented and comprehensive review of the literature was provided. Since no characteristic clinical signs are present, the diagnosis can only be made incidentally at the time of laparotomy for non-visualizing gallbladder. Even then histological study of the resected specimen is mandatory. In our present case after the confirmation of the diagnosis the second look exploration was done. However, careful examination of the bile duct system failed to find evidence of carcinomatous involvement suggesting that carcinoma found in the cystic duct was of a primary and not a secondary invasion. The present case constitutes the nineteenth case which meets completely the criteria proposed by Farrar. Since the only hope or cure lies with the early diagnosis of the disease, early exploratory laparotomy and prophylactic removal of nonfunctioning or calculous gallbladder are recommended.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the cystic duct: case report. A case of carcinoma of the cystic duct is presented and comprehensive review of the literature was provided. Since no characteristic clinical signs are present, the diagnosis can only be made incidentally at the time of laparotomy for non-visualizing gallbladder. Even then histological study of the resected specimen is mandatory. In our present case after the confirmation of the diagnosis the second look exploration was done. However, careful examination of the bile duct system failed to find evidence of carcinomatous involvement suggesting that carcinoma found in the cystic duct was of a primary and not a secondary invasion. The present case constitutes the nineteenth case which meets completely the criteria proposed by Farrar. Since the only hope or cure lies with the early diagnosis of the disease, early exploratory laparotomy and prophylactic removal of nonfunctioning or calculous gallbladder are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:1223343", "title": "Prediction of prognosis in open-heart-surgery by regional difference in leg surface temperature.", "content": "Change of the surface temperature of the leg during open-heart-surgery was determined in five patients, in whom either side of the femoral artery was ligated for cannulation. While the surface temperature at the patella was least influenced, that at the ankle paralleled closely the changes in the core body temperature and blood supply to the leg. Their difference (P-A difference) was studied to see if they can be used to predict prognosis of patients undergoing open-heart surgery. The P-A difference was followed for several hours after the open-heart surgery. It was marked positive when the surface temperature at the patella was higher than that at the ankle. Total of 54 patients were studied. Only one out of 29 patients with negative P-A difference succumbed. This is in sharp contrast to the 25 remaining patients with positive P-A difference, from whom as many as 12 died. In addition, the postoperative course of the 13 survivors from the latter group was more eventful. Since P-A difference seemed to indicate accurately cardiac output by reflecting the state of the peripheral circulation, it can be used as a useful parameter in prediction of the prognosis in open-heart surgery.", "contents": "Prediction of prognosis in open-heart-surgery by regional difference in leg surface temperature. Change of the surface temperature of the leg during open-heart-surgery was determined in five patients, in whom either side of the femoral artery was ligated for cannulation. While the surface temperature at the patella was least influenced, that at the ankle paralleled closely the changes in the core body temperature and blood supply to the leg. Their difference (P-A difference) was studied to see if they can be used to predict prognosis of patients undergoing open-heart surgery. The P-A difference was followed for several hours after the open-heart surgery. It was marked positive when the surface temperature at the patella was higher than that at the ankle. Total of 54 patients were studied. Only one out of 29 patients with negative P-A difference succumbed. This is in sharp contrast to the 25 remaining patients with positive P-A difference, from whom as many as 12 died. In addition, the postoperative course of the 13 survivors from the latter group was more eventful. Since P-A difference seemed to indicate accurately cardiac output by reflecting the state of the peripheral circulation, it can be used as a useful parameter in prediction of the prognosis in open-heart surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:1223345", "title": "Modified radical mastectomy with preservation of the pectoralis major muscle.", "content": "A new technique of modified radical mastectomy for early breast cancer was devised with an express purpose of preserving pectoralis major muscle but still enabling radical removal of the regional lymphnodes. The pectoralis major muscle was transected at its midportion to expose the thoracic wall for radical dissection of axillar and subclavicular lymphnodes followed by resuturing of the muscle to preserve its continuity. The parasternal nodes can also be dissected if necessary. The pectoralis minor muscle is either resected or preserved. This procedure should be applied mainly in T1N0 and T1N1a (Stage I in the TNM staging system) which seems recently to be increasing rapidly in number and for which the radical mastectomy with resection of pectoralis major muscle is thought to be too excessive. The procedure proposed in the present communication offers advantage not only in functional but also cosmetic aspect by preserving the pectoralis major muscle while the radicality of the operation is retained. Although the number of cases thus treated is limited and the long-term follow up with survival rate is not yet available, the procedure seems to be of considerable value in selected patients.", "contents": "Modified radical mastectomy with preservation of the pectoralis major muscle. A new technique of modified radical mastectomy for early breast cancer was devised with an express purpose of preserving pectoralis major muscle but still enabling radical removal of the regional lymphnodes. The pectoralis major muscle was transected at its midportion to expose the thoracic wall for radical dissection of axillar and subclavicular lymphnodes followed by resuturing of the muscle to preserve its continuity. The parasternal nodes can also be dissected if necessary. The pectoralis minor muscle is either resected or preserved. This procedure should be applied mainly in T1N0 and T1N1a (Stage I in the TNM staging system) which seems recently to be increasing rapidly in number and for which the radical mastectomy with resection of pectoralis major muscle is thought to be too excessive. The procedure proposed in the present communication offers advantage not only in functional but also cosmetic aspect by preserving the pectoralis major muscle while the radicality of the operation is retained. Although the number of cases thus treated is limited and the long-term follow up with survival rate is not yet available, the procedure seems to be of considerable value in selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1223344", "title": "Metabolic changes in surface-induced deep hypothermia combined with cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery.", "content": "Surface induced deep hypothermia combined with cardiopulmonary bypass (combined method) is excellent in open heart surgery of infants which combines each advantage of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. The present study was performed to investigate pathophysiological changes, especially metabolic changes, in combined method induced by two stressors such as cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. In general, metabolic changes during hypothermia are temporarily enhanced immediately after the start of cardiopulmonary bypass. Lactacidemia and metabolic acidosis are rapidly improved after the start of perfusion rewarming, but abnormality of ceruloplasmin and cholesterol metabolism in the liver and hypopotassemia are not rapidly improved. Therefore, the treatment for these metabolic abnormalities seems to be necessary during and after the procedure.", "contents": "Metabolic changes in surface-induced deep hypothermia combined with cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery. Surface induced deep hypothermia combined with cardiopulmonary bypass (combined method) is excellent in open heart surgery of infants which combines each advantage of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. The present study was performed to investigate pathophysiological changes, especially metabolic changes, in combined method induced by two stressors such as cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. In general, metabolic changes during hypothermia are temporarily enhanced immediately after the start of cardiopulmonary bypass. Lactacidemia and metabolic acidosis are rapidly improved after the start of perfusion rewarming, but abnormality of ceruloplasmin and cholesterol metabolism in the liver and hypopotassemia are not rapidly improved. Therefore, the treatment for these metabolic abnormalities seems to be necessary during and after the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:1223346", "title": "Use of revascularized jejunum as a free graft for cervical esophagus.", "content": "The recent advent of the small vessel suturing apparatus made possible the use of free intestinal segment for reconstruction of the resected cervical esophagus which has been one of the most difficult procedures. In the present communication, successful use of revascularized jejunal segment with Inokuchi's vascular stapler in 13 cases of upper esophageal cancer was reported. Histological examination of the 10 resected specimens revealed that cancer invasion beyond the esophageal adventitia as well as risky cancer remnant at the resected margins were more frequently present when the tumor extended more than 5 cm longitudinally. Therefore esophageal cancer localized within the neck and extending less than 5 cm may well be indicated for the free intestinal transplantation. Details of the operative technique are described.", "contents": "Use of revascularized jejunum as a free graft for cervical esophagus. The recent advent of the small vessel suturing apparatus made possible the use of free intestinal segment for reconstruction of the resected cervical esophagus which has been one of the most difficult procedures. In the present communication, successful use of revascularized jejunal segment with Inokuchi's vascular stapler in 13 cases of upper esophageal cancer was reported. Histological examination of the 10 resected specimens revealed that cancer invasion beyond the esophageal adventitia as well as risky cancer remnant at the resected margins were more frequently present when the tumor extended more than 5 cm longitudinally. Therefore esophageal cancer localized within the neck and extending less than 5 cm may well be indicated for the free intestinal transplantation. Details of the operative technique are described."}
{"id": "PMID:1223347", "title": "[Effect of phentanyl on the hemodynamics].", "content": "The effect of Fentanyl upon the main haemodynamic parameters was studied in 10 patients free of any concomitant cardiac or pulmonary pathology. The drug was administered in a dosage of 0.001 mg/kg with a stable ventilational and circulatory level. A decrease of all indices of arterial pressure was observed (as a result of decreasing minute cardiac output and total peripheral resistance), as well as a slowing down of the cardiac rhythm, and reduction of the work of the heart. Fentanyl produces a multidirectional effect on the leading mechanisms of cardiac contractility.", "contents": "[Effect of phentanyl on the hemodynamics]. The effect of Fentanyl upon the main haemodynamic parameters was studied in 10 patients free of any concomitant cardiac or pulmonary pathology. The drug was administered in a dosage of 0.001 mg/kg with a stable ventilational and circulatory level. A decrease of all indices of arterial pressure was observed (as a result of decreasing minute cardiac output and total peripheral resistance), as well as a slowing down of the cardiac rhythm, and reduction of the work of the heart. Fentanyl produces a multidirectional effect on the leading mechanisms of cardiac contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:1223348", "title": "[Combination of the Valsalva's maneuver with rheography for the evaluation of contactility of the right section of the heart in lung diseases].", "content": "The authors modified the Valsalva test by employing a strictly staged dosed loading with the help of a water manometer for recording rheopneumogrammes in normal individuals and in pulmonary patients. In the absence of clinical signs of cardiac pathology this method permitted to reveal latent disorders in the contractility of the right heart and its reserve capacity. The shifts in the rheographic data of the patients differed significantly from those obtained in the normals. The obtained data indicate that the intrathoracic pressure plays a certain role in the development of pulmonary hypertension. The authors recommend the staged dose Valsalva test as a technically simple and easily available method not only for revealing the latent weakness of the right ventricle, but also for a study of the central and pulmonary hemodynamics during this excercise test.", "contents": "[Combination of the Valsalva's maneuver with rheography for the evaluation of contactility of the right section of the heart in lung diseases]. The authors modified the Valsalva test by employing a strictly staged dosed loading with the help of a water manometer for recording rheopneumogrammes in normal individuals and in pulmonary patients. In the absence of clinical signs of cardiac pathology this method permitted to reveal latent disorders in the contractility of the right heart and its reserve capacity. The shifts in the rheographic data of the patients differed significantly from those obtained in the normals. The obtained data indicate that the intrathoracic pressure plays a certain role in the development of pulmonary hypertension. The authors recommend the staged dose Valsalva test as a technically simple and easily available method not only for revealing the latent weakness of the right ventricle, but also for a study of the central and pulmonary hemodynamics during this excercise test."}
{"id": "PMID:1223352", "title": "[Surgical treatment of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta and its branches].", "content": "A total of 168 patients with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and of its branches were examined, 117 of them were operated on. The leading method of surgery for abdominal aorta aneurysms consists in a resection of the aneurysm and its subsequent prosthetic repair. The choice of the operative technique for the aneurysms of the visceral branches and renal arteries depends on the localization and size of the aneurysm, on the importance of the diseased vessel in the blood supply to the digestive organs, as well as the organ which blood supply is impaired. The improvement of the operative technique and of the postoperative care of patients with abdominal aorta aneurysms helped to decrease the number of postoperative complications and the mortality in the recent years. Further improvement of the results of surgery for aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and its branches requires timely hospitalization of such patients in specialized vascular departments and further perfection of the operative technique.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta and its branches]. A total of 168 patients with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and of its branches were examined, 117 of them were operated on. The leading method of surgery for abdominal aorta aneurysms consists in a resection of the aneurysm and its subsequent prosthetic repair. The choice of the operative technique for the aneurysms of the visceral branches and renal arteries depends on the localization and size of the aneurysm, on the importance of the diseased vessel in the blood supply to the digestive organs, as well as the organ which blood supply is impaired. The improvement of the operative technique and of the postoperative care of patients with abdominal aorta aneurysms helped to decrease the number of postoperative complications and the mortality in the recent years. Further improvement of the results of surgery for aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and its branches requires timely hospitalization of such patients in specialized vascular departments and further perfection of the operative technique."}
{"id": "PMID:1223354", "title": "[Physiopathological shifts in the blood coagulation system in embolism of major arteries of the limbs].", "content": "An examination of 51 patients with embolism of the major arteries of the extremities demonstrated that embolism accompanied by an ascending or descending thrombosis was characterized by a more significant increase of blood coagulation, fibrinase and antiplasmin level, and an enhancement of erythrocytes aggregation, than embolism without protracted thrombosis. A correlation was observed between the nature of the pathologic process (presence of protracted thrombosis, increased erythrocytes aggregation) and the degree of ischaemia in the diseased extremity. At the same time, no correlation was found between the pathologic process and the duration of the disease history.", "contents": "[Physiopathological shifts in the blood coagulation system in embolism of major arteries of the limbs]. An examination of 51 patients with embolism of the major arteries of the extremities demonstrated that embolism accompanied by an ascending or descending thrombosis was characterized by a more significant increase of blood coagulation, fibrinase and antiplasmin level, and an enhancement of erythrocytes aggregation, than embolism without protracted thrombosis. A correlation was observed between the nature of the pathologic process (presence of protracted thrombosis, increased erythrocytes aggregation) and the degree of ischaemia in the diseased extremity. At the same time, no correlation was found between the pathologic process and the duration of the disease history."}
{"id": "PMID:1223356", "title": "[Isolated corrected transpostion of great vessels].", "content": "Isolated corrected transposition of the major vessels is a rare congenital pathology that may have an asymptomatic course. In some cases the patients develop some symptoms of cardiac pathology due to the disorders in the atrioventricular conductivity and the development of \"mitral\" insufficiency. The disturbances in the atrioventricular conductivity and in the cardiac rhythm may be provoked in such patients by intercurrent diseases due to intoxication, and the development of \"mitral\" insufficiency is brought about by the peculiarities of the structure of the arterial morphologically right ventricle working under functional tension. The diagnosis of an isolated corrected transposition of the major vessels is based on the data of electrocardiography and X-ray. The final diagnosis is made after heart catheterization and angiocardiography.", "contents": "[Isolated corrected transpostion of great vessels]. Isolated corrected transposition of the major vessels is a rare congenital pathology that may have an asymptomatic course. In some cases the patients develop some symptoms of cardiac pathology due to the disorders in the atrioventricular conductivity and the development of \"mitral\" insufficiency. The disturbances in the atrioventricular conductivity and in the cardiac rhythm may be provoked in such patients by intercurrent diseases due to intoxication, and the development of \"mitral\" insufficiency is brought about by the peculiarities of the structure of the arterial morphologically right ventricle working under functional tension. The diagnosis of an isolated corrected transposition of the major vessels is based on the data of electrocardiography and X-ray. The final diagnosis is made after heart catheterization and angiocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:1223357", "title": "[Certain clinico-morphological aspects of microcirculation in partients with chronic nonspecific pneumonia and chronic cor pulmonale].", "content": "Clinical and morphological studies conducted in chronic non-specific pneumonias and chronic cor pulmonale have demonstrated that these lesions are accompanied by important disorders in the system of microcirculation that manifest themselves in alterations in the rheologic properites of the blood, and in a generalized deterioration of the vascular terminals in the lungs and pleura that are due to the chronic inflammatory process, hypoxia, haemodynamic disorders, and that result in a diffuse intravascular thrombosis. The disturbances in free blood circulation in the microcirculatory system entail significant metabolic shifts that determine the severity of the disease, its progressive course, and lethal result. The increasing intravascular blood clotting in the postcapillary and venular portions of the microcirculatory system, along with a partial reduction of the capillary link, results in an exclusion of a certain portion of the peripheral vascular bed from the circulation process, thus favouring the progress of pulmonary hypertension. Distinct impairment of the coagulation properties of the blood in the microcirculation system in cases of chronic nonspecific pneumonias, stage II-III, and in chronic cor pulmonale require a timely correction thereof, and support the suggestion of the authors as to the inclusion of anticoagulants into the complex of the rapeutic measures for this category of patients.", "contents": "[Certain clinico-morphological aspects of microcirculation in partients with chronic nonspecific pneumonia and chronic cor pulmonale]. Clinical and morphological studies conducted in chronic non-specific pneumonias and chronic cor pulmonale have demonstrated that these lesions are accompanied by important disorders in the system of microcirculation that manifest themselves in alterations in the rheologic properites of the blood, and in a generalized deterioration of the vascular terminals in the lungs and pleura that are due to the chronic inflammatory process, hypoxia, haemodynamic disorders, and that result in a diffuse intravascular thrombosis. The disturbances in free blood circulation in the microcirculatory system entail significant metabolic shifts that determine the severity of the disease, its progressive course, and lethal result. The increasing intravascular blood clotting in the postcapillary and venular portions of the microcirculatory system, along with a partial reduction of the capillary link, results in an exclusion of a certain portion of the peripheral vascular bed from the circulation process, thus favouring the progress of pulmonary hypertension. Distinct impairment of the coagulation properties of the blood in the microcirculation system in cases of chronic nonspecific pneumonias, stage II-III, and in chronic cor pulmonale require a timely correction thereof, and support the suggestion of the authors as to the inclusion of anticoagulants into the complex of the rapeutic measures for this category of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:1223358", "title": "[Characteristics of the development of arteriosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries in patients with cancer of different organs].", "content": "A morphometric study of atherosclerotic lesions of the vessels was conducted in males dying of cancer of the stomach and lungs, and in females dying of cancer of the stomach, lungs, uterus, breast and ovaries. In total, 918 observations were studied, the age of the deceased ranging from 30 to 79 years. The severity of the atherosclerotic lesions in the vessels of those who died of malignant tumors was compared to that in normal individuals. The material was compiled and examined in accordance with the program and method developed by WHO expertpathologists (Uemura et al.). In those who died of cancer of the stomach, uterus and breast the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was much milder than in the normals; however, no important differences were revealed between these groups as to the severity of atherosclerosis of the aorta. In lung cancer in males and in ovarian cancer in females under 50 years of age a distinct enhancement of the atherosclerotic process in the aorta was observed, and less-in the coronaries. In females dying of lung cancer the severity of atherosclerosis of the aorta was the same as in the normals, and in the coronaries - even milder.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the development of arteriosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries in patients with cancer of different organs]. A morphometric study of atherosclerotic lesions of the vessels was conducted in males dying of cancer of the stomach and lungs, and in females dying of cancer of the stomach, lungs, uterus, breast and ovaries. In total, 918 observations were studied, the age of the deceased ranging from 30 to 79 years. The severity of the atherosclerotic lesions in the vessels of those who died of malignant tumors was compared to that in normal individuals. The material was compiled and examined in accordance with the program and method developed by WHO expertpathologists (Uemura et al.). In those who died of cancer of the stomach, uterus and breast the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was much milder than in the normals; however, no important differences were revealed between these groups as to the severity of atherosclerosis of the aorta. In lung cancer in males and in ovarian cancer in females under 50 years of age a distinct enhancement of the atherosclerotic process in the aorta was observed, and less-in the coronaries. In females dying of lung cancer the severity of atherosclerosis of the aorta was the same as in the normals, and in the coronaries - even milder."}
{"id": "PMID:1223361", "title": "[Changes in hemodynamics in patients with chronic alcholism].", "content": "The indices of total hamodynamics were studied in 52 patients with chronic alcoholism and without any clear signs of cardiac pathology and with normal arterial pressure. When examined at rest in a supine position they exhibited normal values of the cardiac and stroke index, peripheral vascular resistance, circulating blood volume and hematocrit. Along with the increasing period of alcohol abuse the cardiac index gets somewhat decreased, indicating a decreasing contractile capacity of the myocardium. This is further supported by the changing structure of the phases of the systole: prolongation of the phase of isometric contraction, of the tension phase, the tension index, reduction of the intrasystolic index and of the speed of intraventricular pressure increase. The orthostatic test revealed certain disorders in the regulation of the cardiovascular system in an upright position which manifested themselves in a more distinct, than in normal individuals, reduction of the cardiac and stroke indices, and in a more significant growth of cardiac contractions rate and peripheral vascular resistance. The latter indicates an increased mobilization of the sympathoadrenal system in an orthostatic position.", "contents": "[Changes in hemodynamics in patients with chronic alcholism]. The indices of total hamodynamics were studied in 52 patients with chronic alcoholism and without any clear signs of cardiac pathology and with normal arterial pressure. When examined at rest in a supine position they exhibited normal values of the cardiac and stroke index, peripheral vascular resistance, circulating blood volume and hematocrit. Along with the increasing period of alcohol abuse the cardiac index gets somewhat decreased, indicating a decreasing contractile capacity of the myocardium. This is further supported by the changing structure of the phases of the systole: prolongation of the phase of isometric contraction, of the tension phase, the tension index, reduction of the intrasystolic index and of the speed of intraventricular pressure increase. The orthostatic test revealed certain disorders in the regulation of the cardiovascular system in an upright position which manifested themselves in a more distinct, than in normal individuals, reduction of the cardiac and stroke indices, and in a more significant growth of cardiac contractions rate and peripheral vascular resistance. The latter indicates an increased mobilization of the sympathoadrenal system in an orthostatic position."}
{"id": "PMID:1223362", "title": "[Effect of allergic damage on plastic metabolism of the myocardium in rabbits].", "content": "The plastic metabolism of the myocardium in rabbits was studied after varying periods of allergic damage induced by repeated injections of normal horse serum. An accelerated decompostion of the myofibril proteins was demomstrated to occur during the acute phase. During the reparation phase, an activation of the protein synthesis in the myocardium occurred. The newly synthesized myofibril proteins had a longer turnover in the tissues, than under normal conditions. The turnover time of the mitochondrial proteins did not differ from the normal one.", "contents": "[Effect of allergic damage on plastic metabolism of the myocardium in rabbits]. The plastic metabolism of the myocardium in rabbits was studied after varying periods of allergic damage induced by repeated injections of normal horse serum. An accelerated decompostion of the myofibril proteins was demomstrated to occur during the acute phase. During the reparation phase, an activation of the protein synthesis in the myocardium occurred. The newly synthesized myofibril proteins had a longer turnover in the tissues, than under normal conditions. The turnover time of the mitochondrial proteins did not differ from the normal one."}
{"id": "PMID:1223363", "title": "[Certain characteristics of myocardial metabolism in long-term experimental hypotension and the effect of administration of adenosine triphosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate].", "content": "Several indices of energy exchange and protein-amino acid metabolism in the myocardium were studied experimentally in dogs subjected to long-term hypotension (Wiggers' technique, arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg for 3 hours). It was established that by the end of the fixed period of hypotension the myocardial content of adenosine triphosphate, creatinephosphate, glycogen decreased significantly, while the amount of nonorganic phosphorus, lactic and pyruvic acids increased. At the same time the content of watersoluble protein fraction and of most of the 18 identified amino asids decreases in the cardiac muscle. Fractionated intravenous injections of adenosine triphosphate or 1,6-diphosphate fructose permitted to prevent the development of energy deficit, and, to a great extent, that of protein-amino acid metabolism disorders in dogs subjected to long-term hypotension.", "contents": "[Certain characteristics of myocardial metabolism in long-term experimental hypotension and the effect of administration of adenosine triphosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate]. Several indices of energy exchange and protein-amino acid metabolism in the myocardium were studied experimentally in dogs subjected to long-term hypotension (Wiggers' technique, arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg for 3 hours). It was established that by the end of the fixed period of hypotension the myocardial content of adenosine triphosphate, creatinephosphate, glycogen decreased significantly, while the amount of nonorganic phosphorus, lactic and pyruvic acids increased. At the same time the content of watersoluble protein fraction and of most of the 18 identified amino asids decreases in the cardiac muscle. Fractionated intravenous injections of adenosine triphosphate or 1,6-diphosphate fructose permitted to prevent the development of energy deficit, and, to a great extent, that of protein-amino acid metabolism disorders in dogs subjected to long-term hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:1223364", "title": "[Changes of ECG and arterial pressure at different periods of deep hypothermia during heart surgery in young children].", "content": "The changes in ECG and arterial pressure were analysed during \"simple\" deep hypothermia and radical surgery in 52 children with various congenital heart diseases. A comparatively high senitivity of the myocardium to mechanical trauma under body temperatures below 28 degrees C (especially below 25 degrees C) indicates the rationale of conducting all the intrathoracic manipulations, performed prior to the exclusion of the heart from the circulation, under superficial hypothermia. The necessity of fixation of epicardial electrodes is supported by the usefulness of electric stimulation immediately prior to surgery in case the signs of atrioventricular block persist when the body temperature reaches 29 degrees C at rewarming.", "contents": "[Changes of ECG and arterial pressure at different periods of deep hypothermia during heart surgery in young children]. The changes in ECG and arterial pressure were analysed during \"simple\" deep hypothermia and radical surgery in 52 children with various congenital heart diseases. A comparatively high senitivity of the myocardium to mechanical trauma under body temperatures below 28 degrees C (especially below 25 degrees C) indicates the rationale of conducting all the intrathoracic manipulations, performed prior to the exclusion of the heart from the circulation, under superficial hypothermia. The necessity of fixation of epicardial electrodes is supported by the usefulness of electric stimulation immediately prior to surgery in case the signs of atrioventricular block persist when the body temperature reaches 29 degrees C at rewarming."}
{"id": "PMID:1223365", "title": "[Correspondence of diastolic fall of pressure in the pulmonary artery to exponent and its use for calculation of hemodynamic resistance of the lesser].", "content": "In accordance with the principles of theoretical hemodynamics it is established that the diastolic fall of the pulmonary artery pressure corresponds to the exponent both in normals, and in patients with the main types of pathology. Having determined the time constant of the process by the duration of the diastolic fall of the pressure, it is possible to calculate the total hemodynamic resistance of the pulmonary circulation system. Such a calculation is simpler and more correct than the commonly used one - by the mean pressure gradient in the pulmonary artery and in the left atrium. The determinations of the catheterization data in 82 patients and the contol calculations of the total pulmonary resistance in 65 other patients support the correctness of these assumptions.", "contents": "[Correspondence of diastolic fall of pressure in the pulmonary artery to exponent and its use for calculation of hemodynamic resistance of the lesser]. In accordance with the principles of theoretical hemodynamics it is established that the diastolic fall of the pulmonary artery pressure corresponds to the exponent both in normals, and in patients with the main types of pathology. Having determined the time constant of the process by the duration of the diastolic fall of the pressure, it is possible to calculate the total hemodynamic resistance of the pulmonary circulation system. Such a calculation is simpler and more correct than the commonly used one - by the mean pressure gradient in the pulmonary artery and in the left atrium. The determinations of the catheterization data in 82 patients and the contol calculations of the total pulmonary resistance in 65 other patients support the correctness of these assumptions."}